{"id": 0, "summary": [{"text": "gars ( or garpike ) are members of the lepisosteiformes ( or semionotiformes ) , an ancient holosteian order of ray-finned fish ; fossils from this order are known from the late cretaceous onwards .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family lepisosteidae includes seven living species of fish in two genera that inhabit fresh , brackish , and occasionally marine , waters of eastern north america , central america and the caribbean islands .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "gars have elongated bodies that are heavily armored with ganoid scales , and fronted by similarly elongated jaws filled with long , sharp teeth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "all of the gars are relatively large fish , but the alligator gar ( atractosteus spatula ) is the largest , as specimens have been reported to be 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) in length ; however , they typically grow to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) and weigh over 45.3 kg ( 100 lb ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "unusually , their vascularised swim bladders can function as lungs , and most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "gar flesh is edible and the hard skin and scales of gars are used by humans . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "gar", "paragraphs": ["i am so gar for archer .\ngaogaigar is so incredibly gar .\nused gar skins as protective covers . furthermore , gar species such as this have maintained a spiral valve intestine throughout their evolutionary\nepisode 14 left me totally gar for archer .\nyou are gar for badasses , but gay for traps .\ni & apos ; m gar for archer .\nof course . everyone & apos ; s gar for archer .\nhere are some useful ( and painstakingly completed ) links for you to access should you want to identify your gar or learn more about gar identification .\ngar\u2019s mission is to help akron become smarter , stronger , and more vibrant .\ngar wood ' s miss america viii race boat to be auctioned in florida .\ngar - ezer , spontaneous breakdown in two dimensional space - time , commun .\naran ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .\nosan ' gar : etymology explained in the series as a type of blade .\ndistribution and ecology of alligator gar in oklahoma : : documents . ok . gov\northologs of human mhc class ii and class iii region genes in spotted gar .\ntabasco\u2019s freshwater gar , an ancient , primitive fish with a face like an alligator\u2019s .\nfor de\ufb01nitions and results concerning these see the book by garnett , [ gar ] .\nthere are seven known species of gar , and all are quite abundant in their ranges . in the southeastern united states , where the alligator gar lives , they are prized by sport fishermen for the fierce fight they give when hooked . gar meat is edible , but is extremely bony and rarely consumed . gar eggs are highly toxic to humans .\nthe spotted gar genome assembly is available from genbank under accession gca _ 000242695 . 1 . rna - seq data are available from the sequence read archive ( sra ) under accessions srp042013 ( broad institute gar transcriptome ) , srp044781 \u2013 srp044784 ( phylofish transcriptomes of zebrafish , gar , bowfin and medaka ) and srp063942 ( gar small rna - seq for mirna annotation ) . gar scpp gene sequences are available from genbank under accessions ku189274 \u2013 ku189300 .\nsister species to the spotted gar , this fish looks nearly identical but primarily resides in florida . it is frequently seen in roadside canals , and much of the everglades . it\u2019s the most common gar in the pet trade , and often mislabeled as \u201calligator gar . \u201d\nthe spotted gar is one of three gar species native to texas . they are primitive fish and date back to the cretaceous period , some 65 to 100 million years ago . the ancestors of spotted gar swam with the dinosaurs ! a large gar can eat a lot of fish , including catfish , causing them to compete with some anglers . because of the competition and because many people think gar are difficult to clean , gar are sometimes called a\ntrash\nfish . this term may not be warranted when you consider that spotted gar , like all native species , have an important role to play in their ecosystem .\n\u201c 1 gar \u201d in dictionary of the irish language , royal irish academy , 1913\u201376 .\nae man may tak a horse to the water , but twenty winna gar him drink .\nthe 7 gar ( lepisosteidae ) species of the world . find prints of this gartwork at\nfish species identification , roughfish , suckers carp buffalo bowfin gar whitefish eels burbot sculpin etc .\namerican alligators are a potential predator of alligator gar , image courtesy u . s . geological survey\nwhile there are no confirmed attacks on people , alligator gar continue to be feared by many .\nthe gar is a fish . . . is a bird . . . is a mammal ?\ngar\nin focl\u00f3ir gaeilge - b\u00e9arla , an g\u00fam , 1977 , by niall \u00f3 d\u00f3naill .\nfigure 5 : identification and functional analysis of the gar and teleost early - phase hoxd enhancer cns65 .\nrothwell , gar w . 1998 . life on earth , paleobotany . geotimes 43 : 44 - 45 .\njeff yoder is an associate professor of immunology at nc state\u2019s college of veterinary medicine and a contributor to the gar genome project . he agreed to a short q & a about the significance of the spotted gar\u2019s genome .\nthe longnose gar ' s tough scales keep it safe from most natural predators ; however , young gar commonly fall prey to larger predatory fish . in florida and the southern region , the billly gar can be preyed on by the american alligator . when it comes to their own hunt , their spiky teeth enable the gar to prey on smaller fish and crustaceans . when hunting , the gar remains stealthy and motionless , but have been known to stalk prey . they catch prey sideways , then manipulate it so that it will enter head - first .\nby gar , if my wife die ' count of this , i goin ' kill you , jarth rolan .\nthe longnose gar is most easily identified by its long , narrow snout and slender body . longnose gars have the longest and most narrow snout of all gar species . longnose gars are also the most slender among the 7 species of gar , especially when under 18\n. specimens over 2 ' have been noted to get quite thick .\nworld record in 2011 , a commercial fisherman accidentally caught the largest alligator gar on record in mississippi\u2019s lake chotard . the gar was 8 . 5 feet long , weighed 327 pounds and was believed to be 94 years old .\ngar immunoglobulin genes ( supplementary fig . 22 ) and transcripts generally resemble those of teleosts . unexpectedly , gar has a second , distinct igm locus but lacks igt ( igz ) 58 , 59 , thought to provide mucosal immunity 60 , suggesting that igt is teleost specific and that gar ganoid scales may suffice for exterior surface protection . gar t cell receptor genes ( supplementary fig . 23 ) are tightly linked as in mammals but , unlike in xenopus tropicalis 61 , are downstream of v h and j h segments . phylogenetic analyses of toll - like receptor ( tlr ) genes ( supplementary fig . 24 ) in tetrapods , teleosts and gar showed that the 16 identifiable gar tlrs encompass all six major tlr families 62 . gar tlrs appear to share evolutionary histories with the tlrs from teleosts and / or tetrapods . gar encodes nitr ( novel immune - type receptor ) genes ( supplementary fig . 25 ) , which function in allorecognition and were thought to be teleost specific 63 , 64 . the 17 gar nitr genes form 15 families , suggesting few recent tandem duplications or rapid divergence after gene duplication . in sum , the gar immunogenome bridges teleosts to tetrapods .\ngar rourke didn ' t ask to be the colusa treasurer , but ended up serving 17 years in the post .\nthe longnose gar along with a few other fish species have existed relatively unchanged since before the age of the dinosaurs .\nspotted gar genome at ensembl , urltoken ; synteny database , urltoken ; phylofish portal , urltoken ; repeatmasker , urltoken .\nthe longnose gar is an animal , but more defining , is part of the actinopterygii class of ray - finned fishes and the lepisosteidae family of gar pikes , garfishes , and other gar , of which there are seven recognized species today . also , even though they are similar in shape and appearance , l . osseus is not related to the needlefishes .\nthe shortnose gar is most easily identified by its lack of spots on head or body , but spotted individuals occasionally found from clear water habitats . the snout of larger specimens are shorter and broader than that of the longnose gar and spotted gar . however , smaller specimens have narrower snouts that get broader with time and growth . the caudal peduncle is shorter than that of the longnose gar . these fish have two rows of teeth , but only the outer row of teeth is prominent .\ngar awards grants to organizations and programs that foster the needs of the akron community and fall within our primary giving areas .\ni suah ' members de time she hooked dat ole gar , en hollered fo ' help tuh pull ' im out .\ngar was a challenge to me , for i saw in him something wild , untamed , and , perhaps , untamable .\nidentification : all gars have long and slender bodies , beak - like jaws , and large , diamond - shaped scales . alligator gar is the largest species , reaching 9 ft . ( 300 lbs ) . it is distinguished from other gars by its short , broad snout , and heavy body . spotted gar has a unique pattern of large spots on the top of head and body . shortnose gar is similar to spotted gar , but lacks spots on head and body . both species are\ndistribution and habitat : longnose gar is common statewide in streams , rivers , and reservoirs . spotted gar and shortnose gar occur in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in western kentucky , from the lower green river basin to the mississippi river . alligator gar once occurred in the ohio and mississippi rivers and in backwaters and embayments along the lower ohio and mississippi river floodplains in western kentucky . the kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources is working to re - establish native populations to these habitats .\nlateral close - up headshot of a . tropicus . notice that the snout is shorter than that of a florida gar .\nappearance alligator gar are long , slender fish with bony , diamond - shaped scales . they are distinguished from other gar by a heavier body and a relatively shorter , broader snout filled with two rows of canine - like teeth . alligator gar generally have a dark , olive green body that fades into a white belly , and their fins are often a reddish - pink .\nin new york state , we have only one species of gar : the longnose \u2014named for having the longest snout in relation to the rest of the body . although a large fish for our region , the longnose certainly isn\u2019t the largest gar in the world . that honor goes to the alligator gar , a native of the southeastern us that can weigh more than 300 pounds !\nthe alligator gar inhabits large , slow moving rivers , reservoirs , oxbow lakes , bayous and bays , in fresh and brackish water . the alligator gar is the most tolerant gar species of high salinity and occasionally strays into salt water . young may be seen at the surface in debris such as leaves and twigs . alligator gar prefer large rivers that have a large overflow floodplane , but these rivers have all but disappeared in north america due to the use of dredging , dams , dikes , and levees .\ngrow to 6 ft . ( 50 lbs ) . differences in head shape among the four species of gar are illustrated below .\nrecommended baiting : anglers rarely fish for gar due to their bony skin and toxic eggs . longnose gar are tough to catch because of their peculiar feeding behavior ( see below ) and long , slender snout . the best strategy is to use a hookless rope lure and spinners . a gar\u2019s teeth will get tangled in the hairs of the rope lure , so a hook is not needed . fish in warm shallow areas where the water is near stagnant . look for basking gar or signs of baitfish . cast and then retrieve in 1 - 2 ft bouts . it is best to allow the \u201croped\u201d gar to run a bit to ensure a good tangle .\n( a ) the gar bridge principle of vertebrate cne connectivity from human through gar to teleosts . hidden orthology is uncovered for elements that do not directly align between human and teleosts but become evident when first aligning tetrapod genomes to gar , and then aligning gar and teleost genomes . ( b ) connectivity analysis of 13 - way whole - genome alignments shows the evolutionary gain ( green ) and loss ( red ) of 153 human limb enhancers . direct human - teleost orthology could only be established for 81 elements as opposed to 95 when using gar as a bridge as in a . see supplementary figure 37 , supplementary table 22 and the supplementary note for details .\nthe gar founded soldiers\u2019 homes , was active in relief work and in pension legislation . five members were elected president of the united states and , for a time , it was impossible to be nominated on the republican ticket without the endorsement of the gar voting block .\nkeith camper hooked this 71 - pound alligator gar fish during the young men ' s business club ' s 23rd annual fishing rodeo .\nstudents at gar - field senior high school in woodbridge were evacuated thursday morning because of a bomb threat , according to school officials .\nwhole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate diet .\nthe longnose gar has fang - like teeth on both its upper and lower jaw that allow it to catch and hold onto fish .\nusing the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) , we tested whether the 29 human enhancers not directly identified in teleosts might represent rapid divergence rather than definitive loss . inspection of human - centric and then gar - centric alignments showed 48 % ( 14 / 29 ) aligning to at least one teleost ( supplementary table 22 ) . gar thus substantially improves understanding of the evolutionary origin of vertebrate limb enhancers and their fate in teleosts ( fig . 4b , supplementary fig . 37 and supplementary table 22 ) . strikingly , despite using the gar bridge , we found that teleosts lost substantially more limb enhancers ( 15 ) than gar ( 2 ) ( fig . 4b and supplementary fig . 37 ) , suggesting that gar might be a better model than teleosts for investigating the fin - to - limb transition 85 .\nthe english common name for atractosteus spatula are alligator gar , gator , greater gar , garpike , garfish , and mississippi alligator gar . other common names are pejelagarto ( spanish ) , marjuari ( spanish ) , catan ( spanish , gaspar baba ( spanish ) , garpigue alligator ( french ) , alligatorpansergedde ( danish ) , alligatorbengadda ( swedish ) , keihasluuhauki ( finnish ) , and kostlin obrovsky ( czech ) .\nhabitat alligator gar once inhabited waters throughout the mississippi river valley , occurring as far north as iowa and west to kansas . they have a modified swim bladder that allows them to obtain oxygen from both water and air . this ability , along with the highest salt tolerance of any gar species , allows the alligator gar to survive in almost any water condition . however , habitat loss has limited its populations to the gulf coast states . in florida , alligator gar are only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .\ngar move slowly unless trying to catch food , which it grabs in its jaws in a quick sideways lunge . they often bask near the water ' s surface on warm days . fry feed primarily on insect larvae and tiny crustaceans , but fish appear on the diet of young gar very early . prey is usually swallowed headfirst . spotted gar are eaten by larger fish , alligators , herons , and cottonmouth snakes .\nspotted gar prefer clear , quiet , vegetated waters of streams , swamps and lakes . they sometimes enter brackish waters along the gulf coast .\nrothwell , gar w . 1999 . fossils and ferns in the resolution of land plant phylogeny . botanical review 65 : 188 - 218 .\ndetermine the distribution , abundance , movements , habitats and population characteristics of the alligator gar in the red and arkansas river drainages in oklahoma .\nit has a brown midlateral stripe from nose to tail . the gar\u2019s coloring varies from grey / brown to olive , with black spots .\ngar informs the evolution of vertebrate genomes and gene functions after genome duplication and illuminates evolutionary mechanisms leading to teleost biodiversity . the gar genome evolved comparatively slowly and clarifies the evolution and orthology of problematic teleost protein - coding and microrna ( mirna ) gene families . surprisingly , many entire gar chromosomes have been conserved with some tetrapods for 450 million years . notably , gar facilitates the identification of cnes , which are often regulatory , that teleosts and humans share but that are not detected by direct sequence comparisons . global gene expression analyses show that expression domains and levels for tgd - generated duplicates usually sum to those for the corresponding gar gene , as expected if ancestral regulatory elements were partitioned after the tgd . by illuminating the legacy of genome duplication , the gar genome bridges teleost biology to human health , disease , development , physiology and evolution .\nthe longnose gar can be found in freshwater rivers , streams , lakes , and estuaries with little tidal influence . they prefer areas with minimum water movement , as the gar will suspend itself in the water column . in the united states , the long nose can be found mostly on the eastern half of the country , as far north as canada and south into florida . the gar is well known in virginia and the\nwhat made you want to look up gar ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ngar \u00e7on , m . , and van orden , j . w . , preprint nucl - th / 01020 49 , advances in nucl .\nthe alligator gar has a short , very broad snout . their pattern and appearence can vary greatly throughout their lives as they age and mature .\nin florida , the largest member of the gar family is only known to inhabit coastal rivers in the panhandle from gulf county to escambia county .\nthis large alligator gar was just under 8 feet in length and weighed 215 pounds ! image \u00a9 mike guerin / http : / / thejump . net\ni was baffled when i found that the\ngar\npage on urban dictionary didn & apos ; t have any definitions whatsoever relating to fish .\nif i was to tak ' her in , it ' s highly possible the hellicat would try and gar me marry her when he turned up .\ngar and teleost orthologs of the hoxd early enhancer cns65 were identified with vista ( lagan ) 121 . gar and zebrafish cns65 elements were cloned into pxig - cfos - egfp and gateway - hsp68 - lacz vectors for zebrafish 127 and mouse ( cyagen biosciences ) transgenesis , respectively ( supplementary note ) .\nestablished in 1967 , gar foundation was born of the philanthropic desire of the roush family to support the needs of those in the greater akron area community .\n* do not eat the eggs though ! gar eggs are toxic to mammals , birds , and most arthropods ; but not to fishes . weird right ?\nwe next calculated average expression levels for each gene over the 11 tissues and computed the ratio of each teleost gene to its gar ortholog . comparisons showed that individual ohnologs were each expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons as compared to gar orthologs ( fig . 6g , h ) . the ohnolog pair / gar expression ratios , however , showed no statistical difference from the singleton / gar expression ratios ( fig . 6g , h ) . this finding suggests that the aggregate expression level for ohnolog pairs tends to evolve to approximately the expression level of the preduplication gene , as expected by quantitative subfunctionalization 89 , 90 , 96 .\ngar represents the first chromonome 22 of a non - tetrapod , non - teleost jawed vertebrate , allowing for the first time long - range gene order analyses without the confounding effects of the tgd . the gar karyotype ( 2 n = 58 ) contains both macro - and microchromosomes ( fig . 2a , supplementary fig . 7 and supplementary note ) . aligning gar chromosomes to those of human , chicken and teleosts highlighted distinct conservation of orthologous segments in all species ( fig . 2b\u2013e , supplementary figs . 8 and 9 , and supplementary note ) . strikingly , gar - chicken comparisons showed conservation of many entire chromosomes ( fig . 2c ) . the chicken and gar karyotypes differed only by about 17 large fissions , fusions or translocations . almost half of the gar karyotype ( 14 / 29 chromosomes ) showed a nearly one - to - one relationship in gar - chicken comparisons , including macro - and microchromosomes with highly correlated chromosome assembly lengths ( fig . 2d and supplementary note ) . this similarity in chromosome size and gene content is strong evidence that the karyotype of the common bony vertebrate ancestor of gar and chicken possessed both macro - and microchromosomes as ohno 35 hypothesized , consistent with microchromosomes in coelacanth 36 and cartilaginous fishes 35 , for which no chromonomes are yet available .\nlooking at a gar is a bit like looking into the distant past . largely unchanged over the past 100 million years , they are often called living fossils .\nchicago bulls general manager gar forman said thursday that he ' s optimistic derrick rose will be able to play at some point during the 2012 - 13 season .\nmany of his results were proved in 1995 by berndt , bhargava , and garvan in a long paper [ bbg ] ( see also [ gar ] ) .\nwhole - body disposition and polyglutamate distribution of the gar formyltransferase inhibitors ly309887 and lometrexol in mice : effect of low - folate . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n- snout is thicker and shorter than any lepisosteus gar ( perhaps with the exception of large shortnose gars ) but longer and more narrow than any atractosteus gars .\n( a ) the spotted gar karyotype consists of macro - and microchromosomes ( see supplementary fig . 7 for chromosome annotations ) . ( b ) circos plot 99 showing conserved synteny of gar ( colored , left ) and human ( black , right ) chromosomes . ( c ) gar - chicken comparison shows strong conservation of the genomes over 450 million years and one - to - one synteny conservation for many entire chromosomes , particularly microchromosomes ( for example , loc13 and gga14 , loc23 and gga11 , etc . ) . ( d ) the assembled chromosome lengths for gar and chicken chromosomes with one - to - one conserved synteny are highly correlated ( r 2 = 0 . 97 ) . ( e ) gar - medaka comparison shows the overall one - to - two double - conserved synteny relationship of gar to a post - tgd teleost genome ( for example , gar loc11 corresponds to medaka ola16 and ola11 ) . the gar chromosomes are displayed in a different order in d than they are in b and c ; asterisks indicate chromosomes inverted with respect to the arbitrarily oriented reference genome . ( f ) gar - chicken - medaka comparisons illuminate the karyotype evolution leading to modern teleosts . the genome of the bony vertebrate ancestor contained both macro - and microchromosomes , some of which remain largely conserved in chicken and gar , for example , macrochromosome loc2 - ggaz and microchromosomes loc20 - gga15 and loc21 - gga17 . all three chromosomes possess double - conserved synteny with medaka chromosomes ola9 and ola12 , which is explained by chromosome fusion in the lineage leading to teleosts after divergence from gar , followed by tgd duplication of the fusion chromosome and subsequent intrachromosomal rearrangements and rediploidization . multiple examples of such pre - tgd chromosome fusions explain the absence of microchromosomes in teleosts . see the supplementary note for details .\ngar elucidates the origins of tetrapod limb enhancers , evidenced by whole - genome alignments for 13 vertebrates ( including gar , five teleosts , coelacanth , five tetrapods and elephant shark ; supplementary fig . 36 , supplementary tables 20 and 21 , and supplementary note ) . of 153 known human limb enhancers 33 , 82 , 83 , 84 , human - centric alignments identified 71 % ( 108 ) in gar , but only 53 % ( 81 ) were identified through direct human - teleost alignments . of the 72 human limb enhancers not detected by human - teleost alignment , 40 % ( 29 ) aligned to gar , confirming their presence in the bony vertebrate ancestor and loss or considerable divergence in teleosts . of these 29 enhancers , 15 also aligned to elephant shark , highlighting their existence in the gnathostome ancestor . fourteen occurred in gar but not in teleosts and would have been incorrectly characterized as lobe - finned vertebrate innovations without gar data ( supplementary table 22 and supplementary note ) .\nthe prehistoric - looking gar is a voracious predator with a mouthful of sharp teeth . they usually drift motionless near the surface waiting for smaller fish to swim by .\nto connect human biology to fish biomedical models , we sequenced the genome of spotted gar ( lepisosteus oculatus ) , whose lineage diverged from teleosts before teleost genome duplication ( tgd ) . the slowly evolving gar genome has conserved in content and size many entire chromosomes from bony vertebrate ancestors . gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods by illuminating the evolution of immunity , mineralization and development ( mediated , for example , by hox , parahox and microrna genes ) . numerous conserved noncoding elements ( cnes ; often cis regulatory ) undetectable in direct human - teleost comparisons become apparent using gar : functional studies uncovered conserved roles for such cryptic cnes , facilitating annotation of sequences identified in human genome - wide association studies . transcriptomic analyses showed that the sums of expression domains and expression levels for duplicated teleost genes often approximate the patterns and levels of expression for gar genes , consistent with subfunctionalization . the gar genome provides a resource for understanding evolution after genome duplication , the origin of vertebrate genomes and the function of human regulatory sequences .\nrothwell , gar w . and charles w . good . 2000 . reconstruction of the pennsylvanian age filicalean fern botryopteris tridentata . interenational journal of plant science , in press .\nusually less than 3 ft . ( 5 - 10 lbs ) . longnose gar is easily distinguished from other gars by having an extremely long and narrow snout . it can\npredators : pretty much all larger predatory fish and some birds of prey . gar are the fastest growing freshwater fish in the state giving them a large advantage against predation .\ncne analyses near developmental gene loci ( hox and parahox clusters , pax6 and irxb ) showed that gar contains more gnathostome cnes ( conserved between bony vertebrates and elephant shark ) than teleosts . analyses incorporating gar identified many bony vertebrate cnes ( absent from elephant shark ) that were not predicted by direct human - teleost comparisons ; furthermore , gar - based alignments identified cnes recruited in the common ancestor of ray - finned fishes ( supplementary figs . 14 , 15 and 29\u201335 , supplementary tables 12\u201319 and supplementary note ) .\ngar is the first ray - finned fish genome sequence not affected by the tgd . because of gar ' s phylogenetic position , slow rate of sequence evolution , dense genetic map and ease of laboratory culture , this resource provides a unique bridge between tetrapods and teleost biomedical models . our analyses show that gar bridges teleosts to tetrapods in genome arrangement , allowing the identification of orthologous genes by possessing ancient vgd ohnologs lost reciprocally in teleosts and tetrapods and elucidating the evolution of vertebrate - specific features , including adaptive immunity and mineralized tissues , and the evolution of gene expression . clarification of gene orthology and history is crucial for the design , analysis and interpretation of teleost models of human disease , including those generated with crispr / cas9 - induced genome editing 97 , 98 . gar genomic analyses show that sequences formerly considered unique to teleosts or tetrapods are often shared by ray - finned and lobe - finned vertebrates , including human . notably , the gar bridge helps identify potential gene regulatory elements that are shared by teleosts and humans but are elusive in direct teleost - tetrapod comparisons . the availability of gar embryos and the ease of raising eggs to adults in the laboratory 22 ( supplementary fig . 1 ) make gar a ray - finned species of choice when analyzing many vertebrate developmental and physiological features . in conclusion , the gar bridge facilitates the connectivity of teleost medical models to human biology .\nacross the gar genome , we identified approximately 28 % of human - centric cnes ( 39 , 964 / 143 , 525 ) , more than in any of five aligned teleost genomes . around 19 , 000 human - centric cnes aligned to gar but not to any teleost ( supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . without gar , one would have erroneously concluded that these elements originated in lobe - finned vertebrates or were lost in teleosts . the gar bridge ( fig . 4a ) establishes hidden orthology from human to gar to zebrafish for many of these human - centric cnes ( 30\u201336 % , depending on overlap ; supplementary table 21 and supplementary note ) . these approximately 6 , 500 newly connected human cnes contain around 1 , 000 snps linked to human conditions in genome - wide association studies ( gwas ) , thereby connecting otherwise undetected disease - associated haplotypes to genomic locations in zebrafish ( supplementary table 21 ) . the gar bridge thus helps identify biomedically relevant candidate regions in model teleosts for functional testing , potentially enhancing teleost models for biomedical research .\nother info . : although often blamed for game species decline , it has been found that longnose gar rarely feed on popular game species in large quantities . in some regions of the country they are stocked in order to help control overpopulation of sunfish and yellow perch . gar scales are as hard as stone and can be polished for use in jewelry .\nphylogenies of 243 one - to - one orthologs in 25 jawed vertebrates 17 , including the gar genome and our transcriptome of the bowfin amia calva ( supplementary note and supplementary data set ) , strongly supported the monophyly of holostei ( gar and bowfin ) as the sister group to teleosts ( fig . 1b , supplementary fig . 6 and supplementary note ) 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , suggesting that morphologies shared by bowfin and teleosts 29 , 30 may be convergent or may be ancestral traits that were altered in the gar lineage .\nwith membership limited strictly to \u201cveterans of the late unpleasantness , \u201d the gar encouraged the formation of allied orders to aid them in its various works . numerous male organizations jousted for the backing of the gar and the political battles became quite severe until the gar finally endorsed the sons of veterans of the united states of america ( later to become the sons of union veterans of the civil war ) as its heir . a similar , but less protracted , battle took place between the womens\u2019 relief corps ( wrc ) and the ladies of the grand army of the republic ( lgar ) for the title \u201cofficial auxiliary to the gar . \u201d that battle was won by the wrc , which is the only allied order open to women who do not have an hereditary ancestor who would have been eligible for the gar . but in this case the lgar retained its strength and was made one of the allied orders .\noutlook : clinton marina reports : crappie \u2013 fair to good around the docks and along the banks ; gar are being caught around the marina ; all other species \u2013 no reports .\ngainesville area rowing , or gar , has made north central florida one of the best crew spots in the state , and a hotsp0ot for local high schoolers to join the club .\nto test whether cryptic cne orthologs preserve enhancer function , we used cns65 - driven reporter constructs to generate transgenic zebrafish and mice ( supplementary note ) . cns65 from either gar or zebrafish drove early expression in the developing zebrafish pectoral fin ( fig . 5b ) . gar cns65 drove expression in the forelimbs and hindlimbs of embryonic day ( e ) 10 . 5 mice ( fig . 5c ) that was indistinguishable from the activity of mouse cns65 ( ref . 88 ) . zebrafish cns65 activated forelimb expression somewhat more weakly than gar cns65 ( fig . 5c ) . at e12 . 5 , gar cns65 activated proximal but not distal limb expression ( fig . 5c ) , mimicking the endogenous mouse enhancer 88 . these functional experiments suggest that regulation of hoxd early - phase expression in limbs and fins is an ancestral , conserved feature of bony vertebrates and that gar connects otherwise cryptic teleost regulatory mechanisms to mammalian developmental biology .\ni ' d love to do a jakob von uexk\u00fcll drawing of the world of the gar . i wonder what it would look like . chris schaberg describes fishing for them as a kid , \u201cjust one big muscle\u201d that used to pull his canoe around . this world diagram would have to include the above - surface world of the gar as it leaps out of the water to fill its swim bladder . gar have swim bladders that they fill manually by gulping in air . swim bladders eventually evolved into lungs . we share some ancestors with them .\nthea buxbaum , a gallery manager , and gar waterman , a sculptor , were married yesterday in new haven at west rock studio , the couple ' s gallery , workshop and home .\nm apes , gene , and gar w . rothwell . 1998 . pollen cone structure of the late pennsylvanian ( stephanian ) conifer emporia . journal of paleontology 72 : 571 - 576 .\nthe spotted gar karyotype was determined from caudal fin fibroblast cell cultures established as described for zebrafish 109 ( supplementary note ) . analyses of conserved synteny between gar , tetrapods ( human and chicken ) and teleosts ( supplementary note ) were performed with ( i ) circos plots 99 on the basis of orthology relationships from ensembl 75 and as described in the supplementary note ; ( ii ) the synteny database 94 after integration of the gar genome assembly ( ensembl version 74 ) ; and ( iii ) comparative synteny maps derived as described in refs . 17 , 110 .\nthe alligator gar is rare , endangered , and has even been extirpated from many of the outer areas of its range . studies in alabama , mississippi , and louisiana have shown that the alligator gar is very susceptible to overfishing . it has been classified as rare in missouri , threatened in illinois , and endangered in arkansas , kentucky , and is soon to be in tennessee .\nmirna genes could become teleost or tetrapod specific 18 , 72 by their loss in one lineage or gain in the other . we studied gar mirnas computationally ( supplementary fig . 27 , supplementary table 10 and supplementary note ) and annotated them using a sequence - based approach ( supplementary note ) . small rna - seq data for four tissues identified 302 mature mirnas derived from 233 genes , of which 229 belong to 107 families and 4 lack a known family ( supplementary fig . 28 and supplementary table 11 ) . gar - zebrafish 73 , 74 comparisons showed that four families and four individual mirna genes emerged in teleosts . of the 22 families thought to have been lost in teleosts 18 , 2 actually belong to the same family and orthologs of 4 gar mirna genes were previously overlooked in teleosts . fourteen families are absent from both gar and teleosts , and three are present in gar and many teleosts 74 but absent from zebrafish . a single family present in teleosts and lobe - finned fishes ( mir150 ) was not found in gar . notably , no mirna family loss was specific to teleosts , suggesting that the tgd did not accelerate family loss .\nevolution of vertebrate immunity becomes clearer using gar ( supplementary note ) . major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) class i and class ii genes ( supplementary figs . 19\u201321 ) are tightly linked in tetrapods and cartilaginous fishes but are unlinked in teleosts 51 , 52 . in gar , at least one pair of class i and class ii genes is linked as in tetrapods 53 , 54 , suggesting that gar retains the ancestral configuration , although most gar mhc genes remain on unassembled scaffolds ( supplementary fig . 21 ) . gar has some class i genes thought to be teleost specific ( z / p - like , l - like and u / s - like , for example 54 , 55 , 56 ; supplementary fig . 19 ) and some class ii genes similar to and some distinct from teleost da / db and de lineages ( supplementary fig . 20 ) . several gar mhc region genes are on unassembled scaffolds linked to genes whose human orthologs are encoded in the mhc class ii or class iii region on hsa6 , and some are adjacent to orthologs of teleost mhc class i genes ( supplementary table 8 ) . the human mhc class iii region on hsa6 has syntenic segments on hsa1 , hsa9 and hsa19 ; these four ohnologs likely arose in vgd1 and vgd2 ( ref . 57 ) , as supported by the gar genome ( supplementary table 8 ) .\ngar are long and cylindrical with elongated mouths . spotted gar grow to a length of 3 feet ( 0 . 9 m ) , weighing 8 pounds ( 3 . 6 kg ) . their upper body is brown to olive , and they have silver - white sides . head , body , and fins have olive - brown to black spots that help camouflage the fish . a broad , dark stripe is on the sides of immature fish . their long , snout - like mouth is lined with strong , sharp teeth , and their body is covered with thick , ganoid ( diamond - shaped ) scales . spotted gar may be distinguished from other texas gar species by the dark roundish spots on the top of the head , the pectoral fins and on the pelvic fins .\n( a ) scpp gene arrangements in human , coelacanth , gar and zebrafish including p / q - rich ( red ) and acidic ( blue ) scpp genes and sparc - like genes ( yellow ) ( supplementary note ; ref . 68 ) . orthologies ( gray vertical bars ) among lobe - finned vertebrates ( for example , human and coelacanth ) and teleosts ( for example , zebrafish ) had previously been limited to odam and spp1 genes . gar connects lineages through orthologs of genes previously known only from either teleosts ( scpp1 , scpp3 , scpp5 , scpp7 and scpp9 ) or lobe - finned vertebrates ( enam , ambn , dmp1 , dsppl1 , ibsp and mepe ) . further putative orthologies supported by only short stretches of sequence similarity ( indicated by a question mark ) connect gar enam , ambn and lpq14 genes with zebrafish fa93e10 , scpp6 and scpp8 genes , respectively ; gar lpq1 and coelacanth scpppq4 ; and gar lpq5 with amtn genes in lobe - finned vertebrates . arrows in human and zebrafish indicate intrachromosomal rearrangements separating originally clustered genes into distant chromosomal locations ( distance in mb ) . analysis of conserved synteny for the gar scpp gene cluster on lg2 suggests that the scpp gene regions on zebrafish chromosomes 10 and 5 are derived from the tgd ( supplementary fig . 26 and supplementary note ) . ( b ) the gar ' conserved synteny bridge ' ( supplementary note ) infers that the mirna cluster of mir731 and mir462 on gar lg4 and zebrafish chromosome 8 and a mirna - free region on zebrafish chromosome 2 are tgd ohnologous to the mammalian mir425 - 191 cluster ( highlighted in bold ) . ( c ) gar newly connects through synteny zebrafish tgd - derived ohnologs mir135c - 1 and mir135c - 2 with mammalian mir135b genes ( highlighted in bold ) .\n( a , b ) the origin ( a ) and distribution ( b ) of gar and teleost singletons and tgd - derived ohnologs ( supplementary table 23 and supplementary note ) . ( c ) neofunctionalized ohnologs for slc1a3 showing new expression in liver . ( d ) subfunctionalized tgd orthologs of gpr22 with one expressed in brain as in gar and the other expressed in heart as in gar . in c and d , the r values denote the correlation of the expression profile of each ohnolog with the gar pattern . the supplementary note lists neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization criteria . ( e \u2013 h ) expression conservation for ohnologs and singletons in zebrafish ( zf ; e , g ) and medaka ( md ; f , h ) ( supplementary note ) . ( e , f ) mean correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . the correlation between average expression levels for ohnolog pairs and gar genes was greater than that for ohnologs alone and than that for singletons , indicating sharing of ancestral subfunctions by the ohnolog pair ( multiple wilcoxon mann - whitney tests with bonferroni correction , \u03b1 = 0 . 05 for significance ) . ( g , h ) mean log 10 - transformed ratios of expression levels for gar genes and teleost ortholog ( s ) . in comparison to gar genes , individual ohnologs were expressed at significantly lower levels than singletons ; ohnolog pair / gar ratios were not statistically different from singleton / gar ratios , suggesting that the aggregate expression level of ohnolog pairs approaches the expression level of the preduplication gene ( multiple two - sided student ' s t test with bonferroni correction , \u03b1 = 0 . 05 for significance ) . error bars in e \u2013 h , s . e . m . br , brain ; gil , gill ; hrt , heart ; mus , muscle ; liv , liver , kid , kidney ; bo , bone ; int , intestine ; ov , ovary ; te , testis ; emb , embryo .\nhartley , w . r . , thiyagarajah , a . and treinies , a . m . : 1996 , ' liver lesions in the gar fish ( lepisosteidae ) as biomarkers of exposure ' ,\ngars are an ancient group of fishes that belong to the family lepisostidae . there are four species of gar in kentucky : alligator gar , longnose gar , shortnose gar , and spotted gar . they occur in a variety of habitats , although they are usually associated with large bodies of water such as rivers and reservoirs . they have a long and slender body covered with diamond shaped ganoid scales . gars are ambush predators and their long body shape allows for quick movements to catch prey . they have a lung like swimbladder which allows them to rise to the surface of the water and gulp air . this type of swimbladder allows the group to survive in low dissolved oxygen conditions . they are often seen either alone or in loosely formed groups resting just beneath the surface . spawning occurs in spring and summer months . fertilization is external and eggs are adhesive . all gar eggs are reported to be toxic to humans . in some areas of the southeastern united states , gars are consumed in large numbers . they have a mild flavor and a firm white flesh . while gars are generally scorned by commercial and sport fishermen , they have an important ecological role as a top predator in reducing overpopulation of forage fishes .\nrothwell , gar w . , lea grauvogel - stamm and gene mapes . 2000 . an herbaceous fossil conifer : gymnospermous ruderals in the evolution of mesozoic vegetation . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , in press .\nthe cuban gar is most easily identified by its lack of pattern ( upon shedding its yoy markings ) , unique striation patterned fins and colour . these fish vary from an olive green to yellow bronze colouration .\nto characterize the effects of the tgd on evolution of gene expression , we plotted tissue - specific expression levels in gar versus ( i ) expression of orthologous teleost singletons , ( ii ) expression of each tgd - derived ohnolog when both were retained and ( iii ) the averaged expression level of both retained ohnologs ( ' ohnolog pair ' ) , and we then calculated correlation coefficients . our results showed that the correlation between the expression patterns of gar genes and those of their teleost singleton orthologs was not significantly different from the correlation of expression patterns between gar genes and those of either copy of their teleost tgd - derived co - orthologs ( fig . 6e , f ) . thus , when compared to ancestral single - copy genes as estimated from gar , teleost ohnologs binned at random do not appear to have evolved expression pattern differences significantly more rapidly than singletons . in contrast , the average tissue - specific patterns of both tgd - derived duplicates correlated significantly more closely with gar than with either ohnolog taken alone and correlated more closely with gar than with singletons ( fig . 6e , f ) ; thus , ancestral gene subfunctions tended to be partitioned between tgd - derived ohnologs , which maintained ancestral functions as a gene pair , as predicted by the subfunctionalization model 89 .\nthe broad institute gar rna - seq transcriptome ( supplementary note ) was generated from ten tissues ( stage 28 embryo 100 , 8 - day larvae , eye , liver , heart , skin , muscle , kidney , brain and testis ) and assembled using trinity 101 . phylofish rna - seq transcriptomes of gar , bowfin , zebrafish and medaka ( supplementary note ) were generated from ten adult tissues ( ovary , testis , brain , gills , heart , muscle , liver , kidney , bone and intestine ) and one embryonic stage ( ' pigmented eye ' stage of gar , zebrafish and medaka ) and assembled using the velvet / oases package 102 .\nthe alligator gar has been commercially fished in southern states along with other gar species , and has also been fished and bow - fished . the meat of the alligator gar has been commercially sold for over a dollar a pound locally . it is not classified as a sport fish in some states such as texas even though there is a popular bow fishery along the rio grande river . it is classified as a sport fish alabama where the limit is 2 fish per day , which makes it off limits to commercial fishing in alabama . the alligator gars , along with other gars , are important to their ecosystem in order to maintain the ecological balance .\nwhat makes the gar a successful predator is its ability to exploit waters that many other large predators avoid . the gar\u2019s vascular air bladder , used to regulate buoyancy in most fish , is connected to the gar\u2019s throat , allowing them to take in gulps of air like primitive lungs . this allows them to survive in waters with little or no oxygen content . low metabolism helps them to conserve oxygen and energy , and make them near - motionless when they hunt . shallow water , with little flow and higher temperatures are just fine for the gar . here their colors and patterns help them blend into the environment . appearing to be a drifting log or stick , they can sneak up on prey without being detected . gars are generally freshwater fish , but their tolerance of various water conditions allow them to successfully populate brackish waters and they can sometimes migrate out to sea .\nspotted gar are very widespread , and can be found from central texas east into western florida . their territory extends north through the mississippi river drainage into illinois , the lower ohio river , and the lake erie drainage .\nschools of beautiful , graceful 2 - 5 foot gar are our favorite reason to snorkel in blue springs state park , florida . they swim leisurely . or sit like soldiers , noses to the current from the spring .\nphysiological mechanisms are shared among vertebrates , including light control of circadian rhythms , despite important gene repertoire differences between teleosts and tetrapods 46 , 47 . analyses of gar circadian clock ( supplementary fig . 17 , supplementary table 6 and supplementary note ) 48 and opsin ( supplementary fig . 18 , supplementary table 7 and supplementary note ) 49 genes link the gene repertoires of teleosts and tetrapods : for example , gar clarifies which circadian genes originated in vgd events and which originated in the tgd event . gar has pinopsin , present in tetrapods but absent from teleosts , along with exo - rhodopsin , previously thought to compensate for the lack of pinopsin in teleosts 50 .\ncoloration the alligator gar is dark olive - green dorsally , fading to yellowish white ventrally . young alligator gars possess a light mid - dorsal stripe bordered by thin dark lines from the tip of snout to the dorsal fin , and a dark lateral band extends along the sides with irregular borders . the dorsal , anal , and caudal fins of the alligator gar often have oval - shaped black spots . adult specimens lack spots on the body .\nrt - pcr and our gar skin transcriptome analysis identified expression of ambn and enam in enamel - containing gar teeth and in gar skin that includes scales with ganoin ( supplementary table 9 and supplementary note ) , suggesting that strong expression of ambn and enam is limited to enamel and ganoin . thus , enamel in teeth and ganoin in ganoid scales likely represent the same tissue , and common expression of ambn and enam in lobe - finned vertebrate enamel and in gar enamel and ganoin supports homology of these tissues . analysis of gnathostome fossils suggested that ganoin is plesiomorphic for crown osteichthyans and arose before enamel 71 , 133 ; thus , enamel - bearing teeth likely evolved by coopting enamel matrix genes originally used in ganoid scales . the amel gene may have evolved subsequently to encode the principal organic component of the ' true enamel ' that appears to have originated in lobe - finned vertebrates 68 , 133 ."]}
{"id": 1, "summary": [{"text": "the azure-crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in belize , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "azure - crowned hummingbird", "paragraphs": ["perched individual giving alarm calls in presence of perched american kestrel nearby . toward the end of the recording , the american kestrel can briefly be heard calling when taking off , and the azure - crowned hummingbird follows him . recording unmodified . habitat open young pine forest , both birds perched 8 m above ground in 12 m tall pinus oocarpa , but in different trees . distance between hummingbird and kestrel 10 m .\nperched on the lowest branch of a pine tree ( pinus oocarpa ) , recorded at 4 m distance . recording unmodified . pine - oak forest with a rich understory of flowering calliandra houstoniana , which had attracted during this time of year good numbers of hummingbirds to the site . the azure - crowned hummingbird is there year - round , though .\nweller , a . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . azure - crowned hummingbird ( amazilia cyanocephala ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimate the total population to number 50 , 000 - 499 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nauthors : mar\u00eea del coro arizmendi , claudia i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , carlos a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , tom johnson , and thomas s . schulenberg\narizmendi , m . d . c . , c . i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , c . a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , t . johnson , and t . s . schulenberg ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nrecording unmodified . habitat was a cleared hiking trail in pine - oak zone .\nmale peched in the understory . second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170322 3160 amazilia cyanocephala song\nunderstory of second growth cloud forest . normalized at - 3db . recording made with a tascam dr 100 mk ii , unidirectional internal mic . code : 170321 3152 amazilia cyanocephala calls\napparently a lek . two males perched exposed singing incessantly . habitat : understory of second growth cloud forest . code : invasi 2764 amazilia cyanocephala lek _ 0129\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 166 side b track 27 seq . b )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird feeding on flowers , then at slow motion ( 50 % ) .\nalberto lobato , ian hempstead , dusan m . brinkhuizen , ken havard , marc fasol , knut eisermann .\n\u2013 e & s mexico ( s from s tamaulipas ) to e honduras and nc nicaragua .\nsong apparently undescribed , but perhaps is the fairly mellow series of strong chipping notes , . . .\ninhabits pine and pine\u2013oak forest , cloudforest and rainforest , edges of humid forest ; also . . .\nvaries with region ; in mexico , feb\u2013aug ; in belize , jan\u2013jul ; in guatemala , data on gonadal activity indicate jul\u2013sept ; in . . .\nsome populations are sedentary , for instance in veracruz and san luis potos\u00ed ( mexico ) , . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common in pine and pine - oak forests of the highlands of interior mexico , guatemala and honduras , rarer in cloudforest and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted , this genus is not monophyletic # r ; more thorough sampling of taxa required before a clearer picture can be presented . in hbw , species currently placed herein were spread out over six genera , with additional recognition of agyrtria , polyerata and saucerottia , and relocation of some species in leucippus and hylocharis .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : amazilia cyanocephala . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference : hist . nat . ois . - mouches [ lesson ] p . xlv\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 475 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 2, "summary": [{"text": "the red-crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) is a songbird with a prominent red head and crest .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species belongs in the family of the tanagers ( thraupidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "notwithstanding its similar name , this bird is not closely related to the true cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in northern argentina , bolivia , paraguay , uruguay , brazil 's rio grande do sul and the pantanal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "among other regions , it is found in southern part of the pantanal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has also been introduced to hawaii and puerto rico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in brazil , it has been introduced to various places outside its historical range , as in the tiet\u00ea ecological park in s\u00e3o paulo , alongside its very similar-looking close relative , the red-cowled cardinal ( p. dominicana ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the yellow-billed cardinal ( p. capitata ) could be easily confused with the red-crested cardinal ; both the red-cowled and yellow-billed have a very short crest that is not visible except in excited birds , and in the case of the latter , a black throat , darker upper parts and a bright yellow bill . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "red - crested cardinal", "paragraphs": ["red - crested cardinal : yellow - billed cardinal has no crest , upperparts are black , and has a black chin and throat .\nred - crested cardinal gets its common name from its red head and prominent crest . native to northern argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay , red - crested cardinal has been introduced to various regions of the world including hawaii and puerto rico . mainly a seed eater , red - crested cardinal generally searches for seeds and small arthropods on or near the ground . red - crested cardinal ' s natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and heavily degraded former forest .\nthe red - crested cardinal has been featured on postage stamps in its native countries of argentina , brazil and uruguay .\nred - crested cardinal : native to south america . in hawaii commonly found on lawns and in parks . a medium - sized passerine with bright red head ,\nmis fotos de aves : paroaria coronata cardenal com\u00fan red - crested cardi . . .\nthe red - crested cardinal is listed as a species of least concern by the iucn because of its large range and estimated population size .\nin the wild , red - crested cardinals eat fruit , seeds and insects . at the smithsonian ' s national zoo , red - crested cardinals are fed bird food , insects and fruit .\nthe red - crested cardinal is native to argentina , bolivia , southern brazil , paraguay and uruguay . it has also been introduced to hawaii and puerto rico .\nthe red - crested cardinal will lay two to five eggs . the eggs have a 12 to 13 day incubation period . they breed readily in human care .\nred - crested cardinals live 3 to 6 years in the wild and about 13 years in human care .\nred - crested cardinal : both sexes sing\nwheet - cheer - up\n, song is a series of whistles that alternate up and down , more melodious and quieter than a northern cardinal . call is a soft , squeaky note .\nthe red - crested cardinal ( p . coronata ) , also known as the brazilian cardinal , has a red head , a white belly , and gray wings . though native to brazil , argentina , paraguay , uruguay , and bolivia , it occasionally can be seen visiting the eastern coast of the united states . it was introduced\u2026\nunlike northern cardinals , males and females have similar plumage , with dark gray above on the back of their necks and their stomachs . the head , crest and upper breast are bright red . the red - crested cardinal has a silver - gray bill and dark legs .\na medium - sized bird , the red - crested cardinal resembles north america ' s northern cardinal in shape , but is mainly gray with only a brilliant red head , crest and breast . native to argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay and uruguay , it is also a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .\ndespite its name it is not closely related to birds in the cardinal family .\nbeautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .\nred - crested cardinals live in semi - open areas with shrubs and trees , such as parks , lawns , tropical shrub land and degraded forests .\none of hawai ` i\u2019s most beautiful birds is another species of cardinal called the red - crested or brazilian cardinal . it was brought to hawai ` i from south america in the 1930s and it is a common sight on kaua ` i . adults have gray feathers above and white below with a striking red head crest and white bill . juveniles have a dark head and dark bill .\nthe red - crested cardinal has a fairly large range , estimated globally at 2 , 400 , 000 square kilometers . it is primarily found in argentina , brazil , uruguay , bolivia and paraguay , though it has also been introduced to the united states . this bird prefers a dry subtropical or tropical shrubland ecosystem , though it has been known to reside in heavily degraded former forests . the population of the bird has not been determined but is known to be frequent in many of its native areas . the red - crested cardinal does not currently meet the criteria for the iucn red list and has an evaluation level of least concern .\nred - crested cardinal : two to four green - white eggs , mottled and streaked with gray and brown - olive , are laid in a woven cup - shaped nest . incubation takes 10 to 13 days and is primarily carried out by the female . chicks fledge 14 to 18 days after hatching .\nred - crested cardinal : this species is native to south america , but was introduced to the hawaiian islands around 1930 . in hawaii , these birds prefer parks , lawns and dry thickets in hawaii ; however , within their south american range , they can be found in subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and degraded forests .\nthe scarlet tanager , like many members of this family , is known for its brightly colored plumage . vivid red and black , this bird shines like a red light against the green foliage .\nred - crested cardinal : these cardinals are often seen foraging on or near the ground and in shrubbery . they feed primarily on seeds , but they also eat small arthropods , plant matter and fruit . they have a strong beak to crack seeds . they prefer insects during the breeding season . these cardinals are often found in pairs or small family groups .\nthe northern cardinal , brought to hawai ` i in 1929 , is familiar to many visitors from north america . the bright red plumage of the male makes him easy to spot . the females are more subdued in their plumage . they are brown with hints of red on the head , wings and tail , and the bill is red . they are territorial and one vociferous male is frequently perched in a large ironwood tree across from the visitor center entrance during nesting season .\njaramillo , a . ( 2018 ) . red - crested cardinal ( paroaria coronata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nalso known as the brazilian cardinal , it was introduced around 1930 from south america . it feeds on seeds , plant matter , insects and fruit .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmany say the tradition was started by a czech immigrant , william oktavec , who originated the red - roofed bungalow motif with a pond and two swans .\njuveniles are similar in size to adults but lack the red feathers ; instead , the head , crest and upper breast are brown and the bill is dark .\ndecades ago , folks might charge 50 cents or a dollar or two for a painted screen . today , depending on what buyers want , artists might charge $ 25 to $ 500 . in highlandtown , painted screens are part of a community revitalization effort . amanda smit - peters , the neighborhood ' s main street manager , is promoting painted screens in the commercial district . while screens don ' t advertise businesses outright , they often have a whimsical connection . cardinal chiropractic , 423 s . conkling st . , has screens depicting a pair of birds \u2014 red - crested cardinals . screens at really raw honey , 3725 gough st . , have bumblebees .\n19 cm ; 29\u00b75\u201344 g . a medium - sized passerine with striking red or reddish head and long erectile crest ( can be raised to look shaggy , or flattened to look more . . .\nto add privacy , window screens were sometimes painted over with pictures of idyllic rural scenes : red - roofed cottages with winding paths and ponds with swans . in their mid - 20th century heyday , painted screens might have covered 200 , 000 windows around baltimore , according to elaine eff , author of\nthe painted screens of baltimore .\nthe tanager family is among the most brightly colored family of birds in the world . just about every shade of color imaginable is shown by this family , especially in the glittering plumages of tangara genus species in south america . the plumages of north american species are mostly red , yellow , and black , the females with duller yellow - olive coloration .\nmy husband and i just got back from an incredible vacation to maui ! one of the very best days we had was our private road to hana trip with beth of explore maui nature . it was just the three of us and we had a perfect day ! beth knows all of the best places to stop to learn about the area and for fabulous photo opportunities . i think between my husband and i , we took about 200 pictures . gotta love digital photography ! we saw painted eucalyptus trees , black and red sand beaches , and a whole gathering of sea turtles who had come ashore for their daily rest . we had a nice picnic lunch that beth put together and snacks from her special snack drawer in the back of her very comfortable tour van ! we learned a lot about the history of the area and about the birds , trees and flowers . and did i mention this was a private tour ! i highly recommend for couples , families and other small groups that want more of a personal experience that doesn ' t always come with the bigger tour companies . if you are planning a trip to maui and want to do the road to hana , i highly recommend beth from explore maui nature . so glad we didn ' t try to do this drive ourselves . it ' s definitely much more enjoyable letting someone else navigate this very winding and narrow road while you just sit back and enjoy ! thanks again beth ! it was a day we will never forget .\nmy wife and i did the road to hana tour and the doors off helicopter tour with explore maui nature and it was the highlight of our maui vacation ! beth and wayne are so much fun and so cool to hang out with . they are so laid back and fun that you feel like you ' ve known them for years . beth knew everything there was to know about maui on the road to hana and she knew all the sweet spots to stop at and all the lame ones to skip . you would never know where to go if you were on your own and all the spots we hit were amazing ! ! red sand beach was my favorite by far but the bamboo forrest was a close second . great food stands , beautiful scenery and a great tour guide there whole way . . . it was amazing . the van was super comfy and nice too . it was a brand new mercedes sprinter van with crazy good air conditioning and an awesome snack drawer . you ' ll see what i mean . ; ) the doors off helicopter tour with wayne was unbelievable ! we got so see so many cool places and with the doors off it ' s like a whole different adventure . we ' ve done helicopter tours before in vegas and the grand canyon but the doors off tour is the way to go ! so fun and you get so close to the waterfalls that you actually get a little wet ! thanks to beth and wayne for making this the best vacation we ' ve ever had !\nauthors : amanda linn , kevin j . burns , and casey h . richart\nlinn , a . , k . j . burns , and c . h . richart ( 2015 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) , while the population in japan has been estimated at c . 100 - 10 , 000 introduced breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntoday ' s hours : 8 a . m . to 7 p . m . last admittance 6 p . m .\nhead to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run . then , make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !\nshow the animal lover in your life how big your heart is with the gift that supports animal care and conservation .\nsplash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes ! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10 , or pick a weekend class about elephants , monkeys , pandas and other zoo favorites .\nit is a common sight in hawaii and puerto rico , where it has been introduced .\nsmithsonian\u2019s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave . , nw washington , dc 20008\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na light gray bill and gray legs and feet . it mainly feeds on plant seeds , fruits , berries and insects . it has an undulating flight . sexes are similar .\nthe tanagers are one of the one hundred eighteen families of birds in the order passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) ; a large taxonomic order that also includes the cardinals and grosbeaks , the old world orioles , and the new world blackbirds .\nthe tanager family , thraupidae ( pronounced thrau - pih - dee ) , is a large family composed of three hundred and ninety - six species in one hundred and two genera restricted to the americas .\nthere are seventy species of thraupidae in twenty - four genera that occur in north america . included among these species are the scarlet tanager , bush - tanagers , and the spindalis species of the caribbean .\nthe tanagers are small to medium - sized birds with medium length tails , fairly long wings , medium length legs with strong feet , and medium length fairly stout bills .\nin north america , members of the thraupidae occur in forested areas from southern canada south into mexico . in the united states and canada , the scarlet tanager occurs in eastern deciduous forests and is mostly replaced by the summer tanager in the southeast and the western tanager in western coniferous forests . the hepatic tanager also occurs in southwestern coniferous forests , other tanager species in the united states being vagrants or introduced .\na few tanager species in north america are long distance migrants to central and south america .\nthe north american tanager species are solitary birds on their breeding grounds , but often migrate in flocks and join mixed flocks on their tropical wintering grounds . most species are arboreal birds that often occur high up in the canopy where they slowly forage for invertebrates and also take fruit .\nthe north american members of this family are not threatened , although a few species in south america are threatened by habitat destruction .\nthe summer tanager eats a great deal of bees , often taking them right from their nests without too much apparent discomfort from their stings . although the stings may not bother it too much , the summer tanager does not enjoy eating the stingers because it is often seen rubbing the stinger off on a branch before swallowing the bee .\n\u00a9 2002 - 2013 urltoken all rights reserved . mitch waite group . no part of this web site may be reproduced without written permission from mitch waite group . privacy policy\nsimilar to the upper part of the human neck , located at the back of the crown .\nthe front part of the head consisting of the bill , eyes , cheeks and chin .\nare white . bill is light gray . sexes are similar . juvenile resembles adult ; has brown head and upperbreast .\ne bolivia ( santa cruz , locally also s beni ) , s & se brazil ( sw mato grosso , w mato grosso do sul and s rio grande do sul ) , w & c paraguay , n argentina ( s to c la pampa and c buenos aires ) and uruguay . introduced to hawaiian is and se brazil ( mainly s\u00e3o paulo ) .\nsong sweet , melodious and slowly delivered , often a repetitive series of alternating notes before . . .\ntakes variety of foods , from seeds and berries to insects , also young shoots , and fruit fallen on ground . forages usually on ground , also . . .\nseason sept\u2013mar . nest cup - shaped , made from fibres and fine stems , lined with rootlets and hair , placed 1\u00b79\u20135 m from . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to abundant ; often the most common and conspicuous species in the local avifauna . has large range and is under no immediate . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nin past , included in a much broader emberizidae . probably sister to cardinalidae , with these two perhaps sister to mitrospingidae # r # r # r # r . family limits and internal structure extensively revised in recent years on basis of numerous genetic studies # r # r # r # r # r # r . these have led to subdivision into 15 subfamilies , as well as numerous other notable changes ( as compared to hbw ) including : relocation herein of parkerthraustes and saltator from cardinalidae , and of charitospiza , coryphaspiza , embernagra , emberizoides , incaspiza , porphyrospiza , tiaris , euneornis , loxipasser , loxigilla , melanospiza , certhidea , platyspiza , pinaroloxias , geospiza , volatinia , coryphospingus , rhodospingus , sporophila , piezorina , xenospingus , poospiza , donacospiza , sicalis , phrygilus , nesospiza , rowettia , melanodera , haplospiza , acanthidops , idiopsar , catamenia , lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix and paroaria from emberizidae ( = passerellidae ) ; and also removal of chlorophonia and euphonia to fringillidae , of rhodinocichla to rhodinocichlidae , of chlorospingus to passerellidae , of phaenicophilus to phaenicophilidae , of spindalis to spindalidae , of nesospingus to nesospingidae , of calyptophilus to calyptophilidae , of lamprospiza , mitrospingus and orthogonys to mitrospingidae , and of habia , chlorothraupis and piranga to cardinalidae . generic limits within family also extensively revised , and associated sequence of species followed herein # r .\n\u201ccore tanagers\u201d , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .\npreviously classified in emberizidae , but forms a well - supported thraupine clade with lophospingus , neothraupis , diuca , gubernatrix , stephanophorus , cissopis and schistochlamys # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na foraging adult on the ground , while a foraging juvenile is walking past .\njosep del hoyo , anna motis , joe angseesing , luis lorente , martin manassero , pieter de groot boersma , keith blomerley , antonio silveira , greg baker , barry attridge , alvaro riccetto , carlos gussoni .\nantonio silveira , santiago meligeni lozano , carlos gussoni , marvinhyett , caduagne , batitu , richardgreenhalgh031 , horacio luna , jacob . wijpkema , annabelle watts , tom dudones , r\u00e9mi bigonneau , holger teichmann , eduardo de juana , jorgeschlemmer , bill benish , leandro herrainz , paul bartlett , samantha klein , daniel field , luiz cavalcanti damasceno , christophe gouraud , lindolfo souto , dannie polley , juanjaimemg , mascarallot , ken havard , cristiano crolle , socktopus , ossewa , jacqueserard , dani valverde , josef widmer , raniero massoli - novelli , netosevero , paul van giersbergen , alvaro riccetto , miguel andina , hickson fergusson , manakincarmelo , tomas grim , alessandro abreu , jomacomo , juan carlos melillo , silvia vitale , lena . avonavi , markus lilje , erkki lehtovirta , marco valentini .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nlook for this bird traveling in family groups . if you see a bird with a brown crest and black bill , it ' s a juvenile . observe the unique interaction of the juvenile with the parents . often , the juveniles will wait for the adult to pick up the food and give it to them , even though they are the same size !\nwhere to find on campus : st . john courtyard has several nests and juveniles are usually seen in the median in front of the building .\npurple finch ( carpodacus purpureus ) , breeding in forests of northern u . those in the far north of canada migrate to southern u . they are in decline due to competition from the house finch and house sparrow .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nexplore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !\ni got back from hawaii a few days ago , and one of the best days of my trip was doing the birding tour with explore maui nature . i would highly recommend it to any birder / bird - watcher / naturalist going to maui . we had a small group , as well as amazing accommodations . beth did a great job showing us the local hotspots , as well . . .\ndrew , thank you for this nice review ! your bird knowledge and enthusiasm . . . impressive beyond words ! thanks for sharing the day birding and good luck in your quest to bird the world ! it was such a great day !\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nthis temple is located at the\nvalley of the temples\nmemorial park . it is one of the interesting buildings located here , so if you have the time , please check out the other areas . the byodo - in temple is as fascinating as it is peaceful to the eye and soul . off to the left ( as you are facing the building ) is a . . .\nwe are so happy you found your visit peaceful . thank you so much for visiting the temple .\nthis june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore\u2019s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz )\nthis june 8 , 2014 photo shows amanda smit - peters showing an example of painted window screens in the highlandtown neighborhood of baltimore . smit - peters , main street manager for the neighborhood , is working with local artists to bring back the urban folk art of painted screens . they were popular in the 20th century as a way to keep people walking by on the street from seeing inside baltimore\u2019s row house windows . ( ap photo / beth j . harpaz ) ( the associated press )\nbaltimore ( ap ) \u2014 baltimore is known for its row houses \u2014 modest brick buildings lining sidewalks so narrow , you can see right through the front windows into people ' s homes .\nthey used to be everywhere ,\nshe said .\nit was the coolest thing . every house might have a dozen painted screens .\nnow eff and others in baltimore , from artists to community development groups , are reviving this simple urban folk art . in some neighborhoods , businesses hire artists to create customized screens for storefronts . you can also find the occasional vintage screen in a window on a quiet street , faded but attesting to the tradition ' s authenticity . if you ' re inside a house , you can see out through the screens ; you just can ' t see in from the street .\nbaltimore ' s american visionary art museum has a permanent exhibit about painted screens with a documentary and re - creation of a row house . the painted screen society of baltimore \u2014 urltoken \u2014 hosts events promoting the art , sells a $ 5 map of where to find screens and can arrange customized tours . or go hunting on your own along elliot street in the canton neighborhood between conkling and linwood , or on eastern avenue in the vicinity of gough street in highlandtown urltoken . you can buy ready - made hand - painted screens at razzo , a home decor store in hampden ( 911 w . 36th st . ) , or for do - it - yourselfers , the painted screen society sells a how - to dvd .\neff says there are about 1 , 000 painted screens in homes now , and credits the centennial of the tradition , marked last year , with revitalizing the custom .\nit ' s growing , and that ' s the beauty of it ,\neff said .\nit was where popular culture met the immigrant mind ,\neff said .\npeople said it was a longing for the homeland , but that ' s not true . it was just , ' isn ' t it nice to have that greenery , that country scene , ' or ' i ' d rather be in the country than in the middle of the city . ' people would ask oktavec , ' is this where you used to live ? ' and he ' d say , ' no , people just hand me greeting cards or calendars with pictures they want . '\nhighlandtown resident monica broere , a retired public school art teacher , paints screens that include bold , abstract graphic elements , but she also winks at the old motifs by including swans .\ni ' ve been painting screens but my own way \u2014 traditional and contemporary ,\nshe says .\nsome people collect vintage screens . highlandtown resident christopher fugate says he has close to 40 .\ni ' ve loved them since i was a kid ,\nhe said .\neff says the screens are as much a part of baltimore as the city ' s row houses .\nas long as there is a row house ,\nshe said ,\npeople will have a need for privacy and painted screens .\nthis list shows both native and introduced species that you may see at k\u012blauea point or the surrounding area . most introduced birds were intentionally brought in for various reasons such as food sources , their songs , and pest control . other non - natives are a result of escape from captivity . many of the song birds were brought to hawai ` i in the early 1900s to bring birdsong back into areas that had become silent due to the disappearance of native forest birds through deforestation and urbanization .\nhawaii\u2019s state bird , the n\u0113n\u0113 , is an endangered species and considered to be the rarest goose in the world . re - introduction efforts , coupled with good management practices on the refuge and throughout the islands , are helping to increase the population . k\u012blauea point nwr was the location of one of the first re - introduction efforts on kauai in the nineteen nineties , and since that time the population on the refuge has grown steadily . visitors out to the point are regularly treated to up - close views of nene and , during the breeding season , even their goslings too .\nthe pueo is an endemic species of owl that can sometimes be spotted by visitors hunting over the open areas at k\u012blauea point . unlike most owl species , the pueo hunts in the daytime , though it is known to hunt at night too . though it feeds primarily on small rodents and insects , it does not turn its beak up at seabirds and nene on the refuge . the other species of owl seen in hawaii is the introduced barn owl . it is larger than the pueo and primarily hunts at night . in hawaiian culture the is revered as an important guardian spirit or aumakua .\nthe pacific golden - plover , or k\u014dlea , in hawaiian , is a shorebird that migrates to and from hawaii each year . in august it makes a non - stop , 72 - hour flight from its breeding grounds in the arctic to hawaii where it spends the winter . this little flyer travels from 5000 - 13 , 000 km one - way , depending on where in the pacific it will overwinter .\nthis is the smaller of the dove species found in hawai ` i and is also called barred dove . it was introduced in 1922 from malaysia and is now probably one of the most common lowland birds in the islands . the stripes on the chest and belly are the giveaway for its name .\nthe java finch , also known as java rice bird , is native to indonesia . it was first introduced into hawai ` i in the mid - 1860\u2019s but the introduction failed . about a hundred years later , in 1960 , they were brought in again and this time it was successful . java rice birds became popular cage birds in the us in the 60\u2019s and 70\u2019s but not long after that they were banned because they were classified as an agricultural pest .\nin hawai ` i this little green bird is commonly called by its japanese name \u201cmejiro . \u201d it was brought to oahu in 1929 and is common throughout all of the islands now from sea level all the way up into the forest . it is a busy little bird that rarely sits still , feeding on insects , nectar and fruit . its presence in native forest bird habitat is problematic as it competes with native forest birds for food and can spread the seeds of invasive weeds into important native habitat .\nowner description : explore maui nature offers private interactive road to hana and haleakala tours , where you can experience your surroundings instead of just sightseeing . - swim in a waterfall , jump in the ocean , explore a secret lava tube , taste the best local banana bread on the planet , and so much more ! we also offer the only bird watching tour on island , an amazing doors - off helicopter experience and hiking options . with your own biologist as tour guide , take the best photos ( and let us photograph you ! ) and experience maui ' s flora / fauna , history , culture , legends and more !\ni really enjoyed the birding tour on maui with beth . an experienced biologist , beth is the perfect combination of scientist , teacher , and story - teller . she mixed her knowledge about the flora and fauna of maui with her understanding of hawaiian legends . the various landscapes one sees on this tour also make it worth the price . from the summit of haleakala to the birds of the wetlands below , you see the geographical changes and gain different perspectives of maui . i saw a nice variety of birds that i would not have seen on my own . not to mention , beth is - - in addition to smart and insightful - - so personable that you ' ll want to hang out with her for coffee or a drink . a couple days after my tour , beth saw me walking in kihei and she and her husband pulled over to say hello . i was as excited to see her as i would have been an old friend ; she has that kind of charisma ! if you ' re going to spend a day touring the island , i encourage you to do it with someone who is fun to be around and has the education and experience to give you the value you want on a tour . whether you are a birder or not , this is a great way to see maui !\nthis hike is definitely a\nbucket list\nhike , and beth and her team made the process seamless . she ' s very knowledgeable and took great care of us during this challenging hike . great service , and great experience !\nthank you so much leanne for taking the time to write us a review ! high five for checking that hike off the list . it ' s a great one . . . thanks for tackling it with us !\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more ."]}
{"id": 3, "summary": [{"text": "poritidae is a family of stony corals .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "members of the family are colonial hermatypic ( reef-building ) corals .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are variable in size and form but most are massive , laminar or ramose as well as branching and encrusting .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the corallites are compact with very little coenosteum covering the skeleton .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the walls of the corallites and the septa are porous .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "j.e.n. veron considers the family is not a natural grouping but is a miscellaneous collection of genera that do not fit well elsewhere . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "poritidae", "paragraphs": ["family poritidae ( enter poritidae or species in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .\ndiagnostic morphological characters among genera in the family poritidae are summarized in table 2 .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of the family poritidae and related families based on mitochondrial coi sequences .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on its sequences .\nspecies delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea .\ncomparison of the diagnostic morphological characters between the previous classifications and the classification used in this study in the family poritidae .\nand related species ( scleractinia : poritidae ) in japan based on molecular and morphological data . zool stud 52 : 25\nspecies delimitation in the coral genus goniopora ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the saudi arabian red sea . - pubmed - ncbi\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of < i > alveopora < / i > based on its sequences .\n. thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .\nfamily poritidae and alveropora species on reef corals of the indo - malayan seas , the marine species identification portal : technical fact sheet .\n, a new genus and new species of scleractinian coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the gulf of oman . zootaxa 532 : 1\u20138 .\nfamily poritidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .\nbernard hn ( 1903 ) the family poritidae , i : the genus goniopora . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1\u2013206 , pl 1\u201314 .\nas the only representative here , is a taxonomic and ecological isolate that , superficially , has as much in common with the primarily mesozoic actinacididae as the extant poritidae . like\n, a new species of hard coral ( scleractinia , poritidae ) from the southern red sea , the gulf of tadjoura , and the gulf of aden . zootaxa 3447 : 56\u201368 .\nbernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145\u2013173 , pl 7\u20138 , 17 .\nbernard hn ( 1905 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part i : porites of the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1\u2013303 , pl 1\u201335 .\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . poritidae gray , 1842 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196105 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nwe obtained a total of 84 sequences of its from all 5 genera in the poritidae ( table 1 ) . in this study , we excluded alveopora from its analysis because its regions were highly variable between alveopora and other genera and they were hardly aligned .\ncitation : kitano yf , benzoni f , arrigoni r , shirayama y , wallace cc , fukami h ( 2014 ) a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . urltoken\nremarks : there are four extant genera in family poritidae , porites , goniopora , stylaraea and bernardpora gen . nov . all are zooxanthellate corals . porites is the only genus distributed throughout the tropics . others are indo - pacific . based on our results we confirm that the genus alveopora does not belong to the same lineage as the family poritidae . although a full evaluation of the position of alveopora is not completed yet , it is certain that alveopora is closely related to other genera in the family acroporidae ( [ 20 ] , this study ) .\nbernard hn ( 1906 ) the family poritidae , ii : the genus porites part ii : porites of the atlantic and west indies , with the european forms . the genus goniopora , a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1\u2013167 , pl 1\u201317 .\ndescription colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are usually compacted with little or no coenosteum . walls and septa are porous . poritidae is an isolated family . it is essentially a heterogeneous assembly of distantly related genera . ( veron , 1986 < 57 > ) . [ details ]\nkitano , y . f . ; benzoni , f . ; arrigoni , r . ; shirayama , y . ; wallace , c . c . ; fukami , h . ( 2014 ) . a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one . 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbernard [ 26 ] proposed that the septal formula of porites derives from that of goniopora by reduction of the third septal cycle , referring to the typical septal pattern of goniopora as the gonioporoid pattern . veron and pichon [ 15 ] showed that g . stutchburyi typically has this septal pattern ( fig . 2g ) . in this study , we proved that g . stutchburyi is a basal species of porites , and our results strongly support bernard ' s hypothesis that porites is derived from goniopora - like morphologies . this conclusion is also supported by the fossil record : goniopora extends back to the cretaceous , but porites only to the eocene [ 16 ] . thus , the presence of 24 septa would seem to be an ancestral feature in the poritidae . the fact that taxa in the family dendrophylliidae , the closest related outgroup of the poritidae , have more than 24 septa would appear to support this .\nwe obtained 69 coi sequences from all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora , 3 sequences from turbinaria peltata and astreopora spp . , and one from montipora venosa ( table 1 ) . a total of 473 positions were used ( 120 polymorphic sites with 109 informative sites ) and no indels were observed . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed using these data , including sequences from genbank / ddbj ( see methods ) . siderastrea siderea was used as an outgroup , based on the phylogenetic position of the scleractinia shown by fukami et al . [ 19 ] .\nin this study , we assess the relationship of all 5 genera in the poritidae with alveopora to revise the taxonomy , and infer the morphological changes in the evolutional lineage in this family , using both molecular and morphological analysis . also to assess phylogenetic variation in the regional and species differences , the present study examines a large number of specimens collected with broad geographic ranges from mainly japan water to the indian ocean , covering most of common species and some uncommon and rare species , together with the genetic data of porites spp . from forsman et al . [ 9 ] .\nmolecular phylogenetic relationships of genera of the poritidae except of alveopora based on combined coi + its sequences . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , and orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .\ndescription colonial , hermatypic , mostly extant . colonies usually massive , laminar or ramose . corallites have a wide size range but are . . .\nveron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]\nveron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 kitano et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : financial support was provided by a grant to h . f . from grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) ( no . 223070033 ) and by sasagawa science research grant from the japan science society ( 23\u2013515 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\na : indian and pacific ocean , b : southern red sea , gulf of tadjoura and gulf of aden ; c\u2013e : main island of japan and ryukyu archipelago . ad : aden , yemen , ak : akajima island , japan , am : amakusa , japan , ao : amami - oshima , japan , ba : bir ali , yemen , bu : al mukallah , yemen , dj : djibouti , ik : iki island , japan , ir : iriomote island or hatoma island , japan , is : ishigaki island or taketomi island , japan , ka : kamaran islands , yemen , kk : kikai island , japan ks : kushimoto , japan , mi : miyako island , japan , my : mayotte island , france , ot : ootuki , japan , ou : oura bay , japan , pen : song song island , malaysia , so : suou - oshima , japan , sr : shirahama , japan , ss : sesoko island , japan , tn : tanegashima island , japan , tr : nakanoshima island , japan\nlist of samples examined in this study and the accession numbers of dna sequences .\na small sample ( less than 1 cm 3 ) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method [ 61 ] , and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r [ 9 ] . the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3\u2032 end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5\u2032 end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss [ 62 ] . the pcr condition for these two markers was 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds , 55\u00b0c or 60\u00b0c for 45 seconds , and 72\u00b0c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72\u00b0c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37\u00b0c for 40 minutes followed by 80\u00b0c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no . ab906942\u2013ab907101 , listed in table 1 ) .\nin addition , we combined coi and its data and analyzed them with same methods as each marker using the gtr + i + g model for the nucleotide substitution ( the average standard deviation of split frequencies after 1 . 0\u00d710 6 generations was 0 . 009909 ) .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 6975d790 - 3a4f - 466a - abfa - d922e6675b4b . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\ntwenty samples of alveopora and 58 samples of goniopora were analyzed in this study ( table 1 ) . although a few species have species - specific polyps , such as goniopora albiconus , polyp characters vary greatly in the field . for example , terete tentacles , a typical polyp character of g . tenuidens , are also seen in g . burgosi .\nall 7 specimens of stylaraea punctata were found in very shallow water ( 1 m ) on a sandy beach in aakajima island , okinawa , japan ( fig . 1 ) . notably , all of them were attached to dead coral skeletons of the genus acropora . their size is very small ( less 1 cm ) and they have only 5 or 6 corallites . tentacle and septal numbers were both 12 in all of them ( fig . 2a\u2013d ) .\na\u2013b . stylaraea punctata ak93 , mufs yfk1244 , akajima island , japan . c\u2013d . s . punctata ak92 , mufs yfk1243 , akajima island , japan . e\u2013h . bernardpora stutchburyi ss21g mufs yfk220 , sesoko , japan . living specimen for whole colonies ( a , e ) and polyps ( b , f ) , corallite structures ( c , g ) , and star - shaped columella ( d , h ) . arrows show columella . bars show 1 mm for ( c ) and ( g ) , and 0 . 5 mm for ( d ) and ( h ) .\nporitipora paliformis veron , 2000 has 24 septa with typically 2 septal cycles ( long and short ) , 6 pali and no columella reported in the literature [ 24 ] . two samples we collected in taketomi island , japan ( first record in the pacific ocean ) had no elongating polyps in the field and had a cellular appearance ( fig . 3a ) , which is a feature of p . paliformis , as shown in veron [ 1 ] , [ 24 ] . the skeletal morphologies are also consistent in the literature , although the second cycle is not well developed in some corallites ; however , many had 24 septa with 2 cycles ( fig . 3b ) . therefore , we identified these 2 samples as p . paliformis . this species was described in veron [ 1 ] without designating type material , and then it was redescribed [ 24 ] designating the holotype . however , the hototype of this species is not valid following iczn [ 74 ] , and the specimens listed in veron [ 1 ] are regarded as part of the syntype series . therefore , the holotype of this species listed in veron [ 24 ] is to be considered a lectotype .\nliving specimens and corallite structures for p . paliformis is48 , mufs yfk959 , taketomi , japan ( a , b ) and m . tantillus ad068 , unimbi ad068 , aden , yemen ( e , f ) , respectively . corallite structures of holotypes of p . paliformis mtq g55857 ( c ) and goniopora minor nhmuk 1934 . 5 . 14 . 436 no . 56 ( d ) . corallites structures of g . burgosi ot6 , mufs yfk286 , otsuki , japan ( g ) and g . pendulus tn11 , mufs yfk243 , tanegashima , japan ( h ) from japan water , as examples of corallites with less 24 septa . bars show 1 mm .\nfour specimens collected in the gulf of aden ( fig . 3ef ) , which is near the type locality of machadoporites tantillus ( claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ) , were identified as m . tantillus because they are consistent with the original description of this species [ 23 ] .\nnumbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 , table s3 ) . grey in color for alveopora , green for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , and orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 . goniopora is shown by bars in black . bernardpora is shown by bar in red .\nall samples of alveopora are genetically distant from all other poritids ( p - distance 0 . 08\u20130 . 10 ) , but closely related to the family acroporidae ( 0 . 06 ) . the phylogenetic position of alveopora is unclear due to low bootstrap values , but it forms a sister group with astreopora spp . in addition , sequences from t . peltata ( family dendrophylliidae ) form a sister clade of all poritids except alveopora and are positioned between alveopora and the other poritids .\nthe phylogenetic relationships among porites , goniopora , stylaraea , poritipora , and machadoporites were inferred using its ( fig . 5 ) . the 68 porites sequences from forsman et al . [ 9 ] and 26 goniopora sequences from kitano et al . [ 13 ] were also added for this analysis ( see table s3 ) . a total of 347 positions were used ( 108 polymorphic sites with 89 informative sites ) . this its tree also showed similar topology to the coi tree as described above . in particular , stylaraea punctata and g . stutchburyi are sister taxa . poritipora paliformis formed a clade with g . minor and g . columna . one specimen of g . minor in the poritipora clade is from the western indian ocean and others are from japan . machadoporites tantillus formed a clade with g . somaliensis and another 3 species ( g . cf . somaliensis , g . sp . 1 , and g . sp . 2 ) , all of which were collected from the western indian ocean . other western indian ocean specimens ( g . albiconus , g . ciliatus ) and malacca strait specimens ( g . albiconus , g . pendulus ) were included in a major clade of goniopora spp . meanwhile , species relationships of goniopora were less resolved because porites and goniopora have many indels in their rdna sequences and phylogenetic information sites were largely excluded .\nletter ( a , b , c , d ) after sample code indicates that different alleles were obtained from a single coral sample by cloning . numbers on / below main branches show bootstrap values ( > 50 % ) in ml and nj analyses , and bayesian posterior probability ( > 0 . 8 ) . stars show specimens collected from western indian ocean , and triangles show ones collected from malacca strait . sample codes or accession numbers are shown after species names ( see table 1 ) . green in color for porites , purple for stylaraea , blue for \u2018 poritipora \u2019 , orange for \u2018 machadoporites \u2019 , red for bernardpora , and black for goniopora .\nthe tree using combined data of coi and its showed a similar topology to the one for its ( fig . s1 ) .\nporitipora and machadoporites are found within the goniopora lineage in all molecular phylogenetic trees . this is supported by morphology . machadoporites differs from goniopora by having fewer septa ( fewer than 24 ) and smaller calices ( < 1 . 7 mm ) . however , some goniopora species can have superficially similar characters . for example , g . burgosi has typically 12\u201315 septa , as shown in the original description ( [ 51 ] , fig . 3g ) . a similar pattern is also observed in g . pendulus ( fig . 3h ) . moreover , the g . minor calices were described as 1 . 5\u20132 mm in size in the original description [ 50 ] . thus , characters such as \u201cfewer than 24 septa , \u201d and \u201csmall size calices\u201d are not enough to separate machadoporites from goniopora . in addition , m . tantillus forms a clade with g . somaliensis and other goniopora species from the western indian ocean .\nsimilar to goniopora , poritipora has 24 septa , but the 2 genera can be distinguished by the difference in the number of septal cycles : 2 in p . paliformis and 3 in goniopora . however , for several goniopora species , primary and secondary cycles of septa are equal or subequal , such as in the case of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) . therefore , the character \u201ctwo cycles of septa\u201d is not enough to separate poritipora from goniopora . in addition , p . paliformis forms a clade with g . minor and g . columna .\non the one hand , machadoporites and poritipora are considered junior synonyms of goniopora and their taxonomy is hence revised hereafter .\non the other hand , the type material of p . paliformis ( fig . 3c ) and our samples ( fig . 3b ) look similar to the type material of g . minor ( fig . 3d ) shown in crossland [ 50 ] . goniopora minor has a similar size of corallites , 12 equally sized septa for the primary and secondary cycles , small or absent septa in tertiaries , and 4\u20136 pali . the development of the columella was described as \u201clarge , \u201d but it is composed only of joined septa , which is the same pattern as that of poritipora . considering that most g . minor examined in this study ( one colony of g . minor was genetically separated ; figs . 4 and 5 ) formed a clade with p . paliformis with little genetic difference , p . paliformis may be a morphological variant of g . minor .\nbelow we propose the description of the new genus bernardpora gen . nov . and the revised diagnosis of goniopora , based on the original descriptions and subsequent information resulting from this study . see table 1 for the museum abbreviations .\ndiagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 60 ] : massive , laminar or ramose colonies ; corallites vary in size but usually small and mostly compacted closely without coenosteum , with one or two synapticular rings . walls and septa are porous . septa usually 12 to 24 . septa formed by 3 to 8 nearly vertical trabeculae , and innermost trabeculae of certain septa differentiated as pali .\ntype species : porites polymorphus link , 1807 : 163 ( = madrepora porites pallas , 1766 : 324\u2013326 , neotype : mhnnp lamarck collection no . 150 ( figured in jameson & cairns , 2012 , figs 4d , 5 ) . this specimen is also the holotype of porites clavaria lamarck , 1816 [ 78 ] , [ 80 ] )\n- neoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 97 . type species is not fixed .\n- cosmoporites duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . type species : cosmoporites laevigata duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 . holotype : unknown ( figured in duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 : 99 , pl . x , figs . 12 , 16 . bernard [ 79 ] described \u2018the type specimen was not found by count peracca in the turin museum\u2019 . )\n- synaraea verrill , 1864 : 42 . type species : porites erosa dana 1846 : 565\u2013566 , pl . 55 , fig . 8 . holotype : usnm 668\n- napopora quelch , 1884 : 296 . type species : napopora irregularis quelch , 1884 : 296\u2013297 . holotype : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 302 .\ndiagnosis [ 1 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 78 ] : colonies massive , ramose , laminar , or encrusting . corallites are small , immersed , circular or polygonal . calice diameter 0 . 5\u20132 . 2 mm . septa are 12 in number , composed of 1 to 4 trabeculae . the typical formula of septal arrangement in this genus , with some of its variations , is seen . pali are present , variable development in different species , usually 4\u20138 in number . mural trabeculae always present . columella trabeculae usually present with star - shaped granules . the wall is really simple , but the incipient synapticulae , seen starting from the sides of septal granules , may become complete and form an inner synapticular wall .\nremarks : distribution : indo - pacific and atlantic [ 1 ] . species number : 73 [ 1 ] , [ 15 ]\ntype species : goniopora pedunculata quoy & gaimard , 1833 : 218\u2013220 , pl . 16 , figs . 9\u201311 . the type specimen appears to be lost [ 15 ] .\n- rhodaraea mile edwards & haime , 1849 : 259 . type species : astraea calicularis , lamarck 1816 : 266 . holotype : unknown .\n- tichopora quelch , 1886 : 188 . type species : tichopora tenella quelch , 1886 : 189 , pl . 11 , figs . 1 , 1a . type specimens : nhmuk 86 . 12 . 9 . 342 .\n- poritipora veron , 2000 : 347 . type species : poritipora paliformis veron , 2000 : 347 . lectotype : mtq g55857\n- calathiscus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 . type species : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 ( this species is also type species of the genus machadoporites ) . holotype : squ040001 .\n- machadoporites nem\u00e9sio , 2005 . type speices : calathiscus tantillus claereboudt & al - amri , 2004 .\nrevised diagnosis [ 1 , 16 , 26 , this study ] : massive , columnar or ramose , rarely encrusting colonies . corallites are circular or polygonal . calice diameter 1\u201310 mm . septa 24 in two or three cycles , or between 24 and 12 in two or three cycles , composed of 4 to 8 trabeculae . pali and columella may develop . columellae are composed of anastomosed septal dentations or arranged synapticula and fused inner ends of septa . wall structure is synapticulothecal . polyps usually elongate during the day ( note that g . paliformis does not elongate polyps during the day ) .\nremarks : poritipora and machadoporites are considered as junior synonyms of goniopora . distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 33 [ 1 , 15 , this study ] .\ntype species : madrepora punctata linnaeus , 1758 : 795 . the specimen zmb # 956 may be syntype [ 78 ] ( examined ) .\ndiagnosis : stylaraea is a monospecific genus with only known species , s . punctata . therefore , the characters of this genus are those of s . punctata . colonies are tiny ( usually less 10 mm in size ) and from \u201ccushion - shaped crusts\u201d [ 46 ] . calices are concavate and around 1 mm diameters . septal number is 12 ( \u201c2 cycles of 6 each\u201d [ 15 ] ) without specific septal pattern . septa are composed of rows of star - shaped granules . primary septa may reach to collumellae . columella is composed of a star - shaped central rod such as porites or bernaldopora . wall structure is synapticulothecal .\nremarks : distribution : indo - pacific [ 1 ] . species number : 1\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9c2fe523 - a491 - 45ae - bc22 - b528ca68c040\ntype species : goniopora stutchburyi wells , 1955 : 11 , pl . 1 , figs 1\u20132 ; holotype : mtq g2931 ( examined )\netymology : the generic name is in honor of the coral scientist henry m . bernard .\nsummary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus goniopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .\nsummary of the diagnostic morphological characters for species identification of the genus alveopora . original descriptions are shown in bold .\nlist of poritid samples and accession numbers for coi and its , referred from previous study .\nconceived and designed the experiments : yk hf . performed the experiments : yk . analyzed the data : yk . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : yk hf fb ra cw ys . wrote the paper : yk hf fb .\nveron jen ( 2000 ) corals of the world . vol . 3 . townsville : australian institute of marine science . 489 p .\ncolony from moorea ( french polynesia ) : a response of ocean - atmosphere variability from south central pacific . palaeogeogr palaeocl 175 : 381\u2013392 .\nbarshis dj , stillman jh , gates rd , toonen rj , smith lw , et al . 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( 2008 ) mitochondrial and nuclear genus suggest that stony corals are monophyletic but most families of stony corals are not ( order scleractinia , class anthozoa , phylum cnidaria ) . plos one 3 : e3222 doi :\ndai c - f , horng s ( 2009 ) scleractinia fauna of taiwan i . the complex group . taipei : national taiwan university . 175 p .\nwallace cc ( 2012 ) acroporidae of the caribbean . geol belg 15 : 388\u2013393 .\n( scleractinia : acroporidae ) from west papua . j nat hist 45 : 1905\u20131924 .\nveron jen ( 2002 ) new species described in corals of the world . aust inst mar sci monogr ser 11 : 1\u2013205 .\n. cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 4 : 1\u2013206 , pl 1\u201314 .\nfukami h , budd af , paulay g , sole - cava a , chen ca , et al . ( 2004 ) conventional taxonomy obscures deep divergence between pacific and atlantic corals . nature 427 : 832\u2013835 .\nbenzoni f , stefani f , stolarski j , pichon m , mitta g , et al . ( 2007 ) debating phylogenetic relationships of the scleractinian\n( cnidaria , anthozoa , scleractinia ) and description of a new family through combined morphologic and molecular analyses . system biodivers 10 : 417\u2013433 doi :\nkitahara mv , cairns sd , stolarski j , blair d , miller dj ( 2010 ) a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the scleractinia ( cnidaria , anthozoa ) based on mitochondrial co1 sequence data . plos one 5 : e11490 doi :\nbudd af , fukami h , smith nd , knowlton n ( 2012 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zool j linn soc 166 : 465\u2013529 .\nbudd af , stolarski j ( 2009 ) searching for new morphological characters in the systematics of scleractinian reef corals : comparison of septal teeth and granules between atlantic and pacific mussidae . acta zoologica 90 : 142\u2013165 .\nbudd af , stolarski j ( 2011 ) corallite wall and septal microstructure in scleractinian reef corals : comparison of molecular clades within the family faviidae . j morphol 272 : 66\u201388 .\nlamark jbpade ( 1816 ) histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . paris 2 : 1\u2013568 .\nmilne edwards h , haime j ( 1851 ) monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains palaeozo\u00efque . arch mus hist natur , paris 5 : 1\u2013502 .\nmilne edwards h ( 1860 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits . 3 : 1\u2013560 .\nverrill ae ( 1864 ) list of the polyps and corals sent by the museum of comparative zoology to other institutions in exchange , with annotations . bull mus comp zool harv college 1 : 29\u201360 .\nquelch jj ( 1886 ) report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . rep sci results voyage hms challenger zool 16 : 1\u2013203 , pl 1\u201312 .\nortmann a ( 1888 ) studien \u00fcber systematik und geographische verbreitung der steinkorallen . zool jahrb abt syst geogr biol tiere 3 : 143\u2013188 , pl . 6 .\nbasett - smith pw ( 1890 ) report on the corals from the lizard and macclesfield banks , china sea . ann mag nat hist ser 6 : 353\u201374 .\nsaville - kent w ( 1891 ) notes on new and little known australian madreporaceae . rec aust mus 1 : 123\u2013124 .\nsaville - kent w ( 1893 ) the great barrier reef of australia . its products and potentialities . london : wh allen & co . 387 p .\na supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 145\u2013173 , pl 7\u20138 , 17 .\nbedot m ( 1907 ) madr\u00e9poraires d ' amboine . rev suisse zool 15 : 143\u2013292 , pl . 5\u201350 .\nvaughan tw ( 1907 ) some madreporarian corals from french smaliland , east africa , collected by dr . charles gravier . proc us nat mus 32 : 249\u2013266 , pl 17\u201328 .\nvaughan tw ( 1918 ) some shoal - water corals from murray islands ( australia ) , cocos - keeling islands and fanning island . pap dep mar biol carnegie inst wash 9 : 51\u2013234 , pl 20\u201393 .\nhoffmeister je ( 1925 ) some corals from american samoa and the fiji islands . pap dep mar biol carnegie inst wash 22 : 1\u201390 .\nfaustino la ( 1927 ) recent madreporaria of the philippine islands . ber sci manila monogr 22 : 1\u2013310 . pl . 1\u2013100 .\n. great barrier reef exped 1928\u201329 : sci rep br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 85\u2013257 , pl 1\u201356 .\nnemenzo f ( 1955 ) systematic studies on philippine shallow water scleractinians : i . suborder fungiida . natur appl sci bull 15 : 3\u201384 , pl 1\u201314 .\nwells jw ( 1955 ) recent and subfossil corals of moreton bay queensland . univ queensl pap dep geol 4 : 1\u201318 , pl 1\u20133 .\neguchi m ( 1965 ) scleractinia . in : uchida k & uchida t , editors . new illustrated encyclopedia of the fauna of japan 1 . tokyo : hokuruyu - kan . pp . 270\u2013296 .\neguchi m ( 1968 ) the hydrocorals and scleractinian corals of sagami bay collected by his majesty the emperor of japan . tokyo : maruzen co ltd . 221 p .\nwells jw ( 1968 ) notes on indo - pacific scleractinian corals . v . a new species of\nrosen brr , taylor jd ( 1969 ) reef coral from aldabra : new mode of reproduction . science 166 : 119\u2013121 .\nveron jen ( 1985 ) new scleractinia from australian coral reefs . rec west aust mus 12 : 147\u2013183 .\nveron jen ( 1990 ) new scleractinia from japan and other indo - west pacific countries . galaxea 9 : 95\u2013173 .\nnishihira m , veron jen ( 1995 ) hermatypic corals of japan . tokyo : kaiyusha . 440 p . ( in japanese )\nwallace cc , fellegara i , muir pr , harrison pl ( 2009 ) recent and fossil corals of moreton bay , s . e . queensland . mem queensl mus 54 : 1\u2013118 .\nfukami h , budd af , levitan dr , jara j , kersanach r , et al . ( 2004 ) geographic defferences in species boundaries among members of the\nwei nwv , wallace cc , dai cf , pillay krm , chen ca ( 2006 ) analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacers ( its ) and the 5 . 8s gene indicate that extremely high rdna heterogeneity is a unique feature in the scleractinian coral genus\nvan oppen mjh , catmull j , mcdonald bj , hislop nr , hagerman pj , et al . ( 2002 ) the mitochondrial genome of\n( cnidaria ; scleractinia ) contains a large group i intron and a candidate control region . j mol evol 55 : 1\u201313 .\nshearer tl , coffroth ma ( 2008 ) dna barcoding : barcoding corals : limited by interspecific divergence , not intraspecific variation . mol ecol resour 8 : 247\u2013255 .\ntseng c - c , wallace cc , chen ca ( 2005 ) mitogenomic analysis of montipora cactus and anacropora matthai ( cnidaria ; scleractinia ; acroporidae ) indicates an unequal rate of mitochondrial evolution among acroporidae corals . coral reefs 24 : 502\u2013508 .\ngouy m , guindon s , gascuel o ( 2010 ) seaview version 4 : a multiplatform graphical user interface for sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree building . mol biol evol 27 : 221\u2013224 .\nkatoh k , standley dm ( 2011 ) mafft multiple sequence alignment software version 7 : improvements in performance and usability . mol biol evol 30 : 772\u2013780 .\ntamura k , dudly j , nei m , kumar s ( 2007 ) mega4 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis ( mega ) software version 4 . 0 . mol biol evol 24 : 1596\u20131599 .\nswofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10 . sinauer associates , sunderland , ma .\nkimura m ( 1980 ) a simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences . j mol evol 16 : 111\u2013120 .\nnylander jaa ( 2004 ) mr . modeltest v2 . program distributed by the author . evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university .\nzwickl dj ( 2006 ) genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion . ph . d . dissertation , the university of texas at austin .\nronquist f , teslenko m , van der mark p , ayres dl , darling a , et al . ( 2012 ) mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . syst biol 61 : 539\u2013542 .\niczn ( 2011 ) coral taxon names published in \u2018corals of the world\u2019 by j . e . n . veron ( 2000 ) : potential availability confirmed under article 86 . 1 . 2 . bull zool nomencl 68 : 162\u2013166 .\narrigoni r , stefani f , pichon m , galli p , benzoni f ( 2012 ) molecular phylogeny of the robust clade ( faviidae , mussidae , merulinidae , and pectiniidae ) : an indian ocean perspective . mol phylogenet evol 65 : 183\u2013193 .\nkeshavmurthy s , yang s - y , alamaru a , chuang y - y , pichon m , et al . ( 2013 ) dna barcoding reveals the coral \u201claboratory - rat\u201d .\nreijnen bt , mcfadden cs , hermanlimianto yt , van ofwegen lp ( 2014 ) a molecular and morphological exploration of the generic boundaries in the family melithaeidae ( coelenterata : octocorallia ) and its taxonomic consequences . mol phylogenet evol 70 : 383\u2013401 .\nof the indo - pacific region . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 5 : 1\u2013303 , pl 1\u201335 .\n, a supplement to vol . iv . cat madreporarian corals br mus ( nat hist ) 6 : 1\u2013167 , pl 1\u201317 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nveron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .\nveron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nfrom danwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 .\ngoniopora sp . with list of species recorded for singapore porites sp . ( pore corals ) with list of species recorded for singapore alveopora sp . ( daisy corals ) alveopora allingi ( vulnerable ) alveopora catalai ( near threatened ) alveopora excelsa ( endangered ) alveopora fenestrata ( vulnerable ) alveopora marionensis ( vulnerable ) alveopora spongiosa * * ( near threatened ) alveropora tizardi * *\ndanwei huang , karenne p . p . tun , l . m chou and peter a . todd . 30 dec 2009 . an inventory of zooxanthellate sclerectinian corals in singapore including 33 new records ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 69 - 80 .\nveron , jen . 2000 . corals of the world australian institute of marine science , australia . 3 volumes .\nchou , l . m . , 1998 . a guide to the coral reef life of singapore . singapore science centre . 128 pages .\nerhardt , harry and daniel knop . 2005 . corals : indo - pacific field guide ikan - unterwasserachiv , frankfurt . 305 pp .\nborneman , eric h . 2001 . aquarium corals : selection , husbandry and natural history t . f . h publications . 464 pp\nwee y . c . and peter k . l . ng . 1994 . a first look at biodiversity in singapore . national council on the environment . 163pp .\nng , p . k . l . & y . c . wee , 1994 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . the nature society ( singapore ) , singapore . 343 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmassive or branching species easily recognized by their small hexagonal calices with a snowflake pattern . many are difficult to identify in the field since id ' s are based upon minute skeletal structures hidden by the live polyp . lobe and finger coral are dominant reef - forming species in hawaii while the others are occasional in clear waters .\nlarge fleshy polyp species of tropical seas include alveopora and goniopora with 12 and 24 tentacles . these do not occur in hawaii or the atlantic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nterraneo ti 1 , benzoni f 2 , arrigoni r 3 , berumen ml 3 .\nred sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia . electronic address : tulliaisotta . terraneo @ kaust . edu . sa .\ndepartment of biotechnology and biosciences , university of milano - bicocca , piazza della scienza 2 , milano 20126 , italy ; institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , umr227 coreus2 , 101 promenade roger laroque , bp a5 , 98848 noumea cedex , new caledonia .\nred sea research center , division of biological and environmental sciences and engineering , king abdullah university of science and technology , thuwal 23955 - 6900 , saudi arabia .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nwe sequenced igr , its region , atps\u03b2 , calm for the genus goniopora from the red sea .\nwe used haploweb , abgd , ptp and , gmyc to evaluate species delimitation in goniopora .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n, it is confined to shallow rocky - subtidal environments where other corals are seldomly found . this species resembles\nexcept that septa are short , are in two cycles and do not fuse . colonies are circular or encrusting , less than 15mm across with uniformly spaced corallites . septa are in 2 cycles of 6 each . columella is an irregular pinnule . color is pale brown , with white septa and columella .\nas the only member , forms dull brown , massive colonies , usually hemispherical , several meters across an occurs in shallow reef environments and lagoons . it resembles\n, which has lightly smaller corallites , but this species is easily recognised under water . the undulating surface houses deeply excavated corallites that are 2 - 3mm in diameter ( cellular appearance ) . the surface is smooth to undulating . corallites are deeply excavated . septa are arranged in 2 alternating cycles of 6 each , with the primary cycle forming decent paliform styli . columella is absent . corallite walls are very thin ( coral skeleton is very light ) .\nthis genus has been a major reef - builder throughout much of the duration of the cenozoic tethys . the derivation of the poritid pattern of septal fusion from\nis one of the few instances in scleractinian taxonomy where one taxon or taxonomic character can be said to be ' primitive ' compared with another .\nfrequently forms very extensive monospecific or multi - specific stands in inshore environments dominated by terrigenous sediments as well as offshore areas that are influenced by river runoff . thus\ncan be found in turbid water and in areas generally protected from wave action ; e . g .\ncan form extensive stands that are tens of meters long and wide . local dominance in certain habitats may be related to their sediments - rejecting ability , which may be facilitated by the fact t hat the large fleshy polyps of most\nis also one of the most aggressive coral species , excluding other corals within its periphery . it has been observed that\nuses specialized elongated\nsweeper polyps\nto attack neighboring coral colonies . the sweeper polyps of\nspecies are easily recognized in situ by characters of soft tissues , but these may become unreliable over wide geographic ranges . colonies are massive or rounded , few even encrusting to fine - branched colonies and far less massive than\n. the peristome , polyp , and the tentacles are of different color . calices are rounded or hexagonal that extend 1 - 5mm in diameter . septal margins are pitted or spiny and seem to come up from the floor of the corallite ( contrary to\n) . septa are usually 24 septa in 3 cycles . the larger first 2 cycles are very distinct ( dorsal and ventral septa are isolated , while lateral septa merge ) , while the 3rd merges with the former at close proximity of the corallite wall .\n, although these genera are probably not closely related . morphological differences between the two are demonstrated by all\nspecies together in the same biotope , as habitats of individual species are very different , more so than for any other genus . these habitats include protected turbid biotopes ( the majority of species ) , exposed upper reef slopes ( e . g .\n) and high - latitude , non - reef biotopes ( e . g .\n. corallum and tentacles are brownish or bluish . calices are rounded or polygonal and about 1 - 2mm in diameter . they are crowded or closely united by their very brittle walls ( entire\n) ; the shared wall is pierced by pores giving it a lace - like appearance .\nyuko f . kitano , 1 , 2 francesca benzoni , 3 roberto arrigoni , 3 yoshihisa shirayama , 1 , 4 carden c . wallace , 5 and hironobu fukami 2 , *\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\n) was performed in the frame of research projects by japanese society for coral taxonomy or by associate prof . h . fukami at university of miyazaki with sampling permission from each local government in japan . malaysia ( pen ; see\n) sampling has taken place by local staffs in non - marine protected area , songsong island , under the permission of the research project by prof . zulfigar yasin and prof . aileen tan at universiti sains malaysia . all western indian ocean sampling was also performed in the frame of research projects for which a sampling permission was delivered by local authorities and samples were shipped with cites permits . ad , ba , bu , dj , and mu are all sites in yemen (\n) . there , sampling has taken place in several missions and regular sampling permits were issued by yemen environmental protection agency ( epa ) in sana ' a . moreover , epa staff supervised the activities in the field at all times . my is mayotte island (\n) . sampling permits there were issued by the direction de l ' agriculture et de la foret de mayotte , service environnement et foret and by the maritime affairs office . dj are samples from djibouti (\n) taken during the tara oceans expedition and the sampling permits were delivered by the am\u00e9nagement du territoire et de l ' environnement de djibouti . photos of each specimen were taken in the field ( particularly for living polyps ) and the depth and habitat were recorded . after collection , a small piece of each specimen was removed for use in dna extraction ( see below ) , and the remaining sample was bleached to investigate the skeletal morphology for species identification .\nasterisk shows accession number referred from kitano et al . [ 13 ] . note that more than one its sequences were obtained by sub - cloning from a single specimen in several samples while its from other samples were determined by direct sequencing of pcr products . museum abbreviations are as follows : msl / usm : universiti sains malaysia , mufs : university of miyazaki , department of fisheries science ( = department of marine biology and environmental science ) , japan , smbl : seto marine biological laboratory , kyoto university , japan , and unimib : university of milano - bicocca , department of biotechnology and biosciences , italy .\n) of each specimen was put in chaos solution to dissolve the tissues or fixed in 99 % ethanol . total dna was extracted from chaos solution using the phenol / chloroform extraction method\n, and from the coral tissues preserved in ethanol using the dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) . the barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( coi ) was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) using the primers zco1 and zco1r\n. the nuclear ribosomal its region ( its ) including the 3\u2032 end of the 18s rrna , its - 1 , 5 . 8s , its - 2 , and the 5\u2032 end of the 28s rrna was also amplified by pcr using the primers 1s and 2ss\n. the pcr condition for these two markers was 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds followed by 30 or 35 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 seconds , 55\u00b0c or 60\u00b0c for 45 seconds , and 72\u00b0c for 90 seconds , with a final phase of 72\u00b0c for 5 minutes . for the mitochondrial region , pcr products were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase ( sap ) and exonuclease i ( exoi ) at 37\u00b0c for 40 minutes followed by 80\u00b0c for 20 minutes . the dna sequences were then determined via a direct sequence method , using abi3730 or abi310 sequencer . pcr products of the nuclear marker were also directly sequenced , but when obtained sequences had more than double peaks in the chromatogram , they were sub - cloned into ta - vector ( promega ) or topo10 ( invitrogen ) and sequenced using abi3730 or abi310 . all dna sequences obtained in this study were submitted to ddbj ( accession no ."]}
{"id": 4, "summary": [{"text": "the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is a species of boa described in may 2016 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is only known from the conception island bank in the bahamas .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the first known discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is named for its unique silver color . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "conception bank silver boa", "paragraphs": ["the silver boa was discovered on conception island bank , which comprises uninhabited conception island and its satellite islets .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentums ) . image credit : graham reynolds .\nthe conception bank silver boa . image credit : alberto r . puente - rolon .\na close up of the new conception bank silver boa . photo credit : graham reynolds\nthe bahamian silver boa or conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) . photo by graham reynolds / unc - ashville . | lizards and snakes | pinterest\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) is named for its color and the fact it was first found on a silver palm tree .\ndr . reynolds and his colleagues named this new species chilabothrus argentums and gave it the common name conception bank silver boa .\nfortunately for the silver boa , all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the area are relatively rare .\nit was discovered on conception island bank . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\nthe scientists named the conception bank silver boa ( chilabothrus argentum ) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\nthe silver boa , chilabothrus argentum , is so named because of its distinctive metallic colour and the fact that the first specimen found was climbing a silver palm tree .\nthe conception bank silver boa averages about 37 to 43 inches ( 0 . 95 \u2013 1 . 1 m ) in length from the tip of its snout to the urogenital vent . the tail is about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long .\nthe snake is threatened by natural disasters , the illegal pet trade and feral cats , of which many can be found on conception island bank . the good news for this species is all islands on the conception island bank are national parkland , and visitors to the islands is rare .\n\u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\nits latin name is chilabothrus argentum , argentum being latin for ' silver . ' graham reynolds says it ' s a beautiful new species of silver boa and he told voa that\nfinding a new boa is extremely rare , especially in a well - studied region like the caribbean .\nr . graham reynolds et al . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora 549 : 1 - 19 ; doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\na team of researchers led by dr . graham reynolds from the university of north carolina asheville has discovered a new species of non - venomous boid snake on the conception island bank , bahamas .\nthe three other bahamian boa species look different from the newfound species , with dark splotches and stripes . the silver boa is not only paler , it also\u2014unlike the others\u2014lives in trees , where it feeds mostly on birds .\nthus , the entire silver boa population , which the team estimates to be fewer than a thousand animals , is found only in one small patch of earth .\ncaptured silver boas were electronically tagged by the scientists before being freed back into their forest home .\nthis makes the species vulnerable to extinction , and reynolds and his colleagues believe the silver boa should be designated as critically endangered by the international union for conservation of nature .\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d\n\u201cthis new species occurs on a group of islands that have never been connected to any of the other islands in the bahamas , \u201d says reynolds . \u201cas far as we know , they only occur on conception island bank and nowhere else . \u201d ( see\nwhy we were totally wrong about how boa constrictors kill .\n)\nthis snake is considered critically endangered and is one of the most endangered boa species globally .\na new species of boa constrictor has been discovered on a remote island in the bahamas .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 . discovery of a remarkable new boa from the conception island bank , bahamas . breviora . 549 ; 1 - 19 . doi : 10 . 3099 / brvo - 549 - 00 - 1 - 19 . 1\nanother silver boa had come down from the forest and crawled right over him as he slept . they ' d located their sixth specimen , and dna analyses back at the lab confirmed the snake was a new species .\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d said robert henderson , a boa expert with the milwaukee museum of natural history . \u201cthe beautiful bahamian silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made . \u201d\n\u201cthe beautiful silver boa , already possibly critically endangered , reminds us that important discoveries are still waiting to be made , and it provides the people of the bahamas another reason to be proud of the natural wonders of their island nation . \u201d\nthe proof came when genetic tests came back from a harvard lab , confirming that the silver boa was in fact a different species that - just like darwin ' s finches on the gal\u00e1pagos islands - had been evolving in isolation for several million years .\nthis new boa is just one of the hundreds , perhaps thousands of new species that are discovered every year .\nray agrees that despite living in a refuge , the boa is still in danger\u2014in particular from feral cats and dogs .\naccording to the scientists , the description of this new snake brings the total number of west indian boa species to 12 .\nthe slithery addition to the boidae ( boa ) family is described in this week ' s edition of the journal breviora .\n) , based on both its color and the fact it was first found on an aptly named silver palm tree . a study on the species appeared in the journal breviora .\n\u201cthis study represents the first new in situ discovery of a west indian boa species in 73 years , \u201d the scientists said .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nexpedition member alberto puente - rol\u00f3n , an expert on caribbean boas , agreed that the animal appeared unlike any species of known boa .\nit has unique color among bahamian boa species . the upper ( or dorsal ) surface of the body is silver gray to very light tan , occasionally with a very faint gray dorsal stripe extending the length of the spine with jagged edges and occasional interruption . the lower ( ventral ) surface is pure cream white with no markings or other coloration .\n\u201cas dr reynolds slept , a boa crawled down from the forest , across the beach , and directly onto his head , \u201d the report revealed .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas .\nlike other constricting snakes , the boa wraps its body around prey and causes death by suffocation . the staple diet of boas in the bahamas consists of frogs , birds and rats .\nso the team went searching for more boas , finding four more snakes before settling down to sleep on the beach at conception island . but it turns out the boas weren ' t ready to call it a night . ( see\nextremely rare fishing snakes discovered .\n)\n\u201cgraham reynolds and his co - authors have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy .\n\u201creynolds et al . have not only discovered and described a new species of snake , but even more remarkable , a new species of boa . that\u2019s rare , exciting , and newsworthy , \u201d he said .\nthe reptile faces threats such as natural disasters ( which could wipe out the entire population ) ; poaching for the pet trade ; and feral cats , which exist on conception island and are known to prey on boas elsewhere in the bahamas . ( also see\nisland ' s feral cats kill surprisingly few birds , video shows .\n)\ncommenting on the find , boa constrictor expert robert henderson , from the milwaukee museum of natural history , said : \u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer .\nresearch describing the new snake is published in the may 2016 issue of the journal breviora .\n\u201cit has been at least 58 years since the in situ discovery of new populations of taxonomically distinct boas in the region , the last being the report in 1957 of boas on margaret cay , ragged islands , bahamas . \u201d\n\u201cworldwide , new species of frogs and lizards are being discovered and described with some regularity . new species of snakes , however , are much rarer , \u201d said dr . robert henderson from the milwaukee museum of natural history , one of the world\u2019s experts on boas .\n\u201cwe found this species on its way to extinction , and now we have the opportunity to intervene on their behalf so that doesn\u2019t happen , \u201d dr . reynolds added .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\nthe shiny reptile likely numbers only a thousand individuals in its remote bahamas habitat , experts say .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201csometime around 3 : 30 in the morning , i woke up to something crawling across my face , \u201d says reynolds , now a biologist at the university of north carolina , asheville .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nevery year , thousands of snakes gather at the narcisse snake dens in manitoba , canada .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\n\u201call efforts should be made to restrict the number of dogs on the island and how freely they are allowed to roam , \u201d says ray .\n\u201cmore importantly , an attempt should be made to remove the feral cats from this protected natural area because they are not native predators . \u201d\nscientists identified 20 of the snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean . photograph : graham reynolds / pa\nscientists identified 20 of the metre - long snakes during two expeditions to the caribbean islands , the second made in october last year .\none of the creatures made a dramatic appearance by slithering on to the head of the expedition leader as he slept .\nthe us team led by dr graham reynolds , from harvard university , confirmed the snake was a previously unknown species after conducting a genetic analysis of tissue samples .\nthe snake is said to be critically endangered . photograph : graham reynolds / university of north carolina asheville\na report from harvard university described how , during the first expedition , one of the snakes introduced itself to dr reynolds while he and his colleagues were sleeping on a beach .\n\u201cthis caused him to awake with a start , and upon realising what had happened , he awoke the others . \u201d\nthe creature is said to be critically endangered according to the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list\u201d criteria , and threatened by feral cats that roam the island .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\na group of university biologists surveying a remote island in the bahamas have stumbled upon a new and possibly extremely rare new snake species .\nthe university of north carolina biologist also told voa the snake is likely to be highly endangered and efforts are already being made to ensure its survival in the wild .\nas soon as we saw the first specimen ,\nreynolds says ,\nwe knew it was something different - we just didn ' t know how different .\nhis team , which included biologists from harvard , massachusetts , and puerto rico , was instantly struck by\nthe coloration , body shape , head shape , and body size [ which ] were all different - looking than the hundreds of other boas of the other species we have seen .\nbut the snakes aren ' t alone on the island . it ' s also full of non - native feral cats , and reynolds told voa he ' s\nconfident\nthey ' re eating his new species .\nright now his team is doing more research ,\ntrying to document the presence of cats using camera traps and identify ways to remove them from the island .\nreynolds and his team are also providing data to the bahamas national trust in the hopes that they can quickly establish a conservation program .\nreynolds confirmed that the snake is indeed a new species based on a genetic analysis of tissue samples from the reptile .\nchilabothrus argentum lives in trees and feeds primarily on birds . reynolds believes the snake should be considered critically endangered and should appear on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s \u201cred list . \u201d\nusfws will render a decision on the narrow headed garter snake and the northern mexican garter snake in fiscal year 2014 .\nopheodrys vernalis were hatched as part of breeding program in conjunction with lake county forest preserve district .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile and voting in polls . registration is simple , fast , and completely free .\non an uninhabited island in the southern bahamas , a scientist noticed a snake that shined like metal as it climbed a tree .\n\u201cwe all came to take a look at it , and it was instantly clear that this was something different , \u201d says biologist r . graham reynolds , part of the scientific team exploring the remote islands .\n\u201cthis discovery is significant because of how well - studied many parts of the bahamas are , especially in terms of herpetology , \u201d says julie ray , director of the conservation group team snake panama .\nreynolds and his colleagues are working with the bahamas national trust , which administers the national parks , on strategies to protect the species .\nr . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez and nicholas c . herrmann . 2016 .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreynolds , r . graham , alberto r . puente - rol\u00f3n , anthony j . geneva , kevin j . aviles - rodriguez , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nreynolds , puente - rol\u00f3n , geneva , aviles - rodriguez & herrmann . 2016\nreynolds , r . g . , m . l . niemiller , s . b . hedges , a . dornburg , a . r . puente - rol\u00f3n , and l . j . revell . 2013 . molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of west indian boid snakes ( chilabothrus ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 68 : 461\u2013470 .\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2013 ] vanda perplexa \u2022 a new species ( or . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] thismia tectipora \u2022 a new , unusual . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] four new species of nepenthes l . ( . . .\n[ crustacea \u2022 2016 ] thalassina pratas \u2022 a new mud l . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2014 ] aerides phongii \u2022 a new species of . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2016 ] nepenthes aenigma & n . justinae \u2022 . . .\n[ entomology \u2022 2016 ] six , not two , species of aciso . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa ."]}
{"id": 6, "summary": [{"text": "syncopacma taeniolella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lotus corniculatus , lotus uliginosus , medicago and trifolium species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they initially mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of an irregular blotchy rather small mine .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "soon the larvae leave the mine , and start mining from between few spun leaves .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found in may and june . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "syncopacma taeniolella", "paragraphs": ["syncopacma taeniolella ( silver - barred sober ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nanimalia eumetozoa arthropoda hexapoda insecta lepidoptera gelechioidea gelechiidae anacampsinae syncopacma meyrick 1925 syncopacma taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - telphusa acrophylla meyrick , 1911 - gelechia taeniolella ( zeller , 1839 ) - isis von oken by oken , lorenz , 1779 - 1851 volume 32 , 1839 : title page : p . 201 - n . 56 - germany\nthe pale fascia on s . taeniolella can be straight or , more often , slightly inwardly curved .\nconfused with syncopacma larseniella and s . cinctella . care required . very subtle differences .\nrarely the white fascia on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few dots in s . taeniolella . if checking of the underside of the forewing fails to show any obvious and strong white fascia then dissection is recommended to exclude other syncopacma species .\nlarva : spins leaves together and feeds within the spinning . syncopacma cinctella also utilises common bird ' s - foot - trefoil and s . larseniella has been known to use it on rare occasions .\nreadily separated from other syncopacma species with a white fascia by the presence of a similar , usually slightly thinner fascia on the underside of the forewing and a white spot or a broken line on the underside of the hindwing . see photograph of upperside and underside of the forewings in the images section and the comparable markings of s . larseniella under that species .\nthe moth can be separated from other\nsyncopacma\nspecies showing white fascia , by checking the underside of the forewing where a thinner white fascia is positioned and a further broken white line or spot on the underside of the hindwing . occasionally the white fascia on the on the upperside of the forewing can be broken or reduced to a few spots and can be straight or slightly curved inwards .\nreasonably common in the southern half on england , this species becomes scarcer further north into england and wales , and has occurred in small numbers in scotland and ireland .\n) , the larvae feeding between spun shoots or leaves during may and june .\n, but can be distinguished by the whitish fascia on the underside of the forewing , absent in those species .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 02 09 : 41 : 15 page render time : 0 . 5663s total w / procache : 0 . 6041s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 13 ( 19 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local on rough ground in england , south of a line from shropshire to the wash , becoming less common northwards ; rarely in wales , scotland and ireland . in hampshire recorded in both vice - counties , sometimes commonly ; on the isle of wight , although it almost certainly still occurs there , no recent record has been received . wingspan 11 - 14 mm . the most likely confusion species are s . larseniella and s . cinctella , neither of which has a fascia on the underside of the forewing nor a costal spot on the underside of the hindwing ( mbgbi vol 4 part 2 ) . larva feeds on bird ' s - foot trefoil , clover , black medick and spotted medick , living between leaves spun together with silk .\nwidespread but rather local , occasionally locally common , across much of england , lowland wales and eire . very local in northern england , only a few scattered sites in scotland * and unrecorded from northern ireland and isle of man . it appears to be restricted to coastal localities in the more northerly parts of britain .\n* details of two scottish records ( in vc83 and vc101 ) shown on the national vc maps are unknown to this scheme , the only location with details being the outer hebrides . additionally the national vice county map has a dot for vc113 ( the channel islands ) , but no supporting data was received with the complete channel islands dataset when updated in 2012 .\nthe diagnostic white marks on the underside of the forewing and hindwing can be a little variable in extent but are clearly visible in the photograph above .\nlotus corniculatus ( common bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , see plant distribution map . very occasionally on lotus pedunculatus ( greater bird ' s - foot - trefoil ) , trifolium spp . ( clover ) or medicago spp . ( medick ) . it was once reported from helianthemum nummularium ( common rock - rose ) by p sokoloff in the benhs journal of 1980 : 8 .\nin europe alsp found on chrysapsis micrantha , dorycnium , medicago minima ( bur medick ) , tetragonolobus maritimus , trifolium medium ( zigzag clover ) and trifolium pratense ( red clover ) .\nrough ground , quarries , vegetated coastal dunes , chalk grassland and limestone pavement .\nadult : easily disturbed on warm days and swept from amongst the larval foodplant . comes to light .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n- azores , balearic is . , canary is . , channel is . , corsica , crete , croatia , cyprus , greece , latvia ,\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncommon birds ' - foot trefoil , sometimes clover spp . or medick spp . .\nfor the county , we have a total of 10 records from 9 sites . first recorded in 1859 .\nvc64 . ellington banks mod , 13 . 7 . 2005 conf . heb ( chf , jcw , spw ) . new vice - county record .\nvc63 . brockadale nr , 6 . 7 . 2013 , gen . det . heb ( dwi ) . new vice - county record .\nresident . a local species in southern england , becoming very local north of the midlands .\ndiscovered at llanymynech rocks in the north - east of the county in 2012 .\nspinning . eggs laid on foodplant ? larva feeds between spun leaves . pupa is reddish brown in a slight cocoon in the detritus ."]}
{"id": 7, "summary": [{"text": "argodrepana verticata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by warren in 1907 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 30-35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white and semi-transparent , crossed by five grey bands , all nearly parallel to the outer margin , and marked on the veins with darker grey dashes .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two antemedian lines , of which the basal is very obscure , and one postmedian line , as well as two submarginal lines , the outer of which is a lunulate-dentate line , with the teeth touching the grey marginal line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "all bands are present on the hindwings , the last three meeting at the anal angle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "argodrepana verticata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for argodrepana definition . you find here argodrepana meaning , synonyms of argodrepana and images for argodrepana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word argodrepana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word argodrepana and , of course , argodrepana synonyms and on the right images related to the word argodrepana .\nwilkinson , c . 1970 . a new species argodrepana and records of other white drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . pacif . ins . 12 ( 2 ) : 241 - 249 . argodrepana marilo new species from mt . kaindi , papua new guinea , and records of argodrepana verticata ( warren ) and 6 teldenia spp . from papua new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nhave a fact about argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for argodrepana galbana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nwilkinson , c . 1971 . notes on a numerical analysis of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . pacif . ins . 15 ( 2 ) : 329 - 332 . numerical taxonomic relationships of argodrepana marilo wilkinson and related species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic study of a new genus of drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) from new guinea . proc . r . ent . soc . lond . 36 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 - 29 , 1 pl . lepidoptera , drepanidae : argodrepana * galbana * se new guinea , denticulata * , tenebra * , umbrosa * nw new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nfor now some of the most importend publications for drepanidae are listed below . shortly i will upgrade this list with most of the literature availiable .\ngaede , m . 1932 . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales n\u00e9erlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse l\u00e9opold de belgique . lepidoptera i . uraniidae , drepanidae , notodontidae . m\u00e9m . mus . r . hist . nat . belg . hors ser 4 ( 6 ) : 57 - 61 . lepidoptera ; urani . , drepan . : alcidis agathyrsus , aruus , cyphura maxima , oreta subvinosa aru , w new guinea .\nholloway , j . d . 1998 . the moths of borneo : families castniidae , callidulidae , drepanidae and uraniidae . malayan nature journal 51 : 1 - 155 , plates 1 - 10 .\nrecords and new species of new guinea and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : callidulidae , drepanidae , and uraniidae including epipleminae ) . also gymnoscelis fragilis warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from new guinea .\nturner , a . j . 1911 . studies in australian lepidoptera . ann . qld . mus . 10 : 59 - 135 . lepidoptera ; noctuidae , uraniidae , drepanidae , thyrididae , pyralidae , eupterotidae : several spp . kei , new guinea , louisiades , new britain , solomon is .\nturner , a . j . 1926 . revision of australian lepidoptera : drepanidae , limacodidae , zygaenidae . proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 51 : 411 - 45 . lepidoptera , drepan . : oreta jaspidea ; limacod . : scopelodes nitens , susica kenricki , birthama modesta new guinea .\nwarren , w . 1922 - 24 . family : drepanidae , pp . 443 - 90in a . seitz ( ed . ) macrolepidoptera of the world . vol . 10 . lepidoptera , drepan . : many n . spp . , sev . n . sspp . , procampsis * goodenough , louisiades , mysol , solomon is . , new guinea .\nwatson , a . 1957 . a revision of the genus tridrepana swinhoe ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 4 : 407 - 500 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : t . lunulata prolata * , olivacea crocata * , sigma * rook ( umboi ) , buru , bismarcks , bougainville , solomon is .\nwatson , a . 1961 . a taxonomic study of some indo - australian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 8 ) : 317 - 347 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : oreta singapura continua , campylopteryx fleximargo fergusson , new guinea .\nwatson , a . 1967 . a survey of the extra - ethiopian oretinae ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) . bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 19 ( 3 ) : 149 - 221 , pl . 1 - 9 . lepidoptera , drepanidae : new guinea and solomon islands records : oreta perfida warren , 1923 ; oreta singapura continua ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta sublustris warren , 1923 ; oreta subvinosa warren , 1903 ; oreta unilinea ( warren ) , 1899 ; oreta undescribed species ( extensa species - group ) ; oreta jaspidea ( warren ) , 1896 ; oreta rubrifumata warren , 1923 ; urogonodes patiens ( warren ) , 1906 ; u . macrura warren , 1923 ; u . scintillans ( warren ) , 1896 ; astatochroa suphurata ( warren ) , 1907 ; cyclura trogoptera ( rothschild ) , 1915 .\nwilkinson , c . 1967 . a taxonomic revision of the genus teldenia moore ( lepidoptera : drepanidae , drepaninae ) . trans . roy . ent . soc . london 119 : 303 - 362 , 4 pls . revision of teldenia spp . in new guinea , bismarck archipelago , and solomon islands ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1969 . some aspects of zoogeography and speciation in the genus teldenia moore ( drepanidae : lepidoptera ) . j . nat . hist . 3 : 367 - 380 . biogeography of teldenia spp . in new guinea and bismarck archipelago ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\nwilkinson , c . 1970 . numerical taxonomic methods applied to some indo - australian drepanidae : lepidoptera . j . nat . hist . 4 : 269 - 288 . numerical taxonomy of teldenia spp . and relatives , including many species from new guinea ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . argo 2 . argo - class submarine 3 . argo - hytos 4 . argo - navis 5 . argo - saronic islands 6 . argo aadli 7 . argo airways 8 . argo atv 9 . argo avenger 10 . argo bromo anggrek 11 . argo city 12 . argo class submarine 13 . argo community high school 14 . argo design 15 . argo district 16 . argo electric 17 . argo film 18 . argo gold mine and mill 19 . argo group 20 . argo hytos 21 . argo investments 22 . argo jati 23 . argo merchant 24 . argo meresaar 25 . argo navis\n26 . argo online 27 . argo p 28 . argo point 29 . argo project 30 . argo racing cars 31 . argo records 32 . argo saronic islands 33 . argo spa 34 . argo tea 35 . argo the almighty 36 . argo tunnel 37 . argo uml 38 . argo utv 39 . argoan 40 . argob 41 . argobba 42 . argobba language 43 . argobba people 44 . argobba special woreda 45 . argobbas 46 . argobuccinum retiolum 47 . argobuccinum tumidum 48 . argocat 49 . argochampsa 50 . argocoffeopsis\n51 . argocoffeopsis lemblinii 52 . argoed 53 . argoed high school 54 . argoel 55 . argofilms 56 . argogorytes mystaceus 57 . argoile 58 . argol 59 . argol argal 60 . argolamprotes micella 61 . argolian 62 . argolic 63 . argolic gulf 64 . argolics 65 . argolid 66 . argolid peninsula 67 . argolida 68 . argolida football clubs association 69 . argolidocorinthia 70 . argolis 71 . argolis and corinthia prefecture 72 . argolis greece 73 . argolis gulf of 74 . argolis prefecture 75 . argols\n76 . argom 77 . argoman the fantastic superman 78 . argomenti 79 . argomento 80 . argomuellera 81 . argon 82 . argon - 36 83 . argon - 38 84 . argon - 40 85 . argon - argon dating 86 . argon - plasma coagulation 87 . argon2 88 . argon 36 89 . argon 38 90 . argon 40 91 . argon argon dating 92 . argon beam coagulator 93 . argon beam coagulator ablation 94 . argon cas # 7440 - 37 - 1 95 . argon cas # 7440 37 1 96 . argon compounds 97 . argon flash 98 . argon fluoride laser 99 . argon fluorohydride 100 . argon gas\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 8, "summary": [{"text": "the little wife underwing ( catocala muliercula ) is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from massachusetts and connecticut south to florida and west to texas and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 54-70 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is probably one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on myrica cerifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala muliercula", "paragraphs": ["larva . the foodplant , location , date and general appearance all seem to indicate muliercula .\ngall , l . f . 1984 . the evolutionary ecology of a species - rich sympatic array of catocala moths . ph . d . dissertation , yale university .\nschweitzer , d . f . 1982 . field observations of foodplant overlap among sympatric catocala feeding on juglandaceae . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 36 ( 4 ) : 256 - 263 .\nschweitzer , dale f . 1991 . the hickory feeding catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) fauna in the absence of carya ovata in southern new jersey . ent . news 102 ( 4 ) : 165 - 172 .\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\ngall , l . f . 1991a . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . i . experiments on larval foodplant specificity . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 173 - 194 .\ngall , l . f . 1991b . evolutionary ecology of sympatric catocala moths ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . ii . sampling for wild larvae on their foodplants . journal of research on the lepidoptera . 29 ( 3 ) : 195 - 216 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guen\u00e9e . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nthe black bands of the hindwings tend to be very wide and there is considerable dark scaling along the inner margins . the hindwing fringe is very dark as is the general ground colour of the forewings .\ncourtesy of steve walter , floyd bennet field ( jamaica bay area of new york ) july 6 .\nsteve writes ,\nthe little wife is one of the signature species of jamaica bay - - but this one was 11 days ( seems to be a magic number , or times 2 ) earlier than the previous early date here . the little underwing was new for jamaica bay - - and i had 6 of them . funny how that happens .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\napril 18 , 2009 , courtesy of steve daniel , tentative id by steve and bill oehlke .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient foodplant and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence .\nthere are almost certainly no really effective barriers . these moths will enter cities and even breed in them . they reach offshore islands where there is no habitat and at least two species have been taken on incoming ships several hundred kilometers at sea .\nfor forest species the suitable habitat distance generally applies in wooded or semiwooded ( includes wooded residential ) terrain if the larval foodplant is present at all . in large contiguous or nearly contiguous forests the unsuitable habitat distance would seldom apply since adults seem to be quite mobile and live several weeks at least and most larval foodplants are not highly localized ( although they are often sparse ) . however , use half the suitable habitat distance for separating occurrences if the larval foodplant is truly absent within continuous forest .\nwhere the habitat is truly extensive and contiguous use this figure , although these moths can persist in smaller areas . it is known that many individuals move much farther and given populations of mobile long - lived adults , unbroken or moderately fragmented habitat within and beyond this distance is almost certain to support at least continued recurrence . if habitat ( usually forest ) patches are smaller than 1000 hectares , infer presence throughout .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\npeacock , j . w . , d . f . schweitzer , j . l . carter , and n . r . dubois . 1998 . laboratory assessment of the effects of bacillus thuringiensis on native lepidoptera . environmental entomology 27 ( 2 ) : 450 - 457 .\nsargent , t . d . 1976 . legion of night : the underwing moths . university of massachusetts press , amherst , ma . 222 pp . and 8 plates .\nschweitzer , dale f . 2004 . gypsy moth ( lymantria dispar ) : impacts and options for biodiversity - oriented land managers . natureserve , arlington , virginia . natureserve explorer . online . available : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarvae feed exclusively on plants in the genus morella , such as wax myrtle and northern bayberry .\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 04 / 13 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2014 ) . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 5 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 3 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list ) ( more of this species )\na little wife underwing moth in somerset co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2004 ) . photo by lance biechele . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 24 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 23 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 5 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nlittle wife underwing moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 8 / 6 / 2014 ) . photo by jonathan willey . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth collected on the eastern shore in maryland . photo by john glaser . ( mbp list )\na little wife underwing moth caterpillar in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2014 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 13, "summary": [{"text": "bosara longipecten is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of areas at altitudes between 1,500 and 2,600 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 7 \u2013 8 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "bosara longipecten", "paragraphs": ["bosara dilatata is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia , sulawesi and in new guinea .\nbosara emarginaria is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found on borneo and in sri lanka , the north - eastern himalayas and hong kong .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1693 .\nthis is a small species with , in the male , a prominent crest of scales protruding anteriorly from the subbasal region of the forewing costa , itself rather bowed .\nturner may prove to be a further synonym , extending the range of the species to queensland ( holotype , anic , canberra , examined but not dissected ) .\nborneo , peninsular malaysia ; sulawesi ( ssp . pelopsaria ) ; new guinea ( ssp . hydrographica ) ; ? queensland ( see note above )\nthe original material , taken by a . r . wallace , may have been from the lowlands . the species has not been recorded in recent surveys .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwalker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1675 .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . mus . , 9 : 153 .\nthis is the smallest of the grey species and has the hindwing fasciated in a similar manner to the forewing . on both wings there are unevenly sized black dots in the spaces just distal to the postmedial .\nthe species is infrequent , but has been taken from the lowlands to the upper montane forest zone at 1780m ."]}
{"id": 14, "summary": [{"text": "the crowsoniellidae are a monotypic family of beetles , in the suborder archostemata .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "so far , only a single species , crowsoniella relicta , has been attributed to this family .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is a minute animal ( about 1.8 mm ( 0.071 in ) ) that was collected in central italy from calcareous soil at the base of a chestnut tree .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "no other specimens have been found since . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "crowsoniellidae", "paragraphs": ["family crowsoniellidae 1 species , crowsoniella relicta . family cupesidae ( cupedidae ; reticulated beetles ) small and little - known ; found under bark ; about 30 species widely distributed . family jurodidae 1 species ,\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : archostemata according to j . f . lawrence and a . f . newton 1995\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlawrence , j . f . , and a . f . newton , jr . / pakaluk , james , and stanislaw adam slipinski , eds .\nbiology , phylogeny , and classification of coleoptera : papers celebrating the 80th birthday of roy a . crowson , vol . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthis page was last modified on 24 december 2015 , at 01 : 10 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
{"id": 18, "summary": [{"text": "synanthedon pini , the pitch mass borer , is a moth of the family sesiidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the pitch mass borer occurs on spruce and pine in eastern north america .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it does not kill trees , but the pitch-filled larval tunnels in the wood cause defects in the lumber . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "synanthedon pini", "paragraphs": ["species synanthedon pini - pitch mass borer - hodges # 2585 - bugguide . net\n\u00a9 william taft and mich . st . univ . , moth photographers group \u00b7 2 synanthedon pini , male\nall are in one genus - synanthedon sp . single eggs are laid on the bark of the pines . larvae of some species tunnel into the cambium area soon after hatching . they make a hole in which they feed . sap oozes out of these pits / holes . the pitch mass borer\nduckworth , w . d . & t . d . eichlin 1973 . new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . proceedings of the washington entomological society 75 ( 2 ) : 150 - 159 melittia calabaza , synanthedon arkansasensis , s . canadensis , s . dominicki , s . engelhardti\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlarva - body white with a light brown head . ( kellicott , 1881 ) .\nthe males are strongly attracted to zzoh / ezoh 50 : 50 pheromone lures and are on the wing starting in late june in michigan .\n, pinaceae ) . larvae typically bore in large trees below a broken branch or scar as high as 40 ' up the trunk ( kellicott , 1881 ) .\nit is found rarely in insect collections and museums . trees with active larvae have pitch mass swellings on the tree trunk with a white , powdery appearance .\nbeuttenm\u00fcller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) :\nengelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 :\nkellicott , d . s . 1881 . observations of several species of ageriadae inhabiting the vicinity of buffalo , n . y . . the canadian entomologist 13 ( 1 ) : 5 - 7\ndictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .\nthe north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . george p . engelhardt . 1946 . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 .\nmonograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . william beutenm\u00fcller . 1901 . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce .\npine pitch moth adults resemble yellowjackets . the adults are clear wing moths . there are many types of pitch moths .\nlarge volumes of pitch ooze from the holes made in the trunk by these insects .\nattacks austrian , eastern white , scots and jack pines as well as white , norway and colorado blue spruce . adults are only seen during the summer and the insect can take up to three years to complete its life cycle .\ncheck with your local land grant university ( cooperative ) extension service for recommended insecticide .\nthe home , yard & garden pest guide ( c1391 ) provides is written for homeowners and other residents and provides nonchemical and current chemical recommendations for controlling pests associated with trees , shrubs , turf , flowers , groundcovers , vegetables , fruit , and houses . in addition , you ' ll find detailed information about integrated pest management , pesticide safety , and pesticide application and calibration techniques . this publication may be purchased at your local university of illinois extension unit office , or by calling 800 - 345 - 6087 , or by placing an order online ( search for\nc1391\n) . visit site > >\nthe illinois commercial landscape and turfgrass pest management handbook ( iclt ) is written for professional applicators and provides nonchemical and current chemical recommendations as well as application timing information for all major pests of turf , woody ornamentals and herbaceous ornamentals . this publication may be purchased at your local university of illinois extension unit office , or by calling 800 - 345 - 6087 , or by placing an order online ( search for\niclt\n) . visit site > >\na free plant , weed , insect and disease identification service available through your local university of illinois extension office . center educators or state specialists review & respond to information and digital images submitted by local extension office personnel . some samples may require further examination or culture work ( nominal fee involved ) at the u of il plant clinic . visit site > >\nservices include plant and insect identification , diagnosis of disease , insect , weed and chemical injury ( chemical injury on field crops only ) , nematode assays , and help with nutrient related problems , as well as recommendations involving these diagnoses . microscopic examinations , laboratory culturing , virus assays , and nematode assays are some of the techniques used in the clinic . visit site > >\neastern white pine , scots pine , austrian pine , jack pine and red pine . as well as white spruce , norway spruce and blue colorado spruce trees .\nthe larvae tunnel into the inner bark on trunks and limbs of host trees . this causes a cavity .\nthe clearwing moth looks similar to yellow jacket wasps . it lays its eggs in midsummer in pruning cuts and on the bark of the trunk or limbs . the larvae tunnel into the inner bark to feed on resin from the damaged tissue . the mature larvae reach a length of about 25mm . their body colour is usually near white to pink depending on which tree they are feeding on . their brown head is smaller than their prothorax . large amounts of pitch and frass form at the point of entry . pupation occurs within the pitch mass from late may to june . the clearwing moths appear from the middle to the end of june , although others can emerge in july and august depending on locations . two or three years are required to complete a life cycle .\nlarvae and pupa are found under the pitch masses . they can be removed and killed .\ndo not prune trees during the egg laying period of the pitch mass moth . ( midsummer )\ncomplete this form for a certified arborist to visit your property and provide recommendations and an estimate .\ntype of work requested ( select all that may apply with ctrl + click . ) :\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nstrict warning : non - static method view : : load ( ) should not be called statically in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / views . module on line 879 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ handler _ filter : : options _ validate ( ) should be compatible with views _ handler : : options _ validate ( $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ handler _ filter : : options _ submit ( ) should be compatible with views _ handler : : options _ submit ( $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / handlers / views _ handler _ filter . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ style _ default : : options ( ) should be compatible with views _ object : : options ( ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ style _ default . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ row : : options _ validate ( ) should be compatible with views _ plugin : : options _ validate ( & $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ row . inc on line 0 .\nstrict warning : declaration of views _ plugin _ row : : options _ submit ( ) should be compatible with views _ plugin : : options _ submit ( & $ form , & $ form _ state ) in / home2 / c241301 / public _ html / clm / sites / all / modules / views / plugins / views _ plugin _ row . inc on line 0 .\nadults are wasp - like clearwing moths with a mostly orange head , grey hairs on the face , a brown - black thorax , clear hind wings , opaque brown forewings with ( usually ) some orange scales and a mostly blue - black abdomen with an orange 4th segment .\nlarvae are white to pink in colour and can vary depending on the host tree . they have a head capsule that is smaller than the prothorax . when compared to the\neggs are laid on the bark of trunks or branches . females prefer fresh wound sites ( e . g . recently pruned branches ) if available .\nlarvae bore into the inner bark and sap wood . tunneling in this area causes copious amounts of sap to flow out of the wound .\nfemale moths deposit eggs in june to july on the trunk or larger branches , preferably at a wound site . larvae tunnel into the sapwood behind the bark , causing copious amounts of sap to flow out of the infested area . it takes 2 - 3 years for the larvae to mature . larvae overwinter within the pitch mass . there is only one generation every 2 - 3 years . adults emerge in spring to early summer .\njohnson , w . t . and lyon , h . h . 2003 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs . second edition . cornell university press , ithaca , new york . 560 pp .\neichlin , t . d . , duckworth , w . d . 1988 . the moths of america north of mexico , sesioidea , sesiidae , fascicle , 5 . 1 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 18 june , 2013 - 12 : 00am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 25 may , 2013 - 7 : 53pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 1 august , 2013 - 10 : 45pm\nmemoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 , 1901\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36\nbrown , l . n . & r . f . mizell , iii 1993 . the clearwing borers of florida ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 ( pdf )\neichlin , t . d . 1992 . clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) : 135 - 150 ( pdf ) andrewsi bibionipennis erici faulkneri gilberti gloriosa hennei magnifica mexicanus palmii ( neumoegen ) palmii ( beutenm\u00fcller ) polygoni resplendens robiniae snellingi\nunited states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 , 1946\nengelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 17 - 32 species index food - plant index"]}
{"id": 19, "summary": [{"text": "the dryad shrew tenrec ( microgale dryas ) , also known as the tree shrew tenrec , is a species of mammal in the family tenrecidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is vulnerable to extinction by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "dryad shrew tenrec", "paragraphs": ["a cowan\u2019s shrew tenrec , microgale cowani , in captivity . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\ndryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .\ntenrecs with very narrow distributions or specific threats may need extra help . more research is required to confirm the distribution and abundance of poorly known shrew tenrec species ( e . g . dryad , montane and nasolo ' s shrew tenrecs ) . if they genuinely occur in only a handful of sites , conservation efforts will be needed to target their habitat .\ntenrec diet is based on invertebrates . insects and their larvae are the most commonly consumed prey items . however , many of the larger species ( from talazac ' s shrew tenrec \u2013 microgale talazaci - to the tailless tenrec \u2013 tenrec ecaudatus ) sometimes take small vertebrates such as amphibians . two species have become very specialized : streaked tenrecs eat mostly soft - bodied invertebrates , with an apparent preference for earthworms ; large - eared tenrecs ( geogale aurita ) prefer termites they find inside dead wood . the aquatic tenrec feeds on a range of prey in its freshwater habitat , but favours aquatic insect larvae and crayfish .\nthe tenrecinae are spiny tenrecs . the largest species is the tailless tenrec , tenrec ecaudatus , which weighs up to 1 kg . it is as large as a rabbit , and is less spinescent than the other species . other spiny tenrecs are the two species of hedgehog tenrec ( setifer setosus and echinops telfairi ) and the two species of streaked tenrec ( hemicentetes semispinosus and h . nigriceps )\na lowland streaked tenrec , hemicentetes semispinosus . \u00a9 l . e . olson & s . m . goodman\nthe potamogalinae are otter shrews which are found on mainland africa . many scientists now consider these animals as tenrecs . the giant otter shrew , potamogale velox , is widespread in the streams and rivers of central african forests , but the other two species have restricted distributions . the nimba otter shrew , micropotamogale lamottei , is found only in a small area around mount nimba on the borders of ivory coast , liberia and guinea , and the ruwenzori otter shrew , m . ruwenzorii , is found only between uganda and eastern drc . habitat loss , mining and fish traps threaten otter shrews across their range . ( see section \u201ctenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\u201d ) .\na number of predators are known or suspected to feed on tenrecs . these range from birds of prey and viverrid carnivores to snakes ; some small shrew tenrecs ( microgale spp . ) may even be attacked by larger species of their own genus .\neastern rain forest in madagascar is habitat for many tenrec species , yet much of it is being lost to provide land for agriculture such as these paddy fields in the north - east of the country . \u00a9 peter j . stephenson\nthe geogalinae is a recently recognised sub - family , comprising the single species , geogale aurita ( the large - eared tenrec ) . it is a small species ( about 7g ) adapted for life in the arid south - west and specialised in a termite diet .\ntenrecs are generally found in forest habitats . most species occur in the eastern rain forests , but a handful ( e . g . geogale , echinops ) are adapted to the arid spiny desert in the south - west of madagascar . the aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) requires clear , running freshwater . some species - such as tailless tenrecs ( tenrec ecaudatus ) and streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) - appear able to adapt easily to man - induced disturbance , and can survive in secondary forest or agricultural land . mole tenrecs ( oryzorictes ) have been found in rice fields .\nthe aquatic tenrec ( limnogale mergulus ) is the greatest cause for concern among conservationists . it is known from only 10 sites in madagascar and appears to be restricted to clear streams with abundant prey . siltation caused by widespread deforestation is expected to cause problems as it will reduce prey species . animals are also drowned in eel and crayfish traps .\nthe mammal was an early tenrec ; the island it had arrived on probably had no other mammals and so this early lineage evolved over generations to adapt its body shape to its environment . as a result of a process called\nadaptive radiation\n( made famous by darwin ' s finches on galapagos ) new species appeared , each physically suited for its niche , free of competition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntraditionally included in the lipotyphla ( = insectivora sensu stricto ) . various molecular studies ( madsen et al . , 2001 ; murphy et al . , 2001 a , b ; springer et al . , 1999 ) and syntheses of morphological and molecular data ( asher et al . , 2003 ; liu et al . , 2001 ) support a clade containing tenrecs and golden moles , which stanhope et al . ( 1998 ) named afrosoricida . this name is inappropriate since this clade does not include soricids , and could lead to confusion with the soricid subgenus afrosorex hutterer , 1986 . noting that tenrecomorpha butler , 1972 may be a prior , and more explicit name for this clade following simpson\u2019s ( 1945 ) guidelines for naming superfamial taxa , bronner et al . ( 2003 ) nevertheless accepted afrosoricida because this name is entrenched in the recent literature .\nfollowing simpson ( 1931 ) , the term\ntenrecoid\nhas also been widely misused as a general name for a vaguely defined grouping of ( extinct and extant ) taxa characterized by zalambdodonty , even though it has become clear that some of these were not technically zalambdodont , and that zalambdodonty may have arisen independently several times ( e . g . broom , 1916 ) . this further militates against its stricter nomenclatorial use , even at taxonomic ranks below order .\nthe supraordinal affiliation of the afrosoricida remains controversial . molecular data strongly support an affinity within the afrotheria , whereas morphological data suggest a closer relationship to lipotyphlans . lipotyphlan monophyly , however , is only weakly supported by cladistic analyses of morphological data ( asher , 1999 ) and phylogenetic analyses of combined anatomical and molecular data strongly support the inclusion of afrosoricids within afrotheria ( asher et al . , 2003 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnote : this is an amended assessment to correct the order of the assessors .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of ca . 10 , 000 km\n, it is known from fewer than 10 locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nit is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation , through conversion to cultivated areas and general logging activities .\nthis species is known from only a few sites in northeastern madagascar . there is some doubt about a record from anjanaharibe - sud special reserve as it was collected from an owl pellet . it has been recorded between 500 and 940 m asl .\nit is a poorly - known species that has only been recorded in the eastern lowland rain forests . it is possibly a semi - fossorial species which is believed to be forest dependent . the ecology of the species is not known .\nit has been recorded from two protected areas : ambatovaky special reserve and anjanaharibe - sud special reserve . it has been recorded in the future protected area of makira . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , population , biology , ecology and threats to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe following material is adapted from an article published in 2007 : stephenson , p . j . ( 2007 ) . mammals from another time : tenrecs in madagascar . africa geographic , march 2007 , vol 15 ( 2 ) : 34 - 41 .\nthe island continent of madagascar was part of a large land mass that broke away from africa some 165 million years ago . as tectonic plates shifted subtly on the earth ' s surface , the land mass moved out slowly into the indian ocean . other chunks of land later floated off to leave the island the size and shape we now know , situated 400 km off the mozambique coast for the last 80 millions years .\nat that time the island was probably a mix of habitats much as it is today : thick rain forest on the east coast , deciduous forests in the west , deserts with spiny succulent plants in the south - west , and amid the forests of the high plateau a mosaic of grasslands grazed by giant tortoises and walked upon by 3 - 4 metre tall elephant birds . mammals had evolved from therapsid reptiles and were spreading across africa , but none had appeared on madagascar , as its reptiles were from a different stock .\nwhat happened next is only conjecture , but sometime around 60 million years ago a small mammal - perhaps no more than 5 or 6 g in weight with a primitive body plan and physiology - was washed out to sea from africa . perhaps it was on a log that had fallen into a river from the coastal forest of what is now kenya . currents and winds moved the mammal across the channel until it arrived on madagascar . perhaps the founder was joined by others ; perhaps it was a pregnant female . whatever the case , the animals multiplied . and then evolution kicked in !\nvery few other mammals ever made the same journey . eventually rodents , a mongoose - like carnivore and a primitive primate crossed the channel and gave rise to species found nowhere else on earth . a pygmy hippopotamus also crossed but madagascar never saw cats , dogs or large herbivores .\nmost tenrecs died out on mainland africa and are known only from fossil records ; all except one small lineage that evolved to fill a specialized aquatic niche - the otter shrews ( see section\ntenrecs in africa \u2013 the otter shrews\n) . however , tenrecs still inhabit madagascar today in an abundance and diversity not seen in any other mammalian family .\nbut then there are species not just from another time , but also from another world . streaked tenrecs ( hemicentetes ) are so unique nothing like them ever evolved elsewhere . their black and pale striped body is covered in spines , with a head crest of quills that can be erected . when irritated the animal makes head butting movements , trying to leave the barbed spines in the nose of its aggressor . a patch of spines on the back form what is known as a stridulating organ - the spines can rub together and produce a type of ultrasound that keeps the family groups together . tongue clicks made by the animals are thought to be a type of echolocation , perhaps used for hunting prey .\nin spite of their many adaptations , tenrecs still exhibit a number of characteristics which make them distinct from other small mammals and which were probably typical of the earliest mammals . such traits include nocturnal activity patterns , small body size , the retention of a cloaca as a common uro - genital opening , abdominal testes , poor eyesight and a dependence on their sense of smell and hearing . they are also considered primitive physiologically , since all species have relatively low body temperatures and metabolic rates relative to their body size , and several specied enter torpor regularly .\ntenrecs are probably most closely related to golden moles ( chrysochloridae ) . along with golden moles , scientists now consider tenrecs part of the afrotheria , a grouping of african mammals with evolutionary connections that also contains the aardvark , sengis ( or elephant - shrews ) , hyraxes , elephants and sea cows .\nsix malagasy tenrecs appear in the iucn red list of 2006 . endangered species are considered more threatened than vulnerable species . data deficient species require more information before an assessment can be completed .\nspecial attention needs to be paid urgently to aquatic tenrecs . research should be conducted into their habitat needs and factors affecting their distribution . land - use and fishing practices may need to be changed in areas where they occur . although small mammals are often neglected in large conservation programmes , aquatic tenrecs would make ideal flagship species for integrated forest and freshwater conservation programmes in eastern madagascar . work to conserve forest habitats and maintain clear , unsilted streams will benefit a range of other plant and animal life as well as aquatic tenrecs .\ntenrecs are a unique and diverse family of mammals , from another world and another time . they make up a significant component of madagascar\u2019s faunal diversity and no doubt hold the answer to many scientific questions on the evolution and adaptation of mammals . let ' s hope that current conservation efforts ensure that their time is not up yet !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ngoodman , steven m . raxworthy , christopher j . maminirina , claudette p . olson , link e .\nlatest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod"]}
{"id": 20, "summary": [{"text": "neofriseria baungaardiella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by huemer and karsholt in 1999 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in greece , southern spain and portugal . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "neofriseria baungaardiella", "paragraphs": ["neofriseria baungaardiella huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 170 , 33 ; tl : gekenland molivos lesvos\nneofriseria caucasicella sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 50\nneofriseria kuznetzovae bidzilya , 2002 ; shilap revta lepid . 30 ( 119 ) : ( 239 - 243 )\nneofriseria turkmeniella ; bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303 ( note )\nneofriseria sceptrophora ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 10 ; [ nhm card ]\nneofriseria hitadoella karsholt & vives , 2014 ; shilap revta lepid . 42 ( 168 ) : 651 ; tl : spain , huelva , los bermejales , niebla\nneofriseria turkmeniella piskunov , 1987 ; vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; tl : turkmen ssr , distr . mary , badkhyz state reserve\nneofriseria caucasicella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 168 , 33\nneofriseria sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 - 17 [ key ] , 48 ; ts : lita peliella treitschke\nneofriseria peliella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria singula ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33 ; [ fe ]\nneofriseria pseudoterrella ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me3 ] , 171 , 33 ; [ fe ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; piskunov , 1987 , vestn . zool . 1987 ( 2 ) : 11 ; [ me3 ] , 169 , 33\ngelechia pseudoterrella rebel , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 51 ; tl : spain\ngelechia sceptrophora meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : asia minor , kasikoparan\nlarva on atraphaxis spinosa , a . badghysi , a . pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalsingham , 1896 gelechia suppeliella , sp . n . , distinguished from peliella , tr . ent . mon . mag . 32 : 250 - 251\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , britain , germany , denmark , spain , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european central european south taiga , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , sardinia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 21, "summary": [{"text": "dugesia ( pronounced , d ( y ) \u00fc\u02c8j\u0113zh ( \u0113 ) \u0259 ) is a genus of dugesiid triclad that contains some common representatives of the class turbellaria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these common flatworms are found in freshwater habitats of africa , europe , middle east , asia and australia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "dugesia is best known to non-specialists because of its regeneration capacities .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "dugesia is the type genus of the family dugesiidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dugesia", "paragraphs": ["on the taxonomic status of dugesia gonocephala and dugesia subtentaculata ( turbellaria , tricladida , paludicola ) .\na new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) .\na subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct , as found in dugesia superioris , occurs in no less than 26 species of dugesia : dugesia bakurianica porfirjeva , 1958 , dugesia biblica benazzi & banchetti , 1972 , dugesia leporii pala et al . , 2000 , and dugesia sicula lepori , 1948 , from the western palaearctic ; dugesia aethiopica stocchino et al . , 2002 , dugesia arabica harrath & sluys , 2013 , dugesia astrocheta marcus , 1953 , dugesia lanzai banchetti & del papa , 1971 , dugesia lamottei de beauchamp , 1952 , dugesia neumanni ( neppi , 1904 ) and dugesia myopa de vries , 1988b from the afrotropical region ; the other 15 species are distributed in the oriental region , eastern palaearctic and australasian region , viz . dugesia andamanensis ( kaburaki , 1925 ) , dugesia austroasiatica kawakatsu , 1985 , dugesia batuensis ball , 1970 , dugesia bengalensis kawakatsu , 1983 , dugesia burmanensis ( kaburaki , 1918 ) , dugesia deharvengi kawakatsu & mitchell , 1989 , dugesia indica kawakatsu , 1969 , dugesia indonesiana kawakatsu , 1973 , dugesia japonica ichikawa & kawakatsu , 1964 , dugesia leclerci kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 , dugesia lindbergi de beauchamp , 1959 , dugesia nannophallus ball , 1970 , dugesia novaguineana kawakatsu , 1976 , dugesia tamilensis kawakatsu , 1980 , and dugesia uenorum kawakatsu & mitchell , 1995 . however , in all of these species the ejaculatory duct is ventrally displaced , except for dugesia bakurianica in which the ejaculatory duct is central . therefore , a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct and a subterminal opening of the duct represents a new diagnostic combination in the genus dugesia .\ndescrizione di dugesia biblica , nuova microspecie del \u201cgruppo dugesia gonocephala \u201d trovata nel fiume giordano ( israele ) .\ndugesia hepta , nuova specie di planaria d\u2019acqua dolce di sardegna appartenente alla superspecie dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) ( turbellaria , tricladida ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage .\ngeographic distribution of dugesia superioris ( indicated by an asterisk ) and dugesia sp . nmnh 55294 ( indicated by black diamond ) in the lake ohrid region .\ntaxonomy and geographical distribution of dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : dugesia artesiana 3054 . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia artesiana sluys & grant , 2007\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nswitch from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\ndescrizione della planaria dugesia lanzai , n . sp . del kenya ( africa ) .\ndescrizione di dugesia sicula , nuova specie di triclade d\u2019acqua dolce dei dintorni di catania .\na review of chromosomal variation in dugesia japonica and d . ryukyuensis in the far east\nstructural analysis of n - glycans of the planarian dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nregeneration in an evolutionarily primitive brain - - the planarian dugesia japonica model . - pubmed - ncbi\nproduction of asexual and sexual offspring in the triploid sexual planarian dugesia ryukyuensis . - pubmed - ncbi\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of planarians from the \u2018 dugesia gonocephala group\u2019 ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) .\non the species of the dugesia gonocephala group ( platyheminthes , turbellaria , tricladida ) from greece .\na new species of freshwater planarian belonging to the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from sardinia .\nidentification and characterization of a novel multifunctional placenta specific protein 8 in dugesia japonica . - pubmed - ncbi\nhow often does reproduction occur ? dugesia tigrina can mate and / or reproduce many times in its life .\nthe dugesia can reproduce sexually , and all dugesia are hermaphrodites . two dugesia will pair up and fertilize each other ' s eggs . those eggs are then released in a cocoon . if there is not another dugesia present , one can reproduce asexually through a process called transverse fission . the organism will pull itself in half and the tail portion will regenerate a new head , and the head portion will regenerate a new tail . this process can be replicated in the lab by using a razor blade or scalpel to cut the dugesia in half . in a couple of weeks , you should have two dugesia swimming around in your petri dish .\nichikawa , a . & kawakatsu , m . , 1964 . a new freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , commonly but erroneously known as dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . annot . zool . japon , 37 : 185\u2013194 .\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : bioassay system and basic description of sexualizing process .\nthe genus dugesia in australia , with its phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeography ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nstocchino ga , manconi r . overview of life cycles in model species of the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida )\na synopsis of the nominal species of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , paludicola ) from africa and madagascar .\nafrican planarians : dugesia aethiopica sp . n . ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) from lake tana ( nw ethiopia ) .\nteshirogi , w . & itagaki , g . , 1965 . the chromosomes of dugesia species , a japanese freshwater planarian known as dugesia gonocephala . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 74 : 38\u201345 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing process .\nreproductive strategies , karyology , parasites , and taxonomic status of dugesia populations from yemen ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nfluvial basin history in the northeastern mediterranean underlies dispersal and speciation patterns in the genus dugesia ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : daborensisdistribution . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\nkenk , r . , 1940 . the reproduction of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . am . nat . , 74 : 471\u2013475 .\nthat kenk ( 1978 ) identified his dugesia material from ohrid ( nmnh 55294 ) as dugesia gonocephala is hardly surprising in view of the fact that at that time many european populations were assigned to dugesia gonocephala sensu lato . the precise anatomy of dugesia gonocephala sensu stricto was only resolved by de vries and ball ( 1980 ) and de vries ( 1984a , 1986 ) . a comparison with kenk\u2019s specimen quickly learns that this animal does not conform to dugesia gonocephala because it does not exhibit the muscular ridges , the elongated penis papilla , or the two penial folds ( cf . de vries and ball 1980 , de vries 1984a ) . in the presence of a small dorsal penial fold and a central ejaculatory duct the animal resembles dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia elegans de vries , 1984 , dugesia taurocaucasica ( livanov , 1951 ) and dugesia effusa , the latter recently described from the greek island chios ( sluys et al . in prep . ) . dugesia benazzii from corsica and sardinia is characterized by a pointed diaphragm and a penial fold , the position of which is variable but which is usually located dorsally ; the size of the penial fold is also variable ( lepori 1951 , de vries 1984b ) . in dugesia benazzii ectal reinforcement is restricted to the region of the oviducal openings , the latter being symmetrically arranged . in contrast , in the nmnh 55294 specimen the oviducts open asymmetricaly into the bursal canal , while the ectal reinforcement extends further on the bursal canal .\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage .\ndugesia superioris . holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus ( anterior to the left ) .\na karyological study on populations of dugesia gonocephala s . l . ( turbellaria , tricladida ) . italian journal of zoology 66 : 245\u2013253 .\ndugesia deharvengi sp . n . , a new troglobitic freshwater planarian from tham kubio cave , thailand ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nmolecular barcoding and phylogeography of sexual and asexual freshwater planarians of the genus dugesia in the western mediterranean ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , dugesiidae ) .\nendemic freshwater planarians of sardinia : redescription of dugesia hepta ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) with a comparison of the mediterranean species of the genus .\na karyological study by deri et al . ( 1999 ) identified for the pogradec population a complement of 24 standard chromosomes with one b - chromosome , suggesting a tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 . moreover , their karyometric analysis indicated a probably aneutriploid condition , due to a constant excess of small , medium - sized chromosomes . a haploid number with n = 8 represents the most common chromosome number among dugesia species . dugesia superioris shares the tri - ploid condition with a haploid number of n = 8 with only a few other species from the western palaearctic region , viz . dugesia benazzii lepori , 1951 , dugesia etrusca benazzi , 1946 , dugesia liguriensis de vries , 1988a , and dugesia subtentaculata ( cf . benazzi and benazzi - lentati 1976 , ribas 1990 , pala 1993 , cf . l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) .\nsaccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nfurther contributions to the taxonomy and biogeography of the subgenus dugesia ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : paludicola ) in the mediterranean region and the middle east .\nkawakatsu , m . , teshirogi , w . , \u00f4gawara , g . & tarui , y . , 1965 . photographic gleanings of planarians . i . dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu and dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 330\u2013335 . ( in japanese )\nswitching from asexual to sexual reproduction in the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis : change of the fissiparous capacity along with the sexualizing p . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbessho y , ohama t , osawa s . planarian mitochondria i . heterogeneity of cytochrome c oxidase subunit i gene sequences in the freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica .\ntcen - 49 , a monoclonal antibody that identifies a central body antigen in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . implications for pattern formation and positional signalling mechanisms\ntcav - 1 , a monoclonal antibody specific to epithelial pharyngeal cells in the planarian dugesia ( girardia ) tigrina . application to pattern formation of the pharynx during regeneration\neduard sol\u00e0 marked\nfile : d aborensis . jpg\nas hidden on the\ndugesia aborensis ( whitehouse , 1913 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nfor the genus dugesia a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct was reported for the first time by stocchino et al . ( 2005 ) for the endemic sardinian species dugesia hepta pala , casu & vacca , 1981 . however , in this species the opening of the duct is located laterally on the right side , near the tip of the penis papilla . moreover , this species is characteri - zed by a ventro - lateral penial fold , which is absent in the new species . dugesia superioris therefore represents the second species of the genus showing a dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct . further , another important difference between dugesia hepta and dugesia superioris is the haploid chromosome number , which counts n = 7 in the former ( pala et al . 1981 ) and n = 8 in the latter ( deri et al . 1999 , see below ) .\nto cite this page : saccomanno , r . 2014 .\ndugesia tigrina\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nkenk , r . , 1941 . induction of sexuality in the asexual form of dugesia tigrina ( girard ) . j . exp . zool . , 87 : 55\u201369 .\ntherefore , the dugesia specimen nmnh 55294 may well represent a new species . however , on the basis of only the presently available material we refrain from describing it as new . furthermore , the asymmetrical openings of the vasa deferentia into the seminal vesicle of this animal represents a highly unusual condition for a species of dugesia and needs to be checked on additional material .\nthe penial fold of dugesia taurocaucasica is considerably larger than the one in nmnh 55294 , while the fold is also traversed by the abundant secretion of cyanophilic glands , which discharge through the lining epithelium of the penial fold . furthermore , in dugesia taurocaucasica the ectal reinforcement layer on the bursal canal extends for a considerable distance towards the copulatory bursa ( porfirjeva and dyganova 1987 ) .\nreexamination of freshwater planarians found in tanks of tropical fishes in japan , with a description of a new species , dugesia austroasiatica sp . n . ( turbellaria ; tricladida ; paludicola ) .\nsulle caratteristiche morfologiche e sulla posizione sistematica della planaria di sardegna e corsica gi\u00e0 ascritta a dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . atti societ\u00e0 toscana di scienze naturali 58 ( b ) : 1\u201322 .\npattee , e . , 1970 . coefficients thermiques et \u00e9cologie de quelques planaires d ' eau douce . 4 . la reproduction de dugesia gonocephala . ann . limnol . 6 : 293\u2013304 .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976b . studies on the morphology , karyology and taxonomy of the japanese freshwater planarian dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu , with a description of a new subspecies , dugesia japonica ryukyuensis subspec . nov . bull . fuji women ' s coll . , no . 14 , ser . ii : 81\u2013126 .\nsugino , h . , 1969 . collecting , breeding and experiments of a common japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ( with annotations and an appendix written by m . kawakatsu : on the physiological races of\ndugesia elegans from rhodes differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a much larger seminal vesicle , a stubbier diaphragm , and the situation that its bursal canal epithelium is infranucleated ( de vries 1984a ) .\ntamura , t . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1979 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . ii . chromosomes of dugesia japonica japonica collected from eighteen localities in japan . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 17 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nan asexual population of dugesia sp . was collected in 2006 by r . manconi from voskopoj\u00eb , an albanian locality situated south - west of lake ohrid . unfortunately , we have been unable to ascertain the taxonomic status of this population due to the lack of sexual specimens ( stocchino and manconi , pers . obs . ) . however , according to the phylogeographic analysis of l\u00e1zaro et al . ( 2009 ) this population is molecularly identical to the pogradec population and therefore should be assigned also to dugesia superioris . it is noteworthy that the voskopoj\u00eb locality is outside of the ohrid basin and therefore signals a wider distribution of dugesia superioris .\nthe planarian does not have gills or lungs , it obtains its oxygen by simple diffusion over its flat body . the dugesia cannot survive outside of the water , so biologists studying it must make sure that the specimen has plenty of water that is aerated . the dugesia does have an excretory system to remove wastes . tiny cells , called flame cells , line the lateral edge of the organism and function to remove waste .\nmore recently , a phylogeographic analysis of two albanian populations , one from pogradec and the other from voskopoj\u00eb ( populations 30 and 31 , respectively in l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) , revealed that they belong to the same clade , which is well - separated from other species and populations of dugesia in the western mediterranean region , thus pointing to a new species ( l\u00e1zaro et al . 2009 ) . in a second study , which included other and more eastern mediterranean species of dugesia , the population from pogradec ( population 15 in sol\u00e0 et al . 2013 ) also sat on its own branch , separate from all other populations of dugesia examined .\nthese are planarian worms , a type of flatworm in the phylum platyhelminthes and the class turbellaria . they are very common classroom organisms , with a simple body plan . the species in the photo here is dugesia subtentaculata .\nthe species dugesia effusa differs from nmnh 55294 in the presence of a short , valve - like diaphragm , a large intrabulbar seminal vesicle , a highly glandular penis papilla , and symmetrical oviducal openings into the bursal canal .\ntamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , oki , i . , murayama , h . & kawakatsu , m . , 1978 . karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . i . chromosomes of the animals of dugesia japonica japonica collected from five localities in the central part of honsh\u00fb and shikoku , japan . ibid . , no . 15 : 8\u201318 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) . ( in japanese with english summary )\nhirose , e . , kat\u00f4 , f . & sugino , h . , 1974 . chromosomes of freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica , ii . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 83 : 442 . ( in japanese )\nkawakatsu , m . , 1975 . problems on the morphological variation and the taxonomic position of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 84 : 444 . ( in japanese )\ntanaka , i . , 1965 . observation on the breeding of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from okinawa ( with an appendix written by m . kawakatsu ) . collect . & breed . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 27 : 458\u2013459 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1957 . an experimental study of sexual induction in the asexual form of japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . ibid . , ser . b , no . 11 : 8\u201327 ( + pls . 1\u20136 ) .\nsugino , h . , hirose , e . & kat\u00f4 , f . , 1973 . the chromosomes of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . nature study ( \u00f4saka ) , 19 , no . 4 : 41\u201343 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . , 1955 . on the supernumerary sexual organs of dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) , induced by the low temperature . bull . kyoto gakugei univ . , ser . b , no . 6 : 1\u201314 ( + pls . i\u2013ii ) .\nthe dugesia does have a simple nervous system that includes a ganglia located in its anterior region to serve as a brain . as such , the dugesia exhibits the trait of cephalization , where the majority of its sense organs are located in the anterior region . it has a triangular head with two prominent eyespots . upon closer inspection of the eyes , you can see that they have a curious cross - eyed expression to them . the presence of the two eyes and lateral horns on the head indicate that the planarian has bilateral symmetry .\nthe planarian , dugesia dorotocephala ( woodworth ) , was studied in the laboratory and field as a predator of all developmental stages of culex peus speiser . reproduction by transverse fission was accelerated by higher feeding rates and probably by crowding . decreased feeding in culture could be offset by increasing the density of dugesia . experimental field populations of culex larvae were reduced by 90 + % in 26 days during july and august , 1973 . mucus secretions effectively immobilized prey larvae and their body fluid was consumed . mucus was also used to produce cemented sand anchors for attachment to larvae and pupae . group feeding without internecine activity was observed whereby as many as 12 dugesia collectively ensnarled a single prey . field and laboratory observations indicated optimum temperatures for feeding and reproduction were 20\u201326\u00b0c . feeding ceased above 29\u00b0c ; mortality ensued at 30\u00b0c .\ndugesia is a genus of dugesiidae freshwater flatworms that includes around 75 species , all of them with a similar external appearance : triangle - shaped head with two eyes , and an elongated body . the different species are classified on the basis of the morphology of their copulatory apparatus .\nboddington , m . t . & mettrick , d . f . , 1974 . the distribution , abundance , feeding habits and population biology of the immigrant triclad , dugesia polychroa ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria ) in toronto harbour , canada . j . anim . ecol . 43 : 681\u2013699 .\ndugesia superioris differs from its congeners in particular in ( a ) the dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct , with its sub - terminal opening , ( b ) the asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal , and ( c ) the openings of vasa deferentia at about halfway along the seminal vesicle .\ndugesia superioris is characterized by the presence of the following features : dorsal course of the ejaculatory duct ; subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct ; asymmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal ; openings of vasa deferentia at halfway along the seminal vesicle ; plump penis papilla ; small diaphragm ; triploid chromosome complement of 24 + 1b - chromosomes .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . & takahashi , n . , 1980 . morphological , karyological and taxonomic studies of dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu from the tsushima islands . proc . jap . soc . syst . zool . , no . 19 : 1\u201310 ( + pls . 1\u20132 ) .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , kawakatsu , m . & sugino , h . , 1976 . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , i . chromosomal analysis of the animals from different localities in japan and korea . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 507 . ( in japanese )\ndugesia superioris . photomicrographs of the copulatory apparatus . a holotype zma v . pl . 7153 . 1 , sagittal section showing the penis bulb and the penis papilla with the ejaculatory duct b paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the penis papilla and the ejaculatory duct surrounded by numerous glands c paratype cgas pla 6 . 3 , transverse section of the bursal canal .\noki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , kawakatsu , m . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . ii . chromosomes of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\nokugawa , k . i . & kawakatsu , m . , 1954a . studies on the fission of japanese freshwater planaria , dugesia gonocephala ( dug\u00e8s ) . i . comparative studies on fission rates and frequencies of sexual and asexual races influenced by temperatures , starvation and distilled water . ibid . , ser . b , no . 4 : 25\u201334 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . & sugino , h . , 1976a . morphological and karyological reexamination of the taxonomy of the freshwater planarian dugesia japonica , ii . considerations about the subdivision of the species into two subspecies , with special reference to their subspeciations and phylogenetical problems . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 85 : 508 . ( in japanese )\nfree - living flatworms like the planaria are grouped into the class turbellaria . the most common species studied in the lab is the brown planaria , dugesia . the animal has an acoelomate body ( no internal cavity to hold organs ) , no anus and lacks a circulatory system . most are scavengers and will eat other animals that have sank to the bottom of their ponds , hence why you can use liver to capture them .\nkawakatsu , m . , oki , i . , tamura , s . , yamayoshi , t . , hauser , j . & friedrich , s . m . g . , 1980 . karyological and taxonomic studies of freshwater planarians in brazil . i . review of the previous studies , with special reference to the taxonomy of dugesia species from south brazil . zool . mag . ( t\u00f4ky\u00f4 ) , 89 : 628 . ( in japanese )\na new species of the genus dugesia is described from the lake ohrid region in the western part of the balkan peninsula , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . the morphological species delimitation is supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , a short account on the degree of freshwater planarian endemicity in the ohrid region is provided .\nin this paper we report on a new species of freshwater planarian of the genus dugesia , forming the first fully documented species description for this genus in the ohrid area . our morphological species delimitation was supported by complementary molecular , karyological , and cytogenetic data available from the literature . therefore , our species delineation is based on a truly integrative approach . further , we provide a short account on the biogeographical patterns in freshwater planarians and their degree of endemicity in the ohrid region .\nkawakatsu , m . , 1971 . problems on the morphological variation and the physiological races of a japanese freshwater planarian , dugesia japonica ichikawa et kawakatsu . in : eds . kawakatsu , m . & iba , m . , comm . compil . sci . papers publ . occ . retir . prof . hisao sugino at the age of sixtyfive , ser . turbellarians , biol . lab . \u00f4saka ky\u00f4iku univ . , \u00f4saka , pp . 43\u201352 . ( in japanese with english summary )\nstudies on the phylogeny of dugesia ( sluys et al . 1998 and references therein ) considered the asymmetrical penial papilla to constitute an important taxonomic feature . however , this asymmetry related to the apomorphic presence of a ventral ejaculatory duct . our present study shows that in future analyses this asymmetry needs to be specified by adding a third character state to character ( 1 ) ( sluys et al . 1998 , p . 277 and table ii ) , i . e . ejaculatory duct located dorsally .\nthe pogradec population had already been subjected to karyological , cytogenetic , and phylogeographic studies before anything was known about the anatomy of the specimens ( see above ) . all of these analyses pointed to a situation that this dugesia population differs considerably from congeneric populations . therefore , it was unsurprising that the anatomy of the pogradec animals suggested also that they represent a new species . as a result of the cumulation of the evidences from these independent datasets , the present delineation of the new species is based on a truly integrative approach to taxonomy .\na molecular cytogenetic comparison of several species and populations of the genus dugesia revealed that these planarians from pogradec besides two telomeric nor loci , also have a ribosomal site located in an intercalated position on the long arm of one of the largest chromosomes ( batistoni et al . 1999 ) . this peculiar condition differs from other planarian taxa , in which 18s + 28s rrna genes appeared preferentially located on telomeric regions of medium - sized chromosomes , and was interpreted by the authors as a structural chromosomal rearrangement , such as a paracentric inversion , suggesting a case of speciation .\nin conclusion , it appears that d . sicula has reached a large proportion of the area of its potentially favourable distribution in the mediterranean basin , being a remarkable case of a broad colonisation , in extreme contrast with the rest of mediterranean dugesia species , with all of them being endemic or with very restricted distributions . d . sicula expansion is now limited to spreading to new freshwater basins within the areas it currently inhabits . however , future changes increasing the temperature , such as those predicted by climate change hypothesis , could expand its fitted area to more northern and interior areas .\ndendrocoelum adenodactylosum is very common in the lake , in its tributary streams and springs and also in lake prespa , a nearby lake southeast of lake ohrid that is a major water supplier for the latter . six species are found in surrounding streams and springs and do not occur in the lake proper , viz . dugesia superioris , dendrocoelum jablanicense ( stankovi\u0107 & kom\u00e1rek , 1927 ) , schmidtea lugubris ( schmidt , 1861 ) , crenobia alpina montenigrina ( mr\u00e1zek , 1904 ) , planaria torva ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) , and polycelis tenuis ijima , 1884 . dendrocoelum jablanicense is endemic of the lake ohrid region , while the others concern widespread species .\na review of previous studies on the taxonomy , karyology and chorology of a polymorphic species dugesia japonica from the far east is presented . two subspecies are now known : d . j . japonica ( n = 8 , 2x = 16 , 3x = 24 ) and d . j . ryukyuensis ( n = 7 , 2x = 14 , 3x = 21 ) . an attempt has also been made to determine the definition of the b - chromosome as lb and sb and the variation of the karyotypes of both subspecies is described . every known karyotype of d . japonica is classified into six groups ( see table 2 ) . d . japonica from many localities has a diploid karyotype ( 2x ) , a triploid karyotype ( 3x ) and an orthoploidic mixoploid karyotype of 2x & 3x . the origin and the karyological significance of these karyotypes are discussed .\na unique aspect of planarians is that they can regenerate a brain from somatic pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts , which have the ability to produce themselves ( self - renew ) and to give rise to all missing cell types during regeneration . recent molecular studies have revealed that the planarian brain is composed of many distinct neuronal populations , which are evolutionarily and functionally conserved ones , and acts as an information - processing center to elicit distinct behavioral traits depending on a variety of signals arising from the external environment . how can planarians regenerate such a brain ? on the basis of our recent findings , here we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate the stem cell dynamics involved in the brain regeneration of the planarian dugesia japonica . our findings suggest the possible value of in vivo planarian studies for guiding regenerative medicine to treat neurodegenerative diseases via interlinking stem cell biology and regeneration biology .\ndugesia sicula is the only species of its genus not presenting an endemic or restricted distribution within the mediterranean area . it mostly comprises fissiparous populations ( asexual reproduction by body division and regeneration ) , most likely sexually sterile , and characterized by an extremely low genetic diversity interpreted as the consequence of a recent anthropic expansion . however , its fissiparous reproduction can result in an apparent lack of diversity within the species , since genetic variation within individuals can be as large as between them because most individuals within a population are clones . we have estimated haplotype and nucleotide diversity of cytochrome oxidase i within and among individuals along the species distribution of a broad sample of d . sicula , including asexual and the two only sexual populations known today ; and predicted its potential distribution based on climatic variables . our aim was to determine the centre of colonisation origin , whether the populations are recent , and whether the species is expanding .\nasexual worms of fissiparous strain of the planarian dugesia ryukyuensis switch from asexual to sexual reproduction , if they are fed with sexually mature worms of bdellocephala brunnea . this suggests that the sexually mature worms have a sexualizing substance ( s ) that induces the sexuality in the asexual worms . here , we found by analysis of the sexualization that the cessation of the fission , namely their asexual reproduction , occurs immediately after the acquisition of sexuality . this result suggests that the downstream mechanisms induced by the putative sexualizing substance in b . brunnea become responsible for the cessation of fission . we also found that the decapitation triggers fission in the worms even after the acquisition of sexuality if they are not sexually mature , while the fully sexualized worms never fission even though they are decapitated . this result suggests that the cessation of fission takes place via at least two steps : ( 1 ) the mechanisms associated with the cephalic system ; ( 2 ) other mechanisms independent of cephalic control .\nto investigate the relationship between phylogeny and glycan structures , we analyzed the structure of planarian n - glycans . the planarian dugesia japonica , a member of the flatworm family , is a lower metazoan . n - glycans were prepared from whole worms by hydrazinolysis , followed by tagging with the fluorophore 2 - aminopyridine at their reducing end . the labeled n - glycans were purified , and separated by three hplc steps . by comparison with standard pyridylaminated n - glycans , it was shown that the n - glycans of planarian include high mannose - type and pauci - mannose - type glycans . however , many of the major n - glycans from planarians have novel structures , as their elution positions did not match those of the standard glycans . the results of mass spectrometry and sugar component analyses indicated that these glycans include methyl mannoses , and that the most probable linkage was 3 - o - methylation . furthermore , the methyl residues on the most abundant glycan may be attached to the non - reducing - end mannose , as the glycans were resistant to \u03b1 - mannosidase digestion . these results indicate that methylated high - mannose - type glycans are the most abundant structure in planarians .\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nn2 - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nab - an assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\nabstract =\nan assay system has been established for the sexual induction in the oh strain , an exclusively fissiparous ( asexual ) strain , of dugesia ryukyuensis by feeding them with sexually matured worms of bdellocephala brunnea , an exclusively oviparous ( sexual ) species . in this assay system , asexual worms gradually differentiated sexual organs , namely the ovary , testis , genital pore and yolk gland in this order , and eventually mated and laid cocoons filled with fertilized eggs . although the oh strain worms were believed not to have any sexual organs , a pair of undeveloped ovaries with a few oogonia were detected by an intensive histological search . along with the progression of sexualization , five distinct stages were histologically recognized : in the first stage , the ovaries became larger enough to be externally apparent ; oocytes appeared first at stage 2 ; the primordial testes emerged at stage 3 ; a genital pore opened , yolk gland primordia developed and spermatocytes appeared at stage 4 ; and finally at stage 5 matured spermatozoa and yolk glands were formed . worms in stages 1 and 2 but not in later stages returned asexual if feeding on b . brunnea was interrupted . furthermore , when the worms at stage 3 onwards were cut posterior to the ovaries , all the tail regenerants developed eventually into fully sexualized worms . taking these results in account , we have concluded that the process of sexualization has a point - of - no - return between stages 2 and 3 . it is likely also that the testes , even the primordia , play an important role in the maintenance and development of sexuality .\n,\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nis a triclad turbellarian found across north america . human activities have extended the range of\nto parts of northwestern europe and eastern asia , with notable population densities in great britain and japan .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; pickavance , 1971 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 )\nis typically present in lakes , ponds , and streams in temperate regions . it shows negative phototaxis and dwells in the benthic zones of freshwater biomes as a result . the microhabitats for this organism include the undersides of rocks , plant material , and other types of debris found on lake and stream beds . the existing literature does not specify a depth range for the organism , but studies indicate the presence of\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; gee , et al . , 1998 ; stokely , et al . , 1965 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nis colloquially known as a flatworm , and it has a body that is flattened dorsoventrally . additionally , the body plan exhibits cephalization , and the body surface is covered with cilia used to facilitate gliding locomotion . sensory lobes known as auricles make the head region look triangular , and eyespots called ocelli are found on the head . in terms of coloration , the body is typically brown with white and yellow spots . the average length of\nis 9 to 15 mm , but body dimensions can vary due to the organism ' s ability to regenerate lost parts .\n( pickavance , 1971 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; sluys , et al . , 2010 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nthat are produced sexually hatch from a cocoon , and are typically 2 . 0 to 4 . 5 mm in length when first hatched . they are transparent , and have visible yellow yolk cells . as they grow , they use up the yolk , and the spots of pigment grow and darken . individuals are considered mature after reaching a mean length of 9 mm .\nis hermaphroditic , and only some populations reproduce sexually . there is no courtship process , and when one individual encounters another , it glides on top of it . they either both face the same direction or opposite directions , and the top flatworm moves its head back and forth over either the head or dorsal side of the bottom flatworm , stimulating it . after several minutes , both lift their tail ends , maneuvering so that both ventral sides meet , and the penes are mutually inserted . copulation can last 1 minute to 1 . 5 hours , and ends when the pair separates and leaves . individuals can mate many times in their lives .\nreproduces both sexually and asexually . some populations reproduce solely sexually , while others reproduce only by fission , and still other populations reproduce both ways . high temperatures ( at approximately 26\u00b0c ) permit asexual transverse fission , whereas lower temperatures ( approximately 20\u00b0c ) yield a preference for sexual reproduction . some populations therefore switch from asexual fission to mating seasonally . reproduction for\nreaches its peak during the summer months . an adult delivers a cocoon that attaches to surfaces by means of a short stalk . the cocoons have mean diameter of 1 . 30 mm and give rise to a mean of about 4 newborns upon hatching . an individual can produce multiple cocoons during its lifetime .\n( folsom and clifford , 1978 ; vowinckel and marsden , 1971 ; vreys , et al . , 2002 )\nproduces a cocoon for every group of offspring produced , and provides provisioning . otherwise , there is no parental care .\ndo not show any signs of degenerative aging due to their regenerative capabilities . it is reported that the mortality rates of fed individuals are negligible because they are solely due to experimental accidents . it is also presented in the literature that\nis able to reabsorb its body tissues and shrink in size to prevent death from famine .\nis free - swimming and exhibits gliding locomotion with the help of mucus secretions as well as cilia that cover the body surface . individuals can be found both independently or in groups . group foraging has been observed to increase rates of daily per capita ingestion , which drives increased rates of asexual fission .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; pickavance , 1971 ; smales and blankespoor , 1978 )\nis considered one of the most primitive animal forms known to possess a central nervous system for higher order perception and integration . these flatworms are equipped with two eyespots called ocelli that appear as dark pigment cups on the anterior dorsal surface .\nalso has two earlike lobes as part of its anterior head region that function in tactile and chemical sensation . these structures , called auricles , have receptors and cilia on them to facilitate such sensation and perception . gliding mobility is facilitated by cilia covering the body surface , and the organism shows negative phototaxis upon exposure to light .\n( smales and blankespoor , 1978 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nuses its mucus secretions not only for gliding locomotion but also for capturing prey items . it has been observed that\nexhibits a threshold temperature for feeding . feeding is significantly reduced or completely stops below a critical temperature of 6\u00b0c .\nfunctions to inhibit being captured by these organisms . group foraging is reported to increase survival rates .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 )\nserves as prey to a variety of animals , including fish , amphibians , and insects . it is also a predator itself of insects , aquatic worms , and crustaceans . as a significant predator of insect larvae , particularly mosquitoes ,\nhas been introduced to catch basins in ontario to successfully limit the population growth of immature mosquitoes . however , mosquito populations were not observed to be effectively controlled after introducing these flatworms to vernal pools in north dakota .\n( cash , et al . , 1993 ; davies and reynoldson , 1969 ; meyer and learned , 1981 )\nis equipped with a central nervous system ( cns ) for integrative neuronal communication and has regenerative abilities . consequently , this flatworm has been increasingly used as a model organism for educational and research purposes to better understand both tissue regeneration as a result of wear and tear and brain development as the main neural processing center in animals . genetic research at the molecular level is currently underway for these organisms to attempt to shed light on human growth , development , and tissue turnover . additionally ,\nhas been introduced to some bodies of water in an attempt to control mosquito populations through larval predation by these flatworms , to varying degrees of success .\n( meyer and learned , 1981 ; salo and baguna , 1984 ; takano , et al . , 2007 )\nit is suggested that feeding populations of this species do not age and are therefore considered immortal due to their regenerative capabilities .\nin terms of its growth and regenerative patterns are regulated by a temporal pattern . the rate of mitosis is observed to have an initial maximum 4 to 12 hours after injury , fall to a minimum at 1 day , and then rebound to attain a second maximum after 2 to 3 days . anterior and posterior regenerative patterns show the most rapid rate of mitotic activity residing near the site of a wound and diminishing at body sections away from an injured body section .\nrosario saccomanno ( author ) , the college of new jersey , keith pecor ( editor ) , the college of new jersey , angela miner ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico ."]}
{"id": 22, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris dysnotata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by janse in 1954 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in namibia and south africa . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dichomeris dysnotata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for dysnotata definition . you find here dysnotata meaning , synonyms of dysnotata and images for dysnotata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dysnotata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dysnotata and , of course , dysnotata synonyms and on the right images related to the word dysnotata .\ntrichotaphe dysnotata janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 414\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska"]}
{"id": 23, "summary": [{"text": "plectrohyla celata , also known as the oaxaca treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to mexico and only known from the northern slope of cerro pel\u00f3n , in sierra de ju\u00e1rez in northern oaxaca .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "after having not been seen after 1984 , it was feared that the species might be extinct .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "however , the species was rediscovered in field surveys in 2011 \u2013 2014 . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "plectrohyla celata", "paragraphs": ["chapters : plectrohyla guatemalensis , plectrohyla tecunumani , plectrohyla teuchestes , plectrohyla chrysopleura , plectrohyla quecchi , plectrohyla glandulosa , plectrohyla pokomchi , plectrohyla ameibothalame , plectrohyla acanthodes , plectrohyla arborescandens , plectrohyla cyanomma , plectrohyla robertsorum , plectrohyla celata , plectrohyla crassa , plectrohyla matudai , plectrohyla pachyderma , plectrohyla sabrina , rana - de arbol moteada , plectrohyla psiloderma , plectrohyla cyclada , plectrohyla charadricola , plectrohyla exquisita , plectrohyla calthula , plectrohyla calvicollina , plectrohyla pentheter , plectrohyla labedactyla , plectrohyla sagorum , plectrohyla hazelae , plectrohyla avia , plectrohyla ixil , plectrohyla lacertosa , plectrohyla bistincta , plectrohyla hartwegi , plectrohyla pycnochila , plectrohyla cembra , plectrohyla chryses , plectrohyla ephemera , plectrohyla siopela , plectrohyla dasypus , plectrohyla psarosema , plectrohyla mykter . source : wikipedia . pages : 92 . not illustrated . free updates online . purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher ' s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge . excerpt : plectrohyla guatemalensis is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is found in el salvador , guatemala , honduras , and mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss . ] . . . more : http : / / urltoken\ngeorgina santos - barrera , luis canseco - m\u00e1rquez 2004 . plectrohyla celata . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t55438a11311593 . urltoken\nplectrohyla celata \u2014 faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 .\nsarcohyla celata \u2014 duellman , marion , and hedges , 2016 , zootaxa , 4104 : 18 . provisional placement .\nthis species was previously included in the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the genus plectrohyla ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\na revision of the family hylidae from 2016 places this species in the genus sarcohyla , but this classification is not yet widely adopted and as of late 2016 , the amphibian species of the world labels it as\nprovisional\n. it belongs to the\nplectrohyla bistincta group\nwith the genus plectrohyla , all of them moved to sarcohyla in the 2016 revision .\nthe natural habitats of this species are pristine cloud forest with low or moderate streams , its probably breeding habitat . it is known from elevations between 2 , 640 and 2 , 670 m ( 8 , 660 and 8 , 760 ft ) above sea level . at night , these frogs were found submerged on the bottom of large pools or at the edges of pools , with only their heads above water , and escaping to deeper water if disturbed . by day , they occurred near the same pools but mostly sitting on rocks several centimeters above the water . the only other anuran in the habitat was what at the time was identified as plectrohyla siopela , but later described as a new species , plectrohyla celata .\nhyla celata toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 3 . holotype : ku 137103 , by original designation . type locality :\n0 . 9 km n cerro pel\u00f3n , sierra de ju\u00e1rez , oaxaca , mexico , 2670 m ( 17\u00b0 30\u2032 n , 96\u00b0 30\u2032 w )\n.\nplectrohyla cyanomma , also known as the blue - eyed aquatic treefrog , is a species of frog in the family hylidae . it is endemic to mexico and only known from the northern slope of cerro pel\u00f3n , in sierra de ju\u00e1rez in northern oaxaca . it is feared that the species might be extinct .\nplectrohyla cyanomma was once relatively common and conspicuous in its habitat . however , it was last collected in 1980 , and is possibly now extinct . the stream at the type locality is still in good condition , so the decline might be caused by chytridiomycosis . habitat loss is occurring elsewhere in the area and could have contributed to the overall decline of this species .\nin the hyla bistincta group according to the original publication . in the plectrohyla bistincta group of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 105 . see account by duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 977 - 979 . see illustration , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 268 , who noted that the species may be extinct .\nfor review of genus and phylogenetics see duellman and campbell , 1992 , misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . michigan , 181 : 1 - 31 . wilson , mccranie , and cruz - d\u00edaz , 1994 , proc . biol . soc . washington , 107 : 67 - 78 , discussed the phylogeny of the genus as did duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 1045 - 1048 . keys to , accounts of , and discussions of phylogenetics of the species in honduras provided by mccranie and wilson , 2002 , amph . honduras : 285 - 311 . caldwell , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 28 : 1 - 37 , defined and discussed the hyla bistincta group ( now part of plectrohyla ) . toal and mendelson , 1995 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 174 : 1 - 20 , provided a key to the hyla bistincta group . in the hylini of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 89 . wiens , fetzner , parkinson , and reeder , 2005 , syst . biol . , 54 : 25 , considered plectrohyla to be part of their enlarged hyla .\nplectrohyla cyanomma is a large , robust frog . adult males measure 52\u201356 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 2 in ) and females 52\u201365 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 6 in ) in snout\u2013vent length . the tympanum is partly or completely concealed . the fingers have vestigial webbing whereas the toes are moderately webbed . the dorsum is uniform olive - green with few tiny , bright yellow spots ; the olive - green fades to pale blue around vent and along outer edge of forearm and tarsus . the venter and chin are greenish - yellow , as are the outer toes and fingers . the ventral surfaces of limbs to the inner toes and fingers bright are yellow - orange . the iris is pale bluish - gray . males have enlarged non - projecting prepollex ( the\nspikethumb\n) but not nuptial excrescences .\noccasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas .\nin copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > toal , kevin r < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > mendelson , joseph r . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 174 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> lawrence , kan . : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > the university , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 174 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 1 < / start > < end > 20 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1995 - 09 - 20 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n@ article { bhlpart13092 , title = { a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group } , journal = { occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . } , volume = { 174 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the university of kansas natural history museum . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , kan . : the university , 1994 - 1996 . } , author = { toal , kevin r and mendelson , joseph r . } , year = { 1995 - 09 - 20 } , pages = { 1 - - 20 } , }\nty - jour ti - a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group t2 - occasional papers of the natural history museum , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas . vl - 174 ur - urltoken pb - the university , cy - lawrence , kan . : py - 1995 - 09 - 20 sp - 1 ep - 20 sn - 0091 - 7958 au - toal , kevin r au - mendelson , joseph r . er -\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nthis species is known from the sierra de ju\u00e1rez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .\nthis has always been a rare species , but it appears to have gone into serious decline , and has not been recorded since 1984 . recent surveys to locate it have been unsuccessful , and it might now be extinct .\nthis species has disappeared in suitable habitat , probably due to chytridiomycosis . the fragmentation and disturbance of the forest due to logging and other human activities , and the continuing desiccation of streams , has probably also contributed to the disappearance of this species .\nthe range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de ju\u00e1rez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an\nlisted as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\noaxaca treefrog ( liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 14 january 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\ncritically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : listed as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is less than 10km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .\nthe range of this species is not within any protected area . urgent restoration and protection of the remnants of cloud forest in the sierra de ju\u00e1rez is required . a field study is necessary to evaluate the population status of this species , and whether or not it still survives in the wild . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex - situ population .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 2 . resource & habitat protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 5 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\nduellman , w . e . 2001 . the hylid frogs of middle america . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca , new york , usa .\nfaivovich , j . , haddad , c . f . b . , garcia , p . c . o . , frost , d . r . , campbell , j . a . and wheeler , w . c . 2005 . systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 294 : 1 - 240 .\niucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) .\nlips , k . r . , mendelson iii , j . r . , munoz - alonso , a . , canseco - marquez , l . and mulcahy , d . g . 2004 . amphibian population declines in montane southern mexico : resurveys of historical localities . biological conservation 119 : 555 - 564 .\ntoal , k . r . and mendelson iii , j . r . 1995 . a new species of hyla ( anura : hylidae ) from cloud forest in oaxaca , mexico , with comments on the status of the hyla bistincta group . occasional papers natural history museum university of kansas : 1 - 20 .\nthis species is known from the sierra de jurez , east of oaxaca city , in south - eastern mexico , at 2 , 640 - 2 , 890m asl .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nthey are called spikethumb because of the spike on their thumbs , which is called a prepollex . the genus name comes from the\n, 2005 : systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision .\nborror , donald j . ( 1988 ) . dictionary of word roots and combining forms : compiled from the greek , latin , and other languages , with special reference to biological terms and scientific names ( 11 . print . ed . ) . mountain view , calif . : mayfield pub . co . isbn 0874840538 .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspikethumb frogs ( liner , 1994 , herpetol . circ . , 23 : 25 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 62 ; liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 19 ) .\nhighlands of nuclear central america , from southern mexico through the highlands of guatemala and northern el salvador to central and northern honduras ; undetermined larvae and subadult from cerro saslaya , nicaragua .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nspecies description : campbell , j . a . and duellman , w . e . 2000 . new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . scientific papers of the natural history museum of the university of kansas : 1 - 28 .\ngroup according to duellman ( 1970 ) . some specimens had previously been assigned to hyla arborescandens ( duellman 1970 ; caldwell 1974 ; toal 1994 ; toal and mendelson 1995 ; mendelson and toal 1996 ) and\n( toal and mendelson 1995 ) . at night , the dorsum becomes pale tan , venter creamy white , and anterior and posterior surfaces dull yellowish tan . by day , dorsum tan with dark green reticulations and greenish wash posteriorly on body . iris dark copper color . fingers are webbed basally and the toes are about two thirds webbed . a distinct tympanum is present . head as wide as body but slightly wider than long . head width is 33 . 0 % svl , head length is 32 . 5 % svl . snouth moderately short and rounded in dorsal view , bluntly rounded in lateral view . loreal region slightly concave . lips moderately thin but not flared . nostrils slightly protuberant , internarial region is slightly depressed . tympanum oval , slightly higher than long ; annulus is distinct and separated from eye by about 150 % legnth of tympanum . diameter of tympanum is 42 . 1 % diameter of eye . short ulnar tubercles form a row along the ventrolateral edge of the forearm , almost forming a low fold . width of disc on third finger is greater than diameter of tympanum . cloacal opening is directed posteroventrally at upper level of thighs . vocal sac is single , median , subgular . externally very similar to\n. only tadpoles at gosner ( 1960 ) stage 25 are known . similar to\nin the presence of two rows of small marginal papillae , absence of submarginal papillae , presence of fine serrations on the beaks , and a denticle formula of 2 / 4 .\nmost specimens are from cloud forests at elevations between 1600 and 2180 m on the northern versant of the sierra juarez . at night , both sexes were found on low vegetation or boulders adjacent to small streams , but one male was found in a spray zone .\nsexual dimorphism is present in that males are significantly smaller than females , two males from higher elevations ( cerro machin , 2370 m , and cerro san felipe , 2670 m ) have svls of 37 . 5 and 38 . 0 mm while two females from the same areas have svls of 48 . 8 and 49 . 1 mm . seems to be active year round .\nspecies group , with descriptions of three new species ( anura : hylidae ) . ' '\ncampbell , j . a . , and duellman , w . e . ( 2000 ) . ' ' new species of stream - breeding hylid frogs from the northern versant of the highlands of oaxaca , mexico . ' '\ngosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) . ' ' a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . ' '\nmendelson , j . r . , iii , and toal , iii , k . r . ( 1996 ) . ' ' a new species of\ntoal , k . r . , iii , and mendelson , j . r . , iii ( 1995 ) . ' ' a new species of\n( anura : hylidae ) from the sierra de juarez , oaxaca , mexico . ' '\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nthis species is known from cerro san felipe , northern oaxaca and so la de vega and la cofradia , central oaxaca , mexico . it occurs at elevations from 1 , 540 - 2 , 650m asl and is currently known from only five localities . it might occur a little more widely .\nthis species occurs in cerro peln and cerro humo chico in the sierra de jurez , north - eastern oaxaca , mexico . it is currently known from only three localities . it is found from 2 , 640 - 2 , 670 m asl .\nthis species is found in sierra de jurez , north - central oaxaca city , and cerro san felipe and cerro machin , oaxaca , mexico . it is also recorded from the sierra madre del sur ( puerto del gallo ) in south - western guerrero and oaxaca . it is known from elevations of 2 , 200 - 2 , 865m asl . with increased survey work , it is quite likely to be found elsewhere , especially in intervening areas between known sites .\nthe specific name cyanomma is derived from the greek words kyanos (\nblue\n) and omma (\neye\n) and refers to the blue eyes of this species .\nkeep an open eye in panama and you might just see a panamanian golden frog . local legend used to promise luck to anyone who spotted the frog in the wild and that when the frog died , it would turn into a gold talisman , known as a huaca . nowadays , you\u2019ll see the frogs on decorative cloth molas made by the kuna indians , on t - shirts , as inlaid design on a new overpass in panama city and even on lottery tickets . in the market at el valle de ant\u00f2n , you will see them by the thousands either as enamel - painted terracotta or on hand - carved tagua nuts . the one place you probably won\u2019t see a panamanian golden frog , however , is in their native home\u2014the crystal clear streams of the ancient volcanic crater of el valle de ant\u00f2n . in the mountain forests you may spot other similar - looking extant species such as atelopus varius , but the only local and true panamanian golden frogs atelopus zeteki are those breeding in captivity at the el valle amphibian conservation center ( evacc ) at the el nispero zoo .\nin the early 2000\u2019s conservationists warned that this day - glo yellow emblem of panama was in grave danger of extinction . in emergency response , project golden frog was established to create captive assurance colonies of this species , just in case the scientists\u2019 worst fears came to pass and the species went extinct in the wild . in 2006 , just as the scientists had predicted , the chytridiomycosis disease hit el valle . the panamanian golden frog\u2014whose populations were already under pressure due to collectors and habitat loss\u2014was decimated . suddenly , panama\u2019s unique harelquin frog species joined the ranks of at least 30 other harlequin frogs that are most likely extinct in the wild . luckily , panama\u2019s charismatic namesake was part of an aza species survival plan . today , the captive population is being carefully managed and bred for long - term survival by a number of zoos and aquaria in the united states and panama . the animals in these assurance colonies have served their intended purpose and provide an insurance policy for the species , guaranteeing that this important panamanian cultural symbol will never be lost all together .\na tragedy has thus been averted . instead of a dire warning of the future fate of the planet , panamanian golden frogs are now a symbol of hope . exiled frogs are playing the role of a flagship species , bringing the story of global amphibian declines to world wide audiences in zoos and aquaria , magazines and films . as the logo of the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project , the panamanian golden frog is a powerful symbol uniting 8 key institutions . together , we have embarked on this ambitious national program to build capacity at the summit municipal park in panama and to create assurance colonies of other amphibian species from eastern panama before it is too late . we are also actively working with some of the world\u2019s leading researchers like reid harris and louise rollins - smith to develop a cure that will allow us to control the further spread of chytridiomycosis . our great hope is that one day we may re - establish wild populations of panamanian golden frogs back into their rightful home in the streams of el valle . until then , we embrace panama\u2019s living gold as a symbol of hope and achievement in showing us how we can preserve panama\u2019s amphibian biodiversity .\nit\u2019s difficult to communicate the extent of the amphibian crisis using only numbers . the 2008 global amphibian assessment lists 120 potentially extinct species and 39 extinct amphibian species . of these , 94 had chytridiomycosis listed as a likely threat associated with their disappearance . most of the missing species are from central and south america , but we are also losing species from north america , the caribbean , australia , the middle east , asia and australia .\nnow let\u2019s try and put those numbers into the context of our mammal - centric world . think of a whole bunch of endangered mammals from around the world : a jaguar , panthera onca , a baird\u2019s tapir , tapirus bairdii , the golden lion tamarin , leontopithecus rosalia , a mountain pygmy possum , burramys parvus , dama gazelle , nanger dama , and the new guinea big - eared bat , pharotis imogene . repeat that exercise 25 times , and you\u2019ll have some idea of what we have probably already lost in the amphibian world .\nhere is a roll - call of missing amphibians . those marked with an ( ex ) are classified by the iucn as extinct . those with an asterisk * next to them have had chytridiomycosis suggested as one of the threats associated with their disappearance .\nhave you seen any of these missing amphibians ? do you think that other species should be added ? use the comments field below to tell us your thoughts . for another list of possibly extinct species , grouped by countries , see amphibia web .\non june 18 , africam safari launched in m\u00e9xico the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project to rescue endangered amphibians in eastern panama threatened by a lethal fungus which is wiping out these incredible creatures . the project also aims to develop a cure for this disease in the wild . africam is partnering with 8 other institutions in the us and panama to save these threatened neotropical frogs .\nthe mexican launch was attended by panama\u2019s ambassador in m\u00e9xico , mr . ricardo alem\u00e1n alfaro and the honorary consul in puebla mr . mario riestra venegas .\nmrs . amy camacho , africam safari general director , explained the current extinction crisis to the audience and press representatives . she outlined the scope of the project and africam\u2019s involvement .\nhis excellency mr . alem\u00e1n alfaro offered his support for this project , pledging to help in every way possible , especially in developing proper links with other panamanian institutions involved in the conservation of local wildlife .\nen junio 18 del 2009 , africam safari hizo el lanzamiento en m\u00e9xico de un ambicioso proyecto llamado proyecto de investigaci\u00f3n y conservaci\u00f3n de anfibios para rescatar un gran n\u00famero de especies de anfibios que habitan en el este de panam\u00e1 . para el lanzamiento fueron invitados especialmente el embajador de panam\u00e1 en m\u00e9xico su excelencia miguel alem\u00e1n alfaro y el c\u00f3nsul honorario de panam\u00e1 en puebla el lic . mario riestra venegas .\neste proyecto lo llevar\u00e1 a cabo un consorcio de 8 instituciones entre ellas africam safari , el instituto smithsonian , la universidad de vanderbilt y el zool\u00f3gico del summit . el proyecto tiene como objetivos el trabajo cooperativo interinstitucional para prevenir la extinci\u00f3n de docenas de especies de anfibios y desarrollar estrategias y t\u00e9cnicas contra la amenaza de una enfermedad letal para los anfibios causada por un hongo y que es llamada \u201cquitridiomicosis\u201d .\namy camacho , la directora de africam safari inform\u00f3 a los presentes y a los representantes de la prensa acerca de la crisis de extinci\u00f3n por la que est\u00e1n pasando los anfibios actualmente , acerca de los objetivos y alcances del proyecto y c\u00f3mo africam se involucrar\u00e1 en el proyecto .\nsu excelencia el embajador alem\u00e1n alfaro coment\u00f3 que la embajada ayudar\u00e1 en todo lo que le sea posible para el buen desarrollo de este proyecto , especialmente en el \u00e1rea del desarrollo de contactos con las instituciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales que se dedican a la protecci\u00f3n de la flora y fauna en panam\u00e1 .\njune 18th , 2009 : the rumor has been confirmed and in fact a giant panamanian golden frog has taken up residence on the chase bank building located on the corner of pikes peak and tejon \u2013 check it out ! the frog will be up for three months .\nwe had a great media event earlier today , so watch for us on the news and in the paper . the event included the unveiling of the new josh & john\u2019s ice cream flavor , panamanian golden fudge . they will rotate the flavor on their menu and 50 % of the proceeds of this ice cream will be donated to the cheyenne mountain zoo !\nin 2004 , the panamanian golden frog was garnering attention as a group of zoos , universities and researcher known as project golden frog were responding to the ongoing decline and disappearance of this species in the wild while developing populations of captive golden frogs as a safeguard against extinction . one of their goals at the time was \u201cour expectation that this species holds the potential to rally public support for amphibian conservation throughout the neotropics\u201d . at the same time , the chytrid fungus was winding its way through western panama heading directly for the only known habitat of the panamanian golden frog .\nit seemed like a simple idea at the time . houston zoo staff thought it was would be in the best interest of this species to build a small facility where we could house this species in its range country until we had a better idea of when amphibians in the region could safely be released back into the wild , safe from the chytrid fungus which has now moved through western panama and is heading for the eastern side of the panama canal .\nbut what about all the other amphibians in the region , surely they are in need of protection as well ? from this one species , it was decided that a larger focus , based on the 15 - 20 species potentially threatened with extinction due to the chytrid fungus , should be protected within what was soon to become the el valle amphibian conservation center .\nevacc center $ 250 , 000 , 50 plus partners , 17 species and 600 individuals later \u2013 el valle amphibian conservation center in el valle de anton , panama opened its doors to the public in may of 2009 and has been the focus of media attention , animal planet specials , and news articles over the past 2 years . it even has its own 15 minute documentary called leap of faith and spanish version un salto de fe . so now we wait for a cure and manage the individuals we have collected with support from the zoos , schools , corporations and private individuals .\nactually , we cannot wait . the fungus is jumping the canal zone and heading into the largest contiguous tract of rainforest not currently affected by the fungus \u2013 called the darien gap . we do not know how many species exist within the darien gap , undiscovered species that could disappear before we ever knew they had existed .\nin 2008 , the houston zoo and zoo new england partnered on the design and development of an amphibian pod which is now housed at the summit municipal parque . this pod is actually a shipping container based on models developed by groups in australia and england and modified to maintain amphibians where each pod can safely house 1 - 2 species of individual amphibians ; managing and reproducing them through their life history stages . this was simply the first phase of what you will see here on these pages in months to come . the panama amphibian rescue and conservation program has brought together partners for eastern panama while the el valle amphibian conservation center continues to focus on western panama . and hopefully together , these partners can hold the line against what seemed to be the imminent extinction of dozens of amphibians within panama\u2019s borders .\nthat\u2019s the name of cheyenne mountain zoo\u2019s new frog rescue exhibit , now open in the zoo\u2019s aquatics building . the exhibit highlights our role in combatting global amphibian declines including the zoo\u2019s partnership in the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project . exhibit highlights include african clawed frogs , leopard frogs and giant african bullfrogs and also features the zoo\u2019s other amphibian conservation efforts including :\nthe wyoming toad project \u2013 wyoming toads are the only north american amphibians listed as extinct in the wild . found only in the 50 sq . mi . area of the laramie basin in wyoming , these toads began a rapid decline in the 1970\u2019s due to pollution , pesticide runoff , habitat destruction and fungal disease . in 1988 , a few toads were caught and a captive breeding program started to protect against extinction . cheyenne mountain zoo cares for a collection of these critically endangered toads in our off - exhibit amphibian conservation center . in 2008 our toads produced over 3 , 000 tadpoles ! 2 , 500 of those were released back into the wild . we are currently releasing tadpoles into the laramie basin and participating in survey studies to determine their population in the wild .\nthe boreal toad project \u2013 boreal toads are colorado\u2019s only alpine toad and live above 8 , 000 feet . the populations located in the southern rocky mountains have experienced dramatic population declines over the past two decades from infection by the chytrid fungus , batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . cheyenne mountain zoo holds a captive population of boreal toads in our amphibian conservation center for scientific research . we have participated in a throat pattern identification study and are planning to conduct a health evaluation regarding diet and water quality , and the effect it has on spinal related deformities . both of these studies help field biologists with boreal toads in the wild .\nconserving mantella frogs \u2013 there are five critically endangered mantella frogs , native only to madagascar , that are being over - collected for the pet trade . habitat loss and disease also threaten the survival of those still in the wild . cheyenne mountain zoo has obtained a collection of mantella frogs from a trusted captive breeding source and is now captive breeding mantilla frogs to support other aza institutions and help avoid the collection of wild mantilla frogs in the future . in 2008 - 2009 , the zoo\u2019s quarter\u2019s for conservation program also supported madagasikara voakajy , a conservation and research program in madagascar , which aims to protect mantella frogs and their habitat through local community education . cheyenne mountain zoo staff also developed a flash card game to help schools in madagascar teach about their local frogs and the challenges they face in the wild . through our support they will further their efforts in field research and community education .\nover the last year i have spent countless hours talking to people , explaining why i\u2019m an amphibian conservationist battling to save some of the 2000 - odd species of amphibians that are facing extinction . i\u2019ll bet that the bird conservationists saving warblers don\u2019t get that question as often as i do , because birds clearly do matter . birds are a very accessible form of wildlife , you can see them in your back yards , and they are the sound of nature . just a few adrenalin - filled moments spent watching a woodpecker and a cardinal having a fight at a bird feeder is enough escapism to lift the burdens of a hard day in the office . yet frogs do matter for all these reasons and more . the main difference between frogs and birds is that the bird folks are organized and the amphibian conservationists are only just starting to get their act together . birdlife international has 4000 full - time employees , rspb has 1 , 300 staff , the audubon society has 600 employees . even ducks unlimited has 500 employees \u2013 all working full time applying their skills to bird conservation ! yet in the whole amphibian world there are only a handful of people are working full - time to mitigate the threats facing amphibians . faced with this dearth of capacity it is no wonder that just 12 % of birds are in danger of extinction compared to 32 % of amphibians . since 1980 we have lost just 5 species of birds but over 120 species of amphibians !\nthat still doesn\u2019t answer the question why does it matter if they go extinct ? humans have many different kinds of value systems . the most obvious one is goods and services that can be exchanged for cash . the best example of the direct value of amphibians is frog legs . these are a culinary curiosity and have obvious direct value that can easily be quantified in dollars . most people would be surprised to hear that between 1996 and 2006 , over 100 , 000 tons of frogs legs were imported and had a value approaching half a billion dollars ! every year 100 million to 400 million wild - caught animals are imported and exported to nearly every country in the world .\nthis public service announcement from the vancouver aquarium elegantly captures how important amphibians are to controlling pests . however , it is difficult to figure out how much these ecosystem services are worth if people aren\u2019t paying for them , they are indirect values . the trouble is it\u2019s tough to know how much something is really worth unless someone is willing to pay for it . one example that gives us a clue about what people may be willing to sacrifice for these indirect services is from india . in 1981 the indian the frog leg trade peaked , when more than 4 , 000 tons were exported , mainly to europe earning revenues of $ 9 . 3 million . in 1987 , however , india banned frog legs exports , arguing that the cost of importing more pesticides to combat pests in rice paddies devoid of amphibians was outstripping revenues earned from frog leg exports . this contention also contributed to the listing of two species that were targeted specifically for food on appendix ii in cites .\nmany people will justify saving the rain forest , because we don\u2019t know what aids cure might be out there , and we don\u2019t want it to go extinct before we find out where to get it , something that we\u2019ll call option values . well , one of my collaborators , an incredible lady by the name of louise rollins - smith recently discovered that the white\u2019s tree frog from australia produces a kind of chemical called a caerin ( pronounced see - rin ) that can block hiv transmission to t - cells ! in fact , frog - skins are a real pharmacopeia something i\u2019ve tried to communicate in this illustration below .\nthe gastric brooding frog from australia may have held a cure for peptic ulcers , a condition that affects millions of people around the world each year . unfortunately though , its potential benefits went extinct along with both species in its genus in the 1980\u2019s . looking at this diagram makes one realize that some values are difficult to prescribe in dollar terms . it makes you think about what we are loosing when you hear stories like one from my colleagues in panama who recently discovered 10 new species in panama - after they had already gone extinct !\namenity values are difficult to quantify in dollar terms , yet frogs are one of the most commonly used animals in classroom education in western countries . 44 - 64 % of all colleges and secondary schools surveyed in georgia , usa used amphibians for educational purposes . and how many of us had our first real wildlife experiences catching frogs and kissing them to see if they turned into a prince ? or chasing a bullfrog across the garden lawn in a frog - jumping competition with your friends ?\nethical values are , in my mind , the real justification for saving a species . many people will spend countless millions on a work of art , a unique object of beauty and fascination that enriches our lives simply because it exists . i feel the same way about a species , when we lose it , it can never be replaced . like many people before me i find frogs fascinating creatures . in africa , the ancient egyptian goddess of fertility , hequet , was often depicted as a frog . in asia chan chu , the three - legged money frog is a popular chinese symbol for prosperity and it is said to bring wealth into your life . in the america\u2019s pre - columbian indigenous people crafted frogs in gold and clay talismans called huacas . today , golden frogs are considered lucky , and adorn panamanian lottery tickets and crowd tables in tourist markets . in more contemporary settings , one has to wonder what the value is of modern cultural icons such as kermit or the budweiser trio of frogs named bud , wei and ser ?\nso you may be saying right now \u2013 i\u2019m not convinced , frogs creep me out . that\u2019s ok , but i would beg to differ with you because i know that frogs do matter . i just want to keep them around so that your children and their children can form their own opinions . not just by looking at catalogues of extinct species in a library somewhere , but by exploring a stream with their friends and discovering these incredible creatures for themselves .\nit\u2019s official . the deadly amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) has now spread across the panama canal into eastern panama according to a study recently published in ecohealth . elsewhere in central and south america , this disease has spread through mountainous regions . according to karen lips , a conservation biologist who has studied the problem for years , when bd arrives at a site , about half of the species vanish and the remaining species experience massive die - offs .\nconservationists have been fretting for years about what might happen to eastern panama\u2019s 120 - odd amphibian species when bd hits . bd is a disease that cannot tolerate extremely hot temperatures , so it tends to be most devastating in cooler mountainous regions of the tropics that remain cool and moist year - round . the mountainous regions of eastern panama are one of the last remaining strongholds of na\u00efve amphibian populations in the new world , and species that tend to have a highland distribution and small ranges are the most vulnerable to extinction .\nto add another layer of complexity to this problem , there are many species new to science that we could lose before they are even discovered . according to dr . andrew crawford who studies amphibian genetics , \u201ceastern panama has been relatively poorly explored by herpetologists and it is likely that there are several species new to science that live only in this region . what is particularly worrying is that we are facing a huge biodiversity threat , but we don\u2019t have a good idea of just how many species are at stake\u201d ."]}
{"id": 24, "summary": [{"text": "scopula compensata , the small frosted wave , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1861 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern north america , including alabama , florida , georgia and south carolina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 millimetres ( 0.59 in ) . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "scopula compensata", "paragraphs": ["might this be s . compensata ? it was photographed on the same night as the other one ( 369904 ) but this one has somewhat darker markings .\nat outdoor light . i have had difficulties with these moths of which i have photographed several , all with barely visible or no\nsmudges\n( robert zimlich ' s term ) at the pm line . yesterday i photographed one with distinct smudges that otherwise matches the one of this post perfectly in terms of forewing pattern and size . unfortunately , this moth was in a too badly battered condition to justify posting , but i now have confidence in the id of my tentative compensata photos . this one provides a september image for florida .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere ."]}
{"id": 26, "summary": [{"text": "devon loch ( 1946 \u2013 1963 ) was a racehorse , which fell on the final straight while leading the 1956 grand national .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "owned by queen elizabeth the queen mother and ridden by dick francis , devon loch had won two races already that season and finished third in the national hunt handicap chase at cheltenham .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his progress was helped when the favourite , must , and a previous winner , early mist , fell early on .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he went to the front of the race with three jumps remaining , cleared the last half a length ahead of e.s.b. , and took a commanding lead on the final stretch .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "then , in front of the royal box just 40 yards from the winning post and five lengths ahead , he suddenly inexplicably jumped into the air and landed on his stomach , allowing e.s.b. to overtake and win .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "although jockey dick francis tried to cajole the horse , it was unable to continue .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "afterwards , the queen mother said : \" oh , that 's racing . \"", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is still uncertain and debated to this day as to why devon loch jumped ; some reports claimed he suffered a cramp in his hindquarters causing the collapse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "another report asserted that a shadow thrown by the adjacent water-jump fence ( which horses only traverse on the first circuit of the aintree course ) may have baffled devon loch into thinking a jump was required and \u2013 confused as to whether he should jump or not \u2013 he half-jumped and collapsed .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "jockey dick francis later stated that a loud cheer from the crowd , for an expected royal winner , distracting the horse is a more likely explanation .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "reports that the horse had suffered a heart attack were dismissed , as devon loch recovered far too quickly for this to have been the case .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he lived another six years , being put down during or shortly after the cold winter of 1962 \u2013 3 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "devon loch", "paragraphs": ["just over sixty years ago devon loch , a horse owned by the queen mother , was set to win the grand national . for over four miles devon loch had soared over thirty fences and was clear of the field . with 50 yards to go victory was assured . but as hats were being thrown in the air and punters counting their winnings , devon loch fell . its race was over .\nevery now and then you ' ll hear the term ' he did a devon loch ' which was a phrase coined after his famous fall .\nbut that day a phrase entered the culture : \u2018doing a devon loch\u2019 , capturing that all too common experience of seizing defeat from the jaws of victory .\nwhat did you think when my horse fell down ?\ninquired the queen mother , owner of the stricken devon loch , when the two met after the race .\nthe jockey didn ' t respond and d loch corrected himself . . . . but belly flopped .\nesb ' s jockey , d . dick , cheerfully admitted afterwards that he had given up hope of catching devon loch . he had his head down , he said , resigned to second place .\nthis was the 1956 grand national in which the late dick francis galloped towards the finish line on the queen mother\u2019s horse , devon loch . dick was just yards away from the finish line and was undoubtedly about to win the race when suddenly devon inexplicably jumped up and fell to his stomach .\nit was as if he thought there was a fence in front of him . esb who was behind , swooped past devon loch who was still scrambling to his feet and went on to win the grand national .\nwithout wishing to put any extra pressure on ranieri and his players , it is starting to look as though it would take a devon loch - style collapse for leicester to miss out on a place in the top four .\nfamous for sustainably - sourced seafood , our loch fyne seafood & grill restaurants open daily to serve our guests fresh and delicious meals .\narmorial iii , the tallest horse in the field of 29 , sprang into the lead in the first circuit , with eagle lodge , sandew , much obliged , gentle moya and devon loch - the latter taking his jumps with care and complete confidence .\nenjoy some time out at this contemporary self - catering barn dwelling squirrelled away in the picturesque teign valley , devon .\nso , did dick not feel a touch guilty that he had been the jockey to have profited from devon loch ' s inexplicable fall ?\nnaaaagh . he was brought to a ruddy standstill by a riderless horse at the first fence after the canal turn . but for that , he might have won by rights and devon loch would have been long forgotten . that said , i ' ve always felt sorry for the queen mum because she ' s such a smashing person . she ' s a star , she is .\nfailure can be a great teacher but a poor master . we have all \u2018done a devon loch\u2019 . so let\u2019s learn from it and what this kind of experience tells us about how to look after and prepare ourselves better . i look forward to seeing you in the winner\u2019s paddock !\njessica ennis is almost there . it would take a devon loch - style collapse to deny her the gold medal now . going into the 800 metres , the final event of the heptathlon , she leads the field by 188 points . that equates to a country mile in layman terms .\nflaunting all that is good and great about sunny south devon , phillimores is an intriguing self - catering holiday cottage blending the traditional and the stylish . this 17th century cottage is idyllically cosseted in a wooded valley not far from kingsbridge in the ever - popular south hams region of devon .\neven 46 years on , what happened next remains one of sport ' s greatest mysteries ; 50 yards from the line and with the entire nation cheering a royal victory , devon loch pricked up his ears , appeared to jump a phantom obstacle , and belly - flopped to the turf with his four legs splayed out like bambi on ice .\ncycle to - a day at historic braunton burrows is great . cyclists can enjoy the 30 - mile tarka trail tracking the scenic coastline of north devon .\nbut with only ten horses left at the run in to the straight the crowd surged to the rails and the cheers all centred on the faraway , bobbing head and swinging hooves of devon loch . with three others he took the last thorn fence with great lift and rhythm . you could see some of the hooves hitting the brushwood but no one came down . devon loch got first into stride and was soon pounding past the stands , five lengths clear of esb , with francis already stretching out a hand for his bay - leaves . then the astonishing happened . devon loch ' s hind - legs buckled and he went down on his stomach . in what can have been no more than two seconds - but it seemed like an age - francis threw his weight forward and his mount struggled to his feet . could be still do it ? it looked as though he might . the first royal victory in the national since 1900 , the 7 # 163 ; 8 , 000 prize and what a reception with it ! - only forty yards away .\nthe same year that devon loch was running , robert zajonc was doing work that would help us understand the \u2018audience effect\u2019 \u2013 why we perform a task more poorly in front of an audience than we do when we are alone . anyone who has watched a child struggle to play a piece of music at a school performance that you\u2019ve heard them play perfectly at home is familiar with this effect .\nset in an area of outstanding natural beauty near lyme regis on the devon border , this stylish architect - designed self - catering home boasts dramatic far - reaching woodland vistas .\n` go on then you , lucky devil ,\nmuttered dave dick grudgingly as dick francis galloped off towards the growing crescendo of noise at the winning post . for four miles , dick and the gallant esb had soared over aintree ' s 30 fences ; now , as they cleared the last but a few hoofbeats behind devon loch , francis accelerated away from them in search of his place in grand national legend .\nfor out - of - the - ordinary luxury self - catering holidays in extraordinary locations , our hand - picked collection of iconic homes include luxury cottages in devon . find out more about our\neveryone was trying to resolve the puzzle of devon loch ' s failure - while esb , a most honourable winner was rather starved of attention as no other national victor has been before - and there were a host of theories . frightened by the noise of the crowd , some said : or he slipped on a muddy patch and could not regain his stride ; or he was out off by the shadow of the water jump on his left .\nimpeccable interiors , sea - salted air and panoramic views over woolacombe bay make tamarisk beach house an idyllic retreat for families and surfers looking for luxury self - catering accommodation by the sea in north devon .\nbordering the pretty dartmoor village of lustleigh , this luxury self - catering cottage flaunts timeless tranquillity in its original cobbles , thick granite walls and neat slate roof , offering an indulgent couples\u2019 retreat in devon ' s wild heart .\nyou know watching that film , just before the final jump , if you look at devon loch ' s hind legs , they were almost\nloose\nlooking for a better term ? like the human adage\nmy legs felt like jelly\n. i can see it clearly in the video starting around 1 : 04 and onward , look at his hind legs . he just looked spent . . . maybe like marathon runner whose legs just fall out from underneath him , it looks just about the same . .\non the outward run into the country on the second circuit , after two miles of extremely fast going , the fences began to take their toll . nine horses fell in the last ten jumps . at becher ' s , sundew , who had been helping to make the pace with armorial iii , went down on landing . the main group , including devon loch and many of the leading fancies , were now a good many lengths behind , but all coming up fast enough to spread the many hopes among the crowd .\nplot your country escape to this luxury holiday cottage in north bovey ; one of devon ' s most idyllic villages set within the rugged beauty of dartmoor national park . the riddle is the type of cottage you might find on the pages of a storybook .\nthe effect of the tragic climax on the more hard - bitten ones of the racing fraternity was not the least curious feature of the day . used to the ups and downs of the track , in and out of the money by the hour , surely they could ride this emotional blow ? but no . devon loch had caught many of them in the middle of a cheer with all defences down .\nno more racing today for me ,\nsaid one horsey veteran with a sigh as he slumped on the seat near me .\ni am very , very upset .\nfar from the crowds , the hartland heritage coast is a halcyon world of pebble beaches and beatrix potter wildlife backed by a deep blue sea . set between appledore and clovelly , the creamery was made for those hidden - away self - catering holidays in devon .\ncinnamon cottage is a thatched luxury self - catering cottage in the quaint village of higher ashton in devon . with the traditional thatched roof crowning the elegant and intriguingly beautiful interiors within , family holidays in the rolling devonshire countryside have never looked so tempting . . .\nthis enchanting 400 year old millhouse is chock - full of old - world charm . set in the south hams near dartmouth , the dreamy south devon coast is almost within touching distance and short stroll through the valley leads to the sheltered cove of blackpool sands .\nit would have been hard to find a theatre - producer able to build up a race to such a climax . the luck of jumping , which put most of the favourites out of the race well before devon loch and three others leapt into sight in the home straight , ensured that the weight of the cheering all bent itself to the encouragement of the queen mother ' s horse . the favourite , must , and the fancied high guard ( with a . p . thompson up , riding in his last national ) and two other runners went down as the cavalcade cleared the first jump .\nnestled on the banks of the river yealm in south devon ' s yachty haven of newton ferrers is the oh - so - stylish beauport . this stunning self - catering luxury cottage exudes a restful ambiance echoic of the rippling river which sits at the bottom of the garden .\nit is better to look at newspaper stills of the event , rather than the old grainy film . off track , coming to the inside fence , there is a ditch in the field - approximately 1 metre broad . devon lock takes a moderate leap exactly at the point of this ditch .\nnone of the thousands who saw it will easily shake off the memory of devon loch ' s collapse in front of the royal box today within forty yards and a few seconds of triumph ; or the utterly poignant spectacle of the royal jockey r . francis , cast as the day ' s tragic hero , walking away from his crippled mount , too distressed to look anywhere . aintree was on its feet to roar it home for a great grand national victory ; hats , racecards , emotions all in the air . a moment later , as a certain winner buckled in its stride , the cheering thousands gave a loud\nah !\nof dismay and crumpled into silence . i have never seen a race crowd - or any sporting crowd - more bewildered .\nclearing the last and going on to the long run in , the jockey was later to write in an autobiography\nnever had i felt such power in reserve , such confidence in my mount , such calm in my mind\nand it was clear that there was only going to be one winner , however disaster was to strike 50 yards from home when all the men in the stand were throwing up their hats into the air to salute a great win for devon , dick and the queen mother . suddenly the horse seemed to jump in the air and then completely collapsed onto his stomach , the horse got to his feet and his jockey tried to summon the horse to carry on but it was soon obvious that the horse could not carry on and as esb ran past to win , it was clear to all the shocked crowd that\nall looked good for his crack at the title . his progress was helped when two of the market leaders fell at the first both must ( the favourite ) and also early mist ( a previous winner ) this was to leave m ' as - tu - vu in the lead and devon was going well in mid division . the horse had no problem with the obstacles and only had one problem on the fist circuit when a horse fell in front of him and he had to swerve to miss it , he did this in great style and went on to complete the first circuit by jumping ' the chair ' the biggest fence in the race easily , and then cleared the water to go back to the start for another circuit . his jockey was impressed with the ease his horse was showing indeed even turning in for the final straight his jockey could see all around him hard at work and he still had a ' double hand full ' .\nfrancis will at least earn his sombre niche in sporting history among the great failures . the ryder cup has been won and lost by a putt and cup final hopes dashed by one twisted knee . but this was even more suddenly dramatic . the closer comparison is with , say , those marathon runners who have dropped within sight of the tape after a gruelling 26 miles like peters at vancouver or dorando in the olympics of 1908 .\ni do not think any of these theories quite explain it . his sudden collapse looked to me to be of the same kind as the marathon runner ' s ; namely , cramp and exhaustion , leaving francis for all his crouching determination and skill , helpless to do anything about it .\nthe crowd was shocked : almost hamstrung itself . it was like a modern nightmare , the will without the power . but down went the hind legs again as esb rushed triumphantly past . francis dismounted , threw down his whip and wept when he heard the applause for his effort . the last of the bitter pill was that he might have broken the national record has he finished : esb was only four fifths of a second outside it .\nthe queen mother , who has been on her feet with the rest ( and so were the queen and princess margaret ) accepted the tragedy in regal fashion , and something more than that . when the winning owner , mrs carver , expressed her sympathy , queen elizabeth smiled and said .\noh that ' s racing !\nshe went at once to see her crestfallen jockey and later came to the windows of the stand to smile and wave to the crowd .\nbut you could see others weighing up the form for the next race . and , watching them trail over to out their money on , it looked rather like that gesture of wartime pilots , going up into action at once after a disaster , simply to recover their nerve .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\njamie vardy scores leicester\u2019s second goal against stoke city at the king power stadium . photograph : michael regan / getty images\nclaudio ranieri has likened leicester city\u2019s pursuit of the premier league title to a horse race and said he was prepared to \u201cwhip them\u201d in march and take a bit of advice from sir alex ferguson .\non this evidence there will be no need for the italian to get off his saddle , or call ferguson for that matter , as leicester , playing like thoroughbreds , returned to the top of the table . perhaps more significantly , they have opened up a 10 - point lead over fifth - placed manchester united with 15 games remaining .\nwhile it is true that leicester have some particularly tricky fixtures coming up , starting with an unpredictable liverpool side at home on tuesday week and followed by back - to - back trips to manchester city and arsenal , the run - in looks much more benign once those games have been negotiated .\nthis turned into a vintage leicester performance , one of those days when everything went right for them on an afternoon that finished with their supporters singing : \u201cwe\u2019re gonna win the league\u201d .\nit was only the second game that leicester have won since beating chelsea in the middle of december , the first time that jamie vardy has scored in eight matches and riyad mahrez also looked much like his old self . three big boxes were ticked in that respect .\ndanny drinkwater also deserves more than a passing mention . an unsung hero in this leicester team , the former manchester united midfielder opened the scoring with his first premier league goal and also played the through ball that released vardy for their second .\nby that point stoke were as good as raising the white flag and when leonardo ulloa slid in leicester\u2019s third , following a lovely piece of skill from mahrez , their misery was complete .\nit was certainly not much of a way for mark hughes to celebrate his 500th game in management and tempting , given how poorly the visitors performed , to think that stoke\u2019s players had one eye on tuesday\u2019s capital one cup semi - final second leg against liverpool . hughes hopes that ryan shawcross , who limped out of this game in the first half with a back problem , could be fit to play at anfield and also backed his players to bounce back .\nranieri , in contrast , is able to switch off for a few days and has encouraged his players to put their feet up while he goes back to italy . \u201cit was very important to be top of the premier league at the end of january because now comes a very tough february , with liverpool , arsenal and manchester city to come , \u201d the leicester manager said .\n\u201cit is unbelievable but it is good . we are ready to fight . now the players will have three days off so they can clear their minds and then they will come back and we start to work hard again . this league for us is very exciting . \u201d\nso much about leicester\u2019s display gave ranieri pleasure , including drinkwater\u2019s goal . he has been encouraging the 25 - year - old to shoot more often and that advice paid off three minutes before half time . philipp wollscheid only half cleared marc albrighton\u2019s corner and drinkwater , loitering on the edge of the area , drilled a 20 - yard shot that took a deflection off marc wilson , shawcross\u2019s replacement , before beating jack butland .\nalthough joselu\u2019s free header from a glen johnson cross finally forced kasper schmeichel into a save in the 61st minute , that was pretty much stoke\u2019s only attempt on goal . shortly after that chance leicester doubled their lead when vardy , running on to drinkwater\u2019s lofted pass , skipped around butland and tapped into an empty net from an acute angle .\nwith mahrez becoming more and more influential , leicester were starting to enjoy themselves and added a third three minutes from time . ulloa flicked on schmeichel\u2019s punt upfield and vardy , gambling on the argentinian winning that header , chased the ball into the inside right channel before picking out mahrez .\nafter a lovely nutmeg of wollscheid , mahrez was able to tee up ulloa and leicester were rampant .\nhughes had long seen enough . \u201cit wasn\u2019t a great day for us . we didn\u2019t produce anything of note , to be honest , \u201d the stoke manager said . \u201cfrom our point of view we\u2019re looking to bounce back quickly . we\u2019ve got a huge game on tuesday and i back my team to respond . \u201d\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\njohnson - thompson rose to twelfth place after jumping 6 . 19 metres stu forster / getty\nthat means that ennis , one of the best 800 metres runners in the field , can afford to run 13 seconds slower than a woman she is usually much faster than . austra skujyte , of lithuania , remains second after russia\u2019s tatyana chernova , the world champion , failed to mount a lasting challenge . the russian goes into the final event in sixth place , some 314 points adrift . the olympic champion - for a few more hours anyway - nataliya dobrynska , pulled out of the event\u2026\nwelsh national anthem just before wales beat england 30 - 3 . saturday 16th march 2013\n. all this added up to what should have been a happy occasion but fate got in the way and another grand national story was entered in the history books .\nwas not favorite on that day because two past winners and a future winner were in the race but never the less the horse was fancied by his connections having showed his ability by wining twice that year and also running up a good third at cheltenham that season .\nprobably the most disappointed person on that day was hm the queen mother but as this remarkable national hunt enthusiast who ' s only concern on the day was for the horse , trainer and jockey , indeed on meeting esp ' s winning trainer and jockey later it was they who were full of tears and the queen mum was later to say when asked of the incident when being interviewed on the television that ' s racing ( a lesson to us all ) .\nmany theories have been given up to what happened on that day . the jockey said\ni ' m convinced that the roar of the crown frightened the horse\n, a police officer on duty that day said\nthere was a dark wet patch on the course and that caused the horse to stumble\n, it is also said that the shadow of a fence caused the horse to think there was a fence there and it spooked him . i guess the real reason will never be known but the horse when checked at the stable afterwards was found to be in good health and never showed any sign of an abnormality indeed he went on to win twice after . the theory that i think is most likely is the shadow because this ' jumping of no fence ' is not unique even in the grand national as in 1901 the winner a horse called grundon also did this trick it was reported that he jumped a footpath that he thought was a fence !\nas can be seen here was a dejected and was inconsolable on the day and now has a successful career as a writer of racing related thrillers but even he must admit that life is stranger than fiction .\nnew customers only , place a \u00a310 bet on any sportsbook market - min stake \u00a310 at odds of at least 1 . 5 ( 1 / 2 ) \u2014 and we\u2019ll give you \u00a330 in free bets . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . free bets are valid for 30 days and must be used on a sportsbook market . free bets will be awarded after the qualifying bet has been settled . t & cs ; apply . games : one bonus per customer . \u00a310 free to play on ted slot game , offer valid for 7 days . opt in on games promotions page . x15 wagering applies . t & cs ; apply .\nnew customers only . uk + ire only . promo code ' g30 ' required . min first bet \u00a310 with odds of 1 / 2 or more . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a330 credited as 3 x \u00a310 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days .\nmin deposit \u00a35 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits . min odds , bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . time limits and t & cs ; apply .\nuk + ire only . min first bet \u00a35 at odds 1 / 2 or more . tote and pool excluded . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a320 credited as 4 x \u00a35 free bets . not valid with cash out . free bet valid for 4 days . free bet stake not returned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni was absolutely delighted , ma ' am ,\nreplied dave dick without thinking .\nthough dick francis would become the queen mum ' s favourite author , she retained a soft spot for laugh - a - minute dave dick , who never failed to make her chortle with his stream of roguish one - liners .\ndespite my tactlessness ,\ndick told me shortly before his death 14 months ago ,\ni like to think we ' ve become great friends . she even invited me to be guest of honour at the official royal ascot lunch to celebrate her 400th winner as an owner . but that was another right royal cock - up wasn ' t it ? my invitation was sent to another dave dick in scotland . sat right next to hm he was . ` who are you ? ' demands the queen mum . ` dave dick ' says he . ` oh , no , you ' re not ' says she . and , of course , he was dave dick . . . just not the right dave dick ' .\nit was one of those inane questions hacks sometimes ask for no apparent reason when we find ourselves in the company of greatness and suddenly can ' t think of a thing to say .\ni don ' t suppose you ever rode red rum ?\ni recently inquired of lester piggott at a racing lunch , regretting the words even as they were being uttered .\nround aintree ?\ni ventured ( in for a penny in for a pound ) .\nlester bestowed a piteous look upon his hapless inquisitor before granting me the most gracious of explanations .\nno . i won on red rum on the flat at aintree in 1967 when he was a two - year - old . but my family had a lot of connections with the grand national - and , you can look it up .\nand look it up i did . did you know that lester ' s father , keith piggott , trained 1963 winner ayala for pierre raymond , better known in hairdressing circles as ` mr teasie weasie ' ? or that his grandfather , ernie piggott , won the national three times as a jockey aboard jerry m in 1912 , followed by poethlyn in 1918 ( when the wartime race was run at gatwick ) and again 1919 ?\nalthough the cheltenham gold cup remains the ` holy grail ' for jockeys , trainers and owners , the grand national has been the undisputed ` people ' s race ' for 163 years . curiously , however , aintree gained social respectability only in 1900 when the prince of wales ' horse , ambush ii , rode to victory .\nthereafter , grand national - winning owners have sashayed into the unsaddling enclosure in all shapes and guises ; from sir charles assheton - smith ( 1912 , 1913 ) , lady nelson ( 1915 ) and lord airlie ( 1924 ) , to holiday camp magnate fred pontin ( 1971 ) , comedian freddie starr ( 1994 ) and footballer ricky george ( 1998 ) , scorer of the winning goal in hereford ' s famous 2 - 1 defeat of mighty newcastle united in the fa cup in 1972 .\nwhen i was a lad i always wanted to be a jockey , but the rest of my family were boxers ; except for my dad , that is , he was an alsatian .\ni ' ve got four flat horses in training . the others are round , but i love ' em all to bits just the same .\nno , thank you , paul ( the man with the microphone was called ` bob ' ) and may i say how much i like the dress you ' re wearing .\nand finally - for those interested - after devoting . . . oh , minutes on end , poring over the form - book , consulting meteorologists about the likely going and studying weights , ages and whatnot of past winners , i can now reveal which noble steeds will be carrying the philip family ' s hard - earned cash come 3 . 45 this afternoon :\n2 ) celibate ( which i will most certainly be for the foreseeable future should ' er indoors be less than enamoured by the return on my investment ) .\n3 ) marlborough ( after all , i smoke enough of the wretched things ) .\nbut always remember , i hasten to add , as a wise man once said :\nthe only way to make money following horses is to carry a brush and shovel .\nif you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nplease complete your profile . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nin our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .\njust curious if more educated eyes could tell from the video , what caused him to fall ? did he just slip ? or did he injure himself ? couldn ' t find a lot googling . at first i laughed , thought it was just bad luck . but if you watch them walk away , it looked like his front left was buckling under his weight . . . not sure if it was just fatigue , or if it was broken . poor guy , though . . . urltoken\nthat question has been solidly debated ever since 1956 and even the jockey , dick francis , could not explain it . horse wasn ' t damaged .\npick up dick francis ' s book the sport of queens : the autobiography of dick francis . his 1993 revision has a lengthy chapter on the race and his thoughts on the cause of the freak fall . he laments losing a race every jockey dreams of winning in such a bizarre fashion . he also wrote that losing that race in that way was integral to the man he became - and for that he had no regrets .\nthanks for the info . . . had never heard the story before , didn ' t realize it was such a huge event , much less an unexplained one . i love dick francis novels , have never read his autobio before .\ndarkmoonlady , that ' s the impression i got . maybe he just wasn ' t fit enough ? or was worked too hard that week ? or who knows . being the queen ' s horse , i can ' t imagine him not recieving the best possible care , but horses are still horses .\ni think i remember dick francis ' theory was that he recoiled from the sound . francis said that the roar of the crowd in the stretch was unlike anything he had ever heard before on the track - people cheering for the certain royal victory . he says the horse hesitated a little in the stretch , then pricked his ears , then jumped back at the onslaught of sound as soon as he pricked them .\ni always attributed it to the hand of god . the crone on the throne has never won , too bad that does not cause the overthrow of the empire but every little bit helps !\nwe , too , will be remembered not for victories or defeats in battle or in politics , but for our contribution to the human spirit .\njfk\nouch . that ' s unfortunate . what a way to go down in history , especially for a good horse who otherwise had a successful career .\nlike the baseball player tommy john whose name is now used to describe surgery for ailing pitchers .\nthe horse had imagined the ditch continues below his head and , reigned out , beyond his immediate vision .\nit ' s always looked to me like the horse tried to jump something in the stretch . it ' s one of those great mysteries of the grand national .\nthere were many theories , some conspiratorial , like that someone let off a shot to put him off his stride , but the noise was lost in the roar . some think he mistook the jump on the adjacent track for a split second and almost made an attempt to jump it .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 5 . 2 . 5 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd .\nall times are gmt - 5 . this page was generated at 02 : 08 pm .\nthe queen mother famously said , \u201coh that\u2019s racing . \u201d dick francis retired from the sport the following year and became a crime writer !\nwe always welcome comments and more information about our films . all posts are reactively checked . libellous and abusive comments are forbidden .\nlife before health and safety laws ! men working at huge heights , balancing on girders and cranes , working on the world ' s tallest skyscrapers .\nrms titanic was the second of three olympic - class vessels . she was the first - but not the last - of them to sink with loss of life .\nsee howard carter at the tomb of tutankhamun , archaeological digs , and treasures from ancient egypt on display in this collection of films .\na hand - picked selection of 91 still images from the queen ' s 91 years and her record - breaking reign .\nforget about the brad pitts and leonardo dicaprios of today . take a look at the original hollywood hunks !\nwe bring you 10 more tragedies that took place when british path\u00e9 ' s camera reels were rolling .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nwhy do so many of us fall at that last hurdle ? business is no different . consider delivering a pitch , and the stress involved in the preparation and delivery . it\u2019s going well and the win seems assured \u2013 then as the final question rolls in , one of the team makes a basic error , misjudging their audience or failing to address the client\u2019s key concerns . and yet , you believed you had been so well - 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making is affected \u2013 our choices are short term and predictable , we are more volatile \u2013 more easily swayed by events .\nwhat can be done ? we must accept that we cannot replenish our store of willpower throughout the day , so we must curate it . we can plan our day to ensure that we are at our best when we need to be . a sandwich at your desk amid the emails and phone calls is draining ; a walk in the park at lunchtime can work wonders .\nsimon taylor , senior leadership consultant at kaplan financial , delivers kaplan\u2019s unique leadership development programmes , which focus on combining behavioural science with world class financial training . he has prior experience in delivering leadership training to military , police and government departments worldwide .\nif you would like to find out more about our leadership and professional development courses , use the form to request a callback .\nyes , i\u2019m happy to receive updates about relevant products and services from kaplan . i understand i can unsubscribe at any time . please see our privacy policy for further details on how we handle your data .\nyes , i ' m happy to receive updates about relevant products and services from kaplan . i understand i can unsubscribe at any time . please see our privacy policy for further details on how we handle your data .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnestled within the wilds of dartmoor near chagford sits sojourn ; a luxury chocolate box cottage with spa room . a true english country cottage with lavish finishes and beautiful linens .\nsleeps : up to 2 people pets : sorry , no pets features : the spa room has a copper bath tub and massage table . guests can book a professional thai masseuse at additional cost and on prior request\nas featured on george clarke ' s amazing spaces , this ww2 guard tower nestles on the coast in sought - after shaldon and has been brought bang into the 21 st century with an armoury of quirky mod cons , making it an ingeniously designed retreat for two .\nin the heart of dartmoor national park lies a sublime self - catering abode named peacock blue ; the haute design and stylish interiors fuses with vintage finds and sophisticated flourishes to create this sublime luxury home stay . a unique and vibrant abode which design aficionados will lust over .\nsleeps : up to 4 guests alternative group option : up to 2 guests pets : two dogs are very welcome , or three on prior request . memory foam dog bed included .\nset between the yachting havens of kingsbridge and salcombe , dusky cottage sits on a country lane leading down to hope cove . push open the sky - blue gate and you ' ll be smitten ; this luxury thatched cottage is sure to capture the hearts of all the family .\nstargazer is a luxury self - catering home perfect for families who are looking for an idyllic devonshire holiday between moor and sea in the historic town of modbury .\nsimple and elegant , this large south hams self - 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{"id": 28, "summary": [{"text": "scoparia vinotinctalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1896 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india , where it has been recorded from the nilgiri plateau . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scoparia vinotinctalis", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder scoparia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av scoparia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av scoparia sj\u00e4lv\nscoparia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av adrian hardy haworth 1811 . enligt catalogue of life ing\u00e5r scoparia i familjen crambidae , men enligt dyntaxa \u00e4r tillh\u00f6righeten ist\u00e4llet fam [ . . ]\nscoparia ustimacula c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875\nscoparia rotuellus ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )\nli , w . c . ( 2012 ) . one new species of the genus scoparia haworth , 1811 from china ( lepidoptera : crambidae , scopariinae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 40 ( 157 ) 73 - 75 .\nscoparia is a grass moth genus ( family crambidae ) of subfamily scopariinae . some authors have assigned the synonymous taxon sineudonia to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) , where all grass moths were once also included , but this seems to be in error .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nas of 2012 , there were about 231 species . species occur on every continent except\n, 1984 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 4 . r\u00e9vision des types d\u00e9crits de la r\u00e9gion pal\u00e9arctique occidentale , description de dix nouveaux taxa et \u00e9bauche d ' une liste des esp\u00e8ces de cette r\u00e9gion . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1985 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 5 . quatre nouveaux taxa d ' afghanistan . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1986 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des scopariinae . 6 . dix nouveaux taxa , dont trois genres , de chine et du nord de l ' inde . ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\n, 1998 : the scopariinae and heliothelinae stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of the oriental region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the philippines and sumatra .\n, 1998 : notes on the scopariinae from taiwan , with descriptions of nine new species ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 28 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nauthors : hampson , george francis , sir , bart . , 1860 - 1936 bell , thomas reid davys scott , francis burgess , 1885 -\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , faroe islands , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 32, "summary": [{"text": "poromya granulata , or the granular poromya , is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family poromyidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is unusual among bivalves in being carnivorous .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is found in more northerly parts of the atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "poromya granulata", "paragraphs": ["variety poromya granulata var . triangularis dall , 1881 accepted as poromya rostrata rehder , 1943\nwhat type of species is poromya granulata ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the poromya granulata species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of poromya granulata species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species poromya granulata .\nhow to identify poromya granulata marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species poromya granulata . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species poromya granulata are marked in green .\nwhere is poromya granulata found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species poromya granulata can be found .\n3b . surface of shell granulose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . poromya cf . granulata\ndrawing is reproduced by permission of the author , brian morton , from the article\nprey capture in the carnivorous septibranch poromya granulata ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata : poromyacea )\n; sarsia , v . 66 , pp . 241 - 256 , 1981 .\ngofas , s . ( 2014 ) . poromya granulata . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nporomya cf . granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ( cmphrm 2030a ) . legends : ( a ) and ( c ) external views of the right valve ; ( b ) and ( d ) internal views of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013d , 1 mm\nbogi , c . ; cantagalli g . ( 1986 ) . prima segnalazione di poromya neaeroides seguenza , 1877 in mar mediterraneo . la conchiglia . 202 - 203 : 18 - 19 . [ details ] available for editors\nbogi , c . ; cantagalli g . ( 1986 ) . prima segnalazione di poromya neaeroides seguenza , 1877 in mar mediterraneo . la conchiglia . 202 - 203 : 18 - 19 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nporomya also possesses red amoebocytes in the blood stream , which seem to carry a hemoglobin pigment . this and the several modifications described above point to a degree of evolutionary development that few other bivalves have achieved in adapting to new niches .\nthree species of bivalves , thyasira succisa , lyonsia norwegica and poromya granulate , were recorded for the first time in the adriatic sea during surveys conducted from 2010 to 2012 on offshore relict sand bottoms at a depth range of 45\u201380 m .\n( of panomya granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ) mayhew , r . and f . cole . 1994 ms . a taxonomic discussion and update of shell - bearing marine molluscs recorded from nw atlantic north of cape cod ( excluding greenland ) , and canadian arctic archipeligo . [ details ]\n( of panomya granulata ( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) ) abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of corbula granulata nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) nyst p . h . j . & westendorp g . d . ( 1839 ) . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences , des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique , bruxelles 6 ( 2 ) : 393 - 414 [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1876 ) . new and peculiar mollusca of the kellia , cyprina and corbula families , procured in the valorous expedition . annals and magazine of natural history . 4 : 18 - 490 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 494 [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of poromya rotundata jeffreys , 1876 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of poromya anatinoides forbes , 1844 ) forbes e . ( 1844 ) . report on the mollusca and radiata of the aegean sea , and on their distribution , considered as bearing on geology . reports of the british association for the advancement of science for 1843 . 130 - 193 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 191 [ details ]\nthe foot ( figs 2 b , e , f , 11 c ; f ) of g . coronata extends through the septal pedal gape ( spg ) in the septal membrane ( sem ) . ventrally , the densely ciliated foot , with an overall length ( when contracted ) of 240 to 300 \u03bcm , has a pedal groove ( peg ) that may be the remnant of a juvenile byssal groove if , as in many bivalves , such a structure is produced to assist in the establishment of the juvenile in its chosen habitat . morton ( 1981b ) suggested for poromya granulata that the foot , in addition to being responsible for burrowing , probably also served to push captured prey items into the mouth and seal the opening ; it is likely that the same functions are served by the foot of g . coronata .\nnyst p . h . j . & westendorp g . d . ( 1839 ) . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences , des lettres et des beaux - arts de belgique , bruxelles 6 ( 2 ) : 393 - 414 page ( s ) : 6 [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) tiberi n . ( 1855 ) . descrizione di alcuni testacei viventi viventi nel mediterraneo . lettere di nicola tiberi . napoli : gaetano noblie pp . 16 : , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 10 - 12 ; pl . 1 fig . 14 - 18 [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) lov\u00e9n , s . l . ( 1846 ) . index molluscorum litora scandinaviae occidentalia habitantium . \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar . ( 1846 ) : 134 - 160 , 182 - 204 . [ offprint : pp . 1 - 50 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npoutiers , j . m . ; bernard , f . r . ( 1995 ) . carnivorous bivalve molluscs ( anomalodesmata ) from the tropical western pacific ocean , with a proposed classification and a catalogue of recent species . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 167 : 107 - 187 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\njanssen r . , krylova e . m . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 43\u201382 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbroadly subovate ; anterior broadly rounded , ventral gently curved , posterior subtruncate angled to rather long almost straight sloping posterior dorsal margin .\numbos rather prominent ; posterior set off by a weak ridge running from umbo to posterior ventral junction .\noverall finely granular , granules arranged in radial rows . concentric sculpture of lines and growth stops .\nmostly internal and set on a shallow chondrophore just behind the beaks ; external part small , just behind the beaks .\nrv with a projecting cardinal in front of chondrophore ; lv with a posterior ridge - like lateral behind chondrophore and a socket in front of chondrophore to receive rv cardinal .\nrecorded primarily from northern localities off the north west coast of scotland and the northern north sea . widely distributed in boreal and subarctic waters across the north atlantic . bathymetric ranges from about 70m to the outer shelf and continental margin , becoming progressively deeper further south .\n1981 . the functional morphology of atlantic deep water species of the families cuspidariidae and poromyidae ( bivalvia ) : an analysis of the evolution of the septibranch condition .\n1839 . nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers .\nbulletins de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale des sciences et belles - lettres de bruxelles .\n2005 . patterns of bathymetric zonation of bivalves in the porcupine sea bight and adjacent abyssal plain , ne atlantic .\nthe marine life information network for britain and ireland ( marlin ) provides information for marine environmental management , protection and education . it is a centre of excellence in spatially based and time - series marine biological information and supports good stewardship in the marine environment .\nnational biodiversity network ' s gateway . use it to explore uk biodiversity data , as contributed by participating data providers .\nmarbef marbef , a network of excellence funded by the european union and consisting of 94 european marine institutes , is a platform to integrate and disseminate knowledge and expertise on marine biodiversity , with links to researchers , industry , stakeholders and the general public .\nobserved in a natural position in the sand , with its inhalant siphon fully extended . note the projecting cowl , which is extended for capture of a 2 . 5 mm long crustacean , typical of food found in its stomach . the 15 tentacles and the siphon are a bright red color .\nspecies in the subclass , anomalodesmata , account for over 70 % of all those benthic and abyssal clams that feed carnivorously or by scavenging tissue fragments - - a mode of feeding that is unusual and not at all characteristic of the vast majority of bivalves .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n( nyst & westendorp , 1839 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140843 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of embla korenii lov\u00e9n , 1846 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\n( of cumingia parthenopaea tiberi , 1855 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\njanssen r . , krylova e . m . ( 2014 ) . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia . invertebrate zoology . vol . 11 . no . 1 : 43\u201382 [ in english ] . [ details ] available for editors\nl\u00e4ngd upp till 13 mm . relativt tunnskalig , sk\u00f6r , v\u00e4nster skalhalva n\u00e5got mindre konvex \u00e4n h\u00f6ger . bucklor n\u00e4ra mittlinjen , bakre del med list fr\u00e5n bucklan till nedre bakkanten . fint granulerad radi\u00e4r skulptur samt koncentriska linjer och tillv\u00e4xtlinjer . mantelbukt bred men grund . skal vitt , periostracum brunaktigt .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nl\u00e4ngre texter , ut\u00f6ver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanst\u00e4llts av : fredrik pleijel och malin strand 2016 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nchecklist della flora e della fauna dei mari italiani ( parte i ) . bivalvia .\nquantity and biochemical composition of sedimentary organic matter around offshore gas extraction pl . . .\ngas platforms can exert relevant effects on various ecosystem properties of the hosting area , modifying patterns of productivity and particle sedimentation . we hypothesised that the presence of gas platforms is associated with higher organic matter ( om ) contents and we tested the null hypothesis by which benthic trophic conditions do not vary significantly among gas structures with different . . . [ show full abstract ]\nanadara kagoshimensis ( mollusca : bivalvia : arcidae ) in adriatic sea : morphological analysis , molecul . . .\nmorphological analysis , molecular characterization , and information on distribution and density of anadara kagoshimensis ( tokunaga , 1906 ) specimens collected in the adriatic sea were here carried out as based on various material and data from five surveys conducted from 2010 to 2014 , for a total of 329 bottom trawl hauls . the morphological and molecular analyses allowed to clarify the confused . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndistribution of the sea pens virgularia mirabilis and funiculina quadrangularis ( cnidaria anthozoa ) . . .\noccurrence and distribution of the sea pens virgularia mirabilis and funiculina quadrangularis in the northern and central adriatic sea were determined from data collected during five trawl surveys from 2011 to 2015 carried out through rapido trawl . species density data ( number of individuals per km ) were processed to describe their spatial distribution .\noccupation : scientist workplace : murmansk marine biological institute ( mmbi ) taxonomic group : malacostraca , cirripedia , pycnogonida e - mail : o . l . zimina @ urltoken\nnyst , p . h . & g . d . westendorp 1839 nouvelles recherches sur les coquilles fossiles de la province d ' anvers . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie royal ede bruxelles , 6 ( 1 ) : 393 - 414 .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nturgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg\ndyntaxa ( 2013 ) swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .\npoutiers , j . m . & f . r . bernard . 1995 . carnivorous bivalve molluscs ( anomalodesmata ) from the tropical western pacific ocean , with a proposed classification and a catalogue of recent species . in : p . bouchet ( ed . ) , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , vol . 14 . m\u00e9moires mus\u00e9um national histoire naturelle , 167 : 107 - 187 .\nhuber m . ( 2010 ) compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nby adding new morphological and morphometric data of the shells , the present study may help in the taxonomy of these septibranch species . new collections in the region will probably lead to the discovery of new records of septibranchia .\nanomalodesmata dall , 1889 , which diversified early in the palaeozoic , is a monophyletic clade , globally distributed and represented today by a diverse assemblage of highly specialised marine shallow and deep waters bivalves ( harper et al .\n) . several families of anomalodesmatans have become carnivorous , showing a series of remarkable anatomical and conchological modifications for the capture of small arthropods and polychaetes ( harper et al .\n) . this main group of carnivorous taxa has been grouped together as the \u2018septibranchs\u2019 ( harper et al .\n) . some analyses of molecular and / or morphological data support a deep division of anomalodesmata into three clades : septibranchia and two lineages corresponding to the \u2018lyonsiid\u2019 and largely to the \u2018thraciid\u2019 lineages ( harper et al .\n) . however , the origin of the carnivorous septibranch mode of life remains unresolved , due to conflicting results from different analyses ( bieler et al .\n) . this study will discuss three families within anomalodesmata : poromyidae dall , 1886 , cuspidariidae dall , 1886 , and verticordiidae stoliczka , 1870 .\n) . cuspidariids have separate sexes and are carnivores or detritus consumers . their shell is generally small , thin , inflated , and inequilateral , with a rounded and convex anterior end and rostrate or pointed posterior end ( drawn out into the tubular rostrum in many ) ( olsson\nverticordiidae , known from the early cretaceous , contains highly modified genera , mostly deep - water infauna capturing and feeding on small invertebrates ( coan et al .\n) , 37 species are recorded in these families in brazil : two genus and three species in poromyidae , seven genus and 26 species in cuspidariidae , and five genus and eight species in verticordiidae . studies on the north - north - east coast of brazil are still scarce , with a majority of studies focusing on the south - eastern region ( oliveira\n( dall , 1881 ) in brazilian waters , but did not specify the localities .\nthe present study aims to identify the species of the families poromyidae , cuspidariidae and verticordiidae found in the northern and north - eastern coasts of brazil , reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and adding new morphological data for the analysed shells .\n) and is presented below . cuspidariidae was the most represented family with four genera and six species :\n2a . rostrum broader than long \u2026\u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . myonera aff . paucistriata\n2b . rostrum longer than wide \u2026\u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4\n3a . circular shell with radial ribs and deep lunule . . . . . . . . \u2026 . . \u2026 . . . . . . . . . \u2026 . . . . \u2026 . . . . . . . . . . . trigonulina ornata\n4a . with radial ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n4b . without radial ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\n5a . strong radial ribs ( 6 to 16 primary ribs ) with interspaces , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya ornatissima\n5b . variable number of radial ribs ( 14\u201336 ) with interspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\n6a . external surface with granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . plectodon braziliensis\n6b . external surface without granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cuspidaria sp .\n7a . 14 to 32 radial ribs with different sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya perrostrata\n7b . 15 to 36 radial ribs of equal size , shell with pronounced anterior projection next to umbones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cardiomya cleryana\ndistribution maps by species of the material examined in this study ( n - ne brazil ) . legends : ap amap\u00e1 ; pa par\u00e1 , ce cear\u00e1 , pe pernambuco , al alagoas , se sergipe\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 2030a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 0\u00b029\u2032n 47\u00b024\u2032w .\ndescription : valve small ( 5 . 44\u20137 . 63 \u00d7 5 . 59\u20138 . 44 mm ) , ovate , both ends rounded , posterior region aslope . color white to cream , inner surface subnacreous . umbones prominent subcentral , turned to the anterior region . outer surface with minute granules spread over the entire surface . internal margins smooth . right valve with a strong cardinal tooth in front of chondrophore .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the coast of par\u00e1 ( north brazil ) .\nbecause it has an external surface sculptured with fine granules and right valve with a strong cardinal tooth in front of a chondrophore . other four living genera are recognized in poromyidae :\nleal , 2008 ( shell strongly compressed in the anteroposterior direction ) ( coan et al .\n) , but is distinguished from the latter mainly by the non - elongated posterior end . this difference may be due to the fact that our material is of young specimens . thus , we prefer to identify it as\nmainly by \u201cthe dentition obsolete except the cardinal tooth of the right valve , which itself is sometimes absent in the adult , though observable in the young shells\u201d ( p . 280 ) ( dall\nallen & morgan , 1981 ) , especially regarding ornamentation present in the outer surface .\nhas a \u201cshell smooth , except that a faint impression of radiating lines is left by the epidermis\u201d ( p . 107 ) ( dall\nhas a \u201cshell surface with faint , concentric growth lines , about 13 posterior radial lines of granules , more distinct ventrally\u201d ( p . 521 ) ( allen and morgan\n. unfortunately , it was not possible to identify more accurately the specimens due to the existence of only two young right valves .\ncuspidaria sp . ( cmphrm 3665a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) internal view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3665a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b029\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b030\u203200\u2033w , 09 december 1970 .\ndescription : shell globose ( 11 . 53 mm in length ) , inequilateral , moderately convex , rostrate posteriorly ( 2 . 50 mm in length ) . color white , not shiny . sculptured with fine radial lines . left valve without teeth , with a small fossete .\nnardo , 1840 because it has a smooth external surface with fine growth lines , without granules . absal\u00e3o and oliveira (\npresent on the continental slope ( 700\u20132 , 000 m ) of the campos basin ( 22\u00b0s ) off southeastern brazil , describing two new species . according to oliveira (\n. unfortunately , it was not possible to identify the specimen at a specific level due to its poor preservation and the existence of a single left valve .\nplectodon braziliensis ( e . a . smith , 1915 ) ( cmphrm 3684a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the left valve ; ( d ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013c , 1 mm ; d , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphometric data of plectodon braziliensis ( e . a . smith , 1915 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves and size of rostrum of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve , ( n o ) number of examined valves , r right , l left ; * damaged shell\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3656a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b010\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b000\u203218\u2033w , 13 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3658a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b044\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b007\u203230\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3672a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b054\u203200\u2033n 49\u00b047\u203230\u2033w , 09 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3653a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b021\u203230\u2033w , 19 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3655a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b001\u203230\u2033n 49\u00b053\u203200\u2033w , 09 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3652a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b020\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b018\u203200\u2033w , 07 may 1971 ; cmphrm 2020a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3667a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b047\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b049\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3673a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3654a , 3 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b001\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3696a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b006\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3683a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b009\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b025\u203230\u2033w , 19 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3684a , 1 right valve and 4 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 715a , 2 right valves and 5 left valves , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3697a , 1 right valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 10\u00b05\u20327\u2033s 35\u00b047\u20322\u2033w , 04 november 1965 ; cmphrm 3682a , 1 left valve , canopus , brazil , off sergipe , 11\u00b019\u20320\u2033s 35\u00b005\u20320\u2033w , 20 march 1966 ;\ndescription : shell elongate ( 19 . 5 \u00d7 12 . 4 mm ) , moderately globose , rostrate posteriorly . dorsal margins obliquely angled on either side of beaks , anterior straight at first , then curving into the rounded end . rostrum rounded posteriorly . color white , inner surface shiny ( polished ) . inequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones slightly opisthogyrate . outer surface with fine growth lines and dense minute granules . hinge in the right valve with elongate ( lamellar ) lateral teeth ( anterior and posterior ) . hinge in the left valve without teeth , with small fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , alagoas , and bahia ) .\nbecause it has minute granules upon the external surface . according to these authors ,\n( from the pacific ocean ) mainly by a rose - tinged umbo ( pimp\u00e3o et al .\nin the south - western atlantic and extends the northern distribution limit with new records for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , alagoas , and bahia ) . now the amap\u00e1 coast is its most northern limit .\ncardiomya cleryana ( d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ) ( cmphrm 3695a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the right valve ; ( b ) internal view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya cleryana ( d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves and size of rostrum of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left ; * damaged shell or uncountable\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3670a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b027\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3678a , 1 right valve and 7 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b035\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b021\u203200\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3681a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b037\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203200\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3680a , 2 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3671a , 1 valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3679a , 2 right valves and 2 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b01\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3693a , 3 right valves and 1 left valve , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3695a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3651a , 1 left valve , akaroa , brazil , 9\u00b027\u203208\u2033s 35\u00b007\u203207\u2033w , 08 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell ovate ( 11 . 4 \u00d7 6 . 9 mm ) , inequilateral , longer anteriorly , valves inflated , posteriorly rostrate . rostrum sometimes with fine radial lines . color white . umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with variable number ( 15\u201336 ) curved radial ribs , that extend beyond the shell edge , yielding a crenulated margin . ribs concentrated in the anterior region , with distance between them increasing from anterior to posterior . hinge in the right valve with strong posterior lateral tooth , small fossete . hinge in the left valve without teeth , with fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) .\nspecies found in this study mainly by radial ribs with equal sizes and shortly rostrate posteriorly . the anatomy of the arenophilic system of\nin the south - western atlantic with new records for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) . now off the amap\u00e1 coast is its northernmost limit .\ncardiomya ornatissima ( d\u2019orbigny , 1853 ) ( cmphrm 3649a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) hinge of the left valve ; ( d ) hinge of the right valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c\u2013d , 500 \u03bcm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya ornatissima ( d\u2019orbigny , 1853 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left , pr primary ribs , sr = secondary ribs\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3692a , 2 right valves , 5 left valves and 1 shell , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b048\u203200\u2033n 51\u00b007\u203200\u2033w , 31 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3675a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 2021a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3688a , 4 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b035\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b021\u203200\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3690a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b018\u203248\u2033n 50\u00b017\u203206\u2033w , 27 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3674a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b044\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b007\u203230\u2033w , 08 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3691a , 7 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 3\u00b010\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b003\u203200\u2033w , 05 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3694a , 2 right valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 3687a , 1 right valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b029\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b030\u203200\u2033w , 09 december 1970 ; cmphrm 3676a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b06\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3689a , 5 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b002\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b010\u203200\u2033w , 21 june 1971 ; cmphrm 3677a , 7 right valves and 3 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b01\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b032\u203230\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3685a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 2\u00b027\u203200\u2033n 47\u00b045\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3686a , 3 left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b055\u203230\u2033n 47\u00b041\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 ; cmphrm 714a , 5 right valves and 8 left valves , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3648a , 1 right valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b02\u203200\u2033s 35\u00b011\u20327\u2033w , 10 september 1965 ; cmphrm 3649a , 2 shells , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b006\u203209\u2033s 35\u00b008\u203207\u2033w , 10 september 1965 ; cmphrm 3650a , 2 left valves , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b027\u203208\u2033s 35\u00b007\u203207\u2033w , 08 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell ovate ( 13 \u00d7 8 mm ) , inequilateral , inequivalve , right valve smaller than left one , posteriorly rostrate . color white , inner surface shiny , outer surface with thin light - brown periostracum . subequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones slightly opisthogyrate . right valve convex , with 6\u201311 prominent radial ribs with interspaces , broader in the posterior region , that extend beyond the edge , making the crenulated margin , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve ; rostrum truncate , with fine secondary ribs ( 1\u20133 ) and growth lines ; hinge with l elongate ( lamellar ) lateral tooth ( posterior ) , anterior region rounded wih projetion next to umbones , deep fossete . left valve very convex , with 7\u201316 prominent radial ribs with interspaces , broader in the posterior region , that extend beyond the edge , making the crenulated margin , ribs well marked on the inner surface of the valve ; rostrum median truncate , with fine secondary ribs ( 3\u20136 ) and growth lines ; hinge without teeth , with deep fossete .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , par\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , and alagoas ) .\nremarks : cardiomya ornatissima is distinguished from other cardiomya species found in this study mainly by a smaller number of radial ribs that are well - marked on the inner surface of the valve and the presence of secondary ribs in the rostrum .\ncardiomya perrostrata ( dall , 1881 ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the right valve ; ( b ) internal view of the right valve ; ( c ) external view of the left valve ; ( d ) external view of the right valve ( cmphrm 3660a ) ; ( e ) hinge of the right valve . a\u2013c ; e ( cmphrm 3662a ) . scale bars : a\u2013e , 1 mm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of cardiomya perrostrata ( dall , 1881 ) . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm . the number in italics means the average value of the measurement\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3661a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b027\u203230\u2033n 50\u00b001\u203230\u2033w , 18 may 1971 ; cmphrm 3662a , 1 right valve and 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b053\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b017\u203200\u2033w , 14 september 1970 ; cmphrm 712a , 1 right valve , canopus , brazil , off cear\u00e1 , 3\u00b013\u2032s 38\u00b031\u2032w , june 1965 to february 1966 ; cmphrm 3657a , 10 right valves and 9 left valves , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3659a , 5 right valves and 2 left valves , brazil , pernambuco , itamarac\u00e1 island ; cmphrm 3660a , 1 left valve , akaroa , brazil , off alagoas , 9\u00b01\u20320\u2033s 34\u00b055\u20322\u2033w , 10 september 1965 .\ndescription : shell small ( 14 . 93 \u00d7 9 . 45 mm ) , with a long , narrow rostrum ( sometimes with fine lines ) . color white , inner surface shiny . subequilateral , posterior end longer , umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with 14 to 32 radial ribs alternating in size , every other one being slightly larger than the other , stronger in the posterior region . growth lines well marked in some specimens . crenulated margin . hinge in the right valve with posterior lateral teeth , with small fossete . hinge in the left valve without teeth .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north - north - east coast of brazil ( amap\u00e1 , cear\u00e1 , and alagoas ) and itamarac\u00e1 island , pernambuco ( northeast brazil ) .\nremarks : cardiomya perrostrata is distinguished from other cardiomya species found in this study mainly by radial ribs with different sizes , a long narrow rostrum , and the presence of two posterior lateral teeth in the right valve , while c . cleryana and c . ornatissima have just one lateral tooth .\nmyonera aff . paucistriata dall , 1886 ( cmphrm 3664a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 3663a , fragments , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 2\u00b006\u203230\u2033n 48\u00b024\u203200\u2033w , 23 april 1971 ; cmphrm 3664a , 1 left valve , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off par\u00e1 , 1\u00b022\u203200\u2033n 48\u00b013\u203200\u2033w , 20 april 1971 .\ndescription : valve small ( 5 . 01 \u00d7 3 . 08 mm ) , ovate , shortly rostrate ( 1 mm in lenght ) , with 2 strong keels posteriorly ( 3 ribs well marked and one secondary rib ) . outer surface white and shiny . inequilateral , umbones opisthogyrate . sculptured with radial and concentric lines that ceases just before the anterior keel . the space between and behind kells is smooth . left valve without teeth .\n) . in the present study , this species was recorded for off the north brazil ( amap\u00e1 and par\u00e1 ) .\nspecies found in brazil by ovate and shortly rostrate shell with two strong keels posteriorly .\n, but is distinguished from the latter mainly by its radial and concentric lines and a well - marked third rib . unfortunately , it was not possible to identify the specimens at a specific level due to the existence of a single left valve .\ntrigonulina ornata d\u2019orbigny , 1842 ( cmphrm 1864a ) . legends : ( a ) external view of the left valve ; ( b ) external view of the right valve ; ( c ) minute granules of outer surface in detail ; ( d ) internal view of the right ; ( e ) internal view of the left valve . scale bars : a\u2013b , 1 mm ; c , 200 \u03bcm ; d\u2013e , 1 mm\nsome morphological and morphometric data of trigonulina ornata d\u2019orbigny , 1842 . comparative data on the length and height of the valves , size of rostrum and number of ribs of the examined material . dimensions in mm\nlegend : cmphrm - a malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a , val . valve ; ( n o ) number of examined valves or ribs , r right , l left\nmaterial examined : cmphrm 1864a , three right valves and three left valves , oc . v . almirante saldanha , brazil , off amap\u00e1 , 4\u00b046\u203200\u2033n 50\u00b046\u203230\u2033w , 06 may 1971 .\ndescription : shell small ( 5 . 6 \u00d7 5 . 9 mm ) , equivalve , ovate to rounded , compressed . color white to cream , inner surface silver - white , outer surface opaque ( not shiny ) . umbones subcentral , turned to the anterior region ; deep lunule . ligament long . outer surface with minute granules . 3 / 4 of the anterior surface of the valve sculptured with 10 to 13 curved , deep radial ribs . posterior region without lines . anteroventral margin crenulated by the strong ribs . hinge in the right valve with small cardinal teeth , below umbones . hinge in the left valve without teeth .\ngeographic distribution : atlantic ocean : bermuda , massachusetts to florida , caribbean , guyane , surinam , brazil ( amap\u00e1 to rio grande do sul ) and sta . helena island ( rios\n) , based on the presence of a series of prominent radial ribs and the crenulation of the posteroventral margin . according to oliveira (\nalthough several studies have been carried out in brazil with the families poromyidae , cuspidariidae , and verticordiidae in the last few years ( e . g . ( oliveira\n) ) the knowledge about these families is still far from complete , as shown by the new records done in this study . the present study shows the possibility of two new species of septibranchs to brazil . however , it was not possible to reach conclusive identifications due to the scarce materials ( one valve of each species ) and its poor preservation .\nthis study provide new knowledge about septibranchia on the brazilian coast , reducing the gaps in the geographic distribution and extending the distribution limits of some species with new records . new collections probably will discover new records of poromyidae , cuspidariidae , and verticordiidae in the region .\n) . the studied material was deposited in the malacological collection \u201cprof . henry ramos matthews\u201d - series a ( cmphrm - a ) of universidade federal do cear\u00e1 ( ufc ) , brazil .\nspecies identification was performed with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope and specialized taxonomic literature . the examined material consists only of empty shells . all unbroken specimens were measured in total length , height , and size of the rostrum ( for members of the cuspidariidae ) with a digital caliper ( precision 0 . 01 mm ) . species with more than one well - preserved shell were photographed under a scanning electron microscope ( sem ) at the museu nacional , rio de janeiro , brazil .\nthe above specimens were used to prepare a dichotomous identification key and redescription of each species .\nthe lists of examined material contain the register number in the cmphrm - a , the number of examined valves , the collector , the country , the state , the geographic coordinates , and the collection date .\nthe authors thank paul valentich - scott , natalia pereira benain and one anonymous referee for valuable comments on the manuscript . the authors wish to also thank jo\u00e3o eduardo pereira de freitas for the photographs used in this study .\ncxb , ss and sgr participated in the acquisition , analysis and interpretation of data . cxb drafted the manuscript . hmc conceived of the study , and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nabbott rt . american seashells - the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . new york : van nostrand ; 1974 .\nabsal\u00e3o rs , oliveira cdc . the genus cuspidaria ( pelecypoda : septibranchia : cuspidariidae ) from the deep sea of campos basin , brazil , with descriptions of two new species . malacologia . 2011 ; 54 : 119\u201338 .\nallen ja , morgan re . the functional morphology of atlantic deep water species of the families cuspidariidae and poromyidae ( bivalvia ) : an analysis of the evolution of the septibranch condition . philos trans r soc lond . 1981 ; 294 : 413\u2013546 .\nbieler r , carter jg , coan ev . classification of bivalve families . in : bouchet p , rocroi jp , editors . nomenclator of bivalve families , malacologia , vol . 52 . 2010 . p . 113\u201333 .\nbieler r , mikkelsen pm , collins tm , glover ea , gonz\u00e1lez vl , graf dl , et al . investigating the bivalve tree of life \u2013 an exemplar - based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters . invertebr syst . 2014 ; 28 : 32\u2013115 .\ncoan ev , valentich - scott p . bivalve seashells of tropical west america : marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . santa barbara : santa barbara museum of natural history ; 2012 .\ncoan ev , valentich - scott p , bernard fr . bivalve seashells of western north america : marine bivalve mollusks from arctic alaska to baja california . santa barbara : santa barbara museum of natural history monographs 2 ; 2000 .\ncorrea - sandoval a , rodr\u00edguez - castro jh . zoogeograf\u00eda de los bivalvos marinos de la costa de tamaulipas , m\u00e9xico . rev biol mar oceanogr . 2013 ; 48 : 565\u201384 .\ndall wh . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877\u201378 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer \u201cblake\u201d , lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv - preliminary report on the mollusca . bull mus comp zool . 1881 ; 9 : 33\u2013144 .\ndall wh . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877\u201378 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879\u201380 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer \u2018blake\u2019 , lient . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix - report on the molluscs part i , brachiopoda and pelecypoda . bull mus comp zool . 1886 ; 12 : 171\u2013318 .\nharper em , dreyer h , steiner g . reconstructing the anomalodesmata ( mollusca : bivalvia ) : morphology and molecules . zool j linnean soc . 2006 ; 148 : 395\u2013420 .\njanssen r , krylova em . deep - sea fauna of european seas : an annotated species check - list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering europe . bivalvia invert zool . 2014 ; 11 : 43\u201382 .\nkrylova em . new taxa and the system of recent representatives of the family poromyidae ( bivalvia , septibranchia , poromyoidea ) . ruthenica . 1997 ; 7 : 141\u20138 .\nlamy d , martin d , romano c , pititto f , mura mp , gil j , et al . compl\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019inventaire des mollusques de guyane . xenophora . 2014 ; 148 : 8\u201319 .\nleal jh . a remarkable new genus of carnivorous , sessile bivalves ( mollusca : anomalodesmata : poromyidae ) with descriptions of two new species . zootaxa . 1764 ; 2008 : 1\u201318 .\noliveira cdc . considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a taxonomia de septibranchia ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) e o estado da arte do conhecimento do grupo no brasil . sicardia . 2012 ; 2012 : 1\u201312 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . primeiro registro de mendicula ferruginosa , kelliella atlantica e lyonsiella subquadrata ( mollusca , pelecypoda ) para \u00e1guas brasileiras . biociencias . 2007 ; 15 : 63\u20137 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . the genera myonera , octoporia , and protocuspidaria ( pelecypoda , cuspidariidae ) from deep waters of campos basin , rio de janeiro , brazil with descriptions of two new species . am malacol bull . 2009 ; 27 : 141\u201356 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . review of the septibranchia ( pelecypoda : mollusca ) from deep sea of campos basin , brazil : family verticordiidae , with description of a new species . j mar biol assoc uk . 2010a ; 90 : 809\u201317 .\noliveira cdc , absal\u00e3o rs . review of the septibranchia ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) from the deep sea of campos basin , brazil : family lyonsiellidae , with description of a new species . science . 2010b ; 74 : 305\u201316 .\noliveira cdc , sartori af . discovery and anatomy of the arenophilic system of cuspidariid clams ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata ) . j morphol . 2014 ; 275 : 9\u201316 ."]}
{"id": 35, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha oleariae is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hudson in 1928 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand , where it has been recorded from the central part of the north island south to stewart island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are grey with darker markings .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the foliage of olearia species , including olearia solandri from within a portable case .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine and erode the leaves . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "thiotricha oleariae", "paragraphs": ["oleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 36, "summary": [{"text": "the manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "manus monarch", "paragraphs": ["the manus monarch was originally placed in the genus monarcha until moved to symposiachrus in 2009 . alternate names include the admiralty islands monarch , admiralty monarch , admiralty pied monarch , somber monarch and unhappy monarch .\nmanus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the monarchidae family .\nthe manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae . it is endemic to the admiralty islands of papua new guinea .\nfile : black - naped monarch ( hypothymis puella puella ) female on nest . jpg\nfemale pale - blue monarch on a nest constructed on a fork in a tree .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . restricted - range species : present in admiralty islands eba . scarce or locally common . fairly common on manus , . . .\neiao monarch , pomarea fluxa \u2013 extinct ( late 1970s ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nnuku hiva monarch , pomarea nukuhivae \u2013 extinct ( 20th century ) . formerly included in p . iphis\nua pou monarch , pomarea mira \u2013 extinct ( c . 1986 ) . formerly included in p . mendozae\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . manus monarch ( symposiachrus infelix ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nthe monarch flycatchers ( monarchidae ) comprise a family of passerine birds which includes boatbills , shrikebills , paradise - flycatchers , and magpie - larks .\nall monarch - flycatchers are arboreal and insectivorous . they forage by gleaning and snatching arthropods from vegetation or , in true flycatcher fashion , they sally after flying insects . monarchids are typically . . .\n14\u00b75\u201315 cm . a small to medium - sized pied monarch with white tail , thin and narrow bill . nominate race has black face , forehead and forecrown to side of neck , bluish - . . .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nthe nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is a open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nmonarch - flycatchers may be uncommon or abundant , depending on the species and its requirements , and on environmental factors . near armidale , in south - eastern australia , the population density of leaden flycatchers . . .\nmonarch - flycatchers are predominantly birds of the old world tropics , where they are found in sub - saharan africa , madagascar , southern asia , wallacea and australasia and on islands in the indian and pacific . . .\nlist of species of the monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .\nthe monarch - flycatcher family , as presently defined , is a diverse group of small , slim - bodied , generally active arboreal birds , many of which are handsomely plumaged . its members range in size from the warbler - like . . .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders .\nmore recently , the grouping has been refined somewhat as the original concept of corvida has proven paraphyletic . the narrower ' core corvine ' group now comprises the crows and ravens , shrikes , birds of paradise , fantails , monarch flycatchers , drongos and mudnest builders . [ 8 ]\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nthe majority of the family is found in forest and woodland habitats . species that live in more open woodlands tend to live in the higher levels of the trees but , in denser forest , live in the middle and lower levels . other habitats used by monarch flycatchers include savannah and mangroves , and the terrestrial magpie - lark occurs in most australian habitats except the driest deserts .\nwhile the majority of monarch flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\nthe monarch - flycatchers are generally monogamous , with the pair bonds ranging from just a single season ( as in the african paradise - flycatcher ) to life ( the elepaio ) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally territorial , defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example leaden flycatchers nests may be located near the nests of the aggressive noisy friarbird . [ 4 ] the nests are in turn often aggressively defended by monarch flycatchers . in all species the nest is an open cup on a branch , fork or twig . in some species the nests can be highly conspicuous .\nwhile the majority of monarch - flycatchers are resident , a few species are partially migratory and one , the satin flycatcher , is fully migratory , although the japanese paradise - flycatcher is almost entirely migratory . the asian paradise - flycatcher is migratory over the northern parts of its range and sedentary in the tropics , and the african paradise - flycatcher makes a series of poorly understood intra - african migratory movements .\ncoates , b . , dutson , g . & filardi , c . ( 2018 ) . monarch - flycatchers ( monarchidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe monarch flycatchers have a mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nthe monarch flycatchers have an mostly old world distribution . in the western end of their range they are distributed through sub - saharan africa , madagascar and the islands of the tropical indian ocean . they also occur in south and southeastern asia , north to japan , down to new guinea and most of australia . the family has managed to reach many pacific islands , and several endemic genera occur across micronesia , melanesia and polynesia as far as hawaii and the marquesas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1\nioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1\nioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4\nioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1\nioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4\nioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3\nioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2\nioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1\nioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4\nioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3\nioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2\nioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1\nioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5\nioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4\nioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3\nioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2\nioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1\ngill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nrace coultasi distinctive , with white rump and most of uppertail ( 3 ) , reduced white on wing - coverts ( 1 ) and tendency to form complete white collar ( 1 ) ; further study needed . two subspecies recognized .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nsong a series of high - pitched whistles ; long , low whistle and harsh chattering or grating scolding . . .\nno information on diet . usually solitary or in pairs . forages at lower to middle levels in forest trees . forages with tumbling flycatching . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in monarcha , but genetic studies # r # r indicate that such treatment renders monarcha polyphyletic , so separate genera required # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species is classified as near threatened because it is thought to have a moderately small population which is likely to be declining owing to ongoing logging activities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : symposiachrus infelix . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 585 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nenglish french online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccording to some authors , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\nmonarque triste : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nselon certains auteurs , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nfollowing the taxonomy applied to hbw alive , derived from the recently published hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , this family now contains species that were formerly considered to comprise the family mudlarks ( grallinidae ) . see link for information on this group .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsmall to medium - sized passerines with broad - based , often deeply compressed bill , usually slender legs with strongly curved claws , some species with greatly elongated central rectrices ; plumage variable , from modest to brightly coloured , often with rufous , grey , white or black , some species glossy blue .\nthe broad flat bill , the stiff bristles around the nares , and a general similarity in hunting behaviour led early ornithologists to group the world\u2019s numerous \u201cflycatcher\u201d radiations together . with more detailed morphological studies and , later , molecular analyses , these gross similarities . . .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now .\nmonarchids of both sexes are vocal birds , although , in the case of many sexually dimorphic species , songs are given only by the male . generally , the songs are whistled and the calls are harsh or raspy , . . .\nthe diet of all monarchids that have been sufficiently well studied consists predominantly of insects and small spiders ( araneae ) . this is likely to be true for the family as a whole , although the food . . .\nthe breeding habits of about one third of the species in the family are well known or moderately well known . for the remainder , however , little or , in some cases , no information is available . the nests and / or eggs of some 30 of the family\u2019s 97 species are still undescribed .\nthe majority of the monarchidae are residents or sedentary tropical species , but eight species are migratory or partly migratory . typically , migratory species , including the japanese paradise - flycatcher and the . . .\nlargely as a result of their small size , their forest habitats and their unremarkable calls , monarchs have a very limited relationship with humans . the paradise - flycatchers are visually the most spectacular members . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to access to a lot of extra features !\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nmonarchids are small insectivorous songbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen . [ 1 ]\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nwith the new insights generated by the dna - dna hybridisation studies of sibley and his co - workers toward the end of the 20th century , however , it became clear that these apparently unrelated birds were all descended from a common ancestor : the same crow - like ancestor that gave rise to the drongos . [ 5 ] on that basis they have been included as a subfamily of the dicruridae , along with the fantails , [ 6 ] although christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae . [ 7 ]\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\nfile : asian paradise flycatcher ( terpsiphone paradisi ) - male w img 9283 . jpg\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n.\nsibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) .\nthis article is part of project bird families , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird family , including made - up families .\nthis article is part of project bird taxonomy , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on every order , family and other taxonomic rank related to birds .\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ) . please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsongbirds with long tails . they inhabit forest or woodland across sub - saharan africa , south - east asia , australasia and a number of pacific islands . only a few species migrate . many species decorate their cup - shaped nests with lichen .\n) . only three species are known to engage in cooperative breeding ; but many species are as yet unstudied . they are generally\nmany of the approximately 140 species making up the family were previously assigned to other groups , largely on the basis of general morphology or behaviour . the magpie - lark , for example , was assigned to the same family as the white - winged chough , since both build unusual nests from mud rather than vegetable matter . the australasian fantails were thought to be allied with the fantails of the northern hemisphere ( they have a similar diet and behaviour ) , and so on .\nalthough christidis and boles have more recently treated it at familial rank as monarchidae .\nthe monarchs are small to medium - sized insectivorous passerines , many of which hunt by flycatching .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph , ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) .\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) .\nontogeny of male plumage dichromatism in madagascar paradise flycatchers terpsiphone mutata\n. journal of avian biology 33 ( 4 ) : 342\u2013348 . doi : 10 . 1034 / j . 1600 - 048x . 2002 . 02888 . x .\nmarchant , s ( 1983 ) .\nsuggested nesting association between leaden flycatchers and noisy friarbirds\n. emu 83 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013122 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mu9830119 .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis , l . ; boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . p . 174 . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 06511 - 6 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0 - 19 - 517234 - 5 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; christie , d . , eds . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world , volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . barcelona : lynx edicions . isbn 84 - 96553 - 06 - x .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe satin flycatcher is fully migratory , breeding in southern australia and migrating to northern australia and new guinea .\n, defending territories that are around 2 ha in size , but a few species may cluster their nesting sites closely together . nesting sites may also be chosen close to aggressive species , for example\nasian paradise flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi male at ananthagiri hills , in rangareddy district of andhra pradesh , india .\ngarnett , stephen ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph . ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 200\u2013201 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .\nduston , guy ( 2006 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nthe pacific shrikebills ( clytorhynchus ) and the case for species status for the form sanctaecrucis\n] ( pdf ) . bulletin of the british ornithological club 126 ( 4 ) : 299\u2013308 .\nmulder , raoul ; robert ramiarison and rayonn\u00e9 e . emahalala ( 2003 ) . [\n^ sibley , charles gald & ahlquist , jon edward ( 1990 ) : phylogeny and classification of birds . yale university press , new haven , conn .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : raou .\nchristidis l , boles we ( 2008 ) . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . canberra : csiro publishing . pp . 174 . isbn 9780643065116 .\ncracraft j , barker fk , braun m , harshman j , dyke gj , feinstein j , stanley s , cibois a , schikler p , beresford p , garc\u00eda - moreno j , sorenson md , yuri t , mindell dp ( 2004 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships among modern birds ( neornithes ) : toward an avian tree of life\n. in cracraft j , donoghue mj . assembling the tree of life . new york : oxford univ . press . pp . 468\u201389 . isbn 0195172345 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & christie d . ( editors ) . ( 2006 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions . isbn 849655306x .\nune fen\u00eatre ( pop - into ) d ' information ( contenu principal de sensagent ) est invoqu\u00e9e un double - clic sur n ' importe quel mot de votre page web . la fen\u00eatre fournit des explications et des traductions contextuelles , c ' est - \u00e0 - dire sans obliger votre visiteur \u00e0 quitter votre page web !\nles jeux de lettre fran\u00e7ais sont : \u25cb anagrammes \u25cb jokers , mots - crois\u00e9s \u25cb lettris \u25cb boggle .\nlettris est un jeu de lettres gravitationnelles proche de tetris . chaque lettre qui appara\u00eet descend ; il faut placer les lettres de telle mani\u00e8re que des mots se forment ( gauche , droit , haut et bas ) et que de la place soit lib\u00e9r\u00e9e .\nil s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent \u00eatre adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer\nla plupart des d\u00e9finitions du fran\u00e7ais sont propos\u00e9es par sensegates et comportent un approfondissement avec littr\u00e9 et plusieurs auteurs techniques sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s . le dictionnaire des synonymes est surtout d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du dictionnaire int\u00e9gral ( tid ) . l ' encyclop\u00e9die fran\u00e7aise b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie de la licence wikipedia ( gnu ) .\nles jeux de lettres anagramme , mot - crois\u00e9 , joker , lettris et boggle sont propos\u00e9s par memodata . le service web alexandria est motoris\u00e9 par memodata pour faciliter les recherches sur ebay .\nchanger la langue cible pour obtenir des traductions . astuce : parcourir les champs s\u00e9mantiques du dictionnaire analogique en plusieurs langues pour mieux apprendre avec sensagent .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2016 sensagent : encyclop\u00e9die en ligne , thesaurus , dictionnaire de d\u00e9finitions et plus . tous droits r\u00e9serv\u00e9s .\nles cookies nous aident \u00e0 fournir les services . en poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l ' utilisation de ces cookies . en savoir plus\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 907 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 695 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps . you can also have your visited countries map on your site . if you see this message , you need to upgrade your flash player ."]}
{"id": 38, "summary": [{"text": "the large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the darwin 's finch group of the tanager family thraupidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to the galapagos islands .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "large tree finch", "paragraphs": ["large tree finch ( camarhynchus psittacula ) is a species of bird in the thraupidae family .\nprotection / threats / status : the large tree - finch is common within its range , and its populations appear to be stable . this species is not currently threatened .\nthe large tree - finch is the largest and heaviest bodied of the three tree - finch species , imaginatively named the large , medium and small tree - finches . large tree - finches have a big and deep bill with a strongly arched culmen , being approximately as long as it is deep . the fine tips of the mandibles actually cross a feature that is difficult to see on live birds . males show a dark hood , greenish back and whitish underparts . this species is found in a number of the islands in the galapagos archipelago , and in many it is sympatric with the small tree - finch ( c . parvulus ) . it is never as common as the small tree - finch and it is found in areas with taller and larger trees .\nhabitat : the large tree - finch frequents mainly humid evergreen forest between 300 and 700 metres of elevation . however , during the dry season , it may move to lower areas with deciduous trees , shrubs and opuntia cacti .\nthe breeding season is associated with rains , involving abundant food resources . the large tree - finch is monogamous and the pair defends a small territory . they often have long - term pair - bonds . the male is territorial and guards the female during the egg - laying .\nintroduction : the large tree - finch is the largest of the genus camarhynchus . this is mainly an arboreal species and an insect - eater . both scientific and french names could illustrate the repetitive song of this species , but also its strongly arched bill a bit similar to that of a parrot .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the large tree - finch\u2019s call is a nasal \u201ctzeeuu\u201d . the song is a series of repeated notes \u201cchu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee\u201d . this song can be given by both mates . like in other darwin\u2019s finches , the song includes various trills and buzzes .\nconservation and research actions underway no actions are currently known . conservation and research actions proposed implement a full - scale monitoring programme across the gal\u00e1pagos islands . ensure that management activities to control invasive alien plant species do not have a negative impact on large tree - finch . investigate drivers behind observed declines and assess the impact of philornis downsi on the population . protect and enhance existing habitat .\nbehaviour in the wild : the large tree - finch feeds primarily on arthropods , but it also takes cactus fruits and other fruits , flowers and seeds . during the nesting season , the chicks are fed with a mixed diet including arthropods , fruits and seeds . outside the breeding season , it feeds mainly on seeds according to the size of its bill . it forages in trees , probing and biting into the bark of twigs , in order to extract insects and larvae , but also caterpillars .\nidentification : the largest of the tree finches with a large , rather parrot - like bill , the tips of the mandibles crossing . adult male : head , neck , breast and mantle black when fully mature , the remainder of the upperparts being olive - grey with some dark streaking . underparts pale , often with a yellow tinge . female / immature : upperparts olive - grown with faint streaking . underparts paler and virtually unstreaked .\n13 cm , largest tree - finch . deep bill , approximately as long as it is deep . mandible tips cross slightly when bill closed . male has upperparts greyish - olive and whitish below , with blackish hood . female is dull greyish brown ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) . voice song a repeated series of 4 - 6 notes given in pairs\nchu - tzee chu - tzee chut - zee\n. call includes a nasal\ntzeeuu\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , fisher , s . , harding , m . , sharpe , c . j .\njustification : this species has been uplisted to vulnerable . the species has declined significantly on the island of santa cruz and is likely to also be declining on other islands within its range , owing to habitat loss and degradation .\nthis species is endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos islands , ( ecuador ) , with breeding populations on isabela , santa cruz , santa f\u00e9 , fernandina , santiago , marchena , pinta and r\u00e1bida ( castro and phillips 1996 , stotz et al . 1996 ) . it is extinct on pinz\u00f3n ( castro and phillips 1996 ) and thought to be extinct on floreana ( kleindorfer et al . 2014 , jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' in at least parts of its range ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on the island of santa cruz its population has been estimated at 9 , 000 singing males ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . however no data exists for the islands of isabela and santiago . trend justification : the population is suspected to be decreasing rapidly . on the island of santa cruz , the species reportedly declined significantly in the dry zone between 1997 and 2010 , but not in the scalesia zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . habitat alteration , introduced pathogens and parasites and changes in insect availability may have contributed to declines . on the islands of isabela and santiago , where native forest has also been degraded ( by introduced herbivores ) population declines are also suspected ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) .\nthis species inhabits lowland deciduous and montane evergreen forest , between 300 and 700 m altitude ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . on santa cruz in the dry zone it is restricted to areas with tall palo santo bursera graveolens trees , it is also found in the scalesia zone and locally in the agricultural zone ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . it feeds on the fruits of native plant species , and on insects for which it forages under leaves and excavates dead branches ( castro and phillips 1996 ) . it may move to lower elevations during the dry season ( jaramillo and sharpe 2015 ) .\nthe species is likely to be affected by a number of threats . development , introduced herbivores , the spread of invasive alien plant species and the herbicides used to manage these invasions may all have contributed to unfavourable habitat conditions for the species on santa cruz ( dvorak et al . 2012 ) . the introduced parasitic fly philornis downsi is known to have a negative impact on nesting success in gal\u00e1pagos finches and the species may be susceptible to avian pox . severe weather and changes in rainfall patterns owing to climate change also pose a threat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe adult male of the nominate race has greyish - olive upperparts with blackish feather centres . the tail is short . the underparts are whitish with yellowish - buff wash . lower breast and flanks are streaked dark . the undertail - coverts are buffy - white and unstreaked . the head is dark , forming a blackish hood extending down to throat and breast . the deep , relatively long bill has strongly arched culmen . it is black when breeding , and dull orange with dark culmen outside the breeding season . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are black .\nthe female has duller greyish - brown upperparts . the upperwing is brownish with two narrow pale wingbars . the underparts are whitish with indistinct dark streaking on breast , variable according to each bird . from belly to undertail - coverts , the plumage is plain pale buff . the head is greyish - brown with pale supercilium . the bill is dull orange with darker culmen . the eyes are dark . legs and feet are blackish .\nthe immature male resembles female , with blackish forehead , face and lower throat .\nsubspecies and range : there are three subspecies . c . p . habeli occurs on pinta and marchena islands , in n galapagos islands . this race is smaller than nominate . the male is darker too . the bill is longer , with less arched culmen .\nc . p . affinis is found on fernandina and isabela islands , in w galapagos islands . this one is smaller than nominate , with smaller bill too .\nc . p . psittacula ( here described and displayed ) occurs on santiago , r\u00e1bida , santa cruz , santa fe and floreana , in c and s galapagos islands .\nthis species is resident in its range , only performing some altitudinal movements during the dry season .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs during the wet period . the male builds the nest , a spherical structure with lateral entrance towards the top . the nest is made with dry grasses , moss and lichen .\nthe female lays 4 whitish eggs with darker spots . she incubates alone during 12 days . the chicks are fed by both parents . they fledge about 13 - 15 days after hatching .\ndarwin finches , or galapagos finches , are small land birds with generally dull black , brown or olive , often streaky , plumage ; short tails ; and short , rounded wings . their bills vary greatly in size and shape ( a fact which was instrumental in inspiring charles darwin\u2019s thinking in relation to the theory of evolution \u2013 and hence the name given to this fascinating group of species ) .\nare you sure you want to leave this form and resume later ? if so , please enter a password below to securely save your form .\nthere was an error displaying the form . please copy and paste the embed code again .\nthere was an error initializing the payment processor on this form . please contact the form owner to correct this issue .\nnote : quasar expeditions is committed to ensuring your privacy as a visitor . we do not sell or rent emails or phone numbers provided . read our complete privacy policy .\nchat live with a travel expert and get your questions answered right away . mon - fri 9am - 6 : 30pm pst\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ncamarhynchus psittacula psittacula : galapagos islands ( seymour , barrington , santa cruz , floreana , pinz\u00f3n , r\u00e1bida , santiago is . )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 442 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
{"id": 39, "summary": [{"text": "idiosoma nigrum , also called black rugose trapdoor spider , occurs only in south-western australia , in dry woodlands east of the darling scarp and north to moore river .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "females can reach a length of about 30 mm , males about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "i. nigrum digs burrows up to 32 cm deep . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "idiosoma nigrum", "paragraphs": ["ecologia environment ( 2013 ) . blue hills idiosoma nigrum targeted survey 2012 . sinosteel midwest corporation . urltoken\necologia environment ( 2010a ) . weld range idiosoma nigrum population genetic study . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .\nidiosoma nigrum main , 1952 : 133 , pl . i , f . 2 - 5 , f . 2c ( d f ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1957a : 439 , f . 2g - h , 9d , 14b , 24b ( d m ) . idiosoma nigrum main , 1985a : 13 , f . 23 , 27 , 215 ( m f ) . idiosoma nigrum rix et al . , 2018b : 18 , f . 1 - 3 , 26 - 56 ( m f ) .\nshield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan ( avon catchment council ( acc ) , 2007 ) [ state species management plan ] .\necologia environment ( 2009a ) . shield - back spider idiosoma nigrum survey . weld range iron ore project . sinosteel midwest corporation . available from : urltoken .\ngray , m . ( 2014 ) . idiosoma nigrum ( family idiopidae ) . species bank . australian biological resources study , canberra . available from : urltoken .\nanonymous ( 2010 ) . idiosoma nigrum . form to nominate a western australian species for listing as threatened , change of category or delisting . available from : urltoken .\navon catchment council ( acc ) ( 2007 ) . shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) conservation plan . avon catchment council , western australia . available from : urltoken .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . idiosoma nigrum in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 15 : 41 + 1000 .\nmain , b . y . ( 2003 ) . demography of the shield - back trapdoor spider idiosoma nigrum main in remnant vegetation of the western australian wheatbelt . records of the south australian museum , monograph series . 7 : 179 - 185 .\nthe closest relatives to the shield - backed trapdoor spider are idiosoma sigillatum and idiosoma hirsutum , both of which lack the hardened shield on the abdomen ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin synonymy : idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 = idiosoma sigillatum ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1870 ) ( rix et al . , 2017a : 593 ) . idiosoma pulleinei ( hogg , 1902 ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1957a : 428 , sub aganippe ) . idiosoma schomburgki ( karsch , 1878 , t from idiommata ) = idiosoma subtriste ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) ( main , 1985a : 12 , sub aganippe ; placed by raven , 1985a : 161 in misgolas ) .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2013cb ) . commonwealth listing advice on idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back trapdoor spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013g ) . approved conservation advice for idiosoma nigrum ( shield - back spider ) . canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .\nidiops sigillatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1870c : 105 , pl . 8 , f . 1 ( d m ) . idiosoma sigillatum ausserer , 1871a : 150 . acanthodon sigillatum simon , 1892a : 91 . idiosoma sigillatum pocock , 1897a : 109 ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1053 ( f ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1952 : 132 , f . 2b ( d f ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1952 : 131 , f . 1a - c , 2a ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1957a : 440 , f . 15a - b ( considered a possible hybrid of i . sigillatum x aganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1964 : 32 , f . a - d , f ( m ) . idiosoma hirsutum main , 1985a : 54 ( considered a valid species ) . idiosoma sigillatum main , 1985a : 14 , f . 26 , 190 , 216 ( m f ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2017a : 593 , f . 83 - 84 , 87 , 91 , 93 , 97 ( m , s of i . hirsutum ) . idiosoma sigillatum rix et al . , 2018b : 64 , f . 4 - 6 , 351 - 372 ( m f ) .\nin synonymy : aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 ) anidiops pocock , 1897 = idiosoma ausserer , 1871 ( rix et al . , 2017a : 590 )\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider ( idiosoma nigrum ) belongs to the suborder mygalomorphae , commonly known as \u201ctrapdoor\u201d and \u201cfunnel - web\u201d spiders . they are primarily terrestrial burrowing spiders which occasionally make tubular silk nests on tree trunks . mygalomorphs are able to persist in small isolated areas due to their low dispersion powers , long life cycle and sedentary life style ( main , 1987a ) .\nidiosoma gardneri rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 38 , f . 167 - 179 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma gutharuka rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 39 , f . 180 - 192 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma incomptum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 41 , f . 193 - 205 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma kwongan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 53 , f . 272 - 284 ( d m ) .\nidiosoma clypeatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 25 , f . 79 - 100 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma corrugatum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 30 , f . 101 - 122 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma dandaragan rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 32 , f . 132 - 144 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma formosum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 35 , f . 145 - 166 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma intermedium rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 43 , f . 206 - 227 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma mcnamarai rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 57 , f . 307 - 328 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma jarrah rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 46 , f . 7 , 228 - 249 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma kopejtkaorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 50 , f . 9 , 250 - 271 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma mcclementsorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 55 , f . 8 , 285 - 306 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma schoknechtorum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 60 , f . 10 , 329 - 350 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma arenaceum rix & harvey , in rix et al . , 2018b : 23 , f . 11 - 12 , 57 - 78 ( d m f ) .\nidiosoma galeosomoides rix , main , raven & harvey , in rix et al . , 2017a : 599 , f . 99 , 116 - 128 ( d f ) .\naganippe winsori faulder , 1985 : 89 , f . 9a - c ( d m ) . idiosoma winsori rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe cupulifex main , 1957a : 436 , f . 7f , 9b , 12a , 13c ( d m f ) . idiosoma cupulifex rix et al . , 2017a : 599 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe castellum main , 1986b : 101 , f . 2 , 4a - h ( d m f ) . idiosoma castellum rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 89 , 92 , 95 ( m , t from aganippe ) .\naganippe montanus faulder , 1985 : 85 , f . 5a - c , 6a - c , 7a - c , 8a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma montanum rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe planites faulder , 1985 : 91 , f . 10a - c , 11a - c , 12a - c , 13a - b ( d m f ) . idiosoma planites rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe occidentalis hogg , 1903b : 309 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . aganippe occidentalis main , 1957a : 414 , f . 11b ( m , d f ) . idiosoma occidentale rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\nnomina dubia : idiosoma modestum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 98 , pl . 21 , f . 47 - 48 , f , australia ( south australia ) , originally in aganippe ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000633 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma pelochroa ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 100 , pl . 21 , f . 51 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000636 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma robustum ( rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 97 , pl . 21 , f . 45 - 46 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000639 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma simpsoni ( hickman , 1944a : 22 , f . 7 - 10 , f , originally in aganippe , australia ( south australia ) ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000640 ] - - rix et al . , 2017a : 592 . idiosoma whitei ( rainbow , 1915 : 774 , pl . 67 , f . 1 - 2 , f , originally in aganippe , australia [ south australia ] ) - - rix et al . , 2017a : 590 , contra main , 1957a : 426 , sub anidiops .\naganippe smeatoni hogg , 1902 : 126 , f . 23 , pl . 13 , f . 7 ( d m ) . aganippe smeatoni simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1054 - 1055 ( m ) . aganippe smeatoni main , 1957a : 429 , f . 11a ( m , d f ) . idiosoma smeatoni rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\naganippe berlandi rainbow , 1914a : 199 , f . 9 - 13 ( d m ) . aganippe berlandi faulder , 1985 : 83 , f . 1a - c , 2a - c , 3a - c , 4a - b ( m , d f ) . aganippe berlandi main , 1985a : 51 ( not a junior synonym of a . smeatoni hogg , 1902 ) . idiosoma berlandi rix et al . , 2017a : 594 , f . 96 ( m , t from aganippe ) .\naganippe rhaphiduca rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 93 , pl . 21 , f . 38 - 42 ( d m f ) . aganippe raphiduca main , 1957a : 433 , f . 2e - f , 7d , 12b - c , 13d , 26a - g , 27a - c ( m ) [ 13a - b is eucanippe nemestrina per rix et al . , 2018 : 153 ] . aganippe raphiduca main , 1964 : 34 , f . e - h ( m ) . idiosoma rhaphiduca rix et al . , 2017a : 571 ( t from aganippe ) .\nanidiops manstridgei pocock , 1897a : 114 ( d f ) . anidiops manstridgei simon , 1903a : 903 , f . 1052 . anidiops manstridgei rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 101 , pl . 21 , f . 52 - 54 ( f ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1957a : 426 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a , 10a - c ( m , s ) . anidiops manstridgei main , 1985a : 16 , f . 20 - 21 , 192 ( f ) . idiosoma manstridgei rix et al . , 2017a : 600 , f . 132 - 144 ( m , t from anidiops ) .\naganippe subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877c : 28 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . idiommata schomburgki karsch , 1878c : 820 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1892a : 106 , f . 104 . aganippe pulleinei hogg , 1902 : 128 , f . 24 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4 ( d m f ) . aganippe subtristis simon , 1903a : 901 , f . 1050 . aganippe subtristis rainbow & pulleine , 1918 : 91 , pl . 21 , f . 32 , 35 - 37 ( d m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1957a : 428 , f . 7c ( m , s ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1964 : 34 , f . a - d ( m ) . aganippe subtristis main , 1985a : 12 , f . 13 , 15 - 18 , 24 - 25 , 188 - 189 ( m f , s ) . idiosoma subtriste rix et al . , 2017a : 601 ( t from aganippe ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2013 ) .\n. canberra : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from :\nrecovery plan not required , the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats ( 26 / 04 / 2013 ) .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthere is currently some discussion about whether the species found in the rangelands of the midwest region is the same as that found in the wheatbelt and the coastal regions of the midwest . there appears to be some taxonomic differences in the male morphology ( framenau pers . comm . cited in anonymous 2010 ) and these are currently being investigated ( anonymous 2010 ) . there are only two significant populations in the wheatbelt , east yorkrakine and minnivale , and these would be particularly important if the species is polyphyletic ( i . e . if it has a northern and southern species ) ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is dark brown to black , large ( females up to 30 mm in body length ) and with a distinctive thick and hard cuticle on the abdomen . the end of the abdomen is flattened into a shield and the sides are deeply corrugated . the burrows always have a lightweight , leaf litter and silk door , with leaf and twig trip - lines fanning out from the centre of the front of the burrow rim ( gray 2014 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is endemic to semi - arid south - west western australia ( wa ) . it occurs in a number of severely fragmented populations in the central and northern wheatbelt ( e . g . minnivale and east yorkrakine ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in tssc 2013ca ) . further north , the species occurs in more arid areas in the midwest ( e . g . large isolated ranges at jack hills ( tssc 2013ca ) , weld range ( ecologia environment 2009a ) and blue hills ( ecologia environment 2013 ) ) and coastal areas of the midwest ( e . g . zuytdorp station north of the murchison river and nanga station south of shark bay ) ( main et al . 2000 cited in anonymous 2010 ) . the arid midwest populations are naturally fragmented or isolated because they persist only on ranges , but the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are all severely fragmented as a result of land clearing ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe avon catchment council ( 2007 ) includes a number of eastern records ( e . g . at westonia in 2007 ) that are not reported elsewhere ( e . g . tssc 2013cb ) . post - 1980 , verified records only extend as far east into the wheatbelt as durokoppin and trayning ( ala 2014 ) .\nin 2010 , there were around 6100 burrows databased , although some of these would have been inactive or burrows of juveniles . the overwhelming majority ( around 5400 ) of these are from midwest ranges and were recorded as part of the environmental impact assessment process . many wheatbelt records , outside of the main populations at minnivale and east yorkrakine , were recorded decades ago and many of these are likely to be extinct ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe species extent of occurrence is approximately 21 000 km\u00b2 . it is highly likely that the species occurs throughout much of the midwest region in association with large ranges with deep gullies and possibly with breakaways ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe species occurs in three areas at weld range ( weld range north , weld range south and hampton hill ) over an area of 15 km . in one study , the mean number of burrows per hectare in the area ranged between 11 . 3 - 43 . 9 ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . genetic studies indicated a strong population subdivision between weld range north and weld range south ( ecologia environment 2010a ) . the collections at weld range extended the species distribution by approximately 200 km further north , into more arid areas ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nat blue hills , one study showed the mean number of burrows per hectare of 4 . 08 in an area of 13 ha ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .\nsurvey work has been carried out at minnivale and east yorkrakine nature reserves , karara , weld range and jack hills mining leases and , more recently , on likely conservation areas and department of environment and conservation managed lands through the northern wheatbelt and the southern / central midwest ( anonymous 2010 ) . these surveys did not detect the species in much of the northern wheatbelt and southern midwest . these surveys demonstrated that there are unlikely to be any populations in the interior of the wheatbelt and midwest until you reach the large banded iron formation ranges of the midwest to the north and the higher rainfall of the central wheatbelt to the south ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthis work also showed that there is a likelihood that the species occurs throughout more of the midwest region than currently known , with up to 60 sites identified as possibilities ( anonymous 2010 ) . however more than half of these occur east of the current known eastern extent , and a number of mining tenements in these areas have not found the species despite significant survey work . at least half a dozen occur further north than the northern known extent . there are about 20 sites that have a high potential for harbouring significant populations of this species ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin 2010 , there were seven locations with populations larger than 30 shield - backed trapdoor spider individuals ( anonymous 2010 ) . ecologia environment ( 2009a ) estimated that there is over 1000 ha of suitable habitat in weld range that could support over 20 000 individuals . based on detected adults , the site is estimated to have an effective population size of approximately 4000 with wilgie mia and weld range north supporting the largest effective populations 2300 and 1000 , respectively ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . proposed mining activity in the area is estimated to impact 11 % of the population ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\ntotal population reduction has not been investigated , but data from a study in east yorkrakine reserve from 1989 to 1999 showed a 95 % reduction in abundance at the site ( main 2003 ) . future reductions are possible due to ongoing threats in the wheatbelt and mining in the vicinity of populations at karara , weld range and jack hills ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nin the wheatbelt , the shield - backed trapdoor spider typically inhabits clay soils whereas the arid midwest populations are associated with rocky habitats , primarily in positions with increased moisture retention properties like gullies and drainage lines on southern facing slopes ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a ) . the wheatbelt and coastal midwest populations are in areas with more consistent annual rainfall than those in the arid midwest , which is likely to be why the populations in these areas are primarily found in sheltered habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) . in the wheatbelt , populations are associated with eucalypt woodland and acacia shrubland , and in the arid midwest they are associated with acacia shrubland ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nleaf litter and twigs are extremely important to the species as it provides material for the burrows , reduced soil moisture loss and increased prey availability ( anonymous 2010 ) . the species avoids areas of dense leaf litter as juveniles are unable to dig their initial hole in such areas ( main 1992 cited in ) . areas of lower grazing pressure may suport greater population abundance ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nin the wheatbelt , habitat critical to the species is identified as open york gum ( eucalyptus loxophleba ) , salmon gum ( e . salmonophloia ) and wheatbelt wandoo ( e . capillosa ) woodland , where jam ( acacia acuminata ) forms a sparse understorey in heavy clay soils ( acc 2007 ) .\nin a study at weld range , all burrows were found within boundaries of drainage lines underneath predominantly acacia vegetation ( mulga ( acacia aneura ) , a . sp . weld range , dead finish ( a . tetragonophylla ) , a . ramulosa , a . craspedocarpa , a . paraneura ) and also underneath hakea preissii and eremophila glutinosa ) . of 1708 burrows detected , 33 % were on slope - foot - plain , 30 % on the plain , 27 % on slopes and 10 % on hilltop - slope - foot ( ecologia environment 2009a ) . burrows were found in soil dominated by clay and rocks ( 54 % ) , or clay , rock and sand ( 38 % ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 7 - 100 % with a mean of 59 % ( ecologia environment 2009a ) .\nin a study at blue hills , 53 burrows were recorded under a . ramulosa or a . caesaneura , in microhabitat ranging from loamy plains to rocky hillslopes ( ecologia environment 2013 ) . the average leaf litter of sites ranged between 25 - 98 % with a mean of 63 % ( ecologia environment 2013 ) .\nin a study at mummaloo , of a 52 quadrat survey the species was detected at 14 locations ( bennelongia 2012 ) . two records occurred in ecualyptus woodland and twelve occurred in mixed species shrubland . the eucalypt woodland consists of york gum , salmon gum and gimlet ( e . salubris ) with callitris columellaris usually present and occasionally casuarina obesa . the understorey contains 5 - 60 % cover of eremophila spp . , acacia spp . and allocasuarina spp . . the mixed species shrubland consists of melaleuca stereophloia , callitris columellaris and casuarina obesa ( of no more than 55 % overall cover ) , and 10 - 100 % cover of shrub species , especially kimberly ' s wattle ( acacia anthochaera ) and allocasuarina acutivalvis subsp . prinsepiana ( bennelongia 2012 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is protected from dessication partly through a deep burrow that extends into humid soil . additionally it has an extraordinary thickened abdominal integument ( tough outer protective layer ) . this is dorsally corrugated and posteriorly truncated with large button - like sigilla ( seal ) and in some parts of the geographic range has stout spines along the ridges . this morphology reduces evaporative water loss in contrast to most species in the related genus aganippe . the enlarged eyes and long legs together with the attached twiglines to the buttom rim are advantageous for foraging ( main 2010 ) .\nspiderlings generally construct their burrows within a very short distance ( several centimetres ) of the matriarch female , forming a family cluster that is typical of mygalomorph spiders ( a group of large spiders that include tarantulas , trapdoor spiders and funnel - web spiders ) that do not have aerial dispersal . gene flow is maintained through the dispersal of mature males in search of females for mating ( travelling up to 500 m ) the only time males leave their burrows . females spend their entire life in the one burrow or within its proximity ( anonymous 2010 ) . the population at weld range north was shown to have uninterrupted gene flow over a range of at least 6 km ( ecologia environment 2010a ) .\nboth males and females reach maturity after approximately 5 - 6 years . males die shortly after reaching sexual maturity and mating , whereas females may live as long as 20 years , reproducing several times ( anonymous 2010 ) . it is believed that males mature and mate after the first significant rains of the year , dispersing up to 500 m ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . there is some evidence that females may store sperm ( main unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) but whether this means that males only mate with virgin females or whether adult females mate repeatedly during their life is unclear . it is also unknown whether males mate within their matriarchal unit and whether they mate with more than one female ( anonymous 2010 ) . the very low dispersal capabilities of the males mean that fragmentation and isolation are likely to be playing a major role in the declining populations in the wheatbelt ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nthe shield - backed trapdoor spider is an opportunistic feeder and feeds primarily on ants , but also includes beetles , cockroaches , millipedes and moths ( clark & spier - ashcroft 2003 ) . the species relies on the twigs and leaves they have attached to the rim of their burrow for the detection of prey within the vicinity of their burrow ( anonymous 2010 ) . this reliance on leaf litter means that leaf litter loss through inappropriate fire regimes and management may impact significantly on the species ability to feed ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nsearching for burrows during the wetter parts of the year is the most common and most effective way of surveying for the shield - backed trapdoor spider . the burrow is quite distinctive but can be easily mistaken for other twig - lining species . the burrow has two tufts of leaf litter radiating out from the centre of the burrow rim , similar to a moustache . the atrium of the burrow is cup shaped and narrows to the main shaft of the burrow . it is this characteristic that is often missed or misinterpreted by surveyors ( anonymous 2010 ) . searching for burrows within and on the edges of leaf litter in suitable habitats is the most effective approach for detection . pit traps placed around vegetation in suitable habitats during autumn can be used to catch wandering males ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nsecondary salinisation : the widespread clearing of the wheatbelt has resulted in the water table rising and an increase in salinisation close to the surface . this results in vegetation changes that directly affect the shield - backed trapdoor spider because of it\u2019s reliance on the vegetation and associated leaf litter for habitat ( anonymous 2010 ) .\ngrazing : grazing by stock and feral animals affects both the wheatbelt and midwest populations largely through the disturbance of leaf litter , vegetation and soil . work in the midwest has shown that areas where grazing occurs have fewer emergents and juveniles ( ecologia environment unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) .\nfragmentation and clearing : the clearing of habitat has resulted in the severe fragmentation of populations in the wheatbelt . the populations at karara , weld range , jack hills and blue hills will all be negatively affected by land clearing because of the mining operations ( anonymous 2010 ; ecologia environment 2009a , 2013 ) , which will fragment these significant populations . dust pollution associated with mining could negatively impact the species\nvibrations : vibrations associated with vehicles and exploration drilling have the potential to affect nearby populations . recent work at jack hills and weld range has shown a possible reduction in emergents and juveniles within 50 m of exploration drilling pads ( phoenix environmental unpub . data cited in anonymous 2010 ) . exploration restrictions have been put in place at weld range and jack hills based on this research .\ninappropriate fire : in the wheatbelt , the combination of fragmentation and intense fire has a high potential to result in local extinctions , with little to no chance of recolonisation ( main 1995 ) . intense fires can not only remove burrow doors but also remove all the leaf litter , providing no material for reparation work and dramatically affecting the prey population ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nlack of litter management in reserves : although the species requires leaf litter to survive , excessive , deep litter canrestrict the establishment of emergent burrows , forcing them further away from vegetation and exposing them to the elements that likely decrease their chances of surviving to adulthood . similarly deep litter reduces the chances of understorey vegetation growing , reducing the diversity of invertebrates and the health of the habitat and increases the chances of hot , intense fires going through a population ( anonymous 2010 ) .\nrecovery actions for this species are provided in the conservation advice for the shield - backed trapdoor spider ( tssc 2013ca ) and the avon catchment shield - backed trapdoor spider conservation plan ( acc 2007 ) at the start of the profile .\natlas of living australia ( ala ) ( 2014 ) . atlas of living australia . available from : urltoken .\nbancroft , w . & m . bamford ( 2012 ) . karara iron ore project : annual monitoring survey of the shield - backed trapdoor spider 2010 to 2012 . prepared for : karara mining limited .\nbennelongia ( 2012 ) . mummaloo hill project : short - range endemic invertebrates . prepared for top iron . available from : urltoken .\nclarke , g . & f . spier - ashcroft ( 2003 ) . a review of the conservation status of selected australian non - marine invertebrates . environment australia , canberra . available from : urltoken .\nmain , b . y . ( 1992 ) . the role of life history patterns and demography of mygalomorph trapdoor spiders for assessing persistence in remnant habitats of the western australian wheatbelt . report for the world wide fund for nature , world wide fund for nature , sydney .\nmain , b . y . ( 1995 ) . survival of trapdoor spiders during and after fire . calm science supplement . 4 : 207 - 216 .\nmain , b . y . ( 2010 ) . interactions of water , plants and ground - dwelling fauna : water harvesting and tapping by trapdoor spiders . landscapes : the journal of the international centre for landscape and language . 4 ( 1 ) .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nthis \u20183 year plan\u2019 presents strategic direction to ensure wheatbelt nrm effectively responds to national , state and regional nrm needs . this will be achieved by engaging our community to actively support and progress our strategic objectives . this \u20183 year plan\u2019 is supported each year by an operations plan that sets out how resources will be allocated and utilised in progressing the strategic objectives in this document .\nthe wheatbelt regional nrm strategy guides nrm investment priorities within the region . the regional community provided important guidance to the development of the strategy , which reflects their values and understanding of the environment they live in and know .\nthe western australian government 2018 - 19 community stewardship grants are now open and wheatbelt nrm is supporting our community to apply .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 695e1e77 - a2b7 - 4786 - 9502 - 81be54ac63d9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a5fba25c - 9301 - 4111 - bd1d - f020b12a5b0a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e67764dc - eda3 - 4e87 - aec6 - 15c1bee8e0a9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1892325 - 13b1 - 4247 - a2e0 - 986a69278e48\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 301255\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nwe love australia : its environment and its people . that ' s why we want to be a part of its sustainable development to ensure we preserve its unique , fragile beauty . through our work and shared passions , we strive to achieve sensible , measurable , realistic outcomes that are good for our clients ' businesses and the natural environment .\nphoenix has a core team of highly skilled , passionate environmental professionals that strikes the right balance of scientific credibility , practical application and business sense .\ncommunication and collaboration are the cornerstones of our client relationships . we offer personalised service and ready access to experienced senior staff . meticulously developed , our business and data management systems ensure efficiency and data accuracy . we pursue innovative approaches to overcome complex issues , manage risk , and minimise constraints and operational costs .\nthe phoenix botany team has broad botanical knowledge and offers a diverse range of services underscored by a reputation for delivering high quality , robust assessments .\nour rehabilitation framework , developed over several years is sufficiently adaptable to manage these challenges and sufficiently transparent to satisfy regulators .\nstriking the right balance between science and practicality , the phoenix vertebrate fauna team is comprised of career zoologists with intimate knowledge of wa species .\nphoenix is the industry leader in targeted terrestrial invertebrate surveys , including short - range endemic ( sre ) assessments .\nphoenix offers complete subterranean survey solutions that are well - planned and employ cutting - edge , best practice field and laboratory methods .\nphoenix ' s invertebrate team offers a wealth of experience in invertebrate taxonomy and aquatic ecosystem management , which delivers clear impact management , mitigation strategies and baseline information .\nphoenix employs people with a diverse range of experiences and skills that are capable of reading between the lines , identifying and stitching together the key environmental factors of any project .\nphoenix ' s team of taxonomists offers extensive experience in invertebrate species systematics and biology and fast turnaround times that effectively eliminate costly project delays .\nthese spiders are restricted to the northern wheatbelt region in western australia . they are currently ( 2017 ) the only species listed as threatened under federal legislation ( epbc act ) . they are believed to be threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation . a number of spider species have a rugose abdomen like this and are subject to a taxonomic study by michael rix ( queensland museum ) and collaborators .\nn . b . : considered a senior synonym of aganippe o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ( type a . subtristis o . pickard - cambridge , 1877 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00072 ] and of anidiops ( type a . manstridgei pocock , 1897 ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidergen : 00073 ] by rix et al . , 2017 : 590 ; transferred from the ctenizidae to the idiopidae by raven , 1985a : 138 .\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050288 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000630 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000631 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050289 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050290 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000632 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050291 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050292 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 049619 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050293 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050294 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050295 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050296 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050297 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050298 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050299 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000644 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050300 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050301 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000634 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000806 ]\n| | australia ( western australia , south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000635 ]\n| | australia ( new south wales ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000637 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000638 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 050302 ]\n| | australia ( western australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000807 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000641 ]\n| | australia ( south australia ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000642 ]\n| | australia ( victoria ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 000643 ]\nthese spiders , from the sub - order orthognatha ( mygalomorphae ) or primitive spiders , are famous for their falsely suggested\ndeadly\nbites . more about the exaggerated poisonous of these and other spiders can be read here . the bird - eating spider and tarantula , which is a common name for these spiders , the goliath spider ( theraposa blondi ) which is the largest spider on the world with a leg span of 30 cm and a weight of 130 grams , sydney funnel web spider ( atrax robustus ) and the mouse spider ( missulena ) are names given to species belonging to the order . in europe only two members of this sub - order can be found . in australia 13 % ( > 240 ) of the spiders belong to the mygalomorphae . the ancestral lineage of these spiders goes back over 360 million years .\nmost of these spiders live fearful lives buried deep in holes . many species react on unexpected events by cowering in fear , unable to move , or by violently plunging their pickaxe fangs . ( more about the fangs ) the spider can often be spotted when the males start searching for females and leave their burrows . females are more difficult to find because they can live for several years in their burrow with out leaving it .\nthe two long spinnerets at the back end of their abdomen and their large fangs that move up and down instead of sideways , like the modern spiders , are characteristic for this order .\ndistribution the eastern mouse spider ( missulena bradleyi ) lives in eastern australia from queensland to victoria . the redheaded mouse spider ( missulena occatoria ) occurs across most of the mainland , except southern victoria and northern australia . the male of this species has a bright red cephalothorax . the northern mouse spider ( missulena pruinosa ) is found in northern australia around darwin . one species has been described outside australia in chile .\nmissulena bradleyi rainbow , 1914 ; new south wales missulena dipsaca faulder , 1995 ; australia missulena granulosa o . p . - cambridge , 1869 ; western australia missulena hoggi womersley , 1943 ; western australia missulena insignis o . p . - cambridge , 1877 ; australia missulena occatoria walckenaer , 1805 ; southern australia missulena pruinosa levitt - gregg , 1966 ; western australia , northern territory missulena reflexa rainbow & pulleine , 1918 ; south australia missulena rutraspina faulder , 1995 ; western australia , south australia , victoria missulena torbayensis main , 1996 ; western australia missulena tussulena goloboff , 1994 ; chile\nthere are over 150 species in the family barychelidae in australia . males are called silverbacks because they are silvery coloured on the head . females have dark to golden brown hairs on their heads .\nidiomata are funnel web spiders that build their burrows with a door . not all genera in this family have a door to close their burrow . the flask - like chambers are just below the ground .\nthey are mostly terrestrial spiders , which build typical silk - lined tubular burrow retreats , with a collapsed\ntunnel\nor open\nfunnel\nentrance from which irregular trip lines radiate out over the ground . exceptions , which lack trip lines but may have trapdoors , are those hadronyche from south australia , like\nthe silk entrance tube may be split into 2 openings , in a y or t form . in the case of\nthe burrow may be in the hollow of a tree trunk or limb , many meters above ground level .\nadult male spiders leave the burrow permanently to seek a mate . such wandering male spiders may enter houses , sometimes even find their way into clothing , and thus account for many bites . most funnel - web spiders are ground or log dwellers but at least two are tree dwellers (\n, the sydney funnelweb spider , has a distribution centering on sydney , extending north to the hunter river , south to shoalhaven river , and narrowing westwards as far as lithgow .\nhas a considerably wider distribution ; being the coastal areas and highland forest regions from tasmania to queensland .\nthe australian funnel - web spiders ( family hexathelidae , simon , 1892 ) are probably the most dangerous spiders we can encounter . the most famous spider is the sydney funnel web ( atrax robustus ) . chances to be bitten are small . there are only two cases of envenomation annually in the last 10 years . funnel - web spiders belong to the family hexathelidae and two ( atrax and hadronyche ) of the eleven genera are considered dangerous . of the 40 described species in this family , the six red printed species caused severe envenomation .\nhadrochyne spiders are medium sized spiders with a size varying between 10 and 50 mm . the largest species , hadronyche formidabilis measures between 40 and 50 mm . the sparsely haired spiders are coloured between brown to black . not all species are dangerous but a bite from a funnel web spider should always be treated seriously .\nthe southern tree funnel - web spider , hadronyche cerberea , is common around sydney and in the central coast regions . they make their silk - lined retreats in rough - barked trees often covered with bark and other wood particles .\nthis family contains six subfamilies with 38 genera and 329 species , widely distributed worldwide . in australia 86 species in at least six genera are described .\nthese spiders live in silk - lined burrows up to 20 cm deep . some species close the burrow with a lid .\nthis is a large family of trap door spiders with about 270 species , mostly found in the southern hemisphere , worldwide . eight genera with about 70 species live in australia . all australian genera are endemic with the exception of misgolas that also occurs in new zealand . almost all members of this family live in arid areas where they live in burrows up to 60 cm deep .\nmisgolas spiders are 15 - 30 mm in length and commonly found in eastern australia . the spider can of course bite but the toxin is not dangerous . the penetration of the fangs throught the skin may hurt .\nthis is a large family with 111 genera and 883 species world wide . their body size varies from 13 to 90 mm . the largest spider theraphosa blondi also belongs to this family . spiders of this family are called tarantulas or bird - eating spiders . this is a very common name but it often refers to these spiders .\nin australia inly six species occur ; selenocosmia crassipes , selenocosmia stirlingi , selenocosmia strenua , selenocosmia subvulpina , selenotholus foelschei , selenotypus plumipes .\na famous member is the barking spider or whistling spider selenocosmia crassipes . she makes a rasping sound with her mouthparts that can be heard from a one meter distance . spiders from this family make burrows that can reach a length of two meters when the spider is mature . young spiders can be found under rocks and roots . the spider lives in north eastern australia and papua new guinea . the spider is quite large with a body length of 70 to 90 mm . measured from the tip on her legs she can be 200 mm in length .\nfunnel web tarantulas occur almost worldwide in the tropics . the 175 world wide and 90 australian members of this family often build messy funnel webs . most species are uncommon and live in remote areas . most species are small hairy and dark brown to black . sometimes they can be found in holes in trees . their spinnerets are moderate long .\ncethegus ischnotheloides has a body length of 15 mm . this spider lived in a dense web on the ground between shrub in leinster , western australia .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\npossible taxa information in external databases . this is subject to revision in urls and sites . please contact the data centre if you find any problems or wish to advise of another useful resource .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license ."]}
{"id": 40, "summary": [{"text": "bilobata subsecivella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zeller in 1852 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa , india , indonesia ( java ) and new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species was first recorded from new zealand as stomopteryx simplicella , but was redescribed as a new species based on comparison of the genitalia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "furthermore , the white mark at three-fourths of the forewings which is found in both these species , is reduced to a mere spot in columbina ( while it often forms an almost complete fascia in simplicella ) . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bilobata subsecivella", "paragraphs": ["host : grapholita critica ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , etiella behrii ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , bilobata subsecivella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on peanut ( arachis hypogaea ) , phthorimaea operculella ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) on potato ( solanum tuberosum ) ( gauld , 1980 ) .\nbiloba argosticha janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304\nbiloba torninotella janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 304\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u009b\u0016\b e\u00b3e\u00b8\u00ed\u00eb\u00ba\u0087t\u00a2 ; o\u00e36\u00a4h\u0012\u00bb5\u00f5\u0007\u00be\u00ff\u001a\u0089e % / d # \u00e3m\u00ef\u00f4r\u008b . \u001b\u0014\u00abd\u00e58\u00fd\u00a6\u00a5\u00fb\u008cd2\u00e8\u0084\u00f2\u00ed\u00a2\u009dm\u00d7\u00e6\u00b6\u00ed | w\u0081 ( \u00a5\u00b467\u00abi \u00a2\u00e7\u0094\u00fd\u0091\u00e2 [ k\u00f5\u0018f < z\u00acl\u0086\u0000\u00b7\u0095\u008cxi # za\u00ef $ \u0099 \u00f6 % + \u0097m & u7 ; \u00b7 = q7\u0012\u00fa\u00e9 + \u00fcliu\u0096\u0013 [ $ \u0016v $ \u008f i $ g \u008en\u00e6i $ j\u00e8 { \u00aav\u000fc\u00e9\u0018\u00ec6p\u00a4\u0090 # \u008bi\u00ae \\ gf\u0011 j\u0086mluh\u00f1\u00fdfoh f ; \u00f0\u00efii\u0015 \\ 7\u00a63 { \u00b5\u009dl\u00f9\u00f9\u0006\u00bb\u007f\u00b4\u00a9\u00e4oa\u0098\u0095\u00ed ( \u0015\biq @ \u00e3\u00a1\u00e1\u0083 [ \u00a6 $ \u00a3\u00b2\u00e2\u00fa\u00aa\u00ae > \u008b\u00f2 va\u00f3x | \u00e0\u00e6\u0019 % \u00ecuu ] \u0006 $ \u00f1\u00a3\u0092\u0091\u00a5e\u00e50\u00aa\u0005 \\ \u0088f\u0093\u0003\u00f6 ) qp \u00ee . \u00f29\u00e7h\u0093\u00e2\u00af\u00ae\u0080qz\u00e2r\u00e6\u008a \u00e1\u00eb\u0098\u008d \u00bd\u00ba\u00ec . $ \u00fc * 0 \u00e5\u00a8 ^ g\u008d\u0091\u009ef\u00e0k\u009a\u00a9\u00e6\u0080\u00f8\u0013tk / \u0014h\u0090 . \u00e1a\u00b4\u0083\u0087\u0011\u00ed\n\u008enw\u00f1 | \u00ef\u00b6\u008b\u00ac\u00e8\u0086\u00d7 \u00e1 : . $ \u000fg\u00f3\u00a7s\u00b6\u009b\u008c\u00fa2\u00ec\u0086\u0084k9r\u0080\u0090\b\u008b\u0094 \u00f6 % \u009e\u00a9 ~ \u00f1\u00e0\u00fe\u00ba\u00f0 $ \u0081\u0083\u00a5zw\u00957\u00d7uy ( \u00bb\u00e8 \u00ea\u00e8\u00ef ! 6km\u0093\u00e6\u00a1 - \u0083\u00f6t\u0088\u0083\u00f6\u00e8\u00a5\u00ad\u0093f / xvn\u00a3\u0097\u00f6 & \u008d [ } \u00194 ` \u0013\u00f2hec\u0019 , } \u00f2\u00f2\u00e9\u00a5o ^ : \u00bd\u00f4\u00e9 \u0012\u0019fa @ \u00eb \u009aod\u00e9sx\u00fc @ \u00b0\u008b | $ \u00b1 \u00976i\u008a ' g\u00e9z\u00e2\u0099m8\u00b2\u00ab\u00aa \u0082\u00a4\u00df\u00eb1rp\u00e5i\u00f0\u008a \u00bbx\u00b6x\u00e2q1e * \u00bbk\u009eh\u00b2\u008b = \u0091d ? 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\u00e7\u00f8\u001b _ \u00fb ^ \u007f\u00fe\u00ebk\u00df\u00fc\u00af\u00f8\u0089 } \u0089mj \u00ea\u0090 & \u00b7\u0005\u008a\u00f6\u00f2 % t\u0005\u0092\u0014 / \u00e0 : \u00f0a\u0082vh\u00e9\u00a2dj ( \u00a5\u00fdgxw\u0002\u00a2\u00ebzt\u0090 ` u\u0007\u0014\u00a8\u00e3\u00ba\u00a9\u00aa\u00a2\u0015u\u009d\u008a\u00aama\u00f3z\u00a1\u0016\u0089j\u00e2\u0015\u007f\u00f0l\u0015\u0089\u00b3\u00f7 \\ ' \u009d\u00aa - \u0096\u00ef = \u00f7\u00e4\u00e8\u007f\u00bc\u00efy\u009f\u00f3 { \u0012\u0092\u00e4\u00faz ) \u00f6\u00e4 ) vh\u00a4uri\u0014a\u00a2\u00ab\u0080x8\u0095\u00a8\u00903t . \u00e1cv\u0092\u00fa\u0011\u000e\u00e3\u00efjq \u0005x ? \u00e6\u0012\u00af\u0002i\u00b8\u0010\u00e1\u00a3n\u00f6\u0083i\u00a3\u009f\u00f5\u00e1 > \u00f6 v\u0081\u0097s\u0081\u00e6\u0004\u008a\u00e3\u00ae8f\u00f1\u009d\u00f0 \u0083\u00fa z \u0094 ( mp\u00b2\u0098\u00aa\u00edh\u0088\u0098g + \u00e2y\u0001o\u00bf ? k\u00ec\u00b7\u000fn x\u0014\u00e6 ] \u00e90\u00f6sm\u0083\u0013\u00fb\u00b9 lux\u00f6 = \u008e\u00f0\u00eci\u00f3\b\u0015\u0010\u00eb\u00b1k\u00f0 . \u00a5 _ v\u0086\u00f5\u0083h\u0094 uf\u00f5s\u00e8\u009c\u00ea\u00b3 + v5co\u00f0j\u00a1\u008c\u00e8\u00e4\u00ea\u00b3\u000f\u009f \u0015\u00e0q\u0002\u00f8\u00aa ` \u0007\u00f2 c\u008e\u001b\u00e5\u00af $ ns\u00a7\u0013nd ] \u00ac\u00adg\u00f9\u00fa\u00ee\u00f3\u009c ; \u00ef\u0080\u00adwmop\u00e8 @ n\u007f\u00a8\u0003\u0095go\u00ee\u00bd\u00b1\u00e1\u000e\u00b6 < { \u00fdm\u00f8\u0003\u00ef\u00bf\u009f\u00f5\u00f3 \u00f8 : \u00e80z0\u00a6\u00e1\u00f2\u0005\u00fd\u00ec ' \u0091\u0000 = \u0006\u00b5\u0093a / \u00bb\u0006 \u00f9\u0002\u00ae\u0092 _ \u00e9\u00f9\u0001\u00fc\u00ee\u00fa\u00a5\u00aa6\u00bd } \u00fb \u00a5 * \u00f7wk\u00e6 = \u00ed\u008eu\u00f3o\u0091\u0095 { \u008dv\u0092lz\u00f5\u00ee \u00b7\u00e7\u00ec\u008fn { \u00fca\u0010\u00b8\u00f71\u00fb\u00ef\u00eb [ 4\u0092\u0084\u00bb\u00a3 \u00f4\u00bd\u00e9\u00f8\u008e | \u00a8\u000e\u00ff\u00e6 \\ \u00bc\u0095\u00fb\u001a : \u00bc ` 28\u0019\u00bb\n^ ilj\u00d7\u0083 \u0097\u00e0\u00aa\u00e3\u0089\u00e0\u00f0\n\u009fh\u00e0\u001ab \u00e1fqa\u00fd0\u00e4\u0014\u009e\u000e\u0091\u00b9\u00f0\u00e2\u00ee = } so7m\u00abgh\u00ba\u00a1\u00bb0 \u0082c\u00f8\u00109\u00e2 < \u00e2 > \u00e4\u008c\u00f9n\u0090\u0013\u00ec { \u008e\u00f7 < \u007f\u0094 & \u00f1\u00a4\u00efg\u00ec . \u00b7\u00f3\u00e3 \\ \u00e0c\u009e\u00f0 \u00ef\u008bj\u009e\u00ed\u00b1\u00ed\u0089 ' { \u0098\u00fd\u00b1\u00fd\u00f2\u0018 { a\u00b8 m\u00e6o\u00ba\u00bdk\u00fd\u00fe\u0002\u00b2e . o\u00f0\u001b\u0093wt [ \u00e7\u0001b\u0089\u0019cq\u000e\u008e\u00e8\u0003\u00a6 \u00fb\u00e4\u009c\u00f2\u00a1\u0010 \u00eaa\u0012\u0084\u009cb\u00f3\u00e3\u0000\u00ed + & \u00fb\u008d \u00e1\u0007 * \u00b5\u007fuz\u00ac\u00f0\u00b2 ( o\u00e3\u00e9j\u001ao\u00fap \u0097\u0094r\u00e1\u0094 ' \u00e9h\u00e5da $ n\u00f6\u0017lb\u009d\u00e2i q\u00e3\u008cw\u00e2 , \u00e0\u00f8\u0093\u00f8\u0097 0\u00e2\u00f0\u0082h\u0012\u0089v\u0018 \u00a3 > \u0096\u0090\u0019k\u00ed c\u00e8\u00f2\u0012 \u0087sng\u00b0\u00e8 ( \u00ef\u00fe2\u00bd\u00e1\n\u0011\u0082e\u0006\u00be\u00a4 < \u00fb\u00f9\u00f9 @ \u0011\u0002\u00e1 x8\u00e8\u009b\u00af\u00e8\u0081\u00b73\u00be\n2\u00e6\u00fez\u00f0\u00fc \u008e\u0016\u00ae\u0087\u00bc\u00e6\n\u00aa\u00f2\u0090 p\u00e8\u0001\u00ee\u0011\u00e0 ( \u0006 - i \u00168\u0092\u00b2\u00f1x9 ~ q\u00ecr\u00f5 \u00ea / . \u00bd\u008c\u008f\u00e2 ; / n\u00ec\u00fc\u00bb\u00e6\u00e8\u0096\u0015\u00fd\u009b 9\u00ea\u00e8c\u00aa ; \u00aa u\u00ab\u0013\u00f5\u00e9\u007fo ` \u00ee\u00e2\u0017v\u00fd\u00e1\u00a5\u00ea ? \u00aa\u00e7o\u00fc\u00f0\u000e\u0013\u00e7 > 5\u00ef\u000e\u0000x\u00f4\u008c\u0090\u00fd8t\u00bf\b6\u00fd\u00e18r \u00fb\u0099\u00a2b\u00bb\u007f\u00bd\u00b7\u00f8\u0099\u00e2c\u00e2\u0014 ? \u00a5 | \u00a5\u00f93\u00ee\u0004\u00e2 \u00e4\u000fm\u0083\u0014\u00e2\u00f4t \u00b5r = \u009e \u00a2l\n\u00e1 \u0005 \u0000\u0007\u00a7b\u00f5\u0093 \u00f1\u00e1\u00e8\u00af\u00a3\u00b6\u00e8s\u00b9\u0014n\u00e5k\u00f1\u00a1\u00e9\u0087\u0018\u008e ! ] \u00ec\u0006\u00860\u0083\u00e9\u00f4\u00fb\u0098x \u00e2\u00aa1h\u00e9\u00eb 1u\u00b2rf\u009b \u0086\u0015\u00ae2 \u0012 \u008d\u009f4\u00ebd = , | \u008c ' n = \u00ac\u00e6\u00b0 , \u00e2 e\u00easx\u00e1\u00ebr\b\u00f1\u00f4hd\u00ac\u00f8x\u00a2 / \u00f3 \u00f15 < \u0016t\u0005\u0098\u0012l\u00f8\u0016 hyhn\u00e9 $ _ \u00b1 ~ \u00a6\u00f3\u00bb\u00eb\u00e2\u00f1\u00e5 % \u00f2\u0089\u00eb\u00ab\u00af\u008dn\u00bc\u00ae\u0006\u00f6\u008e\u008c\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmadagascar , reunion , seychelles . also australia , cyprus , india , thailand .\ntemelucha minuta is easily recognizable due to its small size and the m + cu vein of the fore wing basally spectral .\nthe coloration is known to be highly variable in this widespread species , which is a common parasitoid of p . operculella , the potato tuber moth ( gauld 1980 ) . the darkest malagasy specimens have extensive brown markings on the face so that the anterior half of genae and mesoscutum may be almost entirely black . lighter specimens have yellow notauli and the mesopleura with a yellow longitudinal band ( rousse et al . , 2011 ) .\ngauld , i . d . 1980 . notes on an economically important species of temelucha forster ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) and a preliminary key to australian species . bulletin of entomological research . 70 , 43\u201347 .\nmorley , c . 1913 . the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , hymenoptera , vol . 3 . ichneumonidae . london , british museum . 531pp .\nphotographs by agni\u010dle touret - alby \u00a9 mnhn ( specimens database urltoken ) . map illustration \u00a9 simon van noort ( iziko museums of south africa ) .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , weenen , ix\u2013x . 1925 , leg . s . p . thomasset ."]}
{"id": 42, "summary": [{"text": "zafeen ( 25 april 2000 ) was a french-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "trained in the united kingdom , he showed good form as a two-year-old in 2002 , winning two of his six races including the mill reef stakes and finishing second in the prix morny .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he finished second in the 2000 guineas , won the st james 's palace stakes at royal ascot and was rated the best three-year-old over one mile in europe and north america .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud at the end of the year and had moderate success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "zafeen", "paragraphs": ["drowne ' s mature reaction to losing the ride on zafeen should come as no surprise to those who have seen his career blossom .\nridden by pat smullen , refuse to bend held off outsiders zafeen and norse dancer to win a tightly - fought contest at newmarket .\nthen came a bolt from the blue when zafeen ' s owner , jaber abdullah , decided that his star miler needed a different rider .\nthis is probably only for tb readers - but does anyone know or have any progeny by the tb stallion zafeen ? one of our clients has just foaled down one of her mares by zafeen and wants to know if this youngster is showing the normal behaviour for a zafeen foal ( the mare has foaled previously ) . also interested to know ourselves anyway , as have another mare coming into us for foaling down which will be a zafeen foal . would like to know if they all portray the same type of temperament . thanks . feel free to pm if you ' d rather .\nhow is the mare bred ? maybe the caro influence in zafeen is not a good mix ? though gone west is usually a chilling out factor for temperaments ime . . .\nit was great to have two winners at royal ascot after the setback with zafeen and both mick and roger have some lovely horses to look forward to ,\nhe added .\nmajor general mohammed al marri , khalifa al zafeen and humaid bin dimas , presented ideas for the management of the award which can be implemented in the future cycles of the award .\nbut refuse to bend , ridden by pat smullen , got his nose in front two furlongs out and held off the late challenge of zafeen to claim the first classic of the season .\nzafeen is to be given a mid - season break before taking in a group one contest over a mile with the sussex stakes at goodwood high on his trainer mick channon\u2019s priority list .\nthere ' s nothing new about rich men losing patience when things go wrong in racing , and abdullah felt zafeen would benefit from a change in personnel ahead of the biggest meeting of the year .\nit was in easy conditions that zafeen flopped in the irish 2000 guineas but he had his favourite lightening fast ground when landing last week\u2019s group one three - year - old race under darryll holland .\n1 refuse to bend ( p smullen ) 9 - 2 2 zafeen ( s drowne ) 33 - 1 3 norse dancer ( p robinson ) 100 - 1 20 ran . dist : \u00bel , hd\nsoumillon managed to get off a series of rides at deauville to secure the mount on kalaman , who looked distinctly unlucky when second to zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot in june .\njust over a month ago steve drowne was getting on with business in his quiet yet efficient way and looking forward to the ride of his life aboard zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot .\nchannon has long regarded the three - year - old as a top - class prospect , having trained his half - brother zafeen to win the 2003 st james ' s palace stakes and finish second in that season ' s 2 , 000 guineas .\nthis is two time winning shamardal mare texas queen\u2019s first foal . texas queen is from the immediate family of champion 3yo in europe ( 2003 ) zafeen \u2013 whose wins include the gr . 1 st . james\u2019 palace and the gr . 2 mill reef stakes .\ntrade fair and zafeen will carry the hopes of the three - year - old division in the group one second showpiece on wednesday but they will have trouble coping with dubai destination if the godolphin colt is in the same explosive form as when winning the queen anne stakes at ascot in june .\nzafeen ( fr ) b . h , 2000 { 21 - a } dp = 6 - 7 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 3 . 36 cd = 0 . 79 - 11 starts , 3 wins , 4 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 559 , 248\nbut sir michael stoute is adamant the best has not been seen of kalaman , who was deprived of a group one notch to his belt when he suffered severe interference in the home straight before flashing home for second place behind zafeen in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot last month .\nif the alarm bells ring when assessing trade fair , who has raced only on good or fast ground , they will reach a cresendo with the mention of zafeen , whose only poor run this year came in the irish 2 , 000 guineas at the curragh , where the ground was badly rain - affected .\nsheikh mohammed was also accompanied during the tour by khalifa saeed suleiman , director - general of protocols and hospitality department in dubai , eng . khalifa al zafeen , ceo of dubai airports , major general obaid mohair , deputy director - general of the general directorate of residency and foreign affairs in dubai and others .\nfor those breeders who have not yet had a chance to visit overbury stud to see the stallions , proclamation and zafeen will be on show in the ring at tattersalls on thursday , 7 february at 10am , prior to the february sale . for closer inspection , they will be stabled in further paddocks at the sales complex .\nby zafonic ( 1990 ) european horse of the year , dewhurst s ( g1 ) , 2 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , etc . sire of 656 foals aged three and up , including iffraaj , count dubois , xaar , zafeen , zee zee top , flashy wings , pacino , zipping , alrassaam , dupont , trade fair , etc .\ntwice - raced moresweets \u2018n lace , a zafeen filly , needs to win . if able to perform anything like , will oblige and considerably enhance her stud value , just in time for the northern hemisphere season that commences halfway through next month . you willl definitely be on a 100 per cent trier and unfortunately , that\u2019s not always the case , is it ?\nlooks and pedigree : both are correct , impressive individuals , from different ( but equally successful ) branches of the mr prospector line \u2013 which is noted for speed and brilliance . proclamation hails from one of the aga khan ' s first families , while zafeen is from a young and especially precocious damline . i ' d enjoy welcoming you to overbury to inspect them .\nsharp\nwould be a very mild word to describe the temperament of this one particular foal . maybe the mare who is coming to us this weekend to foal down ( in foal to zafeen ) may be different - because we certainly hope so after hearing what this other one has been like ! perhaps also , it ' s in the handling . thanks for responding .\nzafeen , too , was rated the best miler of his generation , his st james ' s palace stakes win assessed as even better than refuse to bend ' s 2 , 000 guineas and six perfections ' breeders ' cup mile . he was also top class at two , winning the mill reef stakes having run a close second in a lightning fast prix morny . in other words , they are both easily good enough to excel at stud .\nwe\u2019ve been thrilled at how well both champion milers have been supported since retiring to overbury . proclamation , now in his second season at stud , covered more dams of group winners than any stallion in britain or ireland standing at the equivalent of \u00a35 , 000 or less . zafeen ' s first book in 2006 included no fewer than 44 two - year - old winners or dams of two - year - old winners \u2013 exactly the kind of mares that can help him off to a flying start . his first foals sold in 2007 , making up to \u00a378 , 000 and averaging almost five times his stud fee . with proclamation standing at \u00a34 , 000 and zafeen at \u00a33 , 000 , we believe both represent outstanding value . not only are they both beautifully bred individuals but , as you can see from our stallion pages on the website , they have the racecourse form to back it up . and as for conformation , you\u2019ll be able to judge this for yourself on thursday or give us a call to arrange to visit them at home , here at overbury .\nnext up for oasis dream was the 2002 group one middle park stakes at newmarket , where he would go up against several horses with major race wins to their name . \u2018zafeen\u2019 and \u2018elusive city\u2019 were just two of the horses with major honours that were tipped for success . fortune rode him brilliantly , tracking the leaders and taking over the lead a furlong out , to give the horse his first group one victory in a race record time of 1 : 09 . 61 . that would be his last race as a two - year - old and also the last time jimmy fortune would ride him\nzafonic ( usa ) ( bay 1990 - stud 1994 ) . head of the 1992 2yo & 1993 3yo european classifications . 5 wins - 4 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , \u00a3374 , 713 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 . brother to sw zamindar . sire of 521 rnrs , 359 wnrs , 53 sw , inc . xaar ( longchamp prix de la salamandre , gr . 1 ) , count dubois , zafeen , zee zee top , dupont , alrassaam , attima , iffraaj , flashy wings , zipping , pacino , shenck , trade fair , kavafi , banknote , clearing , kareymah , etc .\nrefuse to bend was , of course , an unbeaten g1 - winning two - year - old , but he clearly got even better as he got older . winner of the g1 national stakes at the curragh as a juvenile , refuse to bend maintained his unbeaten record when winning the 2 , 000 guineas in 2003 , defeating zafeen by three - quarters of a length with the remaining 18 runners following the pair home at intervals . lack of stamina proved his undoing when he was unplaced in the derby , but he bounced back in his next start when justifying odds - on favouritism in the group three desmond stakes at the curragh .\nmon fils won the first mill reef stakes graduating to take the 2000 guineas the following year . other notable winners include magic of life ( 1987 ) who won the following season ' s coronation stakes ; firebreak ( 2001 ) who went on to win the hong kong mile and two renewals of the godolphin mile in dubai ; zafeen ( 2002 ) who next season finished second to refuse to bend in the 2000 guineas before winning the st james ' s palace stakes ; excellent art ( 2006 ) ( pictured above ) who won the next year ' s st james ' s palace stakes and then notched up three high profile seconds in the sussex stakes , queen elizabeth ii stakes and breeders ' cup mile .\nparticularly sire of alrassaam , arabesque , attima , aynthia , banknote , bibury flyer , bodyguard , californian , canasita , clearing , corsario , count dubois , dreams come true , dupont , endless summer , flashy wings , guest connections , herodotus , hockney , ibn al haitham , iffraaj , i ' m in love , inhabitant , kareymah , kavafi , le z\u00e8le , legal approach , lucidor , maybe forever , mooring , morning eclipse , munsef , nota bene , nufoos , organizer , ozone layer , pacino , shenck , soft centre , spanish don , summerhill parkes , trade fair , undeterred , urg\u00e8le , xaar , yawmi , zachariah , zafeen , zante , zarfoot , zato , zavone , zee zee top , zipping , . . .\n12 b invincible spirit \u2013 lethal quality ( elusive quality ) . sister to promising , winner and 2nd gr . 3 prestige stakes , 3rd gr . 3 fred darling stakes , 2017 , and lethal promise ( winner at 2 , also 4th grangecon stud stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , 2018 ) . dam stakes - placed sprinter in the us , half - sister to changing karma , listed - placed in the us . out of winning half - sister to diffident ( won diadem stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , prix de ris - orangis \u2013 gr . 3 etc ) . further family of zafeen ( gr . 1 winner ; sire ) , opening verse ( gr . 1 winner ; sire ) , atlantic sport ( listed winner ; sire ) , nouriya ( listed winner ) etc\n- ya hajar ( lycius ) , 2 wins , prix du calvados ( gr . 3 ) , 47 547 euros . dam of 3 winners . - zafeen - min asl wafi ( octagonal ) , placed in england . dam of 2 winners . - atlantic sport ( machiavellian ) , 3 wins , fortune stakes ( l . ) , 2nd premio bersaglio ( l . ) , 3rd thoroughbred st . ( l . ) , 4th doncaster mile ( l . ) , \u00a3 88 396 ( 11 ) - fantastic dubai ( storm cat ) , 2 wins in england and in the emirates - happy today ( gone west ) , 1 win in england , 2nd fielden st . ( l . ) ( 11 ) - akeed wafi ( street cry - 2009 ) , 1 win in ireland ( 11 ) - n . ( raven ' s pass - 2010 )\n10 f teofilo \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) winner , 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed . 1 / 2 sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 3 winner and gr . 2 - placed aljazzi ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n14 b galileo \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) . placed at 3 years . half - sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 2 winner aljazzi ) , lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n12 f dansili ( gb ) \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) won 2 races . 1 / 2 sister to nouriya ( won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed ; dam of gr . 3 winner aljazzi ) , lady nouf , winner and 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial ballymacoll stakes \u2013 listed , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n14 f galileo \u2013 nouriya ( danehill dancer ) ran once . half - sister to aljazzi ( won 5 races inc . duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , atalanta stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , snowdrop fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , dick hern fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed etc , also 2nd duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , 3rd bet365 mile \u2013 gr . 2 ) , lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes \u2013 listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat \u2013 gr . 1 ) . dam won lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , out of half - sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\n07 b danehill dancer \u2013 majestic sakeena ( king\u2019s best ) won 3 races inc . lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , john musker fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed . dam of aljazzi , won 4 races inc . atalanta stakes \u2013 gr . 3 , snowdrop fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed and dick hern fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , and 2nd duke of cambridge stakes \u2013 gr . 2 , 3rd bet365 mile \u2013 gr . 2 . 1 / 2 sister to lady nouf ( 2nd pretty polly stakes listed , lyric fillies\u2019 stakes \u2013 listed , 3rd lord weinstock memorial stakes \u2013 listed ) , yuften ( won balmoral handicap , 3rd lady wulfruna stakes \u2013 listed , 4th prix jean prat , gr . 1 , sovereign stakes , gr . 3 ) , zanotti ( winner ) . dam 1 / 2 sister to shy lady ( listed winner ; dam of zafeen , won st . james\u2019s palace stakes \u2013 gr . 1 ; sire , and ya hajar , won prix du calvados \u2013 gr . 3 ) . family of opening verse ( gr . 1 ; sire ) , diffident ( gr . 2 ; sire ) etc\ni ' m not entirely sold on any of the options available , mostly because i think something your mare could use is some sharpen up , and none of them carry sharpen up . while i realize that orpen is not danzig , sharpen up has been a good cross with danzig in general and orpen ' s genetic sibling danehill in particular , with horses like danehill dancer , dylan thomas , mount nelson , boscobel , vital equine , dream scheme , etc . i really , really like her with three valleys . he is from the one of the best families in the studbook , and more to the point one that has a good affinity for danzig blood . he is advertised at gbp 5000 on the juddmonte website . it ' s more than you ' d planned , but juddmonte may be willing to make a deal with you . he ' s a lot of horse for the money , and had he not been disqualified from the middle park stakes he ' d have started for more than he did . also carrying sharpen up is the halling son norse dancer , standing for gbp2500 at wood farm . of the four you listed , i like firebreak best , followed by zafeen .\n\u00a359 . 70 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a345 , 839 . 74 - 559 . 76 winning units\n\u00a329 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 170 . 62 - 104 . 32 winning units\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bel , 1\u00bdl time : 1m 12 . 03s ( slow by 2 . 23s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 2\u00bdl , nk , \u00bel time : 57 . 41s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , 3l time : 1m 38 . 66s ( slow by 1 . 46s ) unplaced fav : whatsthemessage 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , nse , nk time : 2m 53 . 43s ( slow by 7 . 43s ) unplaced fav : luv u whatever 5 / 2f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 4l , \u00bel , nk time : 1m 29 . 63s ( slow by 2 . 33s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : hd , 1\u00bcl , 2\u00bel time : 1m 31 . 16s ( slow by 3 . 86s ) unplaced fav : different journey 5 / 2f total sp : 117 %\nwas keen early but made some good late progress and looks one for nurseries .\n\u00a3144 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a363 , 971 . 93 - 323 . 42 winning units\n\u00a324 . 00 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a34 , 618 . 12 - 141 . 81 winning units\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , 1\u00bdl , shd time : 1m 13 . 63s ( slow by 3 . 13s ) total sp : 115 %\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , 1\u00bcl , shd time : 1m 39 . 73s ( slow by 2 . 03s ) unplaced fav : shamaheart 7 / 2f total sp : 117 %\ndistances : nk , 18l , 8l time : 2m 34 . 18s ( slow by 2 . 68s ) total sp : 108 %\ndistances : nk , 4l , nk time : 2m 2 . 05s ( slow by 1 . 75s ) unplaced fav : lamloom 9 / 4j total sp : 109 %\ndistances : 7l , 9l , nk time : 1m 38 . 94s ( slow by 1 . 24s ) total sp : 114 %\ndistances : 1l , nk , 2l time : 1m 29 . 86s total sp : 113 %\ndistances : hd , 2\u00bcl , 1\u00bcl time : 1m 31 . 21s unplaced fav : alfirak 6 / 4f total sp : 119 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 1\u00bcl , nk time : 2m 11 . 38s ( slow by 3 . 38s ) unplaced fav : check your pockets 9 / 4f total sp : 112 %\npick six : not won . 24 , 281 . 38 carried forward to roscommon tuesday . tote aggregates : 2017 ; 296 , 281 . 2018 ; 128 , 518\n\u00a320 . 90 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a388 , 688 . 16 - 3 , 097 . 60 winning units\n\u00a311 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a36 , 385 . 65 - 424 . 16 winning units\ndistances : nk , nk , 1l time : 1m 13 . 14s ( slow by 2 . 94s ) total sp : 123 %\ndistances : \u00bel , 2l , hd time : 1m 13 . 86s ( slow by 3 . 66s ) total sp : 121 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bcl , 1l time : 2m 12 . 59s ( slow by 8 . 09s ) total sp : 111 %\ndistances : shd , hd , 2l time : 1m 45 . 90s ( slow by 5 . 30s ) unplaced fav : brigand 11 / 10f total sp : 111 %\ndistances : 2l , nse , 2l time : 1m 48 . 09s ( slow by 7 . 49s ) total sp : 122 %\ndistances : 4\u00bdl , nk , 1l time : 2m 32 . 25s ( slow by 8 . 75s ) total sp : 113 %\n\u00a3134 . 50 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a370 , 403 . 42 - 382 . 07 winning units\n\u00a331 . 10 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a37 , 689 . 58 - 182 . 62 winning units\ndistances : 1\u00bel , 1l , nk time : 1m 15 . 80s ( slow by 3 . 60s ) total sp : 125 %\ndistances : nk , 1\u00bel , hd time : 1m 31 . 96s ( slow by 5 . 86s ) unplaced fav : cupid ' s arrow 4 / 1j , be bold 4 / 1j total sp : 122 %\ndistances : \u00bdl , 13l , nse time : 2m 40 . 17s ( slow by 5 . 17s ) total sp : 119 %\n\u00a3294 . 80 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a364 , 468 . 45 - 159 . 62 winning units\n\u00a354 . 30 to a \u00a31 stake . pool : \u00a35 , 729 . 64 - 77 . 96 winning units\ndistances : 6l , shd , 4\u00bdl time : 5m 49 . 80s ( slow by 14 . 80s ) unplaced fav : master sunrise 6 / 4f total sp : 115 %\nnewton geronimo was withdrawn . price at time of withdrawal 13 / 8f . rule 4 applies to all bets - deduction 35p in the pound\ndistances : 1\u00bdl , hd , 2\u00bdl time : 3m 42 . 80s ( slow by 2 . 80s ) unplaced fav : tommy hallinan 9 / 4j total sp : 117 %\ndistances : 6l , 11l , hd time : 5m 44 . 60s ( slow by 22 . 60s ) total sp : 116 %\ndistances : nk , 2l , 1\u00bel time : 3m 44 . 70s ( slow by 4 . 70s ) unplaced fav : excellent team 100 / 30f total sp : 113 %\ndistances : 1\u00bel , \u00bdl , nk time : 2m 2 . 21s ( slow by 0 . 21s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 90 place 1 . 70 , 2 . 00 , 4 . 40 df 7 . 80 sf 12 . 90\ndistances : \u00bel , \u00bdl , nse time : 2m 31 . 62s ( slow by 2 . 62s ) unplaced fav : north hunter 12 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 25 . 60 place 5 . 70 , 2 . 90 , 2 . 80 df 110 . 70 sf 295 . 60\ndistances : hd , \u00bel , \u00bdl time : 1m 27 . 55s ( slow by 4 . 25s ) total sp : 120 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 1 . 80 , 2 . 40 , 1 . 60 df 28 . 80 sf 58 . 00\ndistances : nse , 1\u00bdl , snk time : 1m 52 . 14s ( slow by 3 . 64s ) unplaced fav : flowrider evensf total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 1 . 50 ( coupled with flowrider ) place 1 . 80 , 1 . 90 sf 8 . 00\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 2 . 30 place 4 . 10 , 5 . 10 , 4 . 10 df 64 . 60 sf 146 . 60\ndistances : hd , 1l , snk time : 1m 25 . 85s ( slow by 2 . 55s ) total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 50 place 2 . 00 , 3 . 80 , 3 . 00 df 31 . 40 sf 55 . 20\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 5 . 70 place 1 . 90 , 2 . 20 , 1 . 90 df 26 . 60 sf 50 . 50\ndistances : snk , 1\u00bcl , 1\u00bel time : 2m 3 . 57s ( slow by 1 . 57s ) unplaced fav : ducale di maremma 14 / 5f total sp : 121 %\npari - mutuel ( all including 1 euro stake ) : win 11 . 80 place 3 . 70 , 3 . 10 , 6 . 60 df 37 . 80 sf 87 . 60\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nowner : mr . jaber abdullah breeder : gainsborough stud management ltd . winnings : 11 starts : 3 - 4 - 0 , $ 559 , 248 1st : st james ' s palace s . ( gb - gr . 1 ) 1 mile ; mill reef s . ( gb - g2 ) 1200m 2nd : prix morny ( fr - g1 ) , 2000 guineas ( gb - g1 ) , greenham s . ( gb - g3 ) . 2006 : at overbury stud , simon sweeting tel : ( 01386 ) 725552 . urltoken in 2010 to haras du petit tellier in normandy , france . ( close )\nfor inquiries related to this message please contact support . for sales inquiries , please visit urltoken\nif you believe this to be in error , please confirm below that you are not a robot by clicking\ni ' m not a robot\nbelow .\nplease make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading . for more information you can review the terms of service and cookie policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nability : proclamation was an exceptional champion miler , rated above both shamardal and dubawi , either of whom would have been a good champion in a normal year . his jersey stakes win , and his sussex stakes triumph \u2013 both coming from last to first , circling his opponents with a brilliant swoop of acceleration \u2013 were very impressive : timeform rated him 130 , a horse of extremely rare gifts .\n( 1 ) to deliver information efficiently to users who request information from overbury stud , and who supply us with their name , mobile number and other details .\n( 2 ) to allow us to improve our website by gathering anonymous data about you and your browsing habits , analysing which webpages visitors access , and seeing how many return to our website . this is done using google analytics and involves cookies being set on visitors\u2019 computing devices . these cookies gather no personal details about you , and all visitors remain anonymous . we do not allow third parties any access to the data from these cookies , such as advertisers or partners , no third parties such as advertisers have access to this data , nor does our website ever place any cookies on behalf of any third parties .\nall modern web browsers allow the user to refuse to accept cookies for a particular website or for all websites , and this option is usually accessible through preferences or tools . more detail on how businesses use cookies is available at urltoken . you can opt out of google analytics altogether and for all websites by installing the simple add - 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down menu ( bottom / left of this page ) , and vice versa . to report a problem please use the contact us form at the foot of the full site version of the forum page .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 3 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe table in the second section of this article covers the first season sires you should expect to see represented by 2yos in the 2009 season . this section provides details on the information in the table and the links from it .\nthe table provides links to a picture of the sire from the the sire ' s name and the , most recent , season page for the sire ' s sire from it ' s name in the second column .\nmuch of the information in the table is self explanatory but a few items need to be noted . the first column gives the horses name and it ' s height were available . for example the sire acclamation is 16 hands high as given in the table . see the\non this site if you require an explanation of the use of ' hands ' in denoting a horse ' s height . in some cases the height is given in metres where the horse in at stud outside of the british & ireland . for comparison 1 . 60 metres is equivalent to a hands heights of 15 . 3 ( i . e . 160 centimetres is very close to the 63 inches that\n15 . 3hh\nrepresents ) .\nfor the most part . note that many of the coolmore ( magnier , et al ) and darley ( maktoum family ) sires will be ' shuttle sires ' and will move to the southern hemisphere ( usually australia which ranks second only to the usa in the total number of foals produced each year ) to cover mares outside of the european ( i . e . northern hemisphere ) breeding season . the thoroughbred horse has a gestation period of around 11 months which means that the covering season in the northern hemisphere encompasses the period from february through to june . this means the stallion can then be moved to the southern hemisphere to cover during their breeding season which is from august through to december . this six month relative ' shift ' between the hemispheres means that a 3yo australian bred sprinter born in , for example , october will be classed as a 4yo if it came to race in britain because of our january 1st ' birthday ' for all thoroughbreds . the southern hemisphere group birthday is on july 1st .\nthe ' fee ' column usually gives the cost of having a mare covered by the stallion in 2009 currently and not in 2006 when these sires first went to stud ( in the northern hemisphere ) . note that the widespread economic downturn in 2008 has affected thoroughbred breeding as well and many studs have downgraded all their sire covering fees to reflect the depressed economic market . therefore a downgrade in covering fee for 2009 may not indicate a sire getting below average results , or getting elderly & unfashionable , as it normally would .\n. yearlings which did not reach their reserve price ( equals ' not sold ' and the abbreviation ' ns ' used on the b2yor website ) or were bought back by their owners ( and therefore ' retained ' with ' rtnd ' used as the b2yor abbreviation ) are not included .\nfor those who do not understand the term ' median ' a short description is useful . the median figure is produced by ranking all the sire ' s yearling sales in a group from highest to lowest . the ' middle ' figure down this ranking is then chosen as the median figure . if there are an even number of figures in the list the middle two are chosen , added together and divided by two to get the median . why bother with a median figure ? the main reason is that averages can be misleading and distorted by a small number of notably high prices . if a sire has 5 yearlings sold , for example , and four sell for 10 , 000 gns and one sells for 60 , 000 gns the average figure is 20 , 000 gns but 80 % of his yearlings made much less than that so it is not a representative figure . the median in the example would be a representative 10 , 000gns . comparing the average and median figures for the sire gives an indication of how ' consistent ' the sales prices were ( how small the overall range was ) .\nnote that the averages are given in the archaic ' guineas ' denomination because the major european auction house ( tattersalls ) still sell using them and in britain this has long been the traditional unit of sale . the ' guinea ' is ' one pound and one shilling ' in pre - metric british currency which equates to \u00a31 . 05 now . therefore , a sale at the level of\n10 , 000 guineas\nmeans a pounds sterling value of \u00a310 , 500 prior to any sales taxes and other costs .\nnote that the majority of european sales now use the euro ( \u20ac ) as the sales unit and reporting currency . the second biggest british based auction house ( doncaster bloodstock sales ) has recently linked up with the irish based\ngoffs\ncompany and now sell in euros .\nwon 2 from 2 , both at 8f , in a sep 26th maiden and the group 3 bresford stakes at the curragh on oct 13th .\nwon 2 from 3 in a 7f maiden on may 14th & the 6f group 2 railway stakes at the curragh on june 29th . 11th of 12 in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes at 10 / 1 on oct 18th .\nran twice . placed in 6f maidens at salisbury & newmarket on sep 9 & oct 3rd .\nwon 3 from 4 , all runs at 6f . unplaced in windsor maiden on aug 12th debut . won a maiden on aug 29th , a nursery off or85 on sep 13th & the listed rockingham stakes at york on oct 12th .\nwon 2 from 2 . a 7f maiden on sep 14th & the 8f group 2 beresford stakes at the curragh on oct 12th .\nwon 1 from 2 in a 6f maiden on debut on july 17th . 3rd of 5 in a 7f conditions race on sep 8th .\nwon 2 from 5 in france . began career with places in 6f listed & group 3 events on aug 9th & oct 1st . then won listed races over 5 - 6f by nov 12th either side of a second place in the 6f group 2 criterium de maisons lafitte behind whipper ( q . v . ) .\nwon 2 from 3 runs , all at 6f , in an aug 2nd newmarket maiden & the group 2 gimcrack stakes on aug 21st . fourth , at 6 / 1 , in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes to oasis dream on october 3rd\nwon 3 from 3 in a 6f maiden on june 4th , the 7f group 3 superlative stakes on july 8th & the 7f group 1 national stakes at the curragh on sep 19th .\nwon 4 from 6 starting in 5f maiden & conditions races on may 22nd & june 5th . won the 6f group 3 prix de cabourg on aug 4th and the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes ( from the still active irony ) on sep 21st . also placed in the 6f coventry stakes & 4th in the group 1 prix morny ( with still active whitbarrow behind )\nwon 2 from 2 in a 6f maiden on oct 17th & the 7f group 3 killavullen stakes , from nonentities , eight days later .\nwon 2 from 5 in a york 7f maiden on sep 4th & the 7f group 3 somerville tattersalls stakes at newmarket on oct 2nd . 14th of 16 in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes later that month & 3rd of 5 in an 8f group 1 in france on nov 2nd .\nwon 1 from 4 in an 8f goddwod maiden on sep 26th after prior 2nd places in 7f conditions & listed races ( ( to later older grade 1 winner right approach & multiple ayr gold cup winner funfair wane ) . 4th of 8 in a sub - standard italian group 1 gran criterium over 8f later .\nwon 2 from 4 in a 6f maiden on may 26th debut & 6f group 3 july stakes on july 11th . also placed in the group 2 coventry stakes ( as 2 / 1f ) and the 6f group 1 prix morny .\nwon 2 from 2 , both over 8f , in a newmarket maiden on aug 13th & the group 1 racing post trophy on oct 23rd .\nwon 4 from 7 in a 6f maiden on may 29th debut , 6 . 3f group 3 anglesey stakes july 18th , 7f group 2 futurity stakes at the curragh on aug 21st & the 7f group 1 prix legadere on october 3rd . also placed second in the 6f group 1 phoenix stakes & the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes ( to shamardal q . v . ) . unplaced in the coventry stakes .\nwon 3 from 4 , all at 6f , in a july 25th maiden , conditions event on aug 10th and the group 3 sirenia stakes . placed second debut at 33 / 1 .\nwon 4 from 6 in a 6f maiden may 24th , 7f listed chesham stakes june 18th , 7f group 2 futurity stakes aug 23rd & the 8f group 1 gran criterium in milan on oct 19th .\nwon 3 from 8 , all at 5f , in his first three races in a march 21st maiden , may 3rd conditions event and the listed marble hill stakes on may 22nd . placed 4 times later , 3 in group 1 races , in ireland & france over 6 - 7f .\nwon 3 from 3 in a 6f maiden on july 16th , 7f group 2 vintage stakes july 28th & the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on oct 16th . nominated champion european 2yo .\nwon 1 from 3 , all at 7f , in a newbury maiden on his second start on sep 21st . 3rd on his debut at newmarket on aug 23rd and later 3rd in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes on oct 19th .\nwon 3 from 5 in the 5 . 5f group 1 prix morny on aug 31st & the 6f group 2 criterium de maisons laffitte on oct 31st . unplaced in three other group races at 5 - 6f between jul 5th & oct 3rd including 4th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes .\nwon 2 from 6 in a 6f salisbury maiden on july 26th & the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes . 5th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes & 4th in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes in october to finish his season .\n2000 foal , 16 . 3hh . trained by mick channon for owner jaber abdullah . at 2yo won 2 from 6 in a 6f salisbury maiden on july 26th & the 6f group 2 mill reef stakes . 5th in the 6f group 1 middle park stakes & 4th in the 7f group 1 dewhurst stakes in october to finish his season . at 3yo placed second in the 2 , 000 guineas at 33 / 1 and unplaced in the irish 2 , 000 guineas at 11 / 1 . later that season won the 8f group 1 st james ' s place stakes .\nretired to stud in britain and a first season sire in 2009 . 17 yearlings sold in 2008 for an average of 11 , 800 guineas .\nplus gst payment on 42 - day ppt , free return ( conditions apply ) . standing at haunui stud , nz\nworld - class sire of champion two - year - olds , g1 sprinters and milers , classic fillies and derby winners . proven g1 cross for danehill mares , his best yet is two - time champion miler ribchester .\n1st dam : pastorale by nureyev . 2 wins ( 8f ) at 3 . dam of 13 foals , 12 to race , 11 winners :\nfarraaj ( g dubai destination ) 6 wins ( 7f - 10\u00bdf ) , 2 to 5 , winter derby ( g3 ) , churchill s , 2nd somerville tattersall s ( g3 ) , 3rd breeders\u2019 cup juvenile turf ( g1 ) , mackinnon s ( g1 ) .\nkareymah ( f zafonic ) 3 wins ( 7f ) at 2 , prix du calvados ( g3 ) , sweet solera s .\ntaqdeyr ( g dubai destination ) 4 wins ( 7f ) at 3 and 4 , 3rd guisborough s .\njathaabeh ( f nashwan ) 2 wins ( 8f ) at 3 . dam of :\nmijhaar ( g shirocco ) braveheart s , 3rd wolferton h , hambleton s .\n2nd dam : park appeal by ahonoora . champion two - year - old filly in england and ireland , 5 wins ( 6f - 8f ) , 2 to 4 , cheveley park s ( g1 ) . sister to nashamaa . dam of 9 winners :\ncape cross ( c green desert ) 5 wins , 2 to 5 , lockinge s ( g1 ) , queen anne s ( g2 ) , 3rd prix jacques le marois ( g1 ) . sire .\nvincennes ( f king\u2019s best ) 3 wins at 3 , kolner herbst - stuten - meile ( g3 ) .\nphoenix park ( c sadler\u2019s wells ) 3 wins at 4 and 6 , prix du carrousel .\ngreat britain ( c green desert ) winner at 3 and 5 , al quoz sprint .\ndiktat ( c warning ) haydock park sprint cup s ( g1 ) . sire .\nrecite ( f forty niner ) winner . dam of : one spirit ( f invincible spirit ) owenstown stud s , 2nd solonaway s ( g3 ) ; some spirit ( f invincible spirit ) 2nd fairy bridge s ( g3 ) .\n3rd dam : balidaress by balidar . 3 wins at 3 and 4 . dam of 8 winners :\nalydaress ( f alydar ) 3 wins at 3 , irish oaks ( g1 ) . dam of :\nlaiyl ( f nureyev ) winner at 3 . dam of : layman ( c sunday silence ) prix de cabourg ( g3 ) , sovereign s ( g3 ) , 2nd prix morny ( g1 ) . sire .\nshadayid ( f shadeed ) champion two - year - old filly in europe , 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) , prix marcel boussac ( g1 ) . dam of : bint shadayid ( f nashwan ) prestige s ( g3 ) , 3rd 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) ; imtiyaz ( c woodman ) glasgow s , 2nd prix jean prat ( g1 ) . grandam of : farhaan ( c jazil ) 2nd shoemaker mile s ( g1 ) . third dam of : takaful ( c bernardini ) vosburgh s ( g1 ) , 2nd allen h jerkins s ( g1 ) , 3rd toboggan s ( g3 ) .\ndumaani ( c danzig ) keio hai spring cup ( g2 ) . sire .\nfath ( c danzig ) lennox s ( g3 ) , 2nd middle park s ( g1 ) . sire .\nnashamaa ( c ahonoora ) 4 wins , 2 to 4 , ballymacoy s ( g3 ) . sire .\nbin ajwaad ( c rainbow quest ) gladness s ( g3 ) . sire .\nrussian rhythm ( f kingmambo ) 1 , 000 guineas ( g1 ) . grandam of : zonderland ( c dutch art ) sovereign s ( g3 ) , 2nd celebration mile s ( g2 ) ; spangled ( f starspangledbanner ) sceptre s ( g3 ) ; marenko ( f exceed and excel ) fred darling s ( g3 ) .\nflames of paris ( f blushing groom ) unraced . dam of : hot snitzel ( g snitzel ) btc cup ( g1 ) .\nwokingham s , 6f , york , beating beckermet , fire up the band , country reel , continent .\n, 7f , goodwood , beating jedburgh , assertive , nayyir , etlaala , jeremy .\n, 6f , newmarket , to les arcs , beating ashdown express , amadeus wolf , moss vale , takeover target , falkirk ."]}
{"id": 43, "summary": [{"text": "erelieva parvulella is a species of snout moth in the genus erelieva .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by charles russell ely in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including illinois and tennessee . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "erelieva parvulella", "paragraphs": ["erelieva heinrich , 1956 ; bull . u . s . natl . mus . 207 : 308 ; ts : pempelia quantulella hulst\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 1990 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 3 , p . 126 ; pl . 5 . 35 - 36 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 44, "summary": [{"text": "bida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1863 and is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 23 \u2013 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with all veins marked with fine fuscous lines mixed posteriorly with blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are three pale fuscous longitudinal streaks , the first from the base beneath the costa to the costa beyond the middle , extending along it to near the apex , the second median , from the base to the apex , united with the first at the base , finely edged with dark fuscous beneath on the basal third , and above from one-third to three-fifths , the third is less marked , subdorsal and runs from near the base to near the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are indications of faint pale fuscous streaks , between the veins towards the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish-grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bida radiosella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for radiosella definition . you find here radiosella meaning , synonyms of radiosella and images for radiosella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word radiosella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word radiosella and , of course , radiosella synonyms and on the right images related to the word radiosella .\nbida is a monotypic moth genus in the family xyloryctidae described by francis walker in 1864 . its only species , bida radiosella , described by the same author one year earlier , is found in australia , [ 1 ] where it has been recorded from new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria and western australia .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] . type species : bida crambella walker , 1864 by monotypy .\nwalk . meyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 .\nfletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 32 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , 1864 , junior subjective synonym of cryptolechia zeller , [ oecophoridae , depressariidae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . [ oecophoridae , oecophorinae ] b . pitkin and p . jenkins ,\nbutterflies and moths of the world : generic names and their type - species , 2004 . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 7 april 2010 ]\ncorpus sat robustum : proboscis conspicua . palpi squamosi , subarcuati , capitis latitudine plus duplo longiores ; articulus 3us 2o vix brevior . pedes longiusculi , sat graciles . alae anticae longae , lanceolatae , acutae , margine exteriore recto perobliquo .\nallied to oecophora . body rather stout . proboscis distinct . palpi squamous , very slightly curved , more than twice longer than the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform , nearly as long as the second . legs smooth , rather long and slender . wings long , lanceolate ; fringe moderately long . fore wings acute ; exterior border straight , very oblique ; second inferior vein near the first and the third ; fourth remote from the third .\nhead with appressed scales ; tongue developed . antennae in male serrulate , minutely ciliated ( 1 / 3 ) , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi extremely long , recurved , second joint much exceeding base of antennae , rough - scaled beneath , terminal joint as long as second , somewhat thickened with scales towards base , acute . forewings with 2 from 4 / 5 , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to apex , 11 from before middle . hindwings 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia 1 / 3 ; 3 and 4 connate , 5 - 7 nearly parallel . allied to\n] , but differing from both in the rough scales of second joint of palpi , which are also exceptionally long .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) .\nwalker , 1863 , crambites & tortricites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 2 8 . 287\u2013561 pp . [ 539 ] . holotype bmnh \u2642 , tasmania .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 824 ] .\nmeyrick , 1906 . descriptions of australian tineina . transactions of the royal society of south australia 30 : 33\u201366 . holotype bmnh \u2642 , south australia .\nwalk . tillyard , r . j . , 1926 , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson . 1 - 560 . ( 424 , pl . 28 : 21 . )\n( walker , 1864 ) . common , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 86 ] .\nwalker , [ oecophoridae , depressariinae ] beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken [ accessed 5 april 2010 ] .\nalba ; thorax fusco bivittatus ; alae anticae longae , apice rotundate , vitis duabus strigisque nonnullis aeneo - fuscis , vitta 2a nigro submarginata , venis nigricantibus ; posticae cinereae .\nwhite . antennae brown , stout , minutely serrated and setulose . thorax with a brown stripe on each side . anterior legs mostly brown . wings long , rounded at the tips . fore wings with two aeneous - brown stripes ; first stripe subcostal , joining the costa beyond the middle ; second extending to the tip of the wing , partly bordered with black in front ; some aeneous - brown streaks between the veins , which are blackish ; fringe interlined with pale brown ; under side brown ; exterior border very oblique . hind wings cinereous . length of the body 5 lines [ 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 15 lines [ 31 . 7mm ] .\nwhitish . fore wings with three fawn - coloured stripes ; first stripe subcostal ; second extending to the tip of the wing ; third near the interior border , extending to the interior angle ; veins blackish . length of the body 6 ? lines [ 12 . 7mm ? ] ; of the wings 16 lines [ 33 . 9mm ] .\nblackheath , new south wales : melbourne , victoria ; mount lofty , south australia ; in november , three specimens .\nwalk . ( pl . 28 , fig 21 ) is a fine australian species with grey forewings marked with whitish rays . ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\n\u2642 genitalia . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . albany , w . a . , 5 october 1951 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g141 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\n\u2642 genitalia . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\naedeagus . 2 mls s of ulladulla , nsw , 15 october 1956 , collected by i . f . b . common and m . s . upton . anic slide no . g3297 , dissected by i . f . b . common 1984 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .\nnew south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker , f . 1863 ,\ntortricites & tineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 28 , pp . 287 - 561\nwalker , f . 1864 ,\ntineites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 29 , pp . 562 - 835\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e337148 - 71dc - 4871 - 96da - c9f24d7e9b1e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 297569\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 20 : 37 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nkf395531 genomic dna translation : ags83570 . 1 kf395639 genomic dna translation : ags83678 . 1 kf398002 genomic dna translation : ags86041 . 1 kf400178 genomic dna translation : ags88217 . 1 kf401053 genomic dna translation : ags89092 . 1 kf402213 genomic dna translation : ags90252 . 1 kf402347 genomic dna translation : ags90386 . 1 kf402372 genomic dna translation : ags90411 . 1 kf405946 genomic dna translation : ags93985 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nmany of the caterpillars of this family bore into timber , hence their common name : timber moths .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 45, "summary": [{"text": "pyrosoma atlanticum is a pelagic species of marine colonial tunicate in the class thaliacea found in temperate waters worldwide .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name of the genus comes from the greek words pyros meaning ' fire ' and soma meaning ' body ' , referring to the bright bioluminescence sometimes emitted .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the specific epithet atlanticum refers to the atlantic ocean , from where the first specimen of the species was collected for scientific description ; it was described in 1804 by fran\u00e7ois p\u00e9ron , a french naturalist . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "pyrosoma atlanticum", "paragraphs": ["forma pyrosoma atlanticum f . elegans lesueur , 1815 accepted as pyrosoma atlanticum p\u00e9ron , 1804 ( junior synonym )\nvariety pyrosoma atlanticum var . giganteum lesueur , 1815 accepted as pyrosoma atlanticum p\u00e9ron , 1804 ( junior synonym )\nvariety pyrosoma atlanticum var . levatum seeliger , 1895 accepted as pyrosoma atlanticum p\u00e9ron , 1804 ( junior synonym )\nvariety pyrosoma atlanticum var . tuberculosum seeliger , 1895 accepted as pyrosoma atlanticum p\u00e9ron , 1804 ( junior synonym )\nmass deposition event of pyrosoma atlanticum carcasses off ivory coast ( west africa ) .\nfigure 1 : one of many pyrosoma atlanticum caught in a bongo net tow .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30d2\u30ab\u30ea\u30dc\u30e4\nto\npyrosoma atlanticum p\u00e9ron , 1804\n.\npyrosoma atlanticum is a pelagic species of marine colonial tunicate in the class thaliacea . it is found in temperate waters worldwide . pyrosoma atlanticum is bioluminescent and can generate a brilliant blue - green light when stimulated .\npyrosoma atlanticum conducts diel vertical migrations , and employing continuous jet propulsion it attains the highest clearance rates recorded in zooplankton grazers . photo : peter wirtz\nholland , lz . 1990 . spermatogenesis in pyrosoma - atlanticum ( tunicata , thaliacea , pyrosomatida ) - implications for tunicate phylogeny . marine biology . 105 : 451 - 470 .\npyrosoma benthica monniot c . & monniot f . , 1966 ( junior synonym )\nto antarctic invertebrates to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym pyrosoma benthica monniot c . & monniot f . , 1966 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym pyrosoma ellipticum ( brooks , 1906 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum triangulum neumann , 1913 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 111 publications ) ( from synonym pyrosoma elegans lesueur , 1813 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 116 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 140 publications ) ( from synonym pyrosoma giganteum lesueur , 1815 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym pyrosoma triangulum neumann , 1909 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym pyrosoma benthica monniot c . & monniot f . , 1966 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( 1 record ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum hawaiiense metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( 1 record ) ( from synonym pyrosoma ellipticum ( brooks , 1906 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym pyrosoma giganteum lesueur , 1815 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum triangulum neumann , 1913 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( 52 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( 6 records ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum dipleurosoma metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( 9 records ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum intermedium metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( holotype usnm 6409 ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum paradoxum metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( holotype usnm 6416 ) ( from synonym pyrosoma ellipticum ( brooks , 1906 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( holotype usnm 6437 ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum echinatum metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology chordata collection ( holotype usnm 6443 ) ( from synonym pyrosoma atlanticum hawaiiense metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) to itis\nperissinotto r , mayzaud p , nichols pd , labat jp . 2007 . grazing by pyrosoma atlanticum ( tunicata , thaliacea ) in the south indian ocean . marine ecology progress series 330 : 1 - 11 .\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum triangulum neumann , 1913 ) neumann , g . 1913a . 14 . die pyrosomen und doliolida der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 03 , zoologie iv : 1 - 34 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum var . giganteum lesueur , 1815 ) neumann , g . 1913a . 14 . die pyrosomen und doliolida der deutschen s\u00fcdpolar - expedition 1901 - 03 , zoologie iv : 1 - 34 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum var . tuberculosum seeliger , 1895 ) seeliger , o . 1895 . die pyrosomen der plankton - expedition . ergebnisse plankton - exp . 2 ( e , b ) : 3 - 88 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum var . levatum seeliger , 1895 ) seeliger , o . 1895 . die pyrosomen der plankton - expedition . ergebnisse plankton - exp . 2 ( e , b ) : 3 - 88 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum triangulum neumann , 1913 ) metcalf , m . m . ; hopkins , h . s . 1919 . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the united states bureau of fisheries and the united states national museum . bulletin of the u . s . national museum 100 ( 2 ) : 195 - 272 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum echinatum metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) metcalf , m . m . ; hopkins , h . s . 1919 . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the united states bureau of fisheries and the united states national museum . bulletin of the u . s . national museum 100 ( 2 ) : 195 - 272 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum intermedium metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) metcalf , m . m . ; hopkins , h . s . 1919 . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the united states bureau of fisheries and the united states national museum . bulletin of the u . s . national museum 100 ( 2 ) : 195 - 272 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum dipleurosoma metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) metcalf , m . m . ; hopkins , h . s . 1919 . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the united states bureau of fisheries and the united states national museum . bulletin of the u . s . national museum 100 ( 2 ) : 195 - 272 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum hawaiiense metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) metcalf , m . m . ; hopkins , h . s . 1919 . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the united states bureau of fisheries and the united states national museum . bulletin of the u . s . national museum 100 ( 2 ) : 195 - 272 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum paradoxum metcalf & hopkins , 1919 ) metcalf , m . m . ; hopkins , h . s . 1919 . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the united states bureau of fisheries and the united states national museum . bulletin of the u . s . national museum 100 ( 2 ) : 195 - 272 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma giganteum var . atlanticum p\u00e9ron , 1804 ) kr\u00fcger , p . 1912 . pyrosomes et appendiculaires provent des campagnes de la princess - alice ( 1885 - 1910 ) . r\u00e9sultats de campagnes scientifiques albert 1er 39 : 3 - 38 . [ details ]\nlindley ja , hern\u00e1ndez f , scatllar j , docoito j . 2001 . funchalia sp . ( crustacea : penaeidae ) associated with pyrosoma atlanticum ( thaliacea : pyrosomatidae ) off the canary islands . journal of the marine biological association uk 81 : 173 - 174 .\nthis bizarre and rarely - seen creature is called a pyrosome , a species of pelagic colonial tunicates . their scientific name , pyrosoma atlanticum , is derived from the greek words pyro meaning \u2018fire\u2019 and soma meaning \u2018body\u2019 which refers to the fact that they are known for bright displays of bioluminescence .\npyrosoma atlanticum are one of the few pyrosomes that make it to the west coast of the u . s . the species found here are less than a foot but can get as long as 24 inches . largely colorless , they can show up as pink , grayish or purple - green .\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum f . elegans lesueur , 1815 ) godeaux , j . 1973 . tuniciers p\u00e9lagiques r\u00e9colt\u00e9s au cours de troisi\u00e8me croisi\u00e8re atlantique de l ' armauer hansen ( 1922 ) . bulletin de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale des sciences de li\u00e8ge 42 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 - 69 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma benthica monniot c . & monniot f . , 1966 ) monniot , c . ; monniot , f . 1966 . un pyrosome benthique : pyrosoma benthica n . sp . comptes rendus de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciences , paris 263d : 368 - 370 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma ellipticum ( brooks , 1906 ) ) brooks , w . k . 1906b . the affinities of the pelagic tunicates . i . on a new pyrosoma ( dipleurosoma elliptica ) . memoirs of the national academy of sciences , washington 10 : 151 - 155 . [ details ]\nthalassarche bulleri ( buller ' s albatross ) ( james & stahl 2000 ) . new zealand study : 77 % of samples contained pyrosoma atlanticum , and this species made up 22 % of the diet by weight . one individual had 69 specimens in its stomach . the largest specimen consumed was 14 . 3 cm in length .\np\u00e9ron , f . 1804 . m\u00e9moire sur le nouveau genre pyrosoma . annales du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle 4 ( 12 ) : 437 - 446 . [ details ]\n( of pyrosoma atlanticum f . elegans lesueur , 1815 ) lesueur , m . ( 1815 ) . m\u00e9moire sur l ' organisation des pyrosomes , et sur la place qu ' ils semblent devoir occuper dans une classification naturelle . bulletin des sciences , par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomatique de paris . 1815 : 70 - 74 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n. . . measurements of the mesh of the pyrosome pyrosoma atlanticum [ 97 ] suggest submicron particle capture is likely ( electronic supplemen - tary material , table s2 ) . the only study to date on size selectivity of pyrosomes showed favourable selection of par - ticles greater than 10 mm [ 76 ] . the smallest cells identified in p . atlanticum faecal pellets were 3 - 5 mm phytoplankton [ 72 ] , but a recent study hypothesized that a swarm of p . spinosum was sustained by high densities of synechococcus and flagellates approximately 1 - 3 mm [ 98 ] . . . .\nduring the 21st cruise of r . v . gaveshani in the bay of bengal in august 1977 , a big colony of pyrosoma , about 100 cm long and 50 cm wide , was located in the surface layers of water about 320 km off kakinada . a portion of a similar colony was collected in the plankton net about 200 km south east of this station . the colony was incomplete and partly damaged due to the cyclonic weather conditions . however , the species could be identified as pyrosoma atlanticum . the earlier records and description of the species are discussed\nstructure and functioning of colonial pyrosomes are largely undescribed and their lipid characteristics have received limited attention . the aim of this paper is to fill this gap on one of the dominant species pyrosoma atlanticum . lipid content is tightly coupled to size and weight . lipid composition shows a large dominance of structural polar lipids . neutral lipids were dominated by sterols . . . [ show full abstract ]\npyrosoma are hermaphroditic , with each zooid producing both eggs and sperm . the fertilized egg gives rise to an embryo that develops into four attached zooids which subsequently reproduce asexually by budding off new zooids ( brooks 1906 ) . this budding process is responsible for the growth of the colony . thus , the life history of pyrosoma includes both sexual and asexual phases .\nperissinotto and co - workers investigated the feeding dynamics of the pelagic tunicate pyrosoma atlanticum in the southern indian ocean . colonies showed highest retention efficiency for particles > 10 \u00b5m , and clearance rates were among the highest recorded in any zooplankton grazer ( up to 35 l h \u20131 per colony ) . gut pigment destruction rates exceeded those previously measured in salps and appendicularians . neutral lipid classes in p . atlanticum were very similar to those of both dinoflagellates and prymnesiophytes ; zooids contained small amounts of lipids , and low percentages of triacylglycerols and free fatty acids , which suggests that they use high biomass turnover as an alternative strategy to energy storage .\nmost pyrosoma species are tropical . unlike most tunicates , which are benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) and sessile ( fixed in one place ) as adults , pyrosoma are pelagic at all life history stages , floating freely in the open ocean , sometimes in enormous numbers . one recent study off the coast of west africa ( lebrato and jones 2009 ) suggests that pyrosoma tunicates that die and sink quickly to the bottom of the ocean may represent a major food resource for both benthic microbes and larger benthic organisms in the deep sea and should be included in models of large - scale cycling of elements such as carbon .\nas with many gelatinous zooplankton , we lack crucial insights into their natural history . so it can be difficult to tease apart how they may be impacting marine ecosystems . for instance , pyrosomes can grow rapidly and are efficient filterers with the potential to have a significant impact on phytoplankton blooms . for now , our current observations maintain that recent oceanic conditions are ideal for pyrosome populations . i\u2019m guaranteeing this isn\u2019t the last you\u2019ve heard of pyrosoma atlanticum . stay tuned !\n( of pyrosoma triangulum neumann , 1909 ) neumann , g . 1909b . 3 . mitteilung \u00fcber eine neue pyrosomen art der deutschen tiefsee - expedition . zoologischer anzeiger 33 ( 21 ) : 709 - 711 . [ details ]\n. . . for example , gelatinous forms are often lipid poor ( e . g . 6 % dm in pyrosoma atlanticum ) and dominated by membrane polar lipids ( perissinotto et al . , 2007 ) , whereas crustaceans can be relatively lipid rich [ e . g . krill tend to have substantial lipid contents of up to 48 % dm ( hagen et al . , 2001 ) ] with potentially large proportions of neutral storage lipids ( falk - petersen et al . , 1999 ) . . . .\nresearch pyrosoma atlanticum \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\ni have just watched the moon set in all her glory , and looked at those lesser moons , the beautiful pyrosoma , shining like white - hot cylinders in the water\n( t . h . huxley , 1849 ) .\nbrooks , w . k . 1906 ,\nthe affinities of pelagic tunicates . no . 1 . on a new pyrosoma and dipleurosoma elliptica\n, memoirs of the national academy of science washington , vol . 10 , pp . 149 - 156\npyrosoma may migrate hundreds of vertical meters each day . a study of pyrosoma atlanticum occurring in offshore waters of the ligurian sea ( northwestern mediterranean ) in april of 1991 found that daytime depths and amplitudes of the diurnal migration were correlated with colony size . the amplitude of the migration ranged from 90 m for 3 - mm - length colonies to 760 m for 51 - mm - length colonies , with a mean amplitude of 410 m for the overall population pooled ( andersen and sardou 1994 ) . in the same study , the results of horizontal hauls at a given depth around sunrise and sunset revealed a marked diurnal symmetry of the migratory cycle relative to noon , and showed that migration of the population was not cohesive . for example , the larger the colonies , the later after sunset they reached the upper layers during their upward migration .\n. . . the colonial pyrosome pyrosoma atlanticum filters particulates from the water column ( esnal , 1999 ) , with high retention efficiency for particles . 10 mm ( perissinotto et al . , 2007 ) , whereas the hyperiid amphipod vibilia armata is best known as a symbiotic ectoparasite of gelatinous animals ( vinogradov , 1999 ) . regional distinctions in the food environment of these species were indicated by increased levels of 18 : 2v6 , a biomarker for chlorophytes or cyanobacteria ( volkman et al . , 1998 ; gugger et al . , 2002 ) , in the northern specimens . . . .\n( of dipleurosoma ellipticum brooks , 1906 ) brooks , w . k . 1906b . the affinities of the pelagic tunicates . i . on a new pyrosoma ( dipleurosoma elliptica ) . memoirs of the national academy of sciences , washington 10 : 151 - 155 . [ details ]\n. . . similarly , no clear daynight migration pattern was recorded in pyrosoma ( not identified to the species level ) in the open waters ( along 88\u00b0e ) of the bay of bengal ( madhupratap et al . 2003 ) , although the pyrosoma colonies there were non tubular , smaller in size ( 10 \u00d7 10 cm ) , fewer in number , and whitish in color . as pointed out by perissinotto et al . ( 2007 ) , the trophic function , feeding dynamics , as well as ecology and physiology of pyrosomes are not well known . analysis of gut contents of pyrosoma ( hart , as cited by culkin and morris 1970 ) showed that the main food was phytoplankton ( approximately 80 % ) belonging to the classes haptophyceae , chrysophyceae , and bacillariophyceae , the remainder was composed of protozoan species such as radiolarians and tintinnids . . . .\npyrosoma atlanticum like most members of the pyrosomatidae is bioluminescent and colonies are able to light up for sustained periods . each zooid in the colony has a pair of luminescent organs flanking the orals siphon . light production may be the result of intracellular bioluminescent bacteria in the cells of these luminescent organs but this needs to be confirmed . bowlby et al . ( 1990 ) showed how pyrosoma atlanticum and pyrosomella verticillata bioluminesce in response to light . if you shine light on zooids on the one side of the colony , they bioluminesce and their light stimulates adjacent individuals . in this way , the bioluminescence spreads over the colony from the point where the zooids were stimulated . a colony that lights up can in turn stimulate an adjacent colony to light up as well . at the same time as lighting up , the zooid closes its oral siphon and the cilia inside that cause the water flow , stop beating . colonies are negatively buoyant so when water flow stops , the colony starts sinking slowly . it is thought that the ability to bioluminesce in response to light stimulation might be an adaptation to communicating about predators and by also closing the water flow and sinking , they can move to a depth where there are fewer predators ( bowlby et al . 1990 ) .\nmackie , g . o . ; bone , q . ( 1978 ) .\nluminescence and associated effector activity in pyrosoma ( tunicata : pyrosomida )\n. proceedings of the royal society b 202 ( 1149 ) : 483\u2013495 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 1978 . 0081 .\nmonniot , c . & monniot , f . 1966 ,\nun pyrosome benthique : pyrosoma benthica n . sp\n, comptes rendus ( hebdomadaires ) des s\u00e9ances de l ' academie des sciences . s\u00e9rie d . sciences naturelles , vol . 263 , no . d , pp . 368 - 370\n. . . 24 - methylcholesta - 5 , 22e - dien - 3\u03b2 - ol , reported to be a major st in some prymnesiophytes , such as phaeocystis ( nichols et al . , 1991 ; tsitsa - tzardis et al . , 1995 ) , diatoms and other species , was an abundant st in both holothurians and ophiuroids ( 5\u201316 % of total st , table 2 ) . the abundance of this sterol in the filter feeder pyrosoma atlanticum , has been shown to reflect dinoflagellates and prymnesiophytes as major diet items ( perissinotto et al . , 2007 ) . thus the high phytosterol composition in these abyssal echinoderms is reflective of a diet rich in phytodetritus . . . .\nmetcalf , m . m . and h . s . hopkins , 1919 . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the u . s . bureau of fisheries and the u . s . national museum . bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 100 : 195 - 276 .\nmetcalf , m . m . , hopkins , h . s . ( 1919 ) . pyrosoma . a taxonomic study based upon the collections of the united states bureau of fisheries and the united states national museum . bull . u . s . natn . mus . no . 100 2 ( 3 ) : 195\u2013275\npyrosomes ( pyrosoma sp . ) are colonial tunicates embedded in a gelatinous tunic . these can also be bioluminescent , and are normally pelagic ( found in the open ocean ) . they were washed up dead along the beach . thanks to my colleague paul detwiler for identifying these creatures . july 15 - 17 , 2014\n( of pyrosoma benthica monniot c . & monniot f . , 1966 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) . a monograph of the order pyrosomatida ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . journal of plankton research . 3 ( 4 ) : 603 - 631 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pyrosoma giganteum lesueur , 1815 ) lesueur , m . ( 1815 ) . m\u00e9moire sur l ' organisation des pyrosomes , et sur la place qu ' ils semblent devoir occuper dans une classification naturelle . bulletin des sciences , par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomatique de paris . 1815 : 70 - 74 , pl . 1 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npyrosomes , genus pyrosoma , are free - floating colonial tunicates that live usually in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas , although some may be found at greater depths . pyrosomes are cylindrical - or conical - shaped colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of individuals , known as zooids . colonies range in size from less than one centimeter to several metres in length .\n( of pyrosoma elegans lesueur , 1813 ) lesueur c . a . ( 1813 ) . m\u00e9moire sur quelques nouvelles esp\u00e8ces d ' animaux mollusques et radiaires recueillis dans la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e pr\u00e8s de nice . nouveau bulletin des sciences , par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomatique de paris . ( 2 ) 3 ( 69 ) : 281 - 285 , pl . 5 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa281 [ details ]\na large population of the colonial pelagic tunicate pyrosoma atlanticum occurred in april 1991 in offshore waters of the ligurian sea ( northwestern mediterranean ) . the high numbers of colonies caught allowed their vertical distribution and diel migration in the 0\u2013965 m water column to be described as a function of their size . daytime depths and amplitudes of the migration were correlated with colony size . the amplitude of the migration ranged from 90 m for 3 - mm - length colonies to 760 m for 51 - mm - length colonies , with a mean amplitude of 410 m for the whole population , all sizes pooled . the results of horizontal hauls at a given depth around sunrise and sunset showed a marked diurnal symmetry of the migratory cycle relative to noon , and that migration of the population was not cohesive . for example , the larger the colonies , the later after sunset they reached the upper layers during their upward migration .\n( of pyrosoma rufum quoy & gaimard , 1824 ) quoy , j . r . c . ; gaimard , j . p . ( 1824 ) . voyage au tour du monde fait par ordre du roi , sur les corvettes de s . m : l\u2019uranie et la physicienne pendant les ann\u00e9es 1817 \u00e0 1820 . in : desaules de freycinet . iv + 712 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npyrosomes , genus pyrosoma , are free - floating colonial tunicates that live usually in the upper layers of the open ocean in warm seas , although some may be found at greater depths . pyrosomes are cylindrical or cone - shaped colonies made up of hundreds to thousands of individuals , known as zooids . colonies range in size from less than one centimeter to several metres in length . they are commonly called\nsea pickles\npyrosoma is a genus of colonial , pelagic ( open - ocean ) tunicates . colony size ranges from less than a centimeter to several meters in length . each colony forms a transparent tube , closed at one end and open at the other , that is composed of hundreds or even thousands of outward - facing individuals ( or zooids ) . these tiny zooids , each just millimeters long , are joined together by a gelatinous tunic . water is drawn into each zooid through an oral siphon by beating cilia , creating a feeding current . plankton are filtered out of the water and the depleted water is then expelled into the interior of the colony and out the posterior opening . this flow of water not only facilitates food acquisition , but also allows the colony to move by graceful jet propulsion , although pyrosoma are mainly planktonic ( passively free - floating ) .\npyrosomes are brightly bioluminescent , flashing a pale blue - green light that can be seen for many tens of metres . the name pyrosoma comes from the greek ( pyro =\nfire\n, soma =\nbody\n) . pyrosomes are closely related to salps , and are sometimes called\nfire salps\n. sailors on the ocean are occasionally treated to calm seas containing many pyrosomes , all luminescing on a dark night .\nas bizarre as they may seem , these animals are not uncommon to those sampling off oregon . but on our recent trip aboard the bell m . shimada , pyrosomes seem to be everywhere ! we have been getting numerous specimens in our three different sampling gears : vertical net , bongo net , and beam trawl . at one of our nearshore stations , the beam trawl brought up 2 . 5 gallons of pyrosomes ( fig . 3 ) ! we were also lucky to encounter a large aggregation at the surface on the newport line transect . this anomalous abundance of pyrosomes has been observed in other research cruises along the west coast . a long - term time series in the california current saw the highest catches ever of pyrosoma atlanticum in 2015 . pyrosomes have been mystifying beachcombers up and down the coast as they wash up on beaches . these gelatinous organisms join a list of other gelatinous zooplankton , such as aequorea spp . , doliolids , and the pteropod corolla spectabilis , that have been seen in large numbers over the past few years .\nfor more images of pyrosoma , check out bob perry\u2019s photographs . included in his work are a few pseudoconchs ( false shells ) of the pelagic mollusk corolla which we similarly found . if you are interested in learning more about invertebrates with your students , i encourage you to look into the amazing animals curriculum unit i have written to introduce middle level students to zoology . this 10 - week unit is full of inquiry - based activities and lesson plans fully outlined for you .\n( of pyrosoma benthica monniot c . & monniot f . , 1966 ) van der land , j . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . thaliacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 355 - 356 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncigartha\n/ / pyrosomes\u2014fire bodies , ciliuminati , the enlightened ones\u2014are washing up en masse in the monterey bay . these gelatinous cigars on the beach are marvels in the water , shining bright bioluminescence that lead t . h . huxley to exclaim :\ni have just watched the moon set in all her glory , and looked at those lesser moons , the beautiful pyrosoma , shining like white - hot cylinders in the water\n. this particular pyrosome was partnered with an isopod parasite at its opening , while the rest of the colonial tunicates created currents to filter food from fertile waters . depth : 6 fsw\na striking feature of pyrosoma tunicates is their dramatic bioluminescence , which is visible for several meters underwater and appears in waves within the colony as flashing by individual zooids is triggered by flashes from their neighbors . flashing can also be triggered by physical disturbance . when disturbed , individual zooids protect themselves by closing off their oral ( intake ) siphons , stopping the beating of their cilia , and emitting a flash of light . neighbouring zooids detect the flash with their photoreceptors and respond in turn with protective responses and light emission . protective responses thus spread by photic signalling and propagate from zooid to zooid through the colony ( mackie 1995 ) .\n. . . sus densas agregaciones tienen un impacto sobre la comunidad fitoplanct\u00f3nica que las rodea , debido a que p . atlanticum es una especie filtradora , que se alimenta principalmente de nanoplancton como cocolitof\u00f3ridos , diatomeas , silico - flagelados y tambi\u00e9n de peque\u00f1os crust\u00e1ceos . se han medido vol\u00famenes de filtraci\u00f3n de 35 l / h en colonias con un tama\u00f1o medio de 17 ' 9 cm ( perissinotto et al . [ 24 ] ) . en los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os se ha estudiado su papel en las cadenas tr\u00f3ficas marinas , siendo importante como presa para 62 especies de peces , tres de tortugas , dos de albatros y un le\u00f3n marino ( harbison [ 12 ] , james & stahl [ 14 ] , childerhouse et al . [ 6 ] , hedd & gales [ 13 ] ) . . . .\n. . . adem\u00e1s , contribuyen al flujo de energ\u00eda y materia entre capas de los oc\u00e9anos cuando sus cuerpos se depositan en el fondo una vez muertos , fen\u00f3meno denominado como cascada de gelatinosos . sobre este \u00faltimo hecho se han observado deposiciones de m\u00e1s de 2 . 000 carcasas de p . atlanticum en los taludes continentales a m\u00e1s de 3 . 000 m de profundidad , ( cacchione et al . [ 5 ] , miyake et al . [ 22 ] , billet et al . [ 4 ] , perissinotto et al . [ 24 ] , yamamoto et al . [ 35 ] ) . la descomposici\u00f3n de sus cuerpos incrementa la concentraci\u00f3n de nutrientes , como el nitr\u00f3geno org\u00e1nico disuelto y el f\u00f3sforo , entre 8 y 25 veces en comparaci\u00f3n a su concentraci\u00f3n normal en la columna de agua ( west et al . [ 32 ] [ 33 ] , le - brato et al . [ 17 ] ) . . . .\namong the rare species , d . krohni ( if clearly identified ) and doliolum denticulatum were exclusively found at 25\u201375 m and h . virgula at 75\u2013125 m . c . polae was found in a moc10 sample at 50\u2013100 m . p . atlanticum was collected at the sites between 575 and 750 m by day and within the upper 135 m by night . apart from d . nationalis which was represented solely by phorozooids , stages other than nurses at site a were most abundant in the 25\u201375 m - layer ( 206 . 0 \u00b1 508 . 6 ind . 1 , 000 m \u22123 ) as compared to the adjacent 0\u201325 and 75\u2013100 m - layers ( 8 . 7 \u00b1 22 . 5 ind . 1 , 000 m \u22123 and 17 . 3 \u00b1 32 . 9 ind . 1 , 000 m \u22123 , respectively ) , but the differences were not significant ( mann - whitney u - test , p > 0 . 05 ; n : 8 ; 8 ) .\na swarm of pelagic tunicate ( pyrosoma spinosum ) was found in the surface open waters of the arabian sea during late southwest monsoon ( september 2007 ) . the swarm site was characterized by moderate southwesterly wind ( approximately 7 m s \u22121 ) , relatively low sea - surface temperature ( approximately 26\u00b0c ) , shallow mixed layer ( approximately 50 m ) , and substantial macro - nutrient concentrations ( surface values : 2 . 5 \u03bcm nitrate , 0 . 3 \u03bcm phosphate , 0 . 9 \u03bcm silicate , and 5 . 0 \u03bcm ammonium ) . despite adequate macronutrient availability , the swarm site was characterized by low diversity of phytoplankton ( > 5 \u03bcm ) and mesozooplankton in the upper 200 m . low chlorophyll a concentration ( 27 . 3 mg / m 2 in the upper 120 m ) at the swarm site was dominated ( 90 % to 95 % in the upper 40 m ) by the synechococcus ( 20 \u00d7 10 6 / ml ) .\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 1981 ) . a monograph of the order pyrosomatida ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . journal of plankton research . 3 ( 4 ) : 603 - 631 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . thaliacea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 355 - 356 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nkott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209\u20131216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ninter - research science center is pleased to make this feature article openly available for viewing by our readers .\nprocesses , tapering into an acanthose , backwards pointing tip . open end of colony with a tight diaphragm .\nfraser , j . h . , 1981 . british pelagic tunicates . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , no . 20 . cambridge university press , cambridge . 57 pp .\nihle , j . e . w . , 1927 . thaliacea . in : g . grimpe and e . wagler ( eds ) , die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee , xiia2 : 21 - 48 . leipzig .\nvan soest , r . w . m . , 1981 . a monograph of the order pyrosomatida ( tunicata , thaliacea ) . journal of plankton research , 3 ( 4 ) : 603 - 631 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nplankton ( centric diatoms , silico - flagellates and even fragments of small crustaceans , coccolithophores ) .\na colony with tough consistency and cylindrical in shape ; one end open and one end closed . it narrows toward the closed end and can be pink or yellowish pink in color .\npyrosomes are hollow tubular colonies of individual zooids that reside next to one another in a common tunic and result from asexual reproduction . pyrosomes often produce light ( bioluminescence ) and are capable of forming dense aggregations .\njavascript is required . please enable javascript before you are allowed to see this page .\nprocesses which taper into a tip . size up to 60 cm by 4 - 6 cm . zooids basically arranged in more or less parallel rows , which are mostly obscured .\n) . sexually mature zooids are found in colonies over 4 - 6 cm long .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nmalayan leaf frog\nto\nmegophrys nasuta ( schlegel , 1858 )\n.\nhans - martin braun marked the common name\nlong - nosed horned frog\nin an unknown language from\nmegophrys nasuta ( schlegel , 1858 )\nas trusted .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nzipfelfrosch\nto\nmegophrys nasuta ( schlegel , 1858 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfilmed with : panasonic gh4 4k @ 30fps f . 8 , iso 400 nauticam housing keldan 4x light\nwe had a unusual sighting these days , a fire roller . daniel , our skipper , was able to make a close and interesting video . this species are creatures of the open ocean . it is said that when they are carried by currents near to the shore they normally end up dying . the fire roller although having a strong body is nibbled at by fish an injured at rocks when it comes close to the shore . the body of this creature is composed by many thousands of tiny individuals forming a tube closed at one end , the tube can reach up to 3 meters each of the tiny individuals produces a current through its body into the tube ( in order to strain plankton from the water ) . as the water is ejected through the open end of the tube , a jet is created that slowly propels the whole colony . what a nice sighting ! !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\ndepth range based on 585 specimens in 20 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 416 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 5040 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : - 1 . 566 - 28 . 884 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 000 - 43 . 735 salinity ( pps ) : 30 . 220 - 38 . 998 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 353 - 7 . 761 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 073 - 3 . 390 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 499 - 167 . 288 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 5040 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : - 1 . 566 - 28 . 884 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 000 - 43 . 735 salinity ( pps ) : 30 . 220 - 38 . 998 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 353 - 7 . 761 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 073 - 3 . 390 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 499 - 167 . 288 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\neach zooid is only a few millimetres in size , but is embedded in a common gelatinous tunic that joins all of the individuals . each zooid opens both to the inside and outside of the\ntube\n, drawing in ocean water from the outside to its internal filtering mesh called the branchial basket , extracting the microscopic plant cells on which it feeds , and then expelling the filtered water to the inside of the cylinder of the colony . the colony is bumpy on the outside , each bump representing a single zooid , but nearly smooth , though perforated with holes for each zooid , on the inside .\npyrosomes are planktonic , which means their movements are largely controlled by currents , tides , and waves in the oceans . on a smaller scale , however , each colony can move itself slowly by the process of jet propulsion , created by the coordinated beating of cilia in the branchial baskets of all the zooids , which also create feeding currents .\nand evoked the following comment when seen by scientist t . h . huxley at sea :\npyrosomes often exhibit waves of light passing back and forth through the colony , as each individual zooid detects light and then emits light in response . each zooid contains a pair of light organs located near the outside surface of the tunic , which are packed with luminescent organelles that may be intracellular bioluminescent bacteria .\nthe waves of bioluminescence that move within a colony are apparently not propagated through neurons , but by a photic process .\nflashing zooids not only stimulate other zooids within the colony to bioluminesce , but nearby colonies will also display bioluminescence in response . colonies bioluminesce in response to mechanical stimulation ( touch ) , as well as to light .\nbowlby , m . r . ; e . a . widder and j . f . case ( 1990 ) .\npatterns of stimulated bioluminescence in two pyrosomes ( tunicata : pyrosomatidae )\n. biological bulletin ( marine biological laboratory ) 179 ( 3 ) : 340\u2013350 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1542326 . jstor 1542326 .\nhuxley , j . ( 1936 ) . t . h . huxley ' s diary of the voyage of h . m . s . rattlesnake . garden city , new york : doubleday .\nbone , q . editor ( 1998 ) the biology of pelagic tunicates . oxford university press , oxford . 340 pp .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nvan soest , r . w . m . 1981 ,\na monograph of the order pyrosomatida ( tunicata , thaliacea )\n, journal of plankton research , vol . 3 , no . 4 , pp . 603 - 631\nneumann , g . 1909 ,\nmitteilung \u00fcber eine neue pyrosomen art der deutschen tiefsee expedition\n, zoologischer anzeiger , vol . 33 , no . 24\u201325 , p . 792\nlesueur , c . a . 1815 ,\nm\u00e9moire sur l ' organisation des pyrosomes et sur la place qu ' ils semblent devoir occuper dans une classification naturel\n, bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomathique de paris , vol . 4 , pp . 70 - 74 pl . i\nlesueur , c . a . 1813 ,\nm\u00e9moire sur quelques nouvelles esp\u00e8ces d ' animaux mollusques et radiares receueilles dans la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e pr\u00e8s de nice\n, nouveau bulletin des sciences , par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomatique de paris , vol . 3 , pp . 281 - 285 , 1 pl .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1398a050 - 6f59 - 4404 - b571 - 0e0f7bfb9192\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 368846\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ndownloads from eprints over the past year . other digital versions may also be available to download e . g . from the publisher ' s website .\nthis repository has been built using eprints software , developed at the university of southampton , but available to everyone to use .\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue without changing your settings , we will assume that you are happy to receive cookies on the university of southampton website .\nforms finger - shaped pink to yellowish pink colonies of zooids ( each zooid is an individual animal with an inhalent and an exhalent siphon ) , measuring up to 60 cm long by 4 - 6 cm wide . colonies upwards of 4 cm long can contain sexually mature zooids . the test on the exterior of the colony , which forms the matrix between the zooids , has numerous protuberences , up to 15 mm long , over the surface , each ending in a spine - like tip , although , rarely , the exterior can be smooth . the wall of the colony is opaque and tough , and the zooids are tightly packed . zooids are rounded and up to 8 . 5 mm long .\nregarded as the most widely spread and common pyrosomatid occurring in all oceans from 50\u00ban to 50\u00bas . there are numerous records from southern african seas ( see distribution map in van soest 1981 ) .\ngrampus griseus ( risso ' s dolphin ) ( blanco et al . 2006 )\nbowlby mr , widder ea , case jf . 1990 . patterns of stimulated bioluminescence in two pyrosomes ( tunicata : pyrosomatidae ) . biological bulletin 179 : 340 - 350 .\ndavenport j , balazs gh . 1991 . ' fiery bodies ' - are pyrosomas an important component of the diet of leatherback turtles ? british herpetological society bulletin 37 : 33 - 38 .\njames gd , stahl j - c . 2000 . diet of southern buller ' s albatross ( diomedea bulleri bulleri ) and the importance of fishery discards during chick rearing , new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research , 34 ( 3 ) : 435 - 454 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00288330 . 2000 . 9516946\ncruz jb , lalas c , jillett jb , kitson jc , lyver po ' b , imber m , newman je , moller h . 2001 . prey spectrum of breeding sooty shearwaters ( puffinus griseus ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 35 ( 4 ) : 817 - 829 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00288330 . 2001 . 9517044\nlindsay dj , hunt jc , hayashi k . 2001 . associations in the midwater zone : the penaeid shrimp funchalia sagamiensis fujino 1975 and pelagic tunicates ( order : pyrosomatida ) . marine and freshwater behaviour and physiology , 34 ( 3 ) : 157 - 170 .\nblanco c , radu\u00e1n ma , raga ja . 2006 . diet of risso ' s dolphin ( grampus griseus ) in the western mediterranean sea . scientia marina 70 ( 3 ) : 407 - 411 .\nfrick mg , williams kl , bolten ab , bjorndal ka , martins hr . 2009 . foraging ecology of oceanic - stage loggerhead turtles caretta caretta . endangered species research 9 : 91 - 97 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\n) thaliaceans can thus locally comprise an exceeding portion of the surface zooplankton standing stock in terms of numbers and biomass . by their capability of exploiting small particles over a wide size range , from bacteria to large diatoms and microzooplankton ( silver and bruland\n; and references therein ) , in addition to the mass sinking of individual corpses ( wiebe et al .\ndifferent to the western mediterranean sea , thaliacean blooms have not been reported from the eastern mediterranean which is one of the most oligotrophic water bodies ( redfield et al .\n) . hydrographically , the strong variability of the surface water circulation on different scales ( \u00f6zsoy et al .\n) can return nutrients to the exhausted surface water and thereby boost a local phytoplankton bloom ( salihoglu et al .\n) which may be considered a general prerequisite for a flourishing thaliacean population ( e . g . wiebe et al .\n) . no information , however , is available as to which extent thaliaceans are involved in the observed increase of zooplankton ( salihoglu et al .\n) to an upward shift of the nutricline in the course of the eastern mediterranean transient , emt ( klein et al .\n) . although the thaliacean population was small relative to other taxa , we present the data on the populations of species and their ontogenetic stages , with a focus on regional abundance and vertical distribution , in order to provide basic information for the evaluation of the yet unknown role of thaliaceans in the levantine sea ecosystem .\n47\u2032e and ne off cyprus ( c ) at 35\u00b030\u2032n / 35\u00b000\u2032e ( fig .\n) . the respective depths of sounding were 4 , 300 , 2 , 700 and 1 , 200 m .\n- double - mocness ( d - moc ) equipped with 18 nets of 0 . 333 mm mesh size , and a 10 m\n- mocness ( moc10 ) fitted with five 1 . 670 mm mesh nets , all nets dark stained ( wiebe et al\n) . both devices carried seabird ctd probes and sensors to measure flow past the net and net frame angle . we almost exclusively present the findings with the d - moc , since the number of samples with the moc10 was small and less specimens and species were collected in general : while the standing stocks of\n) , if present in the moc 10 , were collected in only scattered numbers at the sites .\nthaliaceans were collected from the upper 1 , 050 m , yet chiefly in the upper 450 m . within the latter range 50 m - intervals were fished with the d - moc per haul between 425 and 25 m , in addition to the top 25 m . off site c , the uppermost layer was 0\u201335 m , due to an offset of the pressure meter and the depth ranges of the 50 m - intervals had changed accordingly .\nthe mean water volume filtered at the 50 m - intervals was 332 m 3 ( sd \u00b1 105 m 3 ) at the sites a and b and 300 m 3 ( sd \u00b1 78 m 3 ) at site c . this is about double as high as the mean filtered in the respective uppermost 25 or 35 m ( a 146 \u00b1 44 m 3 , b 172 \u00b1 18 m 3 , c 156 \u00b1 38 m 3 ) . in total , five day - time and four night - time profiles were available from site a , and two day and two night samples each from sites b and c .\n) in the homelab prior to subsequent numerical sorting for major taxa and further storage . samples of the d - moc were split according to kott (\n) except for the blastozooid stages ( phorozooid and gonozooid ) . but even their species - specific determination is cumbersome . therefore , the specimens of a rich sample at site a were not discriminated .\n( integrals over the upper 1 , 050 m , \u201cstanding stock\u201d ) based on volume estimates of filtered water by a calibrated flowmeter , corrected for the net frame angle and the angle of the oblique haul through the water ( h . w . ) . counts from a day - time haul at site a which encompassed only the deepest layers of regular occurrence of species were accepted for"]}
{"id": 47, "summary": [{"text": "epihippus is an extinct genus of the modern horse family equidae that lived in the eocene , from 46 to 38 million years ago .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "epihippus is believed to have evolved from orohippus , which continued the evolutionary trend of increasingly efficient grinding teeth .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "epihippus had five grinding , low-crowned cheek teeth with well-formed crests .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a late species of epihippus , sometimes referred to as duchesnehippus intermedius , had teeth similar to oligocene equids , although slightly less developed .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "whether duchesnehippus was a subgenus of epihippus or a distinct genus is disputed .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this is an early species of a horse . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "epihippus", "paragraphs": ["what made you want to look up epihippus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\n, which was slightly heavier and equipped with more robust grinding teeth than its ancestors . epihippus also continued the trend toward enlarged middle toes , and it seems to have been the first prehistoric horse to spend more time feeding in meadows than in forests .\nalthough still a primitive horse the teeth of epihippus show a trend more towards the grinding of grasses over the slicing of plant vegetation like leaves . \u202d \u202cthis is a reaction to the changing ecosystems of the eocene which saw the beginning of a reduction in forests with their subsequent replacement by grassy plains . \u202d \u202cthis process would go on throughout the forthcoming oligocene and miocene epochs , \u202d \u202csteadily driving horses towards the modern forms we know today . \u202d \u202ctoday epihippus is widely regarded as being the direct descendent of orohippus . \u202d\n\u2026from the middle eocene , and epihippus , a genus from the late eocene , resembled eohippus in size and in the structure of the limbs . but the form of the cheek teeth\u2014the four premolars and the three molars found in each half of both jaws\u2014had changed somewhat . in eohippus the premolars and\u2026\nname : epihippus \u202d ( \u202cupon horse\u202d ) \u202c . phonetic : ep - e - hup - pus . named by : otrhniel charles marsh\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1877 . synonyms : duchesnehippus\u202d ? classification : chordata , \u202d \u202cmammalia , \u202d \u202cperissodactyla , \u202d \u202cequidae , \u202d \u202chyracotheriinae . species : e . \u202d \u202cintermedius , \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202cgracilis , \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202cuintensis . diet : herbivore . size : around\u202d \u202c60\u202d \u202ccentimetres high at the shoulder . known locations : canada and usa . time period : lutetian to bartonian of the eocene . fossil representation : well over thirty individuals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nfull reference : r . a . stirton . 1940 . phylogeny of north american equidae . university of california publications in geological sciences 25 ( 4 ) : 165 - 198\nfull reference : o . c . marsh . 1871 . notice of some new fossil mammals from the tertiary formation . american journal of science 2 ( 7 ) : 35 - 44\nsee also black 1979 , granger 1908 , hanson 1996 , macfadden 1980 , marsh 1871 , marsh 1874 , mccarroll et al . 1996 , peterson 1919 , scott 1945 , stirton 1940 and westgate 1990\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : m1 7 . 80 x 10 . 05 , m2 8 . 25 x 10 . 75 , m3 8 . 40 x 10 . 41 , m1 7 . 68 x 5 . 43\nfull reference : o . a . peterson . 1931 . new species from the oligocene of the uinta . annals of carnegie museum 21 ( 2 ) : 61 - 78\nsee also macfadden 1998 , peterson 1931 , rasmussen et al . 1999 and scott 1945\nn . a genus of fossil horses from the upper eocene of north america , having four toes in front and three behind .\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe modern day horse of today is the result of over 55 million years of evolution . the fossilised remains of eohippus who is also known as the ' dawn horse ' or ' hyracotherium ' , is considered to be where the horse , or ' equus ' , as we know them today , originated from . eohippus not only developed into equus , but it also led to a whole family tree of other equine species .\neohippus was the size of a small dog at around 14 inches or 3 . 2hh .\nteeth - eohippus had three incisors , one canine , four pre molars and three grinding molars on each side of the jaw .\nteeth o three incisors , one canine , four pre molars and three molars , starting to change to give greater chewing and grinding action .\nfront legs o able to stand on one central toe with the side toes still partly functioning and the forelegs much longer than before .\nhind legs able to stand on one toe still with the side toes still partly functioning . hind legs becoming much longer .\nbody becoming heavier and more powerful to enable them to flee from any predators .\nfront and hind legs : one single toe that becomes the hoof . the side toes have now formed into splint bones on either side of the cannon bone and the pads have developed into the frog on the sole of the hoof .\nneck strong and more slender allowing pliohippus to balance and easily reach for forage .\nhind legs muscular and strong giving the horse great power , speed and endurance .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nduring the miocene , north america saw the evolution of\nintermediate\nhorses , bigger than hyracotherium and its ilk but smaller than the equines that followed . one of the most important of these was\n. parahippus can be considered a next - model miohippus , slightly bigger than its ancestor and having long legs , robust teeth , and enlarged middle toes . merychippus was the largest of all these intermediate equines , about the size of a modern horse with an especially fast gait ."]}
{"id": 52, "summary": [{"text": "the black-backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to forest and shrub into south-eastern brazil .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "when first described it was mistakenly believed that it originates from peru , leading to the misleading scientific name peruviana .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is closely related to the chestnut-backed tanager , and the two have sometimes been considered conspecific .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "black - backed tanager", "paragraphs": ["information on the black - backed tanager is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nwith reverso you can find the french translation , definition or synonym for black backed tanager and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of black backed tanager given by the french - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , gr\u00e9visse\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n14 . 5 cm . distinctively patterned tanager . bluish - turquoise underparts with pale reddish - brown vent and undertail - coverts . male has chestnut head and black back . yellow - buff rump and wing - coverts . dusky wings with greenish fringes . female duller and greener , lacks black on back and has dull green wing - coverts .\nhilty , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . black - backed tanager ( tangara peruviana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n14 cm ; 18\u00b75\u201325\u00b75 g . male has crown , nape and side of head rufous - chestnut , small dark mask around lores and eye , mantle black , scapulars and back to rump . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nvulnerable a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\nargel - de - oliveira , m . m . , bencke , g . , de luca , a . , develey , p . , martuscelli , p . , oniki , y . & willis , e .\nthis species has a complex distribution and undertakes some seasonal movements . clarification of these will provide an improved understanding of its actual conservation status , but currently populations appear small and fragmented , and are probably declining rapidly in response to extensive habitat loss . it is consequently listed as vulnerable .\nin s\u00e3o paulo , paran\u00e1 , santa catarina and rio grande do sul ( g . a . bencke\n. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . further north , in esp\u00edrito santo ( argel - de - oliveira\n. 2000 ) and rio de janeiro it is primarily a non - breeding austral winter visitor in april - september , and there have also been two recent records in bahia during this season . it is generally considered not rare within suitable habitat , with periodic local fluctuations in numbers owing to seasonal movements , at least in rio de janeiro and s\u00e3o paulo . records from pelotas in rio grande do sul were thought to refer to the closely related\n. 2003 , rosa and agne 2010 ) . however , records from buenos aires and misiones , argentina , can be more certainly attributed to\nthe population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a rapid population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss and fragmentation within its range .\n. it also visits gardens and orchards of houses close to forested areas ( a . de luca and p . develey\nfruit . it is also more common in s\u00e3o paulo during the winter months , and scattered birds appear inland at this time ( e . o . willis and y . oniki\n. all records from esp\u00edrito santo are from the austral winter ( m . m . argel - de - oliveira\nit is threatened by the rapid and widespread loss of restinga , largely to beach - front real - estate development and holiday centres . suitable habitat in both rio de janeiro and paran\u00e1 is now largely destroyed ( p . martuscelli verbally 1994 ) .\nalthough it occasionally appears in the illegal cage - bird trade , but this relatively minor threat could eventually compound the problem of habitat loss .\nit is considered vulnerable at the national level and protected by law in brazil ( mma 2014 ) . small portions of this species ' s range occur in six protected areas , none of which is supported by effective protection .\nsurvey to clarify the species ' s seasonal movements . enforce the protection of coastal areas in rio de janeiro and s\u00e3o paulo .\nmap updated . minor edits to geographic range text , and to seasonality coding .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22722890a119557428 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nsee t . argentea . has been considered conspecific with t . preciosa ( which see ) , the two then being regarded as partially localized morphs of a single species , differing in colour of mantle and back ; polymorphism , however , not known to occur in any other member of genus and , further , differences in breeding distribution and habitat suggest that the two are best regarded as separate species . monotypic .\nse brazil from esp\u00edrito santo s along coast to ne rio grande do sul .\ncall a high thin \u201cseeeeek\u201d , clear and notably drawn out ; also brief high \u201cti . . .\napparently largely migratory . occurs in esp\u00edrito santo and rio de janeiro primarily as . . .\nvulnerable . restricted - range species : present in atlantic forest lowlands eba . rare and local . total population estimated at fewer than 10 , 000 individuals , and declining . no . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\n\u201ccore tanagers\u201d , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara peruviana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 459 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nreview of foreign species that are candidates for listing as endangered or threatened ; annual notification of findings on resubmitted petitions ; annual description of progress on listing actions ; notification of review .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou want to reject this entry : please give us your comments ( bad translation / definition , duplicate entries . . . )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary , become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 53, "summary": [{"text": "the mexican big-eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) is a species of vesper bat endemic to mexico .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are nocturnal and insectivorous .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "their very large ears are located across their foreheads , and when captured , the bats are observed to curl their ears in a protective manner .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the adults are usually brown colored , while the juveniles are usually a smokey brown color .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have small noses . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "mexican big - eared bat", "paragraphs": ["spermatozoa epididymal maturation in the mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) .\nspermatozoa epididymal maturation in the mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nallen ' s ( mexican ) big - eared bat ( idionycteris\n( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .\na female mexican big - eared bat ( corynorhinus mexicanus ) with its baby . medell\u00edn also studies this little - known , endemic , and insectivorous species .\na young / baby of a mexican bigeared bat is called a ' pup ' . a mexican bigeared bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .\nthe ozark big - eared bat is a threatened species found only in a small number of caves in the southern central united states . also known as the western big - eared bat , the long - eared bat , and the lump - nosed bat , its appearance is defined by a pair of outsize ears and a lump - adorned nose .\na number of mammalian taxa are found in this arid ecoregion , among them the following special status taxa ; margay ( leopardus wiedii nt ) ; mexican big - eared bat ( plecotus mexicanus nt ) ; mexican long - tongued bat ( choeronycteris mexicana nt ) ; and the lesser long - nosed bat ( leptonycteris yerbabuenae vu ) .\nwhen it ' s roosting or hibernating , townsend ' s big - eared bat curls up its long ears so they look like rams horns .\nallen ' s big - eared bat ( idionycteris phyllotis ) is one of several species of bats listed as of special concern in the united states .\nconduct investigations to identify locations of pale townsend ' s big - eared bat roost sites within 10 miles of the lcr mscp planning area in reaches 3\u20135 .\nthe townsend ' s big eared bat being evaluated by the lcr mscsp is described in the habitat conservation plan as the pale townsend ' s big eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii pallescens ) . it is important to note that these bats have also been referred to previously as plecotus townsendii pallescens and corynorhinus townsendii townsendii in the literature and by u . s . fish and wildlife service . genetic analyses on the pale townsend ' s big - eared bat indicate that the lcr is likely in the range of the pacific townsend ' s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii townsendii ) rather than the pale townsend ' s big - eared bats ( piaggio and perkins 2005 ) . bats recorded along the lcr will be referred to as the pale townsend ' s big - eared bat on this website and in lcr mscp reports , as the name change has not yet been verified by the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncomments on population status allen ' s ( mexican ) big - eared bat is listed in the federal register , november 15 , 1994 , as a category 2 species for consideration to be listed as a threatened or endangered species .\noctober 20 , 1997 .\nspecies : allen ' s big - eared bat ( idionycteris phyllotis )\n( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .\nthe mexican big - eared bat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthey specialize in eating moths and other insects such as beetles , flies and wasps . townsend ' s big - eared bat is usually a late flier and will forage along the edge of vegetation .\nthe habitat conservation plan provides conservation measures specific to each species . listed below are the species specific conservation measures for the pale townsend big - eared bat . click on the arrows to expand the table .\n, also known as allen ' s big - eared bat , are its large ears ( 34 to 43 mm ) which possess lappets projecting from the base of the ears and extending over the forehead .\nthe ozark big - eared bat feeds primarily on moths but may also eat other bugs in and around its forested hunting grounds . it makes its home in caves , relying on their protection during hibernation and maternity .\nthe pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii ) is a medium - sized bat with a wingspan of 11 . 8 - 13 . 4 inches ( 30 - 34 cm ) , and a weight of 0 . 28 to 0 . 5 oz ( 8 - 14 g ) . fur ranges from slate gray to pale with cinnamon brown to blackish brown tips . ears are very large ( 1 . 2 - 1 . 9 inches or 30 - 39 mm ) and are joined across the forehead . the most significant characteristics are two large glandular lumps on each side of the nose , which help distinguish it from the four other large - eared bat species that may be found along the lcr : the spotted bat , the california leaf - nosed bat , the allen\u2019s big - eared bat , and the pallid bat .\nrodrigo medell\u00edn , seen here with a mexican long - tongued bat ( choeronycteris mexicana ) , links research , conservation , and education to preserve bats and their environment .\nthe ozark big - eared bat once lived in caves in missouri , arkansas , and oklahoma . however , they have apparently abandoned their missouri habitat due to human encroachment and cave disturbance . conservationists are currently working to protect these numbers by minimizing human intrusions .\nis common throughout mexico with its range extending through central america and into northern south america . it is also found in some areas of the southwestern united states . the mexican long - tongued bat has been found in southern texas , new mexico , arizona , and california . the bat enters these states from mexico at their very southern border . the mexican long - tongued bat is rare in the united states . the scarcity of\noccurs in the same habitat in southern yuma county along the mexican boundary ( kearney and peebles 1951 ) .\nhuman - caused disturbances occur in a variety of different ways . the loss of roosting habitat for this sedentary species may be one of the most serious threats to not only pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats , but other species as well . pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats lose roosting habitat by either the destruction of the roost or by abandonment after a disturbance . disturbance to maternity roosting sites has been found to be a serious danger to pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bat populations . disturbance to hibernacula may also be a danger because it causes an increase in activity , which may cause bats to expend too much energy , causing them to starve to death .\ntwo eastern subspecies of townsend\u2019s big - eared bat have been listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service as endangered under the endangered species act . the bureau of land management , in california , has placed townsend\u2019s big - eared bat on their animal sensitive species list . state designations include mammalian species of special concern in california and a species of conservation priority by nevada department of wildlife . the western bat working group lists it as a species of high priority , the highest priority the group gives . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list of threatened species lists the species as least concern .\nmexican big - eared bats fold back their ears , which are exceptionally large - and pleated - when they roost . they roost apart from each other , not packed together in clusters , in caves or mine tunnels , clinging to vertical surfaces with their toes and the thumb on each wing and with their tail curled forward under the body . some have been found hibernating in deep caves . females give birth to a single offspring , not twins , in the spring . mexican big - eared bats have been found in small numbers in dry lowland forests and higher - elevation pine - oak forests . they probably eat small flying insects .\nthe mexican long - tongued bat is a medium sized bat with a long rostrum and a nose leaf . it has a long tongue that extends to 1 / 3 of its body length . it ' pelage is gray to brown above and lighter below . other characteristics include big eyes and a minute tail that extends less than halfway to the edge of the interfemoral membrane .\nsubgenus dermanura : andersen ' s fruit - eating bat ( a . anderseni )\nno other large - eared bat in the area has a nose - leaf ( erect and lanceolate ) , and no other bat with a nose - leaf has such large ears ( 1 to 1 . 5 inches ) . in various places in arizona and along the colorado river in california , california leaf - nosed bats are known to feed on short - eared and long - eared grasshoppers , long - horned beetles , cicadas , sphinx moths , and noctuid and cossid moths ( hoffmeister 1986 ) .\nis an insectivorous bat which feeds mostly by gleaning moths and stationary insects from surfaces .\ntownsend ' s big - eared bats will use a variety of habitats , almost always near caves or other roosting areas . they can be found in pine forests and arid desert scrub habitats . when roosting they do not tuck themselves into cracks and crevices like many bat species do , but prefer large open areas .\nthe current range of the species continues to include all areas where townsend\u2019s big - eared bats were historically found , although there have been major population declines in many areas , including the loss of many historic roosting sites along the lcr .\naside from consuming loads of crop - destroying insects , bats are plant pollinators , and medell\u00edn ' s prized lesser long - nosed bat pollinates the cactuslike blue agave plant , the single plant species from which mexican tequila is produced .\nis an insectivorous bat it plays an important role in pest control . bat guano is used as a source of fertilizer , and organisms housed in the guano are used for waste detoxifying .\ntownsend ' s big - eared bats ( corynorhinus townsendii ) are a medium - sized bat with very long ears . their fur is pale gray or brown above and buff colored on the underside . this bat ' s ears are enormous , reaching a length of 38 mm . when the ears are laid back they extend to the middle of its body . the face is marked by two large glandular lumps on either side of its nose .\nbizarre bat behavior : oral sex , pollinating tequila , sharing meals , drinking blood , males lactating .\npredation is a threat to most bats , including pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats . specific predators of pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats include black rat snakes , spotted skunks , house cats , ringtails , rats , domestic cats , dogs , birds of prey , snakes , raccoons , weasels , predatory song birds , frogs , large spiders , and even other bats . bats , in general , are preyed upon by a number of different animals , although most of these are not bat specialists and bats are usually a rare occurrence in their total diet . while humans are not predators of bats , the negative image many have about bats may be a serious threat .\npale townsend\u2019s big - eared bat is primarily a cave - dwelling species that also roosts in old mines . this bat does not generally associate with other species in its roosts , particularly at maternity and hibernating sites . unlike maternity colonies , bachelor ( and non - reproductive female ) roosting sites usually contain one to several individuals . along the lcr , males may be territorial and roost alone unless the site is very large . bachelor roost selection is not as complex as it is for maternity colonies .\nover 20 years ago , medell\u00edn initiated research to identify and ultimately help protect the lesser long - nosed bat\u2019s caves . his efforts also prompted educational programs that dispelled bat myths and underscored their benefits to thousands of mexicans .\nbut bat shrieks are also capable of great nuance . a study of the false vampire bat ( megaderma lyra ) suggests bats may be able to recognize the voices of their friends . males of another species , the mexican free - tailed bat ( tadarida brasiliensis ) , appear to sing in order to woo their mates . as a female flies past , the male belts out little ditties to attract her attention , then tries to keep her interested by free - styling combinations of syllables and phrases .\nmonday , 26 - jan - 98 .\ndata : species : mammal : mexican\n( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .\nacting through ibwc , reclamation and its counterpart in mexico have developed a forum for the exchange of technical information . any efforts to discuss releasing flows into the upper gulf with the mexican government would be subject to the protocol set forth by ibwc and the mexican water treaty . a copy of this biological assessment will be provided to the u . s . section of the ibwc , who in turn will provide it to the mexican section of the ibwc ( ibwc letter dated may 21 , 1996 ) .\nit is assumed as with many bat species that predators can include snakes , owls , cats , raccoons and hawks .\nthe mexican long - tongued bat is the only nectar feeding bat that is not endangered . it is listed by the united states fish and wildlife service as a species of concern . fewer than 400 bats have been seen in the united states since 1906 . a long term sustainable food source is important for the survival of the species . development , prescribed fires , and grazing threaten loss of food plants . other threats to\nmexican free - tailed bats ( tadarida brasiliensis mexicana ) exiting a cave in texas . it is difficult to estimate the number of bats exiting a cave when large populations are involved .\nthe name for the townsend\u2019s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus townsendii ) has changed often since it was first described . both the genera and species name has undergone many changes . currently there are 5 recognized subspecies of c . townsendii in the united states , two ( c . t . townsendii and c . t . pallescens ) in the western u . s . , and 2 ( c . t . ingens and c . t . virginianus ) in the eastern u . s . , and 1 ( c . t . australis ) with a primarily mexican distribution , that overlaps with c . t . pallescens in western texas .\nforaging habitat varies widely between area and subspecies . one subspecies was found to forage more in open fields , pastures , and cliffs , rather than in nearby forested areas , while another was found to use edge habitat or habitat in close proximity to vertical structures such as trees and cliffs more often than open field or woodland habitat . one telemetry study found that pale townsend\u2019s big - eared bats concentrated foraging activity along the edges of riparian vegetation and generally were found in the vicinity of vegetation when traveling to foraging areas from the roost sites . there appears to be an association between foraging sites and the location of mines and caves that big - eared bats use as roosts .\nconservationist rodrigo medellin ' s efforts to save the lesser long - nosed bat is tied to mexico ' s blue agave plant .\n\u201cthis is nothing short of a dream come true ,\nsays medell\u00edn , who hopes enthusiasts snap up the brands , leading to more demand and broader , bat - friendly farmology . \u201cit will help save the bat and tequila at the same time . \u201d\nclick to play this sound . ( 0 : 02 , 175 kb ) credit : new mexico bat call library , w . l . gannon\nthe threatened and endemic banana bat ( musonycteris harrisoni ) is one of the little - known species that medell\u00edn seeks to study and protect in mexico .\nthis bat is a large myotis with a bare patch on the back between the shoulder blades . they roost in caves , tunnels , mine shafts , under bridges , and sometimes in buildings within a few miles of water . it is highly colonial and is often found roosting with the freetail bat ,\nhistorically , the western subspecies of townsend\u2019s big - eared bat had a wide distribution , and originally were separated by morphologic characters . one range of one subspecies included the western portions of california , oregon , washington , and british columbia . the range of another included the eastern portions of those pacific coast states and the province , as well as all of idaho , nevada , arizona , new mexico , utah , and wyoming , more than half of montana , most of colorado , western south dakota , part of the great plains , and northwestern mexico ( not including the baja peninsula ) .\nbats have long been among the world\u2019s most despised animals , due largely to myth and hollywood\u2019s fascination with vampire bats . but medell\u00edn is trying to lead a the perceptual transformation of the bat , from blood - sucking demon to unsung nature hero , and hopes a bat - friendly tequila will provide a major public relations boost .\ncumulative effects on yuma clapper rails from mexico\u0092s actions over the next 5 years are not known at this time . for the present , the mexican government has declared the cienega the core area of the world\u0092s largest biosphere reserve . therefore , it can be expected the yuma clapper rails occupying that area would not be impacted by other mexican actions . effects of mexico\u0092s actions on other areas of yuma clapper rail habitat , such as the confluence of the rio hardy and colorado river are unknown .\ntemperate north american bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called \u201cwhite - nose syndrome . \u201d this disease has devastated eastern north american bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007 . the fungus ,\nthe lcr mscp process for selecting sites to establish cottonwood - willow and honey mesquite as habitat for other covered species will , based on the information collected under conservation measure ptbb1 , give priority , when consistent with achieving lcr mscp goals for other covered species , to selecting sites that are within 10 miles of pale townsend ' s big - eared bat roosts in reaches 3\u20135 . as described in section 5 . 4 . 3 in the hcp , created cottonwood - willow and honey mesquite land cover will be designed to establish stands that will support a substantially greater density and diversity of plant species that are likely to support a greater abundance of insect prey species than is currently produced in the affected land cover types .\n\u201ci\u2019m hoping to compare notes in conservation strategies on lions , tigers and leopards , \u2019\u2019 he says . \u201cwe\u2019re trying to understand why jaguars cannot sustain the level of encroachment by humans that allow the other big cats to survive in other countries .\neach aspect of a critical habitat may , in and of itself , explain some changes in the population status of the big - river fishes , but the interactions between , and cumulative effects of , the combined elements are also of important concern .\ntrust me , you want nectar - feeding bats to get their fix . the long - nosed bats of the american southwest and mexico ( genus leptonycteris ) are some of the only pollinators of the agave plant\u2014the source of tequila and bad decisions . one study showed that without bat pollination , the agave\u2019s seed production plummets to 1 / 3 , 000 th of its bat - assisted rate .\nthe greater bulldog bat ( noctilio leporinus ) of mexico , central america , and south america , a fish - eating species , fishes by skimming over water and gaffing fish with its sharp claws .\na few bats in the united states and canada , such as this pallid bat ( antrozous pallidus ) , land on the ground and forage for insects , other small invertebrates , and even small mammals .\nthis species is found at all seasons throughout its range from sea level to 9 , 600 feet ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . it is only infrequently found in the desert mountains of arizona ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . townsend ' s big - eared bats are to be found during the day mostly in caves or mine tunnels , but at night they often rest in abandoned buildings ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . although widespread in arizona , it is not common anywhere else . hoffmeister ( 1986 ) lists one specimen taken 8 miles north of parker .\nfor instance , little brown bats ( myotis lucifugus ) go through two phases of mating : active and passive . the active phase comes first and is sort of like spring break . \u201cit\u2019s just one big bat orgy , \u201d says harvey . males mate with multiple females . females mate with multiple males . heck , little browns occasionally even respond to the calls of other species . ( let\u2019s not to tell the girls gone wild guy . bats have enough problems . )\nthis bat is fairly common ( reid , 1997 ; wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . not so common in guatemala and mexico ( not rare ) ( perez and arroyo - cabrales pers . comm . )\na distinctive , medium sized bat ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) with three large white spots , one on each shoulder and one at the base of the tail . the ears are pinkish - red and , at nearly 2 inches , the largest of any north american bat . there is only limited information on reproduction biology , but one young is apparently born from late may to early july . moths are the dominant food item .\nthe lower colorado river lies along the western edge of the crissal thrasher\u0092s range . this subspecies also occurs along the bill williams river , big sandy river , and possibly the lower gila river , the little colorado river , and in the grand canyon ( rosenberg et al . 1991 ) .\n' s inflorescences\nlie flat like big buttons on the sand and are easily overlooked by the average observer .\nbeneath the inflorescence , a single , long ( 39 - inch ) stem lies hidden in the sand that reaches downward to the roots of its plant host , the source of\nhabitat destruction has been especially harmful to the lesser long - nosed bat , first listed as a threatened species in mexico in 1994 . by 2008 it was well on its way to recovery , thanks largely to medell\u00edn , a tireless advocate who ' s been dubbed the\nbat man of mexico\nfor his work with bats . ( medell\u00edn , a rolex laureate and national geographic grantee , has also worked to help a variety of other plant and animal species . )\nhonestly , if you want to see a healthy bat - to - human interaction , take a trip to austin , texas . beneath a bridge downtown lives a colony of 1 . 5 million mexican free - tailed bats\u2014the largest urban population of bats in the world , responsible for consuming about 10 tons of insects in a single night . and every day from march to october , you can watch them dive out of their roost en masse and fly toward the horizon in a black cloud that under any other circumstances would call to mind the end of days\u2014or at the very least a meatloaf song .\nthis is a rather large ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) bat with enormous ears , a broad tragus , and a unique pair of lappets projecting from the median bases of the ears anteriorly over the top of the snout .\nthe greater western mastiff - bat is found from san francisco bay , california , through las vegas , nevada , the southern half of arizona to big bend , texas , and south to sinaloa in northwestern mexico and zacatecas in central mexico . they can be found mostly below 4 , 000 feet in elevation in the lower and upper sonoran desert scrub near cliffs , preferring rugged canyons with abundant crevices ( agfd 1992 ) . the foraging range apparently is extensive . vaughan ( 1959 ) has reported hearing this bat flying over desert flats several miles from the nearest likely roost site . in the mohave desert they were heard foraging 15 miles from the nearest hills ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . specimens examined by hoffmeister ( 1986 ) were from two locations west of kingman in mohave county .\n. mining activities have caused the relocation or extermination of several bat roosts . reproduction is shown to decrease after relocation , threatening the survival of the roost . deforestation removes the feeding environment for the bats , as well as that of their insect prey .\n) series of sonoran desertscrub ( turner and brown 1982 ) . it is this open community in association with sandy flats and valleys that is often described as flat - tailed horned lizard habitat ( stebbins 1966 , turner and medica 1982 , rorabaugh et al . 1987 ) . in arizona , the presence of big galleta grass (\nthis bat is the only myotis in the united states with a conspicuous fringe of hair along the posterior border of the interfemoral membrane ( forearm 1 . 5 to 2 inches ) . the fringed myotis roosts in caves , abandoned buildings , rock crevices , and trees .\n) . the coastal rosy boa is found in southwestern california and adjacent lower california , while the desert rosy boa inhabits southeastern california and southwestern arizona , with isolated populations in harcuvar , harquahala , castle dome , and kofa mountains , arizona . the mexican rosy boa is found in southern arizona ( organ pipe cactus national monument ) to guaymas , sonora , at the tip of baja california ( stebbins 1966 ) .\nby year\u2019s end , tequila brands certified as \u201cbat - friendly\nwill be on the market in the u . s . , the world ' s biggest tequila consumer , under the tequila cascahuin , la alte\u00f1a , siete leguas , and don mateo distillery labels , medell\u00edn says .\nin arizona was described by stebbins ( 1951 ) as along the hassayampa and agua fria rivers , both tributaries of the gila river , and along the big sandy and bill williams rivers above their confluence . stebbins described the subspecies in nevada as being found near las vegas and along the meadow valley wash , a drainage that empties into the muddy river northwest of overton . the\n) remains erect and may actually look like a small ear , which can make it hard to identify a roosting bat . few have been observed in their roosts ; most information about them comes from bats that were netted while they were flying . these versatile bats adapt their flight patterns and sound emissions (\nbats make up an amazing one - fifth of all mammal species . a vast majority eat bugs\u201470 percent of species worldwide\u2014but there are a few curious exceptions . the vampire bats of central and south america possess dagger - sharp incisors , which they use to open the veins of mammals and birds . they typically choose furless or featherless areas like ears , nipples , legs , and anuses . now , you might think a chicken would be bothered by a bat biting into its anus , but bat teeth are so sharp that most victims don\u2019t seem to notice . ( don\u2019t worry . vampires bats live only as far north as mexico . )\nmexican long - tongued bats feed on nectar and pollen from agaves and other plants . these bats ' tongues can extend up to a third of their body length , a feature which makes them uniquely equipped to reach nectar deep inside an agave or cactus blossom . in southern arizona , long - tongued bats often get nectar from neighborhood hummingbird feeders as well . in the united states , this species is found in the southern parts of california , new mexico , and arizona .\nthe first commercial harvesting of totoaba began in the early 1890s and by 1942 , annual catches peaked at 2 . 3 million kg . in 1975 , the catch had declined to 59 , 142 kg ( lagomarsino 1991 ) . beginning as early as 1940 , the mexican government imposed restrictions on the commercial fishery for totoaba , and in 1975 , the government designated totoaba as endangered and declared an indefinite prohibition on all types of commercial and recreational fishing ( flanagan and hendrickson 1976 ) .\ncally harper , a graduate student at brown university , has been studying another nectar feeder , the pallas\u2019 long - tongued bat ( glossophaga soricina ) , to understand how they retrieve nectar so efficiently . scientists already knew some bats had tiny , hair - like structures on their tongues , but harper and her colleagues discovered something else\u2014something bizarre .\na rather small myotis ( forearm 1 to 1 . 5 inches ) found in western north america from british columbia south to hidalgo and michoacan in mexico . this bat seems to be more closely associated with water than any other north american species . large nursery colonies can be found in buildings , under bridges , and in caves and mines .\nthis medium - sized bat ( forearm 1 . 5 ) has large ears measuring more than an inch in length . two large lumps appear on the dorso - lateral surface of the snout ( barbour and davis 1969 ) . foraging primarily on small moths , they may forage several miles ( 4 to 5 miles ) from the roost site ( caves and mines ) .\nthe small - footed myotis is identified by its glossy fur , black face mask , and tiny foot ( one - third inch ) . it apparently roosts in crevices and cavities of cliffs and or rocks , and possibly within caves and mine shafts . this species is remarkable in its tolerance for cold , relatively dry places for hibernation , especially for so small a bat .\na subspecies of savannah sparrow , the large - billed savannah sparrow is a small sparrow , streaked above and below . the legs are of a pale pink coloration , and often there is a pale yellow streak visible over the eye , especially in summer . the tertials are long , to protect the wing from abrasion against grasses , and the tail is slender , short , and notched . the large - billed , a mexican race , is paler than other savannah sparrows , without well - defined markings on the back and crown , and the breast streaks are diffuse .\nobservations made during the summer of 1958 have added to the knowledge of the habits and ecology of phcotus phyllotis , 29 specimens of which were taken during the summer . the majority were taken in association with mexican pine - oak woodland , although a few were taken from other habitats that were either similar to or in geographical proximity to pine - oak woodland . those individuals taken in mist nets were active well after dark and during fair weather . observations on their flight under natural conditions indicate that they are swift , agile flyers . these bats made many audible sounds during flight in the wild\n, grows best in cold , humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula . the fungus grows on , and in some cases invades , the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation , causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths . mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90 % . while there are currently no reports of\ncritical habitat is a regulatory term used to describe requirements for certain species survival . it encompasses physical and biological features essential for survival and recovery of listed species . within the context of this document , the components of critical habitat will be addressed jointly for each species . there are some differences in species requirements , but the system itself functions as a whole , so it should be addressed as a whole . for the endangered big - river fishes , critical habitat encompasses three major areas of consideration as follows :\nfeeds on fruit , pollen , nectar , and possibly insects on rare occasions . they have a long tongue that aids in removing nectar from flowers . pollen and nectar is acquired mainly from night blooming flowers such as cactus and agave . nectar and pollen is typically collected while the bat hovers over the flower . hummingbird feeders provide food for those bats arriving to northern destinations when food sources are not yet available .\nas with oral sex , we can only guess at the advantages afforded by a cactus - like penis . it\u2019s possible the spines stimulate the female\u2019s hormonal response . alternately , they could remove obstructions , such as a plug of semen left behind by another male . the only thing i can say with any degree of certainty is that once you\u2019ve seen the penis of a hoary bat , your nightmares will never be the same .\nthe united states ability to reverse conditions in the colorado river delta is virtually nonexistent . the reasons for this involve an international treaty and u . s . restrictions . the waters of the colorado , once delivered to mexico , as agreed upon in the mexican water treaty of 1944 , are the exclusive property of the sovereign nation of mexico . further , this treaty contains no provisions requiring mexico to provide water for environmental protection nor any requirements relating to mexico\u0092s use of that water . finally , a supreme court decree in 1964 enjoined reclamation from releasing water to mexico in excess of the quantity identified in the 1944 treaty except for flood control purposes .\nof course , in austin they just call it \u201cdusk . \u201d tourists flock to the bridge and the nearby riverbanks to witness the spectacle . some people even rent kayaks and pay admission on riverboats to gaze in awe from below\u2014though umbrellas are recommended , as the bats tend to eject their bowels upon exiting the roost . in fact , the sour - sweet smell of guano in the air will hit you long before a bat ever does .\nand it\u2019s really quite a shame , for these creatures ought to be among the darlings of the internet . bats are merciless predators , loyal neighbors , tender mothers , and generous lovers with strange and intimidating tongues . bats give us tequila and were conscripted during world war ii . and because breaking into animal celebrity today is a lot like boogie nights , i\u2019ll point out that at least one bat species possesses a penis of great and terrifying adaptation .\ncomments : specific abundance information is not available . however , according to the western bat working group ( 1998 ) , fewer than 400 individuals have been observed in the united states since 1906 . according to bill peachey ( pers . comm . , 1998 ) , from 1884 - 1994 only 700 individuals were collected in arizona . abundance in arizona is currently thought to be fewer than 1 , 000 individuals ( bill peachey , pers . comm . , 1998 ) . roosts in small numbers , usually fewer than 5 - 6 individuals ( bill peachey , pers . comm . , 1998 ) , but some colonies may reach 40 - 50 individuals ( western bat working group 1998 ) . according to reid ( 1997 ) , fairly common in desert scrub , deciduous , and pine - oak forests of central america and southeastern mexico . rated as widespread but relatively scarce in mexico ( arita and prado 1999 ) .\nthis is the largest bat in the united states and has a forearm 3 to 3\u00be inches in length . the distal half of the tail is free from the interfemoral membrane . one young is born as early as june and as late as august . they forage primarily for insects at considerable heights ( sometimes to 1 , 000 feet or more ) and for long periods during the night ; they especially like hymenoptera ( bees , wasps , ants and sawflies ) .\nquarry activities have the potential to impact bats that may roost in associated rock crevices , mine shafts , adits , etc . however , no known roosts occur within any of the quarry sites along the colorado river . if roosts are discovered during mining operations , reclamation will halt such activities and seek the assistance of the agfd , ndow , and cfg to develop an appropriate mitigative measure to protect the roost . other river operations will not likely impact these bat species .\nglobal range : ( 20 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 8000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) southwestern united states through mexico to el salvador and honduras . in the united states , occurs primarily in southern california ( the san diego area ) , southern arizona , southwestern new mexico , and the southern tip of texas ; also collected in the grand canyon national park , in northern arizona and known from a single specimen from las vegas , nevada ( western bat working group 1998 ) .\nwith a black face mask and appearing big - headed , the loggerhead shrike is slim - tailed , slightly smaller than a robin ; gray above , white below , it displays a small white patch on black wings during flight . a raptor that lacks talons and has weak feet , it has a strong , hooked bill for use in catching and feeding on rodents , lizards , small birds , and insects . to compensate for the lack of ability to hold prey firmly in its feet , the shrike becomes , in effect , a tool user by impaling its food on thorns , barbed wire , or other sharp objects to immobilize the carcass while it eats ( ryser 1985 ) .\nstabilization of banklines by adding a veneer of rock ( called riprap ) is a common maintenance activity . historically , much of the shoreline was not vegetated because flooding often resulted in a denuded shoreline close to the water . depending on conditions , there were probably many years where there was very little cover on the river . this may dramatically reduce recruitment success of natives , but given the life - histories of the big - river fishes ( high fecundity plus longevity ) , they would not be expected to spawn successfully every year . riprap provides interstices for hiding of both native and nonnative fishes . whether this is beneficial or nonbeneficial is not known , and the issue is probably dogmatic .\nthe california leaf - nosed bat is found in southern california and southern nevada , across the southwestern half of arizona , and southward to the southern tip of baja california , northern sinaloa , and southwestern chihuahua , mexico . in arizona it is primarily a cave and mine dweller , mostly in the sonoran desert scrub . these bats can remain active year round and do not hibernate or migrate ( hoffmeister 1986 ) . specimens examined by hoffmeister ( 1986 ) were from yuma , parker , and 8 miles north of parker . this species is susceptible to human disturbance which may cause abandonment of roosts ( agfd 1992 ) .\nthe flannelmouth sucker is characteristic of large , strong flowing streams of the colorado river basin , and like other\nbig - river fishes\nit is greatly reduced in range ( minckley 1973 ) . flannelmouth suckers have fine scales , a slim body , large fins and a ventral mouth with prominent well - developed fleshy , thick lips . the fish is reported to reach 30 inches in length and be a strong swimmer . breeding habits and spawning site descriptions are not known . this species hybridizes with the razorback sucker . therefore , they must utilize similar spawning habitat at similar times . however , the fish is also reported to hybridize with mountain suckers in the virgin river ( larivers 1962 ) . the fish is herbivorous and feeds on plant materials , algae and seeds ( sigler and miller , 1963 ) .\nthis species can be found in desert scrub , deciduous , and pine - oak forest ( reid , 1997 ) . it roosts in caves and mines , less commonly in buildings . individuals are spaced 2 to 5 cm apart and hang near the roost entrance where they remain alert and fly out if disturbed . this species leaves the roost shortly after sunset and feeds on pollen and nectar of agaves , cacti , ipomoea , ceiba , and other plants . cactus fruits are also eaten . in southeast arizona , this bat often visits hummingbird feeders , where it hovers in flight while lapping the nectar . northern populations migrate south for the winter . young are born in june to july in arizona ( arroyo - cabrales et al . , 1987 ; reid , 1997 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmedell\u00edn , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : this species is listed as near threatened because even though it has a wide distribution , presumed medium sized population and occurrence in a number of protected areas , the population of the species is considered to be declining and may qualify for listing as threatened in the near future under criterion a .\nthis species occurs in sonora and coahuila to michoacan yucat\u00e1n ( mexico ) ; cozumel island ( mexico ) ( simmons , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 3 , 200 m ( usually above 1 , 500 m outside yucat\u00e1n ) ( reid , 1997 ) . the records found in yucatan peninsula are old records : the original data for location is questionable ( reid pers . comm . )\nit is rare in southeastern mexico ( known from few specimens ) ; elsewhere uncommon to locally common ( reid , 1997 ) .\nthis species can be found in dry lowland areas to highland pine - oak forest ( reid , 1997 ) . it roosts in caves and mine tunnels . individuals hang well apart from one another , clinging to vertical surfaces with feet and thumbs , ears coiled back , and tail curled under to cover the lower belly . numbers present in caves may vary throughout the year , and hibernating groups have been found in deep caves . most southern and lowland records were obtained in the winter and may be due to seasonal migrations from cold , highland regions ( hall and dalquest , 1963 ; koopman , 1974 ) . diet probably consists of small , flying insect . single young are born in march or june ( tumlinson , 1992 ; reid , 1997 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nallen , g . m . , 1916 . bulletin of the museum comparative zoology , 60 : 347 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthis species occurs in sonora and coahuila to michoacan yucatn ( mexico ) ; cozumel island ( mexico ) ( simmons , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 3 , 200 m ( usually above 1 , 500 m outside yucatn ) ( reid , 1997 ) . the records found in yucatan peninsula are old records : the original data for location is questionable ( reid pers . comm . )\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nglossophaga soricina\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nipomoea arborescens\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nleptonycteris yerbabuenae\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nchoeronycteris mexicana tschudi , 1844\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsonoran - sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest habitat\nand\nplecotus mexicanus ( g . m . allen , 1916 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsyst biol reprod med . 2008 jul - aug ; 54 ( 4 - 5 ) : 196 - 204 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 19396360802334466 .\ncervantes mi 1 , arenas - rios e , le\u00f3n - galv\u00e1n ma , l\u00f3pez - wilchis r , ambriz d , rosado a .\ndivision de ciencias biologicas y de la salud , universidad autonoma metropolitana - iztapalapa . av . san rafael atlixco no . 186 , col . vicentina , mexico .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 55, "summary": [{"text": "speyeria hydaspe , the hydaspe fritillary , is a species of orange-brown butterfly found in the western portions of the united states and canada .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "a small fritillary , it usually has cream-colored underwing spots , but the vancouver island subspecies has silver spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "it is similar to s. zerene and s. atlantis , but may be distinguished by the smooth and even appearance of its postmedian spotband .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the caterpillars feed on violets including viola glabella .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "a single brood flies from july through september and feeds on flower nectar .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they may be found in moist forests , in clearings and subalpine meadows . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "speyeria hydaspe", "paragraphs": ["the core of hydaspe ' s distribution is the pacific northwest , ranging north to central bc and the mountains of southern alberta , and south to colorado and california ( scott 1986 ) . there is an isolated population in the cypress hills of saskatchewan ( layberry et al . 1998 ) , so it should be watched for on the alberta side of the hills .\ndiagnosis : the upperside of both wings is a rich orange brown , much darker at the base , with heavy black markings . the hindwing underside disc is a rich maroon colour , sometimes with a lavender tint , and often extends well into , or completely fills , the submarginal band between the spots . the spots on the hindwing below are variable ; they may be silver but are more commonly yellowish . wingspan : 44 to 60 mm .\nrange : in canada , this species flies from the rocky mountains of alberta westward to vancouver island and north as far as mt . hoadley in british columbia . there is an isolated population in the cypress hills of saskatchewan .\nsimilar species : the dark maroon underside distinguishes this species from other greater fritillaries .\nearly stages : the larvae are black with dark spines on the back and orange - brown spines on the sides .\nabundance : this fritillary can be abundant along the pacific coast ( howe , 1975 ) , but tends to be only locally common farther east .\nflight season : june to august is their normal flight period , being most numerous in july .\nhabits : this is a moist woodland species in the western part of its canadian range , but it also occurs in drier areas in central british columbia . it is usually found in forest clearings with other fritillaries on flowers .\n( skinner , 1911 ) was recently shown to be invalid ( kondla , 2001 ) . the slightly darker coastal populations might be a different subspecies but more study is needed .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\nupperside orange - brown with dark bases and heavy dark markings . underside light brown to dark maroon with violet tinge . hindwing submarginal band slightly paler than rest of wing ; spots cream - colored , bordered with black , and may or may not be silvered .\neggs are laid near host plants . unfed , first - stage caterpillars hibernate ; in the spring they eat leaves .\nviolets including viola adunca , v . glabella , v . nuttallii , v . orbiculata , and v . purpurea .\nbritish columbia east to alberta , south to southern california , idaho , montana , and new mexico .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\non apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .\none yearly flight peaking in mid july to mid august , depending on altitude and snowpack .\nhas a maroon - brown underside with creamy - white in place of the usual silvery - white discs . subspecies\nthe mature larvae are black and spiny , and lack pale markings ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . in the us , first - instar larvae hibernate without feeding ( scott 1986 ) . this species prefers cool / moist coniferous forests of the mountains to the dry grasslands inhabited by most other\nsp . ) ( guppy & shepard 2001 ) , and adults are attracted to yellow composite flowers ( bird et al . 1995 ) .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na bright - orange , medium - sized frit , strongly purplish below ( and in our area , nearly unsilvered ) , limited to mid - elevations on the sierran west slope where it is common at lang , occasional at washington and only an infrequent stray at donner . a species of mixed - mesic forest , commonly seen along roadsides and in successional stands where it visits pink dogbane , giant hyssop , milkweeds , yerba santa , etc . it frequently co - occurs with s . callippe juba and s . zerene , but generally below s . egleis , mormonia and atlantis . one brood , june - september . host plants violets ; species undetermined .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\ndeschutes national forest , deschutes co . , or 8 / 2 / 06 .\nmt . hood , clackamas co . , or 8 / 8 / 06 ."]}
{"id": 56, "summary": [{"text": "stay thirsty ( foaled on 29 march 2008 ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse sired by the leading stallion bernardini .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he was bred in kentucky by john d. gunther and john darren gunther .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "his dam , marozia , was sired by storm bird .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "stay thirsty was consigned as lot 1147 by glenwood farm to the 2009 keeneland september yearling auction and was bought for $ 160,000 by whitehorse stables .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "his trainer , todd pletcher , bought him for his owner , mike repole , for $ 500,000 at the 2010 fasig-tipton sale of 2-year-olds in training in florida . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "stay thirsty", "paragraphs": ["stay thirsty in the 2010 breeder ' s cup juvenile . photo : melissa bauer - herzog\nstay thirsty came up huge in the travers on a hot , muggy day at the spa .\nstay thirsty will race one more time this year and then stand at ashford stud next year .\nthere is another obstacle for either coil or stay thirsty to overcome that shackleford already has to his advantage .\npreakness winner shackleford set the pace until stay thirsty passed him and then faded to an eighth - place finish .\nstay thirsty wins 2011 travers stakes as mike repole , javier castellano , and todd pletcher talk about the win .\nand how about missandhei still trying to figure out whether the unsullied have genitals ? stay thirsty , my friend .\nstay thirsty and uncle mo met only twice on the track , both in breeders\u2019 cup races at churchill downs . last year , stay thirsty was fifth to uncle mo\u2019s victory in the juvenile . this year uncle mo and stay thirsty finished 10th and 11th respectively in the classic . so they really didn\u2019t have much of a rivalry on the track .\nstay thirsty earned $ 600 , 000 for the win and boosted his career total to $ 1 . 4 million .\nmultiple grade 1 winner stay thirsty has been sold and will relocate to lovacres ranch in california . the bloodhorse reports that terry lovingier , owner of lovacres ranch , purchased stay thirsty outright from ashford stud . \u201cstay thirsty brings a ton of pedigree and is a big alternative to a lot of stallions out here , \u201d lovingier told the bloodhorse . [ \u2026 ]\ntdn ' s andrew caulfield focuses his column this week on the pedigree of gi travers s . winner stay thirsty ( bernardini ) . he examines the success of a . p . indy - storm bird and a . p . indy - storm cat crosses ( stay thirsty is bred on the former ) and takes a closer look at stay thirsty dam side pedigree .\nlet ' s stay with the theme of things , longshots in the major three year old faces . going to use velazquez and rattlesnake bridge on top of stay thirsty and wheel in the double .\npletcher , the nation ' s leading trainer , said the jockey club gold cup on oct . 1 could be next for stay thirsty .\nstay thirsty improved his record to four wins in 10 starts with his travers win . rattlesnake bridge and jw blue finished second and third respectively .\nhowever , castellano was able to keep stay thirsty relaxed along the backstretch , and the colt had plenty left when he hit the final turn .\nuncle mo\u2019s sidekick stay thirsty looks to take back the limelight now that his stablemate is retired . thirsty obviously loves the new york tracks with his worst finish on them being a third in the g1 jockey club gold cup .\nstay thirsty | storm bird | bernardini | todd a . pletcher | kentucky derby | gotham | kentucky derby ( 2011 ) | gotham ( 2011 )\n\u201cno doubt the travers was the highlight of owning stay thirsty , but the race that was the most impressive that he ever competed in by far was the jockey club gold cup , \u201d said repole , who will retain a minority ownership interest in stay thirsty . \u201che ran too good to be second . \u201d\nuncle mo will have a year to get the jump on stay thirsty in the breeding shed , but i doubt it will make much of a difference .\nunlike last year ' s thrilling finish , stay thirsty seized the lead rounding the quarter pole and never let persistent rattlesnake bridge get close enough to seriously threaten .\nstay thirsty might be the best 3 year old colt in the country . he is really coming into his own . hope he runs and wins the classic .\nin what might be the greatest revenge in the stallion community since the success of alydar over affirmed , stay thirsty appears destined to do the same to uncle mo . the uncle mo / stay thirsty rivalry on the track does not compare to the battle tested years affirmed and alydar went at each other . alydar and affirmed\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines archive and tagged frank mitchell , horse racing , stay thirsty , the factor , thoroughbred by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nas a result , stay thirsty could be destined for the title his sire , bernardini , captured in 2006 , that of 3 - year - old champion male .\ncastellano expertly rode stay thirsty to a 11 / 4 - length victory in the midsummer derby on saturday before a crowd of 43 , 050 at saratoga race course .\npoint given , sire of coil , won the haskell and travers in 2001 . bernardini , sire of stay thirsty , won the jim dandy and travers in 2006 .\ni allways like when a stable has 2 horses in the derby . and stay thirsty is definately bred to win . and i allways liked uncle moon of course .\nstay thirsty followed in the footsteps of his champion sire bernardini on august 27 recording a triumphant victory in the $ 1 million g1 travers stakes at saratoga , usa .\nstay thirsty is winless in four starts since the travers last aug . 27 . in two starts this year , he was second to trickmeister in a swiftly run vanlandingham stakes at belmont in may . last month , stay thirsty finished a non - threatening fifth to mucho macho man in the grade 2 suburban at steamy belmont park .\ndespite stay thirsty\u2019s affinity for saratoga , trainer todd pletcher opted to skip the whitney , giving the colt a little more time to be better prepared for the woodward .\nstay thirsty won jim dandy very impressive way , shackleford in haskell did not run very well , it was not his actual run , i think he has still the same stamina as he shown in kentucky derby and preakness , so i am not counting him down yet , i still believe that if he takes the lead as he did in the preakness stakes , he has still chance to beat stay thirsty , i am not worring about other horse , coil and ruler on ice might be challenging theses two horses like stay thirsty and shackleford but i have a doubt that they can succeed . so my selection will be either stay thirsty or shackleford will take the travers .\nmeanwhile , stay thirsty was unfazed by his outer post position , becoming only the second horse since 1901 to win the travers after breaking from the no . 9 post .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged ashford stud , bernardini , horse racing , mike repole , stay thirsty , thoroughbred by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\n( bernardini \u2013 marozia , by storm bird ) spent his two year old season in the shadow of his more precocious stable mate , uncle mo . as a juvenile , stay thirsty won his maiden at six furlongs then jumped into graded stakes company , finishing second in the hopeful stakes to the speedball , boys at tosconova . after a tough trip in the breeders\u2019 cup juvenile , stay thirsty spent the winter maturing . stay thirsty prepped for his gotham win by working in tandem with the current kentucky derby favorite , uncle mo .\nfinish in the jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) and finishing off the board in the breeders\u2019 cup classic . stay thirsty hit the board in three of five starts as a\nstay thirsty has two winners from five starters . not surprising , since many of his babies will be mid - to - late season types and round into shape as three and\nstay thirsty , a grand - looking son of bernardini , has a record of 4 - 5 - 1 from 16 starts and earnings of $ 1 , 726 , 000 .\nthirsty : tell me a little about the debut ep , \u201cget it over with already\u201d .\nthirsty : i find that people from small towns or the midwest make music like this .\nafter winning the gotham stakes at aqueduct in early march , but after a seventh - place finish in the florida derby and a 12th in the kentucky derby , stay thirsty was moving ever closer to staying home . a second - place finish to ruler on ice in the belmont stakes awoke some , but not enough to make stay thirsty the favorite in his next start , the grade 2 jim dandy stakes . stay thirsty won the jim dandy impressively by four lengths and went to the travers as the favorite , but only by one dime to the dollar more popular . stay thirsty was 2 . 5 - to - 1 in the jim dandy and the 2 . 4 - to - 1 favorite in the travers .\nstay thirsty followed up a victory in the jim dandy stakes a few weeks ago with an impressive 1 1 / 4 length victory saturday in the travers stakes at saratoga race course .\nstay thirsty , the betting favorite , paid $ 6 . 80 , $ 4 . 20 and $ 3 . 40 to win . rattlesnake bridge finished second , paying $ 10 . 80 and $ 7 . 60 . j . w . blue placed third , paying $ 11 . 40 . stay thirsty ' s winning time was 2 : 03 . 03 .\nstay thirsty came into 2012 as one of the hottest horses in the sport , but unimpressive rides throughout the season and poor posting positions have doomed the greatness of the young horse .\nthirstforlife , by ashford stud\u2019s multiple grade 1 winner stay thirsty , will make his career debut in a stakes for trainer mark casse . the colt , a $ 240 , 000 keeneland november weanling purchase , is out of graded stakes winner promenade girl , making him a half - brother to grade 1 winner cavorting . the latter is by stay thirsty\u2019s sire bernardini .\nthirsty\u2019s half brothers andromeda\u2019s hero , who was second in the belmont stakes and his precocious full brother superfly who placed in the champagne stakes . stay thirsty\u2019s distaff family traces directly back to mahubah , the dam of man o\u2019war . his fifth dam igual produced triple crown champ assault .\nstay thirsty ' s owner mike repole , center , with his grandmother noni , left , and his wife maria repole , right , hold up trophies after stay thirsty ridden by javier castellano won the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . ( ap photo / hans pennink )\nstay thirsty broke well and led entering the first turn . he conceded the lead to shackleford on the backstretch , but raced close behind in second with moonshine mullin in third on the outside .\nstay thirsty ( 12 - 1 ) has had a disappointing four year - old season . he is zero for three in 2012 , with two fifth place finishes in his graded stakes races .\nrepole said the $ 500 , 000 he spent to buy stay thirsty was the most he ever paid for a horse \u201cand i got every penny of thrills from it , \u201d repole said .\nfrom left , shackleford with jesus castanon , stay thirsty with javier castellano , malibu glow with rajiv maragh , and ruler on ice with jose valdivia lead the field at the start of 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . stay thirsty won the race . ( ap photo / hans pennink )\nwhile most of the recent talk is about coil and stay thirsty\u2019s recent performances , the build up towards the travers is that the lead in the race for the division title is up for grabs .\nbut out of the \u201cbig\u201d horses running , only stay thirsty , who went off as the morning line favorite , finished as expected . ruler on ice finished the best of the rest in fourth .\n\u201che\u2019s gotten so much better since the kentucky derby [ where he placed 12th ] , \u201d said stay thirsty\u2019s trainer todd pletcher . \u201conce javier [ castellano ] geared him up he took off . \u201d\nstay thirsty ' s owner mike repole , center , with his grandmother noni , left , and his wife maria repole , right , hold up trophies after stay thirsty ridden by javier castellano won the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . ( ap photo / hans pennink ) ( / ap )\nrepole said that uncle mo and stay thirsty were the two horses that put his stable on the map , and he\u2019s happy to have them together again . uncle mo retired to ashford last year .\nshackleford was expected to stay longer , but he was done by the time they reached the quarter - pole and left stay thirsty ( one mile in 1 : 36 . 74 ) to inherit the lead . stay thirsty held a 1 1 / 2 - length advantage with a furlong remaining , and only had to survive a mild threat from a closing rattlesnake bridge to secure his career - defining win . the final time for the distance on a fast main track was 2 : 03 . 03 .\nstay thirsty raced closer to the front than he normally does , and in fact held the lead after a : 23 . 45 opening quarter before the expected pacesetter , preakness stakes ( gr . i )\nwith mucho macho man , to honor and serve and many others insuring this is one of the toughest races of the year , stay thirsty will be a favorite but far from a lock to win .\nstay thirsty has a cross of northern dancer on his pedigree through his maternal grandsire storm bird and his paternal granddam cara rafaela . the 3 x 5 northern dancer cross the only doubling of a horse in the first five generations . while northern dancer is a prominent name in thoroughbred pedigrees , the lack of doubling in any other names in the immediate pedigree leaves stay thirsty a lot of options for mares .\nstay thirsty was bred in kentucky by john gunther , who was at saratoga for the travers to watch the scopy bay by preakness and travers winner bernardini perform . gunther was impressed by the condition of stay thirsty and said , \u201che ' s filled out and matured a lot since the derby coming to the travers . he seems to have more weight through the body and be more mature - looking . \u201d\n@ ivanlsardi , i ' ve also been impressed by stay thirsty this season . he looked awesome in the jim dandy , and i thought he ran a really respectable belmont , too . but i ' m torn between stay thirsty and coil for the travers ? because , imo , coil has been equally impressive himself in 2011 . his win in the haskell , coming from well off the pace to run down shakleford looks strong . and his swaps stakes and affirmed handicap run ' s look like really strong form lines as well . i may just play a stay thirsty - coil exacta , and box it .\nstay thirsty\u2019s damsire storm bird was a champion juvenile in ireland . at stud he produced preakness winner summer squall , the great storm cat and many other prominent runners . the offspring produced by his daughters include belmont stakes hero birdstone and multiple g - 1 winners commentator , and court vision . stay thirsty also carries the bloodlines of the classic chef - de - race roberto and belmont stakes winner arts and letters .\nfrom left , shackleford with jesus castanon , stay thirsty with javier castellano , malibu glow with rajiv maragh , and ruler on ice with jose valdivia lead the field at the start of 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . stay thirsty won the race . ( ap photo / hans pennink ) ( / ap )\nstay thirsty\u2019s half brother andromeda\u2019s hero was also second in the belmont stakes . that one\u2019s full brother superfly was third in the champagne stakes ( g1 ) . their second and third dams are grade one placed .\nstay thirsty is by bernardini , winner of the preakness , travers and jockey club gold cup - two of which are at the classic distance of 1 - 1 / 4 miles . after his first crop hit the track this year as 3 - year - olds with stay thirsty and to honor and serve among them , bernardini\u2019s fee has been raised to $ 150 , 000 by darley stud in lexington , kentucky .\nwhile stay thirsty was eclipsed by stablemate uncle mo during the majority of his career , he has a successful record , especially in new york races . as a 2 - year - old , stay thirsty finished second in the hopeful stakes ( gr . i ) behind boys at tosconova . he ended his second with a fifth place finish in the grey goose breeders\u2019 cup juvenile ( gr . i ) behind uncle mo .\nstay thirsty also matched his father by winning both the jim dandy at the spa and the travers , a feat that his owner , mike repole , said should put him firmly at the top of his division .\nthis year the one - and - a - quarter - mile stakes race for three - year - old colts will be headlined by haskell invitational winner coil , jim dandy winner stay thirsty and preakness winner shackleford .\nit\u2019s interesting enough to know that both coil and stay thirsty will try , at some degree , to duplicate their sire\u2019s path in their three - year - old campaign and win the eclipse award in their division .\nthe impressive victories by coil and stay thirsty over the weekend have put them squarely in the conversation about the three - year - old division of the eclipse awards , with about three months left in the season .\nthis entry was posted in racing and tagged breeders ' cup classic , coil , eclipse awards , haskell invitational , shackleford , stay thirsty , tom law , travers stakes by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\nstay thirsty rebounded in the belmont stakes and missed the victory by less than a length . he picked up victories in the jim dandy ( g2 ) and travers stakes ( g1 ) before falling off form with a\n. their distance scope will be sprinters through middle distances , and some may prefer running longer . it isn\u2019t out of the realm of possibility that we\u2019ll see some of stay thirsty\u2019s offspring on the triple crown trail .\npurchase on : urltoken digital download : urltoken - - - - - - - - - - - * * *\nthirst\n* * * - - - - - - - - - - - new studio album of legendary german thrash metal pioneers tankard out december 19th , 2008 ! lim . ed . incl . bonus dvd ! let the beer flow - stay thirsty ! liquid nation - stay thirsty ! urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\nstay thirsty ( 9 ) , with javier castellano up , malibu glow , left , with rajiv maragh up , and ruler on ice , right , with jose valdivia up , head towards the first turn at the start of the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . stay thirsty won the race . ( ap photo / hans pennink )\nas expected , shackleford broke for the lead from the outside no . 10 post . stay thirsty likes to run just off the pace , but found himself in front early - not exactly what pletcher had in mind .\nstay thirsty\u2019s sire bernardini was the three - year - old champion of 2006 and had a streak of five graded victories in a row before finishing second to horse of the year invasor ( arg ) in the breeders\u2019 cup classic ( gr . i ) . stay thirsty was from bernardini\u2019s first crop and helped him rank third on the leading first - crop sires list in 2010 . bernardini was the leading second - crop sire in 2011 .\nsaratoga springs , n . y . \u2013 on the day they ran the 143rd travers stakes , stay thirsty , winner of the 142nd travers at saratoga , was continuing preparations for next saturday\u2019s $ 750 , 000 woodward stakes .\nstay thirsty with jockey javier castellano in the saddle , right wins 142nd running of the travers stakes at the saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . aug 27 , 2011 . ( skip dickstein / times union )\nstay thirsty with jockey javier castellano is exultant as owner mike repole , right leads his horse in to the winner ' s circle after winning the 142nd running of the travers stakes at the saratoga race course in . . . more\nstay thirsty ( 9 ) , with javier castellano up , malibu glow , left , with rajiv maragh up , and ruler on ice , right , with jose valdivia up , head towards the first turn at the start of the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . stay thirsty won the race . ( ap photo / hans pennink ) ( / ap )\nprize in august and following up with a second place finish in the hopeful stakes ( g2 ) . he finished off of the board in the breeders\u2019 cup juvenile . stay thirsty needed time to mature through the early spring of his\nuncle mo has the 2 - year - old championship but in the end , stay thirsty has something much more important to breeders\u2019 , a grade 1 win at 10 furlongs ( 1 - 1 / 4 miles ) . in fact , uncle mo never won at 1 - 1 / 8 miles , finishing third in the wood memorial in his only attempt at that distance . stay thirsty won the 9 furlong jim dandy and 1 - 1 / 4 mile travers .\nbernardini and stay thirsty became the 16th father - son duo to win the travers , but only the second to be ridden by the same jockey . gary stevens accomplished the feat with thunder gulch in 1995 and point given in 2001 .\nas if aware of the slight , stay thirsty galloped around the saratoga oval and won the travers nearly gate - to - wire and suddenly he was atop the 3 - year - old class looking down . in his first test against older horses in the grade 1 jockey club gold cup , stay thirsty was a good third behind eventual classic winner drosselmeyer and classic favorite flat out . he looked primed to be competitive and possibly be among the favorites for the classic .\n, took over under jesus castanon . shackleford showed the way through a half - mile in : 47 . 63 and six furlongs in 1 : 11 . 91 while stay thirsty stalked him , and belmont stakes ( gr . i ) winner\nwhen castellano asked for run around the turn , stay thirsty had plenty of response , surging into first to shackleford ' s outside . he never relinquished the lead despite a game effort from rattlesnake bridge , who drifted wide in the stretch .\nstay thirsty , who emerged from the shadow of his more celebrated stablemate uncle mo to become a grade 1 winner , will rejoin uncle mo in his next career as a stallion at ashford stud in kentucky , owner mike repole said monday .\nthough he is winless this year , stay thirsty set the pace and repelled three early challenges in the jockey club gold cup before getting passed in the final three strides by flat out . he earned a career - best beyer of 109 .\ntodd and i will discuss the two options for stay thirsty , probably either the arkansas derby ( g1 ) ( on april 16 at oaklawn park ) or the florida derby ( g1 ) ( on april 3 at gulfstream park ) .\nthe travers is setting up very nicely . coil and stay thirsty looked great , and shackleford , ruler on ice and brilliant speed had their preps . throw in dominus and a few others and we have the makings of a great midsummer classic !\nhis face covered with perspiration , a conflicted mike repole tried to express his emotions after losing one big race by a nose with uncle mo and winning the $ 1 million travers stakes with stay thirsty about 30 minutes later at saratoga race course .\nin this year\u2019s renewal of the gotham , the favorite , stay thirsty , triumphed over whirlaway stakes winner toby\u2019s corner grade 2 stakes placed nacho saint and a field of recent allowance and maiden winners . the todd pletcher trainee was wide on both turns and traveled the 1 1 / 16 miles in a moderate 1 : 44 . 78 conquering his rivals by over three lengths . in light of the developing trend , we need to ask , does stay thirsty have the pedigree to win a classic race ?\nbut americans still pay for distance . and stay thirsty will be much more likely to produce winners who can compete at the classic distance . and likely to some day emerge from the shadow of uncle mo and shine as if he was alydar himself .\nstay dry . with the start of the rainy season , it\u2019s important to avoid getting overly wet when out and about .\nstay thirsty didn\u2019t have the best start to the year , winning an unimpressive gotham stakes earlier in the year before finishing mid - pack in the derby . but when the triple crown made its way to belmont for the final jewel of the series , the repole camp was ready . \u201cthirsty\u201d didn\u2019t win the race , but he did show a major improvement on form , finishing second .\nit would be unfair to compare coil and stay thirsty to their sires at this time in their careers . by now point given had won the preakness and belmont , and bernardini the preakness . but at least on this part of their campaigns is similar .\npreakness winner shackleford dueled stay thirsty for the lead throughout the first half of the 1 1 / 4 - mile race , but eventually fell off the pace . belmont stakes winner ruler on ice ( fourth ) and haskell invitational winner coil were never factors in the race . coil , the 5 - 2 second choice entering the race , finished last in the 10 - horse field in fact , once shackleford fell off the pace stay thirsty really was never challenged down the backstretch . shackleford faded to eighth place .\nowner mike repole decided to run uncle mo in the classic instead of the dirt mile and before the classic , uncle mo would go off at 5 - to - 1 odds compared to stay thirsty back in double digits at 11 - to - 1 .\njim dandy winner and belmont runner - up stay thirsty pushed his way into the three - year - old eclipse talks after a win in the travers stakes at saratoga on august 27 . drawing a field that included triple crown jewel winners shackleford and ruler on ice , and haskell winner coil , in addition to stay thirsty , the travers was determined to be perhaps the biggest race in the second half of this year ' s three - year - old season with a wide open group of potential eclipse winners running .\nstay thirsty , who ran a gutsy race when beaten a head by flat out in saturday\u2019s grade 1 , $ 1 million jockey club gold cup at belmont park , will race once more before being retired , repole said . in no particular order , repole said he and trainer todd pletcher are considering the breeders\u2019 cup classic , the bc dirt mile \u2013 both on nov . 3 at santa anita \u2013 or the grade 1 , $ 350 , 000 cigar mile on nov . 24 at aqueduct for stay thirsty\u2019s final race .\nduring the 2000m race stay thirsty pressed the pace and found himself in the perfect stalking position . around the turn he began to take command , then opened up at the top of the lane and never looked back for a victory in the ' midsummer derby . '\nstay thirsty has the better resume , as he won the grade iii gotham stakes early on the year and looked impressive with his easy win in the jim dandy . but coil has the quality win , as he defeated the preakness and belmont stakes winners in the haskell .\nwhile repole\u2019s big horse uncle mo made a splash in his return to racing today in the g1 king\u2019s bishop where he finished second , repole\u2019s forgotten colt , stay thirsty made his way to the winner\u2019s circle , and eclipse talks , in the biggest race of the day .\nstay thirsty , with javier castellano aboard , stands in the winner ' s circle after winning the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . ( ap photo / hans pennink )\nuncle mo was everybody\u2019s all - everything from the time he broke his maiden by 14 - 1 / 2 lengths at saratoga through his undefeated championship season and being the winter racebook favorite to win the kentucky derby . meanwhile , during his 2 - year - old seaso , stay thirsty had finished second to boys at toscanova in the hopeful stakes after breaking also breaking his maiden at saratoga , but only by five lengths . stay thirsty went into the juvenile as an anonymous 13 - to - 1 shot and came out as a fifth - place whatchmacallit .\n\u201ci hope i own a lot of good horses , but there\u2019ll be no horses that mean more to me than uncle mo and stay thirsty , \u201d repole said . \u201cthat they\u2019re together again is just an amazing feeling . they couldn\u2019t be on a better farm than coolmore\u2019s ashford . \u201d\nmultiple grade 1 winner stay thirsty joins four other freshmen by 2006 preakness stakes ( gr . i ) winner bernardini in 2013 . this is the first time bernardini will have more than one son standing in a season as sophomore stallion wilburn stood his first year in 2012 last year .\nwith a powerful performance that catapulted him to the head the 3 - year - old division , stay thirsty took command at the top of the stretch and rolled to a decisive 1 \u00bc - length victory over rattlesnake bridge in saturday ' s 142nd running of the grade 1 , $ 1 million travers at saratoga race course . leaving from post position 9 as the 5 - 2 favorite , stay thirsty found himself on the lead between horses as the field of 10 barreled toward the first turn and through an opening quarter in 23 . 45 seconds . eased back by javier castellano into second as preakness winner shackleford took over through a half in 47 . 63 and three - quarters in 1 : 11 . 91 , stay thirsty ranged up to challenge for the lead on the far turn and spun into the stretch with a lead that was never seriously threatened .\nthe 1 1 / 4 - mile travers , which included four of the top - ranked sophomores in the country , was billed as a race that would determine the division leader , and 2 - 1 favorite stay thirsty did just that under javier castellano . five years after his sire ,\nstay thirsty won for the third time in four starts at saratoga . he broke his maiden there and romped by four lengths in the july 30 jim dandy . his only defeat at the spa came when second in the three chimneys hopeful stakes ( gr . i ) as a juvenile .\nstay thirsty has a stamina oriented pedigree and has shown the ability to sit off the pace , yet he has the speed to quicken and put away his foes . the classic race distances shouldn\u2019t be a concern for him and he could easily continue the eleven year gotham / classic trend .\nthe whitney drew a field of nine . fewer are expected for the woodward . as of saturday , the confirmed woodward starters were cease , mucho macho man , stay thirsty , and to honor and serve . possibles included isn\u2019t he perfect and rule , who finished last in the whitney .\ncontinuing the rash of 3 year old retirements is gemologist . he is joined by announcements for a trio of four year old horses : the factor , caleb ' s posse , and stay thirsty . additionally , winter memories , a millionaire mare on the turf , was retired as well .\nstay thirsty , who went off as the 2 - 1 favorite , finished in 2 minutes , 3 . 03 seconds . he was followed by 14 - 1 rattlesnake bridge in second , 32 - 1 long shot j w blue in third and belmont stakes champion ruler on ice in fourth .\nstay thirsty , with javier castellano aboard , stands in the winner ' s circle after winning the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . ( ap photo / hans pennink ) ( / ap )\nbut there was a rivalry for recognition between the two , especially since both came from the same shed row of trainer todd pletcher and raced for outgoing owner mike repole . and no matter what he did , stay thirsty seem to ever remain in the shadow of his stable mate uncle mo .\nstay thirsty\u2019s dam marozia ( storm bird ) raced in europe , winning one race in nine starts and hitting the board three other times . she has proven to be a respectable producer with nine foals of racing age on the ground . from those foals , six have went on to race with five breaking their maidens and three winning stakes . andromeda\u2019s hero and stay thirsty both brought home graded stakes wins for the mare with andormeda\u2019s hero also finishing second in the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) in 2005 . marozia only has one grandfoal of racing age , who has not yet started .\nstay thirsty\u2019s granddam make change ( roberto ) was an ungraded stakes winner but hit the board in multiple graded stakes including seconds in five grade one races . in all , she won five times , finished second six times and third five times in 23 starts for $ 506 , 338 in earnings .\nbut earlier that same day at belmont , uncle mo had turned heads by winning the grade 1 kelso mile in only his second race after being sidelined and missing the triple crown . and during the weeks leading up to the breeders\u2019 cup classic , uncle mo again took the spotlight from stay thirsty .\nalso there are some other contenders prepping up to try a late fall run at the title . most notably among them is stay thirsty\u2019s stablemate , 2010 two - year - old champ uncle mo , who had his third work today . uncle mo worked five furlongs in 1 : 02 4 / 5 .\nstay thirsty , winner of the 2011 travers stakes ( gr . i ) and second in saturday ' s jockey club gold cup ( gr . i ) , will stand at ashford stud , near versailles , ky . , upon retirement , owner mike repole told the daily racing form oct . 1 .\nbrilliant travers stakes winner stay thirsty will retire to stand at ashford stud for the 2013 season . the todd pletcher - trained son of bernardini ran a huge race in saturday ' s jockey club gold cup invitational and a decision will be made on the remainder of his racing career in the near future .\nstay thirsty ( bernardini ) didn ' t show much in this one , but the four - year - old was making just his second start of 2012 and has tons of room for improvement this season . the top colt loves saratoga , so don ' t hold this race against him too hard .\nfrom the first crop of champion three - year - old bernardini ( a . p . indy ) , winner of the preakness ( g1 ) , travers ( g1 ) and jockey club gold cup ( g1 ) , stay thirsty has an ideal pedigree for the kentucky derby on his dam side . he hails from the winning storm bird mare marozia , who also has produced grade 3 winner and 2005 belmont ( g1 ) runner - up andromeda ' s hero ; and stakes victor superfly , both by fusaichi pegasus . stay thirsty also counts an unnamed juvenile colt by mr . greeley as a half - brother .\nholy cow ! ! he is for real ! after that stumble . . . to stay in the game and win like he did . awesome !\ntiznow would be the exception , and the one coil and stay thirsty look to emulate . he was a late bloomer who benefited from a year where there was also a close competition to the division title . he won the super derby and then a memorable breeder ' s cup classic which secured his title .\nstay thirsty with jockey javier castellano is exultant as owner mike repole , right leads his horse in to the winner ' s circle after winning the 142nd running of the travers stakes at the saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . aug 27 , 2011 . ( skip dickstein / times union ) less\nstay thirsty wrested command from shackleford nearing the quarter pole , edged away to a clear lead in midstretch , and held off a late run from 14 - 1 rattlesnake bridge to win the $ 1 million travers stakes by 1 1 / 4 lengths . stay thirsty ( $ 6 . 80 ) , the favorite in the field of 10 3 - year - olds , ran the 1 1 / 4 miles in 2 : 03 . 03 under javier castellano . he was the second stakes winner on the day for trainer todd pletcher , who came within a nose of sweeping the day ' s three grade 1 stakes races . urltoken\nstay thirsty , front right , with javier castellano aboard , pulls away from j w blue ( 8 ) , with cornelio velasquez to win the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . ( ap photo / hans pennink )\nthe travers field breaks from the gate during the start of the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . stay thirsty ( 9 ) , with javier castellano aboard , won the race . ( ap photo / hans pennink )\nthe win moves stay thirsty to the head of the 3 - year - old class , ahead of sidelined derby winner animal kingdom and the two other classic winners he beat in the travers - shackleford and belmont stakes winner ruler on ice , who was fourth . haskell winner coil , the second choice , finished 10th .\n\u201ci hope i own a lot of good horses , but there ' ll be no horses that mean more to me than uncle mo and stay thirsty , \u201d repole said . \u201cthat they ' re together again is just an amazing feeling . they couldn ' t be on a better farm than coolmore ' s ashford . \u201d\nstay thirsty ( usa ) dkb / br . c , 2008 { 4 - c } dp = 4 - 6 - 16 - 0 - 0 ( 26 ) di = 2 . 25 cd = 0 . 54 - 17 starts , 5 wins , 5 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 936 , 000\nbred in kentucky by john d . gunther and john darren gunther , stay thirsty is out of the storm bird mare marozia . pletcher bought him for repole for $ 500 , 000 at the fasig - tipton florida select sale of 2 - year - olds in training in 2010 . he was consigned by scanlon training center , agent .\nstay thirsty had made this a trio of g1 - placed offspring for marozia with his seconds in the hopeful last year and more recently in the belmont stakes , but the good - looking bay took the step into the winner ' s circle as a g1 winner at saratoga , which seems to be the colt ' s favorite racetrack .\nstay thirsty , front right , with javier castellano aboard , pulls away from j w blue ( 8 ) , with cornelio velasquez to win the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . ( ap photo / hans pennink ) ( / ap )\nthe travers field breaks from the gate during the start of the 142nd travers stakes horse race at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , saturday , aug . 27 , 2011 . stay thirsty ( 9 ) , with javier castellano aboard , won the race . ( ap photo / hans pennink ) ( / ap )\nstay thirsty looks to have the makings of a very good stallion . he will be the first of bernardini ' s sons to enter the breeding shed and looks to pass the tests . his female family shows high end production as well as a wide array of winners . he will stand at coolmore ' s ashford in lexington , kentucky .\nin total , stay thirsty retired with a record of five wins , five seconds , and one third in 17 starts for $ 1 , 936 , 000 in earnings . of those five wins , two were grade 1 victories , with one grade 2 and one grade 3 . he also finished second in three grade 1 races and third in another .\nstay thirsty looked like his sire at the spa . that was important to his breeder , who said that \u201cwhen i went to see bernardini at jonabell , i just loved his looks , and i bred two mares to him the first year , three the second year , and it looks like he ' s going to be a good sire . \u201d\nrepole told the drf that stay thirsty will make one more start this year before being retired . what race that will be is up in the air ; the colt could run in either the breeders ' cup classic ( gr . i ) , breeders ' cup dirt mile ( gr . i ) , or the cigar mile ( gr . i ) .\nrobert lapenta and head of plains partners\u2019 coal front was headed by american pastime at the head of the stretch in saturday\u2019s g3 gallant bob stakes , but the 3 - year - old son of stay thirsty refused to give in under jockey john velazquez . finding another gear at the eighth pole , coal front re - rallied to pull away from [ \u2026 ]\nmarozia raced nine times in england and won or was in the money four times . she\u2019s a successful broodmare , having produced four winners from five foals to race , including stay\nrobert lapenta and head of plains partners\u2019 coal front led the field wire - to - wire in saturday\u2019s g2 amsterdam stakes at saratoga , finishing 1 1 / 2 lengths in front of excitations to earn his first graded stakes win . the sophomore son of stay thirsty is now unbeaten in three career starts for trainer todd pletcher . ridden by john velazquez [ \u2026 ]\nthe spa has certainly treated stay thirsty well this year , as it was the three - year - old ' s second graded victory for the season . on july 30 , he dominated in the g2 jim dandy stakes , a feat his sire also accomplished . prior to his jim dandy win , the dark bay was classic - placed in the g1 belmont stakes .\nstay thirsty , who ran 12th in the derby and second in the belmont before his jim dandy - travers sweep , returned $ 6 . 80 , $ 4 . 20 and $ 3 . 40 . rattlesnake bridge , ridden by john velazquez , paid $ 10 . 80 and $ 7 . 60 , and j w blue returned $ 11 . 40 to show .\nthe expectation is that stay thirsty will contest the jockey club gold cup prior to the breeders ' cup classic as part of a program that might make him champion of his division and a horse of the year contender . those races will test both the colt ' s apparent maturity and his rise up the class ladder when he tackles older horses for the first time .\nstay thirsty built his resume in 2011 as a 3 - year - old , starting with a win in the gotham stakes ( gr . iii ) and highlighting the year with a 1 1 / 4 length victory in the travers stakes ( gr . i ) . the colt also finished second in the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) by \u00be of a length behind ruler on ice . he topped off his new york campaign with a third place finish in the jockey club gold cup stakes ( gr . i ) behind flat out and eventual breeders\u2019 cup classic ( gr . i ) winner drosselmeyer . stay thirsty ended his 3 - year - old season in the breeders\u2019 cup classic ( gr . i ) , finishing 11 th .\nsent off as the 2 - 1 favorite in the field of 10 , stay thirsty raced just off the pace set by preakness winner shackleford . but when the field turned for home in front of a crowd of 43 , 050 , the son of 2006 travers winner bernardini surged to the lead under javier castellano and held off rattlesnake bridge by 1 1 / 4 lengths .\nuncle mo begins his stallion career as the grandson of in excess ( ire ) , one of the top stallions in california before being pensioned in july . stay thirsty , who will race at age four according to his facebook page , will begin his stallion career next year as the grandson of a . p . indy , one of the top stallions of his generation .\nstay thirsty ' s sire bernardini won from a mile to 1 1 / 4 miles , including the preakness and travers stakes . as a three year old he beat older horses in the jockey club gold cup . although he was second to invasor in a highly anticipated match - up in the breeders\u2019 cup classic , bernardini earned horse of the year honors for his previous exploits .\nryan : we all shared the same keys so we had to stay together ! they were like , \u201cwhy are there so many keys on this one ring ? \u201d and we were like , \u201cwell , we ' re all one package ! \u201d but , you know , it ' s all curable and there are no symptoms . just stay away from des roar .\nfirst guy :\ndude , i made out with that hot chick .\nsecond guy :\nwell , i got to third base with that cheerleader .\nfirst guy :\na beauty queen gave me a hand job .\nsecond guy :\ni banged a super model .\nfirst guy : stunned silence second guy :\nstay thirsty , my friend .\nstay thirsty doesn\u2019t appear to be a large colt , but he is well - balanced , muscular and has a smooth stride . he has a well - angled shoulder and has the lean demeanor of a route horse . size isn\u2019t an indicator of racing prowess . notable horse that were smaller than average include kentucky derby winners northern dancer , mine that bird and belmont stakes winner birdstone .\nwith his female family\u2019s success with jumpers in his second and third dam , he could also bring an interesting twist to the steeplechase scene if any breeder decides to go that route . of the six bernardini stallions standing at stud in 2013 , stay thirsty is the second most expensive at stud with a fee of $ 20 , 000 behind to honor and serve\u2019s $ 30 , 000 .\n\u201ci feel like he\u2019s rounding into his best form off his last couple of breezes , \u201d said pletcher , who was planning to give stay thirsty his last woodward breeze sunday . \u201cthe suburban was a really hot day and he didn\u2019t seem to fire at all . it took a little while for him to rebound so i felt like we ran out of time to make the whitney . \u201d\nstay thirsty separates himself from every other 3 - year - old by far right now ,\nrepole said .\nthere ' s nothing else this horse can do . he should have won the belmont . he ran an incredible jim dandy . javier rode him great . he was all out , a length and a half . there ' s no doubt in my mind .\nstay hydrated . one of the most important things seniors \u2014 and any human , really \u2014 can do is drink plenty of fluids . as people age , the ability for the body to conserve water diminishes , so it becomes more difficult for seniors to gauge the need for liquid . keep water and sports drinks close at hand to rehydrate and replenish electrolytes even when you\u2019re not feeling thirsty .\nin 2012 , he finished second in the ungraded vanlandingham stakes in his may debut but finished second in two graded stakes before finishing second by a head to flat out in the tvg jockey club gold cup invitational stakes ( gr . i ) . stay thirsty finished his career with a second grade one victory when he won the cigar mile handicap ( gr . i ) over groupie doll ."]}
{"id": 58, "summary": [{"text": "zamarada differens is a moth of the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in subtropical africa and is known from central african republic , chad , comoros , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the fore and hindwings of this species are yellow-greenish and it has a wingspan of 20 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "zamarada differens", "paragraphs": ["children zamarada undescribed sp . 1 , zamarada polymnia , zamarada pringlei , zamarada prionotos , zamarada psammites , zamarada crystallophana , zamarada crysopa , zamarada consecuta , zamarada bathyscaphes , zamarada crystallophana cf . 1 , zamarada adiposata , zamarada psectra , zamarada varii , zamarada vulpina , zamarada tosta cf . , zamarada aclea , zamarada polyctemon , zamarada transvisaria , zamarada ascaphes , zamarada pulverosa , zamarada pulverosa cf . , zamarada purimargo , zamarada pyrocincta , zamarada rubrifascia , zamarada scintillans , zamarada sp . 1 , zamarada taborae , zamarada viridiceps , zamarada erugata , zamarada ignicosta subsp . ignicosta , zamarada hemimeres , zamarada glareosa , zamarada gamma , zamarada flavicincta , zamarada flavicaput , zamarada fessa , zamarada excavata , zamarada exarata , zamarada ilma , zamarada euerces subsp . euerces , zamarada eroessa , zamarada phaeozona , zamarada erna , zamarada acosmeta , zamarada dorsiplaga , zamarada differens , zamarada dentigera , zamarada denticatella , zamarada densisparsa , zamarada delosis , zamarada deceptrix , zamarada euterpe , zamarada pandatilinea , zamarada inermis , zamarada odontophora , zamarada opposita , zamarada ordinaria , zamarada perplexa , zamarada nebulimargo , zamarada metrioscaphes , zamarada metallicata , zamarada melpomene cf . , zamarada melpomene , zamarada medianata , zamarada jansei , zamarada iobathra , zamarada euerces subsp . phygas , zamarada ignicosta subsp . pyrilampes , zamarada plana subsp . denticincta\ngarlacz r . 2001 . species of the genus zamarada moore in nigeria with notes on their geographical distribution ( rhopalocera , geometridae , ennominae ) . - lambillionea 101 ( 4 ) : 610\u2013616 .\nfletcher d . s . 1974 . a revision of the old world genus zamarada ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 22 : 1\u2013498 , pls . 1\u2013123 .\nzamarada - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\njahrg . 1 ( 1907 - 1908 ) - internationale entomologische zeitschrift . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncameroon , afrique occid . [ dentale ] , johann - albrechts h\u00f6he station , 1896 , leg . l . conradt .\noberth\u00fcr c . 1912 . vii . r\u00e9vision des phal\u00e9nites d\u00e9crites par guen\u00e9e dans le species general des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( tome ix ) \u2013famille 11 . - etudes de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9rologie compar\u00e9e 6 : 1\u2013355 , pls . 1\u201364 coloured + 1\u201369 black and white .\nthe fore and hindwings of this species are yellow - greenish and it has a wingspan of 20 mm . . . .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nliberia , nimba , grassfield , vi\u2013vii . 1967 , leg . a . f . forbes - watson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthis website has been revised , please click here for the new website pages ."]}
{"id": 60, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris explicata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1929 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on the bismarck archipelago ( new hanover island ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brownish-ochreous , the costal edge suffused pale ochreous from the base to three-fourths , the extreme base of the costa blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the plical stigma is small and black and the posterior part of the costal and terminal edge are pale ochreous , with a series of small black dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris explicata", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 63, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hodges in 1986 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dichomeris gleba", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 1\ndichomeris gleba hodges , r . w . , 1986 | butterflies and moths of north america\nthe forest had three areas when created : gleba balata with , gleba tufari with and gleba jacar\u00e9 with .\ndichomeris gleba is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by hodges in 1986 . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , colorado and new mexico .\nits boundaries are : north to the cologne gral . diaz , south establishing livestock loma por\u00e1 , the cologne to the east and west pikyry colonies gleba 2 and gleba 3 .\ngleba is the fleshy spore - bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn .\nthe gleba is a solid mass of spores , generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp . the continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away . the gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case ( peridiole ) .\ngleba cordata is a species of sea butterfly , a floating and swimming sea snail or sea slug , a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family cymbuliidae .\nit is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit - body , especially gasteromycetes . angiocarpous fruit - bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself ; such as the filbert covered by its husk , or the acorn seated in its cupule . the presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs . the gleba consists of mycelium , and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads .\ngleba is a village in the administrative district of gmina kadzid\u0142o , within ostro\u0142\u0119ka county , masovian voivodeship , in east - central poland . it lies approximately south - west of kadzid\u0142o , north - west of ostro\u0142\u0119ka , and north of warsaw .\ngleba found on the fruit body of species in the family phallaceae is typically gelatinous , often fetid - smelling , and deliquescent ( becoming liquid from the absorption of water ) . it is formed on the exterior face of the cap or the upper part of the fruit body . the foul smell helps to attract insects that help disperse the spores . chemicals that contribute to the odor include methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 1 , p . 87 ; pl . 2 . 18 - 20 . order\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nthe wingspan is about 16 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from june to august and in november .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 64, "summary": [{"text": "the unionidae are a family of freshwater mussels , the largest in the order unionoida , the bivalve mollusks sometimes known as river mussels , or simply as unionids .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the range of distribution for this family is world-wide .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is at its most diverse in north america , with about 297 recognised taxa , but china and southeast asia also support very diverse faunas .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "freshwater mussels occupy a wide range of habitats , but most often occupy lotic waters , i.e. flowing water such as rivers , streams and creeks . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "unionidae", "paragraphs": ["water quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels ( unionidae ) from ammonia exposure .\nmatteson , m . 1955 . studies on the natural history of the unionidae .\nwater quality guidance for protection of freshwater mussels ( unionidae ) from ammonia exposure . - pubmed - ncbi\nphylogenetic analysis of prisodontopsis tomlin , 1928 and mweruella haas , 1936 ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . . .\nearly life - history and conservation status of venustaconcha ellipsiformis ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in minnesota\nby daniel c . allen\nallen , w . 1921 . studies of the biology of freshwater mussels : experimental studies of the food relations of certain unionidae .\nwhat made you want to look up unionidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nkohl , m . 2000 .\nunionidae\n( on - line ) . freshwater molluscan shells . accessed august 31 , 2003 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : winhold , l . 2004 .\nunionidae\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nstrayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia : unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . .\nin previous molecular phylogenetic analyses of the freshwater mussel family unionidae ( bivalvia : unionoida ) , the afrotropical genus coelatura had been recovered in various positions , generally indicating a paraphyletic unionidae . however that result was typically poorly supported and in conflict with morphology - based analyses . we set out to test the phylogenetic position of coelatura by . . . [ show full abstract ]\nzebra mussel infestation of unionid bivalves ( unionidae ) in north america . dw schlosser , tf nalepa , and gl mackie . amer . zool . , 36 : 300 - 310 ( 1996 )\n\u2026and two important families , the unionidae and corbiculidae , are predominantly freshwater with complicated reproductive cycles . there are no terrestrial bivalves , although some high - intertidal and freshwater species can withstand drought conditions .\ngraf , d . 2002 . molecular phylogenetic analysis of two problematic freshwater mussel genera ( unio and gonoidea ) and a re - evaluation of the classification of nearctic unionidae ( bivalvia : palaeoheterodonta : unionoida ) .\ndaniel c . allen , bernard e . sietman , daniel e . kelner , mark c . hove , et al . .\nearly life - history and conservation status of venustaconcha ellipsiformis ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in minnesota\nthis key covers the 3 subfamilies of unionidae that we have collected in north dakota rivers and streams . this key will aid you by providing simple features you can look for to identify your specimen . after using the key , confirm the identity of you specimen by reading the genera page .\nin the freshwater unionidae the released larva , called a glochidium , often has sharp spines projecting inward from each valve . the larva attaches to either the gills or fins of passing fish and becomes a temporary parasite . eventually , it leaves the fish , falls to the lake floor , and metamorphoses\u2026\n\u2026of the bivalve mollusk families unionidae and margaritiferidae . of these , 21 have become extinct in the past century , and another 120 species are in danger of extinction . during this same period , engineers have extensively dammed and channeled north america\u2019s rivers . the tennessee river , for example , is dammed along its entire\u2026\nthe unionidae , of worldwide distribution , are most diverse in eastern and central north america , and secondarily in china and southeast asia . these include north america ' s most abundant , interesting , and economically valuable shells . because of their long association with activities of leisure , livelihood and trade , many have acquired colorful common names .\na refuge for native freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) from impacts of the exotic zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) in lake st . clair . dt zanatta , gl mackie , jl metcalfe - smith , and da woolnough . j . great lakes res . 28 ( 3 ) : 479 - 489 internat . assoc . great lakes res . , 2002\nzhou et al . ( 2007 , acta zoologica sinica , 53 : 1024\u20131030 ) reported the eastern asian freshwater mussel genus lamproula sensu lato simpson , 1900 ( unionidae ) to be polyphyletic and advocated a revision of the genus - and family - level classifications . however , their taxon sampling and analyses were insufficient to infer accurately the systematic placement of the resultant clades . we . . . [ show full abstract ]\nty - jour ti - life history of the endangered fine rayed pigtoe fusconaia cuneolus ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in the clinch river , virginia t2 - american malacological bulletin . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - [ american malacological union ] , cy - [ hattiesburg , miss . ? ] : py - 1993 sp - 83 ep - 91 sn - 0740 - 2783 au - bruenderman , s a au - neves , r j er -\n. . . although the statistical biogeographic models assume that the crown group of the family was widely distributed across the east laurasia ( east asia + mediterranean ) , the fossil evidence shows an east asian origin for both the stem and the crown group ( e . g . , chen , 1984 ; jingshan et al . , 1993 ; ma , 1994ma , , 1996jiang et al . , 2005 ; pan and sha , 2009 ; fang et al . , 2009 ; yao et al . , 2011 china ( fang et al . , 2009 ) is here proposed as a fossil member of the crown group of margaritiferidae + unionidae , most likely re - presenting a separate ancestral family ( supplementary tables 3 and 4 ) . this agrees with graf et al . ( 2015 ) and skawina and dzik ( 2011 ) , who suggested that pre - jurassic freshwater bivalves may represent the stem - groups of modern unionoid clades . bolotov et al . ( 2017a ) showed that the unionidae most likely originated in east and southeast asia , which is consistent with the hypothesis of an asian origin for both families . . . .\n@ article { bhlpart143222 , title = { life history of the endangered fine rayed pigtoe fusconaia cuneolus ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in the clinch river , virginia } , journal = { american malacological bulletin . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ hattiesburg , miss . ? ] : [ american malacological union ] , 1983 - } , author = { bruenderman , s a and neves , r j } , year = { 1993 } , pages = { 83 - - 91 } , }\nthe shell morphology and population dynamics of the five british unionidae are compared within a sympatric population . pseudanodonta complanata is distinguished from anodonta anatina and a . cygnea by the hinge length\u2013shell length relationship ; this morphological distinction may serve as a useful tool in the identification of this threatened species . the shell length at a given annulus was remarkably similar for all five species , although the asymptotic length is reached most quickly in p . complanata and unio pictorum . p . complanata is relatively short - lived and attains the lowest maximum length , while a . cygnea lives more than twice as long and attains almost double the length of p . complanata . unio spp . have a short gravid season over the summer , while anodonta spp . have a long gravid period , lasting from autumn through to spring . unlike other members of the anodontinae , p . complanata has a short breeding season , overlapping with that of the unio spp .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > life history of the endangered fine rayed pigtoe fusconaia cuneolus ( bivalvia , unionidae ) in the clinch river , virginia < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > bruenderman , s a < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > neves , r j < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 10 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > american malacological bulletin . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ hattiesburg , miss . ? ] : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > [ american malacological union ] , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 10 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 83 < / start > < end > 91 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1993 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n\u00bb genus amphinaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as cyclonaias pilsbry in ortmann & walker , 1922\n\u00bb genus amygdalonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as truncilla rafinesque , 1819\n\u00bb genus amygdalonajas crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as truncilla rafinesque , 1819\n\u00bb genus cokeria w . b . marshall , 1916 accepted as amblema rafinesque , 1820\n\u00bb genus corunculina simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as toxolasma rafinesque , 1831\n\u00bb genus lapidosus simpson , 1900 accepted as disconaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894\n\u00bb genus mesonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as cyrtonaias crosse & p . fischer , 1894\n\u00bb genus anadontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as anodontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898\n\u00bb genus anodontopsis simpson in f . c . baker , 1898 accepted as anodontoides simpson in f . c . baker , 1898\n\u00bb genus brachyanodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as anodonta lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus flexiplis rafinesque , 1831 accepted as pyganodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894\n\u00bb genus flexiptis rafinesque , 1831 accepted as pyganodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894\n\u00bb genus mesanodon crosse & p . fischer , 1894 accepted as anodonta lamarck , 1799\n\u00bb genus nayadina de gregorio , 1914 accepted as utterbackia f . c . baker , 1927\n\u00bb genus utterbachia f . c . baker , 1927 accepted as utterbackia f . c . baker , 1927 ( original misspelling )\ngenus nodularidia cockerell , 1901 accepted as nodularia conrad , 1853 ( unnecessary nom . nov . pro nodularia conrad , 1853 )\nbieler r . , carter j . g . & coan e . v . ( 2010 ) . classification of bivalve families . pp . 113 - 133 , in : bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2010 ) , nomenclator of bivalve families . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\naugspurger t 1 , keller ae , black mc , cope wg , dwyer fj .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service , p . o . box 33726 , raleigh , north carolina 27636 - 3726 , usa . tom _ augspurger @ urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngraf , d . l . & k . s . cummings . 2013 . the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of the world ( and other less consequential bivalves ) , updated 8 august 2013 . mussel project web site , urltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nlampsilis cardium rafinesque , 1820 , in a very shallow creek in southwest missouri . the gray mantle flaps have black and white\neyespots\nand undulate back and forth rhythmically . click here for animated sketch .\nthe anodontinae ( subfamily status for anodontini used by banarescu in his worldwide synthesis ) and the genus anodonta have wide distribution in the northern hemisphere . 11 genera have been listed for east and southeast asia , and two in western asia .\ntwenty north american genera further grouped into five subtribes by burch . names in parenthesis are older synonyms in common use ;\nacuticostinae : east and southeast asia , eight genera . lamellidentina : one genus in india and afghanistan . psilunioninae : one genus in southern europe , northern africa . unioninae s . s . ( not equivalent to the north american unioninae , above ) six genera in europe , east asia and africa , including unio itself .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nmore than 40 species of freshwater mussels are native to the great lakes . all are filter feeders . most are considered endangered and / or restricted to protected areas . exotic dreissenid mussels are largely to blame - - faster - growing dreissenids settle on the shells of the native species effectively smothering them . adults are male and female , fertilization usually takes place internal to the female with young brooded in the mother ' s gills until they reach a glochidia stage . the juvenile glochidia stages of unionids are usually parasitic on fish - often confined to a single host species .\n* * reported locations based on a limited literature search . codes indicate presence reported but absence of a code should not be interpreted as a species absence .\nabundance , biomass , and species composition of benthic macroinvertebrate populations in saginaw bay , lake huron , 1987 - 96 . thomas nalepa , david fanslow , margaret lansing , gregory lang , mark ford , gerald gostenik , and david hartson . noaa technical memorandum glerl - 122 .\nrelationships among zoobenthos , sediments , and organic matter in littoral zones of western lake erie and saginaw bay . 1983 . richard a . cole and diana l . weigmann . jglr 9 ( 4 ) 568 - 581 .\nwave - zone macrobenthos of the exposed canadian shores of the st . lawrence great lakes . 1978 . d . r . barton and b . n . hynes . jglr 4 ( 1 ) 27 - 45 .\nbenthic community structure and composition among rocky habitats in the great lakes and keuka lake , ny . 1987 . michael h . winnell and david j . jude . jglr 13 ( 1 ) 3 - 17 .\nchanges in the biodiversity of freshwater mussels in the canadian waters of the lower great lakes drainage basin over the past 140 years jl metcalfe - smith , sk staton , gl mackie , and nm lane . j . great lakes res . 24 ( 4 ) : 845 - 858 , 1998 .\nchanges to the deepwater benthos of eastern lake erie since the invasion of dreissena 1979 - 1993 . 1997 . r dermott and d kerec . cjfas 54 : 922 - 930 .\nw ( wave zone = 0 - 2m ) based on : wave - zone macrobenthos of the exposed canadian shores of the st . lawrence great lakes . 1978 . d . r . barton and b . n . hynes . jglr 4 ( 1 ) 27 - 45 .\nr ( rocky habitats ) based on : benthic community structure and composition among rocky habitats in the great lakes and keuka lake , ny . 1987 . michael h . winnell and david j . jude . jglr 13 ( 1 ) 3 - 17 .\nindicates a link to a non - glerl noaa website . indicates a link to a non - noaa website or content not generated by noaa . noaa is not responsible for the accuracy of content . please check privacy and use policies of the destination site . use notice\nfm ( u ) otw ( aolcb ) is the web version of the mussel project database . follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields . either way , you win !\nthe mussel project \u0097 home page urltoken . site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings . hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point . funded by the national science foundation .\nmaking the world a better place , one mollusk at a time .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\npublished 2015 , zoological journal of the linnean society 175 : 307 - 318 . click here for electronic access .\nby daniel l . graf , hugh jones , anthony j . geneva , john . m . pfeiffer iii & michael w . klunzinger\npublished 2015 , molecular phylogenetics & evolution 85 : 1 - 9 . click here for electronic access .\ninvited presentation at the second international meeting on biology and conservation of freshwater bivalves , 4 - 8 october 2015 , buffalo , ny .\nthis slide shows the distributions of two species in the magdalena basin , colombia .\npresented at the 81st annual meeting of the american malacological society , 28 - 31 august 2015 , university of michigan biological station , pellston , mi .\nby kevin s . cummings , jeremy tiemann , daniel l . graf , maria cristina dreher mansur & mark h . sabaj - perez\npresented at the 53rd annual meeting of the american fisheries society \u2013 illinois chapter , pere marquette state park , 3 - 5 march 2015 . also presented at the 9th biennial freshwater mollusk conservation society symposium , st . charles , missouri , 22 - 26 march 2015 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . in this classification , hyrioidea ( represented only by hyriidae ) occupy an intermediate position between the two other groups , etherioidea and unionoidea , reflecting the conflicting data from other authors concerning the position of hyriidae ( , hoeh et al . 2001 , graf & cummins 2006 ) . graf et al . ( 2015 ) presented hyriidae as sister to all other freshwater mussel families , in a position quite different from the previously one ( graf & cummings 2006 ) , however similar ( regarding to hyriidae position ) to topology presented by hoeh et al . ( 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . there are around 80 species of hyriidae , occurring throughout oceania and south america , with only two or three species west of the andes ( bonetto et al . 1986 ; parada & peredo , 2002 ; graf & cummings , 2007 ; bogan , 2008 ) . hyriidae is monophyletic ( graf et al . 2015 ) and usually divided in two groups ( sub - families ) , the hyriinae , which comprises south american species , except by hyridella swainson , 1840 and some related australian species ; and velesunioninae , that comprises most australian species ( graf & cummings , 2006bieler et al . 2010 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . among hyriidae seven genera are recognized to south america : prisodon schumacher , 1817 ; paxyodon schumacher , 1817 ; callonaia simpson , 1900 ; castalia lamarck , 1819 ; castaliella simpson , 1900 ; diplodon spix in wagner , 1827 and rhipidodonta m\u00f6rch , 1893 ( simone , 2006 ) ; and , nine genera to australia : hyridella ; cucumerunio iredale , 1934 ; echyridella mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ; virgus ; velesunio iredale , 1934 ; alathyria iredale , 1934 ; lortilella iredale , 1934 ; microdontia tapparone canefri , 1883 ; westralunio iredale , 1934 ( graf & cummings , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . there are around 80 species of hyriidae , occurring throughout oceania and south america , with only two or three species west of the andes ( bonetto et al . 1986 ; parada & peredo , 2002 ; graf & cummings , 2007 ; bogan , 2008 ) . hyriidae is monophyletic ( graf et al . 2015 ) and usually divided in two groups ( sub - families ) , the hyriinae , which comprises south american species , except by hyridella swainson , 1840 and some related australian species ; and velesunioninae , that comprises most australian species ( graf & cummings , 2006bieler et al . 2010 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . among hyriidae seven genera are recognized to south america : prisodon schumacher , 1817 ; paxyodon schumacher , 1817 ; callonaia simpson , 1900 ; castalia lamarck , 1819 ; castaliella simpson , 1900 ; diplodon spix in wagner , 1827 and rhipidodonta m\u00f6rch , 1893 ( simone , 2006 ) ; and , nine genera to australia : hyridella ; cucumerunio iredale , 1934 ; echyridella mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ; virgus ; velesunio iredale , 1934 ; alathyria iredale , 1934 ; lortilella iredale , 1934 ; microdontia tapparone canefri , 1883 ; westralunio iredale , 1934 ( graf & cummings , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . 257 ma in the permian . however , the genesis of extant margaritiferids traces back to ca . 88 ma in the late an early jurassic ( mean age = 194 ma ) origin of the crown - group hyriidae was estimated previously ( graf et al . , 2015 ) , but a relatively younger age is shown in our study ( 178 ma ) . even though fewer hyriidae species were sampled and no calibration point inside this family was used in present study , the major reason contributes to the difference is the incongruence on relationships between hyriidae with the other five families of unionoida . . . .\nreclassification of lamprotula rochechouartii as margaritifera rochechouartii comb . nov . ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) revealed by time - calibrated multi - locus phylogenetic analyses and mitochondrial phylogenomics of unionoida\n. . . we focus on echyridella menziesii , the most abundant of three freshwater mussel species found in new zealand and a species that is widely distributed in streams , rivers and lakes ( marshall , fenwick , & ritchie , 2014 ) . echyridella menziesii belongs to a family of freshwater mussels ( hyriidae ) only found in the southern hemisphere ( new zealand , australia , new guinea , south america ; graf , jones , geneva , pfeiffeer , & klunzinger , 2015 ) . . . .\n. . . bonetto , 1967 ; haas , 1969 ; mansur & valer , 1992 ; pimp\u00e3o et al . , 2012 ) . genetic studies , based on molecular data have been carried out on freshwater bivalves from australia , north america , europe and africa , mainly to clarify systematic classifications ( graf et al . , 2014 graf et al . , , 2015 santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; lopes - lima et al . , 2017 ) , but also to evaluate their population structure , variability and demography ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; jones et al . , 2015 ; froufe et al . , 2014froufe et al . , , 2016ainoue & berg , 2017 ) . only a few genetic studies ( whelan et al . , 2011 ; graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; combosch et al . 2017 ) have included hyriidae from the amazon region , all of which were used to establish phylogenetic relationships . . . .\n. . . genetic studies , based on molecular data have been carried out on freshwater bivalves from australia , north america , europe and africa , mainly to clarify systematic classifications ( graf et al . , 2014graf et al . , , 2015santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; lopes - lima et al . , 2017 ) , but also to evaluate their population structure , variability and demography ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; jones et al . , 2015 ; froufe et al . , 2014froufe et al . , , 2016ainoue & berg , 2017 ) . only a few genetic studies ( whelan et al . , 2011 ; graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ; combosch et al . 2017 ) have included hyriidae from the amazon region , all of which were used to establish phylogenetic relationships . . . .\n. . . whereas , molecular phylogenetics has dramatically improved our understanding of the higher level classification of the hyriidae ( graf et al . , 2015 ; santos - neto et al . , 2016 ) , our understanding of hyriid diversity at , and below , the species level , remains poor . cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) sequences have revealed interesting patterns of freshwater bivalve population structure , both within and among distinct basins , raising awareness of the conservation needs of specific populations ( hughes et al . , 2004 ; elderkin et al . , 2007elderkin et al . , , 2008playford & walker 2008 ; mock et al . , 2010 ; froufe et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . as a response , taxonomic and systematic studies of unionids that integrate conchological and anatomical analyses with molecular phylogenies have increased over the last two decades . most studies have dealt with american , european and australasian taxa ( rosenberg et al . 1994rosenberg et al . , 1997 ; graf and \u00f3foighil 2000 ; hoeh et al . 2001 ; graf and cummings 2011 ; graf 2013 ; lopes - lima et al . 2014 ; pri\u00e9 and puillandre 2014 ; graf et al . 2015 ) , whereas asian taxa have largely been neglected . the monographs by haas ( 1969 ) and brandt ( 1974 ) have reported taxonomic surveys of thai species . . . .\n. . . tests of phylogenetic hypotheses on the basis of other data sources , such as those derived from molecules and chromosomes , are therefore likely to be informative . however , such approaches have as yet been attempted only on a limited number of taxa and there are still very few studies in asian and african regions ( lopes - lima et al . 2014 ; marshall et al . 2014 ; graf et al . 2015 ) . several sympatric species have been recorded in numerous thai localities ( brandt 1974 ; panha 1990 ) , raising many interesting taxonomic and ecological questions . . . .\n. . . taxon 28s coi 16s source locality larval type mytilidae mytilus edulis linnaeus , 1758 * z29550 gu570521 af317054 littlewood ( 1994 ) , lesser et al . ( 2010 ) , direct submission marine veliger veneridae mercenaria mercenaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) * af131019 dq184836 dq184737 park & \u00f3 foighil ( 2000 ) , mikkelsen et al . ( 2006 ) marine veliger trigoniidae neotrigonia margaritacea ( lamarck , 1804 ) * af400695 nmu56850 dq280034 graf ( 2002 ) , hoeh et al . ( 1998 ) , giribet et al . ( 2006 ) marine veliger etheriidae etheria elliptica lamarck , 1807 kp184873 kp184897 kp184847 graf et al . ( 2015 ) zambia lasidium mycetopodidae lamproscapha ensiformis ( spix & wagner , 1827 ) kp795004 kp795021 kp795039 ansp416342 peru lasidium iridinidae chambardia wahlbergi ( krauss , 1848 ) * jn243864 jn243886 kp795040 whelan et al . ( 2011 ) , fmnh 343928 zambia lasidium hyriidae hyridella australis ( lamarck , 1819 ) kp184883 kp184907 kp184859 graf et al . ( 2015 ) . . .\n. . . australia s - shaped hooked velesunio ambiguous ( philippi , 1847 ) kp184892 kp184915 kf011257 graf et al . ( 2015 ) , pfeiffer & graf ( 2013 ) australia s - shaped hooked triplodon corrugatus ( lamarck , 1819 ) kp184876 kp184900 kp184852 graf et al . ( 2015 ) peru s - shaped hooked castalia ambigua lamarck , 1819 jn243867 jn243889 kp184848 graf et al . ( 2015 ) . . .\n. . . owing to their relatively limited migration and dispersal abilities , their sensitivity to changes in the environment has become evident through heavy declines in recent decades ; freshwater mussels are among the most threatened group of fauna globally ( seddon et al . 2012 ; lopes - lima et al . 2014 ) . australia ' s freshwater mussels belong to six genera , all from the hyriidae , believed to have arisen between the jurassic and cretaceous periods , with westralunio carteri as perhaps the most ancient ( graf et al . 2015 ) and the sole representative of the genus in australia ( mcmichael and hiscock 1958 ) . the taxon was described as a subspecies ( w . . . .\nas members of the iucn red list mollusc specialist committee , we aim to work with collaborators to update the conservation status of freshwater mussels across australia .\nwe wish to determine the origin of helicoidea and sagdoidea within eupulmonata as well as family - level relationship within the superfamilies .\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis of tropical freshwater mussels ( mollusca : bivalvia : unionoida ) resol . . .\nthe freshwater mussels prisodontopsis aviculaeformis ( f . r . woodward , 1991 ) and mweruella mweruensis ( e . a . smith , 1908 ) are endemic to lake mweru and confluent rivers in zambia and the democratic republic of congo in southcentral africa . each species has traditionally been regarded as monotypic at the genus - level or above . we assessed the phylogenetic relationships of these two species together . . . [ show full abstract ]\nbilaterally asymmetrical glochidia ( i . e . bivalved parasitic larvae bearing a large marginal appendage on a single valve ) have been reported from five asian freshwater mussel genera belonging to two separate subfamilies , the gonideinae ( i . e . pseudodon , solenaia , and physunio ) and rectidentinae ( i . e . contradens and trapezoideus ) . this classification requires that the bilaterally asymmetrical . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nneed help ? click here for mspace how - to documentation wendy prystenski ( fort garry campus ) , phone : 204 - 474 - 7895 , email : wendy . prystenski @ urltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nu . s . department of the interior | u . s . geological survey url : urltoken page contact information : pubs warehouse contact page page last modified : july 08 , 2016 12 : 36 : 28\nu . s . department of the interior | u . s . geological survey url : urltoken page contact information : pubs warehouse contact page page last modified : march 12 , 2012 17 : 20 : 27\nis commonly referred to as pearly mussels , naiads , or unionids . although no full accounts for the family\nincludes around 1 , 000 species worldwide ( bauer 2001a ) . charles torrey simpson described 1 , 172 species in 1900 and 1 , 337 in 1914 . a more recent account by fritz haas ( 1969 ) combined over 4 , 000 names into just 837 recognized species ( graf & cummings 2002 ) .\nare acephalic ( no head ) , bivalved mollusks usually with the beak ( the elevated portion of the dorsal margin ) slightly anterior . when present , the pseudocardinal teeth are generally anterior to the beak . the lateral teeth , generally posterior to the beak , are parallel to the hinge line . the species in this family have a foot rather than a byssus , fibrous structures found in other mussel families . along with\ndoes not have true siphons ( true siphons are formed when tissues between the inhalent and exhalent openings are fused and mantle aperatures are elongated ) . unlike the family\nhas unbranched papillae ( bumps ) . individuals vary in shape , size and coloration . adult individuals can range from 30 to 250 mm .\noccur in north america , europe , asia , africa , and the indonesian archipelago ( graf and cummings , 2002 ) and can thrive in tropical to temperate climates . the most diversity is in north america , where there are approximately 286 species ( turgeon et al . , 1998 ) , mainly east of the rocky mountains ( jennings , 2000 ) . the nearly 300 species in north america are grouped into 49 genera , which make up two subfamilies :\nis an example of this broad diversity . only two species are found in the interior united states ( mississippi river basin ) , and the majority of the species ( 36 currently recognized ) are found in the rivers of the southeastern atlantic coastal plain ( watters , 2001a ) . historical documentation describes mussels paving the beds of the ohio and wabash rivers ( warren , 2000 ) .\n( cummings and mayer , 1992 ; graf and cummings , 2008 ; graf , 2002 ; jennings , 2000 ; turgeon , et al . , 1998 ; warren , 2000 ; watters , 2001a )\nunionids are found in various permanent freshwater sources such as lakes , streams , and rivers . the family\nis not found in high mountain lakes , probably due to a lack of proper fish hosts for the glochidia or poor nutrient supply ( smith 2001 ) . most species are generally found where there are coarse substrates like sand or gravel ( smith 2001 ) however , the predictive value of substrate has been questioned ( strayer and ralley , 1993 ) . in michigan , different mussel distributions may more strongly tied to surface geology in the streams ( strayer , 1983 ) . constantly shifting substrates or stream basins composed of solid rock have few mussels . rivers tend to have a more abundant food supply and higher dissolved oxygen content than bodies of water with little or no current . large rivers tend to contain a wider diversity of mussel species and larger populations than smaller streams ( cummings & mayer 1992 ) . watters ( 1992 ) found as the area of a drainage basin increases , so does the fish diversity . this relationship is likely due to the increased diversity in habitat for fish . watters ( 1992 ) also found a linear correlation between fish diversity and mussel diversity , likely due to the increase number of host fish species available .\nbecause the shell is primarily composed of calcium carbonate , mussels prefer an aquatic habitat with an alkaline ph , an abundance of calcium , a bound carbon dioxide content of more than 15 mg / l , and a potassium level less than 7 mg / l . some species are able to tolerate an acidic ph for a short time , but eventually the acid will dissolve the shell and alter the internal chemistry of the visceral mass . calcium and carbon dioxide are important for the development of the shell , and potassium appears to be toxic .\nunionids are most abundant in depths less than 2 m , but will populate waters as deep as 7 m ( smith 2001 ) . the record depth for a\nspecimens ranging between 7 and 14 years old and less than 53 mm long were collected from lake michigan ( reigle 1967 ) .\ncalled\nvalves\n( bivalved ) attached at the hinge by an elastic ligament . they have an\n( beak ) along the dorsal margin and slightly anterior to the hinge and are bilaterally symmetrical along a plane running between the two valves . individuals do not have true siphons . instead , they have two to three openings in the mantle along the posterior margin that act as the inhalant and exhalant apertures ( smith 2001 ) . these openings are either papillated ( bumpy ) or crenulated ( grooved ) along the external margin . under each mantle is a gill made up of two demibranchs . each demibranch is composed of two\nfused at the ventral surface but open at the dorsal surface forming a \u201cw . \u201d each lamella is lined vertically with compact\n, which are closed at the bottom but open into a larger , shared cavity at the top called the suprabranchial chamber . these water tubes are characteristic of\nis found on the anterior end of the organism and between the demibranchs in the two valves . the majority of the median visceral mass in the posterior portion of the organism is primarily dorsal and not as confined in the anterior portion ( smith 2001 ) . unionids have a simple sensory system . their\nis comprised of three pairs of ganglia : cerebropleural , pedal , and visceral . with one on each side of the esophagus , the cerebropleural ganglia are located on the posterior side of the anterior adductor muscle and are connected by a short commissure . in the foot and fused is the pair of pedal ganglia and anterior to the posterior adductor muscle is the partially fused visceral ganglia . the ganglia are connected by long commissures and each pair is the source of the nerve fibers for the surrounding organs ( smith 2001 ) . near the pedal ganglia is a pair of\n, which are ovid or spherical . these statocysts are filled with fluid and lined with sensory cells . they also contain a solid sphere called a statolith ( smith 2001 ) . these mussels generally have closed statocysts and a single statolith ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) . osphradia are specialized epithelium concentrated in two small regions on the roof of the cloacal chamber ( the posterior end of the suprabranchial chamber in the gills where it is fused ) ( smith 2001 ) . in some species , there is a spot of pigmentation near the inhalant aperture that may be photoactive ( smith 2001 ) .\nadult unionids can range anywhere from 30 to 250 mm ( smith 2001 ) in length , and are just as variable in shape and color . among the common shapes are triangular , circular , rhomboidal , quadrate , trapezoidal , and elliptical ( burch 1975 ) . shape is a general description ; it cannot be heavily relied upon in the identification of species because it can vary among individuals of the same species . it is not uncommon to have a more inflated , rounded form of a species found in large rivers , while the larger , more compressed form of the same species is found in smaller streams and lakes where currents are not as strong . many genera in the subfamily\nexhibit sexual dimorphism . in these species , the males are usually bluntly pointed or squared along the posterior - ventral margin , while females are broadly truncated . periostracum colors vary from yellow or tan to shades of green to dark brown or black . some have solid rays , broken rays , wavy rays , rays composed of chevrons , or even a combination of rays and spots . external shell sculpturing can also vary from one species to another and can be used to distinguish some taxa . sculptures can be one of several combinations of ridges and bumps called\nnodules\nor\npustules .\nnot all mussel species have sculpturing . nearly the entire\nsubfamily has smooth surfaces with the exception of ridges formed from the concentric growth rings . another exterior sculpturing that is relied upon in identification is beak sculpture . beak sculptures range from numerous fine concentric ridges to a few distinctive bars to double - looped or v - shaped ridges . in some cases , the difference in beak sculpture is the best way to distinguish between two species . other exterior shell characteristics may include a prominent posterior ridge extending from beak to posterior - ventral margin , a unique texture to the periostracum , or a wing - like structure extending from the dorsal margin .\nare the parasitic stage of the larvae and are generally dependent on a host to survive . mature glochidia range from 0 . 05 to 0 . 5 mm in diameter . they are bivalves , which vary in shape from triangular , circular , oblong , or ( in\nonly ) ax head shaped and are typically attached by a single adductor muscle . most glochidia have sensory hairs lining their mantle and a larval thread protruding from the open valves , which may allow them to attach to the host . many species have hook - like structures to allow them to attach to the fins or skin of the fish . those species without hooks usually attach to the gills .\nmeasurements are generally taken of the length , height , and width . the length is the distance from the anterior to the posterior margin . the height is the distance from dorsal to ventral margin , usually at the beak . width is the widest point when the mussel valves are together , which is usually below the beaks . in addition , some identification keys will use the length to height ratio as a way to distinguish some species .\nembryonic unionids develop within the marsupia , or specialized portions of the gills , of the female . once fully developed , they are\nfrom the female and must attach to the gills or fins of a fish host within a few days or they will die .\nare the only two species capable of direct development without a host ( watters 1994c ) . only one species ,\n. many unionids are species - specific , requiring one or a narrow range of species . if attached to the wrong species , the glochidia will die as a result of the fish ' s immune system response ( watters 1998 ) . within a couple of days , the hosts\u2019 dermal tissue will encapsulate each glochidium forming a nodular cyst . while encysted , the glochidia will metamorphose , allowing the organs to develop more like an adult\u2019s organs ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) . there is a mortality rate of over 99 . 99 % from the time the glochidia are released from the mother to the time in which the metamorphosed juveniles settle in the sediments ( jansen et al 2001 ) .\n( jansen , et al . , 2001 ; meglitsch and schram , 1991 ; watters , 1994c ; watters , 1998 )\nafter an average of 10 - 30 days ( the record is 190 days ) , the metamorphosis will be complete and the glochidia will break from the cysts and drop from the host . the third and final stage of development occurs in the sediments of the stream or lake and may last anywhere from one to eight years before the juvenile is sexually mature . in this juvenile stage , the young mussel will complete its internal development , create the adult shell , and begin to live independently in the stream or lake .\nas in most bivalves , the shell is composed of three layers : the periostracum , the prismatic layer , and the nacre . the periostracum is the outermost layer and is composed of an organic material . the prismatic layer is the middle layer and is composed of thin blocks of a prism - like calcium carbonate , which are oriented perpendicular to the mantle and the other two layers . the nacre , or mother of pearl , is the innermost layer , which is composed of thin , alternating , laminae ( flakes or sheets ) of calcium carbonate and an organic material ( smith 2001 ) . the mantle is responsible for generating new shell as the mussel ages . a mantle flap is pressed against the interior of each valve and ends in three folds . the periostracum forms at the outer margin and the prismatic layer forms at the outer border . the nacre forms along the entire surface of the mantle .\nform where the muscle attaches to the shell , disrupting the formation of the nacre . instead of the shell forming along the dorsal edge where the hinge is located , an elastic hinge ligament composed of conchiolin ( a protein - rich substance ) forms , binding the two valves together ( meglitsch & schram 1991 ) .\n. because new shell is added along the entire edge of the mantle , concentric rings form around the beak . in some species , these rings may be grouped closer together in some areas than others , forming ridges . these ridges indicate the period of diapause during the winter or unfavorable environmental conditions , such as lower water level or lack of food . the period of growth in northern populations is typically from april to september . the growth rate depends mostly on environmental conditions such as water temperature , food supply , and the chemical composition of the water . many mussel species are capable of growing 30 to 80 mm every two growing seasons .\na few species are occasionally or permanently simultaneous hermaphrodites ( bauer 1987 ) , but in most cases , unionid sexes are separate . bauer ( 1987 ) suggested that hermaphroditism occurs when the population density is low or gene flow is limited . in these cases , the female is the only one of the two sexes that can become hermaphroditic . despite the dioecious nature of most mussels , males and females do not make contact with each other . males produce sperm year round and\nduring the time of year when females ovulate ( matteson 1948 ) . this simultaneous release of gametes may be triggered by a change in the water temperature and the intensity of light in the environment . the male\u2019s sperm leaves the suprabranchial chamber of each demibranch and exits the organism through the exhalant aperture to be carried by the water current to a nearby female . because sperm cannot swim against the current , the receiving female must be downstream ( watters 1994a ) . the sperm enters the female through the inhalant aperture and fertilizes the eggs stored in the water tubes of the demibranch\u2019s lamellae ( smith 2001 ) .\ndepending on the species , sexual maturity is reached between one and eight years ( smith 2001 ) . gamete production is initiated by a change in the water temperature surrounding the mussel ( watters 1998 ) . annual gametogenesis and gravidity may occur throughout the year or during certain seasons depending on latitude . the more northern populations tend to be gravid for a few months or all winter long and release the glochidia in the spring . there are a few species that release the glochidia in the fall . in many cases , southern populations are not restricted to reproducing during certain seasons . the number of larvae developing in one female at a time may range from several thousand in some of the smaller\ngenera to possibly over 1 million . the maximum amount of glochidia in one female is unknown , but tankersley and dimock ( 1992 ) recorded nearly 1 million in a\n, contains species which have produced more than 3 million per individual ( smith 2001 ) . bradytictic ( long term ) breeders will maintain the glochidia within the marsupia , the specialized portions of the gills , until the following spring or summer before\n. tachytictic ( short term ) breeders will release the glochidia in the same year , usually by july or august ( watters 1998 ) . matteson ( 1948 ) was convinced that the membrane surrounding the developing embryos provides all of the necessary nutrients , rather than the female transferring food to the developing young . his conclusion was based on a lack of connective structure from the gills to the young and that the fertilization membrane surrounding each embryo , which prevents the passing of any materials , remains until development is complete .\nunionid embryos spend the first stage of development in the marsupial portion of the female unionid ' s gills , where they develop into glochidia , the parasitic stage . once the first stage is complete , usually in the spring , the female will\ninto the water to begin the second stage as a parasite . because glochidial mortality is high , many unionids have developed specialized methods of attracting fish to the mother before the glochidia are released , increasing the chances the larvae can attach to a host . some of these species extend the glochidia encapsulated in conglutinates ( chamberlain 1934 ) . these conglutinates ( sacs ) are attached to the parent organism and move in the current like worms . this encapsulated appendage acts as a lure to attract the host fish , which then eats the glochidia freeing them from the capsule and allowing them to attach to the gills of the fish . other species use a modified mantle flap to attract the fish . this flap mimics the prey of the potential host fish . the glochidia are sensitive enough to attach themselves to the fish as soon as contact is made .\nfor small organisms , unionids are long - lived , living an average of 10 or more years ( cummings & mayer 1992 ) . some genera live only 8 to 9 years , while others can live up to 10 to 15 years ( smith 2001 ) . given the proper conditions , many species can live up to 20 or 30 years ( watters 1998 ) . bauer ( 2001b ) suggested life span is dependent upon metabolic rate . mussels with a higher metabolic rate tend to have a shorter life span . those unionids in larger rivers or streams would have a higher metabolic rate due to the abundance of food , and would be expected to have a short life . unionids that thrive further upstream may have a longer lifespan because they would have adapted to a limited food supply by decreasing their metabolic rate . although metabolic rate is a key factor affecting longevity in some species , it is not a universal constant . some species with similar metabolic rates may have very different lifespans .\nfor the most part , mussels are sedentary , but they are capable of a restricted form of locomotion . they move around by a series of muscular motions of the\nlocated at the anterior end of each individual . the foot is thrust forward first . it then swells and shortens at the same time , causing the body and shell to pull forward slightly . this process is repeated until the mussel has reached its destination . some species have been recorded to move up to several feet within an hour . researchers are still unsure what causes this migration , but they suspect the movement is caused by a drop in water level or some other unfavorable change in the surrounding environment .\nunionids are solitary organisms . the only intra - or inter - species interactions occur during reproduction . once they drop from the host , the mussel becomes a solitary individual and live partially buried in the sediments . as juveniles , mussels burrow into the sediments along the bottom of the stream or lake , which protects them from predators . once mature , more of the organism must protrude from the substrate in order for the inhalant and exhalant apertures to bring in and expel water . because more of the shell is visible , they are more susceptible to predation .\nduring winter months and aestivation periods ( matteson 1955 ; van der schalie 1940 ) , mussels will burrow into the substrate until only the apertures are protruding . they then go into a state of dormancy where the apertures only open on occasion . some genera are able to survive in this dormant state among the dry to moist sediments for months at a time ( smith 2001 ) ."]}
{"id": 65, "summary": [{"text": "jocara breviornatalis is a species of snout moth in the genus jocara .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by augustus radcliffe grote in 1877 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the u.s. states of texas , oklahoma and florida . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "jocara breviornatalis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for breviornatalis definition . you find here breviornatalis meaning , synonyms of breviornatalis and images for breviornatalis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\njocara breviornatalis - urdu meaning and translation of jocara breviornatalis , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of jocara breviornatalis and more .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word breviornatalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word breviornatalis and , of course , breviornatalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word breviornatalis .\njocara cacalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )\njocara is a genus of snout moths . it was described by francis walker in 1863 .\njocara walker , 1863\nat markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms . retrieved may 25 , 2017 .\njocara suiferens dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . natn . mus . 45 ( 2006 ) : 649 ; tl : peru , pampaconas river\njocara ( epipaschiinae ) ; hampson , 1896 , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1896 ( 4 ) : 460 ; [ globiz ] ; [ nacl ] , 79\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndeuterollyta conspicualis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 359 , ( 12 ) pl . 7 , f . 16 - 17 ; tl : brazil\ndeuterollyta francesca jones , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1912 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : castro , paran\u00e1 , brazil\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1863 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 68, "summary": [{"text": "the lipspot moray ( gymnothorax chilospilus ) , also known as the textile moray , white-lipped moray , or white-lipped reef eel , is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it was first named by pieter bleeker in 1864 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is named for a distinct white spot on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "lipspot moray eel", "paragraphs": ["the snowflake eel is found in the pacific and indian oceans . it is also known as the starry eel .\nlipspot moray - gymnothorax chilospilus the lipspot moray is found in the indian ocean and in the pacific ocean . it is also found in the waters around hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe leopard moray eel is found in the indian and pacific oceans . in north america , it is found around the hawaiian islands . it is also known as the dragon moray eel .\nfreckleface reef - eel - uropterygius xanthopterus the freckleface reef - eel is found in the indian and pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmoray eels can range in size from snyder ' s eel which is around 4 . 5 inches in length to the slender giant moray , which can grow to be 13 feet in length .\na lipspot moray , gymnothorax chilospilus , from north solitary island , new south wales - showing the diagnostic white blotch on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth . . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\ntiger reef eel - scuticaria tigrina the tiger reef eel is found in the indian and pacific oceans from east africa to the to the philippines , taiwan and the hawaiian islands east to mexico , costa rica , panama , and columbia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmany species of moray eel are brightly patterned . they have large eyes , large mouths and sharp , fang - like teeth . some species will bite if they are provoked . moray eels also secrete a mucus through their skin . in some species this mucus is a toxin .\nredface eel - monopenchelys acuta the redface eel is found in scattered locations around the globe . it is found in the western atlantic from the bahamas to the lesser antilles , it has been recorded around ascension island in southern atlantic . in the indian ocean , it has been recorded in comoros , seychelles , and mauritius and in the pacific ocean it is found from fiji to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nyellow - spotted moray - echidna xanthospilos the yellow - spotted moray is found in waters off of taiwan , sri lanka , indonesia , papua new guinea and samoa . it is also known as the skeletor eel . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nlaced moray - gymnothorax favagineus the laced moray is also known as the tessellate moray , the honeycomb moray , and the leopard moray . source : australian museum intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nyellowmouth moray - gymnothorax nudivomer the yellowmouth moray is found in indian and pacific oceans . it is also known as the starry moray . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe seychelles moray is found in coral reefs in the pacific and indian oceans .\nchain moray - echidna catenata the chain moray is found from the atlantic and gulf coasts of florida south through the caribbean to central america and the coast of uruguay .\nthe yellow moray is found in the waters off of new zealand and southern australia .\ncalifornia moray - gymnothorax mordax the california moray preys on octopuses and small fish . source : monterey bay aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\npeppered moray - gymnothorax pictus the peppered moray is found in indian and pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nfimbriate moray - gymnothorax fimbriatus the fimbriate moray can be 2 . 5 feet in length . source : australian museum intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngiant moray - gymnothorax javanicus the giant moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nundulated moray - gymnothorax undulatus the undulated moray has a brown body and a bright yellow head . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe brown moray is found on rocky coasts in the eastern atlantic and throughout the mediterranean .\ngreen moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray can be close to 6 feet in length . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npolygon moray - gymnothorax polygonius the polygon moray is found in the western and eastern atlantic ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe australian mottled moray is found in the western pacific ocean from southern japan to the south china sea south to australia and new zealand . it is also known as the sawtooth moray .\nhoneycomb moray - gymnothorax saxicola the honeycomb moray is found from new jersey south to florida and in the gulf of mexico . it is also found in the mississippi river delta . it is also known as the ocellated moray and the blackedge moray and is often used in home aquariums . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe barred moray is found from the east coast of africa to the hawaiian islands and australia .\ngreen moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray spends the day hidden in rocky crevices . source : florida museum of natural history intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncalifornia moray - gymnothorax mordax red rock shrimp clean dead skin for the body of the california moray . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngrayface moray - gymnothorax thyrsoideus the grayface moray is found in the indian ocean and in the pacific ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nbarred fin moray - gymnothorax zonipectis the barred fin moray is found from eastern africa east to the philippines . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe dark moray is found in the eastern atlantic off the coast of africa from mauritania to namibia .\nthe canary moray is found in the eastern atlantic around the canary islands off the coast of africa .\ngeometric moray - gymnothorax griseus the geometric moray is found in the western indian ocean and in the red sea . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmoray eels are carnivorous and eat crustaceans , cuttlefish , mollusks , small fish , octopus , and squid .\nsaddled moray - gymnothorax conspersus the saddled moray is found from north carolina south through the caribbean and gulf coast to brazil . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nfimbriate moray - gymnothorax fimbriatus the fimbriate moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans from madagascar to japan and australia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nwhite - spotted moray - muraena argus the white - edged moray is found along the pacific coast from southern california to peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nkidako moray - gymnothorax kidako the kidako moray is found in the western pacific ocean from china , japan and australia east to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nchain moray - echidna catenata the chain moray is brightly patterned in black and yellow . source : florent ' s guide to the florida , bahamas & caribbean reefs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nlaced moray - gymnothorax favagineus the laced moray is found from the red sea and east africa to japan , australia and papua new guinea . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ngreen moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray is really brown . it looks greenish - yellow because of the mucus that covers its body . source : national aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\njewel moray - muraena lentiginosa the jewel moray is found in the eastern pacific from the gulf of california to peru and the galapagos islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nindo - pacific spotted moray - gymnothorax isingteena the indo - pacific spotted moray is found in coral reefs in the indian and western pacific oceans . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ngray moray - gymnothorax nubilus the gray moray is found in the southwest pacific around lord howe island , norfolk island , and the kermadec islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ncaribbean ocellated moray - gymnothorax ocellatus the caribbean ocellated moray is found in the caribbean and along the atlantic coast of central america south to uruguay . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nwhite - edged moray - gymnothorax verrilli the white - edged moray is found along the pacific coast of costa rica , mexico , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ncalifornia moray - gymnothorax mordax the california moray is found in crevices in shallow rocky reefs from point conception in southern california to baja califonia in mexico . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nyellow - edged moray - gymnothorax flavimarginatus the yellow - edged moray is known as the puhi paka and it ' s bite can be dangerous to humans . source : waikiki aquarium intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nblack moray - muraena augusti the black moray is found in the eastern atlantic ocean around cape verde , the canary and madeira islands , and the azores . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe wide - mouth moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of el salvador , guatemala , and mexico .\nyellow - edged moray - gymnothorax flavimarginatus the yellow - edged moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans from the red sea and east africa to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nbanded moray - gymnothorax rueppelliae the banded moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans . in the u . s . , it is found in hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\npygmy moray - anarchias similis the pygmy moray is found from the coast of south carolina south to venezuela and along the gulf coast of florida south to nicaragua . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe turkey moray is found in reefs in shallow water the indian and pacific oceans from the coast of eastern africa to hawaii .\nbrown snake moray - uropterygius fuscoguttatus the brown snake moray is found in australia and the south pacific islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no two - holes moray - uropterygius versutus the two - holes moray is found in colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no jigsaw moray - uropterygius wheeleri the jigsaw moray is found in the eastern atlantic off the coast of africa in the waters around cape verde , equatorial guinea , sao tom\u00e9 and principe , and senegal . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nreticulate hookjaw moray - enchelycore lichenosa the reticulate hookjaw moray is found in northwest pacific ocean near taiwan and southern japan and in the southeast pacific ocean around the galapagos islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ngreen moray - gymnothorax funebris the green moray is found in the western atlantic from new jersey south to brazil as well as in the gulf of mexico and the caribbean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nlichen moray - gymnothorax hubbsi the lichen moray is found in the gulf of mexico from alabama south to cuba and north up the eastern coast of florida to southern georgia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nreticulate moray - muraena retifera the reticulate moray is found from north carolina south to florida and along the gulf coast from florida north to mississippi . it is also found off the coast of venezuela . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no stout moray - muraena robusta the stout moray is found from north carolina to florida in the western atlantic as well as off the coast of panama and columbia . it is found along the african coast from morocco to angola in the eastern atlantic . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no marbled moray - uropterygius macularius the marbled moray is found from north carolina south to brazil as well as in the caribbean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no many - spotted moray - uropterygius polystictus the many - spotted moray is found along the pacific coasts of ecuador and mexico source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nbroadbanded moray - channomuraena vittata the broadbanded moray is found in tropical waters around the globe . in the u . s . it is found in the waters off southern florida . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nviper moray - enchelycore nigricans the viper moray is found on both sides of the atlantic ocean . in the u . s . it is found off the coast of florida . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ny - patterned moray - gymnothorax berndti the y - patterned moray is found in the western indian ocean and in the pacific ocean from taiwan to new zealand and east to hawaii . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\npanamic green moray - gymnothorax castaneus the panamic green moray is found in the eastern pacific ocean from southern baja california and the gulf of california south to ecuador and the galapagos islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nwhitespot moray - muraena pavonina in the western atlantic ocean , the whitespot moray is found off of northeastern brazil and the mid - atlantic and around ascension island in the eastern atlantic ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nribbon moray - rhinomuraena quaesita the ribbon moray is found from east africa to french polynesia , north to southern japan , and south to the northwest and east coast australia and new caledonia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\npalenose moray - echidna nocturna the palenose moray is found along the pacific coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nblacktail moray - gymnothorax kolpos the blacktail moray is found in along the atlantic coast of the eastern u . s . from north carolina south to florida and along the gulf coast from florida to texas . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nhardtail moray - anarchias galapagensis the hardtail moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nslenderjaw moray - enchelycore octaviana the slenderjaw moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nfinespotted moray - gymnothorax dovii the finespotted moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmasked moray - gymnothorax panamensis the masked moray is found along the pacific coast of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , and panama . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no small - spotted moray - gymnothorax phalarus the small - spotted moray is found along the pacific coast of colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmediterranean moray - muraena helena the mediterranean moray is found from south of british isles to senegal , in the waters around the azores , madeira , the canary islands , and cape verde and in the waters of the mediterranean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nfreshwater moray - gymnothorax polyuranodon the freshwater moray is found in australia , brunei darussalam , fiji , indonesia , malaysia , micronesia , new caledonia , palau , papua new guinea , the philippines , sri lanka , and taiwan . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe stout moray is found in shallow water in inland reefs in the indian and pacific oceans . in north america , it is found in the hawaiian islands .\nblackedge moray - gymnothorax nigromarginatus the blackedge moray is found rom the coast of north carolina south to cuba and puerto rico . it is also found in the gulf of mexico west to texas and south through central america to columbia . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nuse the table to access images and fact sheets of the muraenid fishes on the site . these include the knot - eels , moray eels and reef eels .\nundulated moray - gymnothorax undulatus the undulated moray is found in the indian ocean and in the western , central and eastern pacific ocean . it is found in hawaii and along the pacific coast of mexico , panama , and costa rica . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe zebra moray is found in the pacific and indian oceans . in north america it is found from baja california , mexico south to columbia and the galapagos islands .\nthe whitemargin moray is found in the indian and pacific oceans from japan south to indonesia . in north america , it is found in waters around the hawaiian islands .\nspotted - tail moray - gymnothorax equatorialis the spotted - tail moray is found in the pacific ocean off the coasts of chile , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nlow fin moray - gymnothorax porphyreus the low - fin moray is found in sub - tropical waters in the south pacific to south america . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no sawtooth moray - gymnothorax serratidens the sawtooth moray is found in waters off of ecuador and peru . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no brown conger - gymnothorax vicinus the brown conger is found on both sides of the atlantic . in the u . s . it is found from the eastern coast of florida through the gulf coast states . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nspotted moray - gymnothorax moringa the spotted moray is found from north carolina south along the u . s . coast through the caribbean and the gulf of mexico south to southern brazil . it is also found in the eastern atlantic ocean on ascension and st . helena islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsharktooth moray - gymnothorax maderensis the sharktooth moray is found in the eastern and western atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is found in madeira , the canary islands , and the cape verde islands . in the western atlantic it is found in bermuda , cuba , and in the caribbean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . & mccosker , j . e . 2001 . the moray eels of australia and new zealand , with the description of two new species ( anguilliformes : muraenidae ) .\ngoldentail moray - gymnothorax miliaris the goldentail moray is found in the western atlantic from florida , bermuda , and the bahamas through the gulf of mexico and the caribbean to southern brazil . in the eastern atlantic it is found in the waters around the cape verde islands and ascension and st . helena islands . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe fangtooth moray is found on both sides of the atlantic . in north america it is found off the coast of northern florida and in the waters of bermuda . it is also found in the mediterranean and black sea .\nthe caribbean chestnut moray is found in the western atlantic from the atlantic coast and gulf coast of southern florida south through the caribbean and central america to brazil . it is also found off the coast of the bahamas and off the gulf coast of mexico .\norder : anguilliformes , family : muraenidae ( morays ) pusi or morays moray eels are called pusi in samoa . small eels are sometimes called to ' e , large eels are called maoa ' e , and very large ones may be called atapanoa . small brown eels may be called u ' aulu and small pale eels may be called apeape .\nvariable in colour from pale yellowish to brownish , with irregular darker brownish bars and pale markings , a white spot surrounding each pore along the upper and lower jaws , and a large white blotch on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth .\noffshore reefs of western australia , ashmore reef and the great barrieer reef , queensland , to at least julian rocks , new south wales , also elizabeth reef and lord howe island in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species os widespread in the indo - west - central pacific from south africa to hawaii , north to taiwan and the ryukyu islands , japan , and south to northern australia .\ngymnothorax chilospilus bleeker , 1864 , nederland . tijdschr . dierk 2 : 52 . type locality : east indies .\nbleeker , p . 1864 . poissons in\u00e9dits indo - archip\u00e9lagiques de l ' ordre des mur\u00e8nes .\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , mccosker , j . e . & smith , d . g . 1999 . family muraenidae . pp . 1643 - 1657 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nthe early stages of fishes in the california current region . california cooperative oceanic fisheries investigations ( calcofi ) atlas no . 33\nfrancis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean .\nfrancis , m . p . & randall , j . e . 1993 . further additions to the fish faunas of lord howe and norfolk islands , southwest pacific ocean .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\ngreek , gymnos = naked + greek , thorax , - akos = breast ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 45 m ( ref . 11441 ) , usually ? - 5 m . tropical\nindo - pacific : south africa and oman to the hawaiian and society islands , north to the ryukyu and ogasawara islands , south to northern australia and the loyalty islands .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 ; vertebrae : 121 - 133 . body light brown , with dendritic pattern . corner of mouth with a dark brown spot , preceded on lower lip by a large white blotch ( often followed by another above and behind corner of mouth ) ; upper and lower jaw pores usually in prominent white spots . vertebrae 121 - 133 .\noccurs in shallow coastal reef flats , usually found in less than 5 m water depth , but ranges to deep water rubble reefs ( ref . 48635 ) . benthic ( ref . 58302 ) .\nchen , h . - m . , k . - t . shao and c . t . chen , 1994 . a review of the muraenid eels ( family muraenidae ) from taiwan with descriptions of twelve new records . zool . stud . 33 ( 1 ) : 44 - 64 . ( ref . 6934 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00095 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00197 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 38 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are close to 200 species in this family of eels . most species are found in shallow water among rocks and coral . and many species are active at night and spend the day hidden in the rock or coral crevices . most species are found in tropical and sub - tropical marine environments , a few species can be found in brackish water , and a a handful of species are found in fresh water .\nstatus and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .\nthreatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .\nindo - pacific : south africa and oman to the hawaiian and society islands , north to the ryukyu and ogasawara islands , south to northern australia and the loyalty islands . ;\nit is named for a distinct white spot on the lower lip near the corner of the mouth .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 72, "summary": [{"text": "platyallabes tihoni is the only species in the genus platyallabes of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) of the family clariidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species is found in the malebo pool .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "p. tihoni has a body plan that is intermediate to the generalized , fusiform ( torpedo-shaped ) type such as clarias species and the anguilliform ( eel-shaped ) type such as gymnallabes .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this species is known to grow up to 52.8 centimetres ( 20.8 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "platyallabes tihoni", "paragraphs": ["platyallabes tihoni is the only species in the genus platyallabes of catfishes of the family clariidae .\nplatyallabes tihoni is the only species in the genus platyallabes of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) of the family clariidae . this species is found in the malebo pool . p . more\nplatyallabes tihoni ( poll , 1944 ) - add this species to your\nmy cats\npage . common name ( s ) none type locality kinshasa , zaire . more\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . fishstat . platyallabes tihoni ( dimensionmember ) . ( latest update : 27 nov 2013 ) accessed ( 9 jul 2018 ) . uri : urltoken\nclariids , it is not as large as in platyallabes tihoni , where it is one of the diagnostic features for the genus and species ( devaere et al . , 2005a ) . although , figs 3 & 4 show two clear groups , which were tested significantly different , no new species is currently recognized . more\ngreek , platys = flat + greek , allabes , - etos = a fish of the nile , a kind of lamprey ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : lower congo river basin and pool malebo ( stanley - pool ) ( ref . 78218 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 52 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3820 )\nno real information available on the biology of this species . apparently live in crevices between stones and rocks where they burry themselves in the substrate ( ref . 78218 ) .\nteugels , g . g . , 1986 . clariidae . p . 66 - 101 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3820 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .\n528mm or 20 . 8\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nunpaired fins continuous , head very broad , paired fins well developed . color is blackish olve - grey , noticeably lighter and sometimes pink on the belly . the caudal fin is light red in color .\nin ventral view especially , females are much broader in the body than males of equal age and rearing practices .\nrevue de zoologie et de botanique africaines v . 38 ( no . 1 ) , p 79 .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : there are currently no threats to the species known , and it is assessed as least concern . if the construction of inga 3 and grand inga , and the luozi mining project will be executed , the status of this species needs to be reassessed .\nthere are currently no threats to the species known . inga 1 and 2 are existing dams with a minimal impact . the possible future elaboration of the dam complex with inga 3 and later possibly grand inga will pose a great threat to the species that has a limited distribution to this region . given the restricted mainstream habitat and mainstream impacts such as pollution , it can be threatened in the future by mining in the luozi region . the key component of concrete is found in this region , and there is potential for mining in the area .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe urltoken website brings together statistics , maps , pictures , and documents on food and agriculture from throughout the fao organization in one convenient location . this means that instead of searching multiple sites and sources , you will be able to go to one central place in order to collect or view the data that interests you . to assist in data retrieval , the site provides an efficient search engine as well as easy - to - use navigation menus .\nheads up ! we will have a convenient download format available for this resource soon .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2012 . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy , fao ."]}
{"id": 74, "summary": [{"text": "scyllarides squammosus is a species of slipper lobster known as the ' blunt slipper lobster .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found throughout the indo-west pacific region .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "specifically its range is from australia ( queensland , new south wales , west australia ) , japan , hawaii , melanesia , new caledonia to east africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "scyllarides squammosus has been found at depths from 7.5 m to 71 m.", "topic": 18}], "title": "scyllarides squammosus", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - scyllarides squammosus ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )\nscyllarides squammosus ( h . milne edwards , 1837 ) \u2013 blunt slipper lobster , ula - p\u00e4papa\nstatus in world register of marine species accepted name : scyllarides squammosus ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )\njustification : scyllarides squammosus is listed as least concern . this species has a broad distribution and is harvested in only small parts of its range . ongoing fisheries in australia have stringent management controls in place .\nfischer , w . & g . bianchi ( eds . ) ( 1984 ) . fao species identification sheets for fisheries purposes : western indian ocean . fao , rome . [ details ]\nholthuis , l . b . 1991 . fao species catalogue . vol 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . 125 ( 13 ) : 292 p . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbatchelor , a . , de silva , r . , dyer , e . , kasthala , g . , lutz , m . l . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , h . t . , soulsby , a . - m . & whitton , f .\nthis species is distributed throughout the indo - west pacific region from east africa to japan , hawaii , melanesia , new caledonia and australia ( queensland , new south wales , west australia ) ( holthuis 1991 , dewha 2009 ) . it is likely that this species has a wider distribution than is currently known . the type locality of this species is mauritius ( holthuis 1991 ) .\naustralia ( new south wales , queensland , western australia ) ; fiji ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; madagascar ; marshall islands ; mauritius ( mauritius ( main island ) ) ; mozambique ; new caledonia ; oman ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; somalia ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; tuvalu ; united arab emirates ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna\nthere is insufficient population data available for this species . however , chan ( 1998 ) described it as ' apparently nowhere abundant in the western central pacific ' . comparatively , dinardo and moffitt ( 2007 ) state that it is currently the dominant lobster species in the northwestern hawaiian islands . the northwestern hawaiian islands populations of this species should be treated as one metapopulation ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) .\nthis nocturnal species inhabits reefs and rocky areas ( holthuis 1991 ) . it shelters during the day , and forages at night where it feeds mainly on bivalves ( chan 1998 , lavalli\n2007 ) . it has a maximum total length of 40 cm , although usually only reaches 20 cm ( holthuis 1991 , chan 1998 ) . there are conflicting reports of the depth preferences of this species : dinardo and moffit ( 2007 ) suggest between 30 - 120 m , whereas holthuis ( 1991 ) and chan ( 1998 ) suggest a shallower range of 5 - 80 m . this is also reflected in the ' most common ' ranges , with 50 - 70 m and 20 - 50m , respectively .\nthis gregarious species attains sexual maturity at a carapace length of 6 . 6 - 6 . 7 cm , although variation was found between reefs ( hearn et al . 2007 , lavalli et al . 2007 ) . ovigerous females occur throughout the year with peak abundance between may and july , and their fecundity ranges from 54 , 000 - 227 , 000 eggs per female ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 , sekiguchi et al . 2007 ) . the phyllosoma of this species remain pelagic for 3 - 6 months prior to transforming into benthic juveniles ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) .\nits large size and well developed fleshy tail make this species , like other species of the genus , a sought - after delicacy ( holthuis 1991 ) . below is a breakdown of use and trade within distinct parts of this species ' range .\nin hawaii there has been a commercial lobster fishery in operation in the northwestern hawaiian islands ( nwhi ) for 20 years . the fishery has been primarily targeting this species and the spiny lobster (\n) . landings of all species were showing reductions , and in 2000 the nwhi fishery was closed as a precautionary measure due to increasing uncertainty of the population models used to assess stock status . later on that year , the northwestern hawaiian islands coral reef ecosystem reserve was established . this may prohibit commercial lobster fishing in the nwhi indefinitely ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) . for catch data from the nwhi fishery whilst it was in operation see dinardo and moffitt ( 2007 ) .\nin 1997 , the queensland fisheries service ( qfs ) , authorised a developmental trap fishery in southeast queensland . the fishery was specifically targeting this species and\nspp . ) resource existed in the waters to the south of the great barrier reef marine park ( gbrmp ) . prior to that time these species were landed only as a minor by - catch of prawn and scallop trawl fisheries ( these species have now been removed from the\npermitted trawl species\nable to be retained by trawl fishers ) ( sumpton\ndevelopment of this trap fishery began in july 1999 , and was monitored for an initial period ending june 2003 . participants in the fishery required a permit that was renewed annually ( subject to satisfactory performance by the permit holders ) . however , by 2004 there were no active harvesting permits and further development of the fishery was awaiting discussions between fisheries managers and stakeholders ( sumpton\nspp . have been caught . to some extent this was a result of the fishery ' s limitations to trawl relatively shallow depths < 200 m , which is not the preferred habitat of many of the species capable of entering baited traps ( sumpton\n, coutures and chauvet 2003 ) . this is achieved by diving with a water torch over the reefs ( coutures and chauvet 2003 ) . the catch - per - unit - effort ( cpue ) data for these fishermen was found to be 1 . 32 kg / fisherman / night , although this increased to 2 . 16 kg kg / fisherman / night for more efficient fishermen ( coutures and chauvet 2003 ) .\nthe queensland fisheries service ( qfs ) considers that the fishery does not pose a significant threat to the sustainability of this species . the fishery landed less than 5 tonnes of slipper lobster each year between 1998 and 2001 , and in 2002 / 2003 no slipper lobsters were landed ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) .\nthe northwestern hawaiian islands ( nwhi ) coral reef ecosystem reserve was established in 2000 which may prohibit commercial lobster fishing in the nwhi indefinitely , therefore this fishery does not pose a continuing threat to this species ( dinardo and moffitt 2007 ) .\na decline in global captures of scyllaridae has been documented , although information on specific species is lacking ( spanier and lavalli 2007 ) .\nthe management plan of the hawaiian fishery incorporated closed seasons , minimum size limits , no retention of egg bearing females , the incorporation of escape vents in pots , accurate recording of log data , and revised yearly quotas ( pooley and kawamoto 1998 , sumpton et al . 2004 ) .\nin the event that the trap fishery in southeast queensland progresses beyond developmental status , a formal process would be undertaken to develop appropriate management strategies . within the area of the fishery , a number of closed waters have been declared under the fisheries regulations 1995 , and no fishing is allowed in the great barrier reef marine park ( gbrmp ) . all commercial fishers in queensland have a legal obligation to provide information about their fishing activity via daily logbook reporting ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) .\nit is prohibited to take berried females or setose females ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) .\nas the queensland trap fishery is only operated on a very limited developmental scale ( a time frame of only four years ) , the lobster stocks are not likely to have been seriously affected . the current permit conditions provide the queensland fisheries service ( qfs ) with extensive powers to ensure the sustainable management of the fishery . it allows them to suspend or cancel permits if a deleterious effect on stocks of slipper and spiny lobster , or any other fish species ( including bycatch and byproduct ) has been caused , or is imminent , or may reasonably be expected due to activities under the permit ' ( sumpton et al . 2004 ) . for a comprehensive report on the queensland developmental trap fishery , see sumpton et al . ( 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwith three red spots , one rather ill - defined in the middle , and two more distinct laterally ; seldom the three are fused to a single broad spot . outline of posterior margin of the\nhabite l ' \u00eele - de - france\n( = mauritius ) . type in\nhabitat in oceano australiori . mus . dom . banks\n. type lost .\nindo - west pacific region : from east africa to japan , hawaii , melanesia , new caledonia and australia .\nin depths of\na few fathoms\nto about 80 m , most common between 20 and 50 m . on reefs and rocky areas . nocturnal .\nmake this species , like other species of the genus , a sought - after delicacy . it is scarce and lives in inaccessible places and therefore is not commercially fished . the animals are mostly taken by hand usually at night , but also wire traps are used . they are sold fresh on the local markets .\nfischer , w . and g . bianchi ( eds ) , 1984 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol . 5 : pag . var .\nholthuis , l . b . and t . sakai . 1970 . ph . f . von siebold and fauna japonica . a history of early japanese zoology : 18 pp , 1 - 323 , pls 1 - 32 , 7 unnumbered pls , 1 map\nmilne edwards , h . , 1837 . histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s , comprenant l ' anatomie , la physiologie et la classification de ces animaux , 2 : 1 - 532 , atl . pl . 1 - 42 , 1 - 32 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nholthuis , l . b . 1991 ,\nfao species catalogue . vol . 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date\n, fao fisheries synopsis , vol . no . 125 , 13 , pp . i - viii , 1 - 292\nmiers , e . j . 1882 ,\non some crustaceans collected at mauritius\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1882 , pp . 339 - 342 pl . 20 , 538 - 543 pl . 36\nmilne edwards , h . 1837 , vol . 2 , pp . 532 pp . , atlas 32 pp . , 42 pls , libraire encyclopedique de roret , paris\nde haan , w . 1841 ,\ncrustacea\n, ed . von siebold , p . f . ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823\u20131830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit , pp . 1 - 243 pls a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . tab . 2 , lugundi - batavorum , leiden\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3df778c7 - 7be1 - 4299 - 9cbc - 1863a7282399\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6c1c4fe3 - 6de0 - 452b - 9df8 - 729b5b0b004f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d70af230 - ed62 - 49ed - 80ea - 471d9a5747f8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2d6b407b - 388d - 4ab1 - 84f8 - 9e52de5199e5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 417880\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding ."]}
{"id": 76, "summary": [{"text": "macotasa suffusus is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by talbot in 1926 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland to lower montane forest types . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "macotasa suffusus", "paragraphs": ["macotasa suffusus ; [ mob7 ] : 305 , pl . 3 , f . 50\ntigrioides suffusus talbot , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 ( 2 ) : 132\ntigrioides suffusus talbot , 1926 , sarawak mus . j . , 3 ( 2 ) : 132 .\nhave a fact about macotasa orientalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for macotasa orientalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about macotasa nedoshivinae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for macotasa nedoshivinae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthis and the next two species are very similar externally . m suffusus resembles m . biplagella butler in having a straw yellow forewing ground colour and , in males , a rectangular black mark on the forewing costa . in m . tortricoides walker the ground colour is fawn and the costal black mark is triangular . in the male genitalia the uncus is bifid in suffusus and biplagella but entire in tortricoides and allies . males of suffusus differ from those of biplagella in having a dark zone at the base of the forewing dorsum and a curved , pale rufous line from the costal rectangle towards the centre of the margin , stopping 3mm short of it . the females of the two species are more similar , but the blackish triangle on the forewing costa is more prominent in suffusus ; in the genitalia the base of the ductus is expanded and folded rather than simple and squarish .\nmacotasa nubecula ( moore , 1879 ) = cossa nubecula moore , 1879 = ilema costalis ( moore , 1878 ) .\nmacotasa nubeculoides holloway , 1982 ; in barlow , intr . moths of south east asia . taxonomic app . : 209 ; tl : w . malaysia\nmacotasa nubeculoides ; [ mob7 ] , 306 ( note ) ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 ( note )\nmacotasa ( lithosiini ) ; [ mob7 ] , 305 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nmacotasa nubecula ; [ mob7 ] , 306 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44\nmacotasa sumatrana dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 176 ; tl : n . sumatra , pokkat , 98\u00b033 ' e 2\u00b010 ' n , 1600m\nmacotasa biplagella ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 14 [ ? oecophora biplagella walker . ms ] ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 52\nmacotasa orientalis ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 512 ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 51 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44\nmacotasa nedoshivinae dubatolov , 2012 ; euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , dong nai , vinh cuu nat . res . , ma da , rang rang , 11 . 34704\u00b0n , 107 . 01208\u00b0e\nselect a genera poliosia hampson - poliosia muricolor walker - poliosia quadrifida sp . n . - poliosia bifida sp . n . - poliosia sp . 5463 - poliosia marginata hampson - poliosia pulverea hampson - poliosia concolora sp . n . lambula walker - lambula fuliginosa walker - lambula errata eecke - lambula pallida hampson nishada moore - nishada chilomorpha adunca ssp . n . - nishada rotundipennis walker - nishada syntomiodes walker - nishada sambara moore tigrioides butler - tigriodes sabulosalis walker - tigrioides leucanioides walker - tigrioides puncticollis butler - tigrioides antipulvereola sp . n . mithuna moore - mithuna quadriplagoides sp . n . - mithuna fuscivena hampson stenaulis hampson - stenaulis discalis walker macotasa moore - macotasa suffusus talbot - macotasa biplagella butler - macotasa tortricoides walker - macotasa orientalis hampson teulisna walker - teulisna curviplaga rothschild comb . n - teulisna tumida walker - teulisna chiloides walker - teulisna pseudochiloides sp . n . - teulisna plagiata walker comb . rev . - teulisna quadratella sp . n . - teulisna reflexa sp . n . - teulisna tricornuta sp . n - teulisna nigricauda holloway - teulisna pallidicauda sp . n . - teulisna macropallida sp . n . - teulisna harmani sp . n . - teulisna nebulosa walker comb . n . - teulisna divisa walker comb . n . - teulisna montanebula sp . n . - teulisna uniplaga hampson comb . rev . - teulisna steineri sp . n . thysanoptyx hampson - thsanoptyx oblonga butler stat . rev . eilema hubner - eilema prabana moore - eilema costalboides sp . n . - eilema plumbeomicans hampson - eilema flavicosta moore - eilema fasciculosa walker - eilema decreta butler - eilema monochora turner stat . rev . - eilema pulvereola hampson - eilema sandakana draudt stat . n . - eilema brevivalva sp . n . - eilema trimacula sp . n . - eilema pseudocretacea sp . n . - eilema longpala sp . n . - eilema females - eilema sp . burnia moore gen . rev . - burnia antica walker comb . rev . - burnia sarawaca butler stat . rev . - burnia apicalis walker comb . n - burnia nebulifera hampson comb . n mantala walker - mantala tineoides walker euconosia watson - euconosia aspera walker - euconosia xylinoides walker stat . rev . - euconosia obscuriventris sp . n . pseudoscaptia hampson - pseudoscaptia rothschild draudt\nmacotasa tortricoides ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 2e , 49 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 44\nthis species and biplagella are only known from borneo , whereas tortricoides is related to m . nubecula moore ( india to burma and andamans ) and m . nubeculoides holloway ( peninsular malaysia , sumatra , java , bali ) .\nthe species is frequent to common in a range of lowland to lower montane forest types .\nteulisna biplagella butler , 1877 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1877 : 355 ; tl : sarawak\nborneo , java , bali , nilgiris , china ( fukien ) . see [ maps ]\nlithosia tortricoides walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 107 ; tl : sarawak\nphaeosia dimorpha hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 98 ; tl : philippines , luzon , mt makiling\nburma , peninsular malaysia , borneo , vietnam , thailand , singapore . see [ maps ]\n= ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 512\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae\nnew lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia\nwalker , 1862 catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 82 - 145 , 171 - 198\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of lithosiini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah ."]}
{"id": 78, "summary": [{"text": "datnioides microlepis , also known as the indonesian tiger datnoid , indo datmoid , indonesian tigerfish , or finescale tigerfish , is a species of freshwater fish endemic to the malay peninsula and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "previous records from the chao phraya and mekong rivers is due to confusion with the d. pulcher ( siamese tigerfish ) , which was included in d. microlepis until 1998 .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it reaches up to 45 cm ( 1 ft 6 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this fish is commonly seen in the aquarium trade , and often is seen when juvenile about 3 \u2013 4 in ( 8 \u2013 10 cm ) long . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "datnioides microlepis", "paragraphs": ["i am looking for datnioides pulcher . i like this one my phone is 6465933435 , usa\ndatnioides : from the genus name datnia and ancient greek \u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u200e ( e\u00eedos ) , meaning \u2018form , likeness\u2019 .\nmicrolepis : from the ancient greek \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u200e ( mikr\u00f3s ) , meaning \u2018small\u2019 , and \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c2 \u200e ( lep\u00eds ) , meaning \u2018scale\u2019 .\nin the ornamental trade d . microlepis is the most widely available tiger perch and is sometimes sold as d . pulcher in order to raise prices , since the latter is considered critically endangered in the wild and may already be extirpated from thailand . both species are also fished for human consumption .\nthere are additional differences in colour pattern and meristic characters , and in practice it is difficult to confuse d . microlepis with any species other than d . pulcher , these two having been considered conspecific prior to 1998 . in principle they can be separated by the number of dark body bars , but this observation appears to be based solely on specimens from borneo with the colour pattern of sumatran and malaysian populations undocumented . adult individuals can usually be separated on the basis of base body colour , which tends towards orangey - brown in d . pulcher , dirty yellowish - grey in d . microlepis .\nfollowing kottelat ( 2001 ) , the genus datnioides is diagnosed by the following combination of characters : second spinous anal - fin ray longer than the first and third rays ; presence of fine teeth and 2 - 3 blunt spines on the edge of the opercle ; 50 + lateral line scales ; barred colour pattern .\ndatnioides spp . typically produce a lot of waste so the use of large external filters is essential . if possible buy units with built in heaters or at least fit a sturdy heater - guard since adults have been known to damage submerged equipment . sump systems also work well , and the heater can be housed within .\nthey do not travel well and can be tricky to stabilise post - import , often refusing to feed and continuously exhibiting a colour pattern indicative of stress but also displayed at night . in d . microlepis the dark body bars fade , leaving only the margins or a series of spots distinctly visible , with the majority of the body greyish , brownish , or blackish .\nmembers were included in the genus coius during the 1990s , but coius is now considered to be a synonym of the genus anabas ( kottelat , 2000 ) . the former family name coiidae is thus a synonym of anabantidae , and datnioides species comprise the monotypic family datnioididae . the genus has also been included in the marine tripletail family lobotidae in the past , and preliminary phylogenetic analyses suggest a close relationship these two groups .\nd . microlepis is distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters : presence of 6 - 7 wide dark bars on the body , the first of which usually continues uninterrupted across the opercle , onto the thoracic region , and across the ventral surface of the body ( vs . 4 - 5 wide bars in d . pulcher ; 4 - 6 wide bars with diffuse margins in d . campbelli ; up to 7 bars , sometimes with 1 - 4 smaller bars between in d . polota ; 4 relatively thinner bars , first bar sometimes not continuous on operculum , not usually extending onto thoracic region or ventral surface of body , sometimes a single , additional partial bar in d . undecimradiatus ) ; a distinct black marking immediately anterior to the pelvic - fin base ( vs . no such marking in d . undecimradiatus ) ; body scales small , with 70 - 100 in the lateral series ( vs . large , 40 - 60 in the lateral series in d . polota and d . campbelli ) ; predorsal profile almost straight ( vs . distinctly concave in d . polota and d . campbelli ) .\nasia : chao phraya basin , mekong basin of mainland southeast asia , kapuas basin in western borneo and musi basin in sumatra ( ref . 10425 ) . protected in thailand ( ref . 12217 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 45 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 ) ; max . published weight : 10 . 0 kg ( ref . 9497 )\nhas the deepest body of any species of coius , 2 . 1 - 2 . 4 times in sl . specimens from mainland southeast asia invariably with five full bars , specimens from borneo with 6 - 7 bars , all usually continued across ventral surface of body . first bar extending uninterrupted and undiminished across opercle and onto thoracic region , and continued across ventral surface of body ; a well defined black mark on ventral surface of body immediately anterior to base of pelvic fins ( not present in other coius ) . partial bars almost invariably absent . branched dorsal rays 14 - 18 ; branched anal rays 9 - 11 , usually 10 ( ref . 10425 ) .\ninhabits freshwater rivers , lakes and reservoirs , frequenting areas with a lot of submerged branches , such as flooded forests ( ref . 12693 ) . adult fish feed on small shrimps , fish fry and small fishes while young individuals take zooplankton ( ref . 6459 ) . also feeds on crabs , worms and insect larvae ( ref . 12693 ) and plants ( ref . 56749 ) . esteemed food fish which is marketed fresh and often seen in aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) .\nroberts , t . r . and m . kottelat , 1994 . the indo - pacific tigerperches , with a new species from the mekong basin ( pisces : coiidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 5 ( 3 ) : 257 - 266 . ( ref . 10425 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 55 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( fec = 30 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 42 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napparently restricted to the malay peninsula and western indonesia , where it is known from the perak and selangor river systems in peninsular malaysia , batang hari and musi watersheds in sumatra , and kapuas basin in kalimantan ( indonesian borneo ) . it is unclear whether its range extends into peninsular thailand , while records from the chao phraya and mekong river basins refer to the congener d . pulcher .\nan exclusive inhabitant of large , deep , typically lowland freshwater rivers , and not thought to enter brackish environments . it has been collected from flooded forests during the annual wet season .\njuveniles and subadults should be provided with a well - decorated , planted aquarium with driftwood roots and branches . larger individuals are relatively unfussy , although some surface cover in the form of floating or overhanging vegetation or branches is appreciated . the addition of marine salt is not required at any life stage .\nan efficient , largely piscivorous , predator with highly protrusible mouthparts . in the aquarium , juveniles can be offered chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , small earthworms , chopped prawn , and suchlike , while adults will accept strips of fish flesh , whole prawns , mussels , live river shrimp , larger earthworms , etc . older individuals do not require feeding on a daily basis , with 2 - 3 times per week sufficient .\nthis species should not be fed mammalian or avian meat such as beef heart or chicken since some of the lipids contained in these cannot be properly metabolised by the fish and may cause excess fat deposits and even organ degeneration . similarly , there is no benefit in the use of \u2018feeder\u2019 fish such as livebearers or small goldfish , which carry with them the risk of parasite or disease introduction and tend not have a high nutritional value unless properly conditioned beforehand .\ncan be maintained alongside similarly - sized fishes if sufficient space is available , but might be intimidated by territorial or otherwise competitive species .\nalthough juveniles may form groups , adults are not gregarious and tend to respond aggressively to conspecifics and similarly - shaped fishes . they are best maintained singly or in a group of 5 or more individuals .\nunrecorded in captivity . observations by local fishermen in the kapuas river suggest it to be non - migratory , spawning in april and may , with no parental care .\nin aquarium literature this species is also referred to as \u2018fine scaled tiger fish\u2019 , \u2018indonesian tiger fish ( or \u2018it\u2019 ) \u2019 , \u2018sumatran tiger fish\u2019 , \u2018indo datnoid\u2019 , \u2018indo dat\u2019 , and \u2018false siamese tiger fish\u2019 . the common name of \u2018tiger fish\u2019 is also used in reference to the african alestid genus hydrocynus , therefore the more appropriate \u2018tiger perch\u2019 was suggested by roberts and kottelat ( 1994 ) .\nbleeker , p . , 1854 - natuurkundig tijdschrift voor nederlandsch indi\u00eb v . 5 : 427 - 462 zevende bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van borneo . zoetwatervisschen van sambas , pontianak en pangaron .\nhashim , z . h . , r . y . zainuddin , a . s . r . md . shah , s . a . m . sah , m . s . mohammad , and m . mansor , 2012 - check list 8 ( 3 ) : 408 - 413 fish checklist of perak river , malaysia .\nkottelat , m . , 2001 - wht publications , colombo : 1 - 198 fishes of laos .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\nkottelat , m . , 2000a - journal of south asian natural history 5 ( 1 ) : 83 - 90 notes on taxonomy , nomenclature and distribution of some fishes of laos .\nkottelat , m . , 2000b - journal of south asian natural history 5 ( 1 ) : 91 - 94 the type species of the genus - group names coius hamilton , 1822 and datnia cuvier , 1829 and the type - genus of the family - group name datnioididae bleeker , 1858 .\nkottelat , m . and e . widjanarti , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 139 - 173 the fishes of danau sentarum national park and the kapuas lakes area , kalimantan barat , indonesia .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 - rome , fao : 1 - 265 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fishes of the cambodian mekong .\nroberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences no . 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .\nroberts , t . r . and m . kottelat , 1994 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 5 ( 3 ) : 257 - 266 the indo - pacific tigerperches , with a new species from the mekong basin ( pisces : coiidae ) .\ntan , h . h . and m . kottelat , 2009 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 20 ( 1 ) : 13 - 69 the fishes of the batang hari drainage , sumatra , with description of six new species .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\ni like that fish so much . but i wonder where can i find that siamese tiger fish . john tang\nhas been a standard in the aquarium industry for decades . it is a large , very attractive , deep bodied aquarium fish . its coloration is a golden body contrasted with bold black bands . it can reach up to 18 inches ( 45 cm ) in length , though in the aquarium they generally only get 9 to 12 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) . this beautiful fish is a great addition to any large tank containing relatively non - aggressive , predatory fish\nthe siamese tiger fish is one of the most handsome large fish in the aquarium hobby , especially with its brilliant coloration when young . they come from the coastal rivers and swamps of southeastern asia . as a general rule , the number of bars on the fish will tell you its approximate origin . fish collected from mainland southeast asia usually have 5 full bars and ones collected from borneo or sumatra usually have 6 to 7 full bars .\nthis fish has long been a favorite species for the large predatory fish tank , especially in asia . even though the price remains relatively high , the popularity of this gold datnoid endures . in recent years there has been a surge in popularity in europe and the united states as well . the gold datnoid is known by quite a number of equally descriptive names ranging from siamese tiger fish , indonesian tiger fish , finescale tigerfish , gold datnoid , gold tiger datnoid , finescale tigerfish , yellow tiger fish , to the black barred tiger fish .\nthe siamese tiger fish is one of two commonly available datnoids , or\ndat ' species . the other is the silver tigerfish or four - barred tigerfish\nwill also occasionally show up , and when it does it commands a very high price . a fourth species , the wide bar tigerfish or wide bar dat\n, frequently called the siamese tigerfish and siamese tiger perch , is much sought after but is quite rare .\nthese datnoid species can get confused and are sometimes mislabeled in pet stores . however they can easily be distinguished with a bit of close observation . for fish identification of these datnoids by their distinguishing features . see the discussion below under\ndescription\n.\nand the family coiidae by roberts and kottelat in 1994 . kottelat again revised the genus in 2000 to its current classification of\nand the family datnioididae . other common names it is known by include indonesian tiger fish , finescale tigerfish , gold datnoid , gold tiger datnoid , finescale tigerfish , yellow tiger fish , and black barred tiger fish .\nthis species is found on the southeast mainland of asia in the mekong basin , the chao phraya river basin in the center of thailand , the musi basin in sumatra , the kapuas basin in western borneo , and in cambodia . the origin of this fish can be determined by the number of bars on the fish . fish from southeast asia will normally have 5 bars and the ones from borneo and sumatra will usually have 6 to 7 bars .\nthese fish are not listed on the iucn red list , but may be endangered in many regions from capturing them for food fish and the aquarium industry . it is said to possibly be extinct in the chao pharya river basin in thailand .\nthe indonesian tiger fish inhabits large bodies of waters such as lakes , reservoirs , and rivers . it dwells among submerged trees and roots . the young will eat zooplankton , but as they mature their diet becomes fish fry and small fishes , small shrimps , crabs , worms , and insect larvae . they possibly eat some plant matter as well .\nthe siamese tiger fish is a deep bodied fish with a sharply slanted forehead . it has a golden toned body with black vertical bars . they are usually full bars extending across the entire body . depending upon the geographic location , they can have between 5 and 7 bars . these fish can get up to at least 18 inches ( 45 cm ) in length in the wild . this size is rare in home aquariums however . in captivity they will generally generally only reach between 9 to 12 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) . they have a life span of about 15 years .\nthe silver tigerfish is distinguished from the other species by its silver body coloration . it also has more of a\nbullet\nbody shape and up to 7 full black bars , often with 1 to 4 partial bars in between the full bars . this species naturally occurs in brackish waters , which has led to a common misconception that all tiger fish species are brackish .\nthe new guinea tigerfish will occasionally show up , and when it does it commands a very high price . it is easily distinguished from the other\nspecies by its intense gold body color with indistinct black bars that are irregular and variegated .\nthe wide bar tigerfish is quite rare but much sought after in the hobby . it is also frequently called the siamese tigerfish . being very similar in appearance to\n, the two are easily confused , which is further complicated by the cross - over use of the same common name . the wide bar tigerfish is easy to distinguish however . the wide central black band on the\n17 . 7 inches ( 45 . 01 cm ) - rarely grow that large in captivity . usually reach between 9 to 12 inches ( 20 - 30 cm ) in the aquarium .\n15 years - these fish are quite long lived , with a life span of 10 years or longer .\nthe siamese tiger fish is suggested for a more experienced fish keeper . they are a large predatory fish , though relatively peaceful with similar types of fish . however they need a large tank to live in and these fish demand pristine waters . they can also be difficult to feed . these fish can take a great amount of space and pose a great financial responsibility .\nindonesian tiger fish are primarily carnivores . they are a predator that in the wild primarily feeds on fish fry and small fishes , small shrimps , crabs , worms , and insect larvae . in the aquarium their main diet consists of smaller fish although they can sometimes be coaxed into eating shrimp , worms or insects . one look at their large mouth will tell you that small tank mates will disappear quickly . they are not aggressive towards other species but will attempt to eat any fish that will fit into their mouth .\nall of diet - these fish can be trained to take frozen foods so as not to contaminate the tank with feeder fish .\nthese are big messy eating fish . if their tank is set up to match that of their natural environment , it can be very difficult to maintain a clean tank . the need for a large external canister filter is very important . weekly water changes of at least 30 % are needed .\nthe gold tiger datnoid will swim in all parts of the aquarium . when first purchased however , yours will probably hide near the bottom until it gets accustomed to its new home . this species will require a large aquarium . an aquarium the size of 60 gallons would house small to medium fish , but if you plan on growing this fish to adult size , an aquarium in excess of 100 gallons will eventually be needed . a large external canister filter is very important for maintaining the water quality . these fish will jump , so make sure to have a tight fitting cover .\nconsidering this as a brackish water species is a common mistake . there are datnoid species that live exclusively in brackish water but the siamese tiger fish is not one of them . they don ' t occur in seawater and they will not do well in strongly brackish water either . they can do fine in slightly brackish water with a specific gravity of 1 . 005 to 1 . 010 , but anything more will cause problems . as a matter of fact a very low specific gravity between 1 . 003 to 1 . 005 , though not necessary , can be good for long term health .\nin nature these fish live in vegetated areas with submerged trees and roots . they like to hide among the vegetation , camouflaged by their striped patterning , and wait for prey to happen by . in the aquarium it is suggested that they be provided with places for retreat such as rocks and caves , or driftwood . floating plants and some sturdy aquatic plants set in the substrate can offer a sense of seclusion and also help to provide subdued lighting .\nthe challenge with having a tank designed to provide a more natural environment is that it is more of a problem to maintain . cleaning up after these big messy predators can be difficult with too much decor . many people have also had great success keeping these fish in a very minimally decorated tank to get the best viewing . these fish seem to do fine in either setting .\n60 gal ( 227 l ) - for adults , an aquarium of 100 gallons or more will be needed .\nno - they are fine in freshwater but can tolerate very slightly brackish waters .\nthe siamese tiger fish are non - aggressive towards other species but will sometimes quarrel among themselves . they will also attempt to eat any fish that will fit into their mouth . unless your tank is huge , plan on keeping only one gold datnoid . if you want to keep more , you will need a very large aquarium and it is suggested to keep several . a group setting 5 or more is needed to disperse any aggressive behavior .\nunfortunately , their low salinity tolerance puts limits the types of brackish water tank mates they can be kept with . tank mates like monos and scats would be great , but these species need too high a salinity content , so don ' t make good long term companions . good tank mates are fish of comparable size like archers , green chromides , and big sleeper gobies .\nsometimes - can be aggressive to its own species unless in groups of 5 or more .\nthe siamese tiger fish have never spawned in a home aquarium . it is now being bred commercially in indonesia . however the method used is , for now , a secret .\nwith the siamese tiger fish , disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . that being said there is no guarantee that you won ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . anything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance . gold datnoid are very resilient once established in a tank .\na good thing about the gold datnoid is that due to their resilience , an outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage . when keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your gold datnoid the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .\ngold datnoid are fairly hardy fish when mature , but are subject to the same diseases as other tropical fish . one of the most common freshwater fish ailments is ich . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nthe siamese tiger fish is commonly available but may be relatively hard to find due to its high price . a special order may be required to get one . other names they may be found for sale as include indonesian tiger fish , gold tiger datnoid , and gold datnoid .\nglen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991\ni like that fish so much . but i wonder where can i find that siamese tiger fish .\ni just picked one up and trying to learn about it . was an adoption situation so any info would be cool . i have nursed other fish like my oscar back to health . gave ursala a siamese tiger own tank and is doing ok . poor thing has been in 3 tanks in last few days and want her as healthy and happy as possible . info wanted\nlive foods are your best bet , try small fish , worms , and shrimps .\nhi all ! ! ! i used to have beautiful datnoids when i was younger , about 20 years ago . i loved them ! ! . i recentl just bought a 155 gallon bowfront aquarium , and want some beautiful datnoids in it ! ! i remember there were 2 different kinds of datnoids ? . i think , 1 was more silver , and the other a true beige & black stipped tiger datnoid ? . which is the better of the 2 ? , would any one know ? . i live in toronto , ontario , canada . i am looking all over for a tiger datnoid , could anyone help me find a baby ? , or a ? tiger datnoid ? . thanks very much ! ! ! ! ! !\ni would love to order a true tiger datnoid , where could i do this ? . please if anyone could help me , i would greatly appreciate it ! ! thanks ! ! in advance ! ! ! ! andrew\nnormally you can go to a pet shop and have them order you one . i wouldn ' t go to a change . try a smaller store that just deals with fish .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nwater is a bit cloudy since i just fed them , the tigerfish is at least 44cm anyhow .\nme time , size 8 - 13\n. dats is great , enjoy fellas !\n: a thickset , high backed fish with lateral compression . the front portion of the dorsal fin is inconspicuous , lying close to the body . the caudal fin is fan shaped and the anal fin is small . the body color is white to yellowish brown with five broad , black vertical bands , the first runs through the eye , while the last marks the caudal penuncle . the first rays of the pelvic fin are white , while the rears parts are black . the other fins are white to brown .\n: to 24\n( 61 cm ) in nature , although rarely exceeds 16\n( 41 cm ) in captivity .\n: a 36\n( 91 cm ) or 35 - 45 gallon ( 132 - 170 l ) tank is sufficient for fish up to 8\n( 20 cm ) in length . larger fish require a tank measuring at least 48\n( 122 cm ) with a volume exceeding 50 gallons ( 190 l ) . the tank should have subdued lighting possibly with a cover of floating plants . this species requires hiding places such as rocks , wood , or caves . use plants that can tolerate brackish conditions along the rear and sides of the tank .\n: ph 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ( 7 . 0 ) , 6 - 15 dh ( 8 ) , 72 - 82\u00b0f ( 22 - 28\u00b0c ) . a 1 - 1 . 5 % addition of salt is suggested . add 7 . 5 - 11 tsp of salt per 10 gallons ( 10 - 15 g / 10 l ) .\n: keep only with other large , hardy brackish water fish . the tiger fish is tolerant of its own species and may battle over territory with other species . a good candidate for a species tank .\n: 7 . this hardy and aggressive species requires live foods and brackish water conditions . it reaches a large size and demands a large tank .\ncarbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nshould be kept either singly or in groups of 5 or more , smaller groups can result in aggression issues . tank mates should be considered very carefully , they should not be kept with aggressive fish nor with fish smaller than itself as they risk being eaten .\na carnivorous fish that will generally not accept dry foods . feed with meaty foods such as shrimp and silversides .\nsometimes labelled as brackish , this is a true freshwater fish . requires a laterally spacious tank and prefers alkaline water . hiding places amongst tall plants or large d\u00e9cor is appreciated .\n, the true siamese tigerfish only has 3 - 4 vertical stripes , whereas this fish has 5 - 7 vertical stripes . this fish has a\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 03 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted ."]}
{"id": 79, "summary": [{"text": "chroicocephalus is a genus of medium to relatively small gulls which were included in the genus larus until recently .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some authorities also include the saunders 's gull in chroicocephalus .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the genus name chroicocephalus is from ancient greek khroizo , \" to colour \" , and kephale , \" head \" . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "chroicocephalus", "paragraphs": ["the black - headed gull ( chroicocephalus ridibundus - linneus 1766 ) is a bird belonging to the order of the charadriiforms ( charadriiformes ) , to the family of the larids ( laridae ) , to the genus chroicocephalus and to the species chroicocephalus ridibundus .\nchroicocephalus maculipennis : lakes , rivers and coasts of s south america and falkland is .\nchroicocephalus brunnicephalus : mts . of s - central asia ; winters to arabia , india and se asia\ngrzegorz jagodzi\u0144ski added the polish common name\nmewa \u015bmieszka\nto\nchroicocephalus ridibundus ( linnaeus , 1766 )\n.\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : chroicocephalus ridibundus - z\u00fcrichhorn 2010 - 10 - 05 17 - 14 - 50 . jpg\n.\nvalter jacinto marked\nfile : \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f ( \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f ) \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 ( \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nchroicocephalus ridibundus linnaeus , 1766\npage .\nthe name of the genus \u201cchroicocephalus\u201d comes from the old greek \u201cchroia , chroa\u201d meaning colour , colour of the skin . therefore , the scientific term refers to a bird whose head ( in greek \u201ckephale\u201d , latinized \u201ccefalo\u201d ) can have a certain colour , which , in the case of the black - headed gull refers to the \u201chood\u201d present in the summer livery of brown chocolate colour .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 427 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 291 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nbritish ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 563 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 724 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 640 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 201 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nblack - headed gulls are not fussy eaters . they like everything , from worms to bird eggs to fish . furthermore , they also profit from all kinds of human sources of rubbish such as garbage barrels . not all black - headed gulls earn their meal in an honest way . they steal worms from shorebirds and fish from terns . nor are people always safe . should your ice cream or french fries fall on the ground , it quickly disappears in the beak of these master thieves . you find black - headed gulls almost everywhere . they are a common shorebird , land - bird and city - bird .\nclassification from xeno - canto bird sounds selected by mich\u0430el fr\u0430nkis - see more .\n: ahh . . . yes , these regionally specific range descriptions vary . . .\nvalter jacinto changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : \u043e\u0431\u044b\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f ( \u0440\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f ) \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 ( \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e ) . jpg\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nzoom h6 sennheiser me - 62 tern - like call from open ocean location in troms county . thanks to karl - birger strann for solving this mystery !\nmore than 50 birds competing for pieces of bread thrown by kids from a bridge .\noriginal recording of a flock of recently ( less than month earlier ) fledged juveniles on lake shore at night .\na non breeding individual probably male was seen and heard , while it was flying and doing agressive displays against others individuals in the island of burano . recording distance was 5 meters .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican ornithologists ' union ' s\ncheck - list of north american birds - list of the 2 , 078 bird species known from the a . o . u . check - list area\n( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 52 ) , maintained at urltoken\nioc world bird list , master list v2 . 9 , website ( version 2 . 9 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 04 . 02 , website ( version 02 - apr - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe term \u201cridibundus\u201d , relevant to the species , comes from the latin and means \u201claughing scornfully\u201d and refers to the vocalizations emitted by this species which can be very noisy especially when the flocks are eating , also by dusk or during the night . the most common call is formed by a single or repeated , with many variants , grating \u201ckrreearr\u201d and by a short and sharp \u201ckek\u201d or \u201ckekekek\u201d .\nthe black - headed gull is amply distributed in europe , asia and on the eastern coasts of canada . it is a partial migrant as it retires from the most nordic and iced zones in winter and keeping sedentary in other zones .\nthe adult black - headed gull ( starting from the second year of age ) , presents in summer a dark chocolate coloured hood interesting the face and the head in a characteristic way .\nthe dark brown eye has a thin periocular ring of red skin and an outer periocular ring of white feathers . the white feathers of this last do not complete the round as they miss at the level of the median commissure of the eye itself .\nthe neck , the chest and the belly are white as well as the tail . the dorsal part of the body ( back and almost all the wing ) is of pale grey colour . the outer border of the wing , for a belt starting from the alula and including the outer primaries , is white . this drawing is very useful for recognizing the species when flying . the tips of the primary rectrices and of the outer secondary rectrices are black ; in the terminal black of the most median primaries is present a white \u201cspot\u201d evident also when the wings are closed . the bill and the legs , in this season , are red .\nin winter the livery is different . the most impressive difference stays in the absence of the dark hood ; at its place , on the head , remain only two blackish - grey vertical stripes ( at times , so much light to be reduced to two spots ) on each side of the head , one of them reaches the eye and the other gets to the zone of the auricular hole , both leaving from the zone of the apex of the head . in winter , the legs and the bill are red or brown - red ; the tip of the bill is black .\nnimble flyer with its about 1 m wingspan . in summer the head is dark chocolate \u00a9 giuseppe mazza\nthe young of the year exhibits a livery with the presence of abundant brown - reddish colouration on the head as well as on the wings . also the grey - blackish colour is quite present on the feathers of the back and on the coverts and rectrices of the wings where it forms scaly drawings . the tail , always on the young of the year , has a terminal black band . during the first winter after the birth , the young presents a strong reduction of the reddish colouration even if it keeps a certain dark spotting on the wings and the strike of the tail . the colouration , during the first summer after the birth , will be similar to that of the first winter with the addition of the hood which will not be complete like that in the adult specimens as in the chocolate brown is preent a variable quantity of white . starting from the second year of life , the adult livery will be complete . this bird has a length of about 40 cm ( 37 - 44 ) and a wingspan of about 94 - 110 cm , weighs about 220 - 350 g and there is no evident sexual dimorphism ; it is a very skilful and nimble flyer .\nthe black - headed gull has practically an omnivorous alimentation and has often the habit of stealing the food from other birds and also from its conspecifics ( kleptoparasitism ) . in the humid and marine zones it actively looks for fishes , aquatic insects and generally small animals but its adaptative and opportunistic capacities render it able to take advantage from the most varied alimentary sources thus being practically able to nourish of whatever alimentary leftover found in the dumpings and in the urban areas .\nthe reproductive range of this species of gull is very ample , extending from the southern point of greenland to the whole iceland , continuing through most of europe and of central asia and reaching the kamchatka peninsula in russia and north - eastern china . it is rarer in america .\nthe reproductive territories are reached by early spring ( february - march for europe ) ; first by the males who occupy the territories where to build the nest and then by the females who will have to chose the partners . usually , the mating is preceded by the regurgitation of food done by the male in favour of the female . the formed pairs become territorial and defend the zone where the nest will be located ; the defended surface will be of some square metres .\nthe nest is formed by cup of vegetal material fairly well built ; the eggs ( 1 - 3 per brood ) are spawned between april and may . the eggs have a brown - mustard colouration and are spotted of brown ; the brooding lasts 22 - 26 days . the pullets , which since already the first days of life have open eyes and are able to get off from the nest , are nourished with fish and other food regurgitated by the parents . the newborns have a brown - reddish colouration with yellowish reflections and are totally spotted of black . this mimetic colouration along with the capacity of hiding and of flattening on the ground at the least sign of danger helps them in the defence from the predators . the reproductive colonies may count from few pairs to thousands of specimens . the adults tend to get back , for the reproduction , to the colonies where they were born ."]}
{"id": 81, "summary": [{"text": "jana preciosa is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by aurivillius in 1893 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the republic of congo , the democratic republic of congo , kenya , tanzania and uganda . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "jana preciosa", "paragraphs": ["jana preciosa aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 207 ; tl : camerun , buea\nczech designer , jana berg , talks about her collaboration with preciosa , our latest ' create ' campaign and what # chooseyourmoment means to her . urltoken\njana ( janini ) ; forbes , 1955 , tijdschr . ent . 98 : 128\njana dannfelti aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 208 ; tl : congo\njana obscura aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 208 ; tl : gold coast\njana preussi aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 209 ; tl : camerun interior\njana sigyna aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 209 ; tl : camerun interior\njana herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1854 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 6 ) : pl . 21 , f . 98 - 100 ; ts : jana eurymas herrich - sch\u00e4ffer\njana aurivilliusi rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 488 ; tl : ogrugu\njana germana rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 488 ; tl : nandi , 6000ft\njana pseudostrigina rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 487 ; tl : lueho , kassai river\njana gracilis walker , 1855 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 4 : 913 ; tl : ashanti\njana variegata rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 490 ; tl : ocilonda , bib\u00e9 , angola\njana roseata rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 487 ; tl : marienheim , urundi , east africa\njana rustica strand , 1911 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 5 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : msamwia , s . ufipa\njana propinquestriata strand , 1911 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 5 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : s . cameroons , jaunde - station\njana nigristriata janse , 1915 ; ann . transv . mus . 5 ( 1 ) : 68 , pl . 9 ; tl : waterwal onder ; one - tree hill , natal ; new hanover , natal\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\ni agree with the processing and storage of personal data in accordance with the privacy statement and the general data protection regulation . *\nwe want to make you happy every month and to give out samples of the presented products , so that you also have the opportunity to try using these beads or seed beads and to show us the beautiful objects which you are able to make from them ! we will contact many of our followers every month and send them our beads and seed beads as a gift .\n1173x899 ( ~ 399kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1241x899 ( ~ 385kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn hauptmann a . d . fromm 1908 / 09 nach deutsch - ostafrica . i . lepidoptera\nweymer , 1909 exotische lepidopteren dt . ent . z . iris 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 35\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naurivillius c . 1893 . diagnosen neuer lepidopteren aus afrika . - entomologisk tidskrift 14 ( 3 ) : 199\u2013214 ."]}
{"id": 82, "summary": [{"text": "cricotus is an extinct genus of embolomeri .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was erected by cope in 1875 , on the basis of fragmentary , not clearly associated remains including caudal vertebrae , on which the name was established ( in fact , based on a single intercentrum ) , as well as a few other postcranial bones .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it was little-used in the subsequent literature , contrary to archeria , which appears to be a junior synonym of cricotus .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "however , given that the type species of cricotus ( c. heteroclitus ) is a nomen dubium , the name cricotus is unavailable .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this is why holmes suggested using the name archeria for this taxon , though he provided no evidence that he made a formal appeal to the international commission on zoological nomenclature for this ( and presumably did not do it ) . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "cricotus", "paragraphs": ["notes on the permo - carboniferous genus cricotus cope\nis an article from science , volume 42 .\nnotes on the permo - carboniferous genus cricotus cope : case , e . c . : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive\nspirocamallanus cricotus sp . n . and s . halitrophus sp . n . ( nematoda : camallanidea ) from fishes in the northern gulf of mexico .\nspirocamallanus cricotus sp . n . and s . halitrophus sp . n . ( nematoda : camallanidea ) from fishes in the northern gulf of mexico . - pubmed - ncbi\nspirocamallanus cricotus sp . n . ( = s . pereirai , in part ) and s . halitrophus sp . n . are described from marine fishes of the northern gulf of mexico . spirocamallanus cricotus has a ledge anterior to the basal ring in the buccal capsule , similar spicules with a ratio of 1 : 1 . 4 to 2 . 1 , 3 pre - and 5 postcloacal papillae , and 8 rectal glands in the female ; s . halitrophus lacks the ledge and possesses dissimilar spicules with a ratio of 1 : 1 . 3 to 1 . 8 , 3 pre - and 6 postcloacal papillae , and 4 rectal glands in the female .\nthe hemoglobins of spirocamallanus cricotus , a reddish - colored , camallanid nematode , and its atlantic croacker fish host , micropogonias undulatus , were characterized with spectrophotometry and isoelectric focusing . hemoglobin from female parasites ' perienteric fluid and homogenized male parasites gave spectrophotometric peaks at 412 , 539 , and 575 nm , whereas female worms drained of perienteric fluid and homogenized differed by having a soret peak of 408 nm . changing the ionic strength of the buffer from 0 . 1 to 0 . 01 m shifted the soret peak to 406 nm for the female parasites ' perienteric fluid and ground male parasites and 404 nm for homogenized female parasites . in all cases , the \u03b2 band had a higher absorption than the \u03b1 band suggesting a high o 2 affinity for the parasite hemoglobin . host hemoglobin had peaks of 406 , 437 , and 577 nm . isoelectric focusing not only confirmed the spectrophotometric evidence that host and parasite hemoglobins differed , but also showed that the parasite ' s analyzed hemoglobin fractions differed from one another by having different isoelectric points .\nnote 200 - cm depth of core 64 - a - 9 - 5e sigsbee knolss , . . .\ntype locality 200 - cm depth of core 64 - a - 9 - 5e sigsbee knolss , gulf of mexico , 23 - 50n , 94 - 24 . 5w , 3 . 536m deep , age not given , apparently miocene . [ details ]\nguiry , m . d . & guiry , g . m . ( 2018 ) . algaebase . world - wide electronic publication , national university of ireland , galway ( taxonomic information republished from algaebase with permission of m . d . guiry ) .\ncopyright notice : the information originating from algaebase may not be downloaded or replicated by any means , without the written permission of the copyright owner ( generally algaebase ) . fair usage of data in scientific publications is permitted .\nguiry , m . d . & guiry , g . m . ( 2018 ) . algaebase . world - wide electronic publication , national university of ireland , galway . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscience 03 dec 1915 : vol . 42 , issue 1092 , pp . 797 - 798 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 42 . 1092 . 797\nthis is a pdf - only article . the first page of the pdf of this article appears below .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .\nview more articles from science . view this article on jstor . view this article ' s jstor metadata .\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review ."]}
{"id": 84, "summary": [{"text": "nevadopalpa alboaura is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by povoln\u00fd in 1999 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "nevadopalpa alboaura", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for alboaura definition . you find here alboaura meaning , synonyms of alboaura and images for alboaura copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nnevadopalpa alboaura povolny , 1999 , n . sp . , shilap rev . de lepid . , v . 27 , no . 107 , p . 379 - 391 .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word alboaura . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word alboaura and , of course , alboaura synonyms and on the right images related to the word alboaura .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 90, "summary": [{"text": "epermenia aarviki is a moth in the epermeniidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gaedike in 2013 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in kenya and tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "epermenia aarviki", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for aarviki definition . you find here aarviki meaning , synonyms of aarviki and images for aarviki copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word aarviki . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word aarviki and , of course , aarviki synonyms and on the right images related to the word aarviki .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntanzania , morogoro district & town , 550\u2013600 m , 25 . iii . 1992 , leg . l . aarvik .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 7034\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2640 , rmca , coll . agassiz .\ngaedike r . 2013 . new or poorly known epermeniidae of the afrotropis ( lepidoptera , epermenioidea ) . - beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologie 63 ( 1 ) : 149\u2013168 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bmnh 22774\u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 6\u2642 , genitalia slides zmhb 201608 , nhmo 2898\u2642 , 1899\u2642 , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo , coll . ustjuzhanin .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7445\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 11\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 7502 , 7503 ; 7483\u2640 , 8100\u2642 , 8101\u2642 , 7663\u2642 , 7707\u2642 , 7719\u2642 , rmca , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7443\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 25\u2642 , 8\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 7995\u2642 , 5731 , 7462 , 7496\u2640 , 7724 7725\u2640 , 7701\u2642 , 7702\u2642 , 7726\u2642 , 7727\u2642 , 7703\u2642 , 7982\u2642 , 7987\u2642 , 7974\u2642 , rmca , rmnh , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide koster 7457\u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2640 . rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7723\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 7721\u2642 , 8204\u2642 , 7490\u2640 , nhmo , bmnh , rmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide gaedike 7625\u2640 , nhmo ; paratype 2\u2640 , rmca , coll . agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , nmk ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 2\u2640 , sdei , nhmo , coll . agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 7047\u2642 , rmca ent 000003199 , rmca ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , 1 specimen without abdomen , rmca , sdei , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide karisch 2335\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 26\u2642 , 15\u2640 , genitalia slides fibiger 4368\u2642 , 4429\u2642 , 4369\u2640 , 4430\u2640 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 14\u2642 , 812 , genitalia slides fibiger 4404\u2640 , 4405\u2640 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 13\u2642 , 12\u2640 , genitalia slides bidzilya 1361\u2640 , 1360\u2642 , 398 / 14\u2640 , 1490\u2642 , 1491\u2640 , nmk , bmnh , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bidzilya 2378\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide bidzilya 2375\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide agassiz 1405\u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 16\u2642 , 21\u2640 , genitalia slides agassiz 1406\u2640 , 1467\u2640 , 872\u2642 , bmnh , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , mwm ; paratypes 24\u2642 , mwm , nhmo , zsm , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lehmann 28 / 092008\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 13\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides lehmann 14 / 062009 , 18 / 062009 , 06 / 062009 , 10 / 072009 , 16 / 102008 , 17 / 122008 , 12 / 112008 , 22 / 042009 , 27 / 032009 , nhmo , rmca , snhm , zsm , zmuc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lehmann 17 / 072008\u2642 ( nhmo 1629\u2642 ) , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lehmann 28 / 072008\u2642 ( nhmo 1630\u2642 ) , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lehmann 01 / 112006\u2642 , nmk ; paratypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slides lehmann 25 / 022008\u2642 ( nhmo 1624\u2642 ) , 23 / 022008\u2642 ( nhmo 1625\u2642 ) , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lehmann 09 / 072008\u2642 ( nhmo 1626\u2642 ) , nhmo .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide lehmann 16 / 072008\u2640 ( nhmo 1627\u2640 ) , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lehmann 24 / 072008\u2640 ( nhmo 1628\u2640 ) , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 14958 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642j genitalia slide hacker 15352 , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 15918 , hnhm ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 16111 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 14634\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 7\u201311 , 4\u2640 , zsm , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 11195\u2642 , zsm ; 106 paratypes \u2642 and \u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 10854 , 12386 , 15085 , 15088 , 15089 , 15108 , zsm , nhmo , coll . aulombard , bischof .\nholotype \u2642 , nhmo ; allotype \u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2642 , zmuo , mnhn .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide h . hacker 8835\u2640 , zsm ; paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 [ number not stated ,\nnumerous\n] , genitalia slides h . hacker 10612\u2642 , 10617\u2642 , zsm , nhmo , coll . bischof , bittermann , fibiger , schreier .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 14677 , nhmo ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 15402 , 16109 , bmnh , mnvd , coll . hoppe .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 12562\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 27\u2642 , 26\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 12562 , 12566 , 12570 , 15008 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 12592 , zsm ; paratypes 22\u2642 , 7\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 12490 , 12589 , 12597 , 13430 , 13431 , 13434 , 14065 , 14085 , 14628 , 14665 , 14832 , 15044 , 15048 , 15050 , 15053 , zsm , nhmo , nhmw , hnhm , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 24415\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 24553\u2642 , 24414\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 24395\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 24287\u2640 , 24301\u2640 , 24682\u2642 , nhmo , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 24200\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 17053\u2642 , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 14977\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 8\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 14827 , 15100 , 15801 , fibiger 5755 , zsm , zmuc , nhmo , coll . aarvik .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18537 , zsm ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18583 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18642\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 5\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18643\u2640 , nhmo , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18856 , zsm ; paratypes 11\u2642 , 11\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18650 , 18657 , 18849 , 18863 , 18858 , 18546 , 18849 , 18651 , 18653 , 18592 , 18864 , 18869 , 18865 , 18602 , derra 8591 , zsm , nhmw , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18652\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 19753\u2642 , zsm .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18835 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 19624 , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 19478\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 19479 , 18756\u2640 , 18922 , bmnh 491 , rmca , nhmo , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18526\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18170\u2642 , 19107\u2640 , 19100\u2642 , 18519\u2640 , zsm , nhmo , nhmw .\nholotype , genitalia slide hacker 18846 , zsm ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 8\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18657 , 18667 , 19508 , 19506 , 19507 , zsm , nhmo , mnvd , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18658\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18660\u2642 , 18814 , 18783\u2640 , 19192 , 19415 , derra 8592 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18834\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18861\u2640 , mnvd .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18343\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 13\u2642 , 15\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18388 , 18185 , 18318 , 19496 , 19497 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18407 , nhmw ; paratypes 8\u2642 , 10\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18314 , 18380 , 19781 , 19362 , 18971 , zsm , nhmo , nhmw , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18426\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 14\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18917 , zsm , nhmo , nhmw .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 19089\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 18\u2642 , 11\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18056 , 18053 , 18576 , 18088 , 18570 , 19600 , 19261 , 19251 , 19256 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18740\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18920 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 19594\u2642 , coll . k\u00fchne ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18746\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18748\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 10\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18441 , 19120 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide derra 8575\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18797\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18659\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18662\u2642 , 19493 , 19248 , zsm , nhmo , zhmb , rmca .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18974 , zsm ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 14\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 19838 , 18641 , 19413 , 19380 , 19194 , 19403 , 19438 , derra 8751 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 19125\u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 19488\u2640 , 19492\u2640 , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18221\u2642 , nhmw ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18215 , 18216 , 18761 , 18925\u2640 , 18924\u2642 , nhmw , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18322\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 11\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18414 , 19560 , 18916\u2642 , 19608 , zsm , zmhb , nhmo , rmca , coll . hoppe .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18156\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 11\u2642 , genitalia slides hacker 19402 , 19416 , 19371 , 18826\u2642 , zsm , rmca , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18999 , zsm ; paratypes 16\u2642 , 26\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18993 , 19672 , 19673 , 18991 , 18994 , 18990 , 19842 , 19840 , 19839n 18236 , 19137 , zsm , nhmo , coll . hoppe .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18521\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 39\u2642 , 5\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18522 , 19468 , 19469 , 18175 , 19451 , 19452 , zsm , mnvd , rmca , nhmo .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 19114\u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 4\u2640 , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18640\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18792\u2642 , nhmo ; 23 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18791 , 18787 , 18965 , 18954 , 19372 , derra 8587 , nhmo , bmnh , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18654\u2642 , mnvd ; paratypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slides derra 8499\u2642 , hacker 18715\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18723\u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 19592\u2640 , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18691\u2642 , nhmo ; 41 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18666 , 18716\u2642 , 19795 , 18945 , 18951 , 18953 , 18986 , 19584 , 18833 , 18208 , 18428 , 19442 , 19439 , 19357 , 19444 , 19443 , 18857 , nhmo , zsm , rmca , mnvd .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18668\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 5\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18982\u2640 , 18968\u2640 , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18938\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 23\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18935 , 18225 , 18210 , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18777\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 8\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18751 , 18778 , 19128 , 19126 , 19129 , 19127 , 18816 , nhmo , mnvd , coll . hoppe .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18434\u2642 , zsm ; ca . 140 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18435 , 19102 , 19111 , 19141 , 19142 , 18944 , 18398 , 19392 , 18785 , 19144 , 19391 , zsm , nhmw , rmca , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide derra 8502 , zsm ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18837 , 18855 , 18788 , derra 8500 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2640 , zsm ; ca . 300 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides derra 8772 , hacker 19723 , 19722 , 18192 , 18188 , 18145 , 18351 , 18101 , 19172 , 18174 , 18132 , 18181 , 18169 , 18468 , 18342 , 18563 , 18622 , 18607 , 19589 , 19346 , 18311 , 18329 , etc . , zsm , nhmo , rmca , zmhb .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18266 , zsm ; paratypes 11\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18384 , 18340 , 18341 , 18722 , 18770 , 19473 , 19587 , zsm , zmhb , nhmo , rmca , coll . legrain .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18109 , zsm ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 8\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18165 , 18166 , 19368 , zsm , nhmo , bmnh , rmca .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18870\u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 5\u2640 , genitalia slides derra 8749\u2642 , 8518 , 8746 , 8748 , 8555 , 8768 , znhmo , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 19685 , zsm ; 59 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 19693 , 19685 , 19573 , zsm , nhmo , zmhb .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18745\u2640 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 24\u2642 , 8\u2640 , genitalia slides derra 8631 , hacker 18386 , 18682 , 18689 , 18762 , 18806 , 18775 , 18776 , zsm , nhmw , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide derra 8514\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide derra 8576\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 19660\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide derra 8602\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide derra 8599\u2642 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18356\u2642 , zsm ; 73 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18347 , 18345 , 19681 , 19682 , 18717 , 19679 , 19680 , 18584 , zsm , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 14\u2640 , genitalia slides derra 8778 , 8779 , 8821 , hacker 19691 , 19695 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18375\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes [ number not stated , but more than 40 ] \u2642 , \u2640 , zsm , nhmo , zmuc , rmca , zmhb .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18382 , zsm ; paratypes 7\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides hacker 18294 , 19420 , 19607 , 19749 , 19730 , derra 8565 , zsm , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4448\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gielis 5618\u2642 , coll . gielis .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4972 , coll . c . gielis ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 7\u2640 , genitalia slides c . gielis 3674 , 3677 , 3679 , 3680 , 4972 , coll . c . gielis , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4461\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide c . gielis 5629\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 22758\u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 15\u2640 , bmnh , zin , nhmo , zmhb , tmsa , coll . ustjuzhanin .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 22756\u2642 , bmnh ; 28 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slide 22757\u2642 , bmnh , zin , nhmo , zmhb , tmsa , coll . ustjuzhanin .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide c . gielis 5730\u2640 , coll . c . gielis ; paratype 1\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gielis 6559 , rmca ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides gielis 6611 , 6681 , nhmo , zmuc , coll . gielis , agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4473\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 5\u2640 , genitalia slides c . gielis 5623\u2640 , 5732\u2640 , nhmo , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 22760\u2642 , bmnh ; 16 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , bmnh , zin , nhmo , zmhb , tmsa , coll . ustjuzhanin .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 6674\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide c . gielis 6692\u2640 , nhmo , coll . gielis .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4475\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 7\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slides c . gielis 5617 , 5682 , 5737 , hnhm , coll . c . gielis .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 1323\u2642 , mhng ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4463\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 5727 , coll . c . gielis ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slides c . gielis 5726 , 5687 , hnhm , nhmo , coll . c . gielis .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide c . gielis 5634\u2640 , nhmo ; paratype 2\u2640 , genitalia slides c . gielis 6526\u2640 , 6571\u2640 , coll . gielis , rmca .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4061\u2640 , zmuc ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide c . gielis 6527\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1611x\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1628x\u2642 ( nhmo 2647\u2642 ) , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide b . bengtsson 1214x\u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 8\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides b . bengtsson 1124x\u2642 , 1146x\u2640 , 1144x\u2642 , 1145x\u2642 , 1565x\u2642 , 1619x\u2642 , 203x\u2640 , bmnh , zmuc , nhmo , coll . bengtsson .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1604x\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1626x\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slides bengtsson 1627x\u2640 , 1440x\u2640 , nhmo , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1609x\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1610x\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1623x\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1613x\u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 8\u2642 , genitalia slides bengtsson 1614x\u2642 , 1568x\u2642 , nhmo , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1201x\u2642 , nmk ; paratypes 12\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides bengtsson 1202x\u2642 , 1199x\u2640 , bmnh , nmk , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1602x\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 10\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slides bengtsson 1601x\u2642 , 1603x\u2640 , 1567x\u2640 , 1573x\u2640 , nhmo , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1211x\u2640 , bmnh ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide bengtsson 1948x\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide b . bengtsson 918x\u2642 , zmuc ; paratypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide b . bengtsson 1605x\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 1792\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slide nhmo 1779 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 1791\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 10\u2642 , 9\u2640 , genitalia slides l . aarvik 2006 . 023 , 2006 . 024 , nhmo , nmk , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2762\u2642 ( nhmo 1795\u2642 ) , nhmpo ; paratypes 3\u2640 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2763\u2640 ( nhmo 1796\u2640 ) , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2222 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , coll . l . aarvik .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 1794\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 5\u2640 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 1153\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , nmk ; 9 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , nmk , bmnh , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 2840\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 13\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slides nhmo 2159\u2642 , 2160\u2642 , 2162\u2640 , 2720\u2640 , aarvik 2015 . 013\u2642 , 2015 . 014\u2642 , nhmo , bmnh , coll . larsen .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 2839\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides nhmo 2156\u2642 , 2721\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 1782\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 7\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2812 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 2020 , nhmo ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slides nhmo 2021 , bmnh 31330 , aarvik 2007 . 013 , 2007 . 014 , 2010 . 004 , nhmo , bmnh , rcma .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2734 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2642 , abdomen missing ( see aarvik et al . 2012 : 353 ) , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmop 2010 , nhmo ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slides aarvik 2007 . 015 , 2007 . 016 , karisch 2245 , 2248 [ usnm 84924 ] , bmnh 32542 , nhmo , bmnh , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide ararvik 2810 , nhmo ; paratypes 4\u2642 , genitalia slides aarvik 2809 , 2811 , 2010 . 002 , nhmo , rmca .\nholotype \u2640 , bmnh ; 7 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , bmnh , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 1780\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 3\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 1151\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slide nhmo 1152 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2009 . 001\u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides l . aarvik 2009 . 002 , 2009 . 003 , nhmo , coll . agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 2532\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 21036 , mrac / kmma 00036\u2640 , rmca , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2723\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 4\u2642 and 2\u2640 , genitalia slides aarvik 2739 , 2740 , nhmo , coll . aarvik .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik , 2724\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 3\u2642 and 1\u2640 , genitalia slide aarvik 2722 , nhmo , coll . aarvik .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2008 . 020\u2642 , zmuc ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2742\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2738\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide aarvik 2013 . 009 , nhmo 2286\u2640 , nhmo , zmhb .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2013 . 017\u2642 , rmca ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 2405\u2642 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 2303\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide aarvik 2847\u2642 , nhmo 2284\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 2398\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 5\u2640 , genitalia slides nhmo 2399\u2640 , 2401\u2640 , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nhmo 2246\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide aarvik 2012 . 012\u2640 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2012 . 007 , bmnh ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides aarvik 2013 . 022\u2642 , 2012 . 013\u2640 , nhmo 2245\u2640 , bmnh , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide l . aarvik 22012\u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slide aarvik 22013\u2640 ( nhmo 2830\u2640 ) , nmk , bmnh , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide aarvik 2761 , nhmo ; paratypes 5\u2642 , genitalia slides aarvik 2291 , 2292 , nhmo , coll . aarvik .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about epernon ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epernon ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 91, "summary": [{"text": "macrognathus pentophthalmos , the sri lanka five-eyed spiny eel , is a small fish endemic to sri lanka .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it usually is found in running and stagnant waters of freshwater and brackish waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is 19.5 cm ( 7.7 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "recently , researches have shown that species once considered to be macrognathus aral in sri lanka , is actually a separate species , macrognathus pentophthalmos . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "macrognathus pentophthalmos", "paragraphs": ["figure 5 in the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and . . .\nfigure 3 in the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and . . .\nfigure 4 in the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and . . .\nthe sri lankan five - eyed spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and it . . .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 19 - 22 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 50 - 57 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 47 - 54 ; vertebrae : 74 - 76 . belongs to the member of the macrognathus aculeatus group but distinguished from all other species of the this group by the following combination of characters : 15 - 17 rostral tooth plates ; 19 - 22 dorsal - fin spines ; and large ( eye size ) black blotches along dorsal fin . differs from its other indian congeners of the macrognathus aculeatus group as follows : from macrognathus aral , macrognathus pentophthalmos and macrognathus morehensis by the presence of dorsal fin blotches ( vs . white rimmed dorsal fin ocelli ) , from macrognathus aral and macrognathus pentophthalmos by having 15 - 17 rostral tooth plates ( vs . 19 - 27 ) ; and also from macrognathus pentophthalmos and macrognathus morehensis by having 19 - 22 dorsal - fin spines ( vs . 11 - 16 ) and from macrognathus morehensis by having 15 - 17 rostral plates ( vs . 8 - 11 ) ( ref . 83418 ) .\nfigure 5 . reproduction of plate 10 , fig . 1 of willughby ( 1686 ) : \u2018 pentophthalmos\u2019 .\nthe sri lankan population of the spiny eel previously assigned to macrognathus aral schneider ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) is shown to be a distinct species , for which the name m . pentophthalmos gronow is available . macrognathus pentophthalmos is distinguished from its closest congener , m . aral , by having 14 - 16 dorsal spines and a pre - dorsal length of 43 . 3 - 46 . 8 % of standard length ( sl ) ( vs . . . . [ show full abstract ]\npethiyagoda , r . silva , a . maduwage , k & kariyawasam , l . 2008 . the sri lankan spiny eel , macrognathus pentophthalmos ( teleostei : mastacembelidae ) , and its enigmatic decline . zootaxa , 1931 : 37 - 48 . : urltoken\nfigure 2 . radiographs of a , macrognathus pentophthalmos , nmsl ff 137 , 174 mm sl ; b , m . aral , zmb 1420 ( lectotype ) , 214 mm sl ( courtesy of museum f\u00fcr naturkunde , berlin ) ; c , m . aral , wht 7510 ( topotype ) , 154 mm sl .\nfigure 4 . former distribution of macrognathus pentophthalmos in sri lanka , based on senanayake , 1980 ( black dots ) ; willey , 1910 ( green dot ) ; deraniyagala , 1932 ( blue triangles ) ; and material in the national museum of sri lanka , colombo ( red dots ) , indicating also the 500 m and 1 , 000 m contours .\nfigure 3 . lateral views of indian species of macrognathus . a , m . aral , wht 7510 ( topotype ) , 154 mm sl . b , m . guentheri , wht 7644 , 156 mm sl .\nbritz , r . , 2009 . species of the macrognathus aculeatus group in myanmar with remarks on m . caudiocellatus ( teleostei : synbranchiformes : mastacembelidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 20 ( 4 ) : 295 - 308 . ( ref . 83418 )\nbritz , r . ( 2009 ) species of the < i > macrognathus aculeatus < / i > group in myanmar with remarks on < i > m . caudiocellatus < / i > ( teleostei : synbranchiformes : mastacembelidae ) . : ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 20 ( 4 ) : 295 - 308 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : zootaxa . publisher : auckland , n . z . : magnolia press , 2001 - isbn / issn : 1175 - 5326 oclc : 49030618\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nan international journal of zootaxonomy .\ntitle from cover . some issues also have distinctive titles .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\naccording to the available literature on sri lankan freshwater fish fauna , there are 91 indigenous species occurs in inland water bodies of the country . 50 of those indigenous species are endemic to the sri lanka . there are 8 more marine and brackish water fish species that sometimes enter fresh water streams and at least another 24 of exotic species introduced accidentally or deliberately ( for the inland fisheries industry and as mosquito larvivores by anti - malariya campaign ) .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) ceylon sardines . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 1 ) : 31 - 47 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) two new freshwater fishes . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 2 ) : 73 - 77 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1937 ) malpulutta kretseri - a new genus and species of fish from ceylon spolia zeylanica , 20 ( 3 ) : 351 - 353 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1943 ) a new cyprincid fish from ceylon . journ . roy . asi . soc . ( c . b . ) 35 ( 96 ) : 158 - 159 .\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1952 ) a coloured atlas of some vertebrates from ceylon . vol . 1 : fishes . national museums of ceylon , colombo : pp . 41 - 42 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p . ( 1958 ) three new cyprincids : a new cat - fish and vaiations among some cyprinoids and an anabantoid of ceylon spolia zeylanica , 28 ( 2 ) : 129 - 138 .\ngans c . & bailey r . m . 1998 . two new synbranchid fishes , monopterus roseni from peninsular india and m . desilvai from sri lanka . occ .\npapers of the mus . of zoology . the university of michigan . 726 : 1 - 18 .\nkottelat m . & pethiyagoda r . ( 1989 ) schismatogobius deraniyagalai , a new goby from sri lanka : description and field observations .\nkottelat m . & pethiyagoda r . ( 1990 ) , danio pathirana , a new species of cyprinid fish endemic to southern sri lanka , ichthyol explor .\nkottelat , m . & r . pethiyagoda , ( 1991 ) . description of three new species of cyprinid fishes from sri lanka . in : pethiyagoda , r . , freshwater\nfishes of sri lanka . wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka , colombo . pp . 299\u2013313 .\nexplor . freshwaters , vol 19 no 2 , pp . 141 - 152 .\npethiyagoda r , kottelat m . , silva a . , maduwage k . , meegaskumbura m . ( 2008 ) . a review of the genus laubuca in sri lanka , with description of\nthree new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) i chthyol explor . freshwaters , vol 19 no . 1 , pp . 7 - 26 .\npethiyagoda r , silva a . , maduwage k . , meegaskumbura m . ( 2008 ) . puntius kelumi , a new species of cyprinid fish from sri lanka ( teleostei :\ncyprinidae ) , ichthyol explor . freshwaters , vol 19 no . 3 , pp . 201 - 214 .\npethiyagoda r , silva a . , maduwage k . ( 2008 ) mystus ankutta . a new catfish from sri lanka ( teleostei : bagridae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwater ,\nfreshwater fishes in sri lanka . in : the national red list 2012 of sri lanka ;\nconservation status of the fauna and flora . weerakoon , d . k . & s . wijesundara eds . ,\nsenanayake , f . r . , ( 1985 ) barbus srilankensis , a new species of cyprinid fish from sri lanka . ceylon journal of science ( biological science ) ,\ncyprinidae ) , ichthyol explor . freshwaters , vol 21 , no . 1 , pp . 27 - 50 .\npethiyagoda r . , meegaskumbura m . & maduwage k . ( 2012 ) a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwaters , vol . 23 , no . 1 , pp . 69 - 95 june 2012\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) some anguilliform fishes of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 1 ) : 1 - 29 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1929 ) labyrinthici of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 15 ( 2 ) : 70 - 111\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1930 ) the eventognathi of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 16 ( 1 ) : 1 - 41\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1930 ) the opisthomi of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 16 ( 3 ) : 265 - 269 .\nderaniyagala p . e . p ( 1930 ) the nematognathoidea of ceylon . spolia zeylanica , 16 ( 3 ) :\nderaniyagala , p . e . p . ( 1952 ) a coloured atlas of some vertebrates from ceylon . vol . 1 : fishes . national museums of ceylon , colombo , 149 pp . ,\nmunro , i . s . r . , ( 1955 ) the marine and freshwater fishes of ceylon . department of external affairs , canberra . 349 pp . , 56 pls .\ngunathilake s . ( 2007 ) sri lankawe miridiya masun ( text in sinhala ) , biodiversity secretariat - ministry of envroment .\ngunawickrama k . b . s . 2008 . intraspecific variation in morphology and sexual dimorphism in punius singhala ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , cey . j .\npethiyagoda , r . , ( 1991 ) freshwater fishes of sri lanka . wildlife heritage trust , colombo . xiv + 362 pp .\npethiyagoda , r . and kottelat , m . ( 2005 ) . a review of the barbs of the puntius filamentosus group ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) of southern india\nand sri lanka . the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 12 : 127 - 144 .\ngiant squirrel is distributed throughout the island in suitable habitats as three different subspecies . wet zone and highland subspecies . . .\ncommon animal distributed throughout the island , inhabiting rocky outcrops and / or trees in the country side and roofs of houses in urban . . .\nan indigenous perennial herb very common along roadsides , gardens , waste grounds , scrub lands , forest margins , seashores and along stre . . .\ncommon breeding resident of home gardens , cultivations , scrublands , forest edges of wet zone and dry forests throughout the island . it is . . .\n\u0dbb\u0dad\u0dd4 \u0dc0\u0dcf [ rathu wa ] / ceylon cassia / red cassia ( cassia . . .\nin a few days i am getting ready to put on an exhibition of fine art prints and annotated maps at chennai\u2019s dakshinachitra gallery . the show is entitled t . . .\npied kingfisher * ceryle rudis * \u0d9c\u0ddd\u0db8\u0dbb \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dcf / \u0db8\u0dbd\u0dca \u0db4\u0dd2\u0dc5\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0da9\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dcf this couple of birds were noted perching at a branch close to a small lake in kilinoc . . .\nthe last record of a sighting in sri lanka was 40 years ago in 1978 and for many years , birdwatchers in the country have been on the look - out for it here . . . .\nnansen will address 38 - year gap in marine surveys . published on sundaytimes on urltoken\nas we wrote earlier , our newly launched coexistence project seeks to find ways that people and elephants can continue to share space while meeting the need . . .\nohiya to kalupahana via devil ' s staircase - \u0d94\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0da7 \u0d9a\u0dc5\u0dd4\u0db4\u0dc4\u0db1\u0da7 \u0dba\u0d9a\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dba\u0dcf\u0d9c\u0dda \u0db4\u0da9\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd9\u0dc5 \u0d94\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc3\u0dda . . .\n* english : * sri lankan krait * sinhala : * \u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf [ mudu karawala ] * binomial : * * bungarus ceylonicus * bungarus ceylonicus ( sri lankan krait , \u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf ) , is a . . .\ni was doing my regular walk on a sunday in march 2018 and suddenly came across a pair of pied cuckoos . as this was a rare sight in colombo , i went and . . .\nbar - headed goose \u2013 my 400 bird species in the country ! on 30th december morning i managed to see this beautiful goose at korakulam wetland in mannar . follo . . .\nan informative article written by john wilson ( 30 . 10 . 17 ) the eastern reservoir catchment park duo is a term that i coined recently to collectively describ . . .\n\u0dc0\u0dba\u0dd2\u0dbb\u0db1\u0dca \u0db8\u0dd4\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0db1\u0dba\u0dcf \u0dc4\u0dd9\u0dc0\u0dad\u0dca \u0d89\u0d82\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd3\u0dc3\u0dd2 \u0db7\u0dcf\u0dc2\u0dcf\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca annulated sea snake \u0dc4\u0ddd blue - banded sea snake \u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd9\u0db1\u0dca \u0dc4\u0daf\u0dd4\u0db1\u0dca\u0dc0\u0db1 \u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0db8\u0dd4\u0dc4\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db4\u0dba\u0dcf \u0d8b\u0d9c\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb \u0dc0\u0dd2\u0dc2 \u0dc3\u0dc4\u0dd2\u0dad \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db4\u0dba\u0dd9\u0d9a\u0dd2 . \u0dc1\u0dca\u200d\u0dbb\u0dd3 \u0dbd\u0d82 . . .\ndescription : the fish is dull brown colored , dorsally darker . two raws of dark blotches are apparent on the sides . size : upto 4cm * habitat : * the ornate pa . . .\nthis picture was taken from mihinthale , ancient buddhist monastery . it is situated on top of a hill and the view from here is absolutely stunning . farawa . . .\n* daily update - 04 may 2016 ( 22 items ) - http : / / srilankangreens . blogspot . com * covered : divaina , rivira , the island and daily news ( online versions only ) ( . . .\n\u0db8\u0dd9\u0db8 \u0d9a\u0dd9\u0da7\u0dd2 \u0dbd\u0dd2\u0db4\u0dd2\u0dba \u0dc3\u0db3\u0dc4\u0dcf \u0db4\u0dcf\u0daf\u0d9a \u0dc0\u0dd6\u0dba\u0dda 2014 \u0dc0\u0db1 \u0dc0\u0dbb\u0dca\u0dc2\u0dba\u0dda \u0da2\u0db1\u0dc0\u0dcf\u0dbb\u0dd2 \u0db8\u0dc3 \u0dc3\u0dd2\u0daf\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dd6 \u0dc3\u0dbb\u0dca\u0db4 \u0daf\u0dc2\u0dca\u0da7\u0db1\u0dba\u0d9a\u0dd2 . \u0db8\u0dbd\u0dca \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf \u0db1\u0dd0\u0dad\u0dca\u0db1\u0db8\u0dca \u0db1\u0dd2\u0dc4\u0dbd\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dcf \u0dba\u0db1\u0dd4 natricidae \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0dba\u0dda ( family ) natricinae \u0d8b\u0db4 \u0d9a\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0dba\u0da7 ( su . . .\n* ( from bambarella through kalupahana along kalu - ganga to rambukoluwa and pallegama ) * continuing from the hike of my life - 4 days in the knuckles range ( pa . . .\nso much fun stuff going on at urltoken including rolling out results from the last few years of research . head over - - don ' t be shy !\n*\nnetworking for migratory birds\n* * for more information visit www . worldmigratorybirdday . org *\nin august , 2012 i guided a five - day abridged version of my absolute birding tour . it was with ron and ben barkley , a farther son duo from the u . s . a . ben is . . .\nfor the beginner diver this is one of the most discomfiting times of a dive , the safety stop , 3 minutes at 5 meters with the aim of eliminating microbubbl . . .\nin june 2003 , with thoughts typical of someone returning home after an absence of eighteen long years , i walked in again through the gates of the park hea . . .\nthe crested treeswift ( hemiprocne coronata ) is a kind of tree swift . the tree swifts are aerial near passerine birds , closely related to , but distinct fr . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ngreek , makros = great + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 83418 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00302 ( 0 . 00138 - 0 . 00659 ) , b = 2 . 91 ( 2 . 72 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ palaeontology \u2022 2006 ] rapid asia - europe - north ame . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] hoya baishaensis \u2022 a new species ( . . .\n[ botany \u2022 1999 ] sonerila tenera \u2022 sonerila roxb . ( . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2011 ] impatiens parvisepala s . x . yu & y . . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2008 ] impatiens pachycaulon m . f . newman \u2022 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] new thai impatiens ( iii ) \u2022 \u0e0a\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e39\u0e2a\u0e34\u0e23 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] new thai impatiens ( ii ) \u2022 \u0e40\u0e17\u0e35\u0e22\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2009 ] new thai impatiens ( i ) \u2022 \u0e21\u0e48\u0e27\u0e07\u0e01\u0e32\u0e0d\u0e08\u0e19 . . .\n[ botany \u2022 1979 ] thai impatiens \u2022 a comment on the . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication ."]}
{"id": 94, "summary": [{"text": "nototodarus sloanii is a species of squid commonly known as the new zealand arrow squid or wellington flying squid .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is also known by its m\u0101ori name of wheketere .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is a favoured prey species of a number of marine mammals and diving birds .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is an important food source for the new zealand fur seal and the endangered species : new zealand sea lion and yellow-eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "n. sloanii is sought by trawler fishermen for human consumption ; in this trawling process , australian sea lions are frequently killed , since they prey upon n. sloanii . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "nototodarus sloanii", "paragraphs": ["only one series of slender , conical , ventral supports distally . ( see nototodarus page for comparison of species ) .\nurltoken accessed 12 / 04 / 14 mckinnon , j . f . ( 2007 ) . aspects of the population biology of the southern arrow squid , nototodarus sloanii , in southern new zealand ( thesis , doctor of philosophy ) . university of otago . retrieved from urltoken\nnototodarus sloanii has been assessed as least concern . this oceanic species has a wide geographic distribution . although this species is subject to fishing pressure , current levels appear to be sustainable and catches are regulated through quota systems . more research is still needed on the ecology and biology of this species .\njustification : nototodarus sloanii has been assessed as least concern . this oceanic species has a wide geographic distribution . although this species is subject to fishing pressure , current levels appear to be sustainable and catches are regulated through quota systems . more research is still needed on the ecology and biology of this species .\nas in other members of the genus , the right arm iv is more heavily hectocotylized . in n . sloanii this arm has ( after dunning and f\u00f6rch , 1998 :\ntwo species of nototodarus are now believed to exist in new zealand , a southern form and a western and northeastern form , but their nomenclature has not been clarified or published .\nmantle muscular tapers to pointed tail . fins broad . orange to pink over body , with a darker maroon strip down the mid line . can flash greenish over eyes .\nbreeding is thought to be on the shelf in less than 200m water , juveniles are found in coastal waters . adults deeper to 500m .\nopportunistic generalist predator , feeding upon crustaceans , fish and squid . can be cannibalistic .\na short lived ( < 1year ) terminal spawner . spawning grounds unknown . restricted to the south island and the subantarctic islands . feeds on small fish , crustaceans , molluscs and is a cannibal . commercially harvested with goulds arrow squid . current quota for both species is about 127 , 000 tonnes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - wellington flying squid , fr - encornet minami , sp - pota neozelandesa .\nommatrephes sloani gray , 1849 , cat . moll . brit . mus . , 61 .\nmantle muscular tapers to pointed tail . fins broad , sagittate length 42 to 48 % of mantle length ; single fin angle 44\u00b0 ( 40 to 500 ) . funnel groove with foveola and 10 to 13 longitudinal ridges . tentacular club occupies much of tentacle length ; protective membranes very low , weak ; largest sucker rings with 11 to 13 conical teeth all around interspersed with low truncated platelets ; distal central tooth not enlarged . arm sucker rings smooth proximally , grading to truncate teeth laterally and about 11 to 15 , short , triangular teeth distally , the central one enlarged ; both arms iv in males hectocotylized basally with modification of protective membranes and trabeculae into large , ridged , saw - tooth processes ; suckers absent ; stalks remnants only ; right arm iv distally with sucker stalks enlarged , comb - like , conical ; suckers and trabeculae lost .\na neritic and oceanic speciesoccurring from the surface to about 500 m depth , occasionally forming large aggregations down to 300 m . it occurs over a broad range of temperatures but seems to be either more abundant or more vulnerable in colder waters . two groups , possibly species , are distinguished by morphometric features , one north of the subtropical convergence zone and one within or south of the convergence . within the northern group clearly identified as n . sloani , the western population occurs in an upwelling area and grows to larger sizes than the eastern population . the group south of the convergence has a growth pattern similar to that of the northwestern population . growth rates vary inversely with size and directly with temperature ( roberts , 1983 ) . the lifespan of this species exceeds one year . each of the two northern populations has 2 peak spawning season : autumn ( march and april and spring ( september to november ) for the northwestern population , and july and december for the northeastern population .\nmaximum mantle length about 42 cm , maximum weight 1 . 8 kg in western new zealand , but 32 cm and 0 . 6 kg in the warmer waters of northeastern new zealand .\napart from the exceptionally good landings in 1980 ( 63 000 t reported from japan ( more than 90 % of the total catch ) and the republic of korea ) , annual catches of this species averaged about 29 000 t in recent years ( fao , 1983 ) . japanese and south korean jigger vessels , operating under joint - venture schemes with new zealand , take about half the catches , but they land only a fraction in this country . this squid is also taken in trawling operations of foreign licensed vessels from former ussr , japan and the republic of korea . the fishery is regulated through a quota system . the quotas for the 1981 / 1982 trawling season for all fishing grounds were allocated as follows : republic of korea : 1 600 t , japan : 9 900 t , former ussr : 11 500 t , and joint venture operations 27 000 t ( mattlin , 1982 ) . so far , only the western and southern groups of n . sloani are being exploited . the vessels usually operate during a 90 to 120 day fishing season extending from december to april . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 31 358 t . the countries with the largest catches were new zealand ( 27 282 t ) and japan ( 1 853 t ) . frozen and processed squids are exported to various countries . domestically caught squid are marketed fresh or processed .\nfao species catalogue vol . 3 . cephalopods of the world an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheriesclyde f . e . roper michael j . sweeney cornelia e . nauen 1984 . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , volume 3\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species occurs on the continental shelf and slope waters of new zealand from the northern boundary of the subtropical convergence zone ( approx . 40 \u00bas ) to the auckland islands 51 \u00bas and the campbell islands 53 \u00bas ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) . its range extends to the east of new zealand to include the chatham islands , and its range also overlaps with\nto the north between about 40 \u00bas and 44 \u00bas ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) .\nnew zealand ( chatham is . , north is . , south is . )\nroper et al . ( 2010 ) report that the instantaneous biomass of this species has been estimated at between one and two million tonnes .\nthis is a demersal species spending the day either sitting on or swimming near the seafloor ( young and vecchione 2009 ) . it is abundant on the continental shelf in waters of less than 200 m and the distribution of paralarvae appears to be associated with continental shelves and sea mounts ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) . tagging studies have not revealed any large - scale migration patterns , although aggregations may form to depths of 300 m ( roper et al . 2010 , dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) .\nbody size appears to increase with increasing latitude and depth , and differences in size at maturity have been observed among regions and seasons ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 , wormuth 1998 ) . unvalidated statolith growth increment counts suggest a life span of approximately one year , with males maturing at approximately 200 days and females later at 270 days of age ( uozumi\n1998 ) . spawning appears to occur throughout the year at the population level in new zealand waters ( uozumi and ohara 1993 ) .\nthe stomach contents of individuals collected from chatham rise , new zealand , contained mesopelagic fish ( e . g .\n) , crustaceans and cephalopods ( dunn 2009 ) . crustaceans were more important in the diet of smaller squid , and there were differences in diet between sexes with crustaceans and cephalopods being more important in females ( dunn 2009 ) .\nthis species forms an important part of the demersal fishery in new zealand waters ( dunning and f\u00f6rch 1998 ) . landings peaked in 2004 at slightly over 100 , 000 tonnes : they are currently ( as of 2011 ) at around 40 , 000 tonnes . catches are related to lunar phase , as is typical for species which undergo diel feeding migrations . the stock is taken by both jigging and trawling , and fishing effort is dominated by licensed foreign vessels and regulated through a quota system with the tac ( total allowable catch ) defined annually . the trawl fishery impacts on the threatened sea lion species phocarctos hookeri , and the squid fishery is further limited to protect the sea lions .\nfishing is a potential threat to this species , although it is limited with a quota system .\nthere is active management of this fishery in place . further research is recommended in order to determine the precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndunning , m . c . and ellen celia forch / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\ntaxon validity : [ fide dunning and forch ( 1998 ) ] . repository : bmnh holotype uncataloged [ fide dunning and forch ( 1998 ) ] . type locality : waitemata harbour , new zealand\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis species occurs on the continental shelf and slope waters of new zealand from the northern boundary of the subtropical convergence zone ( approx . 40 s ) to the auckland islands 51 s and the campbell islands 53 s ( dunning and frch 1998 ) . its range extends to the east of new zealand to include the chatham islands , and its range also overlaps with\nto the north between about 40 s and 44 s ( dunning and frch 1998 ) .\nthis is a demersal species spending the day either sitting on or swimming near the seafloor ( young and vecchione 2009 ) . it is abundant on the continental shelf in waters of less than 200 m and the distribution of paralarvae appears to be associated with continental shelves and sea mounts ( dunning and frch 1998 ) . tagging studies have not revealed any large - scale migration patterns , although aggregations may form to depths of 300 m ( roper et al . 2010 , dunning and frch 1998 ) .\nbody size appears to increase with increasing latitude and depth , and differences in size at maturity have been observed among regions and seasons ( dunning and frch 1998 , wormuth 1998 ) . unvalidated statolith growth increment counts suggest a life span of approximately one year , with males maturing at approximately 200 days and females later at 270 days of age ( uozumi\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nis a favoured prey species of a number of marine mammals and diving birds . it is an important food source for the\nc . michael hogan . 2009 . yellow - eyed penguin : megadypes antipodes , globaltwitcher . com , ed . n . stromberg\nnick gales , nicholas gales , mark hindell and roger kirkwood . 2003 . marine mammals : fisheries , tourism and management issues , csiro publishing , isbn 0 - 643 - 06953 - 4 , isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 06953 - 4 , 446 pages\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe\nexpanded ventral membrane with supports\npresent only at extreme end of the arm .\noff new zealand , on the chatham rise at 43 . 04\u00b0s , 175 . 01\u00b0e in bottom trawl at 367 m depth .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 95, "summary": [{"text": "epirrita filigrammaria , the small autumnal moth or small autumnal carpet , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in scotland , northern england , wales and ireland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "epirrita filigrammaria is endemic to the british isles the wingspan is 30 \u2013 38 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour is greyish brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are a few small dark bands across the forewings ( sometimes obscure ) and a well-defined fringe along the edge of the forewings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "very similar to the autumnal moth .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the moth flies in august & september .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the larvae feed on heather ( calluna vulgaris ) and bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus ) . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "epirrita filigrammaria", "paragraphs": ["small autumnal moth ( epirrita filigrammaria ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nid pointers \u2013 an epirrita moth in late august on the upland moors is almost certain to be this species .\nid : very similar to the other three epirrita species ; averages smaller but with overlap through most of the size range . usually distinguishable from the other three species by flight season as none of them fly before the end of september . male genitalia : octavals short , widely spaced and inclined medially . valvae with an angular prominence on the ventral border but without a distinct dentate projection ( which is present in e . dilutata and e . christyi ) . dissection group suggests that e . autumnata and e . filigrammaria cannot be separated on male genital features . pierce states that the octavals are smaller with a shallower excavation between them in e . autumnata and that the number of hairs on the christae , ~ 19 in e . autumnata , ~ 7 in e . filigrammaria , provides a clear distinction . female genitalia : there is probably no reliable means of separating female epirrita species , though pierce suggests that the signa of e . autumnata are distinctly smaller than those of the other 3 species .\nnotes : common on moorland throughout much of scotland , northern england and wales , rare elsewhere ; problems in identifying individuals to specific status mean that all epirrita species are under - recorded . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 30 - 38 mm . one of four very similar species of epirrita found in the uk , which are generally separable only by dissection of the genitalia . larva feeds on heather , bilberry and sallow , over - wintering as an egg .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nthe fore wings are pale yellow inclining to ochreous , and the front edge is more or less tinged with the same colour as that of the oblique stripe from the tips of the wings to the middle of the inner margin . in the type , this stripe is purplish - brown , but in ab . labda , cramer , it is crimson , and in ab . atrifasciaria , stefan , it is blackish . in ab . sanguinaria , esper , the ground colour is pinkish . the hind wings are always white . ( plate 54 , figs . 1 and 2 . )\nfrom 1857 , in which year the first specimen recorded as british was captured in september at plymouth , to 1874 , one or more examples of this interesting migrant seem to have occurred during the autumns of most years , in some part of the british isles , but chiefly in the south of england . the years in which it was apparently unrecorded were 1860 , 1861 , 1870 , 1872 , and 1873 . since 1874 there have been very few records . in 1879 a male specimen was taken at chingford , essex , august 17th , and a female ( ova obtained ) on september 1st ; a specimen occurred at christchurch , hants , october , 1893 ; a male was obtained in the isle of purbeck , dorset , september , 1895 , and one was secured at timoleague , co . cork , in august , 1898 ; one was accounted for at malvern , worcestershire , in august , 1901 ; a female in fine condition was captured , as it flew in the sunshine over a cambridgeshire meadow , in the autumn of 1906 . mr . h . m . edelsten obtained a male specimen in south devon , on september 12 , 1908 . the largest number of specimens appears to have been recorded in 1867 , when nearly thirty were secured , and of these four were taken in may in the isle of wight , where also two females were captured on\naugust 14th and 16th , and one specimen on september 3rd . six or seven occurred during august in lancashire , and three in perthshire , also in august .\nthe long caterpillar is variable , but is usually some shade of green above , inclining to whitish beneath , and yellowish between the rings ; the lines along the back are paler green , reddish , and olive green . it feeds on low - growing plants , such as knotgrass and dock , and has been reared from the egg in august and september . if eggs were obtained in may it would be possible to raise two generations of moths , or , perhaps , even three , during the year .\nthe species is an inhabitant of southern europe and north africa , and its range extends to india , madeira , and the canaries . in central europe , including the british isles , its occurrence is always a more or less casual event .\nappears to be valid and is here employed . if it has to give way ,\nhas long been reported as a british species , but there does not appear to be any very convincing record of its capture in the british isles . it is widely distributed in europe , and generally common . as it is a sun - loving insect , it could hardly escape detection if it occurred in any part of our isles . a note by mr . v . r . perkins , in\nfor 1861 , p . 7449 , should , however , not be overlooked . this refers to the capture , on june 18th , of two male specimens that were disturbed from broom ,\nnot far from the city of perth , by mr . d . p . morrison .\ntwo ordinary examples of this species are shown on plate 54 , figs . 4 , 5 . the ground colour is greyish , ranging in one direction to whitish , and in the other to brownish ; on the fore wings there are three cross lines , usually reddish - brown in colour , but sometimes dark brown inclining to blackish ; the first of these lines is always slender and sometimes very indistinct ; the second is often shaded on its outer edge , and the third on its inner edge , with brownish ; occasionally the space between the second and third is more or less dusky , especially on the lower half ; sometimes these two lines approach each other very closely on the inner margin ; the short oblique streak from the tip of the wing to the wavy submarginal line , and also the blackish central dot , are far more distinct in some specimens than in others .\nthe long stick - like caterpillar is pale ochreous brown , often striped with darker brown or blackish . it feeds on furze ( ulex ) and broom ( cytisus ) , from august to april . the moth is out in may and june , earlier or later according to the season , and is to be found almost everywhere that its food plants flourish .\nthe fore wings of this species are normally ochreous brown , inclining to reddish , but sometimes the general colour is of a light chocolate tint , and in such specimens the slender white lines edging the dark markings , and the white wavy submarginal line , are more distinct ; the central band - like marking occasionally tapers towards the inner margin . ( plate 54 , figs . 6 , 7 . )\nthe long caterpillar ( figured from a coloured drawing by mr . a . sich , plate\nto yellowish between the rings ; there are indications of darker lines on the middle of the back and along the sides ; the usual dots are whitish and the spiracles black ; in some specimens the central line on the back is pinkish . it hatches from the egg in march or april , and feeds until june on mallow (\nthe moth appears in september and october , and is sometimes seen in november . it hides under the mallow , and other plants around , and is not much inclined to move during the day , but it becomes active in the evening , and then flies pretty briskly . the occurrence of this species in any locality will , of course , largely depend upon the presence of the food plant , but it seems to be widely distributed throughout the greater part of the british isles . it is , however , most frequent in the southern half of england .\nto the earliest british entomologists this species ( plate 54 , figs . 8 and 9 ) was known by the english name given to it by moses harris , which is here revived . haworth ' s popular name for the insect is the\nsmall mallow ,\nbut this seems less suitable .\nthe fore wings are usually ochreous brown in colour , with a darker brown band , the inner area of which is often paler . the ground colour , however , varies considerably , in some examples tending to whity brown , and in others to a smoky hue . the whitish hind wings are generally more or less dusky clouded , chiefly from the base of the wing to the dark brown or blackish cross shade ; but sometimes these wings are entirely blackish , with just a trace of a pale cross stripe .\nthe caterpillar is greyish , with a pinkish tinge and black dots ; there are three lines along the back , the central one slaty blue , and the others ochreous , shaded on each side with pale brown ; a pinkish irregular ridge runs low down along the sides . it feeds on clover , vetch , grass , etc . , from september to june . ( plate 52 , fig . 2 , after hofmann . )\nthe moth is out in july and august , and is often common in fields and grassy places , generally throughout the greater part of the british isles . in ancient times it was dubbed the\naurelian ' s plague .\nthe range abroad extends to amurland .\northolitha moeniata . \u2014except that one specimen was said to have been taken near baron wood , carlisle , some years prior to 1855 ; and another , in 1866 , near york ; there is no evidence that this species is an inhabitant of the british isles .\nin this species ( plate 54 , figs . 11 and 12 ) the ground colour of the fore wings is white ( inclining to bluish - white in some specimens ) , more or less stippled and scored with greyish brown ; the cross band is darker grey brown , and there are two black dots placed : - wise ( sometimes united ) in the paler central space of the band . hind wings , smoky grey , with a darker shade across the middle , and a pale one parallel with the outer margin . in some rare instances , the ground colour of the fore wings is entirely white , and the band exceedingly dark ; but specimens with the general colour , slaty - black and the band and basal patch grey , are extremely rare ; barrett mentions one such example , from box hill , surrey , in mr . r . adkin ' s collection .\nthe caterpillar is whity brown , more or less tinged with pink , dotted with black , and lined with grey along the back , the sides , and the under surface . it feeds , at night , on clover and trefoils , from september to june . ( plate\n, fig . 3 , after hofmann . ) the moth is out in july and august , and in suitable localities , such as chalk downs , lime - stone hills , etc . , is generally plentiful\nthroughout england and south wales . it does not appear to have been noted in ireland , or in scotland , except that it has been recorded from the isle of arran .\nthe sexes of this species are shown on plate 54 , figs . 3 \u2642 , 10 \u2640 . the fore wings are greyish , inclining to whitish or to brownish , with two white - edged oblique bands , which in the lighter coloured specimens are broad and show up conspicuously , but in the darker are narrower and much less distinct .\nthe caterpillar is brownish , but varies in tint , in some cases inclining to pink ; there are three lines along the back , the central one dark green or brown , and the others more or less yellowish ; a blackish or dark grey line low down along the sides . it feeds on yellow bedstraw ( galium verum ) , and may be reared on other kinds of galium . there are two broods , one in may and june , and the other in august and september .\nthe moth , which frequents sand - hills and shelving banks by the seaside , is found resting upon its food plant or other vegetation around , in may and june , and again in july and august .\nthe species has a wide distribution , and occurs in suitable localities around the coasts of england ( except the north - east ) , and on the west coast of wales . it also inhabits the breck sand district of norfolk and suffolk , and has been found on chalk downs and hills in the south of england , and in cambridgeshire and berkshire . in ireland , it has been recorded from the counties of down and kerry .\ntexture . after it has flown for a time , the wings become paler , and lose most of their sheen .\nthe species has been recorded from pembrokeshire , glamorganshire , and monmouth , in south wales ; and it appears to be found in most of the counties of england southwards from worcester , hereford , gloucester , oxford , and bucks . except that it has been doubtfully recorded from stowmarket , suffolk , it does not seem to be found in the eastern counties ; and i cannot find that it has been noted from devon or cornwall .\n, figs . 4 \u2642 , 5 \u2640 ) is very constant , and except that specimens after having been on the wing for a day or two become sooty brown , there is nothing much to note . it is the fringe at the tip of the\nfore wings rather than the tip itself that is white , and this sometimes extends for a short distance along the fringe of the outer margin . haworth ' s english name for this insect ( his\n) was\nthe looping chimney sweeper\nin reference to its caterpillar , and to distinguish it from his\nchimney sweeper ,\nchimney sweeper ' s boy ,\nand other oddities in the vernacular among the psychids .\nthe caterpillar , which feeds in the spring on flowers of the earth - nut ( conopodium denudatum , or bunium flexuosum ) , is green , and paler on the sides than on the back ; there are three darker green lines along the back , the central one merging into reddish on the last ring , and the others narrowly edged on each side with white ; a whitish stripe runs below the red spiracles .\nthe moth is a sun lover , and flits about flowers growing among or near its food plant , in june and july .\nthe species is widely distributed over england , wales , ireland , and scotland , but it does not appear to have been noted north of moray in the last - named country . it is always very local , frequents moist fields , borders of woods , and even waysides .\nthe more or less greyish moth , shown on plate 55 , fig . 3 , varies in tint , some specimens being decidedly more grey than others . at the apex of the fore wings is a short blackish dash , and from this a curved dusky line may be traced to the inner margin . the female has the wings rather shorter than those of the male .\n) , in july and august . when reared in captivity it will thrive on other kinds of crucifer\u00e6 .\nthe moth is out in june , sometimes late may ; it is exceedingly local in britain , and only occurs in the breck district , where it was first met with about fifty years ago . tuddenham , in suffolk , is a noted locality , as also is thetford , in norfolk .\nthis is a greyish white species , of which specimens of both generations are shown on plate 55 , figs . 6 \u2642 , 7 \u2640 ( 1st generation ) , fig . 8 \u2642 ( 2nd generation ) . the chief variation is in the cross central bars of the fore wings , which are sometimes much widened , and occasionally joined from the middle to the inner margin ; or the space between these two bars is more or less filled up with dark grey . on the other hand , the bars are sometimes very faint , but such aberrations are perhaps most frequent in the second generation , which consists of smaller specimens .\nthe long caterpillar is brown , inclining to reddish or to greenish , with several darker and paler lines on the back and a yellowish line low down along the sides . it feeds on st . john ' s wort ( hypericum ) in june and july ; the caterpillars , hatching in the autumn , are not mature until the following april .\nusually there are two generations of the moth , the first appearing in may and june , and the second in august and september . the species is pretty generally distributed over the british isles , extending to the hebrides and the orkneys ; and will probably be found in all localities where its food plant occurs freely . it affects cliffs and sandhills by the sea , rough places on chalk slopes , and sometimes the moths fly up in numbers as we walk over the herbage in such spots .\nin general character this species somewhat resembles that last considered . it is , however , much smaller , and there are reddish clouds on the outer marginal area .\nthis reddish shading is more or less absent in the type , which is otherwise less variegated than var . imbutata , the form to which our british specimens are almost entirely referable . ( plate 55 , figs . 9 and 10 . )\nthe caterpillar is of somewhat stoutish build , and reddish brown in colour ; three darker lines along the back , and yellow stripe low down along the sides , the latter edged above with black on the front three rings , and blotched with pinkish on the middle rings ; the head is rather paler than the body , and the dots on the latter are yellow . it feeds on cowberry ( vaccinium vitis - id\u00e6a ) and cranberry ( v . oxycoccos ) , and seems to have a preference for the flowers of these plants : april to june .\nthe moth is out in july and august among the vaccinium in its swampy haunts on the heaths and moors of the north of england , and scotland , even to the shetlands . mcarthur took a specimen in the isle of lewis in 1901 . it also occurs in ireland . in england it does not seem to have been noted south of staffordshire .\nthe most striking features of this shining brownish coloured species are the oval - shaped marks on the disk of the fore wings , and the long whitish streak running to the tips of the wings . ( plate 57 , figs . 3 \u2642 , 4 \u2640 . )\nthe long caterpillar ( plate 56 , fig . 2 ) is deep green , with a darker line along the middle of the back , and whitish lines along the sides and the under surface ; the spiracles are reddish , encircled with black , and the head is flecked with brown . it feeds in the spring on broom ( cytisus scoparius ) .\nthe moth is out in september and october , and secretes itself during the day , but may be found at night flying about the broom bushes for a short time , and later on it sits upon the twigs . it occurs in almost every part of the british isles where the food plant of the caterpillar is well established .\na noticeable character in this glossy , greyish moth ( plate 57 , figs . 1 \u2642 , 2 \u2640 ) is the black mark on the upper part of the second cross line of the fore wings ( which probably suggested the english name\nchevron\ngiven to the species by donovan ) ; following the mark is a reddish or ochreous flush , extending to the tips of the wings .\nthe long , green caterpillar inclines to bluish above , and to paler green beneath ; a darker line along the middle of the back , then a slender whitish line edged with darker green , and between this and the white spiracular line there is another slender whitish line . it feeds , in august and september , on broom ; when full grown it enters the earth , and there turns to a reddish brown chrysalis , the wing cases of which are greenish . i am indebted to mr . a . j . scollick for the caterpillar and chrysalis figured on plate 56 , figs . 1 , 1 a .\nthe moth emerges the following year , from may to july , but its time of appearance is uncertain , and it may come up in early spring or not until early autumn . sometimes it will remain in the chrysalis for two winters .\nnorfolk , suffolk ; also glamorgan , and other parts of south wales . in scotland it is found in the south , but is more frequent from perthshire to moray . probably occurs in other british localities where there is plenty of broom .\nthe general colour of the species represented on plate 57 , figs . 5 \u2642 , 6 \u2640 , is greyish , inclining to ochreous or to whitish ; but occasionally it is clouded with dark greyish on the basal area , and there is a broad band of the same colour on the outer marginal area ; in such specimens the central band becomes less conspicuous .\nthe caterpillar ( plate 59 , fig . 2 ) feeds in may and june , on privet , at first on the leaf buds , and afterwards on the expanded leaves . it will also eat ash and honeysuckle . in colour it is rather deep green , with three fine lines along the back , the central one darker than the ground colour , and the others whitish and irregular ; a whitish stripe low down along the sides ; two points on the last ring of the body . the chrysalis ( plate 59 , fig . 2 a ) , which is enclosed in an oval earthen cocoon , is dark yellowish brown , inclining to blackish on the wing cases .\nthe moth may be found at night , in march and april , sitting on the privet hedge , and may then be easily boxed , as it seems very disinclined to fly at that time , but earlier in the evening it flits along the hedgerows , and is equally easy to net . when resting , however , one is able to select just the finest specimens .\nnorth lancashire , cumberland , northampton , berks , essex , and kent . in scotland it has been reported from clydesdale and arran , but has not been noted from ireland .\nthe whitish fore wings of this species are tinged with grey or greenish grey , the cross lines and bands vary in intensity , and , as a rule , are more distinct and complete in the female than in the male . a form of not infrequent occurrence in scotland ( ab . fasciata , prout ) has blackish bands , which show up in strong contrast with the general whitish colour of the wings . the ordinary form is represented on plate 57 , fig . 7 \u2642 , and fig . 8 on the same plate shows the named variety referred to .\nthe caterpillar is green , with rather darker lines along the back , and a yellow stripe low down along the sides ; the two points on the last ring are also yellow . it feeds , in june and july , on honeysuckle , sallow , birch , and alder . the moth is out in april and may , and seems to be more or less common in woodlands throughout the greater part of the british isles . in scotland it appears to be most plentiful from perthshire northwards to sutherlandshire , but it has not been reported from the orkneys , shetlands , or hebrides . ( early stages are shown on plate 59 , figs . 3 - 3 b . )\nthe boles of trees are favourite resting places , and upon them , and also upon gate - posts , etc . , the moth is often met with in the daytime .\nwith black , and sometimes there are whitish lines between them ; those on the central area are often united by a blackish cloud , and so form a band , and not infrequently the basal area is also blackish marked . ( plate\n, figs . 3 and 4 . ) the ground colour is very apt to fade if the insect is exposed to moisture of any kind , as , for instance , when pinned in a damp collecting box , but i have one bred specimen of a reddish ochreous colour , and i am assured that it was of this tint when it emerged from the chrysalis . an old english name was\nthe brindle - barred yellow .\nthe thick - set caterpillar is green , more or less tinged with pinkish ; three interrupted pink lines on the back , the central one sometimes inclining to purple , and broken up into spots ; the head is brown , sometimes marked with purplish , and there are two tiny points on the last ring of the body . it varies in the green tint and also in marking . it feeds on flowers and leaves of holly , ivy , dogwood , privet , etc . , in june and july , and in some sheltered southern localities again in september and october .\nthe moth is out in may and early june , and where a second generation is developed , in august and early september . it sits in the daytime on tree - trunks , but more especially those with smooth bark ; the stems of holly are a favourite resting place , but at box hill i have occasionally seen a specimen on the trunk of a beech tree . barrett states that it also rests on the trunks of fir trees , and that it is then very easily seen . night is its time of activity , and it is then attracted by light .\nthe species seems to be widely distributed , but locally and not generally common , throughout england , wales , and ireland ; it has only been recorded from rosemount , ayr , and one or two other localities in the south of scotland .\nfore wings whitish , with two greyish bands on the basal area ; first and second lines greyish , variable in width , and sometimes only represented by marks on the front or inner margins ; there is a black central dot , and the outer area beyond the submarginal line is clouded with dark grey , especially on the upper half . sometimes the wings are so thickly stippled with the darker colour that they appear to be greyish , with interrupted and indistinct whitish cross lines . a rather frequent form has the fore wings tinged with ochreous , and of this tint is ab . zonata , thnbg . , which has the basal bands and outer marginal border blackish , the central area being without cross lines . ( plate 57 , figs . 9 \u2642 and 10 \u2640 . )\nthe caterpillar is green , darker below and between the rings ; the most distinct markings are two yellow lines along the back ; head , notched ; body wrinkled , and with two points on the last ring . it feeds on aspen , and other kinds of poplar , in june and july .\nthe moth appears in may , and continues out well into june , especially in its northern localities . it rests on the trunks of poplar trees , or on the stems of bushes around , and is sometimes easily alarmed , and flies off on the collector ' s approach , whilst at other times it sits quietly , and may be easily boxed . at dusk it may be seen flying around the poplars .\nwidely distributed in the southern half of england , and only found where poplars , chiefly aspens , are well established . from worcester its range extends northwards to staffordshire , leicestershire , derbyshire , and cheshire ; and it has been recorded from yorkshire and cumberland ; also from glamorganshire , south wales . in scotland it seems not to have been noted in the south , but is found more or less frequently from perthshire to sutherlandshire . rare in ireland .\nthis is a much smaller species than the last . the fore wings are whitish , with brownish - grey , or blackish - grey , cross lines and bands ; the central most distinct towards the front margin , where it encloses a black dot ; hind wings greyish , with black central dot . ( plate 58 , figs . 1 and 2 . )\nthe green , much wrinkled caterpillar has three whitish lines or stripes along the back , and in some examples there is a white line low down along the sides ; the head , which inclines to yellowish , is notched , and there are two pinkish points on the last ring of the body . it feeds on sallow in august and september .\nthe moth is to be found in may and june , and , in some years , again in july and august . it inhabits woods and hedgerows where sallow is plentiful , but , perhaps , is obtained more freely in fens . occasionally it may be beaten from the hedges , but it is active on the wing just before the close of day , and then disports itself over and about the sallow bushes . it occurs in suitable localities in most of the eastern and southern counties of england , and has been reported from some of the northern ones , and from glamorganshire , in south wales . kane states that it has been found in the north , south , east , and west of ireland , but is always local and scarce .\nin orchards and gardens wherein are fruit trees one may have noticed that the trunks of the trees have broad bands around them . if these bands are examined , they will be seen\nto be covered with a sticky compound , which has been put there for the purpose of trapping the almost wingless females of the winter moth , as they crawl up the tree after emergence from the chrysalis . in spite of such devices , and other precautionary measures taken to safeguard the trees from attack , the foliage of apple , pear , etc . , will not be quite free from the caterpillars of this species in their season .\nthe male has greyish brown fore wings , which are crossed by rather darker lines , and a dark , more or less distinct , central band ( ab . hyemata , huene ) . the ground colour is very much darker in some specimens than in others , and examples of a sooty brown colour are not infrequent ; barrett mentions an almost buff - coloured specimen . in the female , the tiny affairs representing wings are brownish , with indications of a darker band towards the outer margin of the front pair .\na small , purplish brown form , reared in january , 1882 , from caterpillars found in cumberland , feeding on sweet gale ( myrica gale ) , was described as a new species under the name myricaria , cooke ( entom . , xv . 57 ) . this has been referred by staudinger to c . boreata , as a form of that species , but it is probably an aberration of c . brumata .\nthe caterpillar is green , with a stripe of darker green along the back ; on each side of this are two white lines , and along the black spiracles is a pale yellowish line ; head , green , sometimes marked with blackish . it feeds on the foliage of trees and bushes , and sometimes abounds in april and may .\nthe moth appears during the winter months , and has been noted as early as october and as late as february . ( plate 58 , figs . 8 - 10 . )\nthis species is generally larger than the last - mentioned . the fore wings are marked somewhat as in that species ,\nbut they are paler in colour and more glossy ; hind wings whitish and glossy . in the female , the wings are useless for flying , but still they are larger than those of\nthe caterpillar is greenish , with a greyish stripe along the back , another edged above with yellow along the black spiracles , and a greyish line between the stripes ; the head is black . it feeds , in may and june , on birch , and the moth does not appear until october or november .\nat one time considered to be a purely northern species : the earliest known british specimens , four in number , having been captured at petty pool , delamere , cheshire , on october 31 , 1848 . it is now known , however , to have a wide distribution in the south of england . northwards , its range extends throughout england and scotland up to moray . it is found in south wales ; also in galway , monaghan , and connemara , in ireland .\nthe fore wings of this glossy species ( plate 60 , figs . 1 , 2 ) are pale brown , tinged more or less strongly with rosy or purplish ; there are numerous darker and paler cross lines , the most distinct and constant being the blackish basal , and the two forming the edges of the central band ; the latter are marked with black ; the submarginal line is whitish , wavy , and sometimes broken up into dots . the species varies considerably in tint , some specimens inclining to pale greyish brown , others to smoky brown . hind wings , whitish grey , with several darker grey cross lines ; in dark specimens these wings are smoky grey . ab . cinereata , stephens , is a small pale greyish form , almost without rosy tinge and with fewer cross lines .\ndarker green stripes and lines . in another form there are four pale yellowish lines along the back and a yellow stripe low down along the sides . it feeds on buckthorn (\n) , the leaves of which it fastens together with silk , and so forms a retreat . it will also eat sloe and bird - cherry (\nthe moth is out in august and through the autumn , when it sometimes visits the flowers of ivy , ragwort , etc . ; after hibernation it is again seen , perhaps even more frequently , in april and may , and is then occasionally found at sallow catkins . the species seems to have been noted from nearly all the english counties , but becomes rare from yorkshire northwards . in wales , and in ireland , it is apparently widely distributed , but in scotland it seems confined to southern localities , and is only rarely met with .\nthis species is very similar to the last , but the wings are not glossy , only reddish on the outer margin , and the black marked lines edging the central band of the fore wings are less irregular , the inner ones usually being much straighter . on the under side of the hind wings of the male is a fold enclosing hairs ; this is on the inner margin , just above the anal angle . ( plate 60 , fig . 3 \u2640 . )\n, fig . 3 , after hofmann ) is greyish inclining to greenish ; four white lines along the back , the central pair enclosing a dark line , the others are bordered below with dark greyish ; the black spiracles are set in yellowish blotches , and the plates on first and last rings are brown ; head , reddish - brown , glossy ( adapted from fenn ) . it feeds on the barberry (\nis out in may and june , but in favourable seasons has appeared in late april . when on the wing at night it is freely attracted by light , but otherwise not often noticed . the species has occurred in many of the english counties from devon to durham , but it seems to be only common in the eastern counties , and most frequent perhaps in suffolk . it has been recorded from south wales , but is seemingly absent from ireland .\nwings pale greyish , sometimes ochreous tinted , and crossed by numerous dark - grey wavy lines inclining to blackish on the front margin of the fore wings ; the waves of the central pair of lines on the fore wings often meet and so form a series of rings ; sometimes the space between the eighth and twelfth lines is of a dusky hue , and occasionally it is distinctly darker and band - like ; the outer margin of all the wings is brownish and traversed by a wavy white line . the male has tufts of blackish hair in a fold on the inner margin of the hind wing , this is noticeable on the upper side , but is best seen from the under side . ( plate 60 , figs . 4 \u2642 , 5 \u2640 . )\nthe somewhat dumpy caterpillar is reddish - brown with four yellowish lines along the back ; a greyish stripe along the sides , and a creamy stripe along the black spiracles ; head , pale brown and glossy . it feeds on sallow , aspen , and bilberry , and may be found from august throughout the autumn in spun - together leaves at the tips of the shoots . ( plate 62 , fig . 2 . )\nthe moth is out in june and july , and occurs in woods where there is a good growth of bilberry , or in marshy spots where sallow bushes abound .\nin england the species is widely distributed over the southern and eastern counties ; its range extends through the midlands to cheshire , lancs . , and westmorland , rarely in lincoln and yorks . , and once recorded in durham ; it occurs in wales and in scotland , but only in the more southern part of each country . it is not plentiful in ireland , but widely distributed . the range abroad includes amurland .\nthe male is always smaller than the female , and is noticeable for its long body with tuft of hairs at the extremity . the wings in both sexes are dingy brown , or greyish brown , and the usual lines on fore wings are blackish , the space between first and second often dusky . ( plate 60 , fig . 6 . )\nthe caterpillar is short and stout , and in form very like that of the winter moth ; the back and a central dorsal stripe are black , the latter bordered with white , the sides are yellow ; the spiracular line is black , broken , and unconnected ; the spiracles are black ; the head is black , and the edge of the first ring of the body is yellow . ( crewe . ) it feeds , in may and june , on purging buckthorn ( rhamnus catharticus ) , and is to be found between two or more leaves , which it spins together as a hiding place .\nin june and july the moth may sometimes be obtained by beating bushes of buckthorn , or the herbage below and around ; this plan works best when operated just before dusk . as a british insect it is only found in england , and is most frequent in the southern and eastern counties , but widely distributed in the west to worcester , and has been found in lancashire , westmorland , and yorks . in the last - named county , caterpillars were obtained freely at askham bogs in 1900 .\nwhen stephens wrote of this insect in 1831 he noted its occurrence\nin a lane near fulham .\neven so recently as 1906 i obtained specimens on the putney side of wimbledon common .\nthe blackish oblique band on the fore wings of this ochreous brown species ( plate 60 , fig . 7 \u2642 , 8 \u2640 ) is sometimes indicated only by the blackish lines , the space between them being hardly darker than the general colour . sometimes all the wings are suffused with blackish brown , and in such specimens the only distinct marking is the whitish submarginal line .\nthe caterpillar is green , with three lines along the back , the central one dark green , and the others yellow ; the hind wings are marked with purple , and a stripe of the same colour runs along under the spiracles . in another form the general colour is greyish with a reddish - brown stripe along the back , and series of spots of the same colour along the sides . it may be found in may and june , concealed between leaves that it has fastened together to form a retreat .\nthe moth flies in late june and in july , and may be disturbed in the daytime from buckthorn bushes . it is widely distributed , and often common in the south of england , but is rare in the north ; and has also been recorded from south wales .\n, hufnagel , and as this is an earlier name it may have to be adopted . according to prout , both this and the preceding species should be placed in the genus\nin its typical form ( plate 63 , fig . 3 ) the blackish band of the fore wings is entire , but in ab . insulata , haworth ( fig . 4 ) , this band is interrupted by two whitish lines along the median veins , and so divided into three or four portions , the smaller section placed between the lines ; occasionally , the dividing lines assume stripe - like proportions , and the main portions are consequently smaller in size and further from each other , but one\nisland\nstill remains . in another form , the lower outer corner is distinctly separate from the costal portion ; thus the band is broken into four parts .\nthe long caterpillar is green , with a reddish - brown stripe along the back ; this is broken up into spots , except on the first three rings ; there are some reddish - brown spots on the sides . it feeds on various kinds of willow herb (\nthe moth should be looked for in beech and other woods amongst the food plants , from which , and the surrounding herbage , it is readily evicted . it flies at twilight , and later on , when it has been known to visit the sugar patch ; it is also attracted by light . it is out in may and june , and specimens of a second generation sometimes occur in the south . the species occurs locally throughout england , probably wales , and in scotland up to ross . in ireland , it is widely distributed and locally common in the north , but apparently not noted in the south .\nthe white veins and white lines passing through the blackish blotches at the base and on the front margin of the fore wings , give these wings a curious netted appearance ; the hind wings are smoky grey , with two white lines which appear to be continuations of the white second line and sub - marginal of the fore wings . ( plate 61 , fig . 1 . )\nthe caterpillar is green , inclining to yellowish , and more or less tinged with pinkish , especially on the sides ; three lines on the back , the central one reddish , the others whitish ; a central line along the pinkish spiracles . it feeds at night on yellow balsam (\nseeds , and young foliage , and rests by day on the undersides of the leaves : september and october . ( plate\nthe moth is out in july and august , and , of course , will only be found in localities where the balsam flourishes ; these are very limited , and in britain are confined to westmorland and the northern border of lancashire , and north wales . the species was first introduced as british in 1861 , when the late henry doubleday recorded the capture of three specimens in august , 1856 , on the border of one of the lakes in westmorland , by his friend the late thomas h . allis . it seems that other specimens had been taken at the same time , but these passed into collections as the\nsecond brood of silacearia .\nthe caterpillar is said to have been found in north wales , but has been more frequently obtained in the english lake district .\nthe range abroad extends to eastern siberia , amurland , corea , and japan ; but in the three last - named countries it is chiefly represented by var . \u00e6rosa , butt . , a large form .\nthe english name here retained was given to this species ( plate 63 , figs . 1 \u2642 , 2 \u2640 ) by harris , in 1775 , but in 1782 he changed it to\nclouded carpet .\nin ground colour the fore wings are pale brown , more or less clouded with darker brown , or with reddish - brown ; the basal patch , central band , and blotch on outer margin below the tip of the wing , are all chocolate brown clouded with blackish and edged with white . hind wings , whitish , suffused with smoky grey , except on front area ; three dusky whitish - edged wavy lines , inclining to blackish on the inner margin . the egg ( plate 67 , fig . 3 ) is yellowish when laid , and then changes to purplish with a whitish bloom .\nmiddle of the back is a series of purplish - edged , brown - centred , whitish , triangular markings ; the third ring is swollen , and has a black collar . it feeds at night on the foliage of red and black currant , also on gooseberry , and may be found in april and may , earlier or later according to season , sitting by day upon the bushes .\nthe moth flies in july and august , and occurs in gardens , but is said to be partial to sloe bushes and hedges . it is always more or less local , although it is distributed over the greater part of the british isles .\nthe fore wings of this rather variable species ( plate 63 , figs . 5 - 7 ) are yellowish or reddish grey , with a darker basal patch and central band ; a reddish blotch below the tip of the wing is edged with white , and the central band is also outwardly edged with white . hind wings , whitish , with two lines , and dusky hind marginal border , the latter sometimes inclining to reddish . occasionally , the fore wings are entirely pale ochreous , and the basal patch and the central band only very slightly darker , but the limiting lines are reddish , and the patch under the tip of the wing is bright orange red . var . insulicola , staud . , from the isles of scotland , has the fore wings rather narrower , and suffused with purplish brown or deep violet grey ; the hind wings are smoky grey . the female is usually smaller than the male , and often more yellow in colour .\neggs , whitish brown , mottled with darker . the early stages are shown on plate 67 , figs . 2 - 2 b .\nwith reddish ; another white line along the region of the spiracles . it feeds , in may or june ( earlier or later in some seasons ) , on sallow and birch . the moth is out in july and august , and frequents heaths and bogs more especially , but is also found in or around woods , and i have captured male specimens as they flew along hedgerows bordering fields , at dusk , in middlesex . the female is rarely seen on the wing .\nthe species , which ranges through central and northern europe to the ural and altai , is generally distributed throughout the british isles ; it is found also in the atlantic states of america .\nthe fore wings are yellow , with a reddish or purplish - brown basal patch , central band , and small patch on outer margin below tip of the wing , the central band more or less clouded or mottled with yellow . hind wings , whitish , tinged with yellow . the female is usually smaller , the colour generally paler , and the markings frequently only represented by cross lines . specimens from the isle of arran have the ground colour of fore wings more or less dappled with brown of the same tint as that of the central band and other markings ; the hind wings are tinged with a smoky hue . in other parts of scotland the brown colour becomes more and more general , until the fore wings are uniformly brown , and the hind wings dusky . on the mountains in the north nearly black specimens occur , and these seem to be referable to ab . musauaria , freyer . ( plate 63 , figs . 8 - 10 . )"]}
{"id": 96, "summary": [{"text": "halichondria bowerbanki is a species of sponge that lives on rocky surfaces in the shallow subtidal , with occasional intertidal specimens under overhanging rocks .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the physical appearance and structure of the species is variable and it has tassel-like irregular branches .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "colonies can be up to 25 centimeters high with branches reaching 12 centimeters high .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the color of the species is beige to brown in the summer , and light grey/yellow in the winter . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "halichondria bowerbanki", "paragraphs": ["variety halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagard\u00e8re , 1995 accepted as halichondria ( halichondria ) bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( junior synonym )\neasily confused with halichondria panicea , but halichondria bowerbanki is distinguished by the absence of the chimney - like oscules that occur in halichondria panicea .\nthe green filamentous algae microspora ficulinae lives in association with the tissues of halichondria bowerbanki .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nklumpenschwamm\nto\nhalichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 to their own page .\nbiotic ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 22 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 59 publications ) ( from synonym spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 9 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 15 nucleotides ; 9 proteins ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to pesi ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) to pesi ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagard\u00e8re , 1995 ) to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 30 records ) ( from synonym halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 )\nin the united kingdom , halichondria bowerbanki ( studied as halichondria coalita ) was recorded up to depths of 90 m ( bowerbank , 1874 , cited in vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .\nsimilar species : the variable nature of halichondria bowerbanki can make it very difficult to identify positively . the most likely confusion is with halichondria panicea . the growth of tassels in h . bowerbanki seems to be a good character , but these are not present all year round . h . bowerbanki lacks the green colour that is present in h . panicea in well lit conditions and also the characteristic smell .\nhabitat : on rock or other animals , even ascidian tests . it reaches its maximal development in harbours and estuaries , being very tolerant of muddy and brackish conditions where it tends to replace halichondria panicea . ( but there are reports of both halichondria species occurring together in silty conditions , e . g . from sussex . ) halichondria bowerbanki can be partly embedded in mud . halichondria bowerbanki occurs typically from the upper infralittoral downwards , and is never ( ? ) found on the shore . halichondria panicea occurs from the shore to the lower infralittoral , rarely deeper .\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]\noccurs in muddy environments where the similar sponge halichondria panicea cannot survive . reaches its best development in harbours . in the oosterschelde , halichondria bowerbanki was found growing on tunicates ( especially styela clava ) , molluscs and , in a brackish lagoon , on small reefs of electra crustulenta ( vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .\nidentity : the variable nature of halichondria bowerbanki can make it very difficult to identify positively . the most likely confusion is with halichondria panicea . the table with halichondria panicea will help to separate the two species . some growth forms are peculiar to one or other of the species and these are indicated . the growth of tassels in halichondria bowerbanki seems to be a good character , but these are not present all year round . frequently however , it is impossible to be certain to which of the two species a specimen belongs . however larval differences prove that two species are involved here . the cushion forms , with modest oscular chimneys , can be mistaken for myxilla incrustans ( q . v . ) . the confusion arises when a specimen of halichondria bowerbanki has an ' open ' sub - surface appearance , which is reminiscent of the labyrinthine channels of m . incrustans .\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) vethaak , a . d . ; cronie , r . j . a . ; van soest , r . w . m . 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related spongespecies , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]\nhalichondria bowerbanki survives over the winter months as a dormant form with no growth and a disintegration of tissue . in the oosterschelde , this species experienced a drastic reduction in biomass during the severe winter of 1978 / 9 , especially in the intertidal ( vethaak et al . , 1982 ) .\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) burton , m . ( 1930 ) . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 16 ( 2 ) : 489 - 507 . page ( s ) : 489 - 491 [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . affinities of the marine demospongiae fauna of the cape verde islands and tropical west africa . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg . 159 : 205 - 219 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nconsistency : soft and moderately elastic . branches do not break even if bent through 180 deg . ( cf . halichondria panicea ) .\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) sol\u00f3rzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . por\u00edferos del litoral gallego : estudio faun\u00edstico , distribuci\u00f3n e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 960 - 963 ; l\u00e1m . 124 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) burton , m . ( 1954 ) . sponges . pp . 215 - 239 , pl . 9 . in : the ' rosaura ' expedition . part 5 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology . 2 ( 6 ) . page ( s ) : 233 [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) labate , m . ; arena , p . ( 1964 ) . la fauna dei poriferi nei laghi di ganzirri e faro ( messina ) . archivo zoologico italiano . 49 : 249 - 280 . page ( s ) : 265 - 267 ; fig 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( \u2018sponges v\u2019 ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 127 - 129 [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) alander , h . ( 1942 ) . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . ph . d . thesis . ( university of lund , h . struves : g\u00f8teborg ) . pp . 1 - 95 , 15 pls . page ( s ) : 28 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) castric - fey , a . ( 1996 ) . richesse et biodiversit\u00e9 en mer m\u00e9gatidale : communaut\u00e9s sublittorales rocheuses de la r\u00e9gion de tr\u00e9beurden - ploumanac ' h ( nord bretagne france ) . cahiers de biologie marine . 37 , 7 - 31 . page ( s ) : 22 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; l\u00e9vi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbowerbank ' s halichondria is easy to confuse with the breadcrumb sponge . older specimen have long thin , stringy branches which emerge from a thin crust . young specimen lack these stringy branches . since the delta works were built , bowerbank ' s halichondria is found more often than the breadcrumb sponge . it used to be the other way around . but this sponge is more resistant to mud . bowerbank ' s halichondria is also known as crumb - of - bread sponge or the common sponge .\nvethaak , a . d . , r . j . a . cronie and r . w . m . van soest , 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related sponge species , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde , 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 .\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nburton , m . , 1947a . the identity of halichondria albescens johnston and hymeniacidon albescens bowerbank . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 11 ) 14 : 252 - 256 .\nvethaak , a . d . ; cronie , r . j . a . ; van soest , r . w . m . 1982 . ecology and distribution of two sympatric , closely related spongespecies , halichondria panicea ( pallas , 1766 ) and h . bowerbanki burton , 1930 ( porifera , demospongiae ) , with remarks on their speciation . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 52 ( 2 ) : 82 - 102 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngraat - kleeton , g . , 1965 . les halichondria de roscoff . proc . kon . ned . acad . wetensch . , ( c ) 68 ( 3 ) : 166 - 174 .\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) ereskovsky , a . ; kovtun , o . a . ; pronin , k . k . ; apostolov , a . ; erpenbeck , d . ; ivanenko , v . ( 2018 ) . sponge community of the western black sea shallow water caves : diversity and spatial distribution . peerj . 6 : e4596 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) carballo , j . l . ; garcia - g\u00f3mez , j . c . ( 1994 ) . esponjas del estrecho de gibraltar y \u00e1reas pr\u00f3ximas , con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna iberica [ porifera from the straits of gibraltar and nearby areas , new species of the iberian fauna ] . cahiers de biologie marine . 35 ( 2 ) : 193 - 211 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 197 [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagard\u00e8re , 1995 ) breton , g . ; girard , a . ; lagard\u00e8re , j . - p . ( 1995 ) . esp\u00e8ces animales benthiques des bassins du port du havre ( normandie , france ) rares , peu connues ou nouvelles pour la r\u00e9gion . bull . trim . soc . g\u00e9ol . normandie et amis mus . havr , 82 ( 3 ) : 7 - 29 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) r\u00fctzler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285\u2013313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki var . stellifera breton , girard & lagard\u00e8re , 1995 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) cardone , f . ; corriero , g . ; fianchini , a . ; gravina , m . f . ; nonnis marzano , c . ( 2014 ) . biodiversity of transitional waters : species composition and comparative analysis of hard bottom communities from the south - eastern italian coast . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 94 ( 01 ) : 25 - 34 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) girard - descatoire , a . ; castric - fey , a . ; l ' hardy - halos , m . t . ( 1995 ) . inventaire de la faune et de la flore sur les fonds rocheux autour de l ' \u00eele d ' ouessant . rapport adms , direction r\u00e9gionale de l ' environnement bretagne , conseil r\u00e9gional de bretagne , conseil g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du finist\u00e8re , fonds europ\u00e9ens , rennes . , 148pp . convention znieff 94 . page ( s ) : annexe 1 , 8 [ details ]\ntopsent , e . , 1911 . sur les affinit\u00e9s des halichondria et la classification des halichondrines d ' apr\u00e8s leurs formes larvaires . arch . zool . exp\u00e9r . g\u00e9n . , ( 5 ) 7 ( notes et revue ) : i - xv .\n( of halichondria bowerbanki burton , 1930 ) wapstra , m . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1987 ) . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands . in : vacelet j . , boury - esnault n . ( eds ) taxonomy of porifera from the n . e . atlantic and the mediterranean sea . nato advanced science institutes series g , ecological sciences , springer , heidelberg . 13 : 281 - 307 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 285 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) grant , r . e . 1826c . observations on the structure and functions of thesponge . edinburgh new philosophical journal 2 : 121 - 141 , pl . ii . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat : on rock or other animals , even ascidian tests . it reaches its maximal development in harbours and estuaries , being very tolerant of muddy and brackish conditions where it tends to replace halichondria panicea ( but there are reports of both species occuring together in silty conditions ) .\nh . bowerbanki may be confused with another common species , h . panicea . it does not have the same distinct smell and is not easily broken into pieces . it is also more polymorph , taking a variety of forms from smooth cushions to very branched , bush - like shapes . the color is usually light brown or yellow , sometimes with shades of green .\n( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1934 ) . eponges observ\u00e9es dans les parages de monaco . ( premi\u00e8re partie ) . bulletin de l\u2019institut oc\u00e9anographique , monaco . 650 : 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 22 - 23 [ details ]\n( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1925 ) . \u00e9ponges de l ' \u00e9tang de thau . bulletin de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique de monaco . 452 , 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 11 - 12 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 238 - 240 [ details ]\nspicules : simple . megascleres are slightly curved slender oxea only : 400 - ( 500 ) - 600 x 12\u00e1m , and 200 - ( 253 ) - 320 x 2 . 5\u00e1m . the spicules are rather more slender and show a wider size range than in haliclona spp . , with which certain forms of halichondria may be confused . no microscleres .\n( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 102 , pl . xli 18 - 20 [ details ]\napertures : oscules are\nusually small\n, ( but see photo 59 ) and either at the tops of chimneys , whose shape is uneven , or along the sides of branches . larger oscular chimneys ( up to 1 cm tall ) tend to have an ill defined translucent band running up one side . the apical termination of this band ( canal ? ) contributes to the unevenness of the oscular rims ( cf . halichondria panicea ) .\nform : polymorphic , varying from a cushion to almost a branching - repent form . a cushion can give rise to oscular chimneys with oscules at the top or , more typically , to a profusion of simple , solid , tassel - like branches with the oscules mainly along their length ( cf . halichondria panicea ) . in some sheltered localities the branches grow over other organisms and loop like bramble stolons , attaching to any suitable object they encounter .\n( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of halichondria coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) harms , j . ( 1993 ) . check list of species ( algae , invertebrates and vertebrates ) found in the vicinity of the island of helgoland ( north sea , german bight ) : a review of recent records . helgol\u00e4nder meeresunters . 47 : 1 - 34 . [ p . 25 , tab . 3 : gastrosaccus spinifer , mysis relicta , praunus inermis , schistomysis kervillei , schistomysis spiritus . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndescription : this sponge can be very polymorphic , varying from a cushion to almost a branching - repent form . a cushion can give rise to oscular chimneys with oscules at the top or , more typically , to a profusion of simple , solid , tassel - like branches with the oscules mainly along their length ( cf . halichondria panicea ) . in some sheltered localities the branches grow over other organisms and loop like bramble stolons , attaching to any suitable object they encounter . the colour is usually buff or cream , never green .\nskeleton : halichondroid . the main skeleton is a confused reticulation of oxea of variable size with a slight tendency to form fibres 4 - 10 spicules thick . the ectosomal skeleton is typically a regular reticulation of similar spicules arranged tangentially , these either lying singly and parallel to one another , or formed into fibres : this regular arrangement can become confused and lost . the surface spicules help to reinforce a well - defined ectosomal membrane . sub - surface spaces are not as well developed as in halichondria panicea . very small quantities of spongin are present .\nis a shallow subtidal , occasionally intertidal yellowish beige sponge with characteristically stringy appearance . long , string - like projections issue from a thinly encrusting base . no apparent oscules . texture like crumb - of - bread , soft . confused\nsuffice to tell them apart . less common , but largely overlapping in ecological and geographical range .\nbeige or dull brownish grey in summer , light grey yellow or whitish in winter . specimens about to spawn their larvae are often characteristically yellow - orange due to colour of larvae . greenish shades are rarely encountered .\n) . size up to 25 cm across and branches may reach12 cm . surface smooth or uneven , often with a translucence . parchment - like skin . consistency soft , compressible . texture crumb - of - bread like . oscules inconspicuous , at the base of branches , opening irregular , mostly small ( 1 - 2 mm ) , but occasionally larger ( up to 5 mm ) , then with irregular rim (\n) oxeas , relatively long and thin , tapering very gradually towards the apices : 133 - 570 by 2 - 16 \u00b5m . average sizes are 375 by 6 or 385 by 11 \u00b5m . no statistically significant difference between ectosomal and choanosomal oxeas has been found .\n) , with paucispicular bundles intercrossing , and lying at some distance from each other , giving a more open reticulated aspect .\n: confused , with ill - defined paucispicular dendritic bundles ending at the surface at various angles . no visible spongin .\nthis is a viviparous species . the parenchymella larvae are yellow - ochre coloured , darker than those of\nsheltered environments , under overhanging rocks in sediment rich environments . although it overlaps broadly with\ncannot survive . it is less resistant towards desiccation and thus is found only in the lowest part of the intertidal . it grows often intertwined with hydroids and algae .\n, on both sides of the atlantic , penetrating far to the south along the coasts of the eastern united states , e . g . it is reported from north carolina . on the european coasts it is reliably reported southwards until bretagne . morphologically similar specimens are found along the west coast of africa and in the mediterranean , but need revision . records from other oceans are likewise unreliable .\nnamed after james scott bowerbank ( 1797 - 1877 ) , pioneering author of the w european sponges .\nthe type is in the natural history museum , london : bmnh 1938 . 6 . 30 . 32a ? ( bowerbank ' s specimen of\ncan make it very difficult to identify individual specimens . typical growth forms , however , are easy to recognize :\nis compact with clearly recognizable regular oscular chimneys . below a table of differences between the two species is given . other species in the area with long and thin oxeas , which may be occasionally confused with the present species are\nackers , r . g . , d . moss , b . e . picton and s . m . k . stone , 1985 . sponges of the british isles (\nsponge iv\n) . ii . marine conservation soc . , ross on wye , u . k . : 108 - 197 .\nackers , r . g . a . , d . moss and b . e . picton , 1992 . sponges of the british isles (\nsponge v\n) , a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society , 175 pp .\nackers , r . g . , 1983 . some local and national distributions of sponges . porcupine newsletter , 2 ( 7 ) : 162 - 165 .\nalander , h . , 1942 . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . thesis lund univ . , 95 pp . , 16 pls .\narndt , w . , 1935 . porifera . tierwelt nord . - ostsee , iiia : 1 - 140 , figs . 1 - 239 .\nbeauchamp , p . de , 1914 . les gr\u00e8ves de roscoff . lechevalier , paris .\nbellamy , j . c . , 1839 . the natural history of south devon . plymouth , 80 pp .\nbenito , j . , 1976 . aportaci\u00f3n al conocimiento de la fauna bent\u00f3nica de la r\u00eda de vigo ( nw de espa\u00f1a ) . ii . esponjas . inv . pseq . , 40 ( 2 ) : 491 - 503 .\nborojevic , r . , l . cabioch and c . l\u00e9vi , 1968 . spongiaires . inventaire faune marine de roscoff . 44 pp .\nbowerbank , j . s . , 1866 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , ii . ray society , london : i - xx , 1 - 388 .\nbowerbank , j . s . , 1874 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , iii . ray society , london : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls . i - xcii .\nbowerbank , j . s . , 1882 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , iv . ray society , london . xvii , 250 pp . , 17 pls .\nbreton , g . , a . girard and j . p . lagard\u00e8re , 1996 . esp\u00e8ces animales benthiques des bassins du port du havre ( normandie , france ) rares , peu connues ou nouvelles pour la r\u00e9gion . bull . trim . soc . g\u00e9ol . normandie et amis mus\u00e9um du havre , 82 ( 3 ) : 7 - 28\nbruce , j . r . , j . s . colman and n . s . jones , 1963 . marine fauna of the isle of man and its surrounding seas . l . m . b . c . memoirs , 36 . 307 pp . ( sponges : 42 - 47 ) .\nburton , m . , 1930a . norwegian sponges from the norman collection . proc . zool . soc . london , 2 : 487 - 546 .\nburton , m . , 1930b . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . plymouth , 16 : 489 - 507 .\nburton , m . , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . 3rd ed . porifera . mar . biol . ass . u . k . : 26 - 36 .\ndescatoire , a . , 1969a . peuplements sessiles de l ' archipel de gl\u00e9nan . i . inventaire : spongiaires . vie milieu , ( b ) 20 ( 1 , b ) : 177 - 210 .\nd\u00edaz , m . c . , s . a . pomponi and r . w . m . van soest , 1993 . a systematic revision of the central west atlantic halichondrida ( demospongiae , porifera ) . part iii : description of valid species . in : m . j . uriz and k . r\u00fctzler ( eds ) , recent advances in ecology and systematics of sponges . sci . mar . 57 ( 4 ) : 283 - 306 .\nfleming , j . , 1828 . a history of british animals . edinburgh , london , 565 pp .\ngrant , r . e . , 1825 . observations on the structure and functions of the sponge . edinborough new philosphical journal , 1825 : xiii .\ngrant , r . e . , 1826a . notice of two new species of british sponges . edinburgh new philos . j . , 2 : 203 - 204 .\nhartman , w . d . , 1958a . natural history of the marine sponges of southern new england . bull . peabody mus . nat . hist . , 12 : 1 - 155 .\njohnston , g . , 1842 . a history of british sponges and lithophytes . lizars , edinburgh : 1 - 264 , 25 pls .\nk\u00f6nnecker , g . , 1973 . littoral and benthic investigations on the west coast of ireland - i . ( section a : faunistic and ecological studies ) . the sponge fauna of kilkieran bay and adjacent waters . proc . roy . irish acad . , 73 ( b ) : 451 - 472 .\nlamarck , j . b . p . a . de monet , 1813 - 15 . sur les polypiers emp\u00e2t\u00e9s . ann . mus . hist . nat . paris , 20 : 294 - 312 ( published 1813 ) , 370 - 386 , 432 - 458 ( published 1814 ) .\nlamouroux , j . v . f . , 1816 . histoire des polypiers corallig\u00e8nes flexibles . poisson , caen .\nl\u00e9vi , c . , 1950b . inventaire de la faune de roscoff . spongiaires . trav . stat . biol . roscoff , n . s . 1 ( suppl . 2 ) : 1 - 28 .\nlilly , s . j . , f . sloane , r . basindale , f . j . ebling and j . a . kitching , 1953 . the ecology of the lough ine rapids with special reference to water currents . iv . the sedentary fauna of sublittoral boulders . j . anim . ecol . , 22 : 87 - 122 .\nlombas , i . , 1982 . distribuci\u00f3n de esponjas esciafilas en la zona intermareal de aramar ( luanco , asturias ) . bol . cienc . nat . i . d . e . a . , 29 : 37 - 50 .\nmaitland , r . t . 1897 . prodrome de la fauna des pays bas et de la belgique flamande . brill , leiden . 62 pp .\nm\u00fcller , o . f . , 1776 . zoologiae danicae prodromus . havniae , 40 pp .\nparfitt , e . , 1868 . on the marine and freshwater sponges of devonshire . trans . devonshire ass . advancement sci . lit . art , 1868 : 9 - 12 ( 452 - 454 ) .\nparfitt , e . , 1869 . on the marine and freshwater sponges of devonshire . trans . devonshire assoc . , 1869 .\nprenant , m . , 1927 . notes \u00e9thologiques sur la faune marine sessile des environs de roscoff . ii . spongiaires , tuniciers , anthozoaires . associations de la faune fix\u00e9e . trav . stat . biol . roscoff , 6 : 1 - 58 .\nrodriguez babio , c . and l . gondar , 1978 . fauna marina de galicia . ii . contribuci\u00f3n al conocimiento de por\u00edferos del litoral gallego . monogr . univ . santiago compostela : 1 - 68 .\nschmidt , o . , 1870 . grundz\u00fcge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes . engelmann , leipzig : iv + 88 pp . , vi pls .\nsoest , r . w . m . van , and s . weinberg , 1980 . a note on the sponges and octocorals from sherkin island and lough ine , co . cork . irish nat . j . , 20 : 1 - 15 .\nsoest , r . w . m . van , j . d . guiterman and m . sayer , 1981 . sponges from roaringwater bay and lough ine . j . sherkin isl . , 1 ( 2 ) : 35 - 49 .\nsoest , r . w . m . van , 1977 . marine and freshwater sponges ( porifera ) of the netherlands . zool . meded . leiden , 50 ( 16 ) : 261 - 273 .\nsoest , r . w . m . van , 1983 . sponzenonderzoek in nederland . het zeepaard , 43 ( 2 ) : 28 - 33 .\nsol\u00f3rzano , m . r . , 1991 . inventario dos por\u00edferos do litoral galego . cadernos de area de ciencias biol\u00f3xicas . inventarios , 7 : 1 - 53 .\ntopsent , e . , 1888a . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des clionides . arch . zool . exp\u00e9r . g\u00e9n . , ( 2 ) 5 : 1 - 166 , pls . i - vii .\ntopsent , e . , 1891a . essai sur la faune de spongiaires de roscoff . arch . zool . exp\u00e9r . g\u00e9n . , ( 2 ) 9 : 523 - 554 .\ntopsent , e . , 1913 . spongiaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques de la\nprincesse alice\ndans les mers du nord . r\u00e9s . camp . sci . prince albert monaco , 45 : 1 - 67 .\nvethaak , a . d . , 1983 . het oecologische onderzoek van broodsponzen . het zeepaard , 43 ( 2 ) : 62 - 70 .\nwapstra , m . and r . w . m . van soest , 1987 . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands : 281 - 307 . in : j . vacelet and n . boury - esnault , eds . taxonomy of porifera . springer verlag , berlin , heidelberg . nato - asi series , g13 : 1 - 332 .\nburton , m . ( 1930 ) . additions to the sponge fauna at plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 16 ( 2 ) : 489 - 507 . page ( s ) : 489 - 491 [ details ]\nvan soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; r\u00fctzler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; sch\u00f6nberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; d\u00edaz , m . - c . ; c\u00e1rdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; r\u00edos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( \u2018sponges v\u2019 ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 127 - 129 [ details ]\nalander , h . ( 1942 ) . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . ph . d . thesis . ( university of lund , h . struves : g\u00f8teborg ) . pp . 1 - 95 , 15 pls . page ( s ) : 28 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nborojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; l\u00e9vi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nlinkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nburton , m . ( 1954 ) . sponges . pp . 215 - 239 , pl . 9 . in : the ' rosaura ' expedition . part 5 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology . 2 ( 6 ) . page ( s ) : 233 [ details ]\nvan soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . affinities of the marine demospongiae fauna of the cape verde islands and tropical west africa . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg . 159 : 205 - 219 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwapstra , m . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1987 ) . sexual reproduction , larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the netherlands . in : vacelet j . , boury - esnault n . ( eds ) taxonomy of porifera from the n . e . atlantic and the mediterranean sea . nato advanced science institutes series g , ecological sciences , springer , heidelberg . 13 : 281 - 307 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 285 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncarballo , j . l . ; garcia - g\u00f3mez , j . c . ( 1994 ) . esponjas del estrecho de gibraltar y \u00e1reas pr\u00f3ximas , con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna iberica [ porifera from the straits of gibraltar and nearby areas , new species of the iberian fauna ] . cahiers de biologie marine . 35 ( 2 ) : 193 - 211 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 197 [ details ]\nlabate , m . ; arena , p . ( 1964 ) . la fauna dei poriferi nei laghi di ganzirri e faro ( messina ) . archivo zoologico italiano . 49 : 249 - 280 . page ( s ) : 265 - 267 ; fig 5 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nr\u00fctzler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285\u2013313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]\ncardone , f . ; corriero , g . ; fianchini , a . ; gravina , m . f . ; nonnis marzano , c . ( 2014 ) . biodiversity of transitional waters : species composition and comparative analysis of hard bottom communities from the south - eastern italian coast . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 94 ( 01 ) : 25 - 34 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nsol\u00f3rzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . por\u00edferos del litoral gallego : estudio faun\u00edstico , distribuci\u00f3n e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 960 - 963 ; l\u00e1m . 124 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngirard - descatoire , a . ; castric - fey , a . ; l ' hardy - halos , m . t . ( 1995 ) . inventaire de la faune et de la flore sur les fonds rocheux autour de l ' \u00eele d ' ouessant . rapport adms , direction r\u00e9gionale de l ' environnement bretagne , conseil r\u00e9gional de bretagne , conseil g\u00e9n\u00e9ral du finist\u00e8re , fonds europ\u00e9ens , rennes . , 148pp . convention znieff 94 . page ( s ) : annexe 1 , 8 [ details ]\ncastric - fey , a . ( 1996 ) . richesse et biodiversit\u00e9 en mer m\u00e9gatidale : communaut\u00e9s sublittorales rocheuses de la r\u00e9gion de tr\u00e9beurden - ploumanac ' h ( nord bretagne france ) . cahiers de biologie marine . 37 , 7 - 31 . page ( s ) : 22 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nereskovsky , a . ; kovtun , o . a . ; pronin , k . k . ; apostolov , a . ; erpenbeck , d . ; ivanenko , v . ( 2018 ) . sponge community of the western black sea shallow water caves : diversity and spatial distribution . peerj . 6 : e4596 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 9 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) lamarck , j . b . p . de monet , comte de . ( 1814 [ 1813 ] ) . sur les polypiers emp\u00e2t\u00e9s . annales du museum national d ' histoire naturelle . 294 - 312 ; 370 - 386 ; 432 - 458 . page ( s ) : 457 [ details ]\nmarra , m . v . ; bertolino , m . ; pansini , m . ; giacobbe , s . ; manconi , r . ; pronzato , r . ( 2016 ) . long - term turnover of the sponge fauna in faro lake ( north - east sicily , mediterranean sea ) . italian journal of zoology . 1 - 10 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 4 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spongia coalita sensu lamarck , 1814 ) montagu , g . ( 1814 ) . an essay on sponges , with descriptions of all the species that have been discovered on the coast of great britain . memoirs of the wernerian natural history society . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 - 122 , pls iii - xvi . page ( s ) : 80 [ details ]\n( of amorphina coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) schmidt , o . ( 1870 ) . grundz\u00fcge einer spongien - fauna des atlantischen gebietes . ( wilhelm engelmann : leipzig ) : iii - iv , 1 - 88 , pls i - vi . [ details ]\n( of amorphina coalita ( sensu lamarck , 1814 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1887 [ 1888 ] ) . contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des clionides . archives de zoologie exp\u00e9rimentale et g\u00e9n\u00e9rale . 2 ( 5 bis ) : 1 - 165 , pls i - vii . [ details ]\nsurface : smooth or uneven , often with a translucence which enables the outline of some deeper structures to be seen . in a collected specimen the translucence and consistency are reminiscent of parchment . surface spicules are sometimes more or less parallel and united into widely spaced fibres , or the spicules are arranged in no obvious order .\ndistribution :\narctic ; norway ; belgium ; british isles ; france ; mediterranean .\na common species in the british isles .\ndistribution map from nbn : grid map ( fast ) : interactive map ( slower , requires login to view records ) : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\npicton , b . e . , morrow , c . c . & van soest , r . w . b . , 2011 . [ in ] sponges of britain and ireland urltoken\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit seems to thrive on current - and wave - exposed location in relatively shallow waters ( less than 100 meters ) .\nthis sponge is common in the north - east atlantic and can be found as far north as troms , norway .\nmicroscopic examination of the spicules reveals that they are relatively long and thin , and taper to the apices .\nnamed after james s . bowerbank ( 1797 - 1877 ) , a pioneering authority on sponges .\nhowson & picton , 1997 , soest van et al . , 2000 , moss & ackers , 1982 ,\nunder optimal conditions ( and with a low sample number ) , vethaak et al . ( 1982 ) recorded a mean length increase of 1 . 1 mm / day in summer and no growth in winter .\nvethaak et al . ( 1982 ) identified five distinct growth forms ( plus intermediate forms ) including incrusting , bushlike and massive forms . they reported a maximum colony size of 25 cm width to 12 cm high although most colonies are rarely this big .\nin some sheltered locations the branches grow over other species and loop like bramble stolons attaching to any suitable object they encounter .\nfound to house a large community of associated amphipod species which show seasonal variation ( biernbaum , 1981 ) .\nsoest van et al . , 2000 , moss & ackers , 1982 , farnham et al . , 1985 , biernbaum , 1981 , barthel & wolfrath , 1989 , barthel , 1988 ,\ncommonly found in southern england , pembrokeshire and north west wales , also frequently found in western scotland . isolated records from the north sea .\npresent on both sides of the north atlantic . in europe it has been reported south to brittany , and is found in the south west netherlands and in harbours of the wadden sea . it is a non - native species in north america .\nsoest van et al . , 2000 , hayward et al . , 1996 , moss & ackers , 1982 , biernbaum , 1981 , soest van , 1977 , jncc , 1999 , nbn , 2002 , vethaak et al . , 1982 , bowerbank , 1874 ,\nfrom the same area contained oocytes from april through to november although embryos were only observed from june to november . newly settled colonies were seen within just over a year , i . e . the following september and october ( vethaak\ncould be protandrous or protogynous hermaphrodites . no information was found concerning the life span of\nsoest van et al . , 2000 , wapstra & van soest , 1987 ,\nbiotic ( biological traits information catalogue ) by marlin ( marine life information network ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . based on a work at urltoken ."]}
{"id": 97, "summary": [{"text": "schwetzochromis neodon is a species of rheophilic cichlid endemic to the democratic republic of the congo where it is only known from the fwa river in the congo basin .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 10.7 centimetres ( 4.2 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is currently the only known member of its genus , but several others that formerly were included have been moved to orthochromis . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "schwetzochromis neodon", "paragraphs": ["a male of schwetzochromis neodon in the aquarium of anton lamboj [ austria ] . photo by anton lamboj . ( 12 - jan - 2010 ) . determiner anton lamboj\nconservation : schwetzochromis neodon is evaluated by the international union for the conservation of nature in the iucn red list of threatened species as ( lc ) least concern ( 2010 ) .\nschwetzochromis neodon is only known from the fwa river , tributary to the lubu river , tributary to the sankuru river , in the south east congo river drainage , kasai oriental province , democratic republic of the congo .\nschwetzochromis neodon is a benthopelagic species . it appears to be strictly herbivorous and seems to feed on filamentous algae , diatoms and a great variety of small pieces of higher and lower plants ( roberts and kullander 1994 ) .\ndoes anyone have any schwetzochromis neodon or know where i could get any ? has anyone ever kept them before ? there isn ' t much info out there about them , just some great pictures . i gotta have em , and i think i speak for gas as well . thanks !\nthe lake is not a true lake but a widening of the river . the area is not easily accessible . water plants in the biotope included potamogeton , nympheas , nuphar , othelia , giant vallisneria . sympatric sp . aphyosemion cognatum ( ? ) , thoracochromis brauschi ( which fed on the vallisneria ) , cyclopharynx fwae , c schwetzi , schwetzochromis neodon , thoracochromis callichromus , hemichromis sp .\nkullander , s . o . and t . r . roberts , 1991 . schwetzochromis . p . 439 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5691 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nafrica : endemic to the fwa river ( lubu river tributary , sankuru drainage , middle congo river basin ) in democratic republic of the congo ( ref . 13455 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5691 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\npoll , max . 1948 .\ndescriptions de cichlidae nouveaux recueillis par le dr . j . schwetz dans la rivi\u00e8re fwa ( congo belge )\n. revue de zoologie et botanique africaines . v . 41 ; n . 1 ; pp . 91 - 104 ( crc01066 )\nhaplochromis rheophilus , with type locality at fwa river , zaire [ democratic republic of congo ] . determiner : roberts et al . , 1994\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nquoting from lamboj ' s book . . . - endemic to lakw fwa in the drc - max length 14 cm - herbivorous - highly aggressive on each other - big tanks for dominant males - ovophilic , agamous , mateernal mouth brooder - small clutches . . about 30 sounds a lot like a rift lake cichlid . . . there was no information about water chemistry .\nit ' s very hard to find ! i ' ve got some many years ago , unfortunatly 7 femalles and 1 male , as i gave 4 to a friend of mine . . . . he got the male and lost it ! there is a group in a public aquarium in st malo ( france ) . unfortunatly it seems very difficult to get yougs or fry ! they never answer to the mail i send . i don ' t think that the species has been exported for about 15 years . the pics are here : urltoken . . . eodon . html\nthe 4 photos below are distributed as e . sp . lake fwa . some authors consider them to be e . chevalieri nigricans while others consider them to represent an un - named sp . lake fwa are considered to be more slender than nigricans . i have put the photos in this page until i get more information .\nphotographs of male & female can be found on page 56 of the aqualog by dr . lothar seegers .\ncollected by heiko bleher in 1988 . wild fish presented a problem to maintain & wischmann put them into black water from old peat tanks which probably measured at least ph 5 . wischmann gave fish to seegers to photograph who put these photos in the aqualog . current generations do not require this old peaty water . maintained in germany from at least 1986 .\nbreeding notes seem to suggest they don ' t like mops but prefer java moss to lay there eggs in . eggs will water incubate in water of ph 7 , dh 10 . it seemed important not to add a fungal inhibitor . water incubation takes 14 days . fry will take newly hatched brine shrimp as a first food ."]}
{"id": 100, "summary": [{"text": "chetone angulosa is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1854 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in central america and northern south america , including venezuela , guatemala , belize , panama and costa rica . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chetone angulosa", "paragraphs": ["chetone angulosa ( walker , 1854 ) = pericopis angulosa walker , 1854 = chetone heliconides boisduval , 1870 = pericopis irenides butler , 1872 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\ndistribution : ( species ) c . america & northern s . america ; ( form\nmethod of identification : adult illustrated in colour by seitz ( 1925 ) pl . 62 , fig . b2 ( form\nnotes : this seems to be a very distinctive species , although the identification requires confirmation .\nthis information is based an ongoing project dedicated to the inventory and dissemination of information on lepidopteran larvae , their host plants , and their parasitoids in a costa rican tropical wet forest and an ecuadorian montane cloud forest .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license ."]}
{"id": 101, "summary": [{"text": "spondylus is a genus of bivalve molluscs , the only genus in the family spondylidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "as well as being the systematic or scientific name , spondylus is the most often used common name for these animals , though they are also known as spondylids , thorny oysters , and spiny oysters ( though they are not , in fact , oysters ) .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the meat of these bivalves is edible . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "spondylus", "paragraphs": ["variety spondylus gaederopus var . albinus monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . coralinus monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . foliosus monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . horrida dautzenberg , 1895 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . inermis monterosato , 1875 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . spinosa pallary , 1904 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nspecies spondylus albidus broderip , 1836 accepted as spondylus gussonii o . g . costa , 1830\nspecies spondylus minimus chenu , 1844 accepted as spondylus gussonii o . g . costa , 1830\nspecies spondylus calcifer carpenter , 1857 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847\nspecies spondylus ciliatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793\nspecies spondylus coccineus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793\nspecies spondylus cumingii g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus regius linnaeus , 1758\nspecies spondylus delessertii chenu , 1844 accepted as spondylus varius g . b . sowerby i , 1827\nspecies spondylus digitatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus tenuis schreibers , 1793\nspecies spondylus jamarci okutani , 1983 accepted as spondylus occidens g . b . sowerby iii , 1903\nspecies spondylus petroselinum g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus foliaceus schreibers , 1793\nspecies spondylus iredalei fulton , 1915 accepted as spondylus raoulensis w . r . b . oliver , 1915\nspondylus linnaeus , 1758 ( basis of record ) spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus aurantius lamarck , 1819 accepted as spondylus versicolor schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus candidus lamarck , 1819 ( basis of record ) spondylus castus reeve , 1856 accepted as spondylus echinatus schreibers , 1793 ( basis of record ) spondylus coccineus lamarck , 1819 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( additional source ) spondylus gloriandus melvill & standen , 1907 ( basis of record ) spondylus gravis fulton , 1915 ( basis of record ) spondylus groschi lamprell & kilburn , 1995 ( basis of record ) spondylus hystrix r\u00f6ding , 1798 accepted as spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus layardi reeve , 1856 ( basis of record ) spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( basis of record ) spondylus marisrubri r\u00f6ding , 1798 accepted as spondylus spinosus schreibers , 1793 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus nicobaricus schreibers , 1793 ( additional source ) spondylus pickeringae lamprell , 1998 accepted as spondylus darwini jousseaume , 1882 ( original description ) spondylus pratii parth , 1990 ( basis of record ) spondylus punicus bernard , cai & morton , 1993 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus smytheae lamprell , 1998 accepted as spondylus fauroti jousseaume , 1888 ( original description ) spondylus somalicus parth & philippe , 1992 accepted as spondylus gravis fulton , 1915 ( source of synonymy ) spondylus spinosus schreibers , 1793 ( additional source ) spondylus versicolor schreibers , 1793 ( basis of record )\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758\nspecies spondylus mireilleae lamprell & healy , 2001 accepted as spondylus occidens g . b . sowerby iii , 1903\nspecies spondylus darwini sensu lamprell & healy , 1998 accepted as spondylus asperrimus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847\nspecies spondylus lamarckii sensu carpenter , 1857 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( misidentification )\nspecies spondylus longitudinalis sensu g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus tenuis schreibers , 1793 ( misidentification )\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )\nvariety spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 accepted as spondylus gaederopus linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )\nspecies spondylus armatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 accepted as spondylus victoriae g . b . sowerby ii , 1860\none of the most - cited article on aegean spondylus , akira tsuneki\u2019s \u201cthe manufacture of spondylus objects at neolithic dimini , greece \u201c , a pioneering study on spondylus shell technology , published in 1989 , is now available in pdf format .\nthe life expectancy of spondylus americanus has not been recorded as of march , 2011 .\nno genetic data is currently available for spondylus americanus ( as of march 2011 ) .\nworms - world register of marine species - spondylus gussonii o . g . costa , 1830\n( of spondylus ( rimaespondylus ) damarco , 2015 ) damarco p . ( 2015 ) . a new species of spondylus from indonesia . malacologia mostra mondiale . 87 : 6 - 14 . [ details ]\nspecies spondylus coccineus lamarck , 1819 accepted as spondylus limbatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ( invalid : junior homonym of s . coccineus schreibers , 1793 ; s . punicus is a replacement name )\n( of spondylus parocellatus iredale , 1939 ) lamprell , k . 2006 . spiny oysters : a revision of the living spondylus species of the world . jean lamprell : brisbane . 119 pp . [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 194 publications ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 8 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\nspondylus is associated with water shrines in the wari and inca empires , at sites such as marcahuamachucot , viracochapampa , pachacamac , pikillacta , and cerro amaru . at marcahuamachucot was recovered an offering of about 10 kilograms ( 22 pounds ) of spondylus shells and shell fragments , and small turquoise figurines carved in the shape of spondylus .\n( of spondylus rostratus chenu , 1844 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]\n( of spondylus igneus fulton , 1915 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]\n( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]\ngenerally , members of the family spondylidae will look similar to each other because of the presence of spines ; spondylus princeps appears most alike , although its red coloration and shorter spines distinguish it from the more muted yellow shell of spondylus americanus ( weisbord , 1964 : 166 ) .\na chimu spondylus and mussel shell necklace with stone beads , 1100 - 1470 ce . ( american museum of natural history , new york )\nspondylus was known as the\nfood of the gods\n, according to a quechua myth recorded in the 17th century . some debate exists among scholars as to whether this meant that the gods consumed spondylus shells , or the flesh of the animal . american archaeologist mary glowacki ( 2005 ) makes an interesting argument that the effects of eating spondylus shell meat out of season may have made them an essential part of religious ceremonies .\nwhat made you want to look up spondylus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\na detail of the celebrated aztec double - headed serpent . it is made from wood covered in turquoise mosaic , spondylus ( red . . .\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 20 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 37 publications ) ( from synonym spondylus coccineus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 50 publications ) ( from synonym spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 52 publications ) ( from synonym spondylus hystrix r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 5 nucleotides ; 2 proteins ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym spondylus serratissimus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 )\nthe features of pectinids were adapted for swimming , but as a sessile species , spondylus americanus has experienced changes in the function of some organs : while the adductor muscle is similar , spondylus americanus \u2019 has more development in the area designed to close the shell ( dakin , 1928a : 342 ) .\nspondylus americanus is threatened by predators , but not to the extent that conservational efforts will be required ( logan , 1974 : 583 - 584 ; feifarek , 1987 ) . human factors such as pollution or overfishing are probably not major threats to spondylus americanus either ( mikkelsen , 2003 : 454 ) .\none less - known to the western - language academia article on the diminian spondylus by akira tsuneki entitled \u201c spondylus shell objects of neolithic greece used on the materials from dimin i\u201d and published in 1988 , is also available in pdf format . being written in japanese , it serves mostly as a \u201ccollector\u2019s item\u201d\u2026\nresearch focusing on spondylus varius reveals it to have hepatoprotective properties , preventing the human liver from damage ; whether the same holds for spondylus americanus remains to be seen ( koyama et al . , 2006 : 729 - 731 ) . because it is a filter feeder , spondylus americanus can also be of benefit to the oceanic ecosystems it is a part of , redistributing nutrients and clearing out particles suspended in water ( peterson and lubchenco , 1997 : 182 ) .\nlamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species .\nspondylus americanus is a sessile bivalve , occurring in shallow water in the atlantic ocean from brazil to north carolina , where it is usually found as part of a coral reef . like all spondylidae , spondylus americanus is noted for its striking , spiny appearance , giving rise to its common name , the atlantic thorny oyster .\nhalstead p . 1993 . spondylus shell ornaments from late neolithic dimini , greece : specialized manufacture or unequal accumulation ? antiquity 67 ( 256 ) : 603 - 609 .\ndimitrijevic v , and tripkovic b . 2006 . spondylus and glycymeris bracelets : trade reflections at neolithic vinca - belo brdo . documenta praehistoric a 33 : 237 - 252 .\n( of spondylus aurantius lamarck , 1819 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spondylus hystrix r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spondylus castus reeve , 1856 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spondylus smytheae lamprell , 1998 ) lamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbecause spondylus lives so far below sea level , retrieving them requires experienced divers . the earliest known illustration of spondylus diving in south america comes from drawings on pottery and murals during the early intermediate period [ ~ 200 bc - ad 600 ] : they likely represent s . calcifer and the images probably were of people diving off the coast of ecuador .\nbauer de . 2007 . the reinvention of tradition : an ethnographic study of spondylus use in coastal ecuador . journal of anthropological research 63 ( 1 ) : 33 - 50 .\nlamprell , k . l . ( 1987 ) . spiny oysters of the world - spondylus . e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden . [ details ]\nglowacki m . 2005 . food of the gods or mere mortals ? hallucinogenic spondylus and its interpretive implications for early andean society . antiquity 79 ( 304 ) : 257 - 268 .\nspondylus shell also was also part of the extensive north american pre - columbian trade network , finding its way into far - flung places in the form of beads , pendants , and unworked valves . ritually significant spondylus objects such as the so - called\ncharlie chaplin\nfigurines have been found in several maya sites dated between the pre - classic to late classic periods .\nby the middle to late neolithic , the number and size of spondylus shell pieces sharply drop off , found in archaeological sites of this time period as tiny pieces of inlay in necklaces , belts , bracelets , and anklets . in addition , limestone beads appear as imitations , suggesting to scholars that the sources of spondylus dried up but the symbolic importance of the shell had not .\npillsbury j . 1996 . the thorny oyster and the origins of empire : implications of recently uncovered spondylus imagery from chan chan , peru . latin american antiquity 7 ( 4 ) : 313 - 340 .\nspondylus americanus typically inhabits shallow water bodies that may be enclosed , such as lagoons , or unenclosed , at depths of 10m to 168m ( tunnell et al . , 2010 : 330 ; logan , 1974 : 576 ) . as part of the epifaunal community of its habitats , the adolescent spondylus americanus will traverse surfaces until it finds a suitable settling spot , where the adult will typically remain ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) .\nspondylus gaederopus lives in the eastern mediterranean , at depths between 6 - 30 m ( 20 - 100 ft ) . spondylus shells were prestige goods showing up in burials within the carpathian basin by the early neolithic period ( 6000 - 5500 cal bc ) . they were used as whole shells or cut into pieces for ornaments , and they are found in graves and hoards associated with both sexes . at the serbian site of vinca in the middle danube valley , spondylus were found with other shell species such as glycymeris in contexts dated to 5500 - 4300 bc , and as such are thought to have been part of the trade network from the mediterranean region .\nthe main trade route for spondylus in south america was along the andean mountain routes which were precursors to the inca road system , with secondary pathways branching down the river valleys ; and perhaps partially by boat along the coasts .\nmackensen ak , brey t , and sonnenholzner s . 2011 . the fate of spondylus stocks ( bivalvia : spondylidae ) in ecuador : is recovery likely ? journal of shellfish research 30 ( 1 ) : 115 - 121 .\narchaeological research in the salango region indicates spondylus was first exploited beginning during the valdivia phase [ 3500 - 1500 bc ] , when beads and worked rectangular pendants were made and traded to the ecuadoran interior . between 1100 and 100 bc , the produced items increased in complexity , and small figurines and red and white beads were traded to the andean highlands for copper and cotton . beginning about 100 bc , trade in ecuadoran spondylus reached the lake titicaca region in bolivia .\nspondylus shell first appears in andean archaeological sites dated to the preceramic period v [ 4200 - 2500 bc ] , and the shellfish was consistently used up until the spanish conquest in the 16th century . andean people used spondylus shell as complete shells in rituals , cut into pieces and used as inlay in jewelry , and ground into powder and used as architectural decoration . its form was carved into stone and made into pottery effigies ; it was worked into body adornments and placed in burials .\noxygen isotope analysis supports scholars & apos ; contentions that the sole source of the central european spondylus was the mediterranean , specifically the aegean and / or adriatic coasts . shell workshops were recently identified at the late neolithic site of dimini in thessaly , where over 250 worked spondylus shell fragments were recorded . finished objects were found in other locations throughout the settlement , but halstead ( 2003 ) argues that the distribution suggests that the amount of production waste indicates that the artifacts were being produced for trade into central europe .\ndistinguishing characteristics in the early stages of growth spondylus species are extremely difficult to identify and many exhibit a similar ornamentation , shape and color . differences from the very similar s . spinosus in rib number and shape , spine development and color are given under s . spinosus .\nno documentation of the eggs and pre - juvenile stages of spondylus americanus exists , but that data is available for members of the family pectinidae , with which spondylus americanus shares some similarities ; possibly the larval stages are alike ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . pecten irradians hatches from the egg as a free - swimming , ciliated trocophore , before developing into a veliger which may feed using the velum ( fay et al . , 1983 : 4 ) . the foot is the final development of this stage ( fay et al . , 1983 : 5 ) .\nthe aim of this blog - based community is to gather info , news and data on spondylus , a sea - shell whose importance is acknowledged both in new and old worlds prehistory . if you want to become a co - author , please e - mail at fotisif @ urltoken\nspondylus americanus is found in mostly tropical regions in the atlantic , where there is an abundance of calcium carbonate from coral reefs in the area . the calcium carbonate molecule is instrumental in the development of the species ' spines and cementation , so spondylus americanus will seek to settle near coral formations ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . they can then become members of the coral ecosystem , serving as roosts for epibiontic algae which camouflage the shell , as well as being subject to predators such as gastropods , and lobsters ( logan , 1974 : 581 ; feifarek , 1987 ) .\n( of spondylus albibarbatus reeve , 1856 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spondylus spectrum reeve , 1856 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of spondylus castus reeve , 1856 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmienis h . k . , galili e . and rapoport j . , 1993a . the spiny oyster , spondylus spinosus , a well established indo - pacific bivalve in the eastern mediterranean off israel ( mollusca , bivalvia , spondylidae ) . zoology in the middle east , 9 : 83 - 91 .\nlamprell , k . l . ( 1998 ) . recent spondylus species from the middle east and adjacent regions , with the description of two new species . vita marina . 45 ( 1 - 2 ) : 41 - 60 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspondylus americanus is a heterotrophic organism , relying on omnivorous filter feeding to attain sustenance ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . water is brought in past the marginal denticles at the edge of the shell where particles may be foraged from the water to serve as nutrients ( logan , 1974 : 579 ) .\na few other organisms prey on spondylus americanus , including octopi and fish such as wrasses , although specific species that act as predators towards the species have not been recorded ( logan , 1974 : 583 - 584 ) . it is likely that the sharp spines defend against predators , and successful cementation to a substrate has been shown to increase survivability against predators ( logan , 1974 : 583 ; harper , 1990 : 457 ) . although parrot fish are not natural predators of the species , as they consume the algae lining the shell as camouflage , they may decrease spondylus americanus \u2019s survivability ( logan , 1974 : 583 ) .\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du d\u00e9partment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 372 [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) pallary p . ( 1912 ) . catalogue des mollusques du littoral m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en de l ' egypte . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut d ' egypte , 7 ( 3 ) : 69 - 207 , pl . 15 - 18 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthese oysters ' spines serve as protection and provide growth areas for barnacles and algae , which in turn provide camouflage . although the spondylus imperialis resembles oysters , these creatures are more closely related to scallops . thorny oysters live attached to hard substrates or other shells , and interspecific variability makes them difficult to identify with certainty .\n( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) spencer h . g . , willan r . c . , marshall b . a . & murray t . j . ( 2011 ) . checklist of the recent mollusca recorded from the new zealand exclusive economic zone . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe larval stage of spondylus americanus has not been observed , but presumably the larvae are free - swimming until choosing a substrate to attach to and develop into the postlarval stage ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . adults will remain attached to the substrate unless they have been forcibly detached ( logan , 1974 : 578 ) .\nthe symptoms of psp include sensory distortions , euphoria , loss of muscular control , and paralysis , and , in the most severe cases , death . glowacki suggests that purposefully eating spondylus during the wrong months may well have effected a hallucinogenic experience associated with shamanism , as an alternative to other forms of hallucinogens such as cocaine .\nalthough evidence of shell - working is known in the andean highlands , workshops are also known to have been located much nearer their source beds along the pacific coast . in coastal ecuador , for example , several communities have been identified with prehispanic procurement and production of spondylus shell beads and other goods which were part of extensive trade networks .\n( of spondylus contrarius anton , 1838 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus fulvus schreibers , 1793 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus mediterraneus hermann , 1781 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus aurantius lamarck , 1819 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus plurispinosus reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus aculeatus broderip , 1833 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus rostratus chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus gracilis chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus lima chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus lindea iredale , 1939 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus maculatus schreibers , 1793 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus parocellatus iredale , 1939 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus percea iredale , 1939 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus pseudochama schreibers , 1793 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus igneus fulton , 1915 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus radians lamarck , 1819 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus hystrix r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus albibarbatus reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus albus anton , 1838 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus albus chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus spectrum reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus spinulosus kuster , 1858 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus castus reeve , 1856 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus albidus broderip , 1836 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus minimus chenu , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus smytheae lamprell , 1998 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbajn\u00f3czi b , sch\u00f6ll - barna g , kalicz n , sikl\u00f3si z , hourmouziadis gh , ifantidis f , kyparissi - apostolika a , pappa m , veropoulidou r , and ziota c . 2013 . tracing the source of late neolithic spondylus shell ornaments by stable isotope geochemistry and cathodoluminescence microscopy . journal of archaeological science 40 ( 2 ) : 874 - 882 .\ncalcium carbonate is necessary for spine development and cementation to a substrate , and spondylus americanus will attempt to dwell on or around coral in order to easily fulfill the requirements for that substance ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . a variety of substrate shapes are suitable : the species\u2019 shell will adapt to even narrow clefts ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . the presence of coral is desirable , but by no means necessary for life once matured , as sand - dwelling , non - cemented adults have also been found ( logan , 1974 : 576 , 578 ) . however , life on the substrate is more sustainable , as spondylus americanus is protected from the turbulence of storms ( logan , 1974 : 578 ) .\nfoot : the foot serves the function of cleaning the interior of the shell , as cementation frees it from having to anchor spondylus americanus to the substrate ( yonge , 1973 : 180 - 181 ) . cilia are present to aid in transporting particles ; when large groups of particles are built up , they can then be expelled ( yonge , 1973 : 181 ) .\n( of spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) lamprell k . , stanisic j . & clarkson p . ( 2001 ) . spondylids from the mediterranean sea and atlantic ocean with the description of a new species ( mollusca , bivalvia , spondylidae ) . . memoirs of the queensland museum 46 : 611 - 622 page ( s ) : 612 [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . spinosa pallary , 1904 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . albinus monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . coralinus monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . foliosus monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . horrida dautzenberg , 1895 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . inermis monterosato , 1875 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . lamellosa pallary , 1904 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus cevikeri lamprell , stanisic & clarkson , 2001 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus serratissimus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus ciliatus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus coccineus g . b . sowerby ii , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\neventual size of the shell and spines depends on the area the larva chooses to attach to : the valves have some plasticity to adapt for proper function in narrow places . spines grow at random angles before resolving to the large spines pointed away from the shell seen in adult spondylus americanus ; older spines are usually ground away by this point ( logan , 1974 : 573 - 574 ) .\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . mixta koch & pallary in pallary , 1900 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of spondylus radians lamarck , 1819 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe fossil record of spondylidae extends to the early jurassic , although spinous bivalves that existed during the late paleozoic may be ancestors ( logan , 1974 : 584 ) . spondylus americanus ' particular evolution does not appear to have been studied , but with respect to the family as a whole , one of these potential ancestors may be the pectinidae of the carboniferous ( dakin , 1928a : 354 ) .\nmantle : the middle of three mantle folds houses a row of short tentacles and eyes , while the innermost fold is muscular and dappled with brown ( logan , 1974 : 570 ; yonge , 1973 : 177 ) . the eyes on spondylus americana are of a relatively small size , and there are 92 on the upper valve and 71 on the lower valve ( dakin , 1928b : 356 ) .\nin 1525 , francisco pizarro & apos ; s pilot bartolomeo ruiz met an indigenous balsa wood craft sailing off the ecuadoran coast . its cargo included trade goods of silver , gold , textiles , and seashells , and they told ruiz they came from a place known as calangane . research conducted near the city of salango in that region indicated that it has been an important center of spondylus procurement for at least as long as 5 , 000 years .\nbetween the months of april and september , the flesh of spondylus is toxic to humans , a seasonal toxicity recognized in most shellfish called paralytic shellfish poisoning ( psp ) . psp is caused by toxic algae or dinoflagellates consumed by shellfish during those months , and typically it is at its most toxic following the appearance of the algae bloom known as the\nred tide\n. red tides are associated with el ni\u00f1o oscillations , themselves associated with catastrophic storms .\n( of spondylus sparsispinosus dall , bartsch & rehder , 1938 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\namerican anthropologist daniel bauer conducted ethnographic studies with modern shell - workers at salango in the early 21st century , before over - exploitation and climate change caused a crash in shellfish population and resulted in a fishing ban in 2009 . modern ecuadoran divers collect spondylus using oxygen tanks ; but some use a traditional method , holding their breaths for up to 2 . 5 minutes to dive to the shell beds 4 - 20 m ( 13 - 65 ft ) below the surface of the sea .\ncharlie chaplin figurines ( referred to in the literature as gingerbread cut - outs , anthropomorphic figurines , or anthropomorphic cut - outs ) are small , crudely - shaped human forms lacking much detail or gender identification . they are found primarily in ritual contexts such as burials , and dedicatory caches for stelae and buildings . they aren & apos ; t just made of spondylus : charlie chaplins are also made of jade , obsidian , slate , or sandstone , but they are almost always in ritual contexts .\nthe pectinidae have unique eyes among the bivalves that are homologous to those found in spondylus americanus ( dakin , 1928b : 356 ) . both families rest on the same valve ( dakin , 1928a : 337 , 338 ) . the mantle , adductor muscle , and radial muscle characteristics that have been specialized in pectinidae are mostly shared in spondylidae as well ( dakin , 1928a : 338 - 342 ) . the ctenidia of both families have a \u201crespiratory expansion\u201d that also appears unique ( dakin , 1928a : 344 ) .\nthe larvae are most likely motile , seeking suitable substrates to settle on ( logan , 1974 : 573 ) . adult spondylus americanus live a sessile existence , relying on filter feeding for sustenance and defense via sealing the valves ( logan , 1974 : 569 ) . if necessary , flapping of the valves allows the organism to swim , and may be useful in spreading sexual products during reproduction and possibly evading predators if s . americanus becomes detached from the substrate ( dakin , 1928a : 342 ; drew , 1906 : 34 ) .\natlantic thorny - oyster spondylus americanus hermann , 1781 description : this bivalve shell is attached to the substrate with one shell . the shells are roundish with numerous spines in rows . the spines can be up to 4 cm . long . the color is variable , from white via yellow and orange to purple . size : up to 10 cm . habitat : the shell lives on reefs , usually under overhangs or in recesses . well camouflaged by its color . depth : ranges from 12 m down to 40 m . distribution : common all over the caribbean . remarks : in most countries it is illegal to bring back these shells from holidays .\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . contraria bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1887 - 1898 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ii . p\u00e9l\u00e9cypodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 884 p . , 99 pl . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pl . 1 - 6 , november 1887 ; pp . 25 - 60 , pl . 7 - 11 , august 1888 ; pp . 61 - 112 , pl . 12 - 21 , may 1889 ; pp . 113 - 172 , pl . 22 - 29 , april 1890 ; pp . 173 - 220 , pl . 30 - 37 , april 1891 ; pp . 221 - 272 , pl . 38 - 44 , april 1892 ; pp . 273 - 320 , pl . 45 - 51 , may 1892 ; pp . 321 - 388 , pl . 52 - 59 , november 1893 ; pp . 389 - 450 , pl . 60 - 67 , december 1893 ; pp . 453 - 540 , pl . 68 - 70 , march 1895 ; pp . 541 - 620 , pl . 79 - 88 , april 1896 ; p . 621 - 690 , pl . 89 - 95 , march 1898 ; p . 693 - 884 , pl . 96 - 99 , october 1898 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . foliosa bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1887 - 1898 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ii . p\u00e9l\u00e9cypodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 884 p . , 99 pl . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pl . 1 - 6 , november 1887 ; pp . 25 - 60 , pl . 7 - 11 , august 1888 ; pp . 61 - 112 , pl . 12 - 21 , may 1889 ; pp . 113 - 172 , pl . 22 - 29 , april 1890 ; pp . 173 - 220 , pl . 30 - 37 , april 1891 ; pp . 221 - 272 , pl . 38 - 44 , april 1892 ; pp . 273 - 320 , pl . 45 - 51 , may 1892 ; pp . 321 - 388 , pl . 52 - 59 , november 1893 ; pp . 389 - 450 , pl . 60 - 67 , december 1893 ; pp . 453 - 540 , pl . 68 - 70 , march 1895 ; pp . 541 - 620 , pl . 79 - 88 , april 1896 ; p . 621 - 690 , pl . 89 - 95 , march 1898 ; p . 693 - 884 , pl . 96 - 99 , october 1898 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . albina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1887 - 1898 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ii . p\u00e9l\u00e9cypodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 884 p . , 99 pl . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pl . 1 - 6 , november 1887 ; pp . 25 - 60 , pl . 7 - 11 , august 1888 ; pp . 61 - 112 , pl . 12 - 21 , may 1889 ; pp . 113 - 172 , pl . 22 - 29 , april 1890 ; pp . 173 - 220 , pl . 30 - 37 , april 1891 ; pp . 221 - 272 , pl . 38 - 44 , april 1892 ; pp . 273 - 320 , pl . 45 - 51 , may 1892 ; pp . 321 - 388 , pl . 52 - 59 , november 1893 ; pp . 389 - 450 , pl . 60 - 67 , december 1893 ; pp . 453 - 540 , pl . 68 - 70 , march 1895 ; pp . 541 - 620 , pl . 79 - 88 , april 1896 ; p . 621 - 690 , pl . 89 - 95 , march 1898 ; p . 693 - 884 , pl . 96 - 99 , october 1898 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . corallina bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1887 - 1898 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ii . p\u00e9l\u00e9cypodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 884 p . , 99 pl . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pl . 1 - 6 , november 1887 ; pp . 25 - 60 , pl . 7 - 11 , august 1888 ; pp . 61 - 112 , pl . 12 - 21 , may 1889 ; pp . 113 - 172 , pl . 22 - 29 , april 1890 ; pp . 173 - 220 , pl . 30 - 37 , april 1891 ; pp . 221 - 272 , pl . 38 - 44 , april 1892 ; pp . 273 - 320 , pl . 45 - 51 , may 1892 ; pp . 321 - 388 , pl . 52 - 59 , november 1893 ; pp . 389 - 450 , pl . 60 - 67 , december 1893 ; pp . 453 - 540 , pl . 68 - 70 , march 1895 ; pp . 541 - 620 , pl . 79 - 88 , april 1896 ; p . 621 - 690 , pl . 89 - 95 , march 1898 ; p . 693 - 884 , pl . 96 - 99 , october 1898 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spondylus gaederopus var . inermis bucquoy , dautzenberg & dollfus , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1887 - 1898 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ii . p\u00e9l\u00e9cypodes . paris , j . b . bailli\u00e8re & fils 884 p . , 99 pl . [ pp . 1 - 24 , pl . 1 - 6 , november 1887 ; pp . 25 - 60 , pl . 7 - 11 , august 1888 ; pp . 61 - 112 , pl . 12 - 21 , may 1889 ; pp . 113 - 172 , pl . 22 - 29 , april 1890 ; pp . 173 - 220 , pl . 30 - 37 , april 1891 ; pp . 221 - 272 , pl . 38 - 44 , april 1892 ; pp . 273 - 320 , pl . 45 - 51 , may 1892 ; pp . 321 - 388 , pl . 52 - 59 , november 1893 ; pp . 389 - 450 , pl . 60 - 67 , december 1893 ; pp . 453 - 540 , pl . 68 - 70 , march 1895 ; pp . 541 - 620 , pl . 79 - 88 , april 1896 ; p . 621 - 690 , pl . 89 - 95 , march 1898 ; p . 693 - 884 , pl . 96 - 99 , october 1898 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : spondylidae according to t . j . wild and j . d . stilwell 2016\nsee also coan and valentich - scott 2012 , dockery 1982 , islamoglu and taner 1995 , lamprell and healy 1998 , moore 1987 , olsson 1931 , perrilliat 1992 , sepkoski 2002 , spencer et al . 2004 , squires and demetrion 1990 , stilwell 1998 , todd 2001 , vokes 1980 , vokes and vokes 1992 , woodring 1982 and wozny 1977\nthis page was last edited on 2 june 2017 , at 13 : 08 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]"]}
{"id": 102, "summary": [{"text": "heteroteuthis dagamensis is a species of bobtail squid native to the southeastern atlantic ocean and southwestern indian ocean .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it occurs off western , southern , and southeastern africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected off south africa and is deposited at the natural history museum in london . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "heteroteuthis dagamensis", "paragraphs": ["heteroteuthis dispar ( triangle ) and heteroteuthis dagamensis ( circle ) . . . | download scientific diagram\nfigure 1 . heteroteuthis dispar ( triangle ) and heteroteuthis dagamensis ( circle ) distribution in the atlantic ocean based on the male specimens examined .\npublished records indicate that heteroteuthis dispar ( ruppell , 1844 ) is found in the north atlantic ocean and that heteroteuthis dagamensis robson , 1924 inhabits the south atlantic ocean . however , specimens recently collected in the northern gulf of mexico ( n = 123 ) show that h . dagamensis is the only species of the genus common in the gulf of mexico based on identification of male specimens . also , comparison of dna barcodes for three morphologically similar species of heteroteuthis , h . dispar , h . dagamensis , and heteroteuthis hawaiiensis ( berry , 1909 ) confirm that all are distinct species and indicate that h . dagamensis and h . hawaiiensis are closer genetically than either is to h . dispar .\njudkins , h . , k . rosario , m . vecchione . 2016 . morphological and molecular evidence of heteroteuthis dagamensis in the gulf of mexico . bulletin of marine science . doi : urltoken\npublished records indicate that heteroteuthis dispar ( ruppell , 1844 ) is found in the north atlantic ocean and that heteroteuthis dagamensis robson , 1924 inhabits the south atlantic ocean . however , specimens recently collected in the northern gulf of mexico ( n = 123 ) show that h . dagamensis is the only species of the genus common in the gulf of mexico based on identification of male specimens . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nreproduction in heteroteuthis dispar ( r\u00fcppell , 1844 ) ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) : a sepiolid reproductiv . . .\nfigure . left - brachial crown of a mature female h . dagamensis 16 mm ml , arms i are in center . right - left arms i - iii of a female . drawing by a . hart .\nsmall cephalopods of the genus heteroteuthis are the most pelagic members in the family sepiolidae . this study examines the reproductive biology of heteroteuthis dispar ( r\u00fcppell , 1844 ) , the first such study on any member of the genus , based on 46 specimens ( 27 females and 19 males ) collected during the mar - eco cruise in the north atlantic in the region of the mid - atlantic ridge in 2004 , and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfigure . oral view of the brachial crown of h . dagamensis 16 mm ml , mature male . note that the large suckers on arms iii are in the dorsal series and alternate with small suckers in the ventral series . drawing by a . hart .\nat present the only character that distinguishes h . dagamensis from h . dispar / hawaiiensis is the arrangement of large suckers on arms iii of males . we have not made detailed comparisons of these species to search for additional characters . the description presented here is made from notes taken many years ago .\nfigure . oral view of the arms of h . dagamensis 19 mm ml , male left - full arm crown . note that right arms i and ii are folded dorsally . right - dorsal view of the head showing the distal region of right arms i and ii . photographs by r . young .\nrotermund n . & guerrero - kommritz j . ( 2010 ) taxonomy and biogeography of the genus heteroteuthis ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) in the atlantic ocean . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 90 ( 2 ) : 367 - 390 . , available online at urltoken ; = 7399392 [ details ]\nthe stomachs of 427 giant red shrimps , aristaeomorpha foliacea , caught in the strait of sicily ( mediterranean sea ) during four seasonal surveys contained 73 cephalopods , or 8\u00b76 % of prey . cephalopods ranked third as prey following crustaceans ( 49\u00b72 % of prey ) and bony fish ( 20\u00b75 % of prey ) . the following cephalopod taxa were identified : heteroteuthis dispar , sepietta oweniana , brachioteuthis sp . , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nrobson , g . c . ( 1924 ) . preliminary report on the cephalopoda ( decapoda ) procured by the s . s .\npickle\n. report of the fisheries and marine biological survey of the union of south africa . 3 : 1 - 14 . page ( s ) : 11 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient as major taxonomic issues exist which need clarifying and will likely alter the known range of this species .\n. ( 2007 ) report specimens from south africa , off the atlantic coast of south america , off new zealand and off australia .\nthis species is of no current interest to fisheries ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .\nfurther research is required to resolve taxonomic uncertainties and determine population trends and life history patterns of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmichael vecchione , richard e . young , and clyde f . e . roper\nright arms i and ii hectocotylized : arms longer than left counterparts , with deep joining membrand and swollen marginal membranes on proximal half of both arms with pores and internal white glandular masses . proximal ventral bilobed projection of right arm i overlaps base of right arm ii . large gland between these arms opens between lobes .\nmales with few greatly enlarged suckers in the dorsal sucker series on arms iii : sucker 10 about 4 - 5 times diameter of sucker 9 ; enlarged suckers of dorsl series much larger than counterparts in ventral series but latter still enlarged .\ntype locality - off the natal coast , south africa . the specimen we photographed came from the south atlantic off south africa at 36\u00b0s , 11\u00b0e and off south america at 37\u00b0s , 53\u00b0w . the specimen drawn came from off new zealand at 40 . 1\u00b0s , 168 . 1\u00b0e .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\nvecchione , michael , richard e . young , and clyde f . e . roper . 2013 .\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ntypical mantle - length 15 mm . lives in offshore waters . native . endemic to southeastern australia ( nsw , tas and vic ) . in tasmanian waters , this species occurs well offshore , with available records all from off the south and east coasts .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nexamination of specimens of euprymna steenstrup , 1887 from northern australia led to the discovery of a new species . it is described here as euprymna pardalota sp . nov . it is distinguished from all but one other nominal species of euprymna ( e . phenax voss , 1962 ) in having two rows of suckers on the arms , rather than four rows . it differs from e . phenax in a number of traits , including : the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nallcock , l . , h . judkins , y . sakuri . 2017 . editorial : recent advances in cephalopod science . ciac 2015 special issue . 2565 - 2567 . urltoken\nshea , e . , h . judkins , m . d . staudinger , v . hartigan , a . lindgren , m . vecchione . 2017 . cephalopod biodiversity in the vicinity of bear seamount , western north atlantic . marine biodiversity ; 47 : 699 . urltoken 0633 - 3\njudkins h . , m . vecchione , a . cook , t . sutton . 2016 . diversity of midwater cephalopods in the northern gulf of mexico : comparison of two collecting methods . marine biodiversity . doi 10 . 1007 / s12526 - 016 - 0597 - 8\nroper , c . f . e . , h . judkins , n . voss , e . shea , e . dawes , d . ingrao , p . rothman , i . roper . 2015 . a compilation of recent records of the giant squid , architeuthis dux ( steenstrup , 1857 ) ( cephalopoda ) from the western north atlantic ocean , newfoundland to the gulf of mexico . american malacological bulletin , 33 ( 1 ) 1 - 11 .\nhoving , hj , j . perez , k . bolstad , h . braid , a . evans , d . fuchs , h . judkins , j . kelly , j . marian , r . nakajima , u . piatkowski , a . reid , m . vecchione , j . xavier . 2014 . the study of deep - sea cephalopods ; e . vidal editor ; advances in marine biology , v . 67 ; 235 - 259 .\njudkins , h , s . arbuckle , m . vecchione , l . garrison , a . martinez ( 2013 ) . cephalopods in the potential prey field of sperm whales ( physeter macrocephalus ) in the northern gulf of mexico . journal of natural history , doi : 10 . 1080 / 00222933 . 2013 . 802045\njudkins , h and m . vecchione . 2013 . doryteuthis plei ( blainville , 1823 ) , the slender inshore squid . advances in squid biology , ecology and fisheries , part i : myopsid squid . ed . rui rosa , graham pierce , ron o\u2019dor ; pp . 241 - 256 .\njudkins , h , m . vecchione , j . torres , c . f . e . roper . 2010 . cephalopod species richness in the wider caribbean region . - ices journal of marine science , 67 : 1392 - 1400 .\njudkins , h . m . vecchione , & c . f . e . roper . 2009 . cephalopods ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) of the gulf of mexico . gulf of mexico origin , waters , and biota biodiversity , volume 1 ( darryl felder , david a . camp , editors ) texas a & m university press , college station , texas , ch . 34 , pp . 701 - 710 .\njudkins , heather . 2009 . cephalopods of the broad caribbean : distribution , abundance and ecological importance ; dissertation ; university of south florida ; 156 p .\njudkins , h . debra ingrao , c . f . e . roper . august 2009 . first records of asperoteuthis acanthoderma ( lu , 1977 ) cephalopoda : oegopsidae : chiroteuthidae ) , from the north atlantic ocean , straits of florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington ; 122 ( 2 ) : 162\u2013170 .\nheather judkins , ph . d . assistant professor department of biological sciences , stg 222 university of south florida st . petersburg 140 7th ave south st . petersburg , fl 33701 ( 727 ) 873 - 4512 lab\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nguerrero - kommritz , j\u00fcrgen and rodriguez - bermudez , adriana 2017 . sepiolids ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) from the southern caribbean , colombian coast , and a redescription of nectoteuthis pourtalesii verrill , 1883 . marine biodiversity , vol . 47 , issue . 1 , p . 203 .\nin the south atlantic ocean . in total 58 individuals were examined , 23 belonging to the species\n. all specimens were captured during the walther herwig expeditions 1966 , 1968 , 1976 and 1982 . a full description of both sexes of\nis provided . these two species can only be distinguished by means of the male ' s enlarged suckers on arm pair iii . females are not useful for taxonomic identifications and are morphologically identical in both species . the results do not support the definition of subgenera in this genus . this is the first report for\ncephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . vol . 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae )\n[ fao species catalogue for fishery purposes , no . 4 , vol . 1 . ]\nle pesche abissali eseguite da f . a . krupp col yacht puritan nelle adjacenze di capri ed altere localit\u00e0 del mediterraneo\npreliminary report on the cephalopoda ( decapoda ) procured by the s . s . \u201cpickle\u201d\nintorno ad alcuni cefalopodi del mare di messina . lettera del d . eduardo r\u00fcppel di frankfort sul meno al prof . anastasio cocca\nmollusques m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens . pr\u00e9miere partie : c\u00e9phalopodes de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e . g\u00eanes , imprimerie des souds - muets , 132 pp . , 44 plates\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection ."]}
{"id": 105, "summary": [{"text": "auzata semilucida is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chu and wang in 1988 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 9-10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have a large translucent patch on the hindwings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "auzata semilucida", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for semilucida definition . you find here semilucida meaning , synonyms of semilucida and images for semilucida copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhave a fact about auzata semilucida ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for auzata semilucida ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nauzata semilucida is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by chu and wang in 1988 . it is found in china ( sichuan ) .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word semilucida . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word semilucida and , of course , semilucida synonyms and on the right images related to the word semilucida .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe length of the forewings is 9 - 10 mm . adults have a large translucent patch on the hindwings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncajviewer7 . 0 supports all the cnki file formats ; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\nbhou io xiang henordokcidenia kolegio de agrikulturo la shaanxi - a ir . stltuto de zoologio ; studo drepanedoj el shaanxi provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1982 - 04\nchou io xiang he nordokcidenta kolegio de agrikulturo , wugong , shaanxi . la shaanxi - a instituto de zoologio , xi ' an , shaanxi . ; studo de drepanedoj el yunnan provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1984 - z1\nguo zheng - fu ~ 1 , ding dong - sun ~ 2 ( 1 . jiangxi provincial academy of forestry , nanchang , jiangxi 330046 , china ; 2 . jiangxi provincial station of forest disease and pest control , nanchang , jiangxi 330077 , china ) ; butterfly fauna analysis of the natural reservation of guanshan , jiangxi province [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2005 - 02\nxie xiao - jian1 , ren ze - jun1 , ding dong - sun1 , lin yu - jian2 ( 1 . forest pest control station of jiangxi province , nanchang , 330077 ; 2 . college of agronomy , jiangxi agriculture university , nanchang 330045 ) ; the species of lymantriidae insects from jiangxi province [ j ] ; jiangxi plant protection ; 2007 - 01\nding dongsun1 , zhu xianchao2 , huang xianlin3 , qiu ningfang1 ( 1 . jiangxi forest pest control station , nanchang jiangxi 330077 , china ; 2 . leqing city yandang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325614 , china ; 3 . leqing city xiangyang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325619 , china ) ; tettigonioidae and geographical distributions of insect from jiangxi lushan nature reserve [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 03\nzhen benguang1 , chen chunquang1 , zhuo chuansen1 , cheng yong1 , jia fenghai2 ( 1 . jinggang mountain national reserve management bureau , ji ' an jiangxi 343600 , china ; 2 . nanchang university , nanchan jiangxi 330031 , china ) ; lepidoptera lycaenidae new records in jiangxi [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 04\nsong hong - min1 , 2 , zhang qing - fen1 , han xue - mei1 , xu yan1 , 3 , xu ru - mei 1 * * ( 1 ministry of education laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , china ; 2 ministry of laboratory for biological - active substances and functional food , beijing union university , beijing 100083 , china ; 3 institute of animal and plant quarantine , administry of quality supervise and inspection and quarantine , beijing 100029 , china ) ; climex : professional biological software for predicting potential distribution of species . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2004 - 04\nliu yuanfu , associate professor ( the research institute of tropical forestry , caf guangzhou 510520 ) . ; the insect fauna of the jianfengling forest area , hainan island - - thyrididae [ j ] ; forest research ; 1993 - 03\nding dong - sun1 , zeng zhi - jie1 , chen chun - fa1 , lin yu - jian2 , wu he - ping3 , xu xiang - rong3 , yu ze - ping3 ( 1 . forest pest control and quarantine bureau of jiangxi , nanchang 330077 , jiangxi , china ; 2 . jiangxi agricultural university , nanchang 330045 , jiangxi , china ; 3 . guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi , yifeng 336300 , jiangxi , china ) ; insect fauna analysis of guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi [ j ] ; forest research ; 2009 - 03\n\u00a92006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co . , ltd . ( beijing ) ( ttkn ) all rights reserved\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nby hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988 . it is"]}
{"id": 106, "summary": [{"text": "leucoblepsis neoma is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by swinhoe in 1905 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in singapore and on peninsular malaysia , sumatra and borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are white , suffused with pale chestnut-brown irrorations in parts .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two nearly straight brown lines from the abdominal margin of the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the first from one-third , the other from the middle , running parallel across both wings and suddenly converge on the middle of vein 5 of the forewings , and run from there in a single line to the costa near the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "between these lines on the forewings is a large hyaline spot and the rest of the wing is lightly suffused .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a fairly broad pale pinkish band on the outer margin , composed of large pale pinkish spots joined together .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the marginal line is brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings have a nearly white inner area , the outer area from the outer line to the margin with dark suffusion and a dentated white line through the middle of the disc .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the marginal line is white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "leucoblepsis neoma", "paragraphs": ["leucoblepsis neoma ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 38\nproblepsidis neoma swinhoe , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 86 ) : 150\nleucoblepsis excisa ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 39\nleucoblepsis renifera ; [ mob8 ] : 32 , pl . 6 , f . 35 , 36\nleucoblepsis warren , 1922 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 462 ; ts : problepsidis carneotincta warren\nleucoblepsis ostia swinhoe , 1903 ; in annandale & robinson , fasc . malay zool . 1 : 59\nleucoblepsis fenestraria ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 94 ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 37\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe species is rare in lowland forest , though one specimen has been taken at 1618m on bukit retak , brunei .\nproblepsidis tristis swinhoe , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 86 ) : 150\nne . himalaya , taiwan , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo . see [ maps ]\nproblepsidis carneotincta warren , 1901 ; novit . zool . 8 : 191 ; tl : sarawak , bukan\nne . hiamalaya , taiwan , peninsular malaysia , borneo . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwarren , 1901 drepanulidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the palaearctic and indo - australian regions novit . zool . 8 : 190 - 201\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nuse flickriver badge creator to create a badge linking to your photos , your group or any other flickriver view .\ncan display almost any flickriver view - most interesting today , by user , by group , by tag etc . once added to your personalized homepage , just edit widget settings to select your desired view .\nadds a ' flickriver ' button to your browser . while viewing any flickr photos page , click on this button to open the same view on flickriver .\nadd ' search on flickriver ' to your browser ' s search box . works with firefox and internet explorer . install search plugin\nscript that adds flickriver links to various flickr photo pages - user photos , favorites , pools etc , allowing to quickly open the corresponding flickriver view .\nalso , allows quickly viewing any flickr photo on black background in large size .\nwhile viewing any flickr photos page , click on the bookmarklet to open the same view on flickriver .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbrehm , gunnar 2017 . a new led lamp for the collection of nocturnal lepidoptera and a spectral comparison of light - trapping lamps . nota lepidopterologica , vol . 40 , issue . 1 , p . 87 .\ninfusino , marco brehm , gunnar di marco , carlo and scalercio , stefano 2017 . assessing the efficiency of uv leds as light sources for sampling the diversity of macro - moths ( lepidoptera ) . european journal of entomology , vol . 114 , issue . , p . 25 .\ntikoca , siteri hodge , simon tuiwawa , marika brodie , gilianne pene , sarah and clayton , john 2016 . an appraisal of sampling methods and effort for investigating moth assemblages in a fijian forest . austral entomology , vol . 55 , issue . 4 , p . 455 .\nwolfling , mirko becker , mira c . uhl , britta traub , anja and fiedler , konrad 2016 . how differences in the settling behaviour of moths ( lepidoptera ) may contribute to sampling bias when using automated light traps . european journal of entomology , vol . 113 , issue . , p . 502 .\nlawer , eric adjei and darkoh , esther love 2016 . effects of agroecosystems on insect and insectivorous bat activity : a preliminary finding based on light trap and mist net captures . turkish journal of zoology , vol . 40 , issue . , p . 423 .\nzou , yi sang , weiguo hausmann , axel and axmacher , jan christoph 2016 . high phylogenetic diversity is preserved in species - poor high - elevation temperate moth assemblages . scientific reports , vol . 6 , issue . 1 ,\nlamarre , g p a mendoza , i rougerie , r deca\u00ebns , t h\u00e9rault , b and b\u00e9n\u00e9luz , f 2015 . stay out ( almost ) all night : contrasting responses in flight activity among tropical moth assemblages . neotropical entomology , vol . 44 , issue . 2 , p . 109 .\nakite , perpetra telford , richard j . waring , paul akol , anne m . and vandvik , vigdis 2015 . temporal patterns in saturnidae ( silk moth ) and sphingidae ( hawk moth ) assemblages in protected forests of central uganda . ecology and evolution , vol . 5 , issue . 8 , p . 1746 .\njonason , dennis franz\u00e9n , markus ranius , thomas and brigham , r . mark 2014 . surveying moths using light traps : effects of weather and time of year . plos one , vol . 9 , issue . 3 , p . e92453 .\nthompson , jessica l . zack , richard s . crabo , lars and landolt , peter j . 2014 . survey of macromoths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) of a palouse prairie remnant site in eastern washington state . pan - pacific entomologist , vol . 90 , issue . 4 , p . 191 .\nteston , jos\u00e9 augusto novaes , jess\u00e9 bucioli and almeida j\u00fanior , jos\u00e9 ot\u00e1vio barros 2012 . abund\u00e2ncia , composi\u00e7\u00e3o e diversidade de arctiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae ) em um fragmento de floresta na amaz\u00f4nia oriental em altamira , pa , brasil . acta amazonica , vol . 42 , issue . 1 , p . 105 .\nbeck , jan schwanghart , wolfgang khen , chey vun and holloway , jeremy d . 2011 . predicting geometrid moth diversity in the heart of borneo . insect conservation and diversity , vol . 4 , issue . 3 , p . 173 .\nozaki , kenichi sayama , katsuhiko ueda , akira ito , masato tabuchi , ken and hironaga , teruhiko 2011 . short - term , efficient sampling strategies for estimating forest moth diversity using light traps . annals of the entomological society of america , vol . 104 , issue . 4 , p . 739 .\ngarc\u00eda - l\u00f3pez , alejandra mic\u00f3 , estefan\u00eda zumbado , manuel a . and galante , eduardo 2011 . sampling scarab beetles in tropical forests : the effect of light source and night sampling periods . journal of insect science , vol . 11 , issue . 95 , p . 1 .\nteston , jos\u00e9 augusto and delfina , m\u00e1rcia cristina 2010 . diversidade de arctiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae ) em \u00e1rea alterada em altamira , amaz\u00f4nia oriental , par\u00e1 , brasil . acta amazonica , vol . 40 , issue . 2 , p . 387 .\nscalercio , stefano infusino , marco and woiwod , ian p . 2009 . optimising the sampling window for moth indicator communities . journal of insect conservation , vol . 13 , issue . 6 , p . 583 .\nhawes , joseph da silva motta , catarina overal , william l . barlow , jos gardner , toby a . and peres , carlos a . 2009 . diversity and composition of amazonian moths in primary , secondary and plantation forests . journal of tropical ecology , vol . 25 , issue . 03 , p . 281 .\nschooler , s . s . mcevoy , p . b . hammond , p . and coombs , e . m . 2009 . negative per capita effects of two invasive plants , lythrum salicaria and phalaris arundinacea , on the moth diversity of wetland communities . bulletin of entomological research , vol . 99 , issue . 03 , p . 229 .\nscanlon , annette t . and petit , sophie 2008 . biomass and biodiversity of nocturnal aerial insects in an adelaide city park and implications for bats ( microchiroptera ) . urban ecosystems , vol . 11 , issue . 1 , p . 91 .\nexperimental comparisons were made between samples of moths obtained by rothamsted tungsten - filament and robinson mercury - vapour light - traps operating in a lowland dipterocarp forest in peninsular malaysia . the rothamsted trap gave more uniform and consistent samples and performed better in the tropical conditions than the robinson trap . there were no significant differences between the overall measurement of diversity for the group geometroidea between the two trap designs although the robinson trap was much more erratic from night to night . the total catch of non - geometroidea moths was remarkably similar in the two trap types . the choice of appropriate light - trap designs for biodiversity studies in tropical rainforest is discussed .\n) seasonality and diversity of macrolepidoptera in two lowland sites in the dumoga - bone national park , sulawesi utara . pp .\n) insects as indicators of land - use change : a european perspective , focusing on moths and ground beetles . pp .\n) describing and comparing high invertebrate diversity in tropical forest \u2013 a case study of small moths in borneo . pp .\njelebu district , negeri sembilan , forest resource reconnaissance survey of malay , report no . 21\n) flying in the face of change : the rothamsted insect survey . pp .\n) manual of malayan silviculture for inland forest , part 3 \u2013 chapter 8 . red meranti - keruing forest .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nall photos copyrighted \u00a9 by their respective owners . this site uses the flickr api but is not endorsed by flickr . ( v2 . 5 . 2 )"]}
{"id": 107, "summary": [{"text": "the tetrapodomorpha ( also known as choanata ) are a clade of vertebrates consisting of tetrapods ( four-limbed vertebrates ) and their closest sarcopterygian relatives that are more closely related to living tetrapods than to living lungfish .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "advanced forms transitional between fish and the early labyrinthodonts , such as tiktaalik , have been referred to as \" fishapods \" by their discoverers , being half-fish , half-tetrapods , in appearance and limb morphology .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the tetrapodomorpha contains the crown group tetrapods ( the last common ancestor of living tetrapods and all of its descendants ) and several groups of early stem tetrapods , which includes several groups of related lobe-finned fishes , collectively known as the osteolepiforms .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the tetrapodamorpha minus the crown group tetrapoda are the stem tetrapoda , a paraphyletic unit encompassing the fish to tetrapod transition .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "among the characters defining tetrapodomorphs are modifications to the fins , notably a humerus with convex head articulating with the glenoid fossa ( the socket of the shoulder joint ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "another key trait is the internal nostril or choana .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "most fish have two pairs of nostrils , one on either side of the head for incoming water ( incurrent nostrils ) and another pair for outgoing water ( excurrent nostrils ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "early tetrapodomorphs such as kenichthys had excurrent nostrils that had migrated to the edge of the mouth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "in later tetrapodomorphs , including tetrapods , the excurrent nostril is positioned inside the mouth , where it is known as the choana .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "tetrapodomorph fossils are known from the early devonian onwards , and include osteolepis , panderichthys , kenichthys and tungsenia . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "tetrapodomorpha", "paragraphs": ["jarvik , 1985 ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from east greenland . journal of vertebrate paleontology 28 : 637\u2013655 .\ncl\u00e9ment , g . 2002 . large tristichopteridae ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the late famennian evieux formation of belgium . palaeontology , 45 , 577\u2013593 .\njohanson z , ahlberg pe ( 2001 ) devonian rhizodontids and tristichopterids ( sarcopterygii ; tetrapodomorpha ) from east gondwana . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : earth sciences 92 : 43\u201374 .\ntetrapodomorpha was named by ahlberg ( 1991 ) . it is extant . it was reranked as the subclass tetrapodomorpha by betancur - r et al . ( 2013 ) . it was assigned to rhipidistia by ahlberg ( 1991 ) ; to sarcopterygii by daeschler et al . ( 2006 ) ; to dipnotetrapodomorpha by long ( 2011 ) ; and to dipnotetrapodomorpha by betancur - r et al . ( 2013 ) .\nsnitting , d . 2008 . a redescription of the anatomy of the late devonian spodichthys buetleri jarvik , 1985 ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from east greenland . journal of vertebrate paleontology , 28 , 637\u2013655 .\njohanson , z . and ahlberg , p . e . 2001 . devonian rhizodontids and tristichopterids ( sarcopterygii ; tetrapodomorpha ) from east gondwana . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh , earth sciences , 92 , 43\u201374 .\nclement , g . , snitting , d . , ahlberg , p . 2009 . a new tristichopterid ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the upper famennian evieux formation ( upper devonian ) of belgium . palaeontology , 52 , 4 , 823\u2013836 .\nsarcopterygii [ 21 ] ; rhipidistia [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] ; tetrapodomorpha [ 24 ] ; eotetrapodiformes [ 13 ] ; tinirau clackae gen . et sp . nov . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 5dee6139 - 42e1 - 4995 - bab2 - 5e0461aa57a0 .\nmartin d . brazeau ; a new genus of rhizodontid ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) from the lower carboniferous horton bluff formation of nova scotia , and the evolution of the lower jaws in this group . canadian journal of earth sciences ; 42 ( 8 ) : 1481\u20131499 . doi : urltoken\nthe tetrapodomorpha are defined as londoners > lungfish . basally , they differ little from the basic rhipidistian pattern . the synapomorphies of the group , as determined by cloutier & ahlberg ( 1996 ) , are relatively small matters of head and hand . in the head , the pineal foramen is open . the parasymphysial tooth whorl is lost , and the vomers meet on the midline of the palate . something is clearly going on with the nares , but there is much disagreement about exactly what .\ntristichopterids ( sarcopterygii , tetrapodomorpha ) form a monophyletic group of exclusively devonian fishes . this thesis consists of descriptions of new material of tristichopterids and closely related taxa , as well as new interpretations and descriptions of previously figured material . redescribed specimens were originally figured as far back as 1861 , and publications as old as this are almost always of limited use as anatomical and systematical references , in addition to being difficult to acquire . the possibility of using new techniques and new theoretical frameworks also provides good justification for taking a second look at such specimens . in the case of this thesis , this includes the use of computed tomography scanning methods , and the cladistic approach to describing the interrelationships of taxa .\ntetrapodomorpha here defines total - group tetrapods , and i restrict the use of the term tetrapod to the crown - group . i use the monophyletic definition of elpistostegalia [ 3 ] , [ 26 ] to refer to the clade consisting of panderichthys and crownward taxa . moreover , following from the phylogenetic result presented below , i use canowindridae as a stem - based name to refer to the clade constituting marsdenichthys , canowindra , koharalepis , and beelarongia , use the stem - based megalichthyiformes [ 13 ] to reference the formerly paraphyletic ( here recovered monophyletic , see supplementary information ) \u2018osteolepidids\u2019 , and apply the stem - based tristichopteridae to define any taxon more closely related to tristichopterus than to elpistostege . in turn , i use \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 to encapsulate the grade of tetrapodomorph that includes canowindrids + megalichthyiforms + tristichopterids , and eotetrapodiformes [ 13 ] as a node - based definition to refer to tristichopterids and elpistostegalians . because of the curious morphology and phylogenetic position of the newly described taxon , i avoid calling this animal an elpistostegalian , and let future studies confirm or refute the phylogenetic hypothesis presented here . in addition , following from the revised phylogenetic placement of platycephalichthys bischoffi [ 13 ] , i refer to this taxon by its name only , as opposed to calling it a tristichopterid or an elpistostegalian .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlu , jing ; zhu , min ; long , john a . ; zhao , wenjin ; senden , tim j . ; jia , liantao ; qiao , tuo\n( c ) 2012 : nature publishing group , a division of macmillan publishers limited . all rights reserved .\nrecent discoveries of advanced fish - like stem - tetrapods ( for example , panderichthys and tiktaalik ) have greatly improved our knowledge of the fin - to - limb transition . however , a paucity of fossil data from primitive finned tetrapods prevents profound understanding of the acquisition sequence of tetrapod characters . here we report a new stem - tetrapod ( tungsenia paradoxa gen . et sp . nov . ) from the lower devonian ( pragian , ~ 409 million years ago ) of china , which extends the earliest record of tetrapods by some 10 million years . sharing many primitive features with stem - lungfishes , the new taxon further fills in the morphological gap between tetrapods and lungfishes . the x - ray tomography study of the skull depicts the plesiomorphic condition of the brain in the tetrapods . the enlargement of the cerebral hemispheres and the possible presence of the pars tuberalis in this stem - tetrapod indicate that some important brain modifications related to terrestrial life had occurred at the beginning of the tetrapod evolution , much earlier than previously thought .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthe origin of terrestrial vertebrates represents one of the major evolutionary and ecological transformations in the history of life , and the established timing and environment of this transition has recently come under scrutiny . the discovery and description of a well - preserved fossil sarcopterygian ( fleshy - limbed vertebrate ) from the middle devonian of nevada helps to refine and question aspects of the temporal and anatomical framework that underpins the tetrapod condition . this new taxon , tinirau clackae , demonstrates that substantial parallelism pervaded the early history of stem - tetrapods , raises additional questions about when digited sarcopterygians first evolved , and further documents that incipient stages of the terrestrial appendicular condition began when sarcopterygians still retained their median fins and occupied aquatic habitats .\ncitation : swartz b ( 2012 ) a marine stem - tetrapod from the devonian of western north america . plos one 7 ( 3 ) : e33683 . urltoken\neditor : andrew a . farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 brian swartz . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the work was supported by gregory family and several generous anonymous donors . no additional external funding received for this study . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe origin and early evolution of tetrapodomorphs ( total - group tetrapods ) has been firmly established by numerous studies over the last two decades [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 7 ] . however , knowledge of the interrelationships among fish - like \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 - grade taxa and the earliest elpistostegalians has remained elusive [ 8 ] \u2013 [ 11 ] . phylogenetic analyses have reinforced hypotheses of \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 paraphyly and parallelism among devonian stem - tetrapods , but lack of robust statistical support for particular topologies has limited our knowledge of branching and divergence in these early lineages [ 8 ] , [ 12 ] . few studies recover support for larger clades within the \u2018osteolepidids\u2019 [ 13 ] , and several establish the close relationship of tristichopterids and elpistostegalians with a robust sister relationship between panderichthys and early digited forms [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] . however , no new taxa so far known document the assembly of traits leading from tristichopterids to elpistostegalians .\nthe discovery of a new stem - tetrapod from the middle devonian of western north america helps to fill this gap and provides a stronger phylogenetic backbone upon which future studies can build . the new material includes several specimens from marine sediments and represents an animal with numerous elpistostegalian apomorphies , yet also many symplesiomorphies , suggesting that early tetrapodomorph features have a more crownward distribution than previously considered . this m\u00e9lange of characters extends ancestral tetrapodomorph traits across the early history of the first digited forms , and as part of a phylogenetic hypothesis speaks to the length of current ghost ranges implied by the early middle devonian zache\u0142mie ( polish ) trackways [ 15 ] . however , considering the late middle devonian age of this taxon , its congruence with the stratophylogenetic records of other stem - tetrapods , and the phylogenetic distribution of locomotor gaits among crown - group sarcopterygians , questions about when the first digited sarcopterygians first evolved should be considered a more open question than what a strict reading of the trace fossil record might imply .\nthe material was discovered and excavated in the mid - late 1970s by university of california , berkeley paleontologist joseph t . gregory and his graduate students at a field site in northeastern nevada known as red hill i . the red hill i beds are a series of silty limy mudstones alternating with thick - bedded limestones , bounded below and above by the denay and devils gate formations , respectively [ 16 ] . this university of california museum of paleontology field site ( ucmp v74084 ) is located in the northern simpson park mountains in eureka county , nevada . conodont biostratigraphy places red hill i in the lower klapperina disparilis zone [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , the late givetian stage of the middle devonian . the described sarcopterygian material was recovered from levels 8\u201312 of the roughly 1 . 5 m thick sequence of vertebrate - bearing beds immediately above the denay limestone ( figure 1 ) .\ngeographic location and stratigraphic position of the red hill i field site ( ucmp v74084 ) in eureka co . , nevada , usa .\nblack patterning within eureka county represents exposed devonian outcrops . stars represent where the fossil material was collected . red hill i section courtesy of h . - p . schultze .\nthe fauna and geology indicate that the sedimentary rocks comprising red hill i were deposited in a marine environment . cnidarians such as conulariids , a clade known elsewhere only from marine strata [ 18 ] , are preserved in levels 21 - 5 ( figure 1 ) . moreover , the widespread deposition of limestone and shale along the western margin of laurentia suggests that the regional geology of the northern simpson park range represents an open marine paleoenvironment [ 19 ] , and in particular the outer continental shelf [ 16 ] , [ 20 ] . trace fossils preserved between levels one and two suggest a short - term nearshore paleoenvironment [ 20 ] .\ntinirau ( tea - knee - / r / \u00e1u ) is a character of legend in polynesian culture and traces to islands located at approximately the same latitude as nevada during the middle devonian . according to the rarotonga and mangaia islanders , tinirau was a half - man , half - fish lord of the ocean creatures [ 25 ] . the specific name clackae honors the cambridge palaeontologist and former advisor jenny clack , for her contributions to our understanding of the earliest digited sarcopterygians .\n( a ) ucmp 118605 , holotype , in dorsal , lateral and ventral view . see main text for details . right is anterior . scale bar equals 10 cm ; ( b ) complete restoration ; preserved elements outlined in black , inferred margins outlined in dashed black , hypothesized elements outlined in gray . see methods section for anatomical abbreviations . note the reduced postaxial fibular processes on the fibulae ( fib . p ) .\nthis description is based on six specimens ( ucmp 117884 , 118283 , 118605 , 123135 , 190998 , 190999 ) from a single locality . all specimens preserve complete or partial skull remains . two specimens ( ucmp 118605 , 190999 ) preserve postcrania and appendicular elements in some degree of articulation . specimens ucmp 118283 and 123135 were preserved in association with one another , adjacent on the same small block but not articulated . not all specimens of tinirau preserve every available character state , but consistent features among all specimens indicate that they represent a single taxon . these features include : elongate glenoid fossae ( ucmp 118065 , 190999 ) , reduced posterior processes on the maxillae ( ucmp 118065 , 190999 ) , fused parietals ( ucmp 117884 , 118238 , 118065 , 190999 ) , fused anterior tectals and lateral rostrals ( ucmp 11784 , 118283 ) , a row of non - fang teeth on the elongate posterior coronoids ( ucmp 118605 , 123135 ) , and similar proportions and dentitions of the dermopalatines and entopterygoids ( ucmp 190998 , 190999 ) .\nusa , eureka co . , nevada , simpson park mountains north of the denay valley , ucmp locality v74084 .\nlower disparilis conodont zone of the red hill i beds , immediately above the denay formation .\nan eotetrapodiform sarcopterygian distinguished from known tristichopterids by ( i ) an elongate posterior jugal process ( figures 2 , s1 ) , ( ii ) a dermal cheek plate with fused squamosal , preopercular , and quadratojugal elements ( figures 2 , s1 ) , ( iii ) deep tongue - and - groove embayments along the posteromedial margins of the intertemporals ( figures 3a , s2 ) , ( i v ) fused anterior tectals with lateral rostrals ( figures 3a , s3 ) , ( v ) medially straight anterior parietal margins in the unfused skull - table ( figure s3 ) , ( vi ) a fused ethmoid skull - table in larger specimens\u2014i . e . , later ontogenetic stages ( figures 2 , 3a , s1 , s4 ) , ( vii ) ectopterygoids that contribute to the subtemporal fossae ( figure 3b ) , ( viii ) splenials that remain unsutured to the prearticular ( figure 3c ) , and ( ix ) reduced postaxial fibular processes ( figures 2 , s1 , s6 ) . moreover , it is differentiated from elpistostegalians by ( i ) facially positioned anterior nostrils ( figure 3a ) , ( ii ) a ( inferred ) lateral component to the ventral orbital margins ( figure 2 , s1 ) , ( iii ) the presence of a median postrostral ( figure s3 ) , ( iv ) the absence of frontal bones ( figures 2 \u2013 3 , s1 , s3 , s4 ) , ( v ) the presence of a ( anteriorly positioned ) postspiracular ( figure s4 ) , ( vi ) long posterior vomerine processes ( figure s2 ) , ( vii ) an absence of jugal - quadratojugal contact ( figures 2 , s1 , 2 ) , ( viii ) a small scapulocoracoid ( figures 3c , s7 ) , and ( ix ) round body scales ( figure 3c ) .\n( a - i ) ucmp 117884 , ethmoid skull . anterior is toward the top of the page . scale bar equals 2 cm ; ( a - ii ) dorsal skull reconstruction with infilled gray ethmoid region following from ( a - i ) ; ( b ) left palatal fragment of ucmp 190998 . right is anterior . scale bar equals 5 cm ; ( c ) skull , partial shoulder , and interpretive drawing of ucmp 190999 . uniform stipple covering distal jaw elements indicate unexposed portions of the specimen still covered by bioplastic ; similarly , the dotted line posterior to the parasphenoid ( psph ) notes the division between ethmoid and oticoccipital regions recovered from x - ray imaging . anterior is toward the top of the page . scale bar equals 5 cm . see methods section for anatomical abbreviations . note the elongate glenoid fossa ( gle ) on the left scapulocoracoid ( sco ) .\nthe snout of tinirau has one pair of facially positioned external nostrils as in all tetrapodomorphs except kenichthys and elpistostegalians . however , in tinirau , the nares penetrate a single , fused element consisting of the anterior tectal and lateral rostral ( figure 3a ) . similar to \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 , platycephalichthys , and elpistostegalians less crownward than ventastega , the premaxilla forms a broad part of the choanal margin ( figure s2 ) . moreover , and differing from ventastega and acanthostega , a single median postrostral and several nasal bones create a solid snout lacking a dorsal fontanelle ( figures 2a , 3a , s1 , s3 ) .\nthe anterior skull roof of tinirau is plesiomorphic among tetrapodomorphs : about 25 % of the skull extends anterior to the mid - orbital margins ( figures 2a , 3a , s1 ) . such proportions are more similar to those of rhizodonts and canowindrids than to those of other eotetrapodiforms . the anterior - most paired roofing bones are the parietals , which are pierced by a pineal foramen that lies posterior to the orbits in larger specimens , or later ontogenetic stages ( figures 3a , s3 ) . this condition is similar to early diverging \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 such as koharalepis , canowindra , and gyroptychius , and later - diverging tristichopterids more phylogenetically distal than eusthenopteron . a functional dermal intracranial joint is unknown considering the tongue - and - groove articulations of the intertemporal and supratemporal bones that span this region . however , because the skull tends to be preserved in two parts , with the symplesiomorphic condition at least across the parietal / postparietal region , such a \u2018joint\u2019 is scored as present in tinirau ( figures 2a , 3a , s1 , s4 ) . the condition in tinirau is thus either autapomorphic ( considering that dermal suturing in panderichthys involves only the parietals and postparietals ) or \u2018intermediate\u2019 because of the simultaneous suturing and simple abutment found across its dermal intracranial division . interestingly , platycephalichthys also has posteriorly recessed intertemporals suggesting a similar intracranial configuration [ 27 ] .\nthe postparietal shield is not extremely wide posteriorly , as in canowindrids , nor do the parietals narrow to a point caudally , as in rhizodonts . instead , the tabulars extend to the posterior margin of a postparietal shield that is approximately as wide as the ethmoid , a condition akin to that seen in tristichopterids , panderichthys , tiktaalik , and ventastega ( figure s4 ) . lateral to the tabular resides a postspiracular ( = extratemporal ) situated in the plesiomorphic anterior position , similar to the condition in devonian tetrapodomorphs except tristichopterids phylogenetically distal of spodichthys ( figure s4 ) . the postspiracular is lost in known elpistostegalians .\nsurrounding the orbit , the anterior and posterior supraorbitals ( = prefrontals and postfrontals ) are of similar size and contact one another anterior to the mid - orbital margin . the posterior supraortbitals do not extend anterior to the orbits , similar to the condition in other devonian tetrapodomorphs except a few late - diverging tristichopterids ( figures 2a , s1 , s3 ) . the lacrimal and jugal meet approximately at the mid - ventral orbital margin where , unlike in mandageria and eusthenodon , the postfrontal and lacrimal do not make contact ( figures 2a , s1 ) . moreover , unlike in elpistostegalians , the squamosal ( here , bound up in a fused cheek plate ) precludes abutting of the jugal and quadratojugal ( figures 2 , s1 , s4 ) . it is not known directly if the postorbital contributes to the orbit of tinirau , but based on the topology of this element and neighboring bones in ucmp 118605 , it is inferred to make a minor contribution ( figures 2a , s1 ) .\nthe jaws of tinirau are characteristically eotetrapodiform in form , although contain a unique combination of plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits . the premaxillary teeth are all of similar size as in early diverging tristichopterids and elpistostegalians ( figure s2 ) . however , the maxilla lacks a posterodorsal process , a state shared with platycephalichthys and elpistostegalians such as panderichthys on crownward , but also with derived tristichopterids such as cabonnichthys and mandageria ( figures 2a , s1 , s4 ) . dentary fangs are present , similar to platycephalichthys and elpistostegalians , though this character is also known in rhizodonts , megalichthyids , and derived tristichopterids ( figure 3c ) . the posterior coronoid is much longer than the anterior two coronoids , yet only carries one fang pair followed by a row or 5 + medium - sized teeth ( figure s5 ) . this state combination is not present in any tristichopterid , and only shared with platycephalichthys and early elpistostegalians such as panderichthys . in other words , tristichopterids with long posterior coronoids also bear two posterior fang pairs , and those tristichopterids with one fang pair do not have very long posterior coronoids . a distinct meckelian groove is visible in the lower jaw of ucmp 190999 , and similar to the condition in non - elpistostegalian tetrapodomorphs , it bears an ossified posterior meckelian region separating the prearticular / angular contact ( figure 3c ) .\nthe operculogular elements in ucmp 190999 are similar in shape and proportion to those of other devonian \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 , and therefore are not diagnostic of a physical neck ( i . e . , a discrete , disconnecting region ) between the shoulders and head ( figures 2a , s1 , s4 ) . similar to kenichthys and platycephalichthys , a large preoperculum is sutured to the squamosal in a cheek plate and is also visible in visceral view in ucmp 118605 and 190999 ( figures 2a , s1 , s4 ) . the spiracular notch is not well - preserved , but judging from the narrow space between the squamosal and postparietal shield , it is inferred to be small and thus more like the condition in most \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 rather than to that of gogonasus and elpistostegalians ( figures 2a , 3a - ii , s1 ) . the presence and size of a median gular remain unknown .\nthe neurocranium is plesiomorphic in many ways , although it shares some similarities with those of tristichopterids . a fully ossified ethmoid extends below a narrow tectum orbitale and articulates with its posterior otic - occipital counterpart via an endoskeletal intracranial joint . in turn , a basicranial fanestra spans this division ( figures 3c ) . these states are present in all devonian tetrapodomorphs except for kenichthys and taxa crownward of tiktaalik . by contrast , tinirau shares with tristichopterids a relatively anterior ventral hyomandibular facet ( figure 3c ) . in other words , this state is generally considered to diagnose tristichopterids , but is here reconstructed to be either convergent among these taxa , or to ancestrally diagnose eotetrapodiforms only primitively .\nthe cephalic branches of the sensory canal system are typical of most other devonian tetrapdomorphs , although tinirau retains a few traits\u2014such as the postorbital junction of supra - and infraorbital canals , a line of continuous pores that comprise the mandibular canal , and a surangular pitline\u2014that are otherwise lost in taxa crownward of tiktaalik and acanthostega ( figures 2a , s1 , s5 ) . as in glyptopomus , marsdenichthys , tristichopterids , platycephalichthys , panderichthys , and tiktaalik , the sensory canals course through a tuberculate dermal skeleton that lacks the starburst ornamentation characteristic of the first digit - bearing elpistostegalians ( figures 3a - i , 3c , s3 , s4 , s5 ) . such elements also lack the thick \u2018shine\u2019 characteristic of cosmine - covered sarcopterygians such as megalichthyiforms .\nthe shoulder is typically tetrapodomorph in form , but it bears a few differences from those of key taxa . the anterior median extrascapular margin is \u201clong\u201d and therefore unlike those of canowindrids and mandageria ( figures 2a , 3a - ii , s1 , s4 ) . a postbranchial lamina is present on the cleithrum ( figures 2a , s1 ) , although posttemporals , supracleithra , anocleithra , and an interclavicle are not preserved . unlike in elpistostegalians such as panderichthys and tiktaalik , a small scapulocorocoid is elevated from the ventral plane formed by the clavicles . however , the glenoid is relatively elongate and bears a medial \u2018accessory\u2019 region that is less reflexed than the condition seen in megalichthyiforms such as medoevia and tristichopterids such as eusthenopteron ( figures 2a , 3c , s1 ) . although the humerus is crushed , judging from the shape of the glenoids , it appears that the convex caput humeri retains less of the oblate shape than is typical of \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 . such an elongate condition is more characteristic of elpistostegalians .\npaired appendages are only preserved in ucmp 118605 ( figures 2a , s1 ) . the left humerus is crushed and situated below the cleithrum , but it articulates with the rest of a well - preserved pectoral limb . the right humerus is missing , but the elongate glenoid and distal pectoral elements remain . the pectoral limb is symplesiomorphic , and generally similar to the \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 condition . as in \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 and elpistostegalians such as panderichthys and tiktaalik , the ulna is about half as long as the radius and articulates with an ulnare and intermedium . as in \u2018osteolepiforms\u2019 , the ulnare retains a postaxial process and only articulates with two additional distal radials . proximal lepidotrichia are about three times longer than more distal ones ( figures 2a , s1 ) .\ncaudally , the pelvis articulates with a femur that is preserved in association with the acetabulum , despite the disassociation of distal elements ( figures 2a , s1 , s6 ) . as in eusthenopteron , the right and left disarticulated fibulae bear preaxial radial facets positioned about one half - step proximal to their postaxial counterparts . however , and unlike in gooloogongia and eusthenopteron , the postaxial fibular process is highly reduced and not simply the \u2018fibula - equivalent\u2019 of the condition seen in the ulnare . interestingly , the pelvic limb of panderichthys also displays a similar \u2018lip\u2019 overhanging the postaxial edge of the fibulare ( [ 28 ] , figure 1 , pg . 1146 ) .\nthe vertebral elements are preserved in near complete articulation , and are known only from ucmp 118605 ( figures 2a , s1 ) . paired intercentra are visible entirely in part / counterpart , and stout non - imbricate ribs radiate laterally , immediately posterior to the cleithrum . the axial skeleton proceeds through a left twist at \u223c90\u00b0 around mid - body , and posterior to the pelvis folds over itself so that the distal tip of the heterocercal caudal fin skeleton comes to face the more anterior ( dorsal ) neural spines . paired pleurocentra are not preserved and are presumed to have been cartilaginous . there is no evidence for dorsal fin radials , although dorsal fins are hypothesized to have been present . by contrast , a dissociated anal fin basal and radial are preserved immediately dorsal to the caudal fin . the notochordal canal is visible and arches dorsally through the neural and haemal arches of the caudal fin skeleton ( figures 2a , s1 ) .\na phylogenetic analysis using paup [ 29 ] recovered a single most parsimonious tree . a bayesian analysis [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] of the same data provided an additional metric . there are no major polytomies among the \u2018osteolepiform\u2019 grade taxa . instead , the major clades , rhizodontidae , canowindridae , megalichthyiformes , and tristichopteridae form successive sister taxa to more crownward groups . tinirau emerges as the sister to platycephalichthys and elpistostegalians , one step crownward of tristichopterids ( figure 4 ) .\nanalysis includes 46 taxa and 204 characters . tree length = 454 , consistency index = 0 . 5572 , retention index = 0 . 8481 ; consistency index excluding the four autapomorphic ( uninformative ) characters = 0 . 5532 , retention index = 0 . 8481 . numbers corresponding to respective nodes represent : bremer decay value / bayesian posterior probability . ghost ranges are calibrated after the early middle devonian ( eifelian ) zache\u0142mie tracks ( [ 15 ] and \u201cscenario 1\u201d from friedman and brazeau ( 2011 ) . tetrapodomorphs include all taxa that are not total - group lungfishes . rhizodonts are in green , canowindrids are in yellow , megalichthyiforms are in blue , tristichopterids are in purple , devonian elpistostegalians are in red , and carboniferous elpistostegalians are in orange . the character list and data matrix are available as supplementary information .\nthis phylogenetic hypothesis implies that , ( 1 ) tristichopterid synapomorphies ( see text s1 ) have evolved in parallel during the early history of eotetrapodiforms ; and ( 2 ) the 18 + elpistostegalian synapomorphies are cut in half ( see text s1 ) as taxa such as tinirau and platycephalichthys fill the graduated history of the tetrapod stem . this is predicted by current evidence , especially with the recent finding of marine , digit - bearing tracks that predate the earliest elpistostegalian body fossils by 10 ma [ 15 ] . the discovery of tinirau fills a phylogenetic gap missing from previous discoveries even though its stratigraphic range conforms with the timing of the body fossil record . yet because \u2018genus\u2019 - level preservation rates for devonian tetrapodomorphs are an order of magnitude lower than \u2018species\u2019 - level rates for groups considered to have dense records [ 32 ] , the stratigraphic range of tinirau is not surprising . thus , when combined with the age of the trackways data , the late middle devonian ( givetian ) age of tinirau , its phylogenetic position as stem to the first digited forms , and its many symplesiomorphies may suggest a rich , yet undiscovered early tetrapodomorph record .\nhowever , the phylogenetic distribution of potential sarcopterygian trackmakers does bring into question whether digited tetrapodomorphs even produced the zache\u0142mie trackways . digit - bearing molds are preserved alongside continuous trackways but the \u2018digits\u2019 themselves are known only from isolated prints . crown - group coelacanths , lungfishes , and tetrapods are known to engage in trotting gaits [ 33 ] \u2013 [ 35 ] , and thus suggest substrate - based locomotor abilities in stem - tetrapods as well . moreover , recent work [ 36 ] has shown that african lungfish using a bipedal pelvic - driven gait can produce the three trackways patterns known from the zache\u0142mie quarry : ( 1 ) alternating doublets ; ( 2 ) alternating singlets ; and ( 3 ) opposite , ladder - like prints . considering this range of potential explanations , the non - congruence of continuous digited prints with trackways patterns , and the increasingly strong stratophylogenetic congruence in the stem - tetrapod body fossil record , it might be wise to approach questions about timing of origins with a pluralistic eye and a bit of additional skepticism .\nquestions about palaeoenvironment are more complicated , but tinirau ' s marine preservation is consistent with the marine influenced environments of the zache\u0142mie tracks and other closely related taxa [ 7 ] , [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , although likely not with others [ 3 ] , [ 39 ] .\noverall , the skeleton of tinirau retains many \u2018fish - like\u2019 traits , but they are combined with a suite of elpistostegalian apomorphies . because the utility of many of these characters remains obscure , here i elaborate on two traits that emerge as relevant to current discussions in tetrapodomorph evolution : the origins of the shoulder and pelvic limbs in the first digit - bearing elpistostegalians .\nas in tristichopterids such as eusthenopteron and elpistostegalians such as panderichthys , the shoulder of tinirau retains the full osteichthyan complement of dermal and endochondral components . however , despite these general similarities , its glenoid is anteroposteriorly elongate and in this respect more similar to the condition found in panderichthys , acanthostega , and juvenile specimens of tiktaalik ( figure 5a ) . interestingly , glenoids in the largest tiktaalik specimens are less elongate than those of smaller individuals [ 3 ] , [ 40 ] ( personal observations ) and may reflect ontogenetic changes . nonetheless , despite this possible autapomorphy , elongate glenoids in the first digited taxa correlate with parallel changes observed in the flattening of the caput humeri [ 2 ] , [ 41 ] \u2013 [ 45 ] . although the glenoids in medoevia , eusthenopteron , tinirau , and panderichthys have a strong posterior component , fossae in the former two taxa are more oblate than the condition present in the latter forms . this reinforces the hypothesis that mosaic changes in the pectoral limb began proximally before the distal portions acquired a more characteristic tetrapod - like morphology [ 46 ] .\nglenoids are illustrated in posterior view and highlighted in blue , fibulae are highlighted in green . the glenoid of tiktaalik is depicted from two different perspectives , posterior view ( above ) and posteroventral view ( below ) . the largest tiktaalik specimens are more oblate , which may be autapomorphic relative to the condition in more crownward devonian and carboniferous taxa . the glenoid of panderichthys was based on the shape of its caput humerus . see text for additional details . the in - plane glenoid measurement ( height at maximum extent divided by maximum length ) diagnoses an elongate glenoid fossa : medoevia = 0 . 60 ; eusthenopteron = 0 . 60 ; tinirau = 0 . 42 ; panderichthys = 0 . 48 ; tiktaalik = 0 . 44 ; acanthostega = 0 . 45 .\nthe femur , tibia , and fibula represent the only pelvic elements preserved in tinirau , but they share an interesting similarity with panderichthys , the only non - digit bearing elpistostegalian from which reasonable pelvic material is known [ 28 ] . one major difference between the fibulae of a rhizodont ( e . g . , gooloogongia ) or a tristichopterid ( e . g . , eusthenopteron ) and an elpistostegalian ( e . g . , panderichthys ) is that the postaxial process in panderichthys is reduced to a mere lip or overhang bordering the posterior margin of the distal fibulare [ 4 ] , [ 28 ] , [ 47 ] ( figures 4b , s6 ) . in this respect , the lack of a prominent postaxial process in the fibula of tinirau is more similar to the condition observed in crownward taxa . this pattern underscores previous phylogenetic reconstructions of the appendicular skeleton in which conventional crown group limb characteristics first originate in the pelvic fins [ 48 ] .\nthe new phylogeny also helps to displace eusthenopteron as our iconic surrogate piscine \u2018ancestor\u2019 . eusthenopteron shares with other tristichopterids a sequence of traits that nest it well within tristichopterids and not immediately along the tetrapod stem ( figure 6 ) . instead , this result builds upon the work of coates and friedman ( 2010 ) , whereby tinirau and platycephalichthys fill this position and provide an anatomical record on the transition to land . these taxa spread primitive tetrapodomorph traits along the early history of elpistostegalians , raise additional questions about when digited sarcopterygians first evolved , and fill a gap between tristichopterids and the first digited sarcopterygians in interesting and unexpected ways .\ncharacter states supporting this topology : ( 1 ) a parasymphyseal plate not sutured to the anterior coronoid ; ( 2 ) posterior coronoids longer than more anterior coronoids ; ( 3 ) 33\u201340 % of the dermatocranium anterior to the orbits ; ( 4 ) a posteriorly displaced postspiracular ; ( 5 ) posterior coronoids one third longer than the anterior coronoids ; ( 6 ) two ectopterygoid fang pairs ; and ( 7 ) a diphycercal caudal fin .\n204 morphological characters were used to assess the phylogenetic position of the new taxon described above ( tinirau clackae ) relative to other early tetrapodomorphs . primary character sources [ 3 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 49 ] \u2013 [ 51 ] are indicated parenthetically following each character description in the supplementary information . numbers following the citations refer to the character number in the original source . characters modified from their original source are noted where applicable . very few characters are shared between this analysis and coates and friedman ( 2010 ) ; this was intentional with the goal of assessing how largely independent data sets converge on a similar result .\ncharacters were polarized by comparison to outgroup taxa such as porolepis , glyptolepis , powichthys , youngolepis , diabolepis , and dipterus . these taxa were selected because they represent a range of total - group lungfish that are known from reasonable material , are well studied , and generally accepted as sister to total - group tetrapods .\ncharacters were coded based on a combination of published descriptions , specimen illustrations , and firsthand examination of fossil material . care was taken to avoid simply recycling codings in the published literature . specimens from the following museums were examined , and are noted following each taxon in the supplementary information : australian museum , sydney ( amf ) , australian national university ( anu ) , geologisk museum , copenhagen , denmark ( mguh ) , latvian museum of natural history ( ldm ) , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( mnhn ) , museum victoria , melbourne , australia ( nmv ) , the natural history museum , london ( mnh ) , palaeontological institute of the russian academy of sciences , moscow ( pin ) , national museums of scotland ( nms ) , nunavut fossil vertebrate collection ( nufv ) , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm ( nr ) , university of california museum of paleontology ( ucmp ) , university museum of zoology cambridge ( umzc ) .\nthe data matrix was subjected to a maximum parsimony analysis in the software package paup 4 . 0b10 [ 29 ] and a bayesian analysis using the software package mr . bayes 3 . 2 [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] . all characters were assigned an equal weight , multistate characters were run unordered , and a heuristic search algorithm was used in paup to search for the shortest networks\u2014rooted on porolepis , glyptolepis , powichthys , youngolepis , diabolepis , and dipterus . bremer decay indices were calculated using paup [ 29 ] and tnt [ 52 ] , [ 53 ] , and bayesian posterior probabilities were calculated with mr . bayes following an analysis that included 500 , 000 mcmc generations , sampling every 1 , 000 generations , and with 20 samples discarded as burnin . character evolution was examined in macclade [ 54 ] , which was also used to produce the character state distributions in the supplementary information .\nthe material was prepared by an acid immersion procedure including baths of 30 % formic acid or 10\u201320 % acetic acid for 10\u201348 hours , followed by washing in running water for one month , and air - drying for 12\u201324 hours . exposed elements were strengthened with glyptal or duco cement . the three ucmp specimens 117884 , 118283 , and 123125 were studied 30 years ago by former uc berkeley graduate student john reed , although never published [ 55 ] . because so much has changed in the record , systematics , and nomenclature of stem - tetrapods , it was necessary to redo the study completely .\nthe electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to \u2018public library of science\u2019 . in addition , this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the proposed online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u2018 urltoken \u2019 . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 5dee6139 - 42e1 - 4995 - bab2 - 5e0461aa57a0 tinirau clackae swartz gen . et sp . nov . for the genus , the lsid is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f459d126 - ad40 - 4f69 - a0c3 - 1b6885e891a7 ; and for the species , the lsid is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : fbd69da1 - 884c - 4a2d - 87c4 - f7f8d85ab376 .\nba . a , anal basal ; urltoken , basal articulation of the basipterygoid process ; basb1 , basibranchial # 1 ; bas . f , basicranial fenestra ; ch , ceratohyal ; clth , cleithrum ; clv , clavicle ; co 3 , posterior coronoid ; de . f , dentary fang ; dpt , dermopalatine ; enpt , entopterygoid ; ept , ectopterygoid ; exsc . l , lateral extrascapular ; exsc . m , median extrascapular ; fe , femur ; fib , fibula ; fib . p , posterior process of the fibula ; gle , glenoid fossa ; gu , lateral gular ; hh , hypohyal ; hu , humerus ; hyo , hyomandibular ; urltoken , hyomandibular articulation ; ic , intercentrum ; int , intermedium ; it , intertemporal ; ju , jugal ; la , lacrimal ; mk , meckelian bone ; mk . grv , meckelian groove ; mx , maxilla ; na . a , anterior naris ; nc . c , notochordal canal ; ns , neural spine ; op , operculum ; urltoken , parietal pitline ; part , prearticular ; pin . f , pineal foramen ; plv , pelvis ; pmx , premaxilla ; po , postorbital ; pop , preoperculum ; pp , postparietal ; pq , palatoquadrate ; psph , parasphenoid ; qj , quadratojugal ; quad , quadrate ; r , radius ; ra , radial ; ra . a , anal radial ; ra . c , caudal radial ; ri , rib ; sang , surangular ; sbm , submandibular ; sca , scale ; sco , scapulocoracoid ; spl , splenial ; st , supratemporal ; st . f , subtemporal fossa ; so . p , posterior supraorbital ; sq , squamosal ; tab , tabular ; te . a / ro . l , anterior tectal + lateral rostral ; tib , tibia ; u , ulna ; ul , ulnare ; uh , urohyal ; vo , vomer . ( l ) or ( r ) refers to left or right when displaced from natural side .\nsupplementary text . part a : taxa and characters used in the phylogenetic analysis ; part b : taxon - by - character matrix and character optimizations .\nclose - up of ucmp 118605 and specimen drawing . ucmp 118605 , holotype , in dorsal , lateral and ventral view . see main text for details ; right is anterior . abbreviations : ba . a , anal basal ; clth , cleithrum ; clv , clavicle ; co 3 , posterior coronoid ; exsc . l , lateral extrascapular ; exsc . m , median extrascapular ; fe , femur ; fib , fibula ; fib . p , posterior process of the fibula ; gle , glenoid fossa ; hu , humerus ; ic , intercentrum ; int , intermedium ; it , intertemporal ; ju , jugal ; la , lacrimal ; mx , maxilla ; na . a , anterior naris ; nc . c , notochordal canal ; ns , neural spine ; part , prearticular ; plv , pelvis ; pmx , premaxilla ; po , postorbital ; pop , preopercular ; pp , postparietal ; qj , quadratojugal ; r , radius ; ra , radial ; ra . a , anal radial ; ra . c , caudal radial ; ri , rib ; sca , scale ; sco , scapulocoracoid ; st , supratemporal ; so . p , posterior supraorbital ; sq , squamosal ; tab , tabular ; tib , tibia ; u , ulna ; ul , ulnare ; scale bar equals 10 cm .\nethmoid palatal region and interpretive drawing of ucmp 117884 . anterior is toward the top of the page . abbreviations : urltoken , autopalatine articulation ; urltoken , basal articulation of basipterygoid process ; cho , choana ; \u2018cn\u2019 ii , optic nerve ; it , intertemporal , nc , neurocranium ; p . con , processes connectens ; pmx , premaxilla ; pro . f , profundus foramen ; psph , parasphenoid ; vo , vomer ; vo . f , vomerine fang . \u2018cn\u2019 is in scare quotes because the optic nerve is not a real cranial nerve but a special - sensory extension of the diencephalon . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nethmoid skull roof and interpretive drawing of juvenile specimen ucmp 118283 . aside from the fusion of the anterior tectal and lateral rostral ( similar to the adult specimen , ucmp 117884 ) , many of the remaining roofing bones are unfused . the snout of this specimen is also proportionally shorter than the adult ( when pineal foramina are aligned ) , suggesting substantial allometric change during ontogeny . in addition , it lacks the recessed tongue - and - groove articulations spanning the dermal intracranial joint , suggesting acquisition later in life . anterior is toward the top of the page . abbreviations : it , intertemporal ; na , nasal ; pa , parietal ; pin . f , pineal foramen ; pmx , premaxilla ; ro . p , median postrostral ; so . a , anterior supraorbital ; soc , supraorbital canal ; te . a / ro . l , ( fused ) anterior tectal / lateral rostral . scale bar equals 5 mm .\nskull , partial shoulder , and interpretive drawing of ucmp 190999 . anterior is toward the top of the page . abbreviations : clth , cleithrum ; clv , clavicle ; de , dentary ; exsc . l , lateral extrascapular ; exsc . m , median extrascapular ; gu , lateral gular ; hyo , hyomandibular ; ju , jugal ; la , lacrimal ; mx , maxilla ; op , operculum ; pa , parietal ; part , prearticular ; pop , preoperculum ; pp , postparietal ; psp , postspiracular ; qj , quadratojugal ; ro . p , median postrostral ; sco , scapulocoracoid ; sop , suboperculum ; sq , squamosal ; st , supratemporal ; ta , tabular ; te . a / ro . l , ( fused ) anterior tectal / lateral rostral . ( l ) or ( r ) refers to left or right when displaced from natural side . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nlower jaw of ucmp 123135 . ( a ) dorsal view ; ( b ) lateral view and interpretive drawing . left is anterior . abbreviations : add . f , adductor fossa ; ang , angular ; art , articular ; co 1 , anterior coronoid ; co 2 , middle coronoid ; co 3 , posterior coronoid ; co . f , coronoid fang ; de , dentary ; mc , mandibular canal ; pspl , postsplenial ; sang , surangular ; spl , splenial . scale bar equals 10 mm .\nclose - up of the pelvic region of ucmp 118605 highlighting the reduced postaxial fibular processes . abbreviations : fe , femur ; fib , fibula ; plv , pelvis ; ns , neural spine ; ri , rib . ( l ) or ( r ) refers to left or right . scale bar equals 10 cm .\nclose - up of the elongate glenoid fossa of ucmp 190999 . abbreviations : clth , cleithrum ; gle , glenoid fossa ; sbm , submandibular ; sco , scapulocoracoid . ( l ) refers to left . scale bar equals 5 cm .\nthis work would not have been possible without the assistance of several others . i express my gratitude for the help provided by kevin padian , marvalee wake , tony barnosky , ted daeschler , martin brazeau , hans - peter schultze , jenny clack , matt friedman , john long , gavin young , tim senden , ken campbell , brian choo , nick matzke , ga\u00ebl cl\u00e9ment , john reed , zerina johanson , thomas m\u00f6rs , per ahlberg , catherine boisvert , and marcus wong . i additionally thank kevin padian , marvalee wake , mike coates , david wake , per ahlberg , ted daeschler , and jenny clack for their assistance and thoughts on earlier drafts of this manuscript .\nconceived and designed the experiments : bs . performed the experiments : bs . analyzed the data : bs . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : bs . wrote the paper : bs .\nahlberg pe , johanson z ( 1997 ) second tristichopterid ( sarcopterygii , osteolepiformes ) from the upper devonian of canowindra , new south wales , australia , and phylogeny of the tristichopteridae . journal of vertebrate paleontology 17 : 653\u2013673 .\njarvik : postcranial anatomy , basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : earth sciences 87 : 363\u2013421 .\ndaeschler eb , shubin nh , jenkins fa jr ( 2006 ) a devonian tetrapod - like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan . nature 440 : 757\u2013763 .\nlebedev oa ( 1995 ) morphology of a new osteolepidid fish from russia . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle section c sciences de la terre paleontologie geologie mineralogie 17 : 287\u2013341 .\nlong , 1985 , from the upper devonian gogo formation , western australia . records of the australian museum supplements 53 : 1\u201389 .\nvorobyeva ei , schultze h - p ( 1991 ) description and systematics of panderichthyid fishes with comments on their relationship to tetrapods . in : schultze h - p , trueb l , editors . origins of the higher groups of tetrapods : controversy and consensus . ithaca : cornell university press . pp . 68\u2013109 .\nahlberg pe , johanson z ( 1998 ) osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods . nature 395 : 792\u2013793 .\nchang m - m , yu x ( 1997 ) reexamination of the relationship of middle devonian osteolepids : fossil characters and their interpretations . american museum novitates 1\u201320 .\nfriedman m , coates mi , anderson psl ( 2007 ) first discovery of a primitive coelacanth fin fills a major gap in the evolution of lobed fins and limbs . evolution & development 9 : 329\u2013337 .\nlong ja , young gc , holland t , senden tj , fitzgerald emg ( 2006 ) an exceptional devonian fish from australia sheds light on tetrapod origins . nature 444 : 199\u2013202 .\nand characteristics of stem tetrapod neurocrania . in : elliott dk , maisey jg , yu x , miao d , editors . morphology , phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes . m\u00fcnchen : verlag dr . friedrich pfeil . pp . 389\u2013416 .\nnied\u017awiedzki g , szrek p , narkiewicz k , narkiewicz m , ahlberg pe ( 2010 ) tetrapod trackways from the early middle devonian period of poland . nature 463 : 43\u201348 .\njohnson jg , sandberg ca , poole fg ( 1988 ) early and middle devonian paleogeography of united states and their biostratigraphic responses . in : mcmillan nj , embry af , glass dj , editors . devonian of the world volume i , regional synthesis . calgary : canadian society of petroleum geologists . pp . 161\u2013182 ."]}
{"id": 113, "summary": [{"text": "the golden goby ( gobius auratus ) is a species of goby native to coastal waters of the eastern atlantic from northern spain to madeira and the canary islands as well as in the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it prefers areas with rocky substrates at depths of from 5 to 80 metres ( 16 to 262 ft ) ( though usually not below 30 metres ( 98 ft ) ) with plentiful growth of algae and gorgonians .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "golden goby", "paragraphs": ["the golden tile goby , hoplolatilus luteus , also known as the yellow tilefish , and golden tilefish , is a species of goby that requires at least two inches of sandy substrate in the tank for burrowing . it has a golden / yellow body with a black / purple spot behind its eye . it has clear finnage . they will spend most of their time sifting and trolling along the bottom of the sandy tank . the golden tile goby is a peaceful fish with other species but may turn aggressive towards its own species . some aquarists have successfully gotten their golden tile gobies to spawn in the home aquarium environment , however . the golden tile goby will take a carnivorous diet consisting of chopped brine and mysis shrimp and mixed crustaceans and should be fed twice a day .\ngolden flathead goby , glossogobius aureus . source : dinh d . tran , fimsea / http : / / ffish . asia . license : cc by attribution\nthe golden goby is a small fish , that reaches up to 10 centimetres . inhabits rocky substrates , coralline grounds and seagrass meadows , in water depth from three to 36 metres . it feeds on small invertebrates that it captures on the ocean floor .\na pale yellowish - brown goby with a darker back , five dusky blotches along the midside , and many faint irregular dusky lines and spots dorsally .\ngolden goby is a very busy hostel . hundreds of bagpackers arrive here every year and you can read good and bad reports . however , we do not have anything to complain . the hostel is near the mean atractions of ulan bator , our room was fine and the owners were friendly and helpful . our tour , in spite of not being luxurious or . . .\nheymer and zander ( 1992 ) concluded that the yellow mediterranean goby , called gobius luteus by miller and el - tawil ( 1974 ) , is the \u2018true\u2019 g . auratus risso , 1810 and designated a neotype . the species supposed to be g . auratus by miller and el - tawil ( 1974 ) was designated as an undescribed species and the new name g . xanthocephalus was applied after the investigation of abundant populations of both forms at banyuls - sur - mer , france ( heymer and zander 1992 ) . herler et al . ( 2005 ) redescribed g . auratus risso , 1810 to extend the morphological characteristics of the species to cover also the northern adriatic population . two colour morphs are described : pure yellow colour morph 1 from the mediterranean and south and central adriatic and yellow dotted colour morph 2 from the northern adriatic .\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 80 m ( ref . 4696 ) , usually 5 - 30 m ( ref . 27115 ) . subtropical ; 15\u00b0c - 20\u00b0c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 45\u00b0n - 27\u00b0n , 19\u00b0w - 36\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : northern spain to madeira and the canary islands ; also in the mediterranean .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 13 . distinguished by having the following characteristics : reduced suckers ( ref . 92840 ) .\noccurs in deeper inshore waters ; over rocky substrates with algae and gorgonians ( ref . 4696 ) . abundant populations on coasts with steep bedrock . a shy species and difficult to collect due to long flight distances and hiding in deep clefts ( ref . 87880 ) . macrobenthos feeder on hard substrates ingest also shelled organisms like molluscs and echinoderms ( ref . 92840 ) .\nmiller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )\n) : 15 . 6 - 19 . 4 , mean 18 . 1 ( based on 68 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00414 - 0 . 02009 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 35 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : gobius auratus is endemic to the mediterranean , where it is most likely widespread and abundant throughout . gobius auratus lives in a variety of habitats , and there are no known widespread threats towards it . therefore , g . auratus is assessed as least concern .\ngobius auratus is a mediterranean endemic species , known from the northern and eastern mediterranean , including the adriatic sea and with a recent finding from crete ( heymer and zander 1992 , 1994 ; bilecenoglu 2002 , papakonstantinou 1988 , relini 2010 , kova\u010di\u0107 et al . 2011 ) . the most western record is from la fourmigue , france , and the most eastern record is from mediterranean coast of turkey ( heymer and zander 1992 , bilecenoglu 2002 ) . gobius auratus is found from five to 35 m depth ( herler et al . 2005 ) . previous records of g . auratus from the atlantic ocean , from northern spain to madeira , portugal and the canary islands , pertain to another species .\nalbania ; bosnia and herzegovina ; croatia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; slovenia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe )\nthe specimens of the colour morph 1 were observed to occur in deeper regions with depths of about 15 to 32 m , while population in the northern parts of the adriatic ( colour morph 2 ) also occurred in more shallower water of about five to 35 m depth ( heymer and zander 1992 , herler et al . 2005 ) . specimens of g . auratus typically hover up to 30 cm above the substratum , mostly over steep bedrock bottom ( herler et al . 2005 ) . no data exist for lifespan , life cycle and growth pattern ( miller 1986 ) .\nno conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas . gobius auratus was previously assessed as least concern in the mediterranean ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2014 : e . t198657a103969532 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfairy tales to understanding multi - culturalism in korea . source from urltoken upload for more asian understanding each other .\nnorthern australia from the barlee range nature reserve , western australia , to the burdekin river system , queensland , and inland drainages in south - western queensland . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical east - indo - west pacific . inhabits clear to turbid freshwater rivers and streams , with muddy , sandy or gravel bottoms . although the species has a marine larval phase , land - locked populations occur in australia .\ndorsal fin vi + i , 9 ; anal fin i , 8 - 9 ; caudal fin ( segmented rays ) 9 + 8 = 17 ; pectoral fin 18 - 21 ; pelvic fin i , 5 ; vertebrae 27 ; gill rakers 1 - 2 + 7 - 9 ; tranverse scales 9 - 10 ; predorsal scales 22 - 27 ; longitudinal scale series 31 - 33 ; horizontal scale rows 8 - 12 ( usually 10 ) . body relatively slender , body depth at origin of pelvic fins 14 - 19 % sl , somewhat compressed posteriorly . head and snout flattened , head length 28 - 35 % sl ; anterior nostril tubular , tube reaching a point about halfway between base of tube and upper lip ; posterior nostril a pore . eye diameter 4 - 11 % sl . posterior end of maxillary extending below the anterior part of eye in both sexes ; teeth in outer and inner rows of both jaws large , outer larger , fine teeth between outer and inner rows ; tongue bilobate . lower end of gill - opening behind lower tip of cleithrum ; gill membrane attached to isthmus ; uniserial rows of sensory papillae on cheek . body scales ctenoid ; snout and cheek naked , cycloid scales on upper part of preopercle and opercle , nape and prepelvic space . two separate dorsal fins ; 2nd to 4th dorsal fin spines slightly filamentous . pelvic fins united into an oval disc and margin of interspinal frenum smooth ; caudal fin rounded .\ndark above , pale below with 6 blackish bands across back and 5 blackish blotches midlaterally on side , width of middle blotch narrower than half depth of body ; blackish blotch behind upper part of pectoral fin base ; several faint blackish lines along side ; 2 blackish blotches at base of pectoral fin , upper dark . head with 3 blackish lines from eye , one to middle of upper and lower jaw , one horizontally to upper margin of preopercle anteriorly , third obliquely to posterior margin of preopercle ; cheek and opercle mottled with blackish blotches ; 5 horizontal pale lines on lower part of cheek . first dorsal fin mottled , mottling on membrane behind sixth spine darker or as a blackish spot ; second dorsal fin and upper part of pectoral fins dusky and regularly mottled with dark spots . anal fin pale with dusky hue , palest distally . caudal fin dusky , regularly mottled with dark spots except for upper and lower extremes , lower broader ; upper margin dark , lower pale . pectoral and pelvic fins pale ventrally with dusky hue .\ncarnivore - feeds mostly on aquatic insect larvae as well as some crustaceans and small fishes .\noviparous , benthic spawners . adults usually migrate to the sea to breed and larvae have a marine stage . it is likely that this species is also capable of breeding in freshwater .\nglossogobius aureus akihito & meguro 1975 , jpn j . ichthyol . 22 ( 3 ) : 128 , figs 1 , 2 . type locality : iriomotejima , japan .\nakihito , p . & meguro , k . 1975 . description of a new gobiid fish , glossogobius aureus , with notes on related species of the genus . japanese journal of ichthyology 22 ( 3 ) : 127 - 142 figs 1 - 3\nallen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls .\nallen , g . r . 1991 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of new guinea . publication no . 9 . christensen research institute , madang , papua new guinea , 268 pp .\nallen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .\nhoese , d . f . & allen , g . r . 2009 . description of three new species of glossogobius from australia and new guinea . zootaxa 1981 : 1 - 14 .\nkottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .\nlake , j . s . 1978 . australian freshwater fishes . melbourne : thomas nelson 160 pp . 140 figs .\nlarson , h . 2012 . glossogobius aureus . the iucn red list of threatened species 2012 : e . t196326a2445860 . urltoken downloaded on 09 april 2017 .\nlarson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia . zootaxa 3696 ( 1 ) : 1 - 293\nlarson , h . k . & martin , k . c . 1990 . freshwater fishes of the northern territory . northern territory museum of arts and sciences handbook series number 1 . darwin : northern territory museum of arts and sciences 102 pp . 73 figs .\nmerrick , j . r . & schmida , g . e . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes biology and management . sydney : j . r . merrick 409 pp . figs 280 col . figs .\npusey , b . j . , kennard , m . j . & arthington , a . h . 2004 . freshwater fishes of north - eastern australia . collingwood , victoria : csiro publishing 684 pp .\npusey , b . j . , kennard , m . j . & bird , j . 2000 . fishes of the dune fields of cape flattery , northern queensland and other dune systems in north - eastern australia . ichthyological explorations of freshwater 11 ( 1 ) : 65 - 74\nunmack , p . j . 2001 . biogeography of australian freshwater fishes . journal of biogeography 28 : 1053 - 1089 .\nplease select from the available marine fish species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available invertebrate species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available coral species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available aquarium supplies below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nwith 79 or more in marine life . use coupon code : freeshipping more details\nall images , pictures and descriptions are generalizations and cannot be exact representations . copyright 2018 saltwaterfish . com . all rights reserved .\nreceive free shipping on qualifying order when you sign up to receive our email . open your email for complete details .\neastern atlantic : northern spain to madeira and the canary islands . mediterranean sea .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 114, "summary": [{"text": "gulella streptostelopsis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "gulella streptostelopsis was described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2007 based on material ( except for one specimen ) obtained for the national museum of natural history in leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) by ms h.m. meredith ( newquay , u.k. ; formerly malawi ) and her co-workers in the period 1975-1988 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2.0-2.4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele , but is characterized by three-fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this taxon may represent a new genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "gulella streptostelopsis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for streptostelopsis definition . you find here streptostelopsis meaning , synonyms of streptostelopsis and images for streptostelopsis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nstreptaxidae from pemba . 57\u201358 \u201cgulella\u201d ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica 59 \u201cgulella\u201d ( aenigmigulella ) aenigmatica , juvenile 60 \u201cgulella\u201d radius 61 \u201cgulella\u201d radius , juvenile 62 gulella gwendolinae ( resembling var . scissidens ) 63 gulella planidens .\nstudies on the streptaxidae of mala\u0175i 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella .\nhave a fact about gulella streptostelopsis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gulella streptostelopsis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nstudies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of mala\u0175i 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella [ 1 ]\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word streptostelopsis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word streptostelopsis and , of course , streptostelopsis synonyms and on the right images related to the word streptostelopsis .\nac ( 2007 ) studies on the streptaxidae of mala\u0175i 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 - bruggen\na . c . van bruggen : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of mala\u0175i 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella 1\nfig . 6 . map of mala\u0175i showing the distribution of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . for numbers refer to \u2018material examined\u2019 . the arrow indicates the type locality .\nbruggen a . c . van , 2007 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 9 . description of gulella streptostelopsis , a new streptostele - like species of gulella . 9 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 81 : 1 - 9 .\nhow can i put and write and define gulella unidentata in a sentence and how is the word gulella unidentata used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528gulella unidentata\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528gulella unidentata\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528gulella unidentata\u9020\u53e5 , gulella unidentata meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nkeywords : gastropoda ; pulmonata ; streptaxidae ; gulella ; streptostele ; taxonomy ; malawi ; east africa .\ntwo new species of gulella ( mollusca : pulmonata : streptaxidae ) from the taita hills , kenya .\nnew taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema m\u00f6rch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa .\ngulella is a genus of very small air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family streptaxidae .\ntable 1 . measurements in mm of 38 shells of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . from throughout its range . the holotype is no . 36 ; figured paratypes are nos . 23 and 38 . the numbers in the seventh column refer to the localities enumerated under \u2018material examined\u2019 .\ndr . william adam\u2019s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae ) . part 1 : nominal taxa .\nland molluscs of zanzibar island ( unguja ) , tanzania with the description of a new species of gulella ( pulmonata : streptaxidae ) .\n\n' gulella systemanaturae\n' is a species of minute air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .\n\n' gulella unidentata\n' is a species of very small air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family streptaxidae .\nthis may be an overlooked character as this has not been checked or noticed in other taxa with similar types of shell until the type description of\ngulella systemanaturae\n.\nthe next question to be discussed is whether g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might be classified with one of the known subgenera of gulella sensu lato . these have been discussed in some detail by zilch ( 1960 : 569 - 573 ) . vaught ( 1989 ) and millard ( 1997 ) , simply enumerating generic / subgeneric names , give slightly differing versions , both incorporating sphincterocochlion verdcourt , 1985 . schileyko ( 2000 : 808 - 820 ) treats all subgenera including anatomical data where available . such data will eventually lead to a division of what is now called gulella and it is confidently expected that many subgenera will be elevated to genus rank . a few of the subgenera of gulella are seemingly well defined and these usually encompass only a limited number of species . on the other hand , many of the other subgenera are very broadly characterized and contain large numbers of nominal taxa . it appears that the present new species cannot be classified with any of the extant subgeneric units in gulella so that the matter must be left in abeyance . some alcohol material of the new taxon is available and should be properly evaluated , but this would involve micro - anatomy which is outside the competence of the present author . g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . might well represent an as yet unknown genus in the streptaxidae .\ngulella systemanaturae\nwas described by adolph cornelis van bruggen in 2008 based on collections from 1975 in royal museum for central africa , tervuren , belgium and 1985 collection in nationaal natuurhistorisch museum , leiden .\nverdcourt , b . , 1985 . new taxa of gulella l . pfr . and ptychotrema m\u00f6rch ( mollusca , streptaxidae ) from eastern africa . \u2014 j . conch . london 32 : 109 - 121 .\nderivatio nominis . \u2014 the epithet streptostelopsis ( latinized greek for streptostele - like ) refers to the likeness to shells of the streptaxid genus streptostele . the kindred epithet streptosteloides already exists in the family under discussion . the original combination was opeas streptosteloides von martens , 1897 , but this taxon appears to be a streptaxid , now named streptostele streptosteloides ( von martens , 1897 ) ( vide verdcourt , 2006 ; richardson , 1988 ; kabat & boss , 1997 ) . in view of the similarity of the names and probable causes for confusion in possibly closely allied genera the epithet streptostelopsis is proposed here .\nrecently verdcourt ( 2004 : 311 - 312 , figs 14 - 17 ) described gulella eoryi from mt . meru in northern tanzania . the shell of this taxon looks somewhat like that of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . however , the shell of g . eoryi shows more ribbing , a deep umbilicus and \u201cat the back of the aperture a sloping arcuate lamella well away from the peristome corresponds to a deep furrow on the outside of the shell\u201d . this immediately makes the similarity of the two taxa entirely superficial .\ngulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . is described from a series of localities of mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l . in mala\u0175i south of about 11\u00b0s . the minute , almost smooth , shell ( length 2 . 0 - 2 . 4 mm ) resembles that of the genus streptostele ( hence the name ) , but is characterized by three - fold apertural dentition and just under six whorls . this taxon may represent a new genus ; pending studies on the anatomy no new generic name is proposed .\nbruggen a . c . van , 2008 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 10 . description of gulella systemanaturae , a new species from dedza mountain . 6 pp . zoologische mededelingen 82 : 9 - 14 .\ndiagnosis . \u2014 a minute species of gulella s . l . , with more or less tapering , almost smooth , shell about three times as long as wide and with three - fold apertural dentition consisting of single angular , labral and columellar processes .\nbruggen a . c . van , 2011 : studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of malawi 12 . four new species of gulella s . l . 16 pp . ( in english ) . zoologische mededelingen 85 ( 13 ) : 849 - 864 .\na search of the literature for possibly related taxa has so far proved in vain . pilsbry ( 1919 ) , the main text on congo land molluscs , provides no lead . the subgenus silvigulella pilsbry , 1919 , characterized by a clavate shell with the greatest width well below the middle , has a costulate shell . subsequent publications on congo streptaxids ( mainly van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 , 1999 ) are of no assistance either . a scrutiny of verd\u00adcourt\u2019s east african gulella key ( 1962 ) and subsequent papers ( covered in his 2006 checklist of east africa , but see next paragraph ) comes no nearer in supplying possible candidates for relationship to or at least similarity with g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . finally , connolly ( 1939 ) , particularly the overview of the southern african species on pp . 19 - 23 , also does not lead anywhere . the same applies to southern african species of gulella described since .\naccording to chapman & white ( 1970 ) all localities where the\ngulella systemanaturae\nhas been found are above the\nbrachystegia\nwoodland belt . gives a good impression of the area , depicting low - canopy montane forest near the summit of dedza mountain ( 2150 m ) . .\nfigs 1 - 5 . s . e . m . photographs of two paratypes ( nos . 23 and 38 of table 1 , both loc . no . 6 ; rmnh ) of gulella streptostelopsis spec . nov . 1 , shell , length 2 . 37 mm ( no . 38 ) ; 2 , aperture of do . ; 3 , apex of do . ; 4 , shell , length 2 . 21 mm ( no . 23 ) ; 5 , side view of aperture of do . scale bars 1 mm for figs 1 and 4 , 100 \u03bcm for figs 2 , 3 and 5 . s . e . m . photographs by j . goud ( rmnh ) .\nverdcourt , b . , 1962 . preliminary keys for the identification of the genus gulella pfr . occurring in east africa excluding the sections primigulella pilsbry and plicigulella pilsbry . \u2014 ann . mus . roy . afr . centr . ( 8\u00b0 ) sci . zool . 106 : 1 - 39 .\nliving animals of selected species from pemba ( not to scale ) . 2 \u201cassiminea\u201d aurifera 3 tropidophora zanguebarica 4 subulona ordinaria 5 gonaxis denticulatus 6 gulella planidens 7 tayloria shimbiensis 8 edentulina obesa 9 trochonanina mozambicensis 10 pembatoxon insulare 11 \u201cdendrolimax\u201d vangoethemi ( paratype 2 ) 12 dendrolimax vangoethemi ( paratype 1 ) .\nbruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1997 . dr william adam\u2019s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 1 : nominal taxa . \u2014 bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 67 : 5 - 30 .\nbruggen a . c . van , 2006 : gulella johannae spec . nov . ( gastropoda , pulmonata , streptaxidae ) , a new land snail from the drakensberg range in limpopo province , south africa , with notes on g . johannesburgensis ( m . & p . ) . 10 pp . zoologische mededelingen leiden 80 ( 1 ) : 63 - 72 .\nsix of the seven adults from misali island have an additional palatal tooth , recalling var . scissidens connolly , 1922 , described from dar - es - salaam . the additional tooth is not present on either of the two adults from ras kiuyu . this is a very widespread species and several such forms have been named . neubert ( 1998 ) points out a discrepancy between paladilhe\u2019s ( 1872 ) description and figure of ennea isseli paladilhe , 1872 from yemen , and figures an additional specimen which strongly resembles gulella gwendolinae . this raises the possibility that ennea isseli is a senior synonym of gulella gwendolinae and , if so , also the question of whether it is truly native to arabia . a direct comparison of types is advised .\nbruggen , a . c . van & j . l . van goethem , 1999 . dr william adam\u2019s iconography of central and west african gulella species ( gastropoda pulmonata : streptaxidae . ) . part 3 : nine new species from the d . r . congo . \u2014 bull . inst . roy sci . nat . belg . biol . 69 : 31 - 45 .\nfinally attention should be drawn to the distribution of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . it is so far only known from mala\u0175i , scattered throughout the country south of 11\u00bas between 800 and 1600 m , but mainly between 1000 and 1300 m a . s . l . first of all , this almost certainly is not a mala\u0175i endemic . as shown on the map ( fig . 6 ) many localities are sufficiently close to the borders of at least zambia and mozambique to predict occurrence in those countries , particularly as suitable habitat is available there .\nthe new species is generally easily recognized because of its small size and streptostele - like shell . zilch ( 1960 : 567 - 568 ) has summarized the knowledge of streptostele on the generic / subgeneric level ; in 1959 venmans had added the subgenus textostele , which is not covered in zilch\u2019s overview . schileyko ( 2000 : 802 - 807 ) has included anatomical data where available . it is difficult to find characters to reliably separate streptostele and gulella . repeatedly attention has been drawn to the poor delimitation of the genera in the streptaxidae ( e . g . , van bruggen & van goethem , 1997 : 6 - 7 , for gulella ) ; regrettably anatomical data are still very scarce and do not materially assist here . generally streptostele species appear to have costulate shells with no , or very poorly developed , apertural dentition . also , the number of whorls at times may be quite high ( i . e . , 7 - 10 ) , although a few nominal species may have numbers of whorls as low as in the above - described new species ( e . g . , streptostele jaeckeli venmans , 1959 ) . for the time being the new taxon has been classified with gulella , which genus in itself may be a polyphyletic unit .\n. . . forest reserves apart from a juvenile at msitu mkuu fr ( table 2 ) . on pemba , juvenile shells have complex dentition at a variety of stages . the living animal is creamcoloured . recent systematic work ( = - = rowson , 2010 - = - ) indicates \u201cg . \u201d aenigmatica does not belong in the genus gulella l . pfeiffer and a genus - level revision is in progress . 28 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1\u201339 ( 2010 ) figures 57\u201363 . streptaxidae from . . .\nthe following three species ( 6 % of the total of 49 ) are known only from pemba and we consider them endemic : cyathopoma pembense , dendrolimax vangoethemi , and elisolimax roebucki . there are no endemic genera or subgenera and all three endemics have close relatives both on the mainland and elsewhere in the western indian ocean . dendrolimax vangoethemi probably occurs in the usambaras ( see below ) while elisolimax roebucki has had doubts raised over its species status ( see rowson 2007 p . 447 ) . the populations of \u201cgulella\u201d radius on pemba may be considered a separate species ( see notes , 28 ) . thus the rate of species endemism could be as low as 2 % ( considering only cyathopoma pembense endemic ) or as high as 8 % if ( considering cyathopoma pembense , both slugs , and the pemba \u201cgulella\u201d radius to be endemic ) . accepting a 6 % rate , a total of 36 ( 73 % ) of pemba\u2019s species are also found on unguja . of these , 33 also occur on the mainland , sometimes in small areas . the remaining two species ( 4 % of pemba\u2019s total ) are known only from pemba and unguja : pembatoxon insulare and gittenedouardia conulina . there are doubts about the species status of the latter ( see notes , 7 ) .\nall frs and habitat types contained at least one species not recorded elsewhere on pemba . importantly for conservation , 21 species ( approximately 45 % of the 47 species found ) were found only in frs , including the 10 rarest species ( those represented by the fewest individuals ) and all the slugs found . for example , curvella disparilis and thapsia curvatula were found only at ngezi fr ( sand / soil ) ; microcystina minima was found only at ras kiuyu fr ; and nesopupa minutalis was found only at msitu mkuu fr . another 21 species ( 45 % ) were found in both frs and non - forest habitat types , including the 10 most abundant species . these include several taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( tayloria shimbiensis , opeas delicatum , subulona ordinaria ) and at least one previously unrecorded from forest habitats ( assiminea aurifera ) . both the pemba - endemic cyathopoma pembense and the eastern arc species \u201cgulella\u201d aenigmatica occurred only in msitu mkuu fr and in non - forest sites . the remaining five species ( approximately 10 % ) were found only in non - forest habitats . these include the only certainly introduced species ( striosubulina striatella ) as well as two further taxa treated by verdcourt ( 2000 ) as forest specialists ( thapsia insulsa and gulella sexdentata ) .\nconversely , 92\u201398 % of pemba\u2019s land - snail species occur elsewhere . to date about 8 of these ( 16 % ) are known only from small areas of adjacent tanzania or kenya ( cyathopoma azaniense , \u201cgulella\u201d aenigmatica , tayloria shimbiensis etc . ) and could comprise a vicariant fauna whose ranges were split only by the pemba channel graben . alternatively , these and the remainder that occur more widely ( gulella planidens , streptostele acicula , etc . ) could have arrived by post - isolation dispersal , with species occurring nearby most likely to arrive soonest . successful dispersal to pemba argues against an especially strong isolation , since gene exchange with the mainland would remain possible . this contrasts with pemba\u2019s volant species for which winds are thought to have strongly limited westward passage from the mainland ( moreau and pakenham 1940 ; baker and baker 2002 ) . although accidental introduction by man has played a largely unknown but probably greater part in the land - snail fauna , subfossils on aldabra ( e . g . gerlach and griffiths 2002 ) indicate natural , overseas dispersal by land - snails in the region . rivers outflowing eastwards from the mainland ( e . g . the pangani , wami and ruvu ) could aid the dispersal of rafting taxa such as land - snails to the islands , even against seasonally prevailing currents . this could explain the discrepancy with the endemism in volant taxa .\nthe shell of g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . is subject to some variation in dimensions as shown by table 1 . the abundant material allowed for a check on clinal variation . however , it appears that there is no discernible geographical pattern in the measurements of the shell of the new species . both small and large shells derive from southern populations and to a slightly lesser degree this also applies to northern populations . as regards size it is not always easy to decide what shells are really adult , vide loc . 5 in table 1 ( shells nos . 20 and 25 ) . this sample consists of three shells , ( a ) a juvenile , 2 . 0 mm long and with 5 \u00bc whorls , but with developed apertural teeth and reflected labrum ; ( b ) a subadult , 2 . 21 mm long and with < 5\u00be whorls ( no . 20 in table 1 ) with poorly developed dentition and labrum ; ( c ) an adult , 2 . 25 mm long and with 5\u00be whorls ( no . 25 in table 1 ) with properly developed dentition and labrum .\nis there a pattern to be discerned in the distribution of the species under discussion ? there is an indication for this because so far g . streptostelopsis spec . nov . was not found in the mt . mulanje complex in the south of mala\u0175i , and also not on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in the north , all areas well searched for micro - molluscs . ms h . m . meredith and her co - workers throughout the years 1975 - 1988 have extensively worked these areas by sampling the leaf litter of many forests in and around mt . mulanje , the nyika national park ( including the chowo forest just over the border with zambia ) , and the misuku hills . dr r . jocqu\u00e9 ( mrac ) has also worked on leaf litter on the nyika plateau and the present author and his wife have done the same on the nyika plateau and in the misuku hills in 1990 . all this leads to the albeit preliminary conclusion that absence here might reflect a genuine distribution pattern . such a conclusion would generate two questions . would the new species reach its northern limits here , and , if so , what does delimit its distribution ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnational museum of natural history , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands\nthe following abbreviations have been used : alc . for material in alcohol ; l / d for the ratio length / major diameter of shells ( this ratio is calculated from micrometer readings and may therefore differ from that calculated when these measurements are first converted into mm ) ; lw for length of last whorl in front view ; leg . m for leg . ms h . m . meredith ; bmnh for the natural history museum , london [ british museum ( natural history ) ] ; irsnb for institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , brussels ; mrac for mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium ; rmnh for national museum of natural history , leiden ( nationaal natuurhistorisch museum ; formerly rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie ) .\nmaterial examined . all material has been derived from leaf litter samples ; damaged , subadult and juvenile shells have been expressly excluded from the type material . localities have been enumerated from south to north (\n) . \u2014 mala\u0175i : ( 1 ) thyolo dist . , thyolo , mwalantungi estate , litter streamhead forest , c . 1100 m , 31 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92683 , 2 paratypes ) ; ( 2 ) thyolo , namingombo river , riverine forest litter , c . 1200 m , 8 . vi . 1980 , leg . m ( rmnh 92684 , 2 paratypes , 2 juv . ) ; ( 3 ) thyolo mountain forest on satemwa tea estates , submontane forest remnant , leaf litter , 1300 m , 17 . i . 2002 , leg . k . - d . b . dijkstra ( rmnh 92685 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 4 ) blantyre dist . , blantyre , soche mt . , submontane litter ne . side , 1400 m , 27 . viii . 1982 , leg . j . chapman ( rmnh 92686 , 1 paratype ) ; ( 5 ) blantyre , soche mt . , leaf litter sites nos . 3 - 5 , 1300 - 1450 m , 12 . iii . 1983 , leg . m ( rmnh 92687 , 2 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 6 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , ii . 1981 , leg . j . chapman [ rmnh 92688 , 9 paratypes ( among which shells shown in figs 1 - 5 ; 2 paratypes deposited in irsnb ) , 1 subad . , 1 juv . ; also alc . ] ; ( 7 ) chiradzulu dist . , lisau evergreen forest litter , c . 1300 m , 3 . i . 1982 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh 92689 , 2 paratypes , 1 damaged shell , 1 subad . ) ; ( 8 ) mulanje dist . , chigwankhalu hill , near mala\u0175i - mozambique border just s . of lake chilwa ,\nlitter , 800 - 900 m , early may 1983 , leg . h . patel ( rmnh , 1 juv . ) ; ( 9 ) zomba dist . , mpita forest near thondwe , leaf litter , c . 1100 m , 10 . ii . 1982 , leg . m ( rmnh , 1 damaged adult ) ; ( 10 ) zomba dist . , zomba , mulunguzi bridge ,\nriverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 22 . iii . 1986 , leg . m ( rmnh 92690 , 2 paratypes , 3 subad . , 1 damaged subad . ) ; ( 11 ) zomba , mulunguzi bridge , riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 15 . xi . 1986 - 25 . iii . 1987 , leg . p . kamkodo ( rmnh 92691 , 5 paratypes , of which 1 deposited in mrac ) ; ( 12 ) zomba - namitembo road , namitembo river riverine forest litter , c . 1000 m , 24 . iv . 1984 , leg . m ( rmnh 92692 , 4 paratypes , 1 juv . ) ; ( 13 ) zomba , forest road ,\ndescription . \u2014 shell ( figs 1 - 5 ) small to minute , clavate , more or less tapering , greatest width well below the middle , always more than two - and - a - half times as long as wide , transparent when fresh to whitish when worn . umbilicus completely closed . spire produced , slightly tapering or sides at most subparallel , not convex , apex flattened , obtusely conical to mamillate . whorls five - and - a - half to just under six , hardly convex , superficially smooth but under high magnification with faint spiral sculpture and growth lines , growth lines turning to weak costulation behind the labrum ( fig . 5 ) . sutures somewhat impressed , fairly shallow , simple and filiform . aperture ( fig . 2 ) subovate , sometimes distinctly squarish at base , peristome slightly incrassate and reflected , aperture not or hardly obstructed by three - fold dentition : a small angular process ( usually a mere swelling ) , somewhat distant from and therefore not connected with apex of labrum so that there is no sinus ; opposite the angular denticle there is an upper labral process in the form of a thickening of the labrum , which process does not correspond to a depression behind the labrum ; finally , a very faint thickening of the lower columella may be interpreted as a columellar process .\nmeasurements of shell : 2 . 00 - 2 . 37 \u00d7 0 . 75 - 0 . 81 mm , l / d 2 . 62 - 3 . 17 , lw 0 . 87 - 1 . 00 mm , aperture height \u00d7 major diameter 0 . 56 - 0 . 62 \u00d7 0 . 44 - 0 . 50 mm , 5\u00bd - > 5\u00be whorls . holotype shell 2 . 31 \u00d7 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 96 , lw 1 . 00 mm , aperture 0 . 69 \u00d7 0 . 44 mm , > 5\u00be whorls . mean values 2 . 18 \u00d7 0 . 78 mm , l / d 2 . 89 , lw 0 . 93 , aperture 0 . 59 \u00d7 0 . 47 mm , average values 2 . 19 \u00d7 0 . 75 mm , l / d 2 . 92 , lw 0 . 94 , aperture 0 . 59 \u00d7 0 . 44 mm ( n = 38 ) .\ndistribution ( fig . 6 ) . \u2014 so far only known from mala\u0175i , scattered throughout the country south of 11\u00bas and mainly between 1000 and 1500 m a . s . l .\ncorrespondence with ms meredith on this subject leads to an interesting observation . she writes : \u201cwhat does stand out , though , is that it is a species of riverine / lowland forest / submontane forest distribution . it is interesting to see chapman\u2019s ( i . e . chapman & white , 1970 ) descriptions on pages 141 , 153 and 161 / 2 . this does not , however , explain why we have not found it on some of the lower slopes of mulanje , or the misukus . the submontane forests on the nyika are on the slopes that haven\u2019t been properly studied \u2013 we have all looked in the more easily accessible montane forests of the plateau . \u201d ( meredith , in litt . , 28 october 2001 ) .\nacknowledgements are due in first instance to ms h . m . meredith for supplying the material , contributing data on the localities , and carefully criticizing the manuscript . mr j . goud of the mollusca section ( rmnh ) deserves credit for the s . e . m . illustrations ( figs 1 - 5 ) , expertly enhanced by p . a . van mulken ( biology section , leiden university ) . numerous visits to the mollusc departments of the natural history museum ( london ) , the institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique ( brussels ) , and the mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale ( tervuren , belgium ) have always been of great value \u2013 the cooperation of our colleagues drs p . b . mordan ( bmnh ) , j . l . van goethem ( irsnb ) and f . puylaert & r . jocqu\u00e9 ( both mrac ) has been invaluable . dr c . o . dudley ( university of mala\u0175i , zomba ) is acknowledged for assistance with geographical problems .\nfield work in mala\u0175i of the present author ( 1988 , 1990 , 1993 ) has been mainly financed by leiden university , the koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen ( royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences , amsterdam ) , wotro / nwo ( wetenschappelijk onderzoek in de tropen , the hague ) , and the stichting tot internationale natuurbescherming ( foundation for international conservation , van tienhoven stichting , amsterdam ) .\n1 . for no . 8 in this series vide bruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of mala\u0175i 8 . a revision of \u2018marconia\u2019 hamiltoni ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . \u2014 zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 , figs . 1 - 21 .\nbruggen , a . c . van & h . m . meredith , 1984 . a preliminary analysis of the land molluscs of mala\u0175i . in : a . solem & a . c . van bruggen , eds . , world - wide snails . biogeographical studies on non - marine mollusca : 156 - 171 . \u2014 e . j . brill / dr w . backhuys , leiden .\nbruggen , a . c . van & a . j . de winter , 2003 . studies on the streptaxidae ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata ) of mala\u0175i 8 . a revision of \u2018marconia\u2019 hamilton i ( smith ) , the largest local streptaxid , with the description of a new genus . \u2014 zool . verh . leiden 345 : 59 - 78 .\nchapman , j . d . & f . white , 1970 . the evergreen forests of malawi : 1 - 190 . commonwealth forestry institute , university of oxford , oxford .\nconnolly , m . , 1939 . a monographic survey of south african non - marine mollusca . \u2014 ann . s . afr . mus . 33 : i - iii , 1 - 660 .\nkabat , a . r . & k . j . boss , 1997 . karl eduard von martens ( 1831 - 1904 ) : his life and works : 1 - 417 . department of mollusks , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge mass .\nmillard , v . , 1997 . classification of mollusca . a classification of world wide mollusca : 1 - 544 . rhine road , south africa .\npilsbry , h . a . , 1919 . a review of the land mollusks of the belgian congo chiefly based on the collections of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . \u2014 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 40 : i - x , 1 - 370 .\nrichardson , c . l . , 1988 . streptaxacea : catalog of species . part 1 streptaxidae . \u2014 tryonia 16 : i , 1 - 326 .\nschileyko , a . a . , 2000 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . part 6 . rhytididae , chlamydephoridae , systrophiidae , haplotrematidae , streptaxidae , spiraxidae , oleacinidae , testacellidae . \u2014 ruthenica suppl . 2 : 731 - 880 ( streptaxidae pp . 771 - 835 ) .\nvaught , k . c . [ eds r . t . abbott & k . j . boss ] , 1989 . a classification of the living mollusca : i - xii , 1 - 195 . melbourne , fla . , u . s . a .\nvenmans , l . a . w . c . , 1959 . notes on molluscs from the belgian congo 1 . genus streptostele h . dohrn , 1866 . \u2014 rev . zool . bot . afr . 60 : 31 - 48 .\nverdcourt , b . , 2004 . new and little known species of terrestrial mollusca from east africa and congo ( kinshasa ) . \u2014 ann . hist . - nat . mus . natn . hung . 96 : 299 - 315 .\nverdcourt , b . , 2006 . a revised list of the non - marine mollusca of east africa ( kenya , uganda and tanzania , excluding lake malawi ) : 1 - 75 . published by the author , maidenhead .\nzilch , a . , 1959 - 1960 . gastropoda euthyneura . \u2014 handb . pal\u00e4ozool . ( 6 ) 2 : i - xii , 1 - 834 . berlin - nikolassee ( streptaxidae pp . 555 - 578 , 1960 ) .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nuntil recently , species which are now in the genus costigulella were included here .\nadolph cornelis ' dolf ' van bruggen ( 9 july 1929 \u2013 3 june 2016 ) was a dutch malacologist , entomologist and botanist . his works were about the tropics and tropical africa . his career lasted over 50 years . he was an expert especially in the land snail families streptaxidae , achatinidae and maizaniidae . as of 2008 , he had written some 655 scientific publications .\nall content from kiddle encyclopedia articles ( including the article images and facts ) can be freely used under attribution - sharealike license , unless stated otherwise . cite this article :\ncontent is available under cc by - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . kiddle encyclopedia articles are based on selected content and facts from wikipedia , rewritten for children . powered by mediawiki .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n. . . y colour forms . voeltzkow\u2019s ( 1923 ) record of \u201crachis brauensis mart . \u201d ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( haas , 1929 ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see = - = solem 1959 - = - , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from the new hebrides , is a synonym of r . braunsi . solem ( 1964 ) cited verdcourt ( 1961 ) . . .\nimportant bird areas in tanzania : a first inventory . wildlife conservation society of tanzania , dar es - baker , baker - 2002\nannoted checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the arabian peninsula with description of new species . fauna of arabia\n. . . as ( 1929 ) gives the record from chake chake . fischer - piette and vukadinovic ( 1974 ) consider bulimus johanninus morelet , 1877 , described from the comoros , a synonym of a . gracile . recent authors ( e . g . = - = neubert 1998 - = - , gerlach 2006b , griffiths and florens 2006 ) rather than verdcourt ( 2006 ) and rowson ( 2007 ) are followed here in treating this species in allopeas as distinct from lamellaxis . 1 8 . curvella subviresc . . .\n. . . s familiar with a . clavulinum in botanic gardens in the uk , which in turn have been said to come from east africa ( kerney and cameron 1979 ) yet never included a . clavulinum in his east african lists ( = - = verdcourt 1983 - = - , 2000 , 2006 ) . this should be further investigated . 20 . opeas lamoense melvill & ponsonby , 1892 buliminus lamoense melvill and ponsonby 1892 : 90 ; pl . v , fig . 12 notes . pemba specimens reach 11 . 0 \u00d7 4 . 0 . . .\nprys - jones r . p . , the\u0301baud c . 2003 . molecular phylogeography reveals island colonization history and diversification of western indian ocean sunbirds ( nectarinia - warren , bermingham , et al .\ncoastal forests of eastern africa : status , endemism patterns and their potential causes - nd , gp , et al . - 1998\n. . . arion ) . the monophyly of these major groups is questionable while the systematics of tropi - 16 b . rowson et al . / zookeys 70 : 1\u201339 ( 2010 ) cal limacoidea is still far from resolved ( e . g . tillier 1979 , = - = hausdorf 1998 - = - , schileyko 2002 ) , but it remains possible that this species is related to one of them rather than other dendrolimax . distribution : pemba island ; probably also east usambara mts . etymology : vangoethem . . .\nthe geology and geophysics of coastal tanzania - pe , ja , et al . - 1971\nergebnisse der osterreichischen neu kaledonien - expedition 1965 , terrestrische gastropoda i ( exkl . veronicellidae und athoracophoridae\n. . . that histrio was an early anthropogenic introduction from east africa . though not quite correct ( the name braunsi did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . = - = starm\u00fchlner 1970 - = - ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . stanisic 1998 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous abou . . .\n. . . dispersal to islands ( e . g . gittenberger 2007 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( = - = tattersfield 1998 - = - , lange and mwinzi 2003 , rowson 2007 ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region . . .\nprys - jones rp , thebaud c ( 2006 ) immigration , species radiation and extinction in a highly diverse songbird lineage : white - eyes on indian ocean islands . molecular ecology 15 - bh , bermingham\ntropical african platycnemis damselflies ( odonata : platycnemididae ) and the biogeographical significance of a new species from pemba island - dijkstra , clausnitzer , et al . - 2007\ngeology of east africa . beitr\u00e4ge zur regionalen geologie der erde - schl\u00fcter - 1997\ndescriptions of new species of shells collected by geoffrey nevill esq . , at - adams\nhabitat selection by terrestrial birds on pemba island ( tanzania ) , with particular reference to six endemic taxa . biological conservation 95\n. . . ation and moist climate might permit locally - adapted species to persist in a broader range of habitats than their mainland counterparts . a similar observation has been made for pemba\u2019s endemic birds ( = - = catry et al . 2000 - = - ) . b ) imbalance across land - snail families , species were recorded in the same rank order and approximately the same proportions as on unguja ( rowson 2007 ) and the coastal region as a whole ( verdcourt . . .\nnotes on african non - marine mollusca , with descriptions of many new species . annals and magazine of natural history series 9\n. . . latus pro tem . rather than the more restricted g . gibbonsi taylor , 1877 . a revision of the east african taxa attributed to \u201cgonaxis\u201d is currently under way ( rowson in prep . ) . 26 . tayloria shimbiensis = - = connolly , 1922 - = - figs 7 , 33\u201335 tayloria shimbiensis connolly 1922 : 487 notes . this species has not previously been recorded beyond the type locality ( shimba hills ) ( verdcourt 2006 ) . according to verdcourt ( 1958 ) , its . . .\n. . . vaginulus alte f\u00e9russac 1821\u20131822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as \u201cvaginula brevis\u201d v . brevis fischer , 1872 is considered a synonym of the widespread l . alte ( = - = forcart 1953 - = - , verdcourt 2006 ) . we tentatively refer two small juveniles from ngezi fr to this species . 7 . gittenedouardia conulina ( von martens , 1869 ) fig . 29 buliminus ( pachnodus ) von martens 1869 : 153 notes . t . . .\n. . . less than 200m ; pemba effectively lies off the continental shelf ( fig . 1a ) . while the presence of a terrestrial fauna in pemban rocks supports the presence of land since at least the middle miocene ( = - = pickford 2008 - = - ) , this land is believed to have been part of the mainland until the formation of the pemba channel by a graben fault approximately 6 ma ( early pliocene ; kent et al . 1971 , clarke and burgess 2000 ) . ot . . .\n1831 description des coquilles terrestres recueilles pendant un voyage \u00e0 c\u00f4te occidentale d\u2019afrique , et au br\u00e9sil . annales des sciences naturelles 24 - rang\n. . . 07 ) . in east africa , the lowland land - snail fauna is poorlyknown but now documented in a few coastal forest fragments in which endemism to fragments is high ( tattersfield 1998 , lange and mwinzi 2003 , = - = rowson 2007 - = - ) . these coastal forests form a region of endemism scattered through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region\u2019s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et . . .\nnotes on east african land and freshwater snails 11 . miscellaneous records from kenya and tanzania including the description of two new species . \u2014 basteria 42\n. . . rag ) ras kiuyu fr msitu mkuu fr non - fr sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 assimineidae \u201cassiminea\u201d aurifera preston , 1912 3 2 429 / 18 + + + + + + + + + + 10 cyclophoridae cyathopoma azaniense = - = verdcourt , 1978 - = - 4 13\u201315 + 1 cyathopoma pembense sp . n . 1 16\u201327 + + + + 4 pomatiidae tropidophora zanguebarica ( petit , 1850 ) 5 3 432 / 3 + + + + + + + + + + + 11 veronicellidae laevicaulis alte ( f\u00e9russac , 1821 ) 6 432 . . .\n. . . nguja ( lange and mwinzi 2003 , verdcourt 2006 , rowson 2007 ) . however , maizania is absent from the pliocene - pleistocene central highlands of kenya , a montane forest area of apparently suitable habitat ( = - = verdcourt 1984 - = - ) . its absence from pemba could suggest pemba , unlike unguja , was isolated before maizania could reach it . alternatively , maizania may have reached unguja only after it became an island , in which case . . .\na preliminary note on the african element among the streptaxids ( mollusca ) of the western indian ocean islands . in : van zinderen bakker snr em , coetzee ja ( eds ) paleoecology of africa and the surrounding islands . vol . 10\u201311 . balkema - ac - 1978\nac ( 2008 ) new studies on the land molluscs of malawi , a second interim progress report . prolegomena for a new checklist - bruggen\nmadagascan georissa , cyclotus , omphalotropis and so - called chondrocyclus . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 133 - kc - 2004\n. . . nt consideration since slugs may change in appearance as they grow . however , neither verdcourt and polhill , van goethem with his experience of growth series of many taxa , nor other slug workers ( e . g . = - = forcart 1967 - = - ) could attribute these forms to any known species or genus . verdcourt and polhill ( 1961 ) noted that there was no absolute criterion , e . g . concerning the size of the albumen gland , for recognising adu . . .\n2006b ) terrestrial and freshwater mollusca of the seychelles islands . backhuys , leiden , the netherlands , 141 pp . b . rowson et al - gerlach\ndescription of pembatoxon insulare gen . n . , sp . n - jl - 1975\nr\u00e9vision syst\u00e9matique des urocyclinae ( mollusca , pulmonata , urocyclidae ) . annales mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 218 : 1\u2013355 - jl - 1977\ndie binnenmollusken der voeltzkow\u2019schen reisen in ostafrika und den ostafrikanischen inseln . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher 57 : 387\u2013430 , pls\n. . . the pemba material is here referred to braunsi , whose varieties we consider only colour forms . voeltzkow\u2019s ( 1923 ) record of \u201crachis brauensis mart . \u201d ( sic ) probably refers to r . braunsi from fundu i . ( = - = haas , 1929 - = - ) . the genus is here given as rhachistia rather than rhachidina ( see solem 1959 , mordan 1992 , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . there is a hypothesis that bulimus histrio l . pfeiffer , 1854 , described from th . . .\nke ( 1869 ) conchylien aus zanzibar zwischen sesamsaamen . nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft 1 - martens\n1892 ) ueber die von dr . stuhlmann in nordost - afrika gesammelten landund s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken . sitzungs - berichte der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu - ke - 1892\nr\u00e9vision des urocyclidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , pulmonata ) . anatomiesyst\u00e9matique - zoogeographie . annales mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale tervuren , sciences zoologiques 180 - jj - 1970\notopoma gray 1850 - a few words to add to a 150 years old debate . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde 132\n. . . er recent decades . note : verdcourt treats all east african tropidophora in subgenus otopoma gray , 1850 , but the asian type species of this belongs in cyclophoridae not pomatiidae ( = pomatiasidae ) ( see = - = neubert 2003 - = - ) . 6 . laevicaulis alte ( f\u00e9russac , 1821 ) vaginulus alte f\u00e9russac 1821\u20131822 : 14 notes . voeltzkow ( 1923 , p . 179 ) recorded this species from pemba as \u201cvaginula brevis\u201d v . brevis fischer , 1872 is consider . . .\nde la saussaye m ( 1859 ) description d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle . journal de conchyliologie 7 : 384\u2013385 , pl - petit\ncontaining the monographs of the genera bulimus , achatina , dolium , b . rowson et al - volume\nharzhauser m , berning b , kroh a ( 2010 ) sedimentary evolution of a late pleistocene wetland indicating extreme coastal uplift in southern tanzania . quaternary research 73 : 136\u2013142 - reuter , we\nea ( 1890 ) list of land - and freshwater - shells collected by dr . emin pasha in central africa , with descriptions of new species - smith\n. . . i did not appear in solem 1959 ) this was followed by other workers in the region ( e . g . starm\u00fchlner 1970 ) and there is now a consensus that the australasian populations originated in east africa ( e . g . = - = stanisic 1998 - = - , herbert and kilburn 2004 ) . however , verdcourt ( 1961 , 1983 , 2006 ) remained ambiguous about placing the two in synonymy and objected that the colour pattern in solem\u2019s ( 1959 ) black and white picture o . . .\ndescriptions of two new taxa of tayloria bgt . together with a synopsis of the genus . revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines 58 : 3\u20134 - verdcourt - 1958\neast african slugs of the family urocyclidae , iii & iv . the genus trichotoxon - verdcourt , rm - 1961\n. . . through the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) and support the majority of the region\u2019s narrowrange endemics ( burgess et al . 1998 , burgess and clarke 2000 ) which include landsnails ( = - = verdcourt 2000 - = - , rowson 2007 ) . emberton et al . ( 1997 ) found that within tanzania , both diversity and endemism peaked in the northern coastal forests , those nearest pemba . the forest on pemba is greatly depleted outs . . .\n. . . differ from the few other east african cyclophoridae in being larger and more depressed than c . azaniense verdcourt , 1978 ( figs 13\u201315 ) , an undescribed azaniense - like species from the east usambaras ( = - = verdcourt 2006 - = - ; nmw material examined ) , and the malawian c . tres van bruggen , 2008 ( van bruggen 2008 ) . they are also larger than the central african c . papillaris ( von martens , 1892 ) and have fewer spiral keels ( se . . .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nb rowson , 1 b . h . warren , 2 and c . f . ngereza 3\numr c53 pvbmt , universit\u00e9 de la r\u00e9union - cirad , 7 chemin de l\u2019irat , ligne paradis , 97410 st . pierre , r\u00e9union , france\nnational museums of tanzania , shabaan robert street , po box . 511 , dar es salaam , tanzania\ncorresponding author : xue - xin chen ( nc . ude . ujz @ nehcxx ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\npemba is thought to have had a longer and / or stronger history of isolation than its better - known counterpart , unguja . the extent to which the biota support this hypothesis of greater oceanicity have been debated . here , pemba\u2019s terrestrial mollusc ( \u201cland - snail\u201d ) fauna is surveyed and reviewed for the first time . we find at best equivocal evidence for the following hallmarks of greater oceanicity : impoverishment , imbalance , and a high rate of endemism . at least 49 species are present , families are represented in typical proportions , and there are only between two and four island - endemic species - i . e . a 4 % to 8 % rate of endemism . for land - snails , isolation thus seems to have been short ( pleistocene ) or , if longer , weak . nevertheless , pemba does host endemic and globally rare species . forty - five percent of the species found , including most of these , is restricted to forest reserves , with ngezi forest reserve particularly rich . a further 45 % are able to tolerate the island\u2019s woody cultivated habitats . one new snail species ( cyclophoridae : cyathopoma ) and one new slug species ( urocyclidae : dendrolimax pro tem . ) are described . new data and illustrations are provided for other taxa .\npemba is one of the two main indian ocean islands of zanzibar , tanzania , the other being unguja ( itself commonly referred to as \u201czanzibar\u201d ) . it has long been recognised that although the two are of comparable size , topography , distance from the mainland , as well as climate and climatic history ( e . g .\n) , they differ in their geological and biotic history . geologically , both islands consist of miocene rocks of continental origin fringed by uplifted pleistocene coral rag limestone platforms (\n) . sea level lowstands of up to 145m below present since pemba\u2019s separation , while critical for the evolution of other western indian ocean island faunas ( e . g .\n) , would therefore not have sufficed to reconnect pemba to the mainland or unguja . unguja , in contrast , was most recently isolated from the mainland in the pleistocene (\n) probably as little as 10\u201318 thousand years ago . thus even if pemba\u2019s isolation was as recent as the latest pliocene ( 1 ma ) , it would have remained an island for up to 100 times longer than unguja .\na pemba and the surrounding area . contours : 200m and 1000m ( above sea level ) ; 200m ( below sea level ) . the land below 400m , including the islands , roughly corresponds to the zanzibar - inhambane vegetation mosaic of white ( 1983 ) in which coastal forest fragments are scattered . b sites surveyed on pemba in 2009 , numbered as in table 1 , with forest reserves ( shaded areas ) and large towns marked .\nto examine how the land - snail fauna reflects the strength and duration of pemba\u2019s isolation we sought evidence of a ) impoverishment ; b ) imbalance in composition ; and c ) increased endemism , each relative to unguja and to mainland coastal forests . this required that as many species as possible were documented . we also aimed to clarify patterns of species presence or absence between habitat types and between frs , data on which are currently absent for most pemban taxa and limited for other tanzanian coastal taxa .\nsurvey work was carried out in february 2009 . survey sites were selected in each fr and in additional sites covering most of the island ( plus misali i . , a small island nature reserve to the west ;\n; collecting effort was quantified although it varied across sites . while no survey can guarantee to find all species , these are two of the most important considerations in surveys of this type (\n) . land - snails were identified with reference to collections and the literature and are deposited at the national museum of wales , uk ( nmw ) and national museums of tanzania ( nmt ) . as in\n, informal morphospecies names ( \u201csp . a\u201d etc . ) are avoided , one advantage being more accurate comparison with other studies .\n) and grouped into habitat types . ngezi fr sites are grouped into two habitat types according to underlying geology . \u201cperson - hours\u201d is the total time spent on direct search and \u201clitter\u201d is the approximate volume of litter sieved ( litres ) . codes in square brackets are original site names and dates of collection .\nhigh moist forest on sandy alluvial soil within reserve less than 1km from entrance [ n1 , 7 . 2 . 09 ]\nhigh moist forest on sandy alluvial soil in centre of reserve [ n3 , 8 . 2 . 09 ]\nhigh forest and swamp forest on dark alluvial soil in north of reserve [ n6 , 11 . 2 . 09 ]"]}
{"id": 116, "summary": [{"text": "pomatoschistus marmoratus , marbled goby , is a species of goby native to the eastern atlantic from the bay of biscay down around the iberian peninsula through the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the sea of azov .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is also found in the suez canal in egypt .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it occurs in marine and brackish waters on sandy substrates in shallow waters , typically down to 20 m ( 66 ft ) , but occasionally to 70 m ( 230 ft ) in the winter .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) tl though most do not exceed 5 centimetres ( 2.0 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "marbled goby", "paragraphs": ["my marbled goby eating thawed silversides . he also enjoys earthworms , minnows , and goldfish .\nthe marbled goby fish is found in malaysian rivers . it is noted that it is the largest goby in the world . this hd video is shot using the panasonic hdc tm 300 camcorder in full 1080 hd .\ndoing a switch to native biotope and i want to start breeding marbled gobies . anyone here can share their experience or knowledge in this area ?\nbreeding and rearing the offspring through successive generations are mandatory in order to study evolutionary responses to anthropogenic impact in marine organisms . however , fish offer a limited number of marine model species that allow performing multigenerational experimental approaches . here , we propose a novel breeding and rearing experimental model based on the marbled goby\nfeeding : feeding is easy . these fish will eat anything . i give mine krill and feeder shrimp intended for marine fish , and my goby loves it .\ni currently have one in my tank , about 12 inches long . and i feed it with raw fish ( cut in stripe ) . in the near future , i will get another variety goby ( quite similar dark brown ) and download to u - tube broadcast . goby fish loves to camouflage with drift woods provided for hiding .\n) in un ambiente del delta del po ( observations on population structure and trophic role of three goby species in the delta of po river ) . nova thalassia 7 ( suppl . 3 ) : 373\u2013378 .\nthey climb walls ? i was keen of doing the same but also clueless how to start . intially i thought we need to have many stones for hiding , some plants and\nwaterflow\n. just like keeping crabs . i assumed your goby mean mudskippers ?\ngot the tank size to do it . thanks for the information link , it is very useful . as suspected , they are next to impossible to breed in tanks . will be doing a biotope of small fishes and shrimps and placing a goby in it .\ni ' m keeping one wild caught . very intelligent fish keen on observations around their surroundings . like to barrow in the sand ambush for prey to hit it ' s effective range . skilled hunter , i would say . normally i feed it with feeder prawns . there was a week the tank was out of feeder prawns . in the tank was 2 garfish as tank mates . same length as the marble goby about 15 cm . within 2 nights , my garfish went 1 missing , with each night . i observed the belly of the marble goby was bloated . i will be very caution with it . good luck .\nbad idea to mix this\nsoon hock\nwith fishes smaller than the mouth can fit . they just lie motionless and ambush unsuspecting fish and shrimps that wander too close . imo , if you want a suitable goby for a freshwater - brackish singapore biotope setup , those brachygobius species aka bumblebee gobies will be excellent choices . they breed in caves and snail shells .\nlife cycle and reproductive biology of the marbled goby pomatoschistus marmoratus was studied in the venetian lagoon . lifespan was determined by reading otoliths . the maximum age recorded was 17 months juveniles occurred in samples from july to november . nests were found in two different periods : from the middle of april to the middle of july and from the middle of august to the end of september . while individuals in a wide range of body size ( 35\u201362 mm total length ) mated during the first spawning peak during the second one only small individuals ( 28\u201332 mm total length ) developed during the first peak were in reproductive activity . histological analyses showed that most of the juveniles developed during the first spawning peak delayed sexual maturation to the following year . ripe females appeared to be multiple spawner showing an asynchronous ovary with oocytes at different stages of development . from nesting male body sizes gonadosomatic indices and histological analyses no indication of the presence of alternative male mating tactics emerged .\none of the largest goby species in the world , o . marmoratus is unsuitable for the vast majority of aquaria , but is an interesting oddball for the true enthusiast with the facilities to house it properly . it is a nocturnal ambush predator and generally remains motionless during daylight hours unless striking at food . it is a popular food fish in some of its native countries , where it is known as soon hock .\nbesides the two pictus cats that where in it i also got a 2\nmarble goby . i had no idea what it was until i did some research and found out what it was and how big they get . i ' m gonna need a bigger tank ! right now he ' s fat and happy in my 30 gal . fat and happy because i noticed his big belly and a missing platy !\ncare : ph range from 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 , brackish and slightly acidic . water quality should be fairly good , but these fish are very hardy , so even though they can survive in semi - bad quality water , ammonia and nitrates still need to be kept low . marbled sand gobies will grow over 25 inches / 63 . 5cm , so a very large tank for them is needed ( 125 - 150 gallon / 473 - 567 liter ) . the tank needs to have a tight - fitting lid , as these fish are jumpers , and they will try to escape . a large stretch of clear bottom of the tank is need when these fish are fully grown . however , if you raise them in smaller tanks like i did ( 12 - 36 gallon / 45 - 136 liter ) , they need lots of plants , bogwood , and caves to make them feel secure . also if you raise them in a smaller tank , be sure to move them into a larger ( 50 - 125 gallon / 189 - 473 liter ) tank when they ' ve grown over 6 inches / 15 cm . do not keep these fish in groups , as the dominate will eat the others , and any smaller fish in the tank . only keep these fish with large fish , such as bala sharks , arowanas , pacus , and knifefish . any fish under 9 inches will be eaten when the goby is fully grown . surface dwellers and fast fish can be kept with these fish , as they are very slow and can ' t catch anything .\ngreek , poma , - atos = cover , operculum + greek , schistos = divided ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 70 m ( ref . 4696 ) . subtropical ; 20\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 48\u00b0n - 35\u00b0n , 10\u00b0w - 42\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : iberian peninsula northwards to bay of biscay ( ref . 4343 ) ; mediterranean , black sea and sea of azov ; also suez canal .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50519 ) ; common length : 5 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50519 ) ; max . reported age : 2 years ( ref . 4696 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 10 . distinguished by its usually scaled breast and rear edge of anterior pelvic membrane with minute projections ( ref . 59043 ) .\nfound inshore , over sand . enters brackish and hyper - saline waters . feeds on small crustaceans and chironomid larvae ( ref . 4343 ) .\nmales clean the insides of bivalve shells and cover the outside with sand in preparation for the eggs that will be deposited by the female ( ref . 46373 ) . nesting males exhibit breeding colouration with four dark bars across side , a blue spot on the first dorsal fin and dark coloration on pelvic fins and edge of anal fin ( ref . 4696 ) . males defend the nest , cleaning and fanning the eggs until hatching ( ref . 27118 ) .\nmiller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )\n) : 10 . 3 - 17 . 3 , mean 15 . 1 ( based on 59 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00719 - 0 . 01008 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 3 . 03 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 ; assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 85 , 2 sd range = 0 . 4 - 1 . 80 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 16 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 38 , based on : 1 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : pomatoschistus marmoratus is present throughout the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the sea of azov , with a smaller distribution in the eastern atlantic . although possible local declines in parts of turkey may be occurring due to habitat destruction and pollution , the population overall is assumed to be stable . there are no known widespread threats . therefore , p . marmoratus is assessed as least concern .\npomatoschistus marmoratus is present in the eastern atlantic , from the southwestern iberian peninsula ( from the algarve in portugal ) eastwards . it is present throughout all coastal areas in the mediterranean sea , black sea and the sea of azov ( miller 1986 , fouda et al . 1993 ) . records in the southern mediterranean are confirmed by dieuzeide ( 1955 ) , mejri et al . ( 2009 ) , and al - hassan and el - silini ( 1999 ) . it has also been reported from the suez canal ( invasive ) . pomatoschistus marmoratus is typically found inshore , to about 20 m , but has been collected to 70 m during the winter in the black sea ( miller 1986 ) .\nalbania ; algeria ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; georgia ( abkhaziya , adzhariya , gruziya ) ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; romania ; russian federation ( european russia ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine\nthere is no population information available for p . marmoratus . possible declines in parts of turkey may be due to pollution and habitat destruction ( m . bilecenoglu pers . comm . 2007 ) . however , the population is thought to be stable overall .\nis found in inshore waters , to 70 m in the winter in the black sea over fine sandy substrates ( miller 1986 ) . it is capable of living in areas of high or low salinities and it often enters brackish and hyper - saline waters ( miller 1986 ) .\nthe species feeds on small crustaceans and chironomid larvae ( maug\u00e9 1986 ) . males clean the insides of bivalve shells and cover the outside with sand in preparation for the eggs that will be deposited by the female ( mazzoldi and rasotto 2001 ) . nesting males exhibit breeding colouration with four dark bars along the side , a blue spot on the first dorsal fin and dark coloration on pelvic fins and edge of anal fin ( miller 1986 ) . males defend the nest , cleaning and fanning the eggs until hatching ( gandolfi\nin the mediterranean , the maximum recorded size is 6 . 0 cm tl and the length at maturity for females ranges from 2 . 8 cm to 3 . 8 cm tl and for males ranges from 2 . 8 cm to 4 . 7 cm tl ( tsikliras and stergiou 2014 ) .\nno conservation measures are in place or needed for this species and it occurs in marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , indonesia , malaysia , phillipines , brunei darussalam .\noccurs in various biotopes , including rivers , ponds , swamps and flooded forests . it generally prefers areas of little or no water movement . mainly found in freshwater but is also found in brackish environments .\na sedentary species , so a tank measuring 60\u2033 x 24\u2033 x 24\u2033 ( 150cm x 60cm x 60cm ) \u2013 565 litres ought to be enough for all but the very largest specimens . young fish can obviously be grown on in smaller tanks .\nthe fish like to dig , and sometimes partially bury themselves , so a soft substrate of sand , several inches in depth is recommended . provide hiding places using large chunks of bogwood , lengths of plastic piping , or clay flowerpots . dim lighting is also preferable , as this is essentially a nocturnal species .\nalthough strictly carnivorous in nature , many captive specimens can be trained to take dried pellets . it should definitely be offered a meat - based diet , however . young fish will accept bloodworm , small earthworms etc . , while larger fish will take whole prawns , large earthworms , lancefish and other similar foods . take care not to overfeed as these fish are very greedy indeed .\nterritorial with its own kind and will consume any fish it can fit in its capacious mouth . it is therefore best kept alone , although we have seen large specimens coexisting with other similarly - sized fish that inhabitb other parts of the aquarium , such as arowana . obviously , a very large tank would be required if this is to be attempted .\nmale fish have a longer anal fin and more extended second dorsal fin . apparently the genital papilla is also more pointed in the male than in the female .\nnot thought to have been bred in captivity . any attempt would surely prove problematic , due to the adult size of the fish and their territorial , predatory nature .\nkottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .\noriginally described as a member of eleotris by bleeker ( 1852 ) . transferred to oxyleleotris by bleeker ( 1874 ) .\njustification : the species has a wide distribution in southeast asia and is considered least concern at present . it is highly utilised however and population trends should be monitored .\nrecorded from the mekong and chao phraya basins in thailand , viet nam , lao pdr , cambodia ( including the tonle sap river and lake , stung sen river ) , malaysia ( peninsula , sarawak , and sabah ) , philippines and indonesia ( sumatra and kalimantan ) . record from fiji needs confirmation . also recorded from china ( hong hong , but thought to be from a market ) , taiwan , province of china , and from singapore .\noccurs in various wetlands , including rivers , ponds , reservoirs , canals , swamps and flooded forests . it generally prefers areas of little or no water movement . mainly found in freshwater but is also found in brackish environments . enters flooded forest ( roberts 1993 ) . feeds on small fishes , shrimps , aquatic insects , molluscs and crabs .\nfound in commercial and subsistence fisheries . cultivated in aquaculture , and found in the aquarium trade . considered a delicacy over much of eastern asia . exported fishes command a high price ( rainboth 1996 ) . frequently found in the aquarium trade .\nlikely to be impacted locally in parts of its range by pollution and overfishing .\nfurther research into the species current population trends and the impact of threats is required .\nthe members of this forum have come together to share our knowledge and experiences of fish keeping . we want to answer your questions , offer advice and fill the galleries with pictures of the fish we have all grown to love . we are a unique community of fish keepers who seriously take our hobby to extremes and the next level . the majority of our fish collections include rare & exotic species of all sizes , big fish with big appetites and big tanks . it ' s not easy for most people or other\nregular\nfish keepers to understand why we maintain this type of collection and spare no expense on this fascinating hobby . hopefully , through this site and discussion forums we can encourage the next generation of monster fish keepers to have the same passion and love we have for the hobby and our monster fish . as one of the founding members , i personally invite you to register and join us today . currently you are viewing this site as our guest which only gives you limited access to view most discussions , articles and photo galleries . registration is free and very easy ! when you register , you ' ll have instant access to . . . .\nwe ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .\nbreeding : nearly impossible in aquariums as one fish will eat the other , but possibly in a very large tank ( 1500 - 2500 gallon / 5678 - 9463 liter ) , it could be done .\nthanks for the info phil . also don ' t keep them in the feeder tank .\ni bought mine about 2 yrs . ago at about 2\nand he is now 10\nhoused in a 125 gal . with a 20\nfire eel , a 10\nflowerhorn and a 2\nblue convict . yes i know this is a fresh water tank but the fish was bought as a fresh water fish and has never had any health problems or lack of appitite .\ngood stuff ! i recently pick up a new ( to me ) 80 gallon tank . here :\nso if i don ' t get a bigger tank down the line i ' ll need to sell or trade him . really interesting fish though .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nif you do , and you would like to get more interaction with aquarium hobbyists ( i . e . aq members ) , aq can automatically read your rss feeds and post your new blog entries as aq threads . this should encourage more views and interaction . aq will of course preserve the links back to your blog .\nto aq by using categories / labels / tags , so no need to worry that non - aquarium related posts gets here .\nwe hope you have found aq to be useful and informative . membership on aq is free . if you have not already done so ,\nindefinite ban of shrimp sales on aq w . e . f . from monday 20th aug 2012\nwe have decided to disallow the sales , giving and trading of shrimp through aq from monday , 20th aug 2012 onwards until further notice .\nthis will appear once only per visit to aq . if aq is down , go to our facebook page for status updates .\nthese monsters reach a maximum length of 50cm . for a fish that almost reaches 2 ft in length , your tank must be big enough to accommodate them . read this link for more info , before you decide to keep these tank busters . urltoken\noh dear , i thought they never grow that big . i skip my interest . concentrate on miniature items . .\nactually i am using those shrimps and fishes such as as feeders . i got a pretty large shallow tank which i want to keep outside as a low maintenance tank , probably a hof at most . my only concern is that they eat more than they want to . i have watch them eat , it is pretty comical when the fishes are like millimetre away and the fish makes a half hearted attempt to actually bother trying to get the fish . it only swoop down those that were resting at its mouth .\nactually on the feeding habit part . they ambush during the day . they are pretty active in the dark . turn off the light and they go into action .\ni have a friend who breeds them for commercial purposes and if you are keen i can introduce him to you . one thing i do know is that these fishes take a long time to grow in size especially if kept in a tank . their natural habitat are usually large ponds with connecting streams that provide them with fresh running water . make sure you do not keep the bigger size ones with the smaller ones cause they will eat them .\ndo let me know if you want some . i have some small ones in my friend ' s shop . he owns a fish shop here in jb and they have quite a lot of these fishes there . the smaller ones that i used to catch i tend to leave it in his shop because he has big tanks to house them .\ni have a friend who breeds them for commercial purposes and if you are keen i can introduce him to you . one thing i do know is that these fishes take a long time to grow in size especially if kept in a tank . their natural habitat are usually large ponds with connecting streams that provide them with fresh running water . make sure you do not keep the bigger size ones with the smaller ones cause they will eat them . do let me know if you want some . i have some small ones in my friend ' s shop . he owns a fish shop here in jb and they have quite a lot of these fishes there . the smaller ones that i used to catch i tend to leave it in his shop because he has big tanks to house them .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 5 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions inc . all rights reserved .\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 03 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\n) which is representative of small ( up to 65 mm total length ) , benthic species with a short life cycle . we devised a \u2018full - sib / half - sib\u2019 breeding design , and the resulting offspring were reared in captivity using a complex feeding protocol and a creative design of the tanks . three families survived up to 160 days post - hatching ( dph ) ; one was reared at 24 \u00b0c and two at 18 \u00b0c . the families reared at 18 \u00b0c reached sexual maturity and spawned . the size range at sexual maturity of individuals reared in captivity was consistent with the one observed in nature . the possibility to complete the entire life cycle , from hatching to sexual maturity and spawning in\noffers great perspectives for experimental evolution and quantitative genetics studies aimed at understanding the role of evolutionary processes in response to global changes .\nthis study was supported by \u201cprogetto giovani studiosi 2014\u201d ( 2124prgr14 ) from the university of padova to ll .\nthe study did not involve endangered or protected species and was carried out in accordance with current italian regulations for the use of animals in scientific procedures . sampling and experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the animal ethics committee of the university of padova ( opba , permission no . 134730 ) . animal collection in the field was authorised by regione veneto , giunta regionale ( decreto 20 , 14 march 2015 ) .\namaral , i . p . , & johnston , i . a . ( 2012 ) . experimental selection for body size at age modifies early life - history traits and muscle gene expression in adult zebrafish .\nbuechel , s . d . , booksmythe , i . , kotrschal , a . , jennions , m . d . , & kolm , n . ( 2016 ) . artificial selection on male genitalia length alters female brain size .\nburgess , s . c . & marshall , d . j . ( 2011 ) . temperature - induced maternal effects and environmental predictability .\ncrozier , l . g . & hutchings , j . a . ( 2014 ) . plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change in fish .\ndonelson , j . m . , & munday , p . l . ( 2015 ) . transgenerational plasticity mitigates the impact of global warming to offspring sex ratios .\nengstr\u00f6m - \u00f6st , j . , & candolin , u . ( 2007 ) . human - induced water turbidity alters selection on sexual displays in sticklebacks .\nheino , m . , diaz pauli , b . , & dieckmann , u . ( 2015 ) . fisheries - induced evolution .\nhutchings , j . a . , & fraser , d . j . ( 2008 ) . the nature of fisheries - and farming - induced evolution .\nkotrschal , a . , rogell , b . , bundsen , a . , et al . ( 2013 ) . artificial selection on relative brain size in the guppy reveals costs and benefits of evolving a larger brain .\nmalvezzi , a . j . , murray , c . s . , feldheim , k . a . , et al . ( 2015 ) . a quantitative genetic approach to assess the evolutionary potential of a coastal marine fish to ocean acidification .\nmunday , p . l . , warner , r . r . , monro , k . , pandolfi , j . m . , & marshall , d . j . ( 2013 ) . predicting evolutionary responses to climate change in the sea .\npanfili , j . , de pontual , h . , troadec , h . , & wright , p . j . ( 2002 ) .\npatzner , r . a . , van tassel , j . l . , kova\u010di\u0107 , m . , & kapoor , b . g . ( 2011 ) .\npauls , s . u . , nowak , c . , b\u00e1lint , m . , & pfenninger , m . ( 2013 ) . the impact of global climate change on genetic diversity within populations and species .\nrisso , a . ( 1810 ) . ichthyologie de nice , ou histoire naturelle des poissons du d\u00e9partement des alpes maritimes . f . schoell , paris . i - xxxvi + 1\u2013388 , pls . 1\u201311 .\nsalinas , s . , & munch , s . b . ( 2012 ) . thermal legacies : transgenerational effects of temperature on growth in a vertebrate .\nvan der sluijs , i . , gray , s . m . , amorim , m . c . p . , barber , i . , candolin , u . , hendry , a . p . , krahe , r . , et al . ( 2011 ) . communication in troubled waters : responses of fish communication systems to changing environments .\nwegner , k . m . , kalbe , m . , & reusch , t . b . h . ( 2007 ) . innate versus adaptive immunity in sticklebacks : evidence for trade - offs from a selection experiment .\nlocatello , l . , santon , m . , mazzoldi , c . et al . org divers evol ( 2017 ) 17 : 709 . urltoken\narruda , l . m . , j . n . azevedo & a . i . neto . 1993 . abundance , age - structure and growth , and reproduction of gobies ( pisces ; gobiidae ) in the ria de aveiro lagoon ( portugal ) . estuar . coast . shelf s . 37 : 509\u2013523 .\nbagenal , t . b . & f . w . tesch . 1978 . age and growth . pp . 101\u2013136 .\n: t . b . bagenal ( ed . ) methods for assessment of fish production in freshwaters , blackwell scientific publications , oxford .\nbouchereau , j . - l . & o . guelorget . 1998 . comparison of three gobiidae ( teleostei ) life history strategies over their geographical range . oceanol . acta 21 : 503\u2013517 .\n( pallas , 1770 ) ( pisces , gobiidae ) dans le golfe du lion ( france ) . nids , d\u00e8terminismes de la s\u00e9dentariet\u00e9 et de la migration . cybium 15 : 315\u2013346 .\n( kr\u00f8 yer , 1838 ) ( gobiidae ) , dans la lagune de mauguio , france . cybium 17 : 3\u201315 .\ncole , k . s . 1988 . predicting the potential for sex - change on the basis of ovarian structures , in gobiid fishes . copeia 1988 : 1082\u20131086 .\ncole , k . s . 1990 . patterns of gonad structure in hermaphroditic gobies ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . env . biol . fish . 28 : 125\u2013142 .\ncole , k . s . , d . r . robertson & a . a . cedeno . 1994 . does gonad structures reflect sexual pattern in all gobiid fishes ? env . biol . fish . 41 : 301\u2013309 .\nde girolamo , m . & c . mazzoldi . 2000 . the application of visual census on mediterranean rocky habitats . mar . env . res . ( in press )\neggert , b . 1931 . die geschlechtsorgane der gobiformes und blenniiformes . z . wiss . zool . 139 : 249\u2013558 .\nfishelson , l . 1989 . bisexuality and pedogenesis in gobies ( gobiidae : teleostei ) and other fish , or why so many little fish in tropical seas ? senckenbergia marit . 20 : 147\u2013169 .\nfishelson , l . 1991 . comparative citology and morphology of seminal vesicles in male gobiid fishes . japan . j . ichthyol . 38 : 17\u201330 .\nfouda , m . m . 1995 . life histories of four small - size fishes in the suez canal , egypt . j . fish biol . 46 : 687\u2013702 .\n, in lake timsah , suez canal . j . fish biol . 43 : 139\u2013151 .\ngandolfi , g . , s . zerunian , p . torricelli & a . marconato . 1991 . i pesci delle acque interne italiane ( italian freshwater fishes ) . istituto poligrafico e zecca dello stato , roma . 616 pp .\n( risso , 1810 ) ( osteichthyes , gobiidae ) in the delta of po river ) . thesis , facolt ` a di scienze mm . ff . nn . , universit\u00e0 di ferrara , ferrara . 71 pp .\nlam , t . j . 1983 . environmental influences on gonadal activity in fish . pp . 65\u2013116 .\n: w . s . hoar , d . j . randall & e . m . donaldson ( ed . ) fish physiology , volume 9 , part b , academic press , new york .\nmazzoldi , c . 1999 . studio comparativo della dinamica di accoppiamento e fecondazione in teleostei ad uova demerse ( a comparative study on mating behaviour and fertilization dynamic in demersal spawner teleosts ) . ph . d . thesis , facolt\u00e0 di scienze mm . ff . nn . , universit\u00e0 di padova , padova . 206 pp .\nmiller , p . j . 1984 . the tokology of gobioid fishes . pp . 119\u2013153 .\n: g . w . potts & j . r . wootton ( ed . ) fish reproduction : strategies and tactics , academic press , london .\nnagahama , y . 1983 . the functional morphology of teleost gonads . pp . 223\u2013275 .\n: w . s . hoar , d . j . randall & e . m . donaldson ( ed . ) fish physiology , volume 9 , part a , academic press , new york .\npearse , a . g . e . 1985 . histochemistry , theoretical and applied analytical technology . churchill livingstone , edinburgh . 757 pp .\npetersen , c . w . & r . r . warner . 1998 . sperm competition in fishes . pp . 435\u2013463 .\n: t . r . birkhead & a . p . m\u00f8 ller ( ed . ) sperm competition and sexual selection , academic press , london .\nriedl , r . 1991 . fauna e flora del mediterraneo ( mediterranean fauna and flora ) . franco muzzio editore , padova . 777 pp .\nsheenan , d . c . & b . b . hrapchack . 1980 . theory and practice of histotechnology . c . v . mossby co . , st . luis . 182 pp .\nstearns , s . c . 1992 . the evolution of life histories . oxford university press , oxford . 249 pp .\nstockley , p . , m . j . g . gage , g . a . parker & a . p . m\u00f8 ller . 1997 . sperm competition in fishes : the evolution of testis size and ejaculate characteristics . amer . nat . 149 : 933\u2013954 .\ntaborsky , m . 1994 . sneakers , satellites , and helpers : parasitic and cooperative behavior in fish reproduction . adv . stud . behav . 23 : 1\u2013100 .\nthresher , r . e . 1984 . reproduction in reef fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city . 399 pp .\nwallace , r . r . & k . selman . 1981 . cellular and dynamic aspects of oocyte growth in teleosts . amer . zool . 21 : 325\u2013343 .\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen & e . tortonese . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , 3 volumes . unesco , paris . 1473 pp .\nmazzoldi , c . & rasotto , m . b . environmental biology of fishes ( 2001 ) 61 : 175 . urltoken"]}
{"id": 117, "summary": [{"text": "flat-backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) , more commonly known as the flat-tailed tortoise , is a turtle that belongs to the testudinidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the various common names for this small tortoise usually refer to the noticeably flattened nature of its oblong upper-shell or its tail .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the flat-backed spider tortoise is endemic to the west coast of madagascar , between the monrondava and tsiribihina rivers .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "due to the specifications of its habitat , the flat-backed spider tortoise is classified as critically endangered on the iucn red list . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "flat - backed spider tortoise", "paragraphs": ["flat - backed spider tortoise , kapidolo , madagascar flat - shelled tortoise , malagasy flat - tailed tortoise .\nflat - backed spider tortoise at philadelphia zoo . mark pellegrini | turtles | pinterest | tortoise , zoos and reptiles\nthe avenue of the baobabs , with a flat - backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) in the foreground , near morondava , madagascar .\nthe avenue of the baobabs , with a flat - backed spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) in the foreground , nera morondava , madagascar .\nintro photo of a flat - backed spider tortoise by antony stanley on flickr ( creative commons attribution - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ) .\nthe spider tortoise ( pyxis arachnoides ) is a species of tortoise in the testudinidae family .\nthe diet of the flat - shelled spider tortoise consists of fallen fruits from trees , and the shoots and leaves of bushes ( 4 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - flat - shelled spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - flat - shelled spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda )\ntitle =\narkive species - flat - shelled spider tortoise ( pyxis planicauda )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe pancake tortoise ( malacochersus tornieri ) is a flat - shelled tortoise native to tanzania and kenya . its name is derived from the flat shape of its shell . it is the only member of the genus malacochersus .\nthe madigascar flat shelled spider tortoise , pyxis planicauda , is only found in the deciduous forests and woodlands of the south western coast of madigascar , and is one of the world ' s rarest tortoise species . it inhabits these same areas with it ' s only close relative , the malagasy spider tortoise , ( pyxis arachnoides ) . the climate in these tortoise ' s range can vary greatly from below 45 degrees f , to over 100 degrees f . at the extreme ends of these temperature ranges the tortoises become very inactive .\nthe flat - shelled spider tortoise has proven difficult to breed in captivity ( 2 ) . thus , creating an effective and sustainable captive - breeding programme to supply demand or to fuel reintroduction efforts would appear difficult . the flat - shelled spider tortoise was raised from appendix ii to appendix i of cites in 2003 , banning all international trade in wild - caught specimens ( 3 ) , which is thought to have been largely successful , although some illegal collection from the forest is still suspected to continue ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nduring my research , it became clear to me that all of the tortoises that are endemic to madagascar are at risk of becoming extinct : the ploughshare , radiated , spider ( shown below ) , and flat - tailed species .\n* remember , each tortoise order comes with a free starter sample of the same tortoise diet your tortoise has been raised on - to order larger quantities , see the lower left side of this page . *\nthis film introduces the precarious future of madagascar ' s unique turtles and tortoises and their habitats . it is a summary of the iucn red list meeting that took place in madagascar to reclassify all five of the endemic turtles and tortoises : the spider tortoise ( pyxis arachnoides ) , radiated tortoise ( astrochelys radiata ) , flat - tailed tortoise ( pyxis planicauda ) , ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) , and the madagascar big - headed turtle ( erymnochelys madagascariensis ) . included are interviews with many of the world ' s leading turtle and tortoise biologists : peter pritchard , jim juvik , rick hudson , anders rhodin , and russell mittermeier , to name a few .\nwhen setting up madigascar spider tortoises , providing a humidity level above 70 % is recommended . also called the malagasy flat - tailed tortoise , pyxis planicauda , is a very shy and sensitive species . if keeping several spider tortoises together , special attention must be given to insure that enclosures provide sight line breaks as well as other opportunities to find separation , as this is an easily stressed species . a uvb basking area with temperatures in the low to upper 90s - at the opposite habitat end from a hide box containing high humidity ; and for adults , a clean water dish is important ; for juveniles , every other day soaking is the key . deeper substrate allows spider tortoises to dig in and hide easily . spider tortoises are very sensitive to exotic pathogens so keeping them separate from other species is a must .\nas stated in david shukman ' s report , a ploughshare tortoise over 30 years old was offered for $ 37 , 900 , a 10 - year - old tortoise was priced at $ 14 , 200 and an 8 - month - old baby tortoise was $ 1400 .\nthe madigascar flat shelled spider tortoise ' s diet should contain : various , fruits and vegetables , dark leafy greens , dandelions , clover , and many keepers report mushrooms are a favorite . other favorites include : melons , berries , cactus and peppers . a calcium supplement is required , and cuttlefish bone is often provided as well . our juveniles are given a mix of pellets , greens , fruits and calcium supplement .\nin 1777 , a radiated tortoise was given as a gift to to the royal family of the island nation of tonga by explorer james cook . this tortoise lived there for 188 years .\nunder law , the critically endangered spider tortoise is fairly well protected . it is a protected species in madagascar , which prohibits its consumption ( 2 ) , and its listing on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) is supposed to prohibit any international commercial trade in this species ( 3 ) . the spider tortoise ' s occurrence in two protected areas ( lake tsimanampetsotsa national park and cap sainte - marie special reserve ) also offers its habitat some much needed protection ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the need for a specific conservation action plan has been raised , in addition to stricter measures to protect its habitat and education programmes to try and protect this tortoise from hunting ( 1 ) . these measures , in addition to ensuring that populations of all subspecies are represented within protected areas ( 1 ) , are essential if the long - term survival of the spider tortoise is to be assured .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species states the ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) , also known as madagascar tortoise , angonoka , and madagascar angulated tortoise is\ncurrently estimated to possibly be as low as 400 individuals , of which 200 adults ( g . pedrono pers . comm . , 2008 ) .\nthe greatest threats facing the pancake tortoise are habitat destruction and its over - exploitation by the pet trade .\njuvenile madigascar flat shelled spider tortoises have striped patterns of black brown and yellow stripes on the tops and sides of their shells . adults ( reaching just over 5 inches ) develop variable , yet beautiful sunburst patterns of golden yellow extending out from the center of each dorsal scute . as personable as they are attractive , captive raised madigascar spider tortoises are captivating , and very rewarding to keep . this species ' status was evaluated and judged to be critically endangered . their forest habitat is disappearing at 4 - 5 % each year . add to this , intense pressure from interaction with man on several levels , and the future of madigascar spider tortoises in the wild is very bleak . many years of hard work by a few american breeders has paid off , making a handful of these fascinating little tortoises available to keepers .\nthe pancake tortoise has been bred in captivity and is now the subject of a coordinated breeding programme in european zoos .\n. the species has a golden brown shell and skin . adults are much smaller than their relatives the asian forest tortoise (\nleuteritz , t . & walker , r . ( madagascar tortoise and freshwater turtle red list workshop ) ( 2008 ) .\nkirkpatrick , d . t . an overview of the natural history of the pancake tortoise , malacochersus tornieri ( february 2007 ) .\nthe bush pig , a swine species introduced by humans , and preys on both the eggs and young of the ploughshare tortoise .\nbanned the import of the pancake tortoise in 1988 , but trade with eu members continues , with several countries having reported importing the species .\nyoung , r . p . , toto volahy , a . , bourou , r . , lewis , r . , durbin , j . and fa , j . e . ( 2008 ) estimating the population of the endangered flat - tailed tortoise pyxis planicauda in the deciduous , dry forest of western madagascar : a monitoring baseline . oryx , 42 ( 2 ) : 252 - 258 .\nconnor , m . j . ( 1992 ) pancake tortoise , malacochersus tornieri . tortuga gazette , 28 ( 11 ) : 1 - 3 .\noriginal file name : flat - tailed _ tortoise _ pyxis _ planicanda _ 2390px . jpg resolution : 2390x1942 file size : 2483707 bytes date : 2006 : 09 : 16 11 : 15 : 01 camera : e8700 ( nikon ) f number : f / 2 . 8 exposure : 10 / 18 sec focal length : 712 / 10 upload time : 2007 : 11 : 03 11 : 58 : 38\nthe spider tortoise is found only in the arid regions of the coastal areas of south - western madagascar , where it is distributed from the coast to between 10 and 50 kilometres inland ( 1 ) . the three subspecies occupy different parts of this range , with pyxis arachnoides brygooi being the most northern subspecies , pyxis arachnoides arachnoids occupying the central part of the range , and pyxis arachnoides oblonga being the most southern subspecies ( 1 ) .\nthis article incorporates text from the arkive fact - file\npancake tortoise\nunder the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license and the gfdl .\nwhile the shell bones of most other tortoises are solid , the pancake tortoise has shell bones with many openings , making it lighter and more agile than other tortoises .\ninfobarrel author tanocalvenoa added ,\ntortoises typically take at least ten years to reach full size , so this tortoise was most likely at least 200 years old .\nthe flat - shelled spider tortoise is active only during the hot / rainy season ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , from december until around march ( 6 ) , and is most active during and after rains ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . during the cooler dry season , this species buries itself and lies dormant in the leaf litter of the forest floor ( a period known as aestivation ) ( 4 ) . breeding occurs during the hot / rainy season , and is followed a month later by egg - laying ( 5 ) . females may produce up to three clutches a year ( 5 ) , each containing only one , relatively large egg ( 4 ) . hatching is timed with the return of the rainy season the following december ( 5 ) .\nthe majority of the flat - shelled tortoise\u2019s range now occurs within the recently designated menabe antimena protected area , which offers some hope that a significant proportion of its remaining habitat will be preserved ( 6 ) . other protected areas of forest occur within this species\u2019 range , such as the special andranomena forest reserve and private analabe reserve , but regulations are believed to have been rarely enforced and the precise status of the species in these areas is currently unknown ( 2 ) .\nespenshade , william h . ; buskirk , james . manouria impressa ( g\u00fcnther 1882 ) : a summary of known & anecdotal information . . california turtle & tortoise club .\nsince this tortoise could easily be torn apart by predators , it must rely on its speed and flexibility to escape from dangerous situations , rather than withdrawing into its shell .\nits bizarre , flattened , pancake - like profile makes this tortoise a sought - after animal in zoological and private collections , leading to its over - exploitation in the wild .\ng\u00fcnther a ( 1882 ) .\ndescription of a new species of tortoise ( geoemyda impressa ) from siam\n. proc . zool . soc . london 1882 : 343 - 346 .\nsadly , based on their population viability analysis ( pedrono et al . 2004 ) , the ploughshare tortoise is\nat extreme risk of extinction in the wild within 10 to 15 years .\naccording to the durrell wildlife conservation trust ( who has been fighting to save this critically endangered tortoise for over 26 years ) , there is high demand for ploughshare tortoises as unique and exotic pets .\nherbivorous ( plant - eating ) ; various fruits ( e . g . plums , peaches , strawberries , apples with skin , kiwi , starfruits , papayas , mangos , tomatos , etc ) , carrots , mushrooms , beans , peas , grass , veggies , lettuces , flowers , dark leafy greens ( e . g . dandelions , mustards , collards , turnips , kales ) , box turtle & tortoise food , tortoise formula\nin 1981 , kenya banned the export of the pancake tortoise unless given written permission by the minister for the environment and natural resources . tanzania protects this species under the wildlife conservation ( national game ) order , 1974 ,\ngiven the low reproductive rate of this tortoise , populations that have been harvested may take a long time to recover . commercial development diminishes the amount of suitable habitat for pancake tortoises , which already is neither common nor extensive .\naccording to the smithsonian national zoological park , radiated tortoises are not only being illegal sold as exotic pets , but are being consumed , particularly in china . it is somehow believed that eating a radiated tortoise will have an aphrodisiac effect .\nthis tortoise inhabits arid to semi - arid areas , typically in areas of sandy soil and where the vegetation is dominated by succulents and thorny shrubs ( 2 ) . it is sometimes found among sand dunes near the sea , where there is very little vegetation ( 2 ) .\naestivation period of dormancy , usually occurring in hot , dry periods , analogous to hibernation in winter . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . scute one of the large keratinous scales on the carapace ( the top shell of a turtle or tortoise ) .\nmost activity occurs during the morning hours or in the late afternoon and early evening . the diet primarily consists of dry grasses and vegetation . the pancake tortoise is a fast and agile climber , and is rarely found far from its rocky home so that , if disturbed , it can make a dash for the nearest rock crevice .\nvery little is known about the life cycle of this endangered tortoise , which is believed to live for up to 70 years . the remaining tortoises are found only in south western madagascar , where they inhabit the spiny vegetation of the sandy coastal areas . here they feed on young leaves , insect larvae , and even the droppings of larger animals .\nthe range of ploughshare tortoise ( astrochelys yniphora ) is already extremely small . i found a creative commons map ( dated 31 october 2011 ) and shown at right . according to the iucn red list , they are only found in the baly bay region ( over an area of approximately 700 km\u00b2 , but only 66 km\u00b2 of this is considered suitable habitat ) .\nthe various english common names for this small tortoise generally refer to the noticeably flattened nature of either its oblong upper shell ( carapace ) or its tail ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the carapace is distinctively patterned , with each scute having a light brown to yellow centre surrounded by a wide , dark brown to black border . in older tortoises , an additional yellow border may surround this dark border ( 4 ) . yellow rays extend outward from the centre of the scutes , across the dark border . the scutes around the perimeter of the shell ( marginals ) are dark with a yellow band ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the lower shell ( plastron ) is yellow with scattered dark spots or rays along the sides ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the limbs range from yellow to brown in colour , and large yellow scales cover the hind legs ( 2 ) . by contrast , the head ranges from dark brown to black , with some variable yellow markings ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngenes and function . ( journal , magazine , 1997 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : genes and function . publisher : oxford , ox : london : blackwell science ; portland press , \u00a91997 - isbn / issn : 1360 - 7413 oclc : 222054747\naddress for accessing the journal using authorization number and password through oclc firstsearch electronic collections online . subscription to online journal required for access to abstracts and full text\naddress for accessing the journal from an authorized ip address through oclc firstsearch electronic collections online . subscription to online journal required for access to abstracts and full text\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthe turtle lives ' twixt plated decks which practically conceal its sex i think it clever of the turtle in such a fix to be so fertile . - ogden nash\nturtles are reptiles whose protection comes from a shell . the shell is composed of hard , bone plates covered by scutes . the scutes are made of keratin , the primary substance in hair , nails and hooves of other animals . the pigment melanin , present in the scutes , may form intricate designs and brightly colored patterns in some species .\nalthough the scutes form the familiar outer layer of the shell , it is the bony layer underneath which actually provides the shape , support and protective qualities of the turtle shell . the inner layer of bone is fused with the usual bony structures associated with all vertebrates , v the vertebral column and ribs . the vertebrae are particularly interesting for the modifications that have occurred . the vertebrae of the neck and tail are small , allowing for a high degree of flexiblility , while the vertebrae of the central portion of the vertebral column are enormously elongated and inflexible , fused with the bony layer of the shell , acting as a support for the carapace .\nthere are many health implications associated with shell anatomy . for instance , if the outer keratin is breached by infection or injury , the turtle can lose its protection and infection can proceed into the bony layer and the body cavity , threatening the turtle ' s life . another example is that the rigid shell prevents motion of the ribs . because of this , turtles lack the diaphragm that allows other animals to cough . if fluid enters the lungs ( which are located just under the carapace ) pneumonia presents deadly dangers since the turtle will not be able to easily rid itself of the fluid , and infection is likely .\nalthough the shell provides excellent protection from many predators , it can also make the turtle vulnerable to health problems if it is not given good care in captivity .\ndoctype html public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html / / en / / 2 . 0\npyxis arachnoides ssp . - these tortoises may experience temperatures ranging from a low of 43 f ( 6 c ) to a high of 108 f ( 42 c ) in their natural range . the average temperatures range from 58 f ( 14 c ) to 92 f ( 33 c ) and average relative humidity is 78 % . they seem to prefer temperatures in the low 80 ' s . ( 27 to 29 c )\npyxis planicauda - these tortoises may experience temperatures ranging from 48 f ( 9 c ) to 102 f ( 39 c ) in their natural range . the average temperatures range from 58 f ( 14 c ) to 90 f ( 32 c ) and average relative humidity is 77 % . this species seems to be active at lower temperatures than arachnoides . i have observed normal feeding behavior in temperatures as low as the upper 50 ' s ( 14 c ) . as the temperature approaches the mid 80 ' s ( 29 c ) this species becomes less active and may seek shelter .\nboth species are most active in the morning shortly after sunrise , later seeking out shade and remaining inactive until late in the afternoon or the next morning .\nthese tortoises do not seem to have very great space requirements . i successfully maintain up to 14 adult specimens in a 3 ' x 6 ' ( 0 . 9 m x 2 . 75 m ) neodesha tub .\nboth species like to dig into their substrate for security . i maintain my specimens in 3\nto 4\n( 75 mm to 100 mm ) deep cypress or eucalyptus mulch .\n\u00b7 feed any and all types of fruits and vegetables diced into \u00bc\n( 6 mm ) cubes and mixed with assorted greens . suggestions are : cucumbers , tomatoes , green and yellow squash , apples , melons of all types , peppers , carrots ( grated ) , peaches , pears , berries of any kind , sweet potatoes ( microwave to soften ) , opuntia cactus fruits , mushrooms , radicchio , kale , escarole , any types of lettuces , various types of flowers , and plant leaves ( experiment ) . make the above into a salad and mix it all together and offer it daily ( with herptevite and repcal added a couple of times weekly ) . as noted above , these tortoises are most active in the morning , so i feed them the salad mixture then . i leave large leaves of kale and escarole in the tubs constantly so they can browse on them when the salad gets eaten .\nspecial addition for planicauda - chopped or halved mushrooms are a real favorite with this species . for this reason , i recommend making the salad mix for this species with a high mushroom content . i have also observed planicauda occasionally feeding on slugs .\nendemic to the west coast of madagascar ( 5 ) , between the monrondava and tsiribihina rivers ( 4 ) .\nconfined to lowland fragments of dry , deciduous forest , found only on the west coast of madagascar ( 5 ) .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nauthenticated ( 27 / 10 / 08 ) by dr richard young , conservation biologist , durrell wildlife conservation trust . urltoken\ncites . ( 2002 ) consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices i and ii , proposal 55 . twelfth meeting of the conference of the parties , santiago , chile . available at : urltoken\nernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . 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( e . g . wooden terrarium , glass terrarium )\ncypress or eucalyptus mulch , moss ( e . g . forest bed , forest moss ) , barks ( e . g . repti bark , coconut bark ) since it digs , the depth of substrate should be at least 2\n- 4\ndaytime ( diurnal ) ; 12 - 14 hours each day with direct natural sunlight or uv lamp ( e . g . reptisun 5 . 0 , uv heat bulb )\n30 - 35 \u00a2xc - - basking spot ( e . g . basking spot lamp ) 22 - 26 \u00a2xc - - cooler area ( e . g . daylight blue bulb ) 19 - 24 \u00a2xc - - at night ( e . g . nightlight red bulb , infrared heat lamp , ceramic heat emitter )\na large shallow water dish ( e . g . rock water dish ) should be available for soaking and drinking all the time .\noptional . possibllites include caves ( e . g . habba hut , heat cave ) , etc\n. its behavior is little known ; diet in the wild may consist largely of mushrooms , although bamboo shoots are also eaten . the species is known for being difficult to keep alive in captivity ; although its status in the wild is uncertain , it is eaten widely by local people and little captive breeding has occurred .\nfritz u , hava\u0161 p ( 2007 ) . checklist of chelonians of the world . website .\nphylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . key : \u2020 = extinct .\nphylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2012 update : annotated checklist . extinct turtles not included .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 22 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ncontinent : indian - ocean distribution : madagascar ( along the s coast from the mahajamba river southward around cape sainte - marie almost to fort - dauphin ) type locality : unknown ; designated as\nsoalara ( baie de saint - augustin ) , sud - ouest de madagascar\nby bour 1978 : 153 .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nthe earliest information on populations comes from bour ( 1981 ) , who anecdotally stated that p . arachnoides was localized but not rare . raxworthy and nussbaum ( 2000 ) estimate that there were more than ten populations and that the area of distribution could cover more than 2 , 000 km . jesu and schimmenti ( 1995 ) who undertook the first quantitative estimate of population density reported approximately three individuals per ha . walker et al . ( 2008 ) report densities of 4 . 63 and 2 . 08 tortoises per ha in the wet and dry seasons respectively . both these studies were on p . a . arachnoides . a rough total estimate of 2 - 3 million animals was recorded by pedrono ( 2008 ) . hinge mobility of the three subspecies decreases from south to north ( glaw and vences 1994 , walker et al . 2008 ) : p . a . oblonga - plastron with black markings on scutes and anterior lobe will close completely to touch carapace ( mobile ) . p . a . arachnoides - plastron totally devoid of markings and anterior lobe will close partially but not touch carapace ( less mobile ) . p . a . brygooi - plastron totally devoid of markings but anterior lobe will not close fully to touch carapace ( rigid ) .\nit is endemic to madagascar and is one of only two species in the genus pyxis .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n, from 100 to 6 , 000 feet ( 30 to 1800 metres ) above sea level .\npancake tortoises live in isolated colonies , with many individuals sharing the same kopje , or even crevice .\nmales fight for access to females during the mating season , in january and february , with large males tending to get the most chances to mate .\nnesting in the wild seems to occur in july and august , although clutches are produced year - round in captivity . the female digs a nest cavity about 7 . 5 to 10\nusually only one egg is laid at a time , but a female can lay multiple eggs over the course of a single season , with eggs appearing every four to eight weeks .\ntortoises in kenya are threatened by clearance of thorn scrub for conversion to agriculture and in tanzania by over - grazing of goats and cattle .\ncites quotas also limit the number of these animals that can be exported from tanzania , although violations of these quotas are thought to occur . the\nturtles of the world ( cd - rom ) , by ernst , c . h . , altenburg , r . g . m . and barbour , r . w . ( february 2007 ) .\ncites : consideration of proposals for amendment of appendices i and ii ( pdf ) , prop . 11 . 39 ( february 2007 ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhide ip address and unblock websites with lightning fast , stable , and encrypted proxies .\nyou can choose specific countries or ip addresses for automatic switching . the service is always fast and stable .\nuse encrypted connections to unblock websites . one account for multiple devices ( windows , mac , android , and linux ) .\nour product my ip hide is much faster than web proxies and it ' s compatible with all the websites . it can save your precious time .\nmoreover , my ip hide is 13 times faster than the vpn . you can read this test report for more details .\ntry my ip hide risk - free . 90 % satisfied , 100 % money back .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans . if not completely satisfied , you will get a full refund . no questions , no fees , no hassle .\nall package plans include unlimited data transfer , ip switches , and simultaneous connections . it ' s 13 times faster than vpn .\none license for unlimited devices , including windows , mac os x , and android . we don ' t limit the simultaneous connections .\nnatively compatible with all the browsers , including chrome , firefox , internet explorer , edge , and safari , requiring no manual settings .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans . if not 100 % satisfied , you will get a full refund . no questions , no hassle .\nall images on this website are protected by copyright . they may not be copied , downloaded or reproduced without a license from masterfile .\nimage via : antony stanley on flickr / licensed under creative commons attribution - sharealike 2 . 0 generic\ncredit : antony stanley on flickr / licensed under creative commons attribution - sharealike 2 . 0 generic\non june 24th , 2015 , bbc ' s science editor , david shukman published his investigation of the drastic measures taken to save critically endangered tortoises in madagascar .\ndefacing the shells of these gorgeous creatures who have become the target of poachers because their gold and black shells are fetching big money on the international black market .\n\u00a9 hans hillewaert / cc - by - sa - 4 . 0 , via wikimedia commons\nthe region where this illegal pet trading has been discovered is south - east asia . these precious creatures are sold predominantly in thailand , malaysia , and indonesia .\ncredit : frank vassen on flickr / licensed under creative commons attribution 2 . 0 generic\na 2005 population and habitat viability analysis predicted they would reach extinction ( at various times ) , with most estimates clustering around 45 years into the future ( randriamahazo et al . 2007 ) .\nit all reminds of my article rhino horn : the most expensive placebo . it ' s tragic that traditional doctors in asia buy the shells of baby tortoises . they use them in\nmedicinal\nconcoctions that allegedly enhances the sexual performance of men .\ncredit : nh53 on flickr / licensed under creative commons attribution 2 . 0 generic\nby jialianggao urltoken ( own work ) [ gfdl urltoken or cc by - sa 4 . 0 - 3 . 0 - 2 . 5 - 2 . 0 - 1 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons\ntoday , the ploughshare and radiated tortoises appear to be the most critically endangered .\nin a 2013 livescience article by douglas main titled poaching pushes 2 madagascar tortoises to brink , i learned that the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) stated ,\nmore than 1 , 000 radiated and ploughshare tortoises have been confiscated from smugglers in the first three months of 2013 alone .\naccording to interpol , only 10 percent of smuggled wildlife is actually seized , suggesting that over 2000 animals have entered the illegal trade into asia alone . if trade level persists , it will likely lead this species to extinction .\ngailhampshire ( gails _ pictures on flickr ) / cc - by - 2 . 0\never since madagascar ' s political crises began in 2009 , law enforcement and other public measures have become eroded .\nit was once considered taboo to harm these tortoises , but with increasing levels of drought and poverty , this tradition has been forgone .\nit astounded me that wcs stated\nillegal poaching and smuggling has increased at least tenfold\nin the last five or six years .\nand upon further research , i discovered in a 2011 bbc article by hannah mcneish , that poachers will roam villages ( armed with guns and machetes ) in groups of up to 100 while they collect thousands of tortoises .\ntsilavo rafeliarisoa , a conservationist , explained :\nwhen a gang of poachers with guns and machetes come and take tortoises , the villagers are defenseless .\nperhaps more shocking was the revelation that more people are eating tortoises because of rising food costs . apparently , according to mcneish ' s article :\nit has become a favourite snack in southern towns such as tsiombe and beloka , even among government officials who ought to be at the forefront of campaigns to save the reptiles from extinction .\nby derfel73 ; visionholder et al . [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 urltoken via wikimedia commons\nalthough these tortoises live an exceptionally long time , they also have a relatively slow rate of reproduction .\nuncontrolled fires ( used to clear brush for agricultural uses ) has also destroyed much of the habitat these tortoises need .\nthe turtle conservancy published the following video in 2014 . it is the most comprehensive video i could find which summarized the iucn red list meeting ( 2007 - 2008 ) hosted in madagascar and dedicated to the survival of these rare and precious tortoises .\nthe latest in animal rights , heart warming stories , fun upcoming events and more .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nevaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .\ncopyright rhett butler 1994 - 2015 carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used ."]}
{"id": 123, "summary": [{"text": "prorella leucata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from california through colorado , maine , montana , oregon and utah to british columbia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are pale creamy , blotched with blackish along the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "of these patches , a rectangular , pre-apical one and a median one just interior to the discal spot are the most prominent .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to september . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "prorella leucata", "paragraphs": ["prorella leucata genus geometridae small prorella leucata moth on warming itself on a building on antelope island . \u00a9 carol davis , 9 - 13 - 2009 home - moths of utah other home - amazing nature\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncompare to others on the archived photos of living moths and pinned plates of moth photographers group .\nclassification of the geometrina of north america , with descriptions of new genera and species george d . hulst . 1896 . transactions of the american entomological society 23 : 245 - 386 .\nlepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) of colorado national monument ( u . s . geological survey )\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 16 september , 2009 - 12 : 36am last updated 5 april , 2014 - 2 : 44pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species . please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 125, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o'higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 7 \u2013 8.5 mm for males and 7 \u2013 10.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia sibylla", "paragraphs": ["sibylla rubens studied voice ( concert and opera ) at the staatliche musikhochschule in trossingen and at the hochschule f\u00fcr musik in frankfurt and in master classes with edith mathis .\nsibylla schwarz , also known as sibylle schwartz [ in ] ( 14 february 1621 in greifswald \u2013 31 july 1638 in greifswald ) was a german poet of the baroque era .\nvargas , h . a . ; l . e . parra ; h . e . vargas & d . e . bobadilla . 2002 . aspectos biol\u00f3gicos de eupithecia sibylla buttler 1882 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . gayana 66 : 103 _ 106 . [ links ]\n168 sibylla is a large main - belt asteroid , discovered by canadian - american astronomer j . c . watson on september 28 , 1876 . based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a c - type asteroid , which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials . 168 sibylla is a cybele asteroid , orbiting beyond most of the main - belt asteroids .\nherbulot , c . 2001 . on neotropical eupithecia . spixiana 24 : 196 . [ links ]\nthe eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3\netymology . eupithecia landryi is named in honor of dr . bernard landry by his outstanding contributions on lepidoptera of the galapagos islands , ecuador .\nrindge , f . h . 1991 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) ii . american museum novitates 3020 : 1 _ 14 . [ links ]\neupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 was until recently the only species of this genus known for the coastal valleys of the arica province , northern chile . in march 2009 , male and female of an undescribed species of eupithecia were collected at light . thus , the purpose of this work is to present a description of the adults of this new species .\nrindge , f . h . 1987 . the eupithecia of chile ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 186 : 269 _ 363 . [ links ]\numa nova esp\u00e9cie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) do vale de azapa , norte do chile . macho e f\u00eamea de uma nova esp\u00e9cie de eupithecia curtis da prov\u00edncia de arica , chile s\u00e3o descritos e ilustrados . a esp\u00e9cie \u00e9 comparada com e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , da mesma localidade , e e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , das ilhas gal\u00e1pagos , equador .\nlarvae of eupithecia are generally phytophagous . however , many endemic species may be ambush predators in the hawaiian islands ( montgomery 1982 ) . host plants have been mentioned for only six chilean eupithecia , including the families chenopodiaceae , fabaceae and gunneraceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 ; parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ; vargas & parra 2002 , 2004 , 2005 ; vargas et al . 2002 ) .\na new species of eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) from the azapa valley , northern chile . male and female adults of a new species of eupithecia curtis from the arica province , chile are described and illustrated . the species is compared with e . yubitzae vargas & parra , 2004 , from the same locality , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador .\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2002 . notas sobre eupithecia atacama ( vojnits ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . idesia 20 : 27 _ 33 . [ links ]\nthe eupithecia species of the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile are still poorly known and it is possible that other undescribed species may occur in this area . eupithecia landryi is known only from the type locality , the azapa valley . additional fieldwork along the coastal desert of southern peru and northern chile is necessary for a better knowledge of the geographic distribution of the geometrid moths of this very interesting ecosystem .\neupithecia sibylla is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in the regions of los gatos ( osomo province ) , antofagasta ( antofagasta province ) , atacama ( chanaral and huasco provinces ) , coquimbo ( el qui , limari , and choapa provinces ) , valparaiso ( petorca and los andes provinces ) , santiago ( santiago province ) , o ' higgins ( cachapoal province ) , maule ( curico , talca , and linares provinces ) and biobio ( nuble province ) in chile . the habitat consists of the northern desert , northern coast , intermediate desert , coquimban desert , central andean cordillera , central valley , valdivian forest and the northern valdivian forest biotic provinces .\nmontgomery , s . l . 1982 . biogeography of the moth genus eupithecia in oceania and the evolution of the ambush predation in hawaiian caterpillars ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . entomologia generalis 8 : 27 _ 34 . [ links ]\neupithecia curtis , 1825 is a diverse and widespread genus of geometridae with more than 1300 described species ( scoble 1999 ; herbulot 2001 ) . more than 60 species have been reported for the chilean fauna ( herbulot 2001 ) , but only four occur in the northernmost desert ( rindge 1987 , 1991 ; vargas & parra 2004 , 2005 ) . vojnits ( 1985 ) proposed three chilean genera , which were subsequently synonymised with eupithecia by rindge ( 1987 ) . rindge ( 1987 , 1991 ) divided the chilean species into two sections mostly based on the morphology of the sclerites of the male eighth segment . however , additional efforts are required to obtain a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of eupithecia .\none of the main scenes of the play is the visit of nero at the oracle of delphi to take the oracle by sibylla , priestess of the oracle , and the reactions of the latter . this work , unlike his first one , the\ndithyramb of rose\n, is a complete tragedy , in terms of genre and structure : with distinct and complete parts both in the dialogue and chorus parts as well as in the plot and characters . the messages of the time for resistance against the oncoming storm and the pursuit of freedom and human dignity through struggle that the work depicts are portrayed through a dense dramaturgical and finely processed storyline of symbolic relations , influences and elements of ancient drama . a vast number of structures and textual ( vocative or expressive ) sequences can be found in\nsibylla\nall of which can be attributed to ancient tragedy ( for instance the way that the landscape of delphi is depicted is similar to certain tragedies on the same topic ) .\nlandry , b . & f . h . rindge . 1995 . additions to the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) of the galapagos islands , ecuador , including a new species of eupithecia . american museum novitates 3118 : 1 _ 10 . [ links ]\nparra , l . e . & h . ibarra - vidal . 2002 . a new species of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) of juan fern\u00e1ndez islands . annals of the entomological society of america 95 : 9 _ 15 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2004 . una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) del extremo norte de chile . revista chilena de historia natural 77 : 485 _ 490 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . & l . e . parra . 2005 . descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie de eupithecia curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) de la pampa del tamarugal , chile . neotropical entomology 34 : 215 _ 219 . [ links ]\nsibylla sambetha ( or simply portrait of a young woman ) is a small oil on oak panel painting by hans memling , completed in 1480 and still in its original frame . it is now in the hans memling museum at the old st . john ' s hospital in bruges and shows a young woman who is not pretty , but nonetheless elegant and well dressed . she is set against a black background and looks out of the picture as if she is at a window . her hands are folded and rest on the lower border of the brown marbled frame , in an early and effective example of trompe - l ' \u0153il .\nibarra - vidal , h . & l . e . parra . 1993 . descripci\u00f3n de los estados preimaginales y aspectos de la historia natural de eupithecia horismoides rindge 1987 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , perforados del pec\u00edolo del pangue ( gunnera tinctoria ) . revista chilena de entomolog\u00eda 20 : 35 _ 41 . [ links ]\neupithecia robinsoni sp . nov . is described from the juan fern\u00e1ndez islands . this species is associated with gunnera peltata phil . the egg , larva , pupa , adult , and genitalia are described and illustrated . preliminary results of the natural history of this species are given and compared with biology of e . horismoides rindge , 1987 .\nthe play expresses personal ideas of sikelianos , similar to the ideas of his time , expressed through the theatrical garb of ancient tragedy and the elements that are traditionally used in tragedies ( religious , psychological and other ) . what is important for the understanding of the play are the concepts of the\nmantosyni\n( the art of oracle as an inner power , spiritually superior to the other inner powers of every man ) a property that sibylla has as a mythical figure and symbol and also the concept of the combination of the apollonian and the dionysian element ( the individual , logic - wise , prophetic , cult of apollo in connection with the collective , bacchic - frenzied , ecstatic , joyful worship of dionysus , cults that were in stark contrast before the advent of dionysus in delphi ) .\n. . . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son end\u00e9micas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fern\u00e1ndez ( rindge 1987 ) . por otro lado , la informaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica de las diferentes especies chilenas es escasa , solamente se tienen antecedentes sobre cuatro de ellas : e . horismoides rindge y e . robinsoni parra & ibarra - vidal , ambas asociadas a gunneraceae , e . atacama ( vojnits ) , asociada a especies de chenopodiaceae , y e . sibylla , cuyas larvas son ant\u00f3fagas sobre fabaceae ( ibarra - vidal & parra 1993 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 , vargas & parra 2002 ) . mediante muestreos tendientes a determinar la diversidad de lepid\u00f3pteros asociados a yaro , acacia macracantha humb . . . .\n. . . en chile esta familia se encuentra representada por m\u00e1s de 450 especies distribuidas en las subfamilias archierinae , ennominae , geometrinae y larentiinae ( parra 1995 ) . eupithecia curtis es uno de los g\u00e9neros m\u00e1s diversos de la subfamilia larentiinae con m\u00e1s de 1 . 300 especies descritas ( scoble 1999 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) , y es probablemente el g\u00e9nero m\u00e1s ampliamente distribuido . se encuentra bien representado en el neotr\u00f3pico por 352 especies ; sin embargo , es escaso en australia con solo dos especies y est\u00e1 ausente de nueva zelandia ( herbulot 2001 ) . . . .\n. . . sin embargo , a pesar de estas caracter\u00edsticas externas de los imagos , las armaduras genitales de ambos sexos entregan caracteres espec\u00edficos que permiten discriminar claramente una especie de otra ( rindge 1987 , bolte 1990 ) . las especies de eupithecia de chile fueron revisadas por rindge ( 1987 ) , y posteriormente se han efectuado algunas adiciones ( rindge 1991 , parra & ibarra - vidal 2002 ) . actualmente se han registrado 64 especies para la fauna chilena ( herbolut 2001 ) , muchas de las cuales son end\u00e9micas , ya sea del territorio continental o de las islas de juan fern\u00e1ndez ( rindge 1987 ) . . . .\nremarks . eupithecia landryi is the second species of eupithecia described from the coastal valleys of the northern desert of chile . morphology of the male genitalia of e . landryi is strikingly similar to that of e . yubitzae , the other species of the genus recorded in the area , and e . galapagosata landry & rindge , 1995 , from the galapagos islands , ecuador ( landry & rindge 1995 ) . this morphological pattern , characterized by a short and pointed uncus , valvae narrowing distally , long and digitiform papillae , and vesica with at least one cornutus longer than the half of the aedeagus , may indicate a possible phylogenetic relationship among these species . however , some morphological features of the male genitalia allow to separate e landryi from e . galapagosata and e . yubitzae : a reduced number of cornuti , and the shape of the larger cornutus . on the other hand , morphology of the female genitalia of e . landryi is also similar to that of e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata . however , in e . landryi the corpus bursae and the appendix bursae are membranous , and the appendix bursae arises from the lateroposterior area of the corpus bursae , while in e . yubitzae and e . galapagosata the corpus bursae is sclerotized basally , and the appendix bursae , which is sclerotized , arises distally in the corpus bursae .\nthe native tree schinus molle ( anacardiacae ) is reported for the first time as a host plant for larvae of the little known geometrid moth eupithecia yubitzae vargas & parra ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) in the atacama desert of northern chile , based on morphology and dna barcodes . this discovery importantly expands the host range of e . yubitzae , as previous records were restricted to fabaceae trees . larvae were previously known as florivorous , while these were found to be folivorous on s . molle . furthermore , host - associated cryptic larval polychromatism was detected , as larvae collected on s . molle were found to be mostly pale green , contrasting with the dark yellow ground color of the larvae typically collected on fabaceous host plants .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agron\u00f3micas , universidad de tarapac\u00e1 , casilla 6 - d , arica , chile . havargas @ urltoken\ntype material will be deposited in the museo nacional de historia natural de santiago ( mnnc ) , santiago , chile .\ntype material . holotype male . chile , arica : azapa , arica , chile ; march 2009 ; h . a . vargas coll . ( mnnc ) . paratype : one female , same data as holotype ( mnnc ) .\ndiagnosis . small geometrid moth ( 5 . 9 mm forewing length in the holotype ) with filiform antennae , male with a tuft of elongated , white scales on the ventral surface of the forewing arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and anal veins ; sternite viii composed by two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round ; male genitalia with vesica bearing two cornuti , the largest cornutus elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; female genitalia characterized by the presence of two groups of the spine - like signa : one proximal with bigger spine - like signa and another distal with shorter signa .\nmale ( fig . 1 ) . head . front , vertex and occiput light reddish brown ; labial palpi pale brown with scattered dark brown scales , long around 1 . 5 times eye diameter ; antennae filiform , dorsal surface with transversal stripes of scales pale brown and dark brown alternate , ventral surface ciliate ; chaetosema a narrow transverse stripe between vertex and occiput . thorax light reddish brown dorsally with dark brown scales scattered , pale brown laterally . legs yellowish brown with dark brown scales mostly concentrated on the tibia and tarsus , tibiae of middle and hindlegs with one and two pairs of yellowish brown spines , respectively . forewing ( 5 . 9 mm length in the holotype ) : dorsal surface reddish brown with dark brown scales scattered ; ventral surface pale brown with dark brown and light reddish brown scales , a tuft of elongated , white scales arising near the wing base , among the discal cell and the anal veins . hindwing : dorsal color pattern similar to forewing , with a marked basal depression near costal margin for receiving the tuft of the forewing ; ventral color pattern as that of the forewing . abdomen mostly light reddish brown with pale brown and dark brown scales scattered ; tergite viii ( fig . 4 ) with lateral margins broadly concave , posterior margin round ; sternite viii ( fig . 5 ) composed of two longitudinal sclerotized stripes , each stripe with lateral and median margins broadly concave , anterior and posterior margins round .\nmale genitalia ( figs . 3 , 4 ) . uncus short , pointed apex ; tegumen and saccus straight ; juxta ellipsoid basally , with striking lateral constrictions , distal margin broadly concave ; transtilla well developed ; papillae digitiform , elongated , with small setae distally ; valva broad basally , straight toward the apex ; costa not reaching the distal end of the valva , saccular area with a fold at base . aedeagus cylindrical , about 2 / 3 the length of the valva ; vesica with two cornuti , one of them with approximately 3 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , elongated , slightly curved , with a short distal projection ; the other cornutus with approximately 1 / 4 the length of the aedeagus , cylindrical and straight .\nfemale . similar to male . forewing without tuft of scales on the ventral surface . hindwing without a marked basal depression near costal margin on the dorsal surface .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 6 ) . antrum broad , membranous ; ductus bursae straight , membranous , about 1 / 3 the length of the antrum ; corpus bursae elongated , membranous , with two groups of spine - like signa , one proximal with large signa , and the other distal with smaller signa ; appendix bursae membranous , cylindrical , twice the length of the ductus bursae , arising from the right lateroposterior area ; ductus seminalis arising at apex of the appendix bursae ; sterigma not differentiated ; anterior apophyses straight and long , with a posterior projection at base ; posterior apophyses straight and elongated , reaching the anterior margin of tergite viii .\nscoble , m . j . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . victoria , csiro publishing , xxv + 1016 p . [ links ]\ncaixa postal 19030 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 0502 sbe @ urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nphotometric observations of this asteroid made at the torino observatory in italy during 1990\u20131991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23 . 82 \u00b1 0 . 004 hours .\nthe length of the forewings is about 7\u20138 . 5 mm for males and 7\u201310 . 5 mm for females . the forewings are pale grey , with darker scales indicating cross lines and with a variable amount of reddish brown scaling opposite the end of the cell . the hindwings are pale greyish white , but slightly darker distally , and with grey and greyish black scales along the anal margin .\nthe woman ' s identity is lost . there have been a number of attempts to associate her with a historical person , including in the 19th century , as willem moreel ' s daughter mary . willem moreel was a magistrate of bruges who commissioned from memling a portrait diptych and , later , a triptych for the church of saint james at bruges which he had founded . but any identities have in turn been rejected ; in the case of mary moreel , she would have been too young in 1480 to be the woman portrayed .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nconstrucci\u00f3n de riesgo de incendios forestales en la interfaz urbana - forestal de las comunas del \u00e1rea metropolitana de concepci\u00f3n ( amc ) . proyecto vrid\nthe genus psilaspilates butler , 1893 is redefined and its species are taxonomically revised and described . the species are as follows : p . catillata ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) comb . nov . , p . cautinaria sp . nov . , p . ceres ( butler , 1882 ) , p . concepcionenesis parra sp . nov . , p . obscura parra sp . nov . , p . signistriata ( butler , 1882 ) , and p . stygiana ( butler , 1882 ) comb . nov . keys and distribution . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe genus ennada blanchard , 1852 is reviewed and redefined . a coniform signum in the genitalia of the female and androconium in the basal third of the costa of the valvae in the male genitalia constitute diagnostic characters for the genus . the genera phyllia blanchard 1852 and anchiphyllia butler 1893 are junior synonyms of ennada . the following species are included : e . flavaria blanchard . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomy and biological antecedents of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild 1895 ) ( lepidoptera : saturnii . . .\nthe egg , larvae , pupae , and imago of microdulia mirabilis ( rothschild ) , an insect that defoliates native nothofagus obliqua mirb . ( oerst . ) , are described . m . mirabilis distributes between 35\u00b0 and 47\u00b0s in chile and neuqu\u00e9n , argentina . aspects of the life cycle associated with the duration of different stages of development are given . immature stages , the imago , and the genitalia are illustrated ."]}
{"id": 127, "summary": [{"text": "in zoology , a nectarivore is an animal which derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a diet consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich nectar produced by flowering plants .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "nectar as a food source presents a number of benefits as well as challenges .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is essentially a solution of ( as much as 80 % ) the simple sugars sucrose , glucose and fructose , which are easily ingested and digested , representing a rich and efficient source of nutrition .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "this solution is often diluted either by the plant that produces it or by rain falling on a flower and many nectarivores possess adaptations to effectively rid themselves of any excess water ingested this way .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "however , nectar is an incomplete source of nutrition .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "while it does contain proteins and amino acids , these are found in low quantities , and it is severely deficient in minerals and vitamins .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "very few organisms consume nectar exclusively over their whole life cycle , either supplementing it with other sources , particularly insects ( thus overlapping with insectivores ) or only consuming it exclusively for a set period .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "many species are nectar robbers or nectar thieves , performing no pollination services to a plant while still consuming nectar .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "nectar is produced by flowering plants to attract pollinators to visit the flowers and transport pollen between them .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "flowers often have specialized structures that make the nectar accessible only for animals possessing appropriate morphological structures , and there are numerous examples of coevolution between nectarivores and the flowers they pollinate .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "for example , hummingbirds and hawkmoths have long narrow beaks that can reach nectar at the bottom of long tubular flowers .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "bats , meanwhile , visit open flowers where the nectar is not as deeply hidden . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "nectarivore", "paragraphs": ["nitrogen requirements of an old world nectarivore , the orange - tufted sunbird nectarinia osea .\nnitrogen requirements of an old world nectarivore , the orange - tufted sunbird nectarinia osea . - pubmed - ncbi\nnectarivore - ( from the greek work nektar , the drink of the gods ) a creature deriving its energy from the sugar rich nectar of flowering plants .\n\u2026that feed on nectar ( nectarivore s ) and have life spans longer than the flowering time of one plant species have mutualistic relationships with a succession of pollinating species in order to survive .\nduring the same time that a [ pis ] m [ ellifera ] adansonii encounters on flowers were registered , we noted the type of floral products collected by this bee . this parameter was measured to determine if a . m . adansonii is strictly a pollinivore , nectarivore or pollinivore and nectarivore . this could give us an idea of its implication as a cross - pollinator of g [ ossypium ] hirsutum .\ncitation : welch kc jr , allalou a , sehgal p , cheng j , ashok a ( 2013 ) glucose transporter expression in an avian nectarivore : the ruby - throated hummingbird ( archilochus colubris ) . plos one 8 ( 10 ) : e77003 . urltoken\ncolour me in . it ' s nectar of a new sort . nectarivore certifed organic ipa , a big hoppy , colourful cocktail of organic new zealand hops , pineapple sage and hibiscus . there ' s oodles of colour inside , but we ' ve left the outside to you . stay in the lines , or not - it ' s up to you . happy 25th birthday common sense organics .\nanother possible route for elimination of surplus water is through evaporation . evaporative water loss ( ewl ) of anna ' s hummingbird is high because of its high mass - specific metabolic rate , but high excretory losses mean that ewl still represents a far smaller proportion of daily water loss compared with other birds and mammals ( powers , 1992 ) . estimates calculated from the difference between water gain and cloacal fluid output have also yielded high ewl values for sunbirds and honeyeaters ( collins , 1981 ; fleming and nicolson , 2003 ; lotz and nicolson , 1999 ) . nothing is known of the partitioning of evaporation between cutaneous and respiratory routes , but cutaneous ewl is influenced by hydration state in other birds ( williams et al . , 2012 ) . unfortunately , the high excretory output of avian nectarivores complicates the direct measurement of ewl , and the pharmacokinetic method has proved unreliable for its estimation ( purchase et al . , 2013b ) . further research in this area is required to determine the role of evaporation in osmoregulation for the three avian nectarivore lineages .\nsugar preferences and sucrase activity in nectar - feeding birds . ( a ) concentration - dependent sugar preferences of red wattlebirds , anthochaera carunculata ( fleming et al . , 2008 ) . birds were offered pairs of sucrose and hexose ( fructose + glucose ) solutions of varying concentrations from 0 . 075 to 2 mol l \u22121 sucrose equivalents ( se ) . diets where birds did not achieve energy balance are indicated with increasingly lighter shaded symbols . values are means \u00b1 1 s . d . index of sugar preference ( i . e . hexose ingested as a proportion of total sugar ingested ) . asterisks indicate significant preferences for either hexose or sucrose diets ( * p < 0 . 05 ) and different letters indicate diets that were significantly different from each other in terms of the index of sugar preference ( anova and post hoc analysis ) . ( b ) relationship between degree of hexose preference ( i . e . minimum concentration where no sugar preference was indicated ) and standardized intestinal sucrase activity in 11 nectarivore species ( napier et al . , 2013 ) . data are average values for each species . white symbols denote diet generalists and grey symbols nectar specialists .\nwhole - kidney glomerular filtration rate ( gfr ; a measure of the rate at which the kidneys filter the plasma ) is much more responsive to hydration state in birds than in mammals , decreasing with dehydration or salt loading and increasing with water loading ( goldstein and skadhauge , 2000 ) . studies carried out in a range of bird species indicate that this is due to release of arginine vasotocin ( avt ) , which acts mainly on gfr , while having a relatively modest effect on the water permeability of the collecting ducts ( goldstein , 2006 ; nishimura and fan , 2003 ) . the reduction of gfr by avt occurs through a decrease in filtration by reptilian - type nephrons , with mammalian - type nephrons being less affected ( goldstein and skadhauge , 2000 ) . in nectarivores , plasma avt concentration increases with increasing sugar concentration , presumably reflecting a hormonal response to increased plasma osmotic concentration ( gray et al . , 2004 ) . surprisingly , in view of the high variation in water intake , gfr does not vary with water loading for the three avian nectarivore lineages ( goldstein and bradshaw , 1998 ; hartman bakken and sabat , 2006 ; purchase et al . , 2013b ) , although gfr is greatly reduced at night ( see below ) .\nhigh water fluxes are a problem for salt conservation , and avian nectarivores are very efficient at minimizing electrolyte losses in the cloacal fluid : for example , whitebellied sunbirds feeding on 0 . 25 mol l \u22121 sucrose solutions void cloacal fluid with an osmolality of only 6 mosmol kg \u22121 ( fleming and nicolson , 2003 ) . despite similar abilities to produce copious volumes of dilute excreta across the three nectarivore lineages , the birds handle dilute diets differently . extremely dilute , sucrose diets devoid of electrolytes cause hummingbirds to stop feeding and go into torpor , while honeyeaters and sunbirds suffer decreased plasma sodium levels and are unable to maintain energy balance ( fleming et al . , 2004c ; goldstein and bradshaw , 1998 ; lotz and mart\u00ednez del rio , 2004 ) . nectarivores thus appear to be constrained in their intake of dilute diets due to hyponatremia , i . e . low plasma sodium concentration ( fleming and nicolson , 2003 ) , and the addition of even small amounts of sodium ( 5\u201310 mmol l \u22121 ) to very dilute sucrose diets results in a marked decrease in plasma aldosterone concentration ( the active principle of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system , stimulating renal reabsorption of sodium ) ( fleming et al . , 2004a ) and enables whitebellied sunbirds and new holland honeyeaters to increase consumption , up to an extraordinary eight times their body mass daily ( purchase et al . , 2010 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nparallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots , key innovations and the diversification of the loriinae . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nparallel adaptations to nectarivory in parrots , key innovations and the diversification of the loriinae .\nschweizer m 1 , g\u00fcntert m 1 , seehausen o 2 , leuenberger c 3 , hertwig st 1 .\nnaturhistorisches museum der burgergemeinde bern bernastrasse 15 , ch 3005 , bern , switzerland .\naquatic ecology and macroevolution , institute of ecology & evolution , university of bern baltzerstrasse 6 , ch 3012 , bern , switzerland ; fish ecology and evolution , eawag seestrasse 79 , ch 6047 , kastanienbaum , switzerland .\ndepartment of quantitative economics , university of fribourg boulevard de p\u00e9rolles 90 , ch 1700 , fribourg , switzerland .\nspecialization to nectarivory is associated with radiations within different bird groups , including parrots . one of them , the australasian lories , were shown to be unexpectedly species rich . their shift to nectarivory may have created an ecological opportunity promoting species proliferation . several morphological specializations of the feeding tract to nectarivory have been described for parrots . however , they have never been assessed in a quantitative framework considering phylogenetic nonindependence . using a phylogenetic comparative approach with broad taxon sampling and 15 continuous characters of the digestive tract , we demonstrate that nectarivorous parrots differ in several traits from the remaining parrots . these trait - changes indicate phenotype - environment correlations and parallel evolution , and may reflect adaptations to feed effectively on nectar . moreover , the diet shift was associated with significant trait shifts at the base of the radiation of the lories , as shown by an alternative statistical approach . their diet shift might be considered as an evolutionary key innovation which promoted significant non - adaptive lineage diversification through allopatric partitioning of the same new niche . the lack of increased rates of cladogenesis in other nectarivorous parrots indicates that evolutionary innovations need not be associated one - to - one with diversification events .\npmid : 25165525 pmcid : pmc4130445 doi : 10 . 1002 / ece3 . 1131\nlongitudinal section through the epithelium at the border ( arrow ) between the esophagus ( right ) and the proventriculus ( left ) of psittrichas fulgidus . the compound glands ( cg ) of the proventriculus can be clearly distinguished from the mucous glands ( mg ) of the lower part of the esophagus .\nschematic illustration of a caudal view and a transverse section along the median plane between the tendineal centers ( right ) of the gizzard . the measurements taken in this study are indicated . modified from ziswiler ( ) .\nschematic illustration of a transverse section through the gizzards along the median plane between the tendineal centres of a nectarivorous ( vini australis , left ) and a granivorous parrot ( neophema chrysostoma , right ) .\nbest - scoring maximum likelihood tree including bootstrap values above 70 % indicated at nodes . this tree was used for the formulation of the hypothesis of the variance - covariance matrix of the error terms in the regression analyses . nectarivorous species are shown in red .\nnatural - log transformed values of the different independent variables against natural - log transformed body masses including the regression lines of the best - fitting model . for all these traits , the data were best explained by an allometric relationship between the dependent and independent variables .\nnatural - log transformed values of the different independent variables against natural - log transformed body masses including the regression lines of the best - fitting models . for all these traits , a model including the nectarivorous diet as a covariate with different intercepts but the same slope was considered as the best - fitting model .\nout of the 40 . 000 or more species of spiders found up to date , every single one of them is a predator , capturing their prey using a complicated web , hunting them directly , or using other creative methods ; all except one , that is . bagheera kiplingi ( odd choice for a veggie spider ) is the first species that primarily feasts on something else than meat .\nthe type of plants it enjoys is called beltian bodies , and it basically represents leaf - tip structures that are produced by acacia . what\u2019s really interesting is that another animal that fancies the same food is the ant . some ants have an almost symbiotic relationship with the acacia shrubs , living in the hollow spines and eating an amount that also allows the acacia to thrive , and protecting the plants from other invaders . this relationship has been studied and described in numerous studies .\n\u201cthis is really the first spider known to specifically \u2018hunt\u2019 plants ; it is also the first known to go after plants as a primary food source , \u201d said christopher meehan of villanova university , who took notice of the spiders during a field course in mexico .\neven more , this species of spider is the first known to eat solid vegetative food at all . they do occasionally prey on small invertebrates , but in an overwhelming proportion , their food is vegetal .\n\u201ci\u2019ve done the math several times , and even the most conservative estimates point to near - total vegetarianism , \u201d meehan said . \u201calmost all of the prey that the spiders do eat are acacia - defending ant larvae . \u201d\n\u201cspiders aren\u2019t really thought to be capable of eating solid food at all , \u201d meehan said . spiders digest their prey externally , he explained , and any matter bigger than about one micrometer gets filtered out of the vital juices in the spider\u2019s pharynx . beltian bodies , however , are 80 percent structural fiber , and quite large by spider standards . \u201cthe acacia spiders consume these nutrient - enriched\u2014but not particularly nutrient - rich\u2014\u2019vegetables\u2019 completely , often in less than five minutes . \u201d\nbut eating the food of an ant colony\u2026 that\u2019s definitely not something you should be eager to do , so how does the spider get away with it ? ? well , according to meehan , they have what can only be called \u201csheer wit\u201d .\n\u201cjumping spiders in general possess incredibly advanced sensory - cognitive skills and eight - legged agility , and bagheera is no exception , \u201d he said . \u201cindividuals employ diverse , situation - specific strategies to evade ants , and the ants simply cannot catch them . \u201d\nenjoyed this article ? join 40 , 000 + subscribers to the zme science newsletter . subscribe now !\n\u00a9 2007 - 2017 zme science . all rights reserved . privacy policy | about | authors | contact .\navenues of water gain and loss in bees are examined here at two levels of organisation : the individual and the colony . compared with the majority of terrestrial insects , bees have a high water turnover . this is due to their nectar diet and , in larger species , substantial metabolic water production during flight , counteracted by high evaporative and excretory losses . water fluxes at the colony level can also be very high . when incoming nectar is dilute , honeybees need to remove large volumes of water by evaporation . on the other hand , water is not stored in the nest and must be collected for evaporative cooling and for feeding the brood . water regulation has many similarities at individual and colony levels . in particular , manipulation of nectar or water on the tongue is extensively used by bees to increase evaporation for either food - concentrating or cooling purposes .\nbees are not normally model insects for studying water balance . bee physiology is characterised by endothermy in even small species ( stone and willmer , 1989 ) and is complicated by the social context . bees show the full spectrum of sociality : although most are solitary it is the social bumblebees and honeybees whose physiology and behaviour are most familiar to us ( willmer and stone , 2004 ) . in addition , the sophisticated thermal physiology of bees has received much more attention ( e . g . heinrich , 1985 ; kovac et al . , 2007 ) than their water regulation . here i briefly examine the water balance physiology of bees , considering the usual avenues of water gain and loss , at two levels of organisation : the individual and the colony , sometimes termed a ` superorganism ' ( moritz and southwick , 1992 ) . it is accepted that social homeostasis can be explained by the coordinated activity of bees as individuals , responding to their internal or external environment , without the need to invoke centralised control ( jones and oldroyd , 2007 ; seeley , 1995 ) .\nwater fluxes of honeybees can be very high at the colony level . for example , seeley estimated average annual requirements of 120 kg of nectar , 20 kg of pollen and 25 litres of water for a single wild colony ( seeley , 1995 ) . this applies to honeybees in cold temperate conditions , and the estimate for nectar includes substantial energy stores required for over - wintering . the seasonal cycles of african honeybees are limited by rainfall , not temperature , and better foraging weather means that in comparison massive honey stores are not needed ( hepburn and radloff , 1998 ) .\nwhile male bees of most species take care of their own energetic needs , all female bees forage far beyond their individual needs , collecting pollen and nectar as provisions for the offspring they raise ; therefore activity patterns of the sexes may be very different ( willmer and stone , 2004 ) . where comparisons have been made , male xylocopa capitata and anthophora plumipes carry much smaller crop loads than do females ( louw and nicolson , 1983 ; stone , 1995 ) . the impermeable crop expands greatly for storage and transport of nectar and protects the haemolymph from osmotic shock . apis mellifera workers can carry close to their body mass in nectar , although crop loads tend to be much smaller ( schmid - hempel et al . , 1985 ) and are positively correlated with the nectar concentration ( hunt et al . , 1995 ) . this suggests that under natural conditions honeybees might carry less than during experiments in which they are fed concentrated sugar syrup ( e . g . park , 1932 ; waller , 1972 ) . their feeding system is designed to retain nectar in the crop for as long as possible . sugar leaves the crop at a rate dependent on the metabolic rate of the individual , but the fluid - emptying rate ( and the rate of rectal filling ) are inversely proportional to nectar concentration ( roces and blatt , 1999 ) .\nfemale allodapula variegata concentrating the dilute ( 14 % ) nectar of aloe arborescens by evaporation . the regurgitated droplet , held under the tongue , is repeatedly sucked in and out and may be very large in relation to the size of the bee ( body length 7 mm ) . photo , michael ellis .\nfresh pollen is relatively dehydrated after exposure at anthesis , but its water content increases after collection by bees due to the addition of nectar and glandular secretions ( human and nicolson , 2006 ) . the larval diets of bees vary greatly in water content ( roubik , 1989 ) . the water content of royal jelly is around 67 % ( wongchai and ratanavalachai , 2002 ) , but the larval food of stingless bees contains less water , a thicker consistency being necessary for larvae floating on top of mass provisions ( hartfelder and engels , 1989 ) . large carpenter bees provision their nests with semi - solid masses of pollen combined with nectar , giving a final water content of only 20 % in the provisions of x . capitata ( louw and nicolson , 1983 ) . in xylocopa mordax , nectar is pre - concentrated on the tongue for this purpose ( corbet and willmer , 1980 ) .\nhoneybees prefer sugar concentrations of 30\u201350 % ( sugar concentrations here are given as % w / w as in refractometer measurements ) under experimental conditions ( waller , 1972 ) , but in practice they collect from a much wider range of nectars . seeley measured 15\u201365 % in nectar loads being brought into a single colony ( seeley , 1986 ) , and hunt and colleagues recorded a similar range of concentrations in incoming loads ( hunt et al . , 1995 ) . the choice of nectar concentration depends on the ecological context , i . e . on the other food sources available at the time . this has long been a complicating factor in experimental studies of honeybee foraging behaviour . for example , lindauer found that the threshold sucrose concentration for eliciting recruitment behaviour declined from 55 % to 4 % as the german summer progressed ( lindauer , 1948 ) . empirical measurements of energy intake rate in bees show peak values at sucrose concentrations around 60 % in bumblebees , stingless bees and honeybees ( harder , 1986 ; roubik and buchmann , 1984 ) . note that for orchid bees ( euglossini ) , which use suction feeding rather than a lapping mechanism , optimal concentrations are lower and more dilute nectars are collected ( borrell , 2004 ) .\ncommunal food storage requires that the osmolality of honey is high enough to inhibit microbial growth ( pusey , 1999 ) . in honeybees this is achieved first by hydrolysis of nectar sucrose to glucose and fructose , through the addition of hypopharyngeal gland enzymes , and then through evaporative processing by food - handling bees to reach a concentration of about 82 % . these bees evaporate nectar on their tongues before placing droplets in open cells for further evaporation , accelerated by fanning ( park , 1925 ) . among stingless bees , workers drink water condensed in the nest during honey ripening and regurgitate it outside the entrance ( roubik , 2006 ) . their ripened honey is around 70 % in concentration and tends to ferment ( cortopassi - laurino et al . , 2006 ; roubik , 2006 ) . note that uncapped honey is hygroscopic and absorbs water , so can be both a sink and source of water in the nest .\ntrophallaxis is the regurgitation of the crop contents of a donor bee for ingestion by receiver bees . extremely rapid distribution of incoming nectar was demonstrated by nixon and ribbands , who fed radiolabelled food to six foragers and were able to detect the label in 62 % of all foragers after only 4 h and in all large larvae in unsealed cells after 48 h ( nixon and ribbands , 1952 ) . trophallactic interactions ensure that homeostasis is achieved in the ` collective stomach ' of all workers , which is a nectar reserve for the colony ( schmickl and crailsheim , 2004 ) . similarly , colonies preparing to swarm store concentrated food in their crops , comprising 20\u201330 % of the mass of individuals and of the swarm ( combs , 1972 ) . in addition to its nutritional significance , liquid transfer between adults is a means of exchange of information about the quality and quantity of food reserves in the colony ( crailsheim , 1998 ) .\nit is not clear whether solitary bees drink water for their own needs , as distinct from seeking dilute nectar . large aggregations of bees of various genera can be seen foraging at wet soil substrates in the tropics , then regurgitating and reimbibing fluid , and this may be a means of obtaining salts ( roubik , 1989 ) . although bumblebees are not expected to drink , marked bombus terrestris were observed drinking repeatedly from a water trough during warm conditions ( ferry and corbet , 1996 ) : it is unlikely that individual bumblebees would have a water deficit so this was probably for the benefit of the colony . when groups of 100 honeybees are confined in cages and provided with 67 % sugar , they drink about 10 \u03bcl of water daily at t a of 35\u00b0c and 40\u00b0c ( free and spencer - booth , 1958 ) .\nhoneybee colonies collect water for two reasons , related to different types of weather : for cooling of the brood area by evaporation on hot days , and for feeding the larval brood when foraging is limited on cool days ( lindauer , 1955 ; seeley , 1995 ) . the classic studies of lindauer showed how bees regulate the hive temperature in hot conditions ( lindauer , 1955 ) . water is collected by water foragers , then distributed around the hive and in cells containing eggs and larvae ; fanning accelerates its evaporation , as does regurgitation and evaporation on the tongue ( lindauer , 1955 ) . visscher and colleagues measured mean water loads of 44 mg in honeybees collecting water under desert conditions ( visscher et al . , 1996 ) . paper wasps and hornets also use water for cooling their nests , but the highly social stingless bees do not ( jones and oldroyd , 2007 ; roubik , 2006 ) .\nthe second need for water \u2013 for consumption by nurse bees when feeding the brood \u2013 is an aspect of water use by honeybees that tends to be underestimated ( johansson and johansson , 1978 ) . nurse bees feed young larvae a secretion from their hypopharyngeal glands ; for worker larvae after the third day this jelly is supplemented with honey and pollen ( crailsheim , 1998 ) . as already mentioned , the water content of royal jelly is high , so nurse bees have a great need for water when brood rearing is intensive ; this water cannot always be obtained from nectar .\nthe regulation of water collection in honeybees is discussed in detail by seeley ( seeley , 1995 ) . in essence , the rate of unloading of water foragers indicates the colony demand for water ( i . e . the feedback system is similar to that for nectar ) . in this way the balance between collection and consumption of water is maintained . importantly , water collection does not interfere with the collection of concentrated nectar by the colony ( kuhnholz and seeley , 1997 ) . the first bees to start water collection may be stimulated by the collective increase in crop sugar concentration of all bees in the nest , due to trophallaxis ( lindauer , 1955 ; seeley , 1995 ) , or possibly by the collective increase in haemolymph osmolality . apart from environmental factors , the tendency of honeybee foragers to collect water , nectar or pollen has a genetic component ( hunt et al . , 1995 ) . workers with the lowest sucrose response thresholds , i . e . those able to distinguish low sucrose concentrations from water in proboscis extension response tests , become water foragers ( pankiw and page , 2000 ) .\nwater foraging is regulated according to current demand and water is not stored in combs by temperate honeybee colonies : this is because nectar availability fluctuates widely and water sources usually do not ( seeley , 1995 ) . for african honeybees , occasional water storage has been recorded in wild bee nests , as after summer rain in the kalahari desert ( eksteen and johannsmeier , 1991 ) . park recorded temporary storage of water in the crops of ` reservoir bees ' ( park , 1923 ) .\nstudies on the mechanisms by which bees thermoregulate in flight have yielded data on the relative magnitudes of metabolic water gains and evaporative water losses for bees as individuals . metabolic water production by large flying bees ( xylocopa and bombus ) is substantial ( bertsch , 1984 ; nicolson and louw , 1982 ) , especially at low or moderate t a . honeybees ferrying large water loads to the hive at high t a produce enough metabolic water to offset their evaporative water losses ( louw and hadley , 1985 ) . however , it cannot be assumed that metabolic gains will balance evaporative losses in flight . because variation in metabolic heat production is used by bees ( apis and centris ) as a primary mechanism of thermoregulation in flight ( roberts and harrison , 1999 ; roberts et al . , 1998 ) , at high t a metabolic water production will decrease as evaporative water loss increases . for individual bees , the thermal environment is crucial to water balance in flight .\nbees engaged in brood warming generate metabolic heat using their flight muscles . at low t a , the metabolic rates of incubating bumblebees are extremely high ( heinrich , 1974 ) . honeybee brood nest temperatures are maintained constant at about 35\u00b0c by bees that ` shiver ' on the comb surface or inside empty cells in the brood area ( kleinhenz et al . , 2003 ) , and high metabolic water production can be assumed during this energy - intensive heating activity . however , the general colony heat production to which all workers contribute does not require much increase in metabolism ( harrison , 1987 ) .\nin flying a . mellifera and centris pallida there is a negative relationship between water balance and t a , the bees being in negative water balance at t a above 31\u00b0c ( roberts and harrison , 1999 ; roberts et al . , 1998 ) . although the cuticular permeability of both species increases with t a , neither cuticular nor respiratory water losses are sufficient to explain the very high evaporative water losses at high t a . these probably involve cooling mechanisms such as regurgitation of crop contents onto the proboscis ( heinrich , 1980 ) . this ` tongue lashing ' at high t a has been observed in a variety of bees ( roberts and harrison , 1998 ) and in honeybees has been shown to increase evaporative losses dramatically ( louw and hadley , 1985 ) . as a result , the thoracic temperatures of nectar and water foragers are significantly lower than those of pollen foragers ( cooper et al . , 1985 ; feuerbacher et al . , 2003 ) .\nthe amount of water that has to be evaporated from dilute nectar is enormous ( fig . 2 ) . in order to increase the sugar concentration from 20 % to 82 % , bees must evaporate 0 . 75 g water for every 1 g of nectar collected , and the mass of honey produced from a given mass of nectar is correspondingly reduced . recently we have shown that foragers of a . mellifera scutellata collecting dilute nectar of aloe greatheadii var . davyana in dry winter air begin to concentrate the nectar before returning to the hive ( nicolson and human , 2008 ) . because the crop is impermeable to both sugar and water , we can only explain the doubling of crop sugar concentration , from 20 % to 40 % , by evaporation on the tongue . this contradicts the conventional wisdom that the concentration of nectar is unchanged during its transport by bees between flowers and the hive ( park , 1932 ) . the advantage for the bees lies in reducing the water load that has to be carried and the amount of evaporation needed in the hive ( fig . 2 ) ; the cooling effect is less desirable for individual foragers but disturbances of heat or water balance can be corrected in the hive .\nrelative masses of sugar and water in nectars of various concentrations and in honey ( horizontal red line ) . the figure shows the nectar - processing advantage for apis mellifera scutellata workers concentrating the nectar of aloe greatheadii var . davyana from 20 % to 40 % on their tongues : two - thirds of the necessary evaporation is achieved before the bees return to the hive ( nicolson and human , 2008 ) .\nthe various processes involved in cooling the honeybee nest \u2013 collecting water , spreading it within the brood comb , and speeding its evaporation by fanning and regurgitation \u2013 have been mentioned above . this enables the temperature in the brood area to be precisely regulated at 35\u00b0c , but humidity in the hive is less constant ( human et al . , 2006 ) . air in the hive will generally be more humid than outside , as a result of transpiration of the inhabitants and evaporation during nectar flows . while high humidity is necessary for brood development , a dry atmosphere favours nectar ripening . we have measured absolute humidity ( thus excluding temperature effects ) in various regions of the hive , and found higher values in the brood area than in nectar stores , suggesting adjustments by the bees ( human et al . , 2006 ) . however , trade - offs with regulation of temperature and respiratory gases will disrupt the establishment of optimum humidity levels .\ncolony level respiration is important in social homeostasis . periodic synchronised fanning leads to tidal ventilation in honeybees and stingless bees when only one nest entrance is present ( moritz and crewe , 1988 ; southwick and moritz , 1987 ) . measurement of cyclic fluctuations in water vapour pressure and temperature at the nest entrance would enable estimation of evaporative water losses at the colony level .\nthe non - random disposal of the excreta of social insects , such as ejecting faeces late in larval development , is assumed to be for hygienic reasons ( weiss , 2006 ) . in honeybee larvae , the midgut\u2013hindgut junction is occluded until the end of the larval stage , and defaecation coincides with cocoon formation , the excreta being incorporated into the structure of the cocoon ( jay , 1964 ) . healthy adult apis do not defaecate in the nest , even during overwintering in temperate climates ( but defaecation in or around the nest is a sign of infection with the midgut parasite nosema ) . defaecation flights occur when weather permits , and until then rectal fluid may be stored for prolonged periods , the distended rectum occupying much of the abdominal cavity ( fig . 3 ) . obviously an individual honeybee ' s water content fluctuates enormously depending on the volume of crop or rectal contents . an inverse relationship between crop and rectal volumes has been measured in honeybees confined for varying times after feeding ( roces and blatt , 1999 ) .\nmass defaecation flights are conspicuous in tropical honeybees , and led to the ` yellow rain ' scare , due to the high proportion of pollen exines in the faeces ( mardan and kevan , 1989 ) . heat - shedding benefits have been suggested for the giant honeybee apis dorsata , which builds exposed combs and engages in mass flights involving half the colony , each bee jettisoning 20 % of its body mass ( mardan and kevan , 1989 ) . however , more comprehensive recordings for the same species show that mass flight activity is highest during maximum brood production , and timed so that brood temperature is minimally affected by the temporary absence of the protective curtain of bees ( woyke et al . , 2004 ) . water shedding may be a more important function of mass flights than heat shedding .\nbees are less subject to desiccation than most terrestrial insects . this is because their nectar diet and high metabolic water production during flight frequently generate excess water . water fluxes in the honeybee colony are also high , due to honey ripening and periodic water demand for evaporative cooling and for feeding the brood . very importantly , the favourable microclimate created by the nest architecture and its densely aggregated inhabitants reduces evaporative water losses and provides a hydric and thermal refuge for returning foragers .\nhoneybee abdomen showing full crop ( a ) or full rectum ( b ) . adapted from plate 8 in dade ( dade , 1962 ) .\nworkers of apis mellifera do not forage for themselves and in social bees there is a blurring between the individual and colony in terms of water balance physiology . common to water regulation at both the individual and colony level is the regurgitation of nectar or water on the tongue for evaporative purposes . this is involved in water elimination from nectar both in the hive and during foraging , and water is evaporated in the same way to cool either the hive or the individual bee in flight . heinrich has previously drawn attention to the similarities in individual cooling , nest cooling and food storage behaviours ( heinrich , 1985 ) . perhaps these all originate in bubbling ( a term i prefer to tongue lashing ) , which appears to function as a nectar - concentrating mechanism in a variety of bees , and may have a profound influence on the water balance physiology of solitary bees in addition to social homeostasis . the high propensity of bees for regurgitation is important in both trophallaxis , which is not confined to highly social species ( kukuk and crozier , 1990 ) , and bubbling to evaporate water .\ni thank julian dow for inviting me to contribute to this volume , connal eardley for identifying allodapine bees , and christian pirk for commenting on the manuscript . the paper is dedicated to simon maddrell and his enduring fascination with water in insects .\ncooper , p . d . , schaffer , w . m . and buchmann , s . l .\n) . pollination of the yellow passionfruit : nectar , pollen and carpenter bees .\ncortopassi - laurino , m . , inmperatriz - fonseca , v . l . , roubik , d . w . , dollin , a . , heard , t . , aguilar , i . , venturieri , g . c . , eardley , c . and nogueira - neto , p .\nfeuerbacher , e . , fewell , j . h . , roberts , s . p . , smith , e . f . and harrison , j . f .\n) . effects of nectar concentration and flower depth on flower handling efficiency of bumble bees .\n) . the composition of larval food in stingless bees : evaluating nutritional balance by chemosystematic methods .\nhendrichs , j . , cooley , s . s . and prokopy , r . j .\n) . post - feeding bubbling behaviour in fluid - feeding diptera : concentration of crop contents by oral evaporation of excess water .\nhuman , h . , nicolson , s . w . and dietemann , v .\nhummon , a . b . , richmond , t . a . , verleyen , p . , baggerman , g . , huybrechts , j . , ewing , m . a . , vierstraete , e . , rodriguez - zas , s . l . , schoofs , l . , robinson , g . e . et al .\nhunt , g . j . , page , r . e . , fondrk , m . k . and dullum , c . j .\njohansson , t . s . k . and johansson , m . p .\nkleinhenz , m . , bujok , b . , fuchs , s . and tautz , j .\nkovac , h . , stabentheiner , a . , hetz , s . k . , petz , m . and crailsheim , k .\n) . uber die einwirkung von duft - und geschmackstoffen sowie anderer faktoren auf die t\u00e4nze der bienen .\nmoritz , r . f . a . and crewe , r . m .\nmoritz , r . f . a . and southwick , e . e .\n) . the importance of osmosis in nectar secretion and its consumption by insects .\n) . simultaneous measurement of evaporative water loss , oxygen consumption , and thoracic temperature during flight in a carpenter bee .\n) . effect of nectar on microbial antagonists evaluated for use in control of fire blight of pome fruits .\nroberts , s . p . , harrison , j . f . and hadley , n . f .\n( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest .\n) . inner nest homeostasis in a changing environment with special emphasis on honey bee brood nursing and pollen supply .\nschmid - hempel , p . , kacelnik , a . and houston , a . i .\n) . social foraging by honeybees : how colonies allocate foragers among patches of flowers .\nsouthwick , e . e . and moritz , r . f . a .\n) . warm - up rates and body temperatures in bees : the importance of body size , thermal regime and phylogeny .\nvisscher , p . k . , crailsheim , k . and sherman , g .\n) . evaluating responses of honeybees to sugar solutions using an artificial - flower feeder .\n) . behavioral , ecological , and physiological determinants of the activity patterns of bees .\nwoyke , j . , kruk , c . , wilde , j . and wilde , m .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n\u201cone of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them , because you have to write and articulate your ideas . \u201d\nin our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso\u2019s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields . we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science . find out more here and apply by the extended deadline , 20 july 2018 .\nregulation of energy and water are by necessity closely linked in avian nectarivores , because the easily available sugars in nectar are accompanied by an excess of water but few electrolytes . in general , there is convergence in morphology and physiology between three main lineages of avian nectarivores that have evolved on different continents \u2013 the hummingbirds , sunbirds and honeyeaters . these birds show similar dependence of sugar preferences on nectar concentration , high intestinal sucrase activity and rapid absorption of hexoses via mediated and paracellular routes . there are differences , however , in how these lineages deal with energy challenges , as well as processing the large volumes of preformed water ingested in nectar . while hummingbirds rely on varying renal water reabsorption , the passerine nectarivores modulate intestinal water absorption during water loading , thus reducing the impact on the kidneys . hummingbirds do not generally cope with salt loading , and have renal morphology consistent with their ability to produce copious dilute urine ; by contrast , as well as being able to deal with dilute diets , honeyeaters and sunbirds are more than capable of dealing with moderately high levels of added electrolytes . and finally , in response to energy challenge , hummingbirds readily resort to torpor , while the passerines show renal and digestive responses that allow them to deal with short - term fasts and rapidly restore energy balance without using torpor . in conclusion , sunbirds and honeyeaters demonstrate a degree of physiological plasticity in dealing with digestive and renal challenges of their nectar diet , while hummingbirds appear to be more constrained by this diet .\nnectar has been described as \u2018the simplest food on earth\u2019 ( mart\u00ednez del rio et al . , 2001 ) , but nevertheless may pose significant physiological challenges for animals feeding on it . since we reviewed the topic a decade ago ( nicolson and fleming , 2003b ) , researchers in the americas , africa and australia have made substantial progress towards comparing the physiology of the three main lineages of specialized avian nectarivores : the hummingbirds ( trochilidae ) , sunbirds ( nectariniidae ) and honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fig . 1 ) . numerous other bird families show varying reliance on nectar ( nicolson and fleming , 2003b ; symes et al . , 2008 ) , but this commentary will focus on how the main radiations deal with the challenges of nectarivory , highlighting both convergence and differences in their responses .\nthe relatively low concentration of bird nectars [ compared with insect nectars ( pyke and waser , 1981 ) ] is the fundamental reason for the physiological problems associated with a nectar diet . flowers visited by hummingbirds and sunbirds produce nectar averaging 10\u201330 \u03bcl in volume and 15\u201325 % w / w ( 0 . 5\u20130 . 8 mol l \u22121 sucrose equivalents ) in concentration [ while flowers visited by generalist birds produce nectars that are even more copious and dilute ( johnson and nicolson , 2008 ) ] . nectar can also be diluted by rainfall events . the challenge of drinking dilute diets is that the birds must handle large volumes of preformed water , necessitating fast transit times ( i . e . time for food to pass through the gut , thus minimizing mass gain , which would interfere with flight ) , and yet maintain high assimilation efficiency , while also warming this large volume of fluid to body temperature . more concentrated nectars are likely to be less problematic , because switching between plants would enable birds to access more dilute nectar and thus balance water intake . the other major challenge is that nectar also contains very little by way of other solutes ; nectarivorous birds therefore have to deal with low electrolyte intake as well as low nitrogen , although their nitrogen requirements are relatively low ( tsahar et al . , 2006 ) .\nit might be predicted that the physiological constraints of a \u2018simple\u2019 nectar diet would result in convergence in physiological responses of the different lineages of nectarivorous birds . however , recent findings indicate that this is not always the case and we now know that these birds show interesting differences in response to their nectar diets ( fig . 2 ) . in the first half of this commentary , we examine some common strategies for dealing with the challenges of a nectar diet . in the second half , we examine available data that indicate differences in how hummingbirds , sunbirds and honeyeaters deal with these challenges .\n) , this field is receiving renewed attention , and not without controversy . rico - guevara and rubega (\n) presented morphological measurements of hummingbird tongues and high - speed videos of drinking that showed that the tongue traps liquid as a result of surface tension ; this requires no energy expenditure by the bird and does not involve capillary action , which suggests that viscosity is not important . this finding was disputed by kim et al . (\n) , who used a modeling approach to differentiate between different modes of nectar drinking , showing that the \u2018capillary suction\u2019 mechanism used by hummingbirds , sunbirds and honeyeaters is associated with optimal concentrations in the range 30\u201350 % ( 1 . 0\u20131 . 8 mol l\nsucrose ; much higher than natural nectar concentrations ) . after further theoretical and experimental analysis of drinking in ruby - throated hummingbirds ,\nthe methods / techniques used to study the interactions between a substance and the body from administration to excretion ( absorption , distribution , metabolism ) .\nin addition to concentration , nectar volumes are important for tongue loading . the volume of nectar determines its height in tubular floral corollas , and partial immersion of the tongue is common ( kim et al . , 2012 ) . when honeyeaters and hummingbirds feed from tubular artificial flowers , the amount of nectar loaded per lick increases with greater nectar volumes or shorter flowers , both of which increase the contact between tongue and nectar ( collins , 2008 ) . however , honeyeaters also commonly extract nectar from open , brush - type inflorescences and the effects of inflorescence shape on feeding rates have yet to be investigated .\nspecialized avian nectarivores from three lineages . ( a ) whitebellied sunbird , cinnyris talatala ( photo credit : rudi van aarde ) , ( b ) new holland honeyeater , phylidonyris novaehollandiae ( kathryn napier ) and ( c ) charming hummingbird , amazilia decora ( cole wolf ) .\nsome key physiological differences between the three specialist bird lineages . a representative hummingbird , honeyeater and sunbird ( note the differences in body size ) are shown feeding on nectar of an erythrina species , a major bird - pollinated genus that occurs in the natural range of all three lineages . all lineages show high rates of intestinal sucrase activity ( highest for the hummingbirds ; thicker yellow lines ) and rapid absorption of hexose sugars ( orange arrows ) , but the passerines are capable of shunting water directly through the gut ( blue dotted lines ) and therefore do not only rely on filtration by the kidneys ( blue solid lines ) . * hummingbirds show only a small medullary portion to their kidneys ( shaded green ) , which limits their abilities to produce hyperosmotic urine .\nnectar - feeding birds are compensatory feeders over a wide range of nectar concentrations ( mart\u00ednez del rio et al . , 2001 ; nicolson and fleming , 2003a ) . this means that they adjust their volumetric intake rapidly in response to changes in energy density ( fleming et al . , 2004b ; k\u00f6hler et al . , 2008 ) . sugar concentration consequently has a marked effect on their sugar preferences . probably because of the rapid transit times and because hexose nectars do not require hydrolysis in order for the sugars to be assimilated , a hexose diet is preferred by both generalist and specialist nectar - feeding birds on dilute diets [ for references , see napier et al . ( napier et al . , 2013 ) ] .\ninterestingly , most species tested to date show a switch to no preference or even sucrose preference on concentrated diets ( e . g . data for the red wattlebird , anthochaera carunculata , are shown in fig . 3a ) . the concentration at which the switch occurs varies between species , and the minimum sugar concentration at which birds show no hexose preference is significantly correlated with intestinal sucrase activity for 11 bird species , even after phylogenetic correction ( fig . 3b ) ( napier et al . , 2013 ) . birds with no sucrase activity ( e . g . redwinged starlings , onychognathus morio ) or relatively low sucrase activity ( e . g . rainbow lorikeets , trichoglossus haematodus ) prefer hexoses at higher sugar concentrations , while birds with the greatest sucrase activity ( i . e . hummingbirds , but also sunbirds and honeyeaters ) either show no hexose preference or hexose preference on only the most dilute diets ( napier et al . , 2013 ) ."]}
{"id": 128, "summary": [{"text": "the pyralidae , commonly called pyralid moths , snout moths or grass moths , are a family of lepidoptera in the ditrysian superfamily pyraloidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in many ( particularly older ) classifications , the grass moths ( crambidae ) are included in the pyralidae as a subfamily , making the combined group one of the largest families in the lepidoptera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the latest review by eugene g. munroe & solis , in kristensen ( 1999 ) retains the crambidae as a full family of pyraloidea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the wingspans for small and medium-sized species usually between 9 and 37 mm with variable morphological features .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "it is a diverse group , with more than 6,000 species described worldwide , and more than 600 species in america north of mexico , comprising the third largest moth family in north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "at least 42 species have been recorded from north dakota in the subfamilies of pyralidae . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pyralidae", "paragraphs": ["a new genus and three new species of chrysauginae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) .\n( f . ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) in brasil . colloques i\u2019inra 43 : 133\u2013140\nbiocontrol of duponcheria fovealis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) with soil - dwelling predators in potted plants .\nsystematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae )\narticle : systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae )\nbiocontrol of duponcheria fovealis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) with soil - dwelling predators in potted plants . - pubmed - ncbi\ndetails - systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae ) - biodiversity heritage library\nhulst , g . d . , 1886 . descriptions of new pyralidae . transactions of the american entomological society 13 : 145 - 168 .\nmutuura , akira . 1959 . canadian species of dioryctria zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . can . entomol . 91 : 65 - 72 .\nthere are currently 5 described subfamilies of pyralidae : chrysauginae lederer ( 1863 ) , epipaschiinae meyrick ( 1884 ) , galleriinae zeller ( 1848 ) , phycitinae zeller ( 1839 ) , and pyralinae latreille ( 1809 ) . currently there are around 4400 named species of pyralidae , although much of the diversity is undescribed .\nfive subfamilies are generally recognized in the pyralidae today . the acentropinae ( = nymphulinae ) , occasionally still placed here , do indeed seem to belong in the crambidae .\npyralidae ( pyralid lepidopterans ) preys on : mammalia based on studies in : costa rica ( carrion substrate ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nheppner j . b . ( 2008 ) snout moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht\nthe effect of neem ( azadirachta indica a . juss ) oil on oviposition , development and reproductive potentials of sesamia calamistis hampson ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) and eldana saccharina walker ( lepidoptera : pyralidae )\npyralidae ( pyraloidea ) ; [ mna13 . 1 ] ( a ) , 8 ; [ nacl ] , 67 ; [ aucl ] ; [ globiz ] ; van nieukerken et al . , 2011 , zootaxa 3148 : 216\nneunzig , herbert h . 1986 . fascicle 15 . 2 pyralioidea , pyralidae ( part ) in dominick et al . the moths of america north of mexico . e . w . classey ltd . london . 88 pp .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of pyralidae sp . ( large size ) .\nhorak marianne ( 1997 ) the phycitine genera faveria walker , morosaphycita , gen . nov . , epicrocis zeller , ptyobathra turner and vinicia ragonot in australia ( pyralidae : phycitinae ) . invertebrate systematics 11 , 333 - 421 .\nschaffer , jay c . 1968 . a revision of the peoriinae and anerastiinae ( auctorum ) of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . bull . u . s . natl . mus . 280 . 124 pp .\nsolis , m . alma . and c . mitter . 1992 . review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the pyralidae ( sensu stricto ) ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea ) . syst . entomol . 17 : 79 - 99 .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1979 . american species of dioryctria ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) v . three new cone feeding species from the southeastern united states . georgia entomol . soc . 14 : 290 - 304 .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1982 . american species of dioryctria ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) vi . a new species of dioryctria from eastern canada and northeastern united states . can . entomol . 114 : 1069 - 1076 .\nsolis , m . alma . 1993 . a phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of the genera of the pococera complex ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : epipaschiinae ) . j . n . y . entomol . soc . 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 83 .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1990 . fascicle 15 . 3 pyralioidea , pyralidae ( part ) in dominick et al . the moths of america north of mexico . e . w . classey ltd . london . 164 pp .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1988 . a taxonomic study of the genus salebriaria ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : phycitinae ) in america north of mexico . north carolina state univ . res . serv . tech . bull . 287 : 95 pp .\nbelow is a guide to the local subfamilies of pyralidae . the images included are meant to be illustrative of the general appearance of each subfamily as an aid for narrowing down possibilities for identification . while the commonest elements of forewing maculation in each subfamily are represented , many patterns are not .\ngoodson , r . l . and h . h . neunzig . 1993 . taxonomic revision of the genera homoeosoma curtis and patogonia ragonot ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : phycitinae ) in america north of mexico . north carolina agric . res . service . tech . bull . 303 : 105 pp .\nforbes , william t . m . family 33 . pyralidae , pp . 523 - 639 in , ibid . 1923 . lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states . part i . primitive forms , microlepidoptera , pyraloids , bombyces . cornell agric . exp . sta . mem . 68 : 729 pp .\nin addition to those assigned to the tribes above , there are several genera of ( presumed ) pyralidae which are not firmly placed in this arrangement . some may be very basal lineages which stand outside the main snout moth radiations . but given the changing circumscription of the pyralidae , some are likely to be placed outside this group in its modern meaning , either in the crambidae or in other lineages of basal obtectomera . some may even belong to more ancient moth lineages , such as the alucitoidea or pterophoroidea . finally , it is possible that some of these ( usually little - studied ) genera are junior synonyms of genera described earlier . the genera in question are :\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb pyralid and crambid snout moths ( pyraloidea ) \u00bb pyralid moths ( pyralidae ) \u00bb epipaschiinae \u00bb incertae - sedis \u00bb incertae - sedis glastianalis - hodges # 5576 . 1 ( incertae - sedis glastianalis )\nroux - morabito , g . ; gillette , n . e . ; roques , a . ; dormont , l . ; stein , j . ; sperling , f . a . h . 2008 . systematics of the dioryctria abietella species group ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) based on mitochondrial dna ann . entomol . soc . am . 101 ( 5 ) : 845 - 859 .\nneunzig hh ( 1986\u20131997 ) pyraloidea , pyralidae ( part ) . phycitinae ( part ) . in : dominick rb et al . ( eds ) the moths of america north of mexico , 15 . 2 : 1\u2013113 , 6 pl . ( 1986 ) ; 15 . 3 : 1\u2013165 , 5 pl . ( 1990 ) ; 15 . 4 : 1\u2013157 , 4 pl . ( 1997 ) . wedge entomological research foundation , washington\nwaxworms are the caterpillar larvae of wax moths , which belong to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) . two closely related species are commercially bred \u2013 the lesser wax moth ( achroia grisella ) and the greater wax moth ( galleria mellonella ) . they belong to the tribe galleriini in the snout moth subfamily galleriinae . another species whose larvae share that name is the indian meal moth ( plodia interpunctella ) , though this species is not available commercially .\nthere are two main types of tympanal organs within pyraloidea , indicating two distinct evolutionary lineages : the pyralidae latreille , 1809 ( or pyraliformes ) and crambidae latreille , 1810 ( or crambiformes ) ( munroe 1972 , minet 1982 , maes 1985 , munroe & solis 1999 ) . this basal dichotomy in pyraloid phylogeny is supported by molecular data ( regier et al . 2012 ) . the following table shows the main diagnostic characters to identify these two groups .\nphycitinae ( including anerastiinae , peoriinae ) \u2013 probably the most difficult group of pyraloidea in terms of identification and classification . they comprise more than 600 genera and about 4000 species found all over the world . the characteristic trait of the caterpillars is a sclerotised area encircling the base of seta sd1 on the mesothorax , while the adult females have \u2013 like the males of pyralidae in general do \u2013 a frenulum consisting of a single bristle which in turn is composed of multiple acanthae .\nsnout moths , family pyralidae , comprise the third largest family of lepidoptera , with about 16 , 500 described species , but a probable fauna of at least 25 , 000 species worldwide . there are 19 subfamilies in the classification , divided into two groups : group crambinina , with 14 subfamilies ( crambinae , schoenobiinae , cybalomiinae , linostinae , scopariinae , musotiminae , midilinae , nymphulinae , odontiinae , noordinae , wurthiinae , evergestinae , glaphyriinae , and pyraustinae ) , and group pyralinina , with five subfamilies ( pyralinae , chrysauginae , galleriinae , epipaschiinae , and phycitinae ) . the group names are sometimes elevated to separate families , as was already done over 100 years ago , but they can equally be maintained within the single family pyralidae as has long been the practice . by far the largest subfamily is the pyraustinae , with about 7 , 500 species worldwide . the family is in the superfamily pyraloidea in the section tineina , subsection tineina , of the division ditrysia . adults . . .\nty - jour ti - systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 375 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2014 sp - 15 ep - 73 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 375 . 6222 au - leger , theo au - landry , bernard au - nuss , matthias au - mally , richard kw - argyria kw - argyriini kw - atlantic forest kw - biogeography kw - crambini kw - micrelephas kw - morphology kw - new species kw - phylogeny kw - pyraloidea kw - taxonomy er -\n@ article { bhlpart101138 , title = { systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae ) } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 375 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2014 } , author = { leger , theo and landry , bernard and nuss , matthias and mally , richard } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 15 - 73 } , keywords = { argyria | argyriini | atlantic forest | biogeography | crambini | micrelephas | morphology | new species | phylogeny | pyraloidea | taxonomy | } , }\npyraloidea , the third largest superfamily of the lepidoptera , is comprised of two families - pyralidae and crambidae . the history of families previously placed in the pyraloidea is discussed . the group now includes about 16 , 000 species worldwide . morphologically , the superfamily is defined by a basally scaled proboscis and the presence of abdominal tympanal organs . the larvae of many species are economically important pests of crops ( e . g . : sugarcane , corn , rice ) , and stored products such as seeds and grains . currently 22 subfamilies comprise the pyraloidea ; only the 19 subfamilies that occur in the western hemisphere are discussed . there is a paucity of recent research using cladistic methods and phylogenetic analyses across all taxa .\nthe wing span of pyraloid moths varies from less than 10 mm to more than 80 mm . the head bears long and porrect or upturned labial palpi . the maxillary palpi are generally present . the main external characters supporting the monophyly of the group are the basally scaled proboscis and the paired tympanal organs situated ventrally on the 2nd abdominal segment . tympanal organs enable moths to detect the ultrasounds of insectivorous bats . many superfamilies within the obtectomeran lepidoptera ( the groups with obtect pupae ) have tympanal organs , but they are not homologous . only geometroidea have tympanal organs which are also situated on the 2 nd abdominal segment , but they are distinct in structure and evolved independently . it is generally accepted that lepidopteran tympanal organs co - evolved with the sonar system of bats . in achroia grisella and galleria mellonella ( pyralidae , galleriinae ) , the moths also possess tymbal organs on the tegulae to produce ultrasound for intraspecific , accoustic communication .\ncarbohydrase is responsible for catalyzes the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars . it includes \u03b1 - amylase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 ) , \u03b2 - amylase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 2 ) , glucoamylase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 3 ) , exo - \u03b2 - l , 4 - glucanases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 91 ) , endo - \u03b2 - l , 4 - glucanases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 4 ) , \u03b2 - l , 4 - glucosidases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 21 ) , chitinase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 14 ) , \u03b2 - nacetyl - d - glucosaminidase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 52 ) , lysozyme ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 17 ) , lysozyme ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 17 ) , \u03b1 - glucosidases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 20 ) , and trehalase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 28 ) ( wyatt , 1967 ; huber and mathison , 1976 ; applebaum , 1985 ; dunn , 1986 ; kramer and koga , 1986 ; martin et al . , 1991 ) . further christeller et al . ( 1992 ) identified midgut protease activities in midgut was higher in lepidopteran insects from the families , tortricidae , noctuidae , gelechiidae , hepialidae and pyralidae . further treatment with chemical insecticides has directly affected the digestive enzyme including amylase , invertase , lipase , and protease ( deshmukh et al . , 2009 ) .\nduponchelia fovealis zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) is a widespread pest in dutch greenhouses . most damage is recorded from potted plants as kalanchoe , cyclamen and begonia . caterpillars of this pyralid prefer to live in a moist soil layer were they feed on either plant parts or organic matter . larvae typically seek shelter within plant parts or in soil . this behaviour hampers contact between pesticides and caterpillars . growers , therefore would welcome an effective method to prevent damage by d . fovealis . this paper describes the effects of the soil - dwelling mites hypoaspis miles ( berlese ) and hypoaspis aculeifer ( canestrini ) ( acari : laelapidae ) and the beetle atheta coriaria kraatz ( coleoptera : staphilinidae ) on eggs and larvae of d . fovealis . both predatory mites and adults of the staphilinid beetle gave excellent control of eggs of d . fovealis in potting soil with kalanchoe . h . miles was slightly ( 99 percent control ) , but significantly , better than h . aculeifer ( 92 percent control ) . 50 to 87 percent of the eggs were predated by adult beetles of a . coriaria . these beetles also prey on first larval stages of d . fovealis . 87 percent of the h . miles population was present in the upper soil layer , whereas about half of the population of h . aculeifer preferred to stay deeper than 5 cm in soil . this behaviour might explain the slightly better control of d . fovealis by h . miles , since eggs and first larval stages of d . fovealis are mostly present in the upper soil layer . all predators tested may contribute to an integrated or biological system for controlling d . fovealis in potted plants .\nthis review described the physiological and biochemical effects of various secondary metabolites from meliaceae against major lepidopteran insect pest including , noctuidae and pyralidae . the biochemical effect of major meliaceae secondary metabolites were discussed more in this review . several enzymes based on food materials have critical roles in nutritional indices ( food utilization ) of the insect pest population . several research work has been referred and the effect of meliaceae secondary metabolites on feeding parameters of insects by demonstrating food consumption , approximate digestibility of consumed food , efficiency of converting the ingested food to body substance , efficiency of converting digested food to body substance and consumption index was reviewed in detail . further how the digestive enzymes including a - amylases , \u03b1 and \u03b2 - glucosidases ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 ) , lipases ( ec 3 . 1 . 1 ) proteases , serine , cysteine , and aspartic proteinases affected by the meliaceae secondary metabolites was reviewed . further effect of meliaceae secondary metabolites on detoxifying enzymes have been found to react against botanical insecticides including general esterases ( est ) , glutathione s - transferase ( gst ) and phosphatases was reviewed . alkaline phosphatase ( alp , e . c . 3 . 1 . 3 . 1 ) and acid phosphatase ( acp , e . c . 3 . 1 . 3 . 2 ) are hydrolytic enzymes , which hydrolyze phosphomonoesters under alkaline or acid conditions , respectively . these enzymes were affected by the secondary metabolites treatment . the detailed mechanism of action was further explained in this review . acethylcholine esterase ( ache ) is a key enzyme that terminates nerve impulses by catalyzing the hydrolysis of neurotransmitter , acetylcholine , in the nervous system of various organisms . how the ache activity was altered by the meliaceae secondary metabolites reviewed in detail .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > systematics of the neotropical genus catharylla zeller ( lepidoptera , pyralidae s . l . , crambinae ) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > leger , theo < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > landry , bernard < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > nuss , matthias < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > mally , richard < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 375 < / note > < subject > < topic > argyria < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > argyriini < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > atlantic forest < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > biogeography < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > crambini < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > micrelephas < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > morphology < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > new species < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > phylogeny < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > pyraloidea < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > taxonomy < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > zookeys < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < publisher > pensoft publishers < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 375 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 15 < / start > < end > 73 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2014 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < identifier type =\ndoi\n> 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 375 . 6222 < / identifier > < / mods >\n700x776 ( ~ 84kb ) usa : lepsoc mothing trip to copper canyon , cochise co . , arizona , 4 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 valentina anderson\n700x924 ( ~ 121kb ) usa : lepsoc mothing trip to copper canyon , cochise co . , arizona , 4 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 valentina anderson\n800x859 ( ~ 172kb ) usa : lepsoc mothing trip to copper canyon , cochise co . , arizona , 4 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 valentina anderson\nthe exact identification of these species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\n[ globiz ] global information system on pyraloidea globiz ; globales informtationssystem z\u00fcnslerfalter ; note this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n( a ) : 1 - 134 , ( b ) : 135 - 250 , ( c ) : 251 - 304 , pl . 1 - 13 , a - k ( 1973 )\nvan nieukerken et al . , 2011 in zhang ( ed . ) , animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . order lepidoptera linnaeus , 1758 zootaxa 3148 : 212 - 221\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n; hw with sc + r and rs closely approximate or united beyond discal cell and sharply divergent before outer margin ; tympana ( ears ) at base of abdomen ventrally , not easily visible in anterio - lateral view , praecinctorium absent .\nworldwide five subfamilies and at least 6 , 150 species ; north america with at least 565 species in five subfamilies ; 42 species have been recorded from north dakota .\nsome leaf tiers and rollers , majority are borers in stems , seeds , buds , or flowers , some are wood borers in the cambium layer , others feed on combs in bee hives or on dried plant materials . many economically important species : indian meal moth , clover hay - worm , zimmerman pine moth , sunflower head moth , etc .\nheinrich , carl . 1956 . american moths of the subfamily phycitinae . bull . u . s . natl . mus . 207 : 1 - 581 .\nmunroe , eugene and m . alma solis . the pyraloidea , pp . 233 - 256 in kristensen , neils p . ed . 1999 . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . part 35 , vol . 1 in handbook of zoology . maximilian fischer ed . walter de gryter , new york . 491 pp .\nmutuura , akira and eugene munroe . 1969 . american species of the zimmermani group . can . entomol . 101 : 1009 - 1023 .\nrennels , r . g . 1960 . the zimmerman pine moth . an 8 - year study of its natural history in illinois coniferous plantations . univer . ill . agric . exp . sta . bull . 660 : 39 pp .\nscoble , malcom j . 1992 . the lower ditrysia , chapter 11 , pp . 225 - 289 in the lepidoptera : form , function , and diversity . oxford univ . press . 1982 . 404 pp .\nlast updated : 03 / 27 / 02 gerald m . fauske research specialist ndsu 202 hultz hall fargo , nd 58105 e - mail : gerald . fauske @ urltoken\nprospective students may schedule a visit by calling 1 - 800 - 488 - ndsu .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthis list contains all moth species illustrated on the ukmoths website . the numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species . the first number is the\nnew\ndecimal - style checklist number , corresponding to\na checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles\nby agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the\n2013 checklist\n. the second number , prefixed with\nbf\nis the previous\nbradley and fletcher number\n, derived from\na recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths\nby j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher . some species will have\nappendix a\nto the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species . at the end of the main list are questionable or doubtful records which is an approximation of appendix b ( questionable records ) of the new checklist , but also contains other records that do not for various reasons have new decimal - style checklist numbers . many thanks to stella beavan and bob heckford for their help in interpreting the new checklist .\nthe numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species .\nthe first number is the\nnew\ndecimal - style checklist number , corresponding to\na checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles\nby agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the\n2013 checklist\n.\nthe second number , prefixed with\nbf\nis the previous\nbradley and fletcher number\n, derived from\na recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths\nby j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher .\nsome species will have\nappendix a\nto the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 23 : 16 : 27 page render time : 0 . 2728s total w / procache : 1 . 0005s\nadult moth of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . \u00a9csiro entomology , all rights reserved\nlarva of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . \u00a9csiro entomology , all rights reserved\nlarva of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . photo : usda , ars ( public domain )\nadult of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella . photo : usda , ars ( public domain )\nthe tropical warehouse moth is found throughout the tropics and subtropics where it is more common in non - arid areas . the tropical warehouse moth feeds on a range of stored foods , notably cereals and cereal products .\n( caterpillars ) feed externally on maize grains but also cause damage to stored products through contamination with the silk webbing it produces and faecal pellets , cast skins and egg shells .\nthe tropical warehouse moth is found throughout the tropics and subtropics where it is more common in non - arid areas . it can be found in temperate countries but can only survive the winter in heated areas .\nlarvae the larvae range from 1 . 5 - 15 mm in length and are light brown with dark brown spots with a sparse covering of hair .\npupae pupae are dark - brown and found within a relatively light pupal case .\nadults the adult forewings are greyish - brown with scattered darker patches . the wing span is 11 - 20 mm and both fore - and hind - wings have broadly rounded tips and short fringes of hairs .\nthe adult tropical warehouse moth is commonly confused with the indian meal moth , plodia interpunctella but can be differentiated from it by the distinct colouring of the forewings of indian meal moth ( a dark band separating the two differently coloured halves of the forewing ) . the larva resembles that of the indian meal moth .\nthe females lay their slightly sticky eggs on the stored food . up to 300 eggs are laid in the first 3 - 4 days of their short ( 8 - 9 day ) lives . at 30\u00b0c the eggs hatch in approximately 3 days . there are normally five larval instars and larval development , under optimum conditions ( 32 . 5\u00b0c and 70 % relative humidity ) is completed in about 22 days . in heavy infestations the mature larvae leave the produce to pupate on surfaces such as walls of the store or in spaces between bags . before pupation , the last instar larva builds a cocoon . the pupal stage is completed in about 7 days . adult emergence from the cocoon usually occurs during the late afternoon . under optimum conditions , development from egg to adult takes 29 - 31 days .\nis a major pest of a range of stored foods , especially cereals ( maize , rice , wheat , sorghum , millet , oats ) flours and other cereal products , dried cassava , groundnuts , cocoa beans , dried mango , dates , nutmeg , mace , cowpeas and other dried stored products .\ndetection methods the tropical warehouse moth can be detected by visual inspection . sticky traps baited with a sex pheromone can be used to monitor adults .\nthe severity of a tropical warehouse moth infestation can be reduced by good store hygiene which includes cleaning the store between harvests , immersing grain sacks in boiling water and fumigating the store to eliminate residual infestations , ensuring that all spillages are removed , all cracks and crevices in the store are filled and the selection of only uninfested material for storage . infestations of this species may also be limited by the storage of good quality grains such as whole cereals with fewer broken grains .\nthe mass release of the parasite habrobracon hebetor has been used in south africa to control the tropical warehouse moth in a sultana store as part of an integrated pest management programme .\ncontrolled atmosphere where suitable infrastructure exists , low oxygen and carbon dioxide - enriched atmospheres can be used to control stored product pests .\nfreezing and heating where the infrastructure exists , freezing for several days and heating for 24 hours have proved to be effective control methods for stored product pests .\nfumigation of grain stocks with phosphine will control existing infestations but will not protect against re - infestation . an admixture of approved grain insecticides , especially organophosphorus compounds , will protect against this pest . store misting or fogging at times of peak flight activity may be used to control the adult population . pesticides are poisons so it is essential to follow all safety precautions on labels .\nburges hd , haskins kpf , 1965 . life - cycle of the tropical warehouse moth , cadra cautella ( wlk . ) at controlled temperatures and humidities . bulletin of entomological research , 55 ( 4 ) : 775 - 789 .\ncabi . ( 2007 ) ephestia cautella ( walker ) tropical warehouse moth datasheet . crop protection compendium , 2007 edition . cab international publishing . wallingford , uk .\ndent d . ( 2000 ) . insect pest management . cab international wallingford , uk\ngaby , s . ( 1988 ) natural crop protection in the tropics . margraf publishers scientific books , german\nkrischik , v . a . , cuperus g . and galliart d . ( eds . ) . ( 1995 ) . stored products management , 2nd ed . oklahoma state univ . 204 pp . urltoken accessed on 15 / 5 / 2010 .\nridgway , r . l . silverstein r . m and inscoe , m . n . ( 1990 ) behaviour - modifying chemicals for insect management , marcel dekker inc . , new york .\nyoudeowei a . ( 1993 ) pest and vector management in the tropics , longman group ltd england .\nanne m . akol , makerere university ; maneno y . chidege , tropical pesticides research institute ; herbert a . l . talwana , makerere university ; john r . mauremootoo , bionet - international secretariat .\nwe recognise the support from the national museums of kenya , tropical pesticides research institute ( tpri ) - tanzania and makerere university , uganda . this activity was undertaken as part of the bionet - eafrinet uvima project ( taxonomy for development in east africa ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nby m . alma solis , everett d . cashatt , brian g . scholtens\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 22 october , 2013 - 10 : 34pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 21 august , 2013 - 1 : 47am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 17 june , 2013 - 4 : 53pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 30 april , 2013 - 6 : 37pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 3 april , 2013 - 3 : 10pm\nragonot , e . l . , 1887 . diagnoses of north american phycitiae and galleriiae : 1 - 20 .\n4th ann . rep . noxious , beneficial and other insects of state of missouri . st . louis , mo . , 1872\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\na8 sd1 surrounded by chitinous ring ( occasionally reduced ) . a1 - a7 : l2 anterodorsal or sometimes dorsal of l1 . a8 sv - group usually bisetose . a9 l group usually trisetose ( l3 rarely lost ) . anal shield : distance d1 - d1 usually greater than sd1 - sd1 ( exceptions in galleriinae , pyralinae ,\nvariable . from long and slender to short and stout . may be smoothly scaled or with modified scales . some males with prominent androconia .\nforewing of variable shape . forewing veins with r2 closely apposed to r3 and r4 , and not usually stalked ; r3 , r4 and r5 may be reduced to one or two veins ; m1 originates near anterior angle of discal cell ; m2 , m3 and cua1 originate from posterior angle of cell ; m2 and m3 may be stalked ; cup well developed , incomplete , or absent and reduced to a fold ; 1a strongly developed ; 2a distally free or connected to 1a by a crossvein to form a closed cell , sometimes with a free portion extending beyond this cell . hindwing wide , with narrow fringe . hindwing veins sc + r1 and rs may be anastomosed or separate ; m2 and m3 usually separate , but may be fused ; cua1 and cua2 usually arising separately from discal cell ; cua1 free , rarely fused with m3 ; cup and 1a + 2a present .\nin phycitinae , radial sector free or partially fused with sc + rs . m2 + 3 fused ( partially or fully ) , or separate . cell often open . cup absent . all three anal veins generally present .\nboth sexes with a retinaculum of stiff scales on underside of cubital area . males may have sclerotized frenulum hook , but is lost in some groups .\nin phycitinae the scape may posses various modification , such as having a long spine or being deeply notched .\nin phycitinae the basal flagellomere may posses various modifications , mainly in the form of a high concentration of scale - like sensilla .\nforewing vein r5 stalked or fused with r3 + r4 . tympanal case closed , or nearly closed . praecinctorium absent . tympanum and conjunctiva lie in the same plane . male genitalia with uncus arms , a pair of processes arising laterally from the base of the uncus . larvae almost always with sclerotized ring around base of seta sd1\nl . f . jiron and v . m . cartin , 1981 . insect succession in the decomposition of a mammal in costa rica . j . new york entomol . soc . 89 : 158 - 165 , from p . 163 .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nthe adult moths are sometimes called\nbee moths\n, but , particularly in apiculture , this can also refer to aphomia sociella , another galleriinae moth which also produces waxworms , but is not commercially bred .\nwaxworms are medium - white caterpillars with black - tipped feet and small , black or brown heads .\nin the wild , they live as nest parasites in bee colonies and eat cocoons , pollen , and shed skins of bees , and chew through beeswax , thus the name . beekeepers consider waxworms to be pests . galleria mellonella ( the greater wax moths ) will not attack the bees directly , but feed on the wax used by the bees to build their honeycomb . their full development to adults requires access to used brood comb or brood cell cleanings\u2014these contain protein essential for the larvae ' s development , in the form of brood cocoons . the destruction of the comb will spill or contaminate stored honey and may kill bee larvae or be the cause of the spreading of honey bee diseases .\nwhen kept in captivity , they can go a long time without eating , particularly if kept at a cool temperature . captive wax worms are generally raised on a mixture of cereal grain , bran and honey .\nmicrobes found in the guts of waxworms like to feast on polyethylene , and could help dispose of plastic .\nthese larvae are used extensively as live food for terrarium pets and some pet birds , mostly due to their high fat content , their ease of breeding , and their ability to survive for weeks at low temperatures .\nmost commonly , they are used to feed reptiles such as bearded dragons ( species in the genus pogona ) , the neon tree dragon ( japalura splendida ) , geckos , brown anole ( anolis sagrei ) , turtles such as the three - toed box turtle ( terrapene carolina triunguis ) or chameleons .\nsmall mammals such as the domesticated hedgehog can also be fed with wax worms .\nthey can also be used as food for captive predatory insects reared in terrarium , such as assassin bugs in the genus platymeris .\nwaxworms are also occasionally used to feed certain kinds of fish in the wild , such as bluegills ( lepomis macrochirus ) .\nshops often refer to the larvae as\nwaxies\n. they are used for catching some varieties of\nwith the use of a lighter weight . they are also used for fishing some members of the\nwaxworms prove valuable in such studies because the innate immune system of insects is strikingly similar to that of mammals .\nwaxworms survive well at human body temperature and are large enough in size to allow straightforward handling and accurate dosing . additionally , the considerable cost savings when using waxworms instead of small mammals ( usually mice , hamsters , or guinea pigs ) allows testing throughput that is otherwise impossible . using waxworms , it is now possible to screen large numbers of bacterial and fungal strains to identify genes involved in pathogenesis or large chemical libraries with the hope of identifying promising therapeutic compounds . the later studies have proved especially useful in identifying chemical compounds with favorable bioavailability .\nantunes , lu\u00edsa c . s . ; imperi , francesco ; carattoli , alessandra ; visca , paolo ( 2011 ) . adler , ben , ed .\ndeciphering the multifactorial nature of acinetobacter baumannii pathogenicity\n. plos one 6 ( 8 ) : e22674 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0022674 . pmc 3148234 . pmid 21829642 .\nkavanagh , kevin ; reeves , emer p . ( 2004 ) .\nexploiting the potential of insects for in vivo pathogenicity testing of microbial pathogens\n. fems microbiology reviews 28 ( 1 ) : 101\u201312 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . femsre . 2003 . 09 . 002 . pmid 14975532 .\naperis , g ; burgwynfuchs , b ; anderson , c ; warner , j ; calderwood , s ; mylonakis , e ( 2007 ) .\ngalleria mellonella as a model host to study infection by the francisella tularensis live vaccine strain\n. microbes and infection 9 ( 6 ) : 729\u201334 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . micinf . 2007 . 02 . 016 . pmc 1974785 . pmid 17400503 .\n, making the combined group one of the largest families in the lepidoptera . the latest review by munroe & solis , in kristensen ( 1999 )\nmost of these small moths are inconspicuous and of no particular significance to humans . some are more notable , however . perhaps the most familiar are waxworms , which are the caterpillar larvae of the greater ( galleria mellonella ) and lesser ( achroia grisella ) wax moths ( subfamily galleriinae ) . they are natively pests of beehives , but are bred indoors in enormous numbers as live food for small reptile and bird pets and similar animals . they are also used as fishing bait for trout fishing .\nother notable snout moths are primarily relevant due to their larval food choices . examples include :\ncacao moth , tobacco moth , warehouse moth ( ephestia elutella : phycitinae ) \u2013 pest of stored dry vegetable products ; europe , introduced to some other regions ( e . g . australia )\nthe european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) and southern cornstalk borer ( diatraea crambidoides ) , formerly considered snout moths , are placed in the crambidae which , as noted above , are usually regarded as a separate family today .\nchrysauginae ( including bradypodicolinae , semniidae ) \u2013 about 400 species occurring predominantly in the neotropical region . larvae typically feed on plants , but some have more unusual feeding habits . the latter include for example some myrmecophilous species , as well as a number of sloth moths which are dependent on sloths for their entire life cycle . most chrysauginae larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta sd1 of the metathorax .\ngalleriinae ( including macrothecinae ) \u2013 about 300 species worldwide . the males of galleriine moths have a gnathos almost or completely reduced , the pupae have a prominent dorsal median ridge on the thorax and abdomen , and most larvae have a sclerotised ring around seta sd1 of the first abdominal segment .\npyralinae ( including endotrichinae , hypotiinae ) \u2013 rather diverse in the old world ; a lesser amount of the c . 900 species occurs elsewhere . the females of almost all pyralinae except cardamyla and embryoglossa are recognizable by the very short ductus bursae of their genitals .\nepipaschiinae ( including pococerinae ) \u2013 over 550 described species in the tropical and temperate regions ( except europe ) . larvae are leaf rollers , leaf tiers or leaf miners . some species are minor pests of a few commercial crops . epipaschiinae are generally hard to recognize , except in the case of adult males which have a few characteristic traits , such as the upturned and pointed third segment of the labial palps and usually a scaly projection from the antenna base . the larvae lack any stereotyped seta sclerotisations .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nscholtens , b . g . , solis , a . m . , 2015 . annotated check list of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of america north of mexico .\nannotated check list of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of america north of mexico scholtens , b . g . , solis , a . m . 2015 . zookeys 535 : 1\u2013136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 535 . 6086 .\n- - - page mise \u00e0 jour le 09 / 07 / 2018 \u00e0 11 : 44 : 25 - - - page affich\u00e9e en 0 . 005 s - - -\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncommun agric appl biol sci . 2003 ; 68 ( 4 pt a ) : 159 - 65 .\napplied plant research , division glasshouse horticulture , po box 8 , 2670 aa naaldwijk , the netherlands .\npowered by naturemapr | canberra nature map operates under creative commons attribution 3 . 0 australia | privacy\nedis is the electronic data information source of uf / ifas extension , a collection of information on topics relevant to you . more . . .\nbalinsky bi ( 1994 ) a study of african phycitinae in the transvaal museum . johannesburg , 208 pp\nbleszynski s ( 1965 ) crambinae . in : amsel hg , reisser h , gregor f ( eds ) microlepidoptera palaearctica , vol 1 . g . fromme , vienna , 533 pp , 133 pl . [ in german ]\ngoater b ( 1986 ) british pyralid moths : a guide to their identification . harley books , colchester , 175 pp , 8 pl\nheinrich c ( 1956 ) american moths of the subfamily phycitinae . bull u s natl mus 207 : 1\u2013581\nmunroe eg ( 1972\u20131976 ) fasc . 13 . 1 , pyraloidea ( in part ) . in : dominick rb et al . ( eds ) the moths of america north of mexico , 13 . 1 : 1\u2013304 , 9 pl . ( 1972\u20131973 ) ; 13 . 2 : 1\u2013150 , 8 pl . ( 1976 ) . e . w . classey and r . b . d . publishing , london\nroesler ru ( 1973\u20131993 ) phycitinae [ part ] . in microlepidoptera palaearctica , 4 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013752 , 4 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013137 , 170 pl . ( 1973 ) ; 8 : 305 , 82 pl . ( 1993 )\nslamka f ( 1997 ) die z\u00fcnslerartigen ( pyraloidea ) mitteleuropas : bestimmen & verbreitung & flugstandort & lebensweise der raupen , 2nd edn . bratislava , 112 pp , 13 pl\nzimmerman ec ( 1958 ) lepidoptera , pyraloidea : insects of hawaii , vol 8 . university of hawaii press , honolulu , pp 1\u2013456\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ac28616 - bcf0 - 4306 - a38e - 3b19be902bf8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 90e96c05 - a9e1 - 4b7f - 98c0 - f4bebc8619cf\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6b4ec7ef - cd76 - 42a6 - 87d8 - 5a58c07f0019\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 255863\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nwere such that each was at once first and second cousin to the other , and thus aunt and cousin to the culprit cyril , so that his misbehavior was almost as much cousin caroline ' s affair as aunt celia ' s .\ncentres across the country , it is timely to reflect on the significant contribution this service has made to australian families and our legal system .\nroles , traditional teachings in language and culture ,\nstick like velcro and keep us from being whole .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nreviewed by : arash zibaee , university of guilan , iran ; maria l . macedo , universidade federal de mato grosso do sul , brazil\n* correspondence : sengottayan senthil - nathan , division of biopesticides and environmental toxicology , sri paramakalyani centre for excellence in environmental sciences , manonmaniam sundaranar university , alwarkurichi \u2013 627 412 , tirunelveli , india e - mail : ni . ca . vinusm @ lihtnes ; moc . liamtoh @ rdialaklihtnes\nthis article was submitted to invertebrate physiology , a section of the journal frontiers in physiology .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by ) . the use , distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted , provided the original author ( s ) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited , in accordance with accepted academic practice . no use , distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms .\ncrop protection all over the world relies heavily on the use of synthetic pesticides . in the past , synthetic pesticides have played a major role in crop protection programes and have immensely benefited mankind . the discovery and use of ddt in 1940 and then bhc and subsequent development of the chlorinated cyclodienes marked a major advance in the field of crop protection . these chemicals have made great contributions to plant protection but have also raised a number of ecological and medical problems ( varma and dubey , 1999 ) . nevertheless , their indiscriminate use has resulted in the development of resistance by pests ( insects , weeds , etc ) , resurgence and outbreak of new pests , toxicity to non - target organisms and hazardous effects on the environment endangering the sustainability of ecosystems ( jeyasankar and jesudasan , 2005 ) . it has been estimated that hardly 0 . 1 % of the agrochemicals used in crop protection reach the target pest leaving the remaining 99 . 9 % to enter the environment to cause hazards to non - target organisms including humans ( pimentel and levitan , 1986 ) .\nit has been described that more than 2 . 5 million tons of pesticides are used in agricultural crops protection for every year and the global damage caused by synthetic insecticides reaches more than $ 100 billion annually ( usepa , 2011 ) . the reason behind this amount of cost is the high toxicity and residual properties of pesticides in soil , water , air and crops that affect human and domestic animal health ( carson , 1951 ) . hence search for the eco - friendly , biodegradable pesticides for management of pest insects have been encouraged to be essential for last five decades .\nthe ideal insecticide should control target pests adequately and should be target - specific ( able to kill the pest insect but not other insects or animals ) , rapidly degradable , and low in toxicity to humans and other mammals . two classes of insecticides that exhibit some of these characteristics are the botanical insecticides and the insecticidal soaps . botanical insecticides , sometimes referred to as \u201cbotanicals , \u201d are naturally occurring insecticides have been derived from plants . insecticidal soaps are soaps that have been selected and formulated for their insecticidal action ( weinzierl and henn , 1991 ) .\nbotanical insecticides have more advantages than synthetic one . the advantages of botanical pesticides mainly depending upon their quick degradation and lack of persistence and bioaccumulation in the eco system , which have been key problems in chemical pesticide use .\nseveral experiment with botanical pesticides , shows they are degraded in the environment in hours or days . further literature has clearly shown that use of plant natural products provides low risk when compare with chemical insecticides . the availability and diversity of the secondary metabolites in botanical extracts is renewable source . also multiple analogs of one compound , is known to increase the efficiency of phytochemcial through synergism , reduce the rate of metabolism of the compounds and prevent the pest resurgence / pesticide resistance ( ascher , 1993 ; senthil - nathan and kalaivani , 2005 , 2006 ; ntalli and menkissoglu - spiroudi , 2011 ) . plant community is the most efficient source for natural pesticide . it synthesizes numerous products , many of which have been shown to effect on insect and other harmful organism . some are highly toxic to a wide range of organisms , including both vertebrates and invertebrates . but majority of plant derived compounds are affecting insects and are comparatively harmless to vertebrates . such compounds are toxic causing mortality or reduced growth of pest insects . phytochemcial modes - of - action are more complicated . most of them are affecting insect performance by repelling an insect and feeding deterrence or oviposition deterrence ."]}
{"id": 130, "summary": [{"text": "marocaster is an extinct genus of sea stars in the family goniasteridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it existed in what is now morocco during the early cretaceous period .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by daniel b. blake and roland reboul in 2011 , and the type species is m. coronatus . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "marocaster", "paragraphs": ["belongs to marocaster according to d . b . blake and r . reboul 2011\nno one has contributed data records for marocaster coronatus yet . learn how to contribute .\nsinopse : marocaster coronatus \u00e9 um g\u00eanero de estrela - do - mar extinto . fonte : wikimedia commons - didier descouens . url : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : d . b . blake and r . reboul . 2011 . a new asteroid ( echinodermata ) faunule from the early cretaceous ( barremian ) of morocco . journal of paleontology 85 ( 6 ) : 1021 - 1034\ntype specimen : holotype mhnt . pal . 2010 . 2 . 2 , paratypes 2010 . 2 . 4a , 2010 . 2 . 5 , 2010 . 2 . 1h\nparent taxon : goniasteridae according to d . b . blake and r . reboul 2011\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndaniel b . blake & roland reboul ( 2011 ) .\na new asteroid ( echinodermata ) faunule from the early cretaceous ( barremian ) of morocco\n.\nthis page was last modified on 20 april 2015 , at 22 : 23 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
{"id": 131, "summary": [{"text": "metasia hemicirca is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1887 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale whitish-fuscous , irregularly suffused with pale fuscous and irrorated with dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the lines are rather irregular , strong and dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are similar to the forewings in colour and markings , but there is a dark fuscous oblique transverse-linear discal spot before the middle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "metasia hemicirca", "paragraphs": ["biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspain , italy , corsica , malta , sardinia , sicily , france , yugoslavia .\nbalearic islands , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , malta , sardinia , sicily , france ( mainland ) , croatia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ae973d1 - bd63 - 46bb - ab75 - 5c72c99d9640\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 42bd0e76 - 850d - 4e36 - a0a4 - 4945744a7583\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 80ea8d03 - 22b3 - 4167 - a1b5 - 1fcf2e3ac8c6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be913826 - ee30 - 4a1e - 82f7 - 57e7e62c93db\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f52af03e - 0345 - 4a29 - bf19 - dc621fa11cbc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 246584\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about metasystox ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for metasystox ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about metastatic adenocarcinoma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for metastatic adenocarcinoma ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 133, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia nigristriata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western china ( tibet , qinghai ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are uniform pale brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia nigristriata", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. \u201d on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo . . . . . . t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock\nthere to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the\nof thy rashness . \u201d the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those\nthat have been already declared to you . \u201d so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\nof fire . \u201cno , \u201d said the niece , \u201cthere is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and \u2018amadis of gaul\u2019 be remit - ted the\nof fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the\nthat bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose\nis history , rival of time , storehouse of deeds , witness for the past . . . . . . ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first\n, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx\n: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the\n, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the . . . . . . ads . nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups . a\nwith one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on\nof being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a\nsettlement . en - gland claimed her right an seized them . the english - . . . . . . yages of the adventure and beagle , is in lat . 46 degs . 50 ' , in the gulf of\n. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of\nmay be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the\nin the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .\nthat 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . \u201d so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigritaria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigritaria and , of course , nigritaria synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigritaria .\nin turkey .\nhome of ichneumonoidea\n. taxapad . * * * * y sick ki yu . 1997\u20132012 . retrieved . . .\nthis is the place for nigritaria definition . you find here nigritaria meaning , synonyms of nigritaria and images for nigritaria copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 136, "summary": [{"text": "polyrhachis gracilior is a species of ant found in the southwest and northeast india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is one of the few ants that build arboreal nests made of leaves stitched together using silk produced by their larvae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "originally described as a \" race \" of polyrhachis furcata , it was elevated to a full species by c t bingham who noted differences in the shape of the spines .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a species described from travancore as weberi by horace donisthorpe in 1943 was identified as being identical to gracilior by barry bolton . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "polyrhachis gracilior", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see polyrhachis gracilior for further details\nweberi . polyrhachis ( myrmhopla ) weberi donisthorpe , 1943b : 206 ( w . ) india . junior synonym of gracilior : bolton , 1974b : 174 .\npolyrhachis gracilior is an endemic ant of the western ghats . they live in small colonies that nest between leaves stitched together with silk . the queen is not very different from the workers in appearance . this worker is cleaning her antennae .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . polyrhachis gracilior forel , 1893 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nbolton , b . 1974b [ 1973 ] . new synonymy and a new name in the ant genus polyrhachis f . smith ( hym . , formicidae ) . entomol . mon . mag . 109 : 172 - 180 ( page 174 , senior synonym of weberi )\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nforel , 1893e pdf : 25 ( diagnosis in key ) ( w . )\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\ndealate queen with brood within a disturbed nest . kerala , india . photo from kalesh sadasivan .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nforel , 1893c : 25 ( diagnosis in key ) ( w . ) india . combination in\n) : emery , 1925b : 193 . raised to species : bingham , 1903 : 388 . senior synonym of\nkaravaiev , v . 1927f . ameisen aus dem indo - australischen gebiet . iii . zb . prats zool . muz . 3 : 3 - 52 [ = tr . ukr . akad . nauk fiz . - mat . vidd . 7 : 3 - 52 ] . ( page 11 , worker , queen , male described )\nsantschi , f . 1928h . fourmis de sumatra , r\u00e9colt\u00e9es par mr . j . b . corporaal . tijdschr . entomol . 71 : 119 - 140 ( page 139 , replacement name : amboinae )\nbingham , c . t . 1903 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . hymenoptera , vol . ii . ants and cuckoo - wasps . london : taylor and francis , 506 pp . ( page 388 , raised to species )\nemery , c . 1925d . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . formicinae . genera insectorum 183 : 1 - 302 ( page 193 , combination in p . ( myrmhopla ) )\nforel , a . 1893e . les formicides de l ' empire des indes et de ceylan . part iii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 8 : 17 - 36 ( page 25 , ( diagnosis in key ) worker described )\nthis page was last modified on 6 july 2016 , at 02 : 20 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbharti h , gu\u00e9nard b , bharti m , economo ep ( 2016 ) an updated checklist of the ants of india with their specific distributions in indian states ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . zookeys 551 : 1 - 83 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 551 . 7052\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\nif the taxon is in the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location , such as an island , nation or other defined zone , or habitat type , and found only there ; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\ntiny ants living in acorn gutting a cricket - temnothorax cf . nylanderi ( 720p )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 137, "summary": [{"text": "the european corn worm or european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) , also known as the european high-flyer , is a pest of grain , particularly maize .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the insect is native to europe , originally infesting varieties of millet , including broom corn .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the european corn borer was first reported in north america in 1917 in massachusetts , but was probably introduced from europe several years earlier .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "since its initial discovery in the americas , the insect has spread into canada and westward across the united states to the rocky mountains .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "european corn borer caterpillars damage the ears of corn , as well as the stalks , by chewing tunnels , which cause the plants to fall over .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "biological control agents of corn borers include the hymenopteran parasitoid trichogramma spp. , the fungus beauveria bassiana and the protozoa nosema pyrausta .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "bt corn , a variety of genetically modified maize , has had its genome modified to include a gene from the bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "as a result , the corn variety produces a protein that kills lepidoptera larvae , in particular , european corn borer .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "immature maize shoots accumulate a powerful antibiotic substance , dimboa that serves as a natural defense against a wide range of pests and is also responsible for the relative resistance of immature maize to the european corn borer . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "european corn borer", "paragraphs": ["european corn borer larvae feed on several crops species including corn , cotton , and grain sorghum .\n( left ) european corn borer adult male on corn leaf . image by dennis calvin . ( right ) european corn borer adult females . image by faruque - uz zaman .\nostrinia nubilalis ( hbn . , 1796 ) \u2013 pyrale du ma\u00efs , european corn borer\neuropean corn borer is a significant pest of corn in south dakota . the caterpillars tunnel into corn stalks resulting in broken stalks and secondary infection by fungi . there have been few reports of european corn borer damaged fields in the past decade ; however , the transition to non - bt corn in other states has been followed by fields with heavy european corn borer infestation . although bt corn can successfully manage european corn borer , farmers planting non - bt hybrids should scout cornfields for potentially damaging populations .\nygcb \u2013 the yieldgard \u00ae corn borer gene offers a high level of resistance to european corn borer , southwestern corn borer and southern cornstalk borer ; moderate resistance to corn earworm and common stalk borer ; and above average resistance to fall armyworm . yieldgard \u00ae , the yieldgard corn borer design and roundup ready \u00ae are registered trademarks used under license from monsanto company .\ngood decisions for managing european corn borer depend on several biological and economic factors . in regions where intensive management of corn production occurs , european corn borer is usually not the only pest . learn more about pest management models .\ncheck out our economic threshold calculator to determine the most economical time to spray for european corn borer .\nin northern south dakota , where european corn borers are univoltine , corn is more susceptible to economic losses because caterpillar feeding occurs throughout the season . in areas where bivoltine european corn borer are more prevalent , the first generation of european corn borer causes more injury than the second generation because first generation caterpillars feed during more sensitive corn growth stages .\nnote : the european corn borer most likely arrived in the united states during the early 1900\u2019s in imported corn which was used to make brooms .\nfigure 1 . male ( right ) and female ( left ) european corn borer moths . photo courtesy of adam sisson .\nunivoltine and bivoltine european corn borer populations can occur within the same field . this phenomenon is typically observed in central south dakota .\nfigure 4 . adult female european corn borer , ostrinia nubilalis ( h\u00fcbner ) . photograph by john l . capinera , university of florida\neuropean corn borer damages corn when the boring disrupts the plant vascular tissues and interferes with the internal transfer of water , sugars , and nutrients . additionally , some infectious diseases can establish after borer damage . finally , stalk and ear shank strength can be compromised , and severe lodging and ear drop can result . read more about how corn is damaged by the european corn borer .\nrice me , pilcher cd . 1998 . potential benefits and limitations of transgenic bt corn for management of the european corn borer . american entomologist 44 : 75 - 78 .\nfigure 1 . eggs , soon after being laid , of the european corn borer , ostrinia nubilalis ( h\u00fcbner ) . photograph by usda .\nfigure 3 . window pane and shot hole injury caused by early instar european corn borer caterpillars . photo courtesy of eugene e . nelson .\nhx1 \u2013 contains the herculex\u00ae i insect protection gene which provides protection against european corn borer , southwestern corn borer , black cutworm , fall armyworm , lesser corn stalk borer , southern corn stalk borer , and sugarcane borer ; and suppresses corn earworm . hxx \u2013 herculex\u00ae xtra contains both the herculex i and herculex rw genes . herculex\u00ae insect protection technology by dow agrosciences and pioneer hi - bred . herculex\u00ae and the hx logo are registered trademarks of dow agrosciences llc .\ncaffrey dj , worthley lh . 1927 . a progress report on the investigations of the european corn borer . usda bulletin 1476 . 154 pp .\nfigure 5 . newly laid ( above ) and ready to hatch ( below ) european corn borer egg masses . photo courtesy of john gavloski .\nfigure 2 . mature larva of the european corn borer , ostrinia nubilalis ( h\u00fcbner ) . photograph by john l . capinera , university of florida .\nthe european corn borer , an introduced species , has been an important pest of corn in the midwest since the 1920 ' s . besides feeding on all types of corn , european corn borer also attacks and damages hundreds of crop and weed species ( e . g . , peppers , apples , soybean , cotton , foxtails , pigweeds , ragweeds , smartweeds , etc . ) .\nfigure 3 . adult male european corn borer , ostrinia nubilalis ( h\u00fcbner ) , pinned specimen . photograph by john l . capinera , university of florida .\neuropean corn borer ( ecb ) is a common pest of corn in ohio that may cause economic losses during the growing season . european corn borer infestations differ over time and among geographic regions in the state . where ecb is active , the development of borers in corn stalks interferes with the flow of nutrients in the host plant , enhances infection by stalk diseases , causes stalk breakage and ear drop , and reduces corn yield .\nbaker wa , bradley wg , clark ca . 1949 . biological control of the european corn borer in the united states . usda technical bulletin 983 . 185 pp .\nbt corn hybrids that target european corn borer are very effective for management of this pest . for farmers not planting bt hybrids , scouting for caterpillars is recommended . moths are attracted to the tallest corn plants , so begin scouting cornfields that were planted earlier for egg masses ( figure 5 ) , leaf feeding , and caterpillars . for areas with univoltine european corn borer , scout corn from v8 through r1 stages . for areas with bivoltine european corn borer , scout for the first generation during v8 through v14 and for the second generation between r1 and r2 . if you observe significant feeding injury or caterpillar abundance in your cornfields , please contact sdsu extension .\na donor organism may be a bacterium , fungus or even another plant . in the case of bt corn , the donor organism is a naturally occurring soil bacterium , bacillus thuringiensis , and the gene of interest produces a protein that kills lepidoptera larvae , in particular , european corn borer . this protein is called the bt delta endotoxin . growers use bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides for control of european and southwestern corn borer .\nhudon m , leroux ej . 1986b . biology and population dynamics of the european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) with special reference to sweet corn in quebec . ii . bionomics . phytoprotection 67 : 81 - 92 .\nsee ohio state university extension bulletin 545 , control of insect pests of field crops , for those insecticides labeled for european corn borer , or for all insecticides labeled on corn . bulletin 545 can be accessed at urltoken .\nnault ba , kennedy gg . 1996a . timing insecticide applications for managing european corn borer ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) infestations in potato . crop protection 15 : 465 - 471 .\nfigure 4 . european corn borers caterpillar tunneling into ear shank . photo courtesy of iowa state university , department of entomology .\nhudon m , leroux ej . 1986c . biology and population dynamics of the european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) with special reference to sweet corn in quebec . iii . population dynamics and spatial distribution . phytoprotection 67 : 93 - 115 .\nbt corn has become popular in recent years . this is genetically modified corn in which genetic material from a toxin produced by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis var . kurstaki is inserted into corn . the expression of the genetic material makes the plant toxic to corn borers and related insects , but not to other animals . widespread planting of bt corn has greatly reduced the abundance of european corn borer ( burkness et al . 2001 , hutchinson et al . 2010 ) .\nfirst found in north america near boston , massachusetts in 1917 , european corn borer , ostrinia nubilalis ( h\u00fcbner ) , now has spread as far west as the rocky mountains in both canada and the united states , and south to the gulf coast states . european corn borer is thought to have originated in europe , where it is widespread . it also occurs in northern africa . the north american european corn borer population is thought to have resulted from multiple introductions from more than one area of europe . thus , there are at least two , and possibly more , strains present . this species occurs infrequently in florida .\nnote : refer to the european corn borer computer decision management software available in your local ( kentucky ) county cooperative extension office and / or ask them for a copy of ent - 49 for further information .\nnault ba , kennedy gg . 1996b . sequential sampling plans for use in timing insecticide applications for control of european corn borer ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) in potato . journal of economic entomology 89 : 1468 - 1476 .\nhudon m , leroux ej . 1986a . biology and population dynamics of the european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) with special reference to sweet corn in quebec . i . systematics , morphology , geographical distribution , host range , economic importance . phytoprotection 67 : 39 - 54 .\neuropean corn borer is not only a major pest on all types of corn , but it also causes losses in several other crops . for some crops subjected to unusually high infestations , the economic losses can amount to hundreds of dollars per acre . see what other crops are affected .\nnault ba , kennedy gg . 1996c . evaluation of colorado potato beetle ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) defoliation with concomitant european corn borer ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) damage on potato yield . journal of economic entomology 89 : 475 - 480 .\npepper cultivars differ in their susceptibility to corn borer . hot pepper cultivars are most resistant , and most green bell peppers are susceptible .\nin south dakota , european corn borer can have either one or two generations per year depending on location . in northern south dakota , european corn borer typically has only one generation per year ( univoltine ) . moths of univoltine populations begin flying in mid - june , with peak populations occurring in mid - july . eggs are laid on the underside of corn leaves from june to july depending on seasonal temperatures , and hatch within one week . caterpillars initially feed on leaf tissue , but will eventually tunnel into corn stalks . late instar ( or late stage ) caterpillars overwinter in stalk residues and pupate the following spring .\ntransgenic or bt corn - field corn producers may choose to manage corn borers through the use of hybrids with a corn borer toxin that is genetically built into the plant . these genetically modified corn hybrids contain a gene derived from a naturally occurring bacterium , bacillus thuringiensis , which produces a protein that is toxic to corn borers . this eliminates the need for the application of a corn borer insecticide . this technology allows producers who regularly experience problems with corn borers to use this as a tool to effectively manage this insect . it reduces the need for laborious scouting for this pest , although producers should spot check areas within bt corn fields to determine the effectiveness of this management strategy . obviously , scouting should not be eliminated as a result of bt corn plantings . other above and below ground insects may be present during the season and bt corn provides little to no protection against these .\noriginally found near boston , massachusetts in 1917 , this destructive pest is now common across much of the country . learn how to identify and get rid of european corn borers here .\n( left ) ecb larvae on a corn ear . ( right ) ecb larva tunneled into corn stalk . images by eric bohnenblust .\nthe european corn borer passes the winter as full - grown larva in corn stalks and other plant refuse such as weed stems . the mature larva is about 1 inch ( 25 mm ) long , creamy to grayish in color , and marked by rather inconspicuous rows of small , round , brown spots running the length of its body .\nhudon m , leroux ej , harcourt dg . 1989 . seventy years of european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) research in north america . in russell ge . ( ed . ) . agricultural zoology reviews . vol . 3 . intercept , wimborne , dorset , uk .\nthe european corn borer ( ecb ) typically overwinter as fully grown larvae lodged in the stem or cob of the host plant , though they can also be found in other host plants such as large - stemmed grasses and various vegetables . pupation occurs in early sp . . .\nfirst generation - early planted corn is most likely to develop problems with first generation borers because moths are attracted to the tallest , greenest corn for egg laying . during june and early july when the corn is over 18 inches ( 45 cm ) in extended leaf height , look for the characteristic\nshot hole\nleaf feeding damage in the whorl of the corn . corn shorter than this normally has high levels of a plant aglucone , dimboa , which acts as a antifeedant and prevents borer establishment . if you do find signs of corn borer activity , sample to ascertain the extent of infestation .\nsparks an , chiang hc , triplehorn ca , guthrie wd , brindley ta . 1967 . some factors influencing populations of the european corn borer , ostrinia nubilalis ( h\u00fcbner ) in the north central states : resistance of corn , time of planting and weather conditions part ii , 1958 - 1962 . iowa agricultural experiment station research bulletin 559 . 103 pp .\nbeneficial insects , such as ladybugs and lacewing larvae , will consume a large number of borer eggs .\nnote : second generation borers are considered to be the most damaging to corn .\nthis is a very serious pest of both sweet corn and grain corn , and before the availability of modern insecticides this insect caused very marked reductions in corn production . young larvae feed on tassels , whorl and leaf sheath tissue ; they also mine midribs and eat pollen that collects behind the leaf sheath . sometimes they feed on silk , kernels , and cobs , or enter the stalk . older larvae tend to burrow into the stalk and sometimes the base of the corn ear , or into the ear cob or kernels . feeding by older larvae is usually considered to be most damaging , but tunneling by even young larvae can result in broken tassels . the presence of one to two larvae within a corn stalk is tolerable , but the presence of any larvae within the ear of sweet corn is considered intolerable by commercial growers , and is their major concern . european corn borer is considered to be the most important sweet corn pest in northern production areas , and second - generation borers are the principal source of ear damage . heavily tunneled stalks of grain corn suffer from lodging , reducing the capacity for machine harvesting . lodging is not a serious threat to sweet corn . boring by corn borers also allows several fungi to affect corn plants .\ngenetically modified foods are foods derived from gmo crops . for example , corn produced through biotechnology is being used in many familiar foods , including corn meal and tortilla chips . in addition , corn is used to make high fructose corn syrup , which is used as a sweetener in many foods such as soft drinks and baked goods . while the fda ( u . s . food and drug administration ) regulates genetically modified foods , it considers bt - corn to be nutritionally equivalent to traditional corn .\nmanagement of ecb has changed significantly over the past few years , shifting to the use of bt - corn hybrids , which provide virtually 100 % protection against ecb infestation . these products are used as preventive measures against ecb . transgenic corn hybrids are available containing a bt corn borer gene alone or more commonly in combination with a bt gene for control of corn rootworm larval root feeding . currently , there are three transgenic families from different companies with the bt - corn borer gene : agrisure , herculex , and yieldgard . hybrids from these families with the bt - corn borer gene provide excellent control of ecb . when using any of these transgenic corn hybrids whether with the transgenic cb trait alone or in combination , growers need to follow certain epa regulations that include the use of a 20 % refuge . growers should see their seed dealers for all the requirements and guidelines to follow when planting transgenic hybrids .\nextensive use of this technology could result in resistance to the toxin developing in the corn borer population . to reduce the probability of this happening , corn without the bt - like gene should also be grown in bt corn areas . this non - bt corn will act as a refuge for some of the corn borers , thus preserving the genetic diversity that is now in the corn borer population . if these refuge are not included in plantings of bt corn , the technology may be short lived or seed companies will constantly have to introduce new genes , if available , or stack genes to combat this situation . with this in mind , producers should develop resistance management strategies that reduce this risk . contact your state cooperative extension service for resistance management plans . in general , it is suggested that at least 20 % of the acreage in an area be grown in non - bt corn .\na major pest of corn , the european corn borer ( ostrinia nubilalis ) will also feed on over 300 different garden plants including peppers , snap beans , potatoes , tomatoes , apples and gladiolus . damage to corn is caused by the young larvae which chew leaves and tassels . later they tunnel all parts of the stalks and ears , resulting in reduced plant vigor , broken stalks , poor ear development and dropped ears . other crops are damaged primarily by the tunneling of the stalks , pods or stems by the larvae .\ntechniques other than adult capture can be used to estimate borer phenology . plant phenology can be used to predict corn borer development . thermal summations are also highly predictive . moths seek shelter during the daylight hours in dense grass and weeds near corn fields . flushing moths from such habitats gives an estimate of population densities . eggs can be sampled by visual examination , but this is a very time - consuming effort .\nhost plant resistance . extensive breeding research has been conducted , and resistance has been incorporated into grain corn , especially against corn borer populations with only a single annual generation . a principal factor in seedling resistance to young larvae is a chemical known as dimboa , which functions as a repellent and feeding deterrent . it has proven difficult to incorporate the known resistance factors into sweet corn without degradation of quality .\nbiological control . biological control has been attempted repeatedly in sweet corn and other vegetables susceptible to european corn borer attack . bacillus thuringiensis products can be as effective as many chemical insecticides , but often prove to be less effective than some . most single - factor approaches , with the exception of newer formulations of bacillus thuringiensis , have proven to be erratic . release of native trichogramma spp . ( hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae ) , for example , provides variable and moderate levels of suppression .\nin crops other than corn , the pattern of damage is variable . european corn borer larvae damage both the stem and fruit of beans , pepper , and cowpea . in celery , potato , rhubarb , swiss chard , and tomato , it is usually the stem tissue that is damaged . in beet , spinach , and rhubarb , leaf tissue may be injured . entry of borers into plant tissue facilitates entry of plant pathogens . the incidence of potato blackleg caused by the bacterium erwinia carotovora atroseptica , for example , is higher in potato fields with stems heavily infested by corn borers . direct damage by corn borers to potato vines , however , results in negligible yield loss .\nin southern south dakota , european corn borer can have up to two generations per year ( bivoltine ) . bivoltine moths begin flight in mid - may and eggs are laid on the underside of v6 - v9 corn leaves . these caterpillars will also feed on corn leaves and tunnel into stalks . pupation occurs within corn stalks and emerging adults begin laying eggs on the underside of leaves , leaf collars , and on ear husks during tasseling ( vt ) and silking ( r1 ) . eggs hatch roughly a week later , and caterpillars tunnel into the stalks and ear shanks where they feed on developing kernels . late instar caterpillars overwinter in stalk residues and pupate the following spring .\nthe first generation occurs in late may to late june . early planted corn has greatest potential for damage . the second generation occurs in late june to august . late planted corn is most attractive to this generation . a third generation occurs in late july and overwinters in the corn stems .\nyield loss associated with european corn borer is due to caterpillar feeding , as adult moths do not injure corn . newly hatched caterpillars feed on leaf collars and sometimes migrate towards the tassels to feed on pollen . young caterpillars often feed on the leaf surface and midribs , often referred to as \u201cwindow pane\u201d injury ( figure 3 ) . midway through development caterpillars will feed within the whorl , creating \u201cshot hole\u201d type injury that becomes visible when the leaves unfurl ( figure 3 ) . near the end of development , caterpillars will tunnel into corn stalks , ear shanks , and into the ears .\nfully grown corn borer larvae ( 3 / 4 \u2013 1 inch long ) are extremely destructive flesh - colored caterpillars with a reddish or dark brown head and several distinct spots on the top of each abdominal ring or segment . the adult borer is a night - flying yellowish - brown colored moth ( 1 inch wingspan ) with dark wavy bands across its wings .\ncorn borer larvae will feed on many crop or weed species that have suitable stems or fruit sufficiently large for a boring larva . evidence of corn borer infestation on corn plants appears a few days after first generation egg hatch . early damage is characterized by small pin holes in the leaves and fine sawdust - like frass ( excrement ) scattered over the upper surface of damaged leaves . another typical symptom is a noticeable amount of chewing damage and frass in the whorl of the plant . when larvae enter stalks , they leave visible , small , round holes with wet frass exuding from the holes . stalk feeding can weaken the stalk to the point of breaking . damage to field corn resulting from first generation corn borer larvae is seldom great enough to warrant insecticide application . activity of the second generation larvae , which appear from mid - july through august , is similar to the spring generation with several exceptions . second generation larvae commonly move to the tassel area , causing infested tassels and the upper portion of the plant to break . some larvae also enter the shanks and ears . weakening of shanks often results in dropped ears that cannot be harvested . greatest field corn losses from second generation corn borer appear to occur on either late - planted or late - maturing varieties . field corn planted before may 20 is generally not damaged by the second - generation while corn planted later than may 20 is much more susceptible to damage because these plants are still attractive hosts .\nthere are many reports that weather influences european corn borer survival . heavy precipitation during egg hatch , for example , is sometimes given as an important mortality factor . low humidity , low nighttime temperatures , and heavy rain and wind are detrimental to moth survival and oviposition . however , during a 10 - year , 3 - state study , sparks et al . ( 1967 ) reported no consistent relationship between weather and survival .\nsecond generation - because of the difficulty in readily detecting second generation borers and their damage , concentrate sampling efforts on fields that are late planted and / or actively pollinating during the period of peak egg laying . check with your local extension personnel , as to when it is necessary to start sampling . windshield\nsplatter\nof corn borer moths while driving county roads after dusk will alert one to the flight , mating , and egg laying of corn borer moths in an area .\nbt - corn is a type of genetically modified organism , termed gmo . a gmo is a plant or animal that has been genetically modified through the addition of a small amount of genetic material from other organisms through molecular techniques . currently , the gmos on the market today have been given genetic traits to provide protection from pests , tolerance to pesticides , or improve its quality . examples of gmo field crops include bt - potatoes , bt - corn , bt - sweet corn , roundup ready soybeans , roundup ready corn , and liberty link corn .\nnative predators and parasites exert some effect on european corn borer populations , but imported parasitoids seem to be more important . among the native predators that affect the eggs and young larvae are the insidious flower bug , orius insidious ( say ) ( hemiptera : anthocoridae ) ; green lacewings , chrysoperla spp . ( neuroptera : chrysopidae ) ; and several ladybird beetles ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . insect predators often eliminate 10 to 20 % of corn borer eggs . avian predators such as downy woodpecker , dendrocopos pubescent ( linnaeus ) ; hairy woodpecker , dendrocopos villosus ( linnaeus ) ; and yellow shafted flicker , colaptes auratus ( linnaeus ) have been known to eliminate 20 to 30 % of overwintering larvae .\nwith the widespread use of bt corn hybrids , ecb populations have been reduced to very low levels in corn and are more likely to be found in other host crops . only those fields not planted with a bt hybrid are at risk . no - till fields with high residue are susceptible , along with frequent corn crops in the rotation .\nnote : ladybugs will consume almost 60 borer eggs a day . stink bugs , damsel bugs , spiders and hover fly larvae feed on young caterpillars .\nin new england , european corn borer and pepper maggot are the most common insect pests of pepper fruit . in many locations , peppers picked at the green stage are only marginally affected by ecb , but those left in the field long enough to ripen fall prey to ecb , then to soft rots . during the 2012 season , the umass ipm team worked with several growers to see if releases of trichogramma could increase their yield of healthy bright red and yellow fruit .\ntrichogramma ostriniae are tiny parasitic wasps that seek out and kill the egg masses of the european corn borer ( ecb ) . the use of these wasps in commercial sweet corn fields in massachusetts has resulted in the reduction or elimination of foliar insecticide sprays , saving time , labor , pesticides , and fuel , reducing soil compaction , and maintaining and improving ear quality . the good news is that trichogramma wasps can also be used to control ecb in peppers . trichogramma reduces fruit infestation , resulting in fewer culls and potentially greater success with high - quality , high value , ripe red peppers .\nadult moths are approximately \u00bd inch in length with triangular wings . female moths have yellow - brown wavy markings on their wings while males are slightly smaller and darker in color ( figure 1 ) . european corn borer caterpillars are light tan to pink in color and are approximately 1 inch in length when fully mature . distinguishing characteristics of the caterpillars include dark brown head capsules , dark spots on each body segment , and three pairs of true legs with four pairs of abdominal prolegs ( figure 2 ) .\nthe pupal stage of the corn borer is rarely visible . pupae remain inside the host plant , and adults emerge in late spring and in july . the pupae are smooth , light to dark brown in color , and 1 / 3 to 5 / 8 of an inch in length .\nearly planted corn is taller and attractive to ovipositing female moths , so late planting has been recommended , but this is useful mostly in areas with only a single generation per year . if a second generation occurs , such late planted corn is heavily damaged .\ncultural practices . destruction of stalks , the overwintering site of larvae , has long been recognized as an important element of corn borer management . disking is not adequate ; plowing to a depth of 20 cm is necessary for destruction of larvae . mowing of stalks close to the soil surface eliminates greater than 75 % of larvae , and is especially effective when combined with plowing . minimum tillage procedures , which leave considerable crop residue on the surface , enhance borer survival .\nsampling for first - brood injury should be initiated when corn is in the whorl stage and early shot - hole foliar injury is evident . sampling should be based on inspection of a series of 20 plant samples from five or more locations in a field . notes should be taken on the proportion of the stand exhibiting whorl injury . the whorls of at least two plants from each sample of 20 plants should be dissected to determine the number of larvae per injured plant and the predominant stage of ecb larvae development . sampling second - brood corn borer is more difficult than first brood , since detection of early larvae on corn in the tassel stage or later is complicated by the size of the corn plant .\nbegin scouting first generation larvae once moths have been detected in pheromone traps and corn has reached the six - leaf stage . ( usually late may to early june in central missouri ; seven to ten days earlier in the southeastern counties ) . scout earliest planted corn fields first .\nwith the widespread use of bt corn hybrids , ecb populations have been reduced to very low levels in corn and are more likely to be found in other host crops . only those fields not planted with a bt hybrid are at risk . no - till fields with high residue . . .\ninsecticides . liquid formulations of insecticide are commonly applied to protect against damage to corn , particularly from the period of early tassel formation until the corn silks are dry . recommendations vary from a single application prior to silking , to weekly applications . liquid applications are usually made to coincide with egg hatch in an effort to prevent infestation . if corn borers are present in a field , however , the critical treatment time is just before the tassels emerge , or at tassel emergence from the whorl . this plant growth period is significant because the larvae are active at this time and more likely to contact insecticide . a popular alternative to liquid insecticides is the use of granular formulations , which can be dropped into the whorl for effective control of first generation larvae because this is where young larvae tend to congregate . insecticide is more persistent when applied in a granular formulation . in grain corn , insecticide applications for suppression of second generation corn borers can be made outside the corn fields in areas of thick grass , or action sites , where adults tend to aggregate . this approach has not been assessed for sweet corn . for borer suppression on potato , a single application of insecticide timed to coinide with the presence of first instar larvae provides optimal yield .\nyield losses due to corn borer can be attributed to a combination of stalk injury by first - or second - brood larvae , ear drop due to second - brood injury to shanks and ears , and enhancement of stalk rot due to microbial infection of injured stalks . in general , if one larva tunnels and completes its development per stalk , the assumption is that a 5 % yield reduction may be expected . the severity of ear drop and stalk breakage depends on the incidence and location of borer cavities and environmental conditions favoring plant infections by microbial agents .\nleaf feeding typically does not cause serious injury to corn . however , tunneling into stalks and ear shanks ( figure 4 ) can result in significant yield losses . tunnels can result in stalk breakage and reduce water and nutrient transport by corn plants . furthermore , tunnel entrances can permit secondary infections of mycotoxin - producing fungi .\nthe european corn borer ( ecb ) typically overwinter as fully grown larvae lodged in the stem or cob of the host plant , though they can also be found in other host plants such as large - stemmed grasses and various vegetables . pupation occurs in early spring and adults emerge in early june to july . larvae initially feed on the leaves and work their way to the whorl of the plant . pinholes or shot holes are signs of borers already moving into the plant . depending on the strain of ecb , growing conditions and the growing region , populations can go through one or two full generations and , in some cases , a partial third generation in a single season .\nhutchinson , w . d . , e . c . burkness , p . d . mitchell , r . d . moon , t , w leslie , s . j . fleischer , m . abrhahamson , k . l . hamilton , k . l . steffey , m . e . gray , r . l . hellmich , l . v . kaster , t . e . hunt , r . j . wright , k . pecinosvsky , t . l . rabaey , b . r . flood , and e . s . raun . 2010 . areawide suppression of european corn borer with bt maize reaps savings to non - bt maize growers . science 330 : 222 - 225 .\n1st generation : field corn controls should be considered if 50 % of the plants show\nshot hole\nor\nwindow pane\nfeeding damage and larvae are present . treatment may be justified for popcorn and seed corn fields if 25 % or more of the plants are infested . once larvae have bored into the stalks , treatment will not be effective .\nhowever , if a new food product developed through biotechnology does not contain substances that are significantly different from those already in the diet , it does not require premarket approval . products that are genetically engineered to provide pesticide traits , such as resistance to the corn borer , are also subject to regulation by the environmental protection agency . currently , genetically modified foods in the united states do not require special labeling to notify consumers .\nseveral microbial disease agents are known from corn borer populations . the common fungi beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae are sometimes observed , especially in overwintering larvae . the most important pathogen seems to be the microsporidian nosema pyrausta , which often attains 30 % infection of larvae and sometimes 80 to 95 % infection . it creates chronic , debilitating infections that reduce longevity and fecundity of adults , and reduces survival of larvae that are under environmental stress .\noverwintering larvae pupate in the spring , emerging as moths in late may and early june . female moths are pale yellow - brown with irregular darker bands running in wavy lines across their wings ; male moths are distinctly darker and usually smaller . mating takes place in early june ( first generation ) and in late july and early august ( second generation ) in dense grassy areas around corn fields . female moths generally lay their eggs on the underside of corn leaves ( often along the leaf midrib ) , leaf sheaths , and / or ears , depending on the generation , in masses of 15 to 30 eggs overlapping like scales of a fish . tall , lush , early planted corn is the preferred oviposition site for the first generation moths ; whereas second generation moths target actively pollinating corn , which is usually planted late . after 5 to 6 days , the eggs develop what appears to be black spots , which are actually the head capsules of young borer larvae . once the black head is visible , hatching is imminent .\ncheck plants for egg masses and signs of borer feeding . examine closely the lower surface of leaves and at the ear . when an egg mass is found , record the hatching stage according to following : white , cream , black head , hatched .\nsecond generation borer attack may result in stalk or tassel breakage and / or boring into the ear shanks , which may cause ears to drop off . larvae may bore into the ears where they feed on the kernels and cob , resulting in yield losses , as well as avenues for attack from secondary insects and pathogens ( e . g . , ear rots ) . no matter where they may attack the plant , second generation borer damage can result in grain losses , harvesting problems , and poor grain quality .\nthe bt delta endotoxin was selected because it is highly effective at controlling lepidoptera larvae , caterpillars . it is during the larval stage when most of the damage by european corn borer occurs . the protein is very selective , generally not harming insects in other orders ( such as beetles , flies , bees and wasps ) . for this reason , gmos that have the bt gene are compatible with biological control programs because they harm insect predators and parasitoids much less than broad - spectrum insecticides . the bt endotoxin is considered safe for humans , other mammals , fish , birds , and the environment because of its selectivity . bt has been available as a commercial microbial insecticide since the 1960s and is sold under many trade names . these products have an excellent safety record and can be used on many crops until the day of harvest .\nfifteen to 35 white eggs are laid in masses on the underside of corn leaves , often near the midrib . the individual eggs overlap each other much like fish scales . prior to hatching , the mass darkens .\nfirst generation borers are usually present during june in the whorl of corn plants . as the larvae feed and grow , some may be found tunneled into the midrib of leaves . this damage can cause leaves to break at the point of borer entry . as the borers feed on the leaves , they typically produce a characteristic random or\nshot hole\ndamage pattern . these holes become apparent as the leaves grow out of the whorl . by the time the first generation borers are half grown , they will have moved down the stalk and bored into it , leaving behind their sawdust - like excrement called frass at the stalk entry hole . the boring damage may weaken the plant enough to cause subsequent stalk breakage later in the season , typically occurring below the ear . or it may cause corn to become stunted , resulting in yield reductions caused by the inability of the plant to transport water and nutrients through its damaged stalk . after boring into the stalk , the larvae usually feed inside the plant until they reach maturity and pupate . stalk entry and tunneling by corn borer may predispose the plant to pathogens which may lead to stalk rots later in the season . they emerge as adults during july and early august beginning the second generation .\nthe number of generations varies from one to four , with only one generation occurring in northern new england and minnesota and in northern areas of canada , whereas three to four generations occur in virginia and other southern locations . in many areas generation number varies depending on weather , and there is considerable adaptation for local climate conditions even within strains . european corn borer overwinters in the larval stage , with pupation and emergence of adults in early spring . diapause apparently is induced by exposure of last instar larvae to long days , but there also is a genetic component . moth flights and oviposition usually occur during june - july and august - september in areas with one to two generations annually . in southern locations with three generations , moth flights and oviposition typically occur in may , late june , and august . in locations with four generations , adults are active in april , june , july , and august - september .\nthe larvae are dirty white , often having a pinkish tinge . the skin is smooth and free of hairs . there are numerous dark spots scattered over the sides and top of the body . the head is dark brown to black . it is the larval ( borer ) stage that causes damage to crops .\nlarvae of the first brood pupate in the stalks and emerge again as adult moths in late july and early august . these adults prefer to deposit their eggs on late - planted corn . the larvae hatching from this generation are referred to as the second brood ; they will overwinter as late - instar larvae in corn stubble . larvae will feed on the surface of the leaves before tunneling into the corn stalk where the predominant feeding occurs ( fig . 3 ) . injury caused by the second brood includes stalk breakage , ear drop due to infestation of shanks , and infestations of the ear ( fig . 4 ) . larvae of the second brood are also susceptible to adverse weather , predators , and parasites . the overwintering larvae are very susceptible to insect , avian , and mammalian predators that become active during the late fall , winter , or early spring .\nexample : a field that is shedding pollen has 60 % of the plants infested with larvae and / or egg masses . the number of actual larvae observed averages 2 per plant . the number of egg masses averages 1 / 4 per plant . for 1 / 4 egg mass / plant , an average of 1 borer would survive per plant ( assuming survival of 4 borers / egg mass ) . therefore , two live borers plus one borer from egg masses equals 3 borers / plant . anticipated yield is 150 bu / a and the crop is valued at $ 2 . 75 per bushel . the cost of the insecticide and application is $ 12 . 00 and 65 % control can be expected . would it pay to apply the insecticide ?\nassessment of second - brood injury in early september with an emphasis on evaluation of stalk quality and ear shank infestation ( fig . 5 ) will provide relevant information on the need for scheduling timely harvest of corn stands that may be susceptible to significant ear drop or stalk breakage if harvest is delayed .\nduring late july and early august adults mate in grassy areas ( e . g . , roadsides , waterways , weed patches , etc . ) . egg masses , which will produce second generation borers , are laid in corn during late july and throughout august . newly hatched larvae typically move from the leaves to protected areas of the leaf axils and sheaths to feed on pollen and plant tissue . second generation borers normally concentrate their attack in the ear zone , roughly the middle third of the plant . after undergoing several molts , the larvae bore into the corn plant as did the first generation borers .\necb overwinters as late instar or stage larvae in corn stalks . in the early spring , the overwintering larvae pupate and then emerge as moths that prefer to deposit their egg masses on the underside of leaves of mid - whorl stage corn . each egg mass appears like a small mass of fish scales and may include 15 to 20 eggs ( fig . 1 ) . the eggs hatch into early - instars that initially feed on foliage , causing window - pane injury , and on the tender central whorl , which subsequently leads to shot - hole injury in the emerging foliage ( fig . 2 ) . as the larvae become third - and fourth - instars ( about 1 / 2 - inch long ) , they tunnel into the mid - ribs and stalks . there they complete their larval development as fifth - instars and transform into pupae from which adult moths will emerge in midsummer . this larval generation , which occurs in the spring on whorl - stage corn , is called the first brood . during the period of larval development , significant proportions of larvae perish due to natural elements such as heavy rains or predation by beneficial insect predators . although 15 to 20 larvae may emerge from a single egg mass , it is rare to find one or more mature larvae in a corn stalk or adjacent stalks to which larvae may have migrated .\nfully grown larvae pass the winter concealed in corn stubble or other plant parts on which they have been feeding . pupation takes place in late spring with the adult moths appearing in may and june . when mature , the females begin laying clumps of white eggs on the undersides of the lower leaves of host plants . ( adult females may lay up to 500 eggs over their short lifetime . ) under ideal conditions , these first generation eggs hatch within 3 - 7 days . tiny caterpillars begin feeding on host plants and complete their development in 3 - 4 weeks . pupation occurs deep inside the corn stalks and second generation moths emerge and begin laying eggs in early summer . produces 1 - 3 generations per year depending upon the climate .\nlarvae : pinkish tan body , boring into corn , and leaves . adults : small , tan , night fliers about 1 / 2 inch in length that hold their wings in a delta shape at rest . females have a thick body and light colored wings , whereas the males have darker tan - to - brown wings and a thinner body . click here for an identification key .\nburkness , e . c . , w . d . hutchinson , p . c . bolin , d . r . bartels , d . f . warnock , and d . w . davis . 2001 . field efficacy of sweet corn hybrids expressing a bacillus thuringiensis toxin for management of ostrinia nubilalis ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) and helicoverpa zea ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . journal of economic entomology 94 : 197 - 203 .\nlife table studies conducted on corn borer populations in quebec with a single annual generation perhaps provide insight into the relative importance of mortality factors ( hudon and leroux 1986c ) . these workers demonstrated that egg mortality ( about 15 % ) was low , stable and due mostly to predators and parasites . similarly , mortality of young larvae , due principally to dispersal , dislodgement , and plant resistance to feeding was fairly low ( about 15 % ) but more variable . mortality of large larvae during the autumn ( about 22 % ) and following spring ( about 42 % ) was due to a number of factors including frost , disease and parasitoids , but parasitism levels were low . pupal mortality ( about 10 % ) was low and stable among generations . the factor that best accounted for population trends was survival of adults . dispersal of moths and disruption of moth emergence by heavy rainfall are thought to account for high and variable mortality ( 68 to 98 % , with a mean of 95 % ) , which largely determines population size of the subsequent generation . overall generation mortality levels were high , averaging 98 . 7 % .\nfirst brood rescue treatment may be needed when 75 % or more of stand is infested and larvae are susceptible to treatment , that is , they have not tunneled into the stalk . second brood rescue treatment is warranted when egg masses or early larvae are found on 50 % or more of plants . abundant activity of ecb adults along field edges indicates a need for inspection for egg masses or early larvae in corn . however , in a year of heavy second - brood activity , the problem may be forecasted by observation of an abundant summer flight of adults .\ndo bt - corn hybrids differ only in that they possess the genetic code to produce the bt protein ? not exactly . to add a trait to a crop plant , the gene must be inserted along with some additional genetic material . this additional genetic material includes a promoter sequence that , in part , determines how the new trait is expressed in the plant . for example , the promoter may cause to protein to be expressed in certain parts of the plants or only during a particular period of time . there is a marker gene that allows plant breeders to easily determine which plants have been transformed . herbicide and antibiotic tolerance promoters are commonly used to identify transformed plants . there may also be a plasmid or vector sequence that allows for rapid multiplication of the gene of interest in a bacterial host prior to insertion in the crop plant ."]}
{"id": 138, "summary": [{"text": "aaadonta pelewana is a species of snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family endodontidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in palau , where it was known from peleliu and koror .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "if it is still extant , it is threatened by the destruction and modification of its tropical moist lowland forest habitat . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "aaadonta pelewana", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about aaadonta pelewana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for aaadonta pelewana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : aaadonta pelewana g . a . solem , 1976 - id : 5732000085\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou must first create a username and login before you can post a comment about this entry . .\na database of\nmissing\nand recently extinct species of plants and animals .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 139, "summary": [{"text": "the great basin redband trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii ) is one of three redband trout subspecies of the rainbow trout in the western united states .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the great basin redband trout is native to drainages in south central oregon east of the cascade range , extreme north east california and extreme north west nevada .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they occur in seven isolated drainages \u2014 the upper klamath lake basin , fort rock basin , harney-malheur basin , catlow basin , warner lakes basin , goose lake basin , and the chewaucan basin . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "great basin redband trout", "paragraphs": ["no children of northern great basin redband trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii ) found .\nlove your website . great pictures & great commentary . looking forward to future posts !\nread the final report for the six year great basin redband trout genetic assessment ( which received funding by wnti in 2012 ) .\nus fish and wildlife service . 2000 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; 12 - month finding for a petition to list the great basin redband trout as threatened or endangered . federal register 54 : 14932 - 14936 .\nin september 1997 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service received a formal petition to list the great basin redband trout as threatened or endangered throughout its range in southeastern oregon , northeastern california , and northwestern nevada . after a review of all available scientific and commercial information , we found that listing this species was not warranted ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 2000 ) . currently , we consider the great basin redband trout a species of concern and are continuing to monitor its status .\nredband trout are subspecies of the rainbow trout and exist in two well - defined geographic regions . the columbia river redband trout is found in montana , washington , and idaho , and the great basin redband trout is found in southeastern oregon and parts of california and nevada . the redband trout is similar in appearance to the rainbow trout but has larger , more rounded spots and parr marks that remain into adulthood . they generally grow larger than 10 inches . redband trout that live in streams tend to have profuse large spots over their bodies and fins ( except pectoral ) and frequently have an orange cutthroat mark under the jaws . they have a rosy red stripe along lateral line to a brick red lateral band ( especially in spawning males ) and tints of yellow or orange along the ventral region . gill covers can also be brilliant red .\nredbands are a primitive form of rainbow trout and the northern great basin of oregon and california is home to a great diversity of these fish . during a trip that i had made during 2006 i had caught one of unique varieties of redband trout that are found in this area and my goal for this trip was to catch the rest of them . beyond that i had decided that over the summer i would try to do the california heritage trout challenge , where you have to catch six different types of trout in their native stream in california . with three of the fish that i was targeting located in california , i figured that this would give me a great jump on it as long as everything went as planned .\nthe klamath basin creek ; the most difficult stream that i have ever fished . . .\nthurow , r . f . b . e . rieman , d . c . lee , p . j . howell and r . d . perkinson . 2007 . distribution and status of redband trout in the interior columbia river basin and portions of the klamath river and great basins . pp . 28 - 46 in redband trout : resilience and challenge in a changing landscape ( r . k . schroeder and j . d . hall , eds ) oregon chapter , american fisheries society .\nread more about the conservation strategy for interior redband trout in california , idaho , montana , nevada , oregon and washington ( nov 2016 ) .\nthis video is one i put together after my dad\u2019s and my trip to oregon in search of the native redband trout subspecies . this fish is considered to be one of the eight subspecies of the native northern great basin redband trout . each one of these beautiful native redbands was a glimpse of god\u2019s extravagance . please enjoy . chewaucan basin redband trout fly fishing fremont - winema national forest , or - - august 11 , 2016 special thanks to : - sammy ' s fly shop - tying all the flies and trip planning - temple fork outfitters - the awesome 3 wt rods - gopro - the awesome hero 3 + camera \u201cjoy\u201c by rend collective ( no copyright infringement is intended ) questions or orders ? visit our website : urltoken call sammy at : 720 - 443 - 7576 email sammy at : orderflies @ urltoken\nthe potential range of all forms of redband trout included freshwaters west of the rocky mountains , extending from northern california to northern british columbia , canada . despite their broad distribution , local extirpations ( extinct locally but exists elsewhere ) and important declines have occurred . redband trout have more limited distribution and fewer strongholds than historically . degradation and fragmentation of habitat , and the introduction of non - native species are primary factors that influenced the status and distribution of redband trout .\nthe photos below of columbia river redband trout are provided courtesy of the washington department of fish and wildlife . the columbia river redband trout is native to the columbia river drainage east of the cascade mountains . their known distribution extends upstream as far as barrier falls on the snake , spokane , pend oreille , and kootenai rivers . there is considerable variability in the life history of columbia river redband trout , including fish that migrate to the ocean and those that migrate solely within fresh water .\noverall the trip was a great success ; i managed to catch seven new varieties of trout and one new char . one top of that i got three fish for the california hertiage trout challenge . fishing licenses and gas were expensive as usual and the roads and roadwork in northern california sucked , but the fishing more than made up for it .\nthe fish to target for the day was the mccloud river redband , which are native to the mccloud river drainage in the mount shasta area of california . we broke camp in the klamath basin early and made our way to the spring fed streams on the southeastern slopes of mount shasta that are a refuge for the mccloud river redband .\nfrom hosmer lake , we headed southeast into the fort rock basin to search for its native trout . we arrive at the banks of the creek that was supposed to have the best population of redbands right as the sun went down and set up camp for the night .\nthe photo below was taken in rock creek ( upper klamath basin ) during an oregon department of fish and wildlife restoration project . photo credit : dave hering , national park service .\nclick here to read the 2015 status and conservation of interior redband trout in the western united states , north american journal of fisheries management , 35 : 1 , 31 - 53 , doi : 10 . 1080 / 02755947 . 2014 . 951807 .\nthis blog is all about fly fishing for native trout . on it i cover trip reports , fishing tactics , conservation , the latest news about native trout species and much more . this site provides a companion to my web page urltoken . gary\non the next cast , if that is the right word i caught a klamath basin redband on my dropper . after this the fish seemed to be aware of my presence so i moved little ways upstream to another small pool where i got another bull trout and redband . above this spot the vegetation formed an impassible barrier so i made my way back to the trail . since i had caught the fish that i came for and the sun was begining to fall i decided to forgo anymore fishing and hiked back out to the trailhead where we had setup camp . this was without a doubt the hardest stream that i have ever fished , but with the bull trout and redbands that i caught it was well worth the effort .\nredband trout conservation and restoration is necessary to ensure the long - term persistence of self - sustaining populations across the species\u2019 native range . maintenance of multiple inter - connected populations of redband trout across the diverse habitats of their native range and preservation of the diversity of their life history strategies ( fluvial and adfluvial forms ) will be important . conserving and restoring healthy populations of non - anadromous redband trout may also be critical to the persistence or restoration of some steelhead stocks . although the relationship between the two forms is not well understood there is evidence that some progeny of non - anadromous forms migrate to sea and some progeny of steelhead remain in freshwater . steelhead confined above barriers adopt a non - anadromous life history appropriate to the habitats available . it has been reported that steelhead progeny in very cold streams can residualize and adopt a non - anadromous life history and that these fish retained the ability to produce anadromous offspring . if sympatric redband trout have the potential to rebuild steelhead populations , that has application for the recovery of unique populations of steelhead eliminated by human - caused barriers .\nsince 2007 , the western native trout initiative has contributed over $ 648 , 887 to 16 projects benefiting redband trout , including catalyzing and leading the effort to complete the first - ever range - wide assessment and status review mentioned above . other funded projects have been diverse \u2013everything from genetic analysis , telemetry surveys , culvert renovation , levee removal , road relocation , fish ladders , fish screens , streambank stabilization , and large watershed improvement projects .\nthree life history patterns have been identified for redband trout ( excluding the anadromous form known as steelhead ) : ( 1 ) stream resident , ( 2 ) fluvial ( migrate between larger and smaller streams ) , and ( 3 ) lake resident adfluvial ( migrate between the lake and stream system ) . stream resident ( fluvial ) populations of redband trout spend their entire life cycles in flowing waters and spawn in the headwaters of the streams they inhabit . the abilities of individuals to express all these life histories is often tied to climatic cycles , with fluvial life histories expressed during wet cycles and reversing to resident life history during dry cycles . spawning is often in the spring ( march to june ) , though they may reproduce at most any time of the year except summer . in the fall , redband migrate to over - wintering areas within their streams . they eat mainly streamside and benthic ( bottom dwelling ) macroinvertebrates in smaller stream habitat but also consume other fish when they occupy larger streams , rivers or lakes . adfluvial populations consist of trout that spend most of their life cycles in lakes and reservoirs , before returning to stream headwaters and tributaries within their native basin to spawn . when lacustrine habitats such as lakes and marshes are available and migratory corridors connect it with surrounding streams , adfluvial populations of redband trout flourish . this adfluvial form is much larger and more fecund than the fluvial form . adfluvial juveniles typically migrate downstream after one to three years to mature in lakes .\nwhile i had failed to catch any redbands at this creek , i don ' t like going on these trips with out backup plans for streams that treat me like this . this trip was no execption so it was on to my second choice chewaucan basin stream , which ended up being much more productive than the first one . in fact i was rewarded with a chewaucan basin redband on my dry fly on the first cast . the fishing at this stream was amazing and every likely spot seemed to hold a fish with some going 12\nto 15\n. the water temperature at this stream was also some of the warmest that i have ever seen trout in , a testament to the adaptations of these fish to the extreme climate of the high desert of oregon .\nsix states , four federal agencies , five tribal governments and one non - governmental organization signed a rangewide conservation agreement for interior redband trout in july 2014 , agreeing to work together to conserve and protect habitat for this unique trout . the conservation agreement for interior redband trout is an example of the power of a partnership among state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and tribal nations that has been ongoing since 2009 . western native trout initiative is proud to have been involved in the partnership , convening 13 workshops to complete a comprehensive status review for redband trout in partnership with the state fisheries agencies of california , idaho , montana , nevada , oregon , washington , u . s . fish and wildlife service , u . s . forest service , bureau of land management and 11 tribal nations , as well as representatives from private companies . the project was funded through a grant from the national fish habitat action plan and matching funds from the partnering organizations through the western association of fish and wildlife agencies . when the entire project was complete , the final results involved the expertise of upwards of 95 biologists and arcgis technical experts and 15 data entry personnel . protecting this fish is a big job and we congratulate all our partners !\nbehnke , r . j . 1992 . native trout of western north america . american fisheries society . monograph 6 . bethesda , md . 275 pp .\nthe northern basin and range ecoregion covers the very large southeastern portion of the state , from burns south to the nevada border and from the christmas valley east to idaho . it is largely a high elevation desert - like area dominated by sagebrush communities and habitats .\ntopics of interest welcome and overview hunting & fishing information american recovery & reinvestment act avian influenza barred owls bats birds bull trout climate change coastal cutthroat trout culvert replacement dry forest ecosystems ecosystem services experience nature federal programs assessment fire grants gravel mining gray wolf invasive species jr . duck stamp lamprey marbled murrelet new carissa plant conservation pollinators portland harbor salmon spotted owl stream habitat surrogate species west nile virus\nso i decided to just scout the creek out until it heated up a bit . i hiked both upstream and downstream about a 1 / 2 mile and found some decent looking water downstream , but the best spot i had found was the culvert pool were the road crossed the creek . by 8 : 00am it had warmed up enough for my liking , so i righted up my 4wt with a size 12 royal pmx and size 18 black copper john dropper . the first spot that i tried was the culvert pool , which seemed to be packed with fish and it only took me a couple of minutes to catch my first fort rock basin redband .\nfrustrated with the cramped conditions , i decided to continue my search for some better water . about another 1 / 2 mile upstream i found a spot with a decent pool where i would have enough room to set the hook if need be . i rose a fish as soon as my royal pmx hit the water , but didn ' t get a good hook set . after a couple more tries i finally got a solid hook up , although it wasn ' t a redband like i was expecting , but instead was a stream resident bull trout ! my research had indicated that bull trout were also present in this creek , but with all of my failed attempts to catch this elusive fish in washington i never expected that i would actually catch any .\nthe fishing in this creek was ridiculous , and every pool would hold several fish that grabbed my fly as soon as it hit the water . on my way back upstream i stopped at a small pool where i caught my biggest trout on the creek , a nice deeply colored about 10 inch buck . as we were heading out of the refuge we saw a good number of pronghorn antelope amidst some beautiful scenery . with the catlow valley redband being caught and photographed , we called it a wrap and made the long drive home .\nas soon as the royal pmx hit the water a fish attacked it , but unfortunately it managed to shake the hook . on the next cast though another fish grabbed my fly and i got a solid hook up and i caught my first catlow valley redband , which was followed by a number of other ones .\nwith the first variety of redband sucessfully caught my dad and i decided that we might as well hit the road again for the next spot , which a small stream draining to summer lake in the chewaucan basin . the research that i had done prior to heading out on the trip showed that this stream had never been stocked with hatchery trout , so it should have the purest population of chewaucan redbands . we drove up to summer lake rim and the headwaters of the creek , but it was much smaller than i had anticipated at only a foot wide and a few inches deep in most places . i decided that i would spend about an hour fishing the creek , so i headed downstream to search for some type of holding water . there was evidence of beaver activity along the creek , but it all appeared to be at least five or ten years old and all of the ponds had long since was out . after a 1 / 2 mile of fishing a hiking and still no sign of fish , i pulled the plug on it and headed back to the car .\ni had originally planned on fishing two more streams that these redbands are native to in order to get a better sampling of the diversity found among the different isolated populations . the only problem with this idea was the the poor signage and maze of forest service and logging roads that made the other streams impossible to find . we ended up wasting the next couple of hours on a wild goose chase looking for a couple of streams that we never found . at this point we were pretty worn out and my dad suggested that we should head over to reno for the night . this idea sounded great as it would give me a shot a some lahontan cutthroat and put me another step closer to completing the heritage trout challenge . just getting to reno in the first place ended up being no small task though , and we ended up wasting two hours waiting for pilot cars at worthless road work projects . as we got closer to reno we noticed an odd cloud over the area which ended up being smoke from a forest fire in the south lake tahoe area and ruled out my plans of going after any lahontan cutthroat on this trip . skipping the fishing ended up making the stay in reno a bit more relaxing though , as it gave us a chance to take in the town and get a good nights sleep .\nboth my dad and i got rigged up to fish here and at the advice of a california fish and wildlife biologist we started out in the pocket water section , which was supposed to hold more fish than the meadow water . my dad hooked a fish almost right away on his dry , but lost it after a few seconds . the next fish that he hooked stayed on the line and he got the first goose lake redband of the trip .\nwe got up at about 7 : 00am and i went out to scout the creek out with my fly rod . this stream appeared to be about the size of the one above summer lake that i couldn ' t find any trout in and flowed through a meadow interspersed with a few groves of aspens here and there . i decide to head downstream to where a small tributary added its flow to the creek and found a decent pool with some fish in it .\ni fished the pool for another 45 minutes or so , and caught a few more trout before the fish seemed to stop feeding . at this point i headed for some of the spots that i noticed earlier in the moring when i scouted the creek , but after spending an hour of bush wacking and fishing i had only gotten one more small fish . the only thing to do was head back to the culvert pool , where i caught a couple more fish and even had two on at the same time for a couple of seconds .\nwe arrived at the first stream at around 11 : 00am and on my third or fouth cast i caught my first redband . the fishing didn ' t slow down either and just seemed to improve as i worked my way upstream . i was evident that the population of fish here was healthy and they didn ' t seem to even think twice before grabbing my fly . after covering about a quarter mile of the stream and catching plenty of redbands , i headed back to the car and handed my fly rod off to my dad who also caught several fish . once we had caught our fair share of fish , we hit the road again to try to find some more redbands in another nearby stream .\nthe next stop on the list was a small stream in the klamath basin that all of my research had indicated held a good population of redbands . it was evident as soon as we arrived at this stream that i was going to be in for some\nfun\nfishing as the creek flowed though an absolute tunnel of vegetation . i decided that i would hike upstream to see if i could find any beaver ponds or meadow stretches were the creek might open up a bit but after hiking about a mile i had no such luck . i decided to make the best of the situation a scrambled through the bushes down to the creek . when i got down to the creek , there wasn ' t even enough room to stand up straight let alone make a cast . this was small stream fishing in the extreme and the only way to get my fly to where it needed to be was doing some tap and dap fishing or using a sling shot cast . even with the less than ideal conditions i managed to get a fish to grab my fly , the only problem was that there wasn ' t enough room to raise the rod tip to set the hook so i lost it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch usfws threatened & endangered species system ( tess ) ( for listing rules , critical habitat , recovery plan , etc . )\noregon fish & wildlife office home pacific region ecological services home pacific region home u . s . fish and wildlife service national home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nseveral life history types with different migratory patterns . pools provide important habitat for all life stages .\npoor understanding of factors that influence long - term viability . limiting factor is likely to be availability of water ( linked to natural cycles ) . influence of climate change on these cycles is poorly understood in this region .\nthe east cascade ecoregion extends from the cascade mountains\u2019 summit east to the warmer , drier high desert and down the length of the state . this ecoregion varies dramatically from its cool , moist border with the west cascades ecoregion to its dry eastern border , where it meets sagebrush desert landscapes .\npassage barriers . non - natives in lake . high temperatures . water withdrawals . channelization . riparian condition .\nmy dad and i left home in washington early in the morning with rainy weather that would follow us all of the way into central oregon . normally when we head over the the bend oregon area we take us 26 over the cascades , but with the traffic getting out of the portland area we decided to take a different road . we ended up taking us 20 instead , which was a good move as there was nobody on the road and the drive up the santiam river valley made for a nice change .\nour first stop for the trip was hosmer lake , a high mountain lake that is stocked with atlantic salmon and located about an hour southwest of bend . the lake was beautiful , but the weather was cold and windy and the fish did appear to be too interested in feeding . i did a circle around the part of the lake near the boat launch in my float tube , using nymphs , dries and streamers . i even tried some of my standby attractor patterns for resident coho salmon in the puget sound , but only had a couple of hits . with the fishing being slow and the weather going down hill fast , my dad and i decided that it would be best just to head over to the next spot instead of hanging around at hosmer for the night .\nwe got off to a slow start in order to get a little enjoyment out of the swimming pool at our hotel in reno . once on the road we ran into three more road work projects on us 395 on our way to goose lake and lost about another hour because of them . when we got to goose lake we headed up a forest service road leading to the stream that i wanted to fish . once again finding the stream proved difficult , but after getting turned around a couple of times we finally made our way to the creek . the creek was beautiful and flowed from meandering meadows into high gradient pocket water sections .\nit soon became evident that the fish in this stream were pros at throwing flies and if you wanted to land them at all you had to do it quickly .\ni fished my way downstream further into the pocket water section , and managed to catch five redbands including one that was pretty good sized on my nymph . while the pocket water was much more productive , meadow section was a bit more scenic and i couldn ' t resist trying it out for a bit .\nthis section was fun but much less productive , as the fish were few and far between and spooked easily .\nwe made up a quick dinner before leaving the creek and then headed over to northern side of the warner mountains so i could try to catch some warner lakes redbands . the road to this spot was one of the hairiest that i have ever seen , and it switch backed up the mountain side past gold mines and to the tiny stream which was located in a meadow at about 7 , 000 feet above sea level . this spot was completely infested with mosquitoes and i made quick work of catching the warner lakes redbands that inhabited the stream . the fish were not large , but there were a good number of them at the culvert pool where the road crossed the creek .\ni used the same ever dependable royal pmx and copper john setup and caught a handful of fish at the culvert pool before heading upstream a little further . i lasted about a half hour before it got to dark fish and the swarm of mosquitoes that followed my every movement had completely eaten me alive .\nwe had originally planned on camping here , but between the mosquitoes and rapidly dropping temperatures we changed our mind , and decided to drive through the night to the next spot .\nthe drive to the next spot located in the hart mountain antelope refuge was a little interesting as the desert came alive at night and all manner of creatures seemed intent at testing our ability to dodge them . we arrived at the creek at around midnight and hit the hay .\nthis blog is all about fly fishing for native salmonids everywhere . it has been my quest to catch and photograph every species and subspecies of salmonids native to north america .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 141, "summary": [{"text": "the south american foxes ( lycalopex ) , commonly called raposas in portuguese , or zorros in spanish , are a genus of the canidae family from south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "despite their name , they are not true foxes , but are a unique canid genus , which some somewhat resemble foxes and are named after them .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the south american gray fox , lycalopex griseus , is the most common species , and is known for its large ears and a highly marketable , russet-fringed pelt .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the oldest known fossils belonging to the genus were discovered in chile , and date from 2.0 to 2.5 million years ago , in the mid - to late pliocene . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "south american fox", "paragraphs": ["group of the south american foxes , or of the outlying group , which consists of bat - eared fox , gray fox , and island fox .\ninformation on the south american grey fox is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe south american grey fox can be found in a number of locations including : south america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nmain characteristics south american grey foxes have a body length between 42 and 68 cms ( 16 . 5 - 26 . 8 inches ) , a tail length between 30 and 36 cms ( 12 - 14 inches ) and they weigh between 2 and 4 kgs ( 4 . 4 - 8 . 8 lbs ) . they are grey in colour with a pale underside and they have rust coloured markings around their head , ears and legs . habitat south american grey foxes can be found on the plains , grasslands , forest edges and the foothills of mountain ranges in southern south america . diet south american grey foxes mainly feed on rodents , birds and rabbits . breeding after a gestation period of approximately 2 months , 2 - 4 young are born in a den . predators predators of south american grey foxes have not been documented . subspecies there are no subspecies of the south american grey fox . interesting facts south american grey foxes are also known as : south american gray fox argentine grey fox argentine gray fox patagonian fox grey zorro chilla griseus is latin for grey . similar animals culpeo fox darwin ' s fox pampas fox sechuran fox hoary fox island fox bat - eared fox crab - eating fox\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - south american grey fox - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - south american grey fox - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - south american grey fox - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nof this group . the south american clade is rooted by the maned wolf and bush dog , and the fox - like canids by the fennec fox and blanford ' s fox . the grey fox and island fox are basal to the other clades , however this topological difference is not strongly supported .\nas its name suggests , the pampas fox is found in the south american pampas . these vast lowland grasslands are located in argentina , brazil and uruguay .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - south american grey fox ( pseudalopex griseus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - south american grey fox ( pseudalopex griseus )\ntitle =\narkive species - south american grey fox ( pseudalopex griseus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\narctic fox . click the picture to find out more about the arctic fox .\nyou can find out more about the arctic fox here : arctic fox facts .\nthe following habitats are found across the south american grey fox distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\n: the canini ( dogs , wolves , jackals , and some south american\nfoxes\n) and the vulpini ( true foxes ) .\nthis article is about the animal . for the american broadcast television network , see fox broadcasting company . for other uses , see fox ( disambiguation ) .\nthe south american gray fox is the most common member of the lycalopex ( zorro or \u2018false fox\u2019 ) genus . it is found in chile and argentina . this small fox has been hunted for its attractive red - brown tinged coat . it is currently listed as least concern .\nthe maned wolf is a south american native whose range extends from the amazon basin rain forest in brazil to the dry shrub forests of paraguay and northern argentina .\ntrut , lyudmila n . ( 1999 ) .\nearly canid domestication : the fox farm experiment\n. american scientist 87 .\nbobcat facts , pictures , video & information . discover a stealthy north american predator\ncopyright \u00a9 2004 by the american society of human genetics . all rights reserved .\nthe gray fox is one of the few canids that can climb trees , and it is the only american canid able to do so .\nthe gray fox is an american canid whose range covers southern canada to northern south america . it is found throughout the usa , and is the most common fox in the pacific states . its coat is a mixture of greys , black and pale oranges . its tail has a black tip .\n. two of these , the south american canine group , which includes a number of\nfoxes\n, and the wolf group , together form the tribe canini . the third clade is the\ntrue fox\ngroup , tribe vulpini .\ntiger salamander facts , pictures & in - depth information . discover a widespread american amphibian\nnowak , r . 1995 .\nwalker ' s mammals of the world , online . south american foxes\n( on - line ) . accessed november 28 , 2001 at urltoken .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nexamples include : the nine - tail fox from various asian cultures ; the reynard tales from medieval europe ; the sly trickster fox from native american lore ; and aesop\u2019s \u201c the fox and the crow . \u201d the finnish believed a fox made the northern lights by running in the snow so that its tail swept sparks into the sky . from this , we get the phrase \u201cfox fires . \u201d\nthe extant wild canids of north america are the gray wolf , the coyote ( canis latrans ) , the hybrid red wolf ( canis rufus ) , the arctic fox ( alopex lagopus ) , the gray fox ( urocyon cinereoargenteus ) , the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , the swift fox ( vulpes velox ) , and the kit fox ( vulpes macrotis ) . in addition to the dire wolf , other members of the genus canis may have inhabited south america , but all these\nwolflike\ncanids were extinct by the end of the pleistocene . the gray wolf and the coyote never moved farther south than the table land of mexico . the gray fox has extended its range into northern venezuela and colombia , but all the other south american canids are unique to that continent .\nand a 2009 paper by tedford , wang and taylor on the north american fossil caninae .\nclosely related native americans of the algonquian branch of the algonquian - wakashan linguistic stock ( see native american languages ) . sac and fox culture was of the eastern woodlands area with some plains - area traits ( see under natives , north american ) .\nthe pampas fox is a \u2018zorro\u2019 , or \u2018false fox\u2019 , meaning that it is not a member of the vulpes , or \u2018true fox\u2019 , genus . it is typically fox - like in appearance , with sandy grey - white fur , erect ears and a bushy tail .\nyahnke , c . 1995 . metachromism and the insight of wilfred osgood : evidence of common ancestory for darwin\u2019s fox and the sechura fox .\nthe canid with the widest distribution in south america is the culpeo ( dusicyon culpaeus ) , which ranges all along the western coastal region of the continent from southern colombia to tierra del fuego . d . griseus , the chilla , is now scarce , but its home is the southern tip of south america , below 25 degrees south latitude . the pampas fox ( d . gymnocercus ) is found in east - central south america , whereas the sechura fox ( d . sechurae ) occurs only in a small region on the northwest coast . the final member of this group of foxes is the hoary fox ( d . vetulus ) which lives in the open grassland of brazil .\ncommon mudpuppy facts , pictures & information . discover a north american amphibian that never leaves the water .\nperhaps because of the fox\u2019s ability to decimate a chicken coop , in the 16th century , fox hunting became a popular activity in britain . in the 19th century , the upper classes turned fox hunting into a formalized sport where a pack of hounds and men on horseback chase a fox until it is killed . today , whether to ban fox hunting continues to be a controversial subject in the uk . currently , fox hunting with dogs is not allowed .\nthe cape fox lives in grasslands and semi - desert scrub . it is found in zimbabwe , botswana , and south africa . it is common throughout its range and rated least concern by the iucn .\nfound in south america , the crab - eating fox has short , dark grey fur and short legs . it weighs between 4 . 5 and 7 . 7 kg ( 10 and 17 lb ) .\ncrab - eating fox , ( cerdocyon thous ) , south american member of the dog family ( canidae ) , found in grassy or forested areas . it attains a length of 60\u201370 cm ( 24\u201328 inches ) , excluding a 30 - centimetre tail , and has a gray to brown coat that is frequently tinged with\u2026\nfox , david l . ( 2007 ) .\nvulpes vulpes ( red fox )\n. animal diversity web . university of michigan museum of zoology .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\n) asian affinities and continental radiation of the four founding native american mtdnas . am j hum genet 53 : 563\u2013590\nmay limit the gray fox\u2019s distribution , even though their territories do not overlap .\nsee h . g . lloyd , the red fox ( 1980 ) ; j . d . henry , red fox : the catlike canine ( 1986 ) .\nthe fennec fox\u2019s large ears help it to stay cool by dissipating heat . they are also useful for hunting , allowing the fox to hear animals moving underground .\ninside even after they descend . like other canines , the male fox has a\nthe island fox is found on six of the channel islands of california . after severe population declines in the 1990\u2019s , the island fox became critically endangered . several conservation programmes were put into place , and the island fox population is now increasing .\nr\u00fcppell\u2019s fox is a small desert fox found in north africa and the middle east . it has a pale sandy - coloured coast and big ears , and is similar in appearance to the smaller fennec fox . its conservation status is least concern .\nif you have a native american name and meaning to add to the list - - fill out the form below .\n, where they diversified . however the most recent common ancestor of the south american canids lived in north america some 4 mya and the likelihood is that there were more than one incursion across the new land bridge . one of the resulting lineages consisted of the\nthere has been a flourishing of the native american indian population : in 2010 , 5 . 2 million people in the united states identified themselves as american indian or alaska native , either alone or in combination with one or more different races . out of this total , 2 . 9 million people identified themselves as american indian / alaska native alone . the native american indian population experienced an increase of 39 % , the greatest growth of any population group since 2000 . 41 % of american indians live in the west , and 33 % in the south . the 2010 census indicated that the five states with the largest native american indian population in order are california , oklahoma , arizona , new mexico , and texas . alaska , florida , north carolina , and south dakota experienced the greatest growth . the following chart lists the top 25 american indian tribes by population in the year 2010 . these are the original u . s . census bureau figures , which indicate those listing one tribe only . whereas the cherokee tribe has the largest overall population , the navajo tribe has the largest population reporting one tribe only .\nthe sechura fox is the smallest member of the zorro , or \u2018false fox\u2019 genus . this pale , yellow - grey fox is found in ecuador and peru . it is threatened by habitat loss , and is listed as near threatened by the iucn .\nthe tibetan sand fox lives high on the tibetan plain and surrounding areas . it is a member of the vulpes , or \u2018true fox\u2019 , genus , and has a typically fox - like appearance , with reddish - grey fur and a bushy tail .\nthe red fox is the largest member of the vulpes , or \u2018true fox\u2019 genus , and is recognisable by its red coat , white chest and underparts , and bushy tail .\nabout the size of a domestic cat , the swift fox is pale yellow and white in colour , and has large ears . it is closely related to the kit fox .\nthe bat - eared fox population is stable , and the species is rated least concern .\nthe red fox : one of the most familiar animals in this wild dogs species list .\nkit fox ) ; large - eared pale foxes of the western north american plains ( swift fox ) and deserts ( kit fox ) ; shy and uncommon ; adult length about 40\u201350 cm without the 20\u201330 - cm tail , weight about 1 . 5\u20133 kg ; burrow - dweller that feeds on small animals ( rodents , rabbits , insects ) ; coat gray to yellowish brown with black - tipped tail .\nsouth american grey foxes are widespread throughout patagonia and western argentina . they prefer to live in the foothills of coastal mountain ranges and in forest edge habitats . foxes pair up and maintain their territory throughout the year . mating is monogamous and both the males and females are actively care for the young . these little foxes are omnivorous , but their diet changes seasonally . they are native to south america , but have been introduced to the falkland islands .\nduring his voyage on the beagle , charles darwin collected a fox that today is unimaginatively called darwin\u2019s fox . this small gray fox is critically endangered and lives in just two spots in the world : one population is on island of chilo\u00e9 in chile , and the second is in a chilean national park . the fox\u2019s greatest threats are unleashed domestic dogs that carry diseases like rabies .\nred fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , potter ' s marsh , alaska , u . s .\nthe bush dog is a rare south american canid . ( \u2018canid\u2019 means member of the dog family , canidae ) . it usually lives near water in rainforests and savannas . the bush dog has a long , squat body with short legs and a short tail , giving it a rather badger - like appearance .\nin the 1960s , a soviet geneticist named dmitry belyaev bred thousands of foxes before achieving a domesticated fox . unlike a tame fox , which has learned to tolerate humans , a domesticated fox is docile toward people from birth . today , you can buy a pet fox for $ 9000 , according to fast company . they\u2019re reportedly curious and sweet - tempered , although inclined to dig in your furniture .\namphibians of north america : american amphibian list with pictures & facts . discover the frogs , toads & salamanders of the u . s . !\nthe culpeo is the second - largest member of the dog family found in south america ( only the maned wolf is larger ) . in - between a red fox and a coyote in size , the culpeo has grey - red or yellow fur and a bushy tail .\nthe corsac fox lives in the steppes of central asia . it is a mid - sized fox , weighing between 1 . 6 and 3 . 2 kilograms ( 3 . 5 and 7 . 1 lb ) . the corsac fox has long fur , which thickens and becomes a lighter colour during the winter .\ntedford , richard ; wang , xiaoming ; taylor , beryl e . ( 2009 ) .\nphylogenetic systematics of the north american fossil caninae ( carnivora : canidae )\n. bulletin of the american museum of natural history 325 : 1\u2013218 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 574 . 1 .\nwhat\u2019s in a name ? for this unique animal , it is a wolf in name only . it is however a canid , and therefore related to the wolf . maned wolves are more closely related to the forest fox and the bush dog ( canid species from south america ) .\nin general , south american foxes are long - haired , rather grayish animals that grow to about 0 . 5\u20131 metre ( 1 . 6\u20133 . 3 feet ) in length , excluding the bushy tail , which is 25\u201350 cm ( 10\u201320 inches ) long . they are found in open terrain as opposed to thick forest , and they feed on small animals , birds , fruit and other plant material , and insects . generally nocturnal , they live in abandoned burrows or in dens among rocks or trees . both parents care for the litters of one to eight young . south american foxes can attack domestic livestock , but they are helpful in controlling rodent populations .\n1 . 5\u20133 . 5 - kg fox inhabiting the sahel savannas and southern desert margin of northern africa ; coat yellow to brown ; similar in form to the red fox , but with longer legs and ears .\n, and thus , walk on their toes . unlike their dog relatives , fox claws are partially retractable .\nand others , but rarely of sustained domestication . a recent and notable case is the russian silver fox ,\nburrows , roger ( 1968 ) . wild fox . newton abbot : david & charles . isbn 9780715342176 .\ncanidae . dictionary . com . the american heritage stedman ' s medical dictionary . houghton mifflin company . urltoken ( accessed : february 16 , 2009 ) .\nthroughout its wide distribution , the culpeo uses many habitat types ranging from rugged and mountain terrain , deep valleys and open deserts , scrubby pampas , sclerophyllous matorral , to broad - leaved temperate southern beech forest in the south . the culpeo uses all the range of habitat moisture gradients from the driest desert to the broad - leaved rainforest . in the andes of peru , chile , bolivia and argentina , the culpeo reaches elevations of up to 4 , 800 m ( redford and eisenberg 1992 , romo 1995 , jim\u00e9nez and novaro 2004 , tellaeche et al . 2014 ) . redford and eisenberg ( 1992 ) placed the culpeo in the coldest and driest environments of south america relative to other south american canids .\nin fact , here\u2019s a fun fact for kids . the maned wolf\u2019s fox - like characteristics \u2013 such as a shaggy , white tipped tail and large ears \u2013 have earned it the nickname of \u201cfox on stilts . \u201d\nsmall and social steppe - dwelling fox that inhabits steppes and semideserts of eastern eurasia ; coat yellowish gray or brown to reddish gray ; body similar in form to the red fox , but with larger legs and ears .\nthe family canidae - - the wolves , dogs , jackals , and foxes - - has wild members on all continents except australia , which has only the dingo . the thirty - eight species of wild canids live in habitats ranging from tropical rainforest to arctic tundra . the north american wolf ( canis lupus ) is social and eats mainly meat from large mammals . the south american maned wolf ( chrysocyon brachyurus ) spends most of its life alone , and fruit forms the bulk of its diet .\nalthough the population is declining due to habitat loss , the bengal fox is rated least concern by the iucn .\nthe gray fox is widespread , and lives in a variety of habitats including forests , scrubland and rocky environments .\nfoxes are found on every continent except antarctica . by far the most common and widespread species of fox is the\nbathgate , michael . the fox ' s craft in japanese religion and culture . 2004 . p . 18 .\nwallen , martin ( 2006 ) . fox . london : reaktion books . pp . 69\u201370 . isbn 9781861892973 .\nfox al ( 1932 ) the relationship between chemical constitution and taste . proc natl acad sci usa 18 : 115\u2013120\nnowak , r . m . 1979 . north american quaternary canis . monograph of the museum of natural history , university of kansas 6 : 1 \u2013 154 .\nthe american crocodile , found in southern florida and all the way down to ecuador is well populated in costa rica . the average crocodile is 10 to 13 ft . long , but in costa rica they measure about 13 to 16 ft . long . they can often be seen congregating by bridges where unenlightened tourists toss them food for photos . this species is currently threatened and now only about 1 , 500 american crocodiles live in mexico , central and south america . the biggest threat to their existence is loss of habitat .\na fox ' s coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons ; fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months . to get rid of the dense winter coat , foxes\ngrowl - an adult fox ' s indication to their cubs to feed or head to the adult ' s location .\n) preferred habitat of open space , to increase ; the darwin ' s fox , subsequently , is being outcompeted .\nchambers , s . m . ; fain , s . r . ; fazio , b . ; amaral , m . ( 2012 ) .\nan account of the taxonomy of north american wolves from morphological and genetic analyses\n. north american fauna 77 : 1\u201367 . doi : 10 . 3996 / nafa . 77 . 0001 .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\nbelow are links to spotted wolf ' s corner articles - [ contents - - - register and vote ! ] [ remembering the great chiefs ] [ native american legends & stories ] [ anglos once were immigrants ] [ handbook of american indians 1906 - contents ] [ native american indians and the eagle ] [ native american names & meanings ] [ past notable native americans - pg - . 1 ] [ past notable native americans - pg 2 ] [ hill & holler thanksgiving column ] [ a thanksgiving teaching ] [ on being an indian ] [ where is goyathlay ' s ( geronimo ) skull ? ] [ cochise ] [ goyathlay ( geronimo ) ] [ mangas coloradas ] [ nana ]\nwang , xiaoming ( 1994 ) .\nphylogenetic systematics of the hesperocyoninae\n. bulletin of the american museum of natural history 221 : 1\u2013207 . hdl : 2246 / 829 .\nas their body temperature only drops minimally , it means that they are able to wake up and venture out in search of a light snack to break up their long slumber . in hotter regions in the south black\nlike a guided missile , the fox harnesses the earth\u2019s magnetic field to hunt . other animals , like birds , sharks , and turtles , have this \u201cmagnetic sense , \u201d but the fox is the first one we\u2019ve discovered that uses it to catch prey .\nperini , f . a . ; russo , c . a . m . ; schrago , c . g . ( 2010 ) .\nthe evolution of south american endemic canids : a history of rapid diversification and morphological parallelism\n. journal of evolutionary biology 23 ( 2 ) : 311\u2013322 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1420 - 9101 . 2009 . 01901 . x . pmid 20002250 .\n1 doyle rc . american history . class lectures & notes , franciscan university , steubenville , ohio , 2001 . 2 berkin c , miller cl , cherny rw , gormly jl . making america . fourth edition , houghton mifflin , boston , 2006 . 3 waldman c . encyclopedia of native american tribes . checkmark , new york , 2006 . 4 morison , samuel eliot . oxford history of the american people . oxford university press , new york , 1965 . 5 waldman c , braun m . atlas of the north american indian . checkmark books , new york , 25 - 50 , 2000 . 6 census 2010 , united states of america . 7 gannon m . florida - a short history . university press of florida , gainesville , florida , 2003 .\nemerged in north america . a large wolf , it was found all over north and central america , and was eventually supplanted by its descendant , the dire wolf , which then spread into south america during the late pleistocene .\nnative american indians welcomed us to these shores in florida , virginia , and massachusetts , and eventually the entire east coast . the first mass of thanksgiving on american soil was actually celebrated by the spanish with the timucuan indians from seloy village in attendance on september 8 , 1565 in st . augustine , florida . the pilgrims , who sought religious freedom and crossed the atlantic in the mayflower\nthe argentine gray fox helps to control small mammal and bird populations . it also disperses seeds by eating the fruit then defecating the seeds .\nthe two subspecies of bat - eared fox live in geographically separate regions . one is in southern africa , the other in east africa .\ndespite being hunted for its fur , the corsac fox is widespread and common throughout its range , and rated least concern by the iucn .\nthis small fox is only found on cozumel , a mexican island . it has not been thoroughly studied , and may now be extinct .\nis a mutant strain of red fox found in northwestern europe . it lacks the long guard hairs , and the underfur is tightly curled .\n) have more specialized diets . most species of fox consume around 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lb ) of food every day . foxes\nwhat we know about dogs in native american societies is limited . but we do know that the dogs brought by the spanish were much different in character and breeding from those already present . how these non - european animals meshed with humans in everyday life , how they functioned in the symbolic ream , and how their roles varied across cultural boundaries are questions basic to our understanding of american dogs .\nthe grey fox is omnivorous , meaning it eats both plants and other animals . unlike other canids that hunt in packs , the grey fox hunts alone . it will stalk its prey for a while then pounce , using its long curved claws to trap and kill its victim . the preferred meal for a grey fox is a cottontail rabbit , but it will feast on other small mammals such as mice , wood rats , and cotton rats . this variety of vertebrates makes up the majority of a grey fox\u2019s diet in the winter . the grey fox also eats invertebrates such as grasshoppers , beetles , butterflies , and moths . along with birds , eggs , fruits , nuts , and grains , these invertebrates make up most of a grey fox\u2019s diet in the spring . if a grey fox has excess food , it is a common habit to bury it and mark it with urine or their scent glands to ward off other animals and to make it easier to find later .\nperhaps the most distinctive feature of the fox family , as compared with wolves and coyotes , is the eyes . they are yellow with elliptical pupils . all other canids , including dogs , have round pupils . fox es are monogamous and do not live in packs . they are among\u2026\nthe bat - eared fox is aptly named , not just because of its 5 - inch ears , but because of what it uses those ears for\u2014like the bat , it listens for insects . on a typical night , the fox walks along the african savannah , listening , until it hears the scuttle of prey . although the fox eats a variety of insects and lizards , most of its diet is made up of termites . in fact , the bat - eared fox often makes its home in termite mounds , which it usually cleans out of inhabitants before moving in .\nmany have emailed asking us for information about native american names and their meanings . this began my quest for the answers . below are the native american indian names that i have found with their meanings . when i know which tribe , the name comes from , i have indicated it . if the tribe is not listed , i do not know it , you don ' t have to email asking .\nnative american names are very interesting as names for new babies because they have so much meaning behind them . rooted in forces of nature , religion and personally desired characteristics , they translate into poetic epithets .\nmitchell , peter 2017 . disease : a hitherto unexplored constraint on the spread of dogs ( canis lupus familiaris ) in pre - columbian south america . journal of world prehistory , vol . 30 , issue . 4 , p . 301 .\nit is a small , pale - coloured fox , weighing between 2 . 3 and 4 . 1 kg ( 5 and 9 pounds ) .\nlike other desert foxes , the kit fox has large ears that provide a means of losing heat , as well as giving it exceptional hearing .\naccording to new scientist , the fox can see the earth\u2019s magnetic field as a \u201cring of shadow\u201d on its eyes that darkens as it heads towards magnetic north . when the shadow and the sound the prey is making line up , it\u2019s time to pounce . here\u2019s the fox in action :\nroughly the size of a kitten , the fennec fox has elongated ears and a creamy coat . it lives in the sahara desert , where it sleeps during the day to protect it from the searing heat . its ears not only allow it to hear prey , they also radiate body heat , which keeps the fox cool . its paws are covered with fur so that the fox can walk on hot sand , like it\u2019s wearing snowshoes .\nprevosti , francisco j . ram\u00edrez , mariano a . schiaffini , mauro martin , fabiana udrizar sauthier , daniel e . carrera , marcelo sillero - zubiri , claudio and pardi\u00f1as , ulyses f . j . 2015 . extinctions in near time : new radiocarbon dates point to a very recent disappearance of the south american foxdusicyon avus ( carnivora : canidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society , vol . 116 , issue . 3 , p . 704 .\nthis african fox species ( the only \u2018true\u2019 fox species found in africa ) has a grey - brown coat , and a long , bushy tail with a black tip . average weight for an adult male is 2 . 8 kg ( 6 . 2 lb ) , females are slightly smaller .\nhuman beings have trapped and hunted some canid species for their fur and , especially the gray wolf , coyote and the red fox , for sport .\nthe dhole is found in central , south and southeast asia . it lives in a variety of habitats , including rainforest and grasslands . this large member of the dog family can weigh up to 40 kg ( 88 lb ) ; around twice the weight of a coyote . dholes resemble members of the canis genus ( domestic dogs , grey wolves ) , and have fox - like reddish fur and bushy tails .\nthe crab - eating fox often searches for crabs and other food in floodplains , giving it its name . it does not currently have a conservation status .\nthe red fox is an adaptable animal , able to live in suburban and rural areas . it is often found living alongside humans , but seldom poses any kind of threat . for many people living in suburban areas , the red fox is the largest of the few wild mammals that they will regularly encounter .\nthe bengal fox is found only in the indian subcontinent . it prefers a short grassland habitat , and is a social animal , living in large underground dens .\n, at loma de los muertos raises intriguing questions about the relationship between wild canids and humans . this sub - adult individual appears to have been buried in a human mortuary context in a comparable manner to adjacent human burials . it may have been kept as a pet and been considered part of the human social group . the ability of pets , especially canids , to leave the animal world and enter into a special relationship with people may be related to the cosmology of south american hunter - gatherers .\nwang , xiaoming ; tedford , richard h . ; taylor , beryl e . ( 1999 ) .\nphylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae\n. bulletin of the american museum of natural history 243 : 1\u2013391 . hdl : 2246 / 1588 .\nthis material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten , or redistributed . \u00a92018 fox news network , llc . all rights reserved . all market data delayed 20 minutes .\nthe bat - eared fox is so named due to its distinctive large ears . these are used to locate termites , which form up to 80 % of its diet .\nthe hoary fox is endemic to brazil , and is mainly found in grasslands . it is a small canid , with a grey , black and brown - red coat .\nfoxes are often considered pests or nuisance creatures for their opportunistic attacks on poultry and other small livestock . fox attacks on humans are not common but have increased in frequency .\n1 . charles james . 1749 - - 1806 , british whig statesman and orator . he opposed north over taxation of the american colonies and pitt over british intervention against the french revolution . he advocated parliamentary reform and the abolition of the slave trade\nthe red fox has a huge range that covers north america , europe and much of asia . it was introduced in australia , where it is now considered an invasive species .\nthe swift fox lives in the prairie grasslands of the great plains of the united states . it is also found in canada , where it was introduced after having been extirpated .\nfox species differ in fur color , length , and density . coat colors range from pearly white to black and white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside .\nbush dog , ( spe o thos venaticus ) , small , stocky carnivore of the family canidae found in the forests and savannas of central and south america . the bush dog is a rare species , and its numbers are declining as a result of the destruction of its natural habitat . the bush\u2026\nthere is an important pelt trade in south america . according to cites , from 1980 to 1983 , 381 , 000 fox skins were exported , 98 % of which were purported to have originated in argentina . over 7 , 000 skins were recorded as being exported from chile , despite the species being protected in that country . most exports were made to west germany ( 72 % ) , switzerland ( 7 . 2 % ) , and italy ( 4 . 4 % ) .\nsillero - zubiri ( 2009 ) recognized 35 extant canid species ( 37 if the dingo is treated as a distinct species , canis dingo , rather than a subspecies of the gray wolf , canis lupus dingo , and if the eastern north american wolf is treated as a distinct species , canis lycaon ) . south america has 11 species , including nine ( mainly pseudalopex [ sometimes known as lycalopex ] foxes ) endemic to the continent . africa has 13 species , including eight endemics . asia has twelve species , including three endemics . two species , the golden jackal ( canis aureus ) and arctic fox ( alopex lagopus ) are native to three continents ( africa / europe / asia and north america / asia / europe , respectively ) .\njaksic , f . , j . yanez . 1983 . rabbit and fox introductions in tierra del fuego : history and assessment of the attempts at biological control of the rabbit infestation .\n, or brant , fox is yellowish brown with a black cross extending between the shoulders and down the back ; it is found in both north america and the old world . the\nshort - eared , short - tailed fox of the barren slopes and streambeds of nepal ; length to 70 cm , weight up to 4 kg or more ; colour is variable .\n] ) was first recognized in the early 1930s , when a . j . fox discovered the polymorphism in himself and a coworker , organic chemist c . r . noller ( anonymous\nfox , any of various members of the dog family ( canidae ) resembling small to medium - sized bushy - tailed dogs with long fur , pointed ears , and narrow snouts . in a restricted sense , the name refers to the 10 or so species classified as \u201ctrue\u201d foxes ( genus vulpes ) , especially the red , or common , fox ( v . \u2026\nfound in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude , in areas with a mediterranean climate . vegetation is dominated by stands of dense , spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves . may be maintained by periodic fire . in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .\nthe culpeo is distributed along the andes and hilly regions of south america from nari\u00f1o and putumayo departments of south - west colombia in the north ( jim\u00e9nez et al . 1995 , ram\u00edrez - chaves et al . 2013 ; records from departments further north are dubious ) to tierra del fuego in the south ( markham 1971 , redford and eisenberg 1992 ) . it ranges down to the pacific shoreline in the desert of northern chile ( mann 1945 , jim\u00e9nez and novaro 2004 ) , south to about valdivia ( osgood 1943 ) and then again in magallanes . on the eastern slopes of the andes , the culpeo is found in argentina from jujuy province in the north , reaching the atlantic shoreline from r\u00edo negro and southwards . this extended eastward distribution is relatively recent and was apparently favoured by sheep ranching , increased availability of exotic prey and extirpation of puma ( crespo and de carlo 1963 , novaro 1997a , novaro and walker 2005 ) . however , in the last 10 - 15 years the shrinking of sheep production in argentine patagonia has facilitated puma recolonization . the probable increase in predation or competitive exclusion by pumas in turn appears to have caused declines in culpeo populations ( travaini et al . 2007 , a . travaini pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthe argentine gray fox is protected by law in chile but enforcementof this law is lax . no hunting or skin trade has been permitted since 1929 in some areas , although fox skins are still exported through chile via argentina . the argentine wildlife board ( direccion nacional de fauna silvestre ) has classified the species as endangered . hunting is banned year - round in some areas .\nyahnke , c . , w . johnson , e . geffen , d . smith , f . hertel . 1996 . darwin\u2019s fox : a distinct endangered species in a vanishing habitat .\n) of the family canidae , to which the jackal and fox also belong . the family canidae is sometimes referred to as the dog family , and its characteristics , e . g .\nlike the bat - eared fox , the black - backed jackal lives in two separate areas of africa . one subspecies is found in southern african countries , the other in eastern africa .\nlloyd , h . g . ( 1981 ) . the red fox ( 2 . impr . ed . ) . london : batsford . p . 21 . isbn 0 7134 11902 .\nthe arctic fox , which lives in the northernmost areas of the hemisphere , can handle cold better than most animals on earth . it doesn\u2019t even get cold until \u201370 degrees celsius . its white coat also camouflages it against predators . as the seasons change , the coat changes too , turning brown or gray so the fox can blend in with the rocks and dirt of the tundra .\nthe argentine gray fox likes to live in lowlands and foothills of coastal mountain ranges , plains , pampas , deserts , low open grasslands and forest edge habitats . they live on shrubby sandy soils .\nthe crab - eating fox lives in forests and savannas . it spends the day in underground dens and comes out at night to hunt . it has been kept as a pet by indigenous peoples .\nsorry , we didn ' t recognize the zip code you entered . it may have been mistyped , or you may have put in a zip code outside the area the american red cross serves in the us , its territories and military installations around the world . please try again .\nblanford\u2019s fox is found in desert and mountainous regions of the middle east and central asia . this small fox weighs between 0 . 9 and 1 . 5 kg ( 2 and 3 . 3 lb ) . it is an excellent climber , and uses its long tail for balance . its large ears help it to stay cool in the desert heat . it has two distinctive dark stripes on its face .\n. they vary in size from the fennec fox , which may be as little as 24 cm ( 9 . 4 in ) in length and weigh 0 . 6 kg ( 1 . 3 lb ) ,\n. the bush dog has only one upper molar with two below , the dhole has two above and two below , and the bat - eared fox has three or four upper molars and four lower ones .\nthe kit fox is a small canid found in the usa and mexico . it lives in arid and desert habitats , and its population is in decline due to habitat loss . conservation programmes are now in place .\ndespite this relationship , the maned wolf is the only species in its genus . it has a very different appearance than the wolves we are used to seeing , and more closely resembles a fox than a wolf .\nlarge ( 5\u20137 - kg ) fox of north america , eurasia , and northern africa , and introduced to australia ; length 90\u2013105 cm , including the 35\u201340 - cm tail ; coat typically reddish brown but variable .\nthis small fox is a natural survivor and has many adaptations for life in the arctic . its thick , insulating coat changes colour with the seasons , and is white in the winter and brown during the summer months .\nthe maned wolf is the largest member of the dog family in south america . its average weight is 23 kg ( 51 lb ) , and its average height is 90 cm ( 35 in ) at the shoulders . it has a reddish - brown coat , and a mane along its back . despite its name , it is not closely related to the grey wolf .\nthe adult male arctic fox grows to around 30 cm ( 11 . 8 in ) tall at the shoulder , and weighs up to 9 . 4 kg ( 20 . 7 lb ) . its conservation status is \u2018least concern\u2019 .\nthe fennec fox is found in hot , arid parts of north africa , and is a desert specialist . its pale coat reflects heat , and thick fur on the bottom of its paws allow it to walk over hot sand .\n. introduced to australia , it has established itself throughout much of the continent . the red fox has a coat of long guard hairs , soft , fine underfur that is typically a rich reddish brown , often a white - tipped\nare adapted as carnassial teeth for slicing flesh , although the bat - eared fox differs in this respect , being largely insectivorous . the molar teeth are strong in most species , allowing the animals to crack open bone to reach the\nwang , xiaoming ( 2003 ) .\nnew material of osbornodon from the early hemingfordian of nebraska and florida\n( pdf ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 279 : 163\u2013176 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 0003 - 0090 ( 2003 ) 279 < 0163 : c > 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nfoxes are symbols of cunning and craftiness . in older times , they were symbols of the devil . because of the connotations of such expressions as \u201cfox\u201d and \u201cfoxy , \u201d this animal has also become associated with seductive female beauty and charms .\nkang , xiaofei ( 2006 ) . the cult of the fox : power , gender , and popular religion in late imperial and modern china . new york : columbia university press . p . 15\u201321 . isbn 0 - 231 - 13338 - 3 .\nin the wild , the typical lifespan of a fox is one to three years , although individuals may live up to ten years . unlike many canids , foxes are not always pack animals . typically , they live in small family groups , but some (\nwithin their own home range , foxes battle with the factors of competition between other foxes , habitat quality , and the availability of food . however , the more serious dangers grey foxes struggle with are humans , predation , parasites , and disease . humans pose a threat to grey foxes through hunting , trapping , and the use of automobiles . also , a farmer may resort to killing a fox if it acts as a nuisance to his animals . the four main predators of the grey fox are the coyote , the bobcat , the golden eagle , and the great horned owl . the grey fox will either hide under cover or climb trees to evade danger . grey foxes will fight for their lives with their teeth and sharp claws if they are unable to escape in time .\nthe raccoon dog , as its name suggests , resembles a raccoon , with its wide furry face and short , squat body . it is a relatively undeveloped member of the dog family . like the grey fox , it is one of the few canids that climbs trees .\nlike the cat , the fox is most active after the sun goes down . in fact , it has vertically oriented pupils that allow it to see in dim light . it even hunts in a similar manner to a cat , by stalking and pouncing on its prey .\nthe last line seems to refer to the dog & apos ; s connection to the land of the dead . dogs were thought to be essential guides for tricky afterlife journeys . they were part of human existence and the cycle of life , death , and rebirth that was at the core of all native american belief systems . in addition , dogs were utilitarian animals exploited for human survival .\nvan valkenburgh , b . ; wang , x . ; damuth , j . ( oct 2004 ) .\ncope ' s rule , hypercarnivory , and extinction in north american canids\n. science 306 ( 5693 ) : 101\u2013104 . bibcode : 2004sci . . . 306 . . 101v . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1102417 . issn 0036 - 8075 . pmid 15459388 .\nthe fennec fox is the smallest member of the dog family , weighing only 1 to 1 . 5 kg ( 2 . 2 to 3 . 3 lb ) . it has pale , orange - white fur and oversized ears , which look huge compared to its small body .\nperhaps the most distinctive feature of the fox family , as compared with wolves and coyotes , is the eyes . they are yellow with elliptical pupils . all other canids , including dogs , have round pupils . foxes are monogamous and do not live in packs . they are among\u2026\nwhine - made shortly after birth . occurs at a high rate when cubs are hungry and when their body temperatures are low . whining stimulates the mother to care for her young ; it also has been known to stimulate the male fox into caring for his mate and cubs .\nthe coat is brindled gray , the underparts paler grays . the head is a rust color flecked with white and a black spot on the chin . the argentine gray fox has large ears and a long and bushy tail . the molars are well developed , and the carnassials are relatively short . this fox can grow up to 2 to 4 kg . its shoulder height is 40 to 45 cm , decreasing as latitude increases from 33\u00b0 s to 54\u00b0 s . the head - body length is 42 to 68 cm , and the tail length is from 30 to 36 cm .\n> fox by horsemen with a pack of hounds . in england , the home of the sport , foxhunting dates from at least the 15th century . in its inception , it was probably an adjunct to stag and hare hunting , with the same hounds used to chase each quarry . \u2026\ndarwin\u2019s fox was discovered by english naturalist charles darwin . this rare canid is found in just two places in chile : nahuelbuta national park , and on the island of chilo\u00e9 . it lives in forests , and is rarely seen . it is one of the smallest members of the dog family ."]}
{"id": 143, "summary": [{"text": "the philippine hawk-eagle or north philippine hawk-eagle ( nisaetus philippensis ) , earlier treated under spizaetus , is a species of bird of prey in the family accipitridae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "many taxonmists consider the pinsker 's hawk-eagle , a former subspecies , raised to full species status .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is endemic to the philippines .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "philippine hawk - eagle", "paragraphs": ["red data book threatened birds of asia detailed information on status , threats , and conservation measures . vireo philippine hawk - eagle photos .\ngamauf a , preleuthner m & w . pinsker ( 1998 ) .\ndistribution and field identification of philippine birds of prey : 1 . philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis ) and changeable hawk eagle ( spizaetus cirrhatus )\n( pdf ) . forktail 14 : 1\u201311 .\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : northern philippine hawk - eagle nisaetus philippensis . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe philippine hawk - eagle inhabits forest , from the lowlands up to montane mossy forest at 1 , 900 meters ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . as well as primary forest it has been recorded in disturbed and selectively logged forest ( 7 ) .\nthe philippine hawk - eagle inhabits forest , from the lowlands up to montane mossy forest at 1 , 900 meters ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . as well as primary forest it has been recorded in disturbed and selectively logged forest ( 7 ) .\npreleuthner , m . and gamauf , a . ( 1998 ) .\na possible new subspecies of the philippine hawk - eagle ( spizaetus philippensis ) and its future prospects .\n( pdf ) . j . raptor res . 32 ( 2 ) : 126\u2013135 .\n56\u201369 cm ; female 1168\u20131280 g ( 2 birds ) ; wingspan 105\u2013125 cm . typical hawk - eagle with long ( 8 cm ) crest , largely dark upperparts , grey - brown tail with . . .\nthe philippine hawk - eagle is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully controlled in order to be compatible with its continued survival ( 3 ) . however , more effective legislation is required to control hunting and trading within the philippines ( 5 ) . in addition , while the philippine hawk - eagle has been recorded from numerous protected areas , the degree of protection these sites actually afford is unclear and there may be further important sites , the protection of which would greatly benefit this magnificent bird of prey ( 5 ) .\nthe philippine hawk - eagle is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that any international trade in this species should be carefully controlled in order to be compatible with its continued survival ( 3 ) . however , more effective legislation is required to control hunting and trading within the philippines ( 5 ) . in addition , while the philippine hawk - eagle has been recorded from numerous protected areas , the degree of protection these sites actually afford is unclear and there may be further important sites , the protection of which would greatly benefit this magnificent bird of prey ( 5 ) .\n54\u201361 cm ; c . 1200 g . typical hawk - eagle with crest of 4\u20135 black feathers up to 8 cm long . head is brown to dark olive - buff , variably streaked black ; upperparts , . . .\nc and s philippine is ( samar , biliran , leyte , negros , siquijor , bohol , mindanao and basilan ) .\nfjelds\u00e5 , j . ( 2018 ) . south philippine hawk - eagle ( nisaetus pinskeri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nclark , w . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . north philippine hawk - eagle ( nisaetus philippensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nvery little is known about the biology of the philippine hawk - eagle , possibly due to its habit of perching in the canopy , concealed with foliage ( 4 ) . however , it soars frequently , and its presence is often revealed by its distinctive two - note call given in flight or while perched ( 4 ) . whilst its diet has not been recorded , like other birds of prey it is likely to use its powerful , hooked bill and long , sharp talons to kill a variety of forest animals .\nvery little is known about the biology of the philippine hawk - eagle , possibly due to its habit of perching in the canopy , concealed with foliage ( 4 ) . however , it soars frequently , and its presence is often revealed by its distinctive two - note call given in flight or while perched ( 4 ) . whilst its diet has not been recorded , like other birds of prey it is likely to use its powerful , hooked bill and long , sharp talons to kill a variety of forest animals .\n( occurring on the southern philippine islands and only recently recognised ) is very similar , but has ochraceous - tawny throat and breast , and plain brownish belly and underwing coverts .\nimportant references : birdlife international . 2000 . threatened birds of the world . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain , and birdlife international , cambridge , uk . clark , w . s . 1994 . philippine hawk - eagle . p . 204 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .\ndependent on forests in which to forage and breed , the philippine hawk - eagle is likely to be threatened by habitat destruction throughout its predominantly lowland range ( 7 ) . forest cover in the philippines has been drastically reduced ; for example , on mindanao , only 29 percent of the forest cover remains , while on bohol just six percent is still standing ( 8 ) . these remnant forest patches continue to be cleared , with most remaining forests being leased to logging concessions or covered by mining applications , the acceptance of which would give companies the right to clear forests ( 8 ) . the impact of habitat loss is being compounded by significant hunting and trapping pressure ( 7 ) .\ndependent on forests in which to forage and breed , the philippine hawk - eagle is likely to be threatened by habitat destruction throughout its predominantly lowland range ( 7 ) . forest cover in the philippines has been drastically reduced ; for example , on mindanao , only 29 percent of the forest cover remains , while on bohol just six percent is still standing ( 8 ) . these remnant forest patches continue to be cleared , with most remaining forests being leased to logging concessions or covered by mining applications , the acceptance of which would give companies the right to clear forests ( 8 ) . the impact of habitat loss is being compounded by significant hunting and trapping pressure ( 7 ) .\nthis newly - split forest eagle qualifies as endangered because its very small population , of which the majority is in two main subpopulations , is undergoing a continuing and very rapid decline owing to lowland forest loss , exacerbated by hunting and trade .\ngamauf a , gjershaug jo , rov n , kvaly k and haring e ( 2005 ) .\nspecies or subspecies ? the dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some south - east asian hawk - eagles ( genus spizaetus )\n. bird conservation international 15 : 99\u2013117 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0959270905000080 .\ngamauf , a . , gjershaug , j . o . , rfv , n . , kvalfy , k . and haring , e . ( 2005 ) species or subspecies ? the dilemma of taxonomic ranking of some south - east asian hawk - eagles ( genus spizaetus ) . bird conservation international , 15 : 99 - 117 .\nconservation : birdlife international does not accept the separation of southern philippine populations as n . pinskeri , but designates the combined populations as vulnerable . as treated here , the separate species should probably be classified as endangered . both taxa are suffering from continuing habitat loss in many parts of their respective ranges and also from hunting and trapping pressure ( birdlife international 2009 ) .\npopulation estimates : ferguson - lees and christie ( 2001 ) estimated the global population of the n . philippensis , including the populations now assigned to n . pinskeri , as being in the range of 1 , 001 to 10 , 000 individuals . gamauf et al . ( 2005 ) pointed out that splitting the hawk - eagle populations of the philippines into two species would lead to lower estimates of their respective population sizes , which they estimated at 200 - 220 pairs for n . philippensis on luzon and 320 - 340 pairs for n . pinskeri on mindanao ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . birdlife international ( 2009 ) concluded that this leads to a global population estimate for the combined populations of 1 , 000 to 2 , 500 individuals .\ntraditionally thought to form a species - group with n . nipalensis , n . bartelsi , n . alboniger ( with n . nanus ) and n . lanceolatus . recent genetic data , however , suggested that present species and n . lanceolatus are closer to n . cirrhatus # r . until recently , n philippine populations considered inseparable from c & s ones , but recently described form pinskeri ( see below ) now recognized as full species . monotypic .\n65 - 70 cm . medium - sized eagle with longish , black crest . rufescent - brown crown and face , with fine dark streaks . dark brown upperparts . brown tail with 4 - 5 darker bars . white throat , bordered by dark malars . black mesial stripe . rufous underparts with black streaking . finely barred black - and - white\ntrousers\n. pale iris . in flight , shows broad , rounded wings and well - barred flight feathers . juvenile has white head and underparts , upperparts fringed paler . acquires adult plumage over four years .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nnisaetus philippensis and n . pinskeri ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as n . philippensis following haring et al . ( 2006 ) , which before then was placed in the genus spizaetus following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\nbenstead , p . , bird , j . , lowen , j . , taylor , j . , martin , r & symes , a .\n1999 ) . it is uncommon in the sierra madre lowlands , very scarce on mindoro , and is very probably already extinct on some smaller islands within its former range . in the late 1990s 200 - 220 pairs were estimated to remain on luzon ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) .\nthe species stronghold appears to be luzon where 200 - 220 pairs were estimated in the late 1990s ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . given that rapid declines have presumably continued since then , a preliminary population estimate is of a total of 400 - 600 mature individuals , roughly equating to 600 - 900 individuals . trend justification : deforestation in the philippines is reported to have been very rapid in recent decades , and it is said that the country lost c . 40 % of its forest cover in the 20 years between 1970 and 1990 ( uitamo 1999 ) . data from essc ( environmental science for social change ) suggest that the area of closed - canopy forest in the philippines decreased by c . 44 % between 1987 and 2002 ( walpole 2010 ) . assuming rapid losses of primary forest over the past 56 years , and impacts from hunting and trapping pressure , it is likely that this species has experienced population declines of more than 50 % over the past three generations .\nit inhabits primary , selectively logged and disturbed forest , occasionally frequenting open areas , from the lowlands to lower mountain slopes , almost exclusively below 1 , 000 m . it appears not to tolerate much forest degradation . no migration is known , although unconfirmed reports from the migration funnel of dalton pass ( luzon ) hint at intra - island movements .\ndeforestation for plantation agriculture , livestock and logging throughout its extensive , predominantly lowland range is the chief threat . in 1988 , forest cover was as low as 24 % on luzon , which is likely to be an overestimate , with most lowland forest leased to logging concessions . habitat loss is exacerbated by considerable hunting and trapping pressure .\ncites appendix ii . it has been recorded recently from numerous protected areas , including mts isarog and makiling national parks , the northern sierra madre natural park and bataan natural park / subic bay and recently on mount irid - angilo - binuang of the southern sierra madre in luzon ( j . ibanez\n. 2007 ) , as well as tadao ilocos norte , mt palay palay and mt banahao ( d . allen\n. these sites are legally protected through local government decrees , but the efficacy of this legislation is often unclear and is ineffective at mt malindang and in the southern sierra madre ( d . allen\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nendemic to the philippines , whereit has been recorded on at least 12 islands , including luzon , mindoro , mindanao , negros , samar , basilan , bohol and leyte ( 7 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nbirdlife international . ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . morphological referring to the visible or measurable characteristics of an organism . primary forest forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nkennedy , r . s . , gonzales , p . c . , dickinson , e . c . , miranda jr , h . c . and fisher , t . h . ( 2000 ) a guide to the birds of the philippines . oxford university press , oxford .\nbirdlife international . ( 2003 ) saving asia ' s threatened birds : a guide for government and civil society . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\nauscape international po box 1024 , bowral nsw 25a76 australia tel : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2245 fax : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2715 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 19 )\ngives shrill\nyiep - yiep\nor similar , which is quite different from rising , four - syllable . . .\nforest in lowlands and foothills mostly to 1050 m ( on luzon ) , including selectively logged areas , . . .\nno information available . presumably similar to other members of genus , taking large birds and some mammals . has predilection for concealed . . .\nno information available , although birds with enlarged gonads reported in jan and aerial display ( undescribed ) reported in late mar .\napparently sedentary , although inter - island movements by immatures possible and unconfirmed reports . . .\n. population estimated at 400\u2013600 mature individuals . since 1980 , there . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nasian genus previously included within spizaetus , but recent studies support its recognition as separate from american taxa # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ninhabits mature forest in lowlands and low mountains ; to above 1900 m in montane mossy forest .\nlittle information . probably feeds on birds . perches in concealed locations in canopy , but most often seen at forest edges or soaring over . . .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in negros and panay eba , mindanao and the eastern visayas eba , sulu archipelago eba and siquijor secondary area . cites ii . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 782 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nisaetus philippensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nclements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken\nendemic to the philippines , whereit has been recorded on at least 12 islands , including luzon , mindoro , mindanao , negros , samar , basilan , bohol and leyte ( 7 ) .\ntype for spizaetus philippensis catalog number : usnm 578113 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of birds sex / stage : female ; preparation : skin : whole collector ( s ) : d . rabor year collected : 1963 locality : car - can - mad - lan area , surigao del sur , mindanao , philippines , asia elevation ( m ) : 305 to 640\ntype : preleuthner & gamauf , a . june 1998 . journal of raptor research . 32 ( 2 ) : 126 - 135 .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nthe species stronghold appears to be luzon where 200 - 220 pairs were estimated in the late 1990s ( preleuthner and gamauf 1998 ) . given that rapid declines have presumably continued since then , a preliminary population estimate is of a total of 400 - 600 mature individuals , roughly equating to 600 - 900 individuals .\n. 2012 ) . these sites are legally protected through local government decrees , but the efficacy of this legislation is often unclear and is ineffective at mt malindang and in the southern sierra madre ( d . allen\nits natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nhelbig aj , kocum a , seibold i & braun mj ( 2005 ) a multi - gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles ( aves : accipitriformes ) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 35 ( 1 ) : 147 - 164 pdf\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndistribution : indomalayan . endemic to luzon island , philippines . more . . . .\nmovements : non - migratory , but juveniles disperse from breeding areas ( bildstein 2006 ) .\nhabitat and habits : occurs in forest and advanced second - growth from lowlands to over 1 , 900 m in montane mossy forest ( kennedy et al . 2000 ) . perches in concealed locations in canopy and often soars ( kennedy et al . op cit . ) .\nfood and feeding behavior : prey not recorded ( kennedy et al . 2000 ) .\nbreeding : nest and eggs are undescribed ( kennedy et al . ( 2000 ) .\nharing , e . , k . kval\u00fdy , j . o . gjershaug , and a . gamauf .\nhelbig , a . j . , a . kocum , i . seibold , and m . j . braun ."]}
{"id": 146, "summary": [{"text": "echis coloratus is a venomous viper species endemic to the middle east and egypt .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "common names : painted saw-scaled viper , painted carpet viper , burton 's carpet viper , more . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "echis coloratus", "paragraphs": ["echis colorata g\u00fcnther 1878 echis froenata dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril 1854 : 1449 echis coloratus \u2014 haas 1957 : 83 echis coloratus gasperetti 1988 echis froenatus cherlin & borkin 1990 echis coloratus \u2014 welch 1994 : 57 echis coloratus \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 378 echis coloratus \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 echis coloratus \u2014 pook et al . 2009 echis coloratus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 255\nvapaguide - biomedical database - terrestrial snakes , vipers - echis spp . - echis coloratus\nechis omanensis babocsay 2004 echis colorata \u2014 boulenger , 1887 : 408 echis coloratus \u2014 boulenger 1896 : 507 echis coloratus \u2014 arnold & gallagher 1977 : 69 echis coloratus \u2014 joger 1984 : 46 ( part . ) echis coloratus \u2014 gasperetti 1988 : 348 echis froenatus \u2014 cherlin 1990 : 203 ( part . ) echis omanensis \u2014 gardner 2004 echis omanensis \u2014 dobiey 2005 echis omanensis \u2014 pook et al . 2009 echis omanensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 256\nechis multisquamatus echis multisquamatus echis multisquamatus a gravid female of echis male and female from southern uzbekistan near border with afganistan ( around sherebat ) . multisquamatus .\nechis pyramidum leakeyi echis pyramidum lucidus echis pyramidum lucidus echis pyramidum leakeyi lake baringo , kenya biskra , algeria egypt archer\u00b4s post , kenya ( photo : j . hale\u0161 )\n. . . echis ( toxicoa ) hughesi e . hughesi ? e . coloratus echis ( turanechis ) ' ' froenatus\n( = coloratus ) e . coloratus e . coloratus babocsay ( 2003 babocsay ( , 2004 ) : e . coloratus coloratus e . coloratus terraesanctae e . omanensis e . omanensis 2003 , 2004 ) . as yet , there has been no comprehensive attempt to address the phylogeny and systematics of the complex using molecular markers . . . .\nfainaru et al . 1974 : 5 echis coloratus bites ( identification of the species by indirect criteria : the accident occurred within the distribution area of echis coloratus and the patients displayed impaired coagulation ) .\ntreatment of envenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw scaled viper ) : a decision tree .\nhabitat of echis c . coloratus habitat of echis c . coloratus male of echis c . coloratus echis pyramidum leakeyi , from israel in elat in southern arava valley from southern arava valley near maikona ( northern , ( copyright : g . babocsay ) in israel ( copyright : g . babocsay ) in israel ( copyright : g . babocsay ) kenya )\nechis s . sochureki - male echis s . sochureki - male e . s . sochureki - female echis s . sochureki pakistan pakistan pakistan pakistan\nlehmann , m . 1980 . haltung und nachzucht von echis carinatus leakeyi x echis coloratus . herpetofauna 2 ( 4 ) : 32 - 34 - get paper here\ntreatment of envenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw scaled viper ) : a decision tree . - pubmed - ncbi\nechis pyramidum leakeyi echis pyramidum leakeyi phenotypically echis pyr . echis s . sochureki - female archer\u00b4s post , kenya archer\u00b4s post , kenya aliaborri , but geographically pakistan f1 generation - juvenil f1 generation - juvenil echis pyr . leakeyi - laisamis north - central kenya . nmk 0 / 2160\nenvenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw - scaled viper ) : a review of the literature and indications for treatment .\na new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eas . . .\na copulation of a typical coloration and pattern of echis multisquamatus echis cf . megalocephalus echis pyramidum lucidus ( this specimen is from sherebat , uzbekistan ) ( after dobiey et vogel , 2007 ) ginda , erithrea . after me until revision only echis p . pyramidum .\nlehmann , m . 1987 . the arabic sawscaled viper , echis coloratus . litteratura serpentium 7 ( 6 ) : 258 - 266 - get paper here\nenvenomation by echis coloratus ( mid - east saw - scaled viper ) : a review of the literature and indications for treatment . - pubmed - ncbi\nsaudi arabia annobil 1993a : 7 echis coloratus bites in children ; identification : morphological . 5 children reached hospital within 6 h , 2 within 18 h .\ntwo subspecies of palestine saw - scaled viper have been described : echis coloratus coloratus and echis coloratus terraesanctae ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . e . c . terraesanctae differs from e . c . coloratus in its colour , patterning , number of scales , and relatively larger eyes ( 7 ) . the palestine saw - scaled viper is very similar in appearance to the recently described oman saw - scaled viper ( echis omanensis ) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . it also resembles the widespread saw - scaled viper ( echis carinatus ) , but is slightly stockier and more colourful ( 6 ) .\nisrael porath et al . 1992 : 68 echis coloratus bites ; identification : morphological or indirect criteria ( the accident occurred within the distribution area of echis coloratus and the patients displayed impaired coagulation ) . this retrospective study included patients from two hospitals in jerusalem and one hospital in beer - sheva ( time period 1970\u20131989 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - palestine saw - scaled viper ( echis coloratus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - palestine saw - scaled viper ( echis coloratus )\ntitle =\narkive species - palestine saw - scaled viper ( echis coloratus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhemipenes of locality of echis pyramidum locality of echis pyramidum young specimen of echis pyramidum echis pyramidum near north horr in northern kenya in archer \u00b4s post ( kenya ) leakeyi from kula mawe ( kenya ) , from kenya note red coloration and a large supraoculars ( like e . p . aliaborri ) .\n. . . distribution of the genus echis , which are small - to medium - sized vipers , extends across open and xeric formations from africa north of the equator , to the arabian peninsula , and south and east to sri lanka and india . the israeli haplotypes represent populations described as echis coloratus terraesanctae in the negev and judean deserts and the parapatric echis coloratus coloratus in the arava ( dead to red sea ) , and sinai regions ( babocsay , 2003 ) . the palestine saw - scaled viper is found mostly in rocky terrain in deserts . . . .\ntsairi , h . & bouskila , a . 2004 . ambush site selection of a desert snake ( echis coloratus ) . herpetologica 60 ( 1 ) : 13 - 23 - get paper here\ndescribed as less irritable than echis carinatus , but will aggressively defend itself when disturbed .\nechis multisquamatus ( adult ) . southern uzbekistan near border with afganistan ( around scherebat )\nsmith , h . m . 1976 . comments on echis coloratus dumeril , bibron and dumeril , 1854 ( reptilia ) . bull . zool . nomenclature 32 ( 4 ) : 199 - get paper here\nbabocsay , g . 2004 . a new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eastern arabia . systematics and biodiversity 1 ( 4 ) : 503\u2013514\nbabocsay , g . ( 2003 ) geographic variation in echis coloratus ( viperidae , ophidia ) in the levant with the description of a new subspecies . zoology in the middle east , 29 : 13 - 32 .\nbabocsay , g . 2004 . a new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eastern arabia . systematics and biodiversity 1 ( 4 ) : 503\u2013514 .\nbabocsay , g . 2003 . geographic variation in echis coloratus ( viperidae , ophidia ) in the levant with the description of a new subspecies . zoology in the middle east 29 : 13 - 32 - get paper here\nbabocsay , g . ( 2004 ) a new species of saw - scaled viper of the echis coloratus complex ( ophidia : viperidae ) from oman , eastern arabia . systematics and biodiversity , 1 ( 4 ) : 503 - 514 .\n8 . elisa analysis of the contents of a vesicle that was removed 40 h after the bite detected 9 ng / ml echis coloratus venom ( tilbury et al . 1987 ; immunological detection by r . d . g . theakston ) .\nyosef , reuven ; juan ramirez roman , and piotr zduniak 2012 . habitat choice of palestine saw - scaled viper ( echis coloratus ) in an extreme environment . journal of herpetology 46 ( 4 ) : 671 - 674 . - get paper here\nvenomous ! taxonomy : note that echis froenatus dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril was suppressed by opinion 1176 ( iczn 1981 ) . definition : echis omanensis has a longer tail with higher subcaudal counts ; the lower prenasal scale is often missing and the upper prenasal is frequently fused with the nasal ; the subnasal is often missing or fused with the nasal . the gular scales between the chin - shield and the preventrals are round or only slightly elongate , not elongate as in echis coloratus , andtheir number is higher . other differences in characters of the gular area indicate a different scale structure of the ventral surface of the head . the new species is allopatric or parapatric with e . coloratus , but sympatric with echis carinatus sochureki .\nvenomous ! distribution : erroneously reported from socotra . see distribution map in babocsay ( 2003 ) . populations from united arab emirates ( uae ) have been described as e . omanensis , hence e . coloratus does not occur in the uae . reports from n oman are now considered as e . omanensis . similar species : may be confused with echis omanensis babocsay 2004 . the main differences between echis omanensis and echis coloratus involve the gular scales under the head being rounder and more numerous in the new species . the tail is longer , with more sub - caudal scales , and there are differences in some of the scales around thenostrilsandinthepatternof darkgreyblotcheson the head , back and flanks .\none of the paratypes of echis\ncarinatus\naliaborri ( wajir , kenya ) . ( copyright : b . drewes )\nstimson , a . f . 1974 . echis coloratus g\u00fcnther 1878 ( reptilia , serpentes ) : proposed validation under the plenary powers . z . n . ( s . ) 2064 . bull . zool . nomenclature 31 ( 4 ) : 223 - 224 . - get paper here\nopinion 1176 1981 . echis colorata [ sic ] guenther , 1878 ( reptilia ; serpentes ) given nomenclatural precedence over echis froenata [ sic ] dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril , 1854 . bull . zool . nomenclature 38 ( 2 ) : 110 - 111 . - get paper here\ntreatment summary echis bites cause moderate to severe , potentially lethal envenoming , requiring urgent assessment & treatment , including iv fluids , iv antivenom and good wound care .\ncoloratus : nw arabia , s levant ( sinai ) , wadi arava ) , egypt ( east of nile ) , jordan . type locality : jebel sharr , midian , arabia , elevation 4 , 500 ft .\nenvenomation by echis coloratus causes a transient hemostatic failure . systemic symptoms , hypotension and evident bleeding are rare , with only one reported fatality . in this paper , we examine the decision to treat victims of echis coloratus by a specific horse antiserum . the decision model considers the mortality of treated and untreated envenomation , and the side effects of antiserum treatment : fatal anaphylaxis , serum sickness and increased risk of death after a possible repeated exposure to horse antiserum in the future . the results of the analysis are not sensitive to variations in the probability of side effects of antiserum treatment . they are sensitive to variations in the risk of bleeding after envenomation , in the degree of reduction of this risk by antiserum treatment and in the risk of dying after an event of bleeding . prompt administration of antiserum appears to be the treatment of choice if it reduces the risk of bleeding from 23 . 6 % to 20 . 3 % and if 1 . 6 % or more of the bleeding events are fatal . we conclude that presently available data support antiserum treatment of victims of echis coloratus who present with hemostatic failure , even though the advantage imparted by this treatment appears to be small .\njoger , u . & courage , k . 1999 . are palearctic \u2018rattlesnakes\u2019 ( echis and cerastes ) monophyletic ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 65 - 81\na study of 353 museum specimens of the echis coloratus complex from its entire range of distribution revealed an undescribed species in the united arab emirates and northern oman . the results of upgma clustering and principal co - ordinate analysis of 138 male and 142 female specimens yielded for both sexes two major clusters , one with specimens from the uae and northern oman and one from . . . [ show full abstract ]\nnumbers of vipers are limited in some the same area as on the previous el wak ( kenya ) . echis pyramidum lucidus from areas due to a periodical floods . around photograph in a wet season vipers may be found egypt with very short head . the garissa in a dry season ( august , 2005 ) , ( november , 2006 ) . the locality of under the limestones vipers are very polymorphic in this a locality of echis pyramidum . echis pyramidum ( kenya ) . around a road ( see character . it is an adult female . right side of a pict . )\nlike other vipers , the palestine saw - scaled viper ( echis coloratus ) is a venomous snake with a relatively short , stocky body , a wide head , vertical pupils and heavily keeled scales ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . it receives its common name from its defensive display , in which the scales are rubbed together by drawing opposing coils of the body against each other , producing a loud rasping or sawing sound ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\ncherlin , v . a . 1990 . taxonomic revision of the snake genus echis ( viperidae ) . ii . an analysis of taxonomy and description of new forms [ in russian ] . proc . zool . institute leningrad 207 : 193 - 223\nspecies in the genus echis are responsible for the greatest proportion of all snake bite fatalities in humans . as these vipers often live in close proximity to humans and will bite with little provocation , they are considered to be among the world\u2019s most dangerous snakes ( 5 ) ( 11 ) .\npook , catharine e . ; ulrich joger , nikolaus st\u00fcmpel , wolfgang w\u00fcster 2009 . when continents collide : phylogeny , historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus echis ( squamata : serpentes : viperidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 ( 3 ) : 792 - 807 - get paper here\npook , c . e . , joger , u . , stumpel , n . and wuster , w . 2009 . when continents collide : phylogeny , historical biogeography and systematics of the medically important viper genus echis ( squamata : serpentes : viperidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 53 ( 3 ) : 792 - 807 .\nantivenoms arabian echis , rogoff medical research institute , tel aviv , israel ( porath et al . 1992 ) ; near and middle east , pasteur , france ( annobil 1993a ) . studies no controlled clinical antivenom study available . data on efficacy of antivenom in porath et al . 1992 . indications for antivenom not defined in the study of porath et al . 1992 ; see below for recommendations . dose administered doses not specified in the study of porath et al . 1992 . efficacy\nadministration of arabian echis , rogoff medical research institute , at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) decreased the duration of the haemostatic defect and reduced the risk of thrombopaenia and anaemia . it is therefore recommended that monovalent antivenom be administered if slight or marked bleeding , anaemia , azotaemia , thrombopaenia or proteinuria are present or local swelling increases rapidly within 1 h after the bite ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\nterraesanctae : israel , jordan . type locality : ma\u2019ale efrayim , samaria , cisjordan .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nal - quran , s . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the southern jordan . american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 [ this journal has a dubious record , see urltoken\nalshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia . herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) - get paper here\nalshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) : 1021\u20131029 - get paper here\nbar , aviad and guy haimovitch 2012 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of israel . pazbar ltd , 246 pp . - get paper here\ncarranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here\ncorkill , n . l . and cochrane , j . a . 1966 . the snakes of the arabian peninsula and socotra . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 475 - 506 ( 1965 ) - get paper here\ndisi , a . m . ; modry , d . ; necas , p . & rifai , l . 2001 . amphibians and reptiles of the hashemite kingdom of jordan . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 408 pp .\ndobiey , m . 2005 . zwei neue sandrasselottern . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 10 ( 51 ) : 14 - 15 - get paper here\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , bibron , g . & dum\u00e9ril , a . h . a . , 1854 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles . tome septi\u00e8me . deuxi\u00e8me partie , comprenant l ' histoire des serpents venimeux . paris , librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret : i - xii + 781 - 1536 - get paper here\negan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia . motivate publishing , dubai , 208 pp .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1878 . on reptiles from midian collected by major burton . proc . zool . soc . london 1878 : 977 - 978 - get paper here\nhaas , georg 1957 . some amphibians and reptiles from arabia . proc . cal . acad . sci . 29 ( 3 ) : 47 - 86 - get paper here\nherrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . ; lenk , p . & wink , m . 1999 . morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines : conflicting evidence ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 21 - 30 - get paper here\njongbloed , m . 2000 . field guide to the reptiles and amphibians of the uae - wild about reptiles . barkers trident communications , 116 pp .\nleviton , a . e . ; anderson , s . c . ; adler , k . ; minton , s . a . 1992 . handbook to middle east amphibians and reptiles . ssar , oxford , ohio ( contr . to herpetol . no . 8 ) , 1 - 252\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nmilto , konstantin d . 2017 . new records of reptiles on the red sea coast , egypt , with notes on zoogeography russ . j . herpetol . 24 ( 1 ) : 11 - 21 - get paper here\nphelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]\nr\u00f6sler , herbert and wolfgang wranik 2017 . untersuchungen und beobachtungen zur herpetofauna des jemen jemen - report jg . 48 ( 1 / 2 )\nschmidt , k . p . & marx , h . 1956 . the herpetology of sinai . fieldiana 39 ( 4 ) : 21 - 40 - get paper here\nsindaco , roberto ; riccardo nincheri , benedetto lanza 2014 . catalogue of arabian reptiles in the collections of the \u201cla specola\u201d museum , florence . scripta herpetologica . studies on amphibians and reptiles in honour of benedetto lanza : pp . 137 - 164 - get paper here\nvan der kooij , jeroen 2001 . the herpetofauna of the sultanate of oman : part 4 : the terrestrial snakes . podarcis 2 ( 2 ) : 54 - 64\nvenchi , alberto and roberto sindaco 2006 . annotated checklist of the reptiles of the mediterranean countries , with keys to species identification . part 2 - snakes ( reptilia , serpentes ) . annali del museo civico di storia naturale\ng . doria\n, genova , xcviii : 259 - 364\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nin case of an accident with venomous animals there can be a problem to find a holding centre of an indicated antivenom close to the site of the accident . the intention of mavin is to assist solving this problem . holding centres of antivenoms can use mavin by comparing a summary of the current status given here against the actual status of their stock and using in case of an update a preformed datasheet .\nall information is intended for use only by competent healthcare and safety professionals and should be utilized in conjunction with pertinent clinical or situational data . as between you and poison centre munich , you assume full responsibility for ensuring the appropriate use and reliance upon the information . this version of mavin was created by martin ganzert , norbert felgenhauer and florian eyer . copyright 2016 . poison centre munich . all rights reserved .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper is named after its defensive display , in which the scales are rubbed together to produce a sawing sound .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper\u2019s fangs may be replaced many times throughout its life .\na venomous species , the palestine saw - scaled viper and its close relatives are considered to be among the world\u2019s most dangerous snakes .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper is unusual among vipers in laying eggs rather than giving birth to live young .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper is usually grey , brown or brownish - red , with a lighter underside and with a pattern of large , light pinkish or greyish blotches or cross - bands along the back ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . the blotches may have a darker outline , and may contain shades of light grey or blue ( 7 ) . the upper side of the palestine saw - scaled viper\u2019s head is usually brown , with a lighter \u2018x\u2019 shaped marking and a darker grey streak that runs from the corner of the mouth to the eye ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\narabian saw - scaled viper , burton\u2019s carpet viper , mid - east saw - scaled viper , painted carpet viper , painted saw - scaled viper .\nlike other vipers , the palestine saw - scaled viper has relatively long , hollow fangs that can be folded against the roof of the mouth when not in use ( 5 ) . the fangs of vipers are generally longer than those of other snakes , allowing venom to be injected deeper into their prey . the fangs may be replaced at numerous times throughout the snake\u2019s life as new fangs develop at the back of the mouth and replace old ones that are shed ( 11 ) .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper is active either at night or at dawn and dusk ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . like other vipers , it is likely to hunt its prey using a sit - and - wait technique , aided by camouflaging body markings that conceal the snake from its prey ( 11 ) .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper has been reported to feed on small mammals , frogs , toads , birds , lizards and large invertebrates ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . in some areas , it has a habit of perching on bushes or trees close to water , with the head pointed upwards , suggesting that it may hunt birds coming in to rest or drink ( 8 ) . once a viper has struck its prey , it usually withdraws immediately ( 12 ) and then follows its prey using chemical cues until its venom has immobilised the victim ( 11 ) .\nthe majority of viper species give birth to live young ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . however , the palestine saw - scaled viper is somewhat unusual in laying eggs ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , usually producing six to ten eggs per clutch ( 2 ) .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper occurs across egypt , the middle east and the arabian peninsula , including israel , jordan , saudi arabia , yemen , northern oman and the united arab emirates ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . in egypt , it occurs east of the river nile ( 1 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe subspecies e . c . terraesanctae is restricted to israel and jordan ( 1 ) ( 7 ) .\nlike many viper species ( 9 ) ( 10 ) , the palestine saw - scaled viper inhabits rocky , arid areas ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . it avoids sandy habitats , preferring rocky or hard terrain ( 8 ) , and is often found near sources of water ( 4 ) .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper has been recorded at elevations of up to 2 , 000 metres in the southern sinai peninsula ( 4 ) .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper has yet to be classified by the iucn .\nthe palestine saw - scaled viper is not currently known to be facing any major threats .\nalthough its global conservation status has not yet been assessed , the palestine saw - scaled viper has been classified as least concern ( lc ) in the mediterranean region according to iucn criteria ( 13 ) .\nthere are not known to be any specific conservation measures currently in place for this venomous snake .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\no\u2019shea , m . ( 2008 ) venomous snakes of the world . new holland publishers , london .\ncloudsley - thompson , j . l . ( 1999 ) the diversity of amphibians and reptiles : an introduction . springer - verlag , berlin and heidelberg .\nbaha el din , s . ( 2006 ) a guide to the reptiles and amphibians of egypt . american university in cairo press , cairo .\nhalliday , t . and adler , k . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians . oxford university press , oxford .\nvine , p . ( 1996 ) natural emirates : wildlife and environment of the united arab emirates . trident press , london .\nbellairs , a . a . and attridge , j . ( 1975 ) reptiles . hutchinson university library , london .\nzug , g . r . , vitt , l . j . and caldwell , j . p . ( 2001 ) herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles . second edition . academic press , san diego , california .\nstafford , p . ( 2000 ) snakes . the natural history museum , london .\nbellairs , a . a . ( 1969 ) the life of reptiles . volume 1 . weidenfeld & nicolson , london .\ncox , n . , chanson , j . and stuart , s . ( 2006 ) the status and distribution of reptiles and amphibians of the mediterranean basin . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nisr j med sci . 1993 apr ; 29 ( 4 ) : 239 - 50 .\ndepartment of community medicine , faculty of health sciences , ben - gurion university of the negev , beer sheva , israel .\ndepartment of medicine , hadassah university hospital , mt scopus , jerusalem , israel .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nvomiting 4 / 7 , arterial hypotension 4 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .\nlocal pain 5 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . local swelling is presented as the most important clinical sign that injection of venom has taken place ; necrosis can occur ( porath et al . 1992 ) . local swelling 5 / 5 , in some cases the entire bitten extremity was swollen . subcutaneous bleeding in the region of the swelling 3 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . local swelling 7 / 7 , blisters and ecchymosis in the region of the swelling 7 / 7 , necrosis 1 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .\nbleeding at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . in most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) : minor systemic bleeding ( spontaneous subcutaneous bleeding and bleeding from the mucous membranes , microhaematuria ) 19 / 68 , marked systemic bleeding ( gastrointestinal and soft tissue haemorrhage , macrohaematuria ) 9 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) . gingival bleeding 1 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . microhaematuria 2 / 3 ( annobil 1993a ) .\necg changes ( see below ) ( primary cardiac effect of the venom ? ) ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . normal ecg 7 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .\noliguria ( < 200 ml within the first 24 h after the bite ) 2 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . transient anuria 2 / 7 , acute kidney failure 1 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) . secondary in the context of hypotensive episodes or disseminated\nduration of hospitalisation on average 6 . 3 \u00b1 4 . 1 days ( porath et al . 1992 ) , for 6 children between 5 and 11 days , for 1 child 78 days ( debridement of necrosis ,\nanaemia , limited renal function ( acute renal failure ) ( tilbury et al . 1987 , porath et al . 1992 , annobil 1993a ) .\n1 fatality in israel ( mann 1978 , including autopsy findings ) . haemostatic defect with haemorrhaging , renal failure . no antivenom was administered . according to mann ( 1978 ) , the only published case since 1918 , mentioned by flower ( 1933 ) . according to porath et al . ( 1992 ) this continues to be the only published fatality known .\ndisseminated intravascular coagulation induced by direct activation of prothrombin and reactive ( secondary ) hyperfibrinolysis ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . thrombopaenia ( porath et al . 1992 ) . little intravascular fibrin deposition ( this is reflected in the low incidence of acute renal failure . transient impairment of kidney function is nonetheless an indication that such processes could play a role ) . fibrin clearance appears to be very efficient . haemorrhagic activity is present , which together with\nin this overview , the deviations from normal are recorded for those haemostasis para - meters only , for which good evidence is documented in the literature .\nct , pt , ptt : impaired coagulation ( 67 / 68 ) , with an arbitrary cut - off between\nnormal\nand\nimpaired\ncoagulation of pt < 50 % and ptt > 60 s . on average it took 2 . 8 \u00b1 1 . 7 days for coagulation to be restored according to these criteria ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\nct , pt ) between 6 and 48 h after the bite 5 / 5 . restoration of\ncoagulability ( clot formation ) on the 3rd day after the bite 2 / 5 , on the 4th day 2 / 5 and on the 5th day 1 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . pt and ptt \u2191 ( > 120\u2013180 s ) 3 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) . incoagulable blood (\nct , pt ) 3 h after the bite ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .\nplatelets : at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) : 155 , 000 \u00b1 86 , 000 / mm 3 ; < 100 , 000 / mm 3 : 14 / 68 . during hospitalisation ( minimum ) : 114 , 000 \u00b1 68 , 000 / mm 3 ; < 100 , 000 / mm 3 : 25 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\n< 100 , 000 / mm 3 1 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) . < 200 , 000 / mm 3 1 / 7 ( 15 , 000 / mm 3 ) ( annobil 1993a ) . minimum 16 , 000 / mm 3 62 h after the bite ( tilbury et al . 1987 ) . 50 , 000 / mm 3 ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .\nfibrinogen : undetectable during the 1st day after the bite : 3 / 5 , minimum 20 mg % : 1 / 5 , minimum 58 mg % : 1 / 5 . start of fibrinogen decrease 3\u20136 h after the bite 5 / 5 . increase in fibrinogen from the 2nd day after the bite 5 / 5 . normal values 5\u201310 days after the bite 5 / 5 ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .\nfibrinogen < 1 g / l ( 3 / 7 , all 3 had pt and ptt \u2191 ) , fibrinogen > 1 g / l and < 2 g / l ( 2 / 7 ) ( annobil 1993a ) .\nfibrinogen before administration of antivenom 0 mg / 100 ml ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .\nfactors v , ii , vii , x : course similar to that of fibrinogen . factors ii , vii and x were less severely decreased than factor v ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .\nfsp : increased in 3 / 5 patients ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .\n> 320 and < 640 \u03bcg / ml ( tilbury et al . 1987 ) . 360 \u03bcg / ml ( yatziv et al . 1974 ) .\n2 . leucocytes at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) : 10 , 800 \u00b1 4 , 300 / mm 3 ( porath et al . 1992 ) . > 11 , 000 / mm 3 5 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .\n3 . haemoglobin at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) : 14 . 1 \u00b1 1 . 9 g / 100 ml , < 10 g / 10 ml ( 2 / 68 ) . during hospitalisation ( minimum ) : 12 . 2 \u00b1 2 . 4 g / 100 ml , < 10 g / 100 ml ( 9 / 68 ) ( porath et al . 1992 ) . < 10 g / 100 ml 4 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .\n4 . urea at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) : 6 . 4 \u00b1 3 . 4 mmol / l . during hospitalisation ( maximum ) : 8 . 0 \u00b1 5 . 7 mmol / l ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\n5 . proteinuria , albuminuria at the time of hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) : 34 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) . albuminuria 2 / 7 ( annobil 1993a ) .\n6 . ecg ecg changes 3 / 5 , of whom 2 / 3 with transient st / t changes , 1 / 3 with atrial extrasystole ( fainaru et al . 1974 ) .\n7 . kidney biopsy after acute renal failure histological characteristics of acute tubular necrosis , glomerular mesangial proliferation and acute interstitial nephritis ( the patient had a history of recurrent renal colic , and there was a stone in the inferior pole of the right kidney ) ( tilbury et al . 1987 ) .\nimmobilisation of the bitten extremity 68 / 68 ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\nffp 24 / 68 . one of these patients died 5 years later of aids , and the blood plasma transfusion represented the only known risk of infection . administration of ffp directly upon hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) represented the only variable at the time of hospitalisation that predicted ( logistic regression analysis ) urea levels of \u22659 mmol / l on subsequent investigations and that was associated with a 5 - fold higher risk of azotaemia . however , the study design ( retrospective , no control groups , small number of patients ) limits the significance of these results ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\nblisters were opened and emptied in order to avoid further absorption of venom from the contents of the blisters ( annobil 1993a ) .\nwith regard to the haemostatic effect : administration of antivenom directly upon hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) represented the only variable at the time of hospitalisation that predicted ( logistic regression analysis ) platelet counts of \u2265100 , 000 / mm 3 on subsequent investigations and that reduced the risk of thrombopaenia by 76 % . however , the study design ( retrospective , no control groups , small number of patients ) limits the significance of these results ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\nwith regard to haemoglobin : administration of antivenom directly upon hospitalisation ( i . e . for most of the retrospectively studied patients 2\u20133 h after the bite ) represented the only variable at the time of hospitalisation that predicted ( logistic regression analysis ) haemoglobin levels of \u226510 g / 100 ml on subsequent investigations and that reduced the risk of anaemia by 87 % . however , the study design ( retrospective , no control groups , small number of patients ) limits the significance of these results ( porath et al . 1992 ) .\nno details of adverse reactions in the study of porath et al . 1992 .\nevaluation of the risk of fatal bleeding in a decision model supported the indication for antivenom administration in all patients with haemostatic failure ( gilon et al . 1989 ) .\ntype locality : wadi as siji , region of masafi ( 25\u00b018\u2019 n , 56\u00b010\u2019 e ) , united arab emirates .\narnold , e . n . , & gallagher , m . d . 1977 . reptiles and amphibians from the mountains of northern oman . in : the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1975 . j . of oman stud . spec . rept . ( no . 1 ) : 59 - 80 .\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . a list of the reptiles and batrachians obtained near muscat , arabia , and presented to the british museum by surgeon - major a . s . g . jayakar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 20 : 407 - 408 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum , vol . 3 . london ( taylor & francis ) , xiv + 727 pp . - get paper here\ngardner , a . s . 2009 . mapping the terrestrial reptile distributions in oman and the united arab emirates . zookeys 31 : 165\u2013177 - get paper here\ngardner , drew . 2004 . a new species of viper described from the uae and northern oman . tribulus : journal of the emirates natural history group 14 ( 2 ) : 32 - get paper here\ngasperetti , j . 1988 . snakes of arabia . fauna of saudi arabia 9 : 169 - 450\ngrossmann , w . , t . kowalski , b . m . zwanzig & h . - j . zilger 2012 . erg\u00e4nzende herpetologische beobachtungen auf dem saiq - plateau und im jebel al - akhdar , sultanat oman . sauria 34 ( 4 ) : 3 - 18 - get paper here\ngrossmann , wolfgang ; bernd - michael zwanzig , thomas kowalski & hans - ju\u0308rgen zilger 2013 . weitere erga\u0308nzende herpetologische beobachtungen auf dem saiq - plateau und im jebel al - akhdar , sultanat oman . sauria 35 ( 3 ) : 23\u201331 - get paper here\njoger , u . 1984 . the venomous snakes of the near and middle east . beihefte zum t\u00fcbinger atlas des vorderen orients , a 12 . dr . ludwig reichert verlag , wiesbaden .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n0 to 2600 meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\nurutu or yarara parker ' s pit viper andean pit viper terciopelo * barba amarilla * caissaca * barbour ' s pit viper barnett ' s pit viper bocourt ' s pit viper amazonian tree - viper brazil ' s pit viper st . lucia pit viper cotiara dunn ' s pit viper fonseca ' s pit viper godmann ' s pit viper island jararaca jararaca jararacussu fer - de - lance lansberg ' s hog nose viper yellow - lined pit viper black - tailed pit viper hog - nosed pit viper jararaca pintada or wied ' s lance - head black spotted pit viper jumping viper western hog - nosed pit viper peruvian pit viper piraja ' s pit viper , jararacucu eyelash viper yucatan pit viper\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\ngeneral shape small in length , cylindrical and moderately slender bodied snake with very short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 83 metres . head is broad , flat and pear shaped when viewed from above and distinct from neck . snout is short and broad . canthus is indistinct . eyes are medium in size with vertically elliptical pupils . head scales are keeled . dorsal scales are dull , strongly keeled and imbricate with apical pits . lower lateral body scales are markedly serrated . ventrals are rounded .\nhabitat desert areas mainly in dry rocky hillside and mountain terrain with widely scattered vegetation up to about 1500 metres . tends to avoid loose sand areas\nhabits terrestrial and nocturnal , uses sidewinding locomotion , and avoids the summer heat by sheltering deeper into their burrows . if disturbed it assumes an s - shaped coil position and rubs the sides of the body together making a rasping sound . very nervous , irritable and aggressive disposition , quick to strike at the slightest provocation and does not try to escape .\ndescription : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\nantivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nuetz , p . , freed , p . and ho\u0161ek , j . ( eds ) . 2018 . the reptile database . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 06 february 2018 ) .\nwilms , t . , al rasbi , k . j . m . & els , j .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide range and lack of significant threats . the species may be expanding its range where irrigation projects occur .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern al hajar mountain complex of oman and the united arab emirates ( egan 2007 ) . the animals are seldom found above 800 m asl .\nthis nocturnal species is found in mountain valleys and surrounding rocky terrain . animals are common in wadis with or without water . the diet consists of small vertebrates . they are presumably oviparous .\nactivities in the species ' range include coastal development , and water yielding wadis being used for recreational means - however the species is considered to be resilient and non - specific in its habitat requirements , so there are not believed to be any threats to the species as a whole .\nit is present in some protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , natural history , and threats to this little - known species .\n0 . root - > 6 . rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) suitability : suitable\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\nbranch , w . , egan , d . and edmonds , j . 2008 . proceedings of the 9th conservation workshop for the fauna of arabia : conservation status of the terrestrial snakes of the arabian peninsula . breeding centre for endangered arabian wildlife .\negan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia : a field guide to the snakes of the arabian peninsula and its shores . motivate publishing , dubai .\niucn . 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2012 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 17 october 2012 ) .\nst\u00fcmpel , n . and joger , u . 2009 . recent advances in phylogeny and taxonomy of near and middle eastern vipers - an update . zookeys 31 : 179 - 191 .\nwilms , t . , al rasbi , k . j . m . & els , j . 2012 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . moreover , within the biodiversity hotspot of the mediterranean basin ( myers et al . 2000 ) the coastal levant is relatively reptile - species rich ( b\u00f6hm et al . 2013 ) . this is partly due to the local herpetofaunal knowledge having advanced in recent decades through research ( werner 1968werner , 2004werner , 2007 kark et al . 1997 ; werner et al . 1999 werner et al . , 2006 babocsay 2003 ; baha el din 2007 ; perry 2012 perry , 2012 ) and reviews ( hurvitz et al . 1980 ; werner 1982 werner , 1988 werner , 1995 werner , 1998 sivan and werner 1992 ; amr et al . 1994 ; amitai and bouskila 2001 ; disi 2002 disi , 2011 hraoui - bloquet et al . 2002 ; baha el din s 2006 ; amr and disi 2011 ) . we equate species and subspecies as ' operational taxonomic units ' , or taxa . . . ."]}
{"id": 147, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus ) , also known as the eastern native cat , is a medium-sized carnivorous dasyurid marsupial native to australia .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "they are widespread and even locally common in tasmania .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they have been considered extinct on the mainland since the 1960s , but efforts are being made to reintroduce them .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is one of six extant species of quolls . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eastern quoll", "paragraphs": ["the largest species of quoll is the spotted - tail quoll ( also called the tiger quoll ) , the smallest is the northern quoll .\nthe eastern quoll is extinct on the mainland and has declined rapidly across tasmania .\nthe eastern quoll is also known as an eastern native cat . this medium - sized quoll is now extinct in mainland australia , but is widespread in tasmania . unlike all other quolls , the eastern quoll only has four toes on its hind feet .\nvictorian eastern quoll specimens - where light meets dark ( www . wherelightmeetsdark . com )\ns3 table . mean values of all parameters measured using praat for eastern quoll vocalisations .\nthe 4 species are the spotted tailed quoll found along the east coast , the western quoll found in southern western australia , the eastern quoll found only in tasmania and the northern quoll found in tropical north queensland .\nthe eastern quoll is largely solitary . it hunts and scavenges , feeding largely on insects .\nspotted - tail quoll ( also called tiger quoll ) near threatened . the largest species of quoll . found in southeast australia and tasmania . a separate subspecies is found in eastern queensland .\n( photo of 2005 mainland eastern quoll specimen copyright 2005 paul mervin . used with permission . )\nby 1963 the last eastern quoll ever seen on mainland australia would be found dead on the road .\nat the same time newspaper reports were beginning to appear , describing the disappearance of the eastern quoll .\nfancourt ba , hawkins ce , nicol sc . evidence of rapid population decline of the eastern quoll (\n\u201cthis discovery raises the possibility that the eastern quoll may still exist in regions such as barrington tops , \u201d dr eldridge said . \u201chopefully , the mainland eastern quoll has been given a second chance . \u201d\nfor these reasons , the eastern , spotted - tail and northern quoll are all listed nationally as endangered , and the western quoll is listed as vulnerable .\nhowever , there appears to be a population of eastern quolls living in the state of victoria . victoria is within the eastern quoll\u2019s historical range on the mainland .\nthe eastern quoll is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ns1 video . dynamic weather model , showing monthly variation in eastern quoll core habitat from 1950 to 2012 .\nan eastern quoll caught and collared for research in the tasmanian midlands . photo rowena hamer . behaviour / ecology\nthere are several species of quoll\u2013 the new guinea quoll , the bronze quoll . the western quoll , the northern quoll , and the tiger quoll . quolls are sometimes referred to as \u201cnative cats\u201d or \u201cmarsupial martens . \u201d i find the latter to be a more accurate description of their ecological niche and appearance .\nwe now hold some of the last remaining threatened species populations on the mainland of australia , including the mainland eastern barred bandicoot , red bellied pademelon and eastern quoll .\na northern quoll . photo jiri lochman / lochman transparencies . we have four species of quoll in australia :\nthe western quoll used to be found in 70 % of australia , but is now only found in a small area in southwest australia . it is the second - largest quoll . the western quoll is similar to the eastern quoll but has five toes on its hind feet .\neastern quoll numbers declined as unfavourable weather conditions reduced the amount of environmentally suitable habitat across tasmania ( grey shading ) .\ns1 fig . the predicted range of the eastern quoll in tasmania as determined by the long - term climate model .\nconsultation document on listing eligibility and conservation actions dasyurus viverrinus ( eastern quoll ) ( pdf - 287 . 15 kb ) consultation document on listing eligibility and conservation actions dasyurus viverrinus ( eastern quoll ) ( docx - 115 . 56 kb )\nin tasmania , the eastern quoll has a widespread but patchy distribution ( 1 ) , being most common in the drier eastern half of the island ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\ns1 table . correlation matrices for the eight climatic variables used in weather models for the eastern quoll in tasmania ( 1950\u20132009 ) .\nearth sanctuaries limited , 2000 .\neastern quoll\n( on - line ) . accessed 11 / 25 / 00 at urltoken .\nbut that\u2019s what\u2019s left of the eastern quoll on the australian mainland , but there do continue to be lots of sightings of them .\nnorthern quoll : endangered . found in separate colonies in northern parts of western australia and the northern territory , and in eastern queensland .\nin a little more than 60 years from its initial population plunge , the eastern quoll would be extinct across its entire former mainland range .\nmt rothwell is the largest predator free ecosystem in victoria . the property is exclusively managed for the conservation of some of australia\u2019s most threatened faunal species , including the eastern barred bandicoot ( ebb ) and eastern quoll .\nmap of tasmania showing spatial distribution of changes in mean index of eastern quoll abundance ( ai ) by region over the 10 years to 2009 , as recorded in annual spotlight surveys , overlaid onto the predicted core habitat distribution for the eastern quoll as defined by the binary weather model .\na quoll\u2019s fur can range in colour from brown to black . its coat is dotted with lighter patches . the spotted - tailed quoll is the only quoll species that also has spots on its tail .\nthere is quite a large size difference between quoll species . the smallest australian quoll is the northern quoll , the largest the spotted - tailed quoll . northern quolls are the size of kittens , whereas tiger quolls are the size of full - grown cats or small dogs .\nrob brewster , who heads rewilding australia , said the park represented the habitat that typified the last strongholds of the eastern quoll on the mainland .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus )\ntitle =\narkive species - eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na nocturnal species , the eastern quoll shelters in a den by day , usually in an underground burrow , fallen log or rock pile ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the eastern quoll is mainly terrestrial , moving across the ground with a bounding gait and only occasionally climbing ( 3 ) .\nthe spotted - tailed quoll is also known as the tiger quoll . it is the largest quoll , and the only one to have spots on its tail . there are two subspecies of tiger quoll . dasyurus maculatus maculatus is found in southeast australia , and dasyurus maculatus gracilis is found in east queensland .\nestablished in august 2014 , the australian quoll conservancy is australia\u2019s newest conservation group . the aqc is dedicated to the conservation of all four of australia\u2019s quoll species , particularly the race \u201cgracilis\u201d of the spotted tailed quoll in north qld .\nparks and wildlife service of tasmania , october 20 , 1997 .\neastern quoll\n( on - line ) . accessed november 25 , 2000 at urltoken .\nskin samples taken from the specimen by staff at oeh were sent to australian museum researchers who conducted genetic testing to compare known mainland and tasmanian eastern quoll specimens .\nthe tasmanian experience demonstrates that if nsw and victoria are ever to reintroduce the eastern quoll , at least on a landscape scale , we must first reintroduce the devil - in a hope that a healthy devil population would suppress cat and perhaps fox numbers , allowing the eastern quoll to have a chance to survive in the wild .\nmaybe one day we\u2019ll find a genuine relict population of eastern quolls on the mainland .\nin september 2008 museum victoria released an article describing two eastern quoll specimens which had been collected as roadkill near mount rothwell conservation and research centre , west of melbourne .\nthe eastern quoll is classed as vulnerable under federal legislation , but is not listed under tasmanian state legislation . further details can be found at our threatened species site .\nby 2006 , mt rothwell manager paul mervin estimates over 500 eastern quolls had born in captivity across all mainland sanctuaries breeding eastern quolls . without exception , all captive - bred eastern quolls were the more common fawn colour despite some sanctuaries even pairing two black quolls together .\nthe eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus ) is a boldly spotted 1 kg carnivorous marsupial that was once common throughout the open forests and woodlands of south - eastern australia , before the introduction of red foxes saw the species disappear from the mainland between 1900 and 1960 .\nfurther recommended conservation measures for the eastern quoll include the control of fox populations ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , and the tasmanian government is now undertaking a fox eradication programme ( 7 ) . suggestions have also been made to re - introduce the eastern quoll into parts of the mainland where red foxes are controlled ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .\nin eastern australia . journal of zoology . 2006 ; 268 ( 4 ) : 347\u201354 .\nthe eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus ) is a medium sized carnivorous marsupial ( figures 1 & 2 ) . mainland populations were once distributed from south australia to queensland but are now presumed extinct , mainly due to fox predation . in tasmania eastern quolls are still common .\nlike the spotted - tail quoll , the eastern quoll is an opportunistic carnivore that takes live prey and scavenges . the eastern quoll is an impressive hunter , taking small mammals such as rabbits , mice and rats . they can also be quite bold when competing with the larger tasmanian devil for food . eastern quolls sometimes scavenge morsels of food from around feeding devils . however , the main component of its diet is invertebrates , especially agricultural pests such as the cockchafer beetle and corbie grub . carrion and some fruits are also eaten .\nthe last confirmed specimen of the eastern quoll on the australian mainland was from nielsen park , vaucluse in sydney dating from 1963 , and is now held by the australian museum .\nwe\u2019ll have a closer look at the 6 species of quoll further down the page .\ntemporal variation in area of environmentally suitable habitat and quoll abundance from 1990 to 2009 .\ndespite its larger size , the spotted - tailed quoll still treads an ecological tightrope .\nlong - term conservation efforts mean the future is looking brighter for the western quoll .\nthis ' trophic cascade ' of events ; whereby the damage to an ecosystems top order predator impacts on other species within the environment , now threatens the survival of the eastern quoll in tasmania . if devil numbers do not recover , and perhaps even if they do , then the decimation of the eastern quoll and its eventual extinction may mirror the mainland experience .\ndr todd soderquist , threatened species officer of the office of environment and heritage , said , \u201creports of eastern quolls still occur in nsw occasionally , but most are likely to be mistaken identification of the larger spotted - tailed quoll . a confirmed record of an eastern quoll is extremely important in focusing our surveys toward areas where unverified yet promising identifications have occurred .\none of the australian quolls is the eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus ) . it is currently found only in tasmania , but its range once included much of the southeastern australian mainland .\nweather - defined species distribution models for the eastern quoll in tasmania , showing ( a ) habitat suitability ( logistic output ) and ( b ) core distribution ( binary output ) .\neastern quolls face an uphill battle to recover after climate change drove wild populations closer to extinction .\ns2 fig . response curves of eastern quolls for each of the modelled weather variables in tasmania .\nfigure 2 . a litter of six month old juvenile captive eastern quolls in a nest box .\nthe last \u201cnative\u201d mainland eastern quoll died in sydney in 1963 . these little marsupials , though called \u201cnative cats , \u201d are thought to have suffered greatly when foxes were introduced to australia . foxes readily kill them , and because tasmania has been fox free up until very recently . it was thought that this was why the eastern quoll has been able to thrive there .\njagoe , m . , talune wildlife park , koala gardens . july 28 , 2000 .\neastern quoll\n( on - line ) . accessed november 25 , 2000 at urltoken .\nfigure 3 . image of a tail hair plucked from an eastern quoll . dna is collected from cells which were part of the hair follicle - not the actual shaft of the hair .\nthe western quoll , for instance , was once found across 70 % of australia . it\u2019s now only found in the far south - west of western australia . the eastern quoll , once widespread in south - east australia , has been extinct on the mainland since the 1960s .\nthe quoll is mainly nocturnal , and tends to stay in its den during the day .\nthe new guinean quoll ( dasyurus albopunctatus ) lives in the forests of northern new guinea .\nthe northern quoll is the smallest species of quoll . all quolls have relatively short life spans , and the male northern quoll are particularly short - lived . in some areas , all adult male northern quolls die after the breeding season , leaving only female quolls and their young .\nthere are six species of quoll . four are found in australia and / or tasmania , the other two are found in new guinea . the six species of quoll are listed below .\nthe only species of quoll to have a full pouch is the tiger quoll . the other species have folds of skin on their undersides which develop into a pouch during the breeding season .\nonce found across much of south - eastern australia , the eastern quoll is now found only in tasmania . disease is thought to be responsible for a sudden crash in mainland populations in the early 1900s , although foxes , cats , rabbits , poisoning and persecution have all been linked to their decline .\n\u201cthis exciting discovery indicates that the eastern quoll survived for decades longer on the mainland than previously thought , \u201d dr mark eldridge , principal research scientist at the australian museum research institute ( amri ) .\nplease contact the australian quoll conservancy should you require further information on network , rescue and research .\nthe endangered northern quoll has been virtually wiped out from areas since the arrival of cane toads .\nthe last eastern quoll on the australian mainland is thought to have been killed around 1963 , although there have been unconfirmed sightings since ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . the factors that caused the eastern quoll to become extinct on the mainland are not well known ( 1 ) , but may have included predation by and competition with introduced carnivores such as red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) and feral cats , as well as disease transmitted from these non - native species . the eastern quoll was also hunted in the past , and has been persecuted as it may sometimes prey on domestic poultry ( 3 ) .\nthe eastern quoll is also vulnerable to mortality on roads ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , with an increase in traffic speed resulting in an increase in the number of quolls killed ( 1 ) . although the biology of the eastern quoll is fairly well known , its precise habitat requirements , distribution , abundance and diseases are less well understood ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe eastern quoll ( or native cat , as it is sometimes called ) has two colour phases - - ginger - brown or black , both with white spots on the body but not the tail .\nbronwyn fancourt has spent four years researching the causes of the decline of eastern quoll in tasmania . the following is a brief summary of the extremely enlightening presentation she gave to the bruny island community recently .\nthe eastern quoll has not been confirmed on mainland australia since 1963 when the last one died in sydney , nsw . prior to this the species ' distribution extended from south - east south australia , through most of victoria , along the eastern seaboard of new south wales and possibly into south - east queensland .\nthe eastern quoll\u2019s persistence in tasmania decades after it disappeared from the mainland suggests tasmania is a far safer place for eastern quolls and offers them the best chance to recover . removing them from a relatively safe place and reintroducing them to high - risk mainland sites filled with dingoes , foxes and toxic fox baits could actually hinder , not help , their recovery . for example , while baiting foxes may reduce the threat from foxes , it takes less than half of one fox bait to kill an adult female eastern quoll .\n\u201cdna based analysis indicated that the new eastern quoll specimen was most similar to specimens from mainland australia and not tasmania , \u201d dr greta frankham of the australian centre for wildlife genomics at the australian museum confirmed .\neastern and northern tasmania . population undergoing significant decline . numbers in the low thousands . extinct in former range on mainland in south and east . last mainland sighting was in neilson park in eastern sydney in the 1960s .\nthe eastern quoll once occurred across southeast australia , from south australia , through victoria to the central coast of new south wales ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . however , after reductions of between 50 and 90 percent in its historical range , the eastern quoll now exists in the wild only in tasmania and on the nearby bruny island , where it may have been introduced ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe male eastern quoll is larger than the female ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . both sexes have a long body , short legs , a narrow head with a tapering snout , and erect ears that have rounded tips ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . compared to the closely related spotted - tailed quoll ( dasyurus maculatus ) , the eastern quoll is slighter in build and has a more pointed muzzle ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , and is also distinguished by the lack of spots on its tail ( 2 ) .\nthe spotted - tailed quoll can eat medium - sized birds and mammals , such as possums and rabbits . smaller quoll species eat insects , reptiles , frogs , birds\u2019 eggs , small birds and mammals .\ndespite their mainland demise , eastern quolls continued to thrive in tasmania \u2013 until recently . across tasmania , quoll numbers declined by more than 50 % in the 10 years to 2009 and show no sign of recovery .\nthe answer to yesterday\u2019s \u201cwhat is the species ? \u201d is an eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus ) . the one in the photo above is a darker phase than the one in the photo that asked the question .\nlindenmayer said the park was one of the last strongholds for the endangered eastern bristlebird and also contained rare vegetation .\neastern quolls were released into the sanctuary from 2002 through to 2006 . all captive - bred eastern quolls during this time were tagged with microchips . as eastern quolls are able to breed in their first year , the first\nwild born\nquolls ( within the sanctuary ) would have arrived in 2003 and these would not have received microchips .\na collaborative effort between the office of environment and heritage and the australian museum has confirmed the discovery of an eastern quoll specimen from barrington tops , raising hopes that the species may not be extinct in new south wales .\nmale eastern quolls are about the size of a small domestic cat averaging 60 cm in length and 1 . 3 kg in weight ; females are slightly smaller . they have thick , soft fur that is coloured fawn , brown or black . small white spots cover the body except for the bushy tail which may have a white tip . compared to the related spotted - tail quoll , the eastern quoll is slightly built with a pointed muzzle .\ni hope we can mitigate some of the issues have that have really harmed the quoll of two colors .\nthere are 6 species of quoll ; 4 are found in australia , 2 are found in new guinea .\ncitation : dorph a , mcdonald pg ( 2017 ) the acoustic repertoire and behavioural context of the vocalisations of a nocturnal dasyurid , the eastern quoll ( dasyurus viverrinus ) . plos one 12 ( 7 ) : e0179337 . urltoken\nthe reintroduction comes after the earlier release of the eastern bettong in 2012 , after a similar mainland extinction around 1900 .\nwith the frequency of extreme weather events predicted to increase over coming decades , the future for eastern quolls looks uncertain .\nthe diaries and newspaper reports left for us by the australian ' s in the 19th century depict a land where the quoll was in great abundance . stories of quolls in peoples kitchens , chook yards , the local church , and everywhere in between were a regular theme . advertisements offering eastern quoll skin rugs and waist coasts were even found in city newspapers , and up until the 1890s it seemed that the quoll wasn ' t going anywhere .\nquolls are carnivorous , which means they eat meat . the larger the quoll , the larger its potential prey . smaller quoll species eat insects , worms , frogs , lizards and small mammals . the tiger quoll also eats larger animals such as possums , rabbits and hares . quolls will also eat carrion , fruit and grass .\ndiagnosing species decline : a contextual review of threats , causes and future directions for management and conservation of the eastern quoll . wildlife research . 43 : 197 - 211 . ( fancourt , b . a . , 2016 ) .\nwhatever the truth is ; either the fox , poisoning and shooting , an epidemic , or perhaps a combination of these factors , resuted in the eastern quoll becoming exceedingly rare in most parts of mainland australia from about 1900 onward .\nalthough the new specimen could be identified as an eastern quoll , it was not initially clear whether it derived from a local barrington tops population or was an escapee from captive animals of tasmanian origin , where a population has survived .\nthe northern quoll is rated \u2018endangered\u2019 on the iucn red list . the other 5 species are rated \u2018near threatened\u2019 .\n\u2018quoll\u2019 is an aboriginal name . captain cook saw quolls in 1770 , and heard local people using the name .\nit is doubtful we will ever have answers to most of these questions and with eastern quoll sighting reports being forwarded to wlmd from a number of locations in nsw , there may well be other populations persisting in small pockets of wilderness .\ntwo dead eastern quolls were collected in 2008 - one in june and the other in september . both were found by local wildlife carer raylene reynolds and forwarded to museum victoria . ms reynolds reported having seen quolls feeding beside the road previously , where these two specimens were found . the location is also close to where one eastern quoll was found in 2005 .\nthe federal government , which has voiced its determination to tackle the threat feral cats pose to native species , is holding a threatened species summit in july to discuss , among other things , the reintroduction of animals such as the eastern quoll .\nfancourt ba , hawkins ce , cameron ez , jones me , nicol sc ( 2015 ) devil declines and catastrophic cascades : is mesopredator release of feral cats inhibiting recovery of the eastern quoll ? plos one 10 : e0119303 . pmid : 25760348\nsome quolls can climb high into trees to capture prey , including tree - roosting sleeping birds . northern quolls are the smallest , most aggressive and most arboreal ( tree - based ) of all quoll species , eastern quolls are the least .\na mainland population may still exist , but if it does , it is very small and fragmented . the most recent sighting of the mainland eastern quoll was in 2006 , so it is worth exploring to see if they are still out there .\naitkin lm , nelson je , shepherd rk . development of hearing and vocalization in a marsupial , the northern quoll ,\nthe quoll is a carnivorous marsupial . it is easily recognised by its distinctive pale spots . the quoll is native to australia and new guinea . it is threatened by habitat loss and the spread of invasive species ( in particular the cane toad ) . this page contains quoll facts for kids and adults , and is part of our australian animals series .\ngrowing up to 125cm ( including a long tail ) and 5kg , the spotted - tail quoll ( or tiger quoll ) is now the largest native carnivore left on the mainland ( excluding dingoes ) . the northern quoll is the smallest of the quolls , with males weighing around 1kg ( females are appreciably smaller ) \u2013 the size of a small kitten .\nfancourt , b . a . ( 2016 ) . diagnosing species decline : a contextual review of threats , causes and future directions for management and conservation of the eastern quoll . wildlife research . 43 : 197 - 211 . available from : urltoken .\nin this study , we tested the hypothesis that the recent decline of the eastern quoll in tasmania is due to short - term variation in climatic variables . we built sdms for the species using both long - term climate means and short - term weather variables , and we compared the predictions of the area of suitable habitat from the weather model with an index of range - wide abundance of the quoll from standardised transect counts . we made four predictions : ( 1 ) climatic variables would provide meaningful predictions of habitat suitability for the eastern quoll ; ( 2 ) weather sdms using short - term spatially and temporally explicit weather data would perform better than climate sdms that use long - term climatic means ; ( 3 ) weather sdms would predict a reduction in the amount of suitable habitat corresponding to the period of decline in quoll abundance , and quoll declines would be greatest in regions with lowest mean habitat suitability ; and ( 4 ) predicted habitat suitability would exhibit a positive relationship with quoll abundance .\nfancourt ba , hawkins ce , cameron ez , jones m , nicol sc . devil decline and catastrophic cascades : is mesopredator release of feral cats inhibiting recovery of the eastern quoll ? plos one . 2015 ; 10 ( 3 ) : e0119303 . pmid : 25760348\nfive eastern quolls have been released into a woodland sanctuary in canberra ' s north , decades after they were last seen in the wild .\nwhat has now become clear is that tasmanian devils were suppressing feral cat numbers at levels that allowed eastern quolls to persist in the environment .\nif these are descendants then how long have eastern quolls survived outside the sanctuary ? have they developed specific adaptive behaviours to cope with their environment ? have they interacted with predators , and in particular foxes ? ( the red fox , vulpes vulpes has recently been introduced into the island state of tasmania - the eastern quoll ' s last stronghold - and may have contributed to their extinction on the mainland . )\naitkin lm , nelson je , shepherd rk . hearing , vocalization and the external ear of a marsupial , the northern quoll ,\nbronwyn recommends that an insurance population ( or captive breeding ) of quolls be established to supplement other quoll populations across mainland tasmania .\nwe protect quoll habitat , by maintaining native vegetation and conserving hollow logs . our fire management helps preserve quoll habitat and important habitat features , while our feral predator management , aimed at fox and cat control , also reduces competition and the pressure of predation .\nthe eastern quoll breeds in the early winter , between may and august ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , with the young being born after a gestation period of around 21 days ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . there may be up to 30 young in each litter , but the pouch of the female eastern quoll usually contains only 6 teats . this means that the only young to survive are those that can attach themselves to the teats in order to feed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe eastern quoll once lived in eastern australia and tasmania . today , its thought to exist only in tasmania . apparently , it could not survive competition with and predation from feral cats and then succumbed to predation by foxes . it was also widely poisoned because it was viewed to be threat to poultry . it tends to live in areas very close to farming enterprises , so it is possible that the quoll took the odd chicken . it is also possible that all of these pressures combined with a disease that finally extirpated them from the mainland .\na taxidermied specimen was recently handed over to the national parks and wildlife service in gloucester by a local resident , who reported it to be collected as a road kill on barrington tops in 1989 . staff at npws were excited to realise the specimen was an eastern quoll .\nmainland australia\u2019s largest marsupial carnivore , the spotted - tailed quoll , is a creature now verging on the mythical . populations plummeted within decades of european settlement in their forest habitats along australia\u2019s eastern seaboard and in tasmania , where they are second in size only to the tasmanian devil .\nthe eastern quoll was once widespread across south - eastern australia . it disappeared from the mainland in the 1960s . today , it is only found in the wild in tasmania , but does exist in a mainland safe haven in victoria . it is mostly solitary and is active at night : hunting for prey such as insects , small mammals , birds and reptiles . eastern quolls have a thick coat , which can be either fawn or black , with white spots . both fawn and black young can be born in the same litter . fawn quolls are much more common .\nalthough considered to be widespread and relatively common in tasmania ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , the eastern quoll is now believed to be undergoing a rapid decline ( 6 ) . the recent introduction of the red fox to tasmania is likely to present the most significant threat to the eastern quoll there ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) , although it may also face threats from habitat clearance , poisoning by insecticides , illegal persecution , and predation by and competition with feral cats ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nferal cats are well suited to taking prey that quolls eat , the direct competition potentially forcing the eastern quoll from its habitat . dogs , roadkills from collision with vehicles , and illegal poisoning or trapping by poultry owners are also causing declines . the species is wholly protected by law .\ninterestingly , while weather conditions have since improved , eastern quolls have not recovered . with their numbers pushed so low , the remaining small populations can no longer breed faster than other threats kill them off . historically , when quoll numbers were higher , they could cope with these threats .\nwhile the young eastern quolls are being cared for by the female , their mortality rate is low . however , after weaning the young tend to disperse , and mortality is high during the first few months of independent life ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the eastern quoll reaches sexual maturity within its first year , and may live for around three to five years in the wild ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nfancourt , b . ( 2011 ) in search of disappearing eastern quolls . paws newsletter , foundation for national parks & wildlife . available at : urltoken\nassociation between seroprevalence of t . gondii igg antibodies in eastern quolls at cradle mountain and the square - root transformed number of eastern quolls captured 2 months later ( y = 2 . 552\u20130 . 022\u00d7 ) . each data point represents a single trapping / sampling session between may 2011 and july 2013 .\nnewspaper reports become less numerous as the decades pass . by 1948 , when an eastern quoll turned up in kew , near melbourne , it seems that most people in victoria haven ' t seen a quoll for 30 years . quolls were still being reported and collected around the suburbs of sydney , which suggests that perhaps the eastern quolls final mainland strongholds were those areas of bushland protected from foxes by the less penetrable city fringes , may have slowed the now ubiquitous urban fox population . it may have also been a barrier to the poisoning of quolls , which would have regularly occurred in more rural areas , or acted as a barrier to whatever epidemic may have struck the quoll at the turn of the century .\nthe eastern quoll is one of australia\u2019s few remaining carnivorous marsupials . it belongs to the same family grouping as the tasmanian devil , antechinus and dunnarts and is a protected species under the nature conservation act 2002 . once present across south - eastern australia , it is now considered extinct on the mainland . many factors are thought to be linked with its extinction , including foxes , poisons , cane toads , habitat loss , disease and persecution .\nwe have demonstrated that the distribution and abundance of the eastern quoll appear to be correlated with changes in short - term weather variables . temporally explicit sdms related unfavourable weather conditions to a sudden decline in both distribution of core habitat and quoll abundance . however , while improved weather conditions predicted a subsequent recovery in suitable habitat , quoll abundance did not recover . this suggests that the recent decline in abundance is not a short - term fluctuation , and that some unmeasured factor ( s ) is continuing to suppress quoll populations and inhibit their recovery . we suggest that while the causal agents continue to operate unchecked , ongoing declines may lead to an increased extinction risk . further research is required to identify these agents .\nspotted - tailed quoll view full size creator : \u00a9 houghton library , harvard university , ms typ 55 . 12 ( fol . 8 )\nnow , with the sanctuary ' s permission , where light meets dark would like to report two further eastern quolls discovered in the same vicinity in 2005 .\neastern quolls can be seen in all but the narawntapu range national park and the arthur river area . they are common in mt . field national park .\neastern quolls survived in tasmania but have not been seen on the mainland since 1963 ; they eat insects , fruit and animal carcasses . photograph : rob brewster\nwe\u2019re proud to have two species of quoll on our reserves and partnerships . spotted - tail quolls are present on our tasmanian reserves , and the northern quoll is commonly recorded in the uunguu ipa ( our wunambal gaambera partnership ) , and has been caught on camera at carnarvon station reserve .\nquolls are classed as an \u2018endangered species\u2019 . the quoll population as been on the decline due to habitat loss and competition from cats and foxes .\nthe eastern quoll tends to live alone , foraging mainly for invertebrates such as beetle larvae and corbie grubs ( oncopera spp . ) . however , it is an opportunistic carnivore and will also hunt small mammals such as rabbits , mice and rats , as well as birds , lizards and snakes . it also scavenges on larger prey and occasionally feeds on grass and fruits ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the eastern quoll may even compete with the larger tasmanian devil ( sarcophilus harrisii ) for food , darting around its kills to take small pieces of flesh ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nto conserve the eastern quoll , the changes to its range and population density in tasmania need to be monitored . the reasons behind its decline and its extinction on the australian mainland also need to be better understood in order for management plans and habitat conservation measures to be put in place ( 1 ) .\nthis small marsupial may also benefit from the protection and maintenance of suitable habitat , as well as measures to reduce road kills ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the eastern quoll is fully protected by law , and is listed under a range of national and regional legislation ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nit was thought that with the commencement of baiting for foxes , and the potential for wild dogs to also be destroyed via uptake of the baits , combined with the demise of the devils , that the eastern quoll would fare well , having a greater share of resources available when scavenging through the bush .\nour smallest and most endangered quoll once occurred across northern australia , from eastern queensland to the west australian pilbara . but over the last century , it has disappeared from vast areas , while numbers have crashed in many others , probably due to the effects of pastoralism , changed fire regimes and feral cats .\ngrey shading represents the total area of core habitat across all 12 months for each year ( left axis ) as given by the independent binary weather model . width of shading indicates variability of suitable area within each year ( lower and upper bounds of shading represent the months with the lowest and highest amounts of suitable habitat respectively ) . black dots represent the quoll abundance index ( ai ) , being the total number of eastern quoll sightings recorded in annual spotlight surveys across all transects ( n = 147 ) surveyed every year from 1990 to 2009 inclusive ( right axis ) [ 7 ] . arrows indicate ( a ) identified changepoint in mean quoll ai , and ( b ) identified changepoint in relationship between area of suitable habitat and quoll ai .\neastern quolls are nocturnal and only occasionally forage or bask during daylight . during the day they sleep in nests made under rocks in underground burrows or fallen logs .\nwhile meeting international criteria for being considered endangered , there has been reluctance to add the eastern quoll to the state threatened species listing . exactly what is causing the decline is being investigated , but otherwise there are no management plans for the species in its last refuge . as an insurance policy , captive populations of eastern quolls should be established in zoos and in larger fenced sanctuaries , in case they are lost from the wild before the cause of their decline is discovered .\nin light of this finding , all potential sightings of eastern quolls in nsw over the last 40 years are being re - assessed for credibility by oeh . in addition , as part of the nsw government\u2019s $ 100 million saving our species program , surveys for eastern quolls are being designed to confirm whether any remnant populations survive .\nlittle is known about the quolls of new guinea . the bronze quoll ( dasyurus spartacus ) lives in the savanna and grasslands of southern new guinea .\nfancourt ba , bateman bl , vanderwal j , nicol sc , hawkins ce , jones m , et al . testing the role of climate change in species decline : is the eastern quoll a victim of a change in the weather . plos one . 2015 ; 10 ( 6 ) : e0129420 . pmid : 26106887\ncitation : fancourt ba , bateman bl , vanderwal j , nicol sc , hawkins ce , jones me , et al . ( 2015 ) testing the role of climate change in species decline : is the eastern quoll a victim of a change in the weather ? plos one 10 ( 6 ) : e0129420 . urltoken\neastern quolls once lived in southeastern australia , tasmania , kangaroo island , and king island ( nowak , 1991 ) . they were last seen in the sydney suburb of vaucluse in the 1960 ' s and are now extinct from the australian mainland . eastern quolls are still common in tasmania ( parks and wildlife service of tasmania 1997 ) .\nthe eastern quoll is a medium - sized carnivorous marsupial with thick , soft fur that is fawn , brown or black and covered in small white spots , except on the tail ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the tail is long and bushy , and sometimes has a white tip ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nbronwyn concluded that unfavourable weather conditions in the early 2000s contributed to the initial dramatic decline of the eastern quoll across tasmania , and that their numbers have fallen below a critical threshold . thus , faced with ongoing predation pressure , particularly of juvenile quolls by feral cats , their numbers on mainland tasmania are too small to recover without assistance .\nthe quoll has ridges on the bottom of its feet to help it climb . it is unable to use its long tail to grip onto branches as monkeys do .\nquolls have a naturally short life span . smaller species live only for around 2 years and larger species , like the spotted tailed quoll , 4 \u2013 5 years .\nmt rothwell sanctuary is a 45 minute car trip west of melbourne . it has been designed as a\nferal - proof enclosure\n, keeping predator species such as foxes , cats and dogs away from the endangered species that live within its boundaries . the sanctuary ' s first eastern quoll breeding season was in 2002 and 50 young were produced .\neastern quolls are set to be released on the australian mainland , 50 years after they were wiped out by a combination of habitat loss and the spread of foxes and feral cats .\nthis species occurs in two distinct colour morphs , the first being fawn with whitish underparts , and the second being black with brownish underparts ( 3 ) . the fawn morph of the eastern quoll is more common , but both can occur in the same litter . both morphs possess the distinctive white spots ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nbronwyn\u2019s research investigated the impacts of climate , the decline in devil numbers , disease ( toxoplasmosis ) and feral cats on the numbers of quolls at several sites across the state . her research provided much insight into the ecology and behaviour of the eastern quoll and the interactions between devils , quolls and feral cats . it is indeed a very complex story .\nthe second largest of australia\u2019s quoll species , the western quoll ( or chuditch ) now occurs naturally only in south - western australia . it was once found across most of the australian mainland , but like other quolls , it declined rapidly following european settlement , mostly due to predation by foxes and cats but with contributions from many other factors .\ncaptive breeding colonies of eastern quoll exist on the mainland and are comprised of animals imported from tasmania . these populations are used for display purposes and are valuable \u201cinsurance colonies\u201d , in case of declines in the wild populations of tasmanian eastern quolls . the mainland captive population was created from only a few animals and as there has been very little input from non - related animals we fear the genetic diversity of the population is extremely low . this inbreeding is likely to limit the long - term viability of the mainland captive populations and hence reduce their value .\neastern quolls prefer areas with low rainfall and cold winters . but an 18 - month period of warm winters and higher seasonal rainfall during 2002 - 03 resulted in most of tasmania becoming unsuitable for eastern quolls . this rapidly drove their numbers down . in fact , the amount of environmentally suitable habitat in this period was lower than at any other time during the previous 60 years .\nmonthly climatic data were obtained at a 0 . 05\u00b0 grid scale ( ~ 5 km x 5 km ) for the period 1947 to 2012 from the australian water availability project ( awap ) [ 40 ] . the spatial resolution of these data was approximately double the maximum home range size for the eastern quoll [ 33 ] and therefore was considered appropriate for this species .\nbronwyn warned that as an island population , eastern quolls on bruny island are very vulnerable to unpredictable events , such as climatic changes ( e . g . wetter and warmer conditions ) or disease outbreaks . in addition , if the number of feral cats increased significantly on north bruny their predation on juvenile quolls could reduce the quoll population , particularly if combined with other unfavourable events .\neastern quolls \u2013 small , fleet - footed and ferocious \u2013 are one of australia\u2019s few surviving marsupial predators . they were once so common in southeast australia that when europeans arrived the quolls were reportedly hyperabundant .\ndespite their mainland demise , eastern quolls continued to thrive in tasmania , until recently . in the 10 years to 2009 , their numbers had fallen by more than 50 % with no sign of recovery .\nthe eastern quoll is one of 20 mammals that the australian government has prioritised resource allocation to support the species recovery effort . this species is a priority for investment as actions may benefit multiple species and there are strong partnerships with the act government and community groups . priority actions which may support the species include establishment of populations in feral - free enclosures and landscape predator control at reintroduction sites .\nbrewster said the release should take place next year . but he said it would be \u201cvery hard\u201d to restore the quoll to its former range unless fox and cat numbers were drastically reduced .\nquolls generally breed during winter . being marsupials , quoll young ( pups ) spend the first part of their lives in a pouch . females have between five and eight pups per litter .\nin addition to the eastern quolls , mt rothwell has had significant success breeding the critically endangered eastern barred bandicoot . it is also home to red - bellied pademelons ( now extinct in the wild on the mainland ) , brush - tailed rock wallabies ( critically endangered in victoria ) , long - nosed potoroos ( vulnerable ) , spotted - tailed quolls ( endangered ) and rufous bettongs ( extinct in victoria ) .\nnorth bruny , however is an interesting case study \u2013 it is one of the few sites across tasmania where quoll numbers have increased in recent years . with its favourable climate and mosaic of open grasslands , woodlands and agricultural pastures , it offers ideal quoll habitat . an increase in abundance is possibly due to improvements in pasture management that now provide better quality feeding and denning habitat .\naustralia\u2019s history is littered with examples where delays and inaction prevented small populations from recovering , with some species now lost forever . the eastern quolls\u2019 fate is not yet sealed . but we have to act now .\nthis study aims to use genetic markers to non - invasively and reliably examine the genetic diversity of a small population of captive eastern quolls at pearcedale conservation park ( pcp ) , victoria . techniques used included :\nthe quoll is around the size of a small cat . its face is pointed , and its mouth is filled with sharp teeth . it has a moist , pink nose and bright eyes .\nchange in ai is calculated as the change in the mean annual number of quoll sightings from 1997\u201399 to 2007\u201309 for each spotlighting region , based on the 150 transects consistently surveyed in each of these two periods [ 7 ] . white circles indicate an increase in ai , black circles indicate a decrease in ai for each region . circle size indicates relative magnitude of absolute increase or decrease in ai , being large circles ( > 6 quoll sightings ) , medium circles ( 3\u20136 sightings ) , and small circles ( < 3 sightings ) . eight regions have been excluded from this analysis , as there were either no eastern quoll detections in the region during the 10 year period ( 7 regions ) , or there was no change in the ai over the 10 year period ( 1 region ) ."]}
{"id": 148, "summary": [{"text": "panoquina panoquin , the salt marsh skipper , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found along the atlantic coast of the united states , from new york south to florida and the florida keys , west along the gulf coast to southern texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 35 \u2013 39 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are dark brown with pointed forewings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are a few pale spots on the upperside of the forewings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the underside of the hindwings has yellow veins and a short white bar at the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to august in two generations in the north and from april to october in three generations in the south .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "in florida , there are multiple generations with adults on wing from february to december .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults feed on the flower nectar of a wide range of plants .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on distichlis spicata . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "panoquina panoquin", "paragraphs": ["species panoquina panoquin - salt marsh skipper - hodges # 4116 - bugguide . net\nforewings are pointed . wings are dark brown . upperside of forewing has a few pale spots . underside of hindwing has yellow veins and a short white bar at the end of the cell .\ntwo broods from may - august in the north ; three broods from april - october in the south ; several broods from february - december in florida .\nnectar from flowers including privet , sweet pepperbush , red clover , gumweed , lippia , salt marsh fleabane , blue mistflower , thistle , and verbena .\nalong the immediate atlantic coast from long island , new york south to florida and the keys ; west along the gulf coast to south texas .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of north america . . . ms , database ( version 2003 )\nongoing developmental version with contributions by don lafontaine , jean - fran\u00e7ois landry , jim troubridge , paul opler , ron hodges , john brown , et al . higher classification does not yet reflect recent and substantial changes that have been published\nother contributing editors : tatiana dominick , donald , r . davis , douglas c . ferguson , john g . franclemont , eugene g . munroe , and jerry a . powell\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 149, "summary": [{"text": "} } angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode ( roundworm ) that causes angiostrongyliasis , the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in southeast asia and the pacific basin .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the nematode commonly resides in the pulmonary arteries of rats , giving it the common name rat lungworm .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "snails are the primary intermediate hosts , where larvae develop until they are infective .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "humans are incidental hosts of this roundworm , and may become infected through ingestion of larvae in raw or undercooked snails or other vectors , or from contaminated water and vegetables .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the larvae are then transported via the blood to the central nervous system , where they are the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis , a serious condition that can lead to death or permanent brain and nerve damage .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "angiostrongyliasis is an infection of increasing public health importance as globalization contributes to the geographic spread of the disease . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "angiostrongylus cantonensis", "paragraphs": ["studies on eosinophilic meningitis . v . molluscan hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis on pacific islands\ntable 2 : rats examined for angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in mu\u00f1oz , nueva ecija .\ntable 3 : snails examined for angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in mu\u00f1oz , nueva ecija .\neosinophilic meningitis in thailand . clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis\nepidemiology of angiostrongylus cantonensis and eosinophilic meningitis in the people ' s republic of china .\nlearn more about how people get infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis in this new motion graphic video .\nlearn more about how to keep from getting infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis in this new motion graphic video .\nthe truncated life - cycle of angiostrongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm , in an accidental ( human ) host .\nfigure 1 : map of mu\u00f1oz , nueva ecija , showing the distribution of angiostrongylus cantonensis infected rats and snails .\nstudies on eosinophilic meningitis . 3 . epidemiologic and clinical observations on pacific islands and the possible etiologic role of angiostrongylus cantonensis\ncross jh . 1987 . public health importance of angiostrongylus cantonensis and its relatives . parasitology today 3 : 367 - 369 .\naguiar , p . , p . morera , j . pascual . 1981 . first record of angiostrongylus cantonensis in cuba .\nangiostrongyliasis , the most common infectious cause of eosinophilic meningitis , results from infection by the parasitic nematode angiostrongylus cantonensis 1 . here , we present a case of eosinophilic meningitis due to a . cantonensis .\nalicata je . 1991 . the discovery of angiostrongylus cantonensis as a cause of human eosinophilic meningitis . parasitology today 7 : 151 - 153 .\nwestern blot analysis for angiostrongylus cantonensis . at left , few bands appear when an acute serum sample was tested against a . cantonensis extract . at right , many bands are present in a convalescent sample , in particular a strong band against specific 31 - kda a . cantonensis antigen ( arrowhead ) , confirming infection with a . cantonensis .\nherwaldt bl . 2012 . angiostrogyliasis ( angiostrongylus cantonensis infection , neurologic angiostrongyliasis ) . centers for disease control and prevention , yellowbook , chapter 3 .\nheyneman d , lim b . 1967 . angiostrongylus cantonensis : proof of direct transmission with its epidemiological implications . science 158 : 1057 - 1058 .\nash lr . diagnostic morphology of the third - stage larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis , angiostrongylus vasorum , aelurostrongylus abstrusus , and anafilaroides rostratus ( nematoda : metastrongyloidea ) . j parasitol . 1970 ; 56 : 249\u2013253 . pmid : 5445821\nthe nematode ( roundworm ) angiostrongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm , is the most common cause of human eosinophilic meningitis . in addition , angiostrongylus ( parastrongylus ) costaricensis is the causal agent of abdominal , or intestinal , angiostrongyliasis .\nangiostrongylus costaricensis causes eosinophilic gastroenteritis and is found in latin america and the caribbean .\nfigure a : angiostrongylus cantonensis third stage ( l3 ) , infective larva , in a wet mount , recovered from a slug . note the terminal projection on the tip of the tail which is characteristic of a . cantonensis .\njitpimolmard , s . , j . kanpittaya , e . mairiang , s . tiamkao . 2000 . mr findings of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis attributed to angiostrongylus cantonensis .\n5 k\u00e4lber und 5 schweine wurden mit angiostrongylus cantonensis infiziert , 3 , 7 , 14 , 28 und 56 tage nach der infektion get\u00f6tet und histologisch untersucht .\nfigure a : angiostrongylus cantonensis third stage ( l3 ) , infective larva recovered from a slug . image captured under differential interference contrast ( dic ) microscopy .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis was first described from rats in china by chen in 1935 12 and placed in the genus pulmonema , as pulmonema cantonensis . the same species was also described a short time later in 1937 as haemostrongylus ratti by yokogawa 13 , who did not realize that it was the same species that had been described already by chen . the genus pulmonema was subsequently synonymized with angiostrongylus and the species name ratti was synonymized with cantonensis . 14 these nomenclatural changes were widely accepted so that the most common and widely used name for the species became angiostrongylus cantonensis .\nfigure 3 . adult female ( left ) and male ( right ) of the rat lungworm , angiostrongylus cantonensis . adapted from mackerras and sandars ( 1955 ) .\nishih , a . , t . lakwo , m . sano , m . terada . 1998 . effects of albendazole against larval and adult angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats .\nfive calves and 5 pigs experimentally infected with larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis were killed 3 , 7 , 14 , 28 , and 56 days after infection and histologically examined .\nto cite this page : syed , s . 2001 .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\n. memorandum on the first report of angiostrongylus in man , by nomura and lin , 1945 .\nangiostrongylus costaricensis eggs and larvae in tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin ( h & e ) .\n9 . luessi f , sollors j , torzewski m . et al . eosinophilic meningitis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis in germany . j travel med . 2009 ; 16 : 292 - 294\na . vitta , r . polseela , s . nateeworanart , and m . tattiyapong , \u201csurvey of angiostrongylus cantonensis in rats and giant african land snails in phitsanulok province , thailand , \u201d\neamsobhana p , yong hs . immunological diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis ( nematoda : angiostrongylidae ) . int j infect dis . 2009 ; 13 : 425\u2013431 . pmid : 19117782\n3 . eamsobhana p , yong hs . immunological diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis ( nematoda : angiostrongylidae ) . int j infect dis . 2009 ; 13 : 425 - 431\ntunel assay in the subarachnoid space and meningeal area of mice infected with a . cantonensis\nash lr . 1976 . observations on the role of mollusks and planarians in the transmission of angiostrongylus cantonensis infection to man in new caledonia . revista de biologia tropical 24 : 163 - 174 .\neamsobhana p . the rat lungworm parastrongylus ( = angiostrongylus ) cantonensis : parasitology , immunology , eosinophilic meningitis , epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis . bangkok : wankaew ( iq ) book center ; 2006 .\nfigure a : angiostrongylus costaricensis eggs in intestinal tissue stained with hematoxylin and eosin ( h & e ) .\nimage : left : angiostrongylus cantonensis third stage ( l3 ) , infective larva recovered from a slug . image captured under differential interference contrast ( dic ) microscopy . right : angiostrongylus adult worm recovered from vitreous humor of a human patient . the bursa is one indication that this is a male worm . the worm is most likely a . cantonensis based on the patient\u2019s geographic location . credit : dpdx\nhochberg ns , park sy , blackburn bg , et al , 2007 . distribution of eosinophilic meningitis cases attributable to angiostrongylus cantonensis , hawaii . emerg infect dis . 13 ( 11 ) : 1675\u201380 view article\n2 . li h , xu f , gu jb , chen xg . a severe eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by infection of angiostrongylus cantonensis . am j trop med hyg . 2008 ; 79 : 568 - 570\nkottwitz jj , perry kk , rose hh , hendrix cm . 2014 . angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in captive geoffroy\u2019s tamarins ( saguinus geoffroyi ) . journal of the american veterinary medical association 245 : 821 - 827 .\nmackerras mj , sandars df . 1955 . the life history of the rat lung - worm , angiostrongylus cantonensis ( chen ) ( nematoda : metastrongylidae ) . australian journal of zoology 3 : 1 - 25 .\ncenter for disease control and prevention , 2004 .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis infection\n( on - line ) . cdc , division of parastitic diseases , parasitic disease information . accessed august 23 , 2004 at urltoken .\nwe appreciate the assistance of wanpen chaicumpa in the confirmation of the diagnosis of a . cantonensis .\nrichards , c . s . , & merritt , j . w . ( 1967 ) . studies on angiostrongylus cantonensis in molluscan intermediate hosts . journal of parasitology , 53 ( 2 ) , 382 - 388 .\nstockdale - walden hd , slapcinsky j , qvarnstrom y , mcintosh a , bishop hs , rosseland b . 2015 . angiostrongylus cantonensis in introduced gastropods in southern florida . journal of parasitology 101 : 156 - 159 .\ncross , j . 2000 .\ncentral nervous system parasites , phasmidea , order : strongylida . angiostrongylus cantonensis\n( on - line ) . atlas of medical parasitology . accessed august 23 , 2004 at urltoken .\nknown gastropod hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis , associated localities and corresponding key references . * references reporting only experimental laboratory infection - no locality is given for such studies . * * references reporting both natural and experimental infection .\nkim jr , hayes ka , yeung nw , cowie rh . 2014 . diverse gastropod hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm , globally and with a focus on the hawaiian islands . plos one 9 : e94969 .\nanderson , d . , l . fitzgerald , c . gardiner , a . gutter , r . harris . 1990 . eosinophilic meningoencephalitis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis as the cause of death in captive non - human primates .\nalicata je . biology and distribution of the rat lungworm , angiostrongylus cantonensis , and its relationship to eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and other neurological disorders of man and animals . adv parasitol . 1965 ; 3 : 223\u2013248 . pmid : 5334821\n5 . dorta - contreras aj , padilla - docal b , moreira jm . et al . neuroimmunological findings in angiostrongylus cantonensis meningitis in ecuadorian patients . arq neuropsiquiatr . 2011 ; 69 ( 3 ) : 466 - 469\nfigure b : a . cantonensis l3 , infective larvae , in wet mounts , recovered from slugs .\nfigure c : a . cantonensis l3 , infective larvae , in wet mounts , recovered from slugs .\nhowever , in 1986 , ubelaker 15 split the genus angiostrongylus into five genera , based largely on their anatomy , assigning species to each of the genera , based on morphology but also on the definitive host , as follows : angiostrongylus ( found in carnivores , eg , dogs , foxes , cats ) , parastrongylus ( murids , eg , mice and rats ) , angiocaulus ( mustelids , eg , martens ) , gallegostrongylus ( gerbils and one murid ) , stefanskostrongylus ( insectivores , eg , shrews , tenrecs , etc . ) . angiostrongylus cantonensis , the definitive host of which is rats , was thus transferred to the genus parastrongylus , becoming parastrongylus cantonensis . however , although occasionally used , 16 , 17 this classification has not been widely adopted and the species continues to be referred to most widely as angiostrongylus cantonensis .\nmartin - alonso a , foronda p , quispe - ricalde ma , feliu c , valladares b . seroprevalence of angiostrongylus cantonensis in wild rodents from the canary islands . plos one . 2011 ; 6 : e27747 . pmid : 22110752\nac : angiostrongylus cantonensis ; csf : cerebrospinal fluid ; pcr : polymerase chain reaction . * eosinophilic meningitis : \u2265 10 eosinophils / mm3 in csf or \u226510 % wbc ) . * * meningitis : \u2265 10 wbc in csf .\nfigure a : angiostrongylus sp . male worm , approximately 4 . 25 mm in length , recovered from vitreous humor of a human patient . the worm is most likely a . cantonensis based on the patient ' s geographic location .\nfigure d : angiostrongylus adult worm recovered from vitreous humor of a human patient . the bursa is one indication that this is a male worm . the worm is most likely a . cantonensis based on the patient ' s geographic location .\nhochberg ns , blackburn bg , park sy , et al , 2011 . eosinophilic meningitis attributable to angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in hawaii : clinical characteristics and potential exposures . am j trop med hyg . 85 ( 4 ) : 685\u201390 view article\n6 . tsai hc , lai ph , sy cl . et al . encephalitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis after eating raw frogs mixed with wine as a health supplement . intern med . 2011 ; 50 ( 7 ) : 771 - 774\nun nouveau nematode pulmonaire : pulmonema cantonensis n . g . n . sp . , des rats de canton\nqvarnstrom y , sullivan jj , bishop hs , hollingsworth r , da silva , aj . 2007 . pcr - based detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in tissue and mucus secretions from molluscan hosts . applied and environmental microbiology 73 : 1415 - 1419 .\nvincent lo re , stephen j . gluckman ; eosinophilic meningitis due to angiostrongylus cantonensis in a returned traveler : case report and review of the literature , clinical infectious diseases , volume 33 , issue 9 , 1 november 2001 , pages e112\u2013e115 , urltoken\nwilkins pp , qvarnstrom y , whelen ac , et al . 2013 . the current status of laboratory diagnosis of angiostrongylus cantonensis infections in humans using serologic and molecular methods . hawaii j med public health . 72 ( 6 ) : 55\u20137 view article\nqvarnstrom y , sullivan jj , bishop hs , hollingsworth r , da silva aj . 2007 . pcr - based detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in tissue and mucus secretions from molluscan hosts . appl environ microbiol . 73 ( 5 ) : 1415\u20131419 view article\nangiostrongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm , is the principal cause of eosinophilic meningitis worldwide , and the increase in world travel and shipborne dispersal of infected rat vectors has extended this parasite to regions outside of its traditional geographic boundaries . we report a case of eosinophilic meningitis due to a . cantonensis in a patient who recently returned from a trip in the pacific .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode ( phylum nematoda ) in the superfamily metastrongyloidea and family angiostrongylidae . 8 the systematics of the angiostrongylidae is not well understood , with many species inadequately described and probably others not yet recognized , a situation that has advanced but little since anderson 8 expressed the hope over 30 years ago that this might improve . there are around 20 species in the genus angiostrongylus globally 9 , 10 two of these cause disease in humans : angiostrongylus costaricensis morera & c\u00e9spedes , 1971 , which causes abdominal angiostrongyliasis , and which is a problem especially in south and central america , 10 , 11 and angiostrongylus cantonensis ( chen , 1935 ) , which causes eosinophilic meningitis , is spreading rapidly to many parts of the world , and is the subject of this paper .\nalicata , j . e . ( 1967 ) . effect of freezing and boiling on the infectivity of third - stage larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis present in land snails and freshwater prawns . journal of parasitology , 53 ( 5 ) , 1064 - 1066 .\ncitation : kim jr , hayes ka , yeung nw , cowie rh ( 2014 ) diverse gastropod hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm , globally and with a focus on the hawaiian islands . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e94969 . urltoken\nqvarnstrom y , sullivan jj , bishop hs , hollingsworth r , da silva aj : pcr - based detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in tissue and mucus secretions from molluscan hosts . appl . environ . microbiol . ; 2007 ; 73 : 1415 - 1419 .\nwe thank paron dekumyoy ( faculty of tropical medicine , mahidol university , thailand ) for performing the serological testing for angiostrongylus and gnathostoma species .\n7 . diao z , chen x , yin c . et al . angiostrongylus cantonensis : effect of combination therapy with albendazole and dexamethasone on th cytokine gene expression in pbmc from patients with eosinophilic meningitis . exp parasitol . 2009 ; 123 : 1 - 5\nsynonym or cross reference : parastrongylus cantonensis , rat lungworm , angiostrongyliasis , cerebral angiostrongyliasis , eosinophilic meningitis , eosinophilic meningoencephalitis .\nsynonym or cross reference : parastrongylus cantonensis , rat lungworm , angiostrongyliasis , cerebral angiostrongyliasis , eosinophilic meningitis , eosinophilic meningoencephalitis .\nwith the improvement of public health , eosinophilic meningitis associated with angiostrongylus cantonensis infection is now seldom reported in taiwan . eosinophilic meningitis typically occurred sporadically in children . this study aims to analyze the clinical manifestations and change in the contemporary epidemiology of eosinophilic meningitis in taiwan .\nqvarnstrom y , xayavong m , da silva aca , et al . 2015 . real - time polymerase chain reaction detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis dna in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with eosinophilic meningitis . am j trop med hyg . ( epub ahead of print ) view article\nfigure b : angiostrongylus worm . note the very long spicules ( black arrows ) , one of the indications that this is a male worm .\nthe distribution map revealed that the sampling points for infected rats and snails overlap implying potential hosts occurring in the same area ( figure 1 ) . the map also showed that the selected villages have rats and snails harboring a . cantonensis and other parasites . two villages , namely , sapang cawayan and villa nati have the known definitive and intermediate hosts of a . cantonensis . however , there are also villages which have a . cantonensis infected rats but no a . cantonensis infected snails .\nonce angiostrongylus cantonensis becomes established in populations of rats , it is likely to be a permanent concern . eradication of rats and molluscs potentially could eliminate the problem , but this is impossible to accomplish . their abundance can be reduced , however , minimizing risk of infection .\nhochberg ns , blackburn bg , park sy , sejvar jj , effler pv , herwaldt bl . eosinophilic meningitis attributable to angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in hawaii : clinical characteristics and potential exposures . am j trop med hyg . 2011 oct ; 85 ( 4 ) : 685\u201390 .\nfigure b : a . cantonensis ( l3 ) , infective larvae recovered from a slug . image captured under dic microscopy .\nbeing infected with angiostrongyliasis does not protect you against becoming infected again in the future from another exposure to a . cantonensis .\nlv s , zhang y , liu h - x , zhang c - w , steinmann p , zhou s - n , utsinger j . 2009b . angiostrongylus cantonensis : morphological and behavioral investigation within the freshwater snail pomacea canaliculata . parasitology research 104 : 1351 - 1359 .\nsawanyawisuth k , chindaprasirt j , senthong v , limpawattana p , auvichayapat n , tassniyom s , et al . clinical manifestations of eosinophilic meningitis due to infection with angiostrongylus cantonensis in children . korean j parasitol . 2013 ; 51 ( 6 ) : 735\u20138 . pmid : 24516281\nangiostrongylus is a parasitic nematode that can cause severe gastrointestinal or central nervous system disease in humans , depending on the species . angiostrongylus cantonensis , which is also known as the rat lungworm , causes eosinophilic meningitis and is prevalent in southeast asia and tropical pacific islands . the recognized distribution of the parasite has been increasing over time and infections have been identified in other areas , including africa , the caribbean , and the united states .\nnoda , s . , & sato , a . ( 1990 ) . effects of infection with angiostrongylus cantonensis on the circulating haemocyte population and the haematopoietic organ of the host snail m - line biomphalaria glabrata . journal of helminthology , 64 ( 3 ) , 239 - 247 .\ncitation : martin - alonso a , abreu - yanes e , feliu c , mas - coma s , bargues md , valladares b , et al . ( 2015 ) intermediate hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis in tenerife , spain . plos one 10 ( 3 ) : e0120686 . urltoken\ncitation : epelboin l , blond\u00e9 r , chamouine a , chrisment a , diancourt l , villemant n , et al . ( 2016 ) angiostrongylus cantonensis infection on mayotte island , indian ocean , 2007 - 2012 . plos negl trop dis 10 ( 5 ) : e0004635 . urltoken\nlim , j . m . , lee , c . c . , & wilder - smith , a . ( 2004 ) . eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis : a case report and literature review . journal of travel medicine , 11 ( 6 ) , 388 - 390 .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis , the rat lungworm , is the major cause of eosinophilic meningitis worldwide . rats serve as the definitive host of the nematode , but humans can be infected incidentally , leading to eosinophilic meningitis . a previous balb / c animal study has demonstrated increased apoptotic proteins and decreased anti - apoptotic proteins in mice infected with a . cantonensis . steroids may be an effective treatment option for eosinophilic meningitis caused by a . cantonensis , but the involved mechanism is unclear . this study hypothesized that the beneficial effects of steroids on eosinophilic meningitis are mediated by decreased apoptosis .\nliu c , song h , zhang r , chen m , xu m , ai l , et al . specific detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in the snail achatina fulica using a loop - mediated isothermal amplification ( lamp ) assay . mol cell probes . 2011 ; 25 : 164\u2013167 . pmid : 21515360\nhow to cite this article : liu j , gao j , zhou c . a case report on eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis . int j med sci 2011 ; 8 ( 6 ) : 510 - 513 . doi : 10 . 7150 / ijms . 8 . 510 . available from urltoken\niwanowicz dd , sanders lr , schill wb , xayavong mv , da silva aj , qvarnstrom y , smith t . 2015 . spread of the rat lungworm ( angiostrongylus cantonensis ) in giant african land snails ( lissachatina fulica ) in florida , usa . journal of wildlife diseases 51 : 749 - 753 .\njin e , qiang ma , da - qing ma , wen he , ai - ping j , and cheng - hong y . magnetic resonance imaging of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis following eating freshwater snails . chinese medical journal . 2008 ; 121 ( 1 ) : 67\u201372 67 . pmid : 18208669\nnueva ecija is the rice granary of the philippines and one of its towns , mu\u00f1oz , was observed to have a . cantonensis [ 4 , 5 ] . the intensity and molecular biology of the observed parasites were not determined in previous studies . however , it is important to present stronger evidence regarding the presence of a . cantonensis as it could be mistaken for other species of angiostrongylus . furthermore , the intermediate host remains unknown in the region . this is an important key in assessing the infection of a . cantonensis particularly in humans because these hosts harbor the infective stage of the parasite . thus , this study was conducted to determine the extent of infection of a . cantonensis among rats and snails collected from mu\u00f1oz .\ncampbell bg , little md . 1988 . the finding of angiostrongylus cantonesis in rats in new orleans . american journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 38 : 568 - 573 .\ncase 2 . angiostrongylus vasorum in the anterior chamber of the left eye of a 2 - year - old male cavalier king charles spaniel dog . ( mov 1003 kb )\na . cantonensis is the most common parasitic cause of eosinophilic meningitis outside europe and north america [ 4 ] . human cases of angiostrongyliasis , a neurotropic helminthic infection , have been reported in the south pacific , asia , australia , and the caribbean [ 4 , 5 ] . in the united states , case series have been reported from hawaii , where angiostrongylus infection is endemic [ 5 ] . there have also been reports of rats infected with angiostrongylus species in louisiana [ 6 ] .\nfigure c : higher magnification of image b . note the terminal projection on the tip of the tail which is characteristic of a . cantonensis .\nangiostrongyliasis , also known as rat lungworm , is a disease that affects the brain and spinal cord . it is caused by a parasitic nematode ( roundworm parasite ) called angiostrongylus cantonensis . the adult form of a . cantonensis is only found in rodents . however , infected rodents can pass larvae of the worm in their feces . snails , slugs , and certain other animals ( including freshwater shrimp , land crabs , and frogs ) can become infected by ingesting this larvae ; these are considered intermediate hosts . humans can become infected with a . cantonensis if they eat ( intentionally or otherwise ) a raw or undercooked infected intermediate host , thereby ingesting the parasite . for more information on the life - cycle of a . cantonensis , visit the cdc website .\nburns r . e , bicknese e . j , qvarnstrom y , deleon - carnes m , drew c . p , gardiner ch . , rideout ba . 2014 . cerebral angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in a captive african pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) in southern california . journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation 26 : 695 - 698 .\ntube 1 , dna isolated from plutonia lamarckii tissue ; tube 2 , dna obtained from a . cantonensis adult worms ; tube 3 , negative control .\nwang qp , wu zd , wei rl , owen zr , and lun zr . human angiostrongylus cantononsis : an update . eur . j clin microbiol . infect . dis . 2011\nfigure a : angiostrongylus costaricensis female worm in appendix tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin ( h & e ) . image courtesy of regions hospital , st . paul , mn .\nwhile the systematics of angiostrongylidae is in need of detailed study , the complex life cycle of angiostrongylus cantonensis is relatively well understood . the parasite is spreading widely around the world , resulting in cases of angiostrongyliasis in places where it had not previously been recorded , facilitated by ease of global travel , globalization of commerce , and climate change .\nis not specific for either definitive or intermediate hosts . the requirement is that the intermediate host must be an invertebrate while the definitive is a terrestrial mammal . paratenic hosts , where the parasites don ' t develop to the next stage , can be either invertebrate or vertebrate . the definitive hosts for angiostrongylus cantonensis are usually rodents from the genus\ncitation : jarvi si , pitt wc , farias me , shiels l , severino mg , howe km , et al . ( 2015 ) detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in the blood and peripheral tissues of wild hawaiian rats ( rattus rattus ) by a quantitative pcr ( qpcr ) assay . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0123064 . urltoken\nangiostrongylus cantonensis is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans . it is usually caused by ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked intermediate hosts or food contaminated with infective third - stage larvae . we describe a case of eosinophilic meningitis caused by a . cantonensis in a male chinese patient . the patient had a history of eating raw fish and snail . we describe the clinical features of the patient , the diagnostic process and treatments . we also provide a brief update for physicians on the characteristics , diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic meningitis caused by a . cantonensis , with particular emphasis on the update of prevalence and treatment of the disease in china .\nbeaver pc , rosen l . memorandum on the first report of angiostrongylus in man , by nomura and lin , 1945 . am j trop med hyg . 1964 ; 13 : 589\u201390 .\nasato r , taira k , nakamura m , kudaka j , itokazu k , kawanaka m . changing epidemiology of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis in okinawa prefecture , japan .\nthe life history of a . mackerrasae was found to differ from that of a . cantonensis as follows : ( 1 ) the moulting times of a . cantonensis in the definitive host occurred a few days earlier than those of a . mackerrasae ; ( 2 ) the growth rate of a . cantonensis was more rapid than that of a . mackerrasae . however , there were no differences in the migratory pattern of the third - stage larvae of both species in experimentally - infected definitive hosts . it is concluded that mackerras & sandars ( 1955 ) described the life history of a . mackerrasae and not a . cantonensis .\nchen ht . un nouveau nematode pulmonaire , pulmonema cantonensis , ngn sp . des rats de canton . ann . parasit . 1935 ; 13 : 312 .\nhuttemann , m . , schmahl , g . , & mehlhorn , h . ( 2007 ) . light and electron microscopic studies on two nematodes , angiostrongylus cantonensis and trichuris muris , differing in their mode of nutrition . parasitology research , 101 suppl 2 , s225 - 32 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00436 - 007 - 0698 - 1\nslom tj , cortese mm , gerber si , jones rc , holtz th , lopez mhs , zambrano ch , sufit rl , sakilvaree y , chaicumpa w , herwaldt bl , johnson s . 2002 . an outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis caused by angiostrongylus cantonensis in travelers returning from the caribbean . new england journal of medicine 346 : 668 - 574 .\nteem jl , qvarnstrom y , bishop hs , da silva aj , carter j , white - mclean j , smith t . 2013 . the occurrence of the rat lungworm , angiostrongylus cantonensis , in nonindigenous snails in the gulf of mexico region of the united states . hawaii journal of medicine and public health 72 supplement 2 : 11 - 14 .\nlv s , zhang y , liu h - x , hu l , yang k , steinmann p , chen z , wang l - y , utzinger j , zhou s - n . 2009a . invasive snails and an emerging infectious disease : results from the first national survey on angiostrongylus cantonensis in china . plos neglected tropical diseases 3 : e368 .\nphylogeny constructed using the classifications and phylogenies of bouchet and rocroi , aktipis et al . and strong et al . [ 59 ] \u2013 [ 61 ] , indicating the diversity of families in which mollusc species have been shown to act as hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis . bars at the right of the tree indicate the taxonomic group that the families belong to .\nnematodes of the genus angiostrongylus are important causes of potentially life - threatening diseases in several animal species and humans . angiostrongylus vasorum affects the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary arteries in dogs , red foxes and other carnivores . the diagnosis of canine angiostrongylosis may be challenging due to the wide spectrum of clinical signs . ocular manifestations have been seldom reported but have serious implications for patients .\nqvarnstrom y , da silva aqa , teem jl , hollingsworth r , bishop h , graeff - teixeira c , and da silva aj : improved molecular detection of angiostrongylus cantonensis in mollusks and other environmental samples with a species - specific internal transcribed spacer 1 - based taqman assay . appl . envir . microbiol . ; 2010 ; 76 : 5287 \u2013 5289 .\nthe pcr method was successfully applied to mucus secretions from p . martensi . spiking experiments revealed that the pcr could detect a single a . cantonensis larva in approximately 0 . 3 g of secretions . despite this , the majority of naturally infected p . martensi semislugs examined in this study did not have detectable levels of larvae in their mucus . since the notion that mollusks infected with a . cantonensis can shed larvae in their mucus trails was first suggested , other workers have found no or very few a . cantonensis larvae secreted from infected mollusks ( 3 , 7 , 8 ) . similar results have been obtained for excretion of other angiostrongylus species ( 6 , 15 , 25 , 28 ) .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis - associated eosinophilic meningitis in humans has been commonly reported worldwide . however parasitologically confirmed cases are not common , as the parasite has been recovered only infrequently from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients . the potential value of immunodiagnosis is therefore self - evident . immunological tests can also help in the differential diagnosis of parasitic ( particularly helminths ) infections that cause eosinophilic meningitis . this paper summarizes the state of and advances in the immunological diagnosis of human angiostrongyliasis due to angiostrongylus ( = parastrongylus ) cantonensis . a specific antigen is available for the definitive diagnosis and unequivocal differentiation of eosinophilic meningitis due to helminth infections . rapid diagnostic kits based on dot - blot elisa have been developed and have proved to be simple , effective , and economical for field use .\nfigure 1 . rats are the normal host of angiostrogylus cantonensis nematodes . they acquire the parasite by feeding on infected molluscs . photograph by jennifer l . gillett - kaufman .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic nematode and one of the major causes of eosinophilic meningitis , a potentially fatal disease in humans and other mammals , as well as birds [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 6 ] . additional causes of eosinophilic meningitis include other parasitic , bacterial , viral and fungal infections , as well as intracranial malignancies or medical devices and allergic reactions to drugs [ 7 ] . angiostrongylus cantonensis has been recorded on all continents except europe and antarctica and over 2 , 800 human cases of eosinophilic meningitis caused by it have been reported from about 30 countries [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] . most records of the disease , also known as rat lungworm disease , have been from tropical and subtropical areas in southeast asia and the pacific basin . however , cases have also been sporadically reported in other regions , including places where a . cantonensis is not present , when people return from regions where it occurs [ 8 ] \u2013 [ 13 ] .\ntwo of the samples that tested positive with lamp were confirmed as positive by 18s rrna pcr ( genbank accession number km096415 ) . both were from p . lamarckii specimens . sequences exhibited 100 % similarity to an 18s rrna gene partial sequence of a . cantonensis retrieved from genbank ( ay295804 . 1 ) [ 18 ] and to a sequence obtained from a . cantonensis third stage larvae of parmarion cf . martensi [ 20 ] . both samples were confirmed to be infected with a . cantonensis by amplification of the its1 region .\nhowever , if snails or slugs become abundant in home garden or other vegetable production areas and the produce is to be eaten raw , the produce should be examined for molluscs and washed thoroughly . soaking vegetables with 1 . 5 % bleach solution for 15 minutes ( 4 tablespoons or 2 oz of bleach per gallon of rinse water ; or 15 ml of bleach per liter of water ) has been shown to be effective for control of angiostrongylus costaricensis ( zanini and graeff - teixeira 2001 ) , and this decontamination procedure might be advisable for leafy vegetables that are potentially contaminated by angiostrongylus cantonensis as well .\n8 . punyagupta s , juttijudata p , bunnag t . eosinophilic meningitis in thailand : clinical studies of 484 typical cases probably caused by angiostrongylus . am j trop med hyg . 1975 ; 24 : 921 - 931\nduffy ms , miller cl , kinsella jm , de lahunta a . 2004 . parastrongylus cantonensis in a nonhuman primate , florida . emerging infectious diseases 10 : 2207 - 2210 .\napoptosis of mice brain homogenates can be repressed by treatment with dexamethasone . the findings here demonstrate one mechanism of action of corticosteroids in the treatment of a . cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis .\nin humans , angiostrongylus eggs and larvae are not normally excreted but remain sequestered in tissues . a . costaricensis infections are predominantly abdominal ; both eggs and larvae ( occasionally adult worms ) can be identified in biopsy or surgical specimens of intestinal tissue where the eggs and larvae are engulfed in giant cells and / or granulomas . a . cantonensis infections are predominantly cerebral , being one of the most common causes of eosinophilic meningitis , although developing but immature adult worms can on occasion migrate to the lungs . no a . cantonensis eggs or larvae have been recognized in human tissues .\nthis study reveals an increase in brain apoptotic protein expressions and blood - brain barrier damage as demonstrated by increase evans blue extravasations following 2 - 3 weeks of infection with third stage larvae of a . cantonensis . steroid administration remarkably decreases the evans blue staining and apoptotic protein expressions . these findings provide evidences supporting the effects of steroids on a . cantonensis infection .\nangiostrongylids are roundworms ( nematodes ) with thin cylindrical bodies . research has focused primarily on angiostrongylus cantonensis and species closely related to it . 2 , 10 , 15 , 18 \u2013 22 angiostrongylus cantonensis and a . mackerrasae ( which was misidentified 20 as a . cantonensis by mackerras and sandars 18 in their detailed study ) are extremely similar in size and anatomy , 20 and the following data of mackerras and sandars for a . mackerrasae refer equally to a . cantonensis . first stage larvae are about 0 . 3 mm long and 0 . 015 mm in width ; second stage larvae are about 0 . 45 by 0 . 03 mm ; third stage larvae are similar in size , though a little thinner ; fourth stage larvae reach about 1 . 0 by 0 . 4 mm . the newly molted sub - adults are about 2 mm by 0 . 06 mm ; they grow to about 12 mm ( females ) and 11 mm ( males ) before leaving the rat ' s brain and migrating to the pulmonary arteries ( see the life cycle section , below ) , where they mature , reaching a size of up to about 35 by 0 . 6 mm ( females ) and 25 by 0 . 4 mm ( males ) . a number of publications have provided good descriptions of a . cantonensis . 10 , 20 , 23\nhwang kp , chen er . clinical studies on angiostrongyliasis cantonensis among children in taiwan . southeast asian j trop med public health . 1991 ; 22 suppl : 194\u20139 . pmid : 1822885\nin cases of eosinophilic meningitis , the diagnosis of a . cantonensis infection should be considered and the appropriate exposure history obtained . it is important for clinicians to consider a . cantonensis when evaluating a patient with an eosinophilic meningitis , even in regions outside of its traditional geographic boundaries . this case also highlights the new immunologic techniques being used to confirm the diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis .\neosinophilic meningitis can be the result of noninfectious causes and infectious agents . among the infectious agents , angiostrongylus cantonensis and gnathostoma spinigerum are the most common . although angiostrongyliasis and gnathostomiasis are not common in the united states , international travel and immigration make these diseases clinically relevant . both a . cantonensis and g . spinigerum infection can present as severe cns compromise . diagnoses of both infections can be challenging and are often clinical because of a paucity of serological assays readily available in the united states . furthermore , there are conflicting recommendations about treatment for angiostrongyliasis and gnathostomiasis . to further explore the emerging nature of these helminthic infections , a case description and review of a . cantonensis and g . spinigerum infections are presented . the clinical severity of eosinophilic meningitis and diagnosis of these infections are highlighted .\nkwon e , ferguson tm , park sy , et al . 2013 . a severe case of angiostrongylus eosinophilic meningitis with encephalitis and neurologi sequelae in hawaii . hawaii j med public health . 72 ( 6 ) : 41\u20135 view article\nserum and csf samples were sent to the faculty of tropical medicine , mahidol university ( thailand ) for helminthic immunoassay . the acute - phase serological and csf specimens collected during the patient ' s initial hospitalization tested negative for angiostrongyliasis and gnathostomiasis . the convalescent - phase serum and csf samples , collected 76 and 66 days after presentation , respectively , tested positive for antibodies against an angiostrongylus cantonensis 31 - kda antigen by immunoblot assay .\nzanini gm , graeff - teixeira c . 2001 . inactivation of infective larvae of angiostrongylus costaricensis with short time incubations in 1 . 5 % bleach solution , vinegar or saturated cooking salt solution . acta tropica 78 : 17 - 21 .\nthere are limited controlled trials that outline the benefit or harm of using antihelminthics for treatment of a . cantonensis and g . spinigerum cns infection [ 3 , 17 ] . because of our patient ' s severe neurologic symptoms and progressive course of infection , he received a 28 - day course of albendazole therapy , with no clinical change . importantly , some eosinophilic meningitis treatment trials include patients who receive a diagnosis of angiostrongylus infection on the basis of local epidemiology and symptomotology but not serological testing . it is possible that some treatment trials are confounded by patients with eosinophilic meningitis secondary to a different helminthic infection , given the overlap in the geographic distribution of gnathostoma and angiostrongylus species .\na total of 64 rats ( 31 % ) were found to be infected with a . cantonensis ( table 2 ) . the rats belonging to r . norvegicus showed 46 % ( 11 / 24 ) prevalence for a . cantonensis infection while r . tanezumi showed 29 % ( 53 / 185 ) prevalence . statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the rat species ( , ) . furthermore , intensity of a . cantonensis for r . tanezumi ( 62 parasite / rat ) is higher than r . norvegicus ( 43 parasite / rat ) and also showed no significant differences ( ; ) .\nthe 18s and its1 amplifications gave identical results . of the 37 species , 16 tested positive for a . cantonensis , with 70 specimens testing positive out of a total of 1 , 271 ( table 1 ) . among the 30 non - native species , 14 tested positive , two being newly recorded natural hosts of a . cantonensis ( cyclotropis sp . , oxychilus alliarius ) . of a total of 1 , 062 non - native gastropods , 6 % were positive for a . cantonensis . no specimens of four non - native species ( bradybaena similaris , deroceras laeve , limax flavus , melanoides tuberculata ) that have been recorded in other studies as hosts of a . cantonensis ( appendix s1 ) tested positive for the parasite . parmarion martensi had the highest prevalence of infection with 68 % ( 13 / 19 ) of the specimens testing positive for a . cantonensis followed by laevicaulis alte with an infection rate of 30 % ( 13 / 44 ) ( table 1 , figure 2 ) .\nthis is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with eosinophilic meningitis at kaohsiung veterans general hospital , from december 1991 to september 2009 . the demographic characteristics , clinical presentations , laboratory data , radiographic imaging , and treatment and clinical outcome were analyzed . a pubmed search with the keywords of eosinophilic meningitis , a cantonensis , and taiwan was performed to retrieve cases of eosinophilic meningitis caused by a cantonensis since 1960 .\none hundred respondents in the study site were interviewed and a questionnaire was given out to each respondent . the respondents include farmers and housewives which are people that have high chances of getting a . cantonensis .\nhuman angiostrongyliasis ( ha ) is a neurological helminthic disease caused by the lung worm angiostrongylus cantonensis . it is suspected in the combination of travel or a residence in an endemic area and eosinophilic meningitis . in mayotte , an island in the indian ocean , cases are rare but regular . the main objective of our study was to describe the epidemiological and diagnosis clues of ha in mayotte . the secondary objectives were to evaluate the contribution of real - time polymerase chain reaction ( rt - pcr ) for the diagnosis of ha , delineate the characteristics of the local transmission and ascertain the presence of a . cantonensis in achatina fulica , the potential vector of the disease .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasitic worm of rats . it is also called the rat lungworm . the adult form of the parasite is found only in rodents . infected rats pass larvae of the parasite in their feces . snails and slugs get infected by ingesting the larvae . these larvae mature in snails and slugs but do not become adult worms . the life cycle is completed when rats eat infected snails or slugs and the larvae further mature to become adult worms .\nautochthonous angiostrongylus cantonensis infection has been little recognized in the continental united states with the exception of louisiana . in contrast , it was recognized in hawai\u2018i in the early 1960s , and the parasite has been considered endemic since . however , infections were rare until late 2004 , when a case cluster was noted on the island of hawai\u2018i . while still uncommon , a . cantonensis infection has continued to emerge throughout the state , especially on the island of hawai\u2018i . despite increased community awareness , the diagnosis is commonly missed , and the lack of diagnostic tests as well as the challenge of educating clinicians and the public are constant limitations to the prevention and control of this emerging infection .\nangiostrongylus cantonensis or the rat lungworm is a zoonotic helminth responsible for the disease called angiostrongylosis . its life cycle involves rodents as definitive hosts and mollusks as intermediate hosts . it can also infect other animals , for example , shrimps and frogs , without further development and still be infective when ingested . humans , however , are dead - end hosts for a . cantonensis and can be infected through ingestion of infected mollusks , things contaminated by infected mollusks , for example , soil and vegetables [ 1 , 2 ] , and ingestion of paratenic hosts . as a result , a . cantonensis is the major cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans particularly in indo - pacific regions where it is endemic . the animal - human environmental interface of a . cantonensis is difficult to assess and one of the reasons is that its hosts are easily affected by changes in the environment [ 3 ] . changes in ecology and environment may also result in changes in the epidemiology of this parasite . thus , it is important to assess the possible transmission route of the parasite due to its risks to both veterinary and public health .\nthe low prevalence of a . cantonensis in freshwater snails in the study may has resulted from a number of factors such as the seasonal infection of rats with a . cantonensis . based on a study by antolin et al . [ 4 ] , female r . tanezumi in philrice farms from nueva ecija were found to be infected with a . cantonensis during june to september . this could mean that the transmission of the parasite between its hosts may have happened during these months . in connection to this , snails for the study were collected during other months of the year . furthermore , ecological characteristics of p . canaliculata and m . maculata such as their benthic life cycle may also be accounted for the low prevalence of a . cantonensis infection . according to lv et al . [ 16 ] , only a few species of freshwater snails naturally transmit a . cantonensis because rat feces containing its l1 are diluted in freshwater bodies . previous studies suggest that a . cantonensis infection in terrestrial snails and slugs are higher than freshwater snails [ 19 \u2013 21 ] . in the present study , no a . cantonensis l3 was observed in a . fulica . the reason is unclear ; however , possibilities exist such as effects of seasonal variations and habitat of hosts on the transmission of parasite . based on observations , a . fulica becomes active when it starts to rain . in the study of salibay and luyon [ 22 ] , fewer rats were caught in rainy days . this indicates that there may have been less contact between rats and a . fulica . studies in other countries have shown that a . fulica are naturally infected with the parasite [ 8 , 17 , 19 , 23 \u2013 25 ] . in the philippines , few reports regarding a . cantonensis infection in snails can be found . a . fulica and laevicaulis altae from metro manila were revealed to be infected with a . cantonensis [ 9 , 10 , 26 ] but other than the snail , no other reports have been made . this study , however , is the first record of a . cantonensis infected p . canaliculata and m . maculata in the philippines .\ndrug susceptibility : there is no specific treatment for angiostrongyliasis . a cantonensis is susceptible to albendazole and mebendazole , but a systemic response to dying worms may make the condition worse ( 2 , 3 , 7 ) .\ndrug susceptibility : there is no specific treatment for angiostrongyliasis . a cantonensis is susceptible to albendazole and mebendazole , but a systemic response to dying worms may make the condition worse ( 2 , 3 , 7 ) .\nasato r , taira k , nakamura m , kudaka j , itokazu k , et al . ( 2004 ) changing epidemiology of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis in okinawa prefecture , japan . jpn j infect dis 57 : 184\u2013186 .\na . cantonensis was detected by morphological and / or molecular methods in all three mollusc species and from all the areas studied . the three species are common and widespread over the north - east part of tenerife .\neamsobhanaa p , limb pe , solano g , zhange h , ganf x , yongc hs : molecular differentiation of angiostrongylus taxa ( nematoda : angiostrongylidae ) by cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene sequences . acta tropica ; 2010 ; 116 : 152\u2013156 .\nthe pcr method presented here may also be useful for detecting angiostrongylus costaricensis , a parasitic nematode that causes gastrointestinal disease ( 22 ) . a . costaricensis has a life cycle similar to that of a . cantonensis , including the fact that mollusks are intermediate hosts that transmit the disease to humans ( 21 ) . the pcr primers described in this study are based on regions where these two parasites have almost identical sequences ( genbank accession number dq116748 ) , making it possible to use this pcr to examine mollusks for the presence of a . costaricensis , as well as a . cantonensis . the two species can be differentiated by sequence analysis . in addition to amplifying the intended angiostrongylus species sequence , the pcr primers were found to interact with an unidentified nematode species . this finding emphasizes the importance of sequence analysis of the pcr amplicons . it also highlights the need for further evaluation of the specificity of the pcr primers for dna from more nematode species , especially those that are associated with mollusks .\nneuroimaging studies are often nonfocal without any characteristic lesions . despite this , they may be helpful to distinguish a . cantonensis eosinophilic meningitis from focal lesions which is more commonly seen with other parasitic infections such as neurocysticercosis and gnathostomiasis .\nwang , l . c . , jung , s . m . , chen , c . c . , wong , h . f . , wan , d . p . , & wan , y . l . ( 2006 ) . pathological changes in the brains of rabbits experimentally infected with angiostrongylus cantonensis after albendazole treatment : histopathological and magnetic resonance imaging studies . the journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy , 57 ( 2 ) , 294 - 300 . doi : 10 . 1093 / jac / dki430\nrecovery of a . cantonensis from the patient\u2019s csf confirms the diagnosis ; however , the organism is rarely detected on microscopy as it can adhere to the meninges and often migrates in neural tissue rather than remaining in the extrameningeal space .\nalthough infected humans usually recover , the nematodes can penetrate the brain , spinal cord , and eyes , and sometimes cause paralysis , blindness , or death . other primates , dogs , horses , birds and other animals also are susceptible to infection . a particularly good host of the nematode is giant african land snail , achatina fulica , which has been deliberately relocated to some areas , but movement in association with other molluscs and rats is implicated in the spread of angiostrongylus cantonensis ( duffy et al . 2004 ) ."]}
{"id": 150, "summary": [{"text": "ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii , also known as the angel clubhook squid or simply angel squid , is a species of squid in the family onychoteuthidae and the sole member of the genus ancistroteuthis .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it grows to a mantle length of 30 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can be found in the western mediterranean sea , subtropical and tropical eastern atlantic ocean and western north atlantic ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its diet include mesopelagic fish and pelagic crustaceans .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is sometimes taken as bycatch by commercial fisheries , but is not a targeted species . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "ancistroteuthis", "paragraphs": ["vecchione , m . , young , r . e . , and tsuchiya , k . 2008 . ancistroteuthis gray 1849 . ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii ( ferussac 1835 ) . version 28 april 2008 ( under construction ) . available at : urltoken .\njustification : ancistroteuthis lichtensteini has been assessed as least concern . this oceanic species has a wide geographic distribution , making it less susceptible to human impact . it is occasionally taken as by - catch . however , more research is still needed on its ecology and biology .\ncitation :\nangel clubhook squid , ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nresearch ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nancistroteuthis is monotypic . kubodera et al . ( 1998 ) , however , briefly described a new form of the species from the central atlantic . a . lichtensteinii is best known from the mediterranean sea . there , males mature at about 200 mm ml and the species reaches a maximum size of 300 mm ml ( kubodera et al . 1998 ) . this species is very similar to species of onychoteuthis but is most easily distinguished by the absence of a visible gladius along the mid - dorsal line and the absence of photophores .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis pelagic species occurs in open water in tropical to warm temperate waters of the atlantic and mediterranean sea ( roper and jereb 2010 ) . during spring and summer it occurs over gravel bottoms in the mediterranean and spawning occurs in the summer ( roper and jereb 2010 ) . little is known about its biology and ecology . its diet includes mesopelagic fish and pelagic crustaceans , predators include marine mammals and pelagic fish ( roper and jereb 2010 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is recommended in order to determine the taxonomy , precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( f\u00e9russac [ in f\u00e9russac & d ' orbigny ] , 1835 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 140647 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of onychoteuthis lichtensteinii ( f\u00e9russac [ in f\u00e9russac & d ' orbigny ] , 1835 ) ) f\u00e9russac a . e . j . & d ' orbigny a . [ 1834 ] 1835 - 1848 . histoire naturelle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re des c\u00e9phalopodes ac\u00e9tabulif\u00e8res vivants et fossiles . pp . [ 1 - 96 ] , i - lvi , 1 - 361 , atlas with 144 plates . paris , bailli\u00e8re . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 334 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\nroper , c . f . e . ; jereb , p . ( 2010 ) . family onychoteuthidae . in : p . jereb & c . f . e . roper , eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . volume 2 . myopsid and oegopsid squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 4 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . pp . 348 - 369 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 354 [ details ]\n( of onychoteuthis hamatus risso , 1854 ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of onychoteuthis hamatus risso , 1854 ) bolstad k . s . r . ( 2010 ) systematics of the onychoteuthidae gray , 1847 ( cephalopoda : oegopsida ) . zootaxa 2696 : 1 - 186 . page ( s ) : 106 [ details ]\n( of onychoteuthis hamata risso , 1854 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbolstad k . s . r . ( 2010 ) systematics of the onychoteuthidae gray , 1847 ( cephalopoda : oegopsida ) . zootaxa 2696 : 1 - 186 . page ( s ) : 105 [ details ]\nroper , c . f . e . ; jereb , p . ( 2010 ) . family onychoteuthidae . in : p . jereb & c . f . e . roper , eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . volume 2 . myopsid and oegopsid squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 4 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . pp . 348 - 369 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 353 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis genus is currently considered to be monotypic but considerable variability in specimens outside the mediterrranean suggests that more study is needed .\nfigure . oral view of club tip , a . lichtensteinii , type a , 110 mm ml , usnm 294756 . photograph by r . young .\nfigure . left photographs - lateral and dorsoblique views of the occipital folds , a . lichtensteinii , type a , preserved , 110 mm ml , 20\u00b027 ' n , 21\u00b058 ' w , usnm 294756 . photograph by r . young . . the white arrows point to occipital fold number 3 . right drawings - dorsal and lateral views of head and occipital folds , a . lichtensteinii , 145 mm ml , mediterranean sea . drawings from pfeffer , 1912 .\ngladius not visible on dorsal side of mantle ( i . e . , mantle muscle completely surrounds gladius - see title illustrations ) .\nkubodera et al . ( 1998 ) stated that an oval , opaque area with a small posterior patch of photogenic tissue is present on the ventral covering of the eye . we believe this tissue likely to be iridescent ( but not photogenic ) ; observation of live specimens will be necessary to draw any further conclusions .\nkubodera et al . ( 1998 ) also briefly described four geographical morphotypes , three forms in the atlantic and one in the pacific . the south atlantic and south pacific forms , however , belong to notonykia africanae ( nesis et al . 1998 ) and notonykia nesisi ( bolstad 2007 ) respectively . the other two of their forms are mentioned here as type a ( typical a . lichtensteinii ) and type b ; the most distinctive feature of the latter is the rhomboidal , non - attenuate shape of the fins . insufficient information is available at present to evaluate the significance of these differences .\nparalarvae have not been described . the smallest described specimen is 16 mm ml . even at this small size , the mantle covers the gladius at least in its anterior half . the eyes , unlike those of onychoteuthis at this size , do not have luminous organs on the ventral surface of the eyeball . the conus has a spoon - shape rather than the cone - shape seen in onychoteuthis . the row of large brownish - red chromatophores on the dorsal midline is probably characteristic . the specimen showed traces of an iridescent metallic sheen , greenish on the mantle and dark blue on the head . this description is from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) .\nfigure . dorsal and ventral views of juvenile a . lichtensteinii . left - 16 mm ml . drawings from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) . right - dorsal , side and ventral views . photographs by r . young . the significance of the differences in chromatophore patterns is unknown .\nthe type locality is the western mediterranean . this species has been reported from the western mediterranean , and tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern atlantic and off nova scotia in the western north atlantic ( vecchione and pohle , 2002 ) . the records outside the mediterranean are very sparse . this species has also been reported from the gulf of mexico ( voss , 1956 ) and the southwestern pacific ( rancurel , 1970 ) , but these identifications are questionable because in both cases the specimens lacked numerous occipital folds . these squids may be young onykia ( kubodera , et al . , 1998 , their moroteuthis ) .\nbolstad , k . s . 2007 . systematics and distribution of the new zealand onychoteuthid fauna ( cephalopoda : oegopsida ) , including a new species , notonykia nesisi sp . nov . reviews in fish biology and fisheries , 17 : 305\u0096335 .\nkubodera , t . , u . piatkowski , t . okutani and m . r . clarke . 1998 . taxonomy and zoogeography of the family onychoteuthidae ( cephalopoda : oegopsida ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , no . 586 : 277 - 291 .\nnaef , a . 1921 - 23 . cephalopoda . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel . monograph , no . 35 . english translation : a . mercado ( 1972 ) . israel program for scientific translations ltd . , jerusalem , israel . 863pp . , ipst cat . no . 5110 / 1 , 2 .\nnesis , k . n . , m . a . c . roeleveld and i . v . nikitina . 1998 . a new genus and species of onychoteuthid squid from the southern ocean . ruthenica 8 : 153 - 168 .\npfeffer , g . 1912 . die cephalopoden der plankton - expedition . zugleich eine monographische \u00fcbersicht der oegopsiden cephalopoden . ergebniss der plankton - expedition der humboldt - stiftung , 2 : 1 - 815 .\nrancurel , p . l970 . les contenus stomacaux d ' alepisaurus ferox dans le sud - ouest pacifique ( cephalopodes ) . cahiers o . r . s . t . o . m . , serie oceanographie , 8 ( 4 ) : 3 - 87 .\nvecchione , m . and g . pohle . 2002 . midwater cephalopods in the western north atlantic ocean off nova scotia . bull . mar . sci . 71 ( 2 ) : 883 - 892 .\nvoss , g . l . 1956 . a review of the cephalopods of the gulf of mexico . bulletin of marine science of the gulf and caribbean , 6 ( 2 ) : 85 - 178 .\nphotographs taken aboard the r / v g . o . sars , mar - eco cruise , central north atlantic .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\npfeffer , g . 1912 . die cephalopoden der plankton - expedition . zugleich eine monographische \u00fcbersicht der oegopsiden cephalopoden . ergebniss der plankton - expedition der humboldt - stiftung , 2 : 1 - 815 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\nvecchione , michael , richard e . young , and kotaro tsuchiya . 2010 .\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\n10 . marine oceanic - > 10 . 1 . marine oceanic - epipelagic ( 0 - 200m ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes 10 . marine oceanic - > 10 . 2 . marine oceanic - mesopelagic ( 200 - 1000m ) suitability : suitable major importance : yes\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ] \u2666 timing : ongoing\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology\niucn . 2014 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2014 ) .\nkubodera , t . , piatkowski , u . , okutani , t . and clarke , m . r . 1998 . taxonomy and zoogeography of the family onychoteuthidae . smithsonian contributions to zoology 586 : 277 - 292 .\nroper , c . f . e and jereb , p . 2010 . family onychoteuthidae . in : jereb , p . and roper , c . f . e . ( eds ) , cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopods species known to date . volume 2 . myopsid and oegopsid squids . , fao , rome .\nroper , c . f . e . , sweeney , m . j . and nauen c . e . 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 3 . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 vol . 3 : 277p .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\ntaxon validity : [ fide naef ( 1923 : 326 ) ] . type species : onychoteuthis lichtensteini ferussac , 1835 in ferussac and d ' orbigny , 1834 - 1848 , species first mentioned\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 153, "summary": [{"text": "eiders ( / \u02c8a\u026a.d\u0259r / ) are large seaducks in the genus somateria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the scientific name is derived from ancient greek somatos \" body \" and erion \" wool \" , referring to eiderdown .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the three extant species all breed in the cooler latitudes of the northern hemisphere .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the down feathers of eider ducks , and some other ducks and geese , are used to fill pillows and quilts \u2014 they have given the name to the type of quilt known as an eiderdown .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "steller 's eider ( polysticta stelleri ) is in a different genus despite its name .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the call of the duck has been likened to sound of \" surprised pantomime dames , or even the comedian frankie howerd \" . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "eider", "paragraphs": ["the spectacled eider was originally named fischer\u2019s eider in honor of a german paleontologist ( \u201cfischer\u201d still appears in the scientific name of the species ) .\nthe steller\u2019s eider is flightless for about 3 weeks each year while it molts .\nenvironmental contaminants in four eider species from alaska and arctic russia . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe king eider forages on sea beds up to 25 meters ( 82 ft ) deep .\nthe spectacled eider was first officially described in 1847 by german naturalist johann friedrich von brandt .\nwildlife sound recordist , chris watson , presents the eider . eiders are northern sea - ducks perhaps\nthe inupiat name for steller\u2019s eider , igniquaqtuq , means \u201cthe bird who travels with fire . \u201d\neider males typically show black and white pattern and soft - coloured areas on their bodies . but the head pattern is always very distinctive . from the black crown and white face of the common eider , through the \u201cspectacles\u201d and the long , sloped forehead of the spectacled eider or the conspicuous yellow - orange frontal shield and red bill of the king eider , to the nuchal greenish - black feather tuft and black collar of the steller\u2019s eider , all these peculiar features allow a good identification .\nthe male spectacled eider is unmistakable with its green head and round white eye patches . the female may be more easily confused with the females of other eider species . however , a distinct characteristic of the female spectacled eiders are the round patches of slightly lighter brown feathers around the eyes . the female spectacled eider is also comparatively duller and paler in color with less distinctive barring than the females of other eider species .\nreduced prey availability is another potential threat to spectacled eiders . regime shifts due to climate change may alter prey assemblages in the eider\u2019s habitat . the spectacled eider may also compete for their prey with commercial fisheries .\nthe steller\u2019s eider is the only species in its genus . the other three species are in different genera .\nin winter , tens of thousands of the threatened steller ' s eider sea ducks stay in izembek and molt .\nthreats to the spectacled eider include lead poisoning , predation , overharvest , reduced prey availability , and catastrophic events .\nthe female steller\u2019s eider is mostly brown and much less distinct than the male . the blue wing patches , blue - gray feet , white wing linings , and smaller size distinguish the female of this species from other eider species .\nthe spectacled eider ( somateria fischeri ) is a large sea duck that breeds on the coasts of alaska and northeastern siberia . they are named for the large white \u201cspectacles\u201d around its eyes , the spectacled eider\u2019s striking look sets them apart from other marine birds .\nmost famous for the soft breast feathers with which they line their nests . these feathers were collected by eider farmers and used to fill pillows and traditional ' eider - downs ' . drake eiders display to the females with odd moaning calls which you can hear in the programme .\nwhat made you want to look up eider ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe oldest recorded common eider was a male , and at least 22 years , 7 months old , when he was found in eastern canada .\nthe men garments are available in many understated and vibrant colors , and in many sizes , so that you can find the eider garment that truly satisfies you . besides its finely tailored items , eider offers men garments that wick away sweat and provide warmth , to keep you comfortable in all situations . since 1962 , eider has been clothing and protecting nature lovers in all weather , while caring for nature . if the mountains are your playground and you love exploring them regularly , we can provide an outfit that will perform every time you take a trip . discover the eider collection of men garments available online !\nthe oldest recorded king eider was a female and at least 22 years , 1 month old when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in nunavut .\noverharvest is not thought to be the driver behind the reduction in spectacled eider populations . however , it is possible that subsistence harvest of this species may hinder its recovery .\neiders can be found across arctic and subarctic regions of the northern hemisphere and all species breed in alaska and siberia . both king eider and common eider have larger breeding range , extending to northern europe and through arctic atlantic . during the breeding season , they frequent the seacoasts and freshwater lakes and rivers of arctic tundra , usually not far from sea .\nthe spectacled eider also faces possible threats from oil and gas development in the arctic ocean as there is currently no effective way of cleaning an oil spill in the arctic sea ice environment .\nthe female king eider does not feed very often during the 22 - 24 day incubation period . one female did not leave her nest for seven days before being flushed by an arctic fox .\neiders are gregarious birds and usually live in large flocks all year round , except the spectacled eider which occurs in smaller flocks . the pairs form in late winter or early spring and even during migration , and the nesting period usually begins as soon as they arrive at their breeding grounds . they nest mainly solitary or sometimes in loose colonies on islands or peninsulas in lakes and ponds in tundra . however , the common eider breeds in larger colonies along seacoasts , on small islands or on shorelines . the breeding season extends over april , may and june , although the steller\u2019s eider nests from late june to august .\nthe pacific form of the common eider is distinct genetically and morphologically from the other forms , and may be a different species . the male has a thin black v on its chin and a bright yellow or orange bill .\nno longer be afraid of running in the rain ! eider explains how to dress properly to deal with the elements . with the right gear , we\u2019re sure that nothing will stop you and you\u2019ll understand the enjoyment this activity can offer\nbut unlike males , the females have mostly brown , tinged rufous , barred and spotted plumage . the steller\u2019s eider female shows some white wingbars on her dark brown plumage , and the spectacled eider female shows paler \u201cspectacles\u201d but well - visible . however , they can be identified by size and shape of both body and bill . this cryptic plumage protects them while they are incubating on the ground . the juveniles are paler than adults , and often resemble females .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' eider . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\na colorful duck of the northern seacoasts , the common eider is the largest duck in the northern hemisphere . the male ' s bright white , black , and green plumage contrasts markedly with the female ' s camouflaging dull striped brown .\nthe common eider is subject to strong predation pressure , primarily from glaucous gulls and arctic foxes which take a large proportion of the eggs , and small chicks . the polar bear can also be a major predator of eggs at some sites .\na large duck of arctic coastal waters , the king eider is one of north america ' s most spectacular waterfowl species . highly gregarious for most of the year , it forms prodigious flocks during spring migration , sometimes exceeding 10 , 000 individuals .\nthe common eider is a large diving duck that is easily distinguishable , even at quite long distances , because of the elongated profile of the head . adults of this species are approximately 58 cm long and weigh from 1 . 2\u20132 . 8 kg .\nthe female king eider alone attends the nest . when an intruder is present , the female sits low on the nest with her head flattened on the ground . she sits tightly on the eggs and sometimes can be touched or picked up off of the nest .\nthe spectacled eider\u2019s habit of concentrating in large flocks during the winter and molting periods makes it very vulnerable to catastrophic events , such as an oil spill or bilge pumping . any catastrophic events in the area of these flocks could have a major impact on the entire population .\nthe only member of the genus polysticta , the steller\u2019s eider , is the smallest species . its head pattern is simpler , but the greenish - black tuft of feathers on the nape gives it an interesting appearance . this one represents probably the link between eiders and other sea ducks .\nnorth slope borough residents have been involved with education and outreach programs to protect steller\u2019s eiders . there are few opportunities for citizens to be involved in the research or management of steller\u2019s eiders at this time but they can help protect steller\u2019s eider habitat if they live near communities where eiders breed or winter .\nmanagement of steller\u2019s eiders falls under the jurisdiction of the us fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . management by the usfws is governed by the migratory bird treaty act . sport hunting for this species was closed in 1991 . subsistence hunting is also closed . the steller\u2019s eider is also protected under the endangered species act .\nthe threat of oil and gas development in and near teshekpuk lake , known as an important bird area of global significance , is a possible threat to the spectacled eider\u2019s future . representative doc hastings\u2019 proposed legislation to drill in the national petroleum reserve - alaska could open up the most sensitive areas like teshekpuk lake to drilling and lead to the downfall of this threatened species .\npopulation declines in four species of eider ; common ( somateria mollissima ) , king ( somateria spectabilis ) , spectacled ( somateria fischeri ) and steller ' s ( polysticta stelleri ) , have raised concerns about exposure to contaminants . livers and kidney tissues were collected from eiders in alaska and russia for organic and elemental analyses . results showed that organochlorine and many elemental levels were below toxic thresholds ; however , in many cases , cadmium , copper , lead and serenium appeared high relative to other waterfowl and may warrant concern . with the exception of lead , local anthropogenic sources for these elements are not known . although adverse physiological responses have not been documented in eiders , these four elements cannot be ruled out as contaminants of potential concern for some eider species .\npopulation declines in four species of eider ; common ( somateria mollissima ) , king ( somateria spectabilis ) , spectacled ( somateria fischeri ) and steller ' s ( polysticta stelleri ) , have raised concerns about exposure to contaminants . livers and kidney tissues were collected from eiders in alaska and russia for organic and elemental analyses . results showed that organochlorine and many elemental levels were below toxic thresholds ; however , in many cases , cadmium , copper , lead and selenium appeared high relative to other waterfowl and may warrant concern . with the exception of lead , local anthropogenic sources for these elements are not known . although adverse physiological responses have not been documented in eiders , these four elements cannot be ruled out as contaminants of potential concern for some eider species .\nthe current population level of spectacled eiders is significantly lower than historical levels . the species is listed as threatened under the endangered species act ( esa ) and is a state of alaska species of special concern . current nesting population is ~ 8 , 000 breeding pairs in alaska and ~ 140 , 000 individuals in russia . to learn more , visit the adf & g special status page for spectacled eider .\nthreats to the steller\u2019s eider include predation , lead poisoning , contaminants , and long - term or cyclical changes in the marine environment . the effect of climate change on steller\u2019s eiders is unknown . steller\u2019s eider eggs and ducklings are vulnerable to predation by ravens , jaegers , snowy owls , arctic and red foxes , and large gulls . on the wintering grounds , birds are vulnerable to bald eagles . lead poisoning due to ingestion of spent lead shot was historically a significant source of mortality . however , lead shot was outlawed for the hunting of waterfowl in 1991 making it less of a threat today . contaminants are also a concern for this species due to their habit of congregating in large dense groups in a few areas . contamination , such as an oil spill , in a wintering or molting area , could have a major impact on the entire population .\nthe eider is the uk ' s heaviest duck and its fastest flying . it is a true seaduck , rarely found away from coasts where its dependence on coastal molluscs for food has brought it into conflict with mussel farmers . eiders are highly gregarious and usually stay close inshore , riding the swell in a sandy bay or strung out in long lines out beyond the breaking waves . it is an amber list species because of its winter concentrations .\nthe common eider has a circumpolar distribution and breeds in the arctic and boreal zones of the northern hemisphere . they nest along the coast of europe from northern france , through the netherlands and the british isles to iceland and northwards through scandinavia to the arctic coasts of russia as well as in arctic regions such as svalbard , north - east siberia , the arctic north america and greenland . they winter largely within the breeding range , migrating southward from only the most northerly regions .\neiders are sea ducks , a group of diving ducks that breed inland but generally spend the rest of the year in coastal marine waters . the steller\u2019s eider is the smallest of the four eider species . males are unusually colorful but both sexes have an iridescent blue wing patch , lined above and below by white , which is unique for a sea duck and more similar to a dabbling duck such as a mallard . the male ' s white head has a black spot behind each ear and green shading at the back of the head . the eye is surrounded by black and the bill is bluish gray . the white head is offset by iridescent blue - black under the chin and in a broad collar pattern extending down the back . large white shoulder patches and white - lined deep blue scapular plumes provide bold contrast on the back and sides . the light breast , sides , and belly of males is shaded front - to - back from a tan to deep rust .\nthe common eider is a large diving duck that is easily distinguishable even at quite long distances because of the elongated profile of the head . it has a circumpolar distribution and breeds in the arctic and boreal zones of the northern hemisphere . they nest along the coast of europe from northern france , through the netherlands and the british isles to iceland and northwards through scandinavia to the arctic coasts of russia as well as in arctic regions such as svalbard , north - eatern siberia , arctic north america and greenland .\nat sea or in freshwater lakes or rivers , eiders feeds primarily on molluscs , crustaceans , small fish and various marine invertebrates including worms and echinoderms , and algae too . on arctic tundra , they feed on leaves , seeds and berries , green parts of plants and other vegetation . freshwater insects , larvae and arachnids are also taken . in the water , they feed mainly by diving and head - dipping , and upending in shallow waters . the spectacled eider also plucks and dabbles on the water surface .\nthe spectacled eider is a medium - sized sea duck measuring an average 53 cm in length for males and 50 cm in length for females . adult male breeding plumage is characterized by a white back and a black tail , belly and chest . other distinguishing characteristics include a bright orange bill with white feathers at the base , and a green shaggy head with round white \u201cspectacles\u201d around each eye . adult female breeding plumage is a dull brown color with darker brown barring and light brown eye patches . both sexes have long sloping foreheads .\nhistoric numbers and distribution of steller\u2019s eiders were significantly greater than current times . however , most information prior to the 1970s is anecdotal so it is difficult to accurately quantify the decline in numbers and the contraction of the breeding range . as of 2010 , 600 steller\u2019s eiders or less arrive on the alaska breeding grounds each year with most near barrow . the alaska - breeding population is listed as threatened under the endangered species act ( esa ) and is a state of alaska species of special concern . to learn more , visit the adf & g special status page for steller ' s eider .\nseveral sub - species have been described . the svalbard population belongs to the sub - species s . m . borealis , which also breeds in northeast canada , greenland , iceland and franz josef land . in svalbard the common eider breeds both in colonies on small islands and in a more dispersed fashion along the coast of spitsbergen . the greatest nesting densities occur on the western and north - western coast of spitsbergen and on tusen\u00f8yane . the svalbard population winters around iceland and along the coast of northern norway . some svalbard birds may also spend the winter in ice - free waters off the west coast of svalbard .\nin svalbard the common eider has a nesting strategy that differs from that of most other populations , in that the males remain with the females during the first stage of the incubation period ( one to two weeks ) . the males then leave the nesting areas to form moulting flocks along the coast . immediately after hatching , as soon as the young are dry , they go out to sea with their mother . the females and their young usually aggregate in groups in shallow - water areas along the coast through the summer and early fall . the highest age recorded in norway ( including svalbard ) is 58 years .\nwelcome to the official site for online sales of eider ' s men garments ! on our site you will find our full range of apparel and accessories designed for sport and nature lovers . our range of men garments is fully suited to enjoying summer and winter sports , and also for simply walking around town . our men\u2019s outfits provide warmth , functionality and technical prowess all year round . we always select the best materials and pack all our know - how into our products , to give you the greatest satisfaction . many talk only of performance . we also want you to feel good and elegant in our gear , in harmony with nature .\neiders are threatened by oil pollution and lead poisoning as they pick up lead shot from hunting in ponds or lakes . several predators such as ravens , gulls , jaegers and foxes , and hunting pressure in some areas , involve some declines in populations . the global warming is a problem in the wintering range as it is altering the ecosystem of this area . the ice is replaced by open water , and warmer temperatures reduce the prey\u2019s availability . in the same way , higher temperatures involve the drying of wetlands in the breeding range . currently , the steller\u2019s eider is listed as vulnerable , but the three other species are evaluated as least concern .\nthe nest is built by the female , a shallow scrape on the ground made with grasses and lined with down from the female\u2019s breast during the egg laying . the females lay 4 - 6 eggs , 6 - 8 in steller\u2019s eider . they incubate alone and perform all the nesting duties . the males leave the breeding grounds at the beginning of the incubation , and start the migration in order to gather at distant areas for moulting , before to reach the wintering grounds . the females incubate during 25 - 28 days . at hatching , the chicks are precocial and able to walk and feed within one day . they fledge between 50 and 75 days after hatching , depending on the species . they are sexually mature at 2 - 3 years .\nthe total common eider breeding population in svalbard is estimated to be somewhere between 13 , 500 and 27 , 500 pairs and the late summer population is comprised of 80 , 000\u2013140 , 000 individuals . the european breeding population is estimated to be 840 , 000 pairs , and is regarded as stable , although some sub - populations are declining . extensive collecting of down and eggs are thought to have reduced the population somewhat during the first part of the 20th century , but early numbers are rather uncertain , so this may not be the case . although protection measures and bird sanctuaries were established in 1963 and 1973 , no marked increase in the population has occurred since that time . annual population monitoring established in the kongsfjorden area in 1980 and surveys of moulting birds in 2002 and 2010\u20132011 suggest a stable population in recent decades . human disturbance at nesting sites should be avoided in order to minimize loss of egg and chicks to predators .\ntweet of the day is a series of fascinating stories about the british birds inspired by their calls and songs .\nfive stories of birds and birdsong are told by the people inspired by them .\nby continuing to browse this website , you are accepting the use of cookies to offer you services and offers suited to your centers of interest . find out more here\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nthanks to urban sport , cities are becoming open - air sports complexes for town dwellers who want to stay fit . there are multiple disciplines , but to maximize your enjoyment it\u2019s advisable to choose a suitable outfit .\nallow us to list the great reasons for cycling to work and spotlight the gear to do it \u2013 in less time than it takes to pedal around the block .\nnovelty , best deals . . . subscribe to our newsletter to follow our news .\nbut that hasn ' t been good news for some of their prey , including other vulnerable birds , such as eiders .\nfor example , pilot - biologists discovered the wintering grounds of spectacled eiders , an arctic sea duck , after a swift decline based upon aerial survey data .\nthere are several species of large diving ducks called eiders . they are heavy and round - bodied , with a humped bill that produces a characteristic sloping profile . eiders live in the cold far north . they are the source of eiderdown , feathers that the hen plucks from her breast to line her nest and insulate her eggs . eiderdown is used as a warm filling for jackets , pillows , quilts , and sleeping bags . hens are mottled brown , but drakes ( males ) are boldly patterned , with green pigment on the head .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nvisitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities\u2019 popular pair of peregrine falcons .\nthe rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .\nfind out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .\na small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\na nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .\nthis is a delightful oak woodland to walk through \u2013 especially in spring and early summer .\nnature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !\nexplore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .\nthis bird species has different identifying features depending on sex / age / season .\nin the breeding season , eiders are best looked for from the northumberland coast northwards and off the west coast of scotland . they are found in the same areas in winter and also further south on the yorkshire coast and around the east and south coast as far a cornwall . belfast lough is a n ireland stronghold and some are also found off the welsh coast .\n* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .\neiders can be seen all year round in breeding areas . on coasts to the south of the breeding range , birds can be seen from autumn and stay there for the winter .\nour seas are in deep trouble . you can help save them from top to bottom .\nhelp fund the urgent work needed to protect our wonderful sealife . your donation will make a huge difference .\nthe rspb is a member of birdlife international . find out more about the partnership\n\u00a9 the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654\nwe use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience . tell me more\nmother common eiders lead their young to water , and often are accompanied by nonbreeding hens that participate in chick protection . broods often come together to form\ncr\u00e8ches\nof a few to over 150 ducklings . attacks by predators may cause several broods to cluster together into a cr\u00e8che . once formed , a cr\u00e8che tends to stay together throughout the brood rearing period , although some of the different females attending it may leave .\nany of the species of the genera polysticta or somateria , in the seaduck subfamily merginae , which line their nests with fine down ( taken from their own bodies ) .\nthis page was last edited on 19 april 2018 , at 22 : 51 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nand related genera , which occur in the n hemisphere . the male has black and white plumage , and the female is the source of eiderdown\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\ndownload the file for your platform . if you ' re not sure which to choose , learn more about installing packages .\ndeveloped and maintained by the python community , for the python community . donate today !\nnous sommes sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9s dans la fabrication de v\u00eatements styl\u00e9s et fonctionnels pour les sports acti . . .\n21 , rue du pr\u00e9 faucon ( 5 , 851 . 00 mi ) annecy - le - vieux 74940\nquand highline et parapente se rencontrent sur les dunes de huacachina , au p\u00e9rou . . .\nwhen highline and paragliding meet on the dunes of huacachina , peru . . . @ [ 1825756391038789 : 274 : esprits outdoor ]\nit looks like you may be having problems playing this video . if so , please try restarting your browser .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na northern sea duck , of which the male is mainly black - and - white with a coloured head , and the female brown .\n\u2018terns and eiders had been disturbed , while eiders had been doubly hit because the pickers were depleting the mussel beds on which they feed . \u2019\n\u2018both of these types are plentiful on the cape , as are sea ducks , such as scoters and eiders , viewable from many vantage points . \u2019\n\u2018primary predators for these eiders were large gulls , and occasionally evidence of mammalian predation was found . \u2019\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nmales and females have very different plumage ; the male has a black crown , belly and tail , while the rest of the plumage is white , the breast usually has a pinkish tinge . males also have characteristic green marks on the sides of the head . the female is brown with light , closely packed bars over the whole body . young males are a mottled brown - black and white , the pattern of which varies with age . young birds are difficult to distinguish from adult males in transitional plumage after the nesting season , when they are switching to their winter colours .\nthe male ' s voice is a deep , prolonged \u201dcoo - roo - uh\u201d , the female ' s call is a growling \u201dcor - r - r\u201d .\ncommon eiders are maritime ducks , which occur along coastlines in the breeding season , especially on smaller islets where they are safe from mammalian predators . they breed in colonies of variable size and density . nesting groups become established in the spring as soon as the tundra is clear of snow and the ice around the islets has melted ; in most years in svalbard this occurs towards the end of may , but may be as late as the end of june at some sites in some years .\nthe proportion of the population that breeds varies greatly between years depending on ice condition in spring and early summer . common eiders leave the nesting area immediately after the eggs hatch to occupy shallows waters along the coast , where they remain until leaving svalbard during autumn .\nthey feed on various benthic animals ; mussels are a preferred food , but they will also consume small crustaceans found in the inter - tidal zone and shallows .\npair formation takes place during the autumn in common eiders and the same birds may stay together for several years . they are a ground - nesting species that prefers flat areas , sometimes sheltered by stones or pieces of wood , but usually the site is completely exposed . the nest is a simple , shallow scrape made by the female , but it is carefully lined with plant material and a thick layer of down . nest - sites are re - used , and old nests are often characterized by an elevated rim .\nthe normal clutch size consists of four to six eggs , which are grey - green or olive - green in colour . clutches with up to 13 eggs have been recorded in svalbard , but large clutches are usually laid by more than one female ( i . e . the result of dump nesting ) . the incubation period lasts 24\u201326 days . before nesting the females accumulate a large reserve of fat . they do not feed during the incubation period and must therefore survive on stored reserves . they can lose up to 40 % of their body weight during incubation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nstout jh 1 , trust ka , cochrane jf , suydam rs , quakenbush lt .\nus fish & wildlife service , anchorage fied office , ak 99501 , usa . jordan _ stout @ urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\npresent address : conservation biology program , university of minnesota , 1980 upper buford circle , saint paul , mn 55108 , usa .\npresent address : university of alaska\u2014fairbanks , school of fisheries & ocean sciences , fairbanks , ak 99775 , usa .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthis species has been uplisted to near threatened . within europe it has experienced moderate declines and these have not been compensated for by increases elsewhere in the species ' s range . declines are thought to be driven by a range of threats including overharvesting of aquatic resources , pollution , disturbance and hunting . should the declines be found to be more severe , or new information reveal declines in the\npopulations then the species would warrant uplisting ; it almost meets the requirements for listing as threatened under criterion a4abcde .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : somateria mollissima . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsteller\u2019s eiders first breed at 2\u20133 years of age . pair bonding occurs in the winter , and the eiders move to arctic nesting grounds as the spring sea ice breaks up . they are solitary breeders that prefer to nest on islands or peninsulas in tundra lakes and ponds near the coast . the female selects a nest site while the male performs distraction flights . the nest is built out of grass then lined with down during egg laying . females generally lay 5\u20137 olive - brown eggs . males typically leave once incubation begins . females incubate the eggs for 25\u201328 days until hatching .\nducklings are precocial and hatch with open eyes and a dark brown layer of down . they can thermoregulate and walk soon after hatching , allowing them to leave the nest within 24 hours . mothers stay with their young throughout brood rearing . young birds can fly within 5\u20137 weeks of hatching .\nsteller\u2019s eiders forage by diving or dabbling in shallow water . on the breeding habitats , steller\u2019s eiders primarily eat insect larvae associated with freshwater wetlands but may also eat aquatic plants . in marine habitats they eat small fish and saltwater invertebrates , including snails , clams , worms , and echinoderms found in the bottom sediment . they forage singly or in large flocks that often dive and surface in unison .\nmales perform courtship displays for females , with as many as 3\u20137 males following a single female . courtship behaviors include a series of head - turns , shakes , and rearing out of the water . males also perform aggressive displays towards other males , including chin - lifts which display the black chin - patch .\nsteller\u2019s eiders migrate long distances each year , up to 4 , 800 kilometers , between their breeding and wintering grounds . they migrate side by side in long lines only a few feet above the water . they generally travel along coastlines or follow open leads in the ice . migration northward to the breeding grounds begins in late - april . they reach their nesting sites in the arctic tundra in late may to early june . males leave the breeding areas by early july to travel to molting areas . the females remain on the breeding grounds until the chicks fledge . then they travel to molting areas or directly to wintering grounds further south .\nthe breeding range of steller\u2019s eiders is the arctic coastal plain of northern alaska and russia . there are three recognized breeding populations of steller\u2019s eiders worldwide . two populations breed in russia . the russian - atlantic population breeds in russia and winters in the barents and baltic seas of northern europe , never associating with alaska . the russian - pacific population breeds in russia and winters in the bering sea and northern gulf of alaska and mixes with the russian - pacific population in the bering sea and northern gulf of alaska during the molt and winter . alaska\u2019s breeding population occurs in two disjunct regions , the yukon - kuskokwim delta in western alaska , where only a few birds may nest , and the arctic coastal plain , primarily near barrow .\nalmost all steller ' s eiders nest in northeastern siberia , with less than 1 % of the population breeding in north america . in the winter , most of the world\u2019s steller\u2019s eiders are found in the alaska peninsula and the aleutian islands . others winter as far west as the commander and kuril islands of russia and as far east as kodiak island and kachemak bay in cook inlet , alaska .\nthe population of steller\u2019s eiders may have declined by up to 50 % between the 1960s and 1980s . estimates of the wintering concentration of steller\u2019s eiders along the alaska peninsula was 400 , 000\u2013500 , 000 in the 1960s , and dropped to an estimated 200 , 000 in the 1990s , and 100 , 000\u2013140 , 000 in the 2000s . the cause of this drastic decline is unknown .\nsteller\u2019s eiders were once targets of waterfowl hunters . hunting of eiders was ended in 1991 .\negging and subsistence hunting of steller\u2019s eiders is minimal in alaska . the effects of subsistence hunting in russia are poorly documented .\nthe usfws , in cooperation with the north slope borough , has developed an education and outreach program designed to protect steller\u2019s eiders on the breeding grounds . fox control has also been implemented near barrow in order to improve nesting success . regulators are also protecting steller\u2019s eiders on the wintering grounds by reviewing development plans .\ncurrent research and monitoring has focused on detecting population trends and improving our understanding of breeding biology and annual distribution . scientists do not know if the russian - pacific and alaskan breeding populations are distinct or if they represent one larger population with some birds breeding in alaska intermittently . other research has focused on trying to understand the role of contaminants and predators in limiting population growth .\nthe four eiders included in the tribe mergini , subfamily anatinae , in the large family anatidae , are sometimes separated from the other sea ducks and placed in their own tribe somateriini .\nthe three eiders of genus somateria are closely related . these large marine ducks show strong sexual dimorphism with males displaying complex and coloured head pattern and black and white bodies , while females are duller , mostly brown , and fairly similar in all species .\nduring winter , they remain in northern waters , either in bays or river mouths , or at sea in deep waters and away from land , according to the species . their usual wintering grounds include northern europe , iceland , w greenland , ne north america , alaska , aleutian islands , kamchatka , and southern bering sea . they return to their breeding grounds when the sea ice starts to break up .\nthe flight during these migrations is fairly low over the water . the birds fly side by side and form an undulating line just above the waves . sea ducks are powerful fliers .\nthe displays are typically similar to those of all the anatidae . the males perform usual courtship displays including rearing up out of water , wing - flapping , shaking head , stretching neck upwards and jerking head back in quick motion . at this period , the drakes produce various cooing and crooning calls while displaying . some fights may occur between males around one female .\nfemales and chicks are threatened by several predators such as gulls , jaegers and foxes , the female during the incubation and the ducklings after hatching while they start to walk and feed . both females and young migrate and reach the wintering grounds where they will moult .\neiders are powerful marine ducks , somewhat different from other anatidae . the head pattern of males is sometimes considered ghostly and mysterious , but they are gregarious and beautiful .\nwhen they are not nesting , these ducks spend most of the year in the frigid waters of the arctic , where they eat bottom - dwelling mollusks and crustaceans . during the winter months , these ducks move far offshore to deep waters , where they often gather in dense flocks in openings of nearly continuous sea ice .\nunlike other sea ducks , spectacled eiders appear to remain in only a few areas and become vulnerable during their molting season as they cannot fly away from a hazard . spectacled eiders also use long large cracks in the ice where water flows in their migration .\nthe u . s . population is approximately 3 , 000 - 4 , 000 nesting pairs .\nhistorically , spectacled eiders nested along much of the coast of alaska , from the nushagak peninsula in the southwest , north to barrow , east nearly to the canadian border , and along much of the arctic coast of russia . however , climate change and oil and gas development have drastically reduced their habitat range . as a result the western alaskan population of spectacled eiders dropped by 96 percent between 1957 and 1992 .\nendangered species coalition po box 65195 | washington dc 20035 | 240 . 353 . 2765\nspectacled eiders arrive on the breeding grounds as pairs in late - may or in june . preferred nest sites appear to be on islands or peninsulas in lakes . nest initiation typically occurs in may - july and varies according to numerous factors that include latitude and weather . females generally lay 3 - 9 oval , olive - green eggs at an average rate of one egg every 24 hours . males depart the breeding areas sometime during egg - laying and early incubation , leaving the females to care for the eggs . the females incubate the eggs 24 - 28 days and tend to the young after they hatch . ducklings are covered in down when they hatch . young spectacled eiders learn to fly at 50 - 52 days of age and fledge in late august . young eiders will remain at sea until their first breeding attempt at 2 - 3 years of age .\negg and duckling predators in alaska and russia include mink , arctic fox , red fox , gulls , and jaegers . hen eiders will take their young to open water , or to hide in emergent vegetation in response to avian attacks .\nspectacled eiders feed by diving and dabbling . in the nonbreeding season , they are found in marine waters diving down to feed on benthic mollusks and crustaceans in shallow waters ( less than 80m deep ) or free - floating amphipods in deeper waters . during the nesting season , they forage in ponds by diving and dabbling , often feeding on aquatic insects , crustaceans , mollusks , and vegetation . they will also feed on grasses , berries , and seeds .\nspectacled eiders generally congregate in large , dense flocks in the winter in small openings in the sea ice . outside the winter , they typically fly in small , compact flocks of less than 50 individuals . they typically fly with a rapid wing beat less than 50m above the ground or water .\nmales may chase each other to compete for females during the breeding season , however , physical contact is rare . spectacled eiders are believed to follow a monogamous mating system .\nspring migration from the wintering area includes multiple stopovers at coastal sites with arrival on the breeding grounds in late may or june . males leave 1 - 2 weeks after incubation of the eggs begins . females and young eiders travel to their wintering grounds in late summer . after spectacled eiders leave the nesting grounds , they travel along established migration corridors in the bering , chukchi , and beaufort seas . males molt and stage in mechigmenskiy bay in russia , eastern chukotka peninsula in russia , or in ledyard bay , alaska . the females molt and stage in eastern norton sound if they nested in the yukon - kuskokwim delta or in ledyard bay and mechigmenskiy bay if they nested on the north slope . from these molting and staging areas , the birds will head out to the bering sea for the winter .\nthe breeding habitat of spectacled eiders is in wet tundra regions . they nest along arctic coasts of alaska and russia and on the yukon - kuskokwim delta in alaska . molting areas have been found in norton sound and ledyard bay in alaska and in mechigmenskiy bay and offshore waters between the kolyma and indigirka river deltas in russia . in the winter , the entire global population of spectacled eiders congregates in gaps in the sea ice ( called polynyas ) in the bering sea between st . lawrence and st . matthew islands . the wintering habitat of spectacled eiders was unknown until the 1990s . they use these gaps in the ice to dive down and collect mollusks and other crustaceans from the sea floor .\nthe population of spectacled eiders has declined significantly since the 1960s , but the cause of this decline remains unknown . on the yukon - kuskokwim delta , the population declined by over 96 % between the 1970s and 1990s . following this dramatic decline , the population appears to have stabilized .\nthough the cause of the decline in spectacled eiders is unknown , lead poisoning from ingestion of spent shot has been a significant source of mortality in alaska . the use of lead shot was banned in 1991 so the threat from lead poisoning should be reduced though illegal use may continue at some level .\nin nesting areas , predation by foxes , gulls , and ravens may be preventing the recovery of the species . predation tends to be higher in areas near human habitation due to the year - round availability of food and shelter for certain predators .\nall spectacled eiders overwinter in the bering sea using polynyas ( gaps ) in the sea ice .\nspectacled eiders were once a target of waterfowl hunters . however , sport hunting of this species has been closed in alaska since 1991 .\nthis species was harvested for its meat and feathers , and their eggs also were an important subsistence food . however , in 1991 subsistence hunting of spectacled eiders was closed in alaska , and remains closed .\nspectacled eiders are currently listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act and protected by the migratory bird treaty act , both of which are implemented by the u . s . fish and wildlife service . the state of alaska retains trust responsibilities over this species and is actively engaged in the management , conservation , and regulation of spectacled eiders and their habitat .\nthere are several research projects on spectacled eiders underway . one project is designed to determine winter habitat and the causes of the population decline . this study uses satellite transmitters to track the birds to identify molting and feeding areas in the bering sea . another project studies the impacts of lead shot poisoning and environmental contaminants on the eiders ."]}
{"id": 154, "summary": [{"text": "gyrinocheilus is the single genus in the family gyrinocheilidae , a family of small southeast asian cypriniform fishes that live in fast-flowing freshwater mountain streams .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the species in this genus are commonly called \" algae eaters . \"", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they hold on to fixed objects using a sucker-like mouth , and , despite the name , feed on a wide range of detritus , rather than simply on algae .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "a \" golden \" variety of g. aymonieri , the chinese algae eater or \" sucking loach \" , can be found in many pet shops and fish farms . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "gyrinocheilus", "paragraphs": ["the other species in the genus , gyrinocheilus pennocki and the gyrinocheilus pustulosus , are rarely seen in the aquarium trade .\ngyrinocheilus aymonieri is commercially bred with the use of hormones . there are no well documented reports of aquarium breeding of gyrinocheilus aymonieri .\nchinese algae eater - gyrinocheilus | tropical fish misc . | pinterest | freshwater fish and tropical fish\nmatt clarke looks at gyrinocheilus pennocki , the spotted algae eater , a fish easy to mistake for aymonieri .\nfroese , r . & pauly , d . , eds . ( 2011 ) . gyrinocheilus aymonieri in catalog of fishes .\ngyrinocheilus aymonieri is a large , drab fish with little to recommend it and a fish which is unlikely to get along with any other species .\nchinese algae - eaters ( gyrinocheilus aymonieri ) often feed off the body slime of other fish , causing injury or death . photo by pseudogastromyzon / wikipedia\nkingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii order : cypriniformes family : gyrinocheilidae genus : gyrinocheilus species : g . aymonieri , ( tirant , 1883 )\nthe iucn red list of endangered species lists gyrinocheilus aymonieri as ' least concern ' . the species is very widespread and local threats make little difference to the whole population . gyrinocheilus aymonieri is widely collected as a food item . some are still collected for the aquatic trade but most aquarium fish have been commercially bred with the mutant white morph being the most popular .\ngyrinocheilus : from the ancient greek \u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u1fd6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 ( gyrinos ) , meaning \u2018tadpole\u2019 , and \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 ( che\u00edlos ) , meaning \u2018lip\u2019 , due to the somewhat triangular , tadpole - like shape of the mouthparts .\ngyrinocheilus species exhibit some morphological peculiarities which separate them from all other genera in the order cypriniformes . they lack pharyngeal teeth and possess a small , spiracle - like aperture at the top of each opercle .\nkeeping gyrinocheilus aymonieri in a group with the aim of spreading the aggression won ' t normally work , it will make things worse because instead of there being just one trouble maker there will be several .\narai , r . , a . suzuki and y . akai , 1988 - japanese journal of ichthyology 34 ( 4 ) : 515 - 517 the karyotype and dna value of a cypriniform algae eater , gyrinocheilus aymonieri .\nin nature gyrinocheilus aymonieri will sift through the detritus picking out morsels of food . in captivity it will eat anything and everything , sadly for most new fish keepers the fish they bought as an algae eater will ignore the stuff , instead it will go for a higher quality diet and eat all the usual fish food on offer . gyrinocheilus aymonieri are very bold feeders and may try to take over the food for themselves by behaving very aggressively to other fish at feeding time . shy timid species won ' t usually thrive for very long in the presence of a sucking loach .\ngyrinocheilus aymonieri isn ' t actually a true loach . it is a close relative of the loaches but has its own family - gyrinocheiliidae , which contains one genus , with four species . as well as the typical wild form there is a white aquarium morph but both morphs behave in the same way .\ngyrinocheilus aymonieri is very tolerant of wide ranging environmental conditions and from that point of view it is a very very easy fish to cater for . however it is generally to aggressive for most community aquariums and will invariably cause problems when introduced . it is particularly aggressive towards fish which are similar in appearance .\nthe chinese algae - eater ( gyrinocheilus aymonieri ) is a fraud . it doesn\u2019t come from china , and it barely eats algae . worse , it often feeds off the body slime of other fish , injuring or killing them . many hobbyists end up with it as the only fish in their tank without knowing why .\ndespite the name , never rely on any fish with ' algae eater ' in its title . controlling algae is the job of the fish keeper , not the fish . almost every species which does eat algae will move on to the higher quality diet of fish food given the chance . this is very true of gyrinocheilus aymonieri .\nmost new aquarist buy gyrinocheilus aymonieri because it is wrongly sold as an algae eater when it is a couple of inches in length . initially it will be fine and probably choose to hide and keep a low profile but as it grows it will become increasingly aggressive towards all its tank mates and it won ' t eat any algae .\nchinese algae eater alternative name ( s ) : algae eater , chinese catfish , sucking loach scientific name ( s ) : gyrinocheilus aymonieri category : tropical difficulty : maximum size : 28cms minimum tank volume : 250 litres minimum tank size : 48\nwater temperature range : 22 - 26\u00b0c water ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 water hardness range : 5 - 20 dgh\ni would be interested to know what kind of fish you actually had in the tank . usually , fish going by the common name\nalgae eater\nare either gyrinocheilus ( chinese algae eaters ) or crossocheilus siamensis ( siamese algae eaters ) . the chinese algae eater ( often confused with the siamese ) tends to only fulfill the\npeaceful bottom feeder\nrole until it matures . adult chinese algae eaters don ' t tend to eat algae at all and are quite aggressive !\naquarium : gyrinocheilus aymonieri is a robust and easy - to - keep grazer which does a good job of keeping algae to a minimum . however , the species can become quarrelsome and territorial and may rasp the mucus from the flanks of larger fishes , so you need to be careful what you mix it with . g . pennocki is probably the same . according to rainboth s fishes of the cambodian mekong , g . pennocki is found on large flat rocks in fast - flowing water . in the dry season it occurs in riffles and rapids in rocky streams .\nnotes : this fish is a member of the cypriniform family gyrinocheilidae . the genus has three species : g . pennocki , g . pustulosus and the widely available g . aymonieri . the easiest way to tell the three apart is to count the number of branched dorsal fin rays . g . aymonieri has nine , g . pustulosus has 10 and g . pennocki has 11 . gyrinocheilus are adapted for life in fast - flowing water and have greatly reduced swimbladders . a spiracle - like hole exists behind the gill to allow them to breathe while clinging to rocks with the suctorial disc in their mouth .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : southeast asia . freshwater mountain streams . no pharyngeal teeth . mouth inferior and suctorial for attachment onto objects . gill slit consisting of 2 small openings , inhalent aperture located above gill opening and communicating with gill chamber . barbels absent . feed only on algae . maximum size 30 cm . reared as aquarium fish .\ngreek , gyrinos = frog larvae + greek , cheilos = lip ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nof this article , so you may wish to read it there . unique to this site , here are some photos of\n) which is the only known fish to effectively eat red ( beard / brush ) algae . the other four fishes are ( 1 ) a very similar fish which we call the\nfalse siamensis ,\n( 2 ) a more colorful relative - the flying fox (\nspecies and ( 4 ) the chinese algae eater . to the casual observer , all fish may look the same at first . even some reputable aquarium texts have confused the real and false siamensis . a summary table is included at the end to compare the distinguishing features among these interesting fishes .\nthis slender algae eating barb is the only known fish that eats red algae . it comes from the flowing waters of thailand and the malay peninsula . it was first brought to europe in 1962 , but became popular in the 1970 ' s when its ability to eat red algae was noticed . the fish is also known as siamese flying fox , and siamese fox . it previous scientific name was\nit is a slender , grayish - brown fish with a distinctive black horizontal stripe . maximum length is 15 cm ( 6\n) and might be obtained in two years , if the conditions are optimal . normally they grow slower and don ' t always reach that size in captivity . they can live over 10 years . all the fins are transparent or slightly milky without any yellow or reddish sheen . the black band goes from nose to the fork of the tail and its edges are zig - zagged . when a fish is stressed or fighting the black color fades significantly . underparts are silvery white and there is no light stripe over the black , but the whole upper body is brownish and every scale has a dark edge , which make the top look reticular . some dark scale edges might be seen under the black stripe . it has a pair of thin , forward - pointing barbels but they might be pressed against the cheeks when fish is swimming or resting . the long black stripe is also easy to see in young fishes , but the scale edge pattern and zig - zag edges are not clearly visible until the fish reaches the length of 5 - 7 cm ( 2 - 3\n) ; the ones that are normally seen in european shops are about 3 - 5 cm ( 1 - 2\n) long . adult females are often slightly fatter than males , no other sexual differences are known .\nit is an active and fast swimmer , which thrives best in schools but can also be kept alone or in pairs . it is a strong jumper and should not be kept in uncovered tank , because it will eventually jump . siamese algae eaters often chase one another but they never get hurt in these fights .\nhas a peculiar resting position : it doesn ' t lie flat on its belly but keeps its body propped up with its tail , pelvic and pectoral fins . young fish sometimes rest on broad leaves , adult specimens prefer resting on bottom or dense , low plants like\n. the swim bladder is not very developed , so the fish can ' t stay in midwater but it must be in constant motion or it sinks .\nsiamese algae eater is not very demanding . suitable temperature is 24 - 26 c ( 75 - 79f ) . they can tolerate ph from 5 . 5 to 8 . 0 , but 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 is ideal .\nhardness should be less than 20 dh . water should be clean and oxygenated , because they come from bright and fast - flowing streams . they eat algae , including red algae and all kind of live and prepared foods . it is very rare that they harm plants in their tank if they are given enough green food . they also eat algae when they are mature , but seem to prefer flake food . liisa ' s fish eat duckweed (\n) but have never touched any other plants . they haven ' t yet been bred in captivity , so all the specimens are caught from nature . it appears that the fish are seasonal and are not always available in the shops . minimum tank size for a pair of adult siamese algae eaters is 100 liters ( 25 gallons ) . the aquarium should be long and have lots of living plants .\nas they are not aggressive , they can be kept in any community tank big enough . their active behavior might stress some sensitive species like dwarf cichlids and prevent them from spawning . they should not be kept with red - tailed sharks ( epalzeorhynchus bicolor ) unless the aquarium is large and well planted , because that species is very aggressive towards all its relatives .\nthis algae eating barb strongly resembles the siamese algae eater . it comes from the same region and at least young specimens can school together . these fish are often mistaken for real siamese algae eater and in finland it is common to see some specimens among a tankful of siamese algae eaters . it seems that the real siamese algae eater is a rarity in us , and the\nfalse siamensis\nis normally sold as siamese algae eater . more confusing is that many respected aquarium books ( e . g . baensch atlas , volume 1 , english edition ) present this fish as the siamese algae eater (\nthere is still some uncertainty regarding the true identity of this fish . markku varjo states that it is the siamese stone lapping fish (\nat first sight this fish is just like the siamese algae eater , but they are easy to tell apart when you know what to look . the black horizontal band does not go to the fork of the tail but stops at the base of the tail and its edges are rather smooth . when the fish is frightened the black stripe fades to light grey . all fins except pectoral are yellowish and there are dark markings on the dorsal fin . the rays near the base of the dorsal fin are black and there is another dark band in the upper part of dorsal . there is a distinctive narrow light stripe over the black horizontal band and the dorsal region is solid grayish brown without dark scale edges . the top area is also slightly darker than siamese algae eater . sometimes bright red or pink is seen around the mouth but it might disappear if the fish is stressed . it has two pairs of barbels ( unlike the siamese algae eater ) . maximum length is reported to be 15 cm ( 6\n) . no sexual differences are known , but the amount of red might depend on the sex of the fish . in the orient , these fish are called\ncolorful flying fox .\nironically ,\nfalse siamensis\nis more demanding on water quality than siamese algae eater . it needs very clear and oxygenated water , ideal temperature is 24 - 26 c ( 75 - 79f ) and the ph shouldn ' t get much under 7 . they eat some algae , but in nature they probably seek small animals from algae growths . in aquarium they eat all kinds of live and artificial foods . they have not been bred in captivity . minimum tank size for it is 80 liters ( 20 gallons ) .\ncan be kept in any community tank . adult specimens often get aggressive toward each other , so there shouldn ' t be more than one\nfalse siamensis\nin a tank . they might also harass related species and other small bottom - dwellers like loaches , if the tank is not big enough .\nthe flying fox is the most colorful of this fish group . for this reason , it has gained popularity in the u . s . over\nand\nfalse siamensis\n. it comes from the flowing waters of thailand , sumatra and borneo . wholesalers sometimes deliver this species as siamese algae eater in finland . this fish is also known as trunk barb .\nbody and fin shape like two previous species . thin specimens are often pictured in the aquarium literature . the overall color is warmer brown or even goldish and the black horizontal stripe goes from nose to the fork of the tail like on siamese algae eater , but the part going through the tail fin in darker and broader . there is a narrow golden stripe over the black . dorsal , anal and pelvic fins have indistinctive dark bands and bright white tips . it has 2 pairs of barbels . maximum length is reported to be 15 cm ( 6\n) . no sexual differences are known .\nsame as previous species . adult specimen is territorial and aggressive towards its own kind .\nideal ph is near 7 , temperature 24 - 26c ( 75 - 79f ) . it eats all kinds of live , prepared and plant foods . it has not been bred in captivity . minimum tank size 80 liters ( 20 gallons ) .\nflying fox can be kept in a community tank , but it might chase other fish viciously from its territory . there shouldn ' t be more than one adult flying fox in a tank .\nthis is a close relative to siamese algae eater , and it is possible that specimens of this fish are sometimes found in schools of siamese algae eater or\nfalse siamensis\n.\nbody shape and color are basically same as siamese algae eater and\nfalse siamensis\n. all the fins are transparent and the black horizontal stripe does not extend to the tail fin . the stripe has smooth edges and the back is solid , not reticulated like on siamese algae eater . it has two pairs of barbels like flying fox . maximum length is 10 cm ( 4\n) .\nthis algae eater belongs to family gyrinocheilidae , although it resembles both loaches and algae eating barbs . its english name isn ' t very accurate , because it comes from northern india and thailand , not china . it is also called the indian algae eater . there are still some unclear points in the systematic classification of this genus and it is possible that the species most often imported isn ' t\nchinese algae eater is a bottom - dweller . the most prominent feature is a big suckermouth , which it uses for scraping algae and clinging to objects . there is a special opening on the upper part of the gill cover for the water intake so the fish can breath without using its mouth . this same feature is seen on suckermouth catfishes . the fish is light brown and there is a dark grey or brown horizontal pattern on its side , which can be either a zig - zag edged solid stripe or a row of separate spots or anything between these two . young specimens are more colorful . there are some dark patches at the back and small brown spots at the tail . all the other fins are transparent or slightly brownish . maximum length is 27 cm ( 11\n) but normally it doesn ' t exceed 15 cm ( 6\n) in an aquarium . females are larger and fuller , adult males might show spawning tubercles on the head .\nit moves along all the surfaces of the tank scraping green algae with its suckermouth . older specimens prefer artificial foods and are rather aggressive .\nchinese algae eater is not very demanding on water conditions : ph may vary from 6 . 0 to 7 . 5 and the temperature from 22c ( 72f ) to 28c ( 82f ) . water should be well oxygenated , as it comes from streams . it eats all kinds of foods , but must get enough algae or plant food . it is reported that it will stop eating algae if the temperature drops below 69 degrees f ( 20 deg . c ) . it has not been bred in captivity . minimum tank size 100 liters ( 25 gallons ) .\nyoung chinese algae eaters can be kept in community , but adult specimens can be aggressive to other fish . they most often attack slow - swimming , flat - bodied fish and shouldn ' t be kept with them .\nvarjo , m . 1983 : levabarbi vai mika ? - akvaariolehti 3 / 83 : 16 - 19 .\npetrovicky , i . 1988 : aquarium fish of the world . - arch cape press , new york .\nmills , d . et al 1988 : tropical aquarium fishes . - tetra press , nj .\naxelrod , h . 1989 : atlas of tropical freshwater aquarium fishes . - tfh , nj\nriehl , r . and baensch , h . a . 1989 : aquarium atlas ( volume 1 ) , - mergus , germany .\nsmith , h . m . 1945 : the fresh - water fishes of siam , or thailand . bulletin 188 - smithsonian institute , washington d . c .\ngreek , gyrinos = tadpole + greek , cheilos = lip ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 25\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 28 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27732 )\nhas 9 branched dorsal rays ; 36 - 40 lateral line scales ; no dark spots on pelvic and anal fins ( ref . 27732 ) ; a small dark spot always present behind spiracle ; sometimes tiny tubercles on side of head and large tubercles confined to snout ( ref . 12693 ) .\noccur in medium to large - sized rivers and enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . found on solid surfaces in flowing waters . mostly herbivorous , feed largely on algae , periphyton and phytoplankton , but also take insect larvae or zooplankton . in current , they hold onto fixed objects with their sucker - like mouth . for breathing , water is pumped into the gill cavity through a small spiracle and across the gills for gas exchange . large fish are sold in the markets , smaller ones are used to make prahoc ( ref . 12693 ) . aquarium keeping : needs plant feed ; adults territorial ; in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 \u00b10 . 25 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nasia : known only from the kapuas , mahakam and kayan basins in borneo , indonesia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; vertebrae : 39 - 40 . no spots on any of the fins . side of the head with very many parallel rows of small tubercles ( ref 13074 ) .\nkottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00413 - 0 . 02777 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyoung specimen of the ornamental form known as ' marbled ' or ' piebald ' .\naymonieri : named in honour of french linguist , archaeologist and explorer \u00e9tienne fran\u00e7ois aymonier ( 1844 - 1929 ) , who collected or helped secure the type series while serving as a representative for the french protectorate of cambodia .\ndescribed from the mountains of samrong tong , kampong speu province , cambodia but is widely - distributed in the mae klong , chao phraya , middle / lower mekong and dong nai river basins in thailand , laos , cambodia and vietnam .\nit\u2019s often seen on sale under the trade names \u2018indian\u2019 or \u2018chinese\u2019 algae eater but does not occur naturally in either country .\ninhabits flowing streams and tributaries with substrates of boulders , pebbles , gravel and sand , often in areas with submerged driftwood or tree roots .\nthe frequently clear , shallow water allows sunlight to penetrate the surface and the development of a rich biofilm covering submerged surfaces upon which the fish browse .\nit\u2019s thought to undergo seasonal migrations during which it can be found in deeper , more turbid water and may enter temporarily - inundated zones .\nprovided sufficient cover is available this species is relatively unfussy in terms of d\u00e9cor , and should not harm softer - leaved plants . however it will thrive in a set - up designed to resemble a flowing river with a substrate of variably - sized rocks , gravel and some larger , water - worn boulders .\nthis can be further furnished with driftwood roots and branches plus aquatic plants from genera such as microsorum , bolbitis , or anubias which can be grown attached to the d\u00e9cor . bright lighting will promote the growth of algae upon which the fish will graze .\nlike many fishes that naturally inhabit running water it\u2019s quite intolerant to the accumulation of organic wastes and does best if there is a high level of dissolved oxygen and moderate water movement .\ntemperature : active over a wide temperature range of 60 \u2013 90\u00b0f / 16\u00b0 \u2013 32\u00b0c . prolonged exposure to conditions towards either extreme of this range is not recommended however and this fish should be kept in a heated aquarium at 22 \u2013 26 \u00b0c for general care .\nprimarily an aufwuchs grazer feeding on algae , small crustaceans , insect larvae , etc . , and for it to develop its best colours and condition it should be offered regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia and artemia , along with good quality dried flakes , granules and fresh plant material .\nshelled peas , cucumber , blanched courgette , spinach , and chopped fruit all make good additions to the menu , and home - made , gel - based foods using a mixture of natural ingredients are also highly recommended .\nonce settled it will often ascend into midwater to feed and in a stream - style set - up as described above will be seen browsing the biofilm that tends to form on the rockwork .\nthough normally sold as such this species is largely unsuitable for the general community aquarium . this does not mean to say it must be kept alone , rather that tankmates must be chosen with care .\nwhile small specimens tend to hide away much of the time they become increasingly territorial as they grow and can display particularly high levels of aggression towards similar - looking fishes such as crossocheilus , epalzeorhynchos , or garra spp .\nother bottom - dwelling fishes including cichlids and most catfishes are best avoided as they may be picked on it may even attach itself to the flanks of larger tankmates in order to feed on their body mucus .\nfor the upper levels choose robust , active cyprinids , characids , or similar . ideally it should be the final addition to the tank in order to avoid it claiming ownership of the entire space .\nkeeping a group is one way to reduce intraspecific aggression but at least half - a - dozen or more individuals should be purchased because they will develop a distinct pecking order and in lesser numbers weaker individuals are more easily targeted . it goes without saying that a very large tank would be needed in order to attempt such a project .\nsexually mature females are noticeably thicker - bodied than males but it is impossible to accurately sex young fish . when in spawning condition adult males develop noticeable tubercules on the snout .\nas far as we know it hasn\u2019t been bred in aquaria but is farmed for the trade in large numbers with the aid of hormones .\nthis species is among the most well - known fishes in the aquarium trade but juveniles are typically being offered for sale with little to no information regarding temperament , eventual size , and potential age which can be in excess of 15 years .\nwild examples are not currently traded , with all of those seen on sale produced on a commercial basis . there also exist several ornamental strains including albino , \u2018golden\u2019 , \u2018piebald\u2019 and \u2018short - bodied\u2019 forms .\nthe golden variety is sometimes subjected artificial dying , an undoubtedly painful process which involves injecting the fish repeatedly with coloured dyes and normally leads to a significant reduction in lifespan .\ndespite often being sold as such this species is not a loach although it was was initially considered a member of the former subfamily homalopterinae . the results of an investigation regarding its karotype suggest it to be most closely - related to the families cobitidae and homalopteridae .\nthere are currently three described species although neither g . pennocki ( native to the mekong basin ) or g . pustulosus ( borneo ) are normally available in the aquarium trade . the former is the most similar in appearance to g . aymonieri but is distinguished by the presence of dark spot - like markings in the fins .\nthe latter are used as secondary respiratory openings through which water enters and passes over the gills before being expelled via the principal gill opening . the mouthparts can therefore be used independantly for feeding and anchoring to solid surfaces .\nthey also lack barbels , further distinguishing them from similar - looking fish such as garra cambodgiensis , epalzeorhynchos kalopterus and laterally - striped crossocheilus spp .\ntirant , g . , 1883 - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des \u00e9tudes indo - chinoises . saigon : 167 - 173 note sur quelques esp\u00e8ces de poissons des montagnes de samrong - tong ( cambodge ) .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 - fao , rome : 1 - 265 fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes .\nhow well do otocinclus catfish eat algae ? a little experiment from the den . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n, a mekong endemic . it is possible that the chinese record may be based on\nthe species has a wide distribution from southern china and southeast asia ( thailand , lao pdr , cambodia and viet nam ) .\npopulations have declined in some parts of its range ( e . g . , thailand ) as a result of over - exploitation . although considered threatened in china and viet nam , and perhaps naturally rare , it is assessed as least concern at present as it is not thought likely to have declined sufficiently across its range in order to qualify for a threatened category .\nthe middle / lower mekong ( thailand , cambodia , lao pdr , viet nam ( e . g . , the mekong delta ( electricity viet nam 2010 ) and the\nand from the northern malay peninsula ( southern thailand , peninsular malaysia , and probably associated parts of the mekong drainage in myanmar ( mekong myanmar ( the mae kok , mae sai , and kengtung ) ) .\nit is naturally rare / uncommon in china and southern viet nam ( mekong delta areas ) , but is locally common in viet nam ' s mekong tributaries ( the se san and sre pok ) and the chao phraya - mae khlong basin and the tonle sap basin . populations in thailand have declined ; it was an important component of fish sauce (\ninhabits flowing streams and tributaries with substrates of boulders , pebbles , gravel and sand , often in areas with submerged driftwood or tree roots ( rainboth 1996 ) . it is thought to undergo seasonal migrations during which it can be found in deeper , more turbid water and is known to enter temporarily - inundated zones .\noccurs in medium to large - sized rivers and enters flooded fields ( taki 1978 ) . it is a good indicator of stream / river quality ( c . vidthayanon pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nhighly commercial ; large fish are sold in the markets , smaller ones are used to make fermented fish products ( rainboth 1996 ) . found in the ornamental fish trade ; wild fish not often found , with most individuals from captive - bred sources , especially mutant ( albino - lutino ) forms ( c . vidthayanon . pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nalthough the species may be impacted by dams , not enough is known about its migratory habits to predict the scale of impacts . populations have declined locally , especially in thailand , as a result of a range if factors , including over - exploitation .\nmore information on the species ecology , threats and distribution is required . listed as a protected animal in yunnan province in 1989 and considered endangered ( wang 1998 ) , and considered rare in viet nam ( huynh 1998 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the\nthe very common algae eater . i believe it received this name due to its sucking disc . in my experience i have found them to be a poor algae eater . nevertheless they are an interesting addition to your aquarium .\nlong and cylindrical with a down facing mouth . the mouth has thick lips with many folds that form a sucking disc . this disc helps the fish feed on algae . it is also the basis of its common name . the dorsal fin is well developed with nine protruding soft rays . the anal , ventral and pectoral fins are all rounded . the caudal fin has a deep fork .\nthe sides are a burnt yellow , with a brown stripe running down the length of the body . this stripe is commonly broken up into spots . the eye is also yellow . the tail and dorsal fins may have some small spots at the base and the general coloration is clear . the back is brown . the coloration of this fish is not set and is quite variable .\nlittle is known of the sexing of these fish . breeding has occurred , but only accidentally .\nplease remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .\ni have two of these in my tank . i have a divider in my tank with adult fish on one side and babies on the other , and one on each side . normally i do my research before i buy anything , but i needed an algae eater , and i definitely did not want a plecostomus because they get way too big for my tank . i plan on upgrading my tank soon , but not as big as i will need for those guys because they get absolutely huge when you can keep them alive ! i talked to the representative in the fish store to find out some more information about other algae eaters and she recommended these . so far they do very well . they have been absolutely wonderful these last couple months cleaning up my algae and the one i have with the babies doesn ' t bother them at all . the one with the adults tends to hide a lot though while the one with the babies is a bit more active . i have neons , mickey mouse platys and guppies right now ( my 2 year olds tank ) . if any signs of aggression arise , i do plan on separating them out of my tank since i do have small fish , and these guys aren ' t adults yet so aggression may still happen . rich now though , i am very happy with my fish . fish !\nover the years , i ' ve owned several tanks and each one had one of these guys . my last one , the cae was a bully , then i got a jack dempsey and once he reached maturity , he devoured the cae . currently , my cae is toeing the line in a tank with a breeding pair of convict cichilds . nevertheless , this fish is definitely not for beginners , as almost every lfs will say . please do your research before buying any fish !\ni had one for seven years in a 55 gallon tank with 7 silver dollars , one angelfish , one pleco , and one red tail catfish . all of these except the angelfish lived together for the whole seven years . him and the redtail catfish mildly fought over territory for a couple of years , but eventually they came to some agreement and settled down . this was a very interesting and lively fish . i would not discount him in the right tank .\ni ' ve had one of these fish for about two years in a community tank . its bottom feeder buddies are a clown loach , a pleco and two corydoras . the other fish in the tank are 8 neons , 4 black neons and seven harlequins . i also had seven platies , however , the platties were all wiped out by the same disease , which also carried off a black neon ( completely un - cae related deaths ) . my cae has reasonably peaceful , and never done much more than chase the odd platy or neon for a couple of seconds , and i ' ve got no deaths to blame it for . based on some of the other comments here though , i ' d lay that on being lucky enough to get a cae with a peaceful personality . still he ' s a healthy and reasonably good looking fish in my tank .\nimo alison did the right thing and selected very tough tankmates for this ( usually ) very aggressive fish . i kept one when young and yes the small specimens destroy algae brilliantly , but as others have noted the aggression increased with size and was meted out to anything in range . a truly terrible aquarium fish , with only it ' s natural toughness to recommend it , along with the fascinating morphological adaptations ( spiracles as mentioned in the profile , and the lack of functional swimbladder , causing negative buoyancy - which is why they sink when stationary ) . ps - they are frequently sold for coldwater tanks - do not keep these fish with fancy goldfish ! the fantails won ' t stand a chance and that ' s not fair . . .\nit ' s funny i didn ' t know about the cae bad rap until i had successfully owned one for several years . when i bought my cae i was relatively new to fish keeping and was sold the\ncommunity fish line\n. normally i research everything like crazy . i guess i lucked out this time . my cae just died this morning at the age of 7 and was a joy to have . his tank mates for the last three years were a rowdy bunch of african cichlids . i only saw him make an aggressive move twice and both times a cichlid was stealing an algae wafer out from under him . once the wafer was surrendered all was well . i even have three cichlids that were born in the tank and lived to adulthood with him around . my\nrecipe for success\nwas a 37 eclipse gallon tank , extra air stone , enough rock to displace 7 gallons of water , about a dozen cichlids and a pleco . maybe i was lucky but he was a great little fish .\ni have a 90 gallon aquarium . the only fish that i have noticed any aggression from is my chinese algae eater . his tank mates are barbs , cory cats , a red tail shark and a skunk botia . this fish has quickly grown and now wants to dictate the harmony of my aquarium . if this doesn ' t stop soon my cae will soon find himself in some ranchers cow trough .\ni have had my cae for close to 5 years now . he started out in my 20 gal . once he was full grown he started attacking and killing my other fish . i kicked him out of that tank , needless to say . i have since put him in my 125 gal tank and he is now like a new fish . his current tank mates are angelfish , assortment of tetras , bristlenose catfish and a butterfly pleco . he no longer bothers any fish . his best friend is the butterfly pleco . they are always swimming together . if you don ' t have a big tank these are not a fish for you . i would say anything less than a 55 gal would not be suitable . the smaller the tank the more you will see them being aggressive .\nas much as i ' ve read that caes are aggressive , the only aggression my cae has shown was toward my large silver white female molly . he never bothered anyone else in the tank except her . as soon as she got close , he would chase her around the tank ' til he was satisfied . after a couple weeks of witnessing this , i moved him the my 20 gallon with the 6 tiger barbs , and 2 danios . haven ' t seen any aggression since . i ' ve had him for nearly 7 months without any real problems or deaths because of him . so , all in all , aggression really depends on the fish ' s personality ( and possibly it ' s tank mates as well ) .\ni ' ve had a cae for awhile now . i would really really not recommend them for anyone who cannot provide a separate living space when they get larger . they eat tons of algae when they are small but when they get older and larger their diets completely change mine now prefers\nmeatier\nfoods over algae or any other vegetable based food . and if you do plan on putting this fish with other species make sure it is fast enough to get away or it will be a snack to this guy / girl .\nfour words . . . these fish are evil ! ! ! when i had them they killed almost every fish in my tank . to anybody who does not know , when the cae sucks on the side of your other fish , your cae is actually eating that fishes body slime . ( which is a bad thing , body slime keeps your fish more resistant to disease and keeps them happier . ) i had to flush my cae before it finished killing the rest of my fish . i had a group of tetras , a cory cat , and danios with the cae . when the cae was finished with his bloody fish rampage , all i had was one tetra and one danio .\nprivacy policy | contact badman ' s tropical fish copyright \u00a9 all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is forbidden without written permission .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\nif anybody out there can tell me why my little fish that i have had him for about 7 years now maybe longer but anyway all the sudden today i hear this noise and i . . . ( more ) angel8\nthe chinese algae eater is a workhorse when it comes to its job . . . eating algae !\nis a one of the best - known aquarium fish . it is found in large areas of southeast asia and southern parts of china . it was first exported to germany in 1956 for the aquarium trade , but in its native countries , it is used as a food fish .\nthis fish is highly desired by many aquarists . though not the most beautiful fish , it is appreciated for its ability to keep the aquarium free of algae . as a youngster , it does a great job at that , but its dietary preference will change as it matures . adult chinese algae eaters will look for meatier foods such as small crustaceans and even the slime coating of other fish . adults will also start enjoying the easier foods supplied by their keepers . other surprising aspects of keeping this fish , besides its changing diet , include its size , the number of very similar\nlook - alike\nspecies , and its personality with its tankmates ."]}
{"id": 155, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-headed brush finch ( atlapetes flaviceps ) is an endangered species of bird in the american sparrow and bunting family , emberizidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to colombia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the common name is a semi-literal translation of the scientific name , with atlapetes referring to the brush-finch genus , and flaviceps meaning \" yellow-headed \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species has a yellow to dark olive head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the throat , chin , malar streak , lores , eye-ring , and ear patch are bright yellow in any case .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the rest of the plumage is yellow with dark olive upperparts , wing and tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the variation in the head color is not well explained , but it is likely that the olive-headed individuals are females and/or immature birds . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "yellow - headed brush finch", "paragraphs": ["information on the yellow - headed brush - finch is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n17 cm . olive - and - yellow understorey passerine . mainly yellow head with conspicuous yellow lores , eye - ring and faint supercilium , dark olive upperparts , yellow underparts . there is unexplained variability in the amount of yellow on head .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps )\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe pale - headed brush - finch is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nbrush a . h , seifried h . pigmentation and feather structure in genetic variants of the gouldian finch ,\n< 0 . 001 ) . for example , interactions between yellow - and black - headed birds tended to be more active and aggressive ( 79 . 7 % ) than those between either red - and yellow - headed birds ( 39 . 5 % ;\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps )\ntitle =\narkive species - pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n\u0095 he was too yellow to stand up and fight . \u0095 you ' ll come with us into the cave , unless you ' re yellow\nthe black - spectacled brush - finch is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthere is little information recorded on differences between the male and female black - spectacled brush - finch ; however , males of the atlapetes genus tend to be slightly heavier than females ( 5 ) . brush - finch juveniles typically have mottled feathers ( 4 ) , and the juvenile black - spectacled brush - finch is thought to have yellowish underparts and greenish upperparts ( 3 ) .\n17 cm . a relatively short - billed brush - finch with large head and distinctly graduated tail ; crown feathers often raised , giving round - headed appearance , and bill has even . . .\n\u0095 the bridesmaids were dressed in yellow . \u0095 a room decorated in yellows and greens\nmarchetti k . the evolution of multiple male traits in the yellow - browed leaf warbler .\nbetween the highly dominant red - headed and submissive yellow - headed males , black - headed birds have an intermediate dominance status . black - headedness is expressed by a recessive allele at the sex - linked locus , which masks the yellow / red colour determined by the autosomal gene . it is possible to distinguish the underlying yellow / red phenotype of black - headed birds by the colour of their beak tip ( yellow or red ) . therefore , an interesting possibility is that black - headed birds carrying the genes for red - headedness ( i . e . homozygous dominant and heterozygous on the autosomal locus ) are dominant , while those with yellow - headedness ( i . e . homozygous recessive ) are subordinate . however , beak tip colour , and thus the underlying phenotype , had no effect in any of the dominance trials , either within or among the different morphs , suggesting that black - headed birds are viewed as a separate phenotype rather than an intermediate expression between red and yellow .\nkrabbe , n . ( 2004 ) pale - headed brush - finch atlapetes pallidiceps : notes on population size , habitat , vocalizations , feeding , interference competition and conservation . bird conservation international , 14 : 77 - 86 .\nthe black - spectacled brush - finch is found in central peru at just five locations surrounding the mantaro river in huancavelica and jun\u00edn ( 2 ) .\nvalqui , t . and fjeldsa , j . ( 1999 ) new brush - finch atlapetes from peru . ibis , 141 : 194 - 198 .\nthe yellow - headed brush - finch is unique looking ; it is dark olive on the back , wings and tail but has a yellow - head and underparts . it lacks a coronal stripe or dark face sides of most brush - finches . yet there is a bit of olive stippling on the crown and auriculars , enough that the head is not a brilliant yellow , but more subdued . at one time it was known as the olive - headed brush - finch , a rather inappropriate name . for a long time this species was known but from three specimens , then it was captured in 1967 at a new site . for many decades little else was known about it , but now known to be locally common in the type locality . this brush - finch is listed as endangered as it has a very small range and population ( estimated at 680 individuals ) . it is known from two areas , but has only been recorded once at the more southerly site . there is continuing habitat degradation in its range and this bears some concern .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalthough , black - headed males are not socially dominant they are the most common head morph in wild populations ( 70 % ) , while red - headed males are moderately common ( 30 % ) and yellow - headed males extremely rare ( estimated at one in 3000\u20135000 ; brush & seifried 1968 ; franklin & dostine 2000 ) . the results from this dominance experiment do not completely explain these frequencies ; if dominant red - headed birds gained the greatest benefits they would be expected to be more common than the intermediate black - headed birds . however , it is unlikely that aggression and dominance alone , or in isolation , contributes to the observed morph frequencies .\nthe pale - headed brush - finch is usually seen in pairs , which have been recorded breeding from anywhere between mid - january and late june , although no pairs have been observed successfully producing more than one clutch within a season . the chicks hatch after an incubation period of 14 to 15 days , and then proceed to be fed by their parents every 5 to 25 minutes , depending upon their age . even after fledging , the young continue to depend upon their parents for food for at least a further four weeks ( 5 ) . the pale - headed brush - finch is frequently a victim of nest parasitism by the shiny cowbird ( molothrus bonariensis ) , in which the latter species removes the existing eggs from the nest and replaces it with its own virtually identical eggs , to be incubated and raised by the pale - headed brush - finch ( 4 ) .\noppel , s . , schaefer , h . m . , schmidt , v . and schr\u00f6der , b . ( 2004 ) habitat selection by the pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps ) in southern ecuador : implications for conservation . biological conservation , 118 : 33 - 40 .\noppel , s . , schaefer , h . m . , schmidt , v . and schr\u00f6der , b . ( 2004 ) cowbird parasitism of pale - headed brush - finch atlapetes pallidiceps : implications for conservation and management . bird conservation international , 14 : 63 - 75 . available at : urltoken\n< 0 . 001 ) or between red - and black - headed birds ( 36 . 9 % ;\nbrush adjacent to cleared areas on mountainsides , also in undergrowth within moist montane forest ; . . .\nthe three head morphs ( yellow , red and black ) of male gouldian finches . ( photograph by sarah r . pryke . )\njaramillo , a . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yellow - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes flaviceps ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe song of the black - spectacled brush - finch comprises a simple \u2018 tew - whee \u2019 ( 3 ) , along with chattering \u2018 chups \u2019 and squeaky , high - pitched calls ( 2 ) .\nevans s . m , fidler m . e . indruss publications ; queensland : 2005 . the gouldian finch .\nalthough , there were no differences in interaction type within dyads of the same head morph , there were significant behavioural differences among the three head morph dyads ( i . e . between the red , black and yellow dyads ; aic = 361 . 29 and a weight of 84 % compared to other models ; \u03c7 47 2 = 15 . 59 , p < 0 . 001 ) . red - headed dyads had both more active ( 86 . 7 % ) and more frequent interactions than the black - ( 61 . 5 % ; t = 2 . 81 , p = 0 . 005 ) and yellow - headed birds ( 56 . 8 % ; t = 3 . 61 , p < 0 . 001 ) , the latter of which did not differ ( t = 1 . 55 , p = 0 . 12 ) . red - headed dyads also initiated aggressive conflicts earlier than either the black - ( mann\u2013whitney u - test : z = 4 . 76 , n = 32 , p < 0 . 001 ) or yellow - headed dyads ( z = 4 . 18 , n = 32 , p < 0 . 001 ) , and black - headed dyads were quicker to interact than yellow - headed dyads ( z = 2 . 93 , n = 32 , p = 0 . 003 ) .\n< 0 . 001 ) . this was because most supplants in the experimentally reddened group were passive ( 79 . 4 % ) , whereas the majority of supplants in the black - treated groups were active ( 71 . 3 % ) . for example , reddened yellow - headed birds were less aggressive ( 28 . 3 % active supplants ) , yet they successfully dominated black - headed birds ( see\nthe pale - headed brush - finch occurs in arid areas at 1 , 650 to 1 , 800 metre above sea level , favouring semi - open habitats with low scrub . fairly dense scrub is tolerated , but forests and completely open areas are avoided . nests are built within dense thickets of small bushes or bamboo , often covered with vines ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nschulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nfranklin d . c , dostine p . l . a note on the frequency and genetics of head colour morphs in the gouldian finch .\nthis species has an extremely restricted range , being endemic to just a small semi - arid valley of the r\u00edo jubones drainage in azuay and loja , south - western ecuador ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . most pairs occur in the yunguilla reserve ( 5 ) . the total population of the endangered pale - headed brush - finch was estimated to be just 50 pairs in 2005 ( 3 ) , but numbers are increasing ( 2 ) .\nthe black - spectacled brush - finch is typically seen in small groups of between one and three individuals , foraging for food from the ground all the way up to the sub - canopy ( 2 ) . its diet is thought to include seeds and insects ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nfound primarily in areas of montane scrub and forest edge , the black - spectacled brush - finch requires open , bushy areas with relatively high seasonal rainfall ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . this species is found at elevations of between 2 , 500 and 3 , 400 metres ( 3 ) .\n2014 , jaramillo & sharpe 2016 ) . found within four national parks : las hermosas , los nevados , nevado del huila and purac\u00e9 ( molina - mart\u00ednez 2014 ) . action for yellow - eared parrot\nthere are currently no known conservation measures in place for the black - spectacled brush - finch . however , it has been proposed that this species would benefit from further research to give a better understanding of its population size and requirements , as well as from measures to ensure that at least some of its habitat receives protection ( 2 ) .\nrelatively new to science , the black - spectacled brush - finch ( atlapetes melanopsis ) was first described in 1999 ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . while its body is a dull greenish - grey ( 2 ) , it can be distinguished by its tawny orange cap , black forehead and the black rings around its ochre eyes ( 4 ) , which presumably gave rise to its common name . two white , horn - shaped stripes known as supralorals can also be seen above its eyes ( 2 ) . the underside of the black - spectacled brush - finch is a paler grey , and the wings and tail are darker . its feet are grey and its bill is black ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\n) . the dominance of red - headed birds was further evident by the outcome of the triadic experiments ( aic = 21 . 4 and a weight of 69 % compared to other models ;\nuntil its incredible rediscovery in 1998 , the pale - headed brush - finch ( atlapetes pallidiceps ) was thought to be extinct , having not been seen since 1969 ( 3 ) . as its common name implies , this small bird has a pale - coloured head , which is creamy white with ill - defined buff stripes on the sides of the crown and behind the eye . upperparts are a light brownish - grey , while underparts are usually whitish ( 2 ) . a small , distinctive white patch also exists on the side of the relatively dark wings .\nwith its small range and fragmented distribution , the main threat facing the black - spectacled brush - finch is habitat loss , with areas of scrub and forest being burnt to create and maintain pastureland . however , it is unlikely that this rate of habitat destruction is increasing , as humans are steadily leaving the region for larger towns and cities ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nschmidt , v . & schaefer , h . m . ( 2004 ) pale - headed brushfinch recovery project in southwestern ecuador 2002 - 2003 . institute for avian research , germany . available at : urltoken\nschmidt , v . and schaefer , h . m . ( 2004 ) pale - headed brushfinch recovery project in southwestern ecuador 2002 - 2003 . institute for avian research , germany . available at : urltoken\n) . there was no effect of experimental manipulation on the outcome of dominance , and thus , despite the treatments , naturally red - headed males remained dominant . furthermore , none of the other potentially interacting effects ( see\n) , is important in settling dominance contests within each of the three discrete head morphs , and is also a primary target in female mate decisions ( irrespective of the male or female morph ; s . r . pryke & s . c . griffith 2005 , unpublished data ) . whereas the discrete head colour polymorphism may signal intrinsic genetically based behavioural characteristics , which appear to underscore a clear dominance hierarchy among males ; aggressive and dominant red - headed males and subordinate yellow - headed males . these differences , in a trait likely to be under strong selection , suggest that diverse selection pressures may vary across the morphs , balancing out net morph fitness and thus explaining the persistence of the three conspicuous morphs in wild populations .\nthe best - fitting glm of the binary ( win / loss food dominance ) dyadic experiments for the 90 trials among males of different morphs ( red , black and yellow ) identified head morph as the only significant predictor of contest outcome ( aic = 109 . 7 and a weight of 88 % compared to other models ;\nthe glm best explaining the win / loss outcome of the 48 trials involving males of the same head morphs ( aic = 100 . 86 and a weight of 72 % compared to other models ; \u03c7 47 2 = 4 . 39 , p = 0 . 003 ) included a dominant effect of uv blue collar chroma ( t = 3 . 38 , p < 0 . 001 ) , a significant but weaker effect of head blue collar size ( t = 1 . 94 , p = 0 . 05 ) , and a positive , but not significant , effect of violet uv chroma ( t = 1 . 71 , p = 0 . 09 ) . in addition , within the red - headed male dyads , redder males dominated less chromatic opponents ( interaction between morph\u00d7chroma : t = 2 . 17 , p < 0 . 03 ) . replacing the dominance outcome at food bowls with that from the dominance hierarchy produced a similar but slightly weaker model ( aic = 84 . 78 and a weight of 67 % compared to other models ; \u03c7 47 2 = 3 . 22 , p = 0 . 007 ) identifying both the uv chroma ( t = 2 . 47 , p = 0 . 001 ) and size ( t = 2 . 26 , p = 0 . 02 ) of the blue head patch as significant predictors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nendangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( ii ) ver 3 . 1\nthis species has a very small range and population . it is known from two areas , but has only been recorded once at the more southerly site . there is continuing habitat clearance in its main area of occurrence , indicating that numbers and range continue to decline . it is therefore classified as endangered .\n. it has been recorded once in the la plata vieja valley , huila , in 1967 . the type - series was collected in toche valley , tolima , where it is still locally common ( p . g . w . salaman\nthe population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals . trend justification : a slow and on - going population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss .\nin toche valley , tolima , it seems to have adapted well to degraded forest , thick secondary vegetation ( especially where vines and remnant forest trees are present ) and bushy , overgrown bean - fields at 1 , 300 - 2 , 500 m ( p . g . w . salaman\n. an active nest was found in may ( molina - mart\u00ednez 2014 ) . observations have been made of a juvenile with parents in june , adults collecting nesting material in october ( p . g . w . salaman\n. however , when the type - series was collected , the higher valleys of the toche area , tolima , were heavily forested . since the 1950s , much of the original habitat in these valleys has been cleared and used for agriculture , including coffee plantations , potatoes , beans and cattle - grazing ( p . g . w . salaman\n. mature secondary forest patches are scattered , and natural vegetation cover is judged to have been reduced to c . 15 % at elevations of 1 , 900 - 3 , 200 m , most of it occurring above 2 , 200 m ( p . g . w . salaman\n. some forest clearance continues in remaining patches ( p . g . w . salaman\nsurvey potential habitat in the upper magdalena valley , the la plata vieja valley and intervening areas . determine the extent of dependence on secondary vegetation , and sensitivity to vegetational succession and habitat destruction ( renjifo\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22721439a111139264 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nr\u00edo toche , 6800 feet [ c . 2070 m ] , tolima , colombia\nboth slopes of c andes ( caldas , tolima and cauca ) and w slope of w andes ( risaralda , valle del cauca ) # r # r , in colombia .\nsong lasts 1\u00b75\u20132 seconds , has two parts , some introductory notes and then a trilled end , \u201ctseep - . . .\nactive nest found in may . juveniles with parents observed in jun , and collection of nesting material in nov . no other information .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in colombian inter - andean slopes eba . has a very small range and very small global population , estimated at fewer than 1000 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nformerly included in a broader emberizidae . recent phylogeny # r has recovered evidence of eight major clades within this newly recognized grouping : ( i ) melospiza and allies ; ( ii and iii ) melozone , atlapetes , pipilo and allies , which form two sister - clades ; ( iv ) zonotrichia , junco and allies ; and ( v\u2013viii ) all other species , which form a polytomy at base of tree , but can be split into ( a ) arremon , ( b ) spizella , amphispiza , chondestes and calamospiza , ( c ) peucaea , arremonops , ammodramus and rhynchospiza , and finally ( d ) two genera that have often been placed in thraupidae , oreothraupis and chlorospingus .\ninterspecific taxonomy still requires considerable research so sequence below is provisional , especially as some purported relationships lack strong molecular support . as presently configured , appears to be paraphyletic with respect to pselliophorus , and latter may be better merged herein # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : atlapetes flaviceps . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ncria de canarios ~ bronces piel negra . . . por fin . . .\nscore for 1 phrase . two types of phrase here abbaba . just north of town\nnew for the western andes of colombia . . . will be soon published : calder\u00f3n - franco , zuleta mar\u00edn & ayerbe - qui\u00f1ones . 2011 . atlapetes flaviceps tambi\u00e9n se encuentra en la cordillera occidental de los andes en colombia . bolet\u00edn sao .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngenus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . montane of mountains , or growing in mountains .\nschulenberg , t . s . ( 2007 ) birds of peru . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\necheverry - galvis , m . a . , cordoba - cordoba , s . , perzaza , c . a . , baptiste , m . p . , and ahumada , j . a . ( 2006 ) body weights of 98 species of andean cloud - forest birds . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club , 126 : 4 .\nthis bird usually forages in pairs , finding most of its food around two metres above the ground ( 2 ) . the diet consists of arthropods , fruit and a few seeds , with the arthropods almost invariably gleaned from twigs and small branches , while seeds are taken from the ground ( 7 ) .\nauthenticated ( 14 / 06 / 2006 ) by dr . niels krabbe , zoological museum , university of copenhagen , denmark .\narthropods a very diverse phylum ( a major grouping of animals ) that includes crustaceans , insects and arachnids . all arthropods have paired jointed limbs and a hard external skeleton ( exoskeleton ) . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . incubation the act of incubating eggs , that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible .\nsilent skies\nis an international collaborative super - mural mosaic featuring all 678 endangered species of birds of the world . the 100 - ft installation will form the artistic centrepiece of the 27th international ornithological congress in august 2018 at the vancouver convention centre , after which , the mural will tour internationally . learn more\na limited number of canvas giclee editions will be available for sale in spring 2018 with proceeds supporting bird conservation and environmental education . as it is completed , artwork will be posted . the mural will be on display at the # afcfestival2018 this august . check the schedule .\nsilent skies student mural project is a youth education program that builds on the silent skies mural . this free program focuses on the study of conservation and endangered species through research , art and community engagement . a selection of student artworks will be featured alongside the primary mural . interested schools must register online .\nartists for conservation international foundation is a canadian registered charity ( # 860891761 rr 0001 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nevaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .\nmrs moreau ' s warbler , mrs . moreau ' s warbler , winifred ' s warbler\nsaint andrew vireo , san andres vireo , san andr\u00e9s vireo , st . andrew vireo\ncopyright rhett butler 1994 - 2015 carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used .\nin this project , selva will generate information to confirm known populations , identify new populations and define key habitats for these two species , with a view to prioritizing conservation actions .\nassess the quality of currently available ecological and geographical information for leptotila conoveri and atlapetes flaviceps .\ndetermine rates of habitat loss and identify habitat remnants for both species , using species distribution models ( sdm ) .\nidentify key areas for the two species throughout their likely geographical range , combining distribution models , occupancy models and estimates of population density .\nidentify the main local and regional threats to design effective conservation strategies for both species .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n* author for correspondence ( ua . ude . wsnu @ ekyrp . haras ) .\n) . these traits are all expressed with continuous variation across a population ( and morphs ) , typical of standard sexually selected ornamental traits in other species . sexual dimorphism in these socially monogamous finches is pronounced with females displaying considerably duller and less chromatic plumage ( s . r . pryke & s . c . griffith 2005 , unpublished data ) and shorter pintail feathers ( 21 . 7 % shorter ;\n< 0 . 001 ) . to test the function of the head colour polymorphism as well as the multiple sexually dichromatic ornaments in dominance interactions , three standardized experiments were performed , using unfamiliar birds staged in contests with : ( i ) males of different head morphs , ( ii ) males of the same morph , and ( iii ) males with experimentally manipulated head colours ( i . e . blackened and reddened ) . since social dominance is an important determinant of male mating success , with dominant males typically preventing subordinates from breeding (\n) , any signal trait that increases the efficiency ( or decreases the cost ) of frequent dominance contests should be favoured by sexual selection .\nmale dominance was assessed using captive birds ( n = 153 ) sourced from a large number of wild - type aviculturists throughout australia . all birds were fitted with a single numbered white plastic band to minimize potential colour band effects on colour communication . birds from each locality were housed in groups of 8\u201312 individuals in separate sex and morph aviaries ( 2 . 1 m 3 ) , visually isolated from each other . within the holding cages the potential for dominant males to monopolize food resources was minimized by placing multiple food dishes within each cage .\nlacking information on the optical physiology of gouldian finches , we computed objective reflectance parameters relevant to the opponency - based perceptual colour space ( see andersson et al . 1998 ; pryke et al . 2001 for further details on colourimetrics ) . brightness ( spectral intensity ) was estimated by r 320\u2013700 , the sum of reflectance from 320 to 700 nm . hue ( spectral location ) was estimated as \u03bb ( r 50 ) , the wavelength at which reflectance is halfway between its minimum ( r min ) and its maximum ( r max ) . using \u03bb ( r 50 ) as the individual segment divider , we calculated overall chroma ( spectral purity : c r 50 as ( r 320\u2212\u03bb ( r 50 ) \u2212 r \u03bb ( r 50 ) \u2212700 ) / r 320\u2013700 . to specifically address the strong contribution of ultraviolet ( uv ) to the blue and violet coloured patches , we also included a measure of uv chroma , calculated as the relative reflectance ratio of uv to human visual light ( r 320\u2013400 / r 320\u2013700 ) .\ngeneralized linear models ( glm ) were used to evaluate the relative contribution of a number of potential interacting effects on the outcome of the dominance contests . for dyadic contests over food , the binary ( win / loss ) outcomes from each dyad were modelled as the bernoulli dependent variables with a logit link function (\n= 0 . 001 ) . furthermore , substituting the relative dominance position of the birds in the linear dominance hierarchy produced a weaker , but qualitatively similar , model ( aic = 44 . 2 and a weight of 61 % compared to other models ;\nwithin a dyad , the probability ( % ) of the male morph ( listed first on the bottom axis ) dominating his opponent ( mentioned second ) . probabilities are generated from the coefficients of the best - fit generalized linear model ( glm : probability = e ( coefficient ) / ( 1 + e ( coefficient ) ) ) for the win / loss outcome of the contests . the errors bars represent the 95 % confidence intervals , calculated from the standard errors of the coefficients ( upper ci = coefficient + ( 2\u00d7s . e . ) ; lower ci = coefficient\u2212 ( 2\u00d7s . e . ) ) . the dashed line indicates where the two males have an equal likelihood ( i . e . 50 % ) of dominating the dyad .\nhowever , although feeding order identified head morph as the only significant predictor ( aic = 120 . 6 and a weight of 71 % compared to other models ;\n= 0 . 11 ) , feeding order is unlikely to be a relevant predictor of dominance in gouldian finches . in addition to affecting the overall outcome of dominance interactions , head morph also affected the type of interaction and displacement ( i . e . active or passive ) within the three morphs ( glm with interaction type as the response variable : aic = 87 . 9 and a weight of 69 % compared to other models ;\nthe average ( \u00b1s . d . ) number of active aggressive interactions in the dyadic contests among males of the three different coloured morphs . the percentage of active supplants ( i . e . aggressive displays and / or physical displacements ) in these interactions are provided above the bars . the remaining interactions involved passive supplants ( i . e . feeding bird retreats when approached by an opponent ) .\nthe best - fitting glm explaining the outcome of contests with manipulated males ( reddened and blackened ; 390 trials ) identified the same model for both response variables ; dominating the food bowl ( aic = 225 . 7 and a weight of 77 % compared to other models ;\n< 0 . 001 ) and top position in the hierarchy ( aic = 228 . 9 and a weight of 68 % compared to other models ;\nfor list ) had any effect on the outcome of these contests . although , the colour treatments did not affect the outcome of contests , they did influence the type of aggressive interactions ( i . e . active or passive supplant ) used to settle disputes . replacing interaction type as the response variable in the model ( aic = 221 . 6 ,\nthe probability ( % ) of the colour treated male ( listed first ) dominating his colour treated opponent ( mentioned second ) . probabilities are calculated from the glm best fitting the data ( see\nfor details ) with error bars for the 95 % confidence intervals of the coefficient . the dashed line indicates where the two males have an equal chance ( i . e . 50 % ) of dominating the dyad .\nalthough , the relative contribution and importance of different selective pressures remains speculative at present , given the dramatic colour polymorphism and striking multi - component colouration , it appears probable that an interaction of different selective pressures maintains both the continuous ( i . e . presumably condition - dependent colour patches ) and discontinuous ( i . e . head morphs ) colouration in this species . for example , the intensity of the uv / blue collar ( surrounding the head mask ) , the colour expression of which varies qualitatively across all morphs ( see\nthanks to mike fidler for providing facilities , birds and avicultural expertise , and to ellen ketterson and two anonymous reviewers for comments that greatly improved this manuscript . funding was provided by a new south global postdoctoral fellowship to s . p . and by the australian research council to s . g . all experiments in this study were approved by the unsw animal care and ethics committee ( 04 / 108a ) .\nalonzo s . h , sinervo b . mate choice games , context - dependent good genes , and genetic cycles in the side - blotched lizard ,\nanderson d . r , burham k . p . commentary on models in ecology .\nandersson s , ornborg j , andersson m . ultraviolet sexual dimorphism and assortative mating in blue tits .\nbakker t . c . m , milinski m . the advantages of being red\u2014sexual selection in the stickleback .\ncrowley c . e , magrath r . d . shields of offence : signalling competitive ability in the dusky moorhen ,\ndale j . ornamental plumage does not signal male quality in red - billed queleas .\nevans m . r , hatchwell b . j . an experimental study of the male adornment in scarlet - tufted malachite sunbirds . ii . the role of the elongated tail inmate choice and experimental evidence for a handicap .\nevans m . r , norris k . the importance of carotenoids in signaling during aggressive interactions between male firemouth cichlids (\nfisher r . a . clarenton press ; oxford : 1930 . the genetical theory of natural selection .\ngaleotti p , rubolini d , dunn p . o , fasola m . colour polymorphism in birds : causes and functions .\ngriffith s . c , pryke s . r . benefits to females of assessing color displays . in : hill g . e , mcgraw k . j , editors .\ngriffith s . c , owens i . p . f , burke t . environmental determination of a sexually selected trait .\ngriffith , s . c . , parker , t . h . & olson , v . a . in press . melanin - verus carotenoid - based sexual signals : is the difference really so black and red ? anim . behav\nhill g . e . plumage coloration is a sexually selected indicator of male quality .\nhill g . e . the proximate basis of variation in carotenoid pigmentation in male house finches .\nhill r . a , barton r . a . red enhances human performance in contests .\nkallioinen r . u . o , hughes j . m , mather p . b . significance of back colour in territorial interactions in the australian magpie .\nkr\u00fcger o , lindstr\u00f6m j , amos w . maladaptive mate choice maintained by heterozygote advantage .\nlank d . b , smith c . m , hanotte o , burke t , cooke f . genetic polymorphism for alterabtive mating behaviour in lekking male ruff\nlosey j . e , uves a . r , harmon j , ballantyne f , brown c . a polymorphism maintained by opposite patterns of parasitism and predation .\nmaynard smith j . cambridge university press ; cambridge , uk : 1982 . evolution and the theory of games .\npryke s . r , andersson s . carotenoid - based epaulettes reveal male competitive ability : experiments with resident and floater red - shouldered widowbirds .\npryke s . r , andersson s . carotenoid - based status signalling in red - shouldered widowbirds (\npryke s . r , andersson s , lawes m . j . sexual selection of multiple handicaps in the red - collared widowbird : female choice of tail length but not carotenoid display .\npryke s . r , andersson s , lawes m . j , piper s . e . carotenoid status signaling in captive and wild red - collared widowbirds : independent effects of badge size and color .\nroulin a . the evolution , maintenance and adaptive function of genetic colour polymorphism in birds .\nroulin a , ducret b , ravussin p . - a , altwegg r . female plumage coloration covaries with reproductive strategies in the tawny owl .\nsearcy w . a , yasukawa k . princeton university press ; princeton , nj : 1995 . polygyny and sexual selection in red - winged blackbirds .\nsenar j . c . bird coloration as intrasexual signals of aggression and dominance . in : hill g . e , mcgraw k . j , editors .\nsinervo b , clobert j . morphs , dispersal behavior , genetic similarity , and the evolution of cooperation .\nsinervo b , lively c . m . the rock - paper - scissors game and the evolution of alternative male reproductive strategies .\nsinervo a , zamudio k . r . the evolution of alternative reproductive strategies : fitness differential , heritability , and genetic correlation between the sexes .\nthuman k . a , griffith s . c . genetic similarity and the nonrandom distribution of paternity in a genetically highly polyandrous shorebird ."]}
{"id": 156, "summary": [{"text": "the semiplumbeous hawk ( leucopternis semiplumbeus ) is a species of bird of prey in the family accipitridae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in colombia , costa rica , ecuador , honduras , and panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "semiplumbeous hawk", "paragraphs": ["based on millsap et al . ( 2011 ) , the gray hawk , formerly asturina nitida , has been split into gray hawk , asturina plagiata and gray - lined hawk , asturina nitida .\nplumbeous hawk recorded day before . unable to follow up with any demisemi or hemidemisemiplumbeous hawks\nthe tiny hawk is among the most poorly known members of its genus in the neotropics . name for its diminutive size , the male tiny hawk is only about 75 g although females exceed 100 g .\nbutastur teesa , commonly called the white - eyed buzzard , is a medium - sized hawk found in south asia .\nfire island raptor enumerations\u2026 rather out of date site but with lots of useful links to hawk watching in the us of a .\nthe tiny hawk ( and presumably semicollared hawk ) do not seem closely related to accipiter ( kocum , 2006 ; olson , 2006 ) and have been removed from accipiter and placed in the genus hieraspiza ( kaup 1844 , type superciliosa ) . it has not been clear what they are related to .\nbierregaard , r . o . , jr , boesman , p . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . semiplumbeous hawk ( leucopternis semiplumbeus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe cooper ' s hawk , northern goshawk , and closely related taxa are the closest relatives of the harriers . they go in genus astur ( lac\u00e9p\u00e8de 1799 , type gentilis ) . these are sister to a clade that includes the eurasian sparrowhawk and the sharp - shinned hawk complex . it retains the name accipiter ( brisson 1760 , type nisus ) . i have included the gray - bellied hawk with this group based on kocum ( 2006 ) , although the support for this is not strong .\nthe hawk migration association of north america ( hmana ) is a membership - based organization committed to the conservation of raptors through the scientific study , enjoyment , and appreciation of raptor migration . . .\nthe tiny hawk ( accipiter superciliosus ) is a small diurnal bird of prey found in or near forests , primarily humid , throughout much of the neotropics . it is primarily a bird - eater , and is known to prey on hummingbirds .\nthe key papers for the booted eagles ( aquilinae ) are bunce et al . ( 2005 ) , helbig et al . ( 2005 ) , lerner and mindell ( 2005 ) , haring et al . ( 2007b ) , and lerner et al . ( 2017 ) . the spizaetus hawk - eagles belong in two different clades within aquilinae . thus spizaetus is divided into nisaetus and spizaetus . the black - and - chestnut eagle ( oroaetus ) must be merged into the remaining spizaetus . the rufous - bellied hawk - eagle ( lophotriorchis ) is separated from hieraaetus . while the spotted eagles are separated from aquila as clanga . hieraaetus loses a couple of species to aquila , which also gains cassin ' s hawk - eagle from spizaetus .\nkocum ( 2006 ) includes several species from this group in her dissertation . her analysis places them in a weakly supported unresolved basal polytomy with accipitrini , harpagini , and the remaining buteoninae . griffiths et al . ( 2007 ) grouped together the lizard buzzard , gabar goshawk , long - tailed hawk , and the chanting goshawks . the group was basal to accipitrini and buteoninae , but did not include the tiny hawk . the analysis by nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) bundles them together as shown here , but their evidence for this seems weak .\nthe javan hawk - eagle ( nisaetus bartelsi ) ( earlier placed in spizaetus [ 2 ] ) is a medium - sized , approximately 60 cm long , dark brown raptor in the family accipitridae . its head and neck are rufous and it is heavily barred black below .\na small greyish brown hawk . adults have conspicuous white or yellowish white eyes , two dark cheek stripes , a black gular stripe , whitish neck patch , buff shoulder patches , barred brown and white underparts , orange - yellow cere and a long rufous tail . rounded longish slim wings with dark tips that look like those of a shikra in silhouette . sexes alike . juveniles have a buff head , brown iris , indistinct or absent cheek and throat stripes , dark - brown streaked breast , and more strongly barred rufous uppertail .\nthis list includes three relatives of the sharp - shinned hawk that sacc has not split ( although they are split in the sibley - monore list ) . they could be allopatric forms best treated as one species . however , although the combined analysis of kocum ( 2006 ) placed ventralis and erythronemius in a clade striatus , other arrangements were seen for some of the other genes ( chionogaster was not included ) . breman et al . ( 2013 ) also found a separation between striatus and erythronemius . this hints , but does not prove , that a species - level treatment is appropriate , as has been followed by various authors .\nthis slim and small sized hawk is easily identified by its white iris to the eye and the white throat and dark mesial stripe . a white spot is sometimes visible on the back of the head . when perched the wing tip nearly reaches the tip of the tail . the ceres are distinctly yellow and the head is dark with the underside of the body darkly barred . in flight the narrow wings appear rounded with black tips to the feathers and the wing - lining appears dark . the upper wing in flight shows a pale bar over the brown . the rufous tail is barred with a darker subterminal band . young birds have the iris brownish and the forehead is whitish and a broad supercilium may be present .\nthe white - eyed buzzard ( butastur teesa ) is a medium sized hawk , distinct from the true buzzards in the genus buteo , found in south asia . adults have a rufous tail , a distinctive white iris , and a white throat bearing a dark mesial stripe bordered . the head is brown and the median coverts of the upper wing are pale . they lack the typical carpal patches on the underside of the wings seen in true buzzards but the entire wing lining appears dark in contrast to the flight feathers . they sit upright on perches for prolonged periods and soar on thermals in search of insect and small vertebrate prey . they are vociferous in the breeding season and several birds may be heard calling as they soar together .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be small , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals , roughly equivalent to 670 - 6 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\npair present , calling bird was perched 10 meters above ground . recorded during a respite in constant cold front rain .\nmoore et al . 2013 : bird sounds of ecuador dvd same bird as previous cut . intervals shortened\nmoore et al . 2013 : bird sounds of ecuador dvd perched . intervals shortened\nselectively logged humid forest . reference : a : 208 - 212 ( leusemx1 ) . . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 21 side a track 41 seq . a )\nrecorded in 120 year - old forest , on two separate days . filtered to reduce wind noise .\ncalls from a pair perched , probably interacting with pair of buteo magnirostris . near end , one bird flew farther off to vocalize . disturbed forest edge .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nextreme e honduras # r and e nicaragua # r s to w colombia ( e to magdalena valley ) and nw ecuador ( esmeraldas and nw pichincha ) . several recently seen and heard in allpahuayo - mishana national reserve , n peru , possibly referring to present species or to a closely related new species # r .\n31\u201336 cm ; male 250 g , female 325 g ; wingspan 51\u201364 cm . small , stocky , short - winged\nquite vocal in breeding season , when gives a series of loud , piercing upslurred whistles :\nkwee . . . . . .\nhumid forests of tropical and lower subtropical zones ; forest edge , in and around forest fragments . . .\nalmost no information . one anecdotal record of nest - building in crown of tall tree in costa rica in jan ; male in breeding condition taken . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . formerly classified as near threatened . although considered locally common in some areas of primary forest , and tolerant of . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\njose alvarez et al . reported the bird as a new report to peru in cotinga 34 ( 2012 ) : ol 61\u201384 , published online 10 march 2012 . avifauna de la reserva nacional allpahuayo mishana , loreto , per\u00fa\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhas sometimes been incorporated within buteo . recent phylogenetic analyses suggested that only the three species listed below belong in leucopternis # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 982 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ndistribution size : 3 , 900 , 000 km2 . global range : south east iran to myanmar , southern tibet . indian subcontinent range : north east afghanistan ( nuristan ) , north west pakistan , north west himalayas to himachal , sub - himalayas from south west baluchistan to west bengal , north central bangladesh , southern peninsula , south assam hills\nclements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken\na . global : habitat systems : terrestrial ; freshwater . forest dependency : does not normally occur in forest . altitude : 0 - 1200 m . altitudinal limits : ( max ) 4000 m . general habitats : savanna - dry ; shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry ; grassland - subtropical / tropical dry ; artificial / terrestrial - arable land . b . indian subcontinent : open dry country and thin deciduous forest , scrub and cultivation . avoids humid and densely wooded tracts .\nnot a migrant . in india , it is a widespread resident that moves locally .\ncarnivorous . locusts , grasshoppers and other large insects ; as well as mice , lizards and frogs . also hunts for crabs near wetlands and larger prey like the black - naped hare or lepus nigricollis .\nglobal : 100 , 000 mature individuals ( 2009 ) . india : 5000 birds in an area of 50 , 000 km2 around delhi ( 1950 ) .\nusually solitary , they often sit upright on dry trees and telegraph posts etc for long periods of time . these rather sluggish birds soar on thermals in search of insect and small vertebrate prey . vociferous in the breeding season , pairs call , which sounds like plainitive mewing , while soaring in circles high up in the air .\nbreeding season : february to may in india . nest location : usually built by both parents in the fork of a thicky foliaged tree such as a mango , preferably one in a grove . nest : like a crows in being a loose unlined cup of twigs . clutch size : 3 . eggs : broad , greenish - white unspotted ovals with a smooth texture . parental investment : both parents share the responsibility of nest - building and feeding the young . only females incubate eggs however . incubation time : 19 days .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be fluctuating , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nred list category & criteria : least concern ( ver 3 . 1 ) year published : 2009 assessor / s : birdlife international reviewer / s : bird , j . , butchart , s .\ncites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) india listed species : yes . appendix : ii . cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) global listed species : yes . appendix : ii . aewa ( agreement on the conservation of african - eurasian migratory waterbirds ) listed species : no . iwpa ( indian wildlife protection act , 1972 ) listed species : yes . iwpa ( indian wildlife protection act , 1972 ) schedule : iv .\nfledgelings are reddish brown unlike most other downy raptor chicks which tend to be white .\n, an old name for the sparrowhawks . molecular phylogeny studies suggest that the genus is a sister group of the buteoninae .\n. it is a resident in iran , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh and myanmar . it is absent from sri lanka and is probably absent from the andamans . it is a summer visitor in northeastern afghanistan . it is mainly found in the plains but may go up to 1200m in the foothills of the himalayas .\nthe usual habitat is in dry , open forest or cultivation . they are numerous in some areas but declining .\nin flight , the dark wing lining and white throat are distinctive on the underside .\nthis species is usually seen soaring alone in thermals or perched still . groups of two or three may sometimes be seen . they have a mewing call or falling whistle ( transcribed as\nthey feed mainly on locusts , grasshoppers , crickets and other large insects as well as mice , lizards and frogs . they may also take crabs from near wetlands\nthe breeding season is february to may . the nest is loose platform of twigs not unlike that of a crow , sometimes placed in a leafless tree .\nboth sexes share nest - building and feeding young ; female alone incubates for about 19 days until the eggs hatch .\nhume , ao ( 1869 ) . my scrap book : rough notes on indian oology and ornithology . baptist mission press , calcutta . pp . 286\u2013288 .\nrasmussen pc & jc anderton ( 2005 ) . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 . smithsonian institution & lynx edicions . pp . 100\u2013101 .\nclark , william s ; schmitt , n john ( 1992 ) .\nflight identification of indian raptors with pale bars on upper wings\n. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 89 ( 1 ) : 1\u20133 .\ngnanaselvan , p ( 1992 ) .\nnesting of the white - eyed buzzard - eagle in pudukudi , thanjavur district\n. newsletter for birdwatchers 32 ( 7 & 8 ) : 16\u201317 .\njerdon , tc ( 1862 ) . the birds of india . volume 1 . military orphan press , calcutta . pp . 92\u201393 .\nlerner , hrl ; matthew c . klaver , david p . mindell ( 2008 ) .\nmolecular phylogenetics of the buteonine birds of prey ( accipitridae )\n. the auk 125 ( 2 ) : 304\u2013315 . doi : 10 . 1525 / auk . 2008 . 06161 .\ngalushin vm ( 1975 ) .\na comparative analysis of the density of predatory birds in two selected areas within the palaearctic and oriental regions , near moscow and delhi\n. emu 74 : 331 .\nwhistler , hugh ( 1949 ) . popular handbook of indian birds . gurney and jackson . pp . 366\u2013367 .\ndewar , douglas ( 1912 ) . jungle folk : indian natural history . john lane . pp . 32\u201336 .\nmackenzie , k ( 1894 ) .\nfood of the white - eyed buzzard\n. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 9 ( 1 ) : 101 .\njaved , salim ( 1995 ) .\nhare in the diet of white - eyed buzzard eagle butastur teesa ( franklin )\n. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 92 ( 1 ) : 119 .\nkanoje , r ( 1997 ) .\nnesting site of white - eyed buzzard in kanha national park\n. newsletter for birdwatchers 37 ( 5 ) : 90 .\nblanford , wt ( 1895 ) . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . birds . volume 3 . london : taylor and francis . pp . 362\u2013364 .\nsoni , rg ( 1993 ) .\nbreeding of white - eyed buzzard in the thar desert\n. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 90 ( 3 ) : 506\u2013507 .\nhume , ao ( 1890 ) . the nests and eggs of indian birds . volume 3 . r h porter , london . pp . 158\u2013161 .\nali s & sd ripley ( 1978 ) . handbook of the birds of india and pakistan . volume 1 ( 2 ed . ) . new delhi : oxford university press . pp . 256\u2013258 .\ndharejo , a . m . bilqees , f . m . khan , m . m . ( 2007 ) .\nuvitellina teesae , new species ( digenea : cyclocoelidae ) from liver of white - eyed buzzard butastur teesa ( accipitridae ) , in hala , hyderabad , sindh , pakistan\n. pakistan journal of zoology 39 ( 6 ) : 385\u2013388 .\nlevine , norman d ( 1982 ) .\nthe genus atoxoplasma ( protozoa , apicomplexa )\n. journal of parasitology 68 ( 4 ) : 719\u2013723 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 3280933 . jstor 3280933 . pmid 7119994 .\ntendeiro , j ( 1988 ) .\netudes sur les colpocephalum ( mallophaga , menoponidae ) parasites des falconiforms 1 . groupe zerafae price & beer\n. bonn . zool . beitr . 39 : 77\u2013102 .\nansari ha & d kaul ( 1986 ) .\ncytotaxonomic study in the order falconiformes ( aves )\n. zoologica scripta 15 ( 4 ) : 351\u2013356 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 1986 . tb00235 . x .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ntelluraves contains slightly more than 3 / 4 of all bird species . athough there ' s some residual uncertainty about the other main branches of passerea , the land bird clade telluraves is well - supported by jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) where it receives 100 % bootstrap support . further , hackett et al . ( 2008 ) and ericson et al . ( 2006a ) both found the hawks and american vultures to be closer to the picimorphae than to the falcons ( see also suh et al . , 2011 ; mccormack et al . , 2013 ; yuri et al . 2013 ) . other papers ( e . g . , morgan - richards et al . , 2008 ) are less supportive , putting all of them somewhere between the ardeae and the passerines . the order here follows jarvis et al .\nthe main division in telluraves is between the group containing the mousebirds , hawks , owl , and woodpeckers ( afroaves ) and the group containing the falcons , parrots , and passerines ( australaves ) ( ericson et al . , 2006a ; hackett et al . , 2008 ; ericson , 2012 ; jarvis et al . , 2014 ) . australaves is by far the larger group , containing about 64 % of all bird species . in contrast , afroaves only has about 11 & half ; % of the species . still , afroaves is much larger than any other high - level group than branches off sooner .\ni ' m not fond of the names afroaves and australaves , mainly because the names suggest some knowledge of their origin that we don ' t have . as you will note in some of comments in the next few pages , some of the groups where the crown group appears to originate in africa or australia today ( ericson , 2012 ) have fossil records that are quite different . the earliest fossils throughout the clade come from the northern hemisphere . more precisely , they come from eupore and north america , which were connected in paleocene and early eocene .\nin the tif list , afroaves is divided into four groups : coliiformes , accipitrimorphae , strigiformes , and picimorphae . there is some uncertainty about whether strigiformes are closer to accipitrimorphae or to picimorphae . suh ( 2016 ) and jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) prefer the latter , and that is followed here .\nthe coliiformes are a relict afrotropical group consisting of 6 species in 2 genera . it wasn ' t always so . there ' s a fairly extensive fossil record from europe and north america . primitive coliiformes ( sandcoleidae ) are known from the early eocence ( 48 - 56 mya ) . by the late eocene , only modern forms are known ( mayr , 2009 ) .\nalthough new world vultures are rather similar to old world vultures ( part of accipitridae ) , they are not closely related . this was already recognized by huxley in 1876 based on morphological evidence . nonetheless , they were traditionally placed in falconiformes , as where the accipitridae and falconidae . there are also some superficial similarities to storks , and when sibley and ahlquist found support for this using dna hybridization techniques , they were removed from falconiformes and placed next to the storks . more recent analysis have shown this is incorrect , and have also broken up falconiformes . as mentioned above , more recent research ( e . g . , hackett et al . , 2008 ; han et al . , 2011 ; mccormack et al . , 2013 ; yuri et al . , 2013 ; jarvis et al . , 2014 ) puts the new world vultures close to the accipitriformes .\nthe phylogeny of cathartidae is based on johnson et al . ( 2016 ) .\nthose interested in ancient raptors should read darren naish ' s post on titan - hawks .\nthe secretarybird is the first branch of accipitriformes , followed by the osprey . after that , come the accipitridae ( hawks , kites , and eagles ) .\nit is not clear whether the osprey is a single species . the ioc recognizes two osprey species , eastern ( indo - australasian cristatus ) and western ( everything else ) . some have suggested that the caribbean population ( ridgwayi ) should also be separated .\nmonti et al . suggest that the new world clade is basal , as suggested by the cyt - b analysis . however , combining nd2 with cyt - b yielded a different topology , with the old world clade basal . in any event , the separation of all 4 clades appears to have taken place over a short time interval . the cyt - b analysis suggested the new world clade is a million or so years old . a few of the samples showed a mismatch between geography and clade .\nat present , it remains unclear whether or not the osprey should be considered a considered a single species , or 3 - 4 .\nat the genus level , the order presented here attempts to synthesize the papers by amaral et al . ( 2006 , 2009 ) , barrowclough et al . ( 2014 ) , breman et al . ( 2013 ) , griffiths et al . ( 2007 ) , haring et al . ( 2007b ) , helbig et al . ( 2005 ) , kocum ( 2006 ) , lerner and mindell ( 2005 ) , lerner et al . ( 2008 ) , nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) , oatley et al . ( 2015 ) , ong et al . ( 2011 ) , and wink and sauer - g\u00fcrth ( 2004 ) . some of the genera were restructured based on these and other papers .\nthe accipitridae are a complicated family . you can see from the diagram that i treat them as consisting of ten subfamilies with large families accipitrinae and buteoninae at the end . the latter two subfamilies are further divided into tribes . the timing estimates of nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) have influenced what gets counted as a subfamily and what counts as a tribe . after reading jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) , i suspect nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ' s divergence dates are a little short . nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi did not include the crested goshawk subfamily , lophospizinae , but indications are that it is near aquilinae ( oatley et al . , 2015 ) .\none thing that genetic results have made clear is that the kites are not a natural group . rather , they are scattered in three subfamilie . the first group is the elanine kites . kites also occur in three clades in perninae and four clades in buteoninae .\nnow that it is clear that henicopernis belongs within perninae ( barrowclough et al . , 2014 ) , this small primarily african clade is cleanly separated from perninae . the separation from perninae seems to be quite ancient ( nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi , 2014 ) , so i recognize both groups as subfamilies .\nthe honey - buzzards ( pernis ) have been sorted out by gamauf and haring ( 2004 ) , including the recently - split phillipine honey - buzzard . barrowclough et al . ( 2014 ) provided additional information concerning the australo - papuan species .\nthree groups of kites are part of perninae . the neotropical chondrohierax and leptodon kites , the swallow - tailed kite ( elanoides , sister to the pernis honey - buzzards ) , and the square - tailed kite ( lophoictinia , sister to the henicopernis honey - buzzards ) . note that the honey - buzzards are not a natural group either .\nthe name gypinae ( blyth , 1851 ) has priority over aegypiinae ( w . p . sclater , 1924 ) . the old world vultures are gathered here and fall into two clades . the first four species ( and genera ! ) are in one clade , with necrosyrtes and gyps in the other . the arrangement of species within gyps has taken both arshad et al . ( 2009 ) and nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) into account . i follow lerner et al . ( 2005 ) and nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) for the genera . arshad et al . is almost the same , while griffiths et al . ( 2009 ) is broadly consistent but less well - resolved .\nin the serpent eagles , dryotriorchis has been merged into circaetus . exactly how many species are in spilornis remains an issue . there are six here , but ferguson - lees and christie ( 2001 ) list 13 ! i ' ve not accepted the ioc split of minimus because i don ' t see any evidence to split this and not the others .\nwhat evidence there is suggests that the crested goshawk is not part of accipitrinae . barcoding suggested it is basal to the accipitrinae / buteoninae clade ( ong et al . , 2011 ; breman et al . , 2013 ) . raty , in a birdforum post got similar results when adding a partial cytochrome - b gene . more recently , oatley et al . ' s ( 2015 ) 4 - gene analysis found the crested goshawk near the aquilinae ( harpiinae was not in the analysis ) . i ' m not sure i ' m entirely convinced , but i ' ve double - down on this and put it in a trichotomy with harpiinae and aquilinae . besides , there ' s something that appeals to me in having the crested goshawks near the harpy eagles .\ndna from the sulawesi ( crested ) goshawk has not been tested , but it is thought to be a very close relative of the crested goshawk , with the two forming a superspecies . the name lophospiza ( kaup 1844 , type trivirgata ) is available for these two species .\nthe split between the harpy eagles and booted eagles seems to have occurred about 20 million years ago ( nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi , 2014 ) , so i treat them as separate subfamilies .\nalthough it is fairly basal , there is still some uncertain concerning the closest relatives of the crowned eagle , stephanoaetus coronatus .\ni ' ve included the extinct haast ' s eagle of new zealand on the species tree since bunce et al . ( 2005 ) analyzed dna from it . however , it isn ' t included on the main list because it likely became extinct prior to 1500 , which is the cutoff for inclusion .\nthere is a deep division of the accipitrinae into two groups which i rank as tribes : melieraxini and accipitrini .\nthe name melieraxinae has appeared in the literature since at least lerner and mindell ( 2005 ) , but does not seem to be formally established .\nthe papers by wink and sauer - g\u00fcrth ( 2004 ) , breman et al . ( 2013 ) , barrowclough et al . ( 2014 ) , nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) and kocum ' s dissertation ( 2006 ) allow us to make a rough draft of a species - level tree for the accipitters . doubtless it will need further adjustment .\nthe result is that the genus accipiter has been divided into 6 pieces . two of those , hieraspiza and lophospiza have been moved outside the accipitrini . kocum ( 2006 ) , griffiths et al . ( 2007 ) , lerner et al . ( 2008 ) , and nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) found that the circus harriers are embedded within the traditional accipiter . the options are to lump circus into accipiter or divide accipiter into at least three parts . i ' ve chosen to take the latter course , dividing accipter into four parts .\nthe arrangement of the harriers follows oatley et al . ( 2015 ) . i have split the hen and northern harriers . oatley et al . found that the northern harrier was closer to the cinereous harrier than to the hen harrier . oatley et al . also found that the last 5 harriers are very closely related , possibily conspecific . however , i distrust their estimated divergence dates . they are markedly shorter than comparable dates in nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) , which already seem a bit short compared to jarvis et al . ( 2015 ) .\nthe buteoninae are the largest subfamily of the accipitridae . according to nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) , the clade is roughly 20 million years old . there are three deep divisions ( 15 - 18 million years ago ) in the buteoninae which i have recognized as tribes : harpagini , milvini , and buteonini .\nmany of the changes between versions 2 . 00 and 2 . 01 of this page were due to the publication of lerner et al . ( 2008 ) . their results have subsequently been refined by amaral et al . ( 2009 ) and nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) . i have additionally consulted amaral et al . ( 2006 ) , barrowclough et al . \\ ( 2014 ) , griffiths et al . \\ ( 2007 ) , kocum ( 2006 ) , kruckenhauser et al . \\ ( 2004 ) , ong et al . \\ ( 2011 ) , and riesing et al . ( 2003 ) . although these sources are not in 100 % agreement , and there are still a few lacuna , i think the buteoninae are now in pretty good shape even at the species level .\nthere might still be a little modification of species boundaries to go , particularly in pseudastur and near buteo buteo . i ' ve modified the generic limits quite a bit in the buteoninae , but less drastically than suggested by riesing et al . ( 2003 ) and by lerner et al . ( 2008 ) . most of these changes were also adopted by amaral et al . ( 2009 ) , which prompted some further changes in version 2 . 15 . this has been further refined by considering nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) in version 2 . 61 .\nharpagini consists of the two harpagus kites . nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) put harpagini in the basal position . griffiths et al . ( 2007 ) also included them in their analysis . they have harpagus basal to accipitrinae + buteoninae . however , resolution was poor , and other basal raptors from griffiths et al . have moved to accipitridae .\nmilvini consists of the milvine kites and sea and fish eagles . the kites are the second of the four kite clades in buteoninae .\nthe two - species version of icthyophaga turns out to be nested within haliaeetus . it could either be submerged into haliaeetus , or expanded to include four haliaeetus species . i ' ve taken the second option . this puts all of the northern fish - eagles and sea - eagles in haliaeetus , while the tropical fish / sea - eagles are in icthyophaga . the two groups are not only geographically separated , but are visually distinct\u2014compare the relatively longer , narrower wings of haliaeetus to the shorter , broader wings of icthyophaga . there ' s a spelling issue here : icthyophaga or ichthyophaga ? both dickinson ( 2003 ) and peterson ( zoonomen . net ) give the former , which is the original spelling . peterson also argues that icthyophaga is correct . nonetheless , ichthyophaga is also in wide usage ( e . g . , hbw - 2 ) .\nthis brings us to buteonini . the first branch consists of butastur buzzards and the second branch is the ictinia kites ( third of the four buteoninae kite clades ) . the next clade contains busarellus , geranospiza , and the final kite clade , rostrhamus and presumably helicolestes . except possibly for the last two , they are all long - separated and deserving of genus status .\nthe clade starting at b is also flagged by lerner et al . as a good starting point for buteo . the former leucopternis , white , gray - backed , and mantled hawks are placed in pseudastur while the some of the remaining leucopternis are put in geranoaetus . this includes the white - tailed , and variable ( sometimes split as red - backed and puna ) hawks , formerly in buteo . it should be noted that the species boundaries in pseudastur seriously need adjustment , but it seems that further study will be needed to clarify the situation .\nthe clade at c is also a plausible way to delimit buteo . the sacc prefers to retain leucopternis . the balance of evidence suggests leucopternis is more basal than the gray and gray - lined hawks ( subgenus asturina ) . amaral et al . ( 2009 ) find asturina sister to buteo and nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) put the asturina hawks a little deeper in the buteos . i now follow both aou committees by including asturina in buteo .\nas defined below , buteo consists primarily of species breeding in the old world and nearctic , with a few neotropical species . the other genera that might be included in buteo \u2014 leucopternis ( point a ) , pseudastur , geranoaetus ( point b ) , parabuteo , rupornis , and morphnarchus ( point c ) \u2014 are primarily south and middle american breeders .\namaral et al . ( 2009 ) and nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) help clear up the situation with the remaining buteo species , although some issues remain . the new world species split out nicely , up to the lagopus / regalis pair . then we get into the old world buteos , whose taxonomy remains somewhat murky . two species were not considered in their analysis , and the true species boundaries among the old world buteos remain somewhat uncertain . i expect that the treatment here will subject to a bit of revision as more is known .\nriesing et al . ( 2003 , fig . 5 ) found evidence that archer ' s buzzard , buteo archeri is not part of the augur buzzard , buteo augur , but is sister to a clade consisting of the red - necked , augur and jackal buzzards , and possibly the madagascan buzzard , buteo brachypterus . other evidence in riesing et al . ( fig . 4 ) , and in nagy and t\u00f6k\u00f6lyi ( 2014 ) puts brachypterus in a slightly more basal position , out of this clade .\nanother apparently misplaced buteo was the forest buzzard , buteo trizonatus . it was considered a subspecies of the mountain buzzard , buteo oreophilus , but genetic data ( esp . kruckenhauser et al . , 2004 ) suggests it is closer to the common buzzard , buteo buteo . although the genetic distance is small , its distant separation from the common buzzard ' s breeding range and distinct plumage suggest it should be considered a distinct species .\nalthough the breeding buzzards of the cape verde and socotra islands have been considered races of the common buzzard , genetic data ( clouet and wink , 2000 ) suggests they are more closely related to the long - legged buzzard , buteo rufinus . once again , the genetic distances are small , but this suggests treating them as distinct species : cape verde buzzard , buteo bannermani , and socotra buzzard , buteo socotraensis . oddly , although it had been studied for over a century , the socotra buzzard had not been formally named until 2010 when porter and kirwan dubbed it buteo socotraensis . this replaces the informal name \u2018b . socotrae\u2019 that some have used .\nfatbirder - linking birders worldwide . . . wildlife travellers see our sister site : wand\nhawks , eagles , kites , harriers and old world vultures are included in this group . the osprey is placed in a separate family ( pandionidae ) , as are the secretary bird ( sagittariidae ) and the new world vultures . the other bird of prey family , which includes caracaras and falcons , are a distinct and separate group .\nthe accipitridae are a diverse family with a great deal of variation in size and shape . they range in size from the tiny pearl kite\n, which measures up to 120cm and weighs up to 14kg . wingspan can vary from 39cm in the little sparrowhawk to more than 300cm in the cinereous vulture and himalayan vulture\nof new zealand , which is estimated to have measured up to 140cm and to have weighed 15kg to 16 . 5 kg in the largest females .\n( possibly not closely related to other vultures ) , it may form more than half of the diet . most accipitrids will not eat plant material . insects are taken exclusively by around 12 species , in great numbers by 44 additional species , and opportunistically by a great many others . the diet of the honey - buzzards includes not only the adults and young of social insects such as wasps and bees , but the honey and combs from their nests . the snail kite\nare specialists in consuming snails , which usually constitute 50 - 95 % of their diet .\noccasionally , an eagle or other raptor that kills prey considerably heavier than itself ( too heavy for the raptor to carry and fly with ) will then have to leave prey where they ' ve killed and later return repeatedly to feed or dismember and bring to a perch or nest piece by piece . this has the advantage of providing a surplus of food but has the disadvantage of potentially attracting scavengers or other predators which can steal the kill or even attack the feeding accipitrid . using this method , accipitrids such as the golden eagle\nhave successfully hunted ungulates , such as deer and antelope , and other large mammals ( kangaroos and emus in the wedge - tailed ) weighing more than 30kg , 7\u20138 times their own mass . more typical prey for these powerful booted eagle species weigh between 0 . 5kg and 5kg . the haliaeetus eagles such as steller ' s sea eagle\nis most closely related to the snake eagles . another handsome aberration of the snake - eagle lineage ( although , unlike the philippine , has long been known to be a snake - eagle ) is the bateleur\n, which has evolved unusually bright plumage in adults , with a huge red cere , red feet , bright yellow bill , and boldly contrasting grey - and - white markings over black plumage . the bateleur has specialised to feed extensively on carrion and almost any other feeding opportunity that presents itself .\nthere are , according to the ioc , 255 species of hawks , buzzards , kites , eagles and old world vultures in the family accipitridae . they are :\nthe accipitridae , one of the four families within the order accipitriformes ( the other order of diurnal birds of prey being falconiformes ) , are a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet .\nthe bearded vulture ( gypaetus barbatus ) , also known as the lammergeier [ a ] or ossifrage , is a bird of prey and the only member of the genus gypaetus .\ntaxonomy : vultur barbatus linnaeus , 1758 , santa cruz , near oran , algeria . individual variation in plumage considerable , and geographical variation based largely on size . forms aureus ( europe and w asia ) and hemachalanus ( higher mountains of c asia ) sometimes recognized , but probably better subsumed within nominate barbatus . two subspecies tentatively recognized .\nthe cape griffon or cape vulture ( gyps coprotheres ) , also known as kolbe ' s vulture , is an old world vulture in the family accipitridae . it is endemic to southern africa , and is found mainly in south africa , lesotho , botswana and in some parts of northern namibia . it nests on cliffs and lays one egg per year . since 2015 , it has been classified as endangered .\nvultur coprotheres j . r . forster , 1798 , south africa . traditionally thought to form a species - group with g . himalayensis , g . indicus ( with tenuirostris ) , g . rueppelli and g . fulvus , and formerly considered conspecific with g . fulvus . recent genetic data , however , indicate that present species forms a clade with g . indicus and g . tenuirostris and that these three are sister to a clade comprising g . rueppelli and g . fulvus ; this arrangement independently supported by study based on wider molecular sample from additional loci . an apparently mixed ( and probably successful ) pairing between present species and g . africanus was reported at last surviving colony in namibia . monotypic .\nthe egyptian vulture ( neophron percnopterus ) is a small old world vulture , found widely distributed from southwestern europe and northern africa to india\u2026 .\ntaxonomy : vultur perenopterus [ sic ] linnaeus , 1758 , egypt . original specific name incorrectly spelt , and officially emended . following the naming of a new subspecies from canary is , further work revealed that population of this species in balearic is is equally distinct genetically ; further work desirable . nw himalayan population included in nominate , but possibly separable ( as race rubripersonatus ) . three subspecies currently recognized .\ntaxonomy : spiza\u00ebtus nipalensis bartelsi stresemann , 1924 , western java . traditionally thought to form a species - group with n . nipalensis , n . alboniger ( with n . nanus ) , n . lanceolatus and n . philippensis ( with n . pinskeri ) . sometimes considered to be a race of n . nipalensis , but clearly distinct . monotypic .\nthe white - bellied goshawk ( accipiter haplochrous ) is a species of bird of prey in the accipitridae family . it is endemic to new caledonia . the species is also known as the new caledonia sparrowhawk\u2026\ntaxonomy : accipiter haplochrous p . l . sclater , 1859 , nu island , off new caledonia . traditionally thought to form a species - group with a . melanochlamys , a . albogularis and a . rufitorques . monotypic .\nnarrated & filmed by paul doherty 90 minutes 28 species covered ? 17 . 95 bird images dvd guides , 28 carousel walk , sherburn in elmet , n yorks ls25 6lp , united kingdom urltoken see fatbirder review\n? a field guide by james ferguson - lees & david christie illustrated by kim franklin , david mead , philip burton & alan harris published by christopher helm in paperback 2006 ? 19 . 99p see fatbirder review\na non - profit organization , the crc ` s mission is the conservation of birds of prey through rehabilitation , research and education ."]}
{"id": 160, "summary": [{"text": "caradrina selini is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by boisduval in 1840 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , north africa and the near east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 25 \u2013 29 mm for males and 25 \u2013 30 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from may to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on various low-growing plants , including plantago , rumex and taraxacum species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "caradrina selini", "paragraphs": ["caradrina ( paradrina ) selini ( boisduval , 1840 ) = paradrina selini boisduval , 1840 = caradrina ( paradrina ) selini .\ncaradrina selini is a moth of the noctuidae family . it was described by boisduval in 1840 . it is found in most of europe , north africa and the near east .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalbania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , spain , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , central european , western caucasus , kaliningrad , mid - volzhsky .\nalbania , andorra , the balearic islands , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , dodecanese islands , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , crete , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , malta , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe wingspan is 25\u201329 mm for males and 25\u201330 mm for females . adults have been recorded on wing from may to august .\nthe larvae feed on various low - growing plants , including plantago , rumex and taraxacum species .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis work is licensed under the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 )\nnew records of diplomys labilis ( bangs , 1901 ) ( mammalia , rodentia , . . .\nfirst record of boana maculateralis ( caminer & ron , 2014 ) . . .\nfirst record of the bignose unicornfish , naso vlamingii ( perciformes , . . .\nambidexter symmetricus manning & chace , 1971 ( decapoda , processidae ) : . . .\ncheck list is a peer - reviewed , open access , on - line journal devoted to publishing annotated list of species , notes on geographic distribution of one or a few species , and distribution summary of a taxonomic group . these data are essential for studies on biogeography and provide a baseline for the conservation of biodiversity as a whole . the first step to undertaking effective conservation action is to understand species\u2019 geographic distribution . check list was established to cater to this need by publishing papers on the geographic distribution of species and higher taxonomic groups .\ndoaj , scopus , zoological abstracts , ebsco host , and index copernicus . member journal of the brazilian association of science editors ( abec ) and of the committee on publication ethics ( cope ) ."]}
{"id": 161, "summary": [{"text": "the purple-naped lory ( lorius domicella ) is a monotypic species of parrot in the family psittaculidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is forest-dwelling endemic to the islands of seram , ambon , and perhaps also haruku and saparua , south maluku , indonesia .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is considered endangered , the main threat being from trapping for the cage-bird trade . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "purple - naped lory", "paragraphs": ["the purple naped lory requires a typical lory diet . wet and dry lory mix plus fruits and vegetables .\ninformation on the purple - naped lory is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n[ home ] [ up ] [ black capped lory ] [ black lory ] [ black winged lory ] [ blue eared lory ] [ blue streaked lory ] [ bura red lory ] [ cardinal lory ] [ chattering lory ] [ collared lory ] [ dusky lory ] [ duyvenbode ' s lory ] [ goldie ' s lorikeet ] [ green naped lorikeet ] [ little lorikeet ] [ mt . apo lorikeet ] [ musk lorikeet ] [ musschenbroek ' s lorikeet ] [ ornate lorikeet ] [ perfect lorikeet ] [ purple crowned lorikeet ] [ purple naped lory ] [ rainbow lorikeet ] [ red & blue lory ] [ red breasted lory ] [ red collared lorikeet ] [ red lory ] [ scaly breasted lorikeet ] [ stella ' s lory ] [ varied lorikeet ] [ violet necked lory ] [ yellow bibbed lory ] [ yellow streaked lory ]\nthe purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella ) is a monotypic species ( = one single species within its genus ) .\npurple - naped lory , jurong bird park \u00a9 kwang chong [ cc by - sa 3 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - purple - naped lory\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - purple - naped lory\ntitle =\narkive photo - purple - naped lory\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlorius lory lory ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\nthe primary character of the southern gothic novel red lory is a red lory named hannah .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella )\ntitle =\narkive species - purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe purple - naped lory is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\ndescription : antique 1875 print depicting a purple - naped lory ( lorius tibialis ) from the\nbirds of new guinea\nand was done by john gould who was an english ornithologist and bird artist .\nthe purple - bellied lory is 26 cm ( 10 in ) long . it is mostly red with black on top of head , green wings , and purple underparts . its thighs are purple and its legs are dark grey . its tail is red with dark green - blue at the tip . its\nspecies : scientific : lorius domicella aka domicella domicellus / lorius tibialis . . . english : purple - naped lory . . . dutch : vrouwenlori , purperneklori , erze lori . . . german : erzlori . . . french : lori \u00e0 nuque pourpre\nthe purple naped lory will roost in the nest year round . young non breeding birds will roost in the nest year round . pairs can be extremely aggressive at breeding time . the young can be leg rung at age of 16 - 18 days .\n. purple thighs and underparts . the mainly red tail feathers have dark green - blue tips .\nlorius lory ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\nthe red lory ( eos bornea or eos rubra ) is a species of parrot in the psittaculidae family . it is the second most commonly kept lory in captivity , after the rainbow lorikeet .\nin disney ' s aladdin , jafar ' s parrot iago is based on the red lory .\nlorius lory somu ( diamond ) 1967 am . mus . novit . no . 2284 p . 4\nlorius lory erythrothorax salvadori 1877 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 10 p . 32\nthe red lory is about 31 cm long ( 12 in ) . they weigh 30 - 300 grams .\nlorius lory salvadorii meyer , ab 1891 abh . ber . mus . dresden 3 no . 4 p . 6\nthe purple - naped lory is 28 cm ( 11 in ) long . it is mostly red with an all red tail that fades to darker red towards the tip . the top of its head is black , which fades to purple on the back of its neck . it has green wings , blue thighs , and a variable approximately transverse yellow band across the chest . it has an orange beak , dark - grey eyerings , and orange - red irises . juveniles have a brown beak , grey - white eyerings , brown irises , a wider yellow band across the chest , and a more extensive purple patch on the back of neck .\nlorius lory jobiensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 229 , 231\ncollar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . purple - naped lory ( lorius domicella ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbirdlife international ( 2008 ) . lorius lory . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 23 december 2009 .\nthe purple - bellied lory ( lorius hypoinochrous ) is a species of parrot in the psittaculidae family . it is endemic to papua new guinea . it is found in south - east new guinea , the bismarck archipelago , the d ' entrecasteaux islands , the louisiade archipelago , the trobriand islands and woodlark island .\ncites wikipedia lexicon of parrots birdlife international internet bird collection a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 . parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1989 . vanished and vanishing parrots , forshaw , 2017 . parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 . ml media catalogue 518181 purple - naped lory lorius domicella , decicco , lucas , maluku , indonesia , jan . 10 2016 , cornell lab of ornithology .\nspecies name sometimes erroneously spelt domicellus , but is a diminutive feminine noun . forms a species - group with l . garrulus , l . lory and l . hypoinochrous . described form l . tibialis ( blue - thighed / jamrach\u2019s lory ) was probably based on an aberrant specimen of present species . monotypic .\nboth adults in general red ; black forehead and lores to occiput , with purple patch bordering from behind ; upper breast has yellow band which varies from bird to bird ; purple / blue thighs ; green wings ; yellow underwing - band ; red tail , tipped with darker brown / red . bill orange . eye ring dark grey . eye orange / red .\nlorius lory cyanauchen ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 107 , note\nas in adults but patch behind occiput more extensive and deeper purple ; wider pectoral band ; greater underwing coverts margined with black ; faint blue tip on tail . bill brown . eye ring grey / white . eye brown .\nfoster , & smith . ( n . d . ) . red lory . retrieved december 11 , 2012 , from pet education website : urltoken article . cfm ? c = 15 + 1840 & aid = 2306\n28 cm ( 11 in ) long . mostly red with black on top of head and purple on back of neck . it has green wings , blue thighs , and a variable approximately transverse yellow band across the chest . its tail fades to a darker red towards to tip .\ntheir bills are narrow and less powerful than other types of parrots and their gizzards are generally thin - walled and weak . a defining characteristic of a lory is their brush tongues with papillae at the tips to help them feed on pollen and nectar .\n) is darker , more maroon in colour , and is often confused in captivity with the nominate . inadvertent interbreeding between the two subspecies has made a clear identification difficult for pet owners as hybrids can be found . the other two subspecies are not as common , rothschild ' s red lory (\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article red lory ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstrigops ( f . ) gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 426 pl . cv\nstrigops habroptila gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 427 pl . cv\nnestor meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis septentrionalis lorenz von liburnau , l 1896 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 46 p . 198\nnymphicus hollandicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 580\ncalyptorhynchus banksii banksii ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 107 concept nomenclature\ncalyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne schodde , saunders , da & homberger 1989 canberrabirdnotes 13 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus banksii macrorhynchus gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncalyptorhynchus banksii naso gould 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 46 p . 106\ncalyptorhynchus banksii samueli mathews 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus lathami erebus schodde & mason , ij 1993 emu 93 p . 156 - 166\ncalyptorhynchus lathami lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus whiteae mathews 1912 australav . rec . 1 no . 2 p . 35\ncalyptorhynchus funereus xanthanotus gould 1838 syn . birdsaustr . pt4 app . p . 4\ncalyptorhynchus baudinii lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 6\ncalyptorhynchus latirostris carnaby 1948 w . austral . nat . 1 p . 136 - 138\nprobosciger aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus goliath ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 92\nprobosciger aterrimus macgillivrayi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 261\ncallocephalon ( n . ) lesson 1837 j . navig . thet . esperance [ bougainville ] 2 p . 311 atlas pl . 39 , 40\ncallocephalon fimbriatum ( grant , j ) 1803 narr . voy . disc . news . wales pl . opp . p . 135\neolophus roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\neolophus roseicapilla kuhli ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 266\neolophus roseicapilla roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\nlophochroa leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri mollis ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 265\ncacatua tenuirostris ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 88\ncacatua pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua pastinator derbyi ( mathews ) 1916 australav . rec . 3 p . 57\ncacatua pastinator pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea gymnopis sclater , pl 1871 pzs pt2 p . 490 , 493 , textfig .\ncacatua sanguinea normantoni ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua sanguinea sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea westralensis ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua goffiniana roselaar , cs & michels 2004 zool . verh . leiden 350 p . 186 nomenclature\ncacatua ducorpsii pucheran 1853 voy . polesudzool . 3 mamm . ois . p . 108 nomenclature\ncacatua galerita eleonora finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xxi nomenclature\ncacatua galerita fitzroyi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 264\ncacatua galerita triton temminck 1849 coup - d ' oeilposs . neerland . 3 p . 405 , note\ncacatua sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua sulphurea abbotti ( oberholser ) 1917 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 54 no . 2232 p . 181\ncacatua sulphurea citrinocristata ( fraser ) 1844 pzs pt12 no . 132 p . 38\ncacatua sulphurea parvula ( bonaparte ) 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 139\ncacatua sulphurea sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua moluccensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 331\npoicephalus gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi massaicus fischer & reichenow 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 165 p . 179 nomenclature\npoicephalus flavifrons ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 126\npoicephalus fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93 systematics\npoicephalus fuscicollis fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93\npoicephalus fuscicollis suahelicus reichenow 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 2 p . 314\npoicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 344\npoicephalus meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri damarensis neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri matschiei neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri reichenowi neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri transvaalensis neumann 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 2 p . 25\npoicephalus rueppellii ( gray , gr ) 1849 pzs [\n1848\n] pt16 no . 188 p . 125 pl . 5\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus tanganyikae bowen 1930 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 82 p . 267\npoicephalus crassus ( sharpe ) 1884 j . linn . soc . londonzool . 17 p . 429\npoicephalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus versteri finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xvi\npoicephalus rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\npoicephalus rufiventris rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\ntouit ( m . ) gray , gr 1855 cat . gen . subgen . birds p . 89 nomenclature\ntouit huetii ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 491\ntouit costaricensis ( cory ) 1913 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 283\ntouit dilectissimus ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 788 pl . 47 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus viridiceps chapman 1929 am . mus . novit . no . 380 p . 10\ntouit melanonotus ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 275 nomenclature\ntouit surdus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 59 nomenclature\ntouit stictopterus ( sclater , pl ) 1862 pzs pt1 p . 112 pl . 11 nomenclature\npsilopsiagon aymara ( orbigny ) 1839 voy . am . merid . 2 p . 376 , note1\npsilopsiagon aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons margaritae ( berlioz & dorst ) 1956 ois . rev . franceorn . ( n . s . ) 26 p . 85\npsilopsiagon aurifrons robertsi carriker 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 4\npsilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris ( burmeister ) 1860 j . orn . 8 no . 46 p . 243\nbolborhynchus lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola tigrinus ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 144\nbolborhynchus orbygnesius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 63 , 64 nomenclature\nnannopsittaca panychlora ( salvin & godman ) 1883 ibis p . 211 pl . 9 fig . 1\nnannopsittaca dachilleae o ' neill , munn & franke 1991 auk 108 p . 225 , 226\nmyiopsitta monachus calita ( jardine & selby ) 1830 ill . orn . 2 pt6 pl . 82 , text [ p . 61 ]\nmyiopsitta monachus cotorra ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 362\nbrotogeris sanctithomae sanctithomae ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 81\nbrotogeris sanctithomae takatsukasae neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 442\nbrotogeris tirica ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 351\nbrotogeris chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris chiriri behni neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 443\nbrotogeris chiriri chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris pyrrhoptera ( latham ) 1802 suppl . ind . orn . p . xxii\nbrotogeris jugularis exsul todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 129\nbrotogeris jugularis jugularis ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 80\nbrotogeris cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris cyanoptera beniensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 9\nbrotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera solimoensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 10\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons friedmann 1945 proc . biol . soc . wash . 58 p . 114\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tuipara ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 348\ntriclaria malachitacea ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 40 pl . 28\npyrilia haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia haematotis coccinicollaris ( lawrence ) 1862 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 7 p . 475\npyrilia haematotis haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia pyrilia ( bonaparte ) 1853 compt . rend . 37 p . 807 , note\npyrilia pulchra ( berlepsch ) 1897 orn . monatsb . 5 no . 11 p . 175\npyrilia barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia barrabandi aurantiigena ( gyldenstolpe ) 1951 ark . zool . ( 2 ) 2 p . 14 , 67\npyrilia barrabandi barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia caica ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 128 no . 137\npyrilia aurantiocephala ( gaban - lima , r , raposo , ma & hofling , e ) 2002 auk 119 p . 815 , 816 systematics\npyrilia vulturina ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 62 systematics\nhapalopsittaca amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina theresae ( hellmayr ) 1915 verh . orn . ges . bayern 12 heft3 p . 214\nhapalopsittaca amazonina velezi graves , gr & restrepo 1989 wilsonbull . 101 no . 3 p . 369 - 376 , front .\nhapalopsittaca fuertesi ( chapman ) 1912 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 31 p . 143\nhapalopsittaca melanotis melanotis ( lafresnaye ) 1847 rev . zool . 10 p . 67\nhapalopsittaca melanotis peruviana ( carriker ) 1932 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 83 [\n1931\n] p . 455\npionus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus sordidus antelius todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 338\npionus sordidus corallinus bonaparte 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 148\npionus sordidus mindoensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 187 p . 1\npionus sordidus ponsi aveledo & gines 1950 mem . soc . cien . nat . lasalle 10 no . 26 p . 60\npionus sordidus saturatus todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\npionus sordidus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani lacerus heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 265\npionus maximiliani maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani melanoblepharus ribeiro 1920 rev . mus . paulista 12 pt2 p . 61\npionus maximiliani siy souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 155\npionus seniloides ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npionus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus reichenowi heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 264 nomenclature\npionus menstruus rubrigularis cabanis 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 222\npionus senilis ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 42 pl . 31 fig . 1\npionus chalcopterus ( fraser ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 90 p . 59\ngraydidascalus brachyurus ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\nalipiopsitta ( f . ) capparoz , r & pacheco 2006 rev . brasil . orn . 14 no . 2 p . 174\nalipiopsitta xanthops ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 39 pl . 26\namazona festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona festiva bodini ( finsch ) 1873 pzs pt2 p . 569 pl . 49\namazona festiva festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona vinacea ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 77\namazona tucumana ( cabanis ) 1885 j . orn . 33 no . 170 p . 221\namazona pretrei ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 492\namazona agilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\namazona albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons nana miller , w 1905 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 p . 349\namazona albifrons saltuensis nelson 1899 proc . biol . soc . wash . 13 p . 26\namazona collaria ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona leucocephala bahamensis ( bryant , h ) 1867 proc . bostonsoc . nat . hist . 11 p . 65\namazona leucocephala hesterna bangs 1916 bull . mus . comp . zool . 60 p . 308\namazona leucocephala leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona vittata gracilipes\u2020 ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\namazona autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis lilacina lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 30 col . 394 concept\namazona autumnalis salvini ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 271 , 300 pl . 7 fig . 3 citation\namazona diadema ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 43 pl . 32\namazona viridigenalis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 371\namazona xantholora ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 83\namazona dufresniana ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 513\namazona oratrix belizensis monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 18\namazona oratrix oratrix ridgway 1887 man . n . am . birds p . 587\namazona auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata parvipes monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 8\namazona ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala nattereri ( finsch ) 1865 j . orn . 12 [\n1864\n] no . 72 p . 411 citation\namazona ochrocephala ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala panamensis ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 127 p . 349\namazona barbadensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339\namazona aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva xanthopteryx ( berlepsch ) 1896 orn . monatsb . 4 no . 11 p . 173\namazona mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303 nomenclature\namazona mercenarius canipalliata ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 125 p . 105\namazona mercenarius mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303\namazona guatemalae virenticeps ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 269 , 280 citation\namazona kawalli grantsau & camargo 1989 rev . brasil . biol . 49 p . 1018 concept\namazona brasiliensis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona amazonica ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 147\namazona guildingii ( vigors ) 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 45 p . 80\nforpus ( m . ) boie , f 1858 j . orn . 6 no . 35 p . 363\nforpus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus sclateri ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 86\nforpus cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius insularis ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 541\nforpus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus cyanochlorus ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 31 concept\nforpus passerinus cyanophanes ( todd ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\nforpus passerinus deliciosus ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 533 , 545\nforpus passerinus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus viridissimus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus spengeli ( hartlaub ) 1885 pzs pt3 no . 40 p . 614 pl . 38 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius flavescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 241 , 248 citation\nforpus xanthopterygius flavissimus hellmayr 1929 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 12 p . 446\nforpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1\nforpus conspicillatus caucae ( chapman ) 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 383\nforpus conspicillatus conspicillatus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus conspicillatus metae borrero & hernandez - camacho 1961 noved . colomb . 1 no . 6 p . 431\nforpus xanthops ( salvin ) 1895 novit . zool . 2 p . 19 pl . 2 fig . 2\npionites ( m . ) heine 1890 nomen . mus . heine . orn . [ heine & reichenow ] p . 231\npionites melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus pallidus ( berlepsch ) 1890 j . orn . 37 [\n1889\n] no . 187 p . 317 citation\npionites leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster xanthomerius ( sclater , pl ) 1858 pzs [\n1857\n] pt25 no . 343 p . 266\npionites leucogaster xanthurus todd 1925 proc . biol . soc . wash . 38 p . 113\nderoptyus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\nderoptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npyrrhura ( f . ) bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 genus . 14\npyrrhura cruentata ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 53 , 72\npyrrhura devillei ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis chiripepe ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura lepida anerythra neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida coerulescens neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura perlata ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 35 pl . 20 concept\npyrrhura molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae australis todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 82 citation\npyrrhura molinae flavoptera maijer , herzog , kessler , friggens & fjeldsa 1998 orn . neotrop . 9 p . 186\npyrrhura molinae hypoxantha ( salvadori & festa ) 1899 boll . mus . zool . anat . comp . torino\n15\n[ = 14 ] no . 363 p . 1 nomenclature\npyrrhura molinae molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae phoenicura ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 26 concept\npyrrhura molinae restricta todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 333\npyrrhura leucotis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 21 nomenclature\npyrrhura picta caeruleiceps todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 337\npyrrhura picta picta ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npyrrhura picta subandina todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 6\npyrrhura emma salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 217 pl . 1 citation\npyrrhura amazonum lucida arndt 2008 papageien [ arndt ] 21 p . 278 , 279\npyrrhura amazonum snethlageae joseph & bates , jm 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 354\npyrrhura lucianii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 211\npyrrhura roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons peruviana hocking , blake & joseph 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 356\npyrrhura viridicata todd 1913 proc . biol . soc . wash . 26 p . 174\npyrrhura egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia obscura zimmer & phelps , wh 1946 am . mus . novit . no . 1312 p . 1\npyrrhura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura berlepschi salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 224 pl . 2 fig . 1 citation\npyrrhura melanura chapmani bond & meyer de schauensee 1940 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 92 p . 156\npyrrhura melanura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura pacifica chapman 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 382\npyrrhura melanura souancei ( verreaux , j ) 1858 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 10 p . 437 pl . 12\npyrrhura orcesi ridgely & robbins 1988 wilsonbull . 100 no . 2 p . 174 , 175\npyrrhura albipectus chapman 1914 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 33 p . 319\npyrrhura rupicola rupicola ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npyrrhura rupicola sandiae bond & meyer de schauensee 1944 not . nat . no . 138 p . 1\npyrrhura calliptera ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\npyrrhura hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis immarginata zimmer & phelps 1944 am . mus . novit . no . 1270 p . 4\npyrrhura rhodocephala ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 787\npyrrhura hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\npyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens bangs 1906 proc . biol . soc . wash . 19 p . 103\npyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\nenicognathus ( m . ) gray , gr 1840 listgen . birds p . 51\nenicognathus ferrugineus ferrugineus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\nenicognathus ferrugineus minor ( chapman ) 1919 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 41 p . 323\nenicognathus leptorhynchus ( king ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 1 p . 14 concept\ncyanoliseus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\ncyanoliseus patagonus andinus dabbene & lillo 1913 an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenosaires 24 p . 188 pl . 10\ncyanoliseus patagonus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\nanodorhynchus leari bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1\nanodorhynchus glaucus\u2020 ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 259\nrhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( swainson ) 1827 philos . mag . n . s . 1 p . 439\nrhynchopsitta terrisi moore , rt 1947 proc . biol . soc . wash . 60 p . 27\neupsittula nana astec ( souance ) 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\neupsittula nana nana ( vigors ) 1830 zool . j . 5 p . 273\neupsittula nana vicinalis bangs & penard , te 1919 bull . mus . comp . zool . 63 p . 24\neupsittula canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis clarae ( moore , rt ) 1937 proc . biol . soc . wash . 50 p . 101\neupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\neupsittula aurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329\neupsittula pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax aeruginosa ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax chrysogenys ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\neupsittula pertinax griseipecta ( meyer de schauensee ) 1950 not . nat . no . 221 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax lehmanni ( dugand ) 1943 caldasia 2 no . 7 p . 191\neupsittula pertinax margaritensis cory 1918 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 13 pub . 197 p . 63\neupsittula pertinax ocularis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1865 pzs [\n1864\n] pt3 p . 367 citation\neupsittula pertinax paraensis ( sick ) 1959 j . orn . 100 p . 413\neupsittula pertinax pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax surinama ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 1\neupsittula pertinax tortugensis ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 220\neupsittula pertinax venezuelae ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax xanthogenia ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 1\neupsittula cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum caixana ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 34 pl . 19 fig . 1\nconuropsis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97 status\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis ludoviciana\u2020 ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 347\naratinga weddellii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 209\naratinga nenday ( vieillot ) 1823 tabl . encyc . meth . orn . 3 livr . 93 p . 1400\naratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\naratinga maculata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74 nomenclature\naratinga jandaya ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 319\naratinga auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus aurifrons spix 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 32 pl . 16 fig . 1\ncyanopsitta spixii ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 675\nprimolius couloni ( sclater , pl ) 1876 pzs pt1 p . 255 , fig .\nprimolius auricollis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nprimolius maracana ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 260\nara ararauna ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara militaris mexicanus ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\nara militaris militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus guayaquilensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 205 p . 2\nara macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara macao cyanopterus wiedenfeld 1995 orn . neotrop . 5 [\n1994\n] no . 2 p . 99 citation\nara macao macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara chloropterus gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 26 nomenclature\nara tricolor\u2020 ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 64 pl . 1 nomenclature\nara severus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nleptosittaca ( f . ) berlepsch & stolzmann 1894 ibis p . 402 pl . 11\nognorhynchus icterotis ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 71\nguaruba guarouba ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 320 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\ndiopsittaca nobilis cumanensis ( lichtenstein ) 1823 verz . doubl . zool . mus . berlin p . 6\ndiopsittaca nobilis longipennis neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 441 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nthectocercus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 29 pl . 13\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neoxenus ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 243\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neumanni ( blake & traylor ) 1947 fieldianazool . 31 no . 21 p . 166\npsittacara holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara holochlorus brewsteri ( nelson ) 1928 proc . biol . soc . wash . 41 p . 154\npsittacara holochlorus holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara brevipes ( lawrence ) 1871 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 [\n1874\n] p . 14\npsittacara rubritorquis ( sclater , pl ) 1887 pzs [\n1886\n] pt4 no . 35 p . 539 pl . 56\npsittacara strenuus ( ridgway ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\npsittacara wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara wagleri transilis ( peters , jl ) 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 111\npsittacara wagleri wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus minor ( carriker ) 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 3\npsittacara mitratus chlorogenys ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 74\npsittacara mitratus mitratus ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npsittacara mitratus tucumanus ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 77\npsittacara erythrogenys lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 34 col . 486 , 487\npsittacara leucophthalmus callogenys ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 171 , 188 citation\npsittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npsittacara leucophthalmus nicefori meyer de schauensee 1946 not . nat . no . 163 p . 2\npsittacara euops ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 638 pl . 24 fig . 2\npsittacara chloropterus souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittacara maugei\u2020 souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittrichas fulgidus ( lesson ) 1830 traitedorn . livr . 3 p . 181 citation\ncoracopsis vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis vasa comorensis ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\ncoracopsis vasa drouhardi lavauden 1929 alauda 1 no . 4 & 5 p . 231\ncoracopsis vasa vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra libs bangs 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 83\ncoracopsis nigra nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra sibilans milne - edwards & oustalet 1885 compt . rend . 101 p . 220\nmicropsitta keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta keiensis chloroxantha oberholser 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 126\nmicropsitta keiensis keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana misoriensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 909\nmicropsitta pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta pusio beccarii ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 396\nmicropsitta pusio harterti mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta pusio pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii tristrami ( rothschild & hartert ) 1902 novit . zool . 9 p . 589\nmicropsitta finschii viridifrons ( rothschild & hartert ) 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 9 p . 138\nmicropsitta bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii pileata mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta bruijnii rosea mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\npolytelis swainsonii ( desmarest ) 1826 dict . sci . nat . 39 p . 39\npolytelis anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\npolytelis anthopeplus anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\nalisterus amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis buruensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 371\nalisterus amboinensis dorsalis ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [ 1830\n] p . 234 atlasois . pl . 21 fig . 3\nalisterus amboinensis hypophonius ( muller , s ) 1843 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 6 p . 181 , note\nalisterus amboinensis sulaensis ( reichenow ) 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 128\nalisterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus callopterus ( albertis & salvadori ) 1879 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 14 p . 29\nalisterus chloropterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus moszkowskii ( reichenow ) 1911 orn . monatsb . 19 p . 82\nalisterus scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\nalisterus scapularis minor mathews 1911 novit . zool . 18 no . 1 p . 23\nalisterus scapularis scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\naprosmictus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus wetterensis ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 481 , 484 citation\naprosmictus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\naprosmictus erythropterus coccineopterus ( gould ) 1865 handb . birdsaustr . 2 p . 39\naprosmictus erythropterus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\nprioniturus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus platurus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus waterstradti malindangensis mearns 1909 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 36 no . 1678 p . 437\nprioniturus platenae blasius , w 1888 braunschw . anz . no . 37 p . 335 author\nprioniturus flavicans cassin 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 373\nprioniturus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus whiteheadi salomonsen 1953 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 115 p . 224\neclectus roratus cornelia bonaparte 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 135 , 136 citation\neclectus roratus macgillivrayi mathews 1913 australav . rec . 2 no . 4 p . 75\neclectus roratus polychloros ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87\neclectus roratus riedeli meyer , ab 1882 pzs [\n1881\n] pt4 p . 917\neclectus roratus roratus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 77\neclectus roratus solomonensis rothschild & hartert 1901 novit . zool . 8 no . 1 p . 82\neclectus roratus vosmaeri ( rothschild ) 1922 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 p . 412\neclectus roratus westermani\u2020 ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 4\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi aruensis ( gray , gr ) 1858 pzs pt26 no . 358 p . 183\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi cyanicollis ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 108 , 182 , note\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 400 , 406 citation\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi jobiensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi minor neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi mysorensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi pucherani souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 218\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi rhodops ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 43 , 44\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi sudestiensis de vis 1890 annualrep . brit . newguinea ( 1888 - 1889 ) app . g p . 58\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi timorlaoensis meyer , ab 1884 sitz . abh . naturwiss . ges . isisdresden heft1 p . 15\ngeoffroyus simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation\ngeoffroyus simplex buergersi neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235\ngeoffroyus simplex simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus hyacinthinus mayr 1931 am . mus . novit . no . 486 p . 13\npsittinus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6\npsittinus cyanurus abbotti richmond 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188\npsittinus cyanurus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6\npsittinus cyanurus pontius oberholser 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 5\ntanygnathus megalorynchos hellmayri mayr 1944 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 83 p . 134 , 149\ntanygnathus megalorynchos sumbensis meyer , ab 1881 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 31 p . 762\ntanygnathus lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146\ntanygnathus lucionensis hybridus salomonsen 1952 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 114 p . 347\ntanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146\ntanygnathus lucionensis talautensis meyer , ab & wiglesworth 1895 abh . ber . mus . dresden 5 no . 9 p . 2\ntanygnathus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281\ntanygnathus sumatranus everetti tweeddale 1877 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 p . 533\ntanygnathus sumatranus freeri mcgregor 1910 philip . j . sci . 5 p . 108\ntanygnathus sumatranus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281\ntanygnathus gramineus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 338\npsittacula himalayana ( lesson ) 1831 voy . ind . orient . [ belanger ] zool . [\n1834\n] pt4 p . 239 citation\npsittacula roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4\npsittacula roseata juneae biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 5\npsittacula roseata roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4\npsittacula cyanocephala ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\npsittacula alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\npsittacula alexandri abbotti ( oberholser ) 1919 proc . biol . soc . wash . 32 p . 29\npsittacula alexandri alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\npsittacula alexandri cala ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4\npsittacula alexandri dammermani chasen & kloss 1932 bull . rafflesmus . no . 7 p . 8\npsittacula alexandri fasciata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74\npsittacula alexandri major ( richmond ) 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188\npsittacula alexandri perionca ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4\npsittacula derbiana ( fraser ) 1852 pzs [\n1850\n] pt18 no . 216 p . 245 pl . 25\npsittacula longicauda defontainei chasen 1935 bull . rafflesmus . no . 9 [\n1934\n] p . 93 citation\npsittacula longicauda modesta ( fraser ) 1845 pzs pt13 no . 144 p . 16\npsittacula longicauda nicobarica ( gould ) 1857 birdsasia [ gould ] 6 pt9 pl . 13\npsittacula longicauda tytleri ( hume ) 1874 str . feath . 2 p . 454\npsittacula calthrapae ( blyth ) 1849 j . asiat . soc . bengal 18 pt2 p . 800\npsittacula eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140\npsittacula eupatria avensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219\npsittacula eupatria eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140\npsittacula eupatria magnirostris ( ball ) 1872 j . asiat . soc . bengal 41 p . 278\npsittacula eupatria nipalensis ( hodgson ) 1836 as . res . 19 p . 177\npsittacula eupatria siamensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219\npsittacula wardi\u2020 ( newton , e ) 1867 ibis p . 341 , note concept citation\npsittacula krameri borealis ( neumann ) 1915 orn . monatsb . 23 p . 178\npsittacula krameri krameri ( scopoli ) 1769 annusihist . - nat . p . 31\npsittacula krameri manillensis ( bechstein ) 1800 naturgesch . stubenthiereed . 2 1 p . 612 , note\npsittacula krameri parvirostris ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\npsittacula eques echo ( newton , a & newton , e ) 1876 ibis p . 284 pl . 6\npsittacula caniceps ( blyth ) 1846 j . asiat . soc . bengal 15 p . 23\npsittacella brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation\npsittacella brehmii brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation\npsittacella brehmii harterti mayr 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft5 p . 702\npsittacella brehmii pallida meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 3\npsittacella picta excelsa mayr & gilliard 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1524 p . 6\npsittacella modesta modesta schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 36\npsittacella madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1\npsittacella madaraszi huonensis mayr & rand 1935 am . mus . novit . no . 814 p . 4\npsittacella madaraszi madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1\npsephotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 88\npsephotus haematonotus caeruleus condon 1941 rec . s . austr . mus . 7 p . 141\npsephotus haematonotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 88\nnorthiella haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 89\nnorthiella haematogaster haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 89\nnorthiella haematogaster haematorrhoa ( bonaparte ) 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 col . 13 citation\nnorthiella haematogaster pallescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 563 citation\nnorthiella narethae ( white , hl ) 1921 emu 21 p . 81 pl . 12\npsephotellus chrysopterygius ( gould ) 1858 pzs [\n1857\n] pt25 no . 340 p . 220\npsephotellus pulcherrimus \u2020 ( gould ) 1845 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 15 p . 115\npurpureicephalus spurius ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\nplatycercus caledonicus brownii ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 56\nplatycercus caledonicus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\nplatycercus elegans ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 318\nplatycercus elegans elegans ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 318\nplatycercus elegans filewoodi mcallen & bruce 1989 birdsnews . wales p . ? ? ?\nplatycercus elegans flaveolus gould 1837 syn . birdsaustr . pt2 pl . [ 23 ]\nplatycercus elegans nigrescens ramsay , ep 1888 tab . listaustral . birds p . 34\nplatycercus venustus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus venustus venustus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus adscitus palliceps lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 19\nplatycercus eximius ( shaw ) 1792 nat . misc . 3 pl . 93 , text\nplatycercus eximius diemenensis north 1911 austral . mus . spec . cat . no . 1 3 pt2 p . 128\nplatycercus eximius eximius ( shaw ) 1792 nat . misc . 3 pl . 93 , text\nplatycercus icterotis ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 54\nplatycercus icterotis icterotis ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 54\nbarnardius zonarius ( shaw ) 1805 nat . misc . 16 pl . 657 , text\nbarnardius zonarius barnardi ( vigors & horsfield ) 1827 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 15 [\n1826\n] p . 283\nbarnardius zonarius macgillivrayi ( north ) 1900 vict . nat . 17 no . 5 p . 91\nbarnardius zonarius parkeri forshaw & joseph 2016 emu 116 no . 4 p . 440 - 444\nbarnardius zonarius semitorquatus ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [\n1830\n] p . 237 atlasois . pl . 23\nbarnardius zonarius zonarius ( shaw ) 1805 nat . misc . 16 pl . 657 , text\nlathamus discolor ( shaw ) 1790 j . voy . news . wales [ white ] pl . 49 author\nprosopeia splendens ( peale ) 1849 u . s . expl . exped . 8 [\n1848\n] p . 127\nprosopeia personata ( gray , gr ) 1848 pzs pt16 no . 181 p . 21 pl . 3\nprosopeia tabuensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 317\nprosopeia tabuensis tabuensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 317\neunymphicus ( m . ) peters , jl 1937 check - listbirdsworld 3 p . 269\neunymphicus cornutus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 327\neunymphicus uvaeensis ( layard , el & layard , elc ) 1882 pzs pt2 p . 408 pl . 26 fig . 2\ncyanoramphus ulietanus\u2020 ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\ncyanoramphus saisseti verreaux , j & des murs 1860 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 12 p . 387\ncyanoramphus cookii ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 13\ncyanoramphus subflavescens\u2020 salvadori 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 p . 68\ncyanoramphus unicolor ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt4 pl . 25\ncyanoramphus auriceps ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 46\ncyanoramphus malherbi souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 98 concept\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae ( sparrman ) 1787 mus . carls . fasc . 2 no . xxviii pl . 28 concept\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae cyanurus salvadori 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 p . 68\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae ( sparrman ) 1787 mus . carls . fasc . 2 no . xxviii pl . 28 concept\ncyanoramphus hochstetteri ( reischek ) 1889 trans . n . z . inst . 21 [\n1888\n] p . 387"]}
{"id": 166, "summary": [{"text": "hermosilla azurea , the zebra-perch sea chub , is a species of sea chub native to the pacific coast of north america where it occurs from monterey bay , california to the gulf of california .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a shallow-water species , found in near-shore waters down to a depth of 8 metres ( 26 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species forms schools and is usually found in association with the panamic sergeant major ( abudefduf troschelii ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 45 centimetres ( 18 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hermosilla azurea", "paragraphs": ["froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .\nhermosilla azurea\nin fishbase . august 2013 version .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nhermosilla azurea\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nallen , g . , robertson , r . , lea , b . & findley , l . 2010 . hermosilla azurea . in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 27 october 2013 .\ntype for hermosilla azurea catalog number : usnm 39629 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes preparation : illustration ; photograph ; radiograph collector ( s ) : o . jenkins & b . evermann locality : gulf of california , mexico , pacific\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and common throughout most of its range . there are no known major threats to this species , and the population is increasing in some parts of its range . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from monterey , california to baja california , and in the gulf of california .\nthis species is considered to be moderately common in the gulf of california , with no indication of major population fluctuations , and is common on pacific coast of baja . in california , the population has increased over the past decade .\nthis benthopelagic species inhabits shallow inshore areas to 15 m depth . it is encountered frequently in schools .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 0 - 8 m ( ref . 9310 ) . subtropical ; 37\u00b0n - 20\u00b0n , 123\u00b0w - 105\u00b0w\neastern central pacific : monterey bay in california , usa to gulf of california .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 45 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9310 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 10 ; vertebrae : 25 . this species is distinguished by the following characters : interorbital region scaleless ; mouth terminal ; teeth incisiform ; 5 - 9 vertical dark bands on body ; d xi , 10 - 11 rays ; a iii , 10 ; gill rakers 4 - 5 + 11 - 12 ; 49 - 55 lateral line scales , of which 45 - 49 have pores ; longitudinal row 43 - 49 scales ; cheek scales 5 - 6 ; postorbital scales 7 - 8 ; precaudal vertebrae 10 , caudal vertebrae 15 ; pterygiophores , 19 - 20 on dorsal , 11 on anal ( ref . 95491 ) .\ninhabit shallow inshore areas to 8 m depth ( ref . 9310 ) ; coastal rocky reefs and reef flats with algal growth ( ref . 95491 ) . exclusively herbivorous ( ref . 95491 ) . encountered frequently in schools near abudefduf troschelii . pelagic spawner ( ref . 56049 ) . also caught with harpoons ( ref . 9310 ) .\nknudsen , s . w . and k . d . clements , 2013 . revision of the fish family kyphosidae ( teleostei : perciformes ) . zootaxa 3751 ( 1 ) : 001 - 101 . ( ref . 95491 )\n) : 18 . 2 - 26 . 9 , mean 23 . 2 ( based on 114 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 00788 - 0 . 03339 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 41 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ninhabit shallow inshore areas to 8 m depth . encountered frequently in schools near abudefduf troschelii . pelagic spawner ( ref . 56049 ) . also caught with harpoons ( ref . 9310 ) .\n45 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9310 ) )\ndepth range based on 8 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 2 - 12 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 20 . 794 - 22 . 443 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 3 . 645 - 5 . 631 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 125 - 35 . 261 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 744 - 4 . 879 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 897 - 1 . 098 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 763 - 12 . 886 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 2 - 12 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 20 . 794 - 22 . 443 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 3 . 645 - 5 . 631 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 125 - 35 . 261 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 744 - 4 . 879 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 897 - 1 . 098 silicate ( umol / l ) : 7 . 763 - 12 . 886 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nbenthopelagic ; marine ; depth range ? - 8 m ( ref . 9310 )\ndepth : 0 - 8m . recorded at 8 meters . habitat : benthopelagic . inhabits shallow inshore areas to 8 m depth . encountered frequently in schools near @ abudefduf troschelii @ . also caught with harpoons ( ref . 9310 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nthis species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and common throughout most of its range . there are no known major threats to this species , and the population is increasing in some parts of its range . it is listed as least concern .\n. it is a shallow - water species , found in near - shore waters down to a depth of 8 metres ( 26 ft ) . this species forms schools and is usually found in association with the panamic sergeant major\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\noval , compressed ; dorsal rays xi , 9 ; anal rays iii , 10 ; scales in oblique series below lateral line about 55 ; jaw teeth fixed , not freely movable ; head scaleless ; tail forked .\nsides with about 8 greyish - brown bars with light grey spaces between them ; a blue spot on upper edge of gill cover and a black spot below pectoral - fin base ; ventral portion of head and body whitish .\ncalifornia ( monterey southwards ) to baja california , and gulf of california , particularly in the northern and central parts .\nattributes abundance : common . cites : not listed . climate zone : north temperate ( californian province & / or northern gulf of california ) ; northern subtropical ( cortez province + sinaloan gap ) ; northern tropical ( mexican province to nicaragua + revillagigedos ) . depth range max : 15 m . depth range min : 0 m . diet : benthic microalgae ; benthic macroalgae . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 33 ; southern limit = 21 ; western limit = - 118 ; eastern limit = - 106 ; latitudinal range = 12 ; longitudinal range = 12 . egg type : pelagic ; pelagic larva . feeding group : herbivore ; omnivore . fishbase habitat : bentho - pelagic . global endemism : tep non - endemic ; east pacific endemic ; all species . habitat : macroalgae ; reef associated ( reef + edges - water column & soft bottom ) ; rocks ; reef ( rock & / or coral ) ; reef only . inshore offshore : inshore ; inshore only . iucn red list : not evaluated / listed . length max : 45 cm . regional endemism : continent ; temperate eastern pacific , primarily ; california province , primarily ; continent only ; tropical eastern pacific ( tep ) non - endemic ; all species . residency : resident . salinity : marine ; marine only . water column position : bottom ; near bottom ; bottom + water column ;\nbreder , c . m . jr . , 1936 . , scientific results of the second oceanographic expedition of the\npawnee\n1926 . heterosomata to pediculati from panama to lower california . , bull . bingham oceanogr . collect . yale univ . , 2 ( 3 ) : 1 - 56 .\nde la cruz , j . , galvan , f . , abitia , l . a . , rodriguez , j . and gutierrez , f . j . , 1994 . , lista sistematica de los peces marinos de bahia magdalena , baja california sur ( mexico ) . systematic list of marine fishes from bahia magdalena , baja california sur ( mexico ) . , ciencias marinas , 20 : 17 - 31 .\neschmeyer , w . n . , herald , e . s . and hamman , h . , 1983 . , a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america from the gulf of alaska to baja california . peterson field guide ser . 28 . , houghton mifflin : 336pp .\nfindley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versi\u00f3n 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservaci\u00f3n internacional .\nfischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen ii . vertebrados - parte 1 . , fao2 : 647 - 1200 .\ngalv\u00e1n - maga\u00f1a , f . , guti\u00e9rrez - s\u00e1nchez , f . , abitia - c\u00e1rdenas , l . a . , rodr\u00edguez - romero , j . , 2000 . , the distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the baja california sur lagoons . in aquatic ecosystems of mexico : status and scope . eds . m . manuwar , s . g . lawrence , i . f . manuwar & d . f . malley . ecovision world monograph series . , backhuys publishers : 383 - 398 .\njenkins , o . p . and evermann , b . w . , 1889 . , description of eighteen new species of fishes from the gulf of california . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 11 : 137 - 158 .\nlove , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .\nosburn , r . c . and nichols , j . t . , 1916 . , shore fishes collected by the ' albatross ' expedition in lower california with descriptions of new species . , bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . , 35 : 139 - 181 .\npondella ii , d . j . , 1997 . , the first occurrence of the panamic sergeant major , abudefduf troschelii ( pomacentridae ) , in california . , calif . fish & game , 83 : 84 - 86 .\npondella ii , d . j . , gintert , b . e . , cobb , j . r . , allen , l . g . , 2005 . , biogeography of the nearshore rocky - reef fishes at the southern and baja california islands . , journal of biogeography , 32 : 187 - 201 .\ns\u00e1nchez ort\u00edz , c . , arreola robles , j . l . , aburto oropeza , o . and cort\u00e9s hern\u00e1ndez , m . , 1997 . , peces de arrecife en la regi\u00f3n de la paz , b . c . s . . en urb\u00e1n ram\u00edrez , j . y m . ram\u00edrez rodr\u00edguez ( eds . ) . la bah\u00eda de la paz investigaci\u00f3n y conservaci\u00f3n . , universidad aut\u00f3noma de baja california sur : 189 - 200 .\nthomson , d . a . , findley , l . t . and kerstitch , a . n . , 2000 . , reef fishes of the sea of cortez . , university of texas press ( revised ed . ) : 353 .\nvillareal - cavazos , a . , reyes - bonilla , h . , berm\u00fadez - almada , b . and arizpe - covarrubias , o . , 2000 . , los peces del arrecife de cabo pulmo , golfo de california , m\u00e9xico : lista sistem\u00e1tica y aspectos de abundancia y biogeograf\u00eda . , rev . biol . trop . , 48 : 413 - 424 .\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .\n) : 18 . 2 - 26 . 9 , mean 23 . 2 ( based on 114 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 00788 - 0 . 03339 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref .\n) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\n) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely ."]}
{"id": 168, "summary": [{"text": "catocala clintoni , clinton 's underwing , is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from ontario and quebec , southward to florida , west to texas and north to wisconsin .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 45 \u2013 55 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from february to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is probably one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on crataegus , gleditsia triacanthos , malus pumila , prunus americana , prunus ilicifolia and ulmus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala clintoni", "paragraphs": ["a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ncreated / dedicated as per personal communication with vernon a . brou updated as per personal communication with carroll ruddy , 2007 updated as per research compiled larry gall , april 2010 updated as per personal communication with marcie o ' connor , august 12 , 2013 updated as per personal communication with tim dyson , peterborough , ontario , july 2016\n, july 9 , 2007 , calumet county , wisconsin , courtesy of carroll rudy .\nare usually on the wing very early in the season , well before other underwings have emerged . in florida they are taken from february to may ; in texas from april to july ; in northern portions of its range , usually in june and july ( ontario , td ) .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. these cocoons are for sale winter and fall . beautiful saturniidae moths will emerge the following spring and summer . read\neggs of many north american saturniidae species are offered during the spring and summer . occasionally summer\ncocoons are available . shipping to us destinations is done from within the us .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nthis website has been created and is maintained by bill oehlke without government or institutional financial assistance . all expenses , ie . , text reference support material , webspace rental from bizland , computer repairs / replacements , backups systems , software for image adjustments ( adobe photoshop ; l - view ) , ftp software , anti - virus protection , scanner , etc . are my own .\ni very much appreciate all the many images that have been sent to me , or of which i have been granted permission to copy and post from other websites . all images on this site remain the property of respective photographers .\nif you are mailing a check from usa , please use $ 1 . 10 postage ( 2013 rate ) ; $ 1 . 25 ( 2015 rate ) . donations can also be made through paypal via the button below .\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\n, clinton ' s underwing ( wingspan : 45 - 55mm ) , flies in ontario and quebec ( rare ) and southward to florida , west to texas and north to wisconsin . it is generally absent or very rare in the new england states .\nare usually on the wing very early in the season , well before other underwings have emerged . in florida they are taken from february to may ; in texas from april to july ; in northern portions of its range , usually in june and july ."]}
{"id": 169, "summary": [{"text": "milnesium berladnicorum is a species of eutardigrade in the family milnesiidae , native to b\u00e2rlad , romania .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "brownish in color , the species grows to a length of 400 micrometers .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "m. berladnicorum was named after the berladnici , a tribe from medieval moldova . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "milnesium berladnicorum", "paragraphs": ["yan wong added an association between\nfile : milnesium berladnicorum . jpg\nand\nmilnesium berladnicorum ciobanu , zawierucha , moglan , & kaczmarek , 2014\n.\nno one has contributed data records for milnesium berladnicorum yet . learn how to contribute .\nmeasurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of fifteen females from the type population of milnesium berladnicorum sp . n .\nmilnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania .\narticle : milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania\n6 . milnesium lagniappe meyer , hinton and dupr\u00e9 , 2013 : by the presence of six peribuccal lamellae ( four in milnesium lagniappe ) , a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs nine dorsal and lateral sculptured bands bearing a reticulated pattern of polygons in milnesium lagniappe ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller anterior width of buccal tube ( 8 . 9\u201317 . 8 \u00b5m in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 20 . 7\u201325 . 1 \u00b5m in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller standard width of the buccal tube ( 7 . 8\u201314 . 7 \u03bcm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . 19 . 4\u201323 . 6 \u03bcm in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller posterior width of the buccal tube ( 7 . 2\u201313 . 6 \u00b5m in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 18 . 9\u201323 . 2 \u00b5m in milnesium lagniappe ) , a smaller posterior / anterior width ratio ( 69 % \u201379 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 86 % \u201399 % in milnesium lagniappe ) and a smaller standard width / length ratio ( 31 % \u201339 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 63 % \u201378 % in milnesium lagniappe ) .\n3 . milnesium granulatum ( ramazzotti , 1962 ) : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a reticular sculpture in milnesium granulatum ) and different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in milnesium granulatum ) .\n4 . milnesium katarzynae kaczmarek , michalczyk and beasley , 2004 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a reticular sculpture in milnesium katarzynae ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 2 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium katarzynae ) , larger body size ( 400\u2013734 \u00b5m in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 285 . 0\u2013294 . 5 \u00b5m in milnesium katarzynae ) , stylet supports inserted in a more anterior position ( pt = 66 . 6 \u2013 71 . 2 in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs pt = 73 . 3 \u2013 78 . 3 in milnesium katarzynae ) and by the presence of eyes .\n7 . milnesium reticulatum pilato , binda and lisi , 2002 : by the lack of dorsal gibbosities , the presence of six peribuccal lamellae ( four in milnesium reticulatum ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium reticulatum ) and slightly larger body length ( 400\u2013734 \u03bcm in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . 270\u2013405 \u03bcm in milnesium reticulatum ) .\n2 . milnesium beasleyi kaczmarek , jakubowska and michalczyk , 2012 : by having a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs . [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium beasleyi ) , a different posterior / anterior width ratio ( 69 % \u201379 % in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs 90 % \u201396 % in milnesium beasleyi ) and stylet supports inserted in a more posterior position ( pt = 66 . 6 \u2013 71 . 2 in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs pt = 61 . 6 \u2013 65 . 6 in milnesium beasleyi ) .\ndetails - milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania - biodiversity heritage library\n5 . milnesium krzysztofi kaczmarek and michalczyk , 2007 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs dorsal cuticle with pseudopores arranged in a fine reticular design in milnesium krzysztofi ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 2 ] in milnesium krzysztofi ) and by presence of eyes .\nmilnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) habitus ( ventral view ) and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( b ) habitus ( ventral view ) ( both pcm ) .\n1 . milnesium alabamae wallendorf and miller , 2009 : by having a different cuticular sculpture ( sparse pseudopores on the cuticle which do not form a true reticulum in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs a finely punctuated ( probably pseudopores ) cuticle arranged in bands on caudal segments in milnesium alabamae ) , a different claw configuration ( [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . vs [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in milnesium alabamae ) , the presence of accessory points on primary branches and by presence of eyes .\nmilnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . : ciobanu , daniel adrian : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive\nbecause of the claw configuration [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] , milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . is similar to milnesium almatyense tumanov , 2006 ( michalczyk et al . 2012a , 2012b ) but differs by having a sculptured dorsal cuticle and by presence of eyes .\nfive new species of the genus milnesium ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , milnesiidae ) .\nmilnesium berladnicorum sp . n . : 2 claws iii 3 claws iv 4 sculpture on dorsal cuticle above ii\u2013iii pair of legs 5 sculpture on dorsal cuticle above iv pair of legs 6 buccal apparatus ( ventral view ) .\nmilnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) buccal tube ( ventral view ) ; ( b ) dorsal cuticle with pseudopores and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( c ) buccal tube ( ventral view ) ; ( d ) dorsal cuticle with pseudopores ( all pcm ) .\nthe administrative map of romania with 13 highlighted counties in which species of the genus milnesium were reported : milnesium tardigradum sensu lato ( according with rudescu 1964 ; see discussion ) : 1 arge\u015f 2 bistri\u0163a - n\u0103s\u0103ud 3 cara\u015f - severin 4 cluj 5 d\u00e2mbovi\u0163a 6 harghita 7 ilfov county and bucharest city 8 maramure\u015f 9 mehedin\u0163i 11 suceava 12 tulcea . milnesium granulatum and milnesium asiaticum ( according to ciobanu et al . 2014 ) : 10 neam\u0163 ( in green ) . milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( present study ) : 13 vaslui ( in blue ) . map outline according to wikipedia : urltoken\ntardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes . milnesium brachyungue , nuova specie di tardigrado milnesidae .\neggs : oval , smooth and deposited in exuvium as in all other known milnesium species .\neggs : oval , smooth and deposited in exuvium as in all other known milnesium species .\nthe genus milnesium ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) in the great smoky mountains national park ( north carolina and tennessee , usa ) , with the description of milnesium bohleberi sp . n .\nmilnesium katarzynae sp . n . , a new species of eutardigrade ( milnesiidae ) from china .\nmorphometric data were handled using the ' ' apochela ' ' ver . 1 . 1 template available from the tardigrada register ( michalczyk and kaczmarek 2013 ) . raw data underlying the description of milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . are deposited in the tardigrada register under urltoken\nciobanu da , zawierucha k , moglan i , kaczmarek \u0142 ( 2014 ) milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys 429 : 1\u201311 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 429 . 7755\nciobanu , d . a . , zawierucha , k . , moglan , i . & kaczmarek , \u0142 . ( 2014c ) milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys , 429 , 1\u201311 . urltoken\na new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) : milnesium krzysztofi from costa rica ( central america ) .\nmeasurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of milnesium argentinum sp . nov . mounted in hoyer ' s medium\nmilnesium argentinum sp . nov . and milnesium beatae sp . nov . milnesium argentinum sp . nov . : ( a ) claws ii ; ( b ) claws iv ; ( c ) rotifer mastaxes in the gut ( black arrowhead ) and milnesium beatae sp . nov . : ( d ) claws i ; ( e ) claws iv ; ( f ) tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws in the gut ( black arrowheads ) ( all pcm ) .\nmeasurements and pt values of selected morphological structures of milnesium beatae sp . nov . mounted in hoyer ' s medium\nincluding the new species described here , the total number of valid tardigrade taxa recorded in romania is 128 , with three valid milnesium species ( not including milnesium tardigradum tardigradum sensu stricto , which requires confirmation of presence in romania ) .\nmilnesium lagniappe , a new species of water bear ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) from the southern united states .\nredescriptions of three milnesium doy\u00e8re , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus .\ntardigrades of north america : milnesium alabamae nov . sp . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae ) a new species from alabama .\nexperimental taxonomy exposes ontogenetic variability and elucidates the taxonomic value of claw configuration in milnesium doy\u00e8re , 1840 ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : apochela ) .\nmeyer , h . a . & hinton , j . g . ( 2010 ) milnesium zsalakoae and milnesium jacobi , two new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) from the southwestern usa . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 123 ( 2 ) , 113\u2013120 . urltoken\ncurrent knowledge on turkish tardigrades with a description of milnesium beasleyi sp . n . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae , the granulatum group ) .\ntwo new tardigrade species from romania ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae , macrobiotidae ) , with some remarks on secondary sex characters in milnesium dornensis sp . nov .\ntumanov , d . v . ( 2006 ) five new species of the genus milnesium ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , milnesiidae ) . zootaxa , 1122 , 1\u201323 .\ndue to the sculptured cuticle , milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . belongs to the granulatum group ( michalczyk et al . 2012a , 2012b ) . the new species differs from all other species in the granulatum group by the presence of a unique claw configuration [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] that is not present in any other species in this group . besides the claw configuration , the new species differs from :\ncorrigenda of zootaxa , 3154 : 1\u201320 \u201credescriptions of three milnesium doy\u00e8re , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus\u201d .\ntwo new tardigrade species from romania ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae , macrobiotidae ) , with some remarks on secondary sex characters in milnesium dornensis sp . nov . | ciobanu | zootaxa\npilato , g . & binda , m . g . ( 1991 ) milnesium tetralamellatum new species of milnesiidae from africa ( eutardigrada ) . tropical zoology , 4 , 103\u2013106 .\nsuzuki , a . c . ( 2008 ) appearance of males in a thelytokous strain of milnesium cf . tardigradum ( tardigrada ) . zoological science , 25 , 849\u2013853 . urltoken\nsuzuki , a . c . ( 2003 ) life history of milnesium tardigradum doy\u00e8re ( tardigrada ) under the rearing environment . zoological science , 20 ( 1 ) , 49 \u2013 57 .\nbartels , p . j . , nelson , d . r . , kaczmarek , \u0142 . & michalczyk , \u0142 . ( 2014 ) the genus milnesium ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) in the great smoky mountains national park ( north carolina and tennessee , usa ) , with the description of milnesium bohleberi sp . nov . zootaxa , 3826 ( 2 ) , 356\u2013368 . urltoken\nwiederh\u00f6ft , h . & greven , h . ( 1999 ) notes on head sensory organs of milnesium tardigradum doy\u00e8re , 1840 ( apochela , eutardigrada ) . zoologisher anzeiger , 238 , 338\u2013346 .\nbinda , m . g . & pilato , g . ( 1990 ) tardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes . milnesium brachyungue , nuova specie di tardigrado milnesidae . animalia , 17 , 105\u2013110 .\nty - jour ti - milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania t2 - zookeys vl - 429 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2014 sp - 1 ep - 11 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 429 . 7755 au - ciobanu , daniel au - zawierucha , krzysztof au - moglan , ioan au - kaczmarek , \u0142ukasz kw - europe kw - new species kw - palearctic kw - tardigrada kw - taxonomy er -\n@ article { bhlpart139345 , title = { milnesium berladnicorum sp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 429 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2014 } , author = { ciobanu , daniel and zawierucha , krzysztof and moglan , ioan and kaczmarek , \u0142ukasz } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 1 - 11 } , keywords = { europe | new species | palearctic | tardigrada | taxonomy | } , }\nthe study discusses distribution and taxonomic problems of the milnesium species known from south america . as of now , nine milnesium taxa are known from this region ( including two new species reported in this paper ) . additionally , the study broadens our knowledge of tardigrades ' feeding behaviour , provides some details about their diet and suggests that the type of prey chosen by some species belonging to the family milnesiidae may be associated with the width of their buccal tube .\nkaczmarek , \u0142 . , michalczyk , \u0142 . & beasley , c . w . ( 2004 ) milnesium katarzynae sp . nov . , a new species of eutardigrade ( milnesiidae ) from china . zootaxa , 743 , 1\u20135 .\ndewel , r . a . & clark , w . h . jr . ( 1973 ) studies on the tardigrades , i . fine structure of the anterior foregut of milnesium tardigradum doy\u00e8re . tissue and cell , 5 , 133\u2013146 .\nkaczmarek , \u0142 . & michalczyk , \u0142 . ( 2007 ) a new species of tardigrada ( eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) : milnesium krzysztofi from costa rica ( central america ) . new zealand journal of zoology , 34 , 297\u2013302 . urltoken\nkaczmarek , \u0142 . , jakubowska , n . & michalczyk , \u0142 . ( 2012a ) current knowledge on turkish tardigrades with a description of milnesium beasleyi sp . nov . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae , the granulatum group ) . zootaxa , 3589 , 49\u201364 .\nmichalczyk , \u0142 . , we\u0142nicz , w . , frohme , m . & kaczmarek , \u0142 . ( 2012a ) redescriptions of three milnesium doy\u00e8re , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus . zootaxa , 3154 , 1\u201320 .\nwallendorf , m . & miller , w . r . ( 2009 ) tardigrades of north america : milnesium alabamae nov . sp . ( eutardigrada : apochela : milnesiidae ) a new species from alabama . transactions of the kansas academy of science , 112 ( 3\u20134 ) , 181\u2013186 . urltoken\nmilnesium argentinum and m . beatae are new taxa for science . as of now , nine milnesium taxa are known from south america ( including the two new species and two newly recorded taxa for argentina , reported in this paper ) . the presence of m . tardigradum s . s . in south america needs confirmation and for now it should be considered as dubious . it is probable that width of buccal tube may limit a prey size and play an important role in the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae . studies on the feeding behaviour in tardigrades are in initial phase and definitive conclusions are not possible at this moment .\nmeyer , h . a . , hinton , j . c . & dupr\u00e9 , m . c . ( 2013 ) milnesium lagniappe , a new species of water bear ( tardigrada , eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) from the southern united states . western north american naturalist , 73 ( 3 ) , 295\u2013301 .\nmichalczyk , \u0142 . , we\u0142nicz , w . , frohme , m . & kaczmarek , \u0142 . ( 2012b ) corrigenda of zootaxa , 3154 , 1\u201320 \u201credescriptions of three milnesium doy\u00e8re , 1840 taxa ( tardigrada : eutardigrada : milnesiidae ) , including the nominal species for the genus\u201d . zootaxa , 3393 , 66\u201368 .\nroszkowska , m . , ostrowska , m . & kaczmarek , \u0142 . ( 2015 ) the genus milnesium doy\u00e8re , 1840 ( tardigrada ) in south america with descriptions of two new species from argentina and discussion of the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae . zoological studies , 54 , 12 . urltoken / 10 . 1186 / s40555 - 014 - 0082 - 7\nclaws of the milnesium type , slender . primary branches on all legs with small accessory points on the top of the branch . secondary claws of all legs with rounded basal thickenings ( lunules ) ( sometimes barely visible ) . claw configuration : [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i\u2013iii present .\nthe diversity and distribution of the tardigrades in south america are rather poor and selective , as is information about their feeding behaviour and diet . to date , only ca . 210 tardigrade taxa have been reported from the region of south america . in the present paper , we provide an update of the distribution of the genus milnesium in south america and discuss some aspects of the feeding behaviour in the family milnesiidae .\nbesides the abovementioned the most similar species , m . beatae sp . nov . is similar to other species of the genus milnesium with the claw configuration [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ( m . alabamae , m . antarcticum , m . asiaticum , m . barbadosense , m . eurystomum , m . granulatum , m . longiungue and m . zsalakoae ) or with a sculptured cuticle ( m . beasleyi , m . katarzynae , m . krzysztofi and m . reticulatum ) .\ncharacteristics and measurements of the species used in the differential diagnosis are given according to the original descriptions ( ramazzotti 1962 ; pilato et al . 2002 ; kaczmarek et al . 2004 ; tumanov 2006 ; kaczmarek and michalczyk 2007 ; wallendorf and miller 2009 ; kaczmarek et al . 2012a ; meyer et al . 2013 ) or are based on direct examination of type material ( holotype and paratypes of milnesium beasleyi kaczmarek et al . 2012a ) . ramazzottius specimens were verified and identified using the key to the world tardigrada ( ramazzotti and maucci 1983 ) , a more modern key to the genus ramazzottius ( biserov 1998 ) , and remarks discussed by pilato et al . ( 2013 ) .\ncuticle cuticle covered with numerous tiny , shallow and rounded depressions ( pseudopores ) . under pcm pseudopores are visible as light spots with blurry edges . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally .\nsix peribuccal papillae ( ventral papilla smallest ) and six peribuccal lamellae ( of equal size ) around the mouth opening . buccal tube funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( on average the posterior diameter is 73 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .\nsp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 faculty of biology , alexandru ioan cuza university of ia\u0219i , b - dul carol i , no . 20a , 700505 ia\u0219i , romania\n2 department of animal taxonomy and ecology , faculty of biology , a . mickiewicz university in pozna\u0144 , umultowska 89 , 61 - 614 pozna\u0144 , poland\ncorresponding author : daniel adrian ciobanu ( moc . liamg @ unaboic . nairdaleinad )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nin a lichen sample collected by the first author in b\u00e2rlad town in july , 2013 , 53 individuals and two exuvia ( with 16 eggs ) of the new species were found . additionally , 55 specimens of ramazzottius oberhaeuseri ( doy\u00e8re , 1840 ) were found in the same sample , including 9 specimens in simplex stage and 9 eggs .\nall specimens were extracted according to dastych ( 1980 , 1985 ) and mounted on microscope slides in hoyer\u2019s medium . observations , measurements and photomicrographs were taken using phase contrast microscopy ( pcm ) ( olympus bx41 with digital camera artcam - 300mi ) . all measurements ( determined with quickphoto camera 2 . 3 ) are given in micrometers [ \u03bcm ] .\nbody length was measured from the mouth to the end of the body excluding the hind legs . the buccal tube and claws characteristics were measured according to tumanov ( 2006 ) and michalczyk et al . ( 2012a ) . subsequently , claw configuration is described according to michalczyk et al . ( 2012a , 2012b ) . other morphometric data were calculated using the pt ratio : the ratio of the length of a given structure to the length of the buccal tube , expressed as a percentage ( pilato 1981 ) . the pt values are always provided in italics in order to differentiate them from length values .\nholotype ( female ) , 52 paratypes and 2 exuvia with 7 and 9 smooth eggs .\nbody brownish ( in live specimens ) or transparent ( in fixed specimens ) with eyes ( visible before and after mounting in hoyer\u2019s medium - 90 % of fixed specimens had eyes ) . six peribuccal papillae ( ventral papilla smallest ) and six peribuccal lamellae ( of equal size ) around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . the cuticle is covered with numerous tiny , shallow and rounded depressions ( pseudopores ) (\n) . buccal tube funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( on average the posterior diameter is 73 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum . claws of the\n) . primary branches on all legs with small accessory points on the top of the branch . secondary claws of all legs with rounded basal thickenings ( lunules ) ( sometimes barely visible ) (\n) . secondary branches of external claws i\u2013iii and posterior and anterior claws iv with two points . secondary branches of internal claws i\u2013iii with three points ( i . e . claw configuration : [ 2 - 3 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] ) (\n46\u00b014 . 74167n , 27\u00b040 . 27333e ; 99 m asl : romania , vaslui county , b\u00e2rlad town , coppice , lichens ( xanthoria parietina ( l . ) th . fr . ( 1860 ) ) from tree .\nthis new species is named after the berladnici , an ancient population with a controversial origin ( most probably slavs ) who previously lived in the area of the present b\u00e2rlad town .\nholotype ( female ; slide : p8 - 8 ) and 29 paratypes ( females ) and 1 exuvium with eggs ( slides : p8 - 4 , p8 - 5 , p8 - 6 , p8 - 9 , p8 - 13 , p8 - 14 , p8 - 15 , p8 - 17 , p8 - 19 ) are preserved at the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , a . mickiewicz university in pozna\u0144 , umultowska 89 , 61\u2013614 pozna\u0144 , poland . additionally , 14 paratypes ( females ) and 1 exuvium with eggs ( slides : p8 - 1 , p8 - 3 , p8 - 16 , p8 - 18 ) are deposited at natural history museum of \u201calexandru ioan cuza\u201d university from ia\u0219i ( bd . independentei no . 16 , 700101 ) , 4 paratypes ( females ; slides : p8 - 7 , p8 - 12 ) are deposited at collection of binda and pilato ( museum of the department of animal biology \u201cmarcello la greca\u201d , university of catania , italy ) and 5 paratypes ( females ; slides : p8 - 2 , p8 - 10 , p8 - 11 ) are deposited at the natural history museum , university of copenhagen universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark .\nthe authors want to thank prof . diane nelson of east tennessee state university for help in improving of the english in the manuscript . we are also grateful to anonymous\nreviewers for valuable remarks . this work was partially funded by the prometeo project of the secretariat for higher education , science , technology and innovation of the republic of ecuador . studies have been partially conducted in the framework of activities of barg ( biodiversity and astrobiology research group ) at the adam mickiewicz university in pozna\u0144 , poland .\nbartels pj , nelson dr , kaczmarek \u0142 , michalczyk \u0142 . ( 2014 )\ntardigrades of the caucasus with a taxonomic analysis of the genus ramazzottius ( parachela : hypsibiidae ) .\nbotezat e . ( 1903 ) versammlung der gesellschaft deutscher naturforscher und \u00e4rzte , 74 . vers . 2 . teil , 1 . h\u00e4fte .\nboto\u0219\u0103neanu l , negrea s . ( 1961 ) une oasis aquatique \u00e0 faune relique dans la plaine du danube inf\u00e9rieur . hydrobiologia , acta hydrobiologica , hydrographica et protistologica , den haag 18 ( 3 ) : 199\u2013218 . [ tardigrada , 212 pp ]\nciobanu da , moglan i , zawierucha k , kaczmarek \u0142 . ( 2014 ) new records of terrestrial tardigrades ( tardigrada ) from ceahl\u0103u national park with zoogeographical and taxonomical remarks on romanian water bears . north - western journal of zoology 10 : art . 140301 . urltoken\ndastych h . ( 1980 ) niesporczaki ( tardigrada ) tatrza\u0144skiego parku narodowego . monografie fauny polski 9 , 233 pp .\ndegma p , bertolani r , guidetti r . ( 2014 ) actual checklist of tardigrada species ( 2009\u20132014 , ver . 25 : 10 - 05 - 2014 ) . urltoken\nkaczmarek \u0142 , zawierucha k , smykla j , michalczyk \u0142 . ( 2012b )\ntardigrada of the revdalen ( spitsbergen ) with the descriptions of two new species : bryodelphax parvuspolaris ( heterotardigrada ) and isohypsibius coulsoni ( eutardigrada ) .\nkaczmarek \u0142 , cytan j , zawierucha k , diduszko d , michalczyk \u0142 . ( 2014 )\ntardigrades from peru ( south america ) , with descriptions of three new species of parachela .\nmichalczyk \u0142 , we\u0142nicz w , frohme m , kaczmarek \u0142 . ( 2012a )\nmichalczyk \u0142 , we\u0142nicz w , frohme m , kaczmarek \u0142 . ( 2012b )\ncontribu\u0163iuni la cunoa\u015fterea tardigradelor din r . p . r . studii \u015fi cercet\u0103ri de biologie , academia r . p . r .\nramazzottius thulini ( pilato , 1970 ) bona species and description of ramazzottius libycus sp . n . ( eutardigrada , ramazzottidae ) .\ntardigradi del cile , con descrizione di quattro nuove specie e di una nuova variet .\nbeitrag zur kentnis der systematik und \u00f6kologie der tardigraden rum\u00e4nies , mit besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der bucovina .\nzawierucha k , dziami\u0119cki j , jakubowska n , michalczyk \u0142 , kaczmarek \u0142 . ( 2014 )\nnew tardigrade records for the baltic states with a description of minibiotus formosus sp . n . ( eutardigrada , macrobiotidae ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\n, is located mostly in the southern hemisphere , with a relatively small portion ( ca . 10 % ) in the northern hemisphere . it includes 12 sovereign countries . geographically , the western part of south america is dominated by the andes while the eastern part contains both highland regions and large river basins such as the amazon , paran\u00e1 and orinoco . most of the continent lies in the tropics and the entire south american territory belongs to neotropical ecozone ( peel et al .\nargentina , located in southern part of the continent , shares land borders with chile across the andes to the west , bolivia and paraguay to the north , brazil to the northeast , uruguay and the south atlantic ocean to the east and the drake passage to the south . argentina is the eighth largest country in the world and the second largest in latin america . it is subdivided into 23 provinces and one autonomous city - buenos aires . the exceptionally diverse climate depends on the geographic regional division and ranges from tropical in the north to subpolar in the far continental south ( edwards\nr\u00edo negro , one of the 23 provinces of argentina , is located at the northern edge of patagonia . the central region of the province is dominated by a series of plateaus and isolated hills with altitude ranging from 600 to 1 , 000 m asl . towards the west , the foothills of the andes are dominated by a series of low valleys . the climate of the province is temperate at low elevations and very harsh in the highest andean peaks ( edwards\nthe phylum tardigrada consists currently of ca . 1 , 200 species ( guidetti and bertolani\n) . our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of south american water bears is poor and selective . to date , ca . 210 taxa ( including seven\n) is known from many localities , from the antarctic through tropical and temperate to arctic regions ( michalczyk et al .\n) , many new records and species have been reported from various localities throughout the world ( e . g . kaczmarek et al .\n\u2019 section ) . in this paper , two new species of this genus are described and illustrated . additionally , two new records of\nspecies , with their wide and relatively short buccal tube connected with a large pharynx without placoids , are considered carnivorous , but details of their diet are still very poorly known . they can feed on rotiferas , nematodes , other tardigrades or even on amoebas ( e . g . kinchin\nspecies ( and more general the entire family milnesiidae ) in connection with the different constructions of the buccal tube .\n) . after extraction , all specimens , exuviae and eggs were fixed and mounted on microscope slides in hoyer ' s medium . observations , measurements and photomicrographs were taken using phase contrast microscopy ( pcm ) ( olympus bx41 with digital camera artcam - 300mi , olympus corporation , shinjuku - ku , japan ) . all measurements ( determined with quickphoto camera 2 . 3 ) are given in micrometres [ \u03bcm ] .\nmorphometric data were handled using the \u2018apochela\u2019 ver . 1 . 1 template available from the tardigrada register ( michalczyk and kaczmarek\n) . structures were measured only if their orientations were suitable . body length was measured from the anterior to the posterior end of the body , excluding the hind legs . all measurements followed protocols in tumanov (\n) . buccal tube width was measured at three points as suggested by michalczyk et al . (\n] . configuration of the number of claw points on the secondary branches ( \u2018claw configuration\u2019 ) is given according to michalczyk et al . (\n41\u00b020\u2032s , 71\u00b030\u2032w , ca . 850 m asl : r\u00edo negro , nahuel huapi national park , bariloche , mirador lago mascardi , moss from rock , coll . dawid diduszko , 22 february 2012 .\n41\u00b012\u2032s , 71\u00b050\u2032w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl : r\u00edo negro , nahuel huapi national park , ventisquero negro , car parking near small bar , nothofagus forest , moss from rocks , coll . \u0142ukasz kaczmarek , 27 january 2006 .\n41\u00b012\u2032s , 71\u00b050\u2032w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl : r\u00edo negro , nahuel huapi national park , ventisquero negro , car parking near small bar , nothofagus forest , moss from tree , coll . \u0142ukasz kaczmarek , 27 january 2006 .\n41\u00b012\u2032s , 71\u00b028\u2032w , ca . 1 , 400 m asl : r\u00edo negro , nahuel huapi national park , bariloche , 1 . 5 km from refugio frey , nothofagus forest , moss from stone , coll . marta prange , 26 january 2006 .\n41\u00b013\u2032s , 71\u00b027\u2032w , ca . 1 , 200 m asl : r\u00edo negro , nahuel huapi national park , on the trail to refugio frey , near to van titter stream , nothofagus forest , moss from stone , coll . marta prange , 26 january 2006 .\nmaterial examined : eighteen females , all from nahuel huapi national park , r\u00edo negro , argentina , mosses samples from rocks and stones , coll . dawid diduszko , \u0142ukasz kaczmarek and marta prange .\nadditional material : two specimens in sample i , ten specimens in sample iii and two specimens in sample iv .\n) : the body rose before fixation and transparent afterwards , eyes present . cuticle sculptured with pseudopores ( 0 . 4 to 0 . 7 ) not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming reticular design ( figure\nb ) . six peribuccal papillae and six peribuccal lamellae around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . peribuccal and cephalic papillae similar in length .\nn , number of specimens / structures measured ; sd , standard deviation ; ? , no data .\na ) . buccal tube rather narrow and long ( standard width on average 27 % of its length ) and funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( posterior diameter on average 80 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .\nb ) . all secondary branches on all legs with three points ( claw configuration : [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ) . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i to iii present ( figure\ntardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws in the gut ( black arrowheads ) ( all pcm ) .\nlocus typicus : argentina , 41\u00b013\u2032s , 71\u00b027\u2032w , ca . 1 , 200 m asl . , r\u00edo negro province , nahuel huapi national park .\netymology : the new species is named after the country of argentina , where the species was collected .\ntype depositories : the holotype and 14 paratypes are deposited in the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , adam mickiewicz university in pozna\u0144 , umultowska 89 , pozna\u0144 , poland ; two paratypes are deposited at the natural history museum , university of copenhagen universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark and one paratype is deposited at collection of binda and pilato , museum of the department of animal biology \u2018marcello la greca\u2019 , university of catania , italy .\n, known from china , colombia , costa rica and taiwan ( kaczmarek et al .\n, known only from arizona and new mexico , u . s . a . ( meyer and hinton\nmaterial examined : seven females , all from nahuel huapi national park , r\u00edo negro , argentina , moss sample from rocks , coll . \u0142ukasz kaczmarek .\n) : the body rose before fixation and transparent afterwards , eyes present . cuticle sculptured with pseudopores ( 0 . 3 to 0 . 6 ) not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming reticular design ( figure\nd ) . six peribuccal papillae and six peribuccal lamellae around the mouth opening present . two cephalic papillae positioned laterally . peribuccal and cephalic papillae similar in length .\nc ) . buccal tube wide and short ( standard width on average 62 % of its length ) and funnel - shaped , wider anteriorly ( posterior diameter on average 72 % of the anterior diameter ) . pharyngeal bulb elongated , pear - shaped and without placoids or septulum .\nd , e ) . all secondary branches on all legs with three points ( claw configuration : [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] ) . single , long transverse , cuticular bars under claws i - iii present ( figure\nlocus typicus : argentina , 41\u00b012\u2032s , 71\u00b050\u2032w , ca . 1 , 000 m asl . , r\u00edo negro , nahuel huapi national park .\netymology : this species is named after first author ' s secondary school biology teacher - mrs . beata ostasiewicz .\ntype depositories : the holotype and all paratypes are deposited in the department of animal taxonomy and ecology , adam mickiewicz university in pozna\u0144 , umultowska 89 , pozna\u0144 , poland .\nm . bohleberi by having sculptured dorsal cuticle and lower pt of peribuccal papillae length ( [ 18 . 0 - 23 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 27 . 2 - 32 . 3 ] in m . bohleberi ) .\nm . alabamae by different dorsal sculpture ( pseudopores not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming a reticular design in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . pseudopores arranged in bands ( especially in caudal region ) , densely distributed and forming a reticular design in m . alabamae ) , presence of accessory points on main branches of claws , presence of eyes and lower pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 29 . 5 - 44 . 0 ] in m . alabamae ) .\nm . antarcticum by having sculptured dorsal cuticle , higher pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 35 . 4 - 43 . 9 ] in m . antarcticum ) and stylet supports inserted in more cephalic position ( [ 63 . 8 - 66 . 7 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 70 . 0 - 73 . 7 ] in m . antarcticum ) .\nm . barbadosense by having sculptured dorsal cuticle , presence of eyes and lower pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 27 . 2 - 49 . 7 ] in m . barbadosense ) .\nm . katarzynae by a different claw configuration ( [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 2 - 2 ] - [ 2 - 2 ] in m . katarzynae ) , different dorsal sculpture ( pseudopores not arranged in bands , sparsely distributed and not forming a reticular design in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . pseudopores densely distributed and forming a reticular design in m . katarzynae ) , presence of eyes , higher pt of standard width of buccal tube ( [ 58 . 1 - 65 . 6 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 21 . 7 - 26 . 6 ] in m . katarzynae and stylet supports inserted in more cephalic position ( [ 63 . 8 - 66 . 7 ] in m . beatae sp . nov . vs . [ 73 . 3 - 78 . 3 ] in m . katarzynae ) .\nlocalities and number of specimens in present studies : five females in sample vi .\n) . this is a second report of the species and a new record for argentina .\n, but this hypothesis needs to be confirmed . we strongly suggest that all specimens reported as\ns . s . from this region should be re - examined and determined based on the modern taxonomic characters ( see also michalczyk et al .\n) . this species is characterized by a very wide and relatively short buccal tube , claw configuration [ 3 - 3 ] - [ 3 - 3 ] and smooth cuticle . recently , a similar species ( with a short and wide buccal tube ) ,\n, was described from north america ( usa , north carolina and tennessee ) ( bartels et al .\n) . in this situation , we suggest that the examples , especially from south and north america , should be re - examined ( see also michalczyk et al .\nlocalities and number of specimens in present studies : two females in sample ii .\n) , such wide and discontinuous geographic distribution can suggest a complex of cryptic species , but testing this hypothesis requires molecular data which are not yet available . we suggest that at least the examples from europe should be carefully re - examined ( see also michalczyk et al .\nwas considered to be a monotypic , highly cosmopolitan genus . however , currently there are more than 20 species within the genus and it is very likely that the zoogeographic range of\n) . this unique subspecies is characterized by the presence of short spines on dorsal cuticle . it should be probably promoted to the species level , but the re - description based on type material ( or based on specimens collected in the type locality ) is necessary ( michalczyk et al .\nspecies have been recorded from many localities throughout the world ( michalczyk et al .\nwas the only recognised species in the genus and it has been considered as an extremely cosmopolitan taxon ( e . g . ramazzotti and maucci\n) and finally excluded from the list of tardigrade taxa at all . it was not until 1990 that binda and pilato described a new\n, from tierra del fuego . later , new species were described only occasionally mainly due to the lack of a clear diagnosis of the nominal species\nand described five new species . since this time , many new species have been described and now 25 taxa ( including the two new species described in this paper ) are known in the genus ( degma et al .\n) . the majority of the newly described species are known only from their type localities and michalczyk et al . (\nhave truly restricted geographic ranges , as was also shown in other tardigrade genera ( e . g . pilato and binda\ns . l . has a wide distribution in south america , however the presence of this species in this region is doubtful and needs confirmation . the present study seems to confirm this hypothesis , because although four\nhave rather a narrower geographic range ( restricted to holarctic or palearctic ) , although more extensive studies ( molecular ) are necessary in other regions of south america .\n) , which can suggest the presence of cryptic species complexes or a specific distribution of some of the taxa ( e . g . pantropical for\n) . in this situation , only detailed morphological and molecular studies could shed light on this issue .\nvery little is known about food preferences in tardigrades , although , many different types of food sources have been reported , i . e . plant cell fluids , algae , bacteria , protozoa and small invertebrates like nematodes , rotifers and other tardigrades ( for the review , see schill et al .\n) . previous studies have focused on the following : a ) the rate of consumption , e . g . in the carnivorous\n, e ) life histories of some species and f ) different aspects of tardigrade histology ( e . g . suzuki\nare relatively large ( occasionally more than 2 mm but most often between 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 mm ) and inhabit mainly limno - terrestrial habitats ( guil\n) . their buccal tube is wide , relatively short , connected with a large pharynx without placoids and associated with large buccal lamellae on a wide mouth ring , which is in agreement with the definition of the \u2018carnivore type\u2019 of buccal apparatus proposed by guidetti et al . (\nspecies are considered carnivorous and feed on other small invertebrates like rotifers , nematodes , tardigrades and sometimes also on amoebas ( e . g . kinchin\nspecies suck the entire prey into the gut rather than only single cells or body fluids ( mcinnes et al .\nhas the ability to properly orient their prey , so that the amoeba can be extracted by the sucking action and later the empty shell can be expelled . however , specific differences in the feeding behaviour in connection with the structure of buccal apparatus in different\n( 7 specimens ) were studied . both species were found in the same region of nahuel huapi national park ( r\u00edo negro province , argentina ) in a few moss samples . five specimens ( two specimens of\nsp . nov . ) were found with the remnants of food ( rotifer mastaxes and tardigrade buccal apparatuses and claws ) in their guts . both species were found in the moss samples ( sometimes also together in the same piece of moss ) that also contained rotifers , nematodes and other tardigrades (\nspecies were able to choose from the same type of prey , because the prey were similar in every sample .\nare larger ( 360 to 650 \u03bcm ) and more bulky ( a wider buccal tube is probably necessary to swallow them ) than typical rotifers which are shorter ( 100 to 500 \u03bcm ) and more slender ( a narrower buccal tube is sufficient to swallow them ) . although the numbers are small , these data suggest that the buccal tube width may affect the type of prey consumed . however , it should be also noted that mcinnes et al . (\nthulin 1928 ) , which is in agreement with the observations made in the present research .\n) observations nor the present research provided a definitive answer whether the buccal tube width has a crucial role in the choice of different types of prey , these studies are the basis for further , more comprehensive studies .\n) . however , we know almost nothing about feeding behaviour and prey choice of the members of these monophyletic genera . only claxton (\nthat had remnants of rotifers in their guts . this is a very interesting observation , because this species has a very long and narrow buccal tube , similarly to the \u2018rotifer - feeding\u2019\nbased on the available data , it can be initially hypothesised that the species from the family milnesiidae with long and narrow buccal tubes ( e . g .\n) in contrast to the species with relatively short and wide buccal tubes ( e . g .\nor testate amoebae ) . certainly , such conclusions based only on the \u2018post - mortem\u2019 studied specimens give us only very limited knowledge on the food that had been eaten just before death ( preservation ) of the animal . such information needs confirmation in further , more detailed experimental studies with molecular methods ( e . g . schill et al .\n) or based directly on the observations in cultured animals ( e . g . suzuki\nthe authors want to thank prof . diane nelson of east tennessee state university for very valuable comments to the manuscript and help in improving of the english . this work was partially supported by the polish ministry of science and higher education via the \u2018iuventus plus\u2019 programme ( grant : ip2010 015570 , invertebrate biodiversity in temporary ponds of costa rica - verification of the \u2018great american biotic interchange\u2019 hypothesis ) and by the prometeo project of the secretariat for higher education , science , technology and innovation of the republic of ecuador . studies have been conducted in the framework of activities of barg ( biodiversity and astrobiology research group ) .\nmr examined and analysed the material , identified and described the species , made the measurements , figures and tables and drafted the manuscript . mo made the measurements and tables . \u0142k collected part of the material , invented the research conception , analysed the examined material , identified and described the species , corrected tables and drafted the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nbertolani r , grimaldi d ( 2000 ) a new eutardigrade ( tardigrada : milnesiidae ) in amber from the upper cretaceous ( turonian ) of new jersey . in : grimaldi d ( ed ) studies on fossils in amber , with particular reference to the cretaceous of new jersey . backhuys publishers , leiden the netherlands , pp 103\u2013110\nbinda mg , pilato g ( 1972 ) tardigradi muscicoli di sicilia ( iv nota ) . boll accad gioenia sci nat catania 11 : 47\u201360\nbinda mg , pilato g ( 1990 ) tardigradi di terra del fuoco e magallanes , i .\n, new species of eutardigrade from southern patagonia and tierra del fuego . entomol mit zool mus hamb 13 : 151\u2013158\nciobanu da , moglan i , zawierucha k , kaczmarek \u0142 ( 2014a ) new records of terrestrial tardigrades ( tardigrada ) from ceahl\u0103u national park with zoogeographical and taxonomical remarks on romanian water bears . north - west j zool 10 : art . 140301\nsp . n . ( eutardigrada , apochela , milnesiidae ) , a new species of water bear from romania . zookeys 429 : 1\u201311\nclaps mc , rossi gc ( 1981 ) contribucion al conocimiento de los tardigrados de argentina . ii rev soc entomol arg 40 ( 1\u20134 ) : 107\u2013114\nclaps mc , rossi gc ( 1984 ) contribucion al conocimiento de los tardigrados de argentina . iv . acta zool lilloana 38 : 45\u201350\nclaps mc , rossi gc ( 1988 ) contribucion al conocimiento de los tardigrados de argentina . vi iheringia 67 : 3\u201311\nclaps mc , rossi gc ( 1997 ) tardigrados de uruguay , com descripcion de dos nuevas especies ( echiniscidae , macrobiotidae ) . iheringia s\u00e9r zool 83 : 17\u201322\n( tardigrada : macrobiotidae ) with descriptions of eleven new species from australia . rec aust mus 50 : 125\u2013160\ngen . n . sp . n . , a new tardigrade from australia ( tardigrada : milnesiidae ) . zool anz 238 : 183\u2013190\ndastych h ( 1980 ) niesporczaki ( tardigrada ) tatrza\u0144skiego parku narodowego . monogr faun pol pwn krakow 9 : 1\u2013232\ndastych h ( 1984 ) the tardigrada from antartica with description of several new species . acta zool cracov 27 : 377\u2013436\ndu bois - reymond marcus , 1944 ( tardigrada ) from the venezuelan andes . a biol benrod 10 : 91\u2013101\nde barros r ( 1943 ) tardigrados de estado de sao paulo , brasil . iii . g\u00eaneros\ndegma p , guidetti r ( 2007 ) notes to the current checklist of tardigrada . zootaxa 1579 : 41\u201353\ngroup ) from the colombian andes ( south america ) . zootaxa 1731 : 1\u201323\ndegma p , bertolani r , guidetti r ( 2014 ) actual checklist of tardigrada species ( 2009\u20132014 , ver . 26 : 10 - 07 - 2014 ) .\ndoy\u00e8re m ( 1840 ) memoire sur les tardigrades . ann sci nat zool paris ser 2 ( 14 ) : 269\u2013362\ndu bois - reymond me ( 1944 ) sobre tard\u00edgrados brasileiros . comun zool mus hist nat monte 1 ( 13 ) : 1\u201319\nedwards tl ( 2008 ) argentina : a global studies handbook . abc - clio , santa barbara , ca , usa\nguidetti r , bertolani r ( 2001 ) the tardigrades of emilia ( italy ) . iii . piane di mocogno ( northern apennines ) . zool anz 240 : 377\u2013383\nguidetti r , bertolani r ( 2005 ) tardigrade taxonomy : an updated check list of the taxa and a list of characters for their identification . zootaxa 845 : 1\u201346\nguidetti r , altiero t , marchioro t , sarzi amade l , avdonina am , bertolani r , rebecchi l ( 2012 ) form and function of the feeding apparatus in eutardigrada ( tardigrada ) . zoomorphol 131 ( 2 ) : 127\u2013148\ngroup of species ( tardigrada : macrobiotidae ) . j nat hist 47 ( 37\u201338 ) : 2409\u20132426\nheinis f ( 1914 ) die moosfauna columbiens . m\u00e9m soc sci nat neu 5 : 713\u2013724\nhinton jg , meyer ha , soileau bn , dupuid ap ( 2013 ) tardigrada of the caribbean island of dominica ( west indies ) . j limnol 72 ( s1 ) : 108\u2013112\nhohberg k , traunspurger w ( 2005 ) predator\u2013prey interaction in soil food web : functional response , size - dependent foraging efficiency , and the influence of soil texture . biol fert 41 ( 6 ) : 419\u2013427\nhohberg k , traunspurger w ( 2009 ) foraging theory and partial consumption in a tardigrade - nematode system . behav ecol 20 ( 4 ) : 884\u2013890\n, in the young soils of a post - mining site . j zool syst evol res 49 ( s1 ) : 62\u201365\nholt bg , lessard jp , borregaard mk , fritz sa , ara\u00fajo mb , dimitrov d , fabre ph , graham ch , graves gr , j\u00f8nsson ka , bravo dn , wang z , whittaker rj , fjelds\u00e5 j , rahbek c ( 2013 ) an update of wallace ' s zoogeographic regions of the world . science 339 ( 6115 ) : 74\u201378\nhorning d , schuster r , grigarick a ( 1978 ) tardigrada of new zealand . new zeal j zool 5 : 185\u2013280\niharos g ( 1963 ) the zoological results of gy . topal ' s collections in south argentina , 3 . tardigrada . ann hist natur ms nat hung budapest 55 : 293\u2013299\njerez jaimes jh , narv\u00e1ez parra ex ( 2001 ) tardigrados ( animalia , tardigrada ) de la reserva el diviso - santander , colombia . biota colomb 2 : 145\u2013151\njohansson c , miller wr , linder et , adams bj , boreliz - alvarado e ( 2013 ) tardigrades of alaska : distribution patterns , diversity and species richness . polar res 32 : 18793"]}
{"id": 171, "summary": [{"text": "the japanese flying squid , japanese common squid or pacific flying squid , scientific name todarodes pacificus , is a squid of the family ommastrephidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "this animal lives in the northern pacific ocean , in the area surrounding japan , along the entire coast of china up to russia , then spreading across the bering strait east towards the southern coast of alaska and canada .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they tend to cluster around the central region of vietnam . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "japanese flying squid", "paragraphs": ["today i want to write about a really cool flying animal , the japanese flying squid .\nthe japanese flying squid or japanese common squid , ( todarodes pacificus ) , is an cephalopod from the crazy cephalopods expansion pack .\nen - japanese flying squid , fr - toutenon japonais , sp - pota japonesa .\nthe japanese flying squid : a cephalopod that can\u2026 . . fly ? | invertebrate zoology\n) at two locations in the japanese flying squid ( autumn cohort ) spawning ground .\npuneeta p , vijai d , yamamoto j , sakurai y . male copulatory behavior interrupts japanese flying squid\njapanese flying squid live in the northern pacific ocean in the cold waters of japan , china and russia .\njapanese flying squid are able to leap out of the water and fly for about 30 metres at a time .\nfacts about squids , giant squid , colossal squid , humboldt squid , vampire squid . squid information , anatomy , feeding , reproduction , evolution and squid predators\n. bull japanese soc fish oceanogr . 2012 ; 76 : 18\u201323 . ( in japanese with english abstract )\nikeda y , sakurai y , shimazaki k . maturation process of the japanese common squid\nkimura s , gohda t , sakurai y . characterization of nidamental mucin from japanese common squid\nthe main food source of the japanese flying squid is a variety of small fish . they will also consume other types of squid that are out there if food sources are short .\njapanese flying squid ( also known by the less flamboyant moniker japanese common squid ) are found in northern portions of the pacific ocean near korea , japan , coastal china , russia , and across the bering strait toward parts of alaska and canada .\nyatsu a , tafur r , maravi c . embryos and rhynchoteuthion paralarvae of the jumbo flying squid\nthere have been numerous sightings of a certain type of japanese squid\nflying\nabove the ocean ' s surface , and now scientists have offered an explanation .\nwhile reports of flying squid were widespread , how they pulled the trick off was unknown . some had wondered whether the squid glided ( like flying fish ) , but this study - - published in\njapanese flying squid ( todarodes pacificus ) gliding over the ocean south of japan . photo by graham ekins . photo used by permission . copyright \u00a9 2010 graham ekins .\nyamamoto and his team were tracking a shoal of around 100 squid , part of the japanese flying squid family , in the northwest pacific , 600 kilometres ( 370 miles ) east of tokyo , in july 2011 .\nsteenstrup , in an indoor aquarium . bull japanese soc sci fish . 1963 ; 29 : 930\u2013934 . ( in japanese with english abstract )\nvijai d , sakai m , sakurai y . embryonic and paralarval development following artificial fertilization in the neon flying squid\nneon flying squid : amazing creatures soar more than 100 feet through the air at 11 . 2 metres per second\nmurata , m . , and hayase , s . , 1993 . life history and biological information on flying squid (\n2 . fishing gears used include purse seine and jigging gear in japanese waters .\nyatsu , a . , and mori , j . , 2000 . early growth of the autumn cohort of neon flying squid ,\nit marks the first specific study of the neon flying squid and its curious talent , according to yamamoto , though a 2004 study collected substantial anecdotal evidence of flying squid . speaking to afp , yamamoto said :\nthere were always witnesses and rumours that said squid were seen flying , but no one had clarified how they actually do it . we have proved that it really is true .\nyamamoto j , miyanaga s , fukui shin\u2019ichi , sakurai y . effect of temperature on swimming behavior of paralarvae of the japanese common squid\nmurata , m . , and nakamura , y . , 1998 . seasonal migration and diel vertical migration of the neon flying squid ,\nneon flying squid : amazing creatures soar more than 100 feet through the air at 11 . 2 metres per second | daily mail online\nthree sub - populations of japanese flying squid have been found off japanese waters . the main group spawns in the east china sea , the second group spawns in autumn in western kyushu , and the third but minor group spawns in the spring or summer in the sea of japan and north - eastern japan .\n) occurred in subtropical japanese waters in winter . heisei 8 nendo ikaruishigen kenkyuu kaigi houkoku . report of the 1996 meeting on squid resources . national research institute of far seas fisheries , shimizu , 81\u201391 ( in japanese ) .\nwe have discovered that squid do not just jump out of water but have a highly developed flying posture ,\nthe report said .\nmori , j . , tanaka , h . , and yatsu , a . , 1999b . paralarvae and adults of neon flying squid (\nwelch , w . d . , and morris , j . f . t . , 1993 . age and growth of flying squid (\nyatsu , a . , tanaka , h . , and mori , j . , 1998 . population structure of the neon flying squid ,\n' we have discovered that squid do not just jump out of water but have a highly developed flying posture , ' the report said .\nthe japanese flying squid was not the species caught on film and measured , but if they aren\u2019t already partaking of this aerial transportation , they should really consider , it as they undertake a lengthy 2000km migration during their short lives .\n, fish sci ser 7 . koseisha koseikaku , tokyo , pp 23\u201343 ( in japanese )\n, fish sci ser 7 . koseisha koseikaku , tokyo , pp 113\u2013125 ( in japanese )\nresearchers say is the first time anyone has ever described the mechanism the flying mollusc employs .\nimage taken by kouta muramatsu of hokkaido university on july 25 , 2011 shows the oceanic squid flying in the air in the northwest pacific ocean .\nmurakami , k . , watanabe , y . , and nakata , j . , 1981 . growth , distribution and migration of flying squid (\n. squid cartilage lacks hyaluronan , and the core protein differs from vertebrate cartilage glycosaminoglycan core protein . squid chondroitin sulphate contains novel tetrasaccharide sequences ; the common squid ,\nthe main fishery players of the japanese flying squid is mostly japan . this is followed by the republic of korea , and then china . the production and consumption of this squid is the highest in japan . this squid is also exported to other countries for human consumption . the usa is the top importer of this squid , while japan is the largest consumer and exporter . this squid is used to make seafood - related dishes , such as sushi .\nhow does the japanese flying squid catch air ? it releases a high - pressured water jet for propulsion , and then spreads its fins like wings to glide above the water , according to a new study from marine biologists at hokkaido university .\nthe main food source of the japanese flying squid is a variety of small fish . they will also consume other types of squid that are out there if food sources are short . fishermen have learned to check their nets often too . otherwise they will discover their catch is far less because larger squid have consumed the smaller ones in there with them .\nin japanese waters , squids are mainly caught in summer - autumn squid fishery ; coastal catches are landed fresh while catches from offshore waters are landed as frozen blocks . in addition to squid jigging and net fishing in japanese waters they are also caught in multi - gear fisheries within chinese and korean waters .\nthe japanese flying squid isn\u2019t as well known as many others out there . they also have features that are distinct to this particular species . you will notice rings around the back of the head . these are used to determine how old they are . they are very small and light weight squid as well .\nhe added that as the squid are vulnerable when flying , it ' s possible they may be a source of food for sea birds or other predators .\nflying snails . well , that blows another preconceived notion out of the water , as it were .\nyatsu , a . , and watanabe , t . , 1996 . interannual variability in neon flying squid abundance and oceanographic conditions in the central north pacific , 1982\u20131992 .\nlarvae in the marine crustacea . bull inst publ health 23 : 65\u201371 ( in japanese with english summary )\n, fish sci ser 7 . koseisha kosei - kaku , tokyo , pp . 98\u2013107 ( in japanese )\nchen , c . s . , and chiu , t . s . , 2003 . variations of life history parameters in two geographical groups of the neon flying squid ,\nfan , w . , cui , x . s . , and shen , x . q . , 2004 . study on the relationship between the neon flying squid ,\nyatsu , a . , midorikawa , s . , shimadda , t . , and uozumi , y . , 1997 . age and growth of the neon flying squid ,\nyou will find the japanese flying squid in the northern parts of the pacific ocean . they can be found all the way up the cost too . this includes both china and russia . they have also been located along the bering straight and into the areas of alaska and canada .\n, japanese common squid . in : rosa r , pierce gj , o\u2019dor rk , editors . advances in squid biology , ecology and fisheries part ii\u2013oegopsid squids . new york : nova science publishers , inc ; 2013 . pp . 249\u2013271 .\naoki , i . , and miyashita , k . , 2000 . dispersal of larvae and juveniles of japanese anchovy\ncitation :\njapanese flying squid , todarodes pacificus ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nnews of the finding comes after other japanese scientists last month unveiled the world ' s first pictures of the elusive giant squid in its natural habitat , deep in the pacific ocean .\nichii , t . , mahapatra , k . , okamura , h . , and okada , y . , 2006 . stock assessment of the autumn cohort of neon flying squid (\n( nematoda : anisakidae ) from the euphausiids . jpn j parasitol 18 : 241\u2013248 ( in japanese with english summary )\nparalarvae of autumn cohort in northern waters of hawaiian islands . report of the 2004 meeting on squid resources . japan sea national fisheries research institute , niigata , 35\u201348 ( in japanese ) .\narg\u00fcelles , j . , rodhouse , p . g . , villegas , p . , and castilloa , g . , 2001 . age , growth and population structure of jumbo flying squid\nthere are no specific management plans in place in chinese waters , but the stock is well managed within japanese limits through tac quotas ; but score 2 and score 4 have been equal to or above 6 in recent years in japanese waters .\nthe behavior of the japanese flying squid is hard to identify . we don\u2019t know much about them in their natural habitat . at the same time though we can\u2019t learn much from them in captivity . this is one species of squid that tends to not do well at all in such an environment . they suffer from stress so they don\u2019t eat or at like they normally would .\na species of oceanic squid can fly more than 30 metres ( 100 feet ) through the air at speeds faster than usain bolt if it wants to escape predators , japanese researchers said friday .\nevery time you think nature couldn ' t get any weirder . . . what ' ll be next in the evolution of flying squid ? sustainable flight via ' air pumping ' jet propulsion ?\nmodelling of trends is only possible after getting catch and landing data across its entire distribution range from china to japanese waters .\nthe researchers tracked about 100 squid in the northwest pacific ocean in july 2011 , and there they observed the creatures launching into the air . when flying , the squid can remain airborne for about three seconds and travel upwards of about 30 meters , yamamoto told afp .\nin the north pacific . heisei 14 nendo ikarui shigen kenkyuu kaigi houkoku . report of the 2002 meeting on squid resources . hokkaido national fisheries research institute , kushiro , 1\u20135 ( in japanese ) .\nyu , w . , chen , x . j . , yi , q . , and li , y . s . , 2013 . review on the early life history of neon flying squid\nmokrin , n . m . , novikov , y . v . , & zuenko , y . i . ( 2002 ) . seasonal migrations and oceanographic conditions for concentration of the japanese flying squid ( todarodes pacificus steenstrup , 1880 ) in the northwestern japan sea . bull . marine science , 71 : 487 - 499 .\ntype i and type ii larvae collected from fishes caught in japanese coastal waters and their identification . jpn j parasitol 31 : 131\u2013134\nkagei n ( 1979 ) euphausiids and their parasites ( i ) . geiken tsushin ( 328 ) : 53\u201362 ( in japanese )\nrosa , a . l . , yamamoto , j . , and sakurai , y . , 2011 . effects of environmental variability on the spawning areas , catch and recruitment of the japanese common squid ,\nthe squid in question turns out to be todarodes pacificus , and according to the literature it isn\u2019t the first member of the species to try to mate with a diner\u2019s oral mucosa . it also boasts an intriguing common name : japanese flying squid . can it actually fly ? sort of . can it impregnate a human ? absolutely not . and , really folks , get your mind out of the gutter .\nvijai d . egg masses of flying squids ( cephalopoda : ommastrephidae ) . j shellfish res . 2016 ; 35 : 1007\u20131012 .\nthere were always witnesses and rumours that said squid were seen flying , but no one had clarified how they actually do it . we have proved that it really is true ,\nyamamoto told afp .\n' there were always witnesses and rumours that said squid were seen flying , but no one had clarified how they actually do it . we have proved that it really is true , ' yamamoto told afp .\nstudied 23 patients with seafood allergies and determined that 18 of them were sensitized to squid . however , none of the patients were confirmed as squid\u2010allergic by either history or challenge trials . in a study of 99 patients with shrimp allergy , 63 individuals had attempted squid ingestion and 11 subjects were identified as squid\u2010allergic (\ntanaka y . japanese anchovy egg accumulation at the sea surface or pycnocline\u2014observations and model . j oceanogr . 1992 ; 48 : 461\u2013472 .\nsp . in marine mammals collected in the antarctic ocean . bull inst public health 19 : 193\u2013196 ( in japanese with english summary )\nto help conserve the levels of japanese flying squid out there , plenty of effort is put into the process of capturing them . since these squid are going to die anyway after they mate , that is the best time to capture them . the goal is to allow them to successfully mate and for the females to deposit the eggs . then they can be captured before the inevitable death the face occur . this way they aren\u2019t taking away from the life span of these squid in their natural environment .\nso flying squid invented the canard wing , not people . lucky thing the mayans didn ' t see these things and make gold pendants of them or we would be saying they were proof they had rockets too .\nand of related species of nematodes in the fishes from sagami bay . yokohama med j 23 : 285\u2013316 ( in japanese with english summary )\njapanese flying squid also have three hearts , and the ability to shoot ink at predators . they are comfortable in a range of temperatures and can survive almost freezing 36 degrees fahrenheit ( 2 degrees celsius ) to 81 degrees fahrenheit ( 27 degrees celsius ) . they usually inhabit the top layer of the ocean , that gives them access to the open air .\nchen , x . j . , zhao , x . h . , and chen , y . , 2007 . influence of el ni\u00f1o / la ni\u00f1a on the western winter - spring cohort of neon flying squid (\nneither its fins nor its arms are the japanese flying squid\u2019s primary tools for travel . instead they race through the water via jet propulsion ( mantle first during sustained swimming , with limbs dangling behind them ) . this is done by taking water into the mantle and then forcefully expelling it through a siphon . whoosh ! other squid ( and octopi ) also propel themselves in this soaring manner , todarodes pacificus just happened to get the cool name .\n) occurred in the subtropical north pacific ocean in autumn . heisei 9 nendo ikaruishigen kenkyuu kaigi houkoku . report of the 1997 meeting on squid resources . tohoku national fisheries research institute , hachinohe , 1\u20138 ( in japanese ) .\nichii , t . , mahapatra , k . , sakai , m . , and okada , y . , 2009 . life history of the neon flying squid : effect of the oceanographic regime in the north pacific ocean .\n) in the north pacific . research institute of north pacific fisheries , hakodate , hokkaido university , 161\u2013179 ( in japanese with english summary ) .\nthe neon flying squid propels itself out of the ocean by shooting a jet of water at high pressure , before opening its fins to glide at up to 11 . 2 metres per second , jun yamamoto of hokkaido university said .\ndescribed an individual from norway who was weakly sensitized to squid and more strongly sensitized to crustacean shellfish but provided no other evidence of squid allergy . a case of severe anaphylaxis to squid was reported to the french allergy vigilance network from the isle of reunion (\nyou ' re not hallucinating . that ' s just squid skin . | deep look\nthe fishing season is all year around . however , the most popular seasons are from january to march , and then june to september as this is when the largest catch of japanese flying squid can be caught . they are caught with hook and line , lift nets , and gill nets . the most popular fishing method is hook and line , which is used in jigging .\nregular stock assessments are conducted and the stock is well managed through annual tac limits in japanese waters ( fisheries agency of japan 2012a , b ) .\njun yamamoto and his team had been sailing around the northwest pacific ocean , 600km off the coast of japan , looking for schools of squid . they spotted about 100 20cm squid swimming just below the surface of the ocean , but as they approached around 20 of the squid launched themselves into the air , gliding around 30m in ten seconds . that the squid took flight as the researchers ' boat approached has led yamamoto to speculate that flying is a safety mechanism , to help them espace predators .\ndavenport , j ( 1994 ) . how and why do flying fish fly ? rev . fish biol . fish , 4 : 184 - 214 .\nthey tend to live in the upper layers of the ocean , but are only short lived as they live for only 1 year . within this year of life , the japanese flying squid matures from larvae form . they then fed , grow , migrate , and then at the end of their lives , they congregate in mating grounds where they reproduce . when they reproduce , they die .\nadachi k , yabumoto m , yoo h - k , morioka k , ikeda y , ueta y , et al . salt soluble without jelly - like component from the oviducal gland induces chorionic expansion in the ova of the japanese common squid\nthe japanese flying squid isn\u2019t unique in either its locomotion or its sperm delivery system . what sets it apart from other squid is its popularity as food , especially in japan , korea and other east asian nations . often it is sold in a processed , dried form ( i . e . , no insemination risk ) , but it is increasingly also consumed raw and sometimes with its internal organs still intact , and thus the species occasionally finds its way into food horror headlines .\nchen , x . j . , tian , s . q . , chen , y . , and liu , b . l . , 2010c . a modeling approach to identify optimal habitat and suitable fishing grounds for neon flying squid (\nichii , t . , mahapatra , k . , sakai , m . , inagake , d . , and okada , y . , 2004 . differing body size between the autumn and the winter - spring cohorts of neon flying squid (\nspp . ( anisakinae , nematoda ) in marine mammals on the coast of japan . jpn j parasitol 16 : 427\u2013435 ( in japanese with english summary )\nit is important to understand the physical process that determines the vertical distribution of egg masses to predict their horizontal drift in relation to embryo survival and subsequent recruitment [ 33 ] . in our previous cycle of experiments [ 13 ] , we observed the spawning behavior of the japanese flying squid and how the thermocline helps to sustain the egg masses in the water column . the present study was designed to investigate the structure and durability of the egg masses , including how they function to prevent infestation , the physical properties , and the role of jelly during embryo development in the egg mass . the fate of the egg mass jelly during and after embryo development was also assessed . the properties of the egg masses observed in vitro were related to seawater parameters in the natural spawning grounds of the japanese flying squid .\ndietary studies of squid are difficult because their oesophagus is very narrow as it passes through their brain , therefore food particles must be chewed up very finely and are hard to identify . both dietary analysis and squid fatty acid analysis are being used to determine squid prey species .\ndurward rd , vessey e , o\u2019dor rk , amaratunga t . reproduction in the squid ,\ncheslin m v , giragosov vye . the egg mass and embryonic development of the purple squid\nspp . larvae from fish and squid in newfoundland . proc helminthol soc wash 49 : 65\u201370\nthere were always witnesses and rumors that said squid were seen flying , but no one had clarified how they actually do it ,\nbiologist jun yamamoto of hokkaido university told afp .\nwe have proved that it really is true .\nchen , x . j , cao , j . , chen , y . , liu , b . l . , and tian , s . q . , 2012 . effect of the kuroshio on the spatial distribution of the red flying squid\nreproduction takes place for the japanese flying squid at about the end of their life . after they mate , the will die . they will migrate to the location for mating which has been identified as one of three locations \u2013 the east china sea , kyushu , and the sea of japan . the females can create up to 4 , 000 eggs at a time which they will deposit into the ocean .\ntotal estimated catch , including estimates for non - reported landings , are below an advised tac issued by the scientific body conducting the stock assessments within japanese waters .\nin the subtropical north pacific ocean in autumn , 1997 and 1998 ( abstract ) . heisei 10 nendo ikarui shigen kenkyuu kaigi houkoku . report of the 1998 meeting on squid resources . hokkaido national fisheries research institute , kushiro , 85\u201386 ( in japanese ) .\nthe largest invertebrate in the world is the giant squid , which can grow to 15 m .\n) were documented as part of a study primarily aimed at identification of the major squid allergen .\nrodhouse , p . g . , 2001 . managing and forecasting squid fisheries in variable environments .\nmarine biologists in japan have discovered how squid are able to move across the oceans so quickly .\nmachida m ( 1971 ) survey on gastric nematodes of the northern fur seal on breeding islands . jpn j parasitol 20 : 371\u2013378 ( in japanese with english summary )\nkidokoro , h . 2009 . impact of climatic changes on the distribution , migration pattern and stock abundance of the japanese common squid , todarodes pacificus in the sea of japan , bull . fish . res . agen . no . 27 , 95 - 189 . urltoken\nthe stock is managed through tacs or quotas in japanese waters ; but management effectiveness could not be evaluated for korean and chinese waters hence a precautionary score is applied here .\nwhen japanese flying squid hook up , the male clutches the female and uses his \u201chectocotylus\u201d ( the fourth right arm , designed for this sort of hand off ) to grab some spermatophores and stick them onto the lucky lady . it\u2019s the ejaculation device contained in the spermatophores \u2013 not the live male squid \u2013 that ultimately sends the sperm mass burrowing through the female\u2019s skin . it\u2019s not a powerful enough mechanism to penetrate the thick skin of , say , a human hand . the delicate mucosa inside the human mouth , however , is no problem .\nichii , t . , mahapatra , k . , sakai , m . , wakabayashi , t . , okamura , h . , igarashi , h . , inagake , d . , and okada , y . , 2011 . changes in abundance of the neon flying squid\nthis is the first reported instance of accidental culinary insemination involving a partially cooked squid . in all other cases , unsuspecting diners bit into fully raw squid . but even the raw squid incidents were few and far between . most squid \u2013 raw or cooked \u2013 is served sans internal organs and is thus unlikely to contain spermatophores . and calamari\u2019s biggest threat to health is probably the whole breading and frying thing .\nstaaf dj , zeidberg ld , gilly w . effects of temperature on embryonic development of the humboldt squid\nhigh amounts of japanese flying squid are consumed in both japan and china . therefore the commercial fishing for them is very high . they use it for sushi which is a big part of their diet there . the abundant amounts are also shipped to other countries for consumption including the united states . they are mainly captured the first three months of the year . however , to keep up with the demand for it the process continues all year long .\n( note : the kites in the above photo look more like octopi than squid , so don\u2019t rely on them for species identification . it\u2019s just not easy finding a good picture of a squid kite . )\nyatsu , a . , watanabe , t . , mori , j . , nagasawa , k . , ishida , y . , meguro , t . , kamei , y . , and sakurai , y . , 2000 . interannual variability in stock abundance of the neon flying squid ,\nsquid belong to a group of molluscs called cephalopods , which also includes octopuses , cuttlefish and their allies .\nmost squid complete their life cycle \u2013 from tiny planktonic juveniles to mature adults \u2013 in approximately one year .\ngraphic on a species of squid that can fly more than 30 metres through the air to escape predators .\nin squid jigging fishery and the relationship between fishing ground and sst in the north pacific ocean in 2004 .\nregular stock assessments are in place in japanese waters ( affrc 2012a , b ) , but there is shortage of information on stock assessments , distribution and landings in chinese and korean waters .\ntang , f . h . , cui , x . s . , fan , w . , shen , x . q . , and wu , y . m . , 2011 . study on relationship of neon flying squid yield in north pacific ocean with marine environment by remote sensing .\nthe warty squid moroteuthis ingens is one of the species most preyed - upon by vertebrate predators in the subantarctic .\n* helpful hint : parasites in raw squid and fish can be killed by freezing the items prior to consumption .\nikeda y , shimazaki k . does nidamental gland jelly induce the formation of perivitelline space at fertilization in the squid\nsquid are a diverse group of invertebrates ( animals without backbones ) , and range in size from barely two and a half centimetres ( idiosepius sp . ) to a total length approaching 18 metres ( giant squid architeuthis sp . ) .\nthe fins and the web between the arms create aerodynamic lift and keep the squid stable on its flight arc .\n, it was thought that the enzyme plays a role in myosin metabolism in squid muscle . however , tissue distribution analyses revealed that myhc hydrolytic activity is not restricted to the mantle muscle in squid , but is also found in other tissues\nwho recognized that it is not an obligate correlate of small egg size . indeed , the embryos of the pygmy squid\nindicate that some of the 24 squid\u2010allergic patients were also allergic to octopus but the exact number is unclear . similarly ,\nbirk ma , paight c , seibel ba . observations of multiple pelagic egg masses from small - sized jumbo squid (\n' the fins and the web between the arms create aerodynamic lift and keep the squid stable on its flight arc .\nbased on stock assessments in japanese waters current fishing mortality is not expected to cause the stock to drop below b lim in the next five years , and an increase in fishing effort could be sustained .\nalthough the stock is relatively well managed within japanese maritime limits through tac quotas ; reliable estimates of status of the stock are not available in chinese and korean waters hence status of the stock cannot be determined .\nmarine biology - - found that the squid actually propel themselves with a jet of water , and that they deliberately control their fins and arms to direct themselves . thus , describing them as\nflying\nis actually pretty accurate . a major downside for the squid , though , is that they have to fly backwards , so they don ' t know whether where they ' re going to land is any safer than where they ' re escaping from .\nmachida m ( 1969 ) parasitic nematodes in the stomach of northern fur seals caught in the western pacific , off the coast of northern japan . jpn j parasitol 18 : 575\u2013579 ( in japanese with english summary )\nimage taken by kouta muramatsu of hokkaido university on july 25 , 2011 shows the oceanic squid flying in the air in the northwest pacific ocean . it propels itself out of the ocean by shooting a jet of water at high pressure , before opening its fins to glide at up to 11 . 2m per second , the university said .\nthe overall size of a squid can vary depending on the species . some of them are only 24 inches long while others are more than 40 feet in length . the heaviest squid found was in 2007 around new zealand . it was more than 1 , 000 pounds ! they body of a squid may seem very unique , but it definitely serves its purpose in the water .\nfootage of the giant squid\u2014architeuthis to scientists\u2014provided final proof of the quasi - mythical ocean - dwelling beast reported by sailors for centuries .\ntang , y . s . , 1996 . the relationship between the squid fishing ground and rip current in the northwestern pacific .\nthese giant predators lurk off the shore of san diego ' s popular beaches . read more about the giant squid invasion : urltoken\njapan ' s national science museum succeeded in filming the huge creature at a depth of more than half a kilometre ( a third of a mile ) after teaming up with japanese public broadcaster nhk and the us discovery channel .\nmany vertebrate predators depend heavily on squid , which is second only to krill as a food source in the southern ocean . animals such as the grey - headed albatross and the sperm whale ( the largest of the toothed whales ) feed almost entirely on squid .\nbazzino , g . , quinones , r . a . , and norbis , w . , 2005 . environmental associations of shortfin squid\nthe peptide pagt ( 405 . 99 da ) isolated from farmed amur sturgeon skin could maintain the intramyofibrillar water of japanese sea bass mince subjected to freeze\u2013thaw cycles . in fresh minces ( freeze\u2013thaw cycle 0 ) , the intramyofibrillar water (\nthe researchers had plenty of time to photograph and study the squid , and work out exactly how they stay in the air . yamamoto writes :\nonce they finish shooting out the water , they glide by spreading out their fins and arms . the fins and the web between the arms create aerodynamic lift and keep the squid stable on its flight arc . as they land back in the water , the fins are all folded back into place to minimise the impact . we have discovered that squid do not just jump out of water but have a highly developed flying posture . this finding means that we should no longer consider squid as things that live only in the water . it is highly possible that they are also a source of food for sea birds .\nqualitative scores have been assigned for this stock due to absence of reliable scientific and management quality information within korean and chinese waters . stock assessments have been conducted on a regular basis within japanese limits but a precautionary score has been applied for the whole stock here due to transboundary nature of the stock , which straddles korean , chinese and japanese maritime limits . management measures could not be evaluated for chinese and korean waters hence precautionary scores are applied for 1 to 3 .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\npla2 can use as alternative enzyme of porcine pancreatic pla2 , and phospholipids from squid are rich source of functional polyunsaturated fatty acids , especially dha .\nkimura s , higuchi y , aminaka m , bower jr , sakurai y . chemical properties of egg - mass mucin complexes of the ommastrephid squid\nchen , x . j . , 1995 . an approach to the relationship between the squid fishing ground and water temperature in the northwestern pacific .\nthe squid that can fly faster than usain bolt ! amazing creatures soar more than 100 feet through the air at 11 . 2 metres per second\nthere are more than 300 known species of squid out there that have been identified . they fall into one of two categories \u2013 myopsida and oegopsida .\nkoslow , j . a . , and allen , c . , 2011 . the influence of the ocean environment on the abundance of market squid ,\nthis cranchid squid larva is only 10 mm long but adults can grow up to 2 m . their bodies remain translucent . ( photo : russ hopcroft )\nnew research is shedding light on the preferred habitat of the northern squid , gonatus fabricii - a key but often overlooked species in arctic marine food webs .\nthat are main fisheries products in hokkaido prefecture , japan was analyzed . total lipids were extracted from scallop adductor muscle and squid mantle muscle by the method of\nkimura s , sugiura y , mizuno h , kato n , hanaoka y . occurrence of a mucin - type glycoprotein in nidamental gland mucosubstance from the squid\nwhile in the water , a squid can swim using two main methods . one method , like a fish , is fin undulation ( macia et al . 2004 ) . while fin undulation is sufficient for the regular paced movement of a squid , the use of jet propulsion is necessary when the squid needs to move quickly , such as when evading a predator ( macia et al . 2004 ) . the first step of jet propulsion is achieved when water is drawn into the mantle through a wide opening and into the mantle compression chamber ( packard 1969 ) . should a squid need to make a quick evasive move , it can contract its mantle , forcing the water through a slender funnel , creating a jet that will propel it in the opposite direction of the jet stream ( gosline and demont 1985 ) . so where does the flight come from ? sometimes , if the jet propulsion from the squid is strong enough , there is enough force to push it through the water surface and send it flying through the air ( muramatsu 2013 ) .\nfootage of the giant squid - - architeuthis to scientists - - provided final proof of the quasi - mythical ocean - dwelling beast reported by sailors for centuries .\ndescribe seven patients with histories of reactions from the ingestion of squid or the inhalation of vapors from cooking of squid . all of these patients experienced asthmatic reactions . positive spts and rasts were obtained . six of the seven patients had a history of coexisting shrimp allergy . the cross\u2010reaction with shrimp was confirmed by spt and rast in these six individuals . no cross\u2010reactivity could be confirmed between squid and oyster and the patients ' histories provided no suggestion of cross\u2010reactivity with other molluscan shellfish . in a study of 48 seafood\u2010allergic patients in the canary islands of spain , 24 individuals were identified as allergic to squid including 18 individuals who were also allergic to crustacean shellfish (\nkoyama t , kobayashi a , kumada m , komiya y , oshima t , kagei n , ishii t , machida m ( 1969 ) morphological and taxonomical studies on anisakidae larvae found in marine fishes and squids . jpn j parasitol 18 : 466\u2013487 ( in japanese with english summary )\nsomeday you ' ll be looking out a window , and instead of a pigeon sitting on the window sill , it will be a squid . eating a pigeon .\nthese squid have a mantle length of about 50 cm . females are larger than males . they have 8 arms and 2 tentacles . they also have 3 hearts .\nand swordtip squid concentration on the changes of unfrozen water in mf during freezing at 25\u00b0c for 90 days . after the addition of squid peptides , the amount of unfrozen water regarded as bound water increased in the mf because of the interaction between hydrophilic side chains of peptides and hydrate water in the hydration sphere of mf . the mf in the presence of 5 . 0\u20137 . 5 % concentrations of peptides of swordtip squid had a maximum amount of unfrozen water ( 0 . 737\u20130 . 625 g h\nresearchers at the hokkaido university classified the squid\u2019s flight into four main parts . the first step is launching , where the squid uses the high pressure from jet propulsion to break through the surface , folding their arms so as to reduce resistance from the water surface . the second step is jetting , where the squid opens up its arms and fins and travels through the air using the water remaining in its mantle . the third step is gliding where , similar to a flying fish , it uses its spread out arms and fins to help generate lift from the wind and travel further . the last step is diving , where much like any other organism that dives , it folds in its appendages to form a streamline body shape to make entry back into the water a smooth process ( muramatsu 2013 ) .\nyoung re , harman rf , mangold km . the common occurrence of oegopsid squid eggs in near - surface oceanic waters . pacific sci . 1985 ; 39 : 359\u2013366 .\npuneeta p , vijai d , yoo h - k , matsui h , sakurai y . observations on the spawning behavior , egg masses and paralarval development of the ommastrephid squid\n[ parody ] this is clear evidence of the flying spaghetti monster . his noodley appendages are obvious . once again science queers the pitch by developing an overly complex explanation for what we witness as a simple truth . i can just imagine him riding the backs of dinosaurs in our recent past .\nthe giant squid has the largest eye in the animal kingdom . it is much bigger than the eye of a blue whale ! that is about the size of a volleyball .\nthe squid are in the air for about three seconds and travel upwards of 30 metres , said yamamoto , in what he believed was a defence strategy to escape being eaten .\nanderson , c . i . h . , and rodhouse , p . g . , 2001 . lifecycle , oceanography and variability : ommastrephid squid in the variable oceanography environments .\ngenerally , these creatures can weigh about 1 . 1 pounds ( 500 grams ) and can have a length of up to around 1 . 5 feet ( 50 centimeters ) . the average life span of such a squid is very short ( about 1 year ) because they are so heavily preyed upon by creatures like sperm whales , dolphins , seals , baleen whales and rays . chinese , japanese and other people in the region fish the squid for consumption . also contributing to the short life span , is that they die as soon as they reproduce ( 1 year is usually the time it takes for them to reach sexual maturity , mate , and lay eggs ) .\nscientists and broadcasters said monday they have captured footage of an elusive giant squid roaming the depths of the pacific ocean , showing it in its natural habitat for the first time ever .\nit can be fun as well as educational to look at photos of the different types of squid . you will be able to see first hand the differences in their appearance as well as their size . many people don\u2019t realize that what they may see in the water is a squid though because one species can look so different from others they have previously identified .\nstaaf dj , camarillo - coop s , haddock shd , nyack ac , payne j , salinas - zavala ca , et al . natural egg mass deposition by the humboldt squid (\ndawe , e . g . , colbourne , e . b . , and drinkwater , k . f . , 2000 . environmental effects on recruitment of short - finned squid (\nresearchers say architeuthis eats other types of squid and grenadier , a species of fish that lives in the deep ocean . they say it can grow to be longer than 10 metres .\nto escape predators in the ocean , these cephalopods will speed away by shooting a jet of water . but can squid use that behavior to take to the air and control their trajectories ?\nit is reasonable to think that different enzymes in squid liver can be characterized by the enzyme - specific digestion pattern of myofibrils , which are easily analyzed on sds - page . inhibition spectrum study was the method to identify the proteinase present in squid liver . when myofibrils were incubated with the crude extract in the absence of any inhibitors , mhc and actin were degraded into fragments (\nscientists have uncovered a new large species of squid among 70 types gathered during an exploration of the depths of the indian ocean , the international union for the conservation of nature said on monday .\narkhipkin ai , rodhouse pgk , pierce gj , sauer w , sakai m , allcock l , et al . world squid fisheries . rev fish sci aquac . 2015 ; 23 : 92\u2013252 .\njackson , g . d . , and domeier , m . l . , 2003 . the effects of an extraordinary el ni\u00f1o / la ni\u00f1a event on the size and growth of the squid\nfor years , fishermen and sailors have reported seeing squid\nflying\nacross the surface of the sea , and every now and again someone gets lucky and manages to nab a few photographs of cephalopods in action . it ' s only now , though , that marine biologists from hokkaido university have discovered exactly how these squids squirt water out fast enough to propel themselves through the air at up to 11 . 2 metres per second - - faster than usain bolt ' s top speed of 10 . 31 metres per second .\nthis finding means that we should no longer consider squid as things that live only in the water . it is highly possible that they are also a source of food for sea birds .\nresearchers from the university of queensland played a key role in filming the first video images of a live giant squid in its natural habitat , in lightless water up to a kilometre under the ocean .\nwatanabe k , sakurai y , segawa s , okutani t . development of the ommastrephid squid todarodes pacificus , from fertilized egg to rhynchoteuthion paralarva . am malacol bull . 1996 ; 13 : 73\u201388 .\nlitz , m . n . , phillips , a . j . , brodeur , r . d . , and emmett , r . l . , 2011 . seasonal occurrences of humboldt squid (\n' this finding means that we should no longer consider squid as things that live only in the water . it is highly possible that they are also a source of food for sea birds . '\n) , but these suspicions were not confirmed by diagnostic evaluations . a survey of 659 portuguese adults revealed 3 individuals reporting allergy to squid and octopus but further confirmation of these self\u2010reported allergies was not sought (\nliu , h . s . , and chen , x . j . , 2002 . study on water temperature distributions and fishing grounds of squid in the north pacific during may - july in 2009 .\nthe impact of the squid fishery in a multi - gear fishing across all three jurisdictions is difficult to quantify until more information is made publicly available on types of gear used within limits of this fishery .\nas a squid moves through the water , they stretch in the mantel area . this is going to force water to be moved through the funnel . you will notice that they move tail first through the water . they are very quick as well as agile in the water . when a squid feels that they are in danger they release a dark color of ink as they try to make their rapid escape .\na squid has gills which is uses to breath through . therefore it doesn\u2019t have to go to the surface of the water for air . they have a very complex body design for a mollusk which makes them very fascinating . they are also simple enough to capture in the water . this is why so many fishermen use squid for bait . it is an attractive way for them to get a variety of fish .\n) . following confirmation of this hypothesis , as discussed in the previous paragraph , other deep - sea squid families with similar reproductive structure morphologies ( e . g . octopoteuthidae , onychoteuthidae , gonatidae and architeuthidae ;\ngong , y . & k . h . choi , 2008 . fluctuations in abundance of common squid , todarodes pacificus in the far east . journal of environmental biology 29 ( 4 ) : 449 - 452 . urltoken\nan image from footage taken by nhk and discovery channel in july 2012 and released on january 7 , 2013 shows a giant squid up to 8m long , filmed at a depth of 630m in the sea near ogasawara islands .\nwhat ' s more , the squid can speed through the air at over 11 meters per second . that ' s faster than usain bolt , who averaged only 10 . 3 meters per second in the 2012 london olympics .\na more rigorous study of both government reports and published literature is necessary for chinese waters . studies need to be conducted to evaluate seasonal movements of this stock across all three jurisdictions of korean , chinese and japanese waters . governance measures also remain unknown for this stock in chinese and korean waters . suggest increased data collection to gather information to make an analytical assessment possible in the near future across its distribution range .\nmacia s , robinson mp , craze p , dalton r , thomas jd ( 2004 ) new observations on airborne jet propulsion ( flight ) in squid , with a review of previous reports . j mollusc . stud . 70 : 297\u2013299 ."]}
{"id": 172, "summary": [{"text": "spathodus marlieri is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it is only known from the northern portion of the lake .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species prefers areas with rocky substrates in very shallow waters to a depth of about 2 metres ( 6.6 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "spathodus marlieri", "paragraphs": ["spathodus erythrodon is similar to marlieri in teeth only . in fact , it is hard to distinguish spathodus erythrodon from eretmodus cyanostictus except for the teeth . both species of spathodus have long and cylindrical teeth . erythrodon is imported to the u . s . on a somewhat regular basis .\nspathodus marlieri is the monster of the group , with females reaching 2 . 5\nand males a whopping 4\n. it is the least likely to be seen in the aquarium of hobbyists . its reputation is one of nastiness and an overall bad attitude . it is reported to be a maternal mouthbrooder though i cannot speak from first hand experience with this fish . if anyone reading this has kept this fish , please let me know !\nthe\ngobies\nare typically thought of as being one of five species from three geneses . the list includes spathodus marlieri , spathodus erythrodon , eretmodus cyanostictus , eretmodus\ncyanostictus north\n, and lastly tanganicodus irsacae . all of these are mouthbrooders and all of them live in the shallow water or surge habitat of the lake . males tend to be larger than females and may contain a bit more color . of course , none of the gobies are particularly striking when it comes to color but they sure make up for that in their comical personalities . it may be why these fish are also called\nclown\ncichlids in europe . they also appear to be a bit comical in appearance as well .\nexcept for spathodus marlieri , all gobies are bi - parental mouthbrooders . the female holds the eggs for the first ten days or so then she exchanges the eggs to the male for the next ten days . pairs of gobies stay close to one another throughout the aquarium whether breeding or not . it is quite endearing to see a pair of fish journeying around the tank , never straying far from its partner . spawns are usually under 25 fry , although my experience has shown counts smaller than that .\nin the wild they are found alone or in pairs . their routine is different from their cousin the blue goby cichlid spathodus erythrodon , who ' hops ' from place to place . rather , they will swim long distances along the substrate looking for food . they feed by picking algae and micro - organisms living in the algae from the rocks .\nmar\u00e9chal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . spathodus . p . 458 - 459 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5695 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , spathe = sword + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; depth range ? - 2 m . tropical ; 25\u00b0c - 27\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 3\u00b0s - 6\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5695 ) ; common length : 7 . 0 cm ng male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6770 )\nswims over rock bottom for long distances , alone or in pairs , instead of jumping from place to place between pebbles as s . erythrodon does . feeds by picking microorganisms from the rock biocover ( ref . 6770 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nfish information for african cichlids - lake malawi , lake tanganyika , lake victoria , west african cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases .\nfish information and habitats for dwarf cichlid aquariums , includes types of cichlids like the ram cichlids , kribensis and more .\nfish information on habitats and keeping african cichlid tanks for lake victoria cichlids , mbipi rock - dwelling cichlids , east and west african cichlids , and african dwarf cichlids .\nfish information and habitats for large cichlid aquariums , types of cichlids like the parrot cichlid , firemouth cichlid , green terror , oscar , texas cichlid and more .\nfish information on the lake malawi cichlids known as the\nhaps\n, haplochromis group habitats and cichlids tanks for free - swimming types of cichlids , including the utaka .\nfish information on peacock cichlids , aulonocara types of cichlids from lake malawi , their habitats and keeping african cichlids tanks .\nfish information for south american cichlids , central american cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases for south american cichlid aquariums .\nfish information on the types of cichlids from lake tanganyika , tropheus cichlids , frontosa , goby cichlids , shelldwellers and more , habitats and cichlids tanks for tanganyika cichlids .\nlake malawi cichlids known as zebra cichlids . fish information on the mbuna cichlids , habitats , and cichlids tanks for these rock - dwelling types of cichlids .\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\nis the largest , and also the most tolerant of the lake tanganyika gobies . while the females are smaller at 2 . 5\u201d ( 6 . 4 cm ) , the males will reach up to 4 inches ( 10 . 2 cm ) in length . this species is commonly called\nplain ,\nbut perhaps that ' s because it is not quite as brilliantly adorned as the other gobies . yet this fish it actually very pretty . it has a body colored in dark brown splotches and is topped with electric sky blue dots on the front half .\nthis cichlid is fascinating in both appearance and in personality . they will spend much of its time swimming over the bottom searching for food , but will also use their rigid pectoral fins to ' perch ' on the substrate . their color patterning is designed to help camouflage them in nature . in the aquarium this patterning and their and swimming style gives their keepers the impression that they are playing ' hide and seek . ' . their larger size also makes them more visible than their smaller cousins .\nplain goby cichlids are an intriguing choice for the cichlid enthusiast who has limited space and cannot provide a large aquarium . as long as their needs are met , aquarists with some experience will find they are easy to moderate to care for . provide stacked rocks with lots of caves and crevices for hiding and flat stones in the front for perching . some natural sunlight will help algae growth on the stones , which the gobies relish . an extra enjoyment for these fish is adding a wave - making box , similar to those used in aquariums , which will simulate the water surge of their natural environment .\nthese cichlids can be kept alone or in pairs but are generally not tolerant of their own species or other goby cichlids . in fact they are said to be the most aggressive of the tanganyikan gobies . they primarily inhabit the bottom of the tank so can be housed with some other mid - water cichlids . avoid other cichlids that are too large or boisterous , like the mbuna from lake malawi . good tankmates are species that inhabit the upper and middle areas of the aquarium rather than the lower substrate areas of these fish .\nthe goby cichlids from lake tanganyika are an intriguing and attractive group of fish .\ngoby cichlids are members of the eretmodini tribe belonging to the pseudocrenilabrinae subfamily under the cichlidae family . currently there are five recognized species of eretmodines placed in three genera : plain goby cichlid\nthese fish are unique in the natural environment where they are found and in body shape .\nscientists speculate that their body shape is most likely an adaptation to their environment . they are small fish , give or take around 3\nin length . they live close to the shore in shallow waters , usually less than 3 feet ( 1 m ) and never more than 10 feet ( 3 m ) . the sandy substrate is strewn with rocks and pebbles . these are fast moving waters subject to ' surge ' , where the shoreline is continuously washed with wind driven waves .\nthe shallow waters get good sunlight penetration and have relatively clear visibility , but the goby cichlids are difficult to see . their interesting color patterns that can readily be seen in the aquarium create a camouflage in the wild .\nthe rocky rubble substrate has plenty of healthy algae growth which houses small crustaceans and insect larvae . this provides a diverse diet for this bottom dwelling cichlid .\nthere are few aquatic predators in such shallow water , but these areas are preyed upon by birds . the goby cichlids forage the substrate with their snout like mouths while with their eyes , mounted high on the head , and their heavily spined dorsal fin help them evade airborne predators .\nthe rugged water movement of the ' surge zone ' requires special adaptations so that these shallow dwelling fish do not get picked up and dashed into the rocks .\ntheir swim bladder is greatly reduced giving them little buoyancy . this keeps them close to the bottom and makes for a rather comical hopping motion when they swim .\ntheir pelvic fins are positioned downward and have stiff heavy spines . perching on their pelvic fins helps them cling to the substrate and maintain their position in the fast moving waters .\nwas described by poll in 1950 . these fish are endemic to the northern end of lake tanganyika , africa . this species is listed on the iucn red list of threatened species as least concern ( lc ) as they are widespread along their range in the northern parts of lake . although they are at risk due to increased siltation , it is not significant enough to consider them threatened .\nthey prefer the top part of the water column , not often venturing below 6 . 5 feet ( 2 m ) . they inhabit the rubble or pebble edges of the shoreline , called the ' surge zone . ' this area is continually washed by waves that are driven by the wind . this water has a ph of over 9 due to the releases of oxygen at the shore called \u201cfaunal exhaust . \u201d\nthe plain goby cichlid is a small , moderately elongated fish , but they are the largest of the tanganyikan gobies . the females are smaller at 2 . 5\u201d ( 6 . 4 cm ) , but the males will reach up to 4 inches ( 10 . 2 cm ) in length . their average life span of the tanganyikan gobies is said to be approximately 3 - 5 years , though like other african cichlids they may live longer when well maintained and provided proper diet and care .\nthe body of this fish has darker brown splotches with electric sky blue dots on the front half of the body . the back half is a lighter plain color and the belly is lighter still . the dorsal , tail , and anal fins are a very light blue tipped in a muted gold and lined in brown .\nthey have a uniquely shaped mouth with their top lip almost looking like an \u201coverbite\u201d . their eyes are located toward the top of their head . these cichlids have one row of teeth on each side of their jaw that are long and curved with tips that are blunt , used for eating algae off of rocks . all cichlids share a common feature that some saltwater fish such as wrasses and parrotfish have and that is a well - developed pharyngeal set of teeth that are in the throat , along with their regular teeth .\nwith the name goby , one would rightly picture a hopping motion that these fish use due to the absence of a swim bladder . their pectoral fins are heavy , sharp and located lower than other cichlids . they use these fins in an almost\nfoot\nlike application by pointing them straight down and digging into the rock or rubble to keep from being thrown around by waves .\ncichlids have spiny rays in the back parts of the anal , dorsal , pectoral , and pelvic fins to help discourage predators . the front part of these fins are soft and perfect for precise positions and effortless movements in the water as opposed to fast swimming . cichlids have one nostril on each side while other fish have 2 sets . to sense \u201csmells\u201d in the water , they suck water in and expel the water right back out after being \u201csampled\u201d for a short or longer time , depending on how much the cichlid needs to \u201csmell\u201d the water . this feature is also shared by saltwater damselfish and cichlids are thought to be closely related .\n4 . 0 inches ( 10 . 16 cm ) - females grow to 2 . 5\u201d ( 6 . 4 cm ) , but males will reach up to 4 inches ( 10 . 2 cm ) in length .\n3 years - the lifespan of lake tanganyikan gobies is said to be 3 - 5 years , but as with other african cichlids , they may live longer with proper care .\nthe plain goby cichlids are suggested for the intermediate aquarists due to their sensitivity and specific requirements . they are easy to moderate to care for , but they are aggressive and they require top - notch water conditions . diligent attention must be given to their requirements of diet and habitat . the aquarists must also be willing to do frequent water changes and provide appropriate tank mates .\nthe lake tanganyikan goby species are rather expensive fish that have rather specific , though uncomplicated needs . they are fine in an aquarium of 30 gallons or more and can be kept in a cichlid community . but their tank needs to have good filtration with highly oxygenated water , and their diet must consist of a variety of quality foods .\nintermediate - these fish must have appropriate tankmates and require attention to diet and tank care .\nthe plain goby cichlid is an omnivore . in the wild they pick algae and microorganisms from the rock biocover . in the aquarium they can be fed nutritious live foods , tablets , and some will accept frozen or flake . flakes are often accepted by captive bred fish though captive caught fish are less enthusiastic . a varied died is important however , as a diet consisting of just flakes has been said to contribute to bloat .\nprovide a diet of high quality spirulina or vegetables such as blanched chopped peas , broccoli or lettuce . also feed crustaceans , cyclops , brine shrimp , glassworms , or other special foods for lake tanganyika cichlids . on rare occasions you can feed bloodworms , but high protein foods such as shellfish , meat ( especially animal meat ) and other worms should be avoided . all fish benefit from vitamins and supplements added to their foods . feed smaller amounts of 2 to 5 small pinches of food several times a day instead of a large quantity once a day .\nsome of diet - avoid high protein foods such as shellfish , animal meat , and worms .\nseveral feedings per day - generally feed 2 - 3 small feedings a day rather than a single large feeding for better water quality .\nthe plain goby cichlid needs diligent maintenance for good water quality . regular partial water changes are very important and removing any uneaten foods will help prevent disease . do water changes of 10 % to 15 % a week , or more frequent changes depending on the nitrite / ammonia levels and stocking numbers .\nthe lake tanganyika cichlids cannot handle large water changes very well unless the new water chemistry closely matches the water they are in . if a large water change is needed , changing 15 % every couple of days should bring water back to normal . this inability to tolerate large water changes is due to lake tanganyika being very deep and the water tends to stay stable .\nweekly - water changes of 10 % to 15 % a week are recommended .\nthe plain goby cichlids will swim mostly on the bottom and occasionally in the middle areas of the tank . though they are a smaller cichlid they are shy and need a minimum 30 gallon aquarium . a tank that is 4 foot long , 75 gallon or more , is better for long term maintenance and if you wish to keep a cichlid community . they need good water movement along with very strong and efficient filtration . extra aeration is suggested for the aquarium to provide optimal oxygen levels . lake tanganyika is a very oxygen rich lake , and in nature these cichlids occur in the\nsurge\nzones near the shore where the water is always high in oxygen .\nwith a fine sand substrate , undergravel filtration is very difficult to implement . an external canister filter or hang on tank filter can be used as long as the flow rate is higher than required for your particular tank because of the oxygenation that is required . make sure the intakes are well above the sand and have a protective cover to prevent sand from entering the filter , or the impeller will wear out quickly .\nfor lake tanganyika cichlids the water needs to be well buffered and maintained with small , regular water changes . they do fine in either freshwater or brackish freshwater . the surge zone areas of lake tanganyika have a ph of over 9 . this is due to the releases of oxygen at the shore called ' faunal exhaust ' . keep an eye on ph parameters for the goby cichlids . a higher ph means that ammonia is more lethal , so water changes are a must for these fish . in addition keep an eye on total hardness and carbonate hardness . avoid overfeeding and overstocking .\nthe best set up is a system of caves that reach almost to the water surface , formed by rocks or flowerpots . though they primarily inhabit the bottom parts of the tank , this provides a higher refuge for the female when the male gets aggressive . laying stones at the bottom and front of the tank for perching and growing the algae the gobies relish is also suggested . positioning the tank near natural sunlight will encourage growing this beneficial algae .\na sandy substrate is needed as it is thought to aid in the goby cichlid\u2019s digestion . it is helpful to use sand that is designed for marine aquariums which will help keep the ph high . salt is sometimes used as a buffering agent to increase the water ' s carbonate hardness . an alternative buffering approach is to use a chemical filtration method , where the water passes through layers of crushed coral or coral sand .\nalthough rift lake cichlids need hard alkaline water they are not found in brackish waters . this cichlid has some salt tolerance so can be kept in slightly brackish water conditions . however it not suited to a full brackish water tank . salinity must be less than about 10 % of a normal saltwater tank , a specific gravity of less than 1 . 0002 .\nfor freshwater an optional practice is to add 1 heaping teaspoon of salt per 11 gallons of water . this is considered to be a simple and natural remedy for wounds , minor fungal infections and film over the eyes of fish in transit . tanganyika cichlids also need iodine for the thyroid to function properly to regulate growth and development , and which can be achieved by adding iodized table salt to the water . be very careful to not add too much salt as this may cause bloat . using a marine salt ( used for salt water fish ) will add some trace elements .\n30 gal ( 114 l ) - the minimum size for a pair of these cichlids is 30 gallons but a 4 foot long , 75 + gallon tank will be needed to keep a cichlid community .\nmoderate - normal lighting - normal lighting is okay , but stronger lighting will help with algae growth .\nsometimes - can tolerate a low salinity , but must be less than 10 % of a normal saltwater tank , a specific gravity of less than 1 . 0002 .\nthe plain goby cichlid is a community cichlid that can be kept with smaller mid - water swimming cichlids . they can be kept alone or in pairs , but are generally not tolerant of their own species when not paired up . in the wild they are the more tolerant of other goby species , but in the aquarium it is a gamble . in fact , this species has a reputation as one of the most abrasive gobies in the aquarium with an overall bad attitude towards conspecifics . they do best in a species specific tank if you want to see much of them or breed them .\nthey can be kept with some other cichlids , but will feel threatened and hide if the other fish swim in the lower regions or compete for the same foods . they will stay hidden in the rockwork but won ' t get hurt . housing with mid - water fish gives them more \u201croom\u201d and allows them to come out of hiding . avoid other cichlids that are too large or boisterous , like the mbuna from lake malawi . good tankmates are species that inhabit the upper and middle areas of the aquarium rather than the lower substrate areas of these fish .\nsemi - aggressive - is generally compatible with mid - water cichlids of similar size but not with the same species .\nsometimes - mostly intolerant of their own species , but can be kept as a pair .\nmales and females have an almost identical appearance , but when adults , the males are larger and develop a more pronounced hump on the forehead .\nthe plain goby cichlid has been bred in captivity . these are the only gobies in the cichlidae family that are not biparental mouthbrooders . this may be because they are the largest of the gobies , allowing the female to carry the eggs full term . only the female cares for the young from beginning to end . a strong bond between the male and female is established by buying around 6 juvenile goby cichlids and waiting for them to pair . once they pair , remove the other fish . just buying a male and female that are not paired will end in the female being harassed to death .\nthe female will clear a flat spot in the tank and display to attract the male . she will lay only 1 or 2 eggs and then immediately pick them up in her mouth . the male then swims over and the female nuzzles his vent until he releases sperm , which she takes into her mouth to fertilize the eggs . she will do this over and over until 10 to 30 orange / yellow eggs are produced . the number is dependant on her age and nutritional levels .\nthe female carries the eggs through hatching and the full development of the fry . the female releases the fry at night , only letting out a few at a time in different areas . the female waits until they find a hiding place but if a fry does not seek shelter , the female pulls it back into her mouth before she moves on .\nprovide small shells and piles of small stones for the fry to hide in after they are released . be sure to cover intakes with screen . if there is a need to remove the 10 mm ( . 3\u201d ) long fry , wait until the female is done releasing the fry so as not to disturb her .\nfeed the fry artemia nauplii and powdered spirulina flake , and within a few weeks they will graze on algae . they double their size in 6 weeks . in 4 to 5 months , they will reach . 9\u201d to 1 . 1\u201d ( 2 . 5 - 3 cm ) and are sexually mature between the 10th and 14th month after the female releases them . in the case of a male being too aggressive toward the female , she can be separated from the male . see more information on breeding cichlids in breeding freshwater fish : cichlids .\nthe goby cichlids are relatively hardy as long as diligent attention is paid to maintaining their environment and diet . these fish are susceptible to typical fish ailments , especially if water is stale and of poor quality and has low oxygenation . an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure . water changes , not overfeeding or overcrowding , and observation along with feeding your fish the proper foods ( thawing frozen food and adding vitamins ) will keep them in optimum health . for freshwater an optional practice is to add 1 heaping teaspoon of salt per 11 gallons of water . this is considered to be a simple and natural remedy for wounds , minor fungal infections and film over the eyes of fish in transit .\none common problem is ich . it can be treated with the elevation of the tank temperature to 86\u00b0 f ( 30\u00b0 c ) for 3 days . if that does not cure the ich , then the fish needs to be treated with copper ( remove any water conditioners ) . several copper based fish medications are available for ich . copper use must be kept within the proper levels , so be sure to follow the manufacturers suggestions . you can also combine increasing the temperature with an ich medication treatment . a copper test also can be used to keep the proper levels .\nas with most fish they are susceptible to skin flukes and other parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , fungal infections , and bacterial infections . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nthe plain goby cichlid is quite rare online or in fish stores . you may be able to special order , but these cichlids are relatively costly and price varies depending on age and size .\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 2 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1993\nmark phillip smith , lake tanganyika cichlids , a complete pet owners manual , 2nd edition , barron ' s educational series , inc . 2007\nglen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005\nrhett butler ,\ncichlids - lake tanganyika\n, mongabay . com , referenced online , 2007\nglen s . axelrod , rift lake cichlids , t . f . h . publications , inc . , 1979\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : a widespread species of the shallow surf zone in the northern parts of lake tanganyika . it is threatened by increased siltation but is sufficiently widespread so as not to qualify as threatened .\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it is distributed in northern the part of lake .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwhere as some fish are from lake tanganyika are overrated , some are actually not given enough credit . a great example of this would be any of the goby cichlids from lake tanganyika .\nall gobies have a somewhat\ndeflated swim bladder making them look like they\nhop\nacross the bottom of the aquarium . they also have a snout - like head and eyes placed high on the head as well . all gobies have a spiny dorsal fin designed to deter birds . this dorsal fin can also be a bit of a hassle in an aquarium net .\nall gobies graze through the algae layer on the rocks , eating both algae and the small organisms living among it . in the aquarium i like to feed them spirulina based flakes and other typical fare . they are not picky eaters and adapt to any food pretty easily . they are not strictly vegetarians .\ni will briefly discuss all five species of gobies but , will concentrate on the few that i have kept in my aquariums .\neretmodus cyanostictus and eretmodus\ncyanostictus north\nare basically the same fish except that the northern type has a more underslung mouth . i really enjoyed keeping this fish . i kept a male of the northern type in a large tanganyikan community tank several years ago . he had a strange nature about him . first , he enjoyed playing hide and seek . ok , ok , he never did close his eyes and count but he used to take turns peering behind a large rock in the center of the aquarium . when you looked at him on the right side of the rock , he would scoot around it and look at you from the left side of the rock . when you leaned over to look at him on the left side of the rock he would go to the right side . it was really crazy . i have multiple witnesses to this spectacle and people would laugh out loud at this nutty fish . of the thousands of fish i kept over the years this is one of the few that my wife , brenda , named . his name was charlie . you ' re not going to get me to admit i called him charlie but my wife did . another strange thing was even though i fed ( how do i say this ? ) charlie , he was more apt to come to the front of the tank from behind his big rock when she was there . talk about weird , it happened every time . alas , charlie is no longer with us and my wife has never attached herself to a fish again .\nthough this eretmodus was a great fish , i got lucky enough to receive a pair that was from bemba . this pair had some orange between their vertical stripes and they had some bright blue spots . they were the best looking gobies i have ever seen and they spawned well for me . the male was about 3 . 25\nand the female a bit smaller then that . they were a wild pair and i understand why wild gobies are so popular ; they are inexpensive for wild fish and the fry take a long time to grow up . anyone who had grown up any altolamprologus can appreciate the growth rate of this fish . i would dare to say it is about as slow as any cichlid ! the babies i had from this pair were always in high demand from anyone who saw them .\nlastly there is the smallest of the bunch , tanganicodus irsacae . a wild pair i owned consisted of an adult male at 2 . 5\nand a female at 2\n. they had nice neon blue dots on them and a pointy mouth . not quite like the snout - like mouth of the other gobies . unfortunately the male never seemed particularly pleased with the female and he always chased her around the tank . she died a few months after i got her , probably from the stress of being chased all the time . i would like to try them again when i get the chance .\nspeaking of chances , why not give one of the tanganyikan gobies a chance and see why i believe this is one underrated fish .\nif you like to see a regular article on new world cichlids similar to this one , ask del calhoun . he promised me two years ago if i took up writing a regular cichlid article that he would do one as well . if you don ' t know who del is , you can find him hanging out in the hall during meetings with a diet coke attached to his left hand . this leaves his right hand free for writing . don ' t be shy . he thinks people who enjoy south american cichlids can ' t read but i don ' t believe that ' s really true . but then again maybe . . . \u25a1\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 174, "summary": [{"text": "the black crested mangabey ( lophocebus aterrimus ) is a species of primate in the family cercopithecidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in angola and democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "black crested mangabey", "paragraphs": ["black - crested mangabey geographic range in africa . map credit : chermundy and iucn .\nzingo , a black - crested mangabey born at brookfield zoo . ( brookfield zoo )\na black crested mangabey , native to the forests of central africa , examines an enrichment puzzle .\nthe black crested mangabey occurs in primary and secondary rainforest , gallery forest and swamp land ( 4 ) .\nthe tana river crested mangabey cercocebus galeritus and the sanje mangabey cercocebus sanjei are listed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature , while the black crested mangabey lophocebus aterminus ssp . is listed as near threatened .\nthe black crested mangabey is found in the democratic republic of the congo , south of the congo river , and in angola ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black crested mangabey ( lophocebus aterrimus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black crested mangabey ( lophocebus aterrimus )\ntitle =\narkive species - black crested mangabey ( lophocebus aterrimus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe white - eyelid mangabey\u2019s genus name \u201ccerocebus\u201d means\ntail monkey\nin greek ; the crested mangabey\u2019s genus name \u201clophocebus\u201d means\ncrest monkey .\nzingo ,\na baby black - crested mangabey was born on july 4 , the zoo said . zingo was born to 7 - year - old mother kiwi and 15 - year - old father videll and is the first black - crested mangabey born at the zoo , which has exhibited the species since 2015 .\nthe black crested mangabey is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) . subspecies : the northern black mangabey ( lophocebus aterrimus aterrimus ) is classified as near threatened and the southern black mangabey ( lophocebus aterrimus opdenboschi ) is classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nas its name suggests , the black crested mangabey ( lophocebus aterrimus ) can be distinguished from other mangabey species by the prominent pointed black crest of hair on top of its head ( 4 ) . often called \u201cthe ones with the thin waist\u201d by locals ( 5 ) , mangabeys are slender monkeys of medium size , with tails that are longer than the length of the body ( 6 ) . the black crested mangabey has coarse black fur on the rest of its body , and grey , outward - curving cheek whiskers ( 7 ) .\nlisted under class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources , the capturing and killing of the black - crested mangabey is currently permitted only with permission .\nlittle information is available on the breeding biology of the black crested mangabey in the wild . in the democratic republic of the congo , the black crested mangabey has been recorded giving birth in the wet season , in july and august ( 16 ) . mangabeys commonly give birth to a single young after a gestation period of five and a half to six months ( 9 ) .\nthe female black crested mangabey is typically smaller and more slender than the male ( 2 ) , and the fur of the juvenile is usually darker than that of the adults ( 8 ) .\nthe yokokala faunal reserve ( also in the democratic republic of the congo ) , was originally created to conserve the population of bonobos , and now also works to conserve the black - crested mangabey population .\nlike many other mangabey species , the black crested mangabey is also hunted for bushmeat ( 1 ) ( 14 ) . the construction of roads by logging companies opens up previously inaccessible areas of forest , increasing the threat of hunting for the region\u2019s wildlife ( 17 ) .\nthe black crested mangabey is listed under appendix ii of the convention of international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that international trade in this species should be carefully controlled ( 3 ) . it is also listed under class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources , which means that capture and killing of the black crested mangabey is only allowed with permission ( 18 ) .\nthe crowned hawk eagle ( stephanoaetus coronatus ) is a common predator of the black crested mangabey . when this bird is detected , the mangabey gives an alarm - bark then seeks cover in the dense canopy foliage , where it will remain silent for many hours ( 13 ) .\nin the 1920s . gray - cheeked and cherry - headed mangabeys were added in the 1930s , and we celebrated the birth of our first sooty mangabey in 1933 and the birth of the first gray - cheeked mangabey in the us in 1936 . black - crested mangabeys were added in 1960 , and our first golden - bellied mangabey arrived in 1991 .\ntoday , the zoo is home to northern black - crested mangabeys . they can be seen living with colobus monkeys along the monkey trail in lost forest .\ntwo subspecies of the black crested mangabey are recognised . lophocebus aterrimus aterrimus occurs in the central congo basin , while lophocebus aterrimus opdenboschi occurs in south - western democratic republic of the congoand north - eastern angola ( 1 ) .\nfemale black - crested mangabeys emit signs of being ready to breed to their male counterparts during estrus , when their buttocks region swells and takes on a pinkish hue .\nalong with habitat loss and destruction , the black - crested mangabey is also naturally threatened by predators , serving in the food chain for leopards , large birds like crowned eagles , and humans who hunt them for the bush - meat trade .\nthe black crested mangabey lives in multi - male , multi - female troops of 9 to 16 individuals ( 4 ) . each troop inhabits a home range of approximately 48 to 70 hectares , which may overlap with the range of other troops ( 4 ) .\nthe black crested mangabey is also found in the lomako - yokokala faunal reserve in the democratic republic of the congo ( 1 ) , an area created in 2006 to conserve an important population of bonobos ( pan paniscus ) and numerous other species ( 20 ) .\nthe zoo tv series : baby white crowned mangabey hand reared in dublin zoo . mp4\nhorn , a . d . ( 1987 ) the socioecology of the black mangabey ( cercocebus aterrimus ) near lake tumba , zaire . american journal of primatology , 12 : 165 - 180 .\nthe black - crested mangabeys\u2019 genus name , \u201clophocebus , \u201d means\ncrest monkey\nin greek . \u200b locals have referred to them as \u2018baboon - mangabeys , \u2019 since they resemble the baboon species .\nsince the black crested mangabey does not have the contrasting , bright eyelids which are used as social signals by other mangabey species , it relies on a series of calls for communication ( 9 ) . the distinct \u2018whoop - gobble\u2019 call can be heard from a distance of one kilometre and is used by sexually mature males to maintain distance between groups . the \u2018whoop\u2019 functions as a signal for others to listen and the \u2018gobble\u2019 is specific to each individual , showing their location in the forest ( 10 ) . a variety of nasal grunts are used to indicate when the group starts to move , and the male black crested mangabey also emits grunts to greet and comfort juveniles ( 10 ) .\nthe zoo said that a young mangabey will cling to its mom ' s abdomen as she moves around .\nthe long tail of the golden - bellied mangabey , like other old world monkeys , is not prehensile .\nthe black crested mangabey occurs in the salonga national park in the democratic republic of the congo ( 1 ) , an area where the united nations educational , scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) and united nations foundation ( unf ) are working to preserve the forest and its wildlife by training and motivating staff to protect the park ( 19 ) .\nthe black crested mangabey\u2019s diet consists primarily of fruit and seeds , although it may also feed on some flowers , young leaves , nectar and bark ( 1 ) ( 14 ) . small animal prey , such as insects , may also be occasionally eaten ( 4 ) ( 14 ) . all mangabey species have large incisors to bite into fruit and flat molars which help to crack open and crush hard seeds ( 15 ) . mangabeys also have large food pouches in the cheeks , used to store food ( 5 ) .\nthe salonga national park in the democratic republic of the congo , is an area where the united nations educational , scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) and united nations foundation ( unf ) works to preserve the forest and its inhabitants , including their population of black - crested mangabeys .\nthe unregulated and often illegal extraction of timber from the congo basin is probably the greatest threat to the black crested mangabey , as an unrelenting demand for timber from around the world drives the destruction of this primate\u2019s habitat ( 1 ) ( 14 ) ( 17 ) . the threat of logging is compounded by a growing human population in the region , causing an increase in land converted for cultivation ( 17 ) .\na highly arboreal monkey ( 6 ) ( 11 ) , the black crested mangabey typically forages in the middle and upper canopy , 12 to 30 metres off the ground ( 4 ) . mangabeys are able to jump up to five metres between trees as they forage ( 4 ) , but may also occasionally venture down to the forest floor in search of food ( 12 ) . most foraging takes place in the morning ( 13 ) .\nmangabeys , like this one grooming another golden - bellied mangabey ' s back , move through the forest by day , traveling in troops .\nbeing highly social creatures , the nature of the black - crested mangabey is known as non - aggressive and friendly . since they are mostly tree dwellers , or arboreal by nature , they are considered to be excellent jumpers , and will very seldom descend to the forest grounds . this species is also known to be diurnal , which means their foraging activity is concentrated during the daytime . they use a locomotion known as arboreal quadrupedalism , where they move through branches horizontally , and at a rapid pace , on all four of their limbs .\n\u200b diet the diet of a black - crested mangabey includes primarily vegetative substances , like fruit , nuts , seeds , leaves and flowers . nectar is also sometimes an important food source during some months , along with maize or sweet potatoes from neighboring crops . their large incisors and flat molars allow them to crack open hard seeds or nuts , and bite into fruit and that\u2019s far too tough - skinned for other primates . they will also sometimes use their teeth to rip off the bark on trees , allowing them to feed upon insects and spiders living underneath .\ntaxonomists have put mangabeys into two separate genera based on physical differences : white - eyelid mangabeys ( cercocebus species ) and crested mangabeys ( lophocebus species ) which have dark skin and eyelids and crests of hair on their heads . in 2006 , a third genera was added : rungwecebus , for the highland mangabey , which is the first new primate genus in 83 years .\n\u200b ecological role dispersing seeds around the forest is one of the main ecological roles that black - crested mangabeys play in helping to regrow the forests that they occupy . they have also been seen to toss fruit to the ground after taking a single bite , which inadvertently , serves as a source of food for some other species . pollination may also occur as a result of their consumption of nectar . \u200b\nblack - crested mangabeys are classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list and listed on appendix ii of convention of international trade in endangered species ( cites ) . one of the greatest threats to this species is the illegal and unregulated uprooting of timber from the congo basin . as the human population continues to expand in that area , the need for land converted for human logging becomes even greater , thus diminishing the homes of these creatures .\nthe mangabey was named for what europeans thought was their homeland . the first shipment of these primates was labeled as coming from mangabe , a port in madagascar , but there are no mangabeys native to madagascar .\nwhite - eyelid mangabeys are most closely related to mandrills and drills , and the males are much larger than the females . crested mangabeys are more closely related to baboons and geladas , and both males and females are about the same size .\npeople continue to destroy mangabey habitat by logging the trees in their forest homes and hunting the monkeys illegally for bushmeat . and because mangabeys are such fruit lovers , they tend to raid fruit plantations and are often killed as pests .\nmangabeys can be golden brown , gray , dark brown , or a soft black , depending on the species or subspecies , usually with a lighter color on the underbelly . youngsters are generally darker than the adults . white - collared mangabeys have reddish hair on their head , a\nbeard\non each cheek , and white hair that wraps around their neck like a collar ( hence the name ! ) . black mangabeys have long , grayish brown whiskers that almost cover their ears and a high crest on their head\u2014a pointy hairdo !\nthese large forest dwellers are found only in africa . they look somewhat like guenons but are bigger . local people call some of them\nthe ones with the thin waist\nor\nfour - eyed monkeys ,\nbecause some mangabey species have bright white eyelids .\nincluding ( over ) hunting and habitat loss . many mangabey populations are severely limited in population size and areas of inhabited forest . along with other large primates such as chimpanzees and gorillas , these monkeys are among the first of the larger mammals to disappear from forests close to human settlements .\nwhen a male becomes sexually mature , he leaves his troop to find another one to join . if he can ' t find one , he lives alone until he does ; single males do not form all - male groups . when there is plenty of food available , mangabey troops often gather together for a while and even exchange troop members .\nmangabeys have some interesting ways of communicating with each other . it ' s often hard to see one another in the dense forest canopy , so sound is very important . in fact , mangabeys can be very noisy ! a special throat sac gives them a booming voice . the sac is larger in the adult male\u2014he can make shrieking alarm calls to alert others to danger , and he barks , twitters , and grunts to let other mangabey groups in the area know where his is so they don ' t accidentally intrude . the adult females often join in with a loud chorus .\nmuch like baboons , a female mangabey ' s buttocks swell when she is ready to breed . this is her visual signal to the adult males . a single infant is born with soft fur , and its eyes are open . its instinct to grasp onto its mother is so strong that it often grabs at the mother ' s hair with its hands as it ' s being born ! newborns cling to the mother ' s belly ; older infants often ride on her back . young are weaned when 7 to 10 months old , but stay near their mother until she gives birth to a new sibling . mature females stay with their troop , but males leave the group when they are about five years old .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nkingdon , j . ( 1997 ) the kingdon field guide to african mammals . academic press , london .\nrowe , n . ( 1996 ) the pictorial guide to the living primates . pogonia press , rhode island .\nmacdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .\ngroves , c . ( 2001 ) primate taxonomy . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .\nfield , l . p . ( 2003 ) mangabeys : cercocebus and lophocebus . north american regional studbook . sacramento zoo , sacramento .\nestes , r . d . ( 1991 ) the behavior guide to african mammals . university of california press : california .\ndunbar , r . and barrett , l . ( 2000 ) cousins . bbc worldwide , london .\nlee , p . c . , thornback , j . and bennett , e . l . ( 1988 ) threatened primates of africa . the iucn red data book . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge .\nstrier , k . b . ( 2000 ) primate behavioural ecology . allyn & bacon , boston .\nnowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) primates of the world . the john hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .\nafrican wildlife foundation ( 2006 ) a big win for conservation in drc - lomako yokokala faunal reserve officially gazetted . awf , 14 july . available at : urltoken\nkevin schafer photography 2148 halleck ave sw seattle wa 98116 usa tel : + 01 ( 206 ) 933 - 1668 fax : + 01 ( 206 ) 933 - 1659 kevin @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngrubb et al . ( 2003 ) recognized two subspecies , l . a . aterrimus and l . a . opdenboschi , in contrast to groves ( 2001 , 2005 ) who considered the two as worthy of recognition as distinct species .\njustification : listed as near threatened in view of the intensifying hunting pressure for the bushmeat trade with additional pressure from habitat loss , which is believed to have resulted in a decline in the order of 20 - 25 % over the past ~ 27 years . almost qualifies as threatened under criterion a2d .\nthis species is found south of the congo river in the democratic republic of the congo , in rainforest in lowland areas of the south - west congo basin and into angola ( gautier - hion et al . 1999 ) . there are two subspecies ( following grubb et al . 2003 ) : l . a . aterrimus is found in the central congo basin ; l . a . opdenboschi is found in north - eastern angola and south - western democratic republic of the congo .\nalthough widespread , its population size is not really known and further details are needed . densities of 70 individuals / km\u00b2 have been recorded in some localities .\nthis species is found in primary and secondary moist forests . in salonga national park , it has been observed in swamp forests , but does not occupy swamp in lomako ( mcgraw 1994 ) . it utilizes all forest levels ( especially the middle canopy layers ) , but seldom descends to the ground ( horn 1987 ; mcgraw 1994 ) . its diet consists largely of fruits and seeds , with high rates of nectarivory in some months of the year in salonga ; foraging activity is concentrated in the early morning ( horn 1987 ; mcgraw 1994 ; gautier - hion and maisels 1994 ) .\nlittle is known about the status of this species . however , it is subject to intensive , uncontrolled hunting for its meat in most parts of the range , and it is also vulnerable to loss of forest habitat .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of cites and as class b according to the african convention . it is present in salonga national park , lukuru community reservation and the proposed lomako conservation area .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , to whom they are believed to have diverged from only about four million years ago .\ndiurnal : foraging for food is done in the early morning or daylight hours .\nprimary rainforest : rainforest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition .\nsecondary rainforest : rainforest that has re - grown after a major disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary rainforest .\nphilopatric : tending to return to or remain near a particular site or area .\nestrus : a recurring period of sexual receptivity and fertility in many female mammals .\nmales of this species often times leave their natal groups , while females are conversely philopatric , and remain in their natal groups as central figures . smaller groups are sometimes formed that split off from the main group or troop .\nliving in a multi - male , multi - female group of 9 to 16 individuals , each groups\u2019 home range may overlap with the home range of another group , as they can occupy a range of 118 to 173 acres ( 47 to 70 hectares ) of land each . \u200b\nthe wet seasons in july and august are when females typically give birth . the gestation period lasts for a period of 5 \u00bd to 6 months , resulting in a birth of a single offspring . babies - who can weigh anywhere between 1 . 1 to 1 . 3lbs ( 18 to 21oz ) , cling to their mothers\u2019 bellies , and ride on their mothers\u2019 backs when juveniles .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsorry , but the location you entered was not found . please try again .\nif you ' re looking for something to do this weekend , you might want to head to the brookfield zoo to meet the newest arrival .\nif you ' re lucky , you ' ll be able to see zingo in the tropic world : africa exhibit . the mangabeys have access to the habitat on a rotation basis with the colobus , another primate species , until the new family gets acclimated and the groups can be introduced to each other .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 abc inc . , wls - tv chicago . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nprimate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center ( wprc ) library at the university of wisconsin - madison . wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311 , national primate centers program , national center for research resources , the national institutes of health .\ndisclaimer : the wisconsin primate research center provides primate info net as an informational service . we are not responsible for the content of linked sites , nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content .\nall mangabeys have a tail that is longer than their body , providing balance for them as they scamper through the rain forest canopy .\nadult male mangabeys also make a sound that biologists call a whoop - gobble . the whoop gets the attention of other mangabeys in the area ; the gobble tells everyone who and where he is . this unique call may be heard for a distance of up to 1 , 000 yards ( 1 kilometer ) .\nwhite is an important color when you need to get your point across . white - collared mangabeys use movements of their white - tipped tails to express themselves . white hair on the underside of the chin helps make other facial gestures more noticeable . for white - eyelid mangabeys , batting their eyelids and raising their eyebrows can have a whole range of meanings . making these facial expressions and flashing their white eyelids against their darker fur help get the message across . flashing eyelids can mean\nwarning\u2014watch your step !\nspending most of their time there . however , white - eyelid mangabeys are also comfortable on the ground , traveling on their hands and feet between patches of forest or to forage in the leaf litter for tasty food items . in some areas of the forest , the ground is swampy , but that\u2019s not a problem for mangabeys . webbing between their fingers and toes helps these amazing monkeys swim !\nall mangabeys are excellent jumpers , and gray - cheeked mangabeys and white - collared mangabeys have a tail that is strong enough to hook onto branches as they leap about the forest canopy .\nmangabeys are mainly fruit eaters , although they can also eat leaves , nuts , seeds , insects , and spiders . powerful teeth and jaws help them crack hard nut shells or bite into thick - skinned fruits . mangabeys also tear bark from trees using their teeth and hands to find bugs and spiders hiding underneath . large cheek pouches act like a shopping cart : mangabeys fill their pouches with food until full ! the biggest meal of the day for mangabeys is breakfast , and they start foraging for food in the early morning , often before the sun comes up .\nlike many monkey species , mangabeys lick nectar from flowers , moving from tree to tree for this sweet feast , earning them status as pollinators as well as seed dispersers .\nat the san diego zoo , the mangabeys are offered low - starch , high - fiber biscuits , assorted fruits ( such as apples , grapes , melons ) , vegetables ( green beans , corn , eggplant ) , and greens ( cabbage , lettuce , kale ) . enrichment treats can include raisins , popcorn , and peanuts .\n, depending on the species and the availability of food and habitat . there is usually one adult male that acts as leader and the troop ' s defender , but sometimes the larger troops have two or three adult males that split off with their own family units to forage for food .\nthe association of zoos and aquariums has a species survival plan ( ssp ) for mangabeys which helps to maintain genetic diversity in zoo populations ; the ssp works with various zoos to help them care for these primates . san diego zoo global is involved in the ssp effort to protect these forest monkeys from extinction .\nyou can help us bring mangabeys and other primate species back from the brink by supporting the san diego zoo global wildlife conservancy . together we can save and protect wildlife around the globe ."]}
{"id": 181, "summary": [{"text": "mumtaz mahal ( 1921 \u2013 1945 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse who the national sporting library 's thoroughbred heritage website says was \" one of the most important broodmares of the 20th century \" .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "she was named for empress mumtaz mahal , wife of mughal empire ruler shah jahan of taj mahal fame .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "bred by lady sykes at her sledmere stud in driffield , east riding of yorkshire , mumtaz mahal was out of the mare lady josephine .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "her sire was the tetrarch , whom the thoroughbred heritage website also said was \" probably the greatest two-year-old of all time \" , and that he was \" possibly the greatest runner ever . \" ", "topic": 14}], "title": "mumtaz mahal ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["champion racehorse and broodmare mumtaz mahal . | historic h o r s e s | pinterest | horse , race horses and thoroughbred horse\narguably the most influential of mumtaz mahal\u2019s descendants was the truly great sire and sire of sires , nasrullah .\nmumtaz mahal , a legendary broodmare and fantastic sprint racer is impossible to ignore - - and her unusual spotted coat seems appropriate because she is a rare animal indeed . blazingly fast , she was called the flying filly . mumtaz mahal is described as lightening fast , having faultless conformation , with quality , size and a good temperament . she was the champion two year in england , and many say she is the fastest filly of all times . she was bred by lady sykes and bought as a yearling by the aga khan . mumtaz mahal is at the head of his most successful family of winners .\n. the second dam of nasrullah is the \u201cflying filly , \u201d english champion 2 - year - old filly mumtaz mahal ( by the tetrarch ) , who became a great foundation mare for the aga khan .\nmumtaz mahal is also the ancestress of the legendary new zealand broodmare eight carat , whose champion son octagonal ( zabeel ) is the sire of lonhro , whose son the conglomerate won saturday\u2019s gr1 vodacom durban july .\nthe tetrarch is a source of speed in our modern horses . his influence comes from horses like mumtaz mahal , the dam of mumtaz begum ( the dam of nasrullah ) and sun princess ( the dam of royal charger ) . royal charger and nasrullah are 3 / 4 - brothers and are found in the pedigree of seattle slew . mumtaz mahal is the dam of mah mahal the dam of mahmoud , who showed his speed as a winner of the 7 furlong champagne stakes and the 6 furlong richmond stakes . he also won the epsom derby at 1 mile , 4 furlongs and 6 yards . mahmoud was the sire of moolah bux , who is a sire of quarter horse runners .\nthe honorius story is one of many threads , beginning way back to the the tetrarch , the unbeaten star of the turf who stamped so many his progeny with his distinctive grey coat - including the wondrous mumtaz mahal .\nwhile there have been a number of outstanding broodmares of recent times , headed by the likes of urban sea , few will doubt that the mumtaz mahal\u2019s clan still has a major part to play in the world\u2019s best races .\nmumtaz mahal , who won seven of ten outings and was a champion 2yo and champion sprinter , is also the ancestor of this season\u2019s top class 3yo zarak , runner up in this year\u2019s gr1 prix du jockey club ( french derby ) .\na son of dubawi , zarak is the first runner for the brilliant and undefeated arc winner zarkava ( zamindar ) , herself a direct descendant of another outstanding racemare in petite etoile ( petition ) . the latter\u2019s fourth dam being none other than mumtaz mahal .\namong the most recent top class performers to trace back in female line to mumtaz mahal is 2015 cartier champion and horse of the year golden horn ( cape cross ) \u2013 who won seven of nine outings , including the g1 investec derby and gr1 prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe , and who is now standing at stud in newmarket .\n1952 , 1953 and 1954 quarter horse champion gelding brigand , from the 1949 crop by depth charge , raced on both thoroughbred and quarter horse tracks .\n3 - time quarter horse world champion woven web tb was sent to quarter horse racing by the king ranch and ran under the name miss princess .\n; to dodoma ii ( by dastur ) , dam of 1949 english champion 2 - year - old filly diableretta ( by dante ) and three other stakes winners ; and to bibibeg ( by bahram ) , dam of three stakes winners . nasrullah ' s dam mumtaz begum is a half sister to mah mahal ( by gainsborough ) , dam of 1936 derby stakes winner mahmoud , and to rustom mahal\nthere are lessons in this pedigree that we may apply to our sport horse breeding programs . mumtaz mahal is not inbred herself . she is out of two inbred parents . each side of the pedigree engages the background of the opposite side ' s inbreeding . this is why she was a top sprinter herself , she improved and intergrated the bloodlines of the parents .\nmany a high class performer has stemmed from this branch of the mumtaz mahal dynasty , none better than the masterpiece zarkava - the first filly in 15 years to defeat the older horses in the world ' s great test of thoroughbred class , the prix de l ' arc de triomphe .\nmumtaz mahal ( gb ) gr . m , 1921 { 9 - c } dp = 0 - 16 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 16 ) di = inf cd = 1 . 00 - 10 starts , 7 wins , 2 places , 0 shows career earnings : \u00a313 , 933\none of the mumtaz mahal clan ' s finest achievements is petite etoile , the winner of 14 of her 19 starts - never once out of the first two . the highest ever timeform rated three - year - old filly until bettered only slightly by her relation habibti over two decades later .\nin the breeding of sport horses we have all been told to avoid sprinting thoroughbred lines , that they are generally not good riding horse material . if there was ever a proof that this bias is foolish , we can see it here . mumtaz mahal is the dam of badruddin , mirza ii , rustom mahal - who is dam of abernant , mah mahal who inturn produced mahmoud , and also mah iran , and mumtaz begum - - who produced nasrullah ( the greastest overall sport line anywhere ) and sun princess - - the dam of royal charger . these are only some of her progeny , but these lines are interwoven into the modern race horse , and yes , the modern sport horse . in addition , her dam , lady josephine , is the dam of the fast and sound fair trial , and his sister sansonnet who is the dam of tudor minstrel . this is a virtual who ' s who of important thoroughbred bloodlines - - all stemming from one mare and her mother .\neven though the duplicated lines in her parents are stayers , not sprinters , concentrating them this close up will produce speed . the experts state that building up the far reaches of the pedigree does the opposite : produce stamina . and it looks like mumtaz mahal shows there is merit in this theory .\nwe find mumtaz whereever great sport performance is found , and her grandson nasrullah is rated # 1 sport horse sireline in north america . read more about these bloodlines in legacy of lexington - - 20 % off when ordered from this site .\nundoubtedly there will be a protocol change now , once the horse has literally bolted . . . .\nas befitting a horse named after a roman emperor , honorius is a horse of great style and presence and he is sure to impress breeders as he begins his stud career at larneuk stud , euroa .\nit should not be forgotten however , that golden horn , while being by a very good sire , owes plenty to his superb female line . he traces back to the mighty mumtaz mahal , as does another arc winner of recent times , zarkava ( zamindar ) , while other recent stars tracing back to the \u201cflying filly\u201d include former sa horse of the year , igugu ( galileo ) and this season\u2019s gr1 pretty polly stakes winner , diamondsandrubies ( fastnet rock ) .\nif you have sport success in your horses than you probably have mumtaz mahal or a close relative of her in your lineages . a product of two tightly bred parents : the tetrarch - - who is 3x3 to the full siblings clementina / tadcaster , and lady josephine who is 4x4 to the full siblings the nun / norfolk . this pattern is extremely potent - - which her outstanding breeding career demonstrates .\nnasrullah\u2019s three parts brother royal charger , whose dam sun princess was a granddaughter of mumtaz mahal , also formed a remarkable potent male line , with outstanding male line descendants including the likes of hail to reason , roberto , sir ivor , sir tristram , zabeel , lonhro ( and thus july winner the conglomerate as well ) , sunday silence , more than ready , deep impact , sebring , and habitat to name but a few .\nnz connemara soc . nz farriers assn . aust / nz friesian soc . nz hanoverian soc . irish draught horse soc . advertising options\nmumtaz mahal was dubbed\nthe flying filly\nafter this daughter of the tetrarch proved herself one of the fastest two - year - olds ever . an early purchase for the aga khan , she also became one of his most important foundation mares . her descendants , which include mahmoud , nasrullah , royal charger , abernant , petite etoile , and shergar , spread her influence around the world , making her one of the most important broodmares of the 20th century .\nholy bull was champion three - year - old in 1994 , and won $ 2 . 4 million in his racing career . the son of great above ( by minnesota mac ) got his grey coloring came from his dam , sharon brown , whose parents both descended from the legendary mahmoud . sharon brown\u2019s sire al hatta , was by mahmoud\u2019s son the axe , and he was out of abyssinia , a descendant of mumtaz mahal , a grey dauighter of \u201cthe spotted wonder\u201d ,\ntwo years later an imposing son of danehill , a horse standing his second season at coolmore stud , was chosen as zarinia ' s mate .\nmah iran was the second best two - year - old filly of 1941 and became the dam of migoli ( 1944 by bois roussel ) , winner of the prix de l ' arc de triomphe , eclipse stakes , champion stakes , and second in the derby . migoli later sired the american belmont stakes winner gallant man . migoli ' s sister , star of iran ( by bois roussel - mah iran ) , produced the great filly petite etoile ( 1956 by petition ) , who was inbred 4x5 to lady josephine through mumtaz mahal and lady juror .\nthis season\u2019s smart british 3yo algometer ( archipenko ) is yet another from this female line \u2013 with his dam being triple gr1 winner and horse of the year albanova .\nand her blood flows through many a great australian horse with eight carat - record breaking dam of five group one winners including the champion octagonal - also a descendant .\ndepth charge sired only two starters in quarter horse races from 1955 to 1957 . they were dry powder and submersion . dry power had one start on quarter horse tracks and was unplaced . dry power made 57 thoroughbred starts , including 13 wins and she placed in the 1957 miss cleveland stakes . the dam of dry powder is brown satin by contradiction . submersion had 47 starts with only four wins and was unplaced from one start on quarter horse tracks . she is out of beau maid by beau pere .\nsuch as caulfield cup hero mongolian khan , also winner of the new zealand and australian derbies . . . the only horse to claim all three of those coveted group one races .\nworld champion johnny dial , a 1948 quarter horse son of depth charge , helped establish his sire as a progenitor of speed . johnny dial set or equaled four track records at four different tracks .\nfive of her progeny , including canadian horse of the year l ' enjoleur , were stakes winners and she spurred a dynasty whose members include the australian champion stallions flying spur and encosta de lago .\nincluding a tough fellow by the name of honorius , a horse whose illustrious background demands attention ! a proven high class sire line , an internationally prolific family . . . he has it all .\nthe conglomerate ( whose dam is the australian gr1 star republic lass ) is the eighth gr1 winner for former horse of the year lonhro ( whose 26 wins included no fewer than 11 at gr1 level .\nthe tetrarch ,\nthrough his champion daughter mumtaz mahal , the tetrarch\u2019s bloodline has continued through nasrullah , bold ruler , and secretariat .\nurltoken tim tam , oh what could of been . urltoken\nwinner of the 1958 kentucky derby and preakness who was thought to have a huge chance to win the belmont . indeed , he was leading down the stretch in that race , toward a sure victory . but he fractured a sesamoid bone and hobbled to the line in second place he retired to a successful stud career , and sired champion filly tosmah in 1961\ntriplicate gets a visit from fred astaire . triplicate is a winner of the 1946 hollywood gold cup . what a shame it will be no more . urltoken champion sire turn - to urltoken also saw a few with him in their pedigrees during the sales whats with the man o war essence ? lol upset in a pose , the only horse to beat man o war urltoken\nin addition , mumtaz is a phenomenal broodmare , she and her sister are so prolific that they are considered part of the fabric of the modern thoroughbred . she has the three daughter lines of the broodmare sire hermit - - a filly factor . the full siblings from her sire and dam provided strong filly - colt factor combinations . this is a beautiful pedigree - - excellence for performance and for breeding . when building our sport horse lineages we want to try to have a pattern like this , not of course with sprinting lines , but with sport transmitters . when we have a horse that has good sport duplications close up , we will want to find a mate that connects to the background of that strength and / or provides an equally potent design in different beneficial bloodlines - - like you see here .\nfrom horse racing simulation facebook :\ntoday in horse racing history \u2013 july 02 , 1989 : jockey steve cauthen became the first rider in history to sweep the world ' s four major derbies after winning the irish derby with old vic . he had previously won the kentucky derby with affirmed ( 1978 ) , the epsom derby with slip anchor ( 1985 ) and reference point ( 1987 ) and the french derby with old vic ( 1989 ) .\nthe thoroughbred jackstraw , who traces to the broodmare sire of depth charge\u2019s sire bold venture , is another source of quarter horse speed and has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke , the broodmare sire of three bars .\ndepth charge is by bold venture and out of the hertz owned mare quickly , by haste . depth charge was sold as a weanling to the king ranch of kingsville , texas , which is the first twist in his story that set him on the road to being an influence on the quarter horse breed . the king ranch is noted for the development of the old sorrel line of quarter horses and the santa gertrudis breed of beef cattle . the king ranch also contributed to quarter horse racing as the owner and / or breeder of horses like the thoroughbreds woven web , aka \u201cmiss princess , \u201d chicaro , top deck and depth charge , who are all important contributors to the quarter horse breed .\nwe ' ve had g1 winners with a lot of chrome , but nothing as loud as the horse above . generally , racing tb breeders don ' t give a hoot about color . most flashy tbs are bred for the halter and / or sport horse markets . appaloosa markings ( lp complex ) have not been shown to occur in thoroughbreds . first secretary would not have been able to be registered as a thoroughbred . a horse can be registered as a tb only if both its parents are registered tbs . first secretary was registered as an appaloosa . he never raced due to his november foaling date , but stood at stud and sired 247 foals including 39 racing starters . appaloosas race together with paints . some racing appaloosas have pedigrees that include considerable quarter horse and / or thoroughbred blood . there ' s a horse named lucky chappy , foaled in ireland , that has placed in graded stakes company for team valor . he is a rabicano with a white tail head and roaning on his hindquarters . he is registered as a bay . then there ' s oxbow , who has some sort of sabino / rabicano thing going on . in japan , there is the white horse , yukichan . she was a g2 winner before being retired to broodmare duty . she is a granddaughter of sunday silence ( aren ' t they all ? ) and her dam seems to have been a spontaneous dominant white mutation .\nnasrullah was bred and owned by the aga khan , who initially stood the horse at barton grange stud in suffolk . after the 1944 breeding season , he sold the horse to joe mcgrath for \u00a319 , 000 , and * nasrullah moved to ireland . mcgrath , in turn , sold the horse to a . b .\nbull\nhancock of claiborne farm for \u00a3150 , 000 ( variously reported as equivalent to us $ 340 , 000 , $ 370 , 000 , or $ 372 , 000 , depending on the source consulted ) with the sale taking effect after the 1950 breeding season ; mcgrath retained one breeding right . * nasrullah died of a ruptured heart at claiborne farm on may 26 , 1959 .\nmoving on to royal ascot , she won the five furlong queen mary stakes , coasting home by ten lengths . it was here that mumtaz mahal earned her sobriquet\nthe flying filly\nand deservedly so . next came the national breeders produce stakes at sandown , also at five furlongs , which she won by four lengths . at goodwood , she won the molecomb stakes ( five furlongs ) but another awesome ten lengths . stepped up to six furlongs in the champagne stakes at doncaster , she won by three lengths . in her final start of the year , in the imperial produce stakes ( kempton ) on october 12 , she was clearly not at her best , barely handled the deep going and bravely lost the six furlong test by half a length to the colt arcade , feeling the whip for the first time .\nnever tasting defeat , zarkava earned the title of cartier european horse of the year and has already produced a group one winner - her son zarak charging home from the rear to claim the grand prix de saint - cloud in early july .\nthe thoroughbred jackstraw , who traces to the broodmare sire of depth charge\u2019s sire bold venture , is another source of quarter horse speed and has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke ( shown ) , the broodmare sire of three bars .\nkristen manning is a freelance racing writer and pedigree analyst based in melbourne . a keen owner / breeder who loves every aspect of thoroughbred horse racing , she has written two books focusing on the deeds of fields of omagh and prince of penzance .\ndepth charge found himself back in quarter horse territory when he was sold to audie murphy in 1957 . gordon shultz , who later bought an interest in depth charge with murphy , stood the horse . his 1958 foals show 13 starters with 10 rom , one stakes winner and two stakes placed . his stakes winner was midland miss , winner of the brigand handicap . midland miss is out of bobbie leo by leo by champion joe reed ii , and out of frye\u2019s breeze by flying bob by chicaro .\npedigree newsletter : the five - cross files will be featured in a new pedigree analysis newsletter from bloodhorse . com . to sign up for this free weekly email - - or any other newsletters from the blood - horse - - just click here .\nthe 1949 crop for depth charge also did their share of promoting their sire . he sired 12 starters in quarter horse races that included nine rom , three stakes winners and two stakes placed runners . the stakes winners were chudej\u2019s black gold , miss tacubaya and brigand .\nmah mahal ( gr . f . 1928 by gainsborough ) dead - heated for first once in seven starts at two , and won a minor handicap at worcester at three . she produced nine foals , led by epsom derby winner mahmoud ( gr . c . 1933 by blenheim ii ) , who stood a couple seasons in france before being sent to kentucky , where he became a leading sire . mah mahal ' s other foals included khan bahadur ( c . 1935 by blenheim ii ) winner of the prince of wales ' s stakes and rous memorial stakes ; pherozshah ( c . 1934 by pharos ) , sire of rose o ' lynn ( dam of buisson ardent , venture vii ) before his export to a successful stud career in new zealand ; golden fawn ( 1937 by bahram ) , a major stakes winner in india ; and mah iran ( f . 1939 by href =\nbahram . html\n> bahram\ngoing down fighting when only just being beaten by teofilo in the group one dewhurst stakes at newmarket , holy roman emperor looked to have so much ahead of him but with fellow coolmore horse george washington proving infertile he was rushed off to stud to fill that gap on the roster .\nthe first depth charge crop produced in kentucky was foaled in 1952 . he had only five quarter horse starters with just two rom , all out of thoroughbred mares . the rom earners included spanish charge , a 2 - time stakes winner in the ruidoso derby and state fair stallion stakes .\na frustrating mix of talent and temperament while on the race course in england , nasrullah was no easier to handle as a stallion . nonetheless , the tempestuous horse became a leading sire on both sides of the atlantic and has wielded tremendous influence as both a sire of winners and a broodmare sire\nuk horse of the year , one whose record mare earnings took ten years to surpass . a true legend of the turf - and another great mare to make her mark over the generations with her unraced daughter zahra the foundation mare of the aga khan ' s prolific\nz\nfamily .\nlittle wonder that australians have been keen to tap into the influence of this family and it was kia - ora stud , nsw who imported zariya ' s irish bred granddaughter zarinia in 2005 . . . and they struck gold early with her second foal being south african horse of the year igugu .\na bay horse , nasrullah stood 16 . 1 - 1 / 2 hh . he was a handsome and brilliantly talented individual whose racing career was negatively impacted by his willful and ungenerous disposition . among his other bad habits , he was inclined to pull himself up on making the lead , making it quite difficult to time his finishing run . a strongly made , well balanced horse with exceptional muscling through the gaskins , he had a notably sloping croup which was passed on to many of his descendants . nasrullah was quite intelligent and invariably acted worse around humans who could be cowed by a show of temperament .\nflipping through the pages of this week ' s issue of the blood - horse , i did my usual cursory glance at the horses for sale section of the classified ads . one of the entries screamed out\nlovely young dynaformer mare . . .\nand i decided to dig a little deeper .\nthis male line has well and truly flourished in south africa , with current successful representatives including champion sires al mufti and captain al , the successful sire and equus champion greys inn ( sire of legal eagle \u2013 the probable horse of the year for this season ) , and the very promising young sire philanthropist .\nseveral of these early depth charge runners were out of thoroughbred mares , so they were thoroughbreds that competed in both quarter horse and thoroughbred races . these runners included encantadora , winner of the 1950 central bar and grill futurity . she was undefeated from three starts in quarter horse races and had 28 starts in thoroughbred races that included 11 victories . encantadora was a stakes winner in the 1st division of the 1950 silver stakes and set three track records at centennial race track , including a world record for 5 furlongs in 57 seconds . this mare was king ranch bred and out of bruja , by livery . the dam of bruja was chicaro\u2019s hallie by chicaro .\nchampion sire in france in 2009 , cape cross , who has been represented by 10 stakes winners in 2015 , has had just a handful of runners in south africa , with his best being dollarmation , the latter beating subsequent horse of the year , ilha da vitoria ( candy stripes ) when second in the gr2 elevation stakes .\ninterestingly , golden horn is inbred to lorenzaccio ( klairon ) \u2013a horse who broke the hearts of many racing fans when defeating the great nijinsky ii in the champion stakes of 1970 . lorenzaccio\u2019s name will live in pedigrees for decades thanks to the deeds of his hugely successful son , ahonoora \u2013sire of classic winners don\u2019t forget me and dr devious , outstanding sire and broodmare sire , indian ridge , and broodmare sire of such horses as cape cross , derby winner and champion , new approach ( galileo ) , influential speed sire , acclamation ( royal applause ) , and us horse of the year , azeri ( jade hunter ) , to name but a few . ahonoora is also broodmare sire of former champion sa sprinter tracy\u2019s element \u2013 herself dam of ill - fated australian horse of the year , typhoon tracy ( red ransom ) . other notable performers inbred to lorenzaccio include irish derby runner up , definite article - best known as the sire of four time gr1 irish st leger winner vinnie roe .\nand designs on rome , hong kong horse of the year . as well as south american stars salto olimpico and maraton , hong kong mile winner beauty only , nz 1000 guineas winner rollout the carpet , oakleigh plate victor sheidel , american big race winner rich tapestry , uk 1000 guineas heroine homecoming queen and the , high class french galloper morandi .\nhaunted , from the 1950 crop by depth charge , ran on thoroughbred tracks and never had a start in a quarter horse race . she won the 1950 cinderella stakes as one of her four wins from 12 starts . she was second in the hollywood lassie stakes . the dam of haunted was bruja by livery and out of chicaro\u2019s hallie by chicaro .\nholy roman emperor ' s grandam is northern dancer ' s finest daughter fanfreluche - canadian horse of the year , us champion 3y0 filly . best remembered as the victim of a kidnap , she was saved by a family who found her wandering along the road ! fortunately she was eventually returned to clairbone farm from where she proved a powerful breeding force .\nbaloma is by depth charge by bold venture , and out of woven web , or miss princess as she was known in quarter horse racing . woven web is by bold venture , making baloma inbred to bold venture with a 2 x 2 breeding pattern . the dam of woven web is bruja by livery and she is out of chicaro hallie by chicaro .\nthe 1951 crop was the last crop sired by depth charge in texas , as he was sent to stand at the kentucky division of the king ranch . this move to kentucky was another twist in his life that could have ended his success as a quarter horse sire . however , he was not well accepted by kentucky breeders and he was later sold .\nwas looking at mentor cane on a different discussion . . . which brought this question to mind . pardon , i am not a true horse racing fan so this may be a dumb or redundant question : has there been any american g1 racehorse that had very unusual or\nloud\nmarkings on his coat like a loud paint , leopard or appaloosa type coloring ? with all of the horse races i ' ve watched on tv , i ' ve never seen any unusually marked racehorses . i saw marquetry ' s photo , but his coat coloring was more subtle . . . his body was basically a solid color . rachel showed us a paint racehorse in japan . . . ( see image below ) : but do we have any or had any loud marked ( g1 ) racehorses in the us ? btw - another ignorant question on thoroughbred horse racing . . . was first secretary ' s foals ( with his bloodlines from secretariat ) ever able to qualify to race among the thoroughbreds ? ? or because of his mixed appaloosa blood , not eligible ? please advise if you know .\ndepth charge is one of the greatest stallions to impact the racing american quarter horse . the story of depth charge is filled with twists and turns ; however , that could have led to his being lost in history . but like many great stallions , he overcame the obstacles to enter the aqha hall of fame as a sire with a deep and lasting influence on the breed .\ndomino has a breeding pattern of 3 x 4 x 4 to lexington , a 4 x 5 x 5 x 4 breeding pattern to boston , and a breeding pattern of 6 x 5 x 6 x 6 to glencoe . the mating of lexington and boston with the blood of glencoe is one of the great nicks . it is a nick that produced speed that eventually became part of the quarter horse .\n\u201cif you were putting together your fantasy horse stable for the last 25 years , you\u2019d have to have holy bull in your top five . horses like holy bull just don\u2019t come along that often . i\u2019ve always said , he wasn\u2019t a specialist \u2013 short , grass , long or dirt . just a fantastic racehorse . you can\u2019t mention his name without using such words as \u2018fighter , determination and guts . \u201d\ndepth charge was foaled in 1941 at leona farms in carey , illinois . the farm was owned by john d . hertz , sr . and his wife fannie , the listed breeders of depth charge . john d . hertz , sr . was the founder of such automobile businesses as hertz rent a car and the yellow cab company . they were well known in horse racing by the time depth charge was born as the owners of 1928 kentucky derby winner reigh count .\nultimus is the sire of luke mcluke , the broodmare sire of three bars . jackstraw , another source of quarter horse speed , has a 2 x 3 breeding pattern to luke mcluke . stimulus is another son of ultimus and is the sire of captain couragous , who is the sire of rey , the broodmare sire of sugar bars . high time , by ultimus , is the sire of fleeting time , the broodmare sire of joe reed ii , the sire of leo .\njohnny dial , a 1948 son of depth charge , is one of the runners not bred by the king ranch . his dam is the cajun bred running mare black annie by rodney . bred by the hepler brothers , johnny dial ran from 1950 to 1952 , starting in 27 quarter horse races than included 13 wins , six second place finishes and two thirds . he was the 1952 world champion and the 1952 champion stallion . he earned a total of $ 22 , 906 .\nthe race record of depth charge indicates that he was not the kind of horse with the stamina to run the classic distance of the 1 1 / 4 - mile kentucky derby . he was only raced from 2 1 / 2 to 6 furlongs in his 16 starts . we will use his chart book record published in the november 1973 quarter racing world , now speedhorse , in the article \u201cdepth charge : unsung progenitor of speed\u201d by ralph dye , as our source for his race record .\nbaloma is another thoroughbred runner that came from the 1950 depth charge crop . she had six starts on the thoroughbred tracks with two wins , including the debutante stakes at the fairgrounds in new orleans where she set a new track record for 2 furlongs in : 21 . 8 . baloma ran 2 furlongs again in the same time for her second win in mexico . she raced at quarter horse tracks in 1953 , earning her rom and winning one of three starts with two second place finishes .\nstephanie is by stefan the great , winner of the 6 furlong middle park stakes at two . he was injured in the 2000 guineas and retired with two wins in three starts . stefan the great is by the tetrarch , an undefeated race horse that won all seven of his starts at two including the champagne stakes , woodcote stakes , coventry stakes and national breeder\u2019s produce stakes . the tetrarch shows his speed in these races , as they were run from 5 furlongs to 1 mile . his injury prevented his running in longer races and he was retired to stud .\nwhen depth charge\u2019s racing career ended , he returned to texas . the king ranch sent him to john dial , a racehorse owner , breeder and trainer who played a key role in the king ranch race program in texas . dial had sold chicaro to the king ranch , the thoroughbred that is credited with founding the king ranch entry into thoroughbred racing . dial was the first to stand the king ranch - bred top deck and was also the trainer of 3 - time aqha world champion woven web tb that the king ranch sent to quarter horse racing as miss princess .\nhowl at the moon has two young foals . a 2007 proud citizen ( sro ) daughter sold for $ 20 , 000 at last year ' s keeneland november breeding stock sale and is hip # 2832 at the keeneland september sale starting next week . another filly came early this year , this time by olmodavor ( sro ) . for 2009 , howl at the moon is in foal to the royally - bred kitalpha ( a full brother to the spectacular sire kingmamb o ( sro ) ) , who arrived at war horse place in lexington , ky . , in 2008 for his first u . s . stud season .\nholy bull\u2019s original owner , rachel carpenter , bequeathed all of her horses to jimmy croll who was the owner of record for holy bull\u2019s first start in 1993 . he won all four races as a two - year - old , including the g1 futurity stakes at belmont park over eventual champion two - year - old dehere . at three , among his eight wins were five g1 races \u2013 the travers stakes , woodward stakes , met mile , haskell invitational and florida derby \u2013 and was voted the best three - year - old of that year and was also named horse of the year . he retired with an overall record of 13 wins from 16 starts and earnings of $ 2 , 481 , 760 and was inducted into the hall of fame in 2001 .\nbrigand raced from 1951 to 1958 . urltoken gives his thoroughbred race record as nine starts at two with five wins , two seconds and two thirds . he was second in the duncan f . kenner stakes and won $ 5 , 391 on thoroughbred tracks . he started in 75 quarter horse races with 37 wins and 20 stakes wins , earning $ 45 , 964 . his stakes wins include the new mexico breeders\u2019 derby and the new mexico state fair championship in 1952 . he won his third peter mccue stakes in 1957 and was the aqha 1952 , 1953 and 1954 champion gelding . he broke down in 1958 and is buried in the infield at ruidoso downs . brigand\u2019s dam , border jane by boojum and out of chicaro jane by chicaro was also bred by king ranch .\na horse probably more ill tempered than dynaformer , hastings , and halo . meet the mare vampire :\nthe aptly - named daughter of prominent british stallion galopin was renowned for her violent nature . she was known to viciously attack anyone who tried to handle her , with hooves or teeth . her ill - temper had an impact on her racing career , and she was only able to win two of her career twelve races , one of them being the priory stakes when her first foal was born , vampire killed it and seriously injured her groom in the process . despite this , she managed to produce 10 named foals , 6 of which were sired by champion sire orme her best offspring was flying fox , born in 1896 , who won the english triple crown and was a highly successful stallion in france\neven her picture looks vicious urltoken\nive noticed that alot of these champions have upright pasterns , giving them a proud stance to their confirmation stymie beating assualt and gallorette in the 1947 metropolitan handicap ( or met mile ) . he would come from 13 lenghts back to win the race . urltoken baby sunglow urltoken who would grow up to sire 1959 hoy sword dancer sysonby urltoken\nsysonby was the 1905 horse of the year , winning all but one of his races by large margins he died in 1906 , aged just four years , from a disease called variola . the disease caused bloody sores all over his body , which soon became infected , causing death . his remains were donated to the american museum of natural history to become part of the chubb series of skeletons\ni would of rather he lie in peace but oh well ta wee , whose name means beautiful girl in the sioux language urltoken her first foal was the sprinter great above who sired holy bull\nthere is a hidden side to this story of her lineage . first , it is just a piece of good luck that her dam lady josephine was not born a year later . if she had been she would have been excluded from the general stud book ! and of course if that happened then there would be no history writing english broodmare dynasty that influenced all of the racing and sport ! lady josephine ' s dam - sire is americus , an american thoroughbred , who carried the bloodlines of lexington rh who was sire of the full siblings the nun / norfolk who she was 2x2 to . also the dam of those siblings , novice , was by glencoe , but out of chloe anderson , another american running horse . when the american sportsmen began bringing their racehorses and hunters over to england , ireland and france to compete starting in the 1850s no one there was prepared for their far ranging success . by the 1880s the american horses had won just about all the classic races , many multiple times , and their offspring bred there were doing the same , including americus girl , the dam of lady josephine . the surprise at the performance level of these upsetters was quickly followed by uneasiness , then dread and anger , which finally resulted in the english jockey club passing an edict called the jersey act to put the american thoroughbred out of business . lady josephine if born one year later would have been one of those excluded from the stud book . ( see\nowner : hh aga khan iii breeder : lady sykes of sledmere winnings : 10 starts : 7 - 2 - 0 , \u00a313 , 933 won spring stakes , queen mary stakes , national breeders produce stakes , molecomb stakes , champagne stakes , king george stakes , nunthorpe stakes . champion 2yo filly ( 1923 ) champion sprinter in england nicknamed\nthe flying filly\n( stable name :\nmumty\n) died in february , 1945 , at haras marly - la - ville , oise , france , at 24 . ( close )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngrey filly , 1921 . by the tetrarch - lady josephine by sundridge . byerley turk sire line woodpecker sire line quick chart . family # 9 - c\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere is much more to this mare , since i first wrote this article in 2012 , i have isolated the main bloodlines of the jumping trait , and this mare , besides all her other gifts is also a strong source of jump . and her sire and dam : the tetrarch and lady josephine can themselves be relied on to produce jumpers .\nfor the full story on this episode and the reason why it was the american horses were so superior to their british counterparts ) .\n. look at the duplications , and if you are familar with thoroughbred lines you will notice that many of these repetitions are of known staying sources . for instance , lexington rh , is an old pre - potent american line , a wildly successful racehorse and sire when race horses were expected to r\n, several times a day , this is after many of them had to ride ten to twenty miles to get to the races . it would be fair to say that lexington rh is a source of stamina - - he set world records for distance racing . yet concentrating his lines close up has produced a\ncolor : gr ( gb ) won spring stakes , queen mary stakes , national breeders produce stakes , molecomb stakes , champagne stakes , king george stakes , nunthorpe stakes . champion 2yo filly ( 1923 ) champion sprinter in england nicknamed ` the flying filly ` died in february , 1945 , at haras marly - la - ville , oise , france , at 24 . ( close )\nalthough he was the top colt on the free handicap for english juveniles of 1942 with a rating of 132 pounds , nasrullah was weighted 1 pound below the top filly , lady sybil .\nnasrullah was weighted at 132 pounds on the free handicap for english 3 - year - old males of 1943 , 1 pound below champion straight deal .\ned the english general sire list in 1951 and led the u . s . general sire list in 1955 , 1956 , 1959 , 1960 , and 1962 . according to jockey club records , he sired 290 winners ( 68 . 2 % ) and 84 stakes winners ( 19 . 8 % ) from 425 named foals .\nnasrullah with 98 stakes winners from 420 foals ( 23 . 3 % ) ,\n( churchill , reichard and rogers ) shows him as having sired 98 stakes winners from 425 foals ( 23 . 1 % )\nhigh withers and a sloping croup ; many had varying degrees of his volatile temperament as well .\nfull brother to the good english juvenile filly rivaz , dam of the brilliantly fast english filly palariva ( by palestine ; dam of french stakes winner khairunissa and english stakes winner zahedan ) , 1963 mother goose stakes winner spicy living ( by gallant man ) and stakes winner tayeh ( by tehran ; dam of french stakes winners paraguana and paola ii ) . he is also a full brother to the minor stakes winners nizami ii and malindi ( dam of two - time french leading sire prince taj , by prince bio ) . in addition , nasrullah is a\nnasrullah : forgotten patriarch of the american thoroughbred was written by melanie greene and was released by the history press in 2013 .\nnasrullah is profiled in chapter 20 of abram s . hewitt ' s sire lines ( 1977 , the thoroughbred owners and breeders association ; updated and reprinted by eclipse press in 2006 ) and in part three of edward l . bowen ' s dynasties ( 2000 , eclipse press ) .\nnasrullah is one of 205 stallions whose accomplishments at stud are profiled in great thoroughbred sires of the world ( 2006 , the australian bloodhorse review ) , a massive reference work written by jennifer churchill , andrew reichard and byron rogers .\nthe first , an irish - bred filly out of dasaratha , won the 1952 irish one thousand guineas . the second , an american - bred colt out of segula , won the 1955 preakness stakes and belmont stakes . ( ironically , the filly was registered as \u201cnashua ii\u201d in the\nwhen imported to the united states even though she was the elder , as the american - bred of that name was the first to be registered in the asb . )\nwhen the stallions were being shown to visitors at claiborne , nasrullah would throw a fit if he was not the first stallion led out .\ncompletely uncooperative with veterinary treatment , nasrullah never got so much as a tetanus shot while at claiborne .\ndepth charge changed ownership in 1960 when hugh huntley bought him . his 1961 crop included stakes winner pokey chargette and stakes placed bita charger ( shown ) .\nbold venture , the sire of depth charge , won the 1936 kentucky derby and preakness stakes , but bowed a tendon prior to the belmont stakes , ending his race career .\nchica charge is one of three stakes runners from the 1959 crop by depth charge . the others are 1963 champion aged stallion the haymaker and goldseeker .\nstakes placed deep bob is a full sibling to stakes winner midland miss , who is from the 1958 depth charge crop .\ndepth charge\u2019s first start was at 5 furlongs and he won by 10 - lengths . it must be noted that he was first at the quarter in six of his 11 starts .\ntwo of the three stakes winners from the last texas crop by depth charge in 1951 were the quarter horses dividend and super charge ( shown ) .\ndomino is considered one of the great sources of speed . ultimus , the broodmare sire of depth charge\u2019s sire bold venture , is a double grandson of domino .\nthe 1962 foal crop by depth charge included stakes winner kaweah shue fly ( shown ) and stakes placed bob charge .\ndepth charge changed ownership in 1960 when hugh huntley bought him . his 1961 crop included stakes winner pokey chargette ( shown ) and stakes placed bita charger .\nthe 1960 crop by depth charge included stakes winner tiny charger ( shown ) and stakes placed deep bob .\nthe king ranch entered thoroughbred racing in the mid 1930\u2019s , and by 1941 they were well on their way to prominence in the racing industry . they bought bold venture just after his win in the 1936 kentucky derby and stood him at their king ranch kentucky division .\ndepth charge was sent to the king ranch in texas to await his racing career as a contender for such races as the kentucky derby . he was conditioned by max hirsch , who had been the trainer of his sire bold venture and who also trained top king ranch runners such as 1946 triple crown winner assault and 1950 kentucky derby and belmont stakes winner middleground . both runners were also sired by bold venture .\ndepth charge started four times at two , with a win , a second , and a third place , earning just $ 2 , 350 . his third came in the myles standish stakes at suffolk downs , making him a stakes placed runner . he also finished seventh in the juvenile stakes at belmont park . he broke his maiden in his last race of the year at jamaica race course in new york at 5 1 / 2 furlongs . it should be noted that he had the first call at the quarter , or the 3 / 16th pole , in all four of his starts at two .\ndepth charge didn\u2019t race as a three year old . the only known physical reason for depth charge not starting that year came in the ralph dye story in that he had \u201ca tendon that was to give him some trouble . \u201d depth charge resumed racing at four , running at garden state , belmont park and jamaica . he finished second at garden state in a 6 furlong race that year ."]}
{"id": 182, "summary": [{"text": "cratilla lineata ( line forest-skimmer , emerald-banded skimmer or pale-faced forest-skimmer ) is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in many asian countries .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is commonly found in forested areas in lowland and montane regions .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "prefers to breed in shaded muddy pools and marshes in forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "cratilla lineata", "paragraphs": ["cratilla lineata male hw 36 - 38 mm . female hw 38 - 40 mm ;\nabove : a lonely male cratilla lineata perch for long periods awaiting females at a monsoon shallow drain .\nlarvae of cratilla spp . are very similar , but those of lineata occur in a wider range of standing water forest habitats .\ncratilla lineata is similar but smaller and lighter then cratilla metallica . robust build and deep metallic - green ground color on the thorax . the looks is similar to cratilla metallica but the color is duller in coloration and lacks the dark tips to the wings and abdomen darker and narrower .\ncratilla lineata is an abundant and widespread species ranging from the west coast of india through indo - china , southern china including taiwan and hainan to the philippines and indonesia .\ncoi gene : > gi | 391352385 | dbj | ab708951 . 1 | cratilla lineata mitochondrial coi gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 , partial cds , isolate : rf1768 actagttccattaatattaggagcaccagatatggcattcccacgacttaataatataagattttgacttttaccaccttcttttactctcttacttgctagtagcatagttgaaagaggagcaggtacaggatgaacagtttatcctccattagcaggagcaattgcacatgcaggagcatcagttgatttaacaattttttctttacacctagcaggtgtttcctcgattttgggagcaattaattttatcaccacagtgattaatatgaaatcaccaggtataaagttagatcaattaccattatttgtatgggcagtagtaattacagctattttacttcttctatccttaccagtactagctggagctattaccatattattaactgatcgaaatattaatacttctttttttgaccctgcaggagggggagatccaattctttat\ndescribed by brauer ( 1878 ) the type locality for nominate cratilla lineata lineata is malacca , sumatra . f\u00f6rster ( 1903 ) described cratilla calverti from malabar , india but fraser ( 1936 ) considered this taxon to be just a late stage maturation colour form . lieftinck ( 1953 ) recognised calverti as a subspecies of lineata . davies and tobin ( 1985 ) treated the nominate from to be restricted to east asia whereas the range of c . l . calverti includes india and indo - china . the subspecies cratilla lineata assidua lieftinck 1953 was described from java and this subspecies ranges from bali and java to the philippines .\ndescribed by brauer ( 1878 ) the type locality for nominate cratilla lineata lineata is malacca , sumatra . f\u00f6rster ( 1903 ) described cratilla calverti from malabar , india but fraser ( 1936 ) considered this taxon to be just a late stage maturation colour form . lieftinck ( 1953 ) recognised calverti as a subspecies of lineata . davies and tobin ( 1985 ) treated the nominate from to be restricted to east asia whereas the range of c . l . calverti includes india and indo - china . the subspecies cratilla lineata assidua lieftinck 1953 was described from java and this subspecies ranges from bali and java to the philippines .\ncratilla lineata is very widely distributed throughout the old world tropics ranging from india to the philippines . fraser ( 1936 ) remarked that c . lineata is widely distributed from the west coast of india throughout burma , sri lanka malaysia , the sundaic archipelago to borneo , new guinea and the philippines . however there are no known records from new guinea . h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and pinratana ( 1999 ) consider c . lineata calverti to be widespread and common throughout thailand . hua ( 2000 ) records cratilla lineata from guangdong , jiangxi , sichuan , taiwan , xizang yunnan and zhejiang . wilson , reels and xu ( 2008 ) reported the first record from hainan . orr ( 2005 ) reports c . lineata from p . malaysia and h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen and pinratana ( 1999 ) consider c . lineata calverti to be widespread and common throughout thailand . cuong and hoa ( 2006 ) lists just two locations from viet nam in the south near ho chi minh . asahina ( 1968 ) reported c . lineata from baguio , north luzon in the philippines . lieftinck ( 1954 ) lists c . lineata assidua from java and bali and the nominate subspecies from thailand , sumatra and borneo .\nthe dull color of thorax and pattern of the 3 yellow marks are different from those cratilla lineate in taiwan . likely this one is a tropical subspecies .\nthis male cratilla lineate thorax lacked the defined yellow lateral stripe . very likely because of aging as can be seen the lower thorax has become pruinose , with a blue powdery bloom .\ndistinguishing feature : this species resembles p . obscura rather closely . the two are , however , easily distinguished by the distal antenodal nervure complete in cratilla but incomplete in potamarcha . abdomen size : male : 30 - 32 mm female : 31 - 32 mm wing size : male : 35 - 38 mm female : 37 - 41 mm wing spot : male : yellowish white female : yellowish white eye color : male : dark reddish brown female : dark reddish brown\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : given the very extensive range for this species and its common occurrence in forested areas throughout much of the entire indo - malay zoogeographic region it is not considered to be threatened . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nchina ( guangdong , guangxi , hainan , jiangxi , sichuan , tibet [ or xizang ] , yunnan , zhejiang ) ; indonesia ( bali , jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , sumatera ) ; malaysia ; myanmar ; philippines ; singapore ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; viet nam\noccurs in forested areas in lowland and montane regions . prefers shaded muddy forest pools ( lieftinck 1953 ) but will occur in a wide range of lentic forest habitat ( orr 2005 ) .\nloss of lowland forest habitat throughout much oriental region will undoubtedly have reduced the available habitat for this species . it is common in primary forested locations such as endau rompin , malaysia ( wilson 2009 ) but apart from one recent record absent from deforested areas such as singapore ( cheong\n2009 ) . however it is a highly dispersive species and has able to colonise secondary forested areas in south china .\nall measures to protect lowland and montane forest habitat throughout india , indo - china and southeast asia will help protect this widespread species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nline forest - skimmer is a moderately large dragonfly which is rare and found only at few locations in the nature reserves . this species breed in small shallow , leafy pools in the closed forests .\nthe thorax of the male is deep metallic dark blue with thin yellow stripes . the yellow stripes are obscured due to pruinose in older males . the wings of the male is clear , without any dark patch .\nfemale is slightly more robust , has a distinct yellow stripes at the abdomen with dark wing - tips . i am not sure is the dark wing tips only found in the singapore species ?\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\ncopyright \u00a9 2017 - 2018 , all rights reserved . odonata of bangladesh holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nlieftinck , m . a . ( 1953 ) the odonata of the island sumba with a survey of the dragonfly fauna of the lesser sunda islands . : verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel : 64 ( 1 ) : 118 - 228 , figs . 1 - 72 , tab . 1 - 2 .\nthe definitive coloration of adults is acquired slowly with maturation , and individuals that are not yet mature may not be fully colored . male dragonflies on territory at the water or individuals of either sex engaged in reproductive behavior will surely be mature . some adults become pruinose , with a blue or whitish powdery bloom that covers parts of the body .\nvertex and frons are metallic - blue reflections . the vertex plat has a pair of short horns\nthis adult has become pruinose with a whitish powdery bloom covering lower parts of the body .\nthis male has completely clear wings . but i also saw same species with 2 different types of wing color : one with small tinged brown tip and another one with all wings tinged brown .\nthis species is found in closed forest and forested swamps 0 - 1100 m and in small shallow pools .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nall the pictures were taken in pure natural conditions without any restriction to a dragonfly freedom . any use of images of this site must be accompanied with a reference to the author\n1 . kosterin o . r . , vikhrev n . e . 2006 . odonata seen during three days in a populated lowland part of cambodia . malangpo 21 : 212 - 217 .\n2 . kosterin , o . e . 2010 . a glance at the odonata of the cambodian coastal regions : end of dry season in 2010 . international dragonfly fund report 29 : 1 - 75 .\n3 . kosterin , o . e . 2011 . odonata of the cambodian coastal regions revisited : beginning of dry season 2010 . international dragonfly fund report 40 : 1 - 108 .\n4 . kosterin , o . e . , j . holden . 2011 . some photographic records of odonata in cambodia . international dragonfly fund report 42 : 1 - 6 .\n5 . kosterin o . 2012 . odonata of the cambodian coastal regions in late rainy season of 2011 . international dragonfly fund report , vol . 45 , pp . 1 - 102 .\n6 . kosterin o . e . 2012 . a rapid survey of odonata on bokor plateau , preah monivong national park , cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history , vol . 2012 , pp . 75 - 86 .\n7 . kosterin , o . e . , n . makbun , p . dawwrueng . 2012 . burmagomphus asahinai sp . nov . , a new species from cambodia and thailand , with a description of the male of b . gratiosus chaoi , 1954 . international journal of odonatology , vol . 15 , pp . 275 - 292 .\n8 . kosterin , o . e . , g . chartier , j . holden , f . s . mey . 2012 . new records of odonata from cambodia , based mostly on photographs . cambodian journal of natural history 2012 : 150 - 163 .\n9 . kosterin , o . e . 2014 . odonata of the sourth - west and north - east of cambodia as studied in early rainy season of 2013 . international dragonfly fund report 67 : 1 - 94 .\n10 . kosterin , o . e . 2014 . notes on infraspecific variation of some gomphidae ( odonata ) species in cambodia . internaional dragonfly fund report 68 : 1 - 16 .\nkosterin , o . e . , g . chartier . 2014 . two more odonata species recorded from cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history 2014 : 8 - 11\n12 . kosterin oe , constant j , wilson kdp . 2014 . neotype of pseudagrion approximans selys , 1867 designated to resolve a nomenclatorial confusion in the genus aciagrion selys , 1891 ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . international journal of odonatology 17 : 161 - 172 .\nkosterin o . e . 2015 . taxonomical notes on indolestes fraser , 1922 ( lestidae , zygoptera ) . 1 . indolestes gracilis expressior ssp . nov . from eastern cambodia . / / international dragonfly fund \u2013 report 81 : 1 - 11 .\nkosterin o . e . , h . karube , r . futahashi . 2015 . two new subspecies of hemicordulia tenera lieftinck , 1930 ( corduliidae ) from cambodia and thailand . international dragonfly fund \u2013 report \u2013 vol . 82 \u2013 p . 1 - 19 .\n15 . kosterin o . e . risiophlebia guentheri sp . nov . ( odonata , libellulidae ) from southeastern indochina . zootaxa 3964 : 138 - 145 .\n16 . kosterin o . e . 2015 . taxonomic and faunal notes on macromia rambur , 1842 from cambodia ( odonata : macromiidae ) . odonatologica 44 : 117 - 151\n17 . kosterin o . e . 2015 . onychargia priydak sp . nov . ( odonata , platycnemididae ) from eastern cambodia . international journal of odonatology . vol . 18 . iss . 2 . p . 157 - 168 .\n18 . kosterin o . e . 2015 . prodasineura hoffmanni sp . nov . ( odonata , platycnemididae , disparoneurinae ) from eastern cambodia . zootaxa . vol . 4027 . iss . 4 . p . 565 - 577 .\n19 . kosterin o . e . 2015 . dry season odonata of the cardamonean coast ( cambodia and thailand ) revisited . international dragonfly fund report . vol . 89 . p . 1 - 36 .\n20 . kosterin , o . e . & yokoi n . 2016 . asiagomphus reinhardti sp . nov . ( odonata , gomphidae ) from eastern cambodia and southern laos . zootaxa vol . 4103 . issue 1 . p . 35 - 42 .\n21 . kosterin , o . e . 2016 . microgomphus alani ( odonata , gomphidae ) sp . nov . from cambodia . zootaxa vol . 4114 . issue 3 . p . 341 - 350 .\n22 . kosterin , o . e . 2016 . reconsideration of the genera merogomphus martin , 1904 , and anisogomphus selys , 1857 , including erection of a new genus , with a new species and discussion of additional specimens from cambodia . / / zootaxa , vol . 4171 . issue 1 . p . 051 - 076 .\n23 . kosterin , o . e . 2016 . coeliccia poungyi dasha subsp . nov . ( odonata , platycnemididae , calicnemiinae ) from eastern cambodia . international dragonfly fund report . vol . 97 . p . 1 - 16 .\n24 . kosterin , o . e . 2016 . a survey of odonata of mondulkiri , the elevated eastern province of cambodia , for ten days in june 2014 . international dragonfly fund report . vol . 98 . p . 1 - 85 .\n25 . kosterin , o . e . , chartier , g . 2017 . update of 2014 and 2016 to odonata found at the marshy coast of sw cambodia including three species added for the country . international dragonfly fund report . vol . 101 . p . 1 - 26 .\n26 . kosterin , o . e . 2017 . a short survey of odonata in stung treng province in northern cambodia in mid - summer 2016 . international dragonfly fund report . vol . 105 . p . 1 - 40 .\nkosterin , o . e . , kompier . t . 2017 . coeliccia rolandorum sp . nov . from eastern cambodia and southern vietnam , the eastern relative of c . kazukoae asahina , 1984 ( odonata : platycnemididae ) . / / zootaxa , vol . 4341 , issue 4 , p . 509 - 527 .\nkosterin , o . e . too pervert : an attempt of an interfamiliar homosexual copulation wheel in damselflies . / / agrion , vol . 22 , issue 1 , p . 52 - 53 .\nthe following is a list of odonata species found in taiwan . the total number of species , with damselflies and dragonflies , recorded is 156 , within including 14 endemic species and 10 endemic subspecies .\nwen - chi yeh\uff08\u8449\u6587\u742a\uff09 ; hsin - chieh tang\uff08\u5510\u6b23\u6f54\uff09 ; szu - lung chen\uff08\u9673\u8cdc\u9686\uff09 ; mei - hua tsou\uff08\u66f9\u7f8e\u83ef\uff09 ( 2006 ) .\nthree dragonflies ( odonata ) newly recorded in taiwan\n. formosan entomologist . 26 : 187\u2013195 .\nyeh w . c . , h . i . chiou , h . c . tang , j . h . wu and s . l . chen . 2007 . three species of dragonflies newly recorded to taiwan . endemic species research 9 ( 2 ) \uff1a53 - 62 .\nm . a . lieftinck , j . c . lien\uff08\u9023\u65e5\u6e05\uff09 & t . c . maa\uff08\u99ac\u99ff\u8d85\uff09 ( 1984 ) .\ncatalogue of taiwanese dragonflies ( insecta : odonata ) \uff08\u81fa\u7063\u873b\u8713\u76ee\u9304\uff09\n. asian ecological society .\ntrueman , john w . h . & rowe , richard j . ( 2008 ) : tree of life web project \u2013 odonata . dragonflies and damselflies . version of 2008 - mar - 20 . retrieved 2008 - dec - 15 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 183, "summary": [{"text": "bridouxia giraudi is a species of tropical freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family paludomidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "bridouxia giraudi is the type species of the genus bridouxia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species is found in burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is freshwater lakes . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bridouxia giraudi", "paragraphs": ["bridouxia is a genus of small tropical freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family paludomidae .\nimp . edouard bry , paris . 1 vivipara brmcatiana , 2 . viv . bridouxiana , 3 . cleopatra jouberti , 4 ' . cleop . gmuemeti , 5 - 7 . bridouxia giraudi , 8 - 10 . br . ville s \u00e9mana , 11 - 13 . br co . stata , 14 - 16 . br . reymondi , 17 - 13 . baizea giraudi , 20 - 24 . spekia zonata , 2 5 - 27 . sp . giraudi .\narticles on thiaridae , including : red - rimmed melania , anceya giraudi , anceya , anceya terebriformis , aylacostoma , bathanalia howesi , bathanalia , . . . chytra kirki , hirthia globosa , hirthia livro de refer\u00eancia\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\njustification : this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified . it was previously listed as endangered in the 2000 system ( b1 + 2c ) . it was downgraded as this species is known from all shores of lake tanganyika from at least 56 localities and the threats are very localised .\nthis species is commonly found underneath cobbles , thus populations are not small but may be patchy ( e . michel , pers . comm . ) .\nit is common underneath ( occasionally on ) cobbles and rocks in shallow depths , 0 - 3 m .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n[ the hatred that was shown by the crusaders for people who were basically peaceful and the extremes of torture and murder to rid france of the heretics ] look out sentry , we ' re in a killing mood don ' t stand in our way , don ' t try to slow us down this is war , seek divinity we only want to stop heresy terror , hatred , murder error , fateful , mistake no need to shout boy it won ' t save your skin now it ' s best to prepare the time must come for all terror , hatred . murder error fateful , mistake don ' t stop carry on ahead don ' t stop till they are all dead minerve die cathars fly don ' t stop just swing that sword boy no one to resist you just forge on massacre , heretics , cathars murder , in the name of the lord blood flows like fire in my brain blood flows like water reddened rain won ' t you come and join us praise and rejoice us more if we don ' t act and win this war these heretic bastards will be knocking at your door massacre , heretics , cathars murder , in the name of the lord if we don ' t end this blasphemy the war will reign for centuries keep our church free , we will massacre these cathars and make sure\nauthors : milne - edwards , h . ( henri ) , 1800 - 1885 ; audouin , jean victor , 1797 - 1841 ; milne - edwards , alphonse , 1835 - 1900 ; perrier , edmond , 1844 - 1921 ; bouvier , e . - l . , 1856 - 1944 ; grass\u00e9 , pierre paul , 1895 -\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhow can i put and write and define bridport in a sentence and how is the word bridport used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528bridport\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528bridport\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528bridport\u9020\u53e5 , bridport meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nlivro de refer\u00eancia thiaridae at\u00e9 \u00e0 data tem suportado em v\u00e1rios formatos selec\u00e7\u00e3o ( pdf , mobi , doc , ppt , etc ) . please log in or sign up to create a free account and get access more than 10 million books , magazines & comics for free ! , only registered users can read and download pdf book for free ."]}
{"id": 185, "summary": [{"text": "salmo peristericus , or the prespa trout is a variety of trout , a freshwater fish in the salmonidae family .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is endemic to the lake prespa watershed at the border area of greece and the republic of macedonia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "four populations are known : one in the agios germanos stream in north-western greece , and the others in the brajcinska and kranska rivers and the leva reka stream of macedonia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the prespa trout is morphologically difficult to separate from other trouts of the region .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "genetic data show it is close to and derived from the adriatic lineage of brown trout , and do not support a distinct species status .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "nevertheless , its protection as an evolutionary significant unit is justified regardless of the taxonomic status . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "salmo peristericus", "paragraphs": ["salmo peristericus is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - salmon ( salmo peristericus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - salmon ( salmo peristericus )\ntitle =\narkive species - salmon ( salmo peristericus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npart of salmo peristericus\u2019s range is encompassed by a national park , and angling in the region is regulated according to the national law ( 1 ) .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nsalmo peristericus\n.\nsalmo peristericus feeds on fish , insects and a variety of other small organisms that inhabit the stream bed ( 2 ) . originally believed to inhabit lakes and return to streams only to spawn , salmo peristericus is now considered to be completely restricted to its mountain stream habitat . this species lays its eggs around november ( 4 ) .\nthis species may also occur in two additional streams leading into lake megali prespa , although the presence of salmo peristericus in these streams currently remains uncertain ( 3 ) .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - salmo peristericus facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nfacts summary : salmo peristericus is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nfishes\nand found in the following area ( s ) : greece , republic of macedonia .\nthe population of salmo peristericus is threatened by habitat degradation , largely due to pollution , overgrazing of streamside vegetation and erosion , which destroy this species\u2019 spawning areas and reduces the water quality of the streams ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . increased sediment in streams and fragmentation of this species\u2019 vital habitat are also contributing to the declining population of salmo peristericus ( 2 ) .\na species action plan has been developed for salmo peristericus to establish the key priorities and actions needed to ensure the conservation of this species . in particular , the action plan aims to develop a long - term monitoring scheme to research the health of the remaining populations of salmo peristericus , as well as health of the streams in which it is found ( 2 ) .\nclimate change is an emerging threat to this species , and may negatively affect the health of the salmo peristericus population in the future ( 2 ) . lowering of the water levels through extraction and drought is also a threat to this species ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . poaching may also be placing increased pressure on the population of salmo peristericus ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nit is also suggested that salmo peristericus be designated a \u2018flagship species\u2019 in the prespa national park , as part of a public awareness campaign to raise the profile of this threatened species ( 2 ) .\noccurring in a small number of mountain streams with gravel bottoms in the prespa lakes region , salmo peristericus is typically found where the water is cool and well - oxygenated ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\na small , slender - bodied fish , salmo peristericus is very similar in appearance to other balkan species in the genus salmo . it is distinguished mainly by having a low number of gill rakers ( the bony , finger - like projections on the gill arch ) , compared with other species ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nkousteri , i . , crivelli , a . j . , petkovski , s . and kazoglou , y . ( 2010 ) species action plan for the endemic prespa trout , salmo peristericus : a conservation tool . balwois . available at : urltoken\nregulations for angling , including new local license , bag limits , size limits and catch and release policies have also been proposed to protect the salmo peristericus population , while new regulations regarding water removal for irrigation and hydropower stations may also be considered ( 2 ) .\nsalmo peristericus is thought to be restricted to the agios germanos stream ( 1 ) ( 5 ) , and to brajcinska reka , which both flow into lake megali prespa , in the prespa lakes region of north - western greece and south - west macedonia ( 3 ) .\nkarakousis , y . and triantaphyllidis , c . ( 1990 ) genetic structure and differentiation among greek brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) populations . heredity , 64 : 297 - 304 .\nin addition , the action plan aims to identify the most important threats to this species , and to implement a number of measures to mitigate these threats . included in the recommended measures for the conservation of salmo peristericus is setting up a wardening and monitoring scheme . this will assess the impact of poaching and angling on this species and raise the awareness of its importance , and should be conducted in association with local partnerships and the community ( 2 ) .\nsalmo peristericus has small , eye - like , black spots evenly distributed along the length of the body , mainly above the lateral line ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . black spots are also present on much of the dorsal fin ( 3 ) , and there is a small black spot on the hard bony flap , the \u2018operculum\u2019 , which covers and protects the gills ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . numerous , small red spots are also scattered along the sides of the body and on the dorsal fin ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the edges of the dorsal and anal fins are typically pale or white ( 3 ) .\njustification : this species is present in two locations and has an area of occupancy ( aoo ) < 500 km\u00b2 and an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) < 5 , 000 km\u00b2 . these two populations have not yet been confirmed to be the same species , although it is believed that they are , and a survey is planned for the near future ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) . in one location ( possible s . peristericus ) there is a continuing decline in habitat quality due to domestic water pollution , overgrazing and erosion that destroys the spawning area . in the other location ( definite s . peristericus ) there is poaching , but this is not causing a continuing decline in the population ( crivelli a . pers comm ) . if these two populations are not the same species then s . peristericus will be vu d2 based on it being found in one location , with the potential threat of introduced species . taxonomic work is required to confirm the status of the questionable subpopulation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfreyhof , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\nit is restricted to the agios germanos stream in the prespa lakes region , north - western greece . it might be also present in one or two streams in the former yugoslav republic of macedonia ( fyrom ) part of lake megali prespa .\nits population in agios germanos stream has been estimated between 3 , 300 and 6 , 700 individuals ( crivelli , a . unpublished data ) .\nits lives in a mountain stream . the population is present in 24 . 5 km out of 34 . 5 km . habitat is fragmented by some impassable waterfalls .\nwater extraction ( although it is downstream ) , erosion within the catchment due to overgrazing , poaching with nets and chlorine , and organic pollution . small electro - power stations .\nangling is regulated according to the national law . part of the species range is covered by a national park .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 59043 )\ndistinguished from all its congeners in balkan peninsula by the combination of the following characters : small black spot on opercle and upper third of flank , ocellated red spots on whole flank ; body depth 19 - 23 % sl ; 16 - 18 gill rakers ; preanal length 72 - 75 % sl ( ref . 59043 ) .\nfound in streams . believed to be originally an inhabitant of lakes entering streams to spawn , then returning to lake . habitat modifications and water abstraction have interrupted the lower course of most streams and distribution is confined to headwaters , possibly to two streams only . spawns in november ( ref . 59043 ) .\nkottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00469 - 0 . 02234 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nanal fin in fish , an unpaired fin on the under surface of a fish , behind the anus . dorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish , or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . lateral line a row of receptors that can detect movement via vibrations in water . the receptors are typically embedded in the skin , and in fish they form a line along the sides of the body . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .\ndelling , b . ( 2010 ) diversity of western and southern balkan trouts , with the description of a new species from the louros river , greece ( teleostei : salmonidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 ( 4 ) : 331 - 344 .\njohannes sch\u00f6ffmann lastenstrasse 25 st . veit / glan a - 9300 austria j . schoeffmann @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\ncreatures with albinism and leucism are beautiful and rare animals . they have all the characteristics of others of their species except they are white in color . the lack of melanin generally results in the animal looking bleached all over , appearing white or pink . it happens in many animals ranging from squirrels to whitetail deer . here are ten incredible and rare , white - colored creatures that you ' ll probably never see in real life .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nthere are 23 different species of fish living in the waters of prespa , 8 of them are endemic . the prespa trout is one of them . it can only be found in a small number of mountain rivers that flow into the lake . preserving these tributaries is critical for the survival of this threatened endemic species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 187, "summary": [{"text": "the new guinea big-eared bat ( pharotis imogene ) is a vesper bat endemic to papua new guinea .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is listed as a critically endangered species due to ongoing habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is the only known member of the genus pharotis , which is closely related to nyctophilus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "previously , the species was believed to have been extinct since 1890 , when it was last spotted .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2012 , researchers realised that a female bat collected near kamali was a member of this species.due to its imperiled status , it is identified by the alliance for zero extinction as a species in danger of imminent extinction .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "in 2013 , bat conservation international listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "new guinea big - eared bat", "paragraphs": ["back after going missing for more than a century : the new guinea big - eared bat .\nin march 2014 the bat was loaned to the australian museum in sydney , where researcher harry parnaby identified it as pharotis imogene \u2013 the new guinea big - eared bat .\nthis article was co - authored by catherine hughes . the new guinea big - eared bat was rediscovered as part of her honours project at the university of queensland .\nmore than a century after it was \u201clost\u201d , the new guinea big - eared bat has been discovered by queensland researchers working in papua new guinea\u2019s forests . the critically endangered bat was thought to be extinct , and the discovery shows there is still much to learn about biodiversity in our region .\nthe new guinea big - eared bat ( pharotis imogene ) , is a species of vesper bat endemic to papua new guinea . it is listed as a critically endangered species due to ongoing habitat loss . it is the only known member of the genus pharotis , which is closely related to nyctophilus .\nthe new guinea big - eared bat , like the rest of the genera pharotis and nyctophilus , is distinguished by a combination of two features : large ears and a simple \u201cnose - leaf\u201d structure immediately behind the nostrils . collectively , the group of species is known as long - eared ( or big - eared ) bats . p . imogene has larger ears than most .\nscientists in australia are walking back their presumption that the new guinea big - eared bat ( pharotis imogene ) - - a species of bat last spotted in 1890 - - was lost . field researchers recently realized that one of the specimens they collected during an expedition to papua new guinea in 2012 was none other than the supposedly extinct bat , which has not been seen in more than 120 years .\nin a study published last week , the team described how it was able to identify the specimen as the presumed extinct new guinea big - eared bat . though the winged creature was initially thought to be a small - toothed bat , which also has characteristically large ears and a leaf - like nose structure , comparative material allowed researchers to confirm that the specimen is the pharotis imogene . ( the first and - - until now - - only specimens of the new guinea big - eared bat were reportedly collected by an italian scientist in 1890 . )\nwhen catherine and julie captured their bat , on the edge of logged forest near an old coconut plantation now covered with grassland , they thought it was either the small - toothed nyctophilus ( nyctophilus microdon ) or a pharotis \u2013 the genus to which the new guinea big - eared bat belongs .\nnow that the long - lost species has been rediscovered , so to speak , researchers are seeking to determine how the big - eared bat remained hidden for more than 120 years .\nthe new guinea big - eared bat pharotis imogene has not been reported since the first and only specimens were collected in 1890 and the species was presumed extinct . we document the capture of one individual of the species from the coastal district of abau , in central province , papua new guinea , 120 km east of the only previous known locality at kamali . we recommend that field surveys be urgently undertaken to assess the conservation status of the species .\n\u2014 this is a list of the mammal species recorded in papua new guinea . there are 242 mammal species in papua new guinea , of which 7 are critically endangered , 12 are endangered , 39 are vulnerable , and 0 are near threatened . [ this list is derived from \u2026\n\u2014 this is a list of the bird species recorded in papua new guinea . the avifauna of papua new guinea includes a total of 781 species , of which 76 are endemic , one has been introduced by humans , and 18 are rare or accidental . 28 species are globally\u2026 \u2026\nnew species of mammals from northern south america : a long - tongued bat , genus anoura gray .\nnothing is known of the ecology of new guinea big - eared bat , and therefore more surveys are needed in the coastal lowland rainforests of southern png . many lowland rainforest habitats are being disturbed by timber logging ( both sustainable and otherwise ) , clearing for development , and agriculture . the effect of these disturbances on the bat is unknown ; however if the species is found in low numbers , it may be threatened by local disturbances .\nresearchers recommended further field studies in order to evaluate the conservation status of the species . as the conversation notes , timber logging in lowland rainforest areas on the island could potentially disturb the big - eared bat ' s habitat , if the population is relatively low .\na third geographic region where bat - catching by web - building spiders was repeatedly witnessed ( seven reports ) is the area of australia ( report # 39\u201344 ) and papua new guinea ( report # 45 ) . most australian incidences were observed in the coastal areas of new south wales and queensland (\nas the authors note in a may 30 article for the conversation , much of lowland papua new guinea ' s rainforests are being cut down for timber or to make way for development or agriculture . that practice could place additional pressures on the big - eared bats as well as other microbats in the region . in other words , we may not have another 120 years to save this rediscovered species .\nthis research was undertaken with permission from the national research institute , papua new guinea , who organised the research visa to conduct field research in cloudy bay , abau , central province , papua new guinea . this work was conducted under animal ethics approval , granted from the university of queensland animal ethics committee number : safs / 165 / 11 / various funds\nmight be less efficient in bat catching . the only reported incidence where a bat got entangled in a\n\u2014 taxobox name = big eared flying fox status = lr / lc | status system = iucn2 . 3 regnum = animalia phylum = chordata classis = mammalia ordo = chiroptera familia = pteropodidae genus = pteropus species = p . macrotis binomial = pteropus macrotis\u2026 \u2026\n3 new species of weird , endangered fish discovered in india , u . s and colombia\non july 25 , 2012 , catherine hughes and julie broken - brow caught a small , female bat in a trap at the edge of a forest in southeast papua new guinea ( png ) . but the bat didn\u2019t match any species known to exist . and so began a fascinating detective story about a species that hadn\u2019t been spotted for more than 120 years .\nchurchill s ( 2008 ) australian bats , 2 nd edition . sydney : new holland . 255 p .\ngriffin dr ( 1958 ) listening in the dark . new haven : yale university press . 413 p .\nof course , conclusively identifying a species that hasn ' t been seen in 124 years is no easy task , especially when ( as in this case ) the only previously known sample used to describe it has long since disappeared . as recounted in the may 28 issue of records of the australian museum , parnaby was able to distinguish the rediscovered bat from other species by the curve of its nose , the size and lobes of its ears and the naked skin above its nostrils . other than these relatively minor physical attributes the pharotis bat looks quite similar to another local species , the small - toothed long - eared bat ( nyctophilus microdon ) . in fact , a specimen from this species was found in 1985 and initially misidentified as the big - eared bat until it was reexamined three years later .\nsometimes research into one question reveals the answer to another . in july 2012 catherine hughes and julie broken - brow , students at the university of queensland in australia , were in papua new guinea studying how the region\u2019s tiny microbats responded to sustainable logging of their forest homes .\ngertsch wj ( 1979 ) american spiders , 2 nd edition . new york : van nostrand reinhold . 196 p .\nmarshall sd ( 2001 ) tarantulas and other arachnids . hauppauge , new york : barron\u2019s educational series , inc . 111 p .\npp . 151\u2013200 in ecology of bats ( t . h . kunz , ed . ) . plenum publishing corporation , new york\nlunar phobia in a neotropical fruit bat , artibeus jamaicensis ( chiroptera : phyllostomidae ) .\ncollected by queensland students catherine hughes and julie broken - brow in july 2012 , the female bat was euthanized and held at the papua new guinea national museum and art gallery for future research . then , nearly two years later , harry parnaby , a research associate from the australian museum , received the specimen on loan so he could determine the species , according to australian news website the conversation .\nleen n , novick a ( 1969 ) the world of bats . new york : holt , rinehart and winston . 171 p .\nallen gm ( 2004 ) bats : biology , behavior , and folklore . new york : dover publications , inc . 368 p .\nsometimes research into one question reveals the answer to another . in july 2012 catherine hughes and julie broken - brow , students at the university of queensland in australia , were in papua new guinea studying how the region ' s tiny microbats responded to sustainable logging of their forest homes . as part of the project , the scientists trapped and caught 41 bats from nine known species\u2014as well as a female bat they could not immediately identify .\nfield rate of metabolisms and water uptake in the blossom - bat syconycteris australis ( megachiroptera ) .\n\u2014 for other uses , see bat ( disambiguation ) . bats temporal range : 52\u20130 ma \u2026\nnow that p . imogene has been rediscovered , the authors note that much remains to be learned about it . part of hughes and broken - brow ' s original work involved recording the echolocation calls of papua new guinea ' s bats . we still don ' t know what the big - eared bats sound like nor do we know anything about their ecology . what are their habitat requirements ? what do they eat ? how and where do they nest ? how many of these rare bats remain ? the authors wrote that\ndetailed surveys are needed to critically determine whether this species requires the proximity of both rainforest and more open habitats ,\nwhich would help to determine regional forestry practices . they also note that earlier surveys of protected areas have never turned up any sign of this species . the bat was found in an unprotected area , so its habitats may be at risk . they recommend new surveys to establish the bat ' s distribution and abundance , additional acoustic studies to see if its echolocation calls can be identified and ( if anyone gets that far ) radio surveys to define their habitat and roosting requirements at various stages of their reproductive cycle .\nhabitat exploitation by a gleaning bat , plecotus auritus . philosophical transactions of the royal society london , b\nseasonal changes in energetics and torpor patterns in the subtropical blossom - bat syconycteris australis ( megachiroptera ) .\nthis species has not been recorded from any protected areas . field surveys using appropriate sampling techniques ( e . g . , harp traps ) are urgently needed to determine if this species is still extant . this is one of the highest priorities for surveys in papua new guinea ( f . bonaccorso pers . comm . ) . any important roosting or foraging sites should be protected .\nmeasurements of the new specimen are consistent with those of the first specimens collected in 1890 from a coastal village called kamali , 120 km west of our study site .\nwhitaker jo , hamilton wj ( 1998 ) mammals of the eastern united states , 3 rd edition . ithaca , new york : cornell university press . 608 p .\nfresh weight and wingspan of bat species reported to be captured by spiders ( arranged in alphabethical order ) .\nthe trap that caught the bat was only at the site for two nights , making this discovery particularly lucky .\nheterothermy and the use of torpor by the bat eptesicus fuscus ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) : a field study .\npp . 11\u201345 in high altitude tropical biogeography ( f . vuilleumier and m . monasterio , eds . ) . oxford university press and american museum of natural history , new york\n- have been reported so far to be engaged in bat catching . it can be assumed , however , that other\njustification : listed as critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) because if this species still exists it is likely to have a very small population size , and small range size that is subject to a continued decline in extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , and the extent and quality of habitat . this species has not been recorded in more than 100 years ( since 1890 ) and it is known only from a rapidly changing portion of southeastern papua new guinea . there is still a possibility that new survey methods to the region , particularly harp traps , might lead to the rediscovery of this species and such surveys are urgently needed .\ntemperature regulation , rate of metabolism , and roost temperature in the greater white - lined bat saccopteryx bilineata ( emballonuridae ) .\nfifty - two reports of bat - catching spiders based on literature and unpublished data ( for more details see file s1 ) .\nthe roles of energetics , water economy , foraging behavior , and geothermal refugia in the distribution of the bat , macrotus californicus .\nit is the first record of the species since 1890 \u2013 meaning that this bat was missing in action for the entire 20th century .\nresource and habitat use in two frugivorous bat species ( phyllostomidae : carollia perspicillata and c . castanea ) in panama : mechanisms of coexistence\nforaging mode and echolocation call frequency of adult bat species reported to be captured in spider webs ( arranged in order of increasing peak frequency ) .\npp . 39\u201347 in biology of bats of the new world family phyllostomatidae . part i ( r . j . baker , j . k . jones , jr . , and d . c . carter , eds . )\ncare and management of the long - tongued bat , glossophaga soricina ( chiroptera , phyllostomatidae ) in the laboratory , with observation on estivation induced by food deprivation .\nin 2013 , a rapid biodiversity survey conducted by the wildlife conservation society in a remote location of png ( hindenburg wall ) discovered at least 89 new plant and animal species . these surveys show that png\u2019s biodiversity numbers will continue to grow as we survey more of the country .\nwas observed eating a bat on the forest floor in northeastern brazil ( r . west , pers . comm . ; report # 3 ) . moreover , a large reddish parachute tarantula ,\n; report # 11 ) , the captured bat might have been a juvenile fruit - eating phyllostomid bat though the features needed for a positive identification were not sufficiently recognizable in the photo ( a . gardner , pers . comm . ) . the old world flying foxes ( pteropodidae ) have never been reported to get captured or killed by spiders except for one report from captivity . liat\n; g . jones , pers . comm . ) . one might expect such highly specialized foragers to be sufficiently well adapted to avoid collisions with spider webs . however , studies in new south wales ( australia ) and bavaria ( germany ) revealed that gleaning insectivorous bats ( i . e . ,\n, may 2011 ) . another incidence of a bat caught in a spider web was observed on the isle of wight , south east england ( g . street , pers . comm . ) .\ndeaths of bats in spider webs have been considered to occur very rarely . in two more recent papers , a web - building spider , argiope savignyi , and a theraphosid spider , poecilotheria rufilata , were each reported to predate on a small bat [ 30 ] \u2013 [ 31 ] . these authors hypothesized that bat captures and kills due to spiders might be more frequent than previously thought . to test this hypothesis , an extensive global literature survey on bat - catching spiders was conducted , along with an attempt to use web - based sources as well . the insights from this research are reviewed here .\npreviously , the species was believed to have been extinct since 1890 , when it was last spotted . in 2012 , researchers realized that a female bat collected near kamali was a member of this species .\nan extensive bibliographic search was conducted in order to find any information available on bat - catching spiders . the search was based largely on the thomson - reuters data base ( web of science ) , google scholar , google books , proquest dissertations & theses , and flickr image - hosting website ( hosting more than 6 billion images ) . in addition to this , an internet search for blogger information on this topic was conducted . bloggers who had posted photographs and reports on bat - catching spiders on the internet were contacted to get detailed information on their observations . furthermore , the staff of bat hospitals was contacted to get information on bats rescued from spider webs . finally , an inquiry among fellow arachnologists and chiropterologists was carried out to get access to unpublished reports on this topic . many of these experts had conducted field studies for decades , and their feedback provided valuable information needed to assess how frequent incidences of bat catches by spiders might be . altogether , 52 reports on bat - catching spiders could be gathered (\nthrelfall c ( 2011 ) conserving biodiversity in urban landscapes . mechanisms influencing the distribution , community assembly and resource use of insectivorous bats in sydney , australia . ph . d . thesis , evolution & ecology research centre , school of biological , earth and environmental sciences , university of new south wales , sydney , australia .\nweb ended with the bat\u2019s successful escape . nevertheless this spider species should not be ruled out as a potential predator of small bats ; it is known to catch and eat various types of vertebrates including small birds\nin general , moderate spatial overlap occurred between the foraging and core areas of individual bats ( fig . 2 ) , which were distributed along the lakeshore in bat cove , at fairchild and harvard peninsula , and around colorado point . during some nights 1 female ( f3 ) crossed the canal and spent part of the night foraging somewhere around the mainland peninsula buena vista . this individual thus had at least 1 other foraging area , the exact location of which could not be determined because we were not able to continuously follow this bat and obtain a sufficient number of radiofixes within that area . bat f5 had by far the largest home range and its foraging areas were located far from one another . during some tracking nights we lost contact with the bat as it moved quickly out of the range of the receivers . on 1 night , we managed to follow this bat as it traveled about 7 . 5 km from the day roost along the barro colorado island shoreline to another foraging area located around gigante , a nearby mainland peninsula ( fig . 2f ) .\nthe bat was ethically euthanized and taken to the png national museum and art gallery in port moresby . specimens like this are an important reference for future research , and also a good way to identify species whose identity cannot be confirmed in the field .\nto facilitate comparison with other studies , we used 95 % kernel isopleths to delineate foraging areas ( white and garrot 1990 ) . in contrast to the home range , foraging areas do not include the day roost and areas traversed by a bat while commuting .\nbat - catching spiders belong to the araneomorph families nephilidae ( golden silk orb - weavers ) , araneidae ( orb - weaver spiders ) , sparassidae ( huntsman spiders ) , and the mygalomorph family theraphosidae ( tarantulas ) . furthermore , an attack attempt by an araneomorph hunting spider of the family pisauridae ( fishing spiders ) was witnessed . seventy - three percent of the known incidences of bat catches were attributable to orb - weaving spiders , 15 % to unidentified web - building spiders , and 12 % to hunting spiders (\na second geographic region where bat - catching by web - building spiders has frequently been reported ( 13 reports ; 2i and l ) is eastern and southeastern asia including locations in china ( report # 26\u201334 ) , japan ( report # 35 ) , vietnam ( report # 36 ) , malaysia ( report # 37 ) , and sri lanka ( report # 38 ) . here , bat - catching by spiders have been witnessed particularly often in the eastern coastal area of china , specifically in parks and forests of the greater hong kong area (\nwe further identified number and locations of foraging and core areas of each tracked individual and calculated the distances a bat traveled on a nightly basis within its range to describe patterns of range use . specifically , we calculated the minimum distance flown per night ( based on the distance between successive fixes ) , as well as maximum range span , that is , the distance between the day roost and the farthest point of a bat ' s home range . moreover , we quantified the distances the bats traveled when commuting from the day roost to the nearest foraging area .\nin the bat communities of andean cloud forests , frugivores represent the most species - rich guild , in contrast with lowland rain forest bat communities , where insectivores are the dominant guild ( fleming 1986 ; graham 1983 ; patterson et al . 1996 ; soriano 2000 ; soriano et al . 1999 ) . apparently , insectivores of tropical origin have a limit to their vertical distribution that prevents them from accessing andean cloud forests , and only some vespertilionidae of neartic origin reach these forests , along with a few representatives of the molossidae ( soriano 2000 ; soriano et al . 1999 ) .\nwith regard to bat - eating theraphosids photographed in the neotropics and in india , the actual killing of the bats was not witnessed . however , it has been proven by means of observations in captivity that large theraphosids are capable of killing bats . this is shown in a youtube video where a\nthe neotropical orb - weaving spider eriophora fuliginea has been observed to kill and eat small bats that got entangled in its webs [ 8 ] , [ 37 ] , [ 101 ] . when a bat got caught in a web , the spider immobilized the bat by attack - wrapping and subsequently biting it [ 101 ] . following this , the spiders fed on the dead bats for many hours ( d . e . wilson , pers . comm . ) . the incidences of bats being caught , killed , and eaten in webs of eriophora spp . are without any doubt predation events .\npng is one of the world\u2019s biodiversity hotspots . the country accounts for about 7 % of the world\u2019s species diversity , with about 276 known mammal species , 314 freshwater fish , 641 amphibian and reptile species , 740 birds , and many more . according to the world wildlife fund , between 1998 and 2008 , 1060 new species were discovered , including a blue - eyed spotted cuscus , a 2 . 5 metre freshwater shark , and a giant bent - toed gecko .\n) : vespertilionidae ( plain - faced bats ) , emballonuridae ( sheath - tailed bats ) , rhinolophidae ( horseshoe bats ) , hipposideridae ( old world leaf - nosed bats ) and phyllostomidae ( new world leaf - nosed bats ) . in 31 % of the reported incidences the captured bats remained unidentified . the majority of identifiable captured bats belonged to the families vespertilionidae ( 64 % of reports ) or emabllonuridae ( 22 % ) , whereas only few reports existed for hipposideridae ( 8 % ) and one for rhinolophidae ( 3 % ) . the capture of phyllostomid bats was only reported once ( report # 20 ) or maybe twice ( report # 11 ) . in the latter , uncertain report , concerning a small brown - coloured bat entangled in a spider web in guatemala (\nduring these inquiries we got access to several previously unpublished photographs of bat - catching spiders . these photographs were shown to established bat and spider taxonomists for identification of the bats and spiders , respectively . in a few cases photographs of habitats were sent to vegetation specialists for proper habitat classification . nomenclature follows [ 32 ] \u2013 [ 33 ] . spiders reported in this paper are divided into two major groups based on foraging mode ( sensu gertsch [ 14 ] ) : \u201chunting spiders\u201d ( i . e . , spiders that forage without the use of a catching web ) and \u201cweb - building spiders\u201d ( i . e . , spiders that forage using a catching web ) . data on spider weight and size as well as bat weight , wingspan , foraging mode and echolocation call frequency were taken from the literature when available . report numbers used in the results , tables and figures refer to the respective detailed report description ( see file s1 ) .\nwith about 150 species , new world leaf - nosed bats ( phyllostomidae ) are dominant components of local bat faunas in neotropical lowland forests . phyllostomid bats are ecologically highly diverse and unparalleled in their feeding habits , exploiting a wide selection of foods , ranging from fruit , leaves , nectar , and pollen to insects and other arthropods , small vertebrates , and blood ( e . g . , findley 1993 ; kalko et al . 1996 ) . although radiotracking studies have long focused on frugivorous members of this speciose family ( charles - dominique 1991 ; fleming 1988 ; handley et al . 1991 ; heithaus et al . 1975 ; morrison 1978 ; thies 1998 ) , insectivorous species have just started to receive some attention ( bernard and fenton 2003 ; kalko et al . 1999 ; weinbeer and kalko 2004 ) .\nconsumption reached a minimum level at least once , the bat was taken from the chamber , body temperature was measured with a rapid - read thermometer , and body mass was measured . rate of metabolism , as determined by rate of oxygen consumption , was calculated and expressed as a mass - specific rate with the equation of\nenergetic variables reported for bat species with different diets and from lowland and montane habitats . actual values measured are compared with predicted values ( as percentages of predicted ) . for bascal metabolic rate , predicted value is from mcnab ( 1988 ) , and for thermal conductance , predicted value is from herreid and kessel ( 1967 )\n( pisauridae ) to kill a bat pup has been witnessed below a bridge in indiana , usa ( p . clem & v . brack , pers . comm . ; report # 6 ) . however , in this latter case the predation attempt failed probably because the spider was frightened by the presence of the photographing observers ( see\n; report # 49\u201350 ) , and these both refer to warm areas in the southern usa . incidences of bat catches by orb - weaving spiders are unknown from the northern part of north america ( b . fenton , pers . comm . ) . likewise , incidences of this type have not been reported in the ukrainian and russian scientific literature ( a . t . bashta , pers . comm . ) . only two incidences of bats being captured in spider webs have been reported from europe ( report # 51\u201352 ) . in one case , a dead bat was found entangled in the web of an orb - weaving spider on a building site near stuttgart , germany ( german tabloid\nfield observations . \u2014occasionally we were able to follow a bat ' s flight path with a flashlight by illuminating the reflecting tape attached to the transmitter . characteristically , the bats foraged at low heights ( < 50 cm ) above the water surface , either flying under or close to overhanging vegetation along the shore but they often also ventured out several tens of meters onto the lake . in general , however , most bats hunted within 50 m from shore . in this context , 1 female ( f4 ) again was a notable exception because examination of our tracking data indicates that this bat periodically foraged at large distances , sometimes as far as 600 m , away from shore out on the lake .\nthe purpose of this paper is to examine adaptive responses of 3 bat species with different food habits ; responses , which the species use to solve problems of survival and energy balance in neotropical high mountains . thus , we will take into account theoretical aspects of metabolism and temperature regulation to characterize physiological features that distinguish some species that are capable of living in such environments .\nin temperate latitudes , the vespertilionid bat eptesicus fuscus uses facultative daily torpor linked to environmental and reproductive conditions ( audet and fenton 1988 ) . however , the cost of this mechanism in pregnant females is prolonged gestation . characteristics shown by e . fuscus possibly occur in tropical montane representatives of the vespertilionidae , permitting this family to have a higher representation than molossidae in tropical cloud forests .\nin this paper we test the hypothesis that bats of the andean highlands show distinctive metabolic responses compared with bats from lowland forests . we compared existing literature with new information on 3 bat species having the following food habits : a nectarivore ( anoura latidens ) , a frugivore ( sturnira erythromos ) , and an insectivore ( tadarida brasiliensis ) . basal metabolic rate , as determined by oxygen consumption , thermal conductance , and body temperature were measured at ambient temperatures of 10\u201338\u00b0c . some distinctive metabolic responses of these bat species , although varying with respect to food guild , allow us to separate them from counterpart species that are typically found in lowland forests . a . latidens is characterized by higher basal metabolic rate ; however , thermal conductance and lower critical temperature values do not show an adaptation to cool environments , as expected . s . erythromos also increases its basal metabolic rate , but it maintains thermal conductance as expected , which implies a very important displacement of thermoneutral zone to lower temperatures . at temperatures below lower critical temperature , in addition to an endothermic response , s . erythromos sometimes expresses a hypothermic response or facultative torpor , independent of sex and body mass . t . brasiliensis has a lower basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance and also has its thermoneutral zone range displaced toward lower temperatures . likewise , this species enters obligate torpor when ambient temperatures are below 22\u00b0c .\nalthough available information is yet very limited , there is evidence to support the hypothesis that thermoregulatory restrictions prevent some species of bats from inhabiting high mountain environments . this includes the tendency for metabolic rate , minimal thermal conductance , and lower critical temperature in some bat species in andean cloud forests to vary with food habits . qualitative and quantitative differences separate andean mountain bats from those of lowland forests .\n\u2014 bat1 / bat / , n . , v . , batted , batting . n . 1 . sports . a . the wooden club used in certain games , as baseball and cricket , to strike the ball . b . a racket , esp . one used in badminton or table tennis . c . a whip used by a jockey . d . the act of using a\u2026 \u2026\n) , body temperature , and thermal conductance were measured . although temperature intervals were not the same for each species , the experiments were done at ambient temperatures between 10 and 38\u00b0c . measurements were taken in an open - flow respirometer using the following protocol : the bat was placed in an hermetic metabolic chamber of 450 ml with mesh plastic walls and roof to allow it to rest in a normal position . a sufficient quantity of lead bullets was put at the bottom of the chamber to permit submersion in a thermally controlled bath . ambient temperatures inside the metabolic chamber were measured by thermocouples connected to a hh23 microprocessor digital thermometer ( omega , stamford , connecticut ) . air was pumped from the room through the chamber , maintaining an air flow of 70\u201380 ml / min , measured by a matheson 601 rotameter ( secaucus , new jersey ) . to ensure adequate mixing of air in the chamber , incoming and outgoing air tubes were placed at different levels . outgoing air flowed through a column of indicating silica gel to dehydrate it , through another column of indicating soda lime that absorbed co\nyet at the same time , major losses to png\u2019s biodiversity are being caused by rapid human population growth , forest degradation by illegal logging and trading , the establishment of plantations ( palm oil , coconut , coffee ) , mining and forestry , and climate change . while our team are delighted with rediscovering this bat from extinction , we are still saddened by the plight of other animals such as the bramble cay melomys in nearby torres strait .\nthe transmitters were attached to the backs of the bats below the scapulae , usually after partially trimming the fur , and tightly glued onto the skin of the bat by using histoacrylic glue ( braun surgical , melsungen , germany ) . recaptured individuals showed no signs of any injury that could have resulted from tagging . in an attempt to visually locate feeding bats at night , some transmitters were additionally marked with a small piece of red reflecting tape .\nlocations of individual home ranges , and foraging and core areas . \u2014examination of our tracking data indicates that m . macrophyllum forages exclusively over water , whereby all bats restricted their flight activity predominantly to the immediate shoreline of gatun lake ( within approximately 50 m ) . this resulted in most cases in distinctly elongated home - range shapes ( fig . 1 ) . we have no evidence that bats also used the forest as a hunting habitat . except for bat m2 , which spent most of its foraging time around colorado point ( fig . 2a ) , males in general and a harem male ( m3 ) in particular , used small foraging and core areas that were located in laboratory cove or bat cove , that is , in close proximity to their day roost in the barracuda ( fig . 2b ) . females , in contrast , were much more variable , having foraging and core areas both close to and very distant from the day roost ( figs . 2c - f ) .\nthe species chosen for this study inhabit the andean cloud forest ( > 2 , 000 m elevation ) and belong to each of the 3 different dietary types found in this ecological unit . thus , we worked with anoura latidens , a nectar\u2013polinivorous species with a wide elevational range ( 50\u20132 , 240 m ) but found most frequently in montane localities ( handley 1984 ) ; sturnira erythromos , a frugivorous bat that occurs in montane environments with a narrow elevation range in venezuela ( 1 , 000\u20132 , 500 m\u2014 handley 1976 ) ; and tadarida brasiliensis , an insectivorous bat with a wide distribution range , which includes subtropical regions of north and south america and the tropical andes ( wilkins 1989 ) . in south america , t . brasiliensis seems to be absent in the amazonian basin , and although it seems to prefer the mountain region in the neotropics ( up to 2 , 107 m\u2014 handley 1976 ) , this species may be found at low elevations ( koopman 1982 ; wilkins 1989 ) .\nuse of foraging and core areas . \u2014although overall ranges were large , m . macrophyllum concentrated its activity in small core - use areas of typically less than 10 ha , representing roughly 35 % of the size of foraging areas . there was moderate spatial overlap between foraging and core areas of individual bats ( fig . 2 ) . however , because we were only able to track 1 bat at a time , we could not test whether there was also temporal overlap in the use of feeding sites .\nall five groups of bat - catching spider taxa ( nephilidae , araneidae , theraphosidae , sparassidae , and pisauridae ) are known to be predominantly predaceous on insects [ 14 ] , [ 53 ] , [ 64 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 101 ] . with regard to large - sized theraphosids , sparassids , and pisaurids , their feeding behavior in the field has not been thoroughly investigated and one cannot currently judge whether predation on bats is of significance to them from a feeding ecological point of view .\ndatabase . \u2014between april and july 2002 , 10 bats ( 6 females and 4 males ) were tagged for radiotracking . data from 1 female that lost the transmitter by the beginning of the 3rd night of tracking were excluded from analyses . the database thus consisted of 5 females and 4 males ( hereafter referred to as f1\u2013f5 and m1\u2013m4 , respectively ) that were tracked for an average of 5 . 3 nights \u00b1 0 . 9 sd each . this led to 519 . 5 h of tracking with on average 422 . 5 h ( 82 % ) of contact time ( range = 55\u2013100 % ) during which a bat could be followed closely .\nthis insectivorous species shows the lowest basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance measured for any tropical bat ( 42 % and 68 % , respectively , of expected values for their body mass ; table 1 ) . these values appear below the 95 % confidence limit for regressions for lowland insectivorous bats , both for basal metabolic rate and for thermal conductance as a function of body mass . likewise , t . brasiliensis shows the lowest values known for upper and lower critical temperatures ( table 1 ) . although some of these features differ from those found for the nectarivores and frugivores examined in this study , they are in agreement with what can be expected for insectivorous bats .\nthe nectarivorous bat , a . latidens , is endothermic and has a high basal metabolic rate ; however , its high thermal conductance and lower critical temperature do not show an adaptation to cool environments as expected . further data from additional individuals are necessary to characterize this species . the frugivore s . erythromos has a high basal metabolic rate and maintains thermal conductance as expected , which implies a very important displacement of thermoneutral zone to lower temperatures . at temperatures below the lower critical temperature , some bats express a hypothermic response or facultative torpor . one insectivore , t . brasiliensis , has very low basal metabolic rate and thermal conductance and a thermoneutral zone range displaced toward lower temperatures , and all the individuals enter obligate torpor at ambient temperatures < 22\u00b0c .\nfostered by recent advances in transmitter miniaturization , radiotracking has proven a particularly powerful technique for investigating many aspects of bat ecology , including home - range requirements and patterns of space and habitat use . however , so far most detailed radiotracking studies have concentrated on temperate - zone species ( e . g . , catto et al . 1996 ; entwistle et al . 1996 ; leonard and fenton 1983 ; robinson and stebbings 1997 ; wai - ping and fenton 1989 ) , whereas relatively few studies have been conducted in the tropics ( e . g . , bernard and fenton 2003 ; charles - dominique 1991 ; fenton et al . 1993 ; fleming 1988 ; gannon and willig 1997 ; kalko et al . 1999 ; morrison 1978 ; reviewed in kalko 1998 ) .\nanatomical features such as very dense fur , absence of an uropatagium , small ears , and densely haired feet and toes ( de la torre 1961 ) can partially compensate for the tendency for rapid heat loss caused by high temperature differentials between the bat and the ambient air . an additional feature is the dual response that s . erythromos shows to temperatures below the lower critical temperature , which we interpret as facultative torpor . we observed that individuals could respond as typical normotherms or as hypotherms ( fig . 2 ) . as hypotherms , bats entered reversible torpor and decreased their body temperature ( hypothermia ) . this physiological response allows them to reduce energetic expenditures . s . lilium can economize between 10 % and 30 % of its reserves under similar conditions via hypothermia ( audet and thomas 1997 ) .\nabsolute and mass - specific values of basal metabolic rate obtained for the montane nectarivorous bat a . latidens are among the highest known for glossophagine bats ( table 1 ) . the high basal metabolic rate permits a . latidens to maintain constant body temperature . such physiological response has been demonstrated previously for mammals with feeding habits based on carbohydrates ( mcnab 1986 ) . all representatives of the genus anoura inhabit mountain environments and use caves , caverns , and rocky shelters as diurnal refuges , where they roost in small groups ( lemke and tamsitt 1979 ) . within diurnal refuges , they are exposed to ambient temperatures below their lower critical temperature ( 19\u00b0c\u2014a . ruiz , in litt . ) ; consequently , high basal metabolic rate allows them to resist the temperature differential between their body and the environment ( arends et al . 1995 ) .\nthis frugivorous bat shows both the highest mass - specific basal metabolic rate among those known for lowlands and a high value among frugivore bats for minimal thermal conductance ( table 1 ) . the basal metabolic rate of s . erythromos is above the 95 % confidence limit for the regression obtained for the mass - specific basal metabolic rate of frugivore bats from neotropical lowlands . its thermal conductance value places it at the upper end of the expected range for a regression line of lowland frugivorous bats ( table 1 ) . on the other hand , the range of thermoneutral zone is the smallest of the guild ( table 1 ) , and s . erythromos also shows the lowest lower critical temperature in relation to size ; this value is shared with other much larger species such as artibeus jamaicensis and a . lituratus ( table 1 ) .\nin the tropics , huge nephilid orb - webs ( genera nephila and nephilengys ) sometimes block the entrances to bat caves ( [ 61 ] ; c . dietz , pers . comm . ) . such cave entrance inhabiting nephilid populations have been discovered in east and south east asia as well as in the neotropics . so far it is unknown to what extend cave - roosting bats flying back and forth between caves and foraging areas are able to detect and avoid these webs . since it is hypothesized that the bats might navigate by spatial memory while passing through cave entrances [ 121 ] , it is conceivable that some of them may crash into nephilid webs within the cave\u2019s entrance zone , given the fact that in some areas they leave caves at dusk in gigantic swarms . monitoring nephild webs at cave entrances by means of video recording devices could bring an answer to this question .\nanother factor that influences home - range size , in addition to foraging mode , is availability and distribution of food in space and time . small aerial insects , in contrast to , for instance , frogs , which often occur aggregated at spawning pools , are more widely distributed throughout the landscape . thus , bats like m . macrophyllum exploiting this resource should travel longer distances on a nightly basis and have large home ranges . for instance , weinbeer and kalko ( 2004 ) found average home ranges of 46 ha ( range 19\u2013158 ha ) for the insectivorous bat lampronycteris brachyis ( phyllostomidae ) on barro colorado island . similar to m . macrophyllum ( weinbeer et al . , in press ) , this species was characterized by a high flight activity of more than 3 h per night , during which the bats traveled estimated distances of several dozen kilometers ( m . macrophyllum : about 35\u201350 km , l . brachyotis : approximately 60 km ) , paralleling many aerial insectivorous vespertilionids .\nthe neotropical orb - weaving spider nephila clavipes has been witnessed catching bats quite frequently ( 9 reports ) , but in none of these cases was it seen biting , wrapping or eating a bat . likewise , birds trapped in the webs of this spider species were apparently not consumed [ 22 ] \u2013 . only once has a neotropical nephila been observed biting a bird , but without subsequent consumption of the prey [ 22 ] . it has been suggested that nephila clavipes might be unable to deal with large , aggressive prey such as bats and birds [ 24 ] , [ 27 ] . if this latter assumption is true , then the captures of bats in the webs of nephila clavipes would be cases of non - predation deaths ( the bats dying of exhaustion , starvation , dehydration , and / or hyperthermia ) . the two european incidences where bats were killed in spider webs without the spiders feeding on them must be considered to have been cases of non - predation deaths as well .\nin recent years , the idea has been proposed that the occasional catch of large , energetically rewarding prey may be essential in order to fulfil the reproductive needs of large orb - weaving spiders ( \u201crare , large prey\u201d hypothesis ; see [ 122 ] \u2013 [ 123 ] ) . while large orb - weavers such as nephila spp . capture predominantly small insects of little energetic value , they derive the bulk of their energy from a few rare , large prey items ( see [ 46 ] , [ 49 ] , [ 53 ] , [ 122 ] ) . in this context \u201crare , large prey\u201d encompasses large insects ( e . g . , cicadas , moths , coleopterans , orthopterans , and odonates ) as well as small flying vertebrates ( bats and birds ) . in our opinion , the examples of bat - eating orb - weavers reported in this paper are consistent with the\nrare , large prey\nhypothesis , though one may object to this given the rarity of such events .\nthe ancova analysis ( table 1 ) of data available for 21 tropical bat species and the 3 species in this study indicates that log 10 of basal metabolic rate is significantly correlated with log 10 of body mass ( p = 0 . 0035 , r 2 = 0 . 40 ) and with food habits ( p = 0 . 00002 ) . it is not significantly correlated with maximal elevation range ( p = 0 . 56 ) . although elevation did not show an effect on log 10 of basal metabolic rate , when both elevation and food habits are taken into account , a statistically significant impact on log 10 of metabolic rate was obtained ( p = 0 . 0002 ) . this implies that elevation does not have the same effect as diet on metabolic responses of the various dietary groups examined . our results seem to show that both the nectarivorous a . latidens and the frugivorous s . erythromos increase their basal metabolic rate as a response to elevation , whereas the insectivorous t . brasiliensis shows the opposite response , probably as a consequence of its poor energetic budget .\nthe lowest temperature at which a bat maintained its basal metabolic rate ( lower critical temperature ) was determined by finding the intersection between regression lines with best fit to data , calculated by minimal squares method for values inside and below the zone of thermal neutrality ( nickerson et al . 1989 ) . in the case of a . latidens , the method of nickerson et al . ( 1989 ) was not feasible because this species showed different conductances in and below thermal neutrality ; consequently , we define lower critical temperature as the minimal value of ambient temperature in which the range of basal metabolic rate was independent of ambient temperature . an approximation to upper critical temperature was obtained as the inflection point in metabolic rate as ambient temperature increased . differences in metabolic rate as well as in thermal conductance between normothermic and hypothermic bats were tested using 1 - way analysis of variance . analysis of covariance ( ancova ) was used to test the impact of various factors on basal rate of different species of tropical bats for which data were available from the literature . thus , log 10 of basal metabolic rate = f ( log 10 body mass , maximal elevation range , and diet ) .\nmovement patterns . \u2014commuting distances between day roost and nearest foraging area ranged from 0 to 4 . 35 km , with no significant difference between the sexes ( males : median = 0 km , iqr = 0 km ; females : 0 . 040 km , iqr = 0\u20133 . 38 km ; z = \u20131 . 60 , p = 0 . 109 ) . except for 2 females ( fl and f4 ) whose single foraging areas were located more than 2 and 4 km away from the day roost , the majority of individuals had their closest foraging area directly adjacent to their day roost . in commuting between day roost and feeding areas or between the latter , tagged individuals typically did not fly the most direct route , which would have led them through forest , but closely followed the shoreline or flew over open water instead . some bats ( m1 , m2 , and f1 ) flew over or crossed only small , forested areas en route to their foraging areas . during commutes along the shoreline , the bats attained a flight speed of approximately 8 . 3 m / s ( 30 km / h ) as estimated based on the speed of our motorboats ( determined by use of a global positioning system unit ) while closely tracking a bat ."]}
{"id": 188, "summary": [{"text": "stalk-eyed flies are insects of the fly family diopsidae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the family is distinguished from most other flies by the possession of \" eyestalks \" : projections from the sides of the head with the eyes at the end .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "some fly species from other families such as drosophilidae , platystomatidae , richardiidae , and tephritidae have similar heads , but the unique character of the diopsidae is that their antennae are located on the stalk , rather than in the middle of the head as in all other flies .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the stalk-eyed flies are up to a centimeter long , and they feed on both decaying plants and animals .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "their unique morphology has inspired research into how the attribute may have arisen through forces of sexual selection and natural selection .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "studies of the behavior of the diopsidae have yielded important insights into the development of sexual ornamentation , the genetic factors that maintain such a morphological feature , sexual selection , and the handicap principle . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "stalk - eyed fly", "paragraphs": ["stalk eyed fly pc : rob knell ( cc by sa 2 . 5 )\nsignalling fitness : larger males sire more offspring . studies of the stalk - eyed fly\n. signalling fitness : larger males sire more offspring . studies of the stalk - eyed fly\nfemale choice response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk - eyed fly .\nfemale preference response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk - eyed fly .\nmating - induced reduction in accessory reproductive organ size in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni .\n. female preference response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk - eyed fly .\nhingle a , fowler k , pomiankowski a . size - dependent mate preference in the stalk - eyed fly\nlorch pd , wilkinson gs , reillo pr . copulation duration and sperm precedence in the stalk - eyed fly\nburkhardt d , de la motte i . how stalk - eyed flies eye stalk - eyed flies : observations and measurements of the eyes of\nburkhardt d . and motte i , 1983 . how stalk - eyed flies eye stalk - eyed flies : observations and measurements of the eyes of\nuniversity college london , department of biology ; 2003 . the evolution of multiple mating in the stalk - eyed fly ,\nmating - induced reduction in accessory reproductive organ size in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni . - pubmed - ncbi\ncondition dependence of sexual ornament size and variation in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni ( diptera : diopsidae ) .\nwhether sexually selected traits are sex linked can have profound effects on their evolution . in the diopsid stalk - eyed fly ,\ncotton s , fowler k , pomiankowski a . condition dependence of sexual ornament size and variation in the stalk - eyed fly\nmale sexual ornament size but not asymmetry reflects condition in stalk - eyed flies .\nevolution of genetic variation for condition - dependent traits in stalk - eyed flies .\n. coevolution of sperm and female reproductive tract morphology in stalk - eyed flies .\n. evolution of genetic variation for condition dependent traits in stalk - eyed flies .\nvisual system of the stalk - eyed fly , cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata ( diopsidae , diptera ) : an anatomical investigation of unusual eyes .\nwilkinson gs , reillo pr . female preference response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk - eyed fly .\nhingle a , fowler k , pomiankowski a . the effect of transient food stress on female mate preference in the stalk - eyed fly\n. male sexual ornament size but not asymmetry reflects condition in stalk - eyed flies .\nwilkinson g . s . , 1993 . artificial selection alters allometry in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni ( diptera : diopsidae ) .\ncondition dependence of sexual ornament size and variation in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni ( diptera : diopsidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nselective pressures , variability , and sexual dimorphism in stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) .\n. male eye span in stalk - eyed flies indicates genetic quality by meiotic drive suppression .\nrogers dw , chapman t , fowler k , pomiankowski a . mating - induced reduction in accessory reproductive organ size in the stalk - eyed fly\n. hunting for ayv 28\u2014right and wrong approaches in an attempt to increase our knowledge about the stalk - eyed fly ( diopsidae , diptera ) .\nvisual system of the stalk - eyed fly , cyrtodiopsis quinqueguttata ( diopsidae , diptera ) : an anatomical investigation of unusual eyes . - pubmed - ncbi\npanhuis tm , wilkinson gs . exaggerated eyespan influences male contest outcome in stalk - eyed flies .\nwilkinson gs , fry cl . meiotic drive alters sperm competitive ability in stalk - eyed flies .\nhurley i , pomiankowski a , fowler k , smith h . , 2002 . fate map of the eye antennal imaginal disc in the stalk - eyed fly\nso , the benefit that the compound eye gives the fly is that the fly can see . it lets the fly know if something is coming towards it , where the fly is positioned in its environment , what\u2019s there , and tells the fly that it\u2019s moving in relation to other things .\nrogers dw , grant ca , chapman t , pomiankowski a , fowler k . the influence of male and female eyespan on fertility in the stalk - eyed fly\nstalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) : modelling the evolution and development of an exaggerated sexual trait .\npresgraves dc , severance e , wilkinson gs . sex chromosome meiotic drive in stalk - eyed flies .\nfigure 16 : a species of stalk - eyed flies photographed in dairy farm . courtesy of nicky bay .\nwilkinson gs , kahler h , baker rh . evolution of female mating preferences in stalk - eyed flies .\nis the only stalk - eyed fly in the micropezidae family \u2013 and we only have one , slightly damaged specimen in the collection . on the right : the essay unwrapped .\nwilkinson gs . genetic consequences of sexual selection in stalk - eyed flies . in : dugatkin la , editor .\ncotton s , rogers dw , small j , pomiankowski a , fowler k . variation in preference for a male ornament is positively associated with female eyespan in the stalk - eyed fly\nthe full importance of the accessory glands in stalk - eyed fly reproduction is poorly understood . accessory gland products form the casing of the spermatophore and consequently are necessary for sperm transfer [\nfry cl . juvenile hormone mediates a trade - off between primary and secondary sexual traits in stalk - eyed flies .\nbaker rh , denniff m , futerman p , fowler k , pomiankowski a , chapman t . accessory glands influence time to sexual maturity and mating frequency in the stalk - eyed fly ,\nrogers dw , baker rh , chapman t , denniff m , pomiankowski a , fowler k . direct and correlated responses to artificial selection on male mating frequency in the stalk - eyed fly\nlorch p . , wilkinson g . s . , reilo pr . , 1993 . copulation duration and sperm precedence in malaysian stalk - eyed fly , cyrtodiopsis whitei ( diptera : diopsidae ) .\nbaker rh , ashwell ris , richards ta , fowler k , chapman t , pomiankowski a . effects of multiple mating and male eye span on female reproductive output in the stalk - eyed fly\nstalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) : modelling the evolution and development of an exaggerated sexual trait . - pubmed - ncbi\nreguera p . , and pomiankowski , a . , 2004 . low cost of reproduction in female stalk - eyed flies ,\nreguera p , pomiankowski a , fowler k , chapman t . low cost of reproduction in female stalk - eyed flies ,\nwilkinson gs , reillo pr : female choice response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk - eyed fly . proc r soc lond b . 1994 , 255 : 1 - 6 .\nburkhardt d , de la motte i . selective pressures , variability , and sexual dimorphism in stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae )\nwilkinson gs et al . ,\nsex - biased gene expression during head development in a sexually dimorphic stalk - eyed fly .\n, plos one , 2013 mar 19 ; 8 ( 3 ) : e59826\nbig \u2018antlers\u2019 are favoured : female choice in stalk - eyed flies ( diptera , insecta ) , field collected harems and laboratory experiments .\ndavid p , bjorksten t , fowler k , pomiankowski a . condition - dependent signalling of genetic variation in stalk - eyed flies .\nsukontason kl , chaiwong t , piangjai s , upakut s , moophayak k , et al . ( 2008 ) ommatidia of blow fly , house fly , and flesh fly : implication of their vision efficiency . parasitol res 103 : 123\u2013131 .\nkotrba m . , 2004 . baltic amber fossils reveal early evolution of sexual dimorphism in stalk - eyed flies ( diptera : diopsidae ) .\nthe australian museum has the world ' s largest and most comprehensive collection of signal flies , including examples from 64 different species of stalk - eyed signal fly and a number of unique specimens found in no other museum collection .\nsukontason kl , chaiwong t , piangjai s , upakut s , moophayak k , and sukontason k . 2008 . ommatidia of blow fly , house fly , and flesh fly : implication of their vision efficiency . parasitology research 103 : 123 - 131 .\nburkhardt d . , and motte i . , 1985 . selective pressure , variability and sexual dimorphism in stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) .\nstalk - eyed signal flies occur mainly in new guinea ( with more than 90 recorded species ) and in queensland ( with five recorded species ) .\n. big ` antlers ' are favoured : female choice in stalk - eyed flies ( diptera , insecta ) , field collected harems and laboratory experiments .\nmale stalk - eyed signal flies spend much of their time in rainforests on shaded tree trunks which they use as courtship territory and avidly defend against rivals .\nthe heritability of sexually dimorphic traits in the yellow dung fly scatophaga stercoraria ( l . )\na male big eyed fly . its entire head is a pair of eyes . ( diptera : pipunculidae ) pc : marcello consolo ( cc by sa 2 . 0 )\npanhuis t . m . , wilkinson g . s . , 1999 . exaggerated male eye span influences contest outcome in stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) .\nwright tf , johns pm , walters jr , lerner ap , swallow jg , wilkinson gs . microsatellite variation among divergent populations of stalk - eyed flies , genus\n^ wilkinson g . s . , and reillo p . r . , 1994 . female choice response to artificial selection on an exaggerated male trait in a stalk - eyed fly . proceedings of biological sciences . 255 ( 342 ) : 1 - 6 .\nsometimes evolution just doesn\u2019t care if you can see and it\u2019s only important how sexy you are . that\u2019s what happened to the stalk eyed fly . the outrageous stalks that the males carry around actual hinder their flying capabilities but they can still see relatively well .\na soldier fly . the red color acts as a pair of sunglasses . pc : eddie smith\nstudies on the egg morphology of stalk - eyed flies using scanning electron microscope ( sem ) demonstrated that egg morphology is useful for identification purposes and for cladistic analysis .\nbaker rh , wilkinson gs , desalle r . the phylogenetic utility of different types of molecular data used to infer evolutionary relationships among stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae )\n^ rihak g . , egge a . r . , swallow g . s . , 2009 . saccadic head rotations during walking in the stalk - eyed fly ( cyrtodiopsis dalmanni ) . proceedings of the royal society of biological sciences . 276 : 1643 - 1649 .\nthis video shows three stalk - eyed fly species from borneo ( teleopsis pallifacies , eurydopsis sarawakensis , cyrtodiopsis sp . ) and features information on their mating biology . it also shows a surprise attack ! ! follow me on twitter @ magsorger # crazybeautifulnature visit my website urltoken\nfigure 3 : eyes of a stalk - eyed flies , showing the position of antenna beside the compund eye . [ image courtesy of tronghieusg , used with permission . ]\n. this suggest that the behavior of aggregating and intrasexual competition between males , besides sexual selection , is a selection force for sexual dimorphsim in the stalk - eyed flies .\nfry cl , wilkinson gs : sperm survival in female stalk - eyed flies depends on seminal fluid and meiotic drive . evolution . 2004 , 58 : 1622 - 1626 .\nbaker rh et al . ,\ngenomic analysis of a sexually - selected character : est sequencing and microarray analysis of eye - antennal imaginal discs in the stalk - eyed fly teleopsis dalmanni ( diopsidae ) .\n, bmc genomics , 2009 aug 5 ; 10 : 361\nmale and female of a blow fly . ( chrysomya rufifacies ) pc : sukontason et al . 2008\nlife returns to discovery channel in october - sundays starting 10 / 3 @ 8 and 9p ! urltoken stalk - eyed flies inflate their long , tube - like eye stalks .\nthe most notable example where this occurs is the family of flies called diopsidae . every species has eye stalks and so they are the ones commonly called the stalk - eyed flies .\nit should be noted that stalk - eyed flies are not the only group of dipteran flies that posses eye stalks ( figure 2 ; click here for examples of dipteran with eye stalk ) . however , they are unique by having the antenna near the end of the eyes stalk , next to the eye instead of in the facial region ( figure 3 ) .\nburkhardt d , de la motte i . big ' antlers ' are favoured : female choice in stalk - eyed flies ( diptera , insecta ) , field collected harems and laboratory experiments .\nstalk - eyed flies ( family diopsidae ) are a model system for studying sexual selection due to the elongated and sexually dimorphic eye - stalks found in many species . more . . .\n^ wilkinson g . s . , johns p . m . , kelleher e . s . , muscedere m . l . , lorsong a . , 2006 . fitness effects of x chromosome drive in the stalk - eyed fly , cyrtodiopsis dalmanni . journal of evolutionary biology . 19 : 1851\u20131860 .\nis definitely the lateral head projection ( the \u201ceye stalk\u201d ) , which bore the eyes and the antenna . the eye stalk is derived from the posterior half of the eye - antennal disc\nwe have shown that the pattern of sperm usage is highly variable in the stalk - eyed fly , t . dalmanni . this greatly limits the utility of population - based estimates of p 2 as descriptors of sperm usage , and suggests that sperm precedence should be viewed as context - specific , rather than a general , constant , metric in stalk - eyed flies . the unexplained variance in male fertilization success found by this study requires further investigation in order to evaluate potential causes and consequences .\n^ cotton s . , small j . , hashim r . , pomiankowski a . , 2010 . eyespan reflects reproductive quality in wild stalk - eyed flies . evolutionary ecology . 24 : 83\u201395 .\nhusak j . f . , ribak g . , wilkinson g . s . , swallow j . g . , 2011 . compensation for exaggerated eye stalks in stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) .\n1 . outer vertical bristle black twice as long as width of eye - stalk in the middle .\nmost times this just involves squaring up to each other like alcohol - infused humans . but sometimes the fights become more physical , with males head butting each other or having fist fights . yes , proper fly - on - fly boxing .\n^ rogers d . w . , baker r . h . , chapman t . , denniff m . , pomiankowski a . , fowler k . , 2005 . direct and correlated responses to artificial selection on male mating frequency in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni . journal of evolutionary biology . 18 : 642 - 650 .\nstalk - eyed flies of the family diopsidae exhibit a unique form of hypercephaly , which has evolved under both natural and sexual selection . male hypercephaly is used by female diopsids as an indicator of male quality . by choosing to mate with males expressing the most - exaggerated hypercephaly , females can benefit both from the enhanced fertility of these males and the transmission of other heritable advantages to their offspring . stalk - eyed flies are close relatives of the model organism , drosophila melanogaster . we have shown that similar genetic and cellular mechanisms regulate the initial development of the head capsule in fruitflies and diopsids . the great diversity of stalk - eyed fly species , exhibiting varying degrees of hypercephaly and sexual dimorphism , constitutes a major advantage for comparative studies of their development and evolution .\nmy first experience of stalk - eyed flies came while i was carrying out fieldwork in costa rica over 10 years ago and it can probably go down as one of my favourite fieldwork moments . so what happened ?\nit is not just the richardiidae family that contain stalk - eyed species , in fact the stalk - eyed condition has evolved independently in at least eight families of flies . in these families , and generally only in males , the eyes have migrated away from the head and are now found on the end of stalks . called hypercephalization , this condition also includes examples where elaborate structures such as antlers and horns protrude from the head .\nrichard h . baker , robert i . s . ashwell , thomas a . richards , kevin fowler , tracey chapman , andrew pomiankowski ; effects of multiple mating and male eye span on female reproductive output in the stalk - eyed fly , cyrtodiopsis dalmanni , behavioral ecology , volume 12 , issue 6 , 1 november 2001 , pages 732\u2013739 , urltoken\ndiopsinae is a taxonomic group of fly in which members posse the eye stalks . this group is nested within the diopsidae , the stalk - eyed flies . however , taxonomists do not agree with what constitute the diopsidae . the traditional definition of diopsidae includes the centrioncinae , in which members do not have the eye stalks , and the diopsinae . however , some taxonomists argue that the centrioncinae should not be included in the diopsidae , and should treat as a different group . [ 20 ] stalk - eyed flies in this page refers to the members of diopsidae that includes centrioncinae .\nthis group of flies contains some spectacular species including the stalk - eyed signal flies , belonging to the genus achias . true to their name , the males have eyes on long stalks extending from either side of their heads .\nthe signal fly family ( platystomatidae ) includes a great diversity of species found in australia , new guinea and other nearby tropical countries .\nscientists working on this family estimate that there may be as many as 900 species of signal fly that occur in the australasian region .\nkirschfeld k , franceschini n , minke b ( 1977 ) evidence for a sensitising pigment in fly photoreceptors . nature 269 : 386\u2013390 .\nthe common horse fly may seem an ugly nuisance from far away , but in the macro perspective , its eyes draw you in .\nthe band - eyed drone fly is a bee mimic , and it takes the ruse to the limit , with stripes even on its eyes . but why ? scientists hypothesize that it affects what this insect sees \u2014 definitely a subject for further research .\nland mf , eckert h ( 1985 ) maps of the acute zones of fly eyes . journal of comparative physiology a 156 : 525\u2013538 .\nthis deer fly has a distinct pattern on its eyes . in fact , their genus , chrysops , translates to\ngold eyes .\nmost of the described stalk - eyed flies species are found in the old world with the afrotropical region having the most species . there is only two species found in the new world and are found in temperate north america . the distribution of\nthis entry was posted in ecology , physiology and tagged compound eye , diptera , eyes , fly , insect , ommatidia . bookmark the permalink .\nribak g and swallow jg . 2007 . free flight maneuvers of stalk - eyed flies\u201d do eye - stalks effect aerial turning behavior ? journal of comparative physiology a neuroethology , sensory , nuerual , and behavioral physiology 193 ( 10 ) : 1065 - 1079 .\ntill date , there is no proper studies in surveying the diversity of stalk - eyed flies in singapore , but they have been photographed by photography enthusiasts in matritchie reservoir park , dairy farm ( figure 16 ) , singapore botanic garden , bukit timah and nee soon swamp forest ( map ) . teleopsis dalmanni could be found in central catchement area . stalk - eyed flies are generally found at shady areas , near edge of forest streams , or in wet muddy area with rotten vegetation in proximate ( figure 17 ) .\nimagine seeing through the extended eyes of the stalk - eyed fly ! these funky - looking bugs can extend their eyes outward by filling their heads with air as they make their final transformation from pupa to adult ( see this amazing process in this discovery\nlife\nvideo ) . while it seems as though these outward - facing eyes might provide superior vision , the main purpose is to attract female flies .\ncotton , a j f\u00f6ldv\u00e1ri , m cotton , s and pomiankowski , a 2014 . male eyespan size is associated with meiotic drive in wild stalk - eyed flies ( teleopsis dalmanni ) . heredity , vol . 112 , issue . 4 , p . 363 .\nwernet mf , desplan c ( 2004 ) building a retinal mosaic : cell - fate decision in the fly eye . trends in cell biology 14 : 576\u2013584 .\nupdate ( 22 jan . 13 ) : thanks to hans feijen for identifying the fly species , which turned out to be diasemopsis fasciata , and not diopsis .\nfly , ( order diptera ) , any of a large number of insects characterized by the use of only one pair of wings for flight and the reduction of the second pair of wings to knobs ( called halteres ) used for balance . the term fly is commonly used for almost any small flying insect . however , in entomology\u2026\nbath , eleanor wigby , stuart vincent , claire tobias , joseph a . and seddon , nathalie 2015 . condition , not eyespan , predicts contest outcome in female stalk - eyed flies , teleopsis dalmanni . ecology and evolution , vol . 5 , issue . 9 , p . 1826 .\nbonduriansky r , rowe l ( 2003 ) interactions among mechanisms of sexual selection on male body size and head shape in a sexually dimorphic fly . evolution 57 : 2046\u20132053 .\nwithin the fruit fly family , tephritidae , there are two species that have stalked eyes . one of them , pelmatops ichneumonea , was once placed in a different genus and family . in fact , it is easy to see at first glance why this happened when you compare it with achias , the genus it was originally described as . achias is now within the platystomatidae family and contains arguably the most impressive of all of the stalk - eyed flies \u2013 achias rothschildii .\n^ wilkinson , g . s . , amitin , e . g . and johns , p . m . , 2005 . sex - linked correlated responses in female reproductive traits to selection on male eye span in stalk - eyed flies . integrative and comparative biology . 45 : 500 - 510 .\nshortly after eclosion , before their structures hardened , t . dalmanni ingest air thorough their oral cavity , and pump it to the tips to their stalk through a duct in the head , thereby elongating their stalk . watch the video to see an newly - emerged adult flies pumping their eye stalks !\n3 . inner vertical bristle up to 4 . 5\u20135 times as long as width of eye - stalk in the middle ; on a small tubercle .\n^ ribak g . , pitts m . l . , wilkinson g . s . , swallow g . s . , 2009 . wing shape , wing size , and sexual dimorphism in eye - span in stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society . 98 : 860\u2013871 .\nstalk - eye flies shared the same general life history pattern ( figure 18 ) , although fecundity , age of sexual maturity and longevity varies among species .\n^ worthington a . m . , berns c . m . , and swallow j . g . , 2012 . size matters , but so does shape : quantifying complex shape changes in a sexually selected trait in stalk - eyed flies ( diptera : diopsidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society . 106 : 104\u2013113 .\nhardie rc ( 1985 ) functional organization of the fly retina . progress in sens physiol . berlin , heidelberg , new york , toronto : springer , vol . 5 . pp . 1\u201379 .\nbefore the museum exhibition about colour and vision closes on 6 november , i thought i should write a piece about some of nature\u2019s most amazing eyes ( their patterns and shapes ) . i\u2019m talking of course about those belonging to flies \u2013 the most enigmatic of all species on the planet \u2013 and specifically all the species referred to as stalk - eyed flies .\nwithin micropezidae there is only one species that exhibits the stalk - eyed condition : anaeropsis guttipennis . and within our collection there is only one , slightly damaged specimen that only has one stalk ! however beside this specimen is an essay \u2013 albeit the smallest of essays . unwrapped , this essay ( by ernest edward austin \u2013 a great dipterist and my forefather in curation terms ) describes how several authors have moved the taxonomic placement of this species around . ernest felt that any decisions to be made needed further proof and greater comparisons \u2013 wise words .\nfascinating , erica ! do such structures occur in just flies ? is it possible that they fulfill functions other than visual superiority of some kind and sexual prowess ? i note the forward rake in some species , which half suggests equivalence to antennae in lepidoptera\u2026 that visual superiority , if it exists\u2026 i wonder if having the eyes on stalks enables fuller all - round vision \u2013 because the optically - facetted part of the stalk - side of each eye fills - in the blind spot in normal flies caused by the head . that might be an evolutionary driver for just thin - stalked eyes . but then why the species with thick - stalked eyed ? one also wonders if the stalked - eyes structure helps with orientation awareness , it\u2019s inertia tending to keep it at a fixed orientation , in turn enabling the fly to sense changes in the orientation of its body . \u2026related to the gyroscopic function of halteres . but then , non - stalk - eyed flies seem to manage well enough without\u2026 \u2026so many questions\u2026 mike\nthe base stock was an outbred laboratory population of the stalk - eyed fly , c . dalmanni , collected from gombak , malaysia in 1993 . the stock was maintained in large cages at high population size ( typically more than 200 individuals per cage ) and with a 1 : 1 sex ratio . flies were fed ground corn medium and kept at 25\u00b0c on a 12 h / 12 h light / dark regime . the regime included a 15 - min\ndawn\nperiod in which the culture room was illuminated by a single 60 - w bulb . all observations of behaviour commenced at the start of this dawn period .\nthat is , of course , if the organism needs to see . eyes are usually the first things to disappear if you live in caves . or if you\u2019re a fly maggot that invests its early days face first eating rotting corpses .\nthe distribution of second male sperm precedence ( p 2 ) among 22 dam - sire pair families in the stalk - eyed fly , teleopsis dalmanni . open bars depict the frequency of families with p 2 significantly different from 0 . 5 ( using 2 - tailed binomial tests ) ; black bars denote those with p 2 not significantly different from 0 . 5 . the grey bar denotes the sperm precedence of a single family where the observed p 2 of zero was not significantly different from p 2 = 0 . 5 . however , the brood size of this family was small ( n = 5 ) , so this result should be treated with caution .\ninternal reproductive organ size is an important determinant of male reproductive success . while the response of testis length to variation in the intensity of sperm competition is well documented across many taxa , few studies address the importance of testis size in determining other components of male reproductive success ( such as mating frequency ) or the significance of size variation in accessory reproductive organs . accessory gland length , but not testis length , is both phenotypically and genetically correlated with male mating frequency in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni . here we directly manipulate male mating status to investigate the effect of copulation on the size of both the testes and the accessory glands of c . dalmanni .\ninternal reproductive organ size is an important determinant of male reproductive success . while the response of testis length to variation in the intensity of sperm competition is well documented across many taxa , few studies address the importance of testis size in determining other components of male reproductive success ( such as mating frequency ) or the significance of size variation in accessory reproductive organs . accessory gland length , but not testis length , is both phenotypically and genetically correlated with male mating frequency in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni . here we directly manipulate male mating status to investigate the effect of copulation on the size of both the testes and the accessory glands of c . dalmanni .\nsince males with longer eye span gain benefits of having more mating opportunities , there is a strong sexual selection force for increasing longer eye stalks in males . however , there is a limit in the length of the eye stalks . the process of developing longer eye stalk could create developmental problems in the larvae stage , leading to high larvae mortality rate in the pupae stage . longer eye stalk also requires longer development time , which increase the exposure to toxic metabolites produced by conspecific larva , as well as to predators and parasites . therefore , the length of male eye stalk is maintain by natural selection opposing the force of sexual selection .\nwe thank t . chapman and g . hurst for comments , and a . hingle for help in rearing fly stocks . this work was supported by royal society university research fellowships ( k . f . and a . p . ) and the nerc .\nthere are about 150 , 000 described species of described true flies ( diptera ) with an estimated total number of fly species to be around 240 , 000 . so , this is going to be very generalized and does not at all encompass every organism .\nmale mating history is often associated with changes in male investment in current mating attempts , with concomitant effects on patterns of paternity [ 12 , 13 ] . however , all males were virgins at the start of the experiment and performed equal numbers of copulations , so variation in mating experience did not differ between first and second males , and hence is not an explanation of our data . in addition , all males were maintained on a high quality diet , so variation in environmental conditions was minimised between pairs of sires . these factors ( when variable ) may well be important in determining stalk - eyed fly paternity and deserve further investigation , but they cannot explain the results reported in the current study .\nin some species , females choose mates possessing ornaments that predict offspring survival 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . however , sexual selection by female preference for male genetic quality 6 , 7 , 8 remains controversial because conventional genetic mechanisms maintain insufficient variation in male quality to account for costly preference and ornament evolution 9 , 10 . here we show that females prefer ornaments that indicate genetic quality generated by transmission conflict between the sex chromosomes . by comparing sex - ratio distributions in stalk - eyed fly ( cyrtodiopsis ) progeny we found that female - biased sex ratios occur in species exhibiting eye - stalk sexual dimorphism 11 , 12 and female preferences for long eye span 13 , 14 . female - biased sex ratios result from meiotic drive 15 , the preferential transmission of a \u2018selfish\u2019 x - chromosome . artificial selection for 22 generations on male eye - stalk length in sexually dimorphic c . dalmanni produced longer eye - stalks and male - biased progeny sex ratios in replicate lines . because male - biased progeny sex ratios occur when a drive - resistant y chromosome pairs with a driving x chromosome 15 , long eye span is genetically linked to meiotic drive suppression . male eye span therefore signals genetic quality by influencing the reproductive value of offspring 16 .\nwhen females mate with different males , competition for fertilizations occurs after insemination . such sperm competition is usually summarized at the level of the population or species by the parameter , p 2 , defined as the proportion of offspring sired by the second male in double mating trials . however , considerable variation in p 2 may occur within populations , and such variation limits the utility of population - wide or species p 2 estimates as descriptors of sperm usage . to fully understand the causes and consequences of sperm competition requires estimates of not only mean p 2 , but also intra - specific variation in p 2 . here we investigate within - population quantitative variation in p 2 using a controlled mating experiment and microsatellite profiling of progeny in the multiply mating stalk - eyed fly , teleopsis dalmanni .\ncolored eyes , like those of the soldier fly above , serve a specific purpose in insects : they narrow down the information being processed by each of the tiny lenses . some insects with metallic - colored eyes have layers and layers of lenses that reflect light , lending an iridescent quality .\nthe length of eye stalk strongly affects the outcome of the males\u2019 competition over a female aggregation . males with larger eyespan , independent of body size , are more aggressive and win proportionately more aggressive interaction than males with smaller eye span [ 6 ]\nmicropezidae , diopsidae , ottidae , platystomatidae , tephritidae , richardiidae , periscelididae and drosophilidae all contain some species that exhibit some level of hypercephalization and , interestingly , the stalk - eyed condition has evolved independently more than once in platystomatidae . this is a very good example of convergent evolution \u2013 where species that are not related have a very similar form ( the hedgehog and the spiny anteater are another good example ) . it is also an example of recurrent evolution \u2013 where a similar feature evolves time and time again .\nwe used the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni to examine predictions made by condition - dependent handicap models of sexual selection . condition was experimentally varied by manipulation of larval food availability . cyrtodiopsis dalmanni is a highly dimorphic species exhibiting strong sexual selection , and the male sexual ornament ( exaggerated eyespan ) showed strong condition - dependent expression relative to the homologous trait in females and nonsexual traits . male eyespan also showed a great increase in standardized variance under stress , unlike nonsexual traits . the inflated variance of the male ornament was primarily attributable to condition - dependent ( but body - size - independent ) increase in variance . thus , evaluation of male eyespan allows females to gain additional information about male condition over and above that given by body size . these findings accord well with condition - dependent handicap models of sexual selection .\nunder the handicap hypothesis of mate choice , female judge the quality of males through sexual ornamentation , such as the eye stalk , which are costly to develop . a high - quality male will be able to support longer eye stalks which are costly despite poor condition\nmales come head to head and primarily compare stalk length . if there is a difference the male with the smaller stalks leaves and the larger male retains control of his territory ( and often harem ) . however , when they judge themselves as equal they fight !\nfigure 1 : mapping of compound eyes ( red ) , antenna ( green ) and eye - antenna dics ( blue ) in the stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) , showing a gradual evolution of eye - stalks from condition ' a ' through ' b ' and ' c ' to ' d ' : ( a ) centrioncus prodiopsis speiser ; ( b ) sphyracephala beccari ; ( c ) sphyracephala ( pseudodiopsis ) detrahens walker ; ( d ) diopsis thoracica westwood . ( extracted and modified from meier & baker , 2002 )\nstalk - eyed flies ( diptera : diopsidae ) are increasingly important model organisms for studies of sexual selection [ 19 - 22 ] . they are characterised by the lateral extension of the eyes on elongate protuberances on the side of the head capsule , a trait common to both sexes in all species [ 19 , 23 ] . in many species the eyespan of males is greater than that of females , the result of sexual selection through female mate choice [ 24 - 29 ] and male - male competition [ 30 , 31 ] .\nthe authors thank matthew denniff for assistance with fly rearing and behavioural observations , and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on the manuscript . this research was funded by awards from the natural environment research council ( tc , kf & ap ) , the royal society ( tc ) and the association of commonwealth universities ( dwr ) .\nboth male and female stalk - eyed flies mate frequently . in the current study , each male mated an average of 3 . 79 times ( up to a maximum of 12 ) during the 60 - minute observation period . only 23 . 9 % ( 37 out of 155 ) of males mated at least 6 times and therefore 76 . 1 % ( 118 out of 155 ) of males failed to mate with all 6 virgin females provided . as females housed with three males will mate an average of 5 . 51 times during the 60 minutes following artificial dawn [\nflies that rely heavily on their vision , for the most part , have cashed in on all of the options . house flies ( musca domestica ) have a moderate amount of ommatidia , but males have more ommatidia ( ~ 3 , 500 ) than females ( ~ 3 , 400 ) and bigger eyes , suggesting that vision plays an important role in mate determination . in fact , this pattern is readily seen in two other families of flies , the flesh flies ( sarcophagidae ) and the blow flies ( calliophoridae ) . house flies were at the lower end of the spectrum with some blow files coming in closer to the ~ 5 , 500 ommatidia honey bees have . while this isn\u2019t the 30 , 000 that dragonflies have , each ommatidium of a house fly , flesh fly , or blow fly is bigger than that of a dragonfly . plus they still have a lot more than the 2 , 000 american cockroaches have and the 800 that drosophila have . so we\u2019ll call it a nice middle ground .\nwhen fighting face to face , rival males gauge their opponents ' size and strength from their head width . small males ( which may have begun life as under - nourished or disadvantaged larvae ) have very short or no eye - stalks . the clear difference in head - width allows the weaker fly to back off early and avoid possible injury .\nmany little gnats and mosquitoes are crepuscular meaning they fly at dawn and at dusk but flies generally have eye modifications for frolicking around in the sunlight . normally they\u2019d be out of luck seeing once the sun dipped below the horizon , but flies have that 7 way split rhabdom . this helps them fly in low light conditions because the 7 parts of the rhabdom are separated and act in a similiar manner to the rhabdoms separated from the ommatidia by the clear zone . specifically for gnats and mosquitoes , it gives them an extra 15 or so minutes before dawn and after sunset . this doesn\u2019t seem like much for us , but it gives them a small window to swarm , mate , and feed without being incredibly visible to predators .\ni was walking along a path in the forest near the tropical field station la suerte ( where i was based for a month or so ) when i saw this strange creature \u2013 a hammerhead fly \u2013 scuttling over the bark of a tree . i chased it round and round the tree and finally managed to catch it in my hands ! it turned out to be this little beast \u2013\nhandicap models of sexual selection predict that male sexual ornaments have strong condition - dependent expression and this allows females to evaluate male genetic quality 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . a number of previous experiments have demonstrated heightened condition - dependence of sexual ornaments in response to environmental stress 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . here we show that genetic variation underlies the response to environmental stress ( variable food quality ) of a sexual ornament ( male eye span ) in the stalk - eyed fly cyrtodiopsis dalmanni . some male genotypes develop large eye span under all conditions , whereas other genotypes progressively reduce eye span as conditions deteriorate . several non - sexual traits ( female eye span , male and female wing length ) also show genetic variation in condition - dependent expression , but their genetic response is entirely explained by scaling with body size . in contrast , the male sexual ornament still reveals genetic variation in the response to environmental stress after accounting for differences in body size . these results strongly support the hypothesis that female mate choice yields genetic benefits for offspring .\nfemales of the stalk - eyed fly , cyrtodiopsis dalmanni , mate repeatedly during their lifetime and exhibit mating preference for males with large eye span . how these mating decisions affect female fitness is not fully understood . in this study , we examined the effects of multiple mating and male eye span on short - term reproductive output in this species . experiments that manipulated the number of copulations and partners a female received suggested that obtaining a sufficient sperm supply is an important benefit associated with multiple mating . the average percentage of fertile eggs laid by females increased as a function of mating frequency and ranged from 40 % for females mated once , to 80 % for females mated continuously . in addition , a high proportion of copulations in this species appeared to be unsuccessful . one - third of all females mated once laid less than 10 % fertile eggs . there was no significant difference in reproductive performance between females mated to multiple partners and females mated to a single partner . there was also no indication that females received any short - term reproductive benefits from mating with males with large eye span . in fact , females mated to males with short eye span laid a higher percentage of fertile eggs than females mated to large eye span males .\nthe malaysian stalk - eyed fly , teleopsis dalmanni ( formerly known as cyrtodiopsis dalmanni ; [ 32 ] ) , exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism for eyespan resulting from strong intra - and inter - sexual selection on the trait in males ( ibid . ) . females form large harems on root hairs overhanging the eroded banks of streams and males compete to control these harems [ 19 , 33 ] . both sexes are highly promiscuous and mate at high frequencies ( ~ 10 and 6 times per hour in the laboratory , for males and females respectively ; [ 34 , 35 ] ) . there is also some evidence that males strategically allocate more ejaculate to larger , more productive females through the production and delivery of larger spermatophores [ 36 ] . however , t . dalmanni spermatophores are small [ 37 ] and females store few sperm following a single mating ( ~ 140 ; [ 36 ] ) . females are therefore sperm - limited and must copulate repeatedly to attain maximal fertility [ 38 ] . this problem is exacerbated in large , highly fecund females despite being allocated more ejaculate , as they lay a lower proportion of fertilised eggs following a single copulation in comparison with less productive females [ 38 ] . without measures of paternity however , the value of both mate choice and multiple mating can only be inferred indirectly .\nwith eyes at the tip of their eye stalk , teleopsis dalmanni and members of diopsinae definitely make into the list of most bizarre - looking animals on earth . this group of flies has sparks research interest in the physiology , development and evolutionary mechanism leading to the eye stalks . t . dalmanni is probably the most widely studied particularly in the field of sexual selection leading to sexual dimorphism in this species , where males and females differ in appearance .\nthe fly , c . dalmanni , is highly promiscuous ( wilkinson et al . , 1998 ) thereby creating ample opportunity for intense postcopulatory sexual selection by sperm competition or selection . comparative studies across stalk - eyed flies reveal that sperm length , spermathecal duct length and ventral receptacle size have coevolved between males and females ( presgraves et al . , 1999 ) . the size and shape of female sperm storage organs have the potential to influence which sperm are used for fertilization . thus , correlated evolution between male and female reproductive traits may be due , in part , to selection on sperm size mediated by the size of the female organs . however , correlated evolution between male and female reproductive traits may also be the result of linkage disequilibrium between pre - and postcopulatory traits . among lines selected for long or short male eye span , wilkinson et al . ( 2005 ) found a strong correlation between eye span and ventral receptacle size due , in part , to x - linked effects . eye span is , therefore , partly indicative of both male and female postcopulatory features . consequently , genetic linkage among x - linked genes that influence eye span , sperm length and ventral receptacle size provides a mechanism by which female mate choice can potentially influence male external morphology and sperm length as well as result in coevolution between sperm length and female sperm storage organ size . furthermore , the genetic linkage between eye span and sperm length allows both pre - and postcopulatory sexual selection to act against the transmission bias caused by the sex - ratio chromosome .\nlay on average 4 - 6 eggs per day and may continue laying eggs for many months . the eggs require 1 - 3 days to hatch . larvae stage range from 10 days to several weeks , depending on temperature of environment and food quality . late - instar larvae empty their gut content in a process called gut - purge , and enter pupation state . in food - depriving environment , pupation might occur at smaller larvae size . they typically pupate on emergent vegetation . pupation stage last for almost a week , after which an adult fly will emerge , completing the life cycle of\nas yet , there has been no effort to identify within - population quantitative variation in p 2 in stalk - eyed flies . in this paper we investigated intra - specific , within population variation of p 2 in t . dalmanni using controlled mating experiments and microsatellite profiling of progeny . we standardized male mating history , diet and body size in order to limit variation in male reproductive organ size , as we have shown that testes and accessory glands are reduced by mating [ 41 ] and scale positively with diet quality and body size [ rogers et al . in prep ; cotton & pomiankowski unpublished ] . we also chose sires with similar eyespan to each other to limit the potential effects on p 2 of female mate choice based on male ornament size [ 25 , 27 , 28 ] . we show that even in the absence of these factors there is significant variation in sperm precedence in t . dalmanni , with familial p 2 values ranging from zero to one . we discuss the likely causes of this variation .\nwe know that sperm precedence in c . dalmanni is highly variable and exhibits a trimodal distribution ( corley et al . , 2006 ) . furthermore , when females are double - mated to st and sr males , st males are twice as likely to fertilize offspring ( wilkinson et al . , 2006 ) . the greater sperm length of st males may facilitate fertilization success . in other insect species , longer sperm do not necessarily have a fertilization advantage over shorter sperm ( e . g . , gage and morrow , 2003 ) , but can in species where females mediate fertilization through organs like sperm receptacles ( reviewed in snook , 2005 ) . we do not know the exact mechanisms of sperm competition in c . dalmanni ; there may be a trade - off between producing many small or few long sperm , although very few sperm per ejaculate succeed in getting stored in female spermathecae ( approximately 35 in cyrtodiopsis whitei ; fry and wilkinson , 2004 ) . male and female postcopulatory traits have coevolved across stalk - eyed fly taxa ( presgraves et al . , 1999 ) and are the fastest evolving traits measured among populations within c . dalmanni ( eg amitin and gs wilkinson , unpublished data ) , which are patterns consistent with sperm competition mediated by ventral receptacles . double - mating experiments using flies that differ only in sperm length , but not presence of drive , are needed to determine how sperm length influences sperm competitive ability . by simultaneously allowing males to differ in eye span it may be possible to determine whether pre - and postcopulatory selection operates in concert or independently on male pre - and postcopulatory sexually selected traits .\ntempleton ( 26 ) proposed that sexual selection is not important in speciation in the hawaiian drosophila because mate choice is stabilizing within species . the sexually selected trait that we examined is not important in behavioral isolation , but the reason is not consistent with templeton\u2019s proposal because we found directional sexual selection through female mate choice . our detection of directional selection is not due to sampling a smaller size range than templeton did because the range of head widths in our study was 2 . 4\u20133 . 1 mm , nearly the same as the range studied by templeton ( 17 , 26 ) . statistical analyses of selection are essentially correlational ( 25 , 29 ) , and the cause of selection needs to be confirmed with an experimental approach , such as increasing the male eye span through artificial selection ( 30 ) . female preferences for broad heads in distantly related stalk - eyed flies ( diopsidae ) also appear to be directional ; females preferred to perch near males with heads that had been widened experimentally well beyond the natural range of the species ( 31 ) ."]}
{"id": 203, "summary": [{"text": "the mascarene grey parakeet or thirioux \u2019s grey parrot ( psittacula bensoni ) , is an extinct species of parrot which was endemic to the mascarene islands of mauritius and r\u00e9union in the western indian ocean .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it has been classified as a member of the tribe psittaculini , along with other parrots from the islands .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "subfossil bones of the mascarene grey parakeet found on mauritius were first described in 1973 as belonging to a smaller relative of the broad-billed parrot in the genus lophopsittacus .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "apart from their size , the bones were very similar to those of other mascarene parrots .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the subfossils were later connected with 17th - and 18th-century descriptions of small grey parrots on mauritius and r\u00e9union , together with a single illustration published in a journal describing a voyage in 1602 , and the species was instead reassigned to the genus psittacula .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the mascarene grey parakeet was grey , had a long tail , and was larger than other species of the psittacula genus , which are usually green .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the grey parrots were said to be easy to hunt , as the capture of one would result in its calling out to summon the whole flock .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "they were also considered to be crop pests and being such easy prey meant that they were extensively hunted .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "coupled with deforestation , this pushed them into extinction .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this had happened by the 1730s on r\u00e9union and by the 1760s on mauritius . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "mascarene grey parakeet", "paragraphs": ["the mascarene grey parakeet or thirioux\u2019s grey parrot ( psittacula bensoni ) , is an extinct species of parrot which was endemic to the mascarene islands of mauritius and r\u00e9union in the western indian ocean .\ndutch sailors hunting mauritius\u2019 giant tortoise , dodo , and mascarene grey parakeet , all of which were extinct within 150 years of this 16th century woodcut .\nupper magdalena parakeet is a proposed split from maroon - tailed parakeet ( donegan et al . 2016 , hbw )\ncliff parakeet is split from monk parakeet ( collar 1997 , russello et al . 2008 , hbw alive , cf sacc 93 & 503 )\nchoco parakeet is a proposed split from maroon - tailed parakeet ( ridgely and greenfield 2001 , donegan et al . 2016 , sacc 524 , hbw )\nto greyish chocolate , the tail from light grey to blackish grey - brown , and the head from bluish - grey to dove - grey . the plate also lacks two dark central tail feathers without white bases , a feature described by brisson , and these features have been repeated by subsequent artists . the illustration and buffon ' s description were perhaps based on the paris specimen which had its tail and wing feathers feathers severely damaged by\nalleles were present in the majority of echo parakeet isolates . from early 2005 a new\n. the cause and date of extinction for the mascarene parrot itself is uncertain .\nby linnaeus in 1758 , who again synonymised it with the mascarene parrot in 1766 . because of this association , some authors believed it was from the mascarene islands as well , but this dark parrot ' s description differs from that of the mascarene parrot .\n, so it was possible for species to colonise the mascarene islands from other areas .\na 2017 study found it to be close to the mascarene parrot . [ 10 ]\n) . the coefficient of variation histograms indicated that for the echo parakeet isolates there is not sufficient evidence to reject the strict clock , but there is for the rose - ringed parakeet isolates .\nthere are several sorts of parrot , of different sizes and colours . some are the size of a hen , grey , the beak red [ mascarene parrot ] ; others the same colour the size of a pigeon [ mascarene grey parakeet ] , and yet others , smaller , are green [ r\u00e9union parakeet ] . there are great quantities , especially in the sainte - suzanne area and on the mountainsides . they are very good to eat , especially when they are fat which is from the month of june until the month of september , because at that time the trees produce a certain wild seed that these birds eat .\nthe mascarene parrot ( mascarinus mascarinus ) is an extinct species of parrot known from bones , specimens and descriptions to have occurred in the mascarene island of r\u00e9union , and possibly mauritius .\ngenus : scientific : mascarinus . . . english : mascarene parrot . . . dutch : maskarenenpapegaaien . . . german : mascarenen - papageien . . . french : perroquet de mascarene\nspecimens having aged and being exposed to light , which can turn grey and black to brown . such a transformation has also turned an aberrant\n. moreover , these mutations were completely fixed in the echo parakeet host population very shortly after the outbreak . several\nspecies : scientific : mascarinus mascarinus . . . english : mascarene parrot . . . dutch : maskarenpapegaai . . . german : mascarenen papagei . . . french : perroquet de mascarene . . . cites status : extinct\nthe affinities of the mascarene parrot are unclear , and two hypotheses have competed since the mid - 19th century .\ni ' ve removed the alternate english names for nanday parakeet , aratinga nendaya ( black - hooded parakeet ) , and for rosy - faced lovebird , agapornis roseicollis ( peach faced lovebird ) . [ psittacidae , falconiformes & psittaciformes , 2 . 71a ]\nthe following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of the seychelles parakeet , according to jackson et al . , 2015 : [ 9 ]\ngene that we observed to be particularly polymorphic in the echo parakeet isolates ( codons 88 , 148 , 167 , 176 , and 234 ) appeared to be much less variable in the rose - ringed parakeet isolates . only codons 148 and 167 showed nonsynonymous polymorphism .\n) in samples that tested positive for the presence of bfdv . the reaction volumes and cycling conditions were identical to the orf1 pcr except for the annealing temperature , which was reduced to 54\u00b0c . we sequenced 47 echo parakeet and 31 rose - ringed parakeet bfdv isolates at orf2 .\nin 1779 under his entry for the mascarene parrot , in which he pointed out similarities and differences between the two . the english\nthe only endemic bird species on r\u00e9union that disappeared after the mascarene parrot was the hoopoe starling in the mid - 19th century .\ngene in the echo parakeet isolates is well supported . this result indicates that as with other ssdna viruses , bfdv has a high evolutionary rate .\nin 1973 , based on remains collected by louis etienne thirioux in the early 20th century , the english ornithologist daniel t . holyoak placed a small subfossil mauritian parrot in the same genus as the broad - billed parrot and named it lophopsittacus bensoni . in 2007 , on the basis of a comparison of subfossils , correlated with 17th and 18th century descriptions of small grey parrots , hume reclassified it as a species in the genus psittacula and called it thirioux ' s grey parrot . in 1967 , james greenway had speculated that reports of grey mauritian parrots referred to the broad - billed parrot .\na ( data not shown ) . the estimated nucleotide diversity ( \u03c0 ) of bfdv in each echo parakeet breeding season from 2004 / 05 is shown in\nthe mauritius parakeet is the only extant of six parrot species once endemic to the mascarene islands in the southern indian ocean . its population gradually began to decline in the mid - 1800s and by 1986 it was estimated that about 8 - 12 individuals were living in the wild upland forest of mauritius .\ncontrary to feuilley ' s claims , dubois mentioned that the mascarene parrot was not edible which may have led to r\u00e9union visitors mostly ignoring it .\nupperparts of head and neck clear ( ash ) grey . back , rump , underparts of neck , breast , belly , sides , legs , scapular feathers , uppercoverts of tail very - dark ( ash ) grey . wing feathers of the same colour . the tail is composed of 12 feathers : the two median ones are also very - dark ( ash ) grey . all the lateral ones are of the same colour , except that they have a little white at their base . the eyes are surrounded by a naked skin , bright red . pupil black , iris red . the base of the superior half of the beak is also surrounded by a red naked skin in which the nostrils are placed . beak similarly red . legs pale flesh . claws grey - brown . i am unaware from which country it is found . i have seen it living in paris .\nthe echo parakeet , psittacula echo , is lumped with the extinct p . eques , which has priority . [ psittacidae , falconiformes & psittaciformes , 2 . 62b ]\ndisappearing when they did , at a time when modern science was still emerging , the mascarene giant tortoises occupy a strange halfway house between poorly - understood human - induced casualties of the early modern era and better - known lost species of more recent times . unlike some of their vanished compatriots , such as the mascarene grey parakeet , their life appearance is fairly well - known , but there is still a deep air of mystery about them . the world\u2019s only taxidermied specimen is kept in paris , in the sombre setting of the room of endangered & extinct species . below is a ( slightly blurred ) picture which seems a poignant reminder of these peculiar giants , now forever receding into the mists of time .\nthe seychelles parakeet or seychelles island parrot ( psittacula wardi ) is an extinct species of parrot which was endemic to the seychelles group in the indian ocean . it resembled the alexandrine parakeet but was smaller and lacked the pink colour in its collar . the species is suspected to have become extinct due to intense persecution by farmers and coconut plantation owners .\nif hahn ' s account is disregarded , the mascarene parrot probably became extinct prior to 1800 . the last account of wild specimens on r\u00e9union is from the 1770s .\nthe scientific name of mascarene sheldgoose has been corrected to alopochen mauritiana , from mauritianus , as alopochen is feminine . [ anatidae , paleognaths and anseriformes , 2 . 60a ]\nphylogenetic studies suggest that the species diverged from the alexandrine parakeet through isolation of populations that dispersed through the indian subcontinent into seychelles about 11 million years ago when sea levels were much lower . [ 8 ]\nparrots . it also found that the mascarene parrot line diverged 4 . 6 to 9 million years ago , prior to the formation of r\u00e9union , indicating this must have happened elsewhere .\ncheke , a . s . ( 1987 ) .\nan ecological history of the mascarene islands , with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates\n. in diamond ( ed . ) , a . w . studies of mascarene island birds . cambridge . pp . 5\u201389 . doi : 10 . 1017 / cbo9780511735769 . 003 . isbn 978 - 0521113311 .\nthe mascarene parrot or mascarin ( mascarinus mascarin ) is an extinct species of parrot that was endemic to the mascarene island of r\u00e9union in the western indian ocean . the taxonomic relationships of this species has been subject to debate . it has been connected to the psittaculini parrots based on anatomical grounds , but to the vasa parrots based on genetic grounds . the exact placement is unresolved .\nthe mascarene parrot was a medium - sized bird , about as large as an eclectus parrot and of a similar shape , although less heavyset and with a longer tail . it was dark greyish brown on the upperside , lighter on the underside . the bases of the tail feathers were white , and the head was colored a medium lavender grey . a ring of velvet - like short black feathers surrounded the bill , which was brilliant red . the feet were reddish brown .\nhenkel , f . m . , and w . schmidt . 2000 . amphibians and reptiles of madagascar and the mascarene , seychelles , and comoro islands . krieger publishing co . , florida .\nthe mascarene parrot was 35 cm ( 14 in ) in length . the wing was 211 mm ( 8 . 3 in ) , the tail 144\u2013152 mm ( 5 . 6\u20136 in ) , the\nof the two existing stuffed mascarene parrots made it possible to compare the remaining bones with the subfossils and showed these were intermediate in measurements in comparison to the modern specimens . the lesser vasa parrot was introduced to r\u00e9union as early as 1780 but , though the subfossil parrot bones were similar to that species in some aspects , they were more similar to those of the mascarene parrot and considered to belong to it .\nmany other endemic species of mauritius were lost after the arrival of man , so the ecosystem of the island is severely damaged and hard to reconstruct . before humans arrived , mauritius was entirely covered in forests , almost all of which have since been lost to deforestation . the surviving endemic fauna is still seriously threatened . the broad - billed parrot lived alongside other recently extinct mauritian birds such as the dodo , the red rail , the mascarene grey parakeet , the mauritius blue pigeon , the mauritius owl , the mascarene coot , the mauritian shelduck , the mauritian duck , and the mauritius night heron . extinct mauritian reptiles include the saddle - backed mauritius giant tortoise , the domed mauritius giant tortoise , the mauritian giant skink , and the round island burrowing boa . the small mauritian flying fox and the snail tropidophora carinata lived on mauritius and r\u00e9union but became extinct in both islands . some plants , such as casearia tinifolia and the palm orchid , have also become extinct .\namong the extant mammals the only true endemic is the greater mascarene flying fox ( pteropus niger , vu ) . this species is now severely endangered due to deforestation , hunting , introduced species , and cyclones . another similar species of bat , the lesser mascarene flying fox ( pteropus subniger , ex ) , is already extinct . another rare mammal on these islands is the rare rodrigues flying fox ( pteropus rodricensis , cr ) .\nmany endemic species of mauritius became extinct after the arrival of humans , so the ecosystem of the island is badly damaged and hard to reconstruct . before humans arrived , mauritius was entirely covered in forests , but very little remains of them today , because of deforestation . [ 57 ] the surviving endemic fauna is still seriously threatened . [ 58 ] the dodo lived alongside other recently extinct mauritian birds such as the flightless red rail , the broad - billed parrot , the mascarene grey parakeet , the mauritius blue pigeon , themauritius owl , the mascarene coot , the mauritian shelduck , the mauritian duck , and the mauritius night heron . extinct mauritian reptiles include the saddle - backed mauritius giant tortoise , the domed mauritius giant tortoise , the mauritian giant skink , and the round island burrowing boa . the small mauritian flying fox and the snail tropidophora carinata lived on mauritius and r\u00e9union , but vanished from both islands . some plants , such as casearia tinifolia and the palm orchid , have also become extinct . [ 59 ]\nhume , j . p . ( 2007 ) .\nreappraisal of the parrots ( aves : psittacidae ) from the mascarene islands , with comments on their ecology , morphology , and affinities\n. zootaxa 1513 : 4\u201341 .\n. to identify the mutations that may have elicited the 2005 / 2006 season ( 2005 / 06 ) pbfd outbreak , we constructed phylogenies using the echo parakeet bfdv isolates . we found no significant evidence for recombination using any method and , consequently , the\nto assess the level of clock - like evolution in the data , we regressed the root - to - tip genetic distances , inferred from neighbor - joined trees , against sampling time by using path - o - gen . the results indicate that there is good evidence for temporal signal in the ca psid gene but not in the replicase : ( i ) echo parakeet isolate capsid gene , r 2 = 0 . 625 , residual mean square ( rms ) = 3 . 23 \u00d7 10 \u22126 , and replicase gene , r 2 = 0 . 122 , rms = 1 . 55 \u00d7 10 \u22126 , and ( ii ) rose - ringed parakeet isolate capsid gene , r 2 = 0 . 461 , rms = 4 . 32 \u00d7 10 \u22125 , and replicase gene , r 2 = 0 . 073 , rms = 7 . 21 \u00d7 10 \u22127 . following duffy and holmes ( 14 ) , to assess the temporal structure of the evolutionary rate , analyses were repeated for each data set , but with the sampling dates randomly shuffled among the tips . in both genes of the echo parakeet isolates the actual estimated mean evolutionary rates do not coincide with the 95 % hpd intervals for any of the randomized runs , indicating that there is good temporal structure ( fig . 4 ) . in contrast , there is little difference between the estimated evolutionary rates from the rose - ringed parakeet isolates and their randomized results , suggesting that there is no temporal structure . taken together , these results suggest that the high evolutionary rate estimated from the bfdv capsid gene from echo parakeet isolates is well supported . there is marginal support for the rate estimated from the rep gene in the echo parakeet isolates but no support for the results from the rose - ringed parakeet bfdv data .\nto not correspond to the pbfd outbreak . this group includes rose - ringed parakeets sampled at the same time as the pbfd outbreak in the echo parakeet population . the second group ( highlighted by the gray box ) , comprising just three isolates , have the 14h34l\nthe mascarene parrot was first mentioned in 1674 , and live specimens were later brought to europe where they lived in captivity . the species was scientifically described in 1771 . only two stuffed specimens exist today , in paris and vienna . the date and cause of extinction for the mascarene parrot is unclear . the latest account from 1834 is considered dubious , so it is probable that the species became extinct prior to 1800 , and may have become extinct in the wild even earlier .\nthe broad - billed parrot or raven parrot ( lophopsittacus mauritianus ) is a large extinct parrot in the family psittaculidae . it was endemic to the mascarene island of mauritius in the indian ocean east of madagascar . it is unclear what other species it is most closely related to , but it has been classified as a member of the tribe psittaculini , along with other mascarene parrots . it had similarities with the rodrigues parrot ( necropsittacus rodricanus ) , and may have been closely related .\nnewton , e . ( 1876 ) .\nxxvii . - on the psittaci of the mascarene islands\n. ibis 18 ( 3 ) : 281\u2013289 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1474 - 919x . 1876 . tb06925 . x .\nshows the rate estimated from the strict clock for the echo parakeet isolates and the relaxed clock ( uncorrelated lognormal ) for the rose - ringed isolates . the inferred rates do not differ substantially between the two genes or between the two host populations , although the 95 % hpd intervals for the\nthe seychelles parakeet was named palaeornis wardi as by the british ornithologist edward newton in 1867 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] it was endemic to mah\u00e9 and silhouette and was once sighted on praslin . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ten specimens exist today . [ 7 ]\npsittacula wardi was endemic to mah\u00e9 and silhouette , seychelles , with a sight record from praslin . [ 1 ] the seychelles parakeet is believed to have had a diet of bugs found in the bushes or trees , [ 13 ] and probably also consumed fruit and seeds . [ 1 ]\nconsidering the proximity of the two parrot populations in mauritius and the recent common ancestry of the host species ( 22 ) , we expected to find good evidence for viral transmission . indeed , the phylogenetic analyses indicated the presence of bfdv allele sharing between the two populations . although the literature ( 28 ) and field reports indicate behavioral and ecological separation between the parrot populations in mauritius , the environmental stability of bfdv ( 62 ) means that the virus still can be indirectly transmitted . the most recent common ancestor for all echo parakeet isolates dates to around 1959 ( or 1949 when the rose - ringed isolates are included in the analysis ) , which approximately coincides with a period when the rose - ringed parakeet started expanding into native forest , coming into direct competition with the echo parakeet for nest sites ( 6 ) . interestingly , the oldest rose - ringed parakeet isolate was taken from a bird housed in aviaries that were central to the initial recovery of the echo parakeets . thus , the apparent transmission of bfdv actually may in some cases be attributable to human intervention . although the evidence for viral transmission between the two parrot populations appears to be clear , the evidence for the rose - ringed parakeets being the source of the pbfd outbreak is more equivocal . we only identified three rose - ringed parakeet isolates that possessed the 14h34l rep allele , and all of them were collected at least one season after the outbreak . one possibility is that the mutations responsible for the outbreak originated in the echo parakeet population with subsequent transmission to the rose - ringed population . indeed , one of the three rose - ringed isolates was collected from an individual that most likely became infected after indirect contact with the endemic population ( it was found in an echo parakeet nest in the 2006 / 07 season ) . nevertheless , given the considerable size and distribution of the invasive population , it undoubtedly remains the likeliest source of the pbfd outbreak in the echo parakeets . it may be that our sampling of this population prior to 2005 / 06 was not sufficient to identify the 14h34l mutations .\nmourer - chauvir\u00e9 , c . ; bour , s . ; ribes , r . ( 2006 ) .\nrecent avian extinctions on r\u00e9union ( mascarene islands ) from paleontological and historical sources\n. bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club ( 126 ) : 40\u201348 .\nevolutionary rate of the capsid and rep bfdv genes ( mean and 95 % hpd ) estimated from the true dates of sample isolation ( labeled as the \u201ct\u201d data point ) and from the shuffled dates of isolation . analyses using the shuffled dates were performed using a gtr + \u03b3 + i model of evolution and a relaxed ( uncorrelated lognormal ) molecular clock . ( a ) results from the echo parakeet data set indicate no overlap between the estimates from the true dates and from the shuffled dates , indicating good temporal signal . ( b ) results from the rose - ringed parakeet isolates indicate no clear temporal signal .\nphylogenetic relationships between bfdv isolates from the echo parakeet and rose - ringed parakeet inferred from bayesian analysis using beast ( the tree was automatically rooted using a relaxed clock model ) . nodes with a posterior probability of \u22650 . 9 are indicated with an asterisk and with a double dagger for p \u2265 0 . 7 . inferred nonsynonymous substitutions at codons in the replicase ( in boldface ) and capsid ( in italics ) genes are indicated . to ease visualization , we include only 15 isolates from the echo parakeet population representing all of the major genotypes identified in fig . 1 . isolates from rose - ringed parakeets are indicated by the suffix \u201c ( r ) \u201d . as in fig . 1 , the gray - shaded box represents all of the isolates with the 14h and 34l replicase gene substitutions identified as corresponding to the outbreak . the estimated mean tmrca for all sequences is 1949 ( 95 % hpd = 1899 and 1983 ) .\nmourer - chauvir\u00e9 , c . , r . bour , s . ribes , and f . moutou . 1999 . the avifauna of r\u00e9union island ( mascarene islands ) at the time of the arrival of the first europeans . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 89 : 1 - 38 .\nmaximum clade credibility tree showing the inferred phylogenetic relationships between bfdv isolates collected from the echo parakeet population ( from bayesian analysis of the capsid and rep genes using beast ) . the tips are labeled with the echo parakeet breeding season from which the sample was collected . the tree was automatically rooted by using a relaxed clock model in beast . nodes with posterior probability of \u22650 . 9 are indicated with asterisks and with a double - dagger for p \u2265 0 . 7 . the dark grey vertical bar highlights the 2005 / 06 pbfd outbreak season . inferred nonsynonymous substitutions at codons in the replicase ( in boldface ) and capsid ( in italics ) are indicated at the appropriate lineages ( where the majority of isolates in a clade possess a particular substitution then the ancestral node has been labeled ) . the clade highlighted by the gray box represents all of the isolates with the 14h and 34l replicase gene substitutions identified by the present study as closely corresponding to the pbfd outbreak . the estimated mean tmrca for all of the isolates is 1959 ( 95 % hpd 1920 and 1988 ) .\nj . p . , hume ; prys - jones , r . ( 2005 ) .\nnew discoveries from old sources , with reference to the original bird and mammal fauna of the mascarene islands , indian ocean\n( pdf ) . zoologische mededelingen 79 ( 3 ) : 85\u201395 .\nhume has expressed surprise at these findings due to the anatomical similarities between the mascarene parrot and other parrots from the islands that are believed to be psittaculines . he also points out that there is no fossil evidence found on other islands to support the hypothesis that the species evolved elsewhere before reaching r\u00e9union .\nthe\nevidence\nfor this bird ' s former existence on mauritius rests on the testimony of peter mundy , who saw\nrussett parratts\nin 1638 , and johann christian hoffmann , who saw\nred crows with recurved beaks and blue heads\ncalled indiaensche ravens (\nindian crows\n) in the early 1670s . an illustration in the report on van neck ' s 1598 voyage refers to\nindian crows\ntwice the size of parakeets and being two - or three - colored , but the animal depicted does not agree well with the mascarene parrot . all these reports are often taken to argue that the broad - billed parrot was multicolored and that lophopsittacus bensoni was a valid species that was the\ngrey parrots\nalso mentioned by the early travellers .\npolymerase ( 5 u / \u03bcl ) made up to 25 \u03bcl with dna - grade water . reactions were run as follows : 92\u00b0c for 3 min , followed by 30 cycles of 92\u00b0c for 30 s , 57\u00b0c for 30 s and 72\u00b0c for 45 s , with a final 10 min at 72\u00b0c . we included the extraction blank and a negative control in all of the pcrs to check for contamination . of the 163 echo parakeet samples that tested positive , 74 were sequenced at orf1 by macrogen ( korea ) using bigdye terminator reactions . of the 46 rose - ringed parakeet samples that tested positive , 31 were sequenced at orf1 . we targeted a 765 - bp region comprising most of orf2 (\nthe seychelles parakeet was a medium - sized parrot with a length of about 41 cm ( 16 . 1 in ) . it was green with a large red beak , a red shoulder patch and a long tail . the male had a narrow black cheek - band and black collar which the female and juvenile lacked . [ 7 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ]\nthe mascarene parrot was 35 cm ( 14 in ) in length with a large red bill and long , rounded tail feathers . its legs were red , and it had naked red skin around the eyes and nostrils . it had a black facial mask and partially white tail feathers , but the colouration of the body , wings and head is unclear . descriptions from life indicate the body and head were ash grey , and the white part of the tail had two dark central feathers . in contrast , descriptions based on stuffed specimens state that the body was brown and the head bluish but do not mention the dark central tail feathers . this may be due to the specimens having changed colour as a result of aging and exposure to light , as well as other forms of damage . very little is known about the bird in life .\nsubfossil remains show the dodo was about 1 metre ( 3 . 3 feet ) tall and may have weighed 10 . 6\u201321 . 1 kg ( 23\u201347 lb ) in the wild . the dodo ' s appearance in life is evidenced only by drawings , paintings and written accounts from the 17th century . because these vary considerably , and because only some illustrations are known to have been drawn from live specimens , its exact appearance in life remains unresolved . similarly , little is known with certainty about its habitat and behaviour . [ 2 ] it has been depicted with brownish - grey plumage , yellow feet , a tuft of tail feathers , a grey , naked head , and a black , yellow , and green beak . it used gizzard stones to help digest its food , which is thought to have included fruits , and its main habitat is believed to have been the woods in the drier coastal areas of mauritius . one account states its clutch consisted of a single egg . it is presumed that the dodo became flightless because of the ready availability of abundant food sources and a relative absence of predators on mauritius .\njustification of ecoregion delineation the mascarene islands are composed of three main islands : r\u00e9union , mauritius , and rodrigues , and some islets . although each island contains distinct flora and fauna , they were included in a single ecoregion due to their possession of some shared endemic species , their similar volcanic history and geophysical characteristics , and their wide separation by sea from other land masses .\nbetween 300 , 000 and 180 , 000 years ago . most recent and extant species would , therefore , probably be descendants of animals which had recolonised the island from africa or madagascar after this event . if the mascarene parrot had , in fact , evolved into a distinct genus on r\u00e9union prior to the volcanic eruption , it would have been one of the few survivors of this\nmauritius had previously been visited by arab vessels in the middle ages and portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513 , but was settled by neither . no records of dodos by these are known , although the portuguese name for mauritius ,\ncerne ( swan ) island\n, may have been a reference to dodos . [ 74 ] the dutch empire acquired mauritius in 1598 , renaming it aftermaurice of nassau , and it was used for the provisioning of trade vessels of the dutch east india company henceforward . [ 75 ] the earliest known accounts of the dodo were provided by dutch travelers during the second dutch expedition to indonesia , led by admiral jacob van neck in 1598 . they appear in reports published in 1601 , which also contain the first published illustration of the bird . [ 76 ] since the first sailors to visit mauritius had been at sea for a long time , their interest in these large birds was mainly culinary . the 1602 journal by willem van west - zanen of the ship bruin - vis mentions that 24 - 25 dodos were hunted for food , which were so large that two could scarcely be consumed at mealtime , their remains being preserved by salting . [ 77 ] an illustration made for the 1648 published version of this journal , showing the killing of dodos , a dugong , and possibly a mascarene grey parakeet , was captioned with a dutch poem , [ 78 ] here in hugh strickland ' s 1848 translation :\nin spite of the mention of several colours , authors such as walter rothschild claimed that the gelderland journal described the bird as entirely blue - grey , and it was restored this way in rothschild ' s 1907 book extinct birds . later examination of the journal by julian hume has revealed only a description of the dodo . he suggested that the distinctively drawn facial mask may represent a separate colour . the head was evidently blue , and in 2007 , hume suggested the beak may have been red , and the rest of the plumage greyish or blackish , which also occurs in other members of psittaculini .\nthe mascarene islands of r\u00e9union , mauritius , and rodrigues are situated in a line along a submerged ridge , the seychelles - mauritius plateau , located 640 to 800 km east of madagascar in the western indian ocean . these islands are unique in their isolation , speciation processes and assemblages , and possess many endemic species . when these islands were first visited in the 16th century , passing ships hunted the native fauna , causing the extinction of the ground dwelling dodo and the related rodriguez solitaire . the ships also introduced european species such as rabbits and goats . later , people permanently settled these islands . the combination of hunting , species introductions , deforestation and farming has dramatically changed the habitats of these islands and caused the extinction of species on these islands . many of the surviving endemic mascarene species are seriously threatened with extinction .\nwhile the mascarenes still support many endemic species , they are as well known for the large number of species that have become extinct since 1600 . these extinctions include the dodo ( raphus cucullatus ) of mauritius , rodrigues solitaire ( pezophaps solitaria ) , rodgrigues parakeet ( psittacula excul ) , mascarene parrot ( mascarinus mascarinus ) , r\u00e9union starling ( fregilupus varius ) , and the mauritius blue - pigeon ( alectroenas nitidissima ) ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . there have also been a number of extinctions of endemic plants , possibly totaling as many as 100 species ( wwf and iucn 1994 ) . the remaining 500 - 600 endemic plant species are threatened from the considerable loss of habitat and invasion by more vigorous introduced species . some of these are reduced to handfuls of individuals , or even a single remaining plant . examples of plant species on the verge of extinction include : drypetes caustica , tetrataxis salicifolia , and xanthophyllum paniculatun .\nunsurprisingly , such wanton slaughter soon turned beguiling plenty into vanishing rarity . even by the standards of a europe that burned , beheaded and hanged tens of thousands of its own as witches during this period , the treatment of mascarene tortoises was seen as reckless by officialdom . as early as 1639 , legislation was put in place on mauritius to protect its tortoises . sadly this proved ineffective and it would not be until 1771 that the remaining tortoises would receive meaningful protection .\nhowever , the broad - billed parrot was in all likelihood flightless and thus it seems that the above - mentioned reports are more consistent with mascarinus mascarinus . hoffman states that the birds flew only\nwith difficulty\n, though , whereas the wing bones of the mascarene parrot does not suggest a reduction in flying ability . the sternum of the bird is only insufficiently known and thus it may be that the species flew badly . this , on the other hand , is in disagreement with the theory that the same taxon occurred on both islands , although hoffman may have referred to a general unwillingness to fly until pressed , which was common for the unwary birds of the mascarenes . most strongly against the former existence of this species on mauritius , however , weighs the fact that no skeletal material has turned up in the extensive collections of subfossil bones recovered to date ; the fossil record of mauritius is the most complete of the mascarene islands .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion covers the three main islands , r\u00e9union , mauritius , and rodrigues , and a number of smaller islets of the mascarene islands . the largest islands are the french dependent territory of r\u00e9union ( 2 , 500 km2 ) , and the island of mauritius ( 1 , 900 km2 ) , which together with rodrigues ( 110 km2 ) forms the single independent nation of mauritius . the nearest landmass is madagascar , 680 km northwest of r\u00e9union .\nfrench and dutch settlers arriving on r\u00e9union and rodrigues in the seventeenth century found great herds of native tortoises . one early arrival on rodrigues described whole fields covered in the creatures ! unfortunately for all five mascarene giant tortoise species , their large size combined with apparent tameness and slow movement to render them ridiculously easy prey . before refrigeration , islands served as gigantic larders for malnourished and hungry sailors . faced with abundance , humans responded as they so often have : with rampant plunder .\nmourer - chauvire , c . ; bour , r . ; ribes , s . ; moutou , f . ( 1999 ) .\nthe avifauna of r\u00e9union island ( mascarene islands ) at the time of the arrival of the first europeans\n. avian paleontology at the close of the 20th century : proceedings of the 4th international meeting of the society of avian paleontology and evolution , washington d . c . , 4\u20137 june 1996 . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 89 : 8\u201311 .\n) , including the limited number of host species and the presence of within host genetic diversity . a caveat to our own findings is the potential effect of the background mutation rate to inflate our estimates for the evolutionary rate . it is possible that some of the variation identified here may be from deleterious mutations that have yet to reach fixation . the randomization analyses of the rose - ringed parakeet isolates suggested that there is insufficient support for the evolutionary rate inferred from this data set . however , our analyses suggest that the rate estimated from the bfdv\nthe growing impact of emerging infectious disease in humans , livestock , and endangered species has increased the importance of understanding the changes that can elicit an outbreak and how a pathogen subsequently evolves during such a disease . although infectious disease in endangered populations represents a major problem for biodiversity , such events also present an excellent opportunity to resolve evolutionary patterns in pathogens . populations such as the echo parakeet , which have been sampled in a frequent and unbiased ( in terms of disease ) fashion , enable studies to access a level of detail not normally possible in a natural population .\nmanaging the effects of virally mediated infectious disease in host populations requires an understanding of how these pathogens evolve . rapid evolution and selection can enable a virus to escape immune recognition and to reinfect individuals that have been previously exposed . however , logistical difficulties in surveying wild populations may undermine our ability to understand evolution in pathogens that do not infect humans or domestic livestock . endangered species , which are often monitored and regularly sampled over long periods of time , offer a resolution . using a data set of samples collected over 11 years from two populations of parrot , the endangered echo parakeet (\nstrewn across the indian ocean to the east of madagascar , the mascarene islands ( mauritius , r\u00e9union and rodrigues ) are well known as the former home of the dodo and other strange extinct birds . however , dodos and their kin were only part of the unique ecosystem encountered by early visitors to these islands . as with madagascar , the mascarenes had been geographically cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years prior to human discovery . this isolation combined with their tropical location to produce an abundance of singular forms .\nas no complete dodo specimens exist , its external appearance , such as plumage and colouration , is hard to determine . [ 2 ] illustrations and written accounts of encounters with the dodo between its discovery and its extinction ( 1598\u20131662 ) are the primary evidence for its external appearance . [ 35 ] according to most representations , the dodo had greyish or brownish plumage , with lighterprimary feathers and a tuft of curly light feathers high on its rear end . the head was grey and naked , the beak green , black and yellow , and the legs were stout and yellowish , with black claws . [ 36 ] the bird was sexually dimorphic : males were larger and had proportionally longer beaks . the beak was up to 23 centimetres ( 9 . 1 in ) in length and had a hooked point . [ 37 ]\nthe pattern of changes that we observed in the rep gene suggests that there was a major selective sweep of bfdv mutations that coincided with the outbreak of pbfd in the echo parakeet . the speed and extent of this sweep is such that the rep allele occurring prior to the outbreak appears to be completely absent in the season immediately afterward . a number of factors may have contributed to the scope and rapidity of the sweep , including the environmental stability of circoviruses ( 62 ) , both vertical and horizontal modes of transmission ( 18 , 48 , 63 ) , and host population dynamics ( infection in a small population of a highly gregarious species ) .\n\u201cmindoro racket - tail\u201d , prioniturus mindorensis , has been split from blue - crowned racket - tail , prioniturus discurus , based on schweitzer et al . ( 2012 ) . kundu et al . ( 2012 ) found that the mascarene parrot is part of the vasa parrot clade . as mascarinus has priority , coracopsis is merged into mascarinus . also , the seychelles black parrot , mascarinus barklyi , is split from lesser vasa - parrot , mascarinus niger . finally , psittacula has been rearranged per kundu et al . ( 2012 ) . [ psittacidae , falconiformes & psittaciformes , 2 . 63 ]\nsince 1993 , on an almost annual basis , a conservation program has collected blood samples from the echo parakeet population . by chance , the sampling periods have encompassed the pbfd outbreak , and consequently this archive presents a novel opportunity to monitor the evolution of a pathogen in a natural host population before , during , and after an outbreak . by reconstructing the phylogenetic history of bfdv in the echo parakeet population , we aimed to identify the mutation ( s ) that may have led to the outbreak . since the circovirus capsid is immunogenic ( 17 ) , we expected the outbreak to be defined by mutations in the capsid gene and for codons in this gene to show evidence for positive selection ( as opposed to the rep , which should be conserved due to its critical role in replication ) . we reconstruct the bfdv phylogeny using isolates from both parrot populations to identify any evidence for transmission and in particular for any indication that the outbreak was caused by the invasive species . finally , we take advantage of our extensive time - stamped archive of samples to estimate the evolutionary rate of bfdv . recent evidence from studies of other single - stranded dna ( ssdna ) viruses suggests that these pathogens are characterized by high rates of evolution , on a par with single - stranded rna ( ssrna ) viruses ( 14 , 55 , 56 ) .\nmany endemic mascarene birds , including the dodo , are derived from south asian ancestors , and the english palaeontologist julian hume has proposed that this may be the case for all the parrots there as well . sea levels were lower during the pleistocene , so it was possible for species to colonise some of the then less isolated islands . although most extinct parrot species of the mascarenes are poorly known , subfossil remains show that they shared features such as enlarged heads and jaws , reduced pectoral bones , and robust leg bones . hume has suggested that they have a common origin in the radiation of the tribe psittaculini , basing this theory on morphological features and the fact that psittacula parrots have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the indian ocean . the psittaculini may have invaded the area several times , as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on hotspot islands before the mascarenes emerged from the sea . a 2011 genetic study instead found that the mascarene parrot ( mascarinus mascarinus ) of r\u00e9union was most closely related to the lesser vasa parrot ( coracopsis nigra ) from madagascar and nearby islands , and therefore unrelated to the psittacula parrots , disputing the theory of their common origin .\nthough mauritius had previously been visited by arab vessels in the middle ages and portuguese ships between 1507 and 1513 , they did not settle on the island . the dutch empire acquired the island in 1598 , renaming it after maurice of nassau , and it was used from then on for the provisioning of trade vessels of the dutch east india company . to the dutch sailors who visited mauritius from 1598 and onwards , the fauna was mainly interesting from a culinary standpoint . of the eight or so parrot species endemic to the mascarenes , only the echo parakeet ( psittacula echo ) of mauritius has survived . the others were likely all made extinct by a combination of excessive hunting and deforestation .\nthe veracity of hahn ' s claim was questioned as early as 1876 , and the illustration appears to be plagiarised from the plate by fran\u00e7ois - nicolas martinet which was published at least 50 years earlier . after king maximilian died in 1825 , his collection was auctioned off , but no mascarene parrot was mentioned in the inventory list of species . hahn did not mention the date in which he actually saw the bird which could have been long before 1834 . however , the fact that martinet ' s image was copied and that no mounted specimen exists ( though such a rare bird would probably have been preserved ) makes hahn ' s account dubious .\ntantalising scraps of evidence , including an alleged photograph of a living tortoise , survive from the late nineteenth century . however , the last generally - accepted record of mascarene giant tortoises was in 1844 . a british expedition to round island , off the coast of mauritius , found several living tortoises . a female was captured and laid eggs , with the hatchlings distributed amongst various friends of one of the explorers . there is no information available as to which of the two mauritian species was found on round island , nor is there anything known about what became of the hatchlings . given that goats and rabbits were introduced to round island shortly thereafter , it is probable that one of the hatchlings became the endling of the genus cylindraspis .\nprevalence and nucleotide diversity ( average number of nucleotide differences per site ) of bfdv in the echo parakeets . ( a ) bayesian skyline plot showing the effective number of bfdv infections in the echo parakeet population since the estimated mean tmrca ( in 1959 ) . the plot shows a period of exponential decline in viral diversity ( highlighted as \u201ca\u201d ) coinciding with the 2005 / 06 pbfd outbreak ( highlighted by gray shading ) , followed by a subsequent increase ( \u201cb\u201d ) . ( b ) number of infected and uninfected echo parakeets for the breeding seasons between 1993 and 1998 and between 2003 and 2009 ( the estimated prevalence of bfdv per season from 2004 is also indicated ) . the estimated nucleotide diversity of bfdv is also shown from the 2004 / 05 season and indicates a reduction in genetic diversity during the pbfd outbreak and the following season ( 2006 / 07 ) .\ntypes and severity of threats the habitats and species endemic to the mascarene islands are all under some level of threat . the threats to native vegetation and plant species on these islands are numerous and have been summarized in wwf and iucn ( 1994 ) . some species are critically endangered ( e . g . a few plant species are reduced to one individual ) . introduced animals are especially problematic . introduced grazers and herbivores , such as deer , pigs , crab - eating macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) ( the last is not on r\u00e9union ) , and even giant snails ( achantina spp . ) lead to the destruction of habitat and endemic plant species . introduced rats , cats , and mongooses ( although the last is not on r\u00e9union ) prey on adult and young endemic animals , and introduced birds prey on endemic birds .\ncurrent status mauritius has one of the highest human population densities in the world , 634 persons / km2 ( cia 2000 ) . on all of the mascarene islands , there has been a vast loss of the original forest habitat ( stuart et al . 1990 ) . on r\u00e9union , it is estimated that less than 40 percent of the island is covered with natural vegetation ; on mauritius , only about 5 percent of the natural vegetation survives ; and on rodrigues , the natural vegetation covers around 1 percent of the total land area . different agents have caused this loss of habitat . on r\u00e9union , forest and other habitat is cleared for agriculture and degraded through the introduction of alien plants . on mauritius , sugar cane , tea , and conifer plantations have replaced the natural vegetation . on rodrigues , the effects of feral animals and shifting cultivation have changed the forest habitats to a savanna with scattered trees , and introduced plants have then taken over the remaining habitats .\nthe broad - billed parrot possessed a distinct frontal crest of feathers . ridges on the skull indicate that this crest was firmly attached , and that the bird , unlike cockatoos , could not raise or lower it . the 1601 gelderland sketch was examined in 2003 by hume , who compared the ink finish with the underlying pencil sketch and found that the latter showed several additional details . the pencil sketch depicts the crest as a tuft of rounded feathers attached to the front of the head at the base of the beak , and shows long primary covert feathers , large secondary feathers , and a slightly bifurcated tail . measurements of sub - fossils known by 1893 show that the mandible was 65\u201378 millimetres ( 2 . 6\u20133 . 1 in ) in length , 65 mm ( 2 . 6 in ) in width , the femur was 58\u201363 mm ( 2 . 3\u20132 . 5 in ) in length , the tibia was 88\u201399 mm ( 3 . 5\u20133 . 9 in ) , and the metatarsus 35 mm ( 1 . 4 in ) . unlike other mascarene parrots , the broad - billed parrot had a flattened skull .\nthe echo parakeet is an endangered parrot species endemic to the indian ocean island of mauritius . by the early 1980s , this species had declined to such a degree ( around 20 individuals ) that it was regarded as the world ' s rarest parrot ( 28 ) . intervention by a conservation program has resulted in a period of population growth over the last decade , with the number of birds currently estimated at around 500 . between 2005 and 2006 the recovery was interrupted by the presence of a pathogen ; a large proportion of the population showed clinical signs consistent with pbfd . one suspected source of infection in the echo parakeets is a population of feral rose - ringed parakeets . since being founded in about 1886 ( 6 ) , this population has grown rapidly to number over 10 , 000 birds and is widespread throughout mauritius . in the context of infectious disease , invasive species represent an especially pernicious problem . besides the potential for introducing novel pathogens and pathogen strains for which the endemic species may have no immunity , in such large and growing host populations natural selection will tend to favor pathogen virulence ( 5 ) . the presence of such a large pathogen reservoir can also result in a persistence of disease outbreaks in small endemic host populations through a pattern of constant reinfection ."]}
{"id": 204, "summary": [{"text": "chalcopsitta is a genus of parrot in the family psittaculidae and the subfamily loriinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all three species are found on the islands of and around new guinea and the solomon islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the name chalcopsitta is derived from the greek khalkos meaning \" bronze \" and psitta meaning \" parrot \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "chalcopsitta", "paragraphs": ["chalcopsitta scintillata ( temminck ) 1835 pl . col . livr . 96 pl . 569\nchalcopsitta scintillata scintillata ( temminck ) 1835 pl . col . livr . 96 pl . 569\nchalcopsitta atra ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87\nchalcopsitta atra bernsteini rosenberg , hkb 1861 j . orn . 9 no . 49 p . 46\nchalcopsitta scintillata rubrifrons gray , gr 1858 pzs pt26 no . 358 p . 182 pl . 135\nchalcopsitta atra atra ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87\nchalcopsitta scintillata chloroptera salvadori 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 9 p . 15\nwe start with genus chalcopsitta which is , among loribreeders , very popular and counts three to four species according to used taxonomic pattern . chalcopsitta species differ significantly from other lories in coloration but also ecology and ethology .\nchalcopsitta atra insignis oustalet 1878 bull . hebdo . assoc . sci . france 21 no . 533 p . 247\npeters checklist 3 : 143 notes that chalcopsittacus is an emendation by salvadori and sharpe of chalcopsitta bonaparte . thus peters does not place taxa descr . in chalcopsittacus but now held in chalcopsitta in parentheses . ( duivenbodei and syringanuchalis ) .\ncharacterization of all chalcopsitta lories : yellow - streaked lory , duyvenbodei lory , black lory and cardinal lory . part ii\nchalcopsitta duivenbodei dubois 1884 bull . mus . r . hist . nat . belg . 3 p . 113 pl . 5 nomenclature\nduyvenbodei lory ( chalcopsitta duyvenbodei ) . this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license .\nblack lory ( chalcopsitta atra atra ) ( c ) crisco 1492 . this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 4 . 0 international license .\nchalcopsitta lories can start reproducing at the age of three years however this trait is individual . hubers reports a female of the yellow - streaked lory which laid eggs at the age of 20 months .\nthe black lory ( chalcopsitta atra ) also known as rajah lory or red - quilled lory is a medium - sized , blackish parrot with black bill , dark grey feet and long rounded tail . it has yellow and red under - tail . both sexes are similar .\nanother common issue in breeding of chalcopsitta lories is imprinting . normally , lories are not difficult to socialize and they become independent easy after the hand feeding period . however , if we spend too much time with some young chalcopsitta species and we don\u2019t socialize them properly then they can lose its natural behavioral patterns and get imprinted . such birds are still begging for food when the breeder approaches their cage even if they are adult . on the other hand , i don\u2019t think that the imprinting in these birds would be so strong to affect their ability to reproduce .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chalcopsitta cardinalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chalcopsitta atra . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nof the recent sources available to me it appears that hbw 4 : 341 ( collar . 1997 ) started the interpretation of not accepting chalcopsittacus as an emendation of chalcopsitta and thus putting the authority in parentheses . this then seems to have been followed , or should i say parroted , by h & m 3 rd : 184 ( 2003 ) .\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . cardinal lory ( chalcopsitta cardinalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthese birds were named chalcopsitta because of their unique coloration which is a result of unique structural pigments found in their feathers . \u201ckhalkos\u201d means bronze , \u201cpsitta\u201d parrot . we can observe the similar coloration pattern in starlings . when you look at the bad quality photo of the black lory you might say \u2013 it is just an ugly black parrot ! however , when you see the same bird under the sunshine it\u2019s obvious that it has more than one color .\ncollar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black lory ( chalcopsitta atra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndespite the fact that these birds are nectarivorous , they have long lifespan . rosemary low reports a breeding male from her collection which was older than 25 years and still breeding . she also believes that lories fed with commercial nectars can\u2019t live longer than ten years . in general , chalcopsitta parrots are sensitive to hemochromatosis ( a disorder in which iron is deposited in the tissues , leading to liver damage ) . that\u2019s why the diet should not contain large amount of vitamin c which supports iron absorption .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstrigops ( f . ) gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 426 pl . cv\nstrigops habroptila gray , gr 1845 gen . birds 2 p . 427 pl . cv\nnestor meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis meridionalis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 333\nnestor meridionalis septentrionalis lorenz von liburnau , l 1896 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 46 p . 198\nnymphicus hollandicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 580\ncalyptorhynchus banksii banksii ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 107 concept nomenclature\ncalyptorhynchus banksii graptogyne schodde , saunders , da & homberger 1989 canberrabirdnotes 13 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus banksii macrorhynchus gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncalyptorhynchus banksii naso gould 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 46 p . 106\ncalyptorhynchus banksii samueli mathews 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 120\ncalyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus lathami erebus schodde & mason , ij 1993 emu 93 p . 156 - 166\ncalyptorhynchus lathami lathami ( temminck ) 1807 cat . syst . cab . orn . quad . p . 21\ncalyptorhynchus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus funereus ( shaw ) 1794 nat . misc . 6 pl . 186 , text\ncalyptorhynchus funereus whiteae mathews 1912 australav . rec . 1 no . 2 p . 35\ncalyptorhynchus funereus xanthanotus gould 1838 syn . birdsaustr . pt4 app . p . 4\ncalyptorhynchus baudinii lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 6\ncalyptorhynchus latirostris carnaby 1948 w . austral . nat . 1 p . 136 - 138\nprobosciger aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus aterrimus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\nprobosciger aterrimus goliath ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 92\nprobosciger aterrimus macgillivrayi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 261\ncallocephalon ( n . ) lesson 1837 j . navig . thet . esperance [ bougainville ] 2 p . 311 atlas pl . 39 , 40\ncallocephalon fimbriatum ( grant , j ) 1803 narr . voy . disc . news . wales pl . opp . p . 135\neolophus roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\neolophus roseicapilla kuhli ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 266\neolophus roseicapilla roseicapilla ( vieillot ) 1817 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 17 p . 12 nomenclature\nlophochroa leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri leadbeateri ( vigors ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 6 p . 61 concept\nlophochroa leadbeateri mollis ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 265\ncacatua tenuirostris ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 88\ncacatua pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua pastinator derbyi ( mathews ) 1916 australav . rec . 3 p . 57\ncacatua pastinator pastinator ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 95 p . 175\ncacatua sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea gymnopis sclater , pl 1871 pzs pt2 p . 490 , 493 , textfig .\ncacatua sanguinea normantoni ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua sanguinea sanguinea gould 1843 pzs [\n1842\n] pt10 no . 117 p . 138\ncacatua sanguinea westralensis ( mathews ) 1917 birdsaustr . [ mathews ] 6 pt2 p . 211\ncacatua goffiniana roselaar , cs & michels 2004 zool . verh . leiden 350 p . 186 nomenclature\ncacatua ducorpsii pucheran 1853 voy . polesudzool . 3 mamm . ois . p . 108 nomenclature\ncacatua galerita eleonora finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xxi nomenclature\ncacatua galerita fitzroyi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 264\ncacatua galerita triton temminck 1849 coup - d ' oeilposs . neerland . 3 p . 405 , note\ncacatua sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua sulphurea abbotti ( oberholser ) 1917 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 54 no . 2232 p . 181\ncacatua sulphurea citrinocristata ( fraser ) 1844 pzs pt12 no . 132 p . 38\ncacatua sulphurea parvula ( bonaparte ) 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 139\ncacatua sulphurea sulphurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 330\ncacatua moluccensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 331\npoicephalus gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi gulielmi ( jardine ) 1849 contrib . orn . [ jardine ] p .\n64 - 14\npl . 28\npoicephalus gulielmi massaicus fischer & reichenow 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 165 p . 179 nomenclature\npoicephalus flavifrons ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 126\npoicephalus fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93 systematics\npoicephalus fuscicollis fuscicollis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 93\npoicephalus fuscicollis suahelicus reichenow 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 2 p . 314\npoicephalus robustus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 344\npoicephalus meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri damarensis neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri matschiei neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri meyeri ( cretzschmar ) 1827 atlasreis . nord . afr . vog . [ ruppell ] [\n1826\n] p . 18 pl . 11\npoicephalus meyeri reichenowi neumann 1898 j . orn . 46 no . 3 p . 501\npoicephalus meyeri transvaalensis neumann 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 2 p . 25\npoicephalus rueppellii ( gray , gr ) 1849 pzs [\n1848\n] pt16 no . 188 p . 125 pl . 5\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus cryptoxanthus ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\npoicephalus cryptoxanthus tanganyikae bowen 1930 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 82 p . 267\npoicephalus crassus ( sharpe ) 1884 j . linn . soc . londonzool . 17 p . 429\npoicephalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus senegalus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\npoicephalus senegalus versteri finsch 1863 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 1 p . xvi\npoicephalus rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\npoicephalus rufiventris rufiventris ( ruppell ) 1842 mus . senckenb . 3 no . 2 p . 125\ntouit ( m . ) gray , gr 1855 cat . gen . subgen . birds p . 89 nomenclature\ntouit huetii ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 491\ntouit costaricensis ( cory ) 1913 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 283\ntouit dilectissimus ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 788 pl . 47 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus purpuratus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 350 nomenclature\ntouit purpuratus viridiceps chapman 1929 am . mus . novit . no . 380 p . 10\ntouit melanonotus ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 275 nomenclature\ntouit surdus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 59 nomenclature\ntouit stictopterus ( sclater , pl ) 1862 pzs pt1 p . 112 pl . 11 nomenclature\npsilopsiagon aymara ( orbigny ) 1839 voy . am . merid . 2 p . 376 , note1\npsilopsiagon aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons aurifrons ( lesson ) 1830 cent . zool . p . 63 pl . 18\npsilopsiagon aurifrons margaritae ( berlioz & dorst ) 1956 ois . rev . franceorn . ( n . s . ) 26 p . 85\npsilopsiagon aurifrons robertsi carriker 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 4\npsilopsiagon aurifrons rubrirostris ( burmeister ) 1860 j . orn . 8 no . 46 p . 243\nbolborhynchus lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola lineola ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nbolborhynchus lineola tigrinus ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 144\nbolborhynchus orbygnesius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 63 , 64 nomenclature\nnannopsittaca panychlora ( salvin & godman ) 1883 ibis p . 211 pl . 9 fig . 1\nnannopsittaca dachilleae o ' neill , munn & franke 1991 auk 108 p . 225 , 226\nmyiopsitta monachus calita ( jardine & selby ) 1830 ill . orn . 2 pt6 pl . 82 , text [ p . 61 ]\nmyiopsitta monachus cotorra ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 362\nbrotogeris sanctithomae sanctithomae ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 81\nbrotogeris sanctithomae takatsukasae neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 442\nbrotogeris tirica ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 351\nbrotogeris chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris chiriri behni neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 443\nbrotogeris chiriri chiriri ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 359\nbrotogeris pyrrhoptera ( latham ) 1802 suppl . ind . orn . p . xxii\nbrotogeris jugularis exsul todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 129\nbrotogeris jugularis jugularis ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 80\nbrotogeris cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris cyanoptera beniensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 9\nbrotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera ( pelzeln ) 1870 orn . brasil . abth . 3 p . 260 citation\nbrotogeris chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera chrysoptera ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 149\nbrotogeris chrysoptera solimoensis gyldenstolpe 1941 ark . zool . 33a no . 12 p . 10\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tenuifrons friedmann 1945 proc . biol . soc . wash . 58 p . 114\nbrotogeris chrysoptera tuipara ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 348\ntriclaria malachitacea ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 40 pl . 28\npyrilia haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia haematotis coccinicollaris ( lawrence ) 1862 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 7 p . 475\npyrilia haematotis haematotis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1860 pzs pt ( 28 ) 2 p . 300\npyrilia pyrilia ( bonaparte ) 1853 compt . rend . 37 p . 807 , note\npyrilia pulchra ( berlepsch ) 1897 orn . monatsb . 5 no . 11 p . 175\npyrilia barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia barrabandi aurantiigena ( gyldenstolpe ) 1951 ark . zool . ( 2 ) 2 p . 14 , 67\npyrilia barrabandi barrabandi ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 61\npyrilia caica ( latham ) 1790 indexorn . 1 p . 128 no . 137\npyrilia aurantiocephala ( gaban - lima , r , raposo , ma & hofling , e ) 2002 auk 119 p . 815 , 816 systematics\npyrilia vulturina ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 62 systematics\nhapalopsittaca amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina amazonina ( des murs ) 1845 rev . zool . 8 p . 207\nhapalopsittaca amazonina theresae ( hellmayr ) 1915 verh . orn . ges . bayern 12 heft3 p . 214\nhapalopsittaca amazonina velezi graves , gr & restrepo 1989 wilsonbull . 101 no . 3 p . 369 - 376 , front .\nhapalopsittaca fuertesi ( chapman ) 1912 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 31 p . 143\nhapalopsittaca melanotis melanotis ( lafresnaye ) 1847 rev . zool . 10 p . 67\nhapalopsittaca melanotis peruviana ( carriker ) 1932 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 83 [\n1931\n] p . 455\npionus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus sordidus antelius todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 338\npionus sordidus corallinus bonaparte 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 148\npionus sordidus mindoensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 187 p . 1\npionus sordidus ponsi aveledo & gines 1950 mem . soc . cien . nat . lasalle 10 no . 26 p . 60\npionus sordidus saturatus todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\npionus sordidus sordidus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\npionus maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani lacerus heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 265\npionus maximiliani maximiliani ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\npionus maximiliani melanoblepharus ribeiro 1920 rev . mus . paulista 12 pt2 p . 61\npionus maximiliani siy souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 155\npionus seniloides ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npionus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus menstruus ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 148\npionus menstruus reichenowi heine 1884 j . orn . 32 no . 166 p . 264 nomenclature\npionus menstruus rubrigularis cabanis 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 222\npionus senilis ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 42 pl . 31 fig . 1\npionus chalcopterus ( fraser ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 90 p . 59\ngraydidascalus brachyurus ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 72\nalipiopsitta ( f . ) capparoz , r & pacheco 2006 rev . brasil . orn . 14 no . 2 p . 174\nalipiopsitta xanthops ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 39 pl . 26\namazona festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona festiva bodini ( finsch ) 1873 pzs pt2 p . 569 pl . 49\namazona festiva festiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona vinacea ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 77\namazona tucumana ( cabanis ) 1885 j . orn . 33 no . 170 p . 221\namazona pretrei ( temminck ) 1830 pl . col . livr . 83 pl . 492\namazona agilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\namazona albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons albifrons ( sparrman ) 1788 mus . carls . fasc . 3 no . 52 pl . 52\namazona albifrons nana miller , w 1905 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 21 p . 349\namazona albifrons saltuensis nelson 1899 proc . biol . soc . wash . 13 p . 26\namazona collaria ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona leucocephala bahamensis ( bryant , h ) 1867 proc . bostonsoc . nat . hist . 11 p . 65\namazona leucocephala hesterna bangs 1916 bull . mus . comp . zool . 60 p . 308\namazona leucocephala leucocephala ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 100\namazona vittata gracilipes\u2020 ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\namazona autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis autumnalis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona autumnalis lilacina lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 30 col . 394 concept\namazona autumnalis salvini ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 271 , 300 pl . 7 fig . 3 citation\namazona diadema ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 43 pl . 32\namazona viridigenalis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 371\namazona xantholora ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 83\namazona dufresniana ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 513\namazona oratrix belizensis monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 18\namazona oratrix oratrix ridgway 1887 man . n . am . birds p . 587\namazona auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata auropalliata ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\namazona auropalliata parvipes monroe , bl jr & howell , tr 1966 occ . pap . mus . zool . lsu no . 34 p . 8\namazona ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala nattereri ( finsch ) 1865 j . orn . 12 [\n1864\n] no . 72 p . 411 citation\namazona ochrocephala ochrocephala ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339 concept\namazona ochrocephala panamensis ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 127 p . 349\namazona barbadensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 339\namazona aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva aestiva ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 101\namazona aestiva xanthopteryx ( berlepsch ) 1896 orn . monatsb . 4 no . 11 p . 173\namazona mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303 nomenclature\namazona mercenarius canipalliata ( cabanis ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 125 p . 105\namazona mercenarius mercenarius ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 303\namazona guatemalae virenticeps ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 269 , 280 citation\namazona kawalli grantsau & camargo 1989 rev . brasil . biol . 49 p . 1018 concept\namazona brasiliensis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\namazona amazonica ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 147\namazona guildingii ( vigors ) 1837 pzs [\n1836\n] pt4 no . 45 p . 80\nforpus ( m . ) boie , f 1858 j . orn . 6 no . 35 p . 363\nforpus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus modestus ( cabanis ) 1849 reisenbrit . - guiana [ schomburgk ] 3 p . 727 nomenclature\nforpus modestus sclateri ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 86\nforpus cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius cyanopygius ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\nforpus cyanopygius insularis ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 541\nforpus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus cyanochlorus ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 31 concept\nforpus passerinus cyanophanes ( todd ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 81\nforpus passerinus deliciosus ( ridgway ) 1888 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 10 p . 533 , 545\nforpus passerinus passerinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 103\nforpus passerinus viridissimus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus spengeli ( hartlaub ) 1885 pzs pt3 no . 40 p . 614 pl . 38 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1 nomenclature\nforpus xanthopterygius flavescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 241 , 248 citation\nforpus xanthopterygius flavissimus hellmayr 1929 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 12 p . 446\nforpus xanthopterygius xanthopterygius ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 38 pl . 34 fig . 1\nforpus conspicillatus caucae ( chapman ) 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 383\nforpus conspicillatus conspicillatus ( lafresnaye ) 1848 rev . zool . 11 p . 172\nforpus conspicillatus metae borrero & hernandez - camacho 1961 noved . colomb . 1 no . 6 p . 431\nforpus xanthops ( salvin ) 1895 novit . zool . 2 p . 19 pl . 2 fig . 2\npionites ( m . ) heine 1890 nomen . mus . heine . orn . [ heine & reichenow ] p . 231\npionites melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus melanocephalus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npionites melanocephalus pallidus ( berlepsch ) 1890 j . orn . 37 [\n1889\n] no . 187 p . 317 citation\npionites leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster leucogaster ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 70\npionites leucogaster xanthomerius ( sclater , pl ) 1858 pzs [\n1857\n] pt25 no . 343 p . 266\npionites leucogaster xanthurus todd 1925 proc . biol . soc . wash . 38 p . 113\nderoptyus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\nderoptyus accipitrinus accipitrinus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 102\npyrrhura ( f . ) bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 genus . 14\npyrrhura cruentata ( wied - neuwied ) 1820 reisebrasil . 1 p . 53 , 72\npyrrhura devillei ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis chiripepe ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura frontalis frontalis ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 361\npyrrhura lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura lepida anerythra neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida coerulescens neumann 1927 orn . monatsb . 35 no . 3 p . 89\npyrrhura lepida lepida ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 642 concept\npyrrhura perlata ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 35 pl . 20 concept\npyrrhura molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae australis todd 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 82 citation\npyrrhura molinae flavoptera maijer , herzog , kessler , friggens & fjeldsa 1998 orn . neotrop . 9 p . 186\npyrrhura molinae hypoxantha ( salvadori & festa ) 1899 boll . mus . zool . anat . comp . torino\n15\n[ = 14 ] no . 363 p . 1 nomenclature\npyrrhura molinae molinae ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 73\npyrrhura molinae phoenicura ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 26 concept\npyrrhura molinae restricta todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 333\npyrrhura leucotis ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 21 nomenclature\npyrrhura picta caeruleiceps todd 1947 ann . carnegiemus . nat . hist . 30 p . 337\npyrrhura picta picta ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npyrrhura picta subandina todd 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 6\npyrrhura emma salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 217 pl . 1 citation\npyrrhura amazonum lucida arndt 2008 papageien [ arndt ] 21 p . 278 , 279\npyrrhura amazonum snethlageae joseph & bates , jm 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 354\npyrrhura lucianii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 211\npyrrhura roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons roseifrons ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 42\npyrrhura roseifrons peruviana hocking , blake & joseph 2002 orn . neotrop . 13 p . 356\npyrrhura viridicata todd 1913 proc . biol . soc . wash . 26 p . 174\npyrrhura egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia egregia ( sclater , pl ) 1881 ibis p . 130 pl . 4\npyrrhura egregia obscura zimmer & phelps , wh 1946 am . mus . novit . no . 1312 p . 1\npyrrhura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura berlepschi salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 212 , 224 pl . 2 fig . 1 citation\npyrrhura melanura chapmani bond & meyer de schauensee 1940 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 92 p . 156\npyrrhura melanura melanura ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 36 pl . 22\npyrrhura melanura pacifica chapman 1915 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 34 p . 382\npyrrhura melanura souancei ( verreaux , j ) 1858 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 10 p . 437 pl . 12\npyrrhura orcesi ridgely & robbins 1988 wilsonbull . 100 no . 2 p . 174 , 175\npyrrhura albipectus chapman 1914 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 33 p . 319\npyrrhura rupicola rupicola ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npyrrhura rupicola sandiae bond & meyer de schauensee 1944 not . nat . no . 138 p . 1\npyrrhura calliptera ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\npyrrhura hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis hoematotis souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\npyrrhura hoematotis immarginata zimmer & phelps 1944 am . mus . novit . no . 1270 p . 4\npyrrhura rhodocephala ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1871 pzs [\n1870\n] pt3 p . 787\npyrrhura hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\npyrrhura hoffmanni gaudens bangs 1906 proc . biol . soc . wash . 19 p . 103\npyrrhura hoffmanni hoffmanni ( cabanis ) 1861 sitz . ges . nat . freundeberlin [ no p . ]\nenicognathus ( m . ) gray , gr 1840 listgen . birds p . 51\nenicognathus ferrugineus ferrugineus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\nenicognathus ferrugineus minor ( chapman ) 1919 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 41 p . 323\nenicognathus leptorhynchus ( king ) 1831 pzs pt1 no . 1 p . 14 concept\ncyanoliseus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\ncyanoliseus patagonus andinus dabbene & lillo 1913 an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenosaires 24 p . 188 pl . 10\ncyanoliseus patagonus patagonus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 367\nanodorhynchus leari bonaparte 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1\nanodorhynchus glaucus\u2020 ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 259\nrhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha ( swainson ) 1827 philos . mag . n . s . 1 p . 439\nrhynchopsitta terrisi moore , rt 1947 proc . biol . soc . wash . 60 p . 27\neupsittula nana astec ( souance ) 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 97\neupsittula nana nana ( vigors ) 1830 zool . j . 5 p . 273\neupsittula nana vicinalis bangs & penard , te 1919 bull . mus . comp . zool . 63 p . 24\neupsittula canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis canicularis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula canicularis clarae ( moore , rt ) 1937 proc . biol . soc . wash . 50 p . 101\neupsittula canicularis eburnirostrum ( lesson , pa ) 1842 rev . zool . 5 p . 135\neupsittula aurea ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329\neupsittula pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax aeruginosa ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax chrysogenys ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 72\neupsittula pertinax griseipecta ( meyer de schauensee ) 1950 not . nat . no . 221 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax lehmanni ( dugand ) 1943 caldasia 2 no . 7 p . 191\neupsittula pertinax margaritensis cory 1918 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . zool . ser . 13 pub . 197 p . 63\neupsittula pertinax ocularis ( sclater , pl & salvin ) 1865 pzs [\n1864\n] pt3 p . 367 citation\neupsittula pertinax paraensis ( sick ) 1959 j . orn . 100 p . 413\neupsittula pertinax pertinax ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 98\neupsittula pertinax surinama ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 1\neupsittula pertinax tortugensis ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 220\neupsittula pertinax venezuelae ( zimmer & phelps , wh ) 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1511 p . 6\neupsittula pertinax xanthogenia ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 1\neupsittula cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum cactorum ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 82\neupsittula cactorum caixana ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 34 pl . 19 fig . 1\nconuropsis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97 status\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis carolinensis\u2020 ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nconuropsis\u2020 carolinensis ludoviciana\u2020 ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 347\naratinga weddellii ( deville ) 1851 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 3 p . 209\naratinga nenday ( vieillot ) 1823 tabl . encyc . meth . orn . 3 livr . 93 p . 1400\naratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\naratinga maculata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74 nomenclature\naratinga jandaya ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 319\naratinga auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus auricapillus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 20 nomenclature\naratinga auricapillus aurifrons spix 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 32 pl . 16 fig . 1\ncyanopsitta spixii ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 675\nprimolius couloni ( sclater , pl ) 1876 pzs pt1 p . 255 , fig .\nprimolius auricollis ( cassin ) 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 372\nprimolius maracana ( vieillot ) 1816 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 2 p . 260\nara ararauna ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara militaris mexicanus ridgway 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\nara militaris militaris ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 139\nara ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus ambiguus ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 65\nara ambiguus guayaquilensis chapman 1925 am . mus . novit . no . 205 p . 2\nara macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara macao cyanopterus wiedenfeld 1995 orn . neotrop . 5 [\n1994\n] no . 2 p . 99 citation\nara macao macao ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 96\nara chloropterus gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 26 nomenclature\nara tricolor\u2020 ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 64 pl . 1 nomenclature\nara severus ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nleptosittaca ( f . ) berlepsch & stolzmann 1894 ibis p . 402 pl . 11\nognorhynchus icterotis ( massena & souance ) 1854 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 6 p . 71\nguaruba guarouba ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 320 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\ndiopsittaca nobilis cumanensis ( lichtenstein ) 1823 verz . doubl . zool . mus . berlin p . 6\ndiopsittaca nobilis longipennis neumann 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft3 p . 441 citation\ndiopsittaca nobilis nobilis ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\nthectocercus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus acuticaudatus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 369\nthectocercus acuticaudatus haemorrhous ( spix ) 1824 av . sp . nov . brasil . 1 p . 29 pl . 13\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neoxenus ( cory ) 1909 fieldmus . nat . hist . pub . orn . ser . 1 p . 243\nthectocercus acuticaudatus neumanni ( blake & traylor ) 1947 fieldianazool . 31 no . 21 p . 166\npsittacara holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara holochlorus brewsteri ( nelson ) 1928 proc . biol . soc . wash . 41 p . 154\npsittacara holochlorus holochlorus ( sclater , pl ) 1859 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 4 p . 224\npsittacara brevipes ( lawrence ) 1871 ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 [\n1874\n] p . 14\npsittacara rubritorquis ( sclater , pl ) 1887 pzs [\n1886\n] pt4 no . 35 p . 539 pl . 56\npsittacara strenuus ( ridgway ) 1915 proc . biol . soc . wash . 28 p . 106\npsittacara wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara wagleri transilis ( peters , jl ) 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 111\npsittacara wagleri wagleri ( gray , gr ) 1845 gen . birds 2 pl . cii\npsittacara frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus frontatus ( cabanis ) 1846 faunaperuana [ tschudi ] orn . p . 272 , note\npsittacara frontatus minor ( carriker ) 1933 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 85 p . 3\npsittacara mitratus chlorogenys ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 74\npsittacara mitratus mitratus ( tschudi ) 1844 arch . naturgesch . 10 p . 304\npsittacara mitratus tucumanus ( arndt ) 2006 j . orn . 147 p . 77\npsittacara erythrogenys lesson 1844 echomondesav . ( 2 ) 11 no . 34 col . 486 , 487\npsittacara leucophthalmus callogenys ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 171 , 188 citation\npsittacara leucophthalmus leucophthalmus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 75\npsittacara leucophthalmus nicefori meyer de schauensee 1946 not . nat . no . 163 p . 2\npsittacara euops ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 638 pl . 24 fig . 2\npsittacara chloropterus souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittacara maugei\u2020 souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 59\npsittrichas fulgidus ( lesson ) 1830 traitedorn . livr . 3 p . 181 citation\ncoracopsis vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis vasa comorensis ( peters , w ) 1854 ber . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin p . 371\ncoracopsis vasa drouhardi lavauden 1929 alauda 1 no . 4 & 5 p . 231\ncoracopsis vasa vasa ( shaw ) 1812 gen . zool . [ shaw ] 8 pt2 p . 528\ncoracopsis nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra libs bangs 1927 proc . newengl . zool . cl . 9 p . 83\ncoracopsis nigra nigra ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 99\ncoracopsis nigra sibilans milne - edwards & oustalet 1885 compt . rend . 101 p . 220\nmicropsitta keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta keiensis chloroxantha oberholser 1917 proc . biol . soc . wash . 30 p . 126\nmicropsitta keiensis keiensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 984\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana geelvinkiana ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 7\nmicropsitta geelvinkiana misoriensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 [\n1875\n] p . 909\nmicropsitta pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta pusio beccarii ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 396\nmicropsitta pusio harterti mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta pusio pusio ( sclater , pl ) 1866 pzs [\n1865\n] pt3 p . 620 pl . 35\nmicropsitta finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii finschii ( ramsay , ep ) 1881 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 6 p . 180\nmicropsitta finschii tristrami ( rothschild & hartert ) 1902 novit . zool . 9 p . 589\nmicropsitta finschii viridifrons ( rothschild & hartert ) 1899 orn . monatsb . 7 no . 9 p . 138\nmicropsitta bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii bruijnii ( salvadori ) 1875 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 7 p . 715 , note , p . 753 , 907 pl . 21\nmicropsitta bruijnii pileata mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\nmicropsitta bruijnii rosea mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 2\npolytelis swainsonii ( desmarest ) 1826 dict . sci . nat . 39 p . 39\npolytelis anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\npolytelis anthopeplus anthopeplus ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt8 pl . 29\nalisterus amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis amboinensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\nalisterus amboinensis buruensis ( salvadori ) 1876 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 8 p . 371\nalisterus amboinensis dorsalis ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [ 1830\n] p . 234 atlasois . pl . 21 fig . 3\nalisterus amboinensis hypophonius ( muller , s ) 1843 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 6 p . 181 , note\nalisterus amboinensis sulaensis ( reichenow ) 1881 j . orn . 29 no . 154 p . 128\nalisterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus callopterus ( albertis & salvadori ) 1879 ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova 14 p . 29\nalisterus chloropterus chloropterus ( ramsay , ep ) 1879 proc . linn . soc . news . wales 3 pt3 p . 251\nalisterus chloropterus moszkowskii ( reichenow ) 1911 orn . monatsb . 19 p . 82\nalisterus scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\nalisterus scapularis minor mathews 1911 novit . zool . 18 no . 1 p . 23\nalisterus scapularis scapularis ( lichtenstein ) 1816 zool . mus . univ . berlin p . 29\naprosmictus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus jonquillaceus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 352\naprosmictus jonquillaceus wetterensis ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 481 , 484 citation\naprosmictus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\naprosmictus erythropterus coccineopterus ( gould ) 1865 handb . birdsaustr . 2 p . 39\naprosmictus erythropterus erythropterus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 343\nprioniturus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus platurus platurus ( vieillot ) 1818 nouv . dict . hist . nat . 25 [\n1817\n] p . 314\nprioniturus waterstradti malindangensis mearns 1909 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 36 no . 1678 p . 437\nprioniturus platenae blasius , w 1888 braunschw . anz . no . 37 p . 335 author\nprioniturus flavicans cassin 1853 proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 p . 373\nprioniturus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus discurus ( vieillot ) 1822 gal . ois . 1 p . 7 pl . 26\nprioniturus discurus whiteheadi salomonsen 1953 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 115 p . 224\neclectus roratus cornelia bonaparte 1850 compt . rend . 30 p . 135 , 136 citation\neclectus roratus macgillivrayi mathews 1913 australav . rec . 2 no . 4 p . 75\neclectus roratus polychloros ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 87\neclectus roratus riedeli meyer , ab 1882 pzs [\n1881\n] pt4 p . 917\neclectus roratus roratus ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 77\neclectus roratus solomonensis rothschild & hartert 1901 novit . zool . 8 no . 1 p . 82\neclectus roratus vosmaeri ( rothschild ) 1922 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 p . 412\neclectus roratus westermani\u2020 ( bonaparte ) 1850 consp . gen . av . 1 p . 4\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi aruensis ( gray , gr ) 1858 pzs pt26 no . 358 p . 183\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi cyanicollis ( muller , s ) 1841 verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . no . 4 p . 108 , 182 , note\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi floresianus salvadori 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 400 , 406 citation\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi geoffroyi ( bechstein ) 1811 allg . uebers . vogel [ latham ] 4 1 p . 103 pl . 21\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi jobiensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi minor neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi mysorensis ( meyer , ab ) 1874 sitz . k . akad . wiss . wien 70 p . 225\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi pucherani souance 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 218\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi rhodops ( schlegel ) 1864 mus . hist . pays - basrev . meth . crit . coll . livr . 5 no . 26 psittaci p . 43 , 44\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi sudestiensis de vis 1890 annualrep . brit . newguinea ( 1888 - 1889 ) app . g p . 58\ngeoffroyus geoffroyi timorlaoensis meyer , ab 1884 sitz . abh . naturwiss . ges . isisdresden heft1 p . 15\ngeoffroyus simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation\ngeoffroyus simplex buergersi neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235\ngeoffroyus simplex simplex ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 39 citation\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus heteroclitus ( hombron & jacquinot ) 1841 ann . sci . nat . zool . ( 2 ) 16 p . 319\ngeoffroyus heteroclitus hyacinthinus mayr 1931 am . mus . novit . no . 486 p . 13\npsittinus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6\npsittinus cyanurus abbotti richmond 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188\npsittinus cyanurus cyanurus ( forster , jr ) 1795 faunulaindica . ed . 2 p . 6\npsittinus cyanurus pontius oberholser 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 5\ntanygnathus megalorynchos hellmayri mayr 1944 bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 83 p . 134 , 149\ntanygnathus megalorynchos sumbensis meyer , ab 1881 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 31 p . 762\ntanygnathus lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146\ntanygnathus lucionensis hybridus salomonsen 1952 vidensk . medd . dansk . naturhist . for . 114 p . 347\ntanygnathus lucionensis lucionensis ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 146\ntanygnathus lucionensis talautensis meyer , ab & wiglesworth 1895 abh . ber . mus . dresden 5 no . 9 p . 2\ntanygnathus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281\ntanygnathus sumatranus everetti tweeddale 1877 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 p . 533\ntanygnathus sumatranus freeri mcgregor 1910 philip . j . sci . 5 p . 108\ntanygnathus sumatranus sumatranus ( raffles ) 1822 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 13 p . 281\ntanygnathus gramineus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 338\npsittacula himalayana ( lesson ) 1831 voy . ind . orient . [ belanger ] zool . [\n1834\n] pt4 p . 239 citation\npsittacula roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4\npsittacula roseata juneae biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 5\npsittacula roseata roseata biswas 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1500 p . 4\npsittacula cyanocephala ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 141\npsittacula alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\npsittacula alexandri abbotti ( oberholser ) 1919 proc . biol . soc . wash . 32 p . 29\npsittacula alexandri alexandri ( linnaeus ) 1758 syst . nat . ed . 10 p . 97\npsittacula alexandri cala ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4\npsittacula alexandri dammermani chasen & kloss 1932 bull . rafflesmus . no . 7 p . 8\npsittacula alexandri fasciata ( statius muller ) 1776 natursyst . suppl . p . 74\npsittacula alexandri major ( richmond ) 1902 proc . biol . soc . wash . 15 p . 188\npsittacula alexandri perionca ( oberholser ) 1912 smiths . misc . coll . 60 no . 7 p . 4\npsittacula derbiana ( fraser ) 1852 pzs [\n1850\n] pt18 no . 216 p . 245 pl . 25\npsittacula longicauda defontainei chasen 1935 bull . rafflesmus . no . 9 [\n1934\n] p . 93 citation\npsittacula longicauda modesta ( fraser ) 1845 pzs pt13 no . 144 p . 16\npsittacula longicauda nicobarica ( gould ) 1857 birdsasia [ gould ] 6 pt9 pl . 13\npsittacula longicauda tytleri ( hume ) 1874 str . feath . 2 p . 454\npsittacula calthrapae ( blyth ) 1849 j . asiat . soc . bengal 18 pt2 p . 800\npsittacula eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140\npsittacula eupatria avensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219\npsittacula eupatria eupatria ( linnaeus ) 1766 syst . nat . ed . 12 p . 140\npsittacula eupatria magnirostris ( ball ) 1872 j . asiat . soc . bengal 41 p . 278\npsittacula eupatria nipalensis ( hodgson ) 1836 as . res . 19 p . 177\npsittacula eupatria siamensis ( kloss ) 1917 j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 no . 3 p . 219\npsittacula wardi\u2020 ( newton , e ) 1867 ibis p . 341 , note concept citation\npsittacula krameri borealis ( neumann ) 1915 orn . monatsb . 23 p . 178\npsittacula krameri krameri ( scopoli ) 1769 annusihist . - nat . p . 31\npsittacula krameri manillensis ( bechstein ) 1800 naturgesch . stubenthiereed . 2 1 p . 612 , note\npsittacula krameri parvirostris ( souance ) 1856 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 8 p . 157\npsittacula eques echo ( newton , a & newton , e ) 1876 ibis p . 284 pl . 6\npsittacula caniceps ( blyth ) 1846 j . asiat . soc . bengal 15 p . 23\npsittacella brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation\npsittacella brehmii brehmii schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 35 citation\npsittacella brehmii harterti mayr 1931 mitt . zool . mus . berlin 17 heft5 p . 702\npsittacella brehmii pallida meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 3\npsittacella picta excelsa mayr & gilliard 1951 am . mus . novit . no . 1524 p . 6\npsittacella modesta modesta schlegel 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 36\npsittacella madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1\npsittacella madaraszi huonensis mayr & rand 1935 am . mus . novit . no . 814 p . 4\npsittacella madaraszi madaraszi meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 4 pl . 1 fig . 1\npsephotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 88\npsephotus haematonotus caeruleus condon 1941 rec . s . austr . mus . 7 p . 141\npsephotus haematonotus haematonotus ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 88\nnorthiella haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 89\nnorthiella haematogaster haematogaster ( gould ) 1838 pzs [\n1837\n] pt5 no . 57 p . 89\nnorthiella haematogaster haematorrhoa ( bonaparte ) 1856 naumannia 6 consp . psitt . inbeilag . no . 1 col . 13 citation\nnorthiella haematogaster pallescens ( salvadori ) 1891 cat . birdsbrit . mus . 20 p . 563 citation\nnorthiella narethae ( white , hl ) 1921 emu 21 p . 81 pl . 12\npsephotellus chrysopterygius ( gould ) 1858 pzs [\n1857\n] pt25 no . 340 p . 220\npsephotellus pulcherrimus \u2020 ( gould ) 1845 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 15 p . 115\npurpureicephalus spurius ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\nplatycercus caledonicus brownii ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 56\nplatycercus caledonicus caledonicus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\nplatycercus elegans ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 318\nplatycercus elegans elegans ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 318\nplatycercus elegans filewoodi mcallen & bruce 1989 birdsnews . wales p . ? ? ?\nplatycercus elegans flaveolus gould 1837 syn . birdsaustr . pt2 pl . [ 23 ]\nplatycercus elegans nigrescens ramsay , ep 1888 tab . listaustral . birds p . 34\nplatycercus venustus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus venustus venustus ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 52\nplatycercus adscitus palliceps lear 1832 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt12 pl . 19\nplatycercus eximius ( shaw ) 1792 nat . misc . 3 pl . 93 , text\nplatycercus eximius diemenensis north 1911 austral . mus . spec . cat . no . 1 3 pt2 p . 128\nplatycercus eximius eximius ( shaw ) 1792 nat . misc . 3 pl . 93 , text\nplatycercus icterotis ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 54\nplatycercus icterotis icterotis ( temminck & kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 54\nbarnardius zonarius ( shaw ) 1805 nat . misc . 16 pl . 657 , text\nbarnardius zonarius barnardi ( vigors & horsfield ) 1827 trans . linn . soc . london ( 1 ) 15 [\n1826\n] p . 283\nbarnardius zonarius macgillivrayi ( north ) 1900 vict . nat . 17 no . 5 p . 91\nbarnardius zonarius parkeri forshaw & joseph 2016 emu 116 no . 4 p . 440 - 444\nbarnardius zonarius semitorquatus ( quoy & gaimard ) 1832 voy . astrolabezool . 1 [\n1830\n] p . 237 atlasois . pl . 23\nbarnardius zonarius zonarius ( shaw ) 1805 nat . misc . 16 pl . 657 , text\nlathamus discolor ( shaw ) 1790 j . voy . news . wales [ white ] pl . 49 author\nprosopeia splendens ( peale ) 1849 u . s . expl . exped . 8 [\n1848\n] p . 127\nprosopeia personata ( gray , gr ) 1848 pzs pt16 no . 181 p . 21 pl . 3\nprosopeia tabuensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 317\nprosopeia tabuensis tabuensis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 317\neunymphicus ( m . ) peters , jl 1937 check - listbirdsworld 3 p . 269\neunymphicus cornutus ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 327\neunymphicus uvaeensis ( layard , el & layard , elc ) 1882 pzs pt2 p . 408 pl . 26 fig . 2\ncyanoramphus ulietanus\u2020 ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 328\ncyanoramphus saisseti verreaux , j & des murs 1860 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 12 p . 387\ncyanoramphus cookii ( gray , gr ) 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 13\ncyanoramphus subflavescens\u2020 salvadori 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 p . 68\ncyanoramphus unicolor ( lear ) 1831 ill . psittac . [ lear ] pt4 pl . 25\ncyanoramphus auriceps ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 46\ncyanoramphus malherbi souance 1857 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 9 p . 98 concept\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae ( sparrman ) 1787 mus . carls . fasc . 2 no . xxviii pl . 28 concept\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae cyanurus salvadori 1891 ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 p . 68\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae ( sparrman ) 1787 mus . carls . fasc . 2 no . xxviii pl . 28 concept\ncyanoramphus hochstetteri ( reischek ) 1889 trans . n . z . inst . 21 [\n1888\n] p . 387\ncyanoramphus erythrotis\u2020 ( wagler ) 1832 abh . k . bay . akad . wiss . 1 p . 526 citation\npezoporus wallicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 581\npezoporus wallicus wallicus ( kerr ) 1792 anim . kingd . [ kerr ] 1 pt2 p . 581\npezoporus flaviventris north 1911 austral . mus . spec . cat . no . 1 3 pt2 p . 175\nneophema chrysostoma ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 50 pl . 1\nneophema elegans carteri ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 278\nneophema elegans elegans ( gould ) 1837 pzs pt5 no . 50 p . 25\nneophema petrophila ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 94 p . 148\nneophema petrophila petrophila ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 94 p . 148\nneophema petrophila zietzi ( mathews ) 1912 novit . zool . 18 p . 278\nneophema pulchella ( shaw ) 1792 nat . misc . 3 pl . 96 , text\nneophema splendida ( gould ) 1841 pzs [\n1840\n] pt8 no . 94 p . 147\noreopsittacus arfaki ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 37\noreopsittacus arfaki arfaki ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 37\ncharmosyna palmarum ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329\ncharmosyna meeki ( rothschild & hartert ) 1901 novit . zool . 8 p . 187\ncharmosyna toxopei ( siebers ) 1930 treubia 7 suppl . livr . 5 p . 252 pl . 4\ncharmosyna wilhelminae ( meyer , ab ) 1874 j . orn . 22 no . 125 p . 55 , 56\ncharmosyna rubronotata kordoana ( meyer , ab ) 1874 verh . k . k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 p . 38\ncharmosyna placentis ( temminck ) 1835 pl . col . livr . 93 pl . 553\ncharmosyna placentis ornata mayr 1940 am . mus . novit . no . 1091 p . 1\ncharmosyna placentis pallidior ( rothschild & hartert ) 1905 novit . zool . 12 p . 253\ncharmosyna placentis placentis ( temminck ) 1835 pl . col . livr . 93 pl . 553\ncharmosyna diadema\u2020 ( verreaux , j & des murs ) 1860 rev . mag . zool . ( 2 ) 12 p . 390\ncharmosyna amabilis ( ramsay , ep ) 1875 morningherald [ sydney ] no . ? p . ?\ncharmosyna pulchella gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 102\ncharmosyna pulchella pulchella gray , gr 1859 listbirdsbrit . mus . pt3 sect . 2 p . 102\ncharmosyna pulchella rothschildi ( hartert ) 1930 novit . zool . 36 p . 105\ncharmosyna josefinae ( finsch ) 1873 attisoc . ital . sci . nat . mus . civ . stor . nat . milano 15 p . 427 pl . 7\ncharmosyna josefinae josefinae ( finsch ) 1873 attisoc . ital . sci . nat . mus . civ . stor . nat . milano 15 p . 427 pl . 7\ncharmosyna josefinae sepikiana neumann 1922 verh . orn . ges . bayern 15 heft2 p . 235\ncharmosyna papou ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 86\ncharmosyna papou goliathina rothschild & hartert 1911 novit . zool . 18 no . 2 p . 160\ncharmosyna papou papou ( scopoli ) 1786 del . flor . faun . insubr . 2 p . 86\ncharmosyna papou stellae meyer , ab 1886 zeitsch . ges . orn . 3 p . 9 pl . 2 concept\nvini australis ( gmelin ) 1788 syst . nat . 1 pt1 p . 329\nvini kuhlii ( vigors ) 1824 zool . j . 1 no . 3 p . 412 pl . 16\nvini stepheni ( north ) 1908 rec . austr . mus . 7 no . 1 p . 29\nvini ultramarina ( kuhl ) 1820 novaactaacad . caes . leop . carol . 10 p . 49\nphigys ( m . ) gray , gr 1870 hand - listgen . spec . birds [ gray ] 2 p . 154\nphigys solitarius ( suckow ) 1800 anf . theor . ang . naturgesch . thier . 2 pt1 p . 334\nneopsittacus musschenbroekii ( schlegel ) 1871 nederl . tijdschr . dierk . 4 p . 34\nparvipsitta pusilla ( shaw ) 1790 j . voy . news . wales [ white ] p . 262 pl . 48"]}
{"id": 209, "summary": [{"text": "stenoptilia pallistriga is a moth of the family pterophoridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from dominica , ecuador , jamaica , paraguay and surinam .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is also found in the united states in florida and mississippi .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from february to june , from august to october and in december . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "stenoptilia pallistriga", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nplume moths are easily recognized by their characteristic\nt\n- shaped resting posture and the lobed or divided wings of most species . while the family pterophoridae is easily identified , species determinations are more challenging , often requiring dissection and preparation of genitalia slides . there are currently 162 described species known from north america north of the mexican border . known species are listed below with links to photographs or additional information . synonyms are available in a world catalogue ( gielis 2003 ) . larval food plants are known for 76 of the described nearctic species ("]}
{"id": 211, "summary": [{"text": "oenobotys vinotinctalis , the wine-tinted oenobotys moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from north carolina to florida , west to texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in the west indies and from mexico to central america .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewing colour varies from brownish-red to yellowish-red or pinkish-red with black antemedial and postmedial lines and two black discal spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish-grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "oenobotys vinotinctalis", "paragraphs": ["species oenobotys vinotinctalis - wine - tinted oenobotys - hodges # 4940 - bugguide . net\noenobotys vinotinctalis , the wine - tinted oenobotys moth , is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by hampson in 1895 . it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from north carolina to florida , west to texas . it is also found in the west indies and from mexico to central america .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult : forewing color varies from brownish - red to yellowish - red to pinkish - red with black am and pm lines and two black discal spots , the inner one smaller and fainter than the outer one ; median area may or may not be slightly darker or of a different shade than remainder of wing ; slightly darker shading may be present in terminal area ; fringe scales either slightly paler or same as ground color ; hindwing brownish - gray .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species . please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nillustrated ( poorly ) in black and white by kimball ( 1965 ) pl . 25 , fig . 27 ( as '\n' ) on pl . 100 , fig . 2 ( adult ) and pl . 53 , fig . 1 ( genitalia ) .\nthe wingspan is about 14 mm . the forewing colour varies from brownish - red to yellowish - red or pinkish - red with black antemedial and postmedial lines and two black discal spots . the hindwings are brownish - grey .\nthe species name refers to the colour of the forewings and is derived from latin vinum ( meaning wine ) and tinctus ( meaning a dye ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 212, "summary": [{"text": "asura fulguritis is a species of lichen moths of the eribidae family , arctiinae subfamily .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on bali , java , sumatra , pulo laut , borneo and peninsular malaysia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland and lower montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "asura fulguritis", "paragraphs": ["asura fulguritis hampson , 1900 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . , 2 : 450 .\nasura fulguritis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 341 , pl . 4 , f . 266 , 415\nasura fulguritis hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 450 , pl . 31 , f . 6 ; tl : bali\nfigures 45 \u2013 47 . barsine and asura spp . : male genitalia . 45 , barsine prominens [ india , meghalaya ] khasis , slide av 1914 m ; 46 , asura cervicalis , the type species of asura , australia , slide av 2380 m volynkin ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 47 , asura fulguritis , bali , slide av 5327 m holloway ( \u00a9 nhm ) .\nmale genitalic features are as in asura , and are not distinct between the two taxa brought into synonymy . the two differ in the postmedial fascia which is distally bidentate in fulguritis but unidentate in birivula . the two forms appear to occur together in pulo laut , perhaps as a variable population . a series in usnm from 1530m 1km south of kundasang on the slopes of g . kinabalu has the medial fascia closely associated with the postmedial , but the male genitalia are as in other material . all three forms are illustrated .\nfigures 27 \u2013 33 . barsine and asura spp . : adults . 27 , barsine defecta walker , the type species of barsine , lectotype \u2642 , nepal ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 28 , ditto , \u2642 , n india , uttar pradesh ( zfmk ) ; 29 , ditto , \u2640 , n india , uttar pradesh ( zfmk ) ; 30 , barsine cuneonotatus ( walker ) , syntype \u2640 , ceylon ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 31 , barsine prominens ( moore ) , syntype \u2642 , [ india , meghalaya ] khasis ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 32 , asura cervicalis walker , the type species of asura , syntype \u2642 , australia ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 33 , asura fulguritis hampson , holotype \u2640 , bali ( \u00a9 nhm ) .\nasura latimargo roepke , 1946 ; tijdschr . ent . 87 : 82 ; tl : todjambu\nasura russula kiriakoff , 1963 ; explor . nat . albert 16 ( 2 ) : 99\nasura trifasciata roepke , 1946 ; tijdschr . ent . 87 : 80 ; tl : todjambu\nasura eala k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 364 , pl . 45 , f . 138\nasura compsodes turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 100\nasura polyspila turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 99\nasura crocoptera turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 98\nasura monospila turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 98\nasura catameces turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 98\nasura crocopepla turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 97\nasura coccinocosma turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 96\nasura hermanni k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 364 , pl . 44 , f . 137\nasura pinkurata k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 366 , pl . 45 , f . 143\nasura lignea cern\u00fd , 1995 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo , suppl . 14 : 158\nasura mediofascia rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 210 ; tl : sambawa\nasura snelleni duplicata nieuwenhuis , 1948 ; tijdschr . ent . 89 : 139 ; tl : banggaai arch .\nasura distyi k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 363 , pl . 44 , f . 133 - 134\nasura doa k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 364 , pl . 44 , f . 135 - 136\nasura bipartita rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 330 ; tl : dampier island\nasura congoensis k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 361 , pl . 44 , f . 123 - 124\nasura friederikeae k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 365 , pl . 45 , f . 141 - 142\nasura gigantea k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 362 , pl . 44 , f . 129 - 130\nasura magica strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 124 ; tl : kosempo\nasura mutabilis k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 361 , pl . 44 , f . 115 - 119\nasura mylea rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 330 ; tl : dampier island\nasura spinata k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 362 , pl . 44 , f . 125 - 127\nasura versicolor k\u00fchne , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 3 : 363 , pl . 44 , f . 131 - 132\nasura camerunensis strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 78 a ( 9 ) : 102 ; tl : binbundi , kamerun\n= asura perihaemia ; daniel , 1952 , bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 80\nasura metahyala hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 106 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los ba\u00f1os\nasura postbicolor rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 211 ; tl : dili , timor\nasura trizonata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 208 ; tl : great kei island\nasura punctata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 207 ; tl : khasia hills , assam\nasura strigatula rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 209 ; tl : khasia hills , assam\nasura subfulvia kiriakoff , 1954 ; bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg 30 ( 29 ) : 4\nasura is a genus of moths in the subfamily arctiinae . some species formerly placed in this genus are now in nepita .\nasura birivula hampson , 1900 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . , 2 : 450 , syn . n .\nasura ruenca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 446 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura varians ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 451 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura sexpuncta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 461 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura uniformis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 463 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura lacteoflava aureata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 208 ; tl : khasia hills , assam\n= asura sexualis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 760\n= asura conflua ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 748\nasura manusi rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 329 ; tl : manus , admiralty is .\nasura mimetica rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 212 ; tl : tugela , solomon is .\n= asura congerens ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 772\nasura thomensis rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 211 ; tl : st thom\u00e9 , west africa\nasura perihaemia ; daniel , 1952 , bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 80 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura amabilis rothschild & jordan , 1901 ; novit . zool . 8 ( 4 ) : 424 ; tl : isabel , solomon is .\nasura quadrifasciata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 209 ; tl : toli - toli , n . celebes\nasura strigibasis de joannis , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 757 ; tl : cha pa\nasura parallelina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 455 , pl . 31 , f . 14\nasura phantasma hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : andamans\nasura lydia ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 426 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nasura septemmaculata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 764 ; [ nhm card ]\n= asura cancellata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 754 , \u2642 nec \u2640\nasura eos ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 775 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura flaveola ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 769 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura ochreomaculata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 771 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura unicolora ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 777 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura brunneofasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 770 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura cancellata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 754 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura geminata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 774 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura arenaria rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 205 ; tl : kumusi r . , ne . br . new guinea\nasura fulvimarginata hampson , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 357 ; tl : madras , horsleykonda\nasura xanthophaea toulgo\u00ebt , 1977 ; mem . mus . nat . hist . nat . ( n . s . ) ( zool . ) 105 : 78\nasura hemixantha hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 426 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; tl : tenimber\nasura perihaemia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 438 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; tl : java\nasura ecmelaena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 438 , pl . 30 , f . 24 ; tl : sangir\nasura nigriciliata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 445 , pl . 30 , f . 19 ; tl : sangir\nasura atritermina hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 456 , pl . 31 , f . 23 ; tl : sangir\nasura pseudojosiodes rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 210 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nasura dinava [ = dinawa ] hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 759 ( emend . )\nasura cervicalis walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 484 ; tl : new holland and van dieman ' s land\nasura hieroglyphica rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 207 ; tl : ninay valley , central arfak mts , dutch new guinea , 3500ft\nasura orsova swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 501 ; tl : sima , muok - lek\nasura haemachroa hampson , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 438 ; tl : solomon is . , bougainville\nasura miltochristina rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 212 ; tl : biagi , mambare r . , br . new guinea , 5000ft\nasura modvena schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 26 ; tl : mt makiling , luzon , philippines\nasura birivula hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 450 , pl . 31 , f . 30 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nasura vivida ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 439 , pl . 30 , f . 26 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura avernalis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 441 , pl . 30 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura flavida ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 449 , pl . 31 , f . 4 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura nigrivena ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 458 , pl . 31 , f . 12 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura eos hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 459 , pl . 31 , f . 19 ; tl : java , malang\nasura carnea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 459 , pl . 31 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura unipuncta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 459 , pl . 31 , f . 15 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura megala hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 462 , pl . 31 , f . 21 ; tl : china , pekin\nasura griseata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 462 , pl . 31 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura chrysomela ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 751 , f . 252 ; [ nhm card ]\nmediofascia ( rothschild , 1936 ) ( asura ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 17 ( 100 ) : 489 ; tl : new hanover\nasura phaeobasis hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 429 , pl . 30 , f . 3 ; tl : louisiades , st . aignan\nasura phaeoplagia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 433 , pl . 30 , f . 4 ; tl : java , mt . arjuno\nasura xantherythra hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 563 , pl . 35 , f . 5 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nasura dentifera hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 564 , pl . 35 , f . 18 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nasura unicolora bethune - baker , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 425 , pl . 5 , f . 25 ; tl : dinawa ; aroa r .\nasura brunneofasciata bethune - baker , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 425 , pl . 5 , f . 24 ; tl : dinawa ; aroa r .\nasura insularis rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 212 ; tl : st . aignan , louisiade is . ; goodenough , d ' entrecasteaux is .\nasura camerunensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 822 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nasura bipars ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 427 , pl . 30 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nasura cervicalis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 427 , pl . 30 , f . 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nasura erythrias ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 428 , pl . 30 , f . 9 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nasura crocota ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 754 , pl . 39 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura hieroglyphica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 758 , pl . 39 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura pseudojosiodes ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 746 , pl . 38 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura orsova ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 774 , pl . 40 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura albidorsalis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 749 , pl . 39 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura albigrisea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 748 , pl . 39 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura amabilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 747 , pl . 9 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura arenaria ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 749 , pl . 39 , f . 10 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura haemachroa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 760 , pl . 39 , f . 30 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura insularis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 753 , pl . 39 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura irregularis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 754 , pl . 39 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura lutea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 770 , pl . 40 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura mediofascia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 773 , pl . 40 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura metascota ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 763 , pl . 40 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura miltochristina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 764 , pl . 40 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura mimetica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 746 , pl . 39 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura ocnerioides ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 750 , pl . 39 , f . 12 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura postbicolor ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 760 , pl . 39 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura quadrifasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 765 , pl . 40 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura striata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 775 , pl . 40 , f . 23 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura tricolor ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 768 , pl . 40 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura trizonata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 749 , pl . 39 , f . 9 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura likiangensis daniel , 1952 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 82 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang\nasura semivitrea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 745 , pl . 38 , f . 35 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nasura pyrostrota hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 753 , pl . 39 , f . 17 ; tl : solomon is . , kulambangra i .\nfigures 54 \u2013 59 . barsura , barsine and asura spp . : female genitalia . 54 , barsura umbrifera , syntype , china , tibet , slide av 1854 f volynkin ; 55 , barsine umbrosa , e india , khasis , slide av 1935 f volynkin ; 56 , barsine defecta , the type species of barsine , thailand , slide av 1799 f volynkin ; 57 , barsine cuneonotatus , sri lanka , slide bmnh ( e ) arct - 4669 f holloway ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 58 , barsine prominens , sikkim , slide av 1917 f volynkin ; 59 , asura cervicalis , the type species of asura , australia , slide bmnh ( e ) arct - 4488 f durante ( \u00a9 nhm ) .\nasura percurrens hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 769 , pl . 40 , f . 13 ; tl : dutch n . guinea , oetakwa r . , snow mts .\nasura fuscalis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 452 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 23\nasura inconspicua ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 453 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 23\nasura solita ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 461 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 24\nasura anomala ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 463 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 22\nasura ruptifascia ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 455 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 24\nasura uniformeola ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 777 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 24\nasura esmia ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 463 , pl . 31 , f . 8 ; daniel , 1952 , bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 81 ; [ nhm card ]\nasura rubrimargo ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 463 , pl . 31 , f . 32 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 24\nasura floccosa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 454 , pl . 31 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 23\nasura aureata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 773 , pl . 40 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 23\nasura fulvimarginata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 776 , pl . 40 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 23\nasura obliquilinea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 755 , pl . 39 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 23\nasura punctata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 755 , pl . 39 , f . 21 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 24\nasura strigatula ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 775 , pl . 40 , f . 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 24\nasura discisigna ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 460 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 776 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 23\nasura phantasma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 772 , pl . 40 , f . 16 ; arora , 1983 , rec . zool . surv . india , occ . paper 60 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 24\nthe facies is more typical of lyclene moore species ( see below ) , with greyish brown lineation on yellow , but the basal zone of the forewing has a characteristic \u2018stomatal\u2019 pattern , and there are two fasciae between that and the submarginal longitudinal streaks , rather than one as in the biseriata hampson group .\nbali , java , sumatra , pulo laut ; borneo ( incl . pulo laut ) , peninsular malaysia ( ssp . birivula ) .\nthe species is frequent in lowland and lower montane forest , recorded up to 1530m .\naustralia ( queensland , new south wales , tasmania ) . see [ maps ]\nmiltochrista ( ? ) erythrias holland , 1893 ; psyche 6 : 400 ; tl : w . africa , ogov\u00e9 r\nmiltochrista craigii holland , 1893 ; psyche 6 : 411 ; tl : w . africa , ogov\u00e9 r .\ncyme sexualis felder , 1861 ; s . b . akad . wiss . wien 43 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : amboina\nlyclene ruenca swinhoe , 1892 ; cat . het . mus . oxford ( 1 ) : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 15 ; tl : sula\nmiltochrista chypsilon semper , 1899 ; reisen archipel . philipp . 2 : 507 , pl . 59 , f . 14 ; tl : philippines , luzon\nmiltochrista flavida butler , 1887 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 219 ; tl : solomns , alu\nlyclene varians hampson , 1893 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 9 : 85 , pl . 158 , f . 10 , 20 , 32 - 33 ; tl : ceylon , pundaloya\nlyclene fuscalis hampson , 1891 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 8 : 50 , pl . 139 , f . 9 ; tl : nilgiri plateau , 7000ft\n= ? miltochrista strigipennis ( inconsticiua ) ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855\n= ; daniel , 1952 , bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 85 ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855\nlyclene rubricosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nmiltochrista parallelina hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 110 ; tl : burma , e . pegu\nindia ( andamans , arunachal pradesh , assam , manipur , meghalaya , sikkim ) . see [ maps ]\nsesapa andamana moore , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 597 ; tl : andamans\nmiltochrista andamana ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45\nmiltochrista nigrivena leech , 1899 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1899 ( 1 ) : 196 ; tl : ni - tou ; moupin ; omei - shan\n= miltochrista infumata ( decisigna ) ; hampson , 1894 , fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 113\nmiltochrista sexpuncta hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 113 ; tl : burma , bernardmyo ?\nsetina modesta leech , 1899 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1899 ( 1 ) : 200 ; tl : nw . china , kwei - chow\nsetina griseata leech , 1899 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1899 ( 1 ) : 200 ; tl : w . china , wa - ssu - kow\nlithosia anomala elwes , 1890 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1890 : 388 , pl . 32 , f . 14\nidopterum rubrimargo hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 104 ; tl : sikkim\nlyclene ruptifascia hampson , 1893 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 9 : 85 , pl . 158 , f . 12 ; tl : ceylon , newalapittia\ntricholepis uniformis hampson , 1893 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 9 : 86 , pl . 157 , f . 29 ; tl : ceylon , newera eliya\n= neasura hypophaeola ; daniel , 1952 , bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 88\nsikkim , calcutta , ganjam , madras , coimbatore , ceylon . see [ maps ]\ntrichocerosia zebrina hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 739 , pl . 38 , f . 26 ( turner , ined . ) ; tl : new south wales , lilyvale\neutane semivitrea rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 216 ; tl : fort mackay , queensland\nmiltochrista biplagiata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 216 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nzygaenosia albigrisea rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 204 ; tl : biagi , mambare r . , br . new guinea , 5000ft\nmiltochrista cancellata pagenstecher , 1900 ; zoologica , stutt . 12 ( 29 ) : 62 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : neu - pommern\nmiltochrista connexa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 782 , pl . 40 , f . 35 ; [ nhm card ]\ndiluta draeseke , 1926 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 52\neichorni rothschild , 1936 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 17 ( 100 ) : 489\nmiltochrista geminata pagenstecher , 1900 ; zoologica , stutt . 12 ( 29 ) : 62 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : neu - pommern\nlikiangensis grisescens daniel , 1952 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 83\nmimetica flagrans fletcher , 1957 ; in wolff , nat . hist . rennell island , 2 : 38\nlyclene obliquilinea swinhoe , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 467\nobscurodiscalis rothschild , 1936 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 17 ( 100 ) : 489\nazura [ sic ] owgarra bethune - baker , 1908 ; novit . zool . 15 : 196 ; tl : owgarra\nmiltochrista parallelina hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 110 ; tl : e . pegu\nrhabdota rothschild , 1920 ; j . fed . malay states mus . 8 ( 3 ) : 112\nsimillima rothschild , 1936 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 17 ( 100 ) : 489\ncabarda temperata holland , 1893 ; psyche 6 : 399 ; tl : w . africa\ntripuncta ( reich , 1935 ) ( lyclene ) ; int . ent . zeit . 29 : 265\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\non the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae\nan epitome of the natural history of the insects of new holland , new zealand , new guinea , otaheite and other islands in the indian , sothern and pacific oceans . . .\nlepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon\nzutr\u00e4ge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 3 [ 1824 - ] 1825 [ - 1831 ]\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur lepidopteren - fauna des malayischen archipels . ( 3 ) heteroceren der aru inseln , kei - inseln und von s\u00fcdwest - neu guinea\nthe lithosiids , collected by dr . l . j . toxopeus in central celebes , with remarsk on some allied species\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\nheterocera . collected in korinchi , west sumatra , by messrs . h . c . robinson and c . boden kloss\ndie schmetterlinge der philippinischen inseln . beitrage zur indo - malayischen lepidopteren - fauna . zweiter band . die nachtfalter . heterocera\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition de herrn g . tessmann nach s\u00fcd - kameroun und spanish - guinea . lepidoptera iii\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\ninsects of samoa and other samoan terrestial arthropoda . part iii . lepidoptera , fasc . 4 , heterocera\nresultats scientifiques du voyage aux index orientales n\u00e9erlandaises d ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse l\u00e9opold de belgique , volume iv , fascicule 12 , lepidoptera ii , 2 . heterocera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nright now the scientific names on some species do not show on the site - we are working to fix this problem which should be solved after the back - up this morning .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbarsura volynkin , dubatolov & kishida , 2017 , gen . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nvolynkin , anton v . , dubatolov , vladimir v . & kishida , yasunori , 2017 , barsura volynkin , dubatolov & kishida , gen . nov . , with descriptions of three new species ( lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae ) , zootaxa 4299 ( 1 ) , pp . - 1 - - 1 : - 1\ndiagnosis . medium - sized moths , the male antennae are bipectinate , the female antennae are ciliate . venation ( fig . 4\n. forewing pattern consists of dotted transverse lines in the subbasal and medial areas , and cuneal connected shadows in the subterminal area with longitudinal dark strokes on veins . due to the presence of ventral costal , distal costal and distal saccular processes , the male genital capsule of barsura ( figs . 1 , 2\n) is the only exception , for it has the genital capsule similar to barsura species . however , its vesica structure and the female genitalia are typical for\n, as member of which the species of barsura were treated earlier ( hampson 1900 , daniel 1952 , fang 1993 ; 2000 ) , the medial costal process is short and situated medially ( whereas in barsura it is situated subapically ) , and cornuti in vesica are spine - like and assembled into large bundles and bands . the female genitalia ( fig . 3\n) of the new genus is very characteristic and it clearly differs from those of all other related genera by the short ductus bursae with asymmetric lateral sclerotized folds , the very small corpus bursae subdivided into two asymmetric and heavily sclerotized lateral lobes , with numerous short spinules on inner surface , and a small , globular , weakly sclerotized anterior section with weak spine - like scobination .\nfigures 1 \u2013 4 . barsura nubifascia morphology . 1 , male genital capsule ; 2 , male aedeagus with everted vesica ; 3 , female genitalia ; 4 , venation scheme ( after hampson 1900 ) .\nfigures 20 \u2013 26 . barsura and barsine spp . : adults . 20 , barsura melanoleuca , holotype \u2642 , sikkim ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 21 , barsura melanoleuca , \u2642 , sikkim ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 22 , barsura melanoleuca , \u2640 , sikkim ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 23 , barsura umbrifera , syntype \u2642 , china , tibet ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 24 , barsura umbrifera , syntype \u2640 , china , tibet ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 25 , barsine umbrosa , holotype \u2642 , [ india , meghalaya ] khasis ( \u00a9 nhm ) ; 26 , barsine umbrosa , \u2640 , sikkim zfmk ) .\nfigures 42 \u2013 44 . barsine spp . : male genitalia . 42 , b . umbrosa , khasis , slide av 1891 m volynkin ; 43 , b . defecta , the type species of barsine , india , sikkim , slide av 1997 m volynkin ; 44 , b . cuneonotatus , sri lanka , slide bmnh ( e ) arct - 2879 m holloway ( \u00a9 nhm ) .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nwalker , 1855 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 3 : 760 .\nsetina calligenioides snellen , 1879 , tijdschr . ent . , 22 : 87 .\nsee the previous species . the forewing fasciation and the broad blackish border to the hindwing are diagnostic . the male abdomen has features in common with crustata , such as narrow , flimsy coremata on the eighth sternite and tapering valve apices . in lineatus the valve apex is more complex , with a subapical angle and two more basal marginal spurs . the aedeagus vesica has four large , appressed quadrate spines like molar teeth . there are minor differences in the genitalia of the sulawesi subspecies ( roepke , 1946b ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 214, "summary": [{"text": "heppnerographa carchiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish , partially suffused with brownish and weakly tinged with ferruginous in the middle area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are pale brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish cream , but much browner along the margins . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "heppnerographa carchiana", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for carchiana definition . you find here carchiana meaning , synonyms of carchiana and images for carchiana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word carchiana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word carchiana and , of course , carchiana synonyms and on the right images related to the word carchiana .\nheppnerographa circinnata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to venezuela .\nhave a fact about heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nardisia carchiana is a species of plant in the primulaceae family . it is endemic to ecuador .\nsaphenista carchiana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in ecuador . the wingspan is 12\u201313 mm . the ground colour of the forewings is glossy white with indistinct brownish suffusions , mainly along the basal half of the costa . . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ndizionario di estetica - jan 1 , 2007 by p . d ' angelo g . carchia\nla favola dell ' essere . commento al \u00absofista\u00bb - jan 1 , 1999 by gianni carchia"]}
{"id": 216, "summary": [{"text": "furcula borealis , the white furcula moth , is a moth of the family notodontidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from new hampshire to texas and florida , as well as in colorado and south dakota .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 31 \u2013 42 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on prunus avium , salix and populus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "furcula borealis", "paragraphs": ["furcula borealis has been treated as a subspecies of the eurasian furcula bicuspis . it has been elevated back to species status .\nother furcula species . the\nmonkey face\npattern on borealis is much more distinct than in the other furcula , which often have much more or less black scaling and orange scaling , obscuring the\nmonkey face\npattern . f . borealis can be distinguished from pale occidentalis specimens , by the lack of a triple pm line , which is present in occidentalis and the darker thoracic scaling of occidentalis : more black scaling in the\nmonkey face ,\nand gray - as opposed to white in borealis - scaling on the rest of the thorax .\nwhite furcula moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 8 / 2014 ) . photo by nancy magnusson . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 7 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 28 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 11 / 2017 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 9 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in allegany co . , maryland ( 5 / 23 / 2015 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in calvert co . , maryland ( 8 / 16 / 2006 ) . photo by arlene ripley . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 8 / 14 / 2013 ) . photo by tim carney . ( mbp list )\na male white furcula moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 21 / 2003 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth caterpillar in washington co . , maryland ( 9 / 20 / 2017 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )\na white furcula moth larva in frederick co . , maryland ( 9 / 14 / 2016 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )\nwhite furcula moth caterpillar on black cherry in frederick co . , maryland ( 9 / 11 / 2016 ) . photo by bob cammarata . ( mbp list )\na white furcula caterpillar in baltimore city , maryland ( 7 / 1 / 2009 ) . determined by sam jaffe / bugguide . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nforewing white with charcoal median band and charcoal patch coming from costa near apex ; pm line single , often obscure , continuous across wing usually more sinuous than dentate ; am and terminal lines composed of several large black dots ; some yellow or orange coloration often present next to am and pm lines ; thorax patterned distinctly with black scaling with some orange in what is called a\nmonkey face\nwith the surrounding thoracic scaling white .\nnew hampshire to texas - florida ; colorado ; south dakota . ( 1 )\nmoth photographers group - species page with photographs of living adults , larvae and pinned adults .\nmoths of arknsas - henderson state university - photographs , description , and foodplant .\nbutterflies and moths of north america - species account with photograph of pinned adult and range maps .\ncontributed by troy bartlett on 16 february , 2004 - 12 : 32pm additional contributions by chuck entz , jason d . roberts , maury heiman , robert lord zimlich , fyn kynd last updated 6 september , 2016 - 1 : 48pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\ncaterpillar from the air line trail in hebron , connecticut . ( tolland county ) on cherry .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 217, "summary": [{"text": "the black-tufted marmoset ( callithrix penicillata ) , also known as mico-estrela in portuguese , is a species of new world monkey that lives primarily in the neo-tropical gallery forests of the brazilian central plateau .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it ranges from bahia to paran\u00e1 , and as far inland as goi\u00e1s , between 14 and 25 degrees south of the equator , and can commonly be seen in the city of rio de janeiro .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this marmoset typically resides in rainforests , living an arboreal life high in the trees , but below the canopy .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "they are only rarely spotted near the ground . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "black - tufted marmoset", "paragraphs": ["the black - tufted marmoset carries specific positive effects by being a highly valuable exotic pet .\nbehavioral characteristics of pair bonding in the black tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix penicillata ) .\nthe black - tufted marmoset has an average full - grown weight of a mere 12 ounces .\ncolour discrimination in the black - tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix penicillata ) : ecological implications .\n( weid\u2019s black - tufted - ear marmoset ) lives in southwest brazil , mainly in the coastal regions .\nthe black tufted - ear marmoset has nonopposable thumbs and nails of the digits which are claw - like .\ninformation on wied\u2019s black - tufted - ear marmoset is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ncolour discrimination in the black - tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix penicillata ) : ecological implications . - pubmed - ncbi\nmay explain why the black tufted - ear marmoset has a small home range ( rylands and de faria , 1993 ) .\nblack tufted marmoset is a new monkey in the world . mico - estrela in portuguese name , sometime its called callithrix penicillata . most of the black tufted marmoset lives in the brazilian forest , some of them are living where people live close to forest .\nthis behaviour has not been observed in black - tufted marmosets living in more traditional rainforest habitats .\nsome examples of callitrichids include the moustached tamarin , the golden - handed tamarin , the emperor tamarin , the bare - faced tamarin , the cotton - top tamarin , the golden lion tamarin , the black tufted - eared marmoset , the common marmoset , the buffy - headed marmoset , and geoffroyi ' s tufted - eared marmoset .\ngums make up > 70 % of the plant part of the diet of the black tufted - ear marmoset ( fonseca and lacher , 1984 ) . being highly\nin their study , marina duarte and professor robert young revealed how the black - tufted marmosets make sleeping site choices .\nthe black - tufted marmoset ( callithrix penicillata ) is a new world monkey in the callitrichidae family of monkeys and lives primarily in the neo - tropical gallery forests of the brazilian central plateau . the black - tufted marmoset is characterized by black tufts of hair around their ears , and it typically has some sparse white hairs on its face with brown or black head and its limbs . their upper bodies are gray , as well as its abdomen , while its rump and underside are typically black .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wied\u2019s black - tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix kuhlii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wied\u2019s black - tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix kuhlii )\ntitle =\narkive species - wied\u2019s black - tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix kuhlii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nblack - tufted marmosets living in brazil ' s city parks are going to surprising lengths to avoid unusual predators - domestic cats .\nthe black - tufted marmoset usually resides in rainforests high up in the trees but below the canopy . it is typically found between 14 and 25 degrees south of the equator , and ranges from bahia to paran\u00e1 and as far inland as goi\u00e1s . it is very rare to see a black - tufted marmoset at ground level , though during periods of drought it may come down to scavenge for food and water .\nthe coloring of wied ' s marmoset is mostly black , with white markings on cheeks and forehead . it has rings on its tail and black tufts of fur coming out of its ears .\nthe life - span of a wild black - pencilled marmoset is unknown , however the average lifespan in captivity is 15 years .\nblack - pencilled marmosets typically have some sparse white hairs on their faces , with a dark brown or black head . their upper body and limbs are gray and their rump is usually black . the marmosets ' undersides are black with a gray abdomen . their tail is ringed with black and white and is not prehensile , but is used for balance . they are characterized by the black tufts around their ears . black - pencilled marmosets do not have an opposable thumb and their nails tend to have a claw - like appearance .\n, 1993 ) . this behavior pattern is frequent in the black tufted - ear marmoset and can occur more frequently by an individual where the home ranges of two groups overlap , thus suggesting a use for demarcation of territory ( rylands , 1990 ) .\nmarcelo c . leal , luiz r . franc\u0327a ; the seminiferous epithelium cycle length in the black tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix penicillata ) is similar to humans , biology of reproduction , volume 74 , issue 4 , 1 april 2006 , pages 616\u2013624 , urltoken\nthese are snippets out of the diary of louie , our marmoset , with the hopes that it one day saves the life of another marmoset or tamarin .\nbarros , m . , c . alencar , c . tomaz . 2004 . differences in aerial and terrestrial visual scanning in captive black tufted - ear marmosets ( callithrix penicillata ) exposed to a novel environment .\nmiranda , g . , d . faria . 2001 . ecological aspects of black - pincelled marmoset ( callithix penicillata ) in the cerradao and dense cerradao of the brazilian central plateau .\ntranslocated populations of the common marmoset also flourish in the ranges of other brazilian marmoset and tamarin species , such as around rio de janiero , well beyond their native coastal forests .\nwied ' s marmoset ( callithrix kuhlii ) , also known as wied ' s black - tufted - ear marmoset , is a new world monkey that lives in tropical and subtropical forests of eastern brazil . unlike other marmosets , wied ' s marmoset lives in groups consisting of 4 or 5 females and 2 or 3 males ( plus children ) . they are matriarchal , and only the dominant female is allowed to mate . like other marmosets , the offspring are always born in pairs .\nweid\u2019s black - tufted - ear marmosets live in a variety of forest types , particularly tropical and subtropical forests . these marmosets inhabit the lower part of the trees . it thrives in areas of dense vegetation and new growth .\ngroup size and composition of the common marmoset varies from group to group in the wild .\nthe common marmoset is widespread and common in northeastern brazil because of its adaptability to different habitats .\nfood sharing is more important in the lion tamarins than in other marmosets and tamarins , and helps maintain social structure . this species may form mixed species groups with wied ' s black - tufted - ear marmoset . they do not compete with each other because they forage in separate areas and occupy different niches in the environment . golden - headed lion tamarins forage in the upper levels of the forest , while wied ' s black - tufted - ear marmosets forage in the middle and lower levels of the forest . golden - headed lion tamarins also prefer to forage in epiphytic bromeliads .\nthe marmoset has large black tufts behind its ears . the head is black or brown mixed with gray and white patch on the forehead and the body is gray / brown . the long tail is ringed with black and grey . the tail is used to help the monkey balance as it moves around in the tree tops . their preferred food is tree sap but they will eat some insects , fruit or eggs in a pinch .\nblack - pencilled marmosets are monogamous and typically live in family groups which include the reproducing couple and their offspring .\nblack - pencilled marmosets are vulnerable to a wide range of both terrestrial and aerial predators . aerial predators , large\nunlike several of their close relatives , the common marmoset is currently not listed as a threatened species .\nthe common marmoset is entirely arboreal ( tree dwelling ) and prefers secondary or disturbed forests and edge habitat .\nthe black - tufted marmoset\u2019s diet consists primarily of tree sap which it obtains by chewing through the bark with its long lower incisors . in periods of drought , it will also include fruit and insects in its diet . in periods of sustained and serious droughts , it will adapt to eat small arthropods , mollusks , bird eggs , baby birds , and other small vertebrates .\n. black - pencilled marmosets use a series of predator - specific vocalizations as well as visual scanning in their antipredation strategies .\n\u201cmarmoset\u201d is derived from the french \u201cmarmouset\u201d which means , loosely , shrimp or dwarf . an apt name , considering they are the smallest of the true monkeys ( the lightest of the true monkeys is the pygmy marmoset ) .\nthe home range of a marmoset group can vary from 5 , 000 to 65 , 000 square meters ( 1 . 2 - 16 acres ) . on any one day a marmoset group will travel about 500 to 1000 meters .\ntiago falotico added an association between\ncallithrix sp . ( marmoset ) - captive\nand\ncallithrix penicillata\n.\nscientists studying how marmoset and tamarins adapt to urban environments have also recorded their communication in groups and interaction with humans .\nunfortunately , in some areas of its distribution , populations of the common marmoset are showing signs of decline due to habitat destruction .\napproximately 115 domestic cats live in the park and researchers recorded an average of three attempts at marmoset predation by cats per day .\nfonseca , g . a . b . , lacher , t . e . jr . , alves c . jr . , & magalh\u00e3es - castro , b . ( 1980 ) . some ecological aspects of free - living black tufted - ear marmosets ( callithrix jacchus penicillata ) . antropologia contempor\u00e2neo , 3 , 197 .\nthe black tufted - ear marmoset ( callithrix penicillata geoffroy , 1812 ) is a small neotropical primate ( 350 to 500 g ) , whose original habitat is in the cerrado areas ( i . e . savannah ) of central brazil ( fonseca & lacher , 1984 ) . in addition to it living in these natural habitats , it is a species that can be widely found in the parks and streets of the cities of brazil ( leite et al . , 2011 ) .\nblack - tufted marmosets mark their territory with aromatic secretions produced by glands on their chests and near the anus . this is primarily to deter other species of monkey from feeding in the area . group members alert each other to danger , using specific cries to warn against different types of predator . common predators are snakes , birds of prey and wild cats .\nblack - pencilled marmosets live in rainforests , usually residing high in the trees , under the canopy . marmosets have rarely been observed at or near ground level .\nblack - pencilled marmosets are considered highly valuable and exotic pets . they are also used often in zoo exhibits as well as many different types of scientific studies .\nblack - tufted or black - pencilled marmosets are found in the central and coastal region of brazil but relatively far inland from the ocean . they live high up in rainforest trees , and are seldom seen far below the upper canopy or anywhere near the ground . this species is usually found in gallery forest : the trees that grow in narrow strips beside rivers , and which are frequently flooded . it grows to be between 7 and 9 inches ( 18 - 23cm ) long and weighs about 12 ounces ( 350g ) on average .\nat the smithsonian ' s national zoo , their diet includes canned marmoset diet , bananas , grapes , apples , string beans , fruit and mealworms .\nrosenberg , s . 2004 .\npenicillata marmoset : ( callithrix penicillata )\n( on - line ) . accessed march 31 , 2004 at urltoken .\nthe common marmoset , like other marmosets and tamarins , relies on a diet of tree exudates ( gums and saps ) , small animal prey , and fruits .\nmarmoset researchers observed the behaviour whilst investigating the affect of city noise levels on urban populations in belo horizonte city park in minas gerais , south - eastern brazil .\nweid\u2019s marmosets are relatively small , weighing between 350 and 400 grams , or about 13 ounces . they are generally black with gray head pelage and have a distinctly ringed tail . there is an area of white around their cheeks and forehead , and they have black tufts of hair around their ears . they have nails that are claw - like and lack opposable thumbs .\nwied ' s marmoset is highly social , spending much of its time grooming . it has individually distinctive calls , and it communicates through gestures and olfactory markings as well .\nvoland , e . ( 1977 ) . social play behaviour of the common marmoset ( callithrix jacchus erxl . , 1977 ) in captivity . primates , 18 , 883 - 902 .\nblack - pencilled marmosets commonly feed on tree sap . during food shortages or droughts their diet also includes fruit and insects , and they have even been known to eat various arthropods , molluscs , and small vertebrates .\nmarmosets gain access to exudates from a variety of tree species by gnawing holes in the tree bark . the specialized dentition of the common marmoset acts as a tool facilitating access to gums and saps\nblack - pencilled marmosets have no special status with the iucn red list or the unites states endangered species act list . they are listed in appendix ii of cites and are not currently considered an endangered or threatened species .\nmarmosets and tamarins are found primarily in the tropical rainforests of south america with a few remnant populations located in central america . the common marmoset is distributed throughout the atlantic coastal forest of northeastern brazil .\nthe communication of black - pencilled marmosets has not been fully studied , however , it is believed that they communicate mostly through vocalizations . they appear to have predator - specific cries when they are threatened and have many vocalizations in addition to predator warnings . black - pencilled marmosets also use scent marking , though it is unclear whether this is a form of communication , as many different family groups simply ignore the markings that another family group has left .\ncamarotti flm , silva vl , oliveira ab ( 2015 ) the effects of introducing the amazonian squirrel monkey on the behavior of the northeast marmoset . acta amaz 45 ( 1 ) : 29\u201334 . doi :\nrylands , a . b . ( 1986 ) . ranging behaviour and habitat preference of a wild marmoset group , callithrix humeralifer ( callitrichidae - primates ) . journal of zoology , 210 , 1 - 26 .\ncaptive studies have taught scientists a great deal about the behavior and biology of the common marmoset . this information has been applied towards the protection as well as the captive and wild breeding of other closely related primates .\nblack - pencilled marmosets are found in the neo - tropical gallery forests of the brazilian central plateau . they live along the brazillian coast ranging from bahia to sao paulo , and as far inland as goias , between 14 and 17 degrees s .\nwied ' s marmoset is eaten by birds of prey ( the harpy eagle , the gray hawk , the roadside hawk and the white - tailed hawk ) , felines ( the jaguar , jaguarundi and ocelot ) and snakes .\nleite , g . c . , duarte , m . h . l . , & young r . j . ( 2011 ) . human\u0096marmoset interactions in a city park . applied animal behaviour science , 132 , 187\u0096192 .\nstevenson , m . f . , & poole , t . b . ( 1976 ) . an ethogram of the common marmoset , callithrix jacchus jacchus : general behaviour repertoire . animal behaviour , 24 , 428 - 451 .\nthe common marmoset c . jacchus is a well - established experimental model for performing toxicological studies and investigating reproductive biology in primates . in the present work we performed a careful and accurate histological and morphometrical investigation of the testis in the marmoset c . penicillata , including the determination of spermatogenic cycle length and sertoli cell and spermatogenic efficiencies , and suggest that this species might also be useful for comparative studies involving primates , particularly for studies related to the spermatogenic process .\nmiranda , g . h . b . , & faria . d . s . ( 2001 ) . ecological aspects of black - pincelled marmosets ( callithrix penicillata ) in the cerrad\u00e3o and dense cerrado of the brazilian central plateau . brazilian journal of biology , 61 , 397 - 404 .\nblack - pencilled marmosets breed twice a year and produce between 1 and 4 offspring , however they generally have twins . the gestation period is 150 days and offspring wean at about 8 weeks . the marmosets reach sexual maturity at approximately 18 months old . however , they typically mate very late .\nbrazilian bare - faced tamarins are named for their black , hairless face and ears contrasted with variable fur colors such as brown , black , or silver , depending on the subspecies . body length ranges from 208 to 283 mm and tail length is 335 to 420 mm . weight in both males and females averages 430 g . these primates have non - opposable thumbs with claw - like digits , except for the first digit on each toe . the dental formula is 2 / 2 - 1 / 1 - 3 / 3 - 2 / 2 = 32 teeth . canines are larger than incisors .\nthe spider monkeys got their name because of their striking resemblance to a large spider while hanging by their tails , their , slender body and disproportionately long , gangly limbs and narrow hands swaying in the treetops . spider monkeys are highly agile , and they are said to be second only to the gibbons in this respect . their hair tends to be coarse , long and stringy , lacking undercoat and ranging in color from ruddy gold to brown and black ; the hands and feet are usually black . heads are small with hairless faces , and a prominent muzzle . some have flesh colored rings around their eyes and white chin whiskers .\nan example of how the common marmoset has served as a model to help with the conservation of other primates is its use in the development of the embryo flush at the wisconsin primate research center in 1996 . this is a noninvasive technique designed to assist in breeding of wild and captive primates .\nscanlon , c . e . , chalmers , n . r . & monteiro da cruz , m . a . o . ( 1989 ) . changes in the size , composition and reproductive condition of wild marmoset groups ( callithrix jacchus jacchu s ) in northeast brazil . primates , 29 , 295 - 305 .\nblack - pencilled marmosets are diurnal and live in groups of 2 to 14 , which typically consist of a reproductive couple and their offspring . offspring are cared for by both the mother and father , as well as older siblings in the family . as twins are very common among marmosets , additional support for the mother is often required . though they live in small family groups , they often share sap trees with many other families in their species . they do engage in scent marking , but it is believed this is to deter other species from entering the area , and not other groups of their own species . black - pencilled marmosets also appear to be nomadic , moving throughout the forests as seasons become dry or wet .\nthis monkey supplements its diet of sap with fruit , nectar , flowers and seeds , as well as spiders and insects . since these are harvested from the middle and lower part of the forest , wied ' s marmoset often travels and forages in the company of the golden - headed lion tamarin , which forages in the canopy .\nhaig , d . ( 1999 ) .\nwhat is a marmoset ?\n. am j primatol 49 ( 4 ) : 285\u2013296 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ( sici ) 1098 - 2345 ( 199912 ) 49 : 4 < 285 : : aid - ajp1 > 3 . 0 . co ; 2 - x .\nsince chimerism changes the degrees of relatedness between individuals , it also changes the adaptive value of certain behaviors , like cooperatively raising young . it has been proposed that chimerism creates a system that makes it evolutionarily advantageous for an individual to cooperate to raise its siblings ; this closely matches to the way marmoset social systems have been observed to function in the wild .\nunlike c . jacchus , which has been fairly well investigated , little is known about reproductive biology in the male marmoset c . penicillata . with this in mind , the objectives of the present study were to perform a careful and accurate histological and morphometrical investigation of the testis and to determine the duration of spermatogenesis and sertoli cell and spermatogenic efficiencies in this species .\nhowler monkeys are stoutly built and have beards and long , thick hair , which may be black , brown , or red depending on the species . the females are brown to better serve as camouflage from predators . the red howler species ( alouatta seniculus ) is the most common but is heavily targeted by hunters eager for bush meat . they are also captured for the pet trade further depleting their numbers .\nblack - pencilled marmosets are mutualists with many tree species , dispersing seeds of the fruit that they consume . they also act as parasites of other species of trees because they create sores in the trees in order to extract sap , while not positively affecting the tree in any way . they also serve as a source of prey for many larger animal species that reside in the forests , including large birds of prey , snakes , and wild cats .\napoptosis occurs normally during specific steps of germ cell development [ 58 , 59 ] and can be estimated comparing the ratio of germ cell numbers before and after a given developmental step [ 18 , 60 ] . in mammals , only 2 or 3 out of 10 spermatozoa are produced from the initial differentiated type a spermatogonia , and the highest level of cell degeneration occurs during the spermatogonial proliferative phase and during meiosis [ 18 ] . the germ cell loss observed for marmoset in the present work ( 15 % ) was similar to that found for the marmoset c . jacchus [ 5 ] and much lower than the value observed for men ( 70 % ) [ 61 ] and most other mammalian species ( 25 % ) [ 18 , 62 \u2013 64 ] . similarly to what has been observed for c . jacchus [ 4 , 5 ] , our quantitative results suggest the existence of approximately four generations of differentiated spermatogonia in c . penicillata .\nthis allows for the possibility of horizontal inheritance . in other words , individuals could pass on the genotype that is different from their majority ( or self ) genotype . consider a father marmoset was chimeric in his germ line . this father could potentially pass on his secondary cell line ( the majority or self cell line of his brother ) to his offspring . in this way , this father ' s offspring would be more genetically similar to their uncle than to their father .\nafter waiting for 6 hours , we were finally able to bid on a male common marmoset monkey . while the bidding process was a bit stressful , we eventually bought louie below market value which was of course the reason we decided to buy at an auction instead of a breeder . there are risks associated with buying at an exotic animal auctions but it was one i was willing to take . on our way home louie had a blast running around in circles exploring his new environment .\nthe gsi found for the marmosets investigated in the present study is high when compared with that of primate species such as men and gorillas ( gorilla gorilla beringei ) [ 36 , 37 ] . at least in part , the higher gsi observed for c . penicillata is related to the very high seminiferous tubule volume density observed for this species , which is 50 % higher than the values observed for men [ 37 ] . the value observed for tubular diameter in the present investigation is similar to that found for the common marmoset [ 38 ] .\n1 . it is never a good idea to mix breeds of monkeys . they will not get along with other new world monkeys as adults . don ' t be fooled by pictures of capuchins cuddling a marmoset or tamarin . photo ops like that are not done with adult monkeys and have no basis in reality . as adults they will fight and likely inflict severe or even fatal wounds on one another . in nature these species do not inhabit the same space . if breeders tell you they get along fine , ask why they have them all in separate cages .\nthe daily sperm production per gram of testis ( dsp / g / t or spermatogenic efficiency ) observed for c . penicillata is four times higher than the values cited for humans and 25 % lower when compared with rhesus monkey ( m . mulatta ) [ 64 , 70 ] . although the spermatogenic cycle length in c . penicillata and humans is similar , the much higher spermatogenic efficiency ( dsp / g / t ) found for c . penicillata is probably because of the higher volume density of seminiferous tubules and the higher efficiency of sertoli cells observed for this marmoset species .\nalthough we attempted to do so , because of the lack of rigid synchronization and less - organized spermatogenesis , we did not succeed in precisely characterizing the stages of the cycle using acrosomic system methodology . indeed , this is a common difficulty found in other studies with primates , including humans [ 27 ] and the marmoset c . jacchus [ 5 , 55 ] . in fact , the methodologies used in these studies are similar to the tubular methodology system employed in the present work , and adjustment of the stages frequencies would provide results similar to the ones found for c . penicillata .\nto perform autoradiographic analysis , unstained testis sections ( 4 \u03bcm ) were dipped in autoradiography emulsion ( kodak ntb - 2 ; eastman kodak company ) at 45\u00b0c . after drying for approximately 1 hour at 25\u00b0c , sections were placed in sealed black boxes and stored in a refrigerator at 4\u00b0c for approximately 4 weeks . subsequently , testis sections were developed in kodak d - 19 solution at 15\u00b0c [ 25 ] and stained with toluidine blue . analyses of these sections were performed by light microscopy to detect the most advanced germ cell type labeled at different time periods post - thymidine injections . cells were considered labeled when 4\u20135 or more grains were present over the nucleus in the presence of low - to - moderate background .\ntwo different topographical arrangements of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle are observed in mammals . in the first , named segmental and present in the vast majority of mammalian species investigated up to the present moment , only one stage is usually found per seminiferous tubule cross section , whereas in the helical arrangement , found in humans and some primates such as chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes ) , two or more stages are present per tubule cross section [ 5 , 27 , 48 \u2013 50 ] . there are yet other primate species ( papio anubis and macaca fascicularis ) , including the marmoset c . penicillata , in which an intermediate situation between segmental and helical is observed [ 51 , 52 ] . differently from what is cited for the common marmoset c . jacchus [ 5 ] and similarly to what was observed in the cynomolgus monkey ( m . fascicularis ) [ 52 ] and in the olive baboon ( p . anubis ) [ 51 ] , only \u223c30 % of the tubular cross sections analyzed in c . penicillata showed more than one germ cell association . recent investigation [ 53 ] indicates that the variation observed for stage arrangement in primates is not related to phylogeny , spermatogenic efficiency , or mating system . surely , more studies are necessary to elucidate this interesting aspect of spermatogenesis observed in some primate species .\nowl monkeys have gray - tan to brown bodies and either gray or red fur on the sides of their necks . their coats range in thickness and length depending on the altitudes at which they are found , with species living at higher elevations having thicker , shaggier coats than those living at sea level . they have pale yellow to orange fur on their stomachs , underarms , and inner legs , light gray to white markings above and below their eyes , and three conspicuous , black stripes from the top of their head to either side of each eye and straight down the forehead between the eyes to the bridge of the nose . these patches may create an illusion of alertness even when eyes are closed . the throat and sides of the neck vary in color from gray in the northern species to red in the southern species . their non - prehensile tail is nearly as long as their body , with varying amounts of black at the tip . ears are small , and difficult to see ( aotus actually means\nearless\n) . their long , thin digits have straight nails and wide fingertip pads . two toes posses curved nails , which may be grooming nails similar to those found in prosimians . they are quadrupedal ( walking and leaping ) and arboreal ( tree dwelling ) , and their tail acts as a counter balance as they move through the trees . the average weight for a male at about two and a half to three pounds with the females weighing only slightly less .\nspider monkeys are among the largest new world monkeys ; black - headed spider monkeys , the largest spider monkey , have an average weight of 10 . 8 kg ( 24 lb ) for males and 9 . 66 kg ( 21 . 3 lb ) for females . when the monkey walks , its arms practically drag on the ground . unlike many monkeys , they do not use their arms for balance when walking , instead relying on their tail . also less common in primates , females rather than males disperse at puberty to join new groups . males tend to stick together for their whole life . hence males in a group are more likely to be related and have closer bonds than females . the strongest social bonds are formed between females and young offspring .\nthe number of sertoli cells per gram of testis found for c . penicillata is situated at an intermediate level compared to the values found for most mammalian species already investigated [ 18 , 66 , 69 ] , being , however , 25 % lower than the value observed for men [ 64 ] , and similar to the value found for the marmoset c . jacchus [ 5 ] . also , compared with other mammals already investigated [ 18 , 49 , 67 ] , sertoli cell efficiency in c . penicillata is situated at an intermediate level . however , the value found for sertoli cell efficiency in this species is 2 . 5 times higher than that found for humans [ 61 , 64 ] .\nto characterize the land - use and vegetation cover of each group ' s home range aerial photographs were interpreted ( using the programs autocadmap , arcgis , google earth and gps track maker ) so as to calculate the percentage of green area ( i . e . natural vegetation ) , clearings and built area ( i . e . asphalt , concrete , constructions ) ( figure 1 ) . the quantity of food plants in the green areas , for our study species within their home ranges , was estimated by the zoo ' s botanist at the start and the end of our study who ranked ( 1 to 4 with 1 being the highest ) the areas in terms of estimated natural food availability in relation to a wild marmoset ' s diet .\nfinally , although the values observed for several parameters investigated in the present work differ significantly from those observed for humans , the arrangement of germ cells associations and particularly the duration of spermatogenesis are similar in these two primate species . these aspects and the phylogenetic proximity between humans and the marmoset c . penicillata [ 5 , 71 ] suggest that this species might represent an alternative and useful experimental model for performing comparative studies regarding the spermatogenic process , particularly investigations related to the expansion of spermatogonial stem cells and the establishment of spermatogenic waves . also , the results found in the present study might be useful for biomedical research in which the spermatogonial transplantation and testis graft techniques could be used as a tool to better understand testis function and to preserve the genetic stock from endangered primate species .\nthe spermatogenic cycle length is under the control of the germ cell genotype [ 20 ] , and this parameter has been determined for only \u223c1 . 5 % of the \u223c4000 of mammalian species still alive [ 56 ] . for the mammalian species already investigated , the predominant value observed for each spermatogenic cycle is from 10 to 11 days . thus , although very similar to that observed for men [ 57 ] , in general the cycle length found for marmosets in the present study is higher than the values found for several mammalian species investigated , including most primates and the marmoset c . jacchus ( 10 days ) . this is a good illustration of the assumption that the duration of spermatogenesis is a species - specific event and is not phylogenetically determined [ 29 ] . however , in all species investigated up to date , the three phases of spermatogenesis ( spermatogonial , meiotic , and spermiogenic ) lasts approximately one third of the entire process .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the past , the eastern brazilian marmosets ( penicillata \u00e9 . geoffroy , 1812 , geoffroyi \u00e9 . geoffroy in humboldt , 1812 , aurita \u00e9 . geoffroy in humboldt , 1812 , and flaviceps thomas , 1903 ) of the \u201c jacchus group\u201d were considered to be subspecies of callithrix jacchus , following hershkovitz ( 1977 ) . all are now considered to be full species ( see coimbra - filho 1984 ; mittermeier et al . 1988 ; marroig et al . 2004 ; coimbra - filho et al . 2006 ; rylands et al . 1993 , 2008 ) . the taxonomic history and a discussion of the type locality can be found in vivo ( 1991 ) and coimbra - filho et al . 2006 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern due to its large increasing populations , adaptability to disturbed habitat , and large distribution range . these species were common in the pet trade and have been released from captivity in many areas outside of their previous range - often hybridizing with native callithrix .\nthis is an adaptable , widespread species , which has been introduced in a number of regions in brazil ( for example , esp\u00edrito santo , paran\u00e1 , s\u00e3o paulo and santa catarina ) , and is considered a competitor , displacing native species . however , as with c . jacchus , although widespread and hardy , and able to survive in extremely degraded habitats , populations of this species have disappeared or are declining in many parts of its range . hunted for pets .\nit has been introduced into part of the rio d\u00f4ce state park ( 35 , 973 ha ) , the ibitipoca state reserve ( 1 , 448 ha ) , both in the state of minas gerais ( mittermeier and rylands pers . obs . ) , and the ilha grande state park ( 56 , 000 ha ) , rio de janeiro ( h . k . m . corr\u00eaa pers . comm . ) . the following conservation units are within its geographical distribution ( * indicates possibly introduced and / or mixed populations of c . jacchus and c . penicillata ) : bras\u00edlia national park ( 28 , 000 ha ) df emas national park ( 131 , 868 ha ) go chapada dos veadeiros national park ( 60 , 000 ha ) go serra da canastra national park ( 71 , 525 ha ) mg serra do cip\u00f3 national park ( 33 , 800 ha ) mg araguaia national park ( ? ) ( 562 , 312 ha ) to grande sert\u00e3o veredas national park ( 84 , 000 ha ) mg chapada da diamantina national park ( 152 , 000 ha ) ba pirapitinga ecological station ( 1 , 090 ha ) mg raso da catarina ecological reserve ( 99 , 772 ha ) * ba ibitipoca state park ( 1 , 489 ha ) mg acau\u00e3 state reserve ( 5 , 000 ha ) mg it is listed on appendix ii of cites .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ntente n\u00e3o chorar com este v\u00eddeo ! m\u00e3es salvando seus filhos . gatos , cachorros , macacos , elefantes\nthis site is protected by copyscape please , do not copy content . students and teachers are allowed to use this information for school projects and homework .\nthe males and females form monogamous pairs . they often live in family groups with their offspring . they breed twice a year , and the older offspring assist their parents in raising their younger brothers and sisters . the young are sexually mature after just 18 months ( and live around 15 years ) but they can take their time choosing a suitable mate and moving off to their own range . it is also thought that the marmosets migrate to find optimal zones to inhabit depending on the environment and wet and dry seasons . in some cities of brazil the marmosets have adapted to urban environments either as pets or other looser relations with humans .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmustatupsusilkkiapina\nto\ncallithrix penicillata ( \u00e9 . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1812 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nmustatupsumarmosetti\nto\ncallithrix penicillata ( \u00e9 . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1812 )\n.\ntiago falotico marked\nfile : schwarzpinselaffe . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncallithrix penicillata ( \u00e9 . geoffroy , 1812 )\npage .\ntiago falotico marked\ncurioso ( curious )\nas hidden on the\ncallithrix penicillata\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe differences between monkeys and apes are easy to see once you know what to look for . apes do not have a tail and are generally larger than most other primates . they have a more upright body posture as well . apes rely more on vision than on smell and have a short broad nose rather than a snout , as old world monkeys do .\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\n( barros , et al . , 2004 ; miranda and faria , 2001 ; barros , et al . , 2004 ; miranda and faria , 2001 )\nthere is considerable parental investment by both parents ; infants are extremely dependent on their parents . the offspring are raised with the aid of other juvenile siblings . offspring are weaned at 8 weeks and then taught to search for food .\n( guerra , et al . , 1998 ; miranda and faria , 2001 ; rosenberg , 2004 )\n( barros , et al . , 2004 ; lacher , et al . , 1981 )\n( barros , et al . , 2004 ; de figueiredo and longatti , 1997 ; lacher , et al . , 1981 )\nvalerie ackley ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\ngenerally wanders from place to place , usually within a well - defined range .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nboudet , c . 2004 .\nmammal ' s planet\n( on - line ) . accessed march 30 , 2004 at urltoken .\nguerra , r . , e . takase , c . santos . 1998 . cross - fostering between two species of marmosets ( callithrix jacchus and callithrix penicillata ) .\nlacher , t . , g . bouchardet da fonseca , c . alves , b . magalhaes - castro . 1981 . exudate - eating , scent - marking , and territoriality in wild populations of marmosets .\nmittermeier , r . 1986 . primate conservation priorities in the neotropical region . pp . 221 - 240 in k benirschke , ed .\nde figueiredo , r . , c . longatti . 1997 . ecological aspects of the dispersal of a melastomatacae by marmosets and howler monkeys in a semideciduous forest in southeastern brazil ."]}
{"id": 218, "summary": [{"text": "the yellowfin fairy-wrasse , cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis , is a species of wrasse native to the western pacific ocean from indonesia to the philippines and palau .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it inhabits coral reefs , living in groups among the branches of branching coral .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can be found at depths from 6 to 40 m ( 20 to 131 ft ) , though rarely deeper than 28 m ( 92 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a total length of 6.5 cm ( 2.6 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "yellowfin fairy - wrasse", "paragraphs": ["the yellowfin fairy wrasse is also sometimes referred to as a millenium wrasse . it has a stout body and is perfect in a reef aquarium . more\nthe yellowfin fairy wrasse ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis , sometimes called the millenium wrasse ) is bright pink or red with a yellow dorsal fin . the bo . . .\nthe yellowfin fairy wrasse , sometimes called the millenium wrasse , is bright pink or red with a yellow dorsal fin . the body of this fairy wrasse is stockier than most . fairy wrasses are reef safe and safe with most ornamental shrimp and crabs as well . more\nspecificationsmpnf91 0007 0826manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameyellowfin fairy wrasse scientific namecirrhilabrus flavidorsalis difficultymoderat . . .\nyellow - fin fairy wrasse adults will grow to 8 cm ( 3 . 1 inches ) .\nthe yellowfin fairy wrasse lacks some of brilliant colors of the three previous cirrhilabrus , but it remains a beautiful fish in its own right . its personality , however , is as equally outgoing as any other cirrhilabrus . more\nthough a small fish , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is a multicolored beauty . . . a striking addition to the marine aquarium !\nmales may be aggressive towards other fairy wrasses and zooplankton feeders in the aquarium .\nthe yellow fin fairy wrasse diet should include vitamin enriched frozen mysis shrimp , vitamin enriched frozen brine shrimp , and other meaty foods along with a high quality marine flake and marine pellet food .\none of the more attractive aquarium fishes , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is lavishly colored . it closely resembles and is very similar to c . lubbocki from almost the same region that was described at the same time .\nthe yellow - fin fairy wrasse is found in the western central pacific ; in the philippines , indonesia , palau , and eastern malaysia . a male was first collected as a holotype from manado , sulawesi , indonesia in 1978 , and\nlive in their natural habitat by forming a harem of one dominant male , several females and juveniles . the yellow - fin fairy wrasse can be seen solitarily or in a small group . they are not uncommon in their natural habitat and dwells at depths of 6 - 40 meters .\nthe yellowfin fairy wrasse ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis , sometimes called the millenium wrasse ) is bright pink or red with a yellow dorsal fin . the body of this fairy wrasse is stockier than most . fairy wrasses ( cirrhilabrus sp . ) and flasher wrasses ( paracheilinus sp . ) have a generally placid temperament and tolerate most tankmates , provided that they have plenty of places to escape to and hide to feel secure . flasher wrasses tend to be more active and outgoing than fairy wrasses and the two groups may be aggressive towards each other . males of both groups are usually brighter in color than juveniles and females , and males will show their colors and behavior to the best advantage in the presence of a female . regional variations and cross - breeding within each groups can make identification difficult . both fairy and flasher wrasses can usually be found around rubble piles and rockwork and should have plenty in the tank to retreat to . these wrasses are perfect for reef aquariums . most will not harm corals , polyps or most invertebrates but should not be kept with very small crustaceans like sexy shrimp . these fish are known jumpers , so the tank should be covered at all times . these wrasses will usually accept most types of small foods once acclimated . they can be fed a varied diet of flakes , frozen and fresh foods like copepods , cyclops , brine shrimp , mysis shrimp and similar items .\na 50 gallon or larger aquarium , either fish - only or reef , with a shaded area is recommended . the yellow - fin fairy wrasse will not bother fish or invertebrates , making them a perfect addition to any reef aquarium . these fish do like to jump , so a tight fitting canopy is required .\nwill be acceptable . smaller cardinalfishes , gobies , tilefishes , butterflyfishes , fairy basslets , other fairies and flasher wrasses , etc . can be kept together .\nlow prices ! nano fish sw beginners angels , dwarf angels , large anglers anthias basslets blennies boxfish butterflyfish captive - bred cardinalfish caribbean fish chromis clownfish damselfish dartfish dottybacks dragonets eels filefish foxface / rabbit gobies groupers grunts hawkfish hogfish jawfish lionfish pipefish puffers scorpions seahorses sharks squirrelfish tangs triggerfish wrasse - reef safe wrasse - fish - only tanks misc . fish brackish\nthe yellow - fin fairy wrasse would be a good choice for any reef - type aquarium , doing well in coral - rich tank with sessile inverts and / or a fish community tank , but it may harm some small species of shrimps . select tank mates that are not very aggressive . larger and rather territorial angelfishes like the members of\nlike all wrasses , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse is very energetic so needs frequent feedings . feed at least twice a day . as it does not harm any polyp of stony or soft corals , it is an excellent tank mate for reef aquariums . make sure there is open space for free swimming and many crevices to hide in .\nthe yellow - fin fairy wrasse is a pretty chill customer , getting along with pretty much everyone ! they are great with any peaceful fish , and even get along with others in their genus , as long as they are similar in size when added and all added at the same time as juveniles . a 50 gallon tank will suit them just fine and they will quickly adapt to prepared foods . fairy wrasses love mysis shrimp and can hide if they are added after other larger or more aggressive fish . add your yellow - fin first along with any other fairy wrasses and let them settle in before adding other fish . put a lid on the tank as they can jump if startled . they are great in a reef or fish only tank and are easy to care for !\nthe yellow - fin fairy wrasse is mostly red and white in coloration with a yellow dorsal fin . the females of this species , like other wrasses in the cirrhilabrus genus , are mostly pink with a white underside . when courting , the male will display an increased color intensity . these wrasses are always in movement , providing an endless amount of activity for either a saltwater fish only or reef aquarium .\nthe yellow - fin fairy wrasse is sexually dimorphic . males are red in the upper 2 / 3 - 3 / 4 portion of their body , the abdomen is pinkish to white , and there are three vertical whitish bands on the side . the dorsal fin is yellow distally , red basally , and transparent posteriorly . pelvic fins are white , the caudal fin is pinkish , and the anal fin is white to bluish .\nvery easily kept in captivity , the yellow - fin fairy wrasse will accept almost any food and is easy to maintain . it will become a hardy pet but it may not come out from hiding places in the beginning . it will not harm any polyp of stony or soft corals , so it would be an excellent tank mate for reef aquariums . this fish is not aggressive or territorial but a large male may fight with new comers of the tank or dart quickly into a crevice when an aggressive fish approaches . it can do well together with larger non - aggressive species . a group of several individuals of the fairy wrasses might be kept successfully but they would fight at first .\nthe yellow - fin fairy wrasses are sexually dimorphic . while the males body is red on the upper portion of the body with three vertical whitish bands on the side , the female has an overall red - orange body . see the description section above for more detailed information .\ni have kept over ten specimens of this species of 3 - 8 cm long males and females ( from the philippines and indonesia ) in fish only tanks and reefs with some other several fairy and flasher wrasses , and they did very well without any trouble . two males of the same size did well without any serious fighting .\nkeep only one male per tank and only house a male with conspecifics or similar fairy wrasses in a large tank ( 135 gallons [ 513 l ] or larger ) . i have had males that picked on other fishes , in particular very gentle flasher wrasses ( paracheilinus species ) and longray shrimp gobies ( stonogobiops species ) . in one case , a male had to be removed because of its relative aggressiveness .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nlatin , cirrus = curl fringe + greek , labros = furious ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 6 - 40 m ( ref . 26153 ) , usually 6 - 28 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical\nwestern central pacific : philippines ( ref . 44110 ) . reported from indonesia ( ref . 26153 ) and palau ( ref . 37816 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 9 . males highly variable in color with dorsal fin colors from all yellow to red or blue , and body from red to pink or white , depending on mood and stage ( ref . 48636 ) .\ninhabits finely branching corals on protected coral and rubble slopes . occurs in aggregations ( ref . 37816 ) .\nrandall , j . e . and k . e . carpenter , 1980 . three new labrid fishes of the genus cirrhilabrus from the philippines . rev . fr . aquariol . 7 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . ( ref . 26153 )\n) : 28 - 29 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 192 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01660 ( 0 . 00720 - 0 . 03825 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\njustification : this species is found in indonesia , phillippines and palau . there are no major threats to this species . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species inhabits rubble areas and finely branching corals on protected coral and rubble slopes , with a depth range of 6 - 40 m ( myers 1999 ) . it occurs in schools or in small groups .\nthis species is occasionally collected for the aquarium trade , but there are no statistics on collection . it is sold in aquarium stores in the us for us $ 20 - 25 .\nthere are no major threats known for this species , although it is occasionally collected for the aquarium trade .\nthere are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbeginners african cichlids new world cichlids freshwater angels barbs bettas bichir cory cats danios / minnows discus goldfish extra large oddball fish gouramis guppies hatchets killifish larger catfish loaches mollies platy plecos rainbowfish rasboras sharks sucker cats swordtails tetras misc . fish brackish\ndue to variations within species , your item may not look identical to the image provided .\n72 - 78\u00b0 f , dkh 8 - 12 , ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , sg 1 . 020 - 1 . 025\ni love this fish ! he swims from rock to rock and has gotten used to my presence . he loves to eat pellets and his favorite snacks are when i put amphipods in front of him . he goes crazy over them . definitely a model citizen and gets along with his tank mates .\n* free shipping on qualifying aquatic life orders $ 99 and up . free shipping on qualifying aquarium supplies orders $ 19 and up . excludes frozen foods .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , doctors foster and smith . all rights reserved . 2253 air park road , p . o . box 100 , rhinelander , wisconsin 54501\njavascript is disabled on your browser . to view this site , you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nthroughout the ages people of been fascinated , thrilled , frightened , and horrified by these creatures . they have been the subject of myths , novels , movies . . .\nobservations and insights of a marine enthusiast . an in - depth explanation of what it takes to be a successful marine aquarist\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe would like to import some live zebra shark . contact me please . best regard , liu wei chung . email : s89186 @ urltoken\ni have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?\nall of the cirrhilabrus species often are very colorful and are easy to keep for a long period if properly cared for . but they sometimes suffer from\nich\n( white spot disease ) or other infectious diseases . they can be treated successfully with medical care or a copper drug .\nthe species was known mainly from the philippines and indonesia from where many individuals have been exported . several japanese divers reported it from palau , and males were only recently photographed also in mabul , eastern malaysia ( rare ) .\nfemales overall are orange - red with a white abdomen and a black spot on the upper side of caudal peduncle . their fins are transparent .\nis variable in coloration and some have a yellow dorsal fin but some possess a pinkish orange one . females of these species are almost identical .\nvery easily kept . no special care is needed for this species in the aquarium and it will accept almost any food . it is not aggressive or territorial but a large male may fight with new comers of the tank or dart quickly into a crevice when an aggressive fish approaches . the tank should be well decorated with rocks / corals with many hiding places . it may frighten and jump out , so the aquarium should be firmly covered on the top . it will do well kept together with larger but non - aggressive species .\nmales will exhibit a more vivid white coloration on their sides when excited . one 8 cm long male had an entirely whitish fat body with four pinkish bands on the side , and it might be called a \u2018super male ' . it kept its coloration without any change .\nmeaty foods , dried flakes , and dried shrimps are favorable foods and it will also feed on tablets . if kept with too large or aggressive fish species it may not take any food , except perhaps in the corner or behind rocks .\nfrequent water changes are not needed . when doing water changes , it will tolerate a sudden small change but the water temperature should be kept the same .\nthe tank size of at least 60x30x30 cm should be provided for large males .\nit can be kept under strong lights or in a dim - light tank . .\nkeep the water temperature at around 75 - 79\u00b0 f ( 24 - 26\u00b0 c ) . this species lives in tropical to subtropical areas , but higher than 84\u00b0 f ( 29\u00b0 c ) or below 68\u00b0 f ( 20\u00b0 c ) would not be good .\nwater movement is not a significant condition , but slow - moving water is recommended as it needs a slow flow in the tank to feed .\nit usually is actively swimming near the bottom and it will venture to the surface for foods .\nthis species is commonly available at retailers . specimens often seen range 5 - 6 cm , and are priced around us $ 20 . 00 - $ 25 . 00 . females are also available on occasion but due to their almost identical appearance , females or juveniles sold as\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\na great choice for the reef aquarium , but males tend to be aggressive .\nthis is a great reef aquarium inhabitant that will not harm invertebrates and has begun to show up occasionally in aquarium stores in the last several years . it is , like others in this genus , a near - perfect candidate for the peaceful reef community , while also being very disease - resistant .\nhabitat : in nature , this colorful species inhabits finely branching corals on protected coral and rubble slopes .\nmeaty foods , including finely shredded frozen seafood , mysid shrimp , frozen preparations , pigment - enriched flake food , and cyclop - eeze . feed at least twice a day .\nurltoken | urltoken | urltoken microcosm\u2122 is a trademark of microcosm , ltd . 823 ferry road | charlotte , vt | usa 05445 | telephone 802 - 425 - 5700 ext . 19\nmicrocosm aquarium explorer is a world - class online resource devoted to the underwater worlds that are home to fishes , corals , aquatic plants and invertebrate life of special interest to aquarium keepers . the mission of microcosm aquarium explorer is to inspire and inform those with an interest in the natural world , with particular emphasis on tropical coral reef and rainforest aquatic ecosystems that are the models for aquarists creating captive microcosms in their home aquaria .\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\nanyone ever keep one ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis ) ? i was given one for $ 10 bucks but cant find any good info on it . looks to be a male , i will get a pic up asap .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ john the answer is always no if you never ask the question . . . . . current tank info : 120 aga rr , 40 gal fuge , basement sump , asm skimmer , lifreef ca reactor , 7gal rdsb\noriginally posted by landolakes anyone ever keep one ( cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis ) ? i was given one for $ 10 bucks but cant find any good info on it . looks to be a male , i will get a pic up asap .\nnow tell me that i am right about the i . d . , best pics i could get . [ img ] [ / img ] [ img ] [ / img ] [ img ] [ / img ]\nlooks like cirrhilabrus filamentosus to me , kinda tough from the pic though . try urltoken for some decent pics or even marinecenter . com . i ' ve got one , their tempermant is the same as most other cirrhilabrus , reef safe , pretty mild mannered except for with each other . in the wild they are almost exclusively meat eaters but once they get in the aquarium they ' ll eat anything ( mine will eat nori ) . last but not least they are skittish and are great jumpers - - keep that tank covered ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! dave\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 3 . 8 . 4 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd . powered by searchlight \u00a9 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement . reef central tm reef central , llc . copyright \u00a91999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3 . 3 . 0 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright \u00a9 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\nurltoken is the world ' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby . we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management . reefs\u00ae community system | copyright \u00a9 2018\nrange : indo - west pacific ocean : indonesia , philippines , and palau .\nnatural environment : inhabits finely branched corals on protected coral reefs and usually found at depths between 20 \u2013 100 feet ( 6\u2013 30 m ) where it feeds on zooplankton .\ngeneral husbandry : occasionally seen in the trade with the male having a reddish body with two whitish - pink vertical bands on the mid body , whitish - pink caudal peduncle area , and a yellow dorsal . females are generally drab reddish , often with a black spot on the upper caudal peduncle . colors vary depending upon the age of the specimen , collection areas , and breeding timeframes .\ncan be maintained in reef or fish - only aquariums that should have ample crevices and caves , and peaceful tankmates .\nas to diet , will eat most regular aquarium foods , e . g . , finely chopped various frozen or fresh meaty foods such as mysis , squid , fish flesh , shrimp , clam , etc . , and should be offered two to three times daily .\nfyi : those in this genus may hide for several days when first introduced , and are also good jumpers , therefore covered aquariums , possibly with eggcrate , are necessary to prevent them from jumping out of the aquarium .\nthey don ' t bury themselves in the sand at night , as do many other wrasses . instead , they may form a mucus cocoon similar to some parrotfishes and / or wedge themselves into a rock crevice . it should be noted the cocoon remnants do not seem to harm water quality or other aquarium inhabitants .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n, depth range 6 - 40 m , usually 6 - 28 m environment .\npicture of cirrhilabrus flavidorsalis has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved"]}
{"id": 222, "summary": [{"text": "gracianella is a genus of fossil brachiopods .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by johnson and coucot in 1967 , and existed from the silurian to the devonian of australia , austria , canada , china , the czech republic , italy , tajikistan , and the united states .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "a new species , g. paulula , was described by andrzej bali\u0144ski in 2012 , from the early devonian of ukraine . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "gracianella", "paragraphs": ["belongs to gracianella according to j . jin and b . d . e . chatterton 1997\nin the classic section across the silurian\u2013devonian boundary at dnistrove ( podolia , ukraine ) the brachiopod fauna has never been studied in detail . this paper presents results of research on brachiopods from this important locality and time interval . bed\u2212by\u2212bed collecting has enabled the detailed distribution of brachiopod taxa through the boundary beds to be revealed . generally , the reference section at dnistrove yields rather scarce but often well preserved brachiopods . dayia bohemica and dnestrina gutta can be regarded as characteristic species for the uppermost silurian . a relatively high\u2212diversity but low\u2212abundance brachiopod fauna occurs in the lowest 1 . 8 m of the earliest devonian . only three forms have been found to cross the silurian\u2013devonian boundary : the strophomenide plectodonta ( plectodonta ) mariae pantherae subsp . nov . , the atrypide gracianella ( sublepida ) paulula sp . nov . , and the spiriferide howellella ( howellella ) latisinuata . arelatively narrow brachiopod\u2212rich interval at 5 . 5 m above the silurian\u2013devonian boundary yields 16 brachiopod species which probably indicate a setting near the lower limit of the photic zone equivalent to the benthic assemblage 3\u20134 boundary . two new species and one new subspecies are described : skenidioides tatyanae , plectodonta ( plectodonta ) mariae pantherae , and gracianella ( sublepida ) paulula .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nandrzej bali\u0144ski [ balinski @ urltoken ] , instytut paleobiologii pan , ul . twarda 51 / 55 , pl - 00 - 818 warszawa , poland .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( for details please see urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . jin and b . d . e . chatterton . 1997 . latest ordovician - silurian articulate brachiopods and biostratigraphy of the avalanche lake area , southwestern district of mackenzie , canada . palaeontographica canadiana 13 : 1 - 62\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 223, "summary": [{"text": "auratonota flora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador ( tungurahua province and sucumb\u00edos province ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "there are orange-brown markings on the forewings , with the distal half finely edged with black .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal strigulae and ground colour are reduced to white or silvery dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark dull brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "auratonota flora", "paragraphs": ["1 . 8 flora 2 . a - rosa flora 3 . a . grandiflora 4 . a grandiflora 5 . a rosa flora 6 . abelia grandiflora 7 . abelia triflora 8 . abelia x grandiflora 9 . abundiflora 10 . acacia biflora 11 . acalora 12 . acanthastrea rotundoflora 13 . accalora 14 . aceriflora 15 . achillea laxiflora 16 . achimenes grandiflora 17 . achimenes longiflora 18 . achimenes tubiflora 19 . achlora 20 . actinella grandiflora 21 . aculeatiflora 22 . acutiflora 23 . addolora 24 . ae . paviflora 25 . ae paviflora\nflora razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .\n51 . aloe viridiflora 52 . alora 53 . alpine flora 54 . alsobia dianthiflora 55 . altered schaedler flora 56 . alterniflora 57 . amazona xantholora 58 . ambrosia confertiflora 59 . amelanchier grandiflora 60 . amflora 61 . ammannia multiflora 62 . ampelocissus ascendiflora 63 . amphichlora 64 . ampliflora 65 . amsinckia grandiflora 66 . amylora 67 . anacamptis laxiflora 68 . anacolosa densiflora 69 . anaptilora 70 . anchusiflora 71 . andalora 72 . anemone narcissiflora 73 . anemone parviflora 74 . anemoniflora 75 . angelonia grandiflora\n76 . anguloa uniflora 77 . angustiflora 78 . annona crassiflora 79 . annona trunciflora 80 . antarctic flora 81 . anthocleista grandiflora 82 . antipodochlora 83 . antirrhiniflora 84 . apamea lignicolora 85 . aplochlora 86 . arcto - tertiary geoflora 87 . arcto tertiary geoflora 88 . argemone albiflora 89 . argemone grandiflora 90 . aristolochia grandiflora 91 . artemisia grandiflora 92 . artemisia lactiflora 93 . ar\u011dentkolora 94 . asclepias viridiflora 95 . asimina parviflora 96 . aspidistra grandiflora 97 . asura unicolora 98 . atalaya multiflora 99 . atropa pallidiflora 100 . auratonota flora\nautantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . ser . sci . biol . 35 : 62 . no type\nurantica razowski , 1987 ( auratonota ) , bull . acad . pol . acad . sci . ser . sci . biol 35 : 63 . no type\ndispersa brown , 1990 ( auratonota ) , fla . ent . 73 : 154 . tl : panama , cocle province , valle . holotype : usnm . male .\ncroceana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 10 km se cosanga . holotype : smfl . female .\nsiskae razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , napo , 12 km sse cosanga . holotype : smfl . male .\novulus razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 23 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .\nrubromixta razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 22 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .\nbacata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 54 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .\ncaeruleata razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .\npichincha razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia . holotype : smfl . male .\nstorthynx razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 25 . tl : peru , dept . huatusco , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .\nauriferana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .\ncataponera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , loja province . holotype : vbc . male .\nparamaldonada razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 537 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\npolymaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( auratonota ) , genus 19 : 538 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmeion razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmimstigmosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 111 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .\nomorpha razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : costa rica , braulio carrillo . holotype : vbc . female .\noxytenia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : vbc . male .\neffera razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1161 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .\nexoptata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1165 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , caraa . holotype : vbc . male .\nmagnifica razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1174 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .\nmonochroma razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nnugax razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1168 . tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .\nserotina razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .\nsplendida razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1167 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .\nstigmosa razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1160 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\ntessellata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1164 . tl : brazil , so paulo , jacupiranga . holotype : vbc . male .\nvirgata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1163 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nyukipana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , san vicente , rio yukipa . holotype : smfl . male .\ncaliginosa razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador , santiago , macas , proano > alshi , 5 mi s alshi . holotype : smfl . male .\nclasmata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1166 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .\nfoederata razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1169 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .\nspinivalva razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : mexico , chiapas , villa las rosas . holotype : vbc . male .\nsucumbiosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 158 . tl : ecuador , prov . sucumbios , la bonita , east cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\nauriginea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1171 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . male .\nbadiaurea razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1170 . tl : brazil , paran , quatro barras , banhado . holotype : vbc . female .\nmoronana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1162 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .\nrutra razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 57 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , macas , proano > inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .\nchlamydophora razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmaldonada razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota petalocrossa ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1153 . tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\npharata brown , 2006 ( auratonota ) , j . lepid . soc . 60 : 143 . tl : costa rica , heredia , estacion biologica la selva , puerto viejo de sarapiqui . holotype : inbio . male .\naurochra razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 35 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .\ndominica brown , 1993 ( auratonota ) , pan - pacif . ent . 69 : 314 . tl : dominica , west indies ( dominica , 1 . 7 mi e point casse ) . holotype : usnm . male .\nargentana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .\nbrachuncus razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador , loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .\nangustovalva razowski & pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador , chinchipe , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .\npaidosocia razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1157 . tl : cuba , cuba ( santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .\nchemillena razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( auratonota ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 120 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , oxapampa , el cedro , yanachaga - chemillen n . p . . holotype : mzuj . male .\ncubana razowski & becker , 2000 ( auratonota spinivalva ssp . ) , revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 1999 ) : 1155 . tl : cuba , cuba santiago , sierra maestra , pico cuba ) . holotype : vbc . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbirds found exclusively on dominica include the national bird , the imperial amazon ( arkive ) , and the red - necked amazon ( neotropical birds ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\naenigmatica meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .\naporema dognin , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , htrocres nouveaux de l ' amrique du sud 6 ( 6 ) : 49 . tl : colombia , san jose , ro dagua . holotype : usnm . male .\naurantica busck , 1920 ( epogoge ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 8 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , juan vias . holotype : usnm . female .\nhyacinthina meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 682 . tl : colombia , san antonio . holotype : bmnh . male .\nhydrogramma meyrick , 1912 ( cnephasia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 683 . tl : surinam , paramaribo . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmultifurcata meyrick , 1932 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 260 . tl : costa rica , pos . holotype : nhmv . male .\nmultistrigata razowski , 1964 ( eulia ) , ann . zool . 22 : 461 . no type\npetalocrossa meyrick , 1926 ( eulia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 250 . tl : colombia , el tigre , ro tamaua , choco . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form ."]}
{"id": 224, "summary": [{"text": "acrocercops melanoplecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from hong kong , india ( meghalaya ) , japan ( honsh\u016b , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) , nepal and taiwan .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7-10.8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on castanopsis cuspidata , castanopsis fissa , castanopsis hystrix and castanopsis tribuloides .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "acrocercops melanoplecta", "paragraphs": ["ngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 49 . ch ng : acrocercops transecta , acrocercops panacivermiforma , acrocercops chionosema , acrocercops calicella , acrocercops laciniella , acrocercops brongniardella , acrocercops panacitorsens , acrocercops unistriata , acrocercops mantica , acrocercops aellomacha , acrocercops pnosmodiella , acrocercops bifasciata , acrocercops melanoplecta , acrocercops euthycolona , acrocercops astericola , acrocercops macaria , acrocercops zorionella , acrocercops panacifinens , acrocercops albinatella , acrocercops albidorsella , acrocercops apicella , acrocercops insulariella , acrocercops plebeia , acrocercops panacivagans , acrocercops phaeospora , acrocercops hoplocala , acrocercops apicepunctella , acrocercops coffeifoliella , acrocercops diffluella , acrocercops panacicorticis , acrocercops inconspicua , acrocercops vallata , acrocercops didymella , acrocercops malvacea , acrocercops heptadrachma , acrocercops distylii , acrocercops argentigera , acrocercops albofasciella , acrocercops praeclusa , acrocercops diatonica , acrocercops tristaniae , acrocercops macroclina , acrocercops paliacma , acrocercops eugeniella , acrocercops querci , acrocercops cylicota , acrocercops marmaritis , acrocercops gemmans , acrocercops hormista , acrocercops demotes , acrocercops combreticola , acrocercops ochnifolii , acrocercops quinquistrigella , acrocercops isodelta , acrocercops insulella , acrocercops phaeomorpha , acrocercops leucophaea , acrocercops ustulatella , acrocercops cocciferellum , acrocercops telestis , acrocercops arbutella , acrocercops eurhythmopa , acrocercops pentalocha , acrocercops glutella , acrocercops nolckeniella , acrocercops hexaclosta , acrocercops autadelpha , acrocercops chionoplecta , acrocercops crystallopa , acrocercops albomaculella , acrocercops loxias , acrocercops caenotheta , acrocercops eupetala , acrocercops alysidota , acrocercops hyphantica , acrocercops ornata , acrocercops convoluta , acrocercops homalacta , acrocercops irradians , acrocercops angelica , acrocercops chrysophila , acroce . . .\nacrocercops melanoplecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from hong kong , india ( meghalaya ) , japan ( honsh\u016b , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) , nepal and taiwan .\nacrocercops distylii is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honsh\u016b , ky\u016bsh\u016b , shikoku , tusima and the ryukyu islands ) .\nacrocercops transecta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( hokkaid\u014d , honsh\u016b , ky\u016bsh\u016b , shikoku , tusima ) , korea , the russian far east and taiwan .\nacrocercops unistriata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , zhejiang ) , hong kong , japan ( tusima , honsh\u016b , the ryukyu islands , shikoku ) , nepal and taiwan .\nacrocercops - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nborboryctis euryae is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honsh\u016b , ky\u016bsh\u016b , shikoku and tusima ) .\nphyllonorycter bifurcata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the islands of ky\u016bsh\u016b , shikoku and tusima in japan .\ngibbovalva urbana is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( guangdong , hainan and fujian ) , india ( meghalaya ) and japan ( the ryukyu islands , honsh\u016b and tusima ) .\nelachista kurokoi is a moth in the elachistidae family . it was described by parenti in 1983 . it is found in japan ( honsy\u00fb , sikoku , ky\u00fbsy\u00fb , tusima , ry\u00fbky\u00fb ) .\ncryptolectica ensiformis is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from china ( hainan ) , india , indonesia ( sulawesi ) , japan ( tusima , the ryukyu islands , honsh\u016b , ky\u016bsh\u016b , shikoku ) and thailand .\ndeoptilia heptadeta is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( the ryukyu islands , ky\u016bsh\u016b , shikoku , honsh\u016b , tusima , the amami islands ) and taiwan .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 225, "summary": [{"text": "gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the family cathartidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species was first described by l. h. miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to \" a holocene radiocarbon age of 9,000 years . \"", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from g. amplus . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "gymnogyps amplus", "paragraphs": ["gymnogyps amplus is an extinct species of large new world vultures in the cathartidae family . the species was first described by l . h . miller in 1911 from a broken tarsometatarsus .\nthe ancient birds at first seemed to match a species first described in 1911 , gymnogyps amplus , but the bone that identified that species was much larger than either the modern condors ( gymnogyps californianus ) or the pleistocene birds , suggesting that there could have , at one time , been three different condor species .\nfig . 1 . gymnogyps californianus . photograph by noel synder , courtesy of the us fish & wildlife service .\nthe species is the only condor species found in the la brea tar pits ' pit 10 , which fossils date to\na holocene radiocarbon age of 9 , 000 years .\nthe smaller , modern california condor may have evolved from gymnogyps amplus .\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : california condor gymnogyps californianus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\nsubspecies : monotypic , although late pleistocene populations are regarded as a\ntemporal subspecies ,\ng . californianus amplus , a form slightly larger in size than the present birds .\nsyverson hopes to use radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the oregon specimen . she ' d also like to apply the technique to date the g . amplus type specimen , to see if its age does indeed distinguish a third condor species .\nwhen syverson plotted her measurements of modern and pleistocene condor bones , she found there was a definite size distinction between the two .\nthe ancients are decidedly bigger ,\nshe says , and the difference is especially notable in the femur , or thigh bone . these birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern california condor . at first blush , they seem to belong to the species gymnogyps amplus , first described in 1911 based on a broken tarsometatarsus , a bone found in the lower leg of birds .\nsyverson began her study by examining bones from condor skeletons housed at the los angeles museum of natural history , the museum of vertebrate zoology at uc berkeley , and the santa barbara museum of natural history . one interesting finding was that among these modern birds , gymnogyps californianus , there was no distinction in bone size between males and females .\nin the original account here , g . amplus was considered a synonym of g . californianus , though it was noted that in a 2007 presentation , syverson and prothero presented results of an extensive comparison of the rancho la brea and modern condor specimens and concluded that they represent separate species . they since ( 2010 ) have published their evidence . their conclusion is accepted here , but the specific status of most specimens in the interior of north america is now unclear . part of the problem is that syverson and prothero ( 2010 ) give only means and variances and for only a few elements ( skull , humerus , and femur ) ; equally important , most published records for the southwest do not include measurements . with largely fragmentary material , few elements available from the new mexico / trans - pecos region provide measurements comparable to those of syverson and prothero . the few available ( dark canyon cave ) are generally relatively large , suggesting that g . amplus is the species represented in that cave .\nthe living california condor and the pleistocene condors , especially the condor represented in the rancho la brea deposits , have either been considered as separate species ( g . californianus and g . amplus ) or the pleistocene form has been considered a temporal subspecies of g . californianus . the primary difference used to separate the two taxa was size , the pleistocene form being larger . howard ( 1962 : 241 ) did note\nthe presence of a pair of markedly swelled ridges , one on either side and extending along the median line of the ventral surface of the nasal process of the premaxilla\nin one specimen from howell ' s ridge cave and the probable occurrence on a second specimen . this was in contrast to specimens from rancho la brea and rocky arroyo cave ( = burnet cave ) .\npasadena , calif . - - at the end of the pleistocene epoch some 10 , 000 years ago , two species of condors in california competed for resources amidst the retreating ice of earth ' s last major glacial age . the modern california condor triumphed , while its kin expired .\nin the past century , paleontologists have been unsure whether the modern california condor is different enough from a larger , extinct condor that lived during pleistocene time to classify the two as distinct species . now , after the most extensive study of condor fossils and skeletal remains to date , caltech senior undergraduate valerie syverson has documented evidence that confirms the two are different enough for the distinction .\nher findings will be presented on october 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america in denver .\nto solve the puzzle , syverson teamed up with donald prothero , a paleontologist at occidental college and a guest lecturer in geobiology at caltech . they studied bones from recently dead condors and compared them with those found in the extensive bone pile of los angeles ' s pleistocene - aged la brea tar pits . what they found , syverson says , is that\nthere ' s definitely one species distinction , and possibly two .\nafter looking at modern condors , syverson turned to la brea . she examined pleistocene specimens from various tar pits , the oldest 35 , 000 and the youngest 9 , 000 years old . the record thus provides a glimpse into a long time variation within a species restricted to one location . over the entire 26 , 000 - year record , syverson found no change in condor morphology . although this had been previously discovered in a similar study of golden eagles from la brea , syverson says it ' s remarkable to see that the drastic climate change accompanying the end of the last ice age had no impact on the size of the species that lived through it .\nin fact , that type specimen suggests that the pleistocene condors at la brea may be a third distinct condor species . the broken tarsometatarsus - - housed in the berkeley collection - - is larger than any other condor bone syverson studied .\nit would ' ve been an outlier from either species ,\nshe says .\nbased on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor .\nthis study also documents evidence that ancient and modern condors coexisted for some time , and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans in western north america . several tarsometatarsi of the older , bigger species were found in the youngest pit at la brea . this pit also contains the remains of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human discovered in the tar pits . another piece of evidence pointing to the same conclusion comes from the berkeley museum collection . it is a bone from a native american midden - - a garbage heap - - in oregon , and it falls into the size range of the ancient group . although its age is unknown , it must have lived at the same time as the people who disposed of it .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndistribution : nearctic . historically ( 1800 ) , from canada ( extreme southwestern british columbia ) south in the united states along the pacific coast west of the sierra nevada to mexico ( sierra san pedro martir , baja california norte ) ; historical reports for localities east of the sierra nevada ( idaho , nevada , utah , arizona ) are equivocal , and most or all are doubtful . the last free - flying bird was taken into captivity in april 1987 . reintroduced populations are now in central coastal california ( big sur ) , san benito county , california ( pinnacles ) , southern central california ( santa barbara county , ventura county ) , southern utah / northern arizona , and northern baja california , mexico ( sierra san pedro martir ) . the subpopulations in california intermix to some extent , and the birds in baja california norte will probably soon move regularly into southern california ( san diego county ) . new releases are planned for a site in san luis obispo county , california . more . . . .\ntaxonomy : amadon ( 1977 ) suggested merging this genus with vultur , but later abandoned this position ( amadon and bull 1988 ) . based on nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene , wink ( 1995 ) found that the california condor may be more closely related to the black vulture ( coragyps atratus\nmovements : irruptive or local migrant ( bildstein 2006 ) . somewhat nomadic within an enormous home range .\nhabitat and habits : occurs primarily in foothills and mountains at low and medium elevations , particularly in areas with canyons and other rocky areas with suitable cliffs for nesting and roosting . forages mostly in grasslands , oak savannas , and other open areas , occasionally in chaparral clearings (\npotreros\n) . it formerly foraged in the littoral zone of the pacific coast , and some of the released individuals are now reoccupying this habitat along the central coast of california .\nfood and feeding behavior : feeds strictly carrion , ranging in size from ground squirrels to large ungulates , primarily deer , elk , pronghorn antelopes , and beached marine mammals before the advent of european man , and mostly cattle and sheep after the establishment of large rances in its range . condors tend to feed mostly on muscle and viscera at larger carcasses .\nbreeding : nests in natural caves and other openings in cliffs , under large rocks , and occasionally in cavities in redwood trees ( burnett et al 2013 ) . egg laying in the wild occurs as early as late january and replacement eggs are laid until late april , with most eggs laid in february - march . clutch size consists of a single unmarked pale greenish - white egg , and a replacement clutch is laid if the first egg is lost . more . . . .\nconservation : the california condor has been one of the most highly endangered bird species in the world throughout its modern history . as the result of an aggressive management program , including capture of the last six individuals remaining in the wild in 1986 - 87 , captive breeding , and reintroduction of captive progeny , the total population continues to increase from the low point in 1982 - 82 , when only 21 - 22 individuals were thought to survive , to 336 individuals by the end of june 2008 . the california condor is still classified globally as critically endangered by birdlife international ( 2007 ) , because the free - flying population in the wild does not yet contain more than 50 actively breeding individuals and is not yet self - sustainable . an unacceptably high number of birds are still being lost to poisoning from lead ingested from carcasses , and this factor may preclude rapid recovery of the species in some areas . more . . . .\npopulation estimates : the 30 september 2012 california condor status report by the u . s . fish and wildlife service showed a total population of 410 individuals , including 180 in captivity and 230 in the wild . the captive birds are at the los angeles zoo ( 21 ) , san diego zoo safari park ( 28 ) , san diego zoo ( 3 ) , world center for birds of prey ( 59 ) , oregon zoo ( 41 ) , santa barbara zoo ( 3 ) , chapultepec zoo ( mexico city ) ( 2 ) , and in holding pens in the field or temporarily in captivity ( 22 ) . the wild birds are in central and southern california ( 125 ) , baja california ( 28 ) , and arizona ( 77 ) . forty - seven eggs were laid in captive breeding facilities in 2012 , and 20 eggs were laid in wild nests in california ( 14 ) , baja california ( 2 ) , and arizona ( 4 ) . including the 2012 breeding season , there have been 127 nesting attempts in the wild since 2001 , and there are presently 29 wild - fledged birds in california , 2 in baja california , and 14 in arizona .\ncalifornia condor recovery plan the most recent revision of the recovery plan . ventana wilderness society maintains two release sites for condors in central california . the peregrine fund maintains a condor breeding program at the world center for birds of prey , boise , idaho , and administers the condor reintroduction program in northern arizona ( see\nnotes from the field\noregon zoo captive breeding progam . san diego wild animal park one of the most important captive breeding programs . conservation and research for endangered species california condor reintroduction project in northern baja california conducted by cres ( san diego zoo ) in cooperation with mexican partners . u . s . fish and wildlife service information on the federal condor recovery program . pinnacles national monument details on the condor release program at pinnacles national monument , california . hopper mountain national wildlife refuge primary responsibility for restoring the california condor in its former range . hi mountain lookout a condor observation point located in the santa lucia mountains , san luis obispo county , california . los angeles zoo houses one of largest captive breeding flocks of condors . project gutpile a site promoting the use of non - lead ammunition with notes on condors . instituto nacional de ecolog\u00eda details on the condor recovery project in baja california , mexico . arizona game and fish department condor management in arizona , including an innovative lead bullet replacement program . baja california condor reintroduction project details of the san diego zoo ' s reintroduction project in the sierra san pedro martir . vireo california condor photos . california lead ban details on recent lead legislation in california , posted by the california department of fish and game california condor conservation a new site sponsored by the san diego zoo and other condor cooperators .\nresearchers : bloom , peter cade , tom j . collins , paul fry , michael grantham , jesse hamber , janet heinrich , william r . linthicum , janet parish , chris n . risebrough , robert w . sandfort , cal schmitt , n . john wallace , michael p . wiley , james\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nat the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed , although the birds are endangered .\nnew comparisons of modern california condor bones to those found in los angeles\u2019 la brea tar pits show that two distinct species of these large vultures roamed the skies before the end of the last ice age , providing a compelling answer to a long - standing question .\nat the end of the pleistocene epoch about 10 , 000 years ago , when earth was thawing out from the ice age , two types of condors competed over resources in what is now california , but it has been unclear if they were distinct species . the california condor seen in the skies today ultimately triumphed ( though it is currently listed as critically endangered ) , while the others perished .\npaleontologists from caltech studied the bones of deceased modern condors and the fossils of early condors preserved in the pleistocene - era la brea tar pits in los angeles , and found a definite size difference between the modern and pleistocene bones .\nthe ancients are decidedly bigger ,\nsaid study leader valerie syverson , an undergraduate student at caltech , noting particular differences in the femur , or thigh , bones .\nthe pleistocene birds were heavier , with a longer , narrower skull and beak than the modern birds .\nbased on the fact that the type specimen is outside the range for both of the groups , i wonder if we need to define a third species for the extinct la brea condor ,\nsyverson said .\nthe results of the study , presented oct . 28 at the annual meeting of the geological society of america , also show that the ancient and modern condor species co - existed for some time and that the pleistocene species may have lived at the same time as humans , because of the la brea woman , the only prehistoric human found in the pits .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalthough the distribution of modern condors is limited to california and introductions into arizona and nevada , past distribution of condors apparently was far greater , with the birds withstanding pleistocene climatic conditions as far east and north as the state of new york ( steadman and miller 1987 ) .\nfig . 2 . left to right : left coracoid , proximal left tarsometatarsus , distal right ulna of condors from howell ' s ridge cave . utep specimens . scale in mm .\nemslie ( 1987 ) recorded dates for a number of fossil condors from caves in arizona , new mexico , and texas . dates ranged from 22 , 180 \u00b1 400 to 9580 \u00b1 160 bp . mead et al . ( 2003 ) indicated that condors inhabited the grand canyon from at least 42 ka ( apparently based on dating of a condor feather from site cc : 5 : 2 ) to about 10 ka . material from the new mexico / texas region included dates from howell ' s ridge cave ( 13 , 460 \u00b1 220 ) , u - bar cave ( 13 , 030 \u00b1 180 ) , dark canyon cave ( 9585 \u00b1 310 ) , rocky arroyo cave ( 12 , 180 \u00b1 130 ) , mules ear peak cave ( 12 , 580 \u00b1 135 ) , and maravillas canyon ( 10 , 215 \u00b1 320 ) . thus , as emslie hypothesized , inland populations apparently were gone by around 10 , 000 radiocarbon years bp .\nhoward and miller ( 1933 ) recorded california condor from shelter cave . however , howard ( 1971 ) later compared the elements with those of breagyps clarki and assigned the shelter cave material to that species .\nlate rancholabrean : luka cave ( desaussure 1956 ) ; tooth cave ( desaussure 1956 ) .\nmid wisconsin . cc : 5 : 2 ( mead et al . 2003 ) .\nmid / late wisconsin : dark canyon cave ( howard 1971 ) ; rampart cave ( wilson 1942 ) ; rancho la brea ( stock and harris 1992 ) ; sandblast cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; san miguel island ( guthrie 1998 ) .\nmid / late wisconsin / holocene : jimenez cave ( messing 1986 ) ; sierra diablo cave ( utep ) .\nlate wisconsin : antelope cave ( reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 : cf . ) ; bridge cave ( emslie 1987 ) ; ceremonial cave ( cosgrove 1947 ) ; gypsum cave ( jefferson et al . 2015 ) ; howell ' s ridge cave ( howard 1962 ) ; maravillas canyon ( emslie 1987 ) ; maricopa ( jefferson 1991a ) ; marmot cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; midden cave ( mead et al . 2005 ) ; mule ears peak ( wetmore 1933 ) ; sandia cave ( brasso and emslie 2006 ) ; skull cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; skylight cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; stanton ' s cave ( rea and hargrave ( 1984 ) ; stevens cave ( emslie 1988 ) ; u - bar cave 13 - 14 ka ; vulture cave ( mead and phillips 1981 ) .\nlate wisconsin / holocene : burnet cave ( wetmore 1931 ; emslie 1987 ) ; conkling cavern ( howard and miller 1933 ) ; kokoweef cave ( reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ) ; newberry cave ( jefferson 1991a ) ; schuiling cave ( jefferson 1991a ) .\nliterature . brasso and emslie 2006 ; cosgrove 1947 ; croxen et al . 2007 ; desaussure 1956 ; emslie 1987 , 1988 ; guthrie 1998 , 2009 ; howard 1962 , 1971 ; howard and miller 1933 ; jefferson 1991a ; jefferson et al . 2015 ; mead and phillips 1981 ; mead et al . 2003 ; mead et al . 2005 ; messing 1986 ; rea and hargrave 1984 ; reynolds , reynolds , et al . 1991 ; reynolds , reynolds , bell , and pitzer 1991 ; steadman and miller 1987 ; stock and harris 1992 ; syverson and prothero 2010 ; wetmore 1931 , 1933 ; wilson 1942 .\nusing this photo this image has a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 ( cc by 3 . 0 ) license . if you have questions , contact ucmp ucmpwebmaster [ at ] berkeley . edu .\n0000 0000 0807 1645 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common ."]}
{"id": 229, "summary": [{"text": "the gambian sun squirrel ( heliosciurus gambianus ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in angola , benin , burkina faso , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , liberia , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is wooded savanna . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "gambian sun squirrel", "paragraphs": ["gambian sun squirrels bask in the sun ( that\u2019s where they get their name ) .\ninside one of the out - buildings , the gambian sun squirrel is racing around his cage .\ngambian sun squirrels are primarily arboreal ( spend most of their time in the trees .\na young / baby of a gambian sun squirrel is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a gambian sun squirrel group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .\ngambian sun squirrels are adorable . we love that they spend their time basking in the sun to keep warm ! we wonder if they use sunscreen .\n, differ from typical gambian sun squirrels only because they are paler and there is a little bit of pink under the tail .\nthe gambian sun squirrel is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\ngambian sun squirrel . heliosciurus gambianus . feeding in some kind of wild fig tree , locals , called it sotho tree , i think . ( just a short video clip for a blog post about squirrels . )\nthere are at least seven different sub - species of gambian sun squirrels , and all are distinguished almost solely by differences in color . because of this variety , it is difficult to describe the appearance of these animals except in broad terms and in comparison to other species of sun squirrel .\nlittle is known about the reproductive habits of sun squirrels . however , the genus\neastern gray squirrel ( video for dogs and cats to watch . . . )\nbolivian squirrel monkeys are arboreal ( spend most of their lives in trees ) .\nbolivian squirrel monkeys live in large troops , with up to 40 - 50 individuals .\nthanks machi and injica for your comments and id suggestion . indeed it looks like the subspecies of gambian .\nlike most squirrels , gambian sun squirrels are confident climbers and leap with agility between trees . on the ground , their gait is a series of small leaps , the two hindfeet and two forefeet alternating as pairs .\nthis experiment examines combining\nultrascatter advanced instancing for daz studio\nand\nlook at my hair\nin daz studio and iray . i had to convert the lamh fur to an object and then i could use ultrascatter to generate 40 gambian sun squirrel ' s . no post work . 30 min render\nis known to coexist quite peacefully with humans as well as other species of squirrels , and as a result is quite common in the tropics of africa . gambian sun squirrels are currently not listed as threatened or endangered .\nkhodakevich l , jezek z , kinzanzka k . isolation of monkeypox virus from wild squirrel infected in nature .\ni spent a long morning walking through the forest with robert . again it was fairly quiet . we saw a green squirrel or two , and a red - legged sun squirrel . we heard a giant squirrel along with another squirrel that , from robert\u2019s description , was presumably a fire - footed rope squirrel . we also another cusimanse , saw lowe\u2019s monkeys and heard geoffroy\u2019s pied colobus quite near to the visitor centre in the late morning . at about 10am something bolted through the undergrowth close to where we stood . robert saw it better than me and identified it as a brush - tailed porcupine . all i saw was a blur of brown that , even i , with my dodgy ethics for counting new mammals , couldn\u2019t in all conscience add to my life list .\ngambian sun squirrels have been seen eating everything from fruits , seeds , and the pods of acacia species to insects , eggs , and young birds . they have even been recorded eating geckos , lizards , and nestlings . rosevear infers that if the opportunity should arise , small mammals would also be killed and eaten .\nmost observed communication has been recorded in captivity . gambian sun squirrels emit a high - pitched squeak when they are eating and are afraid that they will be disturbed . the tail flicks when they sense danger , but this may simply be a reaction rather than a type of signal . they also squeak constantly when running around a room .\ngoodness these bolivian squirrel monkeys adorable . can you imagine hearing a whole troop of these monkeys in the trees ? that would be so fun !\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnowak , r . 1997 .\nsun squirrels\n( on - line ) . walker ' s mammals of the world . accessed february 12 , 2004 at urltoken .\ngambian sun squirrels prefer to live in tall , dense woodland savanna . they are arboreal , and are slowly expanding into the rainforests . although they prefer staying in the upper branches of trees , they will also feed on lower branches and even on the ground . in addition to the savannas and rainforests , they are found in woody water courses and thickets .\nalthough a familiar mammal in many parts of great britain , the grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) is non - native , having been first introduced from the eastern usa in 1876 ( 3 ) . it is responsible for the decline in populations of the uk ' s native red squirrel ( sciurus vulgaris ) ( 3 ) . the introduced species is larger than the red squirrel , has largely grey fur with touches of russet - brown , and white underparts ( 2 ) . unlike the red squirrel , this species never has ear tufts ( 2 ) . the sexes are similar in appearance ( 4 ) .\nalthough populations can be quite dense , gambian sun squirrels are for the most part solitary creatures . occasionally a family group ( the parents and one or two young ) will be seen together . they are diurnal animals , and at night they sleep in holes lined with freshly gathered leaves . for the most part they are arboreal , preferring the higher strata of the trees to the lower strata or the ground .\n1 . red - legged sun squirrel heliosciurus rufobrachium 2 . forest giant squirrel protoxerus stangeri ( heard only ) 3 . green bush squirrel paraxerus poensis 4 . fire - footed rope squirrel funisciurus pyrropus ( heard only ) 5 . nagtgla\u2019s dormouse graphiurus nagtglasii 6 . brush - tailed porcupine atherus africanus 7 . long - tailed pangolin uromanis tetradactyla 8 . long - nosed ( common ) cusimanse crossarchus obscurus 9 . straw - colored fruit bat eidolon helvum 10 . egyptian tomb bat taphozous perforatus 11 . demidoff\u2019s galago galago demidoff 12 . potto perodicticus potto 13 . geoffroy\u2019s colobus colobus vellerosus ( heard only ) 14 . olive colobus procolobus verus 15 . olive baboon papio anubis 16 . lowe\u2019s monkey cercopithecus lowei 17 . mona monkey cercopithecus mona 18 . lesser spot - nosed monkey cercopithecus petaurista 19 . green monkey chlorocebus sabaeus ( heard only ) 20 . kob kobus kob 21 . western tree hyrax dendrohyrax dorsalis ( heard only )\nthe invasive alien species project ( march , 2008 ) http : / / 138 . 253 . 199 . 114 / iaap % 20web / iaapwebsite / factsheet / squirrel . doc\ninterviews with the u . s . importer and the licensed commercial ghanaian exporter indicated that in march\u2013april 2003 collections of multiple ghanaian mammal species were made by local persons . these animals were subsequently shipped to the united states . the shipment included several rodent species including gambian rats (\nthe grey squirrel is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is an introduced invasive species to the uk , south africa and italy ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\na very adaptable species , the grey squirrel prefers mature broadleaved woodlands with a rich understorey layer ( 4 ) . it also occurs in conifer woodlands , urban areas where there are mature trees , as well as gardens and parks ( 5 ) .\nghana , 2017 : romain bocquier , 7 days & 28 species including a range of nice bats ( including a hammer bat ) , pel\u2019s anomalure , olive colobus , african palm civet and a slender - tailed squirrel . further discussion on the bat ids is here .\nsquirrels are hunted for their meat and pelts . squirrel pelts were also once used as a form of currency . the modern word for money in finland actually comes from a root word that means squirrel skins . since their diets consist of mainly fruits and seeds , squirrels become very useful in seed dispersal . squirrels that eat flowers or drink nectar may also aid in pollination . squirrels are used in medical and scientific research . a research project at the institute of arctic biology at the university of alaska , fairbanks has been studying hibernation in\nalso live in moist forests and are colored similarly to punctate sun squirrels except that the crown , neck , and mid - dorsum are redder , and the tail bands are not as distinct . what sets this sub - species apart is the unusual red tinge on the insides of the thighs and the root of the tail .\nthere are no threats to the grey squirrel ( 1 ) . it is a serious pest in britain , and its habit of removing tree bark is extremely damaging . in addition to out - competing red squirrels , it also carries a disease called parapox virus , which affects the native species ( 7 ) .\nthere are a few other mammals in the forest . squirrels are quite common , especially in the early morning when they feed in palm trees in the village . after an hour of looking in the afternoon i saw a red - legged sun squirrel and then a couple of squirrels , most probably a different species , run along a fallen tree . after considerable debate with the locals looking in my field guide , i gave up trying to work out which other species occurred in the forest , though it seems several do . the day before my visit , a lord derby\u2019s anomalure had been in a tree by the visitors\u2019 office at 11am . red river hogs were also apparently findable but with a considerable amount of effort .\nintroductions of this species to the uk continued up until 1915 . between 1930 and 1945 it underwent a huge expansion in range ; it is now common throughout central and southern england , wales and the central lowlands of scotland ( 3 ) , and is still increasing in terms of range and numbers ( 5 ) . the grey squirrel has also been introduced to south africa , australia ( 3 ) and italy ( 6 ) . in italy the grey squirrel has extended its range into the alps and piedmont , and it seems likely that it will now spread throughout much of europe ( 6 ) . its native range extends throughout the eastern usa reaching as far north as canada , and south to the mississippi river ( 4 ) .\ngenovesi , p . and bertolino , s . ( 2001 ) human dimension aspects in invasive alien species issues : the case of the failure of the grey squirrel eradication project in italy . in : mcneely , j . a . ( ed ) the great reshuffling human dimensions of invasive alien species . iucn biodiversity policy coordination division , gland , switzerland . available at : urltoken\nthis squirrel has little impact on its human neighbors . at times their skins were made into small bags , but it is now rarely done . they were also once considered a food source , but that was only for a brief period . perhaps their greatest contribution to humans is by becoming pets . squirrels make good pets , as long as they are taken before they are weaned .\ngenets and palm civets are noted as an adults squirrel ' s most likely predator . the young are likely to fall prey to rats , snakes , and driver ants . parents are known to cover the entrance to their nest with loose twigs and leaves , but this is easily bypassed . the parents may sometimes save the young from ants by carrying them in their mouth to a safer place .\n. tree and flying squirrels are also essential in the regeneration of forests around the world through their seed dispersal activities . this is not only because seeds are left in the feces of these animals but also because of the caching habits of many squirrels . squirrels are also important in dispersing the spores of fungi that they eat , including ecologically important underground endorhyzal fungi . squirrels serve as host to a number of parasites such as fleas , mites and ticks . these parasites are known for causing the transfer of a number of diseases , such as plague , from squirrel to squirrel and to other mammals , including humans . some species have also been identified as playing the role of a keystone species in their ecosystem . one study conducted by kotiliar et al . ( 1999 ) confirmed that prairie dogs acted as a keystone species in the great plains of the united states . not only were prairie dogs an important food source for predators such as\nthe natural cycle of mpx within its native range is poorly understood , as is the route of transmission to humans in the tropical forest setting . the only mpx virus isolated from a wild - caught mammal was obtained from a single moribund rope squirrel ( funisciurus anerythrus ) collected during an outbreak investigation in zaire . 5 primary human ( and non - human primate ) infections are hypothesized to result from contact with an infected sylvan animal , although this reservoir host species is currently unknown .\n. like in all mammals , the pregnant female invests her energy in producing the young , and the litters are typically small . when just born , the neonates are basically helpless , and are completely dependent upon the parents . the mother will nurse them , but sun squirrels grow fast , and will reach adult age fairly quickly . as the young are growing , the mother offers food and protection , as well as teaches them what is good for consumption and what is better left alone . the role of males in parental care of this species has not been documented .\nat about 1pm , just back on the main trail we stopped to look for a squirrel that robert had seen . while scanning the bushes he got a glimpse of movement and saw about 2cm of something brown sticking out of a thicket . this turned into a long - tailed pangolin . even when i could see the tail through the binoculars ( all we could see was the size and texture of a pine cone ) i still wasn\u2019t convinced that it wasn\u2019t just a couple of strange leaves . and so i have simply no idea how robert spotted it .\nsquirrels have distinct vocalizations for particular situations , such as infants calling to their mothers and adults vocalizing during aggression . males vocalize during the mating season to attract mates . many squirrel species use distinctive alarm calls to warn conspecifics of dangers , including alarm calls that warn of specific threats , distinguishing between aerial and terrestrial predators . squirrels also use posture and movement as a form of communication , with messages carried by tail position , stomping of the feet , or body posture . as in most mammals , olfaction is very important in communication . females indicate sexual receptiveness through pheromones and social position or relatedness may also be inferred through chemical cues .\nthe most common tactics of sciurids for avoiding predators is camouflage and escape . squirrels typically have coats with color that matches their surroundings . tree squirrels often have lighter coloration on the ventral side compared to the dorsal , allowing them to blend in with the light sky to a predator that is looking at the squirrel from below and at to blend in with the dark ground when being stalked by an aerial predator . squirrels also avoid capture by quickly darting away from predators , remaining vigilant , biting , clawing , hiding in burrows or nests and sounding alarm calls . squirrels that are commonly attacked by snakes take on a completely different defense tactic known as mobbing . especially common in communal prairie dogs (\nmost squirrels eat mainly tree seeds and fruit , but their diet is diverse , including insects , eggs , fungi , lichens , and small vertebrates . while some squirrels consume fungi as a secondary component of their diet , it makes up nearly half of the diet of other species . many species opportunistically take animal prey , such as the young and eggs of birds or other mammals . foods such as buds , shoots , flowers , bark , lichens , and green plant material have generally low energy content per unit weight and make up a smaller portion of the diet . but the amount of each type of food consumed is determined mainly by its availability and accessibility . for this reason , diet composition changes from region to region , season to season , and year to year . many squirrel species cache or hoard food as well .\ngestation ranges from 29 to 65 days , depending on the size of the species , with smaller squirrels having shorter gestation periods . for squirrels that hibernate , mothers must wean their young in enough time to gain winter weight for hibernation . all sciurids give birth to their young in a nest . although a single male can fertilize an entire litter , usually a litter has varying paternity , so a single litter could have multiple fathers . a typical litter consists of four offspring that are born naked , with closed eyes and ears . development and sexual maturity varies from species to species , with some squirrels being able to leave the nest after 26 days , and reaching sexual maturity by 87 days , to squirrels that are fully developed after 42 days , but don\u2019t reach sexual maturity until they are 3 years old . hibernating squirrels tend to develop more quickly , with lactation times averaging 38 days . in tree and flying squirrels , lactation averages 70 days , longer than most other squirrel groups . african tree squirrels tend to be born at larger birth weights and have relatively shorter times to independence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis is almost certainly a complex of several similar species . the form occurring east of the nile river ( multicolor ) is likely to be distinct ( p . grubb pers . comm . ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species has been widely recorded over subsaharan africa . it ranges from senegal and the gambia eastwards through west africa to cameroon , through southern chad and central african republic , to southern sudan ( with an isolated population on jebel marra ) , ethiopia , and northwards to eritrea with a southerly extension into uganda and northwestern kenya . in the south of its range , the species occurs in central angola , zambia , southern democratic republic of the congo and southwestern tanzania . it has been recorded to elevations of up to 2 , 000 m asl .\nthis is considered to be a common and widespread savanna species ( grubb et al . 1998 ) .\nthis species is typically associated with savanna woodland . populations have also been observed within riparian forest and in savanna areas . it is generally absent from closed forest habitats . this species is commonly found in agriculural areas , especially oil palm plantations . animals are diurnal , solitary and predominantly arboreal .\nthis species is present in a number of protected areas . heliosciurus gambianus probably represents a complex of several similar species . further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t9830a115094544 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n, are found only in the tropical regions of africa . the range of this species range stretches from nigeria and senegal on the west coast , across to the eastern coasts of sudan , uganda , kenya , and ethiopia . a few populations have been found in angola , the congo , and zambia .\nhas a small head coming to a bluntly pointed muzzle . the ears are round , and the eyes are large and bright . these animals weigh between 250 and 340 g , and measure in at 153 to 210 mm . the sexes are reported to be the same size , and to possess the same pelage .\nis duller than other squirrels found in western africa . its dorsal pelage and flanks are grey , grey - brown or honey - colored and can have black speckling . there is a distinct black line that travels from the head to the tail , flanked on either side by a wide honey colored band . the tail has a black tip and the throat , chest , and ventral pelage are white . the tail is ringed with alternating black and tan rings .\n, live in moister forest climates and have darker pelage , with some intermingled honey - colored hairs . the ventral pelage is more grey than white , and is a little longer and softer than the typical\n, have very distinct rings on the tail , because the honey colored rings are a lighter , almost beige tone .\n, live mainly in forests on the banks of streams . the tail rings are faint and the flanks of this sub - species are lighter due to interspersed white hairs . there is some red in the dorsal pelage .\n, are a dark reddish sub - species . the tail is distinctive because of the greyish - black hair at the base of the back , leading into a long band of rusty - red thena long black ring , a short pale ring , and a short black tip .\n, except that they have no dorsal reddish hairs . this subspecies also has fainter rings on the tail and the tips of the tail hairs are very long and white .\nthe more arboreal the subspecies is , the softer and longer the hairs are , especially in relation to the dorsal pelage .\nis often found in pairs . it is not known if these represent stable mating pairs , however , it raises the prospect that these squirrels could be monogamous .\nis reported to have two breeding seasons in west africa , july through september and november through january . the young of\nwere collectd in february , and two pregnant females had one and five embryos . it has been noted that most squirrels in west africa tend to have one to two young in each litter . it is not known how these data pertain to\nbreeding season the breeding season is apparently bimodal , with breeding occuring between july and september , then again between november and january .\nhas never been measured in the wild . there is one recording of its lifespan in captivity as eight years and eleven months .\nhave been in captivity , and their behavior is interestingly divergent from their behavior in the wild . for example , in captivity they are prone to sleeping with other animals , and other species if their own is not available . also , they do not make nests in captivity .\nin the wild , these animals make other noises , such as a long note ,\nker , ker ,\na short trill , and a chatter . the meanings of these calls are yet to be determined . it can be inferred that their hearing is quite good because of their medium sized external ear conch and sensitivity to dangerous sounding noises .\nin addition to vocal communications , it is likely that these animals use some visual and tactile communication , especially between mates , or between parents and offspring . chemical communication has not been documented in this species .\nespecially likes oil palm nuts , and prefers the husk to the kernal . the foraging behavior of these animals helps to wear down their ever - growing incisors . gnawing through tree bark and the tough husks of some fruits apparently helps their teeth .\nthe most significant impact that this species has on its ecosystem is most likely the result of its eating habits . its daily diet of nuts and fruits plays a role in the destruction and dispersal of seeds . they are small mammals , and therefore probably have voracious appetites . even though their diet is , for the most part , varied , their presence is surely felt by the insects and birds they prey on .\non humans . predators abound in the tropics , so they have little chance of becoming pests . they eat palm oil nuts , and sometimes cocoa pods , but not in enough numbers to be a nuisance .\nalice park ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nto cite this page : park , a . 2004 .\nheliosciurus gambianus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\ngambianaurinko - orava\nto\nheliosciurus gambianus ( ogilby , 1835 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have a question about vimeo , chances are we\u2019ve already answered it in our faq . take a look - see .\nitems in open research are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\ndark brown - grey animal with cream colored underparts ( chest , neck and belly ) ; with a long barred tail . approx 22 to 25 length for the body , and the same , if not a bit more , for the tail .\nthis subspecies is found mainly in eastern africa , from north - east congo dr , up to forested regions of ethiopia and eritrea . this one was seen in forested area between the town of awassa , and lake awassa . the forest is swampy and very rich in wildlife , in particular birds as it is one of stops on the main migratory routes .\nthis subspecies is currently treated as separate species , with three subspecies , by some authors ; and it would be named\nthe cepape\n- it can also be found under the scientific synonyms h . multicolor or sciurus multicolor . it was finally identified thanks to this photo , urltoken .\n1st i thought it could be a dassie rat ( petromuridae ) but the habitat definitely does not fit - they like arid locations , and its tail is too thick anyway . this is a mystery indeed , i also don ' t think is any herpestidae . . . it has to be a rodent but i don ' t know any that looks like this one .\nenglish german online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nabout birding africa birding africa is a specialist birding tour company customising tours for both world listers and more relaxed holiday birders , and combining interests in mammals , butterflies , dragonflies , plants and other natural history . our guides know the continents birds like few others ; we ' ve written two acclaimed guide books on where to find southern africa ' s and madagascar ' s best birds and will guide you to africa ' s and madagascar ' s most diverse birding destinations . birding is more than our passion , it ' s our lifestyle and we are dedicated to making professional best value trips filled with endemic species and unique wildlife experiences . since 1997 , we ' ve run bird watching tours in south africa and further into africa for individual birders , small birding groups and top international tour companies . we ' ve run conservation tours in association with the african bird club and work with and consult for a number of other top international tour companies and the bbc natural history unit . for feedback from our guests , please see our tour information pages . for trip reports , please see our trip reports page .\nthis website is maintained by birding africa . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2012 birding africa\nplease do not use any text , images or content from this site without permission . black harrier photograph courtesy of keith offord . \u00a9 birding africa 1997 - 2012 info @ urltoken\n[ african tailorbirding cc ( ck2003 / 020710 / 23 ) trading as birding africa ] 4 crassula way , pinelands 7405 , cape town , south africa .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmary g . reynolds , * \u2020 darin s . carroll , \u2020 victoria a . olson , christine hughes , jack galley , anna likos , joel m . montgomery , richard suu - ire , mubarak o . kwasi , j . jeffrey root , zach braden , jason abel , cody clemmons , russell regnery , kevin karem , and inger k . damon\n* address correspondence to mary g . reynolds , division of viral and rickettsial diseases , centers for disease control and prevention , 1600 clifton road ne , mailstop g - 43 atlanta , ga 30333 . e - mail : vog . cdc @ 6rzn\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the american society of tropical medicine and hygiene ' s re - use license which permits unrestricted non - commercial use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nhuman monkeypox has never been reported in ghana , but rodents captured in forested areas of southern ghana were the source of the monkeypox virus introduced into the united states in 2003 . subsequent to the outbreak in the united states , 204 animals were collected from two commercial trapping sites in ghana . animal tissues were examined for the presence of orthopoxvirus ( opxv ) dna using a real - time polymerase chain reaction , and sera were assayed for antibodies against opxv . animals from five genera ( cricetomys , graphiurus , funiscirus , and heliosciurus ) had antibodies against opxv , and three genera ( cricetomys , graphiurus , and xerus ) had evidence of opxv dna in tissues . additionally , 172 persons living near the trapping sites were interviewed regarding risk factors for opxv exposure , and their sera were analyzed . fifty - three percent had igg against opxv ; none had igm . our findings suggest that several species of forest - dwelling rodents from ghana are susceptible to naturally occurring opxv infection , and that persons living near forests may have low - level or indirect exposure to opxv - infected animals , possibly resulting in sub - clinical infections .\nthe first case of human monkeypox ( mpx ) was identified in 1970 in the basankusu district of the democratic republic of the congo ( former zaire ) during the intensification phase of the smallpox eradication campaign . 1 in that same year , five additional mpx cases were reported in west africa , four in liberia and one in sierra leone . 2 , 3 however , during the subsequent 13 years , only 11 of the 155 mpx cases identified in africa were reported from west africa countries ( c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone ) ; 4 most cases occurred in the democratic republic of the congo .\nmost of the previous field investigations designed to identify the sylvatic reservoir of mpx virus were confined to relatively short - term outbreak responses and involved general broad spectrum collections of a wide variety of mammalian taxa . the taxa and animals examined were mostly composed of those species that can be purchased from local hunters and collectors . such taxonomically broad surveys yield large numbers of samples , but usually do not sufficiently sample any individual taxon given the likelihood of a low incidence of active infections in presumptive reservoir species . 6 \u2013 8\nto determine the precise geographic origin of the infected animals and to assess whether one or more of the three implicated species might harbor mpxv in nature , we traveled to the area in which the animals were originally trapped and collected additional specimens ( from the same time of year ) , which could then be tested for mpxv . furthermore , we examined residents of nearby communities for serologic evidence of orthopoxvirus ( opxv ) exposure to determine to what extent persons living near these animals might be exposed to the virus . the findings of these investigations are detailed below .\nthe origin of the mpxv - infected animals imported into the united states on april 21 , 2003 , was traced to a single facility in accra , ghana . a description of husbandry practices at the facility was undertaken by officials from the ghanaian wildlife division in cooperation with the owner , focusing on animal housing , turnover , shipping , and other practices that could have influenced virus transmission among captive animals .\ntwo localities outside accra were identified by the facility owner as being the areas from which the original animals from the april 2003 shipment had been collected . one site ( 5 . 98125n , 0 . 58489e ) was near the town of sogakofe , in the volta region and the other site ( 5 . 78562n , 1 . 01410w ) was near the city of oda in the eastern region . in march\u2013april , 2004 , animals representing several of the species contained in the 2003 consignment and others commonly found in the two source areas were collected and evaluated for the presence of mpxv and for serologic evidence of prior or current infection .\nthe collection and processing of animals followed methods for trapping and sampling small mammals for virologic testing published by the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) . live animals were handled according to guidelines and recommendations of the cdc institutional animal care and use committee and as outlined in the institutional animal care and use committee protocol field collections in zoonoses investigations . small rodents were either trapped live by using live traps ( h . b . sherman traps , tallahassee , fl ) and locally produced live traps or were captured live by hand . gross pathologic examinations were followed by a complete necropsy in which blood , heart , liver , kidney , lung , spleen , and skin samples were collected and immediately frozen at \u221220\u00b0c before being transferred to dry ice coolers . specimens were split , with half remaining at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research in accra and half sent to cdc laboratories in atlanta .\nthe cdc laboratories in atlanta evaluated tissue specimens for evidence of opxv and mpxv ( by using a polymerase chain reaction [ pcr ] and virus culture ) and assayed blood specimens for antibodies ( by using an enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay [ elisa ] ) .\nresidents living in villages near the two original trapping sites were contacted by ghanaian ministry of health officials and cdc investigators and asked to participate in a research study to evaluate human exposure to opxv species . local ministry of health workers explained the purpose of the study and read the consent form to prospective enrollees , translating from english when necessary . parental consent was obtained for persons less than 18 years of age . adolescents ( age = 11\u201317 years ) and children ( age = 7\u201310 years ) were asked to provide their assent to participate in the study .\npersons who consented to participate were asked to provide basic demographic information ( e . g . , age , occupation ) and to answer several questions pertaining to illness history , smallpox vaccination status , and exposure to wildlife . in addition , one blood specimen was collected from each study participant . blood for serologic testing was collected in standard marble - top vacutainer\u2122 tubes and stored refrigerated for not more than 48 hours before being centrifuged . centrifugation and collection of serum was conducted at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research . serum specimens were divided and frozen ; one aliquot was kept at the ministry of health laboratories and one was sent to cdc for analysis of opxv - reactive igg and igm .\npersons who participated were compensated for their time and effort . the protocol for this study was reviewed and approved by institution review boards at the cdc in atlanta ( cdc protocol # 4043 ) and at the noguchi memorial institute for medical research in accra .\ndetailed methods for preparation and analysis of tissues using real - time pcr are described elsewhere . 11 all processing of animal tissues was performed under biosafety level 3 conditions . solid tissues ( pooled or individual ) were placed in disposable dounce homogenizers ( kendall large tissue grinders ; kendall company catalog no . 3500sa ; tyco healthcare , mansfield , ma ) . one milliliter of phosphate - buffered saline was added to each measured tissue sample before grinding to enable creation of slurries . genomic dna was prepared from an aliquot of each slurry ( kit catalog no . 732 - 6340 ; bio - rad , hercules , ca ) . remaining tissue slurries were stored for future virus isolation ( see below ) .\nnucleic acid samples prepared from pooled tissues were tested by real - time pcr for opxv dna before testing individual tissues . the primer / probe sequences were selected from the dna polymerase gene ( e9l ; genbank accession no .\n) with primer express version 1 . 5 ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) . these sequences included opx forward primer ( 5\u2032 - tca aat att gat cgt cca acg a - 3\u2032 ) , opx reverse primer ( 5\u2032 - tgg atg aat ttc tca ata tta gtt gg - 3\u2032 ) , and opx probe ( 5\u2032fam - taa cat ccg tct gga gat atc ccg tta ga - bhq1 - 3\u2032 ) . primers and probe were synthesized in the biotechnology core facility ( cdc ) by using standard phosphoramidite chemistry . each reaction ( 25 \u03bcl ) contained 5 \u03bcl of template dna , 0 . 5 \u03bcl of each primer , 0 . 5 \u03bcl probe added to the lightcycler faststart dna master hybprobe ( 2 . 5 \u03bcl vial 1 [ dna polymerase ] , 3 \u03bcl vial 2 [ 25 mm mgcl\n] , and 10 . 25 \u03bcl vial 3 [ water ] ; roche , indianapolis , in ) and taqman exogenous internal positive control ( 2 . 5 \u03bcl 10\u00d7 internal positive control mix and 0 . 25 \u03bcl 50\u00d7 internal positive control dna ; applied biosystems ) . thermal cycling conditions for the abi7900 apparatus ( applied biosystems ) were one cycle at 95\u00b0c for 10 minutes and 45 cycles at 95\u00b0c for 15 seconds and 60\u00b0c for 1 minute . the pcr amplification is based on fluorescent emission after annealing / elongation ( 60\u00b0c ) .\nhuman serum samples were assessed for igg and igm reactive with opxv antigen in accordance with published methods . 14 antibody positivity was measured and compared with reference standards . any reading that was three standard deviations above the mean of the negative controls was inferred to be positive .\nepidemiologic and demographic variables and qualitative laboratory findings were analyzed by using parametric and nonparametric statistical tests . nonparametric statistical tests were used when analyzing subsets of data that were not normally distributed . the mantel - haenszel common odds ratio ( or ) and fisher ' s exact tests ( two - tailed ) were used for categorical variables , and the student ' s t - test was used for comparison of means derived from continuous variables . a p value < 0 . 050 was used to measure significance of associations .\n) . these collections were made gradually over a period of a few weeks . while awaiting shipment , the pouched rats were stored together in concrete enclosures and the squirrels were housed in contiguous wire mesh cages with several individuals per cage . all animals were grouped with members of their own species . most of the squirrels , and pouched rats were collected in a forest zone northwest of accra (\n) could not be ruled out by the ghanaian exporter . the dormice were collected from a lowland scrub vegetation area near the volta river northeast of accra . these two sites are separated by approximately 200 miles (\nthe animal shipments were packed into multi - tiered wooden crates with wire - lined compartments . members of each of the smaller species ( lemniscomys and graphiurus ) were shipped with approximately 25 animals per compartment . the exporter reported seeing nothing unusual as far as overt disease in the animals before shipment , nor were any unusual animal die - offs seen at his facility before shipment . the shipment was sent as freight aboard a commercial airline and entered the united states through dallas , texas .\nto determine which species of interest might be capable of harboring mpxv in nature , members of the ghanaian division of wildlife services , cdc , the u . s . department of agriculture , and local trappers collected 204 animals over nine nights during march 24\u2013april 2 , 2004 . approximately 28 % ( 57 animals ) were collected in the eastern region and the remaining from the volta region (\n* pcr = polymerase chain reaction ; elisa = enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay .\n\u2020 the orthopoxvirus dna detection threshold for the orthopoxvirus generic e9l polymerase real - time pcr assay is \u2265 2 fg of purified vaccinia dna .\nresult replicated in independent assay ; represents finding from liver , spleen , skin , and / or pooled organ specimens . details are shown in\n\u00b6 female dormice were significantly more likely to have opx - reactive titers at 1 : 50 than males ( p = 0 . 030 , by fisher ' s exact test , 2 - sided ) .\nspp . ( at a reciprocal dilution of 200 ) , and seven others had low levels of antibodies .\n* pcr = polymerase chain reaction ; elisa = enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ; nd = not determined .\ntissues from the nine animals that showed positive results by real - time pcr specific for opxv ( generic ) polymerase ( e9l ) dna signatures were also assayed for a secondary opxv dna target ( 14 - kd fusion protein ) . three of the nine animals were also positive for this secondary opxv (\n) . all animals were subsequently screened for mpxv - specific signatures by using a real - time pcr designed to detect sequences corresponding to the mpxv envelope protein ( b6r ) . the mpxv - specific dna signals were not reproducibly detected in any of the specimens . however , the mpxv - specific assay is slightly less sensitive than the opxv generic a27l assay ( 10 genomes versus 4 genomes , respectively ) .\na cytopathic effect caused by opxv was not observed in virus cultures prepared from the tissues of any animals , nor was culturable virus obtained after serial passage . ( in our hands , virus culture is typically 10\u2013100 - fold less sensitive than the most sensitive real - time pcr in detecting opxv in clinical specimens . )\none graphiurus spp . ( animal number 431 ) had a low level of antibodies against opxv in its serum and opxv dna signatures in its spleen . two funisciurus spp . with antibodies against opxv had equivocal opxv dna findings in pooled organ specimens in the pcr screening .\nto investigate whether persons working closely with sylvan animals and humans living near animal trapping sites might be at enhanced risk for exposure to opxvs , we conducted a serosurvey among residents of several villages within walking distance of where the animals implicated in the u . s . outbreak had been originally collected . for purposes of this study , these villages will be referred to as villages a / b ( eastern region ) and village c ( volta region ) . in all , 65 residents of village c ( approximately 92 % of the total village population ) , 100 residents of villages a / b ( approximately 33 % and 85 % of the total village populations , respectively ) , and 7 persons who were directly involved in the exotic animal trade consented to participate in the serosurvey ("]}
{"id": 231, "summary": [{"text": "the diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) is a species of bird in the rhinocryptidae family .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it was described as a new species in 2007 , and is endemic to chapada diamantina in bahia , brazil .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "in the same region , another species , the sincor\u00e1 antwren , was described in 2007 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the diamantina tapaculo is closely related to the very similar espinha\u00e7o tapaculo and planalto tapaculo .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the three differ mainly by their calls . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "diamantina tapaculo", "paragraphs": ["this entry was posted in archive , south america and tagged bahia , brazil , diamantina tapaculo . bookmark the permalink .\nthis is the recently described diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) , see the formal description on - line : urltoken neornithes / 12 % 20 - % 20rbo . pdf\npossibly responding to playback of mouse - colored tapaculo ( s . speluncae ) , which i had played a few minutes before .\nbornschein , m . r . ; maur\u00ed\u00adcio , g . n . ; belmonte - lopes , r . ; mata , h . ; bonatto , s . l . 2007 . diamantina tapaculo , a new scytalopus endemic to the chapada diamantina , northeastern brazil ( passeriformes : rhinocryptidae ) . revista brasileira de ornitologia 15 ( 2 ) : 151 - 174 .\n. the remaining forest fragments in the chapada diamantina are described as very disturbed . large - scale governmental projects and unsustainable ecotourism are also listed as threats ( bornschein\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in central brazilian hills and tablelands eba . has moderately small range , limited to chapada diamantina region of bahia , in . . .\nc . 10\u201311 cm ; c . 15 g . a mouse - grey tapaculo with buff or rufous flanks conspicuously barred blackish , and relatively short tail . male is dark grey above , some brown and . . .\nfjelds\u00e5 , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . diamantina tapaculo ( scytalopus diamantinensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndiamantina tapaculo is known only from the chapada diamantina , bahia , brazil ( bornschein et al . 2007 ) . the species is listed as near threatened , approaching the thresholds for b1ab ( iii ) . the species\u2019s extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is estimated to be 21 , 200 km 2 , to be revised to 31 , 500 km 2 following changes to the standardised method for eoo calculation . the species\u2019s population size has not been quantified . the population is suspected to be in decline owing to the continued loss and degradation of its forest habitat , as driven by the expansion and shifting of agriculture , charcoal production and use of fires in pasture management ( bornschein et al . 2007 ) .\nthe species ' s range is partly protected by chapada diamantina national park , marimbu / iraquara state environmental protection area , and possibly morro do chapu state park . forest clearance is reported to be ongoing in the national park ( bornschein\ni agree with uplisting this species from nt to en and am sending andy symes separately more information on this species based on research by brazilian ornithologists in 2013 funded by american bird conservancy that found this species at 17 of 34 search sites in and around chapada diamantina national park .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n, being small , predominantly grey in colouration , with a relatively short tail . males have blackish grey crown , nape , upper neck and back , with some brown and black barring on the blackish grey rump and uppertail coverts . chin light grey ; throat and breast slightly darker grey . belly medium grey , becoming paler to whitish in the centre of the lower belly . flanks and extreme lower belly brown to cinnamon , barred blackish . undertail coverts barred blackish and cinnamon . iris dark brown . bill black , with some brown areas . legs and feet brown with yellowish - brown undersides to the toes . the upperparts are washed dark brownish olive and the belly is slightly paler in subadult males , with some variation in barring . a presumed subadult female had brownish upperparts and cinnamon rump , the feathers having blackish edges and central dots ; throat grey and upper breast washed buffy .\ncall , which is distinctive among its congeners . its song is generally faster - paced and lower - pitched compared to congeners , although with some overlap , and its accelerating song is slower paced compared with closely related species .\nbelmonte - lopes , r . , bornschein , m . & lebbin , d .\nsharpe , c j , taylor , j . , wheatley , h . & ashpole , j\nthis species has a very small range with fewer than five locations and its habitat is declining owing to the replacement of natural vegetation by coffee and banana plantations , collection of firewood for domestic and industrial use and unregulated tourism . for these reasons , this species is evaluated as endangered .\nvegetation . it favours patches of dense vegetation such as bamboo stands , masses of dead fern leaves and fallen stems . the species has been observed to move around at ground level and in the lower vegetation strata , up to 2 m above the ground ( bornschein\ncarry out surveys to find new locations and obtain a population estimate . monitor population trends . monitor the extent and condition of suitable habitat . promote sustainable ecotourism practices . protect more forest fragments in the species ' s known range , perhaps partly through encouragement of private reserve designation ( bornschein\n. 2007 ) . provide alternatives to local people to reduce pressure on habitats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nprobably sister to s . petrophilus # r ; see also s . novacapitalis and s . speluncae ( below ) . monotypic .\nsong composed of long ( often more than a minute ) and fast repetition of one simple note , series . . .\na nest found in jan 2016 , containing two nestlings , was in a rock crevice 50 cm above the ground ; the bowl - shaped nest was made of grasses . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic study recommends division into two subfamilies , rhinocryptinae and scytalopodinae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ndistance to mic . 4m . middle of long typical song phrase ( cut due to road noise at start and end ) . different individual from others recorded at this site .\ndistance to mic . 3m . short song phrase , then calls , then very short song phrase , all from apparent male in view , near top ( 1 . 0m ) of fern vegetation near river . different individual from other recs .\ndistance to mic . 3m . female in view 1 . 5m above ground on top of dense fern vegetation . note female song has rapid descent at end ( just like female s . novacapitalis ) .\ndistance to mic . ( nearer bird ) 6m . songs after playback of two males , one already singing more distantly at start of cut .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : scytalopus diamantinensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nin the brazilian red list assessment for birds ( mma 2014 ) this species is listed as endangered under b2ab ( iii ) . its area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be 32 km 2 and it is estimated to occur at only five locations . a continuing decline in habitat quality is inferred owing to the replacement of natural vegetation by coffee and banana plantations , collection of firewood for domestic and industrial use and unregulated tourism . the species\u2019s assessment on the brazilian red list can be accessed here .\nup - to - date information is requested on the species\u2019s geographic range . confirmation that the species is found at less than or equal to five locations or is severely fragmented , with a continuing decline in area / extent and / or quality of habitat and an aoo of < 500 km 2 would likely qualify the species for endangered under criterion b2ab ( iii ) . comments on the proposed uplisting are welcome . references :\nmma ( 2014 ) lista nacional oficial de esp\u00e9cies da fauna amea\u00e7adas de extin\u00e7\u00e3o . portaria no 444 , de 17 de dezembro de 2014 . di\u00e1rio oficial da uni\u00e3o \u2013 se\u00e7\u00e3o 1 . n\u00ba 245 , quinta - feira , 18 de dezembro de 2014 .\nbased on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2016 red list would be to adopt the proposed classifications outlined in the initial forum discussion .\nthere is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 28 october , after which the recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .\nplease note that we will then only post final recommended categorisations on forum discussions where these differ from those in the initial proposal .\nthe final 2016 red list categories will be published on the birdlife and iucn websites in early december , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .\nthis year , to celebrate world migratory bird day , we wanted to do something really special . so we asked schools and birdlife partners across the african continent to send in videos of them singing songs about the wonders of bird migration . the results blew us away . the videos were amazing \u2013 and all but one were [ \u2026 ]\na major stopover site of europe\u2019s great white pelicans has recently been discovered in turkey . a count conducted by our turkish partner do\u011fa derne\u011fi showed that more than 15 , 000 pelicans stop off at the karacabey floodplain to roost and feed during their spring migration . the sea of marmara may be the smallest sea in the [ \u2026 ]\nread the project press release here the micronesian scrubfowl megapodius laperouse is a genius at inventing ways to keep its eggs warm . those on the northern mariana islands burrow into volcanic cinder fields or use the geothermal heat beneath the ground to warm their unhatched young . across the palau archipelago , they bury their eggs in large [ \u2026 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nwe would like to invite participants of this ornithological congress of the americas to submit manuscripts to be considered for publication on a special volume of the brazilian journal of ornithology . we welcome review and case study manuscripts derived from the research exposed at the meeting . particularly , we would like to invite organizers of each symposium , as well as symposium\u00b4s participants , to submit a review manuscript on the topic of the symposium , which could have particular emphasis on the individual talks involved in the symposium . also , we would like to publish one study case per symposium . in addition to the manuscripts derived from symposia , we encourage other authors presenting their studies to submit manuscripts as a general submi\nfor this particular issue , the brazilian journal of ornithology will publish articles and reviews on ornithology in general , with emphasis on neotropical birds . it is indexed in databases zoological records , biological abstract , scopus , and isi . the current ( june 2017 ) impact factor is 0 . 414 ) . the journal o\nnly publishes articles in english , with four volumes per year . this special issue is schedule to appear in full in mid - 2018 , with individual / accepted manus\ncripts released before in the webpage . for this special volume authors should login into the journal\u00b4s webpage and to follow the editorial rules and guidelines of the journal for manuscript submission . please , refer to the following webpage for details .\nmarcos ricardo bornschein , giovanni nachtigall maur\u00edcio , ricardo belmonte lopes , helena mata , sandro l . bonatto\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 665 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 232, "summary": [{"text": "bebearia guineensis , the wide-banded palm forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the western part of the democratic republic of the congo and northern angola .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of primary , undisturbed forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bebearia guineensis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about bebearia guineensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for bebearia guineensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neuryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus\nbebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46\nrevision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon\nbebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana\nbebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1\nbebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 \u2642 only\nbebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu\nbebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui\nbebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2\nbebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\neuryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo\nguinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724\npapilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56\ne . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast\n: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )\naterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar\ncameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe\ncameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250\nzaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24\ne . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia\nsenegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8\nnigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]\npapilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8\naterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490\ncoastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267\ncameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo\naurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74\neuryphene tessmanni gr\u00fcnberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea\neuryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera\neuryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon\nzaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .\nevena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangw\u00e9 , ogov\u00e9 valley\neuryphene ducalis gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 233, "summary": [{"text": "drosophila subobscura is a species of fruit fly from the family drosophilidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "originally found around the mediterranean , it has spread to most of europe and the near east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has been introduced into the west coasts of canada , the united states , and chile .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its closest relative is drosophila madeirensis , found in the madeira islands , followed by d. guanche , found in the canary islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "these three species form the paraphyletic drosophila subobscura species group . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "drosophila subobscura", "paragraphs": ["solved : in drosophila subobscura , the presence of a recessive g . . . | urltoken\nintroduction history of drosophila subobscura in the new world : a microsatellite - based survey using abc methods .\nintroduction history of drosophila subobscura in the new world : a microsatellite - based survey using abc methods . - pubmed - ncbi\nasymmetry of overall wing shape for females raised at 23\u00b0c same as in table 5 for drosophila subobscura flies reared at 23\u00b0c .\nasymmetry of overall wing shape for males raised at 23\u00b0c same as in table 5 for drosophila subobscura flies reared at 23\u00b0c .\nkrimbas cb : drosophila subobscura : biology , genetics and inversion polymorphism . 1993 , hamburg , germany : verlag dr . kovac\nllopart a , aguad\u00e9 m ( 2000 ) nucleotide polymorphism at the rpii215 gene in drosophila subobscura : weak selection on synonymous mutations . genetics 155 : 1245\u20131252\nadditional file 3 : physical map of differentially expressed genes . localization by in situ hybridization on the salivary gland chromosomes of drosophila subobscura of 88 differentially expressed genes . ( pdf 77 kb )\ngilchrist gw , huey rb , serra l : rapid evolution of wing size clines in drosophila subobscura . genetica . 2001 , 112\u2013113 : 273 - 286 . 10 . 1023 / a : 1013358931816 .\nmolt\u00f3 md , de frutos r , martinez - sebasti\u00e1n mj ( 1987 ) the banding pattern of polytene chromosomes of drosophila guanche compared with that of d . subobscura . genetica 75 : 55\u201370 . doi :\nnavarro - sabat\u00e9 \u00e0 , aguad\u00e9 m , segarra c ( 1999 ) the relationship between allozyme and chromosomal polymorphism inferred from nucleotide variation at the acph - 1 gene region of drosophila subobscura . genetics 153 : 871\u2013889\nin drosophila subobscura , the presence of a recessive gene called grandchildless ( gs ) causes the offspring of homozygous females , but not those of homozygous males , to be sterile . can you offer an explanation as to why females and not males are affected by the mutant gene ?\npowell jr : progress and prospects in evolutionary biology . the drosophila model . 1997 , new york : oxford univ press\npowell jr : progress and prospects in evolutionary biology . the drosophila model . 1997 , new york : oxford university press\nhartl dl , lozovskaya er : the drosophila genome map : a practical guide . 1995 , new york : springer - verlag\n. in : krimbas cb , powell jr ( eds ) drosophila inversion polymorphism . crc press , boca rat\u00f3n , pp 127\u2013220\nsturtevant ah , novitski e ( 1941 ) the homologies of the chromosome elements in the genus drosophila . genetics 26 : 517\u2013541\n. drosophila inversion polymorphism . edited by : krimbas cb , powell jr . 1992 , boca raton : crc press , 127 - 220 .\ngonz\u00e1lez j , ranz jm , ruiz a ( 2002 ) chromosomal elements evolve at different rates in the drosophila genome . genetics 161 : 1137\u20131154\nmuller hj ( 1940 ) bearings of the \u201cdrosophila\u201d work on systematics . in : huxley j ( ed ) the new systematics . pp 185\u2013268\nclark ag , eisen mb , smith dr et al ( 2007 ) evolution of genes and genomes on the drosophila phylogeny . nature 450 : 203\u2013218\nsegarra c , aguad\u00e9 m ( 1992 ) molecular organization of the x chromosome in different species of the obscura group of drosophila . genetics 130 : 513\u2013521\nas markers to study the chromosomal evolution of muller\u2019s a element in two species of the obscura group of drosophila . chromosoma 104 : 129\u2013136 . doi :\nbhutkar a , schaeffer sw , russo sm et al ( 2008 ) chromosomal rearrangement inferred from comparisons of 12 drosophila genomes . genetics 179 : 1657\u20131680 . doi :\nsegarra c , rib\u00f3 g , aguad\u00e9 m ( 1996 ) differentiation of muller\u2019s chromosomal elements d and e in the obscura group of drosophila . genetics 144 : 139\u2013146\nobbard dj , maclennan j , kim k et al ( 2012 ) estimating divergence dates and substitution rates in the drosophila phylogeny . mol biol evol 29 : 3459\u20133473 . doi :\nrodr\u00edguez - trelles f , tarr\u00edo r , santos m ( 2013 ) genome - wide evolutionary response to a heat wave in drosophila . biol lett 9 : 20130228 . doi :\nthrockmorton lh ( 1975 ) the phylogeny , ecology and geography of drosophila . in : king rc ( ed ) handbook of genetics . plenum press , new york , pp 421\u2013469\ntamura k , subramanian s , kumar s ( 2004 ) temporal patterns of fruit fly ( drosophila ) evolution revealed by mutation clocks . mol biol evol 21 : 36\u201344 . doi :\nsegarra c , rib\u00f3 g , aguad\u00e9 m : differentiation of muller ' s chromosomal elements d and e in the obscura group of drosophila . genetics . 1996 , 144 : 139 - 146 .\npuerma e , orengo dj , aguad\u00e9 m ( 2016b ) multiple and diverse structural changes affect the breakpoint regions of polymorphic inversions across the drosophila genus . sci rep 6 : 36248 . doi :\nvon grotthuss m , ashburner m , ranz jm ( 2010 ) fragile regions and not functional constraints predominate in shaping gene organization in the genus drosophila . genome res 20 : 1084\u20131096 . doi :\npapaceit m , aguad\u00e9 m , segarra c ( 2006 ) chromosomal evolution of elements b and c in the sophophora subgenus of drosophila : evolutionary rate and polymorphism . evolution 60 : 768\u2013781 . doi :\npuerma e , orengo dj , aguad\u00e9 m ( 2016a ) the origin of chromosomal inversions as a source of segmental duplications in the sophophora subgenus of drosophila . sci rep 6 : 30715 . doi :\nhartl dl , nurminsky di , jones rw , lozovskaya er ( 1994 ) genome structure and evolution in drosophila : applications of the framework p1 map . proc natl acad sci u s a 91 : 6824\u20136829\nschaeffer sw , bhutkar a , mcallister bf et al ( 2008 ) polytene chromosomal maps of 11 drosophila species : the order of genomic scaffolds inferred from genetic and physical maps . genetics 179 : 1601\u20131655 . doi :\nramos - onsins se , segarra c , rozas j , aguad\u00e9 m ( 1998 ) molecular and chromosomal phylogeny in the obscura group of drosophila inferred from sequences of the rp49 gene region . mol phylogenet evol 9 : 33\u201341 . doi :\ncomparisons of recent with historical samples of chromosome inversion frequencies provide opportunities to determine whether genetic change is tracking climate change in natural populations . we determined the magnitude and direction of shifts over time ( 24 years between samples on average ) in chromosome inversion frequencies and in ambient temperature for populations of the fly drosophila subobscura on three continents . in 22 of 26 populations , climates warmed over the intervals , and genotypes characteristic of low latitudes ( warm climates ) increased in frequency in 21 of those 22 populations . thus , genetic change in this fly is tracking climate warming and is doing so globally .\nthe results strongly support the hypothesis that environmental canalization and developmental stability share underlying regulatory mechanisms , but environmental and genetic canalization are not functionally the same . a likely explanation for this lack of association is that natural wing shape variation in drosophila populations is loosely related to individual fitness .\nseasonal changes in field temperature and chilling tolerance of d . subobscura living in close association with a heap of discarded apples . ( a ) air temperature ( light grey ) and the temperature at the bottom ( black ) and top ( i . e . surface ; dark grey ) of the heap of apples were recorded during the transition from spring to summer . adult d . subobscura were collected approximately every four weeks ( circles with vertical lines ) . ( b ) ct min and ( c ) ccrt measured in flies collected during the experimental period ( mean \u00b1 s . e . ) regressed against mean temperature at the surface of the heap in the 24 h preceding collection . shaded areas represent 95 % confidence intervals of regressions . ( online version in colour . )\nandres aj , thummel cs : methods for quantitative analysis of transcription in larvae and prepupae . drosophila melanogaster : practical uses in cell and molecular biology . methods in cell biology . edited by : goldstein l , fyrberg e . 1994 , new york : academic press , 44 : 565 - 573 .\nwe thank david salguero for his excellent technical assistance . we also thank servei de gen\u00f2mica , serveis cientifico - t\u00e8cnics , universitat de barcelona , for automated sequencing facilities . this paper was prepared with full knowledge and support of the barcelona subobscura initiative ( bsi ) . this work was supported by grants bfu2012 - 35168 and bfu2014 - 63732 from ministerio de econom\u00eda y competitividad , spain , and 2014sgr - 1055 from comissi\u00f3 interdepartamental de recerca i innovaci\u00f3 tecnol\u00f2gica , generalitat de catalunya , spain to ma .\nour data suggest that a sizeable number of genes appear to be involved in thermal adaptation in drosophila , with a substantial fraction implicated in metabolism . this apparently illustrates the formidable challenge to understanding the adaptive evolution of complex trait variation . furthermore , some clustering of genes within inverted chromosomal sections was detected . disentangling the effects of inversions will be obviously required in any future approach if we want to identify the relevant candidate genes .\nhl sampled the thermal populations , made the rna extractions , participated in the design of the experiment , carried out statistical analysis , gene ontology searches , and drafted the manuscript . fg - f , bec - s and vt designed primers , carried out in situ hybridizations on the polytene chromosomes of d . subobscura , and read all salivary gland squashes from the in situ hybridizations . sb and mc coordinated the microarray experiments for generating the original data . ms set up and maintained the thermal populations , designed the study , carried out statistical analyses and drafted the final version of the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nwater and ion balance in d . subobscura before ( i . e . control ) and immediately after 24 h at \u22125\u00b0c on five dates during the spring\u2013summer transition . ( a ) haemolymph volume , ( b ) haemolymph [ na + ] and ( c ) haemolymph [ k + ] measured in flies before and after cold exposure . the net change in haemolymph [ k + ] with cold exposure ( \u03b4k + ) was significantly associated with the net change in haemolymph volume ( d ) , as well as both indices of chilling tolerance : ( e ) the ct min and ( f ) ccrt . shaded areas represent 95 % confidence intervals of regressions . all values are means ( \u00b1s . e . ) . haemolymph volume was not measured ( nm ) on july 21st . ( online version in colour . )\nsubsequently , samples from all nine populations were obtained in may - june 2004 ( 25 generations at 13\u00b0c , 35 at 18\u00b0c , and 46 at 22\u00b0c ) by placing eggs into twelve 130 - ml bottles ( ~ 200\u2013250 eggs per bottle ) . these bottles were cultured at 18\u00b0c and emerging adults were dumped into plexiglas cages for egg collections . eggs for the experiment were collected over a six days period by placing petri dishes containing non - nutritive agar with a generous smear of live yeast in the cages . as before , ~ 100 eggs ( \u00b1 4 h ) were placed at 18\u00b0c in 120 - ml plastic chambers with stained drosophila medium to sample the treatment third instar larvae for further mrna extraction .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npascual m 1 , chapuis mp , mestres f , balany\u00e0 j , huey rb , gilchrist gw , serra l , estoup a .\ndepartament de gen\u00e8tica , facultat de biologia , universitat de barcelona , diagonal 645 , 08028 barcelona , spain . martapascual @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nmany properties of organisms show great robustness against genetic and environmental perturbations . the terms canalization and developmental stability were originally proposed to describe the ability of an organism to resist perturbations and to produce a predictable target phenotype regardless of random developmental noise . however , the extent to which canalization and developmental stability are controlled by the same set of genes and share underlying regulatory mechanisms is largely unresolved .\nphenotypic robustness refers to the invariance of the specified target phenotype given the genetic makeup and environmental conditions . whereas the presence of naturally occurring phenotypic variation is at the core of evolutionary biology , developmental geneticists have traditionally considered it as a nuisance . instead , they have relied on the study of single or multiple mutant combinations to reveal the generation of phenotypic patterns ( e . g . [\n] , where development appears to be buffered so that slight abnormalities of genotype or slight perturbations in the environment do not lead to the production of abnormal phenotypes . however , evolutionary geneticists define canalization as the tendency of traits to evolve a reduction in variability [\n] . therefore , canalization and ds are subcategories of developmental buffering : the first can be appraised by estimating interindividual variance whereas the most commonly used estimate of ds in bilaterally symmetrical organisms is fluctuating asymmetry ( fa ) ; i . e . the intraindividual variation due to random differences between left and right sides . the question of whether or not canalization and ds are different buffering mechanisms has been a constant source of debate . two recent reviews implicitly [\n] assume that ds is a special case of canalization , a viewpoint also embraced by several authors ( e . g . [\n] found that the vectors describing inter - and intraindividual variation of landmark position for fly vein traits were highly concordant . on the other hand , debat et al . [\n] came to the opposite conclusion applying the same methods to cranial landmarks in the house mouse \u2013 although klingenberg ' s et al . [\n] work with mouse mandibles found patterns of intra - and interindividual variation that were only partly consistent \u2013 . at first glance , the different results may suggest that the mechanisms that affect canalization and ds are related in some developmental contexts but not in others . the problem is , however , that according to the causes of phenotypic variation a distinction between genetic and environmental canalization is necessary [\n) : the first refer to influential factors ( e . g . temperature ) that are shared by groups of individuals , whereas the latter are residual deviations from the phenotype that would be specified on the basis of genotype and general environmental effects . such deviations are unique to individuals and are largely unpredictable . the variance associated with special environmental effects can be estimated when experiments are performed on completely inbred lines ( i . e . , there is no genetic variance ) . in bilaterally symmetrical organisms it is also feasible to estimate the two sources that contribute to those special environmental effects : among - individual (\nthe third process involved in the control of phenotypic variability is plasticity , which can be defined as the ability of an individual to express one phenotype under one set of environmental circumstances and another phenotype under another set . the expressed phenotypes can be discontinuous thus eliciting discrete morphs ( i . e . , polyphenism ) , or there can be a continuous range of potential phenotypes ( i . e . , reaction norm ) . the reaction norm is thus a property of the genome : genetic canalization and phenotypic plasticity are not mutually exclusive and can combine to form canalized reaction norms [\n] , and the vein pattern is highly conserved across species ( e . g . [\n] . however , there is circumstantial evidence suggesting that developmental and evolutionary temperature - related cell size divergence have contrasting effects on wing shape . thus , birdsall et al . [\n] ) for which a balancer stock is available . in colonizing populations of the new world only six gene arrangements are segregating for that chromosome : o\n] . therefore , six independent isochromosomal lines for each of these three chromosome arrangements ( i . e . ,\n= st , 3 + 4 , 3 + 4 + 7 ) were used in the present experiments .\nthe experimental flies were obtained from 54 crosses , which will be referred to as inbred ( isogenic ; i . e . ,\n) with 18 crosses in total , or outbred ( including both structural homo - and heterokaryotypes ) with 36 ( 18 + 18 ) crosses in total . the six lines with a given gene arrangement were crossed to produce the three different outbred homokaryotypes ( i . e . ,\n) . the three kinds of heterokaryotypic flies were similarly obtained but using lines with different gene arrangements ( i . e . ,\n) . since all isochromosomal lines were homogeneous for the same genetic background ( except for the male sex chromosome ) , maternal effects were not considered to be critically important . anyhow , experimental flies were randomly derived form reciprocal crosses for all outbred combinations . two developmental temperatures were used in the experiment : optimal ( 18\u00b0c ) and warm ( 23\u00b0c ) .\nranging from 0 . 032 for inbred females at 18\u00b0c to 0 . 073 for inbred males at 23\u00b0c ;\n= 0 . 030 ( - 0 . 005 , 0 . 064 ) for inbred females at 23\u00b0c ) , thus suggesting independence between size and size fa .\n) . size variation ( cs : centroid size ) among individuals comprised the largest part ( > 90 % ) of the variation . the fraction of the total phenotypic variance in wing size associated to genetic differences among karyotypes and / or lines ( i . e . ,\n) ranged from 0 . 235 ( inbred males at 18\u00b0c ) to 0 . 602 ( inbred females at 23\u00b0c ) . ( bear in mind that there is nothing in the anova method of estimation that will prevent a negative variance estimate [\nflies raised from inbred ( isogenic ) and outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c . centroid size ( cs , estimated in a normalized form [ 22 ] ) is the dependent variable ( values in pixels\n) provide here unbiased estimates of the among - fly ( i . e .\nasymmetry of overall wing size for males raised at 18\u00b0c same as in table 1 .\ninbreeding and temperature effects on size homokaryotipic averages for centroid size and centroid size fa ( index fa1 in [ 39 ] ) in inbred ( black symbols ) and outbred ( open symbols ) crosses . small symbols give the average values for each of the three different homokaryotypes to appreciate the dispersion from the corresponding grand average ( large symbols connected by lines ) . squares give the values at 23\u00b0c and circles at 18\u00b0c .\n] a quite remarkable finding here was that left wings were consistently bigger than the right ones , thus causing a generally highly significant da ( i . e . ,\nsides\neffect in tables\n] . when wings were mounted no attempt was made to standardize the surface position : in females 394 ( 60 . 8 % ) left and 387 ( 59 . 7 % ) right wings were mounted on the slides with the dorsal side up (\n= 0 . 691 ) ; in males the corresponding figures were 383 ( 59 . 1 % ) and 401 ( 61 . 9 % ) , respectively (\n= 0 . 306 ) . potential biasing effects when measuring wings ; namely , dorsal or ventral bitmap images or possible differences between left and right wings when bitmap images are captured from the top or bottom of the microscope slide , were checked from a subset of 75 females and 75 males . an additional set of two images for each wing were taken in the same session from the top and bottom of the slide and digitized once . the centroid size differences between the averages of both measurements was apparently random with respect to digitizing procedure and always lower than 0 . 07 % , whereas left wings were 0 . 26 % bigger than the right ones in females and 0 . 34 % in males . we are , therefore , quite confident that the fairly subtle da for wing cs is not an experimental artifact but a real phenomenon .\nin addition to da , there was subtle but significant fa in all crosses ( i . e . ,\nindividuals \u00d7 sides\ninteraction effect in tables\n) together with a small amount of genetic variation for da in some of them . this last finding could hardly be attributable to a type i error because similar results had been previously obtained [ [\n] ) failed to show any statistically significant effects whatsoever ( variance components ranging from - 0 . 0047 to 0 . 0071 for karyotypes , and from - 0 . 0343 to 0 . 0406 for crosses within karyotypes ; values in pixels\n( pixels ) , but results were qualitatively identical without a log - transformation ) as the dependent variable , with karyotype , temperature and inbreeding as fixed effects , and crosses nested within karyotypes , clearly indicated inbreeding depression together with temperature by inbreeding interaction ( i . e . , inbreeding was most noticeable at the sub - optimal temperature of 23\u00b0c ) , but no karyotype by temperature interaction was detected . these results confirm that wing size is not a purely additive trait in\nboth inbreeding and ( sub - optimal ) temperature effects were also apparent in females when overall size fa ( index fa1 ) was used as the dependent variable in three - way factorial anovas , with no differences among karyotypes . on the other hand , no statistically significant effects were detected for males , basically because inbred crosses performed approximately equal at both temperatures ( fig .\nit is worth mentioning here that in outbred crosses overall size fa was about the same for homokaryotypes and heterokaryotypes : the only significant effect was again an increase in fa at the sub - optimal temperature ( more than two - fold ; c . f .\nin conclusion , overall size ds was positively correlated with levels of heterozygosity ( i . e . , inbred vs . outbred homokaryotypes ) and development at the optimal temperature of 18\u00b0c . however , no positive association was found between ds and chromosomal heterozygosity in outbred crosses .\n. for the present study of 13 landmarks , with 2 coordinates each , the shape dimension is 22 . sums of squares and cross - products ( sscp ) matrices are therefore not full - ranked , and we retained 22 pc ( principal components [\n] ) scores for outbred crosses and only 15 pc scores \u2013 which accounted for more than 98 % of the total shape variance \u2013 for inbred crosses to be capable of testing for genetic components . the degrees of freedom in tables\n) times the number of pc scores retained in each sample . likewise , the overall covariation in wing shape (\nindividuals\neffect ) was decomposed into causal components ( karyotypes , crosses in karyotypes , and among flies ) ; and the overall covariation in wing shape fa (\nindividuals \u00d7 sides\ninteraction effect ) was decomposed into causal components attributable to wing shape da ( karyotypes , crosses in karyotypes , and within flies ) .\nreared at 18\u00b0c . for the inbred crosses 15 pc scores were retained for analyses ( proportion of total shape variance accounted is given in parenthesis ) . for the outbred crosses 22 pc scores were retained . (\nasymmetry of overall wing shape for males raised at 18\u00b0c same as in table 5 .\nsimilarly to what had been found for cs , differences between left and right wings were also highly significant (\nsides\neffect ) , thus indicating that da was present for overall wing shape . this finding is contrary to our previous claim from a subset of o\nisochromosomal lines , where da for some landmarks ( e . g . those defining the position of the anterior crossvein ) but not for overall wing shape was detected [\n] . after plotting the procrustes grand mean shapes of both wings it also became apparent here that the location of the anterior crossvein was indeed slightly more distal in the right wings . furthermore , the individuals \u00d7 sides interaction effects were highly significant in all cases and , hence , wing shape fa greatly exceeded measurement error .\n] shape is an inherently multidimensional concept and cannot be easily reduced to a scalar index without severe loss of information . therefore , for a quantitative genetic analysis of shape data a multivariate approach is required [\nare , respectively , the covariance matrices for karyotypes , crosses within karyotypes , and the residuals .\nshows the amount of variation associated with the different dimensions in shape space . much of the variation was concentrated in the first few pcs , but the\nmatrices showed the clearest trend to quickly decrease after the first pc . permutation tests indicated that matrix correlations ( mcs ) between\n= 0 . 1963 ) than at 23\u00b0c ( females mc = 0 . 157 ,\n= 0 . 2665 ) , but none of the mcs was statistically significant . on the other hand , vcv matrices were correlated across rearing temperatures ( females : mc\n) covariance matrix onto the total variance of the phenotypic covariance matrix was lower at 18\u00b0c in both sexes ( females : 0 . 1312\neigenvalues of causal covariance matrices for wing shape first 15 eigenvalues of the phenotypic ( black bars ) , karyotype ( hatched ) and crosses ( open ) covariance matrices from outbred crosses .\nalso point to the presence of genetic variation for overall shape da , mainly at 18\u00b0c ( i . e . , the\ncrosses in karyotypes\ncomponent from the decomposition of the i \u00d7 s interaction effect ) . as far as we are aware , these are the first experiments that found detectable genetic variation in da for wing traits . the uncovering of da ( i . e . ,\nside\neffect ) for fly wings is quite general when quantitative analyses of form are carried out using the powerful methods of geometric morphometrics to reveal even small morphological variation that otherwise would remain hidden with less effective techniques [\n] because it provides compelling evidence that da in fly wings may signal the presence of genetic variation in a phylogenetic conserved left - right developmental axis ( i . e . , an imaginary plane between the two lateral sides of the body ) , as discussed by klingenberg et al . [\n] . actually , modern treatises in developmental biology ( e . g . [\n] ) distinguish the left - right axis besides the customary anterior - posterior and dorsal - ventral axes , and several asymmetrically expressed genes ( e . g .\n] were the first ( and to our knowledge the only ones ) who showed a developmental mechanism for the developmental asymmetry . it seems , therefore , that the detection of genetic variation for da in this genus appears to be basically a methodological problem , including statistical power and the environmental conditions where the experiments are performed . the mechanisms that constitute the genetic basis of morphological asymmetry in\n] a multivariate equivalent of fa1 ( i . e . , the\nunsigned\nleft - right differences ) was defined by changing the signs of all coordinate differences ( from left - right to right - left ) whenever the inner product ( also referred to as the dot product ) of a left - right difference vector with the vector of mean left - right difference was negative . for the univariate case ( cs ) this procedure would render here the absolute (\n) . however , the approach used to define the multivariate equivalent of fa1 might be influenced by the arbitrary choice of the plane ( i . e . , the mean left - right differences ) to subdivide the shape space into\npositive\nand\nnegative\nhalves ( christian p klingenberg , pers . comm . 2004 ) . a modified procrustes shape distance for non - isotropic variation ( i . e . , landmarks usually differ in their amounts of variation ) has been recently developed by klingenberg and monteiro [\n] , and can be used here as a scalar measure of the amount of shape asymmetry because fa is random in origin ( i . e . , only the magnitude and not the direction may usually be the interesting component of fa shape variation ) . when this scalar was used in our data set the same conclusion was obtained ; namely , there was no detectable genetic variation for wing shape fa in any case ( results not shown ) .\nmanovas for female wing shape fluctuating asymmetry a multivariate equivalent of fa1 ( i . e . , the\nunsigned\nleft - right differences ) was defined as explained in the text . flies raised from outbred crosses of\nto investigate allometric and nonallometric temperature effects on overall wing shape we performed a multivariate analyses of covariance ( mancova ) of the procrustes coordinates ( after averaging both sides and the two replicated measurements per side ) considering temperature and inbreeding ( i . e . , isogenic\n( pixels ) ) as the covariate . temperature effects were only significant in males , but inbreeding and temperature \u00d7 inbreeding interaction effects were highly significant in both sexes ( results not shown ) , which suggests a strong effect of the categorical predictors on the nonallometric component of shape . size effects were also found to be significant ( females : wilks '\n< 0 . 001 ) . the association between size and temperature ( fig .\n] ) , was found to be lower than the suggested guideline for serious collinearity ( i . e .\n\u2265 10 ) , which indicates that the effects of temperature and size on wing shape could be effectively separated .\n. outbred homokaryotypic flies ) on wing shape fa were tested from the ratio between the traces of the corresponding\nindividual \u00d7 side\nvcv matrices . notice that the traces of these interaction matrices are equal to the respective mean squares of the procrustes anova as implemented by klingenberg and mcintyre [\ncoordinates of the corresponding aligned configurations divided by the shape dimension . we performed 10 , 000 randomization runs for each test . inbreeding effects were detected at 18\u00b0c but only in females ( 18\u00b0c : female\nprincipal component analyses were only implemented for the outbred crosses since they are more representative of the natural situation . the percentages of total shape variation , together with the features of variation associated with the dominant pcs , are graphically plotted in figs .\n. for the individual variation several pcs accounted for relatively large amounts of variability . on the contrary , for fa and measurement error pc1 explained almost all total variance ( > 80 % ) . for all levels in the analysis ( i . e . individuals , fa and measurement error ) the dominant pcs were connected to the relatively large variability of landmarks 3 , 6 , 7 and , to a lesser extent , landmark 2 . however , the disproportionate amount of variation associated with these landmarks did not spread to all sources of causal variation because their coefficients were relatively small for the pc1 of karyotype variation ( which explained ~ 60 % of the total variance ; see below ) . furthermore , for the individual variation the first two pcs were also linked to the shift of the anterior ( landmarks 11 and 12 ) and posterior ( landmarks 7 and 13 ) crossveins along the adjoining longitudinal veins .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements first two axes of wing shape variation for each effect in the two - way mixed manova ( individuals , individuals \u00d7 sides interaction , and measurement error ) for females from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c . also plotted are the percentages of total wing shape variation explained by the principal components for the corresponding covariance matrices .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 3 for males from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 3 for females from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 3 for males from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\npermutation tests indicated that vcv matrices were mostly correlated for fa and measurement error effects within samples ( mcs > 0 . 95 ,\n) . the individual vcv matrix was significantly correlated with the fa and measurement error matrices only for females at 18\u00b0c . between temperatures the vcv matrices were highly correlated for fa and measurement error ( results not shown ) , but loosely correlated for the individual variation ( females mc = 0 . 668 ,\ncorrelations between vcv matrices of landmarks displacements within groups results of the permutation tests used for the analyses within sexes and temperatures .\nthe angles between the pc1s for fa and measurement error were very much alike ( ranging from angle \u03b1 = 2 . 1\u00b0 to \u03b1 = 3 . 4\u00b0 ; recall that the 0 . 1 % quantile of the resulting distribution between pairs of random vectors in 22 - dimensional space was 50 . 3\u00b0 ) , which reflects the similarity due to landmarks 3 , 6 and 7 . however , the first three pcs for interindividual variation were generally distinct to those of fa : the only clear correspondences were between the pc1s for females at 18\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 21 . 5\u00b0 ) , and the pc2 of interindividual variation with the pc1 of fa for males at 18\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 11 . 8\u00b0 ) . ( the correspondences were qualitatively the same for interindividual variation and measurement error ; results not shown . ) overall , these results seem to suggest that canalization and ds do not generally share the same underlying regulatory mechanisms ( but see below ) .\na potentially important problem with the foregoing approach to compare the patterns of intra - and interindividual variation is to rely on the interaction vcv matrix as the source of variation due to fa . as has been previously argued the uncovering of da is almost ubiquitous for shape data when using the methods of geometry morphometrics , and there was evidence here for statistically significant genetic variation of overall shape da at 18\u00b0c ( tables\n) . therefore , the vcv matrix from the\nindividuals \u00d7 sides\ninteraction effect gives a biased estimate of developmental stability and cannot be taken as the covariance matrix for fa . in other words , this vcv matrix also includes all causal components due to genetic variation for da , and the corresponding unbiased vcv matrix for fa is that for the within - fly component of the interaction effect ( i . e . , after removing the genetic variation for da [\n] ) . in any case , all results were qualitatively similar and , hence , the conclusion that canalization and ds seem to be different mechanisms remains unchanged . however , it is difficult to appraise how this potential problem could have affected the previously published conclusions when comparing interindividual variation and\nfa\nin fly wings and mouse skulls ( see background section ) .\n= 49 . 6\u00b0 ; recall that the direction of pcs is arbitrary and all the movements in figs .\nbesides the interindividual variation in the two - way manovas ( which comprises genetic plus environmental covariances due to special environmental effects ) it is important here to asses the patterns of joint displacements of landmarks for each of the causal components of wing shape variation ( figs .\n) . for karyotype variation pc1 accounted for ~ 60 % of the total variance and was linked to a great extent with equivalent movements of those landmarks defining the location of the crossveins , which shifted in the same direction . landmarks 4 and 5 tended to move away each other , stretching the wing margin between longitudinal veins iii and iv . landmark 9 budged in the opposite direction to crossveins shifts , thus shaping the relationship between l1 to the total length of longitudinal vein iv ( i . e . shape index l1 wl ; fig .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements first two axes of wing shape variation in the two - level nested manova ( karyotypes , crosses nested in karyotypes , and within crosses ) for each causal component effect pertaining to the inter - individual variation in females from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c . also plotted are the percentages of total wing shape variation explained by the principal components for the corresponding covariance matrices .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 7 for males from outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 7 for females from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\nvectors of the landmarks displacements same as fig . 7 for males from outbred crosses reared at 23\u00b0c .\nthe image shows the thirteen landmarks ( 1 \u2013 13 ) used in this work . i \u2013 vi longitudinal veins ; cv - a and cv - p anterior and posterior crossveins ; co costal or marginal veins ; l1 and l2 lengths of the proximal ( euclidian distance between landmarks 9 and 13 ) and distal ( euclidian distance between landmarks 13 and 5 ) segments of longitudinal vein iv , respectively . wing shape index\nhas been previously used to study shape clines in this species [ 30 ] .\n) , but rearing temperature quantitatively modified the shape index ( l1 / wl was lower at the highest temperature ) . however , there was no statistically significant karyotype \u00d7 temperature interaction . the wing shape index appears to be a purely additive trait since heterokaryotypes were always intermediate to their corresponding homokaryotypes ( fig .\n) . actually , none of 12 within - group ( i . e . , sex and temperature ) possible contrasts comparing all three heterokaryotypes with the average of the corresponding homokaryotypes was statistically significant ( the mean square for\ncrosses\nwas used as the error term ; see legend in fig .\naverages of the relative length ( with 95 % confidence intervals ) of the basal portion of longitudinal vein iv ( l1 ) to the total wing length ( wl = l1 + l2 ) versus karyotype for outbred crosses at the two rearing temperatures . a two - way factorial anova using the shape index as\npc2 for karyotypes was also connected to the variability of landmarks 3 , 6 and 7 . for the crosses component , several pcs explained relatively large amounts of variation , and shifts of crossveins now seem to be independent of each other at 18\u00b0c but not at 23\u00b0c . finally , for the within - fly variation several pcs accounted for relatively large amounts of variability . pc1s were again connected to the variability of landmarks 3 , 6 and 7 ; and pc2s to shifts in the anterior crossvein .\nthe large amount of variation of the anterior and posterior crossveins for karyotypes and crosses can be interpreted in terms of developmental processes . the crossveins are determined after the longitudinal veins , and mutations that eliminate crossveins ( e . g .\n) do not affect the longitudinal veins ; however , some mutants that affect the longitudinal veins also influence the crossveins ( e . g . the\n] ) . however , these shifts do not occur in isolation an also include other landmarks as well ( e . g . , landmarks 9 and 5 on l4 ; landmarks 1 and 2 on l1 ; figs .\n) indicated that the vcv matrices of karyotypes and crosses were never significantly correlated with the vcv matrices of fa and measurement error . the high correlation between the vcv matrices of the interindividual and fa effects for females at 18\u00b0c was basically due to the ( micro - ) environmental component . also notice that all correlations between the vcv matrices of karyotype and fa effects were close to zero or even negative , which clearly suggests that this genetic component of canalization is unrelated to ds .\nin addition , the pc1s of karyotypes and fa were nearly at right angles ( 18\u00b0c : females \u03b1 = 85 . 8\u00b0 , males \u03b1 = 77 . 3\u00b0 ; 23\u00b0c : females \u03b1 = 75 . 6\u00b0 , males \u03b1 = 78 . 5\u00b0 ) . the only matches were between pc2 of karyotypes and pc1 of fa for females at 18\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 13 . 0\u00b0 ) and males at 23\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 31 . 2\u00b0 ) . the pc1s of crosses and fa were also poorly correlated ; the only exception being females a 23\u00b0c ( \u03b1 = 43 . 3\u00b0 ) . these results clearly support the hypothesis that genetic canalization and ds are not functionally the same mechanism .\non the other hand , all observed angles involving pc1s between\nreplicated genotypes\n( i . e . the between - fly component ) and fa were relatively small and highly significant ( 18\u00b0c : females\n= 36 . 7\u00b0 ) . ( results were qualitatively the same for all observed angles involving pc1s of the between - fly and measurement error covariance matrices ; results not shown . ) together with the overall comparisons of the covariance matrices ( table\n) , these results indicate that ( micro - ) environmental canalization and ds share underlying regulatory mechanisms but are not identical . there was not a complete congruence as pc1 of fa accounted for most part of the variation , while pc1 of between - fly variation usually explained less than 50 % of the total variance ( figs .\nin addition , ( vii ) a discrepancy between sexes was observed in some situations ; e . g . overall size fa increased with inbreeding and ( sub - optimal ) temperature effects mainly in females , and the allometric effect on wing shape at both experimental temperatures was similar in females but not in males . it is also interesting to note here that wing size ( measured as wl ; fig .\n] . what is not obvious , however , is why there is a difference between the sexes .\n] . the strongest evidence in favor of this hypothesis comes from the well - known genotype - phenotype mapping of rna folding . conservation of rna secondary structure is under strong selection , and low structural plasticity is achieved through increasing the thermodynamic independence of any one structural component from the remaining structure [\nare adaptive . there are no consistent patterns between latitude and wing shape ( e . g . [\n] ) , contrarily to what happens for size - related traits where world - wide latitudinal clines are found with genetically larger individuals derived from higher latitudes ( e . g . [\n] ) , and we have shown here that the wing shape index l1 / wl appears to be a purely additive trait since heterokaryotypes were always intermediate to their homokaryotypic counterparts . the wing shape cline in north america colonizing populations of\n] , and the small shifts of ( e . g . ) the anterior and posterior crossveins in relation to karyotype variation ( figs .\n; notice that the plotted joint variation in landmark positions is an exaggeration of the actual variation in the data set ) are difficult to link with any adaptive response to a better flight capacity . actually , we lack even hypothetical functional explanations for subtle shape variation : gilchrist et al . [\nmay simply represent drift around an optimum . our present results ( points ( v ) and ( vi ) above ) give some credence to that conjecture . genetic canalization on wing shape does not seem to arise as a by - product of environmental canalization and , therefore , canalization is not a single mechanism to buffer any source of variation as has been suggested [\n] the classical linear theory of ds can successfully account for both normally distributed error distributions and leptokurtic distributions caused by the admixture of individuals having different levels of ds , but cannot account for transitions between fa and da . we have previously suggested , however , that a transition from\nideal\nfa ( i . e . , a normal distribution of left \u2013 right - side scores whose mean is zero ) to a distribution showing da could be made entirely compatible with what it is already known from classical quantitative genetics [\n] , but unless the genetic component can be partitioned out the variation in left - right differences cannot be assumed to describe ds . from the results of outbred crosses reared at 18\u00b0c ( table\n) it is possible to test here for the congruence between patterns of morphological variation with respect to the variation attributable to fa ( i . e . the within - fly environmental component of the interaction term ) and that attributable to genetic variation for da ( the within - fly genetic component due to crosses in karyotypes of the interaction term ) . the corresponding vcv matrices were highly correlated for females ( mc = 0 . 914 ,\n= 0 . 0001 ) but not for males ( mc = 0 . 064 ,\n= 45 . 9\u00b0 ) . when considered together , these results clearly suggest that fa and genetic variation for da may or may not be functionally linked .\nfemales , and its arrangement on the wild - type chromosome was identified after four generations of backcrosses . followed by at least another backcross to\n) on the o chromosome . the isochromosomal lines were established from the final crosses \u2640\u2640 o\n] . the lines were kept at 18\u00b0c ( 12 : 12 light / dark cycle ) in 130 - ml bottles with low adult density to standardize the rearing conditions before egg collections .\nas previously indicated the experimental flies were obtained from 54 crosses . reciprocal crosses were made for all outbred combinations by mating one - week virgin females and males . after three days the males were discarded and equal numbers of females from each reciprocal cross were placed together in a plastic chamber with a spoon containing non - nutritive agar with a generous smear of live yeast for egg collections . to standardize the experimental conditions , eggs from the inbred ( isogenic ) crosses were also obtained in a similar way ; namely , after mating the flies in bottles and transferring the females to plastic chambers . eggs were placed in six 2 \u00d7 8 cm vials with 6 ml of food ( 26 eggs / vial ) ; three vials were kept at 18\u00b0c ( optimal temperature ) and the other three at 23\u00b0c ( sub - optimal temperature ) . within each experimental temperature the vials were randomly placed on the same incubator shelf . as a result , the total experiment consisted of 324 vials ( 162 vials at each experimental temperature ) , and all eggs were sampled on the same day . emerging flies ( not less than 2 or 3 days old ) were stored in eppendorf tubes with a 3 : 1 mixture of alcohol and glycerol at 4\u00b0c before wing measurements .\nall fly handling was done at room temperature using co 2 anesthesia on flies not less than 6 h after eclosion .\ntwo randomly sampled females and males emerged from each vial were used for morphometric analyses . both wings were removed from each fly and fixed in dpx under coverslips on microscope slides . bitmap images were captured with a video camera ( sony ccd - iris , tokyo , japan ) connected to a pc computer with mgi videowave software and mounted on a compound microscope ( zeiss axioskop , jena , germany ) , using a 2 . 5 \u00d7 objective . calibration of the optical system was checked at each session . the images were stored on a dell workstation pws350 . to quantify and minimize measurement error all wings were digitized two times at different sessions as follows : images of both the left and right wings were captured during a given session and after an entire round on all individuals the same process was repeated again . a similar procedure was also used to record the\ncoordinates of 13 morphological landmarks ( i . e . , labeled geometric points located at the intersections of wing veins or at sites where veins reach the wing margin ; fig .\n] . therefore , the process we used guaranteed that the observer was blind with respect to the results from previous measurements .\ngeometric morphometrics precisely separates morphological variation ( i . e . , variation in form ) into size and shape components ["]}
{"id": 235, "summary": [{"text": "evergestis merceti is a species of moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 29 \u2013 31 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from september to october .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on biscutella species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "evergestis merceti", "paragraphs": ["evergestis merceti is a species of moth in the crambidae family . it is found in spain .\nevergestis renatalis ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189\nevergestis sophialis lupalis zerny , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 50 ; tl : spain\nevergestis zernyi schawerda , 1924 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 73 ( s . b ) : 163\nevergestis nolentis heinrich , 1940 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 42 ( 2 ) : 36 , pl . 6 - 7 , f . 4 - 4b , 8 ; tl : san felipe wash , san diego co . , california\nevergestis - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\numbrosalis ( fischer von r\u00f6slerstamm , 1842 ) ; abbildungen schmettkde : 274 , pl . 92 , f . 2\npyralis desertalis h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 6 ] : f . 171 : europe\nnoctuelia desertalis ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 190\n752x547 ( ~ 90kb ) russia , moscow area , 12 . 06 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nphalaena extimalis scopoli , 1763 ; ent . carniolica : 241 , f . 614\n523x600 ( ~ 81kb ) russia , moscow area , 16 . 7 . 2006 \u00a9 d . smirnov\npolitalis ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 ) ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 121\nsubfuscalis ( staudinger , 1871 ) ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 192 , pl . 2 , f . 9\naenealis ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 ) ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 123\norobena renatalis oberth\u00fcr , 1887 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 7 : 99 ; tl : bou saada , . . .\nfunalis ( grote , 1878 ) ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 4 : 670\nobliqualis ( grote , 1883 ) ; trans . kansas acad . sci . 8 : 56\npachyzancloides sexmaculosus matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 190 , pl . 11 , f . 27 \u2642 ; tl : sakhalin , ichinosawa\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome huiti\u00e9me . deltoides et pyralites\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nwalker , 1859 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 16 : 1 - 253 ( [ 1859 ] ) , 17 : 255 - 508 ( 1859 ) , 18 : 509 - 798 ( 1859 ) , 19 : 799 - 1036 ( 1859 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na number of species are pests , including the cross - striped cabbageworm ( e . rimosalis ) , a pest of cole crops such as cabbage .\nsparks , a . and d . g . riley . cross - striped cabbageworm . college of agricultural and environmental sciences . the university of georgia . 2008 .\n, 2011 : new crambidae from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) .\n, 1998 : the scopariinae and heliothelinae stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of the oriental region - a revisional synopsis with descriptions of new species from the philippines and sumatra .\n( staudinger , 1892 ) comb . rev . from central asia ( pyraloidea : crambidae : evergestinae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 236, "summary": [{"text": "stauromedusae are the stalked jellyfishes .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "they are the sole living members of the class staurozoa , and belong to the medusozoa subphylum of cnidaria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are unique among medusa jellyfish in that they do not have an alternation of polyp and medusa life cycle phases but are instead interpreted as an attached medusa stage , with a life style more resembling that of polypoid forms .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "they have a generally trumpet-shaped body , oriented upside-down in comparison with other jellyfish , with the tentacles projecting upwards , and the stalk located in the centre of the umbrella .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "members of this class are commonly found in relatively cold waters , close to the shoreline .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "sexually mature stauromedusae free-spawn eggs or sperm , which fertilize in the sea and form a creeping , unciliated planula larva .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the larvae crawl across the sea floor and find a suitable place , attaching themselves typically to rock or algae , where they eventually develop into a new , attached stauromedusa .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "unlike most scyphozoan jellyfish that practice strobilation , or the process of dividing themselves into body segments , which become new individuals , nearly all stauromedusae develop directly into the adult form .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "although conventionally considered to be an order in the class scyphozoa , recent genetic studies suggest that stauromedusae should be elevated to a taxon equivalent of scyphozoa and cubozoa , and should therefore be known as the class staurozoa . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "stauromedusae", "paragraphs": ["stauromedusae uk - an online guide to the stalked jellyfish ( stauromedusae ) . . .\nno one has contributed data records for stauromedusae yet . learn how to contribute .\nthere are a few other nice photographs of stauromedusae available on the web . click here and here to see two nice photographs of stauromedusae representing quite different morphologies than the two photographs on this page .\nsuborder cleistocarpida accepted as stauromedusae ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\nsuborder eleutherocarpida accepted as stauromedusae ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\nwhat made you want to look up stauromedusae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nsince stauromedusae do not swim , they have rather limited dispersal potential . they can move around , though , often gradually moving their base along the substrate ( like some sea anemones ) ; some species release at the base and use their adhesive tentacles to\nsomersault\nalong . rarely , stauromedusae have even been seen drifting free in the water , after having released at the base . the larvae of stauromedusae are simple elongate planulae that lack the cilia of other cnidarian classes . these tiny larvae move by creeping along , thus having much less dispersive ability than the typical planktonic planulae that swim using their cilia . the larvae of most , or perhaps all , stauromedusae , encyst for months at a time , before re - emerging as recognizable tiny stauromedusae .\na new deepwater species of stauromedusae , lucernaria janetae ( cnidaria , staurozoa , lucernariidae ) , and a preliminary investigation of stauromedusan . . . - pubmed - ncbi\na new deepwater species of stauromedusae , lucernaria janetae ( cnidaria , staurozoa , lucernariidae ) , and a preliminary investigation of stauromedusan phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial rdna data .\ni have included links to the few images of stauromedusae located elsewhere on the web to which i was comfortable making a positive identification . any additions to these links are welcome .\ni have compiled a list of all valid scientific names for stauromedusae . there are about 50 known species worldwide and most are less than 5 cm long . the largest live in far northern latitudes or in the deep - sea and can be more than 15 cm ( 6\n) tall . the smallest are only a few mm long as adults . stauromedusae typically live in cold water , although they are occasionally found on warm , tropical or subtropical shores . few scientists have studied stauromedusae , so not so much is known about them , although they are not uncommon along many undisturbed rocky shorelines in europe and northern north america and asia . some have also been found in temperate regions in the southern hemisphere . most stauromedusae are colored to blend in well with their surroundings and are seen only by the most careful observers . most are found in the low intertidal to shallow subtidal shoreline area . some of the best - known north - temperate species have become much rarer in recent decades .\nmills , c . e . internet 1999 - present . stauromedusae : list of all valid species names . electronic internet document available at urltoken published by the author , web page established october 1999 , last updated ( see date at end of page ) .\nin december 2010 , along with several colleagues particularly interested in stauromedusae , i began to write pages for the encyclopedia of life for every species of stauromedusae or staurozoa . the pages will include images , maps , a description , and summary of all that is known for each species . by early 2011 , those pages should start to appear within the encyclopedia of life and until then , some can be found by a general online search under genus and species names . this project could easily take a couple of years to complete .\none of the most interesting recent observations of stauromedusae was made by richard lutz and colleagues , who visit deep - sea hydrothermal vents by submersible and have discovered that a new species of stauromedusa is the dominant organism in at least two particular areas ( see deep - sea research part ii , volume 45 , pages 329 - 334 , 1998 ) . at the first location , a 2605 m deep vent along the east pacific rise , many stauromedusae ( of a single species ) were located within a fissure of an active vent site . the numerous stauromedusae ( lucernaria janetae collins and daly , 2005 ) at the 2750 m\nsarah ' s spring\nvent site , also on the east pacific rise , are pictured here . it is very exciting to find this typically shallow , shoreline kind of organism as a main player in such a different ecosystem .\norder stauromedusae sessile jellyfish that are vase - , goblet - , or trumpet - shaped , and usually bear 8 groups of tentacles . no more than 2\u20133 cm long . apparently lacking polypoid stage . temperate and cold temperate waters worldwide . the classification of living cnidarians is relatively stable and generally accepted . \u2026\nthere are about 50 known species of stauromedusae , which range from the intertidal zone to deep hydrothermal vent habitats , and from antarctica and north polar regions to ( much less frequently ) the tropics . where relevant , i have listed synonyms to good species names in parentheses on the line ( s ) following .\nthe deepwater stauromedusan lucernaria janetae n . sp is described from adult and juvenile specimens collected from the east pacific rise . lucernaria janetae is the first species in the genus recorded from the pacific ocean , and differs from its congeners in size and morphology . mitochondrial ( 16s ) and nuclear ( ssu ) ribosomal gene sequences from l . janetae were analyzed with those of representative stauromedusan taxa to evaluate stauromedusan monophyly . both genes recovered a strongly monophyletic stauromedusae that is the sister group to all other medusozoans . support of these hypotheses is robust to method of phylogenetic reconstruction and to outgroup selection , buttressing the argument that stauromedusae should be recognized as the class staurozoa . the molecular markers used here favor the same topology of relationships among our samples and clearly distinguished between two species , haliclystus sanjuanensis and h . octoradiatus , that have been considered synonymous by many workers . a stable systematic framework for stauromedusae appears achievable through comprehensive study of both morphological and sequence data .\nthe fourth order , stauromedusae , comprises some 30 described species of nonswimming , stalked jellies . these species occur chiefly in cooler waters . they are goblet - shaped and fixed by a basal stalk ; the mouth is situated at the upper end . ranging from 1 to 10 cm ( 0 . 4 to 4 inches ) in\u2026\nstauromedusae are little stalked jellyfishes that spend their entire life attached to the substrate ( rock or algae , usually ) , rather than swimming freely up in the water column like most other jellyfish . they have long been considered an an order ( stauromedusae ) in the class scyphozoa of the phylum cnidaria , but recent morphological and molecular studies ( marques and collins , 2004 ; collins and daly , 2005 ) argued convincingly that they should be elevated to a rank equal to both the scyphozoa and cubozoa , as the staurozoa . for those who prefer to apply taxonomic ranks , these might now all be considered classes , but many scientists are pulling away from the concept of tight adherence to the old hierarchies of rank , in which case just\nstaurozoa\nwill do .\nhaving put together a list of what i believe to be all valid scientific names for the ctenophora , i decided to compile a similar list of names for the stauromedusae ( phylum cnidaria : class staurozoa ) that seem to be valid at the present time ; links are included to stauromedusa images located elsewhere on the web . whereas i believe that the list of genera and species is fairly complete , placement of these genera into families and subfamilies seems still to be fairly plastic , with need for further revision indicated . the basic structure of this taxonomy comes from oskar carlgren ( 1935 ) and tohru uchida ( 1929 ) . few living authors ( including myself ) have seen many species of stauromedusae , which has been one problem in interpreting relationships . presenting here an internet webpage rather than a scientific paper , i have tried to be consistent in interpreting previous authors ' work at the family and subfamily levels . dr . yayoi hirano of japan , perhaps the best - informed stauromedusan biologist in the world at this point , has offered some comments and corrections to this list . other scientists have recently taken a new interest in this small group of unusual and beautiful marine animals .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the late ediacaran period ( approx . 560 ma ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the late ediacaran period ( approx . 560 ma ) .\nliu ag 1 , matthews jj 2 , menon lr 2 , mcilroy d 3 , brasier md 4 .\ndepartment of earth sciences , university of cambridge , downing street , cambridge cb2 3eq , uk agscl2 @ cam . ac . uk .\ndepartment of earth sciences , university of oxford , south parks road , oxford ox1 3an , uk .\ndepartment of earth sciences , memorial university of newfoundland , 300 prince philip drive , st john ' s , newfoundland and labrador , canada a1b 3x5 .\ndepartment of earth sciences , university of oxford , south parks road , oxford ox1 3an , uk department of earth sciences , memorial university of newfoundland , 300 prince philip drive , st john ' s , newfoundland and labrador , canada a1b 3x5 .\nmuscle tissue is a fundamentally eumetazoan attribute . the oldest evidence for fossilized muscular tissue before the early cambrian has hitherto remained moot , being reliant upon indirect evidence in the form of late ediacaran ichnofossils . we here report a candidate muscle - bearing organism , haootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , from approximately 560 ma strata in newfoundland , canada . this taxon exhibits sediment moulds of twisted , superimposed fibrous bundles arranged quadrilaterally , extending into four prominent bifurcating corner branches . haootia is distinct from all previously published contemporaneous ediacaran macrofossils in its symmetrically fibrous , rather than frondose , architecture . its bundled fibres , morphology , and taphonomy compare well with the muscle fibres of fossil and extant cnidaria , particularly the benthic staurozoa . haootia quadriformis thus potentially provides the earliest body fossil evidence for both metazoan musculature , and for eumetazoa , in the geological record .\nis haootia quadriformis related to extant staurozoa ( cnidaria ) ? evidence from the muscular system reconsidered .\npmid : 25165764 pmcid : pmc4173675 doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2014 . 1202\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , lower fermeuse formation of back cove , bonavista peninsula , newfoundland . ( a ) haootia quadriformis holotype specimen . note the negative - relief central disc , interpreted as a holdfast , and the broadly bilaterally symmetrical bundles of linear ridges , extending into discrete bifurcating branches . inferred current direction indicated by the arrow . ( b ) fibres running along the right - hand margin of haootia ; each fibre is composed of finer , thinner fibres . ( c ) bottom left corner of haootia , detailing the connection between a primary bifurcating branch and the main body . note the twisted fibres along the branch . ( d ) pinching , bundling and superposition of fibres at the base of a subsidiary branch . ( e ) the small circular depression at the centre of the disc , showing mantling parallel fibres forming the base of a short stalk that connects the disc to the body . ( f ) incomplete paratype specimen of h . quadriformis , from the trepassey formation of burnt point , bonavista peninsula . this specimen is preserved on its side , but clearly displays fibres extending up its stem and around the body . a small partially buried holdfast disc is arrowed . scales bars ( a , c , f ) , 10 mm ; ( b , d , e ) , 5 mm .\nhaootia quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , interpreted as a muscular cnidarian impression from the late ediacaran period ( approx . 560 ma )\ndigitized images of h . quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . , emphasizing the convergence of fibrous linear features at the corners of the body , and the symmetry of the fossil . ( a ) photograph of the holotype as it appears in situ . ( b ) interpretive sketch of the non - retrodeformed specimen . labels indicate : ( a ) muscle bundles , ( b ) expanded bundles , ( c ) \u2018contracted\u2019 bundles , ( d ) twisting fibres , ( e ) superimposed fibres and ( f ) disc . ( c ) digitized overlay of the fossil . symmetrical regions of the organism are colour coded . note the thick bulging of fibres ( indicating muscle contraction ? ) along short axes of the sheet ( light green ) . ( d ) as in ( b ) , but the image has been corrected to account for tectonic deformation on the surface by compressing the disc into a perfectly circular structure ( cf . [ ] , though see [ ] ) . scale bar , 10 mm .\n( a ) the extant staurozoan lucernaria quadricornis , exhibiting a body plan similar to that hypothesized for h . quadriformis n . gen . , n . sp . the staurozoa are known from a range of marine depositional environments and water depths [ ] . ( b ) artistic reconstruction of h . quadriformis . scale bars , 10 mm .\nthe photograph on the left is manania handi , a little - known stauromedusa that lives attached to eelgrass on the shores of some islands in northwestern washington state and southwestern british columbia . it is colored very much like the eelgrass from which it is hanging ( see adjacent photo for eelgrass color ) , making it difficult to see in the field .\nthe photograph on the right is haliclystus\nsanjuanensis\n, which occasionally lives in the same eelgrass beds as manania handi , above . this is one representative of a species complex whose members are found in both the north atlantic and pacific oceans in temporal and boreal waters . i have recently been studying the natural history of both of the above species .\nthis site is maintained by c . e . mills and all photographs are copyrighted by the author unless otherwise stated . * * this page was established june 1999 ; last updated 27 january 2011 * *\nclaudia e . mills ( email : cemills\nat\nu . washington . edu )\nnote that genus and species names are always written in italics . if the author and date following a species name are within parentheses , that is the taxonomists ' code for indicating that the species has been moved from the genus in which it was originally described ; author and date not in parentheses indicates that the genus has not changed from the original description . ( i am not making this format up - it is strictly formalized and governed by an international body of taxonomists . )\nif you use this list in your studies , i would appreciate it if you cite it as suggested above as an electronic publication . the list is an ongoing work and is subject to modification at any time . i consider it my intellectual property and do not want to find it dumped wholesale onto someone else ' s web page - links to it are fine . i welcome any additions or corrections that anyone may wish to make - please contact me at the above address . in order to be true to its in - progress nature , i have left my personal shorthand in the electronic manuscript , so any entry preceeded by . means that i ( or yayoi hirano ) have not yet been able to check the original citation for accuracy . although i have chosen to put this list of species names and authors on the web , it will be noted that i have not included the bibliography from which it derives .\nkuekenthali ( antipa , 1891 ) - synonymized with l . walteri by thiel , 1928 and kramp , 1961\n( = . calicinaria milne edwards , 1860 ) - by james - clark , 1863 p . 547 from sars , 1860\n( = . halimocyathus lagena ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) by larson and fautin , 1989\n( = . lucernaria fabricii l . agassiz , 1862 ) by mayer , 1910\nthis site is maintained by c . e . mills and all photographs are copyrighted by the author unless otherwise stated . * * this page was established october 1999 ; last updated 29 march 2012 * *\ncleistocarpida ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\neleutherocarpida ( group is not monophyletic . see miranda et al . 2016 . )\ncornelius , p . f . s . ( 2001 ) . cubozoa , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 111 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndaly , m . , m . r . brugler , p . cartwright , a . g . collins , m . n . dawson , d . g . fautin , s . c . france , c . s . mcfadden , d . m . opresko , e . rodriquez , s . l . romano , j . l . stake . ( 2007 ) . the phylum cnidaria : a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after linnaeus . zootaxa . ( 1668 ) : 127 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eleutherocarpidae ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cleistocarpidae ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cleistocarpida ) daly , m . , m . r . brugler , p . cartwright , a . g . collins , m . n . dawson , d . g . fautin , s . c . france , c . s . mcfadden , d . m . opresko , e . rodriquez , s . l . romano , j . l . stake . ( 2007 ) . the phylum cnidaria : a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after linnaeus . zootaxa . ( 1668 ) : 127 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cleistocarpida ) miranda , l . s . ; hirano , y . m . ; mills , c . e . ; falconer , a . ; fenwick , d . ; marques , a . c . ; collins , a . g . ( 2016 ) . systematics of stalked jellyfishes ( cnidaria : staurozoa ) . peerj . 4 : e1951 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eleutherocarpida ) daly , m . , m . r . brugler , p . cartwright , a . g . collins , m . n . dawson , d . g . fautin , s . c . france , c . s . mcfadden , d . m . opresko , e . rodriquez , s . l . romano , j . l . stake . ( 2007 ) . the phylum cnidaria : a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after linnaeus . zootaxa . ( 1668 ) : 127 - 182 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of eleutherocarpida ) miranda , l . s . ; hirano , y . m . ; mills , c . e . ; falconer , a . ; fenwick , d . ; marques , a . c . ; collins , a . g . ( 2016 ) . systematics of stalked jellyfishes ( cnidaria : staurozoa ) . peerj . 4 : e1951 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nnmfs , national systematics laboratory , national museum of natural history , mrc - 153 , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa . collinsa @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by dana campbell - see more .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b8\u30e5\u30a6\u30e2\u30f3\u30b8\u30af\u30e9\u30b2\u79d1\nto\nkishinouyeidae\n.\nmichelle marshall added the english common name\nstalked jellyfish\nto\nlucernaria quadricornis m\u00fcller , 1776\n.\ndavid fenwick added a link to\nlucernaria quadricornis\non\nlucernaria quadricornis m\u00fcller , 1776\n.\ndavid fenwick added a link to\nhaliclystus salpinx\non\nhaliclystus salpinx clark , 1863\n.\ndavid fenwick added a link to\nlucernariopsis campanulata\non\nlucernariopsis campanulata ( lamouroux , 1815 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . .\nfull author list : cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , philip r . pugh , claudia e . mills , walter c . jaap , mary n . arai , stephen h . d . haddock , and dennis m . opresko\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 237, "summary": [{"text": "be my chief ( 7 may 1987 \u2013 2006 ) was an american-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was the leading british two-year-old in 1989 when he was undefeated in six races including the chesham stakes , bernard van cutsem stakes , lanson champagne vintage stakes , solario stakes and racing post trophy , starting odds-on favourite on each occasion .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he finished unplaced on his only run in 1990 and was retired to stud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he had some success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "be my chief", "paragraphs": ["be my chief xx v . chief ' s crown sire at the english national stud\nfrankel fans must hope that he makes a better three - year - old than diesis , high estate or be my chief .\ni need to record a video tour of my plan . how can i do this using chief architect ?\nbefore my career , it was when my french teacher at university in georgetown said my ability didn\u2019t match my name ! actually , it was my first job at jpmorgan . i only managed to get in as someone else didn\u2019t turn up for their interview and , once there , it really rattled my confidence .\nher sire\nbe my chief xx\n( usa ) is standing at the english national stud at newmarket . he represents the sireline of northern dancer xx ( 3rd gen . ) .\nbut mr . scaramucci said , \u201cmy views don\u2019t matter , \u201d adding , \u201ci\u2019ve subordinated my views to the views of the president . \u201d\nmighty chief\u2019s dam gala girl won a waimate golden slipper stakes at two and in 1970 was named broodmare of the year . her progeny included mighty chief and\ntipped to be the chief of staff for president elect barack obama , his reputation precedes him as one the most aggressive politicians on capitol hill .\nemanuel himself was said to be inspiration for the character of josh lyman , the deputy chief staff in ' the west wing ' starring martin sheen as the president .\nbe my chief was just 4 - 7 to beat four rivals in the racing post trophy , run at newcastle that year , as doncaster ' s straight course had proved unsafe during the leger meeting . never in danger , the colt won by four lengths .\nhave the squamish chief delivered to your inbox every week ! you can contact us or unsubscribe anytime .\nsorry for the title change y\u2019all . it\u2019s apparently chief not the princesses husband . regardless here\u2019s chapter 4 \ud83d\ude42\nin 1989 he was appointed chief fund raiser for richard daley ' s successful campaign for mayor of chicago .\non his return from the gulf he joined bill clinton ' s presidential campaign , becoming chief fund raiser .\nmessage : the plan file you are attempting to open appears to be corrupted .\nmessage : the resource you requested will be opened in your default web browser .\npolice chief danny smyth apologized , noting he was concerned about the language before spillett brought her concern to the board .\nbe my chief ( usa ) b . h , 1987 { 14 - c } dp = 8 - 22 - 14 - 8 - 0 ( 52 ) di = 2 . 47 cd = 0 . 58 - 7 starts , 6 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : \u00a3187 , 900\nnovember 13 , 2015 \u2022 by jesse b . staniforth \u2022 categories : 2015 11 13 \u2022 tags : allegations , cree nation , eeyou istchee , first nations women , grand chief matthew coon come , premier philippe couillard , regional chief ghislain picard\nformer detainee gheorghe tomici recalled : \u201cpersonally i have been forced by guards to pluck grass with my teeth . \u201d\n1993 : we were so loaded going in , i actually insisted our honeymoon that october be in the us so we wouldn ' t miss any playoff games ( we \u201csettled\u201d on hawaii ) . heh . my wife and i were married on november 25 , 1989 so that there would be no chance of us missing what was sure to be a successful postseason .\nsurely the racing gods will not allow frankel ' s fate to be so dismal .\nmessage : deck is over a non deck room . framing may not be correct .\nwinnipeg police chief danny smyth apologized tuesday for the language used in recent police statements about the 2014 killing of angela marie poorman .\nwinnipeg police chief danny smyth apologized tuesday for the language used in recent police statements about the 2014 killing of angela marie poorman .\nthe incident was later repeated in the award - winning american political drama ' the west wing ' , starring bradley whitford as white house deputy chief of staff josh lyman - a character said to be inspired by emanuel .\n' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .\nmessage : you do not appear to be using a driver customized for your video card .\nlike high estate , be my chief was unbeaten as a juvenile , but never won again . starting in a doncaster maiden in may , he won the chesham at royal ascot on his second start , adding a listed race at newmarket before taking the vintage and the solario , two races that cecil had won with high estate the previous year .\nspillett said she accepted smyth ' s apology and said she knows the chief has made genuine efforts to improve relations with indigenous people .\npicture exclusive : a wintour wedding ! vogue editor - in - chief anna ' s daughter bee shaffer is the picture of . . .\nbut he never looked like being the best of his generation at three . ominously , be my chief didn ' t return to the racecourse until july , when he completed an unwanted double by becoming cecil ' s second consecutive champion two - year - old to finish last in the next year ' s scottish classic . he retired to stud without another race .\n\u201cher slag face will be broken , send her straight to hell on earth to die . \u201d\ntrainer ken mcpeek :\nthe winner of the breeders ' cup should be an automatic .\nmessage : ceiling values may not be changed as the floor above this room has varying heights .\nmessage : the main layer of existing walls will be moved to accommodate this wall type change .\nchoose how many frames per second , the recommended value is 30 . values 0 - 100 can be used however the more frames per second , the bigger the end video file will be .\ni have been watching the mets for a very long time . maybe not as long as some people but i have earned my ticket as a met fan and there is not a single season in my memory that i have actually wanted to be over by the end of july , except 2009 . so while other years brought much disappointment , they did not have me begging to be watching mets hot stove on a thursday night instead of mets baseball .\n\u201cyes . we are . and yes . we would like an alliance , \u201d i wrote . \u201cmy top warriors are clint , agnoss , gallin , matty and chopper . valhalla knights have two strong warriors as chief and a top elder\u2026 but less talent from there . \u201d\ni say that to be nice . but do i really feel that way ? no . he deserves to be in the derby . . . whether he wins another race or not .\nwinnipeg police chief danny smyth apologized tuesday for the language used in recent police statements about the 2014 killing of angela marie poorman . 1 : 49\nwhether you count him as that year ' s champion juvenile depends on which measure you use , there being no formal award . unlike the previous four on this list , he was not rated best of the year by the official handicapper , who preferred argentum , an easy winner of the cornwallis but stuffed on his final start at redcar . timeform had be my chief top .\nafter naming myself \u201cjarl glader , \u201d building a simulated viking town , selecting a name for my champion fighter or \u201chero\u201d ( i named him \u201csven\u201d after my great - grandfather , who also came from a small town called palang , sweden , to the upper midwest of america in the 1920s ) , the sultry avatar asked me to select a \u201cclan\u201d in my kingdom # 157 ( myderig ) to join .\nyou must be logged in to rate and post a review . register an account to get started .\nfrankel could be the veteran trainer ' s sixth champion juvenile . how good were the other five ?\nmessage : room label text can only be modified through the room specification or room label defaults dialogs .\ngu qi qi silently curled her lip : \u201che must be sick , and can\u2019t use it anymore . \u201d\nmessage : the file that saves the library item button information appears to be corrupt or out of date .\nit has been many moons since i\u2019ve been moose hunting . i was talking to oj chief curtis bosum and at the end of our business we chitchatted . i mentioned that my wife amy was pregnant and looking for moose or caribou so i planned to go moose hunting . he asked . . .\n\u201cwaste ? idling around ? \u201d the girl muttered . \u201cfor ten years i have been working hard in the hospital day and night to make money . all my wages are handed over to the gu family , for my brother\u2019s treatment . how am i idling around and collecting resources ? \u201d\n' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .\nbefore i get to my picks for the top 10 chros , i want to give some background on why this list is important , and how you should use it to shape your enterprise moving forward . while every member of the executive team plays a critical role in successful organizations , aside from the ceo , a strong case can be made that the chief human resources officer ( chro ) is the real game changer .\nthe 1991 derby put frank brothers on the map as a trainer who should have been known to all for his outstanding horsemanship before he got a horse like hansel . after all , he may not have won the derby but he did get a horse named pawnee chief to win for a bunch of south louisiana yahoos back in 1979 . and for that frank brothers will always be one of my all time favorite trainers .\nhow can a title accommodate such diversity and still be meaningful ? answering that question requires a shift in perspective .\nit is probably asking too much for tomorrow ' s dewhurst to be as exciting as we expect . it is asking even more for frankel to be as good as the hype he has generated . we can but hope .\nmy journey began in the fall of 1989 when i entered the nursing program at john abbott college in ste . anne de bellevue . i was young and unprepared to commit 100 per cent . so i made a choice to discontinue my studies . a couple of years passed and i returned . . .\ni thought we were perhaps insensitive with the way we released some of the information ,\nsaid the chief , calling spillett ' s concern a fair comment .\npaulson , who is president and chief executive officer of gulfstream aerospace inc . , bought the northern dancer filly from bedford farm , the agent for shira racing ltd .\nthis was such a terrible read . the female lead is so stupid . domineering my ass . ml is even worse . will not recommend to anyone .\ngu qi qi inexplicably turned off the machine : \u201cthe time was too short , there won\u2019t be results yet . \u201d\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nthe inaugural winner of the nz trotting championship ( \u00a32 , 000 plus \u00a350 trophy ) run on 23 april 1966 ( royal meeting , queen mother in attendance ) , was mighty chief ( gelding my chief / gala girl ) defeating the previous seasons id trotting champion poupette and when by 3l , 2l , 4 : 18 1 / 5 . mighty chief was owned / trained and driven by leicester ( lr ) clark . in addition to the trotting championship , mighty chief retired from racing after 110 starts at the end of his 13 year old career , winning a further 19 races and placing on 16 occasions . he won a dominion hcp , ordeal cup twice , canterbury park trotting cup , nz trotting ffa together with several other open class trots , the last of which he registered as an eleven year old in october 1971 in greymouth\u2019s victoria park ffa .\nlet your\nchief wellness officer\nhandle these ongoing issues and help keep you and your team on track and growing the right direction . it ' s what we do !\nat a recent rally in downtown vancouver , serge simon introduced himself to a largely first nations audience . \u201cmy name is serge simon , the grand chief of the mohawk of kanesatake , \u201d said simon , pausing for a moment . \u201cyou may know us as the mohawks of oka . \u201d the 1990 conflict at oka remains a . . .\nand after the white house chief of staff , reince priebus , and the chief strategist , stephen k . bannon , ran a monthslong campaign to block his appointment to join the trump administration as the director of the office of public liaison \u2014 and had seemingly succeeded \u2014 mr . scaramucci nevertheless found a way into the white house , reporting directly to the president .\nhe explained his relationship with mr . trump in terms of the banking business . \u201cit is a client service business , \u201d he said . \u201cand he\u2019s my client . \u201d\ni cried when i lost my michelin stars : gordon ramsay opens up about the day his new york restaurant was downgraded . . . saying it was like losing a girlfriend\nwas she drugged ? although he seems to be a brute he doesn\u2019t quite feel like a rapist . thank you for the update\nceos constantly have fresh thoughts with operational implications ; they must be in the habit of discussing those with their coos without delay .\nwashington ( cnn ) president donald trump on friday tapped his homeland security secretary , john kelly , as his new chief of staff , marking a remarkable rise for the retired general within the administration .\nof the juvenile winners that did make the derby starting gate , only street sense ran what could be called a\ngood\nrace .\nthe kentucky derby is the holy grail for our sport . . . it should not be easy to get into the race .\naston upthorpe stud of england , owned by sheik muhammed al - maktoum of dubai , united arab emirates , was the successful bidder for the colt , out of the mare my bupers .\npaean was a bay horse with a large white star bred and owned by john scott - ellis , 9th baron howard de walden a prominent member of the jockey club . other horses to race in lord howard de walden ' s apricot colours included kris , diesis and slip anchor . paean was one of the best horses sired by bustino , who won 1973 st leger and the 1974 coronation cup as well as finishing second to grundy in a famous race for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . paean ' s dam mixed applause also produced the st james ' s palace stakes winner shavian and , as a descendant of the broodmare my game , was closely related to marwell , marling , unite and be my chief .\none of my favorite memories with frankie was in 1979 when he had claimed a 6500 horse for us called pawnee chief . he was running back for the first time at the fair grounds and it was a school day but he was entered in the last race of the day so i only had to skip one period of school with my buddy mike giddens . it was south seas week at lsu or had been the previous week so mike and i were wearing \u201cleis\u201d as we strolled into the track to watch pawnee chief make his first start for our stable . we had some bets to place for my dad and friends as well . pawnee won that day and the winner\u2019s circle picture is a classic . mike and i are in the winner\u2019s circle \u2013 leis included \u2013 with pawnee . we shipped pawnee to churchill with frankie\u2019s regular stable and lo and behold he would run on oaks day in what i believe was a sloppy track . this was our first trip to the derby so we really didn\u2019t know what to expect . pawnee chief won that day for frank brothers and the rest of the new orleans crew and i can assure you his win helped pay for most of the trip .\ni cried when i lost my michelin stars : gordon ramsay opens up about the day his new york restaurant was downgraded . . . saying it was like losing a girlfriend | daily mail online\nsince diesis , no other horse has won both the middle park and the dewhurst . dream ahead , who takes on frankel tomorrow , may be the last to attempt the double , since both races will be run on the same day next year in a rearrangement that is expected to last .\ni present to you the first chapter of the series we picked up . the full title and description can be found by clicking the menu bar .\nthree men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .\nso how do you judge the success of a chief human resources officer ? the simple answer is you look at how badly people want to work for their company . i\u2019ve often said that culture is that ethereal \u201cx\u201d factor that all \u201cit\u201d companies possess that other organizations so desperately desire and so rarely achieve . the chro is often one of the chief architects of culture , and they are most certainly its main steward , curator and guardian .\nlater , i realised bankers get excited about short - term deals while i prefer building something . later in my career , i was a vice - president at an oil company in boston . but my mother got cancer so i moved back to san francisco , where i grew up , and took a job three levels down , which was hard . it was a tough decision but the right one .\nthe modern chro is a sophisticated , yet eclectic mix of experience and skills , which often span many core functional areas such as strategy , brand , operations , it , and finance . in fact , in my work with ceos it is not at all uncommon to find successful organizations where the chro is the closest and most trusted thought partner to the chief executive \u2013 this was not the case even a few years ago .\nduring his appearance on a norwegian television show , the 47 - year - old chef said : ' i started crying when i lost my stars . it ' s a very emotional thing for any chef .\nbernborough is the only horse to win the doomben 10 , 000 and doomben cup in the one year in 1946 . my axeman won the 1983 doomben 10 , 000 and finished second in the doomben cup .\nkahnawake\u2019s problem with flooding due to beaver dams is not a new one but seems to be worsening every year . destroying the dams and lodges of beavers with explosives , the previous choice of elimination , proved to be irritatingly ineffective . the major problem we are faced with is power outages , occurring when . . .\n) is an atlanta - based managing partner in the leadership consulting practice of the executive search firm heidrick & struggles and a coauthor of \u201csecond in command : the misunderstood role of the chief operating officer\u201d ( hbr may 2006 ) .\nwill he be a moderating force within the white house , or perhaps an enabler ? people who have seen mr . scaramucci and mr . trump interact say that he has gained the trust of mr . trump , such that in private , he can be blunt and honest , even when he disagrees with the president .\na few hours later ( after changing the newborn\u2019s diaper , talking to her and rocking her to sleep ) , i opened the app and entered the game . to my surprise , the clan i created was nearly filled with the maximum 100 players . they had lively names like boral , chopper , gallin , jerlda and pike . it felt like an epic adventure of lord of the rings magnitude was coming alive in my phone .\na marine , kelly served in the military for nearly five decades and served in positions including chief of southern command , senior assistant to the secretary of defense and legislative liaison to congress , and he served tours in iraq and afghanistan .\nin other news everyone please stay safe . i am in the us and there\u2019s a riot going on very close to my school . and i know there are other crazy things happening in different parts of the world .\nparallels have also been drawn between mr obama and president matt santos , the hispanic man who broke through the colour barrier to succeed martin sheen ' s jed bartlett as commander - in - chief as the west wing drew to a close .\nanthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane\nunderstanding what makes for a successful chief operating officer is vital because the effectiveness of coos ( or ranking operations executives by whatever name they are called ) is critical to the fortunes of many companies\u2014and could be to many more . as we will suggest , the second - in - command executive is a role that by rights should become increasingly prevalent . it is prevented from doing so , perhaps , because it is so misunderstood .\nhow can a title accommodate such diversity and still be meaningful ? answering that question requires a shift in perspective . the key is in the orientation of the role . while other jobs are primarily defined in relation to the work to be done and the structure of the organization , the coo\u2019s role is defined in relation to the ceo as an individual .\nfive horses have won the brisbane cup twice : fitz grafton ( 1904 - 05 ) , st valeroy ( 1932 , 1934 ) , spear chief ( 1938 - 39 ) , fair patton ( 1964 - 65 ) and desert chill ( 1995 , 1997 ) .\npausing , her eyes were half closed in the light revealing casual touch of a sly expression , her voice low : \u201cunless\u2026\u2026it can\u2019t get up , then it cannot be checked . \u201d\neveryone says i have lots of energy . in truth , i simply find time for the people i want to be with . i\u2019m pretty decisive about what i need to do .\nkelly acknowledges that when he took over dhs , his department was designed to be less responsive to congress and the press , something he realized over time he should work to correct .\nthey were enthusiastically introducing themselves on the game\u2019s chat app and sending me messages , asking who would be elders , how we would locate near each other on a global map to form a \u201chive . \u201d many of us shared an interest in scandinavian history and lore . to my astonishment , we were ranked among the top 10 clans in terms of power and influence right away , a leader among 298 clans in the kingdom . at that moment , i was reminded of a quote by alexandre auguste ledru - rollin , one of the leaders of the french revolution in 1848 : \u201cthere go the people . i must follow them , for i am their leader . \u201d i became the accidental viking chief .\nfive horses have won the doomben 10 , 000 twice : black onyx ( 1969 - 70 ) , prince trialia ( 1990 - 91 ) , chief de beers ( 1995 , 1998 ) , falvelon ( 2001 - 02 ) and apache cat ( 2008 - 09 ) .\nand did participating in this gamified leadership lesson turn out to be more fun because it is enmeshed in an environment of imposing warriors , lethal weapons and violent outcomes ? or is it just a waste of time ? i wrestled with that question as i pursued my two goals : a ) learn , experience and think about viking culture , which is a research interest of mine . b ) remain a top - 10 clan in a successful kingdom .\nour clan was enjoying relative peace until late june when members of another clan called valhalla knights started attacking us , destroying our towns , killing our soldiers and stealing our resources . my clan members were rattled . i was so angry my hands were shaking as i analyzed the data and surveyed the damage to players in our clan . so i started talking to the valhalla knight\u2019s leadership as to why they were attacking us . they sneered , saying they were attacking us for fun . so we declared war on them in return .\nthis season\u2019s running of the welcome stakes will precede easter weekend when forming part of the premier meeting ( ( pacers / trotters derbies , trotting championship ) to be held on friday 7 april 2017 .\nhe grew up with a sister and two brothers , one of whom , ari , is said to be the inspiration for the foul mouthed character ari gold on the tv series ' entourage ' .\nyou ' d be hard pressed to find someone that loves the breeders ' cup more than i ; it ' s my favorite betting weekend of the year and , as simply a fan , i love the high quality fields in almost every single race during the event . the breeders ' cup is a fantastic event and , for the most part , the winning horses beat the best horses you ' ll find anywhere in racing ( at least on dirt ) .\ni live in richmond , and i\u2019m divorced with three kids so i spend my time helping with exam preparations , going to their sports events and i sing them one beatles song each night \u2014 last night it was when i\u2019m sixty - four . i also enjoy cycling in richmond park and visiting national trust castles . my father , who was an english literature classics lecturer , and his brother married two sisters so i effectively had six siblings growing up \u2014 it means i know when to collaborate and when to just get on with it .\nso sometime in late may , after my second child was born ( she is named after my great grandmother emmy , who emigrated from a small swedish town near the arctic circle to the u . s . in the 1920s ) as i was camping out with her and my wife in the hospital\u2019s maternity ward , i went to the app store and downloaded the free game produced by plarium global ltd . , an israeli games studio . the home screen featured annoying music , garish orange flames engulfing a viking village in the background while a hulking viking stands in the foreground sporting bulging muscles , a ferocious braided beard , a helmet with horns ( more myth than accurate depiction of vikings ) and a vicious look in his eye . then , a sultry viking avatar appeared to walk me through the game\u2019s setup steps .\n' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case\nwe bring\nfocus\nto what is truly important to you and your team by helping you dig deeper , to very core of the issue , and uncover\nblindspots\nthat can be there .\nthis season\u2019s running of the nz trotting championship will precede easter weekend when forming part of the premier meeting ( ( pacers / trotters derbies , welcome stakes ) to be held on friday 7 april 2017 .\nthe mets took a nosedive in the middle of 1971 , and i was pretty disappointed that for the first time in my life as a fan they fell out of a pennant race . that ' s when i learned for sure that they didn ' t like to hit .\nwe all know the legend ( or should i write : the history ) of the juvenile : only one horse has won the juvenile and then returned to win the kentucky derby the following spring - street sense in 2007 . beyond those numbers , however , is an even more telling situation . street sense , timber country and chief ' s crown are the only juvenile winners to finish in the top three in the derby ( both timber country and chief ' s crown finished 3 rd during their derby runs ) , and 13 of the 28 juvenile winners never so much as started in the derby .\nhe could go through the hail of bullets , be trapped while fighting an enemy , and he would not frown , but in the face of such a small machine , he could not help but grunt .\nthis season\u2019s messenger forms part of the auckland trotting club\u2019s rowe cup premier night meeting ( rowe cup , messenger , gn trotters derby , sires stakes 2yo fillies ) to be held on friday 28 april 2017 .\nmy appointment to lead a band of brutal vikings from around the world this past summer started as a harmless curiosity . i saw a tv ad for one of those mobile device games featuring masculine graphics , dramatic synthesizer music and the inevitable words \u201cclan\u201d and \u201cwar . \u201d normally , i withstand such appeals as trifling time - wasters . ok . i dabbled in clash of clans because my nephews loved that game . this was different . the ad was for vikings : war of clans . as a sucker for all things vikings and scandinavian , i couldn\u2019t resist .\ntrue to form , my wife karen said , ' well , if the kelly family is nothing else , we ' re a family of service to the nation . and if they think they need you , then you ' ve got to do it , '\nkelly recounted .\nwe are trying to take steps to be really careful with our language when we describe these kinds of things ,\nsmyth said .\ni offer an apology to the poorman family and to the indigenous community .\nlobster season is officially over for the mi\u2019kmaq of esgeno\u00f4petitj ( burnt church ) first nation , but their struggle with the department of fisheries and oceans continues . \u201cwe closed the lobster fishery on october 7 and went straight into salmon fishing , \u201d hereditary chief lloyd augustine explained in a telephone interview , \u201cand already we\u2019ve . . .\nit\u2019s surprising that coos are not more common . they would be , the authors contend , if there were less confusion surrounding the role . as we continue to demystify that role , more companies will benefit from more effective leadership .\nsalespeople or marketers who have developed the tools of their trade in one company can usually apply them to good advantage in another , even in a dramatically different industry . financial and human resource executives likewise are schooled and practiced in standard ways of doing things . but it\u2019s hard to discern whether a coo who has succeeded in one company has what it takes to be coo in another ; the skill set is neither generic nor very portable . even within a single company , the right qualifications for the coo role can shift . maynard webb , coo at ebay , described for us the difference between his own technology background and that of his predecessor : \u201cthe first coo , brian swette , had a job that was nothing like my job\u2026 . brian was a sales and marketing guy . he had the business units reporting directly to him and spent no time on any of my role . \u201d\nas a rule , i try not to be taken in by this sort of thing . when people say stuff like : ' racing really needs an outstanding champion , ' my stomach turns . what racing really needs is serious competition at the highest level , races that are tricky to predict and thrilling to watch . we all know what happens to outstanding champions on the flat ; in no time at all , they ' re out standing in a field , at stud . the better they are , or the more hyped , the shorter their careers on the track .\ni started talking to leaders of several other clans , soliciting allies in a war . it felt wild and liberating to be waiting for my train into new york city , flashing out messages to players around the world in a campaign of outright war , executing digital violence and mayhem . the messages stirred up many dynamics . for example , i discovered two other clans - one called nordic gods and the other nordic urge ( i\u2019m still not sure exactly what is a nordic urge and whether it relates to bodily functions in the woods or sensual desires with a shield maiden ) .\nglasscock said he often tells the top players at churchill that ,\nif shanghai bobby cannot live up to our expectations during the 3 - year - old spring and season , then maybe he doesn ' t deserve to be in the derby .\nfitz grafton holds the only record in queensland turf history which surely will never be beaten . he won the 1903 stradbroke at two years and then took the qtc derby later that year . fitz grafton then won the brisbane cup twice in 1904 - 05 .\nbidding for the record colt opened at $ 1 million and within 10 seconds had reached $ 3 million . when the bidding reached $ 9 million with no end in sight , the chief auctioneer , tom caldwell , pointed to the seven - digit keeneland toteboard and said , ' ' before we go any further , would you like to cut us another digit . ' '\n\u201cmu liu chuan ? sorry to for you , but he got engaged with me tonight . \u201d gu xue xue replied smiling sweetly , \u201che boasted that he liked my effort in bed , and you , were like wood , he did not want to touch you ! not to mention that you had your virginity taken , and it was by some wild man\u2026\u2026\u201d\nwhile i can understand the sentiments of both men - - if i trained or owned a horse that won the juvenile , i ' d certainly want my horse provided a one - way ticket to the derby - - the straight up facts are clear : the breeders ' cup juvenile is not a key race in determining the best horses for the kentucky derby .\nbecause a chief executive relies so heavily on the second in command to accomplish mission - critical goals , it\u2019s essential that the coo wholeheartedly believe in the ceo\u2019s strategic leadership . chief operating officers , by virtue of their inherent talents and their organizational position , are highly visible and powerful . if the coo is not aligned with the ceo\u2019s vision , or not convinced that the ceo can find the best path forward , then that lieutenant is capable of real mischief . dan rosensweig , coo at yahoo , described for us the hours he spent talking with ceo terry semel before joining the company . rosensweig invested the time because , in his words , \u201cyou have to get in sync with the ceo . if you have an agenda that is different than his or hers , you will absolutely fail the company . \u201d\nif frankel wins the dewhurst , he will be cecil ' s first champion two - year - old for more than 20 years . i ' ve listed his previous five below , to see how their achievements match up with frankel ' s and what happened to them afterwards .\nif you would like to create more segments to your walkthrough , this can be done by moving the mouse cursor over the camera symbol on the end of the line segment , then click and drag the camera again and again . this will continue adding segments to your spline .\ni had a connection to hansel the son of woodman and owned by lazy lane farms . his trainer was frankie brothers who used to train for my father and dr . leggio . in fact , frankie was our first trainer and i can remember our first horse that we claimed back in 1979 for 25 , 000 \u2013 mr . truxton . we were out of town on a ski trip during mardi gras in 1979 when he ran his first race and it was hard not to be at the track but mr . truxton would do what many frankie brothers trained horses did first after a claim \u2013 win . what a great way to start as owners in the claiming game .\nto a person , the executives we interviewed stressed the need for explicit and reasonable lines of demarcation between ceo and coo responsibilities . while there was no consensus on what exactly should be part of each job , everyone agreed that the matter had to be sorted out at the start of the relationship . it\u2019s far easier to delineate boundaries when the two individuals clearly have complementary competencies and each naturally gravitates to different areas of expertise . the greater the overlap in competencies , the greater the likelihood that the coo might feel ( perhaps accurately ) that the ceo is micromanaging and second - guessing decisions . such behavior on the part of the ceo communicates to the coo a lack of trust that is likely to engender friction in the relationship . when we raised this point with bob herbold , another former coo at microsoft , he responded : \u201cto me , this is a key issue . the way it gets worked out is the individuals\u2014through trial and error , as well as through discussions\u2014figure out who is going to be doing what and who needs to check with who on key decisions\u2026 . how the pair will make that happen needs to be agreed to very early in the relationship . \u201d\ni ' m kind of too young to appreciate just how bad 1991 - 1993 really was , but i have to think that somehow , those top 2009 , really only because this year ' s team needs to be cut a break ( in this category only ) because of the injuries .\nat amazin ' tuesday i was chatting with folks about whether or not 2009 is the most disappointing season in mets ' history . it ' s a subject worthy of exploration , in the same way that it can be fascinating to see exactly what ' s under that dirty scab oozing green stuff .\nhe agreed to sell skybridge to hna , the chinese conglomerate , in january . ( again , his timing seemed to be sharp given the struggles the hedge fund industry has had . ) the deal , which is being reviewed by the committee on foreign investment in the united states , still hasn\u2019t closed .\nexciting but too slow , the mc still not know about ml son , the mc is still on the school arc , mc is powerful yet weak ( the system of her power is weird like it was really weak and * sigh * she will get point if she kissed , be hated , be admire , have s * x , honestly the familiar from the system also * sigh * duno why i really don ' t like it ) but the romance is really too slow , it ' s good and make you want to read it , but just too slow . . . like really slow . .\nbut if frankel is as brilliant as he has looked , cecil will once more be a contender in the 2 , 000 guineas and the derby , matching strides with younger men with more horses in their yards , back at the top of his profession at the age of 67 . who wouldn ' t want to see that ?\n' ' he was the best - looking horse in the sale , ' ' o ' brien said in explaining the bidding war . as to whether any horse is really worth that sum , o ' brien said , ' ' that ' ll have to be proved , but it ' s quite possible he is . ' '\nthe west coast hope was my derby choice and i felt very strongly about this pick . best pal was owned by golden eagle farm and trained by ian jory and piloted by gary stevens . best pal was not thought to be one the best of many two years that golden eagle and owner john mabee had in 1990 but after winning 5 out of 6 he was a leader in the division although he flopped a bit in the breeders cup juvenile shipping to new york to face fly so free on his home track . best pal came back to win the hollywood futurity about a month later stamping himself as the best of the west . he had a curious training schedule to lead up to the derby . jory would give best pal only two starts before the derby and while that may sound like a normal schedule these days \u2013 and in fact is closer to the norm now \u2013 back in the early 90s that type of light racing was considered heresy to most . best pal would run third in the san rafael to dinard and then run second to the same horse in the santa anita derby but to my eye he was on the improve and i trusted jory to know his horse and liked his chances in the derby .\nthen i turned off the game , unsure whether i liked it , wondering if i would delete it later . the controls , features and details looked complex and not exactly user intuitive . the game was like a massive board game digitized inside my iphone . the war action wasn ' t as visceral as that found in clash of clans . this game featured dozens of buttons , legions of data points and several dashboards to analyze player , clan and kingdom performance .\nthe white hope ( 08g , geiger counter , star shower ) . 6 wins from 1200m to 1400m , a $ 122 , 300 , 1st brc 1300 go broncos h . , brc urban cellars h . , brc sirromet love my wine h . , brc blackwoods maiden h . , 2nd brc greenslopes private hospital h . , brc mount franklin lightly sparkling p . , ipswich tc joan dieckmann retirement h . , 3rd brc winning edge awards & designs h .\nhansel would turn the tables on his rivals in the preakness winning by a widening 7 lengths and then battle strike the gold in the belmont ultimately prevailing by a head after the grueling mile and a half . he was awarded the eclipse as best three - year - old colt and would be retired after a second place finish in the travers .\njeff wong : i grew up just outside of silicon valley in the east bay . i went to stanford . i spent some time in venture capital and then i spent almost ten years at ebay . and the last five years that i spent there , i built and ran something called the business incubation group . and the job there was to build new businesses for ebay . there was a nice , natural fit from what i was doing at ebay to what i do today at ey . the way i look at my team ' s job and my job specifically is that i ' m here to create \u201cnew . \u201d and i put quotes around create new , because that means everything from creating new services to creating new ways we should deliver those services , to looking at the way we do our old service in new ways , to thinking about how people and processes and business models need to change within the context of the environment .\nbring decades of unique experience and perspective to every situation . companies are made up of\npeople\n. and as a business owner or leader , you understand that when people have problems and challenges \u2013 it causes \u201cstress\u201d . an unhealthy amount of \u201cstress\u201d can shut someone down and be a tremendous drain of time , energy , resources and money . overwhelming evidence shows that\nstress\nat home and work creates employees , managers and even senior leadership to get sick and even take sick days when they aren ' t sick . productivity plummets , healthy conscious communication is undermined , moral declines , creativity comes to a screeching halt , etc . this can be devastating to your bottom line no matter what business you are in .\neven if this is just a novel ( a quite crappy one might i add ) , the mc declaring someone impotent ( in an official medical document ) just because she didn ' t like the guy was very low . it ' s done for comedic purposes , but that just plainly contradicts the mc ' s ' goal ' to be a great doctor .\nfor someone who has been a met fan since ' ' 68 i ' d rank them : 2009 1992 1974 1977 1991 as you said , the expectations were so high this year , and we had been in contention the last 3 years . to be out of it mid season , watching player after player go down , was just too sad for comment\u2026 .\na juvenile , juvenile turf , juvenile fillies , juvenile fillies turf and juvenile sprint winner has never returned to win a breeders ' cup race in subsequent years . never . zip . zilch . we ' re talking an 0 - for - 23 record . the streak looked primed to fall in 2012 given the strong chances of former juvenile fillies ' winners awesome feather and my miss aurelia in the distaff ladies ' classic . but at the end of the day the juvenile shutout remained intact .\nas to whether mr . scaramucci , who has no political background or experience , can translate in washington , he was fast to suggest that it would be a natural fit . \u201cironically , even though i\u2019m a wall streeter , i gravitated towards the communications , \u201d he said . \u201cif i didn\u2019t have so much financial anxiety , i wouldn\u2019t have gone towards wall street . \u201d\nit\u2019s still built largely on antiques , so we try to inhabit the space between ebay and christie\u2019s \u2014 \u00a350 to \u00a350 , 000 purchases . unlike most silicon valley companies , we are not trying to knock out the traditional industry but work with them . for me , that means travelling the country to meet the 600 auctioneers who pay to use the site , as well as using my experience from ebay and paypal to improve the customer experience on our sites . i also spend time building the team .\ni think maybe most administrations try to do this - - there was an attempt to control absolutely the message ,\nkelly said , reflecting .\nso in the defense , i would say , of both the congress and early on in the press , we did not have a forward - leaning posture . . . . i want to talk to the press and the hill about what my people do , and frankly , shame on us if someone like you writes an inaccurate story .\nceos have grown to understand that regardless of the business they are in , they are always in the people business . understanding they cannot afford to get that wrong , they have sought out a new and different type of hr leader . whether you are a ceo trying to build a world - class company , or someone trying to decide where they want to work , my message is a simple one \u2013 don\u2019t gloss over hr . whether you like it or not , people , culture and community matter ."]}
{"id": 240, "summary": [{"text": "the timor imperial pigeon ( ducula cineracea ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in timor and wetar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "timor imperial pigeon", "paragraphs": ["timor imperial pigeon ( ducula cineracea ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\ninformation on the timor imperial - pigeon is currently being researched and written and will appear shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - timor imperial - pigeon ( ducula cineracea )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - timor imperial - pigeon ( ducula cineracea )\ntitle =\narkive species - timor imperial - pigeon ( ducula cineracea )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe timor imperial - peigeon ( ducula cineracea ) is classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species ( 1 ) .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , sharpe , c . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . timor imperial - pigeon ( ducula cineracea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . restricted - range species : present in timor and wetar eba . reported to be generally uncommon , though recent . . .\n( birdlife international 2001 ) . it is locally common , but presumed to be declining as available habitat continues to shrink . recent observations have revealed a stable population on gunung mutis in west timor . it was recently described as frequent in coffee plantations in the ermera area of timor - leste , although little time has yet been spent surveying at appropriate altitudes for this mostly montane species ( trainor\nundated ) . the species was also recorded during surveys of mt . mundo perdido , timor - leste , in 2009 ( birdlife international 2009 ) . the population on wetar may account for a very high proportion of the global population ( trainor\nthis pigeon occupies a small range and the population is experiencing a moderate and on - going decline . it is likely to occur in more than 10 locations and is not severely fragmented . the species has therefore been downlisted to near threatened ; as it still approaches the requirements for listing as threatened under criterion b1ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ducula cineracea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nprobably closely related to d . cuprea , d . badia and d . lacernulata . claimed geographical differences are slight , based on limited material , and races may not be worthy of recognition . two subspecies tentatively recognized .\n39\u201345 cm . head and neck dull bluish grey grading to darker slate - grey on upperparts ; wings and tail show a faint greenish sheen in some lights ; primaries have narrow . . .\nvery distinct . a single short note followed by a bubbling trill lasting c . 1\u00b76\u20132\u00b70 seconds , \u201cwup . . . . .\nno information available on diet . forages in dense canopy of fruiting trees ; seen alone , in pairs or in groups of up to 4 birds .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird giving its distinctive song , a rapid series of resonant ho notes at constant pitch .\nrecording affected by strong winds , but bird was close . initially only sporadic calls ( eg 2 in an hour ) , but this series recorded after bird was located and some playback used , with the bird becoming territorial , including displaying .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 004 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\ntimorinkeisarikyyhky\nfrom\nducula cineracea ( temminck , 1835 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 242, "summary": [{"text": "the mountain serpent eagle ( spilornis kinabaluensis ) , also known as the kinabalu serpent eagle , is a bird of prey that is found in northern borneo .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is found at altitudes of 1,000 \u2013 4,100 metres ( 3,300 \u2013 13,500 ft ) in forest , especially where it becomes stunted .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "where their range overlaps , the crested serpent eagle generally occurs at lower altitudes .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the mountain serpent eagle is darker than the bornean subspecies of the crested serpent eagle .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the mountain serpent eagle is threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "however , they occur within the kinabalu national park and the gunung mulu national park .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "their high-altitude habitats are usually too remote for logging and agriculture , making some of its range secure . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "mountain serpent eagle", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . mountain serpent eagle > > adult in flight from below 2 . mountain serpent eagle > > adult 3 . mountain serpent eagle 4 . mountain serpent eagle > > adult in flight from below 5 . mountain serpent eagle > > adult in flight 6 . mountain serpent eagle > > adult in flight from below\nthe call of the mountain serpent eagle is a repeated , high - pitched whistle ( 2 ) .\nthe long , dark tail of the mountain serpent eagle has a thick white band running across it , a feature that differentiates it from its close relative the crested serpent eagle ( spilornis cheela ) , which has a less distinctive greyish - white tail band . the mountain serpent eagle also has larger wings , smaller speckles and is generally darker in appearance than the crested serpent eagle ( 4 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mountain serpent eagle ( spilornis kinabaluensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mountain serpent eagle ( spilornis kinabaluensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - mountain serpent eagle ( spilornis kinabaluensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nan inhabitant of montane and submontane evergreen rainforest , the mountain serpent eagle favours ridge tops at elevations between 750 and 2 , 900 metres ( 2 ) .\nthe mountain serpent eagle is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nhowever , because the mountain serpent eagle is found at high altitudes and in remote locations , it is secure in many parts of its range ( 6 ) .\ninformation on the breeding biology of the mountain serpent eagle is also scarce . in one case , adults were seen with two juvenile birds in november ( 9 ) .\nthe mountain serpent eagle is found only in borneo . it is restricted to the mountains of central and northern borneo , in brunei , malaysia and indonesia ( 2 ) .\nfor many years the mountain serpent eagle was assumed to be a subspecies of the crested serpent eagle ( spilornis cheela ) , borneo\u2019s most common eagle ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . due to this , and the fact that its habitat is often difficult to access , little is known about the biology of this rare bird ( 6 ) .\nc . 51\u201358 cm ; wingspan 118\u2013129 cm . large - headed , broad - winged dark serpent - eagle ; differs from\nthe mountain serpent eagle is often seen soaring over ridge tops ( 6 ) . it has been reported to feed on snakes and lizards , including anglehead lizards ( gonocephalus species ) ( 9 ) .\nthe mountain serpent eagle ( spilornis kinabaluensis ) is a fierce - looking , forest - dwelling eagle found only on the island of borneo . a relatively small eagle , it has dark brown plumage that is paler and speckled on the underparts . the flight feathers of the long wings have black tips and white bases . the head and throat of the mountain serpent eagle are black with light speckles on the back of the neck ( 4 ) , and it has a short , bushy crest of feathers on top of the head ( 5 ) .\nlike all birds of prey , the mountain serpent eagle has an incredibly sharp , hooked beak , used for tearing apart its prey . the talons and beak are bright yellow and stand out against the dark body ( 6 ) .\nthe greatest threats facing the mountain serpent eagle are habitat loss and degradation . this is mainly due to logging and the expansion and intensification of agriculture , forcing rainforest to be converted into oil palm , rice , maize , sugar and coffee crops ( 6 ) .\noutside of these parks there are no specific conservation measures in place for the mountain serpent eagle , as it is found at altitudes which are beyond logging and agricultural activities and is therefore assumed to be relatively secure in these parts of its range ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\ninternational trade in the mountain serpent eagle should be strictly controlled under its listing on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) . this bird is protected in sarawak , and it occurs in kinabalu park in sabah and gunung mulu national park in sarawak , where its habitat is protected ( 2 ) ( 9 ) .\nsmall , dark , forest - dwelling eagle . plumage dark brown , speckled paler on underparts , wings and hindneck . rich umber - brown patch on nape . black throat . fairly long , blackish tail with broad white band . long wings with black tips and white bases to flight feathers . its widespread relative , crested serpent - eagle s . cheela , is paler with shorter wings and narrower , less distinct greyish - white band on tail . the plumage , flight silhouette and different calls of this bird all support the notion that it is distinct from crested serpent - eagle spilornis cheela\nhowever , a number of conservation actions have been recommended for this species , including conducting research to accurately estimate its range and population , and to assess the degree of threat from habitat destruction . it is proposed that a large area of the mountain serpent eagle\u2019s habitat in the bornean highlands should be protected , and the areas that are currently protected should be properly managed ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nclark , w . s . , kirwan , g . m . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . kinabalu serpent - eagle ( spilornis kinabaluensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n51 - 56 cm . small , dark , forest - dwelling eagle . plumage dark brown , speckled paler on underparts , wings and hindneck . rich umber - brown patch on nape . black throat . fairly long , blackish tail with broad white band . long wings with black tips and white bases to flight feathers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\n, is paler with shorter wings and narrower , less distinct greyish - white band on tail .\ndavison , g . , mann , c . , van balen , b . s . & eaton , j .\ngiven the small range and relative mobility of this species , it is judged to comprise a single small population which is likely to be decreasing as a result of continuing habitat loss and degradation creeping up hill - slopes into its altitudinal range . for these reasons it qualifies as vulnerable .\n( birdlife international 2001 ) . from observations in the 1980s and 1990s , it appears to be a genuinely scarce species , with a small total population . however , much of its range is infrequently visited and it may prove to be more widespread than current indications suggest . it is likely to occur more or less continuously along the crocker range from mount kinabalu to ulu padas , g . mulu and the border mountains of brunei , and gunung murud ( pulong tau national park )\n2010 ) , though the southern and western limits of its distribution are poorly known and need to be investigated , e . g . , its occurrence in the kelabit highlands and usun apau , kayan mentarang and central montane parts of kalimantan\nthe population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a population decline is suspected on the basis of rates of logging and land clearance from lower altitudes up into the montane habitat of this species . the likely rate of population decline , however , has not been estimated .\nit is apparently sedentary in submontane and montane evergreen rainforest where it tends to prefer ridge - top forest at 750 - 2 , 900 m . in areas where it occurs alongside\n, where the extent of forest is diminishing fairly rapidly in the face of agricultural expansion and intensification , although forest at higher altitudes is also threatened , for example by small - holder agriculture ( g . davison\nconduct fieldwork to determine the range ( particularly the southern and western limits ) and population size of this species along with the degree of threat it faces from habitat destruction . propose further sites for establishment as protected areas in the bornean highlands . ensure effective management of key protected areas for the species , including lending support to the ' heart of borneo ' initiative .\nedited geographic range information text , which involved the addition of a reference ; added contributor and facilitator / compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22695306a110039784 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nevergreen rainforest rainforest consisting mainly of evergreen trees , which retain leaves all year round . this is in contrast to deciduous trees , which completely lose their leaves for part of the year . flight feathers the feathers at the end of the wing , involved in flight . montane of mountains , or growing in mountains . submontane forest forest occurring in the foothills or lower slopes of a mountainous region . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nmackinnon , j . and phillipps , k . ( 1993 ) a field guide to the birds of borneo sumatra , java and bali . oxford university press , new york .\nferguson - lees , j . and christie , d . a . ( 2001 ) raptors of the world . christopher helm , uk .\nstattersfield , a . j . and capper , d . r . ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . lynx edicions and birdlife international , cambridge .\nsibley , c . g . and monroe jr , b . l . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , london and new haven .\nsmythies , b . e . ( 1960 ) the birds of borneo . oliver and boyd ltd , edinburgh .\nbirdlife international ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nconsidered closely related to s . cheela , s . holospilus , s . klossi and s . rufipectus . taxonomic status uncertain : sometimes regarded as race of s . cheela , but altitudinally segregated and vocalizations quite different . monotypic .\nmountains of n & c borneo , from mt kinabalu ( w sabah ) s at least to mt mulu ( ne sarawak ) and mt murud ( ne kalimantan ) .\nmontane and submontane evergreen forests ; tendency to prefer ridgetop forest . occupies higher . . .\nparticularly snakes and lizards ; diet generally similar to that of s . cheela .\nnest and eggs unknown , but adults with two fledged young observed in crocker range in early nov .\nvulnerable . cites ii . very small range , and probably small population likely decreasing because of continuing habitat loss and degradation . from assessment of known records , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ntaxonomy extremely confused and tentative ; complete revision and extensive study of relationships and species limits required . research priorities include field studies of biology , especially with regard to prey and vocalizations , and laboratory analyses of dna ; extent of sympatry of various taxa requires full investigation .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 9 )\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : spilornis kinabaluensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nolympus ls10 . no filtering except conversion from wav to mp3 . this is clip of loudest call at end of my longer recording of the same bird ( xc158318 ) . bird only seen when it flew overhead at my location n 06 . 0231 e 116 . 5411 . dark throat and underwing - coverts . call resembles a rooster ' s call in rhythm . with jason bugay reyes , jaap and peter eerdmans and han buckx . see also urltoken\nolympus ls10 . no filtering except conversion from wav to mp3 . bird only seen when it flew overhead at my location n 06 . 0231 e 116 . 5411 . dark throat and underwing - coverts . last call of this recording also in xc158319 . with jason bugay reyes , jaap and peter eerdmans and han buckx . see also urltoken\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 960 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .\natlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?\nmembers of the genus spilornis are mostly rather large hawks , ranging to rather small . essentially there is only one widespread form from india to celebes and the philippines , with many well - marked island forms . only on the andaman islands has there been a ` double invasion\u2019 with two spccies co - existing , and even they appear to be separated ecologically with one living inland and the other in the mangrove swamps . the celebes and philippine forms are recognised as distinct ; as are some of the dwarf races of the nicobars and sumatran islands .\noriental region : borneo . spizaetus kinabaluensis is confined to the mountains of central and northern borneo in brunei , sabah and sarawak , malaysia , and kalimantan , indonesia\nit is apparently sedentary in submontane and montane evergreen rainforest where it tends to prefer ridge - top forest between 750 - 2 , 900 m . in areas where it occurs alongside s . cheela it is separated vertically by a few hundred metres .\nno data . the only information appears to be an observation of adults with two flying young at c . 900 m ,\ngiven the small range and relative mobility of this species , it is judged to comprise a single small population which is likely to be decreasing as a result of continuing habitat loss and degradation creeping up hill - slopes into its altitudinal range . for these reasons it qualifies as vulnerable . habitat loss , degradation and fragmentation is the primary threat to the species towards the lower limits of its distribution , where the extent of forest is diminishing fairly rapidly in the face of agricultural expansion and intensification .\n. 2007 ) . the southern and western limits of its distribution are poorly known and need to be investigated , e . g . , its occurrence in the kelabit highlands and usun apau , kayan mentarang and central montane parts of kalimantan\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nharjakotka\nfrom\nspilornis kinabaluensis w . l . sclater , 1919\nas untrusted .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nborneonharjakotka\nto\nspilornis kinabaluensis w . l . sclater , 1919\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 245, "summary": [{"text": "lepella is a genus of skippers in the family hesperiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it consists of only one species , lepella lepeletier , lepeletier 's sylph , which is found in eastern nigeria , cameroon , gabon , angola , the democratic republic of the congo , sudan , uganda , western kenya , western tanzania and north-western zambia .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the habitat consists of submontane grassland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on poaceae species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lepella", "paragraphs": ["lepella evans , 1937 ; cat . african hesp . brit . mus . : 76 ; ts : hesperia lepeletier latreille\nlepella lepeletier ; [ bow ] : pl . 129 , f . 42 ; [ bk ] : 411 , pl . 60 , f . 789 ; [ afrl ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthis is your very first roblox creation . check it out , then make it your own with roblox studio !\n\u00a92018 roblox corporation . roblox , the roblox logo , robux , bloxy , and powering imagination are among our registered and unregistered trademarks in the u . s . and other countries .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nup to now , 995 , 437 words and expressions have been searched , among 5 , 276 today .\n< form method =\nget\naction =\nurltoken\nstyle =\ntext - align : left ; line - height : 1 . 15 ; padding : 10px ; border : solid 1px # e2ded6 ; background : # fff ; width : 278px\ntarget =\n_ blank\n> < input type =\ntext\nstyle =\nwidth : 100 %\nname =\nq\nvalue =\ntranslate from sesotho to english here . . .\ndata - default =\ntranslate from sesotho to english here . . .\nonfocus =\nif ( this . value = = this . getattribute ( ' data - default ' ) ) { this . value = ' ' }\nonblur =\nif ( this . value = = ' ' ) { this . value = this . getattribute ( ' data - default ' ) }\n> < br > < input type =\nsubmit\nstyle =\nfloat : right\nvalue =\ntranslate\n> < span style =\nfont - size : 10px\n> powered by < a href =\nurltoken\ntarget =\n_ blank\n> urltoken < / a > < / span > < div style =\nclear : right\n> < / div > < / form >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheck out highlights from some of the best recent trailers including mandy , the predator , zoe , and the king of thieves .\nwith jurassic world : fallen kingdom now in cinemas , we take a look at how imdb users rated the films of the franchise . plus , browse exclusive lego\u00ae jurassic world playsets , presented by lego ."]}
{"id": 247, "summary": [{"text": "desmopteridae is a family of pelagic sea snails or \" sea butterflies \" , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily cymbulioidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "desmopterus chun , 1889 is the type genus of the family desmopteridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species are protandric hermaphrodites .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there is no shell , no protoconch and no longer any supporting tissue .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the body consists almost completely of the two big parapodia ( winglike flaps ) . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "desmopteridae", "paragraphs": ["gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nchun , c . ( 1889 ) . bericht \u00fcber eine nach den canarischen inseln im winter 1887 - 88 ausgef\u00fchrte reise . ii . beobachtungen \u00fcber die pelagische tiefen - und oberfl\u00e4chenfauna des \u00f6stlichen atlantischen oceans . sitz . ber . akad . wiss . berlin , math . phys . kl . 519 - 553 . [ details ]\n( of cymbulia cirroptera gegenbaur , 1855 ) gegenbaur c . 1855 . untersuchungen uber pteropoden un heteropoden . ein beitrag zur anatomie und entiwicklungsgeschichte dieser thiere . wilhelm engelmann , leipzig pp . 228 pl . 1 - 8 : page ( s ) : 53 - 54 ; pl . 3 fig . 21 [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garc\u00eda , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579\u2013699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\njanssen a . w . ( 2012 ) late quaternary to recent holoplanktonic mollusca ( gastropoda ) from bottom samples of the eastern mediterranean sea : systematics , morphology . bollettino malacologico 48 ( suppl . 9 ) : 1 - 105 . [ details ]\nvan der spoel s . & dadon j . r . ( 1999 ) pteropoda . pp . 649 - 706 , in : d . boltovsloy ( ed . ) , south atlantic zooplankton . leiden : backhuys publishers . [ details ]\n( of cymbulia cirroptera gegenbaur , 1855 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nnudikey was developed with the intention of providing ready access to an interactive identification tool to the australian families of heterobranch sea slugs . the key takes existing taxonomic information and presents it in a format that can be used by anyone with an interest in identifying australian sea slugs . in many cases it should be possible to identify an animal to family level using external features alone , however the distinction between some physically similar families may require internal examination and such cases are beyond the scope of this key . photographs of living adult ( in most cases more than 10 mm crawl length ) animals that include overhead and profile views may contain enough physical features to secure an identification . in some cases observation of movement or behaviour will greatly aid identification . for example , among the nudibranchs , determining whether gills and rhinophores contract or retract is a useful diagnostic characteristic .\nthere are several families that consist , or mostly consist , of species that are , on casual observation , more like marine snails than sea slugs due to the presence of a shell that is proportionally large compared to the body . there are also families that contain species that are mainly infaunal ( found only in sediments ) or are wholly planktonic ( live in open water ) . many of these families are not included in the key ( a list of excluded taxa are listed below ) :\nrhodopidae - small , infaunal and epiphytic animals - only one specimen found in victoria .\ns . van der spoel , l . j . newman & k . w . estep\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nrennis , d . , hoese , d . f . & gomon , m . f . 1994 ,\nfamily clinidae\n, ed . gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) , the fishes of australia ' s south coast , pp . 741 - 775 , figs 650 - 684b , state printer , adelaide\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0aa225f3 - ef20 - 4b8a - 805f - fddfe8e4aa1f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8619da6b - 1de3 - 4e94 - 812f - 0d4668f19e97\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b751745b - 33e7 - 4e96 - a97b - ada9ff71413f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 981ba619 - 94f2 - 4bba - 903f - 06f265c5659e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 628975\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 248, "summary": [{"text": "common names : saharan horned viper , horned desert viper , more .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "cerastes cerastes is a venomous viper species native to the deserts of northern africa and parts of the middle east .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it often is easily recognised by the presence of a pair of supraocular \" horns \" , although hornless individuals do occur .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognised . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "cerastes cerastes", "paragraphs": ["cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999\ncerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) coluber cerastes linnaeus 1758 : 217 cerastes cornutus forskal 1775 ( nom . nud . ) coluber cerastes \u2014 shaw & nodder 1792 : plate 122 gonyechis cerastes \u2014 fitzinger in treitschke 1842 vipera cerastes \u2014 boettger 1880 : 169 cerastes cornutus boulenger 1896 cerastes cerastes mutila domergue 1901 aspis cerastes \u2014 schmidt 1939 cerastes cerastes \u2014 haas 1957 cerastes cerastes karlhartli sochurek 1974 ( nom . nud . ) cerastes cerastes karlhartli \u2014 sochurek 1979 cerastes cerastes mutila \u2014 sochurek 1979 cerastes cerastes cerastes \u2014 welch 1994 : 43 cerastes cerastes \u2014 werner et al . 1999 cerastes cerastes \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 367 cerastes cerastes \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 153 cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes cornutus boulenger 1896 aspis cerastes \u2014 mertens 1944 : 33 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes \u2014 leviton & anderson 1967 : 187 cerastes cerastes gasperettii \u2014 arnold 1980 : 319 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes hoofieni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 : 87\ncerastes cerastes gasperettii leviton & anderson 1967 : 183 cerastes cornutus anderson 1896 aspis cerastes \u2014 schmidt 1939 cerastes cerastes \u2014 haas 1957 cerastes cerastes gasperettii \u2014 harding & welch 1980 cerastes cerastes gasperettii \u2014 welch 1994 : 43 cerastes gasperettii \u2014 werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperettii \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 369 cerastes cerastes gasperettii \u2014 van der kooij 2001 cerastes cerastes gasperettii \u2014 henkel 2003 cerastes cerastes gasperettii \u2014 sindaco et al . 2014 cerastes gasperettii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 153 cerastes gasperettii gasperettii \u2014 rhadi et al . 2017 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 vipera cerastes \u2014 strauch 1869 cerastes cornutus \u2014 anderson 1896 : 71 ( part . ) aspis cerastes \u2014 mertens 1944 : 33 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes \u2014 haas 1951 : 92 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes cerastes \u2014 leviton & anderson 1967 ( part . ) cerastes cerastes gasperettii \u2014 gasperetti 1988 ( part . ) cerastes gasperettii \u2014 werner 1988 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperetti mendelssohni \u2014 kucharzewski 2011\nthe cerastes is the namesake of the saharan horned viper cerastes cerastes . the viper\u2019s knack for sidewinding seems an obvious forerunner to the cerastes\u2019 flexibility .\nmermod , c . 1970 . living area and displacement activity of cerastes - vipera and cerastes - cerastes reptilia viperidae .\nsaharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) lacking supra - ocular horns and responsible for biting patient 1 .\ncerastes gasperettii mendelssohni werner & sivan in werner et al . 1999 cerastes gasperettii gasperettii leviton & anderson 1967\nrenato agazzi added the italian common name\nceraste cornuta\nto\ncerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758\n.\njohann , h . 1973 . a location of origin for cerastes - cerastes in northern tunisia serpentes viperidae .\nkey words : cerastes cerastes , macrovipera mauritanica , snake venom , characterization , biological activities , cross - reaction .\neffects of cerastes cerastes ( egyptian sand viper ) and cerastes vipera ( sahara sand viper ) snake venoms on blood coagulation : separation of coagula . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nc . michael hogan marked\ndistribution in egypt\nas visible on the\ncerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked\ndistribution in egypt\nas trusted on the\ncerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked\ndistribution in egypt\nas hidden on the\ncerastes cerastes linnaeus 1758\npage .\negyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes venom hyaluronidase : purification , partial characterization and evidence for its action as a spreading factor .\ncerastes cerastes : north africa , from morocco and mauritania to egypt and northern sudan , southern israel , western jordan .\ncerastes gasperetti : arabian peninsula , iraq , western iran . cerastes vipera : sahara from mauritania to egypt , israel .\njungnickel , j . & prokoph , w . 2005 . haltung und nachzucht der \u00e4gyptischen w\u00fcstenotter cerastes cerastes cerastes ( linnaeus 1758 ) . elaphe 13 ( 4 ) : 25 - 30\n(\ncerastes cerastes ( desert horned viper )\n, 2004 ; george , 2002 ; ludwig , et al . , 2003 )\n2004 .\ncerastes cerastes ( desert horned viper )\n( on - line ) . accessed march 07 , 2010 at urltoken .\neffects of cerastes cerastes ( egyptian sand viper ) and cerastes vipera ( sahara sand viper ) snake venoms on blood coagulation : separation of coagulant and anticoagulant factors and their correlation with arginine esterase and protease activities .\nsterer y . 1992 . a mixed litter of horned and hornless cerastes cerastes . israel journal of zoology , 37 : 247 - 9 .\negyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes venom hyaluronidase : purification , partial characterization and evidence for its action as a spreading factor . - pubmed - ncbi\nlife - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review .\ntrutnau , l . 1981 . beobachtungen an der hornviper cerastes cerastes ( l . 1758 ) . herpetofauna 3 ( 13 ) : 11 - 16 - get paper here\nlife - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal fail . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nto cite this page : anderson , i . 2011 .\ncerastes cerastes\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ncerastes ( tsn 634421 ) at integrated taxonomic information system . accessed 20 march 2007 .\nmohamed ah , khaled lz . 1966 . effect of venom of cerastes cerastes on nerve tissue and skeletal muscle . toxicon , great britain , 3 : 233 - 4 .\ncerastes cerastes is capable of life - threatening envenoming in humans . optimal treatment of envenoming is by early administration of specific antivenom , and avoidance of ineffective and potentially - dangerous ancillary methods .\nwerner , y . l . , le verdier , a . , rosenman , d . & sivan , n . 1991 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : i . distinguishing arabian from african cerastes cerastes . the snake 23 : 90 - 100\ndiscussion : cerastes cerastes is capable of life - threatening envenoming in humans . optimal treatment of envenoming is by early administration of specific antivenom , and avoidance of ineffective and potentially - dangerous ancillary methods .\nthe use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .\nvenoms of cerastes cerastes , macrovipera mauritanica , bitis arietans and naja haje were extracted by manual stimulation , centrifuged , lyophilized and kept at - 20\u00bac at the experimental center of the pasteur institute of morocco .\nc . c . cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder compared to c . c . laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder\nwerner yl , verdier a , rosenman d , sivan n . 1991 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : 1 , distinguishing arabian from african\ncerastes cerastes .\nthe snake , the japan snake institute , yabuzuka honmachi , nittagun , gunma prefecture , japan , 23 : 90 - 100 .\nmorain , m . , b . young . 2003 . vertical burrowing in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .\n22 . djebari fl , martin - eauclaire mf . purification and characterization of a phospholipase a 2 from cerastes cerastes ( horn viper ) snake venom . toxicon . 1990 ; 28 ( 6 ) : 637 - 46 . [ links ]\nthe genus and species are named after the greek \u201ckeras\u201d ( = horn ) after the horns many species of the genus display . cerastes cerastes hoofieni was named after mr . jacob haim hoofien ( 1913 - 1997 ) who studied middle eastern herpetology .\nclinical study , said the oxford journal , \u201chas demonstrated the ability of c . cerastes to cause complicated and potentially fatal envenoming\u2026\u201d\nthe use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthis subspecies , crotalus cerastes cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder , is found in south - central california south and east of the sierras south to roughly the san bernardino county line . the species crotalus cerastes - sidewinder , is found in the southern california deserts , east through southern nevada to extreme southwestern utah , into western arizona , and south into northeast baja california mexico , and northwest sonora , mexico .\nactivity cycles and foraging behaviors of free - ranging sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) : the ontogeny of hunting in a precocial vertebrate .\ntachoua , w . , boukhalfa - abibm , h . , laraba - djebari , f . hemorrhagic metalloproteinase , cc hsm - iii , isolated from cerastes cerastes venom : purification and biochemical characterization . journal of biochemical & molecular toxicology . 28 / 2 / 2017 .\nschl\u00fcter , u . 2002 . die hornvipern ( cerastes ) nordafrikas . draco 3 ( 10 ) : 74 - 78 - get paper here\n25 . boukhalfa ah , meksem a , laraba - djebari f . purification and biochemical characterization of a novel hemorrhagic metalloproteinase from horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) venom . comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol . 2009 ; 150 ( 2 ) : 285 - 90 . [ links ]\n\u25ba hyaluronidase enzyme ( cchaseii ) was purified from the dangerous egyptian horned viper cerastes cerastes . \u25ba cchaseii biochemical properties was investigated . \u25ba the spreading property of the enzyme was confirmed . \u25ba these studies could be potentially useful for production of more efficient antisera for management of viper envenomation .\nthe color of the snake helps to camouflage it against sand or rocky ground , especially when it is partially buried . cerastes cerastes is an ambush hunter , lurking quietly in a half - buried position until an unwary lizard or rodent comes within reach , and then lunging quickly to capture its prey .\nthe sds - page protein profiles were analyzed following coomassie blue staining . figure 1 shows that all venoms differ in composition . each of the venoms from cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica contains a pool of proteins with different molecular weights . the naja haje venom profile reveals protein bands of lower molecular weights .\nthe desert horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes and c . gasperettii ) are the most familiar snakes of the great deserts of north africa and the middle east , including the plains of iraq . they are responsible for many human snake bites . in western countries , they are popular among exotic - snake keepers .\nthe cerastes , \u201chorned\u201d , is one of the many snakes born from the blood of medusa in the libyan desert . it receives a passing mention in lucan\u2019s catalogue of snakes . another cerastes mentioned by theophrastus and pliny , in the form of a two - horned herbivorous worm , is obviously a caterpillar .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian horned viper ( cerastes gasperettii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - arabian horned viper ( cerastes gasperettii )\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian horned viper ( cerastes gasperettii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsecor , s . m . 1994 . ecological significance of movements and activity range for the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes . copeia 1994 : 631 - 645 .\nsidewinder , horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake , mojave desert sidewinder ( for c . c . cerastes ) , [ 2 ] sidewinder rattler . [ 7 ]\nsidewinder , horned rattlesnake , sidewinder rattlesnake , mojave desert sidewinder ( for c . c . cerastes ) , [ 3 ] sidewinder rattler . [ 8 ]\nactivity cycles and foraging behaviors of free - ranging sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) : the ontogeny of hunting in a precocial vertebrate . - pubmed - ncbi\nbackground : the desert horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes and c . gasperettii ) are the most familiar snakes of the great deserts of north africa and the middle east , including the plains of iraq . they are responsible for many human snake bites . in western countries , they are popular among exotic - snake keepers .\nschneemann , m . , r . cathomas , s . laidlaw , a . el nahas , r . theakston , d . warrell . 2004 . life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy , and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review .\nalthough cerastes are often referred to as horned vipers , only the two larger species , c . cerastes and c . gasperettii , are known to have horns , and even these do not always have them . individuals with and without horns occur within the same populations and even within the same litters . [ 2 ]\nmorain , m . , b . young . 2002 . the use of ground - borne vibrations for prey localization in the saharan sand vipers ( cerastes ) .\nschmid , a . 2014 . haltung und nachzucht der arabischen hornviper ( cerastes gasperetii gasperettii ) . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 19 ( 110 ) : 46 - 50\nsecor , s . m . 1995 . ecological aspects of foraging mode for the snakes crotalus cerastes and masticophis flagellum . herpetological monographs 9 : 169 - 186 .\n19 . fahmi l , makran b , pl\u00e1 d , sanz l , oukkache n , lkhider m , et al . venomics and antivenomics profiles of north african cerastes cerastes and c vipera populations reveals a potentially important therapeutic weakness . j proteomics . 2012 ; 75 ( 8 ) : 2442 - 53 . [ links ]\nsouth - west iran ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , and cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni , which is restricted to the arava valley in israel and jordan ( 6 ) .\nmacrovipera mauritanica and cerastes cerastes venoms act on two subunits of fibrinogen ( \u03b1 and \u03b3 ) . this activity is not detected in naja haje venom ( figure 5 ) . indeed , the ability of mm and cc venoms to degrade the \u03b1 and \u03b3 chains of fibrinogen was evident . however , \u03b2 chain degradation was not detectable .\nmertens , robert 1944 . einige beobachtungen \u00fcber die hornviper ( aspis cerastes ) . wochenschrift ( bl\u00e4tter ) f\u00fcr aquarien - und terrarienkunde 1944 ( 2 ) : 33 - 35\njoger , u . & courage , k . 1999 . are palearctic \u2018rattlesnakes\u2019 ( echis and cerastes ) monophyletic ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 65 - 81\naccording to the oxford journal of medicine , c . cerastes has two close relatives . one , the horned and similar - sized c . gasperettii , occupies a range extending from southern israel eastward across iraq into eastern iran . the other , the hornless and much smaller c . vipera , shares much of the same range occupied by c . cerastes .\nmohamed ah , abdel - baset a , hassan a . 1980 . immunological studies om monovalent and bivalent cerastes antivenin . toxicon , great britain , 18 : 384 - 7 .\nthese predominantly nocturnal snakes typically inhabit sandy deserts . c . cerastes also found in stony regions with sparse vegetation . not found higher than 1 , 500 m above sea level .\nmertens , r . 1937 . the type designations of the ophidian genera cerastes and coronella , established by laurenti in 1768 . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 70 - get paper here\nwerner , y . , n . sivan . 1992 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) in the levant : 2 . taxonomy , ecology , and zoogeography .\ncerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica venoms are characterized by their ability to degrade fibrinogen subunits ( i . e . \u03b1 and \u03b3 chains ) . however , nh ( belonging to elapidae family ) venom does not display any detectable hemorrhagic activity . nevertheless , we highlighted the presence of edema with symptoms of myotoxicity , very lower proteolytic and phospholipase activities and an absence of fibrinogenolytic activity .\nthe dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . cerastes is brown , the dark segment of the rattle closest to the body on an adult c . c . laterorepens is black . the dark rattle segment may not become fully black on c . c . laterorepens until the snake is an adult with 3 or more rattle segments . the last dark marks on the tail do not always correspond to the color of the dark rattle segment . c . c . cerastes has 21 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has 23 scale rows . c . c . laterorepens has a higher number of ventral scales than c . c . cerastes . for more information see klauber , 1944 c . cerastes subspecies .\nthe present study aimed to evaluate the biochemical , enzymatic and biological properties of venoms of the most dangerous moroccan snakes , namely cerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica . to study the cross - reactivity that may exist between the venoms , specific horse antivenoms were produced with the objective of identifying the best candidate or mixture for producing a highly protective antivenom to fight snake envenomation in north africa .\ntwo men bitten while handling captive saharan horned vipers ( cerastes cerastes ) in europe developed extensive local swelling and life - threatening systemic envenoming , characterized by coagulopathy , increased fibrinolysis , thrombocytopenia , micro - angiopathic haemolytic anaemia and acute renal failure . the clinical picture is explicable by the presence in c . cerastes venom of several thrombin - like , factor - x - activating , platelet - aggregating , haemorrhagic and nephrotoxic components . in one case , prophylactic use of subcutaneous epinephrine may have contributed to intracranial haemorrhage . the roles in treatment of heparin ( rejected ) and specific antivenom ( recommended ) are discussed .\ncrotalus cerastes - hallowell , 1854 - proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , vol . 7 , p . 95 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america \u00a9 ellin beltz\nsubach , a , scharf , i & ovadia , o . 2009 . foraging behavior and predation success of the sand viper ( cerastes vipera ) . canadian journal of zoology 87 : 520 - 528 . pdf\nthe horns of a cerastes have two documented functions . they are used as lures to attract birds , with the snake buried under the sand with only the horns protruding . horned snakes can also be found guarding wild pepper plants in arabia , and they use their horns to gore and kill people . to harvest the pepper , fire must be set to burn out the cerastes , blackening the pepper as a result .\nalthough it would seem that laurenti changed his mind in 1768 and decided to name this genus aspis , instead of cerastes as he did earlier , this was eventually rejected . the iczn later placed the name cerastes on the official list of generic names in zoology ( name no . 1539 ) , while the name aspis was placed on the official index of invalid generic names in zoology ( name no . 1630 ) . [ 1 ]\nwerner , yehudah l . ; sivan , naomi 1992 . systematics and zoogeography of cerastes ( ophidia : voperidae ) in the levant : 2 . taxonomy , ecology , and zoogeography . the snake 24 : 34 - 49\nstout snakes with very distinct , triangular head . tip of the snout blunt , nostrils directed upwards . c . cerastes sometimes has a horn - like protuberance over each eye , consisting of a single scale . in c . vipera the eyes are set at an angle and directed upwards . length of c . cerastes 50\u201360 cm ( max . 85 cm ) , c . vipera on average 35 cm ( max . 50 cm ) .\nthis snake has a variety of other popular names , for instance : sahara horned viper , north african horned viper , african desert horned viper , horned desert viper , greater cerastes , asp , or simply , horned viper .\ncohen ac , meyers bc . 1970 . a function of the horn in the sidewinder rattlesnake crotalus cerastes , with comments on other horned snakes . copeia , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 3 : 574 - 5 .\nm . schneemann , r . cathomas , s . t . laidlaw , a . m . el nahas , r . d . g . theakston , d . a . warrell ; life - threatening envenoming by the saharan horned viper ( cerastes cerastes ) causing micro - angiopathic haemolysis , coagulopathy and acute renal failure : clinical cases and review , qjm : an international journal of medicine , volume 97 , issue 11 , 1 november 2004 , pages 717\u2013727 , urltoken\nit is said that helen of troy , while eloping with paris , stepped on a cerastes\u2019 back and broke it . this is why they move in such a sinuous , crooked fashion , causing their scales to rustle as they go .\nwebber , m . m , x . glaudas and j . a . rodr\u00edguez - robles . 2012 . do sidewinder rattlesnakes ( crotalus cerastes ) cease feeding during the breeding season ? copeia 2012 ( 1 ) : 100 - 105 .\nwhile there do not appear to be any major threats to this species as a whole , the newly described subspecies cerastes gasperettii mendelssohni may be threatened by virtue of its restricted range and the destruction of its habitat for agriculture ( 7 ) .\nno more than 2 cubits ( about a meter ) long , the cerastes is sandy - colored and white , with red streaks across its back . the skin is very soft and stretchable . on the head are two , four , or eight horns , described as worm - like or ram - like . the fangs are like those of a viper and are not crooked . instead of a backbone , a cerastes has a cartilaginous spine , making it the most flexible of all snakes .\ncrotalus cerastes is a venomous pit viper species belonging to the genus crotalus ( rattlesnakes ) and found in the desert regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . three subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . [ 3 ]\nthe arabian horned viper is found in the middle east and throughout the arabian peninsula . there are two subspecies , cerastes gasperettii gasperettii , which occurs in the united arab emirates , yemen , oman , israel , jordan , iraq , kuwait , saudi arabia and\ncerastes cerastes and macrovipera mauritanica venoms of morocco are very toxic and contain several proteins that differ by molecular weights . both venoms are characterized by not only high hemorrhagic and phospholipase a 2 activities but also their ability to degrade the \u03b1 and \u03b3 chains of fibrinogen . our results highlight the high immunogenicity of cc , which leads to the induction of a horse antivenom that is highly protective against cc , mm and ba whole venoms . indeed , this protective capacity is higher when compared to the mm - specific antivenom product .\nwagner , philipp & thomas m . wilms 2010 . a crowned devil : new species of cerastes laurenti , 1768 ( ophidia , viperidae ) from tunisia , with two nomenclatural comments . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 2 ) : 297\u2013306 - get paper here\nthis clinical study has demonstrated the ability of c . cerastes to cause complicated and potentially fatal envenoming , a warning to those exotic - snake enthusiasts who keep this species in captivity , and to those who live , work , travel and go to war in its extensive eremic domain .\nwerner , y . l . , sivan , n . , kushnir , v . and motro , u . ( 1999 ) a statistical approach to variation in cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) , with the description of two endemic subspecies . kaupia , 8 : 83 - 97 .\nreiserer , r . s . and g . w . schuett ( 2008 ) aggressive mimicry in neonates of the sidewinder rattlesnake , crotalus cerastes ( serpentes : viperidae ) : stimulus control and visual perception of prey luring . biological journal of the linnean society 95 : 81 - 91 ( 11 ) .\nvenom glands are highly specialized tissues that possess a high capacity for protein secretion , and are a rich source of active proteins . snake venoms are known to contain a complex mixture of pharmacologically active molecules , including organic and mineral components , small peptides and proteins . according to their major toxic effect , snake venoms may be conveniently classified as neurotoxic ( elapidae ) or hemorrhagic ( viperidae ) . for instance , envenomings by macrovipera mauritanica and cerastes cerastes are characterized by hemorrhaging and abnormalities in the blood coagulation system , while the venom of the cobra naja haje is mainly neurotoxic and affects the nervous system ( 5 ) .\nsecor , s . m . 1992 . a preliminary analysis of the movement and home range size of the sidewinder , crotalus cerastes . pages 389 - 393 in j . a . campbell and e . d . brodie , jr . , editors . biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , texas .\nin the face of such a historical depth of medical opinion , we were surprised to be confronted by two cases of potentially fatal envenoming caused by captive specimens of the saharan horned viper ( c . cerastes ) . we attempt to attribute the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms to known constituents of the venom of this fabulous snake .\ncommon names : horned vipers , [ 2 ] north african desert vipers . [ 3 ] cerastes is a genus of small , venomous vipers found in the deserts and semi - deserts of northern north africa eastward through arabia and iran . [ 3 ] [ 1 ] three species are currently recognized . [ 4 ]\nvenomous ! has been considered as subspecies of c . cerastes by leviton et al . has been erroneously reported from lebanon ( joger 1983 ) . distribution : not in iraq fide habeeb & rastegar - pouyani 2016 . morphology : both hornless and horn - bearing specimens are known in this species . however , the subspecies mendelssohni is hornless .\ncerastes species are not known to be particularly ill - tempered (\nfairly placid\n) , but when threatened they will often stand their ground and form c - shaped coils that are rubbed together to produce a rasping or crackling sound , similar to echis . with enough provocation , they will strike from this position . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]\nthe sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) , also known as the horned rattlesnake and sidewinder rattlesnake , [ 3 ] is a venomous pit viper species belonging to the genus crotalus ( rattlesnakes ) and is found in the desert regions of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . three subspecies are currently recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . [ 4 ]\nfirst , dried venoms were biochemically investigated . gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated several protein bands certainly responsible for almost all of the observed biological effects ( 6 , 19 , 20 ) . proteolytic activity , studied following the casein test , was low compared to other venoms reported in the literature ( e . g . philodryas venom ) . phospholipase a 2 activity is an important characteristic presented by cc and mm venoms . we estimated this activity to be four times higher in cc venom than in mm venom and in comparison to the positive control . our results are in concordance with the recently reported studies ( 6 , 21 ) . pla 2 has been purified and characterized since 1990 from algeria cerastes cerastes ( 22 ) .\nthe three poorly defined subspecies are in need of taxonomic study ( ernst 1992 ) . three subspecies are recognized by crother et al . ( 2008 ) , though they state that douglas et al . ( 2006 ) , using mtdna , resolved several clades within cerastes , with only one corresponding to a currently recognized subspecies ( c . c . laterorepens ) .\nwerner , y . l . , n . sivan , v . kushnir & u . motro . 1999 . a statistical approach to variation in cerastes ( ophidia : viperidae ) with the description of two endemic subspecies , in u . joger . ( ed . ) : phylogeny and systematics of the viperidae . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 83 - 97\nin both of our patients , use of large doses of polyspecific antivenom with activity against c . cerastes venom proved decisive in curtailing the coagulopathy , but did not prevent the evolution of profound renal failure . this was also the case in victims of russell ' s viper ( daboia siamensis ) bite in myanmar , even when antivenom was administered within 1\u20132 h of envenoming . 48\nbrown , t . w . , and h . b . lillywhite . 1992 . autecology of the mojave desert sidewinder , crotalus cerastes , at kelso dunes , mojave desert , california , usa . pages 279 - 308 in j . a . campbell and e . d . brodie , jr . , editors . biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , texas .\nsince some of these toxins exert opposing actions , the net effect , for example on platelets , may depend on the composition of the venom injected by a particular snake on a particular occasion . the large intraspecies variation in venom composition is now well recognized 43 and geographical variation in c . cerastes venom has been documented . 44 this has obvious implications for antivenom production and efficacy .\nacute renal failure is an expected consequence of this process , but in rats , the effects of sub - lethal doses of c . cerastes venom were interpreted as causing mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis leading to acute tubular necrosis by direct nephrotoxicity and ischaemia . there was cortical necrosis resulting from thrombosis and bleeding . 45 however , in neither of our patients was renal biopsy justified , and so we have no information about histopathological changes .\nunlike echis , to which they bear a passing resemblance , cerastes species are not known to be ill - tempered and their venom , which is a cytotoxin , is not particularly potent . [ 3 ] bites can be painful and should always be taken seriously , but little venom is injected and few fatalities are known . bites do occur , especially in the suez canal region , but no statistical data in available . [ 2 ]\nno other snake can endure thirst as long as the cerastes . they seldom or never drink . as for reproduction , they bring forth live young . they are solitary and aggressive towards humans , but the psilli of libya live in harmony with them . if one of the psilli is lightly bitten they spit on the bite to heal it . a stronger bite requires antivenin made by gargling water and spitting it into a pot for the victim to drink . the most severe cases are cured by lying naked upon the equally naked sufferer .\ncerastes bites cause necrosis , priapism , madness , dimness of sight , scabs , sharp pain like the pricking of needles , and inevitable death within nine days . topsell recommends cutting off stricken flesh to the bone or outright amputation . the wound should then be dressed with goat dung and vinegar or garlic , or barley - meal , or cedar , rue , or nep juice , or otherwise salt , honey , or pitch . daffodil , rue , radish - seed , cumin , wine , castoreum , calamint , and emetics should be imbibed .\ncerastes are small snakes , averaging less than 50 cm in length , but are relatively stout in appearance . the head is broad , flat and distinct from the neck . the head is covered with tubercularly keeled scales , which usually number 15 or more across , and a supraorbital horn may be present over each eye in some species . the snout is short and wide and the eyes , which are set well forward , are small to moderate in size . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] the body is short , stout and cylindrically depressed . the tail is short and tapers abruptly behind the vent . [ 2 ] the dorsal scales are small , with serrated keels , in 23 - 35 rows at midbody . [ 3 ]\nfor many organisms , reproduction can take up large portions of an animal\u2019s energy reserves and can be very time consuming . this is especially true for females . during pregnancy , females must carry around the weight of developing offspring in addition to providing nutrients . these costs of reproduction may interfere with other activities that females might engage in like foraging and feeding . previous studies have shown that reproductive females can exhibit seasonal anorexia , where females will cease feeding during the reproductive season . seasonal anorexia is hypothesized to alleviate conflicts between reproduction and feeding by allowing a female more time and energy to engage in reproductive activities . drs . javier a . rodr\u00edguez - robles , xavier glaudas and i decided to investigate possible tradeoffs between reproduction and feeding in the sidewinder rattlesnake ( crotalus cerastes ) .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ this website is dedicated to the libyan desert ( or eastern sahara ) , one of the least explored and most strikingly beautiful places on this planet . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nthe libyan desert contains general background information on the libyan desert , including geography , a detailed account of and various original documents relating to its history and exploration , descriptions and photo galleries of the main rock art and archaeological sites ( wadi sora , the real\ncave of swimmers\n, karkur talh rock art sites , ain doua , abu ballas and others ) and information on the desert ' s fauna and flora .\nexpeditions provides news updates and itineraries for expeditions planned by fliegel jezerniczky expeditions , as well as reports and many photos from past expeditions . section also provides practical information for expedition participants .\nresources provides a selection of high resolution landsat images of the libyan desert , as well as links to the few websites , and a comprehensive bibliography of various books books and articles related to exploration , history and rock art of the libyan desert , including a full listing of the various editions of alm\u00e1sy ' s writings . there are some hard to find old books and maps available .\n2010 november - western uweinat from libya we returned to libya after a long absence to explore the remaining\nwhite spots\nat western jebel uweinat . we had an unexpectedly hassle free and absolutely superb trip , making long treks on the granite part of the mountain resulting in a number of important new rock art finds .\n2010 october trip account something quite different for a change , this expedition focused on the wwii history of the libyan desert , retracing the egyptian part of alm\u00e1sy ' s operation salam route and visiting the numerous sdf and lrdg wrecks still littering the desert .\n2010 june - upper brandberg , namibia the account of our first expedition to the rock art sites of the upper brandberg mountain , namibia . we had a very tough , but amazingly beautiful ten days on the top of the brandberg , seeing many of the principal sites , a trip we plan to repeat on a regular basis .\n2010 march trip account we had a very pleasant and fruitful trip to uweinat and the gilf kebir except for the weather . the week long windless heatwave at uweinat , coupled with freezing mornings and a sandstorm later in the trip will be long remembered . . .\nrock art of the libyan desert second expanded edition now available ! the second edition of the illustrated catalogue of all known rock art sites in the libyan desert had been published in october 2009 , now available for purchase . nearly 300 new sites and over 4000 new photographs were added . note : a special discount applies to those who purchased the first edition .\n2009 november trip account we returned to uweinat after a year and a half ' s absence . our objectives were to ascend the summit , and explore some remaining blank spots in the upper areas of the mountain , all of which were met with spectacular results .\n8 th august , 2009 - 10 th anniversary of the website launch it was ten years ago that the precursor to this website made its modest debut . since then we have come a long way , the event is celebrated with several updates , a little facelift , and the announcement of new expeditions .\ni have finally managed to complete the project of translating all of alm\u00e1sy ' s writings relevant to the libyan desert into english , including a corrected and annoted transcript of the operation salaam diary . pdf or cd versions may be ordered on - line .\n2009 february trip account the account of our trip organised together with bc archaeology travel to the gilf kebir , with a fine new find in the middle section of wadi abd el melik , and an astonishingly green wadi hamra .\na pharaonic inscription at uweinat ! in late 2008 mark borda and mahmoud marei have discovered a pharaonic inscription at jebel uweinat , a most amazing find that will require a complete re - thinking of our understanding of the deep desert travel capabilities of the ancient egyptians .\n2008 march trip account traces of an astonishing amount of recent rainfall were observed all accross the gilf kebir , an area where except for a few isolated patches no fresh vegatation was oserved over the past ten years .\nthe lost bag of signalman alec ross in august 2007 , a bag of a wwii british soldier was found near wadi sora , with all personal belongings . here is the fascinating story , with photos of the finds .\n2007 october trip account an account of our october expedition , organised primarily to explore unsurveyed parts of jebel uweinat . we did make some splendid rock art finds , however the highlight was to observe the aftermath of yet another summer rain , which left pools large enough to swim in all over the mountain .\n2007 march trip account with video footage an account of our march expedition to visit the rock art sites of jebel uweinat and the gilf kebir , illustrated for the first time with digital video footage .\nit rained at uweinat ! ! ! the miracle we ' ve been waiting for seven years repeated itself ! on our last visit in october , karkur talh and other valleys were filled with lush green vegetation , and millions of yellow flowers . the flora and fauna pages have been extensively updated with the noted new species .\nnew rock art finds in the wadi wahesh instead of the cancelled sudan trip , we decided to make a two week expedition , principally to jebel uweinat , to continue exploration of the unknown parts . in the upper reaches of the wadi wahesh ( south uweinat ) we found a very rich group of paintings , some of them in a hitherto unknown style .\n2004 october trip account added the account of our october trip to jebel uweinat and the gilf kebir . the highlight of the trip was undoubtedly the show put on by a horned viper , who proceeded to have it ' s dinner right in front of our cameras .\nunpublished historic photographs by f . g . b . arkwright bimbashi ( capt . ) arkwright was commanding officer of the no . 1 . motor machine gun battery of the sdf , occupying bir murr at uweinat in 1934 . his sons , anthony and philip discovered these photos in a family album , and have very kindly permitted them to be shared with all of us . some photos show alm\u00e1sy , as well as the ascent of uweinat .\nexploration of arkenu & western uweinat account of our 2003 october trip to libya . exploration and new rock art discoveries at arkenu , karkur idriss and karkur ibrahim . visit to jebel sherif and south uweinat thwarted by libyan officialdom .\nmystery of the\nwhite blob\nsolved traverse of the great sand sea , exploration and new rock art discoveries near wadi sora and karkur talh . all in the latest trip account .\nspectacular rock art sites discovered a number of truly spectacular paintings and dozens of other new sites were found during our expedition to uweinat and the gilf kebir in october , 2002 .\nthe sdf kufra convoys the little known history of the sudan defence force truck convoys supplying kufra from wadi halfa in 1941 - 42 . contains an account intended for bagnold ' s never published lrdg history .\nunpublished bagnold photographs stephen bagnold , son of ralph alger bagnold , has most graciously provided scans of unpublished photos of the early expeditions .\nthis site is optimised for 600 x 800 resolution or greater and microsoft ie5 . copyright notice : text and photos from this site may be freely copied and used for private , educational and research purposes , mentioning the source ( for websites , please provide a link ) . contents may not be used for any commercial purposes or publication without permission . site design by claire spottiswoode , birding africa\nhoofieni : sw corner of arabian peninsula ( endemic ) . type locality : king khalid airbase , saudi arabia , ( 18\u00b018 ' n , 42\u00b044 ' e )\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nal - quran , s . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the southern jordan . american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 [ this journal has a dubious record , see urltoken\narnold e n 1980 . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1977 ( dhofar ) . the reptiles and amphibians of dhofar , southern arabia . journal of oman studies special report ( no . 2 ) : 273 - 332 - get paper here\nbar , aviad and guy haimovitch 2012 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of israel . pazbar ltd , 246 pp . - get paper here\nbauer , aaron m . ; jonathan c . deboer , dylan j . taylor 2017 . atlas of the reptiles of libya . proc . cal . acad . sci . 64 ( 8 ) : 155 - 318 - get paper here\nboettger , o . [ as o . b\u00f6ttger ] 1880 . die reptilien und amphibien von syrien , palaestina und cypern . ber . senckenb . naturforsch . ges . , frankfurt / m . , 1879 - 1880 : 132 - 219 - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1891 . catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of barbary ( morocco , algeria , tunisia ) , based chiefly upon the notes and collections made in 1880 - 1884 by m . fernand lataste . tr . zool . soc . 13 : 93 - 164\nbrandst\u00e4tter , f . 2002 . schlangen in der bibel . beitr\u00e4ge zur literatur und geschichte der herpetologie und terrarienkunde 2 : 29 - 34\ncarranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here\ncorkill , n . l . and cochrane , j . a . 1966 . the snakes of the arabian peninsula and socotra . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 475 - 506 ( 1965 ) - get paper here\ncrochet , pierre andre ; raphael leblois , julien pierre renoult 2015 . new reptile records from morocco and western sahara herpetology notes 8 : 583 - 588 - get paper here\ndamas - moreira , isabel , beatriz tome , james harris , joao p . maia and daniele salvi . 2014 . moroccan herpetofauna : distribution updates . herpetozoa 27 ( 1 / 2 ) : 96 - 102\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\ndunaev e . a . , orlova v . f . 2003 . diversity of snakes ( on the materials of the exposition of the zoological museum of the moscow state university ) . moscow : moscow state university press , 376 pp\negan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia . motivate publishing , dubai , 208 pp .\ngarci\u0301a - cardenete , luis ; m . victoria flores - stols & sau\u0301l yubero 2017 . new cases of syntopy between viperid snakes ( viperidae ) in the atlantic sahara go - south bull . ( 2017 ) , 14 , 139 - 141 - get paper here\ngeniez , p . ; mateo , j . a . ; geniez , m . & pether , j . 2004 . the amphibians and reptiles of the western sahara ( former spanish sahara ) and adjacent regions . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 228 pp . [ reviewed in reptilia gb 44 : 81 ]\nhaas , georg 1957 . some amphibians and reptiles from arabia . proc . cal . acad . sci . 29 ( 3 ) : 47 - 86 - get paper here\nhabeeb , israa nadhim & nasrullah rastegar - pouyani 2016 . geographical distribution of the snakes of iraq mesopotamia environmental journal 2 ( 3 ) : 67 - 77\nherrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . ; lenk , p . & wink , m . 1999 . morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines : conflicting evidence ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 21 - 30 - get paper here\nibrahim , adel a . 2013 . the herpetology of the suez canal zone , egypt . vertebrate zoology 63 ( 1 ) : 87\u2013110 - get paper here\njoger u 1983 . book review : harding & welch , venomous snakes of the world , pergamon press , 1980 . salamandra 19 ( 1 - 2 ) : 99 - 102 - get paper here\njohann , h . 1981 . herpetologische eindr\u00fccke auf einer reise durch die sahara . herpetofauna 3 ( 13 ) : 17 - 21 - get paper here\nleviton , a . e . & anderson , s . c . 1967 . survey of the reptiles of the sheikdom of abu dhabi , arabian peninsula . part ii . systematic account of the collction of reptiles made in the sheikdom of abu daby by john gasperetti . proc . cal . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 39 : 157 - 192 - get paper here\nlinnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . laurentii salvii , holmi\u00e6 . 10th edition : 824 pp . - get paper here\nmallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ]\nmartens , harald 1997 . a review of\nzoogeography of amphibians and reptiles of syria , with additional new records\n( herpetozoa 9 ( 1 / 2 ) , 1996 ) . herpetozoa 10 ( 3 / 4 ) : 99 - 106 - get paper here\nmattison , chris 2007 . enzyklop\u00e4die der schlangen . blv - verlag , 272 pp .\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nmonzel , markus m 2012 . gifte , gifttiere , menschen \u2013 eine geschichte voller ( miss ) verst\u00e4ndnisse . draco 13 ( 51 ) : 4 - 25 - get paper here\npadial , j . m . 2006 . commented distributional list of the reptiles of mauritania ( west africa ) . graellsia , 62 ( 2 ) : 159 - 178\nphelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]\nschleich , h . h . , k\u00e4stle , w . , kabisch , k . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of north africa . koeltz , koenigstein , 627 pp .\nschmidt , k . p . & marx , h . 1956 . the herpetology of sinai . fieldiana 39 ( 4 ) : 21 - 40 - get paper here\nschmidt , k . p . 1939 . reptiles and amphibians from southwestern asia . publ . field mus . nat . hist . , zool . ser . , 24 : 49 - 92 - get paper here\nschmidtler , j . f . 2013 . wiederentdeckung herpetologischer beitra\u0308ge von l . fitzinger mit beschreibungen neuer taxa in f . treitschkes ( 1842 / 1843 ) popula\u0308rer naturgeschichte \u201cnaturhistorischer bildersaal des thierreiches\u201d ( amphibia , reptilia ) . herpetozoa 26 ( 1 / 2 ) : 15 - 26\nschnurrenberger , h . 1959 . observations on behavior in two libyan species of viperine snakes . herpetologica 15 ( 2 ) : 70 - 72 - get paper here\nschnurrenberger , hans 1963 . fishes , amphibians , and reptiles of two libyan oases . herpetologica 18 ( 4 ) : 270 - 273 - get paper here\nshaw , g . & nodder , f . p . 1793 . the naturalist ' s miscellany [ . . . ] , vol . iv . london , nodder & co . , plates 111 - 146 , 158 unnumbered pages [ published in monthly issues between august 1 , 1792 , and july 1 , 1793 ] - get paper here\nsochurek , e . 1979 . die schlangen nordafrikas . mitt . zool . ges . braunau 3 ( 8 / 9 ) : 219 - 226\nsochurek , e . 1986 . die vier formen der w\u00fcstenottern . elaphe 8 ( 1 ) : 4 - 5 , 20 , 4\nsow , andack saad ; fernando mart\u00ednez - freir\u00eda , pierre - andr\u00e9 crochet , philippe geniez , ivan ineich , hamidou dieng , soumia fahd , jos\u00e9 carlos brito 2015 . atlas of the distribution of reptiles in the parc national du banc d\u2019arguin , mauritania . basic and applied herpetology - get paper here\ntrape j - f and mane\u0301 y . 2015 . the snakes of niger . amphibian & reptile conservation 9 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 39\u201355 ( e110 ) - get paper here\ntrape , j . - f . & man\u00e9 , y . 2006 . guide des serpents d\u2019afrique occidentale . savane et d\u00e9sert . [ senegal , gambia , mauritania , mali , burkina faso , niger ] . ird editions , paris , 226 pp . - get paper here\ntreitschke , r . ( hrsg . ) 1839 . naturhistorischer bildersaal des thierreiches . nach william jardine bearbeitet , nebst einem vorworte von karl vogel ; 4 b\u00e4nde . pesth & leipzig ( c . a . hartleben ) , [ 1839 , 1841 , 1842 , 1843 for the 4 volumes ]\nvenchi , alberto and roberto sindaco 2006 . annotated checklist of the reptiles of the mediterranean countries , with keys to species identification . part 2 - snakes ( reptilia , serpentes ) . annali del museo civico di storia naturale\ng . doria\n, genova , xcviii : 259 - 364\nwagner , p . 2008 . the good , the bad , and the ugly . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 13 ( 69 ) : 85 - 88 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\ngeneral shape small , depressed , tapered , relatively thick bodied snake with a short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 90 metres . head is broad , flattened , covered in small scales , roughly triangular shaped when viewed from above and very distinct from narrow neck . snout is very short and broad . canthus is indistinct . eyes are small to medium in size , prominent , set to the side of the head and well forward , with vertically elliptical pupils . nostrils directed upward . there is often a long horn above each eye consisting of a single scale . specimens without this horn - like scale have a prominent brow ridge . dorsal scales have apical pits , are heavily keeled , large vertebrally and smaller laterally , oblique with serrated keels . ventrals have lateral keels and subcaudals are keeled posteriorly .\nhabitat up to about 1500 metres in sandy ( including dunes ) and rocky hill desert ."]}
{"id": 249, "summary": [{"text": "lambula umbrina is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by rothschild in 1915 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is only known from the holotype , which was collected near the utakwa river in the snow mountains of papua . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "lambula umbrina", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for umbrina definition . you find here umbrina meaning , synonyms of umbrina and images for umbrina copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word umbrina . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word umbrina and , of course , umbrina synonyms and on the right images related to the word umbrina .\nhave a fact about lambula umbrina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for lambula umbrina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nmacaduma umbrina rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 46 ; tl : utakwa r . , 3000ft\nombre om\nbre , n . [ f . , of uncertain origin . ] ( zo [\no ] l . ) a large mediterranean food fish ( umbrina cirrhosa ) : - - called also umbra , and umbrine .\nlambula pleuroptycha turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 58\nlambula errata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 36\nlambula pallida ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 37\nlambula contigua rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula dampierensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula hypolius rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula erema collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 202 ; tl : hivaoa , feani summit , 3970ft\nlambula plumicornis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : manus , admiralty is .\nlambula melaleuca walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1890 ; tl : sula [ moluccas ]\nlambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula melaleuca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , f . 38 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula orbonella ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 ; [ nhm card ]\nstatus : only known by the holotype . similar to lambula bilineata but with dark hindwings . this might be a variation of bilineata and needs further investigation .\n= lambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea , 5000 - 7000ft\nlambula castanea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nlambula pallida hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 18 ; tl : borneo\nlambula laniafera hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 34 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula plicata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 33 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula bifasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , f . 68 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula bivittata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , f . 69 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 1 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nlambula phyllodes ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula pristina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula transcripta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 40 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula errata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 139 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock\nlambula punctifer hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 19 ; tl : new guinea , kapaur\nlambula agraphia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 17 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nlambula castanea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 , pl . 25 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , pl . 25 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavogrisea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 447 , pl . 25 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula aethalocis hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , pl . 25 , f . 15 ; tl : br . n . guinea , angabunga r .\nlambula fuliginosa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 1e , 40 , 43\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nrothschild , l . w . , 1915 . lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea , macrolepidoptera : 148 pp . zoological museum , tring . strand , e . , 1922 . lepidopterorum catalogus 26 : arctiidae : subfam . lithosiinae : 501 - 899 . w . junk , berlin .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nscoliacma bivittata rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 215 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\npoliosia flavogrisea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 216 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nlithosia fuliginosa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 106 ; tl : sarawak\npalaexera phyllodes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 699 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nlarva on raphia australis dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 1 ) :\ntigriodes [ sic ] transcripta lucas , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1069 ; tl : brisbane\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nwalker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of lithosiini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :"]}
{"id": 251, "summary": [{"text": "acrolophus heppneri is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by davis in 1990 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including alabama , florida , mississippi and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "acrolophus heppneri", "paragraphs": ["hodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net\nhodges # 0355 . 1 - heppner ' s acrolophus moth - acrolophus heppneri - bugguide . net\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb tubeworm , bagworm , and clothes moths ( tineoidea ) \u00bb clothes moths ( tineidae ) \u00bb burrowing webworm moths ( acrolophinae ) \u00bb tubeworm moths ( acrolophus ) \u00bb acrolophus heppneri - hodges # 0355 . 1 ( acrolophus heppneri )\nacrolophus heppneri davis , 1990 , n . sp . , proc . entom . soc . wash . , v . 92 , no . 4 , p . 694 - 704 .\nat outdoor light . this moth looks very much like carol wolf ' s acrolophus heppneri from florida posted in bg here . please confirm or let me know that i am wrong .\nmy moth makes a convincing threesome with carol wolf ' s specimen and jeff trahan ' s moth that , according to bob patterson ,\nlooks like\n# 0355 . 1 acrolophus heppneri .\nany gopher tortoises in the area ? acrolophus pholeter larvae feed on fecal pellets and plant debris found in the burrows . the adults can look like this . i think your id is probably correct . i ask out of curiosity .\nthree new species of acrolophus from the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the . . . . . d . r . davis . 1990 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 92 ( 4 ) : 694 - 704 .\nat outdoor light . provides june image for florida . this individual was surprisingly large : far exceeding 9mm forewing as listed on bg info for a female . maybe not heppneri even though it looks like one ? ( with a ruler next to the moth , i measured ~ 18mm , and using the width of the groove in the background of the dorsal view i come up with 16mm ) .\nsteve , thanks for pointing out the a . pholeter alternative . yes , on rare occasions i see a gopher turtle in my yard ( i think that ' s what they are ) but those a . heppneri types are not rare : i have several photos in my files . i noticed that from among those i posted in bugguide you picked the one with the faintest dark patch in the ( post ) median area : i wished there were images of pholeter to compare it with , but i did not find any . so , there we are !\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nparaphrased from the original description - thorax : pronotum uniformly light to medium brown ; scales of tegula usually with pale gray to white apices . forewing uniformly medium to dark brown ( darker in male ) , with a pair of small , barely visible darker spots often present at base and apex of discal cell and usually more evident in lighter female ; under low maginification most scales with pale bases and darker apices .\nlygodium microphyllum ( cav . ) r . br . ( small - leaf climbing fern ) schizaeaceae .\nfrom the southeastern united states , with remarks on the status of the family acrolophidae ( lepidoptera : tineoidea ) .\narthropods of florida and neighboring land areas : lepidoptera of florida j . b . heppner . 2003 . florida department of agriculture 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 670 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 12 march , 2013 - 4 : 47pm additional contributions by a . hendrickson last updated 26 august , 2016 - 10 : 40am"]}
{"id": 252, "summary": [{"text": "condor is the common name for two species of new world vultures , each in a monotypic genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name derives from the quechua kuntur .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are the largest flying land birds in the western hemisphere .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are : the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) which inhabits the andean mountains .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) currently restricted to the western coastal mountains of the united states and mexico and the northern desert mountains of arizona in the united states . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "condor", "paragraphs": ["[ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior\nre : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior\nsubject : re : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior\nprev by date : re : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior\nprevious by thread : re : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior\n09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 52 / opt / condor / local . btbal3600 / condor _ config . local\nlike their relative , the california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) , the andean condor has bald head which keeps their feathers clean after poking inside carcass .\nearn miles with alaska mileage plan\u2122 whenever you fly with condor or alaska airlines .\nordered at home , delivered on board . duty - free shopping with condor .\nfirst legal protection specifically directed to the condor . california fish & game code .\nwhitson , m . , and p . whitson . 1969 . breeding behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) . condor 71 : 73 - 75 .\ncondor advisory committee formalized . endangered wildlife research program initiated at patuxent wildlife research center , us fish and wildlife ; fred sibley assigned to full - time research on condor\nreceive condor news and most up - to - date deals per e - mail . keep up to date with our latest offers , route news and other condor news .\nandean condor soaring in the andes of peru . source : peru cultural society . the andean condor is classified as near threatened by the iucn red list of threatened species .\nphotograph of a spectacularly preserved fossil condor skull from grand canyon national park in arizona .\n09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 52 using config source : / btbal3600 / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / etc / condor _ config\ngailey , j . , and n . bolwig . 1973 . observations on the behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) . condor 75 : 60 - 68 .\nfind new or used condor other 296iks rvs for sale from across the nation on rvtrader . com . we offer the best selection of condor other rvs to choose from .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species lists the andean condor as a \u201cnear threatened\u201d species .\nif you are travelling on business or in a commercial vehicle please click here for condor ferries freight .\n09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 output file : / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / _ condor _ stdout\n09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 error file : / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / _ condor _ stderr\n09 / 30 / 15 08 : 34 : 53 about to exec / opt / condor - 8 . 2 . 8 / local . btbal3600 / execute / dir _ 5593 / condor _ exec . exe\nthe female condor will deposit one or two eggs on her nest built on inaccessible ledges of large rocks .\ni would expect that ` condor _ q ` would be the same as ` condor _ q deck ` . is what i am seeing expected behavior , have i misconfigured something , or is this a bug ?\nkoford , c . b . 1953 . the california condor . national audubon society , research report 4 .\ncondor has increased its fees for pre - bookable ancillaries , such as extra baggage , meals or sports baggage .\ncurrent threats to the california condor include poisoning from scavening animals killed with lead shot and flying into power lines .\ni know that 8 . 5 . 8 is a development release but i was messing around with our condor build system and i noticed some unexpected ( to me ) behavior . when calling condor _ q there is a failure :\na possible ancestral california condor fossil is a 1 to 1 . 5 million year - old fossil found in florida ,\nweight : 17 - 29 lbs ( 8 - 13 kg ) . ( andean condor is approximately 30 lbs . )\ndaily food requirement of full grown captive condor is 570 gm - 1 kg ( approximately 1 - 2 lbs ) .\nsepse condor sanctuary ( 35 , 000 acres ) established by us forest service . enlarged to 53 , 000 acres in\nthe california condor became extinct in the wild ( ew ) in 1987 when last 8 individuals were taken into captivity .\nkaplan , m . ( 2002 ) the plight of the condor . new scientist , 2363 : 34 - 36 .\nwhitston , m . , p . whitston . 1969 . breeding behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) .\nandean condor may descend to sea - level , and feed on dead whales , seals and seabirds near or along the beaches . inland , andean condor feeds mainly on large ungulates , and today domestic stock , which are important food resources .\nthe california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) is a member of the family cathartidae or new world vultures , a family of seven species , including the closely related andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) and the sympatric turkey vulture ( cathartes aura ) .\na bespoke bicycle is a rarity . at condor cycles it is what we ' ve done every day for 70 years .\nthe california condor dates from late pleistocene ( around 40 , 000 years ago ) to modern times . ( emslie 1988 )\ncalifornia condor distribution adapted from urltoken according to iucn fact sheet click here or on map for detailed distribution ( iucn ) .\ndirected secretary of interior to develop a register of endangered species . condor included on first official list of endangered species in 1967\niucn is 44 mature individuals . the wild population currently numbers 231 individuals in total ( california condor recovery program 2012 ) .\n. publicity measures include a website and near - weekly condor articles in local newspapers ( d . cooper and j . grantham\nauthenticated ( 25 / 11 / 02 ) by james christian . former california condor release attendant for the peregrine fund . urltoken\ngailey , j . , n . bolwig . 1973 . observations on the behavior of the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) .\nuna publicaci\u0107\u00b3n compartida de condor tool & knife inc . ( @ condortk ) el 2 jul , 2018 a las 4 : 38 pdt\nin january of 2010 a wild - born , captive condor died at nearly 80 years old at the beardsley zoo in bridgeport connecticut .\nspeziale , k . , s . lambertucci , o . olssonb . 2008 . disturbance from roads negatively affects andean condor habitat use .\ncondor cycles 49 - 53 gray ' s inn road london wc1x 8pp + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7269 6820 customer . service @ urltoken\nprotection / threats / status : andean condor is threatened by indirect poisoning used for predators , and by the lead in the carcasses . disturbances , illegal shooting and persecution play an important role in the declines of this species . andean condor is listed as endangered and protected under cites\ndon\u00e1zar , j . , j . feijoo . 2002 . social structure of andean condor roosts : influence of sex , age and season .\nreadiness in adult california condors , although i have observed similar characteristics in a captive california condor that had undergone periods of exertion and excitement .\ncalifornia condor : bald eagle juvenile is noticeably smaller , has brown belly , long tail , and shows long head and neck projection in flight .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - andean condor ( vultur gryphus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - andean condor ( vultur gryphus )\ntitle =\narkive species - andean condor ( vultur gryphus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - california condor ( gymnogyps californianus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - california condor ( gymnogyps californianus )\ntitle =\narkive species - california condor ( gymnogyps californianus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe andean condor ( vultus gryphus ) is one of the 7 species of new world vultures found in warm and temperate areas of the american continent .\nrios - uzeda , b . , r . wallace . 2007 . estimating the size of the andean condor population in the apolobamba mountains of bolivia .\nadditional regulations may apply if you fly on airlines other than condor , e . g . if feeder or connecting flights are operated by other airlines .\ndna studies of the 14 founder individuals of the current condor population indicates that they belonged to three distinct sub populations . ( geyer et al 1993 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 condor cycles limited . registered in england and wales ( no . 05351196 ) . registered office : 66 prescot street , london , e1 8nn .\nlast california condor is brought in from the wild on easter sunday . this young adult male joins 26 captive birds at the san diego and los angeles zoos .\nthe andean condor is considered threatened but is in far better shape than its california cousin . reintroduction programs are working to grow populations of these south american birds .\nthe andean condor ranges across the andes , in venezuela , colombia , ecuador , peru , bolivia and paraguay , south to argentina and chile ( 10 ) .\nwhat\u2019s in a name ? the name \u201ccondor\u201d comes from cuntur , which originated from the inca name for the andean condor . their scientific name , gymnogyps californianus , comes from the greek words gymnos , meaning naked , and refers to the head , and gyps meaning vulture ; californianus is latin and refers to the birds\u2019 range .\nthe andean condor played an important role in inca mythology . today the yawar fiesta which dates back from the time of the spanish conquest in the 1500s is celebrated in regions of the andes . during this celebration a condor , representing the indians , is tied to the back of a bull , which represents the spaniards . the condor attacks the bull with its beak while the bull tries to desperately get rid of it . young men chase the animal trying to show courage to their communities .\ngymno comes from the greek word for bare or naked ( referring to the\nbald\nhead of the condor ) . gyps is the greek word for vulture .\ntwo anthropogenic factors , lead poisoning and shooting , have contributed disproportionately to the decline of the species in last 100 years . although publicity associated with the condor recovery program has reduced the likelihood of condors being shot , one person was arrested as recently as 2004 for shooting a california condor . high lead levels , primarily obtained from the ingestion of fragments of lead bullets and shot remains a pervasive problem throughout the historical foraging range of the california condor . for more information , please see lead exposure .\npoulsen , h . 1963 . on the behavior of the south american condor ( vultur gryphus l . ) . z . tierpsychol . 20 : 468 - 473 .\ndue to loss of several birds , l . a . zoo begins power - line and human aversion programs for all condor release candidates . captive population 85 , wild population 3\nfrom : htcondor - users [ mailto : htcondor - users - bounces @ xxxxxxxxxxx ] on behalf of deck , william sent : thursday , january 12 , 2017 11 : 34 am to : htcondor - users mail list < htcondor - users @ xxxxxxxxxxx > subject : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior\ndiet : andean condor feeds mainly on carcasses of large and medium - sized mammals such as ungulates , guanacos , cattle , but also marine mammals and large seabirds along the coasts .\nfrom : htcondor - users [ mailto : htcondor - users - bounces @ xxxxxxxxxxx ] on behalf of john m knoeller sent : thursday , january 12 , 2017 12 : 47 pm to : htcondor - users mail list < htcondor - users @ xxxxxxxxxxx > subject : re : [ htcondor - users ] condor 8 . 5 . 8 - condor _ q behavior\npostures of displaying california condors are very similar to those described for andean condors . however , if published photographs are representative , the andean condor holds its body more nearly vertical than does the california condor , and does not bend its neck as far forward ( whitson and whitson 1969 , fig . 1 ; gailey and bolwig 1973 , figs . . 1c , 1e , 5 ) . gailey and bolwig ( 1973 , fig . 1d ) showed a female andean condor with head and neck bent far downward and inward , but its wings were held almost fully open as in the\nsunning\nposition . among the pictures of displaying andean condors , one of a male bird in poulsen ( 1963 , fig . 4 ) most closely resembles the posture of the california condor .\ncaptive population of 52 birds . 2 california condors and 2 andean condors are released in the los padres national forest 1 / 14 . 10 / 6 - 1 california condor dies from ingestion of ethylene\nhendrickson , s . , r . bleiweiss , j . matheus , l . de matheus , n . j\u00e1come , e . pavez . 2003 . low genetic variability in the geographically widespread andean condor .\neverything reported above is in full agreement with koford ( 1953 : 77 - 80 ) . he assumed that only the male california condor actively displays , and i never saw anything to indicate otherwise . i was never close enough to displaying condors to know if their courtship is accompanied by hissing or other sounds , as is that of the andean condor ( whitson and whitson 1969 , gailey and bolwig 1973 ) .\nthe california condor is the largest land bird in north america , and once dominated the western skies . sadly , the species declined throughout much of the 20th century until only drastic measures saved it from extinction .\nbehaviour : andean condor feeds on carcasses and it is mainly a scavenger , feeding on dead animals . this large condor is able to tear muscles and viscera through the skin of the largest carcasses . around the carcasses , when they are feeding with other vultures\u2019 species , there are some ritual displays in order to recognize the dominant birds , and conflicts are avoided or quickly resolved . usually , the largest species are dominant .\nreproduction : andean condor male performs courtship displays , by standing erect with opened wings , and producing some clicking noises with the tongue . at this moment , the bare skin of the neck turns bright yellow . breeding season occurs from february to june in peru and in september - october in chile . andean condor does not build any structure . it nests on the bare ground of cliff - ledges or in shallow caves .\nat carcasses , california condors dominate other scavengers . the exception is when a golden eagle is present . although the condor weighs about twice as much as an eagle , the superior talons of the eagle command respect .\nstarving fledgling wanders into an area of summer homes . after unsuccessful reintroduction attempt , bird is given to the l . a . zoo . this bird ( topatopa ) was only california condor in captivity for 15 years .\nandean condors have been extremely important as a cultural symbol in the andes mountains of south america for thousands of years . in the ancient inca culture of peru the condor represents one of the three realms of existence , the heavens ; while the jaguar represents the earth and the snake the underworld . these three cultural references appear all over inca society , including in their architecture . the site of machu picchu , which was a royal vacation home , is built in the shape of a condor if viewed from the top of a nearby mountain . there is also a massive stone altar in the site that is shaped like a huge condor with wings spread high .\nwe designed condor to give pilots the complete experience of soaring on their pc . the key to this experience is the feeling of immersion in the environment . precise aerodynamics and weather physics drive the ongoing development . the condor simulator with state of the art graphics , real time control feedback , and cockpit sounds immerses you , the pilot , in the experience and is the closest you can come to flying a glider without ever leaving the ground .\nat 1105 five adult condors and several ravens were at the carcass , but only one condor was actively feeding . another condor ( from general appearance , probably the\nmale\nfrom the earlier courtship ) displayed to the feeding bird , then walked around the carcass , displaying to the group collectively . none of the condors responded to the displaying bird . courtship activity ceased after several minutes when two golden eagles flushed the condors and ravens from the carcass .\ncalifornia condor : very large raptor with black body , bare - skinned red - orange head , and white wing patches . sexes are similar . juvenile has gray - skinned head and dull gray wing patches . exceptionally rare bird .\npoulsen ( 1963 ) noted that an andean condor may display when not in the presence of other condors . on 2 february 1973 , john c . borneman and i observed an adult california condor roosting alone on a rock cliff . it sat quietly through the morning hours , preening occasionally . at 1205 it began swaying from side to side , walking in small circles with head and neck drooped forward and wings half opened . all actions were similar to those described above , except the stooped posture was less pronounced and the neck and head were neither swollen nor intensely colored . the condor displayed for perhaps one minute , sat quietly for another minute , then left its perch and circled out of sight .\nthe andean condor is adapted for exceptionally low mortality and low reproductive output , and is therefore highly vulnerable to human persecution , which persists over most of its range ( 2 ) ( 10 ) . the andean condor is killed for sport , and farmers kill it as a pest because they mistakenly believe it kills their livestock ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . additionally , condors have been affected by pesticides that have been carried up the food chain ( 7 ) ( 9 ) and by poison placed for mammalian predators ( 8 ) . as the andean condor mates for life , and shares parental duties , the death of a mate also has a knock - on impact on the other partner and the chick ( 7 ) .\ncalifornia condor : prefers large carcasses , such as deer , cattle , and beached marine mammals , but readily feeds on smaller carrion . leaves roost to begin foraging late in morning , after strong thermals form , often returning to a known carcass .\nthis is because when you don\u2019t specify a username , by default condor _ q will ask the schedd to send only jobs for the current user , which it determines by using authentication on the connection to the schedd to determine who you are .\nthe california condor is the largest flying bird in north america . their wings may stretch nearly 10 feet from tip to tip . when in flight , these huge birds glide on air currents to soar as high as a dizzying 15 , 000 feet .\nthe andean condor is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) and listed on appendix ii of the convention on migratory species ( cms ) ( 4 ) .\nspecies status california condors ( gymnogyps californianus ) were listed as endangered under the federal endangered species act on march 11 , 1967 . as of oct 31 , 2012 , the total condor population was 409 birds and 232 of those were in the wild .\nbased on the novel\nsix days of the condor\nby james grady and screenplay\nthree days of the condor\nby lorenzo semple jr . and david rayfiel , condor follows cia analyst joe turner who stumbles onto a plan that threatens the lives of millions . joe has always been conflicted about his work for the cia . but when something he ' s discovered gets his entire office killed , leaving joe as the only survivor and forcing him to go on the run , the theoretical reservations he ' s harbored turn into all - too - real moral dilemmas . under pressure , joe will be forced to redefine who he is and what he ' s capable of in order to discover the truth and to stop a plot that threatens the lives of millions .\nflight : andean condor spends most of the daytime soaring in the thermals created by valleys and mountains . the large wings are well adapted for soaring flight . they use the rising air currents and rarely perform flapping flight , always in order to save energy .\nthe researchers believe this huge bird surpasses the previous recorder - holder , argentavis magnificens - a condor - like bird from south america with an estimated wingspan of 5 . 7 - 6 . 1m ( 19 - 20ft ) that lived about six million years ago .\nthe original decline of the california condor followed the extinction of many large mammals in north america ( 5 ) . despite legal protection since 1900 ( 10 ) , the 20th century decline was due to human induced pressures such as trapping , shooting , egg collecting and lead poisoning following ingestion of carcasses killed with lead shot ( 2 ) . unfortunately lead poisoning still occurs regularly and remains the condor ' s greatest threat ; other current threats include collisions with power lines , shooting , and both deliberate and accidental poisoning ( 12 ) .\nandean condor roosts in groups in cliff ledges . these large birds have to save energy by avoiding fights at carcasses , soaring in thermals during several hours apparently effortless , and storing fat reserves when food resources are abundant . these vultures can remain several days without feeding .\nlambertucci , s . , a . trejo , s . di martino , j . sanchez - zapata , j . donazar , f . hiraldo . 2009 . spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of the andean condor : ecological replacement of native fauna by exotic species .\nproposed determination of critical habitat for snail darter , american crocodile , whooping crane , california condor , indiana bat , and florida manatee ; 40 fr 58308 58312 ( percina ( imostoma ) sp . , crocodylus acutus , grus americana , gymnogyps californicus , myotis sodalis , trichechus manatus )\nthis species is found in high mountains , lowland deserts , open grasslands , along coastlines and in alpine regions ( 9 ) . unlike many birds , the andean condor does not build nests , but rather lays its eggs among boulders or in caves or holes ( 9 ) .\nthe condor\u2019s bare head is an adaptation for hygiene since they eat dead and rotting meat and must , for the most part , stick their heads into the carcasses to feed . as unappetizing as this may seem to us , scavengers like condors are vital to the natural ecosystem .\nfossil records reveal that the california condor once ranged over much of the southern united states , south to nuevo leon , mexico , and east to florida , as well as upstate new york . the disappearance of the condor from much of this range occurred about 10 , 000 - 11 , 000 years ago . by the time of the arrival of european settlers in western north america , condors occurred only in a narrow pacific coastal strip from british columbia to baja california norte . after the 1930s the condors were found primarily in central california , north of los angeles .\nthe 2016 artwork features three iconic pleistocene (\nice age\n) animals from the united states\u2014 saber - toothed cat , long - horned bison , and a condor flying above . the landscape is an idealized representation of southern nevada within what is now tule springs fossil beds national monument .\none study of 40 condor nest sites ( both recent and formerly active ) found bones of immature cattle most often represented along with a wide variety of medium - sized mammals such as rabbits , ground squirrels , pocket gophers , coyotes , foxes , and weasels . ( collins et al 1999 )\nthe andean condor inhabits high peaks of the andes mountains of south america at elevations of up to 16 , 000 ft or 5 , 000 m . its habitat ranges from colombia in the north , to ecuador , peru , bolivia , argentina and chile in the southern end of the continent .\none reason california condor recovery has been slow is their extremely slow reproduction rate . female condors lay only one egg per nesting attempt , and they don\u2019t always nest every year . the young depend on their parents for more than 12 months , and take 6 - 8 years to reach maturity .\na condor can fly over a hundred miles in a single flight ! they have a remarkable ability to soar on thermals , or currents of warm air that provide lift . this allows them to fly for a considerable distance without even flapping . condors roost in tall snags or on cliff faces to elude terrestrial predators . roosts may also serve a social function , as it is common for 2 or more condors to roost together and leave a roost together . depending upon weather conditions and the hunger of a bird , a california condor may spend most of its time perched on a roost .\nthe california condor is one of our nation ' s most magnificent birds , with wings spanning an amazing nine and half feet ! it is black in color with white underwing patches and a bald head with very few feathers . the color of the head varies from white to orange to reddish purple .\n. in 2008 an agreement was struck between the tejon ranch and five conservation organisations to preserve 240 , 000 acres of the 270 , 000 acre property as an open space in return for not opposing the development of the remaining land , providing a vast amount of foraging habitat for the condor ( l . kiff\ncalifornia condor : found in arid foothills and mountain ranges of southern and central california ; also seen in northern arizona and southern utah . requires large areas of remote country for foraging , roosting , and nesting . condors roost on large , old growth trees or snags , or on isolated rocky outcrops and cliffs .\n: april 11 , first condor chick hatches in the wild ( ventura county ) the chick\u2019s parents were captive - reared at the los angeles zoo and san diego wild animal park , then released into the wild at the age of one by the usfws in 1995 . two more chicks later hatch but none survive .\nfinkelstein , myra , zeka kuspa , noel f . snyder and n . john schmitt . 2015 . california condor ( gymnogyps californianus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nnative to a wide variety of north american habitats , the condor is historically restricted to the pacific coastline and inland to the sierras ( 8 ) . inhabits rocky , open scrubland , coniferous forest and oak savannah ( 3 ) . nests have been recorded in rock cavities as well as in large sequoia trees ( 3 ) .\ntowards the end of the 1980s , with only eight individuals left in the wild , it was clear that the extinction of this bird was imminent . the remaining wild individuals were taken into captivity and incorporated into an intensive conservation breeding programme run by san diego wild animal park , los angeles zoo and the peregrine fund ( 13 ) . a variety of techniques were used in the breeding programme including double - clutching and the rearing of chicks with hand puppets , and in 1992 the first condors were released back into the wild ( 14 ) . numerous hurdles have had to be overcome , not least teaching captive birds to avoid power cables , but in the spring of 2002 the first wild condor chick for two decades hatched ( 13 ) . the rescue of the californian condor is an ongoing conservation programme but the successes so far have been inspiring and the population continues to climb ( 8 ) ; today the condor can once again be seen soaring over the rocky californian landscape .\nmeretsky , v . j . , snyder , n . f . r . , beissinger , s . r . , clendenen , d . a . and wiley , j . w . ( 2000 ) demography of the california condor : implications for reestablishment . conservation biology , 14 : 957 - 967 . available at : urltoken\ncalifornia condor recordings by vincent gerwe \u00a9 cornell lab of ornithology macaulay library cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods road ithaca new york 14850 united states of america tel : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2404 fax : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2439 email : macaulaylibrary @ urltoken website : www . birds . urltoken / macaulaylibrary\nhabitat and range : andean condor frequents mainly the mountainous areas where it can fly in thermal currents . it occurs amongst the higher peaks of the andes . it may be found in low grasslands in argentina , and along the sea coast in peru and southern chile . it occurs in the andes , from western venezuela to tierra del fuego .\ncalifornia condor : a single pale green or blue egg is laid in a shallow cave or rock crevice ; no nesting material is added , but the pair may manipulate rocks and other objects to form a crude nest . incubation ranges from 54 to 58 days and is carried out by both parents ; produces no more than one brood every other year .\npostures to those described above are adopted by other cathartid vultures , but differences in coloration do not result in similar emphasis . for example , the black vulture does not have striking plumage patterns . color and pattern may assist or reinforce the courtship behavior of the california condor , but the ceremony itself is probably phylogenetically the older character ( lorenz 1937 ) .\nas one of the largest flying birds in the world , the andean condor ( vultur gryphus ) forms an awesome sight over the south american skies ( 5 ) , as it soars gracefully on huge , motionless wings ( 6 ) . these magnificent birds have glossy black plumage with white flight feathers on the wings ( 7 ) and a distinctive downy , white ruff around the neck ( 8 ) . the bare skin on the head of the andean condor varies in colour , but is usually reddish - pink at the base of the neck , and more mottled greyish - pink or yellow on the head ( 2 ) . these birds have large feet with powerful claws and sharp , hooked beaks that allow them to easily tear apart their scavenged prey ( 9 ) . the andean condor is the only american vulture to show sexual dimorphism , with males possessing a large , fleshy lump on the front of their heads , called a caruncle , and neck wattles that are absent in females ( 2 ) ( 9 ) . juvenile andean condors are a dull brown colour ( 2 ) .\n: march 25 , first egg laid by a wild , re - introduced california condor in the grand canyon national park . the egg was found broken , a common occurrence . later this year 2 eggs are laid in the same nest . scientists retrieve one because of probable incubation difficulties . chick is hatched june 17 , and is raised by a pair of captive birds\nduring each observation , the neck and cheeks of the displaying condor were much distended ; the bright red chest patch was inflated prominently ; the orange head was especially bright ; and the bluish - gray band at the base of the neck appeared as a pale ring , with a conspicuous rose - red spot on the ventral side below the bill . the condor at whom each display was directed , and also one other bird in the group , also had distended necks and cheeks , but their color was not as intense as that of the displaying bird . the remaining condors were duller in color , and no swelling of head , neck , or check patch was evident . bright coloration and distension of head and neck may be general indications of reproductive\nrecovery attempts for the andean condor have been made through captive breeding and reintroduction programmes , which have been moderately successful ( 7 ) . captive - bred andean condors have so far been reintroduced into the wild in colombia and venezuela , and early reports indicate that that some of these birds have begun to breed ( 8 ) . these results are extremely encouraging and provide hope for the successful preservation of this magnificent bird . a similar project is currently underway in argentina , and there is potential for reintroductions to be made throughout the species\u2019 former range ( 10 ) . however , it is imperative that an education campaign to try to reduce hunting of the andean condor accompanies such measures , if reintroduced individuals are to be given the best possible chance of survival .\nonce a condor reaches six or seven years of age , he or she is ready to find a mate for life . condors will breed once every other year , with an elaborate courtship flight and dance leading up to mating . before that , an appropriate nest site must be found . condors build simple nests , often using caves in cliff faces to shelter their young from predators . raising a condor chick requires tremendous energy and time , so a pair will usually lay only one egg per season . however , they may lay a replacement clutch if their first or even second egg is lost . the egg is incubated by both parents and hatches after approximately 56 days . both parents share responsibilities for providing the nestling with food and warmth . at two to three months of age , condor chicks leave the nest but remain in the vicinity of the nest where they are fed by their parents . the chick takes its first flight at about six to seven months of age but may not become fully independent until the following year . chicks learn from their parents how to fly and find food . parents will look after their young up to two years after hatching .\nthe coastal condor population may have survived the widespread extinctions at the end of the pleistocene because they ate marine mammals ( that did not become extinct ) rather than terrestrial food sources ; by contrast , isotope studies reveal that a black vulture that did become extinct fed only on large animals living on land ( many of which became extinct ) . ( fox - dobbs et al 2006 ) ,\ni can actually submit to the schedd i am attempting to query . i can work around this issue by setting condor _ q _ only _ my _ jobs = false ( which makes sense ) . i inherited the authentication settings and they have not been changed in quite some time . it looks like now would be a good time to take a look . thanks for the help .\nprior to 1973 , the courtship display of the california condor had been described ( koford 1953 , wilbur and borneman 1972 ) , but no photographs of the event had been published . on 31 january 1973 , i had the opportunity to photograph a pair in courtship in the sespe condor sanctuary ( los padres national forest ) , ventura county , california . i had seen similar activity 20 february 1970 , 26 february 1971 , 3 february 1972 , and 14 december 1972 . the photos are not particularly sharp , and i suspect that a lot of courtship photos have been taken since the captive breeding program began . still , i think this is interesting as one of the few photo records of how the original , pre - captive breeding , condors behaved . by way of explanation :\n: three chicks hatch in california ' s ventura county back country . there are now 97 condors living in the wild in california , arizona and baja . there are 124 birds in captivity at the wild animal park , l . a . zoo and the peregrine fund ' s world center for birds of prey ; the jonsson center for wildlife conservation established in oregon by the oregon zoo for condor recovery efforts .\nthe california condor population steadily declined during the 20th century until there were only about 22 known to exist in the world . the last of the free - flying condors were taken into captivity in 1987 in order to save the species from extinction . efforts to reintroduce california condors began in early 1992 , and continue to this day . today , they can be found primarily in california , arizona and baja california , mexico .\n) , which forage by smell whereas andean condors forages by sight . larger andean condors are much better adapted at tearing into the tough hide of a fresh kill . the smaller vultures benefit from the labors of the condor and feed on what is left of the newly opened carcass . within the last century or so there has been an ecological shift in food availability across much of the andean condors ' range as native megafauna species (\nlarge vultures perform sunning behaviour in the morning , because their body temperature falls several degrees at night in order to save the energy . the sun helps them to recover the normal level . but sunning is also used for feathers . during the flight at high elevation , the strong winds may bend the feather\u2019s tips upwards . andean condor needs the sun\u2019s heat for recovering the normal feather\u2019s shape . feathers\u2019 maintenance is an important behaviour for so large birds .\nthe display posture of the california condor gives prominence to most of the bird ' s brilliant colors and striking patterns . the orange of the head , the gray neck ring , and most of the red chest patch are conspicuous to the display partner . the white patches under the wings flash almost like mirrors as the bird sways from side to side . only the rose pink neck spot and a portion of the red chest patch are obscured from view .\nit appears to me that the job is hung on transferring output for an hour after running the job to completion . then after an hour the condor daemon copying the data is determined to be hung and is killed . however we see the output file transferred to the schedd . similar behavior is observed on all the jobs that don\u2019t \u201cfinish\u201d . the behavior only seems to appear in longer running jobs as all of the jobs are setup in the same way .\nthe spectacular but endangered california condor is the largest bird in north america . these superb gliders travel widely to feed on carcasses of deer , pigs , cattle , sea lions , whales , and other animals . pairs nest in caves high on cliff faces . the population fell to just 22 birds in the 1980s , but there are now some 230 free - flying birds in california , arizona , and baja california with another 160 in captivity . lead poisoning remains a severe threat to their long - term prospects .\nthe california condor was originally widespread throughout north america , but by the 1800s they were restricted to the west coast , from british columbia to baja california . in the 1970s only 30 individuals remained , all of which were confined to a small area of california ( 6 ) , and on easter sunday 1987 the species became extinct in the wild when the last individual was taken into captivity ( 8 ) . an extensive conservation effort has been undertaken to re - introduce captive - bred condors back into the wilds of california , arizona and mexico .\n2017 ) . a huge step has been taken towards eliminating the threat of lead - poisoning with the signing in 2007 of the ridley - tree condor preservation act , which requires the use of non - lead ammunition within the species ' s range in california and was implemented in 2008 . as of february 2009 , 99 % of hunters were compliant with the act . the arizona game and fish department is now distributing safer lead - substitute bullets free of charge to hunters within the foraging range of the condors ; similar programmes are being initiated in california ( l . kiff\ncalifornia condors are the largest north american land birds and among the largest flying birds in the world . an adult condor will weigh about 22 pounds and can have a wingspan of up to 9 . 5 feet . adults are mostly black with white underwing patches . similar to their relatives , the vultures , they have no feathers on their heads or feet . juvenile condors are grayish - black , with short feathers on their heads that they lose as they grow older . the bright orange - red colored head and the white patches under the wings are easy ways to distinguish adult california condors from juveniles . males and females cannot be distinguished by size or plumage characteristics .\ncondors are obligate scavengers , meaning they feed only on carcasses of animals . a condor ' s sharp beak and strong neck muscles allow them to tear into animal hide and feed . they forage widely as far as 150 miles a day looking for deer , elk , livestock and marine mammals . having located a potential food item , condors frequently remain in the air circling high above the carcass before landing . circling behavior is thought to serve as a signal to other condors in the area , guiding them to potential food sources . condors apparently depend on visual rather than olfactory cues to locate food . having to face changes in food availability , condors have been documented not feeding for a periods up to 14 days .\nandean condors roost on cliff faces and use thermal currents to lift off in the morning , and then spend most of the day soaring on updrafts looking for food . these birds scavenge on the remains of sheep , llamas , cattle , seals and occasionally newborn animals or the eggs of seabirds . the andean condor\u2019s excellent eyesight allows it to spot a carcass from several miles away , and this bird is also known to watch the behaviour of other animals or follow smaller scavenging birds to find a carcass ( 7 ) . its sharp , curved beak can easily tear through the flesh and hides of the toughest carcasses ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . up to 40 andean condors have been observed together at a single large carcass ( 2 ) .\n. the first chick born in mexico for over 75 years hatched in april 2007 . it is hoped these birds will range widely enough to be effectively connected with birds in the southern u . s . a . , and a bird from the baja population was seen in san diego county in april 2007 . 2015 was an important year for the species in terms of its recovery in the wild as it was the first year when the number of individuals that died in the wild was less than the number of juveniles that fledged ( silber 20116 ) . second generation birds have recently matured to breeding age , but no population can be deemed sustainable , and without substantial reductions in the use of lead - based ammunition within the condor ' s range none are likely to become so ( finkelstein\nthe andean condor has a long lifespan , in excess of 50 years , but breeds very slowly ( 7 ) . sexual maturity is not attained until 7 to 11 years , after which these birds , like all condors , mate for life ( 7 ) . the male conducts an elaborate courtship display involving drawing the body up and fully extending the wings , as well as making loud tongue clicks , while the reddish skin of the neck becomes bright yellow ( 8 ) . the female lays a single egg every other year , which both the male and female take turns to incubate ( 7 ) for about 54 to 58 days ( 8 ) . the young andean condors take a lot of time and effort to raise , being unable to fly until they are six months old and remaining reliant upon the adults for up to two more years ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe critically endangered california condor is a member of the new world vulture family ( cathartidae ) , and has an impressive wingspan of just less than three metres ( 5 ) . the featherless head and neck are a reddish - orange colour ; a few black feathers sprout from the head and there is a ruff of fine , glossy black feathers around the neck ( 6 ) . the neck has an inflatable pouch , which is important in courtship ( 7 ) . the plumage is black in colour with large white patches under each wing ( 6 ) . males and females are indistinguishable by size or plumage ( 8 ) . juveniles are grey and adult feathers do not replace this down until the age of five to seven months ( 6 ) . sub - adults retain a grey head until they reach maturity at five to seven years of age , when they acquire the full colouration of an adult ( 6 ) .\nat 1006 on 31 january 1973 , two adult condors were on the ground near a deer carcass we had placed as supplemental feed . one golden eagle and several ravens were also near the carcass . one condor , the presumed male , half - opened its wings , with the primary feathers hanging vertically . with neck extended and head bowed , the\nmale\nswayed from side to side in front of the\nfemale .\nwhile at close quarters , the\nmale\ntwice kicked one foot at the bowed head of the\nfemale ' ( described by koford 1953 : 77 ) .\nhe\nthen turned and walked some 10 meters away from the\nfemale ,\nstill swaying from side to side with head bent forward . the\nfemale\nfollowed about half the distance , then the\nmale\nturned and came back toward her , still displaying . the courtship ended at 1010 when the eagle , which had been standing on the deer carcass and feeding , flew away . both condors moved quickly to the carcass and began to feed .\napologies for the boring font , it\u2019s needed to keep the parallel texts in line .\nthe english translations are a mixture of my own , and my adaptations to those by p . gelles and g . mart\u00ednez in the english version , alias :\nare therefore found in these texts only in spanish loanwords which have not been fully assimilated to quechua pronunciation .\nthe first passage in particular , where gregorio relates his time as a press - ganged conscript in the peruvian army ( where spanish was the only language it was permitted to speak ) , has an even greater number of loanwords from spanish than is usual in quechua .\nthis is largely due to the context of the peruvian army , an institution entirely dominated by spanish .\nin the english translation of the first text have also been put in bold if they are ones that english has borrowed from french .\nthe suffixes given here are in the form and spellings used in the official quechua alphabet for southern quechua ( ayacucho , cuzco , puno , bolivia ) .\nbe aware , though , that he presents the bolivian forms of these , uses a slightly different spelling system and some different names , but suffixes should still be recognisable as the same as the ones given here .\nbernard comrie , martin haspelmath , balthasar bickel , william croft , christian lehmann , dietmar zaefferer , and others .\nsie verwenden einen veralteten browser mit sicherheitsschwachstellen und k\u00f6nnen nicht alle funktionen dieser webseite nutzen . hier erfahren sie , wie einfach sie ihren browser aktualisieren k\u00f6nnen .\nthis site uses cookies as explained in our cookies policy . by using urltoken you agree to our policy .\nplease note our cookie policy . by closing this message , you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nplease enter the date in the following format : dd / mm / yy , e . g . 29 / 10 / 2016\nget your holiday off to a relaxing start and enjoy access to exclusive airport lounges .\nfrom where in the us can you fly to germany , the uk and beyond ? find your local airport .\nhaute cuisine takes to the skies : discover our exquisite premium and special menus .\nwhere from in canada ? we fly you to europe from a few canadian airports .\nmore : we ' ve extended the frequencies to seattle so that the route is now available throughout the entire year .\nthis website uses cookies as explained in our cookie policy . by using urltoken you agree to this policy .\nmake your american dreams come true ! flights to the u . s . from just\nout of the airplane and into the car . book your sixt rental car right here , e . g . for barbados or martinique !\nmore comfort , exquisite premium menus and much more . book your enhanced flight now and save ."]}
{"id": 255, "summary": [{"text": "the black-throated antbird ( myrmeciza atrothorax ) is a species of bird in the family thamnophilidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "black - throated antbird", "paragraphs": ["black - throated antbird ( myrmeciza atrothorax ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family .\nthe black - throated antbird is fairly common and widespread in amazonia where it is known to range up to 1000 m along the east slope of the andes . it also occurs in\n. the male black - throated antbird has rufous - brown upperparts . the wing coverts are rufous brown tipped with white dots forming wing bars . the head is gray . the throat , breast , and part of the belly are black bordered by gray ; but the extent of the black throat and breast is variable . the female has brown upperparts with poorly defined wing bars . the breast is bright rufous grading to gray towards the rest of the underparts . it forages in thickets and dense foliage at the edges of forest and along streams . it is similar to the\nzimmer , k . & isler , m . l . ( 2018 ) . black - throated antbird ( myrmophylax atrothorax ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 15 . 3 - 17 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 14 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nfeeling quite sick all morning so few recordings from this interesting , rather swampy lowland site , about half our drive down from sadiri lodge . along road to tuichi ? highpass 400 hz or so , suffering from crappy contact or crappy cable causing breaks ( and misery back at home ! ) , had nice recordings of this species but many lost . . . i do not use headphones with me sennheiser me66 . next time !\nmale ( first voice ) and female ( second voice ) inside a scrub at border of a fragment of gallery forest in a trasition area between ' cerrad\u00e3o ' ( cerrado forest ) and amazon forest ( amazon forest enclave ) . south limit of amazon forest . approximately 50 meters from the river . considered an adult by plumage . playback used . for the playback i used the voice i recorded before from the same individuals ( xc291227 ) . bird photographed . liliane seixas , ibc320793 . accessible at urltoken ( female ) and liliane seixas , ibc320794 . accessible at urltoken ( male ) .\nhumid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\npair responding to playback ; male was also photographed , and this recording was made with a canon 5d - iii slr camera . this species is inexplicably rare in ecuador , it was the first time i had found it in the country .\nid accurancy : 100 % . habitat : second growth lowland forest . code : 1076 . tascam dr 100 mkii with internal mic\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nform stictothorax ( lower r tapaj\u00f3s ) sometimes considered a race of present species or even a separate species , but recordings and specimens from near type locality suggest it is a plumage variant of race melanura , itself already highly variable ; proposed races obscurata ( e peru , w brazil ) and griseiventris ( w bolivia ) inseparable from melanura . five subspecies recognized .\n( meyer de schauensee , 1947 ) \u2013 c colombia ( meta , w guaviare ) .\n( boddaert , 1783 ) \u2013 s venezuela ( s bol\u00edvar , amazonas ) , extreme ec colombia ( guain\u00eda , vaup\u00e9s ) , the guianas and n amazonian brazil ( both banks of upper and e of lower r negro , e to amap\u00e1 ) .\n( j . t . zimmer , 1932 ) \u2013 n of amazon in e ecuador ( napo , pastaza ) , ne peru ( loreto ) and n brazil ( w of lower r negro ) .\n( taczanowski , 1882 ) \u2013 nc peru s of r mara\u00f1\u00f3n ( loreto w of r huallaga ) .\n( m\u00e9n\u00e9tries , 1835 ) \u2013 s of r amazon in e peru ( e of r huallaga ) , locally in w & c brazil ( upper regions of tributaries of r amazon and along lower r tapaj\u00f3s , and e to s par\u00e1 and sc mato grosso ) and n & c bolivia .\n13\u201314 cm ; 14\u201318 g . interscapular patch white . male nominate race has crown and upperparts dark yellowish olive - brown , becoming blackish on rump ; wing - coverts . . .\nloudsong a short series ( e . g . 9 notes , 1\u00b76 seconds ) of downslurred notes at about same pitch . . .\nfeeds on various insects and spiders , probably also on other arthropods ; frog fed to nestling . recorded prey in brazil include termites ( . . .\nnest found in apr in french guiana ( details previously unpublished ) ; adult carrying nest material in jul in s peru ; fledgling seen in dec . . .\nnot globally threatened . fairly common throughout its extensive range . numerous formally protected areas exist within regions occupied by this species , and in virtually every . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to internal clarification of family and its division into two subfamilies , thamnophilinae and myrmornithinae ; subsequent work has erected a third , euchrepomidinae ( see below , euchrepomis ) .\nrecent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to distribution of taxa included herein into five tribes , microrhopiini , formicivorini , thamnophilini , pithyini and pyriglenini .\ntraditionally included in myrmeciza ( which see ) , but recently resurrected # r . see also myrmorchilus .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmyrmophylax atrothorax atrothorax : e colombia to s venezuela , the guianas and n amaz . brazil\nmyrmophylax atrothorax tenebrosa : e ecuador n of r . amazon , ne peru and n brazil\nmyrmophylax atrothorax maynana : n - cent . peru ( south of r\u00edo mara\u00f1\u00f3n and west of r\u00edo huallaga )\nmyrmophylax atrothorax [ melanura , obscurata and griseiventris ] : e peru s of r . amazon to n bolivia and w and central brazil\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 263 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nbut is distinguished by a larger size and habitat use in dense forest edges and second growth .\n) , j . t . zimmer , 1932 . n of amazon in e ecuador ( napo , pastaza ) , ne peru ( loreto ) and n brazil ( w of lower r negro ) .\n) , taczamowski , 1882 . nc peru s of r mara\u00f1\u00f3n ( loreto w of r huallaga ) .\n) , ( m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1835 ) . s of r amazon in e peru ( e of r huallaga ) , locally in w & c brazil ( upper regions of tributaries of r amazon and along lower r tapaj\u00f3s , and e to s par\u00e1 and sc mato grosso ) and n & c bolivia .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\ncontinuing where i left off in describing our mitu adventure . ( read this prior post to get caught up to speed ! ) each evening after a long day in the field , we would discuss with nacho our plan for the following day . ross hoped to visit pueblo nuevo again but was told we couldn\u2019t travel that far \u2026\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nmadagascar \u2013 bemanevika \u2013 the best day of birding of our lives ( seriously . )"]}
{"id": 258, "summary": [{"text": "the capped conebill ( conirostrum albifrons ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "capped conebill", "paragraphs": ["the capped conebill is uncommon in montane forests of the east and west ( piura and cajamarca ) slopes of the andes at elevations ranging between 1500 - 3000 m . it also occurs in\n13\u201313\u00b75 cm ; 11\u00b77\u201321\u00b75 g ( colombia ) . medium - sized conebill with thin , sharp bill and tail - wagging habit . male \u00adnominate race has crown . . .\nhilty , s . ( 2018 ) . capped conebill ( conirostrum albifrons ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n. the male capped conebill is black with a blue cap . it has dark blue in the shoulder and also on the rump . however , in the field it looks black . the female is mostly greenish - yellow with a gray hood and bluish cap . it forages in the canopy of humid montane forest often in the company of mixed species flocks . the small size and very active foraging behavior makes it easy to recognize , but see\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndark - crowned races atrocyaneum , sordidum and lugens have sometimes been regarded as representing a separate species , but no other characters distinguishing these taxa are known ; recordings of vocalizations too few to discern patterns , but limited current evidence confusing and fails to reflect the division implied by crown - colour differences . six subspecies recognized .\ntodd , 1932 \u2013 n venezuela ( coastal cordillera of aragua , vargas and distrito federal ) .\n\u2013 w venezuela ( andes of s t\u00e1chira ) and w slope of e andes of colombia ( s to latitude of bogot\u00e1 ) .\nmeyer de schauensee , 1946 \u2013 c andes of colombia ( antioquia s to w huila , and on e slope in nari\u00f1o ) .\n\u2013 w andes of colombia ( antioquia s on w slope to nari\u00f1o ) s through ecuador to n peru ( piura and cajamarca ) .\nberlepsch , 1901 \u2013 andes of c peru ( from jun\u00edn ) s to n bolivia ( la paz ) .\ninfrequently heard song , mainly at dawn , a high - pitched and penetrating \u201citsu - tseeu , tsu - . . .\nhigh humid and wet montane forest , especially at forest borders ; also older disturbed vegetation , . . .\ndiet mainly ( possibly entirely ) insects . forages singly or , more often , in pairs or small groups , and as a rule is seen with mixed - species . . .\nbirds in breeding condition in mar\u2013sept in andes of colombia . no further information available .\nnot globally threatened . generally fairly common over much of range . occurs in numerous protected areas , among them el avila , henri pittier , guaramacal , sierra nevada and tam . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhas sometimes been placed in coerebidae or parulidae , but molecular evidence confirms its place in present family , in a clade with oreomanes ( now subsumed into conirostrum ) as sister to all remaining diglossinae # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na female foraging in a tree ( a masked flowerpiercer passing in front of it ) .\njacob . wijpkema , ken simonite , david weaver , niels poul dreyer , lars petersson , tadeusz stawarczyk , agustin carrasco , jacqueserard , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , carlos gussoni , daniel avenda\u00f1o , mauricio rueda .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : conirostrum albifrons . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nconirostrum albifrons cyanonotum : coastal mts . of n venezuela ( aragua and distrito federal )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 174 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhumid forest . reference : jn2 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nhumid forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nedge of humid forest . reference : clxa 156 - 203 ( conalb9 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nhuila , san agust\u00edn , reserva los yalcones , el palmar . interfluvio quebrada el palmar - rio balseros\nhumid forest . reference : clxb 608 - 640 ( conalb6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nhumid - wet forest . reference : clivb 106 - 110 ( conalb5 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\ncanopy of humid - wet secondary forest . reference : clib 190 - 193 ( conalb4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\ngroup of 5 , two of them adult males . humid forest with patches of bamboo . reference : clxxvib 135 - 146 , 197 - 208 ( conalb7 - 8 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 547 side a track 78 seq . a )\nid certainty 80 % . ( archiv . tape 547 side a track 79 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 53 side b track 21 seq . a )\nref ohm068b 0409 . one male in mixed flocks , singing perched in the top of the tree . quercus forest . natural vocalization . about 15m to mic .\nnatural song from a male about 20m up in canopy of humid tall cloudforest .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n) , lafresnaye , 1848 . w andes of colombia ( antioquia s on w slope to nari\u00f1o ) s through ecuador to n peru ( piura and cajamarca ) .\n) , berlepsch , 1901 . andes of c peru ( from jun\u00edn ) s to n bolivia ( la paz ) .\n: l . albus = white and frons = frontis , forehead , brow .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngill & wright ( 2006 ) corrigenda / updates - 21 - sep - 2007 , website ( version 1 . 1 )\nioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 259, "summary": [{"text": "clepsis flavidana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from manitoba , maryland , minnesota and wisconsin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 26 \u2013 28 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on rosa species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "clepsis flavidana", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nholotype female : aweme , manitoba , canada , july 6 ( n . criddle ) .\nnew canadian lepidoptera . james h . mcdunnough . 1923 . the canadian entomologist 55 ( 7 ) : 163 - 168 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\n6 / 18 / 2012 a first for bugguide . id confirmed by bob patterson .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 260, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris ardesiella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walsingham in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in mexico ( veracruz ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark greyish fuscous , with a slight purplish gloss .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the extreme costa is very narrowly edged with ochreous as far as the commencement of the costal cilia , where a slight , very pale ochreous shade is projected downward on the wing-surface , apparently indicating the line of a vanished fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a minute blackish spot , at the extreme base of the costa , is followed by another , sometimes obsolete , on the cell at one-fifth , and beyond this , in the same line , is another discal spot at two-fifths , followed by another at the end of the cell , from which descends a short , inwardly bowed line of similarly dark scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is another dark spot in the fold , below the median discal spot , preceded and followed by a few ochreous scales , of which a very few are also found connected with the two outer discal spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a few blackish scales occur along the termen before the faintly sub-ochreous base of the smoky grey cilia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are smoky dark leaden grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris ardesiella", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word apludellus . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word apludellus and , of course , apludellus synonyms and on the right images related to the word apludellus .\nthis is the place for apludellus definition . you find here apludellus meaning , synonyms of apludellus and images for apludellus copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 264, "summary": [{"text": "the bay whiting , sillago ingenuua , is a species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family sillaginidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the bay whiting 's range extends throughout the west indian ocean , including northern australia , thailand , india and taiwan , where it inhabits protected waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is benthic in nature , preying on shrimps , polychaetes and molluscs , however little else is known of its biology .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "bay whiting are an important part of some inshore fisheries around australia and asia , where subsistence and commercial fishermen regularly take the species . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "bay whiting", "paragraphs": ["whiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 whiting bay bed & breakfast . b & b website by barnstormer design group\nkeep a watch for tuesday nights at the common table at whiting bay b & b .\nwe found great results , but some are outside whiting bay . showing results in neighbouring cities .\nbetter still , you can join whiting bay golf club for just \u00a3190 pa for 2 years , starting 2018 .\nor enjoy a round of golf this summer at whiting bay at our great value green fee of just \u00a320 .\nglenashdale waterfall located to the west of whiting bay some 2km from the sea - about 2 hours for the walk .\nwhiting bay bed & breakfast ~ whiting , maine your homeplace when visiting lubec , campobello , and the downeast region . 207 - 733 - 2402 ~ address , map , and directions\nwhiting bay golf course is a hidden gem of a course , set above the village on the south east coast of arran .\nmilne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . .\nmilne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in new guinea .\nwhiting bay is a pleasant resort situated 4 miles south of lamlash and 8 miles south of brodick in the southern half of isle of arran .\nthe shark bay seasnake occupies shallow embayments of shark bay in the vicinity of limestone reefs and adjacent rocky and sandy seafloor ( storr et al . 1986 ) .\ngorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran . . .\nwhiting bay is the third largest of the isle of arran ' s settlements after lamlash and brodick , and is named after the bay it runs along for over two miles near the southern end of arran ' s east coast .\nthe shark bay seasnake is thought to be represented in the incidental bycatch for trawls in the shark bay region but numbers caught are not available ( bunting 2002 ) .\nthe dramatic red siltstone cliffs below boyds tower on the far side of twofold bay .\ncozzie and i set out to chase a bag of king george whiting from south port phillip bay , we go through techniques and how to clean the fish .\nmilne bay , papua . 1942 - 09 . flying officer j . c . whiting serving with 76 fighter squadron raaf in . . . | the australian war memorial\nanderson , p . 1997 . shark bay dugongs in summer . i : lek mating .\n* the first european to sight twofold bay was captain james cook in april , 1770 .\nthe species is occasionally called the ' yellow - cheek whiting ' and also ' school whiting ' , a broad name applied to a number of australian sillaginids .\nhow can i tell if a therapist is right for me ? therapists in whiting are able to work with a wide range of issues . for example , if you ' re seeking a marriage counselor in whiting you ' ll find that most therapists are trained in marriage counseling or couples counseling in whiting and couples therapy . and they welcome families for family counseling in whiting or family therapy in whiting .\nwhiting bay is a lovely village and not too far to travel from ferry . nice mix of the bay - deli - eat i g opportunities and our favourite beach and glen ashdale walk . roads are truly appalling a d north ayrshire needs to make this a priority .\nsnapper fever - port phillip bay fishing with ange and anton . location , tips and rigging techniques\nthe lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 150 metres from the beach . it offers panoramic views over brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .\nthe lamlash bay hotel is on the isle of arran , 500 ft from the beach . it offers panoramic views of brodick bay , rooms with free wi - fi and an italian restaurant .\ntoday ' s whiting bay retains much of the quiet gentility of an earlier era . the grand villas remain , with many - especially towards the north end of the village - having been converted to hotels , guest houses and restaurants . the result is that whiting bay offers a significant proportion of the accommodation available on arran . the whiting bay golf club continues to thrive , while , for those with more limited golfing aspirations , the putting green established on the seaward side of the main road near the centre of the village also remains open for business .\nthere is no information available on the clutch size or seasonality of reproduction for the shark bay seasnake .\noffering a restaurant , burlington guest house is located in whiting bay . free wifi access is available . featuring a shower , private bathroom also comes with a hairdryer . extras include bed linen .\ncruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults only accommodations with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .\ncruickshanks boutique b & b in whiting bay provides adults - only accommodation with a garden and a shared lounge . all rooms feature a flat - screen tv with cable channels and a private bathroom .\n, the japanese whiting has a slightly compressed , elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth .\narea auto widened to ocean county - no sexual addiction therapists were found in whiting , nj .\nbut more commonly seen below 23 cm . like most sillaginids , the stout whiting has a slightly more\nis the most dependable diagnostic feature . japanese whiting have a swim bladder characterised by a single , long\ndiscussions with fishermen along the victorian coastline also suggest that the coastal fishery is characterised by short - term temporal dynamics similar to that of the port phillip bay fishery . this is consistent with fish passing through coastal areas and not remaining resident for long periods . one way of confirming the migration of king george whiting from victorian waters to spawning areas in south australia is tag / recapture . currently few king george whiting are tagged in victorian waters . however , the few fish that have been tagged in port phillip bay and recaptured outside the bay , have been recaptured in areas well to the west of port phillip bay ( patrick coutin , personnel communication ) . demonstration of migration of adult king george whiting from victoria to south australia would be critical to understanding the importance of spawning in victorian waters .\nby car , proceed south through whiting bay village centre . turn right at ' the coffee pot ' , following the signs up the hill and back along the golf course road to the club . plenty of car parking available .\nuntil the late 1950s , steamer services to arran from the mainland called at whiting bay as well as brodick . the change to a brodick - only car ferry service in 1957 led to a decline in the fortunes of whiting bay . the old steamer pier closed in the early 1960s . today the village pier is a very modest affair , projecting out from the shore close to the line of tiny shops backing onto the sea in the centre of the village .\n, the first being steindachner and d\u00f6derlein in 1885 . studies into various aspects of the japanese whiting ' s\n\u00a9 2018 deborah whiting , msw , mft | san francisco & cupertino counseling . all rights reserved . login\nearly post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia\n* permission was given by the governor to establish a town at twofold bay in 1834 but it was not laid out until 1843 .\nin whiting bay the beach runs from sandbraes right through to the village at low tide . easily accessible , the beach at the village end has a small jetty - the remains of what was at one time the longest pier on the clyde !\njenkins gp , may hma ( 1994 ) variation in settlement and larval duration of king george whiting , sillaginodes punctata ( sillaginidae ) , in swan bay , victoria , australia . bulletin of marine science 54 ( 1 ) , 281 - 296 .\n( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; whiting , 2008 )\nthe origins of some of these settlements are very ancient . on the hillside behind largymore at the southern end of whiting bay are the giants graves , a prehistoric burial site . meanwhile , at the village ' s northern end , kingscross point , a dun or fortified farmstead has been found dating back the better part of two thousand years . rather more recently , kingscross was used by vikings as a settlement and burial site , and it has been suggested that the bay to the south was named after them , with\nviking bay\nlater becoming corrupted to whiting bay . kingscross also achieved a footnote in history when it became the place from which robert the bruce sailed for ayrshire in february 1307 , en route to regaining control of his kingdom from the english .\nlovely relaxed place . the giant\u2019s grave and glenashdale falls walk is very close by and gives great views of whiting bay . be sure you\u2019re up early enough to catch the beautiful sunrises . we ate at coast which was only a 10 minute walk from the burlington guest house . beautiful views out onto the sea , and delicious food , although slightly pricey . not much choice in the way of restaurants or pubs in whiting bay , so we found ourselves heading into lamlash and brodick a couple of times .\nare hyaline . there have been records of geographical variation in colour amongst the species , especially within shark bay . the shark bay fish may have faint gold bars trending 50 degrees above the mid lateral silvery band , and may have black dusting on the dorsal and anal fins .\nmany interesting boats visit mounts bay , from the surreal floating yacht - hotels to mighty ships like the four - masted windjammer , kruzenshtern .\nwhiting bay golf course is an 18 hole par 63 course playing 4092 yards from the yellow tees . it was founded in 1895 . although quite short , the course is a fair test for golfers of all abilities and features some particularly challenging par 3s .\nbeyond the graves the path begins to descend , with more great views over whiting bay village . the descent becomes quite steep before eventually rejoining the outward route at the sign near the start . turn right to return to the road and the parking area .\nthere are parking areas both north and south of ashdale bridge towards the southern end of whiting bay . there are also picnic tables here with a great outlook over the bay . the walk begins up the signed path on the south side of the bridge . pass the barrier and continue to a signpost - keep ahead here for the falls ( the path on the left is the return leg ) .\nthe japanese whiting , sillago japonica , ( also known as the japanese sillago or shiro - gisu ) is a common species of coastal marine fish belonging to the smelt - whiting family , sillaginidae . as suggested by its name , the japanese whiting was first recorded from japan in 1843 , but has subsequently been found to extend to korea , china and taiwan .\nlocated down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and boasts scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .\nlocated down a private road , beach cottage is a few steps from the beach and features scenic views towards the holy isle and lamlash bay .\nwhiting bay was a very relaxing place to stay . not a huge selection of restaurants but we enjoyed a lovely meal at coast one evening . local people very welcoming . arran is a small island and it ' seems easy to visit all aresounds of the island .\njoin paul worsteling & david kramer as they spend a day on victorias port phillip bay . they go in search of whiting & squid then later even dive for some tasty scallops . then david shares his quick & easy recipes for scallops & squid ! delicious ! ! urltoken\ntwo humpback whales ( left and right ) approach and pursue a female killer whale . \u00a9 alisa schulman - janiger / monterey bay whale watch . \u200b\ndisaster bay lookout and bittangabee bay if you decide to drive to green cape lighthouse you should pause at disaster bay lookout which provides excellent views to the south over disaster bay , wonboyn lake and nadgee nature reserve . to the left is a turnoff to bittangabee bay where in the 1840s the imlay brothers established a base for their whaling operations which were eventually taken over by benjamin boyd in 1848 . the stone ruins of an old house set amidst a garden area , probably started by the imlays but never completed , can be found near the bittangabee camping area . there are interpretative placards . the beaches surrounding bittangabee are ideal for swimming , fishing and picnicking and the light to light track heads south for 7 km ( 2 . 5 hours one way ) to green cape . on the way you will travel along a track which was built for a horse drawn tram which carried the materials from bittangabee bay to build the green cape lighthouse .\nsulition , o . ; s . watanabe and m . yokota ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nreproduction of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , in tateyama bay\n] . suisan zoshoku 47 ( 2 ) : 209\u2013214 . issn 0371 - 421 .\nfigure 1 . map of the victorian coast showing locations and zones where samples of king george whiting were collected from 2002 - 2004 .\nwithout a more detailed investigation of the king george whiting inhabiting deeper waters along the victorian coast we cannot be conclusive as to the importance of king george whiting spawning in victorian coastal waters . the only known locations for king george whiting spawning along the south - eastern coastline of australia are situated in south australian waters , in particular around kangaroo island ( fowler and mcgarvey 2000 ) . however , there has been no investigation of king george whiting populations in waters between kangaroo island and victoria , and modelling of larval drift would suggest that king george whiting recruiting into victorian bays and inlets could come from unknown spawning grounds in this region ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) .\nwhiting , s . 2008 . movements and distribution of dugongs ( dugong dugon ) in a macro - tidal environment in northern australia .\nsituated on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .\nlocated on the scenic isle of arran , this 19th century farmhouse has been converted into a family - run guest house overlooking the bay with panoramic sea views .\nsaltwater bay saltwater bay is typical of ben boyd national park . for most of the year it is sparsely populated and ideal for safe swimming and productive fishing . there is a 9 km walking track ( part of the light to light 29 km track - check out the excellent map at urltoken ) which heads south through high heaths , beside rugged cliffs , and down onto rock platforms and lonely beaches before reaching bittangabee bay . on the way you are likely to see eastern grey kangaroos and if you go in spring the countryside is awash with native wildflowers . beyond hegarty ' s bay there is a remarkable purple and yellow coloured headland .\nthis superb circular walk climbs up through a wooded glen to reach a viewing platform for the glenashdale falls - a double cascade which is the finest on arran . the route then continues to visit the giant ' s graves - two chambered cairns - with a fantastic outlook over whiting bay and holy island .\nsulistion , o . ; s . watanabe , m . yokota and s . kitada ( 1999 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nage and growth of japanese whiting sillago japonica in tateyama bay\n] . fisheries science 65 ( 1 ) : 117\u2013122 . issn 0919 - 9268 .\n) . in may , herring showed a higher fi than herring , whereas in july blue whiting seemed to show lower values than the other species ( tukey hsd test : herring vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 05 ; mackerel vs . blue whiting , p < 0 . 001 ; mackerel vs . herring , p < 0 . 05 ) , except in 2010 , when mackerel had the lowest value (\nfinding whiting king george are widely distributed from approximately jurien bay in western australia around the southern half of australia up to around botany bay but they are reputedly rare that far north . as a generalisation bigger fish will usually inhabit deeper coastal waters while juveniles will more often be found inside estuaries and bays . south australia\u2019s coffin bay is a prime example of a true nursery existing inside the shallow and sheltered waters of kellidie bay where it\u2019s hard to catch a legal sized fish but offshore around the island groups in encounter bay it\u2019s a very different story where big fish are plentiful ! regardless of whether you fish for them in sheltered waters or offshore whiting are synonymous with structure . find some sea grass or reef edge in this part of the world and there is a better than average chance there will be a school of whiting somewhere nearby . in shallower waters the key to good whiting ground is finding sand patches amongst the sea grass but in deeper water where there are still plenty of fish this type of visual fishing is harder to achieve . in deeper water dropping on a reef edge is more likely going to bring you results . i have fished for whiting in hard running currents and slower water locations , and by far the most productive place to fish for them is where there is some run in the water . king george tend to find you and bite more aggressively when the tide is flowing while in slower water you need to spend more time searching , a cast bait slowly retrieved often gets a bite while a stagnant bait is not touched .\nindo - pacific : endemic to australian waters from fremantle northward to shark bay ( western population ) , and from southern queensland to new south wales ( eastern population ) .\nfigure 4 . histological section of a female king george whiting ovary collected in april and classified as macroscopic stage 2 ( magnification x 100 ) .\nthe spawning areas and times estimated for king george whiting caught in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet ( fig . 1 ) have previously only been identified using indirect methods . research by jenkins and may ( 1994 ) has shown that the daily rings on ear - bones ( otoliths ) of juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay provide an estimate of the length of time of the larval phase in bass strait prior to entering a bay , and thereby an estimate of the time of spawning . kgw larvae entering port phillip bay were aged between 100 and 170 days and were predicted to have been spawned between april and july ( jenkins and may 1994 ) . computer modelling of the currents in bass strait predicted that juvenile king george whiting in port phillip bay , western port and corner inlet could have been spawned in western victoria and southeastern south australia ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . the centre of the predicted spawning distribution was approximately 500 km west of the bays , with a region of intense spawning spread along approximately 300 km of coastline ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . interestingly , however , the model also predicted that juveniles in corner inlet could have been spawned close by ( wilsons promontory , fig . 1 ) . to date , however , the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victoria have not been measured directly , leaving a major gap in our understanding of the biology of this species .\nprevious modelling suggested that king george whiting larvae that recruit to bays and inlets in central victoria are spawned from south - east of sa to central victoria ( jenkins et al . 2000 ) . even though large whiting are caught along the victorian coast , it is not known whether these fish actually spawn in victorian waters , and therefore whether they contribute directly to the fishery in this region . to address where kgw spawn in victorian waters , we sampled fish from a broad geographic range of locations along the victorian coast . these included portland , port fairy , warrnambool , apollo bay , lorne , torquay , southern port phillip bay and western port , waratah bay , corner inlet , shallow inlet and the eastern side of wilson ' s promontory ( fig . 1 ) . details of collections are included in table 1 .\n( whiting , 2008 ;\naustralian government great barrier reef marine park authority\n, 2002 ; lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;\narkive . images of life on earth .\n, 2003 )\nwhiting bay itself was quiet . i visited off peak . few places were open when i arrived . ( around 19 : 30 / 20 : 00 ) but i drove elsewhere for dinner , as the places that were open didn ' t take cards . will return in peak season , to see what it is like .\nwhiting beach is a two - hour walk from the steamers cark park in booderee national park . if you visit at the right time you might catch a glimpse of a little waterfall at the back of the beach . the beach is inside a quiet bay , perfect for snorkelling or swimming in the clear and fairly shallow water .\nbunting , j . ( 2002 ) . draft bycatch action plan for the shark bay prawn managed fishery ( full report ) . department of fisheries , western australian government , perth .\nkazunori , arayama ; kono hiroshi ( 2004 ) . [ expression error : missing operand for >\nvertical distributions of the japanese whiting , sillago japonica , larvae and juveniles and their food organisms at a sandy beach in tateyama bay , central japan\n] . suisan zoshoku 52 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013170 . issn 0371 - 4217 .\nthe stout whiting is also a major prey species itself for a number of species , with seals , dolphins and larger fish known predators of the species .\nweighted by the total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in different water masses in may and july .\nin other countries where other sillaginids are more prevalent , japanese whiting are caught as a byproduct of smaller inshore fisheries , usually alongside other species of sillago .\nthe mean age of fish was lowest for the southern end of port phillip bay and increased with distance to the west of port phillip bay ( fig . 7 ) . the highest mean age was for portland fish ( fig . 7 ) . fish from waratah bay were predominantly 4 year - old ( fig 7 ) . we did not age any fish from corner inlet , but based on their size and previous ageing work we would be confident that the majority of these fish were of age 3 years and younger ( see figs . 8b and 9b ) .\nand movement of the juveniles differs between the eastern and western populations . in the western population , unlike many co - occurring sillaginids , stout whiting do not move\nfigure 7 . comparison of the mean age ( \u00b1 1 standard error ) of king george whiting collected by recreational anglers across sampling locations from east to west .\nthe b & b is well located for day trips . you ' re also free to explore the natural landscape of the b & b ' s bay - front property during your stay .\nwhale watching most of the harbours along the new south wales south coast now offer whale watching experiences in cruises and individual boats . there is a strong argument , if you have time and can choose , for going to eden during the whale watching season ( late september to late november ) when the whales , having wintered around hervey bay , are making their way slowly down the coast . firstly there is a sense of occasion when whales get near twofold bay : the killer whale museum sounds a siren and people rush to the vantage points . secondly twofold bay is rich with krill ( a favourite food for whales ) and humpback whales will actually pause at the bay to feed . there are a number of charter operators working out of eden harbour . for more information check out urltoken\nfigure 8 . a ) length frequency distributions for female and male king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian waters and examined for reproductive condition , november 2002 - june 2004 , and b ) mean length ( \u00b1 1 standard error ) of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers compared across sampling locations from east to west .\n* by the early 1830s the imlay brothers had started whaling in twofold bay . they trained local aborigines to become whalers . peter imlay arrived at twofold bay around 1833 and decided to settle . his brothers george and alexander followed and they are credited with erecting eden ' s first building , a small slab and bark hut at snug cove . unfortunately the depression of the 1840s destroyed the family financially .\nthe species ' distribution is restricted to the mid - west coast of western australia , especially shark bay . despite this , isolated specimens have been found further south ( storr et al . 1986 ) .\nsaltwater creek to bittangabee bay - 9 km , 3 hours - through wildflowers in spring , scrubby heathland , past yellow and purple rocky headlands . to the ruins of the green cape storehouse and landing wharf\nthe transformation of a group of tiny settlements into the whiting bay we see today began with the establishment of a ferry to saltcoats in 1790 . this was followed from the 1830s by the arrival of steamers from glasgow and elsewhere in the clyde estuary . clearance of arran ' s inland crofting areas from the 1830s produced a demand for more accommodation on the coast , here and elsewhere on the island . but of all arran ' s villages , whiting bay seems to have attracted the most upmarket clientele , and the result was a succession of fine villas being built along the landward side of the road running behind the bay . meanwhile , a golf course was established in 1895 , as were tennis courts , a bowling club and a putting green . the building of a new pier in 1901 , which allowed steamers to land passengers directly rather than via flit boats , only confirmed the growth of the village . a village hall was added in 1926 .\ntable 1 . details of numbers , sizes , sex and macroscopic reproductive condition of adult king george whiting collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coast , 2002 - 2004 .\nfigure 9 . a ) age versus length of king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers in victorian ocean waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , b ) age versus length with von - bertalanffy growth curve fitted for all king george whiting aged from victorian waters including bays and inlets .\nfowler aj , short da ( 1998 ) validation of age determination from otoliths for king george whiting ( perciformes : sillaginodes punctata ) . marine biology 130 , 577 - 578\ncoastal and bush walking there are a number of short walks around eden all of which are worth doing because they offer excellent views over twofold bay and the nearby beaches . the most popular walks are ( 1 ) the lake curalo walkway ( 3 km return , 40 minutes ) north of the town centre which is excellent for bird watching . it takes the visitor on a boardwalk beside a melaleuca swamp forest and it can connect to the aslings beach walk or the maritime heritage walk ( 2 ) the aslings beach walk which is a pleasant stroll along the beach from the rock pool at the southern end to lake curalo at the northern end ( 3 ) cocora beach walk is a charming walk around the headland with dramatic views over snug cove and the wharf area and ( 4 ) the cattle bay wharf walk which is a one hour long walk around the western edge of twofold bay to boydtown passing cocora beach , bungo beach , rixons beach , quarantine bay , nullica bay and reaching boydtown for an afternoon drink .\nwild fisheries research program ( 2008 ) . status of fishery resources in nsw 2006 / 07 : stout whiting . new south wales department of primary industries . pp . 1\u20133 .\nthis investigation has provided limited evidence for the occurrence of spawning by king george whiting in victorian waters . of the approximately 1600 specimens examined we found complete gonad maturation in only one female and did not find any fully mature males . although we found several females in a highly developed reproduction state there was no evidence that these fish had spawned prior to capture or were about to spawn . these results suggest that king george whiting are not spawning where recreational anglers target them along the victorian coast , and importantly , they imply that spawning king george whiting are not exploited by victorian anglers . our observation supports the anecdotal information supplied by recreational anglers during the project that suggests king george whiting in roe are rarely captured .\nindo - west pacific : india to the gulf of thailand , north to taiwan , south to northern australia from shark bay around the northern coast to adolphus passage , queensland . possibly more widely distributed than indicated .\n) . blue whiting diet was clearly different from the diet of the other two species . with the exception of may 2005 , when copepods appeared as dominant prey items , euphausiids and amphipods dominated the diet both in may and july . amphipods in particular were more common in the blue whiting diet than the other diets . some ingestion of large prey was also detected ( e . g . fish of order actinopterygii in may 2008 ) . copepod contribution in the blue whiting diet for may decreased during the last sampling years ( 2009\u20132010 ) (\n) . as for both mackerel and herring , the fi for blue whiting was positively affected by lower temperatures . it also increased with increasing length and a year effect was apparent .\n) . however , the diet width of blue whiting and herring was similar in may , while in july significant differences were observed , especially for blue whiting compared with the other species ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 001 ) and , to a lesser extent , between mackerel and herring ( tukey hsd test , p < 0 . 1 ) (\nburchmore , j . j . ; d . a . pollard , m . j . middleton , j . d . bell and b . c . pease ( 1988 ) .\nbiology of four species of whiting ( pisces : sillaginidae ) in botany bay , new south wales\n. australian journal of marine and freshwater research 39 ( 6 ) : 709\u2013727 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mf9880709 .\nmccormack , catherine ( january 2006 ) . annual status report 2005 : finfish ( stout whiting ) trawl fishery . queensland government department of primary industries . pp . 1\u201317 . issn 0727 - 6273 .\nfowler aj , mcgarvey r ( 2000 ) ' development of an integrated fisheries management model for king george whiting ( sillagnodes punctata ) in south australia ' . frdc project 95 / 008 final report .\n* whaling was the reason the area was settled . as early as 1791 whalers were in the area . the migration , mostly of right whales , to and from the antarctic resulted in large numbers passing twofold bay between may and november .\nour results , based on diet data of mackerel , herring and blue whiting acquired during spring and summer 2005\u20132010 , showed that mackerel and herring diets largely overlapped , with calanoid copepods being their main prey item , while the blue whiting diet consisted of larger prey items , particularly amphipods . mackerel were not present in the study area in spring , and seemed to show good feeding conditions and predation success in the ns during summer . herring showed their highest feeding incidence during the spring . however , contrary to expectations , herring showed a similar degree of stomach fullness as mackerel in summer , but with a diet composed more of larger macrozooplankton rather than copepods , indicating that in particular larger herring adopt a strategy of migrating into cold waters and search for larger prey . blue whiting seemed to avoid competition with co - occurring herring by feeding on different prey , and the higher stomach fullness degree , feeding incidence and condition factor observed for the largest blue whiting suggested a higher feeding success than that observed for small blue whiting .\n( lawler , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , et al . , 2002 ; marsh , 2009 ; whiting , 2008 ;\narkive . images of life on earth .\n, 2003 )\nbittangabee bay to green cape - 7 km , 2 . 5 hours , along a section of the old rail track which was used to carry stores and materials to green cape lighthouse . there is an audio tour which can be downloaded at urltoken\nalthough we found evidence of spawning , our results provide no indication of extensive spawning by king george whiting along the victorian coastline . our results in combination with previous work lead to the generation of two hypotheses to explain the lack of spawning king george whiting observed in victorian coastal waters during this project . the first hypothesis is that king george whiting spawn in highly localised , deep - water habitats , and are therefore difficult to detect with angler - based surveys . the second hypothesis is that most king george whiting that spend their juvenile years in victorian bays and inlets migrate back to the major spawning grounds in eastern south australia . in order to determine which of the hypotheses is correct future research should involve more extensive sampling of deeper water habitats and / or investigation of adult migration behaviour to determine if victorian juveniles are returning to south australian waters as adults .\nwhiting tactics whiting are a foraging fish that spend the vast majority of their time on the bottom nose down looking for their next meal . small crabs , saltwater nippers or yabbies , shrimps , molluscs , worms and tiny fish as well as algae all form part of the food sources available and depend on the availability and size of the fish . the next big whiting taken on a whole pilchard in deeper water intended for a snapper won\u2019t be the last showing that as the fish get larger they become less fussy and more aggressive in their feeding habits . these feeding habits are a fair clue on how to zone in and target them .\nmore run more fun . whiting tend to bite well mid tide and can go missing on slack water periods , often this is the time to move or chase some squid which lurk in similar area\u2019s as king george\nthe shark bay seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region . the\nspecies group report card - marine reptiles\nfor the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) marine region provides additional information .\nlocated on the picturesque isle of arran , tigh an eilean offers free wi - fi and free on - site parking . just 50 yards from the shores of lamlash bay , the property also offers en - suite rooms and a garden . . . .\nfor ideas on where to refuel during your self catering holiday in penzance . or if you fancy a restaurant with spectacular views , the bay in penzance is the place to go . read more on our blog : restaurants with the best views in west cornwall .\ngorgeous open bay to the south of brodick on isle of arran with views of the holy isle and ailsa craig ( paddy ' s milestone ) . excellent challenging golf course ( 1 of 7 on arran ) and yes you can play them all in 1 day .\nparenting is one of the most challenging experiences we humans encounter . in the bay area , many of us are juggling so much that just surviving each day can be overwhelming . with time , despite your best efforts , you may find yourself yelling or giving in .\no ' neill , m . ; kate yeomans , ian breddin , eddie jebreen & adam butcher ( march 2002 ) . the queensland stout whiting fishery : 1991 to 2002 . dpi , queensland government . pp . 1\u201352 .\n) . the dietary overlap between herring and blue whiting was lower than expected by chance for all comparisons , except for july without co - occurrence . also between mackerel and blue whiting , the dietary overlap was lower than expected by chance both with and without co - occurrence . mackerel and herring had a higher dietary overlap when they co - occurred ( 0 . 77 ) , but lower than would have been expected by chance without co - occurrence (\nannual increment formation has previously been validated for king george whiting by fowler and short ( 1998 ) . we aged individual king george whiting by counting annual increments in sectioned otoliths ( sagittae ) . birth date was fixed at 1st july ( i . e . end of spawning season ) . we aged 317 individuals that were made up of 4 samples of 60 - 100 randomly selected individuals from each two - month period from november 02 to june 03 . age and length were compared among sampling locations to examine trends in age and length with distance from the major juvenile nursery areas in central victoria ; port phillip bay and western port . we also deliberately aged several of the largest fish to determine the maximum age of fish sampled .\nfigure 5 . a ) mean ( \u00b1 1 standard error ) gonosomatic indices for female and male king george whiting sampled along the victorian coast from december to july , b ) relationship between ovary weight and ovary free fish weight .\ncockrum k s , jones g k ( 1992 ) the reproductive biology and fecundity of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south australian waters , 1953 - 1988 . south australian research and development institute . no . 25 .\naverage diet width , condition factor , stomach fullness and feeding incidence ( \u00b1 2se ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( from 2005 to 2010 ) and separated by seasons ( may vs . july ) .\nweighed with the total estimated abundance per station ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting in spring and summer and from 2005 to 2010 , based on the highest taxonomic level categorization ( i . e . 45 prey groups ) .\nguinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .\nfowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 1999 ) reproductive mode and spawning information based on gonad analysis for the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) from south australia . marine and freshwater research 50 , 1 - 14 .\noverall , an average of between 1 and 3 different prey groups were consumed by blue whiting , which tended to consume a broader diet than herring . no significant inter - annual variation was observed in the diet width in any season (\non a sunny day , st . michael\u2019s mount , mount ' s bay and penzance seafront might be mistaken for the mediterranean . sitting in the corner of a sheltered and attractive bay , the town has been a popular resort since the napoleonic wars when the wealthier english people were cut off from the continent and searched closer to home for fresh air and the newly - discovered benefits of sea - bathing . the temperature in penzance is always a little warmer than elsewhere ; sub - tropical plants grow well in morrab gardens and in the gardens on st . michael\u2019s mount .\nhyndes ga , platell me , potter ic , lenanton rcj ( 1998 ) age composition , growth , reproductive biology and recruitment of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ) in south - western australia . fishery bulletin 96 , 258 - 270 .\nfowler aj , mcleay l , short da ( 2000a ) spatial variation in size and age structures and reproductive characteristics of the king george whiting ( percoidei : sillaginidae ) in south australian waters . marine and freshwater research 51 , 11 - 22 .\nweighted by total estimated abundance per station ) , in percentages , for mackerel , herring and blue whiting , per year ( i . e . , from 2005 to 2010 ) and season ( i . e . , may and july ) .\n* hearing the reports of the survivors , george bass , travelled down the coast in december , 1797 . on his return in early 1798 he entered twofold bay and named snug cove , where eden wharf now stands , because he believed it was suitable as a resting place for passing vessels .\nfowler aj , black kp , jenkins gp ( 2000b ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . ii . south australia . marine ecology progress series 199 , 243 - 254\nestimated fish abundance distribution per year ( 2005\u20132010 ) in may and july for ( a ) mackerel ( july ) , ( b ) herring and ( c ) blue whiting . abundances per grid square ( see section 2 . 3 ) are defined as thousands of tonnes for herring and blue whiting , and in cpue for mackerel . black symbols represent sampling stations . dark grey lines indicate water - mass boundaries for each year and season , and light grey lines represent the average boundaries during each season .\n) , also known as sea cows , have a broad but fragmented range , encompassing tropical waters from east africa to vanuatu , about 26 degrees both north and south of the equator . this range spans at least 48 countries and about 140 , 000 km of tropical coastline . the largest population of sea cows is found in the northern waters of australia between shark bay ( western australia ) and moreton bay ( queensland ) . the second largest population is found in the arabian gulf . dugongs are not considered migratory but are known to travel great distances within their range in order to find food .\ncite this article as : kr\u00fcck nc , chargulaf ca , saint - paul u , tibbetts ir ( 2009 ) early post - settlement habitat and diet shifts and the nursery function of tidepools during sillago spp . recruitment in moreton bay , australia . mar ecol prog ser 384 : 207 - 219 . urltoken\njenkins gp , black kp , hamer p a ( 2000 ) determination of spawning areas and larval advection pathways for king george whiting in southeastern australia using otolith microstructure and hydrodynamic modelling . i . victoria . marine ecology progress series 199 , 231 - 242 .\nparameters of models predicting ( a ) condition factor ( cf ) , ( b ) stomach fullness degree ( sfd ) and ( c ) feeding incidence ( fi ) for mackerel , herring and blue whiting ( see section 2 . 6 for model explanation ) .\nfigure 3 . a ) histological section of the ovary from a female king george whiting collected in may that was classified as macroscopic stage 3 ( magnification x 100 ) , b ) close up of a cortical alveoli or developing oocyte stage ( magnification x 250 ) .\nfigure 6 . a ) age frequency distribution for king george whiting sampled by recreational anglers from victorian coastal waters and the entrance regions of port phillip and western port bays , november 2002 - june 2003 , and b ) age frequency by sex , n = 317 .\nn fish and n station denote the number of fish samples and sampling stations in each case , respectively . sd is the standard deviation . ( 1 ) sfd units : x10 - 5 mg mm - 1 . \u2018mac\u2019 mackerel ; \u2018her\u2019 herring ; \u2018bwh\u2019 blue whiting .\nresearch is required that directly measures the reproductive state of adult king george whiting along the victorian coast so that the spawning times and locations of king george whiting in victorian waters can be determined . a direct method of investigating spawning times and areas is by studying gonad condition . it is possible to assess the stage of gonad development and the imminence of spawning in fish using macro - and microscopic characteristics of gonads from male and female fish ( hunter and macewicz 1985 ) . this type of research has been conducted for many of our commercially important species ( farely and davis 1998 ) . major studies of this type have been carried out for king george whiting in western australia ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) and south australia ( cockrum and jones 1992 , fowler et al . 1999 , 2000a ) . in this study we examine the reproductive characteristics of adult fish collected by recreational anglers along the victorian coastline . the aim of this work is to identify whether king george whiting spawn along the coastline of victoria , and if so , where and when does spawning take place .\nalthough spawning adults were largely absent from recreational catches , we cannot rule out the possibility that spawning may occur in areas not fished by recreational anglers . previous investigations of the spawning behaviour of king george whiting in western australia have suggested that spawning may occur in depths from 6 to at least 50 m ( hyndes et al . 1998 ) . although research in south australia suggests that spawning may occur predominantly in deeper waters , it has been observed in waters shallower than 10 m ( fowler et al . 2000 ) . although king george whiting were collected over a broad geographic range , the majority of samples obtained from recreational anglers came from water depths of less than 20m . this reflected the fishing behaviour of victorian anglers , who target king george whiting in shallow water where they can visualise the bottom habitat .\n) , were especially abundant as prey in may , while these were partially replaced by euphausiids and amphipods in july . the seasonal difference in diet was most obvious in the coastal water mass . no seasonal or water mass differences were observed for the ingestion of appendicularians . the amount of copepods ingested by blue whiting was generally low and limited to the atlantic water mass . larger euphausiids and / or amphipods dominated blue whiting diet in all water masses and seasons , and fish were also found in the stomachs from two coastal stations in july (\nstout whiting are fast growers in comparison to most other smelt - whitings , reaching 80 % of its final length after 2 years of life . the species is known to reach a maximum age of 7 years , although most individuals do not survive more than 3 years .\nfigure 2 . a ) images of reproductively mature king george whiting that were supplied to anglers involved in collection of frames ( photo courtesy of dr . tony fowler , south australian research and development institute ) , b ) developing female collected during april in victorian coastal waters .\nblue whiting showed lower dietary overlap with herring in co - occurring stations than in those stations without co - occurrence in both may and july . this suggests that they are able to avoid competition by feeding on different prey than herring when the two species co - occur ."]}
{"id": 266, "summary": [{"text": "crotalus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found only in the americas from southern canada to northern argentina , colloquially known as rattlesnakes .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the name is derived from the greek word \u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd kr\u00f3tal\u03bfn , which means \" rattle \" or \" castanet \" , and refers to the rattle on the end of the tail which makes this group ( genera crotalus and sistrurus ) so distinctive .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "currently , 32 species are recognized . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "crotalus", "paragraphs": ["crotalus viridis viridis ( rafinesque 1818 ) crotalinus viridis rafinesque 1818 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 klauber 1936 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 klauber 1952 : 103 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 231 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 conant & collins 1991 : 236 crotalus viridis \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 297 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 tennant & bartlett 2000 : 529 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 ashton et al . 2001 crotalus viridis viridis \u2014 campbell & lamar 2004 crotalus viridis \u2014 hoser 2009 crotalus viridis \u2014 crother et al . 2012 crotalus viridis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 196 crotalus viridis \u2014 davis et al . 2016 crotalus viridis nuntius klauber 1935 crotalus confluentus nuntius klauber 1935 crotalus viridis nuntius \u2014 klauber 1936 crotalus viridis nuntius \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 232 crotalus viridis nuntius \u2014 crother 2000 : 60 crotalus viridis nuntius \u2014 ashton et al . 2001 crotalus viridis nuntius \u2014 campbell & lamar 2004 crotalus viridis \u2014 beaman & hayes 2008 crotalus viridis nuntius \u2014 lillywhite 2014 : 23 crotalus viridis nuntius \u2014 davis et al . 2016\n5 . blue : crotalus oreganus helleri southern pacific rattlesnake 6 . orange : crotalus oreganus lutosus great basin rattlesnake 7 . red : crotalus oreganus oreganus northern pacific rattlesnake\nsnake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the south american crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an adaptive paedomorphic trend along crotalus dispersal in south america .\n2 . red : crotalus cerastes cerastes - mohave desert sidewinder 3 . orange : crotalus cerastes laterorepens - colorado desert sidewinder\nsnake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the south american crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an ad . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ngoldberg , s . 1999 . reproduction in the blacktail rattlesnake , crotalus molossus .\nnotes on identifying subspecies of western rattlesnakes , crotalus oreganus , found in california .\ncrotalus is available under the mit license . see the license file for more info .\ngeographic and ontogenic variation in venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) .\nphenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .\nclick the banners below to learn more about these fascinating members of the genus crotalus .\npatrick leary changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : crotalus . cerastes . jpg\n.\nmackessy , stephen p . 1991 . literature : venom ontogeny in the pacific rattlesnake crotalus viridis helleri and crotalus viridis oreganus . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 116 - get paper here\naldridge , r . 1979 . female reproductive cycles of the snakes arizona elegans and crotalus viridis .\ndiller , l . 1990 . a field observation on the feeding behavior of crotalus viridis lutosus .\nabby greb added text to\nbrief summary\non\ncrotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854\n.\ntimber rattlesnakes ( crotalus horridus ) use chemical cues to select ambush sites . - pubmed - ncbi\ncrotalus is available through cocoapods . to install it , simply add the following line to your podfile :\nbeaupre , s . 1993 . an ecological study of oxygen - consumption in the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus - lepidus - lepidus , and the black - tailed rattlesnake , crotalus - molossus - molossus .\ncharland , b . 1989 . size and winter survivorship in neonatal western rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e8\u30b3\u30d0\u30a4\u30ac\u30e9\u30ac\u30e9\u30d8\u30d3\nto\ncrotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854\n.\nontogeny of striking , prey - handling and envenomation behavior of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis )\nhome range and behavior of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus )\nby jennifer p . adams\nhemorrhagic toxins from rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) venom . pathogenesis of hemorrhage induced by three purified toxins .\nfrom crotalus durissus terrificus showed antiviral activity against dengue and yellow fever viruses . toxicon 59 : 507\u2013515 .\nmeans , b . 2009 . effects of rattlesnake roundups on the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .\ngraves , b . 1989 . defensive behavior of female prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) changes after parturition .\ngeographic and ontogenic variation in venom of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nrenato agazzi added the italian common name\ncrotalo ceraste\nto\ncrotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854\n.\namy chang selected\ngeographic range\nto show in overview on\ncrotalus cerastes hallowell , 1854\n.\nphenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nmacartney , m . 1989 . diet of the northern pacific rattlesnake , crotalus viridis oreganus , in british columbia .\nsealy , j . b . 1996 . serpentes : crotalus horridus ( timber rattlesnake ) mating . herpetological review .\nontogeny of striking , prey - handling and envenomation behavior of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) - sciencedirect\n( crotalus viridis viridis , ) . paper presented at meeting of the animal behavior society , tucson , az .\ncameron dl , tu at . characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .\nnatureserve explorer , 2004 .\ncrotalus molossus\n( on - line ) . accessed july 06 , 2004 at urltoken .\nexploring the venom proteome of the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , via snake venomics and combinatorial peptide ligand library approaches .\nmacartney , m . , p . gregory . 1988 . reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) in british columbia .\nweima , andr\u00e9 1992 . crotalus durissus vegrandis in captivity . litteratura serpentium 12 ( 5 ) : 81 - 85 - get paper here\nwidmer , e . 1967 . helminth parasites of the prairie rattlesnake , crotalus viridis rafinesque , 1808 , in weld county , colorado .\npetricevich vl , mendon\u00e7a rz ( 2003 ) inhibitory potential of crotalus durissus terrificus venom on measles virus growth . toxicon 42 : 143\u2013153 .\ncosewic . cosewic assessment and status report on the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis in canada . none . ottawa , canada : cosewic . 2015 .\ngeographical distribution of crotalus durissus with stomach contents from central region of brazil covering forest formations of amazon and atlantic forest , caatinga and cerrado .\nfood composition in individual males , females , newborns and juveniles of crotalus durissus from central region of brazil ( n = 30 snakes ) .\ns1 text . the concatenation and analysis of mitochondrial dna for the crotalus viridis complex , with best - supported models of sequence evolution provided .\nmccranie j r 1993 . crotalus durissus linnaeus , neotropical rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles 577 : 1 - 11 - get paper here\ncrotalus is an convenient and fast approach to create attributedstring in swift . this library is inspired by colorize which is a ruby gem colorize string .\ncameron , d . , a . tu . 1977 . characterization of myotoxin a from the venom of prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .\ncharland , b . , p . gregory . 1990 . the influence of female reproductive status on thermoregulation in a viviparous snake , crotalus viridis .\nduvall , d . , g . shuett . 1997 . straight - line movement and competitive mate searching in prairie rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis viridis .\nhayes , w . 1992 . prey - handling and envenomation strategies of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) feeding on mice and sparrows .\nben\u00edcio , r . a . 2016 . crotalus durissus ( south american rattlesnake ) arboreal habitat use . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 477 .\nmccranie j r 1984 . crotalus vegrandis klauber . uracoan rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 350 : 1 - 2 - get paper here\nwinchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here\nkardong , k . , k . rochelle . 1996 . mechanical damage inflicted by fangs on prey during predatory strikes by rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis oreganus .\nsweet , s . 1985 . geographic variation , convergent crypsis and mimicry in gopher snakes ( pituophis melanoleucus ) and western rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .\ndescription of the gamonts of a small species of hepatozoon sp . ( apicomplexa , hepatozoidae ) found in crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes , viperidae ) .\necheverrigaray , s . , grazziotin , g . , grazziotin , f . & agostini , g . 2000 . random amplified polymorphisms between two south american subspecies of rattlesnakes ( crotalus durissus collilineatus e crotalus durissus terrificus ) . braz . arch . biol . techn . 313 - 317 . [ links ]\nquinn hr . morphology , isozymes , and mitochondrial dna as systematic indicators in crotalus : ph . d . dissertation . university of houston ; 1987 .\nlatella , ian m . and howard snell . 2015 . geographic distribution : crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 1 ) : 62\nwarning , nathanial and nora covy . 2016 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) behavior / long distance swimming . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 145\ndue to some unique rules for the triduum , if you attend triduum liturgies , you may hear one of the rarest of liturgical instruments : the crotalus .\nownby cl , cameron d , tu at . isolation of myotoxic component from rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) venom . electron microscopic analysis of muscle damage .\nexploring the venom proteome of the western diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus atrox , via snake venomics and combinatorial peptide ligand library ap . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ns1 fig . plots depicting bayesian posterior probabilities that stem from assigning specimens to subspecies under equal prior probabilities in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex .\ntaylor , nathan caleb and sean p . graham . 2015 . geographic distribution : crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 572\nwilliam , p . , b . william . 1974 . mortality and weight changes of great basin rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) at a hibernaculum in northern utah .\nwe have tried to account for most of the main species of the crotalus family below . this list is arranged alphabetically by scientific name ( species extension ) .\nchepsongol , roxanne m . and douglas w . burkett . 2013 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 520 - 521\nbutler , j . , t . hull , r . franz . 1995 . neonate aggregations and maternal attendance of young in the eastern diamondback rattlesnake , crotalus adamanteus .\nmacartney , m . , p . gregory , b . charland . 1990 . growth and sexual maturity of the western rattlesnake , crotalus viridis , in british columbia .\ngibbons , j . w . 1972 . reproduction , growth and sexual dimorphism in the canebrake rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus atricaudatus ) . copeia 1972 : 222 - 226 .\nfood item , ameiva ameiva , recorded in the stomach of a female crotalus durissus . specimen deposited in the cole\u00e7\u00e3o herpetol\u00f3gica da universidade de bras\u00edlia ( chunb 49673 ) .\ngloyd , howard k . , 1978 . the rattlesnakes : genera sistrurus and crotalus . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , kansas . pg . 204 .\nthe term \u201ccrotalus\u201d is a latin term that comes from the greek word \u201ckrotalon\u201d ( \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd ) , which means \u201crattle . \u201d ( as a result , \u201ccrotalus\u201d is also the name of a genus of rattlesnakes . ) crotaluses can come in many different designs ( see the pictures and videos at the end of this article for examples ) .\nhellebuyck , tom 2012 . captive breeding characteristics of the uracoan rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus vegrandis ) . litteratura serpentium 32 ( 4 ) : 181 - 186 - get paper here\nkauffeld , carl f . ; gloyd , howard k . 1939 . notes on the aruba rattlesnake , crotalus unicolor . herpetologica 1 : 156 - 160 - get paper here\nmccranie j r 1986 . crotalus unicolor van lidth de jeude . aruba island rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 389 : 1 - 2 - get paper here\nto cite this page : desai , m . 2004 .\ncrotalus molossus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page : johnson , l . 2018 .\ncrotalus adamanteus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page : russell , h . 2017 .\ncrotalus viridis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page : falk , a . 2002 .\ncrotalus horridus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nclark , r . w . 2002 . diet of the timber rattlesnake crotalus horridus . j . herpetol . 36 ( 3 ) : 494 - 499 . [ links ]\nto cite this page : ingmarsson , l . 2002 .\ncrotalus atrox\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ntravaglia cardoso , silvia r . and ana c . parpinelli 2006 . crotalus durissus terrificus . a case of xanthism . herpetological bulletin 97 : 38 - 39 - get paper here\nenderson , e . f . 2010 . the occurrence of crotalus viridis in sonora , mexico . sonoran herpetologist 23 ( 7 ) : 94 - 96 . - get paper here\ndescription of the gamonts of a small species of hepatozoon sp . ( apicomplexa , hepatozoidae ) found in crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes , viper . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nadams , jennifer p . ,\nhome range and behavior of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus )\n( 2005 ) . theses , dissertations and capstones . 26 . urltoken\non the other hand , crotalus venom causes a persistent albuminuria and extensive tubular degeneration and cast formation , with death , preceded by great emaciation , after five to six weeks .\naeberhard , r . 2010 . interessante beobachtungen zur tragzeit der tropischen klapperschlange , crotalus durissus durissus . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 15 ( 81 ) : 7 - 9 - get paper here\ngloyd , howard k . 1936 . the status of crotalus unicolor van lidth de jeude and icrotalus pulvis ditmars . herpetologica 1 ( 2 ) : 65 - 68 - get paper here\nhansen , r . w . & bryson , r . w . , jr . 2018 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 49 : 128 - 129 .\nrokyta , d . , a . lemmon , m . margres , k . aronow . 2012 . the venom - gland transcriptome of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) .\nferrante , lucas , rafael menegucci and ibere farina machado . 2015 . crotalus durissus ( south american rattlesnake ) swimming behavior to cross geographical barrier . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 640\nolivier , r . 2008 . grote verwarring rond een \u2018kleine\u2019 ratelslang : de hopiratelslang , crotalus viridis nuntius . lacerta 66 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40 - 46 - get paper here\ngolan , l . , c . radcliffe , t . miller , b . o ' connell , d . chiszar . 1982 . trailing behavior in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .\nmacias - rodriguez , eduardo f . , ana gatica - colima and hector gadsden . 2013 . crotalus viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) reproduction / combat . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 521\nhammerson , g . 2007 .\ncrotalus adamanteus\n( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 e . t64308a12762249 . accessed november 02 , 2017 at urltoken .\nchiszar , d . , k . scudder , l . knight , h . smith . 1978 . exploratory behavior in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) and water moccasins ( agkistrodon piscivorus ) .\nbrown , w . s . 1993 . biology , status , and management of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) : a guide for conservation . ssar herp . circular no . 22 .\nhoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here\nrowley , paul 2003 . the development of a safe restraint method for handling adult specimens of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus . litteratura serpentium 23 ( 1 ) : 40 - 45 - get paper here\nchiszar , d . , k . stimac , t . boyer . 1983 . effect of mouse odors on visually - induced and strike - induced chemosensory searching in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) .\nsaviola , a . , d . pla , t . castoe , j . calvete , s . mackessy . 2015 . comparative venomics of the prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) from colorado .\nmacarthney , j . m . 1989 . diet of the northern pacific rattlesnake , crotalus viridis oreganus , in british columbia . herpetologica 45 ( 3 ) : 299 - 304 . urltoken [ links ]\nsantos , s . m . & germano , v . j . 1996 . crotalus durissus ( neotropical rattlesnake ) prey . herpetol . rev . 27 ( 3 ) : 143 . [ links ]\nfeoktistow , a . e . 1893 . on the physiology of the rattle of crotalus durissus . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 11 : 54 - 58 - get paper here\n(\npetition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act\n, 2011 ; ernst and ernst , 2012 ; waldron , et al . , 2006 )\nduvall , d . , d . chiszar , w . hayes , j . leonhardt , m . goode . 1990 . chemical and behavioral ecology of foraging in prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis viridis ) .\nbrown , william s . 1993 . biology , status , and management of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) : a guide for conservation . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , oxford .\nbeaupre , s . j . 1995 . comparative ecology of the mottled rock rattlesnake , crotalus lepidus , in big ben national park . herpetologica 51 ( 1 ) : 45 - 56 . [ links ]\ngatica - colima , ana , eduardo f . macias - rodr\u00edguez and ricardo paredes - le\u00f3n . 2014 . crotalus viridis viridis ( prairie rattlesnake ) ectoparasites . herpetological review 45 ( 1 ) : 143 - 144\nmacartney , j . malcolm & patrick t . gregory 1991 . literature : reproductive biology of female rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) in british columbia . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 116 - get paper here\n(\na status assessment and distribution model for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) in georgia\n, 2015 ;\nflorida ' s venomous snakes\n, 2004 ;\npetition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act\n, 2011 ; ernst and ernst , 2012 ; hoss , et al . , 2010 ; steen , et al . , 2007 )\nownby , c . , t . colberg , g . odell . 1986 . in vivo ability of antimyotoxin a serum plus polyvalent ( crotalidae ) antivenom to neutralize prairie rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis viridis ) venom .\nconsidering data to other viperids ( sawaya et al . 2008 ; marques et al . 2009 ; barbo et al . 2011 ) the frequency of individuals of crotalus durissus with prey in the stomach was low .\nsandner - montilla f 1980 . una nueva especie del genero crotalus ( serpentes , crotalidae , crotalinae ) del sur del estado guarico , venezuela . memorias cientifica de ofidiologia ( no . 5 ) : 1 - 12\npifano , f . & rodriguez - acosta , a . 1996 . ecological niche and redescription of crotalus vegrandis ( serpentes : crotalidae ) in venezuela . brenesia 45 - 46 : 169 - 175 . [ links ]\ndavis m . morphometrics , molecular ecology and multivariate environmental niche define the evolutionary history of the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex . ph . d dissertation . university of illinois at urbana - champaign ; 2012 .\nhampton pm , moon br . gape size , its morphological basis , and the validity of gape indices in western diamond - backed rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . journal of morphology . 2013 ; 247 : 194\u2013202 .\nmurphy et al . ( 1995 ) examined variation in mtdna , allozymes , and morphology of red diamond rattlesnakes and concluded that crotalus ruber and c . exsul should be considered a single species ( c . exsul ) with three subspecies ( c . e . exsul , c . e . ruber , and c . e . lorenzoensis . smith et al . ( 1998 ) applied to the iczn to conserve the name c rotalus ruber for the red diamond rattlesnake by giving the name crotalus ruber precedence over the name c . exsul . iczn ( 2000 ) gave crotalus ruber precedence over c . exsul whenever the two names are considered to be synonyms .\nhoss , s . , c . guyer , l . smith , g . schuett . 2010 . multiscale influences of landscape composition and configuration on the spatial ecology of eastern diamond - backed rattlesnakes ( crotalus adamanteus ) .\nhoyos , m . a . 2012 . a cascavel neotropical crotalus durissus : uma abordagem morfol\u00f3gica e da hist\u00f3ria natural em popula\u00e7\u00f5es do brasil . tese de doutorado , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo . [ links ]\nthe goal of the present work was to label crotalus durissus terrificus venom with 99m tc . the crude and labeled venom were then subjected to a hemolytic activity study to verify that labeling did not alter the biological activities .\ncrotalus is a genus of venomous pit vipers naturally occurring in the americas , from southern canada to northern argentina . the rattlesnakes currently found in south africa include the sidewinder ( crotalus cerastes ) , which is a desert ambush predator . members of this genus range in size from 50\u201360cm to over 150cm . most forms are easily recognised by the characteristic rattle on the end of their tails , although a few island populations are exceptions to this rule .\nquijada - mascare\u00f1as & w\u00fcster , w . 2006 . crotalus durissus complex : from yucatan to patagonia : the natural history of the neotropical rattlesnake . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 66 - 73 - get paper here\nklauber , laurence m . 1935 . a new subspecies of crotalus confluentus , the prairie rattlesnake . transactions of the san diego society of natural history 8 ( 13 ) : 75 - 90 + 1 plate - get paper here\nthe orianne society . a status assessment and distribution model for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) in georgia . none . clayton , georgia : the orianne society . 2015 . accessed september 10 , 2017 at urltoken .\nsage , r . d . ; capredon , e . e . 1971 . la distribucion de la cascabel ( crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurentius ) en argentina y su significado zoogeographico . neotropica 17 ( 54 ) : 133 - 136\nw\u00fcster , w . & b\u00e9rnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417\u2013419\ngraves , b . m . , m . b . king & d . duvall 1991 . literature : natural history of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis viridis ) . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 1 ) : 24 - get paper here\njustification : crotalus durissus has been assessed as least concern in view of its very wide distribution and its tolerance of a broad range of habitats . no specific threats have been reported and this species is not undergoing significant population declines .\nshipley , b . , d . chiszar , k . fitzgerald , a . saviola . 2013 . spatial ecology of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) associated with black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) colonies in colorado .\ntrutnau , l . 2002 . bemerkungen zur verbreitung , biologie und taxonomie der tropischen klapperschlange crotalus durissus sowie zur pflege und zucht der unterart c . d . terrificus . herpetofauna 24 ( 140 ) : 13 - 24 - get paper here\nthe crotalus used to be universally used , but fell out of use in the last few decades . it seems , however , to have made a little bit of a comeback lately due to an increase of interest in traditional liturgy .\ntozetti , a . m . , & martins , m . 2008 . habitat use by the south - american rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus ) in southeastern brazil . journal of natural history 42 : 1435 - 1444 . urltoken [ links ]\ncollection sites with voucher numbers of studied specimens of crotalus durissus and stomach contents from central region of brazil . chunb , cole\u00e7\u00e3o herpetol\u00f3gica da universidade de bras\u00edlia ; ibsp , instituto butantan ; mzusp , museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo .\n(\npetition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act\n, 2011 ; gibbons and dorcas , 2005 ; hoss , et al . , 2010 ; steen , et al . , 2007 )\ndiller , l . v . & wallace , r . l . 1996 . comparative ecology of two snake species ( crotalus viridis and pituophis melanoleucus ) in southwestern idaho . herpetologica 52 ( 3 ) : 343 - 360 . urltoken [ links ]\nthe intravenous injection of crotalus atrox venom produces an immediate and profound fall in systemic arterial pressure . this change was observed in both cats and dogs , and it has been seen in previous experiments with rabbits , goats , guinea pigs and monkeys .\nmagres mj , wray kp , seavy m , mcgivern jj , sanader d , rokyta dr . phenotypic integration in the feeding system of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) . molecular ecology . 2015 ; 24 : 3405\u20133420 . pmid : 25988233\nfrost , d . , g . hammerson , g . santos - barrera . 2007 .\ncrotalus viridis\n( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 : e . t64339a12771847 . accessed september 10 , 2017 at urltoken .\ncitation : davis ma , douglas mr , collyer ml , douglas me ( 2016 ) deconstructing a species - complex : geometric morphometric and molecular analyses define species in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146166 . urltoken\nharris , h . jr . , r . s . simmons 1976 . a new subspecies of crotalus durissus ( serpentes : crotalidae ) from the rupununisavana of southwestern guyana . mem . inst . butantan 40 / 41 : 305 - 311 . - get paper here\nsant ' anna , s . & abe a . s . 2007 . diet of the rattlesnake crotalus durissus in southeastern brazil ( serpentes , viperidae ) . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 42 ( 3 ) : 169 - 174 . urltoken [ links ]\nbiological activity of the crotalus venom after the labeling process was assessed by indirect hemolytic activity . hemolytic activity of crude and labeled venom was assayed as described by cadillo et al ( cadillo et al , 1992 ) and activity was expressed as absorbance at 540 nm .\ndouglas me , douglas mr , schuett gw , porras lw . evolution of rattlesnakes ( viperidae ; crotalus ) in the warm deserts of western north america shaped by neogene vicariance and quaternary climate change . molecular ecology . 2006 ; 15 : 3353\u20133374 . pmid : 16968275\nvanzolini , p . e . & calleffo , e . v . 2002 . a taxonomic bibliography of the south american snakes of the crotalus durissus complex ( serpentes , viperidae ) . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias 74 ( 1 ) : 37\u201383 - get paper here\nanderson cg , greenbaum e . phylogeography of northern populations of the black - tailed rattlesnake ( crotalus molossus , baird and girard , 1853 ) , with the revalidation of revalidation of c . ornatus , hallowell , 1854 . herpetological monographs . 2012 ; 26 : 19\u201357 .\ngardiner , laura e . , christopher m . somers , dennilyn l . parker and ray g . poulin . 2015 . microhabitat selection by prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis ) at the northern extreme of their geographic range . journal of herpetology 49 ( 1 ) : 131 - 137\ncrotalus durissus terrificus ( south american rattlesnake ) venom possesses phospholipase a 2 activity , which can lead to hemolysis , and neurotoxic activity , both of which are also expressed by crotoxin . the biological activity evaluation showed that 99m tc labeling did not alter the activity of the cv .\n(\ncosewic assessment and status report on the prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis in canada\n, 2015 ; charland , 1989 ; chiszar , et al . , 1978 ; duvall , et al . , 1990 ; golan , et al . , 1982 ; zug and ernst , 2004 )\nbeaupre , s . j . , duvall , d . & o ' leile , j . 1998 . ontogenetic variation in growth and sexual size dimorphism in a central arizona population of the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . copeia 1 : 40 - 47 . [ links ]\nrudolph , d . craig ; schaefer , r . r . ; saenz , d . ; conner , r . n . 2004 . arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas . texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 .\nmonteiro , h . s . a . ; silva , i . m . s . c . ; martins , a . m . c . and fonteles , m . c . ( 2001 ) , actions of crotalus durissus terrificus venom and crotoxin on the isolated rat kidney . ,\nprigioni , carlos ; borteiro , claudio ; kolenc , francisco ; colina , marcelo ; gonz\u00e1lez , enrique m . 2013 . geographic distribution and apparent decline of crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurenti 1768 ; serpentes , viperidae ) in uruguay . cuadernos de herpetolog\u00eda 27 ( 2 ) : - get paper here\nchiszar , david ; bryon k . shipley , hobart m . smith , kevin fitzgerald and anthony j . saviola . 2014 . straightness - of - path during and after vernal migration in prairie rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis , in eastern colorado . herpetology notes 7 : 425 - 436 - get paper here\nthe rattlesnakes of the genus crotalus evolved in north america and subsequently spread across central and south america ( echevarrigaray et al . 2000 ; quijada - mascare\u00f1as et al . 2007 ) . currently 41 species of crotalus are recognized , with greater a diversity in mexico and the united states ( uetz at al . 2016 ) . this genus is frequently considered as a model for studies related to ecology , due to its widespread distribution covering several habitats , including deserts , flooded areas , forest environments and open habitats ( norman , 1994 ; beaupre et al . 1998 ; place & abramson , 2004 ) .\ndepending on how you classify them , there are about 29 or 30 different species of rattlesnakes in the world . most of them fall within the crotalus family of snakes . of course , when you include the various sub - species found within each species , there are even more rattlesnakes to consider .\nfill , j . , j . waldron , s . welch , m . martin , j . cantrell , s . bennett , w . kalinowsky , j . holloway , t . mousseau . 2015 . breeding and reproductive phenology of eastern diamond - backed rattlesnakes ( crotalus adamanteus ) in south carolina .\nsalom\u00e3o , m . g . , almeida - santos , s . m . & puorto , g . 1995 . activity pattern of crotalus durissus ( viperidae , crotalinae ) : feeding , reproduction and snakebite . stud . neotrop . fauna e . 30 ( 2 ) : 101 - 106 [ links ]\nvanzolini , p . e . 1947 . notas sobre um derodimo de crotalus durissus terrificus ( laur . ) nota nomenclaural sobre leimadophis almada ( wagler , 1824 ) ( = leimadophis almadensis auct . ) . pap\u00e9is avulsos de zoologia ( s\u00e3o paulo ) 8 ( 24 ) : 273 - 283 - get paper here\nashton , kyle g . ; de queiroz , alan 2001 . molecular systematics of the western rattlesnake , crotalus viridis ( viperidae ) , with comments on the utility of the d - loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 ( 2 ) : 176 - 189 . - get paper here\nbauder , javan m . ; holly akenson , and charles r . peterson 2015 . movement patterns of prairie rattlesnakes ( crotalus v . viridis ) across a mountainous landscape in a designated wilderness area journal of herpetology sep 2015 , vol . 49 , no . 3 : 377 - 387 . - get paper here\ndavis ma , douglas mr , collyer ml , douglas me 2016 . deconstructing a species - complex : geometric morphometric and molecular analyses define species in the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146166 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0146166 - get paper here\nholycross , andrew t . ; thomas g . anton , michael e . douglas , and darrel r . frost 2008 . the type localities of sistrurus catenatus and crotalus viridis ( serpentes : viperidae ) , with the unraveling of a most unfortunate tangle of names . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 421\u2013424 - get paper here\nthe western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) is a heavy bodied snake with a triangular shaped head . there are two dark diagonal lines on each side of its face running from the eyes to its jaws . it has dark diamond - shaped patterns along is back . the tail has black and white bands just above the rattles .\nmarchi - salvador dp , corr\u00eaa lc , magro aj , oliveira cz , soares am , et al . ( 2008 ) insights into the role of oligomeric state on the biological activities of crotoxin : crystal structure of a tetrameric phospholipase a2 formed by two isoforms of crotoxin b from crotalus durissus terrificus venom . proteins 72 : 883\u2013891 .\ncitation : muller vd , soares ro , dos santos - junior nn , trabuco ac , cintra ac , figueiredo lt , et al . ( 2014 ) phospholipase a 2 isolated from the venom of crotalus durissus terrificus inactivates dengue virus and other enveloped viruses by disrupting the viral envelope . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112351 . urltoken\nw\u00fcster , wolfgang ; julia e . ferguson ; j . adrian quijada - mascare\u00f1as ; catharine e . pook ; maria da gra\u00e7a salom\u00e3o < br / > and roger s . thorpe 2005 . tracing an invasion : landbridges , refugia , and the phylogeography of the neotropical rattlesnake ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalus durissus ) . molecular ecology 14 : 1095\u20131108\nalmeida - santos , selma maria ; maria da graca salom\u00e3o ; elaine aparecida peneti , < br / > paulo s\u00e9rgio de sena ; eduardo santos guimaraes 1999 . predatory combat and tail wrestling in hierarchical contests of the neotropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus ( serpentes : viperidae ) . amphibia - reptilia 20 ( 1 ) : 88 - 96 - get paper here\nthe south - american rattlesnake crotalus durissus , is restricted to south america ( campbell & lamar 2004 ) and has a discontinuous distribution ( w\u00fcster et al . 2005 ) from colombia to argentina ( vanzolini et al . 1980 ) . some populations exhibit considerable ecological variation , with closeby populations differing greatly from each other ( campbell & lamar , 2004 ) .\ncozendey , p . , novelli , i . a . , do nascimento , a . a . , peters , v . m . & de sousa , b . m . 2017 . study of the renal sexual segment of crotalus durissus terrificus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( viperidae : crotalinae ) . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 743 - 746\nvalencia - herna\u0301ndez , a\u0301ngel alberto ; irene goyenechea < br / > & jesu\u0301s marti\u0301n castillo - cero\u0301n 2007 . notes on scutellation , length , and distribution of rattlesnakes ( serpentes : viperidade : crotalus ) in the state of hidalgo , mexico . acta zoolo\u0301gica mexicana ( n . s . ) 23 ( 3 ) : 29 - 33 - get paper here\ndavis , mark a . and michael e . douglas 2017 . prairie rattlesnake crotalus viridis ( rafinesque 1818 ) . in : rattlesnakes of arizona , volume i , 1st edition , editors : gordon w . schuett , martin j . feldner , charles f . smith , randall s . reiserer . eco publishing , pp . 289 - 332 - get paper here\na free - ranging specimen of crotalus durissus unicolor on aruba island was observed after striking rodent prey ( calomys hummelincki ) and after no - strike presentations . strike - induced chemosensory searching and trail following were seen after strikes . when a chemical trail was not present following a strike , the snake searched extensively near its refuge , but never emerged from it .\ncenter for biological diversity , coastal plains institute , protecting all living species , one more generation . petition to list the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) as threatened under the endangered species act . none . usa : center for biological diversity , coastal plains institute , protecting all living species , one more generation . 2011 . accessed september 11 , 2017 at urltoken .\nprival , d . b . , goode , m . j . , swann , d . e . , schwalbe , c . r . & schroff , m . j . 2002 . natural history of a northern population of twin - spotted rattlesnakes , crotalus pricei . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 598 - 607 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]\ndavis ma , douglas mr , webb ct , collyer ml , holycross at , painter cw , et al . nowhere to go but up : impacts of climate change on demographics of a short - range endemic ( crotalus willardi obscurus ) in the sky - islands of southwestern north america . plos - one . 2015 ; 10 ( 6 ) : e0131067 . pmid : 26114622\nquijada - mascarenas , j . adrian ; ferguson , julia e . ; pook , catharine e . ; salomao , maria da graca ; thorpe , roger s . ; wuster , wolfgang 2007 . phylogeographic patterns of trans - amazonian vicariants and amazonian biogeography : the neotropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus complex ) as an example . journal of biogeography 34 ( 8 ) : 1296 - 1312\n% 0 report % t arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas % j texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 % a rudolph , d . craig % a schaefer , r . r . % a saenz , d . % a conner , r . n . % d 2004 % > urltoken % u urltoken citation\nty - rprt ti - arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas au - rudolph , d . craig au - schaefer , r . r . au - saenz , d . au - conner , r . n . py - 2004 jo - texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 l1 - urltoken ur - urltoken er - citation\nw\u00fcster , w . , ferguson , j . e . , quijada - mascare\u00f1as , j . a . , pook , c . e . & salom\u00e3o , m . d . 2005 . tracing an invasion : landbridges , refugia , and the phylogeography of the neotropical rattlesnake ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalus durissus ) . mol . ecol . 14 ( 4 ) : 1095 - 1108 . urltoken [ links ]\nholycross , a . t . , painter , c . w . , prival , d . v . , shawnn , d . e . , schroff , m . j . , edwards , t . & schwalbe , c . r . 2002 . diet of crotalus lepidus klauberi ( banded rock rattlesnake ) . j . herpetol . 36 ( 4 ) : 589 - 597 . urltoken ; 2 [ links ]\ntecn\u00e9cio - 99m tem sido o radiois\u00f3topo de escolha para procedimentos m\u00e9dicos e pesquisas experimentais . em decorr\u00eancia de suas propriedades nucleares , 99m tc \u00e9 adequado para detec\u00e7\u00e3o de alta efici\u00eancia com a vantagem do baixo risco radiol\u00f3gico . o veneno de crotalus ( cv ) apresentou propriedades antitumorais em estudos cl\u00ednicos e estudos de biodistribui\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o fundamentais em pesquisas cl\u00ednicas . esse trabalho teve como objetivo obter um an\u00e1logo de veneno de crotalus marcado com 99m tc que preservasse sua atividade biol\u00f3gica . ap\u00f3s a marca\u00e7\u00e3o , a atividade biol\u00f3gica foi avaliada atrav\u00e9s do ensaio de atividade hemol\u00edtica . veneno nativo e marcado apresentaram atividade hemol\u00edtica indireta quando incubados em um meio contendo uma fonte ex\u00f3gena de lecitina . obteve - se um alto rendimento de marca\u00e7\u00e3o e a atividade biol\u00f3gica das mol\u00e9culas foi preservada . nossos resultados sugerem que 99m tc - cv pode representar uma ferramenta muito \u00fatil para estudos de biodistribui\u00e7\u00e3o .\nsouza , kariny de ; rafael damasceno fernandes coelho , paulo mauricio almeida guimar\u00e3es reis , patricia avello nicola , luiz cezar machado pereira and leonardo barros ribeiro . 2013 . predation of the spix\u2019s yellow - toothed cavy , galea spixii ( rodentia : caviidae ) by the tropical rattlesnake crotalus durissus cascavella ( serpentes : viperidae ) in the semi - arid region of brazil . herpetology notes 6 : 277 - 279 . - get paper here\nquijada - mascare\u00f1as , j . a . , ferguson , j . e . , pook , c . e . , salom\u00e3o , m . g . , thorpe , r . s . & w\u00fcster , w . 2007 . phylogeographic patterns of trans - amazonian vicariants and amazonian biogeography : the neotropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus complex ) as an example . j . biogeogr . 34 : 1296 - 1312 . urltoken [ links ]\nbut , during this short period of time , is anything supposed to take its place ? that\u2019s where the crotalus comes in . the church\u2019s liturgical rubrics don\u2019t prescribe a replacement for altar bells , but there is a long - standing tradition of using a wooden clapper or noise - maker in its place . this serves to both mark the same events as the altar bells , but in a less \u201csweet\u201d way and thus maintain the somber tone .\n@ misc { rudolph % 2c + d . + craig2004arboreal , title = { arboreal behavior in the timber rattlesnake , crotalus horridus , in eastern texas } , author = { rudolph , d . craig and schaefer , r . r . and saenz , d . and conner , r . n . } , journal = { texas journal of science . 56 ( 4 ) : 395 - 404 } , year = { 2004 } } citation\ncrotoxin ( crtx ) , the main proteic component of crotalus venom , displays cytotoxic activity against a variety of murine ( zwaal et al , 1975 ) and human ( corin et al , 1993 ) tumor cells in vitro . antitumor efficacy in vivo has been demonstrated on lung carcinoma ( rudd et al , 1994 ) , suggesting good specificity toward solid tumors . pharmacokinetic studies are very important for clinical trials and radioisotope - based drugs are very convenent for these approaches .\nin brazil , crotalus durissus is widely distributed , except for the states of acre and esp\u00edrito santo . in addition , there are isolated populations in open areas within savannas of the amazonian forest ( campbell & lamar 1989 ) . the diet of the species is assumed to be characterized by an extreme specialization in endothermic prey ; a feature that exists for only a few species of rattlesnake and which is thought to represent an ancestral trait ( clark 2002 ) . studies of food composition in populations from southeastern brazil indicated that rodents and small marsupials were the prey more widely eaten by rattlesnakes ( sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) ; however , birds ( vanzolini et al . 1980 ) and lizards ( santos & germano 1996 ) , can be considered as occasional food items in the c . durissus diet . in this work , we describe the feeding ecology of crotalus durissus in the central region of brazil and discus some strategies involved in the feeding of this rattlesnake .\nmarcovan porto , marco antonio de oliveira , lorenzo pissinatti , renata lopes rodrigues , julio alejandro rojas - moscoso , jos\u00e9 carlos cogo , konradin metze , edson antunes , c\u00e9sar nahoum , fab\u00edola z . m\u00f3nica , gilberto de nucci 2013 . the evolutionary implications of hemipenial morphology of rattlesnake crotalus durissus terrificus ( laurent , 1768 ) ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e66903 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0066903 - get paper here\nall food items were removed from the stomach and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level . each of the contents was deposited in a glass container with the same identification number as the specimen ( voucher number ) . the intestinal content was determined while taking into account the type of food residue . in addition , available literature records of prey were included in this study , which analyzed the food composition for crotalus durissus from southeastern brazil ( santos & germano 1996 ; sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) .\noverall , the diet composition of the south - american rattlesnake crotalus durissus , considering information of stomach contents identified from specimens in this study in combination with literature records ( santos & germano 1996 ; sant ' anna & abe 2007 ) , show a similar feeding patterns : rodents 66 . 05 % , marsupials 3 . 98 % , unidentified mammals 28 . 38 % and reptiles 1 . 59 % ; in reference to the reptiles , only six specimens - four of which identified in females had reptiles in their stomach .\nas defined by crother et al . ( 2003 ) , following congruence of pook et al . ( 2000 ) , ashton and de queiroz ( 2001 ) , and douglas et al . ( 2002 ) , this species encompasses only the ranges of subspecies viridis and nuntius of traditionally defined c . viridis . in other words , the range extends from southern alberta and southern saskatchewan in canada , to the northern fringe of northern central mexico , west to idaho , wyoming , colorado , and extreme eastern arizona , east to the dakotas , western iowa , nebraska , central kansas , central oklahoma , and western and central texas in the united states ( stebbins 2003 , campbell and lamar 2004 ) . the ranges and relationships of crotalus oreganus and crotalus viridis in the four corners region and in northwestern colorado need further clarification ( hammerson 1999 ; brennan and holycross , 2004 ) . its elevational range extends from about 100 m asl near the rio grande ( campbell and lamar 2004 ) to at least 2 , 895 m asl ( 9 , 500 feet ) in colorado ( hammerson 1999 ) .\nmammal specialization may be related to several life history strategies ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in some species of pitvipers , it could be associated with the increased venom toxicity in juveniles ; this may be a consequence of the need to immobilize larger prey such as a mammal ( andrade & abe 1999 ) . furthermore , the adoption of a juvenile diet based on mammals is more profitable energetically than an ecthothermic diet ( martins et al . 2002 ) . in crotalus durissus populations , the low frequency of ectothermic prey could explain such eventual facts .\nthe phospholipase a 2 activity of crotalus venom is well known and this activity is responsible for breakdown of phospholipid membranes leading to hemolysis ( zwaal et al , 1975 ) . to assess biological activity of cv , its hemolytic activity was measured . crude and labeled cv did not cause direct hemolysis ( not shown ) . an indirect hemolytic activity evaluation did not show any significant difference between unlabeled ( ic50 301 . 5 + 73 \u00b5g / ml ) and labeled cv ( ic50 247 . 7 + 49 \u00b5g / ml ) ( fig . 1 ) .\nthe acute exudative glomerular lesion of the rabbit ' s kidney caused by crotalus venom does not lead to a subacute or chronic glomerulonephritis . the hemorrhagic lesion of the glomerular tuft may show a process of repair characterized by the ingrowth , into the hemorrhagic masses , of endothelial cells from the uninjured part of the tuft . this process is , however , more analogous to the organization of a red thrombus than it is to any form of glomerular lesion known in man , and can hardly serve as an experimental demonstration of the mode of development of a subacute or chronic glomerular nephritis .\napproximately 90 percent of rattlesnakes of the genus crotalus , exhibit ontogenetic shifts in food composition , changing from ectothermic to endothermic preys . these variations could be attributed to changes in morphological , behavioral and physiological characteristics during ontogeny ( mushinsky 1987 ) . alternatively a small percentage of rattlesnakes feed almost exclusively on endothermic preys , like c . durissus ( salom\u00e3o et al . 1995 ; duarte 2003 ) , c . horridus and c . molossus ( clark 2002 ) . klauber ( 1956 ) gathered these three species and another , c . basiliscus , in the\ndurissus group\n, to demonstrate this specialization .\nthe snakes examined represent a total of 452 individuals of crotalus durissus from the central region of brazil covering forest formations of the amazon and atlantic forests , caatinga and cerrado ; identified as 213 males , 167 females and 72 neonates and juveniles . we considered specimens to be neonates when their snout - vent length was smaller than 400mm ( hoyos , 2012 ) . the specimens are housed in the scientific collections of instituto butantan ( ibsp ) , museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo ( mzusp ) , and universidade de bras\u00edlia ( chunb ) . animals kept in captivity prior to being deposited in a scientific collection were excluded from this study .\nthe western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) is a polytypic north american pit viper [ 16 , 23 \u2013 24 ] , widely distributed across broad latitudinal and elevational gradients . it extends from the missouri river in the east , into saskatchewan , alberta , and british columbia to the north , along the west coast of the united states , and south into mexico ( fig 2 ; [ 23 ] ) . habitat includes deciduous and coniferous forests , scrub , prairie grasslands , shrub steppe , desert margins , and sand dunes as arrayed across a gradient from sea level to 4000m [ 24 ] . as a consequence , it displays considerable variation within and among populations , life stages , and subspecies .\ncrotalus venom ( cv ) produces neurotoxicity , coagulation disorders , systemic myotoxicity and acute renal failure , with possible additional heart and liver damage ( monteiro et al , 2001 and barraviera et al , 1995 ) . this venom contains enzymes , toxins ( crotoxin , crotamine , gyroxin , convulxin ) and several peptides ( barraviera et al , 1995 ) . pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies are very important for clinical use . although crotoxin has been labeled with 125 i for membrane interaction analysis ( krizaj et al , 1996 ) , radiolabeling of snake venom with 99m - technetium ( 99m tc ) has not been reported , neither has the utility of 99m tc \u0096based snake venom for in vivo studies been assessed .\nwe investigated food patterns in the diet composition of 452 specimens of crotalus durissus from central brazil . thirty - three items were recorded corresponding to four categories : rodents ( 75 . 76 % ) , marsupials ( 6 . 06 % ) , unidentified mammals ( 9 . 09 % ) and reptiles ( 9 . 09 % ) . adults of both sexes and some juveniles feed mostly on mammals , specifically rodents , it is the most active and abundant prey throughout the year mainly in areas from cerrado . in addition , we observed that in c . durissus there is a trend in the diet of females could be more diverse , maybe this can be associated to sexual differences involving different strategies of the feeding biology of this rattlesnake .\ntechnetium - 99m ( 99m tc ) has been the radionuclide of choice for nuclear medicine procedures and experimental research . because of its optimal nuclear properties , 99m tc is suitable for high efficiency detection with the advantage of reduced radiological waste . crotalus venom ( cv ) has been shown to reduce tumors in clinical studies and tissue distribution studies are very important for clinical use . the goal of this work was to obtain cv labeled with 99m tc which preserves its biological activity . after labeling , biological activity was assessed by hemolytic activity evaluation . labeled and crude venom caused indirect hemolysis provided that the incubation medium contained an exogenous source of lecithin . high yield radiolabeled - cv was obtained and biological activity was preserved . the results suggest that 99m tc - cv can be a useful tool for biodistribution studies .\npatrones de alimentaci\u00f3n fueron investigados en la composici\u00f3n de la dieta de 452 ejemplares de crotalus durissus de brasil central . treinta y tres \u00edtems fueron registrados , correspondientes a cuatro categor\u00edas : roedores ( 75 . 76 % ) , marsupiales ( 6 . 6 % ) , mam\u00edferos no identificados ( 9 . 09 % ) y reptiles ( 9 . 09 % ) . los adultos de ambos sexos e individuos j\u00f3venes se alimentaron b\u00e1sicamente de mam\u00edferos , en espec\u00edfico de roedores , esta es la presa m\u00e1s activa y abundante durante todo el a\u00f1o , principalmente en las \u00e1reas de cerrado . adem\u00e1s fue observado que en c . durissus existe una tendencia a que la dieta de las hembras sea m\u00e1s diversa , factor que podr\u00eda estar relacionado a las diferencias sexuales que implican diferentes estrategias de alimentaci\u00f3n en la biolog\u00eda de esta serpiente cascabel .\naccording to popular belief , one can tell the age of a rattlesnake by the number of rattles present at the end of its tail . a baby rattlesnake is born with the first segment of its rattle , called a\nbutton\n. as the snake grows ( and with each molting of its outer skin ) an additional segment is added to its rattle . younger snakes shed more often than older snakes , but on average , free - ranging snakes may molt three to six times a year . another clue to a snake ' s age is its color : timber rattlers darken as they age , and the darkest are old males . the scientific name , crotalus horridus , is formed from two latin words : crotalum , meaning\nbell or rattle ,\nand horridus , for\ndreadful\n\u2014which makes reference to its venom .\na small species of the genus hepatozoon found in a specimen of crotalus durissus terrificus from the botucatu region , s\u00e3o paulo state , brazil is described . the morphologic alterations induced in the snake ' s erythrocytes by the presence of this parasite are described . morphology and morphometric analyses were performed using the qwin lite 2 . 5 computerized image analysis system ( leica ) . the hepatozoon possessed a small and short body ( 8 . 1 + / - 0 . 5 microm long and 3 . 8 + / - 0 . 4 microm wide ) , with round extremities . the cytoplasm varied from pale blue to basophilic and had no granulations . its nucleus was large , occupied a large area of the cytoplasm , and was irregular in shape and not condensed . despite its small size , this parasite induced important changes in the host cell . total parasitemia observed was 56 . 6 % ."]}
{"id": 267, "summary": [{"text": "epinotia piceicola is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in taiwan , japan and russia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on picea glehnii . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "epinotia piceicola", "paragraphs": ["piceicola kuznetzov , 1970 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 49 : 437 . no type\nmesopotamica obraztsov , 1952 ( epinotia ( epinotia ) ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 37 : 127 . tl : mesopotamia . mesopotamia . holotype : zsm . male .\ncremana hartig , 1960 ( epinotia ) , studi trentini sci . nat 37 : 153 . no type\nefficax meyrick , 1912 ( epinotia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\ntemerana issekutz , 1972 ( epinotia ) , schmett . sdl . burgen . : 47 . no type\nsemifuscana stephens , 1829 ( poecilochroma ( epinotia ) ) , nom . br . insects : 47 . no type\nrhododendronana hartig , 1960 ( epinotia ) , studi trentini sci . nat . acta biol . 37 : 149 . no type\nboreales kuznetzov , 1976 ( epinotia pinicola ssp . ) , trud . biol . - pochvenn . inst . 43 : 84 . no type\nhuebneri kocak , 1980 ( epinotia ) , comm . fac . sci . univ . ankara 24 ( c ) : 12 . no type\nrasdorniana issiki , in eakai et al . , 1957 ( epinotia ) , icones heterocerorum japonicorum in coloribus naturalibus 1 : 174 . no type\nmyricana mcdunnough , 1933 ( epinotia ) , entomologist 65 : 206 . tl : canada , ontario , bobcaygeon . holotype : cnc . male .\nobraztsovi agenjo , 1967 ( epinotia ) , eos 42 ( 1966 ) : 287 . tl : spain . almeria . holotype : mncnm . male .\nmonticola kawabe , 1993 ( epinotia ) , tinea 13 : 238 . tl : taiwan , hualien hsien , hohuanshan . holotype : usnm . male .\nfujisawai kawabe , 1993 ( epinotia ) , tinea 13 : 237 . tl : taiwan , nantou hsien , lushan spa . holotype : usnm . male .\nparki bae , 1997 ( epinotia ) , insecta koreana 14 : 22 . tl : korea , kangwon province , chuncheon . holotype : uib . male .\ncorylana mcdunnough , 1925 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 57 : 22 . tl : canada , ontario , ottawa . holotype : cnc . male .\nnormanana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 39 : 156 . tl : canada , manitoba , aweme . lectotype : amnh . male .\npinivora issiki , in issiki & mutuura , 1961 ( epinotia ) , publ . ent . lab . univ . osaka pref . 7 : 5 . no type\nsperana mcdunnough , 1935 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 67 : 144 . tl : canada , labrador , hopedale . holotype : cnc . male .\nautonoma falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 428 . tl : russia , far east , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . female .\nkasloana mcdunnough , 1925 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 57 : 23 . tl : canada , british columbia , kaslo . holotype : cnc . male .\nremovana mcdunnough , 1935 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 67 : 146 . tl : canada , alberta , waterton lakes . holotype : cnc . male .\nyoshiyasui kawabe , 1989 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 55 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon . holotype : opu . male .\nbalsameae freeman , 1965 ( epinotia ) , j . res . lepid . 4 : 219 . tl : canada , qubec , aylmer . holotype : cnc . male .\nbushiensis kawabe , 1980 ( epinotia ) , tinea 11 : 22 . tl : japan , honshu , saitama prefecture , iruma , bushi . holotype : usnm . male .\nevidens kuznetzov , 1971 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 50 : 433 . tl : china , north yunnan province , likiang . holotype : mgab . male .\nnigralbanoidana mcdunnough , 1929 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 61 : 271 . tl : canada , ontario , pt . pelee . holotype : cnc . male .\nepinotia pinicola is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in china ( henan , sichuan ) , korea , japan and russia . [ 2 ]\naquila kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 567 . tl : russia , sakhalin , korsakov . holotype : zmas . male .\ntamaensis kawabe , 1974 ( epinotia ) , ty to ga 25 : 96 . tl : japan . honshu , tokyo prefecture , tama hill . holotype : usnm . male .\ncineracea nasu , ( 1991 ( epinotia ) , appl . ent . zool . 26 : 342 . tl : japan , hokkaido , bibai . holotype : opu . male .\njavierana razowski & pelz , 2007 ( epinotia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 14 . tl : argentina , tucuman , san javier . holotype : smfl . male .\nkeiferana lange , 1937 ( epinotia ) , pan - pacif . ent . 13 : 118 . tl : usa , california , san francisco . holotype : cas . male .\nniveipalpa razowski , 2009 ( epinotia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 129 . tl : vietnam , kon tum , dac glei . holotype : mnhu . female .\nthaiensis kawabe , 1995 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 3 : 54 . tl : thailand , loei province , phu luang wildlife sanctuary . holotype : opu . male .\naciculana falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 424 . tl : russia , far east , primorsky krai , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . male .\nbispina razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 549 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , crater pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . female .\nchlorochara razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 547 . tl : ecuador , province cotopaxi , via la mana , pilalo . holotype : mzuj . male .\nguarandae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 545 . tl : ecuador , province bolivar , balzapamba - guaranda old road . holotype : mzuj . male .\nimprovisana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 269 . tl : usa , california . holotype : usnm . male .\nlanceata razowski , 1999 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 333 tl : ecuador , pichincha province , 12 km nw papallacta . holotype : cmnh . male .\npanda razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 548 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , crater pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\npenthrana bradley , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ruwenzori exped . 1952 , 2 ( 12 ) : 96 . tl : uganda , ruwenzori , nyamaleju . holotype : bmnh . male .\nelatana falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 426 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . male .\nplumbolineana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 53 . tl : canada , britishcolumbia , wellington . lectotype : amnh . male .\nsagittana mcdunnough , 1925 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . 57 : 22 . tl : canada , british columbia , departure bay biological station . holotype : cnc . male .\nsalicicolana kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 577 . tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .\namurensis kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia tenerana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 574 . tl : russia . amur region , klimoutsy . holotype : zmas . female .\nussuriensis kuznetzov , 1970 ( epinotia bilunana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 49 : 440 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , near ussuriysk . holotype : zmas . female .\ngradli rebel , 1929 ( epinotia cruciana ab . ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 49 . tl : austria . holotype : unknown . unknown .\ndensiuncaria kuznetzov , 1985 ( epinotia ) , vestnik zool . 1985 ( 1 ) : 6 . tl : russia , far east , southern primorsky krai . holotype : zmas . male .\nhuroniensis brown , 1980 ( epinotia ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 82 : 504 . tl : canada , qubec , norway bay . holotype : cnc . male .\nnotoceliana kuznetzov , 1985 ( epinotia ) , vestnik zool . 1985 ( 1 ) : 5 . tl : russia , far east , southern primorsky krai . holotype : zmas . male .\nrotundata razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 161 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , papallacta . holotype : mzuj . male .\nrubricana kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 575 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , near vladivostok . holotype : zmas . female .\nseorsa heinrich , 1924 ( epinotia ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 14 : 392 . tl : canada , british columbia , vavenby . holotype : usnm . male .\nslovacica pato ka & jaro , 1991 ( epinotia ) , acta ent . bohemoslov . 88 : 215 tl : slovakia , slovakia central ( zarnovica ) . holotype : nmpr . male .\nabnormana kuznetzov , 1973 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , ent . obozr . 52 : 683 . tl : china , shansi province , mien - shan . holotype : mgab . male .\naraea diakonoff , 1983 ( epinotia ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 36 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac two . holotype : ncb . female .\naridos freeman , 1960 ( epinotia ) , can . ent . ( suppl . 16 ) 92 : 30 . tl : usa , montana , east glacier . holotype : cnc . male .\nbicordana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 220 . tl : canada , manitoba , aweme . holotype : amnh . male .\nbigemina heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 220 . tl : usa , california , carmel . holotype : amnh . male .\nbiuncus razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 548 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\nbrunneomacula razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 162 . tl : ecuador , prov . sucumbios , la bonita . holotype : mzuj . male .\ncoryli kuznetzov , 1970 ( epinotia ) , ent . obozr . 49 : 437 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , near ussuriysk , mountain tayga station . holotype : zmas . female .\nheucherana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 217 . tl : usa , virginia , rosslyn . holotype : usnm . male .\nmultistrigata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 547 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\npinicola kuznetzov , 1969 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 368 tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir island , sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .\nsotipena brown , 1987 ( epinotia ) , j . lepid . soc . 40 ( 1986 ) : 341 . tl : usa , maryland , plummers island . holotype : usnm . female .\ntianshanensis liu & nasu , 1993 ( epinotia ) , ty to ga 44 : 60 . tl : china , xinjiang uygur autonomous region , tian mtns . . holotype : zmas . male .\ntsugana freeman , 1967 ( epinotia ) , j . res . lepid . 5 : 13 . tl : canada , british columbia , vancouver island , holberg . holotype : cnc . male .\ntsurugisana oku , 2005 ( epinotia ) , tinea 18 ( supplement 3 ) : 108 . tl : japan , shikoku , tokushima prefecture , mt . tsurugisan . holotype : eihu . male .\nvagana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 230 . tl : usa , washington , liaga . holotype : usnm . male .\nzamorata razowski , 1999 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 334 tl : ecuador , zamora - chinchipe province , 36 km nw zamora . holotype : cmnh . male .\natristriga clarke , 1953 ( epinotia ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 43 : 228 . tl : usa . illinois , putnam co . . holotype : usnm . male .\nalbimaculata kuznetzov , 1976 ( epinotia ) , trud . inst . zool . leningrad 64 : 23 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , dubovoe . holotype : zmas . female .\ndigitana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 215 . tl : canada , british columbia , kaslo . holotype : usnm . male .\npiceafoliana kearfott , 1908 ( epinotia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 16 : 176 . tl : usa . new jersey , essex county park . lectotype : amnh . female .\nkoraiensis falkovitsh , 1965 ( epinotia rubiginosana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 44 : 426 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , okeanskaya . holotype : zmas . female .\nruntunica razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 161 . tl : ecuador , prov . tungurahua , banos - runtun . holotype : mzuj . male .\nseptemberana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 51 . tl : usa , new jersey , essex county park . lectotype : amnh . male .\nsigniferana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 232 . tl : usa , california , san diego . holotype : usnm . male .\nsubviridis heinrich , 1929 ( epinotia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 75 : 15 . tl : usa , california , san diego . holotype : usnm . male .\nulmi kuznetzov , 1966 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 182 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , kangauz . holotype : zmas . male .\nchloizans razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( epinotia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 34 : 52 . tl : venezuela , cordillera de mrida , mrida , monte zerpa . holotype : mzuj . male .\nclasta diakonoff , 1983 ( epinotia ( asthenia ) ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 39 tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac four . holotype : ncb . female .\nmarcapatae razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 125 . tl : peru , prov . cusco , cordillera vilcanota , marcapata . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmeritana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 226 . tl : usa , utah , carbon co . . holotype : usnm . male .\nmaculosa kuznetzov , 1966 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 177 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai . holotype : zmas . female .\nrussata heinrich , 1924 ( epinotia cruciana ssp . ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 14 : 391 . tl : canada . british columbia , victoria . holotype : usnm . male .\nsilvertoniensis heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 214 . tl : usa , color - ado , silverton . holotype : usnm . male .\nkurilensis kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia tenerana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 575 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .\nussurica kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia tenerana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 572 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , near vladivostok , lyanchikhe river . holotype : zmas . male .\nautumnalis oku , 2005 ( epinotia ) , tinea 18 ( supplement 3 ) : 110 . tl : japan , honshu , iwate prefecture , mt . sodeyama , kuzumaki town . holotype : eihu . male .\nalaskae heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia cruciana ssp . ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 229 . tl : usa . alaska , yukon . holotype : usnm . male .\nlongivalva kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia elatana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 572 . tl : russia . kuril islands , iturup , foot of berutarube volcano . holotype : zmas . male .\ncupressi heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia hopkinsana ssp . ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 207 . tl : usa . california , cypress point . holotype : usnm . male .\nimmaculata peiu & nemes , 1968 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , rev . roum . biol . zool . 13 : 342 . tl : romania , suceava , fundu moldovei . holotype : tmb . male .\nbrevivalva kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia elatana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 572 . tl : russia . kuril islands , shikotan island , near krabo - zavodsk . holotype : zmas . female .\npiceae kuznetzov , 1968 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 569 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , near serno - vodsk . holotype : zmas . male .\nulmicola kuznetzov , 1966 ( epinotia ( hamuligera ) ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 179 . tl : russia , far east , primorsky krai , vladivostok . holotype : zmas . male .\nunisignana kuznetzov , 1962 ( epinotia ( hamuligera ) ) , bull . ent . soc . mulhouse 1962 : 53 . tl : russia , far east , amur region , klimoutsy . holotype : zmas . unknown .\nalbocephalaeis razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 124 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .\nsemifuscana stephens , 1834 ( poecilochroma ( epinotia ) ) , illust . br . ent . ( haustellata ) 4 : 140 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nfumoviridana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 208 . tl : usa , california , siskiyou co . , shasta retreat . holotype : usnm . male .\nlongistria razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , genus 19 : 546 . tl : ecuador , ecuador ( province cotopaxi , san francisco de las pampas , res . la otonga . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmediostria razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 126 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . female .\nkurilensis kuznetzov , 1969 ( epinotia ( steganoptycha ) tetraquetrana ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 371 . tl : russia . kuril islands , kunashir island , near alekhino . holotype : zmas . male .\nexcruciana stephens , 1852 ( poecilochroma epinotia ) ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 35 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nchloana razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 36 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .\nethnica heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 201 . tl : usa , california , san diego co . , san diego . holotype : usnm . male .\nmicroscyphos razowski & landry , in razowski et al . , 2008 ( epinotia ) , revue suisse de zoologie 115 : 199 . tl : ecuador , galapagos islands , fernandina , north side . holotype : cdrs . female .\nnigrovenata razowski & pelz , 2010 ( epinotia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 38 : 24 . tl : chile , maule , cauquenes province , r . n . fred . albert . holotype : smfl . female .\nborealis kuznetzov , 1969 ( epinotia pinicola ssp . ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 370 . tl : russia . kuril islands , paramushir island , sw servero - kuril ' sk . holotype : zmas . male .\nruidosana heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 216 . tl : usa , new mexico , lincoln national forest , ruidosa canyon . holotype : usnm . male .\ntenebrica razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 36 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .\nlepida heinrich , 1924 ( epinotia cruciana ssp . ) , j . wash . acad . sci . 14 : 391 . tl : usa . new hampshire , coos co . , mount washington . holotype : usnm . male .\npullata falkovitsh , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( semasia ( epinotia ) ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 104 . tl : khazakhstan , zailiyskiy alatau . holotype : zmas . unknown .\nzamorlojae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 25 . tl : ecuador , province zamora chinchipe , loja - zamora ,\narcoiris\nestacion cientifica . holotype : mzuj . female .\nsiskiyouensis heinrich , 1923 ( epinotia pulsatillana ssp . ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 202 . tl : usa . california , siskiyou co . , shasta retreat . holotype : usnm . male .\ncedricida diakonoff , 1969 ( epinotia ( evetria ) ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 5 : 389 . tl : france , depart vaucluse , massif du luberon . holotype : mnhn . male .\nanepenthes razowski & trematerra , 2010 ( epinotia ) , j . entomol . acarol . res . ( ser . ii ) 42 : 60 . tl : ethiopia , bale mountains , harenna forest , karcha camp . holotype : tremc . male .\nlatiloba razowski & trematerra , 2010 ( epinotia ) , j . entomol . acarol . res . ( ser . ii ) 42 : 60 . tl : ethiopia , bale mountains , harenna forest , karcha camp . holotype : tremc . male .\natacta diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 28 : 38 . tl : madagascar , central madagascar ( massif de l ' ankaratra , manjaktompo ) . holotype : mnhn . female .\nbricelus diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 28 : 52 . tl : madagascar , east madagascar ( nord - ouest de fort - dauphin , massif d ' ando - hahelo ) . holotype : mnhn . female .\nxyloryctoides diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 28 : 55 . tl : madagascar , south madagascar ( plateau mahafaly , 11 - 12 km e ankalirano ) . holotype : mnhn . female .\nalgeriensis chambon , in chambon , fabre & khemeci , 1990 ( epinotia ) , bull . ( n . s . ) soc . ent . fr . 95 : 131 . tl : algeria , algeria ( fort de babor ) . holotype : inra . male .\ndorsifraga diakonoff , 1970 ( epinotia ) , mm . o . r . s . t . o . m . 37 : 136 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( tsaratanana range , matsabory en dessous de l ' andohanisambirano ) . holotype : mnhn . female .\nmniara diakonoff , 1992 ( epinotia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 28 : 53 . tl : madagascar , east madagascar ( piste d ' andapa a ambalapaiso , 25 km e andapa ) . holotype : mnhn . female .\nphyloeorrhages diakonoff , 1970 ( epinotia ( panoplia ) ) , mm . o . r . s . t . o . m . 37 : 132 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( tsaratanana range , route d ' am - bositra a ambohimanga du sud , km 39 ) . holotype : mnhn . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nabbreviana fabricius , 1794 ( pyralis ) , entomologia systematica 3 ( 2 ) : 278 . tl : denmark , hafniae [ denmark ] . . lectotype : zmuc . unknown .\nlithoxylana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 233 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nstannana guenee , 1845 ( grapholitha ulmariana var . ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 171 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\ntrimaculana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 25 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nulmariana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( grapholitha ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 406 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nulmetana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 241 . tl : poland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nuniformata dufrane , 1957 ( eucosma trimaculana form ) , bull . inst . r . sci . nat . belg . 33 ( 32 ) : 8 . tl : france . holotype : irsn . unknown .\nabsconditana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 351 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . holotype : bmnh . female .\naulacota turner , 1946 ( bactra ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 212 . tl : australia . new south wales , killarney , acacia plateau . holotype : anic . male .\nperplexa turner , 1916 ( eucosma ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 40 : 526 . tl : australia . queensland , brisbane . lectotype : anic . male .\nalbangulana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 40 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nalbicapitana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 47 . tl : usa , california , placer co . . lectotype : amnh . male .\nalbiguttata oku , 1974 ( hikagehamakia ) , konty 42 : 15 . tl : japan , honshu , akita prefecture , mt . akita - komagatake . holotype : eihu . male .\narctostaphylana kearfott , 1904 ( cydia ) , can . ent . 36 : 109 . tl : canada , british columbia , kaslo . lectotype : amnh . male .\nbiangulana walsingham , 1879 ( steganoptycha ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 71 . tl : usa , oregon , crooked river . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nbicolor walsingham , 1900 ( pelatea ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 335 tl : japan / india , assam , naga hills . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nbilunana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\ncretaceana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 42 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nbrunnichana linnaeus , 1767 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 12th ed . ) : 880 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nalbodorsana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma brunnichana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 229 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nbrunneana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma brunnichana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 229 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nbrunneodorsana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma brunnichana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 229 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nbrunnichella kloet & hincks , 1945 ( eucosma ) , checklist brit . ins : 124 . no type\nbrunnichiana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 132 . no type\nochreana hauder , 1918 ( epiblema brunnichianum ab . ) , ent . z . frankf . a . m . 31 : 102 . tl : austria . linz . syntype ( s ) : smfl . unknown .\nrectana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 126 . tl : france . alsace . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsinuana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 131 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncanthonias meyrick , 1920 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 343 . tl : india , bengal , pusa . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncaprana fabricius , 1798 ( pyralis ) , suppl . entomologiae systematicae : 475 . tl : switzerland , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nbrunneofasciana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 230 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\ndivellana hubner , [ 1832 - 1833 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 53fig . 339 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nfuscana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 230 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nfuscofasciana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 231 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nfuscomaculana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 231 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\ngriseana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma piceana ab . ) , entomologist 68 : 230 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nmelaleucana duponchel , in godart , 1835 ( paedisca ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . 9 : 375 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\npiceana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 440 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nsciurana herrich - schaffer , 1852 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 59 , fig . 426 . no type\nvittana westwood & humphrey , 1845 ( poecilochroma ) , brit . moths transf . 2 : 147 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\ncastaneana walsingham , 1895 ( paedisca ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 511 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nceltisana riley , 1881 ( paedisca ) , trans . st . louis acad . sci 4 : 319 . tl : usa , texas . holotype : usnm . male .\nlaracana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 45 . tl : usa . ohio . lectotype : amnh . female .\nnavalis meyrick , 1912 ( proteopteryx ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 34 no type\ncercocarpana dyar , 1903 ( eucosma ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 5 : 297 . tl : usa , colorado , platte canyon . syntypes : amnh : 1 ; usnm : 3 male . unknown .\ncinereana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\ncinerana stephens , 1829 ( steganoptycha ) , nom . br . insects : 47 . no type\ncriddleana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , can . ent . 39 : 58 . tl : canada . manitoba , aweme . lectotype : amnh . male .\npetrana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 33fig . 210 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncolumbia kearfott , 1904 ( proteopteryx ) , can . ent . 36 : 112 . tl : canada , british columbia , wellington . lectotype : amnh . male .\nalbidorsana kearfott , 1904 ( proteopteryx columbia ssp . ) , can . ent . 36 : 113 . tl : canada . british columbia , kaslo . lectotype : amnh . female .\nmediostriana kearfott , 1904 ( proteopteryx columbia ssp . ) , can . ent . 36 : 114 . tl : canada . british columbia , wellington . lectotype : amnh . male .\ncontrariana christoph , 1882 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 424 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladivostok . syntypes : unknown . unknown .\ncrenana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 38fig . 242 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncastaneana sheldon , 1929 ( epiblema crenana form ) , entomologist 62 : 241 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nfasciana sheldon , 1929 ( epiblema crenana form ) , entomologist 62 : 242 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nfuscana sheldon , 1929 ( epiblema crenana form ) , entomologist 62 : 242 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nmarmorana mansbridge , 1939 ( epiblema crenana ab . ) , entomologist 73 : 287 . tl : united kingdom . scotland [ united kingdom ] . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nmonachana fischer von roslerstamm , 1839 ( paedisca ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 139 tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nrufimaculana mansbridge , 1939 ( epiblema crenana ab . ) , entomologist 73 : 287 . tl : united kingdom . scotland [ united kingdom ] . holotype : unknown . unknown .\ncruciana linnaeus , 1761 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , fauna svecica : 347 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nalticolana stephens , 1852 ( pamplusia ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 100 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nangustana desmarest , 1857 ( hypermecia ) , encyclop . hist . nat . ( papillons noct . ) : 224 . no type\naugustana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 32 , figs . 204 , 205 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nbrunneana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 75 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncockleana kearfott , 1904 ( enarmonia ) , can . ent . 36 : 137 . tl : canada . british columbia ; alberta , banff ; manitoba , aweme . syntypes ( 2 ) : amnh ; usnm . 2 males .\ndireptana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 338 . tl : canada . hudson bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . female .\nexcaecana stephens , 1852 ( hypermecia ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 41 . no type\nexcoecana herrich - schaffer , 1849 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 51 , fig . 363 . no type\nexcoecana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( grapholitha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 272 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngyllenhahliana thunberg & borgstrm , 1784 ( tortrix ) , d . d . dissert . ent . sist . ins . svecica 1 : 22 . tl : sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nvilisana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 338 . tl : canada . hudson bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . female .\nviminana guenee , 1845 ( hypermecia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 173 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\ncuphulana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( syndemis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 276 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ndalmatana rebel , 1891 ( grapholitha paedisca ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 620 . tl : croatia , croatia ( spalato ) . lectotype : nhmv . male .\npsychodora wiltshire , 1939 ( phtheochroa ) , trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 88 : 54 . no type\npsychrodora meyrick , 1936 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 5 : 23 . tl : syria . bludan . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndemarniana fischer von roslerstamm , 1839 ( paedisca ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 186 tl : germany , dresden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nderuptana kennel , 1901 ( epiblema ) , dt . ent . z . iris ( 1900 ) 13 : 290 . tl : russia , anitaurus , hadjin . holotype : mnhu . male .\nemarginana walsingham , 1879 ( proteopteryx ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 68 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . lectotype : bmnh . unknown .\nexquisitana christoph , 1882 ( steganoptycha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 428 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladi - vostok . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\npica walsingham , 1900 ( eucosma ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 337 tl : japan . honshu , kanagawa prefecture , yoko - hama . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nfestivana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 9 , fig . 52 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nfraternana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 449 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nconcretana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 132 . tl : france . alsace . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ndistinctana wilkinson , 1859 ( coccyx ) , brit . tortrices : 111 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntypes : zdug . male , female .\nproximana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial , ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 127 . no type\nproximana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( coccyx ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 219 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngimmerthaliana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 247 . tl : latvia , [ latvia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngimerthaliana herrich - schaffer , 1852 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 56 , fig . 399 . no type\ngranitana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 280 . tl : czech republic / germany . , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngranitana herrich - schaffer , 1848 ( uninomial , ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 43 , fig . 303 . no type\nhamptonana kearfott , 1875 ( eucosma ) , can . ent . 39 : 153 . tl : usa , new hampshire , hampton . lectotype : amnh . male .\nhesperidana kennel , 1921 ( epiblema ) , palaear . tortr . : 609 . tl : mauritania , holotype : mnhu . unknown .\nhopkinsana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 36 . tl : usa , washington , hoquiam . lectotype : amnh . male .\nhypsidryas meyrick , 1925 ( eucosma ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 140 . tl : india , u . p . , deoban , chakrata div . . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nillepidosa razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( sisurcana ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 37 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , gualaceo - limon road , east . holotype : mzuj . male .\nimmundana fischer von roslerstamm , 1839 ( paedisca ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 138 tl : germany , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nestreyerana guenee , 1845 ( phlaeodes ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 173 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nestreyeriana lederer , 1859 ( grapholitha ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 3 : 135 . no type\nignalinonis strand , 1917 ( epiblema immundana ssp . ) , ent . mitt . 6 : 307 . tl : spain . syntype ( s ) : deib . unknown .\ninfessana walsingham , 1900 ( thiodia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 404 tl : syria , haleb , shar devsky . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nconturbatana caradja , 1916 ( semasia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 63 . tl : russia . amur . syntypes : unknown . unknown .\ninfuscana walsingham , 1879 ( semasia ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 62 . tl : usa , california , san francisco . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\njohnsonana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 36 . tl : usa , nevada . lectotype : amnh . female .\nketamana amsel , 1956 ( steganoptycha ( epiblema ) ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 41 : 23 . tl : morocco , ketama . holotype : lnk . male .\nkochiana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( grapholitha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 262 . tl : germany , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nkochiana herrich - schaffer , 1848 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 32 , fig . 236 . no type\nlindana fernald , 1892 ( steganopteryx ) , can . ent . 24 : 178 . tl : canada , ontario , hamilton . lectotype : usnm . male .\nlomonana kearfott , 1907 ( tortrix ) , can . ent . 39 : 82 . tl : canada , british columbia , victoria . lectotype : amnh . male .\nveneratrix meyrick , 1912 ( tortrix ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 36 no type\nmaculana fabricius , 1775 ( pyralis ) , systema entomologiae : 647 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nophtalmicana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 9 , fig . 51 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nophthalmana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 43 . no type\nophthalmicana hubner , 1822 ( eutrachia ) , syst . - alphab . verz . : 63 . no type\nmadderana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , can . ent . 39 : 55 . tl : canada , manitoba , rounthwaite . lectotype : amnh . male .\nmajorana caradja , 1916 ( gypsonoma incarnana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 61 . tl : russia , far east , khabarovsky krai , radd . lectotype : mgab . male .\nleucantha meyrick , 1931 ( eucosma ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 145 . tl : japan . honshu , tokyo prefecture . holotype : bmnh . female .\nmedioplagata walsingham , 1895 ( zeiraphera ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 516 . tl : usa , colorado , custer co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nmedioviridana kearfott , 1908 ( eucosma ) , j . new york ent . soc . 16 : 168 . tl : canada , ontario , ottawa . lectotype : amnh . male .\nmelanosticta wileman & stringer , 1929 ( eucosma ) , entomologist 62 : 67 . tl : taiwan , formosa [ taiwan ] ( arizan ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmercuriana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 73 . tl : germany , wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nmonticolana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( coccyx ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 408 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nmiscana kearfott , 1907 ( eulia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 91 . tl : usa , california , placer co . , cisco . lectotype : amnh . male .\nsemalea meyrick , 1912 ( eulia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nmomonana kearfott , 1907 ( proteopteryx ) , can . ent . 39 : 125 . tl : canada , manitoba , rounthwaite . lectotype : amnh . female .\nsanifica meyrick , 1912 ( proteopteryx ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 36 . no type\nnanana treitschke , 1835 ( coccyx ) , schmett . eur . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 . tl : germany , lectotype : tmb . male .\ndomonana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , can . ent . 39 : 79 . tl : usa . massachusetts , middlesex co . , framingham . lectotype : amnh . female .\nimmetallana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 132 . tl : france . alscae . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 129 . no type\nwaltavaarana hoffmann , 1893 ( steganoptycha nanana var . ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 54 : 135 . tl : finland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnemorivaga tengstrom , 1848 ( coccyx ) , notis sllsk . fauna flora fenn . frh 1 : 88 . tl : finland , syntype ( s ) : zmh . unknown .\nfinimitana lederer , 1859 ( grapholitha ( paedisca ) ) , wein . ent . monatschr . 3 : 333 . no type\nfinitimana doubleday , 1859 ( coccyx ? ) , synon . list br . butterflies moths : 24 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nfinitimana stephens , 1852 ( coccyx ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 52 . no type\nnemorivagana jones , 1884 ( coccyx ) , ent . mon . mag . 21 : 138 . no type\nrhododendrana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 20 , figs . 140 , 141 . no type\nrhododendrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 281 . tl : austria . alps . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnigralbana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 41 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . syntypes : usnm ; bmnh . male .\nnigricana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( coccyx ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 220 . tl : germany / austria , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnigricana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 20 , fig . 138 . no type\nsuasana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( coccyx ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 133 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnisella clerck , 1759 ( phalaena ) , icones insectorum rariorum 1 : pl . 12 , fig . 6 . tl : sweden , probably sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nalbodecorana krulikowsky , 1908 ( epiblema nisella ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nanana schrank , 1802 ( tortrix ) , fauna boica 2 ( 2 ) : 72 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nboeberana fabricius , 1787 ( pyralis ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 239 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nbrunneana dufrane , 1930 ( eucosma nisella ab . ) , lambillionea 30 : 161 . tl : belgium . baudour . holotype : irsn . female .\ncuspidana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\ndecorana hubner , [ 1818 - 1819 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 42fig . 265 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ndorsimaculana klemensiewicz , 1906 ( epiblema nisella ab . ) , spraw . kom . fizyorg . krakw 32 : 58 . tl : poland . syntype ( s ) : isez . unknown . [ lost ]\nfulminana krulikowsky , 1908 ( epiblema nisella ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nlepidana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 94 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnisana guenee , 1845 ( grapholitha ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 2 ( 3 ) : 171 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\npavonana donovan , [ 1793 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 2 : pl . 58 , fig . 3 . tl : united kingdom . england [ united kingdom ] . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nrhombifasciana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ? ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nrubiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 450 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nsiliceana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 31fig . 196 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nstictana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ? ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 451 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nnonana kearfott , 1907 ( eucosma ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 30 . tl : usa , colorado , pueblo . holotype : amnh . female .\ncarphologa meyrick , 1912 ( eucosma ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\npentagonana kennel , 1901 ( epiblema ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 289 . tl : china , hadjin , sutschan . holotype : mnhu . female .\npiceae issiki , in issiki & mutuura , 1961 ( panoplia ) , microlepid . ins . injurious conif . plts . japan : 36 . tl : japan , honshu , sinano [ nagano ] , omekura . holotype : usnm . male .\npulsatillana dyar , 1903 ( eucosma ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 5 : 297 . tl : usa , colorado , foothills at boulder and golden . syntypes ( 19 ) : usnm . unknown .\npurpuriciliana walsingham , 1879 ( steganoptycha ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 72 . tl : usa , california . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\npusillana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 127 . tl : france , colmar . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\npygmaeana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 12fig . 69 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nradicana heinrich , 1923 ( griselda ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 186 . tl : canada , british columbia . lectotype : usnm . male .\nramella linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tinea ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 540 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncostana duponchel , in godart , 1836 ( grapholitha ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . 9 : 510 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nfimbriana stephens , 1829 ( anchylopera ) , syst . cat . br . insects ( 2 ) : 178 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\npaykulliana fabricius , 1787 ( tortrix ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 235 . tl : sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nramana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 100 . no type\nsesquilunana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 435 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nrasdolnyana christoph , 1882 ( steganoptycha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 427 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladi - vostok . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nrectiplicana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 40 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nrubiginosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 282 . tl : europe , nixdorf ( nixdorf ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nbouchardana wilkinson , 1859 ( poecilochroma ) , brit . tortrices : 186 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntypes : zdug . male , female .\nincognatana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( retinia ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 134 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nrubiginosana herrich - schaffer , 1848 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 26 , fig . 185 . no type\nsignatana douglas , 1845 ( sericoris ) , zoologist 3 : 844 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nkroesmanniana heinemann , 1863 ( grapholitha ) , schmett . deut . schweiz 2 : 147 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\npadana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 243 . tl : latvia / lithuania . livlandia / kurlandia [ latvia / lithuania ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsignata caradja , 1903 ( sericoris ) , bull . soc . sci . bucarest 11 : 615 . no type\nsolandriana linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) : 532 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nalbosinuana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncentrostriana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 199 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nfuscosolandriana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nfuscotrapezana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngriseana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 175 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nochreotrapezana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nparmatana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 40 figs . 253 , 254 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nratana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 37fig . 236 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nrattana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 44 . no type\nrhenana thunberg & becklin , 1791 ( tortrix ) , d . d . dissert . ent . sist . ins . svecica 23 : 43 . tl : sweden . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nrufana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 175 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nrufosinuana grabe , 1944 ( epiblema solandriana form ) , z . wien . ent . ges . 29 : 60 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nrusticana fabricius , 1794 ( pyralis ) , entomologia systematica 3 ( 2 ) : 254 . tl : france . no type\nsemilunana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 45 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsemimaculana hubner , 1793 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , samml . auser . vgel schmett : 8 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ntrapezana fabricius , 1787 ( pyralis ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 228 . tl : denmark . denmark ( copen - hagen ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nvariegata sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 197 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nvariegatastriana sheldon , 1935 ( eucosma solandriana form ) , entomologist 68 : 197 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nsolicitana walker , 1863 ( grapholita ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 387 . tl : canada , nova scotia . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\npackardiana clemens , 1864 ( halonota ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 417 . tl : canada . labrador . holotype : ansp . unknown . [ lost ]\ntephrinana zeller , 1875 ( paedisca ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 308 . tl : usa . massachusetts or maine . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nsordidana hubner , [ 1823 - 1824 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 47fig . 292 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nstabilana stephens , 1852 ( paedisca ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 100 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nsubocellana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 59 . tl : united kingdom , great britain ( sussex ) . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\narctica strand , 1901 ( paedica subocellana form ) , nyt mag . naturvid . 39 : 68 . tl : norway . syntype ( s ) : deib . unknown .\nsubplicana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 41 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nbasipunctana walsingham , 1879 ( paedisca ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 40 . tl : usa . california , lower lake . syntypes : bmnh ; usnm . female .\nsubsequana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 448 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nabiegana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( grapholitha ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 409 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nabiegnana guenee , 1845 ( coccyx ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 179 . no type\nsubuculana rebel , 1903 ( epiblema ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 92 . tl : austria , hut - tensee . lectotype : nhmv . male .\nrubuculana hauder , 1919 ( epiblema ) , z . st . ent . verz . 5 : 46 . no type\ntedella clerck , 1759 ( phalaena ) , icones insectorum rariorum 1 : pl . 10 , fig . 13 . tl : sweden , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncembrana hubner , [ 1825 ] 1816 ( evetria ) , verz . bekannter schmett . : 379 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncomitana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , ank . verz . schmett . wiener - gegend . : 131 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown ."]}
{"id": 271, "summary": [{"text": "canthonistis xestocephala is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1968 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on luzon in the philippines .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are bright yellow and with two large purplish-fuscous patches , rounded and almost entirely confluent except above , extending along the dorsum beyond the base to the tornus and filling out the whole wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the anterior blotch almost reaches the costa , while the posterior does not reach it .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are glossy light yellowish fuscous , with the apex pale yellow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "canthonistis xestocephala", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for xestocephala definition . you find here xestocephala meaning , synonyms of xestocephala and images for xestocephala copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\ncanthonistis ( gelechiadae ) meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 82 ; ts : canthonistis amphicarpa meyrick\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word xestocephala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word xestocephala and , of course , xestocephala synonyms and on the right images related to the word xestocephala .\ncanthonistis xestocephala diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 127 ; tl : luzon , benguet , baguio\ncanthonistis amphicarpa meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 82 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nfigures 191 - 194 . \u2014genitalia of timyridac : 191 , canthonistis xestocephala , new species , d ^ , holotype , with , right , aedeagus ; 192 , lecithocera goniometra meyrick , cf , slide no . 5219 , with aedeagus ; 193 , c . xestocephala , new species , 9 , allotype , with , right , bursa copulatrix ; 194 , frisilia drimyla , new species , 9 , holotype .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nauthors : united states national museum ; smithsonian institution ; united states . dept . of the interior\npublisher : washington : smithsonian institution press , [ etc . ] ; for sale by the supt . of docs . , u . s . govt print . off .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work ."]}
{"id": 273, "summary": [{"text": "loricaria lentiginosa is a species of catfish of the family loricariidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to the basin of the paran\u00e1 river .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the species was described by dutch ichthyologist isa\u00e4c j. h. isbr\u00fccker in 1979 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "loricaria lentiginosa", "paragraphs": ["in nature loricaria lentiginosa occurs in the brazilian state of sao paulo . in the natural habitats of this species the water is pretty cool in the winter ( our summer ) , eg 16 more\nloricaria lentiginosa isbr\u00fccker , 1979 - add this species to your\nmy cats\npage . common name ( s ) none type locality high basin of rio paran\u00e1 , represa de volta grande , rio grande , sao paulo , e . brazil . more\nwhen young , loricaria spp . can be differentiated from the similar rineloricaria spp . by their more feathered sucker - mouths . in adults this difference is considerably more evident .\nsince there are no studies focusing on reproductive characteristics in l . lentiginosa , the present study aimed to analyze the gonadic structure and the gametogenesis in this species , using anatomical techniques and light microscopy .\npostovulatory follicles in l . lentiginosa had a wide irregular lumen , surrounded by hypertrophied follicular cells and a theca , in a pattern similar to the descriptions made by drummond et al . ( 2000 ) for astyanax bimaculatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) .\nfollicular cells in l . lentiginosa surround the oocyte forming a unique layer , in a pattern common to all teleosts ( selman & wallace 1989 ) . these cells can present structural changes during the developmental process of the oocytes ( guraya 1986 ) . in fact , the late perinucleolar oocytes in l . lentiginosa showed pavimentous follicular cells that became cubic in previtellogenic oocytes and prismatic at the end of the vitellogenesis . in the present study it was observed that the theca of previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes was constituted of cells that are similar to fibroblasts , presenting capillary blood vessels in the pattern typical of most bony fishes ( tyler & sumpter 1996 ) .\ncommon in the rio pardo in brazil , a clear water tributary of the mogi guacu . aquarium care : grows very large and would need a large aquarium with cool water and a strong current to house this species . should be acclimatised slowly for the home aquarium . diet : carnivore : feed with tablets , pellets , insect larvae , zooplankton and shrimps . a varied diet is important to this species and genus . remarks : l . lentiginosa and l . prolixa are quite difficult to tell apart and its quite possible that they may be one and the same species . if so l . lentiginosa would become a synonym of l . prolixa .\nthe testes of l . lentiginosa are paired elongated organs ( fig . 5 ) , dorsally attached to the coelomic cavity by the mesorchium ; they were dorsally related to the kidneys and ventrally to the digestive tube . both testes had spermatic ducts , which join together caudally forming a common spermatic duct that extended to the urogenital papillae .\nthe testes of fresh water neotropical siluriforms that have external fertilization present variable anatomical characteristics ; they are elongated and fringed in the species pimelodus maculatus la cep\u00e8de , 1803 ( bazzoli et al . 1997 ) , iheringichthys labrosus ( l\u00fctken , 1874 ) ( santos et al . 2001 ) , pseudoplatystoma corruscans ( spix & agassiz , 1829 ) ( brito & bazzoli 2003 ) and conorhynchos conirostris ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ( lopes et al . 2004 ) ; and elongated without fringes in hypostomus albopucntatus ( regan , 1908 ) ( antoniutti et al . 1985 ) , rhinelepis aspera spix & agassiz , 1829 ( agostinho et al . 1987 ) , hoplosternum littorale ( hancock , 1828 ) ( loir et al . 1989 ) , liposarcus pardalis ( castelnau , 1855 ) ( neves & rufino 1998 ) and loricaria lentiginosa ( this study ) .\nmacroscopic and microscopic appearance of the ovaries of l . lentiginosa were similar to those reported for other species in the family loricariidae , such as plecostomus commersonii ( valenciennes , 1840 ) = hypostomus scabriceps ( eigenmann & eigenmann , 1888 ) ( agostinho et al . 1982 ) , r . aspera ( agostinho et al . 1987 ) and hypostomus punctatus ( menezes & caramaschi 1994 ) . according to the classification proposed by hoar ( 1969 ) , the ovaries of l . lentiginosa would be classified as cystovarian , where the ovarian lumen has continuity with the oviduct , through which the oocytes are released into the environment . in contrast , in some salmon and trout species , the oviduct was lost secondarily , with the oocytes being released to the coelomic cavity and then , to the external environment ( helfman et al . 2000 ) .\nas already demonstrated in the present study , the structural organization of l . lentiginosa testes presents a cranial spermatogenic portion , spermatogenic and secretory transition portion , and an exclusively secretive caudal portion with secretory activity only during the maturation period . the spermatogenesis can be classified as cystic , and it occurs along the whole extension of the seminiferous tubules . the ovaries are of the cystovarian type and the oogenesis was characterized histologically by four developmental stages .\na estrutura gonadal e a gametog\u00eanese de loricaria lentiginosa isbr\u00fccker , 1979 foram estudadas atrav\u00e9s de t\u00e9cnicas anat\u00f4micas e histol\u00f3gicas . capturaram - se , trimestralmente , no reservat\u00f3rio de porto col\u00f4mbia , bacia do rio paran\u00e1 , minas gerais , quarenta e dois machos e dez f\u00eameas nos est\u00e1dios em matura\u00e7\u00e3o / maduro , utilizando - se redes de emalhar , no per\u00edodo de novembro de 2001 a outubro de 2002 . os test\u00edculos s\u00e3o \u00f3rg\u00e3os pares , alongados e n\u00e3o franjados . histologicamente , os test\u00edculos apresentam tr\u00eas regi\u00f5es distintas : cranial espermatog\u00eanica , transi\u00e7\u00e3o espermatog\u00eanica e secretora e caudal exclusivamente secretora . na secre\u00e7\u00e3o dos t\u00fabulos da regi\u00e3o caudal detectaram - se glicoprote\u00ednas neutras . a espermatog\u00eanese ocorre em cistos em toda a extens\u00e3o da parede dos t\u00fabulos semin\u00edferos , os quais anastomosam - se e liberam os espermatoz\u00f3ides no lume dos ductos esperm\u00e1ticos . os ov\u00e1rios s\u00e3o \u00f3rg\u00e3os pares , saculiformes e , histologicamente , apresentam lamelas ovul\u00edgeras que cont\u00e9m as c\u00e9lulas da linhagem ovog\u00eanica . os ov\u00f3citos foram classificados em quatro est\u00e1dios , baseando - se em suas caracter\u00edsticas citol\u00f3gicas e nas camadas que os circundam . fol\u00edculos p\u00f3s - ovulat\u00f3rios e ov\u00f3citos vitelog\u00eanicos em processo de atresia folicular foram tamb\u00e9m observados .\nneutral glycoproteins in the secretion of the caudal portion tubules in the maturing / mature testes of l . lentiginosa were also detected in the caudal fringes of i . labrosus ; and neutral glycoproteins , carboxylated acid glycoconjugates ( including sialomucines and acid and sulfates glycoconjugates ) were detected in the caudal fringes of p . maculatus ( guimar\u00e3es - cruz & santos 2004 ) . these substances may have similar functions as those exhibited by substances produced in the seminal vesicles of other teleosts species : acting on female attraction , in the augmentation of the seminal volume and in the fertilization process ( van den hurk et al . 1987 , lahnsteiner et al . 1992 ) .\nthe formation of an acellular layer , the zona pellucida , during the oogenesis , is described for several teleosts species ( guraya 1986 ) , and it has multiple functions : it allows the passage of substances to the oocyte interior ; protects it from mechanical wear and pathogens ; maintains the integrity of the membrane ; and promotes the adhesion of the egg to the substrate ( agostinho et al . 1987 ) . in l . lentiginosa , the zona pellucida was observed with a unique acidophilic layer in the late perinucleolar oocytes , and two layers in previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes as described for galeocharax knerii ( steindachner , 1879 ) by magalh\u00e3es et al . ( 2004 ) .\nthe specimens were dissected and fragments from the cranial and caudal portions of the gonads of all specimens were fixed in bouin ' s solution for 6 - 8 hours . gonad fragments were embedded in paraffin or in glycol methacrilate , sectioned in serial sections at 3 - 5 \u00b5m , and stained with haematoxylin - eosin or with 1 % toluidin blue - sodium borate ( junqueira & junqueira 1983 ) . the oocytes in l . lentiginosa were classified by histological characteristics into four stages , based on the changes that occurred : in the nucleus , in the ooplasm and in the follicular wall , as proposed by bazzoli ( 2003 ) . to detect carbohydrates and proteins on the testes caudal region , the following histochemical techniques were used : pas ( periodic acid - shiff ) ; pas + amylase ; alcian blue ph 2 , 5 ; alcian blue ph 0 , 5 and ninhydrin - shiff ( pearse 1985 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nlatin , lorica , loricare = cuirass of corslet of leather ; 1706 + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 51 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56003 )\nferraris , c . j . jr . , 2003 . loricariidae - loricariinae ( armored catfishes ) . p . 330 - 350 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36389 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00363 ( 0 . 00147 - 0 . 00899 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 33 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 1 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .\nhigh basin of rio paran\u00e1 , represa de volta grande , rio grande , sao paulo , e . brazil .\n( latin ) lorica , loricare = cuirass of corslet of leather ( a suit of armour made of leather ) .\n290mm or 11 . 4\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\n( 1 ) decker504 . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nfor the discussion of catfish systematics . post here to draw our attention to new publications or to discuss existing works .\ninteresting to know , that the catfish of the family loricariidae also eat more than algae , detritus , and so on . its very new for me .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbrazil : upper paran\u00e1 river basin . type locality : br\u00e9sil , est . sao paulo , haut bassin du rio parana , represa de volta grande , rio grande .\nevers , h . - g . & i . seidel : mergus , baensch catfish atlas volume 1 , 1st english edn . , 2005 . pp . 944 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrev . bras . zool . vol . 22 no . 3 curitiba july / sept . 2005\nrodrigo j . guimar\u00e3es - cruz ; jos\u00e9 e . dos santos ; gilmar b . santos\nprograma de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em zoologia de vertebrados , pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica de minas gerais . caixa postal 2686 , 30535 - 610 belo horizonte , minas gerais , brasil . e - mail : enemir @ urltoken\ngonadal organization and gametogenesis in neotropical teleosts have been extensively studied . in general , most published work focuses on biometrical , morphological , physiological and / or biochemical characters , and the distribution of the different cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions ( tyler & sumpter 1996 , grier 2000 ) .\nlegendre et al . ( 1996 ) reports that some siluriformes species present fringed testes while others do not . in most fish species gonads are paired organs of similar size , which can be partially or totally fused ( le gac & loir 1999 ) . some siluriformes fishes from families pimelodidae , loricariidae and callichthyidae present secretory activity in the caudal portion of the testes , sometimes forming a seminal vesicle ( loir et al . 1989 ) .\nin terms of spermatogonia distribution , the structure of teleosts testes has two types : in the most common , spermatogonia occur all along the seminiferous tubules , while in atherinomorph fishes they are confined to the distal portion of these structures ( grier 1981 ) .\naccording to various authors ( shrivastava 1967 , srivastava & singh 1994 , magalh\u00e3es et al . 2004 ) fishes can present cystic or semi - cystic spermatogenesis in relation to the phase of release of germ cells in the cysts to the seminiferous tubules lumen .\nfishes ovaries can be classified as gymnovaries , a primitive condition founded in lungfishes , sturgeons and bowfins or cystovaries , the condition that characterizes most of the teleosts , where the ovary lumen has continuity with the oviduct ( helfman et al . 2000 ) .\noogonia development in teleosts fishes varies according to the group , and the determination of oogenesis dynamics allows the understanding of maturation and fertilization processes ( wallace & selman 1981 ) . changes in the nucleus , ooplasm and the surrounding layers characterize the oocyte maturation process ( bazzoli & rizzo 1990 ) .\npostovulatory follicles are structures formed after oocyte release ; they do not have endocrine function , present a wide irregular lumen , and are rapidly reabsorbed in a process involving the apoptosis of follicular cells ( drummond et al . 2000 ) . a degenerative process called follicular atresia reabsorbs vitellogenic oocytes not spawned . this process can also occur , but less frequently , in oocytes in other developmental stages ( miranda et al . 1999 ) .\nin brazil , to meet energy demands , the construction of artificial reservoirs by damming river courses is increasing being employed ( tundisi 1978 ) . today , in alto paran\u00e1 river basin , there are around 130 reservoirs , most of them located sequentially along the rio grande , having a total of 3 , 511 km 2 of flooded area ( santos & formagio 2000 ) . the porto col\u00f4mbia reservoir ( fig . 1 ) is located in the middle of the rio grande , on the border of minas gerais and s\u00e3o paulo states , between the municipalities of planura ( minas gerais ) and gua\u00edra ( s\u00e3o paulo ) ( paiva 1982 ) .\nfish captures were carried out once every three months in the period between november 2001 and october 2002 in the porto col\u00f4mbia reservoir ( 20\u00b007 ' 52\ns - 20\u00b001 ' 69\ns and 48\u00b034 ' 13\n- 48\u00b013 ' 40\nw ) . forty - two males and ten females , with , respectively , 21 , 2 - 42 , 5 cm and 36 , 5 - 43 , 4 cm of minimum and maximum standard length , in maturation / mature stage were collected using gillnets with mesh sizes between 8 to 20 cm ( stretched measurement ) . specimens were fixed in 10 % formaldehyde solution for 24 hours and stored in 70 % ethanol solution , kept in containers and transported to the fish laboratory at programa de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em zoologia de vertebrados da puc minas .\nthe testes were surrounded by a tunica albuginea of connective tissue , and they had tubular and interstitial compartments . morphofunctional organization of the tubular compartment in maturing / mature testes was variable depending on the region : a cranial region ( 86 % total length \u0096 tl ) with seminiferous tubules containing cysts of spermatogenic lineage cells , in the same developmental stage in the walls , and spermatozoa in the lumen ( fig . 6 ) ; a transition region ( 7 % tl ) , with tubules presenting cysts and secretory prismatic cells in the wall , and spermatozoa and acidophilus secretion in the lumen ( fig . 7 ) ; and a caudal region ( 7 % tl ) , where the tubules only exhibited secretory prismatic cells in the wall and acidophilus secretion in the lumen ( fig . 8 ) . cysts were oval - shaped , delimited by sertoli cells ( insert in fig . 6a ) , leydig cells and conjunctive tissue ( insert in fig . 6b ) , forming the interstitial tissue . in resting males , the wall of the tubules in the caudal region of the testes has cubic secretory cells with no secretion in the lumen . during spermatozoa release , cysts broke apart releasing the spermatozoa in the tubules lumen ( fig . 9 ) , which anastomosized ( fig . 10 ) thereby directing the spermatozoa towards the spermatic ducts and then to the common spermatic duct for the spermiation process . in the lumen of the spermatic ducts of maturing / mature testes , acidophilus secretion and spermatozoa were also observed ( fig . 11 ) . the secretion of the testes caudal region reacted positively to the pas and ninhydrin - shiff techniques , thereby indicating the presence of neutral glycoproteins .\nprimary spermatogonia : the largest of the lineage , occurring only one per cyst , it had abundant cytoplasm , spherical central nucleus with vesicles , and a prominent nucleolus .\nsecondary spermatogonia : they formed cysts with two to four cells , having little cytoplasmic material , and a spherical central nucleus with a prominent nucleolus .\nprimary spermatocyte : originated from the last generation of secondary spermatogonias after successive mitotic divisions ; they had little cytoplasmic content and slightly condensed granulated chromatin in a central nucleus .\nsecondary spermatocyte : originated from the first meiotic division of primary spermatocytes , it had little cytoplasmic content and nucleus with granulated chromatin .\nspermatid : originated from the second meiotic division of secondary spermatocytes , it had little cytoplasmic content and a dense spherical nucleus with a differentiated flagellum .\nspermatozoa : the smallest of the lineage , they had little cytoplasmic content , with no acrosome and a nucleus with heavily condensed chromatin .\novaries were saculiform - paired organs ( fig . 12 ) , attached dorsally to the coelomic cavity by the mesovary ; they were dorsally related to the kidneys and ventrally to the digestive tube , and joined together caudally to form the ovaric duct that extended to the urogenital papillae . histological examination of the ovaries showed that they were also coated with the tunica albuginea of conjuntive tissue , which sent septum to the ovaric lumen forming the ovigerous lamellae that contained the oogenic lineage cells .\noogonia : the smallest of the lineage , they were rounded cells found in a nested arrangement ; they had little cytoplasmic content , with vesiculous and central nucleus with a unique prominent central nucleolus and the chromatin irregularly located near the nuclear membrane . oogonias proliferated and produced the oocytes .\nearly perinucleolar oocyte : it had a bigger and strongly basophilic cytoplasm with vitreous appearance , a central nucleus and spherical peripheral nucleoli .\nadvanced perinucleolar oocyte : it had basophilic granular ooplasm , central nucleus and spherical nucleoli attached to the nuclear membrane . in the ooplasm of some oocytes it was possible to identify the yolk nucleus , which in the beginning was next to the nucleus and later was displaced to the periphery . the zona pellucida was a thin layer and a unique layer of follicular cells that were pavimentous .\nprevitellogenic oocyte : it had cortical vesicles scattered in the ooplasm , which were slightly coloured by haematoxylin - eosin . the nucleus was central and presented digitiform expansions and a perinuclear halo . the zona pellucida was acellular , acidophilic , and had two layers . follicular cells were cubic and the theca was thin .\nvitellogenic oocyte : was the largest of the lineage , characterized by the presence of acidophilus yolk globules in the ooplasm . cortical vesicles were organized in the ooplasm periphery , forming continuous cortical alveoli . the zona pellucida remained with two layers , follicular cells were prismatic , and the theca was similar in thickness to the previous stage and presents capillary blood vessels .\nafter ovulation , postovulatory follicles were identified ; they presented wide irregular lumen and a wall consisting of a unique layer of follicular prismatic cells and the conjunctive theca ( fig . 17 ) . follicular atresia was observed in vitellogenic oocytes , which presented , through the liquefaction of yolk globules , fragmentation of the zona pellucida and integrity loss of the follicular cells ( fig . 18 ) .\nspermatogenesis in teleosts has two different stages : ( 1 ) the renewal and proliferation of spermatogonias by mitosis , and ( 2 ) meiosis followed by spermiogenesis ( schulz et al . 2000 ) . the disruption of the cystic walls with the release of the germ cells to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules can occur at different developmental stages : secondary spermatocytes ( shrivastava 1967 ) , spermatids ( srivastava & singh 1994 , andrade et al . 2001 ) and spermatozoa ( santos et al . 2001 , magalh\u00e3es et al . 2004 , present study ) .\nin teleosts , oocytes not ovulated suffer a degenerative process called follicular atresia ( wallace & selman 1981 ) . this process can occur during any phase of the oocyte development ( \u00fcnver & \u00fcnver saraydin 2004 ) ; however , its occurrence is unusual during the pre - spawn period ( guraya 1986 ) . in the present study , follicular atresia was observed only in vitellogenic oocytes , in ovaries that presented histological characteristics typical of the post - spawned .\nwe wish to thank : probic \u0096 puc minas for financial support ( project n\u00ba 2003 / 13 ) ; the biologists dirceu marzulo and paulo s . formagio from the\nesta\u00e7\u00e3o de hidrobiologia e piscicultura de furnas centrais el\u00e9tricas s / a\nfor their technical assistance ; the biologist jefferson lopes for help in the capture of biological material ; to dr robert j . young for the suggestions on the english version and the laboratory technicians rubens miranda and rog\u00e9rio da silva matos for preparation of the histological plates .\n( valenciennes , 1840 ) osteichthyes - loricariidae : desenvolvimento dos ov\u00f3citos e escala de maturidade .\n( agassiz , 1829 ) ( teleostei , loricariidae ) no rio paranapanema . ii . estrutura dos ov\u00e1rios e est\u00e1dios de matura\u00e7\u00e3o .\nantoniutti , k . m . ; m . j . t . ranzani - paiva ; h . m . godinho & p . paiva . 1985 . peso total / comprimento total , crescimento e idade do cascudo\nregan , 1908 ( osteichthyes , loricariidae ) do rio jaguari , s\u00e3o paulo , brasil .\nbazzoli , n . 2003 . par\u00e2metros reprodutivos de peixes de interesse comercial do rio s\u00e3o francisco , regi\u00e3o de pirapora mg , p . 291 - 306 .\nbazzoli , n . & e . rizzo . 1990 . a comparative cytological and cytochemical study of the oogenesis in ten brazilian teleost fish species .\nbazzoli , n . & h . p . godinho . 1995 . comparative morphology of the yolk nucleus ( balbiani body ) in freshwater neotropical teleost fish .\nbillard , r . 1986 . spermatogenesis and spermatology of some teleost fish species .\nbrito , m . f . g . & n . bazzoli . 2003 . reproduction of the surubim catfish ( pisces , pimelodidae ) in the s\u00e3o francisco river , pirapora region , minas gerais , brazil .\n: m . m . vaz ; v . c . torquato & n . d . c . barbosa ( eds ) . belo horizonte , cetec , 141p .\nde pinna , m . c . c . 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of neotropical siluriformes ( teleostei : ostariophysi ) : historical overview and synthesis of hypotheses , p . 279 - 330 .\nferraris jr . , c . j . 2003 . subfamily loricariinae , p . 330 - 350 .\ngrier , h . j . 1981 . cellular organization of the testes and spermatogenesis in fishes .\nguimar\u00e3es - cruz , r . j . & j . e . santos . 2004 . testicular structure of three species of neotropical freshwater pimelodids ( pisces , pimelodidae ) .\nguraya , s . s . 1986 . the cell and molecular biology of fish oogenesis .\nle gac , f . & m . loir . 1999 . male reproductive system fish , p . 20 - 30 .\nlegendre , m . ; o . linhart & r . billard . 1996 . spawning and management of gametes , fertilized eggs and embryos in siluroidei .\nloir , m . ; c . cauty ; p . planquette & p . y . bail . 1989 . comparative study of the male reproductive tract in seven families of south - american catfishes .\nmiranda , a . c . l . ; n . bazzoli ; e . rizzo & y . sato . 1999 . ovarian follicular atresia in two teleost species : a histological and ultrastructural study .\n( pisces , siluriformes , loricariidae ) ( castelnau , 1855 ) do m\u00e9dio amazonas .\npudney , j . 1993 . comparative cytology of the non - mammalian vertebrate sertoli cell , p . 611 - 657 .\n( bloch , 1975 ) ( teleostei ; synbranchidae ) . ovarian anatomy , stages of oocyte development and micropyle structure .\nreis , r . e . & s . a . schaefer . 1998 . new cascudinhos from southern brazil : systematics , endemism , and relationships ( siluriformes , loricariidae , hypoptopomatinae ) .\nsantos , g . b . & p . s . formagio . 2000 . estrutura da ictiofauna dos reservat\u00f3rios do rio grande , com \u00eanfase no estabelecimento de peixes pisc\u00edvoros ex\u00f3ticos .\nschulz , r . w . ; j . bogerd & h . j . th . goos . 2000 . spermatogenesis and its endocrine regulation .\nselman , k . & r . a . wallace . 1989 . cellular aspects of oocyte growth in teleosts .\ntundisi , j . g . 1978 . constru\u00e7\u00e3o de reservat\u00f3rios e previs\u00e3o de impactos ambientais no baixo tiet\u00ea : problemas limnol\u00f3gicos .\ntyler , c . r . & j . p . sumpter . 1996 . oocyte growth and development in teleosts .\nvan den hurk , r . ; j . w . resink & j . peute . 1987 . the seminal vesicle of the african catfish ,\nwallace , r . a . & k . selman . 1981 . cellular and dynamic aspects of oocyte growth in teleosts .\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . the dams deeply influence the composition and structure of aquatic communities , creating great challenges , especially for fish populations ( m\u00e9rona et al . 2001 ; lazzaro et al . 2003 ; loureiro - crippa & hahn 2006 ; delariva et al . 2007 ; gubiani et al . 2007 ; petesse et al . 2007 ; luzagostinho et al . 2009 ) . the natural distribution of loricariidae ( armored catfish ) encompasses the neotropical region , reaching panama and costa rica ( salvador - jr et al . 2010 ) . this family includes fish that live near the bottom , possessing sucker - shaped mouths . . . .\n. . . the loricariidae family of neotropical catfish consists of 80 genera with approximately 830 characterized species [ 15 , 16 ] . reports of algae , detritus , vegetal matter , seed , and benthic matter consumption by loricariids are common1718 19 and they are generally classed as omnivorous [ 20 ] . furthermore , consumption of wood is unique to the genus panaque ( eigenmann and eigenmann ) ( heckel ) [ 20 ] and hypostomus cochliodon [ 21 ] . . . .\n. . . the loricariidae family of neotropical catfish consists of 80 genera with approximately 830 characterized species [ 15 , 16 ] . reports of algae , detritus , vegetal matter , seed , and benthic matter consumption by loricariids are common [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] and they are generally classed as omnivorous [ 20 ] . furthermore , consumption of wood is unique to the genus panaque ( eigenmann and eigenmann ) ( heckel ) [ 20 ] and hypostomus cochliodon [ 21 ] . . . .\n. . . however , german and bittong ( 2009 ) found that wood - eating and detritivorous catwshes possess low cellulolytic activities , low levels of scfas in their gi tracts , and are equipped to digest soluble components ( e . g . , - and - glucosides ) of detritus rather than refractory polysaccharides . the family to which the wood - eating catwshes belong , the loricariidae , is composed of many species ( 680 described taxa in 80 genera ; armbruster 2004 ) that consume animal , plant , and detrital material from the benthos ( delariva and agostinho 2001 ; pouilly et al . 2003 ; de melo et al . 2004 ; novakowski et al . 2008 ; salvador et al . 2008 ; german and bittong 2009 ) . wood - eating , however , has evolved twice in the family , as species in the genera hypostomus ( armbruster 2003 ) and panaque ( schaefer and stewart 1993 ) are considered xylivorous ( german and bittong 2009 ) . . . .\nassess whether the mining and reforestation activities are affecting the integrity of aquatic ecosystems and their fauna , considering different scales of analysis . specific objectives : i ) assess wh\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe objective of this study was to characterize the trophic structure of the community of fishes exploiting riverine sandbank habitats . collections were carried out during the period of october 1999 to december 2003 , on six sand banks in the upper and middle portions of the tocantins river drainage basin in central brazil . the availability of food resources was evaluated based on the volume of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe evaluated the feeding of fish species of the nova avanhandava reservoir , low tiet\u00ea river , s\u00e3o paulo state , brazil . fishes were collected in two stretches of the reservoir : santa b\u00e1rbara ( 14 samples ) and bonito ( two samples ) between september 2002 and march 2004 , using gill and seining nets . the results of stomach contents analysis were expressed with the frequency of occurrence and . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndiet of anostomidae species ( teleostei , characiformes ) in the influence area of manso reservoir , mat . . .\nthe diet of four species of anostomidae ( leporinus friderici bloch , 1794 , l . striatus kner , 1858 , l . elongatus valenciennes , 1849 and leporinus sp . ) were investigated in the manso reservoir , mato grosso state , brazil . fish were sampled in three sites : upriver , in the main body of the reservoir , and below the dam . were analized 276 stomachs . the diet was evaluated using the frequency of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfeeding and trophic ecomorphology of satanoperca pappaterra ( pisces , cichlidae ) in the manso reservo . . .\nthe aim of this work was to evaluate the relationship between diet and features of the trophic ecomorphology of satanoperca pappaterra ( heckel , 1840 ) in an impacted environment . samples were collected from march 2000 to february 2003 in manso reservoir , cuiab\u00e1 river , mato grosso state . analysis of 93 stomachs contents showed that food resources associated with the substrate , such as plant . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 275, "summary": [{"text": "awaous banana , the river goby , is a species of goby native to fresh and brackish water stream and rivers from the southern united states through central america to venezuela and peru .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is important to local commercial fisheries . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "awaous banana", "paragraphs": ["awaous banana was recognized as a distinct species ( from a . tajasica ) by watson ( 1996 ) .\nawaous banana nelson et al . 2004 : 169 , 245 - 246 ; hubbs et al . 2008 : 57 .\nbanana \u2013 derived from the local vernacular , \u201cbanane\u201d , in the dominican republic ( valenciennes 1837 ; watson 1996 ) .\nformerly known as awaous tajasica .\nronald watson indicates that the proper name for this species should be awaous banana ( valenciennes , 1837 ) . watson , who is currently involved in a taxonomic revision of the genus awaous , states that there are three species in the western atlantic region : a . tajasica and awaous badius , which have restricted ranges along the coast of south america ; and the more widely ranging a . banana , which is the species found throughout the west indies and adjacent areas ( including florida ) to the north ( r . watson , personal communication )\n( gilmore and yerger 1992 ) .\nwatson , r . e . 1996 . revision of the subgenus awaous ( chonophorus ) ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 18 .\nwatson , r . e . , 1996 . revision of the subgenus awaous ( chonophorus ) ( teleostei : gobiidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 7 ( 1 ) : 1 : 18 . ( ref . 13444 )\ngilmore , rg . 1992 . river goby , awaous tajasica . pp 112 - 117 in : gilbert , c . r . ( ed . ) . rare and endangered biota of florida , volume 2 , fishes . university press of florida , gainsville .\nedwards , r . j . , t . s . sturdivant , and c . s . linskey . 1986 . the river goby , awaous tajasica ( osteichthyes : gobiidae ) , confirmed from the lower rio grande , texas and mexico . texas journal of science 38 : 191 - 192 .\ngilmore , r . g . , and r . w . yerger . 1992 . river goby awaous tajasica . pages 112 - 117 in c . r . gilbert , editor . rare and endangered biota of florida . volume ii . fishes . university press of florida , gainesville , florida . xl + 247 pp .\nfreshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 34\u00b0c ( ref . 36880 )\nnorth , central and south america : northern florida , usa southward through the greater and lesser antilles to trinidad and tobago , and from tamaulipas , mexico southward to caracas , venezuela ; central baja california sur and sonora , mexico southward to tumbes , peru .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30499 ) ; 24 . 4 cm sl ( female )\ninhabits clear streams and rivers over sand and gravel , but also found in turbid waters with muddy bottoms . prefers clear flowing , well oxygenated streams . feeds mainly on filamentous algae ( ref . 13444 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00392 - 0 . 01936 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ncoloration : watson ( 1996 ) described life colors of both males and females : males are olive green above , ventrally golden yellow to orange ; lower edge of upper lip and lower edge of opercle yellowish orange ; pectoral fin yellowish ; dorsal and caudal fins yellowish olive . females are olive above , some golden markings along dorsum , ventrally white ; pectoral fin with some lower rays white ; anal fin translucent on basal half , dusky on distal half with reddish rays , margin white , anal spine white . see watson ( 1996 ) for description of color in preservation ; sexual dichromatism not evident in preservation . edwards et al . ( 1986 ) described the two specimens taken in the rio grande ( texas ) : pale tan bodies with 7 to 8 dark blotches above the midline ( blotches extended to the dorsum , and the last three blotches formed bars on the dorsal surface when viewed from above ) ; venters white ; caudal fins with 4 to 6 dark bands ; dorsal fins with similar bands and coloration ; anal fins white .\ncounts : more than 70 scale rows in lateral series ; second dorsal fin rays 11 - 12 ; 11 - 13 anal fin rays ( hubbs et al . 2008 ) . watson ( 1996 ) states that pore f , in adults , usually branched on each side with 2 openings ; in small specimens ( 25 - 30 mm sl ) pore f may be in various degrees of development , ranging from a small singular pore , an oblong or oval shaped pore to 2 pores in various degrees of separation . edwards et al . ( 1986 ) described two specimens taken in the rio grande ( texas ) : numerous small teeth , 6 dorsal spines , 11 dorsal rays , 11 anal rays ; the larger individual ( 97 . 7 mm sl ) with 78 scales in the lateral series and 24 scales between origin of the dorsal and anal fins ; the smaller individual ( 85 . 0 mm sl ) with 80 scales in the lateral series and 22 scales between the origin of the dorsal and anal fins .\nmouth position : mouth large and thick with upper lip extending well beyond the lower ( gilmore 1992 ) .\nbody shape : short and stout body ; body depth goes fewer than 7 times in standard length ( ross and rhode 2004 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) . large males ( usually over 160 mm sl ) with head broadened and dorsoventrally depressed , upper jaw and unpaired fins increase in length ( watson 1996 ) . edwards et al . ( 1986 ) described two specimens taken in the rio grande ( texas ) : maximum depth of the larger individual ( 97 . 7 mm sl ) was 17 . 3 % of standard length and head length was 26 . 9 % of standard length ; maximum depth of the smaller individual ( 85 . 0 mm sl ) was 16 . 4 % of standard length and head length was 29 . 3 % of standard length .\nexternal morphology : scales small ; body mostly scaled ; upper pectoral fin rays joined to membrane ( ross and rhode 2004 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) . shoulder ( under gill cover ) with 2 - 3 distinct fleshy lobes ; dorsal fins separated ; pelvic fins completely united to form a round sucking disc ( ross and rhode 2004 ) .\ninternal morphology : tongue indented but not notched ( ross and rhode 2004 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) . in large males ( usually over 160 mm sl ) number of teeth in upper and lower jaws increase ( watson 1996 ) .\nu . s . distribution : occurs from the atlantic and gulf coasts of the united states south through the west indies and central america to venezuela and from northwest mexico to northern peru ( hubbs et al . 2008 ) .\ntexas distribution : known only from the rio grange in hidalgo and cameron counties ( edwards et al . 1986 ; hubbs et al . 2008 ) .\nmacrohabitat : freshwater / estuarine ( hubbs et al . 2008 ) . amphidromous , marine to freshwater , tropical ( musick et al . 2000 ) . associated with rivers and streams ( watson 1996 ; ross and rhode 2004 ; hulsman et al . 2008 ) .\nspawning habitat : spawning occurs in fresh water with the eggs presumably drifting downstream , where they either hatch in brackish or salt water or do so before reaching there ( gilmore 1992 ; pers . comm . , r . e . watson in : gilmore 1992 ) .\nfecundity : eggs are small and number from 2 , 400 - 3 , 000 in large females ( gilmore 1992 ; pers . comm . , r . e . watson in : gilmore 1992 ) .\nmigration : eggs are released in fresh water and drift downstream where they may reach brackish or salt water before hatching ; most larvae probably reenter the parental stream , but some may be dispersed via ocean currents before returning to freshwater ( gilmore 1992 ; pers . comm . , r . e . watson in : gilmore 1992 ) .\nfood habits : feeds heavily on filamentous algae , but will ingest sand consuming detrital and algal matter associated with it ; feeds on animal matter only when other food items are unavailable ( watson 1996 ) . adult consume mostly algae ( debrot 2003 ) .\ncontreras - balderas , s . , r . j . edwards , m . d . loranzo - vilano , and m . e . garcia - ramirez . 2002 . fish biodiversity changes in the lower rio grande / rio bravo , 1953 - 1996 - a review . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 12 ( 2 ) : 219 - 240 .\nthose of aruba and bonaire . carribean journal of science 39 ( 1 ) : 100 - 108 .\ngilmore , r . g . , and p . a . hastings . 1983 . observations on the ecology and distribution of certain tropical peripheral fishes in florida . fla . sci . 46 ( 1 ) : 31 - 51 .\nhubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 2008 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . texas journal of science , supplement , 2 nd edition 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 87 .\nhulsman , h . , r . vonk , m . aliabadian , a . o . debrot , and v . nijman . 2008 . effect of introduced species and habitat alteration on the occurrence and distribution of euryhaline fishes in fresh - and brackish - water habitats on aruba , bonaire , and curacao ( south carribean ) . contributions to zoology 77 ( 1 ) : 45 - 52 .\nmusick , j . a . , m . m . harbin , s . a . berkeley , g . h . burgess , a . m . eklund , l . findley , r . g . gilmore , j . t . golden , d . s . ha , g . r . huntsman , j . c . mcgovern , s . j . parker , s . g . poss , e . sala , t . w . schmidt , g . r . sedberry , h . weeks , and s . g . wright . 2000 . marine , estuarine , and diadromous fish stocks at risk of extinction in north america ( exclusive of pacific salmonids ) . fisheries 25 ( 11 ) : 1 - 30 .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinoza - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\nross , s . w . , and f . c . rhode . 2004 . the gobioid fishes of north carolina ( pisces : gobioidei ) . bulletin of marine science 74 ( 2 ) : 287 - 323 .\nvalenciennes , a . 1837 . tome douzieme . in : g . cuvier and v . valenciennes , histoire naturelles des poisons . levrault , strasborg . 507 pp .\nwarren , m . l . , jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart , jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution , and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .\ndescription : body thin , long , and narrow with a medium - sized round eye and a terminal small mouth . pectoral fins very short , pelvic fins very short . dorsal and anal - fin bases short and caudal peduncle sharply narrowing , 10 - 14 procurrent caudal - fin rays . melanophores on the head only along the dorsal edge of the anterior premaxilla on each side and midline near the tip of the lower jaw . ventral melanophores are limited to a paired large melanophore at the mid - base of the anal fin and internal melanophores overlying the posterior swim bladder and extending down to the vent . a large deep internal vertical melanophore underlies the last anal - fin ray extending up to the lateral midline .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nbulk of range is circum - caribbean ( larger caribbean islands , coasts of mexico , central america and northern south america ) , but extends northward along the gulf and atlantic coasts of north america to south carolina ( but apparently absent from alabama , mississippi , louisiana , and texas ) ( page and burr 2011 ) . it is occasional in fresh water in florida ( page and burr 2011 ) .\ntotal adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is uncommon in the united states ( page and burr 2011 ) .\n( 200 , 000 to > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 80 , 000 to > 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) bulk of range is circum - caribbean ( larger caribbean islands , coasts of mexico , central america and northern south america ) , but extends northward along the gulf and atlantic coasts of north america to south carolina ( but apparently absent from alabama , mississippi , louisiana , and texas ) ( page and burr 2011 ) . it is occasional in fresh water in florida ( page and burr 2011 ) .\noklawaha ( 03080102 ) + * , lower st . johns ( 03080103 ) + , vero beach ( 03080203 ) + , choctawhatchee bay ( 03140102 ) +\na pale yellowish tan goby with many small brownish - black blotches and vermiculations , two dorsal fins ( six spines in the first one ) , a long conical snout , small eyes set high on the head , a rounded caudal fin , no lateral line canal on body , and very small scales ( more than 60 in row along midside ) ; shoulder girdle projects into gill chamber and has fleshy tabs ( lift opercle to view ) ; pelvic fins are close together and form a disk , and a membrane connects the short pelvic spines to form a pocket at the base of the disk ; maximum total length about 30 cm ( robins and ray 1986 ) .\ndiffers from other gobies in having the following combination of characteristics : a long conical snout , smaller eyes , a yellowish tan body with brownish blotches , and fleshy tabs on the shoulder girdle ( robins and ray 1986 ) .\nthis goby occurs over sand in flowing pools and runs of streams ( page and burr 2011 ) , in well - oxygenated waters with salinities of 4 . 0 ppt or less . spawning occurs n freshwater . eggs presumably drift downstream . larvae develop in brackish or salt water . most larvae probably reenter the parental stream , but some may disperse via ocean currents before returning to fresh water ( gilmore and yerger 1992 ) .\nlife history is virtually unknown . need to determine spatial and temporal population dynamics , microhabitat requirements and early life history , particularly with regard to egg , larval , and juvenile stages .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ngilbert , c . r . ( editor ) . 1992 . rare and endangered biota of florida . volume ii . fishes . university press of florida , gainesville , florida . xl + 247 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\nrobins , c . r . , and g . c . ray . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . , boston , massachusetts . 354 pp .\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ngiant squid found ! ( 50 - foot - long , washed - up on beach , punakaiki , new zealand , march 1st 2015 . )\nestos son ejemplares que tengo en mi acuario , es un gobio , pero hay muy poca informacion de ellos en internet ya que las especies de peces de costa rica y sus nombres estan muy marginadas en este medio . . . para mas info y aportes entren a urltoken atte :\njessyaphrodite\nye y lu\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nidentification - large sized goby ; head broad , depressed ; snout blunt ; eyes small , close together ; mouth subterminal ; head and body flattened on bottom ; 2 - 3 elongate papillae on shoulder girdle under gill cover ; scales on body rough ; d1 \u2013 vi , d2 \u2013 11 ( 10 - 13 ) , pectoral 16 ( 14 - 17 ) , anal 11 ( 10 - 12 ) , pelvic fins fused into a disk , tail fin rounded .\nfins - d1 \u2013 vi , d2 \u2013 11 ( 10 - 13 ) , pectoral 16 ( 14 - 17 ) , anal 11 ( 10 - 12 ) , pelvic fins fused into a disk , tail fin rounded .\ncolor - bacground color brown dorsally , sides light yellowish tan , ventral surface white or pale yellow . back with a series of black reticulations anteriorly in front of and along first dorsal fin ; back crossed by about 7 black bars on sides of the anterior part of the body , the first extending from above the opercle posteroventrally onto the pectoral fin , the second crescent - shaped , curving from in front of the dorsal fin ventrally under the pectoral fin to the ventral surface of the body . sides with four black blotches , the first blotch under the 3 - 4 rays of d2 , 2nd under 9th ray d2 , third blotch posterior to the second dorsal fin , the 4th blotch at the caudal fin base . the sides of the head with 3 black bars , the forst parallel to each other , running anterior from the front of the eye to the upper lip , the third running horizontally across the cheek under the eye , posterior to the edge of the preopercle . anal and pelvic fins pinkish ; base of pectoral fin pinkish orange , the remainder yellowish , except for the black bar on the anterior part . caudal fin with 7 - 8 black vertical bars . first dorsal fin crossed by four horizontal black bars . second dorsal fin crossed by 5 horizontal black bars . ( greenfield + 1997 )"]}
{"id": 276, "summary": [{"text": "emancipation ( foaled 1979 ) was a champion australian thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "by bletchingly , emancipation was a grey , like her dam , ammo girl , and her damsire , gunsynd .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "she was bred by mark hough , in new south wales , after her dam was purchased from trainer tommy smith for just $ 1,700 due to her unsound conformation and her breeding ( her sire was standing at a fee of only $ 1,500 at the time ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her breeder was only interested in her as a broodmare , and approached her trainer , neville begg , to recommend someone who would lease her for racing purposes . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "emancipation ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["emancipation , the no . 2 horse , was a full brother to 2013 kentucky derby winner orb and no . 4 fayeq was a half - brother to 2009 horse of the year rachel alexandra . the 3 - year - old colts are half brothers themselves , having been sired by malibu moon .\nemancipation was a top sprint specialist that stood out at major metro tracks during the 1980s .\na pre - emancipation horse race meet has been set for july 30 at the kennard\u2019s memorial turf club , bush lot farm , corentyne with in excess of million up for grabs across seven races . the rules of the guyana horse racing authority ( ghra ) will be used to govern the action and entries close on july 23 .\nat the end of that season , emancipation was fittingly accorded australian champion racehorse of the year honours .\nrageese pedigree : rageese : stallions 2018 : windsor park stud , cambridge , new zealand \u2013 nz thoroughbred horse breeding and racing .\na number of sponsors are on board joining hands with the four horsemen promotions for the much anticipated emancipation one - day horse race meet which is slated for tuesday august 1st at the port mourant ( big yard ) turf club , corentyne berbice .\npeter , who has been in the business for more than 50 years , and mark have vast experience and ducatoon park is on 141ha ( 350 acres ) of great horse country on the yorke peninsula about a hour and a half from adelaide . \u201cit\u2019s great cropping country and horse country because of the limestone base here and this is a well laid out boutique stud where everything has been planned with horse safety in mind . \u201d\nsaratoga springs , n . y . > > two horses garnered special attention from horse racing fans in race 4 at saratoga race course wednesday .\nit was entirely appropriate , therefore , that the end of the season saw emancipation declared the australian champion racehorse of the year .\nsired by australian native bletchingly , who is known chiefly for his contributions in that role even though he won four times out of five starts , emancipation\u2019s dam , ammo girl , claims gunsynd for her sire . small wonder then that emancipation was destined for greatness .\ndead heats are indicated within brackets in the premiership table above . eg . a horse with a total of 2 wins , including 1 by dead heat , will be displayed as 2\non friday at belmont park , orb ' s 3 - year - old full brother won his career debut . emancipation ( malibu moon x lady liberty ) rallied from far back to win by a length . emancipation races as a homebred for stuart janney and phipps stable , the partnership that campaigned orb .\nreturning that autumn for her final nine starts , emancipation extracted revenge on strawberry road , besting that thoroughbred in the ajc apollo stakes and chipping norton stakes .\nemancipation ' s overall record of 19 wins and one second out of 28 starts in just two seasons of racing set the mark high for sprinters of either gender .\nemancipation returned for the autumn carnival for her last nine races , where she immediately gained some measure of revenge on strawberry road by beating that thoroughbred in the ajc apollo stakes and the chipping norton stakes . next , the sydney turf club rosemount classic at rosehill fell to emancipation , after which she added her second george ryder stakes victory .\n\u201cpeter remembered the horse well and said when he came to the stables he was a physical wreck because the injury had caused some muscle wastage on one side of his body . peter said he persevered with the horse , describing him as \u2018very fast\u2019 , and said he only had him fit twice , when he was second on debut and then when he won at his next start . by then he had problems on his good side , from compensating for the weakness from his injury , and although peter was confident he could win a good race with him , the decision was made to sell the horse as a stallion prospect .\nemancipation was ridden throughout her career by ron quinton , with the exception of her win in the 1982 vrc edward manifold stakes at flemington racecourse , where kevin moses stood in .\nrace reviews the john thompson - trained zanbagh successfully defended her group ii emancipation stakes ( 1500m ) title at rosehill on saturday which perpetuated an interesting recent trend to the race .\nrace reviews john thompson\u2019s talented mare zanbagh broke through for a deserved feature race win in the $ 175 , 000 group ii emancipation stakes ( 1500m ) at rosehill on saturday .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock , nl list and tagged claiborne farm , earth , eclipse thoroughbred partners , gulfstream park , horse racing , orb , thoroughbred , todd pletcher by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\n\u201cas he was recovering steve would sometimes take the horse out for a walk and a pick , and he told us he liked him a lot . the injury meant he had a funny walk and moved his back end a bit like marilyn monroe . when he was broken in the breaker told steve , who has just moved to look after the stallions at peter liston\u2019s three bridges in victoria , the colt was \u2018phenomenal , for a three legged horse\u2019 .\nemancipation hit the board in both of his career starts but may have been a little too active in the paddock wednesday . the 3 - year - old broke last in the field of six but kept the field within striking distance . as the field turned for home emancipation moved in position to rally , but didn\u2019t have enough left to challenge the leaders . the shug mcgaughey trainee placed fourth .\n\u201ctime passed and the horse went into work with peter snowden and was named barbados . he ran a second and then won at his next two starts but was retired after just five runs and we eventually acquired him for ducatoon park just before the breeding season last year . anyway , i had never met peter , and my wife valmae and i were at a horse sale earlier this year with a nice northern meteor colt we had bred and i saw peter and decided to ask him about barbados .\nher next win came in the group 1 george main stakes . she was then beaten twice by a horse named strawberry road in the caulfield stakes and the w . s . cox plate , which seemed to indicate that 2000 m was out of her comfort zone .\nas an older mare she has trained on to win back - to - back editions of the group ii emancipation stakes ( 1500m ) at rosehill as well as the group iii tibbie stakes ( 1400m ) at newcastle .\nmaragh was unseated in the gate while on saturdaynightfling before the start of race 10 . the horse was scratched and maragh walked to an ambulance under his own power . he posted on his twitter account at 8 p . m . that he was taken to albany medical .\n\u201cwe were lucky to get him really and once again fate stepped in . i contacted bret howard at randwick bloodstock looking for a stallion and he told me barbados had been sold to asia but was back on the market as the deal had fallen through . of course i knew all about the horse , so my son mark , who is with me on the stud , and i flew to nsw and did the deal with darley\u2019s australian general manager henry plumptre , who also told us the horse \u201chad far more ability than his race record suggests\u201d .\nunraced as a two - year - old , emancipation was ridden throughout her career by ron clinton except for one occasion , that being her victory in the 1982 vrc edward manifold stakes , where kevin moses steered her to the win at flemington .\nemancipation was foaled in 1979 . australian natives bletchingly and ammo girl performed sire and dam duties , respectively . ammo girl was sired by gunsynd himself and a great , great , great grandsire came by way of the united states in man o ' war .\nher new south wales breeder had no interest in emancipation as a racer and therefore instructed her trainer to lease her for racing purposes , a decision that would prove regrettable , except from the perspective of the lessee , mr . r . lapointe of muskoka farms .\n\u201cit was a race i really wanted to try him in , \u201d rice said . \u201cthe races at a mile , a mile and a sixteenth are bigger fields that can be very competitive . sometimes at a mile and three - eights there aren\u2019t that many horses that can get that distance . i thought , if the horse isn\u2019t doing well i\u2019d scratch him . \u201d\nemancipation ( aus ) gr . m , 1979 { 3 - l } dp = 2 - 3 - 5 - 0 - 0 ( 10 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 70 - 28 starts , 19 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 550 , 510\nunraced as a two - year - old , emancipation , the grey filly competed only as a three and four - year - old , yet managed to win 19 times , six of those wins coming in group 1 races , before continuing on to pass her genes to multiple group 1 winners virage de fortune and railings .\ndam attributes : third - generation product emancipation was an australian champion with altogether 19 career victories spanning from 1200m t 1750 , including the doncaster handicap ( aus - gi ) and 4 other group i triumphs ; also , this same family features group i graduates virage de fortune , railings , and a host of winners at a mile or under .\nbadawiya ( al maher ) . 4 wins from 1200m to 1600m , a $ 362 , 425 , vrc edward manifold s . , gr . 2 , av kewney s . , gr . 2 , pakenham rc australian seed & turf h . , 3d mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , 4th atc emancipation s . , gr . 2 .\nfirst up in february at randwick racecourse , she won the ajc light fingers stakes , a listed race . emancipation ' s next win came in the group 2 canterbury stakes . shortly thereafter she defeated mankato over 1400 metres on a slow rosehill track to take her first group 1 victory , the george ryder stakes . she backed that with the doncaster handicap at randwick .\nwonderful grey champions emancipation and gunsynd captured the hearts of racegoers and belied their modest beginnings to become part of thoroughbred folklore . barbados , a son of modern champions redoute\u2019s choice and virage de fortune , carries the same grey colour and his pedigree features their names . although his race career was compromised by injury , he looks a valuable addition to the breeding industry in south australia .\nin distance , having in - bred in 4sx4d multiples to 1972 english and irish champion sophomore roberto , with a remarkable dosage ( dp / di ) of 24 / 1 . 53 , silver spun , stamped of his dam\u02c7\u00a6s roan coat , hails maternally from the family of five - time group i victor and australian champion emancipation , and should mainly be effective at a mile or under . .\n\u201csteve , our youngest son , was working at widden when anabaa shuttled there and of course he is the sire of virage de fortune , and then steve moved to arrowfield when redoute\u2019s choice was commanding a fee of $ 330 , 000 . steve was one of the few people allowed to handle the stallion and when we\u2019d call him once a week for a family chat , he would tell us all about the superb mares the horse was covering , including virage de fortune in her first season at stud .\nemancipation , by bletchingly . champion 3yo & 4yo & aust horse of the year . 19 wins from 1200m to 1750m , a $ 544 , 760 , ajc doncaster h . , gr . 1 , george main s . , gr . 1 , all - aged s . , gr . 1 , stc rosemount wines classic , gr . 1 , george ryder s . , gr . 1 - twice , ajc apollo s . , gr . 2 , chipping norton s . , gr . 2 , 1600m - in track record time , nsw tatt ' s rc chelmsford s . , gr . 2 , stc hill s . , gr . 2 , canterbury s . , gr . 2 , vrc edward manifold s . , gr . 2 , stc premiere s . , gr . 3 , ajc light fingers s . , l , stc tea rose s . , l , vrc carbine club s . , l , stc carnivale ' 82 h . , 2d ajc expressway s . , gr . 2 , 4th vatc caulfield s . , gr . 1 . half - sister to appreciation , joy ' s girl , deliberation ( dam of accumulation ) . dam of 7 named foals , 5 to race , 3 winners , inc : -\npeter and mark have certainly chosen a horse with an exceptional pedigree as the foundation sire at ducatoon park . his sire redoute\u2019s choice ( danehill ( usa ) - shantha\u2019s choice by canny lad ) has just won his third general sires\u2019 premiership , with his son snitzel as runner - up , with progeny earnings topping $ 10m in 2013 - 14 led by champion sprinter lankan rupee ( dam by stravinsky ) . in fact since retiring to stud in australia in 2000 redoute\u2019s choice , who won five races ( four gr . 1 including the blue diamond and caulfield guineas ) and $ 1 . 5m , has had 732 winners ( 77 . 5 % ) from 955 starters for earnings topping $ 105m .\nbred by expat stanley wootton , the man who exported star kingdom ( ire ) to australia and retained a share in the horse for his stud career , bletchingly ( by biscay , by star kingdom ) won four of his five starts and was runner - up in the other . he won the mvrc windarra handicap ( 1200m ) at his only run at three and then the vrc moomba handicap ( 1000m ) in course record time and ajc the galaxy - gr . 2 ( 1100m ) at four . he went on to sire many great horses including champion kingston town , and his name also appears in the pedigree of barbados as his golden slipper - winning son canny lad is the damsire of redoute\u2019s choice .\nredoute\u2019s choice and his sons have worked with mares from a variety of sire lines and inbreeding to the best in show family and to nijinsky has worked well , while mares featuring nijinsky\u2019s close relation the minstrel and similarly bred storm bird should suit barbados as should mares from the sir tristram tribe , particularly lonhro as his dam is by a son of mr . prospector , a line that has also worked well with redoute\u2019s choice ( and his sire danehill ) . doubling lunchtime , via pins for example , who has also worked with emancipation\u2019s family , also seems a positive way to go .\nthere is another line of star kingdom in this pedigree as emancipation\u2019s unraced dam ammo girl is by the people\u2019s champion gunsynd ( sunset hue - woodie wonder by newtown wonder ( gb ) ) , whose sire is a son of star kingdom . gunsynd ( 1967 - 1983 ) , known affectionately as the goondiwindi grey , began his career in queensland before transferring to the sydney stables of master trainer tommy smith . he won 29 of 54 starts including the epsom handicap , toorak , queen elizabeth , doncaster , caulfield stakes , cox plate , rawson stakes ( twice ) and he was beaten 1 . 25 lengths and a neck in the melbourne cup , conceding the first two 12 . 5kg and 8kg .\nlike so many great mares emancipation ( bletchingly - ammo girl by gunsynd ) , who is inbred 3mx4m to star kingdom ( ire ) , did not leave any champions , but her family is breeding on and there are plenty of stakes horses in her clan these days including dual gr . 1 winner ( caulfield cup , the metropolitan ) , railings ( zabeel ) , gr . 2 winner magneto ( scenic ) , gr . 2 winner pimms time ( pins ) , the south african gr . 1 winner rumya ( red ransom ( usa ) ) , listed winner and gr . 1 runner - up raid ( pins ) , uae oaks - lr winner raihana ( elusive quality ( usa ) ) and hk derby - hkgr . 1 runner - up jackpot\u2019s delight ( danasinga ) .\nowner : muskoka farms ( r . lapointe ) breeder : mr . mc hough , nsw winnings : 28 starts : 19 - 1 - 0 , $ 550 , 510 won : ajc doncaster h . ( g1 ) , ajc george main s . ( g1 ) , ajc chipping norton s . ( g1 ) , stc george ryder s . ( g1 , 2x ) , ajc all aged s . ( g1 ) , stc coolmore classic ( g1 ) , vrc edward manifold s . ( g2 ) , ajc light fingers s . ( g2 ) , stc cantebury s . ( g2 ) , stc hill stakes ( g2 ) , tnsw chemlsford s . ( g2 ) , ajc apollo s . ( g2 ) , stc premiere s . ( g3 ) , stc tea rose stakes ( l ) , vrc carbine club stakes ( l ) 1984 aust . horse of the year . head of the 1982 - 83 australasian 3yo & 1983 - 84 australasian 4yo + classifications . ( close )\nmichael sissian bred and raced her dam virage ( kenmare - emancipation by bletchingly ) and the filly , who was born in 1993 , proved frustrating for sissian and trainer lee freedman , running three seconds ( twice in the city ) in six starts at two and three , throwing away her chances by becoming claustrophobic in the starting stalls ( in the days before barrier blankets ) . there was no doubt virage had plenty of ability but in the end she was retired because of her antics . however she became a really good broodmare and her seven winners also include $ 730 , 000 earner and multiple gr . 3 winner avenue ( anabaa ) and stakes placed glasnost ( red ransom ) dam of gr . 3 winner slapstick ( anabaa ) and stakes placed censor ( elusive quality ) and lorna mae ( redoute\u2019s choice ) .\n\u201cmy brother and i ran kambula stud for many years and successfully stood stallions like gay gambler and imprimatur , but when i left to go out on my own a few years ago i swore i wouldn\u2019t stand another stallion . however , the industry in south australia has changed a lot in the past few years and i felt breeders needed access to a well - bred stallion in our part of the world and barbados certainly filled the bill when he was offered to us . i was prepared to look past his race record because i knew he had much more ability than that and he had been compromised by a really serious injury . that he was able to race and win told me he had plenty of courage and he really does have a superb pedigree , being inbred to speed influences danzig and bletchingly and tracing to one of the great mares in emancipation .\nit was a case of the meeting of two greys when the prix jacques le marois - gr . 1 winner kenmare covered the champion mare emancipation in the spring of 1990 . the filly who resulted from that mating was sent to south africa and was never named . however the mating was repeated two years later ( the mare visited danehill in between times ) and virage was the result in 1993 . she is among seven named foals from her dam and four of the other six were also fillies , animation ( vice regal ) , principation ( prince echo ( ire ) ) , felicitation ( danehill ) and la suffragette ( palace music ( usa ) . while the colts were the gr . 2 winner and ajc derby - gr . 1 runner - up and sire royal pardon ( vice regal ) and the city placed liberty prevails ( bakharoff ( usa ) .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\nno horses found for your search query { { profilesearch } } , please try again .\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\no / b - stuart s janney iii llc & phipps stable ( ky ) ; t - claude r mcgaughey iii .\nnot a subscriber ? click here to sign up for the daily pdf or alerts .\nyour tdn download has begun . if the download does not complete , click here .\nbased in new south wales , her breeder , m . c . hough was interested in her only as a broodmare and instructed her trainer , neville begg , to lease her for any racing purposes , an event which proved fortunate for muskoka farms principle r . lapointe .\nthat same spring produced listed race wins in the sydney turf club tea rose stakes at rosehill racecourse and the victoria racing club carbine club stakes at flemington .\ncommencing as a four - year - old , she won the group 3 sydney turf club premier stakes at rosehill racecourse . next came the group 1 ajc chelmsford stakes at warwick farm racecourse and two weeks later , the group 2 hill stakes , where she overcame a dead track and won at 1750 metres , her greatest distance that ever produced a win .\nanother group 1 event , the george main stakes was her next win . she then fell twice in succession to strawberry road in the caulfield stakes and the cox plate , seeming to indicate that 2000 metres was beyond her .\nnext came the stc rosemount classic at rosehill , and another george ryder stakes .\nshe notched the win at randwick in the all aged stakes , giving her an impressive three group 1 wins in as many tries .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\n> mckay cops feature and veteran under - 50 titles at malta . . .\n> ebfa / juicy juice u - 13 league\u2026 diamond utd . trounce . . .\n\u2013 den amstel crush cougars 5 - 0 \u2013 ann\u2019s grove and buxton settle with exciting 2 - 2 draw den amstel football club is on a roll and they are enjoying playing at the national track and field . . .\nthe place was julian\u2019s restaurant at church and cummings street , alberttown . the time was 8 . 00 p . m . last saturday . the . . . more\ngovernment and its actions in guyana are under intense public scrutiny . there is hardly an issue , involving government , . . . more\nby sir ronald sanders as controversy currently surrounds the appointment of a judge to the supreme court of the united states , . . . more\ni remember when marijuana became a drug of choice in guyana . it was in the 1970s when rastafari became the chant , guyanese . . . more\nan idea has been put in the public domain about the launching of a third party to represent the interests of the amerindian . . . more\ndictatorship and racism in guyanese cricket \u2014 can we talk about this , mr . jagdeo ?\nthe ppp and its leader , president jagdeo , have raised the question of race ahead of the coming election . they have made . . . more\neditor\u2019s note , if your sent letter was not published and you felt its contents were valid and devoid of libel or personal attacks , please contact us by phone or email .\nenter your email address to subscribe for free to this website and receive notifications of new content by email .\ndavid ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .\nkeith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .\nashley iveson fancies shenanigans to land the feature race at pontefract - and he has a tip for every race in the uk and ireland .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nversatile mare that oozes longevity , having raced competitively for several seasons over a range of distances .\nfinished runner - up in both the group i vrc oaks ( 2500m ) at flemington and group i australian oaks ( 2400m ) at randwick during a highly successful three - year - old season .\nthis included victory in the group iii keith nolan classic ( 1600m ) at kembla grange and more than half a million dollars in prizemoney .\nthe daughter of bernadini earned her third group i placing when again runner - up in the 2017 queen of the turf stakes ( 1600m ) at randwick .\nsaturday racing some races mean more to trainers than others and for randwick\u2019s john thompson running zanbagh in saturday\u2019s group ii guy walter stakes ( 1400m ) means the world to him .\ngroup 1 racing a small weight rise will be enough for melbourne - based jockey damian lane to ride a sydney mare in saturday week\u2019s group i epsom handicap ( 1600m ) .\nrace reviews john thompson\u2019s top mare zanbagh produced a courageous effort to take out the group iii tibbie stakes ( 1400m ) at newcastle on friday .\nhorses trainer john thompson says only the track condition at randwick on saturday separates his two chances in the group ii guy walter stakes ( 1400m ) .\ntips a tough punting week concludes with the big emirates stakes meeting at flemington and there are some good chances to finish the carnival in front on saturday .\ntrackwork sydney trainer john thompson is confident his group i - winning mare first seal is heading back to her former glory days when australia\u2019s best galloper winx couldn\u2019t touch her .\nsaturday racing randwick trainer john thompson has sounded an ominous warning for first seal ' s rivals ahead of saturday ' s $ 400 , 000 group ii ronald mcdonald house golden pendant ( 1400m ) at rosehill .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nin an abbreviated racing career where this gray filly competed only as a three and four year old , she managed to produce 19 victories , and one second out of just 28 starts .\nsix of her victories came in group 1 races , including consecutive victories in 1983 and 1984 in the 1500 m weight for age george ryder stakes at rosehill racecourse in sydney .\nthe spring racing carnival of that season produced two listed wins , those coming in the stc tea rose stakes at rosehill race course and the vrc carbine club stakes at flemington in melbourne . she raced four other times that spring with no wins to show for it .\nshe next appeared early in the spring racing carnival where she won the ajc light fingers stakes at randwick . her next win represented quite a leap in quality when she took the group 2 canterbury stakes .\nher first group 1 victory followed at rosehill where she took the george ryder stakes , defeating manikato in the process , and then went on to take the doncaster handicap at randwick , leaving her with 10 wins from 13 starts as a three - year - old .\nher four - year - old campaign began with a group 3 victory in the stc premier stakes at rosehill racecourse in sydney . next came warwick farm and the group 1 ajc chelmsford stakes . she backed that two weeks later with a win in the group 2 hill stakes at the greatest distance at which she was ever tried that produced a victory . she seemed by this time to be demonstrating advanced proficiency on dead tracks .\nimmediately afterwards , she took the all aged stakes at randwick race course , which resulted in her notching her third group 1 win in three tries .\nher final tally of 19 wins out of 28 jumps in a brief racing career established a record for sprinters of either gender that has only recently been surpassed .\nbest performer : mr . gnocchi ( 5 wins / highest rating : 99 ) ( retired )\nprogeny ' s racing performance : 1 of her 3 previous foals has scored , that being the statue of liberty filly new york rain , who prevails twice to date , ranging from 1008m to 1200m ; silver spun is her 4th foal .\nconditioned previously by tommy wong , and then gary moore , silver spun , with a 1 - 3 - 3 record through altogether ten ( 10 ) starts in australia , broke his maiden in a right - handed , 1100 - meter contest at wyong , new south wales on december 17 , 2016 , for a purse of aus $ 22 , 000 . coming out of that same race , second - placed wutai mountain scores twice afterwards .\nrepresents such depth has been altogether labeled as yet another ' golden generation ' in the u . s . since 1957 , especially the prowess to extend their battlefield from the track to the shed . in the case of hard spun , with seven ( 7 ) seasons of stud service to date , he has more than avenged on his old track foes in the progenitive arena : from wood memorial ( us - gi ) hero wicked strong , to questing and zo impressive , the hard and fast one - two punch through his first crop capturing two - thirds of the new york triple tiara at grade i level , sons and daughters by hard spun have posted yet another banner season in 2015 , led by diana stakes ( us - git ) winner hard not to like , gold cup at santa anita ( us - gi ) hero hard aces , and smooth roller , a winner that took the santa anita crowd by surprise the awesome again stakes ( us - gi ) .\nin course preferences , while many a hard spun has been equally talented on dirt and turf , silver spun , a proven winner on soft in australia , should also be lively with a deeper cut in the turf .\nin general outlook , bred regally from underneath , silver spun , an instant winner since switching to gary moore\u02c7\u00a6s barn in australia , has definitely put his act together , while being as impressive , if not more , through the barrier trials in hong kong . in all , he should be a nice cut - back prospect to get the job done in class 3 .\nintro to new horses\nis produced by a private company and is not official jockey club information . every effort is made to ensure the information is as accurate as possible , but the club assumes no responsibility for it .\nshug has an awesome homebred in todays 7th race at gulf . peter island is by tapit out of a grade 1 stakes placed mare by pleasant colony . resort is by pleasant colony which u rarely see anymore ( almost extinct ) also resort is out of an alydar mare does it get any better for old school breeding . pleasant colonys broodmare offspring known for huge necks . i cant wait to see this ones neck in the paddock and post parade today . also peter island worked 1 : 02 and change out of the gate at payson ( quicksand )\ntom . as i said on another thread , he ran very well today . made a huge move and was closing on the winner . he is the real deal . i said he would be better than poe and i definitely think he is .\nif he continues to develop , he will be special . i would like to see shug pull back the reins a little on him . between his 2 turf races and his 1 dirt race at gp , i hink his legs have endured as much as they can over these extremely hard surfaces . i know keeneland is dear to shugs heart . i would like to see shug and the phipps step out of the box and take a shot at the bluegrass . do not even enteryain the thought of running in the derby should they win . the race falls in perfectly with the scheduling the next turf race for 3yos is the tansylvania on 4 / 4 / 14 and at a mile . i hate cutting them back in distance and bringing them back so soon . the bluegrass almost gives them a free ride and it spaces hom perfectly . after that , shug can map out a plan that will get him to the virginia derby . but i think this guy needs about 6 weeks to recharge for the summer grind .\nanyone heard how honor code did training at payson park yesterday . inquiring minds need to know\njogged yesterday . . . at least he ' s back on the track .\nfrom drf : shug says he wants to keep close eye on honor code who has been training at payson while also confirming top billing now definite for foy .\nin case you haven ' t seen these , nyra has posted great video interviews of some of ny ' s top trainers . more tracks should do this ! here ' s link to shug ' s video - urltoken\nit appears that html was included in your comment , please remove any html code .\nsummer racing is just around the corner , with saratoga and del mar highlighting the juvenile events . this year\u2019s crop of 2 - year - olds will take their . . .\nphipps stable homebred fire away found plenty of room along the inside to power past the tiring leaders and earn his first career graded - stakes victor . . .\nreigning male turf champion world approval looks to return to his winning ways when he makes a title defense in saturday\u2019s $ 250 , 000 maker\u2019s mark dixie . . .\nwoodslane farm\u2019s homebred grade 1 - winning millionaire sadler\u2019s joy , unraced in 17 weeks following a narrow defeat in the breeders\u2019 cup turf ( g1 ) , will . . .\nhaving made a successful return to graded company in the first start for her new connections four weeks ago , four - time stakes winner take charge paula . . .\ngiven a perfect ride from irad ortiz jr . , stuart janney iii homebred on leave came with a steady run on the outside to run down a stubborn gianna\u2019s dr . . .\nphipps stable ' s fire away overtook monster bea in the stretch and outkicked his rival by a length to post his first win in more than a year , capturing . . .\nphillips racing ' s multiple graded stakes winner time and motion will try to regain her best form in a competitive edition of the grade 3 , $ 200 , 000 ath . . .\nallen stable ' s war flag ran down grand jete in deep stretch and outkicked a charging dacita by a head to win the 40th running of the grade 1 , $ 500 , 000 . . .\nit\u2019s rare that a breeder and owner can run in the same graded stakes race for three consecutive years . rarer still that the owner and breeder could wi . . .\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below . facebook app : open links in external browser\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\ndavid m . johnson - djohnson @ digitalfirstmedia . comhorses spring out of the gate at the start of race 4 wednesday , july 26 , 2017 at saratoga race course .\nthe bettors sent both off at about 2 - 1 odds in an $ 85 , 000 allowance race at 1 1 / 8 miles on a fast main track but the similarities between the two in this race ended there .\nthe kiaran mclaughlin trainee stalked the pacesetters for the first 3 / 4 of a mile before making a move on the second turn . fayeq reeled in battle midway and hammerin aamer by the top of the stretch then increased his lead through to the wire . the winning time was 1 : 51 . 19 and final margin of victory was 3 1 / 2 lengths .\nthe win improved fayeq to 2 - 0 - 1 in four career starts \u2014 all as a 3 - year - old .\nfayeq paid $ 6 to win . he was bred in kentucky by heaven trees farm and sold to shadwell stable at the september 2015 keenland sales for $ 800 , 000 .\nhours after voodoo song became linda rice\u2019s first winner of the 2017 meet on day 2 saturday , she saw an opportunity for the 3 - year - old english channel colt . so she entered him to run back in wednesday\u2019s race 7 at the spa \u2014 a 1 3 / 8 - mile , $ 75 , 000 allowance .\nafter voodoo song came out of saturday\u2019s win in good form , she made the final decision on whether or not he would run wednesday morning .\n\u201cthis morning he had a bright look in his eyes , \u201d rice said . \u201che cleaned up all of his dinner , he even ate his lunch so i said , alright . you open yourself up to a lot of criticism doing what i did today . you just have to hope it goes the right way . \u201d\nvoodoo song bolted out to a huge lead and continued to increase the margin throughout the first lap around a good inner - turf course .\n\u201ci tried to grab the first quarter of the race , \u201d winning jockey jose lezcano said of the ride . \u201cthen i let go of the bridle . i said if you wanna go , go . it\u2019s better than fighting the whole way and he went on to win the race . \u201d\nannouncer larry collmus noted voodoo song was on the backstretch of the final lap as the rest of the field was still making the turn .\nthe field eventually began to close in midway through the backstretch . man of wiregrass cut the lead to 6 1 / 2 lengths before vintage matters moved to within four lengths by the final turn .\nlezcano finally asked with 3 / 16 to go and voodoo song answered . he held on to win by 3 / 4 of a length . vintage matters was second followed by super hawk .\nvoodoo song was sent off as the favorite and paid $ 3 . 70 . his final time was 2 : 13 . 6 .\njamaican jockey rajiv maragh joined his native island nation in rooting for the jamaican soccer team in the gold cup final against the united states wednesday night in santa clara , calif .\njamaica pulled a huge 1 - 0 upset of mexico in the semifinal round sunday to advance to the final . the contest was not completed by press time .\n\u201ci\u2019m so proud , i think they\u2019re playing the best i\u2019ve ever seen them play , \u201d maragh said after race 5 wednesday . \u201cit\u2019s kind of a win - win for me because if jamaica or u . s . wins , i win . \u201d\nthe jamaicans are an underdog in the contest because the game is on american soil and because the population of the u . s . \u2014 323 million \u2014 dwarfs the population of jamaica \u2014 2 . 9 million .\n\u201cit would mean a lot for such a small island with such a small population to have that kind of success , \u201d maragh said . \u201ceither way they have nothing to be ashamed of to get to where they are . \u201d\nthe 32 - year - old jockey says he gets the same sort of support from fellow jamaicans in his career .\n\u201cjamaicans are passionate about a lot of stuff and sport is one of the things we\u2019re most passionate about , \u201d maragh said . \u201ci feel like wherever i\u2019m at jamaicans all over the world are behind me and happy for me . \u201d\n\u201cat albany medical my calf is bruised just as a precaution taking a mri to make sure all is well . seems fine to me , \u201d maragh said in the post .\ndavid johnson covers local sports . reach the author at djohnson @ urltoken or follow david on twitter : @ davidmichael10 .\nthe race card promises its usual excitement with the main event being for horses classified b2 and lower with special weights over eight furlongs . the the winner of this event will collect $ 1m . second place is worth $ 500 , 000 , third $ 250 , 000 and fourth $ 125 , 000 . other races will feature e class non - winners . , the f and lower open covering 5 furlongs has a winning prize of $ 400 , 000 while the l class non - winners also over 5 furlongs will see the winner taking home $ 110 , 000 . the guyana bred 3 years and older 7 furlong race will pay a $ 240 , 000 purse while the k class non - winners and l open race runs for 6 furlongs both have a first prize of $ 120 , 000 . the h1 and lower race horses will gallop for 7 furlongs with the winner guaranteed $ 250 , 000 and the j2 and lower category first place claims a $ 140 , 000 prize after covering a distance of 6 furlongs .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this website and receive free notifications of new posts by email .\nguyana times is your news , entertainment , music , fashion website . we provide you with the latest breaking news and videos straight from guyana .\neclipse thoroughbred partners ' juvenile colt earth became the first winner for his sire , kentucky derby winner orb , when he got up nearing the wire to win a five - furlong turf maiden contest at gulfstream park june 11 .\nit was the career debut for earth , who is out of mullins bay , an unraced daughter of speightstown that is a full sister to multiple graded stakes winner , bridgetown . earth was consigned by four star sales , agent , to the 2016 fasig - tipton kentucky july sale , where he was purchased for $ 190 , 000 .\nearth becomes the first winner for his sire orb , whose first crop are 2 - year - olds . orb stands at claiborne farm in paris , ky . , where his 2017 stud fee is $ 25 , 000 , stands and nurses .\nnew to the paulick report ? click here to sign up for our daily email newsletter to keep up on this and other stories happening in the thoroughbred industry . copyright \u00a9 2018 paulick report .\npublisher ray paulick ( 859 312 . 2102 ) director of advertising emily alberti ( 859 913 . 9633 ) editor - in - chief scott jagow features editor natalie voss bloodstock editor joe nevills racing news editor chelsea hackbarth contributing writers sarah e . coleman frank mitchell tom pedulla jen roytz denise steffanus photography equisport photos ( matt and wendy wooley ) eric kalet business manager carol paulick\nurltoken is published by blenheim publishing llc , 3070 lakecrest circle , suite 400 - 292 , lexington , ky 40513 . copyright blenheim publishing llc .\ncommands / dextrous ( aus ) bay / brown , 2008 , 16 . 1hh\n\u2013trial\u2013stc barrier trial , 900m , time 0 : 56 . 09 . track heavy . cocky raider was 1st and sabutai 2nd and dream choice 3rd .\n\u2013trial\u2013atc barrier trial , 800m , time 0 : 48 . 60 . track good . petrify was 1st and bench star 2nd and strange logic 3rd .\n\u2013trial\u2013hawkesbury rc barrier trial , 1000m , time 1 : 03 . 46 . track slow . arawak was 1st and spicy siam 3rd .\n\u2013trial\u2013atc barrier trial , 900m , time 0 : 56 . 47 . track heavy . resort habit was 1st and rock this world 2nd .\nillawarra tc skheme 2yo maiden h . , a $ 19 , 000 , 1000m , time 0 : 58 . 20 . track dead . carried 57 . 00kg . by the by was 1st and camlouise 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : g buckley .\natc ( rosehill ) inglis bonus 2yo h . , a $ 90 , 000 , 1300m , time 1 : 18 . 76 . track slow . carried 55 . 00kg . florentina was 1st and double ranga 2nd and leviosa 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : k mc evoy .\natc ( warwick farm ) ashcroft maiden h . , a $ 37 , 000 , 1400m , time 1 : 26 . 93 . track heavy . carried 56 . 50kg . mossmoney was 2nd and morocco 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : k mc evoy .\nnsw tatt\u2019s rc ming dynasty h . , l , a $ 100 , 000 , 1400m , time 1 : 23 . 27 . track good . carried 53 . 00kg . sangster was 2nd and darci be good 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : c reith .\nnewcastle jc spring s . , gr . 3 , a $ 176 , 900 , 1600m , time 1 : 36 . 61 . track good . carried 56 . 50kg . darci be good was 1st and rekindled alliance 2nd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : k mc evoy .\natc ( randwick ) spring champion s . , gr . 1 , a $ 405 , 000 , 2000m , time 2 : 05 . 88 . track dead . carried 56 . 50kg . doctor doom was 1st and darci be good 2nd and sangster 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : k mc evoy .\n\u2013trial\u2013atc barrier trial , 855m , time 0 : 51 . 20 . track dead . foxwedge was 1st and salade 2nd and sandhurst 3rd .\n\u2013trial\u2013atc barrier trial , 900m , time 0 : 53 . 24 . track slow . moment of change was 1st and hot snitzel 2nd and salade 3rd .\natc ( warwick farm ) royal sovereign s . , gr . 2 , a $ 176 , 700 , 1200m , time 1 : 08 . 99 . track good . carried 56 . 00kg . hot snitzel was 1st and manawanui 2nd and moment of change 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : j parr .\natc ( rosehill ) hobartville s . , gr . 2 , a $ 201 , 700 , 1400m , time 1 : 26 . 53 . track heavy . carried 56 . 50kg . wild and proud was 1st and manawanui 2nd and moment of change 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : j parr .\natc ( randwick ) randwick guineas , gr . 1 , a $ 505 , 000 , 1600m , time 1 : 37 . 60 . track slow . carried 56 . 50kg . mosheen was 1st and said com 2nd and laser hawk 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : j parr .\natc ( rosehill ) rosehill guineas , gr . 1 , a $ 505 , 000 , 2000m , time 2 : 02 . 18 . track good . carried 56 . 50kg . laser hawk was 1st and ocean park 2nd and silent achiever 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : m zahra .\natc ( randwick ) frank packer p . , gr . 3 , a $ 126 , 300 , 2000m , time 2 : 04 . 29 . track good . carried 56 . 50kg . fat al was 1st and rekindled alliance 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : k mc evoy .\n\u2013trial\u2013atc barrier trial , 1000m , time 0 : 59 . 70 . track dead . torio\u2019s quest was 1st and fast clip 3rd .\natc ( rosehill ) theo marks h . , gr . 2 , a $ 201 , 700 , 1400m , time 1 : 22 . 29 . track good . carried 56 . 00kg . fat al was 2nd and dystopia 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : k mc evoy .\natc ( randwick ) epsom h . , gr . 1 , a $ 505 , 000 , 1600m , time 1 : 34 . 56 . track good . carried 52 . 00kg . fat al was 1st and rolling pin 3rd . trainer : peter snowden . owner : sheikh mohammed . jockey : k mc evoy ."]}
{"id": 277, "summary": [{"text": "the dark sleeper , odontobutis obscura , is a species of freshwater sleeper native to china , japan , and korea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can reach reach up to 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this is a commercially important species . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "dark sleeper", "paragraphs": ["dark sleeper : a novel ( a . . . has been added to your cart\nffxiv arr : dark sleeper fishing location - upper hathoeva river - orcz . com , the video games wiki\nurltoken dark sleeper : a novel ( a western lights novel ) ( 9780441007301 ) : jeffrey e . barlough : books\nlow center of gravity weight setting and bottom fins keep dark sleeper upright as it moves through structure , for a naturally appealing approach .\ndark sleeper is an odd duck of a novel , a weird tales - style story told in the form of a dickens pastiche .\nthe compact profile and boot - tail design of the dark sleeper swimbait make it ideal for bottom contact applications . but unlike many swimbaits , the dark sleeper ' s unique dorsal - fin shields the hook - point , making this presentation virtually weedless - - perfect for targeting transitions where bass . . .\nin these species the eggs are defended most strongly , and feeding territories have also been reported for some of them ( the dark sleeper and the common freshwater goby ) .\njeffrey barlough ' s ' dark sleeper ' is a masterpiece . barlough weaves his prose delicately and powerfully . this is a book that doesn ' t turn up often anymore .\nthe dark sleeper swimbait was developed to target fish holding to bottom structure , with overwhelming realism and enticing paddle - tail action . with a soft fin that shields the top hook on both sides , dark sleeper is designed for stealthy , life - like deployment as a bottom - bouncing swimbait . in addition to camouflaging the top hook design , the fins also gently deflect potential snags , allowing dark sleeper to crawl through gnarly structure . soft fin material compresses instantly for sure hooksets , collapsing out of the way to drive metal home .\nthough you find this book categorized under science fiction , you shouldn ' t expect any spaceships . ' dark sleeper ' is a complex work of realistic fantasy , and only the first in a . . .\na small freshwater fish originally from the eastern continent of othard . it is said that the first dark sleeper was introduced to eorzea by an exiled lalafellin prince who wished to once again experience the luxuries of his homeland .\nthe dark sleeper is built for contact , delivering key bites with its bottom - bouncing , snag - less design , and alluring tail - kick . supple paddle - tail design kicks into gear even at slow , crawling retrieve speeds tall top fins hide the hook point to camouflage and . . .\nbarlough is a breath of fresh air . well written dark fanstasy and horror that is also original is a rarity but he succeeds on both accounts splendidly .\nwe have a fifth album on itunes \u201ccowboy chronicles\u201d which takes us in a dark alt / country direction , particularly in the songs \u201cbuck duane\u201d and \u201cshot from the grave\u201d .\ndark sleeper is an original 3 piece band with adrian argo on drums and graham gorrie on guitar / vocals and richie williams on bass and backing vocals . performing an extensive collection of original songs in se queensland and nth new south wales , australia . songs range from bluesy / folk / rock to latin and reggae . appearing regularly at markets around brisbane and occasional functions and bars .\nin the fog - enshrouded city of salthead , metaphysics professor titus tiggs and dr . daniel dampe investigate a series of strange , impossible sightings - from phantom ships and ghosts to creatures long extinct . what they uncover is an ancient , mystical evil intent on destroying every person in the town . written in a style reminiscent of 19th century authors like charles dickens and thomas hardy , with tantalizing elements of science fiction and dark fantasy , jeffrey e . barlough ' s dark sleeper draws the reader into a complicated plot featuring dozens of fascinating characters and culminating in a surprising and unforgettable climax .\nthe ghosts of a long - dead youth and a drowned sailor , together with the appearance of a rabid , doglike creature , portend ominous events near the isolated city of salthead . asked to investigate the peculiar happenings , renowned metaphysicist titus tiggs and his associate , dr . daniel dampe , uncover an ancient evil bent on the destruction of the town . barlough combines the witty detail of dickensian fiction with the insidious terror of lovecraftian horror in an atmospheric tale of dark imaginings that belongs in most horror collections . copyright 2000 reed business information , inc .\nasia : china , japan ( ref . 559 ) and korea ( ref . 41509 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 17 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11344 )\npectoral fin short , not reaching below second dorsal fin origin . lower end of opercular papillae group 17 not continuous to group 19 ( ref . 41509 ) .\ntakes up life at the bottom right after hatching ; spends its whole life in freshwater .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00692 - 0 . 01819 ) , b = 3 . 15 ( 3 . 01 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\na good portion of bass feeding activity takes place on or near the bottom ; crawfish and all sorts of baitfish make use of the lower water column for cover , shade , cool water and feeding opportunities . a jig and swimbait are . . .\nedwin evers , the 2016 bassmaster classic champion , hails from oklahoma , which is decidedly jig country , and about 1 , 400 miles east of swimbait central . nevertheless , he\u2019s experimented extensively as swimbaiting culture has vaulted into the mainstream of the tournament scene , and . . .\nthis page was last modified on 13 june 2017 , at 05 : 17 .\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name slot equipment level item level rarity stack size price sell price sell hq salvage materia slots pvp rank cooldown aetherial reduce can hq reducible level is pvp is untradable is reducible is legacy is dated is crest worthy is desynthesizable is projectable is dyeable is convertible is indisposable is collectable last updated verified on lodestone patch attributes - results order descending ascending\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name journal level level ( sub ccass ) gil reward exp reward grand company seals tomestones reputation points beast tribe rank grand company rank patch - results order descending ascending\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name level cost cast range cast time recast time class job type can target self can target party can target friendly can target hostile is aoe is pvp patch - results order descending ascending\n- patch release patch 4 . 35 patch 4 . 31 under the moonlight patch 4 . 25 rise of a new sun patch 4 . 15 patch 4 . 11 the legend returns patch 4 . 05 patch 4 . 01 stormblood patch 3 . 56 patch 3 . 55b patch 3 . 55a the far edge of fate patch 3 . 45 soul surrender patch 3 . 35 revenge of the horde patch 3 . 25 the gears of change patch 3 . 15 as goes light , so goes darkness patch 3 . 07 patch 3 . 05 patch 3 . 01 heavensward patch 2 . 55 patch 2 . 51 before the fall patch 2 . 45 dreams of ice patch 2 . 38 patch 2 . 35 defenders of eorzea patch 2 . 28 patch 2 . 25 through the maelstrom patch 2 . 16 patch 2 . 15 a realm awoken halloween 2013 a realm reborn final fantasy xiv 1 . 0 - results sorting id name recipe level stars craft level durability quick synth craftsmanship quick synth control required craftsmanship required control status required item required material point quality durability difficulty max work patch - results order descending ascending\n- patch release - results sorting id name server arr 2 . 0 + achievement points legacy 1 . 0 achievement points last active last updated added - results order descending ascending\nwhen enabled , results match whole words which is faster . disable to allow partials .\nthe shopping cart will be dropped in xivdb v3 , for more information , click here for more information .\nsearch for items and drag them onto this window . learn more about the shopping cart tool .\nthe wardrobe / gearset tool will be dropped in xivdb v3 , for more information , click here for more information .\nif you have filters set , try tweak them . the search input and filters work together : )\ncomment : kira tribal - august 17th , 2014 - patch : 2 . 3\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\ncomment : has a small remainder marking on it . ships from amazon and fast . tracking number provided with every order .\nfulfillment by amazon ( fba ) is a service we offer sellers that lets them store their products in amazon ' s fulfillment centers , and we directly pack , ship , and provide customer service for these products . something we hope you ' ll especially enjoy : fba items qualify for free shipping and amazon prime .\nif you ' re a seller , fulfillment by amazon can help you increase your sales . we invite you to learn more about fulfillment by amazon .\nin fiction , nonfiction , mysteries , children ' s books , and much more .\nthis shopping feature will continue to load items . in order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading .\npublisher : ace books ; ace trade ed . edition ( september 1 , 2000 )\nit was great logging into amazon a few years ago and discovering . . .\na long time ago i picked this up and started looking for other novels . at the time i only had book 2 to look forward to . it was great logging into amazon a few years ago and discovering that more were written\nthe problem with your typical fantasy novel is that it ' s so . . . typical . the quest , the young man or lady with unusually strong powers , the evil bad guy ( or girl - let ' s be . . .\none of the impacts of twentieth century culture on the art of novel writing has been an increased emphasis on the importance of plot .\ni felt distinctly cheated after reading this book . i liked the characters and i liked the main theme , but i think the problem was that i expected the two to interact in some way . . .\nit seems as though mr . barlough is more in love with he english language as spoken in the 1800s than he is devoted to the developement of his plot .\nthis is one of the more unique novels that i have encountered in the last year . it has element of alternate history and science / fiction fantasy , but is equally a mystery in the . . .\namazon giveaway allows you to run promotional giveaways in order to create buzz , reward your audience , and attract new followers and customers .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music , movies , tv shows , original audio series , and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\ncheckout our gig page to see where we have played . also pages with links to youtube and music outlets .\nfor a bit of fun , here is a video link where do songs come from ? that explains an approach to capturing and developing original ideas , using one of the new songs \u201cit\u2019s got 3 stages\u201d as the example .\nthis page was last edited on 31 july 2017 , at 04 : 17 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ncopyright ( c ) 2010 - 2018 square enix co . , ltd . all rights reserved .\ncan you believe the nerve , this goblin fisherman said i wouldn ' t be able to outfish him even if he were blindfolded ! well , i took the bet , of course ! we keepers of the moon do not take insults lying down , especially if they ' re true ! since he won ' t be able to see a thing , you can prove him wrong .\nmobile version when ad blocking , only mobile version with limited version is available . final fantasy xiv \u00a92010 - 2018 square enix co . , ltd . final fantasy is a registered trademark of square enix holdings co . , ltd . all material used under license .\nplease select accel active ams desighn apia spartas awabi honpo bait breath bassart bassday berkley boreas coreman cormoran daiwa decoy deps dress duel duo ecogear engine ever green extreme aurora field hunter finesse fish arrow gamakatsu gan craft gary yamamoto gran halcyon system harimitsu hayabusa ( fina ) hedgehog studio hishiwaen hmkl imakatsu ivyline jackal bros jackson jazz jig wobbler jumprize kanji internati . . keitech kunitaro kureha line system little jack lucky craft lumica madnes japan marufuji megabass meiho meron - ya kobo mukai fishing nories o . s . p . odz ounce tackle de . . owner pazdesign pro ' s factory reins rodio craft sanyo nylon saurus savage gear shimano shimoda gyogu shout skagit designs smith still hunt sun line tackle house tenryu tict tiemco toray fishing tsunekichi uzu fi - sports f . . valleyhill vanfook vangurd varivas waki fishing yabai brand yamaria yamashita yoz - ami zappu zip baits zpi zxz lure\nthis page was last modified on 8 october 2013 , at 00 : 11 . content is available under creative commons attribution non - commercial share alike unless otherwise noted . privacy policy about orcz disclaimers"]}
{"id": 280, "summary": [{"text": "the northern nightingale-wren ( microcerculus philomela ) is a species of passerine bird in the family troglodytidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in belize , costa rica , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "northern nightingale - wren", "paragraphs": ["christian , d . , d . roberts . june 2000 . first description of the nest and nesting behavior of the nightingale wren .\n, under the name nightingale wren . their geographic differences , along with distinct differences in song and physical traits have separated the groups . they are sometimes referred to as northern and southern nightingale wrens , respectively . this division is likely the beginning of speciation in this group of very closely related birds .\nthe nightingale wren has a very limited range . it is found from far southeast mexico through to costa rica ( the northern portion of central america ) . it has been seen by a few observant researchers , birdwatchers , and tourists in this area .\nkroodsma , d . & brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . northern nightingale - wren ( microcerculus philomela ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nnightingale wrens are popular on birding resorts in central america . along with the many other diverse species of birds found in this region , they create an attraction for tourists and an industry for this kind of resort .\nnightingale wrens are mostly insectivores that forage in the debris of the forest floor for insects , arachnids , and other small forest invertabrates . a peculiar behavior when searching for food is the constant motion of the tail beating on the ground as they walk . this could be used as a method of drawing food out into the open to be eaten .\nnightingale wrens are very elusive , which makes them difficult to study , as well as to observe and enjoy in the wild . their markings and habit of hiding on the forest floor or in low vegetation help them to be safe , and also avoid intervention from humans . the song of these birds is largely what helps people locate them in the forest and distinguish them from other birds .\ndue to their secretive nature . their mating season runs from may or june until september . they have been observed using previously existing nests on the floor of forests in the dirt to lay eggs and raise their young . some biparental care has also been observed . the average clutch size is about 2 - 3 eggs . the incubation period usually lasts for 19 - 20 days during which the parents are directly involved with caring for the eggs . once hatched , the observed time to fledging is about 16 - 17 days . no observations have been made of the time it takes young to reach sexual maturity . most wrens are polygamous , so it can be hypothesized that nightingale wrens are as well , but no research supports the idea at this time .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nbird calling naturally , no play back used . recording filtered to rid of environment noise\nrecording equipment : iphone + no mic . comments : sobre sendero , respuesta a playback , sendero ajillo cerca de lek phaethornis longirostris tir2 . to access original . wav file contact marceloa27 ( at ) gmail . com\nnear edge of forest and trail singing from forest floor about 30 - 40ft away . recording amplified to emphasize quieter bits of song using audacity .\nfile not edited in any way . equipment : telinga parabola , sennheiser mk62 microphone , zoom h6 recorder . it was approaching sunset in the sub - montane / montane broadleaf forest and the individual was in thick understory within 2 meters of the forest floor . it was not possible to see it . this was in eligio panti national park . the next morning , several pair of this species were heard in the same area . i was able to video an individual singing the next morning . at one point i was able to record one individual singing for more than 5 1 / 2 minutes without stopping .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nsometimes treated as conspecific with m . marginatus , but differs in its all - black bill ( 1 ) ; dark vs whitish or white throat ( 3 ) ; deep grey - brown vs mid - grey or white breast ( 2 ) ; and song consisting of short whistles randomly going up and down in pitch vs a fast series of rising whistles ( 3 ) followed by a very long series of long pure whistles gradually descending in pitch , but remaining above c . 5 khz ( 3 ) . monotypic .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nlowlands of s mexico ( n chiapas ) , nc guatemala , s belize , and caribbean lowlands of honduras , nicaragua and n costa rica ( s to r reventaz\u00f3n ) .\n10\u201311\u00b75 cm ; male 17\u00b74\u201321\u00b75 g , female 16\u00b74\u201317\u00b74 g . lores and side of face are dull greyish - brown ; crown and upperparts deep chocolate - brown , each feather . . .\nsong unmistakable and \u201chaunting\u201d , a series , up to 30 seconds long , of clearly whistled notes , c . 2 . . .\nhumid lowland forest , especially undisturbed virgin evergreen forest and contiguous cloudforest ; . . .\nlittle information ; in costa rica , insects , woodlice ( isopoda ) , spiders ( araneae ) and centipedes ( chilopoda ) recorded as food . typically , . . .\nseason from may or jun until at least sept in costa rica . no other information available .\nnot globally threatened . uncommon to fairly common in mexico , uncommon in guatemala , apparently rare in belize , uncommon to fairly common in honduras , and locally common in . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ngenetic data indicate a close relationship to polioptilidae , followed by certhiidae and sittidae # r # r # r , and support monophyly of present family , once donacobius is removed ; traditional linear sequence of species and genera , with campylorhynchus listed first , now rearranged to reflect discovered phylogenetic relationships # r # r # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 797 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican ornithologists ' union ' s\nlist of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area\n( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 02 . 04 , website ( version 04 - feb - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : microcerculus philomela . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nlives in thick evergreen forests , which are also usually very moist , and have a large amount of cover on the forest floor . most of the time\ncan be found on the forest floor , or perched on low branches and plants , and are very difficult to spot unless they are singing . ravines and foothills in these forests are favorite environments of these birds . ( stiles & skutch 1989 )\nboth male and female adults have dark black markings , usually scaling on their breast and throat which have a greyish base color , but can appear almost completely black . their dorsal side is dark brown , with black scalloping around the edges , as well as on the wings . there are a lighter spots on the wing coverts . they have a black bill and black legs .\nimmature wrens have markings similar to adults , but are over - all paler in color , creating more contrast between light and dark markings .\nyoung wrens are even paler than immature wrens , though still similar , also with a marked contrast in color . their scaling is mostly grey , instead of black , and their base color is more of a light cream or buff shade .\nmales learn only one song during their lifetime , but this song can be altered to fit different uses , such as mating and marking territory .\nkali reichert ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nto cite this page : reichert , k . 2003 .\nmicrocerculus philomela\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 281, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia mustangata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in afghanistan , northern pakistan , jammu & kashmir , northern india ( himachal pradesh ) and nepal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is found at altitudes between 2,100 and 4,300 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are variable in size , depth of colour , and the breadth of the transverse lines . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia mustangata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for mustangata definition . you find here mustangata meaning , synonyms of mustangata and images for mustangata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word mustangata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word mustangata and , of course , mustangata synonyms and on the right images related to the word mustangata .\neupithecia absinthiata clerck , 1759 = eupithecia coagulata guen\u00e9e in boisduval and guen\u00e9e , 1858 .\neupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\neupithecia [ 1 ] er en sl\u00e6gt af sommerfugle som blev beskrevet af curtis i 1825 . eupithecia indg\u00e5r i familien m\u00e5lere .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nnedenst\u00e5ende er en automatisk overs\u00e6ttelse af artiklen eupithecia fra den svenske wikipedia , udf\u00f8rt af gramtrans den 2015 - 10 - 10 08 : 25 : 20 . eventuelle \u00e6ndringer i den svenske original vil blive fanget igennem regelm\u00e6ssige genovers\u00e6ttelser . du har mulighed for at redigere overs\u00e6ttelsen til brug i den originale danske wikipedia .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\neupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ndenne artikel er blevet skabt af robotten lsjbot og kan blandt andet indeholde sproglige fejl eller et m\u00e6rkeligt valg af billeder . skabelonen kan fjernes efter kontrol af indholdet . flere robotskabte artikler med denne skabelon findes i kategorien robotskabte artikler . mist\u00e6nkte systematiske fejl kan anmeldes p\u00e5 wikipedia : robothj\u00e6lp .\ndenne artikel om m\u00e5lere er kun p\u00e5begyndt . du kan hj\u00e6lpe til ved at udvide den .\ndenne tekst er tilg\u00e6ngelig under creative commens attribute - sharealike - licensen ; yderligere betingelser kan v\u00e6re g\u00e6ldende se brugsbetingelserne for flere oplysninger . wikipedia\u00ae er et registreret varem\u00e6rke af wikimedia foundation , inc . , en almennyttig organisation . link removal"]}
{"id": 282, "summary": [{"text": "the atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the family salmonidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is found in the northern atlantic ocean , in rivers that flow into the north atlantic and , due to human introduction , in the north pacific ocean .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "atlantic salmon have long been the target of recreational and commercial fishing , and this , as well as habitat destruction , has reduced their numbers significantly ; the species is the subject of conservation efforts in several countries . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "atlantic salmon", "paragraphs": ["feeding of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) post - smolts in the northeast atlantic\nthe atlantic salmon federation is working wherever there are atlantic salmon in north america , out at sea , and internationally .\natlantic salmon is not a true salmon . it is of the trout family . it is common knowledge that salmon die after spawning , but atlantic salmon are different .\nfor more information , and to see photo comparisons between atlantic and wild pacific salmon , visit the atlantic salmon identification guide .\n, then the salmon population become extinct . the critical area of atlantic salmon extinction (\nfeeding habits of wild and escaped farmed atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , in the northeast atlantic\nguignion d . a conservation strategy for atlantic salmon in prince edward island . the atlantic salmon conservation foundation , 2009 . available :\n, atlantic salmon have been introduced successfully , but the actual percentage of salmon reproducing naturally is very low . most are stocked annually . atlantic salmon were native to\ncolonization : evidence suggests this is unlikely . attempts to establish atlantic salmon outside the atlantic ocean have failed , and accidental releases of juvenile atlantic salmon have not produced adults . evidence on vancouver island indicates escaped atlantic salmon have been able to produce juvenile atlantic salmon , but there is no evidence that these\nwild\natlantic salmon have returned to their natal stream and successfully spawned .\nguignion d . a conservation strategy for atlantic salmon in prince edward island . the atlantic salmon conservation foundation , 2009 . available : urltoken .\nthe state posted an identification guide to help fishers distinguish atlantic salmon from native pacific salmon species .\ngardner pinfold ( 2011 ) . economic value of wild atlantic salmon . prepared for atlantic salmon federation . canada . september 2011 . 70pp . urltoken\nfarmed atlantic salmon constitute > 90 percent of the farmed salmon market , and > 50 percent of the total global salmon market .\nfoster chw ( 1991 ) yankee salmon : the atlantic salmon of the connecticut river . cis , cambridge\nthe major difference between atlantic and pacific salmon is that atlantic salmon may spawn more than once while pacific salmon die soon after one spawn . long ago , some people made boots out of salmon skin !\nwashington has eight atlantic salmon net pens . there are two types : commercial net pens for raising atlantic salmon and enhancement net pens for wild salmon that will eventually be released .\nforward plan - in 2016 , dfo will initiate a complete review of the wild atlantic salmon conservation policy in partnership with the atlantic salmon advisory committee .\nwashington has eight atlantic salmon net pens . there are two types : commercial net pens for raising atlantic salmon , and enhancement net pens for wild salmon that will eventually be released .\natlantic salmon sounds wild . in fact , the name is not a lie . atlantic salmon are the species the farmers grow because they can not keep pacific salmon alive in cages .\natlantic salmon , through intensive breeding programs , emerged as the species most amenable . washington today is the leading farmed atlantic salmon producer in the nation . california and alaska ban the industry . no atlantic salmon farms operate in oregon .\nthe atlantic salmon federation is dedicated to the conservation , protection and restoration of wild atlantic salmon and the ecosystems on which their well being and survival depend .\nin atlantic salmon . in this case , an increasing interbreeding success rate of salmon increases its extinction risk .\ndisease transfer : consideration was given to the transfer of fish pathogens from captive and escaped atlantic salmon to native salmon stocks . there is no evidence indicating disease transfer from atlantic salmon to native pacific salmon . fish pathogens infecting atlantic salmon are endemic to washington and appear to come from native fish stocks .\natlantic and pacific salmon mating with each other because they ' re different species .\nresults from wdfw ' s 2003 - 2008 atlantic salmon surveys supported these conclusions .\nhybridization between genetically modified atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions .\nbeardslee rode around point williams on tuesday afternoon collecting atlantic salmon from commercial fishers .\nwe studied 25 atlantic salmon populations from france and two from scotland ( fig .\nikediashi c , billington s , stevens jr . the origins of atlantic salmon (\nthe atlantic salmon is a fish of many identities . read more . . .\nthe key distinguishing feature of atlantic salmon is black spots on the gill cover .\nwashington state posted an identification guide to help fishers distinguish atlantic salmon ( right ) from native pacific salmon species .\nbased on wdfw ' s study , the evidence strongly indicates that atlantic salmon aquaculture poses little risk to native salmon and non - salmon species .\nbeland , k . f . 1984 . strategic plan for management of atlantic salmon in the state of maine . atlantic sea run salmon commission . bangor , me .\nit\u2019s unclear whether or not these atlantic salmon will affect the chinook salmon population . the concern is that the atlantic salmon will outcompete chinook salmon for food , breed with them to create hybrids , or spread diseases like sea lice .\nwith the decline of wild atlantic salmon populations in the early 1800s , atlantic salmon have been raised in hatcheries since 1864 in an effort to enhance the wild populations and sustain the fisheries that depend on them . in the late 1970s , commercial aquaculture ventures started rearing atlantic salmon in maine . see atlantic salmon \u2013 farmed for more information .\npink salmon caught on the drowes salmon fishery , ireland \u2013 image courtsey of drowes salmon fishery .\nwarren says there isn ' t any evidence so far that atlantic salmon have spawned or crossbred with other salmon species .\n9 . carlson ,\nthe atlantic salmon in new england prehistory and history .\nfarmed atlantic salmon escape into washington state waters . here ' s why fishermen are worried\nwill escaped atlantic salmon survive \u2014 and thrive \u2014 in b . c . waters ?\nanalysis of atlantic salmon habitat dist . . . - pdf document ( 18 m )\npredation : there is no evidence of predation by atlantic salmon in fresh water , and only limited evidence in salt water . most recovered atlantic salmon have had empty stomachs .\njohnson , k . r . and wright , j . e . , female brown trout \u03c7 atlantic salmon hybrids produce gynogens and triploids when backcrossed to male atlantic salmon ,\nrecommendation 5 . 1 - increase funding levels and capacity for wild atlantic salmon enforcement .\n\u00e1lvarez d , garcia - vazquez e . maintenance of asymmetric hybridization between atlantic salmon (\ncunjak ra , therrien j . inter - stage survival of wild juvenile atlantic salmon ,\nwith atlantic salmon fishing season right around the corner , i thought it was time to catch up with taylor to talk about the state of the atlantic salmon in 2016 .\nfacts also known as : bay salmon , black salmon , caplin - cull salmon , fiddler , grilse , grilt , kelt , landlocked salmon , ouananiche , outside salmon , parr , sebago salmon , silver salmon , slink , smolt , spring salmon , winnish . conservation status : least concern location : atlantic ocean lifespan :\ncommonly expressed concerns surrounding escaped atlantic salmon include competition with native salmon , predation , disease transfer , hybridization , and colonization .\nincreased numbers of atlantic salmon have been documented in the open water fishery of lake ontario .\nnow , most atlantic salmon is farmed \u2014 less than 1 percent comes from the wild .\nfarmed atlantic salmon is primarily sold as fresh or frozen dressed fish , fillets or steaks .\ndownload the full csiro impact evaluation : atlantic salmon breeding ( csiro research publications repository ) .\ntowards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers .\nhillaire said lummi fishers had reported catching atlantic salmon from bellingham bay down to samish island .\na process risk model for the shelf life of atlantic salmon fillets . - pubmed - ncbi\njonsson b , jonsson n , hansen lp . atlantic salmon straying from the river imsa .\nidentification of wild and reared atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , using scale characters .\n. noaa fisheries is working with partners to help restore wild atlantic salmon and their habitat .\nwashington has eight atlantic salmon net pens . there are two types : commercial net pens for raising atlantic salmon and enhancement net pens for wild salmon that will eventually be released . robert f . bukaty / ap hide caption\nthe majority of salmon currently consumed in the u . s . is farm raised atlantic salmon from canada , chile and norway .\nwarren said his main concern is that atlantic salmon could out - compete native chinook salmon and steelhead for food and spawning grounds .\n- farmed salmon escape . cages break in storms or from careless workers backing outboard motors into them . escaping salmon disperse quickly and then , during autumn , head for wild atlantic salmon rivers . if they successfully spawn with wild atlantic salmon , the results are disastrous for salmon in those rivers .\nthe situation has raised a few basic questions about atlantic salmon and fish farming in the northwest .\natlantic salmon today , rust says , probably grow twice as fast as when aquaculture first started .\nat lummi nation , tribal members last week were in an emergency fishery chasing down atlantic salmon .\ncsiro , 2016 . research impact evaluation \u2013 atlantic salmon breeding case study . csiro , canberra .\nthe major markets for farmed atlantic salmon are japan , the european union , and north america .\neffects of freezing and thawing processes on the quality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) fillets .\nverspoor e , de leaniz cg . stocking success of scottish atlantic salmon in two spanish rivers .\nmichigan department of natural resources . atlantic salmon salmo salar . urltoken accessed july 26 , 2011 .\nthe atlantic salmon watch program has received about 40 reports of farmed atlantic salmon since the nets as a cooke aquaculture farm in the san juan islands collapsed on august 19th . ( canadian press )\n) , in the flesh of scottish atlantic salmon farmed between 2006\u20132015 ( mean \u00b1 sd ) .\nin 1951 , the washington department of fish and wildlife tried to establish wild atlantic salmon runs in the state . the department hoped to create more salmon fishing opportunities and released atlantic salmon smolts . the department tried again to establish wild runs in 1980 and 1981 . atlantic salmon were also released into lakes to establish fisheries there .\na : atlantic salmon are world renowned as a sport fish . their scientific name , salmo salar , translates roughly as \u201cleaping salmon\u201d .\nthe atlantic salmon federation provides science - based advice on the issue , and on ways to reduce the harm caused by farmed salmon .\nthe atlantic salmon recovery framework is a partnership between state , tribal , and federal resource agencies working together to identify and implement management actions with the greatest potential to further the recovery of atlantic salmon .\njordan , r . m . , and k . f . beland . 1981 . atlantic salmon spawning and evaluation of natural spawning success . atlantic sea - run salmon commission . augusta , me .\nomnr . 1995 . an atlantic salmon restoration plan for lake ontario . report prepared by the atlantic salmon working group , ontario ministry of natural resources . february 1995 , 18 pp . + appendices .\nfarmed salmon , themselves stressed by various factors , including lice , can be a reservoir of viral and bacterial diseases for wild atlantic salmon .\njuvenile atlantic salmon are intensively monitored each fall and the following spring at stations in the credit river .\na unique five - month hands - on lesson on atlantic salmon and the biodiversity of the lake ontario watershed introduces students , parents , and teachers to the atlantic salmon species , their history and restoration .\nwill escaped atlantic salmon survive \u2014 and thrive \u2014 in b . c . waters ? | cbc news\nnumerous attempts were made in the 20th century by agencies on the pacific coast to introduce and establish atlantic salmon . the most recent effort by wdfw was in 1981 , when attempted introductions were made via the release of cultured atlantic salmon smolts . no adult atlantic salmon returned as a result of the releases .\nhybridization between genetically modified atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions . - pubmed - ncbi\nhybridization between atlantic salmon salmo salar l . and brown trout s . trutta l . upon artificial propagation\nkhristoforov , o . l . and murza , i . g . , seasonal races of atlantic salmon\ncampos jl , posada d , moran p . introgression and genetic structure in northern spanish atlantic salmon (\ntick off a few of the most important developments in atlantic salmon conservation in the past few years .\nno wild atlantic salmon returned from any of the releases . attempts to establish wild runs \u2014 outside of the atlantic ocean \u2014 have failed across the u . s .\ncommercial fishing for atlantic salmon is currently prohibited by law and the gulf of maine population is protected under the endangered species act . substantial efforts are ongoing to restore wild atlantic salmon and their habitat . these include improving fish passage by removing or modifying dams so salmon can reach freshwater spawning and rearing areas critical to their survival , understanding and improving historically low salmon survival in the ocean , and supplementing wild populations with hatchery - raised atlantic salmon . see atlantic salmon recovery program for more information .\nbright salmon : a fresh - run salmon which has entered its natal stream . synonymous with maiden or virgin salmon .\nadult atlantic salmon are considered much more aggressive than other salmon and are more likely to attack other fish than others . where they have become an\nthe atlantic salmon trust was founded in 1967 in response to growing concerns about over exploitation of wild salmon in the faroes and greenland coastal waters .\nwashington state posted an identification guide to help fishers distinguish atlantic salmon ( right ) from native pacific salmon species . megan farmer / kuow hide caption\nit is increasingly evident through peer - reviewed scientific research conducted by asf and others , that salmon farming harms the environment and wild atlantic salmon .\nfew wild atlantic salmon are left . a troubled river in maine had one salmon return - a male , the loneliest fish on the planet .\nsalmon farming amid the region\u2019s thriving wild salmon fisheries has been fraught with controversy , with concerns that atlantic salmon could escape and cause harm to native runs . alaska went so far as to ban salmon farming in coastal waters .\nsalmon that return to scottish rivers from january to june are called \u2018spring salmon\u2019 .\ngenetically modified salmon fillets at aquabounty genetically modified salmon farm in waltham , massachusetts .\nhundreds of volunteers have contributed thousands of hours of their time to help stock atlantic salmon into suitable habitats .\n24 . carlson ,\nthe atlantic salmon in new england prehistory and history ,\np . 200 .\nto read more about atlantic and other salmon in the state ' s waters , see the dec website .\ncooke aquaculture pacific knew its cypress island facility was \u201cvulnerable\u201d before the spill that sent tens of thousands of invasive atlantic salmon into puget sound . now , the future of atlantic salmon farming in washington is in doubt .\nthere are two ways that you can support the atlantic salmon trust campaigns : 1 . make a bid on the atlantic salmon trust online auction : urltoken 2 . make a donation to the crowd funding campaign : urltoken\nthe atlantic salmon trust auction is now live and runs until 18 . 00 on the 1st july 2018 .\nhas shown no signs of atlantic salmon at any life stage in b . c . ' s waters .\ngjerde b , \u00f8deg\u00e5rd j , thorland i . estimates of genetic variation in the susceptibility of atlantic salmon (\ngjerde b , pante mjr , baeverfjord g . genetic variation for a vertebral deformity in atlantic salmon ( s\nthe washington department of fish and wildlife ( wdfw ) examined potential threats that escaped atlantic salmon could pose to native species in a 1999 report ,\natlantic salmon in washington state : a fish management perspective .\nskrupskelis k , stak\u0117nas s , virbickas t , nika n . age and size of migrating atlantic salmon ,\natlantic salmon face a number of pressures during their life cycle . these include but are not limited to :\nthe atlantic salmon , which supports a world - renowned fishery in scotland , has a fascinating life cycle .\nassociated press . 2003 . fisherman nets an atlantic salmon . anchorage daily news . october 7 , 2003 .\nuniversity of wisconsin sea grant institute . 2002 . \u201catlantic salmon . \u201d urltoken accessed july 22 , 2011 .\natlantic salmon is the highest valued commercial fishery\u2011related industry in tasmania , with annual output valued at around $ 497 million 1 . the majority of australian salmon farming is located in tasmania , where waters are among the warmest in the world for atlantic salmon culture .\nthe atlantic salmon bring with them pollution , virus and parasite amplification , and all that harms pacific salmon and our waters ,\nbeardslee says .\nsalmon fishing is tightly regulated , but the washington state department of fish and wildlife has removed fishing limits on the escaped atlantic salmon until further notice .\nthe convention for the conservation of salmon in the north atlantic ocean entered into force on 1 october 1983 and created an inter - governmental organization , the north atlantic salmon conservation organization ( nasco ) . nasco ' s objective is to conserve , restore , enhance and rationally manage wild atlantic salmon . view the convention . . .\nthe atlantic salmon , salmo salar , is the only salmon that lives in the atlantic ocean . these fish are known for the good fight they put up when hooked by an angler and for their delicious pink flesh .\natlantic salmon return to their native river , and even the same stretch of the river from which they were born , with amazing accuracy . this means that many \u2018populations\u2019 of atlantic salmon may exist within the same river .\natlantic salmon reproduce in coastal rivers of northeastern north america , iceland , europe , and northwestern russia and migrate through various portions of the north atlantic ocean . european and north american populations of atlantic salmon intermix during their at - sea stage , where they share similar summer feeding grounds off greenland .\na : atlantic salmon resemble several other salmonine species which are also present in lake ontario and its tributaries , most notably brown trout and rainbow trout ( steelhead ) . even fisheries professionals have been known to misidentify atlantic salmon . anglers are invited to submit digital photographs of a suspected atlantic salmon catch for confirmation by emailing info @ urltoken .\nthe washington department of fish and wildlife ( wdfw ) considers atlantic salmon an aquatic invasive species , but there is no evidence to date that atlantic salmon pose a threat to native fish stocks in washington through crossbreeding or disease .\neven with past escapes , he says , there are no atlantic salmon in the waters of b . c .\nsalmon can be found in both the atlantic and pacific oceans as well as inland lakes like the great lakes .\natlantic salmon from the labrador sea off west greenland , taken during a . t . cameron cruise , july\u2013august 1965\natlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) as a net producer of long - chain omega - 3 fatty acids\nthe populations of atlantic salmon present in the gulf of maine distinct population segment ( dps ) represent the last wild populations of u . s . atlantic salmon . at the time of listing under the esa in 2000 , there were at least eight rivers in the geographic range of the dps known to still support wild atlantic salmon populations :\ntowards selective breeding of atlantic salmon for sea louse resistance : approaches to identify trait markers . - pubmed - ncbi\n) . black or white dotted lines delimit the extinction area of atlantic salmon and brown trout population , respectively .\nhybridization between atlantic salmon salmo salar l . and brown trout s . trutta l . upon artificial propagation | springerlink\na spokeswoman said tuesday that the agency ' s program monitoring atlantic salmon sightings had no new reports this week .\na 2015 report by the department looking for atlantic salmon found none in the vancouver island streams that were surveyed .\nfleming ia , einum s . experimental tests of genetic divergence of farmed from wild atlantic salmon due to domestication .\ngrandjean f , verne s , cherbonnel c , richard a . fine - scale genetic structure of atlantic salmon (\na temporal perspective on population structure and gene flow in atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) in newfoundland , canada .\nhutchings ja , myers ra . escalation of an asymmetric contest : mortality resulting from mate competition in atlantic salmon ,\nmuch of that success\u2014and the reason for perhaps even more hope for the future\u2014is due to the atlantic salmon federation .\nanyone who captures an atlantic salmon is asked to call the atlantic salmon watch program at 1 - 800 - 811 - 6010 and retain the head and stomach contents of the fish for analysis . ( fisheries and oceans canada )\nfarmed atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) is a good source of long chain omega - 3 fatty acids\ncompetition : evidence indicates non - native salmon species do not compete well against native species . only a small percentage of atlantic salmon recovered from marine waters have preyed on fish ; there have been no observations of atlantic salmon eating fish or fish eggs in fresh water .\nchris robinson , coordinator of the ofah atlantic salmon program , said the conclusions support their plan of trying to incorporate different types of salmon into the system .\npredators or prey ? the atlantic salmon ' s predators are seals , birds , and most larger fish . predators also consist of humans for hunting / fishing . over - fishing is a great problem for the atlantic salmon . the atlantic salmon ' s prey are invertebrates , terrestrial insects , amphipods , euphausiids , gammarids , and smaller fishes ,\nwashington is no stranger to farmed atlantic salmon escapes , with spills in 1996 , 1997 and 1999 , including one of 369 , 000 fish . so far , no instance of crossbreeding between pacific and atlantic salmon has been documented .\nbut history hasn ' t shown any negative impacts or invasiveness of atlantic salmon in the natural territory of pacific salmon , says jeremy dunn , executive director of the b . c . salmon farmers association .\nbut given the shortcomings of farmed salmon , those shortcomings can be made to magically disappear in the consumer\u2019s eyes with an effective marketing program and farmed salmon marketing voodoo starts with the name , atlantic salmon .\nthe atlantic salmon bring with them pollution , virus and parasite amplification , and all that harms pacific salmon and our waters of washington ,\nbeardslee said .\nplanting of atlantic salmon eggs in kennebec river starting to pay dividends ; over the past four years , more wild adult salmon are returning to the hatching grounds .\nthe dorsal , ventral , and tail fins of atlantic salmon may be eroded or worn from containment in net pens .\nstate officials have asked fishers to catch as many atlantic salmon as they can , with no catch or size limits .\natlantic salmon are available year - round , unlike wild - caught fish . and they ' re cheap to produce .\necologist john volpe at the university of victoria , however , is concerned about the introduction of thousands of atlantic salmon .\ntechnical note : modifying atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) jumping behavior to facilitate innovation of parasitic sea lice control techniques .\nimpact of catch - and - release practices on behavior and mortality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) kelts\nreliance on pelagic - sourced carbon , p % , for 1sw and 2sw canadian and west greenland captured atlantic salmon .\nthe food and feeding of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) during feeding and spawning migrations in icelandic coastal waters\neffect of alternative lipid sources on long - term growth performance and quality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . )\nhiggins , p . j . and talbot , c . ( 1985 ) growth and feeding in juvenile atlantic salmon (\nfed fry : atlantic salmon of hatchery origin that have fully absorbed the yolk and have begun feeding upon artificial foods .\natlantic salmon are not native to pacific waters , but are a major aquaculture species in washington state and british columbia .\nrecommendation 6 . 3 - allow seal harvests / culls in other areas where they are clearly targeting wild atlantic salmon .\neffects of freezing and thawing processes on the quality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) fillets . - pubmed - ncbi\nstokesbury mj , lacroix gl . high incidence of hatchery origin atlantic salmon in the smolt output of a canadian river .\nvaliente ag , beall e , garcia - vazquez e . population genetics of south european atlantic salmon under global change .\nthe multi - sea - winter component of the atlantic salmon population is a uk biodiversity action plan priority fish species .\n) in scottish farmed atlantic salmon compared to other fish species ( blue ) and terrestrially ( green ) produced animals .\nthe atlantic salmon watch program ( aswp ) is a research program operated by fisheries and oceans canada . the purpose of the program is to study the abundance , distribution and biology of atlantic salmon in british columbia and its adjacent waters . the aswp monitors reports from commercial and sport catches and observations of atlantic salmon throughout british columbia . the program relies on recreational and commercial fishers , fish processors , government and independent field staff and hatchery workers to report observations of atlantic salmon .\nthe latest news and stories about atlantic salmon and the issues surrounding them . the latest items on salmon runs , and issues such as impacts of aquaculture and dams .\nanalysis - dfo \u2019s analysis has shown that while there is evidence that seals in estuaries of the maritime provinces eat some atlantic salmon , past and current research has not identified salmon as a staple of their diets nor is predation deemed as a significant factor influencing the atlantic salmon population trends .\nthe north atlantic salmon conservation organisation was established in 1983 under the convention for the conservation of salmon in the north atlantic . it is an international organisation that aims to conserve and promote the rational management of salmon stocks in the wild . the organisation includes all countries in which the atlantic salmon is historically found and many different measures have been taken to reduce exploitation and protect the salmon . however , numbers of salmon are not recovering and further research is being carried out into why this is the case .\nsome businesses may benefit from eco - tourism involving salmon watching , at salmon leaps or even sub - aqua , rather than salmon catching .\nthis nest of wild atlantic salmon eggs is one of three discovered by biologists . ( photo : connecticut fish and wildlife )\nin washington , 20 tribes also said all atlantic salmon farms in puget sound should be closed , with no more allowed .\nthe atlantic salmon can be distinguished by its pattern of dark spots on a light background . see also similar species information .\nthe atlantic salmon ' s sense of smell is 1000 times greater than that of a dog ( maynor , 1996 ) .\nhigh dietary epa does not inhibit \u22065 and \u22066 desaturases in atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) fed rapeseed oil diets\nunfed fry : atlantic salmon of hatchery origin that have fully absorbed the yolk sac and have not been fed artificial foods .\nkolstad k , heuch pa , gjerde b , gjedrem t , salte r . genetic variation in resistance of atlantic salmon (\nwhen r \u22658 , atlantic salmons are not threatened ; when r > 15 , then salmon density starts to be chaotic .\nmanagement organisations in both ireland and scotland have concerns , although the risk to native atlantic salmon are not yet fully known .\nfishers are asked to keep the carcass or head of any atlantic salmon they catch and to give the parts to officials .\n) - the convention applies to salmon stocks which migrate beyond areas of fisheries\u2019 jurisdiction of coastal states of the north atlantic .\nthe atlantic salmon is native to the basin of the north atlantic ocean , from the arctic circle to portugal in the eastern atlantic , from iceland and southern greenland , and from the ungava region of northern quebec south to the conneticut river ( scott and crossman , 1973 ) .\nwhy are atlantic salmon being farmed in the northwest ? : the salt earlier this month , thousands of atlantic salmon escaped a net pen in washington state , raising concerns from environmentalists and questions about farming non - native species . here are some answers .\natlantic salmon are actually more closely related to brown trout than pacific salmon . that ' s why they don ' t breed with pacific salmon \u2014 even when researchers have tried to force it in the lab , rust says .\nthe aquadvantage salmon , as it is known , is an atlantic salmon that has been genetically modified so that it grows to market size faster than a non - engineered farmed salmon , in as little as half the time .\natlantic salmon typically measure 28 to 30 inches and weigh 8 to 12 pounds after two years at sea . they have a number of features to distinguish them from wild salmon :\nthe lake ontario atlantic salmon recovery team will continue to monitor and set benchmarks for the future management of stream fisheries and harvest .\neach atlantic salmon brood fish in the mnrf\u2019s harwood fcs has been implanted with a special microchip . a genetic profile for each individual fish will enable the program to obtain very accurate information about atlantic salmon found in the streams and the lake during monitoring efforts .\natlantic salmon might just be making a come - back after decades of restoration efforts . ( photo : greg thompson / usfws )\nthe wdfw says atlantic salmon is a\nfavored species\nto farm in cold marine waters because the species grows quickly and consistently , is resistant to disease , and is something people like to eat . farmed atlantic salmon are more docile than wild fish .\nthe atlantic salmon is a slender and graceful fish whose latin name means\nthe leaper .\nits distinctive characteristics make the atlantic salmon easy to recognize . it has a small head , blunt nose , small eyes , and a mouth that gapes back below its eye . the mouth contains a row of stout , conical teeth . atlantic salmon have large scales and slightly forked caudal fins . one distinguishing characteristic of atlantic salmon is the presence of an adipose fin , a feature present in all species of trout .\nan examination of the intestinal tract of atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , parr fed different varieties of soy and maize .\na critical life stage of the atlantic salmon salmo salar : behaviour and survival during the smolt and initial post - smolt migration .\nimpact of catch - and - release practices on behavior and mortality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) kelts - sciencedirect\nfeeding behaviour of wild atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) , parr in mid - to late summer in a scottish river\nthe major disease problems affecting atlantic salmon vary with geographic location . some of the more important are included in the table below .\ncan you put those in there ?\nhe asked some commercial fishermen , who brought up a load of atlantic salmon .\nblanchet s , p\u00e1ez dj , bernatchez l , dodson jj . an integrated comparison of captive - bred and wild atlantic salmon (\nfinnengan ak , stevens jr . assessing the long - term genetic impact of historical stocking events on contemporary populations of atlantic salmon ,\nthe united states is a signatory to the convention for the conservation of salmon in the north atlantic ocean read more . . .\nafter decades of trying to get approval by in north america , genetically modified atlantic salmon has been sold to consumers in canada .\neven though wild atlantic salmon stocks have been drastically depleted , farming represents a poor alternative , given the environmental havoc it causes .\nl . , in atlantic canada . in : williams , r . w .\na : streams are critical habitat components in the life cycle of atlantic salmon . atlantic salmon require specific habitat and environmental conditions in the stream at each life stage , and it was the degradation of streams that was the principal factor in their extirpation from lake ontario . that is why the emphasis is being placed on stream habitat restoration for the ultimate recovery of atlantic salmon in the lake .\nbeginning in 2016 , a catch - and - release tributary fishery for atlantic salmon has opened in fisheries management zones 16 and 17 , for which either type of fishing licence applies . please remember to know your fish id and immediately release atlantic salmon back into the river . this year , angler diaries will be available to tributary anglers to record their catches of atlantic salmon and other species .\nasf and its partners continue to put pressure on regulators to site salmon farms away from wild atlantic salmon rivers , and to take seriously the threats of sea lice and other diseases .\nbetween 2003 and 2008 , wdfw ' s aquatic invasive species unit conducted 882 surveys for the presence of atlantic salmon across 174 water bodies , and collected 192 atlantic salmon . an analysis of otolith and scale samples strongly indicated that all of the captured juvenile fish were hatchery escapements and all of the adults were net pen escapees . there was no direct evidence of atlantic salmon spawning or hybridized specimens .\nthe goal of a self - sustaining population of atlantic salmon in lake ontario will take a further 10 - 15 years to achieve .\natlantic salmon are not native to the pacific northwest . for years , they have been bred to become easier to farm \u2014 they ' re more\nhighly domesticated ,\naccording to the washington department of fish and wildlife . most commercial fish farms raise atlantic salmon .\nresearchers say , typically , farmed atlantic salmon don ' t survive well in the wild because they ' re used to being fed .\na catastrophic failure of a large aquaculture pen near cypress island recently freed thousands of nonnative atlantic salmon into puget sound , near seattle .\nthe atlantic salmon has for centuries been named the king of fish for its power and grace . but now it is much more :\nthe new england fishery management council manages the atlantic salmon fishery to enhance the longevity of the species and the sustainability of the fishery .\nc values for the atlantic salmon being analysed , pelagic and benthic primary consumer end - member values for the model , the trophic fractionation between the base of the foodweb and the consumer , and the tissue - specific fractionation between dorsal muscle and scales in atlantic salmon .\ntailoring of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar l . ) flesh lipid composition and sensory quality by replacing fish oil with a vegetable oil blend\ngonen s , lowe nr , cezard t , gharbi k , bishop sc , houston rd . linkage maps of the atlantic salmon (\nsemenova , s . k . and slyn ' ko , v . i . , protein polymor - phism in populations of atlantic salmon\nthe body of peer - reviewed literature on the disastrous impacts of aquaculture on wild atlantic salmon has grown to overwhelming proportions , and in many cases has left wild populations fighting extinction . among the ways in which aquaculture has been proven to disastrously impact wild atlantic salmon :\nfeeding food pills to farmed atlantic salmon . the food pills contain antibiotics , pesticides and chemicals to change the color of their flesh .\nperrier c , evanno g , belliard j , guyomard r , bagliniere jl . natural recolonization of the seine river by atlantic salmon (\nas an anadromous species , atlantic salmon live in freshwater as juveniles but migrate to sea as adults before returning up river to spawn .\nthe atlantic salmon watch program has been monitoring b . c . waters since 1991 and in that time has rarely logged confirmed sightings .\nthe state has said it is worried about farmed salmon outcompeting native salmon for food and spawning grounds .\nin ten years the market for wild alaskan salmon has been replaced by farmed raised atlantic salmon . why ? one reason is wild pacific salmon is in season only one month a year . the other eleven months , wild salmon is only available frozen or in a can . not many opt for canned salmon when fresh salmon is at the seafood counter ready to be wrapped in white paper .\nthe aquabounty salmon , called aquadvantage , is an atlantic salmon that contains a growth hormone gene from a chinook salmon . in the wild , salmon produce the hormone only when the conditions are right for rapid growth . in the aquadvantage salmon , a regulatory switch from an ocean pout gene makes the fish produce growth hormone all the time , so the aquadvantage salmon grow rapidly throughout the year .\na statement from fisheries and oceans canada said the department was aware of the incident , and anyone who suspects they ' ve caught an atlantic salmon in b . c . waters should report it to the atlantic salmon watch program at 1 - 800 - 811 - 6010 .\nanalysis - dfo initially had plans to review the wild atlantic salmon conservation policy in conjunction with the atlantic salmon advisory committee . however it was advised that the review be delayed until after the ministerial committee\u2019s report , as the report may inform and provide input to the review .\nthe river has the largest population of atlantic salmon salmo salar in northern ireland , with around 15 % of the estimated spawning numbers . the majority of the salmon returning are grilse ( single wintering salmon ) , with a smaller but important number of spring salmon ( multi - wintering salmon ) also occurring . research has indicated that individual sub - catchments within the system support genetically distinct salmon populations .\nbeginning around 1990 the rates of atlantic salmon mortality at sea more than doubled , and by 2000 the numbers of atlantic salmon had dropped to critically low levels . in the western atlantic fewer than 100 , 000 of the important multi - sea - winter salmon were returning . rivers of the coast of maine , plus southern new brunswick and much of mainland nova scotia saw runs drop precipitously , and even disappear .\natlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) are found in the temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere . they occur in the rivers of the countries that border both sides of the north atlantic ocean , and the baltic sea .\nfor the first time in centuries , a trio of nests containing viable wild atlantic salmon eggs have been found in the connecticut river system .\n. this figure shows the male genetic map that was constructed based on the salmap atlantic salmon br5 mapping family . ( ppt 2 mb )\n. this figure shows the male genetic map that was constructed based on the salmap atlantic salmon br6 mapping family . ( ppt 2 mb )\ntechnical note : modifying atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) jumping behavior to facilitate innovation of parasitic sea lice control techniques . - pubmed - ncbi\ngalbreath pf , thorgaard gh ( 1995 ) sexual maturation and fertility of diploid and triploid atlantic salmon\u00d7brown trout hybrids . aquaculture 137 : 299\u2013311 .\nevropeitseva , n . v . and belyaeva , g . v . , experimental ecological analysis of pond - reared young hybrids of atlantic salmon\nthe steelhead has been domesticated for 150 years , much longer than the atlantic salmon . the optimal temperature range for the steelhead is higher than for the atlantic salmon , but since the life cycles of the two species of fish are so similar , producers often grow them together .\nthe battle over open net fish farms has taken a turn following the accidental release of atlantic salmon from a fish farm in puget sound .\njay ritchlin , a spokesman for the david suzuki foundation , said sea lice and atlantic salmon have been a problem in b . c .\nvasemagi a , gross r , paaver t , kangur m , nilsson j , eriksson lo . identification of the origin of atlantic salmon (\nnoaa fisheries service share jurisdiction for the recovery and restoration of the gulf of maine distinct population of atlantic salmon . read more . . .\nage and size of migrating atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , and sea trout , salmo trutta l . , smolts in lithuanian rivers\ndietrich , et . al ( 2008 ) found a decrease in rainbow trout with an increase in atlantic salmon in a lake ontario tributary .\nanonymous . 1994 . more atlantic salmon stocked in bay state ponds . trout unlimited currents . greater boston chapter . feb . 4 pp .\nofah ( ontario federation of anglers and hunters ) . 2011 . lake ontario atlantic salmon restoration program . urltoken accessed july 26 , 2011 .\nsince the spill on aug . 19 , fisheries and oceans has fielded about 40 reports of atlantic salmon in b . c . waters .\nthere is hereby established an international organization that shall be known as the north atlantic salmon conservation organization , hereinafter referred to as the \u201corganization\u201d .\nhybridization : the risk of escaped atlantic salmon hybridizing with pacific salmon is low . research has demonstrated it is very difficult , even under optimal laboratory conditions , to cross - breed pacific and atlantic salmon and produce viable offspring . should this rare event occur in the wild , the offspring would be functionally sterile and incapable of reproducing .\nin the u . s . , washington and maine are the two largest atlantic salmon producing states , but they ' re small beans compared to salmon farms in canada , norway and chile .\nnet pens are used in fresh and saltwater fish farming . they ' re basically large underwater nets used for holding salmon . washington is the only west coast state where atlantic salmon are farmed .\nfigura , d . 2009 . wild atlantic salmon found in salmon river for first time in more than a century . the post - standard , syracuse , ny . august 19 , 2009 .\nwhen tasting farm raised salmon in comparison to wild pacific salmon , the taste is different . farmed salmon does not have the same texture or taste as wild salmon . that is because farmed salmon is caged and does not have to survive four years in the ocean .\natlantic salmon have a relatively complex life history that includes spawning , juvenile rearing in rivers , and extensive feeding migrations on the high seas . as a result , atlantic salmon go through several distinct phases that can be identified by specific changes in behavior , physiology , and habitat requirements .\nsea - run atlantic salmon usually attain a larger size than do landlocked ( those living in entirely fresh water ) salmon . sea - run salmon range from 2 . 3 to 9 . 1 kg and commercially caught fish average 4 . 5 to 5 . 4 kg . the world record rod - caught atlantic salmon weighed 35 . 89 kg and was caught in the tana river of norway .\nharris g . s . ( 1988 ) the status of exploitation of salmon in england and wales . in : mills d . , piggins d . ( eds ) atlantic salmon . springer , dordrecht\nwhen monitoring returns of adult atlantic salmon in each of the restoration streams , program partners look for signs of successful natural reproduction ( nests ) .\nlake ontario atlantic salmon on display at the royal ontario museum . the stuffed fish was one of five studied by eric guiry and his colleagues .\nconcern about the effects of farmed atlantic salmon on wild puget sound stocks have dogged the industry in recent decades . a september 1999 white paper by wdfw scientists found that evidence available before the summer of 1998 suggested escaped atlantic salmon were not colonizing local watersheds and were not significantly impacting native fish . \u201chowever in 1998 and in 1999 naturally produced atlantic salmon were discovered in streams on vancouver island , british columbia , \u201d the scientists wrote .\nsubstantiates that . the agency has had no reports of atlantic salmon in b . c . for about three years , according to its website .\nj\u00f8rgensen , e . h . and jobling , m . ( 1992 ) feeding behaviour and effect of feeding regime on growth of atlantic salmon ,\nstefansson , s . o . , naevdal , g . and hansen , t . ( 1990 ) growth of different families of atlantic salmon (\natlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) are important worldwide in commercial aquaculture and recreational fisheries and are cultured commercially in marine net pens in puget sound .\n. atlantic salmon are severely affected in most of the infected rivers , while brown trout are known to be resistant . hybrids have an intermediate susceptibility\nurke ha , koksvik j , arnekleiv jv , hindar k , kroglund f , et al . ( 2010 ) seawater tolerance in atlantic salmon ,\nmakhrov , a . a . , kuzishchin , k . v . , and novikov , g . g . , natural hybrids of atlantic salmon\nbut the company ' s farms along b . c . ' s west coast will continue to raise atlantic salmon despite criticism \u2014 from environmentalists and in a report on the collapse of the fraser river sockeye fishery \u2014 about the negative impact the atlantic salmon farms have on wild pacific fish .\nmoore a , russell ic , potter ece . the effects of intraperitoneally implanted dummy acoustic transmitters on the behaviour and physiology of juvenile atlantic salmon ,\ngee , a . s . and milner , n . j . ( 1980 ) analysis of 70 - year catch statistics for atlantic salmon (\nmigration pathways , speed and mortality of atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) smolts in a scottish river and the near - shore coastal marine environment .\n1 - 800 - 811 - 6010 ( toll - free ) if they have caught or observed atlantic salmon in b . c . waters .\nirish salmon are atlantic salmon and spend their juvenile phase in rivers before migrating to sea to grow and mature . to complete their life cycle they must return to their river of origin to spawn . the salmon who adopt this life cycle are called anadromous .\natlantic salmon hatch in the rivers in spring , mature for two or three years , then swim to sea . some return to the rivers after just one year , but most spend two years at sea , eventually gathering with salmon from all across the atlantic in the waters west of greenland .\nit\u2019s open season on atlantic salmon as the public is urged to help mop up a salmon spill from a damaged net pen holding 305 , 000 fish at a cooke aquaculture fish farm near cypress island .\n] with a couple of corrections . in that table , the homologies between rainbow trout 7p and 7q were assigned an inverted orientation . as shown here , rainbow trout lg 7p corresponds to atlantic salmon lg 31 whereas rainbow trout lg 7q corresponds to atlantic salmon lg 22qa . in addition , atlantic salmon lg 1q corresponds to rainbow trout lg 29p ( i . e . , rt - 29 arms were previously reported in an inverted orientation ) ."]}
{"id": 283, "summary": [{"text": "oleria onega , the onega clearwing or onega glasswing , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from colombia to southern peru .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 52 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on solanum species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the young larvae are transparent and consume their egg shell before beginning to feed on the host plant .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "after each moult the caterpillar consumes its shed skin .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "full-grown larvae are grey , with a yellow line along the length of the body on each side . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "oleria onega", "paragraphs": ["genetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru\ngenetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru .\ngenetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru | springerlink\noleria onega is found from colombia to peru and s . w . brazil .\noleria onega janarilla flies in ecuador and south east colombia ( d\u2019abrera 1984 ) .\ngenetic ( rapd ) diversity between oleria onega agarista and oleria onega ssp . ( ithomiinae , nymphalidae , lepidoptera ) in north - eastern peru . - pubmed - ncbi\nef - 1a - elongation factor - 1 alpha - oleria onega ssp . 2 - 1173 - ef - 1a gene & protein\noleria comprises of about 50 known species , recognisable from the distinctive venation of the hindwings .\nin common with all other ithomiines , females of oleria onega normally lay their eggs directly on the underside of leaves of their foodplants . in the case of onega the preferred foodplant is solanum mite , although other species including s . anceps , s . angustialatum and s . uleanum are also used .\na beautiful glasswing butterfly ( oleria onega ) emerges from its metallic chrysalis . i set up the time - lapse this morning with a canon 100mm macro lens while performing experiments on this species in peru .\no . onega agarista behaved as expected , always laying their eggs on solanum ; but onega ssp . nov laid them instead on rocks , stems , dead leaves and other substrates up to a metre distant from the foodplants .\nin common with most other ithomiines , lateral and altitudinal migrations of oleria species are triggered by seasonal changes in humidity .\n> tr | d5grj3 | d5grj3 _ 9neop elongation factor - 1 alpha ( fragment ) os = oleria onega ssp . 2 - 1173 ox = 672486 gn = ef - 1a pe = 4 sv = 1 idialwkfetakfyvtiidapghrdfiknmitgtsqadcavlivaagtgefeagiskngq trehallaftlgvkqlivgvnkmdsteppyseprfeeikkevssyikkigynpaavafvp isgwhgdnmleastkmpwfkgwqverkegkaegkcliealdailpparptdkalrlplqd vykiggigtvpvgrvetgvlkpgtivvfapanittevksvemhhealqeavpgdnvgfnv knvsvkelrrgyvagdsknsppkgaadftaqvivlnhpgqisngytpvldchtahiackf aeikekvdrrsgkstednpksiksgdaaivnlvpskplcveafqefpplgrfa\nin 2002 gallusser published research findings following a study of 2 onega subspecies found near tarapoto in peru . the two colonies are very close to each other , o . onega agarista being found on the relatively cool wet ne slope of the cerro escalera mountain range , while subspecies o . onega\nssp . nov\n( as yet unnamed ) is found on the hot sunny sw slope .\noleria onega agarista felder and felder and oleria onega ssp . nov . are two ithomiinae subspecies from north - eastern peru , that differ for some morphological and behavioural traits . two contact zones are known near the town of tarapoto : ahuashiyacu , where both subspecies cohabit but do not seem to hybridise , and estero ( near the village of shapaja ) , where they apparently hybridise . genetic differences between the two subspecies and between populations were investigated with random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) markers . both cluster and principal coordinates analyses ( ccoa and pcoa ) performed using these data , provided a clear but weak discrimination between the two subspecies . genetic diversity is much higher within the populations than between them . moreover , the geographically more distant populations are grouped together by the genetic data . morphological traits on the wing patterns of the hybrids are intermediary between the two butterflies subspecies , while rapds data place them closer to o . onega agarista than to o . onega ssp . the individuals of the ahuashiyacu population are clearly separated into two groups , those of o . onega ssp . and o . onega agarista , by both morphology and rapds data . moreover , none of those individuals show rapd similarity with the hybrids , suggesting that hybridisation has not occurred in this population .\noleria onega agarista felder and felder and oleria onega ssp . nov . are two ithomiinae subspecies from north - eastern peru , that differ for some morphological and behavioural traits . two contact zones are known near the town of tarapoto : ahuashiyacu , where both subspecies cohabit but do not seem to hybridise , and estero ( near the village of shapaja ) , where they apparently hybridise . genetic differences between the two subspecies and between populations were investigated with random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) markers . both cluster and principal coordinates analyses ( ccoa and pcoa ) performed using these data , provided a clear but weak discrimination between the two subspecies . genetic diversity is much higher within the populations than between them . moreover , the geographically more distant populations are grouped together by the genetic data . morphological traits on the wing patterns of the hybrids are intermediary between the two butterflies subspecies , while rapds data place them closer to o . onega agarista than to o . onega ssp . the individuals of the ahuashiyacu population are clearly separated into two groups , those of o . onega ssp . and o . onega agarista , by both morphology and rapds data . moreover , none of those individuals show rapd similarity with the hybrids , suggesting that hybridisation has not occurred in this population .\nmales of most oleria species visit eupatorium , from which they acquire pyrrolizidine alkaloids which they pass to the females during copulation , and which is believed to be essential for the production of viable eggs .\ni started the inventory of the butterflies of sangay national park in 2006 . since that time we make all our data available on this site as soon as we get them , even though incomplete , particularly re . identification . so they are everybody\u2019s data , and so we need your help , of you who are familiar with the butterflies from ecuador and from the andes , because : - our data are incomplete , there are butterflies that we could not identify , and obviously there will be mistakes in our work , so your comments will prove very helpful , - and maybe you know of interesting butterflies that have been collected in the park area ? and these data would be priceless . thanks\ni am particularly grateful for guiding me through difficult groups , and identifying many specimens , to : - maurizio bollino , for papilionidae and pieridae , and more particularly catasticta and leodonta that he is presently revising , - pierre boyer , one of the very best experts on andean butterflies and an outstanding fieldworker , - ernst brockmann for hesperiidae , and more precisely pyrrhopygini , eudaminae ans dalla , - robert busby and christophe faynel for lycaenidae another incredibly complex family , - bernard hermier who spent hundreds of hours helping us on hesperridae , an extremely difficult group for which there is very little documentation , - tomasz pyrcz , from warsaw jag\u00ecellonskiego university , for pronophilini , a challenging group particularly important in sangay np , and for which he is the leading expert in the world - fabio vitale , for heliconiidae and , more important , ithomiidae , another baffling group , - et keith r willmott , who is about to publish a book on the butterflies of ecuador , and who is so kind as to share with us his amazing knowledge of the butterflies from this country .\nmore recenlly andree salk made his expertise in riodinidae available to us ; we highly value it as it is a family for which we were rather helpless . jean - claude petit e . mail : rhopalducy @ urltoken\nthe ithomiini comprises of 376 known species , although it is likely that at least another 30 will be discovered in the near future . all are confined to the neotropical region .\nare unpalatable to birds , and are consequently mimicked in appearance by many other species . these include other unpalatable species ( m\u00fcllerian mimics ) , not only from the ithomiinae but also from several other butterfly families . there are also a large number of edible species ( batesian mimics ) which have evolved similar patterns . birds have the ability to memorise butterfly patterns and so learn to avoid eating noxious species , but are also fooled into ignoring similarly marked edible species .\nithomiines are characterised by having small eyes , slender abdomens and long drooping antennae that lack distinct clubs . males have a plume of long androconial scales or\nhair pencils\non the costa of their hindwings . these are hidden from view when the butterflies are at rest , but are displayed when the wings are held open during courtship . other ithomiine characteristics include a very slow and deep wing beat , and a preference for inhabiting the darkest recesses of the forest understorey .\nthere are basically 2 types of ithomiine . the first type are the black and orange - banded\ntigers\n, many of which are mimicked by other species due to their unpalatability to birds . the second type are the\nglasswings\n, recognised by their transparent or translucent wings , prominent veins , and orange wing margins . many genera contain examples of both of these types , and in some cases an individual species may produce adults of both forms according to location .\nmost novices find the ithomiini very difficult to identify . using only the patterns to identify species is very unreliable because there are so many similar species . also many species produce a variety of different colour forms according to locality and season . the best approach therefore is to use the hindwing venation and other anatomical features to identify the genus , and to then look at the wing patterns to short - list the likely species .\nthe butterflies are varied in their habitat requirements - most species occur in lowland rainforests , many others specialise in cloudforest habitats , and a few occur in deciduous forests .\nthis species is associated primarily with wet tropical rainforest habitats , and is most often found in shady damp areas in the vicinity of rivers or streams , at altitudes between 200 - 800m .\ngallusser suspected that the different oviposition strategy was influenced by egg predation , and found that the main threat came from ectatomma ants , which were common on the sw slope , but entirely absent from the ne slope . she also noted that partial deforestation and path clearance on the sw slope allowed more sunlight to penetrate , so that eggs laid on solanum in these situations would be easier for predators to locate . the implication is that ssp . nov is evolving different egg - laying behaviour as a direct result of human interference in its habitat .\nas part of the research , gallusser moved eggs from one site to another , and from one substrate to another , and studied the survival rates of 400 eggs on both mountain slopes . she found that on the sw slope , eggs positioned away from solanum had a much higher survival rate than those on the plants . laboratory and field studies however failed to provide observations of predation , even when the eggs were offered directly to the ants , so it seems possible that the mere presence of the aggressive ants on the foodplants may be enough to discourage the females from ovipositing , forcing them to lay elsewhere .\nthe eggs are white , oval , and laid singly , although several may be dotted about in close proximity by one or more females . the eggs hatch after about 3 days .\nwhen newly hatched the caterpillar is transparent . it consumes its egg shell before beginning to feed on the foodplant . after each moult it consumes its shed skin , leaving only the chitinous head capsule remaining . when fully grown it is grey with a yellow line along the length of the body on each side . it takes only about 12 days from hatching to being ready to pupate .\nthe chrysalis is pale green with shiny metallic golden reflections . the abdominal segments are compressed , and there is a dorsal hump . the overall impression is of a small leaf dripping with rain . the butterfly emerges after about a week .\nthe lifecycle from egg to adult takes about 3 weeks to complete , so in theory up to 17 generations could be produced annually . however during the dry season reproductive activity is minimal . during this period the adults aggregate with numerous other ithomiine species in small pockets within the forest . in brazil and ecuador for example i have found several such aggregations along the beds of small dry streams , where as many as 100 ithomiines of up to 10 different species could be found aestivating among the stilt - like rootlets of palms .\nthe adults are normally found in small\nleks\nof up to a dozen butterflies .\nthe males fly very slowly and almost incessantly around the lek area , only pausing to settle for a moment here and there , at which time they slowly fan their wings , probably to aid dissemination of pheromones from the androconial\nhairs\non their wings .\nfemales visit various flowers for nectar and pollen - the latter may be essential in the production of eggs and the maintenance of ovaries , as has been demonstrated to be the case with heliconiines . females also receive proteins during sperm transfer .\ngravid females fly very slowly , periodically dipping down to investigate solanum plants . having found the foodplant they then spend 2 or 3 minutes testing it , using olfactory sensors on their legs , antennae and abdomens , to determine whether it is solanum mite or another related species .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlaboratoire d ' ecologie animale et entonmologie , universit\u00e9 de neuch\u00e2tel , rue emile argand 11 , 2000 neuch\u00e2tel , switzerland .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\norigin : evolved as an inedible species to birds and other vertebrate predators , this unique butterfly finds sanctuary inhabiting the darkest areas of the forest understorey .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ncanon ef 70 - 300mm f / 4 - 5 . 6 is usm telephoto zoom full frame camera lens\nayres , d . r . , d . garcia - rossi , h . g . davis & d . r . strong , 1999 . extent and degree of hybridization between exotic (\n) in california , usa determined by random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) . mol . ecol . 8 : 1179\u20131186 .\ninvestigated by random amplified polymorphic dna ( rapd ) markers . mol . ecol . 8 : 791\u2013802 .\nbarton , n . h . & g . m . hewitt , 1985 . analysis of hybrid zones . ann . rev . ecol . syst . 16 : 113\u2013148 .\nbarton , n . h . & g . m . hewitt , 1989 . adaptation , speciation and hybrid zones . nature 341 : 497\u2013503 .\nbuerkle , c . a . , r . j . morris , m . a . asmussen & l . h . rieseberg , 1999 . the likelihood of homoploid hybrid speciation . heredity 84 : 441\u2013451 .\nexcoffier , l . , p . e . smouse & j . m . quattro , 1992 . analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among dna haplotypes : application to human mitochondrial dna restriction data . genetics 131 : 479\u2013491 .\ngaston , k . j . , 1998 . species - range size distributions : products of speciation , extinction and transformation . phil . trans . royal soc . lond . ser . b 353 : 219\u2013230 .\nguadagnuolo , r . , d . savova - bianchi & f . felber , 2001a . gene flow from wheat (\nhost . ) , as revealed by rapd and microstaellite markers . theor . appl . genet . 103 : 1\u20138 .\nguadagnuolo , r . , d . savova - bianchi & f . felber , 2001b . search for evidence of introgression of wheat (\nl . ) in central and northern europe , using isozymes , rapd and microsatellite markers . theor . appl . genet . 103 : 191\u2013196\nguadagnuolo , r . , d . savova - bianchi & f . felber , 2001c . specific genetic markers for wheat , spelt , and four wild relatives : comparison of isozymes , rapd ' s , and wheat microsatellites . genome 44 : 1\u201312 .\nhewitt , g . m . , 1988 . hybrid zones - natural laboratories for evolutionary studies . trends ecol . evol . 3 : 158\u2013167 .\nhuff , d . r . , r . peakall & p . e . smouse , 1993 . rapd variation within and among natural populations of outcrossing buffalograss , ( buchlo\u00eb dactyloides ( nutt . ) engelm ) . theor . appl . genet . 86 : 927\u2013934 .\njoron , m . , 2000 . coloration avertissante et mimetisme m\u00fcll\u00e9rien : le probl\u00e8 me de la diversification th\u00e8 se de doctorat , universit\u00e9 des sciences et techniques du languedoc , montpellier . acad\u00e9mie de montpellier .\nbutterflies : the evidence from hybrid zones , pp . 226\u2013260 in hybrid zones and the evolutionary process , edited by r . g . harrisson . oxford university press , new york .\nmallet , j . & n . barton , 1989 . inference from clines stabilized by frequency - dependent selection . genetics 122 : 967\u2013976 .\nmcmillan , w . o . , c . d . jiggins & j . mallet , 1997 . what initiates speciation in passion - vine butterflies ? proc . natl . acad . sci . 94 : 8628\u20138633 .\n) based on random amplified polymorphic dna - polymerase chain reaction . mol . ecol . 10 : 891\u2013897 .\nn\u00e8 ve , g . & e . meglecz , 2000 . microsatellite frequencies in different taxa . trends ecol . evol . 15 : 376\u2013377 .\npage , r . d . m . , 1996 . treeview : an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers . comp . appl . biosci . 12 : 357\u2013358 .\nrieseberg , l . h . , j . whiton & k . gardner , 1999b . hybrid zones and the genetic architecture of a barrier to gene flow between two wild sunflower species . genetics 152 : 713\u2013727 .\n) , and resurrect two subspecies . mol . ecol . 10 : 603\u2013611 .\nschneider , s . , d . roessli & l . excoffier , 2000 . arlequin version 2 . 000 : a software for population genetic data analysis . university of geneva , geneva , switzerland urltoken\nschulte , r . , 1999 . die pfeilgiftfr\u00f6sche - artenteil , peru ( vol . 2 ) inibico - waiblingen , germany , waiblingen .\non ross island , east antartica . mol . ecol . 8 : 753\u2013762 .\npopulations in a naturally fragmented landscape . mol . ecol . 10 : 35\u201340 .\nwiesing , k . , h . nybom , k . wolff & w . meyer , 1994 . dna fingerprinting in plants and fungi . crc press , boca raton .\nwilliams , j . g . k . , a . r . kubelik , k . j . livak , j . a . rafalski & s . v . tingey , 1990 . dna polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers . nucl . acids res . 18 : 6531\u20136535 .\nwolf , d . , n . takebayashi & l . h . rieseberg , 2001 . predicting the risk of extinction through hybridization . conserv . biol . 15 : 1039\u20131053 ."]}
{"id": 286, "summary": [{"text": "provoke ( foaled 1962 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career which lasted from autumn 1964 until september 1965 , he ran seven times and won four races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the classic st leger as a three-year-old in 1965 , defeating meadow court by ten lengths .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was later exported to stand as a stallion in the soviet union . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "provoke ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["reading about the three provoke movement photographers mentioned within provoke camera app will undoubtedly lead to other influential photographers . as a starting point :\nhorse and hound forums > horse & hound online forum > competing and training > can a change in saddle really provoke . . . . . . . . . .\nhorse trainers commonly use horse walkers for the purposes of forcing a horse to walk during a \u201ccool down\u201d period after a race in order to protect the horse from muscle stiffening and respiratory infections , training a horse and breaking a horse to harness or halter when the horse is young . traditionally , the horse walker was an exercise boy who led the horse by the reins . in more modern times , several types of mechanical devices have been developed to motivate a horse to move in a walking gait .\ncan a change in saddle really provoke . . . . . . . . . . [ archive ] - horse and hound forums\nanother object of the present invention is to provide a mechanical horse walker which does not pull a horse by a tether .\nanother problem with mechanical horse walkers of the existing art is that they do present a hazard to a horse , because a mechanical malfunction of a protective device , such as a slip clutch , may result in the horse being dragged by the horse walker .\nred storm webtoon \u2014 season 1 chapter 5 , baguna provoke is revealed to be yulian ' s father .\nyutaka takanashi \u2013 towards the city ( including a short history of the \u201cprovoke\u201d era ) , part 2 .\nview full version : can a change in saddle really provoke . . . . . . . . . .\nstill another object of the present invention is to provide a mechanical horse walker which does not restrict movement of a horse ' s head during use .\na further object of the present invention is to provide a mechanical horse walker which does not restrict movement of the horse to the length of a tether .\nthe mechanical horse walkers disclosed in the prior art teach the use a tether in which a horse is pulled in a circle by a rotating arm . this presents several problems . the mechanical force provided by the rotating arm pulling the horse ' s tether is sometimes inadequate impetus for a balking horse to keep moving . some of the existing art mechanical horse walkers have slip clutches or other devices to prevent injury to the horse . however , these devices do not provide any impetus to keep the horse moving except for a pull on the tether . thus , a balking race horse may injure himself by failing to keep walking after a race .\nhe was known as the voice of horse racing for his commentaries on bbc television .\nyet another problem of mechanical horse walkers of the existing art is , because they use a tether , they restrict the movement of the horse ' s head ; and restrict the horse to a narrow circular path , as limited by the length of the tether .\nsimple , elegant and easy to use , provoke camera does just one thing , produce black and white images with that gritty , grainy , blurry look reminiscent of the \u201cprovoke\u201d era of photography , and in two great formats ; square format 126 and 35mm format 135 .\nfig . 1 is an elevation view of a mechanical horse walker of the present invention .\nfig . 4 is a top view of the mechanical horse walker of the present invention .\nthe team at provoke have presented and delivered an online auction solution that has exceeded the company\u2019s expectations . thanks to the solution provoke has provided , it will be a relatively quick and easy process to launch new sites in markets further afield in the next three to five years .\n\u201clife after levels\u201d \u2013 the door is open come on in ! - the white horse federation .\nprovoke was a short lived japanese photography magazine from the late 1960s . it showcased abstracted images which were purposely grainy , blurry and out of focus .\n( f ) a circular fence to restrict the horse to an enclosure swept by said radial arms .\nunlike the story about the jew , the nobleman and the horse \u2013 this is not a joke .\nlosaw ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 815 , 551 ) discloses a mechanical horse walker that is portable . curtis ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 981 , 274 ) discloses a mechanical horse walker with a continuously variable transmission for preventing injury to a horse .\nprovoke camera gives the ability to select and lock individual focus and exposure points . it also includes an exposure adjustment slider . these images are intentionally high contrast .\ntaking the world of thoroughbred horse auctions to the internet , and taking new zealand horses to the world .\nbut the nobleman has not died , and neither has the horse . how will obama treat netanyahu now ?\nthe white horse federation , a company limited by guarantee registered in england and wales with company number 08075785 . registered office : plymouth street , swindon , wiltshire sn1 2lb . the white horse federation is an exempt charity .\n\u2026provoke was founded by takuma nakahira , his friend yutaka takanashi , critic koji taki ( 1928 - 2011 ) , and poet and critic takahiko okada ( 1939 - 1997 ) . the first issue began with the provoke manifesto , signed by the four founders and postulating the alienation of language and reality and identifying photography as the medium that was capable of conveying reality \u2013 even if \u201conly a fragment\u201d . for the provoke artists , the photographic image existed as \u201cprovocative documents of thought\u201d , transcending language and ideological baggage\u2026 5\nfig . 3 is an enlarged detail view of the portion of the mechanical horse walker near the electric motor .\neach horse was observed twice during two dressage training sessions of the performance test . in accordance with an earlier study\ni only know that because having recently acquired the specialist black and white app provoke camera and having read the blurb on the itunes store i was keen to learn more .\nthanks a million for introducing me to provoke camera app and the movement . i am already in love with the app and i am deeply inspired with the movement . .\nfig . 2 is an exploded elevation view of a central portion of the mechanical horse walker of the present invention .\n( f ) a circular fence to restrict the horse to an enclosure swept by said at least one radial arm .\nthe present invention is for a mechanical horse walker which provides an electrical stimulus to provoke forward movement of a horse . the mechanical horse walker has a plurality of radial arms connected to a vertical shaft at one end and has a grid assembly connected at the other end . the vertical shaft is connected to a vertical shaft support assembly . this assembly is supported by an apparatus support assembly and has the ability to rotate in a circular fashion due to a drive means . a bearing housing assembly provides the means for the vertical shaft assembly to rotate .\nyulian provoke , [ 1 ] also known as\nyoung glow\nis the main protagonist of the webtoon red storm . he is the first son and successor to pareia ' s glow baguna provoke [ 2 ] , as well as the only disciple of his master , chun myung hoon [ 3 ] . he is the founder and commander of the red storm military division .\nfor example , profughi ( u . s . pat . no . 3 , 773 , 018 ) discloses a horse walker apparatus having spokes connected to a rotating hub . a horse is tethered to a spoke and pulled along when the hub rotates .\ninteresting and \u201cprovokative\u201d article . sent me to do more research on the provoke movement , nakahira and takanashi influence on william klein . in fact , a photo app to record these convulsive times .\ni bookmarked this ages ago to read when i had a chance . i enjoyed learning more about the style of photography and have recently tried using the provoke app \u2013 i quite like it !\nevaluation of the breeding objectives for the trakehner horse breed by a contingent valuation method ( cv ) . in german ; english abstract\nprovoke ( saf ) br . m , 1961 { 13 - b } dp = 14 - 0 - 10 - 0 - 6 ( 30 ) di = 1 . 73 cd = 0 . 53\nas the 126 format film which partly inspired provoke was available in a 12 image length , i thought i\u2019d stick to 12 images showing what was happening during an early morning stroll around my local area .\nlist and description of observed behaviour patterns recorded in frequencies of occurrence in the horse and rider ( adapted from [ 9 ] ) .\naccordingly , it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a sufficient impetus to keep a horse moving in a forward direction .\nas generally shown in figs . 1 and 2 , the preferred embodiment of the each of the radial arms 100 is illustrated as having a shaft end 102 and a distal end 104 . the shaft end is attached to vertical shaft 90 . a grid assembly 110 is attached to distal end 104 . each radial arm 100 is spaced around vertical shaft 90 , and when placed in conjunction with inner fence 130 and outer fence 132 , creates a plurality of enclosures 130 . a horse 5 is positioned with an enclosure 130 . when walker 10 is activated , an electrical current is provided to each grid assembly 110 . if a grid assembly 110 comes in contact with the horse 5 , an electrical stimulus causes horse 5 to move in a forward direction . alternatively , if horse 5 is moved forward in a manner which is too fast , a forward grid 110 would provoke horse 5 to slow its speed .\nstunning photographs , paul . i had never heard of the provoke movement before this either , but now i find my interest in black and white photography has suddenly increased . i\u2019m off to check out the app now .\nmcgreevy pd , mclean an ( 2009 ) punishment in horse - training and the concept of ethical equitation . j vet behav 4 : 193\u2013197 .\nthe first assessment is that there is nothing to fear anymore from obama . true , the horse has not died , but it is limping badly .\nanother object of the present invention is to provide a sufficient impetus to keep a horse moving in a forward direction , wherein such impetus is by electrical stimulus .\nnew zealand bloodstock ( nzb ) is a company that has been a focal point of the new zealand horse racing industry since 1927 . nzb purchased gavelhouse . com , a classified listing site with a small but loyal following , but which lacked the technology to fulfil their vision of becoming an online auction house . nzb engaged provoke to see what solutions could be developed to enable the business to scale beyond new zealand .\nprovoke recommended a cloud - based solution with a custom - built auction engine . microsoft azure was used to drive the site because of its flexibility and scalability . nzb now offers sellers an option to sell a horse online at a much lower entry fee , eliminating risk and stress on both the purchasers and the horses themselves . regular fortnightly auction cycles provide vendors and buyers with more frequent trading opportunities compared to traditional auctions at karaka .\n\u2026not coincidentally , the magazine\u2019s subtitle read \u2018provocative documents for the sake of thought\u2019 . although moriyama was not among provoke\u2019s founders , and only contributed to the second and third issues , he remains the most memorable and influential of the photographers who participated in that experience\u2026 3\ng\u00f3recka - bruzda a , chruszczewski mh , jaworski z , golonka m , jezierski t ( 2011 ) looking for an ideal horse : rider preferences . anthrozo\u00f6s 24 : 379\u2013392 .\n\u2026a photographer of the bure , boke style . a member of the provoke group . an essayist and photography critic , a political activist , a photographer who talked too much , a photographer who lost his memory , a photographer who forgot his mother tongue , a legend\u2026 4\nhorse whispering\nis still not a concept i understand very well even after watching robert redford ' s adaptation of nicholas evans ' best - selling novel . i have a vague sense that the whisperer acts as a sort of shaman , speaking in hushed tones , moving as slowly and quietly as possible , and avoiding any gestures or behaviors that could disturb or provoke the horse in any conceivable way . if that assessment is fair , then redford appears to be a devout practitioner of the craft not only in his role as tom booker , soother of equines , but in his capacity as director of this project\u0097which is to say that\nhawson la , mclean an , mcgreevy pd ( 2010 ) variability of scores in the 2008 olympic dressage competition and implications for horse training and welfare . j vet behav 5 : 170\u2013176 .\nwarren - smith ak , curtis ra , greetham l , mcgreevy pd ( 2007 ) rein contact between horse and handler during specific equitation movements . appl anim behav sci 108 : 157\u2013169 .\nan animal walking apparatus having a plurality of rails where each rail is mounted at one end to a rotatable drive means and having a gate at its other end . an electric current is attached to each rail and its respective gate to provide stimulus to provoke an animal to move forward .\nhis policy is similar to that of his political mentor , yitzhak shamir . it is based on the jew who had to teach the polish nobleman\u2019s horse to read and to write within a year \u2013 otherwise the whole shtetel would be massacred . \u201ca year is a long time , \u201d he tried to soothe his weeping wife , \u201cwithin a year the horse or the nobleman will be dead . \u201d\nthe random horse * rider effect was significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) for mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that there are considerable differences between horse - rider pairs in the intensity and consistency of tension placed on the rein by the horse and / or the rider . similarly , the random rider effect was significant for the mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that rein tension is also considerably determined by the rider\u2019s riding style independent of the horse . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension differed highly significantly between testing stations ( p < 0 . 0001 ) ranging e . g . between a least square mean of 9 . 1\u00b11 . 6 n in one station and 18 . 9\u00b10 . 9 n and 21 . 7\u00b11 . 3 n in the other two stations (\nrepeatabilities of rein tension parameters were both at the horse * rider level as well as at the rider level within an acceptable range , but repeatabilities varied widely for the behaviour traits ( table 3 ) .\nmeasurement of heart rate appeared to be a useful method of quantitatively assessing fear and excitement in the horse . when 3 tranquillisers were assessed by this method , xylazine and azaperone were found to be more effective than acepromazine in the horse . the findings based on heart rate were supported by observations of the animals ' behaviour . xylazine was most consistently effective with absence of undesirable side - effects in all 4 horses .\n) for the behavioural and rein tension parameters at the rider as well as the horse - rider pair level . standard errors of repeatabilities were calculated based on the approximation described e . g . by roberds and strom\ncitation : k\u00f6nig von borstel u , gli\u00dfman c ( 2014 ) alternatives to conventional evaluation of rideability in horse performance tests : suitability of rein tension and behavioural parameters . plos one 9 ( 1 ) : e87285 . urltoken\nteegen r , edel c , thaller g ( 2008 ) evaluation of the breeding objectives for the trakehner horse breed by a contingent valuation method ( cv ) . in german ; english abstract . z\u00fcchtungskunde 80 : 99\u2013113 .\nfor most images a histogram 2 will show a concentration of black and very dark tones to the left and white and very light tones to the right . there will certainly be clipping meaning that some light and dark detail has been lost . this is the nature of high contrast photography and one element often present in the provoke style .\nthe electrical stimulus is provided by electrifying the vertical shaft support assembly , vertical shaft , radial arms and / or associated grids by an electrifying means . the electrifying means could include an electrical wire being in contact with either the vertical shaft support assembly , vertical shaft , radial arms and / or associated grids . when the radial arm comes into contact with a horse , the horse is motivated to move away from the radial arm in a circular motion .\nnobody enjoys a bit of grain and blur more than me so when the fog hit lincoln , i was keen to try the provoke camera app out . it has a number of film option varying in contrast , grain and blur . for my first outing i decided to play it safe and went with \u2018hpan high contrast\u2019 in the square format .\nk\u00f6nig von borstel u , pasing s , gauly m , christmann l ( 2013 ) status quo of the personality trait evaluation in horse breeding : judges\u2019 assessment of the situation and strategies for improvement . j vet behav 8 : 326\u2013334 .\nfrequencies per hour of riding of observed behaviour patterns as well as the type of data distribution assumed for analysis and the respective repeatabilities ( \u00b1se ) of behaviour and rein tension parameters considering either the horse - rider dyad or rider only as random factor .\npasing s , christmann l , gauly m , k\u00f6nig von borstel u ( 2011 ) analysis of the status quo of personality evaluation in german horse breeding . 62nd annual meeting of the european association for animal production 2011 ; stavanger , norway . 142 .\na big question mark is now hanging over obama\u2019s future . he is in danger of becoming a one - term president . from now on , he will be compelled to devote all his time and energy to his effort to get reelected . in such a situation , he cannot afford to provoke aipac and run the risk of losing the votes - and the money \u2013 of the jews .\nfor me our understanding of the child is now based not solely on statistical data but on a better understanding by gathering evidence or better still intelligence about the whole child . as i have said i don\u2019t presume to have any answers but part of this blog is to provoke debate , engage in a shared responsibility to better understand the child and the optimum amount they are capable of achieving .\njanssens s , schaerlaeckens s , vincentelli c , laevens h , dirk l , et al . ( 2010 ) can observed horse behaviours predict rideability scores in belgian warmblood stallions ? 44th international congress of the international society for applied ethology 2010 ; uppsala sweden . 207 .\nkuhnke s , dumbell l , gauly m , johnson jl , mcdonald k , et al . ( 2010 ) a comparison of rein tension of the rider\u2019s dominant and non - dominant hand and the influence of the horse\u2019s laterality . comp exerc phyiol 7 : 57\u201363 .\nin short , according to this assessment the clash between obama and netanyahu is inevitable . it will come to a head within two or three years , maximum . the nobleman will not die , nor will the horse . the question is whether the jew will survive .\nmiesner s , putz m , plewa m ( 2000 ) richtlinien f\u00fcr reiten und fahren , band 1 , grundausbildung f\u00fcr reiter und pferd [ guidelines for riding and driving , vol . 1 , basic training for horse and rider ] . warendorf , germany : fn verlag .\njanssens s , schaerlaeckens s , vincentelli c , laevens h , dirk l , et al . . ( 2010 ) can observed horse behaviours predict rideability scores in belgian warmblood stallions ? 44th international congress of the international society for applied ethology 2010 ; uppsala sweden . 207 .\nthat assures netanyahu two years of quiet . everything will remain frozen , except the settlements . they will grow . and in two years , with a new president in the white house , we shall see what we shall see . a new noblemen , a new horse .\nthe horse arches the back and jumps with both hind legs upwards . while lowering the head . the motion is not performed at the maximum possible power ( as in a complete buck ) such that horses\u2019 hind legs do not leave the ground simultaneously by more than 0 . 5 m\nthe random horse * rider effect was significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) for mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that there are considerable differences between horse - rider pairs in the intensity and consistency of tension placed on the rein by the horse and / or the rider . similarly , the random rider effect was significant for the mean and difference in rein tension , indicating that rein tension is also considerably determined by the rider\u2019s riding style independent of the horse . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension differed highly significantly between testing stations ( p < 0 . 0001 ) ranging e . g . between a least square mean of 9 . 1\u00b11 . 6 n in one station and 18 . 9\u00b10 . 9 n and 21 . 7\u00b11 . 3 n in the other two stations ( table 5 ) . horses that snorted had lower mean rein tensions than horses that did not snort ( p = 0 . 0074 ) , while rein tension increased as the performance test training progressed : there were lower ( p < 0 . 0001 ) rein tensions observed in the first compared to the second measurement ( table 5 ) .\nas generally shown in figs . 3 and 5 , an electrical stimulus is provided to horse walker 10 by electrical means 120 . electrical means 120 is able to connect to various parts of horse walker 10 in order to electrify the grid assemblies 110 . the preferred location to connect electrical means 120 is at lower circular bearing housing 44 . once electrical current is supplied to electrical means 120 , all the parts including the radial arms 100 and grid assemblies 110 above the lower circular bearing housing 44 would be electrified . another location , not shown , where electrical means is attached would be directly to each grid assembly 110 .\n, observations were taken live , and only one horse at a time was observed . in addition , the observed horse was equipped during both rides with a rein tension meter ( signal scribe , crafted technology , australia ) , and rein tension was recorded to the inbuilt data logger . before and after the full set of measurements per location , sensors of the rein tension device were calibrated using weights of 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 kg , and no creep was detected . official scores for all traits evaluated in the performance test were obtained from the testing stations after conclusion of the test .\neach horse was observed twice during two dressage training sessions of the performance test . in accordance with an earlier study [ 9 ] , the frequency of different behaviour patterns in both horse and rider were recorded per ride and converted on a per - hour - basis ( table 2 ) . in order to minimize subjectivity by introducing additional interpretations , behaviour patterns were recorded irrespective of their context . teeth - grinding was observed , but not included in the further analysis due to occurrence in just two horses . crabbing was likewise included in the ethogram , but no instances were observed . in contrast to the earlier study [ 9 ] , observations were taken live , and only one horse at a time was observed . in addition , the observed horse was equipped during both rides with a rein tension meter ( signal scribe , crafted technology , australia ) , and rein tension was recorded to the inbuilt data logger . before and after the full set of measurements per location , sensors of the rein tension device were calibrated using weights of 0 . 5 , 1 . 0 and 2 . 0 kg , and no creep was detected . official scores for all traits evaluated in the performance test were obtained from the testing stations after conclusion of the test .\nlast rode my horse on wednesday evening and on the whole , the schooling session wen well . day off yesterday due to he floods etc . had a saddle fitting this morning , i sat in some saddles then put them on the horse , went in to the school , walk , trot , ok , canter , just exploded , he seriously wanted me off , this happened in both left and right canter . swapped back to my old saddle , walk , trot ok , asked for rein canter and got it felt ok , but i was quite tense at this point . tried left rein canter , and again just exploded bucking and broncing and rearing , how i managed to stop on i really don ' t know . i was shaking when i got off , he has never never reacted like ths before , even with a sore and blocked back . abandoned the saddle fit , put a call in to my physio , but just mystified as to want he has done to provoke such a reaction . can a change in saddle cause such reactions , he clealy wasn ' t happy , although after the first explosion the saddle was checked and all should have been ok .\nthe film begins promisingly with a haunting montage in which grace maclean ( scarlett johansson ) , an adolescent girl as the greatest horse - worshippers are , takes an easy sunrise trot through the winter woods with her best friend . their respective animals have trouble climbing a steep , ice - covered hill , and suddenly a succession of terrifying mishaps has both girls and both horses sprawled in a heap on a snow - covered highway , where an oncoming tractor - trailer kills grace ' s friend , severely injures her right leg , and causes enough injury to pilgrim , grace ' s horse , that he bucks around wildly and takes on a permanent state of anxiety whenever anything , human or object , comes anywhere near him .\nthe present study is the first to report repeatabilities of rein tension and behavioural parameters assessed in the ridden horse both at the rider as well as the horse - rider level . repeatabilities for rein tension parameters and some , but not all behavioural parameters were remarkably high , and within similar ranges for horse - rider pairs as well as riders . however , the sample size of the present study was small , and it would be important to confirm the results in a larger sample of horses . repeatabilities for the rein tension parameters compare well to values for horses\u2019 reactivity in standardized temperament tests [ 12 ] as well as to performance parameters [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . therefore , these moderately to highly repeatable traits potentially qualify for future , large - scale investigations such as are required for the estimation of genetic parameters . furthermore , considering both the comparably high repeatabilities of rein tensions parameters and the relation between rein tension parameters and rideability scores , results from the present study indicate that the evaluation of at least some aspects of rideability could be made more objective , if direct measures of rein tension were taken instead of subjective scores . however , rein tension parameters alone will not be sufficient as it is not possible based on the plain values to distinguish a desired , very light rein contact from horses\u2019 avoidance of rein contact ( i . e . the horse going \u201cbehind the bit\u201d ) . additional recording of the horses\u2019 behaviour and head posture will be indispensable for proper interpretation of the rein tension measurements .\noverall , the results of the present study confirm the insufficiencies of the present personality and rideability evaluation system in horse breeding . the vague definitions of very complex traits do not allow for objective and transparent evaluations . this is also reflected by a lack of associations between behaviour patterns that should , according to the guidelines , be related to rideability . defining a precise list of behaviour patterns whose frequencies can be counted or whose intensities can be measured is an important step towards an improvement of the situation . however , in order to assign meaning to such measurements the specific context of behaviour patterns may have to be considered , which is a limitation of the present study . although performance tests are intended to solely evaluate the animals\u2019 abilities , the present study supports common knowledge that riders considerably influence the horses\u2019 traits . these findings highlight the importance that the rider\u2019s actions need to be recorded , too . these record would allow for both evaluation of the horse\u2019s reaction to the rider\u2019s aids as well as statistical corrections for the influence of the rider\u2019s riding style when evaluating horse\u2019s rideability . ultimately such a revised evaluation system would allow breeders to make more informed decisions when selecting stallions for their mares based on rideability aspects .\nreferring to figs . 1 through 5 , mechanical horse walker 10 is generally illustrated by having plurality of radial arms 100 connected to a vertical shaft 90 . vertical shaft 90 is rotated in a circular fashion by vertical shaft support assembly 50 . vertical shaft support assembly 50 is supported by an apparatus support means 20 and is rotated by drive means assembly 70 . electrical stimulus is provided to vertical shaft support assembly 50 by electrical means 120 .\n2 . the mechanical horse walker of claim 1 , wherein said vertical shaft support assembly is defined as having a rotation ring assembly having a rotation ring and a rotation ring support assembly , said rotation ring having an edge with an outer surface and an inner surface , and a circular bearing means connected to said rotation ring support assembly and connected to said apparatus support assembly , wherein said vertical shaft is connected to said circular bearing means .\nwhen the pressure on israel gets stronger , one has to evade , obstruct , cheat . sooner or later the nobleman or the horse will die \u2013 and with some luck , both of them . the situation will change , the pressure will lessen , those who exert the pressure will disappear . a crisis somewhere else in the world will take people\u2019s minds off us . we shall win another year or two , and then we shall see .\n) expose the alternate perceptions and blindnesses of all three of the macleans . robert sees that his daughter needs a careful balance of affection and freedom to recover , but he doesn ' t understand anything about the deep connection she feels to pilgrim . grace , of course , considers the horse almost as a spiritual twin , and sees how their injuries , in mind and body , essentially mirrror one another ; she grasps that pilgrim should not have to live his life in such conditions , but is too depressed and cynical about her own loss , and perhaps too romantic in her identification with the horse , that she decides she may as well be put to sleep as well . for her part , annie perceives both the strength of the relationship between grace and pilgrim and the imminent collapse of grace ' s will to live , but she cannot set aside her own need to manage things long enough to let their recoveries transpire at the proper pace .\nrein tension data was processed with the manufacturer - specific software and later analyzed along with the behavioural data and scores from performance tests using sas ( version 9 . 2 ) . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension was calculated for each ride separately , but combined for the right and left rein , and in addition , the absolute and relative difference between left and right rein mean tension was calculated as a measure of asymmetry of the horse - rider pair . all data were tested for distribution using the procedure univariate . traits that did not resemble a normal distribution ( kolmogorov - smirnov : p < 0 . 01 ) were analysed assuming either a poisson distribution or , in the case of rare occurrences ( i . e . occurrences in less than 15 rides and no more than 3 occurrences per ride ) data were converted into binary data ( e . g . bucking / no bucking observed per ride ; see\nrein tension data was processed with the manufacturer - specific software and later analyzed along with the behavioural data and scores from performance tests using sas ( version 9 . 2 ) . mean , maximum and variance of rein tension was calculated for each ride separately , but combined for the right and left rein , and in addition , the absolute and relative difference between left and right rein mean tension was calculated as a measure of asymmetry of the horse - rider pair . all data were tested for distribution using the procedure univariate . traits that did not resemble a normal distribution ( kolmogorov - smirnov : p < 0 . 01 ) were analysed assuming either a poisson distribution or , in the case of rare occurrences ( i . e . occurrences in less than 15 rides and no more than 3 occurrences per ride ) data were converted into binary data ( e . g . bucking / no bucking observed per ride ; see table 3 ) .\nbower et al . 2012 reported two mtdna haplotypes in modern descendants of chelandry , one of which is the haplotype expected for family 1 .\nbut this guy . . . he was a punk with some potential .\nfrom a young age , yulian has been raised to lead . since childhood yulian has wanted vengeance for the death of his mother , he blames venersis - though the precise circumstances are unknown . it was his original goal for getting stronger and part of the reason that chun myung hoon trained him .\nwitnessing his father ' s strained negotiations with the continental kingdoms also led a young yulian to develop a military division strong enough to unite the entire red desert - this dream would later manifest as red storm . after his father ' s death , yulian has been named the glow of his tribe . [ 4 ]\nyulian , despite his age , has an immense reputation in the desert as well as continental kingdoms as a very talented warrior and a war god .\nyulian is a tall , well - built muscular man with black spiky hair , save for his two long ponytails that he seems to be growing constantly . he has black eyes . yulian ' s appearance goes through a series of changes throughout the series due to numerous time skips .\nat the beginning of the manhwa , as a 15 - year - old , yulian is rather small for his age . he has spiky black hair and two short ponytails . he has bandages around his arms and wields a great sword .\nlater yulian grows into a muscular and sizable man , his black hair is kept at a medium length and constantly spiky , save for two long ponytails that go past his waist . usually , yulian dresses in the simple and loose clothes of a warrior , but in certain important situations , he dresses in luxurious outfits reflective of his noble position . he still wields his great sword , as well as a short sword on occasion .\nred storm webtoon \u2014 season 1 chapter 1 , yulian ' s name , age , tribe and position revealed in his infobox .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbut newpapers to go on display for the first time reveal what a varied life sir peter o\u2019sullevan led .\nthe exhibition reveals his love of dogs and shows he was a highly successful punter at the racetrack .\n\u201cthe collection shows how he preserved every little detail of his life , right back to childhood . he was his own archivist .\namong the hundreds of items are paintings and sculptures by some of the country\u2019s most respected equestrian artists .\nbut more surprisingly it also documents how he was an anti - nazi agitator who had planned to stoke an uprising of workers against hitler with a leaflet addressed as a \u201cmessage to the german people from british workers\u201d .\nsir peter , who died last summer at the age of 97 , had planned to smuggle hundreds of copies of the leaflet into the country , by hiding them in a specially constructed secret compartment in his \u201csealing wax\u201d red morris coupe and distributing them clandestinely .\nit urges german workers not to take up arms against their british counterparts in the event of war and asks that readers pass it on to a friend when they have finished with it .\nthe labour party , to whom the then 21 - year - old wrote for advice , warned him the leafleting operation would be one of \u201cvery grave risk to you\u201d and that he alone would be responsible for his safety . but in the end sir peter\u2019s audacious plan had to be abandoned after travelling restrictions between britain and nazi germany came into force .\nsir peter\u2019s friend and fellow racing journalist , sean magee , to whom he entrusted the archive before his death , said : \u201cthe plan was really the mark of a very idealistic young man .\n\u201calthough sir peter became very much an establishment figure in later years \u2013 associated with the royal family \u2013 this idea of distributing anti - nazi leaflets shows him to have had an active political conscience during those tumultuous years . \u201d\nthe leaflet , along with many of the items in the archive , including a series of paintings from north africa , are to be exhibited at a london gallery , before being donated to the cox library of racing books for preservation .\nalso among the papers catalogued by mr magee is a letter from the chef albert roux , declaring sir peter\u2019s beloved miniature poodle , topolina , \u201ca welcome visitor of le gavroche and all other roux enterprises where she is re - nowned for her impeccable conduct\u201d .\nsir peter\u2019s love of betting , and his skill and luck at it , are illustrated by the sheaves of old betting vouchers he amassed over the years .\nwith them is a letter from william wood turf accountants closing his account , because they simply could not afford to keep taking his bets . the letter stated : \u201cafter three years during which you have won consistently , we shall have to give you best and ask you to bet elsewhere . you are too good for us ! \u201d\nhis style as a commentator was matchless in its laid - back delivery and understatement , combined with an ability to convey what he liked to call \u201ca bit of drama\u201d .\nthe archive also includes 51 scrapbooks in which he collected everything he had written during his long career as a racing journalist , along with dozens of meticulously prepared commentary cards and race meeting notes .\nthey include those for nijinsky\u2019s derby win in 1970 and red rum\u2019s landmark second grand national victory four years later .\nthere is also a copy of the script for sir peter\u2019s appearance on the morecambe and wise show , which confirmed his position \u2013 if confirmation were needed \u2013 as a national treasure , and a musical greeting specially composed by sir andrew lloyd webber to mark the commentator\u2019s retirement .\nmr magee said sir peter , who was brought up by his maternal grandparents , sir john and lady henry , at gatton park , near reigate in surrey , had been conscious of his own image from a very early age and deliberately amassed papers , documents and objects as a means of chronicling his life .\n\u201cthe collection shows how he preserved every little detail of his life , right back to childhood . he was his own archivist , \u201d mr magee said .\nthe exhibition of sir peter\u2019s archive is being held at the osborne studio gallery , in knightsbridge , from march 9 until april 1 .\nin less than 10 months of operation , 237 horses have sold via the site for up to nz $ 138 , 000 each , with a total of $ 2 million in thoroughbreds traded since launch . horses have been exported to australia , hong kong , singapore , malaysia , china , and tahiti . new zealand bloodstock now has plans to introduce urltoken into additional global markets , promising to increase the user base .\nto create new zealand bloodstock ' s auction website , microsoft technology including microsoft azure , webapps and webservices , signalr and visual studio were leveraged in conjunction with other technologies like angularjs .\nmost of these images are sooc 1 ( the tennis court image had a little straightening ) .\ni hope you enjoyed my iphone photography take on high contrast sooc black and white images . thank you for reading and i hope to see you again . please follow my facebook page to keep up to date not only on my articles but also on deals and updates on the apps i use .\nphotographers use this word as shorthand for \u201cstraight out of camera\u201d . this refers to not using photoshop or any image editing software as of yet . often used online and not in real life , to give quick information to other photographers .\nhistograms are a way to measure exposure more objectively for those who can\u2019t see very well . histograms don\u2019t replace your eyes and experience . histograms are helpful in sunlight where it\u2019s hard to see an lcd , or in the shop if setting something exactly . your eyes are always the final judge . a histogram is just a guide . worry about your image more than the histogram .\nthank you enrique , i like what you did there . can\u2019t get enough of this app at the moment . seem to be using it all the time .\nthanks for the tips , skip . i\u2019ve downloaded the app \u2013 looking forward to playing around with it tomorrow\nthank you venkatram , it\u2019s amazing what you can learn from app developers if you delve a little deeper . i hope you enjoy the app . for me , i\u2019ve always enjoyed black and white so not a massive leap .\nhi geri , it\u2019s an interesting style isn\u2019t it . the \u2018problem\u2019 is that in my amateur hands sometimes the images just look badly captured rather than artistic ! i\u2019m drawn to the high contrast film a lot though .\ni am curious what your thoughts on lenka app is ( especially the minimalist approach of it ) .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail . you can also subscribe without commenting .\nmodern grunge is an iphoneography app which applies tints , grunge and distress effects like no other . it allows grungy vignetted borders , rips and holes to reveal underlying ( or overlying ) textures . i prefer to use it delicately where its ability to \u2018stain\u2019 an image is impressive . preferred bespoke combinations can be saved for use in future images . highly recommended .\nlifeproof fre iphone 6 only waterproof case ( 4 . 7\u2033 version ) \u2013 retail packaging \u2013 black / black ( wireless phone accessory )\nmy go to iphoneography apps . i tend to share my more co . . .\nthis site is just gret . i ' ve looked these info a great deal and i view it that is good written , fast to comprehend . i congratulate you because of this article that i am going to tell to the people friends . i ask you to go to the urltoken page where each college student or learner can . . .\nhello , is anybody here interested in online job ? it is simple survey filling . even $ 10 per survey ( 10 minutes duration ) . if you are interested , send me e - mail to hansorloski [ @ ] gmail . com . . .\nstreamnation shut down its cloud media service on 8 march 2016 . . . .\ni hope you enjoy skipology . please follow to stay up to date with my latest news and tutorials .\nplease use / share - some rights reserved . noncommercial use . attribution required . copyright \u00a9 2011 - 2018 paul brown / skipology . | privacy policy .\nyes ! millie has definite princess and the pea syndrome . when we were trying saddles she made it very clear which ones she liked and didn ' t like - she absolutely expoded in the amerigo we tried ( even though it ' fitted ' well , she disagreed ) . after that , we put her back in the saddle she had preferred the most but she was too tight and reactive by then and that was the end of the saddle trying session .\nyes , my mare had me on the floor multiple times in one saddle fitting session , as she reacted that violently to saddles . she loved the saddle she has straight away , so unfortunately she had to have that one , although it was the most expensive one we tried ! : o\nthank you for your replies , the difference is that i am using a very old flair saddle and he goes nicely in it , the saddles that he reacted so violently too were made by the same people , albeit different models . i really don ' t know what to do , wait and see when the physio can come up and not ride him , or try him again tomorrow and see what happens . i will admit to not really wanting to get back on , think a drink before hand might help .\ni would possibly have him looked at , but it might be worth a couple of days off then try again gently in your own saddle . yeah i bought one of those self adjusting tree saddles thinking it would be great as its so lite ! there ' s your mistake - i ' ve not seen one in the flesh but the shape of the tree in photos and the whole concept make me : eek : , and fellow fitters who have seen them have slated them totally . i always say a new saddle shouldn ' t cost less than a wintec / tg type price , otherwise they are taking major shortcuts . and self adjusting trees . . . i ' ll bite my tongue .\nwel i popped him on the lunge with his sadde on and got canter on both reins without much argument , possibly not coming through on his left hind a s much as i would like , but certainly no objections to going forward . physio coming out to see him monday morning , just incase .\nyes , mine bronced for the first time in her life ever at a saddle fitting - it was a textbook fit , but she didn ' t like it . we discovered she only likes saddles with extra short tree points - a normal length tree point nearly gets me floored , daren ' t even put a saddle with long tree points on her back !\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 3 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\nlegal status ( the legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion . google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed . )"]}
{"id": 288, "summary": [{"text": "a woodlouse ( plural woodlice ) is a terrestrial isopod crustacean with a rigid , segmented , long exoskeleton and fourteen jointed limbs .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "woodlice mostly feed on dead plant material , and they are usually active at night .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "woodlice form the suborder oniscidea within the order isopoda , with over 5,000 known species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "woodlice in the genus armadillidium and in the family armadillidae can roll up into an almost perfect sphere as a defensive mechanism , hence some of the common names such as pill bug or roly-poly .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "most woodlice , however , can not do this . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "woodlouse", "paragraphs": ["and the area which the woodlouse inhabits . the woodlouse is found in nearly every\nporcellio scaber ( otherwise known as the common rough woodlouse or simply rough woodlouse ) , is a species of european woodlouse .\nthis is the british english definition of woodlouse . view american english definition of woodlouse .\nthe common woodlouse is the most widespread species of woodlouse in the british isles , both geographically and ecologically .\nthe female woodlouse lays around 24 eggs which she keeps inside a brood pouch . the woodlouse eggs hatch after an\nthe ' reading woodlouse watch 1987 ' - s . p . hopkin download paper\nthe woodlouse is found in dark , damp places in forests and jungles throughout the world . the woodlouse feeds on decaying leaf and plant matter on the forest floor , meaning that the woodlouse plays a vital role in the natural carbon dioxide cycle .\n, it is one of the\nbig five\nspecies of woodlouse . it has also colonised\ncommon woodlouse : the origin of the common woodlouse and a description are a part of the information found on this link to the slater museum of natural history / university of puget sound website .\nwhile their closest modern descendant is the horseshoe crab , they bear close resemblance to the modern woodlouse .\nalso include common pill woodlouse , roly poly , and german ' kugelassel ' . the genus was once\nthe species are noted for resemblance to the common woodlouse or pill bug , to which they are related .\nto anyone with the intelligence of a woodlouse it is obvious that they have had more than ample warning .\noniscus asellus , the common woodlouse , is one of the largest and most common species of woodlouse in the british isles and western and northern europe , growing to lengths of 16 mm and widths of 6 mm .\nthe first 3 - 5 are dug by a single woodlouse , which then stops to guard the new burrow .\nbibble - bug , chooky , chuggy pig , roly - poly . . . the many names of the woodlouse\nof just a few days exposing the woodlouse babies . due to the fact that the baby woodlice take a number of months to fully develop , the mother woodlouse will often stay close to her young until they are adult woodlice .\npub . med . verified bites by the woodlouse spider , dysdera crocata . vetter , rs , isbister , gk .\nbut a crustacean , that has 14 parts to its body , which gives the woodlouse the flexibility to be able to curl into a ball to protect itself from danger . this means that only the hard outer shell of the woodlouse is exposed .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the woodlouse article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nisopods live in the sea , in fresh water , or on land and include familiar animals such as the sea slater and woodlouse .\na female woodlouse will keep fertilised eggs in a marsupium on the underside of her body until they hatch into small , white offspring .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - common woodlouse - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - common woodlouse - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - common woodlouse - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na single woodlouse , ( pea bugs and roly - polies are commonly used names due to the woodlouse\u2019s ability to roll itself into a ball when in danger ) may not bother you too much , however , an infestation of woodlice ( the plural for woodlouse ) is usually a sign that your home has sufficient damp and decaying wood for them to thrive , meaning its time to call pest control professionals immediately .\nif a foraging woodlouse can not find the burrow entrance on its return , it employs a complex and efficient strategy to find it again .\nthese woodlice are three of the five species most commonly found in gardens - together with the other two species , they are known as the \u2018famous five\u2019 . the remaining two in this club are common pigmy woodlouse , trichoniscus pusillus , and the common shiny woodlouse , oniscus asellus .\nthe common woodlouse is one of the largest native woodlice in britain , at up to 16 mm ( 0 . 63 in ) long .\na more obvious animal connection is the armadillo , reflected in the latin name of the pill woodlouse , armadillidium . both creatures have a protective , ridged body , and the woodlouse in some ways resembles a miniature armadillo \u2013 which gets its name from the spanish armado , \u2018armed one\u2019 .\nnatureplus : wildlife garden blog : bibble - bug , chooky , chuggy pig , roly - poly . . . the many names of the woodlouse\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pill woodlouse ( armadillidium vulgare )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pill woodlouse ( armadillidium vulgare )\ntitle =\narkive species - pill woodlouse ( armadillidium vulgare )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common woodlouse ( oniscus asellus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common woodlouse ( oniscus asellus )\ntitle =\narkive species - common woodlouse ( oniscus asellus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n, some are even bigger . the woodlouse has an average lifespan of around 2 years but some are known to get up to 4 years old .\na is another relative of the woodlouse , it lives in the splash zone on rocky shores and can grow surprisingly large , about 2 . 5 cm .\none of the most recent additions to the pantheon of woodlouse nomenclature is roly - poly bug which , as with its older cousin lockchest , relates to the pill woodlouse\u2019s ability to roll into a ball . still a colloquial term and chiefly used in north america , roly - poly bug can also be applied to similar invertebrates .\npillbugs belong to the woodlouse family . they are one of the few sub - species which has the ability to roll into a ball when threatened . this defensive stance is a means of protection . because of this characteristic , pillbugs belong to the armadillidiidae genus ; which is a family of woodlouse which share this specific ability .\n, known as woodlouse hunters , which feed exclusively on them ) , small mammals ( such as shrews ) , birds , centipedes , harvestmen , and ground beetles .\n- vetter , r . & isbister , g . 2006 . verified bites by the woodlouse spider , dysdera crocata . toxicon 47 ( 2006 ) 826 - 829 .\ntheir morphology resembles that of their terrestrial cousin , the woodlouse : their bodies are dorso - ventrally compressed , protected by a rigid , calcareous exoskeleton composed of overlapping segments .\nhe found a moth that lived on feathers , a beetle , a woodlouse that lived on dung , and numerous spiders that he thought lived on scavengers of the waterfowl .\nthe general body form of the different genuses explains some of their behaviour \u2013 there are six types : runner , clinger , roller , creeper , spiny form and non - conformist , of which the first four only are found in britain . when you pick up a woodlouse , you may recognise it by its body form - for example , if disturbed , the common pill woodlouse , armadillidium vulgare , will roll into a ball . conversely , a common striped woodlouse , philoscia muscorum , is a definite runner . . .\nzimmer , m . , t . werner . 1998 . microorganisms and cellulose digestion in the gut of the woodlouse porcellio scaber . journal of chemical ecology , 24 : 1397 - 1408 .\nthe president and fellows of harvard college . 2013 .\ncommon rough woodlouse\n( on - line ) . boston harbor islands @ harvard university . accessed january 31 , 2013 at urltoken .\nwoodlice are widespread and common animals . this fold - out chart provides a simple woodlouse identification trail to the species that are most likely to be encountered in gardens or in and around buildings .\nwoodlice have the ability to increase in number quickly . in some species the female lays eggs three times a year with approximately fifty eggs laid each time . the common garden woodlouse species , found inside uk homes , lays one clutch of 150 eggs a year . the female woodlouse retains the eggs in a pouch on her body until they hatch . the hatchlings start life measuring approximately 2 millimeters .\napart from body form , shape and colour , another useful diagnostic feature is the antennae and it is important to examine the individual sections . for example , the common rough woodlouse , porcello scaber , has a flagellum ( end section of an antennae ) made up of 2 segments whereas the common striped woodlouse has a 3 - segmented flagellum . we were equipped with microscopes to observe these finer details .\nwoodlice feed on dead organic matter , which they detect by means of taste and smell ( 2 ) . the common woodlouse is gregarious , and typically spends the day concealed beneath stones , logs and other objects . when threatened , this species defends itself by clamping down onto the surface ; the feet can grip the substrate very tightly , and this woodlouse is able to cling on tenaciously ( 2 ) .\ngunn , d . 1937 . the humidity reactions of the woodlouse ; porcellio scaber ( latreille ) . the journal of experimental biology , 14 : 178 - 186 . accessed january 31 , 2013 at urltoken .\nbites by the woodlouse spider , dysdera crocata , are virtually innocuous . the main symptom is minor pain , typically lasting less than 1 hr , probably due mostly to the mechanical puncture of the skin .\nand therefore only eats organic plant matter . the woodlouse rarely eats live plants and feeds on the decaying leaf and plant matter found on the forest floor such as leaves , rotting wood and fruits that fall from the trees above .\nit\u2019s the turn of swine next : various historical names for the woodlouse riff on a connection with pigs . hog - louse and swine - louse crop up in the 16 th century , with timber - sow in the 17 th and sow - bug found by the 18 th century ; hog - beetle was another rare option . this is also seen in other languages \u2013 for instance , the spanish cochinilla , \u2018woodlouse\u2019 , is the diminutive of cochina , \u2018sow\u2019 .\nbilton , d . t . , goode , d . and mallet , j . ( 1999 ) genetic differentiation and natural hybridisation between two morphological forms of the common woodlouse , oniscus asellus linnaeus 1758 . heredity , 82 : 462 - 469 .\ndid you find any words particular to reading ? the only local word anybody mentioned was ' cheeselog ' ( meaning ' woodlouse ' - ed ) . i think it comes from an american cake that ' s long and thin , and has segments .\naround my way children sometimes call them ' cheesy - bobs ' . to me they were always ' woodlice ' . there seems to be mostly the type of woodlouse which doesn ' t roll up where i live . they are flatter and dull , compared with the ones which do roll up . i remember as a child finding a curled up woodlouse , and throwing it down on the patio to see if it bounced . it did , quite well , but i felt so guilty in case i hurt it .\nin our brief foray in the bitter wind , we found 5 different species - four of the famous five and porcellio dilatatus . we know there are at least seven different species in the garden in addition to the honourary woodlouse , the landhopper , arcitralitrus dorrieni .\nthe common woodlouse occurs in moist places in many habitats , and is frequently found under bark and amongst leaf litter in gardens and woodlands ( 1 ) . this species avoids dry habitats , and unlike many woodlice , it can tolerate acid soils ( 2 ) .\nubiquitous throughout britain , the common woodlouse ( subspecies oniscus asellus asellus ) is one of the most widespread and common terrestrial arthropods in western europe ( 3 ) . the subspecies o . asellus occidentalis is found mainly in the south - west of britain and western france ( 3 ) .\nubiquitous throughout britain , the common woodlouse ( subspecies oniscus asellus asellus ) is one of the most widespread and common terrestrial arthropods in western europe ( 3 ) . the subspecies o . asellus occidentalis is found mainly in the south - west of britain and western france ( 3 ) .\nthe study day , held in the angela marmont centre for uk biodiversity , was led by museum scientists miranda lowe and duncan sivell and covered an introduction to woodlouse anatomy and classification , as well as ecology and recording methods . below are just a few of the many interesting facts we learnt :\nthe common woodlouse is one of the commonest and widely spread of the british woodlice ( 1 ) . woodlice are not insects , but are crustaceans ; more closely related to crabs and shrimps than insects . the body is divided into three main regions , the head , the thorax ( known in woodlice as the ' pereion ' ) , and the abdomen ( ' pleon ' ) ( 2 ) . the common woodlouse is typically grey with irregular light patches , but yellow and orange forms may occur near to the sea ( 2 ) . the surface of the body is dotted with raised blotches ; adults usually have a glossy body , but in contrast juveniles often have a rough body texture ( 2 ) . there are currently two recognised subspecies of the common woodlouse , oniscus asellus asellus and o . asellus occidentalis , which differ in the details of their appearance and ecology ( 3 ) .\n1995 , olaf breidbach , wolfram kutsch ( editors ) , the nervous systems of invertebrates : an evolutionary and comparative approach , page 193 , in addition , both the woodlouse and the crayfish possess an unpaired medial nerve which runs along the whole length of the ventral nerve cord , linking adjacent ganglia .\nhopkin , s . , g . hardisty , m . martin . 1986 . the woodlouse porcellio scaber as a ' biological indicator ' of zinc , cadmium , lead and copper pollution . environmental pollution ( series b ) , 11 : 271 - 290 . accessed january 31 , 2013 at urltoken .\nwoodlice are not insects , but are crustaceans ; more closely related to crabs and shrimps than insects . the body is divided into three main regions , the head , the thorax ( known in woodlice as the ' pereion ' ) , and the abdomen ( ' pleon ' ) ( 2 ) . the pill woodlouse is so called because it is able to roll into a ball when threatened ; it is often confused with the pill millipede ( glomeris marginata ) for this reason ( 3 ) . this woodlouse is typically slate grey in colour , but red or patchy forms may arise ( 2 ) .\nthe common woodlouse ( oniscus asellus ) is one of the commonest and widely spread of the british woodlice ( 1 ) . woodlice are not insects , but are crustaceans ; more closely related to crabs and shrimps than insects . the body is divided into three main regions , the head , the thorax ( known in woodlice as the ' pereion ' ) , and the abdomen ( ' pleon ' ) ( 2 ) . the common woodlouse is typically grey with irregular light patches , but yellow and orange forms may occur near to the sea ( 2 ) . the surface of the body is dotted with raised blotches ; adults usually have a glossy body , but in contrast juveniles often have a rough body texture ( 2 ) . there are currently two recognised subspecies of the common woodlouse , oniscus asellus asellus and o . asellus occidentalis , which differ in the details of their appearance and ecology ( 3 ) .\nstill in use in scotland , australia , and new zealand , slater is a term for a woodlouse that dates back to the 17 th century ( found in the earliest instances as sclater ) . as with the armadillo reference , slater presumably comes from the ridged nature of the backs of woodlice looking like slates .\nthe landhopper or woodhopper is the only truly terrestrial anmphipod occuring in the british isles . it is not native , but originates from eastern australia , and was first found in britain early in the 20th century . arcitalitrus dorrieni has been adopted by bmig as an\nhonorary woodlouse\nto provide a focus for recording .\nthe scientific or latin name for a woodlouse is armadillidium vulgare . they may be small , but they have an important role to play in helping decompose the cellulose in wood and paper . they also help break down animal feces and turn it into useful manure . their natural habitat is in leaf litter in woodland and shrub areas .\nand they\u2019ve really made a go of it too . there are over 40 different varieties of woodlouse common to the british isles , but there are a far greater variety of different names and spellings for the species as a whole , depending on location , imagination and the ability to think laterally . too many to count , in fact .\nthere\u2019s not a lot to do in the british countryside , especially if you\u2019re whiling the decades away waiting for someone to invent the internet . so you can\u2019t blame the residents of a tiny island nation for choosing to pass the time creating quite so many cute little names for the common woodlouse . for entertainment value , it will have very much been the facebook of its day .\nbesides the common maltese woodlouse , which one may occasionally find in a residence , the common woodlouse , armadillidium vulgare , \u0127anzir l - art komuni , is the most familiar one in establishments and unfortunately the one which is regarded the most as a pest . these creatures are harmless and also beneficial , but seen as pests because they tend to congregate in large numbers . on some house facades each year , thousands cover the facades during the evening and then disperse or die out in the morning . this behaviour is still a phenomenon not understood . this species may reach a length of 18 mm , and is capable of rolling into a ball when disturbed . this ability , along with its general appearance , gives it the name pill - bug and also creates confusion with pill millipede species .\nvarious names for the woodlouse are constructed from the combinations of lock and chest , and though the origin is uncertain , it has been suggested that this refers to the woodlouse\u2019s ability to roll itself up tightly \u2013 that is , to lock its chest . lockchest and lockchester are both attested in medieval english , and continued into the 20 th century in some regional englishes , while it has been suggested that the 16 th - century cheslock is a reversed equivalent . as a . s . palmer wrote in his 1904 work folk and their word - lore , it \u2018long survived in oxfordshire in the form of lockchester and lockchest \u2019 . an alternative theory has been put forward for lockchest , that it may be an alteration of the classical latin locusta , denoting a kind of crustacean , perhaps a lobster .\nnote : of course , these terms are part of an oral tradition , and so while there are pockets of commonly used terms in certain areas , they are by no means definitive , and do get passed down through families even as those families move around the country . so if you excitedly show a grammasow to a friend from penryn and they look confused and explain that it\u2019s just a woodlouse , don\u2019t be too disheartened .\nsimilar to lockchest , it appears that lugdor is a combination of lock and door . a door isn\u2019t as obvious an element in the woodlouse\u2019s \u2018locking\u2019 as a chest , and perhaps that is why dor has also been submitted as a possible element in lugdor \u2019s etymology . dor refers to \u2018an insect that flies with a loud humming noise\u2019 \u2013 that is , it has an entomological use , but usually for a different type of insect .\nthere\u2019s no obvious connection between monkeys and woodlice \u2013 but monkey pea is found as a term for a woodlouse in the late 17 th century and survived for some time in british regional use . a potentially related , though long obsolete , option is monk\u2019s peason . the addition of pea is ( like pill ) presumably with reference to the shape of the insect when it is curled up \u2013 and also appears in pea - bug .\nyou\u2019ll notice a definite porcine theme developing there too , and this continues across a great deal of the woodlouse nicknames that have stuck over the years . the people of bristol have been known to call them slunkerpigs , or there\u2019s woodpigs , timperpigs and penny sows . in fact , some people from cornwall and devon managed to achieve double bacon by calling them sowpigs ( or , as it came out in the local accent ; zowpigs ) .\nbritain\u2019s non - marine isopods are divided into two sub - orders : asellota , the aquatic waterlice , and oniscidea , the terrestrial woodlice . just four species of waterlouse , but 40 species of woodlouse are known to occur in th e wild in britain ( gregory , 2009 ) . woodlice and waterlice are detritivores , mainly feeding upon organic detritus , such as dead leaves , dead wood , etc . some will also graze algae and fungi .\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . pages : 24 . chapters : porcellionidae , woodlice of europe , list of woodlice of the british isles , armadillidium , woodlouse , hemilepistus reaumuri , philosciidae , trichoniscidae , armadillidium vulgare , trichoniscus , trichoniscus pusillus , armadillidiidae , androniscus dentiger , porcellionides , haplophthalmus , ligidium , ligia oceanica , styloniscus , pseudarmadillo , oniscus asellus , armadillidium pictum , . . . read more\nwith the return of wintry weather there\u2019s little chance of finding many flying insects at the moment so - when not pruning or planting up hedge gaps in the wildlife garden - we\u2019ve been focusing on animals found at ground level under stones , logs , leaf litter and within pitfall traps ( n . b . more about pitfall traps another time ) . amongst these animals , woodlice are a rewarding group to study as some of us learnt at a woodlouse workshop we attended a week ago last sunday .\nlet\u2019s start with my favourite . it may be obsolete , and was always rare , but robin goodfellow\u2019s louse has been found as a term for the woodlouse in the mid - 16 th century . as for robin goodfellow , he was a mischievous sprite or goblin believed to haunt the countryside ; an account of his purported activities is included by shakespeare in a midsummer night\u2019s dream , where his exploits include leading travellers astray in the dark , interfering with the churning of butter , and playing practical jokes on women .\nwoodlice : everyone knows them but they\u2019re not exactly held in great esteem , even though they deserve better . in the netherlands they\u2019re known as \u2018pissabeds\u2019 , because according to popular mythology , eating them was supposed to cure bed - wetting . there are more than 11 , 000 species of woodlice and other isopods worldwide , 39 of which are found in the netherlands . the smallest of these live underground and are just a few millimetres long while the biggest , a littoral woodlouse known as the \u2018sea roach\u2019 , may reach up to 4 . 5 centimetres in length .\npedantic little sod that i was ( am ? ) , i would get almost apoplectic at school every time someone spoke of ' a woodlice ' . apart from that , they are really quite interesting being aquatic . i think they have gills . i saw one in my pond quite happily wandering about under the surface . well if he wasn ' t a woodlouse , he was certainly a very close relative . apart from all that , its name reminds me of a large lady in sensible shoes blowing up horses ' noses and talking in a silly voice to dogs .\nsome local names for woodlice are roly - polies and pill - bugs . these names relate to their ability to form little balls with their armor plating on the outside , protecting their soft innards . their tough outer shell or exoskeleton has to be shed regularly to enable a woodlouse to grow and mature . the shedding is done in two stages . first it sloughs the rear half of its armor plating and then two or three days later it loses the front half of its exoskeleton . the shedding is done in stages in order to minimize the vulnerability of the creature during the short period it is without its armor .\namong the most - read papers at the journal of experimental biology last month was a blast from the past \u2014 a 1937 paper about the humidity - seeking behaviour of the common woodlouse by d . l . gunn of the university of birmingham , uk . gunn used specially built chambers to watch the crustaceans \u2014 which thrive on wet wood \u2014 avoid dryness , principally by hunkering down in humid places and staying still . gunn looked for the location of the creature ' s humidity receptor by removing candidate regions of the body or blocking them with vaseline or paraffin ; he concluded that the relevant organs were not on the abdomen or head .\nin the common woodlouse porcellio scaber different parts of the gut were observed with respect to microbial counts , cellulose activity , and degradation of cellulose . cellulose is mainly digested in the anterior part of the hindgut , as was indicated by the distribution of cellulolytic activity and the decrease of cellulose content inside the gut . the cellulases woodlice utilize for the degradation of litter are mainly produced by endosymbiotic bacteria in the hepatopancreas rather than by microorganisms ingested with the food . microorganisms ingested with the litter are digested in the anterior part of the hindgut and may provide an important food source . in the posterior hindgut , bacterial proliferation ensures microbial colonization of feces .\nthe pill bug goes by many names\u2014roly - poly , woodlouse , armadillo bug , potato bug . but whatever you call it , it ' s a fascinating creature . . . or actually 4 , 000 species of creature . the nocturnal crustaeans have seven pairs of legs , segmented sections like a lobster ' s tail , and prefer humid environments . they eat rotting vegetation and help nutrients in it get returned to the soil for plants to feed on , so they ' re not pests . they don ' t bother living vegetation . these insights into pill bugs will give you a newfound respect for the tiny tank living beneath your flower pots .\n, if we ' re being technical ) . my dinner companions were discussing why we call woodlice what we do ; to my grandmother they were always ' cheesybugs ' , but to the others at the table they were ' monkeypeas ' , ' slaters ' ( which to me is a sort of marine arthropod , instead of a woodlouse ) , ' pillbugs ' or ' pill millipedes ' . i ' ve heard them called ' doodlebugs ' , ' armadillo - bugs ' and ' rolypolys ' before , but does anyone know of any others . it strikes me that for such small creatures , they ' re positively embarrased by common names . or does anyone know of any other animals with more alternative common names ?\nwoodlice undergo a series of moults before reaching maturity , growing at each stage ; the stages between these moults are known as ' stadia ' , and are generally similar in structure and appearance . mature woodlice continue to moult . prior to moulting , the calcium contained in the old cuticle is removed and stored as conspicuous white blotches , these blotches disappear after moulting as the calcium is used to reinforce the new cuticle ( 2 ) . the rear part of the body moults a few days before the front half , and occasionally woodlice may be seen with half a pinkish body and half a ' usual ' grey body for this reason ( 4 ) . the discarded cuticle is frequently eaten by the newly moulted woodlouse ( 2 ) .\nwoodlice feed on dead organic matter , which they detect by means of taste and smell ( 2 ) . during the breeding season , reproductive females develop a ' brood pouch ' , which consists of overlapping leaf - like structures known as ' oostegites ' , that form a ' false floor ' below the body . the fertilised eggs pass into this fluid - filled chamber , and the young crawl out of the brood pouch when they are fully developed .\nthis species is very common in the south - east of england , is found in parts of western and northern england and becomes rare in scotland ( 2 ) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\noccurs only on calcareous soils , except in coastal areas ( 2 ) , and is able to withstand much drier conditions than most other woodlice ( 3 ) . it shows a distinct preference for chalky or limestone sites with stony turf ( 2 ) .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree . in crustacea ( e . g . crabs ) the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . in vertebrates the abdomen is the part of the body that contains the internal organs ( except the heart and lungs ) . calcareous containing free calcium carbonate , chalky . thorax part of the body located near the head in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .\nsutton , s . l . ( 1972 ) invertebrate types : woodlice . ginn & company ltd . , london .\nnichols , d . , cooke , j . & whiteley , d . ( 1971 ) the oxford book of invertebrates . oxford university press , oxford .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nplace an ad to recruit pest control employees , or to advertise your availability if you are looking for work in the pest control industry .\nsowbugs are land crustaceans which look very similar to pillbugs , at least at first glance . sowbugs are small crustaceans with oval bodies when viewed from above . their back consists of a number of overlapping , articulating plates . they have 7 pairs of legs , and antennae which reach about half the body length . most are slate gray in color , and may reach about 15 mm long and 8 mm wide .\nthe pillbug on the other hand has a rounder back , from side to side , and a deeper body , from back to legs . when disturbed , it frequently rolls into a tight ball , with its legs tucked inside , much like its larger but dissimilar counterpart the armadillo .\nsowbugs have gills which need constant moisture , so they tend to live in moister northwest climates . they are primarily nocturnal , and eat decaying leaf litter and vegetable matter . they may also feed on the tips of young plants , so can be considered pests , but they also help the environment by breaking up decaying plant matter and help speed up the recycling of the nutrients they contain .\nthe presence of sow bugs or pill bugs in the living quarters of a home is an indication high moisture conditions . this condition will also contribute to a number of other problems including mildew , wood rot and a good breeding environment for other insects .\nreduce moisture or humidity level indoors . use bathroom fans , stove hood vent fans , vent clothes dryers outside . crawl spaces and attics need to be well ventilated .\nremove excess vegetation and debris around exterior perimeter of the home . make sure that leaf debris ( leaves hold moisture and hide the bugs ) is cleaned up from around the outside of your house . keep rain gutters and downspouts clean and in good repair .\ninstead of chemicals , use a caulking gun to close any cracks or crevices at or near ground level . houses built on a concrete slab poured directly on the ground , can have more of a problem with sow bugs or pill bugs if there is no moisture barrier under the concrete .\nbuilt - in planters are usually a bad idea for many reasons . window box planters and planter boxes on decks tight against the house are good breeding places for many bugs .\nmake sure all your doors ( ground level , to the outside ) are weather - stripped . if your garage is attached or integral with the house , make sure those doors are properly weather - stripped also .\na perimeter pesticide spray may help break the cycle for a short time but will not eliminate the problem permanently . remember , if you don\u2019t solve the moisture problem , the bugs will return no matter what chemicals you use , or how much you use them .\nthorax is comparatively large and is composed of 7 hard individual but overlapping plates .\nfemale gives birth to numerous , live young and carries her young in a pouch ( marsupium ) on the underside of the body . the brood is carries for an average of 44 days . usually 2 new generations are produced per year depending on environmental conditions with an average of 28 young in brood . new generation are white in colour . 1st moult within 24 hours ( 7th pair of legs appear after 1st moult ) . 2nd moult during 2nd week . 3rd moult during 3rd week . 4th instar moults every 2 weeks until the animal is 20 weeks old . after 20 weeks , periods between moults are irregular .\nhabitat prefer moist locations and are found under objects on damp ground or under vegetable debris . have been known to bury themselves under several centimeters of soil . can at times invade damp basements , fern houses and first floors of houses indicating large number present outside the house nearby .\npest status in rare instances can become pests of young plants ( especially in fern houses where climatic conditions are ideal ) . the slater does not bite and is harmless . in unusual climatic conditions ( extreme wet ) , they can invade houses in large numbers creating concern for occupants . their presence though is short - lived because these animals die from desiccation . neither adults nor young are considered pests .\ncontrol habitat and food requirement leaves wide variety of areas to inhabit in gardens etc . because of this need they cannot survive away from its ideal environment thus it will not breed or survive for long indoors . a high degree of moisture is required for survival .\nthese bugs play a vital roll in composting organic matter in the garden and compost bins . they can be more effective making soil than earthworms .\nsowbugs and pillbugs get blamed for more damage to garden plants than they actually do . they are deemed guilty as they are often found feeding in decaying or damaged garden produce , after diseases , slugs and other pests have inflict the initial damage . they are great opportunists .\nmost annoyingly , sowbugs and pillbugs feed on tender seedlings , young roots , flowers and fruits and vegetables laying directly on damp soil . most active at night , sowbugs hide in dark , moist protected areas during the day , such as under flowerpots , decaying leaves on the soil surface , boards , mulches and ground cover . they thrive under sprinkler irrigation .\n> limit moist , dark hiding places . clean up organic debris , boards , boxes and piles of leaves around the yard and garden .\n> water early in the day so plants and the soil surface dries out by the evening when sow or pill bugs are active .\n> mulch with coarse materials , so water passes through to the soil quickly .\n> elevate fruits and vegetables off the ground with old strawberry baskets or pebbles . black plastic mulches are good because they get too hot in the summer to provide desirable shelter for sow bugs .\n> plant seeds deeply and do not water until seedlings have their first true leaves . or start seedlings indoors . then to maintain good drainage , transplant seedlings into the garden so that the soil around seedlings is higher than surrounding garden soil .\n> a non toxic method for sow bug control is to place a rolled up newspaper tube on the soil surface . leave it overnight . in the morning , shake out the tubes into a pail of soapy water .\nanother less toxic method to control sow bugs is to sprinkle diatomaceous earth directly on the row where seeds have been planted to dry the soil surface enough to discourage sow bugs . experiment with the amount of diatomaceous earth , as too thin a layer will not be effective and too thick a layer can become like plaster if it becomes wet .\nvarious species of sow and pill bugs are common around the world but they have many different names .\njohn germon was born and raised in the devon stannary town of ashburton . he attended both the primary and\nand has a keen interest in local dialect . john ' s been the chairman of ashburton devon dialect club for more years than he cares to remember .\nas town clerk of the south devon stannary town of ashburton , you will often see john dashing around dealing with all sorts of issues .\nhe also plays a very active part in the community - and at carnival time you will see him in a totally different light .\njohn is chairman of the ashburton devon dialect club and has compiled this a - z . if you want to know how to pronounce the words in a true devon accent , just click on the link and john will read them out to you .\nhow well do you know your devon dialect ? have a bit of fun and try john ' s dialect challenge . launch quiz\nonce you think you ' ve mastered the art of ' speakin ' like wot we duz ' you can put your new found skills to the test by taking john ' s devon dialect challenge .\nthis multiple choice quiz will help you find out just how much you know about the words john ' s been teaching you . just click on the link to launch the quiz - there are no prizes , it ' s just for fun . * please note - to be able to listen to john reading the words , you will need to have real player installed on your computer .\nbbc devon website , broadcasting house , seymour road , plymouth , pl3 5bd phone : 01752 229201 | e - mail : devon . online @ urltoken | e - mail radio devon : radio . devon @ urltoken\nwe spoke to professor paul kerswill of lancaster university . paul has conducted research into the accent of reading , having lived in the town for 18 years . he made some interesting discoveries about the changes in the way people are speaking .\ntell us about your work .\nwe looked at reading as a contrast to milton keynes ( a new town ) . reading is an older town which is about the same distance from london , so we compared pronunciations . we found that reading is gradually changing its accent and becoming a bit more like london . older people have the berkshire accent , which to many people sounds west country , but young people sound more like london , but not like cockneys .\nis this change due to the expansion of london ?\nyes . as people are getting more mobile , they move out of london , they commute and travel more for leisure . it ' s these people who are acquiring a more levelled - out accent . but the local accent is still there quite strongly in reading . if you listen to older families , with two or three generations living within a few streets , they maintain a much more local accent .\ndo you think our voices are becoming homogenised ?\nit would be a pity if it were no longer possible to hear where people come from . the people i met in reading were certainly very proud to be from reading even though from the outside it ' s perceived as a satellite of london .\nthere are plenty of other influences in reading , though , like the immigrant communities .\nespecially among teenagers . young people are most interested in their peer groups , and that quite often cuts across ethnic divides , so sometimes you find kids of english origin taking on pronunciations and words from asian or caribbean kids . all the ethnic groups share those features .\ndid you find anything particularly unusual in your research ?\none thing we looked at was whether reading teenagers could pick out a reading accent . they placed the reading accents on the tape firmly in the west country - an elderly person ' s accent in reading sounds to the teenagers like somerset . middle - aged people were thought to have come from wiltshire or somewhere like that . but they picked out the cockney voices straight away .\nso , it must be an interesting place for linguists to study , then .\nit was interesting to see the clash between something west country and something london .\ni am a reading bloke in my 60s , though i moved away in the late 1970s . i remember the term\ncheeselog\nwell , and always wondered about it . as well as slang , there were urban myths associated with the town , many of them rather rude . one popular myth related to simmonds carthorses , and others centred on the public toilets at the cemetery junction ; i heard ricky gervais repeat one on tv recently as if it was a real and recent event . my dad had a broad reading accent . i have retained some of this , but is is mixed with a home counties sound . i heard mike walker , the football manager , speaking a while back . . . . that is how i sound , i think .\ni grew up in henley - on - thames just 8 miles from reading and on the borders of berks . bucks and oxon . outside of henley no one i ever met had heard the term\ncheeselog\nthat is until i moved to the high wycombe area in bucks where local - born people were familiar with the word . strange though was that my grandmother , who was from central london , also always called the little critters\ncheeselogs !\ni was born and brought up in reading , and definitely say cheeselog ! the only other word which i know of which i think is local to reading , is that when children in the playground cross their fingers to temporarily be out of a game , they say\ncribs\n. ( or they used to ! ? ) i agree that an old berkshire accent can sound west country . i think the most distinctive part of the accent is pronouncing\now\nsounds as\nai\nas in\ntraisers\ninstead of\ntrousers .\nit always makes me chuckle when i hear other people say these things ! ! i never realised i had an accent either but my student friends from other towns laugh when i say ' fri - dee ' instead of fri - day and ' roight ' instead of right . i too also say cheeselog , and am interested in the theory of cockney to cornish ! ! it sounds true to me ! !\ni ' m born and bred in reading as are all my family . imust say though that the main accent in reading is african and asian . true readingers are a fast dying breed\ni am from tilehurst born & bred , i was on holiday in floida a few years back , whilst in a restaurant an american lady came over to me and said she was sorry to bother me but she just loved my berkshire accent , i had no idea that i even had an accent but it is nice to know that i have . i also use the word cheeselog a lot , now lots of people i know in the brighton area now call them cheeselogs too !\ni lived in reading until i was eighteen , left twenty years for the north - west , and still have relatives in newbury . my friends tell me that my accent is still strong , but only people from reading seem able to distinguish the reading accent from the various london ones . i remember using the word cheeselog and it ' s a word that i still use . i had no idea tbat it was virtually unique to reading . are there are any other words that are specific to reading ?\nprof . kerswill demostrates his total ignorance of berkshire speech . my grandparents , who married in 1906 lived in reading in the same house until they died in 1968 sounded nothing like those originating in the west country . i was educated in newbury and have not a trace of anything approaching the dialects heard in devon or cornwall . i once met a lady who sounded american but in fact came from plymouth , and the story goes that since the first britons to arrive in america were largely from the west country , their speech pattern maintained and became the generalised accent associated with the united states today . incidentally , it is\nbark\nshire in britain but\nburk\nshire in the us .\ni have just goggled cheeselog and was delighted to find your site . i am born and breed in reading and married to a lancastrian . he had never heard of cheeselogs and so i have done my own research into this word , by asking people i meet over the town , county and country . it is true it is a word used mainly by people from reading , but some from wallingford were also aware of its meaning .\ni comfrom wokingham 5 miles southeast of reading . hisorically wokingham was firmly part of county wiltshire , so even some local teenagers speak with the traditionhal wetcountry accent . however a more easternn prononciation of words is becoming ever more prominant in the area ."]}
{"id": 289, "summary": [{"text": "oreta trispina is a moth in the family drepanidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by watson in 1967 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( shaanxi , ningxia , gansu , sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 18.5 \u2013 23.5 mm for males and 22.5 \u2013 25 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is either entirely reddish brown , or reddish brown with a pale yellow band on the forewings and a broad , distal , pale yellow area on the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the wing markings are mostly dark brown or black , with a yellow distal edge to the oblique postmedial fascia on the forewings and a yellowish brown cell-patch on the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "oreta trispina", "paragraphs": ["oreta suffusa walker , 1855 = oreta violacea hampson , 1891 = psiloreta violacea = psiloreta violacea hampson , 1891 .\nfigures 171 \u2013 180 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 171 , oreta pavaca sinensis ; 172 , oreta trispinuligera ; 173 , o . liensis ; 174 , o . sanguinea ; 175 , o . eminens ; 176 , o . angularis ; 177 , o . insignis ; 178 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 179 , o .\nfigures 66 \u2013 77 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bars = 1 mm ) . 66 , oreta loochooana loochooana ; 67 , o . loochooana timutia ; 68 , o . pulchripes ; 69 , o . turpis ; 70 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 71 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 72 , o . hoenei tienia ; 73 , o . paki ; 74 , o . ancora ; 75 \u2013 76 , o . trispina , 75 , from gansu , 76 , from ningxia ; 77 , o . flavobrunnea .\nfigures 159 \u2013 170 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 159 , oreta vatama acutula ; 160 , o . andrema ; 161 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 162 , o . speciosa ; 163 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 164 , o . loochooana timutia ; 165 , o . turpis ; 166 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 167 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 168 , o . paki ; 169 , o . trispina ; 170 , o . pavaca pavaca ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) .\nfigures 99 \u2013 115 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 99 , oreta vatama acutula ; 100 , o . vatama tsina ; 101 , o . andrema ; 102 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 103 , o . speciosa ; 104 , o . brunnea ; 105 , o . shania ; 106 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 107 , o . pulchripes ; 108 , o . turpis ; 109 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 110 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 111 , o . hoenei tienia ; 112 , o . paki ; 113 , o . ancora ; 114 , o . trispina ; 115 , o . flavobrunnea .\nfigures 131 \u2013 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; . . .\nfigures 90 \u2013 98 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 90 , oreta angularis ; 91 , o . insignis ; 92 , o . extensa ; 93 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 94 , o . griseotincta ; 95 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 96 , neoreta olga ; 97 , n . purpureofascia ; 98 , n . brunhyala .\nfigures 131 \u2013 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; 149 , o . sanguinea ; 150 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 151 , o . angularis ; 152 , o . insignis ; 153 , o . extensa ; 154 , o . griseotincta ; 155 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 156 , neoreta olga ; 157 , n . purpureofascia ; 158 , n . brunhyala .\nfigures 1 \u2013 32 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 1 , oreta vatama acutula ; 2 , o . vatama tsina ; 3 , o . andrema ; 4 \u2013 5 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 6 , ditto ( holotype of o . sinuata ) ; 7 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 8 \u2013 9 , o . speciosa ; 10 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina , ) ; 11 , o . brunnea , holotype ; 12 , o . shania ; 13 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 14 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) ; 15 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 16 , o . loochooana timutia ; 17 , o . pulchripes ; 18 , o . turpis ; 19 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 20 , ditto ( holotype of o . trianga ) ; 21 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 22 , o . hoenei tienia ; 23 , o . paki ; 24 , o . ancora ; 25 \u2013 26 , o . trispina ; 27 \u2013 28 , o . flavobrunnea ; 29 , ditto ( holotype of o . dalia , ) ; 30 , o . pavaca pavaca ; 31 , ditto ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 32 , o . pavaca sinensis .\nfigures 54 \u2013 65 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 54 , oreta vatama acutula ; 55 , o . vatama tsina ; 56 , o . andrema ; 57 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 58 , ditto ( paratype of o . sinuata ) ; 59 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 60 , o . speciosa ; 61 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina ) ; 62 , o . brunnea ; 63 , o . shania ; 64 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 65 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) .\nfigures 78 \u2013 89 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 78 , oreta flavobrunnea ( holotype of o . dalia ) ; 79 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 80 \u2013 81 , o . pavaca sinensis ; 81 , ditto ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 82 , ditto ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 83 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma , ) ; 84 , o . trispinuligera ; 85 , ditto ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 86 , o . liensis ; 87 , o . sanguinea ; 88 , o . eminens ; 89 , o . inflativalva sp . nov .\nfigures 1 \u2013 32 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 1 , oreta vatama acutula ; 2 , o . vatama tsina ; 3 , o . andrema ; 4 \u2013 5 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 6 , ditto ( holotype of o . sinuata ) ; 7 , ditto ( holotype of o . asignis ) ; 8 \u2013 9 , o . speciosa ; 10 , ditto ( holotype of o . hyalina , ) ; 11 , o . brunnea , holotype ; 12 , o . shania ; 13 , ditto ( holotype of o . bimaculata ) ; 14 , ditto ( holotype of o . cera ) ; 15 , o . loochooana loochooana ; . . .\nfigures 33 \u2013 53 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 33 , oreta pavaca sinensis ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 34 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma ) ; 35 \u2013 36 , o . trispinuligera , 35 , holotype ; 37 , o . trispinuligera ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 38 , o . liensis ; 39 , o . sanguinea ; 40 , o . eminens ; 41 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . , holotype ; 42 \u2013 43 , o . angularis ; 44 \u2013 45 , o . insignis ; 46 , o . extensa ; 47 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 48 , o . griseotincta ; 49 , . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsong , wenhui , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2012 , revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) , zootaxa 3445 , pp . 1 - 36 : 16\n. hist . ( ent . ) , 19 : 177 , figs 36\u201339 , pl . 2 : 98 , 99 . holotype 3 , china : s . shensi , tapaishan im tsinling ( zfmk\n) : s . shensi , tapaishan im tsinling , 6 . vii . 1935 , coll . h\u00f6ne , 13 ( holotype ) . shaanxi ( izcas\n) : ningshan , huoditang , 1580 m , 26 . vii . 1998 , coll . yuan decheng , 13 . ningxia ( izcas\n) : jingyuan , hongxia linchang , 1998 m , 9\u201310 . vii . 2008 , coll . song wenhui , 13 . gansu ( izcas\n) : wenxian , qiujiaba , 2350 m , 21\u201322 . vii . 1999 , coll . yao jian and zhu chaodong , 53 . sichuan ( izcas\n) : wolong , 1900 m , 20 . viii . 1980 , coll . liu youqiao , 1 \u01a5 ; nanping , jiuzhaigou , 2350 m , 7 . ix . 1983 , coll . niu chunlai , 1 \u01a5 ; balangshan , 2300 m , 7 . viii . 1983 , coll . zhang xuezhong , 1 \u01a5 .\nhas another pointed process on the middle of the ventral margin of the valva , which is absent in the other two species . the posterior process of the aedeagus is blunt in\nhas been found from shanxi . the material from gansu and ningxia has slight differences in the male genitalia . the former ( fig . 72\n) has asymmetrical saccular processes with two spines on the ventral process of the left , and two spines at the base of the diverging branches on the right . the latter ( fig . 73\n) has symmetrical saccular processes on both valvae , and each bears four spines at the base of the diverging branches . in addition , the posterior process of the aedeagus is longer and blunt in the former , but short and truncate in the latter .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsong , wenhui , xue , dayong , han , hongxiang ( 2012 ) : revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) . zootaxa 3445 : 1 - 36 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 212981\nfigures 116 \u2013 130 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 116 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 117 , o . pavaca sinensis ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 118 , o . trispinuligera ; 119 , o . liensis ; 120 , o . sanguinea ; 121 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 122 , o . angularis ; 123 , o . insignis ; 124 , o . extensa ; 125 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 126 , o . griseotincta ; 127 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 128 , neoreta olga ; 129 , n . purpureofascia ; 130 , n . brunhyala .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 290, "summary": [{"text": "megalagrion xanthomelas ( orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ) is a species of damselfly in the family coenagrionidae that is endemic to hawaii .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "its natural habitats are rivers and shrub-dominated wetlands .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "megalagrion xanthomelas", "paragraphs": ["david eickhoff marked\nmegalagrion xanthomelas\nas trusted on the\nmegalagrion xanthomelas\npage .\ndavid eickhoff set\nmegalagrion xanthomelas\nas an exemplar on\nmegalagrion xanthomelas selys 1876\n.\ndamselfly species that co - occur on oahu include megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , and megalagrion oceanicum in kane ' ohe bay ; megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , megalagrion oceanicum , and megalagrion leptodemas on the windward side ; megalagrion nigrohamatum nigrolineatum , megalagrion hawaiiense , and megalagrion xanthomelas on the leeward / pearl harbor side ( englund , 2005 ) .\nmegalagrion xanthomelas s\u00e3\u00a9lys - longchamps . the taxonomic status of this species is accepted as valid .\nisolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic hawaiian damselfly megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) .\nodonata specialist group 1996 . megalagrion xanthomelas . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .\nisolation and characterization of 16 polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endemic hawaiian damselfly megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrion . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nresearch into habitat management would be valuable . breeding and translocation efforts are being pursued ; successful translocation of m . xanthomelas into regions of restored habitat could be a model for other threatened megalagrion species .\nenglund , r . 1998 . response of the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ( megalagrion xanthomelas ) , a candidate threatened species , to increases in stream flow . bishop museum occasional papers 56 : 19 - 24 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 2003 . candidate assessment and listing priority assignment form - megalagrion xanthomelas . u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office . 22 pp .\npolhemus , d . a . 1996 . the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly , megalagrion xanthomelas ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) : clarifying the current range of a threatened species . bishop museum occasional papers 45 : 30 - 53 .\nreston d . j . , englund r . a . , and mcshane m . k . k . 2007 . translocation and monitoring efforts to establish a second population of the rare megalagrion xanthomelas ( s\u00e3\u00a9lys - longchamps ) on o\u2019ahu , hawai\u2019i ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) .\nenglund , r . a . 2001 . long - term monitoring of one of the most restricted insect populations in the united states , megalagrion xanthomelas ( selys - longchamps ) , at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatologica 30 ( 3 ) : 225 - 263 .\nenglund , r . a . 2001 . long - term monitoring of one of the most restricted insect populations in the united states , megalagrion xanthomelas ( selys - longchamps ) , at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatologica , 30 ( 3 ) : 255 - 263 .\nmegalagrion xanthomelas is endemic to the islands of nihau , oahu , lanai , molokai , maui , hawaii , and possibly kauai . m . xanthomelas is extirpated on maui and kauai , and was believed to have been extirpated on oahu until the discovery of a single population in 1994 . its limited habitat and small scattered populations may affect long - term stability . the species is susceptible to the effects of habitat loss and introduced species . research should focus on habitat management and protection , control of invasive species , and translocation efforts .\nmicrosatellite loci have been isolated from two species of endemic hawaiian damselflies , megalagrion xanthomelas and m . eudytum , that are of conservation concern . sixteen polymorphic loci were characterized in 32 m . xanthomelas from one population on molokai and one on hawaii island . the total number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 16 and observed population heterozygosity ranged from 0 . 0 to 0 . 963 . eleven of these loci amplified successfully in m . eudytum as well . these loci will be used to further conservation efforts and infer genetic consequences of pleistocene glaciations .\nevenhuis , n . , d . polhemus , s . swift , k . arakaki , and d . preston . 1995 . a study of the biology of the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly ( megalagrion xanthomelas ) , with special reference to conservation of the population at tripler army medical center , oahu , hawaii . bishop mus . tech . rep 8 . 81 pp .\nmoore , n . w . 1983 . territorial behaviour in the genus megalagrion mclachlan ( zygoptera : coenagrionidae ) . odonatoligica 12 ( 1 ) : 87 - 92 .\npolhemus d . a . 1993 . damsels in distress : a review of the conservation status of hawaiian megalagrion damselflies ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . aquatic conservation 3 ( 4 ) : 343 - 349 .\nenglund r . a . 1999 . the impacts of introduced poeciliid fish and odonata on the endemic megalagrion ( odonata ) damselflies of oahu island , hawaii . journal of insect conservation . 3 : 225 - 243 .\npolhemus , d . a . 1994b . a revision of the hawaiian damselflies in the genus megalagrion ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . unpublished report to u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office .\npolhemus , d . a . , h . oppenheimer , f . starr , and k . martz . 1999 . notable rediscoveries of megalagrion species on maui ( odonata : coenagrionidae ) . bishop museum occasional papers 59 : 27 - 29 . p\npolhemus , d . a . 2007 . biology recapitulates geology : the distribution of megalagrion damselflies on the ko ' olau volcano of o ' ahu , hawai ' i . bishop museum bulletin in cultural and environmental studies 3 : 233 - 246 .\nmoore , n . w . and w . c . gagne . 1982 . megalagrion pacificum ( mclachlan ) - a preliminary study of the conservation requirements of an endangered species . reports of the odonata specialist group , iucn 3 : 1 - 5 .\nthis species was historically common and abundant in a variety of lowland habitats through the 1970s , after which populations declined . recent surveys have found populations on the islands of hawaii , lanai , molokai , mauai , and oahu . m . xanthomelas was extirpated on kauai and was thought to be extinct on oahu until a single remnant population was found on the grounds of the at the tripler army medical facility ( englund 2001 ) . additional populations are localized on : lanai ( artificial pond at koele ) ; molokai ( mouths of pelekunu and waikolu streams , palaau wetlands on the south coast ) ; mauai ( ukumehame stream , and near anchialine pools at la perouse bay ; polhemus et al . 1999 ) ; and in coastal wetlands on hawaii ( anaehoomalu bay , hawa bay , hilea stream , hilo , honokohau , kiholo bay , ninole springs , onomea bay , and whittington beach ; polhemus 1995 ) .\nnymphs reach up to 18 - 20 mm ( 0 . 7 - 0 . 8 in . ) in length . they have three flattened leaf - like gills at the tip of the abdomen ; the gills are longer than the combined length of the last five segments of the abdomen , and each comes to a small point at the tip ( polhemus & asquith 1996 ) .\nnecessary actions include monitoring known populations and searching for new ones , habitat protection , and removal of invasive species .\ndaigle , j . 2000 . the distribution of the odonata of hawaii . bulletin of american entomology 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 5 .\nhawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . 2nd edition . 1994 . nishida , g . m . ( ed . ) hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum . honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .\nmcpeek , m . a . 1990 . behavioral differences between enallagma species ( odonata ) influencing differential vulnerability to predators . ecology 71 : 1714 - 1726 .\npolhemus , d . a . 1995 . new heteroptera and odonata ( insecta ) records and range extensions in the hawaiian islands . bishop museum occasional papers 42 : 42 - 43 .\npolhemus , d . a . and asquith , a . 1996 . hawaiian damselflies . a field identification guide . bishop museum press , honolulu .\nselys - longchamps , e . 1876 . synopsis des agrionines , 5me legion : agrion . bull . acad . royal belgique , ( ii ) 41 ( 2 , 3 ) : 1 - 282 . as referenced : in zimmerman , e . c . 1948 . insects of hawaii , vol . 2 . apterygota - thysanoptera . university of hawaii press , honolulu .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 2007 . species assessment for the orangeblack hawaiian damselfly . available online .\nsign up for our newsletter to receive up to date information about our programs and events .\nthe xerces society \u2022 628 ne broadway ste 200 , portland or 97232 usa \u2022 tel 855 . 232 . 6639 \u2022 fax 503 . 233 . 6794 website terms of use \u2022 privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nendemic to the islands of oahu , lanai , molokai , maui and hawaii , hawaiian islands .\ndestruction of wetlands by resort development ; alteration of stream terminal reaches for agriculture ; introduced poeciliid fishes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnishida , g . m . , ed . 1994a . hawaiian terrestrial arthropoda checklist . second edition . hawaii biological survey , contribution no . 94 - 04 . bishop museum : honolulu , hawaii . 287 pp .\npopulations have decreased from common presence on all main hawaiian islands to 25 populations on four islands with total number of individuals estimated to exceed 1 , 000 . decline strongly associated with introduction of predatory fish and crayfish which remain a threat . coastal wetland populations on hawaii are locally abundant , but oahu population is definitely at risk .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nhistorically known from all the main hawaiian islands except kahoolawe ( 6 localities on oahu , 5 on molokai , 1 on maui , 4 on hawaii , and unspecified on kauai ) ( pohlmeus , 1996 ) . until recently , the last report on oahu was in 1935 ( williams 1936 ) and it was believed extinct on this island until 1993 , when a very small population was discovered existing in pools of an intermittent stream at the tripler army medical facility . this is the only known population of this species on oahu . its range is now reduced to 25 populations on oahu , lanai , molokai , and hawaii islands ( usfws , 2003 ) .\nthe number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits .\nthe number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits . surveys in the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) stream indicated a robust population with numbers varying from 17 to 162 ( englund , 2001 ) .\nthe species is quite rare on oahu , localized on lanai and molokai , but locally abundant in coastal wetlands on hawaii . given its relatively broad breeding habitat requirements , recovery should be fairly easy if the significant threats to the species were incontrovertably identified and controlled . although the species as a whole receives a lower global ranking than some of the other hawaiian damselflies , the oahu population is definitely at risk .\nalthough extensive surveys have already been conducted , the habits of this species may allow it to survive in small isolated pockets . continued survey is necessary to identify any other extant populations then those already identified .\ntransplants are necessary to maintain genetic diversity ( see englund , 2001 ) but previous transplants have been unsuccessful due to predators . mitigation water flow ponds are the primary reason why the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) population still remains and has not been extirpated , although flaws in their design have are apparent ( englund , 2001 ) .\n( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) historically known from all the main hawaiian islands except kahoolawe ( 6 localities on oahu , 5 on molokai , 1 on maui , 4 on hawaii , and unspecified on kauai ) ( pohlmeus , 1996 ) . until recently , the last report on oahu was in 1935 ( williams 1936 ) and it was believed extinct on this island until 1993 , when a very small population was discovered existing in pools of an intermittent stream at the tripler army medical facility . this is the only known population of this species on oahu . its range is now reduced to 25 populations on oahu , lanai , molokai , and hawaii islands ( usfws , 2003 ) .\nthe males are black with red markings on the thorax , the first 3 , and last 3 segments of the abdomen . the females have similar color patterning , but with tan rather than red coloration . more detailed descriptions and color photos are available in polhemus and asquith ( 1996 ) .\nimmature eats primarily aquatic diptera larvae , such as midges and mosquitos . both stages are opportunistic and readily accept any moving prey within right size range .\nthe biology of the species has been studied for oahu ( evenhuis , et al . 1995 ) , and reviewed by polhemus ( 1996 ) for all islands , but more detailed studies are needed for populations on hawaii island , many of which live in mixohaline environments . research is needed to understand the actual threats to the species .\nwithin catchments there are likely no significant barriers to movement of sexually mature adults between microhabitats , with even extensive sections of inappropriate waterway or major obstructions to flow being readily traversed by adults within the flight season .\nthe few studies determining area of adult foraging habitat surrounding breeding sites have indicated a range of 30 meters to 300 meters [ see briggs ( 1993 ) for enallagma laterale ; corbet ( 1999 ) for nesciothemis nigeriensis and calopteryx haemorrhoidalis ; beukeman ( 2002 ) for calopteryx haemorrhoidalis ; and samways and steytler ( 1996 ) for chorolestes tessalatus ] . as a result , an element occurrence should include the breeding site and surrounding pond or upland habitat extending 500 m in a radius from the breeding site .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\ncordeiro , j . ( 2005 ) ; nishida , gordon m . reviewed by polhemus , dan a . ( 1997 )\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nenglund , r . a . 2005 . threats to native aquatic diversity in hawai ' i and the pacific , and challenges in their conservation . phd . dissertation , university of hawai ' i . 202 pp .\ngagne , w . c . and f . g . howarth . 1982 . assessment of endangered and threatened status of hawaiian arthropods . report to u . s . fish and wildlife service , pacific islands office , honolulu , hawaii .\nharwood , p . d . 1976 . dragonflies ( odonata ) observed in hawaii in 1973 and 1974 . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 22 : 251 - 254 .\npaulson , d . r . , and s . w . dunkle . 2009 . a checklist of north american odonata including english name , etymology , type locality , and distribution . originally published as occasional paper no . 56 , slater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , june 1999 ; completely revised march 2009 . online . available : urltoken\npolhemus , d . and a . asquith . 1996 . hawaiian damselflies : a field identification guide . hawaii biological survey handbook , bishop museum press , honolulu , hawaii . 122 pp .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1998 . category and listing priority forms .\nwilliams , f . x . 1936a . biological studies in hawaiian water - loving insects . part ii order odonata . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society 9 ( 2 ) : 273 - 349 .\nzimmerman , e . c . 1948b . odonata . pages 321 - 385 in insects of hawaii . volume 2 . univeristy of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndepartment of biology , bucknell university , lewisburg , pa 17837 , usa , department of ecology and evolutionary biology , cornell university , corson hall , ithaca , ny 14853 , usa .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nglobal range : ( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) historically known from all the main hawaiian islands except kahoolawe ( 6 localities on oahu , 5 on molokai , 1 on maui , 4 on hawaii , and unspecified on kauai ) ( pohlmeus , 1996 ) . until recently , the last report on oahu was in 1935 ( williams 1936 ) and it was believed extinct on this island until 1993 , when a very small population was discovered existing in pools of an intermittent stream at the tripler army medical facility . this is the only known population of this species on oahu . its range is now reduced to 25 populations on oahu , lanai , molokai , and hawaii islands ( usfws , 2003 ) .\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments : immature eats primarily aquatic diptera larvae , such as midges and mosquitos . both stages are opportunistic and readily accept any moving prey within right size range .\nnote : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments : the number of individuals across all 25 populations probably exceeds 1 , 000 . a study of the single remnant oahu population ( evenhuis et al . 1995 ) indicated that the number of individuals observed at the site ranged between 20 and 100 based on multiple visits .\nreasons : populations have decreased from common presence on all main hawaiian islands to 25 populations on four islands with total number of individuals estimated to exceed 1 , 000 . decline strongly associated with introduction of predatory fish and crayfish which remain a threat . coastal wetland populations on hawaii are locally abundant , but oahu population is definitely at risk .\ncomments : the species is quite rare on oahu , localized on lanai and molokai , but locally abundant in coastal wetlands on hawaii . given its relatively broad breeding habitat requirements , recovery should be fairly easy if the significant threats to the species were incontrovertably identified and controlled . although the species as a whole receives a lower global ranking than some of the other hawaiian damselflies , the oahu population is definitely at risk .\nbiological research needs : the biology of the species has been studied for oahu ( evenhuis , et al . 1995 ) , and reviewed by polhemus ( 1996 ) for all islands , but more detailed studies are needed for populations on hawaii island , many of which live in mixohaline environments . research is needed to understand the actual threats to the species .\nneeds : transplants are necessary to maintain genetic diversity ( see englund , 2001 ) but previous transplants have been unsuccessful due to predators . mitigation water flow ponds are the primary reason why the tripler army medical center ( oahu , hawaii ) population still remains and has not been extirpated , although flaws in their design have are apparent ( englund , 2001 ) ."]}
{"id": 292, "summary": [{"text": "chamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia ( including queensland ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have off-white forewings with a faint brown pattern . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "chamaita barnardi", "paragraphs": ["chamaita barnardi ( t . p . lucas , 1894 ) ( previously known as nudaria barnardi ) lithosiinae , arctiidae , noctuoidea\nlithosiinae chamaita barnardi female view full size photographer : d . britton \u00a9 australian museum\nchamaita barnardi is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in australia ( including queensland ) . [ 1 ]\nchamaita barnardi ; [ nhm card ] ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , pl . 41 , f . 30 ; [ aucl ]\nnudaria barnardi lucas , 1894 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 8 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : geraldton , johnson river , queensland\nchamaita celebensis roepke , 1946 ; tijdschr . ent . 87 : 87 ; tl : todjambu\nchamaita fasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nchamaita nubifera hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 107 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los ba\u00f1os\nchamaita semifasciata rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nthis species has two distinct black spots on the forewing , with one near the base of the forewing cell , and one at the tip of the cell . the other species in the genus is s . obducta , which has more brown markings on the forewings , and does not have the distinct black spots . psilopepla mollis is similar , but is smaller , with more transparent wings , and has only one rather indistinct black marking in the forewing cell . chamaita barnardi is smaller , has fewer scales on the wings , and has only a few indistinct pale brown markings on the forewings . males of c . barnardi have highly modified antennal scapes ( base of the antenna )\nchamaita fascioterminata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : milne bay , british new guinea\nchamaita niveata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 219 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea\nchamaita nympha ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 384 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita edelburga schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 28 ; tl : mt makiling , luzon , philippines\nchamaita hirta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 804 , f . 267 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita neuropteroides ; [ mob7 ] , 381 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27\nchamaita metamelaena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 565 , pl . 35 , f . 15 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nchamaita sundanympha holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 280 - 281 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nchamaita niveata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 805 , pl . 41 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]\nchamaita ( nudariini ) ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257 ; [ mob7 ] : 380\nchamaita fascioterminata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 803 , f . 266 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] , 382 ( note )\nchamaita trichopteroides ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 530 , f . 383 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 381 , pl . 8 , f . 278 , 283\nchamaita hamata dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 288 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum , 14\u00b045 ' - 15\u00b015 ' n ; 107\u00b021 ' - 108\u00b020 ' e\nthe adult moths of this species have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . the wingspan is up to 1 . 5 cms .\nseries 2 , volume 8 ( 1894 ) , pp . 135 - 136 ,\nqld : base cableway mt bellenden - ker 80m 17\u00ba16\u2019s 145\u00ba54\u2019e 19 oct 1981 e . d . edwards\nthe majority of images of lithosiinae presented on these pages were taken from specimens housed in the australian national insect collection ( anic ) ( csiro , canberra ) . i would like to thank the staff and researchers at anic for their generous assistance in providing me access to this collection , and i acknowledge the depth of effort and the investment of staff time that has gone into building and curating this splendid resource . in particular , i would like to thank ted edwards and marianne horak for their assistance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nadults have off - white forewings with a faint brown pattern . [ 2 ]\nthis page was last edited on 20 february 2018 , at 04 : 55 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257\nhomopsyche nympha moore , [ 1887 ] ; lepid . ceylon 3 ( 4 ) : 536 , pl . 211 , f . 11 ; tl : ceylon\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nlithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )\nthe lithosiids , collected by dr . l . j . toxopeus in central celebes , with remarsk on some allied species\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n( walker ) . they were so numerous they appeared as snowflakes . the tiny moths seemed to be everywhere in the kuranda area even on the busy kennedy highway leading to cairns . as far as i can tell , the larvae are unknown . the following night , there were not so many .\nthese moths measure only 5 - 6 mm so there must have been millions of them emerging at approximately the same time . what triggered such an emergence and where where the larvae ?\nthis little moth seems to be seasonal . it is not always found at lights as are the two below .\nall belong to the tiger moth family , the arctiidae , and are placed in the subfamily lithosiinae . i have dealt with these moths\nthere is so much in this article that i would never thought of on my own . your content gives readers things to think about in an interesting way . thank you for your clear information . pest control san antonio\ndavid and family moved to kuranda , queensland in 2002 , following retirement from csiro canberra , australia . david , barbara and an assortment of wildlife live in a rainforest setting . it is their first experience living in the tropics . david ' s major interest is entomology . he continues research in the orthopteroid insects and is keenly interested in the biology of the rainforest . this blog is a narrative of observations made in and around kuranda . and remember to see more insects go to : urltoken and proceed to the\nalbums\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license .\nborneo ! ! why borneo of all places . well it a place that i have visited about a half dozen times in the last 15 years and it is an interestin . . .\nan interesting dilemma a situation has arisen recently that is worthy of note here . a large stick insect , the giant spiny stick ins . . .\nmeet the green tree snake i\u2019ve been waiting for that spectacular snake shot to introduce the snake fauna of our rainforest , but nothing very . . .\nnothing has been said to date on the lizard fauna in this blog . kuranda has a nice selection of lizards ranging from some very small speci . . .\nwell as a tropical low develops over the city of cairns , the titan arum in the cairns botanic gardens continues to develop . it is a wet time . . .\nlast week during the height of the deluge , i had a look at the light and the tree adjacent to it , a quandong , elaeocarpus sp . , was actually . . .\ncoremata , including hair pencils , is a phenomenon associated with lepidoptera . they are signalling structures produced by males that are see . . .\na few interesting beetles each morning there is an array of beetles of many species at the light sheet . the species component varies with . . .\nthe recent aquisition of a truly giant stick insect has prompted this bit of\ncrowing\n. australia ' s largest insects are to be . . .\nthere are only a few grasshopper species that could be considered as true rainforest inhabitants in northern australia . reasons for this are . . .\nthese small white moths have only a thin layer of scales so that the wings are almost transparent . they are common at light in regions north of brisbane in queensland .\nlithosiinae schistophleps albida female view full size photographer : d . britton \u00a9 australian museum\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 293, "summary": [{"text": "cotachena pubescens is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by warren in 1892 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in taiwan , china and indonesia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "cotachena pubescens", "paragraphs": ["no part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthis blog is protected by dr dave ' s spam karma 2 : 132308 spams eaten and counting . . .\nall photos , videos and captions are the property of their respective authors . while fluidr uses the flickr api it is not endorsed by flickr or yahoo . copyright \u00a9 2009 - 2013 fluidr . com . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 297, "summary": [{"text": "the rose-collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) is a species of bird in the family cotingidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in humid forests growing in the tepui highlands in south-eastern venezuela , western guyana and far northern brazil .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "only the male has the rosy collar for which this species is named .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the female resembles the screaming piha , but has a cinnamon vent . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "rose - collared piha", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for rose - collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) yet .\nrose - collared piha by lars petersson . cotinga family | birds cotingidae cotinga family | pinterest | venezuela , bird and flycatchers\nthe rose - collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) is found in humid forests in the tepui highlands in south - eastern venezuela , western guyana and far northern brazil in south america .\nthe female looks like the screaming piha , but she has a cinnamon vent .\nthe rose - collared piha is endemic to the spectacular and poorly explored tepuis of the guianan shield . both sexes are gray overall with pink undertail coverts , but the male has a bold pink collar as well . this sexual dimorphism is unusual among pihas , as is the rose - collared ' s habit of perching in the open at the forest edge . more typical for a piha , males intermittently give a loud call , in this case a rising - falling whistle . listening for this call is generally the easiest way to detect this canopy species . currently this species is known only from the cluster of tepuis around the gran sabana on the borders of venezuela , guyana , and brazil .\nthe screaming piha is a gray songbird that averages 10\u201311 inches in height . - range the screaming piha can be found from northern south america to bolivia and brazil . status common habitat this species primarily inhabits tropical rainforests . niche fruit makes up the majority of the screaming piha\u2019s diet . more\nsnow , d . ( 2018 ) . rose - collared piha ( lipaugus streptophorus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe screaming piha is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\n22\u00b75 cm . distinctive piha ; striking sexually dimorphic plumage unique within genus . male is grey above , paler below , especially on belly ; has full collar and undertail . . .\nscreaming piha ( lipaugus vociferans ) song , single burst , part of series 4 - 6 per minute , recorded near yurimaguas , loreto , per\u00fa , 19 / 08 / 07 . sonagram created with syrinx software ( www . syrinxpc . com ) . \u201cwhee wheee - ooo\u201d or \u201cpee eeeee aaaaa\u201d if you\u2019ve been to the amazon or watched documentaries on the amazon you\u2019ll have heard the ear - splitting song of the screaming piha , the song is sometimes dubbed into movies and even sampled into music tracks , presumably to give it that tropical sounding vibe . more\nif the screaming piha has brown plumage in both sexes , why does the picture show a blue bird ? the picture is misleading . \u2014preceding unsigned comment added by 132 . 230 . 66 . 189 ( talk ) 15 : 48 , 8 december 2008 ( utc ) retrieved from\nhttp : / / en . wikipedia . more\nscreaming piha at the national aquarium in baltimoreby jennyberg 4 years ago 4 years ago : tue , apr 25 , 2006 10 : 18pm est ( eastern standard time ) more more see all show mejennyberg ' s videos * jennyberg ' s videos * staff picks 18 . i ' m the fool in the black suit to the right . by jennyberg4 months ago 17 . got latkes ? by jennyberg3 years ago 16 . me and peep by jennyberg4 years ago 15 . more\ntepuis of se venezuela ( se bol\u00edvar ) and adjacent n brazil ( mt roraima , uei - tepui ) and w guyana .\nmain call a clear , whistled \u201csueeet - su\u00e9\u00e9\u00e9eeeeoo\u201d , rising and then . . .\nmainly fruits , especially of melastomataceae , taken in flight sally or flutter ; also insects .\nfemale collecting nest material in apr ; moult ( presumably post - breeding ) begins over extended period , dec\u2013may . no other information .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in tepuis eba . status not well known ; apparently uncommon , possibly local , but may be more numerous in some places . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincorporates tijuca , which was found in recent genetic study # r to be embedded in lipaugus .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na female perched in darker area ( compared to the site were the male was perched ) . notice paler color intensity in crissum , . . .\nlars petersson , margareta wieser , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , dilia e . garcia , fredrik salin .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 1 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lipaugus streptophorus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 977 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nfatbirder - linking birders worldwide . . . wildlife travellers see our sister site : wand\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nrange data provided by infonatura / natureserve and urltoken . ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa . additional updates and changes by urltoken 2016 .\nwhile the plumage of both sexes is dull grey , its voice is extraordinary , exceptionally loud and among the most commonly heard sounds in the amazon . the cofan people of ecuador call it the pwe - pwe yoh , which is a reference to its voice . males often gather in loose leks , where they sing to attract females .\npicture of lipaugus vociferans above has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - share alike license . original source : tanya dewey , animal diversity web , university of michigan museum of zoology author : tanya dewey , animal diversity web , university of michigan museum of zoology permission : some rights reserved\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are around 96 species of birds in this family . they are found in tropical and subtropical forests or forest edges in central and south america .\nsome species , like the andean cock - of - the rock , are brightly colored and have crests . other species , like the long - wattled umbrella bird , have wattles on their chests . the male long - wattled umbrella bird ' s wattle extends past his feet ! the birds in this family range in size from the 3 inch kinglet calyptura to the 20 inch amazonian umbrella bird . they eat fruits , berries , and insects .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\ninfonatura species index : 1 - 50 of 64 records in family cotingidae of order passeriformes .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : data presented in infonatura at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of april 2007 . note : this report was printed on .\ntrademark notice :\ninfonatura\n, natureserve , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : \u00a9 2007 natureserve , 1101 wilson boulevard , 15th floor , arlington virginia 22209 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\ncitation : infonatura : animals and ecosystems of latin america [ web application ] . 2007 . version 5 . 0 . arlington , virginia ( usa ) : natureserve . available : http : / / infonatura . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\ncitation for bird range maps : ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nacknowledgement statement for bird range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for mammal range maps : patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nacknowledgement statement for mammal range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for amphibian range maps : iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 . global amphibian assessment . urltoken , version 1 . 1 .\nacknowledgement statement for amphibian range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with iucn , conservation international and the global amphibian assessment .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nfeedback request : using the comment form , please note any errors or significant omissions that you find in the data . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the network of users ."]}
{"id": 300, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to maui and hawaii .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it has an unusual shape of the hind wings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is highly variable in color pattern . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "eupithecia staurophragma", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia staurophragma is a moth of the geometridae family . it is endemic to maui and hawaii .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnishida , g . m . ( editor ) . 2002 . hawaiian terrestrial arthropod checklist , fourth edition . hawaii biological survey bishop museum , bishop museum technical report no . 22 online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nhowarth , f . g . and w . p . mull . 1992 . hawaiian insects and their kin . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 160 pp .\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nit has an unusual shape of the hind wings . it is highly variable in color pattern .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; 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{"id": 301, "summary": [{"text": "the canarian houbara , chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae , is a large bird in the bustard family .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is a houbara bustard subspecies which is endemic to the eastern canary archipelago , in macaronesia in the north atlantic ocean , where it is a scarce and threatened non-migratory resident .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is the animal symbol of the island of fuerteventura . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "canarian houbara", "paragraphs": ["although the canarian houbara is sedentary it can act like the migratory birds , making journeys in search of similar habitats and even flying between islands .\nminden pictures stock photos - canarian houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae ) adult , feeding , fuerteventura , canary islands , march - r . . .\nleo shapiro set\ncanarian houbara ( chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae ) ,\nel jable\nplains , lanzarote\nas an exemplar on\nchlamydotis undulata ( jacquin , 1784 )\n.\ncollins , d . 1984 . a study of the canarian houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae ) with special reference to its behaviour and ecology . \u2013 university of london , p . 119 .\nosborne , p . 1986 . survey of the birds of fuerteventura canary islands , with special reference to the status of the canarian houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata - study report no . 10 . \u2013 icbp , p . 76 .\nthis superspecies breeds in deserts and other very arid sandy areas . in the canarian part of its range , macqueen ' s is a bird of the dry lava slopes of lanzarote and fuerteventura islands .\nthe former asian subspecies , c . u . macqueenii , has now been split as a full species , macqueen ' s bustard , chlamydotis macqueenii . these two species are the only members of the chlamydotis genus . the canarian houbara is the subspecies chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae . the dividing line between the two chlamydotis species is the sinai peninsula .\n. . . classified as bvulnerable ^ ( iucn 2009 ) , it is divided into two subspecies , c . u . undulata and c . u . fuerteventurae . whereas the former is distributed from northern mauritania to egypt ( bourass and hingrat 2015 ) , the latter is a canarian endemic subspecies designated as bin danger ^ on the spanish red list ( lorenzo 2004 ) . it is one of the canarian terrestrial birds with the smallest distribution area , with almost all the population living exclusively in lanzarote and fuerteventura ( mart\u00edn and lorenzo 2001 ; carrascal et al . 2008 ; schuster et al . 2012 ) . . . .\nthe houbara bustard is the largest bird in the canaries and is threatened by habitat destruction and alteration in critical areas basically because of pressures from tourism the canarian sub - species is endemic to flat semi - desert planes in la graciosa , lanzarote and fuerteventura , where it feeds on seeds , and small animals such as lizrads and beetles . see life project for the conservation of houbara in the canaries ( seo ) . more\nis the largest bird in the canaries and is threatened by habitat destruction and alteration in critical areas basically because of pressures from tourism the canarian sub - species is endemic to flat semi - desert planes in la graciosa , lanzarote and fuerteventura , where it feeds on seeds , and small animals such as lizrads and beetles . see\nthe arid , wild and pristine islet of lobos \u2014which we passionately show to the visitors who join our day trips from corralejo\u2014 is one of the few places along with fuerteventura , lanzarote and la graciosa , where one of the most unique bird in the spanish wildlife lives , the canarian houbara . its habitat are the arid landscapes , \u201cjables\u201d and \u201cmalpa\u00eds\u201d characterizing the eastern end of the canary islands .\ngubin , b . m . counting houbara bustards : methods of counting asian houbara bustard . \u2013 national avian research center , pp . 8 - 12 .\nmukhina , e . counting houbara bustard : the methodology of censuring breeding houbara bustard in uzbekistan . \u2013 national avian research center , pp . 16 - 17 .\nabba saleh m ( 1989 ) the status of the houbara bustard in egypt .\nhoubara conservation ( ifhc ) . we are grateful to h . h . sheikh\njustification : european regional assessment : near threatened ( nt ) eu27 regional assessment : near threatened ( nt ) within the region this species is restricted to the eastern canary islands ( spain ) , where it has a moderately small , apparently stable population which approaches the thresholds for classification as vulnerable . the canarian population is a distinct subspecies and there is not considered to be any potential rescue effect from the mainland north african population , therefore the final category is unchanged and the species is classified as near threatened ( d1 ) in both europe and the eu27 .\ngoriup . 1996 . the distribution of the houbara bustard , throughout its known range .\ngubin b . n . 2004 . the houbara bustard . almaty . pp 296 .\niucn . 2004 . birdlife species factsheet : houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata . birdlife international .\nkhan , w . a . 1996 . food and feeding behaviour of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) . \u2013 houbara foundation international of pakistan , p . 15 .\nifhc . 2014 . international fund for houbara conservation website . available at : urltoken .\ncharacterization of 22 microsatellites loci from the endangered houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulat . . .\nthe houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata , is a large bird in the bustard family .\nrecent population trends of the houbara bustard in the canary islands . methods and conservation status\nstatus , conservation and habitat selection of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata fuertaventura . . .\ncombreau , o . counting houbara bustards : census of houbara bustard in kazakhstan : evaluation of two different methods . \u2013 national avian research center , pp . 4 - 7 .\ngoriup , p . d . 1983 . the houbara bustard in morocco . \u2013 icbp .\nlawrence , m . 2003 . update from china . \u2013 houbara news 5 : 3 .\nswrahio , m . i . 1982 . houbara bustard in pakistan , research and conservation .\nchaudhry , a . a . 1991 . houbara bustard in the punjab . \u2013 wwf pakistan .\ngenetic variability characterization of the moroccan houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) inferred from pedigree analysis .\nthe realized niche of captive - hatched houbara bustards translocated in morocco meets expectations fr . . .\n. . . it is one of the canarian terrestrial birds with the smallest distribution area , with almost all the population living exclusively in lanzarote and fuerteventura ( mart\u00edn and lorenzo 2001 ; carrascal et al . 2008 ; schuster et al . 2012 ) . the available censuses reviewed herein for 1994 ( mart\u00edn et al . 1997 ) , 2004 / 2006 ( carrascal et al . 2006 ; lorenzo 2005 ; lorenzo et al . 2007 ; carrascal et al . 2008 ) and 2011 ( schuster et al . 2012 ) show a 29 % decrease over the period 2004 / 2006 to 2011 ( schuster et al . 2012 ) . the loss of habitat seems to be the main factor threatening the houbara population ( lorenzo 2004 ; carrascal et al . 2008 ) . . . .\ncms . 2007 . cms houbara bustard agreement : final act meeting . march 2007 . saudi arabia .\nlacroix , f . 2003 . the emirates center for wildlife propagation : developing a comprehensive strategy to secure a self - sustaining population of houbara bustards in eastern morocco . \u2013 houbara news 5 : 2 .\nlaunay , f . 2000 . tracking the houbara . \u2013 world birdwatch 22 : 18 - 21 .\nlaunay , f . and bailey , t . 1999 . counting houbara bustard . a technical publication of the iucn / ssc / birdlife working group on the houbara bustard . \u2013 national avian research center .\nmukhtar , a . 2000 . efforts for the conservation of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) in pakistan . ii international conference on the saker falcon and houbara bustard , pp . 215 - 218 .\ncollar nj , goriup pd ( 1983 ) the i . c . b . p . fuertaventura houbara\npatterns of genetic diversity and population structure of the threatened houbara and macqueen ' s bust . . .\nhoubara bustard conservation ; one of ead\u2019s top priorities uae , algeria cooperate to protect houbara bustard project aims to release houbara back into wild in order to help increase population in wild . algiers - the united arab emirates ( uae ) and the people\u2019s democratic republic of algeria have signed a memorandum of understanding ( mou ) whereby the two countries agreed to cooperate in the field of houbara bustard breeding and conservation . more\nmart\u00edn , a . , lorenzo , j . a . and nogales , m . counting houbara bustard : counting houbara bustard in the canary islands . \u2013 national avian research center , pp . 13 - 15\nchaudhry , i . u . 1976 . helpless houbara . \u2013 newsletter for birdwatchers : 9 - 10 .\njennings , m . c . 1988 . the former distribution of the houbara \u2013 phoenix 5 : 4 .\nstone , r . 2008 . the houbara : headed for oblivion ? \u2013 science . 321 : 1441 .\nn . w . r . c . 2003 . houbara news . \u2013 natinal avian research p . 4 .\nali , a . a . 1986 . no hope for the houbara ? \u2013 the herald : 207 - 209 .\nclarke , j . e . 1982 . the houbara bustard in jordan . \u2013 sandgrouse 4 : 111 - 113 .\ncollins , d . 1980 . aspects of the behaviour and ecology of the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata fuertaventura ) .\ngoriup , p . d . 1999 . houbara bustard conservation makes progress . \u2013 oryx 33 : 184 - 187 .\nmian , a . 1983 . houbara demands conservation in pakistan . \u2013 wwf pakistan newsletter 2 : 1 - 3 .\ntear , t . 1988 . the tale of two houbara . \u2013 oman bird news 3 : 5 - 6 .\nwwf 1983 . houbara bustard : call for ban on hunting . \u2013 wwf pakistan newsletter 2 : 1 - 2 .\n. . . in this paper , we focus on the houbara potential habitat model sector ( fig . 2 ) . we have considered two state variables for the houbara potential habitat : the primary and secondary habitats , differing in houbara density ( lorenzo et al . 2007 ; mart\u00edn et al . 1997 ) . the houbara model sector takes into account the effects of other model variables representing the main factors governing the habitat loss , basically land use changes . . . .\ncowan , p . 2004 . are there really two species of houbara ? \u2013 britsh birds 97 : 346 - 347 .\ngaucher , p . 1991 . on the feeding ecology of the houbara chlamydotis undulata undulata . \u2013 alauda 59 : 120 .\ngoriup , p . 1996 . iucn ssc working group on the houbara bustard . first meeting . , p . 2 .\nkhan , a . m . 1986 . \u00ab five to midnight \u00bb for houbara . \u2013 dawn : 1 - 2 .\nn . w . r . c . 2001 . houbara news . \u2013 national avian research center , p . 4 .\nupton , r . 1989 . the houbara bustard and the arab falconer . \u2013 bustard studies 4 : 174 - 176 .\nanonymous . 1980 . tunisian delegation : report on the houbara bustard . \u2013 in : coles , c . l . and collar , n . j . ( eds . ) , the houbara bustard . \u2013 the game conservancy , fordingbridge , uk .\nallen , m . 1980 . houbara . \u2013 in : falconry in arabia . orbis publishing , pp . 77 - 78 .\ncollins , d . 1980 . display strategy and the mating system ( of the houbara ) . pp . 52 - 60 .\nmansoori , j . 1985 . the status of the houbara bustard in iran . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 97 - 99 .\nmian , a . habitat requirements of the houbara bustard . \u2013 department of zoology , university of baluchistan , p . 7 .\nosborne , p . 1984 . preliminary report of the 1984 fuerteventura houbara expedition . \u2013 icbp bustard group , p . 3 .\ntigar , b . j . 1995 . a review of the diet of the houbara bustard . \u2013 national avian research center .\nthe houbara bustard is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nadapted to arid conditions with little vegetation , the houbara bustard is found in sandy and stony semi - desert regions ( 5 ) .\nthis article is about the north african species . for the asian houbara that was considered a subspecies , see macqueen ' s bustard .\nfox , n . 1988 . notes on the analyses of houbara bustard stomach contents from baluchistan and punjab . p . unpublished manuscript .\nhaddane , b . 1985 . the houbara bustard in morocco : a brief review . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 109 - 112 .\nn . w . r . c . 1997 . houbara news . \u2013 national avian research center , pp . 1 - 12 .\nthesiger , w . 1959 . houbara part . \u2013 in : arabian sands . penguin travel library , pp . 290 - 294 .\ngoriup , p . 1997 . the world status of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata . bird conservation international 7 : 373 - 397 .\nferguson , d . a . 1977 . a preliminary review of the literature , status and life history of the arabian and houbara bustards with recommendations for a study of the houbara in saudi arabia . \u2013 u . s . fish and wildlife service , p . 9 .\nde smet , k . 1989 . the houbara bustard in algeria : a preliminary report . \u2013 bustard studies 4 : 157 - 159 .\ngaucher , p . 1995 . breeding biology of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata undulata in algeria . \u2013 alauda 63 : 291 - 298 .\ngoriup , p . d . 1986 . conservation of the houbara bustard in saudi arabia . \u2013 icbp bustard group , p . 13 .\njudas , j . 2000 . r\u00e9introduction de l\u2019outarde houbara en arabie saoudite . \u2013 le courrier de la nature 182 : 44 - 45 .\nmian , a . 1986 . ecological impact of arab falconry on houbara bustard in baluchistan . \u2013 environmental conservation 13 : 41 - 46 .\nmian , a . 1986 . houbara in baluchistan : 1984 - 85 ecological studies . \u2013 wwf pakistan newsletter 5 : 4 - 6 .\nsaint jalme , m . and van heezik , y . 1996 . propagation of the houbara bustard . \u2013 keegan paul international , london .\nsaleh , m . a . 1989 . the status of the houbara bustard in egypt . \u2013 bustard studies 4 : 151 - 156 .\nsilsby , j . 1980 . the houbara bustard . \u2013 in : inland birds of saudi arabia . immel publishing , p . 47 .\nsurahio , m . i . 1985 . ecology and distribution of houbara bustards in sind . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 55 - 58 .\nstone , richard .\nthe houbara : headed for oblivion ?\nscience , vol . 321 , 12 september 2008 , p . 1441 .\nfinn , f . 1915 . the florican - lesser florican - houbara . \u2013 in : indian sporting birds , pp . 134 - 139 .\njudas , j . 2002 . r\u00e9introduction de l\u2019outarde houbara chlamydotis [ undulata ] macqueenii en arabie saoudite . \u2013 alauda 70 : 180 - 181 .\nlaunay , f . 1989 . behavioral ecology of houbara bustard - n . w . r . c . , pp . 1 - 46 .\nmirza , z . b . 1985 . a note on houbara bustards in cholistan , punjab . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 43 - 44 .\nplatt , j . b . 1983 . houbara research in dubai , united arab emirates . \u2013 dubai wildlife research center , p . 4 .\nplatt , j . b . 1985 . houbara bustard research in dubai , united arab emirates . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 101 - 102 .\nroberts , t . j . 1985 . the houbara bustard in pakistan in relation to conservation . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 35 - 37 .\nschulz , h . , schulz , m . , paillat , p . , gaucher , p . and eichakera , x . 1991 . incubation parameters of the houbara ( chlamydotis : undulata ) . houbara incubation parameters . \u2013 n . w . r . c , p . 11 .\ncollar , n . j . 1980 . the world status of the houbara : a preliminary review . \u2013 in : coles , c . l . and collar , n . j . ( eds . ) , symposium papers on the houbara bustard . \u2013 sydenhams printers , p . 12 .\nhoubara bustard , the ultimate quarry of arab falconers , is seriously threatened . excessive hunting for falconry ; heavy illegal trapping to supply birds for falcon training ; and a disturbing increase in hunting pressure in central asia over the last few years are among factors responsible for the diminishing houbara numbers . more\ncollinson , m . 2004 . are there really two species of houbara ? \u2013 a response from the tsc . \u2013 britsh birds 97 : 348 .\ngoriup , p . d . 1997 . the world status of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata . \u2013 bird conservation international 7 : 373 - 397 .\nkarim , s . i . and hasan , a . 1983 . houbara bustard in pakistan . \u2013 wwf pakistan newsletter 2 : 3 - 6 .\nkhan , a . m . 1983 . the art of falconry and hunting of houbara bustard . \u2013 wwf pakistan newsletter 2 : 6 - 10 .\nsasikumar , c . 1989 . houbara bustards chlamydotis undulata : a rare record from kerala . \u2013 journal of the bombay natural history society : 101 .\nslaytor , j . h . 1989 . an interim pictoral report into the diet of the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) . \u2013 nwrc .\nsyed , i . k . and abrarul , h . 1983 . houbara bustard in pakistan . \u2013 wwf pakistan newsletter 2 : 3 - 6 .\nhbwg . and ( ssc ) , h . b . w . g . o . t . i . s . s . s . c . 2001 . review of the houbara bustard confiscation and rehabilitation program of the national avian research center , 1998 - 2001 . \u2013 houbara news 4 : 4 .\nheredia , b . 1995 . action plan for the houbara bustard in the canary islands ( chlamydotis undulata fuerteventurae ) . \u2013 bird life international , uk .\nschulz , h . , schulz , m . , paillat , p . , gaucher , p . and eichakera , x . 1991 . practical implications of research on incubation parameters of the houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) . houbara incubation parameters . \u2013 n . w . r . c , p . 12 .\nthe houbara bustard is a rare shy bird adapted to arid conditions with little vegetation and found in stony and sandy desert and semi - desert regions . more\nepidemiological study of the pathogens flow at the interface between wild birds and captive ones with special focus on the conservative breeding of houbara bustard in the uae .\nseddon , p . and van heezik , y . 1999 . counting houbara bustard in northern saudi arabia : an assessment of method . 18 - 24 . in ( launay , f . and bailey , t . , eds ) . counting houbara bustard . narc , iucn / ssc / birdlife international , cambridge .\nagrebi . 1991 . recherches sur la biologie et l\u2019\u00e9co - \u00e9thologie de l\u2019outarde houbara chlamydotis undulata undulata jacquin en alg\u00e9rie \u2013 institut national agronomique , p . 134 .\ncollar , n . j . and goriup , p . d . 1983 . the icbp fuerventura houbara expedition . \u2013 bustard studies 1 : 1 - 92 .\nferguson , d . a . 1978 . houbara bustard conservation in the middle east . \u2013 u . s . fish and wildlife service , p . 18 .\ngaucher , p . 1988 . experiments with houbara bustard . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 3 .\ng\u00e9roudet , p . 1974 . notes marocaines sur la parade nuptiale de l\u2019outarde houbara chlamydotis undulata . \u2013 l\u2019oiseau et revue francaise d\u2019ornithologie 44 : 154 - 155 .\ngroup , i . b . 1984 . suggestions for components of a houbara conservation project in the canary islands . \u2013 icbp bustard group , p . 3 .\nmalik , m . m . 1985 . the distribution and conservation of houbara bustards on north west frontier province . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 81 - 85 .\nmaloney , r . f . 2001 . sexing houbara bustards , chlamydotis ( undulata ) macqueeni , using footprint measurements . \u2013 ostrich 72 : 199 - 218 .\nnoir , s . 2006 . estimation des effectifs d\u2019outarde houbara asiatique ( chlamydotis macqueenii ) : fiabilit\u00e9 des m\u00e9thodes de comptages . master thesis . ephe , france .\nhoubara bustardthe houbara bustards , chlamydotis undulata , belong to the bustard family . their range includes the canary islands and north africa . the asian former subspecies has now been split as a separate species , macqueen ' s bustard , chlamydotis macqueenii . these are the only members of the chlamydotis genus . the dividing line between the two species is the sinai peninsula . the houbara bustard is largely resident in its range . this species breeds in deserts and other very arid sandy areas . more\nsexes are similar , but the female is smaller and greyer above . houbara is slightly larger and paler than macqueen ' s . both species are vocally almost silent .\ndemars , b . 2001 . recensement d\u2019une population d\u2019outardes houbara , chlamydotis undulata undulata , de l\u2019oriental marocain . \u2013 emirate center for wildlife propagation , p . 22 .\niucn . 2000 . conservation de l\u2019outard houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) en afrique du nord et en afrique subsaharienne . congr\u00e8s mondial de la nature . \u2013 on line .\nlaunay , f . 1997 . wintering habitat use by houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata in abu dhabi and implications for management . \u2013 biological conservation 81 : 51 - 56 .\nlaunay , f . and loughland , r . 1995 . breeding system of houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata macqueeni : preliminary observations . \u2013 sandgrouse 35 : 14 - 17 .\nmian , a . 1984 . houbara in baluchistan : 1983 - 84 population status . \u2013 w . w . f . pakistan , pp . 1 - 3 .\nthe houbara bustard or north african houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) is a large bird in the bustard family . this bustard is found in arid habitats spread across northern africa with a population on the canary islands . they are dull brown with black markings on the wings with a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck . males and females appear very similar but males are larger and heavier . this species formerly included macqueen ' s bustard , sometimes known as the asian houbara as a subspecies .\ndominguez casanova , f . 1989 . the houbara bustard in the canary islands ( spain ) : towards a recovery plan . \u2013 bustard studies 4 : 42 - 51 .\ngaucher , p . 1988 . houbara breeding season 87 - 88 . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 3 .\nlavee , d . 1988 . why is the houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata macqueenii , still an endangered species in israel ? \u2013 biological conservation 45 : 47 - 54 .\npaillat , p . 1987 . houbara and wildlife investigation in pakistan . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 16 .\nseddon , p . j . 2000 . the re - introduction of houbara bustards in the kingdom of saudi arabia . \u2013 re - introduction news : 22 - 24 .\nseddon , p . 1995 . species conservation strategy for the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) in saudi arabia . unpublished report , ncwcd , riyadh , saudi arabia .\nsangster , g . 1996 . trends in systematics : taxonomy of houbara and macqueen ' s bustards and neglest of intraspecific diversity . dutch birding 18 : 248 - 256 .\n. . . this is 3 times longer than the time since differentiation of the taxa most closely related to the great bus - tard , the houbara bustard ( c . undulata ) and asian houbara bustard ( chlamydotis macqueenii ) , which are now widely accepted as 2 spe - cies ( idaghdour et al . 2004 ) . . . .\nlavee d ( 1985 ) the influence of grazing and intensive cultivation on the population size of the houbara bustard in the northern negev in israel . bustard stud 3 : 103\u2013107\nchaudhry , a . a . 1994 . houbara population in the punjab , pakistan ( 1993 - 94 ) . unpublished report , punjab wildlife research center gatwala , faisalabad mimeograph .\nhingrat , y . and saint jalme , m . 2005 . mating system of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata undulata in eastern morocco . \u2013 ardeola 52 : 91 - 102 .\nponomareva , t . 1983 . comportement reproducteur et distribution de l\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) sur ses lieux de nidification . \u2013 zoologicheskij zhurnal 62 : 592 - 602 .\nseddon , p . j . 1997 . resident houbara bustard populations in saudi arabia : do summer ambient temperatures limit distribution ? \u2013 journal of arid environments 37 : : 551\u2013556 .\nbourass k , hingrat y ( 2015 ) diet of released captive - bred north - african houbara bustards . eur j wildl res 61 ( 4 ) : 563\u2013574 . doi :\nmendelssohn , h . 1980 . development of houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) populations in israel and captive breeding . \u2013 in : coles , c . l . and collar , n . j . ( eds . ) , the great bustard , sofia , 1978 - the houbara bustard , athens , 1979 . \u2013 sydenhams printers , poole , p . 9 .\nupton , r . 1979 , 1980 . the houbara bustard and its relationship to the middle eastern falconry . \u2013 in : coles , c . l . and collar , n . j . ( eds . ) , the great bustard , sofia , 1978 - the houbara bustard , athens , 1979 . \u2013 sydenhams printers , poole , p . 3 .\nthe north african houbara bustard declined in populations in the two decades before 2004 , but unlike its near relative the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard , has been on the increase since . although hunted both by falconers and by hunters with guns , the extent is much less than that faced by macqueen ' s bustard in the middle east and west asia .\ngubin , b . m . 1992 . the number , distribution and state of protection of the houbara bustard in the south of kazakhstan . bustard studies , 5 , 98 - 103\nhaddane , b . 1982 . r\u00e9partition et \u00e9cologie d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce menac\u00e9e : outarde houbara . symposium international sur la gestion et la conservation de la faune sauvage mediterran\u00e9enne , p . 9 .\nlavauden , l . 1914 . notes sur houbara undulata et quelques points relatifs \u00e0 la faune ornithologique de tunisie . \u2013 l\u2019oiseau et la revue fran\u00e7aise d\u2019ornithologie 3 : 308 - 311 .\npetit , p . 1987 . houbara bustards given to the center by falconers . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 6 .\nbailey , t . a . and kinne , j . 2001 . ventricular septal defect in a houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) . \u2013 avian diseases 45 : 229 - 233 .\nb\u00e9ranger , p . - m . 2001 . etude de l\u2019habitat et des populations sauvages d\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) . \u2013 universit\u00e9 d\u2019int\u00e9gration professionelle , pp . 1 - 30 .\nbouzendorf , f . and hingrat , y . 2006 . breeding success in a houbara bustard population in eastern morocco . 24th international ornithological congress - journal of ornithology , p . 117 .\ncombreau , o . and rambaud , f . 1994 . houbara habitat in mahazat as sayd . part i : vegetation . \u2013 national avian research center , pp . 1 - 45 .\ncombreau , o . and rambaud , f . 1994 . houbara habitat in mahazat as sayd . part ii : arthropods . \u2013 national avian research center , pp . 1 - 45 .\ndurand , j . 1988 . identification of a few nematodes , houbara bustards\u2019 parasites . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 8 .\ngillet , h . 1988 . analysis of stomach contents of algerian houbara . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , pp . 1 - 3 .\nhemon , s . 1998 . houbara bustard captive breeding update : more then 240 chicks produced and 100 to be released in saudi arabia . \u2013 re - introduction news 16 : 6 .\njudas , jacky and routier , jean - baptiste . 2002 . survival parameters of a reintroduced asian houbara bustard population in central saudi arabia . in international ornithological congress , beijing , china .\nlaunay , f . and combreau , o . 1999 . annual migration of houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata macqueenii from the united arab emirates . \u2013 bird conservation international 9 : 155 - 161 .\nmian , a . 1997 . sustainable exploitation of houbara bustard in baluchistan ( pakistan ) through range management . pakistan journal of ornithology . 1 ( 1 - 2 ) , 1 - 18\nsymens , p . 1987 . some observations on the houbara bustard in semi captivity . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 7 .\nalekseev , a . f . 1985 . the houbara bustard in the north - west kyzylkum ( u . s . s . r ) . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 87 - 92 .\ncombreau , o . and launay , f . 1999 . an estimation of the nesting success in a houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata macqueeni population in kazakhstan . \u2013 sandgrouse 21 : 171 - 175 .\ncombreau , o . and smith , t . r . 1997 . summer habitat selection by houbara bustards introduced in central saudi arabia . \u2013 journal of arid environments 36 : 149 - 160 .\ncombreau , o . and smith , t . r . 1998 . release techniques and predation in the introduction of houbara bustards in saudi arabia . \u2013 biological conservation 84 : 147 - 155 .\nmian , a . 1984 . a contribution to the biology of houbara : 1982 - 83 wintering population in baluchistan . \u2013 journal of the bombay natural history society 81 : 537 - 545 .\nponomareva , t . 1985 . the houbara bustard : present status and conservation prospect ( in the u . s . s . r ) . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 93 - 96 .\nsymens , p . 1987 . houbara bustards in semi - captivity april - june 1987 . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 5 .\nsymens , p . 1988 . houbara bustard survey in harrat al harrah , march 1988 . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 19 .\ntieleman , i . 2002 . physiological responses of houbara bustards to high ambient temperatures . in irene tielman ( ed . ) avian adaptation along an aridity gradient . phd groningen university . pp247 .\ntroshchenko , b . v . 1992 . a note on the distribution and numbers of houbara in northeast prikaspiy , on the border of its range . bustard studies 5 : - 104 pp .\nwarren , s . m . 1996 . an evaluation of the availability and importance of natural food in the diet of captive houbara bustard . \u2013 national avian research center , p . 36 .\ngaucher , p . 1987 . biological study on the reproduction of the houbara bustard in algeria . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 12 .\nhartley ps , dawson b , lindsay c , mccormick p and wishart gj . 1999 . cryopreservation of houbara semen : a pilot study . zoo biology 18 ( 2 ) : 147 - 152 .\nhingrat , y . 2005 . s\u00e9lection de l\u2019habitat et structure sociale chez l\u2019outarde houbara . apports \u00e0 la conservation d\u2019une population menac\u00e9e au maroc . phd - mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , p . 163 .\nlaunay , f . 1989 . feeding choice of a semi - captive group of houbara bustard . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 18 .\nlavee , d . 1985 . the influence of grazing and intensive cultivation on the population size of the houbara bustard in the northern negev in israel . \u2013 bustard studies 3 : 103 - 107 .\nmian a . , and dasti , a . a . 1985 . houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) in balochistan 1982 - 83 . a preliminary review bustard studies 3 : 45 - 49p .\nmian , a . 2003 . on biology of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) in baluchistan , pakistan : faunal associatiion . \u2013 on line journal of biological sciences 3 : 535 - 552 .\nporter , r . f . and goriup , p . d . 1985 . recommendations for the conservation of the arabian bustard and houbara bustard in saudi arabia . \u2013 iucn , p . 22 .\nsymens , p . 1989 . results of experimental tests of satellite transmitters for the houbara bustard . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 5 .\nschuster c , iglesias\u2013lebrija jj , carrascal lm ( 2012 ) recent population trends of the houbara bustard in the canary islands . methods and conservation status . anim biodivers conserv 35 ( 1 ) : 125\u2013139\ncoles , c . l . and collar , n . j . 1979 . the status of houbara in u . s . s . r . \u2013 in : coles , c . l . and collar , n . j . ( eds . ) , the great bustard , sofia , 1978 - the houbara bustard , athens , 1979 . \u2013 sydenhams printers , poole , p . 1 .\nbekry , a . 1998 . l\u2019houtarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) . \u2013 minist\u00e8re de l\u2019agriculture du d\u00e9veloppement rural et des p\u00eaches maritimes , minist\u00e8re d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 charg\u00e9 des eaux et for\u00eats , p . 9 .\ndeeming , d . c . 2001 . attentiveness and turning patterns during incubation in a houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) nest . . \u2013 avian and poultry biology reviews 12 : 182 - 184 .\ndeschamps , c . 2006 . succ\u00e8s reproducteur et facteurs influen\u00e7ant survie au nid chez l\u2019outarde houbara dans nord marocain ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) . \u2013 ecwp \u2013 universit\u00e9 j . monnet , p . 33 .\ngaucher , p . 1988 . the feeding behaviour of female houbara bustards during incubation period . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , pp . 12 - 15 .\nhinz , c . and heiss , e . m . 1989 . the activity patterns of houbara bustards : aspect of a field survey in the canary islands . bustard studies 4 : 68 \u2013 79 .\njudas , j . 1999 . reintroduction of houbara bustard in central saudi arabia . \u2013 in : science , b . p . ( ed . ) international conference on bird reproduction , p . 50 .\nmian , a . 1989 . a contribution to the biology of houbara bustard : 1983 - 84 population levels in western baluchistan . \u2013 journal of the bombay natural history society 86 : 161 - 165 .\nmian , a . 2003 . on biology of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) in baluchistan , pakistan : phytosociological analysis of habitat . \u2013 pakistan journal of biological sciences 6 : 128 - 129 .\nsymens , p . 1987 . results of experimental test of satellite - transmitters for the houbara bustard . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 2 .\nvan heezik , y . and ostrowski , s . 2001 . conservation breeding for reintroductions : assessing survival in a captive flock of houbara bustards . \u2013 animal conservation 4 part 3 : 195 - 201 .\nvan heezik , y . and seddon , p . j . 1998 . ontogeny of behavior of hand - reared and hen - reared captive houbara bustards . \u2013 zoo biology 17 : 245 - 255 .\nvan heezik , y . and seddon , p . j . 1999 . seasonal changes in habitat use by houbara bustards chlamydotis undulata macqueenii in northern saudi arabia . \u2013 ibis 141 : 208 - 215 .\na houbara survey of lanzarote and the small island of graciosa , during december 1993 , resulted in a total count of 146 birds and an estimated total population of about 400 houbaras . these numbers are higher than found on most previous surveys of fuerteventura , considered as the main stronghold of this subspecies , and indicate that the houbara population on lanzarote is much more important than . . . [ show full abstract ]\nalekseev , a . f . 1980 . the houbara bustard in the north - west kyzylkum ( u . s . s . r . ) . \u2013 zool . zhum . 59 : 1263 - 1266 .\nbourget , l . 2007 . structure , fonctionnement et \u00e9volution du lek chez une esp\u00e8ce menac\u00e9e , l\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) . \u2013 universit\u00e9 jean monnet \u2013 saint - \u00e9tienne , p . 46 .\ncombreau , o . and launay , f . 1996 . activity rhythms of houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) in relation to some abiotic factors . \u2013 journal of arid environments 33 : 463 - 472 .\nezzerari , a . 1998 . contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude \u00e9co - \u00e9thologique d\u2019une population d\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) dans la r\u00e9gion de missour - maroc . \u2013 ecole nationale foresti\u00e8re d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs , p . 107 .\nlaunay , f . and paillat , p . 1990 . a behavioural repertoire of the adult houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) . \u2013 revue d\u2019ecologie ( terre et vie ) 45 : 65 - 88 .\nle cuziat , j . 2005 . contraintes environnementales et anthropiques influen\u00e7ant la r\u00e9partition spatiale de l\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) . aix - marseille . \u2013 universit\u00e9 paul cezanne aix - marseille , p . 223 .\nmaloney , r . f . 1998 . video monitoring observation of a houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata nest site in mahazat as - sayd reserve , central saudi arabia . \u2013 sangrouse 20 : 36 - 39 .\nnoir , s . , barbraud , c . and judas , j . 2004 . estimated asian houbara bustard population size versus true detection probability . international symposium on ecology and conservation of steppe - land birds .\ngoriup , p . d . and collar , n . j . 1979 , 1980 . the i . c . b . p fuerventura houbara expedition , spring 1979 . \u2013 in : coles , c . l . and collar , n . j . ( eds . ) , the great bustard , sofia , 1978 - the houbara bustard , athens , 1979 . \u2013 sydenhams printers , poole , p . 4 .\ngaucher , p . 1987 . biological study on the reproduction of the houbara bustard in algeria - part ii . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 6 .\ngubin , b . n . 1998 . action plan for the houbara bustard in central asia . unpublished draft paper , institute of zoology of national academy of sciences of republic of kazakhstan almaty , 3 february 1998 .\njacquet , j . m . 1998 . seasonal changes in food intake and body mass in captive houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) and effect of ambient temperature \u2013 journal of arid environments 38 : 359 - 370 .\nkenward , r . 1981 . a proposed study of houbara bustard ecology . \u2013 in : ecology , i . o . t . ( ed . ) . \u2013 institute of terrestrial ecology , p . 2 .\nlaunay , f . 1990 . behavioural ecology of houbara bustard \u2013 preliminary report ( january to june 89 ) . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 46 .\nvan heezik , y . and seddon , p . j . 2002 . patch use and exploratory movements of a resident houbara bustard in northern saudi arabia . \u2013 journal of arid environments 50 : 683 - 686 .\nweigeldt , c . , schulz , h . and paillat , p . 1991 . experimental release of houbara ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) in mahazat as said . \u2013 national wildlife research center , p . 40 .\nthe houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) is a threatened avian species that is rapidly declining throughout its range , especially in north africa , asia and the canary islands . we examined the population structure and genetic variation for the three houbara subspecies c . undulata undulata , c . u . fuertaventurae and c . u . macqueenii . a total of 266 birds from 10 populations were genotyped using . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncoles , c . l . and collar , n . j . 1980 . pakistan national council for the conservation of wildlife - report on the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) . \u2013 in : coles , c . l . and collar , n . j . ( eds . ) , the great bustard , sofia , 1978 - the houbara bustard , athens , 1979 . \u2013 sydenhams printers , poole , p . 1 .\nd\u2019aloia , m . - a . 2001 . studies on the population structure of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata in the middle east with dna analysis techniques . \u2013 zoology in the middle east 22 : 25 - 35 .\nlaunay , f . , loughland , r . a . and mukhina , e . 1997 . preliminary observations of the incubation and covey behaviour of houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata macqueeni . \u2013 sandgrouse 19 : 51 - 55 .\nschulz , h . 1987 . the houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) \u2013 a review on present knowledge , research priorities and methods ( with particular emphasis on radiotracking ) . \u2013 national wildlife research center , p . 22 .\nthe houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata , is a large bird in the bustard family . contents - * 1 description * 2 taxonomy * 3 distribution and habitat * 4 behaviour * 4 . 1 breeding * 4 . more\ncomprehensive picture of the houbara bustards ' movements has become essential due to the continued decline in the houbara ' s numbers . this decline is believed to be as a result of destruction of their wintering and breeding habitat , over trapping and over hunting . now , pioneering work by researchers from the abu dhabi based , national avian research center ( narc ) , has begun to unravel the mystery of the this species ' migration routes . more\ncarrascal lm , palomino d , seoane j , alonso cl ( 2008 ) habitat use and population density of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata in fuerteventura ( canary islands ) . afr j ecol 46 : 291\u2013302 . doi :\n. . . the probable population trend of the houbara bustard in fuerteventura can be inferred considering the previously published information . the two most exhaustive censuses of the houbara population in fuerteventura reported 241 birds in 1994 ( mart\u00edn et al . , 1997 ) and 256 birds in 2000 ( anonymous , 2000 ) . these estimations lay inside the 90 % confidence interval , in 2005\u20132006 ( 108\u2013 258 ) , measured in this paper . . . .\nbailey , t . a . , pearson , w . and siddiqui , a . 2001 . pesticide contamination of a free - living houbara bustard captured by a falconry party in pakistan . \u2013 falco : 11 - 12 .\ngoriup , p . d . 1988 . houbara bustard field research project - progress report march - august 1988 . \u2013 n . c . w . c . d . / ryiadh , saudi arabia , p . 25 .\nmedina , f . m . 1999 . foraging use of cultivated field by the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata fuerteventurae rothschild and hartert , 1894 on fuerteventura ( canary islands ) . \u2013 bird conservation international 9 : 373 - 386 .\nmian , a . and surahio , m . i . 1983 . biology of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macquenii ) with reference to western baluchistan . \u2013 journal of the bombay natural history society 80 : 111 - 118 .\nriou , s . , lawrence , m . , combreau , o . , and launay , f . in prep . male territoriality , display dispersion , and the mating system of the asian houbara bustard in southern kazakhstan .\ntigar , b . j . and osborne , p . e . 2000 . invertebrate diet of the houbara bustard chlamydotis [ undulata ] macqueenii in abu dhabi from calibrated faecal analysis . \u2013 ibis 142 : 466 - 475 .\nbaker , e . c . s . 1921 . chlamydotis undulate macqeenii . macqueen\u2019s bustard or houbara . in edward charles stuart baker ( ed . ) the game birds of india , burma and ceylon . pp 186 - 197 .\ncombreau , o . , launay , f . , al bowardi , m . and gubin , b . 1999 . outward migration of houbara bustards from two breeding areas in kazakhstan . \u2013 the condor 101 : 159 - 164 .\nd\u2019aloia , m . - a . and griffiths , r . 1999 . molecular sexing of the houbara bustard , chlamydotis undulata , and other arid - land species . \u2013 zoology in the middle east 18 : 33 - 40 .\nfacon , c . , guerin , j . - l . and lacroix , f . 2005 . assessment of a newcastle disease vaccination program in houbara bustard breeders ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) . \u2013 journal of wildlife diseases 41 .\ngelinaud , g . , combreau , o . and seddon , p . j . 1997 . first breeding by captive - bred houbara bustards introduced in central saudi arabia . \u2013 journal of arid environments 35 : 527 - 534 .\nloughland , r . a . and launay , f . j . 1994 . houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) habitat selection in the western region of abu dhabi emirate . regional environmental symposium u . a . e . university .\nosborne , p . e . , launay , f . and gliddon , d . 1997 . wintering habitat use by houbara bustards chlamydotis undulata in abu dhabi and implications for management . \u2013 biological conservation 81 : 51 - 56 .\npitra , c . , d\u2019aloia , m . - a . , leckfeldt , d . and combreau , o . in press . out of china : origin and expension of the asian houbara bustard chlamydoti undulata macqueenii . - .\nseddon , p . j . , launay , f . , van heezik , y . and al bowardi , m . 1999 . methods for live trapping houbara bustards . \u2013 journal of field ornithology 70 : 169 - 181 .\nidaghdour , youssef ; broderick , damien ; korrida , amal ; chbel , faiza ( 2004 ) .\nmitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata complex and genetic structure along the atlantic seaboard of north africa\n.\n. . . contribution ratio of factors determining the houbara potential habitat we generated the houbara potential habitat map based on the environmental characteristics that determine the presence of the houbara in fuerteventura , considering the quantitative information provided by carrascal et al . ( 2008 ) and other studies dealing with the habitat preferences of the species ( mainly other qualitative factors ; mart\u00edn et al . 1996 mart\u00edn et al . , 1997 lorenzo 2004 ; carrascal et al . 2006 ; lorenzo et al . 2007 ) . information on the steppe bird community on the island ( population densities in different habitats ) can be found in seoane et al . ( 2011 ) andcarrascal et al . ( 2012 ) . . . .\nchbel , f . , idaghdour , y . , broderick , d . and korrida , a . 2002 . characterization of 22 microsatellites loci from the endangered houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) . \u2013 molecular ecology 2 : 484\u2013487 .\nmamadou samba , s . 1999 . contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude des habitats de l\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata ) en interaction avec les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes dans la r\u00e9gion de missour ( maroc oriental ) . \u2013 ecole nationale foresti\u00e8re d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs , p . 82 .\nvan heezik , y . , hemon , s . and saint jalme , m . 1999 . influence of breeding experience , age and climate on breeding performance of captive houbara bustards . \u2013 national wildlife research center , p . 24 .\nthe houbara bustard is found in north africa west of the nile mainly in the western part of the sahara desert region in mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya and egypt . some old records exist from sudan . a small population is found in the canary islands . the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the sinai peninsula . the north african species is sedentary unlike the northern populations of macqueen ' s bustards .\ncombreau , o . , gelinaud , g . and smith , t . r . 2000 . home range and movements of houbara bustards introduced in the najd pediplain in saudi arabia . \u2013 journal of arid environments 44 : 229 - 240 .\njacquet , j . m . and launay , f . 1997 . diurnal behavioural patterns in the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) in captivity : effects of temperature and day length . \u2013 applied animal behaviour science 55 : 137 - 151 .\nlaunay , f . 1989 . first results of the behaviour of a semi - captive group of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueenii ) . \u2013 n . w . r . c . / taif , saudi arabia , p . 17 .\nmensah brown , e . p . k . and pallot , d . j . 2000 . peptidergic and aminergic neurotransmitters of the exocrine pancreas of the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) . \u2013 journal of morphology 244 : 23 - 29 .\ncollar , n . j . 1979 . the world status of the houbara : a preliminary review . in : coles , c . l . ; collar , n . j . ( ed . ) , symposium papers : the great bustard ( otis tarda ) , sofia , bulgaria , may 26th , 1978 [ and ] the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) , athens , greece , may 24th 1979 , pp . 12 . the game conservancy , fordingbridge , u . k .\nthe houbara bustard is found in north africa west of the nile mainly in the western part of the sahara desert region in mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya and egypt . some old records exist from sudan . a small population is found in the canary islands . the asian houbara or macqueen ' s bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the sinai peninsula . the north african species is sedentary unlike the migratory northern populations of macqueen ' s bustards .\nboullenger , s . 2006 . etude d\u2019une population d\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) dans le nord est du maroc : inventaire des m\u00e2les en parade et approche du syst\u00e8me socio - sexuel de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce . \u2013 ecwp - universit\u00e9 j . monnet .\ncombreau , o . , launay , f . and lawrence , m . 2001 . an assessment of annual mortality rates in adult - sized migrant houbara bustards ( chlamydotis [ undulata ] macqueenii ) . \u2013 animal conservation 4 : 133 - 141 .\nmian , a . 1989 . a contribution to the biology of the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata macqueeni ) : some observations on 1983 - 84 wintering population in baluchistan . \u2013 journal of the bombay natural history society 85 : 9 - 25 .\nostrowski , s . and combreau , o . 1995 . a survey of causes of mortality in captive , captive bred released , and wild born houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) in saudi arabia . \u2013 in , pp . 87 - 97 .\nqiao , j . , yao , j . and combreau , o . 2002 . monitoring the incubation behaviour of the houbara chlamydotis undulata with a temperature logger dummy egg . \u2013 journal of the bombay natural history society 99 : 165 - 172 .\nramadan - jaradi , g . and ramadan - jaradi , m . g . 1989 . breeding the houbara bustard at the al ain zoo & aquarium abu dhabi u . a . e . \u2013 zool . garten 59 : 229 - 240 .\nsheldon , r . and launay , f . 1998 . monitoring houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata macqueenii distribution , populations and time of occurence within the abu dhabi emirate using a network of local rangers . \u2013 bird conservation international 8 : 1 - 9 .\nmart\u00edn a , nogales m , hern\u00e1ndez ma , lorenzo ja , medina fm , rando jc ( 1996 ) status , conservation and habitat selection of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae on lanzarote ( canary islands ) . bird conserv int 6 : 229\u2013239\nbailey , t . a . a . 1998 . antibody response of kori bustards ( ardeotis kori ) and houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) to live and inactivated newcastle disease vaccines . \u2013 journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 29 : 441 - 450 .\ncms . 2005 . convention sur les esp\u00e8ces migratrices . d\u00e9veloppement de nouveaux et futurs accords \u2013 outarde houbara d\u2019asie ; el\u00e9phant ouest - africain ; antilope sa\u00efga d\u2019asie centrale . 8i\u00e8me session de la conf\u00e9rence des parties . nairobi , 20 - 25 novembre 2005 .\nmarou dodo , m . 1998 . contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019habitat et du r\u00e9gime alimentaire de l\u2019outade houbara ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) dans la r\u00e9gion de missour ( province de boulemene , maroc ) . \u2013 ecole nationale foresti\u00e8re d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs , p . 92 .\nostrowski , s . , ancrenaz , m . , saint jalme , m . and greth , a . 1995 . concurrent avian pox and newcastle disease infection in a houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) . \u2013 avian diseases 24 : 573 - 577 .\nostrowski , s . , dorrestein , g . m . , ancrenaz , m . and saint jalme , m . 1995 . debilitating cutaneous poxvirus lesions on two captive houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) . \u2013 avian diseases 39 : 907 - 911 .\nseddon , p . j . and van heezik , y . 1996 . seasonal changes in houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata macqueenii numbers in harrat al arrah , saudi arabia : implication for managing a remnant population . \u2013 biological conservation 75 : 139 - 146 .\ntieleman , i . b . , williams , j . b . , lacroix , f . and paillat , p . 2002 . physiological responses of houbara bustards to high ambient temperatures . \u2013 the journal of experimental biology 205 : 503 - 511 .\nwishart , g . j . , lindsay , c . , staines , h . j . and mccormick , p . 2002 . semen quality in captive houbara bustard , chamydotis undulata undulata . \u2013 reproduction , fertility and development 14 : 401 - 405\nle cuziat , j . , chadoeuf , j . , vidal , e . , roche , p . , rautureau , p . and lacroix , f . in prep . north african houbara bustard exclusion by extensive grazing activities in eastern morocco . - .\nmensah brown , e . p . k . and lawrence , p . a . 2001 . neurotransmitters regulating acid secretion in the proventriculus of the houbara bustard ( chlamydotis undulata ) : a morphological viewpoint . \u2013 journal of morphology 248 : 175 - 184 .\nnoir , s . 2003 . reliability of methods to assess density in asian houbara bustard chlamydotis macqueenii and monitoring of lek mating system during the 2002 breeding season in the mahazat as - sayd protected area . unpublished report , nwrc , taif , saudi arabia .\nostrowski , s . , saint jalme , m . and ancrenaz , m . 1998 . antibody response to newcastle disease vaccination in a flock of young houbara bustards ( chlamydotis undulata ) . \u2013 journal of zoo and wildlife medicine 29 : 234 - 236 .\npaillat , p . , gaucher , p . , khoja , a . r . and m . , s . 1987 . houbara bustard breeding project egg collecting and biological studies evaluation for 1987 . internal report . \u2013 nwrc / taif p . 13 .\nplazenet , p . 2005 . effets de la composition et de la restriction de l\u2019alimentation sur les performances de reproduction de l\u2019outarde houbara ( chlamydotis undulata undulata ) en captivit\u00e9 . \u2013 universit\u00e9 pierre et marie curie \u2013 emirates for wildlife propagation , p . 43 .\ntourenq , c . , combreau , o . , eichakera , x . and xinyib , g . 2003 . predation of ground - nesting birds by asian houbara bustard ( chlamydotis [ undulata ] macqueenii ) . \u2013 journal of arid environments 55 : 581\u2013582 .\nthe houbara bustard is found in the canary islands , north africa , iran , saudi arabia , india , pakistan , kazakhstan , china , and the uae . it breeds in deserts and other very arid sandy areas and is largely resident within its range ."]}
{"id": 302, "summary": [{"text": "talanga quadristigmalis is a species of moth of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has a wingspan of 32 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "talanga quadristigmalis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for talanga definition . you find here talanga meaning , synonyms of talanga and images for talanga copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word talanga . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word talanga and , of course , talanga synonyms and on the right images related to the word talanga .\nhave a fact about talanga tolumnialis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for talanga tolumnialis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n1907 : jan . - apr . [ pp . 1 - 446 ] - proceedings of the zoological society of london . - biodiversity heritage library\na list of moths of the family pyralidae collected by a . e . pratt in british new guinea in 1902 - 3 , with descriptions of new species\nzoological results of the third tanyanyika expedition , conducted by dr . w . a . cunnington , 1904 - 1905 . - report on the polyzoa\nzoological results of the third tanganyika expedition , conducted by dr . w . a . cunnington , 1904 - 1905 . - report on the brachyurous crustacea\n3 . the rudd exploration of south africa . - vii . list of mammals obtained by mr . grant at coguno , inhambane\n1 . on a small collection of fishes made in the eastern watershed of the transvaal b7 capt . g . e . bruce\n3 . notes upon the anatomy of a species of frog of the genus megalophrys , with references to other genera . of batrachia\n2 . the duke of bedford ' s zoological exploration in eastern asin . - iv . list of small mammals from the islands of saghalien and hokakaido\n3 . on some new species of earthworms of the family eudrilide belonging to the genera polytoreutcts , neumanniella , and eminoscolesae from mt . ruwenzori\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 3 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about talant duyshebaev ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for talant duyshebaev ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 303, "summary": [{"text": "hypatima mangiferae is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by satter in 1989 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in kenya .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on mangifera indica . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hypatima mangiferae", "paragraphs": ["hypatima mangiferae satter , 1989 ; bull . ent . res . 79 ( 3 ) : 412 ; tl : kenya\nhypatima antsianakella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 209\nhypatima issikiana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima manjakatompo viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 211\nhypatima perinetella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 210\nhypatima venefica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima anguinea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37\nhypatima antiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima apparitrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima aridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima caryodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima cirrhospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima corynetis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima ericta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima indica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima instaurata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima isopogon ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima isoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima isotricha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima lactifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima melanocharis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nhypatima nodifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima orthomochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima parichniota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima particulata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima phacelota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima pilosella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima rhicnota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\nhypatima silvestris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima syncrypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima tephroptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima tonsa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima verticosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima xerophanta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima xylotechna ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima acicula park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 326 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai\nhypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 331 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai\nhypatima disetosella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : nantou co . , taiwan\nhypatima issikiana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 77 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\nhypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 47\nhypatima rhomboidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ fe ]\nhypatima spathota ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nhypatima excellentella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 617 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nhypatima venefica ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 616 ; tl : barbash - levada , primorskii krai\nhypatima disetosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38\nhypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 325 ; tl : nw . thailand , chiang mai , doi suthep - pui np , 1380m\nhypatima arignota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 330\nhypatima haligramma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 332\nhypatima iophana ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 322\nhypatima teramotoi ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , sakai city\nhypatima acris park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : taiwan , tainan co . , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling , ca . 350m\nhypatima excellentella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nhypatima ( chelariini ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ fe ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ democratic republic of congo , north kivu ] , belgian congo , tshambi , 975 m , 28 . x\u201307xi . 1933 , leg . g . f . de witte .\nmeyrick e . 1938a . exploration du parc national albert . pterophoridae , tortricina and tineina . - institut des parcs nationaux du congo belge 14 : 3\u201328 , pl . 1\u20133 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] ,\npatria terra natalensis\n, leg . j . a . wahlberg .\nzeller p . c . 1852b . lepidoptera microptera , quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit . - \u2014 : 1\u2013120 .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 182 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 166 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 189 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 192 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 167 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 198 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]\nchelaria agriogramma meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\nchelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 264 , pl . 12 , f . 34 ; tl : spring vale\nchelaria ammonura meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nchelaria anguinea meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nanthotypa ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( chelaria ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54\nchelaria antiastis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : andamans , port blair\nchelaria apparitrix meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preanger , 5000ft\nchelaria aridella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 639 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nartochroma diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 20\nchelaria attenuata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nchelaria baliodes lower , 1920 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 44 : 66 ; tl : warra , s . queensland\nchelaria binummulata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : natal , weenen\nchelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : fiji , lautoka\nchelaria caryodora meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nchelaria cirrhospila meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 302 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nchelaria corynetis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ncryptopluta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 21\nnothris cyrtopleura turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; n . queensland , kuranda\nchelaria demonstrata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 303 ; tl : new guinea , kei is .\nchelaria dermatica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 432 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ntaiwan , thailand , philippines , ceylon , andaman is . , borneo , sulawesi , queensland . see [ maps ]\ntituacea [ sic ] deviella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nchelaria discissa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : queensland , cairns\ndisposita ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 71\nnothris dissidens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 301 ; tl : waterval onder\nephippias ( meyrick , 1937 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 95\nchelaria ericta meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nchelaria euchorda meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 31 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins\ncymatomorpha euplecta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; quorn , south australia\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nchelaria formidolosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : natal , pinetown\nchelaria haligramma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 382 ; tl : anakapalli , s . india\nlarva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39\nchelaria harpophora meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\npsoricoptera hora busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 14 ; tl : alhajuela , panama\nchelaria improba meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\ngelechia indica swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 884 ; tl : bombay , india\nchelaria instaurata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nchelaria iophana meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon\nchelaria isopogon meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : belke , kanara , india\nchelaria isoptila meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : kandy , ceylon\nchelaria isotricha meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nchelaria lactifera meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nchelaria lecticata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : transvaal , pilgrims rest\nchelaria loxosaris meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nchelaria mancipata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : three sisters\nchelaria melanecta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 246 ; tl : transvaal , johannesburg\nchelaria melanocharis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 511 ; tl : telawa , java\nchelaria meliptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nchelaria metaphorica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nchelaria microgramma meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nmycetinopa ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 451\nchelaria nimbigera meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , new hanover i .\nchelaria nodifera meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin\nchelaria orthomochla meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java\nchelaria orthostathma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nchelaria parichniota meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 4 ; tl : likiang , china\nchelaria particulata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nchelaria phacelota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\ngelechia pilosella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nchelaria probolaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : barberton\nallocota procax meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274\nchelaria rhicnota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : shevaroys , s . india\nlarva on mangifera indica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on betula spp . , alnus spp . , corylus avellana , carpinus betulus , populus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nchelaria scopulosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : karwar , kanara\ncymatomorpha scotia turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 160 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda\nchelaria silvestris meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nallocota simulacrella meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nchelaria solutrix meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village\nsorograpta ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70\nchelaria spathota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : konkan , bombay\nlarva on mangifera indica , lannea grandis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\ndeuteroptila sphenophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nchelaria stasimodes meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70\nsubdentata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 17\ngelechia sublectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nchelaria syncrypta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nchelaria tenebrosa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : south australia , quorn\nchelaria tephroplintha meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 30 ; tl : fiji , labasa\nchelaria tephroptila meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70 ; tl : mahableshwar , bombay\nlarva on quercus acutissima , quercus serrata , q . variabilis , q . glauca , q . phillyraeoides ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 85\nchelaria tessulata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nsemodictis tetraptila meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 16 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : kranspoort , pretoria\nchelaria tonsa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nepisacta toreuta turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 162 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns\nchelaria trachyspila meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354\nchelaria triannulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village\ntricosma ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 355\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41\nchelaria verticosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nchelaria xerophanta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin\nchelaria xylotechna meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java\nchelaria zesticopa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : texas , alpine , fort davis , 5000 - 8000ft ; new mexico , bent , 7000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nthe natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nwalsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 305, "summary": [{"text": "dentalium neohexagonum is a species of tusk shell , a marine scaphopod mollusk in the family dentaliidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "as the latin name implies , the cross section of this shell is hexagonal ; hence its common name is six-sided tusk shell .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species occurs along the central and southern california coast of the pacific ocean .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the shells of this species are known to have been used by the chumash people at least as early as circa 1000 ad , in the morro bay area .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "they were used as shell money rather than food . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "dentalium neohexagonum", "paragraphs": ["dentalium neohexagonum , the six\u00adsided tusk shell . it is a little under an inch long . ( january 2014 )\nbelongs to dentalium according to u . s . grant and h . r . gale 1931\npilsbry h . a . & sharp b . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . scaphopoda , in manual of conchology , ( 1 ) 17 , p . i - xxxii [ 1898 ] , 1 - 144 [ 1897 ] 145 - 280 [ 1898 ] , pl . 1 - 26 [ 1897 ] , 27 - 37 [ 1898 ] . conchological section , academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsharp & pilsbry in pilsbry & sharp , 1897 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 344168 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nkeen , a . m . 1971 . sea shells of tropical west america . marine mollusks from baja california to peru , ed . 2 . stanford university press . xv , 1064 pp . , 22 pls . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis is a fragment of the shell of a scaphopod ( tusk shell ) . the cross section is hexagonal . this species is still extant , and its common name is the six - sided tusk shell . the length is 1 . 2 cm .\nback to itano family home page last modified : august 22 , 1998 . send comments to webmaster @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrom old spanish coins to shark teeth to beach glass to seashells , every beach has treasures to make it special . the beach ' s treasures might even be the gorgeous views or spectacular sunsets ! we at beach treasures and treasure beaches love to explore , and we would be thrilled if you would join us on our treasure hunts .\nsubscribe to beach treasures and treasure beaches by email , for treasure updates and beach news .\nthe contents of this site are copyright beach treasures and treasure urltoken and may not be copied or used without written permission from the beach treasures and treasure beaches staff . the posts may be quoted in part , so long as credit is given where it is due and so long as you link the quote back to this page . thank you kindly for your cooperation and for your interest in our passion for beaches . \u00a92011 - 2017 beach treasures and treasure urltoken . all rights reserved .\nlinks to third - party websites are provided as a convenience to users ; beach treasures and treasure urltoken does not control or endorse their content .\nsome special little shells have washed up around the county in the past few weeks . i\u2019ve been lucky to be able to sneak off to the beach here and there in the midst of a busy schedule , and was thrilled to find my first\u00ad - ever tusk shell in january on the sand at false point , on the northern end of the tourmaline surfing park . it is a six\u00ad - sided tusk shell , and there was only one . after looking for tusk shells on and off for the past 37 years in san diego , this seemed pretty special .\nthen , last week , i took a walk south from the southern end of imperial beach , and found a lot of tusk shells in the drift debris at low tide . these were almost all the indian money tusk , the shell that was prized as currency by the native peoples of the west coast in the past . two little six\u00ad - sided tusks were found that day also .\nantalis pretiosum , the indian money tusk . the largest is a little over an inch long . ( february 2014 )\nback at false point in january , there were tiny tinted wentletraps washed up here and there on the sand . the largest in the photo is about \u00bc inch long .\none more san diego beach treasure\u2026but from a while ago , are these trivias found in the shelly debris at low tide way back around the year 2000 . they were found at torrey pines state beach , and i have never seen them since . they are about \u00bc inch long .\nrobyn , what fun ! you have quite an eye . these tiny beach treasures are absolutely wonderful ! thank you so much for sharing your beachy times and your amazing treasure trove with us ! i feel as if i\u2019ve just had a great day at the beach too ! ~ jody"]}
{"id": 307, "summary": [{"text": "ethmiopsis scriniata is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , vietnam and possibly taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are fuscous much mixed and suffused with white and with three elongate dark fuscous marks on the costa anteriorly , two posteriorly , and with a flattened-triangular spot in the middle , and three small spots towards the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are some scattered blackish scales on the margins of the cell anteriorly , as well as slender black interrupted plical and median streaks on the posterior half of the wing , and two or three black dashes towards the costa posteriorly .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , paler and thinly scaled anteriorly and with the veins dark grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "ethmiopsis scriniata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for scriniata definition . you find here scriniata meaning , synonyms of scriniata and images for scriniata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nethmiopsis scriniata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nhave a fact about ethmiopsis scriniata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ethmiopsis scriniata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word scriniata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word scriniata and , of course , scriniata synonyms and on the right images related to the word scriniata .\nethmiopsis aganactes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis catarina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis epichthonia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis heppneri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis prosectrix ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\nethmiopsis subtegulifera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nethmiopsis tegulifera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nchelaria scriniata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : pundalalouya , ceylon\nethmiopsis prosectrix meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 69 ; tl : tien - mu - shan\n= ; [ sangmi lee ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 42 ; [ sangmi lee ]\nchelophoba aganactes meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : tien - mu - shan\ndactylethrella catarina ponomarenko , 1994 ; japan heteroc . j . 176 : 8 ; tl : rjasanovka , primorskii krai\nhomoshelas epichthonia meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 71 ; tl : lungtan\nhomochela heppneri park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 79 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\nchelophoba melaina clarke , 1986 ; smithshon . contr . zool . 416 : 173 ; tl : marquesas archipelago , fatu hiva , omoa\ndactylethrella subtegulifera ponomarenko , 1994 ; japan heteroc . j . 176 : 7 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\ndactylethra tegulifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : s . ussuri\nlarva on quercus mongolica , quercus serrata ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npage 59 and 60 : omelko , n . v . & omelko , m . m . 1993 .\npage 67 : contents introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 1 ) - association for . . .\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible ."]}
{"id": 308, "summary": [{"text": "xenolechia ontariensis is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from manitoba to texas , as well as arizona and possibly california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are similar to xenolechia querciphaga , but the ground colour is whitish-grey and the overlying wing colour is distinctly browner .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "xenolechia ontariensis", "paragraphs": ["xenolechia ontariensis keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 359\nsupported as 1878 xenolechia ontariensis by dna barcoding , bold lpoke609 - 12 this specimen is shown here : bold : aac6357 found at uv light near pond in wooded area of a flood plain .\nxenolechia querciphaga keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 358\nxenolechia lindae huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 98 , 29 ; tl : hellas , lakonia 7km sw monemvasia\nxenolechia pseudovulgella huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 97 , 29 ; tl : hellas , lakonia 5km s . monemvasia\nxenolechia ceanothiae priest , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 103 ; tl : michigan , preque isle co .\nxenolechia velatella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : arizona , williams\nxenolechia pseudovulgella ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 55 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 171 ; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nthis gallery shows my live photos alongside their amazing high definition genitalia pictures of gelechiidae moths courtesy of dr . tony thomas of new brunswick .\n1787 \u0096 white - edged coleotechnites moth \u0096 coleotechnites albicostata img _ 5681 . jpg\n1852 \u0096 ten - spotted honeysuckle moth \u0096 athrips mouffetella img _ 5743 . jpg\n1852 - ten - spotted honeysuckle moth - athrips mouffetella img _ 6118 . jpg\n1881 \u0096 crepuscular rock - rose moth \u0096 neotelphusa sequax img _ 5591 . jpg\n2288 \u0096 many - spotted dichomeris moth \u0096 dichomeris punctipennella img _ 5205 . jpg\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nphotographed in toronto , ontario on 17 june 2015 . photograph \u00a9 david beadle .\nphotographed in toronto , ontario on 19 june 2014 . photograph \u00a9 david beadle .\nmarsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . \u00a9 david beadle .\nnaf , seu , ceu , turkey , . . . . , texas . see [ maps ]\ngelechia ( poecilia ? ) basistrigella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 270 ; tl : texas\nlarva on ceanothus americanus , ceanothus herbaceus adamski , landry , nazari & priest , 2014 , j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 109\nrecurvaria ceanothiella braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 10 ; tl : dutch flat , placer co . , california\nlarva on ceanothus divaricatus braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 11\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1873 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtf\u00e4lter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 309, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia matheri is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , virginia , north carolina , mississippi , louisiana , texas and possibly kansas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 9 mm for males and 8.5 \u2013 10 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey with a faint brown tinge .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are paler than the forewings , but darkened along the anal margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late january to the beginning of april . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupithecia matheri", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb geometrid and swallowtail moths ( geometroidea ) \u00bb geometrid moths ( geometridae ) \u00bb larentiinae \u00bb eupitheciini \u00bb eupithecia \u00bb eupithecia matheri - hodges # 7509 . 1 ( eupithecia matheri )\nthe eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of mississippi and louisiana . american museum novitates ; no . 2809\nseven species of eupithecia ( larentiinae ) are found in the states of mississippi and louisiana . one of these , occurring throughout the southeastern united states , has been misidentified as herefordaria ; it is described as e . matheri , new species ( type locality : vicksburg , mississippi ) . the true herefordaria cassino and swett is redescribed ; it is found only in southeastern arizona . two other new species are described : e . vicksburgi ( type locality : vicksburg , mississippi ) and e . broui ( type locality : weyanoke , louisiana ) . the other taxa found in these two states are e . peckorurn heitzman and enns ( reported for the first time from both states and eastern texas ) , miserulata grote , jejunata medunnough , and swettii grossbeck . diagnostic notes are given for exudata pearsall , from the middle atlantic states , to distinguish it from matheri and jejunata . all species are described ; the adults and genitalia are illustrated\n- - p . [ 1 ] .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris , c . d . , 2018 . geometridae : larentiinae : eupitheciini ( part ) . lepidoptera of north america , part 14 . contributions of the c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university ( over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nodenton , anne arundel county , maryland , usa april 8 , 2013 size : 0 . 25 x 0 . 80 inches\nfound near balcony light on evening of first 70 + deg . f day in spring . one of the pugs ?\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nthe spread moth is from the collection of john glaser of baltimore , md . it was taken from the pretty boy reservoir , baltimore county , md april 8th , 2001 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 313, "summary": [{"text": "trachipterus arcticus is a species of ribbonfish found predominantly in the north atlantic ocean , with one report from the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are rarely encountered by humans due to their deep-sea habitat and the fact that they are of no commercial value .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this species is commonly referred to as the dealfish to differentiate it from the nine other ribbonfish species in the trachipteridae family .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species commonly known as red bandfish ( cepola macrophthalma ) is sometimes referred to as ribbonfish , but it is unrelated to any ribbonfish in the trachipteridae family . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "trachipterus arcticus", "paragraphs": ["dealfish , trachipterus arcticus . head detail . mouth articulation . azores , portugal .\ndealfish , trachipterus arcticus . lateral view . young animal . azores , portugal .\ncyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of\ntrachipterus arcticus ( br\u00fcnnich , 1788 )\n.\ndealfish n . a deep - sea ribbonfish , trachipterus arcticus , from the north atlantic .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nviikatekala\nto\ntrachipterus arcticus ( br\u00fcnnich , 1788 )\n.\nnamngivning : trachipterus arcticus ( br\u00fcnnich , 1771 ) . originalbeskrivning : gymnogaster arcticus . det kongelige danske videnskabers selskabs skrivter , nye samling , 3 : 418 . etymologi : arcticus ( lat . ) = nordlig . uttal : [ trak\u00edpterus \u00e1rktikus ]\nclick on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where\ntrachipterus arcticus\nis defined .\nkatja schulz set\nfile : trachipterus altivelis . jpg\nas an exemplar on\ntrachipterus altivelis kner , 1859\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nlohikuningas\nto\ntrachipterus altivelis kner , 1859\n.\nnorthernmost occurrence of the ribbonfish trachipterus trachypterus ( gmelin , 1789 ) in the ne atlanti . . .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\netel\u00e4nviikatekala\nto\ntrachipterus trachypterus ( gmelin , 1789 )\n.\ntrachipterus trachypterus , mediterranean dealfish . young animal photographed at night close to surface . these fish reach 3 meters length and live from\ntrachipterus trachypterus , mediterranean dealfish . young animal photographed close to surface . these fish reach 3 meters length and live from 100 to\nkatja schulz selected\nking - of - the - salmon\nto show in overview on\ntrachipterus altivelis kner , 1859\n.\nhognestad , p . t . 1962 . the dealfish , trachypterus arcticus br\u00fcnnich , in north norway . astarte , ( 21 ) : 1 - 13 .\ntrachipterus go\u00fcan 1770 trachy , rough ; pterus , fin , referring to rough ( i . e . , granular ) dorsal - and ventral - fin rays\nwent , a . e . j . 1952 . an unrecorded deelfish , trachypterus arcticus brunnich , from irish waters . ir . nat . j . , 10 : 302 .\ndescription : hello , a few years ago i was on a holiday with my parents and we ' ve seen a fish wash ashore ( but it was stil alive ) in the meditteranean which i think , based on the information on your site , is trachipterus arcticus . you can check the details here : urltoken ( if it is in dutch you can change the language in the upper right corner ) . on your website you say that there is only one report of this species from the mediterranean , so when my id is correct it will be the second i guess ? can you confirm the id as trachipterus arcticus ? thanks in advance and sorry for my bad english , best regards , jonas pottier , belgium .\nmeek , a . 1890 . on the structure of trachypterus arcticus ( the northern ribbon fish ) . stud . dundee mus . , 1 ( 6 ) : 1 - 24 , 2 pl .\ntrachipterus trachypterus ( gmelin 1789 ) trachy , rough ; pterus , fin , referring to sharp , serrated and rough ( i . e . , granular ) fins ( \u201cpinnis aculeatis serratis scabris\u201d )\nthe deal fish ( trachipterus arcticus ) is a real beauty . the slim and flat body shines like silver , and the red fins look like decorative feathers . this fish is a rare sight as it lives in deep waters ( 300 - 600 meters ) . sometimes dead deal fish get washed ashore . this fish has not the same elegance on land , especially when it has bee dead for some days .\n( of gymnogaster arcticus br\u00fcnnich , 1788 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nl\u00fctken , c . f . 1882a . nogle bemaerkninger om vaagmaeren ( trachypterus arcticus ) og sildetusten ( gymnetrus banksii ) . overs . k danske vidensk . selsk . forh . , ( 2 ) : 206 - 216 .\nbr\u00fcnnich , m . t . 1788c . om den islandske fisk , vogmeren . gymnogaster arcticus . k danske vidensk . selsk . skr . ( n . s . ) , 3 : 408 - 413 , pl . b ( fig . 1 - 3 ) .\nandriashev , a . p . 1954 . ryby severnykh morei sssr . izv . akad . nauk sssr . moskwa - leningrad . ( english trans . 1964 , jerusalem , ipst , 617 pp . , 300 fig . )\nbarnard , k . h . 1926 - 1927 . a monograph of the marine fishes of south africa . part i , ann . s . afr . mus . , 21 : pp . 1 - 418 , fig . 1 - 18 , pl . i - xvii . part ii , ibid . , 21 : pp . 417 - 1065 , fig . 19 - 32 , pl . xviii - xxxviii .\nbloch , m . e . ; schneider , j . g . 1801 . m . e . blochii systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit j . g . schneider , saxo . berolini : ix + 584 pp . , 110 pl .\nbreder , c . m . ; rosen , d . e . 1966 . modes of reproduction in fishes . nat . hist . press , new york : xv + 941 p .\nbuen , f . de 1935 . fauna ictiologica . catalogo de los peces ibericos : de la planicie continental , aguas dulces , pelagicos y de los abismos proximos . primera parte . notas res\u00fam . inst . esp . oceanogr . , ser . ii , ( 88 ) : pp . 1 - 89 , pl . i - xx ( fig . 1 - 40 ) . secunda parte . ibid . , ser . ii , ( 89 ) : pp . 91 - 149 , pl . xxiliii ( fig . 40 - 115 ) .\nday , f . 1880 - 1884 . the fishes of great britain and ireland . london - edinburgh , 2 vol . , cxii + 336 pp . , 5 + 7 fig . , 92 pl . and 388 pp . , 87 pl . 1880 : 1 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 64 , pl . i - xxvii ; 1881 : 1 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) : pp . 65 - 240 , pl . xxviii - lxviii ; 1882 : 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 241 - 336 , pl . lxix - xcii ; 2 ( 5 ) : pp . 1 - 96 , pl . xciii - cxvi ; 1883 : 2 ( 6 ) : pp . 97 - 176 , pl . cxvii - cxxxii ; 2 ( 7 ) : pp . 177 - 272 , pl . cxxxiii - cxlviii ; 1884 : 2 ( 8 ) : pp . 273 - 368 , pl . cxlix - clxxix .\nemery , c . 1879 . contribuzioni all ' ittiologia . i . le metamorfosi del trachypterus taenia . atti r . accad . lincei mem . rom . , ( 3 ) 3 : 390 - 397 , 1 pl . ( also publ . in mitt . zool stn neapel , 1 : pp . 581 - 588 , pl . xviii ( fig . 1 - 6 ) ) .\nlowe , r . t . 1852a . an account of fishes discovered or observed in madeira since the year 1842 . proc . zool . soc . lond , 18 : 247 - 253 .\nmohr , n . 1786 . f\u00f6rsog til en islandsk naturhistorie , med adskillige oekonomiske samt andre anmaetkninger , etc . . . . kj\u00f6benhavn : xvi + 413 p . , 7 pl .\nnilsson , s . 1855 . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna , lund : xxxiv + 768 p .\npriol , e . p . 1944 . observations sur les germons et les thons rouges captur\u00e9s par les p\u00eacheurs bretons . iii . remarques sur quelques poissons recueillis dans l ' estomac des thons . revue trav . off . ( scient . tech . ) p\u00each . marit . , 13 : 430 439 , fig .\nreid , j . 1849 . an account of a specimen of the vaagmaer or vogmarus islandicus ( trachypterus bogmarus of cuvier and valenciennes ) thrown ashore in the firth of forth . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 2 ) 3 ( 18 ) : 456 - 477 , pl . xvi .\nreinhardt , j . c . h . 1838 . vaagmaeren ( trachypterus vogmarus ) . k . danske vidensk . selsk . naturvid . math . afhandl . , 7 : pp . 65 - 82 , pl . i - ii .\nsmith , j . l . b . 1949b . the sea fishes of southern africa . south africa , 580 p . , 111 pl . , 1232 fig . ( other editions : 1950 , 1953 , 1961 , 1965 , 1970 ) .\nsmitt , f . a . 1893 - 1895 . ( ed . ) a history of scandinavian fishes , stockholm and paris , atlas , i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii .\ngreek , trachys , - eia , - ys = rough + greek , pteron = wing , fin ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 300 - 600 m ( ref . 35388 ) . deep - water ; 72\u00b0n - 25\u00b0n , 62\u00b0w - 25\u00b0e\nnortheast atlantic : norway and iceland to madeira islands ; one report from spain in the mediterranean . western atlantic : new york to southern florida in usa . populations in western atlantic are probably a separate species ( ref . 7251 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 200 - ? cm max length : 300 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 )\nprobably solitary although occasional aggregations have been reported , either for feeding or breeding purposes . feeds on small fishes and squids ( ref . 6392 ) . sexually mature at a length of 200cm and an age of 14 years ( ref . 35388 ) . eggs , larvae , and young are pelagic ( ref . 6392 ) .\npalmer , g . , 1986 . trachipteridae . p . 729 - 732 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 6392 )\n) : 2 . 7 - 10 . 4 , mean 5 . 2 ( based on 145 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5166 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 62 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( tm = 14 ; fec = 500 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 17 , 2 sd range = 0 . 04 - 0 . 73 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 77 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 73 , based on : 1 k , 1 tgen , 1 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 85 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrobins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nbr\u00fcnnich , m . t . ( 1788 ) . om en ny fiskart , den draabeplettede pladefish , fanget ved helsing\u00f6r i nords\u00f6en 1786 . k . danske selsk . skrift . n . saml . 3 : 398 - 407 . pl . a . [ details ]\nwheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nprobably solitary although occasional aggregations have been reported , either for feeding or breeding purposes . feeds on small fishes and squids ( ref . 6392 ) . sexually mature at a length of 200cm and an age of 14 years ( ref . 35388 ) . eggs , larvae , and young are pelagic ( ref . 6392 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\ndealfish are found in the north atlantic to as far south as florida . not much is known but they are about them . they feed on small fishes and squids .\nthe bottom picture recently surfaced . . . i jest . the fish washed up on the beach in florida . it has been misidentifed by some as an oarfish . it is not . there is another close relative of this fish that lives around australia and other places that is very similiar . it also goes by the name dealfish . but the scientific name is different . same genus name different species name .\nv\u00e5gm\u00e4ren har stj\u00e4rtfenan k\u00e4ckt i topp som ingen annan svensk fisk . eftersom den dessutom \u00e4r l\u00e5ngsmal och silvrig med r\u00f6da fenor \u00e4r den l\u00e4tt att k\u00e4nna igen . totall\u00e4ngd 300 cm , vanligtvis 100 cm . en mycket l\u00e5ngstr\u00e4ckt art vars rygg \u00e4r mer rundad \u00e4n buksidan , s\u00e5 att den liknar ett utdraget pilblad . huvudet \u00e4r litet och trubbigt , \u00f6gonen relativt stora och t\u00e4nderna mycket korta . ryggfenan b\u00f6rjar strax bakom \u00f6gat och forts\u00e4tter bak\u00e5t n\u00e4stan till stj\u00e4rtfenans bas . de fr\u00e4mre 5 - 6 fenstr\u00e5larna \u00e4r avgr\u00e4nsade fr\u00e5n resten av ryggfenan samt n\u00e5got f\u00f6rl\u00e4ngda j\u00e4mf\u00f6rt med de omedelbart p\u00e5f\u00f6ljande , men hela fenan \u00e4r relativt l\u00e5ng . analfena saknas . nedre stj\u00e4rtfensloben \u00e4r kort , medan den \u00f6vre stj\u00e4rtfensloben \u00e4r v\u00e4lutvecklad och upp\u00e5triktad , vilket ger stj\u00e4rten \u00e4r s\u00e4reget utseende . br\u00f6stfenorna \u00e4r mycket korta och rundade . bukfenorna \u00e4r tr\u00e5dlika hos unga individer och saknas helt eller \u00e4r starkt f\u00f6rkortade hos vuxna individer . fj\u00e4ll saknas , utom i sidolinjen - som l\u00f6per rakt fr\u00e5n huvudet bak\u00e5t till stj\u00e4rtfenan - d\u00e4r de ser ut som sm\u00e5 taggar . l\u00e4ngs bukkanten finns en rad spetsiga sm\u00e5 kn\u00f6lar . kroppen \u00e4r silvergl\u00e4nsande med 1 - 5 svarta fl\u00e4ckar som f\u00f6rsvinner med \u00f6kande \u00e5lder . ryggfenan och stj\u00e4rtfenan \u00e4r illr\u00f6da , br\u00f6stfenorna rosa . fenstr\u00e5lar och fj\u00e4ll : d iv - viii . ca 150 , a saknas , p 10 - 13 , v 0 ( 4 - 6 hos yngel ) . fj\u00e4ll saknas utom i sidolinjen , d\u00e4r de \u00e4r sv\u00e5rr\u00e4knade .\nv\u00e5gm\u00e4r f\u00f6rekommer regelbundet men s\u00e4llsynt i skagerrak , och emellan\u00e5t p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffas den \u00e4ven i kattegatt och \u00f6resund . totalt har omkring 20 fynd gjorts i sverige , senast i bohusl\u00e4n 2011 . arten har en omfattande utbredning \u00f6ver hela nordatlanten mellan ungef\u00e4r 30\u00b0 n och islands , gr\u00f6nlands och nordnorges kuster .\nv\u00e5gm\u00e4r \u00e4r en nordatlantisk art med f\u00f6rekomst fr\u00e5n madeira till island och norra norge . arten lever pelagiskt och oftast p\u00e5 stort djup . den upptr\u00e4der regelbundet men relativt f\u00e5taligt i nordsj\u00f6n och mera regelbundet p\u00e5 djupt vatten utanf\u00f6r norges kust . v\u00e5gm\u00e4ren \u00e4r en s\u00e4llsynt bes\u00f6kare l\u00e4ngs svenska v\u00e4stkusten med fynd fr\u00e5n bohusl\u00e4n till \u00f6resund .\nv\u00e5gm\u00e4r \u00e4r en pelagisk fisk som uppeh\u00e5ller sig p\u00e5 relativt djupt vatten , ned till 600 meters djup , och lever av fiskar och bl\u00e4ckfiskar . den blir k\u00f6nsmogen vid 14 \u00e5rs \u00e5lder och 245 cm l\u00e4ngd . en hona kan producera ca 580 000 \u00e4gg , och s\u00e5v\u00e4l \u00e4ggen som larverna \u00e4r pelagiska .\nl\u00e4nsvis f\u00f6rekomst och status f\u00f6r v\u00e5gm\u00e4r baserat p\u00e5 sammanst\u00e4llningar och bed\u00f6mningar av gjorda fynd .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nnationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna . str\u00e5lfeniga fiskar . actinopterygii . 2012 . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala .\nl\u00e4ngre texter , ut\u00f6ver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanst\u00e4llts av : sven o . kullander & bo delling 2012 ( bearbetad av tomas carlberg och ragnar hall , artdatabanken ) .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nsome of the most common fish in the ocean are the small pelagic fish , which means they spend their life away from the coast and near the surface . in warm waters anchovies and sardines are superabundant while in cold waters , it\u00b4s herrings and smelts ( incl . capelin ) . in between , one can find blue whitings , and mackerels . these species are not many but they are extremely abundant and migrate great distances . changes in their distribution due to environmental changes are dramatic and easily noticeable . usually they feed on zooplankton such as copepods .\n) arrive on the coast in the spring and summer . adult herring is often found in great abundance off the northern coast and in fact sustained the most important fisheries there for decades . however , the migration patterns of the adult herring can change dramatically , so large herring has not been particularily common off northern iceland during the last decades . adult capelin remain outside the fjord except during the spawn in the late winter , at which time they move closer to the coast and follow it to the south shore . some capelin remain in the various fjords along the north and east .\nsome larger pelagic fish are occasionally found off northern iceland . however , large pelagic fishes are rare in cold waters , and their role is taken over by\n) . all are rare guests but for some unknown reason really many dealfish were found within the fjords in 2009 . although dealfish are related to opahs , the two species are radically different in appearance . the opah is nearly as tall as it is long and it\u2018s thick and heavy , reaching a weight of 270 kg . it is also brightly colored . the opah was recently shown to be warm - blooded . on the other hand , the dealfish is very long and slender . it can reach a length of 300 cm and its body is a silvery white on the sides with bright red fins .\nthe smallest pelagic fish are usually found at middle depths . three of these are often seen off the northern coast are the\nmetavelifer walters 1960 meta - , after , i . e . , after velifer , assuming this genus is more specialized than velifer\nlampris retzius 1799 radiant , brilliant or shining , referring to brilliant coloration of l . guttatus\nlampris immaculatus gilchrist 1904 im - , not ; maculata , spotted , no white spots on any part of body unlike l . guttatus\nstrange or unknown , referring to the \u201cstrange or unknown presence of multiple species of opahs [ i . e . , five distinct , monophyletic lineages previously within l . guttatus ] in the same geographic region\u201d ( matthew t . craig , pers . comm . )\neumecichthys fiski ( g\u00fcnther 1890 ) in honor of rev . george henry redmore fisk ( 1829 - 1911 ) , a collector of zoological curiosities in south africa , who \u201ckindly submitted\u201d this \u201chighly interesting fish\u201d and specimens of other animals\nzu elongatus heemstra & kannemeyer 1984 referring to its more elongate body compared to z . cristatus\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe benthopelagic black scabbardfish ( aphanopus carbo lowe , 1839 ) is an important species for northeast atlantic deep - water fisheries . its wide distribution across the ne atlantic and the difficult\u2026\n[ more ]\ndescription of dermal denticles from the caudal region of raja clavata and their use for the estimat . . .\nserra - pereira , b . , figueiredo , i . , farias , i . , moura , t . , and gordo , l . s . 2008 . description of dermal denticles from the caudal region of raja clavata and their use for the estimation of age and growth . \u2013 ices journal of marine science , 65 : 1701\u20131709 . this work is a response to a lack of knowledge of the biology of raja clavata in southern european waters , particularly in terms of age and . . . [ show full abstract ]\notolith shape analysis as a tool for stock discrimination of the black scabbardfish , aphanopus carbo . . .\nthe variability in otolith contour shape of black scabbardfish ( aphanopus carbo ) from portuguese waters was analysed for stock discrimination purposes . the contour shape of otoliths from specimens caught off mainland portugal , madeira and azores archipelagos was digitised and extracted according to the closed - form fourier analysis technique . mainland and madeira specimens were compared through . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndiet comparison of four ray species ( raja clavata , raja brachyura , raja montagui and leucoraja naev . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nthe ribbonfish are any lampriform fishes in the family trachipteridae . these pelagic fish are named for their slim , ribbon - like appearance . they are rarely seen alive , as they typically live in deep waters , though are not bottom feeders . the sparidae are\nit is believed to be two different stocks of dela fish : one in the northeastern atlantic and another in the northwestern atlantic .\na norwegian trawler got a lot of dela fish while trawling for blue whiting west of ireland in march 2007 . scientists on board said that they never before had got so many deal fish on such a survey . the deal fish can grow to be three meters long .\nthe steward on the vessel prepared some deal fish for the crew . reliable reports tells that the deal fish didn\u2019t taste much . it had a jelly - like consistency and the crew left the dinner table early that day . maybe the conclusion had been different with a steward and a crew from asia ?\na couple of strange fish caught with trawl in the northern atlantic ocean has been shown on this post . her are two more of these strange looking creatures . the fish above looks like a monster thought it has the seize of a small herring . it seems to be able to eat preys of its own seize with its gigantic gap . the long and sharp teeth makes this fish look more than dangerous . i do not know the names of this fish , nor the name to the fish below .\nsomething like an eel with a tale and a birds head ? the appearance is not important while living in total darkness on several hundred meters depth . below you see a photo of its head .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nthe national weather service in taunton , massachusetts , hosted the first stop of the 2007 east coast hurricane awareness tour at quonset state airport in north kingstown , rhode island . the purpose of the tour is to increase hurricane awareness and to encourage preparedness in vulnerable coastal and inland communities through information stations , prescheduled briefings , public tours of one of noaa ' s lockheed wp - 3d orion hurricane hunter aircraft , and visits with hurricane hunter crew members and national hurricane center - tropical prediction center staff members . standing in front of the noaa hurricane hunter aircraft are ( from left ) : tracy mccormick , jeane wallace , david vallee , edward capone , and jeff ouellet .\n200th celebration greeting from the hague , netherlands ! u . s . delegates from noaa fisheries service presented listing proposals to protect sawfish , pink and red corals , and the banggai cardinalfish from unsustainable international trade during the 14th conference of the parties to the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) . they also worked to protect and regulate trade in other sharks , whales , and marine turtles at the conference . in this photo , they are taking a few minutes to commemorate noaa ' s 200th celebration . pictured are ( from left ) : andy bruckner , david cottingham , nancy daves , ryan wulff , and john carlson .\non a beautiful june morning at constitution gardens on the national mall in washington , dc , noaa fisheries volunteers helped 25 kids from ross elementary school learn about the glorious fun that is boating and fishing . the kids had a blast , and so did the noaa fisheries volunteers ! one of the kids jumped up and down with excitement at his 3\nfish ( which he then released ) and shouted ,\nthis is the best day of my whole life !\nthe annual event is a collaboration of the national park service , the department of the interior , noaa , dc fisheries program , and the non - profit recreational boating and fishing foundation . volunteers included liz fairey , maile bliss , mark oswell , dianna avery , anne isham , mark oswel , arminta brown , shirley lucas , stephie bost , terry sheriff , chris german , brad gentner , jim mccallum , and forbes darby .\nthe noaa chief financial officer ( cfo ) office held a team - building exercise with its staff from the finance and budget offices at east point park in washington , dc . the chief financial officer serves as the principal financial manager for noaa ' s resources . the cfo ' s office is responsible for providing leadership necessary for noaa to obtain a yearly - unqualified opinion in the audit of its consolidated financial statements , as well as ensuring that noaa ' s bills are paid in a timely manner . we are also responsible for the oversight and management of noaa ' s budget process , including coordinating the preparation of noaa budget submissions to the department , office of management and budget , and the congress .\nfollowing a severe weather safety presentation by john paul martin ( holding banner at the far left ) , warning coordination meteorologist at noaa ' s national weather service in bismarck , north dakota , personnel from the department of the interior ' s bureau of reclamation joined in commemorating noaa ' s celebration of 200 years of science , service , and stewardship at the bureau ' s bismarck office .\nthe national weather service in north platte , nebraska , entered a float in the nebraskaland days parade this year . the theme of the parade was\nthe tradition rides on\nas nebraskaland days was celebrating 125 years . the national weather service office won first prize in the commercial float division and also took home the best float overall . the float highlighted the arrival of the national weather service in north platte in 1874 , the first weather satellite in 1960 , the first weather radar in 1942 , and the first tornado warning was in 1947 . the float also showcased noaa ' s 200th celebration of science , service and stewardship . pictured ( top , from left ) christina henderson ; bill taylor ; brian hirsch ; teresa keck ; dennis phillips ( as dorothy in the wizard of oz ) ; and jim sweet ( as glenda the good witch of the north in the wizard of oz ) ; national weather service employee ' s children , james , leela , jamie , samantha , alex , and landon . standing in front of the float ( from left ) : deb blondin and angela oder .\nnoaa ' s national weather service southern region acting director steven cooper gathered his headquarters staff together recently to celebrate their department of commerce bronze medal . also on hand were visiting meteorologists from the people ' s republic of china . the chinese meteorologists have been visiting local , regional and national centers as part of an international exchange agreement with the national weather service . the headquarters staff has been recognized for leadership and support for national weather service field office warning and forecast operations during the 2005 hurricane season . the headquarters employees provided indispensable administrative , logistical , and technical support to the offices . their leadership and actions assisted the offices in preparing for , delivering , and sustaining critical forecast and warning operations prior to , during , and in the aftermath of the storms .\nthe monitor national marine sanctuary ' s advisory council ( sac ) recently gathered for meetings in cape hatteras , north carolina . while the wreck of the uss monitor was the main item on the agenda , participants also were given briefings on the biological , environmental , and historical aspects of the area aptly known as the graveyard of the atlantic . here sac members , staff from the monitor national marine sanctuary , and members of the maritime heritage program examine one of the\nanomalies\nthat has been attributed to some of the mysterious losses of ships in the graveyard ' s waters . pictured ( from left ) : ( back ) wayne smith , richard lawrence , david alberg , tane casserley , jeff johnston , ( front ) krista trono , don reynolds , susan langley , dr . tim runyan , and channing zucker .\nafter months of planning seattle ' s noaa 200th celebration event , the\nget to know noaa weekend\nwas held in june in conjunction with the\ntreasures of noaa ' s ark\nexhibit at the pacific science center in seattle , washington , featuring activities , exhibits , and talks by noaa scientists . hundreds of visitors stopped by the\nmeet a noaa scientist\narea where booths from a variety of noaa offices were set up to answer questions and inform the visitors about their role within noaa . pictured in the\nmeet a noaa scientist\nexhibit are ( front row , from left ) : lcdr mike hopkins , helen bottcher , and lisa hiruki - raring . ( back row , from left ) : rebecca reuter , liz clarke , jeff napp , and ted buehner .\nafter months of planning seattle ' s noaa 200th celebration event , the\nget to know noaa weekend\nwas held in june in conjunction with the\ntreasures of noaa ' s ark\nexhibit at the pacific science center in seattle , washington , featuring activities , exhibits , and talks by noaa scientists . hundreds of visitors stopped by the\nmeet a noaa scientist\narea where booths from a variety of noaa offices were set up to answer questions and inform the visitors about their role within noaa . this photo shows ken kruse with a few youth who stopped by to see the\nsurvival at sea\ndemonstration with seattle ' s space needle in the background .\nfor the past four years , researchers from noaa ' s center for coastal fisheries and habitat research have conducted an annual research cruise aboard noaa ship nancy foster to puerto rico and isla vieques with the help of participants from other noaa line offices and academic institutions . the purpose of this cruise is an ongoing investigation of the response of seagrass beds to physical disturbances including boat groundings , storms , wave energy , and foraging areas . this year ' s cruise included participants from noaa ' s southeast fisheries science center , noaa ' s office of response and restoration , and the north carolina state university . pictured in the bow of nancy foster are ( from left ) : tracy hamburger , chris taylor , jud kenworthy ( seated ) , sean meehan , todd kellison , giuseppe di carlo , jenny vander pluym , john burke , erika hansen , brian degan , missy partyka , paula whitfield , kevin kirsch , warren mitchell , amy uhrin , brooke landry and john hackney ( seated ) .\npromoting environmental literacy is essential to support noaa ' s mission and one way we do that is through internship programs that provide the opportunity for hundreds of young scholars to work side by side with noaa scientists . this year , more than 120 students from three separate programs - the ernest f . hollings undergraduate scholars , the educational partnership program ( epp ) undergraduate scholars , and the epp graduate scholars - traveled to silver spring , maryland , for a very busy introduction to noaa .\nthis group of americorps volunteers from northern colorado called the colorado range riders was assigned to help restore a portion of southern mississippi impacted by hurricane katrina . after participating in three days of coastal cleanups and weeks of restoring damaged homes , these hard - working young adults were rewarded with an educational / recreational kayak tour of the grand bay national estuarine research reserve . these young leaders of tomorrow had a great time while learning the importance of conserving coastal habitats .\n200th celebration greetings from northern indiana , southwest michigan , and northwest ohio ! noaa ' s national weather service northern indiana office commemorated noaa ' s 200th celebration at the airport with fireworks ! goshen freedom fest was held on june 30th at the goshen indiana airport . an estimated 25 , 000 to 30 , 000 people attended the day - long event . staff from noaa ' s national weather service northern indiana office set up an information and display booth , complete with posters , brochures , and a noaa weather radio all hazards display . the staff kept busy during the day answering numerous questions from the crowd about weather safety , aviation weather , noaa weather radio all hazards , and noaa ' s 200th celebration . in the photo , senior meteorologists john taylor and sam lashley , along with scep sara weisser and intern b . j . simpson , pose for a picture with the crew of a blackhawk helicopter , from the 38th aviation battalion based in shelbyville .\nin june , the indianapolis weather forecast office ( wfo ) hosted a lightning safety awareness week event on monument circle in downtown indianapolis , indiana . meteorologists from the wfo distributed lightning safety posters , magnets , brochures , and golf tees , as well as answered questions from the public and an interview from wibc radio news . shown under the awning ( from left ) : an interested citizen and national weather service meteorologists joseph nield and jason puma .\nlibrarians take time out from the books to send greetings from the annual noaa libraries conference in silver spring , maryland . noaa has 31 libraries encompassing some of the largest environmental science collections on earth that serve noaa operations , research , and policy offices at noaa facilities from kodiak island to miami and from woods hole to honolulu . noaa libraries have served noaa personnel from antarctica to the alaskan arctic and even have provided information to noaa ships at sea . pictured are ( seated , front row , from left ) : linda pikula , lagena fantroy , kathy kelly , maria bello , lisa pugh , janice beattie , and earie taniuchi ; ( back row , from left ) : michelle campbell , brian voss , skip theberge , liselle drake , linda salyers , caroline woods , paula jonson , eileen mcvey , gloria aversano , nick berry , ginny dietrich , claire steimle , neal kaske , debra losey , anna fiolek , and doria grimes .\non june 12 , hundreds of noaa employees and partners participated in the 4th annual noaa restoration day in maryland and virginia . noaa restoration day is one of the largest voluntary federal - employee - sponsored environmental stewardship events in the bay watershed . the maryland event was held at the jug bay component of the chesapeake bay national estuarine research reserve in maryland and the virginia event was held at the virginia commonwealth university rice center in charles city , virginia . at jug bay , more than 170 noaa volunteers from all noaa line offices joined staff from partner agencies to restore a portion of the patuxent river . volunteers planted underwater grasses grown in 22 tanks in noaa offices , transplanted wild rice , performed fish seining and sampling , mapped and removed invasive plants , completed digital elevation mapping , and more . more information can be found at http : / / restorationday . noaa . gov .\nclick headings [ a - z ] or [ ascending ] to sort the author ( s ) or year column . currently sorted by year of publication .\nreview : ' history of the british flora , a factual basis for phytogeography ' by sir h . godwin\nblackfish centrolophus niger ( gmelin , 1789 ) ( c . pompilus cuv . & val . ) in irish waters : a further record and a review of irish records\ncarter , c . j . , wood - baker , c . s . & polaszek , a .\nthe distribution in scotland and ireland of calliphora uralensis and its occurrence with ] and separation from c . vicina ( insecta : diptera )\nadditional data on the distribution of the bank vole , clethrionomys glareolus ( schreber , 1780 ) , on the beara peninsula , cos . cork and kerry\nby continuing to browse this site , you are agreeing that google and its partners will use cookies to provide you with targeted ads tailored to your interests and to enable us to measure the audience , click to learn more . okay\ndealated adj . ( entomology ) having shed or lost its wings , usually in the normal course of its life cycle .\nidealism n . the property of a person of having high ideals that are usually unrealizable or at odds with practical . idealism n . the practice or habit of giving or attributing ideal form or character to things ; treatment of things . idealism n . ( philosophy ) an approach to philosophical enquiry , which asserts that direct and immediate knowledge can .\nidealist n . ( philosophy ) one who adheres to idealism . idealist n . someone whose conduct stems from idealism rather than from practicality . idealist n . an unrealistic or impractical visionary .\nideality n . ( uncountable ) the quality or state of being ideal . ideality n . ( uncountable ) the capacity to form deals of beauty or perfection . ideality n . the conceptive faculty .\nidealize v . ( transitive ) to regard something as ideal . idealize v . ( intransitive ) to conceive or form an ideal . idealize v . ( art ) to portray using idealization .\nmegadeal n . ( informal ) a transaction of very large size . megadeal n . ( informal ) a deal offering exceptional value for money .\nmisdeals n . plural of misdeal . misdeals v . third - person singular simple present indicative form of misdeal .\nsomedeal pron . some part ; a portion , something ; some . somedeal adv . ( rare ) in some measure or degree ; somewhat , partly , partially .\nthis site uses web cookies , click to learn more . \u00a9 ortograf inc . website updated on 26 september 2017 . informations & contacts\ncarolinus y menticirrhus littoralis se mantuvieron cercanos al lugar original de captura entre 21 y 27 dias .\nuse of the surf zone of sandy beaches by croaker ' s larvae ( cynoscion spp . ) , province of guayas , ecuador\neffects of dietary protein levels on the growth , feed utilization and haemato - biochemical parameters of freshwater fish , cyprinus carpio var . specularis\ncarolinus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) , brevoortia aurea ( spix and agassiz , 1829 ) ) species .\nhigh levels of total ammonia nitrogen as n [ h . sub . 4 . sup . + ] are stressful and harmful to the growth of nile tilapia juveniles / elevados niveis de nitrogenio amoniacal total como n [ h . sub . 4 . sup . + ] sao estressantes e danosos ao crescimento de juvenis de tilapia nilotica\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmonthly electronic news bulletin for the marine life of the ne atlantic oceans including the seas and seashore around the british isles . the bulletin is designed for microsoft explorer 4 and above using medium fonts at a resolution of 800 x 600 and can be viewed satisfactorily at a resolution of 1024 x 768 . subscribe and unsubscribe options are at the foot of this page .\nif you receive this bulletin as an email subscriber , you may find the best way to view the file is on your hard disc in your directory of incoming emails .\nreports of marine wildlife from all around the british isles , with pollution incidents and conservation initiatives as they affect the flora and fauna of the ne atlantic ocean .\n, north devon . most were about 10 mm in size , and some were still alive with their bubble rafts and\ninked\nwhen placed in a bucket . they were washed in with tiny ( max 12 mm )\nbeach , west sussex . there was much remaining of this large turtle , but the distinctive outer shell and at least one flipper is seen in the photograph by\nthey cause a huge amount of damage to the tidal and lower freshwater sections of rivers as they burrow into riverbanks causing them to collapse and silt up . further pressure is also put on our wildlife as these crabs out compete native species . these crabs must spend the juvenile part of their life cycle in freshwater but must return to the sea to breed .\nsix of these tiny crabs were found on a plastic barrel and one on a plastic float .\nwere recorded and collected by a rov submersible , the first a beige species with short arms ( like a cushion star ) from a depth of around 250 metres off west norway , and the second similar one from a depth of 600 metres in a norwegian fjord at an earlier date . neither of these species have been positively identified at time of writing .\ncoast . the height of this round fish was measured at 98 cm ( including the fins ) .\nare frequently found stranded on the western and southern coasts of britain , but much less often on north sea coasts .\nfrom the baltic coast of southern sweden , means this fish must have navigated through the narrow parts of the kattegat . it was a smallish specimen with a total length of 60 cm .\nand there are clues that the buoys , wooden pallets , fish boxes etc . have been floating around the atlantic ocean for two years or more and are american in origin . the live crabs were placed in the aquarium at the\nthese crabs are rarely recorded pelagic life with british records only from the extreme west coasts , with the only cornish records of the crab coming from the 19th century .\ngulf - weed crab because the largest population of this abundant crab is believed to inhabit the open atlantic ocean area known as the sargasso sea .\n; the fish was one metre long , 30 cms wide and laterally very thin with a tapering tail . i have identified this fish as a"]}
{"id": 314, "summary": [{"text": "the ornate skink , cyclodina ornata , is a rare species of skink endemic to new zealand .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species was once widespread through much of the north island and on many offshore islands in the hauraki gulf and north of the coromandel peninsula .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "habitat destruction and predation by introduced species has now reduced their range to scattered localities throughout the north island as far south as wellington , as well as on the three kings islands , great barrier island , and a few other offshore islands .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "ornate skinks co-exist widely with copper skinks , and at selected localities with robust skinks , mokohinau skinks , mcgregor 's skinks , poor knights skinks and on great barrier and little barrier islands , marbled skinks .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "ornate skinks are not currently known to co-exist with whitaker 's skinks .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "ornate skinks can be identified by the white or yellowish \" teardrop \" edged with black , below each eye . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "ornate skink", "paragraphs": ["taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand .\nornate skinks occur in and around forestry blocks of northland , waikato and wellington .\ntaxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex from northern new zealand . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe ornate skink , oligosoma ornata , is a rare species of skink endemic to new zealand . this species was once widespread through much of the north island and on many offshore islands in the hauraki gulf . this ornate skink in living in the bottom of my fire wood shed as it has for many years only seen of sunny days\na robust medium - sized skink with a tear drop below the eye . very secretive and does not enjoy dry habitats .\ntowns dr ( 1999 ) cyclodina spp . skink recovery plan , 1999\u20132004 , threatened species recovery plan 27 . department of conservation , wellington , 75p\naorangi skink ; morphology ; new zealand ; north island ; oligosoma roimata sp . nov . ; poor knights island ; taxonomy , oligosoma ornatum ; oligosoma aeneum\ndumont ct ( 2015 ) an investigation into declining skink populations and their behavioural responses to introduced mammalian predators . masters of science thesis , university of canterbury , christchurch , 154p\nfawcett , j . d . ( 1970 ) reproduction in the new zealand skink , sphenomorphus pseudornatus . journal of the colorado - wyoming academy of science , 7 , 43 .\nchapple dg , daugherty ch , ritchie pa ( 2009 ) origin , diversification , and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . mol phylogenet evol 52 : 470\u2013487\ntowns dr , neilson ka , whitaker ah ( 2002 ) north island oligosoma spp . skink recovery plan , 2002\u20132012 , threatened species recovery plan 48 . department of conservation , wellington , 62p\nalthough the new zealand skink fauna is known to be highly diverse , a substantial proportion of the recognised species remain undescribed . we completed a taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ( gray , 1843 ) ) as a previous molecular study indicated that it represented a species complex . as part of this work we have resolved some nomenclatural issues involving this species and a similar species , o . aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) . a new skink species , oligosoma roimata sp . nov . , is described from the poor knights islands , off the northeast coast of the north island of new zealand . this species is diagnosed by a range of morphological characters and genetic differentiation from o . ornatum . the conservation status of the new taxon appears to be of concern as it is endemic to the poor knights islands and has rarely been seen over the past two decades .\nalthough the new zealand skink fauna is known to be highly diverse , a substantial proportion of the recognised species remain undescribed . we completed a taxonomic revision of the ornate skink ( oligosoma ornatum ( gray , 1843 ) ) as a previous molecular study indicated that it represented a species complex . as part of this work we have resolved some nomenclatural issues involving this species and a similar species , o . aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) . a new skink species , oligosoma roimata sp . nov . , is described from the poor knights islands , off the northeast coast of the north island of new zealand . this species is diagnosed by a range of morphological characters and genetic differentiation from o . ornatum . the conservation status of the new taxon appears to be of concern as it is endemic to the poor knights islands and has rarely been seen over the past two decades .\no\u2019donnell cfj , hoare jm ( 2012 ) monitoring trends in skink sightings from artificial retreats : influences of retreat design , placement period , and predator abundance . herpetol conserv biol 7 ( 1 ) : 58\u201366\nbarwick , r . e . ( 1959 ) the life history of the common new zealand skink leiolopisma zelandica ( gray , 1843 ) . transactions of the royal society of new zealand , 86 , 331\u2013380 .\nhoare jm , adams lk , bull ls , towns dr ( 2007a ) attempting to manage complex predator - prey interactions fails to avert imminent extinction of a threatened new zealand skink population . j wildl manage 71 : 1576\u20131584\nlettink m , norbury g , cree a , seddon pj , duncan rp , schwarz cj ( 2010 ) removal of introduced predators , but not artificial refuge supplementation , increases skink survival in coastal duneland . biol conserv 143 : 72\u201377\nbell , t . p . & patterson , g . b . ( 2008 ) a rare alpine skink oligosoma pikitanga n . sp . ( reptilia : scincidae ) from llawrenny peaks , fiordland , new zealand . zootaxa , 1882 , 57\u201368 .\nchapple , d . g . , ritchie , p . a . & daugherty , c . h . ( 2009 ) origin , diversification and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 52 , 470\u2013487 .\npatterson , g . b . & bell , t . p . ( 2009 ) the barrier skink oligosoma judgei n . sp . ( reptilia : scincidae ) from the darran and takitimu mountains , south island , new zealand . zootaxa , 2271 , 43\u201356 .\nchapple , d . g . & patterson , g . b . ( 2007 ) a new skink species ( oligosoma taumakae sp . nov . ; reptilia : scincidae ) from the open bay islands , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 34 , 347\u2013357 .\nchapple , d . g . , patterson , g . b . , bell , t . & daugherty , c . h . ( 2008b ) taxonomic revision of the new zealand copper skink ( cyclodina aenea ; squamata : scincidae ) species complex , with description of two new species . journal of herpetology , 42 , 437\u2013452 .\nchapple , d . g . , patterson , g . b . , gleeson , d . m . , daugherty , c . h . & ritchie , p . a . ( 2008a ) taxonomic revision of the marbled skink ( cyclodina oliveri , reptilia : scincidae ) species complex , with a description of a new species . new zealand journal of zoology , 35 , 129\u2013146 .\nchapple , d . g . , bell , t . b . , chapple , s . n . j . , miller , k . a . , daugherty , c . h . & patterson , g . b . ( 2011 ) phylogeography and taxonomic revision of the new zealand cryptic skink ( oligosoma inconspicuum ; reptilia : scincidae ) species complex . zootaxa , 2782 , 1\u201333 .\nmainland sanctuaries , where introduced mammalian predators are controlled or excluded , have the potential to improve the conservation status of new zealand lizards . this is due to the reliance of a large number of species on habitats unavailable on offshore islands . however , despite considerable predator control efforts , lizard populations are still in decline , even in some mainland sanctuaries . the main cause of this failure appears to be that predator control is hard to sustain and largely targeted at protecting bird populations , which require lower levels of predator suppression than lizard populations . even fenced , mainland , predator - exclusion sites are prone to reinvasions , particularly of mice , which are difficult to exclude at the outset . episodic irruptions of mice within fenced sanctuaries , and other mammalian predator species in unfenced sanctuaries , can quickly decrease lizard numbers . small lizard populations are particularly vulnerable . we discuss two case studies to illustrate population dynamics and limitations to understanding mechanisms underlying patterns of population declines in new zealand skinks : ornate skinks ( oligosoma ornatum ) in a fenced mainland site and speckled skinks ( o . infrapunctatum ) in an unfenced mainland site . we also speculate about the effects on lizards of native and non - native birds and introduced social insects , including wasps and ants . understanding biological interactions and obtaining more species - and situation - specific data for lizards will provide information on limits to recovery , detection time frames after management actions , risks and benefits of habitat enhancements and density targets for introduced species where total eradication is impractical .\n4k it ' s blue ! playing cat & mouse with a pretty lizard . nature , fishing , herping , travel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n149 mairangi road , wilton , wellington , new zealand ; email : geoffjoss @ clear . net . nz .\ndepartment of conservation , terrestrial conservation unit , po box 10 - 420 , wellington 6143 , new zealand ; email : unknown .\nschool of biological sciences , monash university , clayton victoria 3800 , australia allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , p . o . box 600 , wellington 6140 , new zealand ; email : unknown .\nnew zealand has a very diverse group of geckos and skinks . the distribution and habits of many are poorly known , and additional species are still being discovered , and others are being established through genetic studies . geckos are distinguished from skinks by having either velvet - like or bumpy skin and a fixed gaze ( they cannot blink ) . skinks are sleek and shiny with scales that shed one at a time and that shine in the sun .\n( green ) geckos are diurnal and tend to be tree - dwelling , and favour shrubland and forest habitats but have been found in tussock grasslands of otago and are known to occur in plantation forests .\ngeckos ( usually darker colours such as brown ) are nocturnal , and favour rocky outcrops , gullies with rock or log cover and sometimes forest .\ngeckos to the untrained eye . some individuals have a bight mustard - yellow crescent on the nape of the neck , and often also with blotches of the same colour along body and tail .\ngeckos can be brightly coloured and have a distinctive orange / yellow mouth lining . they have slender toes and tend to be arboreal and primarily nocturnal .\ngeckos are slender and elegant animals with distinctive stripes . they are strictly arboreal in habit and nocturnal .\nis the single species in the tukutuku genus and this species is only found on stewart island where it is most commonly located in sub alpine scrub .\noligosoma skinks are both diurnal and nocturnal and and occur in diverse habitats from rocky and sandy shorelines , to forests , to subalpine habitats . nocturnal species tend to live in damp , thickly vegetated , lowland areas in northern new zealand .\nlizards are critical for ecosystem processes ; they pollinate native plants and disperse native plant seeds through eating fruit .\npredation by introduced mammals ( e . g . cats , rats , mustelids ) is the biggest threat posed to new zealand lizards , and lizards can become exceptionally abundant in the absence of mammalian predation . loss and / or fragmentation of habitat through development , habitat degradation by introduced browsing mammals ( e . g . pigs , livestock , deer , goats , possums ) , removal of logs and rocks , and excessive collecting also contribute to on - going declines of lizards over all parts of new zealand .\nmaintain wide and interconnected zones of potential lizard habitat , e . g . indigenous forest and shrubland , rocky gullies , cliffs and other distinctive habitat types .\nraise awareness of staff and contractors of the presence of lizards and the need to protect them .\ntake photographs or write a detailed description when lizards are found . this can be used for later identification .\nsurvey for lizards , particularly if first time planting is being considered for the area . note that planned surveys require a permit under the wildlife act ( contact doc for survey methods and permits ) .\nelectronic atlas of the amphibians & reptiles of new zealand ( doc website ) .\ndepartment of conservation . 2002 . the penguin guide to new zealand wildlife : native and introduced birds , mammals , reptiles and amphibians . auckland , penguin .\ngill b . , whitaker a . 1996 . new zealand frogs and reptiles . auckland , bateman .\ndepartment of conservation , te ara , landcare research and the new zealand herpetological society websites .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\ndavid g chapple school of biological sciences , monash university , clayton victoria 3800 , australia allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington , p . o . box 600 , wellington 6140 , new zealand\nbioweb herpetofauna database ( 2011 ) electronic atlas of the amphibians and reptiles of new zealand . available from urltoken atlas - of - the - amphibians - and - reptiles - of - nz / electronic - atlas / ( accessed 1 july 2011 )\nboulenger , g . a . ( 1887 ) catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume 3 . taylor and francis , london , 575 pp .\nboulenger , g . a . ( 1906 ) descriptions of two new lizards from new zealand . annals and magazine of natural history , 17 , 369\u2013371 .\nbull , p . c . & whitaker , a . h . ( 1975 ) the amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . in : kuschel , g . ( ed . ) , biogeography and ecology in new zealand , junk , the hague , pp . 231\u201376 .\nbuller , w . l . ( 1871 ) a list of the lizards inhabiting new zealand , with descriptions . transactions of the new zealand institute , 3 , 4\u201311 .\nburt , c . e . & burt , m . d . ( 1932 ) herpetological results of the whitney south sea expedition . vi . pacific island amphibians and reptiles in the collection of the american museum of natural history . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 63 , 461\u2013597 .\nchapple , d . g . , daugherty , c . h . & ritchie , p . a . ( 2008c ) comparative phylogeography reveals pre - decline population structure of new zealand cyclodina ( reptilia : scincidae ) species . biological journal of the linnean society , 95 , 388\u2013408 .\ndumeril , a . m . c . & bibron , g . ( 1836 ) erpetologie generate , ou , histoire naturelle complete des reptiles , vol . 3 . roret , paris , 525 pp .\ndumeril , a . m . c . & bibron , g . ( 1839 ) erpetologie generate , ou , histoire naturelle complete des reptiles , vol . 5 . roret , paris , 871 pp .\nfawcett , j . d . ( 1964 ) the life history and ecology of sphenomorphus pseudornatus mccann ( lacertilia , scincidae ) . unpublished msc thesis , university of auckland , new zealand .\nfawcett , j . d . & smith , h . m . ( 1971 ) the lizard leiolopisma smithi cochran , a junior secondary homonym of mocoa smithii gray . great basin naturalist , 31 , 135\u2013137 .\nfitch , h . s . ( 1970 ) reproductive cycles of lizards and snakes . miscellaneous publications of the museum of natural history , university of kansas , lawrence . 52 , 1\u2013247 .\nfitzinger , l . j . ( 1861 ) die ausbeute der \u00f6sterreichische naturforscher an saugethieren und reptilien w\u00e4hrend der weltumsegelung sr . majestat fregatte novara . osterreichische akademie der wissenschaften mathematische - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 42 , 383\u2013416 .\nforster , r . r . & forster , l . m . ( 1971 ) reptiles and amphibians . new zealand\u2019s heritage 1 , 128\u2013134 .\ngill , b . j . ( 1976 ) aspects of the ecology , morphology and taxonomy of two skinks ( reptilia : lacertilia ) in the coastal manawatu area of new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 3 , 141\u2013157 .\ngirard , c . 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( 1976 ) new zealand lizards . forest and bird , 202 , 8\u201311 .\nthanks to the friends of rotoiti volunteers , diana mcmahon , eric dumont , sirin gnadeberg and richard meutstege ; ingrid mcconchie for site access and genevieve taylor , kimberly parlane , tamsin bruce , sally leggett , petrina carter , grant harper , elena moltchanova , laura azzani , matt hanson , the department of conservation and friends of rotoiti for project support . our work was conducted under the following permits : department of conservation ( nm\u201329621\u2013fau , we / 31544 - fau , we112 / res , we / 297 / res , we / 340 / res , we / 33952 / cap ) , university of canterbury animal ethics ( 2010 / 28r ) and victoria university of wellington ( 2003r16 - 06 , 2005r11 - 08 , 2008r14 , 2012r11 ) . the todd foundation award for excellence , federation of graduate women trust award , university of canterbury alumni association scholarship , the bayer boost scholarship and the university of canterbury part funded this research . we thank david towns for reviewing an earlier version of this chapter .\n) : a re - 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shrubland with mammalian predator control . n z j ecol 31 : 169\u2013185\nin the north island , new zealand . n z j zool 14 : 219\u2013229\nworthy th ( 2016 ) a review of the fossil record of new zealand lizards . chap . 3 . in : chapple dg ( ed ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\nnelson n . j . et al . ( 2016 ) lizard conservation in mainland sanctuaries . in : chapple d . ( eds ) new zealand lizards . springer , cham\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1bcf210d - 49c7 - 4257 - ae3f - 364891b059b0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52f0706c - c2e3 - 4fdd - a4b9 - 13fe96cf7fc1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8df70ad0 - adec - 4d39 - 88ff - 1f4007e6f765\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94116ad2 - 0516 - 4c71 - b249 - a354a9419650\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9d168502 - 6da8 - 44cd - b07f - ee22ff8bb2c9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9e217232 - c347 - 4ce5 - 96c4 - 254ec9b17608\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8e950f5a - 5f33 - 48c0 - 887c - cee7d161deb9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 365824\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal ."]}
{"id": 315, "summary": [{"text": "the rough bollworm ( earias perhuegeli ) is a moth of the nolidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the northern two-thirds of australia and several islands in the south pacific .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on gossypium australe , gossypium populifolium , abutilon otocarpum , abelmoschus ficulneus , hibiscus trionum , hibiscus panduriformis , alyogyne hakeifolia and adansonia gregorii , and are considered a pest of gossypium hirsutum . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "earias perhuegeli", "paragraphs": ["vouchers : mangaia : specimen + photo , 2007 / 2 , vaitate inland , g . mccormack with id from photo by j . dugdale as earias sp . and then by robert hoare as earias perhuegeli 2007 / 3 .\nthe caterpillars of this species feed on the young shoots , flowers , and seed pods of their foodplant . they are a pest on :\nthe adult moths are pale brown with arcs of dark spots across each forewing . the wingspan is about 2 cms . the species has been considered to be a variant of\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 48 . 8 , pp . 59 , 65 , 458 .\nbook depository is an international bookseller . we ship our books to over 100 countries around the globe and we are always looking to add more countries to the list . we really , really love books and offer millions of titles , currently over 10 million of them , with this figure increasing daily . living by our motto , ' bookseller to the world ' , we focus on offering as many titles as possible to as many customers as possible . most of our titles are dispatched within 2 business days of your order . apart from publishers , distributors and wholesalers , we even list and supply books from other retailers ! we hope you enjoy our selection and discover your new favourite book .\nall books are shipped in new condition promptly , we are happy to accept returns up to 30 days from purchase . orders usually ship within 1 - 2 business days . domestic shipments are sent by royal mail , and international by priority airmail . please contact the seller directly if you wish to return an order . name of business : the book depository ltd form of legal entity : a limited company business address : the book depository , 60 holborn viaduct , london , ec1a 2fd , united kingdom email address : abebo . . .\norders usually ship within 1 - 2 business days . domestic shipments are sent by royal mail , and international by priority airmail . we are happy to accept returns upto 30 days from purchase . please contact the seller directly if you wish to return an order\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the\ndownload\nlinks provided below .\ncommon names : rough bollworm global distribution : native australia - marquesas ; n . to kiribati ; s . to rapa cook islands status : native ; s . group ( mangaia , so far ) ; n . goup - absent ; land\ncook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = \u2018\u0101tiu , mk = ma\u2018uke , mt = miti\u2018\u0101ro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = tak\u016btea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say\nel\nbut write\nr\n) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands m\u0101ori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai\u2018i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand m\u0101ori\nreferences : special reference : holloway , j . d . 1977 : the lepidoptera of norfolk island : their biogeography and ecology . series entomologica 13 , 291pp .\nmccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .\ncopyright \u00a9 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy\nmindfulness : a practical guide to finding peace in a frantic world , cd / spoke . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 316, "summary": [{"text": "balbaroo fangaroo is an extinct species of kangaroo .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was discovered at the riversleigh world heritage area in northern australia and described as a new species in 2000 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species was described from fossilized remains of part of the skull .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the skull is approximately the size of that of a modern wallaby .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the curved upper canine teeth are more than twice as long as the adjacent incisors and form \" fangs \" which may have been visible on the living animal even when its mouth was closed .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this feature is reflected in the fossil 's nickname , \" fangaroo \" , which later became part of its official scientific name . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "balbaroo fangaroo", "paragraphs": ["skull of balbaroo fangaroo , a member of the fanged kangaroos that may have been in direct competition with cookeroo hortusensis .\nthe two species , cookeroo bulwidarri and the cookeroo hortusensis were very small animals that moved on all fours , and outlasted a competitor species the balbaroo fangaroo .\nthe fanged species , named the balbaroo fangaroo , might not have been as good at adapting to the environment change from the rainforest to the open woodland , the researchers suggested .\nbelongs to balbaroo according to l . r . s . schwartz and d . megirian 2004\nthe newly found genus was in direct competition with a rival kangaroo species living in the same place at the same time \u2013 but the rival species had fangs . the ancient kangaroos outlived this fanged species , named the balbaroo fangaroo , because it was more able to adapt to the environment . bones of the balbaroo is pictutred\na new species of fanged kangaroo has been described from 15 - 13 million year old sites at the riversleigh world heritage area , but it seems to represent one of the last living members of the fanged kangaroo family , balbaridae . the study published in plos one , reviews all species in the genus balbaroo , which contains the famous fanged kangaroo , balbaroo fangaroo . the new species , named balbaroo nalima , has a partial skeleton associated with its skull , providing some information about the locomotion of the animal . it appears that fanged kangaroos were mostly walking on four legs , and probably galloped rather than hopped .\nblack kh , travouillon kj , den boer w , kear bp , cooke bn , et al . ( 2014 ) a new species of the basal \u2018\u2018kangaroo\u2019\u2019 balbaroo and a re - evaluation of stem macropodiform interrelationships . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112705 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0112705\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : b . n . cooke . 2000 . cranial remains of a new species of balbarine kangaroo ( marsupialia : macropodoidea ) fromthe oligo - miocene freshwater limestone deposits of riversleigh world heritage area , northern australia . journal of paleontology 74 ( 2 ) : 317 - 326\ntype specimen : qm f3699 , a partial skull ( right half of a cranium and an associated left dentary ) . its type locality is upper site , which is in a miocene terrestrial limestone in the system b formation of australia .\nresearchers have discovered two new species of extinct , tiny , non - hopping kangaroos that could help uncover the evolutionary story of modern kangaroos and wallabies .\nthe genus was discovered after an analysis of ancient fossil deposits at the riversleigh world heritage area in north - west queensland , and is thought to be between 15 and 23 million years old .\na team of researchers at the university of queensland , the university of new south wales , and the western australian museum published a paper last week officially describing the new genus .\nuniversity of queensland researcher and lead author of the publication kaylene butler said the discovery highlights evidence that the cookeroo are a direct ancestor of the kangaroos and wallabies that exist today .\nwhat is really interesting about this new species , and the family they belong to , is that they represent the ancestors of our modern kangaroos and wallabies ,\nms butler said .\nwhat ' s happened is at some point [ competitor ] kangaroos have gone extinct , while the descendants of cookeroo , and the other kangaroos that are closely related to it , have diversified and increased in numbers .\nso what we ' re trying to understand is \u2026 how they were able to survive and increase in numbers at the same time that the fanged [ competitor ] kangaroos went extinct .\nthe new genus was named in honour of queensland museum researcher dr bernard cooke , who led research into the ancestry of ancient kangaroo fossils at riversleigh .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe fanged kangaroo have no descendants today , and appear to go extinct sometimes in the middle to late miocene ( around 10 million years ago ) . they were a very diverse family , with many species , and ranged in size from 3 - 10kg .\nyour graphics card does not support html5 canvas . stills are available to view and you can download the files for offline viewing in many 3d applications .\nskull of cookeroo hortusensis , a new species of ancient kangaroo from the riversleigh world heritage area .\ntwo newly described species of tiny kangaroos that lived between 18 million and 23 million years ago scurried rather than hopped , a new study finds . but although these pint - size kangas were short on bounce , they outperformed their fanged kangaroo relatives , which lived alongside them and eventually went extinct , researchers say .\nin a recent study , researchers described a new kangaroo genus , cookeroo , and two new species : cookeroo bulwidarri , dated to about 23 million years ago , and cookeroo hortusensis , which lived between 18 million and 20 million years ago .\nboth species were found at the riversleigh world heritage area in northwestern queensland , australia , a location recognized as one of the richest fossil deposits in the world , according to the united nations educational , scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) world heritage center . [ see photos of kangaroos , wallabies & other cute marsupials ]\naccording to kaylene butler , the study ' s lead author , the new genus occupies a position near the base of the kangaroo family tree that includes all modern kangaroos and wallabies , their close relatives . butler , a paleontologist at the school of earth sciences at the university of queensland in australia , told live science in an email that the team figured out where to place cookeroo by comparing 119 different features representing 69 kangaroo species .\ncookeroo is distinguished as a genus by the combination of a number of features on the skull and teeth\n\u2014 points of comparison that were also used to distinguish between the two new species , butler said .\nthe newfound minikangaroos are\nthe size of very small wallabies ,\nwith bodies that probably measured about 17 to 20 inches ( 42 to 52 centimeters ) long , butler said . the landscape at the time was very different from the arid outback it is today , butler said . c . bulwidarri and c . hortusensis likely inhabited a dense forest , moving through it on all fours and sharing it with a diverse collection of animals : marsupial moles , feather - tailed possums , ancient koalas and crocodiles .\ncookeroo also lived alongside other species of small kangaroos that were part of the ancestral group for kangas alive today , as well as a related group of fanged kangaroos , butler told live science . the fanged kangaroos were also plant eaters , and they probably competed with the ancestors of modern kangaroos over their habitat ' s vegetation .\nhowever , the fanged kangaroos went extinct , while the ancestors of modern kangaroos continued to diversify and thrive ,\nbutler said .\nthe direct competition between the two groups may have contributed to the fanged kangaroos ' extinction , butler suggested in a statement , though it is not certain what features provided cookeroo with the advantage .\nthe fossil record for kangaroos is quite rich ,\nbutler said .\nwe have giant kangaroos from the pleistocene [ 2 . 6 million to 11 , 700 years ago ] and pliocene [ 5 . 3 million to 2 . 6 million years ago ] , as well as other sites similar in age to riversleigh where we see our tiny ancestors of modern kangaroos as well as the fanged kangaroos .\nhowever , there is still much to learn about kangaroo evolution , and new fossil finds help to bring this ancient lineage more clearly into focus , butler said .\nhopefully , further study of these new species will help us understand just what is so special about the ancestors of modern kangaroos \u2014 why did they survive when , at the same time , the fanged kangaroos went extinct .\nthe findings were published online feb . 17 in the journal of vertebrate paleontology .\nfollow mindy weisberger on twitter and google + . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .\nmindy weisberger is a senior writer for live science covering general science topics , especially those relating to brains , bodies , and behaviors in humans and other animals \u2014 living and extinct . mindy studied filmmaking at columbia university ; her videos about dinosaurs , biodiversity , human origins , evolution , and astrophysics appear in the american museum of natural history , on youtube , and in museums and science centers worldwide . follow mindy on\nelon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nthe riversleigh giant carnivorous , toothed platypus , obdurodon tharalkooschild , tenderizing a young short - necked tortoise . ( supplied )\ngiant carnivorous platypuses , galloping fanged kangaroos and tree - climbing crocodiles sound like creatures from a strange dream , but all these animals were real a few million years ago .\nand they have all been discovered at the same fossil site \u2013 riversleigh , queensland .\nriversleigh today - fossils here are 24 million years old . photo by ross arnett .\ndavid attenborough has called riversleigh one of the four most important fossil deposits in the world . originally a cattle station , the site gained world heritage listing in 1994 because of the amazing fossils found there .\n\u201criversleigh itself has at least 300 individual fossil deposits and we continue to find a mass of new sites every year . the fossil deposits range in age from approximately 25 million years old to about 30 , 000 years old , \u201d says palaeontologist dr karen black from the university of new south wales ( unsw ) .\nhere , the combination of calcium carbonate , phosphates , and a rainforest full of animals has led to 25 million years of pristine and highly detailed fossils .\nspecies rich rainforest at riversleigh 19 million years ago . artist - dorothy dunphy .\n\u201canything that landed in that water was guaranteed to become a fossil , because almost immediately limestone began to precipitate around the object . . . it could have been a leaf , we ' ve even found butterfly wings , \u201d says professor michael archer , also from unsw , who has been digging fossils at the site for over 35 years .\nreconstruction of the 15 million - year - old malleodectes from riversleigh chomping down on what appears to have been its favourite food - snails . the massive , shell - cracking premolar tooth is clearly visible in the open mouth . reconstruction by peter schouten .\nthe snail eater is the newest weird animal found at riversleigh . it\u2019s distantly related to marsupial carnivores , but has a weird premolar which scientists think it used to crush up snails .\n\u201cit wasn ' t until we found the tooth that was part of a mammal jaw that we realised what it was , and how strange it was . there ' s no other mammal in the world that has teeth like this , \u201d says archer .\n\u201cit is speculation , but its informed speculation , based in part\u2026 [ by ] actual study of the teeth itself , that lead us to the conclusion that it is primarily a snail eater . \u201d\nthe riversleigh giant carnivorous , toothed platypus , obdurodon tharalkooschild , tenderizing a young short - necked tortoise . the powerfully - built tooth of obdurodon tharalkooschild shown in the inset is vastly different than the vestigial , dysfunctional teeth of the living platypus . ( artwork by peter schouten ; photo of tooth by rebecca pian )\n\u201cthe giant platypus was far bigger than any known platypus and at around 80cm to 1m in length . it also differs to the living platypus in that it has well developed teeth \u2013 whereas those of the modern species are poorly developed and absent in adult individuals , \u201d says black .\nthere were a wide variety of platypuses 25 million years ago - a far cry from the one lone species we see in rivers today .\nthe skull of carnivorous kangaroo ekaltadeta from riversleigh , 19 million years old . photo by henk godthelp .\nkangaroos that have teeth like a wolf , are nearly the size of a human , and gallop instead of hopping , right towards you . definite nightmare material .\n\u201cthe carnivorous kangaroo was something that shocked us when we first found them . we didn ' t believe it , but we couldn ' t come to any other conclusion , \u201d says archer .\n\u201cthere was a whole group of these [ types of kangaroos ] that would have stood up to about a human shoulder with teeth that show unmistakably that they are eating flesh and bone . \u201d\nthese types of species would have made their home in lush rainforests , not open plains like today\u2019s kangaroos .\ncleaver - headed crocodile in riversleigh forest 24 million years ago . artist - dorothy dunphy .\nthese crocodiles could grow up to 5 metres in length , and the first skull found at riversleigh was discovered with the bones of a marsupial lion in its mouth .\nalthough this species may not have been able to climb trees , some other species like mekosuchus whitehunterensis , which were goanna - like , may have been able to climb , possibly to eat bird eggs .\nthylacoleo carnifex , pencil drawing based on the skeleton at the victoria fossil cave . artist - nobu tamura , cc by 3 . 0\nthese guys aren\u2019t actually related to lions , but they are still the largest meat - eating mammal known to have existed in australia .\n\u201criversleigh 20 - 15 million years ago was a biodiversity hotspot because of the palaeoenvironment of temperate rainforest with rain all year round , \u201d black explains .\n\u201cthe diversity of plants in the riversleigh rainforests was able to support a high diversity of mammals . mammals at this time were occupying niches no longer seen in the much drier environments of australia today . \u201d\nsponges are thought to be some of the earliest animals to have evolved on earth , and this one is a true giant .\nnative australian animals such as bats and rodents don ' t get enough attention - which puts them at risk , according to a new study .\nrare whiteness isn ' t just for giraffes - we ' ve rounded up a bunch of pale animals closer to home .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nthe iconic hop of modern - day kangaroos make the species instantly recognisable , and a firm favourite among children .\nbut 23 million years ago , an ancient relative of these marsupials scurried through dense forests on four legs , instead of two .\nthis wallaby - sized kangaroo also outlived another species of fanged marsupial that lived alongside it because it was better at adapting to their changing environment .\nancient bones ( skull pictured ) belonging to two species of the new kangaroo genus were found in queensland . the genus has been named cookeroo , in honour of researcher dr bernard cooke , who led much of the research program focused on the evolution of riversleigh ' s ancient kangaroos\nancient bones belonging to two species of the new kangaroo genus were found in the riversleigh world heritage site in queensland , australia by researchers at the university of queensland .\nthe genus has been named cookeroo , in honour of researcher dr bernard cooke , who led much of the research program focused on the evolution of riversleigh ' s ancient kangaroos .\nand the two new species within the genus are cookeroo bulwidarri , which lived about 23 million years ago , and cookeroo hortusensis , which lived 18 to 20 million years ago .\nworld ' s biggest bony fish gets its closeup : divers are . . .\nhelping \u00f6tzi the iceman ' speak ' from beyond the grave : scans . . .\nthe first was named after the word bulwidarri which means ' white ' in the aboriginal waanyi language , referring to the riversleigh white hunter site where specimens were found .\nthe second was named after the latin word hortusensis , meaning ' belonging to the garden ' in reference to neville ' s garden site at riversleigh , where the bones were found .\nthe new species of kangaroo couldn ' t hop like modern - day kangaroos ( stock image pictured ) but it is thought to be an ancestor of all wallabies and kangaroos alive today . the tiny marsupial was the size of a wallaby and lived between 15 and 23 million years ago\nthe newly discovered non - hopping ancestors of modern kangaroos were in the same place as fanged kangaroos at the same time .\nbut one group , the fanged kangaroos , went extinct while the ancestors of modern kangaroos survived .\nthe non - hopping ancestors appear to have won and outlived the fanged species .\nthe fanged species might not have been as good at adapting to the environment change from the rainforest to the open woodland , the researchers suggested .\n' they moved on all fours , scurrying across a densely forested landscape quite different from the dry outback we see in western queensland today , ' kaylene butler , graduate student at the universiy of queensland who worked on the paper , said .\nthe newly found genus was in direct competition with a rival kangaroo species living in the same place at the same time \u2013 but the rival species had fangs .\n' we also know that both the fanged kangaroos and the ancestors of modern kangaroos were plant eaters .\n' surprisingly fangs have nothing to do with diet but the molar teeth tell us both were likely herbivores .\n' so we know they were likely to be competing for the same resources and clearly the ancestors of modern kangaroos appear to have won .\n' exactly why the ancestors of modern kangaroos survived while fanged kangaroos went extinct requires further study , ' she added .\nthe first genus was named after the word bulwidarri which means ' white ' in the aboriginal waanyi language , referring to the riversleigh white hunter site where specimens were found ( marked ) . the second was named after the latin word hortusensis , meaning ' belonging to the garden ' in reference to neville ' s garden site\nafter uncovering the bones , the researchers were able to identify the new genus and two species within the genus by looking at the skull bones and teeth and comparing them to known species .\n' currently we are unsure as to exactly what makes these non hopping ancestors of modern kangaroos so special .\n' trying to determine what makes these animals better adapted is where our research is headed in the future , ' butler told mailonline .\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\n' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\nwoman , 38 , ' shoots her father in the head and then lives . . .\nalive ! four thai boys who made it out of cave in daring . . .\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\nwhat was agreed at chequers . . . and how the three - page . . .\n' this is no sell - out ' : theresa may insists she has chosen . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\na new way to tackle climate change ? heat from underground rivers in london could help cut the capital ' s . . .\nhas kepler found its last alien world ? nasa reveals its planet hunting space telescope is about to run out . . .\namazon is still selling nazi - branded merchandise , despite researchers first warning it about the products . . .\nmummified head of serial killer ' the vampire of dusseldorf ' who raped and murdered girls as young as four . . .\npeople who see themselves as albert einstein suddenly think they are smarter : being in the body of someone . . .\nsamsung opens the world ' s largest phone plant in india : 1 . 5 million square foot factory will produce 120 . . .\nai learns the basics of driving a car using trial and error after being let loose on the road for just ' 15 . . .\nwant to appear rich ? buy an iphone , a samsung tv and soy sauce : scientists reveal the top 10 items that make . . .\nhidden artwork from chapel inside underground quarry that was used as a hideout in the second world war . . .\nmassive timehop data breach exposes the private details of 21 million users including names , email addresses . . .\nshocking security lapse as running app polar flow exposes the locations and personal details of 6 , 400 spies . . .\nnissan admits altering fuel emission tests after it was caught letting unqualified staff conduct the . . .\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\n' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby\nkevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal\ndakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nit ' s eye - wateringly expensive at $ 2 , 999 , but naim ' s uniti atom is a revelation , an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you ' ve probably never heard before .\nafter a day with the iphone x , while face id isn ' t perfect , and the ' notch ' is an annoyance , the iphone x is a glimpse into the future of phones and the best handset of the market by a long way .\nthey aren ' t cheap , but shinola ' s $ 595 foray into headphones are the perfect accessory for design obsessives looking to upgrade their listening habits .\nwith the pixel xl , google has created a handset that is not only the best android device out there , but arguably matches the iphone 8 in terms of design and feel .\napple ' s watch will free you from your phone - while making sure you don ' t suffer the fear of missing out . it ' s a huge step forward , and a compelling reason for the average user to buy a smartwatch .\nwhile the iphone x may have stolen the headlines , in fact the iphone 8 could be the sleeper hit of apple ' s new range , offering the same power as the x but with features and a design users trust .\nwhile the design is impressive and easy to use , the game line up is disappointing .\nnaim ' s incredible mu - so qb takes you back to the good old days - where the music captivates and enthralls , rather that simply being something in the background .\nit might not be a name familiar to the us market , but naim is a legendary british brand hoping to make a splash with the american launch of its $ 1499 mu : so speaker .\npeloton ' s hi - tech bike lets you stream live and on demand rides to your home - and it ' s one of the best examples of fitness technology out there - at a price ."]}
{"id": 317, "summary": [{"text": "the white-bellied green pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china , japan , south korea , laos , russia , taiwan , thailand , and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is temperate forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "white - bellied green pigeon", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 2 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 3 . white - bellied green pigeon > > females 4 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 5 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 6 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 7 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 8 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 9 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 10 . white - bellied green pigeon > > in flight from below 11 . white - bellied green pigeon > > flock in flight 12 . white - bellied green pigeon > > flock 13 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male 14 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult female 15 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult female 16 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male taking off 17 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 18 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 19 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 20 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 21 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 22 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 23 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 24 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 25 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 26 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 27 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 28 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 29 . white - bellied green pigeon > > female 30 . white - bellied green pigeon > > adult male 31 . white - bellied green pigeon > > male\nthe white - bellied green pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . white - bellied green - pigeon ( treron sieboldii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n, except golden tinge generally less pronounced on breast and almost lacking on crown and forehead ; belly paler , nearly white ; . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to very rare ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) , while national population estimates include : < c . 10 , 000 breeding pairs and < c . 50 individuals on migration in china ; c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in taiwan and c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin the past , sometimes placed in genus sphenurus . closely allied to t . sphenurus , t . permagnus and t . formosae , and more distantly to t . oxyurus species - group . race sororius only slightly differentiated from nominate , and possibly better merged with it . little - known hainan form initially assigned to sororius , but later named oblitus owing to its smaller size ; this race , although said to be closest to sororius , was subsequently included in t . sphenurus ( e . g . in hbw ) , presumably in error ; oblitus now considered indistinguishable from murielae . described form \u201c sphenocercus sphenurus lungchowensis \u201d is likewise a synonym of murielae # r . four subspecies currently recognized .\n( temminck , 1835 ) \u2013 japan and e china ( jiangsu , fujian ) .\ncheng , tan & sun , 1973 \u2013 c china ( s shaanxi , e sichuan ) .\n( delacour , 1927 ) \u2013 sc china ( guizhou , guangxi , hainan ) s to extreme n thailand , laos and n & c vietnam ( tonkin , annam ) .\na variable phrase of long mellow pure whistles , typically modulated with sudden changes in pitch ( . . .\nforest , including dense temperate mixed woodland in japan , and second growth , from coastal regions . . .\nlittle information . nesting commences in may\u2013jun in japan , with territorial calling from mid feb . nest is a flimsy , shallow , cup - . . .\nresident in most of its range , with some local movements in response to food supply . on hokkaido , . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . previously considered near threatened . formerly common , but now uncommon in japan . apparently still common in taiwan . very rare in n . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na slow motion view of a group of males and females flying , landing on a rock and taking off .\na number of males and females drinking from a coastal rock , amidst breaking waves .\na flock of birds flying over the sea and landing on a coastal rock to drink .\nflock of birds flying over the sea , near the coast , seen at slow motion .\na male perched atop bare tree , down - slope giving perfect eye - level views with a nice background .\nalder , lars petersson , stijn de win , josep del hoyo , phillip edwards , fran trabalon , phil gregory , petemorris , pedroyayadrums , johannes pfleiderer , ksan , joris bertrand .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : treron sieboldii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthere was a short cut in the initial part ( due to prerecording operation ) . slightly amplified around the frequencies .\nin low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . some noise is present .\nin low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . noise of a stream ( not suppressed ) .\nin low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . slightly distant and amplified . low - pass filter has been used .\nwintering in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city . wing beat and then flew away .\nslightly distant and with noise of a stream . in low mountain in the suburb of kyoto city .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 198 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nit is found in china , japan , south korea , laos , russia , taiwan , thailand , and vietnam .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )"]}
{"id": 318, "summary": [{"text": "thliptoceras fulvimargo is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by warren in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( guangxi ) , india ( khasia hills ) and burma .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are smoky fuscous . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "thliptoceras fulvimargo", "paragraphs": ["mimocomma fulvimargo warren , 1895 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 16 : 473\nthliptoceras calvatalis swinhoe , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 2 ) : 275\nthliptoceras distictalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : katha , burma\nthliptoceras ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 178 ; [ globiz ]\nzhang , d . d . & he , f . x . ( 2010 ) two new records of thliptoceras warren , 1890 ( lepidoptera : crambidae : pyraustinae ) from china , entomotaxonomia , 32 ( 1 ) , 71\u201373 .\nthe species of the genus thliptoceras warren , 1890 from the oriental region of china are reviewed , and a description of the genus is given . five new species , t . bicuspidatum sp . nov . , t . semicirculare sp . nov . , t . bisulciforme sp . nov . , t . filamentosum sp . nov . and t . impube sp . nov . are described . t . fulvimargo ( warren , 1895 ) is newly recorded for china . a key to the species of the oriental region of china is provided , along with diagnoses for previously described species . illustrations of external features and genitalia are presented .\nb\u00e4nziger , h . ( 1987 ) description of new moths which settle on man and animals in s . e . asia ( genera thliptoceras , hemiscopis , toxobotys , pyralidae , lepid . ) . revue suisse de zoologie , 94 ( 4 ) , 671\u2013681 .\nmunroe , e . g . ( 1967 ) a new species of thliptoceras from thailand , with notes on generic and specific synonymy and placement and with designations of lectotypes ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . the canadian entomologist , 99 ( 7 ) , 721\u2013727 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncircobotys phycidalis snellen , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 4 ) : 599\nthliptocera coenostolalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 179 ; tl : sierra leone\nthliptocera polygrammodes hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 180 ; tl : natal , mooi river\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\na catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j . elwes and the late otto m\u00f6ller\nwarren , 1896 new species of pyralidae from khasia hills ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 17 ( 102 ) : 452 - 466 , 18 ( 103 ) : 107 - 119 , 18 ( 104 ) : 163 - 177 , 18 ( 105 ) : 214 - 231\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naurivillius , c . ( 1910 ) lepidoptera . in : sj\u00f6stedt , y . ( ed . ) , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen expedition nach dem kilimandjaro , dem meru und den umgebenden massaisteppen deutsch - ostafrikas 1905 - 1906 unter leitung von prof . dr . yngve sj\u00f6stedt . 9 . k\u00f6nigl schwedische akademie der wissenschaften , stockholm , pp . 1\u201356 , pls . 1\u20132 .\ncaradja , a . ( 1925 ) ueber chinas pyraliden , tortriciden , tineiden nebst kurze betrachtungen , zu denen das studium dieser fauna veranlassung gibt ( eine biogeographische skizze ) . academia romana memoriile sectiunii stiintifice , seria 3 , 3 ( 7 ) , 257\u2013383 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nde joannis , j . ( 1932 ) l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res des mascareignes . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 427\u2013456 , 1 pl .\nfletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . ( 1984 ) the generic names of moths of the world , volume 5 : pyraloidea . publications british museum ( natural history ) , london , 1\u2013185 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1891 ) illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part viii . the lepidoptera heterocera of the nilgiri district . printed by order of the trustees , london , i\u2013iv , 1\u2013144 , pls . 139\u2013156 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1896 ) the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma , moths . vol . iv . printed by taylor and francis , london , i\u2013xxviii , 1\u2013594 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1899 ) a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part ii . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london , 172\u2013291 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1913 ) descriptions of new species of pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , series 8 , 11 , 322\u2013342 . urltoken\nhampson , g . f . ( 1918a ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 1 , 265\u2013280 .\nhampson , g . f . ( 1918b ) descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , london , series 9 , 2 , 181\u2013196 .\nheppner , j . b . ( 1995 ) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . vol . 3 . checklist : part 2 hyblaeoidea - pyralidae - tortricoidea . association for tropical lepidoptera . gainesville , i\u2013liv , 1\u2013243 .\nleech , j . h . ( 1889 ) new species of deltoids and pyrales from corea , north china , and japan . the entomologist , 22 , 62\u201371 , pls . 2 - 4 .\nli , h . h . & zheng , z . m . ( 1996 ) methods and techniques of specimens of microlepidopera . journal of shaanxi normal university ( natural science edit ion ) , 24 ( 3 ) , 63\u201370 .\nmabille , p . ( 1899\u20131900 ) lepidoptera nova malagassica et africana . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 68 , 723 \u2013753 .\nmaes , k . v . n . ( 1994 ) some notes on the taxonomic status of the pyraustinae ( sensu minet 1981 [ 1982 ] ) and a check list of the palaearctic pyraustinae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea , crambidae ) . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d ' entomologie , 130 , 159\u2013168 .\nmaes , k . v . n . ( 1995 ) a comparative morphological study of the adult crambidae ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d ' entomologie , 131 , 383\u2013434 .\nmarion , h . ( 1952 ) ebauche d\u2019une classification nouvelle des pyraustidae . revue fran\u00e7ais l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9rologie , xiii , 260\u2013270 .\nmarion , h . ( 1961 ) r\u00e9vision des pyraustidae de france . alexanor , 2 ( 1 ) , 11\u201318 ; 2 ( 3 ) , 83\u201390 ; 2 ( 5 ) , 173\u2013180 ; 2 ( 6 ) , 224\u2013226 ; 2 ( 8 ) , 297\u2013304 .\nmunroe , e . g . ( 1976 ) pyraloidea ( in part ) . in : dominick , r . b . , et al . ( eds . ) , the moths of america north of mexico including greenland , 13 . 2a . e . w . classey ltd et the wedge entomological foundation , london , 1\u201378 .\nmunroe , e . g . & mutuura , a . ( 1968 ) contributions to a study of the pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) of temperate east asia ii . the canadian entomologist , 100 ( 8 ) , 861\u2013868 . urltoken\nnuss , m . , landry , b . , vegliante , f . , tr\u00e4nkner , a . , mally , r . , hayden , j . , segerer , a . , li , h . , schouten , r . , solis , m . a . , trofimova , t . , de prins , j . & speidel , w . ( 2003\u20132013 ) global information system on pyraloidea . available from : urltoken ( accessed 8 april 2014 )\nrobison , g . s . ( 1976 ) the preparation of slides of lepidoptera genitalia with special reference to the microlepidoptera . entomologist\u2019s gazette , 27 , 127\u2013132 .\nrose , h . s . ( 1982 ) male genitalia of the type - species of some pyraustinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) from north india and its taxonomic significance . journal of entomology research , 6 ( 1 ) , 51\u201367 .\nschaus , w . ( 1912 ) new species of heterocera from costa rica . pyralidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 8 , 9 , 289\u2013311 .\nshaffer , m . , nielsen , e . s . & horak , m . ( 1996 ) pyraloidea . in : nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds . ) , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera 4 . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , pp . 164\u2013199 .\nsnellen , p . c . t . ( 1880 ) lepidoptera . in : veth , p . j . ( ed . ) , midden - sumatra . reizen en onderzoekingen der sumatra - expeditie uitgerust door het aardrijkskundig genootschap 1877 - 1879 . 4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 8 ) . e . j . brill , leiden , pp . 1\u201392 , pls . 1\u20135 .\nsnellen , p . c . t . ( 1890 ) a catalogue of the pyralidina of sikkim collected by henry j . elwes and the late otto m\u00f6ller , with notes by h . j . elwes . transactions of the entomological society of london , 38 , 557\u2013647 , pls . 19\u201320 . urltoken\nsnellen , p . c . t . ( 1895 ) aanteekeningen over pyraliden met beschrijving van nieuwe genera en soorten . tijdschrift voor entomologie ' s gravenhage , 38 , 103\u2013161 , pls . 5\u20136 .\nsong , s . m . ( 2001 ) pyralidae . in : huang , b . k . ( ed . ) , fauna of insect in fujian province of china . vol . 5 . lepidoptera , moths . fujian science and technology press , fuzhou , pp . 101\u2013226 .\nstrand , e . h . ( 1918 ) sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : pyralididae , subfam . pyraustinae . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris , 32 ( 1\u20132 ) , 33\u201391 .\nswinhoe , c . ( 1890 ) the moths of burma . transactions of the entomological society of london , 38 , 161\u2013296 , pls . 6\u20138 .\nswinhoe , c . ( 1900 ) noctuina , geometrina and pyralidina . in : swinhoe , c . , walsingham , l . & durrant , j . h . ( eds . ) , catalogue of eastern and australian lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the oxford university museum , part ii . clarendon press , oxford , pp . 1\u2013540 , pls . 1\u20138 .\nviette , p . ( 1996 ) heterocera ( lepidoptera ) from reunion ( = bourbon ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9unionnaise des amis du museum , saint - denis , 1\u2013117 . [ with the collaboration of guillermet , c . ]\nwang , j . s . , song , s . m . , wu , y . y . & chen , t . m . ( 2003 ) fauna of pyralidae of wuyishan nature reserve in china . china science and technology press , beijing , 1\u2013328 , pls . i\u2013iv .\nwarren , w . ( 1895 ) new genera and species of pyralidae , thyrididae , and epiplemidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 6 , 16 , 460\u2013477 .\nwarren , w . ( 1896 ) new species of pyralidae from the khasia hills . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , botany and geology , series 6 , 18 , 107\u2013119 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 321, "summary": [{"text": "the sunburst butterflyfish , chaetodon kleinii , is also known as the black-lipped butterflyfish ( or \" blacklip butterflyfish \" ) or klein 's butterflyfish .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is a native of the indo-pacific region , from the red sea and east africa to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to australia and new caledonia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is also found in galapagos islands in the eastern pacific .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "under its junior synonym c. corallicola was placed in the monotypic subgenus tifia , but this can not be separated from the earlier-described lepidochaetodon ( sometimes considered a separate genus ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it appears to be closer to the tahiti butterflyfish ( c. trichrous ) than to the teardrop butterflyfish ( c. unimaculatus ) . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "sunburst butterflyfish", "paragraphs": [", commonly called klein\u2019s butterflyfish but also known by a variety of other epithets , such as the sunburst butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , brown butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , corallicola butterflyfish , and probably a few others i\u2019m not aware of .\nthis species is on the iucn red list as least concern ( lc ) . they have a wide distribution and a large population with no major threats identified . other common names they are known by include sunburst butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , bluehead butterflyfish , brown butterflyfish , klein ' s coralfish , kleini butterflyfish , black - lipped butterflyfish , white - spotted butterflyfish , whitespotted butterflyfish , and yellowspot butterflyfish .\nthis fish has an oval , disc - like shape with a pretty yellowish brown color . there are one or two broad white bands running vertically down the body and many spotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the body is contrasted with a strong black vertical stripe running across the face that has an almost metallic blue hue just above the eye in the adults . there are many descriptive common names it is known by including sunburst butterflyfish , blacklip butterflyfish , orange butterflyfish , bluehead butterflyfish , whitespotted butterflyfish , yellowspot butterflyfish , and brown butterflyfish .\nthe sunburst butterflyfish , found in the tropical indo - pacific from the red sea to hawaii , is also called the black - lipped butterflyfish and klein\u2019s butterflyfish . this fish is yellowish brown with 1 - 2 broad lighter vertical bars . it has a black bar across the eyes . it is an easy fish to keep and suitable for beginners .\nthe sunburst butterflyfish is a species of fish that lives in the tropical waters or the indo - pacific basin . it evolves in shallow waters , and crowds coral massives . it prefers areas sheltered from the current , such as the sandy bottoms near mauritius , maldives and even the red . . .\nnice underwater video showing a large group of klein ' s butterflyfish enjoying what ' s left of a sea urchin , likely initially killed by triggerfish . butterflyfish aren ' t above scavenging food and sea urchins are normally protected by their long spines , so a full triggerfish provides the best opportunity for the butterflyfish to dig in !\nthis is my favorite butterflyfish . even though i am an expert marine aquarist , i still like to keep them .\ntherefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .\nmarine butterflyfish have not reportedly been spawned successfully in captivity . there are however , reports of some success in rearing wild collected larvae of some of the corallivorous butterflyfish . it is hoped these captive reared fish will be adapted to accept aquarium foods , and thus broaden the species selections that can be sustained in captivity . for more information see , marine fish breeding : butterflyfish .\nthis species is a member of a group of butterflyfishes that tentatively belong to the subgenus lepidochaetodon , which may become a distinct genus . this is a small group that consists of 8 species . also under a junior synonym is the coral butterflyfish or corallicola butterflyfish\ni have bought one klein butterflyfish from the local marine fish shop , and i have to say that i have fallen in love with this fish .\nbutterflyfish mostly range from 12 to 22 cm ( 4 . 7 to 8 . 7 in ) in length . the largest species , the lined butterflyfish and the saddle butterflyfish , c . ephippium , grow to 30 cm ( 12 in ) . the common name references the brightly coloured and strikingly patterned bodies of many species , bearing shades of black , white , blue , red , orange , and yellow . other species are dull in colour . many have eyespots on their flanks and dark bands across their eyes , not unlike the patterns seen on butterfly wings . [ 2 ] their deep , laterally narrow bodies are easily noticed through the profusion of reef life . the conspicuous coloration of butterflyfish may be intended for interspecies communication . butterflyfish have uninterrupted dorsal fins with tail fins that may be rounded or truncated , but are never forked .\nbutterflyfish look like smaller versions of angelfish ( pomacanthidae ) , but unlike these , lack preopercle spines at the gill covers . some members of the genus heniochus resemble the moorish idol ( zanclus cornutus ) of the monotypic zanclidae . among the paraphyletic perciformes , the former are probably not too distantly related to butterflyfish , whereas the zanclidae seem far less close .\nthey ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .\ngenerally diurnal and frequenting waters less than 18 m ( 59 ft ) deep ( though some species descend to 180 m ( 590 ft ) ) , butterflyfish stick to particular home ranges . these corallivores are especially territorial , forming pairs and staking claim to a specific coral head . contrastingly , the zooplankton feeders form large conspecific groups . by night , butterflyfish hide in reef crevices and exhibit markedly different coloration .\nadults are most often seen in pairs , but are also found alone or in loose groups of up to about 30 individuals . sometimes groups will invade the nests of damselfish to eat the eggs . adults will also join groups of zooplankton feeding fish that contain some varieties of anthias , damselfish , wrasses , triggerfish , and other butterflyfish . juveniles will often associate with small surgeonfish ( tangs ) and other juvenile butterflyfish .\nthe butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .\nthe klein ' s butterflyfish is best kept in a large fish only live rock ( folr ) community tank . like many butterflyfish it can be a coral eater and so is not recommended for a reef tank . success may be achieved if it is well fed and has carefully selected corals . but it does eat most soft corals as well as sessile invertebrates , and may very well begin to nip on hard coral polyps\nno sexual difference is noted for this species . butterflyfish species studied up to this time indicate that these fish are gonochoristic , meaning that each fish is either a male or a female and they do not change sex .\ni have bought one klein butterflyfish from the local marine fish shop , and i have to say that i have fallen in love with this fish . it is not only hardy , but also . . . ( more ) sanchez\na smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .\nthis is one of the few butterflyfish that can be recommended to beginners . it is one of the most durable butterflyfish , but the key to successfully keeping it is getting a strong , healthy specimen . the biggest challenge with these fish seems to be in transportation . so to get the best specimen , make sure sure it has acclimated and is eating before you purchase . once this fish is acclimated it will take a variety of foods and no special care is needed to maintain it .\nthe word \u201cbeginner\u201d and \u201cbutterflyfish\u201d aren\u2019t often paired together , as so many of the butterflyfishes seem to present some manner of husbandry challenge , often related to diet . still , certain butterflies have a well - deserved reputation for hardiness and general ease of care . among them is\nthe klein ' s butterflyfish has the typical butterflyfish shape . it has a laterally compressed disc - shaped body with a protruding snout tipped with a small mouth . the dorsal fin is continuous and it has a rounded tail fin . this species can reach a length of about 6 inches ( 15 cm ) in the wild , but most specimens in the aquarium reach about 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) . the lifespan for most of the chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , but these fish can live longer with proper care .\nthe klein ' s butterflyfish are generally hardy and problems with disease are reduced in a well maintained aquarium . any additions to a tank can introduce disease , so it ' s advisable to properly clean or quarantine anything that you want add to an established tank prior to introduction .\nthis butterflyfish is a stony coral eater and it can also be sensitive to some drugs . be sure to observe this fish closely when medicating it , so you can remove it if it shows signs of stress . for information about saltwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nit is not only hardy , but also clever and cute . i used to put the live athemias in the strainer and feed my fishes with holding athemias in the strainer , and suddenly a klein butterflyfish got into the strainer to eat athemia , so i could feel his movement , i could really play with him . i recommend beginners to buy this fish . in my opinion , it is fairly pretty . his colour would change to be a bit dull at night time . now i also have other species of butterflyfish , angelfish , clownfish , wrasses , tangs , cardinal , dottyback as his tankmates , and they can cope well .\nthis species has not been cultivated in captivity . in the wild butterflyfish are pelagic spawners that release many tiny eggs into the planktonic water column where they float with the currents until they hatch . once hatched the fry are in a post - larval where their body , extending from the head , is covered with large bony plates .\nthe klein ' s butterflyfish are omnivores , in the wild they feed on algae , macroalgae , a broad range of coral species , and other cnidarians as well as tiny benthic crustaceans and zooplankton . no special food is needed in the aquarium , they will readily accept a wide variety of foods . offer meaty foods , dried flakes , shrimps , and tablets and frozen foods of all kinds including formula i , formula ii , angel formula and spirulina . several sponge based frozen foods are now available and can also be fed to butterflyfish . japanese nori will also be favored . feed it at least twice a day , and if it is a tiny juvenile feed it three to four times everyday .\nit will work well with a variety of tank mates including moderately aggressive fish . it can also be housed with other butterflyfish , even its own kind , as long as they are all introduced simultaneously . the only caveat here is that two males will fight , and so will have to be separated if that occurs . many reef - keepers hope to keep it in a mini reef , but like many butterflyfish it can be a coral eater and so is not recommended for a reef tank . success may be achieved if it is well fed and has carefully selected corals . but it does eat most soft corals as well as sessile invertebrates , and may very well begin to nip on hard coral polyps\nthis is a peaceful fish that can be housed with a variety of tank mates , including moderately aggressive fish . it can also be housed with other butterflyfish , even its own kind , as long as they are all introduced simultaneously . the only caveat here is that two males will fight , and so will have to be separated if that occurs .\nthe butterflyfish are a group of conspicuous tropical marine fish of the family chaetodontidae ; the bannerfish and coralfish are also included in this group . the approximately 129 species in 12 genera [ 1 ] are found mostly on the reefs of the atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans . a number of species pairs occur in the indian and pacific oceans , members of the huge genus chaetodon .\nmales and females are both 6 in . as newcomers , they can be bullied by tangs , surgeons or other butterflyfish , but usually endure with no damage . when keeping them in groups , it is best to introduce them to the aquarium simultaneously . the minimum tank size is 53 gal . they should be fed meaty foods three times a day . they should also be fed algae - based foods .\nis not the flashiest or most beautiful butterflyfish , but it is very hardy and inexpensive . it is one of the smaller members of the chaetodontidae family . it could reach close to 6 inches ( 15 cm ) , but will rarely grow over 5 inches ( 12 . 5 cm ) in the aquarium . this fish exhibits all the grace and beauty of its relatives and has the same characteristic elegant form .\nthese butterflyfish are associated with rocky reefs and coral rich areas . they occur in protected lagoons and channels , back reef areas , reef faces and reef slopes . they seem to prefer reefs that have a sandy coral bottom and not much surge . they are found at depths from 13 - 400 feet ( 4 - 122 m ) , but are most abundant at depths of less than 33 feet ( 10 m ) .\nbutterflyfish are pelagic spawners ; that is , they release many buoyant eggs into the water , which become part of the plankton , floating with the currents until hatching . the fry go through a tholichthys stage , wherein the body of the post larval fish is covered in large , bony plates extending from the head . they lose their bony plates as they mature . [ 2 ] only one other family of fish , the scats ( scatophagidae ) express such an armored stage .\nthis is a durable butterflyfish that can be suggested for a beginning aquarist . the key to successfully keeping this fish is to get the best possible specimen . to get a strong healthy specimen make sure it has acclimated and is eating before you purchase . this fish will become a hardy pet once it is acclimated and no special care is needed to maintain it . it is not recommended for reef aquariums as it is a coral eater . it will most likely snack on the polyps of stony corals as well as pick at sessile invertebrates .\nthe chaetodontidae can be , but are not usually , divided into two lineages that arguably are subfamilies . the subfamily name chaetodontinae is a little - used leftover from the period when the pomacanthidae and chaetodontidae were united under the latter name as a single family . hence , chaetodontinae is today considered a junior synonym of chaetodontidae . in any case , one lineage of chaetodontidae ( in the modern sense ) contains the\ntypical\nbutterflyfish around chaetodon , while the other unites the bannerfish and coralfish genera . as the perciformes are highly paraphyletic , the precise relationships of the chaetodontidae as a whole are badly resolved . [ 3 ]\ngreek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 4 - 61 m ( ref . 9710 ) , usually 10 - ? m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s , 29\u00b0e - 130\u00b0w\nindo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa , ref . 5372 ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5372 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 - 14 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 17 - 20 ; vertebrae : 24 . body is yellowish brown with two broad white vertical bars running across the body one from near the origin of the dorsal spine and the other from the middle of the back . a black bar runs vertically across the eye . there are numerous dotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the margin of caudal fin is transparent ( ref . 4855 ) . snout length 2 . 5 - 3 . 2 in hl . body depth 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .\noccur in deeper lagoons and channels , and seaward reefs ( ref . 1602 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . depth 2 - 61 m , usually below 10 m ( ref . 90102 ) . occur singly or in pairs ( ref . 37816 ) . common , omnivorous individuals that feed mainly on soft coral polyps ( mainly on sarcophyton tracheliophorum and litophyton viridis ) , algae and zooplankton . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\ndistinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 , mean 27 . 8 ( based on 832 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03090 ( 0 . 01890 - 0 . 05054 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\nindo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos island .\nthis butterfly can be kept with other butterflies , including those of it ' s own species , as long as they are introduced to the tank at the same time . new additions to a tank with an established fish may be bullied . is otherwise generally peaceful towards other fish , but may nip at soft corals and small invertebrates .\nwill graze on algae , and will also eat small invertebrates and polyps . must be supplemented with frozen , live and veges if these aren ' t available .\nrequires a long tank of at least 208 litres ( 55 us g . ) , established with live rock for grazing . some open swimming space is appreciated combined with hiding places .\nhigh sided slender oval fish . the body is primarily yellow in colour , there is half a white band in the centre from the dorsal fading mid - way down the body . the head is bolder white with a dark band running vertically from the beginning of the dorsal down through the eye and down to the anal fin . this darker band varies in colour from blue to brown . the lips of the fish are black in colour . the dorsal , caudal and anal fin are edged with blue iridescence .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 19 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nthroughout the ages people of been fascinated , thrilled , frightened , and horrified by these creatures . they have been the subject of myths , novels , movies . . .\nobservations and insights of a marine enthusiast . an in - depth explanation of what it takes to be a successful marine aquarist\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe would like to import some live zebra shark . contact me please . best regard , liu wei chung . email : s89186 @ urltoken\ni have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?\nit does need a good sized aquarium that is well established . a 55 gallon tank is the minimum size for a single fish , and a much bigger tank will be needed if you want to keep more than one . decorate the tank with rocks and / or corals with many hiding places along with plenty of swimming space . it swims freely and usually spends a good deal of its time in the open water , traveling along the substrate when looking for items to graze on .\nwas described by bloch in 1790 . they have a very wide distribution . they are found in the red sea , in the indo - pacific from eastern coast of africa and eastward to hawaii and samoa , north to southern japan and south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia as well as in the eastern pacific from the galapagos islands of ecuador .\nalthough they are known to feed primarily on algae and macroalgae they are also known to be facultative corallivores , meaning they will eat a broad range of coral species . they will feed on of soft coral polyps , hard coral polyps , anemones , sponges , and hydroids . they also feed on tiny benthic crustaceans and zooplankton containing copepods , mysid shrimp , crustacean larvae , fish eggs and salps , as well as the tentacles of polychaete worms ( tubeworms , spaghetti worms ) .\npairs - adults are usually seen in pairs , though sometimes seen singly or in small groups .\nhas a yellowish brown color and there are one or two broad white bands running vertically down the body and many spotted horizontal stripes on the sides . there is a strong black vertical stripe running across the face , through the eye , that has an almost metallic blue hue just above the eye and the snout is black . juveniles are very similar but without the blue coloring to the eyebar .\nthere are some color variation depending upon where they are from . those from the western range will usually have a single broad vertical bar that is more beige than white , while the eastern specimen have two white bars . the eastern specimens may also have a darker band between the two lighter bands .\n5 . 9 inches ( 15 . 01 cm ) - they are usually smaller in the aquarium at about 5\n( 12 . 5 cm ) .\n5 years - the average lifespan chaetodon species is between 5 - 7 years , and possibly longer with proper care .\nseveral feedings per day - offer various foods quite frequently at first . once acclimated adults need at least 2 feedings a day and juveniles need 3 to 4 .\nno special care or technique is needed to maintain this fish in the aquarium . frequent water changes are not necessary , rather normal water changes at 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly are fine . sudden massive water changes can cause trouble .\nbi - weekly - change 10 % biweekly or 20 % monthly and avoid sudden massive water changes .\nthese fish need a lot of space to accommodate their size and to swim , they can reach about 5 inches in length . a 55 gallon tank is the minimum size for a single fish , and a bigger tank will be needed if you want to keep more than one . the tank should be well decorated with rocks and / or corals with many hiding places , along with open areas fro swimming . this fish is a coral eater , nipping the polyps of hard stony coral species . consequently it is not recommended for coral - rich reefs\nmoderate - normal lighting - it can also be kept under very bright light as long as some dark areas are provided .\nweak - water movement is not a significant factor . it can tolerate a rather strong flow but slow - moving water is recommended .\nsmaller non - aggressive fishes like cardinalfish , gobies , tilefish , fairy basslets , fairy and flasher wrasses are good candidates as tank mates . larger and rather territorial angelfish like\nalso can be good tank mates . small but very territorial fishes like dottybacks should be avoided . such fish as basses or scorpionfish , even if they are small enough , should also be avoided .\nyes - sometimes two males will fight , and then have to be separated .\n. some can be treated successfully with medical care or copper drugs , but some species hate sudden changes of water including ph , temperature , or any drug treatment . in the wild a cleaner wrasse (\n) will help them by taking parasites from their bodies , however these wrasses are extremely difficult to sustain in captivity . alternative fish such as neon gobies (\nthis fish is generally readily available in pet stores and online , and is fairly inexpensive .\nhelmut debelius , rudie h . kuiter , world atlas of marine fishes , hollywood import & export . inc . , 2006\nmark allen , roger steene and gerald r . allen , a guide to angelfishes and butterflyfishes , odyssey publishing , 1998\ndr . warren e . burgess , dr . herbert r . axelrod , raymond e . hunziker iii , dr . burgess ' s atlas of marine aquarium fishes , t . f . h publications inc . , 1990\nroger steene , gerald r . allen , hans a . baensch , butterfly and angelfishes of the world , volume 1 , john wiley & sons , 1980\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nthese fish normally eat for the most part , coral polyps , therefore problems can arise in captivity when trying to give it an alternative food .\nit is therefore essential to be well prepared before acquiring them and have several suitable food types ready to present them with . however well prepared , there will be a large percentage , that will die after a short time in captivity .\nit may mean having to keep living corals , mussels and zooplankton as food , in order to keep these fish alive whilst they are getting accustomed to alternative types of food .\nwhen the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .\nthese fish should be kept in a well run aquarium where they can\ngraze\nalgae from rocks and stones .\nif there are insufficient algae on the rocks , it is important to feed more frequently and supplement with algae rich food e . g . spirulina .\nseveral specimen of this species can coexist in the same aquarium , provided they are introduced simultaneously .\nsome species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a\ncomplex\n, since they are so very similar .\nregardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .\nit can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .\nas these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .\nthere are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .\nindo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( south to coffee bay , south africa , ref . 5372 ) to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . eastern pacific : galapagos islands ( ref . 5227 ) .\nscott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .\nminimum volume\nindicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .\nthis is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .\nhardiness\nindicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .\nin this case , a\nnormal\naquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26\u00b0c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .\nspecial aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .\nalways reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .\noften reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .\nreef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .\nreef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .\nnot reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population and no apparent major threats .\nthis species is widely distributed throughout most of the indo - pacific region , from coastal east africa to central and western pacific , including the hawaiian islands and rapa iti to the east , extending northwards to southern japan and south to lord howe island ( australia ) . vagrants are occasionally seen in the eastern pacific and at the galapagos islands ( ecuador ) ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . occurs at depths from 2 - 61 m but usually below 10 m .\namerican samoa ; australia ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; comoros ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ; korea , republic of ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; r\u00e9union ; samoa ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna\nit is generally common with stable populations ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it is common in new guinea and queensland ( australia ) ( steene 1978 ) . this species was not observed during a recent survey conducted at the galapagos archipelago ( edgar\ncommon species : mean of 0 . 87 individuals per 200 m 2 in northern great barrier reef ( pratchett and berumen 2008 ) .\nthis species is associated with rocky reefs and coral - rich areas ( sometimes interspersed with sandy bottoms ) of lagoons , channels and outer reef slopes . occurs singly , in pairs , or occasionally in larger aggregations of up to about 30 individuals ( myers 1991 ) , sometimes high in the water column . it is a facultative corallivore , feeding on hard and soft corals , as well as algae , hydroids and zooplankton .\nthis species is frequently exported through the aquarium trade ( pyle 2001 ) . this species is important to subsistence fisheries ( mangi and roberts 2006 ) . approximately 7 , 000 individuals traded between 1988 - 2002 ( global marine aquarium database 2009 ) .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . this species is present within a number of marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe bandit angelfish is a rare and distinctive fish , found in the hawaiian and johnston islands . one of the smallest of this species , they grow to 7 in . wrasses , some surgeons and tangs may show aggression while other species are usually peaceful . the minimum size tank is 90 gals . this fish is shy and requires [ \u2026 ]\nthe semicircle angelfish is also known as the blue angelfish and koran angelfish . it is found in the red sea , east africa and the tropical indo - pacific . adults and juveniles have very different appearances . angelfish in general are not very hardy , but this fish is one of the hardiest of this fish family . males are 15 . 7 [ \u2026 ]\nthe bluestreak cleaner wrasse is found in the red sea , indian ocean and western tropical pacific . it eats parasites and dead tissue off larger fishes\u2019 skin . this fish is very difficult to keep in captivity and only expert aquarists should attempt it . usually it will only survive a few weeks to a month before dying [ \u2026 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreaching between 5 and 6 inches in total length , c . kleinii exhibits the laterally compressed body typical of butterflies and is mostly golden - yellow on the posterior half of the body . from about mid - body forward , the base coloration becomes more creamy white , with a vertical dusky - brown band occurring just behind the operculum ( gill cover ) , a vertical black band passing through the eye , and black lips .\naccording to fishbase , in nature , this indo - pacific butterfly feeds \u201cmainly on soft coral polyps ( mainly on sarcophyton tracheliophorum and litophyton viridis ) , algae , and zooplankton . \u201d specimens kept in aquariums should be offered , and will typically accept , a variety of readily available foods , such as frozen mysids , chopped fresh seafoods , and commercial formulations that satisfy their omnivorous palate . also , be sure to provide multiple smaller feedings per day rather than one or two larger meals .\nthough just a medium - sized fish , c . kleinii benefits from a good combination of open swimming space and rockwork for concealment . so , a good - sized tank is recommended . i wouldn\u2019t go any smaller than 75 - gallons for this fish , and a larger tank would be even better .\nc . kleinii is a generally peaceful species that will coexist nicely with most other peaceful to moderately assertive species . it can also be kept in conspecific ( same - species ) groups provided all of the specimens are introduced to the tank at the same time . keep in mind , however , that larger housing will be necessary if you plan to keep a group of these butterflies .\nconsidering its natural tendency to feed on certain coral polyps , c . kleinii cannot be considered reliably reef safe , so a fish - only or fowlr ( fish only with live rock ) system is preferable .\nif you enjoyed this post , subscribe to get our new posts in your email .\njeff kurtz is the co - founder / editor of saltwater smarts , former senior consulting editor for tropical fish hobbyist magazine , and the aquarist formerly known as \u201cthe salt creep . \u201d he has been an aquarium hobbyist for over 30 years and is an avid scuba diver .\nsaltwater smarts is a unique online resource created to inspire and entertain a new generation of marine aquarium hobbyists while helping them succeed with a saltwater system . learn more\nsaltwater smarts is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program , an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon . com . to learn more , please check out our disclosure page .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\ntheir coloration also makes them popular aquarium fish . however , most species feed on coral polyps and sea anemones . balancing the relative populations of prey and predator is complex , leading hobby aquarists to focus on the few generalists and specialist zooplankton feeders .\nthe family name derives from the ancient greek words , chaite (\nhair\n) and ? , odontos (\ntooth\n) . this is an allusion to the rows of brush - like teeth found in their small , protrusible mouths .\nbefore dna sequencing , the taxonomy was confused about whether to treat these as species or subspecies . also , numerous subgenera have been proposed for splitting out of chaetodon , and it is becoming clear how to subdivide the genus if that is desired . [ 4 ]\nthe fossil record of this group is marginal . their restriction to coral reefs means their carcasses are liable to be dispersed by scavengers , overgrown by corals , and any that do fossilize will not long survive erosion . however , pygaeus , a very basal fossil from the mid - to late eocene of europe , dates from around the bartonian 40 - 37 million years ago ( mya ) . thus , the chaetodontidae emerged probably in the early to mid - eocene . a crude molecular clock in combination with the evidence given by pygaeus allows placement of the initial split between the two main lineages to the middle to late eocene , and together with the few other fossils , it allows the deduction that most living genera were probably distinct by the end of the paleogene 23 mya . [ 5 ]\nthe bannerfish - coralfish lineage can be further divided in two groups ; these might be considered tribes , but have not been formally named . genera are listed in order of the presumed phylogeny , from the most ancient to the youngest : [ 3 ] froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) .\nchaetodontidae\nin fishbase . february 2013 version .\npratchett , morgan s . & berumen , michael l . & kapoor , b . g . [ editors ] : biology of butterflyfishes . crc press , 2014 . isbn 978 - 1 - 4665 - 8290 - 3\n( 2007 ) : molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes ( chaetodontidae ) : taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family .\n( teleostei : chaetodontidae ) in the indo - west pacific : evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbody a strongly compressed oval disc ; snout short , ~ eye diameter ; mouth small , at end pointed snout ; teeth long and slender ; lateral line ends under dorsal fin ; dorsal xiii - xiv , 22 - 23 ; a iii , 21 - 22 ; pectoral 13 - 15 ; scales rough , covering head body and dorsal and anal fins ; 33 - 41 lateral line scales .\nfront half white , back half of body and fins yellow - tan ; a dark bar from forehead through eye to chest , blue above eye , black below ; a broad tan bar behind pectoral .\nattributes abundance : common . cites : not listed . climate zone : equatorial ( costa rica to ecuador + galapagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 60 m . depth range min : 3 m . diet : zooplankton ; benthic microalgae ; soft corals / hydroids ; pelagic fish larvae ; pelagic fish eggs . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 2 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 93 ; eastern limit = - 90 ; latitudinal range = 4 ; longitudinal range = 3 . egg type : pelagic ; pelagic larva . feeding group : omnivore . fishbase habitat : reef associated . global endemism : all pacific ( west + central + east ) ; indo - pacific only ( indian + pacific oceans ) ; tep non - endemic ;\ntranspacific\n( east + central & / or west pacific ) ; all species . habitat : corals ; reef associated ( reef + edges - water column & soft bottom ) ; rocks ; reef ( rock & / or coral ) ; reef only . inshore offshore : inshore ; inshore only . iucn red list : not evaluated / listed . length max : 15 cm . regional endemism : island ( s ) only ; island ( s ) ; tropical eastern pacific ( tep ) non - endemic ; eastern pacific non - endemic ; all species . residency : vagrant . salinity : marine ; marine only . water column position : bottom ; near bottom ; bottom + water column ;\nbloch , m . e . , 1790 . , naturgeschichte der ausl\u00e4ndischen fische . berlin . , naturg . ausl . fische , 4 : 1 - 128 .\nhumann , p . , 1993 . , reef fish identification : galapagos . , new world publishing : 192pp .\nmccosker , j . e . , 1987 . , the fishes of the galapagos islands . , oceanus , 30 : 28 - 32 .\nsmith , m . m . and heemstra , p . , 1986 . , smith ' s sea fishes . johannesburg : macmillan south africa . 1047 pp . , macmillan south africa : 1047pp .\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .\ntaxon concept chaetodon _ kleinii last modified 2013 - 10 - 23 15 : 43 : 16 . 028\nsyntype ( s ) zmb 1229 ( listed as holotype by eschmeyer 1998 ) , east indies ; zmb 1231 , east indies .\nningaloo reef ( 22\u00e2\u00b000 ' s ) , rowley shoals ( 17\u00e2\u00b020 ' s ) , and scott reef ( 14\u00e2\u00b003 ' s ) , wa , ashmore reef , timor sea ( 12\u00e2\u00b015 ' s ) and northern great barrier reef , qld ( 12\u00e2\u00b000 ' s ) and holmes reef and osprey reef , coral sea to montague island , nsw ( 36\u00e2\u00b015 ' s ) , lord howe island and middleton and elizabeth reefs ; tropical , indo - west - central pacific .\n. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .\nallen , g . r . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 1994 . fishes of cocos ( keeling ) islands .\nthe marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers\n. perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .\n. new jersey : t . f . h . publications inc . 832 pp . figs .\nfrancis , m . p . & randall , j . e . 1993 . further additions to the fish faunas of lord howe and norfolk islands , southwest pacific ocean .\nhutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353\ndavie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\n. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .\nmcculloch , a . r . 1929 . a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part ii .\npaepke , h . - j . 1999 . bloch ' s fish collection in the museum f\u00e3\u00bcr naturkunde der humboldt universit\u00e3\u00a4t zu berlin : an illustrated catalog and historical account .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nbody oval , deep , strongly compressed . head length about equal to head height ; preopercle smooth , without prominent spines . snout short . small protractile mouth with brush - like teeth in the jaws . dorsal fin with xiii or xiv spines , no notch between spinous and soft dorsal fin ; and 20 to 23 soft rays ; anal fin with iii spines and 17 to 20 soft rays ; pectoral fins transparent with 13 to 15 soft rays ; pelvic fins with i stout spine and 5 branched rays ; caudal fin rounded . body is yellowish brown with two broad white vertical bars running across the body , one from near the origin of the dorsal spine and the other from the middle of the back . a black bar runs vertically across the eye . there are numerous dotted horizontal stripes on the sides . the margin of caudal fin is transparent .\noccur in deeper lagoons and channels , and seaward reefs . occur singly or in pairs . common , omnivorous individuals that feed mainly on soft coral polyps , algae and zooplankton . oviparous .\nwidely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of indo - pacific from red sea and east africa to the hawaiian islands and samoa , north to southern japan , south to new south wales , australia and new caledonia . throughout micronesia ; also reported from"]}
{"id": 322, "summary": [{"text": "barbus haasi , or the \" catalan barbel \" ( catalan : barb cua-roig ; spanish : barbo colirrojo or barbo de cola roja ) , is a species of freshwater fish in the family cyprinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a small size barbel found only in the northeast of the iberian peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "morphologically it is similar to barbus bocagei , but it is smaller and rarely reaches sizes longer than 20 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are rivers and inland karsts in all ebro basin , but mainly in inner catalonia , especially in the bages comarca area .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species is threatened by habitat loss and the introduction of non-native species such as the pumpkinseed ( lepomis gibbosus ) and the wels catfish ( silurus glanis ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "barbus haasi", "paragraphs": ["outbreaks of ichthyophthirius multifiliis in redtail barbs barbus haasi in a mediterranean stream during drought .\nectoparasites of native cyprinid barbus haasi : first record of trichodina acuta and trichodina fultoni in iberian catchments .\noutbreaks of ichthyophthirius multifiliis in redtail barbs barbus haasi in a mediterranean stream during drought . - pubmed - ncbi\nreproduction and growth of barbus haasi in a small stream in the n . e . of the iberian peninsula\nreproduction and growth of barbus haasi in a small stream in the n . e . of the iberian peninsula - archiv f\u00fcr hydrobiologie volume 142 number 1 \u2014 schweizerbart science publishers\nparasitological studies of wild freshwater fish in iberia are needed to provide baseline data for management strategies , but the conservation status of many species means application of non - lethal sampling procedures is mandatory . a survey of iberian redfin barbel ( barbus haasi ) from five mediterranean streams in north - eastern of spain using mucus scrapings revealed the presence of trichodina acuta , t . fultoni and gyrodactylus spp . with prevalences of 35 - 60 % , 8 % , 2 - 50 % and densities of 54 - 197 , 42 - 89 , 2 - 50 parasites / mm2 on fish skin , respectively . biometrics of the trichodinid species are provided , and we discuss the potential application of trichodinids as eutrophication bioindicators in these rivers .\njustification : b . haasi has undergone an estimated population decline of 30 % in the past ten years mainly due to pollution and extraction , introduced species and habitat destruction ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) . this decline is likely to continue into the future at the same rate with desiccation being the main threat ( carmona , j . pers comm ) .\ndiagnosed from other species of barbus and luciobarbus in iberian peninsula by having the following characters : body with numerous small black dots , more or less aligned in longitudinal series along scale rows ; anal , part of caudal and pelvic fins red during spawning season ; lower lip with a median lobe ; last simple dorsal ray slender , with small or without serrae posteriorly ; and lateral line with 46 - 50 + 3 - 4 scales ( ref . 59043 ) .\nin 2008 , inland waterways in catalonia ( northeast iberian peninsula , spain ) experienced one of the worst droughts recorded in this region in recent decades . during this period , an epizootic of ichthyophthirius multifiliis was detected for the first time in a mediterranean stream , with 21 % prevalence in a population of redtail barbs barbus haasi . environmental features and the fish population in this stream were compared during 2007 - 2009 . fish density and the average fish size were reduced significantly after the outbreak of i . multifiliis in this population . during 2008 , parasitized fish were significantly larger than nonparasitized fish . in addition , a significant , positive correlation was found between parasite load and fish size . the origin of i . multifiliis is unknown , but an introduced species detected in april 2007 may have carried it . the combination of stress to the redtail barbs due to suboptimal conditions and favorable environmental conditions for parasite multiplication ( e . g . , suitable water temperature and low water flow ) could have enhanced fish susceptibility to the parasite in april 2008 . further studies are needed to establish the incidence of freshwater fish diseases in mediterranean watersheds , and water management policies should be reviewed to improve the conservation of native fish fauna .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31730 )\noccurs in water bodies on low - lying plains , with little current ; in water courses at high altitudes and in springs and associated wetlands ( ref . 26100 ) . most frequently found in upper , cooler stretches of streams , with current and stone bottom . feeds mainly on benthic macro - invertebrates , especially insect larvae . spawns on vegetation and under stones ( ref . 59043 ) . is threatened by water abstraction , pollution , and habitat destruction ( ref . 26100 ) .\nkottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00977 ( 0 . 00617 - 0 . 01549 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 38 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 17 ; tm = 1 - 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 62 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\nit is restricted to headwaters of streams belonging to the ebro river basin and to several coastal river basins in spain .\nit is a small size barbel ( < 220 mm ) , living in the upper part of rivers with cold , rapidly running waters and gravel stony substrate . reproduction takes place between april and june . life span is 5\u20136 years .\nwater pollution and extraction and invasive species have been the main threats . dam construction is also destroyng some of the species habitat . desiccation is seen as a major future threat to the species .\nlisted on annex v of the european union habitats directive as b . copito .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nalso known as barbo de cola roja ( barbo colirrojo ) , the catalonian barbel is a small barbel ( cyprinidae ) found in the cold , running waters of mountain streams in the ebro river catchment and several other coastal river basins of catalonia in eastern spain . listed on the iucn red list as vulnerable , it has undergone an estimated population decline of 30 % in the past ten years mainly due to pollution and extraction , introduced species , dam construction and habitat destruction . the iucn states that this decline is likely to continue into the future at the same rate with desiccation cited as being the main threat . the beautiful limestone mountains and green crystal clear waters of the upper matarranya river at el parrissal near beceite is a great place to visit and explore . the area is part of the national park ports de beseit and all swimming is prohibited in order to protect the aquatic life , including an endangered species of crayfish . this video was filmed with an old gopro hero hd camera placed in the shallows at the water edge . the fish were naturally schooling in this area , there was no enticement with baits etc . there will also be an edited version available soon giving more of an idea of this biotope and some of the other creatures that inhabit the area . \u00a9 greg wallis urltoken\ndiscus , angel fish , and german blue rams . welcome to the beast tank\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nj aquat anim health . 2009 sep ; 21 ( 3 ) : 189 - 94 . doi : 10 . 1577 / h08 - 054 . 1 .\nmaceda - veiga a 1 , salvad\u00f3 h , vinyoles d , de sostoa a .\ndepartament de biologia animal , facultat de biologia , universitat de barcelona , avda , diagonal 645 , e - 08028 barcelona , spain . albertomaceda @ urltoken\narchiv f\u00fcr hydrobiologie volume 142 number 1 ( 1998 ) , p . 95 - 110\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 20 : 23 : 43 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 323, "summary": [{"text": "galearctus avulsus is a species of slipper lobster that lives around new caledonia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described in 2011 , having previously been included in galearctus kitanovirosus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it differs from the other species of the genus galearctus most noticeably in the shape of a groove on the sternum . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "galearctus avulsus", "paragraphs": ["taxid : 1008998 galearctus avulsus ( species ) , galearctus avulsus yang , chen & chan , 2011 ( authority ) , galearctus sp . chy - 2011 ( includes ) .\nthe following term was not found in genome : galearctus avulsus [ orgn ] .\nhave a fact about galearctus avulsus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for galearctus avulsus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntaxid : 1008997 galearctus rapanus ( species ) , galearctus rapanus ( holthuis , 1993 ) ( authority ) .\ntaxid : 521337 galearctus kitanoviriosus ( species ) , galearctus kitanoviriosus ( harada , 1962 ) ( authority ) , scyllarus kitanoviriosus ( synonym ) , scyllarus kitanoviriosus harada , 1962 ( authority ) .\ntaxid : 521364 galearctus timidus ( species ) , galearctus timidus ( holthuis , 1960 ) ( authority ) , scyllarus timidus ( synonym ) , scyllarus timidus holthuis , 1960 ( authority ) .\ntaxid : 521309 galearctus aurora ( species ) , galearctus aurora ( holthuis , 1982 ) ( authority ) , scyllarus aurora ( synonym ) , scyllarus aurora holthuis , 1982 ( authority ) .\nthis species was previously misidentified as galearctus kitanoviriosus ( t - . y . chan pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nyang , c . ; chen , i . ; chan , t . ( 2011 ) . a new slipper lobster of the genus galearctus holthuis , 2002 ( crustacea , decapoda , scyllaridae ) from new caledonia . zoosystema . 33 ( 2 ) : 207 - 217 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nid 586272 taxonomy ; de galearctus ( genus ) . pa 59755 ( parent id ) cc authority = galearctus holthuis , 2002 cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cc this entry is a placeholder for the corresponding entry in the ncbi cc taxonomy urltoken cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / /\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as least concern . this species has a reasonably broad geographic range and faces no major threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nyang , chen & chan , 2011 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 762301 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nthis species is only known from its type locality on rapa iti , french polynesia : 2736s , 14416w ( holthuis 2002 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ntaxid : 59755 scyllaridae ( family ) , slipper lobsters ( genbank common name ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 324, "summary": [{"text": "urodeta aculeata is a moth of the family elachistidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 6.3 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the thorax , tegula and forewing are grey brown , mottled with blackish brown tipped scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded in the beginning of may . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "urodeta aculeata", "paragraphs": ["urodeta aculeata sruoga & prins , 2011 , sp . n . - plazi treatmentbank\nurodeta aculeata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b025 ' n 012\u00b047 ' e , 275m\nfigures 33 \u2013 36 . urodeta aculeata , sp . n . , holotype . 33 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 34 , head , latero - frontal view ; 35 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 36 , phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 601 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5275 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nurodela [ = urodeta ] stainton , 1869 ; tineina south . europe : 226 ; ts : urodela [ sic ] cisticolella stainton\ntype species : urodeta cisticolella stainton , 1869 [ = u . hibernella staudinger , 1859 ] . the tineina of southern europe : 226 . by monotypy .\nurodeta absidata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta crenata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 7 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 275m , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b040 ' e\nurodeta cuspidis sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b025 ' n 012\u00b047 ' e , 275m\nurodeta falciferella ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 54 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta faro sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta gnoma ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta maculata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta quadrifida sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1000m , tswaing crater reserve , 26\u00b028 ' s 23\u00b046 ' e\nurodeta taeniata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 56 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta tortuosa sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 10 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta trilobata sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 51 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25\u00b024 ' s 28\u00b005 ' e\nurodeta acinacella sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 , 53 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25\u00b024 ' s 28\u00b005 ' e\nurodeta acerba sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 5 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nurodeta bucera sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 6 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nurodeta talea sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2012 . a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species . - zootaxa : 1\u201322 .\nurodeta inusta kaila , 2011 ; monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : western australia , 163km se by e broome , 18\u00b049 ' s 123\u00b017 ' e\nlarva on cistus monspeliensis [ me5 ] , 195 , cistus salviaefolius , c . ladaniferus , c . x _ ledon de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55\nphthinostoma maculata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : namibia , waterberg national park\nphthinostoma taeniata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 22 ; tl : namibia , otavi mts . , varianto farm\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nstaudinger , 1859 diagnosen nebst kurzen beschreibungen neuer andalusischer lepidopteren stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 211 - 259\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstainton h . t . 1869 . the tineina of southern europe . - \u2014 : i ~ viii , 1\u2013370 .\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2011 . new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo . - zootaxa 3008 : 1\u201332 .\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2009 . the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species . - zootaxa 2172 : 1\u201331 .\nmey w . 2007b . microlepidoptera : smaller families . \u2013 in mey , w . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . part 2 . - esperiana memoir 4 : 9\u201330 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about urodid ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for urodid ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsruoga , virginijus & prins , jurate de , 2011 , new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo , zootaxa 3008 , pp . 1 - 32 : 6\nriver camp , 275 m , 08\u00b0 25 \u2019n 012\u00b0 47 \u2019e , 04 . v . 2005 , leg . j . & w . de prins . specimen id : rmca\n, known from kenya ( for external characters and male genitalia refer to sruoga & de prins 2009 ) . however , the forewing in the new species is without white oblique streak as in\n, as both these species have well developed , apically rounded juxta lobes and vesica with few large and numerous small cornuti . these species can be separated most easily by the shape of valva , the number of large cornuti and the very peculiar medial carina of phallus in\n) . uncus short . spinose knob of gnathos wider than long , rounded apically . valva short and broad ; sacculus ventrally curved at obtuse angle ; cucullus short and narrow , tapered apically ; transtilla short , strongly sclerotized . ventral shied of juxta large ; juxta lobes well developed , apically bilobed . vinculum ushaped , proximal margin concave . phallus short , as long as valva , with strongly sclerotized narrow streak along ventral margin ; medial carina of phallus long , apically bent ; vesica with 3 large cornuti and two groups of smaller cornuti : basal group with long and very narrow cornuti , medial group with larger ones , slightly different in size .\nflight period . the only one known specimen was captured in the beginning of may .\netymology . the species name is derived from the latin aculeatus ( provided with prickles ) in reference to the numerous cornuti .\nremarks . in the male genitalia the juxta apically is fused with the phallus , therefore during preparation , if the phallus is removed , the juxta lobes can be separated from the juxta along with the phallus .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . collecting localities of the afrotropical elachistinae species . 1 , cameroon , north province , faro river floodplain ; 2 , drc , bas - congo , mayumbe forest ; 3 , general map indicating collecting sites ; 4 , collecting site in cameroon ; 5 , collecting site in drc .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 325, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris xuthochyta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by turner in 1919 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are fuscous with the discal dots very obscurely darker , the plical beyond the first discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are fuscous with a large tornal ochreous blotch extending from mid-dorsum to mid-termen . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris xuthochyta", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for xuthochyta definition . you find here xuthochyta meaning , synonyms of xuthochyta and images for xuthochyta copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word xuthochyta . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word xuthochyta and , of course , xuthochyta synonyms and on the right images related to the word xuthochyta .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018"]}
{"id": 326, "summary": [{"text": "the white-tailed jackrabbit ( lepus townsendii ) , also known as the prairie hare and the white jack , is a species of hare found in western north america .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "like all hares and rabbits , it is a member of the family leporidae of order lagomorpha .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a solitary individual except where several males court a female in the breeding season .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "litters of four to five young are born in a form , a shallow depression in the ground , hidden among vegetation .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this jackrabbit has two described subspecies : l. townsendii townsendii occurring west of the rocky mountains and l. townsendii campanius occurring east of the rocky mountains . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "white - tailed jackrabbit", "paragraphs": ["in sympatry with lepus californicus - black - tailed jackrabbit , the white - tailed jackrabbit appears to be more selective over the plant species it consumes . ( b430 . w2 )\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit is thought to be extinct in missouri and possibly also nebraska and kansas ( 1 ) .\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit is classified as secure in the current general status of alberta wild species report . see :\nan additional threat to the white - tailed jackrabbit is competition with the black - tailed jackrabbit . this more common species has spread with the expansion of agriculture as it has a generalist diet and can exploit habitats degraded by grazing livestock . where both the white - tailed and black - tailed jackrabbits occur , the white - tailed jackrabbit tends to be displaced as it is less efficient at foraging in degraded habitats ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nhabitat : the white - tailed jackrabbit is typically found in open grasslands , forests , pastures , and fields . [ 2 ]\nfemale black - tailed jackrabbit do not prepare an elaborate nest . they give birth in shallow excavations called\na few populations of white - tailed jackrabbits are present in wisconsin . ( b430 . w2 )\ncourtship behavior is similar to that of the black - tailed jackrabbit [ lepus californicus - black - tailed jackrabbit ] , except that the jumping behavior is more pronounced .\n( b605 . 4 . w4 )\nthe summer pelage of the white - tailed jackrabbit is yellowish to grayish - brown on the upperparts and white or pale gray on the underparts . the throat is darker .\n( b430 . w2 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - white - tailed jackrabbit ( lepus townsendii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - white - tailed jackrabbit ( lepus townsendii )\ntitle =\narkive species - white - tailed jackrabbit ( lepus townsendii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit has not been the target of any known conservation measures . it is recommended that further research is conducted into this species\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 biology and populations , as well as its relationship with the black - tailed jackrabbit , so that informed conservation measures may be made in future . it is also recommended that the white - tailed jackrabbit be removed from the list of vermin in the state of wyoming ( 1 ) .\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit is most commonly found in open prairie and plains , but also occurs in montane shrublands among pine forests and alpine tundra . it has been recorded up to elevations of over 4 , 000 metres in colorado ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . where the white - tailed jackrabbit is in competition with the black - tailed jackrabbit ( lepus californicus ) , it tends to move to higher elevations ( 2 ) .\nin mountainous habitats , white - tailed jackrabbits predominate on the slopes and ridges and black - tailed jackrabbits are more common on the valley floors .\n( b430 . w2 )\nthis species is slightly larger than lepus californicus - black - tailed jackrabbit . ( b430 . w2 , b605 . 4 . w4 )\nbreeding season the breeding season of white - tailed jackrabbits lasts from february to july with a peak from march to june .\nin some areas , the white - tailed jackrabbit is considered an agricultural pest , particularly of alfalfa , corn , soybeans and winter wheat , and has been persecuted as a result ( 7 ) .\nit is distinguished from lepus californicus - black - tailed jackrabbit by the white , not black , dorsal side to the tail - as indicated by the common name . ( j469 . 288 . w1 )\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are a large population and are considered a \u201cleast concern\u201d species by the iucn red list of threatened species .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits ( or lepus townsendii ) are grassland species that have migrated to urban centres as their prairie habitat shrinks .\n, foxes , and wild cats . the black - tailed jackrabbit has no prey . this is because the species only feeds on plant material .\ndescription : the white - tailed jackrabbit\u2019s coat color varies with season and habitat . the back ranges from yellowish to grayish brown in color while the underside is white or grey . the throat and face are darker with coarser hair . its tail is white with a buffy dorsal stripe . their ears are rimmed in white and tipped in black . two distinguishing features are their large ears and hind legs . [ 2 ]\ndiet : white - tailed jackrabbits are strict herbivores . they want grasses , forbs , and shrubs in varying amounts . [ 2 ]\nsimilar species : the white - tailed jackrabbit is the least social of all hares . [ 2 ] they can also be distinguished from other hares due to their prominent flanges projecting from the sides . [ 1 ]\nmontana has four true rabbits\u2014pygmy rabbit , desert cottontail , mountain cottontail , and eastern cottontail\u2014and three hares\u2014white - tailed jackrabbit , black - tailed jack\u00adrabbit , and snowshoe hare . the whitetail is yellowish - gray , has a distinct white tail , and turns all white in winter except for its ear tips , which remain black . the blacktail is gray to blackish , has a black tail , and does not change color in winter .\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit really isn ' t a rabbit at all , but a hare ! confused ? well , the main difference is that baby hares are born well furred with their eyes open , and can move around shortly after birth , whereas rabbit babies are born blind , hairless , and helpless . in minnesota , our two hare species are the white - tailed jackrabbit and snowshoe hare , and our only rabbit species is the cottontail .\nwho are these creatures sharing our city with us ? that question has taken dr . john wood and his students into the streets and parks of edmonton many a wintry night . their quest : the white - tailed jackrabbit .\nin oregon , open flats and ryegrass fields , rather than sagebrush used by lepus californicus - black - tailed jackrabbit . ( j469 . 288 . w1 )\na large hare of north america , the white - tailed jackrabbit ( lepus townsendii ) is most easily recognised by its long , antennae - like ears , which are grey on the outside , white and brown on the inside , and have conspicuous black tips . this species is the only jackrabbit that has two annual moults . during the summer , the thin , coarse coat is dark brown to greyish - brown on the upperparts and white or pale grey on the underparts . in northern parts of its range , where snowfall is regular , the white - tailed jackrabbit becomes all white during winter with some grey around the eyes and throat . however , in southern parts of its range , it only develops white sides . the tail , which gives this hare its common name , it white all year round , with a dusky stripe on the upper side ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits live in grasslands and shrublands throughout montana except in the far northwest . they are most common in open grassland plains east of the continental divide . ( in montana , black - tailed jackrabbits live only in the state\u2019s far southwestern corner . ) though information on white - tailed jackrabbits is scarce , the population appears to be doing fine .\ncolor : in summer , the jackrabbit is brown gray , with a white belly , feet , and tail . in winter , the fur changes to white , with somewhat darker ears . in more southern climates , jackrabbits do not change color .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are abundant through most of their range and have no special conservation status . they are considered\nleast concern\nby the iucn . the subspecies\nearly authors maintained that white - tailed jackrabbits adjusted well to agricultural development , but decline of numbers now seems general .\n( b605 . 4 . w4 )\nwhite tail . this sometimes has a dusky dorsal stripe . ( b430 . w2 )\nin winter , the jackrabbit browses on the buds , bark and branches of shrubs and small trees .\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit is a favorite prey of animals such as foxes , coyotes , cougars , badgers , bobcats , snakes , eagles , and owls . they avoid predators by lying perfectly still . they are also proficient swimmers , which helps them to escape predators . [ 2 ]\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are strict herbivores . they feed on grasses , forbs , and shrubs in varying amounts . in the summer months , when many succulent plants are readily found ,\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are an important prey source for medium to large sized predators in the ecosystems in which they live . they also impact vegetation community composition through their grazing activities .\nbuilt for speed , with a slender , lean body and well developed , long hind limbs , the white - tailed jackrabbit is capable of bursts of speed of up to 40 miles per hour . this athletic mammal is even able to jump higher than 3 . 6 metres ( 3 ) .\nthis species has greyish - brown upperparts and white underparts . the tail is also white , though has a dusky or buff stripe on the top . ( b605 . 4 . w4 )\ndr . wood compares the joy of studying the white - tailed jackrabbit to being bartholomew cubbins with his 500 hats . \u201cevery time you take one off , there\u2019s another one . you never get to essence , you\u2019re always discovering something new\u2014and the closer you look , the more fascinating it is . \u201d\nlike the pronghorn , whose open grassland range it shares , the white - tailed jackrabbit relies on eyesight and speed to avoid coyotes , bobcats , foxes , golden eagles , and other predators . a frightened jackrabbit can cover 30 feet in one leap and reach speeds of up to 35 mph in short bursts . as it bounds along , it regularly jumps 3 to 4 feet high , apparently to get a better view of its pursuer . when captured by a predator , a jackrabbit fights back by kicking with its powerful hind legs .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits prefer open grasslands but thrive in pastures and fields . this species can also be found in forested areas up to high alpine tundra , from 40 to 4300 meters elevation .\nactivity : white - tailed jackrabbits are nocturnal . they generally feed from sunset to sunrise and rest in shallow forms during the day . they do not hibernate in the winter . [ 2 ]\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit , or\njack ,\nis the largest member of the rabbit and hare family , weighing from six to ten pounds . the long - legged jackrabbit is best recognized by its unusual style of running . when surprised , it will usually bound off with a gait resembling that of a kangaroo . but when frightened , it will drop low to the ground and accelerate to an amazingly fast speed . it is rarely seen because it is active mainly at night , and turns white in winter .\nrange : the white - tailed jackrabbit\u2019s range within the united states including : washington , oregon , california , nevada , idaho , montana , wyoming , utah , colorado , new mexico , nebraska , kansas , north and south dakota , minnesota , wisconsin , iowa , missouri , and illinois . [ 3 ]\nwhile the population status of the white - tailed jackrabbit is currently unclear , declines have been observed in many areas . in yellowstone national park , where this species was once considered abundant , there have been no sightings since the 1990s , while in grand teton national park , there have only been three sightings since 1978 ( 1 ) . the white - tailed jackrabbit has also not been seen in british colombia since 1980 ( 3 ) . the reasons behind these declines are unknown , but it is possibly due to a combination of severe weather , disease , predation , habitat destruction and habitat degradation by livestock ( 1 ) .\nthis jackrabbit finds it difficult to run in snow more than 25 cm deep . ( j469 . 288 . w1 )\nblack - tailed jackrabbits are not listed as threatened or endangered . the white - tailed jackrabbit , lepus townsendii is listed as a species of special concern by several states including california . habitat availability is threatened to some extent by development and in some areas populations are dwindling . their large numbers in orchards , agricultural fields , and rangelands can do considerable damage and ranchers and farmers often need to cull the populations .\nin summer , the white - tailed jackrabbit feeds on grasses , forbs and cultivated crops . at other times of the year , this species browses on twigs , buds and bark . it is mostly active at dusk and dawn , resting in shallow depressions at the base of bushes during the day ( 1 ) .\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit is distributed in west - central north america from the prairies of southern saskatchewan and alberta to the rocky mountains of northern new mexico , and from lake michigan in wisconsin to east of the cascade mountains of washington and the sierra nevada mountains of california .\n( b430 . w2 )\namong the most solitary of hares , the white - tailed jackrabbit is usually found alone , and only briefly interacts with other hares during the breeding season ( 2 ) . breeding takes place from late february to mid - july , when groups of males chase females . this involves dashes , jumps and circling sprints and ends in a brief copulation . female white - tailed jackrabbits may produce between 1 and 4 litters a year , usually of 4 or 5 young , after a gestation period of 30 to 43 days . the young have some ability to move around within half an hour of birth and begin foraging on their own at two weeks of age . the young are then weaned at one month old and are completely independent at two months ( 3 ) . the white - tailed jackrabbit is thought to live for up to five years ( 1 ) .\nbraun , c . e . and r . g . streeter . 1968 . observations on the occurrence of white - tailed jackrabbits in the alpine zone . j . mammal . 49 : 160 - 161 .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits were a significant food source for early settlers of north america and continue to be a year round game animal . their pelts were once highly prized and widely used in the commercial fur industry .\na widespread species , the white - tailed jackrabbit is found across much of southern canada and the central united states . its range stretches from the great plains in saskatchewan , south to the rocky mountains in extreme northern new mexico , and east of the cascade mountains in oregon , to lake michigan in wisconsin ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .\nalthough the black - tailed part of the black - tailed rabbit\u2019s name is correct in that its tail is black , the rabbit part is not . these animals are hares , not rabbits . several factors distinguish hares from rabbits . hares have a leaner body and longer ears and legs , usually do not build nests , and their young are born well - furred with their eyes wide open . three species of hares are native to california , the snowshoe , black - tailed , and white - tailed . the latter two are commonly called jackrabbits . black - tailed are the most abundant and widespread of all the jacks and the only one found in desert habitats .\nthe white - tailed jackrabbit is the least social of all hares . in terms of communication , the species generally make no vocal noises , but screams if caught or injured . they have acute hearing and a sharp sense of smell . they also have good vision and whiskers that allow them to navigate to find food . these senses help them perceive their environment .\nthe tail remains white throughout the year , though some may have a buffy dorsal stripe . ( b430 . w2 )\nsize : white - tailed jackrabbits weigh 6 . 61 to 8 . 81 lbs ( 3 to 4 kg ) , and range from 22 to 25 . 6 inches ( 558 - 650 mm ) in total length . [ 1 ]\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are often viewed as a threat by farmers as they can destroy crops , eat hay stores , and girdle trees ( chapman et al . , 1982 ) . because of low population densities and grassland preferences , the impact of\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are classed as a\ngame species\nin minnesota , and during the autumn and early winter hunting season , several thousand are killed each year for their meat . but predators take several times more jacks than do hunters .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are one of the world\u2019s largest hares , second only to the alaskan hare . they are 2 feet long from their nose to their 3 - to 4 - inch - long stubby tail , and weigh 6 to 10 pounds . because of the animals\u2019 large ears , early settlers called them \u201cjackass rabbits , \u201d later shortened to jackrabbit . its large ears allow a jackrabbit to hear exceptionally well . also , the ears are filled with blood vessels that release body heat in summer , keeping the animal cool when temperatures rise .\nlepus townsendii is greyish brown ( lepus townsendii townsendii or yellowish ( lepus townsendii campanius ) dorsally ( white in winter in northern areas and high altitudes ) with a pale grey or white underside , black ear tips and a white tail which may have a slender buffy or dusky dorsal stripe ; when present this stripe does not extend up the back ( j469 . 288 . w1 )\nassess abundance , distribution , and trends . improve understanding of jackrabbit ecology , including habitat associations and selection . develop methods to census this nocturnal species .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits live at a remarkably broad range of elevations , from 40 m to 4 , 300 m , and where they are in competition with black - tailed jackrabbits , they tend to move toward higher elevations . they are slightly larger than black - tails , but seem to be more selective in their dietary choices , putting them at a disadvantage where the two\ntrump spent the weekend discussing his options and will announce his pick at 9 p . m . monday from the white house .\nmale black - tailed jackrabbit reach sexual maturity at about 7 months of age . females usually breed in the spring of their second year , although females born in spring or early summer may breed in their first year . ovulation is induced by copulation . the breeding season is variable depending upon latitude and environmental factors . in the northern part of its range in idaho , black - tailed jackrabbit breeds from february through may . in utah , black - tailed jackrabbit breed from january through july , with over 75 % of females pregnant by april . the kansas breeding season extends from january to august . breeding in warm climates continues nearly year - round . two peak breeding seasons corresponding to rainfall patterns and growth of young vegetation occur in california , arizona , and new mexico . in arizona , for example , breeding peaks during winter ( january\u2013march ) rains and again during june monsoons .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits are found throughout west - central canada and the united states with an elevation span of 40 to 4 , 300 m . they range from the great plains of saskatchewan and alberta east to extreme southwest ontario down into wisconsin and across the continent to the rocky mountains with a southern limit in central california ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . there has been a noted range reduction from the south east over the past half - century , notably in kansas , due to habitat alteration from increased agriculture and competition from the sympatric black - tailed jackrabbit (\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits have a number of other distinct morphological characters which reflect adaptation to their environment and ecology . enormous ears equipped with generous blood flow are used for heat dissipation in the warmer portions of the range , while they also provide an excellent means of predator detection .\nthere is little current information regarding population status in california , but evidence polnts to a serious decline . overgrazing by livestock has been cited as a principal factor ( dalquest 1948 ) , as wel ! as cultivation and other development . may now be absent from large portions of its previous range , as in lasser co . where the last records are 20 yr old . california species of special concern ( williams 1986 ) . also called white - tailed jackrabbit .\ndue to the creation of suitable habitats for this species , it has been extending its range eastwards and northwards . yet its range has been reduced in the southeast due to the changes in habitat which have left the area more suitable for the sympatric lepus californicus - black - tailed jackrabbit . ( b430 . w2 )\nreproduction : the white - tailed jackrabbit\u2019s breeding season extends from february to july with a peak from march to june . gestation typically lasts 42 days . their litter size ranges from 1 to 11 , but averages at 4 - 5 . females may have one to four litters per year , however a maximum of one litter is produced in northern climates . the young are fully weaned at one month , and sexually mature after 7 - 8 months . [ 2 ]\nthree to five males may pursue one female concurrently during mating season , leading to aggresive charging among them . the courting behaviour of white - tailed jackrabbits consists of a series of aggresive charges and jumps . circling between male and female lasts from 5 - 20 minutes and is followed by copulation .\nin summer , the coat is a grizzled brownish grey . in winter , the coat changes to pure white , except for black - tipped ears .\nduring the day , a white - tailed jackrabbit rests in a \u201cform , \u201d a shallow pit in the earth under grass clumps or shrubs . it hides there all day , ears flat on its back . jackrabbits begin foraging in the low light of evening , hopping across open areas or following trails made by other jackrabbits through sagebrush . for\u00adaging con\u00adtinues all night , especially when the moon is out . in early morning jackrabbits return to resting forms to wait out the day .\nwhite - tailed jackrabbits may be hunted , but not trapped , without a licence throughout the province , at all times of the year . see details in the alberta guide to hunting regulations . to view the guide online or to order a printed copy , visit the my wild alberta website at :\nvaries with season and habitat . the upper parts range from yellowish to grayish brown in colour , with white or grey on the underside . the throat and face are somewhat darker with coarser hair . in the northern extent of the range where there is significant snow fall during the year , a pure white colouration is attained with the possibilty of a buffy tint on the face , ears , feet and back . a slight change may be noted in the more southern range where only the sides of the animal become white while the back retains a more buffy - grey tinge . an early to late spring moult reverses this process . as the common name indicates , the tail is always white which may possess a buffy dorsal stripe . ears of this jackrabbit are rimmed in white and tipped in black year round . the juvenile pelage is similar but paler in colour with more under fur and less developed course guard hairs ( kim , 1987 ) .\ncontrary to their name , the black - tailed rabbits are actually hares , and only their tails are colored black . black - tailed rabbits are the most plentiful , while being the only hares found in desert habitats . what separates hares from rabbits are factors such as the body , ears , legs , and their young . the bodies of hares tend to be leaner , and they have longers ears and legs as well . while rabbits build nests , hares do not , and their young are born well - furred with wide open eyes . black - tailed rabbits are the plentiful , while being the only jackrabbit found in desert habitats .\nthe jackrabbit ' s breeding prowess is well known . females can give birth to several litters a year , each with one to six young . the young mature quickly and require little maternal care .\nin arid regions , white - tailed jackrabbits excrete a nearly dry feces as a means of water conservation ( chapman et al . , 1982 ) . heat is dissipated through large ears and voluntary hyperthermia has been observed with the internal body temperature rising to over 41\u00b0c at the hottest point in the day ( forsyth , 1999 ) .\nwhile we\u2019re hunting late - season pheasants , my dog often flushes what at first look like small , white deer . the creatures burst from sagebrush or brushy ravines and race across the landscape . as a pup , simon tried to catch them , but after a dozen failed attempts he gave up and now runs half - heartedly for only a few hundred yards . the white - tailed jack\u00adrabbits , which can outrun any dog except a greyhound , slow down too , bounding along just ahead of him .\nbrownish - gray in summer and white in winter , the jackrabbit lives in open areas and seldom is found near wooded windbreaks , except in the most severe winter weather . it is a prairie hare which is more abundant in wide open grasslands of the west . although both were once numerous , grasslands and jackrabbits have given way to intensive farming in minnesota ' s western counties .\nsometimes in the southern regions the sides of the body and rump may go white while the back becomes pale buffy - grey in winter . ( j469 . 288 . w1 )\neven minus the bags , edmonton\u2019s white - tailed jackrabbit population has escalated in the decades since , growing from less than 500 to nearly 3 , 000 before settling at about 2 , 600 . urban gardens and greenspaces provide ample food in an environment largely free of predators , dr . wood notes . \u201cthey do breed like bunnies . so just lower the predation rate slightly and the population will grow . \u201d in fact , the classic \u201cprairie cycle , \u201d in which populations of small mammals expand and then contract as predator numbers rise , no longer seems to apply .\nbooming jackrabbit populations can cause problems for farmers , especially in light of the animals ' healthy appetite . jackrabbits are often killed for crop protection , but in general their populations are stable and not in need of protection .\nthe black - tailed jackrabbit is illustrated on the wave\u2019s mosaic tile mural , rios de la vida ( rivers of life ) . the fountain , mural , and accompanying graphics illustrate the story of our los angeles and san gabriel rivers . although not on exhibit in the aquarium , this land mammal is included in our website animal database to expand on the information touched on in the wave fountain exhibit .\n( dark buff peppered with black ) , and its undersides and the insides of its legs are creamy white . the ears are black - tipped on the outer surface , and unpigmented inside . the\ninstead , white - tailed jackrabbits ( or lepus townsendii ) are grassland species that have migrated to urban centres as their prairie habitat shrinks . adding to the potential for confusion , they are hares , not rabbits . adults live in above - ground depressions or \u201cforms\u201d rather than in burrows , and the young ( or leveret ) are born eyes - open and fully furred . who knew ?\nlikely prey for coyotes , bobcats , and larger raptors . the black - tailed hare is a more opportunistic feeder and has been displacing l . townsendii , particularly in areas altered by humans .\n) are also imporant parts the diet ( kim , 1987 and chapman et al . , 1982 ) . this species has been known to winter in barns and feed extensively on the hay found inside ( banfield , 1974 ) . white - tailed jackrabbits are generally voracious eaters and captive specimens have been known to eat as much as . 5 kg of plant matter daily ( kim , 1987 ) .\nbehaviour the black - tailed jack rabbit does not migrate or hibernate during winter and uses the same habitat of 0 . 4 to 1 . 2 square miles ( 1 to 3 square km ) year round . the black - tailed jackrabbit can run at speeds of up to 30 miles an hour and it can jump a distance of about 20 feet . when it is trying to evade predators like coyotes , foxes , bobcats , badgers and weasels , it moves in a zig - zag pattern . it flashes the white underside of its tail when threatened by a predator . this warns other jackrabbits or danger and can also confuse the predator . it can also swim by dog - paddling with all four of its feet . it is most active at night . it usually spends the day resting in a scraped out hollow in the shade .\nmammal . the white - tailed jackrabbit is actually a hare , not a rabbit . baby jackrabbits can run immediately after being born . adults can leap 3 meters ( 10 feet ) at a time at speeds of 64 kilometers ( 40 miles ) per hour . jackrabbits are nocturnal , feeding mainly from sunset to sunrise . during the day , they hide in shallow depressions called \u201cforms\u201d that may be covered with plants . in winter , jackrabbits may burrow in snowbanks , or lie in depressions with only their eyes , flattened ears , and backs visible above the snow . jackrabbits are strong swimmers . if cornered , they will dog - paddle with all four feet .\nthe gestation period ranges from 41 to 47 days . more litters are born in warm climates : the number of litters born each year ranges from two per year in idaho to seven in arizona . litter sizes are largest in the northern portions of black - tailed jackrabbit ' s range and decrease toward the south . average litter size has been reported at 4 . 9 in idaho , 3 . 8 in utah , and 2 . 2 in arizona .\nlike most mammals , white - tailed jackrabbits are nocturnal , feeding mainly from sunset to sunrise . during the day they rest in shallow forms which are dug into the earth 10 - 20 cm in depth and are usually under some form of plant cover . elaborate and well travelled trails may be observed that connect forms between often visited feeding sites . in winter snow , forms are replaced by cave - like structures joined with many connecting tunnels .\nblack - tailed jackrabbits are a common hare that inhabit american deserts , scrublands , and other open spaces , including farms . they can consume very large quantities of grasses and plants\u2014including desert species such as sagebrush and cacti .\nthough large groups of white - tailed jackrabbits have been observed during extreme winter cold or in areas of abundant food , they are the least social of all hares ( kim , 1987 ) . only during the breeding season do small groups of 3 to 4 individuals form for courting behaviours . nests are built by females and lined with fur . though they are similar in shape to forms , nests are usually under dense cover . ( kim , 1987 ) .\npopulations of black - tailed jackrabbits undergo drastic fluctuations with numbers peaking every six to ten years . in some years more than 90 percent of western populations die from tularemia , which may or may not be related to the population changes .\nsurface of the tail is grey to white , and the black dorsal surface of the tail continues up the spine for a few inches to form a short , black stripe . the females are larger than males , with no other significant differences .\nblack - tailed jackrabbits are not listed as threatened or endangered . habitat availability is threatened to some extent by development and in some areas populations are dwindling . their large numbers in orchards , agricultural fields , and rangelands can do considerable damage and ranchers and farmers often need to cull the populations . populations of black - tailed jackrabbits undergo drastic fluctuations with numbers peaking every six to ten years . in some years more than 90 percent of western populations die from tularemia , which may or may not be related to the population changes .\nin the northern of mountainous parts of its range , there is a winter molt to a thick white pelage with tinges of buff . in southern localities or at lower elevations , there may be no color change or only a partial change .\n( b430 . w2 )\nthat are no more than a few centimeters deep . females may line forms with hair prior to giving birth , but some drop litters in existing depressions on the ground with no further preparation . young are borne fully furred with eyes open , and are mobile within minutes of birth . females do not protect or even stay with the young except during nursing . ages of weaning and dispersal are unclear since the young are well camouflaged and rarely observed in the field . captive black - tailed jackrabbit are fully weaned by 8 weeks . the young stay together for at least a week after leaving the form .\ntraffic is the major hazard for the urban hare , who can sprint as fast as 70 km an hour . for the tiny leveret awaiting their mother\u2019s brief appearances to nurse , birds post the greatest danger . dr . wood has filmed an adult jackrabbit in a lifeand - death chase to save her baby from a diving owl .\nin most areas of its range , this species turns completely white in the winter , though the ear tips remain black . however , on the plains of british columbia , kansas , nebraska and some regions of colorado , the winter coats are only slightly paler than their summer coats . (\njackrabbits are technically hares , not rabbits , though both look similar and belong to the same family , leporidae . hares are generally larger and faster than rabbits and have longer ears and feet . in addition , hares are solitary animals ( except during breeding season ) , while rabbits live in social groups . another difference is that rabbits are born blind , hairless , and helpless , while newborn hares have hair , can see , and are able to move about . both rabbits and hares have short tails and breed prolifically . white - tailed jackrabbits bear up to four litters of four or five young each year .\nthe breeding season of white - tailed jackrabbits lasts from february to july with a peak from march to june . ovulation is induced , requiring copulation or suitable stimulation . ( chapman et al . , 1982 ) . one to four litters with from 1 to 11 ( averaging 4 to 5 ) young are born each year . a maximum of one litter is produced in more nothern climates . the gestation period is commonly reported as 42 days but this length varies , possibly due to altitude and habitat ( kim , 1987 ) . this species exhibits breeding synchrony with male spermatogenesis and a postpartum estrus that facilitates conception soon after birth of young ( kim , 1987 ) .\njackrabbits are actually hares , not rabbits . hares are larger than rabbits , and they typically have taller hind legs and longer ears . jackrabbits were named for their ears , which initially caused some people to refer to them as \u201cjackass rabbits . \u201d the writer mark twain brought this name to fame by using it in his book of western adventure , roughing it . the name was later shortened to jackrabbit .\nthe preferred habitats of black - tailed jackrabbits are valleys and flat , open country such as desert brushlands , meadows , prairies , farmlands , and dunes . they like the areas to be dry and with short grass . they use many different types of vegetation and are often found in agricultural areas where they can impact fruit and grain crops . jackrabbits often inhabit pastures that have been grazed by livestock .\nblack - tailed jackrabbits spend most of their day resting in shallow , body - sized depressions that they scratch in the ground at the base of shrubs or clumps of shaded tall grass to get protection from the summer\u2019s hot sun and winter\u2019s chilling winds . they maintain trails between their resting and feeding areas . although usually most active from dusk to late in the night , no matter the time of day , they always seem to be on guard and alert for potential predators in the area . remaining still , they may move their ears to catch sounds . attacked by a predator , they defend themselves by kicking with their hind feet , biting , and shrieking loudly . they alert other jackrabbits in the area to potential danger by flashing the white underside of their tail and thumping their hind feet to give a danger signal .\nblack - tailed jackrabbits eat their own droppings to obtain the vitamins and fatty acids necessary to their well - being . unlike most other mammals , they produce two types of pellets , one of which , cecotropes , is re - digested . cecotropes are produced in a portion of the animal\u2019s digestive track called the cecum and are eaten as they emerge from the anus . bacteria and fungi in the hare\u2019s cecum are the source of the essential nutrients the jackrabbits cannot produce but need and acquire as a result of the second digestion .\nthe largest of the north american hare species , adult black - tailed jackrabbits have a total length of about 50 - 60 cm ( 20 - 24 in ) from nose to rear . the length of their tail is 6 - 9 cm ( 2 - 3 . 5 in ) , ears , 10 - 15 cm ( 3 . 9 - 5 . 9 in ) , and hind feet about 14 cm ( 5 . 5 in ) . they weigh 2 . 4 - 3 . 9 kg ( 5 . 2 - 8 . 6 lb ) . females are slightly larger than males .\njackrabbits are strict herbivores whose diet varies depending on the time of the year and their habitat . in summer months they eat cacti , sagebrush , mesquite , alfalfa , clover , other grasses , and herbaceous vegetation . in fall and winter when this food is not available , their staple diet is dried vegetation and the young bark of woody plants . they forage for food from dawn and through the night , consuming large quantities relative to their size . . black - tailed jackrabbits do not require much water and obtain nearly all they need from the plant material they consume . those living in the desert obtain most of their moisture from water - retaining plants such as cacti .\nfirst , and resorting to shrubs during the winter months . they are among the most solitary of hares and usually interact only briefly during the breeding season , when small groups may be seen . a female may produce 1 - 4 litters , usually of 4 or 5 young , each year .\nbachman , j . , 1839 . additional remarks on the genus lepus , with corrections of a former paper , and descriptions of other species of quadrupeds found in north america , p . 90 . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 8 : 75 - 105 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nclick to enlarge this image . ( 94kb ) click to enlarge this image . ( 67kb )\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ngestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . montane of mountains , or growing in mountains . tundra treeless , grassy plains characteristic of arctic and sub - arctic regions . they are very cold and have little rainfall .\nwhitaker jr , j . o . and hamilton jr , w . j . ( 1998 ) mammals of the eastern united states . cornell university press , ithaca .\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in wisconsin ' s northwoods and has been profiled with the support of a wisconsin - based family who care deeply about the area . to learn more visit our eco - region pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrelationships between this order and rodentia have been disputed for over a century . its early history was discussed by simpson ( 1945 ) , while landry ( 1999 ) provided an overview of more recent literature on the subject , discussing many synapomorphies , mostly morphological , that support the concept of a cohort glires including both orders . molecular sequence data also support the concept ( huchon et al . , 1999 ) .\n) . an accompanying range increase to the north has been observed over time ( kim , 1987 ) .\nhave large hind legs which facilitate high jumps and quick escapes from predators ( forsyth , 1999 ) . the dental formula is 2 / 1 0 / 0 3 / 2 3 / 3 = 28 with huge upper insicors for nipping plants ( chapman et al . , 1982 )\nthough females are slightly larger in size , there is no other apparent sexual dimorphism ( kim , 1987 ) .\nat birth the young weigh approximately 90 - 100 grams , have open eyes , full fur , and limited mobility within half an hour . the young begin to forage at approximately 2 weeks of age and are fulled weaned at one month . sexually maturity is reached by 7 or 8 months though there is little evidence of reproduction until the spring following their birth .\n( chapman , et al . , 1982 ; lim , 1987 ; wilson and ruff , 1999 )\nbreeding interval from 1 to 4 litters are born each year , depending on environmental conditions .\nnurse and care for their young for about 1 month . females often create nests for the protection of their young from dried grass , leaves , and hair . young are born fully furred and are capable of some level of mobility shortly after birth .\ncan run up to 55 km / hr and bound 5m into the air .\n( chapman , et al . , 1982 ; forsyth , 1999 ; lim , 1987 )\nare poorly studied but believed to be approximately 2 to 3 km in diameter never straying far from forms and known trails .\nthese animals generally make no vocalizations , but will scream if caught or injured ( banfield , 1974 ) . they are likely to rely extensively on their acute hearing and sense of smell to perceive their environment , but also have good vision and whiskers that help them in navigating and finding food . like most mammals , they probably also rely extensively on chemical cues for communicating reproductive condition .\nis a favorite prey item of animals such as red fox , grey fox , coyote , bobcat , cougar , badger , snakes , owls , eagles , and many species of hawks . the general method of predator avoidance is to lie perfectly still in the form , relying on their cryptic coloration to avoid detection , with large ears pointed slightly up for predator detection . jackrabbits may attempt to slink off silently but will bound away with surprising speed and height when surprised . zig - zag patterns as well as proficient swimming have been observed in predator escapes .\nis considered a mammal of special concern in california , where populations have declined dramatically , probably as a result of competition with livestock and overgrazing by livestock .\nis slightly larger and some subtle pelage variation is observed ( kim , 1987 ) .\nacquired its name from j . k . townsend , who collected the type specimen ( kim , 1987 ) .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\namerican society of mammalogists , 2009 .\nmammals of california\n( on - line ) . american society of mammalogists , state lists . accessed july 27 , 2009 at urltoken .\nchapman , j . , j . dunn , r . marsh . 1982 . lepus townsendii . pp . 124 - 137 in j chapman , g feldhamer , eds .\nto cite this page : gosline , a . 2001 .\nlepus townsendii\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control ."]}
{"id": 329, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia luctuosa is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern china ( fujian ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are mid brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia luctuosa", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia luctuosa is a moth in the geometridae family . it is found in south - eastern china ( fujian ) .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nvespa luctuosa is a species of hornet which is endemic to the philippines . the main subspecies is\nvespa luctuosa luctuosa\n( primarily native to luzon island ) . other known subspecies include\nvespa luctuosa luzonensis\n( primarily native to the visayas , including leyte island and samar island ) and\nvespa luctuosa negrosensis\n( native to negros island ) .\nvespa luctuosa\nis best known for its potent venom .\nthe species name refers to the colouration of the species and is derived from latin\nluctuosa\n( meaning sad ) .\nepiscepsis luctuosa is a moth of the family erebidae . it was described by m\u00f6schler in 1877 . it is found in venezuela , surinam and northern brazil .\nquatiara luctuosa is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus quatiara . it was described by les\u00e9leuc in 1844 .\nnyctemera luctuosa is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in papua new guinea , australia and the philippines . the habitat consists of mountainous areas .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nthe wingspan is about 17 mm . the fore - and hindwings are mid brown .\nit is reddish to chocolate brown , bordered by a narrow cream dorsolateral line on each side , beginning at the tip of the snout to above the vent .\nthe height of the shell attains 35 mm , its diameter 44 mm . the solid , heavy shell is depressed , broadly umbilicate , and has a conoidal shape . it is black or purplish . the spire is more or less depressed . the sutures are linear . the shell contains 5 to 6 whorls . the upper ones have a strong carina midway between the sutures . the body whorl is carinated at the periphery and above , generally showing a less prominent carina on the base near the periphery . the aperture is oblique . the arcuate columella is oblique . the umbilicus is broad and deep , with a spiral rib within . this species is characterized by its wide umbilicus and strongly keeled whorls .\nthe forewings are black with a broad irregular diagonal white band and a small white spot near the base . the hindwings are white with broad black margins . adults are variable in both pattern and ground colour . this is a day - flying species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 203 records from 104 sites . first recorded in 1940 .\n: a very local species in yorkshire but now recorded from all five vice - counties . it is widely distributed in spruce plantations all over northumberland and durham and still increasing its range ( dunn & parrack , 1986 ) , so it may well also turn out to be more widespread in yorkshire .\n: locally common in spruce plantations but not often wandering to other areas . distinctive when fresh ."]}
{"id": 334, "summary": [{"text": "cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to brazil .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "its population is in decline . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi", "paragraphs": ["cycloramphus mirandaribeiroi heyer , 1983 , arq . zool . , s\u00e3o paulo , 30 : 311 . holotype : mzusp 57809 , by original designation . type locality :\nbrasil ; paran\u00e1 , 9 km w s\u00e3o jo\u00e3o da graciosa on pr 410 to curitiba\n.\nit occurs in parque estadual serra da graciosa . given the declines of high - altitude stream - breeding species in other parts of the wet tropics , surveys are urgently needed to relocate this species and to assess its status , especially in view of the lack of recent records . some other cycloramphus species have declined for unexplained reasons , and so it is an urgent priority to rediscover populations of this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\njournal of herpetology ( ejournal / emagazine , 2002 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : journal of herpetology publisher : [ athens , ohio ] : society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . oclc : 60688590\n[ athens , ohio ] : society for the study of amphibians and reptiles .\nin bioone ( bio one ) . titre de l ' e\u0301cran - titre ( visionne\u0301 le 31 mars 2005 ) . texte inte\u0301gral .\njournal of herpetology / bioone ( organisation ) ; society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . ; ; [ athens , ohio ] : society for the study of amphibians and reptiles .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\nthis species is known only from the type locality , s\u00e3o jo\u00e3o da graciosa , in the serra do mar in the state of paran\u00e1 , brazil , from 50 - 150m asl .\nits population status is unknown . it has not been collected since the original collection in the late 1970s , despite survey efforts since 1986 .\nthis species occurs in fast - flowing rocky streams , in which it reproduces , in lowland forest .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nmiranda ' s button frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 71 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\npough , f . h . , r . m . andrews , m . l . crump , a . h . savitzky , k . d . wells , and m . c . brandley . 2015 . herpetology . fourth edition . massachusetts : sinauer .\nvitt , l . j . , and j . p . caldwell . 2013 . herpetology . an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles . fourth edition . amsterdam : elsevier .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\nthanks to institutional support and generous donors , our collection of historical artifacts , documents , photography and media , now numbers close to 37 , 000 .\nthe national museum of african american history and culture , like all other smithsonian museums , hopes to benefit from donations of historical artifacts , archival documents , and works of art . if you have an important item you believe the museum should consider for its permanent collections , start by submitting our collections information form .\na list amphibians & reptiles of brazil compiled by armas hill upper right photo : a yacare caiman photographed during a font tour in the pantanal in mato grosso do sul , brazil codes : ( bre ) : endemic to brazil ( t1 ) : threatened species , critically endangered ( t2 ) : threatened species , endangered ( t3 ) : threatened species , vulnerable ( nt ) : near - threatened species am - in amazonian brazil ig - in the area of iguazu falls mg - in mato grosso & mato grosso do sul mn - in minas gerais rs - in rio grande do sul ( ph ) : photo in the font website ( phraa : xxx ) : referring to the number of the photo of the particular species in the book :\nreptiles & amphibians of the amazon , an ecotourist ' s guide\nby r . d . bartlett & patricia bartlett , published in 2003 . links within this list :\nbarycholos ternetzi _ _ _ _ _ _ genus brachycephalus : saddlebck toads the saddleback toads are very small frogs , mostly around 1 centimeter in length . they have only three toes on each foot , and two fingers on each hand . this is in contrast to the usual five toes and four fingers of most frogs .\n+ izecksohn ' s toad ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ brachycephalus didactylus the izecksohn ' s toad is said to be the smallest known frog in the southern hemisphere .\nthis genus was erected in 2005 following a major revision of the hylidae family .\nthe genus hypsiboas was resurrected in 2005 with a major revision of the hylidae family . 70 species that were previously in hyla were moved to this genus .\noccurs in open areas of the forest . it calls in low vegetation , close to the water . it lays eggs in a gelatinous mass .\nstriped treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig ( recently described , in 1991 ) hypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) caingua hypsiboas caingua occurs in streams in open areas , with secondary forest growth .\nblacksmith treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig hypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) faber the voice of hypsiboas faber sounds like the beating of an anvil by a hammer ( as by a\nblack - - smith\n) .\nmontevideo treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig hypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) pulchellus hypsiboas pulchellus occurs in lakes , pools , and streams . it hides under the vegetation , or under bark and tree trunks .\nspeckled treefrog _ _ _ _ _ _ ig h ypsiboas ( formerly hyla ) semiguttatus hypsiboas semiguttata breeds in backwaters or shallow riverside pools in permanent or temporary streams in the forest . its eggs are laid in clusters fixed to branches or stones .\nscinax fuscovarius _ _ _ _ _ _ ig mg scinax fuscovanus is a tree dweller . it sometimes enters into human dwellings . it reproduces in temporary pools .\nscinax nasicus _ _ _ _ _ _ ig mg scinax nasicus occurs in temporary pools . it lays its eggs in gelatinous masses stick to aquatic plants .\nscinax squalirostris _ _ _ _ _ _ ig scinax squalirostris is found in the axila of leaves of eryngium ( false caraguata ) and other plants on the banks of lakes and pools . it can hibernate under tree trunks and bark . its eggs are stuck to aquatic plants .\nveined treefrog ( phraa : 67 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ig mg ( also called pepper treefrog , or white - lipped treefrog ) trachycephalus ( formerly phrynohyas ) venulosus trachycephalus venulosus is a tree dweller , frequently in bromeliads . it lays eggs in the hollows of trees that it seals with a toxic secretion from its skin . habitat is the edge of subtropical forest , in the undergrowth . genus xenohyla\nminas gerais spinythumb frog ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ crossodactylus trachystomus crossodactylus trachystomus has been known to occur only in minas gerais at lagoa santa , belo horizonte , and serra de caraca . it has not been found elsewhere . 2 of the 3 known populations disappeared in the mid - 1980s . the surviving population is at caraca , with records in 2001 , 2002 , and as of 2007 . genus hylodes\naraponga dwarf frog ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ mn ( recently described , in 1999 ) physalaemus maximus physalaemus maximus occurs in minas gerais , in the serra do brigadeiro , at the fazenda neblina in the municipality of artaponga , and also in ouro preto , 120 kilometers from araponga .\naraponga\nis the brazilian name for the bare - throated bellbird . physalaemus maximus is found at the margins of temporary pools , in which it makes a foam nest , and in swampy areas in moist rainforest , and in forest edge . it is not found away from forest .\ncipo swamp frog ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ mn ( recently described , in 1994 ) pseudopaludicola mineira pseudopaludicola mineira is known only from serra do cipo in minas gerais , where it occurs at more than 800 meters above sea level . its distribution is poorly known , and it may occur more widely . pseudopaludicola mineira lives in open , grassy areas around temporary ponds , in which it presumably breeds . it adapts to some anthropogenic disturbance ,"]}
{"id": 335, "summary": [{"text": "the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) , also known as the red-backed sea-eagle in australia , is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family accipitridae , which also includes many other diurnal raptors , such as eagles , buzzards , and harriers .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are found in the indian subcontinent , southeast asia , and australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands where they feed on dead fish and other prey .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults have a reddish-brown plumage and a contrasting white head and breast which makes them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "brahminy kite", "paragraphs": ["in malaysia , the brahminy kite is the iban god of war , singalang burung .\nchestnut - white kite , red - backed kite , rufous eagle , rufous - backed kite , white and red eagle - kite , white - headed fish eagle , white - headed kite , white - headed sea - eagle . .\nother names : chestnut - white kite , red - backed kite , rufous eagle , rufous - backed kite , white and red eagle - kite , white - headed fish eagle , white - headed kite , white - headed sea - eagle .\n\u201can adult brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) feeding on a fish from the nearby fish farms . . . .\nhabitat : brahminy kite lives mainly in coastal regions , estuaries , mangroves , wetlands , and even in urban areas .\nm . eaton spotted a brahminy kite , race\ngirrenera\n, at caloundra , qld , in august 2017 .\nthe brahminy kite species is distributed in sri lanka , nepal , india , pakistan , bangladesh , southeast asia and australia .\nd . wilczynska reports spotting a brahminy kite , race\ngirrenera\n, near cairns , qld , in march 2015 .\nin his indonesian name \u2013 elang bondol \u2013 brahminy kite represents the official mascot of jakarta , the capital city of indonesia .\nthe brahminy kite species is a medium sized bird . the female kite is slightly larger than the male . the male measures 45 to 50 cm in length and weighs 400 to 650 grams .\nthe brahminy kite occupies a wide range of habitats including estuaries , mangroves , beaches , coral reefs , rivers and rice paddies .\nthe brahminy kite species are resident birds in their ranges . seasonal local movements may be made in search of food and water .\nnear - frontal view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ caloundra , qld , august 2017 ]\nnear - lateral view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , april 2018 ]\nthe brahminy kite is a bird of the coast , particularly mangrove swamps and estuaries . it is sometimes seen over forests and along rivers .\nthe brahminy kite species inhabits coastal plains , estuaries , rivers , lakes , swamps , marshes , reservoirs , rice fields and urban areas .\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : brahminy kite haliastur indus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\nthis entry was posted in residents of borneo and tagged birds of borneo , brahminy kite , iban myth , singalang burong . bookmark the permalink .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brahminy kite ( haliastur indus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brahminy kite ( haliastur indus )\ntitle =\narkive species - brahminy kite ( haliastur indus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nin indonesia , they are known as elang bondol . the brahminy kite is the official mascot of the capital and largest city of indonesia - jakarta .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated these brahminy kite species and has listed them as\nleast concern\n.\nnear - frontal view of a brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ maxwell creek , melville island , nt , november 2016 ]\nin the 1980s . but , in the last 20 years , there have been very few brahminy kite sightings in the city , \u201d he said .\na snail kite hunting for apple snails along the igua\u00e7u river in south america .\nnear - frontal view of a juvenile brahminy kite ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ casuarina coastal reserve , darwin , nt , in july 2012 ]\non an overcast day the underwings of a brahminy kite can appear to be darker ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ darwin , nt , january 2018 ]\nthe adult brahminy kite is unmistakable , though juveniles may be confused with the whistling kite ( longer tail and distinctive underwing pattern ) or light little eagle . first - year juveniles may also be mistaken for ospreys , but are dark underneath rather than white .\nflight : brahminy kite has long , broad , rounded wings . it performs slow , deep flapping wing beats . during the breeding season , it performs acrobatic flight displays .\nthe brahminy kite is a distinctive - looking bird with its rich chestnut brown body and wings , and white head and breast . it calls with a high - pitched mew .\nknown as garudan in tamil , the brahminy kite is said to represent the vahana of lord vishnu . the bird is very similar to the black kite and may be distinguished by its reddish - brown plumage and a white patch on the head and breast , shorter wings and rounded tails .\nbrahminy kites build untidy nests using sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other rubbish .\nimmature brahminy kites have brown plumages with darker upperparts , and a lighter head and underparts .\n, issued between 1976 and 1984 , featured birds . the second - highest denomination note in this series \u2013 the s $ 1 , 000 note \u2013 featured a perched brahminy kite on the front .\nbrahminy kite is an eagle that can be found across south east asia to australia . it mainly stays in coastal areas , especially mangroves forests although sometimes it can be spotted inland and on big rivers .\nthe brahminy kite is widespread across northern australia , mainly along the coastline from western australia to northern new south wales , and is more common in the north of its range . it is widespread throughout tropical asia .\nadult brahminy kite , haliastur indus , also known ( for obvious reasons ) as the red - backed sea - eagle , photographed at pulau langkawi , langkawi permata kedah ( the jewel of kedah ) , malaysia .\nthe brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ; subfamily milvinae ) ranges from india to northeastern australia . it is red - brown except for white foreparts . it eats fish and garbage . the buzzard kite ( hamirostra melanosternon ; subfamily milvinae ) of australia is a large black - breasted bird ; it lives mainly on rabbits and lizards . \u2026\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto brahminy kite utters mewing calls \u201ckeeyew\u201d usually while soaring . however , it is usually silent . in addition to mewing notes , it gives some bleating \u201cpee - ah - ah - ah\u201d .\nthe global brahminy kite population is estimated to be about 100 , 000 individual birds . these birds have very wide range and considered least vulnerable . habitat loss and use of agricultural pesticides are the main threats in their conservation .\nthe asian black kite , which are darker , have longer wings and the tail is forked , rather than rounded .\njohnny wee\u2019s images of a black - shouldered kite ( elanus caeruleus ) were photographed at singapore\u2019s lorong halus . . .\nmilvinae , have rather narrow beaks , the upper mandible being wavy - edged . they are typified by the red kite (\nlateral view of a brahminy kite with its outer eye - lid open , left , and the eye - lid closed , right ( photos courtesy of p . brown ) [ near dripstone cliffs , darwin , nt , december 2017 ]\nthese brahminy kite species feed mainly on dead fish , crabs and carrion . they also catch and feed on live preys such as small mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians and fish . they are known to snatch feed from other birds .\nmale and female brahminy kites are very similar in appearance , although the female is normally slightly larger than the male .\nbrahminy kite has keen view and can see its prey from a distance . it is able to lift live fish from the water , but most of time , it scavenges on beaches or takes debris from the water surface seizing them with its talons . brahminy kite frequents the harbours and fish - farms where it feeds close to humans . outside the feeding periods , it rests on branches often near water . it forages as over water or over land , and soars at about 20 to 50 metres above the surface or the ground . it flushes shorebirds on mudflats into flight and pursues the weakest . it is attracted by fires in order to catch the escaped animals . brahminy kite is mostly resident in asia and australia , and performs only local movements for food .\n\u201c\u2026right in the middle , directly facing the middle door , sat the head of the longhouse , singalang burong , the coordinator of the whole world and its living beings , who took the form of a brahminy kite whenever he came down to the land .\nbrahminy kites are secure in australia . being scavengers , they benefit from waste at tips , on roadsides and in harbours .\nall raptors are carnivores . brahminy kites feed on small fish and occasionally other small animals . they also scavenge on carrion .\n\u201cresident brahminy kites in the city have slowly increased over the years and i have seen them perched on high rise buildings .\nthe brahminy kite typically hunts for fish above water . however , it is opportunistic and will take small birds , amphibians , carrion and even flying termites . the bird is also kleptoparasitic , in that it will snatch food from other raptors . it often eats while in flight .\ndiet : brahminy kite feeds on wide variety of small preys and carrion . it hunts for mammals , birds , reptiles , aquatic animals taken with the talons , crustaceans , amphibians , fish\u2026 it hawks flying insects and performs piracy from fishing birds . they gather around large carcasses where they squeal .\nthey can also be found scavenging at waste at tips and roadsides , which in the long term may cause detrimental effects on the brahminy\u2019s health .\nrange : brahminy kite lives in india , pakistan , bangladesh and southeast asia , and also in new south wales in australia where it is widespread and resident on coastal regions and along rivers . in mainland asia , this species breeds at about 2400 metres of elevation , and it occurs at 2300 metres in new guinea .\nreproduction : breeding season occurs in the dry season in tropics , and late winter and spring in subtropical range . brahminy kite usually nests in mangroves , in tall emergent tree . it nests in swampy areas in order to be secure from terrestrial predators . brahminy kite is solitary nester . the nest is a compact platform made with sticks and twigs , at about 5 to 6 metres above water , but usually between 2 and 30 metres high . the cup is about 20 cm depth , and is lined with leaves and soft materials and also human refuse . the cup may also include dried mud . the nest is reused during several years .\nthe breeding season of these kite species is from december to april in asia . they build nest with sticks and twigs on trees . the nest contains a clutch of two eggs . both the partners take part in building nest . the female kite appears to do much of incubating . both the parents take part in rearing the chicks .\nin sarawak , malaysia , for the ibans of the upper rajang \u2013 one of the indigenous groups in sarawak \u2013 brahminy kite is the form singalang burong takes every time he comes down to the land . singalang burong is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities . he is also known as the god of war .\nbrahminy kite has four subspecies : h . i . indus ; h . i . intermedius ; h . i . girrenera ; h . i . flavirostris . they differ by some regional variation in plumage and bill colour . if australasian races have pure white head and breast , the birds living in salomon islands have yellow bill .\nbougainville island , papua new guinea , has a fable about brahminy kite . it tells a story how a mother left her baby under a banana tree while she was busy gardening . the baby floated into the sky , crying and transformed into kaa\u2019nang ( the local name for the bird ) , its necklace becoming the bird\u2019s feathers .\nbrahminy kites are coastal birds and can normally be found along shore lines , estuaries and in mangrove swamps . they can sometimes be seen over forests and along rivers .\nthe nest of the brahminy kite is built in living trees near water , often mangrove trees . the nest is large , made from sticks , seaweed or driftwood and lined with a variety of materials such as lichens , bones , seaweed and even paper . both parents incubate the eggs and the young are fed bill to bill with small pieces of food .\nbrahminy kites have weak feet so , although they have long , sharp curved claws , they cannot take large prey . however they are expert at snatching prey in flight .\nthe brahminy kite feeds on carrion ( dead animals ) , insects and fish . it swoops low over water , the ground or tree tops and snatches live prey or carrion from the surface . it also steals from fish - hunting birds , snatching prey in flight . it harries or bothers other birds such as gulls , whistling kites , osprey or australian white ibis .\nthe brahminy kite is a medium - sized raptor or bird of prey . 1 it is one of the commonest raptors in singapore and is frequently seen in flight over urban areas and suitable sites such as jurong lake . large groups also roost on some offshore islands , such as coney island . 2 while it commonly hunts fish , it will also feed on carrion .\nfound in coastal areas of northern and eastern australia , the brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) can be seen performing aerial acrobatics during their mating displays . as a type of raptor ( bird of prey ) , they feed on a variety of insects , fish and other small animals . they are expert at stealing from other fish - hunting birds by snatching prey in flight .\nsanthanaraman said he sighted the bird last year in the same environs with nesting materials . the bird is known to nest in huge trees like mango , tamarind , pipal and neem , but predominantly prefers palmyra and coconut trees . it is necessary to ensure the survival of big trees in the city for raptors like the brahminy kite to return here more often , he added .\nbrahminy kites , race\ngirrenera\n, were first seen by us in july 2009 , along the rocky outcrops in various areas of the qld coastline . they were always seen hunting in rock pools from low perches . j . greaves reports seeing brahminy kites , race\ngirrenera\n, at the spit , gold coast , qld , in october 2015 .\nthe female kite weighs 430 to 700 grams . the wingspan is 110 to 125 cm . the adult has chestnut back , wings and belly . the head and breast have a contrasting white plumage .\nthe brahminy kite is generally common throughout its extensive range ( 5 ) and consequently is classified as least concern on the iucn red list ( 1 ) ( 6 ) . although this species seems to co - exist well with humans , some populations , particularly in south - east asia , have been negatively affected by hunting , habitat loss , and pesticide use ( 3 ) .\nchennai : advocate m santhanaraman and conservationist t murugavel stared in disbelief when they spotted a brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) with twigs in its beak flying near the tvs showroom on anna salai on friday . two days later , they returned there to confirm that their eyes hadn\u2019t been playing tricks on them . it was no illusion - the bird was there at the same spot .\n\u201cmy wife and i were out cycling in the city when we spotted a pair of brahminy kites ( haliastur indus intermedius ) circling a tall building ( about 7 . 40am ) .\njuvenile brahminy kites are easy to confuse with many other birds of prey , so record only on adults which are easier to identify . ospreys , whistling kites and black - breasted kites can all look similar when on the wing ; however , brahminy kites can be distinguished by their dark \u2018fingered\u2019 wingtips , chestnut brown wings and body that is half white and half brown .\nbrahminy kites sometimes sit perched prominently on rocks on headlands or on rockfaces . their characteristic colour pattern of light - brown body with white head makes them easy to identify even over long distances .\nthis kite has a sharply contrasting plumage ; with a mostly bright chestnut body , except for white head , neck , throat , upper belly and flanks ; a white - tipped tail and black outer flight feathers .\nj . greaves reports spotting brahminy kites , race\ngirrenera\n, at alyangula , groote eylandt , nt , in september 2014 , and at maxwell creek , melville island , nt , in november 2016 .\nbrahminy kites are known to be opportunistic scavengers that will eat just about anything , including food waste ( from boats and rubbish dumps ) ; carrion ( dead animals ) , such as dead fish ; and crabs .\nadult brahminy kites have an unmistakable white head and chest with a chestnut brown coloured body . they have dark coloured eyes and a strongly hooked , yellow beak . the tail is relatively short and can have white tips .\nprotection / threats / status : brahminy kite is abundant and widespread in tropical parts of the range , benefiting from human activities . in australia , the ddt use and the disturbances threaten the species . in some parts of the range , such as in java and thailand , the species suffered decline due to pesticides , hunting and collection of nestlings at nest for sale , and loss of breeding habitat . however , the populations are not globally threatened at this moment .\nthe brahminy kite is typically found on tropical and subtropical coasts , where it occupies a wide range of habitats including estuaries , mangroves , beaches , coral reefs , dunes , saltmarshes , cliffs and village harbours . however , in india and in parts of south - east asia , it also occurs inland , by rivers , lakes , swamps , rice paddies and other wetlands , where it can be found at altitudes of up to 3 , 000 metres ( 3 ) .\ndebus , s . , marks , j . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . brahminy kite ( haliastur indus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\naccording to field guides brahminy kites hunt mostly in coastal mudflats and estuarine mangrove swamps , but we have also seen them on coastal rockfaces of small headlands , hunting in rock pools . they are also found on offshore islands .\n) \u2014found over much of the old world . both are large ( to about 55 cm [ 22 inches ] ) , reddish birds ( the black kite darker ) , lightly streaked on the head , with long , angled wings and notched tail . the\nthe brahminy kite is one of the medium - sized raptors ( birds of prey ) , with a white head and breast . the rest of its body is a striking chestnut brown . the very tip of its tail is white . the wings are broad , with dark ' fingered ' wing tips and the tail is short . the legs are short and not feathered , the eye is dark and the lemon yellow coloured bill is strongly hooked . it sails on level wings along shorelines and mudflats .\nthe brahminy kites ( haliastur indus ) are medium - sized raptors that are easily recognized by the white head and chest . they are also known as red - backed kites , white - and - red eagle kites or white - headed kites .\nbrahminy kites are predator / scavengers and commonly eat dead animals ( carrion ) and fish washed up on beaches or steal prey from other birds . they are an important predator / scavenger in coastal areas and their presence can indicate a healthy ecosystem .\nunlike black kites , which are scavenging birds , brahminy kites feed on fish and even small water birds from the marshlands and freshwater sources . the pollution of water bodies and marshlands has driven the birds to look for alternative sites , say naturalists .\nthe brahminy kite is normally seen alone , in pairs or occasionally in small family groups , but rarely in the large flocks formed by some kite species ( 5 ) . the timing of the breeding season differs across its range , with populations on the equator being most variable ( 3 ) . breeding pairs build an untidy nest from 2 to 30 metres above the ground usually in a prominent fork of a tall tree . the nests , which are made from sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other rubbish , are reused in successive years ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the female lays one to three eggs , which are incubated for 28 to 35 days before hatching . the young fledge after 40 to 56 days but remain dependant on the parents for a further two months ( 3 ) .\n. . . the brahminy kite is categorized as least concern because of its large range and large population size ( birdlife international , 2012 ) . the few studies that exist on this species are mostly from india and australia and focus on breeding biology and behaviour ( balachandran and sakthivel , 1992 ; indrayanto et al . , 2011 ; jayabalan , 1995 ; lutter et al . , 2006 ; sivakumar and jayabalan , 2004 ) . however , despite its vast range and large global population , its ecology is still largely unknown . . . .\n. . . the brahminy kite , haliastur indus , occupies much of the region , usually near the coast , rivers or wetlands . this species is mostly a scavenger , but also takes a variety of small vertebrates ( ali & ripley 1978 ; roberts , 1991 ; ferguson - lees & christie , 2001 ; sivakumar & jayabalan , 2004 ) . two of the oriental vultures , the egyptian vulture , neophron percnopterus , and the lammergeier , gypaetus barbatus , belong to a monophyletic group ( gypaetinae ) separate from the other vultures . . . .\nan opportunistic scavenger , the brahminy kite has a varied diet that differs considerably from one population to another ( 3 ) . although it often feeds on offal and food waste from boats and rubbish tips , as well as other forms of carrion , it also hunts for live food including crabs , crustaceans , amphibians , small reptiles , fish , insects , small mammals and birds . usually it forages by soaring low above the ground or over water , but will also hunt from a waterside perch and will occasionally forage on the ground ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nthis large kite has a striking plumage of rufous - brown and white as an adult . the head , neck to mantle , and throat to upper belly and flanks are all white . in the nominate subspecies , indus , that is seen in the indomalayan region , the white has finely darkish streaks ( top ) .\nbehaviour : brahminy kite feeds on wide variety of food items and carrion . it feeds on mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fish , arthropods , crustaceans , road - kill vertebrates , larges carcasses and offal . it may kill domestic poultry . it soars high in the air , watching for preys . it also hunts from exposed perch , and may also search on the ground . when a prey is detected , it seizes it by glide or dive , performing short chase . it hawks flying insects , snatches preys from canopy and water surface . it may perform piracy from fishing birds such as gulls and ospreys .\nthe incubation period of brahminy kite haliastur indus was 26 to 28 and nestling period was from 43 - 45 days . fresh water paddy field crabs paratelphusa sp . and fresh water fishes made 30 % in the prey items delivered to the nest . three peak periods , 0800 - 090oh , 1000 - 1200h and 1500 - 1700h were observed within a day for the delivery of prey . decline of 0 . 58 prey item / hour ( h ) / nest during the first five weeks of nestling period to 0 . 45 prey item / h / nest during sixth and seventh weeks ( pearson ' s correlation coefficient r2 = 0 . 448 ; y = 0 . 201 ) was noticed .\nbrahminy kites , race\ngirrenera\n, were also seen by us as far south as the urunga board walk , urunga heads , nsw , in january 2011 . in june 2011 seen by us further south along the nsw coast , first near old bar , nsw , then as far south as wybung head in munmorah sca .\nbrahminy kites measure about 18 - 20 inches ( 45 - 51 cm ) in length , and have a wingspan of 3 . 6 - 4 . 1 feet ( 109 - 124 cm ) . they weigh between 11 . 3 - 24 oz ( 320 - 670 g ) . the females tend to be slightly larger than the males .\nin march 2007 , mark chua came across a nesting pair of brahminy kites ( haliastur indus ) ( above ) raising two large chicks in a nest lodged high up in the fork of a tall casuarina tree ( casuarina equisetifolia ) . he managed to document the chicks in the nest , their fledging as well as many dramatic flight shots .\nbrahminy kites are medium - sized birds of prey with a white front and a brown back . head , neck and breast are white , whilte belly , wings and tail are brown . the eyes are black , the bill yellow and the feet pink with black talons . the underwing pattern shows dark - to mid - brown underwing coverts and light - brown flight feathers , of which the primaries have black tips . these black tips are also visible on the otherwise entirely brown upperwings . the yellowish - grey bill has a conspicuously long upper mandible . juvenile and immature brahminy kites are all mottled brown , with a back that is darker brown than the front . their bill is grey .\nimportant references : coates , b . j . 1985 . the birds of papua new guinea , including the bismarck archipelago and bougainville . vol . i . non - passerines . dove publications , alderley , queensland , australia . debus , s . j . s . 1994 . brahminy kite . p . 119 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds . ) , handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . debus , s . 1998 . the birds of prey of australia : a field guide . oxford university press , melbourne . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .\ndescription : brahminy kite has bright chestnut plumage except on head , neck and breast which are white , slightly streaked greyish - white . the broad wings are chestnut with blackish tips . the tail is rather short , tipped buffy - white . in flight , it appears rounded . on the underparts , chin , throat , breast and upper belly are white , with fine pale grey streaks . lower belly , vent and undertail coverts are chestnut . undertail feathers are chestnut , edged buffy - white . on the underwing , coverts are chestnut whereas flights feathers are buff - white . wings are tipped black on primaries . the slender , very hooked bill is pale yellow to horn - coloured . eyes are dark brown . legs and talons are pale yellow .\n. brahminy kites have a wide - ranging distribution , from the border of india with pakistan in the west via the entire subcontinent ( including inland areas ) , bangladesh , sri lanka , via most of south - east asia ( including inland areas of cambodia and thailand ) , to basically all tropical south - east asian / pacific islands and on to australia .\nwells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 136 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) ; strange , m . ( 1990 , october 7 ) . the gregarious kite that swoops and kills . the straits times , p . 7 . retrieved from newspapersg . 6 .\n, any of numerous birds of prey belonging to one of three subfamilies ( milvinae , elaninae , perninae ) of the family accipitridae . typically , a kite is lightly built , with a small head , partly bare face , short beak , and long narrow wings and tail . kites occur worldwide in warm regions . some kites live on insects ; others are primarily scavengers but also eat rodents and reptiles ; and a few are strictly snaileaters . kites are buoyant in flight , slowly flapping and gliding with wings angled back . several species are as graceful as terns .\nbrahminy pairs build untidy , compact nests using twigs , sticks , grass , seaweed , flotsam and other materials found in their habitat . the nest , once completed , is usually about 24 - 35 inches ( 60 - 90 cm ) wide and 6 - 12 inches ( 15 - 30 cm ) deep . the nest is typically situated close to water , 7 up to 99 feet ( ~ 2 - 30 meters ) above the ground - often in a prominent fork of a tall tree ; however , on rare occasions , they have nested on the ground under trees . the nests may be refurbished and reused over several seasons .\nbulgarian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . cebuano : banog . . . chinese : ? ? , ? ? , ? ? . . . czech : lun\u00e1k brahm\u00ednsk\u00fd , lu ? \u00e1k brahm\u00ednsk\u00fd . . . danish : brahminglente . . . dutch : brahmaanse wouw . . . estonian : valgepea - purihaugas . . . finnish : bramiinihaukka . . . french : milan \u00e0 t\u00eate blanche , milan sacr\u00e9 . . . german : brahminenweih . . . indonesian : boalemba , bun\u00e9a , elang bondol , ulung - ulung . . . italian : nibbio bramino , nibbio di brahama . . . japanese : shirogashiratobi . . . malayalam : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . mamasa : teng - nge . . . malay : helang ekor cabang , helang merah . . . maltese : astun rasu bajda . . . norwegian : brahminy kite , braminglente . . . polish : kania braminska , kania brami ? ska . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : haja brahmansk\u00e1 , orliak brahm\u00e1nsk\u00fd . . . spanish : milano brahm\u00e1n , milano bram\u00e1nico . . . swedish : brahminglada , braminglada . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . vietnamese : di ? u l ? a\nhabitat and habits : in australia , it occurs in coastal areas , estuaries , wetlands , rivers , swamps , and clearings , often hunting over forest canopy ( debus 1998 ) . coates ( 1985 ) described the preferred habitat in new guinea as the vicinity of water , including coastal areas , swamps , and rivers , and forest clearings , forest edges , gardens , and savanna . patrols coastlines , roads , and rivers ( coates and bishop 1997 ) . when it is not soaring , it spends its time on exposed perches in trees . usually occurs singly or in pairs , but also in small family groups . it does not usually form large flocks like some kite species ( olsen 1995 ) , although it sometimes roosts communally , rarely in groups reaching three figures ( wells 1999 ) . more . . . .\nmuhammad naeem awan , hassan ali & david c . lee an annotated checklist of birds and conservation issues in salkhala game reserve , an isolated important bird area in azad kashmir , pakistan\nsimon p . mahood & jonathan c . eames a review of the status of collared laughingthrush garrulax yersini and grey - crowned crocias crocias langbianis\nsayam u . chowdhury , alexander c . lees & paul m . thompson status and distribution of the endangered baer\u2019s pochard aythya baeri in bangladesh\njeremy p . bird , berry mulligan , rours vann , philip d . round & james j . gilroy habitat associations of the manchurian reed warbler acrocephalus tangorum wintering on the tonle sap floodplain and an evaluation of its conservation status\ncolin r . trainor , philippe verbelen & ron e . johnstone the avifauna of alor and pantar , lesser sundas , indonesia\nh . l . wright , n . j . collar , i . r . lake , bou vorsak & p . m . dolman foraging ecology of sympatric white - shouldered ibis pseudibis davisoni and giant ibis thaumatibis gigantea in northern cambodia\nle manh hung , mark b . robbins , nathan h . rice & erick a . garc\u00eda - trejo survey of the avifauna at muong nhe nature reserve , dien bien province , vietnam\nphilip d . round , john m . hobday , rungsrit kanjanavanit & james s . steward a nesting pair of gecinulus woodpeckers in a likely zone of intergradation between pale - headed woodpecker g . grantia and bamboo woodpecker g . viridis\npaul j . leader & geoff j . carey zappey\u2019s flycatcher cyanoptila cumatilis , a forgotten chinese breeding endemic\nalain hennache , simon p . mahood , jonathan c . eames & ettore randi lophura hatinhensis is an invalid taxon\nsimon p . mahood , david p . edwards & felicity a . edwards bar - winged wren babbler spelaeornis troglodytoides : a first record for vietnam , with speculation for 17 further avifaunal additions\nfrank e . rheindt & james a . eaton notes on the life - history and taxonomy of muscicapa dauurica umbrosa , an overlooked bornean canopy bird\ndavid j . kelly & nicola m . marples annual survival rate and mean life - span of lemon - bellied white - eyes zosterops chloris flavissimus on kaledupa island , wakatobi , south - east sulawesi , indonesia\nnorimasa sugita , toshitaka n . suzuki , craig a . barnett & keisuke ueda an intraspecific adult killing in female japanese great tits parus major minor\njames w . burnham & eric m . wood woolly - necked stork ciconia episcopus at napahai wetland , yunnan , china\nmohammad irham , e . meijaard & s . ( bas ) van balen new information on the distribution of white - fronted microhierax latifrons and black - thighed falconets m . fringillarius in kalimantan , indonesia\nsimon p . mahood & james a . eaton the vocalisations of red - collared woodpecker picus rabieri\njames a . fitzsimons , erik meijaard , iwan hunowu , dewi prawiradilaga , janelle l . thomas & johny s . tasirin diet of the speckled boobook ninox punctulata in north sulawesi , indonesia\noriental bird club , uk registered charity 297242 , is for people around the world who are interested in birds of the oriental region and their conservation .\nour website uses cookies to improve your experience . please visit our page about cookies for more information about cookies and how we use them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population is estimated to number > c . 100 , 000 individuals ( ferguson - lees\n. 2001 ) , while the population in china has been estimated at < c . 100 breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) .\nthe population is declining , especially in south - east asia , owing to loss of habitat , persecution , over - use of pesticides and , possibly , increased human hygiene resulting in reduction of available scraps ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nusually silent . drawn - out descending wail , like a bleating lamb : ' pee - ah - ah - ah ' ; meowing notes .\nmedium to large ( 45 cm to 60 cm e . g . raven )\nhandbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 2 ( raptors to lapwings ) .\noccurs on the indian subcontinent , through southern china and south - east asia , south to northern australia ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . haliastur indus indus is found in pakistan , india and sri lanka through southeast asia to southern china ; h . i . intermedius occurs on the malay peninsula , and in the greater and lesser sundas , sulawesi , the philippines , and the sula islands ; h . i . girrenera occupies the moluccas , new guinea , the bismarck archipelago , and australia ; and h . i . flavirostris is restricted to the solomon islands ( 5 ) .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\namphibians cold - blooded vertebrates of the class amphibia , such as frogs or salamanders , which characteristically hatch as aquatic larvae with gills . the larvae then transform into adults with air - breathing lungs . coverts small feathers concealing the bases of larger flight feathers , usually on the wings or tail . crustaceans diverse group of arthropods ( a phylum of animals with jointed limbs and a hard chitinous exoskeleton ) characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae , one pair of mandibles ( parts of the mouthparts used for handling and processing food ) and two pairs of maxillae ( appendages used in eating , which are located behind the mandibles ) . includes crabs , lobsters , shrimps , slaters , woodlice and barnacles . incubated the act of keeping eggs warm so that development is possible . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nferguson - lees , j . and christie , d . a . ( 2001 ) raptors of the world . christopher helm , london .\nwhistler , h . ( 1963 ) popular handbook of indian birds . oliver and boyd , edinburgh .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nthis species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nraces girrenera and flavirostris may intergrade in bismarck archipelago # r . four subspecies recognized .\n( boddaert , 1783 ) \u2013 pakistan , india and sri lanka through se asia to s china .\nblyth , 1865 \u2013 malay peninsula , philippines , greater and lesser sundas , sulawesi and related small islands , and sula is .\n( vieillot , 1822 ) \u2013 moluccas , new guinea , bismarck archipelago and n & e australia .\ncondon & amadon , 1954 \u2013 feni is and nearby green is ( off se new ireland ) , and solomon is .\n44\u201352 cm ; male 409\u2013650 g , female 434\u2013700 g ; wingspan 110\u2013125 cm . perched adult unmistakable , with chestnut back , wings and belly and white head , neck . . .\nmostly silent outside nesting season . commonest call among pair members a plaintive , descending mew . . .\ncoasts , estuaries , rivers , lakes , swamps , marshes , reservoirs , rice fields and urban areas ; in . . .\nvariety of small animals and carrion , including mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fish , arthropods , crustaceans , shellfish , cuttlefish . . .\ndry season in tropics , late winter and spring in subtropics . solitary . platform of sticks and other flotsam 40\u201360 cm wide , up to 20 . . .\ngenerally sedentary , although some breeders in s china may winter in se asia . mostly resident in . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . common to abundant and widespread in some tropical areas , where often benefits from human activity . clear - cutting of . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsubsumed within milvus by some authors , but differs in plumage , voice and behaviour .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : haliastur indus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nwas the recording modified significantly ? no . habitat : wetland behavior : call made while foraging .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nimage : marie louise ng , 9 january 2011 [ velociraptorize ] . nikon d3s , 70 - 200mm / f2 . 8\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative audience , feel free to email them to me for consideration .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfemale is similar to male , but she is larger and heavier . juvenile resembles adults , but it has browner plumage with whitish edges . the white parts are rather buffy - white streaked brown . the bill is blackish . on the underparts , secondary flight feathers and undertail feathers are greyish - brown . primary flight feathers are whitish .\nfemale lays 1 or 2 white eggs with some reddish - brown markings . incubation lasts about 28 to 35 days , by female . chicks are covered with cream to rufous down . they fledge about 44 to 56 days after hatching , according to the region . they reach their sexual maturity at 2 years of age . both parents share the nesting duties . breeding pairs are sedentary .\nthe red junglefowl ( gallus gallus ) is one of four species in the genus gallus . it is the wild ancestor of the domestic . . .\nthe black - naped tern ( sterna sumatrana ) is a slender white bird found in rocky islets near the singapore coast . it was . . .\nthe blue - throated bee - eater ( merops viridis ) is a bird with blue , green and brown plumage . it is one of two bee - eater . . .\nthe olive - backed sunbird ( cinnyris jugularis ) is one of singapore\u2019s resident birds . it is very common and is encountered . . .\nthe red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) is recognisable by its black upright crest and red patches on its cheeks . . .\nthe white - rumped shama ( copsychus malabaricus ) is a slender , predominantly black bird that has become one of the most . . .\nthe white - collared kingfisher ( todirhamphus chloris ) is one of eight documented species of kingfishers in singapore . . . .\nthe white - bellied sea eagle ( haliaeetus leucogaster ) is reputed to be singapore\u2019s largest common raptor or bird of prey , . . .\nthe black - naped oriole ( oriolus chinensis ) is a bird from the oriole family . it has yellow - and - black plumage and is . . .\nintroduced into singapore in the early 19th century , the angsana tree ( pterocarpus indicus ) belongs to the family fabaceae / leguminosae . . .\nciku ( manilkara zapota ) , a tropical fruit tree also known as sapodilla , belongs to the family sapotaceae . various species . . .\nflame of the forest ( scientific name delonix regia ) , introduced into singapore during the first half of the 19th century , . . .\nbats belong to an order of mammals known as chiroptera , a term that comes from the greek words cheiro ( \u201chand\u201d ) and ptera . . .\nmousedeer form the tragulidae family of small , even - toed ungulates in the mammalia order artiodactyla . other artiodactyl . . .\nfor nesting , the bird typically uses emergent trees in mangroves . it also nests in casuarina trees . nests are between 60 and 90 cm wide and lined with dried mud . building and repair of nests occur from late october to march . eggs are a dull chalky white , and are laid either between december and march , or in mid - june . usually two chicks are raised in the months from january to mid - august , but mostly in the earlier part of the season .\nand mudflats . it can also be found inland where there are open spaces like paddy land and old dredge mines . found throughout southeast asia , its range extends from india in the east to new guinea , the bismarck islands and australia in the west .\nmalay names : helang kembara merah ( \u201cblood - coloured eagle\u201d ) , 12 lang kawi ( \u201creddish - brown eagle\u201d ) . 13\nwells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 134 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) 2 .\nlim , k . s . , & chew , j . ( 2010 ) . a field guide to the birds of singapore . singapore : nature society , p . 10 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 lim ) ; yong , d . l . , & lim , k . c . ( 2016 ) . a naturalist\u2019s guide to the birds of singapore . oxford , england : john beaufoy publishing , p . 34 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 yon ) 3 .\nlim , k . s . ( 1997 ) . birds : an illustrated field guide to the birds of singapore . singapore : sun tree publishing , p . 73 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 095957 lim ) ; wells , d . r . ( 1999 ) . the birds of the thai - malay peninsula ( vol . 1 ) . san diego , ca : academic press , p . 136 . ( call no . : rsing 598 . 0959 wel ) 4 ."]}
{"id": 337, "summary": [{"text": "the grey-cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a medium-sized thrush .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species is 15 \u2013 17 cm in length , and has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of catharus thrushes .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a member of a close-knit group of migrant species together with the veery and bicknell 's thrush ; it forms a cryptic species pair with the latter .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the grey-cheeked thrush is all but indistinguishable from bicknell 's thrush except by its slightly larger size and different song .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the two were formerly considered conspecific .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "of all the american spotted thrushes , the gray-cheeked has the most northern breeding range . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "grey - cheeked thrush", "paragraphs": ["dave suddaby describes the remarkable discovery of ireland ' s first spring grey - cheeked thrush .\ngrey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) is a species of bird in the turdidae family .\nbering sea bicknell ' s thrush bicknelldrossel catharus bicknelli catharus fuscescens catharus guttatus catharus minimus catharus ustulatus einsiedlerdrossel gambell grauwangendrossel gray - cheeked thrush grey - cheeked thrush hermit thrush luscinia calliope northern wheatear oenanthe oenanthe pribilof islands siberian rubythroat st . lawrence island swainson ' s thrush veery wilsondrossel zwergdrossel\ngrey - cheeked thrushes produce distinctive , high - pitched songs with quick chippers .\nswainson ' s thrush has bold buffy eye rings and buffy cheeks ( not grey ) .\nthe latest sighting details and map for grey - cheeked thrush are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nthe gray - cheeked thrush benefits humans by eating insects that annoy or harm us .\nthere are no negative affects on humans or the environment from the gray - cheeked thrush .\ngray - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were only recently recognized as separate species . most of the information published in the last century on\ngray - cheeked thrush\nconcerned the bicknell ' s thrush instead of the gray - cheeked . although gray - cheeked thrush has a much larger range across north america , the bicknell ' s thrush ' s small range is closer to centers of human population , and therefore is the more accessible species .\nas similar species to the grey - cheeked thrush bicknell\u2019s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) , swainson\u2019s thrush ( catharus ustulatus ) , hermit thrush ( catharus guttatus ) and veery ( catharus fuscescens ) are possible and might give you a hard job to id . swainson\u2019s thrush has similar markings and coloring , but the face is buffy with a distinct buffy eye - ring . the hermit thrush has a distinct rusty tail and the veery is usually more reddish overall but shows some comparable features as the plain face and the spotting on the breast .\ni think you\u2019re fooling yourself if you think you can reliably separate migrant bicknell\u2019s from gray - cheeked ( or grey - cheeked , if you adhere strictly to gill and wright ) without having the bird firmly in hand .\ngrey - cheeked thrushes generally only produce one brood in a season ; however , if the first one fails early in the season , they may have a second .\nuntil recently , the grey - cheeked and bicknell ' s thrushes were considered conspecific ( one and the same species ) . even though the grey - cheeked thrushes have a much larger range across north america than their close relatives , the bicknell ' s thrushes are typically found closer to urban areas and are , therefore , more likely to be encountered .\nhermit thrush has a dull brown back , a distinct rusty tail and rump .\nduring the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil .\nlaughlin , s . , d . kibbe . 1985 .\ngray - cheeked thrush catharus minimus\n( on - line ) . accessed october 8 , 2000 at urltoken .\nthe breeding territory of the grey - cheeked thrushes extends from northeast siberia across northern alaska east to northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador and newfoundland ; and west to northern ontario , manitoba , saskatchewan and northern british columbia .\nit is said , that the grey - cheeked thrush is quite a shy species , especially during migration . this thrush is the least well studies of the spotted thrushes ( catharus sp . ) , and has the most northern breeding range stretching across the taiga from newfoundland to eastern siberia . the non - breeding range is not well known , but includes parts of northern south america east of the andes from colombia to northwestern brazil .\nveery thrush is smaller in size ( 6 . 5 - 7 . 75 inches or 17 - 20 cm in length ) , has a uniformly brown / more reddish plumage , lacks the grey cheeks and with only faint spotting on the chest .\nthe oldest recorded gray - cheeked thrush was at least 6 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 2005 . it had been banded in florida in 1999 .\nduring the winter , the gray - cheeked thrush migrates to the northern part of south america into colombia , venezuela , south to peru , and into northwest brazil . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )\nchipper woods bird observatory , 2000 .\ngray - cheeked thrush\n( on - line ) . accessed october 3 , 2000 at http : / / www . wbu . com . / chipperwoods / photos / grthrush . htm .\nsong : some claim that these birds are easier to distinguish in the dark due to significant vocal differences . their shared song consists of a jumbled series of notes , usually four phrases . in bicknell\u2019s , the song ends on a rising note , while the gray - cheek slurs that final note downward . bicknell\u2019s songs are typically longer than those of grey - cheeked , averaging 2 . 45 seconds vs . 1 . 99 . also , grey - cheeked do not typically sing a song type twice in succession . here is a graphic comparison of the song of the two birds .\na trip to the tiny village of gambell on the north - western tip of the big st . lawrence island in the middle of the bering sea yielded grey - cheeked thrush as the only representative of catharus \u2013 thrushes . some tough birders flew in from the end of may to observe mainly the seabird migration . but during our seven - day stay on the gambell\u2013 led by a guide from high lonesome tours \u2013 we could\nwood thrush : upper plumage is brown with a bright rusty - colored head . plumage below is whitish with large dark spots .\n17\u201318\u00b75 cm ; 26\u201350 g . nominate race is olive - tinged grey - brown above , dull whitish below , with slightly greyish face , indistinct pale eyering , dark brown . . .\ncollar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . grey - cheeked thrush ( catharus minimus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects such as beetles , weevils , ants , wasps , and caterpillars . they may also consume spiders , crayfish , sow bugs , and earthworms . they also eat grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , and raspberries . (\ngray - cheeked thrushes have a large range and large population size . they are protected by the u . s . migratory bird act .\nthe gray - cheeked thrush eats mostly insects such as beetles , weevils , ants , wasps , and caterpillars . they may also consume spiders , crayfish , sow bugs , and earthworms . they also eat grapes , wild cherries , blackberries , and raspberries . ( barker , 2000 )\nbicknell\u2019s thrush ( catharus bicknelli ) was discovered as distinct from the established gray - cheeked thrush ( c . minimus ) back in 1881 when eugene p . bicknell visited new york\u2019s catskill mountains . considered merely a subspecies , bicknell\u2019s was finally peeled off gray - cheeked by the american ornithologists\u2019 union ( aou ) in 1995 . the birds were separated on the basis of differing songs , ranges , and physical characteristics , but dna testing was most convincing , establishing that they probably diverged from a common ancestor about one million years ago . still , these birds are so similar that most authorities state the two are not separable in the field . that\u2019s not going to stop you though , is it ? here are some tips to tell bicknell\u2019s and gray - cheeked thrushes apart .\nthis might be the least - studied north american thrush . except by range and song , it can be tough to distinguish from its cousin , the bicknell\u2019s thrush . the song is lovely , flute - like and burry , rising in the middle and then ending on a downward slur . another of wc\u2019s favorites in alpine terrain .\nidentity theft occurs with astonishing regularity in the avian world where all too often , species share so many overlapping traits as to appear virtually indistinguishable . empidonax flycatchers are an excellent example of this phenomenon in north america , as are scaup . more esoteric , but no more simplistic , is the difference between gray - cheeked and bicknell\u2019s thrush .\nthe length of the gray - cheeked thrush is about 16 centimeters . the sexes are similar and have a distinctive song which is very high pitched with quick chippers . they have olive - brown upper parts , gray cheeks , and pink legs . the under parts are white with grayish flanks . it also has a gray , indistinct eye ring .\neven in hand it can be tough to distinguish bicknell\u2019s from gray - cheeked . i\u2019ve had birds in the hand that had a tail that contrasted with the body , but they\u2019ve measured out to be gray - cheeked , and i\u2019ve had one bird i was sure to be gray - cheeked that i could only record as gcbt ( a code used when you can not differentiate between the 2 ) because there too much overlap in the measurements ( except for p8 - p1 ) , although it looked very much gray - cheeked ( no contrast between tail and body ) . i\u2019ve come to the conclussion that most people who \u201cconfirm\u201d bicknell\u2019s by sight are just trying to pad their lists .\nthe length of the gray - cheeked thrush is about 16 centimeters . the sexes are similar and have a distinctive song which is very high pitched with quick chippers . they have olive - brown upper parts , gray cheeks , and pink legs . the under parts are white with grayish flanks . it also has a gray , indistinct eye ring . ( laughlin , 1985 )\nof all the american spotted thrushes , the gray - cheeked has the most northern breeding range . consequently this shy skulker of the underbrush is not well known and is rather infrequently seen .\ntaking multiple refueling breaks helps some birds fare better during migration . but for gray - cheeked thrushes , a two - week binge session in colombia can be all they need to reach north america .\nwe rely on sound and location for those tricky flycatchers , and although i would love to see a bicknell\u2019s thrush i am almost glad we are not within their range . all part of the fun , yeah ?\nbicknell ' s thrush very similar in appearance , except for smaller size ( average length 2 . 9 inches or 7 . 5 centimeters ) , shorter wings , buffier face and chest , and more noticeable eye rings . otherwise very similar markings and very difficult to id in the field . most easily separated by their different ranges and vocalizations . the bicknell ' s thrush is found in the northeast us and canada - typically spruce - fir habitat above 900 meters or 3 , 000 feet .\ni\u2019m not all that confident separating a bicknell\u2019s thrush outside of its breeding range . it seems to me that the differences are very subtle , and may not be apparent in the woods . if i ever get one to sing , it might be a different story .\nthe gray - cheeked thrush usually has one brood per season . they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season . the female builds the nest which normally consists of dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud . the incubation period is thirteen to fourteen days . they incubate between three to five eggs , but usually only four . the eggs are light greenish - blue , marked with light brown dots or splotches , and are oval to short - oval in shape . the young are initially dependent on their parents for food .\naltitude : this is actually a pretty fair way to distinguish between the two in the areas they overlap . bicknell\u2019s thrush prefers mountaintop forests above 3000 feet . if you run into one of these birds high up in , say , the adirondacks , chances are good that you\u2019ve got a bicknell\u2019s .\nthe gray - cheeked thrush usually has one brood per season . they will lay a second brood if the first nest fails early in the season . the female builds the nest which normally consists of dried grasses mixed with a supporting layer of mud . the incubation period is thirteen to fourteen days . they incubate between three to five eggs , but usually only four . the eggs are light greenish - blue , marked with light brown dots or splotches , and are oval to short - oval in shape . the young are initially dependent on their parents for food . ( barker , 2000 )\nthe gray - cheeked thrushes ( catharus minimus ) are strongly migratory songbirds that breed as far north as siberia , alaska and northern canada and migrate to south america for the winter . these greyest of all north american thrushes have the most northern breeding range and migrate the longest distance of all small thrushes .\nthe passerine birds we encountered on gambell might be not as spectacular as the siberian rubythroat ( luscinia calliope ) and the 2 northern wheatear ( oenanthe oenanthe ) we observed on the pribilof islands some days before . but for the sole wp - birder of the group this was a perfect situation to twitch this beautiful but inconspicuous thrush .\n* first ebird record for jamaica . singing & seen on the edge of logwood ii near l 10 ! singing whisper song almost continuously for 15 minutes while i was in the area , i viewed it at close range ( about 25 feet ) for 2 minutes straight ; obvious catharus thrush , clearly gray - cheeked / bicknell ' s due to overall brown coloration ( w some slight reddish on tail and wings , but very slight ) , clean grayish wash on cheeks , and no buffy lores as swainson ' s would show ; song a descending cascade of whistles , very much reminded me of veery , but higher - pitched , more nasal ; bicknell ' s ruled out based on song differences & i don ' t believe bicknell ' s winters at low elevations in jamaica - also , this sighting seems to align with migration timing of gray - cheeked through the u . s . ; i have a lot of experience with this species during spring migration in the u . s .\nsize : one prominent physical distinction is that bicknell\u2019s is noticeably smaller than gray - cheeked . a difference of 10 % translates into almost an inch separating them , but since the birds are highly unlikely to stand shoulder to shoulder for you , compare to other available species . bicknell\u2019s also shows shorter wings with a shorter primary projection .\nboth of these catharus thrushes are olive - brown above with dark spots on a white breast washed with buff . this coloration extends through the underparts , though the spots do not . gray flanks and pink legs round out the common description . if you encounter one of these birds in the field , distinguish it from the other spotted thrushes by plumage and face patterning . the veery is cinnamon overall , while hermit thrushes flaunt those fetching rufous tails . swainson\u2019s thrush is notable for its buffy eye ring and cheeks .\nrange : gray - cheeked thrushes range widely , wintering in south america . they migrate through central america as well as the greater antilles up into much of the eastern united states on their way to upper canada and alaska . they\u2019ve even been spotted in europe . bicknell\u2019s , on the other hand , is considered primarily a new england bird , though its breeding range actually extends from the catskills where they were initially discovered up to the northern gulf of the st . lawrence . bicknell\u2019s also spends the colder months in the greater antilles with an estimated 90 % of them wintering on hispaniola .\nall the brown - backed thrushes can be shy and hard to see , but the gray - cheek is perhaps the most elusive . during migration it hides in dense woods , slipping away when a birder approaches . on its far northern nesting grounds it may be more easily seen , especially in late evening , when it sings from treetops .\nboreal forest , tundra scrub ; in migration , other woodlands . breeds in northern spruce forest , often rather open and stunted , and north of treeline in thickets of willow and alder on tundra . winters in tropical forest .\nforages mostly on the ground , hopping about under cover of dense thickets . sometimes seen feeding on berries up in shrubs or trees .\n4 , sometimes 3 - 5 , perhaps rarely 6 . pale blue , with vague brown spots , sometimes almost unmarked . incubation is by female , 12 - 14 days . young : both parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .\nboth parents feed nestlings . young leave nest about 11 - 13 days after hatching .\nmostly insects and berries . diet through the year is not known in detail . in north america , feeds on a variety of insects , including beetles , caterpillars , ants , wasps , fly larvae , and many others ; also spiders and some other invertebrates . also eats many berries and wild fruits . winter diet in tropics poorly known .\nmale arrives first on breeding grounds and establishes territory , defending it by singing . in courtship , male pursues female in swift flight among the trees . nest : often placed very low or even on the ground ; usually less than 10 ' up , sometimes up to 24 ' . ground nests are often among bases of willow or alder shoots , while higher nests may be against trunk of conifer at base of branches . nest ( built by female ) is a well - made open cup of grass , moss , twigs , weeds , strips of bark , sometimes with some mud added ; lined with fine grass and rootlets .\nmigrates mostly at night . birds from alaska ( and eastern siberia ) apparently migrate far east in fall before turning south . many probably make a nonstop flight from northeastern north america to northern south america .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d\nthe darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird\u2019s suitable climate may shift in the future\u2014one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\naerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nkeith and lynn youngs , robert schaefer , dennis arendt , josep del hoyo , bill wayman , keith blomerley , richard garrigues .\nmarvinhyett , hal and kirsten snyder , phillip edwards , guy poisson , miriam bauman , gustavo a . rodr\u00edguez , david m . gascoigne , eduardo freitez gassan , alan tate , juan fdo . alvarez castro , stu elsom , lee hunter , r\u00f3ger rodr\u00edguez , lars petersson .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nclean recording , no editing other than trimming ends . small island in the yukon of mostly medium sized willows . the willows had been defoliated by some type of caterpillars which i ' d been seeing off and on along much of the river . these birds were worked up because i was wandering around trying to get fox sparrow recordings . sounds like at least 3 birds in this recording . at least one male . the rest are unknown . it seemed like birds in general were singing later in the summer than normal . i theorized that it had something to do with all the caterpillars ( although they had vanished at this point and did not seem to turn into anything ) . hot , muggy ( 80 + f ) , calm .\nnatural vocalization ; ' seer ' calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of the ' seer ' call for this species .\nnatural vocalization ; chatter calls from one of a pair moving low through a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra . these birds seemed quite alarmed by my presence , and i suspect i was near a nest . as far as i know this represents the first recording of this rare vocalization .\nsong and two chatter calls from the same bird as in xc139585 in response to playback .\nnatural vocalization ; song from a bird perched near the top of a 2m tall willow in a dense willow carr surrounded by tundra .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : catharus minimus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nnortheast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario . ( barker , 2000 )\noccupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat . ( laughlin , s . b . , 1985 )\nthey will seek cover under large rocks in sparsely vegetated arctic regions . ( barker , 2000 )\nmales sing from the top of a low tree or shrub . they sing mainly during dawn or dusk . they will sometimes sing during the day except during the breeding season . ( barker , 2000 )\ntheir habit of eating berries contributes to the propagation of plants as undigested seeds are transported to other locations . ( chipper woods bird observatory , 2000 )\ndayna baillo ( author ) , milford high school , george campbell ( editor ) , milford high school .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nconiferous or boreal forest , located in a band across northern north america , europe , and asia . this terrestrial biome also occurs at high elevations . long , cold winters and short , wet summers . few species of trees are present ; these are primarily conifers that grow in dense stands with little undergrowth . some deciduous trees also may be present .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\na terrestrial biome with low , shrubby or mat - like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations , near the limit of plant growth . soils usually subject to permafrost . plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short .\nbarker , s . 2000 .\nbirds in forested landscape\n( on - line ) . accessed october 15 , 2000 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : baillo , d . 2001 .\ncatharus minimus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nobserve many more species migrating to their breeding grounds in the tundra landscape of eastern siberia and alaska .\nto cope with the growing demand for top shots of the rarer species of the palearctic bird - lens is keen to enrich the range of pictures of birds you can find in the western palearctic . trips to remote places or to common \u2013 but underestimated locations as described above \u2013 to capture images of rare birds of western palearctic were very successful . the nice images you find in the gallery are only a first impression , what you will find in the gallery in the \u201c picture shop \u201d very soon . just give me a message , if urltoken could serve you with an image needed before the new pictures are online .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nerfahrungsbericht sigma 120 - 300 f 2 . 8 apo ex dg os hsm \u2013 vorg\u00e4nger vom s\nnational park service u . s . department of the interior natural resource stewardship and science\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanother bird that visits alaska to breed , prefering brushy habitats . wc has seen it most often near tree line in near - alpine country . very shy and elusive , except during the start of breeding season when the males sing from the tops of bushes and the dwarf spruce .\ncamera geek stuff : f5 . 6 , 1 / 800 , iso2500 , + 0 . 33ev .\nresponsible wingnut gun owners acting responsible about their guns . good for a laugh .\nmfi\u2026 . everyone i have talked to is very happy about denali . . thank you president obama . also , sen . sullivan was first against the name change , then changed his mind . 32 degrees in tok , light snow . . tok school has inservice for 2 days . . the kids and i are enjoying the fun times outside . yipee\u2026\nmy green beans got frost bit overnight . supposed to be colder in the morning . i just picked some apples for a friend right before dark and the skeeters was everywhere . gonna be back in the 60s tomorrow and for the next several days . farmers couldn\u2019t ask for nicer harvest conditions . you can keep the snow if you\u2019d like to .\nthe black guy in the white house named denali , denali . has alaska imploded yet . ? curious iowan would like to know .\nhad no idea sperm whales swam that far north . always figured they were denizens of the south pacific around the south pole . thank you , ms pi . ps we are supposed to get first frost friday .\nforgot to mention it is supposed to be sunny , windy and in the low 90s this day . unusual for iowa in fall . if someone\u2019s corn fiels catches on fire it could get real interesting around her real fast . corn is in an advanced state of dryness and harvest is in full swing .\nwe are warmer than normal here too but only in low 50s with lots of wind and rain . some snow up high . no fires there ! would scare me to be surrounded by all that dry stuff\u2026\npuny looking li\u2019l thing for alaska\u2019s environment . has anyone figured out what was causing all them there whales to pass away off the coast of alaska ? haven\u2019t heard anything from landlocked iowa .\nwe have lots of lil bitty critters here mikey . the alaskan red squirrel here is 11 - 13 inches long including tail whereas most squirrels outside are 16 - 27 inches overall ( except the lil douglas squirrel )\nin fall , these birds migrate south for the winter . during the migration , they travel mostly through eastern two thirds of the united states . they migrate mainly at night .\nthey winter in the northern part of south america , specifically colombia , venezuela , south to peru and northwestern brazil . other populations spend the winter on islands of the west indies .\nrange : breed in extreme northeastern siberia , alaska and canada . winter in northern south america ( including colombia , venezuela , peru and brazil ) , mainly east of the andes mountain range .\nrange : breed in southeastern canada . winter in the west indies ( an island group that stretches from florida southward , then west along the north coast of the south american country of venezuela )\nthe open cup nest is constructed by the female out of dried grasses , twigs , moss , stems and other plant material and the nest is reinforced with mud .\ntheir nests are typically placed on the ground at the base of a shrub or low in branches of shrubs .\na nest may contain 3 - 5 pale blue - green , eggs ( average 4 ) with fine brown spotting . the eggs are incubated by the female for about 13 - 14 days .\nchinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : drozd \u0161edol\u00edc\u00ed . . . danish : gr\u00e5kindet skovdrossel . . . dutch : grijswang dwerglijster . . . estonian : tundrar\u00e4stas . . . finnish : tundrarastas . . . faroese : vangagr\u00e1ur tr\u00f8stur . . . french : grive \u00e0 joues grises . . . german : braunkopf - musendrossel , grauwangendrossel . . . irish : sm\u00f3lach glasleicneach . . . hebrew : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . icelandic : hl\u00fdra\u00fer\u00f6stur . . . italian : tordo di baird , tordo guancegrigie , tordo usignolo minimo . . . japanese : haiirochatsugumi , haiirokotsugumi . . . lithuanian : bly\u0161kiaskruotis strazdas . . . norwegian : gr\u00e5kinnskogtrost . . . polish : drozdek szarolicy . . . portuguese : sabia - de - cara - cinza , tordo - de - faces - cinzentas . . . russian : maly drozd , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : drozd sivol\u00edci . . . slovenian : alja\u0161ki cikovtnik . . . spanish : tordo de cara gris , tordo de mejillas grises , zorzal cara gris , zorzal carigris , zorzal de mejilla gris , zorzal migratorio , zorzalito carigris . . . swedish : gr\u00e5kindad skogstrast . . . turkish : gri yanakl ? ard ? \u00e7 , gri - yanakl ? ard ? \u00e7\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\nbrowse all of today ' s sightings . to submit your own reports , you can complete the online submissions form , email sightings @ urltoken , phone us on 0333 577 2473 , or text birds rpt followed by your message to 07786 200505 . these details are only for submitting bird news \u2013 for everything else , go to the contact us page .\nmap details of sightings are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nin the past placed in genus hylocichla . formerly treated as conspecific with c . bicknelli ; intermediates between the two occur , and newfoundland population of present species approaches c . bicknelli in size and coloration . range of nominate race debatable ; race aliciae only slightly different , and species sometimes treated as monotypic . two subspecies currently recognized .\n( s . f . baird , 1858 ) \u2013 ne siberia ( e from r kolyma ) , alaska and canada ; non - breeding mainly n south america e of andes , scarce in greater antilles .\n( lafresnaye , 1848 ) \u2013 e canada ( newfoundland , possibly also n quebec ) ; non - breeding n south america e of andes .\nsong , rarely in winter quarters and generally limited to 6 - week period on breeding grounds , a . . .\nbreeds in taiga and adjacent tundra , where found in areas of medium - height shrubs with dense woody . . .\ninvertebrates , with some fruit . stomachs of birds mostly on spring and autumn passages held 75 % animal and 25 % vegetable matter : beetles . . .\nmid - may to early aug in north america and jun\u2013jul in siberia ; single - brooded . monogamous . no data on territory size , but recorded . . .\nlong - distance migrant . departure from breeding grounds begins mid - aug , mostly complete by early . . .\n, given ratios of 1 : 5 ( ringing records , wisconsin ) , 1 : 4 ( . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\n2003 windsor , trelawny 3 banded - 2003 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2005 / 6 ; 5 banded - 2007 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2008 / 10 ; 1 banded - 2009 / 9 ; 2 banded - 2009 / 10 . susan koenig\n2003 b / s windsor , portland . nov 8 , 2003 . 1 netted & photographed in hand ; wing chord = 103 mm . gary graves\n2004 font hill w / life sanctuary , st . elizabeth . apr 16 , 2004 . 1 obsv\u2019d . h . davis & lynn duda\n2004 long mtn , st . andrew . banded . s . koenig & c . levy .\n2013 / 04 / 01 1 font hill nature res . st . elizabeth garrett mcdonald *\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nformerly included in an outsize muscicapidae . genetic studies show present family to be sister to a more narrowly defined muscicapidae # r # r # r # r ; in line with this proximity , many genera traditionally grouped herein have recently been transferred to muscicapidae , although some placements remain provisional .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\noccupant of the boreal forest of northern canada and alaska . little is known about their winter habitat .\nnortheast siberia across alaska and northern canada to north - central quebec , labrador , and newfoundland . south to northern british columbia , saskatchewan , manitoba , and ontario .\nthis species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 4 , 100 , 000 km\u0113 . it has a large global population estimated to be 12 , 000 , 000 individuals ( rich et al . 2003 ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern . [ conservation status from urltoken ]\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com\nface : both birds have gray cheeks , but bicknell\u2019s has more of an eye ring as well as brighter yellow at the base of the lower bill .\nmike is a leading authority in the field of standardized test preparation , but he ' s also a traveler who fully expects to see every bird in the world . besides founding 10 , 000 birds , mike has also created a number of other entertaining but now extirpated nature blog resources , particularly the nature blog network and i and the bird .\nfrankly , i know that i am unlikely to differentiate these birds even if one was sitting on my knee . but with enough environmental , vocal , and physical cues , it can be done . as birdfreak points out , birders already rely on such subtleties to distinguish empids and a host of other birds .\nwelcome to 10 , 000 birds , just the place for people who love birds , pictures of birds , and people who write about birds , birding , conservation , and much more .\nget 10 , 000 birds in your email inbox every day . sign up for our free email newsletter !\nfb , by james hogg : i always seem to end up at a se . . .\ntempted to buy this beer just for the design , love it ! . . .\nstill going strong . bravo ! i know where you are coming fro . . .\n\u00a9 2013 10 , 000 birds . all words , images , and opinions are the property of their respective authors unless stated otherwise ."]}
{"id": 338, "summary": [{"text": "the napo saki ( pithecia napensis ) , also known as the napo monk saki , is a species of saki monkey , a type of new world monkey .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "its range includes parts of eastern ecuador and northern peru .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the name is derived from the napo river in its locality .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species was originally described by l\u00f6nnberg as the subspecies pithecia monachus napensis and has been treated as a synonym of p. monachus monachus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "hershkovitz retained it under p. monachus in 1987 , but it was raised to full species status in 2014 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "napo saki", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about napo saki ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for napo saki ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndear goshan your comments make our staff in napo wildlife center and kichwa a\u00f1angu comunity full feel of proud and energy to continue improving in our project . best regards\ngenerally , sexual dimorphism\u2014differences in size , color , and / or body structure between the male and female of a species\u2014is subtle among sakis . however , in species such as the guianan saki , sexual dimorphism is distinct . guianan males have all - black , shaggy , long fur coats with a pale , yellow - orange face and black nose ; female guianans have gray - brown fur coats with white - tipped hairs and white stripes on the sides of their noses\nlong , coarse hair covers the saki\u2019s body , including its bushy , tapered tail . fur color varies from black , to gray , to rust , depending on species . the hair on their body and tail piloerects ( \u201cstands on end\u201d ) when the monkeys perceive a threat\u2014giving the illusion that the monkeys are bigger than their actual size . a moppy head of hair , akin to a bad toupee , sits above a fuzzy face ( the faces of some species are naked , however ) , and long hair drapes over their shoulders like a furry cape .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nno one has contributed data records for pithecia monachus napensis yet . learn how to contribute .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nwe stayed here for 3 nights , and we absolutely loved it ! ! ! the place is really amazing - be it the diversity of the wildlife or the warmth and smiles of the staff of the lodge . the room was really special - we stayed right next to the lake , and it was so amazing to sit on the porch and listen . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nnew world monkeys : new world monkeys are native to central and south america , whereas old world monkeys are native to africa and asia . new world monkeys tend to be smaller than old world monkeys , typically have prehensile ( grasping ) tails , and color vision . visit primate facts for additional differences in physical characteristics between new world vs . old world primates . genus : a group of related animals or plants that includes several or many different species . disturbed habitat : a temporary change in environmental conditions that causes a pronounced change in an ecosystem . secondary forest : a forest that has regrown after a major habitat disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest ( including clear cutting of a forest ) , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest . . palm swamp : palm swamps are formed in low , seasonally inundated flat areas with poor drainage and are characteristic of the amazon basin . these particular swamps are dominated by a 115 - foot tall ( 35 - m ) palm tree known as the aguaje . ecosystem : a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment .\nboth males and females are equipped with distinct throat glands that they use for scent marking .\n) . early wildlife biologists had mistakenly identified the distinct chest ruff of sakis as a \u201cbeard\u201d ; however , later biologists determined that \u201ctruly bearded sakis\u201d are a separate species .\ndiet sakis are mainly frugivores ; that is , they feast predominantly on fruits , which comprise 90 percent of their diet . but they are a special kind of frugivore . whereas some monkey species seek out lush , ripe fruit , sakis have a penchant for unripe fruits . they also enjoy munching on seeds , which they grind between their teeth with assistance from their powerful jaws . the remaining 10 percent of their diet consists of leaves , insects , and spiders .\nsakis are called \u201cflying monkeys\u201d by locals because of the speed and agility the monkeys use to leap from tree to tree .\nthe page you were looking for could not be located on our site . please try entering the information you were looking for into our search :\nthe national wildlife federation welcomes the news that epa administrator scott pruitt has stepped down from his position to allow new leadership for this critical agency .\nfind out what it means to source wood sustainably , and see how your favorite furniture brands rank based on their wood sourcing policies , goals , and practices .\nclimate change is allowing ticks to survive in greater numbers and expand their range\u2014influencing the survival of their hosts and the bacteria that cause the diseases they carry .\ntell your members of congress to save america ' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america ' s wildlife act .\nyou don ' t have to travel far to join us for an event . attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates .\nin 4 seconds , you will be redirected to nwfactionfund . org , the site of the national wildlife action fund , a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 339, "summary": [{"text": "fagesia is a small , subglobular ammonite ( suborder ammonitina ) belonging to the vascoceratid family of the acanthocerataceae that lived during the turonian stage of the late cretaceous , 92-88 ma ago .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the shell of fagesia is about 9.5 cm ( 3.47 in ) in diameter , typically with blunt umbilical tubercles from which spring 2 or three ribs each , but which are lost in the late growth stage .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the suture is ammonitic with long spikey lobes and saddles with rounded subelements . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "fagesia", "paragraphs": ["belongs to fagesia according to f . barroso - barcenilla and a . goy 2009\ntree of life web project . 2000 . fagesia . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .\nno one has contributed data records for edwardsiella ( fagesia ) yet . learn how to contribute .\nfagesia shastensis : cas 2358 . 01 , a shell . its type locality is middle fork of cottonwood creek , which is in a turonian marine siliciclastic in california .\n( of edwardsiella ( fagesia ) carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinqui\u00e8re , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe ammonites assigned to the genera fagesia pervinqui\u00e8re , and neoptychites kossmat , of the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new mainly lower turonian specimens of the species fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . tevesthensis ( peron ) , f . rudra ( stoliczka ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , f . pachydiscoides spath , and neoptychites cephalotus ( courtiller ) have also been presented . in addition we have described one new species : f . mortzestus . studies of the morphologies and the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of all these species have led to the identification of several phylogenetic relationships between them , and to distinguishing one main phase in the evolution of the family vascoceratidae douvill\u00e9 , characterised by the dominance of fagesia with neoptychites .\n( of fagesia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) van der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n. . . it seems to coincide with the 3 rd order depositional sequence uza - 2 . 5 ofhaq et al . ( 1988 ) and with the sequences dc - 6a and dc - 6b of floquet ( 1998 ) , ucof wrightoceras with donenriquoceras , in the pseudotissotiidae , of hoplitoides , in the coilopoceratidae , and the upper part of fagesia with neoptychites , with the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) obliquus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) reveliereanus , spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) combesi , spathites ( ingridella ) depressus , spathites ( spathites ) laevis , spathites ( spathites ) sulcatus , mammites nodosoides , fagesia superstes , neoptychites cephalotus , wrightoceras munieri , donenriquoceras forbesiceratiforme and hoplitoides ingens . in it , the taxonomic diversity is comparatively high ( 12 species ) , and among the represented forms the endemic ones stand out , such as s . ( j . ) obliquus , s . ( i . ) depressus and s . ( s . ) sulcatus ( santamar\u00eda - zabala , 1995 ; barroso - barcenilla 2007 ) , together with those which seem to have arisen by means of processes more or less marked of adaptation to the platform palaeoenvironments , such as s . ( j . ) combesi and f . superstes ( batt , 1989 ; westermann , 1996 ) . . . .\nthe ' plattenkalk ' of vallecillo , approximately 100 km north of monterrey in north - eastern mexico , has yielded an ammonite assemblage of both north american ( western interior ) and tethyan elements , comprising tragodesmoceras bassi morrow , quitmaniceras reaseri powell , watinoceras coloradoense ( henderson ) , pseudaspidoceras pseudonodosoides ( choffat ) , p . flexuosum powell , mammites nodosoides ( schl\u00fcter ) , vascoceras birchbyi cobban and scott , fagesia catinus ( mantell ) , f . superstes ( kossmat ) , and a few indeterminate forms . the excellent pres - ervation of the shells , for instance of apertures , stomach contents or spines joined to the body chambers of p . flexuosum , as well as the occasional presence of aptychi , indicate rapid burial shortly after death . correlation with the cenomanianeturonian boundary gssp at pueblo , colorado , indicates continuous deposition from the latest cenomanian to the early turonian at vallecillo . the index species p . flexuosum shows a diachro - nous first appearance datum between the two sections .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : vascoceratidae according to w . j . kennedy and a . s . gale 2016\nsee also barroso - barcenilla and goy 2009 , chancellor 1982 , cobban and hook 1983 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy et al . 2008 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 , reyment 1954 , sepkoski 2002 and zaborski 1987\nsee also anderson 1958 , chancellor 1982 , faraud 1940 , ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , kennedy 1994 , kennedy and simmons 1991 , kennedy et al . 1987 , meister 1989 and renz 1982\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 97 . 5 , shell diameter 201 . 6\ndaly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .\nfautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .\nedwardsiidae with the column divisible into scapus and scapulus , the former very long and provided with an usually strong , sometimes very thick cuticle . aboral end rounded , flattened or rarely physa - like . scapus without nemathybomes and tenaculi , with nematocysts either scattered or arranged in groups . scapulus often ridged with numerous nematocysts on the ridges . tentacles 6 + 6 + 12 to about 40 , the inner longer than the outer ones . a single , ventral siphonoglyph . mesenteries as in edwardsia . retractors diffuse , fairly restricted , parietal muscles well developed . cnidom : spirocysts , basitrichs , microbasic b - and p - mastigophors .\ncarlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .\nthe information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .\nplease note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .\nkeyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nvan der land , j . ; den hartog , j . h . ( 2001 ) . actiniaria , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 106 - 109 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\n( of milne carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of milne - edwardsia carnea ( gosse , 1856 ) ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia carnea gosse , 1856 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia microps gosse ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of favesia ( milne - edwardsia ) carnea ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of halcampa microps gosse , 1858 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwell - defined , slightly polygonal due to thickening of the body wall between the macrocnemes .\nthis pretty little anemone occurs in holes and crevices amongst rocks , particularly the empty , or even occupied , borings of piddocks . it is found in sheltered places out of the light , such as beneath overhangs or in caves , often forming large local populations . when exposed by the receding tide the tentacles are retracted leaving only the white or yellow tip of the introverted\nvisible ; thus it may prove difficult to find and is frequently overlooked , although common in some areas . it occurs from about mtl to shallow water offshore .\nrecorded from all coasts of britain but is most common in the south and west . elsewhere it is known from south scandinavia and north france and may extend to the mediterranean (\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . suture not completely preserved but preserved part consisting of narrow and denticular lobes with wide , convex , and denticular saddles ( fig . 12a5 ) . , 1907 ; robaszynski et al . , 1990 ; chancellor et al . , 1994 ; meister & abdallah , 2005 ) , jordan ( ali et al . , 2008 ) , israel ( freund & raab , 1969 ) , spain ( barroso - barcenilla goy , 2009 ) , and france ( kennedy & wright , 1979b ) . in egypt , it is known from the lower turonian of khashm el tarif , central east sinai ( ali & abdel - gawad , 2001a ) , and the eastern desert ( el qot , 2008 ) . . . .\ncenomanian - turonian ammonites from eastern sinai , egypt , and their biostratigraphic significance . beringeria 42\ndepositional sequences and cephalopod assemblages in the upper cenomanian - lower santonian of the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) .\n1 , identificar las secuencias y parasecuencias deposicionales del santoniense - maastrichtiense de la cuenca ib\u00e9rica . 2 , posicionar las unidades litoestratigr\u00e1ficas actuales respecto de las secuenci\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe ammonite genus vascoceras choffat , 1898 ( family vascoceratidae douville , 1912 ) in the iberian tr . . .\nthe ammonites assigned to the genus vascoceras of the wiedmann ( universit\u00e4t tubingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( universidad complutense de madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . subsequently , new representatives of the species vascoceras gamai , v . charoni sp . nov . , v . barcoicense , v . durandi , v . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe ammonites assigned to the family pseudotissotiidae of the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the iberian trough have been revised . new , mainly lower turonian , specimens of the species pseudotissotia sp . , choffaticeras ( choffaticeras ) quaasi ( peron , 1904 ) , c . ( c . ) pavillieri ( pervinqui\u00e8re , 1907 ) , c . ( c . ) segne ( solger , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nnew ammonite successions from the upper cenomanian and lower turonian of the iberian trough are studied and compared with the assemblages obtained by other authors . as a result , the upper cenomanian eucalycoceras rowei , calycoceras ( calycoceras ) naviculare , neolobites vibrayeanus , metoicoceras mosbyense , metoicoceras geslinianum , vascoceras gamai and spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) subconciliatus , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrevision and new data of the ammonite family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the lower tu . . .\nthe ammonites assigned to the family acanthoceratidae de grossouvre , 1894 , from the wiedmann ( t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and goy , carretero and mel\u00e9ndez ( madrid , spain ) collections obtained from the lower turonian of the iberian trough have been revised . new specimens of the species spathites ( jeanrogericeras ) tavense ( faraud , 1940 ) , s . ( j . ) saenzi ( wiedmann , 1960 ) , s . ( j . ) postsaenzi ( wiedmann , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrevision and new data on the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia in the iberian peninsula ( spain a . . .\nthe types of the species of the coniacian ammonite genus hemitissotia peron , 1897 , identified in the iberian peninsula ( spain and portugal ) , which are currently held in the wiedmann ( universit\u00e4t t\u00fcbingen , germany ) and choffat ( instituto geol\u00f3gico e mineiro , portugal ) collections , have been revised and refigured . new specimens of the taxa hemitissotia ceadouroensis choffat , 1898 , . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . peyrot et al . ( 2007 peyrot et al . ( , 2008 ) provided the first palynological studies . the palaeontological and biostratigraphical conclusions reached by barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 ) were contrasted with the results obtained from other regions by barroso - barcenilla ( 2006 ) and were presented by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) , barcenilla and goy ( 2007 , 2010 ) and , who identified 29 cephalopod species and proposed a new ammonite zonation for the upper cenomanian and lower turonian succession of the iberian trough . in recent years , other relevant studies of fossil groups and geochemical isotopes similar to those analysed in the present paper have been described in other sections that are closely or broadly related to the puentedey section , such as those of lamolda ( 1977 ) , herngreen ( 1980 ) , colin et al . ( 1982 ) , lamolda et al . ( 1989 , 1997 ) , babinot and crumi\u00e8 airaud ( 1990 ) , garc\u00eda - z\u00e1 rraga and rodr\u00edguez - l\u00e1 zaro ( 1990 ) , rodr\u00edguez - l\u00e1 zaro and garc\u00eda - z\u00e1 rraga ( 1992 ) , paul et al . ( 1994 ) , peryt and lamolda ( 1996 ) , fig . 1 . . . .\n. . . the sequence stratigraphy of the upper cretaceous of the iberian trough was studied in detail by several authors , such as gr\u00e4fe andwiedmann ( 1993wiedmann ( , 1998 ) andgr\u00e4fe ( 1994gr\u00e4fe ( , 1996 ) , in the outer navarro - cantabrian platform and the north - castilian sector ; andsegura et al . ( 2001 ) , gil et al . ( 1993 ) , gil ( 1994 , gil and garc\u00eda ( 1996 ) and garc\u00edahidalgo et al . ( 2003 ) , in the central sector . among them , the works of floquet ( 1998 ) and these works , those by mallada ( 1891 , 1892 ) , karrenberg ( 1935 ) , wiedmann ( 1960 , 1964 , 1975a , 1975b , 1979 ) , mojica and wiedmann ( 1977 ) , wiedmann andkauffman ( 1978 ) , segura andwiedmann ( 1982 ) , carreteromoreno ( 1982 ) , mel\u00e9ndez - hevia ( 1984 ) , santamar\u00eda - zabala ( 1991 , 1995 ) , gr\u00e4fe andwiedmann ( 1993 ) , mart\u00ednez et al . ( 1996 ) , k\u00fcchler ( 1998 ) , barroso - barcenilla ( 2004 , 2006 , 2007 ) , barrosobarcenilla and goy ( 2007 ) and barroso - barcenilla et1 . - geographic general location ( a ) and stratigraphic context of the main spanish ( b ) and portuguese ( c ) studied sections and other mentioned places . photographic views of the outcrops of puentedey ( d ) , condemios ( e ) , salmanha ( f ) and nazar\u00e9 ( g ) . fig . . . .\n. . . the main part of the cephalopods collected in the upper cenomanian and the lower turonian of the it ( barrosobarcenilla , 2006 , 2007 barroso - barcenilla and goy , 2007 ) and the wpcp ( callapez , 1998callapez , , 2003callapez and ferreira soares , 2001 ) do not present signs of taphonomic resedimentation or reelaboration ( sensufern\u00e1ndez - l\u00f3pez , 2000 ) , and the few that show any of these signs do not seem to have suffered notable alterations . therefore , it can be considered that all of them maintain their respective original stratigraphic positions ( callapez , 1998 ; barroso - barcenilla , 2006 ) . . . .\n. . . in northern africa , the metoicoceras geslinianum zone of chancellor et al . ( 1994 ) in tunisia and lehmann and herbig ( 2009 ) in morocco are timeequivalent . furthermore , it was also recognized by barroso - barcenilla ( 2007 ) in spain . the metoicoceras geslinianum zone is one of the standard zones in the middle upper cenomanian of nw europe ( kennedy 1984 ; hancock 1991 ) and the tethyan region ( gradstein et al . 2004 ) . . . .\nintegrated biostratigraphy and inter - regional correlation of the cenomanian\u2013turonian deposits of wad . . .\nthe cenomanian\u2013turonian succession exposed in the wadi feiran , sinai , egypt , is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments belonging to the raha ( at the base ) , abu qada and wata formations . biostratigraphically , the succession has been subdivided into five ammonite zones , which are coeval with five planktic foraminiferal zones . the foraminiferal zones are the late cenomanian hedbergella . . . [ show full abstract ]\nedwardsiella carnea is translucent pale orange in colour , with white or yellow markings on the column beneath the disc . the disc may have powdering of white or yellow colour . this species may form large local populations . the tentacles are long and also translucent pale orange in colour . there can be up to 36 of them , but generally there are only 28 . the column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .\nrecorded from plymouth , torquay , port erin ( isle of man ) , millport ( clyde ) , tenby , and holm bay ( strangford lough ) in ireland . for other records see distribution map .\nthis species lives in holes and crevices and empty or possibly occupied borings of piddocks . it can be found in sheltered places that are out of the light , e . g . beneath overhangs or in caves .\nthe tentacles are long and there can be up to 36 but generally there are only 28 .\nthe column is elongated and approximately 2 . 5 cm in length and 4 mm in diameter .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nmanuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\nstephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .\npeckett , f . 2003 . edwardsiella carnea a sea anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\n. . . each assemblage provided insight into faunal dynamics during isolated time slices of the late campanian and early maastrichtian of ne mexico . the upper cretaceous of the region turned out to be a\ncrossroad\nbetween major ammonite provinces ( ifrim et al . 2004ifrim et al . , 2005ifrim et al . , 2015bstinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) and regarding other marine organisms ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; vega et al . 2007 ; fuchs et al . 2010 ; giersch et al . 2011 ; . the fossils described here were discovered by el and vh northwest of botellos , a quarter of the town cerralvo , nuevo le\u00f3n ( textfig . . . .\n. . . ammonites , planktonic foraminifers ) and with the paleogeographic reconstructions of the area ( e . g . goldhammer and johnson , 2001 ; stinnesbeck et al . , 2005 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ; gonz\u00e1lez s\u00e1nchez et al . , 2007 ) . aragonitic shells of ammonites and gastropods are recrystallized to calcite . . . .\n. . . by the beginning of the turonian , provincialism was still not well defined : the realms were not well expressed , rather a subdivision into smaller provinces is noticeable ( freund and raab 1969 ) . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . this is the first clear expression of a new realm , the atlantic realm which is established more or less permanently from now on . . . .\n. . . by the beginning of the turonian , provincialism was still not well defined : the realms were not well expressed , rather a subdivision into smaller provinces is noticeable ( freund and raab 1969 ) . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . . . .\n. . . the former realms re - established rapidly with the recovery from oae 2 faunal crisis ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; ) . central atlantic faunas differ from the rest of the tethyan realm ( compare e . g . , kawabe 2003 ; kennedy et al . 2005a ; ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 ; nagm et al . 2010 ) , but both are mixed in brazil ( seeling and bengtson 2002 ) . this is the first clear expression of a new realm , the atlantic realm which is established more or less permanently from now on . . . .\n. . . although this distributional mode is similar to that of inoceramids , strong differences in the extinction and recovery patterns have been documented between the two groups ( harries , 1993 ) . we suggest that ammonite hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , shallow water levels close to the surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells fl oating close to the surface , supported by the presence of small ( ~ 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . this interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis of batt ( 1989 ) and westermann ( 1996 ) that heavily spinose morphotypes dwelled in the open water . on the other hand , morphotypes interpreted to have had a demersal , i . e . swimming but bottom - related mode of life such as heteromorphs ( scaphites - like morphotype such as worthoceras , openly coiled morphotypes such as allocrioceras , puebloites , or straight baculites , see new interpretation of this genus by kruta et al . , 2011 ) are absent at vallecillo , but present in coeval localities in texas and the western interior seaway ( see summary in ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . our data suggest that at least the most abundant ammonite species from vallecillo completed their life cycles in the upper water layers . . . .\n. . . their hatchlings dwelled in oxygenated , water levels close to the ocean surface , perhaps protected by algal mats or empty ammonite shells floating near the surface . this hypothesis is supported by the presence of small ( ca . 5 mm ) ammonite shells in the body chamber of large ammonite shells found at vallecillo ( ifrim , 2006 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . therefore represents not only the first record of glyphiteuthis outside the old world , it is the first early late cretaceous gladius from the americas . the new record supports the interpretation that the gulf of mexico region was part of a tethyan province during the early late cretaceous ( ifrim and stinnesbeck 2007 , 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . empty ammonoid shells were reused in various ways by other organisms . the most outstanding examples are the inhabitation of empty shells by hermit crabs ( fraaije , 2003 ) and their use as scaffoldings for cirripedes ( witter , 1996 ; ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . in addition , shells lying on the seafloor often trapped lightweight materials , such as smaller ammonoid shells , plant remains , and pumice grains , that were swept by weak bottom currents ( = sheltered preservation ; maeda , 1987 , 1991 ; zaton and marynowski , 2006 ; olivero , 2007 ) . . . .\n. . . a taxonomic description of the fossil reptiles was recently published by . regarding vallecillo invertebrates , only the taxonomy of ammonites was hitherto discussed in detail ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . here we present a description of the inoceramid assemblage . . . .\n. . . inoceramids are the only benthic organisms documented from vallecillo . inoceramus pictus , mytiloides hattini , m . puebloensis , m . goppelnensis , and m . kossmati are described here , whereas ammonites were recently described ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 ) . both ammonites and inoceramids allow for a biostratigraphic correlation of the vallecillo section with the gssp and the european reference section at eastbourne , uk . . . .\n. . . the ammonites and inoceramid bivalves known from vallecillo , and also the planktonic foraminifers preserved in the sediment , allow for a very detailed biostratigraphic zonation of the vallecillo section ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) , summarized infigure 2 . the base of the turonian stage is present in the lowest part of the section , giving an early turonian age to all mosasauroid fossils known from vallecillo . the assemblage of planktonic foraminifers changes over the section . . . .\n. . . the mollusks are a mixed western interior\u2013 tethyan assemblage , owing to the paleogeographic position of vallecillo at the junction of the western interior seaway and the expanding atlantic ocean ( fig . 5 ) . the vallecillo area is thus considered to be part of both the western tethyan and the north american molluscan faunal provinces ( ifrim and stinnesbeck , 2007 , in press ) . all mosasauroid remains discussed here , and also three fossil turtles and the tooth of a pliosaur ( buchy et al . , 2005 ) , were found by quarrymen during extraction of rocks . . . .\nit has been difficult to explain the origin of the biota southern south america . there are many models and continental configurations ; however , despite many advances in molecular phylogeny and pale\u2026\n[ more ]\ncenomanian - turonian high - resolution biostratigraphy of north - eastern mexico and its correlation with . . .\nthin - bedded and millimetrically laminated platy marly limestone quarried near vallecillo , north - eastern mexico , contains abundant excellently preserved marine fossils . planktic foraminifers , inoceramids , and ammonites occur throughout the 7 . 7 - m - thick section of this plattenkalk and provide a precise and detailed biostratigraphic zonation from the uppermost cenomanian to early turonian , with a . . . [ show full abstract ]\nupper cretaceous ( cenomanian turonian and turonian coniacian ) open marine plattenkalkdeposits in ne . . .\nin ne mexico , the cenomanian - turonian plattenkalk of vallecillo ( state of nuevo le\u00f3n ) and the turonian - coniacian plattenkalk of m\u00fazquiz ( state of coahuila ) yield abundant fossil vertebrates and invertebrates with an exceptional preservation of soft parts . inoceramid bivalves are the only benthic organisms in both deposits . they allow for detailed biostratigraphic subdivisions , precise dating . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncomment on\nthe oldest stratigraphic record of the late cretaceous shark ptychodus mortoni agassiz , . . .\npaleobiology and paleoecology of the early turonian ( late cretaceous ) ammonite pseudaspidoceras flex . . .\nduring the early turonian , pseudaspidoceras flexuosum was a common ammonite in low and intermediate latitudes . at vallecillo section , northeastern mexico , 160 specimens were recovered from the section , allowing for quantitative analysis . the combination of quantitative data with sedimentology and geochemistry allow for erection of a differentiated model for the mode of life of p . flexuosum . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 341, "summary": [{"text": "the tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) or crocodilefish is a member of the order scorpaeniformes , an order which also includes the scorpionfishes and stonefishes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in the western indian ocean ; the red sea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species now also occurs in the mediterranean , having invaded as a lessepsian migrant through the suez canal . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "tentacled flathead", "paragraphs": ["a tentacled flathead ( crocodilefish ) sits on the sand , waiting for prey to swim by .\ncrocodile fish carpet flathead underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals carpet flathead in world of wildlife .\nmacro of the eye of a tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , . . stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 8932203 .\nmacro of the eye of a tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , also known as a crocodile fish . taken in the wakatobi , indonesia .\nunderwater close up flathead scorpion fish . picture of flathead scorpion fish in the tropical reef of the red sea , dahab , egypt .\nstock photo - macro of the eye of a tentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , also known as a crocodile fish . taken in the wakatobi , indonesia .\ntentacled flathead ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) , also known as a crocodile fish , camouflaged on a coral reef while looking into the camera . taken in the wakatobi , indonesia .\ncrocodile fish underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals carpet flathead in world of wildlife .\ncrocodile fish carpet flathead underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals papilloculiceps longiceps in world of wildlife .\ncrocodile fish underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals carpet flathead papilloculiceps longiceps in world of wildlife .\ncrocodile fish carpet flathead papilloculiceps longiceps underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals in world of wildlife .\ncrocodile fish carpet flathead close - up underwater red sea . amazing relax video about marine tropical animals papilloculiceps longiceps in world of wildlife .\nflathead fish in coral underwater red sea . colorful world of wild marine nature on background of beautiful lagoon . awesome video of wildlife in egypt .\nhigh definition crocodilefish tentacled flathead background from aquatic collection for desktop , multi - monitor , apple ios and google android devices in full hd , widescreen , 2k qhd , 4k uhd , 5k , 8k ultra hd resolutions . if you can ' t find the exact resolution you are looking for , go for\ndownload your resolution\nit will perfectly fit your desktop . this background is absolutely free for personal use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngilberto rodr\u00edguez . marine biologist . m . sc . , university of miami , usa . ph . d . , university of wales , uk . emeritus researcher , instituto venezolano de investigaciones cient\u00edficas ( ivic ) . address : centro de ecolog\u00eda , ivic , apartado 21827 , caracas 1020 - a , venezuela . e - mail : grodrigu @ urltoken\nh\u00e9ctor su\u00e1rez . biologist , universidad de oriente , venezuela . research associate , ivic .\nla dispersi\u00f3n antropog\u00e9nica de crust\u00e1ceos dec\u00e1podos es parte de un fen\u00f3meno que actualmente adquiere caracter\u00edsticas de un cambio ambiental global . de las 10000 especies conocidas de dec\u00e1podos se han registrado 58 especies marinas , 8 dulceacu\u00edcolas - estuarinas y 21 cangrejos de r\u00edos ( astacura ) que se han desplazado de sus \u00e1reas originales de distribuci\u00f3n . las migraciones lessepsianas a trav\u00e9s de canales , la introducci\u00f3n accidental por transporte mar\u00edtimo y la importaci\u00f3n para acuicultura son los mecanismos responsables de esta dispersi\u00f3n . en venezuela se han introducido 4 especies de camarones pene\u00eddeos , el camar\u00f3n de r\u00edo\ny 3 especies de brachiuros . los crust\u00e1ceos dec\u00e1podos est\u00e1n particularmente bien adaptados por su anatom\u00eda y fecundidad para colonizar nuevas \u00e1reas y establecer poblaciones explosivas .\nthe anthropogenic dispersal of decapod crustaceans is part of an event that in recent years has acquired characteristics of a global environmental change . from the 10000 species of decapods so far recorded in the world , 58 marine species , 8 freshwater - estuarine species and 21 river crabs ( astacura ) have been recorded outside their original areas of distribution . lessepsian ms through channels , accidental maritime transport and introduction for aquaculture have been the mechanisms responsible for these dispersals . four penaeid species , the freshwater shrimp\n, and 3 brachyuran crabs have been introduced in venezuela . due to their characteristic anatomy and high fecundity the decapod crustaceans are particularly apt for the colonization of new areas and the establishment of explosive populations .\na dispers\u00e3o antropog\u00eanica de crust\u00e1ceos dec\u00e1podes \u00e9 parte de um fen\u00f4meno que atualmente adquire caracter\u00edsticas de uma mudan\u00e7a ambiental global . das 10000 esp\u00e9cies conhecidas de dec\u00e1podes foram registradas 58 esp\u00e9cies marinhas , 8 doceacu\u00edcolas - estuarinas e 21 caranguejos de rios ( astacura ) que foram deslocados de suas \u00e1reas originais de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o . as migra\u00e7\u00f5es lessepsianas atrav\u00e9s de canais , a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o acidental por transporte mar\u00edtimo e a importa\u00e7\u00e3o para aq\u00fcicultura s\u00e3o os mecanismos respons\u00e1veis desta dispers\u00e3o . na venezuela foram introduzidas quatro esp\u00e9cies de camar\u00f5es , pene\u00eddeos , o camar\u00e3o de rio\ne 3 esp\u00e9cies de brachiuros . os crust\u00e1ceos dec\u00e1podes est\u00e3o particularmente bem adaptados por sua anatomia e fecundidade para colonizar novas \u00e1reas e estabelecer popula\u00e7\u00f5es explosivas .\nthe suez canal is an unparalleled situation where two biogeographical provinces , previously totally separated , enter into contact and interpenetrate . the pharaonic connection between the red and mediterranean seas from the 13th to the 8th centuries bc , allowed the migration of very few species due to the low salinity there prevailing ( por , 1971 ) . the present canal , projected and built by ferdinand - marie de lesseps ( 1805 - 1894 ) was inaugurated on november 1869 . the channel spans 160 km , from the bay of suez in the red sea to port said in the mediterranean , using the intermediate manzala , timsah and bitter lakes .\nthere are at present 40 species of decapods in the mediterranean accounted for as lessepsian migrants ( table i ) while , on the contrary , the number of species dispersed in the area through ships ballast water is considered negligible . the occasional presence of the lobster thennus orientalis , first recorded in 1896 in fiume , italy ( elton , 1958 ) , can be explained by transport on ships\u0092 hulls .\nthe kiel canal , built between 1887 and 1895 in an extent of 98 km , links the north sea with the baltic sea , from the mouth of the elbe river to the kiel bay , bypassing the detour along the danish peninsula . it is possible that the estuarine mud crab rhithropanopeus harrisii found its way to the baltic through the kiel canal , after its introduction in the netherlands , since its first record in that sea , in 1936 , was from the baltic end of the canal ( wolff , 1954 ) . in other respects , this canal is of little biogeographical relevance .\nthe panama canal spans 64 km from coast to coast . although its lake - lock design and the presence of a wide freshwater zone supplied by the chagres river precludes any lessepsian migration , at both ends of the present canal several fouling and perforating organisms ( pholadid bivalves , teredos , cirripeds , bryozoans , and other ) usually considered as natives of the opposing ocean , can be observed . these are euryhaline forms that can withstand transport through the freshwater section attached to the hulls of local vessels that have been moored for a long time ( carlton , 1985 ) .\nit has been extensively debated whether it is possible that the ballast water discharged at opposite sides of the canal , since its aperture in 1914 , could be an\nactive\nmechanism for the transport . carlton ( 1985 ) recorded 9 invertebrates and 4 fishes for which this mechanism is possible and 5 invertebrates and 2 fishes for which it is probable . among the decapod species , transport in ballast water is considered a possible mechanism for rhithropanopeus harrisii and the freshwater crab neorhynchus alcocki found in pedro miguel lock . eurypanopeus dissimilis , found in the third lock , ranges from florida to brazil and its presence in the panama canal is not unusual .\nseveral species of crabs , such as pachygrapsus transversus , plagusia chabrus , p . depressa , p . tuberculata , planes minutus , carcinides maenas , menippe convexa , etc . , have been observed attached to ship\u0092s hulls ( wolff , 1954 ) . this was a convenient means of dispersal for crabs when the old wooden hulls were in use , but it became unavailable with the modern metallic hulls , antifouling paints and reduced stowage time . no decapods were detected during a two - year survey of 89 vessels of different types that moored at new zealand ports , although 45 species of sessile invertebrates were found ( skerman , 1960 ) .\nballast water offers the most effective mechanism for the introduction of exotic decapod species , although it has been confirmed only in a few instances ( carlton , 1985 ) . larval stages of decapod crustaceans have been recovered from ballast tanks in viable conditions ( chu et al . , 1997 ) . rees and catley ( 1949 ) proposed this mechanism for the introduction of the larvae of processa equimana , living in the north sea plankton , into the mediterranean and red sea , but carlton ( 1985 ) considered this unlikely . furthermore , the north sea form has been described as a different species , p . modica , with the subspecies p . modica carolii in the mediterranean .\npeters and panning ( 1933 ) reviewed the available evidence for the first implant of the chinese crab eriocheir sinensis in the north sea , from 1912 , via ballast water . subsequently large populations of this crab have colonized the european brackish waters and have extended to california and canada , apparently using the same transport mechanism ( cohen and carlton , 1997 ) .\nship cargo also seems to play a role in the transport of organisms . the saber crab platychirograpsus spectabilis was transported in a cargo of cedar logs from tabasco state , mexico , to hillsborough ( st . petersburg ) , florida , where it has become permanently established ( marchand , 1946 ) .\nthese and similar structures can be slowly towed across the ocean , with the submersed parts unprotected by antifouling paints , and stay anchored for extended periods of time in different parts of the world . in this way was transported the japanese shore crab plagusia dentipes , observed alive in california after a trans - pacific cruise of 61 days on a self - powered drilling platform , which had been working for four years between japan and malaysia ( benech , 1978 ) . similar circumstances are mentioned for the transport of plagusia tuberculata , together with an encrusting community of cirripeds , on an oil platform built in japan and transported to new zealand , after a voyage of 68 days ( foster and williams , 1979 ) .\naccording to zenkevitch ( 1963 ) two mediterranean shrimps , palaemon adspersus and p . elegans , were accidentally introduced into the aral sea with species of mullets . we have already mentioned the possible introduction of rhithropanopeus harrisii along the atlantic coast of the united states , with oysters , and of carcinus maenas , into san francisco bay , with algae used for packing of living bait ( cohen and carlton , 1997 ) . the dispersal of several species of crayfish throughout the united states , orconectes rusticus for instance ( table iii ) , is attributed to their escape from containers of living bait used by sport fishermen ( taylor and redmer , 1996 ) .\ncohen and carlton ( 1997 ) recorded 16 cases of interception of living specimens of eriocheir sinensis at san francisco airport between 1989 and 1995 , with the confiscation of 10 to 50 specimens on each occasion . this species is sold alive in asian food markets in the united states ( lemaitre , 1995 ) .\nthe trade of organisms for aquaria is another means of dispersal . living specimens of atya scabra and procambarus clarkii can be observed frequently at the pet shops in caracas .\nthe species of peneaidae most frequently cultured are marsupenaeus japonicus and penaeus monodon , but the possibility exists of an increase in the culture of nine other species , p . semisulcatus , farfantepenaeus aztecus , fenneropenaeus indicus , f . penicillatus , sergestes orientalis , litopenaeus schmitti , l . setiferus , l . stylirostris and l . vannamei ( liao and huang , 1982 ) . farfantepenaeus aztecus is already under experimental culture in aquacop station , in tahiti , since 1975 , and l . stylirostris in corpus christy , texas , and crystal river , florida , from approximately the same date . m . japonicus was the first species cultured in the world after the research by hudinaga in 1934 . by 1942 its full culture had been achieved , but only after world war ii it was established on a commercial basis . in the united states shrimp culture began by the native species l . setiferus and f . aztecus in 1963 , and f . duorarum in 1968 . this same year liao began the culture of p . monodon in taiwan .\nalthough the penaeids have being cultured in shrimp farms for an extended period of time , there is little information in the literature on the escape of these species and its effects on the natural ecosystems . the information available on the dispersal of m . japonicus in the mediterranean sea indicates that , at least under conditions of biological poverty , the species is able to propagate rapidly into the recipient communities .\na vibriosis producing bacterial hemorragic septicemia is frequently found in penaeid cultures in asia and south america . the ethiological agent , vibrio harveyi , has been detected in shrimp farms in venezuela , infesting l . vanamei vanamei and l . stylyrostris , but it is also present in feral populations of l . schmitti and several species of marine and estuarine fishes ( alvarez et al . , 1998 ) .\n) . it has been introduced through all the american continent , except in nicaragua , belize , chile , paraguay and bolivia . in the caribbean it is farmed in the dominican republic , puerto rico , dominica , guadalupe , martinica , saint lucia and trinidad - tobago ( fao , 1995 ) .\nthe crayfishes of the families astacidae and parastacidae are strictly freshwater organisms . according to hobbs et al . ( 1989 ) it would be impossible to mention all the introductions of astacids since in many cases , or in the majority , they have not been recorded ( table iii ) . the largest diversity of species occurs in north america , where hobbs ( 1989 ) reported 271 species and subspecies native to canada , usa and mexico . several species have been transplanted within north america itself . this is the case of orconectes rusticus , which has displaced two other native species of orconectes in illinois ( taylor and redmer , 1996 ) . these displacements can affect the ecosystem through the reduction in the density of macrophytes ( lodge and lorman , 1987 ) and benthonic macroinvertebrates ( houghton et al . , 1998 ) .\nanother species that has extended its intracontinental distribution is cherax destructor , from australia , which has furthermore reached intercontinentally to washington state . the most notable case of intercontinental expansion is presented by procambarus clarkii , which has spread out to all continents , except australia and antarctica . laurent and forest ( 1979 ) summarized the damages produced by this species as follows :\nin japan it was introduced since 1930 ( from 18 specimens ) . a short time afterwards it pullulated , destroying rice fields and ditches , producing populations of 2000 k / hectare and not been used by the people [ as food ] in kenya it produced rapidly enormous populations not exploited by the natives breaking the fishing gears and interfering with the breeding of tilapia\n.\nauthorization for the introduction of marsupenaeus japonicus , p . monodon , litopenaeus stylirostris and l . vannamei was granted by the ministry of agriculture of venezuela on november 1984 . the original areas of distribution of the two former species are in the indian ocean and the western pacific , and of the other two on the pacific coast of america .\nthis species was introduced in 1980 , into a small shrimp farm in margarita island , by la salle foundation . although its culture in the country has been unsuccessful , pereira et al . ( 1996 ) found a wild population in the orinoco delta in 1996 . they considered that this species passed into the natural environment between 1991 and 1993 .\none specimen of this crayfish ( total length 8 . 2 cm , ivic reference collection ) was captured in a pond of the officers club ( circulo militar ) in caracas . as mentioned before , the species is available at pet shops in the city .\n, a species from the indopacific and red sea regions that has migrated to the mediterranean and several localities in the caribbean , has been recorded by hern\u00e1ndez and bola\u00f1os ( 1995 ) from eastern venezuela . ( 2 )\n, recorded by hern\u00e1ndez and bola\u00f1os ( 1995 ) from eastern venezuela , had not been previously observed outside its original area of distribution , between california and peru , and a misidentification by these authors cannot be ruled out . ( 3 )\nwas observed by the first time in 1957 in several localities of the tablazo and strait of maracaibo ( rodr\u00edguez , 1963 ; rodr\u00edguez and morales , 2000 ) . as the species was already very abundant in this estuary in 1957 , it should have been introduced several years before , possibly in the ballast water of oil tankers involved in the intense traffic between the local oil terminals and the eastern coast of the united states .\nfrom approximately 10000 species of decapod crustaceans described in the world , 88 are recorded in the present contribution as migrants - 58 from marine environments , 8 from freshwater - estuarine habitats and 21 are freshwater crayfishes - but still there may be others not yet recorded in the literature . these species have migrated through navigation channels , have been accidentally transported by ships , inadvertently imported with fishery products or introduced for aquaculture . it might be expected that the list would increase in the future .\nthe effect of invading species on recipient communities could be direct , by displacement of native species or predation on other members of the community . indirectly they could affect the native species through introduction of diseases . up to the present severe damages have been rarely observed , for instance the destruction of rice fields in japan by procambarus clarkii ( laurent and forest , 1979 ) . but as the invasion into coastal zones , rivers and lakes progresses , we can expect the gradual displacement of native forms , with results impossible to foresee at present .\nthe authors are grateful to jesus eloy conde and jon paul rodr\u00edguez for critically reading the manuscript .\n2 . abele lg ( 1972 ) introductions of two freshwater decapod crustaceans ( hymenosomatidae and atydae ) into central and north america .\n4 . aron wi , smith sh ( 1971 ) ship canals and aquatic ecosystems .\n5 . balss h ( 1927 ) bericht \u00fcber die crustacea decapoda ( natantia und anomura ) . zoological results of the cambridge expedition to the suez canal , 1924 . xiv .\n6 . balss h ( 1936 ) decapoda . in : the fishery grounds near alexandria . vii .\n8 . ben - tuvia a ( 1966 ) red sea fishes recently found in the mediterranean .\n10 . carlton jt ( 1985 ) transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms : the biology of ballast water .\n11 . chu kh , tam pf , fung ch , chen qc ( 1997 ) a biological survey of ballast water in container ships entering hong kong .\n14 . dall w , hill bj , rothlisberg pc , sharples dj ( 1990 ) the biology of the penaeidae .\n15 . enzenross r , enzenross l ( 2000 ) nichmediterrane crustacea - arten in tunesischen gew\u00e4ssern ( decapoda , macrura und brachyura ) .\n18 . foster ba , willan c ( 1979 ) foreign barnacles transported to new zealand on an oil platform .\n19 . fox hm ( 1926 ) zoological results of the cambridge expedition to the suez canal , 1924 . i . general part .\n20 . galil bs ( 1992 ) eritrean decapods in the levant : biogeography in motion .\n21 . galil bs ( 1997 ) two lessepsian migrant decapods from the eastern mediterranean .\n22 . galil bs , golani d ( 1990 ) two new migrant decapods from the eastern mediterranean .\n( fabricius , 1798 ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) a new lessepsian migrant to the eastern mediterranean .\n24 . garc\u00eda s , le reste l ( 1981 ) life cycles , dynamics , exploitation and management of coastal peneid shrimp stocks .\n( gould ) an american crab in the estuary of the mondego river , portugal .\n27 . gorgy s ( 1966 ) les p\u00eacheries et le milieu marin dans le secteur m\u00e9diterraneen de la r\u00e9publique arabe unie .\n30 . gruvel a ( 1928 ) r\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique de quelques crustac\u00e9s comestibles sur les c\u00f4tes d\u0092\u00e9gipte et syrie .\n32 . hobbs jr hh ( 1989 ) an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae and parastacidae ) .\n33 . hobbs iii hh , jas jp , huner jv ( 1989 ) a review of global crayfish introductions with particular emphasis on two north american species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) .\n34 . hern\u00e1ndez g , bola\u00f1os j ( 1995 ) additions to the anomuran and brachyuran fauna of northeastern venezuela . the crustacean society summer meeting , may 25 - 27 , 1995 [ links ] [ abstract ]\n35 . holthuis lb ( 1961 ) report on a collection of crustacea decapoda and stomatopoda from turkey and the balkans .\n36 . holthuis lb ( 1980 ) fao species catalogue . shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries .\n37 . holthuis lb , gottlieb e ( 1958 ) an annotated list of the decapod crustacea of the mediterranean coast of israel with an appendix listing the decapoda of the eastern mediterranean .\n( linneaus ) , to british columbia , canada , and washington , usa .\n40 . laurent pj , forest j ( 1979 ) donne\u00e9 sur les \u00e9crevisses q\u0092on peut rencontrer en france .\n( milne edwards , 1867 ) , a nonindigenous portunid crab ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) discovered in the indian river lagoon system of florida .\n42 . lewinsohn c , holthuis lb ( 1964 ) new records of decapod crustacea from the mediterranean coast of israel and the eastern mediterranean .\n44 . liao c , huang tl ( 1982 ) status and prospect of the culture of two important penaeid prawns in asia .\n49 . mccosker je , dawson ce ( 1975 ) biotic passage through the panama canal , with particular reference to fishes .\n: grapsidae ) , in its new habitat along the atlantic coast of the united states : geographic distribution and ecology .\n51 . monod t ( 1930 ) ueber einige indo - pazifische decapoden der meeresfauna syriens .\n53 . naylor e ( 1960 ) a north american xanthoid crab new to britain .\n54 . newman wa ( 1963 ) on the introduction of an edible oriental shrimp ( caridea , palaemonidae ) to san francisco bay .\n57 . por fd ( 1971 ) one hundred years of suez canal - a century of lessepian m : retrospect and viewpoints .\n58 . ramadan se , dowidar nm ( 1972 ) brachyura ( decapoda , crustacea ) from the mediterranean waters of egypt .\n60 . rodr\u00edguez g ( 1963 ) the intertidal estuarine communities of lake maracaibo , venezuela .\n61 . rodr\u00edguez g , morales f ( 2000 ) las comunidades bent\u00f3nicas del sistema de maracaibo . in : rodr\u00edguez g ( ed )\n62 . skerman tm ( 1960 ) ship - fouling in new zealand waters : a survey of marine fouling organisms from vessels of the coastal and overseas trades .\n63 . steinitz h ( 1967 ) a tentative list of immigrants via the suez canal .\n67 . wolff t ( 1954 ) occurrence of two east american species of crabs in european waters .\n68 . zenkevitch l ( 1963 ) biology of the seas of the u . s . s . r . interscience publishers . new york . 955 pp . [ links ]\ncalle vera cruz , residencia la hacienda apto . 31 - m las mercedes , caracas 1080 . venezuela telefonos : ( 58 - 0212 ) 992 - 32 - 24 , 991 - 75 - 25 interciencia @ urltoken\nlatin , papillo , papula = any little like protuberance + greek , kylix , - ikos = cup + latin , ceps = head ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical\nwestern indian ocean : red sea , including the gulf of aqaba to south africa and madagascar .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4315 ) ; common length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3476 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 11 . body mottled with brownish or greenish above , whitish below ; caudal fin with 3 - 4 dark bands , other fins with large dark blotches ( ref . 4315 ) .\nknapp , l . w . , 1984 . platycephalidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) . vol . 3 . fao , rome . pag . var . ( ref . 3476 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 2 , mean 28 . 1 ( based on 1815 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00513 ( 0 . 00222 - 0 . 01187 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nthank you , your comment was made . and is published after the approval of the site manager .\n1998 - 2018 urltoken \u00a9 original content belongs to vadim savchenko . all rights reserved . unauthorized copying of materials prohibited . with consistent use of materials the reference to the resource . advertising : divingisrael @ urltoken + 972 - 52 - 6555558\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nover 10 , 961 , 690 royalty - free video clips with 76 , 299 new stock clips added weekly .\nweather loach urltoken ( changes behaviour based on pressure ( i . e . predicts the weather ) )\nsilver redhorse urltoken ( three redhorses , chosen for the obvious metallurgical link . )\nthese guys don ' t seem to be very popular ( in terms of wikipedia at least ) , but with the rainbow minnow and the torrent stone carp , these guys seem like they should have representation , if not for their names alone .\nthis page was last modified on 5 september 2011 , at 17 : 36 .\nstock images of crocodilefish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) resting on reef . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt . u17515486 - search stock photography , poster photos , pictures , and photo clip art - u17515486 . jpg\nstock image of crocodilefish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) resting on reef . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\ncrocodilefish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) resting on reef . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\ncrocodile fish ( papilloculiceps longiceps ) . jackson reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt\nsoft coral ( dendronephthya klunzingeri ) . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\nrisso ' s dolphin ( grampus griseus ) sunbathing on the surface . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\nbluespotted stingray ( taeniura lymma ) resting in the sand . jackson reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\nrisso ' s dolphins ( grampus griseus ) sunbathing on the surface . woodhouse reef , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\nhawksbill turtle ( eretmochelys imbricata ) species critically endangered . woodhouse reef ; sharm el sheikh ; south sinai ; red sea ; egypt\nblacktip grouper ( epinephelus fasciatus ) . tower , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\nstarry puffer ( arothron stellatus ) resting on a mooring drum . na ' ama bay , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\nzebra shark ( stegostoma fasciatum ) resting on sandy slope . species near threatened . sha ' ab cano\u00ee , ras mohamed national park , sharm el sheikh , south sinai , red sea , egypt .\ndave , the famous hawksbill turtle ( eretmochelys imbricata ) from sharm el sheikh , rescued after a boat propellor accident , enjoying a meal with his partially fiber cast fixed shell . critically endangered species . shark and yolanda , ras mohamed national par\nthe best online search engine for stock photo images , digital illustrations and artwork , map clipart , picture clip art , and stock footage clips . buy photographs and get immediate downloads , or get fast , cheap delivery on cd - rom .\npour t\u00e9l\u00e9charger plusieurs produits , activez un ou plusieurs filtres associ\u00e9 ( s ) \u00e0 des options de votre contrat ( colonne de gauche ) .\nde getty images . remarque : les images embarqu\u00e9es ne peuvent pas \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es \u00e0 des fins commerciales .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nbooks category represents a place holder for books , procedures and reports by experts in the group .\nvideo client : patricia martin cabrera review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) the video was filmed in damaniyat island ( al batinah region ) , sultanate of oman . the honeycomb moray eel , gymnothorax favagineus shown in the video is a species of marine fish in the family muraenidae and is one of the largest of indo - pacific morays and \u2026\nphoto credit : sherif sadek ( egypt ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the website ) the inserted picture of a brown shrimp specimen was taken in a fish farm in egypt . introduction : brown shrimp ( farfantepenaeus aztecus ) is a species of marine penaeid shrimps which has an important commercial species in the usa . the species has several common \u2026\nbrown shrimp , brown shrimp and environmental conditions , brown shrimp in the mediterranean sea , description , egypt . , farfantepenaeus aztecus , feeding habits , northern brown shrimp , reproduction habits , usa , utilization\nreview : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) this video was filmed in a retail shop located in monterey , california ( usa ) where different fish species and crabs are sold . the dungeness crab is the crab species shown in this video whether sold iced or displayed live . the dungeness crab , metacarcinus magister ( formerly : cancer magister ) , is \u2026\nvideo courtesy : the state archives of florida , usa the title of this video : \u201cflorida silent sirens : manatees in peril\u201d and was filmed during 1980s the caption of the video states : \u201cthis is an excellent film about the plight of the endangered manatee . it is narrated by leonard nimoy and is full of beautiful underwater \u2026\nvideo credit : patricia martin cabrera ( united arab emirates ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) introduction : the emperor angelfish ( pomacanthus imperator ) , is a reef - associated marine angelfish and is also called the imperator angelfish or imperial angelfish . the species is one of the most stunning underwater fish . their color and graceful shape make them one \u2026\ncredit : ajith kumara ( srilanka ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the website ) mud crab ( scylla serrata ) which is also called mangrove crab belongs to the family of swimming crabs ( portunidae ) . this is an economically important species of crabs and considered highly esteemed as food whereas the flesh from its claws and walking legs \u2026\nvideo credit : patricia martin cabrera ( united arab emirates ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the video channel ) source : urltoken this video was filmed at ras muhammad , sharm el sheikh ( egypt ) . introduction : the video was filmed is the premise of the british navy ship \u201cthistlegorm\u201d which was built in 1940 and got sunk \u2026\nphoto credit : : patricia martin cabrera ( united arab emirates ) review : abdel rahman el gamal ( founder of the website ) the inserted picture was taken in sharm el sheikh ( egypt ) introduction : blue spotted ribbon tail ray ( taeniura lymma ) is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae . it is also known as aka blue - spotted fantail rays , blue spotted stingrays , blue spotted rays , and ribbontail \u2026\nthis video was filmed in the sea world , san diego , usa source : urltoken giant grouper ( epinephelus lanceolatus ) the giant grouper ( epinephelus lanceolatus ) , which belongs to the family serranidae is also known as brindle bass , brown spotted cod , or bumblebee grouper and as the queensland giant grouper in australia . the species is the largest reef - dwelling bony \u2026\ncopyright \u00a9\n2000 - 2012\nfish consulting group , all rights reserved .\njungledragon is a nature and wildlife community for photographers , travellers and anyone who loves nature . we ' re genuine , free , ad - free and beautiful .\nuploaded jul 23 , 2017 . captured in unnamed road , mambor , napan , kabupaten nabire , papua 98861 , indonesia .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\negypt , sinai peninsula , gulf of tiran , sharm el - sheik ( aka red sea riviera ) . red sea ' s ras mohammed np .\ntwo boats waiting for divers at sharm al sheikh , red sea , egypt . diving the red sea .\nel - sheikh , egypt . 7th nov , 2015 . tourists walk to yachts along the coast in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , egypt , on nov . 7 , 2015 . russia on friday suspended all flights to egypt as speculation rose over possible terrorist attacks on the russian plane that crashed over sinai peninsula last saturday . credit : xinhua / alamy live news\nboat waiting for divers at sharm al sheikh , red sea , egypt . diving the red sea .\negypt , sinai peninsula , gulf of tiran , sharm el - sheikh . snorkeling in the red sea ' s ras mohammed national marine park .\nel - sheikh , egypt . 7th nov , 2015 . tourists enjoy themselves along a coast in the resort of sharm al - sheikh , egypt , on nov . 7 , 2015 . russia on friday suspended all flights to egypt as speculation rose over possible terrorist attacks on the russian plane that crashed over sinai peninsula last saturday . credit : xinhua / alamy live news\nsharm al - sheikh , egypt . 26th october , 2016 . egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi takes photo with people following the peace marathon in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , in the south sinai governorate , south of cairo , egypt , on oct . 26 , 2016 credit : egyptian president office / apa images / zuma wire / alamy live news\nel - sheikh , egypt . 7th nov , 2015 . tourists have fun on yachts along a coast in the resort of sharm al - sheikh , egypt , on nov . 7 , 2015 . russia on friday suspended all flights to egypt as speculation rose over possible terrorist attacks on the russian plane that crashed over sinai peninsula last saturday . credit : xinhua / alamy live news\nsharm al - sheikh , egypt . 26th october , 2016 . egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi rides a bicycle at the street in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , in the south sinai governorate , south of cairo , egypt , on oct . 26 , 2016 credit : egyptian president office / apa images / zuma wire / alamy live news\nu . s . secretary of state john kerry sits with egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi at the congress center in sharm el - sheikh , egypt , on march 13 , 2015 , before a bilateral meeting and their attendance at an egyptian development conference .\nsharm al - sheikh , egypt . 26th october , 2016 . egyptian president abdel fattah al - sisi speaks during the peace marathon in the red sea resort of sharm al - sheikh , in the south sinai governorate , south of cairo , egypt , on oct . 26 , 2016 credit : egyptian president office / apa images / zuma wire / alamy live news\negypt , sinai peninsula , gulf of tiran , sharm el - sheikh . snorkeling in the red sea ' s ras mohamed national marine park .\nsharm el sheikh , egypt . 8th dec , 2017 . egyptian president abdel - fattah al - sisi ( 2nd r , front ) attends the official opening ceremony of the africa 2017 forum in sharm el sheikh , egypt , on dec . 8 , 2017 . credit : zhao dingzhe / xinhua / alamy live news\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box .\nuse on websites and for limited audiences in social media , apps , or live performances .\nunidentified tun snail walking on cold water upwelling coral reef , tonna sp . 4k ultrahd , up37763\nsoccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - 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crowned ( tattersall ' s ) sifaka , andranotsimaty , daraina , madagascar . ( propithecus tattersalli )\ncrested coua ( coua cristata ) , very attractive madagascar birds . ankarafantsika national park , madagascar wildlife and wilderness\nclose - up of a ring - tailed lemur ( lemur catta ) licking its paw . sunny blue sky and foliage background\nmadagascar lynx spider ( peucetia madagascariensis ) resting on a leaf in antsirabe , central madagascar . august 2010 .\nmale panther chameleon stalking prey in beach side vegetation , bay of antongil , masoala peninsula national park , madagascar .\ninfant ring - tailed lemur ( 6 - 8 weeks ) clinging to mother . berenty private reserve , southern madagascar"]}
{"id": 343, "summary": [{"text": "pamizinisaurus is a genus of sphenodontian reptile known from lower cretaceous ( albian ) tlay\u00faa formation of mexico .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a crushed skeleon of a juvenile reptile was found in tlayua quarry , in central mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was named pamizinsaurus tlayuaensis by reynoso in 1997 , after the name of the quarry of which it was found .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "its skull length is 16 millimetres ( 0.63 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the fossil was covered in small round osteoderms that could have protected it from predators . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "pamizinsaurus", "paragraphs": ["pamizinsaurus was a genus of the subfamily sphenodontinae ; grouping it with the modern sphenodon ( better known as the tuatara ) , zapatadon , cynosphenodon , homoeosaurus , sapheosaurus , and ankylosphenodon .\npamizinsaurus was a genus of the subfamily sphenodontinae ; grouping it with the modern sphenodon ( better known as the tuatara ) , zapatadon , cynosphenodon , homoeosaurus , sapheosaurus , and ankylosphenodon .\nthe taxon pamizinsaurus from the early cretaceous of mexico ( reynoso 1997 ) was identified as a wildcard taxon that strongly influenced the results . this may partially be due to high amounts of missing data ( 64 % ) in this taxon ; however , that several other taxa have even higher amounts of missing data ( eilenodon 68 % ; cynosphenodon : 73 % ; toxolophosaurus : 79 % ) but proved to be less problematic , indicates that the wildcard status of pamizinsaurus might also be due to some character conflict .\nreduced strict consensus ( after removing pamizinsaurus ) of sphenodontian interrelationships from 24 most parsimonious trees of 186 steps showing the phylogenetic position of sphenocondor gracilis gen . et sp . nov . bremer support and frequency differences ( gc ) , calculated by symmetric resampling , are indicated above the nodes .\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article pamizinsaurus ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nin the strict consensus of the present analysis , the inter - relationships within recovered groupings of derived sphenodontians are poorly resolved , as in other analyses with somewhat similar taxon sampling ( e . g . reynoso , 2000 , 2005 ) . however , this is mainly because of the unstable position of pamizinsaurus , which might be a consequence of the immature condition of the sole known specimen and its peculiar combination of character states ( reynoso , 1997 ) . therefore , pamizinsaurus was excluded from the strict consensus ( but not from the analysis ) , rendering a more resolved topology in the reduced strict consensus ( fig . 5 ) .\nin a next step , we thus removed pamizinsaurus from the matrix and ran a second analysis with the same settings as above . the analysis resulted in only two most parsimonious trees with a length of 184 steps ( ci 0 . 473 , ri 0 . 654 , rc 0 . 309 ) . the strict consensus tree of these two trees (\nvs - m size . see clevosaurs entry for basic skull structure . $ teeth fused to jaw margin ( fully acrodont ) and not replaced ; less than 4 ( 7 ? ) premaxillary teeth ; $ marginal teeth added posteriorly as jaw grows ; dentary fits between maxillary teeth and parallel row of palatal teeth ; meckelian canal runs along midline of jaw & is at least partially open ; broad mandibular symphysis ; prominent coronoid process of dentary , posterior process of dentary ends posterior to coronoid ; with posterior surangular facet ; frontals not fused ? ? ) ; $ lacrimal absent ; large upper temporal fenestra ; complete lower temporal bar ; quadratojugal retained ; rigid quadrate ; well - developed posterior tubercle on posterior margin of ischium ; epiphyses present with determinate growth ; may have osteoderms ( pamizinsaurus ) ; food crushed thoroughly ( insects & birds ) .\nin a next step , we thus removed pamizinsaurus from the matrix and ran a second analysis with the same settings as above . the analysis resulted in only two most parsimonious trees with a length of 184 steps ( ci 0 . 473 , ri 0 . 654 , rc 0 . 309 ) . the strict consensus tree of these two trees ( fig . 3 and information s1 ) is considerably better resolved than that resulting from the full analysis , but , importantly , it does not contradict the results of the latter , neither in the strict consensus , nor in any reduced consensus tree . thus , we chose these results to illustrate and further explore the relationships of oenosaurus . bootstrap ( 10000 replicates ) and bremer support analyses were carried out on the pruned matrix , and the following list of synapomorphies is based on the strict consensus tree resulting from the pruned analysis .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : v . h . reynoso . 1997 . a ' beaded ' sphenodontian ( diapsida : lepidosauria ) from the early cretaceous of central mexico . journal of vertebrate paleontology 17 : 52 - 59\ntype specimen : instituto de geolog\u00e3\u00ada , universidad nacional aut\u00e3\u00b3noma de m\u00e3\u00a9xico , a partial skeleton ( severaly crushed skeleton of a juvenile ) . its type locality is tlayua formation , which is in an albian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the tlayua formation of mexico .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nsphenodontia : diphydontosaurus + ( planocephalosaurus + * : clevosauridae + stem group sphenodontinae ) .\ncomments : cladistically , this taxon ( equivalent to the standard linnean taxonomic sphenodontidae ) should perhaps be called something like sphenodontoidea , as it includes clevosauridae , pleurosauridae , . crown group sphenodontidae , etc\nintroduction to the sphenodontidae ; turtle , tuatara , crocodile checklist - - 3 ; jurassic page ' s gallery : the terrestrial wildlife ( sapheosaurus ) ; lebende fossilien , intro , teil 2 ( homoeosaurus ) .\nreferences : evans & sigogneau - russell ( 1997 ) ; reynoso 1996 ) ; reynoso ( 1997 ) ; reynoso & clark ( 1998 ) .\nimage : kallimodon among a very good collection of fossil photos ) from herbert krause . reproduced by permission .\nnote : the nomenclature of sphenodont taxa tends to be rather confused . the scheme used here is adopted from the sensible system of mikko haaramo , who credits wu , x - c ( 1994 ) , late triassic - early jurassic sphenodontians from china and the phylogeny of the sphenodontia , in fraser , nc & h - d sues ( eds . ) , in the shadow of the dinosaurs , cambridge univ . press . atw001117 .\n1 or more robust\nincisor\nteeth forming chisel edge ankylosed to premaxilla ; palatine dentition ; marginal dentition acrodont or absent ; shearing ( not crushing or piercing ) bite with simple orthal up - and - down ) jaw motion ; $ long thin posterior process of premaxilla excludes maxilla from margin of nares ; $ lacrimal absent ; may have dentine\nlips\n; $ antorbital skull very short ( < 25 % of total skull ) ; triradiate postfrontal broadly contacts frontal ; complete lower temporal bar formed by jugal loosely contacting slim quadratojugal ; $ dorsal process of jugal elongate ; $ large ( > 25 % skull length ) lower temporal fenestra ; gap between jugal and quadratojugal small ; proximal caudal vertebrae have large transverse processes ; caudal autotomy septa may be present distally ; humerus strongly bent and expanded at both ends ; femur gently s - shaped .\nnote : for reasons i have not been able to determine , no one seems to have gotten around to giving this group a latinized family name . atw . update : this has now been rectified . on the basis of new material arantes et al 2009 formalises the family clevosauridae , composed of clevosaurus , brachyrhinodon and polysphenodon . mak101016\nlinks : diapsida ; clevosaurus bairdi ( but server is frequently reduced or absent ! ) ; autapomorphies of diapsid clades ; untitled document ; lecture 12 - early jurassic .\nreynoso 1996 ) ; reynoso & clark 1998 ) ; sues et al . ( 1994 ) .\nshort snout like brachyrhinodon , multiple rows of teeth on the palate . it shows sphenodontian characters such as a groove between the maxilla and palatine for the dentary\ncomments : known from a partial skull and skeleton . the only known specimen went missing in the 1930s , but a number of casts and plaster moulds are available ( fraser & benton 1989 p . 416 . )\nbrachyrhinodon taylori , skull in ventral ( a ) , dorsal ( b ) and lateral ( c ) view . from fraser & benton 1989 p . 416 . scale bar 1 cm . note palatal teeth in ( a ) ; teeth on the upper palate ( roof of the mouth ) are a primitive feature found in most basal amniotes\nsmall ( c . 15 cm long ) , short - snouted skull with premaxillary beak . benton 1985\nkallimodon pulchellus ( zittel ) , 1887 . late jurassic ; kelheim , bavaria . ventral aspect . from zittel / eastman / woodward 1902 p . 151 . this represents a type similar to or intermediate between homoeosaurus and sapheosaurus\nsphenodontoidea : clevosaurinae + * : homoeosaurus + pleurosauridae + ( sapheosaurus + sphenodontinae ) .\nvertebrae amphicoelous , sometimes with persistent notochord ; intercentra present in cervical ( neck ) and caudal ( tail ) regions . external nares separated ; interclavicle t - shaped ; dermal scales subrectangular . greatiy enlarged postfrontal bone extending far posteriorly ( to the rear ) on parietal . except for a few teeth on the vomer in juveniles and the palatine row , all other palatal teeth absent ( i . e . teeth on the roof of the mouth , in contrast to primitive amniotes ) . premaxillae each with a small pointed tooth . a single series of enlarged , depressed , triangular , acrodont teeth present on maxillae , mandibles , and outer edge of the palatines ; vomer toothless . pattern of tooth wear facets , tooth ultrastructure , and anteroposterior length of the mandibular articulation , all of which indicate development of the propalinal masticatory movements ( front to rear chewing ) as with the recent sphenodon zittel / eastman / woodward 1902 , gauthier et al 1988 p . 25\nkimmeridgian ( lithographic stone ) of bavaria , and cerin , france . kimmeridgian of hanover , and purbeckian ( tithonian ) of england .\nfrom zittel / eastman / woodward 1902 ( copyright expired ) :\nattaining a length of between 20 and 40 cm . , and differing from the recent sphenodon in that intercentra are absent between the dorsal vertebrae ribs without uncinate processes , and humerus not pierced by entepicondylar foramen . mandibular rami united at the symphysis by ligaments ; second sacral rib bifid distally .\napplies also to sapheosaurus and kallimodon gauthier et al 1988 p . 26 : compared to sphenodontines and sapheosaurs , homoeosaurus is distinguished by smaller size , gracile and elongate limbs , and a broad parietal table ( skull roof above the orbits ( eye holes ) ) , all of which , with the possible exception of the limb proportions , are plesiomorphic ( shared ancestral ) features .\nusing this material . all material by atw is public domain and may be freely used in any way ( also any material jointly written by atw and mak ) . all material by mak is licensed creative commons attribution license version 3 . 0 , and may be freely used provided acknowedgement is given . all wikipedia material is either gnu open source or creative commons ( see original wikipedia page for details ) . other graphics are copyright their respective owners\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nearly cretaceous lepidosaurs ( reptilia : d . . . - pdf document ( 15 m )\nall items in escholarship @ mcgill are protected by copyright with all rights reserved unless otherwise indicated .\ntoday were then held by sphenodontians . there were even several successful groups of aquatic sphenodontians such as\n( loss of the tail - tip when threatened ) , and have transverse cloacal slits .\nr . l . ditmars , litt . d , says ;\nthe tuatara resembles in form stout - bodies modern lizards , which we might call iguanas ; this resemblance is further intensified by a row of spines upon the back . it is dark olive , the sides sprinkled with pale dots . the eye has a cat - like pupil . large specimens are two and a half feet long . while superficial resemblance might tend to group this reptile with lizards , its skeleton and anatomy show it to belong to a different part of a technical classification .\nof the british museum noted features similar to birds , turtles , and crocodiles . he proposed the order rhynchocephalia ( meaning\nbeak head\n) for the tuatara and its fossil relatives .\nproposed the sphenodontia to include only tuatara and their closest fossil relatives in 1925 .\nditmars , raymond l . ,\nreptiles of the world\nthe macmillan co . , new york , 1936 , p . xii\nv . h . reynoso . 2000 . an unusual aquatic sphenodontian ( reptilia : diapsida ) from the tlayua formation ( albian ) , central mexico . journal of paleontology 74 : 133 - 148\ncree , alison . 2002 . tuatara . in : halliday , tim and adler , kraig ( eds . ) , the new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians , oxford university press , oxford , pp . 210\u2013211 . isbn 0 - 19 - 852507 - 9\nfraser , nicholas ; sues , hans - dieter ; ( eds ) ( 1994 ) .\nevans , s . e . , prasad , g . v . r . & manhas , b . k . , 2001 : rhynchocephalians ( diapsida : lepidosauria ) from the jurassic kota formation of india . zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 133 , # 3 , pp . 309 - 334\nrauhut , o . w . m . ; heyng , a . m . ; l\u00f3pez - arbarello , a . ; hecker , a . ( 2012 ) . farke , andrew a , ed .\na new rhynchocephalian from the late jurassic of germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods\n.\ndaugherty , ch ; cree , a ; hay , jm ; thompson , mb ( 1990 ) .\nneglected taxonomy and continuing extinctions of tuatara (\nevans , se ( 2003 ) .\nat the feet of the dinosaurs : the early history and radiation of lizards\n.\njones meh . 2009 . dentary tooth shape in sphenodon and its fossil relatives ( diapsida : lepidosauria : rhynchocephalia ) . in koppe t , meyer g , alt kw , eds . interdisciplinary dental morphology , frontiers of oral biology ( vol 13 ) . greifswald , germany ; karger . 9\u201315 .\nevans se , jones meh ( 2010 ) the origin , early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles . in bandyopadhyay s . ( ed . ) , new aspects of mesozoic biodiversity , 27 lecture notes in earth sciences 132 , 27 - 44 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 25 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nrhynchocephalians , the sister group of squamates ( lizards and snakes ) , are only represented by the single genus sphenodon today . this taxon is often considered to represent a very conservative lineage . however , rhynchocephalians were common during the late triassic to latest jurassic periods , but rapidly declined afterwards , which is generally attributed to their supposedly adaptive inferiority to squamates and / or mesozoic mammals , which radiated at that time . new finds of mesozoic rhynchocephalians can thus provide important new information on the evolutionary history of the group .\na new fossil relative of sphenodon from the latest jurassic of southern germany , oenosaurus muehlheimensis gen . et sp . nov . , presents a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods . the dentition of this taxon consists of massive , continuously growing tooth plates , probably indicating a crushing dentition , thus representing a previously unknown trophic adaptation in rhynchocephalians .\nthe evolution of the extraordinary dentition of oenosaurus from the already highly specialized zahnanlage generally present in derived rhynchocephalians demonstrates an unexpected evolutionary plasticity of these animals . together with other lines of evidence , this seriously casts doubts on the assumption that rhynchocephalians are a conservative and adaptively inferior lineage . furthermore , the new taxon underlines the high morphological and ecological diversity of rhynchocephalians in the latest jurassic of europe , just before the decline of this lineage on this continent . thus , selection pressure by radiating squamates or mesozoic mammals alone might not be sufficient to explain the demise of the clade in the late mesozoic , and climate change in the course of the fragmentation of the supercontinent of pangaea might have played a major role .\ncitation : rauhut owm , heyng am , l\u00f3pez - arbarello a , hecker a ( 2012 ) a new rhynchocephalian from the late jurassic of germany with a dentition that is unique amongst tetrapods . plos one 7 ( 10 ) : e46839 . urltoken\neditor : andrew a . farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 rauhut et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe recent genus sphenodon is the only living representative of the rhynchocephalia , the sister taxon of the squamata ( lizards and snakes ) within the lepidosauria [ 1 ] . due to the long history of the group , reaching back to at least the middle triassic ( \u223c235 million years ) , and the supposedly primitive morphology of the genus , sphenodon is often regarded as a \u201cliving fossil\u201d . thus , this taxon is frequently used as a model organism for a basal diapsid in investigations dealing with the evolution of reptiles , even in recent studies ranging from the structure of the pineal organ [ 2 ] to tetrapod locomotion [ 3 ] .\nrhynchocephalians were a common component of mesozoic small vertebrate faunas [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , and research in the past thirty years has shown that they were not only taxonomically and ecologically diverse during this time , but also showed a remarkable morphological variability [ 6 ] . indeed , several of the features that were thought to represent the plesiomorphic condition in sphenodon , such as the closed lower temporal arcade , were recently demonstrated to be apomorphic reversals to a condition resembling the ancestral morphology instead ( e . g . [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] ) . nevertheless , all rhynchocephalians but the most basal forms are characterized by a very specialized dentition pattern , in which the teeth are fully acrodont , no tooth replacement is present in post - hatchling individuals , and additional teeth are added at the posterior end of the tooth row during ontogeny [ 9 ] . although tooth shape itself is quite variable in rhynchocephalians [ 10 ] , this special type of tooth development was thought to limit their adaptive potential [ 11 ] . consequently , the demise of the group in the later mesozoic has been linked to the adaptive radiation of squamates and / or mammals ( see [ 5 ] ) .\nhere we report on a new taxon of rhynchocephalian from the late jurassic of southern germany that further underlines the morphological and ecological diversity of rhynchocephalians and indicates high adaptive plasticity even in the dentitions of these animals . the specimen was found in the middle parts of the moernsheim formation exposed at m\u00fchlheim ( fig . 1 ) , in a section of platy , siliceous limestones overlying lime bank b - h - 5 ( \u201ckrebs - bank\u201d ) . the marine tithonian ( upper jurassic ) moernsheim formation covers the famous solnhofen lithographic limestones in the western region of the franconian alb in northern bavaria . in contrast to the underlying solnhofen formation , the sediments of the moernsheim formation are more heterogeneous , consisting of mainly siliceous limestones in alternate bedding with marly and limey sections , and with intercalated banks particularly in the lower parts of the formation .\nthe data matrix was analysed with paup 4 . 0b10 ( swofford 2003 ) , using a branch and bound search . the initial analyses resulted in 119 trees with a length of 187 steps ( ci 0 . 465 , ri 0 . 649 , rc 0 . 302 ) . the strict consensus tree of these trees showed poor resolution , with oenosaurus representing a member of a polytomy of rhynchocephalians more derived than planocephalosaurus ( information s1 ) ; only pleurosaurs and eilenodontines showed up as monophyletic clades within this polytomy . however , reduced consensus trees of these 119 trees recovered a monophyletic sphenodontinae , including oenosaurus , but without further resolution within this clade ( information s1 ) .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 4a00d064 - a136 - 4944 - af8e - 427b941fb38c . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 48c1ba32 - bc6d - 407d - 81e0 - 7ecff22d77a3\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 6648c44f - fdc0 - 48b2 - a6a9 - 399b17e07d38\noenos , [ oinos ] greek , wine , referring to the franconian alb , a famous wine area , where the specimen was found , and saurus , [ sauros ] greek , lizard . species name refers to the village of m\u00fchlheim , close to m\u00f6rnsheim , at the rim of the valley of the altm\u00fchl in bavaria .\nbayerische staatssammlung f\u00fcr pal\u00e4ontologie und geologie , munich , germany , bspg 2009 i 23 ; partial skull and complete mandibles ( figs . 2 , 3 , 4 ) .\n( a ) \u2013skull in dorsal view . ( b ) \u2013skull in ventral view . ( c\u2013d ) \u2013right mandible in lateral ( c ) and medial ( d ) views . ( e ) \u2013left mandible in lateral view . ( f ) \u2013stereophotographs of the skull in ventral view . abbreviations : a , angular ; ar , articular ; bsp , basisphenoid ; bt , basal tubera ; co , coronoid ; cos , coronoid shelf ; d , dentary ; ect , ectopterygoid ; eo , exoccipital / opisthotic ; f , frontal ; fo , foramen ; j , jugal ; m , maxilla ; mf , mandibular foramen ; mg , meckelian groove ; oc , occipital condyle ; pa , parietal ; pal , palatine ; po , postorbital ; pof , postfrontal ; prf , prefrontal ; pt , pterygoid ; sa , surangular ; sy , symphysis ; tp , tooth plate . scale bars are 10 mm .\n( a ) \u2013left maxillary tooth plate in ventral view ( anterior is to the left ) . ( b ) \u2013enlargement of posterior part of left maxillary tooth plate , showing compound structure of the plate . ( c ) \u2013further enlargement of left maxillary tooth plate , showing closely packed , worn teeth with central pulp cavities . scale bars are 1 mm ( a , b ) and 0 . 5 mm ( c ) .\nposterior is to the right . abbreviations : bc , basal cavity ; f , foramen . small arrows point to bifurcating dentine channels . scale bar is 5 mm .\nm\u00f6rnsheim formation ( lower tithonian ) [ 16 ] , \u201ckrautworst naturstein\u201d quarry in m\u00fchlheim near m\u00f6rnsheim , central bavaria , germany ( fig . 1 ) .\nsmall rhynchocephalian with the following autapomorphic characters : maxilla with a medial process at the posterior end ; ectopterygoid with a secondary lateral process that contacts the medial side of the maxilla ; palatines with a midline contact in ventral view ; strongly pronounced lateral longitudinal groove on the dentaries , housing several large foramina ; very high coronoid process , the anterior border of which forms an angle of approximately 90\u00b0 with the tooth row ; coronoid with a pronounced shoulder medially ; dentition composed of extensive tooth plates formed by a multitude of fused , small , pencil - like teeth .\nthe skull of oenosaurus was preserved in ventral view , with the mandibles slightly displaced from the upper jaws . the skull is diagenetically dorsoventrally compressed and much of the dorsal skull roof is missing , as is the roof of the braincase . however , enough is preserved to record the general shape of the skull and the position and size of the orbitae ( fig . 2a ) .\nthe ectopterygoid attaches anterolaterally to the pterygoid wing . it is unusual in that it has two lateral processes , one that contacts the posterior end of the maxilla , as in other rhynchocephalians , and a more anterior one that extends anterolaterally lateral to the palatine and contacts the medial side of the maxilla ( fig . 2b , f ) . this process forms the posterior border of the suborbital fenestra , which is surrounded by the palatine , maxilla , and ectopterygoid . thus , the pterygoid is excluded from the rim of this fenestra , as in many other sphenodontids , but not more basal rhynchocephalians . in contrast to clevosaurs [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] there is no contact between the palatine and the ectopterygoid lateral to the fenestra . together with the medial process of the maxilla , the secondary anterolateral process frames a large foramen lateral to the palatine ridge .\nonly the floor of the braincase and the ventral parts of the occiput are preserved . the basisphenoid is narrow at the basicranial articulation , but rapidly widens posteriorly . the basipterygoid processes seem to be stout and short , but are mostly hidden by the pterygoids . the basisphenoid has a broad , shallow depression on the ventral side between the basipterygoid processes and the low , widely separated basal tubera . the occipital condyle is broad and not separated from the basioccipital body by a constricted neck , similar to the situation in the modern sphenodon .\nthe lower jaw is 33 mm long and is especially notable for its high coronoid process , which exceeds the tooth row by approximately 8 . 7 mm in the right mandible and is thus almost 1 . 5 times higher than the body of the dentary ( fig . 2c , d ) . the dentary accounts for most of the length of the mandible , and , as in all rhynchocephalians , a posteroventral process of the dentary reaches posteriorly beyond the coronoid process to the level of the anterior margin of the mandibular articulation . a large incision in the posterodorsal margin of the dentary marks the enlarged mandibular foramen ( fig . 2c , e ) . a pronounced groove with several large foramina is present on the lateral side of the dentary , and its dorsal margin seems to be formed by a secondary bone skirt [ 5 ] , [ 23 ] , which probably accounts at least partially for the strong transverse thickening of the tooth - bearing part of the dentary . anteriorly , the ventral margin of the bone extends ventrally to form a small , triangular \u201cchin\u201d , as it is present in many rhynchocephalians ( e . g . [ 20 ] , [ 24 ] \u2013 [ 26 ] ) . there is no splenial .\nthe postdentary bones are entirely restricted to the posterior half of the mandible . the surangular makes up the posterior margin of the ventral part of the coronoid process and continues posteriorly to the end of the mandible . the mandibular articulation is developed as a longitudinal dorsal ridge on the articular . the ridge is sharp - edged dorsally and slightly displaced to the lateral side . medially , it is flanked by a slightly anteroposteriorly concave medial bulge that becomes more pronounced posteriorly . this morphology is similar to the condition in derived rhynchocephalians , possibly indicating a propalinal movement of the lower jaw . the retroarticular process is short and stout . the medial side of the coronoid is thickened and forms a pronounced shelf below the tip of the coronoid process .\nthe most unusual character of the new taxon is the dentition . unlike the situation in any other rhynchocephalian , broad tooth plates are present in both the maxillaries and dentaries . the maxillary tooth plates ( fig . 2b , f , 3a ) are broad posteriorly and narrow in their anterior half . they are 13 mm long and 4 mm wide at their widest part . the lateral edge of the tooth plates is slightly raised and shows a few small bumps . the dentary tooth plates are elongate and oval to subrectangular in outline , with a length of 13 mm and a maximum width of 3 . 5 mm . ct data shows that the central part of the tooth plate is placed in a broad depression on the dorsal surface of the mandible , though the tooth implantation can still be regarded as acrodont rather than protothecodont , as it is the case in some basal rhynchocephalians [ 27 ] .\nunder closer inspection , the surfaces of the tooth plates show small , but clearly defined , round , oval , or angular subunits , made up of concentric dentine layers with a small central cavity ( fig . 3 ) . fine striations radiate outwards from the central cavity . micro ct - images of the dentary tooth plate show that these dentine tubes extend over the entire height of the plate ( fig . 4 ) . in the basal part , the central cavities become larger and form large , elongate cavities at the base of the tooth plate . in some instances , the central cavities of the dentine tubes bifurcate in their course from the base to the occlusal surface . tooth enamel seems to be absent , but the dentine tubes are tightly cemented together towards the occlusal surface . at the occlusal surface , the central cavities of the tubes also seem to be filled with cement . the dentine tubes are generally somewhat larger in the central parts of the tooth plate , but become smaller towards the margins ( fig . 3a ) . the dentine tubes reach further ventrally in the anterior part of the dentary than in the posterior part , which might indicate a later addition of posterior dentine tubes during ontogeny , as it is the case with individual teeth in other rhynchocephalians [ 9 ] .\ndespite its apomorphic cranial morphology and highly unusual dentition , cladistic analysis ( see information s1 ) places oenosaurus well within the rhynchocephalia ( fig . 5 ) , because the taxon shows numerous synapomorphies of this clade and more exclusive ingroups , such s sphenodontia and sphenodontidae . these characters include a pronounced ridge or tooth row laterally on the palatine , a high coronoid process in the mandible , a posterior process of the dentary that extends posterior to the coronoid process , an enlarged mandibular foramen , the lack of a splenial , and an acrodont dentition [ 18 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 28 ] \u2013 [ 30 ] . within rhynchocephalians , oenosaurus even falls within the clade that includes the recent form , the sphenodontinae [ 5 ] , [ 24 ] , though support for this placement is weak ( see information s1 ) , and further material of this taxon ( and others , which , with the exception of sphenodon , are generally poorly known [ 5 ] ) might lead to changes in this part of the tree . nevertheless , the phylogenetic position of the new taxon within sphenodontidae ( sensu [ 24 ] ) is well supported .\ncladistic analysis of 70 osteological characters in 19 rhynchocephalian and two outgroup taxa resulted in the recovery of 2 trees with 184 steps ( see information s1 ) . a strict consensus tree shows oenosaurus well nested within sphenodontine rhynchocephalians , as a close relative to the recent sphenodon . 1 , rhynchocephalia ; 2 , sphenodontinae .\nan interesting problem is the evolution of these tooth plates . the phylogenetic position of oenosaurus shows that this taxon is well nested within taxa that have the specialized acrodont dentition typical for sphenodontids . the very peculiar plates are therefore derived from such a dentition and demonstrate a surprising evolutionary plasticity of such a seemingly highly specialized tooth anlage [ 9 ] . a possible , but currently untestable , hypothesis of the evolution of these tooth plates might be that they formed by fusion and modification of the hatchling dentition , which consists of small , peg - like teeth with active tooth replacement in several rhynchocephalians [ 41 ] , including the modern sphenodon [ 42 ] , [ 43 ] . however , further studies and , possibly , further discoveries of this or other taxa with similar dentitions are necessary to test this hypothesis .\ndespite their specialized dentition , rhynchocephalians are quite variable in their tooth morphology . rhynchocephalian teeth can be referred to three basic functional types [ 10 ] : basal forms usually have small , conical teeth that are mainly used for piercing , most sphenodontids have anteroposteriorly elongate teeth that are used for cutting and slicing , and opisthodontians [ 18 ] have transversely expanded teeth capable of grinding and shredding . these different tooth types can roughly be equated with insectivory , generalized carnivory ( or piscivory , in the marine pleurosaurs ) , and herbivory , respectively [ 10 ] . the tooth plates of oenosaurus now demonstrate a further type of dentition in rhynchocephalians , a crushing dentition , indicating a durophagous diet . therefore , the new taxon adds a further trophic adaptation and a previously unknown ecotype to the already recognized ecological diversity of mesozoic rhynchocephalians [ 10 ] .\ncharacter list , data matrix , analytical procedures , consensus trees , and list of synapomorphies at internal nodes for the cladistic analysis mentioned in the text .\nwe thank roland p\u00f6schl , who found the fossil , and the owners and operators of the krautworst naturstein quarry , ulrich leonhardt , roland p\u00f6schl and uwe krautworst , for donating the specimen to the bspg . ulrich leonhardt , stefan s\u00f3nyi , and renate liebreich are thanked for preparation of the fossil . the paper benefited from discussions with marc jones and alexander n\u00fctzel . furthermore , critical comments by marc jones and nick fraser considerably helped to improve the paper . ct scans were carried out at the steinmann institute of the university of bonn with the help of irina ruf , which is greatly appreciated .\nconceived and designed the experiments : owmr amh ala ah . performed the experiments : owmr ala . analyzed the data : owmr ala . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : amh ah . wrote the paper : owmr amh ala .\nevans se , jones meh ( 2010 ) the origins , early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles . in bandyopadhyay s , editor . new aspects of mesozoic biodiversity . lecture notes in earth sciences . springer berlin / heidelberg . pp . 22\u201344 .\nung cy - 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michel m ( 1963 ) les rhynchoc\u00e9phales et les sauriens des calcaires lithographiques ( jurassique sup\u00e9rieur ) d ' europe occidentale . nouvelles archives du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle de lyon 7 : 1\u2013187 .\nluo z - x ( 2007 ) transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution . nature 450 : 1011\u20131019 .\nmilner ac , milner ar , evans se ( 2000 ) global changes and biota : amphibians , reptiles and birds . in : culver s , rawson p , editors . biotic response to global change : the last 145 million years . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . pp . 316\u2013332\nevans se ( 1998 ) lepidosaurian faunas from the early cretaceous : a clade in transition . new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin 14 : 195\u2013200 .\nhallam a ( 1984 ) continental humid and arid zones during the jurassic and cretaceous . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology 47 : 195\u2013223 .\nl\u00f3pez - arbarello a , sferco e ( 2011 ) new semionotiform ( actinopterygii : neopterygii ) from the late jurassic of southern germany . journal of systematic palaeontology 9 ( 2 ) 197\u2013215 .\nf\u00fcrsich ft , werner w , schneider s , m\u00e4user m ( 2007 ) sedimentology , taphonomy , and palaeoecology of a laminated plattenkalk from the kimmeridgian of the northern franconian alb ( southern germany ) . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology 243 : 92\u2013117 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\noliver w . m . rauhut , 1 , 2 , * alexander m . heyng , 2 adriana l\u00f3pez - arbarello , 1 and andreas hecker 3\n* e - mail : ed . nehcneum - inu . zrl @ tuhuar . o\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\nhere we report on a new taxon of rhynchocephalian from the late jurassic of southern germany that further underlines the morphological and ecological diversity of rhynchocephalians and indicates high adaptive plasticity even in the dentitions of these animals . the specimen was found in the middle parts of the moernsheim formation exposed at m\u00fchlheim (\n) , in a section of platy , siliceous limestones overlying lime bank b - h - 5 ( \u201ckrebs - bank\u201d ) . the marine tithonian ( upper jurassic ) moernsheim formation covers the famous solnhofen lithographic limestones in the western region of the franconian alb in northern bavaria . in contrast to the underlying solnhofen formation , the sediments of the moernsheim formation are more heterogeneous , consisting of mainly siliceous limestones in alternate bedding with marly and limey sections , and with intercalated banks particularly in the lower parts of the formation .\n) is considerably better resolved than that resulting from the full analysis , but , importantly , it does not contradict the results of the latter , neither in the strict consensus , nor in any reduced consensus tree . thus , we chose these results to illustrate and further explore the relationships of oenosaurus . bootstrap ( 10000 replicates ) and bremer support analyses were carried out on the pruned matrix , and the following list of synapomorphies is based on the strict consensus tree resulting from the pruned analysis .\nwas preserved in ventral view , with the mandibles slightly displaced from the upper jaws . the skull is diagenetically dorsoventrally compressed and much of the dorsal skull roof is missing , as is the roof of the braincase . however , enough is preserved to record the general shape of the skull and the position and size of the orbitae (\nthe skull seems to have been rather robust . as preserved , it is 24 . 3 mm long . unfortunately , the exact skull length cannot be determined , since the premaxillae are missing , but these bones probably did not account for more than an additional 2\u20133 mm . thus , the skull was slightly broader ( 28 mm ) than long , as in many rhynchocephalians , but unlike the slender , elongate skull of the marine pleurosaurs\n. premaxillae and nasals are missing . the frontals are elongate and narrow , and flanked by the prefrontals anterolaterally (\n) . there is no trace of a lacrimal , though it cannot be ruled out completely that this might be due to preservation . the posterior part of the skull roof is poorly preserved and nothing can be said about the shape and size of the temporal fenestrae . a small fragment of the parietals shows that these bones were fused and formed a narrow sagittal crest medially . the postfrontals and postorbitals formed a broad shelf anterior to the dorsal temporal fenestra . the jugal was broad and reached anteriorly to almost half - length of the orbit . the maxillae are massive and broad , but rapidly narrow anteriorly . posteriorly , the maxilla has a stout lateral process for the contact with the jugal and a smaller medial process that slots into the forked lateral process of the ectopterygoid .\n) . the vomers were small . their posterior ends separate the anterior ends of the palatines , but do not reach the pterygoids posteriorly , so that the palatines meet at the midline . such a midline contact of the palatines was illustrated for the marine pleurosaurs by carroll and wild\n, but not described in the text , and the line of contact is dotted in their reconstruction , so that some uncertainty of the condition in these animals remains . the palatines contact the maxillae laterally in a broad suture at about one third of the length of the latter bone , and form the posterior border of the internal choanae . the bones flank the pterygoids laterally over most of the length of the anterior process of the latter bone , taper posteriorly , and end a short way posterior to the posterior end of the maxillae . as in all sphenodontids , there is a raised ridge along the lateral edge of the posterior half of the palatines , but , due to preservation , it is uncertain if this ridge bore teeth , as it is the case in most taxa\n, the ridge diverges from the maxillary posteriorly and is more or less parallel to the midline of the skull . the pterygoids taper anteriorly and broaden abruptly posteriorly towards the ventrolaterally extending pterygoid wings . there is no interpterygoid vacuity , but the pterygoids form a midline suture up to the basicranial articulation . posteriorly , the slender , but well - developed , quadrate wings of the pterygoids diverge away from the ventral side of the braincase . a small fragment of bone lateral to the remnants of the left quadrate wing of the pterygoid might represent a remain of the pterygoid wing of the quadrate . unlike basal rhynchocephalians , there are no teeth on the pterygoid . no suture between the quadrate wing of the pterygoid and the pterygoid wing of the quadrate is visible in the preserved portions , so the latter bone , which is not preserved , might have had a rather short pterygoid wing .\nthe ectopterygoid attaches anterolaterally to the pterygoid wing . it is unusual in that it has two lateral processes , one that contacts the posterior end of the maxilla , as in other rhynchocephalians , and a more anterior one that extends anterolaterally lateral to the palatine and contacts the medial side of the maxilla (\n) . this process forms the posterior border of the suborbital fenestra , which is surrounded by the palatine , maxilla , and ectopterygoid . thus , the pterygoid is excluded from the rim of this fenestra , as in many other sphenodontids , but not more basal rhynchocephalians . in contrast to clevosaurs\nthere is no contact between the palatine and the ectopterygoid lateral to the fenestra . together with the medial process of the maxilla , the secondary anterolateral process frames a large foramen lateral to the palatine ridge .\nthe lower jaw is 33 mm long and is especially notable for its high coronoid process , which exceeds the tooth row by approximately 8 . 7 mm in the right mandible and is thus almost 1 . 5 times higher than the body of the dentary (\n) . the dentary accounts for most of the length of the mandible , and , as in all rhynchocephalians , a posteroventral process of the dentary reaches posteriorly beyond the coronoid process to the level of the anterior margin of the mandibular articulation . a large incision in the posterodorsal margin of the dentary marks the enlarged mandibular foramen ("]}
{"id": 344, "summary": [{"text": "macrobathra mesopora is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1886 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the adult moths have off-white forewings with bold dark brown bands and patches .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 1.5 cm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "macrobathra mesopora", "paragraphs": ["macrobathra mesopora meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 804 ; tl : blackheath , new south wales\nmacrobathra crococephala meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 50\nmacrobathra auratella viette , 1958 ; rev . franc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 119\nmacrobathra is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae . most species are endemic to australia .\nmacrobathra cineralella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 162\nmacrobathra vexillariata lucas , 1901 ; proc . r . soc . qd 16 : 90 ; tl : brisbane\nmacrobathra crococosma meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nmacrobathra gentilis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 212 ; tl : kanara , dharwar\nmacrobathra pyrodoxa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 310 ; tl : new ireland\nmacrobathra arneutis meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 218 ; tl : assam , margherita\nmacrobathra astrota meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 216 ; tl : queensland , herberton\nmacrobathra decataea meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 216 ; tl : queensland , townsville\nmacrobathra hedrastis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 295 ; tl : tenasserim , mergui\nmacrobathra myrocoma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 218 ; tl : assam , khasis\nmacrobathra notomitra meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 98 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nmacrobathra notozyga meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 217 ; tl : queensland , herberton\nmacrobathra recrepans meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 310 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\nmacrobathra synacta meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 364 ; tl : south australia , yutala\nmacrobathra proxena meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 216 ; tl : nyassaland , mt mlanje\nmacrobathra anacampta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 217 ; tl : queensland , herberton , brisbane\nmacrobathra antimeloda meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 614 ; tl : madagascar , imerina\nmacrobathra neurocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 614 ; tl : cameroons , lolodorf\nmacrobathra nomaea meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 217 ; tl : ceylon , colombo , peradeniya\nmacrobathra ochanota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 295 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nmacrobathra petalitis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 295 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nmacrobathra anisodora meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 98 ; tl : cape colony , kowie r .\nmacrobathra equestris meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 143 ; tl : khasis\nmacrobathra hexadyas meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 35 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nmacrobathra homocosma meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 167 ; tl : duaringa , queensland\nmacrobathra quercea moriuti , 1973 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 23 ( 2 ) : 35 ; tl : kuragaritoge , osaka pref . , honshu\nmacrobathra xanthoplaca meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 167 ; tl : melbourne , victoria\nmacrobathra monoclina meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 294 ; tl : ceylon , colombo ; coorg , dibidi\nmacrobathra peraeota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 98 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nmacrobathra aneurae turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 272 ; tl : queensland , charleville\nmacrobathra asemanta lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 103 ; tl : windermere , tasmania\nmacrobathra chryseostola turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 272 ; tl : queensland , rockhampton\nmacrobathra dasyplaca lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 103 ; tl : windermere , tasmania\nmacrobathra diplochrysa lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 104 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nmacrobathra embroneta turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 274 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nmacrobathra galenaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 167 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nmacrobathra phryganina turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 268 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nmacrobathra platyzona turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 273 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nmacrobathra polypasta turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 272 ; tl : queensland , charleville\nmacrobathra fasciata ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 98 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nmacrobathra gastroleuca lower , 1905 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 29 : 109 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nmacrobathra isoscelana lower , 1893 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 17 ( 1 ) : 182 ; tl : blackwood\nmacrobathra nimbifera turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 274 ; tl : queensland , national park\nmacrobathra psathyrodes turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 270 ; tl : queensland , bunya mts\nmacrobathra stenosema turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 271 ; tl : northern territory , darwin\nmacrobathra baliomitra turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 270 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nmacrobathra heterocera lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 102 ; tl :\nbillopp\n, tasmania\nmacrobathra anemarcha meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 805 ; tl : launceston , tasmania\nmacrobathra brontodes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 821 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nmacrobathra dispila turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 273 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york\nmacrobathra euryxantha meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 803 ; tl : duaringa , queensland\nmacrobathra leucozancla turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 270 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york\nmacrobathra melanargyra meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 817 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nmacrobathra melanota meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 809 ; tl : oowoomba , queensland\nmacrobathra micropis lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 102 ; tl : coomooboolaroo range , duaringa , queensland\nmacrobathra microspora lower , 1900 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 25 ( 3 ) : 415 ; tl : mackay , queensland\nmacrobathra niphadobola meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 810 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nmacrobathra paracentra lower , 1893 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 17 ( 1 ) : 182 ; tl : gisborne , victoria\nmacrobathra platychroa lower , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 270 ; tl : gisborne , victoria\nmacrobathra anemodes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 819 ; tl : wirrabarra , south australia\nmacrobathra drosera lower , 1901 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 25 ( 2 ) : 96 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nmacrobathra harmostis meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1678 ; tl : geraldton , west australia\nmacrobathra hemitropa meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 817 ; tl : wirrabara , south australia\nmacrobathra heterozona meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1676 ; tl : northampton , west australia\nmacrobathra hyalistis meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1679 ; tl : york , west australia\nmacrobathra parthenistis meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1678 ; tl : carnarvon , west australia\nmacrobathra philopsamma lower , 1900 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 25 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : semaphore , south australia\nmacrobathra pompholyctis meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1677 ; tl : york , west australia\nmacrobathra synastra meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 815 ; tl : geroge\u00b4s bay , tasmania\nmacrobathra allocrana turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 336 ; tl : n . queensland , innisfail\nmacrobathra callispila turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 334 ; tl : north australia , port darwin\nmacrobathra heminephela meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 806 ; tl : launceston and hobart , tasmania\nmacrobathra porphyrea meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 820 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nmacrobathra rhodospila meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 814 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nmacrobathra xuthocoma meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 813 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nmacrobathra aphristis meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1677 ; tl : carnarvon and northampton , west australia\nmacrobathra euspila turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 269 ; tl : new south wales , sydney ( woy woy )\nmacrobathra phernaea lower , 1899 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 24 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nmacrobathra syncoma lower , 1899 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 24 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nmacrobathra trimorpha meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1675 ; tl : carnarvon and geraldton , west australia\nmacrobathra zonodesma lower , 1900 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 25 ( 3 ) : 414 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nmacrobathra lychnophora turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 269 ; tl : queensland , bunya mts ; new south wales , allyn river\nmacrobathra callipetala turner , 1932 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 57 : 271 ; tl : n . australia , darwin ; n . queensland , cape york\nmacrobathra nephelomorpha meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 820 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; hobart , tasmania\nmacrobathra trithyra meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 808 ; tl : sydney and cooma , new south wales ; mt lofty , south australia\nmacrobathra ceraunobola meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 818 ; tl : sydney and blackheath , new south wales ; melbourne , victoria ; hobart , tasmania\nmacrobathra melanomitra meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 807 ; tl : bowenfels , new south wales ; mt lofty , wirrabara and quorn , south australia\nmacrobathra desmotoma meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 806 ; tl : brisbane and toowoomba , queensland ; newcastle and sydney , new south wales ; melbourne , victoria\nmacrobathra chrysotoxa meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 10 ( 4 ) : 804 ; tl : brisbane and toowoomba , queensland ; newcastle and sydney , new south wales ; melbourne and warragul , victoria ; launceston and hobart , tasmania\nthe adult moths have off - white forewings with bold dark brown bands and patches . the hindwings are dark brown . the wingspan is about 1 . 5 cms .\nseries 1 , volume 10 , part 4 ( 1886 ) , pp . 804 - 805 ,\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 755be193 - 8a27 - 4914 - abac - 7dc0b36af9ea\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cee00aef - 1c98 - 42a7 - 87a6 - 1275e1d296d3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 382205\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\naspasiodes allophyla turner , 1944 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 69 ( 1 - 2 ) : 51 ; tl : queensland , injune\ns . queensland , new south wales , s . australia . see [ maps ]\nmacronemata basisticha turner , 1936 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 61 : 309 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ngelechia constrictella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 647 ; tl : australia\ndeltozona meyrick , 1932 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 276\nstagmatophora distincta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 119 , pl . 6 , f . 57 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\ngelechia epimela lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 106 ; tl : brisbane\nborkhausenia ( ? ) erythrocephala lower , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 169 ; tl : broken hill , n . s . w :\nstagmatophora fasciata walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 118 , pl . 6 , f . 56 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nhamata meyrick , 1931 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 5 ) : 116\nleurozancla humilis turner , 1933 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 57 : 173 ; tl : queensland , national park\nlarva on quercus serrata , q . glauca moriuti , 1973 , ty\u00f4 to ga 23 ( 2 ) : 38\nlymnaecia subharpalea legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 10\nlymnaecia superharpalea legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 11\nlaverna vividella felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 140 , f . 6\ngelechia xylopterella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 650 ; tl : moreton bay\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nwalsingham , 1891 african micro - lepidoptera trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 63 - 132 , pl . 3 - 7\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 345, "summary": [{"text": "the gatekeeper or hedge brown ( pyronia tithonus ) is most commonly found in southern and eastern britain and coastal areas of south and south-east ireland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in the channel islands , but not in scotland nor the isle of man .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "given its preference for warmer weather , it can be assumed that the restriction of range expansion is due to climate .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "colonies vary in size depending on the available habitat , and can range from a few dozen to several thousand butterflies . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gatekeeper ( butterfly )", "paragraphs": ["meant for each other . great camourflage . the gatekeeper butterfly on a marigold .\nthere are 23 photographs of the gatekeeper in our stock photo library . view more photographs of the gatekeeper as a thumbnail gallery or as a slideshow .\npingback : garden pollinators for paw no . 4 \u2013 gatekeeper butterfly ( pyronia tithonus ) | jeff ollerton ' s biodiversity blog\nthe gatekeeper has a single brood , flying between mid - july and late august .\nthere are 14 named aberrant forms of the gatekeeper currently listed . find out more about aberrants\ngatekeeper feeding on late season meadowsweet ( filipendula ulmaria ) . photo \u00a9 c . young .\nthe once abundant gatekeeper has declined by 44 % since 1976 , despite its habitat not being threatened . photograph : mark searle / butterfly conservation\nthe gatekeeper butterfly can be found in a number of locations including : europe , united kingdom . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nthe following habitats are found across the gatekeeper butterfly distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\ncorbet sa ( 2000 ) butterfly nectaring flowers : butterfly morphology and flower form . entomol exp appl 96 : 289\u2013298\nspot gatekeeper butterflies in grassland , hedgerows and along woodland rides throughout england and wales . ( photo : p . roper / wtml )\n) listed and ranked \u201cthe 100 best butterfly nectar plants in order of attraction\u201d . five of these are featured on the butterfly conservation website (\nin total , gatekeeper has been recorded from 799 transects in the butterfly monitoring scheme . of these , annual indices of abundance have been calculated from 914 sites , with an average index of 176 individuals per site .\nclearly , in order to exist in an urban setting the gatekeeper must have its basic requirements met by the habitat in which it finds itself .\nscientists hope the data gathered will help solve riddles such as the mysterious decline of the once - common gatekeeper . despite its caterpillars feeding on common grasses , this abundant hedgerow butterfly has declined by 44 % since 1976 .\nfor 438 of these sites , gatekeeper has been recorded well enough to calculate annual indices of abundance in more years , allowing trends to be calculated .\nbutterflies have mesmerising qualities , heightened when they are complemented with equally flamboyant flowers . their names are endearing too , skipper , gatekeeper and painted lady .\nthe gatekeeper is a widespread and common butterfly in the southern half of britain and has extended its range northwards during recent years . if frequents lanes and hedgerows , woodland rides and scrubby downland and heaths where tall grasses occur .\nwe performed a principal components analysis ( pca ) of the butterfly visits to characterise the structure of the butterfly community\u2019s choices of plant species . we used the\n( 2007 ) new red list of british butterflies . butterfly conservation , wareham .\nare enough to divert a bird attack away from the butterfly ' s body .\nvickery ml ( 1998 ) gardening for butterflies . british butterfly conservation society , dorset\ntwo monarch butterfly ( danaus plexippus ) mating on the underside of a leaf .\nthe gatekeeper or hedge brown as many people prefer to call it is most often found as these names suggest in gateways and hedgerows . it is often seen in association with\nthe nbn gateway records are shown on the map right . ( see terms and conditions ) . more data is available on the gatekeeper on the nbn gateway web site .\nthe trend away from too much \u2018tidying up\u2019 in the countryside has boosted gatekeeper numbers \u2013 they need long grass and the kind of scrub that thrives when old woods regenerate .\nbutterfly teaches us that the soul is beautifully fragile and should be valued as such .\nautomeris bullseye moths , smerinthus eyed hawkmoths and the peacock butterfly inachis io . in others\ndrag and drop each butterfly onto the plant where its caterpillars are most commonly found .\n) , although probably not all butterfly populations are nectar limited ( thomas et al .\nuk butterfly monitoring scheme ( 2006 ) urltoken ( accessed february 7 , 2007 ) .\n) have also found that warmer spring weather is associated with earlier butterfly flight timing .\nget it right and the butterfly stays there , get it wrong and it flies back .\nwidespread in britain except northern scotland . the peacock butterfly lays its eggs on stinging nettles .\nasher j , fox r , warren ms . british butterfly distributions and the 2010 target .\nbritain ' s most striking butterfly , the swallowtail , with its fanned tails and distinctive red spots has suffered the largest decline with numbers down 65 % since 2014 . the gatekeeper , once a common sight in the countryside , has also experienced a decline ( 44 % ) .\nwijnandr93 and claudias , a close competition , but i think bayucca has come up with the correct id . now i have 3 varieties of gatekeeper ! thank you all for your input .\nthe butterfly conservation is not entirely sure why the uk is experiencing a butterfly decline but they think it might be due to climate change altering their habitats and the increased use of pesticides .\nnot a new post , but a post about raising monarchs from egg to butterfly . . urltoken\nrichard fox of butterfly conservation on denbies hillside , surrey . photograph : sonja horsman for the observer\nthe role of the north atlantic oscillation in controlling u . k . butterfly population size and phenology\nthe old - gold gatekeeper got its name patrolling hedges , verges and woodland rides \u2013 aided , you might fancy , by the sharp black eyespots on its forewings , which have two white pupils .\nso far , early results from this year\u2019s survey suggest the comma butterfly \u2013 which has been spreading northwards for years \u2013 is continuing to thrive in higher and higher latitudes while the gatekeeper butterfly , which is found in the southern half of england and has declined by 44 % in abundance recently , may now be seeing an increase in numbers . common whites , by contrast , continue to suffer declines .\n* large white , speckled wood , small white , holly blue , red admiral , cinnabar , large skipper , meadow brown , peacock , gatekeeper , comma , brimstone , orange tip , small tortoiseshell .\nthe gatekeeper is a common species of sheltered grassland such as adjacent to scrub , along hedgerows , woodland edges and rides where its larvae feed on a range of fine and medium - leaved grasses . the butterfly is expanding its range in britain . ( for further details on this species see urltoken ) .\n) which included information on its assembly . however , even this list provides little information on how its recommendations were derived , or which butterfly species are attracted to which plants . one of butterfly conservation\u2019s (\n2 . go on to the garden butterfly survey website and log your results on a regular basis .\nthe lifecycle and flight charts should be regarded as approximate guides to the gatekeeper in britain . specific lifecycle states , adult emergence and peak flight times vary from year to year due to variations in weather conditions .\nmatson ck , murphy mw , griswold md , yoshida s , bardwell vj , et al . the mammalian doublesex homolog dmrt1 is a transcriptional gatekeeper that controls the mitosis versus meiosis decision in male germ cells .\nand that ' s where we come in . the butterfly conservation need our help to get to the bottom of this butterfly mystery so that they can determine what we need to do to up the numbers .\ncommon in britain except parts of scotland . the small copper butterfly lays its eggs on docks and sorrels .\nour results show that butterfly species composition varied greatly among ornamental garden flowers . each plant attracted only a subset of the butterfly community and no one plant was attractive to the majority of species . this was epitomised by\nthe analysis so far has concentrated on the effect of the winter nao on butterfly abundance , based on collated indices . however , the nao may also affect the timing , or phenology , of butterfly flight periods .\nwallisdevries mf , van swaay cam . global warming and excess nitrogen may induce butterfly decline by microclimatic cooling .\ncommon in england , wales and parts of ireland . caterpillars of the brimstone butterfly live on the buckthorn tree .\ndownload our handy butterfly chart or free app for ios and android to identify and record the butterflies you spot .\nsuch are the discomforts of involvement in the big butterfly count . the national survey has seen thousands of members of the british public counting butterfly species across the nation . it has been a damp and cold process on occasion .\na butterfly\u2019s average life span is about a month , although smaller butterflies will usually only live about a week .\ncommon in england and wales . the orange tip butterfly lays its eggs on garlic mustard and lady ' s smock .\nto record butterfly activity , i used a hybrid of several established butterfly recording approaches . recording time frames and environmental limitations were adopted from pollard and yates ' s ( 1993 ) standard butterfly monitoring scheme ( bms ) transect method . the practicalities of recording the movements of an individual visitor were adapted from the botanic garden method used by wood and samways ( 1991 ) , and the method for recording and transcribing observations of butterfly behavior was adapted from dover ( 1989 ) .\nunited kingdom butterfly monitoring scheme . 2010 . ) [ www document ] . url urltoken [ accessed on march 2011 ]\nunlike the meadow brown , the gatekeeper has orange patches on both fore and rear wings . it also has the double white pupils in the eye spot which distinguishes it from both meadow brown and small heath ( which only have one ) .\nthe gatekeeper has gold wings on a brown background . the black eye spot on the upper wings has two characteristic white ' pupils ' . this butterfly spends much of its time basking with wings open , when the sexes are easy to tell apart - only the male has the distinctive sex brands on the forewings ( dark smudgy patches on the orange upperwings ) .\nthe gatekeeper occurs anywhere where tall grasses grow close to hedges trees or scrub , especially along hedgerows and woodland rides where there is a plentiful nectar source . it tends to avoid open grassland with short vegetation and areas where bramble does not occur .\nthis butterfly is relatively stable in terms of both distribution and population and it is not currently a species of conservation concern .\nthe common blue butterfly occurs in most areas of britain and ireland . the caterpillars feed on bird ' s foot trefoil .\n1 . when you get the chance , monitor any butterfly activity in your garden throughout the year and make a note .\n4 . the nao influences the timing of u . k . butterfly flight seasons more strongly than it influences population size .\nwestgarth - smith ar , leroy sag , collins pef . the north atlantic oscillation and u . k . butterfly populations .\nhowever , had the highest diversity of butterfly visits as it attracted more even numbers of pieridae and nymphalinae . plant rank ( vickery\nthere are 59 species of butterfly and 2 , 500 species of moth in the uk . they are found from shorelines to mountain tops , in all habitats . butterfly caterpillars feed mainly on plants , but some moth species feed on roots , lichens and algae .\nthe signs are good this year with butterfly spotters reporting \u201cclouds of butterflies\u201d on nature reserves and meadows in southern england , according to fox . marbled whites and ringlets are particularly numerous and some regular butterfly recorders have counted 1 , 000 butterflies on their weekly counts .\nthis butterfly is found throughout most of england and wales , being common in the south of its range and becoming scarcer further north .\nall data were collected between 09 : 00 and 18 : 00 in from 8 to 13 august 2013 during dry , sunny weather at temperatures of 17\u201325 \u00b0c with zero or light wind when butterflies were most likely to be active . the survey was carried out during the period of the big butterfly count , an annual citizen science and participation survey organized by butterfly conservation in the uk ( big butterfly count\n1 . the north atlantic oscillation ( nao ) exerts considerable control on u . k . weather . this study investigates the impact of the nao on butterfly abundance and phenology using 34 years of data from the u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) .\nexample 2 - the two butterflies known to early entomologists as the selvedged heath eye and the golden heath eye were later discovered to be the male and female of a single species which was initially called the gatekeeper but is now called the small heath . the original name gatekeeper is now applied to an entirely different species which has variously been known as the hedge brown , hedge eye and large heath . the name large heath however is now used for an entirely different species that was previously known as the manchester argus , or marsh ringlet !\n[ \u2026 ] the end of each month the transmutational garden hosts a butterfly bucket list event . it is a great excuse [ \u2026 ]\nwhich was visited predominantly by satyrine but not nymphaline species , with little overlap between the two plants . for example , the peacock butterfly ,\nwallisdevries mf , swaay camv ( 2012 ) changes in nectar supply : a possible cause of widespread butterfly decline . curr zool 20 : 384\u2013391\ndover , j . w . 1989 . a method for recording and transcribing observations of butterfly behaviour . entomologists ' gazette 40 : 95\u2013100 .\ngatekeeper butterflies take to the wing in the height of summer when blackberry flowers are at their best . the nectar provides a valuable food source for these butterflies , which are commonly found around hedgerows and field gates , giving a clue to the origin of their common names : gatekeeper and hedge brown . the males have a dark brown patch of scent - producing scales on the forewing , used to attract females during courtship . gatekeepers are common and widespread in europe , and the british isles has its own subspecies ( britanniae ) . how to identify common garden butterflies .\nit is found around the coast as far north as southern scotland . inland , it is more widespread in northern england and southern scotland . it is a similar size and colour to the gatekeeper , but the wall is much more heavily patterned and sometimes confused with small fritillary butterflies .\ncrow has many spiritual gifts and abilities . across global cultures they are seen as tricksters , prophets , messengers , warriors , guardians and creator spirit . crow invites the energy of magic , of personal transformation and because he feeds on death , is a gatekeeper of the spirit world .\n) . the aim was not to compare overall attractiveness to butterflies , but to determine differences among plant species in the butterfly species they attract .\nit is important for scientists investigating wildlife gardening disseminate their findings in order to assist the gardening public in encouraging wildlife . the use of citizen science is one possible route to achieving this , and much infrastructure is already in place . butterfly conservation\u2019s most recent survey , the big butterfly count (\nhaddad , n . 2000 . corridor length and patch colonization by a butterfly , junonia coenia . conservation biology 14 ( 3 ) : 738\u2013745 .\nthe nao influenced the timing , or phenology , of the butterfly flight season for all six species studied in detail . the peak flight weeks for\nwelcome to my butterfly bucket list for july 2015 . this month i\u2019m highlighting the pearl crescent ( phyciodes tharos ) , a small butterfly that\u2019s been flitting about in my garden since late spring . its average wingspan is about 1 . 5 inches ( approximately 3 . 8 cm ) . the pearl crescent is an orange and black butterfly , colors which appear to be very common in this part of the country as far as butterflies are concerned !\nthe ukbms is based on a well - established and enjoyable recording method listed above and has produced important insights into almost all aspects of butterfly ecology .\nthis pearl crescent butterfly looks like he may have escaped the clutches of a predator at one point . he\u2019s lost bits and pieces of his wings .\n) . lack of an adequate nectar supply is potentially a limiting factor to butterfly populations and has been linked to population declines ( murphy et al .\nand other european species of large blue butterfly . in : pullin as ( ed ) ecology and conservation of butterflies , springer , netherlands . pp 180\u2013197\nalmost every garden has a patch of grass that could feed up to nine species of our commoner local butterfly caterpillars and maybe 40 moth species\u2019 caterpillars .\nfigure 5 : all butterfly visit flight paths in the observation season of 2000 . distinct corridors of activity are noticeable both across and along the garden .\nin our garden in newquay , we have seen this summer : large white , speckled wood , small white , holly blue , red admiral , meadow brown , peacock , gatekeeper , comma , small tortoiseshell , common blue , wall and humming - bird hawk moth ( i know , not a butterfly ) . suburban , i guess , rather than urban . i grow as many plants as i can to attract pollinators ; we have a lot of buff - tailed , carder , and red tailed bumblebees ; many hover flies , wasps etc . not many of each kind of butterfly , but some .\nthe gatekeeper is also known by the name hedge brown , and at various stages in history has been called ' small meadow brown ' , ' hedge eye ' and ' large heath ' - the latter name now being applied to a different species coenonympha tullia . for more information see british vernacular names .\nmevi - sch\u00fctz j , erhardt a ( 2005 ) amino acids in nectar enhance butterfly fecundity : a long - awaited link . am nat 165 : 411\u2013419\npeacock butterfly on blackthorn flowers , which provide an excellent nectar supply early in the year . the leaves are the foodplant of several species of garden moth .\nbrereton t , roy db , middlebrook i , botham m , warren m . the development of butterfly indicators in the united kingdom and assessments in 2010 .\nas its english names suggest , the gatekeeper ( also known as the hedge brown ) is often encountered where clumps of flowers grow in gateways and along hedgerows and field edges . it is often seen together with the meadow brown and ringlet , from which it is easily distinguished when basking or nectaring with open wings .\nsince moving into our house in january 2012 i\u2019ve been keeping a list of butterflies and day - flying moths seen in the garden ( as well as birds and bees , of course ) . that list currently contains 14 species * , one of the most interesting of which is the gatekeeper ( pyronia tithonus ) .\nalong the wild , pristine coast , ugo was taking landscape images of the area he grew up in . glancing down to look for an interesting foreground he saw a splash of pale orange among the white salt crystals of a small rock pool . it was a southern gatekeeper butterfly , mummified by the highly concentrated salt water and entombed in a coffin of salt . these salt deposits form in rocky crevices along the coast . the seawater pools there during rough weather , then evaporates under the strong summer sun , leaving layers of crystallised salt . this female butterfly likely fell , exhausted , and became trapped by the surface tension of the water .\nevery known taxon is designated a binomial ( two - word ) name derived from latin or greek roots . an example is the common blue butterfly polyommatus icarus :\n) . therefore , the six species peak at different times and hence should provide an indication of how the nao affects butterfly populations throughout the spring and summer .\nbutterflies such as the meadow brown , gatekeeper and the essex skipper can be spotted among the grasses , especially in the junction where the longer grasses meet the shorter . the more modern grasses such as italian rye are not the grasses they need , rather the native grasses such as timothy , the fescues , foxtails and quaking grass .\nbutterfly conservation is a registered charity and non - profit - making company , limited by guarantee . registered in england no . 2206468 . registered charity no . 254937 .\na butterfly starts life as a very small egg usually laid on leaves . when the egg hatches , the emerging caterpillar will eat the leaf it is on . as soon as it has finished growing , it forms a pupa or chrysalis . the old body parts of the caterpillar undergo metamorphosis and become parts of the future butterfly .\nbutterfly life history information , including the typical number of generations per year and the usual months when adults fly , was obtained from pollard and yates ( 1993 ) .\nwestgarth - smith ar , leroy sag , collins pef , roy db . mechanisms for the control of u . k . butterfly abundance by the north atlantic oscillation .\n. of these three butterflies , the gatekeeper is probably the most attractive with its bright orange / brown wings fringed with a wide earthy / grey brown and distinctive black and white eyespot . the colour and patterning of the wings can be very variable and there are several named aberrations . they are particularly fond of feeding on bramble and ragwort .\nthe gatekeeper may be confused with the duller meadow brown , but is distinguished by the notably brighter colouring with distinctive orange and chocolate patterning on both wings , its twin white dots in the eye spots of the forewings , and the uneven line of white spots on the underside hindwing . the male has a bold dark scent brand across each forewing .\nbutterfly aberrations occur for a variety of reasons , generally , extreme temperature changes especially while the butterfly is developing during the pupal ( chrysalis ) stage may cause aberrations to occur . very cold conditions can produce very dark forms of some species while heat shock ( sudden temperature changes or extreme temperature ) may cause dramatic changes in wing pattern and colouration .\nhelenor which has a brilliant iridescent blue upperside that makes it highly visible to predators as well as to potential mates . if alarmed , the butterfly will immediately land , snapping it ' s wings shut so that only the dark brown underside is visible . after landing however there is always the possibility that it might be spotted at rest by a pursuing bird , so then the secondary decoy - ocelli defence may help the butterfly to escape by diverting the birds beak away from the butterfly ' s body and towards the wing edges .\nroy db , rothery p , moss d , pollard e , thomas ja . butterfly numbers and weather : predicting historical trends in abundance and the future effects of climate change .\n2 . the study uses a multi - species indicator to show that the nao does not affect overall u . k . butterfly population size . however , the abundance of bivoltine butterfly species , which have longer flight seasons , were found to be more likely to respond positively to the nao compared with univoltine species , which show little or a negative response .\ni\u2019m especially intrigued by the butterfly\u2019s antennae . the colors seem to alternate black and white . they\u2019re very attractive ! they also come in very handy . according to gardens with wings :\nwith the free smartphone app for big butterfly count you can carry out and submit your count all in one go while out and about watching butterflies . available for ios and android .\n\u201cwe find that what looks like a good year nowadays is only an average year back in the 1980s , \u201d warned richard fox of butterfly conservation , which runs the annual survey .\nbutterfly dispersal is related to habitat quality between sites . populations separated by more suitable habitat tend to show increased similarity in the yearly fluctuations in butterfly population counts . powney et al . ( 2011 ) in methods in ecology and evolution ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 2041 - 210x . 2011 . 00098 . x ) + video ? ( urltoken )\nan attacking bird always tries to anticipate the escape route of it ' s prey , so it aims it ' s attack at a point fractionally in front of the head . the false head fools the bird into aiming behind the butterfly instead . the butterfly then darts off in the opposite direction to that which the bird expects , and makes it ' s escape .\nthis is actually a page i have at the top of the blog . i never raised a butterfly until 2011 and haven\u2019t raised many . but there is something magical about it . .\ncurtis rj , brereton tm , dennis rlh , carbone c , isaac njb ( 2015 ) . butterfly abundance is determined by food availability and is mediated by species traits . j appl ecol\no\u2019brien dm , boggs cl , fogel ml ( 2004 ) making eggs from nectar : the role of life history and dietary carbon turnover in butterfly reproductive resource allocation . oikos 105 : 279\u2013291\nwestgarth - smith ar , leroy sag , collins pef , roy db . the north atlantic oscillation and u . k . butterfly life cycles , pigmentation , morphology , behaviour and conservation .\nlandscape structure affects the recovery of butterfly populations after extreme events . the ringlet butterfly shows population crashes after severe droughts . these crashes are reduced , and the recovery thereafter increased , in larger and more connected patches of woodland habitat . oliver et al . ( 2012 ) in ecography ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1600 - 0587 . 2012 . 07665 . x )\n( rottemburg ) were less abundant , both making up less than 0 . 02 % of individuals . similarly , six of the plant species received over 95 % of butterfly visits ( fig .\npolus e , vandewoestijne s , choutt j , baguette m ( 2007 ) tracking the effects of one century of habitat loss and fragmentation on calcareous grassland butterfly communities . biodivers conserv 16 : 3423\u20133436\n\u201cwhat is encouraging is the number of people who take part in the big butterfly count , \u201d said fox . \u201ca total of 189 , 000 have been involved at various times . not only does the count they provide give us great data , but the involvement of these people raises public awareness of the plight of the butterfly \u2013 and that is becoming more and more important . \u201d\nbutterflies and moths are one of the most threatened wildlife groups in the uk . in the past 150 years , nearly 70 species have become extinct : 4 butterfly species and 65 moth species .\nclouds of butterflies have been sighted in southern britain this summer but wildlife lovers are being urged to help scientifically assess whether our insects are really bouncing back by joining the world\u2019s largest butterfly survey .\nblair , r . b . , and a . e . launer . 1997 . butterfly diversity and human land use : species assemblages along an urban gradient . biological conservation 80 : 113\u2013125 .\nbutterfly data for 1976\u20132009 are available as a multi - species annual collated index , calculated from u . k . abundance data for 49 species ( brereton et al . , 2011 ) and annual collated indices for each species . these collated indices are calculated from all ukbms sites in the u . k . and represent a national annual index of abundance . weekly butterfly counts are also available for each ukbms transect site ( u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme , 2010 ) . the peak flight week is the week in the national dataset during which the greatest number of butterflies is seen .\nour study was limited in scope given the time period over which it was conducted . furthermore , the first two principal components explained 34 . 8 % of the variation , a relatively low amount , suggesting resource use outside of our study plants . however , our results show clear patterns consistent with the existing data on butterfly nectar use . the short time span makes the data easier to interpret and removes interactions such as a plant which bloomed early being visited by a butterfly which is on the wing early . further research is needed , both to bolster our conclusions with regards to butterfly nectaring and how gardens can provide other butterfly resources such as larval host plants and shelter . in particular , it is important to investigate the role gardens can play in helping rarer , more specialist butterflies .\nas our knowledge grows and relationships between different taxa are more clearly understood it sometimes becomes necessary for a butterfly to be reclassified under a different genus , or even under a different subfamily or family .\n) , ornamental flowers are likely to be of less value . for example , it would be unrealistic for gardeners to attempt to create the unique set of environmental conditions suitable for the large blue butterfly (\nmarney ' s perfect wildlife and butterfly garden will shortly be on full public view . she is creating her idyllic garden with an office in it for the 2011 chelsea flowers show ( see urltoken ) .\nsee which butterflies and moths other people have spotted near you and across the uk on our big butterfly count 2018 results map . you can also read all the analysis and results of the 2017 count .\n) . in effect , the nao index is a synthesis of a range of weather features that interact to affect organisms . the nao exerts most of its control on weather before the butterfly flight season (\nthe u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) was piloted in monks wood in cambridgeshire , u . k . , during 1973\u20131975 , and was then extended nationally from 1976 to include a steadily expanding number of survey sites in the u . k . the monitoring technique involves walking a standardised line transect on a weekly basis from the start of april to the end of september when weather conditions are suitable for butterfly activity . all butterflies seen by the observer in a strip 5 m wide are identified and counted ( pollard & yates , 1993 ; u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme , 2010 ) .\nschneider , c . , and g . fry . 2005 . estimating the consequences of land - use changes on butterfly diversity in a marginal agricultural landscape in sweden . journal of nature conservation 13 : 247\u2013256 .\nwhat triggered this alarm was the fact that in england the summer of 2016 had been warmer and drier than average \u2013 conditions that tend to boost butterfly populations . instead their numbers dropped dramatically , with once common garden butterflies , such as the small tortoiseshell , declining by 47 % compared with the previous year , and the peacock butterfly falling by 42 % . given previous drops in numbers , these new figures are especially disturbing .\nruszczyk , a . , and a . m . de araujo . 1992 . gradients in butterfly species diversity in an urban area in brazil . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) : 255\u2013264 .\nthe conservation want us to help them get a better idea of our country ' s butterfly population by submitting our own sightings . this will reveal whether our gardens can offer this magnificent creature a much needed home .\nclimate change is affecting u . k . butterfly populations ; the northern distribution limits of some species are moving northwards ( asher et al . , 2001 , 2011 ; hill et al . , 2002 ) and most species are flying earlier ( sparks & yates , 1997 ; roy & sparks , 2000 ) . it is predicted that projected climate change may cause future population changes ( roy et al . , 2001 ) . insects are excellent organisms through which to investigate the influence of weather as they are poikilothermic and are therefore strongly influenced by climatic conditions . the present study investigates the effect of the north atlantic oscillation ( nao ) on butterfly ecology , using data from the u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( 2010 ) , which currently contains 16 . 4 million butterfly records and is one of the best long - term biodiversity datasets in the world .\nas to the cause , biologists believe they have now identified a new threat to the butterfly : warm winters . britain experienced a particularly mild few months in 2015 - 16 . \u201cit was one of the warmest winters on record and we now believe that the unseasonably high temperatures had a grim impact on butterfly larvae , pupae and overwintering adults , \u201d said fox . \u201cthat is probably why we saw such bad figures last year . \u201d\nmeadow brown , gatekeeper and marbled white all bred in 2016 but i suspect small heath didn ' t , although it has in the past . my ' tiny ' wildflower meadow plays a very small part in the complex of grass meadows that surround our garden and with these meadows evolving ( in ways which i won ' t go into in this article ) we may well lose small heath as a breeding species . we shall see .\nsix butterfly species were chosen to investigate the association between the nao and peak flight week . data for these species were available and of sufficiently high quality throughout the entire time period studied . these included four univoltine species : anthocharis cardamines ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) ( orange tip ) ; melanargia galathea ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( marbled white ) ; aphantopus hyperantus ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( ringlet ) ; and pyronia tithonus ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( gatekeeper or hedge brown ) . the other two species were bivoltine : lasiommata megera ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) ( wall brown ) ; and polyommatus icarus ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) ( common blue ) .\ndennis , r . l . h . 2004 . butterfly habitats , broad - scale biotope affiliations , and structural exploitation of vegetation at finer scales : the matrix revisited . ecological entomology 29 ( 6 ) : 744\u2013752 .\nvanreusel , w . , and h . van dyck . 2007 . when functional habitat does not match vegetation types : a resource - based approach to map butterfly habitat . biological conservation 135 ( 2 ) : 202\u2013211 .\nobserving butterfly behaviour often reveals the answer to such riddles . the swallowtail normally rests with it ' s wings closed , but if it is disturbed it suddenly flicks them open in exactly the same manner as adopted by the peacock and other ocelli - equipped species such as bullseye silkmoths or eyed hawkmoths . furthermore , when alarmed the butterfly often moves the outspread wings in a jerky and almost threatening motion , as if to deliberately draw attention to itself .\nto enhance a garden\u2019s value as a nectar source for butterflies , our results indicate that planting multiple plant varieties which attract distinct subsets of the butterfly community would be beneficial . at its most basic this could be to plant both\nthe butterfly conservation is calling upon us gardeners to help boost the population of winged insects living in the areas around our homes because , although we are a nation of horticulturalists , it seems we know very little about butterflies .\n) . one pivotal resource is floral nectar , which is the primary energy source for adults of most butterfly species and can enhance reproduction as nectar amino acids may compensate for a nutrient - poor larval diet ( o\u2019brien et al .\na total of 2659 lepidoptera visits were recorded in the study , made by 14 butterfly and one moth species ( see supplementary table a for a full summary ) . the recorded species are relatively common , and with the exception of\nwood , p . a . , and m . j . samways . 1991 . landscape element pattern and continuity of butterfly flight paths in an ecologically landscaped botanic garden , natal , south africa . biological conservation 58 : 149\u2013166 .\ntemperature had a greater effect on flight timing than precipitation . warmer temperatures during the period april\u2013july resulted in the earlier flight of all six species of butterfly ; temperatures in later months are associated with later flying species . previous studies (\nin the uk butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) , annual data on the population status of butterflies is derived from a wide - scale program of site - based monitoring and sampling in randomly selected 1km squares . the sampling framework comprises : ( 1 ) weekly butterfly transects ( pollard walks ) ; ( 2 ) reduced effort surveys of habitat specialist species ( including timed counts of adults , single species transects , and egg and larval counts ) ; and ( 3 ) the wider countryside butterfly survey ( wcbs ) . the resulting ukbms dataset is one of the most important resources for understanding changes in insect populations and answering policy questions relating to status and trends in biodiversity . . . [ more ]\nheikkinen , r . k . , m . luoto , m . kuussaari , and t . toivonen . in press . modelling the spatial distribution of a threatened butterfly : impacts of scale and statistical technique . landscape and urban planning .\n) , which makes it potentially more useful than mean annual temperature to explain butterfly ecology because mean annual temperature is the mean of temperatures over all 12 months , including months that come later in the year after butterflies have finished flying .\nflight seasons of four univoltine butterfly species , anthocharis cardamines , melanargia galathea , aphantopus hyperantus and pyronia tithonus , and two bivoltine species , lasiommata megera and polyommatus icarus . data show the annual mean number of each species counted per week at all u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme ( ukbms ) sites for 1976\u20132009 . the week numbers are those used by the ukbms and thus week 1 is the first week of april and week 14 is the first week of july .\nfound where tall grasses grow close to hedges , trees or scrub . typical habitats are along hedgerows and in woodland rides . the butterfly can also occur in habitats such as ; undercliffs , heathland and downland where there are patches of scrub .\nif butterfly has come into your life , it is because you are undergoing a transformation . the period between life changes are usually chaotic , stagnant or in some way markedly uncanny . accept butterfly medicine and try to be still as the world passes , the more we can passively accept the situations we face the easier we move from them . the old self , emotional and mental is dying , becoming a mere cocoon while the soul regenerates and will fly into the summer sunshine .\noften the frightening effect of diematic markings is only temporary . having gotten over the initial shock a bird may resume it ' s attack . in such circumstances the ocelli on the butterfly ' s wings take on a secondary defence role , diverting\nthe overall effect is to create the illusion of a\nfalse head\n, and to give the butterfly a back - to - front appearance . this is further enhanced by the butterfly ' s habit of immediately turning to face the other way as soon as it lands on a flower or leaf . it is also likely to dip it ' s real head , and raise the false head . periodically , it oscillates the hindwings , causing the false - antennae tails to wriggle .\nsutcliffe , o . l . , v . bakkestuen , g . fry , and o . e . stabbetorp . 2003 . modelling the benefits of farmland restoration : methodology and application to butterfly movement . landscape and urban planning 63 : 15\u201331 .\nthe aims of the present study were to investigate whether the nao influences butterfly abundance and phenology , and whether there is an interaction with life history variables , including the number of generations and duration of flight season . the study sought to establish whether it is possible to identify a mechanism whereby weather associated with the nao in specific months influences butterfly phenology and , if so , whether the mechanism differs for univoltine ( one generation per year ) and bivoltine ( two generations per year ) species .\nhypothesise that climate warming combined with high nitrogen deposition can advance spring plant growth , leading to microclimatic cooling , which can affect butterfly species that hibernate as eggs or larvae . such suggestions indicate that the relationship between weather and butterflies can be complex .\npersonal experience in the field has shown that some aberrant forms occur where butterflies appear to have deformed / damaged wings as a result of the pupa becoming damaged as the butterfly developed inside or by a minor bacterial / fungal infection during the pupal stage .\naccording to research conducted by the wildlife charity , 76 % of common butterfly species have suffered widespread decline across the countryside over the last 40 years . the results of their most recent survey hope to determine if this trend applies to our gardens too .\nforister ml , mccall ac , sanders nj , fordyce ja , thorne jh , o\u2019brien j , waetjen dp , shapiro am ( 2010 ) compounded effects of climate change and habitat alteration shift patterns of butterfly diversity . proc natl acad sci usa 107 : 2088\u20132092\nthe big butterfly count begins on friday with reports of an unusually good year for butterflies but ecologists warn this could be a mistaken perception , and 2017 is simply a modest improvement on last summer \u2013 the fourth worst year for butterflies since scientific monitoring began .\nseptember is the last month of the year when butterflies are counted by the u . k . butterfly monitoring scheme and thus the table runs from october of the previous year ( dataset for 1975\u20132008 ) to september of the current year ( dataset for 1976\u20132009 ) .\nyour personal guide to british butterflies . this 8 - panel laminated chart is designed for speedy butterfly identification in the field . ideal for anyone interested in identifying butterflies , perfect for children and adults and ideal for outdoor use , laminated , shower - proof and robust .\nthe origin of scientific names varies enormously . some species are named after greek gods , some are named after the place where the butterfly was discovered or named in honour of some eminent entomologist . names can also be descriptive of the colour , pattern or wing shape .\nno one plant was good at attracting all species of butterflies . buddleia , the \u201cbutterfly bush\u201d , attracted mostly the large and brightly coloured nymphalines , but few other species . would buddleia have received its reputation and name if it attracted the same subset of brown satyrines which visit origanum ? to attract common species of butterflies , a vast variety of plants is probably not required . rather , a few good varieties which collectively attract the majority of butterfly species . in britain during summer , buddleia , origanum and eupatorium would be a good start .\ncolonisation of newly restored habitats has been shown to take several years , and is related to a species\u2019 mobility and diet , with less mobile species and those with localised host plants taking longest . models have shown the potential importance of \u2013landscape - versus site - scale conservation . habitat heterogeneity has been show to be important for enhancing and stabilising butterfly populations . the habitat connecting butterfly populations affects species\u2019 ability to disperse to new sites and their ability to recovery after population crashes ( e . g . caused by extreme events such as drought ) .\nthe chart ( s ) above have been correlated with the phenology plot below , taken from the uk butterfly monitoring scheme . the blue line gives average counts over the full data set from 1976 to date , and the red line gives the average for the last year .\nthe scheme has monitored changes in the abundance of butterflies throughout the united kingdom since 1976 . forty years later , trends in butterfly populations were compiled from a network of over 4 , 000 locations across all years , with nearly 2 , 500 sample locations monitored in 2015 .\nexample 1 - the butterfly known in britain as the camberwell beauty has in past times been called the grand surprise , the willow beauty and the white petticoat . in the usa it is called the mourning cloak . in europe it has common names in several different languages .\nthe total abundance of common butterfly species has fallen by a quarter since monitoring began in 1976 , with drastic declines for once - familiar butterflies such as small tortoiseshells , peacocks and gatekeepers . recent research has also revealed pronounced declines in urban butterflies over the past 20 years .\nfor participants in the big butterfly count \u2013 where people take 15 minutes to count butterflies in their local park , woodland or garden \u2013 the sightings offer hope that they will count more than in 2016 , which was the worst year in the seven - year count\u2019s history .\ncroxton , p . j . , j . p . hann , j . n . greatorex - davies , and t . h . sparks . 2005 . linear hotspots ? the floral and butterfly diversity of green lanes . biological conservation 121 ( 4 ) : 579\u2013584 .\ndover , j . w . , and g . l . a . fry . 2001 . experimental simulation of some visual and physical components of a hedge and the effects on butterfly behaviour in an agricultural landscape . entomologia experimentalis et applicata 100 ( 2 ) : 221\u2013233 .\n\u201ccan be found wherever shrubs grow close to rough grassland . \u2026\u2026some of the largest colonies can be found at field edges and along hedgerows and we can expect to find this butterfly in scrubby grassland , woodland rides , country lanes , hedgerows and the like anywhere within its range\u201d .\ncant , e . t . , a . d . smith , d . r . reynolds , and j . l . osborne . 2005 . tracking butterfly flight paths across the landscape with harmonic radar . proceedings of the royal society b 272 ( 1565 ) : 785\u2013790 .\nwiklund , c . , karlsson , b . and leimar , o . ( 2001 ) . sexual conflict and cooperation in butterfly reproduction : a comparative study of polyandry and female fitness . proc . r . soc . lond . ( b ) 268 : 1661 - 667 .\nit seems likely therefore that the pattern acts either to make the butterfly appear too large to eat , or that it simply confuses the bird - causing it ' s eyes to wander all over the pattern while the bird tries to fathom out what it all means - is it edible ? is it dangerous ? is it small enough to eat ? which bit of it should i aim my beak at ? the bird may be so confused that it decides to abandon the attack , or the attack may simply be delayed long enough to allow the butterfly to escape .\nchoose a place and spot butterflies and moths for 15 minutes . good places include your garden , a park , or in a wood . use our id chart to make a note of which species you see . click to watch a video of nick baker introduce the big butterfly count .\ni had joined richard fox of butterfly conservation , which runs the big count , on thursday to try to spot silver - spotted skippers , a relatively rare species that has recently bucked long - term decline and enjoyed a revival in numbers on southern england\u2019s chalkland heaths . we saw none .\nthese results are broadly comparable to the data found in peter hardy\u2019s butterfly database ( university of staffordshire , accessed 09 / 09 / 2015 ) which contains over 13 , 000 butterfly feeding records . considering visits to our 11 plant species , 81 % of peacock butterflies were observed on buddleia versus only 1 . 5 % on origanum . by contrast 15 % of gatekeepers were observed on buddleia ( 0 % in the present study ) but was still more common on origanum ( 23 % ) despite there being far more records made on buddleia than origanum in the database as a whole ."]}
{"id": 346, "summary": [{"text": "cyprinus fuxianensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus cyprinus .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the species is only known from fuxian lake in yunnan .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it has been impacted by habitat degradation , overfishing , and introduced species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it has declined by over 80 % in the past 21 years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was not recorded in a survey in 1995 ; iucn considers it as critically endangered and possibly extinct . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cyprinus fuxianensis", "paragraphs": ["cyprinus fuxianensis is a species of ray - finned fish in the genus cyprinus .\norder : cypriniformes family : cyprinidae genus : cyprinus species : cyprinus fuxianensis authority : yang et al . , 1977\nthe following term was not found in genome : cyprinus fuxianensis [ orgn ] .\nc . fuxianensis is endemic to fuxian lake ( 198 km\u00b2 ) , yunan provence , china .\nfuxian lake is heavily impacted by overfishing and pollution from domestic and industrial sources , which became major threats in the 1980s . tourism is one of the major industries around the lake . cyprinus carpio was introduced into the lake in the 1980s to improve fishery catches , and has hybridised with and outcompeted c . fuxanensis .\nc . fuxianensis is very rare , possibly extinct , in the lake since population declines as a result of competition and hybridisation with introduced species , overfishing and pollution . during survey work in 1995 no specimens were caught ( f . fang , pers . comm . ) . it is suspected that the population has declined by over 80 % in the past 21 years .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nit is not known if there are any conservation measures in place or needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nis endemic to fuxian lake ( 198 km ) , yunan provence , china .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\nluo , y . and p . yue ( 2000 ) cyprinidae : cyprininae . : p . 391 - 433 . in p . yue et al . ( eds ) . fauna sinica . osteichthyes . cypriniformes iii . science press . beijing . 1 - 661 .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . ."]}
{"id": 347, "summary": [{"text": "iropoca rotundata is a species of moth of the lymantriidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia , including victoria , new south wales and queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 30 mm for males while females are wingless .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "males have a pattern of light and dark brown markings on the forewings and plain brown hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the foliage of various eucalyptus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "iropoca rotundata", "paragraphs": ["iropoca rotundata ( walker , 1855 ) = teara rotundata walker , 1855 = anthela sydneyensis strand , 1929 .\niropoca turner , 1904 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1904 : 477 ; ts : teara rotundata walker\niropoca rotundata ; swinhoe , 1923 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 11 ( 63 ) : 294 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nall data on natureshare is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2 . 5 australia license .\nfree : natureshare is , and will always be , a free and open service .\nwarranty : natureshare services and all software are provided on an\nas is\nbasis without warranties of any kind , either express or implied , including , without limitation , fitness for a particular purpose . your use of the services is at your sole risk . we do not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of information available from the service .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1855 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 1 : 1 - 278 ( 1854 ) , 2 : 279 - 581 ( 1854 ) , 3 : 583 - 775 ( 1855 ) , 4 : 777 - 976 ( 1855 ) , 5 : 977 - 1258 ( 1855 ) , 6 : 1259 - 1508 ( 1855 ) , 7 : 1509 - 1808 ( 1856 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthis one is on the cover of mov pt . 2 so i will say it is noctuoidea at least . . . . peter m ?"]}
{"id": 351, "summary": [{"text": "common names : brown spotted pit viper , pointed-scaled pit viper , more .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "chinese name : \u9f9c\u6bbc\u82b1 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus is a venomous pit viper species endemic to asia .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "trimeresurus mucrosquamatus", "paragraphs": ["trigonocephalus mucrosquamatus cantor 1839 : 32 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1864 : 390 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus \u2014 fischer 1886 : 66 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus \u2014 boulenger 1890 : 428 lachesis mucrosquamatus \u2014 boulenger 1896 : 552 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus \u2014 stejneger 1907 : 467 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus \u2014 smith 1943 : 507 protobothrops mucrosquamatus \u2014 hoge & romano - hoge 1983 protobothrops mucrosquamatus \u2014 kraus et al . 1996 protobothrops mucrosquamatus \u2014 tu et al . 2000 protobothrops mucrosquamatus \u2014 ziegler 2002 : 282 protobothrops mucrosquamatus \u2014 gumprecht et al . 2004 trimeresurus mucrosquamatus \u2014 sharma 2004 protobothrops mucrosquamatus \u2014 guo et al . 2006 protobothrops mucrosquamatus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 573\nedema - producing proteins isolated from trimeresurus mucrosquamatus snake venom . - pubmed - ncbi\nsingle chain antibody fragment with serine protease inhibitory property capable of neutralizing toxicity of trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom .\ncrystal structure of a trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom metalloproteinase providing new insights into the inhibition by endogenous tripeptide inhibitors .\nsingle chain antibody fragment with serine protease inhibitory property capable of neutralizing toxicity of trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom . - pubmed - ncbi\nscientific names : craspedocephalus elegans , lachesis lutea , l . luteus , l . mucrosquamatus , trimeresurus elegans , t . luteus\ncrystal structure of a trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom metalloproteinase providing new insights into the inhibition by endogenous tripeptide inhi . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nspecies taiwan habu ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) , atrolysin e [ taxid : 103944 ] from d . 92 . 1 . 9 snake venom metalloprotease\ntrimeresurus xiangchengensis zhao 1978 trimeresurus xiangchengensis zhao , jiang & huang 1979 trimeresurus xiangchengensis \u2014 welch 1994 : 117 protobothrops xiangchengensis \u2014 kraus et al . 1996 trimeresurus xiangchengensis \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 348 trimeresurus xiangchengensis \u2014 peng & fiji 2000 protobothrops xiangchengensis \u2014 gumprecht et al . 2004 protobothrops xiangchengensis \u2014 malhotra & thorpe 2004 protobothrops xiangchengensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 573\nthe dangerously venomous trimeresurus popeiorum ( sometimes segregated into genus popeia as . . .\nin taiwan , protobothrops mucrosquamatus is held responsible for half of all venomous snakebites ( sawai 1969 ) .\nspecies taiwan habu ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) , atrolysin e [ taxid : 103944 ] from d . 92 . 1 . 9 snake venom metalloprotease appears in the current release , scope 2 . 07\nthe ground - dwellers are usually of a brown colour with dark markings . among others , protobothrops flavoviridis and protobothrops mucrosquamatus belong to this group and are found in wooded or open regions , but also often in agricultural areas and inhabited regions . other ground - dwellers are the smaller mountain species ovophis monticola , trimeresurus malabaricus and trimeresurus strigatus .\nmaslin , t . paul 1942 . evidence for the separation of the crotalid genera trimeresurus and bothrops , with a key to the genus trimeresurus . copeia 1942 ( 1 ) : 18 - 24 - get paper here\nthe genus protobothrops was described to accommodate two species previously placed in the genus trimeresurus , t . jerdonii and t . mucrosquamatus . in a later revision of protobothrops , guo et al . ( 2007 ) placed 10 species in this genus .\nthis disintegrin is 100 % identical to the disintegrin of ac e9nw27 , another disintegrin of the p - ii subfamily of protobothrops mucrosquamatus .\nthe originally species - rich genus trimeresurus has recently undergone comprehensive taxonomic revision , so that there are now only 10 species that are considered true trimeresurus spp . various of the formerly well - known trimeresurus species now no longer belong to this genus ( eg . former t . albolabris , t . elegans , t . erythrurus , t . flavoviridis , t . kanburiensis , t . macrops , t . mucrosquamatus , t . okinavensis , t . purpureomaculatus , t . stejnegeri , t . tokarensis , t . trigonocephalus or t . wagleri )\ncommon names : taiwan habu , tortoise snake scientific name : trimeresurus mucrosquamatus distinguishing features : odd looking snake with large head . brown with numerous black spots . additional information : can be aggressive , attacking shadows and moving objects . found all over taiwan at lower elevations , near water and in forests .\nzhao e m 1979 . a new snake of the genus trimeresurus from sichuan , china . acta zootaxonomica sinica 4 ( 4 ) : 422 - 424\nlalremsanga , h . t . , lalbiakzuala and lalrinsanga 2017 . geographic distribution : protobothrops mucrosquamatus ( brown spotted pitviper ) herpetological review 48 ( 1 ) : 131 - get paper here\ncharacterization of three fibrinogenolytic proteases isolated from the venom of taiwan habu ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) .\nhuang k . - f . , hung c . c . , chiou s . - h . biochem . mol . biol . int . 31 : 1041 - 1050 ( 1993 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nty - jour ti - note on a formosan viper ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) from the north east frontier t2 - the journal of the bombay natural history society . vl - 33 ur - urltoken pb - bombay natural history society , cy - bombay : py - 1929 sp - 998 ep - 998 sn - 0006 - 6982 au - prater , s h er -\nvenomous ! synonymy : this species was suspected to be a synonym of trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ( indraneil das in mcdiarmid et al . 1999 ) . however , guo et al . ( 2006 ) and vogel ( pers . comm . 23 nov 2012 ) argue that it is a valid species . distribution : see map in guo et a . 2016 : 383 ( fig . 1 ) .\njustification : protobothrops mucrosquamatus is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats including human - affected environments , and because there are no major widespread threats acting upon it .\nzhao , e 1978 . trimeresurus xiangchengensis - a new species of the genus trimeresurus from china . proc . symp . china soc . zool . , china soc . entomol . chengdu [ meeting abstract ] ; also cited as mater . herpetol . res . chengdu 4 : 21 [ english translation by david & tong , 1997 , shis ( 112 ) : 7 ] .\npeng g , fuji z . 2001 . comparative studies on hemipenes of four species of trimeresurus ( sensu stricto ) ( serpentes : crotalinae ) . amphibia - reptilia 22 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 .\ntu m - c et al . 2000 . phylogeny , taxonomy , and biogeography of the oriental pit vipers of the genus trimeresurus ( reptilia : viperidae : crotalinae ) : a molecular perspective . zoological science 17 : 1147 - 1157 .\npeng , g . & fuji , z . 2001 . comparative studies on hemipenes of four species of trimeresurus ( sensu stricto ) ( serpentes : crotalinae ) . amphibia - reptilia 22 ( 1 ) : 113 - 117 - get paper here\n@ article { bhlpart154252 , title = { note on a formosan viper ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) from the north east frontier } , journal = { the journal of the bombay natural history society . } , volume = { 33 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { bombay : bombay natural history society , 1886 - } , author = { prater , s h } , year = { 1929 } , pages = { 998 - - 998 } , }\ntu , m . - c . et al . 2000 . phylogeny , taxonomy , and biogeography of the oriental pitvipers of the genus trimeresurus ( reptilia : viperidae : crotalinae ) : a molecular perspective . zoological science 17 : 1147\u20131157 - get paper here\ncreer s , malhotra a , thorpe rs , chou wh . 2001 . multiple causation of phylogeographical pattern as revealed by nested clade analysis of the bamboo viper ( trimeresurus stejnegeri ) within taiwan . molecular ecology 10 ( 8 ) : 1967 - 1981 .\nsmith , m . a . 1940 . the amphibians and reptiles obtained by mr . ronald kaulback in upper burma . records of the indian museum 42 : 465 - 486 . ( trimeresurus kaulbacki , p . 485 , plate viii , figure 5 . )\nmalhotra , anita ; thorpe , roger s . 2004 . maximizing information in systematic revisions : a combined molecular and morphological analysis of a cryptic green pit viper complex ( trimeresurus stejnegeri ) . biological journal of the linnean society 82 ( 2 ) : 219 .\nbites from most species generally only cause local effects . the following species , however , also cause more serious consequences : cryptopelitrops albolabris ( rarely fatalities ) , cryptelytrops erythrurus , protobothrops flavoviridis ( few , but regular fatalities ) , popeia popeiorum , protobothrops mucrosquamatus ( known fatalities in taiwan ) and t . purpureomaculatus .\nmalhotra , anita & thorpe , roger s . 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83 \u2013100 [ erratum p . 680 ] - get paper here\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( trimeresurus stejnegeri , pp . 252 - 253 ) .\nzhong , guanghui ; qin liu , cao li , peihao peng and peng guo 2017 . sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in the asian lance - headed pitviper protobothrops mucrosquamatus in the mainland china asian herpetological research 8 ( 2 ) : 118 - 122 , doi : 10 . 16373 / j . cnki . ahr . 160011 - get paper here\ndavid , patrick ; tong , haiyan 1997 . translations of recent descriptions of chinese pitvipers of the trimeresurus - complex ( serpentes , viperidae ) , with a key to the complex in china and adjacent areas . smithsonian herp . inf . serv . ( 112 ) : 1 - 31 - get paper here\ncrotalid venom vascular endothelial growth factors has preferential affinity for vegfr - 1 . characterization of protobothrops mucrosquamatus venom vegf .\nchen y . - l . , tsai i . - h . , hong t . - m . , tsai s . - h . thromb . haemost . 93 : 331 - 338 ( 2005 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nherrmann , h . - w . ; ziegler , t . ; malhotra , a . ; thorpe , r . s . & parkinson , c . l . 2004 . redescription and systematics of trimeresurus cornutus ( serpentes : viperidae ) based on morphology and molecular data . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 211 - 221 - get paper here\nseven edema - producing fractions were isolated from trimeresurus mucrosquamatus snake venom by cm - sephadex c - 50 chromatography and further purified by gel filtration on a sephadex g - 75 column . they were homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels . the mol . wts were estimated to be 26 , 900 ( fr . iv - 2 ) , 21 , 500 ( fr . x - 2 ) , 23 , 000 ( fr . xii - 2 ) , 21 , 800 ( fr . xiii - 2 ) , 24 , 600 ( fr . xiv - 2 ) , 80 , 000 ( fr . xviii - 1 ) and 22 , 500 ( fr . xxii - 2 ) . fraction iv - 2 had weak esterase activity , fractions x - 2 , xii - 2 , xiii - 2 and xiv - 2 possessed proteolytic activity toward casein and fibrinogen , while fractions xviii - 1 and xxii - 2 possessed phospholipase a2 activity . fractions with phospholipase a2 activity had greater edema - producing activity than those with protease and / or esterase activity . it is concluded that the edema caused by t . mucrosquamatus venom may be due to phospholipases a2 , proteases and esterases .\nsmith ma . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia , vol . iii . \u2014serpentes . secretary of state for india . ( taylor and francis , printers . ) london . xii + 583 pp . ( trimeresurus kaulbacki , p . 512 . )\ncommon names : bamboo viper , chinese green tree viper scientific name : trimeresurus stejnegeri distinguishing features : brilliant green body , with a reddish head and tail . triangular head . additional information : primarily nocturnal . most commonly found in trees and bamboo groves . taiwan ' s most common poisonous snake , found under 1000m . can be dangerous to bikers as it often strikes from trees .\nmost species are arboreal , but ground - dwelling species do exist . the arboreal species are green ( see above ) , sometimes with markings ( e . g . cryptelytrops cantori , prothobothrops jerdoni , trimeresurus trigonocephalus or tropidolaemus wagleri ) , and possess a fairly well - formed prehensile tail . some arboreal species often live on the outskirts and in the green areas of larger cities .\ncolouring and pattern very variable . cryptelytrops albolabris , trimeresurus gramineus , cryptelytrops erythrurus , cryptelytrops macrops , popeia popeiorum and viridovipera stejnegeri are green , but without markings , or only faint ones . taxonomic differentiation of these green species , some of which are amongst the most medically important species of their genus , is difficult . morphological distinctions frequently only consist of minor differences in the head shields .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > note on a formosan viper ( trimeresurus mucrosquamatus ) from the north east frontier < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > prater , s h < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 33 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the journal of the bombay natural history society . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> bombay : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > bombay natural history society , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 33 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 998 < / start > < end > 998 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1929 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nbangladesh , india ( assam ; arunachal pradesh ( itanagar \u2013 papum pare district ) [ a . captain , pers . comm . ] , mizroam and many other regions ) , myanmar ( = burma ) , n / c vietnam , laos ,\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : unknown ; original description probably based on colored drawing no . 18 in bodleian library , oxford ) ( fide leviton et al . 2003 ) .\nvenomous ! distribution : possibly in bhutan ( lenz 2012 ) . see map in guo et a . 2016 : 383 ( fig . 1 ) .\nbarbour , thomas 1909 . notes on amphibia and reptilia from eastern asia . proc . new england zool . club 4 : 53 - 78 , 2 plates - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum , vol . 3 . london ( taylor & francis ) , xiv + 727 pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here\ncantor , t . e . 1839 . spicilegium serpentium indicorum [ part 1 ] . proc . zool . soc . london 1839 : 31 - 34 - get paper here\ncantor , t . 1840 . spicilegium serpentium indicorum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 4 : 271 - 279 - get paper here\ndas , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here\ndowling , h . g . , & jenner , j . v . 1988 . snakes of burma : checklist of reported species and bibliography . smithsonian herp . inf . serv . ( 76 ) : 19 pp . - get paper here\ngawor , a . , c . t . pham , t . q . nguyen , t . t . nguyen , a . schmitz & t . ziegler 2016 . the herpetofauna of the bai tu long national park , northeastern vietnam . salamandra 52 ( 1 ) : 23 - 41 - get paper here\ngumprecht , a . ; tillack , f . ; orlov , n . l . ; captain , a . & ryabow , s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitje books , berlin , 368 pp .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1864 . the reptiles of british india . london ( taylor & francis ) , xxvii + 452 pp . - get paper here\nguo , p . ; jadin , r . c . ; malhotra , a . & li , c . 2009 . an investigation of the cranial evolution of asian pitvipers ( serpentes : crotalinae ) , with comments on the phylogenetic position of peltopelor macrolepis . acta zoologica 91 : 402 - 407\nguo , peng ; lu , shunqing ; huang , song ; zhao , hui ; zhao , ermi 2006 . hemipenial morphology of five asian pitvipers , with a discussion on their taxonomy . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 1 ) : 19 - 23 - get paper here\nguo , peng ; qin liu , tao wen , rong xiao , ming fang , guanghui zhong , nguyen q . truong , fei zhu , robert c . jadin , cao li 2016 . multilocus phylogeny of the asian lance - headed pitvipers ( squamata , viperidae , protobothrops ) zootaxa 4093 ( 3 ) : 382\u2013390 - get paper here\nkraus , fred ; mink , daniel g . & brown , wesley m . 1996 . crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial dna sequence data . copeia 1996 ( 4 ) : 763 - 773 - get paper here\nlenz , norbert 2012 . von schmetterlingen und donnerdrachen - natur und kultur in bhutan . karlsruher naturhefte 4 , naturkundemuseum karlsruhe , 124 pp .\nleviton , alan e . ; guinevere o . u . wogan ; michelle s . koo ; george r . zug ; rhonda s . lucas and jens v . vindum 2003 . the dangerously venomous snakes of myanmar illustrated checklist with keys . proc . cal . acad . sci . 54 ( 24 ) : 407\u2013462 - get paper here\norlov , n . ; ananjeva , n . ; barabanov , a . ; ryabov , s . & khalikov , r . 2002 . diversity of vipers ( azemiopinae , crotalinae ) in east , southeast , and south asia : annotated checklist and natural history data ( reptilia : squamata : serpentes : viperidae ) . faun . abh . mus . tierk . dresden 23 : 177 - 218\norlov , nikolai l . ; sergei a . ryabov , and nguyen thien tao 2009 . two new species of genera protobothrops hoge et romano - hoge , 1983 and viridovipera malhotra et thorpe , 2004 ( ophidia : viperidae : crotalinae ) from karst region in northeastern vietnam . part i . description of a new species of protobothrops genus . russ . j . herpetol . 16 ( 1 ) : 69 - 82 - get paper here\npan , hujun ; basundhara chettri , daode yang , ke jiang , kai wang , liang zhang and gernot vogel 2013 . a new species of the genus protobothrops ( squamata : viperidae ) from southern tibet , china and sikkim , india . asian herpetological research 4 ( 2 ) : 109\u2013115 - get paper here\nsang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .\nsharma , r . c . 2004 . handbook indian snakes . akhil books , new delhi , 292 pp .\nsmith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .\nsong - mingtao 1987 . survey of the reptiles of southern shaanxi . acta herpetologica sinica 6 ( 1 ) : 59 - 64 - get paper here\nstejneger , l . 1910 . the batrachians and reptiles of formosa . proc . us natl . mus . 38 : 91 - 114 - get paper here\nstejneger , leonhard h . 1907 . herpetology of japan and adjacent territory . bull . us natl . mus . 58 : xx , 1 - 577 - get paper here\nstuart , b . l . & heatwole , h . 2008 . country records of snakes from laos . hamadryad 33 : 97\u2013106\nwall , f . 1906 . the poisonous snakes of india and how to recognize them , part ii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 299 - 334 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nyang , jian - huan ; nikolai l . orlov & ying - yong wang 2011 . a new species of pitviper of the genus protobothrops from china ( squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2936 : 59\u201368 - get paper here\nzhao , e . m . 2006 . the snakes of china [ in chinese ] . hefei , china , anhui sience & technology publ . house , vol . i , 372 pp . , vol . ii ( color plates ) , 280 pp .\nziegler , t . 2002 . die amphibien und reptilien eines tieflandfeuchtwald - schutzgebietes in vietnam . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 342 pp . - get paper here\nziegler , t . ; v . n . thanh , l . k . quyet , n . g . truong , j . hallermann ; l . v . khoi & t . m . hoang 2006 . neue verbreitungsnachweise einiger weniger bekannter vietnamesischer amphibien und reptilien . sauria 28 ( 2 ) : 29 - 40 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nzug , g . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is widely distributed across southern asia , from india through viet nam , and is also found on taiwan . this species is found at altitudes of up to 2 , 000 m above sea level .\ng . zug ( pers . comm . ) notes that in myanmar specifically , the few records suggest it is an uncommon species in that country .\nthis species has varied habitat preferences and occurs in grassland , shrublands , and forests . it is also found around human settlements and in agricultural land .\nit is unlikely that this species is being impacted upon by any major threats across its range .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place , or needed , for this species . parts of this species ' distribution range coincide with protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nbiochem biophys res commun . 2015 may 1 ; 460 ( 2 ) : 170 - 6 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . bbrc . 2015 . 02 . 169 . epub 2015 mar 10 .\nlee yc 1 , chen wc 2 , liang mh 3 , lee ch 4 , tsai kc 5 , chiang jr 6 , chiang lc 6 , chen cc 7 , chang cy 8 , lee ch 8 , leu sj 9 , yang yy 10 .\nthe center of translational medicine , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan ; antibody and hybridoma core facility , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan .\nthe school of chinese medicine for post baccalaureate , i - shou university , kaohsiung , taiwan ; department of chinese medicine , e - da hospital , kaohsiung , taiwan .\ngraduate institute of medical sciences , college of medicine , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan .\nnational research institute of chinese medicine , ministry of health and welfare , taipei , taiwan .\ncenter for research , diagnostics and vaccine development , centers for disease control , ministry of health and welfare , taiwan .\ndepartment of medical technology , jen - teh junior college of medicine , nursing and management , miaoli , taiwan .\ngraduate institute of medical sciences , college of medicine , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan ; department of microbiology and immunology , school of medicine , college of medicine , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan .\nantibody and hybridoma core facility , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan ; school of medical laboratory sciences and biotechnology , college of medical science and technology , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan ; department of laboratory medicine , wan fang hospital , taipei medical university , taipei , taiwan . electronic address : yangyuan @ tmu . edu . tw .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nvenom was separated into twenty fractions . the fibrinogenolytic activity was concentrated in fractions 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 and 14 . fractions 8 and 13 had the highest ratio of fibrinogenolytic and caseinolytic activities . fraction 8 possessed tosyl -\n- arginine methyl esterase activity , while the others did not . the caseinolytic activities of fractions 10 , 12 , 13 and 14 were inhibited by edta , while that of fraction 8 was not . fractions 8 and 13 were further purified by cm - cellulose and gel filtration and were homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate membrane . the molecular weights of the purified fractions 8 and 13 were 26 000 and 22 400 , respectively . both were single peptide chains . the specific fibrinogenolytic activity of fraction 8 was 17 mg fibrinogen / min / mg protein , while that of fraction 13 was 100 mg fibrinogen / min / mg protein . fraction 13 digested specifically the \u03b1 ( a ) chain of monomeric fibrinogen to yield two cleavage products . fraction 8 digested the \u03b2 ( b ) chain first to yield four cleavage products . when the incubation time was prolonged , the \u03b1 ( a ) chain was also partially digested by fraction 8 to yield two cleavage products .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nfrom d . 92 . 1 . 9 snake venom metalloprotease is new in scop 1 . 61\nscop : structural classification of proteins and astral . release 1 . 61 ( november 2002 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ntotal length 112 cm ( male ) , 116 cm ( female ) mm ; tail length 19 . 5 cm ( male ) , 20 . 5 cm ( female ) .\nsnout 2 - 3 times longer than eye diameter ; internasals rather small ; 5 - 10 times larger than adjacent scales ; separated by 3 - 4 small scales ; 2 large scales between internasal and supraocular ; upper head scales unequal ; obtusely keeled on posterior ; supralabial 9 - 11 ; first completely separated from nasal ; second forms anterior border of pit ; 2 - 3 series of scales between supralabials and subocular ; supraocular large , narrow and undivided ; 14 - 16 scales between them ; temporal scales smooth in 2 - 3 rows above supralabials ; above those other scales keeled .\n76 - 91 ; paired . hemipenis extends to 12th caudal plate ; forked opposite the 6th .\nao j . m . , david p . , bordoloi s . , ohler a . ( 2004 ) notes on a collection of snakes from nagaland , northeast india , with 19 new records for this state . russian journal of herpetology , vol . 11 , no . 2 , pp . 155 \u2013 162\nboulenger g . a . ( 1890 ) the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , reptilia and batrachia . london : taylor and francis .\nboulenger g . a . ( 1896 ) catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 3 , london : taylor and francis .\ncastoe t . a . , parkinson c . l . ( 2006 ) bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers ( viperidae : serpentes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 , 91\u2013110\nfenwick a . m . , greene h . w . , parkinson c . l . ( 2011 ) the serpent and the egg : unidirectional evolution of reproductive mode in vipers ? j zool syst evol res doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1439 - 0469 , 00646\ng\u00fcnther a . ( 1864 ) the reptiles of british india . london : published for the ray society by robert hardwicke\nguo p . , malhotra a . , li p . p . , pook c . e . , creer s . ( 2007 ) new evidence on the phylogenetic position of the poorly known asian pitviper protobothrops kaulbacki ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) with a redescription of the species and a revision of the genus protobothrops . herpetological journal 17 : 237\u2013246\nhuang x . , pan t . , han d . , zhang l . , hou y . , yu l . , zheng h . , zhang b . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus protobothrops ( squamata : viperidae : crotalinae ) from the dabie mountains , anhui , china . asian herpetological research , 3 ( 3 ) : 213\u2013218\nleviton a . e . , wogan g . o . u . , koo m . s . , zug g . r . , lucas r . s . , vindum j . v . ( 2003 ) the dangerously venomous snakes of myanmar illustrated checklist with keys . proc . cal . acad . sci . 54 ( 24 ) : 407\u2013462\nliu q . , myers e . a . zhong g . h . , hu j . , zhao h . , guo p . ( 2012 ) molecular evidence on the systematic position of the lance - headed pitviper protobothrops maolanensis yang et al . zootaxa 3178 : 57\u201362\nmalhotra a . , creer s . , pook c . e . , thorpe r . s . ( 2010 ) inclusion of nuclear intron sequence data helps to identify the asian sister group of new world pitvipers . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 , 172\u2013178\norlov n . l . , ryabov s . a . , shiryaev k . a . , sang n . v . ( 2001 ) on the biology of pit vipers of protobothrops genus ( serpentes : colubroidea : viperidae : crotalinae ) . russian journal of herpetology vol . 8 , no . 2 , pp . 159 \u2013 164\npan h . , chettri b . , yang d . , jiang k . , wang k . , zhang l . , vogel g . ( 2013 ) a new species of the genus protobothrops ( squamata : viperidae ) from southern tibet , china and sikkim , india . asian herpetological research , 4 ( 2 ) : 109\u2013115\nsawai y . ( 1998 ) venomous snakes and snakebite treatment in asia . russian journal of herpetology vol . 5 , no . 2 , pp . 103 \u2013 112\nsmith m . a . ( 1943 ) the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region , reptilia and amphibia . vol 3 serpentes . taylor & francis , london .\nstuart b . l . , heatwole h . ( 2008 ) country records of snakes from laos . hamadryad vol . 33 , no . 1 , pp . 97 \u2013 106\nw\u00fcster w . , peppin l . , pook c . e . , walker d . e . ( 2008 ) a nesting of vipers : phylogeny and historical biogeography of the viperidae ( squamata : serpentes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 49 , 445\u2013459\nthis nocturnal pitviper lives on mountainsides and farmland , often in abandoned houses . it preys on frogs , lizards , birds , mice or bats . females produce 3 - 15 eggs of about 3 . 5x2 cm per clutch in summer and habitually protect them . hatchlings measure about 22 cm in total length . it is the most fearless of the common venomous snakes in taiwan and can be aggressive , attacking shadows and moving objects . the bite leaves obvious marks on the victims ; the venom contains hemorrhagic toxins , and the wound often swells with bruises and bloody blisters . especially in the countryside , even the smallest medical facility carries habu antivenom .\nis a genus of pitvipers found in central and south america . the generic name derived from the greek words\n( eye or face ) ; an allusion to the heat - sensitive loreal pit organs .\nthe chinese name \u9f9c\u6bbc\u82b1 ( gui1ke3hua1 ) means\nturtle shell ( \u9f9c\u6bbc ) pattern ( \u82b1 )\n.\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nsnake venom metalloproteinase tm - 3 : fibrin ( ogen ) olytic protease which cleaves the aalpha chain of fibrinogen ( fga ) first followed by the bbeta chain ( fgb ) and shows relatively low activity on the gamma chain ( fgg ) .\ndisintegrin trimucrin : inhibits platelet aggregation induced by adp , thrombin , platelet - activating factor and collagen . acts by inhibiting fibrinogen interaction with platelet receptors gpiib / gpiiia ( itga2b / itgb3 ) .\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section provides information relevant to cofactors . a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active . some cofactors are inorganic , such as the metal atoms zinc , iron , and copper in various oxidation states . others , such as most vitamins , are organic . < p > < a href = ' / help / cofactor ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section describes an enzyme regulatory mechanism and reports the components which regulate ( by activation or inhibition ) the reaction . < p > < a href = ' / help / enzyme _ regulation ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000269\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section indicates at which position the protein binds a given metal ion . the nature of the metal is indicated in the \u2018description\u2019 field . < p > < a href = ' / help / metal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section is used for enzymes and indicates the residues directly involved in catalysis . < p > < a href = ' / help / act _ site ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing\n: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . < p > < a href = ' / help / expression _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018expression\u2019 section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . by default , the information is derived from experiments at the mrna level , unless specified \u2018at protein level\u2019 . < br > < / br > examples : < a href =\nurltoken\n> p92958 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> q8tdn4 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> o14734 < / a > < p > < a href = ' / help / tissue _ specificity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018structure\u2019 section is used to indicate the positions of experimentally determined beta strands within the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / strand ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually validated information inferred from a combination of experimental and computational evidence . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000244\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018structure\u2019 section is used to indicate the positions of experimentally determined helical regions within the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / helix ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018structure\u2019 section is used to indicate the positions of experimentally determined hydrogen - bonded turns within the protein sequence . these elements correspond to the dssp secondary structure code \u2018t\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / turn ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manual validated information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000255\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section describes a short ( usually not more than 20 amino acids ) conserved sequence motif of biological significance . < p > < a href = ' / help / motif ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section reports difference ( s ) between the canonical sequence ( displayed by default in the entry ) and the different sequence submissions merged in the entry . these various submissions may originate from different sequencing projects , different types of experiments , or different biological samples . sequence conflicts are usually of unknown origin . < p > < a href = ' / help / conflict ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn\u2019t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href = ' / help / miscellaneous _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nactivates the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor - 1 ( vegfr - 1 / flt1 ) , and consequently promotes the proliferation and tissue factor production of endothelial cells , the neovascularization in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane , and increases vascular permeability . also stimulates tissue - factor production and human monocyte chemotaxis .\nnucleotide sequence [ mrna ] , function , subunit , subcellular location , interaction with flt1 and kdr .\n< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000250\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > inferred from direct assay < / p > < p > used to indicate a direct assay for the function , process or component indicated by the go term . < / p > < p > more information in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> go evidence code guide < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding < a href =\nurltoken\n> lipids < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> glycans < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> protein cross - links < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / mod _ res ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhomodimer ; disulfide - linked ( by similarity ) . interacts with high affinity with vegfr - 1 / flt1 , and with lower affinity with vegfr - 2 / kdr . does not bind to vegfr - 3 / flt4 and neuropilin - 1 ( nrp1 ) .\nthe prevalent condition due to each bacterial type of typhoid bacilli and its epidemiological observation . - nlm catalog - ncbi\nthe prevalent condition due to each bacterial type of typhoid bacilli and its epidemiological observation .\nauthor ( s ) : shimojo , kumaichi title ( s ) : the prevalent condition due to each bacterial type of typhoid bacilli and its epidemiological observation . series : gy\u014dseki , g\u014d 167 country of publication : china ( republic : 1949 - ) publisher : [ taihoku , 1933 ] description : 2 , 57 p . ill . language : english nlm id : 0243007r [ book ]\ntype locality : qianjinxiang , xiangcheng county , hengduan mountains , sichuan , elevation 3100 m .\nholotype : cib 725050 , male ; 3100 m ; 10 . 7 , 1972 .\nguo , p . , f . j . zhang , and y . y . chen . 1999 . catalogue of type specimens of reptiles in the herpetological collections of chengdu institute of biology , the chinese academy of sciences . asiatic herpetological research 8 : 43 ~ 47 - get paper here\nguo , peng ; pang , junfeng ; zhang , yaping ; zhao , ermi 2006 . a re - analysis of the phylogeny of the genus protobothrops ( reptilia : viperidae ) , with particular reference to the systematic position of p . xiangchengensis . amphibia - reptilia 27 ( 3 ) : 433 - 439 - get paper here\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nurutu or yarara parker ' s pit viper andean pit viper terciopelo * barba amarilla * caissaca * barbour ' s pit viper barnett ' s pit viper bocourt ' s pit viper amazonian tree - viper brazil ' s pit viper st . lucia pit viper cotiara dunn ' s pit viper fonseca ' s pit viper godmann ' s pit viper island jararaca jararaca jararacussu fer - de - lance lansberg ' s hog nose viper yellow - lined pit viper black - tailed pit viper hog - nosed pit viper jararaca pintada or wied ' s lance - head black spotted pit viper jumping viper western hog - nosed pit viper peruvian pit viper piraja ' s pit viper , jararacucu eyelash viper yucatan pit viper\n: pope ' s tree viper , [ 4 ] pope ' s bamboo pitviper . . . .\nkanburi pitviper , [ 4 ] kanburian pit viper , tiger pit v . . .\ncommon names : taiwan cobra , chinese cobra scientific name : naja naja atra distinguishing features : has typical large cobra appearance ; raises head when agitated , and neck appears like a scoop ; yellow - brown in colour additional information : can be found all around taiwan , at lower elevations , in grassy and hilly areas . poisonous though generally not aggressive .\ncommon names : hundred pacer , sharp - nosed pit viper scientific name : deinagkistrodon acutus distinguishing features : large brown or light coloured snake with dark diamonds / triangles . additional information : highly poisonous . more rare than before ; is more commonly found in southern parts of taiwan . found below 1300m in mountains , forests and bamboo groves .\ncommon name : taiwan banded krait scientific name : bungarus multicinctus distinguishing features : black body with white bands from head to tail . round head . additional information : can be found all over taiwan at lower elevations , commonly near water and rice paddies . excellent swimmer . serious bites can cause death within two hours if not treated . primarily active at night .\ncommon names : russell ' s pit viper , chain snake scientific name : vipera russelli formosensis distinguishing features : brown body with black / yellow diamonds running down the back . additional information : worldwide , this snake is believed to be responsible for more human deaths than any other snake . it is irritable and can strike very quickly . found in forests and grasslands .\n\u00a9 formosan fat tire association 2000 - 2011 . all rights reserved . site design by dennis flood .\ndistinctive characteristics of sakishimahabu : skin is brown , overlaid with a dark brown zig - zag pattern . originally found in the yaeyama islands , but has since moved to itoman city and the southern part of okinawa .\nmedium - sized , fairly stout - bodied , pitviper , adults usually 50 - 90 cm long ( max . 100 + cm ) . usually resembles the okinawan habu , p . flavoviridis , in general color & pattern but is much smaller . okinawan form often has a more grayish dorsal background color , w / a distinct orange - ish tinge to its alternating dorsal blotches .\nfound mainly in moist or wet forest edges , by openings or paths , often near cultivated crops & human habitations . limited to the ryukyu islands of japan ( irimoke , ishigaki & miyako ) .\nmainly nocturnal , mainly terrestrial , but will climb > 1 m up into bushes , bamboo or sugar cane stalks . mainly feeds on small mammals , & possibly on lizards or frogs . oviparous ( clutch size not reported ) .\nnot much known . probably mainly hemotoxic w / hemorrhagin & procoagulants . human envenomations have been reported , but rare reports of human fatalities caused by this species have not been well - document .\nindian subcontinent and southeast asia , taiwan . see link\ndistribution\nat the top of the page for detailed information .\nmostly smaller snakes under 1 m . protobothrops flavoviridis can grow to up to 2 m . triangular head clearly distinct from the body .\nthere are several hundred bites each year due to protobothrops flavoviridis on the ryukyu islands of japan . of these , approx . 50 % occur in people working in the fields and approx . 20 % in living quarters . around 25 % of cases have a severe course , with local necroses or systemic envenoming , and on average 8 patients die each year ( sawai et al . 1970 , 1971b ) ."]}
{"id": 354, "summary": [{"text": "before recent tests failed to establish that the jaguar was divided into different subspecies , it was presumed that different subspecies existed north and south of the amazon river , such as panthera onca onca north of the river , and panthera onca palustris south of the river .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "eventually , it was reckoned that geographical barriers , such as the amazon river or the andes mountains , limited the flow of genes between jaguars , if not restricting them to be different subspecies .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "southern jaguars disappeared in a number of places , like the pampas ' part of argentina and uruguay . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "jaguars south of the amazon river", "paragraphs": ["1 . jaguars are the largest of south america\u2019s big cats and the third largest cats in the world .\nthe amazon river is home to many different species of animals , including the elusive jaguar , the largest member of the cat family living in the americas . the species predominantly sticks to the rainforests of latin america , especially around the amazon river basin , but they were once found all across south and central america .\n2 . at one time jaguars roamed all the way to the us - mexico border , but jaguars are now only occasionally sighted in texas and arizona . most jaguars are found in the amazon river basin .\njaguars are the largest of south america ' s big cats . they once roamed from the southern tip of that continent north to the region surrounding the u . s . - mexico border . today significant numbers of jaguars are found only in remote regions of south and central america\u2014particularly in the amazon basin .\nyou could once find jaguars all the way from the south - western usa down to the scrublands of central argentina . now they\u2019re mainly confined to the rainforests of the amazon basin , and in the nearby pantanal wetlands \u2013 less than half of their historic range .\nthe amazon river basin , also known as the amazon rain forest , covers almost three million square miles and overlaps the boundaries of nine countries : brazil , colombia , peru , venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname , and french guiana . by some estimates , this region ( which occupies 40 percent of the area of the south american continent ) is home to one - tenth of the world ' s animal species . on the following slides , you ' ll discover the most important animals of the amazon river basin , ranging from monkeys to anteaters to poison dart frogs .\na symbol of the enigmatic power of the amazon , the jaguar is the largest cat in the americas . jaguars have unusually large , round heads , short legs and a stunning coat dotted with dark rosettes and spots .\njaguars are found on the american continents ; they live in texas , in the cerro colorado mountains in arizona , the southern part of california , and new mexico , in the united states , and are found in rain forests in central and south america . the largest known population exists in the amazon rain forests . black jaguars live in south america . jaguars are also found in africa and asia . until the 1900s , they also roamed the yukon , southern united states to uruguay , and iceland .\nfew jaguars are ever even glimpsed in their natural habitat ; however , they do surround areas of the pacaya - samiria reserve , where guests travel on international expeditions\u2019 amazon river cruises . jaguars are excellent swimmers , and the river provides a great source of food \u2014 from fish to turtles to caimans . they also feast on larger creatures like deer and capybaras ( large rodents about as big as medium - sized dogs ) . jaguars have been known to climb trees to attack their prey from above , so visitors should be sure to keep an eye on the rainforest canopy on their amazon river cruises .\nthe entire area is characterized by an abundance of poorly - drained heavy mottled clay soils . this type of v\u00e1rzea is different from the seasonal v\u00e1rzea of the middle and upper amazon floodplains , which are inundated annually by rivers swollen with rainwater . the floodwaters of the amazon river are laden with suspended mineral sediments that settle out onto the landscape when the water flow slows . this area is called\nregion of the islands\nbecause of the intricate labyrinth of sedimentary islands and channels resulting from the constant tidal and fluvial action .\nfor me jaguars epitomise the mysterious beauty of the amazon . but conserving them is a challenge . jaguars need such big areas of forest , and things get difficult when people feel their livestock is threatened by these great hunters . i like to look at it the other way . if we can keep healthy numbers of jaguar in the amazon , we\u2019ll be closer to protecting the rainforest as a whole . \u201d\nthis v\u00e1rzea ecoregion comprises the western half of maraj\u00f3 island , many smaller channel islands , and the surrounding mainland on both the north and south banks of the amazon . the ecoregion reaches west to the mouth of the xing\u00fa river where the amazon starts to widen its mouth . a small portion occurs in french guiana . the region also contains bits of both seasonally inundated floodplain forest and permanently inundated swamp forest ( igap\u00f3 ) . this western half of the maraj\u00f3 island is constructed of recent sediments and hosts the estuarine ( tidal ) v\u00e1rzea forest . the eastern half of maraj\u00f3 island , on older tertiary sediments , is covered by flooded savanna ( campo ) and humid terra firme forest , the forest being fairly homogeneous and distinct from the inundated forest in the west .\nthe third - largest big cats after lions and tigers , jaguars have had a difficult time of it over the last century , as deforestation and human encroachment has restricted their range across south america . however , it ' s much harder to hunt a jaguar in the dense amazon river basin than out in the open pampas , so the impenetrable portions of the rain forest may be panthera onca ' s last , best hope . no one know for sure , but there are at least a few thousand jaguars preying on the megafauna of the amazon rain forest ; an apex predator itself , the jaguar has nothing to fear from its fellow animals ( except , of course , for human beings ) .\nby protecting jaguars and the places where they live , we\u2019re also helping to look after other wildlife \u2013 of which there are a lot of in the amazon and pantanal \u2013 as well as the people who live and work around there .\nthe status of the subspecies is unclear . although eight subspecies have been recognized ( seymour 1989 ) , morphological and genetic analyses do not support the existence of discrete subspecies ( larson 1997 , eizirik et al . 2001 , ruiz - garcia et al . 2006 ) . while not elevating the regional differences to the subspecies level , eizirk et al . ( 2001 ) found evidence for four incompletely isolated phylogeographic groups : mexico and guatemala , southern central america , northern south america , and south america south of the amazon river . similarly , ruiz - garcia et al . ( 2006 ) found that the andes mountains incompletely isolates jaguar populations in colombia .\nso large that it ' s sometimes known as the ant bear , the giant anteater is equipped with a comically long snout\u2014the better for poking into narrow insect burrows\u2014and a long , bushy tail ; some individuals can approach 100 pounds in weight . like many of the plus - sized mammals of tropical south america , the giant anteater is severely endangered , although , as with many of the animals on this list , the vast , swampy , impenetrable amazon river basin affords the remaining population some level of protection from human encroachment ( not to mention an inexhaustible supply of tasty ants ) .\nthis forest ecoregion is located at the mouth of the amazon river in eastern brazil . islands are numerous throughout the region . this flooded area captures nutrient rich soils , which are carried down the river ; tidal activity floods the region twice daily . vegetation is shorter than surrounding areas , plant diversity is lower , and palms dominate . fauna diversity is richer ; avifauna is particularly rich with about 540 species .\nfor the latest travel trends and exciting discoveries . , visit our amazon travel news section .\nthe taxonomy is currently under review by the iucn ssc cat specialist group . while 32 subspecies have been classically described , on the basis of genetic analysis culver et al . ( 2000 ) suggest six subspecies as follows : p . c . cougar : north america p . c . costaricensis : central america p . c . capricornensis : eastern south america p . c . concolor : northern south america p . c . cabrerae : central south america p . c . puma : southern south america .\nthe mighty jaguar once roamed from argentina in south america all the way up to the grand canyon in arizona . today , jaguars have been almost completely eliminated from the united states and are endangered throughout their range , which stretches down to patagonia in south america . the jaguar makes its home in a wide - variety of habitats including deciduous forests , rainforests , swamps , pampas grasslands and mountain scrub areas .\njaguars are my favourite animal . they are awesome and i want to go to the amazon rainforest because that is where they live and there are lots of other cool animals there as well .\njaguars live alone and define territories of many square miles by marking with their waste or clawing trees .\ndescription location and general description the maraj\u00f3 v\u00e1rzea is the inundated land in and around the mouth of the amazon river in eastern brazil . the huge river , having completed its 6 , 500 km journey , empties into the atlantic ocean here . the mouth contains numerous islands . the largest is ilha maraj\u00f3 at 48 , 000 km2 . other islands include ilha dos porcos , do par\u00e1 , mutut\u00ed , and uituquara . the amazon estuary is a dynamic lowland consisting of holocene ( less than10 , 000 years old ) sediments surrounded by slightly older tertiary deposits . flooding occurs across the landscape twice daily when the ocean tide pushes a large volume of river discharge onto the landscape to a height of 2 to 3 m . there are both low - lying tidal floodplain areas and slightly higher ( 2 to 3 m ) ground that is not normally flooded .\nmillions of years ago , during the pleistocene epoch , the rain forests of south america were home to giant , multi - ton sloths like megatherium . how things have changed : today , one of the most common sloths of the amazon river basin is the three - toed sloth , bradypus tridactylus , which is characterized by its greenish , algae - crusted fur , its ability to swim , its three toes ( of course ) , and its agonizing slowness\u2014the average speed of this mammal has been clocked at about a tenth of a mile per hour . the three - toed sloth coexists with the two - toed sloth , genus choloepus , and these two animals will sometimes even share the same tree .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nalso known as\nwater jaguars\nand\nriver wolves ,\ngiant otters are the largest members of the mustelid family , and thus closely related to weasels . the males of this species can attain lengths of up to six feet and weights of up to 75 pounds , and both sexes are known for their thick , , glossy , shiny coats\u2014which are so coveted by human hunters that there are only an estimated 5 , 000 or so giant otters left across the entire amazon river basin . unusually for mustelids ( but fortunately for poachers ) , the giant otter lives in extended social groups consisting of about half a dozen individuals .\nthe world ' s largest rodent , at up to 150 pounds , the capybara has a wide distribution across south america , but it especially likes the warm , humid environs of the amazon river basin . this mammal subsists on the rain forest ' s copious vegetation , including fruit , tree bark and aquatic plants , and has been known to congregate in herds of up to 100 members ( which should put your own pesky mouse problem into some perspective ) . the rain forest may be endangered , but the capybara isn ' t ; this rodent continues to thrive , despite the fact that it ' s a popular menu item in some south american villages .\nthe amazon rainforest is being destroyed at a terrifying rate . along with other consequences , this reduces the living space for jaguars and other important wildlife , and isolates populations , making them more vulnerable .\njustification of ecoregion delineation this seasonally inundated ecoregion forms the delta and mouth of the solim\u00f5es ( amazon ) river , the riverine island of maraj\u00f3 and surrounding islands , and extends northwards along the atlantic coastline . delineation\u2019s follow the ibge ( 1993 ) classification of\nalluvial vegetation\nin the northern and eastern portion , and follows the confines on the solim\u00f5es river and delta to the south and east . several outliers are also group under this classification to the nw according to historic vegetation coverage and follow the linework of the ibge ( 1993 ) classification for\nsecondary vegetation / agricultural activities\n. portions in the north which abut to french guiana were verified according to granville ( 1979 ) . this ecoregion is distinct from all other surrounding vegetation by its seasonal inundation and subsequent species assemblages , and from other v\u00e1rzea by crystalline arc divisions which influence soil type ( daly and prance 1989 , da silva 1998 ) .\nthe original version of this assessment was published with an older version of the distribution map . this errata assessment uses the updated distribution map .\n10 . from the tip of his nose to the tip of his tail , a jaguar can be 240cm long .\nthe largest and most dangerous reptile of the amazon river basin , the black caiman ( which is technically a species of alligator ) can approach 20 feet in length and weigh up to half a ton . as the apex predators of their lush , humid ecosystem , black caimans will eat pretty much anything that moves , ranging from mammals to birds to their fellow reptiles . in the 1970 ' s , the black caiman was seriously endangered\u2014targeted by humans for its meat and , especially , for its valuable leather\u2014but its population has since rebounded , which the other animals of the amazon rain forest may not consider a positive development .\nriverboats offer another way to see the amazon \u2013 chugging along the river , stopping for excursions , sleeping on board . the boats vary in creature comforts , from hammocks to deluxe berths , and trips typically last five to 10 days . reliable operators include amazon eco adventures ( urltoken ) , lo peix ( urltoken ) and swallows and amazons ( urltoken ) .\nas a general rule , the more brightly colored a poison dart frog , the more powerful its venom\u2014which is why the predators of the amazon river basin stay far away from iridescent green or orange species . these frogs don ' t manufacture their own venom , but collect it from the ants , mites and other insects that constitute their diet ( as evidenced by the fact that poison dart frogs kept in captivity , and fed other types of food , are much less dangerous ) . the\ndart\npart of this amphibian ' s name derives from the fact that indigenous tribes across south america dip their hunting darts in its venom .\nin the tropical part of their range , jaguars seem to mate in any season . in other areas , they mate in the later part of the year . male and female jaguars live together only during the mating and pregnancy season . after a gestational period of 95 to 110 days , the female gives birth to one to four young cubs ; they usually have 2 cubs . new born jaguars weigh between 1 1 / 2 and 2 pounds ( . 7 and . 9 kilograms ) . the females reach sexual maturity at the age of 3 , the males at 4 ; both have a lifespan of about 20 years .\naddressing livestock management and animals that prey on livestock is a high priority for conservation efforts in many jaguar range countries due to the impact of retaliatory killing of jaguars and other predators .\ni think jaguars are cool because they are very fast runners and i like them .\none of the more comical - looking animals of the amazon river basin , the keel - billed toucan is distinguished by its enormous , multi - colored bill , which is actually much lighter than it appears at first glance ( the rest of this bird is comparatively muted in color , except for its yellow neck ) . unlike many of the animals on this list , the keel - billed toucan is far from endangered , hopping from tree branch to tree branch in small flocks of six to 12 individuals , the males dueling each other with their protruding schnozzes during mating season ( and presumably not inflicting a whole lot of damage ) .\njaguars are the top predators in their environment , so they play an important role in controlling the populations of other species . this helps keep a balance in the food chain , and a healthy environment .\nwe are playing a central role in driving sustainable practices and agriculture in the amazon to shift to a green economy .\nwhen their natural prey is hunted or displaced , jaguars might look for other food sources , like domestic cattle . a lot of ranchers and farmers see jaguars as pests , and sometimes kill them to protect their incomes .\nfor most people , a week is a good amount of time to enjoy and experience the amazon . accounting for two to three days of travel and transfers , that leaves four to five days for excursions and activities . if you\u2019ve got more than a week , consider splitting your time in different areas of the amazon rather than spending it all in one place .\njaguars are still hunted for their attractive fur . ranchers also kill them because the cats sometimes prey upon their livestock .\nthe canadian population was roughly estimated at 3 , 500 - 5 , 000 and the western us population at 10 , 000 in the early 1990s ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . the population of central and south america is likely much higher , although it is unclear how abundant pumas are in the dense rainforest of the amazon basin ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . the florida subpopulation , numbering 100 - 180 , is isolated , and has been supplemented by a reintroduction of pumas from texas ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 , florida fish and wildlife conservation commission 2014 ) . in brazil it is considered near threatened but subspecies outside the amazon basic are considered vulnerable ( machado\n5 . jaguars live alone and mark their territory with their waste or by clawing trees .\nas a top - level carnivore , the big cat helps prevent overgrazing of vegetation by keeping its prey populations in balance . jaguars are also important in human culture , frequently playing a central role in stories , songs and prayers of indigenous people . yet today , jaguars have been almost completely eliminated from the united states .\nalso known as the golden marmoset , the golden lion tamarin has suffered terribly from human encroachment : by some estimates , this new world monkey has lost a whopping 95 percent of south american habitat since the arrival of european settlers 600 years ago . the golden lion tamarin only weighs a couple of pounds , which makes its appearance all the more striking : a bushy main of reddish - brown hair surrounding a flat , dark - eyed face . ( the distinctive color of this primate likely derives from a combination of intense sunlight and an abundance of carotenoids , the proteins that make carrots orange , in its diet . )\nmay to june is a great time to visit , being midway between the rainiest months ( february to april ) and the hottest driest ones ( september to november ) . it\u2019s also when the water level in the amazon river is highest and the surrounding forest is flooded . the amazon rises and falls by an amazing 12 to 15 meters annually , and few experiences are more sublime , or uniquely amazonian , than gliding silently in a canoe through the flooded forest . that said , the dry season is attractive for its clear weather and opportunities for long hikes .\nat best , only an estimated 15 , 000 jaguars remain in the wild . bi - national conservation efforts have been successful at protecting a small population of 80 to 120 cats in the remote mountains of sonora , mexico bordering arizona . this population is the largest of three known to remain in sonora , and is the last hope for recovery in the united states .\nour southwest team works to protect rare and threatened species like mexican wolves , jaguars and ocelots .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nthe jaguar feeds on a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic animals ; it eats more then 80 different kinds of prey , one of which is cattle ( that is one reason why humans kill the jaguar ) . jaguars prey as well on sheep , and feed on rodents , peccaries , deer , birds , fish , armadillos , turtles , and crocodiles . in high grass or bushes , jaguars stalk or ambush their prey such as peccaries , capybaras , deer , and tapirs . in the forests , they hide in the trees to spring on birds and monkeys , or capture turtles on the river banks and fish from the water . on the plains , they prey on sheep and cattle . they eat almost any kind of animal including deer , their favorite food , fish , wild pigs , iguanas , turtles , capybaras and other kinds of rodents . jaguars rarely attack humans .\njaguars have been eliminated from most of the united states due to habitat loss , over hunting and killings to protect livestock . you can help save them \u00bb adopt a jaguar \u00bb\nthe jaguar is the third - largest living feline species , after the tiger and lion .\njaguars often live near lakes , rivers and wetlands , and prefer to avoid open forests and grasslands .\n7 . jaguars are mammals . they are carnivores and eat a diet rich in meat and fish .\nby working in partnership with businesses , we\u2019re helping them use their influence for the good of the planet .\nthe following is a list of actions that a variety of jaguar range countries have put in place to enhance jaguar conservation .\ncurrent status the maraj\u00f3 v\u00e1rzea , because it lies at the mouth of the amazon\u2019s\nsuper highway ,\nis a region greatly affected by human activities , both historically and in the present . both the natural habitat and native biodiversity of the maraj\u00f3 v\u00e1rzea have suffered severe degradation from large - scale agricultural , forestry , and ranching operations . there are no protected areas in this ecoregion .\nthese beautiful and powerful beasts were prominent in ancient native american cultures . in some traditions the jaguar god of the night was the formidable lord of the underworld . the name jaguar is derived from the native american word yaguar , which means \u201che who kills with one leap . \u201d\nthe geographic range of the puma is the largest of any terrestrial mammal in the western hemisphere ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) , from canada through the us , central and south america to the southern tip of chile . while the puma is an adaptable cat , being found in every major habitat type of the americas , including the high andes ( 5 , 800 m asl in southern peru ; sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) , it was eliminated from the entire eastern half of north america within 200 years following european colonization ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . a remnant endangered supopulation persists in florida . recent confirmations and suitable habitat in the midwestern u . s . indicate attempts at recolonization ( larue and nielsen 2011 , larue et al . 2012 ) .\nmaintain national and regional population connectivity through the identification of corridors for jaguar movement between jcus and applying conservation actions in those corridors through the engagement of corridor stakeholders as in the development of a conservation action plan for the central belize corridor ( kay et al . 2015 ) ;\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\na common way to experience the amazon is at a \u2018jungle lodge\u2019 . most lodges feature private rooms , family - style meals and daily excursions , but amenities such as en suite bathrooms and 24 - hour electricity vary . many lodges include a chance to sleep in the forest , whether just a night at an established camp or hiking for two or three days on a \u2018survival tour\u2019 . near manaus , amazon antonio jungle tours and amazon gero tours ( urltoken ) have good lodges and reasonable rates . upscale options in the same area include juma lodge and anavilhanas lodge . and one of the best lodges in the entire amazon is uakari lodge ( urltoken ) in mamirau\u00e1 reserve .\nthe \u2018water governance observatory\u2019 is & nbsp ; an evidence - based , participatory mechanism for continuous , independent assessment of the effectiveness of freshwater policy , management and water governance at the national level in brazil .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nthe jaguar is the largest cat in the americas . the jaguar has a compact body , a broad head and powerful jaws . its coat is normally yellow and tan , but the color can vary from reddish brown to black . the spots on the coat are more solid and black on the head and neck and become larger rosette - shaped patterns along the side and back of the body .\nmost jaguars are tan or orange with distinctive black spots , dubbed\nrosettes\nbecause they are shaped like roses . some jaguars are so dark they appear to be spotless , though their markings can be seen on closer inspection .\nthe buriti palm mauritia flexuosa and other trees that produce large , fleshy or mealy fruits provide an important source of food for animals that graze on the river bank , such as gray brocket deer ( mazama gouazoubira ) , red brocket deer ( m . americana ) , and capybaras ( hydrochaeris hydrochaeris ) , the world\u2019s largest rodents .\nthe jaguar is the largest and most powerful wild cat in the western hemispere . the jaguar is larger then the leopard . the jaguar ' s coat has different colors , but they are usually yellow - brownish with black spots , like leopards . some jaguars are even white . the jaguar ' s coat on its side and back is spotted with large black rosettes , each consisting of a circle of spots surrounding a central spot . the spots on its head , legs , and underside are solid black .\ntree climbing and sport fishing are also popular in the amazon , and can be arranged as day trips or as part of a lodge or boat tour . for tree climbing , try tropical tree climbing ( urltoken ) or amazon tree climbing ( urltoken ) ; for sport fishing , try maia expeditions ( urltoken ) , all in manaus .\nthere are a handful of activities virtually every visitor to the amazon does . the most memorable are long hikes or canoe trips to enjoy and learn about the forest , and hopefully spot some wildlife . you may also visit the home of a local family , spend a night in the jungle , and do fun stuff like piranha fishing and cayman spotting . always confirm what activities are included in a tour before booking .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\ndaly , d . c . , and j . d . mitchell . 2000 . lowland vegetation of tropical south america . pages 391 - 453 in d . l . lentz , editor , imperfect balance : landscape transformations in the precolumbian americas . new york , columbia university press .\nabout 600 km downriver from manaus , the small town of alter do ch\u00e3o is the jumping - off point for boats trips along the rio tapaj\u00f3s ( a major tributary of the amazon ) , including fascinating visits with local rubber - tapper communities . alter do ch\u00e3o itself is famous for its white sand beach and bohemian air . mae natureza or areia branca ecotour ( urltoken ) offer recommended tours .\njaguars prefer wet lowland habitats , swampy savannas or tropical rain forests . their favorite habitat is in the tropical and subtropical forests . jaguars also live in forests and grasslands , living near rivers and lakes , in small caves , marshland , and under rock ledges ; they live in shrubby areas as well . jaguars like their homes to have very soft ground . they use materials such as leaves , rotten trees and other soft materials that they may find in the woods or in the rain forest . jaguars would prefer to live alone , and don ' t like other animals to come near their den , as it is a territorial area for the jaguar .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nwith habitat fragmentation a major threat , and taxonomic research suggesting little significant differences among jaguar populations , an ambitious program has been launched to conserve a continuous north to south habitat corridor through the species range ( rabinowitz and zeller 2010 ) .\nducke , a . , and g . a . black . 1953 . phytogeographical notes on the brazilian amazon . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias 25 : 1 - 46 .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhiraoka , m . 1999 . miriti ( mauritia flexuosa ) palms and their uses and management among the ribeirinhos of the amazon estuary . pages 169 - 186 in c . padoch , m . ayres , m . pinedo - vasquez , and a . henderson , editors , changes in soil formation and vegetation on silt bars and backslopes of levees following intensive production of rice and jute . new york : the new york botanical garden press .\npires , j . m . , and g . t . prance . 1985 . the vegetation types of the brazilian amazon . pages 109 - 145 in g . t . prance and t . e . lovejoy , editors , key environments : amazonia . new york : pergamon .\nthere are a lot of myths about piranhas , such as the one that they can skeletonize a cow in less than five minutes ; the fact is that these fish don ' t even particularly like to attack humans . still , there ' s no denying that the piranha is built to kill , equipped as it is with sharp teeth and extremely powerful jaws , which can chomp down on its prey with a force of over 70 pounds per square inch . given how scary the piranha is , you may or may not want to know about the megapiranha , a giant piranha ancestor that haunted the rivers of miocene south america .\nunlike many other cats , jaguars do not avoid water ; in fact , they are quite good swimmers . rivers provide prey in the form of fish , turtles , or caimans\u2014small , alligatorlike animals . jaguars also eat larger animals such as deer , peccaries , capybaras , and tapirs . they sometimes climb trees to prepare an ambush , killing their prey with one powerful bite .\njaguars are solitary animals and live and hunt alone , except during mating season . the male ' s home range is between 19 and 53 square miles and often overlaps with the smaller home ranges of multiple females . a male aggressively protects his home range and resident females from other males .\nthe v\u00e1rzea forest performs critical ecological functions such as capturing and rapidly cycling nutrients , hosting a great diversity of freshwater fish and aquatic mammals , stabilizing the flooded soils and landscapes , and perhaps providing a source of new taxa that colonize the surrounding terra firme .\nthe jaguar hunts mostly on the ground , but it sometimes climbs a tree and pounces on its prey from above . it has very powerful jaws and sharp teeth and usually kills its prey with one crushing bite to the skull . unlike most big cats , the jaguar loves the water \u2014 it often swims , bathes , plays and even hunts for fish in streams and pools . like all members of the big cat family , jaguars can roar . the jaguar\u2019s roar sounds like a deep , chesty cough .\ncommercial hunting and trapping of jaguars for their pelts has declined drastically since the mid - 1970s , when anti - fur campaigns and cites controls progressively shut down international markets ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . however , there is still demand for jaguar paws , teeth and other products , especially in local markets where canines are still considered interesting jewellery . on top of this , jaguars are starting to be considered a replacement for tiger bone for traditional medicine purposes by the increasing asian community in latin america .\nthe male jaguar will live with the female for a period of four years while the baby or cubs grow up to be healthy and strong . the male will teach the cubs to defend themselves and find their own food and shelter . the female jaguar will feed them their milk so the cubs will keep up their strength and energy . the young will also hunt with their mother during their first two years .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t18868a97216466 .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\n( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t15953a123791436 .\nflorida panthers , mountain lions , jaguars that become used to human presence can lose their natural wariness of us . if we offer or allow access to food even once , we end up with wildlife that associates us with food .\nfemales have litters of one to four cubs , which are blind and helpless at birth . the mother stays with them and defends them fiercely from any animal that may approach\u2014even their own father . young jaguars learn to hunt by living with their mothers for two years or more .\ni love jaguars so much ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! p . s very intreasting facts\nwith its forest home increasingly being destroyed , and conflict growing with farmers and ranchers , the jaguar is under serious pressure . jaguars now occupy less than half of their historical range . they\u2019re so elusive that we don\u2019t know exactly how many are left in the wild \u2013 but we do know their numbers are dropping . help us protect these enigmatic cats .\nmanaus is the region\u2019s largest city , and the quickest and easiest route into the jungle . you\u2019ll find many good tour operators here , from budget to upscale . the flip side is that tours tend to be more crowded , and the surrounding area is less pristine .\nbefore the mid - 1970s jaguars were often hunted for their beautiful coats . that\u2019s reduced now , thanks to anti - fur campaigns and laws , but there\u2019s still some demand for jaguar parts such as paws and teeth for traditional medicines .\nforest certification is a system of inspecting and tracking timber , paper pulp and other forest products to make sure they\u2019ve been harvested according to a strict set of guidelines .\nit helps me . whenever its possible , i use this website . its the best website in the world !\njaguars are known to eat deer , peccary , crocodiles , snakes , monkeys , deer , sloths , tapirs , turtles , eggs , frogs , fish and anything else they can catch .\nmanaus is serviced by direct flights from all over brazil , and even miami . you can also get there by boat from anywhere on the amazon , including bel\u00e9m and porto velho , but be prepared for a long trip ( two to five days ) .\nwe\u2019re not prepared to stand by and do nothing so we\u2019ve been working to preserve the waters that feed the pantanal .\ndaly , d . c . , and g . t . prance . 1989 . brazilian amazon . pages 401 - 426 in d . g . campbell , and h . d . hammond , editors . floristic inventory of tropical countries . new york botanical garden , bronx , new york , usa\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthis really helped alot with my project . thank you for all of this information about jaguars ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1\n3 . the name jaguar comes from the native american word yaguar , which means \u201che who kills with one leap . \u201d\nif you\u2019re willing to add a leg your journey , there are some outstanding options in other areas . one of the best is mamirau\u00e1 reserve , located 675km upriver from manaus , outside the small city of tef\u00e9 . there\u2019s just one lodge there ( uakari lodge ; urltoken ) , and visits can be pricey , but between the comfortable lodging , highly skilled guides and the reserve ' s stunning richness , you can hardly do better .\nthe jaguar is the fiercest of the cat family . its roar is between a cough and a growl . the jaguar is a very good hunter and can attack and kill its prey to eat . it also swims well and wades in water to catch a fish . on land , the jaguar stays hidden in caves or bushes and creeps close to its prey , and then jumps . when herds of prey stop to eat or drink , it climbs trees easily , and hides to pounce on its prey . the jaguar seizes its catch with its muscular forelegs , and kills its prey with a bite to the neck .\nan adult male jaguar may be four to seven feet long , excluding the long tail . its tail is about 45 to 75 centimeters long . the jaguar stands about three feet high at the shoulder , and it weighs up to 300 pounds when full grown . the jaguar has heavily muscled forearms and shoulders that add strength for capturing its prey . it has a massive head , and long thick legs . the jaguar ' s hindlimbs are longer than its forelimbs to improve jumping . its forepaws are equipped with long , retractile claws to help grab and hold its prey . the jaguar has a rough tongue that is designed for peeling the skin away from the flesh of its prey , and to peel the flesh away from its prey ' s bones . the jaguar has loose belly skin which allows the animal to be kicked by its prey with little chance of injury .\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nreferences anderson , a . b . , i . mousasticoshvily jr . , and d . s . macedo . 1999 . logging of virola surinamensis in the amazon floodplain : impacts and alternatives . pages 119 - 133 in c . padoch , m . ayres , m . pinedo - vasquez , and a . henderson , editors , v\u00e1rzea : diversity , development , and conservation in amazonia ' s whitewater floodplains . new york , the new york botanical garden press .\nflying is , of course , much quicker than taking a boat , and sometimes not much more expensive . then again , long distance boat travel is an experience unto itself : chugging along for days at a time , sleeping in hammocks , and whiling away the hours with other passengers . you won\u2019t see much in terms of wildlife or scenery though , as the boat follows the huge main channel .\njaguars are easy to recognize , as they are covered in rose - shaped black spots . however , some may appear to look more like panthers or other big cats if their fur is dark enough to disguise their spots .\nthis is like the best . . . . website ever ! ! ! awesome ! it really helped me with my homework with jaguars , where you have to come up with special features it has . you have to choose an animal and i chose a jaguar because its my fave animal !\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\ni want emails from lonely planet with travel and product information , promotions , advertisements , third - party offers , and surveys . i can unsubscribe any time using the unsubscribe link at the end of all emails . contact lonely planet here . lonely planet privacy policy .\n\u00a9 2018 lonely planet . all rights reserved . no part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission .\nwith muscular shoulders and forearms and powerful jaws , the jaguar is no pussycat .\n8 . they can live to be 12 to 15 years old in the wild .\nthis webseit helped me with my talk on the jaguar . thank you ! ! !\npumas are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation , and poaching of their wild prey base . they are persecuted across their range by retaliatory hunting due to livestock depredation , and due to fear that they pose a threat to human life ( iucn cats red list workshop 2007 ) . pumas have killed a number of people in western canada and the us in recent years . pumas are legally hunted in many western us states , although hunting was banned by popular referendum in california in 1990 . road kills are the principal cause of mortality in the endangered florida panther subpopulation , and heavily travelled roads are a major barrier to puma movements and dispersal ( sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nwow ! these facts are awsome ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! whoever made this web page is one of the best people ever ! ! ! p . s this web page totally helped my with ict\nvery large fish live in the estuary , and they roam through the flooded forest eating and dispersing fruits from the floodplain trees . these fish include pacus ( metynnis and mylossoma ) , tambaqui ( colossoma macropomum ) , pirarucus ( arapaima gigas ) , and sardinhas ( triportheus angulatus ) .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nincluded on cites appendix i . the jaguar is fully protected at the national level across most of its range , with hunting prohibited in argentina , brazil , colombia , costa rica , french guiana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , suriname , united states , and venezuela , and hunting restrictions in place in guatemala and peru ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) . specific conservation plans for the species have been developed in mexico , panama , honduras , and brazil .\nadded missing bibliography references for inrena ( 2006 ) and conama ( 2005 ) which were cited in the text .\nthanks you help me to do my work about the jaguar . . . . . . . ; - )\nscientists have reported 99 mammal species in this ecoregion . the short - tailed opossum monodelphis maraxina is endemic and endangered . other mammals that are found only in this ecoregion , or in few other places , include an armadillo dasypus septemcinctus , bats ( platyrrhinus recifinus , natalus stramineus , and molossops greenhalli ) , primates such as marmosets ( callithrix argentatado ) , tamarins ( saguinus midas ) , night monkeys ( aotus infulatus ) , and savanna foxes ( cerdocyon thous ) . the endangered american manatee ( trichechus manatus ) occurs here . cats include jaguars ( panthera onca ) and pumas ( puma concolor ) .\ni am going to use all of these for school ! ! i might even make a booklet thanks to nat geo ! p . s its my dads favourite channel !\ni like the facts i am using them for my animal research project but i wish there was more facts though .\naccording to one indigenous myth , the jaguar acquired its spotted coat by daubing mud on its body with its paws .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nbiodiversity features on maraj\u00f3 island , there are 361 known species of birds , on caviana island 145 , and on mexican island 189 . the region as a whole contains a total of 540 species . there is a wide variety of aquatic birds including herons and egrets egretta and ardea , ducks dendrocygna spp . , ibis cercibis spp . , theristicus spp . , and rosette spoonbills ajaia ajaia . birds found here and in only few other places include white - bellied seedeaters sporophila leucoptera , grassland yellow - finches sicalis luteola , chalk - browed mockingbirds mimus saturninus , tropical peewees contopus cinereus , rufous - throated antbirds gymnopithys rufigula , black - breasted puffbirds notharchus pectoralis , and plain - bellied emeralds amazilia leucogaster .\nour vision for a trillion trees to be restored , saved from loss , and better protected around the world , by 2050 .\nperfect for my homework about animals . you are the best ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !\nthere are no protected areas in this ecoregion . cattle and water buffalo ranching and large - scale commercial logging are the main threats to this ecoregion .\nwe use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users . view our cookie policy for more information\nyou can reach tef\u00e9 and alter do ch\u00e3o by air or by boat . for tef\u00e9 , most flights and boats connect through manaus . for alter do ch\u00e3o , catch a plane or boat from manaus or bel\u00e9m to the city of santar\u00e9m , and take a bus or taxi from there ( 35km ) . speedboats are available between manaus and tef\u00e9 , and are faster than an ordinary boat but cheaper than a plane .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because it is one of the most widely - distributed mammals in the western hemisphere . although it has been extirpated from its former range in midwestern and eastern north america ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) , it is attempting to recolonize this region ( thompson and jenks 2010 , larue et al . 2012 ) and populations are healthy enough for regulated harvest in western north america . however , it is considered to be declining elsewhere in its range , and as a large carnivore intricately linked to other wildlife and habitat associations , from a social and political perspective its conservation and management presents numerous challenges ."]}
{"id": 355, "summary": [{"text": "meiacanthus atrodorsalis , the forktail blenny , is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the western pacific ocean .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 11 centimetres ( 4.3 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this venomous species can also be found in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is also known as the eyelash harptail-blenny , poison-fang blenny or the yellowtail poison-fang blenny . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "meiacanthus atrodorsalis", "paragraphs": ["c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of\nimage of meiacanthus atrodorsalis\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from meiacanthus atrodorsalis ( g\u00fcnther , 1877 ) to their own page .\nan eyelash fangblenny , meiacanthus atrodorsalis , at apo island zamboanguita , central visayas , philippines . source : klaus stiefel / flickr . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nspecificationsmpnf91 0007 0353manufacturerthat fish placecommon nameforktail blenny scientific namemeiacanthus atrodorsalis difficultymoderate reef sa . . .\nthe forktail blenny ( meiacanthus atrodorsalis ) is characterized by the long , yellow edges of its caudal fin . the front half its body is blue - grey whi . . .\npetroscirtes atrodorsalis , g\u00fcnther , 1877 , andrew garrett ' s fische der s\u00fcdsee bd 2 ( heft 6 ) : 198 , pl . 115 ( fig . b ) . type locality : samoa\nthe species has a lunate caudal fin and an enormous curved , venomous fang on each side of the lower jar . the fangs , which are used for defence , are characteristic of the genus meiacanthus .\nwestern pacific : bali and the philippines east to samoa , north to ryukyu islands , south to rowley shoals , the southern great barrier reef , and new caledonia ; throughout micronesia . replaced by the uniformly yellow species ovalauensis in fiji , and by meiacanthus tongaensis in tonga ( ref . 37816 ) .\nthis species occurs in the western pacific , from bali and the philippines east to samoa , north to ryukyu islands , south to rowley shoals , along the southern great barrier reef , to new caledonia and throughout micronesia . it is replaced by the uniformly yellow species ovalauensis in fiji , and by meiacanthus tongaensis in tonga ( smith - vaniz 1987 ) .\ngreek , meion = less = lessen + greek , akantha = thorn ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 24\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 25 - 28 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 18 . identified by the blue - edged diagonal black line from the eye and yellow dorsal fin or back . adults have long filaments on the caudal fin tips ; length without filaments ( ref . 48636 ) .\nadults are found solitary or in pairs ( ref . 90102 ) in lagoon and seaward reefs below the surge zone to 30 m depth ( ref . 9710 ) . a common species , often seen along slopes and drop - offs , adults sometimes in small groups ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton and also on small benthic invertebrates . inoffensive , but immune from predation ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) . mimicked by ecsenius bicolor and plagiotremus laudanus ( ref . 90102 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 25 . 6 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 5 ( based on 1837 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 41 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\njustification : this is a widespread species that is locally abundant with no known threats and occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its range . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is common and locally abundant ( w . smith - vaniz pers comm . ) .\n- - - other purpose text - - - this species may be collected for the aquarium trade .\nthere are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n6cm okinawa miyako is . coral residents back to index - 500 fishes : urltoken music : hiro ' s original one man music : urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . to view this site , you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nthe yellowtail fang blenny is a distintively coloured fish that has an enormous curved , venomous fang on either side of the lower jaw .\nthe yellowtail fang blenny is blue anteriorly and yellow posteriorly . there is a diagonal black stripe through the eye .\nthe yellowtail fang blenny is mimicked by the bicolor blenny , ecsenius bicolor and the bicolor fangblenny , plagiotremus laudandus .\nthe species occurs in tropical marine waters of the indo - west and central pacific , from the red sea , north to japan , throughout micronesia , south to australia and east to marquesas islands .\nin australia the yellowtail fang blenny is known from the north - western coast of western australia , around the tropical north of the country and south to the southern coast of new south wales .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nit is found on seaward reefs and lagoons at depths of 1m to 30m .\nthe yellowtail fang blenny is a solitary species that is usually seen hovering above the bottom feeding on zooplankton . it also feeds on benthic invertebrates .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .\nallen , g . r . & r . swainston . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum . pp . 201 .\nmyers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics . pp . 330 .\nrandall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 251 .\nadults are found solitary or in pairs ( ref . 90102 ) in lagoon and seaward reefs below the surge zone to 30 m depth ( ref . 9710 ) . a common species , often seen along slopes and drop - offs , adults sometimes in small groups ( ref . 48636 ) . feed on zooplankton and also on small benthic invertebrates . inoffensive , but immune from predation ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) . mimicked by ecsenius bicolor and plagiotremus laudanus ( ref . 90102 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na fangblenny with a greyish - blue head and anterior body that becomes pale yellow to whitish , a yellowish caudal fin , a black basal stripe along the dorsal - fin base and a diagonal blue - edged black band through the eye . the eyelash fangblenny has large venomous canines in the lower jaw that are used for defense and aggressive interactions with other eyelash fangblennies , not for feeding . potential predators quickly learn to avoid these small venomous fishes , allowing the blennies to forage out in open water . this species is mimicked by the bicolor fangblenny , plagiotremus laudandus , and possibly by the bicolor combtooth blenny , ecsenius bicolor . video of eyelash fangblennies at miyako island , okinawa\nrecorded in australia from rowley shoals , wa , to ashmore reef , timor sea , and north of cape york , qld , to sydney , nsw ; also at islands and reefs in the coral sea and at lord howe island , in the tasman sea . elsewhere , the species is widespread in the western pacific from australia to japan and eastwards to samoa .\nwhen the fangblenny bites a predator , the pressure forces venom to be secreted from a gland at the base of the groove to the tip of the canine in the lower jaw . potential predators quickly learn to avoid these small venomous fishes , allowing the blennies to forage out in open water . a number of other fishes , often as juveniles , mimic sabre - toothed blennies to avoid predation .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1877 . andrew garrett ' s fische der s\u00fcdsee . heft 6 .\n. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .\npictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 2 . fusiliers - dragonets , caesionidae - callionymidae\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . 1976 . the saber - toothed blennies , tribe nemophini ( pisces : blenniidae ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . 1987 . the saber - toothed blennies , tribe nemophini ( pisces : bleniidae ) : an update .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & g . r . allen . 2011 . three new species of the fangblenny genus\nfrom indonesia , with color photographs and comments on other species ( teleostei : blenniidae : nemophini ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . , u . satapoomin & g . r . allen . 2001 .\nspringer , v . g . 2001 . blenniidae . pp . 3538 - 3546 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nif order under $ 350 shipping charge will be calculated base on the actual shipping weight . all livestock orders are shipped via next day air . if other shipping method is chosen we will modify the shipping method . live rock and sand are ship using 2nd day service . drygoods , aquarium supplies , and reptile supplies are ship using ground service unless specified . all livestock orders must be shipped overnight via ups or fedex priority overnight to reduce transit time . orders generally ship within 1 - 2 business shipping days . all livestock are shipped wednesday and will be deliver thursday morning . you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number when your order has shipped .\nsaturday delivery must be made by special request by email or phone . saturday delivery is an extra $ 26 charge .\nin the interest of meeting your schedule , if 70 % of your order is in stock , it will be shipped . any missing items or substitutions will be marked on your order and your total will be adjusted accordingly . if you would prefer to be contacted if we are missing items , please let us know when placing your order in the comment field . however , this may delay your order . due to the nature of our products , we cannot backorder live animals .\nif your shipping address is different from your credit card billing address , please make sure your card issuer has listed this shipping address as an\nauthorized\naddress . we verify all addresses with visa , mastercard , discover and american express .\nups generally requires a signature for delivery . you or someone authorized by you , must be present to sign for a shipment if you choose to have it delivered to your home or office .\norders not held for pick up at the fedex / ups facility when temperatures are greater than 90 degrees or lower than 40 degrees .\norders placed during extreme weather will not be cover under our alive arrive guarenteed .\nif the weather delay a flight , or closes an airport , you live stock will be delayed . fedex has no control over the weather , nor does freshmarine . com .\nif your live stock is delay , damaged , or never delivered due to severe weather condition , fedex will not honor guarantees , and therefore neither can freshmarine . com .\nurltoken only ships within the continental u . s . excludes hawaii , alaska , and puerto rico"]}
{"id": 356, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha pancratiastis is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1921 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( assam ) and japan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with dark fuscous markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a line along the basal fourth of the costa , terminating in an irregular-edged blotch occupying the costal half of the wing to three-fourths , containing a very oblique white striga from the middle of the costa and a longitudinal white striga beneath it , and terminated by an oblique white dark-edged line from three-fourths of the costa to the middle of the termen , becoming pale metallic-blue on the discal third and broken inwards beneath it .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a subcostal line from the base almost reaching the costal blotch , one beneath this nearly from the base and one from the base above the fold , both running into the costal blotch .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two oblique-triangular spots from the basal portion of the dorsum reaching the fold and there is a somewhat upcurved line from the middle of the dorsum to the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a gradually attenuated streak is found from the middle of the fold to the blue discal portion of the posterior line and there is a short line along the apical portion of the fold , and an arrowhead above it terminated by the posterior line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apical area beyond the posterior line is tawny-fuscous on the costa with three very short whitish marks before the apex , the last limiting a round black apical dot preceded by a pale metallic blue dot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey with a blackish apical dot surrounded by whitish suffusion . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "thiotricha pancratiastis", "paragraphs": ["thiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha pancratiastis is a moth of the gelechiidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1921 . it is found in india ( assam ) and japan . [ 1 ]\nwe investigated pre - dispersal seed predation by insects in a bayberry myrica rubra sieb . et zucc . ( myricaceae ) on yakushima island , japan . to clarify the patterns of seed fate and predation , all fruit that fell into seed traps were collected to allow any insect larvae within the fruit to emerge , and the fruit were finally dissected to determine whether or not they had been attacked by insect predators . two lepidopteran species , thiotricha pancratiastis ( meyrick ) ( gelechiidae ) and neoblastobasis spiniharpella kuznetzov & sinev ( blastobasidae ) , emerged from the fruits . thiotricha pancratiastis is the major seed predator of m . rubra , attacking the fruits intensively during the primary stage of fruit development . thiotricha pancratiastis had been known as a foliage feeder ( leaf miner ) of m . rubra , but we revealed that the insect is also an important seed predator of the bayberry .\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nhave a fact about thiotricha rhodopa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha rhodopa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha albicephalata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha albicephalata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 17 february 2018 , at 21 : 13 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . seasonal fluctuations include day length , climate , and food availability [ 1 ] . as a result , almost all wild animals exhibit seasonal changes in their physiology and behavior , for example hibernation , diet shift and migration [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] . the animals ' responses to daily and seasonal fluctuations often need to be analyzed in combination because animals modify their use of various daily time periods in different seasons . . . .\nreduced seed dispersal effectiveness in the large - seeded tree myrica rubra in the absence of the jap . . .\nto study the impact of the local extinction of a large frugivore species on plant populations , we compared the seed dispersal of the large - seeded tree myrica rubra in two forests . one forest had a population of japanese macaques , which are large seed dispersers of m . rubra , and the other did not . observations were made from 25 may to 7 june , 2004 on four trees on yakushima island ( with . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmicrosatellite analysis of the maternal origin of myrica rubra seeds in the feces of japanese macaqu . . .\nidentifying the maternal origin of dispersed seeds is a challenging task because it is impossible to directly track seed movement once an animal has ingested them . however , recent development of molecular techniques allows us to identify the maternal origin of dispersed seeds in natural plant populations . here we analyzed the maternal origin of myrica rubra seeds found in the feces of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncommunity structure of pre - dispersal seed predatory insects on eleven shorea ( dipterocarpaceae ) spec . . .\nthe dipterocarpaceae in south - east asia are known for their strict mast fruiting . during fruiting , pre - dispersal seed predation by insects contributes to mortality of dipterocarp seeds . we documented the community structure of insect seed predators on 11 shorea species in peninsular malaysia . fruits were sampled sequentially throughout seed development , and 2144 and 1655 individuals of seed . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmasting of beech \uff08fagus crenata\uff09 results in satiation of a nut predator , the dominant micromoth , pse . . .\nwe tested the hypothesis that masting of a beech species , fagus crenata , leads to satiation of a nut predator , the dominant micromoth , pseudopammene fagivora , in a beech forest near the pacific ocean , japan . we used three indices that could reflect the annual variation in p . fagivora : number of p . fagivora larvae per pre - dispersal fruit , proportion of pre - dispersal fruits infested by p . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 360, "summary": [{"text": "acraga infusa , the yellow furry-legs , is a moth of the dalceridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in guatemala , belize , costa rica , panama , colombia , venezuela , trinidad , guyana , surinam , french guiana , ecuador , brazil , peru , bolivia and paraguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "acraga infusa may represent one variable species , but could also represent a species complex of closely related species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all specimens are entirely orange , but varying considerably in size and somewhat in apparent wing shape and colour tone . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "acraga infusa", "paragraphs": ["acraga infusa is found in venezuela , guyana , brazil , ecuador and peru .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh entomology resource from acraga infusa schaus , 1905 to their own page .\nlike other members of the dalceridae , acraga infusa adopts a characteristic and almost comical resting posture , with the wings arched almost vertically , and the long and very hairy forelegs projecting forward .\nthe genus acraga contains 40 species found variously from mexico to bolivia . most are unmarked , although a few such as leberna and angulifera are whitish with suffused darker markings . there are several yellow species including coa , infusa , sulphurea and\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhe family dalceridae comprises 84 known species , most of which are confined to south america , with a few representatives reaching the united states .\nthe moths average about 3cms in wingspan . they are easily recognised as a family from the very distinctive venation , short pectinate antennae , tiny dark eyes , and their characteristic resting posture with the wings steeply arched and the long hairy forelegs projecting forward .\nthe caterpillars of all dalceridae are slug - like and covered in gelatinous tubercles .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nthe family dalceridae comprises 84 known species , most of which are confined to south america , with a few representatives reaching the united states . the moths average about 3cms in wingspan . they are easily recognised as a family from the very distinctive venation , short pectinate antennae , tiny dark eyes , and their characteristic resting posture with the wings steeply arched and the long hairy forelegs projecting forward .\nthe larvae of all dalceridae are slug - like and covered in gelatinous tubercles . the larval foodplants include coffea , eremanthus , erythroxylum , metrodorea , ouratea , pouteria and qualea .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\n. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 361, "summary": [{"text": "triops longicaudatus ( commonly called longtail tadpole shrimp , american tadpole shrimp , or rice tadpole shrimp ) is a freshwater crustacean of the order notostraca , resembling a miniature horseshoe crab .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is characterized by an elongated , segmented body , a flattened shield-like brownish carapace covering two thirds of the thorax , and two long filaments on the abdomen .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "triops refers to its three eyes , and longicaudatus refers to the elongated tail structures .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "triops longicaudatus is found in freshwater ponds and pools , often in places where few higher forms of life can exist .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "like its relative triops cancriformis , the longtail tadpole shrimp is considered a living fossil because its basic prehistoric morphology has changed little in the last 70 million years , exactly matching their ancient fossils .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "triops longicaudatus is one of the oldest animal species still in existence . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "triops longicaudatus", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz selected\ntriops longicaudatus\nto show in overview on\ntriops longicaudatus ( leconte , 1846 )\n.\ntriops longicaudatus family triopsidae taxonomy triops longicaudatus leconte , 1846 , united states . some authors recognize two subspecies : triops longicaudatus longicaudatus and triops longicaudatus intermedius , but these have not been officially accepted . other common names english : rice tadpole shrimp , american tadpole shrimp ; spanish : tortugueta ( \u201clittle turtle\u201d ) .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : triops - longicaudatus - group . jpg\n.\nprey - size selection by triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) feeding on immature stages of culex quinquefasciatus .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from triops longicaudatus ( leconte , 1846 ) to their own page .\ninfluence of tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) , stocking rate on culex ta . . .\nprey - size selection by triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) feeding on immature stages of c . . .\nyolk protein synthesis in the riceland tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus , measured by in vitro incorporation of 3h - leucine .\nurltoken > triops - collection of information with pictures and videos of triops and other branchiopoda .\nfunctional and phylogenetic analyses of phenoloxidases from brachyuran ( cancer magister ) and branchiopod ( artemia franciscana , triops longicaudatus ) crustaceans .\noptimal conditions for rearing the tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) , a biological control agent against mosquitoes .\nprey - size selection by triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) feeding on immature stages of culex quinquefasciatus . - pubmed - ncbi\ntranscriptome analysis of the tadpole shrimp ( triops longicaudatus ) by illumina paired - end sequencing : assembly , annotation , and marker discovery .\ntriops longicaudatus is one of the oldest animal species still in existence . these strange and hyperactive fresh water creatures from the devonian \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nyolk protein synthesis in the riceland tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus , measured by in vitro incorporation of 3h - leucine . - pubmed - ncbi\nhasbun , e . 2014 .\ntriops longicaudatus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nfunctional and phylogenetic analyses of phenoloxidases from brachyuran ( cancer magister ) and branchiopod ( artemia franciscana , triops longicaudatus . . . - pubmed - ncbi\noptimal conditions for rearing the tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) , a biological control agent against mosquitoes . - pubmed - ncbi\npreferred habiat ( ephemeral pool ) of triops longicaudatus . the selected reproductive adaptations of the notostraca are heavily dependent on the preservation of such habitat types .\ntranscriptome analysis of the tadpole shrimp ( triops longicaudatus ) by illumina paired - end sequencing : assembly , annotation , and marker discovery . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe number of ssrs discovered in the unigenes from t . longicaudatus based on motif sequence types .\ngo annotation of unigenes from t . longicaudatus based on biological processes , molecular functions and cellular components .\nto cite this page : hasbun , e . 2014 .\ntriops longicaudatus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nthe sequence annotation profile of t . longicaudatus unigenes against panm - db , unigene db and kog db .\ndon ' t quote me on this but i think the queensland triops are a cross between australiensis and longicaudatus . maybe it ' s possible that that these are crosses too .\nno ! remember that triops are carnivores and they may eat your fish ! if the fish are larger , they may eat your triops .\nthree weeks old and 6 . 5 cm long triops . judging from their body proportions it seems to be triops longicaudatus but they have a marmorate pattern on their carapace . please help me if you know the exact species i . e . subspecies .\nscholnick , d . a . 1995 . sensitivity of metabolic rate , growth , and fecundity of tadepole shrimp triops longicaudatus to eviromental variation . biol . bull . 189 , 22 - 28 .\nthe species is considered a human ally against the west nile virus , as the individuals consume culex mosquito larvae . they also are used as a biological agent in japan , eating weeds in rice paddies . in wyoming , the presence of triops longicaudatus usually indicates a good chance of the hatching of spadefoot frogs . dried eggs of triops longicaudatus are sold in kits to be raised as aquarium pets , sold under the name of\naquasaurs\nor\ntriops\n.\nno . triops is the scientific name of the creature . therefore , it is always called a triops and is always spelled with a capital t !\ntriops longicaudatus , originally collected from the u . s . northwest and presently grown in a lab setting to avoid disturbing the environment and destroying an important food source to many animals , including birds .\na working hypothesis exists , proposing that triops longicaudatus may continue its trend of longevity as a species and , if humans do not devastate its habitat , the species may survive for another 500 million years .\ntriops longicaudatus and t . cancriformis are considered pests of rice fields in countries where rice is directly planted . these tadpole shrimps may occur in enormous numbers , and they expose and eat the roots of rice seedlings while paddling through the mud in search of food . in japan , however , the rice is planted as plantlets and t . longicaudatus is considered a biological control agent of weeds . dormant cysts of some species of triops are sold throughout the world in kits for rearing as aquatic pets . 1 . vernal pool tadpole shrimp ( lepidurus packardi ) ; 2 . longtail tadpole shrimp ( triops longicaudatus ) .\nthe species is considered a human ally against the west nile virus , as the individuals consume culex mosquito larvae . they also are used as a biological agent in japan , eating weeds in rice paddies . in wyoming , the presence of triops longicaudatus usually indicates a good chance of the hatching of spadefoot frogs . dried eggs of triops longicaudatus are sold in kits to be raised as aquarium pets , sold under the name of\naquasaurs\n,\ntrigons\nor\ntriops\n.\nweeks , s . c . and c . sassaman . 1990 . competition phenotypically variable and uniform populations of the tadpole shrimp triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) . oecologia . 82 , 552 - 559 .\ntriops subadult at 6 days . carapace and exoskeleton thickening and deposited with calcium carbonate\ni noticed newly hatched triops in my tank weeks after i added my original eggs . is it possible that one of my triops laid eggs and they hatched ?\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ab\u30d6\u30c8\u30a8\u30d3\u5c5e\nto\ntriops\n.\ntietze n s , mulla m s ( 1991 ) . biologicalcontrol of culex mosquitoes ( diptera : culicidae ) by the tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) . journal ofmedical entomology , 28 : 24\u201531\n. . . wberryi and the different forms of t . longicaudatus ( macdonald et al . , 2011 ) should be incorporated with the genome data in order to determine the identity of the t . longicaudatus already sequenced . there was also little difference between the t . l .\nshort\nfrom new mexico and the t . longicaudatus originating in south korea ( ryu and hwang , 2010 ) . baek et al . ( 2013 ) determined that the t . longicaudatus that occur in south korea are actually t . l .\nshort\nusing both morphological and molecular data , including sequences of the co1 and nd1 mitochondrial genes . the mitochondrial genome sequence for the korean t . longicaudatus ( ryu and hwang , 2010 ) is most likely the\nshort\nform of t . longicaudatus . . .\ntietze n s , mulla m s ( 1989 ) . prey - sizeselection by triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) feeding on immature stages of culex quinquefasciatus . journal of the american mosquito control association , 5 : 392\u2015396\n8 . triops eggs can lay dormant for decades , and then hatch in water .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import from triops australiensis to their own page .\nexpression pattern in the triops epipod appears to provide additional support for this hypothesis . the\nthe monophyletic t . longicaudatus - newberryi clade is largely endemic to the americas , while presumed t . longicaudatus populations on pacific islands such as the gal\u00e1pagos , hawaii and new caledonia [ 21 ] , [ 36 ] may reflect efficient long distance dispersal , presumably by avian vectors , as discussed above . japanese records of t . longicaudatus , on the other hand , are attributed to recent anthropogenic introductions as a biological control agent in rice fields [ 48 ] . based on our analyses we confirm the monophyly of north american triops populations but not the monophyly of the species t . newberryi and t . longicaudatus . t . newberryi differed only by 0 . 0\u20135 . 2 % at coi and 1 . 0 % at 12s from t . longicaudatus . the sequenced specimens , hence , should probably be considered conspecific . these findings support the need for a morphological taxonomic revision of triops across north america [ 51 ] .\ni ordered the scholastic triops and the egg capsule was crushed . what should i do ?\ntwo days after hatching , the triops has essentially completely taken the appearance of an adult .\ntriops longicaudatus is also known as the rice tadpole shrimp and is considered a pest species of rice fields where the rice is germinated in the field ( mainly in the united states and spain ) . t . longicaudatus damages the roots and leaves of seedling rice plants and also muddies the water , impeding the access of sunlight to the developing plants . in japan , where the rice is transplanted , the long tail tadpole shrimp cannot harm the rice because it is too big and resistant to its attack . instead , japanese rice farmers use t . longicaudatus as a biological control agent against weeds . dried cysts of t . longicaudatus are sold in kits to be bred as aquatic pets .\nharper , s . l . and c . l . reiber . 2006 . metabolic , respiratory and cardiovascular responses to acute and chronic hypoxic exposure in tadpole shrimp triops longicaudatus . j . exp . biol . 209 , 1639 - 1650 .\ntietze n s , mulla m s ( 1990 ) . influenceof tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) , stocking rate on culex tarsalis development in experimental field microcosms . journal of the american mosquito control association , 6 : 265\u2015269\nthe hatching of triops can take up to 3 to 5 days more when the weather is cooler . therefore , triops must have a bright , warm light during these cooler days . please allow this extra time before inquiring about a replacement for non - hatching of your triops eggs\nsize distribution of contigs ( blue ) and unigenes ( red ) after assembly and clustering of the quality reads from the transcriptome of t . longicaudatus .\nthey ' re found in seasonal ponds , pools , and puddles all over the world . triops were around before the break - up of the last supercontinent , which helps explain why they live on every continent except antarctica . triops longicaudatus , a rather fancy critter with a long tail , frequents all but the colder regions of north america , while triops newberryi prefers the milder climate of the pacific northwest and parts of california . triops granarius is found throughout much of africa , the middle east , and parts of asia . triops australiensis calls , you guessed it , australia home . triops cancriformis , the oldest species , hails from europe , the middle east , and india , and is considered endangered in the uk .\nthis is basically the triops kit you get from craft stores but they remove the original box .\nwarranty parts include a bag with triops eggs and triops baby food . this allows for parts to be shipped as efficiently as possible and helps keep our warranty cost at $ 2 . 00 .\ni live overseas and purchased my triops overseas , too . how do i submit my warranty ?\n1 . triops are often called\nliving fossils , \u201d but that ' s a misnomer .\nchen b , chen x ( 1999 ) . triops - the living fossil in songnen plain .\nlater . however , the proctodeal staining can be clearly distinguished from the terminal ring in triops .\nhomology searches of t . longicaudatus unigenes against the panm - db . ( a ) e - value distribution ; ( b ) top - hit species distribution .\nour triassic brand triops are the only triops products on the market that contain lab - raised triops eggs . we do not take triops or their eggs from their natural habitat . this means that we give you eggs in \u201cpure\u201d form and guarantee that you receive the highest quality products on the market . it is the only kit where you can easily inspect your eggs . remember they are tiny and easy to lose .\nthe extraordinary adaptations of triops longicaudatus , from its uniquely resilient eggs to its indiscriminate appetite , have allowed it to thrive since the time of the dinosaurs . the basic design of these creatures has changed little in more than 70 million years , making it a living fossil .\nyoon , s . m . , w . kim , and h . s . kim . 1992 . redescription of triops longicaudatus ( leconte , 1846 ) ( notostraca , triopsidae ) from korea . korean j . syst . zool . special issue 3 , 59 - 66 .\n11 : 00 am : we added our triops eggs to the water we prepared in a plastic container .\nas the pool dries up , many matured triops will die . since the lifespan of these small creatures is for twenty to ninety days , the triops will eventually die even if the pool does not completely dry up .\nwhen we started the triops , we also started a log of what they were doing . this is it :\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u30ab\u30d6\u30c8\u30a8\u30d3\nto\ntriops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 )\n.\nfry - obrien , l . l . and m . s . mulla . 1996 . optimal conditions for rearing the tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus ( notostraca : triopsidae ) , a biological control agent against mosquitoes . j . american control association 12 ( part 1 ) , 446 - 453 .\nif you purchased your triops from one of our overseas distributors , your triops are warranted , but they are warranted by that distributor . the distributor\u2019s address should be on the warranty form . please follow their instructions to claim your warranty .\norientation responses of triops granarius ( lucas ) ( branchiopoda : notostraca ) and streptocephalus spp . ( branchiopoda : anostraca )\nonce your triops hatch , you will need to feed them . place a thin slice of crushed peeled carrot into your hatching dish as a constant supply of food and follow the feeding directions provided in your instruction sheet . be careful and don ' t over feed your triops . overfeeding can cause high bacteria levels , which can lead to drastically lowered oxygen levels , causing your triops to die . if you hatch your triops in your own aquarium be sure it holds one - half to one liter of water only . triops will starve trying to find food if the tank is too large .\nthe tadpole shrimp ( scientific name = triops longicaudatus , which are in the order notostraca in the class branchiopoda ) inhabits freshwater , ephemeral ponds ranging from 50\u00ban latitude in western north america through central america and into south america . in the u . s . , triops are found in desert habitats ( see figure 1 ) . they live in small pools that accumulate after flash floods in the summer . since these pools are rather short - lived , the triops consequently have short lifespans , completing their life cycles in a mere 20 - 40 days ! -\ntests on the international space station ( iss ) prove this hardiness . those findings led to a nasa high school experiment last year that sent triops longicaudatus back to the iss to test whether it could be grown in space and serve as a high - protein food source for astronauts on future long - term missions .\nkwon , s . j . , h . y . kwon , y . c . jun . j . e . lee , and d . h . won . 2009 . effect of temperature on hatching rate of triops longicaudatus ( triopsidae , notostraca ) . korean j . limnol . 42 , 32 - 38 .\nthiel , h . 1963 . zur entwicklung von triops cancriformis bosc . zool . anz . 170 , 62 - 68 .\nstudents can hatch and observe their own 1 to 2\nliving fossils\nwith this easy - to - use kit . study the life cycle of the tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus , an animal resembling the extinct trilobite . kit includes a vial containing triops eggs . the eggs hatch within 24 to 36 hr after water is added , and adults will be present in 2 to 3 weeks . kit also includes plastic container , food , and instructions .\ncarlisle , d . b . 1968 . triops ( entomostraca ) eggs killed only by boiling . science . 161 : 279\u2013280 .\ndo not change the water before the 8th day after hatching . otherwise , you run the risk of pouring out the tiny new triops\ntriops have a varied diet , from mosquito larvae to aquatic plants and tiny invertebrates to , um , other triops . yes , to support their rapid growth , larger triops will cannibalize smaller ones if food supplies run low . hey , when your home is perpetually in danger of drying up , you have to eat as much as you can so you can grow and breed before it\u2019s too late .\nt . longicaudatus is known to exhibit several major reproductive strategies : individuals can be sexual ( either male or female with populations that are either half male and half female or are female - biased ) , parthenogenetic , or hermaphroditic . what is interesting about t . longicaudatus is that different populations exhibit a different reproductive strategy or combination of strategies . this fact suggests that these different reproducing populations might be considered different subspecies or species in the future .\nthe obvious characters such as carapace shape , body ring number , and appendage number often vary significantly within defined species . you may have two triops of very similar appearance that are regarded as different species while two very different looking triops are considered the same species to an expert .\ntriops eggs are only 1mm in diameter . please open the egg dish over a white sheet of paper even if the dish appears empty .\nto help your triops grow larger , supplement their diet with pet / fish food such as brine shrimp or small pieces of fish or shrimp .\nthe triops will hatch 18 hours after you put them in . when they do , you shouldn ' t feed them for another 24 hours .\ngo term classification for t . longicaudatus . ( a ) predicted functional interpretation of unigenes into represented biological process , cellular component , and molecular function ; ( b ) number of unigene sequences annotated with numbers of go terms per sequence .\nkwon , s . j . , y . c . jun . j . h . park , d . h . won , e . w . seo , and j . e . lee . 2010 . distribution and habitat characteristics of tadpole shrimp ( crustacea : notostraca : triops longicaudatus ( leconte ) ) in korea . korean j . limnol . 43 , 142 - 149 .\n8 : 00 pm : we spotted another triops swimming around ( we never saw him again , and presumed that the bigger one ate him . )\n9 : 40 am : we fed the triops . ( a quarter of one of the green and brown pellets that came with the package . )\ntriops can be found in asia , south america , and in some parts of north america where the climate is right . some eggs stay unhatched from the previous group and hatch when rain soaks the area . triops are fond of dirty , warm water filled with bacteria , of which they eat .\nchen b , chen x ( 1999 ) . triops - theliving fossil in songnen plain . fossils , ( 3 ) : 2\u20153 ( in chinese )\ntranscripts was unexpected and suggests that there is a difference in the way in which ventral versus dorsal tissue is patterned in triops . the phenotype of drosophila\nthere is a wide assortment of triops starter kits out there to choose from . they\u2019re low - commitment , too : triops only live for 1\u20133 months ( less if they eat each other ) . and when one batch dies out , you can dry out the soil or sand in the tank and transfer it to fresh water . if resting eggs are in the sand , with the proper care , you ' ll soon have another group of triops .\nby the end of each instar , the exoskeleton will shed . the appendages and segments will increase as the triops grow . the color will also change from orange to grayish brown . the triops will reach their maturity in a matter of 8 days and by that time they are ready to lay eggs .\nthe tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus , was found to be a size - dependent predator of culex quinquefasciatus larvae in the laboratory . however , changes in tadpole shrimp size were accompanied by changes in prey - size preference : larger - sized predators consumed an increasing proportion of larger prey items . very large tadpole shrimp may be nonselective predators of this mosquito species . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nuse distilled or spring water ( avoid using tap water ) . put in some sand or small gravel after 11 days . it use for lay eggs in the substrate . if you can\u2019t see triops after 18 hours , be patience and not to overfeed triops because it will make the water dirty and reduce oxygen\nhi , i\u2019m ranger kenny , here with you on the slickrock of zion national park . even on a planet where life seemingly thrives in all environments , few creatures dare to call this alien terrain home . but in this most bizarre setting lurks an equally bizarre creature . triops longicaudatus , also known as the tadpole shrimp , depends on the temporary waters of desert potholes to live out its unique life cycle .\ntadpole shrimps ( order notostraca ) have 25 to 44 pairs of legs , which are mostly hidden under the horseshoe - shaped carapace . six species of tadpole shrimp exist in north america . one of these , triops longicaudatus , is common in texas . a large specimen might measure an inch and a half from the tip of the carapace to the end of the \u201ctails , \u201d which are properly called cercopods .\nanalyses confirm the monophyly of five main evolutionary lineages within the genus triops : t . granarius , t . cancriformis , t . mauritanicus and a fourth lineage containing t . longicaudatus and t . newberryi . the fifth lineage comprised haplotypes belonging to a recently discovered triops sp . population from the saline lake carey in western australia . the monophyly of the various australian lineages identified as t . australiensis , however , could not be confirmed although there was weak support for this clade in the coi dataset . as a result , this taxon could be paraphyletic . within triops , t . cancriformis and t . mauritanicus emerged as two sister groups . the minimum genetic distance between these two clades ( 11 . 0 % ) was smaller than the genetic distances to the other main triops lineages ( 17 . 9\u201323 . 8 % ) . the triops population from lake carey in western australia did not cluster together with other australian populations but instead emerged as a distinct lineage . coi and 12s sequences diverged 12 . 3\u201317 . 9 % and 7 . 4\u201311 . 1 % between haplotypes from lake carey and t . australiensis specimens , respectively . in the 12s analysis , bi , ml , nj and qp trees place the american triops clade , which contains specimens morphologically identified as t . longicaudatus and t . newberryi , as an evolutionary sister of the australian t . sp . clade from lake carey . k2p values further justify this position . maximum genetic divergences between lake carey and t . australiensis haplotypes of 17 . 9 % and 11 . 1 % in the coi and 12s gene , respectively , were higher than the divergences of 16 . 3 % and 8 . 6 % identified between the lake carey species and t . longicaudatus .\nuse approximately 20 eggs for each hatching . your egg dish contains enough eggs for 2 - 3 hatchings . you should get 1 - 3 triops per hatching .\nthe average life span is 20 - 90 days . the triops natural habitat is in temporary ponds . since the ponds are temporary , the triops have evolved a survival method of hatching and laying eggs quickly before the ponds dry up . the warmer it is , the faster they grow , and the quicker they vanish .\ntriops longicaudatus displays several reproductive strategies . individuals may reproduce sexually , but this is rare , as most populations are highly male - or female - biased . parthenogenesis ( development from unfertilized eggs ) is the most common reproductive strategy . some populations , however , consist of hermaphrodites who fertilize each other . different populations display different strategies or combinations of strategies , and may therefore , be considered separate species or subspecies in the future .\nsupporting tables . table s1 . gps coordinates of each sampled playa location . table s2 . amova results . table s3 . triops newberryi mitochondrial control region genetic distances .\nmembers of the order notostraca ( colloquially referred to as notostracans , called triops , tadpole shrimp or shield shrimp ) are small crustaceans in the class branchiopoda . triops have two internal compound eyes and one naupliar eye in - between , a flattened carapace covering its head and leg - bearing segments of the body . the order contains a single family , with only two extant genera . their external morphology has apparently not changed since the triassic appearance of triops cancriformis around 220 million years ago . triops cancriformis may therefore be the\noldest living animal species on earth .\nthe members of the extinct order kazacharthra are closely related , having been descended from notostracans . -\nis restricted to an anteroventral portion of most of the ventral branches : en is posterior and dll is detected in each of the developing limb branches . thus , triops\nmind you , i was reading their faqs in more detail , and found this :\nfish , axolotls and turtles will all eat billabong bugs ( triops )\n.\nonce the water temperatures are the same , you can gently pour your triops into a temporary disposable container . then pour all the tank water into the toilet and rinse the tank with the bottled spring or drinking water . next , add the bottled spring or drinking water to your tank , and then gently pour your triops back into the tank .\nafter the eggs hatch , they will begin to feed on invertebrates like the fairy shrimps . the metanauplius is the very first larval stage and at this point , the triops are still orange in color . the triops only has six legs and one eye during the first stage and will soon develop in the next growth stages or also called instars .\nboth analyses of a relatively rapid ( coi ) and a more slowly evolving mitochondrial marker ( 12srdna ) , consistently recovered a comb - like tree depicting hypothetical phylogenetic relations among the four main triops lineages ( t . granarius , t . australiensis , t . cancriformis - mauritanicus , t . longicaudatus - newberryi ) . the possibility of radiation , as suggested for other branchiopod crustaceans [ 40 ] and rapid diversification in triops early in its evolutionary history , hence , cannot be excluded . intercontinental dispersal and subsequent isolation followed by genetic differentiation under limited gene flow almost certainly led to speciation in the four main triops lineages , which are largely restricted to different biogeographic regions . divergence of the fifth lineage , t . sp . , in turn , presumably results from a unique habitat shift from freshwater to saline habitats .\n. these are species that , although classified together , have been distinct lineages for millions of years and are reproductively isolated . the indication is that many triops species are actually be composed of multiple subspecies that currently remain undefined . only with time and more research will a more complete picture of the the number and variety of triops species be accurately known .\nall triops products include warranty instructions . please mail your proof of purchase , self - addressed stamped envelope ( $ 0 . 52 ) , and $ 1 . 00 to :\ntakahashi f ( 1977a ) . pioneer life of the tadpole shrimps , triops spp . ( notostraca : triopsidae ) . applied entomology and zoology , 12 ( 2 ) : 104\u2015117\nexpression has now been observed in drosophila , tribolium and triops . the drosophila terminal ring expression has always been attributed to the precursor cells to the proctodeum , which also stain with\nthe second major problem with making any definitive statements on the notostracan species is that modern genetic analysis is calling even the agreed species classifications into question . the triops are remarkably similar in\nyes , triops are cannibals and known to eat the weakest , smallest or sick . be sure that you are feeding them often enough and supplementing their diet to try and curb this behavior . the only fail - proof way to get them to stop eating each other is to move your triops into separate tanks or to a much larger tank on day 8 .\n8 : 50 am : fed her ( same as days 3 & 5 ) we noted that at this point , our remaining triops was 3 / 4 of an inch long .\nzierold t , montero - pau j , hanfling b , gomez a ( 2009 ) sex ratio , reproductive mode and genetic diversity in triops cancriformis . freshwater biology 54 : 1392\u20131405 .\ntakahashi , f . 1977b . high water temperature prevents egg hatching in triops granarius ( notostracea : triopsidae ) . appl . ent . zool . 12 ( 2 ) : 196\u2013197 .\nexpression dorsally suggests that it does not play a role in either the delineation or direction of dorsal cell fates in triops . the dorsal cells may employ a different development mechanism in order to grow and / or maintain segment polarity . in this regard , it will be interesting to determine whether other triops wnt family members have dorsal expression patterns ( nulsen , 1999 ) .\ntakahashi , f . 1977 . pioneer life of the tadpole shrimps , triops spp . ( notostraca : triopsidae ) . appl . entomol . and zool . 12 , 104 - 117 .\nordered this kit as a summer project for kids ; it worked exactly as they said in the info . triops grew bigger as you keep feeding them . good project for its price !\ntakahashi , f . 1977a . pioneer life of the tadpole shrimps , triops spp . ( notostraca : triopsidae ) . appl . ent . zool . 12 ( 2 ) : 104\u2013117 .\ntakahashi , f . 1975 . effect of light on the hatching of eggs in triops granarius ( notostraca : triopsidae ) . environ . control in biol . 13 ( 1 ) : 29\u201333 .\na preliminary attempt to resolve phylogenetic relations in the notostraca based on 12s and 16s rdna markers was performed by mantovani and coworkers [ 26 ] . splitting the genus triops as suggested by these authors , however , is likely to be unjustified since in our results the monophyly of both genera is confirmed . as a result , the main morphological difference between lepidurus and triops , the presence of a supra - anal plate ( a posteriorly directed median extension of the telson which is present in lepidurus but never in triops ; figure 1a , b ) , is supported as a systematically informative character .\nwhile tiny bits of organic debris compose the bulk of triops\u2019 diet , these creatures also play a critical part in pest control by feeding on mosquito eggs and larvae that inhabit the same ephemeral pools .\nmaffi m ( 1962 ) . triops granaries ( lucas ) ( crustacea ) as a natural enemy of mosquito larvae . nature , 195 ( 4842 ) : 722 doi : 10 . 1038 / 195722a0\nwell no , most triops are females , which can reproduce without males , however there is sometimes males , which if im right in thinking you can tell are male byt the difference in the body shape , well the hard shell and the male has a shorter tail . . . . . anyway ! im growing a triops right now in a 25 litre tank , he is growning great ! !\nif the triops are large , you can gently pour off 1 / 3 of the water directly into the toilet and replace . repeat this step every 3 - 5 minutes until the tank appears clean .\nphylogenetic reconstruction yielded no statistical support for monophyly of the nominal genus triops nor for an alternative positioning of its lineages . only ml ( 52 % ) , nj ( 40 % ) and bi ( posterior probability of 80 ) analyses of the coi gene provide weak support for the monophyly of triops . in the absence of a resolved topology , we resorted to constraint analyses to formally test the hypothesis of monophyly .\nexpression in each segment becomes ventrolaterally restricted into a series of shorter stripes . some but not all of these shorter stripes correspond to what becomes the ventral side of a developing limb branch . it is concluded that the drosophila model of limb development cannot explain all types of arthropod proximodistal outgrowths , and that the multi - branched limb of triops develops from an early reorganization of the ventral body wall . in triops ,\nmany of the previous studies have focused on triops populations that are separated by distances of hundreds or thousands of kilometers between sampled ponds [ 21 ] , [ 27 ] , [ 31 ] . large geographic distances between populations makes it difficult to determine if it is the mating system influencing the genetic structure and diversity of triops populations or if dispersal of encysted embryos is simply limited over long distances . the current study is designed to aid in differentiating between the influence of founding events , dispersal and mating systems by using nine triops populations located within 30 km and encompassing two putative species with different presumed reproductive modes . two of the species of triops in the northern chihuahuan desert are t . longicaudatus \u201cshort\u201d and t . newberryi [ 27 ] , [ 32 ] . different reproductive modes are presumed for t . l . \u201cshort\u201d and t . newberryi based on the male ( absence of a brood pouch ) to female ( presence of a brood pouch ) ratio within populations ; t . l . \u201cshort\u201d is comprised of all females and is assumed to reproduce via parthenogenesis or hermaphroditism whereas t . newberryi is thought to be androdioecious , with populations comprised of hermaphrodites that outcross with males [ 27 ] . a recent phylogeny of triops showed that t . l . \u201cshort\u201d and t . newberryi are not monophyletic , calling into question whether species status is warranted [ 33 ] .\njust how many species of triops there are is a good question , and one that in spite of researching several papers on them i certainly don ' t feel confident to answer with any authority . there are a number of problems involved with a definitive list of who ' s who in the triops world . first , it ' s now been close to 50 years since anyone has attempted a serious review of the\n. . . genetic lineages in triops , however , have more recently evolved despite conserved morphology ( mathers et al . , 2013a ) and there is increasing evidence for cryptic species diversification within the genus ( sassaman et al . , 1997 ; korn and hundsdoerfer , 2006 ; korn et al . , 2006 ) . genetic resources , including sequenced genes ( suno - uchi et al . , 1997 ; murugan et al . , 2002 ; korn and hundsdoerfer , 2006 ; korn et al . , 2006 korn et al . , , 2010 stenderup et al . , 2006 ; zierold et al . , 2007 ; mantovani et al . , 2008 ; macdonald et al . , 2011 ; vanschoenwinkel et al . , 2012 ; baek et al . , 2013 ) , microsatellites ( cesari et al . , 2004 ; velon\u00e0 et al . , 2009 ; zierold et al . , 2009 ; stoeckle et al . , 2013 ) and whole genomes ( umetsu et al . , 2002 ; cook et al . , 2005 ; ryu and hwang , 2010 ) , have been essential for elucidating the phylogenetic relationships between the species of triops and identifying cryptic species . cryptic species of triops have been identified in the southwestern united states , where a single species of triops , triops longicaudatus ( leconte , 1846 ) , has been split into at least three putative species ( t . . . .\nall warranty replacements are shipped by our warranty group that collect requests from the po box listed . the $ 2 . 00 covers postage and handling . the replacement triops eggs and baby food are free of charge .\ntriops kits come with a well - balanced , nutritional mix of pellets . please feed as directed in your instruction manual . if you run out of food , you can purchase any pellet fish food from a local pet store . you can also supplement the triops diet with freeze - dried bloodworms and brine shrimp , with tiny bits of raw / cooked fish or shrimp ( hold the spice ! ) and with peeled carrot .\nin addition to sexual reproduction , some eggs are capable of developing without fertilization . other triops are hermaphrodites . this means an entire population can develop from just one egg . no wonder they\u2019ve survived for so long .\nnewly hatched triops remain tiny for the first 5 days . feed according to the directions even if you don ' t see them . if after 6 days you don ' t see any young triops swimming about , follow the warranty instructions in your kit . if you followed the directions carefully , try changing the brand of water you used for hatching and review your instructions for any possible errors that were made the first time around .\nkelber , k . p . 1999 . triops cancriformis ( crustacea , notostraca ) : einbemerkenswertes fossil aus der trias mitteleuropas . trias , eine ganz andere welt : mitteleuropa im fruhen erdmittelalter , pp . 383 - 394 .\nread your instruction sheet and helpful hints again . insure your night time water temperature stays above 73\u00b0f . make sure your triops received either natural or fluorescent light . change the type or brand of water used and insure the water contains calcium ( use natural spring water ) . hatch in a small amount of water ( less than 1 liter ) . if your triops did not grow , change the brand of water prior to hatching additional eggs .\nplease read this urltoken and think by yourself before asking any questions . if you want to successfully keep some triops by your own you should know some important things about them and particularly about their habits and their natural environment .\nthe white powder in the egg capsule is corn starch . your eggs are not damaged . follow the instructions and place the corn starch containing the triops eggs in a glass of water to separate the corn starch and eggs .\nthe life span of the triops is short . in order to complete the lives of these tadpole shrimps , they have to depend on the ever changing temperatures of temporary waters that serve as their primary habitat . during summer and fall ( dry season ) , you can find lots of triops eggs . during winter and spring , more rainwater will come which will soon fill up the pools . by this time , the eggs will start to hatch .\n( a\u2013b ) examples of tadpole shrimp representatives belonging to the genera lepidurus and triops , respectively , illustrating the supra anal plate : a posterior extension of the telson characteristic for lepidurus . ( a ) lepidurus apus ( photo : jacques pages ) , ( b ) triops cancriformis ( photo : aline waterkeyn ) , scale bar = 2 cm ; ( c ) geographic distribution of investigated notostraca populations . locality numbers correspond with population entries in table s1 .\nin the nature , hatching rate is approx 10 - 60 % , triops naturally live in puddles , so they don\u2019t need clean water like aquarium fish . cleaning the tank weekly or when the water get too dirty or smelly .\neating a fish pellet , briefly shows the\nback swimming\nfeeding behavior . video also shows some younger triops in a floating tub . used my phone for the video so the white balance settings are all over the place .\ntry to picture a tiny , transparent crustacean that looks like a hybrid of a centipede and a horseshoe crab with a zillion writhing legs . while they\u2019re not likely to win any beauty contests , triops are impressive little critters . the genus triops has been around for as long as 300 million years \u2014that\u2019s about 200 million years older than t . rex \u2014making them the oldest known animals on the planet . here are some other fun facts about these resilient creatures .\nat the center of the disc , where it promotes proximodistal outgrowth . the interaction between these genes has led to a model of limb development in drosophila termed the uniramous paradigm . during the development of the multibranched limbs of triops ,\nyour triops will die if you shake or stir up the bottom gravel while water changing . make sure you change the water several times or until water is crystal clear to your vision . do not start water changes until day 8 .\nan overview of the 89 triops and lepidurus populations included in our analyses and their localities is provided in table s1 and plotted in figure 1 . detailed information about the known distribution of different notostracan lineages can be consulted in text s1 .\nhuixian wu , junzeng xue . analysis of the diet of the tadpole shrimp , triops sinensis , in paddy fields of shouchang river watershed [ j ] . front . biol . , 2009 , 4 ( 4 ) : 569 - 573 .\nis a growth factor known to play a role in proliferation in the notum of the wing and the formation of malphigian tubules in drosophila . it is reasonable to expect that it plays a similar role in the proliferation of segments from posterior in triops . triops segments become delineated from the posterior of the larva in the region of the posterior ring . similar to the ' progress zone ' model in the chick limb bud , cells may be actively proliferating from the posterior . the posterior\nexpression during ' late ' appendage development exhibits parallels to the drosophila uniramous paradigm . expression patterns of several genes are conserved in the development of branches of the multibranched limb of triops and the uniramous limb of drosophila . in drosophila limb development ,\nargues that innovation in limb form found in triops is likely due to an early change in d / v patterning . the drosophila paradigm relies on an initial specification of the imaginal primordia via an early interaction between d / v and a / p patterning genes . how does triops establish multiple branches from one set of a / p and d / v coordinates ? it is proposed that limbs with many branches , such as those seen in the trunk swimming appendages of the branchiopod crustacean\nnew trace fossils found in the late pleistocene glaciolacustrine varves of the connecticut river valley , vermont , usa represent the first known notostracan presence in glacial lake hitchcock . these unique trace fossils warrant a new ichnogenus and ichnospecies surculichnus bifurcauda . the new england varve chronology ( nevc ) constrains the initial presence of s . bifurcauda at \u223c 13 . 3\u201313 . 2 kyr . the morphology of s . bifurcauda correlates well with notostracan characteristics and behavior . sieving of bedding planes that contained s . bifurcauda produced one chitinous fossil that is suggestive of a notostracan telson . neoichnological experimentation was conducted with the species triops longicaudatus . during the subadult stage , t . longicaudatus produced traces representative of locomotion and feeding behaviors , and at the adult stage reproduced s . bifurcauda , as well as rusophycus . possible explanations for the productions of these traces are egg laying or predation behaviors that are both related to maturity . further research in the paleo - and modern ecology of glacial and nearctic lakes may shed more light on the maker of s . bifurcauda .\nthe first objective of this study is to assess the genetic structure of each triops species and determine what factors ( founding events or contemporary dispersal ) influence population differentiation . secondly , we compare the effect of different presumed reproductive modes and the degree of inbreeding to the genetic diversity and structure of the triops populations . we hypothesize , based on population genetic theory , that the androdioecious species will have more alleles , higher allelic richness , fewer private alleles , higher observed heterozygosity , lower f is and f st , and relatively greater genetic variance within as opposed to between populations . the last objective is to evaluate whether the two putative species of triops in southern new mexico are reproductively isolated in the ponds in which they co - occur .\nrain - pool habitats are gradually disappearing in israel as a result of agricultural and urban development . present and past records of notostracan distribution here reveal a difference in the occurrence of triops cancriformis and lepidurus apus lubbocki , the former rather rare , and support the suggestion that species of triops are more thermophilic than lepidurus , with optimal hatching temperature 8\u201312\u00b0c higher . the limited distribution of t . cancriformis in israel may be partly attributed to sub - optimal temperatures ( < 20\u00b0c ) in early winter .\nin the usa , the top selling waters ( dansani , wal - mart tru - value brand and aquafina ) have labeling indicating the water is purified and for that reason they fail to grow triops . you need to avoid all water labeled distilled , reverse osmosis or deionized . read the back of the label or call the manufacturer to determine how it is purified . do not use mineral water . mineral waters\u2019 like evian have too high of a mineral content and will fail to grow triops .\nthe tadpole shrimp , triops longicaudatus , was found to be a size - dependent predator of culex quinquefasciatus larvae in the laboratory . however , changes in tadpole shrimp size were accompanied by changes in prey - size preference : larger - sized predators consumed an increasing proportion of larger prey items . very large tadpole shrimp may be nonselective predators of this mosquito species . quantified behavioral observations indicated that while second instar mosquito larvae were encountered significantly less frequently than were fourth instar larvae or pupae , they were captured at significantly greater rates and with shorter handling times . it is hypothesized that prey vulnerability has an important influence on tadpole shrimp prey size\npreferences .\n. . . triops newberryi ( packard ) , formerly called triops longicaudatus le conte , the predominant species of tadpole shrimp in the southwestern united states , including the states of washington , oregon , and california ( sassaman et al . 1997 , su and mulla 2002a ) , was considered as a natural enemy of immature mosquitoes in temporary waters decades ago ( maffi 1962 ) . however , their potential utility in mosquito control was not available until recent publications by tietze and mulla ( 1989 , 1990 , 1991 ) and fry and mulla ( 1994 ) . the characteristics of fast nymphal growth , early maturation , high reproduction capacity ( fry - o ' brien and mulla 1996 , su and mulla 2002b ) , and their predation on immature mosquitoes ( tietze and mulla 1989 , 1990 , 1991 ) make them suitable for regulating mosquito populations that share the same ephemeral or semipermanent habitats with tps . . . .\nand locate your triops kit . here you will find the most recent version of the instructions for each kit . these can be downloaded to your computer in a pdf format . to view these files , you will need a copy of adobe reader .\nwe have moved our triops to a bigger tank . it might be a good idea to pour as much of the old water into the new tank as you can ( as long as its clean ) to avoid a sudden shock to the system .\ntadpole shrimp ( crustacea , notostraca ) comprise one living family , the triopsidae , including two genera : triops schrank , 1803 and lepidurus leach , 1819 . members of this group are often considered prime examples of evolutionary stasis [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 3 ] with the oldest confirmed notostracan fossils dating back as far as the upper carboniferous period [ 4 ] . alleged to have remained virtually unchanged during an evolutionary timeframe of more than 250 million years , some surviving members of this ancient crustacean order are frequently referred to as living fossils . the contemporary triops cancriformis ( bosc , 1801 ) , for instance , is regularly cited as the oldest living species because of its striking resemblance to late permian [ 5 ] and early triassic fossils [ 6 ] \u2013 [ 10 ] . similarly , fossils from the late cretaceous have been identified as the living species triops longicaudatus ( le conte , 1846 ) while other fossils from similar deposits of the same age were classified in the extant genus lepidurus [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . the long evolutionary history of the group , together with its presumed \u2018living fossil\u2019 status and wide current distribution ranges , are suggestive of an ancient radiation ."]}
{"id": 362, "summary": [{"text": "brachyramphus is a small genus of seabirds from the north pacific .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "brachyramphus is from ancient greek brakhus , \" short \" , and rhamphos , \" bill \" .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the species are named as \" murrelets \" ; this is a diminutive of \" murre \" , a word of uncertain origins , but which may imitate the call of the common guillemot .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the genus contains three species : marbled murrelet , brachyramphus marmoratus long-billed murrelet brachyramphus perdix kittlitz 's murrelet , brachyramphus brevirostris these are unusual members of the auk family , often nesting far inland in forests or on mountain tops .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the long-billed murrelet was considered conspecific with the marbled murrelet until 1998 , when friesen et al. showed that the mtdna variation was greater between these two forms than between marbled and kittlitz 's murrelets .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "these species breed in the subarctic north pacific .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they tend to remain coastal in winter , either staying near the breeding grounds , or , in the case of long-billed , migrating to the coast of japan .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "two prehistoric species have been described from late pliocene fossils , found in the san diego formation of the southwestern usa : brachyramphus dunkeli and brachyramphus pliocenum", "topic": 26}], "title": "brachyramphus", "paragraphs": ["identifying nesting habitat of kittlitz ' s murrelets brachyramphus brevirostris : old nests lead to a new breeding record / leah a . kenney .\ndesignation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) proposed rule ; finding that the revision of critical habitat should not be made .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris )\ntitle =\narkive species - kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npresents first breeding record of kittlitz ' s murrelets ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) nesting at adak island , aleutian archipelago , and identifies 14 non - active nests .\nday rh , alexander kp , nigro da . ecological specialization and overlap of brachyramphus murrelets in prince william sound , alaska . auk . 2003 ; 120 : 680\u2013699 .\ncarter ha . at - sea biology of the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in barkley sound , british columbia . ms thesis . university of manitoba . 1984 .\npresents first breeding record of kittlitz ' s murrelets ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) nesting at adak island , aleutian archipelago , and identifies 14 non - active nests . 650 07\nto cite this page : smart , j . 1999 .\nbrachyramphus marmoratus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndesignation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period , notice of availability of draft economic analysis , and amended required determinations .\nbarbaree ba , nelson sk , dugger bd . marine space use by marbled murrelets brachyramphus marmoratus at a mainland fjord system in southeast alaska . marine ornithology . 2015 ; 116 : 173\u2013184 .\nbarrett j . the influence of oceanographic and terrestrial attributes on marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) marine habitat selection during the breeding season . m . sc . thesis , simon fraser university . 2008 .\ncitation : lorenz tj , raphael mg , bloxton td jr ( 2016 ) marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) during the breeding season . plos one 11 ( 9 ) : e0162670 . urltoken\nusfws ( u . s . fish and wildlife service ) . recovery plan for the threatened marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in washington , oregon , and california . usfws , portland , oregon . 1997 .\nthe currently accepted scientific name for the marbled murrelet is brachyramphus marmoratus ( gmelin ) . it is in the family alicidae . there are two recognized subspecies but only b . marmoratus marmoratus occurs in north america [\nstenhouse , i . j . , studebaker , s . and zwiefelhofer , d . ( 2008 ) kittlitz\u2019s murrelet brachyramphus brevirostris in the kodiak archipelago , alaska . marine ornithology , 36 : 59 - 66 .\nkuletz kj . foraging behavior and productivity of a non - colonial seabird , the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) , relative to prey and habitat . p . d . dissertation , university of victoria . 2005 .\ncenter for biological diversity . ( 2001 ) petition to list the kittlitz\u2019s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) as endangered under the endangered species act . center for biological diversity , coastal coalition , eyak preservation council , and lynn canal conservation society .\ntesky , julie l . 1994 . brachyramphus marmoratus . in : fire effects information system , [ online ] . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station , fire sciences laboratory ( producer ) . available : urltoken [\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : brachyramphus brevirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : brachyramphus marmoratus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nday , r . h . , kuletz , k . j . and nigro , d . a . ( 1999 ) kittlitz ' s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) . in : poole , a . ( ed ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\n591 . 5 - - animal behaviour . 591 . 551 - - animals , breeding behaviour . 591 . 563 - - nest - building . 598 . 441 - - alcidae : brachyramphus brevirostris . h5 - - zoology : birds . ( * 3 ) - - arctic regions . ( * 49 ) - - alaska . ( * 495 . 2 ) - - aleutian islands .\nburger , a . e . ; manley , i . a . ; silvergieter , m . p . ; lank , d . b . ; jordan , k . m . ; bloxton , t . d . ; raphael , m . g . 2009 . re - use of nest sites by marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in british columbia . northwestern naturalist . 90 : 217 - 226 .\nnettleship , d . n . , de juana , e . , sharpe , c . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . kittlitz ' s murrelet ( brachyramphus brevirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a federally threatened seabird that requires two fundamentally different habitats for breeding . foraging occurs at sea because murrelets are pursuit - diving seabirds whose primary prey are small schooling fish and large zooplankton . however , coastal , old - growth coniferous forests are used for nesting in much of their range . like many alcids , marbled murrelets do not build nests and instead rely on naturally deposited materials for a nest platform . unlike other alcids , however , in the marbled murrelet a single egg is typically laid directly on a large , mossy limb in the forest canopy . in most cases , only large , old trees have limbs of sufficient diameter for these unusual nests .\nthe marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a small pacific seabird listed as threatened under the endangered species act in california , oregon and washington . all population surveying efforts to date have concluded that the listed population exhibits a long - term downward trend . in the past decade , marbled murrelet populations have decreased by 27 % throughout the listed population ' s range with a more alarming 45 % decline in the state of washington . threats to the marbled murrelet include loss of habitat from commercial timber harvest , nest predation , gill - net fishing operations , oil spills , and marine pollution . the usfws is working with other federal , state , and tribal agencies and private landowners and university researchers to recover the marbled murrelet . for more information on this threatened species , please visit the following usfws websites : urltoken urltoken urltoken we strive to make our electronic and information technology accessible to all . please email us at fw1webmaster @ urltoken if you need the text of this video .\nmarbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) nest predominantly in the canopies of large old - growth conifers , and are listed as threatened in canada and three u . s . states mainly as a consequence of reductions in this habitat owing to logging . we assessed the re - use of nest sites ( nest trees ) by murrelets in british columbia using three types of data : ( 1 ) evidence of return of adults to the same nest site , ( 2 ) evidence of multiple nests within the same tree , and ( 3 ) re - checking known nest trees in subsequent seasons for evidence of re - use . all three methods showed evidence of re - use of nest trees in different years , but there were marked regional differences in the degree of re - use . re - use of nest trees was most frequent in regions with extensive loss of nesting habitat due to logging ( southern mainland coast and east vancouver island ) , and rare in a less disturbed region ( west vancouver island ) . overall , 26 of 143 ( 18 percent ) nest trees climbed showed evidence of multiple nesting in separate seasons . management of nesting habitat should incorporate these results by providing greater protection of habitat in regions where habitat is sparse , and by minimizing predation risk where murrelets more frequently re - use nest sites . because re - use of nest sites is infrequent , managers should aim to provide murrelets with multiple choices for nest sites , such as maintaining large tracts of old - growth forest with many large trees containing potential nest platforms .\nthe marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a declining seabird that is well - known for nesting in coastal old - growth forests in the pacific northwest . most studies of habitat selection have focused on modeling terrestrial nesting habitat even though marine habitat is believed to be a major contributor to population declines in some regions . to address this information gap , we conducted a 5 - year study of marine resource selection by murrelets in washington , which contains a population experiencing the steepest documented declines and where marine habitat is believed to be compromised . across five years we tracked 157 radio - tagged murrelets during the breeding season ( may to august ) , and used discrete choice models to examine habitat selection . using an information theoretic approach , our global model had the most support , suggesting that murrelet resource selection at - sea is affected by many factors , both terrestrial and marine . locations with higher amounts of nesting habitat ( \u03b2 = 21 . 49 , p < 0 . 001 ) that were closer to shore ( \u03b2 = - 0 . 0007 , p < 0 . 001 ) and in cool waters ( \u03b2 = - 0 . 2026 , p < 0 . 001 ) with low footprint ( \u03b2 = - 0 . 0087 , p < 0 . 001 ) had higher probabilities of use . while past conservation efforts have focused on protecting terrestrial nesting habitat , we echo many past studies calling for future efforts to protect marine habitat for murrelets , as the current emphasis on terrestrial habitat alone may be insufficient for conserving populations . in particular , marine areas in close proximity to old - growth nesting habitat appear important for murrelets during the breeding season and should be priorities for protection .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwelcome to oed online . if you or your library subscribes , dive straight in to the riches of the english language . if not , click on the images below to learn more about the oed , see what ' s new , or take a look at aspects of english , our language feature section .\nthis year sees the 90th anniversary of the publication of the completed first edition of the oxford english dictionary . find out more about our birthday celebrations >\nwhich english words are used where you are ? help us add more regional words to the dictionary . submit your word >\nwhat ' s new : more than 900 new words , senses , and subentries have been added to the oxford english dictionary in our latest update , including binge - watch , impostor syndrome , and silent generation . find out more >\nnew article : coinciding with the 90th anniversary of the publication of the house at pooh corner , several words from winnie - the - pooh have been added to the oed in this update . read more >\nonline access to the full oed , and now incorporating the historical thesaurus of the oed .\nany of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .\nrecent study found that birds from attu i and from gulf of alaska represent two discrete evolutionarily significant units , having been genetically isolated for a very long period # r . monotypic .\nbering sea coasts n into chukchi sea and s to gulf of alaska : in russia probably limited to wrangel i , e chukotskiy peninsula in chukchi sea w to cape schmidta and s to n sea of okhotsk ( shelikhov bay and babushkin bay ) and e kamchatka ; in alaska from just e of cape lisburne s to aleutians and e to glacier bay and stikine r ( gulf of alaska ) . winters mainly offshore near breeding area , from e siberia to n kuril is , but recorded as far s as n japan ( hokkaido ) and from aleutians e to glacier bay .\n22\u201323 cm ; 224 g ; wingspan 43 cm . small alcid with short brownish bill , and darkish brown iris ; brown to darkish brown upperparts mottled buff and white ( cryptic sandy . . .\ngenerally silent , apparently even on breeding grounds , possibly as an additional anti - predator . . .\nneritic , usually along rocky sea coasts . in summer , associated with coastal ( sometimes inland ) . . .\ninformation extremely limited , only 22 nests known ( 1995 ) . timing of breeding varies markedly through range , with start of laying c . 1 . . .\npost - breeding dispersal into bays and fjords of prince william sound occurs late jul and aug . . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . total population size poorly known , but believed to be much smaller than that of\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nshoreline regions of the north pacific ocean : western - japan to kamchatka , russia , eastern - central california to southern alaska .\nthe general habitat of the marbled murrelet is near coastal waters , tide - rips , bays , and mountains . nesting sites are in higher elevations , exclusively in old growth forests of 175 - 600 years in age ( barring a few ground nests on alaskan islands ) . nest sites are large , moss covered , horizontal branches with an average height of 45 meters . the sites are often a substantial distance from the coast ( peterson , 1961 ; carter and morrison , 1992 ; singer , 1990 ) .\nthe marbled murrelet is a very small , chubby , sea bird that seems to lack a neck . it has a dark brown to black dorsum and a white venter and throat . the nonbreeding plumage includes a strip of white between the back and the wing , thus the name\nmarbled\n. the breeding plumage is dark brown dorsally ; ventral feathers are white tipped with brown . males and females are of approximately the same size , 9 . 5 - 10\nwingspan . bill length is 13 - 18 mm ; wing length ( relaxed ) is 120 - 140mm . the voice of the marbled murrelet is a sharp\nkeer\nor lower\nkee .\nthe marbled murrelet breeds on mountains near the coast . breeding season is from mid - april to the end of august . females have been collected with shelled eggs in their oviducts from april 23 to july 13 . the murrelet has single egg clutches . murrelets may not fledge young until mid - september , based on a 30 - day incubation and a 28 - day rearing period . nesting sites are almost exclusively in old - growth forests , yet some have been found in cavities in subalpine areas , and on the ground on islands . murrelet eggs are yellowish and spotted . the first known nest was found in a rock slide far above the timber line at 1900 ft . on chicago island , alaska , on june 13 , 1931 . ( peterson , 1961 ; carter and morrison , 1992 ) .\nduring courtship , the murrelet extends its beak upward in display , calls shrilly , paddles rapidly in unison with its mate for several minutes , and then dives repeatedly . once the egg is produced , the male and the female murrelet divide the responsibility of incubating the lone egg in the nest . upon hatching , the nestlings are fed larger prey than that ingested by the parents . the marbled murrelet can fly up to 100 km one way to the sea to look for food for the young . after the rearing period , murrelet fledglings fly to the sea when they leave their nest . marbled murrelets occur in loose aggregations in predictable locations near dependable food sources . groups of one or two birds comprise 63 % of all sightings , but aggregations of 100 - 3197 birds have been reported .\nmarbled murrelets migrate a relatively small distance southward , less than 1000 miles , in the winter months . members of the gulf of alaska population may overwinter in bays of southeastern alaska and northern british columbia ( carter and morrison , 1992 ) .\nan adult murrelet was observed carrying a fish , presumably for a hatchling . murrelets eat primarily fish , including pacific sandlance , pacific herring , and seaperch . they forage for food solitarily or in pairs , sometimes amongst mixed species feeding flocks ( carter and morrison , 1992 ) .\nincreasing numbers of people are spending considerable sums of money to reach marine bird viewing areas off the coasts of north american states and provinces . these\nnonconsumptive pursuits\n( barry , 1979 ) contribute significant amounts of money to regional economies . also , there are indirect commercial benefits . marine birds play significant roles in their complex ecosystem . disruption of that ecosystem by the extinction of sea birds could have an adverse affect on the fishing industry . marine bird excrement , ( . 12 - . 24 million tons annually ! ! ) is especially rich in nitrates and phosphates , which phytoplankton , the basis of ocean food pyramids , requires ( berry , 1979 ) .\nif additional research finds that the marbled murrelet lives exclusively in old - growth forests and that their numbers decrease proportionally with the decrease in acres of forest , then it could be deemed an indicator species thus a justifiable deterent for further logging operations . the decrease in logging leads to a loss of income and jobs in the logging industry ( carter , morrison ) .\nthe alaskan population is estimated at 250 , 000 birds , centered in south central and south eastern parts of the state , but extending into bristol bay and along the aleutian islands . this represents the bulk of the north american population . logging efforts are expanding in the areas of the greatest murrelet population . continued logging will produce major declines in murrelet numbers . inland records from british columbia , washington , and oregon suggested the presence of nests in old growth forests , although none had been found prior to 1990 . marbled murrelet numbers in british columbia are an estimated 45 , 000 - 50 , 000 birds , with the highest density on the west coast of vancouver island . the marbled murrelet population of washington is estimated at 5 , 000 , centered in the northern puget sound area . oregon ' s population is estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 birds , located mostly in the central coastal region . there is also a small population of murrelets , ( 1400 - 1700 birds ) on the north central coast of california .\nthreats include mainly the loss of old - growth forests ( all locales ) , some mortality from gill nets ( responsible for the annual death of 7 . 8 % of the british columbia population ) , and oil pollution ( alaska and washington ) . very little of the existing old - growth forests are currently protected . one locale of substantial old growth forest in british columbia was expected to decrease 95 % in 50 years due to harvest schedules . four of the five locations where fledglings were found in washington state have been logged . of oregon ' s old growth forests , 44 % is in stands of less than 32 hectares or within 122 meters of a clearcut . this isolation of small patches of forest may decrease reproductive success and increase predation at nest sites . in california , only 4 % of the original acreage of redwood trees is currently protected . this obliteration of habitat could be responsible for the sparse numbers of murrelet in california .\nthe marbled murrelet is considered endanged in california , and threatened in oregon , washington , and british columbia . its low reproductive rate prevents fast recovery from population decreases . the marbled murrelet is one of the few species of alcids whose known and suspected nesting habitat is not protected by federal refuge designation . several lawsuits have been filed to defer the logging of old - growth forests where murrelets are known or suspected to live . in order to save the habitat of the marbled murrelet there need to be larger forest reserves and / or substantial changes in the logging practices .\ntree searches since then have produced 19 nest locations in old growth forests . due to the difficulty of locating the nests of these elusive birds , it is necessary to implement plans for further research before the marbled murrelet becomes an indicator species such as the spotted owl ( carter and morisson , 1992 ) .\nclosely related species include : ( 1 ) kittlitz ' s murrelet , glacier bay , alaska and north . ( 2 ) least auklet , aleutian islands and bering sea , ranges do not overlap . ( 3 ) cassin ' s auklet , same geographic range . ( peterson , 1961 )\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nainley , d . g . et al 1993 . beached marine birds and mammals of the north american west coast : a revised guide to their census and identification . u . s . dept . of commerce .\nberry , t . w . 1979 . wildlife research report ,\nsocial and economic values of marine birds\n. united states dept . of the interior .\ncarter , h . r . , morrison , m . l . 1992 . status and conservation of the marbled murrelet in north america . western foundation of vertebrate zoology .\npeterson , r . t . 1961 . a field guide to western birds . houghton miflin co . boston .\nsinger , s . w . et al 1990 . discovery an observation of two tree nests of the marbled murrelet . the condor . the cooper ornithological society .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\n25 cm . chunky alcid . breeding plumage is dark brown above , heavily mottled below . in winter , dark grey above and white below with white scapulars , dark marks on side of breast , dark ear - coverts and whitish eye - ring . juvenile resembles winter adult but darker scapulars and dusky mottling below .\nis paler , has white outer tail feathers and shorter bill . in winter , has whiter face broken by dark eye and slight eye - stripe , nearly complete breast - band and white tips to secondaries .\nthis species is still abundant , but it is treated as endangered because its population is estimated to have undergone a very rapid reduction , especially in the southern portion of its range , which is expected to continue , owing to a variety of threats .\ncosewic ( 2012 ) estimated the total population to number 358 , 200 - 417 , 500 individuals , rounded here to 350 , 000 - 420 , 000 individuals , based on 271 , 000 individuals in alaska ( piatt et al . 2007 ) , 72 , 600 - 125 , 600 in british columbia ( bertram et al . 2007 ) , and 15 , 400 - 23 , 900 individuals in washington , oregon and california ( falxa et al . 2014 ) .\nthe population was estimated to have declined by c . 11 % in 2000 - 2013 in washington , oregon , and california ( falxa\n2014 ) , with a 50 % decrease in alaska in 1972 - 1992 ( piatt and naslund 1995 ) . at - sea surveys over the past 25 years in british columbia suggest declines of c . 1 % per year ( piatt\n. 2004 ) , has declined by 22 % between 1978 and 2008 , and is continuing ( cosewic 2012 ) . declines are suspected to be very rapid and on - going due to very low measured productivity rates .\nconservation actions underway it is threatened in all range states and province except alaska . detailed conservation recommendations were made in 1990s ( usfws 1992 , ralph et al . 1995 ) . federal land - use in the usa is regulated , areas for management identified and surveyed , and some temporarily removed from logging ( nelson 1997 , raphael 2006 ) . in august 2016 , the usfws released the final determination on critical habitat for the species in the listed range and in january 2010 determined that the species still warrented protection and listing as threatened after numerous challenges by the timber industry . usfws initiated a status review of the species in 2008 , which will also function as a 5 - year status review ( harrison 2008 ) . in canada there has been extensive research , an updated recovery strategy ( environment canada 2014 ) , some ( relatively minor ) habitat protection under the british columbia forest and range practices act , more extensive protection of forest habitat under various land use agreements and a radar monitoring plan developed by the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team ( cmmrt 2003 , cosewic 2012 ) . the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team developed a recovery strategy to be compliant with the canadian species at risk act ( environment canada 2014 ) . this lays out the general strategy for population stability ( population reduction between 2002 and 2032 not to exceed 30 % of the 2002 population and this decline is linked to similar limited decline in available suitable nesting habitat ) . the essential marine and terrestrial action plans required by the species at risk act have not been drafted ( as of 2016 ) and these are not likely to be completed and implemented before 2020 . under the canadian recovery strategy critical nesting habitat requiring protection is defined as 70 % of the 2002 suitable nesting habitat coast - wide , with varying percentages ( 68 - 90 % ) in the six conservation regions in british columbia ( environment canada 2014 ) .\nthe u . s . department of natural resources ( wdnr ) began developing a marbled murrelet long - term conservation strategy in 2007 ( escene 2007 ) ; the final strategy still has not been released as of 2016 . the northwest forest plan ( 1994 ) is expected to ensure the protection of a large proportion of important habitats in the usa ( raphael 2006 ) .\nextensive areas of suitable forest nesting habitat have been set aside in conservancies on the northern and central mainland and in haida gwaii ( formerly queen charlotte islands ) ( cosewic 2012 ) . smaller areas are being protected by other forestry and conservation measures . overall , an estimated 35 % of the 1 , 826 , 828 hectares of suitable habitat in all of british columbia ( based on the canadian marbled murrelet recovery team modeling criteria [ cmmrt 2003 ] ) had been protected under various measures by 2011 ( cosewic 2012 ) . in 1998 , the exxon valdez trustee council protected 179 km\n1999 172 : 23 ) . in 2007 , 1 , 569 ha of forested land on the oregon coast was acquired under conservation easement for the species ( amongst others ) , part funded by the new carissa oil - spill funds ( escene 2007 ) . between 1998 and 2002 , 507 marbled murrelets were radio - tracked in british columbia (\nedited : geographic range , population justification , rationale , habitat and ecology , countries of occurence , threats , conservation actions proposed , underway and in place , important conservation actions needed and research needed . added references and also added new contributors and a new compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22694870a112447662 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species qualifies as near threatened because it is likely to be undergoing a moderately rapid population reduction owing to logging of the old - growth forests where it nests . future oil exploration could exacerbate these declines .\n. based on observations at sea during the breeding season , it might be also breeding in alaska ( sealy and carter , 2012 ) . it was split from marbled murrelet\n. in japan , it is rare in eastern hokkaido , where breeding occur historically and it is possible that very small numbers do still breed there ( namba 2013 ) , but commoner on the sea of okhotsk coast , especially near the shiretoko peninsula . there are few areas in russia where the species is considered common : the lower amur river area , particularly between baydukov island and aleksandra bay ; near magadan along the khmitievsky peninsula , tauyskaya bay , and the koni peninsula ; and on the kamchatka peninsula . it appears to be uncommon in the primorye region and on sakhalin island ( where its distribution is patchy ) , and it is rare on the northern coast of the sea of okhotsk .\nthe global population size has not been accurately quantified , however it is said to number in the ' tens of thousands ( konyukhov and kitaysky 1995 ) . the population in russia has been estimated at < 100 , 000 breeding pairs and < 1 , 000 individuals on migration ( brazil 2009 ) .\nthere are no data , however logging is likely to be driving a moderately rapid decline in this species .\nit breeds in old - growth coniferous forests within 100 km of the coast , wintering in sheltered coastal waters .\nlike marbled murrelet , this species is under increasing threat from the logging of old growth forests which has accelerated in recent years , particularly on sakhalin island and the kamchatka peninsula . intensive development of the oil industry has occurred on the okhotsk and bering sea shelves , and this constitutes a further potential threat .\nconduct surveys to improve knowledge of the breeding and wintering grounds . regularly monitor the population at important sites on both the breeding and wintering grounds . ensure sufficient safeguards are put in place and enforced to prevent pollution in important parts of the at sea range . protect large areas of unlogged forest in important breeding areas .\nextension of comment period for the draft environmental impact statement , and incidental take permit application and proposed habitat conservation plan submitted by plum creek timberlands , l . p . for lands in montana , idaho , and washington\navailability of a draft environmental impact statement and receipt of an application for the proposed issuance of a permit to allow incidental take of threatened and endangered species on plum creek timber company , l . p . , lands in the i\u009690 corridor , king and kittitas counties , wa\nrevised critical habitat for the marbled murrelet - proposed rule ; reopening of public comment period .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 117 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthis is an open access article , free of all copyright , and may be freely reproduced , distributed , transmitted , modified , built upon , or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose . the work is made available under the creative commons cc0 public domain dedication .\ndata availability : the data contained within the paper have been uploaded as a supporting information file .\nfunding : funding was provided by the united states forest service pacific northwest research station , washington department of natural resources , national council for air and stream improvement , olympic natural resources center , and the united states fish and wildlife service . the pacific northwest research station contributed to study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , and preparation of the manuscript ( mgr tdb tjl ) . other funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe first management efforts with marbled murrelets recognized their need for large trees . they also acknowledged that > 100 years of logging in coastal forests from british columbia to california had drastically reduced the amount of murrelet breeding habitat [ 1 ] . in the northwest forest plan [ 2 ] , measures were taken to protect unharvested , late - successional , and old - growth forests on federal lands in washington , oregon , and california . unfortunately , despite these conservation efforts decades ago , multiple studies have reported continued population declines [ 3 \u2013 5 ] . there has been much discussion in the scientific literature about whether these declines are due to losses in nesting habitat that have continued on private lands and / or changes to marine habitat . raphael et al . [ 6 ] documented an 8\u201333 % decline in potential nesting habitat on private lands from washington to california which corresponds with murrelet population declines during that same time period [ 4 ] . nest habitat losses were greatest in washington state , which is where miller et al . [ 4 ] and falxa and raphael [ 5 ] reported the steepest declines in murrelet numbers . additionally , marine conditions have also changed in the last century and since the northwest forest plan . marine factors that have been identified as potential threats to murrelets include overfishing , pollution , unattended fishing gear , human population growth ( and associated disturbance ) , and more recently , climate change [ 1 ] . in the southern portion of their range , peery et al . [ 7 ] examined the relative influence of nesting habitat on reproduction in a declining california population and concluded that marine food and nest predation , rather than availability of nesting habitat , were responsible for the low reproductive output of the population . studies using stable isotopes have indicated that murrelets are foraging on lower trophic levels than historically , and this has contributed to low productivity and population declines [ 8 \u2013 10 ] .\noverall , the conservation of marbled murrelets may hinge on protecting not only nesting habitat\u2013the focus of conservation efforts to date\u2013but also on foraging habitat . in an effort to better understand important marine habitats for marbled murrelets , we conducted a study of marine habitat selection by individually - tagged murrelets . studies of habitat selection by individually tagged animals are important for examining habitat selection for conservation planning [ 11 ] . our objective was to model marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets during the breeding season to better understand the relative influence of marine versus terrestrial habitat features on murrelet space use while at - sea . we conducted this study in northwestern washington , the location of the steepest murrelet declines documented to date .\nall handling and tagging of marbled murrelets was in accordance with the u . s . fish and wildlife service endangered species 10a1a permit ( permit # te - 070589 - 2 ) and in compliance with the ornithological council guidelines for the use of wild birds in research [ 12 ] . scientific collection permits were obtained annually from washington department of fish and wildlife , and a federal bird banding permit was obtained from the u . s . geological survey , bird banding lab . field studies involved handling a federally threatened seabird , and consequently all sampling and handling procedures were approved by a u . s . fish and wildlife service endangered species 10a1a permit prior to the start of our study , as noted above . permissions to access field sites were provided by united states ( u . s . ) forest service , u . s . park service , washington department of fish and wildlife , washington department of natural resources , washington state parks , and british colombia ministry of forests , lands , and natural resource operations .\nwe conducted this study in northwestern washington state ( approximately 47\u00b0 48\u2032 n , 123\u00b0 40\u2032 w ) and southwestern british columbia ( approximately 48\u00b0 24\u2032 n , 123\u00b0 40\u2032 w ) ( fig 1 ) . we were logistically constrained to capturing birds in u . s . waters , although we radio - tracked murrelets in both u . s . and canadian waters . we used standard techniques to capture murrelets at - sea , which involved locating birds at night from small boats using night - lighting and capturing them in long - handled dipnets [ 13 ] . we captured and tagged murrelets from april to july , 2004\u20132008 . with the exception of a few individuals that were released without transmitters because of concerns over handling stress , all birds were fit with a vhf transmitter ( 1 . 5 % of body weight ; advanced telemetry systems , isanti , mn ) using a subcutaneous anchor following newman et al . ( 1999 ) [ 14 ] . unlike newman et al . [ 13 ] however , we did not use anesthesia or sutures . murrelets were released at the site of capture within 1 hour .\nstudy area used to examine resource selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington and southwestern british columbia , 2004\u20132008 .\nthe marine 99 % population - level kernel ( from all radio - tracked murrelets ) is depicted in yellow to green tones , where darker shading indicates areas with a high probability of use and lighter yellow shading areas with a low probability of use by the population of tagged murrelets . black dots represent 5 , 388 marine telemetry locations from all murrelets tracked in this study .\nwe located radio - tagged murrelets using aerial tracking from fixed wing aircraft . we initiated searches within three days after the first murrelet was tagged in each year . we ended searches after the last known nest had fledged or failed and when significant numbers of transmitters were no longer detectable within our study area , indicating post - breeding dispersal or transmitter battery failure . weather permitting , we conducted tracking flights daily . tracking flights lasted for up to ~ 5 hours until either all birds had been located or the aircraft needed refueling . aerial searches focused on marine areas , but also included terrestrial areas to locate nest sites of breeding murrelets . if an individual murrelet was not located at - sea or on an inland nest for ~ 2\u20133 consecutive days , we expanded our search area to find the missing bird and generally focused on areas beyond the location that the missing murrelet was last detected .\nwhen a murrelet\u2019s radio signal was detected from the air , pilots circled over the transmitter and used a gps unit to mark the location from which they heard the loudest radio signal . tests with stationary transmitters indicated that location accuracy from aircraft was 385 m on average ( sd = 230 , range 93\u2013685 m ) . we omitted all telemetry locations obtained at night ( defined by civil twilight on each day ) because past research indicates murrelets do not actively feed at night [ 15 ] and we were primarily interested in habitat selection by active and foraging murrelets .\ndescription of parameters considered for examining marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington , usa , 2004\u20132008 .\nwe measured the linear distance from each telemetry relocation to the shore . we also measured water depth ( bathymetry ) at each relocation point because murrelets are thought to forage in shallow water [ 26 ] . human activity can affect marbled murrelet space use at - sea [ 27 \u2013 28 ] and we therefore included indices of marine and terrestrial human footprint for our study area . the marine footprint was obtained from halpern et al . [ 29 ] and the terrestrial footprint from sanderson et al . [ 30 ] . the marine footprint combined 17 factors ranging from fishing activity , pollution , and shipping traffic [ 29 ] . the terrestrial footprint considered three main factors : human population density , light pollution , and transportation infrastructure ( including roads , railways , coastlines , and rivers ) [ 30 ] . both datasets were calculated at ~ 1 km resolution and classified the marine or terrestrial landscape on a scale of 0\u2013100 in the relative influence of human activity .\nwe included a categorical variable for the average relative wind speed ( or \u201cwindiness\u201d ) because murrelets may preferentially foraged in areas of calm water [ 31 ] . we obtained spatial data on estimated wind energy potential ( i . e . , wind power class ) at 500 m resolution from the national renewable energy laboratory [ 32 ] and used this as a proxy for the relative wind speed on waters within our study area . based on this dataset [ 32 ] we classified windiness within our study area as a dichotomous variable ( high or low ) where high winds were associated with areas with a wind power class \u22653 ( areas suitable for wind energy development , with annual average wind speed at heights of 50 m > 6 . 4\u20137 . 0 m / s ) and low winds in areas with a wind power class < 3 ( areas unsuitable for wind energy development , with annual average wind speed at heights of 50 m < 6 . 4\u20137 . 0 m / s ) [ 32 ] .\nsand lance ( ammodytes hexapterus ) are considered one important prey of breeding marbled murrelets ( [ 16 ] , and references therein ; [ 33 ] ) . they are associated with fine gravel or sandy - bottomed coastal waters and thus marbled murrelets may select sandy bottomed areas over rock or other substrates . we could find no spatial data on bottom types for our study area and so we used the nearest shoreline type as a proxy [ 34 \u2013 35 ] . we obtained spatial data on shoreline composition from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration for u . s . shorelines [ 36 ] and british columbia ministry of forests , lands and natural resource management for canadian shorelines . we then classified the entire shoreline of our study area into two classes , \u201csand / gravel beach\u201d and \u201cother\u201d shoreline . our class for \u201csand / gravel beach\u201d included sand and mixed - gravel beaches . our class for \u201cother\u201d included shores classified as rock shoreline ( cliff to level , rocky shores ) , human structures , and vegetated , tidal wetlands .\nthe availability and proximity of potential nesting habitat has been implicated as an important factor affecting the marine density of murrelets in multiple studies [ 26 , 37 ] . we estimated the proportion of nesting habitat within a 5806 - km 2 circular area centered on each telemetry location , equal in radius to the mean distance traveled to sea for breeding murrelets in our study . we obtained spatial data on suitable nesting habitat for our study area from raphael et al . [ 6 , 26 ] . for the u . s . portion of our study area , raphael et al . [ 6 ] defined nesting habitat primarily using landtrendr data ( landsat - based detection of trends in disturbance and recovery methods ) [ 38 ] and gradient nearest neighbor ( gnn ) models [ 39 ] . for the canadian portion of our study , nesting habitat was defined based on areas classified as old growth management areas by the ministry of forests , lands , and natural resources [ 40 ] . while this dataset does not explicitly model nest habitat for murrelets , it was the most recent and comprehensive layer for potential nesting habitat that we were able to obtain , and has been used in other publications modeling murrelet nesting habitat availability [ 26 ] .\nwe did not consider distance to nest site as a factor [ 41 \u2013 42 ] because only a few radio - tagged murrelets in our study were confirmed breeders with known nest sites . however , by including the proportion of nesting habitat as a factor , we assumed that the effect of nest site proximity and availability was adequately accounted for in our analysis . also , we did not differentiate between breeders and nonbreeders in our analysis because few murrelets bred ( 13 % ) . because murrelets commonly visit nesting habitat even when not actively breeding [ 43 \u2013 44 ] we did not exclude proportion of nesting habitat from our analysis for non - breeders . we expected that availability of nesting habitat had the potential to influence murrelet marine space use regardless of breeding status . we did not differentiate between males and females in our analysis because past studies have found that marine movements and space use do not vary by sex [ 42 , 45 ] , which is supported by observations of murrelets associating as pairs while at - sea during the breeding season [ 46 ] . we did not consider some factors that had poor support in past studies and which exploratory analyses indicated were not influential in our study , including distance to nearest river [ 26 , 35 ] , distance to kelp beds [ 47 \u2013 48 ] , and underwater slope [ 35 ] ."]}
{"id": 364, "summary": [{"text": "the alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) is a species of clupeid fish endemic to the united states where it breeds in medium to large flowing rivers from the mississippi river drainage to the suwannee river , florida , as well as some gulf coast drainages .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the biology and status of this fish is little known but it has become increasingly rare .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the international union for conservation of nature has rated it \" data deficient \" and the united states national marine fisheries service has listed it as a species of concern .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "reasons for its decline are thought mainly to be because of the many locks and dams blocking access for the fish to up-river spawning grounds . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "alabama shad", "paragraphs": ["biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida ( florida . dept . of natural resources . technical series )\nthe encyclopedia of alabama tm \u00a9 2018 . alabama humanities foundation . all rights reserved . a service of auburn university outreach .\ntoday , the largest remaining population of the alabama shad is in florida\u2019s apalachicola river system below the jim woodruff lock and dam at the georgia border ( see map ) . outside of florida , spawning populations of alabama shad are thought to persist in the following systems :\nthe decline in the population of alabama shad began with overfishing in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . other human - related threats began to disturb the shad ' s life cycle as the twentieth century progressed . particularly damaging was poor water quality due to commercial and navigational dredging ( digging up the bottom ) of the sand bars that the shad use for spawning . however , the greatest cause of decline in the alabama shad population in alabama is the series of dams built in the alabama and tombigbee rivers . these dams block the fish from their travels to spawn in the mobile basin , the region where the two rivers drain in alabama .\nbiology of the alabama shad in northwest florida ( florida . dept . of natural resources . technical series ) : urltoken james g mills : books\nthe alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) is found in alabama in the rivers systems of the southern half of the state . it is listed as a species of special concern by the national marine fisheries service because many of its inland spawning routes have been blocked by high - lift locks and dams . alabama shad still spawn in sections of the choctawhatchee and conecuh rivers .\na member of the clupeidae fish family , alabama shad are anadromous , meaning adults live in salt water but migrate upstream into freshwater rivers to spawn .\nbarkuloo , j . m . 1993 . systematic and population status of alabama shad in rivers tributary to the gulf of mexico . panama city , florida , 1993 .\n2007 , pascagoula river symposium , 5th annual meeting , april 13 , oral presentation : growth differences in relation to flow variation between years of alabama shad and skipjack herring .\nalabama shad travel in schools . in the winter and spring , when the water temperatures are cool , the shad travel up rivers and streams to spawn . they prefer to spawn over sand , gravel , or rocky surfaces in a moderate current . the male and female will leave the area after the spawning is complete . the young remain in the stream for several months . the alabama shad ' s life span is about six years .\nmettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and t . e . shepard . 1995 . status survey of gulf sturgeon acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi and alabama shad alosa alabamae in the choctawhatchee , conecuh , and alabama river systems , 1992 - 95 . geological survey of alabama open - file report . 30 pp .\nmills , j . g . 1972 . biology of the alabama shad in northwest florida . state of florida department of natural resources , technical series no . 68 . 24 pp .\n2004 , mississippi american fisheries society , 30th annual meeting , feb . 16 - 18 , jackson , mississippi . oral presentation : prospectus presentation on master work involving the alabama shad .\n2006 - 2007 , fish america foundation , life history of the alabama shad within the pascagoula river drainage , mississippi , $ 12 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . susan adams .\n2004 , mississippi academy of sciences , sixty - eighth annual meeting , february 19 - 20 , biloxi , mississippi . oral presentation : prospectus presentation on master work involving the alabama shad .\n2004 , graduate student symposium , 20th annual meeting , april 13 - 15 , hattiesburg , mississippi . oral presentation : habitat use design for studying the alabama shad within the pascagoula river .\nduring the last several decades , the alabama shad ' s range and population have significantly declined due in large part to the construction of dams , which block annual runs upstream to historic spawning grounds .\n2006 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 85th annual meeting , july 14 - 21 . oral presentation : habitat and daily age of the juvenile alabama shad within the pascagoula basin , mississippi .\n2005 , florida american fisheries society , 22nd annual meeting , feb . 22 - 24 , ocala , florida . oral presentation : habitat and lifestage use of the alabama shad within the pascagoula basin .\n2007 - 2008 , mississippi department of wildlife , fisheries and parks , life history and population genetics of the alabama shad within mississippi , $ 16 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .\nthe fisheries service listed the alabama shad as a candidate for protection under the act in 1997 \u2014 a status that confers no actual safeguards . the center petitioned the agency to protect the shad in 2010 . in 2011 the service found that listing the shad was not warranted , but after the center challenged that determination , the service issued a new 90 - day finding in 2013 , determining that protection may be warranted .\nmirarchi , r . e . , j . t . garner , m . f . mettee , and p . e . o ' neil . 2004b . alabama wildlife . volume 2 . imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . xii + 255 pp .\n2005 - 2007 , national oceanic and atmospheric administration , status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage , $ 18 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .\nthe alabama shad was once abundant enough to support commercial fisheries in alabama , arkansas , kentucky , indiana and iowa . it is now rarely found in its historic habitat , which has been fragmented and degraded by dams , dredging and pollution . a number of states and scientific organizations have already recognized its precarious status .\nrecovery programs for the alabama shad are not yet underway , and the fish was not listed under the endangered species act as of the early 2000s , despite its endangered status on the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn ) red list . however , the u . s . fish and wildlife service was creating a status report on the alabama shad , hoping to begin action to protect the species .\na primary management need is the creation of fishways so that shad can migrate through or around locks and dams .\n* 2005 , mississippi american fisheries society , 31st annual meeting , march 16 - 18 , philadelphia , mississippi . oral presentation : habitat and lifestage use of the alabama shad within the pascagoula basin . awarded best talk .\n\u201ceven though the alabama shad is now only found in a fraction of the rivers it used to live in , it\u2019s not too late to recover this oceangoing fish in its historic southeast habitat , \u201d said jaclyn lopez , the center\u2019s florida director . \u201cendangered species act protection will help guide restoration efforts that will help the shad rebound . \u201d\nmettee , m . f . , p . e . o ' neil , and j . m . pierson . 1996 . fishes of alabama and the mobile basin . oxmoor house , birmingham , alabama . 820 pp .\nadams , s . b . bryant bowen , brain kreiser & paul mickle . 2004 : status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage and rangewide population genetic structure . usda forest service annual report .\n2003 - 2004 , national marine fisheries service , graduate student grant for conducting stock assessment of the alabama shad within the pascagoula drainage and rangewide population genetic structure , $ 38 , 782 , principal investigator - dr . brian kreiser . .\ndesignated a species of greatest conservation need in numerous southern states , the alabama shad once supported commerical fisheries in alabama , arkansas , kentucky , indiana and iowa . they were once known to inhabit most gulf coast drainages from the mississippi river to the suwannee river in florida and reach into freshwater systems as far inland as eastern oklahoma , iowa and across to west virgina .\ngunning , g . e . , and r . d . suttkus . 1990 . decline of the alabama shad , alosa alabamae , in the pearl river , louisiana - mississippi : 1963 - 1988 . southeastern fishes council proceedings 21 : 3 - 4 .\nmickle , p . , j . schaefer , s . adams , and b . kreiser . 2010 . habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa . journal of ecology of freshwater fish , 19 : 107 - 115 .\nin spring 2009 , the conservancy worked with the u . s . army corps of engineers and other partners to open the lock gates at claiborne lock and dam and millers ferry lock and dam on the alabama river ( map ) \u2013 offering species like striped bass , mullet , paddlefish and alabama shad access to spawning and feeding grounds that had been blocked for nearly 40 years .\ndistribution and abundance of the alabama shad have greatly diminished over past 20 - 50 years . the species has been eliminated from much of its former inland distribution , especially in the mobile basin and the mississippi river valley ( mel warren , pers . comm . , 1999 ; boschung and mayden 2004 ) . it is now rare or extirpated in much of the former range in alabama ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) ; it may be extirpated from the upper tombigbee , cahaba , coosa , and upper alabama rivers in alabama ( mettee , in mirarchi et al . 2004 ) . as of around 1990 , this shad evidently was still declining in the pearl river system of louisiana and mississippi ( gunning and suttkus 1990 ) . ross ( 2001 ) reported that this species may be extirpated in the pearl river .\nmickle , p . f . ; schaefer , j . f . ; adams , s . b . ; kreiser , b . r . 2010 . habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa . ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 .\nlaurence , g . c . , and r . w . yerger . 1966 . life history studies of the alabama shad , alosa alabamae , in the apalachicola river , florida . proceedings of the 20th annual conference of the southeastern association of game and fish commisioners , pp . 260 - 273 .\nwelcome to your free , online resource on alabama history , culture , geography , and natural environment . this site offers articles on alabama ' s famous people , historic events , sports , art , literature , industry , government , plant and animal life , agriculture , recreation , and so much more .\nmickle , p . , b . bowen , j . schaefer , s . adams and b . kreiser . 2006 . continued assessmentof the status and viability of alabama shad ( alosa alabamae ) in the pascagoula river drainage and range - wide population genetic structure . u . s . fish and wildlife service annual report .\nin 1997 , nmfs identified the anadromous population in florida and alabama as a candidate for listing under the esa ( federal register , 14 july 1997 ) , though evidently candidate status actually was intended to be applied rangewide . recently ( federal register , 15 april 2004 ) , nmfs listed the alabama shad as a\nspecies of concern\n( no longer a candidate species ) ; the area of concern was identified as alabama , florida , and the gulf of mexico ( anadromous populations ) . in 2013 , usfws found this species may warrant listing under the esa and initiated a status review ( federal register , 19 september 2013 ) .\nstate and federal agencies are working with conservation groups and researchers to restore passage of alabama shad to their historic range upstream of jim woodruff lock and dam in the apalachicola basin . efforts to pass shad through the lock by altering lock operation schedules and providing attractant flows have resulted in the passage of shad through lake seminole and into the chattahoochee and flint river systems in georgia . a population estimate in 2007 suggested that over 1 , 000 shad migrated all the way to albany during that year ( georgia dept . of natural resources 2008 ) . this species is recognized as a species of concern by the national marine fisheries service and is state protected or listed as a species of concern in many u . s . states within its range . research into effective fish passages , restoration of hydrologic regimes , migrations , feeding , bycatch , spawning , rearing , and other habitat needs should be carried out ( meadows , adams and shaefer 2008 ) .\nboschung , h . t . , and r . l . mayden . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . 960 pp .\nst . petersburg , fla . \u2014 the center for biological diversity and the national marine fisheries service reached a settlement today requiring the agency to determine by june 2016 whether it will protect the alabama shad , a rare and vanishing fish , under the endangered species act . the fisheries service made an initial finding in 2013 that protections may be warranted , but failed to provide protection .\nthe alabama shad spawns in medium - and large - sized rivers . it can be found in the eastern part of the gulf of mexico , from the mississippi delta east to the choctawhatchee river in florida and also in the cumberland , tennessee , missouri , arkansas , ouachita , and red rivers . the largest existing population occurs in the apalachicola river in northwest florida . the exact population of this species is unknown .\n% 0 journal article % t habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa % j ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 % a mickle , p . f . % a schaefer , j . f . % a adams , s . b . % a kreiser , b . r . % v 19 % p 107 - 115 % d 2010 % > urltoken % u urltoken citation\nty - jour ti - habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa au - mickle , p . f . au - schaefer , j . f . au - adams , s . b . au - kreiser , b . r . py - 2010 jo - ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 vl - 19 sp - 107 ep - 115 l1 - urltoken ur - urltoken er - citation\nthis spring the conservancy will support researchers from auburn university , alabama department of conservation and natural resources , and other partners to determine how to attract the greatest variety and number of fish possible into these two locks .\nlatin , alausa = a fish cited by ausonius and latin , halec = pickle , dealing with the greek word hals = salt ; it is also the old saxon name for shad =\nalli\n; 1591 ( ref . 45335 )\nonly two known spawning runs exist in the mississippi river system ; additional spawning runs occur in the florida panhandle ( mel warren , pers . comm . , 1999 ) and in southern alabama ( mettee et al . 1996 ) .\nevermann , b . w . 1902 . description of a new species of shad ( alosa ohioensis ) with notes on other food - fishes of the ohio river . report of the u . s . fisheries commission ( 1901 ) : 273 - 288 .\n@ article { mickle % 2c + p . + f . 2010habitat , title = { habitat use of age 0 alabama shad in the pascagoula river drainage , usa } , author = { mickle , p . f . and schaefer , j . f . and adams , s . b . and kreiser , b . r . } , journal = { ecology of freshwater fish 19 : 107 - 115 } , volume = { 19 } , pages = { 107 - - 115 } , year = { 2010 } } citation\n\u201cthis is a welcomed effort to re - establish the great runs of fish that once swam over 350 miles from the gulf of mexico , through the alabama river to the upland streams of the cahaba , \u201d said paul freeman , aquatic ecologist with the conservancy .\nthe fisheries service has one year after receiving a petition to list a species to issue a proposed rule , also known as a 12 - month finding . more than five years have passed since the service received the petition to list the shad , and it\u2019s been more than two years since the agency made its positive 90 - day finding .\nthe alabama shad spawns ( lays its eggs ) in rivers but spends some part of its life living in the ocean . it is a silvery - green fish that measures about 20 inches ( 51 centimeters ) in adulthood . females are larger than males . it has a distinctive pointed snout with a lower jaw jutting out from inside the mouth . it has 42 to 48 gill rakers , which are bony projections that point forward and inward from the gill raker arches to aid in the fish ' s feeding . ( gill raker arches are bony arches in the throat of fish to which the gill rakers are attached\u2014bony fish usually have four gill arches . )\nthis fish migrates between its river spawning habitat and marine nonspawning habitat . it enters river mouths from january through march and arrives in the alabama reach of the choctawhatcheee and conecuh rivers in march ( mettee et al . 1996 ) . adults have been found in the mississippi river near keokuk , iowa , from early may to late july ( coker 1930 ) .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . body moderately compressed , belly with distinct keel of scutes . lower jaw steeply rising within mouth ; no teeth present at front of jaws ; upper jaw with a distinct notch . the only other shad of the gulf of mexico has only 20 to 24 gill rakers . closely resembles a . aestivalis and a . pseudoharengus of atlantic coasts , but in them the lower jaw rises very steeply in the mouth ( ref . 188 ) .\nupper suwannee ( 03110201 ) , withlacoochee ( 03110203 ) + , little ( 03110204 ) + * , lower suwannee ( 03110205 ) , santa fe ( 03110206 ) , lower ochlockonee ( 03120003 ) , lower chattahoochee ( 03130004 ) , lower flint ( 03130008 ) + , ichawaynochaway ( 03130009 ) + , apalachicola ( 03130011 ) + , chipola ( 03130012 ) + , st . andrew - st . joseph bays ( 03140101 ) , choctawhatchee bay ( 03140102 ) , yellow ( 03140103 ) + , upper choctawhatchee ( 03140201 ) + , pea ( 03140202 ) , lower choctawhatchee ( 03140203 ) + , lower conecuh ( 03140304 ) + , escambia ( 03140305 ) , lower coosa ( 03150107 ) * , upper alabama ( 03150201 ) + * , cahaba ( 03150202 ) + , middle alabama ( 03150203 ) + , lower alabama ( 03150204 ) + , upper tombigbee ( 03160101 ) * , middle tombigbee - lubbub ( 03160106 ) * , lower black warrior ( 03160113 ) , middle tombigbee - chickasaw ( 03160201 ) + , lower tambigbee ( 03160203 ) * , mobile bay ( 03160205 ) , upper chickasawhay ( 03170002 ) * , upper leaf ( 03170004 ) , lower leaf ( 03170005 ) , pascagoula ( 03170006 ) , mississippi coastal ( 03170009 ) , upper pearl ( 03180001 ) , middle pearl - strong ( 03180002 ) + , middle pearl - silver ( 03180003 ) , lower pearl . mississippi ( 03180004 ) + , bogue chitto ( 03180005 ) +\nadults appear in spawning rivers january - april in southern coastal sites and are present in the upper mississippi from april to july ( coker 1930 , pflieger 1997 ) . in alabama , adults spawn in april , when water temperatures reach 18 - 20 c , and migrate downstream thereafter ( mettee et al . 1996 ) . young - of - the - year are found in the mississippi river in missouri only between mid - july and early october ( pflieger 1975 , 1997 ) . juveniles stay in fresh water for 6 - 8 months , leave rivers by winter , return to spawn usually when 3 - 4 years old . using otoliths , mettee et al . ( 1996 ) found that males were 1 - 4 years old and females were 2 - 6 years old ; this is 2 - 3 years older than previous determinations that used scale readings .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\nforms a geographically disjunct species pair with a . sapidissima ( berry 1964 ) .\nlimited distribution in gulf of mexico tributaries ; populations are greatly reduced due to blockage of the spawning migration by locks and dams ; habitat has been degraded by siltation and pollutants .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nimplied status under the u . s . endangered species act ( usesa ) :\ntotal adult population size is unknown . populations are small ; this species is now very rare in the entire mississippi river basin ( lee et al . 1980 , robison and buchanan 1988 , etnier and starnes 1993 , pflieger 1997 ) .\ncurrently , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size probably are declining , but the rate of decline is unknown .\neast baton rouge ( 22033 ) , east feliciana ( 22037 ) , livingston ( 22063 ) , st . helena ( 22091 ) , st . tammany ( 22103 ) * , tangipahoa ( 22105 ) , washington ( 22117 ) *\nboone ( 29019 ) , callaway ( 29027 ) , clark ( 29045 ) * , cole ( 29051 ) * , crawford ( 29055 ) , franklin ( 29071 ) , gasconade ( 29073 ) , jefferson ( 29099 ) , maries ( 29125 ) , moniteau ( 29135 ) , osage ( 29151 ) , perry ( 29157 ) , phelps ( 29161 ) , pulaski ( 29169 ) , st . louis ( 29189 ) , warren ( 29219 )\nan elongate , silvery fish , 55 - 60 scales in the lateral series ; 15 - 17 rays in dorsal fin , 18 - 19 rays in anal fin ; dorsum greenish blue ; fins generally clear , with slightly darker margin on dorsal and caudal fins ; adults are 30 - 46 cm ( mettee et al . 1996 ) .\nthis is an anadromous fish ; adults live in saltwater and migrate into medium to large coastal rivers to spawn . mettee et al . ( 1996 ) stated that actual spawning has not been observed but probably occurs in open , flowing water over sand bars in late afternoon or at night . in northwestern florida , spawning occurs at 19 - 22 c in moderate current over coarse sand and gravel ( laurence and yerger 1966 , mills 1972 ) . in missouri , young were captured in swift water about rock wing dikes in the osage river and over rocky shoals having noticeable current in the gasconade river .\nspawning adults do not feed while in freshwater . adults not in spawning condition eat aquatic insects , crustaceans , small fishes , and vegetation . juveniles eat small fishes and aquatic insects in rivers before emigrating to sea ( laurence and yerger 1966 ) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat . for anadromous populations , occurrences are based on collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more spawning adults , redds , other evidence of spawning , or larvae or juveniles in appropriate spawning / rearing habitat .\ndam lacking a suitable fishway ; high waterfall ; upland habitat that is very unlikely to be submerged even during periods of exceptionally high water ( e . g . , 100 - year flood or 1 % flood ) .\nfor anadromous populations and migratory populations that have distinct and separate spawning and nonspawning areas , the area used by each population whose spawning area is separated by a gap of at least 10 stream - km from other spawning areas within a stream system is potentially mappable as a distinct occurrence that extends down to the ocean ( but see mapping guidance ) , regardless of whether the spawning areas are in the same or different tributaries . for other ( e . g . , nonanadromous ) populations in streams , separation distance is 10 stream - km for both suitable and unsuitable habitat . however , if it is known that the same population occupies sites separated by more than 10 km ( e . g . , this may be common for migratory , nonanadromous populations ) , those sites should be included within the same occurrence . in lakes , occurrences include all suitable habitat that is presumed to be occupied ( based on expert judgment ) , even if documented collection / observation points are more than 10 km apart . separate sub - occurrences or source features may usefully document locations of critical spawning areas within a lake .\nthis specs group comprises fish species that include anadromous populations ( may also include nonanadromous populations ) , such as lampreys , sturgeons , herrings , shads , salmonids , and smelts . criteria for marine occurrences ( location use class : marine ) have not yet been established . these may not be needed for marine occurrences of species that likely will be dealt with as mixed element assemblages ( e . g . , salmonid marine concentration area ) . feature descriptor definitions : spawning area : area used for spawning but not for rearing or migration . rearing area : area used for larval / juvenile development but not for spawning or migration . migration corridor : area used for migration but not for rearing or spawning .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbeckett , d . c . , and c . h . pennington . 1986 . water quality , macroinvertebrates , larval fishes , and fishes of the lower mississippi river - - a synthesis . tech . rep . e - 86 - 12 , u . s . army engineer waterways experiment station , vicksburg , mississippi .\nberry , f . h . 1964 . review of : s . f . hildebrand , family clupeidae , in : the fishes of the western north atlantic . copeia 1964 : 720 - 730 .\nbuchanan , t . m . 1976 . an evaluation of the effects of dredging within the arkansas river navigation system . vol . 5 . the effects upon the fish fauna . arkansas water resources research center publ . no . 47 . 277 pp .\ncarter , f . a . 1984 . fishes collected from the mississippi river and adjacent flood areas in arkansas , river mile 770 . 0 to river mile 816 . 0 . m . s . thesis , arkansas state university , jonesboro . 42 pp .\ncoker , r . e . 1929 ( 1930 ) . studies of common fishes of the mississippi river at keokuk . bulletin of the united states bureau of fisheries 45 : 141 - 225 .\njelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . d\u00edaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .\nlimburg , k . e . , and j . r . waldman . 2003 . biodiversity , status , and conservation of the world ' s shads . american fisheries society symposium 35 .\nmiller , r . j . , and h . w . robison . 2004 . fishes of oklahoma . university of oklahoma press , norman . 450 pp .\nmoore , g . a . 1957 . fishes ( pages 31 - 210 in vertebrates of the united states , by w . f . blair et al . ) . mcgraw - hill book company , new york .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\npennington , c . h . , h . l . schramm , jr . , m . e . potter , and m . p . farrell . 1980 . aquatic habitat studies on the lower mississippi river , river mile 480 to 530 . report 5 , fish studies - pilot report . environmental and water quality operational studies . misc . paper e - 80 - 1 . u . s . army corps of engineers , vicksburg . 45 pp .\npennington , c . h . , j . a . baker , and m . e . potter . 1983 . fish populations along natural and revetted banks on the lower mississippi river . north american journal of fisheries management 3 ( 2 ) : 204 - 211 .\npflieger , w . l . 1997a . the fishes of missouri . revised edition . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city . vi + 372 pp .\nrodriguez , m . a . 2002 . restricted movement in stream fish : the paradigm is complete , not lost . ecology 83 ( 1 ) : 1 - 13 .\nross , s . t . ( with w . m . brennaman , w . t . slack , m . t . o ' connell , and t . l . peterson ) . 2001a . the inland fishes of mississippi . university press of mississippi : mississippi . xx + 624 pp .\nrulifson , r . a . , and m . t . huish . 1982 . anadromous fish in the southeastern united states and recommendations for development of a management plan . atlanta , georgia .\nsanders , l . g . , j . a . baker , c . l . bond , and c . h . pennington . 1985 . biota of selected aquatic habitats of the mcclellan - kerr arkansas river navigation system . tech . rep . e - 85 - 6 . u . s . army engineer waterways experiment station , vicksburg .\nburr , b . m . , and m . l . warren , jr . 1986a . distributional atlas of kentucky fishes . kentucky nature preserves commission , scientific and technical series no . 4 , frankfort , kentucky . 398 pp .\ndouglas , n . h . 1974 . freshwater fishes of louisiana . claitor ' s publishing division , baton rouge , louisiana . 443 pp .\netnier , d . a . , and w . c . starnes . 1993 . the fishes of tennessee . university of tennessee press , knoxville , tennessee . xiv + 681 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\npflieger , w . l . 1975 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation . columbia , missouri . viii + 343 pp .\nrobison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .\nross , s . t . , and w . m . brenneman . 1991 . distribution of freshwater fishes in mississippi . freshwater fisheries report no . 108 . d - j project completion report f - 69 . mississippi department of wildlife and freshwater fisheries and parks . jackson , mississippi . 548 pp .\nsmith , p . w . 1979 . the fishes of illinois . university of illinois press , urbana . 314 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies of concern are those species about which we have some concerns regarding status and threats , but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the endangered species act ( esa ) . we wish to draw proactive attention and conservation action to these species .\nspecies of concern\nstatus does not carry any procedural or substantive protections under the esa .\nfact sheets for each species are provided on the links below . note : species of concern can also be\ncandidate species\n.\natlantic - cape breton , nova scotia , to st . john ' s river , fl ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , aug 2013 , 78 fr 48943 )\nindo - pacific - red sea and east africa to the line islands and samoa ; north to yaeyama , south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia ; paulau , caroline , mariana in micronesia ; in u . s . it occurs in guam , american samoa , cnmi and the pacific remote island areas ( wake islands ) . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , nov 2012 , 77 fr 66799 ) .\nindo - pacific - red sea to the tuamotus , north to the ryukyus , east to wake islands , south to new caledonia , throughout micronesia ; includes u . s . territories of guam and american samoa ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , sept 2014 , 79 fr 57875 )\npacific - sitka island , alaska to baja california , mexico . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , dec 2014 , 79 fr 77998 ) .\n* nmfs reviewed the status of this species as a result of a petition to list it under the endangered species act . while esa listing was determined to not be warranted , nmfs retained this species on the species of concern list .\nthe following species were removed from species of concern list because they were either listed under the endangered species act ( esa ) or concerned about their status were removed because of new information and completion of a species of concern status report .\nthe proactive species conservation grant program supports voluntary conservation efforts designed to conserve marine and anadromous species before listing under the endangered species act ( esa ) becomes necessary . through this grant program , nmfs will provide federal assistance , in the form of grants or cooperative agreements , to support conservation efforts for species it has identified as species of concern ( soc ) .\na list of previously funded projects can be found in the proactive species conservation grants archive .\ninformation on other grant opportunities offered by office of protected resources is also available .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nadams , s . , albanese , b . & weller , r . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) , collen , b . , dewhurst , n . & ram , m . ( sampled red list index coordinating team )\njustification : alosa alabamae has been assessed as data deficient . there has been a widespread decline in this species throughout much of its range . it is now thought to be extirpated from much of its former range with large - scale declines in abundance also reported . however , there has been no quantification of the rate of range or population decline . further research is urgently needed within catchments where it is believed to be extirpated . monitoring of remaining subpopulations is also suggested to determine if these to are dramatically declining . this species ' relatively short generation length , suggests that it maybe able to recover from population declines in the absence of threats . further research is urgently needed as this species may in fact qualify for a threatened category .\nalosa alabamae is an anadromous species . adults live in saltwater and migrates into medium to large coastal rivers to spawn . mettee et al . ( 1996 ) stated that actual spawning has not been observed but probably occurs in open , flowing water over sand bars in late afternoon or at night . in northwestern florida , spawning occurs at 19\u201322\u00b0 c in moderate current over coarse sand and gravel ( laurence and yerger 1966 , mills 1972 ) . in missouri , young have been captured in swift water about rock wing dikes in the osage river and over rocky shoals with a noticeable current in the gasconade river .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfemales reach 18 inches in length , while males reach 16 . 5 inches ;\nthe corps has approved the continuation of the project for at least two more years at both claiborne and millers ferry .\nwhen you donate today , you\u2019ll help the nature conservancy protect the most vital habitats on earth .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 the nature conservancy . terms of use | privacy policy ( updated may 2018 ) | charitable solicitation disclosures\nthe nature conservancy is a nonprofit , tax - exempt charitable organization ( tax identification number 53 - 0242652 ) under section 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) of the internal revenue code . donations are tax - deductible as allowed by law .\n* by providing your mobile phone number , you agree that the nature conservancy may contact you by mobile phone call and text message regarding the conservancy ' s programs , events and membership , subject to our mobile service provider ' s terms of use and mobile service provider ' s privacy policy .\nlearn about the places you love and find out how you can help by signing up for nature enews .\nwe ' ll be in touch soon with more nature conservancy news , updates , and exciting stories .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) . subtropical ; 44\u00b0n - 24\u00b0n , 96\u00b0w - 81\u00b0w\nwestern central atlantic : gulf of mexico ( northern part , from the mississippi delta eastward to the choctawhatchee river in florida ; also in rivers from iowa to arkansas and across to west virginia ) . status of threat from ref . 11858 .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 51 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; common length : 42 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )\nforms schools . ascends rivers and streams to spawn in spring or early summer , the young presumably descending in autumn . marketed mostly fresh .\nspawns in freshwater in spring or early summer , ascending rivers and streams , the young presumably descending in autumn .\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00379 - 0 . 01743 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 \u00b10 . 28 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\nthe center for biological diversity is a national , nonprofit conservation organization with more than 990 , 000 members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - 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line publications are scanned and captured using adobe acrobat . during the capture process some typographical errors may occur . please contact the srs webmaster if you notice any errors which make this publication unuseable .\nthe southern research station is one of seven units that make up the u . s . forest service research and development organization \u2013 the most extensive natural resources research organization in the world .\nph . d . , the university of southern mississippi , hattiesburg , mississippi , fisheries ecology . dissertation : life history and habitat use of juvenile alosa alabamae in northern gulf of mexico drainages . major advisor : dr . jake schaefer .\nm . s . , fisheries ecology , the university of southern mississippi , hattiesburg , mississippi , may 2006 . thesis : life stage and habitat use of juvenile alosa alabamae within the pascagoula river basin . major advisor : brian kreiser .\nschaefer , j . f . , b . k . kresier , p . mickle , c . champagne and d . duvernell . 2009 . patterns of co - existence and hybridization among two topminnows ( fundulus euryzonus and f . olivaceus ) in a riverine contact zone . in press , ecology of freshwater fish , 18 : 360 - 368 .\nmatamoros , w . a . , p . mickle , j . schaefer , w . arthurs , j . ikoma , r . ragsdale . 2009 . first record of agonostomus monticola ( family : mugilidae ) in mississippi freshwaters with notes of its distribution in the southern usa . in press , the southeastern naturalist , 8 ( 1 ) : 175 - 178 .\nross , s . t . , w . t . slack , r . j . heise , m . a . dugo , h . rogillio , b . r . bowen , p . f . mickle , r . w . heard . 2009 . estuarine and coastal habitat use of gulf sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi ) in the north - central gulf of mexico . estuaries and coasts , 32 : 360\u2013374 .\nbowen , b . r . , b . kreiser , p . f . mickle , j . schaefer , and s . b . adams . 2009 . phylogenetic relationships among north american alosa species ( clupeidae ) . journal of fish biology , 72 : 1188 - 1201 .\nschaefer , j . f . , mickle , p . , spaeth , j . , zuber , b . , matamoros , w . , adams , s . , kreiser , b . , vigueira , p . 2006 . effects of hurricane katrina on the fish fauna of the pascagoula drainage . proceedings of the mississippi water resources board , 36 : 62 - 68 .\nschaefer , j . s . , mickle , p . s . 2010 . assessment of putative pearl darter populations in the upper pearl river ( final report ) . u . s . fish and wildlife service , no : 401819g540 .\nslack , w . t . , m . a . dugo , b . r . kreiser , p . mickle , j . s . peyton , and r . l . jones . 2005 . a survey of upper pascagoula drainage for the pearl darter , percina aurora suttkus and thompson . final project report no . 109 , contract number e - 1 segment 19 .\n2009 , environmental protection agency , national streams and rivers assessment , $ 180 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .\n2009 - 2010 , mississippi department of wildlife , fisheries and parks , life history and distribution of the pearl darter in mississippi , $ 23 , 000 , principal investigator - dr . jake schaefer .\nmississippi american fisheries society , 36th annual meeting , feb . 17 - 19 , poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .\n2009 , southern division of the american fisheries society , 2009 annual meeting , january 15 - 18 . oral presentation : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .\n2007 , american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 85th annual meeting , july 14 - 21 . poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .\n2007 , mississippi american fisheries society , 33rd annual meeting , feb . 11 - 14 , poster : daily age variability in relation to river discharge within the pascagoula river basin .\n* 2006 , mississippi american fisheries society , 32nd annual meeting , feb . 11 - 14 . awarded best talk .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - 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{"id": 365, "summary": [{"text": "millerosaurus is an extinct genus of millerettid parareptile from the late permian ( changhsingian stage ) of south africa.it was a small animal which reached a length of 30 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "unlike many other parareptiles , it had holes ( fenestrae ) behind the eyesockets in the skull .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it had a slabsided body , a long tail , and a narrow but triangular skull ( about 2 inches long ) with large eyes , and is thought to have been insectivorous . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "millerosaurus", "paragraphs": ["millerosaurus was a small reptile that lived in the late permian period , about 250 million years ago . outwardly it resembled a lizard , and probably had a lifestyle similar to them , feeding on insects , but it was not closely related to them - millerosaurus is actually part of the anapsid group of reptiles ( the group which also includes turtles ) .\nwatson dms 1957 . on millerosaurus and the early history of the sauropsida . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b 240 ( 673 ) : 325 - 400 .\ngenerally speaking , most anapsid reptiles do not have holes (\nfenestrae\n) in the skull , but millerosaurus was unusual in that it did have these , behind its eye socket .\n. . . loss of the fifth distal tarsal occurs as independent autapomorphies in parareptilia , sauria , and he clade including gorgonopsians and cynodonts . millerettidae watson 1957 definition . the most recent common ancestor of milleretta , milleropsis , and millerosaurus , and all its descendants . . . .\n. . . the stapes of\nmillerosaurus\nnuffieldi , however , is different . the shaft is straight and there is a clearer separation between the dorsal and hyoid processes ( watson 1957 ) . there is a weak contact between the paroccipital process and the squamosal , which contributes to the dorsal half of the otic notch for the attachment of the tympanic membrane . . . .\n. . . none of the preserved vertebrae possess a transversely thin median ventral keel , contrasting with the condition commonly found among the cervico\u2013dorsal vertebrae of some basal parareptiles ( e . g . millerosaurus pricei [ 129 ] ; procolophon trigoniceps [ 135 ] ) , some ' ' pelycosaurian ' ' synapsids ( e . g . apsisaurus witteri [ 73 ] ; varanops brevirostris [ 172 ] ) , araeoscelidians ( e . g . . . .\n. . . these dissimilar humeral morphologies between these owenettid taxa highlight the diversity within the family . nonetheless , both taxa lack an entepicondylar foramen , a synapomorphy of the family , unlike in other basal parareptiles ( e . g . , millerosaurus ; watson , 1957 ; gow , 1972 ) and procolophonids ( e . g . , procolophon ; debraga , 2003 ) . compared to humeri figured and described by mecker ( 1995 ) , the humeri here described from germany are similar in structure ( fig . 5 ) to barasaurus , rather than owenetta . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na simplified picture of the history of the anapsida , showing the ranges of constituent groups . some of these groups are argued to be elsewhere within reptilia : see the note below . note that most of the groups originated in , and went extinct at the end of , the permian . time periods : pen , pennsylvanian ( carboniferous ) ; per , permian ; tri , triassic ; jur , jurassic . used with permission : ucmp\nthe millerittids originated by the upper permian in south africa . they were small and lightly built , with sharp conical teeth suggesting an insectivorous or carnivorous diet . their hearing was still rather basic . some millerittids possessed temporal fenestrae .\n, a millerittid . the skull is around 50mm long , with temporal fenestrae . it would have lived somewhat like a modern lizard .\nthis is the earliest known anapsid , from the lower permian of north america . it was small in size , and already showed signs of being quite advanced , but its teeth were still fairly simple .\nsee figure a below . it is most closely related to the lanthanosuchids . it therefore is not an ancestral form for the anapsids , indicating an earlier origin for the group - probably in the mid to late carboniferous .\nthis is an enigmatic group from the late permian of russia . they are closely related to\n, but distant relatives of turtles . because of their strange anatomy , their position within anapsida has been debated : they could be part of a more ancient group of early tetrapods . their skulls were broad ( around 15cm wide by 20cm long ) , and possessed temporal fenestrae , and bony ridges to add strength . they were also very flat , so flat that the jaw musculature did not fit in the skull and had to be attached outside it , through special openings behind the eyes . they may have used their flat skulls to push through leaf litter , feeding on insects and grubs , or they could have been aquatic .\nthis group is poorly known . they may be the group from which the procolophonoidae evolved , as they appear to be quite primitive .\n. they are a well known and diverse group from the upper permian , and have been found in europe , asia and africa . they included the largest terrestrial anapsids that ever lived , typically 2 - 3m long . the russian\nwith bumps and frills , characteristic of the pareiasaurs . all pareiasaurs had bony scales ( ' scutes ' ) over at least part of their bodies , and these have been suggested to be the beginnings of the turtle shell . they also had advanced hearing , and multi - cusped , leaf shaped teeth , indicating herbivory .\nthe procolophonids are the only extinct group to have survived the end permian extinction , suviving from late permian , for 50 million years through to the end of the triassic . they are possibly , if not the pareiasaurs , the closest relative of the turtles . they were very diverse , and have been found on nearly every continent . procolophonids were quite small , and had well developed hearing . most had sharp teeth for eating meat and insects , but later forms , in the late triassic , had more bulbous teeth suggesting herbivory ( see c below ) .\nfrom the upper jurassic , by which time the teeth , common to all previous anapsids , had been lost , and the familiar shell had been gained . its\nforms have been placed in the anapsida , largely based upon the lack of temporal fenestration . as this is a primitive ( ancestral ) character for amniotes and cannot be used to constrain them , they are technically an\nthis has caused many problems when new characters of the members of anapsida have come to light : they may be moved within the group , or out of it altogether . when a basal group undergoes cladistic ( relational ) reshuffling , this inevitably has wide reaching consequences - for anything inferred to have evolved from it , i . e . the turtles , and in parallel to it , i . e . the rest of the reptiles , and even beyond .\n, depending on which characteristics are used to define these relationships , and how much importance is placed upon them . this has resulted in controversy on whether groups in the subclass ,\n- either the archosaurs ( crocodiles and birds ) , or lepidosuars ( lizards and snakes ) . there is as yet no consensus on where they truly belong . ( if turtles are excluded from anapsida , the alternative term of parareptilia is sometimes used for the remaining members of the group . )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : r . broom . 1948 . a contribution to our knowledge of the vertebrates of the karroo beds of south africa . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh 61 ( 2 ) : 577 - 629\ndinosaur jungle dinosaur crosswords dinosaur facts amazing dinosaurs classification ornithischia ankylosaurs ceratopsians marginocephalia ornithopods pachycephalosaurs stegosaurs saurischia prosauropods sauropods theropods definition diet eggs extinction family tree fossils footprints life span living dinosaurs ? myths timeline triassic period jurassic period cretaceous period world african dinosaurs antarctic dinosaurs asian dinosaurs australian dinosaurs european dinosaurs indian dinosaurs n . american dinosaurs s . american dinosaurs dinosaur jokes dinosaur museums australia dinosaur museums canada dinosaur museums uk dinosaur museums usa dinosaur museums dinosaur names dinosaur pictures dinosaur scientists charles darwin mary anning sir richard owen more dinosaur scientists dinosaur types allosaurus ankylosaurus apatosaurus baryonyx brachiosaurus centrosaurus ceratosaurus coelophysis deinonychus dilophosaurus diplodocus euoplocephalus iguanodon kentrosaurus lambeosaurus maiasaura megalosaurus microraptor monoclonius pachycephalosaurus parasaurolophus pentaceratops protoceratops saltopus saurolophus seismosaurus spinosaurus stegosaurus styracosaurus supersaurus triceratops tyrannosaurus rex velociraptor more dinosaur types dinosaur word search other prehistoric animals aetosaurs ambulocetus ammonites andrewsarchus archaeopteryx basilosaurus belemnites brontotheres chalicotheres champsosaurs coelacanth cynodonts dicynodonts dimetrodon gastornis\nwe do hope that you find this site useful . we welcome people linking to this website or citing us .\nurltoken is copyright \u00a9 2006 - 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you may access this article or this issue ( from the computer you are currently using ) for 30 days .\nregain access - you can regain access to a recent pay per article or pay per issue purchase if your access period has not yet expired .\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences web site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmilleropsis pricei ( gow 1972 ) early permian ~ 290 mya , ~ 20 cm in length , was originally considered a milleretid close to milleretta and a captorhinid ( close to captorhinus ) . here milleropsis was derived from a sister taxon to heleosaurus and it phylogenetically preceded eudibamus and petrolacosaurus at the base of the diapsida . the fossil is poorly known , but the skull , manus and pes provide many of the diagnostic characters .\ndistinct from heleosaurus , the skull of milleropsis had a wider set of parietals and a smaller parietal opening . the lower temporal arch was missing by reduction of the quadratojugal . the maxilla does not appear to disconnect the lacrimal and naris , but that part of the fossil is damaged or the interpretation of heleosaurus may be mistaken . the naris was probably closer to the jaw tips . the mandible had a slightly higher coronoid process . the transverse process of the pterygoid leaned anteriorly . the anterior pterygoids were separated along with the posterior vomers .\nthe vertebral column is not well known , but the caudal series is very long attenuated with little to no trace of any chevrons .\nthe scapula was distinct from the coracoid and dorsally was reduced to a thin strap . metacarpal 3 was longer than mc4 . the manus was larger with digits 3 and 4 subequal .\nthe ilium has a small anterior process and a reduced posterior process . the pubis and ischium were not separated . the pubis had a dorsal process .\nthe calcaneum was elongated , producing a pseudo tuber . metatarsals 3 and 4 were subequal . the penultimate phalanges were short . metatarsal v was elongated .\n( broom 1948 , watson 1957 ) late permian ( changhsingian , 30 cm est length ) is based on a chimaera of over a dozen skeletons with many common elements distinct from one another .\ngow ce . 1972 . the osteology and relationships of the millerettidae ( reptilia : cotylosauria ) . journal of zoology , london 167 : 219 - 264 .\n( not a bolosaur parareptile as originally described , modesto et al . 2015b ) . and\nif this is too confusing , let me know and i\u2019ll walk you through it .\nhas already been published as a paper ( modesto et al . 2015b ) .\nfigure 1 . click to enlarge . when you put the hands and feet and skull back together , you find erpetonyx nests close to eudibamus , but closer to milleropsis .\n\u201c erpetonyx arsenaultorum was recently erected for a single , nearly complete , and mostly articulated skeleton of a bolosaurian * parareptile * * collected from the gzhelian - age egmont bay formation of prince edward island . erpetonyx arsenaultorum is autapomorphic in possessing 29 presacral vertebrae and a relatively small radiale , fifth distal carpal , and pisiform . the skull is characterized by the presence of plicidentine and by the absence of caniniform maxillary teeth . the neural arches closely resemble those of the early permian lanthanosuchian\nin their broadly tongue - shaped zygapophyses , in which the lateral edges of the anterior zygapophyses pass posteriorly onto the lateral surface of the arch and form a conspicuous shelves , emphasized by an anteroventral pocket . the right carpus is well ossified . the preserved unguals are also well ossified , with a prominent flexor tubercle , a suboval proximal portion , and a stout , slightly ventrally curved tip . together with the observation that the unguals are longer than their respective proximal phalanges , ungual morphology suggests adaptation to a fossorial or semi - fossorial lifestyle . erpetonyx arsenaultorum is the oldest known amniote with digging adaptations , appearing ca . 3\udbc0\udcb14 million years after the demise of th coal - swamp forests\n* not a bolosaurian , but a milleropsid . * * parareptile is an outmoded name based on traditional cladograms that have been falsified by the large reptile tree .\nthe osteology and relationships of the millerettidae ( reptilia : cotylosauria ) . journal of zoology , london 167 : 219 - 264 .\nskeletal anatomy of the oldest known parareptile from the upper carboniferous of priince edward island , canada . journal of vertebrate paleontology abstacts\nmodesto sp , scott dm , macdougall mj , sues h - d , evans dc , reisz rr 2015b .\nthe oldest parareptile and the early diversification of reptiles . proceedings of the royal society b 282 : 20141912 .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . the inclusion of crilar - pv 499 within archosauromorpha is supported by the presence of a non - notochordal vertebra ( fig . 4 ) . this character is present in several basal reptiliomorphs ( e . g . , tseajaia campi vaughn , 1964 : moss , 1972 ) , parareptiles ( e . g . , milleropsis pricei ( watson , 1957 reisz , 1981 ; araeoscelis gracilis williston , 1910 : vaughn , 1955 acerosodontosaurus piveteaui currie , 1980 broom , 1905b : sam - pk - 5886 ) among basal archosauromorphs in the presence of a squared posterior projection of the bifurcated distal end of the rib ( fig . 4 ) pv 499 as sister - taxon of trilophosaurus buettneri , and two additional steps to force it as a more basal archosauromorph or to place it outside archosauromorpha ( e . g . , as the sister - taxon of sauria ) . the low number of additional steps to move crilar - pv 499 to a more basal position among diapsids is expected because of its fragmentary condition and the low number of characters scored for the specimen ( four scorings , see supplementary online information ) . . . .\n. . . in addition , the neurocentral suture is obliterated , suggesting that the animal was not a juvenile at the time of its death [ 110 ] , and that the presence of an open notochordal canal is therefore not a result of an early ontogenetic stage . the persistence of an open notochordal canal in a non - juvenile individual resembles the condition in multiple lineages of basal reptiliomorphs , parareptiles , basal synapsids , basal sauropsids , basal lepidosauromorphs , and the new archosauromorph species aenigmastropheus parringtoni from the late permian of tanzania ( [ 48 , 70 , 119 , 128 129 130131132133134 , see below ) . the anterior and posterior articular surfaces of the centrum are wider than tall . . . .\n. . . the former nomen has seen slightly less usage ( e . g . watson , 1957 ; kuhn - schnyder , 1962 ; kitching , 1977 ; tatarinov , 1978 ; rieppel & gronowski , 1981 ) compared with the latter ( e . g . romer , 1966 ; benton , 1985 ; evans , 1986 ; benton & allen , 1997 ; jalil , 1997 ; renesto & dalla vecchia , 2000 ) . . . .\n. . . these marine reptiles characterized by the upper temporal fenestra , the temporal arch , and an incisure in the postorbital part of the skull were previously referred to as the subclass synaptosauria . the ancestors of sauropterygians were proposed to belong to the areoscelidia , small terrestrial lizardlike synaptosaurians ( saint - seine , 1955 ; tatarinov , 1964a ; etc . ) ; or to early diapsids , such as eosuchians ( kuhn - schnyder , 1963 ) ; or they were considered to be of uncertain origin ( watson , 1957 ) . the hypotheses of the origin of sauropterygians from theromorph reptiles ( huene , 1944huene , , 1956 ) or directly from labyrinthodonts or even crossopterygians ( kuhn - schnyder , 1961 ) are not generally accepted today . . . .\n. . . a laterosphenoid is absent in mesosuchus . watson ( 1912a ) described a laterosphenoid under the term epipterygoid with a deep notch for the optic nerve on the holotype , an observation that he maintained 45 years later ( watson 1957 ) . given the fragmented nature of the holotype and partial preparation of most of the bones cranial to the braincase , it is likely that he mistook some portion of the palate , perhaps the combination of the ectopterygoid and pterygoid ( \u00a2gure 7c ) , for a laterosphenoid . . . .\n. . . huxley ( 1864 ) erected sauropsida to include reptiles and birds . this taxon has not been widely used , but its meaning has been fairly constant ( baur , 1887 ; watson , 1957 ) . the redefinition of reptilia as a monophyletic group including birds ( gauthier et al . , 1988b ) would make sauropsida redundant if the latter were restricted to the last common ancestor of testudines and diapsids and all its descendants . . . .\npalacrodon browni broom 1906 ( = fremouwsaurus geludens gow 1992 ) is a small enigmatic diapsid reptile from the cynognathus assemblage zone of south africa and antarctica whose dentition is very similar to that of coeval procolophonids .\na new dicynodont reptile from the tapinocephalus zone ( karoo system , beaufort series ) of south afric . . .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) ."]}
{"id": 366, "summary": [{"text": "perittia unicolorella is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by sinev in 1992 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "perittia unicolorella", "paragraphs": ["species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : 2007 annual checklist - perittia andoi inoue et al . 1982\nid : of the 6 ephestia species on the british list , all of which look similar , this is the only one that is not a warehouse pest . only this and e . elutella can be obtained in the wild . e . unicolorella predominates in the south of england , while e . elutella predominates elsewhere . genital dissection is required to separate these species . male genitalia : short process from dorsal edge of valva ~ 1 / 2 way along its length in e . unicolorella , missing in e . elutella female genitalia : ductus bursae heavily spiculate in anterior half in e . elutella , minimally so near corpus bursae in e . unicolorella\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nephestia woodiella ( = ephestia parasitella ) false cacao moth - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\none of six very similar species of ephestia found in the uk , which are generally separable only by dissection of the genitalia .\ndissected records from wheatfen . scole , leziate and several widespread records in recent years .\nrecorded in 41 ( 59 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1998 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nws : 14 - 20mm ; jun - sep ; detritus , dead leaves , dried vegetable matter ; local in gardens and farmland in s . england synonym : ephestia parasitella\n\u00a71 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 16 / 07 / 2007 ; fw 9 . 8mm \u00a72 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 14 / 06 / 2008 ; fw 7 . 7mm \u200b\u00a73 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 07 / 2008 ; fw 9 . 4mm \u00a74 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 02 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 8 . 9mm \u00a75 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 23 / 06 / 2009 ; female ; fw 9 . 5mm \u00a76 westcliff - on - sea , essex ; 09 / 06 / 2010 ; female ; fw 7 . 8mm \u00a77 foulness , essex ; 08 / 05 / 2011 ; male \u200b\u00a78 belfairs wood , essex ; 30 / 06 / 2015 ; male ; fw 9 . 1mm ; to light \u00a79 chobham common , surrey ; 23 / 05 / 2017 ; female ; fw 7 . 4mm all images \u00a9 chris lewis\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\n( 1999 ) : phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) ;\ns . str . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) , with descriptions of 15 new species .\nof the west palaearctic region with descriptions of three new species ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) .\n2009 : the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species .\nthis page was last edited on 2 june 2018 , at 02 : 34 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 367, "summary": [{"text": "monochroa niphognatha is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gozm\u00e1ny in 1953 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in great britain , germany , denmark , poland , slovakia , hungary , sweden , finland , latvia and ukraine .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13-15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in june and july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed in the stem of persicaria amphibia . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "monochroa niphognatha", "paragraphs": ["all galleries > > butterflies & moths of sweden > > micro > > gelechiidae > 0962 monochroa niphognatha 038 . jpg\nafter its discovery in britain in kent in 1984 , the species has been found in the same single locality on a regular basis since . in 2002 a specimen turned up in devon , and the photo is of one taken in an mv light trap at portsmouth in hampshire .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 16 : 23 : 55 page render time : 0 . 2212s total w / procache : 0 . 2885s\nrare , known with regularity from only one site in kent where it was regularly reported until 1995 and thereafter only once in 2017 . there are also single records from devon ( 2002 ) and hampshire ( 2009 ) but it is not known if these relate to wanderers or localised undiscovered colonies .\na small hole in the stem , indicating the presence of a larva , has been reported in denmark .\nin england found regularly in a single extensive freshwater reed - bed . the other records are associated with a rough coastal meadow and mixed reed - bed and grassland . in denmark it is associated with damp meadows .\nlarva : look for small holes in the stem of the foodplant in september which may indicate the presence of a larva .\nadult : sweeping areas of the foodplant may be worthwhile . it comes readily to light .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to a single marsh in kent , where first recorded in 1984 . in hampshire recorded for the first time at southsea on 29 june 2009 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 13 - 15 mm . larva feeds within stems of amphibious bistort .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nl\u00e4nsvis f\u00f6rekomst och status f\u00f6r fyrpunkterad dystermal baserat p\u00e5 sammanst\u00e4llningar och bed\u00f6mningar av gjorda fynd .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 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urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nnikon d300s , nikkor 105mm f / 2 . 8g ed - if af - s vr micro"]}
{"id": 368, "summary": [{"text": "neocyema erythrosoma is a species of pelagic fish , a deep-water bobtail snipe eel in the family cyematidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is the only member of its genus , neocyema .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first described by peter castle in 1978 after two specimens were caught at great depths in the south atlantic ocean in 1971 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "further specimens have since been caught in the north atlantic . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "neocyema", "paragraphs": ["neocyema cf . erythrosoma ( zmub 21865 ) : ( a ) neocyema from south - east . . . | download scientific diagram\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nneocyema erythrosoma castle , 1978\n.\nhow can i put and write and define neocyema erythrosoma in a sentence and how is the word neocyema erythrosoma used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528neocyema erythrosoma\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528neocyema erythrosoma\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528neocyema erythrosoma\u9020\u53e5 , neocyema erythrosoma meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npunanuoliankerias\nto\nneocyema erythrosoma castle , 1978\n.\nwith the discovery of\nneocyema erythrosoma\nin the northern atlantic the distance barrier was also overcome and they considered that there was little doubt that\nleptocephalus holti\nwas indeed the larval form of\nneocyema erythrosoma\n.\nthe similarly named bobtail snipe eel is actually in a different family and represented by two species , the black\ncyema atrum\nand the bright red\nneocyema erythrosoma\n.\n\n' neocyema erythrosoma\n' is a species of first described by peter castle in 1978 after two specimens were caught at great depths in the south atlantic ocean in 1971 .\nfig . 1 . neocyema cf . erythrosoma ( zmub 21865 ) : ( a ) neocyema from south - east greenland in 2013 , showing deep red colour fresh out of the water ; ( b ) after 30 min in salt water , with red pigments leaking from the dead specimen ; ( c ) specimen free suspended in salt water showing long dentaries and free - floating , semi - transparent torn integument ; ( d ) alcohol preserved ; ( e ) digital radiograph image of neocyema showing completely ossified vertebral column , including neural and haemal spines . arrows show the abrupt elongation of the haemal spines at the origin of the caudal vertebrae , and posterior pre - vent myomere ; ( f ) illustration of neocyema based on the new greenland specimen . ( g ) cyema atrum ( ams i . 18570 - 001 ) : digital radiograph image of c . atrum , showing weakly ossified vertebral column including the outgrowths ; ( h ) illustration of c . atrum .\nfound in the depths between 2 , 000 and 2 , 500 meters , this bizarre , elongated orange animal has been identified as a neocyema , one of only five specimens ever caught . it is the only one found along the mid - atlantic ridge .\nneocyema specimen , caught in the denmark strait off the coast of south - east greenland , provides a north atlantic range expansion for the genus and is compared to all four previous records . due to taxonomic issues with both adults and larvae , the new specimen from waters near greenland is tentatively referred to as\nneocyema eels are apparently very rare denizens of the deep sea . these striking fish are a vibrant red - orange in life , fading to white in alcohol . only four ( possibly five ) specimens are known ever to have been collected . neocyema adults are short - bodied and laterally compressed , with long , delicate jaws , small teeth , and small eyes . the general morphology gives them the appearance of a larval eel ( leptocephalus ) . it is possible that these eels represent the adult form of one of the enigmatic larval forms ( apparently actually representing several different species ) described as leptocephalus holti . ( devaney et al . 2010 )\nsaccopharyngids are most abundant and diverse in the atlantic ocean . eurypharynx pelecanoides is well known from the atlantic and central and eastern pacific oceans , and the monognathids are about equally diverse in the atlantic ( six species ) and pacific oceans ( seven species ) . among the cyematidae , cyema atrum is widespread in the atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans , while neocyema erythrostoma is only known from the eastern south atlantic . saccopharyngiformes have not been reported from the mediterranean .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngreek , neos = new + greek , kyema , - atos = foetus ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 2000 - 2200 m ( ref . 6593 ) . deep - water\nsoutheast atlantic : known only from two specimens taken west of cape town , south africa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6593 )\nbody somewhat arrow - shaped and bright red in color ( ref . 6593 ) .\ncastle , p . h . j . , 1986 . cyemidae . p . 192 - 193 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin . ( ref . 6593 )\n) : 1 . 7 - 2 . 5 , mean 1 . 8 ( based on 3 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 2500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tmax > 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nby : bryan nelson on jan . 25 , 2010 , 9 : 30 a . m .\ntry our newsletter for optimistic innovations , seasonal recipes , strong communities and the smartest ways to lead a sustainable lifestyle .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmy beatport lets you follow your favorite djs and labels so you can find out when they release new tracks . log in or create an account today so you never miss a new release .\nmy beatport lets you follow your favorite djs and labels so you can find out when they release new tracks . so go follow someone !\nwelcome to the jungle , vol . 2 : the ultimate jungle cakes drum & bass compilation\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nthis browser doesn ' t support spotify web player . switch browsers or download spotify for your desktop .\nlisten to all your favourite artists on any device for free or try the premium trial .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nshannon c . devaney , karsten e . hartel , and daphne e . themelis\n\ufeff 59 eagle hill road , p . o . box 9 steuben , me 04680 phone : 207 . 546 . 2821 fax : 207 . 546 . 3042 office @ urltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nrecognition and distribution of two north atlantic gadiculus species , g . argenteus and g . thori ( gadidae ) , based on otolith morphology , larval pigmentation , molecular evidence , morphometrics and meristics\nidentification keys to halosaurs and notacanthids ( notacanthiformes , elopomorpha ) in the subarctic atlantic ocean including three new distributional records and multiple molecular otus of notacanthus cf . chemnitzii\nelteck - break & enter ! - melting pot records buy link : https : / / meltingpot - records . bandcamp . c . . . melting pot records urltoken follow us : urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken this lo - fi version of this song / video is currently displayed via the symphonic distribution youtube with full permission from the record label distributing the release . the label and its artist retain all ownership and hereby agree to all of the terms & conditions placed by symphonic distribution , the hosting party of this video , and all other terms as listed on their agreement . please support the label and its artist ( s ) by purchasing this release via itunes , emusic , rhapsody , and many more of the retailers located worldwide . if you are a label or artist and you are interested in getting your music out there , visit www . symphonicdistribution . com .\nkhalid - otw ( official video ) ft . 6lack , ty dolla $ ign\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\njackson , laura m fernando , pasan c hanscom , josh s balhoff , james p and mabee , paula m 2018 . automated integration of trees and traits : a case study using paired fin loss across teleost fishes . systematic biology ,\npoulsen , jan y . thorkildsen , solveig and arboe , nanette h . 2017 . identification keys to halosaurs and notacanthids ( notacanthiformes , elopomorpha ) in the subarctic atlantic ocean including three new distributional records and multiple molecular otus of notacanthus cf . chemnitzii . marine biodiversity ,\ngaemers , pieter and poulsen , jan 2017 . recognition and distribution of two north atlantic gadiculus species , g . argenteus and g . thori ( gadidae ) , based on otolith morphology , larval pigmentation , molecular evidence , morphometrics and meristics . fishes , vol . 2 , issue . 3 , p . 15 .\nand represents the largest specimen ever recorded . morphological and molecular data are included for future comparisons . distributional and morphological differences exist between specimens , although the present rarity of these fishes precludes an evaluation of diversity within\npreliminary notices of deep - sea fishes collected during the voyage of the h . m . s . \u201cchallenger\n) narrative report : anton bruun cruise 6 . us program in biology . international indian ocean expedition .\non the occurrence of leptocephali ( larval muraenoids ) in the atlantic w . of europe\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndodatkowe przyk\u0142ady dopasowywane s\u0105 do hase\u0142 w zautomatyzowany spos\u00f3b - nie gwarantujemy ich poprawno\u015bci .\nis the larval form , a stage strikingly different from the adult form the eels will grow into .\nlarval stage , but only metamorphosed ( after reaching the fully grown stage ) specimens have been available .\nshrinks as it develops into a larva ; the most shrunken larva , stage two , develops by day 70 .\n, commonly known as blackfoot polypore , is an inedible species of mushroom in the genus polyporus .\nspecimen which was collected from between ecuador and the galapagos islands , in the central eastern pacific ocean .\n( coloconger giganteus ) is an eel in the family colocongridae ( worm eels / short - tail eels ) .\n( meaning\nslim head\n) is the flat and transparent larva of the eel , marine eels , and other members of the superorder elopomorpha .\n) have telescopic eyes , meaning that there is a tubular eye with a sphere - shaped lens on the top .\n, the redfin , is a species of cyprinid fish found in eastern asia where it occurs in the countries of russia , mongolia and china .\nis a genus that was used for species of larval eels , called leptocephali , that were thought to be new fish species , or whose adult eel species were not known .\n) all have laterally compressed bodies that contain transparent jelly - like substances on the inside of the body and a thin layer of muscle with visible myomeres on the outside .\n, is a goby from the western pacific : indonesia to new caledonia , north to the yaeyama islands , south to northwestern australia , also tonga .\nthe saccopharyngiformes are divided into two suborders , the cyematoidei , with the single family cyematidae ( with two monotypic genera ) , and the saccopharyngoidei , which contains the other three families . of these three families , the monognathidae is the most diverse , with 14 identified species in the genus monognathus . the saccopharyngidae has 11 species in the single genus saccopharynx ; the closely related family eurypharyngidae is monotypic . there is still controversy over the inclusion of the cyematidae in this order , but they are placed here on the basis of reduction of skeletal features that are common among all four families . systematists consider the saccopharyngiformes to be quite different from anguilliform eels . the order is thought to consist of highly specialized fishes . all four families share numerous common features , most of which have to do with extreme loss of skeletal features , presumably the result of the extremely energy poor environment .\nwithin the saccopharyngoidei , the eurypharyngids and saccopharyngids are superficially most similar in appearance and are considered the closest in taxonomic relationship . the monognathidae represent a more advanced and highly specialized family , as evidenced by even greater reduction in skeletal components , that is , the loss of the upper jaw . the first fossil evidence for this order is reported to be from the middle cretaceous .\nthe loss of skeletal structures has resulted in fishes that are among the most unusual and striking in their appearance . among other characteristics , all are scaleless , lack pelvic fins , and have very long dorsal and anal fins . all are rather\nflabby\nto the touch and presumably are very poor swimmers . in members of the saccopharyngoidei , the mouths are very large to enormous , with distensible pharynges and stomachs , to allow for the capture of very large prey . dentition varies among the families . well - produced , posteriorly curved teeth are found in the saccopharyngidae , with the other three families possessing small to minute teeth in the jaws .\nexcept for the enlarged head and mouth structure , the rest of the body of these fishes is elongated and very slender ( filamentous in eurypharyngids and saccopharyngids ) . the body coloration varies from scattered pigment patches to a light uniform brown in monognathids , with dark brown to solid black in cyematids , eurypharyngids , and saccopharyngids . thin white lines of unknown function extend from the head to the tail along the upper body in the saccopharyngids and eurypharyngids , and individuals in both families have luminous bulbs at the very tip of the filamentous tail . the filament may constitute 50 % or more of the overall length of the fish . overall lengths of the substantial part of the body in all saccopharyngiforms is small , not exceeding 19 . 6 in ( 50 cm ) .\nthese are primarily bathypelagic inhabitants , with the majority of adult specimens being collected at depths greater than 3 , 280 ft ( 1 , 000 m ) . larvae and juveniles live in shallower waters , even into the upper mesopelagic zone below 656 ft ( 200 m ) .\nowing to the extreme depths at which these fishes live , there are few reports of any behavior .\nall saccopharyngiform species are poor swimmers at best . there have been no reports on feeding in the cyematids , but it is thought that eurypharyngids and saccopharyngids draw prey close to them by means of luminescent lures on their tails and then quickly open their mouths to suck food in . saccopharyngids are piscivorous ( eat only other fish ) ; eurypharyngids take a broader range of fish and invertebrate prey . an even more unusual form of feeding has been postulated for monognathids . it is thought that their prey ( crustaceans ) may be lured by scent released from glands around the mouth ; when they come close enough , the fish bite them by means of a hollow fang in the mouth that injects venom , much like a rattlesnake . the fish then swallows the dead or dying shrimp whole . little is known about the predators that feed in members of this order .\nthere are no known conservation measures specific to these families . no species from either family is listed on the iucn red list .\nowing to their rarity and poorly studied biological characteristics , no significance can be attributed to saccopharyngiforms . they are objects of curiosity because of their extreme body specializations .\ncyema atrum g\u00fcnther , 1878 , south pacific , challenger station 1 , 770 ft ( 539 m ) ; antarctic , challenger station 948 ; 9 , 000 ; and 10 , 800 ft ( 289 ; 2 , 743 ; and 3 , 292 m ) .\nenglish : bobtail eel , deepwater eel ; danish : korthalet \u00e5l ; finnish : nuoliankerias .\nthis species has a rather striking appearance that is quite different from that of other saccopharyngiforms . adults are black in coloration . this species is scaleless , like all members of the order . the eyes are very small . the jaws are thin and long , with numerous very fine teeth , and the jaws curve slightly away from each other at their tips . the dorsal and anal fin rays become progressively more elongated toward the rear of the body and extend well past very short caudal rays ; the effect is that in side view the fish looks like an arrow ! it is a small species , with a maximum reported size of about 6 . 3 in ( 160 mm ) .\nit has been reported from all oceans between about 70\u00b0 north and 55\u00b0 south . most collections have been from the atlantic and pacific oceans .\nthe species is oceanic , lower mesopelagic to bathypelagic . although it has been reported from collections made as shallow as 1 , 148 ft ( 350 m ) , most records are from depths exceeding 4 , 921 ft ( 1 , 500 m ) .\nthere has been little research on the feeding habits of this eel . because of its jaw structure , it is suggested that the species feeds on comparable prey types and in a fashion similar to that of the anguilliform eels of the family nemichthyidae , commonly known as snipe eels . nemichthyids use their thin , recurved jaws to feed on crustacean shrimps , especially those in the family sergestidae . predators of this species are unknown .\nunlike the other saccopharyngiforms , there is no apparent sexual dimorphism in adults . no other reproductive data have been reported for this species . the leptocephalus stage is rather distinctive ; the deep oval body has a very small pointed head and a pointed caudal extension . these features grow a bit larger than in other saccopharyngiform leptocephali , with a maximum recorded total length of 2 . 8 in ( 70 mm ) .\neurypharynx pelecanoides vaillant , 1882 , off new england , united states , about 40\u00b0n , 68\u00b0w , 3 albatross stations , 2 , 334\u20138 , 802 ft ( 711\u20132 , 683 m ) .\nenglish : big mouth gulper eel , pelican gulper , pelican gulper fish , pelican fish , deep - sea gulper , umbrella mouth gulper ; french : grand - gousier pelican ; german : pelikanaal ; spanish : pez pelicano ; danish : pelikan\u00e5l ; finnish : pelikaaniankerias ; icelandic : gapaldur ; japanese : fukuro - unagi ; polish : polykacz .\nsuperficially similar to species in the genus saccopharynx , with which it shares the closest taxonomic relationship within the order , this species is coal black overall , except for a tiny white region on the caudal organ . it is scaleless . probably the most striking differences between the pelican eel and saccopharynx species are that the jaw length is extreme , almost 50 % of the distance to the anus ; the jaw teeth are very small ; and there is a gradual narrowing of the body posterior to the abdomen . other similarities to saccopharynx species include small eyes that detect light rather than form visual images , the presence of a presumably luminous caudal organ at the end of a very long filamentous tail , an expansible stomach , and a weakly ossified and poorly muscled body . because the delicate tail is usually broken , the maximum size is uncertain , but the largest intact specimen ever collected measured 25 . 9 in ( 750 mm ) in total length .\nthis a circumglobal species , found in temperate and tropical waters of all oceans . it is best known from the atlantic and eastern and central pacific oceans .\nthe species is oceanic and bathypelagic . although there are some shallow - water capture records at less than 1 , 640 ft ( 500m ) , most individuals are collected between 3 , 281 and 9 , 842 ft ( 1 , 000\u20133 , 000 m ) .\nthis species takes in a wider range of prey than do species in the genus saccopharynx . prey items include fishes , various crustaceans ( especially caridean decapod shrimps ) , and cephalopod mollusks . in addition , there have been several reports of benthic prey items in the stomachs of pelican eels . predators are unknown .\nreproduction is similar to that of species in the genus saccopharynx , in that sexually mature males have greatly expanded nasal structures , accompanied by stomach atrophy , loss of dentition , and reduction in jaw structure . reproduction is apparently a terminal event . leptocephalus larvae are oval and deep - bodied , like saccopharynx species , but they are smaller , with a maximum length of about 1 . 6 in ( 40 mm ) . they have several greatly elongated larval teeth in the upper jaw .\nmonognathus rosenblatti bertelsen and nielsen , 1987 , central north pacific , 31\u00b0n , 159\u00b0w , 14 , 300\u201317 , 300 ft ( 4 , 853\u20135 , 266m ) \u2014bottom is 19 , 000 ft ( 5 , 800 m ) .\nas with others in this genus , this species is found in oceanic , deep bathypelagic habitats . the shallowest record for m . rosenblatti is 6 , 889 ft ( 2 , 100 m ) . due to their habitat , this family is exceptionally rare . all 14 species are known form a combined total of fewer than 80 individuals , about 50 % of which belong to m . rosenblatti .\nno stomach contents have been reported from any m . rosenblatti specimens , but prey from other monognathid species have all been crustacean shrimps . all of the shrimps were quite large relative to the body size of the fish . it has been hypothesized that these weak fish inject their prey with venom using the rostral fang , in much the same fashion as certain venomous snakes overcome their prey . predators are unknown .\nas with the other saccopharyngoids , the sexually mature collected specimens of monognathids ( none of which were m . rosenblatti ) exhibit dimorphism and evidence that spawning is a one - time terminal event . males possess greatly enlarged nasal structures , suggesting that locating of mates takes place by scent . although it is believed that the larval form is a leptocephalus , as yet none has been positively identified as belonging to this family .\nophiognathus ampullaceus harwood , 1827 , nw atlantic ocean , 32\u00b020 ' n , 30\u00b016 ' w , 0\u20136 , 234 ft ( 0\u20131 , 900 m ) . neotype : ish 3288 / 79 . original locality 62\u00b0n , 57\u00b0w . neotype selected by nielsen and bertelsen ( 1985 ) .\nenglish : pelican fish ; danish : slug\u00e5l ; finnish : ahmattiankerias ; icelandic : pokakjaftur ; polish : gardzielec .\nthe body is attenuated and very flabby , with poorly ossified bones and weakly developed muscles . the most striking attributes are tiny eyes that function as light detectors ; a greatly enlarged mouth with numerous slightly recurved teeth ; an elongated stomach region , with the posterior end of the abdomen clearly demarcated from the tail , and an extremely long tail ( about 75 % of body length ) , with an elongated caudal filament that terminates in a\ncaudal organ\nbelieved to be luminescent . because of the delicacy of the body , the filaments often are broken off in captured specimens . the body is scaleless . the largest intact specimen measured 5 . 2 ft ( 1 . 6 m ) , although much of the body length consists of the elongated whiplike tail and caudal filament .\nthis species is the best known of the genus . it has been collected only from the north atlantic ocean between 10\u00b0 and 65\u00b0 north latitude .\nthe gulper eel is oceanic and bathypelagic . only juveniles have been captured at depths of less than 2 , 624 ft ( 800 m ) . it is believed that adults typically reside deeper than 6 , 561 ft ( 2 , 000 m ) .\nbecause of the great depths of its habitat , aspects of the behavior of this species are largely the subject of conjecture .\nthe species is piscivorous . relatively few saccopharyngids have been recovered with intact stomach contents , but in all cases various fish species were the prey . the gulper eel has an extremely distensible stomach , allowing it to ingest very large prey . because of its weak skeleton and body muscles , it is believed to be a very poor swimmer . it is thought to lure prey within range by means of the luminescent caudal organ , which it may suspend in the water near its mouth . the jaw muscles are the only well - developed muscles and probably allow the gulper eel to suck its prey into the large mouth by quickly opening the jaws . predators are unknown .\nmales and females are sexually dimorphic . sexually mature males show extreme degeneration of the jaws , along with a loss of teeth and reduction in abdominal size . in addition , the eyes become somewhat enlarged , and the nasal apparatus is significantly enlarged . it has been suggested that males locate females by tracking pheromone ( scent ) trails released by the females . as with numerous eel species as well as some other deep - sea fish species , reproduction is thought to be a terminal event . as with eels in general , larval gulper eels have a leptocephalus , a ribbon - like transparent stage . relatively few leptocephali have been collected , but all are deep - bodied and small , with a total length of 1 . 47\u20131 . 9 in ( 40\u201350 mm ) .\nbertelsen , e . , j\u00f8rgen nielsen , and david g . smith .\nfamilies saccopharyngidae , eurypharyngidae , and monognathidae .\nin fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by eugenia b . b\u00f6hlke . part 9 . new haven : sears foundation for marine research , 1989 .\nnelson , joseph s . fishes of the world . 3rd edition . new york : john wiley and sons , 1994 .\nsmith , david g .\norder saccopharyngiformes , family cyematidae .\nin fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by eugenia b . b\u00f6hlke . vol . 9 , part 1 . new haven : sears foundation for marine research , 1989 .\n\u2014\u2014 .\nfamilies cyematidae , saccopharyngidae , eurypharyngidae , and monognathidae : leptocephali .\nin fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by eugenia b . b\u00f6hlke . vol . 9 , part 2 . new haven : sears foundation for marine research , 1989 .\nbertelsen , e . , and j\u00f8rgen g . nielsen .\nthe deep - sea eel family monognathidae ( pisces , anguilliformes ) .\nsteenstrupia 13 , no . 4 ( 1987 ) : 141\u2013198 .\ngartner , john v . jr .\nsexual dimorphism in the bathypelagic gulper eel eurypharynx pelecanoides ( lyomeri : eurypharyngidae ) , with comments on reproductive strategy .\ncopeia 2 ( 1983 ) : 446\u2013449 .\nnielsen , j\u00f8rgen g . , and e . bertelsen .\nthe gulper - eel family saccopharyngidae ( pisces , anguilliformes ) .\nsteenstrupia 11 ( 1985 ) : 157\u2013206 .\nfishbase : a global information system on fishes .\n7 nov . 2002 ( 12 nov . 2002 ) . < urltoken >\nsaccopharyngiformes ( swallowers and gulpers ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nsaccopharyngiformes ( swallowers and gulpers ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list ."]}
{"id": 369, "summary": [{"text": "fairy footsteps ( 15 january 1978 \u2013 1996 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic 1000 guineas in 1981 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she showed promise in her first two races as a two-year-old before establishing herself as one of the best fillies of her generation with an emphatic win in the waterford candelabra stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the spring of 1981 she was heavily backed for the 1000 guineas before and after a win in the nell gwyn stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she won the 1000 guineas by leading all the way and was considered highly likely to follow up with a win in the epsom oaks but was retired after a disappointing defeat in the musidora stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she had some success as a broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "fairy footsteps", "paragraphs": ["cartoon scene with a snowman - with footsteps - background for different fairy tales . drawing , painting .\nwas fairy footsteps\u2019 first foal . having won the 1981 1 , 000 guineas , fairy footsteps retired to childwick bury at the end of that year . the following spring she was covered by the 1974 st leger winner\n, won the st . leger in 1980 ; while fairy footsteps , a daughter of \u2018the brigadier\u2019s 2 , 000 guineas victim\nkaufman , a . c . j . fairy footsteps . white & goullaud , boston , monographic , 1874 . notated music . urltoken\n, fairy footsteps , light cavalry , welsh pageant , west side story , picture play , photo flash , selhurst and main reef .\nhalm , frederic j . memory bells and fairy footsteps . halm , f . j . , hagerstown , monographic , 1883 . notated music . urltoken\npalmer , s . fairy footsteps schottische . gordon & son , s . t . , new york , monographic , 1881 . notated music . urltoken\n' fairy footsteps ' _ ' fairy footsteps ' is a half - hardy , mat - forming , evergreen , woody - based perennial , often grown as an annual , with slender , erect , branched stems bearing small , ovate , mid - green leaves and star - shaped , light blue flowers from late spring into autumn .\ncecil\u2019s second win came with piggott in 1981 when fairy footsteps was successful \u2013 but the extraordinary thing was that piggott was able to ride at all . he had been dragged under the starting stalls in a horrific incident days earlier which had almost torn his ear off . bandaged up the maestro saddled up on fairy footsteps and dictated the pace in vintage style .\nwe can surely expect some fireworks , \u00e0 la fairy footsteps , among the juddmonte part - dispersal , and no doubt there will unsuspected bargains to compare with regal beauty as well .\nkaufman , a . c . j . ( 1874 ) fairy footsteps . white & goullaud , boston , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\nkaufman , a . c . j . fairy footsteps . white & goullaud , boston , monographic , 1874 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\npalmer , s . ( 1881 ) fairy footsteps schottische . gordon & son , s . t . , new york , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\nhalm , f . j . ( 1883 ) memory bells and fairy footsteps . halm , f . j . , hagerstown , monographic . [ notated music ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\nhalm , frederic j . memory bells and fairy footsteps . halm , f . j . , hagerstown , monographic , 1883 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\npalmer , s . fairy footsteps schottische . gordon & son , s . t . , new york , monographic , 1881 . notated music . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\n1st \u2013 palermo clasico benito villanueva , gr . 2 , 1600m , beating star plus and fairy magic .\ncurie ' s daughter ir\u00e9ne followed in her mother ' s footsteps , winning the nobel prize in chemistry in 1935 .\nwe have been hinting for weeks that we . . . - in the footsteps of the group of seven | facebook\nmy little girl has been going to fairy footsteps for about 6 months ( just turned 2 ) . today she has taken part in the pretty much whole class for the first time and really enjoyed it . amy has a wonde\n) but , thanks to flying fairy , she does at least rank as grand - dam of one true top - liner . desert prince was flying fairy\u2019s fifth foal and , although she subsequently produced the 2002 anglesey stakes winner\n1998 , and are not to be used in violation of the terms set out by the graphic designer . graphics used in setup of fairy ' s footsteps graphic design are not available for public use . your cooperation in this is greatly appreciated .\nintensive treatment saw him return to action on the eve of the big race , and although still very stiff and sore he mustered all his fabled strength and judgement of pace to get fairy footsteps home by a neck :\nthat eased the discomfort .\nphoto\ncartoon winter background - with footsteps - scene for different fairy tales\ncan be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royalty - free license . the image is available for download in high resolution quality up to 5906x4028 .\na saint - cloud maiden winner for trainer john cunnington as a two - year - old in 1980 , grecian sea was not disgraced when - having been switched to dick hern the following season - she finished a close 10th of 14 to fairy footsteps in the 1000 guineas .\na leading authority on the artists of the heidelberg school and the concept creator of the heidelberg school artists trail . in the artist ' s footsteps\n' 81 , fairy footsteps , ridden by lester piggott , tolmi , go leasing , marwell . a few days before this race lester piggott nearly lost his ear in a starting stall incident , and was riding with his ear sewn back on , and bandages under his riding helmet . . .\nfairy footsteps ( ire ) b . f , 1978 { 1 - s } dp = 9 - 6 - 13 - 20 - 0 ( 48 ) di = 0 . 81 cd = 0 . 08 - 6 starts , 3 wins , ? places , ? shows career earnings : $ 119 , 679\nthank you so very much for another wonderful term of fairy dance ! cordelia dances every day at home and that can only be because of you .\nfairy king ( northern dancer - fairy bridge by bold reason ) is a year - younger brother to 14 times champion uk - ireland sire and gr . 1 winner sadler\u2019s wells and a three - quarter brother to outstanding sire nureyev , also a son of northern dancer and from fairy bridge\u2019s dam special ( forli - thong by nantallah ) . fairy king started his stud career in very modest circumstances in ireland and pulled himself up by the bootstraps to eventually join his brother at coolmore headquarters , becoming champion sire in france in 1996 when his son helissio won the arc and was european horse of the year .\nsire stravinskys yearlings averaged over $ 169 , 000 at the 2008 karaka yearling sales . the sire of 39 individual stakes winners and 11 . 6 % stakes winners worldwide . recently sire of the g1 stradbroke handicap winner mr baritone . . out of fabulous fairy , an alydar mare out of fairy footsteps a 1000 guiness winner , the grand dam of champion race horse and successful sire desert prince . further back the family includes successful sires in light cavalry , royale palace and welsh pagaent .\n\u201ci believe that science has great beauty . a scientist in his laboratory is not a mere technician ; he is also a child confronting natural phenomena that impress him as though they were fairy tales . \u201d\ncartoon scene with a snowman - with footsteps - background for different fairy tales cute cartoon safari animal scene landscape easter cartoon scene with cute rabbit and chicken cute cartoon dinosaur scene landscape cave with cave drawings . cartoon mountain scene background primitive cave paintings . ancient petroglyphs . vector cartoon urban street house and shop scene background illustration cartoon nativity scene with shooting star cartoon scene with cat greeting royal pair by the castle cartoon happy scene with cat helping young boy getting out of water\nan unbeaten superstar on the track , husson was champion 2yo of argentina in 2006 and champion miler at three , before embarking on a stud career in australia following in the footsteps of his champion sire hussonet , a popular member of the arrowfield stud roster for many years .\nprovided artist biographies for in the artist ' s footsteps website , established in 2000 , including an updated biography of albert namatjira , and a listing of the major exhibition catalogues of his works , as well as the first biography of sir william dargie , launched in celebration of dargie ' s 90th birthday .\nno current trainer can match the record of henry cecil in the urltoken 1000 guineas , who has six victories to his name courtesy of one in a million ( 1979 ) , fairy footsteps ( 1981 ) , oh so sharp ( 1985 ) , bosra sham ( 1996 ) , sleepytime ( 1997 ) and wince ( 1999 ) . there are five entries from warren place this year , including aviate , who like last year\u2019s heroine ghanaati won a polytrack maiden at kempton on her latest start , yarmouth maiden victor principal role and timepiece , successful in the listed montrose stakes over the course and distance on october 31 .\nin 1897 marie and pierre curie welcomed a daughter , ir\u00e8ne . the couple had a second daughter , \u00e8ve , in 1904 . ir\u00e8ne joliot - curie followed in her mother & apos ; s footsteps , winning the nobel prize in chemistry in 1935 . joliot - curie shared the honor with her husband , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric joliot , for their work on the synthesis of new radioactive elements .\nthe next book is a fairy tale also about a princess except she is being married off . it\u2019s called the runaway princess . meg doesn\u2019t want to get married off but , her dad the king needs her to cooperate . naturally he locks her in a tower but , she escapes . this book is about how girls can do anything girls can do .\nwhen fairy king ( usa ) bowed off the track after only one unplaced run , having broken a bone in his hoof during the race , few could have realised the impact he would have in the breeding barn . he is the great - grandsire of this month\u2019s stallion profile subject zoustar , a son of northern meteor and grandson of encosta de lago .\nat egerton stud , just outside newmarket , and flying fairy was duly born in 1983 . sent into training with henry cecil , she raced a few times but failed to trouble the judge . at the end of her three - year - old career in 1986 , she was sold at the december sale as part of mr . joel\u2019s dispersal , fetching 90 , 000 gns .\ntitle memory bells [ and ] fairy footsteps contributor names halm , frederic j . created / published halm , f . j . , hagerstown , 1883 , monographic . genre sheet music notes - from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) - also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) form print electronic resource remote extent 1 score repository library of congress . music division . lc classification microfilm m 3500 m2 . 3 . u6a44 online format image description sheet music . print | 1 score | from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) . print ( form ) . electronic resource ( form ) . remote ( form ) . additional metadata formats metsxml record\ntitle fairy footsteps contributor names kaufman , a . c . j . created / published white & goullaud , boston , 1874 , monographic . subject headings - morceau - piano music genre sheet music notes - from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) - also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) form print electronic resource remote extent 1 score repository library of congress . music division . lc classification microfilm m 3500 m2 . 3 . u6a44 online format image description sheet music . print | 1 score | from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) . print ( form ) . electronic resource ( form ) . remote ( form ) . additional metadata formats metsxml record\ntitle fairy footsteps schottische contributor names palmer , s . created / published gordon & son , s . t . , new york , 1881 , monographic . subject headings - schottisches - piano music genre sheet music notes - from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) - also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) form print electronic resource remote extent 1 score repository library of congress . music division . lc classification microfilm m 3500 m2 . 3 . u6a44 online format image description sheet music . print | 1 score | from : music copyright deposits , 1870 - 1885 ( microfilm m 3500 ) also available through the library of congress web site as facsimile page images . ( additional physical form ) . print ( form ) . electronic resource ( form ) . remote ( form ) . additional metadata formats metsxml record\nmore recently , the dewar dispersal of 1954 resulted in prices at unprecedented levels , including festoon at 36 , 000gns and refreshed at 30 , 000gns , and ten years later ten of 19 mares to realise five - figure sums at the december sales came from drafts from the national stud , which was withdrawing from breeding to become \u2013 temporarily , as it turned out \u2013 just a base for stallions . one dispersal that will be readily recalled by many was that of mares and fillies submitted by jim joel . that featured a 720 , 000gns bid for fairy footsteps and other massive sums for magic slipper ( 700 , 000gns ) and lady moon ( 600 , 000gns ) . the lowest price in the draft was 5 , 200gns for five - year - old barren mare regal beauty , who became rather more valuable later as dam of two - year - old champion high estate and king george victor king\u2019s theatre .\n1987 snugglepot & cuddlepie and other fairy folk of the australian bush written with robert holden , and published by james hardie . this catalogue was written to accompany the exhibition that was curated by robert holden and andrew mackenzie in the herbarium in the royal botanic gardens in melbourne and also in canberra . organized as a free exhibition for children throughout victoria and the act , over a ten - week period , more than one hundred thousand children visited the exhibition .\nthe first book is an interesting version of the original fairy tale . rose is a princess cursed at birth by a wicked witch . rose is kind , pretty , and really everything you want in a princess . the prince is normal for the most part , except his mom has some ogre blood . the story is being told in two parts , the prince and the princess . eventually the story intertwine with one another . the story is really about finding yourself .\nthat fairy king , who was bred by robert sangster\u2019s swettenham stud and partners , was given a chance at all was due to his illustrious breeding . he became one of the very best examples of the old saying \u201cblood will out\u201d with progeny ranging from arc de triomphe and english derby winners in the northern hemisphere to gr . 1 winner and champion sire encosta de lago , born from a cover in the first of his two southern shuttle seasons , 1992 and 1996 .\n\u201che\u2019s a horse we\u2019ve been following since day one and it\u2019s been very exciting to watch his career unfold from a debut win at two to being the best three year - old sprinting colt of his generation , \u201d widden owner antony thompson said after the colt\u2019s second gr . 1 success . \u201cnorthern meteor made such a huge impact for us in the short time that we were lucky enough to have him , so it seems only right that his best son should follow in his footsteps and join us at widden . \u201d\nother articles and papers included a paper in 1984 on\nmanuscript and collection development\nas a guide for the state library of victoria , a teacher ' s resource kit in 1987 for the\nsnugglepot and cuddlepie and other fairy folk of the australian bush\nexhibition , also in 1987 an article on the\nmanifold estate panels\nand in 1993 a major paper entitled ,\nvictoria : birthplace of the arts in australia\n. a more recent 11 page paper ,\nthe story of the heidelberg school artists trail\nwas produced in 2012 .\nhowever just one major son in australia has been enough to give the fairy king line a chance to shine here with the invitation stakes ( vichealth cup ) - gr . 1 ( 1400m ) winner encosta de lao ( ex shoal creek by star way ( gb ) ) , also winner of the ascot vale - gr . 2 ( now coolmore ) and the bill stutt stakes - gr . 2 and three times third ( caulfield guineas - gr . 1 , maribyrnong plate - gr . 2 and debutante stakes - lr ) becoming an instant success here , despite starting off with middle range mares in victoria in 1997 .\nspecial is a daughter of thong , while scuff is a daughter of moccasin ( nantallah - rough shod by gold bridge ) . special is the second dam of fairy king ( as well as being the dam of nureyev ) and special / scuff appear 4x2 in northern meteor\u2019s pedigree . he is also 4fx3m to mr . prospector and linebred to that horse\u2019s grandsire native dancer . northern meteor won three races including the ascot vale - gr . 1 ( coolmore ) over the flemington straight 1200m and was runner - up in the t . j . smith - gr . 1 ( 1200m ) at randwick and fourth in the vrc newmarket - gr . 1 , also at flemington .\ntowards the end of the 2013 - 14 season , the loss of northern meteor becomes even more apparent as his 83 winners ( 63 . 4 % ) of $ 7 . 5m include 10 stakes winners ( 7 . 6 % ) led of course by dual gr . 1 winner zoustar and also including his most recent gr . 1 winner cosmic endeavour ( danehill ) , who won the $ 500 , 000 tatts tiara - gr . 1 at eagle farm in late june and is also a dual gr . 2 winner ( six wins and earnings topping $ 1m ) , gr . 2 winner and gr . 1 runner - up eurozone ( don\u2019t say halo ) , who also retires to stud in 2014 , gr . 2 winner and gr . 1 placed bound for earth ( belong to me ) , gr . 3 winner the voice ( king\u2019s theatre ; has brothers fairy king / sadler\u2019s wells 3x3 ) and listed winners atmospherical ( flying spur ; inbred 4fx3m rolls , plus has sisters thong , moccasin and lisadell 6 , 4x5 ) , fighting sun ( ivory\u2019s irish , inbred 6 , 4x4 to sisters moccasin and thong ) , also retiring to stud in 2014 and veuvelicious ( medicean ) along with stakes placed northern glory ( viscount ) , gr . 1 third equator ( desert sun ) , mr jackman ( general nediym ) , mount zero ( royal academy ) , swing vote ( danehill dancer ) and mr bogart ( snippets ) . his progeny have a winning distance index of 1271m .\ni suppose they had the obituaries written already , had they ?\nintimations of mortality sit uneasily with a sporting immortal , and lester piggott ' s reaction to his heart scare , which sent a shiver through the racing world in may , is characteristically laconic .\njust as the seemingly indestructible 71 - year - old had shrugged off the regular death threats which came with the territory throughout his long riding career - first winner aged 12 , last aged 58 - so piggott plays down his week in the intensive care unit of a lausanne hospital :\nit just shows that it can happen to anyone . it ' s taken a long time to get back to normal , but i ' m fine again now .\nan immediate consequence of the heart scare was the postponement of lester piggott day at newmarket , his local racecourse , scheduled for a few days after he was taken into hospital . this now takes place on saturday , sponsored by bookmaker victor chandler and with proceeds going to piggott ' s chosen charities . the seven races on the programme are named after his guineas winners at the track but one in particular illustrates piggott ' s mind - boggling resilience . a week before the 1 , 000 guineas in 1981 he had been dragged under the front gates of the epsom starting stalls by a horse named winsor boy .\nmy right ear was practically severed ,\nhe recalls ,\nand it took 32 stitches to keep it in place . worse , i ' d pulled all the ligaments in my back .\npiggott devotees will be able to meet the great man in person on saturday . if you join the queue because you just have to tell him how he saved your dad from the poorhouse when getting up in the last stride to beat charlie smirke at the now defunct alexandra palace , do expect a broad grin but not a lengthy conversation .\nfor lester piggott has always been a reluctant icon , inclined to take the line of least resistance when meeting his public . he told me of one hot summer afternoon in the 1960s when he stopped to buy an ice cream from a kiosk on the finchley road , and the girl serving asked ,\naren ' t you wilson pickett ?\nalthough his resemblance to the soul singer was far from obvious , piggott said he was . it was simpler that way .\nthe level as well as the longevity of piggott ' s place in the public eye is unmatched by any other sportsman . which other sporting icon has appeared in a van morrison lyric , in a howard brenton play , and on spitting image ? and his admirers have been distinctly a - list . fred astaire praised his riding of sir ivor in the controversial 1968 washington international . ronnie wood was a major purchaser at a sale of piggott memorabilia in 1998 . beatles ' manager brian epstein approached him about handling his business affairs , but the famously careful jockey declined :\ni did not really want to be managed .\nsince his second retirement in 1990 , five years after he first quit the saddle , piggott ' s incomparable affinity with the racehorse has been deployed in his association with the cheval court stud in surrey , where he owns shares in several high - class mares .\nlester has a unique eye for a horse ,\nsays tony hirschfeld , owner of the stud .\nhis experience is invaluable in selecting the stallions to which we send our mares , in deciding which of the offspring we sell and which we keep , and in targeting races for the horses we have in training .\nmont etoile , whose victory in 2006 returned piggott as co - owner to the royal ascot winner ' s enclosure he had reached so often as the royal meeting ' s greatest jockey , runs today at yarmouth .\nthe wax model of lester piggott was removed from permanent exhibition at madame tussaud s only five years ago , after 40 years on display . the body has been recycled , but the head remains stored , pending another comeback . when that happens - and with lester piggott anything is possible - the obituaries will need updating yet again .\n\u00b7 the following clarification was printed in the guardian ' s corrections and clarifications column , thursday september 27 2007 . lester piggott did not retire for the second time in 1990 . he retired for the second and final time in 1994 .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na place where little fairies can come to life in a fun and exciting environment .\ni have always had a love for ballet as long as i can remember . i trained at a ballet school in south africa and went on to dance professionally . following an injury i left the ballet company but still wanted to be part of it all . i decided to train as a teacher ( qualifying as a cechhetti ballet teacher in 2013 ) so i would have the ability to pass on my love and knowledge of this wonderful art form to others .\nmy 3 year old little girl has just started and loves jessica\u2019s classes \u2013 full of fun and imagination . i wish we had started sooner !\nthank you also for the last few years of dance , helping to prepare her for school by making her confident , bubbly and secure away from me \u2013 that means so very much to us .\njosie absolutely loves her ballet classes . she is so excited each week and has so much fun when she is there ! you are an amazing teacher and really connect with the children . you make each class enjoyable for both children and adults . the classes are full of really imaginative activities , which all of the children love . thanks for making our tuesdays !\nmisusing or omitting the apostrophe is one of the commonest punctuation errors . showing possession the apostrophe ( \u2019 ) is used to show that something belongs to someone . it is usually added to the en . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\nowner : mr . h . j . joel breeder : mr . h . j . joel winnings : 6 starts : 3 - ? - ? , $ 119 , 679 1st nell gwyn s . gr . 3 ( gb ) , 1000 guineas s . gr . 1 ( gb ) 8f , waterford candelabra s . ( gb ) . 3rd musidora s . gr . 3 ( gb ) . sent to us 1987 , died 1996 ( close )\nfriendship house , elm grove , southsea ( 5 , 378 . 91 mi ) portsmouth po5 1jt\ncherry loves her ballet classes , amy is fantastic and seems to genuinely love the children , would recommend this ballet school to anyone . our whole family where so impressed with the recent show .\nmy eldest daughter has had lessons with amy since she was 2 and still adores her just as much at 9yrs ; my 3 yr old enjoys her classes just as much . amy is a gifted teacher and a lovely lady ! x\nrful way with the girls and i ' m very pleased we ' ve found this class . she ' s been talking about ' amy ' and her ballet moves most the day so thank you and see you next week \ufffd x\nmy little girl loves the class and her teacher couldn\u2019t ask for any better . she\u2019s improving all the time .\nboth my daughters have been going to ballet with amy for some time . she is a lovely approachab\nwe are very happy of our ballet classes . my daughter of 6 and her friends enjoy a lot to learn ballet with amy . big thank you , dear ! p . s . it was lovely to see amy ' s son today , he is gorgeous baby - boy !\namy is a lovely ballet teacher , and makes the classes fun for little ones . my daughter and her friend love the classes and have made lots of progress in a short space of time . 100 % recommend these classes . \ufffd\nfantastic classes , amy is so good with the little ones . my daughter has grown in confidence\nand skills . love the pay as you go approach too , it ' s just lovely .\nwe started ballet with amy when holly was two , she ' s now 5 and wouldn ' t want to go anywhere else . my youngest started this year and thinks amy is the best ever . . . and\nloves it . along with ballet and tap she loves amy . couldn ' t recommend enough xx\namy bought the love and passion of ballet back into bryony ' s world . bryony was taught by amy in the best kind of way . . . , through kindness and love !\nal , engaging and great with the children . highly recommend to any mums thinking about taking their children .\namy is a superb teacher , she is patient and kind and brings the best out of the budding dancers .\nthank you so much for being such a great teacher for my little girl . she loved her first lesson . she is excited about coming again next week ! x\nmy daughter has been with amy over a year . she makes the lessons fun and interactiv\ne . the children learn so well . my daughter loves going and learns to do the moves well . amy is a lovely teacher . top\n\u2b50\ufe0fgrade 2 ballet exam children\u2b50\ufe0f here is one of the longer dances for you to practice at home . dance b \u2018hide & seek\u2019 thanks chantelle ! \ud83d\ude1c ( character dance to follow on saturday )\nenter your details below and click ' subscribe ' and you ' ll have a free shoot account .\nwill reach a height of 0 . 1m and a spread of 0 . 3m after 5 - 10 years .\ngrow in moderately fertile , moist but well - drained neutral to acid soil in full sun . in frost - prone areas , plant out after last frost . under glass , grow in loam - based compost in full light . water moderately & feed monthly ; sparingly in winter .\ncreate your free shoot garden and make a record of the plants in your garden .\nadd your own photos , notes , get monthly email reminders on how to care for your plants , and connect with other gardeners . get started now .\ncreate a free shoot account and get instant access to expert care advice for this and other plants in your garden .\nyou ' ll also receive handy monthly email reminders of what needs doing . create your free account .\nin order to add a note on this plant , please add this plant to your plant lists .\nto add notes for this plant login to your account or register for a new account .\nto add images for this plant login to your account or register for a new account .\nto check if this plant is suitable for your garden first login to your account or subscribe .\nget expert info and easy to follow monthly care reminders for the plants in your garden by signing up for a free shoot account .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data , we ' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service . please review these pages now , as they apply to your continued use of our website .\ncurrent page requires javascript , this web browser either does not support javascript , or scripts are being blocked . please turn on javascript or use different browser .\n\u00a9 2009 - 2018 . depositphotos , inc . usa . all rights reserved .\npresented here is the online version of the special collections session created by the latin american library for the 2018 cast session , tulane treasures . in this hands - on exhibit , we highlight examples from the latin american library ' s image archive of stereoscopic photography taken in various locations and time periods within latin america and the caribbean . with these and other examples we trace our the technical and commercial development of latin american stereographs from the earliest beginnings of photography ( c . 1838 ) to the latest trends in digital formats that presage today ' s cutting - edge technologies for producing 3d images and vr ( virtual reality ) simulations . a second objective of this session is to demonstrate the potential for scholarship that stereographs hold from a variety of perspectives including historical , artistic , communications , and business marketing , to name just a few .\nthis exhibit examines early new world textual encounters between europeans and amerindians through selected rare books and original manuscripts from the latin american library\u2019s special collections . we focus specifically on how disparate conceptions of language and writing played out as ideological and discursive features within key texts . reflecting the library\u2019s collection strengths , the exhibit focuses most prominently on mesoamerica .\nan exploration of italian influence on new orleans opera from the late 18th century to modern times .\nwhile no scientific field has ever been an easy profession for women , botany was for many centuries one of the . . .\n\u00a9 2016 howard - tilton memorial library , tulane university | 7001 freret st . , new orleans , la 70118 | ( 504 ) 865 - 5605 |\n\u201cone never notices what has been done ; one can only see what remains to be done . \u201d\n\u201cin science , we must be interested in things , not in persons . \u201d\n\u201call my life through , the new sights of nature made me rejoice like a child . \u201d\n\u201cin the education of children the requirement of their growth and physical evolution should be respected , and that some time should be left for their artistic culture . \u201d\n\u201cnothing in life is to be feared , it is only to be understood . \u201d\n\u201ci was taught that the way of progress was neither swift nor easy . \u201d\n\u201clife is not easy for any of us . but what of that ? we must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves . \u201d\n\u201cit is important to make a dream of life and a dream reality . \u201d\n\u201cthere are sadistic scientists who hurry to hunt down errors instead of establishing the truth . \u201d\nmarie curie was the first woman to win a nobel prize , in physics , and with her later win , in chemistry , she became the first person to claim nobel honors twice .\nborn maria sklodowska on november 7 , 1867 , marie curie became the first woman to win a nobel prize and the first person\u2014man or woman\u2014to win the award twice . curie & apos ; s efforts , with her husband pierre curie , led to the discovery of polonium and radium and , after pierre & apos ; s death , the further development of x - rays . the famed scientist died on july 4 , 1934 .\nmarie curie working in her laboratory at the university of paris in 1925 . ( afp / getty images . )\nmarie curie discovered radioactivity , and , together with her husband pierre , the radioactive elements polonium and radium , while working with the mineral pitchblende .\nfascinated with the work of henri becquerel , a french physicist who discovered that uranium casts off rays weaker than the x - rays found by wilhelm conrad roentgen , marie curie took his work a few steps further . curie conducted her own experiments on uranium rays and discovered that they remained constant , no matter the condition or form of the uranium . the rays , she theorized , came from the element & apos ; s atomic structure . this revolutionary idea created the field of atomic physics . curie herself coined the word\nradioactivity\nto describe the phenomena .\nfollowing marie\u2019s discovery of radioactivity , she continued her research with her husband . working with the mineral pitchblende , the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898 . they named the element polonium , after marie & apos ; s native country of poland . they also detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende , and called that radium . in 1902 , the curies announced that they had produced a decigram of pure radium , demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element .\nmarie married french physicist pierre curie on july 26 , 1895 . they were introduced by a colleague of marie\u2019s after she graduated from the university of sorbonne ; marie had received a commission to perform a study on different types of steel and their magnetic properties and needed a lab to work in . a romance developed between the brilliant pair , and they became a scientific dynamic duo who were completely devoted to one another . at first marie and pierre worked on separate projects . but after marie discovered radioactivity , pierre put aside his own work to help her with her research .\nmarie suffered a tremendous loss in 1906 , when pierre was killed in paris after accidentally stepping in front of a horse - drawn wagon . despite her tremendous grief , she took over his teaching post at the sorbonne , becoming the institution & apos ; s first female professor .\nin 1911 , marie curie\u2019s relationship with her husband & apos ; s former student , paul langevin , became public . curie was derided in the press for breaking up langevin & apos ; s marriage , the negativity in part stemming from rising xenophobia in france .\nmarie curie , was born in warsaw in modern - day poland on november 7 , 1867 .\nboth of marie curie\u2019s parents were teachers , and she was the youngest of five children , following siblings zosia , j\u00f3zef , bronya and hela . as a child curie took after her father , wladyslaw , a math and physics instructor . she had a bright and curious mind and excelled at school . however , tragedy struck early : when she was only 10 , curie lost her mother , bronislawa , to tuberculosis .\na top student in her secondary school , curie could not attend the men & apos ; s - only university of warsaw . she instead continued her education in warsaw & apos ; s\nfloating university ,\na set of underground , informal classes held in secret . both curie and her sister bronya dreamed of going abroad to earn an official degree , but they lacked the financial resources to pay for more schooling . undeterred , curie worked out a deal with her sister . she would work to support bronya while she was in school and bronya would return the favor after she completed her studies . for roughly five years , curie worked as a tutor and a governess . she used her spare time to study , reading about physics , chemistry and math .\nin 1891 , curie finally made her way to paris and enrolled at the sorbonne . she threw herself into her studies , but this dedication had a personal cost . with little money , curie survived on buttered bread and tea , and her health sometimes suffered because of her poor diet . curie completed her master & apos ; s degree in physics in 1893 and earned another degree in mathematics the following year .\nmarie curie was the first woman to win a nobel prize and the first person\u2014man or woman\u2014to win the prestigious award twice . she remains the only one to be honored for accomplishments in two separate sciences .\nin 1903 , curie received the nobel prize in physics , along with her husband and henri becquerel , for their work on radioactivity . with their win , the curies developed an international reputation for their scientific efforts , and they used their prize money to continue their research .\nin 1911 , curie won her second nobel prize , this time in chemistry , for her discovery of radium and polonium . while she received the prize alone , she shared the honor jointly with her late husband in her acceptance lecture . around this time , curie joined with other famous scientists , including albert einstein and max planck , to attend the first solvay congress in physics and discuss the many groundbreaking discoveries in their field .\nwhen world war i broke out in 1914 , curie devoted her time and resources to helping the cause . she championed the use of portable x - ray machines in the field , and these medical vehicles earned the nickname\nlittle curies .\nafter the war , curie used her celebrity to advance her research . she traveled to the united states twice\u2014in 1921 and in 1929\u2014to raise funds to buy radium and to establish a radium research institute in warsaw .\n\u201cthe use of the x - rays during the war saved the lives of many wounded men ; it also saved many from long suffering and lasting infirmity . \u201d \u2014 marie curie\nmarie curie died on july 4 , 1934 , of aplastic anemia , believed to be caused by prolonged exposure to radiation . she was known to carry test tubes of radium around in the pocket of her lab coat , and her many years working with radioactive materials took a toll on her health .\nmarie curie made many breakthroughs in her lifetime . remembered as a leading figure in science and a role model for women , she has received numerous posthumous honors . several educational and research institutions and medical centers bear the curie name , including the curie institute and pierre and marie curie university , later renamed upmc .\nin 1995 , marie and pierre curie\u2019s remains were interred in the panth\u00e9on in paris , the final resting place of france & apos ; s greatest minds . curie became the first and one of only five women to be laid to rest there . in late 2017 , the panth\u00e9on hosted an exhibition to honor the 150th birthday of the pioneering scientist .\nin 1937 , \u00e8ve curie wrote the first of many biographies devoted to her famous mother , madame curie , which became a feature film a few years later . the story of the nobel laureate was back on the big screen in 2017 with marie curie : the courage of knowledge , featuring polish actress karolina gruszka . in 2018 , it was announced that amazon prime video was developing another biopic of curie , with british actress rosamund pike in the starring role .\nwe strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !\nmarie m . daly is best known for being the first african - american woman to receive a ph . d . in chemistry in the united states .\nfrench physicist pierre curie was one of the founding fathers of modern physics and is best known for being a pioneer in radioactive studies .\nmary mahoney became the first black woman to complete nurse ' s training in 1879 .\nphysicist joseph rotblat participated in the manhattan project . after the world war ii , he devoted himself to peaceful applications of nuclear physics .\nmarie dressler is best known for her acting in the theater and film , winning an oscar .\nalbert einstein\u2019s newly revealed diaries on his asia and the middle east travels in the 1920s reveal racist , xenophobic views , insulting in particular the chinese as\nindustrious , filthy , obtuse people .\nlater in life the physicist advocated for u . s . civil rights and joined the naacp .\nmarie antoinette helped provoke the popular unrest that led to the french revolution and to the overthrow of the monarchy in august 1792 .\nmary leakey was a paleoanthropologist who , along with husband louis , made several prominent scientific discoveries . skull fossils found by the leakeys advanced our understanding of human evolution .\n\u00a9 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .\nshe was not the greatest filly ever to sport the pale blue and yellow silks shared by lord weinstock , his son simon and father - in - law sir michael sobell , but grecian sea could scarcely have made a greater contribution to the trio ' s breeding operation .\ndespite her death in 1998 , the mare ' s legacy has been felt more keenly than ever after two of her grandchildren made a big impression at royal ascot this season .\nmont etoile was a cosy winner of the group two ribblesdale stakes , while sir michael stoute has big hopes for mountain high , out of grecian sea ' s outstanding broodmare daughter hellenic , after a head defeat in the group two hardwicke stakes .\nher first foal , new trojan ( by the sobell / weinstock 1979 derby hero troy ) , was trained by hern to finish second in the 1986 king edward vii stakes , golden wave picked up black type with a vintage stakes placing at goodwood and celtic river was placed in listed company .\nthere were nine winners in total and none better than hellenic , a daughter of darshaan who won the 1990 yorkshire oaks and ribblesdale stakes as well as finishing runner - up in that season ' s st leger .\nhellenic has been to sadler ' s wells for 10 of her 14 coverings to date , including this year after foaling a colt by the 14 - times champion , and it is a proven formula that has produced gold cup third election day , now a sire in colombia , german group one winner greek dance and the brilliant islington , whose cv featured a breeders ' cup filly & mare in addition to three british group 1 successes .\nnew morning , sold privately to nicholas springer , won last year ' s brigadier gerard stakes while mountain high , who joined the coolmore team without appearing at public auction , is the product of a mating with danehill .\ngrecian sea ' s daughter troyes - who made just 13 , 000gns at the 1998 december sales - produced mont etoile and is also the grand - dam of 1999 french derby second nowhere to exit . three other daughters of grecian sea - desert beauty , olympienne and sea picture - as well as the granddaughters desert bloom and islington are currently breeding at ballymacoll , continuing a dynasty begun by a purchase at tattersalls in 1938 .\nthe co meath stud ' s then famously eccentric owner dorothy paget bought a hyperion filly she was to name coventry belle from esmond harmsworth for 2 , 300gns at the december foal sale 65 years before her descendant mont etoile made 60 , 000gns at the same fixture .\ncoventry belle ' s year - older full - sister godiva went on to win the 1000 guineas and oaks , and her granddaughter country house , a three - time winner when trained by sir gordon richards , produced the great miler and champion sire reform .\nfollowing paget ' s death , michael sobell and the weinstocks purchased ballymacoll and its bloodlines in 1960 , six years later producing reform ' s full - sister knighton house , who - also trained by richards - finished second in the coronation stakes and is grecian sea ' s grand - dam .\nother descendants of coventry belle have delivered such luminaries as derby winner north light and golan to ballymacoll and with grecian sea ' s line proving such efficient breeders , it will be surprising if the family does not yield more stars in years to come .\nthe - racehorse is an online horse racing and breeding magazine with information on horse racing and breeding statistics .\nran ten times and won three races . as a two - year - old , pourparler won two important races in england and finished third in the prix robert papin in france . in the following spring , she was beaten in her first two races before winning the 1000 guineas at\n. she was beaten in her two subsequent races before being retired to stud , where she had limited success as a broodmare .\n, ireland , by peter fitzgerald . she was sired by hugh lupus , a french - bred stallion who won the\nas a yearling , pourparler was sold to beatrice , lady granard , and sent into training with paddy prendergast at his stable at the curragh in county kildare .\npourparler ran five times as a two - year - old and won twice . in may , having been beaten in her first two races , she was sent to england for the national stakes over five\n. she finished third behind the french colts djel and yours . in august prendergast sent the filly back to england for the\n, she won at odds of 7 / 2 from the english fillies flattering and gwen .\neight pounds below the top - rated colt talahasse and three behind the leading filly mesopotamia .\non 17 march , when she finished fourth in the spring plate over seven furlongs . she was then sent to england , where she started favourite for the 1000 guineas trial stakes at\nat newmarket racecourse , pourparler started at odds of 11 / 2 for the 1000 guineas in a field of eighteen fillies , with gwen being made the 9 / 10 favourite .\nand was one of a series of wins by foreign horses in major races which led to the 1964 season being described as a particularly depressing one for british racing .\n, for which she was made odds - on favourite . she finished third of the six runners behind ocean , a filly who was carrying seven pounds less than the guineas winner ."]}
{"id": 370, "summary": [{"text": "hydrocynus is a genus of large characin fish in the family alestidae commonly called \" tigerfish , \" endemic to the african continent .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name is derived from ancient greek \u1f55\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1 ( \" water \" ) + \u03ba\u03cd\u03c9\u03bd ( \" dog \" ) .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "( in fact , this fish is popularly referred to as poisson chien ( dog fish ) in french-speaking west africa . ) the genus contains five species , all popularly known as \" african tigerfish \" for their fierce predatory behavior and other characteristics that make them excellent game fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "hydrocynus are normally piscivorous but h. vittatus is the only freshwater fish proven to prey on birds in flight . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "hydrocynus", "paragraphs": ["introduction , acknowledgements & suggested reading general care key to species hydrocynus goliath hydrocynus brevis hydrocynus forskahlii hydrocynus vittatus hydrocynus cf .\nstout vatf\nhydrocynus cf .\nbig eye\nhydrocynus tanzaniae references \u200b\n- lower congo , sympatric with hydrocynus goliath and hydrocynus vittatus s . s . \u200b\nafrican tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) id and care guide 3 . 0 | urltoken\na guide to the care and id of african tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) 3 . 0\ncryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events .\nthe five recognised and named species of hydrocynus . from bottom . . . | download scientific diagram\nthe spatio - temporal congruence of cladogenic events in hydrocynus with episodes of tectonism in the african rift system .\nlewis , d . s . c . ( 1974 ) the food and feeding habits of hydrocynus forskahlii cuvier and hydrocynus brevis gunther in lake kainji , nigeria . j . fish biol . 6 : 349 - 363 pdf\nbayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\nbayesian tree of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in mrbayes , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\nmaximum parsimony of the cytochrome b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in paup , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\ncryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . - pubmed - ncbi\ndated bayesian tree of the cyt b sequence data of hydrocynus produced in beast , using the gtr parameters specified by modeltest .\npaugy , d . and j . - f . gu\u00e9gan 1989 note \u00e0 propos de trois esp\u00e8ces d ' hydrocynus ( pisces , characidae ) du bassin du niger suivie de la r\u00e9habilitation de l ' esp\u00e8ce hydrocynus vittatus ( castelnau , 1861 ) . rev . hydrobiol . trop . v . 22 ( no . 1 ) : 63 - 69 .\nbell - cross , g . ( 1966 ) preliminary observations on hydrocynus vittatus in the upper zambezi river system . fish res . bull . zamb . 4 : 21 - 27 pdf\nsummary of 88 genotyped individuals of hydrocynus characterized in this study , together with 2 genbank sequences , ordered by taxa with corresponding haplotype designations ( total = 42 ) and their collection sites .\ncompletely absent from the hobby . what we thought were tatf were in fact cf .\nbig eye\n, which matches the scale counts for hydrocynus tanzaniae perfectly , but is indisputably from the congo river . \u200b\nmap . the principal drainage systems and localities of key relevance to tigerfish biogeography and associated research . distributional lacunae depicted in yellow denote lakes and rivers where tigerfish do not occur . the distribution of tanzanian tigerfish , hydrocynus tanzaniae is highlighted for the rufiji - ruaha drainage system ( white ) . although hydrocynus are listed as occurring in the rovuma drainage system ( green ) , the identity of these fish , if present , awaits elucidation .\nfin clips or muscle tissue were collected from 88 hydrocynus individuals sampled from 12 drainage systems in the study area , preserved in 96 % ethanol and stored at room temperature or 4\u00b0c until dna extraction ( table s1 ) .\nhydrocynus tanzaniae . i ' ve had this pic forever , but i don ' t remember where it came from . this is the only in - tank shot i ' ve ever seen that appears to match a true tanzy . \u200b\nbrewster , b . ( 1986 ) a review of the genus hydrocynus cuvier 1819 ( teleostei , characiformes ) . bull . brit . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 50 ( 3 ) : 163 - 206 . pdf\nwith the aim of resolving the cryptic diversity in hydrocynus , current research is examining representative museum specimens of all these taxa in a multi - faceted generic revision . this revision will include formal taxonomic evaluation of all cryptic lineages revealed by mtdna genotyping .\nthe inaugural publication on tigerfish evolution is published in plos one . an overview of the project ( cotterill and goodier 2009 ) summarizes the described diversity of hydrocynus , and also places the phylogeographic aspects of the research into the context of drainage evolution .\nnot formally described . broadly matches the overall appearance and published description of hydrocynus vittatus s . s . , but scale counts perfectly match those of hydrocynus tanzaniae : 43 - 47 lateral line scales and 3 scale rows between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion . known from the lower congo , sympatric with hydrocynus goliath and hydrocynus vittatus s . s . . cf .\nbig eyes\nare a bright , whitish silvery color . they can have red , orange or yellow caudal fins with both lobes having color . the center of the caudal fin , regardless of color , is often red . paired fins are often pale yellow or orange . the anus is often orange or red . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . vatf from the upper zambezi display sexually dimorphic coloration ; it is unclear if this applies to cf .\nbig eye\n. mature males had bright yellow caudal fins with bright red markings on the bottom lobe . mature females had bright orange caudal fins . \u200b\ni ' ve done little to no research on this fish , since it has not been readily available . you can check out various fishing web sites under the african tiger fish or genus name hydrocynus and that should give you a lot of native habitat information .\ncitation : goodier sam , cotterill fpd , o ' ryan c , skelton ph , de wit mj ( 2011 ) cryptic diversity of african tigerfish ( genus hydrocynus ) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked neogene geotectonic events . plos one 6 ( 12 ) : e28775 . urltoken\nthis study provides the first complete molecular phylogeny of hydrocynus , which incorporates all described species , with representative geographical coverage . moreover , spatio - temporal resolution of diversification in hydrocynus , revealed by molecular dating of cladogenic events and structuring of genetic variation , points to pervasive control of landscape evolution , within and across extant drainage basins . these implications , pertinently as tests of tectonic control , are discussed in detail below . however , first we set in place the platform of taxonomic and phylogeographical knowledge informed by this phylogeny and associated phylogeographic statistics .\nbrewster , b . 1986 ( 31 july ) a review of the genus hydrocynus cuvier 1819 ( teleostei : characiformes ) . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) zool . v . 50 ( no . 3 ) : 163 - 206 .\na definitive key to identify african tiger fish ( hydrocynus ) ( version 1 . 1 of this guide ) on the problem of identifying african tiger fish and the mythical black goliath . hydrocynus sp . tiger fish clarification show us you goliath tiger fish show your atf tatf , vatf , lake tanganyika , exporters and why you don ' t know what atf you have big eye atf id definitive proof . . . tatf ! another atf riddle solved . brevis & forskahlii ; same tank , same time . how to id . an interesting article on atf \u200b\nwith other fish . the author can testify to the fearless , bold nature of hydrocynus brevis . he kept a young specimen that was singularly fearless ; this species is easily the boldest and most aggressive species . the author ' s six inch batf would terrorize his foot long gatf .\nwinemiller , k . o . & kelso - winemiller , l . c . ( 1994 ) comparative ecology of the african pike , hepsetus odoe , and tigerfish , hydrocynus forskahlii , in the zambezi river floodplain . j . fish biol . 45 ( 2 ) : 211 - 225 . pdf\nhydrocynus tanzaniae - gill rakers approximately one - third the length of the gill filaments ; lateral line with 43 - 47 pored scales ; anal fin with 3 soft , unbranched and usually 12 branched rays ; vertebrae 46 - 47 ; lateral stripes distinct ; confined to eastward flowing rivers of tanzania . \u200b\nif the tectonism that reconfigured african drainage basins has had only marginal impacts on ancestral populations of tigerfishes , then rifting history will be decoupled from the tempo and mode of hydrocynus evolution . conversely , contingent on spatio - temporal resolution , we can expect phylogeographic records of hydrocynus to preserve fingerprints of paleogeographic history , which would testify to impacts of tectonism across the african plate . if subsequent dispersals are prevented , new drainage divides forged by tectonism can be expected to become foci of biotic disjunction . we should equally expect distinct phylogeographic structuring across dispersal barriers within larger drainage basins , which reflect reduced admixture between neighbouring populations .\nwith the exception of group e in the sanaga river ( figure 3 ) , all these newly discovered cryptic lineages occur in sympatry with at least one described species of hydrocynus . it is still unclear if these sympatric lineages occupy different ecological niches and / or breeding habitats , given the evidence of their allopatric origin , within ancestral distributional barriers , before subsequent dispersals resulted in the sympatry seen today . this discovery endorses the need for morphological , ecological and behavioural studies of hydrocynus to evaluate the hypotheses as to whether different niches ( habitat selection ) or breeding biology explain the reproductive isolation represented in these lineages of tigerfishes .\na mid - miocene divergence event at 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5\u20137 . 1 ) ma separates h . goliath from all other hydrocynus species . the cladogenic event that founded h . brevis and the forskahlii complex at 6 . 8 ( ci : 10 . 8\u20133 . 2 ) ma , in the late miocene and pliocene ) corresponds to isolation of the niger and sanaga basins along the northern congo basin [ 64 ] , when the youngest geologically - dated tectonic events modified the cameroon volcano - tectonic rift . this is the last remaining active part of a longer lived central african rift system that started in the cretaceous during the opening phases of the indian and atlantic oceans [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 65 ] ( figure 6 ) . further sampling of hydrocynus is required to reconstruct its evolutionary history in the nilo - sahelian basins in adequate detail , and further test the neogene paleogeographical model [ 66 ] , [ 67 ] . nevertheless , the cladogenesis that founded nilo - sahelian hydrocynus overlaps with molecular dating of a late miocene divergence in african crocodylus , dated at 8 . 13 ( ci : 5 . 24\u201312 . 64 ) ma [ 68 ] . corroborating the hydrocynus fossils in the chad basin ( late miocene \u223c7 ma ) [ 27 ] , [ 67 ] , these phylogeographic records constitute independent evidence for a late miocene occurrence of tigerfishes north of the congo basin . molecular dating constrains when the latter were isolated from congo hydrocynus by drainage rearrangement across the central african rift zone , associated with the cameroon volcano - tectonic rift ( figures 4 and 6 ) .\nour phylogeographic results reveal key spatio - temporal details of how divergence events and demographic responses of tigerfishes have played out across african drainage systems over the late cenozoic . these cladogenic and dispersal events testify to the marked sensitivity of hydrocynus to the geomorphic evolution that fragmented and reconfigured drainage basins . this biogeographical resolution corroborates that obtained for galaxiid fishes and drainage evolution in the southern alps , new zealand [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . collectively , they demonstrate how combined geological and genetic data provide the keys to unravel the histories of drainage basins and their biodiversity . these insights position us to evaluate how biotic events in hydrocynus interfaced with the geological evolution of neogene africa .\nbeyond corroboration of morphological evidence for five species recognised in the current taxonomy of hydrocynus [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , the discovery of five previously unknown lineages ( groups a\u2013e ) , each with independent evolutionary histories initiated in the plio - pleistocene , indicates that significant tigerfish diversity has been overlooked in africa . we argue that these cryptic species await formal taxonomic characterization . in particular , these discoveries highlight the existence of three distinct lineages in the congo basin , sympatric with h . goliath and h . vittatus . the discoveries of cryptic diversity in hydrocynus raise poignant questions about the future management of fisheries as well as the existence of other undiscovered biodiversity in african drainage systems .\n\u2026freshwaters , tigerfishes of the genus hydrocynus ( sometimes hydrocyon ) are admired game fishes of the characin family , characidae ( order cypriniformes ) . they are marked , depending on the species , with one or several dark , lengthwise stripes and are swift , voracious , salmon - shaped carnivores with daggerlike teeth that protrude when the mouth is closed . there\u2026\nbesides representative geographical coverage , the cyt b genotypes obtained in this study ( table s1 ) include topotypical representatives of all five recognized hydrocynus species ( figure 2 ) : from the nile river ( h . forskahlii ) , khartoum , nile ( h . brevis ) , main congo river ( h . goliath ) , ruvu and rufiji rivers ( h . tanzaniae ) , and okavango delta ( h . vittatus ) [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] ( figure 2 ) . recovery of congruent evolutionary relationships with multiple phylogenetic methods lends confidence in the phylogeny obtained for hydrocynus , with strong nodal support ( bootstrap , gsi and posterior probability ) . the sampling representation in this study not only underscores the taxonomic representativeness of our genetic results but lays to rest any residual controversy pertaining to brewster ' s [ 56 ] treatment of h . vittatus as a synonym of h . forskahlii . beyond endorsing the previous refutation of this synonymy on morphological grounds [ 55 ] , genetic evidence reveals that the marked phylogenetic divergence between h . forskahlii and the vittatus complex ( including h . vittatus ) represents a relatively deep ( miocene ) cladogenic event in the evolution of hydrocynus ( table 2 , figures 2 and 3 ) . clearly , the mtdna phylogeny produced in this study significantly improves our knowledge of the diversity of the genus and evolutionary relationships among its species . moreover , the spatio - temporal complexity in hydrocynus relationships , revealed in molecular dating of divergence events , focuses questions awaiting biogeographical explanation .\na combination of primers designed in this study and modified universal pcr primers were used to amplify the cyt b region ( table s5 ) . alignment of available hydrocynus sequences , sequences of closely related characiforms from genbank [ 90 ] and partial cyt b sequences [ 18 ] were used to design primers . the final cyt b fragment was amplified as two parts . two primer combinations ( l14724hycf2 or l14990fishf and h15494hycr2 , and l15408hyc with one of three reverse primers ( hycgr2 , hycr3 or h15919hycr ) were used to amplify the respective , partially overlapping amplicons . the large number of reverse primers used was a result of the variability among hydrocynus species at the region initially selected for primer binding , based on the partial genbank sequences and related characiformes .\nhydrocynus goliath - usuallly with 12 - 14 teeth in the upper jaw . gill rakers very short , less than one - third the length of the filaments ; lateral line with 53 - 58 pored scales ; anal fin with 3 soft , unbranched and usually 14 branched rays ; vertebrae 52 - 54 ; lateral stripes not distinctive ; found in the congo river . \u200b\nonly posterior probabilities over 0 . 90 are shown . error bars indicate the 95 % confidence intervals on the node dates ; numbers inside the bars are the dates estimated by beast ; those inside ovals are discussed in the text . the horizontal axis depicts time before present in millions of years ( ma ) . the colour coding of hydrocynus lineages corresponds to the drainage system ( s ) represented in each haplotype .\nopefe was recently sent 5 preserved african tiger fish juveniles . on march 22 , 2000 opefe secured 2 live specimens of hydrocynus vittatus . most of these were sent to oregon state university where dr . douglas markle will be using them for his neo - tropical division students . the fish measured about 5 - 6 inches each and all were positively identified by dr . markle ' s student as h . vittatus .\nhydrocynus somonorum - h . somonorum was described by daget in 1954 on h . brevis material . it was described as being a separate species based on morphological variation within h . brevis . this species was rejected as invalid in that the supposed differences fell well within the described perimeters for h . brevis . as such , h . somonorum is a junior synonym of h . brevis , which remains valid . \u200b\nhydrocynus brevis - gill rakers approximately one - third the length of the gill filaments ; 4th infraorbital width broad , approximately 7 . 7 percent of the standard length ( range 6 . 9 - 8 . 9 percent ) ; body deep ; lateral line with 47 - 55 pored scales ; vertebrae 49 - 51 ; lateral stripes conspicuous ; found from the nilo - sudan region to the west coast of northern africa . \u200b\nviewed at a continental scale , the phylogeography of hydrocynus reveals that the diversity and distribution of extant species reflects a complex history in which incidents of vicariance caused principal cladogenic events , but dispersal events expanded distributions of particular species to result in sympatry . the interplay of these processes is exemplified in the congo basin , where vicariants ( pertinently group c ) appear to have seeded the congo basin from the south , after their evolution in geographically isolated drainage basins , formerly centred on plio - pleistocene lakes in the bangweulu , mweru and upper zambezi basins [ 12 ] . as advocated by the chrono - biogeographic strategy [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , our analyses reveal two modes of speciation in hydrocynus . allopatry can be caused by either dichopatric speciation , where a widely distributed ancestral species became isolated across a new geographical barrier , or peripatric speciation , where founders disperse across an across an existing barrier with subsequent divergence . this dichotomy in mode of diversification reflects a critical difference in how biodiversity dynamics have interfaced with paleo - environmental dynamics [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . moreover , relatively recent range expansions of dichopatric lineages explain the sympatry of hydrocynus in the congo basin , into which group c and h . vittatus have dispersed from the luapula ( lake mweru ) and upper zambezi , respectively .\nthis map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database and the aeon africa rivers database , . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .\nhydrocynus forskahlii - gill rakers long , approximately equal in length to gill filaments ; 4th infraorbital width ( widthe of head just below eyes ) approximately 6 . 1 percent ( range 5 . 1 to 7 . 5 percent ) of the standard length ; body not deep ; lateral line with 46 - 53 pored scales ; vertebrae 45 - 51 ; lateral stripes prominent ; found in the nile , sanaga and omo rivers and western cameroon . \u200b\nhere we use analyses of genetic variation and molecular dating methods to test for geomorphic control by paleo - drainage dynamics of the evolution of hydrocynus . a chrono - biogeographical approach [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] structures this paper , employing phylogeographic analyses in a cross - disciplinary , geobiological framework [ 12 ] . quantified patterns of spatio - temporal genetic variation enable tests for relative roles of vicariance and / or dispersal in shaping tigerfish diversity . a biochronological reconstruction of diversification in hydrocynus frames analyses of the demographic structuring of genetic variation in a phylogeny informed by mtdna sequence data . molecular dating of principal nodes in the phylogeny provides critical constraints to test the relative fidelity of biotic events against tectonic events . besides orthodox statistical tests of nodal support ( bootstrapping and bayesian posterior probabilities ) in phylogenetic reconstruction , we employ statistical tests of genetic admixture and genetic variation among tigerfish lineages to evaluate influences of drainage rearrangements , and thus tectonism .\nin order to estimate the ages of the lineage divergences of hydrocynus , a relaxed phylogenetics method was implemented in beast 1 . 4 . 8 [ 41 ] . this method employs a relaxed molecular clock that co - estimates the tree and dates of divergence of the lineages , given the stipulated model of nucleotide substation ( gtr ) . an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock prior with a species birth - death tree prior was used to estimate the timing of divergences between lineages [ 97 ] . short runs of 100 000 generations were performed to optimise the operators , which allows the algorithm to sample the target distribution faster and more efficiently , using the suggestions of the previous run in the following run until no more suggestions were made . a long run of 50 000 000 generations was then performed , logging parameters every 1 000 generations . all other priors and operators were kept at the default settings . burnin was set to the first 5 000 logged trees . the minimum age of appearance of hydrocynus at approximately 12 ma [ 22 ] , [ 26 ] was used as a calibration point of the root of the tree with a lognormal distribution . as there is no hydrocynus specific cyt b evolutionary rate , a generalised teleost cyt b substitution rate of 0 . 76\u20132 . 2 % per million years was used as a uniform prior [ 98 ] . all other priors and operators were kept at the default settings .\nhydrocynus vittatus is a demersal , potamodromous species . it prefers warm , well - oxygenated water , mainly larger rivers and lakes . all but the largest form roving schools of like - sized fish ; aptly described as fierce and voracious . hydrocynus vittatus feeds on whatever prey is most abundant but brycinus , micralestes , barbus , and limnothrissa are favoured ( skelton 1993 ) . it is a useful food fish in some areas ( eccles 1992 ) . breeding takes pace on a very few days each year , when the first good rains have swollen rivers and streams , usually in december and january at which time it undertakes a spawning migration up rivers and into small streams ( jackson 1961 ) . the females spawn a great number of eggs in very shallow water , among the stems of grasses and other submerged and partly submerged vegetation and here the young live until the falling of the flood water forces them out of this refuge ( jackson 1961 ) .\nfigure 1 . the five recognised and named species of hydrocynus . from bottom ( clockwise ) : a ) h . brevis , b ) h . vittatus , c ) h . goliath , d ) h . forskahlii and e ) h . tanzaniae . photo credits : a ) stan nabozny , b ) ryan clark , c ) mike de wit , d ) dirk neumann , e ) keith clover . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0028775 . g001\nbeast [ 41 ] , mr bayes [ 42 ] and paup [ 43 ] all produced trees with consistent major branching orders that exhibit a strong topological congruence ( figures s1 , s2 and s3 , respectively ) . the dated phylogeny ( figure 4 ) exhibits equally close congruence , and illustrates divergence dates in millions of years ( ma ) with confidence intervals ( ci ) ( tables 2 and 3 ) . a total of ten unique evolutionary mtdna lineages were recovered with high support ( bootstrap and posterior probability ) . beyond recovering lineages that correspond to the five species recognised by morphological characters [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] these data reveal the existence of previously unrecognized diversity within hydrocynus , with the ranges of three of these lineages confined within the extant congo drainage basin ( table 4 , figures 2 , 3 and 4 ) . until such time that this taxonomic complexity of hydrocynus is formally characterized , these previously unrecognized lineages are distinguished as follows ( table 4 ) :\nthis map depicts the geographical relationships of the main rivers and lakes relevant to the biogeography and evolution of hydrocynus , and localities mentioned in the text . this map was constructed using arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . main rivers and lakes depicted in the legend are labeled with letters ( rivers ) and numbers ( lakes ) respectively . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context .\nhydrocynus vittiger - h . vittiger was originally described by boulenger as h . vittatus , but had to rename it due to the existence of h . vittatus that we are familiar with in the hobby today , which was already described and named by castelnau in 1861 . as such , boulenger renamed what he believed to be his new taxa h . vittiger in 1907 . h . vittiger was examined by brewster in 1986 and found to be morphologically identical to h . goliath , which makes h . vittiger a junior synonym and confirms h . goliath as valid . \u200b\nmicralestes acutiden s ( genbank accession number : ay791418 . 1 ) and ladigesia roloffi ( ay791417 . 1 ) were selected as outgroups due to their close genetic relationship to hydrocynus identified by calcagnotto et al . [ 18 ] . taxa were accepted as representing a certain species based on their affinities to known sequences from respective species from known localities , where available , and to sequences from topotypical material ( obtained from the type locality ) , and identified voucher specimens . for example , h . vittatus from the okavango delta is considered topotypical [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] .\nthis species has a wider distribution area than other hydrocynus species since it occurs in both , the savannah as well as the forested areas . it ranges from senegal to ethiopia , and egypt to uganda and kenya . central africa : hydrocynus forskahlii is known from the lower and central congo river basin and from pool malebo ( stanley pool ) . the records from lake mweru are possibly hydrocinus vittatus . eastern africa : it is present in lake albert , the albert and murchison niles , and lake turkana northern africa : this species is found along the river nile , and lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . the population used to increase during flood season before the construction of aswan dam . northeast africa : it is known from the ghazal and jebel systems in sudan , tekeze and setit in eritrea , and the rift lakes , and baro and omo rivers , ethiopia western africa : in west africa it is found in the basins of the chad , niger / benue , ogun , ou\u00e9m\u00e9 , mono , volta , como\u00e9 , bandama , sassandra , nipou\u00e9 ( cess ) , st . paul , mano , little scarcies , gambia , and senegal .\nthe estimated divergence dates on the dated cyt b tree exhibit fairly large confidence intervals ( e . g . 11 . 1 ( ci : 15 . 5\u20137 . 1 ) ma on the divergence between h . goliath and all other taxa . this most likely reflects the use of only one calibration point and a universal estimate of substitution rate in teleost cyt b . however , despite this large uncertainty , the estimated dates provide reliable evidence to discuss the evolutionary history of hydrocynus since even approximate estimates can be used to explain biogeographical history [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 62 ] , [ 63 ] .\nas judged by scattered sampling locations , several thousand kilometres apart , several populations of hydrocynus share haplotypes across vast distances in the congo basin ( table s1 , figure 2 ) . this indicates that these populations ( representing h . goliath and h . vittatus , respectively ) were connected and / or underwent major dispersals in the recent geological past . this is somewhat surprising due to the large size of the basin and physical barriers proposed to restrict fish dispersal ( e . g . kisangani falls and portes d ' enfer on the lualaba river ) [ 17 ] , [ 60 ] . nevertheless , it is interesting how knickpoints in the luvua river [ fl\u00fcgel et al . unpublished data ] can be invoked to have prevented upstream dispersal of h . goliath and h . vittatus into lake mweru , yet group c appears to have dispersed downstream through the luvua ( as represented by its occurrence across the congo basin , figures 2 and 3 ) . at least in the case of hydrocynus group d , the demonstration of shared haplotypes across the zambian congo drainage system corroborates bell - cross ' s [ 6 ] hypothesis that waterfalls on the luapula river ( linking the formerly isolated lakes bangweulu and mweru ) no longer restrict fish dispersal entirely ( figure 3 ) .\nhydrocynus forskahlii is a pelagic , potamodromous species that forms shoals . it is an open water predator often found near the water surface ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) and feeds on fishes , preferring long bodied fish as they are easier to swallow and also takes insects , shrimps , grass and snails ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . this species is cannibalistic . it is preyed upon by fish eagle haliaeetus vocifer ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . breeding migrations have been reported up several tributaries of lake kariba during the rains ( bell - cross and minshull 1988 ) . spawning takes place most of the year .\nthe pliocene cladogenic event at 3 . 9 ( ci : 6 . 9\u20131 . 6 ) ma isolated group a in the congo basin from the clade today represented by h . tanzaniae and the vittatus complex . its timing concurs with constraints on activity in the western branch of the active east african rift system ( figure 6 ) , presently geologically - dated to have started between 4\u201312 ma , with an apparent focus around 5 . 5 ma [ 36 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] . this event in hydrocynus is interpreted as vicariance of a formerly contiguous drainage system that linked the eastern congo basin to the tanzanian plateau . association of this event in hydrocynus , with initiation of the rifting that formed lake tanganyika overlaps with estimated timings for three lacustrine radiations : in synodontis catfish in the late miocene at 5 . 5 ( ci 7 . 3\u20134 . 0 ) ma [ 71 ] , mastacembelus eels at 7\u20138 ( ci 10 . 6\u20135 . 5 ) ma [ 72 ] and platythelphusid crabs conservatively dated at 3 . 3\u20132 . 5 ma in the late pliocene [ 73 ] . the disruption of the former east - west drainage system , archived as a cladogenic event in these extant hydrocynus , therefore slightly postdates the geologically - dated tectonic uplift in this region of the east african rift . nevertheless , despite significant uncertainty in geological dates , together with the wide error on molecular dates , there is a remarkable agreement between the geological - and biological - clocks to support strong linkages between the tectonic and cladogenic events . initiation of this rifting that formed lake tanganyika has recently been reappraised to \u223c5 . 5 ma [ 36 ] , [ 69 ] , [ 70 ] , and it constitutes the plausible mechanism that disrupted a former east - west drainage system to isolate the tanzanian plateau from the eastern congo basin . the lukuga and malagarasi rivers are possibly extant vestiges of the former contiguous river ( figure 3 ) .\nhydrocynus goliath is the largest species of atf and the one that most people go searching for when they first try to get one . these things have attained huge popularity thanks to their inclusion in an episode of river monsters with jeremy wade . these are probably the most sought after species , and as such are the most misidentified species . this is because the shippers in africa know that goliath fetches the highest prices and often willfully mislabel their fish as goliath when they know full well the fish aren ' t actually gatf . distributors will then sell the fish as whatever their distributor tells them it is , which invariably confuses the customers . there are three apparent varieties of hydrocynus goliath in the hobby . a faster growing population that is thicker bodied with a longer , flatter dead ; a slower growing variety that is thinner bodied , more torpedo shaped with a more conical head ; and a rumored black variety . there are credible reports of all black gatf existing , but are exceedingly rare . based on my conversations with douglas dann in 2013 , it appears as though the greatest preponderance of black gatf came from what he called the black river in the war torn region between the democratic republic of the congo and the republic of the congo . the increasing political unrest is why he left the country , and could explain the lack of black specimens in the hobby . \u200b\nphylogenies of hydrocynus using the cyt b data set were constructed in beast 1 . 4 . 8 package [ 41 ] , mrbayes 3 . 1 . 1 [ 42 ] and paup 4 . 0b10 [ 43 ] , using the gtr model parameters for each data set . however , only the beast data are presented and discussed . beast uses bayesian inference and a mcmc sampling procedure to reconstruct a phylogeny by estimating the probability distribution given sequence data [ 41 ] , [ 42 ] . this algorithm weights trees in proportion to their posterior probability , such that a branch with a posterior probability close to 1 is considered well supported , whereas a value close to 0 is considered very weakly supported .\nhydrocynus vittatus is known from most of sub - saharan africa from senegal to ethiopia , and south to south africa . central africa : hydrocynus vittatus is found throughout the congo river basin . in lower guinea , it is found in the cross and sanaga basins . eastern africa : this species is known from lake tanganyika and major affluent rivers , including malagarasi river , as well as lake albert and murchison nile , lake turkana ( seegers et al . 2003 ) and lake rukwa . it is also present in the lower shire river , rufigi and ruaha rivers . according to hopson and hopson ( 1982 ) in the turkana basin this species is principally riverine and ecological changes in the lake level have tended to inhibit incursions of h . vittatus into the lake . however , an erroneous identification by worthington and ricardo ( 1936 ) for h . forskahlii is also possible . in the latter case h . vittatus most likely does not occur in kenya ( seegers et al . 2004 ) . northeast africa : it is present in the ghazal and jebel systems , white and blue niles , and nile to lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . southern africa : it occurs in the zambezi and okavango ( but not the kafue or lake malawi ) , south to the save , limpopo and phongolo systems ( skelton 2001 ) . it has also been found in lake kariba ( losse 1998 ) . western africa : in west africa , this species occurs in the basins of the chad , niger / benue , ou\u00e9m\u00e9 , and senegal .\nthis map was constructed with arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database and the aeon africa rivers database , . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context . arrows designate type localities [ in square parentheses ] for the five recognized species of hydrocynus : b = h . brevis ( g\u00fcnther 1864 ) [ white nile ] ; f = h . forskahlii ( cuvier 1819 ) [ white nile ] ; g = h . goliath boulenger 1898 [ main congo , mbandaka ] ; t = h . tanzaniae brewster 1986 [ lower ruvu river ] ; v = h . vittatus ( castlenau 1861 ) [ okavango delta ] . the northern , southern and eastern boundaries of the congo basin coincide with the tectonically active cameroon rift and central african thrust zone , , southern equatorial divide and east african rift system ( ears ) , respectively .\nhydrocynus ( or fish dogs , or fish tigers ) are known strict ichthyophagous for their promptness and their voracity . all the fish belonging to this kind appreciably look the same and only an attentive examination makes it possible to differentiate them . they have a torpedo form , which they use to their advantage of nourishing itself , since they continuously chase their prey . the fish are generally silver plated and brilliant . the scales are marked with a dark spot , thus forming especially visible parallel stripes above the side line . according to certain species ' , these lines are more or less dark . the dorsal fin is inserted into the same level as the ventral fins or a little ahead . the mouth is armed with only one series of teeth , very developed and sharp , on each jaw . the eye is almost entirely covered with a fat eyelid .\nhydrocynus forskahlii is very unique among the african tiger fishes in that it is probably the only one that is actually suitable to be kept in an aquarium , which is a very good thing as they are one of the most readily available species as well . they are truly a dwarf species , at least when compared to the monsters that the other four species can become . these fish can be kept for life in a tank that is as small as a 180 , though they ' d probably be happier with the extra room to swim in a 240 . forskahlii are also a very attractive and colorful species , generally having the same color patterns as a vittatus . these fish also tend to have fairly dramatic teeth for their size . there is a fair amount of variation in the morphology of forskahlii as there are two distinct genetic populations awaiting scientific description . \u200b\nmismatch distributions [ 100 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 102 ] , the distributions of the observed number of differences between pairs of haplotypes , were used to quantify historical changes in population size in the hydrocynus lineages . a unimodal ( \u2018smooth\u2019 ) distribution indicates recent population growth compared to a multimodal ( \u2018ragged\u2019 ) distribution which indicates demographic stability . here harpending ' s \u2018raggedness\u2019 index ( r ) [ 101 ] quantifies the \u201csmoothness\u201d of the distribution . mismatch distributions were only calculated for lineages that showed a significantly negative tajima ' s d [ 50 ] and / or fu ' s fs [ 51 ] . tajima ' s d , fu ' s fs and the mismatch analyses were only performed on sample groups with four or more individuals . the amova , tajima ' s d , fu ' s fs and the mismatch analyses were carried out in arlequin 3 . 11 [ 46 ] with 10 000 bootstrap replications conducted for each analysis .\nthis map was constructed with arcmap 9 . 3 from the hydrosheds digital river database [ 103 ] and the aeon africa rivers database [ 65 ] , [ 104 ] . country boundaries and labels are included for geographical context . arrows designate type localities [ in square parentheses ] for the five recognized species of hydrocynus : b = h . brevis ( g\u00fcnther 1864 ) [ white nile ] ; f = h . forskahlii ( cuvier 1819 ) [ white nile ] ; g = h . goliath boulenger 1898 [ main congo , mbandaka ] ; t = h . tanzaniae brewster 1986 [ lower ruvu river ] ; v = h . vittatus ( castlenau 1861 ) [ okavango delta ] . the northern , southern and eastern boundaries of the congo basin coincide with the tectonically active cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] and east african rift system ( ears ) [ 17 ] , respectively .\nthe gatf is the largest species of hydrocynus . it has the least distinctive stripes of the genus . it has between 53 and 58 pored scales on the lateral line . the anal fin has 3 soft , unbranched rays and usually 12 branched rays . the dorsal profile of the head is straight . the depth of the body in adults is 19 . 4 to 32 . 7 percent of the length , with an average of 23 percent . the length of the head is 19 . 2 to 23 . 1 percent of the total length . the teeth can have between 12 - 20 in the upper jaw and 8 - 14 in the lower jaw . this wide variation is due to their having several small teeth that may or may not protrude through the gums near the back of the mouth . these fish are silvery in color with a red tail that most often only has color on the lower lobe . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . \u200b\nexcept for hydrocynus goliath , batf has the least developed striping of all members of the genus . 3 - 4 scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion . batf have a lateral line scale count of 47 - 55 pored scales . anal fin ray count 3 soft , unbranched rays with 11 - 13 branched rays . batf on average has the deepest body to length ratio with an average of 24 . 4 percent and a range of 19 . 1 to 29 . 6 percent of the total length . batf have 10 to 12 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 to 13 in the lower jaw . batf have a golden or dusky base color with tan or grey paired fins . the adipose fin is often very large in relation to the other atf species . their caudal fin has a base of dark gray with a very dark red lower lobe . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . \u200b\nin this respect , the boundaries of the congo basin are of focal interest , because these watersheds were forged by diastrophism and / or epeirogeny . the northern , eastern and southern boundaries of this basin are the cameroon rift and central african thrust zone [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the east african rift system ( ears ) and southern equatorial divide [ 33 ] . moreover , geochronological evidence for the central african thrust zone and albertine rift ( western arm of the ears ) reliably constrains when volcanism and tectonism formed these hydrological boundaries around the congo basin . so it delimits when first and second order rivers of this basin were redirected and / or impounded by faulting and uplift events ( figure 2 ) . therefore we can employ phylogeographic statistics to test whether or not evolutionary events in hydrocynus were coupled with this drainage disruption , linked with propagation of rifting across the african plate ( exemplified by the formation of lake tanganyika ) [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] .\nfatf have pronounced stripes . they have two scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion , as opposed to 3 - 4 for a brevis . they have a lateral line scale count of 46 - 53 scales . their anal fin ray count is 3 soft , unbranched rays with 11 - 14 branched rays . body depth averages 22 . 6 percent of the length with a range of 17 . 2 to 27 . 8 percent . fatf is normally the most slender member of hydrocynus , but girthy specimens are possible . the head averages 19 . 8 percent of the body length with a range of 15 . 3 to 25 . 3 percent . fatf has 9 to 14 teeth in the upper jaw and 8 to 12 in the lower jaw . this fish often has a very short , upturned jaw . fatf are bright , silvery white in color , similar in appearance to vatf , but with a grayish caudal fin that has red , orange or yellow only on the bottom lobe of the caudal fin . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . fatf will often overlap h . brevis in range . \u200b\nnot formally described . broadly matches the overall appearance and published description of hydrocynus vittatus s . s . , but with 3 - 4 scales between the lateral line and the pelvic fin insertion and often fewer lateral line scales than h . vittatus s . s . possibly corresponds to genetic lineage b , c or d from goodier , s . , cotterill , f . , o ' ryan , c . , skelton , p . , de wit , m . ( 2011 ) . known from the congo watershed , exact location unclear . vatf are a bright , whitish silvery color . they can have red , orange or yellow caudal fins with both lobes having color . the center of the caudal fin , regardless of color , is often red . paired fins are often pale yellow or orange . the anus is often orange or red . coloration will often be washed out in extremely young individuals . vatf from the upper zambezi display sexually dimorphic coloration ; it is unclear if this applies to cf .\nstout vatf\n. mature males had bright yellow caudal fins with bright red markings on the bottom lobe . mature females had bright orange caudal fins . \u200b\na measure of genealogical sorting is important to assess differentiation of genetic variation between and within species . the genealogical sorting index ( gsi ) [ 47 ] quantifies the degree of exclusive ancestry of groups of individuals on a rooted phylogenetic tree . this statistic was used to quantify the common ancestry of cyt b sequences of hydrocynus in an interspecific context . a gsi value of 1 represents a monophyletic group , while a group of completely mixed genealogical ancestry will have a gsi value of 0 . beyond qualitative assessments of lineage history and orthodox statistical tests of nodal support ( including bootstrapping ) in phylogenetic reconstruction [ 47 ] , gsi is an informative statistic because it enables explicit testing of roles of hypothesized paleo - environmental controls ( in this study drainage rearrangements and tectonism ) , by determining the levels of differentiation among lineages ; and since individuals can be assigned to groups on criteria of sampling locality , gsi enables structured tests of candidate determinants of the history of different populations . the null hypothesis will expect genealogical admixture across lineages that manifest in low gsi statistics , so correctly rejecting inappropriate candidates as biogeographical determinants . all analyses were run on the gsi website [ 99 ] . the groups in the assignment file for the cyt b gsi analysis were set according to species and evolutionary lineage and , in order to test for structuring by drainage system , h . vittatus samples were grouped based on the drainage system within which they were sampled . a newick version of the beast tree was used in the analysis . the number of bootstrap replications conducted was 10 000 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nyour igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .\nthe international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .\n\u00a9 2015 international game fish association , 300 gulf stream way , dania beach , fl 33004 .\nresearchers have had the pleasure to examine a rare occurrence in the animal kingdom , with footage of an african tigerfish leaping from the water to snatch a bird in flight .\naccording to time , the footage is the first to capture this phenomenon , which has been known to happen since the 1940s . the fish has been known to catch birds as they are stationary or moving slowly , but in the video , the tigerfish snatches a swallow , known to be quick and agile in the air .\nwatch the video below , but pay close attention , the tigerfish strikes extremely quickly .\nthe whole action of jumping and catching the swallow in flight happens so incredibly quickly that after we first saw it , it took all of us a while to really fully comprehend what we had just seen ,\nnico smit , director of the unit for environmental sciences and management at north - west university in south africa , told nature .\nthe first reaction was one of pure joy , because we realized that we were spectators to something really incredible and unique .\nthe authors of a study published in the journal of fish biology said this is the first video evidence of a freshwater fish preying on a bird in flight . unconvinced of the rumored capabilities of these tigerfish , smit and his team took to a south african lake in the mapungubwe national park to examine their migration habitat .\nthe researchers said they saw as many as 20 successful mid - air strikes per day .\nthe african tigerfish is one of the most amazing freshwater species in the world ,\nsaid smit , a study co - author , told bbc news .\nit is a striking fish with beautiful markings on the body , bright red fins and vicious teeth ."]}
{"id": 371, "summary": [{"text": "tisis gloriosa is a moth in the lecithoceridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by k.t. park in 2009 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13-14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light orange , metallic shiny .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the basal fascia is small and brownish and there is a large , yellowish brown median patch , round on the anterior margin , occupying more than one-fourth of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the distal two-fifths of the wing are yellowish brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale greyish brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "tisis gloriosa", "paragraphs": ["tisis gloriosa ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 156\ntisis gloriosa park , 2009 ; trop . lepid . res . 19 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : loei , phu rua , 800m\ntisis is a genus of small moth in the family lecithoceridae . [ 1 ]\ntisis mesozosta meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 50 ; tl : suisharyo\ntisis isoplasta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : java\ntisis aurantiella park , 2003 ; entom . science 6 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : palawan , philippines\ntisis polemarcha meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 155 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\ntisis polychlora meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 155 ; tl : mt murud , 6300ft\ntisis aurifasciata ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 111 , f . 152\ntisis cerambycina meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 154 ; tl : mt . poi , sarawak\ntisis colubrialis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 153\ntisis diehli ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 154\ntisis frimensis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 155\ntisis javaica ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 157\ntisis latiductalis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 158\ntisis penrissenica ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 160\ntisis sumatraensis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 113 , f . 163\ntisis argyrophaea meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 439 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ntisis aurifasciata park , 2007 ; entom . science 10 ( 2 ) : ( 149 - 155 ) ; tl : sumatra\ntisis diehli park , 2007 ; entom . science 10 ( 2 ) : ( 149 - 155 ) ; tl : sumatra\ntisis eurylampis meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 438 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ntisis hemixysta meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 438 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ntisis hyacinthina meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 439 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ntisis imperatrix meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 440 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ntisis javaica park , 2007 ; entom . science 10 ( 2 ) : ( 149 - 155 ) ; tl : java\ntisis sophistica park , 2003 ; entom . science 6 ( 4 ) : ( 315 - 321 ) ; tl : palawan\ntisis sumatraensis park , 2007 ; entom . science 10 ( 2 ) : ( 149 - 155 ) ; tl : sumatra\ntisis charadraea meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 439 ; tl : malay states , padang rengas\ntisis bicolorella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 793 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\ntisis nielseni park , 2001 ; korean j . syst . ent . 17 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : nakhon nayok , thailand\ntisis xantholepidos park , 2003 ; entom . science 6 ( 4 ) : ( 315 - 321 ) ; tl : tawi tawi , philippines\ntisis asterias park , 2003 ; species diversity 8 ( 3 ) : 270 ; tl : thailand , rhanong , na kha , ca . 250m\ntisis thaiana park , 2003 ; species diversity 8 ( 3 ) : 268 ; tl : thailand , chanthaburi , khao soi dao , ca . 400m\ntisis ? plautata ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 50 ( list )\ntisis boleta wu , 1998 ; zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 195 ; tl : w . java , mts . gede - panggrango , tjibodas , 1400\ntisis plautata wu , 1998 ; zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 195 ; tl : w . java , mts . gede - panggrango , tjibodas , 1400m\ntisis charadraea ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis helioclina ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis isoplasta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis mendicella ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis cerambycina ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 39 , 49 ( list )\ntisis hemixysta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 40 , 49 ( list )\ntisis hyacinthina ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 40 , 49 ( list )\ntisis imperatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 48 , 49 ( list )\ntisis meliorella ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 41 , 49 ( list )\ntisis nemophorella ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 43 , 49 ( list )\ntisis polemarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 45 , 50 ( list )\ntisis polychlora ; [ nhm card ] ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 41 , 50 ( list )\ntisis auricincta diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 125 ; tl : mindanao , davao prov . , e slope of mt mckinley , 3000ft\ntisis colubrialis park , lee & abang , 2005 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 46 , 49 ( list ) ; tl : sabah , sepilok , sandakan\ntisis ( lecithocerinae ) ; park , 2000 , zoological studies 39 ( 4 ) : 371 ; [ richard brown ] ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 111\ntisis penrissenica park , lee & abang , 2005 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 47 , 50 ( list ) ; tl : mt . penrissen , 3300ft , borneo\nwu , ch . - sh . genus tisis walker from malaysia and indonesia ( lepidoptera : lecithoceridae ) , with description of three new species . zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 191 - 196 ( 1998 )\ntisis latiductalis park , lee & abang , 2005 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 48 , 49 ( list ) ; tl : sabah , danum valley , nr . lahad datu\ntisis boleta ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 26 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis sandaradema ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 124 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 40 , 50 ( list )\ntisis elegans ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2003 , species diversity 8 ( 3 ) : 272 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis luteella ; [ nhm card ] ; wu , 1998 , zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 192 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis argyrophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wu , 1998 , zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 193 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 40 , 49 ( list )\ntisis asterias ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 111 , f . 150\ntisis aurantiella ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 111 , f . 151\ntisis auricincta ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 21 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ]\ntisis bicolorella ; [ nhm card ] ; wu , 1998 , zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 194 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 39 , 49 ( list )\ntisis chalybaeella ; [ nhm card ] ; wu , 1998 , zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 192 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 43 , 49 ( list )\ntisis eurylampis ; [ nhm card ] ; wu , 1998 , zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 193 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 41 , 49 ( list )\ntisis nielseni ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 159 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list )\ntisis seclusella ; [ nhm card ] ; wu , 1998 , zoological studies 37 ( 3 ) : 194 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 39 , 50 ( list )\ntisis sophistica ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 162 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 50 ( list )\ntisis thaiana ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 50 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 113 , f . 164\ntisis xantholepidos ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 50 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 113 , f . 165\ntisis amabilis ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 45 , 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 111 , f . 149\ntisis sabahensis ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 45 , 50 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 112 , f . 161\ntisis yasudai ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 41 , 50 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 113 , f . 166\ntisis mesozosta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2000 , zoological studies 39 ( 4 ) : 372 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 49 ( list ) ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 50 ( list )\nworks related to the english repertory , 1450 - 80 . agwillare ; ben so che ; deus deorum ; o beate sebastiane ; o intemerata ; patrem ( stuttgart ) ; patrem ( stuttgart ) reconstructed ; pryncesse of youthe ; salvator mundi ; tisis non ; to iours ; virga jesse floruit ; voy da plas ; xilobalsamus / ? horwood ; ( ballade : trento no . 1076 ) ; ( ballade : verona 757 ) ; ( fragmentary ballade : florence 107bis ) ; ( rondeau : florence 176 )\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 262 ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2000 , zoological studies 39 ( 4 ) : 371 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 38\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 261 ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2000 , zoological studies 39 ( 4 ) : 371 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 38\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 178 ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2000 , zoological studies 39 ( 4 ) : 371 ; park , lee & abang , 2005 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 1 ) : 38\ncacogamia elegans snellen , 1903 ; tijdschr . ent . 46 : 49 , pl . 5 , f . 10 - 12 ; tl : w . java , preanger , 1500 - 1600m\ntipha helioclina meyrick , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . 1894 ( 1 ) : 19 ; tl : upper burma , fort stedman\ncacogamia ? luteella snellen , 1903 ; tijdschr . ent . 46 : 50 , pl . 5 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : java , batavia\ntingentera meliorella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 798 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\ntogia nemophorella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 792 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\ntonosa seclusella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 796 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nthree hundred and twenty newly described species of lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) by k . t . park since 1998 , with a tentative catalogue and images of types\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthree hundred and twenty newly described species of lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) by k . t . park since 1998 , with a tentative catalogue and images of types - sciencedirect\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\na total of 320 species of lecithoceridae , described by the author since 1998 from various regions of the world , are presented . in the species list , both genera and species are arranged alphabetically within a subfamily , with the source of the original description in the parenthesis , type locality , and genitalia slide number of the holotype if available . also the name of the museum , in which the type is deposited , is listed . images of the types and label data are also provided .\npeer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) . production and hosting by elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nignore this text box . it is used to detect spammers . if you enter anything into this text box , your message will not be sent .\nmotets constitute the most important polyphonic genre of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . moreover , these compositions are intrinsically involved in the early development of polyphony . this volume - the first to be devoted exclusively to medieval motets - aims to provide a comprehensive guide to them , from a number of different disciplines and perspectives . it addresses crucial matters such as how the motet developed ; the rich interplay of musical , poetic , and intertextual modes of meaning specific to the genre ; and the changing social and historical circumstances surrounding motets in medieval france , england , and italy . it also seeks to question many traditional assumptions and received opinions in the area . the first part of the book considers core concepts in motet scholarship : issues of genre , relationships between the motet and other musico - poetic forms , tenor organization , isorhythm , notational development , social functions , and manuscript layout . this is followed by a series of individual case studies which look in detail at a variety of specific pieces , compositional techniques , collections , and subgenres . jared c . hartt is associate professor of music theory at the oberlin college conservatory of music . contributors : margaret bent , jacques boogaart , catherine a . bradley , alice v . clark , suzannah clark , karen desmond , lawrence earp , sarah fuller , john haines , jared c . hartt , elizabeth eva leach , dolores pesce , gael saint - cricq , jennifer saltzstein , matthew p . thomson , stefan udell , anna zayaruznaya , emily zazulia .\nla ressemblance avec dieu dans les actes - - l ' acte cr\u00e9ateur - - qu ' est - ce que la cr\u00e9ation ? - - le processus cr\u00e9atif dans l ' antiphonaire latin 12044 - - la pratique du chant - - le processus cr\u00e9atif dans le programme iconographique du latin 12044 - - rentrer en contact avec dieu .\nmanuscrit de chant gr\u00e9gorien , l ' antiphonaire de saint - maur - des - foss\u00e9s , paris , bnf , latin 12044 est un m\u00e9lange de texte , de musique et d ' images savamment orchestr\u00e9 autour d ' un d\u00e9nominateur commun : le nombre . en combinant des \u00e9l\u00e9ments textuels , musicaux et iconographiques \u00e0 travers le prisme du nombre synonyme d ' harmonie et de beaut\u00e9 , le concepteur du programme iconographique conduit le lecteur / chantre \u00e0 comprendre que toute son existence est vou\u00e9e \u00e0 la rencontre avec dieu . pour y parvenir , il livre sa m\u00e9thode : devenir un\nhomme parfait\npuis un\nhomme nouveau\n.\n- - page 4 of cover .\ndie einstimmigen werke von lorenzo da firenze aus dem codex squarcialupi ( i - fl mediceo palatino 87 ) .\n1 online resource ( 1 sound file ) sound : digital . digital : audio file .\ncomo somos per conssello do demo perdudos / ? alfonso el sabio ( 1 : 32 ) .\nmusique et po\u00e9sie entre histoire et historiographie - - que reste - t - il de nos amours ? - - entretien avec michel zink - - troubadours et trouv\u00e8res . musique , soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et amour courtois - - musicologie et philologie regards crois\u00e9s - - philologie et musicologie . les variantes musicales dans les chansons de troubadours - - la question des variantes dans les nova cantica de l ' office de la circoncision de sens - - musicologie et philologie : deux disciplines\nauxiliaires\n- - musicologie et philologie num\u00e9riques - - transmission et interpr\u00e9tation . \u00e0 propos des m\u00e9lodies des troubadours - - tropes et prosules : po\u00e9sie et musique - - philologie versus musicologie ? - - pour une approche pragmatique de la lyrique m\u00e9di\u00e9vale - - usages et pratique des sources - - writing and reading . word and sound in the ninth century - - musique mesur\u00e9e ou non mesur\u00e9e ? - - \u00e9tude sur le rythme dans les monodies des troubadours - -\nl ' en i chante et lit\n. le discours musical dans les textes litt\u00e9raires m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux - - alph\u00e9e et ar\u00e9thuse . sur quelques sources not\u00e9es des ballades m\u00e9di\u00e9vales - - structures formelles et techniques de composition - - la division strophique des chansons de troubadours . entre m\u00e9trique , musique et syntaxe - - les figures de r\u00e9p\u00e9tition dans la chanson de trouv\u00e8res - - le conduit \u00e0 nombre de voix variable ( 1150 - 1250 ) - - texte et musique dans les motets sur flos filius ejus . l ' exemple de fidelis gratuletur i domino - -\nlay ves fran\u00e7a\n. les structures formelles de la musique et de la po\u00e9sie dans la lyrique catalane des origines - - pouvoir des mots et du chant - - le praecantator et l ' art du verbe - - voix de la liturgie , voix du th\u00e9\u00e2tre dans le drame religieux ( xe - xiiie si\u00e8cle ) - - la mise en sc\u00e8ne rh\u00e9torique de la musique dans les premiers r\u00e9cits exemplaires cisterciens - - images pour l ' oeil et pour l ' oreille au service de la m\u00e9ditation monastique . le lignum vitae de bonaventure dans le manuscrit darmstadt 2777 - - po\u00e9sie courtoise et d\u00e9clamation dans les motets p\u00e9troniens . position du probl\u00e8me .\ncet ouvrage explore les relations entre texte et musique au moyen \u00e2ge \u00e0 travers les regards crois\u00e9s de philologues , de musicologues , d ' historiens et de litt\u00e9raires . du contexte de cr\u00e9ation \u00e0 la r\u00e9ception des r\u00e9pertoires , des sources manuscrites aux aspects formels de la lyrique sacr\u00e9e et profane , les contributions r\u00e9unies dans ce volume explorent les tendances pass\u00e9es et actuelles de la recherche sur le chant m\u00e9di\u00e9val . elles proposent \u00e9galement des approches m\u00e9thodologiques nouvelles , dans une perspective interdisciplinaire , o\u00f9 musicologie et philologie avancent main dans la main .\n- - page 4 of cover .\ncontents introduction ' merrie england ' , cultural memory and the writing of english musical history chapter 1 ' the greatest musical curiosity extant ' : ' sumer is icumen in ' and the canon of english music chapter 2 anglicus angelicus : was english music political ? chapter 3 authorship , musicianship and value in medieval english history chapter 4 who was john dunstaple ? chapter 5 negotiating identity in medieval english music : anxiety and ethnicity chapter 6 contenance angloise : a reappraisal epilogue .\nalthough medieval english music has been relatively neglected in comparison with repertoire from france and italy , there are few classical musicians today who have not listened to the thirteenth - century song ' sumer is icumen in ' , or read of the achievements and fame of fifteenth - century composer john dunstaple . similarly , the identification of a distinctively english musical style ( sometimes understood as the contenance angloise ) has been made on numerous occasions by writers exploring the extent to which english ideas influenced polyphonic composition abroad . angel song : medieval english music in history examines the ways in which the standard narratives of english musical history have been crafted , from the middle ages to the present . colton challenges the way in which the concept of a canon of english music has been built around a handful of pieces , composers and practices , each of which offers opportunities for a reappraisal of english musical and devotional cultures between 1250 and 1460 .\nmusic from the llibre vermell de montserrat . polorum regina ; los set goyts ; maria matrem virginem ; stella splendens ; imperayritz de la ciudad joyosa\nmusic from the llibre vermell de montserrat . ad mortem festinamus ; laudemus virginem , splendens ceptigera\nmusic from the barcelona lectionary ( 14th century ) . antiphona : christus natus est nobis ; psalmus 94 / 95 ( invitatory ) : venite exultemus domino ; benedictio , lectio , de homilia sancti augustini ; responsorium : verbum caro factum est ; benedictio , lectio , sermo sancti augustini in die natalis domini ; el cant de la sibil\u00b7la\nmusic from the llibre vermell de montserrat . o virgo splendens ; cuncti simus concanentes\nmiddleton , wisconsin : a - r editions , inc . , [ 2017 ]\n2 . auflage . - wilhelmshaven : florian noetzel verlag ,\nheinrichshofen - b\u00fccher\n, 2017 . -\nsanetus : hugo ist priester in reutlingen und erlebt die katastrophen seiner zeit : er ist von dem grossen streit zwischen kaiser ludwig und den p\u00e4psten betroffen : trotzdem ist es die kreativste zeit seines lebens .\nimprovisation and inventio in the performance of medieval music : a practical approach is an innovative and groundbreaking approach to medieval music as living repertoire . the book provides philosophical frameworks , primary - source analysis , and clear , actionable practices and exercises aimed at recovering the improvisatory and inventive aspects of medieval music for contemporary musicians . aimed at both instrumentalists and vocalists , the book explores the utilization of musical models , the inventive implications of medieval notation , and the ways in which memory , mode , rhetoric , and primary source paradigms inform the improvisatory process in both monophonic and polyphonic music of the middle ages . angela mariani , an experienced performer of both medieval music and folk and traditional musics , rediscovers and explicates the processes of imagination , invention , and improvisation which historically energized both medieval music in its own period and in its revival in our own time . based on decades of research , university teaching , ensemble direction , collaboration , and performance , mariani ' s impassioned stance that\nthe elusive element of inventio , as the medieval rhetoricians would have called it , must always be provided by the performer in the present ,\nemphasizes medieval music performance practice as a dynamic and still - vital tradition . students , teachers , directors , and those interested in the wealth of expressive beauty found in the music of the middle ages will likewise find value and meaning in her clear and accessible prose , and in the practical processes and exercises that make this book unique within the literature of medieval performance practice .\n1 . auflage , deutsche erstausgabe . - sankt ottilien : eos , 2017 .\nwoodbridge , suffolk , uk : a york medieval press publication in association with the boydell press , an imprint of boydell & brewer ltd , 2017 .\n1 audio disc ( 76 : 37 ) : digital , cd audio , stereo ; 4 3 / 4 in . sound : digital ; optical ; stereo . digital : audio file . cd audio .\nlanuam quam clauserat ; iacintus in saltibus ; [ iacet granum ] / anon . ( 1 : 43 )\nopen nobis o thoma ; salve , thoma ; [ pastor cesus ] / anon . ( : 40 )\nde flore martyrum ; deus tuorum militum ; [ ave rex gentis anglorum ] / anon . ( 1 : 45 )\nave miles ; ave rex , patrone ; ave rex gentis anglorum / anon . ( 1 : 47 )\nthe agincourt carol ( 3 : 42 ) ; kyrie . . . domine miserere - ab inimicis nostris ( 5 : 35 ) / anon .\nconvegno storico internazionale ( 8th : 1972 : todi , italy ) , author .\nristampa anastatica . - spoleto : fondazione centro italiano di studi sull ' alto medioevo , 2017 .\n287 pages , 70 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations , music ; 22 cm .\nles repr\u00e9sentations de l ' ecclesia dans l ' art des xe - xiie si\u00e8cles / h . toubert\nmath\u00e9matique et architecture : prportions , dimensions syst\u00e9matiques et syboliques dans l ' architecture religieuse du haut moyen \u00e2ge / c . heitz\nles themes musicaux de l ' apocalypse , leur signification spirituelle et leur interpretation dans le miniatures / n . bridgman\nlinguaggio figurativo aulico dall ' et\u00e0 degli ottoni all ' et\u00e0 romanica / r . salvini\nquelques reflexions sur le lyrisme et la spiritualit\u00e9 dans la musique m\u00e9di\u00e9vale / s . corbin .\n1 audio disc ( 46 : 03 ) : cd audio , stereo ; 4 3 / 4 in . sound : digital . optical . 1 . 4 m / s . digital recording . digital : audio file . cd audio .\ncacciando per gustar / ai cinci , ai toppi / antonio\nzacara\nda teramo ( 3 : 33 ) .\neducation sentimentale , artistique et culturelle de l ' europe . . . ainsi que l ' ont \u00e9crit plusieurs m\u00e9di\u00e9vistes . les troubadours se m\u00ealent de tout , ouvertement : ils critiquent les rois , aiment leurs dames , d\u00e9noncent l ' inquisition , participent aux croisades en orient ou effectuent des p\u00e8lerinages . leurs chansons cultivent l ' art de la parole libre , elles sont au coeur de la vie sociale et la vie sociale est au coeur de leurs mots . ces cansos parcourent l ' europe devant un public connaisseur , de grands chants forg\u00e9s avec m\u00e9tier , paroles et musiques , sur de belles razos , de beaux th\u00e8mes . ce sont des oeuvres chant\u00e9es , abordant tous les sujets avec une r\u00e9flexion intense , qui r\u00e9pandent dans les cours des id\u00e9es nouvelles et bouleversent les codes \u00e9tablis . de dante alighieri \u00e0 la philosophe simone weil , ils sont nombreux ceux qui seront interpell\u00e9s par ce trobar des xiie - xiiie si\u00e8cles . et depuis longtemps , des romantiques aux slameurs d ' aujourd ' hui les troubadours nous interrogent encore .\n- - page 4 of cover .\n2 audio discs : cd audio , digital ; 4 3 / 4 in . sound : digital ; optical ; stereo ; surround . digital : audio file . cd audio ; sacd .\noid , oid . . . [ . . . las buenas nuevas de lepanto ] / joan brudieu ( 6 : 02 ) .\ndi queste selve venite , o numi de la senna festeggiante compos\u00e9e \u00e0 la gloire de louis xv . l ' et\u00e0 dell ' oro , la virt\u00f9 , la senna / antonio vivaldi ( 4 : 13 )\nper quel bel viso ( 3 : 43 ) ; mia cara anzoletta ( 2 : 50 ) / johann adolf hasse ; ed . john walsh ; arrangement \u00e0 4 voix de jordi savall\nthis set contains two sacds and a book . jordi savall conducts hesperion xxi , panagiotis neochoritis , la capella de catalunya , and le concert des nations .\nantifonario mozarabe de silos . leccion i de jueves santo ; leccion ii de jueves santo ; leccion i de viernes santo ; leccion i de sabado santo ; oracion de jeremias / antifonario moz\u00e1rabe de silos\n1 score ( 53 pages , 278 unnumbered pages ) : facsimiles ( chiefly color ) ; 43 cm .\nthis volume contains full - color facsimiles of manuscript examples of polyphony as it flourished in england during the time of henry iii and edward i . nearly all the manuscripts are reproduced here at full size . with a foreword by magnus williamson , introduction , bibliography , notes , catalogue , and index .\nxiv , 444 pages , 16 unnumbered pages of plates : illustrations ( some color ) , maps , music ; 24 cm .\nit has become widely accepted among musicologists that medieval music is most profitably studied from interdisciplinary perspectives that situate it within broad culture contexts . the origins of this consensus lie in a decisive reorientation of the field that began approximately four decades ago . for much of the twentieth century , research on medieval music had focused on the discovery and evaluation of musical and theoretical sources . the 1970s and 1980s , by contrast , witnessed calls for broader methodologies and more fully contextual approaches that in turn anticipated the emergence of the so - called ' new musicology ' . the fifteen essays in the present collection explore three interrelated areas of inquiry that proved particularly significant : the liturgy , sources ( musical and archival ) , and musical symbolism . in so doing , these essays not only acknowledge past achievements but also illustrate how this broad , interdisciplinary approach remains a source for scholarly innovation .\nmusic in beneventan style . music in beneventan style in manuscripts for the mass ; music in beneventan style in manuscripts for the office ; the notation of music in beneventan style in pitch - specific sources ; the notation of pitch in the editions of music in beneventan style\nthe notation of the beneventan repertory . basic neumes ; special neumes ; compound neumes ; liquescence ; graphic changes in the later eleventh and twelfth centuries ; neumes in performance\npart i . the music of the beneventan rite . mass proper ; music for holy week ; mass ordinary ; varia ; the office\npart ii . music in beneventan style . music in beneventan style in manuscripts of the mass ; music in beneventan style in manuscripts of the office\nthis edition presents for the first time the complete music of the beneventan rite , the repertory of latin plainchant sung in southern italy around the turn of the ninth century , prior to the adoption of gregorian repertory . 180 different melodies are included , all in beneventan neume notation .\nmusik der mittelalterlichen metropole : r\u00e4ume , identit\u00e4ten und kontexte der musik in k\u00f6ln und mainz , ca . 900 - 1400 : tagungsbericht mainz / k\u00f6ln oktober 2014\nsymbolische kommunikation , institutionelle repr\u00e4sentation und die visualisierung der musik im k\u00f6lner dom / bj\u00f6rn r . tammen\ndisciplina tam nobilis . . . tamque utilis\n: zum status der musik im bildungsverst\u00e4ndnis des hrabanus maurus / stefan seit\ntonsystem und modus - lehre in den quaestiones in musica des rudolf von st . trond / christian berger\njohannes de grocheio in st . barbara : ein zufall ? \u00fcberlegungen zur kart\u00e4userbibliothek als \u00fcberlieferungsraum / inga mai groote\nzu den griechischkenntnissen in st . gallen um 900 : die ellinici fratres bei notker balbulus / marian wei\u00df\ndas nordfranz\u00f6sische und seine sprecher im 13 . und fr\u00fchen 14 . jahrhundert : gallici im tractatulus de musica , bei anonymus iv und johannes de grocheio / marie winkelm\u00fcller\n\u00fcbernahme byzantinischer kirchent\u00f6ne : graeci bei aurelianus reomensis sowie autoren des 11 . jahrhunderts / frank hentschel und marian wei\u00df\ndie\nmos . . . veteranorum cantorum\ndes aurelianus reomensis und die stellung der gallikanischen liturgie im westfrankenreich des sp\u00e4ten 9 . jahrhunderts / marie winkelm\u00fcller\nalmam hunc diem celebremus cum benedictus [ ad laudes : archiepiscopal archive florence , 12th century ] / anonymous ( enzo ventroni , conductor ; coro viri galilaei ) .\ndi 1 ban . \u7b2c1\u7248 . - beijing : shang wu yin shu guan , 2016 . \u5317\u4eac : \u5546\u52d9\u5370\u66f8\u9928 , 2016 .\nantiphonaria : catalogue of notated office manuscripts preserved in flanders ( c . 1100 - c . 1800 )\nthis first volume catalogues the notated office manuscripts collections of the libraries and private archives of averbode ( onze - lieve - vrouw and sint - jan de doper abbey ) , dendermonde ( sint - pieter and paulus abby ) , geel ( archief sint dimpnakerk ) , ghent ( universiteitsbibliotheek , rijksarchief , musua voor schone kunsten , bisschoppelijk seminarie , archief van de sint baafskathedraal ) and tongeren ( onze - lieve - vrouwebasiliek , stadsarchief ) . the aim of the\nantiphonaria\nseries is to catalogue all collections of notated manuscripts for the office , following a combined format of rism .\nalfonso x , king of castile and leon , 1221 - 1284 , composer , compiler .\nconcerts pour saint louis , l ' an de gr\u00e2ce 2014 - - ars antiqua - - art francien .\ncet essai correspond \u00e0 un guide d ' orientation susceptible d ' aider les choix de l ' auditeur en tentant de cr\u00e9er une ambiance musicale m\u00e9di\u00e9vale avec certains rep\u00e8res culturels , artistiques , historiques , g\u00e9ographiques . les musiques polyphoniques m\u00e9di\u00e9vales doivent se d\u00e9rouler dans leur cadre historique , celui des monuments franciens ( dits\ngothiques\n, xiiie , xive , xve si\u00e8cles ) . cet ouvrage comprend deux parties sch\u00e9matiques : la premi\u00e8re concerne les musiques m\u00e9di\u00e9vales , polyphoniques ou contrapuntiques ; la deuxi\u00e8me partie rappelle les sources fondamentales , correspondant aux musiques monodiques : rome et byzance . l ' essai inaugure \u00e9galement la cr\u00e9ation d ' une nouvelle chapelle ; la capella schola parisis , regroupant la conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration des ensembles - ma\u00eetrises m\u00e9di\u00e9vistes de paris et d ' ile - de - france . cette chapelle est g\u00e9r\u00e9e par l ' organisation de l ' association le parisien paradis , \u00e0 mon seul d\u00e9sir , et sa coordination rel\u00e8ve de l ' ufr de musique et de musicologie de la sorbonne universit\u00e9 paris - iv .\n- - p . [ 4 ] of cover .\nbalades a iii chans . helas piti\u00e9 envers moy dort si fort / trebor ( 5 : 58 ) ; se alexandre et hector fussent en vie / trebor ( 12 : 52 )\nse zephirus , phebus et leur lignie / magister grimace . ( 4 : 41 ) .\nfleurs de vertus : refinement in songs of the late gothic . pictagoras jabol et orphe\u00fcs / johannes suzoy ( 7 : 16 )\nil n ' est nulz homs en ce monde vivant / philipoctus de caserta ( 10 : 42 ) .\nen doulz chastel de pavie : music at the court of gian galeazzo visconti c . 1400 . de ma doulour / philipoctus de caserta ( 8 : 41 )\ncorps femenin : duke john of berry ' s lyrical avant - garde . angelorum psalat tripudium / rodericus ( 5 : 47 )\nroses et lis ay veu en une flour / magister egidius augustinus ( 8 : 06 ) .\nil laudario di cortona : cortona , biblioteca del comune e dell ' accademia etrusca , ms . 91\nla vie liturgique et musicale \u00e0 la fille - dieu - - les documents m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux - - les\nbrouillons\nde la r\u00e9forme bernardine ( d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1140 ) : fid 1 et 2 , westmalle 12a - b , tami\u00e9 6 et tre fontane 47 - - la copie de livres liturgiques \u00e0 la fille - dieu : tre fontane 49 - - tre fontane 48 , le scriptorium d ' hauterive et les livres de la fille - dieu - - les fragments liturgiques conserv\u00e9s aux archives de l ' \u00e9tat de fribourg ( aef ) - - de la renaissance \u00e0 l ' \u00e9poque classique - - les \u00e9ditions cisterciennes du xviiie si\u00e8cle - - de la fin du xviiie si\u00e8cle au xxe si\u00e8cle - - chant liturgique \u00e0 l ' \u00e9poque du rattachement \u00e0 la stricte observance - - conclusions - - catalogue des manuscrits liturgiques de la fille - dieu - - catalogue des livres polyphoniques de la fille - dieu .\nle pr\u00e9sent ouvrage dresse le panorama liturgique et musical de l ' abbaye de la fille - dieu ( romont ) , de l ' \u00e9poque de la fondation ( 1268 ) \u00e0 nos jours . il se fonde sur les archives de l ' abbaye et des monast\u00e8res voisins et apparent\u00e9s . il r\u00e9pertorie et commente cent trente - huit documents conserv\u00e9s \u00e0 la fille - dieu et class\u00e9s en deux fonds : les manuscrits liturgiques et les livres polyphoniques . l ' \u00e9tude \u00e9voque en particulier la biblioth\u00e8que m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de l ' abbaye romontoise et les exceptionnels fragments de chant cistercien primitif ( copi\u00e9s vers 1136 ) qu ' elle conserve encore aujourd ' hui . le fonds des livres polyphoniques , compos\u00e9 de trois manuscrits et soixante et un recueils imprim\u00e9s de messes et motets , laisse entrevoir la vitalit\u00e9 avec laquelle la polyphonie et l ' art instrumental furent pratiqu\u00e9s de la fin du xvie si\u00e8cle au xviiie si\u00e8cle . parmi les fleurons de cette collection in\u00e9dite figurent quatre recueils m\u00e9connus d ' auteurs franco - flamands imprim\u00e9s \u00e0 paris , chez pierre attaingnant , de 1545 \u00e0 1550 ; ainsi que l ' harmonicorum fasciculus florum du cistercien bene - dict r\u00fcegg , sorti des presses de l ' abbaye de wettingen en 1701 .\n- - p . [ 4 ] of cover .\ncontents : preface - - in search of jacobus - - motet citations in the speculum , and petrus de cruce - - hitherto proposed authorial candidates , and dating the speculum - - a new candidate for authorship of the speculum - - ispania : other theorists - - another magister jacobus de ispania : james of spain - - the infante enrique of castile , father of jacobus - - james of spain , prince and pluralist - - the author of the speculum - - appendix of poetic texts - - bibliography - - index .\nintroduction : making liturgy - - part i . a troper : 1 . recording music in the tenth century - - 2 . the historical import of a ' troper ' - - part ii . a ritual handbook : 3 . the contested identity of vienna , onb , cod . 1888 - - 4 . intermingled song - - part iii . episcopal liturgy : 5 . itinerant ritual - - 6 . the nascent ' pontifical ' - - part iv . the romano - german pontifical : 7 . the prg in mainz - - conclusion : disentangling liturgy - - bibliography - - index .\nthis highly original study examines the history and religious life of the ottonian church through its ritual books . with forensic attention to the writing and design of four important manuscripts from the city of mainz - a musician ' s troper , a priest ' s ritual handbook , a bishop ' s pontifical and a copy of the enigmatic compilation now known as the ' romano - german pontifical ' - henry parkes transforms liturgical sources into eloquent witnesses to the ecclesiastical history of early medieval germany . he also presents the first comprehensive revision of michel andrieu ' s influential ' romano - german pontifical ' theory , from the dual perspective of mainz ' s cathedral of st martin and its benedictine monastery of st alban . challenging long - held assumptions about the geographies of ottonian power , in particular the central role of mainz and its archbishops , the book opens up important new ways of understanding how religious ritual was organised , transmitted and perceived .\nthe manuscript sources of medieval song rarely fit the description of ' songbook ' easily . instead , they are very often mixed compilations that place songs alongside other diverse contents , and the songs themselves may be inscribed as texts alone or as verbal and musical notation . this book looks afresh at these manuscripts through ten case studies , representing key sources in latin , french , german , and english from across europe during the middle ages . each chapter is authored by a leading expert and treats a case study in detail , including a listing of the manuscript ' s overall contents , a summary of its treatment in scholarship , and up - to - date bibliographical references . drawing on recent scholarly methodologies , the contributors uncover what these books and the songs within them meant to their medieval audience and reveal a wealth of new information about the original contexts of songs both in performance and as committed to parchment .\n1 online resource ( 1 sound file ) . sound : digital . digital : audio file .\nintroduction - - 1 . songs alive - - 2 . how ( not ) to write a motet : the exemplary in virtute / decens - - 3 . motet visions of an apocalyptic statue - - 4 . interlude : nebuchadnezzar ' s dream - - 5 . ars nova and division - - epilogue : the poetics of representation - - appendices : 1 . philippe de vitry , in virtute / decens : texts , translations , and music - - 2 . philippe de vitry , cum statua / hugo : texts , translations , and music - - 3 . philippe de vitry , phi millies / o creator : texts , translations , and music - - 4 . anonymous , post missarum / post misse : texts and translations - - 5 . anonymous , fortune / ma dolour : texts and translations - - 6 . anonymous , amer / durement : texts and translations - - 7 . philippe de vitry , firmissime / adesto : texts and translations - - 8 . anonymous , beatius / cum humanum : texts and translations .\nlate medieval motet texts are brimming with chimeras , centaurs and other strange creatures . in the monstrous new art , anna zayaruznaya explores the musical ramifications of this menagerie in the works of composers guillaume de machaut , philippe de vitry , and their contemporaries . aligning the larger forms of motets with the broad sacred and secular themes of their texts , zayaruznaya shows how monstrous or hybrid exempla are musically sculpted by rhythmic and textural means . these divisive musical procedures point to the contradictory aspects not only of explicitly monstrous bodies , but of such apparently unified entities as the body politic , the courtly lady , and the holy trinity . zayaruznaya casts a new light on medieval modes of musical representation , with profound implications for broader disciplinary narratives about the history of text - music relations , the emergence of musical unity , and the ontology of the musical work .\na polymath and monk , hermannus contractus ( 1013 - 54 ) contributed to the important advancements made in european arts and sciences in the first half off the eleventh century , writing on history , astronomy , and timekeepig devices , among other topics , and composing several chants . his music theory , founded on a systematic treatment of traditional concepts and terminology dating back to the ancient greeks , is concerned largely with the oganization of pitch in gregorian chant .\n- - provided by publisher .\nordre et d\u00e9sordre de l ' espace sonore - - entendre les paysages sonores du moyen \u00e2ge et de la renaissance . l ' approche musicologique - - paysage sonore de la ville assi\u00e9g\u00e9e - - le cri de la cit\u00e9 , le souverain et le chevalier dans quelques romans arthuriens - - \u00e0 cor et \u00e0 cri . le paysage sonore de la justice , en france \u00e0 la fin du moyen \u00e2ge - - oui ou non , les morts font - ils du bruit ? - - chants de guerre et cris d ' armes - - chansons , ballades et complaintes de guerres au xve si\u00e8cle entre exaltation de l ' esprit belliqueux et m\u00e9moire des \u00e9v\u00e9nements - - l ' histoire de la principaut\u00e9 de bourgogne en chansons une propagande bien orchestr\u00e9e - - expressions verbales de la pr\u00e9sence fran\u00e7aise en italie entre xve et xvie si\u00e8cles - - cris de guerre et d ' armes . formes et fonctions de l ' embl\u00e8me sonore m\u00e9di\u00e9val - -\nor oyez . . .\nles h\u00e9rauts d ' armes dans l ' espace sonore - - de l ' onomatop\u00e9e au chant - - paysage sonore et \u00e9criture dramatique : les onomatop\u00e9es dans le th\u00e9\u00e2tre comique autour de 1500 - - cris et mots crus de la polyphonie du xve si\u00e8cle . contribution \u00e0 la g\u00e9n\u00e9alogie du r\u00e9alisme musical avant janequin - - cris et musicalit\u00e9s des jongleurs et des fous dans les manuscrits enlumin\u00e9s ( xiiie - xive si\u00e8cles ) - -\n\u00e0 chant et \u00e0 cris\n: l ' interpr\u00e9tation des cacce italiennes du xvie si\u00e8cle dans les enregistrements discographiques - - \u00e9clats de voix , \u00e9clats de joie : le chant liturgique et le cri de la foi - -\nretiens la nuit pour nous deux . . .\nr\u00e9flexions sur la chanson d ' aube de langue d ' o\u00efl - - paysages sonores et litt\u00e9rature m\u00e9di\u00e9vale : f\u00e9condit\u00e9 et fragilit\u00e9 d ' une rencontre .\n\nsi l ' homme ne retient pas les sons dans sa m\u00e9moire , ils p\u00e9rissent , car ils ne peuvent \u00eatre \u00e9crits\n, d\u00e9plore isidore de s\u00e9ville . par d\u00e9finition , les bruits et les sons s ' envolent , et de fait , \u00e0 premi\u00e8re \u00e9coute , les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s anciennes , le monde d ' avant edison , apparaissent d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9ment silencieuses . comment \u00e9tudier les bruits , les rumeurs , les clameurs qui animent le monde m\u00e9di\u00e9val ? peut - on m\u00eame se repr\u00e9senter ces centaines de cloches qui , dans une ville comme paris , sonnent \u00e0 la vol\u00e9e les heures de la journ\u00e9e ? peut - on imaginer les embarras de rues \u00e9troites o\u00f9 se c\u00f4toient hommes et b\u00eates , o\u00f9 hurlent du matin au soir crieurs et colporteurs ? c ' est cet ensemble qui constitue un paysage sonore . depuis les travaux pionniers de r . murray schafer et d ' alain corbin , l ' histoire du sensible a suscit\u00e9 un int\u00e9r\u00eat qui ne s ' est jamais d\u00e9menti , et qui a donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 un grand nombre de travaux pour les xixe et xxe si\u00e8cles . or , le moyen \u00e2ge est moins silencieux qu ' on pourrait le croire , et une partie au moins des sons quotidiens et familiers se retrouve transcrite dans des chroniques , des chansonniers , des romans , voire dans des actes judiciaires . il s ' agit de les retrouver , de les analyser et de les donner \u00e0 entendre de nouveau , dans une sorte d ' extraordinaire essai d ' arch\u00e9ologie sonore . partageant le m\u00eame int\u00e9r\u00eat pour la perception sensible de l ' univers m\u00e9di\u00e9val , laurent vissi\u00e8re et laurent hablot se sont attach\u00e9s \u00e0 r\u00e9unir autour du th\u00e8me des paysages sonores des historiens , des musicologues et des litt\u00e9raires dans une perspective r\u00e9solument interdisciplinaire . rassemblant leurs savoirs , ces sp\u00e9cialistes du moyen \u00e2ge et de la renaissance nous font entendre ici le bruissement oubli\u00e9 du quotidien des femmes et des hommes de jadis .\n- - page 4 of cover .\nprelude acknowledgments a note on transliteration overture performance , nostalgia , and the rhetoric of al - andalus : mediterranean soundings 1 . in the shadows of ziryab : narratives of al - andalus and andalusian music 2 . the rhetoric of al - andalus in modern syria , or , there and back again 3 . the rhetoric of al - andalus in morocco : genealogical imagination and authenticity 4 . the rhetoric of al - andalus in spain : nostalgic dwelling among the children of ziryab finalis the project of al - andalus and nostalgic dwelling in the 21st century glossary notes references index .\nperforming al - andalus explores three musical cultures that claim a connection to the music of medieval iberia , the islamic kingdom of al - andalus , known for its complex mix of arab , north african , christian , and jewish influences . jonathan holt shannon shows that the idea of a shared andalusian heritage animates performers and aficionados in modern - day syria , morocco , and spain , but with varying and sometimes contradictory meanings in different social and political contexts . as he traces the movements of musicians , songs , histories , and memories circulating around the mediterranean , he argues that attention to such flows offers new insights into the complexities of culture and the nuances of selfhood .\nbloomington , indiana ; indianapolis , [ indiana ] : indiana university press , 2015 .\ndi 1 ban . \u7b2c1\u7248 . - shanghai : shanghai gu ji chu ban she , 2015 . \u4e0a\u6d77 : \u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e , 2015 .\nxvii , 216 , a32 pages : ill . , music ; 24 cm .\nanthology for music in the medieval west , part of the western music in context series , is the ideal companion to music in the medieval west . forty - four carefully chosen works - including plainchant , the earliest experiments in polyphony , excerpts from latin liturgical dramas , and the elaborate polyphony of the fourteenth century - offer representative examples of the music of the period . commentaries following each score present a careful analysis of the music , and online links to purchase and download recordings make listening easier than ever .\nl ' ars nova italiana del trecento . 8 , beyond 50 years of ars nova studies at certaldo , 1959 - 2009 : atti del convegno internazionale di studi ( certaldo , palazzo pretorio , 12 - 14 giugno 2009 )\na modo di prologo . convergenze tra filologia testuale e filologia musicale / giuseppe tavani\ni mottetti nei frammenti d - mbs 3223 , ccl . 499 e cortona , archivio storico del comune 2 / oliver huck\nmusical analysis and the characterization of compositional identity : new evidence for the anonymous\nchecca tte piaccia\n/ jeannie ma . guerrero\nthe sources and early readers of ugolino of orvieto ' s\ndeclaratio musice discipline\n/ evan a . maccarthy\npreface with acknowledgements - - abbreviations - - introduction - - part one : citation , genre , and experiments in song in the early fourteenth century - - 1 . cantilena entata : etymologies and the grafted song ca . 1300 - - 2 . grafting song in paris : the lyric works of jehannot de lescurel - - 3 . experimental song - writing in the roman de fauvel - - part two : performing citation in court and city : the rise of the fixed forms - - 4 . performing nonsense at court : watriquet de couvin ' s fastras - - 5 . citation and ritual at the puys of valenciennes and paris - - 6 . jehan de le mote and the rise of the ballade - - 7 . citing the classics : mythological ballades by le mote , vitry , and campion - - part three : machaut and the art of grafted song - - 8 . machaut ' s heritage : tracing citations in his lyrics and songs - - 9 . self - citation and lyric process in la loange des dames - - 10 . the dynamics of duplication : staging debate in machaut ' s voir dit - - epilogue - - bibliography ."]}
{"id": 372, "summary": [{"text": "the blue-fronted robin ( cinclidium frontale ) is a species of bird in the family muscicapidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the only species in the monotypic genus cinclidium .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in bhutan , china , northeast india , laos , thailand , vietnam , and possibly nepal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is temperate forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "blue - fronted robin", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . blue - fronted robin > > immature male 2 . blue - fronted robin > > male 3 . blue - fronted robin > > female 4 . blue - fronted robin > > female 5 . blue - fronted robin > > female 6 . blue - fronted robin > > female 7 . blue - fronted robin > > female 8 . blue - fronted robin > > female 9 . blue - fronted robin > > female 10 . blue - fronted robin > > female 11 . blue - fronted robin > > male 12 . blue - fronted robin > > male\nthe blue - fronted robin ( cinclidium frontale ) is a species of bird in the muscicapidae family .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . blue - fronted robin ( cinclidium frontale ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwhile leaving lava , i decided to walk down the road as the others got ready , and at the garbage dump in lava i had a fleeting glimpse of a bluish robin - like bird . as i searched for it , it flew out across the road , and only gave me a fraction of a second to click before disappearing again . here ' s the record shot . - gb\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as relatively uncommon ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nblyth , 1842 \u2013 sikkim , nw bengal , bhutan and adjacent w arunachal pradesh . records from e nepal doubtful\n( delacour & jabouille , 1930 ) \u2013 ne india ( se arunachal pradesh and possibly nagaland ) , sc china ( sw sichuan ) and n indochina .\n18\u201320 cm ; 25\u201326 g . male nominate race is blackish - indigo , with shiny bluish forehead and shoulder , long graduated tail , white patch on underwing primary coverts , . . .\nsong a series of short clear melodious phrases , \u201ctuuii - be - tue\u2026 tuu - buudy - doo\u2026\u201d . calls include harsh . . .\ndark , densely vegetated gulleys in primary montane broadleaf evergreen forest and bamboo , 1850 . . .\nno information ; keeps to low parts of vegetation , clambering among bamboo , and presumably feeds there and on ground on small insects .\n; degree to which rarity reflects elusiveness unclear , but consensus of . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cinclidium frontale . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ncame very close in response to playback but very hard to see . . . keeps very close to the ground or on the ground , even when singing\nin response to playback - came very close ( 2m ) , kept very close to ground or on ground . same bird as xc106778 - 79\nin response to playback - came very close ( 2m ) , kept very close to ground or on ground . same bird as xc106778\na very difficult bird to see . found this bird in the morning and tried for quite some time . eventually , after trying for another hour at the end of the day , i got one good brief view . this was also when i made the recording . to get to see it i also used some tape but it was relatively long before the recording , so it probably did not have much influence . as you can hear it was another drizzly afternoon .\nsame male as in xc324174 and xc324175 , moving around a large area of bamboo .\ncame very close in response to playback but very hard to see . . . keeps very close to the ground or on the ground , even when singing . same bird as on xc106671 - two short cuts pasted together here\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nit is found in bhutan , china , india , laos , thailand , vietnam , and possibly nepal .\nits natural habitat is temperate forests . it is the only species remaining in the genus cinclidium after others were moved to the genus myiomela .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 580 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n@ kate _ bradbury @ flygirlnhm @ richardcomont keep a close eye kate . for bees , the faces of evil . 8 hours ago\nrt @ amyjanebeer : i ' m running a nature writing workshop at the delightful whisby nature park , on friday 31st august . four places left at \u00a315\u2026 2 days ago\nkate is on @ bbcradio4 now ! have a listen . @ kate _ bradbury # bumblebee urltoken 2 days ago\nrt @ jlowenwildlife : looks like hedgehogs and badgers can get along fine as neighbours , after all . @ chiffchat urltoken 4 days ago\nrt @ brightonwstones : we\u2019re thrilled to be welcoming author and broadcaster @ kate _ bradbury to @ brightonwstones this wed 4th july 7 . 30pm to t\u2026 6 days ago\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 373, "summary": [{"text": "an electrolithoautotroph is an organism which feeds on electricity .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "these organisms use electricity to convert carbon dioxide to organic matters by using electrons directly taken from solid-inorganic electron donors .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "electrolithoautotrophs are microorganisms which are found in the deep crevices of the ocean .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the warm , mineral-rich environment provides a rich source of nutrients .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the electron source for carbon assimilation from diffusible fe ( 2 + ) ions to an electrode under the condition that electrical current is the only source of energy and electrons .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "electrolithoautotrophs form a third metabolic pathway compared to photosynthesis ( plants converting light into sugar ) and chemosynthesis ( animals consuming food )", "topic": 4}], "title": "electrolithoautotroph", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearchers at the riken center for sustainable resource science and the university of tokyo have demonstrated that the bacterium acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can take electrons needed for growth directly from an electrode power source when iron\u2014its already known source of energy\u2014is absent . the study , published in frontiers in microbiology , shows that a . ferrooxidans can use direct uptake of electrons from an electrode to fuel the same metabolic pathway that is activated by the oxidation of diffusible iron ions .\njust as plants with chlorophyll use photosynthesis to convert energy from light into sugars needed for growth , other organisms\u2014like animals\u2014gain energy for the manufacture of sugars by taking electrons from substances in their surrounding environments\u2014a process called chemosynthesis . organisms that gain their energy this way are called chemotrophs , and those that get their electrons through oxidation of inorganic substances are called chemolithoautotrophs . phototrophs and chemotrophs make up two interconnected ecosystems .\n\u201cwe are investigating the possibility of a third type of ecosystem , \u201d explains group leader ryuhei nakamura . \u201cwe call it the electro - ecosystem because microbial activity is sustained primarily by direct electrical current . \u201d\nrecently , his team has discovered geo - electric currents across the walls of black - smoker chimneys formed by hydrothermanl vents , suggesting that some deep - sea microbes might double as a electrolithoautotrophs , organisms that can use electrical potential\u2014meaning that they simply eat electrons\u2014as an energy source instead of light or surrounding inorganic substances .\nbecause access to microbes in this environment is not easy , and to verify their hypothesis that being able to switch energy sources from inorganic substances to electricity is not unique in the microbial world , the team experimented with a . ferrooxidans , a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium known to oxidize iron ions ( fe 2 + ) .\nthe team cultured a . ferrooxidans in an fe 2 + - free environment and supplied an electrode with an electrical potential of + 0 . 4 v , carbon - dioxide as a carbon source , and oxygen as an electron acceptor . they found that these conditions created a current that originated from the electrode , and that the strength of the current depended on how many cells were attached to the electrode . killing the cells with uv light immediately suppressed the current .\nto determine how this current was being generated , they used an artificial photochemical reaction . normally , carbon monoxide attaches to heme proteins in a . ferrooxidans outer membranes and prevents oxidation . but , when exposed to light , this bond is broken and oxidation continues as usual . when tested , carbon - monoxide also prevented the current formed between the electrode and a . ferrooxidans cells and exposure to light reversed this block and allowed the current to flow . this suggested that a heme protein is needed for the electrosynthesis exhibited by a . ferrooxidans .\nfurther analysis showed that the responsible heme protein is the aa3 complex which is known to play a role in down - hill electron transfer in a . ferrooxidans that generates atp and the proton - motive - force that allows uphill electron transfer and carbon fixation\u2014the hallmarks of sugar production . inhibition of a protein complex that is part of the uphill - transfer process suppressed the current , showing that the proton - motive - forces being generated were indeed used for up - hill electron transport . additionally , the optical density of cells cultured with the electrode for eight days increased over time , indicating growth and that the current generated by electrons flowing from the electrode to the cells was being used for carbon fixation .\n\u201cnow that we have identified the metabolic pathway for electrolithoautotrophs in a . ferrooxidans , we will be able to apply this knowledge to bacteria we find in the deep sea vent , \u201d says nakamura . \u201cthe next step is to prove the existence of electro - ecosystems in on - site deep - sea experiments . \u201d\nunderstanding electro - ecosystems and how electrical currents can support life could lead to a blueprint for sustainable human ecosystems , using technology such as fuel cells , batteries , and thermoelectric converters . \u201d\nwe will be provided with an authorization token ( please note : passwords are not shared with us ) and will sync your accounts for you . this means that you will not need to remember your user name and password in the future and you will be able to login with the account you choose to sync , with the click of a button .\nto examine the validity of the hypothetical metabolic pathway for electrolithoautotrophic carbon assimilation , herein we cultivated the chemolithoautotrophic fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacterium , acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans , in fe 2 + - ions free electrochemical reactors . using site - specific chemical marking for intracellular electron - transfer chains involved in carbon assimilation , we demonstrate the previously unaccounted ability of an fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacterium to switch the metabolic mode from chemosynthesis to hypothetical electrolithoautotrophic carbon assimilation under the conditions that electrical current is the only source of energy and electrons for their carbon assimilation .\nacidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( atcc23270 ) was cultured in dsmz medium 882 ( 132 mg l - 1 ( nh 4 ) 2 so 4 , 53 mg l - 1 mgcl 2 6h 2 o , 27 mg l - 1 kh 2 po 4 , 147 mg l - 1 cacl 2 2h 2 o , and trace elements ) supplemented with ferrous iron ( 66 mm ) as an electron source and incubated aerobically at 30\u00b0c with shaking at 150 rpm in erlenmeyer flask ( volume of medium : 150 ml ) . the ph of solutions was adjusted to 1 . 8 using 5 m h 2 so 4 . subsequently , the culture was centrifuged at 15000 rpm for 10 min , and the pelleted cells were washed vigorously with a fresh medium at ph 1 . 8 . this process was repeated more than three times to remove soluble fe 2 + ions and insoluble iron oxides from the cell culture prior to being used for electrochemical experiments .\na single - chamber three - electrode system equipped with the working electrode on the bottom surface of the reactor was used for the electrochemical analysis of intact cells . a conducting glass substrate [ fluorine - doped tin oxide ( fto ) - coated glass electrode , resistance : 20 \u03c9 / square , size : 30 mm \u00d7 30 mm ; spd laboratory , inc . ] was used as the working electrode . the reference and counter electrodes were ag / agcl ( kcl sat . ) and a platinum wire , respectively . an air - exposed dsmz medium 882 was used as an electrolyte . the ph of solutions was adjusted to 1 . 8 using 5 m h 2 so 4 . the head space of the reactor was purged with air which is the source of n 2 , o 2 , and co 2 .\ncoordination of co to heme proteins in living cells was carried out by bubbling the cell suspension of a . ferrooxidans with co gas for 10 min in the electrochemical reactor ( shibanuma et al . , 2011 ) . for the photocurrent measurements , a 1000 - w xe lamp ( ushio ) equipped with a monochromator with a band width of 10 nm was used as an excitation source to irradiate light from the bottom of the electrochemical cell . for the inhibitor experiment of a bc1 complex , 1 v / v % antimycin a solubilized in methanol was added in the electrochemical reactor . the final concentration of antimycin a was 100 \u03bcm .\nscheme 1 . bifurcated electron and proton transfer model of fe ( ii ) oxidation in acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ( sugio et al . , 1981 ; ingledew , 1982 ; elbehti et al . , 1999 , 2000 ; brasseur et al . , 2004 ; vald\u00e9s et al . , 2008 ; quatrini et al . , 2009 ; bird et al . , 2011 ) . a small periplasmic blue copper protein ( rusticyanin , rus ) has been proposed as a branch point to switch an electron flow between nad + and o 2 . proton circuit for a down - hill and an up - hill electron - transfer reaction is indicated by blue and red dotted line , respectively . electron and energy delivery to the cells for carbon fixation is based on the diffusion and / or convection of soluble fe 2 + ions .\nfigure 1a shows current vs . time curves for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the absence of fe 2 + ions . in the present system , a conducting glass electrode ( fto ) poised at + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) acts as a sole source of electrons , and dissolved o 2 and co 2 are an electron acceptor and a carbon source , respectively . in the absence of bacteria , we detected no electrical current generation ( broken line , figure 1a ) . on the other hand , in the reactors containing cells , the cathodic current gradually increased to approximately 7 \u03bca after 20 h of cultivation ( solid line , figure 1a ) . the marked difference in current density depending on the presence of cells indicates that the cathodic current was derived from the metabolic activity of cells . furthermore , in - situ sterilization of cells with the deep - uv ( 254 nm ) irradiation immediately suppressed the cathodic current generation ( figure 1b ) . almost no electrical response was observed after 6 h of sterilization , confirming the strong coupling of metabolic activity to electrical current generation .\nfigure 1 . ( a ) current vs . time measurements for microbial current generation by acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells on an fluorine - doped tin oxide ( fto ) electrode in the absence of fe 2 + ions ( solid line ) at + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . current vs . time measurements without cells at + 0 . 4 v was also depicted as a reference ( broken line ) ( b ) effects of the deep - uv ( 254 nm ) irradiation to the microbial current generation by the cells in the absence of fe 2 + ions at + 0 . 4 v ( solid line ) . current vs . time measurements without cells at + 0 . 4 v was also depicted as a reference ( broken line ) . ( c ) in - situ optical microscope observation of an fto electrode surface at the indicated time ( panel a ) after cell inoculation . ( d ) plot of microbial current against cell number attached on an electrode surface obtained from in - situ optical microscope observation ( panels a and b ) . the squares of the correlation coefficients were estimated by the addition of the point of origin to the obtained data . the geometric area of the fto electrode was 3 . 14 cm 2 . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .\nfigure 2 . linear sweep ( ls ) voltammograms for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the presence ( broken line ) and absence ( solid line ) of fe 2 + ions ( 66 mm ) . a scan rate was 0 . 1 mv s - 1 . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .\nfigure 3a shows time courses of microbial current at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v under co atmospheres . upon the treatment of the cells with co , the microbial current decreased , suggesting that the formation of co - ligated heme in living cells inhibited the extracellular electron - transfer reactions of a . ferrooxidans . the drop in the microbial current caused by co was recovered upon visible - light irradiation ; in contrast , visible - light irradiation induced little change in the current generation under n 2 atmospheres ( figure 3b ) .\nfigure 3 . ( a ) time courses of microbial current generation in the absence of fe 2 + ions under co atmospheres . white and black bars indicate the period for light irradiation and dark conditions , respectively . an electrode potential was + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . ( b ) time courses of microbial current at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v under air and co atmospheres . ( c ) diffuse transmission uv - vis spectrum of whole cells of a . ferrooxidans suspended in a dsmz medium containing na 2 s 2 o 4 as a reductant under co atmospheres . ( d ) an action spectrum of the microbial current recovered by visible - light irradiation under a co atmosphere . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .\nfigure 4 . effects adding a bc1 complex inhibitor , antimycin a , on microbial current generation for a . ferrooxidans cultivated in the absence of fe 2 + ions at an electrode potential of + 0 . 4 v ( vs . she ) . antimycin a solubilized in methanol ( final concentration of antimycin a is 100 \u03bcm ) was added into electrochemical reactors at the time points indicated with an arrow ( solid line ) . methanol lacking antimycin a was also added into electrochemical reactors as a control experiment ( broken line ) . initial od 500 was 0 . 02 .\nin a . ferrooxidans , the pmf - dependent up - hill electron transfer is a physiologically important phenomenon , since carbon dioxide fixation via the calvin cycle is coupled to this process . figure 5 shows the time course of optical cell density at 500 nm ( od 500 ) obtained for a . ferrooxidans cells inoculated in an fe 2 + - ion - free electrochemical reactor for 8 days . under the condition that the electrode potential was poised at + 0 . 4 v , od 500 increased with incubation time . in contrast , when the cell was incubated under the same condition with the exception that no external potential was applied to the fto electrode ( open circuit condition ) , no growth of the cells was observed . here , we should emphasize that under the open circuit condition , the electron flow from the fto electrode to the cells was fully ceased and thus the electrode no longer functioned as an electron source for microbial growth . therefore , the clear potential dependency of the cell growth indicates that the cathodic current was being used not only for pmf generation , but also for carbon dioxide fixation and cellular maintenance via an endergonic electron - transfer reaction .\nfigure 5 . changes in the optical cell density at 500 nm of a . ferrooxidans inoculated in an fe 2 + - ion free electrochemical rector under the potential static condition at + 0 . 4 v vs . she ( open triangle ) and the open circuit condition ( open square ) . error bars indicate the standard error of the means calculated with data obtained from three individual experiments for the potential static condition and two individual experiments for the open circuit condition , respectively .\nscheme 2 . energy diagram for pmf - dependent electrolithoautotrophic carbon fixation in a . ferrooxidans . a . ferrooxidans cell extracts electrons directly from solid electron sources such as conductive minerals and electrodes at a potential of + 0 . 82 v vs . she . electrons are used for o 2 reduction via a down - hill pathway , which in turn generates pmf that is used to elevate the energy of electrons to reduce nad + to nadh , therefore triggering calvin cycle . from the energy difference between the input electron and the midpoint potential of nad + / nadh redox at cytoplasmic ph , it is estimated that a . ferrooxidans elevates the energy of electrons using pmf by 1 . 14 ev .\nthe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest .\nthe authors thank drs . k . takai , m . yamamoto , and h . makita of the japan agency for marine - earth science and technology ( jamstec ) for discussions about microbiological and biogeochemical aspects of deep - sea hydrothermal ecosystems , and ms . t . minami of riken for the careful reading of the manuscript . this work was financially supported by a grant - in - aid for specially promoted research from the japan society for promotion of science ( jsps ) kakenhi grant number 24000010 , and by a grant - in - aid for challenging exploratory research on priority areas from the ministry of education , culture , sports , science , technology ( mext ) , japan ( 24655167 ) and the canon foundation .\nbaaske , p . , weinert , f . m . , duhr , s . , lemke , k . h . , russell , m . j . , and braun , d . ( 2007 ) . extreme accumulation of nucleotides in simulated hydrothermal pore systems . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a . 104 , 9346\u20139351 . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0609592104\nbird , l . j . , bonnefoy , v . , and newman , d . k . ( 2011 ) . bioenergetic challenges of microbial iron metabolisms . trends microbiol . 19 , 330\u2013340 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . tim . 2011 . 05 . 001\nbose , a . , gardel , e . j . , vidoudez , c . , parra , e . a . , and girguis , p . r . ( 2014 ) . electron uptake by iron - oxidizing phototrophic bacteria . nat . commun . 5 , 3391 . doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms4391\nbrasseur , g . , levic\u00e1n , g . , bonnefoy , v . , holmes , d . , jedlicki , e . , and lemesle - meunier , d . ( 2004 ) . apparent redundancy of electron transfer pathways via bc 1 complexes and terminal oxidases in the extremophilic chemolithoautotrophic acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans . biochim . biophys . acta 1656 , 114\u2013126 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . bbabio . 2004 . 02 . 008\ncoursolle , d . , baron , d . b . , bond , d . r . , and gralnick , j . a . ( 2010 ) . the mtr respiratory pathway is essential for reducing flavins and electrodes in shewanella oneidensis . j . bacteriol . 192 , 467\u2013474 . doi : 10 . 1128 / jb . 00925 - 09\ndeng , x . , nakamura , r . , hashimoto , k . , and okamoto , a . ( 2015 ) . electron extraction from an extracellular electrode by desulfovibrio ferrophilus strain is5 without using hydrogen as an electron carrier . electrochemistry 83 , 529\u2013531 . doi : 10 . 5796 / electrochemistry . 83 . 529\ndeutzmann , j . s . , sahin , m . , and spormann , a . m . ( 2015 ) . extracellular enzymes facilitate electron uptake in biocorrosion and bioelectrosynthesis . mbio 6 , e00496\u2013e00515 . doi : 10 . 1128 / mbio . 00496 - 15\nelbehti , a . , brasseur , g . , and lemesle - meunier , d . ( 2000 ) . first evidence for existence of an uphill electron transfer through the bc1 and nadh - q oxidoreductase complexes of the acidophilic obligate chemolithotrophic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans . j . bacteriol . 182 , 3602\u20133606 . doi : 10 . 1128 / jb . 182 . 12 . 3602 - 3606 . 2000\nelbehti , a . , nitschke , w . , tron , p . , michel , c . , and lemesle - meunier , d . ( 1999 ) . redox components of cytochrome bc - type enzymes in acidophilic prokaryotes i . characterization of the cytochrome bc 1 - type complex of the acidophilic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans . j . biol . chem . 274 , 16760\u201316765 .\nfredrickson , j . k . , romine , m . f . , beliaev , a . s . , auchtung , j . m . , driscoll , m . e . , gardner , t . s . , et al . ( 2008 ) . towards environmental systems biology of shewanella . nat . rev . microbiol . 6 , 592\u2013603 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nrmicro1947\ngirguis , p . r . , and holden , j . f . ( 2012 ) . on the potential for bioenergy and biofuels from hydrothermal vent microbes . oceanography 25 , 213\u2013217 . doi : 10 . 5670 / oceanog . 2012 . 20\ngorby , y . a . , yanina , s . , mclean , j . s . , rosso , k . m . , moyles , d . , dohnalkova , a . , et al . ( 2006 ) . electrically conductive bacterial nanowires produced by shewanella oneidensis strain mr - 1 and other microorganisms . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a . 103 , 11358\u201311363 . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0604517103\nhorie , s . , watanabe , t . , and kumiko , a . ( 1983 ) . studies on the ferricytochrome a - ferrocytochrome a3 - carbon monoxide complex of mammalian cytochrome oxidase . conditions for preparation and some properties . j . biochem . 93 , 997\u20131010 .\ningledew , w . j . ( 1982 ) . thiobacillus ferrooxidans the bioenergetics of an acidophilic chemolithotroph . biochim . biophys . acta 683 , 89\u2013117 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0304 - 4173 ( 82 ) 90007 - 6\nishii , t . , nakagawa , h . , hashimoto , k . , and nakamura , r . ( 2012 ) . acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans as a bioelectrocatalyst for conversion of atmospheric co2 into extracellular pyruvic acid . electrochemistry 80 , 327\u2013329 . doi : 10 . 5796 / electrochemistry . 80 . 327\nlovley , d . r . , and nevin , k . p . ( 2013 ) . electrobiocommodities : powering microbial production of fuels and commodity chemicals from carbon dioxide with electricity . curr . opin . biotechnol . 24 , 385\u2013390 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . copbio . 2013 . 02 . 012\nmarsili , e . , baron , d . b . , shikhare , i . d . , coursolle , d . , gralnick , j . a . , and bond , d . r . ( 2008 ) . shewanella secretes flavins that mediate extracellular electron transfer . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a . 105 , 3968\u20133973 . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0710525105\nmartin , w . , baross , j . , kelley , d . , and russell , m . j . ( 2008 ) . hydrothermal vents and the origin of life . nat . rev . microbiol . 6 , 805\u2013814 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nrmicro1991\nmatsumoto , n . , nakasono , s . , ohmura , n . , and saiki , h . ( 1999 ) . extension of logarithmic growth of thiobacillus ferrooxidans by potential controlled electrochemical reduction of fe ( iii ) . biotechnol . bioeng . 64 , 716\u2013721 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ( sici ) 1097 - 0290 ( 19990920 ) 64 : 6 < 716 : : aid - bit11 > 3 . 3 . co ; 2 - 0\nmatsumoto , n . , yoshinaga , h . , ohmura , n . , ando , a . , and saiki , h . ( 2002 ) . numerical simulation for electrochemical cultivation of iron oxidizing bacteria . biotechnol . bioeng . 78 , 17\u201323 . doi : 10 . 1002 / bit . 10173\nmeierhenrich , u . j . , filippi , j . j . , meinert , c . , vierling , p . , and dworkin , j . p . ( 2010 ) . on the origin of primitive cells : from nutrient intake to elongation of encapsulated nucleotides . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 49 , 3738\u20133750 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 200905465\nmogi , t . , ishii , t . , hashimoto , k . , and nakamura , r . ( 2013 ) . low - voltage electrochemical co2 reduction by bacterial voltage - multiplier circuits . chem . commun . 49 , 3967\u20133969 . doi : 10 . 1039 / c2cc37986d\nmyers , c . r . , and myers , j . m . ( 1997 ) . outer membrane cytochromes of shewanella putrefaciens mr - 1 : spectral analysis , and purification of the 83 - kda c - type cytochrome . biochim . biophys . acta 1326 , 307\u2013318 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0005 - 2736 ( 97 ) 00034 - 5\nnakamura , r . , kai , f . , okamoto , a . , and hashimoto , k . ( 2013 ) . mechanisms of long - distance extracellular electron transfer of metal - reducing bacteria mediated by nanocolloidal semiconductive iron oxides . j . mater . chem . a 1 , 5148\u20135157 . doi : 10 . 1021 / acs . langmuir . 5b01033\nnakamura , r . , kai , f . , okamoto , a . , newton , g . j . , and hashimoto , k . ( 2009 ) . self - constructed electrically conductive bacterial networks . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 48 , 508\u2013511 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 200804750\nnakamura , r . , takashima , t . , kato , s . , takai , k . , yamamoto , m . , and hashimoto , k . ( 2010 ) . electrical current generation across a black smoker chimney . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 49 , 7692\u20137694 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201003311\nnealson , k . h . , and saffarini , d . ( 1994 ) . iron and manganese in anaerobic respiration : environmental significance , physiology , and regulation . annu . rev . microbiol . 48 , 311\u2013343 . doi : 10 . 1146 / annurev . mi . 48 . 100194 . 001523\nnewman , d . k . , and kolter , r . ( 2000 ) . a role for excreted quinones in extracellular electron transfer . nature 405 , 94\u201397 . doi : 10 . 1038 / 35013189\nokamoto , a . , hashimoto , k . , nealson , k . h . , and nakamura , r . ( 2013 ) . rate enhancement of bacterial extracellular electron transport involves bound flavin semiquinones . proc . natl . acad . sci . u . s . a . 110 , 7856\u20137861 . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1220823110\nokamoto , a . , saito , k . , inoue , k . , nealson , k . h . , hashimoto , k . , and nakamura , r . ( 2014 ) . uptake of self - secreted flavins as bound cofactors for extracellular electron transfer in geobacter species . energy environ . sci . 7 , 1357\u20131361 . doi : 10 . 1039 / c3ee43674h\nquatrini , r . , appia - ayme , c . , denis , y . , jedlicki , e . , holmes , d . s . , and bonnefoy , v . ( 2009 ) . extending the models for iron and sulfur oxidation in the extreme acidophile acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans . bmc genomics 10 : 394 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 10 - 394\nrabaey , k . , and rozendal , r . a . ( 2010 ) . microbial electrosynthesis \u2013 revisiting the electrical route for microbial production . nat . rev . microbiol . 8 , 706\u2013716 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nrmicro2422\nreysenbach , a . l . , and shock , e . ( 2002 ) . merging genomes with geochemistry in hydrothermal ecosystems . science 296 , 1077\u20131082 . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1072483\nsander , s . g . , and koschinsky , a . ( 2011 ) . metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation . nat . geosci . 4 , 145\u2013150 . doi : 10 . 1038 / ngeo1088\nshibanuma , t . , nakamura , r . , hirakawa , y . , hashimoto , k . , and ishii , k . ( 2011 ) . observation of in vivo cytochrome - based electron - transport dynamics using time - resolved evanescent wave electroabsorption spectroscopy . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 50 , 9137\u20139140 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201101810\nsievert , s . , and vetriani , c . ( 2012 ) . chemoautotrophy at deep - sea vents : past , present , and future . oceanography 25 , 218\u2013233 . doi : 10 . 5670 / oceanog . 2012 . 21\nsugio , t . , tano , t . , and imai , k . ( 1981 ) . isolation and some properties of silver ion - resistant iron - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans . agric . biol . chem . 45 , 2037\u20132051 . doi : 10 . 1271 / bbb1961 . 45 . 1791\ntakai , k . , and horikoshi , k . ( 1999 ) . genetic diversity of archaea in deep - sea hydrothermal vent environments . genetics 152 , 1285\u20131297 .\ntakai , k . , nakagawa , s . , reysenbach , a . - l . , and hoek , j . ( 2013 ) . \u201cmicrobial ecology of mid - ocean ridges and back - arc basins , \u201d in back - arc spreading systems : geological , biological , chemical , and physical interactions , eds d . m . christie , c . r . fisher , s . - m . lee , and s . givens ( washington , dc : american geophysical union ) , 185\u2013213 .\ntakai , k . , nakamura , k . , suzuki , k . , inagaki , f . , nealson , k . h . , and kumagai , h . ( 2006 ) . ultramafics - hydrothermalism - hydrogenesis - hyperslime ( ultrah3 ) linkage : a key insight into early microbial ecosystem in the archean deep - sea hydrothermal systems . paleontol . res . 10 , 269\u2013282 . doi : 10 . 2517 / prpsj . 10 . 269\ntremblay , p . l . , and zhang , t . ( 2015 ) . electrifying microbes for the production of chemicals . front . microbiol . 6 : 201 . doi : 10 . 3389 / fmicb . 2015 . 00201\nvald\u00e9s , j . , pedroso , i . , quatrini , r . , dodson , r . j . , tettelin , h . , blake , r . , et al . ( 2008 ) . acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans metabolism : from genome sequence to industrial applications . bmc genomics 9 : 597 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 9 - 597\nyamaguchi , a . , yamamoto , m . , takai , k . , ishii , t . , hashimoto , k . , and nakamura , r . ( 2014 ) . electrochemical co2 reduction by ni - containing iron sulfides : how is co2 electrochemically reduced at bisulfide - bearing deep - sea hydrothermal precipitates ? electrochim . acta 141 , 311\u2013318 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . electacta . 2014 . 07 . 078\nyamamoto , m . , nakamura , r . , oguri , k . , kawagucci , s . , suzuki , k . , hashimoto , k . , et al . ( 2013 ) . generation of electricity and illumination by an environmental fuel cell in deep - sea hydrothermal vents . angew . chem . int . ed . engl . 52 , 10758\u201310761 . doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201302704\nyarz\u00e1bal , a . , brasseur , g . , ratouchniak , j . , lund , k . , lemesle - meunier , d . , demoss , j . a . , et al . ( 2002 ) . the high - molecular - weight cytochrome c cyc2 of acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is an outer membrane protein . j . bacteriol . 184 , 313\u2013317 . doi : 10 . 1128 / jb . 184 . 1 . 313 - 317 . 2002\nyunker , s . , and radovich , j . ( 1986 ) . enhancement of growth and ferrous iron oxidation rates of t . ferrooxidans by electrochemical reduction of ferric iron . biotechnol . bioeng . 28 , 1867\u20131875 . doi : 10 . 1002 / bit . 260281214\nfixation by fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacteria coupled with direct uptake of electrons from solid electron sources .\n\u00a9 2015 ishii , kawaichi , nakagawa , hashimoto and nakamura . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the\n. the use , distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted , provided the original author ( s ) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited , in accordance with accepted academic practice . no use , distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms .\nkazuhito hashimoto , department of applied chemistry , school of engineering , the university of tokyo , 7 - 3 - 1 hongo , bunkyo - ku , tokyo 113 - 8656 , japan , hashimoto @ urltoken ; ryuhei nakamura , biofunctional catalyst research team , riken center for sustainable resource science , 2 - 1 hirosawa , wako , saitama 351 - 0198 , japan , ryuhei . nakamura @ urltoken\ni am a scientist - turned writer and editor , who loves to read and write ( more than doing experiments ) . i have a phd in biochemistry and molecular biology , with a specialization in structural biology . my interests range widely , from life sciences to pop culture and arts to music . i am bilingual in english and japanese .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni am a physical chemist and the electron is the key word for my field . i am trying to understand the trials of nature in the course of becoming accustomed to different environments from the view point of \u201celectron flow\n( fig . 1 ) . this history of geological and biological electron flow is a great textbook , a blueprint for us to predict the future . we can learn a lot from the evolution , and it takes the field of biology and geology together . i think overall understanding of nature\u2019s evolution is needed , rather than trying to understand each specific step in detail , and such a comprehensive approach will provide the new guiding principle for us to design the catalysts and develop the technology for energy and environmental conservation in human society .\nfig . 1 electron flow & evolution of life our target is to find the role of electrical current for emergence and evolution of life ; how nature has utilized the electrical current from billion years ago , and its relevance in our modem technology , such as fuel cell , battery , voltage amplifier , and thermoelectric conversion . knowing the evolution of this in nature would be a nice guidance to realize sustainable human ecosystems . \u00a9 r . nakamura\ni joined the center in april 2013 , as one of the new principal investigators at csrs from outside of riken . the topic of sustainability was the attraction for me . here in my lab , we have about 10 people in our team . with the members who have the diverse backgrounds from physical chemistry to microbiology , i am trying to combine those areas to understand the fundamental mechanisms of nature to organize the robust and efficient energy cycle . i am sure its sustainability is relevant to modern technologies in human society .\nriken is a very special place , with so many outstanding scientists . there is a great freedom of what to research and we can focus basic subjects and cultivate frontier science . in our center , distinguished researchers of plant science , chemical biology , biomass , and chemistry work together . especially for young scientists , collaborating between the different fields and heavyweight experienced researchers is a very great incentive , since it helps them a lot to come up with the brand - new ideas , and they can even make their own field . also for me this collaboration is quite attractive , and has encouraged me a lot to establish my own vision .\nwe work on the development of biologically inspired catalysts and their application for energy harvesting and environmental conservation systems . specifically , we attempt to exploit the nature\u2019s ingenuities of multi - electron catalytic reaction , electron / proton transport , metabolic regulation , flexible response to external stimuli , and the robust energy management in a deep sea environment to develop the novel materials and systems necessary for the effective management of renewable energy sources . there are three areas for our research :\nfig . 2 chimney : giant electrochemical fuel cell sustained by magmatic activity ? the chemical potential and temperature gradient across the chimney generates electrical current , which trigger abiotic co 2 reduction and may sustain the ecosystems of the chimney .\nin 2010 we published the first paper about electricity generation in the deep sea hydrothermal vent ( ref . 1 ) . we were the first to propose and demonstrate that a black smoker chimney acts as an electrochemical fuel cell that can convert the energy stored in the earth\u2019s interior to electricity ( fig . 2 ) .\nour research has also inspired another field of the origin of life ( ref . 2 ) . this field has a quite long history , and the difficult point of this field is that we always have to investigate about the past events occurred billions of years ago . so , in order to get to the conclusive point of view , a broad range of understanding in physical chemistry , biology , and geology are required to understand the framework .\nbut always the problem has been that for some ( sub ) surface regions in the deep sea there is no recognizable energy input . there is no sunlight . there is no energy to sustain the bacterial activity we see . so people are looking for what is the energy source to sustain such an abundant biomass in the sub sea floor . so i am quite sure that this source has become the electron . now in the field of earth science people started to recognize electro - microbiology , and the electrochemical fuel cell in the deep ocean as a kind of power and engine to maintain the microbial activity .\nwe think that this energy creation found in the deep sea electro - ecosystem could have been one of the sources to kick - off the origin of life . the gradient of redox and temperature around a chimney creates electrical energy , which could kick off chemical evolution . this type of electrical energy might be the third type of ecosystem , in addition to chemosynthesis and photosynthesis , to drive microbial life ( fig . 3 / ref . 4 ) .\nfig . 3 ecosystems sustained by geo - electricity decoupling of electron and heat transfer can generate the high energy electron that has almost the same electrochemical potential generatedby photosynthesis .\ni want to know how nature got accustomed to the different environments , and how organisms in nature overcame such quite difficult situations by changing their metabolism or changing their genome . for example , it is as if chimney minerals have such an advanced knowledge of physics : they can convert chemical energy to electricity , and electricity to chemical energy . such an amazing function can be a key to generate high energy electrons , for triggering co 2 fixation , and nitrogen fixation in the ancient deep sea .\nwe also found another amazing aspect of chimney minerals : by analyzing the samples of minerals from the deep sea and investigating the function of them with dr . takao mori of national institute for materials science , we found that they transfer electrons efficiently , but not heat energy ( ref . 3 ) . it represents a newly recognized system for energy - harvesting in nature , based on the decoupling of electron transfer and heat transfer . no one would imagine this ! i would say that at the hydrothermal vent the difference of chemical potential and temperature is converted to electrical current , and if proton motive force exists , a hydrothermal vent can generate reductive energy almost identical with that of photo - excited photosynthesis ii . this is a new scenario to bridge deep - sea ecosystem and photosynthesis in terms of energetics for carbon fixation , and recently published in a book chapter ( ref . 4 ) . this is one of our original discoveries and can be a basis for examining the relationship between modern technology and ancient one in respect to heat and electrical use .\nthe next challenge for us is to test our hypothesis on the newly understood type of bacteria called \u201celectrotrophs\u201d in which co 2 fixation is triggered by electrons taken from minerals or electrodes .\nscientists in the usa ( prof . kenneth nealson and prof . derek lovely ) noticed that certain bacteria transferred electron from some minerals like iron oxide or manganese oxide , as a process for their respiration . those findings were the starting point of the new field of electro - microbiology . usually we need oxygen for respiration , and mitochondria plays a role . but even without oxygen some bacteria eat minerals to maintain their atp synthesis . some portion of bacteria , archaea and animals depend on this kind of energy metabolism .\nthe current goal of our research is to prove the concept of such \u201celectro - ecosystems\u201d both by lab experiments and on - site deep - sea experiments ( fig . 4 /\n) . people will recognize the importance of this field soon . electron life might be a nice running title - the field of electron life .\nnakamura , r . , takashima , t . , kato , s . , takai , k . , yamamoto , m . , hashimoto , k . electrical current generation across a black smoker chimney . angew . chem . int . ed . 49 , 7692 - 7694 ( 2010 ) * selected to hot topics in sustainable chemistry doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201003311\nyamaguchi , a . , yamamoto , m . , takai , k . , ishii , t . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . electrochemical co 2 reduction by ni - containing iron sulfides : how is co 2 electrochemically reduced at bisulfide - bearing deep - sea hydrothermal precipitates ? electrochemica acta 141 , 311 - 318 ( 2014 ) doi : 10 . 1016 / j . electacta . 2014 . 07 . 078\nang , r . , khan , a . , tsujii , n . , takai , k . , nakamura , r . , mori , t . thermoelectricity generation and electron - magnon scattering in a natural chalcopyrite mineral from a deep - sea hydrothermal vent . angew . chem . 54 , 12909 - 12913 ( 2015 ) doi : 10 . 1002 / anie . 201505517\nyamaguchi , a . , li , y . , takashima , t . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . co 2 reduction using an electrochemical approach from chemical , biological , and geological aspects in the ancient and modern earth . solar to chemical energy conversion , 32 , 213 - 228 ( 2016 )\nishii , t . , kawaichi , s . , nakagawa , h . , hashimoto , k . , nakamura , r . from chemolithoautotrophs to electrolithoautotrophs : co 2 fixation by fe ( ii ) - oxidizing bacteria coupled with direct uptake of electrons from solid electron sources . front . microbiol . , 6 , 994 ( 2015 ) doi : 10 . 3389 / fmicb . 2015 . 00994\nriken news : a bacteria ' s double life : living off both iron and electricity ( dec . 2015 )\nat deep - sea vent systems , hydrothermal emissions rich in reductive chemicals replace solar energy as fuels to support microbial carbon assimilation . until recently , all the microbial components at vent systems have been assumed to be fostered by the primary production of chemolithoautotrophs ; however , both the laboratory and on - site studies demonstrated\u2026\nfirst evidence for existence of an uphill electron transfer through the bc ( 1 ) and nadh - q oxidoreductase complexes of the acidophilic obligate chemolithotrophic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans .\nredox components of cytochrome bc - type enzymes in acidophilic prokaryotes . i . characterization of the cytochrome bc1 - type complex of the acidophilic ferrous ion - oxidizing bacterium thiobacillus ferrooxidans .\nproudly built by ai2 with the help of our collaborators using these sources . terms of service \u2022 privacy policy .\narticles relating to biological processes . a phenomenon marked by changes that lead to a particular result , mediated by one or more gene products .\nthe following 37 pages are in this category , out of 37 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization ."]}
{"id": 375, "summary": [{"text": "oulophyllia crispa , sometimes called the intermediate valley coral , is a species of stony coral in the family merulinidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is native to the tropical western and central indo-pacific region .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "although this coral has a wide range , it is generally uncommon and seems to be decreasing in abundance , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being \" near threatened \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "oulophyllia crispa", "paragraphs": ["see talk : oulophyllia crispa for individual experiences with this species , oulophyllia crispa . feel free to add your own personal experiences .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - large meandroid brain coral ( oulophyllia crispa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - large meandroid brain coral ( oulophyllia crispa )\ntitle =\narkive species - large meandroid brain coral ( oulophyllia crispa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\noulophyllia crispa is a species of hard coral of the family faviidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .\nwe recently bought a new coral it is a closed brain oulophyllia crispa . the pet store said it was rare and i have done my research on it , and i know what it eats and all . but does anyone else know anything about behavior and killing potential of other corals fish or inverts ? my emerald green crad died recently after placeing new coral in tank . could the coral have klilled him ?\n( of meandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome second . paris : verdi\u00e8re , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of maeandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome second . paris : verdi\u00e8re , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nit ' s not rare , i have two oulophylias a crispa and a bennet . it can ' t kill a crab . give it three of our inches of space since it can put out long stingers at night which can harm it ' s neighbors .\n( of ulophyllia crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome second . paris : verdi\u00e8re , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of maeandrina crispa lamarck , 1816 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\ntype locality\nindian ocean\n( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]\ndescription this is a submeandroid coral . in the red sea , its colonies are always small , rarely over 20 cm diameter , but are commonly . . .\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\n( of ulophyllia aspera quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873\u201379 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia maxima rehberg , 1892 ) rehberg , h . 1892 . neue and wenig bekannte korallen . abhandlungen aus dem gebiete der naturwissenschaften hamburg 12 : 1 - 50 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia stokesiana milne edwards , 1857 ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) gravier c ( 1910 ) sur quelques formes nouvelles de madr\u00e9poraires de la baie de tadjourah . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle 16 : 273 - 276 . [ details ]\n( of coeloria cooperi gardiner , 1904 ) gardiner j . s . ( 1904 ) . introduction , ii . astraeidae . in : fauna and geography of the maldives and laccadives archipelagoes , cambridge . 2 : 736 - 790 . [ details ]\n( of coeloria magna gardiner , 1904 ) gardiner j . s . ( 1904 ) . introduction , ii . astraeidae . in : fauna and geography of the maldives and laccadives archipelagoes , cambridge . 2 : 736 - 790 . [ details ]\n( of coeloria gigantea yabe & sugiyama , 1935 ) yabe , h . & t . sugiyama , 1935 . revised lists of the reef corals from the japanese seas and of the fossil reef corals of the raised reefs and the ry\u00fbky\u00fb limestone of japan . j . geol . soc . japan 42 502 : 379 - 403 . [ details ]\nveron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]\nveron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nveron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhuang d , benzoni f , fukami h , knowlton n , smith nd , budd af ( 2014 ) taxonomic classification of the reef coral families merulinidae , montastraeidae , and diploastraeidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 171 : 277\u2013355 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia aspera quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia stuhlmanni rehberg , 1892 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia stuhlmanni rehberg , 1892 ) rehberg , h . 1892 . neue and wenig bekannte korallen . abhandlungen aus dem gebiete der naturwissenschaften hamburg 12 : 1 - 50 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia maxima rehberg , 1892 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of coeloria gigantea yabe & sugiyama , 1935 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of coeloria magna gardiner , 1904 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) gravier , c . ( 1911 ) . les r\u00e9cifs de coraux et les madr\u00e9poraires de la baie de tadjourah ( golfe d ' aden ) . annales de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique de monaco . 2 ( 3 ) , 1 - 101 , pls 1 - 12 . [ details ]\n( of coeloria cooperi gardiner , 1904 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia stokesiana milne edwards , 1857 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia cellulosa quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia cellulosa quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873\u201379 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]\n( of ulophyllia bonhourei gravier , 1910 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m . 1977 . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part ii . families faviidae , trachyphylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 3 : 1\u2013233 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden , southwest indian ocean , northern indian ocean , central indo - pacific , australia , southeast asia , japan and east china sea , and the oceanic west pacific .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species occurs in shallow , tropical reef environments . it is found in most reef environments , but especially in lagoons . this is a fairly uncommon coral that appears to prefer reef slopes . colonies may reach several metres in diameter ( wood 1983 ) . this species is found on subtidal rock and rocky reefs . this species is found to 30 m .\nall corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species\u2019 range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nformation by intramural polystomodaeal budding . series short , discontinuous , separated by single , acute collines . centers indistinct , linked by\nveron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .\nveron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\ni don ' t think this coral is really rare - i have seen these on many online suppliers and in the lfs on a somewhat frequent basis - sometimes misclassified as platygyra or favia species at the lfs . i do not think it is what killed your emerald crab .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tom current tank info : tank of the month , november 2011 : 600gal integrated system : 3 display tanks ( 120 g , 90g , 89g ) , several frag / grow out tanks , macroalgae refugia , cryptic zones . 40 + fish , seahorses , sps , lps , leathers , zoanthidae and non photosynthetic corals .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 3 . 8 . 4 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd . powered by searchlight \u00a9 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement . reef central tm reef central , llc . copyright \u00a91999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3 . 3 . 0 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright \u00a9 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ninformation on the large meandroid brain coral is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ngardiner , j . s . 1904 ,\nmadreporaria , i introduction , ii astraeidae\n, ed . gardiner , j . s . ( ed . ) , fauna and geography of the maldive and laccadive archipelagoes , vol . 2 , pp . p . 756 , cambridge university press , cambridge\nmilne - edwards , h . & haime , j . 1857 , vol . 1 , p . 326 , librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris\nveron , j . e . & hudson , r . c . l . 1978 ,\nribbon reefs of the northern region\n, philosophical transactions of the royal society of london . series b . biological sciences , vol . 284 , pp . 3 - 21\nrehberg , h . 1892 ,\nneue und wenig bekannte korallen\n, abhandlungen naturwissenschaftliche verein zu hamburg , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 50\ngravier , c . 1910 ,\nsur quelques formes nouvdles de aladreporaires de la baic de tadjourah\n, bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , vol . 16 , pp . 273\u2013276\nnemenzo , f . 1959 ,\nsystematic studies on philippine shallow - water sclcractinians ii suborder faviida\n, natural and applied science bulletin , university of the philippines , vol . 16 , pp . 73 - 135\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0a7913c3 - 9903 - 4920 - 8224 - cc08660a348e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8ed2fd9e - e59c - 4e9f - 802a - 3fbef4a6fa12\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d713dc91 - 2bf9 - 4386 - a826 - 1c61f7db0169\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7e8e68b5 - 1cbf - 4837 - b3a6 - e2b52ca236a8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 348225\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ncreate date : dec . 22 , 2015 , 12 : 40 p . m .\nnerp te project 2 . 3 - monitoring the health of torres strait coral reefs ( aims )\njavascript is currently disabled or is not supported by this browser . please enable javascript for full functionality .\nsorry , there was a problem loading sequence from server . please try again and contact us if the problem persists .\nsorry , there was a problem loading genome locations from server . please try again and contact us if the problem persists .\nscroll around to explore the entire tree . click tree nodes to collapse or expand them . hover over taxon names to display additional information .\n( 1976 ) : patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . \u2014mar . biol . ,\n( 1977 ) : space partitioning by stony corals , soft corals and benthic algae on the coral reefs of the northern gulf of eilat ( red sea ) . \u2014helgol\u00e4nder wiss . meersunters . ,\n\u2014 & \u2014 ( 1981 ) : competition for space among coral reef sessile organisms . \u2014bull . mar . sci . ,\n( 1994 ) : the coral fauna of vitigliano : qualitative and quantitative analysis in a back reef environment ( castro limestone , late oligocene , salento peninsula , southern italy ) . \u2014boll . soc . paleontol . italiana ,\n( 1994 ) : coral facies across an oligocene fringing reef ( salento peninsula , southern italy ) . \u2014cour . forsch . - inst . senckenberg ,\n( eds . ) , red sea - key environments . \u201422\u201344 , 11 figs . , london ( pergamon press )\n( 1991 ) : reef coral survival and mortality at low temperatures in the arabian gulf : new species - specific lower temperature limits . \u2014coral reefs ,\n( 1978 ) : diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs . \u2014science ,\n( 1990 ) : paleoecology : concepts and applications . \u20142nd ed . , 502pp . , new york ( wiley )\n( 1982 ) : the distribution of coral communities across the great barrier reef . \u2014coral reefs ,\n( 1987 ) : the evolution of reef communities . \u2014 600 pp . , new york ( john wiley & sons )\n( 1973 ) : ecological and biological phenomena influencing coral species composition on the reef tables at elat ( gulf of aqaba , red sea ) . \u2014mar . biol . ,\n( 1981 ) : oligocene reef coral biofacies of the vicentin , northeast italy . \u2014in :\n( ed . ) : european fossil reef models . \u2014soc . econ . paleont . min . , spec . , publ . ,\n( 1983 ) : holocene west indian coral reefs : geomorphology , ecology and facies . \u2014facies ,\n\u2014 ( 1992 ) : modern reef development and cenozoic evolution of an oceanic island / reef complex : isla de providencia ( western caribbean sea , colombia ) . \u2014facies ,\n( 1987 ) : corals and coral reefs of the red sea . \u2014in :\n( eds . ) : red sea - key environments . \u2014128\u2013151 , 16 figs . , 5 tables , oxford ( pergamon press )\n( 1982 ) : reproduction by fragmentation in corals . \u2014mar . ecol . progr . ser . ,\nand nummulitidae in the gulf of elat , red sea . \u2014utrecht micropal . bull .\n( 1992 ) : coral communities and coral - bivalve associations in the northern red sea at safaga , egypt . \u2014 facies ,\n( 1972 ) : community structure and species diversity of hermatypic corals at eilat , red sea . \u2014mar . biol . ,\n\u2014 ( 1976b ) : settlement , mortality , and recruitment of a red sea scleractinian coral population . \u2014in :\n( ed . ) : coelenterate ecology and behaviour . \u201489\u201399 , new york ( plenum publishing corp . )\n\u2014 ( 1976c ) : recolonization of red sea corals affected by natural catastrophies and man - made perturbations . \u2014ecology ,\n( eds . ) : coral reefs : research methods . \u2014 197\u2013217 , 10 figs . , paris ( unesco )\n( 1971 ) : the coral reefs of eilat ( gulf of eilat , red sea ) . \u2014symp . zool . soc . lond . ,\n( 1977 ) : hydroids as indicator species for ecological parameters in caribbean and red sea coral reefs . \u2014proc . 3rd int . coral reef symp . , miami , florida , 119\u2013125 , 1 figs . , 1 table , miami\n( 1974 ) : morphologie , \u00f6kologie und zonierung von korallenriffen bei aquaba ( golf von aqaba , rotes meer ) . \u2014helgol\u00e4nder wiss . meeresunters . ,\n\u2014 & \u2014 ( 1981 ) : quantitative analyse der korallenbesiedlung eines vorriffareals bei aqaba ( golf von aqaba , rotes meer ) . \u2014helgol\u00e4nder wiss . meeresunters . ,\n\u2014 & \u2014 ( 1985 ) : quantitative analyse von korallengemeinschaften des sanganeb - atolls ( mittleres rotes meer ) . i . die besiedlungsstruktur hydrodynamisch unterschiedlich exponierter au\u00dfen - und innenriffe . \u2014helgol\u00e4nder . wiss . meeresunters . ,\nmontaggioni , l . f . , behairy , a . k . a . , el - sayed , m . k .\n( 1986 ) : the modern reef complex , jeddah area , red sea : a facies model for carbonate sedimentation on embryonic passive margins . \u2014coral reefs ,\n( 1992 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . iii . distribution of echinoids . \u2014beitr . pal\u00e4ont . \u00f6sterr . ,\n( 1984 ) : environmental influence on growth form in some massive tabulate corals from the hamilton group ( middle devonian ) of new york state . \u2014paleontogr . americana ,\n( 1995 ) : quantitative approaches to paleozonation and paleobathymetry of corals and coralline algae in cenozoic reefs . \u2014in :\n( eds . ) : marine paleoenvironmental analysis from fossils . \u2014geol . soc . spec . publ . ,\n( 1970 ) : on r - and k - selection . \u2014am . nat . ,\n( 1994 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . iv . thin section analysis . \u2014beitr . pal\u00e4ont . ,\n( 1989 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . i . topography and bottom facies . \u2014beitr . pal\u00e4ont . \u00f6sterr . ,\n( 1990 ) : the northern bay of safaga ( red sea , egypt ) : an actuopalaeontological approach . ii . sediment analyses and sedimentary facies . \u2014beitr . pal\u00e4ont . \u00f6sterr . ,\n( 1984 ) : the gulf of aqaba . ecological micropaleontology . \u2014viii + 354 pp . , berlin , ( springer )\n( 1989 ) : gesellschaftsstruktur von steinkorallen ( scleractinia ) an riffen des n\u00f6rdlichen roten meeres . \u2014 unpubl . diplomarbeit , universit\u00e4t wien , 120 pp . , wien\noken 1816 ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) in south - east africa . \u2014zool . j . linn . soc . ,\n\u2014 ( 1995b ) : effects of sand deposition on scleractinian and alcyonacean corals . \u2014marine biology ,\n( 1994 ) : the structure of coral communities at hurghada in the northern red sea . \u2014pszni marine ecology ,\n( 1995 ) : effects of sediment on the energy budgets of four scleractinian ( bourne 1900 ) and five alcyonacean ( lamouroux 1816 ) corals . \u2014j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . ,\n( 1995 ) : tissue damage in scleractinian and alcyonacean corals due to experimental exposure to sedimentation . \u2014beitr . pal\u00e4ont . ,\n( 1971 ) : principal features of reef coral ecology in shallow water environments of mah\u00e9 , seychelles . \u2014in :\n( eds . ) : regional variation in indian ocean coral reefs . \u2014symp . zool . soc . lond . ,\n\u2014 ( 1975 ) : the distribution of reef corals . \u2014rep . underwat . ass . , ( n . s . )\n\u2014 ( 1977 ) : the depth distribution of recent hermatypic corals and its paleontological significance . \u2014mem . bur . rech . geol . minieres ,\n( 1981 ) : the tropical high diversity enigma\u2014the coral\u2019s eye of view . \u2014in :\n( eds . ) : chance , change and challenge . the evolving biosphere . \u2014brit . mus . ( nat . hist . ) and cambridge univ . press , 103\u2013129 , london\n( 1984 ) : a report on the stony corals of the red sea . \u2014zoologica ,\n( 1985 ) : quantitative analyse von korallengemeinschaften des sanganeb atolls ( mittleres rotes meer ) . ii . vergleich mit einem riffarael bei aqaba ( n\u00f6rdliches rotes meer ) am nordrande des indopazifischen riffg\u00fcrtels . \u2014helgol\u00e4nder wiss . meeresunters . ,\n( 1991 ) : corals and coral communities of arabia . \u2014fauna of saudi arabia ,\n( 1992 ) : marine ecology of the arabian region . \u2014347 pp . , london ( academic press )\n( 1986 ) : the cnidom : an index of aggresive proficiency in scleractinian corals . \u2014coral reefs ,\n( 1986 ) : corals of australia and the indo - pacific . \u2014633 pp . , north ryde ( angus & robertson )\n( 1976 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 1 . families thamnasteriidae , astrocoendiidae , pocilloporidae . \u2014aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,\n( 1979 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 3 . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophyliidae . \u2014aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,\n( 1982 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 4 . family poritidae . \u2014aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,\nveron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . & wijsman - best , m .\n( 1977 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 2 . families faviidae , trachyphyllidae . \u2014aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,\n( 1984 ) : scleractinia of eastern australia . part 5 . family acroporidae . \u2014aust . inst . mar . sci . monogr . ser . ,\noriginal russian text \u00a9 yu . ya . latypov , 2009 , published in biologiya morya .\nlatypov , yu . ya . , reef - building corals and reefs of vietnam . 1 . the gulf of siam ,\ngardiner , j . s . , the reefs of the western indian ocean : i . chagos archipelago : ii . the mascarene region ,\nloya , y . , and slobodkin , l . b . , the coral reefs of eilat ( gulf of eilat , red sea ) ,\npillai , c . s . g . , vine , p . j . , and scheer , g . , bericht \u00fcber eine korallensammlung von den seychellen ,\nselin , n . i . , latypov , y . y . , malyutin , a . n . , and bolshakova , l . n . , species composition and abundance of corals and other invertebrates on the reefs of the seychelles islands ,\nturner , j . , klaus , r . , and engelhardt , u . , the reefs of the granitic islands of the seychelles , coral reef degradation in the indian ocean : status reports and project presentations 2000 ,\nveron , j . e . n . and hodgson , g . , annotated checklist of the hermatypic corals of the philippines ,\nveron , j . e . n . and hudson , r . c . l . , ribbon reefs of the northern region ,\nveron , j . e . n . and marsh , l . m . , records and annotated checklist of the hermatypic corals of western australia ,\nvo , s . t . and hodgson , g . , coral reefs of vietnam : recruitment limitation and physical forcing ,\nwijsman - best , m . , faure , g . , and pichon , m . , contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the seychelles and eastern africa ,\nlatypov , y . y . russ j mar biol ( 2009 ) 35 : 454 . urltoken\nturbinaria stellulata , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae . it is native to the indo - pacific region . the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being\nvulnerable\n.\nturbinaria stellulata tends to be submassive with encrusting margins and does not produce vertical structures to any extent . the corallites are about 2 mm ( 0 . 08 in ) in diameter and have thick walls . this coral is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues . it is usually some shade of brown or green , but other colours sometimes occur , depending on which species of symbiont is present . colonies are dome - shaped and grow to a diameter of about 50 cm ( 20 in ) .\nturbinaria stellulata occurs in the indo - pacific region . its range extends from the red sea and madagascar to tropical australia , southern japan and the south china sea . it occurs on upper reef slopes at depths from 2 to 15 metres ( 6 to 50 ft ) , and unlike other corals in its genus turbinaria , it seems to avoid turbid water .\nas a zooxanthellate coral , turbinaria stellulata gets part of its nutritional needs from the photosynthetic symbionts in its tissues , but also extends its polyps to feed , mostly at night . colonies are either male or female and are broadcast spawners . all the colonies in an area liberate their eggs and sperm into the sea in a spawning event which is synchronised with the phases of the moon . the planula larvae that develop form part of the plankton and eventually settle in a suitable location on the seabed .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nclosely related symbiodinium spp . differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental , latitudinal and biogeographic gradients\nmarine ecology progress series 284 : 147 - 161 . doi : 10 . 3354 / meps284147\nabout closely related symbiodinium spp . differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental , latitudinal and biogeographic gradients\nthis web site was designed by laure guillou and fabrice not ( biological station of roscoff , cnrs , france ) . contributions or suggestions are very welcome and can be submitted either to laure guillou or to fabrice not .\nthis page that you have visted here is a stub of the rtaw reefpedia . that means that this page has been generated , but it is yet to contain the relevant information required . so it requires some work on content within it before it is completed .\ninformation about the body shape , skeletal characteristics , how it appears , colouring etc .\nany species that look similar to this one , that may be mixed up .\nsomething about what size the it grows to in the wild , plus in captivity .\nnotes about what they do , how they inteact with others , different species etc .\nhow it reproduces , how suitable it is to breeding or captive propagation , techniques on how to etc .\nsome additional notes on it that don ' t fit in the above sections .\nlink to online magazine articles dealing with this species , genus , or family .\nthis page was last modified on 2 march 2007 , at 07 : 58 .\nprimary resource : la jeunesse , t . c . , pettay , d . t . , sampayo , e . m . , phongsuwan , n . , brown , b . , obura , d . o . , hoegh guldberg , o . , fitt , w . k . ( 2010 ) long - standing environmental conditions , geographic isolation and host - symbiont specificity influence the relative ecological dominance and genetic diversification of coral endosymbionts in the genus symbiodinium . journal of biogeography 37 , 785 - 800\nsecondary resource : franklin , e . c . , stat , m . , pochon , x . , putnam , h . m . , gates , r . d . ( 2011 ) geosymbio : a hybrid , cloud - based web application of global geospatial bioinformatics and ecoinformatics for symbiodinium - host symbioses . molecular ecology resources 12 , 369 - 373\nprimary resource : darling , e . s . , alvarez filip , l . , oliver , t . a . , mc clanahan , t . r . , c\u00f4t\u00e9 , i . m . ( 2012 ) evaluating life - history strategies of reef corals from species traits . ecology letters 15 , 1378 - 1386"]}
{"id": 376, "summary": [{"text": "prolita princeps is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by august busck in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california , washington , montana , oregon , new mexico , utah and british columbia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16.5 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the scales on the costal half at the base and the costal margin on the forewings are buff white with brown tips , while the scales on the area costad and distad of the medial brown streak are white to buff white with pale brown apices , and the scales dorsad of the brown streak are pale yellow .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a few buff tipped scales are found on the outer margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are fuscous , with the veins slightly darker . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "prolita princeps", "paragraphs": ["gnorimoschema princeps busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 175 ; tl : california\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n: the scales on the costal half at the base and the costal margin on the forewings are buff white with brown tips , while the scales on the area costad and distad of the medial brown streak are white to buff white with pale brown apices , and the scales dorsad of the brown streak are pale yellow . a few buff tipped scales are found on the outer margin . the hindwings are fuscous , with the veins slightly darker .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncalifornia , colorado , arizona , new mexico , texas , wyoming , utah . see [ maps ]\ngelechia barnesiella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 875 ; tl : colorado , gelnwood springs\nlita deoia hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 20 ; tl : smokey valley , 6000ft , tulare co . , california\nlita dialis hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 21 ; tl : paradise , cochise co . , arizona\nlita geniata hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 18 ; tl : la puerta valley , so . california\nlita incicur hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 17 ; tl : smokey valley , 6300ft , tulare co . , california\nutah , arizona , california , colorado , oregon , new mexico . see [ maps ]\ngelechia invariabilis kearfott , 1908 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 16 ( 3 ) : 184 ; tl : stockton , utah\nwashington , california , colorado , idaho , montana , utah . see [ maps ]\nlita jubata hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 34 ; tl : satus creek , yakima co . , washington\nlarva on chrysothamnus viscidiflorus hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 34\nlita maenadis hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 23 ; tl : blanco ' s corral , white mts , mono co . , california , 10150ft\ncalifornia ; new mexico , nevada , washington , colorado . see [ maps ]\nlita nefrens hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 35 ; tl : sonora pass , tuolumne co . , california\nlarva on chrysothamnus nauseosus hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 36\nlita obnubila hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 22 ; tl : fort davis , texas , 5000ft\nlita pagella hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350ft , 7 . 5mi flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\ncalifornia , washington , montana , new mexico , utah , washington , british columbia . see [ maps ]\ngelechia puertella busck , 1916 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 18 ( 2 ) : 148 ; tl : la puerta , california\ncalifornia , colorado , montana , new mexico , washington , british columbia . see [ maps ]\nlita recens hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 31 ; tl : mt . shasta , california\nlarva on stenatopsis linearifolius , ericameria cuneata hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 31\ncalifornia , arizona , colorado , utah , montana , washington , alberta . see [ maps ]\ngelechia rectistrigella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : west riverside , california\nneu , siberia , alps , austria , . . . , alaska , washington , california , utah , wyoming , canada . see [ maps ]\nlita sironae hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 27 ; tl : san diego , california\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 12 , genista tinctoria , cytisus [ me3 ] , 174\nlita thaliae hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 28 ; tl : eureka , utah\nlarva on chrysothamnus nauseosus hodges , 1966 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 29\ncalifornia , colorado , arizona , california , connecticut , massachusetts , montana , nevada , new mexico , washington , british columbia , manitoba , saskatchewan . see [ maps ]\ngelechia variabilis busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 871 ; tl : california ; colorado\nlita veledae hodges , 1966 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 119 ( 3547 ) : 24 ; tl : dixieland , imperial co . , california\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 378, "summary": [{"text": "the black-bellied whistling duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , formerly also called black-bellied tree duck , is a whistling duck that breeds from the southernmost united states and tropical central to south-central south america .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "in the usa , it can be found year-round in parts of southeast texas , and seasonally in southeast arizona , and louisiana 's gulf coast .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a rare breeder in such disparate locations as arkansas , georgia , tennessee , and south carolina , though it is now a common breeder in parts of central florida .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "there is a large population of several hundred that winter each year in audubon park in uptown new orleans , louisiana .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "since it is one of only two whistling-duck species native to north america , it is occasionally just known as the \" whistling duck \" in the southern usa . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "black - bellied whistling duck", "paragraphs": ["black - bellied whistling duck is nocturnal animal ( active during the night ) .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the black - bellied whistling - duck in the americas .\nvisit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the black - bellied whistling duck .\nfulvous whistling - duck fulvous whistling - ducks lack black bellies and have extensive black on their wings and back .\nblack - bellied whistling - duck : large , colorful duck with bright red bill , pink - red legs and feet . shows white wing patch , black\nunlike other ducks , black - bellied whistling duck spends a lot of time on the ground and on the trees .\nimmature fulvous whistling - duck could be confused with an immature black - bellied whistling - duck . fulvous has a white stripe on the side and dark wings without a wing stripe .\nblack - bellied whistling duck has orange - red bill , medium - sized , erect body and long neck and legs .\nblack - bellied whistling duck can reach 18 . 5 to 20 . 1 inches in length and 23 to 36 ounces of weight .\nthe oldest recorded black - bellied whistling duck was a male , and at least 10 years , 7 months when it was found in louisiana .\ndiet : black - bellied whistling - duck feeds mainly on plant matter , aquatic plants , grass and grain . it also consumes insects and molluscs .\nblack - bellied whistling duck is aquatic bird that belongs to the family of ducks . there are two subspecies of black - bellied whistling ducks that can be found in the southern parts of the usa and in the central and south america . black - bellied whistling duck inhabits freshwater ponds , lakes and marshes ( usually near the agricultural fields ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are occasionally on a target of hunters . besides hunting , major threats for their survival are draining of wetlands and pollution of the water with pesticides . despite these factors , black - bellied whistling ducks are still widespread and numerous in the wild .\nnorthern populations of black - bellied whistling ducks migrate toward the mexico and southern parts of texas in the autumn .\nblack - bellied whistling duck is reddish brown colored . it has grey face and upper part of the neck , black belly and tail and large white patch on the wings . males and females look alike .\nthe black - bellied whistling - duck is a whistling - duck which may also be called the black - bellied tree duck . it is quite a common species , with populations estimated to range between one and two million individuals . they occur in rice fields and freshwater marshes from southern texas and southern arizona south through central and south america to northern argentina . they are nocturnal feeders , and eat a diet composed mostly of plant life . in past years , hunting activities caused concern for the black - bellied whistling - duck , but recent counts have confirmed that populations are at least stable , if not growing , in north america . due to the large , stable population , the conservation status of the black - bellied whistling - duck is least concern .\nthe black - bellied whistling - duck ( formerly black - bellied tree duck ) is a highly gregarious neotropical duck that is restricted to the new world . distinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch , it is more arboreal than other whistling - ducks and vocal in flight , often repeating a whistling pe - che - che - ne . it nests primarily in natural cavities in trees but will readily use nest boxes .\nblack - bellied whistling ducks live in large flocks of around 1 . 000 birds . they produce whistle - like calls , hence the name\nwhistling ducks\n.\nthe black - bellied whistling - duck is an unusual species among north american waterfowl . with its long legs , peculiar appearance , and odd habits , it was described by one early american ornithologist as \u201cmost un - duck - like . \u201d\nflight : black - bellied whistling - duck flies mainly in the morning and in the evening . they have fast flying ability , but generally , they fly slowly , in large noisy flocks .\nfemales occasionally lay eggs in the nest of other black - bellied whistling ducks . this behavior is known as\negg - dumping\n.\nalso known as the red - billed whistling duck - or tree duck , this species is popular and commonly seen in aviaries in the usa , a little less in europe .\nthe behavior of black - bellied whistling ducks is similar to fulvous whistling ducks . they prefer the excellent feeding opportunities offered by agricultural lands in close proximity to water , rice culture , and shallow wetlands with exposed mud flats . black - bellied whistling ducks prefer to feed at night but have been observed feeding at all hours of the day .\nblack - bellied whistling duck is an omnivore ( it eats both plants and meat ) . its diet is based on seed , grass , sedges , corn , rice , wheat , insects , spiders and snails .\nblack - bellied whistling ducks form monogamous pairs ( they mate for a lifetime ) during the winter . they produce one or two broods per season .\nthey were formerly known as the black - bellied tree duck ; as this name suggests , they are quite fond of perching . additionally , tree cavities provide nesting sites .\nblack - bellied whistling ducks commonly feed at night on grain , seeds , some insects and mollusks and leaves and shoots found in fields and shallow water .\nbolen , e . g . 1967b . the ecology of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . ph . d . thesis , utah state univ . , logan . close\nblack - bellied whistling ducks are easily recognized . males and females look similar with red bills , pink feet , white wing patches , and black bellies . the head is brownish - gray with a white eye - ring .\nthe black - bellied whistling - duck is a boisterous duck with a brilliant pink bill and an unusual , long - legged silhouette . in places like texas and louisiana , watch for noisy flocks of these gaudy ducks dropping into fields to forage on seeds , or loafing on golf course ponds . listen for them , too\u2014these ducks really do have a whistle for their call . common south of the u . s . , black - bellied whistling - ducks occur in several southern states and are expanding northward .\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern united states . we have seen some checking out our new addition to the rookery in smith oaks .\nnatural enemies of black - bellied whistling ducks are great horned owls , raccoons , snakes , bass and catfish ( all , except owls , feed on eggs and ducklings ) .\nthe black - bellied whistling - duck is mostly reddish - brown , with a black belly , a gray face , a white eye ring , and a reddish orange bill . the leading edge of the wing is similar to the chestnut color of the body . the secondary coverts are white . black primaries have a white base . long wing stripe visible in flight .\nblack - bellied whistling ducks are migratory in the northern - and southernmost limits of their range . large flocks are often observed in wintering areas in the lowlands of mexico , though formerly more abundant in interior mexico than at present . in the united states , they winter primarily in southern coastal texas . black - bellied whistling duck are widespread and common in central america and south america south to northern argentina ( scott and carbonell , 1986 ) .\nperfect for the mixed collection , black - bellied whistling ducks are not trouble makers and will cause no problems to other small species . they do best when kept in small groups .\ndescription black - bellied whistling - ducks are a flashy chestnut bird with a bright orange - red bill , pink legs , and white wing spot . both sexes look alike . whistling - ducks are not actually puddle ducks , but tree ducks .\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks have expanded their range northward in recent years , but these northern breeders often move south for the winter , while most others are resident year - round .\ndelnicki , d . e . 1973 . renesting , incubation behavior , and compound clutches of the black - bellied tree duck in southern texas . master ' s thesis , texas tech univ . , lubbock . close\nlongevity : up to 8 years description : this species , as other whistling ducks , is more closely related to geese and swans than to ducks . they have long neck and legs , and broad wings , and both sexes are similar . when in flight , black - bellied whistling - duck has training wings and rounded wings , making it bigger than it is . its red bill and legs , and the large white wing patch help to identify the species , and make the difference with the fulvous whistling duck which lacks red bill and black belly .\nprofile by richard gibbons : the black - bellied whistling - duck is a large duck with a long neck , long legs , and short tail . they have a chestnut breast and black belly with a bright pink bill and legs . their face is gray and has a broad , white wing stipe that is visible in flight . true to their name , these ducks do have a whistle for their call . black - bellied whistling - ducks hang out by shallow ponds , gold courses , city parks , and schools . their ability to adopt human - altered habitats has helped them move north into the southern united states .\nthe whistling - ducks were formerly known as tree - ducks , but only a few , such as the black - bellied whistling - duck actually perch or nest in trees . they look most like ducks , but their lack of sexual dimorphism , relatively long - term pair bonds , and lack of complex pair - forming behavior more resembles geese and swans .\njames , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto black - bellied whistling - duck\u2019s call is a squealing \u201cpe - chee\u201d . near the nest , parents utter high - pitched , rapid piping and twittering whistles . in flight , they give high piping whistles \u201cpi - yih pyi - pyi\u201d or \u201cchee twee wee wee - wee\u2026\u201d\ndelnicki , d . and e . g . bolen . 1975 . natural nest site availability for black - bellied whistling ducks in south texas . southwest . nat . no . 20 : 371 - 378 . close\nu . s . fish & wildlife service , federal duck stamp office presents : north american waterfowl ( adobe pdf file ) james , j . dale and jonathan e . thompson . 2001 . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online\nbehaviour : black - bellied whistling - duck is often seen perched on trees or shrubs . it feeds on vegetal matter by grazing on the ground , and also dabbling in shallow waters . they feed on submerged vegetation , wading in shallow water . in mexico , they are often seen gleaning in harvested corn fields .\nmale and female black - bellied whistling ducks are similar in size and color . in general , black - bellied whistling ducks are long - legged , long - necked and the most erect of all ducks . they have a black belly with a chestnut nape , lower neck , chest , and back . a chestnut cap tops the head . they boast a bright orange bill , gray face , and upper neck and white eye ring . the long pink legs are easily observed while they are perched in trees .\ncain , b . w . 1976 . energetics of growth for black - bellied tree ducks . condor no . 78 : 124 - 128 . close\nhabitat : black - bellied whistling - duck lives in wooded marshes , swampy forests , flooded fields and lagoons . it avoids lakes , except with shallow water areas near the shores . they need waters with dense vegetation for feeding , and close trees for nesting . we can find them from sea level to 1500 metres of elevation .\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks have been expanding their range in the southern u . s . , and the north american breeding bird survey shows strong population growth , estimated at over 6 % per year from 1966\u20132014 . they are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . although it\u2019s legal to hunt whistling - ducks in season , they are only rarely targeted by hunters . like all aquatic species , black - bellied whistling - ducks are vulnerable to poor water quality\u2014in the 1980s birds in mexico were reported with high levels of ddt , dieldrin , and other persistent organic compounds . degradation or clearing of wetlands for can reduce habitat availability ; however , in general black - bellied whistling - ducks seem to be doing well around human development . back to top\nprotection / threats / status : black - bellied whistling - duck populations are increasing in united states , and they are abundant . this species damages cultivated areas in mexico , and necessary measures must be taken to control populations . healthy coastal wet areas and nest boxes benefit this species . nests on the ground are preyed upon by rats and wolverines .\nblack - bellied whistling ducks are gregarious . they can often be found perching in trees . while they prefer to nest in natural tree cavities , they will readily use nest boxes and have been reported to nest on the ground as well .\nmccamant , r . e . and e . g . bolen . 1979 . a 12 - year study of nest box utilization by black - bellied whistling ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 43 : 936 - 943 . close\nbolen , e . g . 1967a . nesting boxes for black - bellied tree ducks . j . wildl . manage . no . 31 : 68 - 73 .\njames , j . d . 2000a . effects of habitat and spatial characteristics on the incidence of conspecific brood parasitism and nest site selection in breeding black - bellied whistling ducks . master ' s thesis , texas a & m ; kingsville , kingsville . close\nthey also are distinguished by their appearance and behaviors in the field . black - bellied whistling ducks fly slowly in shapeless formations . in flight , they show long necks , trailing legs , and broad wings , but the most distinguishing feature is the contrasting black and white between the upper and lower wings . when standing or perching , the most striking features are the bird ' s namesake stark black belly and sides , along with the red bill and pink feet . biologists recognize two subpopulations of black - bellies .\nlike black - bellies , fulvous whistling ducks breed during their first year of life . nest initiation occurs from may through august . fulvous whistling ducks nest in rice fields and in wetlands , usually over water among water - tolerant grasses and sedges . females lay 12 eggs on average , and both sexes incubate the eggs . unlike most species of waterfowl , fulvous and black - bellied whistling ducks do not add down to their nest bowls . scientists have also observed that fulvous whistling ducks do not cover their eggs when they depart the nest to feed , possibly because of the high temperatures occurring on their southern breeding grounds .\nrange black - bellied whistling - ducks are currently undergoing a range expansion . their range consists of large portions of south america and along the coast of central america . today , in the united states , black - bellied whistling - ducks are mostly found along the gulf coast , the southern portion of the mississippi river , and the florida panhandle . in south carolina they are found primarily along the coast , mostly in the southern portion of the state . they have been reported as far inland as aiken county and as far north as georgetown county .\nblack - bellied whistling - duck : breeds from the southern united states and tropical central to south central south america . it can be found year - round in southeast texas , and seasonally in arizona , and louisiana ' s gulf coast . rare breeder in such disparate locations as florida , arkansas , georgia and south carolina . occurs in quiet , shallow freshwater ponds , and estuarine wetlands and marshes .\navailable information for black - bellied whistling ducks suggests a stable population in mexico and growing population in texas . about 80 , 000 birds are generally counted along the east and west coasts of mexico each winter , and researchers estimate a breeding population of several thousand in southern texas .\nalmost independent at hatching . covered with black - and - yellow down , eyes open .\nrange : black - bellied whistling - duck breeds in extreme south of united states ( texas , arizona , and louisiana ) and also into central and south america to northern argentina . there is a population in florida . it winters from southern texas southwards . they are resident in florida . northern populations may be migratory , moving southwards , but most of populations are resident in their range , apart some local movements according to the food resources .\nducklings are covered with black and white down at birth . they are ready to leave the nest and enter the water ( or walk on the solid ground ) one or two days after hatching . black - bellied whistling ducks learn to fly at the age of 8 weeks , but they stay with their parents until the age of 6 months . they reach sexual maturity at the age of one year .\nd . a . autumnalis ( caribbean ) between 100 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 ; d . a . bicolor ( neotropics ) > 1 , 000 , 000 ( rose and scott , 1994 ) . black - bellied whistling ducks are susceptible to over - harvest due to their unwary nature .\nwhistling \u201cpee - chee - chee\u201d , uttered particularly vociferously in flight and becomes an almost . . .\nhi dan . i can ' t answer your question about fulgens / discolor , i just followed what is written in birds of ecuador 2001 . i did look at more of my pictures from western ecuador in manab\u00ec and they are all gray - chested . the map here on the side is not correct nor is it correct on urltoken or birds of ecuador . the species ( and fulvous whistling - duck and greater ani ) are all the way up the colombian border in nw esmeraldas and at least black - bellied whistling - duck is fairly common there and breeding . i don ' t have any pictures from there but i would assume they are all gray - chested ( = autumnalis )\ncarboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . black - bellied whistling - duck ( dendrocygna autumnalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plant material , including smartweed , grasses , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they will also consume agricultural crops of sorghum , rice , corn , millet , and wheat . aquatic animals , such as snails , insects , and spiders are also consumed in small amounts .\nblack - bellied whistling ducks nest in the cavities of trees , in the nest boxes or on the ground , using little nesting material . female lays 9 to 18 eggs ( 13 on average ) from may to june . eggs hatch after 25 to 30 days . both parents participate in the incubation of eggs and rearing of chicks .\nthere are eight species of whistling ducks in the world , but only two - the black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks - occur in the united states . scientists consider whistling ducks more closely related to geese and swans than to the\ntrue ducks .\nwith their long legs , long necks , bone structure and erect stance , they certainly look more like geese than like ducks . as with geese and swans , the plumage of both sexes of whistling ducks are very similar . they only have one molt ( in contrast to two molts in the\ntrue ducks\n) ; both parents share in the brooding of the young ; and pairs mate for life .\ndistinguished from all other whistling - ducks by its red bill , pink feet , and white wing - patch .\nmccartney , r . b . 1963 . the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . master ' s thesis , louisiana state univ . , baton rouge . close\nduring the nonbreeding season , black - bellies primarily use mangrove swamps and coastal lagoons to meet their food and cover requirements . however , similar to their goose cousins , black - bellies have adapted to feeding in agricultural environments , frequenting pastures and cattle feedlots as well as harvested rice , corn and sorghum fields when the opportunity presents itself . fulvous whistling ducks , with their long necks and legs , short tail and broad wings , also look much more like a goose than a duck .\nblack - bellied whistling ducks nest in thickets or stands of mesquite , hackberry , willow , live oak , and other trees . they forage in fields , lawns , and shallow , freshwater ponds that often contain water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails . in the tropics , they also use mangroves , rivers , and lagoons . back to top\nperis , s . j . , b . sanchez and d . rodriguez . 1998 . range expansion of the fulvous whistling duck ( dendrocygna bicolor ) in cuba , in relation to rice cultivation . caribb . j . sci . no . 34 : 164 - 166 . close\nthose who have had the opportunity to venture to the gulf coast to hunt , bird watch or just grab some r & r ; may have encountered some long , slender ducks locally known as squealers . black - bellied and fulvous whistling ducks are most common in mexico and latin america where they are known as pichichi or pato maizal and pijia or pato silvon .\nblack - bellied whistling - duck has tawny - brown to brown - cinnamon upperparts , turning black on rump and uppertail coverts . upper wings show a broad white stripe , conspicuous in flight . flight feathers are black . underparts are paler . lower neck and chest are tawny - brown . it has black belly and flanks . undertail coverts are mottled black and white . underwings are blackish . head and upper neck are grey . crown is dark brown . we can see a dark vertical hind neck stripe . bill is bright pink - red , often yellowish at base . eyes are dark brown , with conspicuous white eye ring . legs and webbed feet are bright pinkish - red . both sexes are similar . juvenile is paler , with grey bill , legs and feet . it has duller plumage than adults , with sooty - brown belly and flanks . it reaches its adult plumage at 8 months of age . very young birds have very paler belly , with indistinct transversal bars .\nwhether nesting in natural cavities or nest boxes , black - bellied whistling - ducks typically don\u2019t build a nest ; they lay their eggs directly on whatever debris has collected there . cavity openings range from 5\u201312 inches across . when nesting on the ground , they make a scrape or a shallow bowl of grasses , with thick vegetation overhead , such as willow , mesquite , or cactus .\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks take readily to nest boxes . if you live within their range , you can make a nest box out of half - inch marine plywood . it should be about 24 inches high at the front and 20 inches at the back , with a hole about 5\u20136 inches in diameter ( see bolen 1967 in the credits section of this account for full instructions ) .\nlicenses : hunting license required . migratory bird hunting and conservation stamp ( federal duck stamp ) that is validated by the hunter signing the stamp in ink across the face of the stamp\nmeanley , b . and a . g . meanley . 1959 . observations on the fulvous tree duck in louisiana . wilson bull . no . 71 : 33 - 45 . close\naverage size whistling - ducks have an average length of 18 - 19 inches and an average weight of 1 3 / 4 pounds .\nsome western birds have obvious white crests in breeding plumage and may be identifiable , but many have black crests like eastern birds .\nreproduction : black - bellied whistling - duck nests in tree cavities ( oaks , willows and mesquite trees ) or nest - boxes , at 8 to 10 feet above the ground . it also may nest on the ground . when nest is in cavity , there is no lining with down or any other soft materials . when nest is on the ground , birds build a shallow cup with woven grasses , at base of thick vegetation as a cactus , or among reeds . this species performs egg dumping , with very numerous eggs in the same nest , from several females . generally , these nests are abandoned and eggs are lost .\npreferred habitat these whistling - ducks can be found in shallow freshwater ponds or lakes , often those containing water hyacinth , water lilies , and cattails .\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks mostly eat plants such as smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , sedges , and agricultural crops . occasionally they eat smaller aquatic animals like snails , insects , and spiders . they usually forage at night in fields or in shallow ponds . because of their long legs , they spend more time than other ducks walking around on land or perching in trees . they are gregarious throughout the year and form flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds .\nthe white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a\nquack ,\nduck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks eat mainly plants , including smartweed , grasses , swamp timothy , amaranth , sedges , bindweed , and nightshade . they also eat many agricultural crops including sorghum , millet , corn , rice , and wheat . they eat a smaller amount of aquatic animals such as snails , insects , and spiders . they typically forage at night , leaving roosts at sunset to fly to foraging areas . they feed in fields or by dabbling in shallow ponds . back to top\nif you\u2019re in the range of black - bellied whistling - ducks ( and that range is expanding all the time\u2014keep an eye on the species\u2019 ebird map to see where they\u2019ve been seen ) you should be on the lookout for them perching around shallow ponds ; walking in the short grass of lawns and golf courses ; and especially in agricultural fields , where these large ducks eat lots of grain . they feed nocturnally , so watch around sunset for large flocks to begin flying out to fields from their roosts .\nin north america , this species breeds mainly along coastal regions of mexico and southern texas . only the northernmost populations appear to be migratory , with wintering individuals found along both coasts of mexico . the black - bellied whistling - duck forms lifelong pair bonds and breeds in its first year . it often lays its eggs in the nests of conspecifics . the diet of this species is comprised of plant materials , especially bermuda grass and sorghum seeds . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . the status of this species appears to be secure due in part to its secluded habitats and its lack of importance as a game species . it is showing signs of range expansion in the united states .\nthe northern race ( d . a . autumnalis ) breeds from southern texas through coastal mexico and central america . pairs most often partner for life and share the responsibilities of incubation and brood rearing . nests are usually located in tree cavities , nest boxes , or on the ground in grassy areas or under brush or cacti near water . ground nesting is most common where mammalian nest predators are absent . female black - bellied whistling ducks lay an average of 13 eggs and several females lay in the same nest .\nwe find two subspecies : dendrocygna autumnalis discolor , with grey band on breast , between brown neck and black belly ; dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis , different in size .\nthis pair of black - bellied whistling ducks arrived in our pond in early may . since then i have watched and photographed and videoed a plethora of behaviors , but none like what i witnessed on the morning of august 10th . temperatures in the small box in the sun must have been almost fatal on many days that the outside temperature was in the high 90\u2019s . during the last couple of days , when instead of alternating incubation they both stayed in the box as their eggs hatched , i watched them both panting and wondered if they would be able to stick it out .\nwyss , a . j . 1996 . nesting ecology of fulvous whistling - ducks in everglades agricultural area of southern florida . master ' s thesis , auburn univ . , auburn , al . close\ntwo subspecies groups differ in plumage and are reliably distinguished in virtually all cases . the \u201cblack - eared\u201d bushtit is merely a color morph of interior subspecies , found mainly south of the us .\nthis species is perhaps the least studied of common north american waterfowl . to date , studies have been conducted primarily in agricultural regions of north and south america at the fringes of the species ' breeding distribution and have focused mostly on the duck ' s importance as an agricultural pest (\ni\u2019m curious to see black - backed oriole on this list . is there a us record for this species ? i don\u2019t see it mentioned for the us in either the aou nor aba lists .\nbruzual , j . and i . bruzual . 1983 . feeding habits of whistling ducks in the calabozo ricefields , venezuela , during the non - reproductive period . wildfowl no . 34 : 20 - 26 . close\nthree subspecies groups all reliably distinguished in the field ( although black - backed and siberian are barely distinguishable from each other in non - adult - male plumages ) . only siberian occurs regularly in north america .\nthe anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .\ncomprehensive population surveys of whistling ducks are lacking . most of our information comes from mid - winter surveys conducted by the u . s . fish and wildlife service and occasional breeding season surveys associated with short - term research projects . limited data suggest a relatively stable breeding population of around 20 , 000 fulvous whistling ducks in louisiana and texas . significant breeding populations also exist in mexico , but surveys are insufficient to document population status and trends . many breeding populations in both the united states and mexico have historically been associated with rice culture . since the 1980s , rice acreage has declined dramatically in mexico , louisiana and texas . much of this land is now being used for dryland crops and pasture , which provides little habitat for breeding fulvous whistling ducks .\nblack - bellies breed during their first year of life , establishing lifelong pair bonds during their first winter . nest initiation occurs from april through august , a period approximately one month longer than prairie nesting ducks . black - bellies nest in tree cavities and , similar to wood ducks , also have adapted to nesting in boxes . where tree cavities are lacking , black - bellies will nest on the ground , often in grasses at the base of small trees or shrubs . females lay an average of 13 eggs and both sexes incubate the eggs . experiments have revealed that removal of either the female or the male during incubation results in abandonment of the nest . apparently , participation of both the male and female is necessary for the nesting attempt to be successful . black - bellies enjoy relatively high nest success rates ( an average of 45 percent ) compared to prairie nesting ducks . most nest failures are caused by raccoons , rat snakes and golden - fronted woodpeckers .\nsince 1968 , black - bellied whistling ducks frequently have been found in central and south florida in late summer and early fall , sometimes in flocks of fulvous whistling ducks . during the florida breeding bird atlas project , 12 potential breeding records were obtained for this species in hardee , lake , manatee , palm beach , polk , and sarasota counties . three of the records occurred in natural wetlands , three in small ponds , three in phosphate mines , two in flooded agricultural fields , and one in a sewage treatment pond . since 1992 , additional birds have been reported in hamilton , hernando , indian river , leon , jefferson , orange , volusia , and wakulla counties , indicating the species continues to expand its range in florida . in recent years , ducklings have been observed in leon county during the summer . florida fish and wildlife conservation commission biologists have observed flightless young at the t . m . goodwin waterfowl management area ( brevard county ) annually since 1999 . flightless young have been observed as late as mid - november .\n3 ) black - browed albatross . while the \u201cfirst\u201d u . s . record from va was an immature and tough to identify to subspecies , later photo records ( photo of an adult off newfoundland , and maybe another from maine ) show the expected dark - eyed form t . m . melanophris ( or melanophrys , depending on whom you ask ) rather than the \u2018campbell\u2019 black - browed albatross ( t . m . impavida ) . again , many accord these forms species status .\nhohman , w . l . , t . m . stark and j . l . moore . 1996 . food availability and feeding preferences of breeding fulvous whistling - ducks in louisiana ricefields . wilson bull . no . 108 : 137 - 150 . close\nblack - bellied whistling - ducks have long legs and spend more time than other ducks walking on land or perching in trees . you may see them perched on fences , telephone lines , or in spanish moss . they are gregarious year - round , forming flocks of up to 1 , 000 birds . they form lifelong pair bonds and breed in their first year of life . males spar by chasing or nipping at each other , or with a threat display that involves stretching their neck forward and opening their bill . pairs form in winter ; courtship includes birds stretching their necks out horizontally , dipping their bill , and flicking water over the back . females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks\u2014a behavior known as egg - dumping . individuals are attracted to areas where corn and rice are grown and can cause damage to crops . nest predators include raccoons , rat snakes , and bull snakes ; ducklings may be killed by fire ants , bass , catfish , and gar . great horned owls sometimes take adults . back to top\nyou left out ( maybe intentionally ? ) waynei black - throated green warblers . their breeding range ( coastal carolinas and virginia ) is completely different than the nominate ssp and having held skins in my hand , they appear to be identifiable in the field .\nhi jim , thanks , i\u2019m glad you find it useful . i do plan to continue adding information about subspecies , with maps , as i find the time . i did not mean to include labrador duck , but now that you\u2019ve pointed it out i think i should add all of the extinct or presumed extinct species . there are no north american records of velvet scoter .\nthey are very agile on land , standing erect and walking without the waddle so characteristic of other ducks . a tawny brown head , chest , breast and belly distinguish fulvous whistling ducks . ivory - edged side and flank feathers form a striking border between the sides and back . in north america , the species is most common in mexico , but also breeds in california , florida , louisiana and texas . most fulvous whistling ducks depart their breeding range in the united states during september and october to winter in mexico , returning north again in march and april .\nadult males occur in two distinctive forms \u2013 black - backed and green - backed \u2013 that show strong geographic basis , but variation and the occurrence of each type well within the range of the other suggests that this color difference represents a morph rather than a subspecific difference .\nwhistling - ducks are cavity nesters , but they do not excavate the cavity . both the male and female select the cavity . these ducks will also nest in nest boxes , and have been known to nest on the ground occasionally . the hen lays 9 - 18 creamy white eggs .\ndo you know how i can find information on differentiating subspecies ? i have seen a black - crowned night heron in the middle east ( subspecies nycticorax ) with what seems to be a thicker bill , but i couldn\u2019t find any evidence of this difference with the north american subspecies . can you help ?\nthe northern population breeds from central texas through coastal mexico and central america . the southern population breeds from panama south into argentina . like most of their tropical counterparts , black - bellies do not show strong migratory patterns ; instead , they move relatively short distances in response to habitat availability within their breeding range .\nall of the whistling ducks are some of my personal favorites . their unique call , awkward appearance ( it ' s those huge feet ! ! ) and adaptabiltity to aviary life make them very appealing to many breeders . this particular species is also very good for beginners , but do require a secure shelter during the coldest winter months .\ndallmeier , f . 1991 .\nwhistling - ducks as a manageable and sustainable resource in venezuela : balancing economic costs and benefits .\nin neotropical wildlife use and conservation . , edited by j . g . robinson and k . h . redford , 266 - 287 . chicago , il : univ . of chicago press . close\nkidding , right ? i\u2019ve seen a 1st cycle \u2018barrovianus\u2019 glaucous barely bigger than an adjacent california gull , and in south delta bc a huge , presumably \u2018pallidus\u2019 glaucous from siberia which towered over the nearby gw\u2019s the way a large male great black - backed would dominate the local herring gulls . yet both are called glaucous gulls .\nhi dan , thanks very much for these comments . there is a black - backed oriole record in san diego , ca , ( presumably one individual , seen off - and - on from 2000 to 2002 ) but you are correct that it hasn\u2019t been accepted by any records committee and i will remove it from this list .\na replicated study over four breeding seasons in 1985 - 8 at two lakes in veracruz , mexico ( feekes 1991 ) , found that black - bellied whistling ducks dendrocygna autumnalis using nest boxes had very low reproductive success ( 11 . 1 % success for nine attempts in 1986 , 6 . 6 % for 30 attempts in 1987 - 8 ) , mainly because of predation by opossums didelphis spp . , raccoons procyon lotor and humans . occupancy rates varied , with one of 16 pairs using boxes in 1985 ; 17 - 30 % of 30 pairs in 1986 and 40 - 75 % of 20 pairs in both 1987 and 1988 . nest boxes were made from either liana baskets or hollowed palm trunks , with the latter being the only nests used ( except for a single basket in 1985 ) . thirteen baskets were provided in 1985 and ten in 1986 ; ten trunks were provided in 1986 , 16 in 1987 and 17 in 1988 . boxes were placed in positions similar to naturally occurring nests and checked every two weeks during the breeding seasons . opossums also frequently occupied nest boxes .\nin the past i did a small bit of work for a study looking to get some morphometric data determining precisely what the difference was between a typical virens and a typical waynei , and in the measurements i was taking it appeared that the birds identifiable as waynei are smaller , slighter billed , and with significantly less black on the flanks .\nin late august and early september , fulvous whistling ducks concentrate in flooded rice fields and large ponds . this species is noted for its nocturnal feeding in rice fields , where one observer vividly described a scene in louisiana in 1943 :\nwhen we reached the fields and levees just before dusk , not a duck was seen or heard . within a few minutes , on they came in no particular formation as with ordinary ducks - singly , in pairs , in companies of a dozen or more , and in irregular groups , and in twenty minutes they were flying and squealing everywhere , hundreds of them .\nin october , flocks move to coastal marshes where they feed predominantly on the seeds of aquatic vegetation . in november , a general exodus occurs to the east and west coasts of mexico , where the birds spend the winter on coastal lagoons and rice fields .\nfulvous whistling - ducks are migratory in northern portions of their range , but elsewhere they exhibit only local movements . their return to gulf coast nesting areas in february and march coincides with the onset of planting in rice - growing areas . individuals feed almost exclusively on seeds , especially seeds of native moist - soil plants , which may be abundant in flooded ricefields . they also feed opportunistically on grain in seeded ricefields . flooding of ricefields in preparation for planting stimulates ground - nesting by birds on ricefield levees and in pastures , haylands , and small grain fields adjacent to ricefields . more commonly , however , fulvous whistling - ducks nest in flooded ricefields when plants are of sufficient stature to support eggs . the species makes only limited use of undisturbed , nonagricultural habitats for nesting in the united states .\nwhereas most ducks nesting in temperate regions pair seasonally for only 1 reproductive cycle , pair bonds of fulvous whistling - ducks are suspected to be long - term , extending over multiple nesting seasons or the lifetime of individuals , as in geese and swans . males and females share equally in incubation , and males also assist with rearing of young . thus , males contribute to parental care to a greater extent in this species than in other small - to medium - sized waterfowl . intraspecific brood parasitism is widespread in ground and over - water nests . additionally , unlike other north american waterfowl that undergo wing molt immediately after the nesting season on breeding areas or at remote northern sites traditionally used for molt , onset of wing molt is delayed in migratory fulvous whistling - ducks until their return to southern wintering areas .\nsexes are similar as in most other members of this genus , while the females may appear slightly lighter in color . the two most distinguishing features of this species are the bright pinkish - red bill and huge pink feet . the cheeks , head and neck are gray , while the crown , forehead , breast and mantle are dark brown to chestnut . the belly and underparts are black .\nalthough swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a\nspeculum\n.\nfemale usually lays 12 to 16 whitish eggs , one per day . incubation lasts about 12 to 16 days , shared by both parents . precocial chicks are yellow with black spots . they leave the nest very soon after hatching , within two days , and they are able to feed themselves . but they remain with parents for up to two months . at this time , they can fly . however , they may remain in family groups for up to six months . this species produces only one brood per season , sometimes two if first is lost .\nthey form lifelong pairs and breed during the first year of their lives . the males spar by chasing each other and using a threat display . pairs usually form in winter and the females often lay eggs in the nests of other whistling - ducks . they usually nest in tree hallows , but have been known to use nest boxes and nest on the ground . interestingly enough , they do not typically build a nest . instead they lay their eggs on whatever is already in the location they chose . the eggs are white and there are typically 9 - 18 eggs in a clutch .\ndon\u2019t know if this one has been mentioned or not , but i was wondering about subspecific variation in black - whiskered vireo ( ? ) . the nominate subspecies ( vireo altiloquus altiloquus ) seems very distinctive in plumage coloration and bill size / shape to me compared to the coastal florida form v . a . barbatulus . i believe the nominate subspecies occurs as a causal spring vagrant along the gulf coast with records from louisiana and nw florida panhandle ( st . george island ) . i\u2019ve also had some birds here in alabama in the spring that i highly suspected were probably the nominate form as well .\n6 ) while on the topic of seabirds , it might be worth noting that north american records of great - winged petrel refer to gouldi ; that black - capped petrel sensu nacc includes jamaican petrel , te extinct and utterly different dark bird ; that north american forms of audubon\u2019s shearwater are quite distinct from galapagos shearwater , persian shearwater , and tropical shearwater , which nacc still lumps under audubon\u2019s ; that white - chinned petrel sensu nacc includes spectacled petrel ; and that wilson\u2019s storm - petrel may be due for some taxonomic revision , although this may or may not affect the birds that occur in the aou area . further , the nacc still lumps brown skua under great skua , and may be the only authority to do so .\nthe best references for a starting point on subspecies are pyle\u2019s identification guide to north american birds , the handbook of birds of the western palearctic , and the handbook of birds of the world . for most species you\u2019ll want to dig deeper into the literature that is cited in those books . i checked pyle for black - crowned night heron and he lumps the north american and eurasian birds in one subspecies because there are no reliable differences . in the middle east you could get other subspecies from either india or africa , which might be identifiable in the field , but i\u2019m not familiar with the literature on those . [ actually , i just checked the handbook of birds of the world and i\u2019m surprised to see that there is only one subspecies listed for all of europe , asia , and africa ! so if you see one that looks different it\u2019s probably just a local variant and not a visitor from afar . sounds to me like a good project for someone to look at dna and study plumage in detail , because it seems really unlikely that they\u2019re all the same . ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nbahamas ; cayman islands ; chile ; gambia ; grenada ; jamaica ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthe population is estimated to number 1 , 100 , 000 - 2 , 000 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population trend is increasing in north america ( based on bbs / cbc data : butcher and niven 2007 ) .\n( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22679780a118856707 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfwc facts : the operator of a boat towing a skier may not pull the skier close enough to a fixed object or another vessel to create a risk of collision ."]}
{"id": 379, "summary": [{"text": "philedonides rhombicana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in germany , austria , italy , the czech republic , slovakia , hungary , romania and ukraine .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13 \u2013 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings have a light chocolate brown or yellow to chocolate brown tone , with a dark chocolate brown stripe and subapical spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on mentha , trifolium , rumex ( including rumex acetosella ) , genista and rosa species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "philedonides rhombicana", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for rhombicana definition . you find here rhombicana meaning , synonyms of rhombicana and images for rhombicana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word rhombicana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word rhombicana and , of course , rhombicana synonyms and on the right images related to the word rhombicana .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 384, "summary": [{"text": "the dot-winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "despite its visual similarities , it probably does not belong to the genus porzana ; like the yellow-breasted crake , which was variously placed in hapalocrex , micropygia , poliolimnas or porzana , it seems to form a badly-resolved complex with the mainly neotropical crakes of genera anurolimnas , coturnicops and laterallus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , brazil , and uruguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and coastal saline lagoons .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "dot - winged crake", "paragraphs": ["dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) is a species of bird in the rallidae family .\ngreater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog\u2019s gull , dot - winged crake , red and white crake , hudson\u2019s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .\nmartinez , m . m . ; bo , m . s . ; isacch , j . p . 1997 . habitat and abundance of speckled crake ( coturnicops notata ) and dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) in mar chiquita , buenos aires province , argentina . hornero 14 : 274 - 277 .\ntop ten species : greater rhea , spotted nothura , black - headed duck , olrog\u2019s gull , dot - winged crake , rufous - chested dotterel ( winter ) , hudson\u2019s canastero , bay - capped wren - spinetail , sulphur - bearded spinetail , many - colored rush - tyrant .\ntaylor , b . , boesman , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . dot - winged crake ( porzana spiloptera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwe depart from buenos aires early in the morning . transfer to san clemente area where we\u2019ll explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .\nthe dot - winged crake of southern south america is tiny , with brown upperparts striped blackish , and whitish barring on the wing coverts , which is only visible in flight . the underparts are dark gray , becoming even darker over the belly , which is barred white . the bill is dark greenish bill , and the legs are gray washed green . this crake is most abundant and widespread in buenos aires province in argentina , but there are also records elsewhere in the same country , as well as from uruguay and southernmost brazil . it usually inhabits temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland , and there is some evidence for a recent decline in the species\u2019 numbers .\n14\u201315 cm . small dark crake , with blackish streaks ( feather centres ) on dark olive brown upperparts ; white markings on upperparts confined to upperwing - coverts and . . .\n15 cm . tiny , dark crake . brown upperparts striped blackish . dark wings with whitish barring on coverts , visible in flight . plumbeous underparts . darker belly barred white . dark greenish bill , grey legs washed green .\na good combination of the best places for birding near buenos aires . we start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the important bird area of magdalena , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands and the coast at punta indio , located 160 km south of buenos aires city . the second day we move to san clemente area where we explore the grassy meadows which harbours plenty of aquatic birds , rheas and tinamous , among others specialties . the following day we have a full day around punta rasa , where hundreds of shorebirds and seabirds congregate in its tidal mudflats . apart of this , there are extensive brackish grasslands where dot - winged crake is locally common . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs .\ntop ten species : dusky - legged guan , giant wood - rail , red - and - white crake , ash - coloured cuckoo , scimitar - billed woodcreeper , straight - billed reedhaunter , curve - billed reedhaunter , many - colored rush - tyrant , diademed tanager , gray - throated warbling - finch .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nthe vocalisations of this secretive species are still unknown , and its distribution and abundance hence remain poorly understood . however , its population is believed to be small , fragmented , and undergoing a continuing decline , qualifying it as vulnerable .\n. 2011 , lucero 2013 ) . it is relatively widespread ( 16 localities in buenos aires with recent records from eight ) , but all records refer to 1 - 2 birds . it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in search of optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the r\u00edo luj\u00e1n\nthe population is assumed to fall in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on the low numbers usually recorded at the relatively small number of known localities with recent records , where it is described as rare to fairly common . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : it was formerly locally frequent to abundant in buenos aires , but is now rare to fairly common . this may be partly attributable to a paucity of observers , but there seem to have been declines ( or perhaps birds are just highly mobile in optimum habitat ) at the relatively well - watched sites of punta rasa and the r\u00edo luj\u00e1n ( m . pearman in litt . 1999 ) . based on this information , a slow decline is suspected .\nit occurs in temporary and tidal marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows , and wet to dry grassland . in argentina , it associates with cord grass\nthere is land reclamation for agriculture , and high levels of grazing and burning . at punta rasa , a recreational development project has resulted in an increase in visitors . mar chiquita , buenos aires , has been flooded . birds seem to disappear for up to one year after burning\nmost records are from mar chiquita biosphere reserve ( buenos aires ) , mar chiquita ramsar biosphere reserve ( c\u00f3rdoba ) , punta rasa biological station and the otamendi strict nature reserve . it occurs in lagoa do peixe national park , brazil\n. 1999 ) and rio grande do sul . record its voice to enable further surveys using tape - playback . study the effects of cattle - grazing . expand otamendi strict nature reserve to encompass larger tracts of habitat . ensure the\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nr\u00edo luj\u00e1n 2 ( reserva otamendi ) , campana , prov . bs . as .\nsite 2 bird one . see black rail l . j . murivagans subspecies xc62960 : similar .\nsite 2 bird one . see the black rail laterallus j . murivagans subspecies ' pw ' call too : cxc56406\nafter playback . the black rail l . jamaicensis subspecies tuerosi , salinasi & the nominal too have a growl call ( see : xc54566 , xc16582 , xc1145 and others )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nse brazil ( rio grande do sul ) # r , argentina ( corrientes\u2013chaco to santa cruz ) # r # r # r and s uruguay .\nvoice unknown until recently . song is a high note followed by a lower - pitched rattle\nkee - . . .\nfreshwater and brackish wetlands , including tidal and temporary marshes , swamps , wet marshy meadows . . .\nrecorded as feeding on insects , seeds and marsh weeds . no information on feeding habits .\nonly recorded nest was found near buenos aires , but no further details were given . in addition , a juvenile was seen with an adult at punta . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\none of two birds coming out of thick vegetation at the edge of the road .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 612 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : porzana spiloptera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n4 . grassland - > 4 . 5 . grassland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater lakes ( over 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 13 . marine coastal / supratidal - > 13 . 4 . marine coastal / supratidal - coastal brackish / saline lagoons / marine lakes suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas\n11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 3 . agro - industry grazing , ranching or farming\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats\narballo , e . ; cravino , j . l . 1999 . aves del uruguay : manual ornitol\u00f3gico - tomo 1 . editorial agropecuaria hemisferio sur s . r . l . , montevideo .\ncollar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madro\u00f1o nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . 1992 . threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .\ncuello , j . ; gerzenstein , e . 1962 . las aves del uruguay : lista sistem\u00e1tica , distribuci\u00f3n y notas . comunicaciones zoologicas del museo de historia natural de montevideo vi ( 93 ) : 1 - 191 .\nescalante , r . 1983 . cat\u00e1logo de las aves uruguayas . 3a parte , galliformes y gruiformes .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\nlucero , f . 2013 . primer registro documentado confirmando la presencia del burrito negruzco ( porzana spiloptera ) para la provincia de san juan , argentina . ecoregistros revista 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\none of the best urban reserves in the world with 336 species of birds recorded in the last 30 years . the reserve opens at 8 : 00hs am and close its doors at 19 : 00hs pm in spring . remember that the reserve normally closes in rainy days , but it\u2019s possible to take a view from outside for a couple of hours . no especial clothing is required , but you must bring insect repellent , suncream and a hat . a small backpack is always useful .\ntop ten species : black - necked swan , rosy - billed pochard , spot - flanked gallinule , guira cuckoo , checkered woodpecker , narrow - billed woodcreeper , masked gnatcatcher , yellow - billed cardinal greyish baywing , black - and - rufous warbling - finch .\nwe start at 6 : 30 hs in a prearranged location . in the morning we visit the famous otamendi np , birding the riparian forest and marshlands . after lunch birding in xeric woodlands at ceibas . this is probably the best birding site near buenos aires , a well - known place for birders which it was explored for the last 25 years . normally in a spring day the bird list here is of more than 80 species . return to buenos aires at about 18 : 00 hs ."]}
{"id": 387, "summary": [{"text": "normannites is a strongly ribbed evolute middle jurassic ammonite included in the stephanoceratoid family stephanoceratidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "normanites was previously included in the otoitidae by arkell et al. 1957 .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "more recent classifications show it to belong to the family stephanoceratidae , along with genera like stephanoceras and stemmatoceras . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "normannites", "paragraphs": ["photo information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 )\nintraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites .\nphoto information for stephanoceras ( normannites ) sp . ( munier - chalmas 1892 ) - the fossil forum\n3d reconstructions of the two specimens of normannites mitis , modern nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) , and their phragmocones .\nintraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid nautilus and the jurassic ammonite normannites . - pubmed - ncbi\nvolumes and widths of chambers plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . squares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively .\nvolumes plotted against chamber numbers in normannites mitis . the volumes prior to chamber 25 ( nm . 1 ) and 27 ( nm . 2 ) have not been measured .\n( 1a ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 1 ) ; ( 1b ) 3d model of normannites mitis ( nm . 2 ) ; ( 1c ) extracted phragmocone of nm . 1 ( 1d ) ; extracted phragmocone of nm . 2 ; ( 2a , b ) 3d models of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2c ) extracted phragmocone of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) ; ( 2d ) backface of 3d model of nautilus pompilius ( specimen 17 ) . scale bars are 1 cm .\nspecimen count 1 site number 27579 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy snowshoe fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda ammonoidea collector dr . ralph w . imlay see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place harney county , oregon , united states collection date 1959 type citation imlay . 1973 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 756 ) : 82 , pl . 41 , f . 9 . usnm number pal168581 published name normannites ( normannites ) orbignyi buckman\nthis is one of the finest normannites we have had for sale on fossils direct . both lappets are complete and the ammonite ' s centre is pin point immaculate . this specimen was colleted in 1989 and is from an old collection andy cowap has since spent many hours in preparing this stunning specimen . to get both lappets preserved is exceptionally rare . ammonites of this superior quality only rarely come on to the open market for sale . serious collectors of rare ammonites will really appreciate this unique fossil approximately 170 million years old .\nspecimen count 1 site number 19773 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age mesozoic - jurassic - middle - bajocian stratigraphy kialagvik fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia mollusca cephalopoda collector l . b . kellum see more items in paleogeneral types : mollusca paleozoic and mesozoic mollusca mesozoic cephalopoda type paleobiology place alaska , united states type status holotype type citation imlay . 1964 . u . s . geol . survey prof . paper . ( n . 418 - b ) : b43 , pl . 13 , f . 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 . usnm number pal131401 published name normannites kialagvikensis imlay\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ntajika a 1 , morimoto n 2 , wani r 3 , naglik c 1 , klug c 1 .\nlaboratory of physical anthropology , graduate school of science , kyoto university , kyoto , japan .\nfaculty of environment and information sciences , yokohama national university , yokohama , japan .\npmid : 26500816 pmcid : pmc4614987 doi : 10 . 7717 / peerj . 1306\n( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .\n( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual chamber volumes ; ( b ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and phragmocone volumes .\ncomparison between males and females . chamber volumes plotted against chamber numbers in nautilus pompilius .\nsquares and diamonds represent the female and male , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( b ) semilog scatter plot of chamber numbers and individual volumes ; ( c ) scatter plot of chamber numbers and cumulative phragmocone volumes .\nsquares , diamonds , and triangles represent the female , male , and indeterminable sex , respectively . ( a ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and chamber numbers of a specimen ; ( b ) scatter plot of maximum conch diameters and the phragmocone volume .\nsquares and diamonds represent volumes and widths , respectively . ( a ) specimen 8 ; ( b ) specimen 7 ; ( c ) specimen 53 . specimens with different growth trajectories were analysed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nthesis ( phd - - geology ) - - university of auckland , 2004 .\nbajocian\u2013bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae - palaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 \u2014 schweizerbart science publishers\nbajocian\u2013bathonian ( middle jurassic ) ammonites from the polish jura . part 2 : families stephanoceratidae , perisphinctidae , parkinsoniidae , morphoceratidae and tulitidae\npalaeontographica abteilung a band 292 lieferung 4 - 6 ( 2010 ) , p . 115 - 213\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 19 : 53 : 41 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\n\u2013 gsl fellows : log in with your lyell username and password . ( please check your access entitlements at urltoken )\n\u2013 other users : log in with the username and password you created when you registered . help for other users is at urltoken\nyou may purchase access to this article . this will require you to create an account if you don ' t already have one .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution . contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\nif your organization uses openathens , you can log in using your openathens username and password .\nnote : we request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article , and that it is not junk mail . we do not retain these email addresses .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would be interested in this article in journal of the geological society .\n. colonization of novel environments can alter selective pressures and act as a catalyst for rapid evolution in nature . theory and empirical studies suggest that the ability of a population to exhibit an adaptive evolutionary response to novel selec . . .\n. dna typing offers a unique opportunity to identify individuals for medical and forensic purposes . probabilistic inference regarding the chance occurrence of a match between the dna type of an evidentiary sample and that of an accused suspect , howe . . .\n. since our public officials now lack the courage and political will to raise taxes or to constrain medicare and medicaid benefits , we can expect that : 1 ) the private sector and future generations will pay an increasing share of these entitlements , . . .\n. isolated left ventricular non - compaction is a rare genetic disorder manifesting mainly with heart failure , ventricular arrhythmias and systemic embolism . isolated ventricular tachycardia originating from the right ventricular outflow tract is an a . . .\n. the course of total gorwth and of total natural removal ( mortality caused by natural agencies ) in naturally normal stands of pinus sil - vestris , picea abies , and betula alba on various sites in n . and s . finland were compared . growth continuously e . . .\nstevens , b . m . ; folts , c . j . ; cui , w . ; bardin , a . l . ; walter , k . ; carson - walter , e . ; vescovi , a . ; noble , m .\n. we discovered that glioblastoma ( gbm ) cells use cool - 1 / \u03b2 - pix to inhibit normal activation of the c - cbl ubiquitin ligase via the redox / fyn / c - cbl pathway and that c - cbl inhibition is critical for gbm cell function . restoring normal c - cbl activity b . . .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . outside europe , data concerning middle jurassic belemnites often lack precise taxonomic and / or stratigraphic information . exceptions are , for the northern hemisphere , the aalenian - bajocian belemnite faunas described by sachs & nalnjaeva ( 1970 , 1975 ) from north siberia , ne russia and the russian far east , which have been stratigraphically reviewed by meledina et al . ( 2005 ) . their taxonomic composition is characterized by the presence of hastitidae ( hastites , sachsibelus ) , pseudodicoelitidae ( lenobelus , pseudodicoelites ) and megateuthididae ( orthobelus [ = rarobelus ] , mesoteuthis [ = megateuthis ] , paramegateuthis ; see also dzyuba & weis 2015 ) . . . .\n. . . aberhan ( 1998 ) arrived at similar plate tectonic reconstructions based on the pattern of pliensbachian ammonite and bivalve distributions . also , the comparative palaebiogeographic analysis of bivalves and ammonites ( benthic and nekto - benthic ) in the jurassic of siberian basins showed a good agreement ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . however , liu et al . ( 1998 suggested that the boundaries of provinces based on ammonites and bivalves do not always coincide and explained this by the differing mode of life of the two groups . . . .\n. . . in west - central nevada , the ammonite diversity is basically not affected by eustatic changes at all , probably due to special conditions of local ecology , environment or preservation . in general , broad patterns of the ammonite diversity show good correlation with eustatic fluctuations ( e . g . , o ' dogherty et al . , 2000 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ) . the changes in diversity and faunal turnover at small scales ( zone level ) are usually the result of multiple factors , including eustatic changes , and therefore need to be interpreted on a case by case basis . . . .\n. . . since the upper toarcian , only the genus pseudolioceras existed in the arctic seas , that brings some uncertainties to the understanding of the stratigraphic extent of the upper toarcian and the possibility of its subdivision . in the middle jurassic , there was a significant change in the ammonite composition in the arctic seas caused by the isolation of the arctic from the west european seas ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . european genera or species are almost absent . . . .\n. . . the belemnite distribution over the section is also nonuniform . they occur massively near the lower - middle jurassic boundary , and they are also abundant in the upper jurassic and lower half of the lower cretaceous ( dzyuba , 2013 ; meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks and nal ' nyaeva , 1979 ) . in the bajocian - oxfordian and hauterivian , the number and taxonomic diversity of belemnites in siberian sections are low . . . .\n. . . increasing seawater temperatures produced a massive bloom of the diverse marine species and the immigration of abundant west european faunas ( saks , 1976 ) . this time was also marked by colonization of the siberian seas by a belemnite fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; saks anf nalnyaeva , 1975 ) . . . .\n. . . faunal interchange increased and decreased alternately . sometimes some groups colonized the vast expanses of boreal seas for a long time and evolved there ; this resulted in the wide spread of the endemic groups of the boreal fauna ( meledina et al . , 2005 ; zakharov et al . , 2002 ) . in early studies ( saks et al . , 1980 ) , the jurassic zonation was based on data on ammonite occurrence in the numerous sections of central siberia and northeastern russia . . . .\n. . . knyazev ' s ammonite zonal scale for the upper toarcian correlates with the bivalve , foraminiferal , ostracod , and microphytofossil zones distinguished simultaneously in the same sections , this scale is still incorporated into the regional scale for northern siberia and into the boreal jurassic zonal standard ( resolution , 2004 ; shurygin et al . , 2000 ; zhamoida and petrov , 2008 ) . in the middle jurassic , there was a considerable change in the taxonomic composition of ammonites in the arctic seas because of their isolation from the western european ones ( meledina et al . , 2005 ) . here , european genera and species were nearly absent . . . .\n. . . comparative analysis of taxonomic diversity of jurassic benthic associations in different facies areas of the boreal basins allows the definition of development phases of macro - and microfaunal associations and certain marker levels with the sharpest structural and taxonomic changes as well as their relation to the main abiotic factors ( nikitenko & mickey 2004 ; meledina et al . 2005 ; nikitenko 2008 ) ( fig . 5 ) . in the early jurassic and aalenian there was a stable connection between the biota of the arctic and palaeopacific , while the connection with the palaeoatlantic was only periodically intensified during the major transgressions , which were accompanied by climate warming . . . .\nstages in development of mollusks , paleobiogeography of boreal seas in the early - middle jurassic and . . .\nwe compared stages of the taxonomic restructurings that occurred in communities of ammonites , belemnites , and bivalves in siberian sea basins in the second half of the early jurassic and at the beginning of the middle jurassic . in general , the main stages are similar in different groups of mollusks , but the restructuring borders often do not coincide . degree of endemism and portion of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncylindroteuthid belemnite correlation of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary strata in northern siberia . . .\nin the northern hemisphere there are some sections of the jurassic / cretaceous ( j / k ) boundary strata where boreal and tethyan molluscan fauna can be found together . they are all located on the pacific margins , in northeast asia ( far east of russia , northeast china ) and on the western coast of north america ( western british columbia in canada , northern california and southwest oregon in the . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncomprehensive zonal subdivisions of siberian jurassic and their significance for circum - arctic corre . . .\nwe show the present state of the set of parallel zonal scales for the siberian jurassic , based on various fossil groups , and the principles of their construction . we discuss the significance of siberian biostratigraphic scales for the boreal zonal standard of the jurassic units . the stratotype region for this standard must have a typical boreal ( arctic rather than mixed ) fauna . a possible . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe jurassic / cretaceous boundary in northern siberia and boreal - tethyan correlation of the boundary . . .\nthere is no international consensus regarding the gssp for the berriasian , the basal stage of the cretaceous system . any of the events discussed by the international expert community can be regarded as a marker of the jurassic / cretaceous boundary : a phylogenetic change of taxa , paleomagnetic reversal , or isotopic excursion . however , the problem of identification of this level in boreal . . . [ show full abstract ]\nammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late \u2026 | marta zunino - urltoken\nammonite assemblages and biostratigraphy at the lower to upper bajocian boundary in the digne area ( se france ) . implications for the definition of the late \u2026\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : zell p , stinnesbeck w ( 2016 ) paleobiology of the latest tithonian ( late jurassic ) ammonite salinites grossicostatum inferred from internal and external shell parameters . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0145865 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2016 zell , stinnesbeck . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\nfunding : the research ( including all scientific analyses ) was funded by the deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft to ws ( dfg sti 128 - 17 and sti 128 - 31 ) . the dfg had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nammonite morphology and internal structures yield important information on both the systematic position of species as well as their paleobiology ( e . g . dimorphism , habitat preferences , migration during sexual maturity , responses to seasonality ) , but only a small number of taxa has been analyzed in detail by using a combination of external and internal sets of data ( e . g . [ 1 ] ) . in consequence , the complete shell ontogeny of ammonites from embryonic to late post - embryonic stages is little known to date . for instance , an analysis of septal spacing in combination with shell diameter and ornamentation data revealed a gradual decrease in septum distances in adults reaching maturity ( e . g . [ 2 ] ) , while septal crowding was regarded as rare in premature individuals [ 2 ] . in other taxa septal crowding was attributed to adverse ecological circumstances , or injuries [ 2 \u2013 6 ] .\nhere we provide a detailed analysis of the ontogenetic development of the late jurassic ammonite salinites grossicostatum ( imlay 1939 ) [ 7 ] , combining data on external morphology with internal characters such as septal spacing and angles , suture and siphuncular position and size . our data allow us to differentiate sexual dimorphism and four stages of growth . we discuss the implications of these data for the interpretation of life span , habitat preferences , seasonal environmental changes and migration of mature macroconchs .\nmap of mexico with inset of northeastern mexico and the jurassic - cretaceous transition at puerto pi\u00f1ones .\nsalinites grossicostatum specimens described here originate from a shaly limestone of the latest tithonian \u201c kossmatia - durangites - salinites beds\u201d ( cf . [ 12 ] ) , respectively the uppermost crassicollaria zone [ 8 ] . locality map after [ 13 ] . puerto pi\u00f1ones : n25\u00b002 . 719\u2019 / w101\u00b003 . 396\u2019 .\nour collection of salinites grossicostatum consists of 169 specimens ( fig 2 ) preserved three - dimensionally ( cpc - 1214\u20131242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405\u20131413 ) . they were collected by wolfgang stinnesbeck between 1986 and 1994 . no permits were required to access the sampling site at puerto pi\u00f1ones . logistic support and export licenses were provided by the facultad de ciencias de la tierra of the universidad aut\u00f3noma de nuevo le\u00f3n .\nspecimens were collected from a single layer of the uppermost tithonian la caja formation at puerto pi\u00f1ones . d = diameter .\nsalinites grossicostatum is well preserved and suturelines are locally visible . the body chamber is completely preserved in most specimens and a long apophysis is present in eight individuals . descriptive terms are those of arkell et al . [ 14 ] , verma & westermann [ 15 ] and wright et al . [ 16 ] , and the ontogenetic description follows neige ( [ 17 ] , and references therein ) . abbreviations for ammonites : d , diameter ; wh , whorl height ; ww , whorl width ; u , umbilical diameter ; u / d , umbilical ratio ; ww / wh , whorl height to width ratio . specimens analyzed here are deposited in the colecci\u00f3n de paleontolog\u00eda de coahuila ( cpc - 1214\u20131242 ; sample box cpc - 1243 , cpc - 1405\u20131413 ) of the museo del desierto , carlos abendrop d\u00e1vila no . 3745 , parque las maravillas , saltillo , coahuila c . p . 25015 , mexico ( urltoken ) .\nthe latest tithonian [ 8 ] hildoglochiceras grossicostatum was first described by imlay [ 7 ] and was assigned to the genus salinites by cant\u00fa - chapa ( [ 18 ] , p . 19 ) .\nrepresenting an ontogenetic series from juvenile ( a ) to mature ( i ) .\n( a ) cpc - 1405 ; ( b ) cpc - 1406 ; ( c ) cpc - 1407 ; ( d ) cpc - 1408 ; ( e ) cpc - 1409 ; ( f ) cpc - 1410 ; ( g ) cpc - 1411 ; ( h ) cpc - 1412 ; ( i ) cpc - 1413 ; scale bars = 10 mm .\nan explicit sexual dimorphism is indicated by differential growth rates and internal growth features as detailed below , indicating that the assemblage consists of roughly equal numbers of micro - and macroconchs . the largest specimens ( d = 53\u201363 mm ) are here interpreted to represent macroconchs , while no individuals with shell diameters between 45 and 53 mm were found . this bimodal distribution pattern ( fig 2 ) may indicate changing habitat preferences of female adults during sexual maturity .\nsalinites grossicostatum is endemic to the ancient gulf of mexico , where it is restricted to shallow marine , outer shelf environments at the transition between the continental platform and slope [ 7 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] , [ 18 \u2013 24 ] .\nthe embryonic ammonoid , termed ammonitella [ 25 ] , consists of the protoconch ( initial chamber ) and approximately one spiral whorl initiating at the caecum and terminating at the primary constriction [ 6 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 25 ] . in salinites grossicostatum , the center of the protoconch ( sensu [ 17 ] ) was used to determine the diameter of protoconch and ammonitella ( fig 4a 2 ) . the mean minimum diameter of the protoconch is 0 . 18 mm and its mean maximum diameter is 0 . 265 mm ( fig 4 ) . this considerable variation ( 68 % ) is due to the subellipsoidal form of the protoconch . the mean diameter of the ammonitella is 0 . 58 mm ( fig 4 ) . the ratio between the diameters of ammonitella and maximum protoconch values averages 2 . 15 .\n( a ) cpc - 1217 , with sketch to the right ( a 2 ) to illustrate internal shell structures ; ( b ) cpc - 1214 ; measurements are provided in mm .\napertural heights and their corresponding diameters were measured in four specimens from the protoconch to the shell opening at the end of the last whorl . results are illustrated in fig 5 as a logarithmic ratio between the apertural height and shell diameter . our measurements reveal a small but significant break in growth between the embryonic and post - embryonic stages , coincident with the primary constriction . our data also indicate that allometric growth was higher in the post - embryonic development than in the initial ontogenetic stage considered as embryonic .\napertural height ( ah ) versus shell diameter ( d ) for two micro - and two macroconchs ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 ) .\nnote that apertural height is illustrated logarithmically . the regression lines indicate a change in growth at the primary constriction and that allometric growth is higher during post - embryonic stages than before .\nthe siphuncular diameter was measured in five specimens ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 and 1228 ; fig 6 ) . septa are mostly straight but are slightly incised concavely at the position of the septal neck . the latter is retrochoanitic during the earliest ontogenetic stages ( fig 4a 2 ) and becomes prochoanitic ( fig 6b ) at d\u22481 . 8 mm , after approximately 18 septa and in the first half of the second whorl ( in cpc - 1214 ) . the connecting ring is thin and concave . the siphuncle is initially located in a subcentral position but gradually shifts to a ventral position shortly after the primary constriction ( fig 4a 2 ) . the siphuncle resumes its final ventral position at d\u22480 . 77 mm . due to recrystallization and partial internal fragmentation , the siphuncle is only partially preserved in cpc - 1214\u20131217 and 1228 ( fig 6b ) . however , it is well - preserved in the two specimens cpc - 1214 and 1228 , with a minimum siphuncular diameter of 0 . 05 mm at d = 0 . 56 mm ( cpc - 1228 ) . a maximum diameter of 0 . 9 mm was reached at the last septum ( end of the phragmocone ) of macroconch cpc - 1214 at d = 40 . 9 mm ( postembryonic stage ) . the siphuncular diameter gradually increases in size and reveals a uniform first stage up to d\u224828 mm ( ah\u224810 mm ) . in macroconchs this stage is followed by an abrupt increase in siphuncular diameter . in general , however , the increase of the siphuncular diameter is slower than that of the increase in shell diameter and apertural height , thus indicating a negative allometry .\nthe upper plot illustrates the ratio between siphuncular diameter [ ds ] versus shell diameter [ d ] ; the lower plot figures the siphuncular diameter versus apertural height at the plane of coiling [ ah ] . to the right , high - resolution scans illustrate the siphuncle ; ( a ) longitudinal median section of cpc - 1228 ; ( b ) transversal section through the plane of coiling in cpc - 1214 . black arrows indicate position of the siphuncle ; scale bars = 2 . 5 mm .\nthe complete number of septa was analyzed in four adult specimens ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 ) and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ; fig 7 ) . the number of septa in the four adult individuals reaches a maximum of 97 and shows no major variation ( maximum between 86 and 97 ) , even though the two adult microconchs ( cpc - 1216 and 1217 ) are considerably smaller ( d = 11 mm , cpc - 1217 ; d = 18 . 7 mm , cpc - 1216 ) than the macroconchs ( d = 42 . 8 mm , cpc - 1214 ; d = 37 . 6 , cpc - 1215 ) . the number of septa thus appears to be genetically confined to a maximum of about 100 in both micro - and macroconchs . fig 7 illustrates the correlation between the number of septa and the diameter of s . grossicostatum . the general shape of these graphs is similar in the five individuals analyzed and reveals a uniform first stage of ontogenetic development , up to septum numbers of 25 to 30 . subsequently , however , the growth rates of micro - and macroconchs differ substantially ( fig 7 ) . the end of growth in specimen cpc - 1215 is marked by an inflection .\nsexual dimorphism is indicated between septum numbers 25 and 30 by a considerably higher growth increase in macroconchs .\nthe interseptal angle , which corresponds to interseptal spacing , varies during ontogeny ( fig 8 ) . three general phases are indicated in mature specimens ( cpc - 1214\u20131217 ) . specific septal \u201cevents\u201d are detected here and are indicated , in fig 8 , by dashed lines .\nratio between septal angle versus septal number for four mature specimens and one juvenile ( cpc - 1231 ) .\nspecific correlative septal \u201cevents\u201d are marked by dashed lines . d = diameter at the last septum .\neach trajectory initiates with a stable stage of strong septal angle variations , with widest angles reaching 39 . 4\u00b0 . this stage ends after 20 to 23 septa and is followed by a stable stage in macroconchs ( cpc - 1214 and 1215 ) , and a relatively unstable stage in microconchs ( cpc - 1216 , 1217 , 1231 ) , with the majority of angles of about 16 . 6\u00b0 but also including extremely low angles of 5\u00b0 . this stage ends after approximately 63 septa . the final growth stage ( 64 septa and more ) is characterized by septal crowding with angles ranging between 6\u00b0 ( cpc - 1215 ) and 18 . 3\u00b0 ( cpc - 1214 ) , with an average of about 12 . 7\u00b0 .\nsuture lines are only fragmentarily visible in three specimens ( fig 9 ) . in the early post - embryonic stage ( d = 8 mm ; fig 9c ) , the largest visible saddle is the third lateral , while the first lateral is smaller . the largest lobe is the second lateral . the ventral lobe is simple and small , higher than wide . the ventral saddle becomes larger and wider towards late ontogenetic stages . at d = 20 . 9 mm , the ventral saddle is subrectangular and furcated , while lateral lobes and saddles are stronger furcated .\n( a ) cpc - 1218 ; ( b ) cpc - 1219 ; ( c ) cpc - 1220 .\nthe ornamentation shows five ontogenetic stages ( fig 3 , fig 10 ; see also [ 7 ] , p . 27 ) . the earliest ontogenetic stages are smooth with the exception of fine growth lines , which are , however , not visible on internal molds . ventrolateral ribs appear at a diameter of 6 . 4 mm ; they gradually increase in strength . a smooth keel is first seen at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm , which agrees with the description of imlay [ 7 ] who noted a keel at diameters of about 10 mm . a spiral groove , situated at about mid - flank , first appears on internal molds at diameters of about 9 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 13 . 1 mm in macroconchs . the keel becomes serrated at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs . the serration gradually increases in strength and finally reaches the ventrolateral plain . an apophysis is first present at diameters of about 19 . 5 mm in microconchs and of about 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs ; it is here interpreted to represent the adult stage , in accordance with previous interpretations of this character ( e . g . [ 26 ] ) .\nin macroconchs , the spiral groove , the serration of the keel and the apophysis appear at larger diameters .\nthe adult stage starts by the first appearance of an apophysis at d\u224819 . 5 mm in microconchs and at d\u224825 . 3 mm in macroconchs . it is characterized further by a distinct reduction of space between the septa , marking the final stage of their secretion ( fig 8 ) . a similar pattern was previously documented in other ammonite taxa [ 2 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 27 \u2013 29 ] , among other authors . in the most completely preserved macroconchs ( e . g . cpc - 1411\u20131413 ) a slight decrease in the whorl overlap ratio is present at d > 38 mm and the apophysis is consequently projecting ventrolaterally ( fig 3g , fig 3h , fig 3i ) , thus expressing a change in shell geometry . a crowding of growth lines , an additional characteristic of mature ammonites [ 29 ] , is only visible in macroconch cpc - 1413 ( fig 3i ) at a diameter of 63 mm .\nour analysis of the ontogeny of salinites grossicostatum is based on 169 specimens collected from a single limestone layer at puerto pi\u00f1ones , coahuila and assigned to the latest tithonian \u201c durangites beds\u201d . results are summarized in fig 11 .\nsexual dimorphism and four major stages are recognized : embryonic , neanic , juvenile and mature . the diameter indicates the first occurrence of characteristic modifications .\nseptal spaces during earliest ontogenetic stages agree in all four specimens analyzed here ( micro - and macroconchs ) and are marked by strong variations in septal spacing . septal crowding during similarly early ontogenetic stages in nautiloids , bactritoids and ammonoids were interpreted to be related to hatching ( e . g . [ 6 ] , [ 30 \u2013 33 ] ) .\nnumerous authors considered ammonite hatchlings to be planktonic ( e . g . [ 40 \u2013 45 ] ) . in that case , the highly variable septal angles observed in early ontogenetic stages of s . grossicostatum could reflect a change of life habit to the juvenile stage ( cf . [ 6 ] ) . during the neanic development and up to about 30 septa , the ratio between the number of the septa and the diameter remains uniform for all specimens analyzed here .\nthe shell remains unornamented until diameters of about 6 . 4 mm , where ventrolateral ribs first appear . a smooth keel develops at diameters of about 8 . 6 mm . a spiral groove was identified in microconchs at about 9 . 2 mm diameter and in macroconchs at about 13 . 1 mm . serration of the keel is first present at diameters of about 11 . 2 mm in microconchs and at about 15 . 5 mm in macroconchs .\nthe abundance of juveniles ( d\u224810 mm ) at puerto pi\u00f1ones , but also at sierra de parras and sierra de jimulco originally described by imlay [ 7 ] , may indicate high mortality rates during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum reproduced early , quickly , and in large numbers , to ensure that at least some offspring of the population survive ( r - selection ) . ammonites associated with s . grossicostatum at puerto pi\u00f1ones are mostly represented by single adult individuals .\nbased on our analysis of septal spacing we propose that seasonal environmental changes are evidenced in salinites grossicostatum . ten low septal angle events with almost constant amplitudes of fluctuation were identified during the ontogenetic development of this ammonite , all separated by eight to nine wide and regularly spaced septa . in nautilus , these fluctuations in septal spacing are related to variations in the overall rate of growth and to the shape of shell and soft body ( [ 39 ] , and references therein ) , even though they are also seen in nautilus kept in captivity [ 64 ] .\nsix ornamentational stages are differentiated . during early ontogeny , s . grossicostatum is unornamented . this phase is followed by the subsequent appearance of ventrolateral ribs , a smooth keel , a spiral groove , and by the serration of this keel . maturity is reached at approximately 19 . 5 mm diameter in microconchs and 25 . 3 mm in macroconchs , and is marked by the appearance of an apophysis and a reduction of septal spacing . additional mature characteristics are expressed in macroconchs , including smoothening of surface ornamentation , increase in siphuncular diameter , reduced whorl overlap ratio , and the crowding of growth lines on the apophysis .\nmortality rates were high during early ontogenetic stages before the expression of sexual dimorphism , suggesting that salinites grossicostatum was an r - selective species . size distribution and a sudden increase in siphuncular diameter in macroconchs may indicate changing habitat preferences of macroconchs during an interval after reaching sexual maturity and before their end of growth . macroconchs may have left the mating area at puerto pi\u00f1ones to reach shallow water areas for egg deposition .\nthe authors acknowledge seija beckmann ( institut f\u00fcr geowissenschaften , heidelberg ) for photography . we thank the referees and editor of plos one for their helpful comments that greatly improved the quality of this work .\nconceived and designed the experiments : pz ws . performed the experiments : pz . analyzed the data : pz . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ws . wrote the paper : pz ws . collected samples : ws . designed the figures : pz .\nlandman nh , cobban wa , larson nl . mode of life and habitat of scaphitid ammonites . geobios . 2012 ; 45 : 87\u201398 .\nkraft s , korn d , klug c . patterns of ontogenetic septal spacing in carboniferous ammonoids . neues jahrb geol min abh . 2008 ; 250 ( 1 ) : 31\u201344 .\n( ammonoidea ) aufgrund einer frakturanalyse . mitt inst geol - palaeontol hamb . 1975 ; 44 : 195\u2013206 .\nbayer u . cephalopoden - septen , teil 2 : regelmechanismen im geh\u00e4use - und septenbau der ammoniten . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 1977 ; 155 : 162\u2013215 .\narai k , wani r . variable growth modes in late cretaceous ammonoids : implications for diverse early life histories . j paleontol . 2012 ; 86 ( 2 ) : 258\u2013267 .\nimlay rw . upper jurassic ammonites from mexico . geol soc am bull . 1939 ; 50 : 1\u201378 .\nadatte t , stinnesbeck w , hubberten h , remane j . the jurassic - cretaceous boundary in northeastern mexico . confrontation and correlations by microfacies , clay mineral mineralogy , calpionellids and ammonites . geobios mem spec . 1994 ; 17 : 37\u201356 .\nzell p , beckmann s , stinnesbeck w . late jurassic - earliest cretaceous belemnites ( cephalopoda : coleoidea ) from northeastern mexico and their palaeobiogeographic implications . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 2013 ; 270 / 3 : 325\u2013341 .\n( inoceramidae ) from the upper jurassic\u2013lowermost cretaceous of mexico . j south am earth sci . 2015 ; 60 : 92\u2013103 .\nzell p , stinnesbeck w . kimmeridgian ( late jurassic ) cold - water idoceratids ( ammonoidea ) from southern coahuila , northeastern mexico , associated with boreal bivalves and belemnites . rev mex cien geol . 2015 ; 32 ( 1 ) : 11\u201320 .\ncant\u00fa - chapa a . new upper tithonian ( jurassic ) ammonites from chinameca formation in southern veracruz , eastern mexico . j paleontol . 2006 ; 80 ( 2 ) : 294\u2013308 .\narkell wj , furnish wm , kummel b , miller ak , moore rc , schindewolf oh , et al . cephalopoda , ammonoidea , mollusca 4 , part l . in : moore rc , editor . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . kansas : geological society of america and university of kansas press ; 1957 . pp . 1\u2013472 .\nverma hm , westermann geg . the tithonian ( jurassic ) ammonite fauna and stratigraphy of sierra de catorce , san luis potos\u00ed , mexico . bull am paleontol . 1973 ; 63 ( 277 ) : 107\u2013320 .\nwright cw , calloman jh , howarth mk . ( cretaceous ammonoidea ( revised ) . in : kaesler r , editor . treatise of invertebrate paleontology part l , mollusca 4 . kansas : the geological society of america and the university of kansas press , boulder / lawrence ; 1996 . pp . 1\u2013362 .\nfrom the jura of france . eclogae geol helv . 1997 ; 90 : 605\u2013616 .\n\u201d del noreste de mexico . inst mex petr . 1968 ; 2 : 19\u201326 .\nmyczy\u0144ski r . ammonite biostratigraphy of the tithonian of western cuba . ann soc geol pol . 1989 ; 59 : 43\u2013125 .\nimlay rw . late jurassic fossils from cuba and their economic significance . geol soc am bull . 1942 ; 53 : 1417\u20131478 .\njudoley cm , furrazola - berm\u00fadez g . estratigraf\u00eda y fauna del jur\u00e1sico de cuba . publicaci\u00f3n especial icrm , la habana . 1968 : 1\u2013126 .\ncant\u00fa - chapa a . el contacto jur\u00e1sico - cret\u00e1cico , le estratigraf\u00eda del neocomi\u00e1no , el hiato hauterivi\u00e1no superior - eoceneo inferior y las amonitas del pozo bejuco 6 ( centro - este de m\u00e9xico ) . soc geol mex bol . 1976 ; 37 ( 2 ) : 60\u201383 .\nimlay rw , herman g . upper jurassic ammonites from the subsurface of texas , louisiana and mississippi . in : ventress wps , bebout dg , perkins bf , moore ch , editors . the jurassic of the gulf rim . gcssepm foundation , third annual research conference proceedings ; 1984 . pp . 149\u2013170 .\nmyczy\u0144ski r , pszcz\u00f3\u0142kowski a . tithonian stratigraphy in the sierra de los organos , western cuba : correlation of the ammonite and microfossil zones . atti ii conv . int . f . e . a . pergola , 1987 . 1990 : 405\u2013415 .\ndrushchits vv , khiami n . structure of the septa , protoconch walls and initial whorls in early cretaceous ammonites . j paleontol . 1970 ; 1 : 26\u201338 .\nmakowski h . problem of sexual dimorphism in ammonites . palaeontol pol . 1962 ; 12 : 1\u201392 .\nklug c . mature modifications , the black band , the black aperture , the black stripe , and the periostracum in cephalopods from the upper muschelkalk ( middle triassic , germany ) . mitt hamb geol - palaeontol inst . 2004 ; 88 : 63\u201378 .\nebbinghausen v , korn d . conch geometry and ontogenetic trajectories in the triangularly coiled late devonian ammonoid\nand related genera . neues jahrb geol palaeontol abh . 2007 ; 244 : 9\u201341 .\nklug c , zato\u0144 m , parent h , hostettler b , tajika a . mature modifications and sexual dimorphism . in : klug c et al . , editors . ammonoid paleobiology : from anatomy to ecology ( chapter 7 ) . topics in geobiology 43 . dodrecht : springer science + business media dodrecht ; 2015 . pp . 253\u2013320 .\nmiller ak , unklesbay ag . the siphuncle of late paleozoic ammonoids . j paleontol . 1954 ; 17 : 1\u201325 .\ni ego znachenie dlya izucheniya iskopaemykh golovonogikh . moskovskoe gosudarstvo pedagogov instituta v . n . lenina . 1948 ; 52 ( 3 ) : 78\u2013151 .\nteichert c . morphology of hard parts . in : teichert c et al . , editors . treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part k , mollusca 3 , cephalopoda general features\u2013endoceratoidea\u2013actinoceratoidea\u2013nautiloidea\u2013bactritoidea . kansas : lawrence , geological society of america & university of kansas press ; 1964 . pp . 12\u201353 .\nstridsberg s . silurian oncocerid cephalopods from gotland . foss strat . 1985 ; 18 : 1\u201365 .\n( michelin ) ( ammonitina , albien ) . comparaison avec le nautile et la spirule . bull mus hist nat , paris , 3e ser . , 511 , sciences de la terre . 1978 ; 68 : 1\u201336 .\nlandman nh . ontogeny of upper cretaceous ( turonian - santonian ) scaphitid ammonites from the western interior of north america : systematics , developmental patterns , and life history . bull am mus nat hist . 1987 ; 185 ( 2 ) : 117\u2013241 .\nlandman nh , waage km . scaphitid ammonites of the upper cretaceous ( maastrichtian ) fox hill formation in south dakota and wyoming . bull am mus nat hist . 1993 ; 215 : 1\u2013257 .\nvoorthuysen jh . beitrag zur kenntnis des inneren baus von schale und sipho bei triadischen ammoniten . van gorcum and comp . , assen ; 1940 .\ndoguzhayeva la , mutvei h . retro - and prochoanitic septal necks in ammonoids , and transition between them . palaeontogr abt a . 1986 ; 195 ( 1\u20133 ) : 1\u201318 .\nbucher h , landman nh , klofak sm , guex j . mode and rate of growth in ammonoids , chapter 12 . in : landman n et al . , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , volume 13 . new york : topics in geobiology , plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 407\u2013461 .\nkulicki c . remarks on the embryogeny and postembryonal development of ammonites . acta palaeontol pol . 1974 ; 19 : 201\u2013224 .\nkulicki c . ammonoid shell microstructures . in : landman nh , tanabe k , davis ra , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , new york : plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 65\u2013101 .\ntanabe k , ohtsuka y . ammonoid early internal shell structure : its bearing on early life history . paleobiology . 1985 ; 11 ( 3 ) : 320\u2013322 .\nrouget i , neige p . embryonic ammonoid shell features : intraspecific variation revised . palaeontology . 2001 ; 44 : 53\u201364 .\nmapes rh , n\u00fctzel a . late palaeozoic mollusk reproduction : cephalopod egg - laying behavior and gastropod larval palaeobiology . lethaia . 2009 ; 42 : 341\u2013356 .\ntajika a , wani r . intraspecific variation of hatchling size in late cretaceous ammonoids from hokkaido , japan : implication for planktic duration at early ontogenetic stage . lethaia . 2011 ; 44 : 287\u2013298 .\nlukeneder a , harzhauser m , m\u00fcllegger s , piller we . ontogeny and habitat change in mesozoic cephalopods revealed by stable isotopes ( \u03b4\nwestermann geg . form , structure and function of shell and siphuncle in coiled mesozoic ammonoids . life sci contr , roy ontario mus . 1971 ; 78 : 1\u201339 .\ntanabe k , obata i , fukuda y , futakami m . early shell growth in some upper cretaceous ammonites and its implications to major taxonomy . bull nat sci mus , ser c , geology , paleontology . 1979 ; 5 ( 4 ) : 153\u2013176 .\ncallomon jh . sexual dimorphism in jurassic ammonites . transactions of the leicester library and philosophical society . 1963 ; 57 : 21\u201356 .\nof the blue hill member , carlite shale , upper cretaceous , kansas . univ kans paleontol contr . 1978 ; 88 : 1\u201328 .\ndavis ra , landman nh , dommergues j - l , marchand d , bucher h . mature modifications and dimorphism in ammonoid cephalopods . in : landman nh , tanabe k , davis ra , editors . ammonoid paleobiology , new york : plenum press new york ; 1996 . pp . 463\u2013539 .\nklug c , br\u00fchwiler t , korn d , schweigert g , brayard a , tilsley j . ammonoid shell structures of primary organic composition . palaeontology . 2007 ; 50 : 1463\u20131478 .\ntajika a , morimoto n , wani r , naglik c , klug c . intraspecific variation of phragmocone chamber volumes throughout ontogeny in the modern nautilid\nkorn d , bockwinkel j , ebbighausen v . the ammonoids from the argiles de teguentour of oued temertasset ( early late tournaisian ; mouydir , algeria ) . fossil record . 2010 ; 13 : 35\u2013152 .\nkorn d , titus a . the ammonoids from the three folks shale ( late devonian ) of montana . fossil record . 2006 ; 9 : 198\u2013212 .\nde beats k , klug c , monnet c . intraspecific variability through ontogeny in early ammonoids . paleobiology . 2013 ; 39 : 75\u201394 .\nde beats k , klug c , korn d , bartels c , poschmann m . emsian ammonoidea and the age of the hunsr\u00fcck slate ( rhenish mountains , western germany ) , palaeontogr abt a . 2013 ; 299 ( 1\u20136 ) : 1\u2013113 .\nmignot y . un problem de pal\u00e9obiologie chez les ammono\u00efd\u00e9s ( cephalopoda ) . croissance et miniaturisation en liaison avec les environnements . documents des laboratoires de g\u00e9ologie , lyon . 1993 ; 124 : 1\u2013113 .\nsv boletzky . sepia officinalis . in : boyle pr , editor . cephalopod life cycles , vol . i . academic press , new york ; 1983 . pp . 31\u201352 .\nand developmental features of the suborder pinacoceratina . j paleontol . 1977 ; 4 : 445\u2013451 .\nin captivity : a case study of abnormal shell growth . berl geow abh . 1995 ; e16 : 663\u2013681 .\nzell p , beckmann s , stinnesbeck w . age and depositional condition of the marine vertebrate concentration lagerst\u00e4tte at gomez far\u00edas , southern coahuila , mexico . j south am earth sci . 2014 ; 56 : 91\u2013109 .\nthomson sa , sydeman wj , santora ja , black ba , suryan rm , calambokidis j , et al . linking predators to seasonality of upwelling : using food web indicators and path analysis to infer trophic connections . prog oceanogr . 2012 ; 101 ( 1 ) : 106\u2013120 .\nklug c , meyer e , richter u , korn d . soft - tissue imprints in fossil and recent cephalopod septa and septum formation . lethaia . 2008 ; 41 ( 4 ) : 477\u2013492 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !"]}
{"id": 389, "summary": [{"text": "chloealtis aspasma is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to northern california and southern oregon in the united states .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is known by the common names siskiyou short-horned grasshopper and siskiyou chloealtis grasshopper . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "chloealtis aspasma", "paragraphs": ["rehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 45 : 82 > > chloealtis aspasma urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 61230\nrehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 82\nrehn , j . a . g . & hebard . 1919 . a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87\nrehn , j . a . g . & hebard ( 1919 ) a new species of grasshopper of the genus chloealtis ( acrididae ) from the pacific coast : transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 45 : 81 - 87\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmaintained at urltoken by daniel otte ( founder and principal author ) , david c . eades ( principal database developer ) , and piotr naskrecki ( developer of osf online , major contributor ) , with the cooperation of the orthopterists ' society\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\northoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ngurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . trans . amer . entomol . soc . 89 : 130\ntype locality : northern america , northwestern u . s . a . , oregon , jackson county , siskiyou mountains\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbey - bienko . 1932 . orthoptera palaearctica critica xi . the group chrysochraontes ( acrid . ) . eos , revista espa\u00f1ola de entomolog\u00eda ( eos ) 8 : 88\ngurney , strohecker & helfer . 1964 [ 1963 ] . a synopsis of north american acridine grasshoppers of the genus group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 89 : 130\nhoekstra . 1998 . conserving orthoptera in the wild : lessons from trimerotropis infantilis ( oedipodinae ) . journal of insect conservation ( j . insect conservation ) 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 180\njago . 1969 . a revision of the systematics and taxonomy of certain north american gomphocerine grasshoppers ( gomphocerinae , acrididae , orthoptera ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 121 : 293\njago . 1971 . a review of the gomphocerinae of the world with a key to the genera ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 123 : 293\notte , d . 1981 . acrididae : gomphocerinae and acridinae . north american grasshoppers , harvard university press , cambridge 1 : 44 , 235\notte , daniel , 1995 : grasshoppers [ acridomorpha ] d . orthoptera species file 5 . 630 .\nrehn , j . a . g . 1928 . on the relationship of certain new or previously known genera of the acridine group chrysochraontes ( orthoptera , acrididae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 80 : 189"]}
{"id": 393, "summary": [{"text": "mylabris is a genus of beetles in the family meloidae , which is endemic to the palearctic ecozone .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species-rich genus hycleus ( c. 430 spp. ) was historically confused with mylabris .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is superficially similar , but is centered on the afrotropics . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "mylabris", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nmylabris quadripunctata\nas trusted on the\nmylabris quadripunctata\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nmilabris\u2011dos\u20114\u2011pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )\nas trusted on the\nmylabris quadripunctata\npage .\nmedical uses of mylabris in ancient china and recent studies . - pubmed - ncbi\nno one has contributed data records for mylabris quadripunctata yet . learn how to contribute .\nvalter jacinto changed the thumbnail image of\nmilabris\u2011dos\u20114\u2011pontos / / blister beetle ( mylabris quadripunctata )\n.\ngenius , thank you , i think you are right , i think it is the [ mylabris variabilis ] .\nmylabris species , blister beetle , oil beetle from europe stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 19275050 .\nblister beetle ( mylabris sp : meloidae ) , a warningly coloured species , feeding on a flower , in savannah , ghana .\nthis short paper deals with the first record of mylabris klugi redt . and the subgenus argabris kuz . in turkey . illustrations of the adult insect and its habitat are given .\nbeetles aren ' t my area but i thought it looked like what i understand a blister beetle should be . so , with that in mind i did a quick search . could it be a mylabris species ? see -\nmylabris phalerata ( mp ) is an insect used in the preparation of mylabris , a korean medicine listed in the korean herbal pharmacopoeia that is used to treat tumors . mp has antitumor effects and a proliferative effect on leucocytes [ 8 , 9 ] . the major component of mp , cantharidin , also has anticancer and apoptotic effects on cancer cells [ 10 ] . norcantharidin , a demethylated form of cantharidin , is used as an anticancer drug in china [ 11 ] .\nmylabris variabilis ( pallas , 1781 ) : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 553 . [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de france . revue de l\u2019association roussillonnaise d\u2019entomologie , 23 ( suppl\u00e9ment ) : 1 - 1052 .\nj . - e . huh , k . - s . kang , k . - s . ahn , d . - h . kim , i . saiki , and s . - h . kim , \u201cmylabris phalerlata induces apoptosis by caspase activation following cytochrome c release and bid cleavage , \u201d\nthe scientific name for a genus of blister beetle , several species of which ( mylabris phalerata and m . cichorii ) have been used in traditional chinese medicine as a vesicant and antitumor agent . skin exposure to the crushed body of the beetle results in contact dermatitis . the blistering agent in the beetle , cantharides , is also known as spanish fly .\nmylabris oculata , the cmr bean beetle , is a large , conspicuously - colored beetle in the family meloidae ( blister beetles ) that i saw quite commonly during my stay in south africa . \u201ccmr\u201d refers to the cape mounted rifle corps , a police force in the old cape colony whose uniforms sported black and yellow bands that resemble the colors of this beetle .\nwhen we screened the tnf - \u03b1 secretion in m2 macrophages using 400 species of herb , mylabris phalerata , genkwa flos , solani nigri herba , pinelliae tuber , sambuci lignum , sanguisorbae radix , euphorbiae kansui radix , phaseoli radiati semen , poria , and melandrii herba were the most potent top 10 herbs without endotoxin . although there are some reports on anti - inflammatory effects of these 10 herbs , macrophage polarization by these herbs has not been studied .\nty - jour ti - a new mylabris species from south - eastern iran and a key to the iranian species of the nominate subgenus ( coleoptera , meloidae ) t2 - zookeys vl - 219 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2012 sp - 81 ep - 86 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 219 . 3674 au - serri , sayeh au - pan , zhao au - bologna , marco kw - iran kw - key to the species kw - new species kw - taxonomy er -\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n[ g . a cockroach found in mills and bakehouses , fr . myl\u0113 , mill ]\npustulata were identified in a study from the western part of neighboring state of orissa .\nby kasab ( 1983 ) and schneider ( 1991 ) are now assigned to other genera such as croscherichia and hycleus .\nand coryna species ( coleoptera : meloidae ) infesting pearl millet in the nigerian sudan savanna .\n, a compound that has been used in china as a medicinal agent for 2000 years and for the treatment of cancer , particularly hepatoma [ 1 ] .\npustulata ( thunberg ) has emerged as a predominant insectpest of pigeonpea flowers in punjab .\npustulata ( blister beetle ) was studied for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis of cellulose .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nto receive news and publication updates for evidence - based complementary and alternative medicine , enter your email address in the box below .\ncopyright \u00a9 2017 hwan - suck chung et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\ntumor burden comprises a group of heterogeneous cells , including t cells , neutrophils , and macrophages . the major cells comprising the tumor burden are macrophages , accounting for approximately 50 % of the burden . tumor - associated macrophages ( tam ) are involved in tumor progression and metastasis , and the number of tam in the tumor burden is positively correlated with poor prognosis [ 1 ] . macrophages can be m1 polarized by stimulation with ifn - \u03b3 or lps , and these m1 - polarized macrophages secrete il - 12 , tnf - \u03b1 , and il - 1 \u03b2 , which kill cancer cells [ 2 ] . however , m2 macrophages are polarized by stimulation with il - 4 , il - 13 , or m - csf and release il - 10 , ccl17 , and ccl22 , which help in tumor progression and metastasis . m2 macrophages have phenotypes and functions similar to tam [ 3 , 4 ] . because tam play a critical role in tumor progression and metastasis , many researchers have studied the control of tam and have shown that switching tam or m2 with m1 significantly inhibits tumor progression and metastasis [ 5 \u2013 7 ] . therefore , switching tam or m2 with m1 is a potential target for cancer treatment .\nwe screened 400 herbal ethanol extracts to examine the effect of m1 polarization on m2 - polarized macrophages induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . we found that the ethanol extract of mp ( emp ) polarized m2 into m1 and that this effect was not mediated by endotoxins .\nanimal procedures were approved by the iacuc in the korea institute of oriental medicine . bone marrow cells ( bmc ) were isolated from the tibia and femur of 6 - week - old male c57bl / 6 mice ( samtako bio korea , gyeonggi - do , south korea ) . bone marrow macrophages ( bmm ) generated using bmc were differentiated in the rpmi1640 medium supplemented with 10 % fbs and macrophage colony - stimulating factors ( m - csf , 60 ng / ml , peprotech , rocky hill , nj , usa ) for 1 week . the medium was replaced with a fresh m - csf - containing medium 3 days after seeding the cells .\nto prepare tam , mice were subcutaneously implanted with lewis lung carcinoma ( llc ) cells ( 2 \u00d7 10 5 / mouse ) . they were sacrificed after 3 weeks , and tumor tissues were isolated . single cells were dissociated from tumor tissues using a tumor dissociation kit ( cat . 130 - 096 - 730 , miltenyi biotec , bergisch gladbach , germany ) following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . to separate the macrophages , the cells were labelled with cd11b microbeads ( cat . 130 - 049 - 601 , miltenyi biotec ) , and the cd11b + cells ( macrophages ) were isolated with macs columns . approximately 10 % \u201320 % of the tumor - dissociated cells were cd11b + . when we analyzed the purity of tam , over 90 % were cd11b + .\nmp was purchased from an herbal supplier ( yeongcheon herb , yeongcheon , korea ) , and a voucher specimen ( number e233 ) was deposited in the herbal bank of the korea medicine application center , korea institute of oriental medicine . to prepare emp , dried mp ( 30 g ) was ground into a fine powder , soaked in 300 ml of 70 % ethanol , and extracted in a shaking incubator at 40\u00b0c for 24 h . the extract was filtered through a testing sieve ( 150 \u03bc m ; retsch , haan , germany ) , evaporated on a rotary evaporator , concentrated by lyophilization , and then stored at \u221220\u00b0c . emp powder ( 50 mg ) was dissolved in 10 ml of 50 % ethanol ( v / v ) and filtered through a 0 . 22 \u03bc m disk filter . endotoxin was examined using the pierce lal chromogenic endotoxin quantitation kit ( thermo scientific , bonn , germany ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol .\nto polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the supernatants were harvested and kept at \u221280\u00b0c until use . tnf - \u03b1 and tgf - \u03b2 were analyzed by opteia elisa kit ( bd biosciences pharmingen , san diego , ca , usa ) and ebioscience\u2122 human / mouse tgf beta 1 elisa ready - set - go ! \u2122 kit , 2nd generation ( cat . 88 - 8350 - 76 , ebioscience , san diego , ca , usa ) , respectively , following manufacturer\u2019s instruction .\nto polarize bmm to m2 , they were treated with recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h . emp was added for 18 h , and the cells were harvested . total rna was extracted using the easyblue rna extraction kit ( intron biotechnology , inc . , seongnam , korea ) . the quality and concentration of the rna were assayed using the nd - 1000 spectrophotometer ( nanodrop technologies , wilmington , de , usa ) . cdna was synthesized using cyclescript reverse transcriptase ( bioneer , seoul , korea ) and stored at \u221220\u00b0c . real - time pcr was conducted using the cfx96 touch real - time pcr system ( bio - rad , ca , usa ) employing the accupower greenstar qpcr master mix ( bioneer , daejeon , korea ) . the pcr protocol comprised 10 min at 95\u00b0c followed by 45 cycles of 10 s at 95\u00b0c , 10 s at 60\u00b0c , and 10 s at 72\u00b0c . after the cycles were completed , the signal at each temperature between 65\u00b0c and 95\u00b0c was recorded to generate a dissociation curve . the sequences of the murine primers were listed in table 1 . the target mrna levels were compared by calculating the crossing point ( cp ) value and normalized to the reference gene gapdh .\nraw264 . 7 cells ( 5 \u00d7 10 6 ) were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then treated with emp for 1 h . nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts were prepared using ne - per nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents ( thermo fisher scientific , rockford , il , usa ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s protocol .\ncells were washed with phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) and lysed using the radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer ( millipore , ma , usa ) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors . total protein ( 15\u201320 \u03bc g ) was separated by 10 % sds - page gel electrophoresis , transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride ( pvdf ) membrane , and immunoblotted with specific antibody . antibodies for arginase - 1 , \u03b2 - actin ( santa cruz biotechnology , ca , usa ) , phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ( p - stat3 ) ( tyr705 ) , p - stat6 ( tyr641 ) , p65 , p - i \u03ba b - \u03b1 , and proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( pcna ) ( cell singling technology , ma , usa ) were used in this study . chemiluminescent signals were detected using the chemidoc imaging system ( bio - rad laboratories , ca , usa ) and a chemiluminescence reagent ( thermo scientific , rockford , il , usa ) .\ncell migration was assayed using a 24 - transwell chamber with a diameter of 6 . 5 mm and an 8 \u03bc m pore polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) membrane ( spl lifesciences , seoul , korea ) as described by kim et al . [ 12 ] .\nel4 - luc2 cells , a lymphoma cell line from c57bl / 6 mice expressing the firefly luciferase gene ( caliper life science , ma , usa ) , were used to evaluate drug efficacy on macrophage tumoricidal activity in coculture conditions . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then with emp for 18 h . the cells were washed with dpbs and 3 \u00d7 10 4 cells in 200 \u03bc l of media were seeded in 96 - well white plates . el4 - luc2 cells ( 1 \u00d7 10 4 cells ) were cocultured with bmm for 48 h . luciferin ( 150 \u03bc g / ml ) was added and luminescence was detected using the spectramax l microplate reader ( molecular devices , sunnyvale , ca , usa ) .\nfor all analyses ) was assessed by one - way anova followed by tukey\u2019s post hoc test for multiple comparisons using the prism 5 . 01 software ( graphpad software inc . , san diego , ca , usa ) .\nbecause tnf - \u03b1 is a prominent m1 marker , we screened 400 types of herbal extracts for their effect on tnf - \u03b1 release in m2 macrophages . m2 macrophages were induced by treating bmm with mouse recombinant il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) and il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h , after which emp was added for 18 h . among the 400 herbal extracts , emp showed the strongest effect on tnf - \u03b1 release in m2 macrophages . tnf - \u03b1 induction in m2 macrophages by emp was also shown in tam ( figure 1 ) . on the other hand , tgf - \u03b2 is a typical m2 marker . tgf - \u03b2 release was reduced by emp treatment in tam and bmm ( figure 1 ) . to exclude the possibility of tnf - \u03b1 release by endotoxin contamination in emp , we also examined the endotoxin level in emp and found that it was less than 0 . 1 eu / ml ( data not shown ) .\n. ( a ) tam were isolated with cd11b microbeads after dissociation of tumor tissue into single cells . cd11b\ntam were treated with various doses of emp for 24 h . ( b ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . tnf -\nwe analyzed the expression of m1 and m2 genes after emp treatment in m2 macrophages . although the increased m2 markers ( fizz1 , ym1 , and arg1 ) were significantly inhibited by emp , m1 ( tnfa and inos ) markers were significantly increased by emp based on the real - time rt - pcr analysis ( figure 2 ( a ) ) . when we analyzed m1 ( cd86 ) and m2 ( cd68 ) phenotype changes using flow cytometry after emp treatment in m2 macrophages , emp significantly increased cd86 expression but did not affect cd68 expression ( figure 2 ( b ) ) . arginase - 1 catalyzes l - arginine as a substrate and produces l - ornithine and urea . it is known that the depletion of l - arginine by arginase - 1 could inhibit the l - arginine - dependent immune functions [ 13 ] . for instance , l - arginine depletion suppresses t - cell proliferation [ 14 ] . although macrophages polarized to m2 by il - 4 and il - 13 displayed a significantly increased expression of arginase - 1 , emp alleviated the increased expression of arginase - 1 in a dose - dependent manner . intriguingly , lps did not significantly alter the increased expression of arginase - 1 ( figure 2 ( c ) ) .\n. ( a ) effect of emp on mrna expression in m2 macrophages . bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 18 h . the amounts of mrna were quantified by real - time rt - pcr . the expression levels of mrna were normalized by dividing the values by the gapdh intensity . ( b ) cd86 + and cd68 + bmm after emp treatment were analyzed by flow cytometry . ( c ) arginase - 1 expression was determined by western blotting . nd = not detected . values are indicated as the mean \u00b1 sem .\nwe studied the effect of macrophages polarized by emp on llc tumor cell migration . to exclude a direct effect of emp on llc , emp - treated macrophages were washed out with dpbs and the macrophages were seeded in the lower compartment and then llc were cultured in the upper compartment of the transwell chamber . as shown in figure 3 ( a ) , emp treatment in m2 macrophages attenuated the migration of llc tumor cells in a dose - dependent manner . we also evaluated the tumoricidal activity of emp - treated macrophages in coculture conditions with el4 - luc2 lymphoma . lps - and emp - treated macrophages significantly reduced el4 - luc2 proliferation compared with the control group ( figure 3 ( b ) ) . these data show that emp - treated m2 macrophages can inhibit tumor metastasis and progression .\n. ( a ) a transwell migration assay was performed to determine the migration of llc tumor cells by emp - treated macrophages . llc tumor cells on the lower surface of the transwell membrane were stained with crystal violet solution and observed under a phase contrast microscope with 50x magnification . ( b ) el4 - luc2 lymphoma was cocultured with emp - treated macrophages for 48 h . values are indicated as the mean \u00b1 sem .\nto study the mechanism of emp in m2 macrophages , we analyzed stat6 phosphorylation , which is a critical transcription factor in the m2 polarization induced by il - 4 and il - 13 . although m2 macrophages increased stat6 phosphorylation , there were no significant differences in stat6 phosphorylation upon emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) . nf - \u03ba b is a critical transcription factor for proinflammatory cytokines such as tnf - \u03b1 , il - 6 , and il - 1 \u03b2 . although lps treatment increased the translocation of p65 ( nf - \u03ba b subunit ) into the nucleus and the phosphorylation of i - \u03ba b \u03b1 in cytoplasm , emp did not show any significant changes in nf - \u03ba b translocation or i - \u03ba b \u03b1 phosphorylation ( figure 4 ( b ) ) . it has been reported that stat3 suppression can convert tam\u2019s phenotype from m2 to m1 [ 15 , 16 ] . we also explored whether stat3 was involved in the effect of emp on macrophage polarization . the phosphorylation of stat3 induced by il - 4 and il - 13 was diminished by emp treatment ( figure 4 ( a ) ) .\n. ( a ) bmm were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . the phosphorylation of stat3 and stat6 was analyzed by immunoblot analysis . nd = not detected . ( b ) raw264 . 7 cells were pretreated with il - 4 ( 20 ng / ml ) + il - 13 ( 20 ng / ml ) for 6 h to polarize to m2 and then emp was added for 1 h . p - i\n- actin were analyzed in the cytosolic fraction and p65 and pcna were analyzed in the nuclear fraction . c = cytosol ; n = nucleus . values are indicated as the mean \u00b1 sem .\nit has been reported that norcantharidin , a biosynthesized demethylated cantharidin , has anticancer effects by the regulation of m1 macrophage polarization via mir - 214 expression [ 16 ] . because norcantharidin is a synthetic compound and is not a component of mp , the effects of emp on m1 polarization may not be mediated by norcantharidin .\nthere is a lot of evidence showing that m2 - polarized macrophages can be converted to m1 macrophages and the converted m1 macrophages exert anticancer and antimetastatic properties [ 15 , 18 \u2013 20 ] . although we did not perform an in vivo study , there are many reports on the anticancer effects of mp [ 8 , 21 , 22 ] . because mp per se has anticancer effects , it may not be easy to differentiate its anticancer effects by tumor killing from those by m1 polarization . conversely , it is supposed that the anticancer effects of mp in animal are mediated by m1 polarization and not just by the apoptosis of tumor cells .\nthese findings suggest that treatment with emp polarizes m2 / tam into m1 . because of these effects of emp , it may be used as an adjuvant for anticancer drugs to boost anticancer immunotherapy .\nthe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest related to this study .\nthis work has been supported by ministry of science , ict and future planning ( msip ) , republic of korea , grant k17281 awarded to korea institute of oriental medicine ( kiom ) .\nc . e . lewis and j . w . pollard , \u201cdistinct role of macrophages in different tumor microenvironments , \u201d\na . h . klimp , e . g . e . de vries , g . l . scherphof , and t . daemen , \u201ca potential role of macrophage activation in the treatment of cancer , \u201d\na . mantovani , s . sozzani , m . locati , p . allavena , and a . sica , \u201cmacrophage polarization : tumor - associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized m2 mononuclear phagocytes , \u201d\nc . guiducci , a . p . vicari , s . sangaletti , g . trinchieri , and m . p . colombo , \u201credirecting in vivo elicited tumor infiltrating macrophages and dendritic cells towards tumor rejection , \u201d\na . olsson , j . nakhl\u00e9 , a . sundstedt et al . , \u201ctasquinimod triggers an early change in the polarization of tumor associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment , \u201d\ns . k . jeong , k . yang , y . s . park et al . , \u201cinterferon gamma induced by resveratrol analog , hs - 1793 , reverses the properties of tumor associated macrophages , \u201d\nc . - c . wang , c . - h . wu , k . - j . hsieh , k . - y . yen , and l . - l . yang , \u201ccytotoxic effects of cantharidin on the growth of normal and carcinoma cells , \u201d\ny . - n . chen , j . - c . chen , s . - c . yin et al . , \u201ceffector mechanisms of norcantharidin - induced mitotic arrest and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells , \u201d\na . kim , m . im , n . - h . yim , y . p . jung , and j . y . ma , \u201caqueous extract of bambusae caulis in taeniam inhibits pma - induced tumor cell invasion and pulmonary metastasis : suppression of nf -\nm . munder , h . schneider , c . luckner et al . , \u201csuppression of t - cell functions by human granulocyte arginase , \u201d\nx . zhang , w . tian , x . cai et al . , \u201chydrazinocurcumin encapsuled nanoparticles\nre - educate\ntumor - associated macrophages and exhibit anti - tumor effects on breast cancer following stat3 suppression , \u201d\ns . lu , y . gao , x . huang , and x . wang , \u201ccantharidin exerts anti - hepatocellular carcinoma by mir - 214 modulating macrophage polarization , \u201d\ns . goenka and m . h . kaplan , \u201ctranscriptional regulation by stat6 , \u201d\nm . liu , f . luo , c . ding et al . , \u201cdectin - 1 activation by a natural product\ny . li , w . qi , x . song , s . lv , h . zhang , and q . yang , \u201chuaier extract suppresses breast cancer via regulating tumor - associated macrophages , \u201d\ns . chatterjee , a . mookerjee , j . m . basu et al . , \u201ca novel copper chelate modulates tumor associated macrophages to promote anti - tumor response of t cells , \u201d\nt . - c . hsia , c . - c . yu , y . - t . hsiao et al . , \u201ccantharidin impairs cell migration and invasion of human lung cancer nci - h460 cells via upa and mapk signaling pathways , \u201d\nd . liu and z . chen , \u201cthe effects of cantharidin and cantharidin derivates on tumour cells , \u201d\nthese beetles , however , are more than just a frustration for hungry birds , but also a serious pest of numerous ornamental , fruit and vegetable crops ( picker et al . 2002 ) . large numbers of adults congregate on plants and preferentially feed on the flowers . in the more natural settings where i was encountering these beetles , they were most often seen on flowers of\nin the family fabaceae . to be honest , they became quite a source of frustration for me as well \u2013 not because of their distastefulness or pestiferous habits , but because of their role as the model in a mimicry complex . it was the mimic that i was after , and since mimics tend to be much less common than their models , i had to look at a\nback to their chemical defenses \u2013 i\u2019ve often wondered just how poisonous blister beetles really are , especially to humans . here in the u . s . , their main importance is as contaminants in alfalfa hay fed to cattle and horses . deaths from severely contaminated forage do occur , but this is dependent upon the cantharidin content of the species and their abundance within the hay . the highest reported cantharidin content for a blister beetle is 5 . 4 % dry weight in\n. calculations based on this figure and the lethal dose for a 1000 - lb horse indicate that around 100 such beetles would need to be eaten to receive a fatal dose . this seems to make the claim that a single beetle can kill a human a little far - fetched . however ,\nbeetles \u2013 more than a full inch in length and bulky . in this regard , i found an interesting tidbit at the\nyes ; they are poisonous enough to kill people \u2013 especially a big beetle\u2026 the poison is very toxic and actually causes collapsed tissue . it would also depend on the weight of the person , as with any other toxin . the poison of a cmr beetle , that is dried and powdered , is sufficient to kill a 70kg human .\npicker , m . , c . griffiths and a . weaving . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town , 444 pp .\nted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .\nthis entry was posted in coleoptera , meloidae and tagged beetles , chemical defenses , entomology , insects , mimicry , nature , predator avoidance , science , south africa , warning coloration . bookmark the permalink .\nit\u2019s a gorgeous beetle . i admit to being tickled by the idea of you finding them frustrating because , while nice beetles and all , they weren\u2019t quite the species you were looking for .\nyou know , it\u2019s amazing how the commonness of a species can trump its beauty . on that very same trip , i was ecstatic everytime i found a little black dot of a beetle in the genus brachelytrium \u2013 my colleague on that trip was revising the genus and describing several new species , and every time i found one there was a good chance it would be another paratype . little black dots and i\u2019m jumping for joy , while these enormously spectacular beetles lumbered around everywhere and i yawned .\nthe lesson here ? copy and paste instead of thinking you can remember what you just read and retype it correctly . or in simpler terms , check the doggone name before hitting submit !\nyou sure you been blogging for 7 years ? that stuff was covered in internet 101 . \ud83d\ude42\ni just had a google around to look for the mimic\u2026 seems an blog entry by one t . macrae from around 18 months ago has the answer to this one . you were top of the google search !\nand peter gets points for showing how ridiculously easy it is to find the answers to these quizzes . i suppose my digital past is now starting to catch up with me !\ni couldn\u2019t help but think of the insects episode of life that i watched last weekend , while reading this post . south africa ! such exciting and far - away places , with big , bright , shiny beetles . must have been great to be so bored . \ud83d\ude42\ni\u2019m doing a report on beetles and i was wondering if you knew anything about the euchroea aurostellata ? i got off this website on beetles of africa , and all the websites i go to they don\u2019t know anything about it .\na madagascan flower chafer is all i know . a web search reveals it to be a common item for sale by commercial insect suppliers . as it often the case , little is known about such species other than what philatelic collectors are willing to pay for them .\nyes , there is . thank you for helping me . i\u2019m sure i\u2019ll get an a + ! = d\ni feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin\nthe creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .\nted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with\nan inordinate fondness for beetles .\nprimary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :\nall text and photos appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae , all rights reserved . see\nimage use policy\nbelow for details regarding conditions for allowed use .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nbiodiversity in focus blog the musings of entomology graduate student and nature photographer morgan d . jackson\nbug eric \u2026 . about anything related to insects , spiders , and other arthropods .\nall images appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae unless stated otherwise and may not be reproduced in any form without prior written permission . the following\nreposting online on social media ( e . g . , facebook , twitter , personal blogs , etc . ) by individuals acting in a strictly personal capacity .\nimages must be visibly credited to\nted c . macrae\nand , if posted online , include a link back to\nbeetlesinthebush . wordpress . com .\nany other use requires prior permission and may require a licensing agreement . direct all inquiries to\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nrelatives in turkey by the markings on the elytra ( marseul , 1873 ; jacobson , 1905 - 1915 ) . from iran\n2002 , the old world genera of meloidae ( coleoptera ) : a key and synopsis .\nsteppe on southern slopes , 6 july 2011 , photo m . kemal ( cesa\u00a9 )\ndlw is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera taxa for the \u2026\n[ more ]\nbl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 1998 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on especially old world lepidoptera bibliography .\net is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2008 on . the aim of this project is preparing a comprehensive database program on the pterygota fauna of turkey .\nfl is an independent project supported by the cesa from the year of 2000 on . the aim of this project is to study and publish on the early stages of the lepidoptera especially in turkey .\na gelechiid species , new for the fauna of turkey ( lepidoptera ) . misc . pap . 163 : 1 - 3 , 3 figs . 1 map . this paper deals with the faunistical occurence of sophronia semicostella ( hbn . ) in turkey for the first time . illustrations of adult , male genitalia , habitat , as well as distributional map are added .\noccurence of teratolytta kulzeri in east turkey is reported and briefly discussed . the adult insect is illustrated in nature for the first time .\npolysarcus elbursianus is reported here from bitlis province ( east turkey ) for the first time . illustrations of adult male and a distributional map are also given .\nthis paper deals with the occurence of talis renetae in east turkey . the species was described from ankara ( central anatolia ) , and known from there so far . the record of this species from adilcevaz ( bitlis province ) is new to the provincial fauna . images of the adult and male genitalia , as well as the habitat are also given . ecological information for the species are added .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nmylabre ( magnified ) , vintage engraved illustration . natural history of animals , 1880 .\nyou can not post a blank message . please type your message and try again .\nhere is another photograph taken by a friend of mine that currently resides in the middle east ( north iraq ) to be precise . she is into wildlife photography , and has taken the following image :\ncan someone please tell us what species that beetle is ( ps . i ' m guessing that is a beetle ) .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box ."]}
{"id": 394, "summary": [{"text": "epiphyas lycodes is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of open subalpine forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "epiphyas lycodes", "paragraphs": ["epiphyas postvittana ( walker , 1863 ) = teras basialbana walker , 1863 = pandemis consociana walker , 1863 = tortrix dissipata meyrick , 1922 = dichelia foedana walker , 1863 = tortrix oenopa meyrick , 1910 = tortrix phaeosticha turner , 1938 = tortrix pyrrhula meyrick , 1910 = dichelia retractana walker , 1863 = teras retractana walker , 1863 = dichelia reversana walker , 1863 = teras scitulana walker , 1863 = teras secretana walker , 1863 = tortrix stipularis meyrick , 1910 = dichelia vicariana walker , 1869 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmeyrick , e . 1910 ,\nrevision of australian tortricina\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 35 , pp . 139 - 294\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 72358fab - 7294 - 494b - af93 - 3647a1484278\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 311569\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 395, "summary": [{"text": "eua globosa is a species of tropical air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the island of ' eua , tonga .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "eua globosa is the type species of the genus eua .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the following cladogram shows the phylogenic relations of eua globosa :", "topic": 14}], "title": "eua globosa", "paragraphs": ["eua is a genus of air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family partulidae .\nmollusc specialist group ( 1996 ) . eua zebrina . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .\ndeforestation because of human and agricultural development is the primary threat to this species . much of the island of ' eua has been deforested ( drake\neua zebrina is a species of tropical air - breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family partulidae . this species is endemic to american samoa .\nthis species is endemic to the island of ' eua ( kingdom of tonga ) . it is the type species of the eponymous genus eua and was described in some detail ( including anatomical dissections & drawings ) by pilsbry and cooke in 1934 . additional dissections and drawings were made by y . kondo ( 1955 ) and they appear in his unpublished ph . d . thesis . the taxonomic validity of this species has been corroborated by molecular phylogenetic analysis of museum material ( lee et al . 2009 ) .\nthis ' eua island endemic was described from specimens sampled by a . t . p . powell in 1932 at bugai , 100 m elevation . yoshio kondo ( bishop museum ) sampled on ' eua in 1967 and , according to his field notes ( kept in the bishop museum malacology collection ) , he encountered a small number of specimens on a single ridge . kondo ' s notes contained expressions of concern about the logging activities he witnessed on the island and the danger they posed to the survival of endemic snails . john b . burch ( university of michigan ) returned to that location in 1970 to find the last remaining suitable habitat being cleared by bulldozer . burch recorded 60 live individuals at the site but concluded that they had little hope of survival ( burch . pers . comm . ) .\nthe last living specimens ( ~ 60 individuals ) were observed in 1970 in a small patch of native forest that was being felled by bulldozer by j . b . burch , who concluded that they had little hope of survival ( pers . comm . 2011 ) . this is the last record of living individuals of this species . in 2000 , bryan clarke , ann clarke and christopher wade mounted a sampling expedition to ' eua looking specifically for this species , but only encountered empty shells ( b . clarke , pers . comm . ) . however , this survey was primarily restricted to the ridge , and although they did look elsewhere in suitable habitat on the island , this was by no means extensive ( c . wade pers . comm . 2011 ) . this species may well be extinct .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered ( possibly extinct ) b2ab ( iii ) ; d ver 3 . 1\nthis species is listed as critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) . it has a v\nery narrow geographic range , it is known from a single location , and there is a continuing decline in extent and quality of its habitat . no live individuals have been seen since 1970 , despite surveys to the island . further surveys are urgently recommended to determine whether or not this species is extant , and if so , to determine population size and trends .\nis an island endemic , recorded from native forest up to 100 m elevation . unlike most partulids , this taxon was / is a ground - dwelling species ( kondo 1955 ) .\nconservation efforts directed at this species at present are unknown . field work to define the current distribution of this species , as well as research on its population status and trends , is required . identification of priority sites for species conservation ( e . g . key biodiversity areas that include threatened land snails ) and reducing the impacts of human activities is also urgently needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npilsbry h . a . & cooke c . m . ( 1934 ) . partulidae of tonga and related forms . bernice p . bishop museum occasional papers . 10 ( 14 ) : 1 - 22 . [ details ]\ngerlach j . ( 2016 ) . icons of evolution : pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae . phelsuma press . isbn : 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3 . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nlee t . , burch j . b . , coote t . , pearce - kelly p . , hickman c . , meyer j . - y . & foighil d . o . ( 18 august 2009 ) .\nmoorean tree snail survival revisited : a multi - island genealogical perspective\n. bmc evolutionary biology 9 : 204 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 204"]}
{"id": 396, "summary": [{"text": "lampronia sublustris is a moth of the prodoxidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in north america it is found from southern british columbia south to northern california and east to alberta , utah and colorado .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are unicolorous pale straw yellow .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniformly gray .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing in june .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on rosa woodsii . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lampronia sublustris", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwingspan 12 - 16 mm . forewing unicolorus , pale straw yellow . hindwing uniformly gray .\nvery similar to , and possibly conspecific with , aenescens . i know of no published traits that distinguish the two species , and members of both entities and intergrades are frequently found together ( pellmyr , unpubl . obs . ) .\nsouthern british columbia , canada , south to northern california , eastward to alberta ( canada ) , utah , and colorado .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\non apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .\nthe adults are small , slender moths with a wingspan of 12 - 16 mm . the forewings are pale yellow , the hindwings gray ( davis 1978 , pellmyr 2000 ) .\nappears to be the same species as aenescens , since there are no distinguishing morphological traits , and the two are often found together ( pellmyr 2000 ) .\nin alberta , occurs in the prairie , parkland and foothills regions north to edmonton ( bowman 1951 ) and winfield ( c . d . bird , pers . comm . ) .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbousquet , yves 2012 . catalogue of geadephaga ( coleoptera : adephaga ) of america , north of mexico . zookeys , vol . 245 , issue . , p . 1 .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\n. each record tells when . see dataset links for citations & terms of use ."]}
{"id": 397, "summary": [{"text": "cryptolechia micracma is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep ochreous-yellow , sprinkled with dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is dark fuscous and there is a dark fuscous spot on the costa at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a terminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion or irroration .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of the males are pale yellowish , while those of the females are light grey . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "cryptolechia micracma", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for micracma definition . you find here micracma meaning , synonyms of micracma and images for micracma copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word micracma . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word micracma and , of course , micracma synonyms and on the right images related to the word micracma .\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis\ncryptolechia micracma is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 . [ 1 ] it is found in sri lanka . [ 2 ]\ncryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\n( cryptolechia luteotactella , walk . 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . 751 . )\ncryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland\ncryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ncryptolechia ? eningiella pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7\u00b0n , 114 . 5\u00b0e ) , jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4\u00b0n , 105 . 5\u00b0e ) , gansu , 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19\u00b0n , 106 . 12\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6\u00b0n , 118 . 2\u00b0e ) , jiangxi , 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nwalk . ( cryptolechia luteotactella , walk . , 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . , 751 ; xylorycta luteotactella , meyr . , tr . roy . soc . s . a . , 61 , 1889 ) .\nwalk . ( cryptolechia luteotactella walker , 750 ; c . cognatella , ib . 751 xylorycta luteotactella , meyrick , 61 . ) brisbane : mr . illidge finds the larvae usually between spun - together leaves of banksia integrifolia , occasionally tunnelling the smaller stems . also from ballandean ( 2 , 500 feet ) near wallangarra . ( turner , 1898 ) .\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\n= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\naliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\nargometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567\napiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton\nconata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152\neucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nglischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\nbrazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia\nassam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen\naustralia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach s\u00fcd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe wingspan is 12\u201313 mm . the forewings are deep ochreous - yellow , sprinkled with dark fuscous . the stigmata is dark fuscous and there is a dark fuscous spot on the costa at two - thirds . there is also a terminal fascia of dark fuscous suffusion or irroration . the hindwings of the males are pale yellowish , while those of the females are light grey . [ 3 ]\nthis page was last edited on 18 may 2018 , at 00 : 15 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nedit your maps . learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification . play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - ( alpha version ) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected . start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag : get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery , and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story : follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest : take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge .\n- melameucae turner , 1898 x . melanias lower , 1899 x . melanula ( meyrick , 1890 ) x .\n( meyrick , 1890 ) x . moligera ( meyrick , 1914 ) x . molybdina turner , 1898 x . . .\nxylorycta luteotactella , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland , collected by david rentz .\n( walker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 750 ] .\nwalker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 29 . 562\u2013835 pp . [ 751 ] . holotype bmnh \u2642 , sydney , nsw .\nwalk . meyrick , 1890 . descriptions of australian lepidoptera . part i . xyloryctidae . transactions of the royal society of south australia 13 : 23\u201381 [ 61 ] .\n. illidge , 1895 : xylorycts , or timber moths . queensland natural history society transactions , 1 , 29 - 34 [ 30 ] .\nwalk . lower , 1896 : a catalogue of victorian heterocera . part xix . the victorian naturalist , 12 : 149 - 152 [ 151 ] .\nwalk . turner , 1898 . the xyloryctidae of queensland . annals of the queensland museum 4 : 1\u201332 [ 24 ] .\nwalk . tillyard , r . j . , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson , 1926 . 1 - 560 . [ 426 , pl . 33 : 6 ] .\nwalk . philpott , 1927 : the maxillae in the lepidoptera . transactions and proceedings of the royal society of new zealand , 57 , 721 - 745 [ 735 ] .\nfletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 175 , 237 ] .\nwallace , c . r . 1936 . the twig girdler moth of australian nut trees . agric . gaz . n . s . w . 47 ( 10 ) : [ 566 - 568 ] .\n( walk . ) . wallace , 1974 : neodrepta luteotactella ( walk . ) ( lepidoptera : xyloryctidae ) in relation to ornamental plants of the family protaceae . j . ent soc . aust . ( n . s . w . ) 8 [ 38 ] .\ncommon , 1990 , moths of australia , melbourne university press . 227 - 230 ( 229 ) .\nnielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i\u2013xiv , 1\u2013529 & cd\u2013rom [ 87 , 346 : note # 135 ] . syntype ( s ) bmnh 5\u2642 , sydney , nsw .\n( walker ) . cassis , gerasimos , 1995 , a reclassification and phylogeny of the termatophylini ( heteroptera : miridae : deraeocorinae ) , with a taxonomic revision of the australian species , and a review of the tribal classification of the deraeocorinae . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 97 ( 2 ) , pp . 258 - 330 [ 264 ] .\nbeccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication .\nmas . nivea ; caput antice orhraceum ; palpi apice ochracei ; pedes ochracei , tibiis posticis fimbriatis ; alae anticae latiusculae , costa orhracea .\npure . white , smooth , shining . head in front , palpi , except the third joint , legs and costa of the fore wings ochraceous . palpi smooth , slender , much longer than the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform , shorter than the second . antennae smooth , slender . hind tibiae fringed . wings rather broad . fore wings slightly rounded at the tips ; fringe tipped with ochraceous ; exterior border nearly straight , slightly oblique . length of the body 4 \u00bd - 5 lines [ 9 . 5 \u2013 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 13 - 14 lines [ 27 . 5 \u2013 29 . 6mm ] .\na . \u2014 e . sydney . from mr . lambert ' s collection .\nmas . argenteo - alba ; oculi ochraceo marginati ; palpi ochracei , articulo 3o albo ; abdomen vix flavescens ; pedes ochracei ; anticae fimbria apice costaque ochraceis .\n. closely allied to c . placidella . silvery white . head above about the eyes , palpi , antennae , legs and costa of the fore wings ochraceous . third joint of the palpi white , shorter than the second . abdomen very slightly tinged with yellow , cinereous beneath . fore wings dark cinereous beneath , except the fringe , which is slightly tipped with ochraceous . hind wings cinereous beneath along the costa and at the tips . length of the body 5 lines [ 10 . 6mm ] ; of the wings 13 lines [ 27 . 5mm ] .\nboth sexes 17 - 26 mm . head white , sides of face broadly orange . palpi orange , terminal joint white . antennae ochreous - whitish , base orange . thorax and abdomen white , anal tuft ochreous - tinged . legs orange , posterior tibiae white . forewings elongate , moderate , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hind margin straight , rather oblique ; shining snow - white ; costal edge narrowly orange , sometimes slenderly blackish towards base : cilia white , terminal third orange from below apex to above anal angle . hindwings grey - whitish , posteriorly suffused with light grey ; cilia white .\ni know xylorycta luteotactella occasionally to reside in a tunnel in stems of banksia integrifolia , though usually spinning galleries amongst twigs and leaves , and finally forming a cocoon . ( illidge , 1895 ) .\nof smaller species we may mention neodrepta luteotactella walk . ( pl . 33 , fig . 6 ) with smooth silky white forewings ; ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\nin neodrepta [ luteotactella ] the third segment [ of the maxillary palp ] is elongate , curved and medially constricted , having all the appearance of being the result of the fusion of the third and fourth . ( philpott , 1927 .\nthe larva of n . luteotactella ( walk . ) lives either in a webbing shelter amongst twigs and leaves or in a short tunnel in a twig or the woody fruits of proteaceae , including banksia and hakea , and is a pest of macadamia . ( common , 1970 ) .\nthe smaller species x . luteotactella ( walk . ) ( fig 23 . 10 ) is shining white with the costa of the fore wing yellow . it is found in eastern australia from cooktown to victoria , and is often a pest of native protaceae grown commercially or as ornamentals ( wallace 1974 ) . its larva sometimes lives in a small tunnel it bores in a branch of the food plant , covering the entrance with a web of silk and faecal pellets , but more usually in a silk gallery spun among the foliage associated with webbing and faecal material . the food plants include macadamia , banksia , grevillea , hakea , telopea , lambertia , persoonia , oreocallis , and even the introduced south african leucodendron . ( common , 1990 ) .\nxylorycta luteotactella ( walker , 1864 ) and x . cognatella ( walker , 1864 ) were published simultaneously . priority was given to x . luteotactella ( walker ) by meyrick ( 1890a ) as first reviser . ( common , 1996 ) .\nthere are indications that other termatophylines feed on moth larvae . kundakimuka queenslandica feeds on the xyloryctine moth , xylorycta luteotactella ( walker ) , which feeds on a paperbark species , melaleuca integrifolia . . . .\nthe association of termatophylina indiana with moth larval galleries , suggests that termatophylines may be commonly encountered in sheltered microhabitats . the prey of kundakimuka queenslandica , xylorycta luteotactella , is also known to live in small tunnels , which the moth bores in the branches of their food plant ( common 1990 ) . ( cassis , 1995 ) .\n\u2642 head , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\n\u2642 genitalia , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\naedeagus ( not to scale ) , k - 0050 , kuranda , queensland . collected by david rentz .\nlarva in habitat , photo macleay museum , sydney ( don herbison - evans ) .\nhakea gibbosa , h . sericea , h . acicularis , banksia marginata , b . integrifolia , b . latifolia , grevillea rosmarinifolia , telopea speciosissima , lambertia formosa , persoonia lanceolata , oreocallis wickhamii , macadamia sp . and the introduced leucospermum cordifolium ( proteaceae ) ."]}
{"id": 398, "summary": [{"text": "north light ( foaled march 1 , 2001 ) is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , and active sire , bred in ireland but trained in the united kingdom .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he is best known as the winner of the epsom derby in 2004 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he currently stands at the adena springs stud in aurora , ontario , canada . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "north light", "paragraphs": ["a decision has not been reached as to where north light will enter stud .\nnorth light finished in fifth spot and trainer sir michael stoute admitted it just was not his day in paris .\nnorth light coaching is a private equine gestalt coaching practice based in northern virginia and partnered with loudoun therapeutic riding at morven park .\nkieren fallon had made it clear he intended to dictate the pace of the race in paris as he guided 9 - 2 favourite north light into the early lead .\na pelvic injury forced the retirement of north light , winner of the 2004 vodafone epsom derby ( eng - i ) and runner - up in the irish equivalent , the budweiser irish derby ( ire - i ) .\nnorth light was always in a good position to land the 225th derby , giving trainer sir michael stoute his fourth win in the race and jockey kieren fallon his third to go with his oaks win on ouija board on friday .\nbut fallon did not have to be as hard as early on north light as he had a year ago on kris kin , who had to be cajoled to hold his place on the rails throughout the first half of the race . fallon claimed that he always had his eyes on this prize with north light . the irishman said : ' this was always one of my favourite horses . when i first rode him at sandown on his debut , i thought :\nthis could be my derby horse .\nhe keeps on improving . '\nnorth light , by danehill , retired with three wins and three seconds from seven starts and earnings of $ 1 , 989 , 577 from racing at ages two through four . his dam , sought out ( by rainbow quest ) , was a champion twice in france and once in germany .\n\u201cif you have not been to the mill , you really need to . the north light story is fantastic and you really understand what sven , laura and karyn are trying to do . the mill , 1661 animal farm and the island are magical . oh , and the dogs are awesome . \u201d\nhis trainer , michael stoute , said :\nnorth light has sustained a stress fracture of the right ilial wing ( in the pelvis ) and will now be retired . he has been a joy to train and we shall long remember his victories in the ( totesport ) dante stakes ( eng - ii ) and epsom derby .\ndettori ' s and fallon ' s fortunes were neatly encapsulated in the race after the derby , when fallon on starry lodge just held the not - so - italian , on swift tango , by a head . fallon , as the expression goes , got first run , just as he had on the rest of the field aboard north light .\nirish - bred north light was bred by and raced for ballymacoll stud . he ended 2004 by finishing fifth to bago in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe lucien barriere ( fr - i ) and raced once this year , coming home second to new morning in the urltoken brigadier gerard stakes ( eng - iii ) at sandown park may 31 when looking uncomfortable on the fast ground .\nshortly after turning into the home straight , fallon asked north light to take the lead and win his race , seemingly confident that his mount would see out the distance . american post briefly looked dangerous , but his stamina gave out as the out - and - out stayers , rule of law and let the lion roar , came from behind to fill the places . fourth home was percussionist , who was in trouble down the hill but kept on well in the straight . the result was a near carbon copy of the dante stakes at york , in which north light beat rule of law half a length with let the lion roar two - and - a - half lengths away in third . this time the distances were a length - and - a - half and a head .\nstoute trains north light for the family of the late lord weinstock , who died in 2002 , a few days before fallon forced golan home in front in the king george and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot . the weinstock family were out in force to celebrate this success , 25 years after troy , owned in partnership with sir michael sobell , had carried the weinstock colours to win the 200th derby .\npercussionist ' s trainer , john gosden , said : ' we had a great run and just got going too late on ground faster than he really wants . ' but he did not sound as though he was ready to have another go at north light , adding : ' i thought the winner had the tactical speed and was the best horse by far . ' that was how it looked from the stands .\nnorth light fibers designs are based on timeless design principles of clean lines , simplicity and geometrics as well as a blend of texture and color . the \u201cless - is - more\u201d approach should be effortless to wear , offer space / comfort and elicit movement reflecting the block island seas and winds . block island is located 12 miles into the atlantic and if you cannot come to the island , please visit our website , join our mailing list and like us on facebook , instagram and ravelry . we hope you enjoy our website and thank you for visiting .\nthe trainer ' s attention to detail was exemplified by his inspection of the fresh strip of ground against the far rail as the runners were at the start for the hilarious sport relief mascot derby , run before the first race . fallon , drawn next to the rail in the opening vodafone live handicap on lord mayor , looked as though he was following the trainer ' s instructions by sticking to the fence until pulling his mount out to begin a winning challenge with two furlongs to run . it was a ride that bore strong similarities to the one the champion jockey gave kris kin last year . that was to be the blueprint for north light ' s success , too . stoute and fallon , it would appear , feel that an early rails pitch close to the pace is the key to winning the derby . watching reruns of lester piggott ' s nine derby wins shown at epsom yesterday , it was not hard to see where the idea came from .\npeter reynolds , manager of ballymacoll stud , remarked :\nwe are all gutted here in ballymacoll . we bred him , his mother , and his grandmother .\nhe was such a brave horse at epsom . i feel that possibly that was even the undoing of the horse on that fast ground . he was very unlucky because he hit fast ground again in both the irish derby and the arc , which is unheard of . i suppose sandown was the final straw .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbago delivered a late burst of pace to steal the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamps and restore his reputation .\nthe three - year - old ' s credentials had been doubted after defeats at york and longchamp this season but there was no mistaking his ability in the arc .\nthe jonathan pease - trained horse came from the middle of the pack to close down leader cherry mix .\nthierry gillet guided bago through to push cherry mix into second with british raider ouija board third .\nit ' s terrific and i ' m so glad he ran ,\nbritish trainer jonathan pease , who has been based in france for nearly 25 years , told bbc sport .\nhe ' s the best horse i trained . we had slight doubts before the race but they ' re put to rest now .\nbut the epsom derby winner quickly became wrapped up in a battle with japanese raider tap dance city .\nthe pair were oblivious to the challenges from the rest of the field and andre fabre ' s charge cherry mix surged into contention .\nbut bago , the son of nashwan and unbeaten as a juvenile , produced his best when it counted finishing fast to notch up the first arc win for the niarchos racing family .\nwe were nicely settled in front at one stage but the ground was just too quick for him which concerned us greatly ,\nstoute told bbc sport .\nhe ' s come out of it with great credit and hopefully he ' ll stay on as a four - year - old .\nthe challenge also failed to materialise from irish derby winner grey swallow , who had gone into the race heavily backed .\ni ' m disappointed ,\nsaid trainer dermot weld .\nhe was bumped and knocked about a bit .\nwe didn ' t see the real grey swallow - he ran a bit flat .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nfrankie dettori , seeking his first derby win at the twelfth attempt , was struggling a long way out on the other 7 - 2 joint favourite snow ridge .\nit was snow ridge ' s godolphin stablemate rule of law , who stuggled to stay in touch early in the race , who came through late to finish second . but he was never able to get in a position to challenge the winner , on whom fallon had always been travelling easily behind the pace set by meath .\nstoute , greeting a back - to - back winner of the race after kris kin last year , was understandably delighted , saying : ' this is a lovely horse to train . we thought there was a possibility of a muddling race , but we knew he stays and knew he loves the firm , so we were going to be positive . '\nwith piggott introduced to the jockeys in the parade ring 50 years after his first derby win , it must have been a particularly daunting occasion for kerrin mcevoy , the young australian jockey riding rule of law in his first derby , especially as he ' d had an unhappy run on sundrop in friday ' s oaks . however , mcevoy , who reported that rule of law ' had trouble coming up the hill ' , was rewarded with second place . let the lion roar ' s trainer , john dunlop , will not be afraid to take on the winner in the irish derby in three weeks .\n' i think he was unlucky as he got boxed in behind percussionist coming down the hill when that horse was going nowhere , ' he said .\nyou ' ve read the piece , now have your say . email your comments , be as frank as you like , we can take it , to sport . editor @ urltoken , or mail the observer direct at sport @ urltoken\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nfor the artist , maker and ( forever ) inspired artist network is with you every step of your art journey . come have fun with us ! come make art with us !\nplease enter your email address . we will send you an email to reset your password .\nplease validate your email , by clicking\nconfirm my account\nin the welcome email we sent you after registration .\nthank you for registering , please check your email to confirm your account and complete the registration process .\nto manage your subscriptions purchased on this site you must login first . if you purchased your subscription via some other method , click here .\nwe invite you to enjoy our yarns , visit block island and tour our micro yarn mill where we produce handcrafted artisanal yarns made 100 % on block island . the natural fibers are handled over 20 times as we take the fiber from shearing and dyeing to carding , spinning and plying to create deep hued and heathery color blends . we also work with women owned and disadvantaged weaving and knitting centers to create beautiful garments and home d\u00e9cor items from our yarn .\n\u201cwater street is luscious , soft and elegant . the heathery colors are perfect . it is on the top of my list ! \u201d\n\u201ci was a bit skeptical as i am not a knitter but my wife is and she really wanted to go . while she loved the yarn and all the patterns , the tour of the mill was great and the discussion we had about the island , the mill and year round economic development was really cool . \u201d\n\u201cthe spring street fingering yarn is a joy to knit . the way laura and karyn spin it and the colors are just right . thank you . \u201d\nuse of this site is subject to terms and conditions as expressed on the home page ."]}
{"id": 399, "summary": [{"text": "fissicrambus quadrinotellus is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zeller in 1877 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in panama and north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to may , august to september and in december in the southern united states . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "fissicrambus quadrinotellus", "paragraphs": ["fissicrambus quadrinotellus is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by zeller in 1877 . it is found in panama and north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by david e . reed on 2 april , 2017 - 4 : 13pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\nthe wingspan is about 20 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from april to may , august to september and in december in the southern united states .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ntema fant\u00e1stico , s . a . . im\u00e1genes del tema : molotovcoketail . con la tecnolog\u00eda de blogger .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 409, "summary": [{"text": "\" elachista \" cataptila is a moth with an unclear taxonomic position .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1897 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7-8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey-whitish , irrorated with black or dark grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an ill-defined blackish discal streak from the base to near the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the plical and second discal stigmata are black .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "elachista cataptila", "paragraphs": ["elachista ( elachista ) abiskoella ( bengtsson , 1977 ) = biselachista abiskoella ( bengtsson , 1977 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nthe caterpillars of this family are small , only growing to a length of about 1 cm . the caterpillars are miners , burrowing into the stems and leaves of grasses (\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 25 )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word demogenes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word demogenes and , of course , demogenes synonyms and on the right images related to the word demogenes .\n- realencyclop\u00e4die der cl * * * * ischen altertumswissenschaft . band v , halbb\u00e4nde 9 - 10 ,\n, diaea , ebelingia , ebrechtella , henriksenia , heriaeus , mecaphesa , micromisumenops . . .\nthis is the place for demogenes definition . you find here demogenes meaning , synonyms of demogenes and images for demogenes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word arctodyta . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word arctodyta and , of course , arctodyta synonyms and on the right images related to the word arctodyta .\nthis is the place for arctodyta definition . you find here arctodyta meaning , synonyms of arctodyta and images for arctodyta copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nphylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea )\nsystematic entomology ( 1999 ) 24 , 139\u2013169 phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) l a u r i k a i l a finnish museum of natural\u2026\nmolecular phylogeny , classification , evolution , and . . . pub . phylogeny , classification , . . . molecular phylogeny , classification , evolution , and detection of pestiviruses . . . . gtr general time reversible"]}
{"id": 414, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa vulneratana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in italy , austria , switzerland , fennoscandia , russia ( alai , sajan , irkutsk , amur , kamchatka , transbaikal ) , the pamir mountains and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in north america ( from alaska to british columbia and south to colorado ) and japan ( hokkaido , honshu ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species is found in arctic-alpine habitats .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 21 \u2013 24 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phtheochroa vulneratana", "paragraphs": ["phtheochroa vulneratana ( zetterstedt , 1839 ) is now recognized among the north american fauna .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\npowell & opler ( 2009 ) reported the immature stages and host plant are unknown .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , 2009 . moths of western north america , plate . 20 . 20 , p . 157 .\nzetterstedt , j . w . , 1839 . insecta lapponica descripta : 979 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 16 july , 2013 - 9 : 39am additional contributions by steve nanz , randy hardy last updated 5 february , 2018 - 1 : 25pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 20 . 20m ; p . 157 . book review and ordering\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species . please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbrown , j . w . 2005 . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . in world catalog of insects , vol . 5 . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark , 741 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nmetzler , e . h . and j . w . brown . 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ? society 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - 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01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nthe wingspan is 21\u201324 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from june to august ."]}
{"id": 415, "summary": [{"text": "eilema fasciculosa is a moth of the family arctiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia and bali .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland forests , particularly alluvial forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "eilema fasciculosa", "paragraphs": ["fig 2 . venation diagrams from hampson ( 1900 ) . a . teulisna murina heylaerts , b . teulisna plagiata walker , c . thysanoptyx tetragona walker , d . eilema fasciculosa walker , e . macotasa tortricoides walker , f . nishada sambara walker , g . nishada syntomioides walker , h . euconosia aspersa walker .\neilema kosemponensis strand , 1917 , arch . naturgesch . , ( 1916 ) 82 ( a3 ) : 113 .\nmales are small , a pale dull yellow , though with the forewings distinctly darker , more orange , than the hindwings , and thus have some similarity with tampea accepta butler ( see tampea accepta butler ) and holocraspedon flava van eecke ( see holocraspedon flava van eecke ) . the forewing venation is different , however , being typical of eilema sensu lato . the male genitalia are also distinctive as discussed ( see\neilema\nmonochroa turner stat . rev . ) no candidate specimens for the female have been located .\nthe australian taxon monochroa turner , placed as a synonym of decreta in nielsen et al . ( 1996 ) , appears to be unrelated ( see\neilema\nmonochroa turner stat . rev ) . material in the bmnh series of decreta attributed to monochroa is congeneric with brunia , the next genus discussed . the male genitalia of decreta are distinctive and atypical of eilema even in its broadest sense , particularly the serrate distal margin of the valve , the bifid saccular process , and the spining and rod at the aedeagus apex . the next species has some of these features and may be related .\nmales have a uniform fawn forewing , sometimes slightly paler along the costa , whereas females have the forewing grey , though not as dark as in b . apicalis walker ( see b . apicalis walker ) , with a pale yellow costa . both sexes resemble this and some bornean \u201ceilema \u201c , so identity should be confirmed by dissection .\nthe identity of this species was commented on by inoue et al . ( 1982 ) and barnett , emms & holloway ( 1999 ) , but not all type specimens of synonyms of brevipennis according to hampson ( 1900 ) had been dissected . dissection has revealed that the sri lankan taxa punctifera hampson and fuscipes hampson , both based on females , are distinct ( but best retained in \u201ceilema\nuntil their placement is investigated further ) , stat . rev . , as is hampson\u2019s ab . 1 from sandakan ( sandakana draudt ; see\neilema\nsandakana draudt stat . n . ) . however , atrifrons hampson from the nicobar is . has male genitalia typical of antica .\nthe male genitalia of pulolautensis , based on the specimen referred to by hampson ( 1900 ) as an ab . of decreta , match those illustrated for monochroa in birket - smith ( 1965 ) . they are distinct from those of decreta as indicated above . it is possible that both species should be separated from eilema in aedoea , for which monochroa is the type species , as in nielsen et al . ( 1996 ) .\nthis and the next two species are transferred to teulisna from eilema as they have the diagnostic saccus structure and that of the apex of the saccular process of the valve . all three have a broad , bilobed juxta . however , there are no scent scale modifications to the male forewing , nor such extreme distortion to the venation as seen in the typical group and the bitecta group . males of t . nebulosa have the cell longer than in the female , and narrowed over the basal half , such that the distal venation is compressed into a shorter space . the radial sector branching appears rather bunched , often almost trident - like rather than sequential .\nnishada testacea rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . , 19 : 217 .\nthis is a lowland forest species , though not recorded from heath forest and found particularly commonly in alluvial forest during the mulu survey .\nthis genus and the synonyms listed include a miscellaneous assemblage of taxa , probably brought together on similarities of facies and venation by , for example , hampson ( 1900 ) who listed 22 generic synonyms including the previous three genera and synonyms . hampson overlooked\n( 1996 ) excluded many of the genera listed above , partly following birket - smith ( 1965 ) who made the last serious attempt to revise the complex . leraut ( 1997 ) followed different concepts and listed numerous synonyms under\nexamination of the male and female genitalia of the type species of most of these genus - group names confirms the opinion of birket - smith ( 1965 ) that no current arrangement is entirely satisfactory , encompassing what might be considered natural groups of taxa . birket - smith ( 1965 ) redefined\nin a strict sense as having a strongly extended and looped but flimsy vinculum supporting a highly folded diaphragm that often incorporates hairs . birket - smith placed\nno bornean species fall within this concept , nor do any of the synonyms listed that are based on oriental species , most of which birket - smith revived as good genera . therefore the bornean species that do not fall readily into\nwith taxonomic notes on their relationships if apparent , until a more comprehensive survey of the indo\u00adaustralian and palaearctic faunas can be undertaken .\nlithosia sarawaca butler , 1877 , trans . ent . soc . london , 1877 : 350 .\nthe wings of the male are a rather ochreous fawn . the greyish border to the forewing is diagnostic for males of this and the next species but is narrower in sarawaca ; an areole is often present . females resemble those of antica and can only be separated reliably by the genitalia ( see brunia apicalis walker comb . n . ) .\nlithosia prabana moore , 1859 [ 1860 ] , cat . lepid . insects mus . e . ind . co . : 304 .\nlithosia nigricans walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 103 .\nlithosia lurida snellen , 1879 , tijdschr . ent . , 22 : 84 .\nthis is a small , narrow - winged species , mostly dark blackish grey but with a narrow pale yellow forewing costa . it is larger and darker than poliosia muricolor and relatives ( see poliosia muricolor ) .\njava , bali , sumatra , singapore , s . burma , borneo , sulawesi , sula is . , moluccas .\nbornean records appear restricted to the type material of nigricans , taken in sarawak , probably in the lowlands , by a . r . wallace , and a male from semongok near kuching , also in the lowlands .\nlithosia decreta butler , 1877 , trans . ent . soc . london , 1877 : 351 .\nthe holotype male was taken in sarawak by a . r . wallace . a further male has been taken recently in lowland forest at semongok , near kuching , and there are three males from sabah in the usnm : from 1530m 1km south of kundasang on the slopes of g . kinabalu ; 20km east of telupid ; in the lowlands at tenom .\naedoea monochroa turner , 1899 trans . r . soc . s . australia , 23 : 10 .\nthe facies is similar to that of decreta , but the forewing is a much paler yellow , slightly shorter and broader , with the cell extending to about three - quarters rather than two - thirds . r1 is strongly curved , and m1 is stalked with r3 - 5 rather than connate . the genitalia have the valve rather tongue - like as in decreta , but the apex is not serrate and the saccular process consists of two slender processes rather than one , each with small appressed spines over much of their length , but one has a lateral process more or less at right - angles as in decreta . the aedeagus is short , without the apical spines seen in decreta .\nthe only specimen is from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo .\nwalker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 505 .\nlithosia brevipennis walker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 509 .\nwalker , 1864 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 31 : 229 .\nlithosia horishanella matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . , 19 ( 1 ) : 64 .\nindian subregion to china , ryukyu is . , chagos is . , nicobar is . , sundaland .\nthis is a lowland species , possibly most frequent in coastal vegetation , including mangrove .\nlithosia nebulosa walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool ) , 6 : 106 .\nilema perdentata druce , 1899 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) , 4 : 201 .\nthere is strong sexual dimorphism , with males being dull pale orange and females a paler straw colour . basally and distally the wing is streaked darker on the veins , and these streaked areas are separated by an irregularly zig - zag band in a central pale zone . these markings are very faint in the male but prominent and grey in the female .\nthe species was taken in numbers in lower montane forest at 1000m on g . mulu . two specimens were taken at 900m on g . api . records from bukit pagon ( a singleton at 1670m ) and g . kinabalu ( one from 1800m ) are somewhat higher ."]}
{"id": 419, "summary": [{"text": "the tenkile ( dendrolagus scottae ) , also known as scott 's tree-kangaroo , is a species of tree-kangaroo in the family macropodidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is endemic to a very small area of the torricelli mountains of papua new guinea .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss and by hunting .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the tenkile , are listed as endangered due to hunting and logging activities in papua new guinea .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the tenkile is hunted for its meat , tenkile is the main protein source for the residents of papua new guinea .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the population of papua new guinea has increased in recent years due to improvements in healthcare ; therefore increasing need in tenkile meat which means that more tenkiles are being hunted .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "additionally , tenkiles are poached for their fur and are captured and sold as a part of the illegal pet trade .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "domesticated dogs also hunt tenkiles .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "deforestation in papua new guinea affects all tree-kangaroos , however industrial logging that occurs in the torricelli mountain range decreases the already small habitat of the tenkile .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the torricelli mountain range faces additional deforestation due to the timber industry , and the production of coffee , rice and wheat . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tenkile", "paragraphs": ["picture : tenkile ( 12 kb jpeg ) ( tenkile cons . all . )\ntenkile conservation alliance , inc . 2003 .\ntenkile info\n( on - line ) . accessed 04 / 11 / 03 at urltoken .\nthe diet of the tenkile includes tree leaves , ferns , and soft vines .\nthe tenkile conservation alliance ( tca ) aims to save the critically endangered tenkile , or scott ' s tree kangaroo ( dendrolagus scottae ) , from becoming extinct .\ncontinuation of the hunting moratorium for the 18 tenkile villages and 21 weimang villages . there has been no significant hunting of any fauna within the tenkile habitat since 2004 .\nsince the tenkile\u0092s discovery a recovery plan has been written for the species and is being implemented by the tenkile conservation alliance ( tca ) . local villagers are aware of the need to conserve the tree kangaroo and in 1999 a hunting moratorium was agreed between the tenkile conservation alliance and the fourteen villages that have ownership over tenkile habitat .\ndiet : vines , ferns and leaves . work still required for diet of tenkile .\nthe tenkile conservation alliance is a non - government organisation based in papua new guinea .\nthe tenkile is one of the most endangered mammal species in the world with as few as one hundred individuals remaining . so it is really now or never to save the tenkile .\nthe tenkile is diurnal and mainly terrestrial , although it climbs trees to rest and escape predators .\n\u201c before the establishment of this program , our grand parents , parents and even my family killed tenkile for meat . but since the signing of the moratorium , tenkile numbers have increased \u201d .\neveryone knows if you have killed a tenkile . they call smell it on your hands for at least a week . there is no way to wash off the scent of tenkile . . .\nhumans use tenkile tree kangaroos as a source of food and fur and sometimes keep them as pets .\nestablishment of chicken farms in all villages . distribution of 100 half caste austrolops chickens to tenkile villages .\nthe tenkile is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\n- - peter , an olo hunter of wilbeitei describing the musty odour of tenkile , february 1990 .\nestablishment and maintenance of seven tenkile research sites and one weimang research site ( more to be completed ) .\ninformation on the tenkile ( dendrolagus scottae ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\neuan ritchie spoke to urltoken about the tenkile ' s decline , and his new project to conserve the species .\nlocal names : tenkile ( olo ) , rengile ( one ) , teklel ( elke ) and tikisir ( yel ) .\nthe success and future conservation goals of the tenkile conservation alliance are the subjects of a new documentary , into the jungle .\nmajor improvements in the rabbit farming success in several tenkile villages , one village having bred more than 300 rabbits since 2004 .\nthe tenkile conservation alliance is a non - profit organization promoting public awareness and conservation of tree kangaroos in papua new guinea .\ncontinuation of the hunting moratorium for all participating villages which has increased to 20\ntenkile\nvillages and 30\nweimang\nvillages . there has been no significant hunting of any fauna within the tenkile habitat since 2004 or in the weimang habitat since 2007 .\nconservation area management committees established in all tenkile villages and significant capacity building conducted for all committee members in scientific knowledge and management .\ntwenty transects have been prepared with 206 survey points in tenkile habitat . gps locations for base line and some point stations obtained .\nflannery 1995 , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , kennedy 1992 , tenkile cons . all .\nthe tenkile , or the scott ' s tree kangaroo ( dendrolagus scottae ) could be a cross between a koala bear and a puppy . with it ' s fuzzy dark fur , long tail and snout , and tiny ears , it ' s difficult to imagine a more adorable animal . it ' s also difficult to imagine that the tenkile is one of the most endangered species on earth : only an estimated 300 remain . according to the tenkile conservation alliance ( tca ) , the tenkile ' s trouble stems from a sharp increase of human settlements in the torricelli mountain range . once relatively isolated , the tenkile now struggles to avoid hunters and towns while still having sufficient range to live in .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - tenkile ( dendrolagus scottae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - tenkile ( dendrolagus scottae )\ntitle =\narkive species - tenkile ( dendrolagus scottae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmassicot , p . 2002 .\nanimal info\n( on - line ) . tenkile . accessed 04 / 11 / 03 at urltoken .\npreliminary results from distance sampling research indicate a significant increase in the population of tenkile . approximately 160 ( 2004 ) to 307 ( 2008 ) .\nsince the pair starting working with communities in png , jim says the number of tenkile have trebled from a disastrously low 100 to approximately 300 .\ni undertook a study of tenkile between 1990 and 1992 . an important component of that study was radio - tracking . this proved to be very difficult , for the habitat of the remaining tenkile is very steep , wet and covered in dense , sometimes almost impenetrable , mossy scrub . because of high hunting pressure , tenkile is also extremely wary . during our radio - tracking work we saw a tenkile only once . at other times all we heard was a crash as a tracked animal fled down a gully , or else we tracked it to a tree but could not sight it .\nconservation area management committees established in all tenkile and weimang villages and significant capacity building conducted for all committee members in scientific knowledge and natural resources management .\ntenkile tree kangaroos impact plant communities in the ecosystems in which they live through their predation on plants . little is known of other impacts they may have .\npreliminary results from distance sampling research indicate a significant increase in the population of tenkile from approximately 160 ( in 2004 ) to 240 ( in 2006 ) .\nhabitat : tenkile is found between 900 - 1 , 700 meters above sea level in the torricelli mountain range . the total habitat area probably does not exceed 125 square kilometers . the vegetation is mid - montane rainforest containing podocarpous , libocedrus , auraucaria , rapanea and syzygium species . tenkile is thought to feed on vines including the scaveola and tetracera species , epiphytic ferns and leaves from various forest plants . however , no studies have been done on the diet of the tenkile . at present a tenkile ' s diet is being compiled via the knowledge of the local people and a herbarium of these plant species is being prepared .\neuan ritchie , an ecology lecturer at deakin university in queensland , has united with the tenkile conservation alliance to begin a camera survey in papua new guinea ' s ( png ) torricelli mountains , where the tenkile and other critically endangered animals persist . as the first comprehensive wildlife camera trap study in the torricelli range , the joint study endeavors to estimate population numbers and habitat of the tenkile , as well as other critically endangered species to discover their population numbers and habits .\nthere are presently thought to be two subspecies of dendrolagus scottae - tenkile and fiwo . fiwo is yet to receive a latin name . tenkile is restricted to the torricelli mountain range whilst fiwo is located in the adjacent bewani mountain range . little data has been collected on fiwo , however it is thought that it could reside in much of the bewani mountains with a range greater than 250 square kilometers . fiwo appears to be smaller than tenkile , an adult male weighed 9 . 5kg ( compared to adult male tenkile = 11 . 5kg ) and an adult female weighed 6 . 8kg ( compared to adult female tenkile = 9 . 5kg ) . a lot more work is required on fiwo . presently , fiwo is not under threat due to hunting because , unlike tenkile , it is not surrounded by a large human population . fiwo has a small distribution and has therfore been classified as vulnerable . tca aims to conduct surveys for fiwo when funding becomes available .\ncause of decline : it is thought the population of tenkile could have been as low as 100 individividuals when tca was established in 2001 . results from distance sampling research estimate the population to be now over 200 ( october 2006 ) . this makes the tenkile one of the most endangered mammals in the world . the cause of their decline is predominantly due to an increase of human population in the vicinity of the torricelli mountains and consequently an increase of hunting pressure on the animal . in the past hunters recall seeing tenkile in groups of four ( possibly a pair with two young ) and historically found them closer to their villages . now tenkile is rarely seen by the villagers . when people are lucky enough to see a tenkile there is usually only one animal or very occasionally a pair . hunters believe it has drastically reduced in number and in range compared to 50 years ago . even some hunters remember killing as many as six tenkile in a day less than 30 years ago .\nthe rainforest canopy on the southern side of mount somoro is now the only home to tenkile tree kangaroos . this habitat is at elevations of 900 to 1500 meters .\nwhilst conducting distance sampling at bibane , villagers from tolgete and sarbute came across three tenkile in the same tree . the team were able to successfully capture one of these animals . the other two were too fast for the team . the captured tenkile was a female weighing 7 . 7kg and has been named\nsuna\nby the landowners .\nthe conservation of the tenkile has been recognised as a high priority by the waza in situ conservation workshop held at the khaow kheow open zoo , thailand , in 2001 .\nmany species here occur nowhere else on earth . one such species is the tenkile , or scott\u2019s tree kangaroo , the tca\u2019s namesake and a critically endangered marsupial first described in1989 .\nthe successful breeding of rabbits in tenkile villages has led to two people being trained as \u201crabbit farming trainers\u201d . these trainers have successfully completed rabbit courses to all 21 weimang villages .\nthe tenkile conservation alliance was originally established by a network of zoos , the png museum , local government and individuals that wanted to work towards the recovery of the critically endangered scott\u2019s tree kangaroo ( dendrolagus scottae ) locally known as tenkile . a hunting moratorium was established with 13 villages in 1999 and this has grown to include 20 villages that have tenkile on their land . a further 30 villages that have the critically endangered weimang , or golden - mantled tree kangaroo , ( dendrolagus pulcherrimus ) have also joined the alliance and now comprises over 12 , 000 people .\nthe successful breeding of rabbits in tenkile villages has led to two people being trained as\nrabbit farming trainers\n. these trainers have successfully completed rabbit training courses to 24 weimang villages .\n* * * the tenkile has a powerful odor which persists for up to a week on the hands of someone who has picked up one of the animals . * * * in 1990 , flannery discovered another population of the tenkile to the west of the main population . animals from this newly found subpopulation were much smaller and may represent an undescribed subspecies . ( flannery 1995 )\nthe ultimate goal of the tenkile conservation alliance is : to improve health , provide education and so relieve poverty as well as protect biodiversity and the cultures of rainforest communities in papua new guinea .\njim thomas tenkile conservation alliance p . o box 1304 wewak east sepik province n / a papua new guinea tel : n / a mob : + 675 7651 3448 fax : n / a\nmr jim thomas , director of tca , said \u201c the tenkile conservation alliance applied for membership to iucn to increase its network within the fields of conservation , animal classification and human development . \u201d\na sense of pride among communities \u2013 men cried when they saw the tenkile photo taken from a camera trap and when the animals were seen on peoples land for the first time in 20 years .\ntim flannery was the first scientist to describe the tenkile in 1989 . he has been a very important scientist for discovering and naming many species of fauna within png , west papua and the surrounding islands .\nthere are eight species of tree kangaroos living in papua new guinea . one of them , the tenkile , or scott ' s tree kangaroo ( dendrolagus scottae ) , was discovered as late as 1989 .\nthe tenkile , or the scott\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s tree kangaroo ( dendrolagus scottae ) could be a cross between a koala bear and a puppy . with it ' s fuzzy dark fur , long tail and snout , and tiny ears , it ' s difficult to imagine a more adorable animal . it ' s also difficult to imagine that the tenkile is one of the most endangered species on earth : only an estimated 300 remain .\nmathew was born in the torricelli mountains and witnessed first hand the decline in the region\u2019s fauna . in 1999 he led a group of stakeholders from 13 villages from across the region to stop the hunting of tenkile .\naccording to the tenkile conservation alliance ( tca ) , the tenkile ' s trouble stems from a sharp increase of human settlements in the torricelli mountain range . once relatively isolated , the tenkile now struggles to avoid hunters and towns while still having sufficient range to live in . the tca also suggests the cultural shift in papua new guinea\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s torricelli natives could contribute to the animal ' s decline : an influx of catholic missionaries lead to a mass conversion of many of the natives . while the tenkile\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s habitat was traditionally off limits for hunting for fear of spirits , the natives now hunt there regularly ; instead of bows and arrows , they use guns .\nunfortunately , the combination of all these factors has strongly affected the tenkile population . when the conservation programme was first proposed in 1998 , as few as 100 individuals were estimated to remain in the wild . this made the tenkile one of the most endangered mammals in the world . the cause for the decline was predominantly the increase in human population and consequently increased hunting pressure on the animals , which is now only rarely seen by the villagers\nthe tenkile conservation alliance ( tca ) has become the first organisation from papua new guinea to join iucn . today iucn welcomed the tca into the union following their membership approval at the 82nd meeting of the iucn council .\ntca is in the process of establishing the torricelli mountain range as a legally protected area . over 185 , 000 hectares of rainforest and biodiversity will be protected including critically endangered species such as the tenkile and weimang tree kangaroos .\nrecognised as the most threatened of all tree kangaroo species , the tenkile\u2019s range is today restricted to only 150 km 2 of rainforest . like many marsupials , tenkiles are slow breeding . growing human population has led to significant increases in the hunting of wild species for food and tenkile have declined dramatically over the past 30 years as a result . their decline also compromises the wellbeing of local communities who traditionally depend on wildlife for protein , with low levels of nutrition now common .\npapua new guinean , mathew akon is senior project officer of the tenkile conservation alliance ( tca ) , an ngo established in 2001 dedicated to the conservation of the remote torricelli mountain range , a 250 , 000 ha area rich in wildlife .\nsignificant capacity building implemented to ensure local ownership and management of tenkile and other wildlife in the research sites across the torricelli mountain range . all scientific data are collected by tca\u2019s research and distance sampling officers , independent of the tca project manager .\ntenkile is a large , black , aromatic tree - kangaroo which is restricted to a small area on the summit of the torricelli mountains in northwestern papua new guinea . it is rather similar in appearance to doria ' s tree - kangaroo (\nbravo & congratulations to all of the @ fpa2 2018 awardees , and thank you for your commitment to a # sustainable world . # victorpochat @ tenkile \u2019s jim thomas @ ipcc _ ch @ profterryhughes # biodiversity # climatechange # fpa2018 # monacomoments urltoken\ni work with tca to save my environment in the torricelli mountain range - png . i am proud of the animals we have here such as tenkile . conservation is the way to save all the environment and animals for my children .\nthe tenkile is a marsupial that weighs about 10 kg ( 22 lb ) . it is found in mossy mountain forests from 900 - 1500 m ( 3000 - 5000 ' ) . the diet of the tenkile includes tree leaves , ferns , and soft vines . this tree kangaroo is diurnal and mainly terrestrial . it probably breeds throughout the year , with females giving birth at 12 month intervals . in the past , family groups of up to 4 individuals were seen . however , most recent sightings have been of solitary individuals or a female and young pair . the tenkile was apparently more common and widespread in the past . it is currently found in three locations in sandaun province in northwestern papua new guinea . hunting is its main threat .\nthere are many valuable ways in which you can contribute to the tenkile conservation alliance\u2019s vision \u2013 which is , the people of png value and protect their natural resources , their community and their culture . click ' contribute ' button above to learn more .\ntenkile tree kangaroos are found only papua new guinea , and only in sandaun province along the torricelli mountains in the rainforests on the southern side of mount sumoro . today , the total area occupied by these tree kangaroos is only about 50 square kilometers .\nthe torricelli mountains on png\u2019s north coast are home to the scotts tree kangaroo \u2013 known locally as the tenkile - which is the biggest of the attractive and elusive animals . \u201cthey get to about 14 kilos , the big males . \u201d says jim thomas .\nsignificant capacity building implemented to ensure local ownership and management of tenkile , weimang and other wildlife in the research sites across the torricelli mountain range . since 2007 all scientific data was collected by tca\u2019s research officers and distance sampling officers , independent of the tca director .\ni worked with the tca as a village representative from 2004 - 2007 . since 2008 i have been a local project officer . i really love the program because in no other part of the world can you find the tenkile and weimang tree kangaroos .\ntca works directly with the local people representing 13 different language groups and unique cultures from 50 villages within two provinces of remote papua new guinea . together we form the tenkile conservation alliance . to find out more about this amazing organisation watch the 10 minute video below .\nlandowner agreement to establish a conservation area within the torricelli mountain range with the 20 tenkile villages and 30 weimang villages . all these villages have designated hunting areas from non - hunting areas and written their own rules and penalties for the long - term management of the area .\nspecies . wild populations are rapidly declining , and is now thought to be less than 200 individuals . this is about a 75 % reduction since the species was first discovered . the main reason for these falling numbers is hunting by the increasing human population and habitat loss . to deal with this unfortunate population decline , the tenkile conservation alliance was formed in 1999 . this conservation group is working to maintain the failing habitat of this rare species . if action is not taken soon , the tenkile population is likely to be extinct within just a few years .\nthe tenkile conservation alliance ( tca ) , was originally established in 2001 , to protect the unique biodiversity of the torricelli mountain range ; png . tca uses the tree kangaroos as flagship species for achieving broad forest conservation outcomes with a main objective to establish this mountain range as a legislated conservation area .\nthe tenkile conservation alliance was formed after villagers noticed the number of tree kangaroos was plummeting . \u201cthe people had signed an agreement not to hunt , and then soon after we came in and started realising that it wasn\u2019t just a matter of getting people not to hunt the animals , \u201d says thomas .\nlandowner agreement to establish a conservation area within the torricelli mountain range with the 18 tenkile villages and 21 weimang villages . all these villages have designated hunting areas from non - hunting areas and written their own rules and penalties for the long - term management of the area except for six weimang villages .\nthe aim of this project has been to determine the effect of the two year hunting moratorium and assess current population status and trends for tenkile in the torricelli mountains using skilled png nationals . a pacific biological foundation grant has been pivotal in engaging villagers in the design and delivery of this conservation activity .\njim\u2019s wife jean has been a crucial partner in the tenkile conservation alliance . for two years the pair walked the steep mountainous tracks between villages , learnt to speak tok pisin and consulted with communities about how they could help to save the species . jean also introduced a conservation program into the local schools .\nthe northern slopes of the torricelli mountains are steep and abrupt . today , these slopes are the last refuge of tenkile . the southern slopes , however , extend gently towards the sepik plain , and here there are extensive , flat , fertile areas lying between about 600 and 900 metres elevation . these areas were always well - populated , but today they support a very dense concentration of people . this largely catholic area has seen a trebling of its population since the second world war . large villages are now situated only about four hours ' walk from tenkile ' s habitat , and human hunting pressure is intense .\nthe tenkile after which the organisation is called , also known as scott\u2019s tree kangaroo , is endemic to papua new guinea and restricted to a small area . they are threatened by hunting for food and by destruction of their forest habitat , as are the weimang , black - spotted cuscus and the northern glider .\nthe difficulties facing tenkile are compounded by the abandonment of many traditional practices and beliefs among the olo . the termination of warfare means that intertribal boundaries are no longer such dangerous places to visit and hunters can spend days there with impunity ( in earlier times , only fleeting , secretive visits were made ) . belief in forest\none curious feature of tenkile ' s behaviour , well known to local hunters , is that it is much easier to find in april - may . this is the wet season , when it migrates out of the steep , inaccessible gullies and up onto the ridgetops and mountain summits , where it is more easily located .\ndue to high topographical constraints in the torricelli mountains eg much of the terrain within d . scottae \u0092s estimated range is too precipitous for dung surveys , the transect lines could not be extended as far as planned . this is likely to lead to the failure of applying the methods used in the remainder of tenkile\u0092s range .\nnow that an initial estimate of the population density of tenkile has been achieved , the tca are in a position to begin to assess the impact of the hunting moratorium and incorporate this into the extension and development of further field research and conservation efforts . the work undertaken so far has confirmed that the population size is critically low . without a continuing input from the tca and generous supporters like apbf , the chances for the long - term survival of the species are certainly low . coupled with this program , an intrinsic part of the tenkile recovery will be improved levels of trust and understanding between the people of the torricelli mountains and external organisations involved .\nyou might find it hard to believe , but some kangaroos live in trees ! tree kangaroos are one of the world\u2019s best kept wildlife secrets . but in papua new guinea , they are struggling for survival : they are being hunted to extinction . a few years ago , the entire world population of the tenkile , one of . . .\nwaza conservation project 04016 is implemented by the tenkile conservation alliance with 11 full - time employees , led by jim and jean thomas from melbourne , australia . the project ' s major partners previously were zoos victoria and australian volunteers international , with additional annual support from perth zoo and grants from other donors , including saint louis zoo ' s wildcare institute .\nthe tenkile was apparently more common and widespread in the past . it is currently found in sandaun province in northwestern papua new guinea , in three locations along the summits of the torricelli mountains in the region between yonkeitei and wigotei villages in the fatima area . its total habitat area probably does not exceed 50 sq km ( 19 sq mi ) . ( flannery 1995 )\nthere is no doubt that tenkile has declined dramatically over the past 50 years . old men recalled having hunted it on the lower northern slopes in areas that today are adjacent to gardens . the total present - clay population may be little more than a few hundred . if it is not protected soon it may be lost , just as the golden - mantled tree - kangaroo (\nthe island of new guinea contains 7 % of the world\u2019s biodiversity and is the third largest expanse of tropical rainforest following the amazon and congo . the torricelli mountain range , north - west papua new guinea ( png ) , is unique in that it is the only place known that is home to three species of tree kangaroo , the scott\u2019s tree kangaroo ( tenkile ) , the golden - mantled tree kangaroo ( weimang ) and the grizzled tree kangaroo ( yongi ) . other endemic species include the black - spotted cuscus ( png\u2019s largest cuscus ) and the northern glider . the tenkile , weimang , black - spotted cuscus and northern glider are all classified as critically endangered by the iucn . the torricelli\u2019s , therefore have a high level of endemism and biodiversity significance .\n\u201c having iucn status will mean tca can be more aligned with governments and therefore be able to make a greater impact on the people , their environment and the unique species that tca was established to protect , such as the critically endangered tenkile ( dendrolagus scottae ) , weimang ( d . pulcherrimus ) , black - spotted cuscus ( spilocuscus rufoniger ) and northern glider ( petaurus abidi ) , \u201d mr thomas said .\nsuccessful research teams have been established with 18 villages since 2003 , with more than 100 people employed each year through tca\u2019s tenkile distance sampling research . now the goal is to establish a 96 , 000ha protected conservation area at the core of the torricelli range . mathew and tca are working directly with the region\u2019s 39 villages to inspire support for the project , using tenkiles and another critically endangered tree kangaroo species , the weimang , as flagship species . training will then enable the communities to effectively manage the conservation area themselves .\nhas also broken down , and people now feel free to hunt in areas where previously no - one would enter for fear of the spirits . sweipini , one of the most important of these refuges , lost its status as a sacred place in 1990 . within a few months , many tree - kangaroos had been killed there . i visited sweipini a few months afterwards , accompanied by kaspar seiko , a village elder and the only man previously allowed to visit the area . he commented sadly that the tenkile were now all gone . the only signs i could find were a few old scratches on tree trunks .\nindividuals have a strong odor , which can last for up to a week on items that an animal comes in contact with ( e . g . a handler ' s hands ) . another interesting tidbit about these animals is how they received the common name ' scott ' s tree kangaroo ' . the story is that there was a trust fund named after a man called winifred scott . after his death in 1985 , the permanent trustee company , a co - trustee of the scott trust , donated the trust income to an australian museum research program . participants in this program discovered the tenkile . in honor of winifred , this species of tree kangaroo was given the name scott ' s tree kangaroo .\nsince the introduction of catholic missions 50 years ago , the local people have access to better medical supplies and improved hygiene . consequently the human population has trebled since world war 2 . missionaries have also been responsible for altering traditional beliefs and customs , which have affected or increased the hunting pressure on certain species within the torricelli mountains . for example the traditional conservation areas known as\nples masalai\nwere strictly off - limits for fear of evil spirits . the traditional land boundaries are no longer heavily fought over and people feel free to hunt on other people\u2019s land . the introduction of guns and torches has made hunting much easier than the traditional bow and arrow . unfortunately the combination of all these factors have taken its toll on the population of the tenkile .\njean began her career with animals by breeding laboratory mice for medical research and then moved into the zoo industry working with native fauna at both healesville sanctuary and melbourne zoo . she has a bachelor of science and a diploma of education and over the years has also worked with other endangered species such as the eastern barred bandicoot and new holland mouse . jean spent her honey moon with jim banding orange - bellied parrots in the wilds of tasmania and after a year of teaching in a high school she now works with her husband managing the tenkile conservation alliance . jean ' s role with tca is very broad including the development and implementation of most of tca\u2019s training programs , staff professional and personal development , administration , accounting , operations , pr and social media updates .\njim is a passionate and concerned conservationist with a strong work ethic who is determined and motivated to succeed in protecting endangered species and their habitats . an independent self - motivated person , culturally sensitive and internationally travelled . jim is fluent in pidgin english or tok pisin and experienced in papua new guinea culture . he has excellent common sense and decision making ability . having a gregarious nature and working well either within a team environment , solo or in a capacity of teaching or leadership are all qualities that enable him to excel as the director of the tenkile conservation alliance . jim is a la trobe university distinguished alumni award winner ( 2012 ) , deakin university adjunct fellow and was rated highly commended for the peter rawlinson conservation hero award in 2013 . he was awarded the australian geographic conservationist of the year award in 2013 with his wife jean .\njean is a hard - working , goal orientated person who is self - motivated and energized when given a task . an influential speaker who is culturally sensitive and internationally travelled . fluent in pidgin english and experienced in papua new guinea culture . she has an ability to transform complicated text and higher thinking concepts into a simple format that has been a key strength in her teaching capabilities . jean has been responsible for the capacity building of the tenkile conservation alliance , designed , produced and conducted various training programs including village drama , teacher training , natural resources management , project management , health ( water / sanitation / hygiene / nutrition / hiv / family planning ) and livestock husbandry . this has lead to community engagement and mobilization among 50 villages and the protection of 200 , 000 hectares of rainforest . consequently jean was awarded the future for nature award in 2010 , the age magazine top 100 most influential and interesting people in 2010 , australian geographic conservationist of the year in 2013 and telstra business women award for social and purpose enterprise in victoria 2015 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreproduction : possibly breeds year round with perhaps a young born each year . young become independent after 2 years . a lot more work required in this area .\nreferences : mammals of new guinea \u2013 tim flannery ( 1995 ) and tree kangaroos - a curious natural history \u2013 tim flannery , roger martin and alexandra szalay ( 1996 ) . illustrations peter schouten . urltoken\naverages 10 kg . tree kangaroos have bodies that are built for climbing up and down trees and for moving along tree branches . the tail is similar to that of other macropods , but the tenkiles are more adapted for maneuvering through the upper levels of the rainforest . good balance and agility are needed to be able to jump or move from tree to tree without falling to the forest floor . these qualities are enhanced by the tenkiles ' floppy tails . large foreclaws enable these animals to grasp tree branches and climb through the canopy with ease . their fur is a dark brown color and , like many other marsupials , they have a pouch used in the development of offspring .\nresearch on scott ' s tree kangaroos suggests that these animals breed throughout most of the year . females will give birth to young at 12 month intervals . like most macropods , scott ' s tree kangaroos give birth to one offspring at a time .\nspecies , gestation lasts about 32 days , young emerge from the pouch at about 305 days , and cease to crawl into the pouch to suckle at 408 days .\nlike other kangaroos , female scott ' s tree kangaroos carry their young in a pouch until the joey is large enough and old enough to emerge . this time period is usually ten to twelve months . the young are nursed from birth until the young are more than a year old .\ntenkiles or scott ' s tree kangaroos are diurnal and mainly terrestrial , though they can climb to escape predators and danger . native people report that they were previously encountered mainly in groups of 4 animals , including a male , female , and their young , but are more commonly found as solitary females and young in recent years , this may be the result of severe population declines in recent years . in the wild , females may have a few acres as their territory , while males maintain a much larger territory .\nspecies are mainly arboreal . they are capable of large leaps from the ground into the trees and from tree to tree . on the ground they move with small hops . on the ground the tail is held arched over their back and the head leans far forward . related females may form social groups that cooperate in defense against unfamiliar males .\nlittle is known about how tenkiles communicate , however it is likely that they use the full suite of available senses to communicate and perceive their environment , including vision , chemical cues , touch , and hearing .\ntenkiles , or scott ' s tree kangaroos , are mainly herbivorous . their primary diet consists of tree leaves , ferns , and soft vines . they may forage in the trees or on the ground .\nthe main predator of scott ' s tree kangaroos is humans . tribal hunters in the areas of the torricelli mountains are hunting these animals resulting in rapidly decreasing populations . they are used for meat and skins . the young are also being killed for their skins , or they are being captured and kept as pets . little is known about any anti - predator adaptations in this species .\nlindsay cosens ( author ) , michigan state university , barbara lundrigan ( editor ) , michigan state university .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nzoological parks and gardens board . 1998 .\nmelbourne zoo\n( on - line ) . scott ' s tree kangaroo . accessed 04 / 11 / 03 at urltoken .\npermanent trustee company , ltd . 2003 .\nwills , trusts , and estate planning\n( on - line ) . media releases . accessed 04 / 11 / 03 at . urltoken .\nto cite this page : cosens , l . 2004 .\ndendrolagus scottae\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , history of distribution , threats and reasons for decline ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( weight , habitat , birth season , birth rate , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references\nit is found in mossy mountain forests from 900 - 1500 m ( 3000 - 5000 ' ) .\nin the past , hunters reported encountering groups of up to 4 individuals ( consisting of an adult male , female and 1 - 2 young ) . however , most recent encounters have been with solitary individuals or a female and young pair . ( flannery 1995 )\n\u00a9 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .\ntca\u2019s vision is for the people of papua new guinea to value and protect their natural resources , communities and cultures in the context of advancing the overall well being of their communities and their places .\nprovide urgent and necessary services to rainforest communities in papua new guinea that result in the relief of poverty and improve health .\nfacilitate processes that provide opportunity for rainforest communities in papua new guinea to govern , manage and protect their biological and cultural richness from exploitation .\nimplement a bottom up approach to achieving all of tca\u2019s goals and objectives . to ensure rainforest communities are enabled with their own freedom of choice , as they advance into the 21st century , working towards self - determination of their communities .\nunderpinning the primary goal are five objectives with clear activities or projects to be delivered in order to move towards achieving our ultimate goal . these are detailed below .\ndevelop alternate livelihood strategies within rainforest communities to alleviate poverty and hunger to improve health as well as minimise the existing hunting pressure on wildlife , enabling the sustainable use of their natural resources . read more .\ndevelop sustainable sources of income for the organisation and local stakeholders . complementing the organisation\u2019s mission , benefitting the people of papua new guinea and the sustainability of their communities and country . papua new guineans to successfully lead , manage and administer their own projects and organisations , with current , solid and transparent governance .\nestablish the torricelli mountain range as a legislated protected area to ensure the protection of all biodiversity and culture . read more .\nimplement a monitoring and evaluation program to assess the effectiveness of the above activities in conserving biodiversity within the torricelli mountain range . read more .\nparticipate in redd + ( reduced emissions from avoided deforestation and degradation ) & pes ( payment for environmental services ) - to combat global warming & climate change , relieve poverty and improve health . read more .\nit was quickly realised that in order to protect the tree kangaroos the tca needed to work very closely with the local communities that hunted the animals for food . alternative protein sources were established in the form of rabbit farming , chicken farming and fish farming . the tca also realised that sustainable development and success of these projects required basic service delivery to the village communities . since 2004 the tca has delivered water , sanitation , hygiene and health projects throughout the 50 participating communities \u2018providing tangible health benefits\u2019 . . tca embeds training and capacity building activities into all of its programs to ensure long term sustainability and community ownership .\ncomplete handover of rabbit and chicken farming projects to local stakeholders . leadership in rabbit farming identified ( vincent kelele \u2013 wigote village ) and supported by tca as required .\nlocal capacity built with the training and supervision of 16 project officers to implement the water , sanitation and hygiene project .\nsuccessful installation of 350 x 1000 gallon tuffa tanks and 303 vip toilets throughout 50 participating villages .\ndelivery of health and hygiene education program to 50 villages including community led total sanitation ( clts ) , participatory health and sanitation transformation ( phast ) and tca\u2019s own interactive hiv / aids and family planning awareness program .\ndelivery of water and sanitation project management course focusing on managing attitudes and behaviour among participating communities to ensure project success .\npartnership with wateraid ( australia ) in place to continue improving water and sanitation throughout project area .\nlocal project supervisors employed and significant management responsibilities delegated to ensure future sustainability of tca project management .\nsignificant improvements to tca base - lumi including community accommodation , staff accommodation and research station .\ntraining manual produced and workshops held to build capacity among local research officers and distance sampling officers in point transect distance sampling techniques .\ninitial work on camera trapping , since 2011 , has recorded the three tree kangaroos , many mammals and birds . some species recorded are new species to science .\ncommunity conservation education programs conducted since 2003 \u2013 school visits , teacher training , puppet shows , radio programs , drama education programs have all been implemented throughout the project area , motivating and engaging thousands of people leading to the participation of 50 moratorium villages .\ntca has identified that the local communities are very much in tune with their environmental , social and economic needs . people know exactly what they want . the tca has worked very closely with 50 village communities at the foothills of the torricelli mountain range for over a decade . during this time we have developed a very strong relationship built on trust , integrity , transparency and accountability . at the heart of our work is an amalgamation and mutual respect of combining scientific and traditional knowledge . we work towards the protection of natural resources , building community cohesiveness and respecting traditional cultures within png .\ncommitment from local communities \u2013 there has been no hunting of the tree kangaroos for over a decade .\nvillage cohesiveness \u2013 communities have worked together despite prior disputes in order to deliver water tanks by foot into the villages .\nthis program is an outstanding model of how effective conservation outcomes may be achieved and assessed in developing communities when they are coupled with development of sustainable resource , economic and social alternatives .\nthe wwf is run at a local level by the following offices . . .\ntree kangaroos are unique macropods who have adapted to a life in trees . loss of habitat and uncontrolled hunting have forced many species close to extinction .\nunlike their close cousins , the tree kangaroo ' s arms and legs are approximately the same length . tree kangaroos also have much stronger fore - limbs to help in climbing the trees they inhabit . size length : 41 - 77cm tail length : 40 - 87cm weight : up to 14 . 5kg habitat montane tropical foresst range states : indonesia , papua new guinea , australia population & distribution tree kangaroos have suffered from loss of habitat , and many species have suffered severe reductions in their range . the wondiwoi tree kangaroo is critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) with as few as 50 individuals remaining . similarly , the critically endangered dingiso has suffered a population decline in excess of 80 % over the last 30 years . diet living in the trees , the tree kangaroo eats mostly leaves and fruit , although they will also collect fruit that has fallen to the ground . the animals will also eat other items such as grains , flowers , sap , eggs , young birds , and even bark .\nbennett ' s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus bennettianus ) on the branch of a tree . the bennett ' s tree - kangaroo is a rare and vulnerable arboreal marsupial , australia .\nthe major threats facing tree kangaroo species are hunting and habitat loss . tree kangaroos have been hunted for food by indigenous communities across their range . for a number of species , this factor alone has contributed to a sharp decline in population numbers . habitat loss and degradation means that many species now inhabit a restricted range . habitat has been removed for logging and timber production , or converted to coffee , rice or wheat production . this loss of habitat can also expose tree kangaroos to predation by domestic dogs ."]}
{"id": 425, "summary": [{"text": "caridina dennerli is a small species of freshwater shrimp from sulawesi ( indonesia ) that grows up to 2.5 centimetres ( 1.0 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it takes its name from the german company dennerle , which supported the expedition that led to the scientific description of the species .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is popularly known as the ' cardinal shrimp ' in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "caridina dennerli", "paragraphs": ["common name : cardinal shrimp , white glove shrimp , dennerli shrimp scientific name : caridina dennerli wild origin : indonesia \u2013 endemic to lake matano maximum size : 2 . 5cm or 1 inches\nhi i have a number of caridina dennerli for sale looking for \u00a310 each as v . rarely found , would be a lot more in retail shops .\nharlequin sulawesi shrimp - caridina cf . spongicola - bucephalandra - export import plants & fish indonesia\ncaridina dennerli is one of the most amazing shrimp in our hobby . it is no breeding form but from the wild . their natural habitat is at the indonesian island of sulawesi . view\ndancing dennerlis\nand get some advices to keep and breed these shrimp .\ndennerle supports this work , true to the motto\nexperience nature\nand in return sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp which has only just been described scientifically . in memory of the spiritual father of natural aquatics , ludwig dennerle , it has the scientific species name\ncaridina dennerli\n.\ndennerle supports them in this work true to the motto\nexperience nature\nand in return sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp , which has only just been described scientifically . in memory of the spiritual father of natural aquatics , ludwig dennerle , it has the scientific species name\ncaridina dennerli\n.\ncaridina dennerli shrimp is\ndifficult\nto keep as specific water parameters has to be provided . you may keep it alive or breed in almost any hard water but for best please see water parameters below . this is also very timid shrimp and does best in high numbers , only then shrimp will become brave enough to get out of cover . shrimp is very sensitive and can die from stress during transport or sudden temperature drop therefore this is pick up only shrimp !\nthe larvae of certain varieties grow up in the sea . these need salt water to develop . breeding these varieties in an aquarium is considerably more difficult , and in some cases impossible . the best known example here is the \u201camano shrimp\u201d , caridina multidentata .\nvon rintelen , k . ; and cai , y . ( 2009 ) . radiation of endemic species flocks in ancient lakes : systematic revision of the freshwater shrimp caridina h . milne edawrds , 1837 ( crustacea : decapoda : atyidae ) from the ancient lakes of sulawesi , indonesia , with the description of eight new species . raffles bulletin of zoology 57 : 343 - 352 .\ncaridina spongicola is endemic to lake towuti , [ 6 ] the largest and southernmost lake in the malili complex of the island of sulawesi , fed by a river that flows from the lake to the boni bay . it is only known from the northwestern arm of lake towuti , but it can be locally common , with as many as 137 individuals recorded on a single sponge and one study finding an average of about 29 individuals per sponge . this soft - tissued , undescribed species of sponge is also restricted to the northwestern arm of the lake and reaches up to about 20 cm ( 8 in ) in diameter . [ 4 ] the similar shrimp caridina woltereckae is restricted to the same lake , but it is found throughout it and not associated with sponges . [ 7 ]\nthe fire shrimp is considered one of the most attractive fresh water shrimps belonging to the caridina genus . the fire shrimp has only recently been discovered . it lives in lake matano on the indonesian island of sulawesi . as a rock dweller it spends most of its life between and under the rocks . the lake has a high water quality , clear and with low nutrient content . the water values do not fluctuate to any substantial degree .\nthe popular fresh water shrimps belong to the family of ten - legged crabs ( decapods ) which also includes crabs and shrimps in fresh water and sea water . many shrimp varieties are excellent algae - eaters and are thus able to keep many an aquarium free of algae problems on a lasting basis . shrimps actually first came to prominence by virtue of this capacity for devouring algae . the famous japanese aquarium photographer takashi amano always used large numbers of caridina multidentata ( formerly japonica ) to keep his renowned aquascapes clean .\nplenty of hiding places , such as densely planted , shaded areas , foliage , and above all cave - like retreats , are of great importance to their well - being . shrimps are gregarious animals . many of the most popular shrimp varieties reproduce regularly in the aquarium \u2013 e . g . members of the attractive bee shrimp family , caridina cf . cantonensis , and first and foremost the well - known \u201ccrystal red\u201d variety . we thus recommend limiting the initial stock to 5 shrimps per 10 l of water .\ncaridina spongicola is a\ncomplex breeder\n, meaning that young are hatched as miniature adults with the same coloration ( although not as intense ) , with no need to transfer from salt and / or brackish water to freshwater as they develop through larval stages . [ 2 ] [ 6 ] eggs are black in color , are roughly 10 - 15 in number , 0 . 8 - 0 . 9 x 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 mm in size , and are carried by the female for 20\u201330 days before hatching . [ 2 ] [ 6 ] when not carrying eggs , there is no known , proven way to distinguish females of this species from the males . [ 9 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nendangered b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\nwowor , d . , de grave , s . & klotz , w .\nthe species is endemic to lake matano ( = danau matano ) ( sulawesi ) , a small lake ( 164 . 1 km\n) which counts as a single location for assessment purposes . current threats to the species are nickel mining ( specifically polluting lake matano ) and hydro - electric power installations on the southern shore of lake matano . nile perch and\nhave been introduced to nearby lake towuti ( which is connected to lake matano ) , and there is the possibility of pollution from organic effluents from the rapidly expanding human population .\nthis species is assessed as endangered in view of the small population size , restricted distribution , and plausible threats .\nthe species is endemic to lake matano ( 164 . 1 km 2 ) in sulawesi ( von rintelen and cai 2009 ) .\nno information is known , but it is considered abundant ( von rintelen and cai 2009 ) .\nis generally found on rocks and gravel , from shallow water to approx . 10 m depth .\nis available in the aquarium trade , but some ( estimated 20 % ) of the trade is from captive breeding in europe , the rest is still wild caught though the current levels of harvesting are thought not to have a considerable impact .\ncurrent threats to the species are nickel mining ( specifically polluting danau matano ) and hydro - electric power installations on the southern shore of danau matano . also , introduced species ( nile perch and\n) have been introduced to towuti a connected lake ) and organic effluents from the rapidly expanding human population .\nwowor , d . , de grave , s . & klotz , w . 2013 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\naqua ! nano & more\n- fachgesch\u00e4ft f\u00fcr nano - aquaristik , aquascaping und zierfischrarit\u00e4ten .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ninformation on this very popular shrimp . its name comes from takashi amano , the creator of ada , who used these shrimp for algae eating purposes . it cannot breed in pure freshwater .\ninformation on this wild caught species which is a filter feeder . it is very common to find in most pet stores and online . it is not possible to breed this species in pure freshwater .\ninformation on this elusive all black color variation of the common tiger shrimp . its all black coloration is from selective breeding to widen the black stripes of the common tiger shrimp .\ninformation on this newly introduced species to the hobby . not much is known and they are caught in the wild . captive breeding is possible .\ninformation on this beautiful blue colored species of the wild n . zhangjiajiensis shrimp .\ninformation on this blue coloration variation on the common tiger shrimp . it is expensive and sometimes hard to find .\ninformation on this variation on the common tiger shrimp . easy to keep and a beautiful shrimp\ninformation on the very popular shrimp from sulawesi indonesia . its colors are awesome .\ninformation on this extremely popular , difficult , expensive , and complex shrimp species . selectively bred for coloration and other features .\ninformation on this beautiful dark green colored shrimp . its eggs are a nice lime green which really make this shrimp stand out . its true scientic name and genus are in question .\ninformation on this wild caught and extremely cheap freshwater shrimp . it carries many different names and can be found in most pet stores . it is considered a feeder shrimp for freshwater aquarium fish .\ninformation on this all white relative of the crystal red shrimp , bee shrimp , orange bee shrimp and others . it is nicely colored but little is known as to its origin .\ninformation on this wild caught grandfather of the selectively bred species red cherry shrimp and yellow shrimp . there may be other selectively bred color variations unknown to the hobby at the moment .\ninformation on this wild species and the grandfather of the crystal red shrimp , bee shrimp and others . can be rare and hard to find .\ninformation on this wild caught species . unfortunately it cannot breed in pure freshwater and has slowly disappeared from the hobby as a result .\ninformation on the most common and most popular shrimp in the hobby . this is the ultimate beginners shrimp and most hobbyists begin with this species before venturing into more difficult / expensive shrimp .\nthis is a variant of the red cherry shrimp , it is bred for a deep red color and has several grades .\ninformation on this red color variation of the common tiger shrimp . this color variation is apparently found in the wild and not selectively bred .\ninformation on this very rare and almost impossible to find shrimp in the hobby . hopefully it will someday become more available .\ninformation on this beautiful all white selectively bred shrimp . its name comes from its eggs which are all white resembling snowballs .\na gallery of photos of many different kinds of sulawesi shrimp from indonesia . newly introduced to the hobby in late 2007 .\ninformation on this somewhat common shrimp . it is the less rare variation than its cousins : blue tiger , red tiger , golden eye and others .\ninformation on this elusive and very rare species of bee shrimp . it is definitely a cool looking shrimp .\ninformation on this selectively bred shrimp from the wild n . heteropoda species . it breeds very well .\ninformation on care and breeding of this popular crayfish species which comes in several different colors .\ninformation of the most common snail found in pet stores , the apple snail . are they good or bad for a shrimp tank ?\ninformation on the common malaysian trumpet snail . they are great for all aquariums given several reasons .\ninformation on the common pond snail . they are not bad snails and are in fact good for any kind of tank especially shrimp - only tanks .\nphotos of the various species of sulawesi snails . there are more species than are pictured as well .\nspecies info on care and breeding of this non - crab , non - shrimp creature .\ninformation on the unwelcomed hydra in the freshwater aquarium including ways to prevent and remove them .\ninformation on this wild species and the many selectively bred color morphs that have evolved from it .\ninformation on how to successfully pack shrimp for a wintertime shipment . keeping the shrimp warm is very important .\na rare photographic glimpse of a baby red cherry shrimp hatching from an egg .\ninformation on how to successfully hatch isolated eggs . great method if you have a pregnant female die who has eggs .\ninformation on how to successfully breed shrimp that require soft water . tips and advice from user kenshin .\ninformation on how the babaulti shrimp variety is commonly mislabeled as different types of shrimp which vary in color . good to know .\ninformation on grading the crystal red shrimp . includes information on how to identify specific features and what makes the grade .\na how - to for making a homemade shrimp trap . instead of chasing your shrimp with a net , let them do the work themselves .\nan article about dosing fertilizers in a tank with shrimp . what is too much ? what will kill them ? is it ok ?\nan experiment conducted to see if imported shrimp are naturally colored or dyed by the supplier . great article .\ninformation regarding what tankmates are safe for shrimp and what will definitely eat your shrimp . very important .\ninformation about setting up a new shrimp tank including details on exactly what should and shouldn ' t be used . great info for beginners .\ngeneral information about shipping inverts . proper packaging , insulation , heatpacks , etc . great info for all hobbyists .\ninformation about using leaf litter in a shrimp tank . do shrimp do better with leaf litter ? what leaves to use ?\nwhat is true and what is false about shrimp keeping and everything related to the hobby . there are a lot of false statements out there so it is important to quell them .\ntwo journals on setting up a shrimp rack for keeping multiple tanks using smaller space . great tutorials with both journals by both ryan and pedro .\na journal on the expedition conducted by mimbon aquarium from germany . photos and information about sulawesi indonesia as well as underwater photos of the habitat .\ngreat information by kenshin about changing the water during wintertime . you do not want very cold water to shock the shrimp . this is a great article for those in cold weather climates .\ninformation on the many creatures found inside a tank including planaria , hydra , and many others . superb article by satu in finland .\ninformation about what shrimp are ok to house together in the same tank , and which ones will interbreed creating a hybrid . great chart for easy comparision .\ninformation about why it is better to ship young shrimp and why it is better to buy young shrimp vs adults . size is important when introducing shrimp to a new tank .\nawesome macro photos by peter maquire . these are some of the best out there !\ninformation for the newcomer to the hobby . how to start , what to use , what not to do .\nwhat is it about shrimp thats makes the hobbyist love them so much ? great editorial .\nquick tutorial on taking macro shots with a simple everyday camera and not professional equipment .\nan editorial on why sometimes its best to let things stay the way they are .\ninformation on this rapid multi - color changing\nninja\n. many colors including black , red , brown , and more .\nnew to the shrimp hobby , the cardinal shrimp is fast becoming one of the most sought after shrimp . it is magnificent in person with either a dark rose red coloration or a lighter red coloration with white dots running along the side of the shrimp . photos do not do justice , you must see this species in person . it is not a beginner ' s species and only experienced hobbyists should attempt to keep this species .\nthe cardinal shrimp is from sulawesi , indonesia . sulawesi is one of the islands encompassing the country of indonesia . the cardinal shrimp is caught in one of several lakes in sulawesi . i highly suggest that you read the article sulawesi expedition for detailed information on sulawesi as well as more information on is habitat . there are also underwater photos of the lake system .\nas with all sulawesi shrimp it is highly recommended that you keep the cardinal shrimp in a temperature of at least 78f . anything lower can kill this species . it is also recommended that you keep this species in a tank with hard water and a ph of no less than 7 . 0 .\ni am currently keeping the cardinal shrimp in the same tank with a few other species from sulawesi . the tank consists of ada amazonia substrate , a temperature of 84f and a ph of 7 . 0 . some have stated that the low ph of 7 . 0 due to the ada amazonia is not good for this species . right now i disagree . all of the sulawesi shrimp that i currently house are doing very well in this setup and so far even the babies are doing very well . the babies are constantly picking away for food which is of course a good sign .\na lot of hobbyists attempt to replicate the environment of the cardinal shrimp by using rocks for aesthetics and algae surfaces . if you read the article sulawesi expedition you will notice that the cardinal shrimp lives in the rocks and picks at them for food . there are also those who use coral chips or similar to raise the water hardness . sand is also a common choice to use in the aquarium .\nbreeding is done in complete freshwater , not salt or brackish water is required whatsoever . there is no larval stage . the adult females carry the eggs until they hatch , producing miniature shrimp . there have been hobbyists that have had pregnant cardinal shrimp in captivity and some have had the eggs hatch successfully as well . several breeders have had good success breeding the cardinal shrimp and it is apparently not as difficult as some may think .\nthe females carry roughly 10 - 15 eggs . it takes approximately 20 - 30 days for the eggs to hatch . the babies immediately show the same color as the adults . the growth rate of the babies is fast as well . if the tank is in good shape then the babies will grow almost as fast as some of the neocaridina shrimp . for more information on the reproduction cycle of freshwater aquarium shrimp please read the article shrimp reproduction .\ni was lucky to receive some pregnant cardinal shrimp from overseas . the pregnant ones from the wild hatched their eggs and now i have baby cardinals all over the place . they are doing very well and i hope to have them grow to adulthood and reproduce in pure captivity . i will update as time progresses .\nthe cardinal shrimp can have different shades of red , from dark to light red . the darkness of the red coloration is variable and is not an indicator of health , sex , or anything else . the red coloration is also contrasted by white dots throughout the body . some of the white dots appear to have a blue outline to them . one of the coolest features of the cardinal shrimp is its front white legs . the white legs move rapidly when the shrimp is feeding and also sets this species apart from the other sulawesi shrimp . the photo below show a more zoomed in look at their white legs . the video below also shows the white legs in motion .\nthe cardinal shrimp is not a shy species at all . it will constantly forage on the bottom and seems to prefer scraping rocks . the majority of the cardinal shrimp i have observed seem spend almost all of their time on the algae covered rocks or sides of the glass picking away . it is not an agressive species whatsoever and seem to enjoy other species in the same tank . some breeders have also reported that the cardinal shrimp seem to be more active when sulawesi snails are introduced to the tank . perhaps this makes them feel more at home with the snails found in their wild environment . they will also pick at the snails ' shell .\ni feed all of the sulawesi shrimp , including the cardinal shrimp , the same as i feed all of the other shrimp i keep . i feed mostly shirakura food and the occasional algae water or other invert food . this species will eat at all times of the day but i believe that they prefer to eat at night when they feel safe . i have noticed that when the lights are off they will come out and eat better than when the lights are on .\nfeeding is best done once a day . only feed an amount of food that the shrimp can finish within 2 - 3 hours maximum . it is not good to feed in excess and have food sitting for too long . overfeeding is a known cause of death and can also cause water quality issues . remember that shrimp are scavengers in the wild . they will eat whatever they find and are not used to a constant food source 24 / 7 . not feeding for one or two days is fine and will not harm this species at all . sometimes i will not feed for a couple of days in order to let the shrimp cleanse their systems and keep the water clean at the same time .\nsexing of the cardinal shrimp is difficult and so far no one has fully figured out how to do so with the naked eye . the females have a saddle showing eggs underneath the carapace but the only way to actually see the saddle is with an infrared light . the outside shell of the cardinal shrimp is so dark that you cannot possibly see the saddle without special equipment . as far as using the principle of the other shrimps species , meaning females are larger and have a curved underbelly , does not apply to the cardinal shrimp unfortunately . males and females seem to look exactly the same .\nthe species has a red - and white - patterned body that has made it popular in the tropical fish industry . legs and feelers have bands of both red and white along their lengths , eye stalks are red , and the eyes themselves are black and fairly large in size ( 0 . 8 - 0 . 9 x 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 mm ) . the carapace of the species has three red stripes running along it , the final one at the base of the tail , with red coloration running halfway along the top of the head , from the tip . the tail is red along the top and bottom , with a white band along each side . [ 6 ]\nhome to many endemic fishes , the lake ' s natural temperature is 26 - 29 \u00b0c with a ph of 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 , a gh of 4 - 8 , and a kh of 4 - 6 . [ 6 ] as many as 137 individuals can be found living on a single sponge . [ 6 ] they are said to hide between small rocks in shallow water , as well as between large rocks in deeper waters . [ 8 ] they are known to be intolerant of temperatures lower than 25 . 5 \u00b0c , which can kill them , to require hard water , and also to require water ph levels no less than 7 . 0 . [ 2 ] [ 9 ]\nde grave , s . ; cai , y . ; amnker , a . ( 2008 ) .\nglobal diversity of shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea ) in freshwater\n. hydrobiologia . 595 : 287\u2013293 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10750 - 007 - 9024 - 2 .\nvon rintelen ; von rintelen ; meixner ; l\u00fcter ; cai ; and glaubrecht ( 2007 ) .\nfreshwater shrimp\u2013sponge association from an ancient lake\n. biol lett . 3 ( 3 ) : 262\u2013264 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rsbl . 2006 . 0613 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nthese lively little invertebrates are highly robust animals which flourish when kept in the right conditions , much to the delight of the nano aquarium enthusiast . the adults measure 3 cm on average . most shrimp varieties have a relatively large tolerance range with regard to water values . a good supply of oxygen is particularly important . if the oxygen level drops too low , this will have an adverse effect on their health .\nmany varieties thrive at a room temperature of 20 - 22 \u00b0c . tropical varieties prefer slightly warmer temperatures , in some instances up to 28 \u00b0c . in this case an additional heater is necessary , such as the nano adjustable heater . shrimps will become inactive if the water is too cold .\nshrimps are generally omnivores , with a special preference for vegetable - based foods . in addition to algae , their natural diet also includes animal plankton , detritus ( dead vegetable matter , rotting foliage , etc . ) and even carrion . these natural source of nutrition are usually lacking in an aquarium . a high - quality aquarium sind diese nat\u00fcrlichen nahrungsquellen meist nicht ausreichend vorhanden . als ern\u00e4hrungsbasis dient hier ein hochwertiges garnelenfutter , wie zum beispiel dennerle crustagran .\ndifferent types of frozen feed ( midge larvae , artemia ) dennerle algae wafers , fresh vegetables ( spinach , courgettes ) dennerle catappa leaves or herbs ( stinging nettles ) should be added to the diet on a regular basis as supplements and to provide a touch of variety .\nlike all crustaceans , shrimps continue to grow throughout their lives . they thus moult at regular intervals , in order to discard their old shells which have become too small for them . as the body is very soft and extremely vulnerable during moulting , they withdraw to the safety of a hideout . after a few days the new shell has hardened and the shrimps return to their normal lives .\nthe \u201ccrystal red\u201d is the acknowledged king of the dwarf shrimps , its brilliant red shell adding a striking and attractive dash of colour to any nano aquarium .\nthe \u201cblue tigers\u201d are among the most popular members of this highly colourful shrimp variety . the unusual blue colouring lends them a particularly bizarre appearance .\nthe bumble bee shrimp is easily confused with the bee shrimp , but it lacks the latter\u2019s orange colouring . an extremely gregarious shrimp variety .\nthe snow - white eggs of this transparent shrimp variety look like tiny pearls . while one generation of eggs develops in the belly , the next generation is already evolving in the neck area ( egg spot ) .\nthe red fire shrimp lacks the white component of the above - stated crystal red bee shrimp . the intensive red colouring of this highly fertile shrimp can be teased out to even greater effect with carotenoid - rich feed .\ndennerle sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp , which has only just been described scientifically .\nat the museum for natural history at humboldt university , the systemic biologists - the\nsurveyors of nature\nas it were - describe new species ( taxonomy ) , their family relationships ( systematics ) , their geographical distribution and their ecology , in taxonomic and systematic research projects .\ntransfer the shrimps together with the water from the transport bag to a large , clean bucket . caution : some shrimp varieties are good jumpers \u2013 for safety\u2019s sake , cover the bucket with a cloth . add 1 / 4 litre of aquarium water every 10 - 15 minutes over approx . 2 hours or use an air hose to drip - feed the water into the bucket . the final ratio of transport water to aquarium water should be around 1 : 3 . after acclimatising the shrimps in this way , carefully transfer them to the aquarium with a net .\ndennerle supports the online portal which was brought to life by the expert group for wholesale ornamental fish and aquatic plants in the german pet trade & industry association ( zzf ) [ zentralverband zoologischer fachbetriebe deutschlands ] . the intention of the portal is to enable new and advanced aquarists to create functioning aquatics and to achieve aquatic diversity by breeding in their aquarium .\nthe portal provides information for the aquatics beginner and offers the opportunity to take part in a unique breeding programme for ornamental fish . the platform also includes a knowledge database with species descriptions for fish , invertebrates and plants , as well as the opportunity to exchange ideas in the community and a blog . schools can obtain extensive teaching material here .\nexperience nature \u2013 to ensure that this remains possible , dennerle is supporting the mare - mundi project for scientific research and the ecological protection of the mediterranean sea . the aquatics company sponsors the yellow cluster anemones living wild there . their smaller tropical siblings thrive extremely well in the small saltwater aquaria from the nano marinus range .\nby doing this we want to pay back some of our success with the nano marinus cubes to its origins ,\nsays thomas feierabend , director of marketing & sales at dennerle . with its support of the mare - mundi project , dennerle is following its philosophy of natural aquatics , which has been the focus since the company was founded almost 45 years ago .\ndennerle sponsors the species name for the cardinal shrimp which has only just been described scientifically .\nat the museum for natural history at humboldt university , berlin , the systemic biologists \u2013 the\nsurveyors of nature\nas it were \u2013 describe new species ( taxonomy ) , their family relationships ( systematics ) , their geographical distribution and their ecology , in taxonomic and systematic research projects .\nthe german pet trade & industry association ( zentralverband zoologischer fachbetriebe e . v . )\ndennerle is a member of the zzf . the zzf advises , informs and promotes the pet industry in specialist and professional matters and provides opportunities for professionalisation and for the exchange of experiences beyond organisation boundaries .\nat the same time the zzf is committed to the responsible and species - appropriate handling of pets and its aim is to actively present the positive effects of caring for pets in accordance with animal welfare , to the public , the media and government as well as other opinion leaders .\nassociation for the promotion of life with pets ( f\u00f6rdergemeinschaft leben mit heimtieren e . v . )\ndennerle supports the flh , an industry wide amalgamation of a variety of companies from aquatics and terraristics . the main aim of the association is to actively carry out public relations work to promote the hobbies of aquatics and terraristics . aquatics and terraristics are exciting , modern and very interesting hobbies that deserve more of the limelight .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nvery deep red color with white dots . some specimen may differ in red intensity depends on mood and genes .\nomnivore with majority of vegetable content . overfeeding of protein can cause health issues . very little feeding required this shimp will feed mostly on microflora or microalgae but will accept some classic shrimp food as well when other food is scarse .\nsurprisignly breeds well once settled and water parameters are right . female will carry around 15 - 20 eggs for around 3 - 4 weeks .\nother sulawesi shrimp tank mates only . can be tried with small fish which can tolerate high ph but not recommended .\n24 - 28c degrees , ph range 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 , tds 100 - 120 , gh5 , kh2\ufeff\nph 7 . 2 - 8 tds 220 - 240 gh 4 ~ 6 kh 2 ~ 4 temp . 26 ~ 27c\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncardinal shrimp care : tank parameters required : ph \u2013 7 . 2 - 8 . 0 gh \u2013 5 - 8 kh \u2013 2 - 5 tds \u2013 150 - 200 temperature \u2013 27 - 31c or 78 \u2013 84f\n* all pictures shown are for illustration purposes only . actual product may vary due to natural variation with livestock *\ni am so pleased with my order from shrimpfever . com . my order arrived very quickly , and all the shrimp were alive and active . these are by far the finest shrimp i have seen , and i couldn\u2019t be happier with them or the other products i received . i loved the personal and friendly service , and my questions were addressed [ read more\u2026 ]\ni purchased some shrimp , and was very quick to respond . shipping was very fast , and they were packaged really well , thick foam surrounding all sides of the box . has a very reasonable d . o . a . policy although it wasn\u2019t needed for this transaction , i will definitely order from urltoken again when i want more , would recommend to everyone . 5 [ read more\u2026 ]\ni used shrimp fever for all my aquarium needs , and they shipped my products with great care and arrived early ! \u2013 james c . ( toronto ) , january 2012\nsimilar to keeping any of the asian shrimps , with the exception of a ph greater than 7 . 5 being needed and a temp around 28c , otherwise easy to care for ."]}
{"id": 426, "summary": [{"text": "the rufous-faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) is a species of bird in the family rallidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the pantanal ; its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "rufous - faced crake", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus )\ntitle =\narkive species - rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe rufous - faced crake inhabits grasslands , with dense tussock - grasses , in shallowly flooded or marshy areas , often with around 3 cm of standing water ( 2 ) .\nsong is a drawn - out , slightly descending trill , quite similar to e . g . rufous - sided crake\ntaylor , b . , boesman , p . , de juana , e . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . rufous - faced crake ( laterallus xenopterus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe rufous - faced crake occurs in a number of protected areas , such as brazilia national park , brazil ; paso bravo national park , paraguay and estaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica beni , a unesco - mab biosphere reserve in bolivia ( 3 ) . however , such areas offer differing levels of protection , and one specific proposed conservation measure is to implement effective protection of paso bravo national park . surveys to determine its exact distribution have also been proposed , particularly concentrating on the large gaps in its known distribution where there is similar habitat ( 3 ) .\n14 cm . tiny , distinctively patterned rail . rufous - chestnut head and neck , duller brown back . blackish wings and tail . wing - coverts boldly barred black and white . orange - buff upper breast , with paler throat . rest of underparts white , barred black on belly . largely black undertail - coverts . blackish maxilla with turquoise cutting edge and mandible . grey - brown legs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\ncan show thin barring on wings but has drab brown head and upper neck .\nsong is a drawn out , slightly descending trill similar to other crakes ( e . g .\ncapper , d . , clay , r . p . , mazar barnett , j . & velazquez , m .\nthis species has been recorded from only ten widely disjunct areas , and is presumed to have a small population which is declining in line with the decreasing area , extent and quality of suitable habitat within its range . for these reasons , it is listed as vulnerable . however , further surveys may find the species at additional locations and this may result in its downlisting to near threatened .\n. 1996 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. 1998 ) and estancia cristalino ( tobias and seddon 2007 ) , beni department . recent records have shown that it is more widespread than previously thought\n. 1998 , d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. 2014 ) and it may even occur in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\na population estimate of 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 has been interpreted from recent records , the observation that it is relatively frequent in distrito federal , brazil , and the fact that it appears to be more widely distributed that previously assumed . this would equate to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . verification of this estimate is desirable . trend justification : this species ' s population is suspected to be declining slowly , in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range .\nit inhabits low - lying marshes or inundated grasslands in the cerrado region , where there are dense tussock - grasses ( 0 . 3 - 2 m in height ) and usually 0 . 5 - 2 cm of standing water ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. suitable grasslands are often located in areas of undulating terrain adjacent to gallery forest ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n, with most of the destruction having occurred since 1950 ( cavalcanti 1999 ) . in brazil , the main threat is the wholesale loss of wet\n. 2014 ) . however , wet valley - bottoms are perhaps the least suitable habitat - type in the region for intensive agriculture and the species appears to tolerate some burning ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n1999 ) . the most significant threat is possibly the widespread use of pesticides , fertilisers and other chemicals ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\n. however , the drying effects of plantations has affected one part of bras\u00edlia , paso bravo has yet to be consolidated and large parts of estancia tapyt\u00e1 have been afforested ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\nsurvey using tape - playback , concentrating on the large gaps in its distribution in the brazilian cerrado , concepci\u00f3n , amambay and san pedro departments , north - east paraguay , and areas of similar habitat in north - east argentina ( d . r . capper , j . mazar barnett and r . p . clay\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nn bolivia ( beni ) # r # r , sc brazil ( mato grosso , goi\u00e1s , s\u00e3o paulo , minas gerais and federal district ) # r and c paraguay .\n14cm ; 3 unsexed 51\u201353 g . tail relatively long , bill stout and tarsus short . sexes alike . distinguished from other\ninhabits coarse , tussocky or matted grass on moist to shallowly flooded substrates in marshes . . . .\nnothing recorded . specimens captured in traps baited with peanut butter , rolled oats , cracked maize and banana .\nvulnerable . reliably known from a dozen scattered localities , but recent records indicate that it is likely to be more widespread . in c paraguay the type was collected at . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laterallus xenopterus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis small , but distinctive bird is a member of the rail family rallidae , a group of ground - dwelling birds , and gets its common name from the strong yellowish pink to orangey - red colour of its head and neck . the back , wings and fairly long tail are dark brown , and the feathers at the leading edge of the wing are barred blackish - brown and white . the underparts are white , and barred black on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . its stout bill is blue - grey , as are its legs and feet , and the iris is red . males and females are very similar in appearance ( 4 ) .\nthis is a very poorly - known species , with very little information regarding its diet , behaviour or breeding , which suggests that this bird is very secretive . it uses runways in grass made by small mammals or water channels ( 4 ) .\noccurs in only approximately ten locations distributed over eastern paraguay , central brazil and central bolivia ( 2 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ntaylor , b . ( 1998 ) rails : a guise to the rails , crakes , gallinules and coots of the world . pica press , robertsbridge .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 110 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n, this species qualifies as the\nhardest\nof all to get on your life list . its an inhabitant of dense vegetation in wet cerrado and globally it is known only from a few disjunct sites . it is however a distinctive bird if seen well , note particularly its bluish bill - other\nfigure 1 - ( fpave2251ph ) adult , aguara \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento candindey\u02d9 ( alberto madro\u02ddo / fundaci\u02c7n moises bertoni august 1996 ) .\ndesigned by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by myriam vel\u00dfzquez , alberto madro\u02ddo and juan mazar barnett and is used with their permission .\nlaterallus xenopterus 1 ( fpave2252re ) contact calls recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 2 ( fpave2253re ) song recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 3 ( fpave2254re ) song after playback recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett august 1997 ) . 4 ( fpave2255re ) trills and purrs after playback recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( juan mazar barnett december 1997 ) . 5 ( fpave2256re ) song recorded aguara - \u0111u , mbaracay\u02d9 biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u02d9 ( myriam vel\u00dfzquez november 2000 ) . click the links to hear the calls . longer versions of this call can be downloaded from the paraguay page of our partner website xeno - canto - the largest collection of freely downloadable neotropical bird calls available online .\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time ."]}
{"id": 428, "summary": [{"text": "technomyrmex is a genus of ants in the subfamily dolichoderinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "with 98 species , it is one of the largest and most diverse ant genera in the dolichoderinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical zones with most species occurring in the oriental-malesian and afrotropical regions .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "one species , technomyrmex albipes is a tramp ant now widespread throughout the tropics due to human activities . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "technomyrmex", "paragraphs": ["technomyrmex mayr , 1872 : 147 . type - species : technomyrmex strenuus , by monotypy .\nrichness of technomyrmex species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of technomyrmex species or for valid names only see technomyrmex species .\ncombination in technomyrmex ( tapinoptera ) : santschi , 1925g pdf : 348 ; in technomyrmex : cagniant & espadaler , 1993a pdf : 92 .\ntechnomyrmex laurenti - a conspicuous afrotropical species , usually found in association with various myrmecophytes .\nthe following species and subspecies belong to the genus technomyrmex . see also invalid species . for a list of species with synonyms and distribution information see checklist of technomyrmex species .\ntechnomyrmex anterops - a malagasy species of very uncertain affinities that forms carton nests on foliage .\ntechnomyrmex lujae - a very distinctive afrotropical species . its palp formula of 4 , 3 is shared only with the malesian technomyrmex reductus , which otherwise does not appear to be closely related .\ntechnomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula\nengramma junior synonym of technomyrmex : shattuck , 1992c : 153 ; bolton , 2007a : 4 .\nkey to workers of technomyrmex known from the united states , based on bolton ( 2007 ) .\ntechnomyrmex reductus - like lujae this species from borneo has pf 4 , 3 but is otherwise quite different .\nbolton ( 2007 ) - the species can be divided into a number of distinctive species groups ( technomyrmex species groups ) .\nshattuck , s . o . 1992c . generic revision of the ant subfamily dolichoderinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology 21 : 1 - 181 ( page 153 , technomyrmex senior synonym of engramma , and review of genus ; technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )\ntechnomyrmex ilgi - this afrotropical species is similar to members of the pratensis group , but retains a palp formula of 6 , 4 .\ntechnomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini : shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ; bolton , 1994 : 26 ; bolton , 2003 pdf : 92 .\ntechnomyrmex arnoldinus - an isolated afrotropical species with reduced cephalic sculpture , large eyes and clypeal notch , and transverse sculpture present on the propodeal dorsum .\nbolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 92 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )\nsharaf , m . r . ; collingwood , c . a . and aldawood , s . a . 2011 . technomyrmex montaseri sp . n . , a new ant species of the t . gibbosus - group from oman ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) with a key to the technomyrmex species of the arabian peninsula . zookeys . 108 : 11 - 19 . pdf\ntechnomyrmex fulvus - the only neotropical species of the genus and the only endemic species in the entire new world . its distribution is limited to small areas of panama and costa rica .\ntechnomyrmex in dolichoderinae : forel , 1878c pdf : 380 [ dolichoderidae ] ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ; emery , 1895l pdf : 771 ; wheeler , 1910a pdf : 142 .\nwheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 142 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )\nbolton , b . 1994 . identification guide to the ant genera of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 222 pp . ( page 26 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini )\nbrown , w . l . , jr . 1953h . characters and synonymies among the genera of ants . part ii . breviora 18 : 1 - 8 ( page 5 , technomyrmex senior synonym of aphantolepis )\nforel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 248 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )\nbolton , b . 2007 . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .\nbolton , b . , 2007 , taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . , contributions of the american entomological institute 35 , pp . 1 - 149\nbolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .\nbolton , b . 2007b . taxonomy of the dolichoderine ant genus technomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) based on the worker caste . contributions of the american entomological institute . 35 ( 1 ) : 1 - 149 .\njaffe , k . 1993 . el mundo de las hormigas . baruta , venezuela : equinoccio ( ediciones de la universidad sim\u00f3n bol\u00edvar ) , 188 pp . ( page 9 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini ( anachronism ) )\nfern\u00e1ndez , f . and r . j . guerrero . 2008 . technomyrmex ( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) in the new world : synopsis and description of a new species . revista colombiana de entomolog\u00eda . 34 : 110 - 115 .\nemery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 771 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )\narnold , g . 1915 . a monograph of the formicidae of south africa . part i . ponerinae , dorylinae . ann . s . afr . mus . 14 : 1 - 159 ( page 147 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )\ndalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 166 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae )\nhita garcia , wiesel and fischer ( 2013 ) - the majority of technomyrmex species nest and forage arboreally or sub - arboreally and even the few species that nest in soil or leaf litter forage on trunks and in the canopy ( bolton , 2007 ) . some specialised myrmecophilous plants have been reported to house technomyrmex species ( h\u00f6lldobler & wilson , 1990 ) . the diet mainly consists of hemipteran honeydew , though most species also feed on dead or living arthropods or their brood ( bolton , 2007 ) .\nforel , a . 1878c . \u00e9tudes myrm\u00e9cologiques en 1878 ( premi\u00e8re partie ) avec l ' anatomie du g\u00e9sier des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 15 : 337 - 392 ( page 380 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae [ dolichoderidae ] )\nmayr , g . 1872 . formicidae borneenses collectae a j . doria et o . beccari in territorio sarawak annis 1865 - 1867 . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . 2 : 133 - 155 ( page 147 , technomyrmex as genus )\ntechnomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini : emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ; forel , 1917 pdf : 248 ; wheeler , 1922 : 690 ; subsequent authors except those below ; then jaffe , 1993 : 9 ; ward , brady , et al . 2010 : 361 .\nwheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 690 , technomyrmex in dolichoderinae , tapinomini )\nfern\u00e1ndez and guerrero ( 2008 ) - technomyrmex and bothriomyrmex could represent those groups probably widespread in the past and now limited to some scattered forested spots in the neotropical forests , probably as retreating lineages . leptomyrmex , also present in miocene times were extinct in the new world , as some others ants taxa ( wilson 1988 ) .\ntechnomyrmex and tapinoma are separated in the female castes by the contrasting morphologies of their gastral apices . in technomyrmex the sclerites of the gastral apex are unspecialised , except that the pygidium is small . gastral tergite 5 is therefore in line with tergites 1 \u2013 4 and as a result all five tergites are visible in dorsal view . in contrast the pygidium in tapinoma is reflexed , the fifth tergite being folded back and down , below the fourth tergite , and is clearly visible in ventral view . also in that view the fourth tergite frequently forms a distinct projecting rim above the reflexed fifth . in consequence only gastral tergites 1 \u2013 4 are visible in dorsal view .\nshattuck ( 1992 ) - the majority of species occur from africa , east through southern asia , to australia . a single species ( with one subspecies ) is known from panama , and is the only native new world species . a tramp species ( technomyrmex albipes ) has been widely distributed by human activity , and is known from california and florida ( deyrup 1991 ) , usa , london , england , and many pacific islands ( wilson and taylor 1967 ) .\nshattuck ( 1992 ) - species of technomyrmex are most common in moist , forested regions . they nest in the soil , in twigs or branches , or in carton nests under leaves or on tree trunks . they are general scavengers and often forage in columns . at least one species is known to have ergatoid males ( terron 1972 ) , and ergatoid queens have been collected in papua new guinea ( p . s . ward , pers . comm . ) .\nbolton ( 2007 ) - ants of the genus technomyrmex are mainly distributed throughout the tropical and sub - tropical zones of the afrotropical region ( 29 species ) and the oriental and malesian regions ( 45 species ) . there are smaller faunae in the malagasy and austral regions ( 12 and 13 species respectively ) and two species that are restricted to the southern palaearctic . strangely , there is also a single , endemic neotropical species that is restricted to small areas of costa rica and panama .\nfisher and bolton ( 2007 ) - within the dolichoderinae two genera , tapinoma and technomyrmex , are isolated in their female castes by the synapomorphic extreme reduction of the petiole and its accommodation in a longitudinal groove or impression in the ventral surface of the first gastral tergite , which overhangs and conceals the petiole in dorsal view when the mesosoma and gaster are aligned . the petiole is so reduced in these two genera that in profile there is no trace of a node or scale ; at most there is a very short raised surface immediately behind the peduncle . the function of this raised surface is to provide an insertion - site for the exterior levator muscle of the petiole .\nforel , 1878c pdf : 380 ( diagnosis ) ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 166 ( catalogue ) ; bingham , 1903 pdf : 301 ( india , sri lanka & burma species key ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 38 ( engramma diagnosis , catalogue ) ; emery , 1913a pdf : 42 ( diagnosis , catalogue ) ; arnold , 1915 : 147 ( diagnosis , south africa species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 201 , 208 , 209 ( engramma , tapinoma , technomyrmex diagnoses ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 202 ( engramma species key ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 922 , 925 ( afrotropical engramma , technomyrmex catalogues ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 1034 ( malagasy catalogue ) ; taylor & brown , 1985 : 106 ( australia catalogue ) ; taylor , 1987a pdf : 77 ( australia , new caledonia & new zealand checklist ) ; shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 ( diagnosis , review of genus ) ; shattuck , 1994 pdf : 156 ( catalogue ) ; bolton , 1995a pdf : 1053 ( census ) ; bolton , 1995b : 402 ( catalogue ) ; wu & wang , 1995a : 118 ( china species key ) ; collingwood & agosti , 1996 pdf : 360 ( saudi arabia species key ) ; shattuck , 1999 : 83 ( australia synopsis ) ; zhou , 2001a pdf : 158 ( china , guangxi species key ) ; bolton , 2007b pdf : 1 ( all species revision ; afrotropical & west palaearctic species key : 13 ; malagasy species key : 43 ; east palaearctic , oriental , malesian & polynesian species key : 59 ; austral species key : 108 ; new world species key : 119 ) ; fern\u00e1ndez & guerrero , 2008 pdf : 110 ( new world synopsis , key ) ; terayama , 2009 pdf : 200 ( taiwan species key ) ; yoshimura & fisher , 2011 pdf : 14 ( malagasy males ) ; sharaf , et al . 2011 : 15 ( arabian peninsula species key ) ; cantone , 2017 pdf : 124 ( brief male diagnosis ) ; yamane , leong & lin , 2018 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4410 . 1 . 2 pdf : 36 ( taiwan species key , male genitalia ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nshattuck ( 1992 ) - worker : fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; petiolar scale reduced or absent ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity , or with a distinct , central notch separated from the general outline of the margin by indistinct , arched corners ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; generally 2 to 10 erect hairs on pronotum . primarily old world , with one species in central america and a widespread tramp species . queen : petiolar scale reduced ; fifth gastral tergite dorsal ; dorsal face of propodeum shorter than declivitous face ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly and concealing petiole in dorsal view ; basal angle of mandible indistinct , with a relatively uninterrupted curve between the masticatory and basal margins ; hind wing without closed cells . male : anteromedial clypeal margin with a broad , shallow concavity ; mandible with about 19 teeth , and with the basal margin denticulate along the entire surface ; petiolar scale strongly inclined anteriorly ; first gastral segment projecting anteriorly , concealing the petiole in dorsal view ; hind wing without closed cells .\nthis genus can be most easily separated from other dolichoderines based on the configuration of the gaster . the terminal gastral tergite is dorsal , giving the gaster a five - segmented appearance in dorsal view . in a few african species , the fifth gastral tergite is positioned more vertically than in most other members of the genus , but the tergite is still just visible in dorsal view .\nspecies richness by country based on regional taxon lists ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . view data\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\naphantolepis wheeler , w . m . 1930d : 44 . type - species : aphantolepis quadricolor , by monotypy .\nengramma forel , 1905b : 180 . type - species : engramma lujae , by monotypy .\ntapinoptera santschi , 1925g : 348 [ as subgenus of tapinoma ] . type - species : tapinoma vexatum , by monotypy .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\nshape pheidoloid or dolichoderoid . protuberances present as a single boss on posterior of body . body hairs sparse ; simple ; short . 9 spiracular pairs . antennae short .\nbolton ( 2007 ) - there are four fossil species currently included in the genus , mostly dubiously so . two of these are from the dominican amber , one from the sicilian amber and one from an impression fossil from china .\nhita garcia , f . ; wiesel , e . ; fischer , g . 2013 . the ants of kenya ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) - faunal overview , first species checklist , bibliography , accounts for all genera , and discussion on taxonomy and zoogeography . journal of east african natural history 101 : 127 - 222 . doi : 10 . 2982 / 028 . 101 . 0201\nthis page was last modified on 19 june 2018 , at 15 : 11 .\nbolton noted : a number of groups of related species can be delimited , with varying degrees of certainty , within the genus . several individual species that do not fall into any group are left as a residue , usually because each shows striking autapomophies but very few characters that link them to any larger group . for the present each of these isolated species has been placed in its own monotypic group .\nthis page contains a list of the species groups and , for what could be considered a monotypic species groups , brief notes . the later are more clearly defined in the text given on their respective species pages . species groups with more than a single species have their own page that can be found by following the respective links given below .\nthis page was last modified on 19 june 2017 , at 18 : 39 .\nthis page was last modified on 16 june 2018 , at 16 : 05 .\nthis page was last modified on 14 july 2017 , at 12 : 02 .\nthis page was last modified on 2 april 2013 , at 01 : 23 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nlitter - dwelling ants nest in a variety of pre - existing natural cavities . this african\nhas moved part of their colony into an old nutshell . kibale forest , uganda .\nafrotropical , australasia , indomalaya , malagasy , neotropical , oceania , palearctic bioregions ( based on species list records ) .\nward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68 : 28 , ( download )\nforel , a . , 1891 , histoire naturelle des hymenopteres . deuxieme partie : les formicides . , histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar . , paris : l ' imprimerie nationale , pp . 1 - 231 : 97 , ( download )\nwheeler , w . m . , 1922 , the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . , bulletin of the american museum of natural history 45 , pp . 39 - 269 : 208 , ( download )\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nbolton , 2007b pdf : 45 , figs . 22 , 36 ( w . q . )\nmadagascar . malagasy . primary type information : madagascar , fianarantsoa , pn ranomafana , talatakely , 21\u00b014 . 9 ' s , 47\u00b025 . 5 ' e , 900 m , montane rainforest , 14 . iv . 1998 , coll . j . schweikert , collection code antl2602 ; casent0097891 ; casc .\nparatyp1c and other worker material . measurements : tl 3 . 3 - 4 . 2 , hl 0 . 84 - 0 . 96 , hw 0 . 72 - 0 . 90 , sl 0 . 82 - 1 . 00 , pw 0 . 47 - 0 . 58 , wl 1 . 16 - 1 . 36 ( 10 measured ) . indices : ci 86 - 95 , si 100 - 116 , oi 22 - 25 , epi 50 - 60 , dti 150 - 162 . as holotype but in the smallest paratype ( casent0097892 ) the posterior margin of the head is more deeply impressed , the sides of the head in front of the eyes are shallowly concave and the outer margins of the eyes just touch the outline of the sides in full - face view . some paratypes lack full adult colour and are lighter everywhere than the holotype . the pronotal dorsum has 2 - 4 pairs of short setae and the minute pair of setae on the mesonotum are easily lost by abrasion . head shape varies with size ; smaller workers generally have the sides behind the eyes less strongly convex than larger workers .\nholotype worker , madagascar : fianarantsoa prov . , ranomafana n . p . , talatakely , 900 m . , 21\u00b014 . 9 ' s , 47\u00b025 . 5 ' e , 14 . iv . 1998 , casent0097891 , antl2602 ( j . schweikert ) ( casc ) .\nparatypes . 4 workers with same data but casent numbers 0097888 , 0097889 , 0097890 , 0097892 ( casc ) .\nthis conspicuous , size - variable and distinctively coloured species makes carton nests on foliage . apart from this its size , anteriorly located eyes , broadly rounded propodeum where the dorsum curves evenly into the declivity and very short gastral setae combine to make this species very distinct among the malagasy\nthe nest series from andrasibe collected by ward also contains a few alate queens . the total number of specimens known is small , but no worker - queen intercastes have been seen .\nmadagascar : prov . antsiranana , for . ambanitaza ( b . l . fisher ) ; antsiranana , sakalava beach ( r . harin ' hala ) ; prov . toamasina , for . ambatovy ( b . l . fisher ) ; 8 km . ese andrasibe ( = perinet ) ( p . s . ward ) ; res . perinet - analamazoatra ( d . m . olson ) .\n10 times found in rainforest , 4 times found in montane rainforest , 1 times found in across sandy trail in dwarf littoral forest , 1 times found in montane shrubland , on rock , 1 times found in near zoo , 1 times found in tropical dry forest .\n2 times ex carton nest , 4 times on low vegetation , 1 times leaf nest from tree at riverbank near research cabins , 1 times carton nest on foliage , 1 times nest in leaves , 1 times near waterfall on leaves .\n1 times 4 malaise traps , 4 times beating low vegetation , 1 times malaise trap , 1 times pitfall trap , pf 25 cup sample transect , 5m , 1 times pitfall trap .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 429, "summary": [{"text": "abudefduf also known as the sergeant-majors is a genus of fish in the family pomacentridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the name is from arabic abu , \" the one with \" ; and def , \" side \" , and the intensive plural ending - duf .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the name thus means \" the one with prominent sides \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "abudefduf", "paragraphs": ["fish base ( b ) . abudefduf saxatilis seargeant major . synonymy . available online .\nfish base ( a ) . abudefduf saxatilis seargeant major . species summary . available online .\nabudefduf saxatilis is not reported to exhibit significant tolerance or intolerance for hypo - or hypersaline conditions .\njuveniles of abudefduf saxatilis were recorded as one of the ten most abundant species of fish occurring in the surveys in the indian river lagoon ( lindemen and snyder 1999 ) .\nfoster sa . 2004 . diel and lunar patterns of reproduction in the caribbean and pacific sergeant major damselfishes abudefduf saxatilis and a . troschelii . marine biology 95 : 333 - 343 .\nabudefduf saxatilis grows to a maximum length of approximately 23 cm and can weigh up to 0 . 2 kg . males and females reach maturity at 10 cm and 8 cm , respectively .\n( of abudefduf clarki snyder , 1911 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf multifasciatus seale , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf paee curtiss , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nalshuth sr , tucker jw , and j hateley . 1998 . egg and larval development of laboratory - reared sergeant major , abudefduf saxatilis ( pisces , pomacentridae ) . bulletin of marine science 62 : 121 - 133 .\n( of abudefduf quinquelineatus von bonde , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf quinquilineatus von bonde , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nabudefduf saxatilis is abundant on tropical reefs and has been observed to rapidly increase its population size in areas of recreational disturbance where artificial food sources are created by fish feeding and habitat disturbances ( medieros et al . 2007 ) .\n( of abudefduf caudobimaculatus okada & ikeda , 1939 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf vaigensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefduf vargensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njuvenile abudefduf saxatilis may take part at cleaning stations for the sea turtle chelonia mydas with the doctorfish , acanthurus chirurgus , and the blue tang , acanthurus coeruleus . these fish inspect the hard shell and the soft tissues of the removing algae and parasites .\n( of abudefduf quinquilineatus von bonde , 1934 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\nnow , i knew almost none of this before writing this piece . i\u2019ve loved the name abudefduf saxatilis for decades , since i first encountered the sergeant major during a field course in jamaica \u2013 but i loved it for its sound , its rhythm , and the oddity of a \u201clatin\u201d name based on arabic . the duelling etymological theories and the story i\u2019ve learned about peter forssk\u00e5l and his doomed expedition to arabia felix add wonderful layers of history and personality to abudefduf , firmly cementing its place on my list of favourite names .\nmolina wf , shibatta oa , and pm galetti , jr . 2006 . multivariate morphological analyses in continental and island populations of abudefduf saxatilis ( linneaeus ) ( pomacentridae , perciformes ) of western atlantic . panama - american journal of aquatic science 1 : 49 - 56 .\nindo - pacific : red sea and eastern africa to the line and tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to australia . recorded in bay of islands , new zealand ( ref . 35942 ) . often confused with the closely related atlantic species abudefduf saxatilis ( ref . 7247 ) .\natlantic ocean : canada ( ref . 5951 ) to rhode island , usa to uruguay in the western atlantic , abundant on caribbean reefs ; around islands of the mid - atlantic , cape verde , and along the tropical coast of western africa south to angola . this species is strictly an atlantic species . it is replaced in the indo - pacific region by the closely related abudefduf vaigiensis ( g . allen , pers . comm . ) .\n( of similiparma lurida ( cuvier , 1830 ) ) cooper , w . j . ; albertson , r . c . ; jacob , r . e . ; westneat , m . w . ( 2014 ) . re - description and reassignment of the damselfish abudefduf luridus ( cuvier , 1830 ) using both traditional and geometric morphometric approaches . copeia . 2014 ( 3 ) : 473 - 480 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis species has been considered a synonym of abudefduf concolor , but a recent molecular study by lessios et al . ( 1995 ) confirmed that it is a separate species . it is closely related to a . concolor and is easily confused in the field during visual surveys . the distributions of the two species overlap between el salvador and costa rica , and a combination of morphological and genetic comparisons throughout the ranges of both species are needed to establish the full range of each .\nabudefduf saxatilis is abundant in reef and rocky environments in the atlantic ocean ( molina et al . 2006 ) . populations have been recorded in the western atlantic ocean from as far north as canada to uruguay in south america at depths ranging from 0 to 20 m . a . saxatilis is abundant on caribbean reefs ( randall 1996 ) and on the tropical coast of western africa to angola where they form large feeding aggregations of up to a few hundred individuals . juveniles are found in tide pools or in protected areas schooling close to caves and shipwrecks . adults are most common on shallow reefs .\nabudefduf saxatilis larvae have a reduced pelagic stage lasting 18 - 27 days and a post larval pelagic stage lasting 55 days ( molina et al . 2006 ) . the egg and larval development of laboratory - reared a . saxatilis has been exhaustively described by alshuth et al . ( 1998 ) . this study identified pigmentation , pelvic fin size , and the pectoral fin rays as the most useful characteristics for identifying the larvae of a . saxatilis from the yellowtail damselfish microspathodon chrysurus and beaugregory stegastes leucostictus . the sergeant major larva has a smaller and less pigmented fin and more heavily pigmented dorsal and pelvic fins .\nthis species is the most common and widespread species of damselfish in the atlantic . it is common off mexico in the gulf of mexico ( m . vega - cendejas pers . comm . 2013 ) . surveys found its abundance increased by 210 % in st . croix , 78 % in st . john , and 61 % in puerto rico from 2011 abundances ( noaa nccos 2010 ) . in the mamanguape environmental protection area in ne brazil , this species was one of the most abundant of fishes in the reef zones ( xavier et al . 2012 ) . abudefduf saxatilis comprised 1 . 7 % of all fish species in reef fish assemblages off havana city , cuba ( gonzalez - sanson and aguilar 2010 ) . in reef fish assemblages off northwest cuba , a . saxatilis accounts for 3 . 2 % of the total fish population and has a frequency of occurrence in the area of 66 . 7 % ( gonzalez - sanson et al . 2009 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\narabic , abu = father ; this fish is the leader of the reef against other species ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 20 m ( ref . 58047 ) , usually ? - 10 m ( ref . 86997 ) . subtropical ; 41\u00b0n - 37\u00b0s , 89\u00b0w - 14\u00b0e\nmaturity : l m 15 . 0 , range 10 - ? cm max length : 22 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26340 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3139 ) ; max . published weight : 200 . 00 g ( ref . 5288 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 12 . greenish yellow above , shading to white below , with 5 prominent vertical black bars that narrow toward belly ( ref . 26938 ) . a faint sixth bar may be present posteriorly on caudal peduncle ; a black spot at upper base of pectoral fin . the adult male becomes dark bluish , the black bars thus less conspicuous on the body ( ref . 13442 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\nallen , g . r . , 1991 . damselfishes of the world . mergus publishers , melle , germany . 271 p . ( ref . 7247 )\n) : 19 . 9 - 28 . 1 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 1025 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01862 ( 0 . 01170 - 0 . 02964 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 20 m ( ref . 58652 ) . tropical ; 33\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 32\u00b0e - 143\u00b0w ( ref . 56027 )\nindo - pacific : red sea to pinda , mozambique ( ref . 4391 ) and the tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to lord howe and rapa islands . not recorded from the hawaiian islands .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 16 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 14 .\nadults inhabit inshore and offshore coral or rocky reefs . also in shallow coastal reef flats or crests , usually where lots of tall soft corals or hydroid colonies are present ( ref . 48636 ) . often found in groups feeding at midwater or tending nests among rocks and coral ledges ( ref . 90102 ) . feed on zooplankton and algae and aggregates high in the water column ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 3258 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02344 ( 0 . 01358 - 0 . 04047 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 \u00b10 . 30 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 30874 ) . tropical ; 36\u00b0n - 39\u00b0s , 26\u00b0e - 143\u00b0w\nmaturity : l m 12 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4391 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 14 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 13 .\nadults inhabit upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . juveniles associated with drifting seaweed ( ref . 12114 , 12115 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . feed on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small invertebrates ( ref . 1602 ) . often in aggregations ( ref . 9710 ) feeding at midwater or tending nests among rocks and coral ledges ( ref . 90102 ) . in large numbers at spawning sites that are timed with large tides that carry their pelagic offspring far offshore ( ref . 48636 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 21 . 9 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 2 ( based on 3494 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02630 ( 0 . 01523 - 0 . 04541 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 85 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodon luridi gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodon luridus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon luridus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodonton luridi gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsergeant majors are oviparous . males prepare nests for egg masses on rocks , reef outcrops , shipwrecks , and pilings . spawning times vary depending upon region . for example , caribbean populations do not appear to exhibit a lunar spawning pattern . females in this region have been observed to spawn at various times throughout the month ( foster 2004 ) . during courtship males actively chase females in the early hours of the day and spawning takes place in the morning hours . approximately 200 , 000 salmon or red colored , oval shaped eggs measuring 0 . 5 to 0 . 9 mm in diameter are released in discrete , densely packed monolayers that adhere to the substratum ( robertson et al . 1993 ) . once fertilized the eggs turn greenish ( with 96 hours ) . the male guards the eggs until they hatch usually within 4 - 5 days after fertilization in the hour following sunset ( robertson et al . 1993 , foster 2004 ) .\ntemperature differences may account for regional variation in morphological traits , particularly size ( molina et al . 2006 ) .\nthe seargeant major feeds on an unusually wide variety of benthic algae , small crustaceans , colonial anemones , copepods , pelagic tunicates , invertebrate larvae , and small fishes ( randall 1996 ) .\nlindeman kc and db snyder . 1999 . nearshore hardbottom fishes of southeast florida and effects of habitat burial caused by dredging . fisheries bulletin 97 : 508 - 525 .\nmedeiros pr , grempel rg , souza at , ilarri mi , and cls sampaio . 2007 . effects of recreational activities on the fish assemblage structure in a northeastern brazilian reef . pan - american journal of aquatic sciences 2 : 288 - 300 .\nrandall je . 1996 . caribbean reef fishes , third edition , tfh publications , neptune city , nj . 512 p .\nrobertson dr , schober um , and jd brawn . 1993 . comparative variation in spawning output and juvenile recruitment of caribbean reef fishes . marine ecology progress series 94 : 105 - 113 .\nreport by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : august 1 , 2008\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .\na . hoefleri may represent the e atlantic population of a . saxatilis ( l . a . rocha pers . comm . 2010 ) .\nis widespread in the tropical atlantic ocean . it is the most common and abundant damselfish throughout its range . there are no major threats identified and it is found in a number of marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nthis species is a component of subsistence fisheries . it is caught incidentally in the aquarium trade . the species is extremely hardy ( indicating tolerance to a wide range of water and temperature regimes ) .\nthis species is a component of subsistence fisheries and is incidentally caught in the aquarium trade . it has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish (\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndescription inhabits upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . feeds on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small . . .\ndescription inhabits upper edge of outer reef slopes and inshore rocky reefs . feeds on zooplankton , benthic algae , and small invertebrates ( ref . 1602 ) . [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nking , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]\nocchipinti - ambrogi , a . ; marchini , a . ; cantone , g . ; castelli , a . ; chimenz , c . ; cormaci , m . ; froglia , c . ; furnari , g . ; gambi , m . c . ; giaccone , g . ; giangrande , a . ; gravili , c . ; mastrototaro , f . ; mazziotti , c . ; orsi - relini , l . ; piraino , s . ( 2010 ) . alien species along the italian coasts : an overview . biological invasions . 13 ( 1 ) : 215 - 237 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nben rais lasram , f . ; mouillot , d . ( 2008 ) . increasing southern invasion enhances congruence between endemic and exotic mediterranean fish fauna . biological invasions . 11 ( 3 ) : 697 - 711 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon rahti cuvier , 1830 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of chaetodon tyrwhitti bennett , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon quadrifasciatus bleeker , 1847 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon vaigiensis quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of abudefdus vaigiensis ( quoy & gaimard , 1825 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\nhumann , p . , 1989 . reef fish identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nnagelkerken , w . , 1980 . coral reef fishes of aruba , bonaire and cura\u00e7ao . published by the island territory of curacao .\ndescription found in small groups along upper edges of sheltered shear dropoffs . also found in rocky inshore reefs of usually moderate . . .\ndescription found in small groups along upper edges of sheltered shear dropoffs . also found in rocky inshore reefs of usually moderate to strong wave action . [ details ]\nsmith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of glyphidodon notatus day , 1870 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphidodon notatus day , 1870 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of chrysiptera paucifasciata fowler , 1946 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of indoglyphidodon abbotti fowler , 1944 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription inhabits lagoon and outer reefs in shallow areas exposed to mild or moderate surge . feeds on benthic algae and small . . .\ndescription inhabits lagoon and outer reefs in shallow areas exposed to mild or moderate surge . feeds on benthic algae and small invertebrates . [ details ]\n( of chaetodon rotundus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon septemfasciatus cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of glyphisodon septemfasciatus cuvier , 1830 ) smith , j . l . b . ( 1960 ) . coral fishes of the family pomacentridae from the western indian ocean and the red sea . ichthyological bulletin no . 19 : 317 - 349 [ details ]\n( of chaetodon rotundus linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and is common in many parts of its range . there are no major threats for this species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from lower baja california and the central gulf of california to costa rica , including revillagigedo island .\nthis reef - associated species is found in shallow rocky reefs exposed to surge to depths of five m . it is also common in intertidal and shallow subtidal rocky habitats .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species ' distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 25 m . subtropical ; 40\u00b0n - 13\u00b0n , 29\u00b0w - 11\u00b0w ( ref . 56021 )\neastern atlantic : including madeira , azores , ilheus selvagens , canary islands , cape verde , and senegal .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 )\nadults inhabit rocky inshore areas , often near sand ; juveniles found in tide pools . food comprised mainly of algae with associated minute invertebrates ( ref . 6760 ) . males protect the eggs deposited in nests ( ref . 6760 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males protect the eggs deposited in nests ( ref . 6760 ) .\n) : 18 . 7 - 24 . 5 , mean 20 . 2 ( based on 85 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01479 ( 0 . 00671 - 0 . 03258 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 37 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\n. the sergeant major is a common damselfish of the tropical atlantic , often the first fish a new snorkeler or diver learns because it\u2019s beautiful , abundant , and distinctive . like the hoopoe (\n) , the sergeant major has a latin name that\u2019s both fun to say and etymologically interesting . i was first drawn to the name because of its peculiar rhythm :\nbetween genus and species , which arises because the species name is conventionally latin , while the genus name is arabic .\nthanks to my friend and colleague abdelhaq hamza for help with the arabic etymology in this post .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nexcept as otherwise marked , all posts are \u00a9 stephen b . heard ( sheard @ unb . ca ) and all rights reserved . short extracts may be posted as links to this blog .\ni participate in the amazon services llc associates program , an affiliate advertising program , and its equivalent at chapters . ca . if you follow a link from my blog to amazon or chapters , your origin here will be tracked only for the purpose of paying me a pittance ( with no effect on pricing for you ) . if you prefer not to be tracked , you can always visit an online or bricks - and - mortar bookseller directly . i promise i won ' t follow you there .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 432, "summary": [{"text": "protomelas similis is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers shallow waters with plentiful vegetation .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 18 centimetres ( 7.1 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "protomelas similis", "paragraphs": ["mar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . protomelas . p . 387 - 393 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4996 )\noccurs in shallow vegetated ( vallisernia ) areas where mouth brooding females hide among the weeds . herbivorous , feeding on plant material ( leaves of higher plants ) . territorial males clear a circular area among the weeds exposing the sand below , making a spawning site . known as\nhaplochromis similis\nin the aquarium trade . max . size : 17 cm .\nbreeding males are characterized by a bright blue color with a reddish patch behind the gill plate . the anal fin is dark with an orange edge & has light - colored streaks . p . similis is often found in vallisneria beds where it feeds on these plants by biting out pieces of the leaves with the aid of its very sharp & closely packed teeth . males build cone bowers in the middle of these plant beds , where they have cleared room .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : widespread throughout lakes malawi and malombe with no major widespread threats identified .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , protos = the first + greek , melas , melanos = black ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : endemic to lake malawi ; widespread in shallow vegetated areas ( ref . 267 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4996 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 16 - 17 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 ; vertebrae : 31 . differs from other species of the genus in the structure of the lower pharyngeal bone , which is somewhat inflated posteriorly , with numerous small bicuspid teeth .\ninhabits shallow vegetated areas ; feeds on macrophytes and algae ( ref . 267 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\nthis is a mild - mannered malawi cichlid that reaches a size of up to 15 cm . the female is silver with a black bar running laterally the length of her body . the male has a similar black bar that disappears almost entirely when he is sexually active . the male ' s colouring is irridescent blues and greens and can be very striking when he is in his full glory . in some texts this fish is referred to as a\nred empress\nbut i think that this is a different species ,\nat last ! i stumbled onto this fish about 2 years ago at petsmart ( of all places ) . they had no idea what he was . someone had just dropped him off . he is about 15 cm now and downright stunning . he almost never fights with the other tankmates . he tears around and displays his dominance , but never nips . he lives with a n . venustus of about the same size , an electric blue hap ( 10 cm ) , a red empress and an a . jacobfriebergi ( both about 3 . 5 cm ) . all in a 265 l . for a large male , he really is a puppydog .\ngot some experience to share for this page ? no registration necessary to contribute ! your privacy is respected : your e - mail is published only if you wish so . all submissions are reviewed before addition . write based on your personal experiences , with no abbreviations , no chat lingo , and using proper punctuation and capitalization . ready ? then send your comments !\ncopyright \u00a9 1997 - 2011 marcos a . avila . all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is strictly forbidden without written permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ninhabits shallow vegetated areas ; feeds on macrophytes and algae ( ref . 267 ) .\nafrica : endemic to lake malawi ; widespread in shallow vegetated areas ( ref . 267 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 433, "summary": [{"text": "sabella is a genus of marine polychaete worm .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "members of this genus are filter feeders and there are about ninety species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they live in tubes made of mud that project from the sand surface .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they have a crown of feathery tentacles that protrude when the animal is submerged but are retracted when the animal is above water . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "sabella ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about sabella ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for sabella ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nspecies sabella pavonia [ auct . lapsus ] accepted as sabella pavonina savigny , 1822 ( misspelling for pavonina )\nspecies sabella penicillum [ auct . misspelling ] accepted as sabella penicillus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) accepted as sabella spallanzanii ( gmelin , 1791 ) ( lapsus for penicillus )\netymology according to brown ( 1954 : 679 ) sabella , as in sabella penicillus , comes from latin sabellum , neuter , a diminutive of . . .\netymology according to brown ( 1954 : 679 ) sabella , as in sabella penicillus , comes from latin sabellum , neuter , a diminutive of sabulum , neuter , meaning coarse sand . linnaeus appears to treat sabella as feminine [ details ]\nsabella in the century dictionary , the century co . , new york , 1911\ntype species type species sabella penicillus linnaeus 1767 as in fauchald , 1977 : 140 is incorrect for genus and date , but is derivative of the original name , serpula penicillus 1758 ) . knight - jones & perkins ( 1998 ) : 391 discuss whether the errors in spelling and authority in the designation by chenu ( 1859 ) are fatal to regarding that designation ( of sabella penicillus ) as the first type designation . they point out that as serpula penicillus ( as sabella ) is the only remaining taxon of those included by linnaeus ( 1767 ) it must be the only possible type . [ details ]\nspecies sabella euplacana [ auct . misspelling ] accepted as sabella euplaeana delle chiaje , 1822 [ 1828 ? ] accepted as hydroides euplaeana ( delle chiaje , 1822 [ 1828 ? ] ) ( lapsus for s . euplaeana in mcintosh , 1923 )\nwhat made you want to look up sabella ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nstatus named in a footnote on sabella in which cuvier includes both sabellids and serpulids ( 1829 / 1830 : 192 ) . he refers to\nsabelle bispiralis ( amphitrite volutacornis , trans . linn . , vii\na reference to montagu ( 1804 ) . also quoted by morch ( 1863 : 354 ) in a discussion on the status of the genus protula risso . hartman ( 1959 : 558 ) referred this name to protula sp . in serpulidae . however , amphitrite volutacornis montagu , 1804 belongs in the sabellid genus bispira . unless cuvier ' s name was available prior to montagu ' s it is difficult to see a relevance for\nsabelle bispiralis\nas a binomial under iczn code . it appears to be a gratuitous new name . [ details ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - peacock worm ( sabella pavonina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - peacock worm ( sabella pavonina )\ntitle =\narkive species - peacock worm ( sabella pavonina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nstatus named in a footnote on sabella in which cuvier includes both sabellids and serpulids ( 1829 / 1830 : 192 ) . he refers to . . .\nspecies sabella octocirrata sars , 1835 accepted as sabellides octocirrata ( m . sars , 1835 ) accepted as ampharete octocirrata ( sars , 1835 ) ( superseded original combination )\n\u2026such as the fan worm sabella , have ciliated tentacles near the mouth , which entrap passing food particles . the limbs of certain crustaceans , including the brine shrimp artemia , bear hairlike setae that filter tiny organisms as the animal swims . \u2026\nknight - jones , phyllis and perkins , thomas h . 1998 . a revision of sabella , bispira and stylomma ( polychaeta : sabellidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , london , 123 : 385 - 467 , 31 figures . [ details ]\navant , p . ( 2002 ) sabella pavonia . peacock worm . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . ( november , 2002 ) urltoken\n\u202650 cm ; examples of genera : sabella , eudistylia , serpula , hydroides . order archiannelida minute , primitive , with ciliated epidermis ; prostomium small , with or without appendages ; parapodia absent ; septa reduced or absent ; size , minute . contains 4 groups of poorly known\u2026\n( of spirographis viviani , 1805 ) knight - jones , phyllis and perkins , thomas h . 1998 . a revision of sabella , bispira and stylomma ( polychaeta : sabellidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , london , 123 : 385 - 467 , 31 figures . [ details ]\nlinnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 1 268 [ details ]\nread , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database .\n( of penicillus [ rondelet , 1555 ] ) rondelet , guillaume [ rondeletius ] . ( 1554 - 1555 ) . [ vol . 1 ] libri de piscibus marinis : in quibus verae piscium effigies expressae sunt : quae in tota piscium historia continentur , indicat elenchus pagina nona et decima : postremo accesserunt indices necessarij . [ vol . 2 ( 1555 ) ] . . . universae aquatilium histori\u00e6 pars altera , cum veris ipsorum imaginibus . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 111 ; note : pre - linnaean name as\npenicillo marino\n[ details ]\nfauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbellan , gerard . ( 2001 ) . polychaeta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 214 - 231 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nday , j . h . ( 1967 ) . [ sedentaria ] a monograph on the polychaeta of southern africa . part 2 . sedentaria . british museum ( natural history ) , london . pp . 459\u2013842 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of spirographis viviani , 1805 ) fauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of penicillus [ rondelet , 1555 ] ) mcintosh , w . c . 1922 . a monograph of the british marine annelids . polychaeta : hermellidae to sabellidae . london , ray society vol . 4 ( 1 ) pp . 1 - 250 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 224 ; note : usage as\npenicillus marinus\nin a synonymy [ details ]\n( of sabellata quatrefages , 1850 ) fauchald , k . ( 2007 ) . world register of polychaeta . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sabellata quatrefages , 1850 ) hartman , olga . ( 1959 ) . catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world . parts 1 and 2 . allan hancock foundation occasional paper . 23 : 1 - 628 . page ( s ) : 566 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nm\u00f6rch , o . a . l . ( 1863 ) . revisio critica serpulidarum . et bidrag til r\u00f8rormenes naturhistorie . naturhistorisk tidsskrift . k\u00f8benhavn , ser . 3 , 1 : 347 - 470 , pl . 11 [ also issued as a separate , 1\u2013124 , pl . 11 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhartman , olga . ( 1959 ) . catalogue of the polychaetous annelids of the world . parts 1 and 2 . allan hancock foundation occasional paper . 23 : 1 - 628 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe peacock worm ( also known as the fan worm ) ( 1 ) lives in a tough , membranous tube , which is covered in particles of mud ( 3 ) . this flexible tube may reach up to 10cm above the sand ( 2 ) . the head of the worm emerges from the tube in order to feed ; a beautiful crown of feathery tentacles banded with purple , brown or red ( 3 ) is extended during feeding ( 2 ) . the body of the worm , hidden by the tube , is greyish - purple or yellowish orange in colour ( 3 ) .\npeacock worms often occur in large numbers . they provide habitats for other marine species , and may be found with sponges , seaweeds and ascidians ( sea squirts ) attached to them ( 3 ) . tiny hair - like structures on the tentacles known as ' cilia ' filter suspended particles from the water . these particles are then sorted according to size ; small ones are eaten , large ones are discarded and medium - sized particles are added to the top of the tube with mucus in order to increase its length ( 3 ) .\nin this species , the sexes are separate ( some worms are ' hermaphroditic ' ) , and breeding takes place in spring and summer ( 3 ) . unlike the sedentary , attached adults , the larval stage is planktonic , drifting in the sea for a time before settling on the substrate ( 3 ) .\nhas a wide distribution and is common in many areas around the coastline of britain ( 2 ) . it is also widely distributed around the coasts of north - west europe ( 3 ) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\noccurs on stones in mud and sand ( 2 ) on the lower shore and below ( 3 ) .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nhermaphroditic possessing both male and female sex organs . larval of the stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . planktonic aquatic organisms that drift with water movements ; may be either phytoplankton ( plants ) , or zooplankton ( animals ) .\nfish , j . d . and fish , s . ( 1996 ) a student ' s guide to the seashore . second edition . cambridge university press , cambridge .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis is a uk sandy shore species . visit our habitat page to learn more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis page was last edited on 29 may 2018 , at 11 : 07 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nlives in a tube about 30 to 40 centimetres ( 12 to 16 inches ) long that is open at one end and constructed of mud particles cemented together by mucus . all but the top few centimetres of the tube is buried in the substratum . the front end of the\nhas a fan of striped feathery tentacles , used for feeding and respiration , that protrudes from the tube into the overlying seawater . inorganic and organic particles suspended in the water are trapped in mucus secreted by the tentacles . they are then transported down the tentacles by beating cilia and used either for tube building or passed into the mouth as food . peacock worms rapidly withdraw their tentacles into the safety of the tube when predators approach . these worms are found both in the\nfeather - duster worm , any large , segmented marine worm of the family sabellidae ( class polychaeta , phylum annelida ) . the name is also occasionally applied to members of the closely related polychaete family serpulidae . sabellids live in long tubes constructed of mud or sand cemented by mucus , \u2026\ntube worm , any of a number of tube - dwelling marine worms belonging to the annelid class polychaeta ( see polychaete ; feather - duster worm ; tentacle worm ) . other tube - dwelling worms include the horseshoe worm ( phylum phoronida ) and the beardworm ( phylum\u2026\npolychaete , any worm of the class polychaeta ( phylum annelida ) . about 8 , 000 living species are known . polychaetes , which include rag worms , lugworms , bloodworms , sea mice , and others , are marine worms notable for well - defined segmentation of the body . unique among annelids , most polychaete body\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about , follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 434, "summary": [{"text": "sphingomorpha chlorea ( sundowner moth ) is a species of moth in the family erebidae , that is native to africa and southern asia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a fruit-piercing moth and a notorious pest in orchards .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the fruit is pierced while performing a vertical and rhythmic movement of the head . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "sphingomorpha chlorea", "paragraphs": ["lantana camara ( verbenaceae ) is reported as a new larval hostplant for sphingomorpha chlorea ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) from savandurga , karnataka , india .\nlepimap no . : 18768 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : kemper j ; date : 2004 - 04 - 04 . . 2615ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 18710 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : reynolds chloe ; date : 2010 - 11 - 07 . mpumalanga . 2529cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20198 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p ; date : 2011 - 11 - 18 . limpopo . 2331cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 21444 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : vermaak h ; date : 2012 - 01 - 29 . gauteng . 2729ba record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 27132 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : beneke marita ; date : 2012 - 12 - 25 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 4546 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : webb p . ; date : 2008 - 12 - 20 . gauteng . 2528cc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20240 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 11 - 27 . limpopo . 2231ac record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20834 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 29 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 20866 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2011 - 12 - 26 . limpopo . 2430bd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 21035 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : ainsley j . ; date : 2012 - 01 - 06 . limpopo . 2527ad record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 24966 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2011 - 12 - 19 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there are 3 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 26699 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : wilkinson j h ; date : 2012 - 11 - 29 . limpopo . 2230ca record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 27559 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : giesler peter ; date : 2012 - 11 - 01 . free state . 2729db record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 28754 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : bode j ; date : 2013 - 03 - 02 . free state . 2627cd record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 16349 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2011 - 02 - 09 . limpopo . 2229ab record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 1423 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : luyt a . e . ; date : 2008 - 01 - 22 . north west . 2527aa record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 4013 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 11 - 22 . north west . 2527bc record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 3 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 12016 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : rowswell r . a . ; date : 2010 - 03 - 24 . eastern cape . 3326bc record status : accepted . there are 2 photos and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 1703 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : willis c . k . ; date : 2008 - 03 - 17 . kwazulu - natal . 3030bb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\nlepimap no . : 21967 species : 529270 - - sphingomorpha chlorea ( noctuidae ) observer : cairns w b ; members of the kokanje digiphoto club ; date : 2012 - 03 - 08 . limpopo . 2428cb record status : accepted . there is 1 photo and 2 comments record url : urltoken\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : sphingomorpha chlorea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking mot . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe piercing mechanism of the fruit - piercing moth calpe [ calyptra ] thalictri bkh . ( noctuidae ) with reference to the skin - piercing blood - sucking moth c . eustrigata hmps .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\naeroplanes - cars and bikes - travel - sunrise - water drops / falls - sudwala and sterkfontein caves etc .\nwe have two kinds of granadilla ( passionfruit ) species here . one is an orange / yellow thick skin variety which grows wild in our tropical cli . . .\nit has been named after him and called pachydactylus maraisi . this small ( about 8cm ) gecko was found in namibia near swakopmund on the . . .\ni thought i would add a bit on the accommodation and amenities in the park for those who are interested . the park caters for all kinds of . . .\ngarden snails are the fastest species and they can move about 55 yards per hour . while they don\u2019t move fast , they do move at a very steady p . . .\nto most of you living in the northern hemisphere , the litchi or lychee would be an exotic fruit and totally unknown to you , but for me it gr . . .\na very good friend of mine got me wondering about the origin of fruit and vegetables and when i started browsing for information , i came a c . . .\ni was very excited to learn that johan marais , a herpetologist of note was bringing out a new book called \u201cwhat\u2019s that reptile ? \u2013 a starters . . .\nkapok tree - local name : knob thorn ( ceiba pentandra ) family bombacaceae we have a few species here called the knob thorn but this one . . .\n. . . . the one you go to when you need to replenish the desolation of your soul\u2026\u2026the one place on earth where you can become whole again\u2026\u2026where . . .\ni have found a few scorpions now but it is one critter i know almost nothing about . scorpions are fascinating animals , though most people s . . .\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\n[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 07 : 41 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .\ntree to 10 m . leaves : lamina up to 20 \u00d7 20 cm , subcircular in outline , palmately 3 - 5 - lobed , with a linear fissure 5 - 10 mm long on the mid - vein beneath ; stellate - pubescent to nearly glabrous above , stellate - tomentose to - pubescent beneath ; base cordate ; apex usually blunt or rounded ; margin entire . flowers c . 6 cm in diameter , yellow or purplish with dark purple or dark red centre . epicalyx teeth 9 - 10 , up to 12 mm , caducous . calyx c . 10 mm . fruit a capsule , up to 4 \u00d7 3 cm , subspherical to broadly ellipsoid or ovoid , glutinous . seeds c . 10 \u00d7 7 mm , hemispheric , with a brownish woolly floss .\nshrubs or small trees . leaves and branches lepidote . inflorescences of terminal racemes or panicles or flowers solitary and axillary . epicalyx of 3 - 5 bracts . calyx cup - shaped , truncate . ovary 5 - locular ; style not branched . fruit indehiscent , woody or fleshy , ( 4 - ) 5 - lobed or not lobed .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species .\nplease help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . unsourced material may be challenged and removed .\nthespesia garckeana ( also known by its synonym azanza garckeana ) is a tree in the family malvaceae , found throughout the warmer parts of southern africa in wooded grasslands , open woodland and thickets . it grows naturally over a range of altitudes from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level , from semi - arid areas to areas of higher rainfall . t . garckeana is often found on or near termite mounds in old fields .\nthe whole fruit except the seeds is chewed like gum , producing a sweet glutinous slime . the fruit is also used as a syrup and soup .\nthe sap wood is yellow and the heart wood is a deep brown . it is easily worked but generally only suitable for small building needs , tool handles , oxen yokes , and domestic items such as spoons .\nthe leaves of t . garckeana have many uses including green manure and mulch . the leaves also provide an often used fodder .\nazanza garckeana in : s . dressler , m . schmidt , g . zizka : african plants - a photo guide . senckenberg , frankfurt / main 2014 .\nthespesia is a genus of 18 flowering shrubs and trees in the hibiscus family , malvaceae , although within the family they are more closely related to cotton plants ( gossypium ) . the genus is distributed from the south pacific through asia , africa , and the caribbean .\nthespesia populnea ( l . ) sol . ex corr\u00eaa - portia tree ( pantropical )\natkinsia is a genus of flowering plant in the malvaceae family . it contains the following species :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\napp . 4 * 4 cm . this is a fruit piercing moth that can cause considerable damage . it is also attracted to fermented fruit , beer , spirits and other sources of sugars .\nfound at a lodge restaurant in the evening . rain season . mixed forest , lubombo region . altitude : 543 . 799 m latitude / longitude : - 26 . 316624 , 31 . 990292\nthe larva is eaten in many parts of its african range . unlike other edible larvae , it is not an article of commerce since it loses flavour when it is dried . it is eaten fresh in rural areas where it occurs in large numbers some years . this species is widespread and common in tropical africa , whereas it is more local and rarer in asia , but it exists there . read more , and see pictures of the larvae and the pupa here : urltoken\nif it is a moth , named by a drink . . . there should be an anricle written about it : ) ) ) this guy has turned into\na moth to know\n: d\nsundowner\nactually does not refer to a sunset , but rather an alcoholic drink which is drank as the sun is setting . it is likely that this moth was named so for its attraction to such drinks . : - )\nthank you dear leuba and mark : ) i guess i should be happy with\nsunset\n. thank you riekos for your comment as well , you are all the best ! : ) ) )\nwhat a little beauty . excellent pattern and colours . carpets taken by larentiinae unfortunately . you could do worse than sunsets .\nthank you for the id jakubko ! what a beautiful name ! however , i think it looks more like and exotic carpet rather than a sunset . . . i think this actual example must have had a bit too much of the fermented fruit , found him in the toilet area : p now , time for research and some id uptate : ) thanks again !\none of my favorites ! ! i ' d love to see this one some time ! i am not surprised you found it at a restaurant ; this species especially enjoys alcoholic drinks and fruits .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nfruit - piercing lepidoptera constitute an important problem in some parts of the world , such as africa , australia and india ; they also occur in ceylon , fiji , dutch east indies , indo - china , japan , malaya , samoa , and south america .\n) the breeding areas and possible migratory habits of the adults of some species .\nunless otherwise stated this account applies to njala , where there is a plot of budded citrus ; the trees were planted in 1925 - 1927 and mainly consist of late valentia and washington navel orange , and marsh and foster grape - fruit . the sweet lime , mandarine and tangerine are about ten years older .\nthe abundance of the noctuid moth , achaea catocaloides , guen . , in the belgian congo .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nmedium - sized deciduous tree . leaves alternate , crowded near the ends of branches , imparipinnate with 7 - 15 pairs of ovate to elliptic leaflets and a terminal leaflet , dark green above , paler bluish - green below . flowers in axillary and terminal sprays , red in bud , turning pinkish - white , unisexual , mostly on separate trees . fruits fleshy , plum - like , pale green turning yellow when ripe . the fruit is edible and highly valued by animals and people .\nangola , southern drc , namibia , kenya , tanzania , zanzibar , botswana , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe and limpopo , mpumalanga , kwazulu - natal , south africa . also in madagascar .\nda silva , m . c . , izidine , s . & amude , a . b . ( 2004 )\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 30 sabonet , pretoria page 22 .\na list of trees , shrubs and woody climbers indigenous or naturalised in rhodesia .\nsouthern african botanical diversity network report no . 33 sabonet , pretoria and harare page 17 .\nshell field guide series : part i shell oil botswana , gaberone . pages 150 - 153 .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2014 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of botswana : species information : sclerocarya birrea subsp . caffra . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 2 april 2018 9 : 51pm terms of use\nthis 84 - page issue contains 14 articles . it includes description of new species of fish and wasps , additional records of plants and lepidopt . . .\ngo wild for wildlife and help to keep our conservation areas pure , natural and green .\nupload your picture of a moth and add a description underneath . please only do one species per post .\nall entries will be edited and updated ( additional photos and information will be added by moderators ) . new entries will be posted according to taxonomic order and the post date does not reflect the actual date of new posts .\nthis is one of south africa\u2019s largest moths , with a wingspan of up to 120 mm ( as wide as the palm of your hand ) .\nemerald green with yellow and red eyespots on wings . long tails on hindwings . its forward wings have a distinctive grey - coloured ' furry ' leading edge , giving a very rough surface , presumably for aerodynamic reasons . apart from the eye - like markings on its wings , the colouring and shape of the wings give the appearance of a piece of foliage , especially the ' tail - like ' structures of the rearmost wings which resemble a dried out leaf stem - presumably for camouflage in its natural environment .\nthe caterpillar is green with silvery markings . the cocoon is a silvery netted structure .\nthe species is distributed in angola , drcongo , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe . in south africa , it is found along the coast of kwazulu - natal and around the northern borders .\nthe life cycle of this spectacular moth starts with a mating pair . the female will lay a clutch of eggs and after a period of about 10 days these will hatch into caterpillars ( larvae ) . the caterpillar stage lasts between 6 to 12 weeks during the winter . in the next stage the caterpillar pupates into a silvery cocoon . out of this , the circle is complete with a moth emerging again . lunar moths are very short - lived , laying eggs and dying in 3 - 5 days . the adults do not feed but the caterpillar eats vast quantities of marula , tamboti and corkwood tree leaves . there are 2 broods in the southern parts of its range .\nthe luna moth releases pheromones as signals to other moths in general , female moths release pheromones to attract males from a distance , while males do so only when close to a female , to sexually stimulate her .\nsize : 120 to 160 mm . this large orange , black and grey silkmoth has a a well - developed eye spot on the hindwings in order to scare away predators such as birds ( a feature typical of most emperor moths ) .\nlarva final instar about 70 mm in length and about 15 mm in diameter . ground colour deep velvety black ; each somite , from 4th to 12th , bearing eight yellow tubercular processes , two subdorsally , two laterally , and four ( in two rows ) on each side subspiracularly . the 2nd somite bears four black processes , two subdorsally and two laterally . the 3rd somite bears 4 black processes , as in the 2nd , and two small yellow processes on each side , in line with the subspiracular processes on the other somites . spiracles red ; those on the 4th to 11th somites being surrounded by an irregularly shaped red area . head and legs concolorous with body .\nmost of sub - saharan africa : angola , burkina fasso , cameroon , drcongo , egypt , eritrea , ethiopia , equatorial guinea , gabon , ghana , kenya , madagascar , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .\nas with all saturniidae species , the bunaea alcinoe only lives for a short period of time 1 - 2 weeks , long enough to find a mate and continue the existence of the species .\nwingspan about 13 cm . the males have large feathery antennae that enable them to detect pheromones released by females .\nmoths are large , wingspan : male 100 - 120 mm , female 105 - 125 mm . wings fawn through shades of chocolate - brown , chestnut - brown and orange - brown to pale yellow and greyish . there are two black and white bands on the forewing , one on the hindwing and a large , brown and black hindwing eyespot ringed with white . eyespot on forewing small , orange , ringed with black and white .\ncolouration is variable . some adults are richly coloured with distinct ' false eyes ' whilst others are more cryptic in colour . males have feathery antennae . they use them to find a mate .\nlarva up to 80 mm long : black but densely speckled with yellow and bluish - grey , some specimens also speckled with red bands to a varying degree ; 6 short , sharp , black spines on each segment .\nthe mouthparts of the adult moths are undeveloped , so they cannot feed and must mate within a few days of emerging .\nwingspan : male 110 - 130mm , female 105 - 125mm . characterized by dense greyish - black speckling on forewings and large , ringed eyespots on rusty field on hindwings ; males with very large , feathery antennae . quite a variable species , but in the region mostly fairly uniformly grey , rarely with brownish shades .\nlarva up to 90mm long ; green with dense fine speckling of white , magenta - and - yellow lateral stripe and 4 prominent silver spines on each segment . complement of silver spines reduced in some populations so that only some or no segments at all have spines , but in namibia usually fully developed .\nthe speckled emperor is known from south africa to eastern africa ; it is widely distributed in southern africa and ranges northward into angola and zambia . the species is absent , however , from the southwestern arid and winter rainfall regions .\nboth sexes active at night , the males only flying around midnight . this emperor flies from late december until early february . larvae fully grown march to april . generally only 1 generation per year , perhaps 2 .\neclosion is from a deep ( 20 cm ) subterranean pupa . males fly around midnight , the calling time of females .\nfemales deposit clusters of 10 - 12 eggs on foodplant leaves . the eggs are often sparsely covered with scales from the female ' s body .\nearly instar larvae are gregarious and reddish - black . as they develop , they become solitary feeders , hiding on the underside of leaf stems and twigs . basis green colouration with silver ( sky coloured ) spines offers excellent camouflage .\nfully grown larvae ( green , 9 . 0 cm ) descend the hostplant in march or april to pupate in deep underground chambers .\ncaterpillar is 40 mm in length , green with silver on the protuberances and some color .\nangola , botswana , drcongo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , zimbabwe .\n. the tree is a single stemmed tree with a wide spreading crown . it is characterized by a grey mottled bark . the tree grows up to 18 m tall mostly in low altitudes and open woodlands . the\nin their migrations , as it has been an important item in their diet since time immemorial . giraffes , rhinoceroses and elephants all browse on the marula tree , with elephants in particular being a major consumer . elephants eat the bark , branches and fruits of the marula to the trees ' detriment ; indeed , elephant browsing has been shown to significantly limit the spread of the trees . elephants do distribute marula seeds in their dung , however .\n. these stones , when dry , expose the seeds by shedding 2 ( sometimes 3 ) small circular plugs at one end . the seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought - after , especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located .\nrelationships : belongs to the same family anacardiaceae as the mango , cashew , pistachio and sumac , and is closely related to the genus poupartia from madagascar .\nother : boran ( kenya ) \u2013 didissa ; kamba ( kenya ) \u2013 muua ; kwangali \u2013 ufuongo ; lovedu \u2013 marula ; maasai ( kenya ) \u2013 ol - mangwai ; meru ( kenya ) \u2013 mura ; pedi [ fruits ] \u2013 lerula , marula ; pedi [ tree ] \u2013 morula , merula ; pokot ( kenya ) \u2013 oruluo ; ronga ( mozambique ) \u2013 ncanhi ; sebei ( kenya ) \u2013 katetalum ; shangaan \u2013 nkanyi , inkanyi ; diga ( kenya ) \u2013 mngongo ; tonga : tsua , tsula , umganu ; tugen ( kenya ) \u2013 tololokwo ; dinka ( sudan ) \u2013 gummel ; nuer ( sudan ) \u2013 kamel , omel ; moru ( sudan ) \u2013 kyele ; luo ( kenya ) ong ' ono ; ngongo [ olunyaneka ] ( angola ) .\nwhile little known globally , the fruit is traditionally used for food in africa , and has considerable socioeconomic importance .\nthe seed kernels are high in protein and fat , with a subtle nutty flavour , and constitute an important emergency food .\n, made from the seed kernel , is a delicious additive to meals in africa . it contains\ncan also be used as a type of skin care oil . the bark is used both as treatment and a\nbites to alleviate pain . the leaves are chewed on to help indigestion and to treat heartburn . products of fruits and the tree are useful in crafts and agriculture . gums\nfrom the stem are mixed with water and soot to make ink by certain tribes in the region . the bark also yields a red - brown dye used in colouring traditional craft ware . the fruit infusion is used to bathe tick - infested livestock . the fruit is regarded as a potent insecticide .\non an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow . this harvest and sale of fruit only occurs during two to three months but is an important income to poor rural people . the fruit is delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp , pips , kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year .\nthe most important industrial product is amarula which is probably still the second largest selling cream liqueur in the world . mirma , based in phalaborwa , assembles and processes 4 , 000 tons a year of fruit . they produce a pulp from the skin and flesh which is refrigerated and shipped to distel in the cape winelands . here it is fermented , distilled , matured , blended and bottled before being internationally distributed .\nanother fruit based product is a frozen marula puree , which is produced by bronpro in nelspruit . bronpro supply puree to food manufacturers who use it as an ingredient in their products . the best known of these products is marula mania a juice blend produced by the ceres beverage company under the liquifruit label .\nthe third largest marula fruit based industry , is the production of marula oil as an ingredient for cosmetics . this tends to be scattered amongst many producers although phytotrade africa is probably the leading\nsupplier\nto the cosmetics industry through its integration of the production of many producers .\nthe alcoholic distilled beverage ( maroela mampoer ) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the south african writer herman charles bosman .\nthe marula fruit is also eaten by various animals in southern africa . in the movie\n, released in 1974 , some scenes portray elephants , warthogs and monkeys becoming intoxicated from eating fermented marula fruit . later research showed that these scenes , at least in large animals were improbable and , in all probability , staged .\nelephants would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them , and other animals prefer the ripe fruit . the amount of water drunk by elephants each day would also dilute the effect of the fruit to such an extent that they would not be affected by it .\nthe generic name sclerocarya is derived from two greek words , ' skleros ' and ' karyon ' , meaning ' hard ' and ' nut ' , respectively , and refers to the hard stone of the fruit . the specific epithet ' birrea ' comes from ' birr ' , the common name for the tree in senegal .\nprotected trees\n. department of water affairs and forestry , republic of south africa . 3 may 2013 .\ndeciduous tree , to 8 m . bark rough , both vertically and horizontally fissured . twigs with brown - hairy apex . leaves with pinnae in 2 - 5 pairs . leaflets 6 - 15 per pinna ; lamina 1 . 5 - 7 . 5 \u00d7 0 . 7 - 4 . 2 cm , elliptic or sometimes ovate - elliptic or \u00b1 obovate , appressed - puberulent ; base \u00b1 asymmetric ; apex obtuse and emarginate . spikes pendulous , to 20 cm . petals c . 4 - 5 mm , white to pale green . pod 4 - 6 . 5 \u00d7 2 - 3 cm . seeds c . 9 - 12 mm , elliptic , flattened , brown .\nthe wild syringa ( burkea africana ) is a deciduous , medium - sized , spreading , flat - topped tree belonging to the family caesalpiniaceae . the genus was named in honour of joseph burke , the botanist and collector .\nwidespread in tropical africa , it is found in chad , sudan , tanzania , uganda , cameroon , central african republic , zaire , benin , burkina faso , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , mali , niger , nigeria , senegal , togo , angola , malawi , mozambique , zambia , zimbabwe , botswana , namibia , south africa in the transvaal .\nleaves are bipinnately compound , silvery - pubescent or glabrescent . flowers are creamy - white , fragrant and in pendulous racemes of up to 300mm in length . the bark is toxic , rich in alkaloids and tannins and used for tanning leather . pulverised bark is thrown into water to paralyse fish .\nif cut from the heartwood , it produces durable , insect - resistant timber with a moderately fine , wavy grain which is dark brown to reddish brown , and is used for parquet flooring and fine cabinet and furniture work .\nthe foliage is browsed by the larvae of two saturniidae moths , rohaniella pygmaea and imbrasia forda .\nthis introduction to the distribution of african lepidoptera to the south of latitude 10\u00b0s must be limited both by the necessary confines of space and by the wide open field of research still necessary . the general picture of our present knowledge of this fauna\u2019s food requirements and ecology is very inadequate , except perhaps for those of wide distribution or of economic significance . some suggestions have been kindly proffered by prof . b . i . balinsky and dr . c . b . cottrell and these are much appreciated ( cf . also balinsky 1962 ) .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nauctorum . 1971 . continents adrift : readings from scientific american . w . h . freeman , reading .\nbalinsky , b . i . 1962 . patterns of animal distribution on the african continent ( summing up of symposium , 1961 ) . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 299\u2013310 .\nbenson , c . w . , irwin , m . p . s . & white , c . m . n . 1962 . the significance of valleys as avian zoogeographical barriers . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 155\u2013189 .\ncarcasson , r . h . 1964 . a preliminary survey of the zoogeography of african butterflies . j . e . afr . wildlife 2 : 122\u2013157 .\ncooke , h . b . s . 1962 . the pleistocene environment in southern africa : hypothetical vegetation in southern africa during the pleistocene . ann . cape prov . mus . 2 : 11\u201315 .\ncottrell , c . b . & loveridge , j . p . 1966 . observations on the cryptosepalum forest of the mwinilunga district of zambia . proc . trans . rhod . sci . ass . 51 : 79\u2013120 .\ndickson , c . g . c . & clark , g . c . 1971 . life histories of the south african lycaenid butterflies : the entomological work of gowan c . clark and c . g . c . dickson . purnell & sons , cape town .\nplatt , e . e . 1921 . list of foodplants of some south african lepidopterous larvae . s . afr . j . nat . hist . 3 : 65\u2013138 .\npinhey e . ( 1978 ) lepidoptera . in : werger m . j . a . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology of southern africa . monographiae biologicae , vol 31 . springer , dordrecht"]}
{"id": 435, "summary": [{"text": "idiosepius thailandicus is a species of bobtail squid native to the indo-pacific waters off thailand .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "females grow to 10 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 7 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected in the gulf of thailand and is deposited at the marine fisheries division in bangkok . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "idiosepius thailandicus", "paragraphs": ["idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991\na new pygmy cuttlefish from the gulf of thailand , idiosepius thailandicus n . sp . ( cephalopoda : idiosepiidae )\nbobtail squid - idiosepius thailandicus chotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991 - overview - encyclopedia of life\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nand which we believe is restricted in its distribution to the east coast of africa .\nhas been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species . for instance , it is uncertain even how widely distributed this species is . the apparent association of this species with seagrasses and mangroves is cause for concern given the decline of these habitats in certain areas and more research is required to assess the threats to this species .\noccurs off thailand in shallow waters ( reid 2005 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report it ( as\n) from both the east of the gulf of thailand and from the andaman sea . von byern and klepal ( 2010 ) report records of\nlive in shallow coastal waters amongst seaweed or seagrasses ( norman 2003 ) . nabhitabhata and suwanamala ( 2008 ) report this species ( as\n) on a variety of habitats : in rayon province and neighbouring chantaburi province in eastern thailand it was found associated with seaweed in the littoral zone and in a mangrove biotope respectively . in the latter case , the squids attached their eggs to the mangrove roots . in the andaman sea , it inhabited subtidal seagrass beds at the mouth of mangroves and on sand bars with rocks and the squids and the eggs were attached to the underside of blades of seagrasses . members of the idiosepiidae family have a glue gland on their dorsal body surface that allows them to stick to seaweed , seagrass and other objects ( norman 2003 ) . development is thought to include a pelagic stage ( reid 2005 ) .\nthe threats to this species include habitat loss given its apparent association with seagrass beds and mangroves . its distribution may include japan which has suffered particular decline in seagrass beds . all species of\noccur in highly populated inshore waters and are therefore likely to be affected by anthropogenic influences .\nmonitoring of the habitat of this species is important . research is required to determine population size and distribution . further information is required on life history and ecology to determine this species ' use of various seagrass species . population trends of both the species and potential habitats should be monitored . this will determine whether habitat protection is required .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchotiyaputta , c . , t . okutani , and s . chaitiamvong , 1991\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\ntaxon validity : [ fide ; taxon not yet reviewed ] . repository : mfdt holotype . type locality : ban don bay , gulf of thailand\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nmr . cyran , norbert ( austrian ) - b . sc . : university of vienna , austria - m . sc . student in zoology cell imaging and ultrastructure research university of vienna austria\nprince of songkhla university - faculty of science assoc . prof . dr . jintamas suwanjarat\ncontact e - mail : webmaster @ urltoken copyright \u00a9 2012 urltoken . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 437, "summary": [{"text": "the snakelocks anemone ( anemonia viridis ) is a sea anemone found in the eastern atlantic ocean to the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the tentacles of anemones in deep or murky water can be a grey colour , but are otherwise usually a deep green colour with purple tips due to the presence of symbiotic algae within the tentacles that use sunlight as an energy source .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "as a result , the anemones prefer brightly lit shallow waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "on average the snakelock anemone is 8 cm wide . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "snakelocks anemone", "paragraphs": ["profile of the snakelocks anemone this profile contains interesting facts and information about the snakelocks anemone species .\nsome anemones such as the snakelocks anemone glow fluorescent green under ultra violet light .\ndescription of the snakelocks anemone the snakelocks anemone is a popular anemone for the aquarium setup , it adapts easily to different environments and makes an ideal home for clownfish who have a symbiotic relationship with sea anemones . this particular variety of sea anemone is eaten ! in spain , the dish is called\nortiguillas de mar\nwhich translates as sea nettles . the anemone is marinated in vinegar , coated in a tempura style batter and deep fried .\nswimming in chesil fleet through ' some sargassum , i felt a mild tingling sensation across my abdomen . this was caused by snakelocks anemone !\nwhich lives in the tentacles of the snakelocks anemone without being harmed . the presence of the zooxanthellae has been shown to improve long term survival for\nbeadlet anemone ( actinia equina ) \u2013 the most familiar sea anemone to most . found on a wide range of rocky shores , often as dark red or green blobs of jelly when out of the water at low tide . strawberry anemone ( actinia fragacea ) \u2013 similar to the beadlet anemone but larger and marked like a strawberry . snakelocks anemone ( anemone viridis ) \u2013 another familar anemone in the south west , whose brightly coloured tentacles remain extended even when disturbed . gem anemone ( aulactinia verrucosa ) \u2013 a squat anemone with many markings and a bumpy body . normally found attached to rocks on the lower shore and in pools . cloak anemone ( adamsia carciniopados ) \u2013 is a beautiful pink spotty anemone almost always found living with the hermit crab ( pagurus prideaux ) .\ndaly , s . 1999 .\nthe creature feature - snakelocks anemone\n( on - line ) . accessed april 9 , 2003 at urltoken .\nthat are found in the anemone ' s tissues . these algae are necessary for the long term survival of the sea anemone . when the numbers of algae diminish the anemone may appear dull grey in colour . the algae need light to flourish , so snakelocks anemones will be found in the sunniest pools . unlike\ntake up about 6 % - 12 % of the mass of the anemone .\nin the wild , snakelocks anemones rarely retract their tentacles because of the algae ' s need for sunlight . even when left on land after high tide the tentacles stay exposed . the tentacles are also used in conflicts with adjacent anemones . in fighting over the same territory , the red beadlet anemone ( actinia equina ) uses its blue beads while the snakelocks anemone strikes with its long tentacles . the tentacles are sticky to the human hand , but can produce a powerful sting and rash on thinner human skin . the sessile snakelocks anemone normally is the only sea anemone species in a pool , fighting off other sea anemones species . often these anemones are found living in colonies .\nscientific classification of the snakelocks anemone definition : scientific classification , or biological classification , is how biologists group and categorize species of organisms with shared physical characteristics . scientific classification belongs to the science of taxonomy .\n, is distinguished by its long greenish tentacles . the green coloration is due to the photosynthetic zooxanthellae algae growing in the tentacles ' tissues . without the chlorophyll of the algae , the anemone would appear gray or light brown . sometimes the tentacle tips are purple . the snakelocks anemone has some of the longest tentacles of all sea anemones . with up to over 200 sticky tentacles , the snakelocks anemone grows to 20 cm across and eight cm tall . the tentacles are lined with venomous stinging cells called cnidocysts .\n) and then search under the scientific name of the anemone % / or longitudinal fission .\nthe snakelocks anemone is very impressive considering its two - coloured tentacles and the length of the tentacles . this species is common on rocky seashores , especially in rock pools , and thus may be familiar to some visitors .\nhorton , a . 2000 .\nsnakelocks anemome\n( on - line ) . accessed april 9 , 2003 at urltoken .\nhiscock , k . 2003 .\n* anemonia viridis * . snakelocks anemone\n( on - line ) . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . accessed july 19 , 2004 at urltoken .\n[ 2 ] dr keith hiscock , hiscock , k . , 2008 . anemonia viridis . snakelocks anemone . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . , 29 / 04 / 2008 .\n. as the zooxanthellae provides food , the anemone provides nitrogen . without this mutualistic interaction neither species would flourish .\ninteresting information about sea anemones sea anemones are named after the anemone flower . they are a predatory animal that releases a toxin to paralyse its prey . the prey is then moved into the anemones gastro vascular cavity . the poison secreted by a sea anemone affects fish and crustaceans . the clown fish or anemonefish however has a mutually symbiotic relationship with the sea anemone , they are not affected by its poison and live among its tentacles , indeed laying their eggs on the anemone itself . the clownfish uses the sea anemone as a form of defence from larger predators .\nsnakelocks sea anemones - anatomy the sea anemone has just one external opening . this single opening acts as both a mouth and an anus . all waste and undigested material is excreted through this opening . a sea anemone has no sense organs , its nervous system is very primitive but it does have nerves and muscles . the anemone doesn ' t have a skeleton , it keeps itself stable by closing its mouth enabling it to stay rigid . snakelocks sea anemones - movement can a sea anemone move ? although sea anemones usually remain static , they can use their pedal disc to move slowly flexing their body or using their tentacles to swim slowly to another location . they can attach themselves to a rock , the sea bed or the shell of a crustacean , a hermit crab for example . a sea anemone will only move location if they are attacked by a predator or the conditions of the water are unsuitable .\n, a family of sea anemones , commonly called \u201cnight sea anemone\u201d , distributed in the western pacific ocean ; it is also called in japanese \u201cunbachi - isoginchaku\u201d which means \u201csea - wasp anemone\u201d in okinawa ( south japan ) . the shape of the animal changes with its circumstances (\ngarcia p . j . , schein r . m . , burnett j . w . fulminant hepatic failure from a sea anemone sting .\nmassmanian a . , valcuende cavero f . v . , ramirez bosca a . r . , castells rodellas a . c . sea anemone dermatitis .\nhiscock , k . 2008 . anemonia viridis snakelocks anemone . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nthe snakelocks will mainly eat things like : small fish , gastropods , crustaceans , and all sorts of things that would dare enter into its jaws . whether they are dead or alive , the victims are caught by the leafy , snake - like tentacles of the snakelocks . what is keeping the victims from escaping these tentacles you ask ? well , my voracious scientist , there happen to be hundreds of tiny harpoon - like structures vested inside the snakelocks tentacles . undetectable by the naked eye , these harpoon - like structures known as nematocysts will shoot out of the snakelocks and emit a venom that may be either paralytical or even lethal . after the victim has been caught by these dangerous harpoons ( also known as stinging cells ) it is then absorbed into its body the same way a venus flytrap eats an insect .\nthe snakelocks harbor a yellow - green or yellow - brown algae called zooxanthellae as an endosymbiont . this zooxanthellae is a tissue that is fed by intense light that can only be provided by shallow waters which much light passes through . if they do not get the light needed to survive , the tentacles will retract and become colorless , indicating that the snakelocks is either dead or dying due to the lack of sunshine .\nthe snakelocks has two forms of reproduction . it reproduces by budding ( a process in which the snakelocks will make an identical half of itsself ) . this process may be known as longitudinal fission ; meaning that the\nfission\n( to split in half ) is extending along the long axis of the body , in other words , from head to the tail . this\nlongitudinal fission\ncan take hours or minutes to perform . they can also reproduce through regeneration - a bodily function in which the invertebrate will re - grow any lost appendages . considering these two reproductional functions , snakelocks is truly an amazing creature .\nsea anemones vary in size , with some tropical species reaching more than a metre in diameter . one of the largest in british waters is the horesman anemone ( urticina eques ) , reaching sizes of 35cm across . one of the smallest in britain is the rare anemone gonactinia prolifera , which rarely grows more than 5mm tall .\nare commensal . the anemone provides protection for the spider crab . the crab is immune to the possibly dangerous sting . another commensal relationship includes bucchichi ' s goby ,\nsnakelocks anemones live best attached to the bottom in shallow salt water and intertidal pools . these anemones have been found as far down as 20 meters , but are rare below 10 - 12 meters . they compete for space with\nlongitudinal fission . anemone splits into two identical halves , as illustrated ( click on the link below ) . the process can take from between 5 minutes and 2 hours .\nhaving some of the longest tentacles proves to be an advantage for these planktonivorous and carnivorous food gathers . the tentacles surround the mouth , sweeping the ocean water searching for planktonic and benthic crustaceans . during times of starvation , sea anemones will release their basal disc to move to new locations in search of better feeding areas . most sea anemones do not consume large gastropod molluscs , but they are one of the main staples for the snakelocks anemone . having over 200 tentacles increases the surface area . the large surface area is proportional to the size of the prey that can be captured . they feast on all types of small fish and palaemonid prawns . living in symbiosis with the photosynthetic algae - zooxanthellae seems to produce food and also remove waste products . after ingesting a meal , the snakelocks anemone increases the amount of oxygen it consumes because the zooxanthaellae produces oxygen as a by - product of its photosynthesis . having both long tentacles and zooxanthellae algae provides two ways of food intake . bacteria that live in the coelenteron breaks down the organic detritus for the anemone , but the detritus is a minor component of the anemone ' s overall food intake .\nthe venomous stinging cells of the snakelocks can leave a violent rash on anyone whom dares cross its tentacles . this rash may last for weeks to a month , its mark can be even more painful than a jellyfish sting . the sting may cause an irritating , itching feeling with a constant feeling of inflammation . in some cases , scars have formed from the terrible rash that the ominous sting will cause . there have also been reports of these marks being very similar to stinging nettles ( which are found on land as plants ) . in light of the latter statement , we may conclude saying that the snakelocks anemone is almost like an underwater stinging nettle .\nsnakelocks anemones are mainly sessile , but will move to escape from predators or find better food locations . the predators consist of octopi , oxystomatid crabs , and fish that find the anemones after high tide when the sea anemones are left exposed .\ncuriosities : the snakelocks anemone , like all cnidaria , can have a powerful sting . when it is touched with your fingers , the stinging cells attack the skin , but without piercing it , and the tentacles remain stuck on your fingers . as the tentacles come off easily , there is always a danger that they might reach more delicate areas such as the face , neck , inner arm , etc . , causing injuries .\nnorton r . s . , pennington m . w . , wulff h . pottasium channel blockade by the sea anemone toxin shk for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases .\nnagai h . , oshiro n . , takuwa - kuroda k . , iwanaga s . , nozaki m . , nakajima t . novel proteinaceous toxins from the nematocyst venom of the okinawan sea anemone\nnagai h . , oshiro n . , takuwa - kuroda k . , iwanaga s . , nozaki m . , nakajima t . a new polypeptide toxin from the nematocyst venom of an okinawa sea anemone\ndutch : wasroos , draadroos french ( add . ) : ortique , an\u00e9mone beignets , ortie de mer italian : capelli di venere , anemone capelli di serpe , matrona di mare , morosa portuguese : an\u00e9mona do mar comun\nthis minireview focuses on the sea anemone , a coelenterate of the phylum cnidaria . sea anemones have sting venoms to catch and immobilize small fishes and shrimps for feeding and protection . most are not harmful for humans or only cause mild dermatitis . a few species possess highly toxic venoms and are hazardous for humans . the hell\u2019s fire sea anemone ( actinodendron plumosum ) is named for the severe skin ulceration caused by its sting [ 10 , 20 ] . envenomation by the sea anemone stichodactyla haddoni caused shock and organ failure , including fulminant hepatitis [ 22 , 24 ] . phyllodiscus semoni ( p . semoni ) is another sea anemone dangerous to humans . the sting usually induces severe dermatitis with ulceration and profound swelling in the regions of contact [ 18 , 21 ] . more serious sequelae of envenomation by p . semoni include the development of acute renal failure without evidence of dysfunction of other organs [ 18 ] .\nthis large anemone has long flexuous tentacles which are a grey - brown or bright green in colour . the green variety has purple tips to the tentacles . the tentacles rarely withdraw into the column , which is reddish or greyish brown .\nduring the mating season from june through august sperm is released and received by the ova via water flow . inside of the female ova , the zooxanthellae algae are carried into the next generation . the snakelocks anemone is oviparous , meaning the eggs are laid outside the mother ' s body . this sexual process for reproduction is less common than the asexual longitudinal fission process . longitudinal fission is a literal splitting of the sea anemone . after the splitting , they each have a simple and uncompleted ring of tentacles . the two new sea anemones have an uncentered mouth to start food consumption . many of the internal tissues are duplicated before the actual splitting process . the longitudinal fission splits laterally , starting at the basal disc . the whole fission process happens relatively quickly , it takes from 5 minutes to 2 hours .\ndescription : the anemones are pink invertebrates with a vegetable appearance and long , moving tentacles . the snakelocks anemone has two clearly different shapes distinguished in the external appearance and the habitat : one smaller form with a diameter of 2 to 5 cm , which preferably lives on well - lit rocky walls and beds with blocks up to 5 m in depth ; and another larger form with a diameter of up to 15 cm and tentacles up to 50 cm in length , which also lives on well - lit rocky walls but at depths of between 3 and 25 m .\nmizuno m . , nishikawa k . , yuzawa y . , kanie t . , mori h . , araki y . , hotta n . , matsuo s . a case report of acute renal failure following a sting presumedly by a sea anemone .\nthis anemone is very common in the most protected parts of the tidal zone . unlike other anemones , this one cannot retract its long tentacles . so , to lessen its loss of water during low tide , it reduces the exposed area of its body . it lives in symbiosis with green algae ( which give it its typical colouration ) and for that reason it inhabits places close to the surface with plenty of sunlight . besides obtaining nutrients from the algae living on its body , this anemone feeds on small fish and invertebrates , that it gathers using its venomous tentacles .\nsymbiotic algae which appears to be necessary for the long term survival of this sea anemone . ingests larger food items both dead and alive , e . g . small fish , just moulted palaemonid prawns . gastropod molluscs and all sorts of crustaceans form the bulk of the diet in limited studies .\nsoletti r . c . , de faria g . p . , vernal j . , terenzi h . , anderluh g . , borges h . l . , moura - neto v . , gabilan n . h . potentiation of anticancer - drug cytotoxicity by sea anemone pore - formimg proteins in human glioblastoma cells .\nthe sea anemone , categorized in phylum coelenterate ( cnidaria ) , class anthozoa , is armed with venom - secreting nematocysts to aid in the capture of prey and to protect from predators . most sea anemones are harmless for man or at worst cause dermatitis by contact irritants / toxins . however , venom of some sea anemones is extremely harmful for man ; actinodendron plumosum ( hell\u2019s fire sea anemone ) , actineria villosa ( okinawan sea anemone , called fusa - unbachi in japan ) and p . semoni all cause severe injury including dermatitis [ 15 , 127 ] , hepatitis [ 24 ] , renal failure [ 18 ] and anaphylactic shock [ 22 ] . the sea anemones anemonia sulcata and anemonia equine , were reported to cause severe dermatitis with hyper - and parakeratosis with many infiltrative cells in the skin [ 128 ] , while toxins from other sea anemones , including actinia equina , anemonia sulcata , anthopleura xanthgrammica , bunodosoma granulifera , bunodosoma caissarum and stichodactyla helianthus , were cytolytic , haemolytic , neurotoxic and cardiotoxic [ 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 ] .\nanemones have adapted to a wide range of habitats , from the muddy depths of sea lochs , to seashores , wrecks and offshore reefs . some even attach to other living creatures . the beadlet anemone is an example of a specis found on the shore , which can survive out of the water when the tide drops , by drawing its tentacles inside its body .\nleaves etc . , usually in well - lit situations . occurs mainly on the shore , from about mid - tide level downwards , mostly in localities exposed to strong wave action but also in sheltered places , and in the shallow sublittoral down to about 20 m . a conspicuous species and , if present , may well be the first anemone to catch the eye .\nchi v . , pennington m . w . , norton r . s . , tarcha e . j . , londono l . m . , sims - fahey b . , upadhyay s . k . , lakey j . t . , iadonato s . , wulff h . , beeton c . , et al . development of a sea anemone toxin as an immunomodulator for therapy of autoimmune diseases .\nwhen poked with fingers the tentacles feel incredibly sticky to the thick skin . however , when grazed on by the abdomen the tentacles can sting and raise a rash , which can last a month . there have been several reports in 1999 . this anemone was responsible for a severe blistering of a baby ' s leg on a guernsey beach in august 1999 . the sting can be worse than that of the jellyfish around britain .\nin the natural world , there are many creatures with venoms that have interesting and varied activities . although the sea anemone , a member of the phylum coelenterata , has venom that it uses to capture and immobilise small fishes and shrimp and for protection from predators , most sea anemones are harmless to man . however , a few species are highly toxic ; some have venoms containing neurotoxins , recently suggested as potential immune - modulators for therapeutic application in immune diseases . phyllodiscus semoni is a highly toxic sea anemone ; the venom has multiple effects , including lethality , hemolysis and renal injuries . we previously reported that venom extracted from phyllodiscus semoni induced acute glomerular endothelial injuries in rats resembling hemolytic uremic syndrome ( hus ) , accompanied with complement dysregulation in glomeruli and suggested that the model might be useful for analyses of pathology and development of therapeutic approaches in hus . in this mini - review , we describe in detail the venom - induced acute renal injuries in rat and summarize how the venom of phyllodiscus semoni could have potential as a tool for analyses of complement activation and therapeutic interventions in hus .\nto capture its ' food , the anemone uses the stinging power in its ' tentacles . the sweeping tentacles capture food , and then transport it to the mouth by ciliary currents . sometimes the unfortunate prey wanders mistakenly into the paralyzing tentacles or a tidal wave bring in new food specimens . inside the tentacles are cnidocyte cells . the cnidocytes contain the nematocysts that are the stinging capsules . the nematocysts respond only when both stimuli occurs - the combination of touch and food extract . as the cnidocytes paralyze the prey , the movement in the tentacles brings the food through the mouth for extra - cellular digestion . ammino acids and glucose can be directly absorbed from the sea water by the ectodermal cells on the tentacles .\npresent on the western coasts of britain from portsmouth all around to the west coast of scotland where it extends northwards to just south of cape wrath . absent from the east basin of the irish sea .\npresent mainly in the intertidal especially in pools from mid - tide downwards but not extending far into the sublittoral . however , frequently present , often in large numbers on the leaves of seagrass ( e . g .\ncolumn smooth , disk wide , tentacles long , fairly stout and flexuous - up to about 200 .\nthe column is reddish or greyish brown , the disk brown or greyish with white radial lines , tentacles grey - brown or bright green with purple tips .\npale individuals may occur where there is little or no light ( for instance when removed to an aquarium ) .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nlewis , j . r . , 1964 . the ecology of rocky shores . london : english universities press .\nstephenson , t . a . , 1935 . the british sea anemones , vol . 2 . london : ray society .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nare found on the southern and western shores of britain and as far south as the mediterranean sea . they are distinguished by long flowing tentacles and will usually be found in a bright green colour , sometimes with purple tips to the tentacles . a few specimens have a\n, they do not readily retract their tentacles if left stranded on land by the retreating tide . however , in aquaria they demonstrate their ability to do so .\nintertidal pools and shallow water . requires high intensity light levels ( e . g . 50000 lux is natural in summer , 16000 lux will probably suffice in aquaria ) for the\ni got stung by something caught up in a thick canopy of sargassum at kimmeridge , dorset , in july 1999 - it bubbled up like a severe nettle sting , then turned red as it subsided to leave red weals which i still have a trace of on my stomach ( over a month later ) . i guess it was an unusual reaction to common jellyfish as i didn ' t see any\na snorkeller was stung on the soft skin on the underside of her forearm producing a large red weal after diving at kimmeridge , dorset . after 6 weeks the weal had almost disappeared , but it still itched .\ni remember years ago seeing a boy messing about with these anemones and developing a sudden and painful line of weals on his inner arm . (\ni was recently in the purbecks in dorset and whilst my daughter was swimming in a rock pool ( at dancing ledge ) she was suddenly stung by ' something ' ! ! there were no jelly fish in sight and we weren ' t sure what caused it . the sting was very painful and when it eased off , very itchy ! just after she was stung , the marks on her arm and leg were similar to those you get when stung by stinging nettles ( raised and white blotches ) . the marks , as shown in the attached picture , are now raised and red with ' a kind of tickly feeling ' when touched . could this be some kind of stinging seaweed ? ? is there such a thing in the coastal waters off the uk ?\nin dorset , part of the purbeck coastline in the south west of england .\nthere is a particular rock pool that was artificially created by a headmaster of a local boarding school sometime in the early 20th century . it forms a perfect intertidal swimming pool that attracts lots of families and bathers like myself . i was in the pool for some time leaning and sitting on the edges . i did feel a small sting quite early on but thought it was an open cut or graze from scrambling on the rocks before getting in .\nafter a long swim in the sea as well , i got out and immediatley felt a rapid burning sensation like my skin was on fire . the area bubbled up in patches , very similar to a dense collection of nettle stings . interestingly , the stings on my bottom form a neat and rather unattractive line on the edge of my bikini bottoms . there were other people in the water at the same time but they had long shorts on or wetsuits , so the stings couldn ' t penetrate . i did hear from another swimmer that a little girl who was only wearing a bikini like me , had also suffered an attack .\ni took the attached photo about ten minutes after getting out of the water . the area remained very hot and very very tender for about two days . during the following week it began to go down then it formed in red welts that look like chronic\n. it ' s become itchy and inflamed and i started to use calamine lotion again to sooth it . i hope that you will publish the photos and the story to warn people , particularly with young children , that this rock pool has a large concentration of\ni very much look forward to hearing form you . please let me know if you require any further information .\nsouth & west of the british isles . mediterranean and the atlantic coasts of portugal , france , spain .\nin the wild , this species will not retract its tentacles , although in captivity it has been shown to be able to do so .\nref : simon davy , zooxanthellae in the tissues of british sea anemones ( coelenterate society talk at the school of ocean sciences , university of wales , bangor ) .\n. photographs can be found on the following site . click on the logo .\n, has a basal diameter of 20 mm and a long tentacle stretching out of 210 mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin the mediterranean sea and eastern atlantic ocean from north africa and the canary islands to the british isles , where the species is confined to the western coasts .\nrock pools in the intertidal zone as well as often in large numbers on the leaves of seagrass ( e . g . zostera marina ) in shallow waters down to 30 m . usually on hard ground or in crevices .\n, is found in shallow water throughout the mediterranean sea and north along portugal , spain , and france to the southern and western coasts of great britain . it may also occur along the african coast south of the straits of gibraltar .\nat the 10 to 12 meter line , so living above this line avoids conflict with other species and positions them closer to the sunlight . the high intensity sunlight near the surface provides energy for their symbiotic algae ( called zooxanthellae ) . around the british coast these anemones attach themselves to rocks , blades of eel - grass , or kelp .\nunderneath the mass of tentacles grows the polyp body , which is a tubular structure . the mouth lies imbedded between the tentacles . the mouth leads into the body cavity through the pharynx and into the coelenteron ( gut sac ) . as with all cnidarians , there is no anus - - undigested waste is regurgitated back out through the mouth . the gonads in\nadults of this species do not invest in their offspring except to provide yolk for their eggs .\nhas an alloimmune memory . when it is presented with a known stimulus , is has a specific remembered response . it can\nremember\nstimuli for up to five days .\n( harris , 1990 ; horton , 2000 ; shick , 1991 ; waller , et al . , 1996 )\nstephanie eaker ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nreferring to an animal that lives on or near the bottom of a body of water . also an aquatic biome consisting of the ocean bottom below the pelagic and coastal zones . bottom habitats in the very deepest oceans ( below 9000 m ) are sometimes referred to as the abyssal zone . see also oceanic vent .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nparticles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms . detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers ( organisms that decompose organic material ) .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe area of shoreline influenced mainly by the tides , between the highest and lowest reaches of the tide . an aquatic habitat .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nphotosynthetic or plant constituent of plankton ; mainly unicellular algae . ( compare to zooplankton . )\na form of body symmetry in which the parts of an animal are arranged concentrically around a central oral / aboral axis and more than one imaginary plane through this axis results in halves that are mirror - images of each other . examples are cnidarians ( phylum cnidaria , jellyfish , anemones , and corals ) .\nattached to substratum and moving little or not at all . synapomorphy of the anthozoa\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nan animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound ( for example , scorpions , jellyfish , and rattlesnakes ) .\nanimal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )\nfautin , d . 2004 .\nanemonia viridis classification\n( on - line ) . hexacorallians of the world . accessed july 12 , 2004 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : eaker , s . 2003 .\nanemonia viridis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n, up to about 200 in number . the tentacles are rarely retracted but they can be completely retracted into the\nreddish or greyish brown , usually darkest above , sometimes with irregular pale streaks , acrorhagi matching the ground colour . disc brown or greyish , usually with white radial lines , tentacles grey - brown or bright grass - green with purple tips . some tentacles may bear a median longitudinal pale line , more rarely they are suffused with crimson , mainly on the aboral sides , which may extend onto the\nis unable to tolerate prolonged conditions of extreme cold ; in the exceptionally cold winter of 1963 - 64 it disappeared from many localities .\nlocally abundant on south and west coasts of the british isles , extending north to mid - scotland . common on all south - west coasts of europe and in the mediterranean .\nusing energy efficiently is the fastest and most cost effective way of cutting carbon emissions and can also help to save you money . investing in water and energy saving practices makes good financial and environmental sense .\nthe marine protection regulations 2014 came into effective on the 1st january 2015 . these form part of the wider government strategy to protect the marine environment in gibraltar as required under international , european and regional legislative frameworks .\ndisposing of waste correctly needn\u2019t be complicated . whether you are looking to throw out or recycle , from your home or your business , all waste has its proper place .\neverything you need to know about how and where to dispose of all your waste materials .\nthe marine protection regulations set out how and when you can fish in british gibraltar territorial waters . found out what is and isn\u2019t allowed and how toat your relevant permits .\nif you are planning to sell or rent your building you will need to provide an epc to the prospective buyer or tenant .\nwater heaters can contribute up to 15 % of a home\u2019s total energy use . setting the temperature to an optimal 60\u00b0c ensures a balance between meeting heating demands , fighting the growth of bacteria and not using more energy than needed .\nleds use 80 % less energy than a traditional bulb . using just one bulb could save you \u00a3100 in its lifetime ( and they last up to ten times longer than normal bulbs ) .\nturning off computers at the end of the day will make a big difference to energy consumption in the workplace . it is also good practice to not routinely switch on office equipment at the start of each day \u2013 wait until they are required where possible .\nhave a look through our thinking green website to check out the various aspects of our local environment . if there is anything you would like to learn more about , and it hasn\u2019t been covered , contact the department of the environment and climate change through our form on the link below .\nthis species is eaten in some mediterranean countries . in sardinia , \u201c orziadas \u201d and also in southwestern spain , in the gulf of c\u00e1diz region , as \u201c ortiguillas de mar \u201d ( literally ,\nlittle sea nettles\n, because of its urticant tentacles ) , are deep - fried in olive oil .\nthey will usually be located in shallow waters or certain interlocked - tidal areas . they have specific light preferences such as the light generated by 80 watts of electricity which is equivalent to 50 , 000 lux ( lux is a unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen per square meter ) .\nthis page was last modified on 24 july 2014 , at 14 : 26 .\nsometimes called the \u2018flowers of the sea\u2019 , sea anemones are actually beautiful animals , closely related to jellyfish and corals .\nlike jellyfish and corals , anemones belong to the group cnidarians . the name cnidaria comes from the latin cnidae which means \u2018nettle\u2019 . all of the animals within this group have stinging cells which they use for the capture of prey and to protect themselves against predators . sea anemones are simple animals , often attached to hard surfaces such as rocks and boulders . however there are also burrowing anemones that bury themselves in sand , mud or gravel on the sea floor .\nsea anemones have many fascinating methods of reproduction with some species using a combination of techniques . some , including beadlet and daisy anemones are vivaporous ( so are humans ! ) and reproduce through internal fertilisation , releasing fully formed young anemones from their mouths . most anemones can reproduce asexually through budding , where fragments break off and develop into new individuals . some stretch themselves along their base and split across the middle resulting in two new anemones of equal size . this method is called longitudinal fission . in others , small pieces of tissue break from the base forming tiny anemones . this method is called basal laceration .\nsea anemones can be found in oceans all over the world , but arguably some of the most beautiful are seen right here in britain . our own temperate waters support over 70 species of anenome .\nfish , and shrimps , can often be found hiding from predators inside the floating tentacles of anemones .\nmost sea anemones live attached , catching passing food with their tentacles . sea anemones can move slowly by gliding on their base . many are also capable of moving rapidly to avoid predation or competition by detaching , catching a current and re - attaching elsewhere .\nthe diet of most anemones consists of small animals such as plankton , crabs and fish , however a number of bigger sea anemones will eat much larger prey . for example , dahlia anemones can be greedy feeders that will prey on starfish and jellyfish\nanemones have rings of tentacles surrounding their central mouth . tentacles have specialised stinging cells called nematocysts . they use these to immobilise their prey so that the tentacles are then able to move the food into the mouth . the extending tentacles can also be used to catch passing food as it drifts past .\nsome sea anemones are very long lived and have been known to reach 60 - 80 years . because anemones are able to clone themselves they do not age and therefore have the potential to live indefinitely in the absence of predators or disease .\nthere are around 32 types of starfish in british waters and 1 , 500 around the world . find out about this amazing group of animals , how they feed , how they move and where they live .\nthe marine biological association conducts , promotes and supports scientific research into all aspects of life in the sea . we ' re working with our ever - growing membership to provide a clear and independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community\nbiology : there are different animal species that live in association with the anemones , for instance some fish and crabs . they normally live alone and sometimes in small groups . they are carnivores that eat small crustaceans , mussels and small fish . if the conditions are right , they can reproduce by longitudinal division , that is , asexually , but they also have oviparous sexual reproduction from may to july and separate sexes .\nhabitat : this invertebrate lives on rocks exposed to light , often from the tide line to depths of 6 metres . it is often found in shallow waters in calm bays , and withstands dirty waters very well .\nstatus : species not evaluated ( according to the red list of endangered species ) .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmasashi mizuno , 1 , * yasuhiko ito , 1 and b . paul morgan 2\n1 renal replacement therapy , division of nephrology , nagoya university graduate school of medicine , 65 tsurumai - cho , showa - ku , nagoya 466 - 8550 , japan ; email : pj . ca . u - ayogan . dem @ otiusay\n2 complement biology group , institute of infection and immunology , school of medicine , cardiff university , cardiff cf14 4xn , uk ; email : ku . ca . ffidrac @ pbnagrom\n* author to whom correspondence should be addressed ; email : pj . ca . u - ayogan . dem @ uzimm or pj . oc . oohay @ pj1mihsasam ; tel . : + 81 - 52 - 744 - 2205 ; fax : + 81 - 52 - 744 - 2184 .\nreceived 2012 may 31 ; revised 2012 jun 29 ; accepted 2012 jul 12 .\nthis article is an open - access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) .\n] , various situations in which envenomation by aquatic animals has injured people have been reported . culprits include cnidarians such as fire coral (\n] . components of some venoms are highly toxic for humans and can rarely cause multiple organ failure and lethal shock .\non the other hand , some toxins have found use as experimental agents and some have been investigated as therapeutics . for example , it was reported that nn - 32 purified from the venom of the cobra naja naja might have anti - cancer effects in animal models [ 41 ] . a number of venoms have been shown to have complement ( c ) activating components that directly or indirectly contribute to tissue damage [ 3 , 5 , 7 , 42 ] . one of these , the c3 - like protein cobra venom factor ( cvf ) purified from venom of the egyptian or thai cobra , is widely used as an experimental tool to induce excessive activation and consumption of c in animal models [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ] . a humanized cvf has been tested as a therapeutic approach in man [ 48 , 49 ] . the c activating component of brown recluse spider ( loxosceles genus ) venom has also been proposed as a tool for biological purposes [ 50 ] .\nresearch on the venoms of marine animals has also yielded interesting and clinically relevant data . for example , dideoxpetrasynol a , a protein toxin from the sponge\n] has been proposed as a cytotoxic agent to target some cancers . several other toxin - derived agents have been shown to have antitumor activities and proposed as therapeutics [\nis a potent blocker of the kv1 . 3 potassium channel , inhibits t lymphocyte proliferation [\nwe recently reported that the venom , termed pstx - t , extracted from nematocysts of p . semoni had nephrotoxin activity and induced acute renal injuries in rodents [ 76 ] . this nephrotoxin acutely induced glomerular endothelial injuries , with a similar pathology to atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome ( ahus ) . this animal model might be attractive to analyze pathological mechanisms and to develop new agents for therapeutic use in ahus . in the present mini review , we summarize the nature and time - course of the natural venom - induced acute renal injuries and explore the mechanisms of nephrotoxicity of p . semoni venom nephrotoxin in a rodent system .\nnatural venoms represent a rare cause of acute kidney injuries . these can be broadly divided into three categories ; food poisons , biting poisons and sting poisons ( envenomation ) , as indicated in\n] . acute kidney injuries ( aki ) induced by natural venoms included acute tubular necrosis caused by impairment of renal hemodynamics , intravascular hemolysis , rhabdomyolysis , disseminated intravascular coagulation ( dic ) and direct toxin - mediated effects , including thrombotic microangiopathy similar to that observed in hus . there are many reports of renal injuries caused by snake bites [\n] , usually accompanied by systemic organ failures and / or shock . for instance , snake envenomation often induced hemolysis , rhabdomyolysis and dic , and sometimes was accompanied by acute renal failure with thrombotic microangiopathy , particularly following bites of taipan (\nrenal injuries caused by marine animal toxins can also divided into these three categories . marine envenomation can cause dermal injuries , neurotoxicity , hemolysis , and systemic shock reactions , including anaphylactic shock ; some victims developed acute renal failure (\n) . the causes of renal injuries include systemic shock , hemolysis , rhabdomyolysis , and direct nephrotoxic effects . for instance , acute renal failure with hemolysis was caused by a portuguese man - of - war sting [\n* acute tubular necrosis ; * * thrombotic microangiopathy ; * * * hemolytic uremic syndrome .\n3 . envenomation by sea anemones including p . semoni and the acute kidney injuries\na ) . the sting induces severe dermatitis with local ulceration and swelling that often takes months to resolve . we recently reported a more serious sequela of envenomation by\nphotographs of phyllodiscus semoni ( unbachi - isogintyaku ) and nematocysts . ( a ) the intact organism as found in the seas off okinawa island ; ( b ) close - up view of the globular vesicles ( white arrows ) with nematocysts . scales bar is in the upper right corner of frame b . the underwater photos were taken by m . mizuno ."]}
{"id": 438, "summary": [{"text": "zacanthoides is an extinct cambrian genus of trilobite .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was a nektobenthic predatory carnivore .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its remains have been found in canada ( british columbia , especially in the burgess shale , and newfoundland ) , greenland , mexico , and the united states ( alaska , nevada , utah , vermont , and idaho for which z. idahoensis is named ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its major characteristics are a slender exoskeleton with 9 thoracic segments , pleurae with long spines , additional spines on the axial rings , and a pygidium that is considerably smaller than its cephalon . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "zacanthoides", "paragraphs": ["in 1887 carl rominger published an engraving of a nearly complete and markedly spiny trilobite and named it embolimus spinosa . in 1908 charles walcott introduced the combination zacanthoides spinosus for the mount stephen species and for a similar trilobite from nevada . the next change came in 1942 , when charles resser at the united states national museum asserted that the mount stephen species was sufficiently distinct that it required a new name . resser chose to honour the man who first formally described many of the common mount stephen trilobites , and zacanthoides romingeri remains the combination in use today .\nname : zacanthoides typicalis ( walcott , 1886 ) trilobites order corynexochida , family : zacanthoididae locality : lincoln co . , nevada stratigraphy : glossopleura zone , chisholm shale formation , middle cambrian remarks : collected and photographed by andrew milner . specimen is 3 . 4 cm long including thoracic spine\nalbertella , albertellina , albertelloides chuchiaspis , danjiangella , delamarina ( / delamarella ) , eozacanthoides , fieldaspis , mendogaspis , mexicaspis , micmaccopsis , panxinella , paralbertella , parkaspis , prozacanthoides , pseudozacanthopsis , ptarmiganoides , qingzhenaspis , stephenaspis , thoracocare , tianshanocephalus , ursinella , vanuxemella ( = vistoia ) , xuzhouia , zacanthoides ( / embolimus ) , zacanthopsina , zacanthopsis .\nhere is the last piece of the trilobites write up from our\nsw site\n( stevens way , ashfork , az . ) featuring the interesting pygidiums of the zacanthoides walapai trilobites we found in huge abundance in the bright angel shale . ill post a few nice shots here , and at the end a link to the full ( monstrous ) write up on our paleo web site . thanks for looking !\nspecimen count 1 site number 55c record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age paleozoic - cambrian - middle stratigraphy ute ls - spence sh mbr nmnh - paleobiology dept . common name trilobite taxonomy animalia arthropoda trilobita collector spence walcott burling see more items in paleogeneral types : arthropoda arthropoda trilobita type paleobiology place bear lake county , idaho , united states collection date 22 sep 1906 type status paratype type citation resser , c . e . 1939 . smithsonian misc . colln . 97 ( n . 12 ) : 10 , unfig . usnm number pal53435 published name zacanthoides holopygus resser\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was first described in the same 1887 publication as several other important mount stephen trilobites . carl rominger initially used the name embolimus rotundata for partial specimens of this trilobite , and named a second similar species in his collection embolimus spinosa ( now known as zacanthoides romingeri ) . in 1908 , walcott revised rominger ' s original species name to yield the combination bathyuriscus rotundatus , still in use today ( walcott , 1908 ) . along with the co - occurring elrathina cordillerae , b . rotundatus is a signature fossil for the middle cambrian bathyuriscus - elrathina zone in the southern canadian rockies .\nthe most common fossil found in the green shales at our sh locality are trilobite pygidiums for the zacanthoides walapai species . they are joined by assorted cranidiums , thorax and rib segments , and hordes of hyolithids , and a very rare coralomorph . generally low diversity such as this site suggests has been attributed to a stressed environment , with perhaps low food sources , aggressive wave action , or an influx of fresh water from the nearby deltas . this was a shallow sea outbound from the deposits known as the tapeats sandstone which marked shore , delta and beach deposits . combined with the deeper water muav limestone , this trio of formations is known as the tonto group . all three can be found outside the grand canyon to the south in small limited areas such as here , yielding an opportunity to explore the paleo fauna without hiking miles and thousands of feet into the grand canyon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\njell , p . a . & j . m . adrain . 2003 . available generic names for trilobites .\nthe list of available names for trilobite genera below is arranged alphabetically by family in the order presented in jell & adrain ( 2003 ) . if you know the genus ( or subgenus * ) of a specimen of trilobite and wish to know its family , superfamily , suborder , and order , you can use the\nfind\nfunction of your browser ( typically ctrl - f in a windows environment ) to search this list for your genus / subgenus . once you know the order , suborder and superfamily ( in brackets ) and family (\n) , you can browse through the nine order fact sheets ( by clicking on the choices below ) and learn more about your trilobite ' s classification . for example , if you search for the trilobite genus\nyou will find it listed in the family encrinuridae , a member of the order phacopida , suborder cheirurina , superfamily cheiruroidea . clicking on the phacopida fact sheet image below will take you to that order and you can learn more about the constituent families of the superfamily cheiruroidea , and the other genera in the encrinuridae . there are over 180 families of trilobites , and about 5000 genera , which contain the 15 , 000 + described species of trilobites ! in december of 2005 , i visited with dr . jell in brisbane and received permission to offer the full article in pdf format here . you must have adobe acrobat or acrobat reader to open the file . click the citation above , or the link here :\n* in the list , subgenera are included and not distinguished from names of genera , since subgenera may be elevated to full genus and are therefore available generic names .\nabadiella ( = parabadiella ; = danagouia ) , guangyuanaspis , guangyuania , lunolenus , malongocephalus , shaanxia , sibiriaspis .\nacastava , acaste , acastella , acastellina , acastocephala , acastoides , acastopyge , armorigreenops , asteropyge , baniaspis , bellacartwrightia , bradocryphaeus , braunops , breizhops , centauropyge , chimaerastella , coltraneia , comura , cryphina , delocare , deloops , destombesina , dunopyge , echinopyge , erbenochile , ewacaste , feruminops , gourdonia , greenops , gudralisium , hallandclarkeops , harringtonacaste , heliopyge ( = alcaldops ) , hexacosta , hollardops ( = modellops ; = philipsmithiana ) , kayserops , kennacryphaeus , kloucekia , llandovacaste , metacanthina , mimocryphaeus , morocconites , mrakibina , neocalmonia , neometacanthus , paracryphaeus , pelitlina , phacopidina , philonyx , pilletina , protacanthina , pseudocryphaeus , psychopyge , quadratispina , quadrops , radiopyge , rheicops , rhenops , saharops , sanidopyge , scotiella , sokhretia , stummiana , talus , tolkienia , treveropyge , turcopyge , walliserops .\nacrocephalella , acrocephalinella , acrocephalites ( = acantholenus ) , acrodirotes , afghancephalites , asturiaspis , brutaspis , cermataspis , decus , diceratocephalina , elatilimbus , ijacephalus , kepisis , mansiella , pseudacrocephalaspina , siligerites , toxotina , trifonella .\nacmarhachis ( = cyclagnostus ; = oxyagnostus ; = wanagnostus ) , agnostus ( / battus ; = acutatagnostus ) , aistagnostus , anglagnostus , biciragnostus , connagnostus , distagnostus , eolotagnostus , gymnagnostus , homagnostus , idolagnostus , innitagnostus , ivshinagnostus , kymagnostus , lotagnostus , micragnostus , obelagnostus , oncagnostus ( = eurudagnostus ) , phalacroma ( = platagnostus ) , phalagnostus ( = phalacromina ) , quadrahomagnostus , raragnostus , semagnostus , strictagnostus , trilobagnostus ( = rudagnostus ) .\nagasella , agaso , agraulos ( / arion ; / arionius ; = / arionides / arionellus ; = agrauloides ) , batenoides , chittidilla ( = diandongaspidella / diandongaspis ) , chondroparia , clemenella , conagraulos , elankaspis , lenagraulos , litavkaspis , metagraulos , micragraulos , mungyongia , parachittidilla ( = amurticephalus ) , paragraulos , paraplesiagraulos , phymaspis , plesiagraulos , poriagraulos , proampyx , protochittidilla , pseudoeteraspis , pseudoplesiagraulos , qiannanagraulos , shahaspis , skreiaspis , sternbergaspis , taiganella , tetragonocephalus , tholus , tianjingshania , veragraulos , wutaishania .\naldonaia , granutaspis , ideria , perissopyge , planaspis , pumilina , repinaspis , tuvanella ( = eleganolimba ) , tuvanellus , volonellus .\nalokistocare ( = pseudoalokistocare ) , alokistocarella , alokistocaropsis , altiocculus , amecephalina , amecephaloides , amecephalus ( = strotocephalus ) , annamitia , arcadiaspis , arellanella , atopiaspis , beldirella , binella , bythicheilus , chancia , chanciaopsis , danzhaiaspis , diaoyaspis , ehmania , ehmaniella ( = anomalocephalus ; = clappaspis ) , elrathia , elrathiella ( = coelaspis ; = glossocoryphus ) , eokaotaia , erdoradites , furia , ganovexopyge ( / scottia ) , huochengella , inglefieldia , jenkinsonia , kailiella , kaotaia , katunicare , kistocare , langqia , lenacare , nelgakia , parapachyaspis , parehmania ( = mcnairia ; = rowia ; = thompsonaspis ) , pedinocephalina , peregrinaspis , plesiamecephalus , proehmaniella , proveedoria , pseudomexicella , schopfaspis , trachycheilus , tympanuella , utaspis .\najrikina , alataupleura , araiopleura , calycinoidia , caputrotundum , clavatellus , falanaspis , hapalopleura , huamiaocephalus , jegorovaia ( = hermosella ) , jiangxiaspis , orometopus , pagometopus , palquiella , paracalymenemene ( / paracalymene liu ) , plesioparabolina , pyrimetopus , rhadinopleura , seleneceme ( = alsataspis ) , sibiriopleura , skljarella ( = proaraiopleura ) , spirantyx , trigocephalus , yumenaspis , zacompsus .\nammagnostus ( = lispagnostus ; = agnostoglossa ; = tentagnostus ) , hadragnostus ( = formosagnostus ; = kunshanagnostus ) , kormagnostus ( = kormagnostella ; = litagnostoides ) , proagnostus ( = agnostascus ; = paragnostascus ) .\nanomocarella ( = psilaspis ; = entorachis ) , eoanomocarella , fissanomocarella , glyphaspis ( = americare ) , hanshania , huayuania , liocare , liopeishania , liopelta , luia , lydiaspis , megalopsis , neoanomocarella , orthodorsum , paranomocarella , peishania , ( = parapeishania ) , peishanoides , plebiellus .\nabharella , afghanocare , amginia , anomocare , anomocarina , anomocarioides , anomocariopsis , callaspis , chondranomocare , dilatalimbus , elandaspis , eocatuniella , forchammeria , formosocephalus , fuquania , glyphanellus , glyphaspellus , guizhouanomocare , hanivella , harataspis , hunanaspis , igarkiella , iohomia , irinia , jimanomocare , juraspis , kokuria , kolbinella , kotuia , leichneyella , lomsucaspis , longxumenia , macrotoxus , metanomocare , nadiyella , palella , paracoosia ( = manchurocephalus ) , parakotuia , paranomocare , pjatkovaspellus , qinlingia , rectifrontinella , sachaspis , schoriecare , schoriella , scintilla , sivovella , usovinurus , wutingshania , yongwolia .\nantagmella , antagmus , bagradia , bicella , bilimbataia , cambrophatictor , crassifimbra , cyphambon , erzishania ( = oreisator ) , houmengia , katunia , lermontoviella , longshania , luaspides , mantoushania , onchocephalina , onchocephalus ( = litocodia ) , paraantagmus , periomma , plesioperiomma , shilengshuia , sombrerella , wanbeiaspis , xiangqianaspis , xiaofangshangia , xiaomajiella , yuehsienszella .\namorphella , aphelaspidella , aphelaspis ( = proaulacopleura ; = clevelandella ; = labiostria ) , apheloides , dicanthopyge , elegantaspis , erixanium , eugonocare , kobayashella , listroa , litocephalus , maduiya , nganasanella ( = tamaranella ) , notoaphelaspis , olenaspella , olentella , paraphelaspis , pseudaphelaspis , pseudeugonocare , taenicephalites , taenora .\narchaeaspis , bradyfallotaspis , fallotaspidella , fritzaspis , geraldinella , selindella . [ profallotaspis , repinaella - see fallotaspididae ]\nanataphrus , araiocaris , asaphellus ( = asaphelloides ; = asaphoon ; = hemigyraspis ; = megalaspidella ; = plesiomegalaspis ) , asaphus ( = schizophorus ) , atopasaphus , aulacoparia , aulacoparina , australopyge , baltiites , banqiaoites , basilicus ( = basiliella ; = carinobasiliella ; = dolerobasilicus / basilicoides ; = mekynophrys ; = parabasilicus ) , bellefontia , birmanitella , birmanites ( = opsimasaphus ) , bohemopyge ( / ptychocheilus ) , borogothus , brachyaspis , branisaspis , burminresia , charabaia , chengkouella , dubovikites , ectenaspis , ekeraspis , emanuelaspis , emanuelina , eoasaphus ( / anorina ) , eoisotelus , erdelia ( / maja ) , estoniites , fuyunia , gerasaphes , gog , gogiura , golasaphus , griphasaphus , guohongjunia , hazarania , heraspis , hoekaspis , homalopyge , hunjiangites , hunnebergia , huochengia , iduia , isabelinia , isotella , isoteloides , isotelus ( = homotelus ) , isyrakella , isyrakopeltis , kainisiliellina , kayseraspis , klabavia , kobayashia , lachnostoma , lamanskytes , lapidaria , leningradites , liomegalaspides , lisogorites ( = trigonoaspis ; = tangyaia ) , liushuicephalus , lonchobasilicus ( = sinomegalaspis ) , lycophron , megalaspidella , megalaspides ( = lannacus ) , megasaphus , megatemnoura , megistaspidella ( = spinopyge ) , megistaspis ( / megalaspis ; = megistaspinus ; = rhinaspis ) , merlinia , metaptychopyge , metayuepingia , mioptychopyge , mischynogorites , nahannia , neoasaphus ( = trematophoris ; = multiasaphus ; = postasaphus ; = subasaphus ) , neopeltis , nerudaspis , nileoides , ningkianites , niobe , niobella ( = metoptogyrus ) , niobides , niobina , nobiliasaphus ( = pamirotchechites ) , norasaphites , norasaphus , norinia , notopeltis , ogmasaphus , ogyginus , ogygiocarella , ogygiocaris , ogygitella , ogygites , ogygitoides , onchometopus , parabellefontia , paramegalaspis ( = dolerasaphus ) , paramegistaspis ( / varvaspis ) , paraptychopyge , paratamdaspis , parayuepingia , penchiopsis , platyptychopyge , plectasaphus , plesiyuepingia , popovkiaspis , popovkites , praecoparia , presbynileus ( / paranileus ) , priceaspis ( = fitzroyaspis ) , proasaphus , promegalaspides , protopresbynileus ( / pseudonileus hintze , 1953 ) , protoptychopyge , proxiniobe , pseudoasaphinus , pseudoasaphoides , pseudoasaphus , pseudobasilicoides , pseudobasilicus , pseudobasiliella , pseudobasiloides , pseudogriphasaphus , pseudogygites , pseudomegalaspis , pseudoptychopyge , pseudoptyocephalus , psilocephalina , psilocephalops , ptychopyge , ptyocephalus ( = kirkella ) , rhinoferus ( = lawiaspis ; = ropschiaspis ) , sanbernardaspis , shergoldina , stegnopsis , stenorhachis , suriaspis , tchukeraspis , thysanopyge ( = basilicoides ) , trigonocerca , trigonocercella , tsaidamaspis , valdaites , vogdesia , volchovites , xenasaphus , xenostegium , xinanocephalus , , yuepingioides , zhenganites ( = eosoptychopyge ) , zoraspis , zuninaspis .\nanomocarellius , asaphiscus , blainia , blainiopsis , blountiella , blountina , canotiana ( = williamsina ) , cinnella , ? conoides , dunderburgella , edithiella , eoasaphiscus hajrullina , eokaninia ( / kaniniella sivov ) , eoproetus , erbenia , eteraspis , iniotoma , kaninia ( / kaniniella sivov ; = dolgaia ) , kaniniella kobayashi , lioparia ( / lorentzia , / pseudoliostracina ; = emmrichella ; = liaoyangaspis ) , luyanhaoaspis ( / luaspis peng et al . , 1995 ) , mindycrusta , paraorlovia , vega , verkholenella .\naulacopleura ( / arethusa / arethusina ; = paraaulacopleura ) , aulacopleuroides , beggaspis , coignops , cyphaspides , cyphaspis ( = novakaspis ) , dixiphopyge , harpidella ( = rhinotarion ) , latecephalus , malimanaspis ( = goodsiraspis ) , maurotarion ( = goniopleura ; = branisella ; = tricornotarion ) , namuropyge ( = coignouina ) , otarion ( = aulacopleurella ; = conoparia ; = otarionella ) , otarionides , protocyphaspides , pseudotrinodus , songkania , tilsleyia .\nacidiphorus ( = goniotelina ; = goniotelus / goniurus ) , aksuaspis , bathyurellus , bathyurus , benthamaspis ( = oculomagnus ) , bolbocephalus , catochia , ceratopeltis , eleutherocentrus , ermanella , gignopeltis , grinnellaspis ( / actinopeltis poulsen ) , hadrohybus , jeffersonia ( = bathyurina ) , licnocephala ( = domina ) , lutesvillia , madaraspis , peltabellia ( = biolgina ) , petigurus , platyantyx , ? proscharyia , psephosthenaspis ( = aponileus ; = ludvigsenella ) , pseudoolenoides , punka , rananasus , randaynia , raymondites , sinobathyurus , strigigenalis , uromystrum .\nbigotina , bigotinella , bigotinops , bulaiaspis , hupetina , neobigotina , ouijjania , pruvostina , serrania .\nacutimetopus , asiagena , australosutura , brachymetopella , brachymetopus ( / brachymetopina ; = iriania ) , cheiropyge ( = suturikephalion ) , conimetopus , cordania , eometopus , loeipyge , mystrocephala , proetides , radnoria , spinimetopus .\nanchiopella , andinacaste , australoacaste , australops , awaria , bainella ( = paradalmanites ; = paranacaste ) , belenops , bouleia ( = dereimsia ) , calmonia , chiarumanipyge , clarkeaspis , cryphaeoides , curuyella , deltacephalaspis , eldredgeia , feistia , hadrorachus , jujuyops , kozlowskiaspis , malvinella , malvinocooperella , metacryphaeus , oosthuizenella , palpebrops , parabouleia , paracalmonia ( / proboloides ) , pennaia , phacopina , plesioconvexa , plesiomalvinella , prestalia , probolops , punillaspis , renniella , romanops , schizostylus , talacastops , tarijactinoides ( = bolivianaspis ) , tibagya ( / schizopyge ) , tormesiscus , typhloniscus , vogesina , wolfartaspis .\ncalodiscus ( / goniodiscus ; = brevidiscus ) , chelediscus , korobovia , neocobboldia ( / cobboldia ; = margodiscus ) , pseudocobboldia , sinodiscus ( = tologoja ) .\nalcymene , apocalymene , arcticalymene , calymene ( / calymena / calymaena / calymmene / calymmena ) , calymenella , calymenesun , colpocoryphe ( = thoralocoryphe ) , dekalymene , diacalymene , flexicalymene , gravicalymene , limbocalymene , linguocalymene , liocalymene , metacalymene , neseuretinus , neseuretus ( = synhomalonotus ) , nipponocalymene , onnicalymene , papillicalymene , paracalymene , platycalymene ( = sulcocalymene ) , pradoella , protocalymene , reacalymene , reedocalymene , salterocoryphe , sarrabesia , spathacalymene , sthenarocalymene , tapinocalymene , thelecalymene , vietnamia .\nacheilops , agelagma ( ? = paradistazeris ) , buttsia , buttsiella , catillicephala ( / cephalocoelia ) , catillicephalites , coephalocoeliaspis , cryptoderaspis , distazeris , galeaspis , lajishanaspis , madarocephalus , matania , onchonotellus ( = onchonotina ; = guotangia ; = seletella ) , onchonotopsis , onchonotus , pemphigaspis ( = hallaspis ) , peracheilus ( = acheilus raymond ) , qilianshania , stenochilina , theodenisia ( / denisia ; = calculites ; = mannschreekia ) , triarthropsis , tumidulaspis , tuojiangella , urbanaspis , waergangia , welleraspis ( = avonaspis ) , yukonaspis .\nbonneterrina ( = holstonia ; = piedmontia ) , carinamala , cedaria , cedarina , henadoparia , jimachongia , vernaculina .\n? ajacicrepida , asiocephalus , boschchekulia , cataplotaspis , ceratopyge , cermatops , charchaqia ( = aplotaspis ) , diceratopyge ( = paraceratopyge ) , dichelepyge ( = bicornipyge ) , dipleuropyge , guozia , haniwoides ( = yuepingia ) , hedinaspis , hunanopyge , hysterolenus ( = ruapyge / hectoria ) , kaltykelina , kaufmannella ( / kaufmannia ) , kogenium , lopnorites , macropyge ( = haniwapyge , = lichapyge ; = macropygella ) , mansuyella , nannopeltis , neohedinaspis , onychopyge ( = prionopyge ) , proceratopyge , promacropyge ( = aksapyge ) , pseudohysterolenus , pseudoyuepingia ( = iwayaspis ; = sayramaspis ) , sinoproceratopyge , tamdaspis ( = psiloyuepingia ) , tropidopyge , wannania , xiaodaositunia .\nbenxiella , changshania ( = metachangshania ; = prochangshania ) , changshanocephalus , kazelia ( = kazellina ) , mecophyrs , narinosa , parachangshania , paramenomonia , paraqingshuiheella ( = qingshuiheella ) , pseudowentsuia , suribongia , wentsuia .\naksayaspis , cheilocephalus ( = pseudolisania ; = zhalangtania ) , emsurella , lecanoaspis , macelloura , oligometopus ( = bernicella ) , parakoldinia , pseudokingstonia , pseudokoldinia .\nacanthoparypha , actinopeltis hawle & corda , anasobella , ancyginaspis , apollonaspis , arcticeraurinella , areia , areiaspis , azyptyx , barrandeopeltis , borealaspis ( = alreboaspis ) , bornholmaspis , bufoceraurus , ceraurinella ( = bartoninus ) , ceraurinium , ceraurinus ( = remipyga ) , cerauromeros , cerauropeltis , ceraurus ( = eoceraurus ) , cheirurus , chiozoon , contracheirurus , courtessolium , crotalocephalides , crotalocephalina ( / gibbocephalus ; = mezocrotalus ) , crotalocephalus ( = cerauroides ; = pilletopeltis / boeckia pillet ) , cyrtometopella , cyrtometopus , deiphon , didrepanon , eccoptochile , eccoptochiloides , forteyops , foulonia , gabriceraurus , geracephalina , hadromeros , hammannopyge , hapsiceraurus , heliomera , heliomeroides , holia ( = ainoa ) , hyrokybe ( = shiqiania ) , junggarella , kawina ( = cydonocephalus ) , kolymella , krattaspis , ktenoura , laneites , lehua , leviceraurus , nieszkowskia , onycopyge , osekaspis , pandaspinapyga , paraceraurus , parasphaerexochus ( = mayopyge ) , parayoungia ( = ichiyamella ) , parisoceraurus , pateraspis , patomaspis , placoparina , pompeckia , proromma , protocerauroides , pseudocheirurus , pseudosphaerexochus ( = zethus ) , radiurus , ratinkaspis , reraspis , skelipyx , sphaerexochus ( = korolevium ; = onukia ; = parvixochus ) , sphaerocoryphe ( = ellipsocoryphe ; = hemisphaerocoryphe ) , stubblefieldia , sycophantia , turantyx , valongia , whittakerites , xylabion , xystocrania ( = xialiangshania ) , youngia , zazvorkaspis .\nzhang & lin in w . zhang et al . , 1980a [ redlichiida redlichina redlichioidea ]\naragotus , bathynotus ( = pagura ) , bathynotellus , belliceps , chengkouaspis , elegestina , inella , pseudoresserops , terechtaspis ( = nellina ) .\nzhu in w . zhang et al . , 1980a [ ptychopariida ptychopariina ? ellipsocephaloidea ]\nacanthomicmacca ( = chengkouia ; = jaskovitchella ; = myopsomicmacca ) , bidjinella , changyangia , micmacca , turkestanella , wenganella , xiuqiella , zacanthellina , zhenbaspis ( = yankongia ; = zhenxiongaspis ) .\naspidagnostus ( = biragnostus ) , clavagnostus ( = tomorhachis ; = culipagnostus ; = stigmagnostus ; = acanthagnostus ; = leptagnostus ; = paraclavagnostus ) , triadaspis , utagnostus .\ncondylopyge ( / paragnostus ; = fallagnostus ) , miraculaspis , pleuroctenium ( = dichagnostus ) .\nbailiaspis , bailiella ( = liaotungia ; = liocephalus ; = tangshihella ) , cainatops ( = cornucoryphe ) , conocoryphe ( / conocephalites ; = conocephalus ; = couloumania ) , ctenocephalus , elyx ( / eryx ) , hartella , parabailiella , tchaiaspis .\nbuitella , catuniella , conokephalina ( = lobocephalina ; = ruzickaia / lobocephalus ) , gorskia , maspakites , meisteraspis , meisterella , miranda , oirotella , suludella , westergaardella .\nabakania , acontheus ( = aneucanthus ; = aneuacanthus ) , bonnaspis , chatiania ( = parachatiania ) , clavigellus , corynexochella , corynexochina , corynexochus ( = karlia ) , eochatiana , eocorynexochus , hartshillia , hartshillina , milaspis , miranella , olinaspis , sanaschtykgolia , shivelicus , trinia .\nbagongshania , beikuangaspis , cayupania , coosella ( = wilsonella ) , coosia , coosina , coosinoides , crepicephalina ( = mesocrepicephalus ) , crepicephalus , hsuchuangia , idioura , kasatchaspis , neimonggolaspis , perforina , pseudocrepicephalus , sinocoosella , sinocrepicephalus , sneedvillia , temnoura ( = asteromajia ) , tetraceroura , uncaspis , zaozhuangaspis .\namicus , aspidaeglina , circulocrania , cyclopyge ( / egle / aeglina ) , degamella , ellipsotaphrus , emmrichops , gastropolus ( = lisogoraspis ) , girvanopyge ( = cremastoglottos ; = gamops ; = nanlingia ) , heterocyclopyge ( = selenoptychus ) , microparia ( = gallagnostoides ) , novakella ( = incisopyge ) , paramicroparia , phylacops , pricyclopyge ( = bicyclopyge ) , prospectatrix , psilacella , quadratapyge , sagavia , symphysops , waldminia , xenocyclopyge .\nanchiopsis , andreaspis , argentopyge , banilatites , bessazoon , blanodalmanites , chacomurus , chattiaspis , coronura , corycephalus , crozonaspis , dalmanites ( / dalmania ; = guaranites ; = hausmannia etheridge & mitchell ; = heliocephalus / malvernia ; = makaspis ; = ommokris ) , dalmanitina , dalmanitoides , dalmaniturus , daytonia , deloites , delops , destombesites , dreyfussina ( = prephacopidella ) , duftonia , eodalmanitina , eudolatites , fenestraspis , forillonaria , francovichia , furacopyge , gamonedaspis , glyptambon , guichenia , huntoniatonia ( / huntonia ) , kasachstania , lygdozoon , malladaia , morgatia , mucronaspis ( = guaykinites ) , mytocephala ( = mirops ) , neoprobolium , odontocephalus , odontochile ( / hausmannia hall & clark ) , ormathops , pericopyge , phalangocephalus , preodontochile , prodontochile , prosocephalus , retamaspis , reussiana , roncellia , schoharia , songxites , struveria , synphoria ( / eocorycephalus ; / neosynphoria ) , synphoroides , thuringaspis , toletanaspis , trypaulites , vokovicia , zeliszkella , zlichovaspis ( = devonodontochile ; = spinodontochile ) .\n? adelogonus , ariaspis , bergeronites ( = spinopanura ) , blackwelderia ( = parablackwelderia ) , blackwelderioides , chiawangella , cyrtoprora , damesella ( = haibowania ; = eodamesella ) , damesops ( = meringaspis ; = paradamesops ) , dipentaspis , dipyrgotes , drepanura , duamsannella , fengduia , guancenshania , ? hercantyx , histiomona , jiawangaspis , liuheaspis , metashantungia , neodamesella , palaeadotes ( = pseudobergeronites ) , paradamesella ( = falkopingia ) , parashantungia , pingquania ( = oxygonaspis ) , pionaspis , protaitzehoia , pseudoblackwelderia , shantungia , stephanocare , taihangshania , taitzehoia , teinistion ( = dorypygella ) , xintaia , yanshanopyge .\nanopocodia , aulacodigma , cyclolorenzella , diceratocephalus , fenghuangella ( = cyclolorenzellina ) , hwangjuella , jiangnania , tangshihlingia , tholifrons ( = paraphoreotropsis ) , torifera , xiangia .\nberkeia , blandicephalus , briscoia , camaraspoides , dikelocephalus , elkia , goumenzia , hoytaspis , iranella , kasachstanaspis , monocheilus , olimus , osceolia , parabriscoia , patalolaspis , princetonella ( / calyptomma ) , pterocephalops rasetti , randicephalus , stigmacephalus , walcottaspis .\ncelmus ( = crotalurus ; = ischyrophyma ) , dimeropyge ( / haploconus ) , dimeropygiella , glaphurella , ischyrotoma , pseudohystricurus .\namginoerbia , botomella ( = sayanella ) , chakasskia , chakasskiella , compsocephalus ( / lepidocephaloides ) , densocephalus , dilataspis , dinesus , erbia ( = paratollaspis ) , erbiella , erbina , erbiopsidella , erbiopsis , ghwaiella , paraerbia , piriforma , pokrovskiella , proerbia , pseudoerbia , pseudoerbiopsis , rondocephalus , tingyuania , tollaspis , tumulina .\naethedionide , digrypos , dionide ( / dione ; / polytomurus ; = dionidepyga ; = trigrypos ) , dionideina , dionidella , huangnigangia , paradionide , tongxinaspis , trinucleoides .\nagnostotes , baltagnostus ( ? = trilagnostus ) , denagnostus , diplagnostus ( = enetagnostus ; = tasagnostus ) , dolichagnostus , iniospheniscus , linguagnostus ( = cristagnostus ) , machairagnostus , nahannagnostus , oedorhachis , oidalagnostus ( = ovalagnostus ) , pseudagnostus ( = litagnostus ; = plethagnostus ; = pseudagnostina ; = rhaptagnostus ; = sulcatagnostus ; = xestagnostus ) , pseudoglyptagnostus ( = glyptagnostotes ) , pseudorhaptagnostus ( = neoagnostus ; = euplethagnostus ; = hyperagnostus ; = tarayagnostus ; = calagnostus ) , trisulcagnostus ( = tririmagnostus ) .\nacrocephalina , alekcinella , anemocephalus , anuloides , apachia ( = apachilites ) , bellaspidella , bellaspis , beothuckia , burnetiella ( / burnetia ) , calocephalites , chalfontia , conaspis , crusoiina , deckera , dellea ( = eshelmania ) , delleana , didwudina , dokimocephalus , fastigaspis , glyptometopsis , glyptometopus , iddingsia ( = plataspella ) , jingxiania , kindbladia , kiowaia , kyphocephalus , lorrettina , obrucheviaspis , pinctus , plakhinella , pseudosaratogia , puanella , ritella , saimachia , sulcocephalus , taenicephalina , tatulaspis , tchuostachia , whittingtonella , wilsonarella , wuhuia ( = deadwoodia ) , yangweizhouia .\ndolerolenus ( / olenopsis ; = malungia ) , giordanella , granolenus , paramalungia .\naegunaspis amphoton ( = eurodeois ; = amphotonella ; = paramphoton ; = sunia ) , anoria , asperocare , athabaskia , athabaskiella , atypicus , basanellus , bathyuriscidella , bathyuriscus ( = orria ; = orriella ; = wenkchemnia ) , borovikovia , centonella , chilometopus , chilonorria , clavaspidella , corynexochides , deiradonyx , dolicholeptus , dolichometopsis , dolichometopus , drozdoviella , erratobalticus , ezhuangia , fuchouia ( = parafuchouia ; = pseudofuchouia ) , glossopleura ( = sonoraspis ) , ? granularaspis ( / granularia ) , guraspis , ? hanburia , hemirhodon , horonastes , itydeois , kannoriella , klotziella , lianhuashania , mendospidella , neopoliellina , parapoliella , poliella ( = bornemannia ) , poliellaspidella , poliellaspis , poliellina , politinella , polypleuraspis , prosymphysurus , pseudamphoton , ptarmigania , saimixiella , sestrostega , shanghaia , sinijanella , suvorovaaspis , undillia , zhenpingaspis .\natdabanella , basocephalus , bonnaria , bonnia , bonniella , bonnima , bonnioides , bonniopsis , dorypygaspis , dorypyge , dorypygina , dorypygoides , duyunia , fordaspis , hicksia , holteria , jiuquania , kharausnurica , kootenia ( = notasaphus ) , kooteniella ( = babakovia ) , kooteniellina , kootenina , liokootenia , mengzia , metakootenia , namiolenoides , neolenus , ogygopsis ( = taxioura ) , olenoides , paraolenoides , popigaia , prokootenia , protypus ( = bicaspis ) , pulvillaspis , rabutina , saryaspis , shipaiella , strettonia , tabatopygellina , tadjikia , tienzhuia , tolanaspis .\nalacephalus , edelsteinaspis , gelasene , keeleaspis , labradoria ( = sinolenus ) , labradorina , laticephalus , litaspis , nehanniaspis , neoredlichina , nodiceps , paleofossus , polliaxis , torosus , venosus .\nacadolenus , alueva , antatlasia , argunaspis , asiatella , bergeroniaspis , bergeroniellus , blayacina , brevitermierella ( = paratermierella ) , cambrunicornia , catadoxides , charaulaspis , chorbusulina , comluella , culmenaspis , ellipsocephalus ( = germaropyge ) , ellipsostrenua , glabrella , hamatolenus , hupeolenus , issafeniella , kadyella , kameschkoviella , kijanella , kingaspidoides ( = elatius ) , kingaspis ( = mesetaia ) , krolina , kymataspis , latikingaspis , latouchia , latuzella , lermontovia , limataceps , limouolenus , lotzeia , lusatiops ( = jalonella ) , mohicana , myopsolenus ( = collyrolenus ) , myopsostrenua , nelegeria , olekmaspis , ornamentaspis , orodes , ourikaia , paramicmacca , paraprotolenella , pauliceps , planolimbus , protagraulos , protaldonaia , protolenella , protolenus ( / bergeronia ; = matthewlenus ) , pruvostinoides , pseudoasiatella , pseudokadyella , pseudolenus , pseudoprotolenella , ptychoparopsis ( = berabichia ) , rinconia , sailycaspis , sectigena , strenuaeva ( = hindermeyeria ) , strenuella , tadakoustia , termieraspis , termierella , thoralaspis , timnaella , triangulaspis ( = acutaspis ; = angustaeva ; = plenudiscus ; = triangullina ) , yeshanaspis .\nchariocephalus , dartonaspis , drumaspis , dunderbergia , dytremacephalus , elburgia , elvinaspis , elvinia ( = moosia ) , elviniella , elvinioides , elyaspis , enshia , irvingella ( = irvingellina ; = parairvingella ; = komaspis ) , jessievillia , kujandina , maladioides , maladiopsis , megadundabergia , metisaspina , onchopeltis , paraenshia , parakomaspis , pesaia , protemnites ( = prismenaspis ) , pseudomaladioides , pseudosaukia , qingshuihella , schmidtaspis , yunlingia .\naegrotocatellus , alwynulus , atractocybeloides , atractopyge ( = cybelella ) , avalanchurus , balizoma , batocara ( = pacificurus / australurus ) , bevanopsis , billevittia , brianurus ( / briania ) , celtencrinurus , coronaspis , coronocephalus ( = coronocephalina ; = senticucullus ) , cromus ( = encrinuraspis ) , curriella , cybele ( = cybelina ) , cybeloides , cybelurus ( = miracybele ) , dayongia , deacybele , dindymene ( = cornovica ) , distyrax , dnestrovites , elsarella , encrinuroides , encrinurus ( = saoria ) , eodindymene , erratencrinurus , fragiscutum , frammia , frencrinuroides , johntempleia , kailia , koksorenus , langgonia , lasaguaditas , libertella , lyrapyge , mackenziurus , mitchellaspis ( / mitchellia ) , nucleurus , oedicybele ( = dindymenella ; = jemtella ) , paracybeloides , paraencrinurus , parakailia , perirehaedulus , perryus , physemataspis , plasiaspis , prophysemataspis , prostrix , rongxiella , sinocybele , staurocephalus , stiktocybele , struszia , tewonia , walencrinuroides , wallacia .\ndawsonia ( = aculeodiscus ; = metadiscus ) , eodiscus ( = spinodiscus ; = deltadiscus ) , helepagetia , kiskinella , macannaia , opsidiscus ( / aulacodiscus ) , pagetia ( = eopagetia ; = mesopagetia ) , pagetides ( = discomesites ) , sinopagetia .\nalanisia , chulanolenus , coreolenus , eomalungia , estaingia ( = hsuaspis , = pseudichangia ; = zhuxiella ; = sematiscus ; = strenax ) , hupeia , ichangia , longmenshania , longxianaspis , madianaspis , mundocephalina , ningxiaspis , olekmanellus , paraichangia , pararaia ( = proichangia ; = tannuolaspis ) , protolenoides , shangsiaspis , shifangia , shiqihepsis , sichuanolenus , subeia , szechuanolenus , yinshanaspis .\nacrocephalaspina , altaiaspis , ? amzasskiella ( = triplacephalus ) , archaeuloma , baikadamaspis , bilacunaspis , butyrinia , crucicephalus , dolgeuloma ( / rosovaspis / psedoacrocephalites rosova ) , duplora , euduplora , euloma ( = calymenopsis ) , guizhoucephalina , iveria , karataspis , ketyna ( = kujandaspis ) , lateuloma , limpeina , loparella , lopeuloma , luyanhaoia , miaeuloma , ? natmus , pareuloma ( = gansucephalina ) , pesaiina , plecteuloma , probilacunaspis , proteuloma ( = mioeuloma ) , pseudoacrocephalites maksimova , sanduspis , spineuloma , stigmatoa .\nbandalaspis , bayfieldia , corbinia , eurekia , leocephalus , lochmanaspis , magnacephalus , maladia , tostonia .\namplifallotaspis , choubertella , daguinaspis ( = eodaguinaspis ; = epidaguinaspis ) , eofallotaspis , fallotaspis , lenallina , parafallotaspis , pelmanaspis , profallotaspis , repinaella , wolynaspis . [ profallotaspis & repinaella placed in archaeaspididae by some workers ]\nbornemannaspis , gigantopygus , parayiliangella , pseudoyiliangella , yilliangella ( = palaeoaspis ) , yilliangellina , zhangshania .\narraphus , bohemoharpes ( = declivoharpes ; = unguloharpes ) , bowmania , brachyhipposiderus , conococheaguea , dolichoharpes , dubhglasina ( = australoharpes ; = sinoharpes ) , entomaspis ( = hypothetica ) , eoharpes ( / harpina ) , eotrinucleus , harpes ( = helioharpes ; = reticuloharpes ) , heterocaryon , hibbertia ( / platyharpes ; = harpesoides ; = metaharpes ; = paraharpes ; = thorslundops ; = wegelinia ) , kathrynia , kielania ( = lowtheria ) , lioharpes ( = fritchaspis ) , palaeoharpes , scotoharpes ( = aristoharpes ; = selenoharpes ) .\nchencunia , dictyocephalites , fissocephalus , harpides , harpidoides , kitatella , loganopeltis , loganopeltoides , metaharpides , paraharpides , pscemiaspis .\ndelgadella ( = alemtejoia ; = delgadodiscus ; = delgadoia ; = pagetiellus ; = pentagonalia ) , dicerodiscus , hebediscus , luvsanodiscus , natalina ( = limbadiscus ) , neopagetina ( / pagetina ) , parapagetia ( = planodiscus ) , tchernyshevioides .\nandalusiana , baltobergstroemia , callavia ( = cephalacanthus / callavalonia ; = cobboldus ) , cambropallas , elliptocephala ( / georgiellus , / ebenezeria ) , holmia ( = esmeraldina ) , holmiella , iyouella , kjerulfia , palmettaspis , postfallotaspis , schmidtiellus ( / schmidtia ) .\ndasometopus , holocephalina ( = carausia ) , holocephalites , meneviella ( / menevia , / salteria / errinys ) , sdzuyella .\narduennella , brongniartella ( = pamirotellus ; = portaginus ) , burmeisterella , burmeisteria , digonus , dipleura , eohomalonotus ( / brongniartiasalter ) , homalonotus , huemacaspis , iberocoryphe , kerfornella , leiostegina , parahomalonotus , plaesiacomia , platycoryphe ( = liangshanaspis ) , scabrella , trimerus .\nasaphopsoides ( = dainellicauda ; = xiangxiia ) , ciliocephalus , dactylocephalus , dikella , dikelocephalopsis , dikelokephalina , dikelus , hungaia ( = acrohybus ) , hungioides ( = argentinops ) , leimitzia , meitanopsis , songtaoia , warendia , xiushanopsis .\namblycranium , etheridgaspis , flectihystricurus , genalaticurus , glabretina , guizhouhystricurus , hillyardina ( = metabowmania ) , hintzecurus , ? holubaspis ( / holubia ) , hyperbolochilus , hystricurus ( = vermilionites ) , ibexicurus , lavadamia , nyaya , omuliovia , pachycranium , paenebeltella , parahystricurus , paraplethopeltis , politicurus , psalikilopsis , psalikilus , rollia , rossicurus , tanybregma , ? taoyuania ( = batyraspis ) , tasmanaspis , tersella .\naguilarella , arrhenaspis , brabbia , comanchia , duibianaspis , elviraspis , langyashania , lauzonella , levisella , loganellus ( = highgatea ) , maladioidella ( = kuruktagella ; = cedarellus ) , noelaspis , patronaspis , psalaspis , pyttstrigis , saratogia ( = idahoia ; = meeria ) , shitaia , valtoressia , wafangia , wilbernia , zhuitunia .\nalloillaenus , bumastoides , dysplanus , ectillaenus ( = wossekia ) , harpillaenus , hyboaspis , illaenus ( / cryptonymus ; = actinolobus ; = deucalion ; = svobodapeltis ) , nanillaenus , ninglangia , octillaenus , ordosaspis , parillaenus , platillaenus , ptilillaenus , quadratillaenus , snajdria , spinillaenus , stenopareia , trigoncekovia , ulugtella , vysocania , wuchuanella , zbirovia , zdicella , zetillaenus .\nambonolium , illaenurus , lecanopyge , minicephalus , olenekella , platydiamesus , polyariella , rasettaspis , rasettia ( / platycolpus ) , resseraspis , tatonaspis yurakia .\ncatinouyia , eoinouyia , huainania , inouyia , parahuainania , parainouyia , parajialaopsis , parawuania , plesiowuania , proinouyia , pseudinouyia .\ncyphoniscus , effnaspis , hanzhongaspis , holdenia ( / tiresias ) , isocolus ( / astyages ) , kielanella , liangshanocephalus , paratiresias , pradesia , pseudopetigurus , taimyraspis , thoralocolus , triarthroides .\nargasalina , bathyuriscellus , bathyuriscopsis , daldynia , gibscherella , jakutus , janshinicus , jucundaspis , judaiella , kobdus , lenaspis , malykania , manaspis , prouktaspis , uktaspis , vologdinaspis .\nanhuiaspis , ceronocare , donggouia , eokaolishania , eomansuyia , eotingocephalus , hapsidocare , hemikaolishania , kabutocrania , kaolishania , kaolishaniella , liaotropis , mansuyia , mansuyites ( = parapalacorona ) , ? mimana , palacorona , palemansuyia , parakaolishania , paramansuyella ( / paramansuyia ) , peichiashania , prolloydia , shidiania , taianocephalus , tangjiaella , tingocephalus , tugurellum , wayaonia .\nacheilus clark , ankoura , blountia ( = homodictya ; = protillaenus ; = stenocombus ) , brachyaspidion ( / brachyaspis miller , 1936 ) , bynumia , bynumina , calvipelta , clelandia ( / harrisia ; = bynumiella ) , ithycephalus , kingstonella , kingstonia ( = ucebia ) , kingstonioides , komaspidella ( = buttsina ; = ataktaspis ) , larifugula , maryvillia , pugionicauda , saonella , shuizuia , wanwanaspis , wanwanoglobus , yanzhuangia .\naedotes , aethochuangia , agerina ( = otarionellina / otarionella ) , alloleiostegium , ampullatocephalina , annamitella ( = bathyuriscops ; = endoaspis / wutingia ; = proetiella ; = monella ) , aspidochuangia , baoshanaspis , brackebuschia ( = bodenbenderia ; = hexianella ) , cholopilus , chosenia ( = leiostegioides ) , chuangia ( / schantungia ; = parachuangia ; = pterochuangia ) , chuangiella , chuangina , chuangioides , chuangiopsis , chuangites , constrictella , eochuangia , euleiostegium , evansaspis , gonicheirurus , iranaspis , iranochuangia , jinanaspis , kepisis , leiostegium ( = endocrania ) , leptochuangia , linguchuangia , lloydia , madaoyuites , manitouella , marcouella , meropalla , paraaojia , paraleiostegium , paraonychopyge , paraszechuanella , perischodory , plethopeltella , pseudocalymene ( = eucalymene ) , pseudoleiostegium , reubenella , sailoma , shanchengziella , sobovaspis , szechuanella , tinaspis , xinhuangaspis , yaopuia , yarmakaspis , yinjiangia .\nacidaspidella , acidaspides , acidaspidina , archikainella , belovia , bestjubella , brutonia , colossaspis , eoacidaspis , lichakephalus , lichokephalina , metaacidaspis , paraacidaspis , usoviana .\nacanthopyge ( = euarges ) , akantharges , allolichas , amphilichas ( / paralichas / platymetopus ; = acrolichas ; = kerakephalichas ; = tetralichas ) , apatolichas , arctinurus ( / oncholichas ; / platynotus ; / pterolichas ) , autoloxolichas , borealarges , ceratarges ( / arges ) , ceratolichas , conolichas ( = cypholichas ) , craspedarges , dicranogmus , dicranopeltis ( = dicranopeltoides ; = nonix ; = raymondarges ; / trachylichas ; = tsunyilichas ) , echinolichas , eifliarges , gaspelichas , hemiarges ( = choneilobarges ) , homolichas , hoplolichas ( = cyranolichas ) , hoplolichoides , jasperia , leiolichas , lichas ( = apolichas ; = autolichas ) , lobopyge ( = belenopyge ) , lyralichas , mephiarges , metaleiolichas , metalichas , metopolichas ( / metopias ; = holoubkovia ; = macroterolichas ) , neolichas , nipponarges , ohleum , oinochoe , otarozoum , paraleiolichas , perunaspis ( = nitidulopyge ) , platylichas ( = lingucephalichas ) , probolichas , pseudotupolichas ( = arctinuroides ) , radiolichas ( = diplolichas ; = septidenta ) , richterarges , rontrippia , terataspis , terranovia , trimerolichas , trochurus ( = corydocephalus ; = plusiarges ; = makromuktis ) , uralichas ( = bohemolichas ; = platopolichas ) , uripes .\ndazhuia , eoshengia ( = baojingia ) , extrania , klimaxocephalus , lisania ( = aojia ) , megalisania , metalisania , paralisaniella , paraojia , parashengia , platylisania , quandraspis , redlichaspis ( = lisaniella ) , rinella , shengia , xichuania .\namquia , arcuolimbus , deiracephalus ( / asteraspis ) , genevievella ( = placosema ; = nixonella ; = torridella ) , llanoaspidella , llanoaspis , metisaspis , nahannicephalus , paracedaria ( / pilgrimia ) , rogersvillia , sacha , stenelymus , tagenarella .\namiaspis , bolaspidellus , calymenidius , caulaspina , caulaspis , durinia , glaphyraspis ( = raaschella ) , graciella , hawkinsaspis ( / hawkinsia ) , interalia , kuraspis , kuraspoides , lazarenkiura , letniites , lonchocephalus ( = bucksella ) , monosulcatina , neoglaphyraspis , nordia , olegaspis , prolonchocephalus , pseudotalbotina , quebecaspis , raaschellina , talbotina , terranovella , trymataspis , weeksina .\ndamiaoaspis , eujinnania , inouyops , inoyellaspis , jiangjunshania , lonchinouyia , lorenzella , paralorenzangella ( / paralorenzella q . z . zhang ) , paralorenzella luo , paraporilorenzella , porilorenzella ( = jinnania ) , pseudolorenzella , ptyctolorenzella , zhongweia .\nangsiduoa , hualongia , mapania . mapanopsis , metanomocarella , paramapania , pseudomapania , quitacetra , quitalia .\nanemocephalops , crepichilella , glyphopeltis , holmdalia , ithyektyphus , lecanopleura , loulania , marjumia , modocia ( = armonia ; = metisia ; = perioura ; = semnocephalus ) , nasocephalus , nericella , nericia , pearylandia , petruninaspis , schyilaspis , shickshockia , syspacheilus .\nbalderia , biaverta , bolaspidella ( = deissella ; = howellaspis ) , bridgeia , coenaspis , coenaspoides , deltophthalmus , dresbachia , hysteropleura ( = apedopyanus ) , josina , knechtelia , menomonia ( = densonella / millardia ) , tavsenia , verditerrina .\nchurkinia , conomicmacca , enantiaspis , fuminaspis , hongshiyanaspis , metadoxides ( = anadoxides ) , minusinella , onaraspis , pratungusella .\narthrorhachis ( = metagnostus ; = girvanagnostus ) , chatkalagnostus ( = oculagnostus ) , corrugatagnostus ( = segmentagnostus ; = granulatagnostus ; = cenagnostus ) , diplorrhina ( = mesospheniscus ; = quadragnostus ; = pseudoperonopsis ) , dividuagnostus ( = pezizopsis ) , galbagnostus , geragnostella , geragnostus ( = geratrinodus ; = neptunagnostella ) , granuloagnostus , homagnostoides , novoagnostus , trinodus .\nfuzhouwania , hardyia , lunacrania ( = paranumia ) , parakoldinioidia ( = macroculites ; = missisquoia ; = rhamphopyge ; = tangshanaspis ) , pseudokoldinioidia , tasmanocephalus .\njinxiaspis , liaoningaspis , liaoningella , metalioparella , monkaspis ( = kushanopyge ; = paraliaoningaspis ) , nomadinis , proliaoningaspis , walcottaspidella .\nchondrinouyina , erkelina , inouyina , juliaspis , kassinius , namanoia , sinoschistometopus , tarynaspis .\nbuenaspis , corcorania , liwia ( / livia ) , misszhouia , naraoia , soomaspis , tarricoia , tegopelte .\nascionepea , ferenepea , folliceps , loxonepea , nepea , penarosa ( = trinepea ) .\nbuenellus , cambroinyoella , cirquella , limniphacos , nevadella , nevadia , plesionevadia , pseudojudomia , sdzuyomia .\naocaspis , barrandia , berkutaspis , borthaspidella , bumastides , elongatanileus , homalopteon , illaenopsis ( = eurymetopus ; = procephalops ; = rokycania / pseudobarrandia ) , kodymaspis , ? lakaspis , neopsilocephalina , nileus ( = remopleuridioides ) , parabarrandia , parabumastides , paranileus , peraspis , petrbokia , platypeltoides ( / platypeltis ) , poronileus , psilocephalinella ( / psilocephalus / psilocephalina / borthaspis ) , shenjiawania , symphyroxochus , ? symphysurina ( = symphysurinella ; = symphysuroides ) , symphysurus , troedssonia , varvia .\ncedaraspis , garbiella , hardyoides ( = norwoodina ) , holcacephalus , levisaspis , norwoodella , norwoodia ( = whitfieldina ) , paranorwoodia , xenocheilos .\nacanthalomina , acidaspis , anacaenaspis ( = bruxaspis ) , apianurus , archaeopleura , boedaspis , borkopleura , brutonaspis , calipernurus , ceratocara , ceratocephala ( = bounyongia ; = onchaspis ; / trapelocera ) , ceratocephalina , ceratonurus , chlustinia , dalaspis , diacanthaspis , dicranurus , dudleyaspis , edgecombeaspis , eoleonaspis ( = bojokoralaspis ) , exallaspis , gaotania , globulaspis , hispaniaspis , isoprusia ( = mauraspis ) , ivanopleura , kettneraspis ( = grossia ) , koneprusia , laethoprusia , leonaspis ( = acanthaloma ) , meadowtownella , miraspis ( = elbaspis ) , ningnanaspis , odontopleura , orphanaspis , periallaspis , primaspis , proceratocephala ( = drummuckaspis ) , radiaspis ( = xanionurus ; = charybdaspis ) , rinconaspis , selenopeltis ( = languedopeltis ; = polyeres ) , selenopeltoides , sinespinaspis , stelckaspis , taemasaspis ( = gondwanaspis ; = snoderaspis ) , uriarra , whittingtonia .\nangustolenellus , arcuolenellus , biceratops , bolbolenellus , bristolia , fremontella , fritzolenellus , gabriellus , laudonia , lochmanolenellus , mesolenellus , mesonacis ( = fremontia ) , mummaspis , nephrolenellus , olenelloides , olenellus ( / barrandia ) , paedeumias , peachella , teresellus , wanneria .\nacerocare , acerocarina ( / cyclognathus ) , aciculolenus , anaximander , angelina ( = keidelaspis ) , apoplanias , asilluchus , baikonuraspis , balnibarbi , bienvillia ( = diatemnus ; = mendoparabolina ) , boeckaspis ( / boeckia br\u00f6gger ; = sphaerophthalmella ) , bondarevites , bulbolenus , chekiangaspis , cloacaspis , ctenopyge , cyclognathina , danarcus , desmetia , eoctenopyge , euonchonotina , eurycare , granitzia , hancrania , helieranella , highgatella , huangshiaspis , hunanolenus , hypermecaspis ( = spitsbergaspis ) , inkouia ( = agalatus ) , isidrella , jujuyaspis ( = alimbetaspis ) , leiobienvillia , leptoplastides ( = andesaspis ; = beltella ; = chunkingaspis ; = parabolinopsis ; = rampartaspis ) , leptoplastus , leurostega , magnomma , mesoctenopyge , moxomia , neoolenus , neoparabolina , nericiaspis , olenus ( = simulolenus ) , orkekeia , parabolina ( / odontopyge ) , parabolinella , parabolinina , parabolinites , paraolenus , paraplicatolina , peltocare , peltura ( / anthes ; = anopocare ) , pelturina , plicatolina , plicatolinella , porterfieldia , prohedinella , protopeltura , psilocara , remizites , rhodonaspis , saltaspis , shihuigouia , sphaerophthalmus , svalbardites , talbotinella , triarthrus ( / brongniartia eaton ) , ? ullaspis , westergaardia ( = sphaerophthalmoides ) , westergaardites , wujiajiania .\ndelinghaspis , kontrastina , nidanshania , ordosia , paralevisia , plesioinouyella , poshania , pseudotaitzuia , taitzuia , taitzuina , tylotaitzuia , wanshania , xundiania .\narthricocephalus ( = arthricocephalites ; = protoryctocara ; = oryctocarella ) , balangia , barklyella , cheiruroides ( = inikanella ) , curvoryctocephalus , duodingia , duyunaspis , eoryctocephalus , euarthricocephalus , feilongshania , haliplanktos , hunanocephalus , kunshanaspis , lancastria ( = changaspis ; = chienaspis ; = goldfieldia ; = paraoryctocephalops ; = pseudolancastria ) , metabalangia , metarthricocephalus , microryctocara , neocheiruroides , opsiosoryctocephalus , oryctocara , oryctocephalina , oryctocephalites , oryctocephaloides , oryctocephalops , oryctocephalus ( = vinakainella ) , oryctometopus , ovatoryctocara , paleooryctocephalus , parachangaspis , paracheiruroides , protoryctocephalus , sandoveria , shabaella , taijiangocephalus , teljanzella , tonkinella , udjanella .\narcifimbria , bienella , datsonia , girandia , idamea , lichengaspis , lotosoides , oreadella , pagodia , pagodioides , phoreotropis , prochuangia , ptychopleurites ( / ptychopleura ; = aposolenopleura ; = punctularia ) , sagitaspis , sagitoides , seletoides , wittekindtia .\nalataurus , bajangoliaspis , enammocephalus , ferralsia , gigoutella , habrocephalus , hoffetella , latipalaeolenus , megapalaeolenus , palaeolenella , palaeolenides , palaeolenus , resimopsis , schistocephalus , torgaschina , ulakhanella , validaspis .\nhemibarrandia ( / pseudonileus kobayashi , 1951b ) , ottenbyaspis , panderia ( / rhodope ) , pogrebovites .\nbadainjaranaspis , metapianaspis , papyriaspis , pianaspis , prohedinaspis , prohedinia ( = tosotychia ) , sanduhedinaspis , wandelella , wangcunia , wudangia .\nabdulinaspis , apomodocia , boestrupia , croixana , jasmundia , kendallina ( / kendallia ) , minkella , orygmaspis , parabolinoides ( = bernia ) , pedinocephalus , pesaiella , roksaspis , stigmacephaloides , taenicephalops , taenicephalus ( = bemaspis ; = maustonia ) , weishania .\nacadoparadoxides ( / entomolithus / entomostracites ; = eoparadoxides ) , anabaraceps , anabaraspis , bajanaspis , baltoparadoxides , phanoptes ( = eccaparadoxides ; = macrocerca ) , hydrocephalus ( = phlysacium ; = rejkocephalus ) , paradoxides ( = vinicella ) , plutonides ( / plutonia ) , primoriella , schagonaria , schoriina .\narchaeagnostus , cotalagnostus , eoagnostus , gratagnostus , hypagnostus ( = spinagnostus ; = cyclopagnostus ; = breviagnostus ; = metahypagnostus ) , lisogoragnostus ( = abagnostus ; = scanagnostus ) , micagnostus , peronopsella , peronopsis ( / mesagnostus ; = euagnostus ; = acadagnostus ; = axagnostus ; = itagnostus ) , sphaeragnostus , svenax .\nacernaspis ( = eskaspis ; = otadenus ; = murphycops ) , acuticryphops , adastocephalum , afrops , ainasuella , altaesajania , ananaspis , angulophacops , arduennops , atopophacops , babinops , boeckops , burtonops , chotecops ( = cordapeltis ) , cryphops ( / gortania / microphthalmus ) , cultrops , denckmannites ( / denckmannia ) , dianops , dienstina , drotops , ductina , echidnops , echinophacops , eldredgeops , eocryphops , eophacops ( / pterygometopidella ; = bullicephalus ) , geesops , hypsipariops , illaenula , kainops , liolophops , lochkovella , nandanaspis , nephranomma , nephranops , nyterops , omegops , orygmatos , paciphacops , pedinopariops , phacopidella ( / glockeria ) , phacops , plagiolaria , portlockia , prokops , rabienops , reedops , rhinophacops , rhinoreedops , sambremeuaspis , signatops , somatrikelon , spinicryphops , struveaspis , struveops , tangbailaspis , teichertops , toxophacops , trimerocephalus ( / eutrimerocephalus ) , viaphacops , weyerites , zaplaops , zhusilengops .\neopharostoma , paivinia , pharostomina ( = colpocoryphoides ) , prionocheilus ( = pharostoma ) , ptychometopus , thulincola ( = pharostomaspis ) , xuanenia .\nludvigsen & westrop in ludvigsen et al . , 1989 [ ptychopariida ptychopariina ptychoparioidea ]\naphelotoxon ( = ponumia ) , cliffia , drabia , phylacterus ( = liostracinoides ) , westonaspis .\nanacheiruraspis , anacheirurus , chashania , demeterops , emsurina , koraipsis , landyia , macrogrammus , metapilekia , metapliomerops , parapilekia , pilekia , pliomeroides , pseudopliomera , seisonia , sinoparapilekia , victorispina .\narapahoia ( = hesperaspis ) , exigua ( = brassicicephalus ) , koldinia , koldiniella , kuljumbina , leiocoryphe , meniscocoryphe , notaiella , plethopeltides , plethopeltis ( = plethometopus ; = enontioura ) , plethopeltoides ( = kulyumbopeltis ) , poriplethopeltis , pseudokoldinella , samgonus ( = lampropeltis ; = lampropeltastes ) , semicyclocephalus , stenopilus , strotocephala , tolstotchichaspis .\nanapliomera , benedettia , canningella , colobinion , coplacoparia , cybelopsis , ectenonotus , encrinurella , evropeites , gogoella , guizhoupliomerops , hawleia , hintzeia , humaencrinuroides , ibexaspis , josephulus , kanoshia , leiostrototropis , liexiaspis , ngaricephalus , obliteraspis , ovalocephalus ( = hammatocnemis ; = paratzuchiatocnemis ) , parahawleia , parapliomera , perissopliomera , placoparia , pliomera ( / amphion ) , pliomerella , pliomeridius , pliomerina ( / pliomeraspis ) , pliomerops , protoencrinurella , protopliomerella , protopliomerops ( = stototropis ) , pseudocybele , pseudomera , quinquecosta , rossaspis , strotactinus , tesselacauda , tienshihfuia , tzuchiatocnemis .\nacanthocephalus alomataspis , chelidonocephalus , dananzhuangaspis , daopingia , deltocephalus , derikaspis , dignaceps , eoasaphiscellus ( / eoasaphiscus lu & yuan ) , eymekops ( = kolpura ) , farsia , gangdeeria , gloria , grandioculus ( / megalophthalmus ; = honania ) , guankouia , hadraspis , hatangia , heukkyoella , holanshania , honanaspis , hsiaoshia , huaibeia , hundwarella ( = anomocaraspis ) , hunjiangaspis , iranochresterius , iranoleesia ( / irania ; = michaspis ; = heyelingella ) , itcheriella , jiangsuaspis , jiangsucephalus , jiangsuia , jiubaspis , jixianella ( / jixiania ) , koptura ( = parakoptura ) , kopungiella , kutsingocephalus , leichuangia , lioparella ( = zhuozishania ) , luliangshanaspis , luonanocephalus , manchuriella , maotunia , memmatella , miaobanpoia , paofeniellus , paragangdeeria , parazhongtiaoshanaspis , plectrocrania , plesigangdeeria , proasaphiscina , proasaphiscus , pseudanomocarina , pseudonericella , raduginella , severina , shanxiella , shuangshania , stella , sudanomocarina , szeaspis ( = spitiaspis ) , tankhella , tengfengia , teratokoptura , tylotaspis , ulania , urjungaspis , wutaishanaspis , xiangshania , xinglongia , yanshania , yujinia , zhaishania , zhongtiaoshanaspis .\n? anecocephalus , beigongia , bromella , camaraspis , cernuolimbus , cilia , dikelocephalioides , dikelocephalites , dingxiangaspis , flabellocephalus , guangxiaspis , housia ( = housiella ) , jubileia , labiostrella , labiostrina ( = abia ) , longlingaspis , lunacephalus , luotuolingia , morosa , parahousia , paramaladioidella , pauciella , pedinaspis , pedinocephalites , pelicephalus , petalocephalus , plesiocilia , prehousia , proapatokephaloides , prodikelocephalites , pterocephalia ( / pterocephalus ; = hederacauda ) , pterocephalina , pterocephalopsinus ( / pterocephalops lin & zhang in zhu et al . , 1979 ) , pulchricapitus ( = reaganaspis ) , qilianaspis , sigmocheilus , stenambon , strigambitus , tiantouzhania , tumicephalus , uxunella , xiaoshiella , yingziaspis , yokusenia , yushugouia , zhenania , zhuangliella .\nachatella , bolbochasmops , calliops , calyptaulax ( = ligometopus ; = homalops ) , carinopyge , ceratevenkaspis , chasmops , denella , elasmaspis , eomonorachus , estoniops , evenkaspis , ingriops , isalaux , isalauxina , keilapyge , liocnemis , monorakos , oculichasmops , oelandiops , parevenkaspis , podowrinella , pterygometopus , rollmops , ruegenometopus , sceptaspis , schmidtops , scopelochasmops , toxochasmops , tricopelta , truncatometopus , upplandiops , uralops , valdariops , vironiaspis , volkops , yanhaoia .\nallobodochus , criotypus , goniagnostus , lejopyge ( / miagnostus ) , myrmecomimus , onymagnostus ( = agnostonymus ) , pseudophalacroma , ptychagnostus , ( = triplagnostus ; = huarpagnostus ; = solenagnostus ; = pentagnostus ; = aristarius ; = aotagnostus ; = acidusus ; = canotagnostus ; = zeteagnostus ) , schismagnostus , tomagnostella , tomagnostus .\nalborsella , changia ( = coreanocephalus ; = quadraticephalus ; = fengshania ) , eoptychaspis , eowuhuia , euptychaspis , idiomesus , kathleenella , keithia , keithiella , macronoda ( = promesus ) , plectrella , proricephalus , ptychaspis ( = asioptychaspis ) , saukioides ( / pseudosaukia ; / jeholaspis ) , sunwaptia , wilcoxaspis .\nachlysopsis , altikolia , altitudella , amecephalites , asthenopsis , austinvillia , balangcunaspis , bashania , bathyholcus , bathyocos , billingsaspis , binodaspis ( = xilingxia ) , blairella , bolaspidina , brunswickia , bulkuraspis , caborcella , callidaspina , callidaspis , cathayanella , champlainia , chengshanaspis , chinghisicus , chunghwaella , conopolus , dananzhuangia , deltina , douposiella ( = tongshania ) , elrathina , entsyna , eodouposiella , eokochaspis , eosoptychoparia , eospencia , eurostina , finecrestia , gaotanaspis , gaphuraspis , gedongaspis , gunnia ( = ellotia ; = yiliangaspis ) , hadrocephalites , hadrokraspedon , hamptonella , hejinaspis , hemicricometopus , hewenia , holasaphus , horbusonia , illtydaspis , jangudaspis , jialaopsis , jianchangia , jimaoshania , jiumenia , kermanella , kochaspis ( / palaeocrepicephalus ) , kochiella ( = eiffelaspis ) , kochiellina , kochina , kounamkites , kunmingaspis ( = benxiaspis ) , laminurus , laoyingshania , lianglangshania , loriella , luguoia , luxella , lyriaspis , majiangia , manailina , meitania , metisella , mexicella , monanocephalus , mopanshania , mrassina , mufushania , nangaocephalus , nangaoia , nangaops , nanoqia , nassovia , nelsonia , neokochina , nyella , olenekina , onchocephalites , ontoella , orienturus , orlovia , orloviella , pachyaspidella , pachyaspis , palmeraspis , panacus , paraeosoptychoparia , paragunnia , paramecephalus ( = parahiolites ) , paraperiomma , paraplagiura , parapoulsenia , parashuiyuella , paraziboaspis , perimetopus , periommella , piazella , pingluaspis , piochaspis , plagiura ( = ruichengella ; = plagiurella ) , pokrovskayaspis , poulsenella , poulsenia , poulseniella , probowmania , probowmaniella ( = proshantungaspis ) , probowmanops , proliostracus , promeitania , ? protohedinia , pseudoliostracus , psilostracus , ptychoparella ( = eoptychoparia ; = syspacephalus ; = elrathina ) , ptychoparia ( = agraulopsis ; = ptychoparioides ) , qiaotouaspis , qingshuiheia , reedus , regina , regius , runnania , salankanaspis , sanhuangshania , sanwania , schistometopus , semisphaerocephalus , seriaspis , shanganella , shantungaspis , shuiyuella , sinoptychoparia , spencella , spencia ( = stauroholcus ) , stoecklinia , sujaraspis , suluktella , taijiangia , taniaspidella , ? townleyella , trachyostracus , trigonyangaspis ( / trigonaspis ) , tukalandaspis , ? ulrichaspis , variopelta , vermontella , vica , volocephalina , wanhuaia , weijiaspis , wuhaina , xiangshanaspis , xingrenaspis ( = spitella ; = danzhaina ; = wuxunaspis ) , yaoyiayuella , yohoaspis , yuknessaspis , ziboaspidella , ziboaspis .\nampyx ( / brachyampyx ) , ampyxella , ampyxina , ampyxinella , ampyxoides , anisonotella , bulbaspis , caganaspis , carinocranium , cerampyx , cnemidopyge , collis , edmundsonia , ellsaspis , endymionia ( / endymion ) , globampyx , jiuxiella ( = miboshania ) , kanlingia , lonchodomas , malinaspis , malongullia ( = ampyxinops ) , mendolaspis , metalonchodomas , miaopopsis , nambeetella , nanshanaspis , parabulbaspis , parampyx , pseudampyxina , pytine , raphioampyx , raphiophorus , raymondella ( / reedaspis ) , rhombampyx , salteria , sinampyxina , sinoluia , taklamakania ( = xinjiangia ) .\nbreviredlichia , chaoaspis , chengjiangaspis , conoredlichia , elganellus , eoredlichia ( = archaeops ; = saukiandops ; = galloredlichia ; = pararedlichia ) , hesa , iglesiella , irgitkhemia , jingyangia , kepingaspis , kuanyangia , latiredlichia , lemdadella , leptoredlichia ( = paraleptoredlichia ) , maopingaspis , metaredlichia , mianxianella , nebidella , neoredlichia , ningqiangaspis , olgaspis , pachyredlichia , parawutingaspis , parazhenbaspis , pseudoredlichia , pseudowutingaspis , pteroredlichia ( = spinoredlichia ) , redlichia ( / hoeferia ; = mesodema ; = dongshania ) , redlichops , sapushania , sarassina , sardaspis , sardoredlichia , syndianella , tolbinella , ushbaspis ( = metaredlichioides ) , wengangaspis , wutingaspis , xela , xenoredlichia , yorkella , zhanglouia .\naktugaiella , amphitryon ( / caphyra ; = brachypleura ) , aotiaspis , apatokephalina , apatokephaloides , apatokephalops ( = aristokainella ; = wanliangtingia ) , apatokephalus , apiflabellum , arator , artokephalus , atratebia , auricula , binervus , blosyropsis , cavia , deanokephalus , diplapatokephalus , dislobosaspis , eoapatokephalus , eorobergia , haniwa , hastiremopleurides , hexacopyge , hualongella , hukasawaia , hypodicranotus , ivshinaspis , jiia , jingheella , jinshaella , kainella , kainellina , kainelloides , lacorsalina , lingukainella , lohanpopsis , loshanella , lulongia , makbelaspis , mendosina , menoparia , naustia , oculeus , poletaevia , portentosus , praepatokephalus , proapatokephalops , pseudokainella ( = elkanaspis ; = parakainella ; = fatocephalus ) , pugilator , remopleurella , remopleurides , remopleuridiella , richardsonaspis , richardsonella ( = lakella ; = protapatokephalus ) , robergia , robergiella , scinocephalus , sculptaspis , sculptella , sigmakainella , spinacephalus , taishania , teratorhynchus , tibikephalus , tramoria , yosimuraspis ( = eoyosimuraspis ; = metayosimuraspis ) .\ncyamella ( / cyamops ; = paracyamella ) , hanjiangaspis , isbergia , madygenia ( = pseudobirmanites ) , protarchaeogonus , rorringtonia ( = analocaspis ; = chenaspis ; = trigonoproetus ) , solariproetus .\naustralaspis , clariondia , despujolsia , dolerolichia , eops , ezhimia , longianda , pareops , perrector ( = rawops ) , planocephalus , pseudosaukianda , realaspis , resserops , richterops ( = marsaisia ) , saukianda .\nanderssonella ( / anderssonia , / sunina ) , calvinella , caznaia , danzhaisaukia , diemanosaukia , eosaukia ( = scolosaukia ) , galerosaukia , guangnania , hamashania , lichengia , linguisaukia , liquania , lophoholcus , lophosaukia , mareda , metacalvinella , mictosaukia , mictosaukioidia , paracalvinella , pileaspis , platysaukia , prosaukia ( = stenosaukia ) , pseudocalvinella , saukia , saukiella , sinosaukia , stigmaspis , tellerina , thailandium , wedekindiaspis ( / wedekindia ) .\nacanthopleurella , changchowilla , conophrys , elaphraella , eoshumardia , gaoloupingia , koldinioidia ( = akoldinioidia ) , kuruktagaspis , kweichowilla , leioshumardia , leoforteyia , liriamnica , parashumardia , puanocephalus , shumardia , shumardoella ( / shumardella ) , shumardops , stigmametopus , tarimella ( = yinganaspis ) , thomondia , trianguraspis .\nabakanopleura , acanthometopus , acrocephalaspis , aiaiaspis , aidarella , aikhaliella , albansia , aldanaspis , badulesia , bigranulella , bijelina , braintreella , canotaspis , catasolenopleura , changqingia ( = austrosinia ) , colliceps , conicephalus , crusoia , daldynaspis , datongites , denaspis , eilura , ejinaspis , erratojincella , foveatella , gonzaloia , gushanaspis , herse ( / solenopleurina ; = parasolenopleura westergard ) , huzhuia , hyperoparia , jiagouia , jincella , kabuqiia , kaipingella , karagandoides , keguqinia , lashushania , levisia , lingyuanaspis , liosolenopleura , maiaspis , manublesia , markhaspis , mataninella , menocephalites ( = parataitzuia ) , minupeltis , mukrania , munija , neoacrocephalites , neosolenopleurella , nilegna , ninaspis , notocoryphe , paracrocephalites ( / arctaspis ) , paramenocephalites ( = solenoparina ) , parasolenoparia , parasolopleurena ( / parasolenopleura poletaeva ) , parayabeia , pardailhania , perneraspis ( / perneria ) , pingluia , plesisolenoparia , proavus , protrachoparia , pseudosolenoparia , reillopleura , rimouskia , rina , sao ( = acanthocnemis ; = acanthogramma , = crithias ; = endogramma ; = enneacnemis ; = goniacanthus ; = micropyge ; = monadina ; = monadella ; = selenosema ; = staurogmus ; = tetracnemis ) , shanghaiaspis , sohopleura , solenoparia , solenoparops , solenopleura , solenopleurella , solenopleuropsis , squarrosoella , suyougouia , tabalqueia , tangwangzhaia , tjungiella , trachoparia , usumunaspis , velieuxia , wafangdiania , xianfengia , yabeia .\nalceste , altaepeltis , amphoriops , ancyropyge , andegavia ( = sagittapeltis ) , arctipeltis , australoscutellum , avascutellum ( = ctenoscutellum ; = rutoscutellum ) , bojoscutellum ( = holomeris ) , boreoscutellum , breviscutellum , bronteopsis ( = homoglossa ) , brontocephalina , brontocephalus , bubupeltina , bumastella , bumastus , calycoscutellum , cavetia , cekovia , chichikaspis , chugaevia , ciliscutellum , cornuscutellum , craigheadia , cybantyx , decoroscutellum , delgadoa , dentaloscutellum , dulanaspis , ekwanoscutellum , eobronteus , eokosovopeltis ( = heptabronteus ) , eoscutellum , exastipyx , excetra , failleana ( = opsypharus ) , flexiscutellum , goldillaenoides , goldillaenus , hallanta , hidascutellum , illaenoides , illaenoscutellum , izarnia , japonoscutellum , kirkdomina , kobayashipeltis , kolihapeltis , kosovopeltis ( = heptabronteus ) , kotysopeltis , lamproscutellum , leioscutellum , ligiscus , liolalax ( / lalax ) , litotix , meitanillaenus , meridioscutellum , meroperix , metascutellum , microscutellum , mulciberaspis , neoscutellum , octobronteus ( = stoermeraspis / stoermeria ) , opoa , ottoaspis , paracybantyx , paralejurus , paraphillipsinella ( / phillipsella ; = protophillipsinella ) , perischoclonus , phillipsinella , planiscutellum ( = protoscutellum ) , platyscutellum , poroscutellum , protobronteus , protostygina , pseudoeobronteus , pseudostygina , quyuania , radioscutellum , raymondaspis ( / warburgella raymond ) , rhaxeros ( / rhax ) , sangzhiscutellum , scabriscutellum ( / dicranactis ) , scutellum ( = bronteus / brontes ; = goldfussia / brontes ; = goldius ) , septimopeltis , spiniscutellum , stygina , styginella , tenuipeltis , thaleops ( = hydrolaenus ) , theamataspis , thomastus , thysanopeltella , thysanopeltis , tosacephalus , turgicephalus , unicapeltis , uraloscutellum , waisfeldaspis , weberopeltis , xyoeax .\nasaphellina , asaphopsis , omeipsis , pacootella , renhuaia , taihungshania ( = miquelina ) , tungtzuella .\ncarolinites ( = dimastocephalus ; = keidelia ; = tafnaspis ) , fialoides , goniophrys , oopsites , opipeuterella ( = ompheter ; = opipeuter ) , paraphorocephala , phorocephala ( = carrickia ) , ? pyraustocranium , telephina ( / telephus ) , telephops .\nerediaspis , meteoraspis ( = greylockia ; = coleopachys ) , prometeoraspis , tricrepicephalus ( / paracrepicephalus ) .\nanebolithus , australomyttonia , bancroftolithus , bergamia ( = bohemaspis ; = brandysops ; = cochliorrhoe ) , bettonolithus , botrioides , broeggerolithus ( = ulricholithus ) , costonia , cryptolithoides , cryptolithus , deanaspis , declivolithus , decordinaspis , eirelithus , famatinolithus , furcalithus , guandacolithus , gymnostomix , hanchungolithus ( = ichangolithus ; = yinjiangolithus ) , huenickenolithus , incaia , jianxilithus , lloydolithus , lordshillia , marekolithus , marrolithoides , marrolithus , ? microdiscus , myinda , myindella , myttonia , nankinolithus , ningkianolithus ( = ceratolithus ; = hexianolithus ) , novaspis , onnia , paratretaspis , paratrinucleus , parkesolithus , pragolithus , protoincaia , protolloydolithus , reedolithus , reuscholithus , salterolithus ( = smeathenia ) , stapeleyella , telaeomarrolithus , tetrapsellium , tretaspis , trinucleus ( / edgellia ) , whittardolithus , xiushuilithus , yinpanolithus .\nalberticoryphe , astycoryphe , bojocoryphe , buchiproetus , centriproetus , cornuproetus , cyrtosymboloides , dalarnepeltis , dalejeproetus , decoroproetus ( ogmocnemis ; = proetidella , warburgaspis ) , denemarkia , diademaproetus , dipharangus , eopiriproetus , erbenicoryphe , eremiproetus ( = natatoraspis ; = dufresnoyiproetus ) , gracilocoryphe , gruetia , guilinaspis , hollardia , ignoproetus , interproetus , koneprusites , krohbole , lardeuxia , laticoryphe , lepidoproetus , linguaproetus , lodenicia , longicoryphe , macroblepharum , miriproetus , nagaproetus , paraeremiproetus , paralardeuxia , paralepidoproetus , parvigena , perakaspis , phaetonellus , phaseolops , piriproetoides , piriproetus , pribylia , prionopeltis ( / phaetonides / phaeton ) , prodrevermannia , proetina , proetopeltis , pterocoryphe , pteroparia , quadratoproetus , rabuloproetus , ranunculoproetus , remacutanger , richteraspis , rokycanocoryphe , sculptoproetus , slimanella , spinoproetus , stenoblepharum ( = viruanaspis ) , tafilaltaspis , tropicoryphe , tropidocoryphe , vicinoproetus ( / vicinopeltis ) , voigtaspis , wolayella , xiphogonium ( = trautensteinproetus ) , zetaproetus .\nblandiaspis , dictyella , esseigania , guluheia , jiwangshania , leiaspis , lonchopygella , paradictyites , shergoldia , taipakia , tsinania ( = dictyites , / dictya ) , zhujia .\ns . zhang in w . zhang et al . , 1980a [ agnostida eodiscina eodiscoidea ]\ntsunyidiscus ( = mianxiandiscus ; = liangshandiscus ; = emeidiscus ; = hupeidiscus ; = shizhudiscus ; = guizhoudiscus ) .\namginouyia , antagmopleura ( = poljakovia ) , chondragraulina , chondagraulos , okunevaella , utia .\nabakolia ( = costadiscus ) , acidiscus , acimetopus , analox , bathydiscus , bolboparia , cephalopyge , cobboldites , leptochilodiscus ( = kerberodiscus ) , litometopus , mallagnostus ( = ladadiscus ; ? = jinghediscus ) , meniscuchus , ninadiscus , oodiscus , runcinodiscus , semadiscus , serrodiscus ( = paradiscus ) , stigmadiscus , tannudiscus , weymouthia .\neotaitzuia , houmaia , inouyella , jixianaspis , latilorenzella ( = wuania ) , lophodesella , megagraulos , pseudosolenopleura , rencunia , ruichengaspis , wuanoides , wuhushania , yunmengshania .\ndrepanopyge , drepanuroides ( = xishuiella ) , hongjunshaoia , longduia , meitanella , paokannia , parapaokannia , parayinites , pseudopaokannia , qingkouia ( = paradrepanuroides ) , yinites , yunnanaspidella , yunnanaspis .\nalaskadiscus , egyngolia ( = mongolodiscus ) , ekwipagetia , hebediscina ( = szechuanaspis ; = zhenbadiscus ) , lenadiscus , yukonia , yukonides .\nelicicola , luaspis , pensacola , wangzishia , wenganlenus , yunnanocephalus ( / pseudoptychoparia ) .\nagnostina ( family uncertain ) agnostogonus , armagnostus , blystagnostus , delagnostus , dignagnostus , gallagnostus , glaberagnostus ( = toragnostus ) , grandagnostus , hastagnostus , leiagnostus ( = phoidagnostoides ; = ciceragnostus ) , megagnostus , peratagnostus ( = monaxagnostus ) , phaldagnostus , phoidagnostus , plurinodus , skryjagnostus , valenagnostus .\nredlichina ( family uncertain ) akbashichia , fandianaspis , iolgia , micangshania , xingzishania .\nfamily uncertain aethia , agyrenella , aligerites , altiplanelaspis , amechilus , araeocephalus , arglina , aulacopleurina , bifodina , bijaspis , carmon , cayastaia , chishanheella , costapyge , crossoura , curiaspis , deltacare , dipharus , discagnostus , dolgaiella , entsyna , eoampyx , eocheirurus , eulomella , fabulaspis , faciura , fengtienia , gdowia , gladiatoria , gonioteloides , goycoia , hospes , hybocephalus , idiorhapha , irvingelloides , ishpella , isidreana , jonotus , juriietella , kirengina , kleptothule , loxoparia , loxopeltis , lusampa , macnairides , maximovella , metaprodamesella , muchattellina , nanshihmenia , neoprodamesella , oenonella , paraxenocephalus , peculicephalina , pichyklen , pliomerellus , prodamesella ( = metaprodamesella ; = neoprodamesella ) , pseudoclelandia , pseudodipharus , pseudosalteria , pseudosarkia , punctaspis , qijiangia , resseria , robroyia , sakhaspidella , spizharaspis , subitella , sukhanaspis ( = kerbinella ) , tersiceps , thymurus , toxotis , trapezocephalina , typhlokorynetes , yinaspis , yoyarria .\nfamily indeterminate aguaraya , anthracopeltis , aytounella , cancapolia , chalchaquiana , chambersiellus , columbicephalus , cuchulain , cuyanaspis , desmus , diplozyga , eilidh , ellesides , epumeria , glossicephalus , hagiorites , hoekaspiella , hsiaella , huaquinchaia , huilichia , kilmahogia , leptopilus , levinia , melopetasus , mendodiscus , meneghinella , menocephalus , mial , neilsoniella , neochilonorria , neotaenicephalus , nicoljarvius , pegelina , perthiellus , pichunia , pichynturia , piliolites , pseudolevinia , querandinia , tambakia , tchabdania , triarthrella , yanquetruzia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : zacanthoididae according to p . a . jell and j . m . adrain 2003\nfull reference : c . e . resser . 1939 . the spence shale and its fauna . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 97 ( 12 ) : 1 - 29\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5 : 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\nthis trilobite website is designed to have several unique characteristics , all presented to provide visitors with an entertaining and hopefully enlightening experience with these amazing ancient arthropods . each of our featured trilobite localities has been chosen for its particular geographic or historic significance . as an example , it was decided to launch the site by focusing upon a locality within new york state , the home of the american museum of natural history . the rochester shale has long been renowned for its diverse silurian fauna , including arctinurus boltoni , which in 1825 was only the second trilobite species described from new york state . we will also visit many of the world ' s most prominent trilobites locations\u2026 from the hot deserts of morocco , to the rolling hills of china , to the high altiplano of bolivia . our intent here is to provide a more detailed overview of exactly how and where many of our featured specimens were found . the gallery of trilobites will display some of the very best specimens that have been collected in localities around the globe . we will do our best to present specimens possessing unique scientific import , as well as those that are simply magnificent examples of their specific species . in the trilobite files , we will present detailed reports that delve into the myriad mysteries of the trilobite world . from the first trilobites , to the uniqueness of trilobite eyes , to the amazing tale told by the widespread distribution of the trilobite paradoxides , all these issues - - and many more - - will be properly addressed and \u201cfiled\u201d in this website section . despite the fact that this website is designed and maintained by amateur trilobite enthusiasts , we will always try to make sure that scientific accuracy is prioritized .\nall text on the trilobite website is copyright property of andy secher and / or martin shugar unless otherwise noted . to learn more , please click here .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this 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.\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\npayment is due within 10 days after close of auction . multiple winners may receive a shipping discount if they contact me at the end of auction . international buyers are welcome but shipping will be based on location and will be calculated after the end of auction . items damaged in shipping will be the buyers responsibility unless insurance is purchased .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbathyuriscus rotundatus ( ummp 4884 ) . presumed moult , lacking free cheeks . specimen length = 45 mm . specimen dry \u2013 direct light . trilobite beds on mount stephen .\ntrilobites are extinct euarthropods , probably stem lineage representatives of the mandibulata , which includes crustaceans , myriapods , and hexapods ( scholtz and edgecombe , 2006 ) .\nbathyuriscus \u2013 a variation of the earlier trilobite genus name bathyurus , originally based on the greek bathys , \u201cdeep , \u201d and the greek oura , \u201ctail , \u201d thus , a trilobite with a deep tail .\nrotundatus \u2013 from the latin rotundus , \u201cround , \u201d presumably alluding to the rounded outline of the dorsal shield .\ntype status under review \u2013 ummp 4884 ( 9 specimens ) , university of michigan museum of paleontology , ann arbor , michigan , usa .\nburgess shale and vicinity : bathyuriscus adaeus walcott , 1916 , from several localities higher in the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone on mount stephen , mount odaray , and park mountain .\nother deposits : other species of bathyuriscus have been described from numerous localities elsewhere in the cambrian of north america .\nthe trilobite beds and other localities on mount stephen . fossil ridge in sections stratigraphically below the walcott quarry .\nhard parts : adult dorsal exoskeletons may be up to 5 cm long and are narrowly oval in outline , with a semicircular cephalon , a thorax of nine segments ending in blade - like tips with short spines , and a semicircular pygidium without spines .\nthe long glabella reaches almost to the anterior cephalic border ; the posterior portion is narrow and parallel - sided , while the anterior third expands rapidly forward . there are four pairs of lateral glabellar furrows , with the two front pairs angled forward and the posterior pair directed obliquely back . the eyes are relatively long and lie close to the glabella . broad free cheeks are extended back into short genal spines . the pygidium is slightly smaller than the cephalon , with a well - defined narrow axial lobe of five rings and a terminal piece ; four pairs of pygidial ribs are usually visible . the exoskeleton is mostly smooth externally , but very well preserved specimens may show faint anastomosing ridges on the free cheeks .\nextremely common in the mount stephen trilobite beds , where it rivals ogygopsis klotzi in abundance .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was a mobile epibenthic trilobite . because we have no direct evidence of limb structure , its feeding habits are uncertain . it may have been a deposit feeder and opportunistic scavenger . like ogygopsis , bathyuriscus may occur as fully intact individuals ( probably carcasses ) , with the free cheeks missing , inverted , or rotated ( presumed moults ) , and as scattered pieces . some show evidence of healed injuries that may be predation scars ( rudkin , 2009 ) .\nrasetti , f . 1951 . middle cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the canadian rocky mountains . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 116 ( 5 ) : 1 - 277 .\nrominger , c . 1887 . description of primordial fossils from mount stephens , n . w . territory of canada . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 1887 : 12 - 19 .\nrudkin , d . m . 2009 . the mount stephen trilobite beds , pp . 90 - 102 . in j . - b . caron and d . rudkin ( eds . ) , a burgess shale primer - history , geology , and research highlights . the burgess shale consortium , toronto .\nscholtz , g . and edgecombe , g . d . 2006 . the evolution of arthropod heads : reconciling morphological , developmental and palaeontological evidence . development genes and evolution , 216 : 395 - 415 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1888 . cambrian fossils from mount stephens , northwest territory of canada . american journal of science , series 3 : 163 - 166 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1908 . mount stephen rocks and fossils . canadian alpine journal , 1 : 232 - 248 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1916 . cambrian geology and paleontology iii . cambrian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 64 ( 5 ) : 303 - 456 .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nitems in ku scholarworks are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nwe want to hear from you ! please share your stories about how open access to this item benefits you .\nthe university of kansas prohibits discrimination on the basis of race , color , ethnicity , religion , sex , national origin , age , ancestry , disability , status as a veteran , sexual orientation , marital status , parental status , gender identity , gender expression and genetic information in the university\u2019s programs and activities . the following person has been designated to handle inquiries regarding the non - discrimination policies : director of the office of institutional opportunity and access , ioa @ urltoken , 1246 w . campus road , room 153a , lawrence , ks , 66045 , ( 785 ) 864 - 6414 , 711 tty .\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicised text are for items listed in currency other than euros and are approximate conversions to euros based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : 09 - jul 19 : 20 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international postage options and costs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :"]}
{"id": 441, "summary": [{"text": "telamoptilia tiliae is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from japan ( hokkaid\u014d ) and the russian far east .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 6.8 \u2013 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on tilia maximowicziana .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they probably mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "telamoptilia tiliae", "paragraphs": ["grewia biloba g . don and its variety parviflora hand . \u2013mazz . ( malvaceae ) . telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is thus far the only species in gracillariinae that is known to feed on grewia . the plant family malvaceae appears to be the main host for telamoptilia with now four out of six species feeding on this family ( telamoptilia tiliae on tilia , telamoptilia cathedraea on urena , telamoptilia geyeri on pavonia ) .\nthe larvae of telamoptilia species are leaf miners . three plant families are known as hosts for telamoptilia : malvaceae , amaranthaceae and convolvulaceae ( de prins and de prins 2014 ) . v\u00e1ri ( 1961 ) briefly described the biology of telamoptilia geyeri ( v\u00e1ri , 1961 ) . kumata et al . ( 1988 ) described the biology and the larval body chaetotaxy of three species : telamoptilia cathedraea , telamoptilia prosacta and telamoptilia tiliae ( kumata & ermolaev , 1988 ) . however , no larval head chaetotaxy and pupal features of telamoptilia have been described so far .\ndescription of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . and the consequences for the definition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae )\ndescription of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . and the consequences for the definition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae )\nthe genus telamoptilia kumata & kuroko , 1988 is globally represented by five species that may be found in the oriental and african regions . the type species telamoptilia cathedraea ( meyrick , 1908 ) is geographically shared by the oriental region and madagascar ( de prins and de prins 2014 ) . three species are currently known from china , including telamoptilia cathedraea , telamoptilia hemistacta ( meyrick , 1924 ) , and telamoptilia prosacta ( meyrick , 1918 ) .\ntelamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is associated with malvaceae and is described in the present paper from adult external characters , male and female genitalia , wing venation and immature stages . the larval head and pupal features are described for the first time in telamoptilia .\nkumata et al . ( 1988 ) distinguished telamoptilia from spulerina by the antennal scape having a minute flap , the absence of the fan - shaped comb of the valva and the signum with median process . telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . has a flap as wide as the antennal scape and a signum lacking a median process , which is most similar to spulerina parthenocissi as stated in the diagnosis section . therefore the signum without median process is not an autapomorphy for spulerina when defining telamoptilia and spulerina . the larval seta xd1 of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is placed near the anterior margin of the prothorax shield , which resembles that of spulerina v\u00e1ri , but differs from that of telamoptilia that has xd1 of variable placement between d1 and d2 ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . the fully grown larva of telamoptilia and spulerina changes body colour into red ( kumata et al . 1988 ) , but colour transfer does not occur in telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . consequently , the most important generic character to distinguish telamoptilia from spulerina is the absence of the fan - shaped comb of the valva as defined by kumata et al . ( 1988 ) , and the minute antennal scape flap and the signum with median process should be excluded for generic definition when taking telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . into consideration . the position of seta xd1 and the feature of larval body colour transfer vary within telamoptilia , thus should not be adopted as generic characters . considering the unique characters of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . , its phylogenetic relationship to other species of the genus telamoptilia requires further study .\nthe new species telamoptilia grewiae , reared from leafmines on grewia biloba ( malvaceae ) is described with details on adult and immature stages . the larval head and the pupa are described for the first time in telamoptilia kumata & kuroko , 1988 , and are illustrated with scanning electron micrographs and line drawings . photographs of adult habitus , wing venation , male and female genitalia , as well as host plant and mines are provided . the apomorphic adult and larval characters of the new species in telamoptilia are discussed in relation to the recognition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina v\u00e1ri , 1961 .\nliu t , wang s , li h ( 2015 ) description of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . and the consequences for the definition of the genera telamoptilia and spulerina ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae ) . zookeys 479 : 121\u2013133 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 479 . 8899\nthe new species mostly resembles telamoptilia prosacta , especially in the male genitalia . however , it can be recognized by the male genitalia with the tegumen having 3\u22124 long setae on each lateral side , and the valva width does not change in the basal 3 / 4 ; in telamoptilia prosacta , the tegumen has 9\u221212 long setae on each lateral side and the valva is slightly wider at middle . in the female genitalia , telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . can easily be separated from all other telamoptilia by the extremely short ductus bursae , not reaching the anterior margin of the seventh abdominal segment . the signum lacks a median process and is thereby more similar to signa in spulerina , especially to that of spulerina parthenocissi kumata & kuroko , 1988 , than to those in telamoptilia .\nline drawings of the larval chaetotaxy of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 20 head , frontal view 21 head , lateral view 22 thoracic segments , lateral view 23 abdominal segments , lateral view .\nlast instar larval characters of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 14 antenna 15 mouthpart 16 setae on prothorax shield , arrow indicating the positon of xd1 17 thoracic leg 18 proleg 19 a9\u221210 , dorsal view .\nthe forewing venation of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . is unique within the acrocercops group : r 1 and r 5 are absent , thus r 4 is not stalked with r 5 . the absence of r 1 is apomorphic for chrysocercops kumata & kuroko , 1988 ( occasionally present ) , telamoptilia and spulerina ( kumata et al . 1988 , kumata 1992 ) . although r 1 is also absent in dendrorycter kumata , 1978 , it will not be discussed here since its status within the acrocercops group is still debatable ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . the forewing patterns and the genitalia of chrysocercops are rather different from those of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . all other telamoptilia and spulerina have r 5 , or at least r 5 is visible distally and stalked with r 4 ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . currently there is not enough evidence for assigning the new species without r 5 to a new genus . a comprehensive study of more species is required for further generic definition .\nadult , host plant and mines of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 1 adult in habitus , paratype 2 live adult 3 host plant 4 linear mines by early instar larvae 5 blotch mine by later instar larva 6 seriously damaged leaves found in september .\nlast instar larva head chaetotaxy of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 10 dorsal view 10a close - up of md setae 11 ventral - lateral view , scanned from last instar larval skin 12 frons , frontal - lateral view , same individual as 11 , 13 dorsal view 13a close - up of so and g setae .\npupal characters of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 24 pupa , lateral view 25 frontal process ( cocoon cutter ) , lateral view 25a frontal process ( cocoon cutter ) , ventral view 26 two pairs of sensillae on head 27 close - up of the paired sensillae on head 28 setae on a2 , dorsal - lateral view , arrows indicating the positions of setae 29 segments a9\u221210 , ventral view 30 genital orifice 31 lateral cremaster , lateral view 32 ventral cremaster , ventral view .\nwing venation and genitalia of telamoptilia grewiae sp . n . 7 wing venation , paratype , ltt12561w 8 male genitalia , 8a , male genitalia with aedeagus detached , ltt12561 8b aedeagus , lateral view , same slide as 8a , 8c close - up of the distal portion of aedeagus , indicating the triangular process , dorsal view , ltt12257 , 8d , eighth abdominal segment , paratype , same slide as 8a , 9 female genitalia , paratype , ltt12555 ( scales = 0 . 2 mm except 8c = 0 . 1 mm ) .\nthe larva mines on the upper surface of the host plant leaf . the mine begins as an epidermal silvery curved white line which soon enlarges to a whitish blotch . yellowish - fuscous or fuscous lines can be found on the surface of the blotch . as the larva develops , the blotch usually incorporates the earlier linear mine . the last instar larva vacates the mine for pupation by chewing a semicircular opening near the margin of the blotch . no body colour transfer occurs in the full - grown larva of this species , compared to other telamoptilia larvae which turn red when fully grown ( kumata et al . 1988 ) . some host plants can be seriously damaged by the mines in early september . cocoons are usually found inlaid the leaf wrinkles , or occasionally in the corner of the rearing container . the cocoon is brown , with 2\u22123 brown minute bubbles on the surface . this species overwinters in pupa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfield investigations were carried out in mt . baxian national nature reserves ( 40\u00b011 ' n , 117\u00b032 ' e ) , 300\u2212600 m , tianjin , china , from may to september in 2013 and june 2014 . leaves containing mines with larvae were placed in sealed plastic bags , or rearing containers with moist cotton . larvae removed from mines were immersed in nearly boiling water for 30 seconds , and then were kept in 75 % ethanol for morphological examination . last instar larval skins , pupae , and exuviae were kept in 75 % ethanol . pupae in rearing containers were placed outdoors to overwinter , and were transferred into the laboratory at 20 \u00b0c on february 6 , 2014 . emergence successively occurred from march 9 to early - april 2014 . adults were collected chiefly by rearing from immature stages , and occasionally by light trap .\nadult photographs were taken with a leica m250a stereo microscope . genitalia and wings were dissected and mounted according to the methods introduced by li ( 2002 ) , but stained with eosin y and / or chlorazol black , and the illustrations were prepared by using a leica dm750 microscope , and refined in photoshop\u00ae cs4 software . for scanning electron microscopy , larvae and pupae were dehydrated in gradient ethanol , dried in vacuum and coated with gold in a scd 005 sputter coater ( bal - tec ) , then operated with a voltage of 15 kv using quanta 200 environmental scanning electron microscope ( sem ) ( fei , oregon ) . line drawings were outlined from the photos taken by the leica m250a stereo microscope , using path tool in adobe photoshop\u00ae cs4 software . photographs of host plant , mines and a live adult were taken in the field using canon powershot g10 digital camera .\nterminology of immature stages follows davis and de prins ( 2011 ) and de prins et al . ( 2013 ) , and that of adults follows kumata et al . ( 1988 ) . thoracic segments i\u2212iii and abdominal segments 1\u221210 are abbreviated as ti\u2212tiii and a1\u2212a10 , respectively .\nall the specimens studied , including the types of the new species and the vouchered larvae and pupae , are deposited in the insect collection , nankai university , tianjin , china .\n) with wing span 6 . 0\u22128 . 0 mm . head silvery white , tinged with gray on face . labial palpus grayish white , colored blackish gray on outer surface of distal half of second segment and before apex of third segment . maxillary palpus white , with middle or distal half blackish fuscous . antenna with scape white on posterior half , blackish gray on anterior half and distal portion , flap blackish gray tinged with white , as wide as scape in frontal view ; flagellum silvery grayish fuscous , with each unit blackish distally . thorax and tegula blackish gray mixed with white . legs mostly white ; foreleg with coxa blackish fuscous basally and distally , femur and tibia blackish fuscous , tarsus blackish gray distally on each except last segment ; midleg with coxa blackish fuscous distally , femur blackish fuscous , except white medially and distally on dorsal surface , with ventral scale expansion blackish fuscous , tibia blackish fuscous basally and distally , white medially , tarsus white , each except last segment dotted blackish fuscous distally ; hindleg with coxa blackish fuscous distally , femur blackish fuscous distally on outer surface , tibia blackish fuscous basally and distally , tarsus with basal three segments blackish fuscous distally , fourth segment dotted blackish fuscous dorso - distally . forewing grayish fuscous to blackish fuscous ; costal margin with a white spot basally at about 1 / 10 and one before apex , the former sometimes touching fold posteriorly , with white stria at distal 3 / 10 and 1 / 6 obliquely outward , reaching middle of wing and near termen respectively ; transverse white fascia from costal 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 obliquely outward , reaching dorsal 1 / 2 and before end of fold respectively , edged with blackish fuscous to black scales , inner fascia wider than outer one , widened on posterior half ; small white dot on distal end of m\n, two or three small white dots along termen ; apex blackish fuscous ; cilia mostly blackish fuscous basally , gray distally , white adjacent to white markings , white on basal 1 / 4 , black on median part , gray distally at apex , gray along dorsal margin . hindwing and cilia uniformly gray .\nvariations . the white costal spot at about basal 1 / 10 is sometimes reduced to a small dot near the costa , the white costal stria at distal 3 / 10 is occasionally extended to unite the dot on the distal end of m 3 , the costal stria at distal 1 / 6 is sometimes wedge - shaped or absent , the white dot at the distal end of m 3 sometimes moves to near distal end of cell , and the small white dots along termen sometimes are absent .\n) . tegumen with basal half same width , median portion slightly widened , distal half almost triangular , rounded apically ; three or four long setae along lateral side . valva 1 . 7 times as long as tegumen , with basal 3 / 4 same width , distal 1 / 4 apparently narrowed , bluntly pointed apically . saccus subtriangular , rounded apically . aedeagus straight , almost as long as valva ; distal half heavily sclerotized , with a triangular distal process about 1 / 8 length of aedeagus , pointed apically ( fig .\n) . eighth tergite with apodeme reaching posterior 1 / 3 of seventh segment , nearly parallel - sided ( fig .\n) . antrum a ring , disconnected ventrally , embed with a heavily sclerotized belt medially . ductus bursae membranous , extremely short , not reaching anterior margin of seventh segment , wrinkled basally , without spines . corpus bursae oval , membranous , without spines ; signum slender and long , curved by 150\u00b0 medially , posterior half slightly s - shaped , anterior half curved at anterior 2 / 5 , sometimes slightly c - shaped .\n) . length 4 . 0 mm , pale green to yellowish green . three stemmata present ( fig .\n) . spiracles on ti and a8 larger ; prolegs on a3\u22125 each with 2\u22124 crochets ( fig .\n) , those on a10 without crochets . ( five larvae and two last instar larval skins examined )\n. adfrontal area slightly convex above middle , af setae placed on convexity ( fig .\n) ; a3 longest , followed by a1 , aa internal to half way of a2 and a3 , near margin of adfrontal area ; p1 lateral to af2 , near margin of adfrontal area , p2 dorsal to a3 , slightly shorter than p1 ; three md setae placed posterior to p2 , arranged in line , pa internal and slightly anterior to md2 ; o2 longest , followed by o3 ; so1 as long as so2 , so3 shorter , soa near so1 ; g1 posterior to so3 .\n. ti with xd , d , and sd setae placed on prothoracic shield , xd1 near anterior margin of prothoracic shield ( fig .\n) , xda anterior to d2 , sd2 near ventral margin of prothoracic shield ; l - group bisetose , l2 dorsal and posterior to l1 ; sv - group bisetose , sharing pinaculum . tii with d1 near anterior dorsal margin , md1 near posterior margin of prothoracic shield , anterior to d2 ; sd2 close to d2 , sd1 anterior and ventral to sd2 ; l - group bisetose , l2 absent , l3 posterior and dorsal to l1 ; sv - group unisetose , with a micro seta anterior to sv1 . tiii similar to tii .\n. a1\u22128 with d1 and d2 closely approximated to each other , md1 seta anterior and slightly dorsal to d1 , sd1 posterior and dorsal to spiracle , sd2 shorter than sd1 , anterior and dorsal to spiracle , closer to spiracle than sd1 , l - group bisetose , l2 seta absent ; a1 and a7\u22129 with sv - group unisetose , a2 and a6 bisetose , a3\u22125 trisetose ; a9 with d1 short , md1 seta anterior to d1 , sd1 anterior and ventral to d2 , as long as d2 , sd1 , l1 , sv1 and v1 almost forming a line ; a10 as shown in fig .\n) ; labial palpus 3 . 4 times longer than maxillary palpus . tii and tiii each bearing a pair of seta dorsally . a1\u22129 each carrying a pair of seta dorsally ; a2\u22126 each bearing a pair of seta laterally , with one postero - ventral to spiracle , one internal to spiracle , shorter ( fig .\nholotype , \u2642 , china : mt . baxian national nature reserves ( 117\u00b033 ' n , 40\u00b011 ' e ) , 300\u2212600 m , ji county , tianjin , larva coll . 6 - ix - 2013 , ex . grewia biloba , emerged 9 - iii - 2014 ( indoors ) , leg . tengteng liu . paratypes : 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , larvae coll . 24 - vi - 2013 , emerged 6\u22127 - vii - 2013 , 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , larva coll . 29 - vi - 2013 , emerged 5 - vii - 2013 , 4\u2642 , 3\u2640 , larva coll . 8 - viii - 2013 , emerged 19\u221220 , 22 - viii - 2013 , 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , emerged 13 , 22 - ix - 2013 , 1\u2642 , larva coll . 12 - ix - 2013 , emerged iv - 2014 ( indoors ) , 2\u2640 , larva coll . 30 - vi - 2014 , other data as holotype , genitalia slide nos . ltt12255\u2640 , ltt12256\u22127\u2642 , ltt12261\u2642 , ltt12555\u2640 , ltt12556\u22127\u2642 ; 1\u2642 , 300 m , 29 - vi - 2014 , by light , leg . kaijian teng & tengteng liu , other data as holotype , genitalia slide no . ltt12561 .\n5 larvae , 25 - vi - 2013 , 6 - ix - 2013 , stored in ethanol , other data as holotype , bxs130628 , bxs130942 ; 1 last instar larval skin , larva coll . 6 - ix - 2013 , emerged 13 - iii - 2014 , other data as holotype , mounted in canada balsam , slide no . ltt1403l ; 1 last instar larval skin , 24 - vi - 2013 , stored in glycerine , other data as holotype , bxs130632 ; 2 pupal exuviae , 29 - vi - 2014 , other data as holotype , mounted in canada balsam , slide nos . ltt1401\u22122l .\nthe specific name is derived from the host plant genus grewia , indicating the host of the new species .\nspecial thanks are indebted to the staff of the baxian mountain national nature reserves , for their persistent support during the field work ; to the two reviewers and the editor dr . erik van nieukerken for their insightful comments . this study was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 31272356 ) and the research fund for the doctoral program of higher education ( no . 20130031110008 ) .\nsystematics and biology of the new genus macrosaccus with descriptions of two new species ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) .\nde prins j , davis dr , de coninck e , sohn j - c , triberti p . ( 2013 )\nsystematics , phylogeny and biology of a new genus of lithocolletinae ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) associated with cistaceae .\ndescriptions of thirteen new species of the genus chrysocercops kumata et kuroko , 1988 , from malaysia and nepal ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) .\njapanese species of the acrocercops - group ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) part ii .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nt\u00e9lam is the argentine national news agency founded in 1945 . it provides news and information to about 300 subscribers , including government entities and national and international media . it operates as a state enterprise . its current president is carlos mart\u00edn garc\u00eda . = = overview = = t\u00e9lam was established as telenoticiosa americana ( american tel . . .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 442, "summary": [{"text": "rhinoprora palpata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in indian subregion , sri lanka and western china , as well as on java , borneo and taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of mountainous areas . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "rhinoprora palpata", "paragraphs": ["cidaria palpata walker , 1862 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 25 : 1404 .\nsspp . diechusa prout , javana prout , 1958 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 6 : 422 - 3 .\nthe facies is similar to that of the next three species except the hindwings are paler , more clearly fasciated . the labial palps are longer than in subpalpata prout but not as long as in coelica prout or sayata holloway : they are pale fawn throughout rather than dark brown or with the third segment dark .\nindian subregion , w . china ; borneo ( ssp . wongi ) ; java ( ssp . javana ) .\nthe species is common on g . kinabalu but has yet to be recorded from other mountains . it occurs abundantly at 2400m , but ranges from 1930m to 3150m .\nalso related to xanthocomes and eurymesa are s . eugerys prout comb . n . ( seram , new guinea ) and s . seminotata warren comb . n . ( new guinea ) .\ns . xanthocomes is rarer than the next , occurring with it at lower elevations : 1500 - 1930m on g . kinabalu ; 1780 - 1790m on g . mulu .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : olga schmidt ( ed . nwm . msz @ tdimhcs . aglo ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe indonesian geometrid moth fauna is rich and diverse , yet it is poorly studied . this is particularly the case for the second largest geometrid subfamily larentiinae which comprises moths with predominantly high mountainous distribution in the tropics . the present study provides a first inventory of the primary type specimens of larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia .\nthe list of species described from indonesia is arranged alphabetically by the tribe , genus , and species , and presents data on 251 species and subspecies . for each species type status , type locality , depository , and a full reference to the original description are listed . synonyms with indonesian type localities are included . the study indicates a large part of the indonesian geometrid fauna belong to the tribe eupitheciini .\nlarentiinae are the second most species - rich geometrid subfamily after ennominae , with 6 , 230 described species ( scoble and hausmann 2007 ) and numerous undescribed species . the present study aims to create an inventory of larentiine species ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) with indonesian type localities , providing original references . a special emphasis on primary types excludes inaccuracies caused by incorrect identification , and the list provides a starting point for an assessment of the biodiversity of the subfamily larentiinae in indonesia .\nthe name of the original genus is given in parentheses after the name of the valid genus . the status of the type is noted . citations of references for each species are given under\nnomenclature\n. the altitude is presented as in the original description . valid species , valid subspecies and synonyms with indonesian type localities are included .\ndistribution\nembraces the type locality only .\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139\u00b0 e , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zmmu\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\nthe species is described from india , khasia hills and indonesia , celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] . the species is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : rbins\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .\ntype locality : java ( east ) , tengger , kletak , 6000 ft .\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 1800 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , wa ' katin , 1675 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 11f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 19 , mostly females ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , upper setekwa river , 2000 - 3000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , koelawi , paloe , 3700 ft .\ntype locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , pangean near maros , 2000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram ( central ) [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mount goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 900 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of g . mesophoena celebensis . the species g . celebensis is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , leksula - kakal , 2800 - 3700 ft .\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : java ( east )\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak and deposited in oum . the synonym g . ( chloroclystis ) semivinosa warren 1896 ) is described from java ( east ) and deposited in nhm\ntype locality : java ( east ) , tengger , singolangoe , 5000 ft .\nthe species g . nepotalis is described as subspecies of g . latipennis prout ( 1958 ) and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : lesser sunda islands , lombok\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym m . ( megatheca ? ) ampla ( warren , 1899 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , lombok\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , seram ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : kalimantan , pulo laut\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym p . ( eupithecia ) conferta ( swinhoe , 1902 ) is described from kalimantan , pulo laut . the species p . obliterata is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\npseudopolinesia ( pomasia ) hebe synonyms : p . interrupta , p . phanoides , p . praelustris\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . type localities of synonyms : [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado , [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . three synonyms p . interrupta ( prout 1916 ) p . phanoides ( debauche 1941 ) and p . praelustris ( prout 1933 ) are described from [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , from celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado and from [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .\ntype locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . ( chloroclystis ) pallidivirens pullivirens ( prout , 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft . , ca 139\u00b0 longit .\nthe species z . baliensis prout ( 1958 ) is described as subspecies of z . xylinaria walker ( 1863 ) . the synonym z . xylinaria florensis prout ( 1958 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , flores ( south )\nziridava ( ziridava ) xylinaria synonyms : z . xylinaria subaequata , z . subrubida\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak , deposited in oum and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 ) . two synonyms z . xylinaria subaequata prout ( 1929 ) and z . subrubida warren ( 1897 ) are described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .\nthe synonym p . multiplicata erebenna prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , mt moenggal , 9000 ft . and bromo to caldeira\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many , m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , weyland mountains , mt kunupi , 6000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji district , 4500 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , loda , 4000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , pangean , near maros , 2000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela\nthe species is described from [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . the synonym h . ( phthonoloba ) hypelaina ( prout , 1929 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , gunong lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe mrapat , 5000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 3000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , near oetakwa river , up to 3500 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , buru ( central ) , mrapat , 5000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhrs\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , gunong rangkoenau , 1800 ft .\ntype locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , batjan\nthe species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym g . subpilosa warren ( 1904 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , batjan\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 7m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft . and 3000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , gunong tompoe , 2700 ft .\ntype status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zsm , m . sommerer coll .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji , 4500 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\nthe species is originally described as subspecies ( ab . ) of x . ludifica warren ( 1898 )\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : sumatra ( west ) , korintji , 7300 ft . , sungei kumbang , 10 , 000 ft .\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , carstensz peak , 5000 - 10 , 000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 19f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , 4000 - 6000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : india , darjeeling . type locality of synonym : [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar\nthe species a . pictaria is described from india , darjeeling . the synonym a . pictaria flavifascia prout ( 1935 ) is described from [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar and singolangoe . the species a . pictaria is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\nthe species is described from india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . the synonym a . pulchella interposita prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 13m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : malaysia , borneo . type localities of synonym : borneo , nr kalimantan , pulo laut\nthe species is described from malaysia , borneo . the synonym e . metriopis ( meyrick , 1897 ) is described from borneo and nr kalimantan , pulo laut . the species e . plumbacea is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )\ntype locality : lesser sunda islands , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , tambora , 2500 - 4000 ft .\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\nthe species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . subcaesia neutralis ( prout , 1922 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of p . ornatipennis ( prout , 1941 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2002 )\ntype locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139\u00b0 long . , 5000 - 7000 ft .\ntype locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .\ntype status : lectotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : west irian [ west papua ] , wandammen mts , 3000 - 4000 ft .\ntype locality : [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . type locality of synonym : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .\nthe species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . the synonym s . viriditincta ( rothschild , 1916 ) is described from [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .\ntype locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , sidaonta , 4500 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 )\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )\ntype locality : lesser sunda islands , tambora , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , 2500 - 4000 ft .\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )\nthe species is described as subspecies of v . vinosa ( warren , 1907 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2013 )\nthe tribal placement of many species needs to be evaluated . however , according to preliminary data involving the study of the species described from other regions and apparently occurring in indonesia ( schmidt , unpubl . data ) , the tribe eupitheciini and its close allies seem to be dominant in indonesia . moreover , the high - altitude indonesian fauna is poorly studied so far . considering high diversity of eupitheciines in mountainous regions and unresolved taxonomic problems in the group ( e . g . sibling species ) , a large proportion of eupitheciini among the larentiine moths is expected .\nptychotheca pallidivirens should be transferred to the genus bosara ( see holloway 1997 ) .\nprout ( 1941 ) mentioned \u201c desmoclystia prouti sick , sp . n . \u201d , without description of the type locality , among other species described from west papua ( mt goliath ) . the type of d . prouti without abdomen , as cited in the original description , has never been re - examined .\nscoble ( 1999 ) lists eupithecia aspectabilis inoue ( 1996 ) as described from indonesia ( maluku [ moluccas ] : aru ) . however , the type locality of the species is aru in pahalgam - kolohoi in kashmir , with an altitude of 2800m .\nbarlow h . s . , woiwod i . p . seasonality and diversity of macrolepidoptera in two lowland sites in dumoga - bone national park , sulawesi utara . in : knight w . j . , holloway j . d . , editors .\nbeck j . , r\u00fcdlinger c . m . currently available data on borneo geometrid moths do not provide evidence for a pleistocene rainforest refugium .\nbethune - baker g . t . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from africa and the east .\ngressitt j . l . , szent - ivany j . j . h . bibliography of new guinea entomology .\nillustrations of typical specimens heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part viii : the lepidopteraheterocera of the nilgiri district .\ntaylor & francis ; london : 1891 . 144 + 4 pp . , 8 pls .\nholloway j . d . the moths of borneo : family geometridae , subfamilies sterrhinae and larentiinae .\ninoue h . twenty - four new species , one new subspecies and two new genera of the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) from east asia .\ninoue h . four new species of the genus eupithecia ( geometridae , larentiinae ) from kashmir and pakistan .\nmoore f . descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson . heterocera ( continued ) ( pyralidae , crambidae , geometridae , tortricidae , tineidae ) in : hewitson w . c . , moore f . , editors .\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson 3 .\nasiatic society of bengal , taylor & francis ; calcutta , london : 1888 . 100\nprout l . b . new genera and species of indo - australian geometridae .\nprout l b . new geometridae from the weyland mountains ( dutch new guinea ) .\nprout l . b . resultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse leopold de belgique . lepidoptera . geometridae .\nprout l . b . new and little - known bali geometridae in the tring museum .\nprout l . b . larentiinae . in : seitz a . , editor .\ndie gross - schmetterlinge der erde . fauna indo - australica , bd . 12 .\nrothschild l . w . on the lepidoptera from the islands of ceram ( seran ) , buru , bali , and misol .\nrothschild l . w . lepidoptera collected by the british ornithologists ' union and the wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea .\nschmidt olga . a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .\nschmidt olga . australasian genus scotocyma turner and the recently described species s . sumatrensis schmidt ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae )\nscoble m . j . , hausmann a . on - line list of valid and nomenclaturally available names of the geometridae of the world .\nsnellen p . c . t . lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningenen beschrijving der nieuwe soorten . tweede afdeeling : heterocera .\nsutrisno h . moth diversity at sebangau peat swamp and busang river secondary rain forest , central kalimantan .\nsutrisno h . moth diversity at gunung halimun - salak national park , west java .\nsutrisno h . moth ( insecta : lepidoptera ) diversity in montane gunung patuha protected forest , west java , indonesia .\nswinhoe c . new and little known species of drepanulidae , epiplemidae , microniidae and geometridae in the national collection .\nvos r . de . the inchworms ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) of papua indonesia .\nwalker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum .\nwalker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . 1121 - 1533\nwarren w . new species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum .\nwarren w . new genera and species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae , and geometridae in the tring museum .\nwarren w . new genera and species of moths from the old world regions in the tring museum .\nwarren w . new species and genera of the families thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions .\nwarren w . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the old world regions .\nwarren w . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .\nwarren w . new uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .\nwarren w . drepanulidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the palaearctic and indo - australian regions .\nwarren w . drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental region .\nwarren w . drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae and geometridae from british new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmodern sources have included it variously in the order rajiformes , rhinobatiformes , rhiniformes , or the newly proposed rhinopristiformes .\n' wedgefishes\n' are order rhinopristiformes along with guitarfishes and sawfishes , they have also been known as giant guitarfishes or sharkfin guitarfishes .\nhow can i put and write and define rhinopristiformes in a sentence and how is the word rhinopristiformes used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528rhinopristiformes\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528rhinopristiformes\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528rhinopristiformes\u9020\u53e5 , rhinopristiformes meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsupplier out of stock . if you add this item to your wish list we will let you know when it becomes available .\nis the information for this product incomplete , wrong or inappropriate ? let us know about it .\ndoes this product have an incorrect or missing image ? send us a new image .\ncopyright \u00a9 loot\u2122 online ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved . khutaza park , bell crescent , westlake business park . po box 30836 , tokai , 7966 , south africa . info @ urltoken loot is a member of the independent media group of companies . all prices displayed are subject to fluctuations and stock availability as outlined in our terms & conditions .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 444, "summary": [{"text": "anacampsis idiocentra is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1922 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil ( para ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10-12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are greyish-ochreous with the plical and second discal stigmata small , indistinct and fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a faint pale shade from four-fifths of the costa to the tornus , nearly straight , slightly indented above the middle and sometimes hardly perceptible .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "two cloudy blackish dots are found on the termen beneath the apex , sometimes a third smaller beneath these .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anacampsis idiocentra", "paragraphs": ["anacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nanacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65\nanacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362\ngelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nanacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,\ne . e . a . de cuba\nanacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\nanacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\n820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nchlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine\ncrypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nlarva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30\nlita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ngelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega\n= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121\ngelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ngelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 445, "summary": [{"text": "the desert musk shrew ( crocidura smithii ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in ethiopia , senegal , and possibly somalia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is dry savanna . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "desert musk shrew", "paragraphs": ["the desert musk shrew is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\ndesertusa is a comprehensive resource about the north american deserts and southwest destinations . learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment . find travel information about national parks , state parks , blm land , and southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the united states . access maps and information about the sonoran desert , mojave desert , great basin desert , and chihuahuan desert .\ncommunication : the desert shrew often leads a solitary , nocturnal existence , and its processes of communication with potential mates or adversaries are little understood . if threatened the animal , like other shrew species , emits a foul odor from musk glands on its hindquarters , presumably warning would - be predators that it is not a desirable meal . it may also use the glands to mark territory .\nthe desert shrew ' s major predator is the owl , a nocturnal hunter with a weak sense of smell ( hence it is presumably not bothered by the shrew ' s foul musk gland odor ) . although the shrew has lost habitat in some areas and is regarded as a threatened species in mexico , it is listed as a species of\nleast concern\nby the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources :\nthere are no major threats to the widespread species .\nappearance : although the desert shrew looks something like a house mouse , it is only about a fourth the size . it has a more narrow and elongated snout . the desert shrew feeds primarily on insects , while the mouse consumes primarily plant material . the shrew has 28 teeth with sharp pincerlike incisors and single cusp molars that are suitable for catching and chewing its prey . the mouse has 16 teeth with incisors designed for gnawing on plant and other material . the shrew has five clawed digits on its feet , the mouse , four .\ndesert adaptations : as a species , the desert shrew has developed specialized behavioral and biological adaptations to life in an arid environment , oftentimes without a free source of water for prolonged periods . their primary source of moisture is their food . they are idle during the heat of the day , saving energy and water . biologically , the desert shrew has a lower metabolic rate than other shrews , reducing its water requirements , and it has highly efficient kidneys and a specially adapted respiratory system , which minimize its water losses .\nin 16th century england , the word\nshrew\noften referred to an evil - tempered person , typically a woman , which led shakespeare to write\nthe taming of the shrew .\nthe desert , or crawford ' s gray , shrew belongs to the broadly distributed taxonomic family called\nsoricidae ,\nwhich includes some 250 species of shrews worldwide and more than 30 species in the united states and canada .\nhead : in addition to its pointed snout , the desert shrew has tiny eyes and conspicuous rounded ears . it has long tactile bristles on its muzzle , giving it a means for feeling its way through passageways in total darkness .\nadult size and weight : an adult desert shrew measures an inch or two in length , with its tail accounting for half its length . it weighs about 0 . 1 to 0 . 2 ounces , approximately as much as a copper penny .\nthe desert shrew ranges across much of the southwest quarter of the united states and the northernmost states of mexico . somewhat misnamed , it occupies a range of habitats well beyond desert basin scrubs and sand dunes , including various shrublands , prairie grasslands , streamside wetlands and mountain flank forestlands . in lower elevations , they may habitate in relatively humid locations such as in burrows or under rocks .\nthe desert shrew may eat prey at once or cache it for later . if it attacks a grasshopper , for instance , it may bite off the legs and bite into the head , leaving the segmented and now immobilized body alive and fresh for later consumption . if it attacks a scorpion , the shrew will nip off the stinger before disabling and eating the creature .\nthe desert shrew , say davis and schmidly in the mammals of texas ,\nis thought to feed largely on both larval and adult insects ; captive specimens have eaten a wide variety of food including mealworms , cutworms , crickets , cockroaches , houseflies , grasshoppers , moths , beetles , earwigs , centipedes , the carcasses of skinned small mammals and birds , and dead lizards .\nbecause of its lower metabolic rate , the desert shrew consumes relatively less food \u2013only about 75 percent of its body weight per day \u2013 than many other shrews .\nby comparison , the egyptians believed the shrew to be the spirit of darkness , likely because of its quick and aggressive predation , voracious appetite and pugnacious nature .\nthe zuni people , said schmidt , regard the shrew as a\nbeast god ,\nwhich provides\nprotection for stored grains from raids by rats and mice .\nthe desert shrew , specially adapted to an arid environment , is the smallest of the mammals of our southwestern deserts . it is also one of the smallest homeotherms in the world . ( a homeotherm is an animal , like a human , for instance , that maintains its body temperature within a narrow range , independent of the surrounding environment . by comparison , an endotherm is an animal , like a snake , that maintains its body temperature by absorbing heat from the surrounding environment . )\ncoat and color : the shrew , with a short dense coat , has a grayish brown back , sides and head , and it has a light gray belly , throat , legs and paws . its tail is darker on top than on the bottom .\nthe shrew ' s courtship and mating practices are largely unknown . the breeding season may range from spring to fall , or all year . the male and female build a nest of shredded plant materials in a secluded spot such as a packrat midden or a dead agave , and about three weeks after mating , the femaie gives birth to three to five naked and pink offspring , each about as big as a pinto bean . for the first two or three weeks , she nurses her charges , able to produce milk although she has not had access to water . she then changes them over to regurgitated prey , then to live prey . at about five to six weeks the juveniles will reach adult size , leave the nest and parental care and begin an independent life . the mother may produce another litter in the course of the year . typically , the desert shrew will live for about a year or , possibly , two in the wild .\nlike shrews , the hummingbird \u2013 the lilliputian of the bird world \u2013 also has an extremely high metabolic rate , with a resting heart rate of perhaps 500 beats per minute . it has been suggested that if human beings burned energy at the same rate , relatively , as a shrew or a hummingbird , our body temperatures would rise so high we could erupt in flame .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthere are two very isolated populations which may be distinct at the species level .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . more research is needed on the taxonomy of this species .\ncrocidura smithii occurs in arid regions of senegal , ethiopia and possibly somalia ( where suitable habitat exists ) . the two known populations are distinct subspecies that are extremely isolated from one another .\nthe natural history of this species is not well known . c . smithii has been recorded from dry sahelian savanna .\nthere are no direct conservation measures in place for this species . it is not known if the species is present within any protected areas . additional details are needed on the natural history of this species and its possible presence in somalia .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41358a115181556 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : revised by hutterer ( 1986a ) . specimens reported from somalia by heim de balsac ( 1966a ) represent macarthuri ; see under that species . includes debalsaci as a distinct subspecies ; see hutterer ( 1981b )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsenses : equipped only with poor vision , the animal relies , like a bat , on echolocation , emitting high pitches squeaks and interpreting the echoes to determine the direction and distance of objects such as potential prey . it also uses its highly developed senses of hearing and smell to locate and track down prey .\nrobert h . schmidt , assistant professor , department of fisheries and wildlife utah state university , internet center for wildlife damage management .\nkerry r . foresman , the wild mammals of montana , special publication no . 12 , american society of mammalogists , published 8 june 2001 .\nwilliam b . davis and david j . schmidly , the mammals of texas - online edition , 1997 texas tech university .\nrandall d . babb , arizona wildlife views ,\na penny ' s worth of terror ,\nmarch\u2013april 2009 .\ndavid allen , university of michigan museum of zoology animal diversity web , national science digital library .\ndesertusa newsletter - - we send articles on hiking , camping and places to explore , as well as animals , wildflower reports , plant information and much more . sign up below or read more about the desertusa newsletter here . ( it ' s free . )\nthe female black widow spider is the most venomous spider in north america , but it seldom causes death to humans , because it only injects a very small amount of poison when it bites .\nthe bobcat despite its pussycat appearance when seen in repose , the bobcat is quite fierce and is equipped to kill animals as large as deer . however , food habit studies have shown bobcats subsist on a diet of rabbits , ground squirrels , mice , pocket gophers and wood rats . join us as we watch this sleepy bobcat show his teeth .\nthe mountain lion the mountain lion , also known as the cougar , panther or puma , is the most widely distributed cat in the americas . it is unspotted - - tawny - colored above overlaid with buff below . it has a small head and small , rounded , black - tipped ears . watch one in this video .\ncopyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken and digital west media , inc . - -"]}
{"id": 446, "summary": [{"text": "hungerford 's crawling water beetle ( brychius hungerfordi ) is a critically endangered member of the haliplidae family of water beetles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the us fish and wildlife service draft recovery plan for the species published august 2004 estimates roughly 1000 individuals are present in the wild .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2010 , a five-year summary report by the united states fish and wildlife service found the population to be essentially unchanged .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the species was first discovered by paul j. spangler in 1954 . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "hungerford ' s crawling water beetle", "paragraphs": ["the hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle and its habitat are protected under ontario\u2019s endangered species act .\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle .\nthe hungerford ' s crawling water beetle physical description hungerford ' s crawling water beetles are small ( less than \u00bc inch long ) yellowish brown water beetles with irregular dark markings and stripes along the back . natural habitat step 3 step 4 step 5\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetle was added to the list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants on april 6 , 1994 .\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetle .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nmichigan dnr fisheries biologist tim cwalinski examines the endangered hungerford ' s crawling water beetle . at 4 mm . in length it is sometimes hard to spot .\nas an adult , hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle is a small yellowish - brown insect , about four millimetres long , with irregular dark stripes on its back .\nhaack , r . a . 1993 . hungerford ' s crawling water beetle , brychius hungerfordi spangler . fish and wildlife serv . status summary . 3pp .\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetles are small ( less than \u00bc inch long ) yellowish brown water beetles with irregular dark markings and stripes along the back .\nfootnote 23 hine\u2019s emerald , hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle , skillet clubtail , blue felt lichen , spring salamander ( adirondack / appalachian population ) , jefferson salamander , butler\u2019s gartersnake , pitcher\u2019s thistle , dwarf lake iris and purple twayblade .\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetle .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nthe primary threat to hungerford\u0092s crawling water beetle is modification of its habitat . actions that are potentially harmful include dredging , channelization , bank stabilization , and impoundment .\none comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle were received .\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetles are found in the cool riffles of clean , slightly alkaline streams . all streams where this beetle has been found have moderate to fast water flow , good stream aeration , inorganic substrate , and alkaline water conditions . the highest densities of hungerford ' s crawling water beetles have been found below beaver dams or immediately below structures that provide similar conditions .\nmichigan department of natural resources ,\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetle ( * brychius hungerfordi * )\n( on - line ) . accessed february 20 , 2003 at urltoken .\nu . s . fish & wildlife service , 1994 .\ndetermination of endangered status for hungerford ' s crawling water beetle\n( on - line ) . accessed feb . 15 , 2001 at urltoken .\nalthough the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle was categorized as endangered on march 7 , 1994 , under the provisions of the u . s . endangered species act , it is currently not protected in canada .\nhyde , d , and m . smar . 2000 . special animal abstract for brychius hungerfordi ( hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle ) . michigan natural features inventory , lansing , mi . 4pp .\ncosewic assessment and status report on the hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle brychius hungerfordi in canada\n( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 127 . 45 kb )\nhungerford\u2019s crawling water beetles live in small and medium - sized streams that have cool , fast - flowing water . they are often found immediately downstream from beaver dams , culverts and artificial barriers .\nthe hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle is on wildlife preservation canada\u2019s priority list for potential future action . find out how we are currently saving other canadian insects , such as the taylor\u2019s checkerspot butterfly and yellow - banded bumble bee , and how you can make a difference .\nfollowing the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to the hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle were received .\nresearch on the hungerford\u0092s crawling water beetle will be conducted on its distribution , life history , and threats to survival . this information is needed so that occupied sites can be managed and suitable unoccupied sites identified for potential reintroductions .\nlearn more about the hungerford\u0092s crawling water beetle and other endangered and threatened species . understand how the destruction of habitat leads to loss of endangered and threatened species and plant and animal diversity . tell others about what you have learned .\nlisting the hungerford\u0092s crawling water beetle required the u . s . fish & wildlife service to prepare a recovery plan to identify and prioritize conservation measures that are needed to bring this species back from the brink of extinction . a recovery plan was published september 2006 .\nthe east branch of the maple river , which is the site of the largest population of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle , is a small stream surrounded by forest with a partially - open canopy so sunlight reaches the water . the stream is cool ( 59 - 68\nthe hungerford ' s crawling water beetle is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .\na short stretch of the north saugeen river just over the bruce county border at the chatsworth community of scone is home to one of the most critically endangered of all insects : the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle . the only known population of hungerford ' s crawling water beetles outside of the united states was discovered near there in 1986 when 42 beetles were identified at a site downstream from the community ' s dam . an unspecified number of beetles were last recorded in 2001 , but surveys in 2002 uncovered no specimens . as a result , the status of this population of hungerford ' s crawling water beetles is uncertain at present . in 2011 , there were no signs of the beetle .\nremoving beaver dams may remove habitat for the beetle . the downstream side of beaver dams provide riffles and highly aerated water that are key components of the hungerford\u0092s habitat . because so few populations of this beetle remain , dam removal could cause local extinctions . ironically , new impoundments caused by beaver dams could also eliminate hungerford\u0092s habitat .\nthe ministry of natural resources tracks species at risk such as hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle . you can use a handy online form to report your sightings to the natural heritage information centre . photographs with specific locations or mapping coordinates are always helpful . urltoken\nprivate land owners have a very important role to play in species recovery . if you find hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle on your property , you may be eligible for stewardship programs that support the protection and recovery of species at risk and their habitats .\nthe provincial recovery strategy for hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle calls for a number of conservation measures , including identifying threats to existing populations , working with farmers to reduce agricultural runoff , working with landowners to steward aquatic habitat and investigating the possibility of translocating beetles .\nhungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle is likely a glacial relict \u2014 a species that survived from the ice age in an isolated habitat \u2014 found only in a few rivers in ontario and michigan . small changes to their aquatic homes could have big impacts on this globally rare insect .\nhungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle is a small insect which is 3 . 7\u20134 . 4 mm in length and yellowish - brown in colour with irregular dark stripes on the back . the larvae are long and slender with a distinctive curved hook at the tip of the abdomen .\nwe , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( service ) , announce availability of the approved recovery plan for the hungerford ' s crawling water beetle ( brychius hungerfordi ) , a species that is federally listed as endangered under the endangered species act of 1973 , as amended ( act ) .\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetles are found in only five isolated locations in michigan and ontario , canada . the disjunct distribution of this species suggests that it is a relict from glacial periods when cool , fast moving streams were more prevalent and the beetle was more widespread .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 7 march 1994\nendangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status for hunger - ford ' s crawling water beetle .\nfederal register 59 ( 44 ) : 10580 - 10584 .\nspangler , p . 1954 . a new species of water beetle from michigan ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) .\nhungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle is a specialist of small to medium - sized streams characterized by a moderate to fast flow , good stream aeration , cool temperatures ( 15\u00b0c to 25\u00b0c ) , inorganic substrate , and alkaline water conditions . the presence of the alga dichotomosiphon may be a critical component of the habitat because the beetle larvae appear to be very dependent upon it as a food source .\nalthough the habitat requirements of hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle are not fully understood , it is likely that threats to this species include any activities that degrade water quality or remove or disrupt the pools and riffle environment of streams in which this species lives . such threats may include stream modification ( e . g . , channelization , dredging , bank stabilization , erosion control , and impoundment ) , pollution , impacts to the groundwater quality and quantity and invasive alien species . alternations to stream flow as a result of waterpower development , waterpower management regimes , permits to take water ( either surface water directly from the stream or groundwater that may feed the stream ) , discharge of storm water and other activities may also impact hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle populations by altering the hydrology , temperature , substrate and water chemistry of the stream . these activities all currently occur in the three canadian watersheds where hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetles are found . such activities and the resulting changes to stream flow could also impact the shoreline pupation sites of this beetle ( e . g . , through erosion and / or flooding ) . one canadian location is adjacent to lands where an expansion to a landfill site is proposed . such an expansion could have impacts on groundwater quality which may result in negative direct or indirect effects upon the hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle population at this location . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )\nprotection of the existing sites that support the hungerford\u0092s is essential because so few populations of the species remain .\nalthough streams in the great lakes states , especially michigan , wisconsin and minnesota , have been extensively surveyed during the past 30 years , no additional populations of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle have been discovered . the survey resulted in the discovery of the only known population in canada .\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetle is a small ( 0 . 2 in or 4 . 2 mm ) , distinctive , yellowish brown beetle with irregular dark markings and longitudinal stripes over the elytra , each of which is comprised of a series of fine , closely - spaced and darkly - pigmented punctures . males tend to be smaller than females .\nbrychius hungerfordi , or hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle , is a small insect 3 . 7 - 4 . 4 mm long and yellowish - brown in colour with irregular dark stripes on the back . the larvae are long and slender with a distinctive curved hook at the tip of the abdomen .\nhyde , d . , m . smar . 2000 .\nspecial animal abstract for * brychius hungerfordi * ( hungerford ' s crawling water beetle ) . michigan natural features inventory , mi . 4 pp .\n( on - line ) . accessed february 20 , 2003 at urltoken .\nbrychius hungerfordi , or hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle , is a small insect 3 . 7 - 4 . 4 mm long and yellowish - brown in colour with irregular dark stripes on the back . the larvae are long and slender with a distinctive curved hook at the tip of the abdomen .\nthe hungerford\u0092s crawling water beetle ( brychius hungerfordi ) is an endangered species . endangered species are animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct . threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future . identifying , protecting and restoring endangered and threatened species is the objective of the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s endangered species program .\nthe hungerford ' s crawling water beetle is a small , yellowish brown beetle ( 3 . 8 - 4 . 3 mm long ) with irregular dark markings and narrow , longitudinal , finely perforated stripes on the elytra ( wing coverings ) . in addition , the sides of the pronotum ( dorsal plate behind the head ) are nearly parallel for the basal two - thirds and are widened laterally .\nthe following species have not been found on federal lands , were not previously listed in schedule 1 of sara and were assessed by cosewic as endangered , threatened or extirpated : american burying beetle , eastern baccharis , hine\u2019s emerald , hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle , and northern dusky salamander ( carolinian population ) . one species \u2014 the spring salamander \u2014 is being divided into two populations and the newly recognized adirondack / appalachian population will be designated as threatened .\nbrychius hungerfordi , or hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle , is a small insect 3 . 7 - 4 . 4 mm long and yellowish - brown in colour with irregular dark stripes on the back . the larvae are long and slender with a distinctive curved hook at the tip of the abdomen . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )\nthe objective of the recovery plan is to provide a framework for the recovery of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle so that protection by the act is no longer necessary . we may consider hungerford ' s crawling water beetle for reclassification from endangered to threatened status when the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the foreseeable future has been eliminated by achievement of the following interim criteria : ( 1 ) life history , ecology , population biology , and habitat requirements are understood well enough to fully evaluate threats ; and ( 2 ) a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , have had stable or increasing populations for at least 10 years , and at least one population is considered viable .\nhungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle has four life stages : egg , larva , pupa and adult . the egg stage has not been described nor has egg - laying been observed for hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle , but based upon studies of closely related species , females probably lay their eggs in spring or early summer on or in aquatic plants . the larvae are herbivorous and a recent study suggests that they may specialize upon the filamentous alga dichotomosiphon tuberosus . the larvae probably feed and grow until the fall when they then move from the water to damp soil along the edge of the river where they probably remain over the winter . the following spring , they likely transform from larvae to adults before returning to the water . the adult beetles may live as long as 18 months . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )\ndespite their aquatic habitat , hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetles are actually clumsy swimmers , preferring to crawl when possible . the tiny beetle was first documented in canada in 1986 and measures about four millimetres long , adding to the difficulty of locating it . studies show that the larvae feed on an algae called dichotomosiphon . adults may live up to 18 months .\nthreats to this wildlife species include any activities that degrade water quality , or remove or disrupt the pools and the shallow rapids in streams in which it lives . other threats include alternations to stream flow as a result of waterpower development and management ; removal of large amounts of water ; discharge of storm water ; and other activities that will alter the hydrology , temperature , substrate and water chemistry of the stream . in addition , a proposed landfill expansion near the saugeen river location could have impacts on groundwater quality , which may result in negative direct or indirect effects upon the hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle population at this location .\nthe most important regulatory control for protecting this species is the issuance of permits that would modify the beetle ' s habitat .\nkeller , t . a . , m . grant , b . ebbers and r . vande kopple . 1998 . new record for the endangered crawling water beetle , brychius hungerfordi ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) in michigan including water chemistry data . great lakes entomologist 31 : 137 - 139 .\nthe survival of hungerford\u2019s crawling water beetles is intimately tied with the streams they occupy . as such , agricultural runoff may threaten this species . waterpower development projects , permits to take water and other projects that alter the streams\u2019 flow , temperature and chemistry could also have an impact , while non - native fish such as brown trout may prey on the beetles .\nhungerford ' s crawling water beetle is thought to live longer than one year and to overwinter as larvae in the dense aquatic vegetation at the stream ' s edge . as with other halipilidae , larvae probably go through three instar phases and pupate in the moist soil above the water line . adults and larvae are seldom captured together , and they appear to inhabit different microhabitats in the stream . adults are more apt to be found in stronger currents , foraging for algae on gravel and stone .\nsara\u2019s general prohibitions are not applicable ( sara\u2019s general prohibitions do not apply for species of special concern ) .\nbeutel , rolf georg , frank h\u00fcnefeld , and bernhard van vondel . 2011 . haliplidae . crawling water beetles . version 08 february 2011 ( under construction ) .\nthe hungerford ' s crawling water beetle inhabits relatively cool ( 15 - 25 degrees c ) , fast flowing alkaline streams with sand and gravel substrates , often occurring in reaches with an open to partially open canopy just below beaver dams or similar human - made structures . adults prefer gravel and cobble riffles while larvae occupy areas with slower current and dense growth of microalgae , especially chara .\na globally rare species , this beetle was first documented in canada in 1986 .\nin ontario , this beetle\u2019s range is restricted to three rivers in bruce county . it has also been found in five rivers in northern michigan . these are the only places in the world where this beetle is found .\ngiven the rate of recreational development and the demands for fish , wildlife , and forest management in northern michigan , unknown populations of hungerford ' s crawling water beetle could be easily extirpated before they are discovered , increasing the need to protect existing populations . because only three populations of this species are known to exist , loss of even a few individuals could severely affect the continued existence of the species .\nspangler , p . j . 1954 . a new species of water beetle from michigan ( coleoptera , haliplidae ) . entomological news 65 : 113 - 117 .\nhilsenhoff , w . l . and w . u . brigham . 1978 . crawling water beetles of wisconsin . great lakes entomologist 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .\nthreats to this beetle are believed to include activities that harm its habitat , such as agricultural practices that degrade water quality , alterations to stream flow , and beaver control and dam removal . the beetle may also be preyed on by introduced fish such as brown trout .\nfish introductions or removals may pose a threat to the hungerford\u0092s . the introduction of brown trout , for example , can result in increased predation of the beetle . other management practices , such as the use of chemical treatments , may also be harmful to this rare species .\nhungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle is endemic to the great lakes region , with approximately 40 % of its distribution in canada , all in ontario . the species is restricted to five streams in three counties ( emmet , montmorency and presque isle ) in northern michigan and to three rivers ( the rankin , the north saugeen and the saugeen ) in bruce county , ontario . over the last 10 years , the possible loss of one of three locations in ontario has been documented .\ngrant , m . , r . vande kopple and b . ebbers . 2000 . new distribution record for the endangered crawling water beetle , brychius hungerfordi ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) and notes on seasonal abundance and food preferences . great lakes entomologist 33 ( 3 - 4 ) : 165 - 168 .\nbecause of its limited numbers , the beetle faces reduced reproductive vigor and the possibility of stochastic extinction .\nfootnote 24 american burying beetle , northern dusky salamander ( carolinian population ) , eastern baccharis , goldencrest .\nhungerford\u2019s crawling water beetle is endemic to the great lakes region with approximately 40 % of its distribution in canada . all canadian populations are found within ontario . the species is restricted to five streams in three counties ( emmet , montmorency and presque isle ) in northern michigan and to three rivers ( the rankin , the north saugeen and the saugeen ) in bruce county , ontario . over the last 10 years the possible loss of one of three locations has been documented . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 30 )\nlittle is known about the hungerford\u0092s life history , but it is thought that its life cycle is similar to other closely related beetles . eggs of the hungerford\u0092s crawling water beetle are probably laid in spring and early summer . the larvae may go through three stages and pupate in the moist soil above the water line . both adults and larvae are herbivorous ( plant eaters ) but are seldom found together because they use different stream microhabitats . the larvae are found along stream edges in dense aquatic vegetation which protects them from predators and provides food . adults are usually found in areas with stronger currents where they feed on algae that grows on rocks and stones . adults are unusually reluctant to fly , so it is unlikely that they disperse by flight . instead , dispersal is probably by moving within the stream system .\nlarvae probably go through three instar phases and pupate in the moist soil above the water line .\nthe american burying beetle is a carrion - feeding beetle . it is one of the most striking beetle species in canada due to its large size and the brilliant orange markings on its otherwise black body . the species\u2019 reproduction is completely dependent upon the availability of a carcass which can be entombed in a manner suitable for feeding larvae .\nthis beetle is likely a \u201cglacial relict , \u201d a species that survived from the ice age in an isolated habitat .\nwe will consider hungerford ' s crawling water beetle for delisting when the likelihood of the species becoming threatened in the foreseeable future has been eliminated by the achievement of the following interim criteria : ( 1 ) habitat necessary for long - term survival and recovery has been identified and conserved ; and ( 2 ) a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , are sufficiently secure and adequately managed to assure long - term viability . the recovery criteria are interim because further research is needed to make them fully measurable . as new information about the species becomes available , and if new populations of the species are discovered , the recovery criteria will be revised . additional details on downlisting and delisting criteria are available in the recovery plan .\nbrychius hungerfordi is located in isolated locations in michigan ' s northern lower peninsula in the cheboygan river watershed and ontario ' s bruce peninsula in the north saugeen river ( hyde and smar , 2000 ) .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nthis beetle is found in small to medium - sized streams with cool , high quality , fast - flowing water , often immediately downstream from beaver dams , culverts and man - made barriers . as larvae , they may require a specific kind of algae ( dichotomosiphon ) to eat .\nthis beetle is only found in three rivers in ontario\u2019s bruce county and five rivers in northern michigan . the number of beetles in canada is unknown , although the population in a single pool in michigan was estimated to have approximately 1 , 100 individuals .\nfish , tadpoles and other aquatic insects prey on adult b . hungerfordi . they are most vulnerable to these predators when they must swim to the water surface for air . otherwise , b . hungerfordi avoids predators by hiding among plants and filamentous algae and by preferring habitats in shallow swiftly flowing water which places them out of harms way of mid - water and benthic predators ( hyde and smar , 2000 ) .\nsurveyors use an aquatic d - frame net to vigorously sweep the water just above the bottom to create a rapid current to dislodge the beetles from their substrate . also , set the d - frame net downstream and stamp around to dislodge the substrate . dislodged materials will be caught in the net . do this in several areas within a stream reach . empty contents of the net into an enamel pan filled with stream water . pick up rocks to search for the beetle or its larvae . adults are collected from among plant roots under approximately 2 ft of water .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthree species will be reclassified between threatened and endangered designations : butler\u2019s gartersnake , jefferson salamander and purple twayblade .\nfour comments were received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2012 consultation document , but no comments specific to the american burying beetle were received .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service regional office federal building ft . snelling twin cities , minnesota 55111 urltoken\narnott ' s location has not been shown on road maps since 1976 when highway 10 was surveyed and rerouted .\nthe haliplidae or crawling water beetles are a comparatively small group of inconspicuous , small water dwelling insects . they belong to the coleopteran suborder adephaga , but differ from all other families of this taxon in several important characters . the strictly algophagous habit of haliplid larvae is a feature not found in any other taxon of the almost exclusively carnivorous adephaga . the extremely enlarged hind coxal plates of adults are also a highly unusual feature of haliplidae . they function as an accessory breathing air storage and physical lung .\nthis water beetle appears to have a restricted range and despite several survey attempts , it is only known to occur within six streams . the status of the species is uncertain for several of the known streams . the population in the east branch of the maple river has the highest known population and appears stable ( usfws , 2006 ) . this species apparently has specific habitat requirements that are vulnerable to changes in hydrology , predation by introduced fish , and degradation of water quality .\na yellowish - brown beetle with distinctive black spots on the elytra ( wing covers ) and an elongate or fusiform body shape ( roughley pers . comm . 1994 ) .\n2 . u . s . mail or in - person pickup : field supervisor , u . s . fish and wildlife service , ecological services field office , 2651 coolidge road , suite 101 , east lansing , mi 48823 - 6316 .\nfour species will be listed or reclassified as special concern : blue felt lichen , dwarf lake iris , goldencrest and pitcher\u2019s thistle .\nthe wildlife species\u2019 habitat is threatened by several kinds of development that may alter water availability in the streams . similarly , forestry activities affect the salamander\u2019s habitat by reducing shade , altering stream temperatures and increasing silt . introduction of predatory game fish is also a severe threat to the species\u2019 larvae and adults .\na probable early postglacial relict , this water beetle is endemic to the upper great lakes and is endangered in the us . in canada , it is restricted to a small area and is known from only 3 locations in ontario . this species has declined and may be extirpated at the north saugeen river . it is threatened by further planned developments at the north saugeen and saugeen river locations , by hydrological alterations at the rankin river location , and by continuing declines in water quality due to events associated with increasing human population at all locations .\nlearn the history of turning michigan ' s non - renewable resources ( oil , gas and minerals ) into recreation opportunities for all .\na probable early postglacial relict , this water beetle is endemic to the upper great lakes and is listed as endangered in the united states . in canada , it is restricted to a small area and is known from only three locations in ontario . this species has declined and may be extirpated at the north saugeen river . it is threatened by further planned developments at the north saugeen and saugeen river locations , by hydrological alterations at the rankin river location , and by continuing declines in water quality due to events associated with increasing human population at all locations .\ncompared to other halipilidae , the adults are strong swimmers , and they obtain oxygen by swimming to the surface or crawling to the water line at the edge of the stream . larvae obtain oxygen directly from the water and are found in association with dense mats of vegetation which offer protection and foraging . the growth form of this vegetative cover may be more important than the plant composition . both adults and larvae are herbivorous but little is known about their specific dietary requirements or feeding adaptations . however , it is likely that they scrape food material from rocks by grasping with their tarsal claws and scraping with their distally flattened and singled notched mandibles which are slightly medially - cupped . this speculation is based on observations of the beetles crawling from rock to rock stopping occasionally to grip a rock for varying lengths of time .\npitcher\u2019s thistle is found only on sand dunes and sandy beaches . optimal pitcher\u2019s thistle habitat is open , dry , loose sand with sparse or no vegetation immediately surrounding or shading the thistles . the habitat is dynamic due to effects from wind , water , and ice that move sand , causing the build - up of mounds , burial of vegetation , exposure of roots , and blowouts . natural succession may cause habitat to become unsuitable when vegetation becomes too dense .\nhine\u2019s emerald is restricted to calcareous wetlands ( marshes , sedge meadows , and fens ) dominated by graminoid vegetation and fed primarily by groundwater from intermittent seeps . the presence of crayfish burrows likely represents a critical component of hine\u2019s emerald habitat and may be a factor limiting its distribution .\na probable early postglacial relict , this water beetle is endemic to the upper great lakes and is endangered in the us . in canada , it is restricted to a small area and is known from only 3 locations in ontario . this species has declined and may be extirpated at the north saugeen river . it is threatened by further planned developments at the north saugeen and saugeen river locations , by hydrological alterations at the rankin river location , and by continuing declines in water quality due to events associated with increasing human population at all locations . designated endangered in may 2011 .\nurltoken needs javascript to function properly and provide you with a fast , stable experience . please enable javascript or check your browser ' s settings .\nclifford , s . 2003 .\nbrychius hungerfordi\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nit appears that human activity in or near the habitat may be speeding up the loss of the species . the removal of existing beaver dams upstream poses a significant threat to the beetle : the downstream side of the beaver dams serve as a riffle and aeration site because they retain sediments and organic material , raise water temperature , and modify nutrient cycling , decomposition dynamics , and riparian zone structure and composition .\none comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to butler\u2019s gartersnake were received .\none comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to hine\u2019s emerald were received .\none comment was received supporting the listing of all species included in the december 2011 consultation document , but no comments specific to pitcher\u2019s thistle were received .\nfootnote 3 bamosky , a . d . , et al . 2011 . has the earth\u2019s sixth mass extinction already arrived ? nature 471 : 51\u201357 .\nlogging , beaver control management , pollution and other human stream modifications have likely contributed to the reduction of b . hungerfordi habitat ( u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) . introduction of sport fish which may prey on b . hungerfordi may have also contributed to its decline ( hyde and smar , 2000 ) . this species is listed as endangered by the u . s . fish and wildlife service and by the state of michigan .\nthe authority for this action is section 4 ( f ) of the endangered species act , 16 u . s . c . 1533 ( f ) .\nfootnote 5 the governor in council is the governor general of canada acting by and with the advice of the queen\u2019s privy council of canada ( cabinet ) .\nprotect water quality by minimizing use of lawn chemicals ( i . e . , fertilizers , herbicides , and insecticides ) , recycling used car oil , and properly disposing of paint and other toxic household products .\nbrychius hungerfordi lives in cool ( 15 to 25 deg c ) , clean , well - aerated , slightly alkaline streams with open to partially open canopy . flows where b . hungerfordi are found are moderate to fast ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) .\nfootnote 2 butchart , s . m . h . , et al . 2010 . global biodiversity : indicators of recent declines . science . 328 : 1164\u20131168 .\nfootnote 25 butchart , s . m . h . , et al . 2010 . global biodiversity : indicators of recent declines . science . 328 : 1164\u20131168 .\none provincial government department opposed the proposal for the spring salamander ( adirondack / appalachian population ) and the american burying beetle . in their view , these species are already sufficiently protected . the department of the environment notes that , in their assessment report of the spring salamander ( adirondack / appalachian population ) , cosewic stated that the species\u2019 habitat is threatened by several kinds of development that may alter either the water availability in the streams where this species occurs or affect its habitat by reducing shade , altering stream temperatures and increasing silt . in the case of the american burying beetle , this species is proposed for listing as extirpated , meaning that no individuals of this species remain alive in canada .\nin the mid - 1850s , john walter also set up the feed mill which is still in operation as walters falls milling ltd . , still operating on water driven machinery most of the year with a diesel engine .\nadults and larvae occupy different microhabitats . adults are usually found on gravel and stones in fast moving currents and well - aerated riffles . larvae were observed in the slower currents of the stream where chara or other macroalgae are dense ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) .\nfollowing the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . one opposing comment was received from a provincial government department concerning the proposal for the american burying beetle .\n4 . a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , are sufficiently secure and adequately managed to assure long - term viability .\nhabitat loss from coastal development , primarily for cottages or residences , is the only imminent threat to the species . its habitat along the margin of coastal forest makes it especially prone to clearance by landowners seeking water views or access .\nthe species is threatened by changes in surface and sub - surface hydrology as it may reduce or eliminate potential larval habitat . proposed housing developments in the uplands where the only known canadian population of hine\u2019s emerald is found are expected to reduce the baseflow of water to the wetlands , thus impacting larval habitat . contamination of groundwater by agricultural pesticides and nutrient management , faulty or degraded septic beds and potential future development pressures are also potential threats to hine\u2019s emerald habitat . another threat is the likely invasion of european common reed , which forms dense stands in fens , virtually eliminating native biodiversity .\nhinz and wiley ( 1999 ) characterized known locations of b . hungerfordi by using the michigan valley segment ecological classification system ( mi - vsec ) ( seelbach et al 1997 ) . the beetle was found in rivers with hardwater oligotrophic ( low in nutrients ) chemistries . base flows in localities where b . hungerfordi was found were fair , and peak flows were low to moderate . water temperatures were characterized as cold to cool july temperatures with moderate daily temperature fluctuations . valley slope was low .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nbutler\u2019s gartersnake was listed as threatened in schedule 1 of sara in june 2003 . cosewic re - assessed its status in november 2010 and proposed to up - list the species to endangered .\nthe extant global range of hine\u2019s emerald includes ontario and four states in the united states : wisconsin , michigan , illinois and missouri . historically , it was also known from ohio , indiana and alabama , where it is now thought to be extirpated . in ontario , hine\u2019s emerald is known from only a single site : the minesing wetlands in simcoe county , west of barrie .\nfollowing the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to butler\u2019s gartersnake were received .\npitcher\u2019s thistle was listed as threatened in schedule 1 of sara in june 2003 . cosewic re - assessed the species in november 2010 and proposed to down - list its status to special concern .\nthe northern dusky salamander inhabits the vicinity of springs , seepages , and small tributaries of clear headwater streams in forested habitats . the species takes refuge under protective cover ( rocks , logs , moss or leaf litter ) or in cool subterranean retreats near stream edges . it forages along the streamside , mostly in terrestrial habitat . the larvae are limited to aquatic micro - environments between rocks in the streambed . during winter , the larvae remain in shallow running water while the adults stay in subterranean refuges with constant water flow .\nfollowing the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to the hine\u2019s emerald were received .\nfollowing the publication of the proposed order in the canada gazette , part i , one comment was received supporting the listing of all the species . no comments specific to the pitcher\u2019s thistle were received .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\nc ) with a relatively fast - flowing current and a substrate of limestone gravel and rock . the forest is intact , the beaver populations are healthy , and their dams function to stabilize water levels so the riffles below the dams remain predictable from year to year .\nand was still utilizing a water - driven turbine up to that point to provide one - third of its energy . the fire was likely caused by an electrical accident . a new facility was rebuilt on the outskirts of the village and started operations in march 1986 .\nbeutel , r . g . & s . ruhnau 1990 . phylogenetic analysis of the genera of haliplidae ( coleoptera ) based on characters of adults . aquatic insects 12 ( 1 ) : 1 - 17 .\nupdated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .\nbecause adult beetles must swim to the surface for air , they are vulnerable to predation by fish , tad - poles , and other aquatic insects . the warmer summer water temperatures force the trout population to deeper waters in lake kathleen , giving the beetles an opportunity to repopulate .\nthe hine\u2019s emerald is a dragonfly in the family corduliidae , the emeralds . adults have brilliant green eyes , a metallic green thorax with two lateral yellow stripes , and a blackish - brown abdomen . it undergoes incomplete metamorphosis involving three stages : egg , larva ( nymph ) and adult . mated females lay eggs in muck and / or shallow water and the eggs hatch into aquatic larvae that live in the wetland for 3\u20135 years before emerging as adults . it is a globally rare species .\nboth adult and larval b . hungerfordi are herbivorous , probably feeding on algae and periphyton by scraping gravel and stones with their mandibles ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . fws , 1994 ) .\n2 . a minimum of five u . s . populations , in at least three different watersheds , have had stable or increasing populations for at least 10 years , and at least one population is considered viable .\nin the spring and early summer months , b . hungerfordi probably lays eggs on filamentous algae and aquatic plants . the larvae are believed to go through three instars before finally pupating to adults . although the time between oviposition and final emergence of the adult depends on temperature , it generally takes about seven weeks ( hyde and smar , 2000 ; u . s . f . w . s . 1994 ) . larvae may overwinter .\nclover - shaped body of water which was named after the williams family that owned a large portion of the lake . it has a distinctive clover shape and features a public beach with boat launch which is located amongst the approximately 60 homes and cottages built on the shore of the lake .\nthis species has specific habitat needs , which can be easily impacted by introduction of exotic species , removal of beaver and degradation of water quality . the occurrences of this species are geographically isolated and therefore vulnerable to localized destructive events which may cause local extinctions with little chance of subsequent natural recolonization .\nthe primary protection need at this time , is to protect those habitats with known occurrences of this species . any land uses that could potentially impact water quality or hydrology should be discouraged . riparian buffer strips should be maintained . introductions of non - native fish and other ecological alterations within the habitat should be prevented .\nthe public inspection page on urltoken offers a preview of documents scheduled to appear in the next day ' s federal register issue . the public inspection page may also include documents scheduled for later issues , at the request of the issuing agency .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nthe objective of the order amending schedule 1 to the species at risk act ( the order ) is to help maintain canada\u2019s biodiversity and the health of canadian ecosystems by preventing wildlife species from becoming extirpated or extinct from canada and contribute to their recovery .\nthe department of the environment\u2019s assessment of the order indicated that the cost impacts will be low . this is because each species falls within at least one of four groups associated with minimal costs and impacts on indigenous peoples and stakeholders , as described below .\narnott had a population of 70 in 1864 ; it was approximately 50 in 1887 . the hamlet was originally called\nmurray ' s corner\nbut was renamed\narnott\nafter a francis arnott who was given a grant to settle the area .\nbutler\u2019s gartersnake is restricted to north america , in areas between and below the lower great lakes . the entire canadian range of the extant species is restricted to four geographically isolated regions of southwestern ontario . this population in ontario represents 16 % of its global distribution . more specifically , this wildlife species has been found in windsor\u2013sarnia ( essex , chatham - kent and lambton counties ) , skunk\u2019s misery ( middlesex and lambton counties ) , luther marsh ( dufferin and wellington counties ) , and parkhill ( middlesex county ) .\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nms . carrie tansy , by u . s . mail ( see addresses ) , or by telephone at ( 517 ) 351 - 2555 , extension 289 . tty users may contact ms . tansy through the federal relay service at ( 800 ) 877 - 8339 .\nwatts , c . h . s . & mcrae , j . 2010 . the identity of haliplus ( coleoptera : haliplidae ) from the pilbara region of australia , including the description of four new species . records of the western australian museum 25 : 387 - 398 .\nthere is ongoing discussion regarding the cause of the decline in the range and abundance of the american burying beetle . habitat alteration and fragmentation is generally considered to be the primary cause for decline . fragmentation increases the need for species\u2019 movement across unsuitable habitats and over roads . the development of dense understory in cleared forest areas increases the difficulty of burying the brood carcass , making the species more vulnerable to predation .\ncanada\u2019s natural heritage is an integral part of its national identity and history . wildlife is valued by canadians for aesthetic , cultural , spiritual , recreational , educational , historical , subsistence , medical , ecological and scientific reasons . canadian wildlife species and ecosystems are also part of the world\u2019s heritage . ( see footnote 6 ) part of the department of the environment\u2019s mandate is to preserve and enhance the quality of the natural environment , including flora and fauna . although the responsibility for the conservation of wildlife in canada is shared among governments , the department of the environment plays a leadership role as federal regulator in order to prevent species from becoming extinct ( see footnote 7 ) or extirpated ( see footnote 8 ) from canada . the parks canada agency contributes to the protection and conservation of these species within its network of protected heritage places , ( see footnote 9 ) including national parks and national marine conservation areas .\na railroad was built to williams lake in 1899 in order to dig up the grey muck known as ' marl ' which is prominent at the lake . the marl was excavated for the use of three cement plants in nearby owen sound as an ingredient for their product . the process of excavating the marl caused the water supply to dry up and several wells had to be dug on nearby farms by the excavation company .\nit is also important to note that preventing the extirpation of a given species is an integral part of maintaining biodiversity in canada and conserving canada\u2019s natural heritage . more diverse ecosystems are generally more stable , and thus the benefits ( goods and services ) they provide are also more stable over time . ( see footnote 20 )"]}
{"id": 447, "summary": [{"text": "ophthalmitis rufilauta is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in borneo in lowland and lower montane rainforests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species is distinguished by the brown shading between the hindwing antemedial line and the discal mark . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "ophthalmitis rufilauta", "paragraphs": ["ophthalmitis rufilauta ; [ mob11 ] : 228 , f . 455 , 466 , pl . 15\nophthalmitis clararia ; [ mob11 ] : 227 , f . 458 , pl . 15\nophthalmitis punctifascia ; [ mob11 ] : 228 , f . 463 , pl . 15\nophthalmitis exemptaria ; [ mob11 ] : 230 , f . 457 , pl . 15\nophthalmitis pertusaria ; sato , 1995 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 46 ( 4 ) : 225\nophthalmitis viridior holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 228 , f . 462 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nophthalmitis cordularioides holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 229 , f . 461 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nophthalmitis satoi holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 229 , f . 460 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nophthalmitis basiscripta holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 230 , f . 464 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nophthalmitis variegata holloway , 1993 ; [ mob11 ] : 227 , f . 424 , 459 , pl . 15 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nyou appear to have javascript disabled or are using a browser that does not support it . please enable javascript to experience all features of the site !\nan unbranched vein thought to have resulted from the fusion of anal veins 1a and 2a into a single vein . it is the most posterior vein on the forewing in many moths and is located near the posterior margin . this is the common state in the superfamily noctuoidea .\nthe third and posterior - most tagma ( body region ) of an insect . the ancestral abdomen is believed to have consisted of 11 segments , though most modern insects have fewer .\nthe male copulatory organ . characteristics of the aedeagus are often used to separate and identify species . the aedeagus is not visible without dissection .\nthe posterolateral corner of the wing , where the posterior and outer margins meet .\na longitudinal , unbranched vein that extends from the base of the insect wing to the outer margin . the most posterior of the longitudinal veins of a wing .\na sclerotized supporting structure that surrounds the base of the aedeagus . the anellus is modified in a few moth species and can be useful for identification ( see lacinipolia pensilis and l . vicina ) .\nthe portion of the wing that is located between the basal and antemedial lines .\na thin transverse line found on the basal third of the forewing , between the median and basal lines . this line is located medial to the orbicular and claviform spots when these are present . in the noctuoidea this line is often double , with the darkest and thickest component bordering the median area , and zigzag in shape .\nthe\nhead\nend of an organism , as opposed to the posterior or\ntail\nend of an organism .\nrefers to a part of a structure at the furthest distance from the base .\na part of the internal female genitalia . the portion of the corpus bursae that is not connected to the ductus bursae in species in which the bursa copulatrix is bilobed .\nthe point of an appendage closest to its attachment to the body . sometimes referred to as proximal .\na typically short and broad line at the mid - basal area of the forewing .\na transverse line extending across the forewing near its base . the most basal of the forewing transverse lines . this line is usually present on the anterior half of the wing , and is darker than the surrounding wing in most moths .\nresembling a string of beads . usually referring to an antenna . the mid - portion of each segment of a beaded antenna is slightly expanded .\na structure with comb - like or teeth - like structures on both sides . usually referring to an antenna . each segment of a bipectinate antenna has elongate distal processes .\nsawlike or toothed on both sides of a structure . usually referring to an antenna . each segment of a biserrate antenna is triangular in shape .\nthe immatures that hatch from eggs laid by a single female at the same time .\na membranous pouch of the female genital system that receives the intromittent organ ( aedeagus ) of the male during copulation . it is usually divided into a posterior sclerotized tube ( the posterior ductus bursae ) and an anterior membranous sac ( the corpus bursae ) . the bursa copulatrix is useful for identification purposes but is not visible without dissection\na portion of a wing that is surrounded by veins . for example , discal cells are large cells found on both wings of many moths , including all of the species that are included on this site .\na movable sclerotized structure located on the medial surface of the male valve , usually near its mid - point . the shape of the clasper can be useful for identification .\nan elongate spot or mark extending laterally from the antemedial line through the median area , toward and sometimes reaching the postmedial line . this spot is usually darker than the surrounding wing , often black .\na covering of silk or silk incorporated with other materials such as pieces of leaves and twigs that covers the pupa .\nneck ,\na structure between the head and the thorax . in the noctuoidea this term refers to the arched array of scales of the dorsal prothorax . the collar is often in a contrasting color from the head and remaining thorax and is frequently striped with dark transverse lines\na slender , heavily sclerotized spine or spines on the surface of the vesica of the male aedeagus . these structures are useful for identification , but are not visible without dissection .\na row of mesially - directed claw - like sclerotized setae located on the cucullus of the male valve . used for grasping the female during mating .\nthe membranous pouch of the female genital system . a spermatophore is deposited into the corpus bursae by the male during mating . the corpus bursae attaches to the anterior end of the ductus bursae and can be single ( unisaccate ) or be divided ( bisaccate ) . the ductus seminales attaches to the corpus bursae . the shape of the corpus bursae is often useful for identification , but is not visible without dissection .\nrefers to a species that is found throughout all or most of the world , in the appropriate habitat .\nwith activity periods at dusk and / or dawn . many frequently - seen moths , such as the white - lined sphinx moth ( hyles lineata ) , are crepuscular .\ncubital - anal vein 1 . generally arising from the distal cubitus vein and extending to the margin . this vein arises near the posterior end of the discal cell in most members of the noctuoidea .\ncubital - anal vein 2 . generally arising approximately midway on the wing cubitus vein and extending to the outer margin .\nalso called the cubitus . a wing vein arising approximately at the middle of the base of the wing and extending ( branched or unbranched ) to the wing margin . this vein forms the posterior boundary of the discal cell in the noctuoidea .\nthe terminal part of the valve in male genitalia . this structure is often broadened and may bear one or more rows of claw - like setae forming a structure called a corona .\na sclerotized , usually elongate , structure located on the distal third of the valve of the male genitalia of some moths . the presence of a digitus and its shape are useful for identification .\na broad contrastingly - colored spot found at the end of the discal cell in some moths . the forewing discal spot is usually referred to as the reniform spot in noctuid moths .\nthe process of removing certain internal organs - usually the male and female genitalia - from an insect specimen , in order to examine their structure .\nactive during daylight . unlike butterflies , which are diurnal , most moths are active at night and referred to as nocturnal . a few moth species are strictly diurnal and have adaptations to daytime flight , such as brightly - colored hindwings and reduced eye - size ( ellipsoid eyes ) .\nrefers to the back or the upper side of an organism . for example , a dorsal view would be looking at the animal from above .\nthe duct in the female genital system that extends from the ostium bursa to the bursa copulatrix . this structure is commonly sclerotized . the ductus bursae cannot be observed without dissection .\noblong , oval , with equally rounded ends . commonly refers to reduced eye - size in day - flying moths . the eyes appear small and oval when viewed from the front , rather than large and hemispherical as in most night - flying species . in most of these day - flying species , the sum of the width of the eyes is less than the width of the frons between them .\nconvex , with the apex of the curve directed toward the outer margin . usually refers to the shape of a wing marking .\nbent or curved , sickle - shaped . this adjective is commonly applied to the apex of the forewing .\nthe third segment of the insect leg . often a large and elongate segment , sometimes with some ornamentation or identifying structures .\na projecting ridge or collar that provides support . a flange is present on the tips of the ovipositor lobes ( papillae anales ) of some female moths , likely as an adaptation for laying eggs in hard soil .\na term traditionally used for a longitudinal part of the posterior forewing of moths in the superfamily noctuoidea that is bordered anteriorly by the cubital vein and its branch cua2 and posteriorly by 1a + 2a . this area lacks supporting veins and is therefore relatively weak . it is sometimes colored differently than the surrounding areas ( usually paler ) and contains the claviform spot and / or median dash when these markings are present .\nthe front wing of an insect . the wing attached to the second thoracic segment ( the mesothorax ) . characteristics of the forewing are often important in identification .\nthe scales , setae , or hairs that extend beyond the edge of a wing membrane .\nthe area of the face that is dorsal to ( above ) the antennae .\na raised , sclerotized structure arising from the frons of many moth species . this structure is thought to be used to escape from underground after hatching from the pupa , and is most commonly found in species that live in arid environments . the frontal tubercle has been lost secondarily in some species that pupate in sand .\nthe sexual organs , including associated structures . characters of the genitalia are often used for identification purposes . some structures of the genitalia are visible in intact specimens , but most characters require dissection for visualization .\nlong , paired , brush - like pheromone - emitting organs located at the base of the ventral abdomen in males of some moth species .\na rod - shaped sclerotized structure on the mesial valve of the male genitalia of some moths , arising from the dorsal distal sacculus . the shape of the harpe - especially in relation to the saccular extension - is useful for identification in the genus euxoa .\none of the second pair of wings that is attached to the third segment of the thorax ( the metathorax ) .\nthe zoogeographic region that includes most of the northern hemisphere - africa north of the sahara desert , north america including the northern two - thirds of mexico , all of europe , and asia south to the himalayan mountains . the holarctic is divided into the nearctic and palearctic .\n( plural : larvae ) . the immature stage between the egg and the pupa . in moths , usually referred to as a caterpillar .\nthe insect leg consists of a series of segments . starting from most basal they are the coxa , trochanter , femur , tibia , and tarsus .\nmedial vein one , the most anterior branch of the medial vein . on the forewing of the noctuoidea , this vein extends from the anterior end of the discal cell to the outer margin , between r5 and m2 .\nmedial vein two , the second branch of the medial vein . on the forewings of the noctuoidea , this vein extends from the posterior end of the discal cell to the outer margin , between veins m1 and m3 .\nmedial vein three , the third branch of the medial vein . on the forewing of the noctuoidea , this vein extends from the posterior end of the discal cell near the cubitus vein to the outer margin , between veins m2 and cua1 .\na dark , broad , band along the outer margin of the hindwing . this term is usually reserved for a broad marking that is much darker than the ground color , or has a sharply - defined medial margin .\nthe portion of the wing between the antemedial and postmedial lines . technically , this area includes the median and postmedial areas , but this distinction is rarely made because these areas are usually colored similarly .\na thickened , short line located medially in the lower half of the forewing .\na , transverse line located in the median area of the forewing , usually near the mid - wing . the median line is typically darker than the surrounding wing , single , thicker and less well - defined than the other transverse lines in the noctuoidea .\na longitudinal vein between the radius and cubitus . the portion of this vein proximal to the end of the cell of the forewing has been lost during the course of evolution in the moths included on this site , but its distal branches extend from the end of the cell to the outer margin .\ntoward the midline . a synonym of basal , and the opposite of lateral and distal .\na subregion of the holarctic zoogeographic region that includes north america , the northern two - thirds of mexico and greenland .\nthe zoogeographic region that includes southern mexico , central america , the west indies , and south america .\na common name used for most members of the families erebidae , euteliidae , nolidae , and noctuidae , but usually excluding the subfamilies arctiinae and lymantriinae of the erebidae . this common name is based on the fact that these moths were arranged together in the family noctuidae until recently . synonymous with owlet moth .\nactive at night . most moths are active at night and are referred to as nocturnal .\na term that refers to the presence of a central dark spot ( pupil ) within another spot . usually used for the orbicular spot of noctuid moths .\na round or oval spot located in the middle of the discal cell of the forewing , between the antemedial and median lines . this spot is present in most noctuid moths . the outline of the spot is usually darker than the surrounding wing and its center may contain a darker spot called an ocellus .\nthe posterior external opening of the female ductus bursae which receives the male intromittent organ ( aedeagus ) during copulation . the ostium bursae is located at the ventral aspect of the posterior eighth abdominal segment .\nthe egg - laying structure of the female . often a cylindrical tube used to deposit eggs in specific locations .\na pair of sclerotized processes at the posterior apex of the female abdomen used to deposit eggs . these are most often conical and are often covered by short or hair - like setae , but can be modified in shape or bear additional flanges or other structures . these are the only part of the female genitalia that are visible without dissection . also called papillae anales .\na common name used for most members of the families erebidae , euteliidae , nolidae , and noctuidae , but usually excluding the subfamilies arctiinae and lymantriinae of the erebidae . this common name is based on the fact that these moths were arranged in the family noctuidae until recently . synonymous with noctuid moth .\nthe zoogeographic region that is the old world part of the holarctic region . it includes africa north of the sahara desert , all of europe , and asia north of the himalayan mountains\na pair of sclerotized processes at the posterior apex of the female abdomen , used to deposit eggs . these are most often conical , and are often covered by short or hair - like setae , but can be modified in shape or bear additional flanges or other structures . these are the only part of the female genitalia that are visible without dissection . also referred to as ovipositors or ovipositor lobes .\na lobe - like structure arising from the prothorax that overlaps the base of the forewing . see tegula .\nwith branches or tooth - like structures . often referring to an antenna or the tarsal claws .\na graph depicting the seasonal pattern of capture dates of a species , with the date on the x - axis and number of records on the y - axis .\nthe life history or life cycle of an organism as it relates to development over time within a single generation or several generations over a season .\na thumb - like ventral projection from the distal valve of some moths in the tribe noctuini - notably in the genus xestia . this structure resembles a digitus but is considered to be separately derived .\nthe\ntail\nend of an organism , as opposed to the anterior or\nhead\nend of an organism .\nthe hind margin of the forewing , opposite the costal margin . also referred to as the trailing margin .\na thin , transverse line located lateral to the discal spot , typically on distal third of the forewing . this line is usually darker than the surrounding wing . it is often double , with a darker medial component , and is scalloped between the veins in the noctuoidea . the portion of this line lateral to the discal spot is usually convex toward the outer margin ( excurved ) .\nan abdominal leg found on lepidoptera larvae . they are fleshy legs that occur in pairs , with rows of hooked spines at the tip called crochets .\nnear to the body or the base of an organism , as opposed to distal .\nthe stage between larva and adult in insects with complete or holometabolous metamorphosis . it is a non - feeding and non - mobile stage that , in moths , is often surrounded by a cocoon .\na term that describes a specific branching pattern of the hindwing veins , in which the distal cubitus vein appears to have four branches : m2 , m3 , cua1 , and cua2 . this branching pattern is present in the family erebidae and some subfamilies of the noctuidae ( which are referred to as\nquadrifid noctuids\n) . see trifid .\na comb - like structure consisting of four projections per unit . usually refers to an antenna .\na branched vein located near the anterior margin of the wing . this vein typically has five branches , numbered r1 - r5 , in the noctuoidea .\na broad c - shaped or kidney - shaped discal spot found at the end of the discal cell in some moths . this spot is usually outlined in a dark color and filled with a lighter color .\na distal , spine - like process of the ventral sacculus of the male genitalia , typically found in the genus euxoa of the noctuidae . the ends of the saccular extensions can often be observed without dissection if the scales are removed from the distal abdomen .\na flattened , cuticular extension that covers the body and wings of members of the order lepidoptera (\nlepidos\nmeans\nscale\nin greek ) . these scales are often overlapping and contain pigment , providing for the distinctive color patterns found on the wings .\nhardened . usually referring to a section of the exoskeleton or a specific structure that is hardened as opposed to soft and membranous .\n( plural : setae ) a hair - like projection of the epidermis or living layer of the exoskeleton .\na moveable spine . often refers to an enlarged or otherwise modified spine on the legs of some moths .\na dark band located near the margin of the hindwing of some moths . differs from a marginal band in that a submarginal band does not extend to the outer margin .\na spot located in the median area posterior to (\nbelow\n) the reniform spot in a few noctuid moths . examples are found in papaipema and catocala .\nthe portion of the wing that is located between the postmedial and subterminal lines .\na thin , often zigzag or patterned , transverse line situated near the distal end of the forewing between the postmedial and terminal lines . it is single , usually paler than the wing ground color , and often preceded by a dark shade or wedge - like spots in the noctuoidea .\nin insects and other arthropods , a group of segments that have become fused to form a functional unit ( body region ) . for example , an insect body is composed of three tagmata : the head , thorax , and abdomen .\nthe fifth and final leg segment , distal to the tibia . often consists of several segments and ends with a pair of claws .\na small , flap - like structure that overlaps the base of the forewing . this structure is colored or patterned differently from the forewings and / or thorax in some moths .\nreferring to the end of a structure that is farthest from its base of attachment .\na thin , transverse line situated at the margin of the forewing , at the base of the fringe . this line is often comprised of a series of dark spots between the veins in many members of the noctuoidea\nthe second , or middle , tagma of an insect . an insect is composed of three tagmata : the head , thorax , and abdomen . the thorax itself is composed of three segments called the prothorax , mesothorax , and metathorax . the wings and legs of moths are attached to the thorax .\nthe fourth segment of the insect leg . often a large and elongate segment with some ornamentation or identifying structures .\na common name for the species in the tribe arctiinae of the erebidae , many of which are boldy - patterned with bright colors .\nthe posterior margin of the wing , opposite the costal margin . also called the posterior margin .\na term that describes a specific branching pattern of the hindwing veins , in which the distal cubitus vein appears to have three branches : m3 , cua1 , and cua2 . this branching pattern is present in many subfamilies of the noctuidae ( which are referred to as\ntrifid noctuids\n) . see quadrifid .\na group or bunch of setae arising from a group of very closely associated bases .\na common name for the species in the subfamily lymantriinae of the erebidae . this name refers to the hair pencils and tufts that are found on many larvae in this subfamily .\na long , hook - shaped midline process of the tegumen ( the dorsal distal abdominal segment ) present in many male moths that is used to hold the female during mating . its shape is sometimes useful for identification .\nin males , the broad paired paddle - like organs developed from the lateral ninth abdominal segment . the valves are articulated at the base , and are used to grasp the end of the female abdomen during mating they are typically modified in shape and bear additional structures , such as the clasper , digitus , and corona . the valve structure is often important for identification and their ends are usually visible without dissection after brushing the scales from the tip of the abdomen .\nrefers to the belly , or underside of an organism . for example , a ventral view would be looking at the animal from below .\nthe membranous , terminal part of the aedeagus . the vesica is collapsed inside the aedeagus prior to mating , and is everted inside the female during copulation . it is visible only after dissection , and must be inflated in order to observe its shape .\nthe production of a certain number of generations by a species during a given year . for example , univoltine , bivoltine , or multivoltine are categories of voltinism . while most species are restricted in the number of generations that they produce during a year , the number of generations sometimes varies , depending on geographic location or the favorable weather of a given year .\na relatively common sideways w - shaped feature of the subterminal line in many species of noctuid moths , in which the line is zig - zagged , with teeth extend to or near the outer margin on veins m3 and cua1 .\nan old or otherwise damaged moth specimen , from which many of the scales have been lost . worn specimens are more difficult to identify than fresh ones .\nforbes wtm . 1954 . lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states . cornell university agricultural experiment station . memoir 329 . 433 pp .\ngordh , g . and d . h . headrick . 2001 . a dictionary of entomology . cabi publishing , new york , ny . ix + 1032 pp . ( 2010 addition available )\ntriplehorn , c . a . and n . f johnson . 2005 . borror and delong\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s introduction to the study of insects , seventh edition . thomson books / cole . belmont , ca . x + 864 pp .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4 . 0 international license\nthis species is best distinguished by the brown shading between the hindwing antemedial and the discal mark . there is brown suffusion elsewhere particularly in association with the fasciae ; the fasciae are rather weakly defined on the forewing . in the male genitalia the valves have three spur - like processes : central , basal ; distal , saccular ; subcostal , central .\nsumatran material has the male genitalia distinct : the saccular process is more distal , longer : the uncus is more robust , the apical portion shorter , blunter ; the aedeagus has a massive lateral spine . in the female the sterigma is more complex , more heavily sclerotised . the differences are such as to indicate specific status . peninsular malaysian material may be more referable to that from sumatra .\nthe majority of specimens taken in recent surveys were from lowland rainforest , the highest being a male from 1000m in the lower montane forest zone of g . mulu and a female from 1200m on g . kinabalu .\nophthalmodes herbidaria guen\u00e9e , 1857 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 9 : 283 ; tl : india\nophthalmodes punctifascia holloway , 1976 ; moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 81\nborneo , sumatra , singapore , peninsular malaysia ( penang ) . see [ maps ]\nboarmia pertusaria felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 125 , f . 17\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . volume 9 . uranides et phal\u00e9nites\n( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,\n( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nwarren , 1900 new genera and species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the indo - australian and palaearctic regions novit . zool . 7 : 98 - 116\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nmalaysia , n borneo , sabah , keningau distr . , ivo trus madi mt . , 1150 m . , lower montane dipterocarp forest .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 448, "summary": [{"text": "the archonta are a group of mammals , considered a superorder in some classifications , which consists of the following orders : primates plesiadapiformes ( extinct \u2014 primate-like archontans ) scandentia ( treeshrews ) dermoptera ( colugos ) while bats were traditionally included in archonta , recent genetic analysis has suggested that bats actually belong in laurasiatheria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a revised category , euarchonta , excluding bats , has been proposed .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it has been suggested that this taxon may have arisen in the early cretaceous ( more than one hundred million years ago ) and so there may be other explanatory models for mammalian evolution beside an explosive radiation from a single surviving lineage following the cretaceous-paleogene extinction of the mesozoic megafauna , such as a series of prior radiations related to the breakup of gondwana and laurasia allowing for more survivors . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "archonta", "paragraphs": ["phylogeny : archonta : ( scandentia + dermoptera ) + * : plesiadapiformes + primates .\narchonta .\na dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\narchonta .\na dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nif you want the real village cyprus , you will find it here with androula at to spitiko toy archonta . the location is amazing , the village is traditional and quiet , the room ( melanie ) was spacious , well equipped and perfect for us . androula has made this . . .\nto spitiko tou archonta , is a self catering accommodation , in troodos mountain . our lodge is located in an elevated position in the heart of the village . the house is more than 100 years old and has recently been restored . while preserving the architectural heritage the house has been adapted for its new use . the old furniture remains , adding charm and contributing to the original atmosphere of the house .\nthe superorder archonta has been hypothesized to include primates , tree shrews , bats , and flying lemurs as descendants of a common ancestor . more recently , a diphyletic origin for bats has been proposed . to evaluate these hypotheses , the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene was determined from a bushbaby ( galago senegalensis ) , flying lemur ( cynocephalus variegatus ) , tree shrew ( tupaia glis ) , spear - nosed bat ( phyllostomus hastatus ) , rousette bat ( rousettus leschenaulti ) , and nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) and was compared with published sequences of a human , cow , and mouse . phylogenetic analyses of the sequences give evidence that primates , tree shrews , and flying lemurs have a recent common ancestor but that bats are genealogically distant . the monophyletic origin of bats is supported . contrary to interpretations based on morphological data , tree shrews are shown to be no more closely affiliated with primates than are flying lemurs . analyses of the cytochrome oxidase subunit ii gene give marginally more support to a dermoptera - scandentia clade than to a dermoptera - primates clade .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\n\u00a9 a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe name euprimateformes was coined fairly recently by bloch et al . ( 2007 ) for a clade uniting crown - group primates and the extinct plesiadapoids ( the exact definition was\nthe clade stemming from the most recent common ancestor of carpolestes simpsoni and homo sapiens ) , excluding even more basal stem primates such as paromomyids . the plesiadapoids include the taxa plesiadapidae , carpolestidae , saxonella and chronolestes and were found in north america and eurasia from the late early palaeocene to the end of the early eocene ( a possible plesiadapoid has also been described from africa ) .\nplesiadapoids would have been not dissimilar to squirrels or modern tree shrews in size and appearance . they possessed large , forward - pointing lower incisors and originally fairly long skulls . few plesiadapoids are known from extensive postcranial remains but what we do know indicates a fair amount of ecological divergence ( bloch et al . , 2007 ) . carpolestes possessed a nail rather than a claw on its hallux ( opposible big toe ) and shorter claws overall , indicating that it was a grasping climber ( wrapping its digits around branches ) like modern primates rather than a clinging climber ( hanging onto branches with its claws ) like squirrels . plesiadapis , on the other hand , had long narrow claws and was probably more of a clinging climber . some authors have suggested a more terrestrial lifestyle for plesiadapis ; such interpretations are not currently popular ( kirk et al . , 2008 ) but it would be interesting if postcrania were available for the largest and one of the latest of the plesiadapids , the european platychoerops , which was comparable in size to a groundhog ( gingerich , 1976 ) . also notable among plesiadapids was chiromyoides which appears to have been a specialised seed - eater with a short and deep jaw ( and presumably skull ) and massive incisors .\nnote : there is little or no agreement on why this is a clade , although multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is something here . the greatest controversy seems to be whether the bats belong here .\n. squirrel - like omnivores of s and se asian forests & esp . borneo & philippines .\nlinks : brain collections : scandentia ; order scandentia / family tupaiidae ; scandentia ; entrez - pubmed closer to rabbits ? ) ; insectivores ; lapins : ronger ne veut pas dire \u00eatre rongeur ( french ) ; lecture 12 - mac / der / scan . ( may be best on the web ) ; insectivores ; genus tupaia ( skulls ) ; scandentia mh ) ; morphological synapomorphies of chiroptera ; what is a tree shrew ? ; tupaia _ tana . html ; scandentia ; apus . ru russian ) ; scandentia - tany ( czech ) ; scandentia ( tree ' shrews ' ) . atw021206 .\nlinks : ant hills , cretaceous mammals , and purgatorious ; the therian clade ; jvp 22 ( 3 ) september 2002 - abstracts 31a bloch et al . abstract on p . 7 ) ; evidence for a paleocene evolutionary radiation ; new basicrania of paleocene - eocene ignacius - re - evaluation of . . . . atw021109 .\ncharacters : very small to large squirrel sized ; snout long ; orbits face laterally ; postorbital bar absent ( plesiomorphic ) ; auditory bulla absent ; floor of middle ear chamber derived from entotympanic ; lower incisors large ; diastema present ; tail long ; flexible hands / feet ; opposable digits probably absent ; digital nails absent ; arboreal and terrestrial , with some gliders . atw030706 .\nnew basicrania of paleocene - eocene ignacius - re - evaluation of . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprasad , verma , sahni , parmar & khosla , 2007 [ treated as basal ungulated by prasad et al . , 2007 ] | ` - - + - - \u2020\nde bast , e . , sig\u00e9 , b . & smith , t . , 2012 : diversity of the adapisoriculid mammals from the early palaeocene of hainin , belgium . \u2013acta palaeontologica polonica : vol . 57 , # 1 , pp . 35 - 52 [ doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 2010 . 0115 ]\nbloch , j . i . & boyer , d . m . , 2002 : grasping primate origins . \u2013science : vol . 298 , pp . 1606 - 1610\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\nfox , r . c . & scott , c . s . , 2011 : a new , early puercan ( earliest paleocene ) species of purgatorius ( plesiadapiformes , primates ) from saskatchewan , canada . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 85 , # 3 , pp . 537 - 548 [ doi : 10 . 1666 / 10 - 059 . 1 ]\ngoswami , a . , prasad , g . v . r . , upchurch , p . , boyer , d . m . , seiffert , e . r . , verma , o . , gheerbrant , e . & flynn , j . j . , 2011 : a radiation of arboreal basal eutherian mammals beginning in the late cretaceous of india . \u2013proceedings of the national academy of sciences : vol . 108 , # 39 , pp . 16333 - 16338 [ doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1108723108 ]\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii\nnowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . \u2013the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629\npettigrew , j . d . , jamieson , b . g . m . , robson , s . k . , hall , l . s . , mcanally , k . i . , & cooper , h . m . , 1989 : phylogenetic relations between microbats , megabats and primates ( mammalia : chiroptera and primates ) . \u2013philosphical transactions of the royal society of london : biological series , vol . 325 , pp . 489 - 559\nprasad , g . v . r . , verma , o . , sahni , a . , parmar , v . & khosla , a . , 2007 : a cretaceous hoofed mammal from india . \u2013science : vol . 318 , # 5852 , pp . 937 [ doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1149267 ]\nscott , c . s . & fox , r . c . , 2005 : windows on the evolution of picrodus ( plesiadapiformes : primates ) : morphology and relationships of a species complex from the paleocene of alberta . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 79 , # 4 , pp . 635 - 657\nset in the heart of the troodos mountains the lodge is ideal for providing families , friends and couples a respite from their busy lives . visitors to the lodge can sample the tranquility and beauty of the area , relax and enjoy the opportunities offered by the village ' s proximity to forest walks , riverside footpaths , and byzantine history and culture .\nwe aim to maintain tradition by continuing the preparation of local dishes using the original methods .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n{\ncontainerclass\n: null ,\ncontainerattributes\n: null ,\nwidget\n: {\nname\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\ntemplate\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ widget\n,\nmodulelist\n: [\nhandlers\n] ,\ndivclasses\n:\nprw _ rup prw _ ibex _ photo _ carousel\n,\njs\n: {\nhandlers\n:\n( ta . prwidgets . getjs ( this , ' handlers ' ) )\n} ,\ndust\n: {\nnav _ controls\n:\nibex _ photo _ carousel _ _ nav _ controls\n} } ,\nscriptflags\n: null }\nold , greatly renovated traditional stone cyprus house with a soul and great host - androula . we stayed for 1 week in the beautiful , tiny village of tris elies with our kids ( 7 and 5 y . o ) and we found it a perfect place . the house is . . .\nthank you sylwia for the information you mention for the next guests . i am happy that you enjoyed it , hope to see you again .\nit was three perfect days ! the best cooking in cyprus ! androula was very nice whith us and she prepare the best meal we taste in cyprus . you will can discover cyprus specialities ! she explains us where to go to enjoy our holidays . the room is . . .\nthank you jeremy , i am glad that you enjoyed . i hope to see you again .\ni am happy that you enjoyed what i created here in a small village of troodo ' s , the paradise of cyprus . you are always welcome .\nwe stayed in the one bedroom apartment and it had everything we could wish for . it was spacious , comfortable and clean . androula made us very welcome and we wish we could have stayed longer . this is a perfect place to go either for a relaxing . . .\nwe stayed in melanie . it was perfect for the two of us . in fact we would have happily moved in ! the apartment is cosy and comfortable . the kitchen is exceptionally well equipped . the outdoor spaces are stunning . androula is a wonderful host - generous with . . .\nour company was established in 2005 and our aim is to offer eclectic tourism in a small village , which soon will die if no action is taken . we take every caution to protect the environment , natural and social . the\nhouse once owned by efstatios filakti in treis elies built around 1900 and recently restored , offers self - catering accommodation from two to eight persons in two separate units . the lodge located in the centre of treis elies village and its balconies and windows offer a lovely view to the valley of the village . someone can find here a friendly atmosphere and it is the perfect place for nature lovers , in serene surroundings .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\ni am sorry jill , i didn ' t see your message before . i hope some other time to see you in treis elies . androula christou ,\nthe two apartments are very different but both are lovely . either way you can ' t go wrong !\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . k . gregory . 1910 . the orders of mammals . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 27 : 1 - 524\nparent taxon : euarchontoglires according to r . j . asher and k . m . helgen 2010\nsee also gregory 1910 , gunnell 1989 , kielan - jaworowska et al . 2004 , mckenna 1975 and scott 2010"]}
{"id": 450, "summary": [{"text": "machimia dolopis is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walsingham in 1912 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in mexico ( guerrero ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are smoky white , with minute fuscous dusting on a white ground colour .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a narrow fuscous costal line at the base of the wing and a smoky fuscous discal spot at one-third , with a spot in the fold below and beyond it , which is followed by a larger ill-defined spot at the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "straight below this is another plical spot , diffused downward to the dorsum and forming the lower extremity of a series of smoky fuscous spots , which , running parallel with the termen , form an angle pointing to the apex and revert to the costa at about two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are shining whitish cinereous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "machimia dolopis", "paragraphs": ["cryptolechia dolopis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nmachimia clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 211 ; ts : machimia tentoriferella clemens\n76 . hemiscopis 77 . hopis 78 . inopis 79 . isotropis 80 . jacopis 81 . jorge llopis 82 . kashlopis 83 . kopis 84 . laeosopis 85 . lamna ditropis 86 . lecithocera haemylopis 87 . lembotropis 88 . leptophis diplotropis 89 . letecky dopis 90 . llopis 91 . loopis 92 . lophioturris leucotropis 93 . machimia dolopis 94 . macropis 95 . manolis siopis 96 . manuel goded llopis 97 . mastigoteuthis glaukopis 98 . meropis 99 . metasia orphnopis 100 . miltochrista eccentropis\nmachimia guerneella joannis , 1914 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 210 ; tl : yokohama\nmachimia serva meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375 ; tl : victoria , birchip\nmachimia pyrocalyx meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : brazil , santa catharina\nmachimia rogifera meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 184 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nmachimia sejunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega\nmachimia ochrophanes turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371\nmachimia intaminata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 544 ; tl : brazil , ouro reto , minas geraes\nmachimia morata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 697 ; tl : argentina , parana\nmachimia cruda meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , alto de las ances , 7250ft\nmachimia eothina meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376 ; tl : french guiana , nouveau chantier , r . maroni\nmachimia perianthes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient , r . maroni\nmachimia neuroscia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 231 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nmachimia trunca meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 232 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nmachimia conspersa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 106 ; tl : victoria , macedon\nmachimia rhaphiducha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , tweed hds\nmachimia cyphopleura turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda\nmachimia homopolia turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116 ; tl : new south wales , adaminaby\nmachimia metagypsa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : w . australia , albany\nmachimia albula turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , injune ; carnarvon rge\nmachimia dystheata turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york\nmachimia trigama ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . a , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 952 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nmachimia tentoriferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . 5 , f . 26 - 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ncryptolechia caduca walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\ncryptolechia chorrera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 29 ; tl : la chorrera , panama\ndepressaria desertorum berg , 1875 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 239 ; tl : rio negro\ncryptolechia ignicolor busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 27 ; tl : cabima , panama\ncryptolechia illuminella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 28 ; tl : panama , trinidad river\ncryptolechia notella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 30 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ncryptolechia peperita walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san ger\u00f3nimo\npyrograpta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 278\nnova scotia , wisconsin - virginia , iowa , ontario . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on betula , fraxinus , ulmus , acer , quercus , tilia americana , juglans cinerea , prunus , fagus , sorbus , carya , populus balsamifera , castanea dentata , corylys , pyrus , syringa vulgaris , cornus canadensis hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86\ncryptolechia trigama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 476 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas\nhoplitica miltosparsa turner , 1914 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 39 ( 3 ) : 560 ; tl : new south wales , ebor scrub\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res recueillis par m . j . de guerne au cours de son voyage en extr\u00eame - orient\nergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgef\u00fchrt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera\nwalsingham , 1912 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . acanthopis 2 . acarolella stereopis 3 . acrobasis mniaropis 4 . adoni maropis 5 . aethiopis 6 . aidis kruopis 7 . aithiopis 8 . allobates chalcopis 9 . apleurotropis 10 . apodotropis 11 . apopis 12 . archips machlopis 13 . ardozyga elassopis 14 . asopis 15 . astragalus platytropis 16 . asymphorodes astathopis 17 . battle of opis 18 . bopis 19 . brachiolia amblopis 20 . brachmia syntonopis 21 . bulbophyllum didymotropis 22 . calliotropis 23 . caloptilia cirrhopis 24 . calotopis 25 . calotropis"]}
{"id": 452, "summary": [{"text": "the cuban solenodon or almiqui ( solenodon cubanus ) , is a species of soricomorph endemic to cuba .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it belongs to the family solenodontidae along with a similar species , the hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the solenodon is unusual among mammals in that its saliva is venomous . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "cuban solenodon", "paragraphs": ["the two living solenodon species are the cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubansus ) and the larger hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) .\nthe cuban solenodon weighs 700 - 1000 g ( 25 - 35 oz ) .\nthe cuban solenodon was discovered in 1861 by the german naturalist wilhelm peters . only 36 cuban solenodons had ever been caught . by 1970 , it was thought that the cuban solenodon had become extinct , since no specimens had been found since 1890 . on june 2 , 1970 , the cuban solenodon was classified as endangered .\nnorvis hernandez , a cuban biologist , is one of the few people on planet earth who has seen a living , wild cuban solenodon . smaller than its hispaniola cousin , the cuban solenodon is easily distinguished by its black - and - white hair .\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear genes suggests a cenozoic over - water dispersal origin for the cuban solenodon .\nthe cuban solenodon is found in dense , humid forests and brush country , as well as around plantations .\nthe cuban solenodon is found in dense , humid forests and brush country , as well as around plantations .\nin a new paper , researchers argue that oddball animals like the cuban solenodon should be more aggressively protected .\nhispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus ) , arkive . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear genes suggests a cenozoic over - water dispersal origin for the cuban solenodon . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe cuban solenodon measures 16 \u2013 22 inches ( 40 \u2013 55 centimetres ) long from nose to tail with an extremely elongated snout and a long , naked , scaly tail . the cuban solenodon weighs around 1 kilogram ( 2 . 2 pounds ) .\nkifaru bwana also says that havana zoo has kept cuban solenodons and i have read this elsewhere . urltoken - wikipedia , the free encyclopedia [ / ame ] shows a cuban solenodon at new york zoo .\nthe cuban solenodon is an insectivore and emerges from rocks and hollow logs at night to prey on insects , spiders and lizards .\n* * * by 1970 , some presumed the cuban solenodon to be extinct , since no specimens had been collected since 1890 .\nsolenodon are relatively long lived animals . a cuban solenodon lived more than 5 years in captivity . they may be able to live longer as a hispaniolan solenodon lived to 11 years in captivity ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .\nit took hernandez and her colleagues 12 days of searching in the field to finally catch a cuban solenodon , known locally as the almiqui .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon belongs to an ancient group of mammals and is one of only two solenodon species alive today .\nmassicot , p . 2001 .\nanimal info - cuban solenodon\n( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .\nboth species of solenodons are considered endangered according the the iucn redlist . the hispaniolan solenodon faces extinction primarily because of habitat destruction , while the cuban solenodon is endangered mostly as a result of introduced predators including feral cats and dogs . read more about the cuban solenodon . read more about the hispaniolan solenodon . if you are interested in the conservation status of the hispaniolan solenodon check out this website where researchers raise awareness and update the research progress . via nature afield : notes on biophilia\nyoung cuban solenodons remain with their mother for several months , which is exceptionally long for insectivores .\nthere are two species of solenodon : the cuban solenodon and the hispaniolan solenodon . solenodons are similar in appearance to large shrews and like some shrews , both species have venomous bites . neither species is immune to its own venom and competing solenodons have been observed to die from bite wounds after fighting .\nthe cuban solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . the cuban solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their fore claws .\none of the most mysterious mammals is called the solenodon \u2014 one of just a handful of mammals with venom glands that are capable of delivering a powerful toxin . there are two species of solenodon : the cuban ( solenodon cubanus ) and hispaniolan ( solenodon paradoxus ) , and they were thought to have gone extinct in the 1970s due to deforestation and the introduction of invasive species .\n* * * the cuban and haitian solenodons secrete poison from a gland above their teeth to subdue prey .\nintroduction of the burmese mongoose into cuba is believed to have accounted for the near - extermination of the solenodon . currently , feral cats are probably the greatest threat , since the areas the solenodon inhabits now is not good mongoose habitat . in addition to predation by introduced predators , habitat loss is also a factor contributing to the solenodon ' s rarity . the cuban solenodon is not hunted for food .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )\ntitle =\narkive species - hispaniolan solenodon ( solenodon paradoxus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere is no negative effect of cuban solenodons on humans , unless one is provoked and bites in self - defense .\ncuban solenodons have venomous bites . the venom is delivered from modified salivary glands via grooves in their second lower incisors .\na primitive , venomous mammal endemic to cuba and once listed as extinct has been rediscovered after a decadelong quest . the shrewlike cuban solenodon ( solenodon cubanus ) \u2014a \u201cliving fossil\u201d that has not changed much in millions of years\u2014was all but wiped out in the 19th century by deforestation and introduced species .\nthree cuban solenodons were captured in 1974 and 1975 and research revealed that it still existed in many places at the eastern end of cuba . however , the cuban solenodon is still very rare . prior to 2003 , the most recent sighting was in 1999 mainly because it is a nocturnal burrower , living underground and it is very rarely seen .\nyes , fortunately i was lucky enough to see the solenodon - but only once .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is relatively long - lived , potentially reaching 11 years of age .\nalthough the cuban solenodon is not yet extinct , it is still an endangered species because it only breeds a single litter of one to three in a year and because of predation by species that were introduced by humans .\nthe cuban solenodon has small eyes and dark brown to black hair . it is sometimes compared to a shrew , although it most closely resembles members of the family tenrecidae including hedgehogs , shrews , opossums , mice and even otters .\nthe cuban solenodon is one of the species that live in both the caribbean biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) and the greater antillean moist forests global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )\nthat ' s why i placed\nrediscovered\nin ' ' marks the black and white colouration is very unusual , although i ' d never seen a photograph of a cuban solenodon before i saw the news article i linked to .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe cuban solenodon is mainly nocturnal , hiding during the day in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows which it excavates itself . solenodons obtain food by rooting in the ground with their snouts and by tearing into rotten logs and trees with their foreclaws .\neven as scientists try and find out basic data on the cuban solenodon , researchers are discovering surprises regarding the better - known hispaniolan species . surveying the species\u2019 various populations , samuel turvey and his team recently discovered that the hispaniolan species is actually three distinct subspecies .\ncuban solenodon or almiqui ( solenodon cubanus ) * family : solenodontidae , * genus : solenodon , * species : s . cubanus , * phylum : chordata , * class : mammalia , * order : soricomorpha , * type : mammal , * diet : omnivore , * size : 16 - - 22 inches ( 41 - - 56 cm ) , * weight : about 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lb ) , * * the solenodon adults approach one another with their mouths open , probably giving out high - frequency sounds . more info : urltoken or urltoken or urltoken\nthe cuban solenodons have a long life span and low reproductive rate , as a result of having been among the dominant predators before europeans colonized the new world .\nshe said that the cuban solenodon\u2019s keen senses of smell and hearing make it almost impossible to capture with conventional methods . the species not only avoids human contact but , according to hernandez , is never tricked by the mechanical traps scientists commonly use to catch small mammals .\na female hispaniola solenodon with a radio collar attached so researchers could track its movements . photograph : tiffany roufs\na female hispaniolan solenodon caught for research near the sierra de bahoruco and re - released . photograph : tiffany roufs\nhow to cite this article : sato , j . j . et al . molecular phylogenetic analysis of nuclear genes suggests a cenozoic over - water dispersal origin for the cuban solenodon . sci . rep . 6 , 31173 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep31173 ( 2016 ) .\ncuban solenodons are important small , generalized predators in the ecosystems they inhabit . they help to control populations of invertebrates and may disperse the seeds of the fruits they eat .\ncuban solenodons are nocturnal ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) . during the day , they stay in rock clefts , hollow trees , or burrows ( massicot , 2001 ) . only the toes of solenodon come into contact with the ground . however , they can run surprisingly fast and can also climb ( nowak , 1999 ) . although cuban solenodons are often found near vertical surfaces , they spend much of their time on the ground ( massicot , 2001 ) .\na hispaniolan solenodon is caught on camera trap leaving its burrow at night in the dominican republic . photograph : grupo jaragua\nthe plight of the solenodon in haiti may be the most dire of all . haiti\u2019s forests have been decimated over centuries and the solenodon survives only in the massif de la hotte region , the impoverished nation\u2019s last significant stand of cloud forest .\ncurrently the hispaniola solenodon is considered endangered by the iucn red list \u2013 though two of its subspecies may be close to extinction . the cuban solenodon is in an even more precarious position . also considered endangered , the species has been feared extinct more than once . the zsl\u2019s edge programme , which categorizes animals based on their threatened status and evolutionary distinctness , lists the pair of solenodons as number seven in the top 100 mammals .\nthat the protection of outlier species like the solenodon could have disproportionate\u2014and , to a large extent , untapped\u2014benefits for global biodiversity .\nfirst described in 1861 , scientist lost track of the cuban solenodon near the end of the 19th century . no one had saw it for almost a hundred years \u2013 and many assumed it was extinct \u2013 until researchers spotted a few in the mid - 1970s . and then no one saw it again until 2003 .\nthe international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 .\nsolenodon\n( on - line ) . accessed november 20 , 2001 at urltoken .\n\u201cthe solenodon lineage diverged from other placental mammals circa 78 million years ago . that means [ it ] has existed since the cretaceous period , \u201d said adam brandt , lead author of a recent study that took the first look at the solenodon\u2019s mitochondrial dna .\njustification : cuban solenodon ( atopogale cubana ) is assessed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is estimated at 3 , 280 km\u00b2 , all individuals are in a single location , where there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat because of predation by introduced predators and habitat loss because of deforestation and mining .\nsolenodon lives in family groups in caves , natural hollows , and burrows in dense , wet mountain forests ( nowak , 1999 ) .\neatroff , a . ( 2002 ) . \u201c solenodon paradoxus , \u201d animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .\ntheusch , m . ( 2002 ) . \u201c solenodon cubanus , \u201d animal diversity web . accessed february 09 , 2015 at urltoken .\nit turns out , the solenodon has been around for 76 million years \u2014 before the dinosaurs were wiped out by an asteroid , and many believe that other mammals actually evolved out of their venomous bite while the solenodon kept it \u2014 researchers are just not sure why .\nby 1970 , some thought that the cuban solenodon had become extinct , since no specimens had been found since 1890 . however , three were captured in 1974 and 1975 , and subsequent surveys showed that it still occurred in many places in central and western oriente province , at the eastern end of cuba . however , it is rare everywhere .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is one of only a few mammal species capable of producing toxic saliva , which it uses to immobilise its invertebrate prey .\nottenwalder , j . a . ( 1991 ) the systematics , biology , and conservation of solenodon . phd thesis , university of florida .\nturvey , s . t . , meredith , h . m . r . , and scofield , r . p . ( 2008 ) . continued survival of hispaniolan solenodon solenodon paradoxus in haiti . oryx 42 ( 4 ) : 611\u2013614 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0030605308001324 .\ncuban solenodons may be preyed on by snakes and birds of prey . their secretive , burrowing habits probably protect them from many predators . they may also be able to use their toxic salivary secretions as a defense mechanism .\nthe cuban solenodon , a shrew - like mammal with venomous saliva , has been performing its houdini act for centuries . it ' s been spotted only 37 times since discovered in cuba in 1861 - - and in 1970 , it was believed to be extinct . but zoologists successfully captured and released a solenodon named\nalejandrito\nin 2003 .\nall we can hope is that there are more and that they could have babies ,\ndouglas long , a biologist at the california academy of sciences , told the ap .\nif there was any justice in the animal kingdom \u2013 any at all \u2013 the solenodon would be as famous as the tiger . the solenodon is a rabbit - sized , shrew - like mammal that is only found on two caribbean islands : cuba and hispaniola ( the dominican republic and haiti ) .\nan asteroid strikes earth as flying reptiles look on . somehow the solenodon survived this . illustration : mark garlick / getty images / science photo library rm\nthe distinctive long snout of the hispaniolan solenodon is attached to the skull with a unique ball - and - socket joint , giving it great flexibility .\nwoods , c . a . ( 1976 ) solenodon paradoxus in southern haiti . journal of mammalogy , 57 ( 3 ) : 591 - 592 .\na number of specimens and signs of the species were observed during the 20th century , but by 1970 some believed that the cuban solenodon had become extinct . however , individuals have been captured at a number of different sites , including recently in 2012 and 2013 when seven individuals were captured in the toldo plateau area of alejandro de humboldt national park ( l . echenique - diaz pers . comm . 2017 ) .\nto cite this page : theusch , m . 2002 .\nsolenodon cubanus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nsolenodon sightings since then have been few and far between , but one of them was spotted in 2003 in the mountainous alejandro de humboldt national park , a unesco world heritage site on the northeastern end of cuba . a team of cuban and japanese researchers has been searching for the animals , known by locals as almiqu\u00ed , ever since . they finally had success this march and april when they captured and studied seven of the rare creatures .\nturvey said the fact that the solenodon survived so many upheavals \u201cmakes it even more tragic that these \u2018living fossil\u2019 survivors are now in danger of extinction due to human activities . \u201d\n8 . solenodon nipples are located near their rumps . the female solenodon gives birth to one to three young at a time , but only two will survive . she only has two nipples , and they\u2019re located toward her back , almost on her buttocks . young solenodons stay with their mothers for several months , which is long compared with other insectivores .\nborroto - p\u00e1ez , r . 2013 . nidos y refugios de ratas negras ( rattus rattus ) en cuba ( mammalia , rodentia ) . solenodon 11 : 109 - 119 .\nthanks tim did you ever see the solenodon at london zoo ? i once had a talk with h . a . moore , who was a zoo volunteer about 10 years ago . he saw the thylacines that lived in an enclosure near where the snowdon aviary is . perhaps he also saw the solenodon , as well as many other rare and extinct anmals .\ncuban solenodons are generalized omnivores that prefer animal material . they prey primarily on invertebrates , but also scavenge on vertebrate remains ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) . they also eat insects , worms , small reptiles , roots , fruits , and leaves . unfortunately , even though they have a large array of dietary items to choose from , their population is decling due to the slow rate of breeding ( the international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 ) . cuban solenodons find food by rooting with their snouts or digging and uncovering animals with their large claws .\nonly a few humans have ever been bitten by a solenodon , but the symptoms are similar to a snake bite , including localized swelling and severe pain which can last for days .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is one of the most unusual mammals on the planet . notice the small eyes , hairless tail , rusty - orange coloured fur and crazy claws . photograph : miguel landestoy\na solenodons venom is found underneath its lower incisors where the salivary glands send venom along grooves in their teeth . once the solenodon breaks a prey\u2019s skin , the venom gets into the bloodstream .\n3 . they\u2019re venomous . solendons are one of only a few venomous mammals . other venomous mammals , like the duck - billed platypus , are only capable of passively conveying venom ; the solenodon actually injects its venom like a snake through specially modified teeth . the second lower incisors have special grooves through which venom flows . in fact , the name \u201csolenodon\u201d is derived from the greek for \u201cgrooved tooth . \u201d\nfortunately , the solenodon has recently become the focus of conservation efforts . it would be sad if such a unique , mysterious mammal were gone for good\u2014although i imagine the invertebrates of the caribbean wouldn\u2019t mind .\ni ' ve liked solenodon since i first found out about them when i was a young boy . i think it may have something to do with them tripping over their feet , which i can sympathise with .\nthere are a whole slew of reasons why the solenodon\u2019s star should rise , including the facts that it\u2019s one of the only venomous mammals and david attenborough really likes it . but , most of all , the solenodon should be famous because it somehow survived the asteroid collision that killed off the dinosaurs , not to mention the next 66 million years of other catastrophes , from ice ages to the rise of bipedal destroyers named homo sapiens .\n\u201c [ the programme ] drew a lot of international attention to the hispaniolan solenodon , \u201d rupp said . \u201csome of this attention actually spilled over into the dominican press which published a few articles on the species . \u201d\nresearch shows the solenodon evolved more than 70 million years ago \u2013 in time to hang out with dinosaurs . but today these unique mammals face a barrage of threats including stray dogs , feral cats , invasive mongoose and deforestation .\nnatural history museum geneticist , selina brace , who recently co - authored a paper on the hispaniolan solenodon with turvey , called solenodons a \u201cfabulously quirky creature\u201d and said she was \u201cinstantly hooked\u201d after seeing a picture of this oddity .\nsolenodons are some of the most unique and rare mammals in the world . solenodon - like animals lived all over north america 30 million years ago , but today they are only found on the islands of cuba and hispaniola .\nit readily defends itself against one of its own kind , and probably attacks other animals savagely judging from the way a captive solenodon attacked a young chicken and tore it to pieces with its strong claws , before eating it .\nis blackish brown with white or buff . head and body length of cuban solenodons ranges from 280 to 390 mm , tail length from 175 to 255 mm , and they weigh about 1 kilogram . solenodons have glands in their inguinal and groin areas that secrete a musky , goat - like odor . females have two mammae . the submaxillary glands of\ncuban solenodons have relatively large heads , tiny eyes , and large , projecting and partially naked ears . they have a long proboscus with a supporting bone . their forelegs are longer than their hindlegs . on their feet they have five fingers with powerful claws at the end . the tail is thick , scaly , and almost hairless ( grzimek , 1990 ) .\na primitive , venomous mammal endemic to cuba and once listed as extinct has been rediscovered after a decadelong quest . . . a team of cuban and japanese researchers has been searching for the animals , known by locals as almiqu\u00ed , [ since 2003 ] . they finally had success this march and april when they captured and studied seven of the rare creatures .\nthis is the only solenodon that has lived at london zoo , but it seems as if it only lasted a few months . i can check with the relevant edition of the international zoo yearbook to check if it was still alive in 1968 .\n) is abundant in the areas around solenodon borrows ( borroto - p\u00e1ez 2009 , borroto - p\u00e1ez and beque quiala 2011 , borroto - p\u00e1ez and woods 2012 , borroto - p\u00e1ez 2013 ) . mongoose have been invading buffer zones of the pn alejandro de humboldt in recent years ( borroto - p\u00e1ez and beque quiala 2011 ) . in addition to predation by introduced species , habitat loss by deforestation and mining is also a factor contributing to the solenodon\u2019s rarity ( borroto - paez and beque quiala 2012 , borroto - p\u00e1ez\nin 2009 , a number of conservation groups \u2013 dwct , zsl\u2019s the edge programme , la sociedad ornitol\u00f3gica de la hispaniola ( soh ) and the dominican republic\u2019s ministry for environment and natural resources \u2013 kick - started a three - year research and conservation programme on the hispaniola solenodon called the last survivors ( the program also included the hispaniola hutia , a tree - dwelling rodent ) . while it resulted in researchers learning more about the solenodon than ever before , the conservation impacts have been negligible , according to rupp .\nplease note that the hispaniolan solenodon was kept at london zoo . zootierliste also lists this species having lived at frankfurt ( 1966 - 1973 ) , halle ( 1935 - 1937 ) , leipzig ( @ 1930 ) , antwerp and wroclaw ( 1936 - 1940 ) .\n\u2018what is a solenodon ? \u2019 is a question that i have been asked by absolutely no one , ever . this is a shame because solenodons are really cool animals that i think more people should be curious about ! so here is some information about them .\nvery little is known about reproduction in solenodons . cuban solenodons have low reproductive rates of 1 to 2 offspring per litter . the young are born in a burrow . they have two litters per year and the young stay with their mother for several months ( the international wildlife encyclopedia , 1974 ; massicot , 2001 ) . young from multiple litters may stay with their mother , with as many as 8 solenodons being found in a single nest .\ni once had a talk with h . a . moore , who was a zoo volunteer about 10 years ago . he saw the thylacines that lived in an enclosure near where the snowdon aviary is . perhaps he also saw the solenodon , as well as many other rare and extinct anmals .\nas i have said in other threads , i saw the hispaniolan solenodon at frankfurt in ' 73 . i wish i had been able to take a photo , but i do remember the way it waddled around with it back legs far apart , like a baby crawling with a wet nappy .\nhowever , the venom is much more lethal in smaller animals . for example , lizards and mice often suffer from breathing problems , convulsions and paralysis . surprisingly , neither species of solenodon are immune to their own venom , and competing solenodons have been known to die from bite wounds after fighting .\nresearchers aren\u2019t entirely sure where the various solenodon populations were located when the asteroid hit \u2013 whether they were already on the landmasses that would become modern - day cuba and hispaniola or on the mainland \u2013 but they think the populations were close to ground zero of the asteroid\u2019s impact in chicxulub , mexico .\nhowever , solenodons are also omnivores , meaning they eat everything and do not limit their prey to small animals . \u201cthere\u2019s one report of a solenodon kept in captivity in london that ate an entire chicken , \u201d said molecular biologist rodrigo ligabue braun of brazil\u2019s federal university of rio grande do sul to wired .\nsure , fame isn\u2019t everything . in fact , for human beings fame may well be detrimental for well - being . but for species , unfortunately , fame can mean the difference between extinction and survival . famous species rake in far more funding and attention than the millions that live out of the limelight . while hopefully one day we\u2019ll focus more on other attributes for species conservation \u2013 extinction risk , evolutionary distinctness , or ecological roles \u2013 solenodons may not have much time , especially the haitian subspecies and the cuban species .\nfor \u201cpredator week , \u201d i wanted to highlight some unlikely fearsome creatures : venomous mammals . these mammals are a bizarre bunch . the male platypus has spurs on its ankles that release venom , likely to fight off male competitors during mating season . and various species of shrew and the shrew - like solenodon use venomous saliva to disable prey .\nmillions of years ago , venomous mammals may have been more common . but soon the world may lose a couple more : like many other predators , both species of solenodon are highly endangered . deforestation and the introduction of dogs , cats and mongooses that eat solenodons threaten to drive the critters to extinction . and in haiti , people hunt solenodons for food .\n\u201cthis experience of watching this ancient species [ was ] wonderful , it was for a short time because i do not like to feel that this species [ was ] stressed , \u201d said hernandez who caught a female solenodon in alejandro humboldt national park for brief study before releasing it again . \u201ci cannot explain what i felt the first time i touched it . \u201d\nborroto - p\u00e1ez , r . and begue quiala , g . 2012 . solenodon cubanus . in : gonz\u00e1lez alonso , h . , rodriguez - schettino , l . , rodr\u00edguez , a . , mancina , c . a . , ramos garc\u00eda , i . ( ed . ) , libro rojo de los vertebrados de cuba , pp . 275 - 276 . editorial academia , la habana , cuba .\nis another post about solenodons . tim may said that\nthe solenodon arrived at london zoo in 1967 , the year that the clore pavilion opened . it is listed in the zsl annual report for 1967 as not only a species but also a family new to the collection\n. this is the only solenodon that has lived at london zoo , but it seems as if it only lasted a few months . i can check with the relevant edition of the international zoo yearbook to check if it was still alive in 1968 . the yearbook used to list rare animals around the world and it ' s a shame that this section has ben dropped . supposedly , it ' s easy to find the information on the internet , but since isis became a subscription site , the information isn ' t that easy to uncover .\nman\u00f3jina , n . and abreu , r . m . 2012 . the solenodon cubans ( mammalia : insectivora ) in sierra cristal , holguin . in : borroto - paez , r . , woods , c . a . and sergile , f . e . ( eds ) , terrestrial mammals of the west indies : contributions , pp . 209 - 219 . florida museum of natural history and wacahoota press , florida .\nsolenodons are generally solitary animals except when they meet to breed . breeding occurs at any time of year , but a given solenodon will only have a maximum of two litters per year with each litter including one or two young . this low reproductive rate is one reason that both species are now endangered . other reasons are habitat destruction and fragmentation , and asian mongoose that were introduced to the islands to eat rats and other pests but that now eat solenodons as well .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon is nocturnal , secretive and rare , and so , unsurprisingly , is rarely seen and has not been widely studied ( 2 ) . it is capable of climbing near - vertical surfaces but spends most of its time searching for food on the ground . it uses its flexible snout to explore cracks and crevices , and its massive claws to dig under rocks , bark and soil , for invertebrates such as beetles , crickets , insect larvae , earthworms and termites ( 2 ) .\nthere is really nothing on the planet like the solenodon . there are just two surviving species today , one found on cuba and the other , more well known , on hispaniola . but these two species alone are so distinct from any other mammal that they represent an entire biological family : solenodontidae . to put that in perspective every single species of mice and rat \u2013 from the african pygmy mouse to the northern luzon giant cloud rat \u2013 also represent a single family of 700 - plus species .\ns . d . o . planed the research project . j . j . s . and m . k . financially supported the project . s . d . o . , l . m . e . - d . , r . b . - p . , g . b . - q . , j . l . d . - l . , j . g . - d . , j . a . - l . , s . t . n . , n . y . and m . k . did the sampling of seven cuban solenodons . j . j . s . did the laboratory works , conducted the molecular phylogenetic analyses , and drafted the manuscript . all authors reviewed the manuscript and joined the discussion .\nunfortunately , the researchers also found evidence of the invasive species that caused the decline of the solenodon in the first place .\ni collected cat excrement and found evidence of depredation ,\nborroto - p\u00e1ez says . black rats are also abundant in the area . he is currently applying for research grants to study more about cat predation in the park and plans to return to the park in december to trap feral cats . the japanese researchers are also seeking funds to continue their work .\nwe continue trying to do something with our reduced resources ,\nborroto - p\u00e1ez says .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nroca , a . l . , bar - gal , g . k . , eizirik , e . , helgen , k . m . , maria , r . , springer , m . s . , o\u2019brien , s . j . and murphy , w . j . 2004 . mesozoic origin for west indian insectivores . nature 429 : 649 - 651 .\nmancina , c . , soy , j . , borotto - p\u00e1ez , r . & echenique - diaz , l .\nthis species is only known from eastern cuba . however , remains have been found from late quaternary and amerindian sites all over the island ( varona 1980 , hutterer 2005 , silva taboada et al . 2007 , borroto - p\u00e1ez and begue quiala 2011 ) . today only two populations are known : in the pn pico cristal and pn alejandro de humboldt , at elevations of 400 - 800 m asl in the pn alejandro de humboldt ( borroto - p\u00e1ez and beque quiala 2011 ) .\nferal dogs have been known to predate the species . it is also thought that cats may be a threat because they are able to enter their den sites , and the black rat (\nthis species has been recorded from pico cristal and alexander humboldt national parks , and cuchillas del toa biosphere reserve ( borroto - p\u00e1ez et al . 2012 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na primitive , venomous mammal endemic to cuba and once listed as extinct has been rediscovered after a decadelong quest .\nour finding was great and very important ,\nsays rafael borroto - p\u00e1ez of cuba ' s ecology and ecosystems institute in havana .\nwe were all very happy and excited .\nother researchers working on the quest came from japan ' s university of tsukuba , hokkaido university , national museum of nature and science , and miyagi university of education .\nthe seven solenodons captured this year included four males and three females . borroto - p\u00e1ez says the team used modified traditional snares , similar to those used to local hunters , to catch the animals without harming them .\nall of the animals were very healthy and active and only two almiqu\u00ed showed ectoparasites .\nthe solenodons were observed for two days and then released back into the wild .\nin addition to the captured animals , the team observed signs that more existed nearby .\nwe found excrement , tracks and feeding holes in other places in the zone of research ,\nborroto - p\u00e1ez says . he suggests these as indications that the species ' s population may be recovering .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\njohn r . platt is the editor of the revelator . an award - winning environmental journalist , his work has appeared in scientific american , audubon , motherboard , and numerous other magazines and publications . his\nextinction countdown\ncolumn has run continuously since 2004 and has covered news and science related to more than 1 , 000 endangered species . john lives on the outskirts of portland , ore . , where he finds himself surrounded by animals and cartoonists .\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nspecies lived on the north american mainland 30 million years ago ( grzimek , 1990 ) .\nhas an incomplete zygomatic arch and no auditory bulla . their dental formula is 3 / 3 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 3 , 3 / 3 = 40 ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .\nyoung are cared for in their mothers nest until they reach independence . presumably males do not care for young .\nare listed as endangered by the iucn ( nowak , 1999 ) . populations of\n) , domestic dogs , and domesticc cats into the west indies . the clearing of land for agriculture has also led to their decline ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .\ncomes from the words solen ( meaning \u201cchannel\u201d ) and dent ( meaning \u201ctooth\u201d ) . the distribution of\non islands is probably the key to their survival . this is partially due to their low competitive ability ( vaughn et al . , 2000 ) .\nwas thought to be extinct , but it was recently found in many parts of eastern cuba , though it is rare ( nowak , 1999 ) .\nmelissa theusch ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , population estimates , history of distribution , threats and reasons for decline ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( weight , habitat , birth rate , early development , dispersal , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references\n* * * as in most nocturnal terrestrial insectivores , its sense of touch is highly developed , while smell and hearing are also important .\n* * * solenodons can climb near - vertical surfaces , but they spend most of the time foraging on the ground .\n* * * solenodons have a long life span and low reproductive rate , as a result of having been among the dominant predators before europeans colonized the new world .\ninsects and spiders found in soil and leaf litter form most of its diet .\nburton & pearson 1987 , cons . intl . , curry - lindahl 1972 , infonatura , iucn 1969 , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , macdonald 1984 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 , oryx 1972 , oryx 1977b , phillip & fisher 1970 , varona 1980\n\u00a9 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .\nit\u2019s truly remarkable that the solenodons survived this direct hit , whilst global ecosystems collapsed around them .\nbut brandt\u2019s research was actually the third study to find that solendons very likely scuttled under the feet of dinosaurs .\n\u201cwe can be fairly confident because each of these studies have utilized different genes and phylogenetic analysis methods , \u201d brandt said , noting that with each study the \u201cresult becomes increasingly reliable . \u201d\n\u201cit\u2019s truly remarkable that the solenodons survived this direct hit , whilst global ecosystems collapsed around them \u2013 we have no idea how they did it , \u201d samuel turvey , an expert on modern day extinctions and a senior research fellow with the zoological society of london ( zsl ) , said .\nsolenodons sport a number of weird attributes . they can squeeze venomous saliva out of their incisors . they have evolved a ball and socket joint in their snout to give it extra - special maneuverability . they likely use echolocation to locate prey . their eyes are tiny , their claws are in need of a trim , and they waddle when they walk as if they\u2019d spent too much time at the pub .\nnocturnal mammals , solenodons live in burrows and come out at night to eat grubs and insects , probably just as they did 78 million years ago , only now they don\u2019t have to worry about being stepped on by a sauropod or waking a sleep - deprived tyrannosaur . instead , these species must worry about having their forests chopped down by people or being eaten by a dog or a mongoose .\ntoday , scientists have confirmed there is a small population hanging on in alejandro humboldt national park . but no one knows how many or if its range extends beyond the park\u2019s borders .\nhernandez , whose current work is funded through the mohamed bin zayed species conservation foundation , said research of this endangered species has suffered due to a lack of money , including for non - invasive observation tools like camera traps .\n\u201ci think a lot remains to be done to preserve the species , \u201d she said , adding that many local people don\u2019t even know it exists or erroneously believe it is extinct .\n\u201c [ these ] evolved as a result of local isolation in the island\u2019s geologically complex landscapes , \u201d turvey said , who noted the subspecies can be told apart both through dna and physical attributes .\none subspecies is found in a single forest in haiti and may be perilously close to extinction . another is found throughout the bulk of the northern dominican republic , but is lesser known . the third is located across the southern dominican mountain range \u2013 sierra de bahoruco \u2013 that includes several parks and is the best protected of the subspecies .\nhowever , the discovery complicates conservation of the species as the southern subspecies show very little genetic diversity , while the northern subspecies survives in a highly fragmented landscape . according to global forest watch , the dominican republic lost more than 200 , 000 hectares of forest between 2001 and 2014 .\ndespite having the largest range , ernst rupp , a dominican republic biologist with the local ngo grupo jaragua , said the northern subspecies \u201chas never really been investigated . \u201d however , recent surveys have proved the northern subspecies does still occurs in at least four protected areas , as well as in several areas outside protection .\n\u201cthe massif de la hotte is a spectacular mountainous area in the far south - west of haiti , where one of the few remnants of good quality forest in the country can be found , \u201d said rosalind kennerley with durrell wildlife conservation trust ( dwct ) .\nbut , the region remains under intense pressure for the charcoal trade , which has resulted in almost total deforestation in haiti . even the national park \u2013 macaya national park \u2013 is commonly infiltrated by charcoal producers .\nkennerley is leading a team attempting to get baseline information on the how the haitian subspecies if faring , a project also supported by the mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund , which often gives grants to lesser - known species . not only do solenodons face environment deterioration in haiti , but locals will also kill them and eat them when they are found ."]}
{"id": 453, "summary": [{"text": "eupanacra variolosa is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from north-eastern india , bangladesh , south-western china , thailand , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) and indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 56 \u2013 80 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "it is similar to eupanacra busiris atima except for differences in the forewing outer margin and the trajectory of the antemedian lines on the forewing upperside .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a short , narrow and pale median band on the hindwing upperside .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on scindapsus pictus and scindapsus aureus in thailand . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupanacra variolosa", "paragraphs": ["eupanacra variolosa , female . indonesia , sumatra , lebong tandai , benkoelen dist .\nhave a fact about eupanacra variolosa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupanacra variolosa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nuncus similar to eupanacra regularis regularis . gnathos similar eupanacra regularis regularis but more pointed . valve with more than 8 stridulatory scales . harpe similar to eupanacra automedon but more spatulate . aedeagus most similar to eupanacra sinuata , apical process with left lobe broader than in eupanacra regularis regularis , obliquely rounded proximally ; right lobe intermediate between eupanacra regularis regularis and eupanacra automedon .\neupanacra variolosa , aedeagus . thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon n . p . , km 38 , upper checkpoint\neupanacra variolosa , aedeagus detail . thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon n . p . , km 38 , upper checkpoint\npanacra variolosa walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 156 . type locality : [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] .\nwingspan : 56 - - 80mm . similar in general appearance to eupanacra busiris atima but forewing outer margin evenly curved , not angulate on m2 . forewing upperside very similar to eupanacra busiris atima but most distal of antemedian lines almost reaching the discal spot before recurving strongly basad towards the costa . hindwing upperside with pale median band short and narrow .\nerroneously synonymized with panacra orpheus by distant , 1899 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 3 : 180 . reinstated as a species by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 534 ( key ) , 539 . transferred to eupanacra by cadiou & holloway , 1989 , lambillionea 89 : 139 . erroneously returned to panacra by bridges , 1993 , cat . fam . gen . spec . sphingidae of the world : viii . 19 . returned to eupanacra by kitching & spitzer , 1995 , tinea 14 : 186 . implicitly transferred to panacra by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 335 ( key ) , 340 . implicitly transferred back to eupanacra by kitching & cadiou , 2000 , hawkmoths of the world : 46 .\nlarval hostplants . unknown in china , but in thailand , recorded from scindapsus pictus and scindapsus aureus ( eitschberger & ihle , 2010 ) .\nbhutan , northeastern india , bangladesh , southwestern china , thailand , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) , indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ndistribution : bhutan , northeastern india , bangladesh , southwestern china , thailand , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) , indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) .\nno part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .\nne . himalayas - borneo , sumatra , sulawesi , hong kong . see [ maps ]\npanacra busiris walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 158\npanacra busiris atima rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : karwar , south india\npanacra busiris marina rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : andaman is .\npanacra mydon elegantulus f . brunnea closs , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 3 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ; tl : java\noriental tropics - philippines , sundaland , sulawesi , sumba , hong kong . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 454, "summary": [{"text": "the south american coati , or ring-tailed coati ( nasua nasua ) , is a species of coati , members of the raccoon family ( procyonidae ) , from tropical and subtropical south america .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "in brazilian portuguese it is known as quati .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "weight in this species is 2 \u2013 7.2 kg ( 4.4 \u2013 15.9 lb ) and total length is 85 \u2013 113 cm ( 33 \u2013 44 in ) , half of that being its tail .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its color is highly variable and the rings on the tail may be quite weak , but it lacks the largely white muzzle ( \" nose \" ) of its northern cousin , the white-nosed coati . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "south american coati", "paragraphs": ["brown - nosed coati , coatimundi , ring - tailed coati , southern coati .\nthe south american coati occupies forested habitats in south america , from colombia and venezuela in the north to uruguay and northern argentina in the south .\ncongenital glycogen storage disease in a south american coati ( nasua nasua ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nfemale south american coati live in groups which forage and rest together , but adult males are usually solitary .\nexperimental trypanosoma evansi infection in south american coati ( nasua nasua ) : hematological , biochemical and histopathological changes .\nthe south american coati is regularly hunted by humans . however , although it is often an important food source , some native people avoid eating the south american coati because of cultural taboos or taste preferences ( 4 ) .\norder carnivora family procyonidae habitat & range south american coatis are widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical south america . most occur in the lowlands east of the andes . identification also called the ring - tailed coati , the south american\nthe south american coati is easily recognised by its reddish - brown fur , banded tail and elongated , flexible snout .\nexperimental trypanosoma evansi infection in south american coati ( nasua nasua ) : hematological , biochemical and histopathological changes . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe south american coati can be found in a number of locations including : amazon rainforest , south america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\na south american coati which was wrongly mistaken for a ' small bear ' has been captured after it spent two months on the run .\nthe south american coati has a varied diet , and uses its flexible nose to probe into crevices and leaf litter in search of food .\nthe south american coati has a wide native distribution east of the andean chain , from colombia and venezuela southwards to northern argentina and northern uruguay .\nthe name \u2018coati\u2019 comes from native american indian words meaning \u2018belt\u2019 and \u2018nose\u2019 , referring to the way coati tuck their nose into their belly while sleeping .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - south american coati ( nasua nasua )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - south american coati ( nasua nasua )\ntitle =\narkive species - south american coati ( nasua nasua )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfemale south american coatis live in groups which forage and rest together , but adult males are usually solitary .\nthe south american coati\u2019s elongated snout is very useful for searching crevices and holes for food ( 2 ) . studies have shown that the south american coati is an important seed disperser . when it consumes fruits , the seeds pass through its digestive tract and are then released in its droppings in other places ( 6 ) .\nthe following habitats are found across the south american coati distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nwhite spots are found around the south american coati\u2019s eyes . its ears are short and rounded , and have a dark outer colouring and white insides ( 4 ) . the south american coati has a distinctive elongated , pointed snout , ending in a flexible nose that protrudes beyond the end of the lower jaw ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe south american coati is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix iii of cites ( 3 ) .\nnasua ( 2 species ) : south american coati ( nasua nasua ) , found over much of south america except for the southern third , and white - nosed coati ( nasua narica ) , found throughout central america and into the southwestern united states . the dwarf ( or cozumel ) coati , from cozumel island , mexico , is sometimes recognized as a distinct species , n . nelsoni .\nthe belly of the south american coati is white or yellowish to light brown , while the feet are dark brown to black ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the tail , like that of many other members of the raccoon family ( procyonidae ) , has a series of rings , which in the case of the south american coati are yellow or light brown . however , in some individuals the tail rings may be quite faint ( 4 ) . the south american coati\u2019s tail is long , slender and tapering , and is often held erect while the animal is foraging ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nmain characteristics south american coatis have a body length between 41 and 70 cms ( 16 - 28 inches ) , a tail length between 32 and 70 cms ( 12 . 5 - 28 inches ) and they weigh between 2 . 5 and 7 kgs ( 5 . 5 - 15 lbs ) . they are red / brown , grey / brown or yellow / brown in colour and they have a pale coloured underside and black feet . their long tail is marked with black rings and they have black and grey markings on their face . habitat south american coatis can be found in the forests and woodlands of south america . diet south american coatis feed on invertebrates , lizards , frogs , fruit and eggs . breeding after a gestation period of 77 days , south american coatis give birth to 3 - 4 young . they are weaned at 4 months old and reach sexual maturity at around 2 years of age . predators predators of south american coatis are snakes , large cats and humans . subspecies there are 13 subspecies of the south american coati : nasua nasua nasua nasua nasua aricana nasua nasua boliviensis nasua nasua candace nasua nasua cinerascens nasua nasua dorsalis nasua nasua manium nasua nasua molaris nasua nasua montana nasua nasua quichua nasua nasua solitaria nasua nasua spadicea nasua nasua vittata interesting facts south american coatis are also known as : southern ring - tailed coati ring - tailed coati ringtailed coati coati coatimundi similar animals ringtail red panda cacomistle common raccoon crab - eating raccoon mountain coati white - nosed coati\nsouth american coatis are prey in their native range to foxes , jaguars , pumas , ocelots and jaguarundis , and to dogs and people .\nhas been mentioned ; to date , however , there has been no confirmation of it . the south american gray fox was introduced to the\nring - tailed coati is a mammal that belongs to the order carnivores . it is also known as south - american coati , because it can be found only in south america . ring - tailed coati lives in tropical and subtropical areas of andes , colombia , guianas , uruguay and argentina . ring - tailed coati inhabits dense forests and wet jungles . this animal is listed as least concern , which means that is not on the list of endangered species .\nthe south american coati is a popular subject for zoological collections and is relatively skilled at escaping from captivity . short - term escapes from captivity have been the pathway for the records so far in gb .\ncoatis , specifically white - nosed coatis ( nasua narica ) and south american coatis ( nasua nasua ) , are south american raccoons , commonly , but incorrectly , referred to as coatimundi . they are related to both kinkajous and north american raccoons . coati are omnivores with a lot of energy and , just like their north american cousins , they forage for their food in the wild . some people opt to care for them as pets but these wild animals are not ideal for most households .\nchildren should not be allowed to play with coati . coati can bite , especially if they don ' t want you to do something , so coati are not good pets for most people .\nthe south american coati is an omnivore and eats a variety of fruit and invertebrates , including insects , spiders , scorpions , crabs , centipedes and millipedes . this species has also been known to eat vertebrates and carrion when available , and its diet varies with location and also with season ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the south american coati has been seen eating tarantulas after rolling them around to remove their irritating hairs ( 4 ) .\nthe name \u2018coati\u2019 comes from native american indian words meaning \u2018belt\u2019 and \u2018nose\u2019 , referring to the way coatis tuck their nose into their belly while sleeping .\nsouth american coatis are the symbol of the igua\u00e7u national park in brazil . visitors can admire them up close because they roam freely around the park . since it ' s not shy , many tourists bring home pictures of the coati .\nin addition to hunting , intensive deforestation and dam - building also have negative effects on the population of the south american coati ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . coatis are also seen as interesting and inquisitive pets , and may potentially be affected by collection from the wild . the population of this species is likely to be declining , but the south american coati is still widespread and relatively common , and is not currently considered to be at risk of extinction ( 1 ) .\nthe south american coati is usually active during the day , and spends its nights sleeping in trees . however , the males are often active at night . the coati spends much of its time foraging in trees , but can also be found searching for food on the ground . it uses its tail to help keep it balanced while moving around and travels between 1 . 5 and 2 kilometres a day looking for food ( 2 ) . when disturbed in the trees , the south american coati typically jumps down and escapes across the ground ( 4 ) .\nvisitors to perth zoo these school holidays will be amongst the first to explore a new precinct , \u2018amazonia\u2019 , home to some amazing animals from the south american amazon .\nlist of mammals newly gallery : 1 . south american coati . 2 . south american sea lion . 3 . brazilian guinea pig . list of reptiles newly gallery : argentine gigant tegu . changes in the galleries birds : 1 . common moorhen . 2 . monk parakeet . 3 . sand martin . changes in the galleries insect : 1 . butterflies . 2 . other insects . go to the gallery : argentina fauna\nin tropical forests , plains and mountains in parts of south and central america .\nsouth american coatis are at risk of extinction due to habitat loss ( land clearing for mining , roads , timber and agriculture ) and being hunted by people for food .\nin the uk , the south american coati is not known to be having any impact at present on the ecosystems it inhabits . however , it is thought that this species could compete with or predate native wildlife should it become established ( 8 ) .\nthe south american coati belongs , like its cousin the raccoon , to the procyonidae family . the coati is a good climber and moves easily in trees . it is capable of reversing its feet\u2019s position by rotating its ankles which facilitates its descent from the trees head first . south american coatis live in groups of five to eight individuals , which almost always include females and young males . when they reach the age of two years , the males are excluded from the clan and live alone except during mating periods .\nthe south american coati ( nasua nasua ) is a member of the raccoon family and is easily recognised by its reddish - brown fur and elongated snout . although this species is quite variable in colour , the usual colouration is an orange or reddish to dark brown or black ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the body also often has an overlay of some yellow . the south american coati\u2019s snout , however , is dark brown to black , with more yellow hair towards the front , giving a somewhat grizzled appearance ( 4 ) .\nnowak , r . 1995 .\nwalker ' s mammals of the world , online . south american foxes\n( on - line ) . accessed november 28 , 2001 at urltoken .\nthe south american coati ( nasua nasua ) is a member of the raccoon family procyonidae . its natural range extends from southern colombia and venezuela to northern argentina and uruguay . n . nasua has been introduced to mallorca , robinson crusoe island and cambria uk . the impact on robinson crusoe island notably has been on native seabird colonies where the coati has decimated numbers .\nthe south american coati lives primarily in forest habitats , including deciduous forest , evergreen forest , gallery forest , cerrado and dry scrub forest . this species occupies a wide range of elevations , reaching up to 2 , 500 metres in the andes ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe south american gray fox occurs in a variety of habitats , from the warm , arid scrublands of the argentine uplands and the cold , arid patagonian steppe to the forests of southernmost chile .\nsightings in south cumbria in 2003\u201304 may have been the first in the wild in gb .\ndiscover our animals from north and south america including guanacos , bears and mackenzie valley wolves .\na variety of wooded landscapes are inhabited by south american coatis , including gallery forest , cerrado ( tropical and woodland savannah ) and wetlands . forests are generally preferred and open areas used more sporadically .\nthe south american gray fox ( lycalopex griseus ) , also known as the patagonian fox , the chilla , or the grey zorro , is a species of zorro , the\nfalse\nfoxes .\nthe south american coati lives primarily in forest habitats , including deciduous forest , evergreen forest , gallery forest , cerrado and dry scrub forest from columbia & venezuela to uraguay & northern argentina . they occupy a large range of elevations , reaching up to 2 , 500 metres in the andes .\nthe south american coati is widespread and common across most of its native range and is classified as of ' least concern ' for conservation by iucn . the only known non - native population is on robinson crusoe island in the juan fernandez islands in the southeast pacific ocean ( chile ) .\nthe south american coati is broadly distributed in south america . it ranges from colombia and venezuela in the north to uruguay and northern argentina in the south ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the species has been introduced to robinson crusoe , one of the juan fern\u00e1ndez islands of chile ( 1 ) ( 4 ) , and is now also found in cumbria , uk , as a result of escapes from zoos and collections and possibly through deliberate release ( 6 ) .\nthe south american coati , nasua nasua , is a member of the raccoon family ( procyonidae ) and is usually easily recognised by its reddish - brown fur , long banded tail and dark elongated snout . it is also known as the ring - tailed coati , though the rings on the tail may be quite weak . the fur colouration may also vary : there are many subspecies .\nwhen the land bridge to south america was created , invaders from the north soon moved in .\n3 . nasua nasua subsp . solitaria - coatimundi / south brazilian of argentina , brazil , uruguay\ndiet : south american coatis are omnivores . they eat fruit , nuts , invertebrates , eggs , reptiles and small mammals . they usually feed on what is most readily available and have a highly variable diet .\nmating in this species usually occurs between october and february , with births occurring in march and april . the gestation period of the south american coati lasts 74 to 77 days . in captivity , litter sizes range from one to seven young , with three to four being the most common . young south american coatis open their eyes at around ten days old . they can stand around day 19 and walk well by day 24 , and their climbing abilities develop shortly thereafter , at around 26 days old . in the wild , female south american coatis leave their group to build a nest in a tree , which is where they give birth . after five to six weeks the female returns to the group with her young ( 4 ) .\na 14 - mo - old south american coati ( nasua nasua ) was submitted for necropsy to the university of kentucky veterinary diagnostic laboratory . the coati had a history of progressive neurologic signs beginning 3 mo prior to euthanasia . at necropsy , the coati was in thin body condition , but no other significant findings were evident . histopathologic findings included moderate distension of neuronal cell bodies by finely vesiculated cytoplasm within the cerebrum , cerebellum , spinal cord , and intestinal ganglia . hepatocytes and macrophages in the lung , spleen , and liver were similarly affected . transmission electron microscopy showed numerous electrondense membranous cytoplasmic bodies , swirls , and vesicular profiles within neuronal lysosomes in the brain . to the authors ' knowledge , this is the first report of a naturally occurring congenital glycogen storage disease in a south american coati and the family procyonidae .\nthe south american , ring - tailed or brown - nosed coati is not thought to be established in gb but has occasionally been observed outside the confines of zoological collections . no instances are known of breeding in the wild in gb . like its relative the raccoon , it might have the potential to become invasive in gb .\nthe list includes some species that are already widespread such as the grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) and the muntjac deer ( muntiacus reevesii ) in the uk and the raccoon in germany , but also those that are still nibbling at the fringes , like the south american coati ( nasua nasua ) which has reached mallorca in spain .\na number of subspecies of south american coati have been recognised ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the common name of this species comes from the native tupian indian words cua , meaning \u2018belt\u2019 , and tim , meaning \u2018nose\u2019 , and refers to the coati\u2019s habit of sleeping with its nose tucked into its belly . its scientific name , nasua , comes from the latin word for \u2018nose\u2019 , referring to its characteristically long snout ( 4 ) .\nadult male south american coatis live solitary lives while females and immature males travel in groups of up to 30 individuals . these groups vary in size depending on where they live , and the members of the group give constant vocalisations to stay in contact with each other ( 4 ) . as in the closely related white - nosed coati ( nasua narica ) , adult male south american coatis are likely to be excluded from groups by collective aggression from the females . however , during the breeding season a single adult male is allowed into each female group ( 2 ) .\nthe south american coati\u2019s front feet have long , blunt and slightly curved claws and webbing between the toes , whereas the back feet have shorter claws . this species has large canine teeth , which are usually larger in males than in females ( 4 ) , and the males are also larger than the females in overall body size ( 2 ) .\nneutering can be performed by an exotics veterinarian and is recommended before the coati reaches 6 months of age . females can become aggressive when they are in heat so spaying them is recommended for a more even tempered coati .\npet coati need to have the proper dietary ratios fed to them to stay healthy and live a long life .\nring - tailed coati can survive up to 7 years in the wild and up to 15 years in captivity .\ndid you know that pumpkins make for great enrichment for our active and curious south american coati at the san francisco zoo ? in this video , see them play and enjoy treats , while learning about these adorable creatures . we hope you ' ll want to come meet them for yourself ! plan a visit : urltoken voice - over by : tess & kate hodges\nthe coati\u2019s snout can rotate up to 60 in any direction and is used to rub their body or move objects around .\nthe south american coati occurs in several protected areas ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix iii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that this species is protected by at least one country and that country wants other members of cites to help control trade in this species . currently , the subspecies nasua nasua solitaria is protected by cites in uruguay ( 3 ) .\nanimal welfare officers began hunting the clawed coati after he was spotted up a tree in a garden in marlow , last month .\nthe name \u2018coati\u2019 comes from native american indian words cua , meaning \u2018belt\u2019 and tim , meaning \u2018nose\u2019 , referring to the way coatis tuck their nose into their belly while sleeping . its scientific name , nasua , comes from the latin word for \u2018nose\u2019 , referring to its long snout .\nbelonging to the same family as the raccoon and with a south american coati cousin , the white - nosed coati is an omnivore that commonly lives in wooded areas of mostly central america and mexico . the southern limit of its range stops in columbia , while the northern limit extends or used to extend into southeastern arizona , new mexico , south texas and the southern half of the trans pecos . the majority of the texas populations most likely died out because of habit fragmentation and destruction from land use and land cover changes taking place over the last 100 to 200 years ; however , the post oak savanna of northern south texas and the current increasing conversion from post oak savanna to post oak woodland in the dewitt county area to be more specific could have provided favorable conditions for an isolated population to survive and even thrive .\nsouth american coatis are diurnal animals . they love to swim and play in trees . their long tails are used for keeping balance while traveling in the woods . they search for animal prey by using their snouts to poke through crevices or by turning over fallen leaves on the ground . coatis are beneficial , in that larger coatis help to control rodents and insects . additionally , they can also disperse plant seeds . furthermore , although coatis are a member of the raccoon family , their appearance is different . besides , south american coatis do not wash or rub food in water as raccoons do .\nwhich animal is taipei zoo ' s star of the month ? the answer is undoubtedly the south american coatis . five coati cubs were born on march 23 , 2013 . the features of these newborn cubs are their pointy elf - like noses and tails with dark brown and yellow stripes . zoo keepers will be telling stories about the coati cubs at the children ' s zoo ( in chinese ) . don\u2019t miss the keepers ' talk from 10 : 45 a . m . to 11 : 00 a . m . on june 2nd , 9th , 16th and 23rd .\nsouth american coatis are omnivorous members of the raccoon family and have long mobile snouts , reddish fur and ringed tails . male coatis were once thought to be a separate species from the females because of their solitary habits , and were called ' coatimundis ' . the females live in highly social groups .\nif you are curious about what a coati is or are considering one as a pet this guide will point you in the right direction .\nmacroscopic anatomy of the term placenta in coati . zp = zonary chorioallantoic placenta , co / al = noninvasive chorioallantois , am = amnion .\nprofile common name : south american coati scientific name : nasua nasua classification : class mammalia , order carnivora , family procyonidae conservation status : protected under cites appendix iii in uruguay , but are not classified as threatened in other countries . distribution : coatis are broadly distributed in the tropical regions of south america , from columbia and venezuela to uruguay , northern parts of argentina and into ecuador . food habits : they are omnivorous and primarily feed on fruit , invertebrates , other small mammals and birds ' eggs . disposition : coatis are diurnal animal . they are good at climbing trees and swimming .\nplacental research in carnivores has concentrated on domestic species , which have zonary , labyrinthine placentas with an endotheliochorial barrier . although the coati , nasua nasua , is a widely distributed species in south america , data on the development of the placenta and the fetal membranes in this species are very sparse .\nthey are native to south , central and parts of north america and are commonly found in tropical forests , living primarily on a diet of insects .\npotos ( 1 species ) : kinkajou ( potos flavus ) , found from southern mexico through the northern half of south america east of the andes .\ncoati varies in color between grey , brown , red and blonde . perhaps their most notable feature is their long , pointed snout . body length averages 33 to 45 inches , half of which is made up of the tail . the average coati weighs between 4 and 16 pounds . diet the south american coati is omnivorous and primarily feeds on fruit , invertebrates , small animals , and birds ' eggs . they search for fruit using their long snout to poke through leaves and crevices and their sharp claws to rip open logs and overturn rocks . reproduction & lifespan mating takes place when fruit is in season . females , who live in groups of 15 to 30 individuals , come into heat simultaneously . one female may mate with several males . after a gestation period of 77 days , females give birth to an average of 2 to 4 young . females will remain with the group they are born into , however males will leave the group after approximately 3 years . south american coatis live an average of 7 years in the wild and up to 14 years in captivity .\nsouth american coatis were introduced to the island of robinson crusoe when two pregnant females escaped . the population has since grown and the species is causing damage to native flora on robinson crusoe , as well as possibly being the cause of the decline in the juan fern\u00e1ndez firecrown ( sephanoides fernandensis ) on the island ( 4 ) .\nmain predators of ring - tailed coati are jaguars , jaguarundis , pumas , foxes , dogs , birds of prey , snakes , crocodiles and humans .\nif this is a subspecies that by choice is found to favor a more carnivorous diet than regular white - nosed coati , it probably did not originate at this particular location but somewhere in latin america where the legend of the chupacabra is older and more prevalent . if there is not a blood - sucking subspecies of coati out there and if the animal mutilations do not match those of coati eating patterns , then there still may be something out there doing the mutilation ; however , i do believe that most sightings can be explained as a misidentity case of a recessive hairless white - nosed coati .\nthe south american coati resembles its close relative the raccoon procyon lotor of north and central america in size and general appearance . its fur is a pale brown , often reddish , with darker legs , feet , ears and markings around the face and long , pointed snout . the tail is thick and bushy , strongly ringed with darker brown , and often held aloft . the animals are active diurnally , hunting for fruit or for animal prey on the ground or high in trees .\nring - tailed coati is named because of the black rings that cover the tail . rest of the body is covered with thick , tan - colored fur .\nboth a walker and a climber , the coati owes this duality to the morphology of its paws . like humans , the coati is plantigrade . this means that it places the palm of its hand and the sole of its foot on the ground when it moves . its five fingers on each hand are roughly equal in length .\nknown for their inquisitive personalities , these south american raccoons are definitely unique . they are diurnal ( awake during the day ) , eat many different foods , can live about 14 years , and act like permanent toddlers . if coatis aren ' t bottle raised at a young age and continually socialized they can become very violent and dangerous , much like a pet primate . therefore , to increase your chances of having a loving and enjoyable pet , be sure to provide plenty of enrichment , exercise , and attention to your coati .\nthere were seven known records in gb up to 2008 , involving ten animals . during 2003\u201307 , perhaps up to ten animals were recorded in the wild in south cumbria .\npossesses a derived condition in that the organ persists , fully functional , until near term . areolae are absent in the coati and in other musteloidae , cats and hyenas [\nring - tailed coati nasua nasua at the cotswold wildlife park , burford , oxfordshire , england . photographed by adrian pingstone in june 2006 and placed in the public domain .\nfavaron po , carter am , ambrosio ce , morini ac , mess am , oliveira mf , miglino ma . placentation in sigmodontinae : a rodent taxon native to south america .\nthese are very unnatural things to do to any animal including a coati . declawing and healthy tooth removal are controversial issues . coatis have sharp claws and teeth for a reason and removing them to prevent injuries to their owners is not appropriate . if you are not prepared for everything a coati is then you should not have one as a pet .\n' the coati seemed to be favouring three gardens by the river to visit for food so we laid a humane trap with pieces of fresh fruit at one of the properties .\npotential predators of the coati include jaguars ( panthera onca ) , pumas ( puma concolor ) , ocelots ( leopardus pardalis ) and jaguarundis ( puma yagouaroundi ) ( 4 ) .\nseveral mammalian species are found in the atacama desert , including the minute near threatened atacama myotis ( myotis atacamensis ) ; elegant fat - tailed opossum ( thylamys elegans ) ; manso grass mouse ( akodon olivaceus ) ; osgood ' s leaf - eared mouse ( phyllotis osgoodi ) ; darwin ' s leaf - eared mouse ( phyllotis darwini ) and the south american gray fox ( pseudalopex griseus ) .\nguilherme trovati , r . , alves de brito , b . & barbanti duarte , j . m . ( 2010 ) habitat use and home range of brown - nosed coati ,\nring - tailed coati is an omnivore ( eats both plants and animals ) . its diet consists of small mammals , reptiles and invertebrates , eggs , nuts , seeds , fruit .\nalthough most procyonid species are not threatened at this point in time , the cozumel raccoon and cozumel ( or dwarf ) coati are highly endangered ( kays [ 2009 ] treated the former as a valid raccoon species and the latter as a subspecies of the white - nosed coati , but he noted that the cozumel coati is sometimes treated as a full species ) . the olinguito has a small range in a region with intense conversion of forest to agriculture ; the mountain coatis also have small ranges and may be threatened by conversion of their forest habitat to agriculture .\nnasua nasua is broadly distributed in south america , ranging from colombia and venezuela in the north to uruguay and northern argentina in the south ( gompper and decker 1998 ) . the species is absent from the llano grasslands of venezuela ( eisenberg 1989 ) . it has been introduced to robinson crusoe , one of the juan fern\u00e1ndez islands of chile ( miller and rottmann 1976 , pine et al . 1979 , colwell 1989 ) .\nring - tailed coati is a medium sized animal . it can weigh between 4 . 4 and 16 pounds , with length of up to 44 inches . tail measures the half of the total body length .\nfemales live in the groups composed of 15 to 30 animals . group of ring - tailed coati is better known as\nband\n. males are solitary creatures . they gather with females only during mating season .\nthe south american coati has a varied diet , comprising a range of invertebrates and fruit . it forages both in the trees and on the ground and uses its flexible nose to probe into crevices and leaf litter in search of food . adult females , infants and immature coatis live in groups of up to 30 individuals , whereas adult males are usually solitary . a pregnant female will leave their group to build a nest in a tree where she will give birth , usually to a litter size of three or four young . the infants are able to walk and climb by the time they are a month old and within six weeks of birth the female returns to the group with her young .\neveryone is welcome to see the coatis face to face in june , during the keepers ' talk . come to the children ' s zoo and meet the lovely coati cubs and their neighbors , the llamas and ponies .\ntreats can include insects such as gut loaded crickets and mealworms and pieces of cereal or crackers can also be offered . prickly pear fruits are a favorite of coatis and can be used as a training reward . be sure to stay away from sweet or salty foods though when treating your coati . diseases related to poor diets and unwanted behaviors such as food aggression or being picky can develop if you spoil your coati too much with these foods .\nnasuella ( 1 species [ but now 2 ] ) : mountain coati ( nasuella olivacea ) , found in montane forests above 2000 meters in northwestern south america . helgen et al . ( 2009 ) suggested that this might be the least studied carnivore genus globally . morphological and molecular phylogenetic investigations by helgen et al . led them to the conclusion that there are actually two distinct mountain coati species , which they referred to as the eastern mountain coati ( nasuella meridensis ) , found in the venezuelan andes and formerly recognized as a subspecies , and the western mountain coati ( n . olivacea ) , found in the andes of colombia and ecuador . their molecular phylogenetic analyses also suggested that nasuella may fall within the genus nasua as the sister lineage to nasua narica , making the genus nasua paraphyletic as currently defined , although a strong conclusion on this question will require additional morphological and genetic comparisons , including data from independent genetic markers . if this conclusion stands , however , the genus name nasuella would likely be relegated to a synonym of nasua and all the coatis and mountain coatis would be included in the genus nasua . .\nfavaron po , carter am , ambrosio ce , morini ac , mess am , oliveira mf , miglino ma : placentation in sigmodontinae : a rodent taxon native to south america . reprod biol endocrinol . 2011 , 9 : 55 -\nso now we know it is a coati . the question is , what kind ? and also , is this a new population , or has it been here the entire time , surviving in refugia in the form of the southern extension of the post oak savanna ? why do we only see this hairless type of coati in the area ? do they all have mange , or do they all share a recessive hairless trait ? there could be a few different scenarios .\nsouth american coatis were common near igazu . apparently they were too common and even dangerous for tourists . they approached visitors unceremoniously and those who recklessly held food in thin foil bags were violently attacked and deprived of their meals . in over - 30 - degree heat it was even difficult to drink without being bothered by them . one of participants of our trip ( greetings to pawe\u0142 ) sat down in a nearby restaurant and opened a can with some drink \u2013 the can placed on the table was confiscated by coatis at once . they did it swiftly , decisively and aggressively . it was not a pleasant feeling , as south american coatis are not tiny creatures , not to mention their teeth . their body length with the tail reaches 1 . 4 m , and the weight of an adult specimen can reach up to 7 kilograms . what is more , they prowled in small gangs , always successful in their attacks for tourists\u2019 food bags and drinks . they are smart and intelligent . opening a litter bin with leftovers is not a problem for them . they occur in south america , from the north to the north of argentina , except for mountainous regions on the west of the continent . they were so aggressive and unlikeable in their behavior that i did not take many pictures of them\u2026\nthe south american leaf - toed gecko ( phyllodactylus gerrhopygus ) , found only in southern peru and northern chile , occurs in the atacama desert . near - endemic amphibians are represented by the vallenar toad ( rhinella atacamensis ) , which occurs in and near oases and streams year - around . breeding occurs in permanent pools ( including livestock water tanks ) , streams and rivers . eggs are laid in long strings , and the larvae develop where these were laid . r . atacamensis achieves is highest altitude occurrence at 2574 metres near mostazal .\ncoati are not commonly seen as pets but rectal prolapses are often seen from straining to defecate due to parasites and / or diarrhea . malnutrition is also seen due to an improper diet and if multiple coatis are housed together there may be injuries from fighting .\nthe south american coati is usually active during the daytime , which is untypical of the other raccoons . another one difference is the gregarious way of life . the females of the coati live in matriarchal groups of 14 - 30 animals . the group consists of several eugamic females , as well as their impuberal cubs . the males live solitary life , and join the females only during the mating season . the animals spend most part of their active time on getting food . at night , they sleep on the trees , where they also build lairs and breed . the body length is 40 - 70cm . the tail length is 35 - 75cm . the total length is 104 . 5cm on average . the height at the shoulder is 30cm . they weigh 3 - 7kg ( the average weight is 4 . 5kg ) ; the males are heavier than the females . the head is narrow with slightly upward and very flexible nose . the ears are small and rounded , with white rims on the inner side . the fur is short , fluffy and may be of different shades of brown . the tail is long and ringed .\ndiet : primarily omnivorous , coati usually seek out fruits and invertebrates , palms , eggs , larval beetles , scorpions , centipedes , spiders , ants , termites , lizards , small mammals , rodents , and carrion when it is available and on the rare occasion can take chickens .\nring - tailed coati has highly elastic ankles , which facilitate movement toward the top of the trees and back on the ground . they can run from the tree to the ground with their head going before legs . flexible ankles are specific adaptation to the life on the trees .\nmost procyonids are generally nocturnal , spending the day sleeping in a tree cavity or rock den and only emerging after sunset . coatis , however , sleep in trees during the night and are active during the day . coatis are also the most social procyonids . females and their young travel in groups of up to 65 individuals , although smaller groups of 10 to 30 are more common . adult male coatis ( especially south american coatis ) sometimes trail along , but are more likely to forage alone . kinkajous and northern raccoons have also been found to exhibit some degree of sociality , at least under some circumstances .\nif it is a new population of simply white - nosed coati , their hairless nature could be explained by recessive trait , mange or malnutrition . if it is not mange or a recessive trait , then it could be from malnutrition because of a forced shift toward more meat in their diet from habitat limitations such as the absence of suitable vegetation for their omnivorous diet . on the other hand , if we are dealing with a healthy population of coati with no mange or malnutrition but simply a recessive trait , then this would indicate a population that has developed in relative isolation . this population has most likely been limited from traveling north along the post oak savanna by temperature and to the south , west and east by agriculture and the gulf of mexico . if this is the case , a subspecies might have developed here with noticeable genetic differences only found within this geographic region .\nall of the local biologists are saying that what was found in ratcliffe was a hairless raccoon ; however , i believe the evidence points to a hairless white - nosed coati ( nasua narica ) or a new , undiscovered subspecies . even though we live in a developed country , there is a lot of land out there , especially in a state like texas , for even megafauna to go relatively unnoticed ; however , since we are in south texas , which has one of the highest rates of biodiversity in the united states , finding weird and uncommon animals should not be a surprise .\nthe species is widespread and relatively common in areas of intact habitat , but populations are under threat from hunting and the destruction and fragmentation of forest in central and south america . however , the level of threat and the relative decline in numbers is not well known as this species is relatively unstudied .\nin argentina , this species inhabits the western semiarid region of the country , from the andean spurs ( ca . 69\u00baw ) to meridian 66\u00baw . south from the r\u00edo grande , the distribution of the fox widens reaching the atlantic coast . in chile , it is present throughout the country . its presence in\nalves - costa , c . p . , da fonseca , g . a . b . and christ\u00f3faro , c . ( 2004 ) variation in the diet of the brown - nosed coati ( nasua nasua ) in southeastern brazil . journal of mammalogy , 85 ( 3 ) : 478 - 482 .\nmost procyonids are habitat generalists , although the olinguito and mountain coatis are andean cloud forest specialists . procyonids are generally associated with trees and any forest across most of the americas is likely to be home to at least one procyonid ( as many as six species may be found in some parts of panama ) . kinkajous occur in virtually all tropical forest types from lowland tropical rainforest to high elevation cloud forest to dry forest . white - nosed and south american coatis also use a wide variety of forest types , but move into drier chaco , cerrado , and mountainous deserts as well . raccoons are tied to the aquatic environments they feed in . they find abundant habitat in wet forests , but also follow waterways and shorelines into drier habitats . in addition , northern raccoons thrive in suburban and even urban habitats ( especially since the 1970s and 1980s ) . ringtails are found in a range of forest habitat types , but are less tied to forest than other procyonids , often occurring in rocky deserts with cliffs . cacomistles are found only in rainy tropical areas , but use a range of habitats , including mature oak cloud forest , secondary forest , and overgrown pastures . some procyonids actually seem to benefit from human activity ( e . g . , northern raccoons and , to a lesser extent , ringtails ) and cacomistles , south american coatis , white - nosed coatis , and kinkajous seem to tolerate moderate forest fragmentation reasonably well , so long as they are not heavily hunted . some other procyonids , such as mountain coatis and olinguitos are believed to be far more sensitive to habitat disturbance , although little information is available for these taxa .\ncoati are dark brown , grey , or brightly rust coloured on top and white or yellow / light brown underneath . the head is narrow with the nose slightly turned upward and elongated , and is very flexible . the muzzle is brown with pale spots above , below , and behind the eye . the ears are small and fringed with white on the inside rims . their long tails are black to brown with yellow rings . adults measure 41 to 67 cm from head to the base of the tail , with the tail 32 to 69 cm to their length . coati are about 30 cm tall at the shoulder , and weigh between 3 and 6 kg . they have strong claws and forelimbs to climb and dig out food from under rotted logs and can reverse the joints of the anklebone to descend trees headfirst .\nregarding the fine structure of the fetomaternal interface , the following characters are widespread among carnivores and seemed to belong to their stem species pattern or ancestral pattern : an endotheliochorial barrier in the zonary or circumferential placenta , in addition to a yolk sac and a large allantoic sac that persist until term . in contrast , the coati and other procyonids were derived from the ancient carnivore condition , maintaining the cellular trophoblast to term [\nthe coati may be able to tolerate the post oak savanna ; however , their preference for a dense , high canopy cover woodland or forest could be the reason for increasing encounters . the suppression of fire and improper livestock rates and rotation has led to an encroachment of understory plants such as huisache , scrub oak and yaupon into an over story of live oak and post oak in much of the land in dewitt county .\n] . it is currently unclear what types of tissue - specific inflammation patterns and associated molecular mechanisms are involved in establishing specific fetomaternal contact in various regions . thus , carnivores are interesting animal models for studying the full range of interhaemal barrier differentiation and function within an individual species . the coati may be of special interest to further study persisting hemophagous organs to better understand the nature and functional significance of substance transfer in the placental areas .\nregarding the fine structure of the fetomaternal interface , the following characters are widespread among carnivores and seemed to belong to their stem species pattern or ancestral pattern : an endotheliochorial barrier in the zonary or circumferential placenta , in addition to a yolk sac and a large allantoic sac that persist until term . in contrast , the coati and other procyonids were derived from the ancient carnivore condition , maintaining the cellular trophoblast to term [ 19 - 21 ] .\nthere is an important pelt trade in south america . according to cites , from 1980 to 1983 , 381 , 000 fox skins were exported , 98 % of which were purported to have originated in argentina . over 7 , 000 skins were recorded as being exported from chile , despite the species being protected in that country . most exports were made to west germany ( 72 % ) , switzerland ( 7 . 2 % ) , and italy ( 4 . 4 % ) .\nthe data on the coati supported previous views on the ancestral placental characters of carnivores ; the maintenance of cellular trophoblasts in the barrier and the large , central hemophagous organ that persisted until near term were confirmed . the ancestral pattern of carnivores includes not only an endotheliochorial , labyrinthine placental girdle , but also extended epitheliochorial and hemochorial zones and placental function for the yolk sac . this considerable complexity of fetomaternal contact zones must have evolved before the radiation of carnivores , approximately 65 million years ago [ 25 , 26 ] . it is currently unclear what types of tissue - specific inflammation patterns and associated molecular mechanisms are involved in establishing specific fetomaternal contact in various regions . thus , carnivores are interesting animal models for studying the full range of interhaemal barrier differentiation and function within an individual species . the coati may be of special interest to further study persisting hemophagous organs to better understand the nature and functional significance of substance transfer in the placental areas ."]}
{"id": 456, "summary": [{"text": "bicyclus simulacris is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in tanzania , malawi and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bicyclus simulacris", "paragraphs": ["bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79\nbicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101\nbicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902\nbicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788\nbicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104\nbicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071\nbicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791\nbicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908\nbicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783\nbicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068\nbicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164\nbicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440\nbicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442\nbicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103\nbicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445\nbicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447\nbicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108\nbicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796\nbicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073\nbicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076\n= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )\nbicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629\nbicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166\nbicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85\nbicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja\nbicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]\ndicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson\nw . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]\nhewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550\nephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099\nmycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256\ns . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando p\u00f3o ( mac\u00edas nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]\nidiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast\nkenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]\nmesogena mesogenina gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 \u00b2 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509\nmycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon\nc . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8\nsenegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]\ngambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis tolosa pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria\nburundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po\nzululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]\nrhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )\ne . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34\nmycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32\nmycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228\nmycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes\nw . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake\nbrunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97\nw . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii\nmycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po\nsmithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906\nmycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon\ne . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2\nmycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast\nmycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28\nmycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar\nmycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348\nghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4\nzaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]\nburundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )\nmycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi\nrhodesia , mo\u00e7ambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]\nkenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .\nanynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603\nmycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara\nsw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]\nn . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]\nsenegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]\nw . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia\nmycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile\nmycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia\nfunebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50\nguinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni\nmycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe\nnigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar\nguinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m\nmycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde\nmycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons\nmycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake\nmycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110\nmycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo\nmycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari\nmycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nic\u00e9ville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo\nmycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa\nmycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8\nmycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon\nmycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo\nmycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen\nmycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun\nmycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nverzeichniss einer von dem herren mission\u00e4ren e . laman und w . sj\u00f6holm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung\nzoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1\nresults from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\ndescription d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au lib\u00e9ria , 1948 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndescriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\na list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnotes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\ninsekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff\ndie insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\ndescriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa\na list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,\nneue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopaloc\u00e8res )\nweymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nlepidoptera and odonata collected by r . c . ( tim ) dening from all around the world throughout a lifetime of travel and natural history interest from 1930 to 2000 . the collection , amounting to more than 70 cases , is now held in the\n, in scotland . it features a large number of zambian butterflies and moths .\nthe names of the butterflies in the cases are listed beneath the pictures , with the country of collection under the name .\nthe numbers next to the names relate to the collector ' s original hand written notes . the numbers represent species / subspecies , rather than individual specimen numbers . you can access these original species notes by clicking on the underlined names . this will open a pdf document of the relevant page of notes . locate the correct number on the page to access information on dates and places of collection of that particular species .\nexplanations to help the reader to interpret the collector ' s notes are available here .\nclick on the icon on the left and follow the links for a free copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 460, "summary": [{"text": "tenuibranchiurus is a genus of diminutive freshwater crayfish that live in the australian state of queensland .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "only one species has been described , the swamp crayfish , t. glypticus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "t. glypticus is reportedly the smallest species of crayfish in the world .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is distinguished from other crayfish by its small size , adults being only around 25 millimetres ( 1.0 in ) long , and its claws which open vertically rather than horizontally or obliquely .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "tenuibranchiurus lives in coastal wallum swamps , and stays among the sedges rather than in more open water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its habitat is highly fragmented , as land is used for the expansion of brisbane and the sunshine coast , and tenuibranchiurus glypticus is therefore listed as an endangered species on the iucn red list .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "additional populations have been found at the periphery of its range , but these are thought to represent new , undescribed species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tenuibranchiurus", "paragraphs": ["existing and putative species identified within tenuibranchiurus and the newly proposed gen . nov . .\nrt @ thepeerj : a novel genus and cryptic species harboured within the monotypic freshwater crayfish genus tenuibranchiurus riek https : / / t . co\u2026\nnumber of tenuibranchiurus specimens analysed for each gene fragment from each of the sampled localities , as well as outgroup sequences included ( see table s1 for sequence details ) .\nbased on our results , the genus tenuibranchiurus is represented only by specimens collected from queensland . as such , tenuibranchiurus glypticus remains a valid species and it is represented by populations grouped with samples from the type locality . five new putative species were identified within tenuibranchiurus ( table 8 ) . specimens collected from new south wales belong to a putative newly - proposed genus with two new putative species ( table 8 ) . until a formal description is completed , the new genus will be referred to as gen . nov .\nalthough genetic diversity within tenuibranchiurus has previously been reported , no quantification of this diversity had been undertaken . the multi - gene approach taken by this study and use of several different analytical methods has identified not only several putative species within the formerly monotypic tenuibranchiurus , but a new genus with two putative species . although species identification of freshwater crayfish has traditionally been made through morphological methods , the use of molecular methods in this study allowed the potential pitfalls of plastic and / or cryptic morphological forms within crayfish to be avoided , and will contribute in the development of a standardised method for dealing with species identification within other freshwater crayfish .\nthere is no population information available for this species . tenuibranchiurus spp . are extremely rare and this species appears to have been extirpated at two of the sites it was known from ( one of which was developed for housing ) and one of the two remaining sites is at victoria point ( davie 2007 ) , a heavily urbanized area with some light industry on the outskirts of brisbane ( j . coughran , k . l . dawkins and j . m . furse pers . comm . 2008 ) .\na total of 127 tenuibranchiurus samples were sequenced for the coi gene fragment , 59 for 16s , 95 for gapdh , 58 for h3 , and 47 for ak ( table 2 ) . additional specimens from the genera gramastacus , geocharax , engaeus , engaewa , and cherax were also sequenced for inclusion as outgroups . where sequences from these outgroups could not be obtained ( i . e . , due to non - amplification ) , alternative sequences were retrieved from genbank ( details in table s1 ) . sequences obtained in this study were deposited in genbank under accession numbers kx669691 \u2013 kx670093 , kx753349 .\nthis species has a maximum length of 25 mm , and is the smallest known species of crayfish found in australia . it inhabits coastal wallum swamps and is found among sedges rather than in more open water ( harding and williamson 2003 ) . there is very little suitable habitat remaining within its range , as most has been cleared for the development of brisbane and the sunshine coast ( j . coughran , k . l . dawkins and j . m . furse pers . comm . 2008 ) . the habitat of other tenuibranchiurus species has recently been recorded ( dawkins et al . in prep ) and the biology of this genus is poorly understood .\ntwo types of analyses were used to obtain a best - estimate of the species - level lineages present within tenuibranchiurus ; namely , groupings identified through use of a concatenated alignment phylogeny ( referred to henceforth as the \u2018combined gene tree\u2019 ) , and intra - versus inter - cluster variation through \u03d5 st analysis . a combined gene tree analysis was chosen over individual gene trees because , although preliminary phylogenetic analyses performed on the individual gene regions suggested that there were multiple genetic groups within t . glypticus , statistical support was not always strong for all genes . therefore , in order to increase the strength of the phylogenetic signal , and thus support for branching patterns , the five gene alignments were concatenated and analysed as a single data set for phylogenetic reconstructions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlivingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .\nhas been assessed as endangered using criteria b1ab ( iii , iv ) . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 1 , 700 km\nand is only known from two locations . there is an ongoing decline in both the eoo of this species and the quality of habitat , with very little suitable habitat remaining . this species has strict habitat requirements which are being compromised by urbanisation , industry , pollution and salt water intrusion . the area in which this species is found is one of rapid human population growth ( davie 2007 ) . site protection for this species is urgently needed as this species faces an extremely high risk of extinction .\n. the species was described from specimens collected in brisbane ( mt . gravatt ) and caloundra ( riek 1951 ) . however , the species has not been recorded in metropolitan\nto the northeast ( harding and williamson 2003 ) . recent research ( dawkins 2008 , dawkins\nto caloundra , a distance of approximately 100 km north - south . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence of 1 , 700 km\n. however , this area has been very heavily developed ( i . e . includes\n) and the actual area of occupancy is likely to be a small fraction of this . this species is now only known from two sites ( j . coughran , k . l . dawkins and j . m . furse pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthere are no species specific conservation measures in place for t . glypticus . research should be urgently initiated to establish the species\u2019 area of occupancy , and should also include population assessment and monitoring , biological and life history information , habitat requirements ( including salinity tolerance ) , investigations into thermal tolerance and resilience to exotic species . in addition , genetic and / or morphological analysis should be undertaken to elucidate any distinction between populations from the two extant localities , victoria point ( on the mainland ) and bribie island ( j . coughran , k . l . dawkins , j . m . furse pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nreportedly world ' s smallest crayfish , being fully grown at 25 mm . unlike other crayflish in south - east queensland , fingers of claws open and close vertically rather than horizontally or obliquely . body greyish - brown . difficult to find due to small size , cryptic colouration and well - developed burrowing habits .\npaperbark swamps and shallow drainage channels . prefers to burrow into damp clay but is occasionally found in peaty sand . woodgate , qld , south to at least southern brisbane area .\noriginally recorded from bulimba creek , mt gravatt , it has not been recorded in metropolitan brisbane for more than 60 years , though it has been found at victoria point . habitat loss is probably a significant threat to the survival of this unique species .\nqueensland museum ' s find out about . . . is proudly supported by the thyne reid foundation and the tim fairfax family foundation .\n9 . 30am to 5 . 00pm . sciencentre is currently closed for redevelopment . perception deception will be temporarily closed from monday 22 january to relocate to level 2 , opening friday 26 january . | public holiday opening hours\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nspecies are the fundamental unit of biodiversity , yet there has always been disagreement about criteria by which they should be recognised and the methods by which they should be delineated , with no general consensus reached thus far . the lack of one clearly accepted definition of a \u201cspecies\u201d creates obvious limitations , as what one person regards as a species may not be regarded as being so by another person , which is often further exacerbated by differences of opinion between fields of study . employing the general lineage concept ( glc ; de queiroz , 1998 ) , where a species is defined as a metapopulation lineage evolving separately from other lineages , somewhat unites the various species concepts by allowing any evidence of lineage separation ( and thus any property emphasised by the alternative concepts ) to be used as evidence for species delimitation ( de queiroz , 2007 ) . not only does this concept allow multiple lines of evidence to be used , but it also allows the evolutionary processes that have caused divergence between lineages to be examined .\nonce a species tree has been inferred , additional testing is often undertaken to provide support for the proposed species\u2019 groups . a range of statistical analyses are available for testing species boundaries and , as there is currently no universally accepted way to define species , there are also a range of critiques on these methods ( e . g . , blaxter , 2004 ; brower , 1999 ; ebach & holdrege , 2005 ; lipscomb , platnick & wheeler , 2003 ; seberg et al . , 2003 ; sites & marshall , 2003 ; sneath & sokal , 1973 ; tautz et al . , 2002 ; tautz et al . , 2003 ; wiens & penkrot , 2002 ; wiens & servedio , 2000 ; will , mischler & wheeler , 2005 ; yang & rannala , 2010 ) . under the glc , any evidence of lineage separation can be evidence for the existence of different species ( de queiroz , 2007 ) ; as such , the identification of numerous corroborating lines of evidence ( through the use of multiple tests ) can be seen as lending support to any species boundaries that are defined . therefore , although no single test is currently universally accepted , the apparent need to choose a particular method is circumvented by using a selection of techniques and multiple gene regions as , under the glc , concordance between multiple lines of evidence is seen as increasing the rigour of species delimitation .\nthe triangle and bolded name denotes the type locality . grey lines denote drainage boundaries , and the black line denotes the border between queensland and new south wales . refer to table 2 for collection details .\na total of 133 specimens were collected across 16 field localities , including the type locality for t . glypticus . all specimens from this study were collected under permits witk08599510 , wisp08599610 , and twb / 01 / 2011 issued by the department of environment and resource management . dna was extracted from specimens preserved in 70 % ethanol using a variation of the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide / phenol - chloroform extraction protocol ( doyle & doyle , 1987 ) . two mitochondrial gene regions ( cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi ) and 16s rdna ( 16s ) ) and three nuclear gene regions ( glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase ( gapdh ) , histone - 3 ( h3 ) , and arginine kinase ( ak ) ) were amplified ( see table 1 for primer list ) . sequences were edited using sequencher 4 . 9 ( genecodes , 2009 ) and aligned using the muscle addition in mega5 ( edgar , 2004 ) . alignments were then checked and edited by hand if necessary .\npreliminary analyses of both individual and combined gene trees showed a prominent separation between qld and nsw populations . in light of this , genetic distances between qld and nsw populations , distances between these two groups and the outgroups , and distances between the outgroups were calculated using both coi and 16s data to compare the degree of separation . these distances were calculated in mega5 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) using the net between group mean distances with 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates ( gamma distribution with shape parameter = 1 , maximum composite likelihood ( mcl ) model ; positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated ) .\nan analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was used to calculate variation within and among clusters of sequences , as implemented in arlequin v . 3 . 1 ( excoffier , laval & schneider , 2005 ) . to determine what the most likely lineages were , the clades identified by the combined gene tree analysis , as well as additional splits evident within the tree that were deemed to plausibly represent lineages , were also tested , as well as groups based on the geographic division of populations ( i . e . , collection locality ; see table s2 ) . the amova calculates three statistics ; \u03d5 st , \u03d5 sc , and \u03d5 ct , all of which are based on both the haplotype frequency and genetic divergence . \u03d5 st measures variation among all populations , and \u03d5 sc measures variation among populations within groups , and \u03d5 ct estimates variation among groups . it has been suggested that an f ct value > 0 . 95 can represent evidence for accurate species groupings ( i . e . , > 95 % of the genetic variation can be attributed to differences among groups ) ( monaghan et al . , 2005 ) . using the \u03d5 ct estimate as a surrogate for f ct ( as this estimate includes genetic divergence as well as haplotype frequency ) , this can provide an approach to delineate taxa based on population genetic analyses by interpreting the amova results used to calculate intra - versus inter - cluster variation in a way analogous to f - statistics ( wright , 1978 ) . the criterion to determine the appropriate number of lineages using this method is where an increase in the number of suggested lineages does not appreciably increase the \u03d5 ct estimate for those lineages .\nin order to validate the lineages that were identified using the species discovery approaches for species - status , two methods were used ; barcoding gap identification ( sensu hebert et al . , 2004 ) , and the k \u2215\u03b8 method ( sensu birky , 2013 ) . these two methods were chosen as they both test species boundaries by comparison of intra - and inter - lineage differences , but do so in different ways ; thus allowing the results of each method to be tested and validated by the other . only the mitochondrial data were used to validate the species hypotheses , as the nuclear gene sample sizes were limited and individually were not very informative ; for instance , most of the nuclear gene trees contained numerous polytomies and thus could not be used to identify genetically divergent groups .\nthe genetic distances between the hypothesised lineages and between specimens for both coi and 16s were calculated and visualised to determine whether a barcoding gap existed . as the intent of this method was to provide support for , or refutation of , the lineage hypotheses formed through the species discovery approaches , lineages were pre - defined based on those results and genetic distances categorised as representing either intra - or inter - lineage distances . for the purposes of this study , a barcoding gap was defined as a clear separation ( or \u2018gap\u2019 ) between the highest intra - lineage and lowest inter - lineage genetic distances measured between the suggested lineages . although a standard threshold has been suggested by hebert et al . ( 2004 ) for recognising distinct species ( 10\u00d7 average intraspecific difference ) , this approach was not followed as it has been shown that there are vastly different rates of divergence for both different taxa and different genetic markers ( avise , 2009 ) . rather , a recognisable distinction between the inter - and intra - lineage distances was considered potential evidence for distinct species . analyses were undertaken for qld and nsw specimens separately .\nrelative divergences between genetic groups were calculated in mega5 . to determine inter - lineage divergence , the number of base substitutions per site was estimated from the net average between groups of sequences and the diversity between specimens was determined by calculating the number of base substitutions per site between each pair of sequences , both using a mcl model with 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates . the rate variation among sites was modelled with a gamma distribution with a shape parameter of 1 , with positions containing gaps and missing data eliminated . this was performed separately for both coi and 16s , with all unique haplotypes included .\nthe species discovery hypotheses were also tested using the k \u2215\u03b8 method ( birky et al . , 2010 ; birky & barraclough , 2009 ; birky et al . , 2005 ) . although this method was originally developed for asexually - reproducing organisms and termed the 4x rule , it has been further developed and shown to be effective for the mtdna region for sexually - reproducing organisms ( birky , 2013 ) . this method provides a simple way of defining species groups based on specimens / populations that form clusters ( i . e . , clades ) that are separated by genetic gaps too deep to be ascribed to random genetic drift within a species and , therefore , must be due to diversifying selection or long - term physical isolation ( apte , smith & wallis , 2007 ) .\nusing the groups from the species discovery hypotheses , sister clades were identified and statistical support for these was tested . sequence divergences were estimated within ( d ) and between each sister clade using uncorrected p - distances calculated in mega5 . nucleotide diversity ( \u03c0 ) was then calculated using \u03c0 = dn \u2215 ( n \u2212 1 ) , where n is the number of samples per clade . theta ( \u03b8 ) was then estimated as \u03b8 = 2 ne\u03bc ( where ne is the effective populations size and \u03bc is mutation rate per base pair per generation ) by calculating \u03c0\u2215 ( 1 \u2212 4\u03c0\u22153 ) within each clade . if d = 0 ( as it did for one clade in this study ) , then \u03c0 can alternatively be calculated as 2\u2215 ln ( n \u2212 1 ) , where l is the length of the sequence . k was then calculated for each sister - clade comparison ( using mega5 ) as the uncorrected net between group mean distance , with this divided by the highest \u03b8 in the comparison ( as this is the more conservative approach ) to provide k \u2215\u03b8 . where sister clades were poorly defined in the tree , k was estimated between all potential sister clades in the polytomy , with the clade of the lowest k considered to be the sister clade . finally , following the method of birky ( 2013 ) , if the k \u2215\u03b8 value was greater than 4 , then the sister clades were accepted as different lineages .\nthe genetic distances calculated between the qld and nsw groups using coi and 16s were 16 . 0 % and 12 . 7 % , respectively ( table 3 ) . these distances were as large as , or in some cases larger than , the distances calculated between these two groups and other closely related genera . furthermore , some distances between pairs of the other genera were smaller than those between the qld and nsw groups for both coi and 16s ( e . g . , geocharax versus engaeus = 13 . 7 % and 6 . 7 % , gramastacus versus engaeus = 11 . 7 % and 8 . 1 % ; table 3 ) .\nestimates of net evolutionary divergence between groups of coi ( below diagonal ) and 16s ( above diagonal ) sequences with a mcl model .\ngroups that are identified as potentially representing distinct species will be referred to herein as lineages , and will form the groups to be analysed through lineage validation methods .\nalthough not all groupings were statistically supported , both the ml and bayesian combined gene trees suggested the presence of multiple groups within qld and nsw , and displayed the same topologies ( fig . 2 ) . six clades were evident within the qld populations , with the monophyly of all but two highly supported ( as these were represented by single specimens ) . the first clade included maryborough and some tuan state forest specimens ( lineage 1 ; bs 90 % , pp 1 ) , and the second contained the remaining tuan state forest specimens as well as bribie island , type locality , and some beerburrum specimens ( lineage 2 ; bs 96 % , pp 1 ) . the two groups for which monophyly could not be established were represented by the remaining beerburrum specimens ( lineage 3 ) and hervey bay ( lineage 4 ) . the final two clades consisted of tewantin and lake weyba specimens ( lineage 5 ; bs 100 % , pp 1 ) and gold coast specimens ( lineage 6 ; bs 100 % , pp 1 ) . there was also some geographic structuring evident within each of the clades .\nmaximum likelihood phylogeny showing the proposed lineages for queensland ( lineages 1 through 6 ) and new south wales ( lineages 7 and 8 ) .\nbootstrap values from the maximum likelihood analysis are shown above the branches , and posterior probabilities from the bayesian analysis are shown below branches for the major nodes , as both analyses produced identical topologies for the major nodes .\nthe two monophyletic clades evident within the nsw populations were strongly supported , and form lineage 7 ( lennox head ) and lineage 8 ( lake hiawatha , broadwater national park 1 & 2 ) ( fig . 2 ) . although there was some structuring evident within lineage 8 , the branching patterns were very shallow and were therefore not explored as potential distinct lineages .\nsummary of possible lineages based on \u03d5 - statistics for qld specimens using coi and 16s data .\nsee table s2 for explanation of how potential lineages were determined . where specimens from the same collection locality are split into two or more groups , details are included below the table for clarification .\na total of eight lineage arrangements was deemed plausible based on apparent genetic groupings and collection localities , and were tested using amovas ( table 4 ) . the process of assigning the potential lineages is outlined in table s2 , where a hierarchical approach was taken to split the tree into major genetic groups , minor genetic groups , and geographic localities . as there was no logical reason for combining the nsw lineages for the amova analysis based on either the phylogenetic or geographic information , the nsw populations were considered to consist of the lh lineage and the lakeh / bnp lineage . further testing , however , was considered appropriate to determine the lineages present within qld . figure 3 shows an increase in the \u03d5 ct estimate , with a plateau reached at six lineages for both the coi and 16s estimates . these six qld lineages represent the most parsimonious arrangement of the specimens into lineages .\nvalues for potential lineages for both coi ( open circles ) and 16s ( black circles ) for queensland specimens .\nas the combined gene tree was inferred using only specimens that were successfully sequenced for at least four of the five genes , not all collection localities were represented on the tree ( i . e . , tsfn , knp , moo , eu ) . of these localities , only tsfn was represented in the amova analysis , as the remaining localities were represented by a single sequence and therefore could not be included in the amova . in order to assign these populations to a lineage for further testing , the individual gene trees and haplotype networks were examined and the localities were designated through the closest phylogenetic connection ( data not shown ) . both of the species discovery approaches suggested the presence of eight lineages ( six in qld and two in nsw ; table 5 ) , and formed the lineages to be validated .\nlineages assigned through two species discovery approaches and the final lineage hypothesis , for queensland and new south wales localities .\nthe coi data showed some overlap of the intra - and inter - lineage estimates within qld , resulting in no usable barcoding gap for lineage separation ( fig . 4a ) . where the overlap occurred , the low inter - lineage estimates were attributable to the lineage 1 vs . lineage 2 comparison , and the high intra - lineage estimates were seen between specimens within lineage 1 . however , many estimates between these two lineages fell in the higher range of the inter - lineage estimates as well as the low range .\nthe 16s data for qld populations showed a clearer relationship between lineages ( fig . 4c ) . although there was a very small overlap between the intra - and inter - lineage distances ( occurring between two specimens from lineage 1 ) , this represented an overlap of less than 0 . 01 % . when the existence of this overlap was disregarded , there was a small gap at 2 . 8\u20133 . 0 % . however , despite there not being a distinguishable gap due to the overlap , identification of the majority of lineages through the comparison of intra - and inter - lineage distances was clear and distinguishable .\nintra - and inter - lineage genetic distance estimates ( white and grey , respectively ) for queensland lineages showing ( a ) coi estimates for all lineages , ( b ) coi estimates without comparisons between lineage 1 and 2 , ( c ) 16s estimates for all lineages , and ( d ) 16s estimates without comparisons between lineage 1 and 2 .\nwhen the estimates within and between lineage 1 and 2 specimens were removed from both the coi and 16s data ( with the comparison between these two lineages and all other lineages remaining ) , a clear barcoding gap was seen in both data sets ( fig . 4b , fig . 4d ) . for coi , the gap occurred between 1 . 7\u20134 . 7 % , and between 0 . 9\u20133 . 5 % for 16s . this shows that all other qld groups ( i . e . , lineage 3 through 6 ) represent clear lineages based on the barcoding approach using both coi and 16s data .\nfor nsw populations , there was a clear barcoding gap between the two lineages ( i . e . , lineage 7 and 8 ) , occurring between 1 . 5 and 6 . 6 % for the coi data and 0 . 7\u20133 . 0 % for the 16s data ( fig . 5 ) .\nintra - and inter - lineage genetic distance estimates ( white and grey , respectively ) for new south wales lineages showing ( a ) coi and ( b ) 16s estimates for all lineages .\nthe sister clades within qld and nsw were tested using the k \u2215\u03b8 method for a delimitation of eight lineages ( six from qld , two from nsw ) using both coi and 16s data ( table 6 ) . in some instances , sister clades that were defined by the lowest k - distance ( as they were ambiguous based on the combined gene tree ) differed between the coi and 16s datasets . in these cases , only the relevant k \u2215\u03b8 comparison for the applicable gene was calculated .\nk \u2215\u03b8 values for both coi and 16s for comparisons between sister clades within queensland and new south wales .\nwhere specimens from the same collection locality are split into two or more lineages , details are included below the table for clarification . dashes are used where sister clades differ between coi and 16s .\nlineage 1 = mar & tsfn & tsfsa ( specimen 4 ) & tsfsc ( specimens 8 , 17 , 22 ) .\nlineage 2 = tsfsa - h ( specimens 1 - 3 , 5 - 7 , 9 - 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 - 21 , 23 - 30 ) & brb & tl & ber ( specimens 1 , 2 , 5 ) .\nlineage 3 = ber ( specimens 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 ) .\nalthough there was some ambiguity in the barcoding analysis of the qld coi data regarding the separation of lineage 1 and 2 , the 16s data showed support for the species discovery lineage hypothesis . because of the deeper phylogenetic inferences provided by 16s in addition to the fact that there were many genetic distances within and between lineage 1 and 2 falling within the expected distributions , the lineage hypothesis for qld populations was considered supported by this analysis ( table 7 ) . the two nsw lineages were clearly separate based on both the coi and 16s data and were therefore also supported ( table 7 ) . in the k \u2215\u03b8 analysis , all lineages were supported by both genes with the exception of the split between lineage 1 and 2 ( both genes ) , and lineage 1 and 3 ( 16s ) ( table 7 ) .\nthe species discovery lineage hypothesis and two lineage validation methods , with the final assignment of lineages for queensland and new south wales localities .\nalthough it is difficult to define what degree of separation is necessary between genera at a molecular level ( rach et al . , 2008 ) , based on the genetic distances presented in this study there is strong support for division at genus level . for instance , the genetic distance between qld and nsw populations is larger than that seen between engaeus and both geocharax and gramastacus for the coi and 16s gene fragments , and between engaewa and both geocharax and engaeus for coi . other genera also show smaller genetic distances when compared to either qld or nsw than these two groups do with each other . regardless of which genera were genetically closer to each other , the distance between qld and nsw is at least as large as those between existing genera ( table 3 ) , thereby supporting their separation into two distinct genera .\nall samples used in this study to infer the individual gene trees . * indicates samples obtained from genbank , qb indicates samples obtained from q . burnham unpublished data , and all others are from this study . where samples have more than one id name , the first is the identification used in this study , and the second is the identifier from genbank .\nmany thanks are given to the volunteers that helped with the field work ; dr seanan wild , amanda dawson , dr dianna virkki , and shane howard . we are also grateful for additional genetic material provided by dr andrew bentley and dr quinton burnham .\nkathryn l . dawkins conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\njames m . furse conceived and designed the experiments , reviewed drafts of the paper .\njane m . hughes conceived and designed the experiments , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :\nall specimens from this study were collected under permits witk08599510 , wisp08599610 , and twb / 01 / 2011 issue by the department of environment and resource management .\nsequences obtained in this study were deposited in genbank under accession numbers kx669691 \u2013 kx670093 , kx753349 .\nthis project was completed as part of a phd project undertaken by the principal author , funded by an australian postgraduate award ( 2009 ) and the griffith school of environment , gold coast campus , queensland , australia . there was no additional external funding received for this study . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\na preliminary key to the species of decapoda ( crustacea : malacostraca ) found in australian inland waters .\nevolution and the genetics of populations . variability within and among natural populations . vol . 4 .\nour promise peerj promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible . we thank you in advance for your patience and understanding .\nfollowing\nis like subscribing to any updates related to a publication . these updates will appear in your home dashboard each time you visit peerj .\nyou can also choose to receive updates via daily or weekly email digests . if you are following multiple publications then we will send you no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences .\nnote : you are now also subscribed to the subject areas of this publication and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on . you can add specific subject areas through your profile settings .\npeerj feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj computer science feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj preprint feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json archives - peerj | peerj computer science | peerj preprints\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0b100ae7 - a19d - 4347 - aef6 - 7231474928fa\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 24275bcb - 2a3a - 4129 - a84a - a4f3461d0d69\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 45d8cb37 - 93b8 - 4c05 - 9d0e - b1dce9a6b9d8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2bdb9597 - 6c0e - 4924 - 84c7 - be74235a4d76\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 448864\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n> stream x\u009c\u00bdxqo\u00fb6\u0010 ~ \u00f7\u00af\u00e0\u00fb6 \u00a1i\u008a\u0014\u00e9a\u0018\u009086\u00f6 \u00e5\u00f6\u00ee\u00e0 \u00b6 = \u00a8\u0016m\u00a9s $ \u0097\u0092\u001b\u00e4\u00df\u00ef ( \u00f1\u00b1\u0092 \\ l\u0001 \u0086\u0014\u00b1s\n\u00ef\u00be\u00fb\u00ee\u00bb # \u00f5 / \u0013n\u0018\u00fc \\ \u0086\u000f # 95\u00e6\u0092\u00f5\u00fd\u00e4k\u00b4sb\u0014e\u0089 % * \u00a5\u00a9\u0015\u00e1\u00f1\u0087\u0097\u000f5 | r\u00ab _ yz\u00fc \u008ft\u00fa\u00e7s\u00e1\u00b7h ( \u0013\u00e6\u00fa . \u00e4\u00f4\u00fd\u009d 75x ` d3\u00b9 ^ \u000e\u0091ii\u00b9\u0010\u008c\u00f1t\u0091\u00e5 \u0099 . \u0004 ' \\ \u0092\u00e5z\u0012\u0096 , \u00f3\u00e9o\u008c\u00b1\u00e4g\u00b2\u00fc < \u00e1\u009c a\u008ev\u00f9y % \u00b5 * = \u001aug\u00f4\u0014 | < \u00fa\u00f2\u00b8\u00f0\u00f0\u00e1b\u00fd\u0019 ! \u0001 ! \u00ee\u00b84\u009d\u00f1p\u00ad\u008e6\u008b\u00f8\u00f00\u00a8\u00e7\u00ab\u00b8\u009b c _ # . ygk\u00e8\u00e04\u008b\u00ebxzf\u00ef\u00ed8\u007fsd\u0019\u008a\u000f [ \u0088\u00f1\u00b0\u00e02fq\u00ff / \u0084q\u0016\u0097i } \u00b4\u00f1\u0091\u00fe\u00f0 \u00a3qs\u0011\u00f5h\u00ec ` ; & q ; \u00a40x\u00ee < \u00e1\u00f8a6c\u0010\u00b9 \u009b\u00e078 | \u00ec + \u00a1\u00e5\u0099 ( \u00a35\u00f1\u008d\u00e5\u00ea\u001ba0s , \u00a3vpk5\u00f3a\u00e6\u00b03\u00f4\u008e\u00ef\b\u00a9 , j\u00ba : \u00ec3\u00ae\u00df\u008e\u000f & \u00f6\u000f\u00a8 & \u00f1\u00ed\u00b3\u00b82e\u0083\u00e4\u00f3\u0018 ; \u0019\u0002by\u001b ; \u009fq\u0019\u00bdq # \u00a3\u0093j \\ # r } \u00e8x\u00997 < \u00fa\u00989q\u0096\u00f3 ' \u0000zi\u0094l\u0014\u000f\u0006 \\ g\u008fl\u008a7\u00a1\u00f6 ` \u0093\u0014 = \u00edq\u00e2q - 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@ \u009cs\u00b1\u00e8\u0083m \u001a\u00ef\u00b9\u0084\u00fed\u00b5\u00f5\u00b2\u00e3\u00e9\u0080 $ \u00a5\u00fb\u00ab\u0095\u00ee\u00f9 ' \u00f0\u00a9b\u00aa\u0089\u008c\u00f6\u0084\u008fs\u0012 / p2\u00b2\u00f1\u00fe\u00e0\u00a3\u00f4\u00ed \u00a2\u00f4\u0002 } \u0007i\u009env\u00eb\u0084b\u009ee\u00af [ \u008b\u00e7\u0098s\u00f2\u0013\u00ea - \u0091\u00bc * sj \\ \u00fe , \u00a8xk ' \u00efl6d\u008bo \u00ef\u0090\u00ae\u00fbp\u00fa91\u00f4\u00a4\u00f1\u00ec j # \u00e4t ! s\u00b59\u00ad\u00e06f\u009a\u00e6\u00bfx\u00e2\u00e9p\u0004n\u0006\u0000\u00e0\u008ba : \u0019edi\u00edv\u00bbf < \u00f1\u00e7\u009b\b\u0084\u00fb ; \u00ec\u00a3\u00a7 g\u009a ' \u0003\u0092\u0010\u00df\u008au\u00ee\u00f9 ' ( \u0099\u00e5t\u009brr\u00fc\u00fc - $ p2r\u00e1 _ \u00f3\u0083m\u00e4 $ \u00fa : \u0081\u00bd\n\u00fai\u0018\u00ef\u00bb \u008a . \u00e6\u00f6i : \u00ef2\u00b3 ! \u008bncl\u0012 ! \u0013\u00fd\u00ea\u00b3k\u00ffy\u0091x\u00bf\u0093\u00f5\u00fe\u00f0\u00e3\u00f6\u0092qt\u0087n\nv\u008c < , : _ \\ \u00eez\u0093\u00f6 [ \u00ef\u008e ~ \u0080l\u00fc\u0006 . \u0013\u00fd\u008cv ; } \u00d7h\u00b7 / \u00b6\u00f3\u001a\u0003p2 \u0081\u0093\u0001\u0000\u00f0b\u0098n\u00e6\u0012\u00fd\u0019\u00a2\u00fd\u0091 ' e o\n\u00f0\u00f1\u00f8\u00f3\u00ea\u00f0 \u0088p2 \u0089\u0088d\u00a2kc\u0016 ) y % \u00f4s3 \u00f4\u00a2\u00039\u0003 ' # \u000f\u0011\u00bf\u00bfv\u00e7\u00fdi\u00b7\u0017 = _ \u00a6\u00e3\u00f9 ) 3c\u00f5 \u00a2k2\u0014\u008d\u00e7 ^ * ` \u00b3\u0089\u00f8\u00f0\u0017\u00f8v\u0007\u00f6\u00e7\u00f8\u00b1\u009e\u00f6\u00fb\u00fee\u00e6\u00fe\u00fa\u00bc\u00e0v\u00fb ( \u0019e\u008e ] \u000f\u0088\u0004\u00f8l\u0095\u007f\u00ed\u008f\u00f6\u00f2q2 , \u00e2t\u00f2 \u001b\u00ef\u00f6n ! : \u009c g\u00e0d\u0000\u0000\u00bc ` p2 ) & \u00f7q\u008be o\n\u00e0\u00fc { \u00ae\u0092 ^ 8\u00ac\u009a\u00e3\u00e9\u0080\u00e4 g\u00a7\u00922\njcrac\u00b4\b\u009c\u008c < 4 ] v\u00edpv\u00b3j\u0092j\u00bau\u00f9\u00fc\u00ebe\u0097dp\u00a2b\u00e6\u0098 \\ b\u00e6dnjn\u00e3\u0092\u0018\u00bf\u00f2l . s\u00ba\u00e3 + \u00a7b | c\u00f4 yj\u00b4 , \u00bd\u0089\u00b5 , \u00ae\u0003\u008f\u00a4\u00a3 _ \u0019 $ u\u00fe\u00e8\u001ac\u00b6\u00e7\u00e5\u00d7b ; \u00bf\u00ac\u00e0\u00e9p\u0004n\u0006\u0000\u00e0\u008b\u00e1 ; \u0019kn\u00a5b\u00ac\u00e8 ^ \u00b1j\u00f4 ! \u00eb\u001b\u00df7kz\u008a9\u009c\u009a\u00e3\u00e9\u0080\u0084 ' \u00f4\u00f0\u00f0r\u00fd\u00adj & \u00f6\u00e6h 8\u0019i\b\u00f4 ( \u0096\u00e21\u0016\u00a34s\u00e6\u00fcjsza\u00f7\u00e7\u00ff\u0013 ] \u0098\u0001h < \u00f7\u00f2\u001a\u0083q | \u00894\u008e\u00b1\u00fcv = 9\u00f0s , \u008bd\u00fa\u00e8 \u0019s\u0002 \u0019k\u00f4\u0017\u00e3\u00ee / \u00beb * k\u00eb ? \u00ee\u00a1k\u00add \u00f9\u00e6 ( \u00e9e\u00ee\u00fd\u000f\u00fc\u0010 \u00e5p\u008ay\u0081\u0093\u00e1\b\u009c \u0000\u0080\u0017 n & : \u0086o\u00b9\u00eef\u00f1\u0087\u00aco\u001a\u00ef\u00bc ` \u00f87p8\u0019\u0090\u00e0d | \u00fe\u00f6\u009bn\u008f ~ si\u00e4\u0087f\u0092 > p2\u0092\u00f0t\u00f1\u0095\u00b2\u008d\u00ea\u00e9\u00b2\u00f8\u0005\u008bd\u0017fs\u001a\u00ef\u00bd $ \u00e9\u00b6 , \u00f5 ^ \u00aa\u00e6\u00f6 [ \u00ef\u008e\u00a1b \u00ff ~ \u008e\u000e\u00f0\u0012z\u00e8\u0090\u00b9\u00bc } \u00e2\u008cpc\u00e3\u00f0\u00ebb\u00b7 n\u0099\u00a9\u008c ( \u0011 ~ \u00f0\u00fd\u00eer\u00aa\u00e9\u00b3l\u008b\u00a52p2 \u0081\u0093\u0001\u0000\u00f0\u0082\u00e9\u00e9\u00f0g\u00df6 ; 0 = \u00fb @ _ \u00e2\u00ad\u00ad\u00f6i3\u0094\u00ac\u00e1\u00ee _ \u0086\u0093\u0001\u0089j\u00d7 ; \u00b8\u00f69\u0094\u00ec\u00b0d\u00f8\u00ee\u009f\u009c\u0081\u0093\u0091\u0081pg\u0087m\u00f4t\u00f9\u00ae\u0002\u00e5xn\u001b9 ) \u00e4\u00aa\u0013 ] \u009emx\u0096\u00bf\u0019\u00fd\u00b2\u0094 | \u00f26\u00a7\u00e2b\u001a\u00e5 _ \u00b7\u009e\u00b5ba\u00e5j\u00dfv\u0007 % \u00b3x | \u0013\u00f4\u008c\u0092q\u00e4\u00fag . se\u00bc \u007ff\u0087a\u0092\u00f5 % % \u00bd\u00f0\u00b9\u00e7\u0081\u00acg9\u0006\u00e0d8\u0002 ' \u0003\u0000\u00e0\u0005\u0093\u0093\u00b1d - \u0081g\u00f9\u001b\u00a2\u008fz\u00af\u00b4\u00fd\u00f3 / \u00a6\u00e5\u00b2p2 \u00f1\b9 ] \u008d\u00e7 \\ jn ; \u00e6\u00e1\u00bdu q ) p22\u00e0y\u00f6\u009a\u0092v ( \u00fb\u00f40\u00fa = \u00f2z\u00ae\u00bfutyz\u00e9\u00fe\u00f2kk\u00f1h\u00fa\u0095 % \u00f1e\u0011r\n\u001a\u00efb\u007f\u0093l $ \u00e2\u00fc\u00ed\u0000y\u00fe\u0097\u00a2r } \u00fa x\u0094\u00a96u\u00f3\u008e\u00a3 [ ee \u00f9\u00e6\u00e9\u00a9\u00b0\u0014\u008e\u00f6\u00ff\u00f43\u00f3\u00b9f\u0004n\u0086 # p2\u0000\u0000 ^ \u00b0 : \u0019 % \u00bd\u00a8\u00ee\u00f0cd \u00b5 ^ ! \u00a5s\u00f2\u0018 p2 \u00e1\u00f0\u00bc\u00f2\u0086 } \u00eal\u00b3 ! [ \u00f8\u00b8\u0005\u0081\u0093\u0091\u0081\u0086s\u00ee\u00a6\u00af\u00fb\u0010\u00fd\u0019\u00b6\u008c\u0092v\u00e8\u009as\u00b8\u00e8\u00f2p\n\u00fen\u00d7\u0001\u0087\u00f3w ' \u00ba ^ \u0018 9\u0095\u00f6\u00e2\u00b11\u00bci\u00a6\u00e5\u00ba [ \u00e4\u00ecw\u00fcc\u00eec o = ? \u00fc\u00ea\u0004m\u00b5\u00b6\u00aair\u00fa = zo\u00be\u00f7 _ \u00ac\u00e7\u009a\u00158\u0019\u008e\u00e0\u00e9\u0000\u0000x\u00e1\u00ead\u00e8\u009d3\u00ab4\u00b0\u00fe\u0017\u00f1\u0007\u00ae ? \u00bc \u007f\u00aad\u00b0\u00fd ' \u0003\u0012\u0086p { g\u00e3\u00a9g + # \u008a\u0095\u008c\u00a2d\u009c [ \u00e9\u00178\u0019\u0019p\u00ec\u00bc\u0097\u00a4\u00bbk\u008c\u0015\u00b6\u0091\u0093\u0082v\u009b\u00e8 mh\u00bb\u00e3 ^ \u00b3 ! + 9o\u001ajza\u00fd\u00e1\u00e7\u00b1v\u00ec\u00f7\u00f5jk\u00f1\u0018ej\u00ed\u00e09\u00b9\u0095\u0016c\u00b9\u00f7\u00bf\u009f \u00bf8\u00fd _ \u00ae\u0090q\u0091l\u00ef\u00e9n / r\u00ed { \u0018\u00eb\u00e9f\u0005n\u0086 # p2\u0000\u0000 ^ 0 ; \u0099\u00e8\u00fb\u00ffz\u00ae\u00b9q\u00f4\u0081\u00eb\u008f\u00e6 + \u00afe . 5\u009c h\b | + \u00bf ! cm\u00ba\n\u00a1\u00ae\u0014\u00f0\u00b6\u00f9\u00e9 ' g\u009d\u008cn\u00ab\u0016\u00bd \u00f6\u0006\u00b4\u009c\u0000 ? x\u00984j\u00b9w\u009d\u0000\u00bf\u0081\u0003\u00fa\u00bd\u00f3\u00ee\u00ea\u00e8\u00e8 ( g\u00aab0\u00a2\u00a2\n\u0097 , y\u00f4 ~ \u00a8f\u00a5\b\u0010\u00a3\u00b9\u00e2c\u0005u\u0007\u00f5\u00d7 * \u00ac\u00e5 { \u00ef\u00bdc\u0097\u0003\u00e1\u00ec\u0095 + wl > \u009b\u0090\u00b1f \u00eb\u00fb\u00e9d\u0098 ` \u00b3n\u0012\u00bdm \u0019\u0006 _ \u00fd \u0081\u0003 \u00ae \u00f8\u00ea \u0019 < \b > \u0088\u0084\u00ed 4\u00a4\u00ee _ \u007f\u00fde\u00ef & \u008b\u00ef\u00fc\u00f9\u00f3\b _ h\u00f0\u001a [ 4oz\u00eb\u0016\u00f1\u00e7\u00e5\u0019a ' # \u00e10\u00ea\u0094yb\u00af ` j 7e\u00b0\u00fas ^ ' c\u0094 ) r\u00e7 , \u00a4\u0095sn\u00e4 | \u00fd sk \u00a9\b\u0014\u00bd\u00fdr\u00a8 = t2\u00e2\u0083n\u00e6\u00e1\u0010\u00eb\u00e9\u0004\u009b\u00b5\u008c\u00fc\u00fbs\u00e9\u00f2\u00d7h\u00a5 . \u0005 \\ \u00e6\u00e9\u0000\u00df } \u00f7 ? \u00bdnc\u00f2k8 \\ \u007f\u00b4\u008bn , \u00b7\u00b0d\u00f1\n\u0095rn\u00b3 4j\u00e5\u00ec\u00f9\u00b3\b\u00af\u0089n\u0086\u0003n\u00ead * \u0006\nriek , e . f . ( 1951 ) . the freshwater crayfish ( family parastacidae ) of queensland . records of the australian museum . 22 ( 4 ) : 368 - 388 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncrandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . page ( s ) : 381 [ details ]\nkathryn l . dawkins a d , james m . furse b , clyde h . wild b and jane m . hughes c\na australian rivers institute , griffith university , gold coast , qld 4222 , australia .\nb environmental futures centre , griffith university , gold coast , qld 4222 , australia .\nc australian rivers institute , griffith university , nathan , qld 4111 , australia .\nthis study was conducted as a major part of a b . sc . ( hons ) by kathryn dawkins under the supervision of james furse , professor jane hughes and professor clyde wild . funding for this study was provided by both the australian rivers institute and the griffith school of environment , griffith university . additional funding for genetic analysis was also provided by rob mccormack and his company \u2018aabio\u2019 and was greatly appreciated . the authors would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor for their helpful comments , michael arthur for statistical guidance and rob mccormack , jason coughran and many other volunteers for field assistance . crayfish were collected under nsw scientific collection permit p05 / 0077 - 3 . 1 and qld general fisheries permit # 91210 .\naustin , c . m . , and ryan , s . g . ( 2002 ) . allozyme evidence for a new species of freshwater crayfish of the genus cherax erichson ( decapoda : parastacidae ) from the south - west of western australia . invertebrate systematics 16 , 357\u2013367 . | crossref |\nbaker , a . m . , williams , s . a . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2003\nbaker , a . m . , hughes , j . m . , dean , j . c . , and bunn , s . e . ( 2004\n) . mitochondrial dna reveals phylogenetic structuring and cryptic diversity in australian freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages .\n( decapoda : parastacidae ) on the mainland and islands of southeast queensland . bsc ( hons ) thesis , griffith university , nathan .\nbentley , a . i . , schmidt , d . j . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2010\n) . extensive intraspecific genetic diversity of a freshwater crayfish in a biodiversity hotspot .\n( decapoda : palaemonidae ) in western queensland , australia : the role of contemporary and historical processes .\nchenoweth , s . f . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2003\nclement , m . , posada , d . , and crandall , k . a . ( 2000\ncook , b . d . , baker , a . m . , page , t . j . , grant , c . , and fawcett , j . h . , et al . ( 2006\ncook , b . d . , page , t . j . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2008\n) . importance of cryptic species for identifying \u2018representative\u2019 units of biodiversity for freshwater conservation .\ncook , b . d . , pringle , c . m . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2008\n) . molecular evidence for sequential colonization and taxon cycling in freshwater decapod shrimps on a caribbean island .\ncrandall , k . a . , fetzner , j . w . , lawler , s . h . , kinnersley , m . , and austin , c . m . ( 1999\n) . phylogenetic relationships among the australian and new zealand genera of freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : parastacidae ) .\nde bruyn , m . , wilson , j . a . , and mather , p . b . ( 2004\ndieguez - uribeondo , j . , royo , f . , souty - grosset , c . , ropiquet , a . , and grandjean , f . ( 2008\n) . low genetic variability of the white - clawed crayfish in the iberian peninsula : its origin and management implications .\ndoyle , j . j . , and doyle , j . l . ( 1987\nexcoffier , l . , laval , g . , and schneider , s . ( 2005\n) . arlequin ver . 3 . 0 : an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis .\nfratini , s . , zaccara , s . , barbaresi , s . , grandjean , f . , and souty - grosset , c . , et al . ( 2005\nfu , y . - x . , and li , w . - l . ( 1993\ngenecodes ( 2000 ) . \u2018sequencher ( version 4 . 1 . 2 ) . \u2019 ( gene codes corporation : ann arbor , mi . )\ngouin , n . , grandjean , f . , and souty - grosset , c . ( 2006\n) . a note on the habitat requirements of the swamp crayfish on bribie island , southeastern queensland .\n) . the influence of light phase and predators on the behaviour of swamp crayfish .\n( 2007 ) . \u2018principles of population genetics . \u2019 4th edn . ( sinauer associates inc . publishers : sunderland , ma . )\n( 1995 ) . a preliminary key to the species of decapoda ( crustacea : malacostraca ) found in australian inland waters . co - operative research centre for freshwater ecology , albury , australia .\nhughes , j . m . , and hillyer , m . j . ( 2003\nhughes , j . m . , ponniah , m . , hurwood , d . a . , chenoweth , s . f . , and arthington , a . ( 1999\n( 2006 ) . \u2018wetland management profile : coastal melaleuca swamp wetlands . \u2019 ( ecosystem conservation branch , epa : brisbane , queensland . )\nkatoh , k . , kuma , k . - i . , toh , h . , and miyata , t . ( 2005\nknight , j . t . , nock , c . j . , elphinstone , m . s . , and baverstock , p . r . ( 2009\n( 1999 ) . life history characteristics of crayfish : what makes some of them good colonizers ? in \u2018biotic interactions and global change\u2019 . ( eds p . kareiva , j . kingsolver and r . huey . ) pp . 23\u201330 . ( sinauer associates inc . : sunderland , ma . )\n( 2002 ) . \u2018living . the planetary report , 2002 . \u2019 ( world wide fund for nature international : gland , switzerland . )\nmargules , c . r . , and pressey , r . l . ( 2000\nmills , c . e . , hadwen , w . l . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2008\nmorrison , c . l . , rios , r . , and duffy , j . e . ( 2004\nnguyen , t . t . t . , meewan , m . , ryan , s . , and austin , c . m . ( 2002\npage , t . j . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2007\n) . phylogeographic structure in an australian freshwater shrimp largely pre - dates the geological origins of its landscape .\npage , t . j . , sharma , s . , and hughes , j . m . ( 2004\n( 1991 ) . \u2018the simple fool\u2019s guide to pcr . \u2019 ( university of hawaii press : honolulu . )\n) . the freshwater crayfish ( family parastacidae ) of queensland , with an appendix describing other australian species .\n) . the australian freshwater crayfish ( crustacea : decapoda : parastacidae ) , with descriptions of new species .\nrode , a . l . , and babcock , l . e . ( 2003\n) . phylogeny of fossil and extant freshwater crayfish and some closely related nephropid lobsters .\nschubart , c . d . , diesel , r . , and hedges , s . b . ( 1998\nschultz , m . b . , smith , s . a . , richardson , a . m . m . , horwitz , p . , and crandall , k . a . , et al . ( 2007\nschultz , m . b . , smith , s . a . , horwitz , p . , richardson , a . m . m . , and crandall , k . a . , et al . ( 2009\n) . raxml - vi - hpc : maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models .\nstillman , j . h . , and reeb , c . a . ( 2001\nsturmbauer , c . , leninton , j . s . , and christy , j . ( 1996\n) . molecular phylogeny analysis of fiddler crabs : test of the hypothesis of increasing behavioral complexity in evolution .\n( 2003 ) . \u2018paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) ( version 4 ) . \u2019 ( sinauer associates : sunderland , ma . )\ntamura , k . , dudley , j . , nei , m . , and kumar , s . ( 2007\n) . mega 4 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis ( mega ) software version 4 . 0 .\ntaylor , c . a . , schuster , g . a . , cooper , j . e . , distefano , r . j . , and eversole , a . g . , et al . ( 2007\n) . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness .\nwares , j . p . , and cunningham , c . w . ( 2001\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nkathryn l . dawkins , 1 james m . furse , 2 , 3 clyde h . wild , 2 and jane m . hughes 4\nthe parastacid crayfish genera are generally highly speciose , with novel species and genetically diverse groups commonly found ( e . g . ,\n, which contains the species with the smallest body size in the parastacidae huxley , 1879 . although it has previously been highlighted as containing genetically diverse groups ( see\n, on the basis of electrophoretic and geographical differences , that previously unrecognised genetic diversity existed within the genus . subsequently , two genetically divergent groups were identified within this region by\n, both of which showed considerable internal genetic variability . the two identified groups aligned with populations from qld and nsw , respectively , and were suggested to represent species that diverged as a result of long - term historical geographic isolation (\n, utilising molecular data across several gene regions and employing multiple species delimitation methods in order to determine the most likely species groups .\nthe triangle and bolded name denotes the type locality . grey lines denote drainage boundaries , and the black line denotes the border between queensland and new south wales . refer to\n. all specimens from this study were collected under permits witk08599510 , wisp08599610 , and twb / 01 / 2011 issued by the department of environment and resource management . dna was extracted from specimens preserved in 70 % ethanol using a variation of the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide / phenol - chloroform extraction protocol (\nwere also sequenced for inclusion as outgroups . where sequences from these outgroups could not be obtained ( i . e . , due to non - amplification ) , alternative sequences were retrieved from genbank ( details in\nthe genetic distances calculated between the qld and nsw groups using coi and 16s were 16 . 0 % and 12 . 7 % , respectively (\n) . these distances were as large as , or in some cases larger than , the distances calculated between these two groups and other closely related genera . furthermore , some distances between pairs of the other genera were smaller than those between the qld and nsw groups for both coi and 16s ( e . g . ,\n) . six clades were evident within the qld populations , with the monophyly of all but two highly supported ( as these were represented by single specimens ) . the first clade included maryborough and some tuan state forest specimens ( lineage 1 ; bs 90 % , pp 1 ) , and the second contained the remaining tuan state forest specimens as well as bribie island , type locality , and some beerburrum specimens ( lineage 2 ; bs 96 % , pp 1 ) . the two groups for which monophyly could not be established were represented by the remaining beerburrum specimens ( lineage 3 ) and hervey bay ( lineage 4 ) . the final two clades consisted of tewantin and lake weyba specimens ( lineage 5 ; bs 100 % , pp 1 ) and gold coast specimens ( lineage 6 ; bs 100 % , pp 1 ) . there was also some geographic structuring evident within each of the clades ."]}
{"id": 464, "summary": [{"text": "rudenia sepulturae is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 7.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is greyish white with grey suffusions , especially in the distal third of the wing and at the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey white , slightly tinged with brownish in the posterior half . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "rudenia sepulturae", "paragraphs": ["rubroxena razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 34 . type species : rubroxena rubra razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 . [ tortricinae : euliini ] rubra razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( rubroxena ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 35 . tl : ecuador ( azuay , 25 km s cuenca , puerto de tinajilla ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . rudenia sepulturae razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( rudenia ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 110 . tl : mexico ( chihuahua , la sepultura ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . saphenista alpha razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 101 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . beta razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 102 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . chlorfascia razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . cubana razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 71 . tl : cuba ( santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . novaelimae razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 104 . tl : brazil ( nova lima ) . holotype ( ) : vbc .\n51 species are treated . 32 new species ( henricus bibelonus sp . n . , h . platanillanus sp . n . , h . cuspis sp . n . , h . bleptus sp . n . , parirazona bomana sp . n . , p . caraca sp . n . , marylinka secunda sp . n . , phalonidia linharesa sp . n . , p . phlebotoma sp . n . , p . fariasana sp . n . , p . cerina sp . n . , p . monocera sp . n . , p . psephena sp . n . , velhoania paradoxa sp . n . , lasiothyris exoch a sp . n . , macasinia vilhena sp . n . , saphenista rhabducha sp . n . , s . chorfascia sp . n . , s . scalena sp . n . , s . alpha sp . n . , s . beta sp . n . , s . solisae sp . n . , s . novaelimae sp . n . , platphalonidia capadana sp . n . , eugnosta ensinoana sp . n . , e . jequieta sp . n . , e . cipoana sp . n . , e . fernandoana sp . n . , rudenia sepulturae sp . n . , deltophalonia indanzae sp . n . , phaniola caboana sp . n . , caraccochylis framea sp . n . , cochylis serrana sp . n . ) and two new genera ( velhoania gen . n . , caraccochylis gen . n . ) are described . the material studied is from mexico , brazil , and ecuador . the data on distribution and morphology are provided .\n51 species are treated . 32 new species ( henricus bibelonus sp . n . , h . platanillanus sp . n . , h . cuspis sp . n . , h . bleptus sp . n . , parirazona bomana sp . n . , p . caraca sp . n . , marylinka secunda sp . n . , phalonidia linharesa sp . n . , p . phlebotoma sp . n . , p . fariasana sp . n . , p . cerina sp . n . , p . monocera sp . n . , p . psephena sp . n . , velhoania paradoxa sp . n . , lasiothyris exoch a sp . n . , macasinia vilhena sp . n . , saphenista rhabducha sp . n . , s . chorfascia sp . n . , s . scalena sp . n . , s . alpha sp . n . , s . beta sp . n . , s . solisae sp . n . , s . novaelimae sp . n . , platphalonidia capadana sp . n . , eugnosta ensinoana sp . n . , e . jequieta sp . n . , e . cipoana sp . n . , e . fernandoana sp . n . , rudenia sepulturae sp . n . , deltophalonia indanzae sp . n . , phaniola caboana sp . n . , caraccochylis framea sp . n . , cochylis serrana sp . n . ) and two new genera ( velhoania gen . n . , caraccochylis gen . n . ) are described . the material studied is from mexico , brazil , and ecuador . the data on distribution and morphology are provided .\nsystematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini ( lepidopte . . . : ingenta connect\nsystematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , with description of new species . part 2\nacta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series : a\u2013vertebrata , and b\u2013invertebrata . from 2012 on it is continued under its former title\u2013 without separate series . the journal includes original contributions on systematics , phylogeny , biogeography , ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide . all papers are subject to peer reviews . click here to see current issues of this journal .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nsystematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , with description of new species . part 2 | request pdf\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . in argentina , the genus cochylis is not well known , with literature searches only revealing one other documented species , cochylis argentinana ( razowski & becker 2002 ) . within the tribe . . .\n. . . cochylini , there are roughly 430 documented species ( razowski & becker 2002 ) . the majority of cochylines feed within the asteraceae , but host specificity at the species - or generic - level has not been studied for most species ( brown 2008 ) . . . .\n. . . brown ( 2005 ) listed 68 species and five subspecies . subsequently , brown ( 2006 ) described a new species from argentina ; razowski and wojtusiak ( 2006 ) described a new species from venezuela ; razowski and becker ( 2007a , b ) described a new species from argentina and cuba respectively ; metzler and forbes ( 2012 ) described a new species from the usa . cochylis nana ( haworth , 1811 ) and c . voxcana ( kearfott , 1907 ) were transferred to the genus thyraylia walsingham , 1897 ( gilligan et al . 2012 ) . . . .\n. . . the sclerotized socii are attached laterally to the apex of the tegumen ; the transtilla is strong , the mesal process is upturned and stout ; the valva is simple ; and the phallus contains a single stout cornutus . carolella busck , 1939 has been considered a synonym of eugnosta or a separate genus by different authors ( e . g . , pogue 1986 , brown 2005 , razowski 1998 , 2011 , razowski & becker 2007 ) . pogue ( 1986 ) noted the close relationship between the genera . . . .\n. . . brown ( 2005 ) followed pogue and listed them as separate genera . razowski ( 1998 razowski ( , 2011 ) and razowski & becker ( 2007 ) synonymized carolella with eugnosta . eugnosta brownana appears to share characters of both genera , thus we follow razowski ( 2011 ) . . . .\nsystematics and faunistics of neotropical eucosmini , 4 : three new genera and their species ( lepidopt . . .\nthree genera ( brasilnotia gen . n . , malinova gen . n . , tiburica gen . n . ) and three species ( brasilnotia planaltinana sp . n . , malinova novaelimae sp . n . , tiburica paranae sp . n . ) from brazil are described and illustrated .\nsystematics and faunistics of neotropical olethreutini , 3 : omiostola meyrick , 1922 ( lepidoptera : tor . . .\nseven species of omiostola are recorded from brazil , ecuador and cuba , four of which ( o . longimacula , o . paragerda , o . manca , o . macella ) are described as new . an alphabetical list of the known species of the genus is provided . o . macrotrachela is synonymized with o . hemeropis . episimus melanaspis and e . varablancana are transferred to omiostola .\nsystematics and faunistics of neotropical grapholitini , 5 : phloerampha , goditha and ranapoaca ( lepid . . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about rudens m\u0113nesis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for rudens m\u0113nesis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\non the dna barcode , the 680 bp piece of the mitochondrial gene coi . although our results obviously will reflect a subjective assessment of characters and relationships , they will represent hypotheses against which future molecular and morphological work can be tested . please consider joining us in cluj and sharing your expertise on your favorite taxon . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nbyun . if you have questions , please contact me or b . - k . byun ( [ email protected ] ) . thanks for your contributions \u00ad keep them coming . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nare bolded ( e . g . , page 55 , 56 , 59 ) , but in the remainder they are not . there are scattered trivial errors in punctuation and grammar , but these are few and do not detract from the overall presentation . also , i prefer a measurement of & quot ; forewing length & quot ; to the & quot ; wing span & quot ; used by razowski . but these are all trivial criticisms . tortricidae of the palaearctic region is an exceedingly ambitious project that no one but razowski would even consider . however , given his productivity over the past few decades , there is little doubt the project will reach fruition . volume one is a fine piece of scholarly work by the master on this taxon . for those interested in leaf - rollers , this first volume is a must - have . it represents the beginning of the & quot ; collection & quot ; and will make a fine companion to the tortricidae of europe .\nliterature cited brown , j . w . 2005 . world catalogue of insects . volume 5 . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . apollo books . 741 pp . razowski , j . 2001 . die tortriciden ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) mitteleuropas . bestimmung verbreitung - flugstandort lebensweise der raupen . frantisek slamka , bratislava , 319 pp . razowski , j . 2002 . tortricidae of europe . part i . tortricinae and chlidanotinae . frantisek slamka , bratislava , 247 pp . razowski , j . 2003 . tortricidae of europe . volume 2 . olethreutinae . frantisek slamka , bratislava , 304 pp . razowski , j . & amp ; v . o . becker . 2007a . systematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , with description of new species . part 2 . acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 91 - 128 . razowski j . & amp ; v . o . becker . 2007b . sys - tematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini , with description of new species . part 3 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . shilap revista de lepidoptero - logia 35 : 67 - 86 . razowski , j . & amp ; j . w . brown . 2004 . new species and new combinations in neotropical euliini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia 32 ( 128 ) : 321 - 337 . razowski , j . & amp ; j . brown . 2005 . review of oregocerata razowski ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : euliini ) , with descriptions of four new species . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 107 : 903 - 913 .\nrazowski j . & amp ; j . wojtusiak . 2004a . a few characters of the adult compound eye and its peripheral area in some tortricidae ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . genus 15 ( 2 ) : 267 - 274 . razowski j . & amp ; j . wojtusiak . 2004b . some data on sensilla and sculpture of antenna in adult tortricidae ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . genus 15 ( 2 ) : 257 - 266 . razowski j . & amp ; j . wojtusiak . 2006a . tortricidae from venezuela ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia 34 : 35 - 79 . razowski , j . & amp ; j . wojtusiak . 2006b . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the valley of rio gualaceo , east cordillera in ecuador , with descriptions of new taxa . acta zoologica cracoviensia 49 ( b ) : 17 - 53 .\ngan , don wright , and loran gibson are to be congratulated on this major contribution to tortricology , which will prove invaluable to professionals and amateurs alike .\nliterature cited bradley , j . d . , w . g . tremewan & amp ; a . smith . 1979 . british tortricoid moths . tortricidae : olethreutinae . the ray society , london . 336 pp . heinrich , c . 1923 . revision of the north american moths of the subfamily eucosminae of the family olethreutidae . united states national museum bulletin 123 : 1 - 298 . heinrich , c . 1926 . revision of the north american moths of the subfamilies laspeyresiinae and olethreutinae . united states national museum bulletin 132 : 1 - 216 . miller , w . e . 1987 . guide to the olethreutine moths of midland north america ( tortricidae ) . usda , forest service , agricultural handbook 660 . 104 pp . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nbelow is a list of the new species and new genera proposed in 2007 , followed by a list of new synonyms and new combinations , followed by the literature that supports the proposed additions and changes . aethes pinara razowski and becker , 2007 ( aethes ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 76 . tl : cuba ( pinar rio , sierra rosario ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . amorbia cacao phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 30 . tl : costa rica ( gunacaste , estaci\u00f3n cacao ) . holotype ( ) : inbio . catarina phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 16 . tl : brazil ( santa catarina , new bremen ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . chiapas phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 25 . tl : mexico ( chiapas , san cristobal de las casas ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . cocori phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 34 . tl : costa rica ( puntarenas , area de conservaci\u00f3n osa , golfito , parque nacional corcovado , esaction sirena ) . holotype ( ) : inbio . cordobana phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 42 . tl : mexico ( veracruz , banderilla ) . holotype ( ) : eme . curitiba phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 12 . tl : brazil ( paran\u00e1 , cuiritba ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . dominicana phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 14 . tl : dominica ,\ndr . v . i . kuznetzov , the premier tortricid worker in the former soviet union for nearly five decades , died on 22 august 2008 . he was a prominent figure in our tortricid community , and served as a curator at the zoological institute , russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg for many years . dr . kuznetzov is probably best known for his contributions ( with co - author a . a . stekolnikov ) to the phylogeny of tortricidae based primarily on musculature of the male genitalia . these groundbreaking works had impact at the global level . dr . kuznetzov was the author ( or coauthor ) of about 30 genera and 290 species of tortricidae , but he also described hundreds of species in other families . he will be missed by his colleaugues worldwide .\nwest indies ( clarke hall ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . knudsoni phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 28 . tl : usa ( texas , brewster co . , big bend national park , green gulch ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . monteverde phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 45 . tl : costa rica ( puntarenas , monteverde ) . holotype ( ) : eme . potosiana phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 26 . tl : mexico ( nuevo leon , cerro potos\u00ed ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . rhombobasis phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 43 . tl : costa rica ( guanacaste , area de conservaci\u00f3n arenal , pilon , bijagua - upala , r\u00edo celeste ) . holotype ( ) : inbio . santamaria phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 24 . tl : guatemala ( quetzaltenango , volcan santa maria ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . stenovalvae phillips and powell , 2007 ( amorbia ) , zootaxa 1670 : 13 . tl : mexico ( oaxaca , paradero de mi ka , yolox ) . holotype ( ) : eme . anacrucis napoensis razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( anacrucis ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 30 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . argepinotia argepinotia razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 15 . type species : argepinotia villosa razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 . [ olethreutinae : eucosmini ] 7\nvillosa razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( argepinotia ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 16 . tl : argentina ( tucum\u00e1n , san javier ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . auratonota angustovalva razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador ( zamora - chinchipe , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . argentana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 52 . tl : ecuador ( loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . auriferana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador ( tungurahua , 17 km e ba\u00f1os , rio verde ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . bacata razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 54 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . brachuncus razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador ( loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . caeruleata razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . caliginosa razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador ( morona - santiago , macas , proa\u00f1o & gt ; alshi , 5 mi s alshi ) . holotype ( ) : smfm .\ncaeruleata razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . croceana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km se cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . pichincha razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 58 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . rutra razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 57 . tl : ecuador ( morona - santiago , macas , proa\u00f1o & gt ; inapula , crea - domono ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . siskae razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 55 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 12 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . yukipana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( auratonota ) , entomologische zeitschrift 117 : 56 . tl : ecuador ( morona - santiago , macas , san vicente , rio yukipa ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . bidorpitia ferruginata razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( bidorpitia ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 39 . tl : ecuador ( pastaza , 11 km n puyo , la florida ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . caraccochylis caraccochylis razowski and becker , 2007 , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 112 . type species : caraccochylis framea razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 . [ tortricinae : cochylini ] 8\nframea razowski and becker , 2007 ( caraccochylis ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 112 . tl : brazil ( minas gerais , caraca ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . choristoneura irina syachina & amp ; budashkin , 2007 ( choristoneura ) , in dubatolov , syachina & amp ; budashkin , animal world of far east ( blagoveshchensk ) 6 : 71 . tl : russia ( khabarovskii krai , great khekhtsyr nature reserve , bychikha ) . holotype ( ) : siberian museum of the institute of animal systematics and ecology , ras , novosibirsk , russia . clarkeulia medanosa razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( clarkeulia ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 12 . tl : argentina ( salta los medanos , 5 km e cafayate ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . cochylis serrana razowski and becker , 2007 ( cochylis ) , acta zool . cracoviensa 50b : 113 . tl : brazil ( minas gerais , serra do cip\u00f3 ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . sierramaestrae razowski and becker , 2007 ( cochylis ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 76 . tl : cuba ( santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . cuproxena aequitana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( cuproxena ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 38 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . amplana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( cuproxena ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 36 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm .\nauriculana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( cuproxena ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 37 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . nudana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( cuproxena ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 37 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . paramplana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( cuproxena ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 39 . tl : ecuador ( moronasantiago , macas , proa\u00f1o & gt ; alshi , 5 km s alshi ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . deltophania indanzae razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( deltophania ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 111 . tl : ecuador ( morona , indanza ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . diablo diablo razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 , entomol . zeit . 117 : 129 . type species : diablo diantoniorum razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 . [ chlidanotinae : chlidanotini ] diantoniorum razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( diablo ) , entomol . zeit . 117 : 129 . tl : ecuador ( tungurahua , 17 km e ba\u00f1os , rio verde ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . dichrorampha odorata brown & amp ; zachariades , 2007 ( dichrorampha ) , proceedings of the entomological society of washington 109 : 939 . tl : jamaica ( jackson town ) . holotype ( ) : institute of jamaica , kingston .\nlyonsae razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( dimorphopalpa ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 332 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 2 . 5 km se santa rosa , reserva las gralarias ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . rutruncus razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( dimorphopalpa ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 332 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 12 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . epinotia javierana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( epinotia ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 14 . tl : argentina ( tucum\u00e1n , san javier ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . eucosma curlewensis wright , 2007 ( eucosma ) , journal of the lepidopterists ' society 61 : 47 . tl : usa ( idaho , oneida co . , curlew national grassland , 4 mi ene of holbrook ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . eugnosta cipoana razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( eugnosta ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 108 . tl : brazil ( minas gerais , serra do cipo ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . ensinoana razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( eugnosta ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 107 . tl : mexico ( tamaulipas , el ensino ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . fernandoana razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( eugnosta ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 109 . tl : mexico ( tamaulipas , san fernando ) . holotype ( ) : vbc .\nfradulenta razowski and becker , 2007 ( eugnosta ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 74 . tl : british west indies . holotype ( ) : amnh . jequiena razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( eugnosta ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 108 . tl : brazil ( bahia , jequie ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . telemacana razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( eugnosta ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) : 110 . tl : brazil ( paran\u00e1 , telemaco borba ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . heleanna tokyoensis nasu & amp ; byun , 2007 ( heleanna ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 58 : 384 . tl : japan ( ryukyu , okinawaima island , kunigamison , yona ) . holotype ( ) : uop . turpinivora nasu & amp ; byun , 2007 ( heleanna ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 58 : 380 . tl : japan ( honshu , tokyo , garden of the imperial palace ) . holotype ( ) : national science museum , tokyo , japan . henricus bibelonus razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( henricus ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 92 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . bleptus razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( henricus ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 94 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . cuspis razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( henricus ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 93 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . perissus razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( henricus ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b :\n94 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . platanillanus razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( henricus ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 93 . tl : mexico ( san luis potos\u00ed , el platanillo ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . histura brunneotypa razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( histura ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 13 . tl : argentina ( tucuman , san javier ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . holoptygma sarahpelzae razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( holoptygma ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 32 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . hynhamia conceptionana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( hynhamia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 26 . tl : ecuador ( tungurahua , ambato , la concepcion ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . decora razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( hynhamia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 26 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . lasgralariae razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( hynhamia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 24 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 2 . 5 km se santa rosa ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . micruncus razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( hynhamia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 28 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . nogropunctana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( hynhamia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 27 . tl : ecuador ( loja , 10 km se loja , parque 10\nnacional podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . obscurana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( hynhamia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 25 . tl : ecuador ( loja , 10 km se loja , parque nacional podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . lambertiodes multipunctata wang & amp ; li , 2007 ( lambertiodes ) , entomological news 118 : 398 . tl : china ( m\u00eadog county , tibet ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . lasiothyris exocha razowski and becker , 2007 ( lasiothyris ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 100 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . guanana razowski and becker , 2007 ( lasiothyris ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 72 . tl : british virgin islands ( guana island ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . puertoricana razowski and becker , 2007 ( lasiothyris ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 73 . tl : puerto rico ( maricao ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . subsorbia razowski and becker , 2007 ( lasiothyris ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 72 . tl : cuba ( holguin , mayari ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . lorita insulicola razowski and becker , 2007 ( lorita ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 75 . tl : british virgin islands ( guana island ) . holotype ( ) : vbc .\nlusterala brown & amp ; nishida , 2007 , proceedings of the entomological society of washington 109 : 266 . type species : luterala phaseolana brown & amp ; nishida , 2007 . [ olethreutinae : grapholitini ] phaseolana brown & amp ; nishida , 2007 ( lusterala ) , proceedings of the entomological society of washington 109 : 270 . tl : costa rica ( san jos\u00e9 , aserri centro ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . macasinia vilhena razowski and becker , 2007 ( macasinia ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 101 . tl : brazil ( rond\u00f4nia , vilhena ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . macrochlidia azuayana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( macrochlidia ) , entomol . zeit . 117 : 129 . tl : ecuador ( azuay , p . n . cajas , laguna llaviuco ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . leucoatra razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( macrochlidia ) , entomol . zeit . 117 : 129 . tl : ecuador ( zamora - chinchipe , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . maricaona maricaona razowski and becker , 2007 , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 68 . type species : maricaona maricaonana razowski and becker , 2007 . [ tortricinae : cochylini ] maricaonana razowski and becker , 2007 ( maricaona ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 69 . tl : puerto rico ( maricao ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . 11\nmiscellaneous papers 105 : 3 . [ replacement name for bradleyella zimmermann 1978 ] orthocomotis albobasalis razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 6 . tl : ecuador ( loja , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . alishiana razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 13 . tl : ecuador ( morona - santiago , macas , proano alshi , 5 km s alshi ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . andina razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 5 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 12 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . carolina razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 7 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , reserva forestal golondrinas , west cordillera ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . consangana razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 11 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . ferruginea razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 7 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . gielisi razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 9 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 12 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . golindrina razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 5 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , reserva forestal 12\nsecunda razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( marylinka ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 96 . tl : brazil ( santa catarina , sao joaquim ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . matsumuraeses medogensis lv & amp ; li , 2007 ( matsumuraeses ) , zootaxa 1606 : 66 . tl : china ( m\u00eadog county , xizang [ tibet ] autonomous region ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . monortha bellavistana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( monortha ) , entomol . zeit . 117 : 130 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 7 km sw tandayapa , bellavista research station ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . jurumbaino razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( monortha ) , entomol . zeit . 117 : 130 . tl : ecuador ( morona - santiago , macas , gral . proa\u00f1o , rio jurumbaino ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . povedai razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( monortha ) , entomol . zeit . 117 : 131 . tl : ecuador ( tungurahua , 17 km e ba\u00f1os , r\u00edo verde ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . neoanathamna robusticerivcis zhang & amp ; li , 2007 ( neoanathamna ) , oriental insects 41 : 296 . tl : china ( shaanxi province , ankang county , mt . hualong ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . nuritamburia nuritamburia ko\u00e7ak & amp ; kemal , 2007 , centre for entomological studies\ngolondrinas , west cordillera ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . lactistrigata razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 4 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , reserva forestal golondrinas , west cordillera ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . mediana razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 11 . tl : ecuador ( tungurahua , 20 km e ba\u00f1os , san francisco ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . pactoana razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 10 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , pacto , rio mashpi ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . parexpansa razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 4 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , reserva forestal golondrinas , west cordillera ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . puyoana razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 8 . tl : ecuador ( pastaza , 10 km n puyo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . sachatamiae razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracov - iensia 50b : 3 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . shuara razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 5 . tl : ecuador ( maronasantiago , macas , proano & gt ; inapula ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . sucumbiana razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 12 . tl : ecuador\n( sucumbios , rio chigual , la bonita ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . yanayacu razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 5 . tl : ecuador ( napo , cosanga , reserva yanayacu ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . volochilesia razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( orthocomotis ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 5 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , volcan chiles massive , reserva forestal golondrinas ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . paranthozela paranthozela razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 168 . type species : paranthozela calamsitrana razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 . calamistrana razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( paranthozela ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 172 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , pacto , rio mashpi ) . holotype ( ) : mzuj . lobulina razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( paranthozela ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 173 . tl : ecuador ( copaxi , via la man\u00e1 , pilal\u00f3 ) . holotype ( ) : mzuj . polyasterina razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( paranthozela ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 171 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , pacto , rio mashpi ) . holotype ( ) : mzuj . spiloma razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( paranthozela ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 1709 . tl : ecuador ( sucumbios , rio chingual , la bonita ) . holotype ( ) : mzuj . stilbia razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( paranthozela ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 170 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , res . forest . golondinas , west cordillera ) . holotype ( ) : mzuj . 13\nzopheria razowski & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( paranthozela ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 169 . tl : ecuador ( cotopaxi , via man\u00e1 , pilal\u00f3 ) . holotype ( ) : mzuj . parirazona bomana razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( parirazona ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 95 . tl : brazil ( santa catarina , bom jardin de serra ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . caracae razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( parirazona ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 95 . tl : brazil ( minas gerais , caraca ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . pelochrista gelattana wright , 2007 ( pelochrista ) , journal of the lepidopterists ' society 61 : 121 . tl : usa ( wyoming , albany co . , w side of gelatt lake ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . milleri wright , 2007 ( pelochrista ) , journal of the lepidopterists ' society 61 : 84 . tl : usa ( ohio , adams co . , 1 mi se of lynx ) . holotype ( ) : usnm . phaniola caboana razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( phaniola ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 111 . tl : brazil ( rio de janiero , arraial do cabo ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . phalonidia cerina razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 99 . tl : brazil ( espiritu santo , linhares ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . fariasana razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 97 . tl : mexico ( tamaulipas , gomez farias ) . holotype ( ) : vbc .\nlinharesa razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 96 . tl : brazil ( espiritu santo , linhares ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . mayarina razowski and becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revsita lepidopterologia 35 : 69 . tl : cuba ( holguin , mayari ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . monocera razowski & amp ; becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 98 . tl : brazil ( santa catarina , sao joaquim ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . planaltinella chapadana razowski and becker , 2007 ( planaltinella ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 105 . tl : brazil ( minas gerais , diamantina estr . guinda \u00ad s . joao chapada ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . psephena razowski and becker , 2007 ( planaltinella ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 106 . tl : brazil ( minas gerais , serra do cipo ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . platphalonidia holgina razowski and becker , 2007 ( platphalonidia ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 72 . tl : cuba ( holguin mayari ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . remissa razowski and becker , 2007 ( platphalonidia ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 72 . tl : cuba ( holguin mayari ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . ptyongnathosia pectinata razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( ptyongnathosia ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 35 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . 14\nrosariana razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 70 . tl : cuba ( pinar rio , sierra rosario ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . scalena razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador ( carchi , maldonado ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . simillima razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 71 . tl : cuba ( santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . solisae razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 104 . tl : mexico ( tamaulipas , gomez farias ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . turguinoa razowski and becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 69 . tl : cuba ( santiago , turguino ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . sillybiphora pauliprotuberans zhang & amp ; wang , 2007 ( sillybiphora ) , acta zootaxonomica sinica 32 : 561 . tl : china ( yunnan province , lijiang ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . sisurcana alticolana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 21 . tl : ecuador ( azuay , 22 km s gualaceo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . analogana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 26 . tl : ecuador ( pichincha , 7 km nw mindo , schatamia ) . holotype ( ) : smfl .\nantisanae razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 24 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 5 km w papallacta ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . bifurcana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 24 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . cirrhochlaena razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 29 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . fasciana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 28 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . fasciana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 28 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . firmuncus razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 29 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . papallactana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 21 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 5 km w papallacta , laguna papallacta ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . spinana razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 30 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl . triangulifera razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( sisurcana ) , nachr . entomol . ver . apollo 28 : 24 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 12 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl .\nvirginanus razowski and becker , 2007 ( spinipogon ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 72 . tl : british virgin islands ( guana island ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . statherotmantis expansa li & amp ; yu , 2007 ( statherotmantis ) , proceedigns of the entomological society of washington 109 : 36 . tl : china ( baoxing county , sichuan province ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . maoerica li & amp ; yu , 2007 ( statherotmantis ) , proceedigns of the entomological society of washington 109 : 40 . tl : china ( mt . mao ' er , guangxi province ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . spinulifera li & amp ; yu , 2007 ( statherotmantis ) , proceedigns of the entomological society of washington 109 : 41 . tl : china ( mt . fanjing , guizhou province ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . triangularis li & amp ; yu , 2007 ( statherotmantis ) , proceedigns of the entomological society of washington 109 : 40 . tl : china ( mt . mao ' er , guangxi province ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . synochoneura dentana wang & amp ; li , 2007 ( synochoneura ) , zootaxa 1547 : 53 . tl : china ( mt . fanjing , guizhou province ) . holotype ( ) : nankai university , tianjin , china ( nkum ) . toreulia acanthina razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( toreulia ) , genus 18 : 113 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl\nimminuta razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( toreulia ) , genus 18 : 109 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfl placita razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( toreulia ) , genus 18 : 111 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfl runtunana razowski , pelz & amp ; wojtusiak , 2007 ( toreulia ) , genus 18 : 114 . tl : ecuador ( tungurahua , banos - runtun ) . holotype ( ) : smfl ulvipinara ulvipinara razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 , polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 33 . type species : ulvipinara pulvinaria razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 . [ tortricinae : euliini ] pulvinaria razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( ulvipinara ) , polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 332 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 10 km sse cosanga ) . holotype ( ) : smfm . velhoania velhoania razowski and becker , 2007 , acta zool . cracoviensia 50b : 99 . type species : velhoania paradoxa razowski and becker , 2007 . [ tortricinae : cochylini ] paradoxa razowski and becker , 2007 ( velhoania ) , acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b : 100 . tl : brazil ( mato grosso , chapada dos guimaraes ) . holotype ( ) : vbc . vulpoxena dentata razowski & amp ; pelz , 2007 ( cuproxena ) , shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 36 . tl : ecuador ( napo , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo ) . holotype ( ) : smfm .\nbrown , j . w . & amp ; k . nishida . 2007 . a new gallinducing tortricid ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : olethreutinae ) on lima bean ( phaseolus lunata ; fabaceae ) from costa rica . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 109 : 265 - 276 . brown , j . w . & amp ; c . zachariades . 2007 . a new species of dichrorampha ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : grapholitini ) from jamaica : a potential biocontrol agent against chromolaena odorata ( asteraceae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 109 : 938 - 947 . dubatolov , v . v . , syachina , a . a . , & amp ; budashkin , y . i . 2007 . new species of leafroller of the genus choristoneura ( lepid18\ntortricidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia 35 : 67 - 86 . razowski , j . & amp ; kruger , m . 2007 . an illustrated catalogue of the type specimens of tortricidae in the transvaal museum , pretoria ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterologia 35 : 103 - 179 . razowski , j . & amp ; v . pelz . 2007 . chrysoxenagroup of genera from ecuador ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : euliini ) . shilap revista lepidopterologia 35 : 33 - 46 . razowski , j . & amp ; v . pelz . 2007 . auratonota razowski , 1987 from ecuador with description of 14 new species ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . entomologische zeitschrift 117 ( 2 ) : 51 - 59 . razowski , j . & amp ; v . pelz . 2007 . notes and descriptions of some neotropical chlidanotini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . entomologische zeitschrift 117 ( 3 ) : 127131 . razowski , j . & amp ; v . pelz 2007 . atteriini from ecuador ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo 28 : 19 - 33 . razowski , j . & amp ; pelz , v . 2007 . one new genus and four new species of tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from argentina . polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 11 - 19 . razowski , j . & amp ; pelz , v . 2007 . hynhamia razowski , dimorphopalpa brown , and ulvipinara gen . n . , three euliine genera from ecuador ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . polskie pismo entomol . 76 : 21 - 40 . razowski , j . , v . pelz , & amp ; j . wojtusiak . 2007 . re - definition of toreulia razowski & amp ; becker with description of four new species ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . genus 18 : 107115 . razowski , j . , v . pelz & amp ; j . wojtusiak . 2007 . orthocomotis dognin , 1905 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) from ecuador . acta zoologica cracoviensia 50b ( 2 ) 2007 : 1 - 25 . razowski , j . & amp ; j . wojtusiak . 2007 . paranthozela , a new enarmoniini genus from the new world , with description of six new 19\nspecies ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . polskie pismo entomologiczne 76 : 167175 . wang , x . - p . & amp ; h . - h . li . 2007 . review of the genus synochoneura obraztsov , with the description of a new species from china ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . zootaxa 1547 : 51 - 57 . wang , x . - p . & amp ; h . \u00adh . li . 2007 . taxonomic study of the genus lambertiodes diakonoff ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , with description of a new species from china . entomological news 118 : 397 - 401 . wright , d . j . 2007 . notes on nearctic eucosma h\u00fcbner : a new species , a resurrected species , and three new synonymies ( tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 61 : 38 - 49 . wright , d . j . 2007 . a new species of pelochrista lederer from eastern north america ( tortricidae ) . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 61 : 84 - 86 . wright d . j . 2007 . taxonomy of four species of eucosmini ( tortricidae ) associated with pelochrista corosana ( walsingham ) including a new synonymy and description of a new species . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 61 : 117 - 124 . zhang , x . & amp ; h . - h . li . 2007 . a study on neoanathamna kawabe ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : olethreutinae ) from china . oriental insects 41 : 293 - 300 . zhang , x . & amp ; wang , s . - x . 2007 . a study of the genus sillybiphora kuznetsov ( lepid - optera , tortricidae , olethreutinae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica 32 ( 3 ) : 561 - 563 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\nthe goals of the torts newsletter were articulated in the first issue as & quot ; . . . fostering greater cooperation and communication among tortricid workers worldwide , providing a forum for discus -\nleif aarvik zoological museum university of oslo , p . o . box 1172 blindern n - 0318 oslo , norway e - mail : [ email protected ] david adamski systematic entomology laboratory , usda c / o national museum of natural history p . o . box 37012 washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] helen alipanah plant pests and diseases research institute tehran 19395 - 1454 , iran e - mail : [ email protected ] yang - seop bae department of biology , college of natural sciences university of inchon , inchon 402 - 749 , korea e - mail : [ need address ] joaquin baixeras institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia apartat oficial 2085 46071 - valencia , spain e - mail : [ email protected ] george j . balogh 6275 liteolier street potage , mi 49024 e - mail : [ email protected ] ahmet bayram dicle university , faculty of agriculture plant protection department 21280 diyarbakir , turkey e - mail : [ email protected ] urltoken vitor o . becker reserva serra bonita p . o . box 0001 , 45880 - 970 camacan , ba - brazil e - mail : [ email protected ] ; or [ email protected ] charles bird box 22 , erskine alberta , t0c 1g0 , canada e - mail : [ email protected ]\nhans blackstein buckower weg 1 , d 14712 rathenow , germany e - mail : [ email protected ] john w . brown systematic entomology laboratory , usda c / o national museum of natural history p . o . box 37012 washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] richard l . brown mississippi entomological museum mississippi state , ms 39762 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] jonathan brusch usda - aphis - ppq 10 causeway st . , room 516 boston , ma 02222 e - mail : [ email protected ] yu i . budashkin karadag natural reserve of ukrainian nas kurortnoe vill . pheodosia , crimea 98188 ukraine e - mail : [ email protected ] b . - k . byun systematic entomology laboratory division of specimen and genetic research korean national arboretum jikdongri 51 - 7 , soheulup , pocheon prov . gyeonggi , 487 - 821 , korea e - mail : [ email protected ] yi - jing chen inner mongolia grassland station chifeng , inner mongolia 024000 , china e - mail : [ please provide ] soowon cho department of agricultural biology chungbuk national university cheongju , 361 - 763 , korea e - mail : [ please provide ] charles v . covell , jr . mcguire center for lepidoptera research florida museum of natural history university of florida , p . o . box 112710 gainesville , fl 32611 - 2710 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ]\np . t . dang biosystematics research institute k . w . neatby building , agriculture canada ottawa , ontario k1a 0c6 , canada e - mail : [ please provide ] john a . de benedictis department of entomology university of california davis , ca 95616 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ]\njohn s . dugdale manaaki whenua - landcare research nz ltd . c / o private bag 6 , nelson 7001 , new zealand e - mail : [ email protected ] ; [ email protected ] jason dombroskie department of biological sciences university of alberta edmonton , alberta t6g 2e9 , canada email : [ email protected ] loran gibson 2727 running creek drive florence , ky 41042 - 8984 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] todd gilligan 2086 canada goose drive loveland , co 80537 e - mail : [ email protected ] roberto gonzalez university of chile , college of agriculture p . o . box 1004 , santiago , chile e - mail : [ email protected ] frans groenen dorpstraat 171 nl - 5575 luyksgestel , netherlands e - mail : [ email protected ] daniel handfield 355 des grands c\u00f4teaux saint - mathieu de beloeil , qu\u00e9bec canada , j3g 2c9 e - mail : [ email protected ] john b . heppner florida state collection of arthropods university of florida , p . o . box 147100 gainesville , fl 32614 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ]\njames kruse interior alaska forest entomologist usda forest service , state and private forestry forest health protection , fairbanks unit 3700 airport way , fairbanks , ak 99709 e - mail : [ please provide ] wojciech kubasik agricultural university of poznan department of entomology ul . dabrowskiego 159 60 - 594 poznan , poland e - mail : [ email protected ] yuichi kusunoki 11 - 3 , kaguraoka asahikawa , hokkaido , 078 - 8321 , japan e - mail : [ please provide ] eric lagasa washington state department of agriculture p . o . 42569 olympia , wa 98504 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] bernard landry museum d ' histoire naturelle c . p . 6434 , ch - 1211 geneve , switzerland e - mail : [ email protected ] jean - fran\u00e7ois landry agriculture & amp ; agri - food canada 960 carling avenue ottawa , ontario k1a 0c6 , canada e - mail : [ email protected ] jon lewis systematic entomology laboratory , usda c / o national museum of natural history p . o . box 37012 washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] hou - hun li department of biology , nankai university tianjin 300071 , china e - mail : [ email protected ] youqiao liu building 822 - 304 zhongguancun , haidian , beijing 100080 , china e - mail : [ please provide ]\nchen liusheng department of entomology college of natural resources and environment south china agricultural university , guangzhou guangdong , p . r . china , 510640 e - mail : [ email protected ] lisa lumley earth sciences 1 - 52e department of biological sciences university of alberta e - mail : [ email protected ] chris maier department of entomology the connecticut agricultural experiment station p . o . box 1106 , new haven , ct 06505 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] sheyda m . maharramova institute of zoology national academy of sciences of azerbaijan baku , passage 1128 , block 504 az1073 , azerbaijan e - mail : [ email protected ] eric metzler p . o . box 45 alamogordo , nm 88311 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] william e . miller department of entomology university of minnesota st . paul , mn 55108 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] charles mitter department of entomology university of maryland college park , md 20742 e - mail : [ email protected ] svetlana nedoshivina zoological institute russian academy of sciences universiteyskaya nab . 1 199034 , st . petersburg , russia e - mail : [ email protected ] yoshitsugu nasu 153 - 2 , nakado , hashimoto wakayama pref . 648 - 0023 , japan e - mail : [ email protected ]\npeter t . oboyski 137 mulford hall , # 3114 university of california berkeley ca 94720 - 3114 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] u . parenti universita di torino dipartimento di biologia animale via accademia albertina , 17 10123 torino , italy e - mail : [ need address ]\nharjit singh pooni department of zoology , punjab university patiala - 147 022 , punjab , india e - mail : [ email protected ] jerry a . powell essig museum of entomology , 201 wellman hall university of california berkeley , ca 94720 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] j\u00f3zef razowski polish academy of sciences institute of systematic zoology slawkowska 17 , krakow , poland e - mail : [ email protected ] michael roberts 367 village road steuben , me 04680 , usa e - mail : [ please provide ] h . s . rose department of zoology , punjab university patiala - 147 022 punjab , india e - mail : [ email protected ] daniel rubinoff 310 gilmore hall , 3050 maile way department of peps , university of hawaii honolulu , hi 96822 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] michael sabourin 600 danville - peacham road barnet , vt 05821 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] christian schmidt canadian food inspection agency canadian national collection of insects , arachnids & amp ; nematodes k . w . neatby building , 960 carling ave . ottawa , canada k1a 0c6 email : [ email protected ] felix sperling department of biological sciences university of alberta edmonton , alberta t6g 2e9 , canada e - mail : [ email protected ]\nkyu - tek park center for insect systematics c / o college of agriculture kangweon national university chuncheon , 200 - 701 , korea e - mail : [ email protected ] ; [ email protected ] steven passoa usda / aphis / ppq the ohio state university museum of biological diversity 1315 kinnear road columbus , oh 43212 - 1192 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] volker pelz bonneweg 3 d - 53809 ruppichteroth , germany e - mail : [ email protected ] eugenie phillips casa proveedora phillips sjo - cphillips p . o . box 025369 miami , florida , 33102 e - mail : [ email protected ] nantasak pinkaew department of entomology faculty of agriculture , kasetsart university kamphaengsaen campus nakorn pathom , 73140 , thailand e - mail : [ email protected ] michael g . pogue systematic entomology laboratory , usda c / o national museum of natural history p . o . box 37012 washington , dc 20013 - 7012 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] greg r . pohl canadian forest service northern forestry centre , 5320 - 122 st .\nj . bolling sullivan 200 craven street beaufort , nc 28516 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] pasquale trematerra department s . a . v . a university of molise , via de sanctis i - 86100 campobasso , italy e - mail : [ email protected ] alicia e . timm 222 senator place , apt . 37 cinncinati , oh 45220 e - mail : [ email protected ] kevin r . tuck department of entomology the natural history museum london sw7 5bd , united kingdom e - mail : [ email protected ]\naihuan zhang department of plant science and technology beijing agricultural college beijing , 102206 p . r . china e - mail : [ email protected ] ; or [ email protected ] andreas zwick department of entomology university of maryland college park , md 20742 e - mail : [ email protected ]\nmarja van der straten ministry of agriculture , nature and food quality plant protection service , diagnostics division 9102 , 6700 hc wageningen , the netherlands e - mail : [ email protected ] erik j . van nieukerken national museum of natural history naturalis department of entomology p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , netherlands e - mail : [ email protected ] thomas wallenmaier 1833 torquay avenue royal oak , mi 48073 - 1222 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] donald j . wright 3349 morrison avenue cincinnati , oh 45220 , usa e - mail : [ email protected ] wang xinpu department of biology nankai university 94 , weijin road , tianjin china , 300071 e - mail : [ email protected ] shen - horn yen department of biological sciences national sun yat - sen university 70 lien - hai rd . kaohsiung city 804 , taiwan e - mail : [ email protected ]\nthe torts newsletter is distributed twice per year : january - february and july - august . membership or subscription is free . for information contact : john w . brown , systematic entomology laboratory , usda , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 200137012 , usa . e - mail : [ email protected ]\nour content is added by our users . we aim to remove reported files within 1 working day . please use this link to notify us :"]}
{"id": 467, "summary": [{"text": "graphium angolanus , the angola white lady , is a species of butterfly in the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sub-saharan africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 65 \u2013 70 mm in males and 70 \u2013 75 mm in females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fight period is year-round , peaking in november and february .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the caterpillars feed on annona senegalensis , sphedamnocarpus pruriens , uvaria species , landolphia buchannani , and landolphia ugandensis . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "graphium angolanus", "paragraphs": ["graphium ( arisbe ) angolanus ( goeze , 1779 ) = papilio angolanus goeze , 1779 = graphium pylades = graphium ( arisbe ) angolanus = papilio pylades lapydes suffert , 1904 .\nparents animalia , arthropoda , hexapoda , insecta , pterygota , lepidoptera , glossata , neolepidoptera , heteroneura , eulepidoptera , obtectomera , papilionoidea , papilionidae , graphium , graphium angolanus subsp . angolanus\ngraphium angolanus ( angola white lady ) , limpopo province , south africa . [ photo diedericks g . \u00a9 ]\npapilio angolanus goeze , 1779 ; ent . beytr\u00e4ge 3 ( 1 ) : 87 ; tl : angolae\nthe angola white lady ( graphium angolanus ) is a species of butterfly in the family papilionidae , found in subsaharan africa . [ 1 ] | pinterest\ncommon in woodlands from central ( tropical ) to southern africa . graphium angolanus is the correct name for this taxon , with pylades as the name of the central african subspecies\ngraphium angolanus is unlike any other african species with the possible exception of g . philonoe . in philonoe the large white area on the forewings is broken up into a series of bars .\ngraphium angolanus subsp . angolanus - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ngraphium ( graphium ) anthedon ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) monticolus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) agamemnon ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) meyeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus celebensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus stiris ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus taloranus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) anthedon milon ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) anthedon coelius ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) monticolus monticolus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) monticolus textrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus gordion ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus arctofasciatus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus pamphylus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus sangira ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus fumikoe ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) agamemnon comodus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) meyeri meyeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) meyeri extremum ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( graphium ) antiphates kalaoensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( graphium ) antiphates kurosawai ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( graphium ) sarpedon sarpedon ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 - 6\ngraphium ( graphium ) eurypylus insularis [ sic ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus yayoeae ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 2 , f . 3 - 4\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus noeli ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 2 , f . 5 - 8\ngraphium ( graphium ) empedovana empedovana ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 7\ngraphium ( graphium ) sandawanum sandawanum ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 8\ngraphium ( graphium ) sandawanum joreli ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 3 , f . 9 - 10\ngraphium chironides malayanum ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 6 , f . 2\ngraphium macfarlanei ; [ bow ] : pl . 131 , f . 10 ( text )\ngraphium macfarlanei seminigra ; [ baur ] , 115 , f . ( larva , pupa )\nspecies graphium doson ( c . felder & r . felder , 1864 ) - common jay\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium macleayanus wilsoni couchman , 1965 ; utas : 84 ; tl : kuranda , n . q .\ngraphium eurypylus mecisteus ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 8\nneue unterarten und neue namen in den gattungen papilio , graphium und parnassius ( lep . : papilionidae )\nnote sur graphium illyris ( hewitson ) et revision systematique de l ' espece ( lep . papilionidae )\ngraphium ( graphium ) codrus melanthus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 8 - 9 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 2\ngraphium anthedon anthedon ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 221\ngraphium anthedon dodingensis ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 224\ngraphium anthedon crudum ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 224\ngraphium anthedon sulaensis ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 222\ngraphium anthedon halesus ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 222\ngraphium macleayanus ; [ bow ] : pl . 131 , f . 22 ; couchman , 1965 , utas : 84\n= graphium monticolus textrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\ngraphium sarpedon luctatius ; [ bmp ] : 75 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ bor ] , 98\ngraphium evemon eventus ; [ bor ] , 100 ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 5 , f . 9\ngraphium doson nauta tsukada & nishiyama , 1980 ; in tsukada ( ed . ) , butts se asian islands 1 : 380\ngraphium arycles arycles ; [ bmp ] : 76 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ bor ] , 102\ngraphium browni ; [ bow ] : pl . 132 , f . 2 ( text ) ; [ baur ] , 110\ngraphium ( pathysa ) antiphates ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) euphrates ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( pathysa ) dorcus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) encelades ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium stratocles senectus tsukada & nishiyama , 1980 ; in tsukada ( ed . ) , butts se asian islands 1 : 423\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) deucalion ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium sumatranum ; hancock , 1983 ; moonen , 1998 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 49 ( 3 ) : 220\ngraphium gelon ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 284 ; [ baur ] , 120\ngraphium ( pathysa ) euphrates elegantia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles androcles ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles cleomenes ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) androcles pelengensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus rhesus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus rhesulus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 93\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus parvimacula ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) dorcus dorcus ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( pathysa ) dorcus butungensis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) deucalion deucalion ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium ( paranticopsis ) deucalion marabuntana ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95\ngraphium antiphates tiomanus moonen , 1984 ; papilio int . 1 ( 3 ) : 47 ( repl . pathysa insularis eliot , 1978 )\ngraphium phidias obscurium yoshino , 2017 ; butterfly science 7 : 25 ; tl : dalat , 1500m , lam dong , s . vietanm\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : insect details : individual images : graphium angolanus image2 . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\ngraphium cloanthus ; [ bor ] , 98 ; [ bow ] : pl . 131 , f . 16 ; [ mrs ] , 168\ngraphium ucalegon fonteinei berger , 1981 ; les papillons du zaire : 51 ; tl : sankuru , km . 43 , route de lusambo \u00e0 batempa\ngraphium ( pathysa ) rhesus rhapia [ sic ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\ngraphium codrus noeli page & treadaway , 2003 ; in bauer & frankenbach , butterflies of the world , suppl . 8 : ( 1 - 6 )\ngraphium abri smith & vane - wright , 2001 ; bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( ent . ) 70 ( 2 ) : 628\ngraphium ucalegon schoutedeni berger , 1950 ; ann . mus . congo belge zool . ( 3 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 73 ; tl : uele , bambesa\ngraphium ( macfarlaneana ) agamemnon agamemnon ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 4 - 5\ngraphium sandawanum yamamoto , 1977 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 28 ( 3 ) : 87 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : philippines , mindanao , mt . apo\ngraphium olbrechtsi berger , 1950 ; ann . mus . congo belge zool . ( 3 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 85 ; tl : sankuru , mwene - ditu\ngraphium glycerion kimurai murayama , 1982 ; new ent . 31 ( 4 ) : 69 , 71 , f . 1 ; tl : doi inthanon , n . thailand\ngraphium evombar viossati collins , 1997 ; in d ' abrera , butts afrotrop . region ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : comoro islands , anjouan , forest of moya\ngraphium clanis malayanum eliot , 1982 ; malayan nat . j . 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 180 ; tl : malaysia , selangor , 16 miles s of pahang road\ngraphium ucalegonides rileyi berger , 1950 ; ann . mus . congo belge zool . ( 3 ) 8 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : gold coast , west africa , begoro\ngraphium porthaon tanganyikae kielland , 1978 ; tijdschr . ent . 121 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 6 , f . 21 - 24 ; tl : tanzania , kigoma , kasoge\ngraphium ( leptocircini ) ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 ; [ afrl ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 90\n1134x873 ( ~ 315kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , right bank of the thma bang river left tributary at the bridge , 7 km sw thma bang village , 23rd august 2011 ( graphium sarpedon sarpedon , gandaca harina , eurema sp . ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1208x752 ( ~ 336kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 ( graphium sarpedon sarpedon , pathysa agetes agetes ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n990x806 ( ~ 233kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 ( graphium sarpedon sarpedon , pathysa antiphates pompilius ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1144x873 ( ~ 355kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 ( middle , between graphium sarpedon sarpedon and pathysa agetes agetes ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nthe species has a unique appearence with its falcate forewing , pure white ground - colour with a broad black border and white spots in it . the hindwing is tailles but is strongly lobed . there is a variable extent of red on the hindwing underside . the body is also black and white checqered . there is no other similarly looking butterfly . originally g . angolanus was a savannah butterfly but with its strong flight it could penetrate into the open areas in the forest zone . it is usually more common in the dry season , but can appear basically everywhere within its range . the flight is strong , although specimens sometimes stop at flowers . males are avid hilltoppers and they also appear on puddles . in the evening hours before dusk some males can also gather and patrol around their resting area .\npapilio codrus cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 127 , pl . 179 , f . a , b\nlarva on hernandia avigera , hernandia , h . peltata ? [ baur ] , annona , uvaria , hernandia , ? thespesia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 91\naru , waigeu , w . irian - papua , d ' entrecasteaux , woodlark , rossel is .\n= papilio codrus medon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 426\npapilio codrus b ( celebensis ) wallace , 1865 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . 25 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : celebes ; sulla is\npapilio codrus loc . f . a ( gilolensis ) wallace , 1865 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . 25 ( 1 ) : 64\npapilio segonax godman & salvin , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 734 ; tl : new ireland\n= papilio codrus pisidice ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 426\npapilio segonax tenebrionis rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 427 ; tl : new georgia , solomon islands\npapilio codrus auratus rothschild , 1898 ; novit . zool . 5 ( 2 ) : 218 ; tl : st . gabriel , admiralty is .\npapilio codrus toealensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 4 ) : 424 ; tl : kei toeal\ncodrus stiris ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 93\ncodrus taloranus ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 93\npapilio codrus schoutensis talbot & joicey , 1916 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1916 ( 1 ) : 68\nlarva on geifera salicifolia , doryphora aromatica , atherosperma moschatum [ baur ] , tasmannia lanceolata , t . xerophila , atherosperma moschatum , daphnandra micrantha , d . repandula , doryphora aromatica , d . sassafras , cinnamomum camphora , cryptocarya hypospodia , endiandra pubens , geijera salicifolia k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\npapilio macleayanus insulana waterhouse , 1920 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 45 ( 3 ) : 470 ; tl : lord howe island\npapilio weiskei stresemanni rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 4 ; tl : ceram\npapilio cloanthus westwood , 1841 ; arcana entomologica , 1 : pl . 11 , f . 2 , ( 4 ) 42 ; tl : n . india\npapilio cloanthus f . temp . cloanthulus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 1 ) : 168\npapilio cloanthus var . clymenus leech , 1893 ; butts china japan corea ( 2 ) : 523 , pl . 32 , f . 2\npapilio cloanthus kuge fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 29 ) : 119 ; tl : chip - chip\npapilio cloanthus var . sumatrana hagen , 1894 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 1 ) : 28 ; tl : sumatra\nchina , ceylon , s . india , kashmir - assam , burma , au . see [ maps ]\n1047x773 ( ~ 62kb ) underside yona , okinawa , ryukyus , japan , 8 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1000x888 ( ~ 105kb ) underside japan : tokyo , 18 . 09 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 peter payzant\nlarva on lauraceae , myrtaceae , sapotaceae [ eob ] , cinnamomum camphora , cinnamomum oliveri , cryptocarya triplinervis , neolitsea dealbata , doryphora aromatica , tristania laurina , planchonella laurina , litsea glutinosa , macaranga spp . , rutaceae [ mrs ] , geijera salicifolia , daphnandra aromatica , cryptocarya , planchonella laurifolia , persea gratissima [ baur ]\nlarva on annona reticulata , melodorum leichhardti , doryphora aromatica , beilschmiedia obtusifolia , cinnamomum camphora , cinnamomum oliveri , cryptocarya cinnamomifolia , c . hypospodia , c . mackinnoniana , c . murrayi , c . triplinervis , endiandra impressicosta , litsea ferruginea , l . glutinosa , l . leefeana , l . reticulata , neolitsea australiensis , n . dealbata , planchonella laurifolia , geijera salicifolia ? , tristania laurina ? , clerodendrum spp . ? , macaranga spp . ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\n= papilio sarpedon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 440\naru , kai is . , misool , salawati , waigeu , w . irian - papua , d ' entrecasteaux , louisiades , woodlark , torres straits is . , e . australia\ndelchina [ sic ] thermodusa swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 146 ; tl : matheran\npapilio parsedon westwood , 1872 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1872 ( 2 ) : 99 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2\npapilio sarpedon parsedon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 442\npapilio sarpedon var . semifasciatus honrath , 1888 ; ent . nachr . 14 ( 11 ) : 161 ; tl : china , kiukiang\nbougainville , shortland is . , santa isabel , gudalcanal , florida is . , choiseul\npapilio isander godman & salvin , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 211 ; tl : aola , guadalcanar i .\npapilio sarpedon imparilis rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 443 ; tl : new britain ; new ireland ; duke of york\npapilio sarpedon impar rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 443 ; tl : solomon islands , new georgia\npapilio sarpedon rufofervidus fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 42 ( 3 / 4 ) : 305 ; tl : nias\npapilio sarpedon jugans rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 324 ; tl : waingapoeng , sumba\npapilio sarpedon adonarensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 324 ; tl : adonara ; sumbawa\npapilio sarpedon nipponus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 215 ; tl : okinawa\npapilio sarpedon luctatius fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 183 ; tl : natuna\npapilio sarpedon timorensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : timor ; wetter\n? papilio surusumi matsumura , 1910 ; ent . zs . 23 ( 47 ) : 209 ; tl : formosa , horisha\nlarva on cinnamomum camphora , cinnamomum micranthum , c . osmophloeum , c . japonica , persea thunbergii , p . zuihoensis , litsea kostermansii , lindera glauca , persea japonica , neolitsea sericea , n . aciculata , laurus nobilis [ mrs ]\npapilio sarpedon messogis fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 183 ; tl : key ; aru\npapilio sarpedon phyris jordan , 1937 ; novit . zool . 40 : 321 ; tl : siberut\n? papilio sarpedon anthedon ab . citricinctus fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 3 / 4 ) : 423\nlarva on cinnamomum vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\n= papilio sarpedon milon ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 444\npapilio sarpedon var . milon ab . milonides honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 2 ) : 397 ; tl : macassar\npapilio sarpedon dodingensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : halmaheira\npapilio sarpedon crudus rothschild , 1898 ; novit . zool . 5 : 416 ; tl : obi\npapilio sarpedon coelius fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 3 / 4 ) : 424 ; tl : sula - mangoli\npapilio sarpedon sulaensis lathy , 1899 ; entomologist 32 : 149 ; tl : sula arch .\npapilio sarpedon halesus fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 183 ; tl : buru\npapilio monticolus fruhstorfer , 1896 ; soc . ent . 11 ( 3 ) : 20\n= ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 284\npapilio empedocles fabricius , 1787 ; mantissa insectorum 2 : 10 , no . 94\npapilio empedocles ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 427\npapilio empedovana corbet , 1941 ; j . fed . malay st . mus . 18 ( 5 ) : 805\npapilio mendana godman & salvin , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 212 ; tl : aola , guadalcanar i .\npapilio mendana var . acous ribbe , 1898 ; soc . ent . 12 ( 21 ) : 161 ; tl : bougainville\npapilio mendana neyra rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 428 ; tl : solomon islands , rubiana ( new georgia )\npapilio eurypylus gabinus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : sumbawa\nlarva on annona reticulata , a . muricata , rauwenhoffia leichhardtii , mitrephora froggattii , polyalthia nitidissima , diploglottis australis [ mrs ]\nlarva on michelia champaca , annona cherimola , a . glabra , a . muricata , a . reticulata , artabotryus sp . , desmos sp . , melodorum spp . , miliusa traceyi , mitrephora froggattii , polyalthia australis , p . nitidissima , p . sp . , rauwenhoffia leichhardtii , saccopetalum bidwillii , uvaria goezeanus , u . membranacea , u . rufa , annona squamosa ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nlarva on annona , artabotrys , desmos , fitzalania , melodorum , miliusa , mitrephora , polyalthia , pseuduvaria , rauwenhoffia , saccopetalum , uvaria , michelia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 92\n? papilio eurypylus tagalicus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 210\npapilio lycaon c . & r . felder , 1865 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 1 ) : 68\npapilio sangira oberth\u00fcr , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 3 ) : 229 , pl . 8 , f . 1\narisbe ( eurypleana ) eurypylus mecisteus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 13 , pl . 5 , f . 1\npapilio sallastius staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 2 ) : 351 ; tl : wetter ; sumbawa\npapilio eurypylus sallastius ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 431\npapilio eurypylus extensus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : new ireland\npapilio eurypylus lycaonides rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : new guinea\npapilio eurypylus crispus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 208 ; tl : babber\npapilio eurypylus sallastinus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 208 ; tl : sumba\nsikkim - s . burma , thailand - s . china , s . yunnan , hainan , indo - china\npapilio eurypylus cheronus f . vern . petina jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 98 ; tl : indo - china\npapilio eurypylus melampus ab . rufinus rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 4 ) : 425\npapilio eurypylus lutorius fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 30 ) : 182 ; tl : batjan , halmaheira\npapilio eurypylus aloricus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : alor\npapilio evemon boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 234\npapilio evemon albociliatis fruhstorfer , 1901 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 14 ) : 106 ; tl : tonkin\npapilio evemon igneolus fruhstorfer , 1901 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 89 ; tl : nias\ns . burma , thailand , peninsular malaya , langkawi is . , sumatra , banka , borneo\npapilio evemon eventus fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 37 ) : 222 ; tl : borneo ; natuna ; sumatra ; malay peninsula\n? papilio orthia jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 98 ( spell . ? )\narisbe ( eurypleana ) evemon orithia ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 12\npapilio evemon hetaerias jordan , 1937 ; novit . zool . 40 : 321 , pl . 14 , f . 2 ; tl : siberut\nnepal - c . burma , n . laos , vietman , cambodia . see [ maps ]\npapilio chiron wallace , 1865 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . 25 ( 1 ) : 66 ( preocc . ) ; tl : assam ; sylhet\npapilio bathycles chiron f . vern . ligyra jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 100\nclanis ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 100\ns . japan , riu kiu , ceylon , s . india - bengal , kumaon - assam , burma . see [ maps ]\n1047x773 ( ~ 44kb ) underside okuma , okinawa , ryukyus , japan , 8 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\npapilio jason mikado ; fruhstorfer , 1907 , ent . zs . 21 ( 34 ) : 209\npapilio jason praestabilis fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : tonkin ; hong kong\n982x989 ( ~ 359kb ) underside cambodia , koh kong province , a rocky left bank of the sala muntun ( right tatai river ) at its mouth . 24th august 2011 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n= papilio eurypylus axion ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 433\npapilio heurni [ jacobson ] & eecke , 1914 ; tijdschr . ent . 57 : 12\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson evemonides ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 1 - 2 , 9 - 11\npapilio eurypylus rubroplaga rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 4 ) : 504 ; tl : nias i .\npapilio jason jostianus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 212\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson postianus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8\nlarva on magnolia grandiflora , michelia alba , m . compressa , annona squamosa [ mrs ]\npapilio jason gyndes fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 34 ) : 209 ; tl : palawan\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson gyndes ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 3 - 4\npapilio jason eleius fruhstorfer , 1907 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 34 ) : 209 ; tl : malabar , karwa\ndoson perillus ( fruhstorfer , 1908 ) ( papilio ) ; ent . wochenbl . 25 ( 9 ) : 38\npapilio kajanga corbet , 1937 ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 6 ( 3 ) : 47\narisbe ( eurypleana ) doson nauta ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 5 - 6\npapilio arycles boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 231 ; tl : singapore\n= papilio arycles ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 446\npapilio arycles incertus fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 44 ( 3 / 4 ) : 283 ; tl : singapore\npapilio arycles perinthus fruhstorfer , 1915 ; ent . rundschau 32 ( 1 ) : 6 ; tl : palawan\narisbe ( eurypleana ) arycles perinthus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 4 , f . 5 - 6\npapilio arycles arycleoides fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 14 ( 2 ) : 344 ; tl : e . thailand\npapilio bathycles zinken , 1831 ; nova acta physico - med . [ leop . carol . ] 15 ( 1 ) : 157 , pl . 14 , f . 6 - 7\npapilio bathycles var . bathycloides honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 2 ) : 396 , pl . 10 , f . 3\narisbe ( eurypleana ) batchycles bathycloides ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 9\npapilio bathycles tereus fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 37 ) : 222 ; tl : hainan\npapilio bathycles manlius fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 21 ( 37 ) : 222 ( preocc . papilio manlius fabricius , 1798 ) ; tl : palawan\npapilio leechi rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 437 ; tl : chang - yang , china\nchina , ceylon , s . india - saurasthtra , kumaon - assam , burma . see [ maps ]\npapilio agamemnon lasius van eecke , 1918 ; zool . meded . 4 ( 7 ) : 73 ; tl : pulu lasia\n600x400 ( ~ 24kb ) larva india : pune , 20 . 9 . 2008 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\n600x400 ( ~ 33kb ) larva india : pune , 20 . 9 . 2008 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\nlarva on michelia champaca , ancana stenopetala , annona cheromoya , a . cherimola , a . glabra , a . muricata , a . reticulata , a . squamosa , cyathostemma micranthum , desmos goezeanus , d . sp . , fitzalania heteropetala , goniothalamus australis , haplostichanthus johnsonii , h . spp . , melodorum uhrii , m . spp . , miliusa brahei , m . traceyi , mitrephora froggattii , oncodostigma sp . , polyalthia michaelii , p . nitidissima , p . sp . , pseuduvaria froggattii , p . hylandii , p . mulgraveana , p . villosa , rauwenhoffia leichhardtii , rollinia deliciosa , uvaria goezeanus , u . membranacea , u . rufa , xylopia maccreai , x . sp . k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nn . india - singapore , s . yunnan , taiwan , sumatra , java , bali , borneo , philippines\n= papilio agamemnon \u2642 - ab . aegisthus ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 449\nlarva on magnolia grandiflora , michelia alba , m . compressa , annona montana , a . squamosa , artabotrys uncinatus , desmos cochinchinensis , uvaria microcarpa [ mrs ] , annona , mitrephora froggattii [ baur ] , saccopetalum , friesodielsia , polyalthia [ bmp ]\npapilio plisthenes c . & r . felder , 1865 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : amboina\npapilio agamemnon var . neopommerania honrath , [ 1888 ] ; berl . ent . z . 31 ( 2 ) : 350 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : neu pommern\npapilio argynnus druce , 1888 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 2 ( 9 ) : 235 ; tl : key is .\naru , misool , salawati , waigen , w . irian - papua , d ' entrecasteaux , torres strait is . , ne . australia\npapilio agamemnon ligatus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 451 ; tl : new guinea\npapilio agamemnon decoratus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 452 ; tl : nicobar islands\npapilio agamemnon salomonis rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 453 ; tl : solomona islands , guadalcanar\npapilio agamemnon rufoplenus fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 42 ( 3 / 4 ) : 310 ; tl : nias\nagamemnon andamana ( lathy , 1907 ) ( papilio ) ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1907 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : andaman i .\npapilio agamemnon atropictus fruhstorfer , 1904 ; berl . ent . zs . 49 ( 1 / 2 ) : 195 ; tl : engano\nagamemnon pulo ( evans , 1932 ) ( zetides ) ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 56 ; tl : nicobar\npapilio agamemnon aelius fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 218 ( repl . papilio agamemon var . baweana hagen , 1896 )\npapilio agamemnon var . celebensis fickert , 1889 ; zool . jahrb . : 730\nagamemnon ugiensis ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 102\npapilio agamemnon admiralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 195 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\npapilio meeki rothschild & jordan , 1901 ; novit . zool . 8 ( 4 ) : 402 , f . a ; tl : isabel , solomon is .\npapilio macfarlanei butler , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 471 ; tl : new guinea\nlarva on annona , annona mercuriata , a . squamosa [ baur ] , annona muricata , a . reticulata k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\nbachan , ternate , halmahera , waigeu , misool , salawati , w . irian - papua , ne . australia\npapilio macfarlanei cestius fruhstorfer , 1903 ; soc . ent . 18 ( 7 ) : 49 ; tl : ?\npapilio macfarlanei admiralia rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 195 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\npapilio meyeri hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 19 ; tl : celebes\npapilio procles grose - smith , 1887 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 20 : 433 ; tl : kina balu\npapilio wallacei hewitson , 1858 ; ill . exot . butts [ 1 ] ( papilio iii ) : [ 5 ] , pl . [ 3 ] , f . 7 ; tl : new guinea\npapilio wallacei rubrosignatus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 455 ; tl : northern moluccas , batjan\nbougainville , choiseul , shortland is . , florida is . , guadalcanal , new georgia group , ugi is . . see [ maps ]\npapilio hicetaon mathew , 1886 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1886 : 350 ; tl : ugi i .\nnew britain , duke of york group , new hanover , st . mathias ? . see [ maps ]\npapilio browni godman & salvin , 1879 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1879 : 655 ; tl : new ireland\nailus billberg , 1820 ; enum . ins . mus . billb . : 81 ( repl . for zelima fabricius , 1807 ) ) ; ts : papilio pylades fabricius\n: n . o . tanganyika , ukaranga ; n . nyassa see , langenburg\npapilio evombar boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 254 ; tl : madagascar , comoro i .\npapilio policenes cramer , [ 1775 ] ; uitl . kapellen 1 ( 1 - 7 ) : 61\nlarva on uvaria caffra , artabotrys [ eob ] , artabotrys monteiroae [ bk ] , uvaria bukobensis , u . chamae , landolphia buchannani , l . ugandensis , polyalthia sp . , annona reticulata , a . senegalensis , a . squamosa , monanthotaxis caffra [ afrl ]\nguinea , sierra leone , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , equatorial guinea , bioko , cameroon , gabon , congo , e . congo republic , burundi . see [ maps ]\ncameroon , gabon , congo , congo republic ( bas - fleuve , equateur ) . see [ maps ]\nangola , congo republic , uganda , tanzania , mozambique , e . zimbabwe . see [ maps ]\npapilio junodi trimen , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 ( 2 ) : 138 ; tl : morakwen , delagoa bay\nnigeria , e . congo republic ( coast ) , tanzania , n . malawi , mozambique . see [ maps ]\nliberia , sierra leone , ghana , ivory coast , togo , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , congo republic , c . a . r , sudan , sw . ethiopia , s . somalia , uganda , kenya ( coast ) , tanzania , mozambique , e . zimbabwe - zululand , swaziland . see [ maps ]\npapilio illyris hewitson , 1873 ; ent . mon . mag . 9 : 232 ; tl : gold coast\npapilio illyris flavisparsus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; stettin ent . ztg 64 ( 2 ) : 359 ; tl : fernando po\npapilio illyris girardeaui guilbot & plantrou , 1978 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 70 ; tl : empire centrafricain , bangui\npapilio illyris hamatus joicey & talbot , 1918 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1917 : 271 ; tl : german east africa\ncongo republic ( kivu ) , rwanda , burundi , sw . uganda . see [ maps ]\nnatal , zululand , transvaal , mo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , botswana , kenya , malawi , zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , tanzania . see [ maps ]\npapilio porthaon hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 1 ] ( papilio vii - viii ) : [ 14 ] , pl . [ 7 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : zambesi\nlarva on artabotrys monteiroae , annona , uvaria [ bk ] , friesodielsia obovata , cleistochlamys kirkii , monodora junodii , monanthotaxis caffra , uvaria caffra , u . kirkii [ afrl ]\nkenya ( coast ) , tanzania , angola , malawi , zambia , mozambique - natal , zimbabwe , n . botswana , namibia\nlarva on annona senegalensis , sphedamnocarpus pruriens [ pbsa ] , uvaria [ bk ] , landolphia buchannani , l . ugandensis [ afrl ]\nangola , s . congo republic , kenya ( coast ) , tanzania , malawi , zambia , mozambique , zimbabwe , n . botswana , n . namibia , transvaal , natal , swaziland , comoro is .\n: kasa\u00ef , rivi\u00e8re mulundu , affluent de longatschimo , 85 km . de tshikapa\nsenegal , gambia , guinea - bissau , guinea , sierra leone , ivory coast , mali , burkina faso , ghana , togo , benin , niger , nigeria , sao tome and principe , cameroon , congo , c . a . r , n . congo republic ( ubangi , mongala , uele , ituri ) , chad , sudan , uganda , rwanda , burundi , ethiopia , w . kenya , tanzania\npapilio endochus boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 243 ; tl : madagascar\nnatal , zululand , swaziland , transvaal , s . mo\u00e7ambique , se . zimbabwe , e . botswana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on uvaria caffra , artabotrys sp . [ pbsa ] , hexalobus monopetalus , artabotrys brachypetalus , a . monteiroae , annona senegalensis [ afrl ]\nangola , congo republic ( shaba ) , tanzania , malawi , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nnamibia , angola , s . congo republic , nw . zambia . see [ maps ]\npapilio schaffgotschi niepelt , 1927 ; int . ent . zs . 21 : 53 ; tl :\ndeutsch sudw . africa\n[ ? error ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r , congo republic , chad , s . sudan , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , zambia . see [ maps ]\n: sud kivu , rivi\u00e8re micozi , z\u00f4ne des mines m . g . l .\npapilio leonidas fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : africa\nlarva on popowia caffra [ pbsa ] , annona , monanthotaxis , uvaria [ bk ] , monanthotaxis caffra , annona senegalensis , landolphia ugandensis , l . buchannani , annickia chlorantha , friesodielsia obovata , uvaria leptocladen , u . caffra , u . kirkii , u . acuminata , artabotrys cinerea , a . brachypetalus [ afrl ]\npapilio leonidas santa - marthae joicey & talbot , 1927 ; encycl . ent . ( b3 ) 2 ( 1 ) : 12 ; tl : st . principe , 1500 - 2000ft\npapilio leonidas thomasius le cerf , 1924 ; bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . 30 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl :\nsan thome\n; [ bafr ] , 44 ; [ bafr ] , 45 f . ( zanzibar pop . )\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r , congo republic ( ituri forest , n . shaba ) , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , congo republic , angola , c . a . r , chad , w . uganda , tanzania\npapilio philono\u00eb ward , 1873 ; ent . mon . mag . 10 : 152 ; tl : kenya , rib\u00e9\nlarva on uvaria leptocladon , u . chamae , annona sp . [ afrl ]\ns . sudan ( riverine forest ) , sw . ethiopia , n . uganda , nw . kenya\npapilio philonoe whalleyi talbot , 1929 ; bull . hill mus . 3 : 72 ; tl : s . sudan , imatong mountains\nguinea , sierra leone , mali , burkina faso , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic ( ubangi , mongala ) . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , c . a . r , congo republic ( mongala , uele ) . see [ maps ]\ne . cameroon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic ( mongala ) . see [ maps ]\npapilio almansor honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 1 ) : 210 ; tl : guinea , ashanti [ error , angola ? ]\nangola , congo republic ( lualaba , lomami , kasai , sankuru , tanganika ) , n . zambia\npapilio charcedonius [ sic ] birbiri ungemach , 1932 ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 21\npapilio charchedonius karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 285 ; tl : bismarckburg , misah\u00f6he\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic ( mongala , uele ) , s . sudan , uganda\ncongo republic ( kivu ) , uganda , sw . kenya , nw . tanzania , rwanda ? , burundi ?\nboth sexes are mimics of amauris niavius or a . tartarea ( another mimic of those same species is hypolimnas dubius ) . [ bk ]\nsenegal , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r , congo republic . see [ maps ]\npapilio fulleri grose - smith , 1883 ; ent . mon . mag . 19 : 234 ; tl : camaroons\n: cameroun , mont kala , 900 / 1150m , 20 km . w . de yaound\u00e9\ncameroon , congo , n . angola , congo republic ( except shaba ) , chad . see [ maps ]\nn . angola , s . congo republic , nw . zambia . see [ maps ]\npapilio poggianus honrath , 1884 ; berl . ent . z . 28 ( 1 ) : 210 ; tl : guinea [ error ]\npapilio hachei dewitz , 1881 ; berl . ent . z . 25 : 286 ; tl : west afrika , quango\ncameroon , congo , n . congo republic , e . congo republic , c . a . r\npapilio aurivilliusi seeldrayers , 1896 ; ann . soc . ent . belge 40 : 499 ; tl : congo\npapilio ucalegon hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 1 ] ( papilio vii - viii ) : [ 13 ] , pl . [ 7 ] , f . 19 ; tl : old calabar\nw . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , nw . angola , c . a . r , congo republic ( mayumbe )\nlowland forest ( nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , congo republic , c . a . r ) . see [ maps ]\npapilio ucalegon var . simoni aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 485 ; tl : congogebiet , bangala\nsri lanka , malaysia , malabar , sikkim - assam , burma . see [ maps ]\npapilio antiphates cramer , [ 1775 ] ; uitl . kapellen 1 ( 1 - 7 ) : 113 , pl . 72 , f . a , b ; tl : s . china\nlarva on desmos cochinchinensis , uvaria microcarpa [ mrs ] , annona lawii [ bmp ] , annona , desmos , goniothalamus , melodorum , miliusa , uvaria , xylopia , michelia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 94\npapilio antiphates javanicus eimer , 1889 ; artb . verwandtsch . schmett . ( 1 ) : 136 ; tl : java\n= papilio antiphates ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 410\npapilio antiphates itamputi ab . leucania jordan , 1909 ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 89 ; tl : ne . sumatra\npapilio itamputi butler , 1885 ; in forbes , natur . wander east . archip . : 276 ; tl : lake ranau\npathysa ( pathysa ) antiphates itamputi ; [ bmp ] : 78 , pl . 6 , f . 12\npapilio antiphates antiphanes fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 197 ( repl . papilio antiphates ceylonicus eimer , 1899 )\npapilio antiphates antiphonus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 22 ) : 170 ; tl : nias\npathysa naira moore , [ 1903 ] ; lepidoptera indica 6 : 22 , pl . 475 , f . 1 , 1a ; tl : travancore , s . india\nantiphates balius ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 90 ; tl : bali\npapilio antiphates rhabdotus jordan , 1937 ; novit . zool . 40 : 321 , pl . 14 , f . 1 ; tl : sipora\npapilio antiphates kalaoensis rothschild , 1896 ; novit . zool . 3 ( 2 ) : 92 ; tl : kalao i .\nantiphates kurosawai ( igarashi , 1979 ) ( pathysa ) ; kodansha : 165 ; tl : s . sulawesi\npeninsular india - s . bihar , madhya pradesh , saurashtra , lucknow , simla - sikkim , assam , burma , ceylon . see [ maps ]\npapilio nomius f . pernomius moore , [ 1903 ] ; lepidoptera indica 6 : 29 , pl . 478 , f . 1 ; tl : sikkim\npathysa nomius hainana chou , 1994 ; : 751 , 173 , f . 6 ; tl : hainan\npapilio aristeus parmatinus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : waigiu\nlarva on miliusa brahei , m . traceyi , polyalthia nitidissima , mitrephora froggattii ? k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )\npapilio anticrates doubleday , 1846 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . 18 ( 121 ) : 371 ; tl : sylhet\npapilio aristeus pedo fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 41 ) : 170 ; tl : sumba\narisbe ( pathysa ) aristeus hermocrates ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 5 , f . 10 - 13\npathysa aristea hainanensis chou & gu , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 751 , 173 , f . 3 ; tl : hainan , jianfengling\naru , waigeu , w . irian , new guinea , papua , n . queensland\n= papilio aristeus parmatus ; rothschild , 1895 , novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 419\npapilio paron godman & salvin , 1879 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1879 : 654 ; tl : new ireland\npapilio aristeus bifax rothschild , 1898 ; novit . zool . 5 : 416 ; tl : obi\npapilio aristeus aristinus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : kalao\n= arisbe euphrates euphrates ( c . & r . felder , 1862 ) ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates euphrates ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 8 , f . 2 - 5\nzebraica ( jordan , 1909 ) ( papilio ) ; in seitz , grossschm . erde 9 : 90\npapilio antiphates domaranus fruhstorfer , 1903 ; berl . ent . zs . 47 ( 3 / 4 ) : 198 ; tl : domaran i .\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates domaranus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 9 , pl . 1 - 5\npapilio ornatus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 414 ; tl : halmahera\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates boholensis ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 8 , f . 6 - 7\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphrates buhisanus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 8 , f . 8\npapilio euphratoides eimer , 1889 ; artb . verwandtsch . schmett . ( 1 ) : 133 , pl . 2 , f . 4\narisbe ( pathysa ) euphratoides ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 9 , f . 6 - 8\npapilio antiphates palawanicus eimer , 1889 ; artb . verwandtsch . schmett . ( 1 ) : 149 ( repl . ) ; tl : palawan\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor decolor ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 4\npapilio antiphates euphrates ab . loc . atratus rothschild , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 3 ) : 414 ; tl : mindoro ; ? bohol\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor atratus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 6 , f . 5 - 6\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor neozebraica ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 6 , f . 7 - 10\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor sibuyana ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 7 , f . 1 - 2\npapilio antiphates f . tigris semper , 1892 ; reisen philipp . ( 7 ) : 284 , pl . 48 , f . 2 ; tl : se . mindanao\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor tigris ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 4 , pl . 7 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 8 , f . 1\narisbe decolor rebeccae page & treadaway , 2003 ; in bauer & frankenbach , butterflies of the world , suppl . 8 : ( 1 - 6 )\narisbe ( pathysa ) decolor rebeccae ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 7 , f . 5 - 6\narisbe decolor jamesi page & treadaway , 2003 ; in bauer & frankenbach , butterflies of the world , suppl . 8 : ( 1 - 6 )\naribes ( pathysa ) decolor jamesi ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 5 , pl . 7 , f . 7 - 8\n? papilio androcles latilinea joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 323 ; tl : sula i .\npapilio androcles cleomenes fruhstorfer , 1911 ; ent . rundschau 28 ( 23 ) : 178 ; tl : sula mangoli\npapilio rhesus boisduval , 1836 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 253 ; tl :\nbengal\n[ error ]\npapilio rhesus rhesulus fruhstorfer , 1902 ; dt . ent . z . iris 15 ( 1 ) : 164\npapilio rhesus parvimacula joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 322 ; tl : sula i .\npapilio dorcus de haan , 1840 ; verh . nat . gesch . ned . overz . bez . ( zool . ) : 35\npapilio agetes westwood , 1843 ; arcana entomologica , 2 : 23 , pl . 55 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl :\nsylhet\n1099x918 ( ~ 384kb ) upperside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1155x826 ( ~ 337kb ) underside male cambodia , koh kong province , 25 . 5 km of ene koh kong , the ' capricornis ' forest rivulet near its junction with the sala munthun ( right tatai ) river . 29th november 2010 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npapilio agetes tenuilineatus fruhstorfer , 1901 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 89 ; tl : xomgom , s . annam"]}
{"id": 470, "summary": [{"text": "asaphocrita sciaphilella is a moth in the blastobasidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , including kentucky , texas and california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are tawny vinous gray with a purplish sheen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish gray . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "asaphocrita sciaphilella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for sciaphilella definition . you find here sciaphilella meaning , synonyms of sciaphilella and images for sciaphilella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sciaphilella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sciaphilella and , of course , sciaphilella synonyms and on the right images related to the word sciaphilella .\nhave a fact about asaphocrita sciaphilella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for asaphocrita sciaphilella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nasaphocrita sciaphilella is a moth in the blastobasidae family . it is found in the united states , including kentucky , texas and california .\nasaphocrita sciaphilella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita protypica meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 178\nasaphocrita obsoletella is a moth in the blastobasidae family which is endemic to finland .\nasaphocrita erae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita reginae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita alogiae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita speie is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita fidei is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita furciferae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita stellae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita umbrae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita gazae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita gerrulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita viraginis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita laminae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita lucis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita lunae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita vitae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita magae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita maximae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aurae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita opellae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita blattae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita amatricis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita pallae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita catenae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita animulae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita cenae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita arcis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita collyrae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita coronae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita deae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita planetae is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita quietis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita rationis is a moth in the blastobasidae family that is endemic to costa rica .\nasaphocrita aphidiella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 709\nasaphocrita estriatella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710\nasaphocrita fuscopurpurella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita irenica ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nasaphocrita pineae ; adamski , 1999 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 3 ) : 695\nasaphocrita busckiella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita plagiatella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita plummerella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nasaphocrita protypica ; [ nacl ] , # 1170 ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 709\nmissouri , pennsylvania , massachusetts , new hampshire , new york , mayrland , s . ontario , nova scotia . see [ maps ]\n: pensylvania , hazleton , charleroi ; canada , toronto ; maryland , plummers is .\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 710\nholcocera busckiella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 36 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : maryland , plummers is .\ncatacrypsis irenica walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 208 ; tl : mendocino co . , mouth of albion r . , california ; british columbia , new westminster\nholcocera pineae amsel , 1962 ; z . ang . ent . 49 : 397\nholcocera plagiatella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 40 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : arizona , williams\nblastobasis plummerella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : plummers is . , maryland\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 1212 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 711\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1873 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtf\u00e4lter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe wingspan is about 18 mm . the forewings are tawny vinous gray with a purplish sheen . the hindwings are brownish gray .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 472, "summary": [{"text": "the common shovelnose ray , giant shovelnose ray or giant guitarfish ( glaucostegus typus ) is a species of fish in the rhinobatidae family found in the central indo-pacific , ranging from india to the east china sea , solomon islands and northern australia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is found in shallow coastal areas to a depth of at least 100 m ( 330 ft ) , including mangrove , estuaries and reportedly also in freshwaters .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it reaches up to 2.7 m ( 8.9 ft ) in length , and is greyish-brown to yellowish-brown above with a paler snout .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species has been tested for colour vision using choice experiments that control for brightness .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it was the first rigorous behvioural evidence for colour vision in any elasmobranch . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "common shovelnose ray", "paragraphs": ["the common shovelnose ray is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nbirth of common shovelnose rays ( glaucostegus typus ) under captive conditions . - pubmed - ncbi\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - common shovelnose ray swimming along seabed\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - common shovelnose ray swimming along seabed\ntitle =\narkive video - common shovelnose ray swimming along seabed\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus )\ntitle =\narkive species - common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe giant shovelnose ray grows to 2 . 7 m in length and occurs in the indo - pacific region .\nthe common shovelnose ray ( glaucostegus typus ) is a poorly studied species of the rhinobatidae family that occurs throughout the indo - west pacific . although common in aquariums throughout the united states , there are currently no records of captive birth events . in 2013 , a female common shovelnose ray housed at the downtown aquarium in houston , texas , usa gave birth to eleven pups . although all pups were stillborn , this event demonstrates that it is possible to breed common shovelnose rays in a controlled environment . the single female and two male common shovelnose rays at the aquarium are of sexually mature size ( between 206 and 240 cm total length , tl ) , demonstrate mating behaviors , and provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the reproductive biology of this species . captive environmental conditions of the birth enclosure may be useful in replicating the birthing event in order to develop a breeding program that could potentially relieve collection pressures on wild populations of guitarfish given their vulnerable status .\nthe giant shovelnose ray has a broadly triangular , opaque snout and enlarged denticles and thorns along its spine . there is no gap between the pectoral and pelvic fins and the lower lobe of the tail fin is small and straight\nfurther research into the population structure , biology and ecology of g . typus is required to assess the extent to which fishing pressure , particularly in relation to finning , and habitat destruction is influencing this species within its range . improved species composition data from all fisheries that take shovelnose rays and guitarfish is necessary .\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 6871 ) . tropical ; 24\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s , 91\u00b0e - 156\u00b0e\nindo - west pacific : thailand to new guinea and the solomon islands , south to australia . records from the south coast of india , sri lanka , bangladesh , and myanmar need confirmation .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 150 - 180 cm max length : 270 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9909 )\noccurs inshore and offshore , from the intertidal to offshore continental and insular shelves ( ref . 9909 ) . adults are found offshore waters while young individuals are found inshore on sand flats , around atolls , and in mangrove swamps ( ref . 6871 ) . feeds on shellfish ( ref . 9909 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . reported to live and breed permanently in fresh water ( ref . 6871 ) . probably the major commercial guitarfish in the western central pacific ( ref . 9909 ) . caught regularly by demersal tangle net fisheries operating throughout the area . utilized for its meat , fins ( both very high value ) , skin and cartilage ( ref . 58048 ) . reported to attain a maximum length of 4 m ( ref . 58784 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . born at 38 - 40 cm tl ( ref . 58048 ) .\nlast , p . r . and j . d . stevens , 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro , australia . 513 p . ( ref . 6871 )\n) : 25 . 7 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 1126 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00646 ( 0 . 00254 - 0 . 01643 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 76 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 83 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 31 march 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 31 march 2016 ) .\nsome recent changes in the systematics of rhinobatus have elevated the subgenus glaucostegus to full generic status and placed this genus into a family of its own : glaucostegidae ( compagno 2005 , last et al . 2016 ) .\nglaucostegus typus is widely distributed in the indo - pacific ( last and stevens 1994 , compagno and last 1999 ) . another species , g . granulatus , co - occurs with this species at the western extremity of its range but has not been positively identified from the australia and oceania region ( last and stevens 1994 ) .\njuveniles of g . typus occur inshore , e . g . , mangrove systems and estuaries , and around atolls , whilst adults are found in the deeper waters of the continental shelf to about 100 m ( last and stevens 1994 ) . this species has also been reported to be able to live and breed permanently in freshwater . glaucostegus typus is reported to attain at least 270 cm in length ( last and stevens 1994 ) . although no published information is available on size at maturity and reproductive biology of this species , specimens examined from shark bay ( western australia ) showed that females and males appear to mature at between 155 and 175 cm total length ( tl ) , and young are born at approximately 38 to 43 cm tl ( w . white , unpublished data ) . there does not appear to be a distinct seasonal reproductive cycle with newborn young found in most months of the year ( w . white , unpublished data ) . this species is a major predator of crustaceans , with an examination of the diets showing that more than 90 % of food ingested belongs to juveniles of either the blue swimmer crab ( portunus pelagicus ) or the western king prawn ( melicertus latisulcatus ) ( w . white , unpublished data ) . juveniles also utilize shallow sand flats as nursery areas and move into mangrove areas and sand flats at high tide to feed . there is no published information on the age at maturity , longevity and natural mortality of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaster tracks 33 west park clifton bristol avon bs8 2lx united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 973 6833 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 923 7090 neil @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nthe species has a triangular snout , two large dorsal fins and a caudal fin that lacks a lower lobe . there are thorns and denticles along the dorsal midline\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\njuveniles occur in inshore mangrove and coral reef waters . adults occur in deeper marine waters to depths of about 100 m .\nhoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .\nlast , p . r . & j . d . stevens . 2009 . sharks and rays of australia . edition 2 . csiro . pp . 644 , pl . 1 - 91 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ntimm ll 1 , carter je , frey j sr , prappas j , wells rj .\ndowntown aquarium houston , houston , texas ; texas a & m university , department of marine biology , galveston , texas .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nour site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly . we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .\nupper body grey - brown to olive with pale to yellow margins on the pectoral , pelvic , dorsal and caudal fins .\n& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010\u20132018 . queensland government"]}
{"id": 473, "summary": [{"text": "acrolophus luriei is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hasbrouck in 1964 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including arizona . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "acrolophus luriei", "paragraphs": ["acrolophus tapuja ; mielke & grehan , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo n . f . 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 152\nacrolophus is a genus of moth in the family acrolophidae , with , typically , great individual variation within species in color pattern , making field identification of many individuals difficult or impossible .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndalaca tapuja pfitzner , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 19 ) : 110 ; tl : southern brazil , leopoldina\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\npfitzner in seitz , 1937 die amerikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer ( 186 pls ) gross - schmett . erde 6 : 1 - 32 ( 1913 ) , : 33 - 192 ( 1915 ) , : 193 - 240 ( 1917 ) , : 249 - 280 ( 1918 ) , : 241 - 248 , 281 - 320 ( 1919 ) , : 321 - 336 ( 1920 ) , : 337 - 376 ( 1921 ) , : 377 - 416 ( 1922 ) , : 417 - 424 ( 1924 ) , : 425 - 528 ( 1925 ) , : 529 - 616 ( 1927 ) , : 617 - 672 ( 1928 ) , : 673 - 768 ( 1929 ) , : 769 - 840 ( 1930 ) , : 841 - 904 ( 1931 ) , : 905 - 1016 ( 1932 ) , : 1017 - 1048 ( 1933 ) , : 1049 - 1088 ( 1934 ) , : 1089 - 1112 ( 1935 ) , : 1137 - 1256 ( 1936 ) , : 1113 - 1136 , 1257 - 1296 ( 1937 ) , : 1297 - 1304 ( 1938 ) , : 1305 - 1328 ( 1939 ) , : 1329 - 1452 ( 1940 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nrobinson , g . s . 1986 . fungus moths : a review of the scardiinae ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 52 ( 2 ) : 37 - 181 .\nrecord : sta cruz co . , coll . j . f . lawrence ( bmnh )\nhasbrouck , frank f . 1964 . moths of the family acrolophidae in american north of mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum ( vol 114 , pp . 487 - 706 ) number 3475 .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl = yuma , records in texas as well ) .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl =\nhot springs , az\n. records in texas as well ) .\nbruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 475, "summary": [{"text": "tachyporus is a genus of rove beetle in the tribe tachyporini .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is the type genus of both the tribe tachyporini and the subfamily tachyporinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the global biodiversity information facility reports 40 species in this genus , with most collection and observation activity from europe , but also including records from north american , africa , asia , australia , and new zealand . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tachyporus", "paragraphs": ["og tachyporus hypnorum . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark , pp . 1 - 24 .\nlipkow e . ( 1966 ) biologischokologische untersuchungen iiber tachyporus - arten und tachinus rufipes ( col . , staphyl ) . pedobiologia 6 , 140 - 177 .\nnative to , and occurs throughout , the palaearctic ; long established in our area and occurs over much of north america . most abundant tachyporus in north america .\na revision of the genus tachyporus gravenhorst ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) of north and central america j . m . campbell . 1979 . the entomological society of canada .\ncampbell jm ( 1979b ) a revision of the genus tachyporus gravenhorst ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) of north and central america . memoirs of the entomological society of canada no 109 . 95 pp .\npetersen , m . k . 1997 . life histories of two predaceous beetles , bembidion lampros and tachyporus hypnorum , in the agroecosystem . doctors ' s dissertation . issn 1401 - 6249 . isbn 91 - 576 - 5280 - 5\npedersen m . , pedersen l . t . & abildgaard k . ( 1990 ) annual and diurnal activity of some tachyporus species ( coleoptera : staphylinidae ) in two spring barley fields and a hedge . pedobiologia 34 , 367 - 375 .\nkennedy t . f . , evans g . o . & feeney a . m . ( 1986 ) studies on the biology of tachyporus hypnorum f . ( col . staphylinidae ) , associated with cereal fields in ireland . irish journal of agricultural research 25 , 81 - 95 .\nkowalski , r . ( 1986 ) biology of tachyporus spp . ( coleoptera , staphylinidae ) in relation to their role as predators of cereal aphids in feeding behaviour and accessibility of food for carabid beetles . in : report of the fifth meeting og european carabidologists at stara brda pilska , poland , september , 13 - 15 , 1982 , warsaw : warsaw agricultural university press , pp . 97 - 104 .\n\u00b9 die kafer mitteleuropas , freude , harde , lohse . vols 4 and 5 \u00b2 practical handbook of british beetles , joy \u00b3 the author ' s son , one of our junior members , continually provides copious amounts of specimens which the father is expected to set , mount and identify - webmaster .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ngravenhorst , johann l . c . 1802 . coleoptera microptera brunsvicensia nec non exoticorum quotquot exstant in collectionibus entomologorum brunsvicensium in genera familias et species distribuit . carolum reichard , brunsuigae . : i\u2013lxvi ; 1\u2013206 .\nhallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 1743 tachinidae fleming , 1821 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : spelling emended to tachinusidae to remove homonymy with tachinidae robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( insecta , diptera ) , and tachyporidae macleay , 1825 ( insecta , coleoptera ) : given precedence over tachinusidae fleming , 1821 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 50 ( 3 ) , 248 - 250 ( 1993 )\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nsn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthis small ( 3 or 4 mm long ) rove beetle , black with dark red wing cases and a yellow margin to its thorax is another species which is shaped like a teardrop travelling blunt end first .\nin plant litter , moss , under leaf rosettes , or amongst soil crumbs on the soil surface .\nit is a useful predator of other small invertebrates in the garden or in agriculture , feeding especially on aphids .\ncommon in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 449 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n, but primarily holarctic , with ~ 2 / 3 spp . in eurasia ; occur throughout na\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nmore accurate length is 1 . 1 to 1 . 4 mm ( measured from apex of head to apex of elytra )\nextremely variable species . very small ( head to elytra length 1 . 1 to 1 . 4 mm ) . light yellowish to dark reddish - brown , sometimes darker . head often darker than pronotum and elytra . elytra usually lighter than pronotum and head . pubescence of elytra and abdomen fine and dense . pronotum glabrous , shiny . apical segment of maxillary palps not longer than width of preceding segment . may have fully developed wings or reduced nonfunctional wings .\nknown habitats in europe include under rotting materials ( such as stacks of hay / straw , compost , mushrooms , leaf litter , and moss ) and often swept from flowers and bushes . usually favors moist habitats , and common in river debris .\nadults have been collected year - round , but most commonly late summer and early fall .\nintroduced staphylinidae ( coleoptera ) in the maritime provinces of canada majka c . g . , klimaszewski j . 2008 . the canadian entomologist 140 : 48 - 72 .\nchecklist of beetles ( coleoptera ) of canada and alaska . second edition bousquet y . , bouchard p . , davies a . e . , sikes d . s . 2013 . zookeys 360 : 1\u2013402 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nakademisk avhandling som f\u00f6r vinnande av filosofie doktorsexamen kommer att offentligen f\u00f6rsvaras i sal l , undervisningshuset , slu , uppsala , onsdagen den 23 april 1997 , kl . 10 . 00 .\npolyphagous predators are important for natural control of insect pests in arable fields . this study has focused on mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements which were expected to influence predator field densities . it has been suggested that increased number of predators in arable fields could lead to an increased natural control of insect pests . investigations were primarily made under controlled conditions . priority was given to mortality factors out of farmer ' s control such as influence from weather and soil types , as these factors will define the limits for effects of manmade manipulations .\nwere selected due to their abundance and activity during the period of aphid establishment in cereal crops . both species overwinter as adults . in spring they disperse into arable fields where they reproduce .\njuvenile mortality was high in different soil types which were irrigated regularly and had prey occurring in excess . mortality of\nwas lower in sandy soil ( 51 % ) than in clayey soil ( 80 % ) . mortality of\n. adult mortality during winter and early spring is of minor importance as long as temperatures during the winter are stable and the beetles are protected by a cover of vegetation . however , some winters might have a temperature regime that will cause a higher mortality . in the postwinter period both species have the capacity to survive periods of starvation .\ntwo singlespecies simulation models were constructed using the concept of metabolic pool models . the models contain all quantified data on\nshould be concentrated to enhancement of the conditions for the juvenile stages during development in the soil surface . specific recommendations cannot be given before optimal conditions are determined in detail and compared to effects of different potential changes in agricultural practices .\nmette kj\u00f8bek petersen , department of entomology , slu , s - 750 07 uppsala , sweden .\nthis thesis is based on the following papers , which will be referred to by their roman numerals .\nii . petersen , m . k . relationship between the capacity to survive starvation and dispersal ability of two polyphagous predators in arable fields . manuscript ( submitted ) .\nkind permission to reprint paper i was granted by elsevier science ltd , the boulevard , langford lane , kidlington 0x5 1gb , uk .\nincreasing knowledge of the importance of early active predators for aphid control in combination with a political decision to reduce pesticide use in danish agriculture , initiated the project which this thesis is based upon . the role of polyphagous predators in natural control of aphids in cereal crops has been studied since the early 70 ' s . polyphagous predators are most important in spring and early summer when aphids colonize the crops ( chiverton , 1986 , 1988 ; winder , 1990 ) . simulation studies indicate that an increased predator density could lead to better aphid control ( carter et al . , 1982 ; ekbom et al . , 1992 ) .\nthe aim of the project is to analyse the influence of weather and farming practices on population densities of common polyphagous predators , and to evaluate the potential for increasing predator densities in arable fields . the carabid\nf . ( fig . 1 ) , were selected for a detailed study because they are abundant and active during the period of aphid establishment in cereal crops .\nherbst ( left ) , actual length 3 . 0 - 4 . 4 mm , and an adult\nf ( right ) , actual length 3 - 4 mm . illustrations kindly produced by rune axelsson .\narable fields are characterised by yearly disturbances such as soil tillage , establishment of crops , harvest processes , etc . these yearly disturbances keep the vegetation at a stage of early succession , where cereals , oilseed rape and vegetables have a growing season of less than a year . the degree of disturbance of a habitat is one of three main components determining evolution of an insect ' s life history ( southwood , 1988 ) . insect species using arable fields with annual crops as a habitat for reproduction may have life histories adapted to an unstable environment ( macdonald & smith , 1990 ) . in addition , some species are adapted to the landscape patterns created by agricultural activities over centuries with patches of fields lined by hedgerows , shelterbelts , ditches , forest edges etc . both\nare examples of insects utilising both habitats , arable fields to reproduce and forage in and the habitats along the field edges for overwintering ( e . g . coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; pedersen etal . , 1990 ; wallin , 1989 ; riedel , 1992c ) .\nthe present study was therefore mainly carried out under controlled conditions in the laboratory or under semifield conditions . mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements of\nthe adult beetle is 3 . 0 - 4 . 4 mm long ( lindroth , 1985 ) ( fig . 1 ) . it overwinters as an adult in field edges and moves , in early spring , into arable fields where it reproduces ( e . g . wallin , 1985 , 1986 ; coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; riedel , 1992b , 1992c ; purvis & fadl , 1996 ) ( fig . 2 ) . eggs are primarily laid in may to july with a peak in may / june and larvae occur in the soil surface during june to august ( mitchell , 1963a ; wallin , 1989 , purvis & fadl , 1996 ) . pupation takes place in an oblong chamber made by third instar larvae beneath the soil surface ( langor & larson , 1983 ) . new adults emerge mainly during july to september ( mitchell , 1963a ; wallin , 1989 ; purvis & fadl , 1996 ) .\nis univoltine in newfoundland and sweden ( langor & larson 1983 ; wallin , 1989 ) but can live for more than one year in england ( mitchell , 1963b ) .\ncollected from arable fields ( mitchell , 1963b ; trittelvitz & topp , 1980 ; den boer , 1971 ; langor & larson , 1983 ; wallin , 1985 ) . the beetle is found on open , sunexposed ground with sparse vegetation , often on dry sandy soil and is distributed throughout the palearctic region ( bangsholt , 1983 ; lindroth , 1985 ) , and in newfoundland where it has been introduced ( lindroth , 1955 ) . the density of reproductive\nin sweden ( chiverton , 1987 ) and between 15 . 7 and 42 . 3 per m\nlay an average of 6 eggs in total with a range of 1 - 15 eggs ( wallin et al . , 1992 ) . on average , 50 % of the eggs hatch at constant temperatures between 17\u00b0c and 25\u00b0c , and 50 % to 80 % of first instar larvae became adults at constant temperatures between 17 - 30\u00b0c ( boye jensen , 1990 ) . only 10 % developed into adults at 12\u00b0c and no larvae developed into adults at constant temperatures of 5\u00b0c and 32\u00b0c ( boye jensen , 1990 ) . survival from first instar larvae to adult was about 46 % when beetles were reared in soil substrate under laboratory conditions ( langor & larson , 1983 ) . development time from egg through three larval instars and pupae to adult beetle emergence was between 24 and 65 days in the laboratory depending on the temperature regime ( boye jensen , 1990 ) .\nfall\u00e9n ) ( andersen et al . , 1983 ; mitchell , 1963a ) , frit fly eggs ( ocinella frit l . ) ( jones , 1969 ) , collembola , and other arthropods ( mitchell , 1963a ) . laboratory experiments have shown that both adults and larvae of\nfeed on all types of animal prey they are likely to find in the field ( mitchell , 1963a ) . lower temperature threshold for feeding activity of adults is about 9\u00b0c ( mitchell , 1963a ; chiverton , 1988 ) .\n. adults overwinter in edge habitats along arable fields ( top ) . dispersal into the fields occurs during spring ( right ) . reproduction takes place in arable fields during spring and summer ( bottom ) . eggs are laid in the soil surface .\ndevelops through 3 larval instars and a pre pupal stage before pupation . teneral beetles emerge during late summer / early autumn and move to the edge habitat for overwintering ( left ) .\nthe adult beetle is 3 - 4 mm long ( hansen , 1964 ) ( fig . 1 ) .\noverwinter as adults often in field edges and hedges ( lipkow , 1966 ; pedersen et al . 1990 ; riedel 1992c ) . in the following spring they disperse into arable fields mainly by flight ( coombes & sotherton , 1986 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) , whereafter they mate and oviposit on the soil surface in may / june ( in germany ) ( lipkow , 1966 ) ( fig . 2 ) . larvae occur mainly during june to august ( germany , england , ireland , denmark ) ( lipkow , 1966 ; kennedy et al . , 1986 ; kowalski , 1986 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) . teneral beetles occur from late july to october depending on the geographic location ( lipkow , 1966 ; pedersen et al . , 1990 ) . tenerals have been caught as early as may in denmark and pedersen et al . , ( 1990 ) suggested that these originated from hibernated larvae or pupae .\noccurs in arable fields , meadows and forests ( schaufuss , 1916 ) and is also found in sand dunes ( topp , 1983 ) . it is found in most of the palearctic region ( schaufuss , 1916 ) with the exception of the far northern districts of scandinavia ( lundberg , 1995 ) . field density during the reproductive period of\nin ireland ( kennedy et al . , 1986 ) and up to 5 per m\nin sweden ( chiverton , pers . comm . ) . when estimated by flooding in arable fields in northern germany the density was up to 2 . 2 per m\nis between 15 and 87 eggs per female , being in the lower part of the range at a constant temperature of 10\u00b0c and the upper part of the range at a constant temperature of 25\u00b0c ( lipkow , 1966 ; kennedy et al . , 1986 ) . egg hatch was between 70 % and 97 % ( lipkow , 1966 , kennedy et al . , 1986 ) . survival from first instar larvae to adult beetles when fed upon a mixed diet of aphids and mealworms was between 27 - 40 % in the laboratory , lowest at 25\u00b0c and highest at 15\u00b0c ( lipkow , 1966 ) . full development to adult beetle was not possible at either 10\u00b0c or 28\u00b0c ( lipkow , 1966 ) . developmental time from egg , through 3 larval instars , pre pupal and pupal stages to adult emergence is 26 - 53 days depending on the temperature during the period of development ( lipkow , 1966 ) .\n) ( e . g . kennedy et al . 1986 ; sopp & wratten , 1986 ; dennis et al . , 1991 ; andersen , 1992 ) and plant pathogens such as powdery mildew (\nspp . ( e . g . dennis et al . , 1991 ) . adults have also been reported to prey upon eggs of cabbage root flies (\n) by andersen et al . ( 1983 ) . both adults and larvae forage on the soil surface and on plants ( dennis et al . , 1991 , dennis & sotherton , 1994 ) . the lower temperature threshold for feeding activity of adults is between 3 and 4\u00b0c in the laboratory ( s\u00f8rensen , 1996 ) .\nintroduction of severe frost ( - 6\u00b0c ) for one or two weekly periods during the winter caused mortality up to 90 % in both species ( i ) . in general\n. both species have a relatively high survival during winters with constant weather conditions - both mild and cold winters ( i ) . winter survival could be described as a function of the sum of sub zero temperatures to which the beetles were exposed during the winter . the sum of negative temperatures was calculated from daily mean soil temperatures 2 cm below a grass turf ( i ) . to make these functions more general a correction factor was calculated from the latter data and data on air temperature 2 m above soil surface from the same period . winter mortality can be estimated from a temperature sum of hourly readings of air temperature 2 m above soil surface by multiplication with 0 . 193 ( iv ) . the super cooling point ( scp ) was in general lower for\n( ranging from - 6 . 44\u00b0c to - 12 . 17\u00b0c ) . the cold hardiness of the beetles decreased as temperatures increased in spring ( i ) .\nboth species were shown to have the capacity to survive periods of starvation during the postwinter period ( ii ) .\nunder the same conditions ( ii ) . fat content was found to be a useful measure of the feeding status of beetles collected in the field ( ii ) . results for\ncollected in the field during spring or fed ad lib . on aphids or collembola contained on average 23 % fat ( based on dry weight ) , and beetles starved to death contained on average 7 % fat . the results for\nwere more variable , both for specimens collected in the field during spring ( 20 - 26 % ) , fed ad lib . ( 17 - 33 % ) and specimens starved to death ( 10 - 20 % ) .\nwith regard to winter survival , scp ( i ) and also with regard to their capacity to survive starvation in early spring and utilisation of fat reserves during starvation ( ii ) . the energetic costs might limit the range of some organisms ' physiological capability for developing cold hardiness ( danks , 1978 ) . since the survival of terrestrial arthropods depends on their ability to withstand the lowest winter temperature there will be a strong selection for scp below the minimum temperatures of their microhabitats . if coldhardiness is costly , geographical variations in supercooling ability within a species should be expected . relatively few investigations into this question have been conducted ( s\u00f8mme , 1982 ) .\nduring juvenile development was lower in sandy soil ( 51 % on average ) than in clayey soil ( 80 % on average ) ( iii ) . mortality of\nduring juvenile development was independent of the soil type with an average of 70 % . all larvae had an excess of living prey ( aphids and collembola ) during their development in the different soil types ( iii ) . soil origin ( from conventional or organic farms ) did not influence larval mortality for either\n( iii ) . the different soil types were used to expose the larvae to different abiotic conditions caused by differences in texture and water holding capacity of sandy and clayey soil respectively . further the use of soil originating from different farming practices ( from organic and conventional farms ) was assumed to provide conditions with differences in microflora andfauna . organic soil was expected to have a higher content of microorganisms , however this was not quantified due to methodological complications . mortality of\nduring juvenile development was further studied under field conditions and was 88 % in a relatively warm and dry summer . however , this result might be influenced by interspecific competition as larval density was twice as high as in the semi field experiment\nas they had food in excess during development in the present study . larval mortality is proposed to be the major mortality factor in many species of carabids ( thiele , 1977 ; l\u00f6vei & sunderland , 1996 ) . biotic factors such as food limitation and interspecific competition among the larvae seem to be of importance when occuring in higher densities ( largersized carabids e . g . gr\u00fcm , 1975 ; nelemans , 1987 ; knisley & juliano , 1988 ; siepel , 1988 ; and for a staphylinid species ( kowalski , 1976 ) ) .\nan average of only 10 eggs . egglaying was related to a physiological timescale ( \u00b0d ) using the lower threshold for feeding activity as a base temperature ( iii , iv ) . this was done on the assumption that development of eggs is dependent on the energy obtained from feeding activity ( see ' the study organisms ' ) . measured in physiological time\nin the same time counted in hours or days ( iii ) . channelling of resources into preparation for overwintering can reduce fecundity in diapausing animals ( cf . danks , 1987 ) .\n' robustness during overwintering and in the postwinter period might lead to a tradeoff in fecundity .\n( ii ) . spring dispersal from the overwintering sites in field edges etc . could be predicted by lognormal distributed functions of the proportion of beetles dispersing based on a physiological time scale ( \u00b0d ) ( ii ) . the base temperature used was 6\u00b0c for\n. these base temperatures were selected from shapes of curves of the cumulative proportions of dispersal plotted against physiological time scales with base temperatures of 6 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 14 , 16 and 18\u00b0c . the need for specific conditions for take off by\nwas assumed to be a reason for a better curve fit when using 12\u00b0c than lower base temperatures . as\n, where a majority of the population only move by walking . however , mortality during the seasonal movements was not quantified in this study .\nagricultural fields are characterised by regular disturbances . thiele ( 1977 ) speculates that the carabid fauna in the agroecosystem might have evolved from areas with periodic flooding . such areas close to e . g . sea or river shores have similarities with agricultural fields in that they are regularly disturbed and rich in nutrients from e . g . sea weed . however , fires in habitats with an otherwise permanent vegetation will cause the same conditions with bare soil and a high level of nutrients for a short period , but with less predictable frequency .\nthe literature on r - and k - selection of life history strategies ( e . g . pianka , 1970 ; steams , 1976 ; denno & dingle , 1981 ; roff , 1992 ) has often been compared to the stability of the habitat . the rselection is often found in relation to an unstable environment and k - selection related to an stable environment . the two model species in this study have been evaluated with regard to the presented results on mortality , fecundity and seasonal movements . the data on these two species shows that they have some characteristics for both rselection [ large reproductive effort ( only\n) ] . a comparison to other organisms in the agroecosystem shows that some weed species have a similar mix of ' r - ' and ' k - selection ' characters in their life histories ( macdonald & smith , 1990 ) .\ncollected in arable fields may indicate that arable fields are optimal habitats for reproduction compared with other habitats .\nmay in general be characterised as much less adapted to arable fields , as it is much more mobile and found in several habitats ( se ' the study organisms ' ) . comparison of the events in the life cycles of\nwith agricultural practices in the majority of agricultural areas in denmark shows that they are well adjusted to some treatments but are threatened by others . soil tillage as preparation for establishment of both autumn and spring sown crops ( cereals and oilseed rape ) is mainly done during periods where\nare in their adult life stage , either in the field or in the edge habitats along the fields ( fig . 2 ) . by being in the adult stage they are less sensitive to mechanical damage than the juvenile stages , as larvae are weakly chitinized and have a low mobility ( l\u00f6vei & sunderland , 1996 ) . mechanical soil tillage , e . g . ploughing , may although be a severe , recurring problem for adult beetles in a majority of fields . the effect of this event has been investigated in a pilot study ( petersen , unpubl ) . the effect of soil tillage was simulated by covering adult beetles with layers of soil with different depth ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 cm ) . there was a clear tendency for\nremained covered ( petersen , unpubl ) . weeds can be controlled mecanically in organic fields but this treatment will often be done at the same time as the juveniles of\nare developing in the soil surface . preliminary studies on the effect of harrowing on larvae of\nshowed that this process was destructive for all specimens involved ( petersen , unpubl ) . also the study of purvis & fadl ( 1996 ) indicated that there may be an influence on the occurrence on\ndependent on the time of crop establishment ( autumn or spring ) . establishment of crops such as sugar beets , cabbage , carrots and other vegetables often occurs later in the season which may cooccur with the presence of eggs and larvae in the soil surface , and thereby have a destructive effect on the juveniles .\nhave been recorded from burned areas in forests in germany and norway ( winter , 1980 ; bakke , 1996 ) . it is one of the first species entering clearings in the forest made by fire ( winter , 1980 ; ehnstr\u00f6m , 1991 ) . macropterous specimens of\ninvading clearings in forests may belong to another metapopulation with a different life history strategy compared to the brachypterous forms in arable fields . as solbreck ( 1978 ) points out , phenotypical alternative life histories are interesting for studies of life history strategies since they represent real alternatives compared with manipulations made in the laboratory .\nseems to be a candidate for studies on different life histories developed for life in habitats connected to two seemingly different ecosystems such as agricultural fields and forests . however , both habitats are created by disturbances and will leave the mineral soil bare and sun exposed for the beetles .\nthe two singlespecies simulation models presented ( iv ) were constructed using the concept of metabolic pool models ( see guiterrez , 1996 ) . the models contain all quantified data on\nfound in the literature or obtained in this study . the models seems to function correctly because they replicate adult phenology in the field and correctly estimate the timing of reproduction .\nthe current status of the models makes them useful as tools for planning further research on the two species . additionally the models will be appropriate to combine with models on winter wheat , aphids , parasitoids and fungi infections on aphids for a study of interactions in the winter wheat ecosystem , which was the aim of the collaborative project which the present study was a part of . however , the models can not be used for any predictions of effects on aphids or long term population dynamics of the beetles before they have been validated with independent field data and the energy budgets used justified with data on\n. the resource base for the beetles needs also to be defined and its dynamics quantified ( sunderland et al . , in press ) .\nmeasures of field density of reproductive beetles in spring and of teneral beetles in late summer were made . these measurements were meant to be used for validation of the models ( iv ) . however , the timing of measurement of field density was found to be difficult with regard to the beetles movement into the fields in early spring . the data obtained were found unreliable for a validation of the models and were therefore not used .\nseveral mortality factors are still not quantified such as mortality of the juvenile stages in relation to well defined abiotic conditions and mortality due to entomopathogenic fungi and parasites ( cf . lipkow , 1966 ; andersen & skorping , 1991 ; riedel & steenberg , 1992 ) . furthermore there may be a mortality during autumn , from eclosion to start of hibernation , including the beetle ' s movement to the field edges for overwintering . another possible mortality factor of both species is predation by other larger arthropods , small rodents or birds .\n. i conclude that further work should be concentrated to the limiting conditions during development of the juvenile stages . experimental work to test effects of abiotic factors , caused by different farming practices , should , as a first step , be carried out for each factor in the laboratory .\nsecondly , field investigations with an initially known number of individuals can be used . to overcome the effects from an uneven distribution of carabid beetles ( petersen , 1995 ; personal observations ) , weeds ( marchall , 1988 ) and other effects such as heterogeneous soil conditions on a field scale e . g . soil type and soil moisture , many replicates are needed in field studies .\ncomparisons between conditions created both by different soil treatments and by different farming systems ( e . g . organic , conventional and conservationtillage / notillage ) are important . organic farming usually has other crop rotations , crops for nitrogen fixation , application of manure and a higher degree of weed cover . all these factors might produce microclimatic conditions different from those in conventional fields as there are more perennial crops , a higher content of organic matter and , of course , no use of pesticides . as mentioned earlier mechanical weed control is expected to have a negative effect on population densities of\nas it cooccurs with development of juveniles in the soil surface . organic farming may also provide more alternative prey for the predators , which may affect the natural control of insect pests .\nchange of soil tillage practices to ' conservationtillage ' or ' notillage ' minimize yearly disturbances and may dramatically change the microclimatic conditions in the soil surface and will cause change in species composition in accordance to species specific optimal conditions ( see ' effects of agricultural practices ' ) .\nmove by walking the number of beetles in arable fields will have a wave like pattern during their dispersal ( coombes & sotherton , 1986 ) . estimates of the field density of\nshould therefore be made after their spring dispersal is terminated . estimates of both reproductive specimens in late spring / early summer and of the new generation in late summer / early autumn should be made . descriptions of the spring dispersal as a function of physiological time ( ii , iv ) will be helpful for the right timing of a sampling program in spring . further the models ( iv ) will be helpful for the timing of sampling of the new generation . these data should optimally be collected from several fields and from successive years .\nare affected by high mortality during juvenile development and adults will experience high mortality in winters with periods of severe frost alternating with milder conditions .\nbecause they are generally less robust with regard to cold hardiness and they have a lower capacity to survive starvation .\nmay also have a higher mortality during the seasonal movements between the summer and winter habitats . a majority of\npopulations in arable fields are brachypterous and they show , in general , a very low fecundity . this suggests that population densities of\nto increase their density in arable fields should be concentrated to the environment during juvenile development . specific recommendations can not be given at this stage because the optimal conditions for development in the soil surface have to be defined in detail . furthermore , development has to be related to the effects of different agricultural practices in different soil types .\nmay have adapted very well to the agricultural landscape with its frequently disturbed habitats . however ,\n' very low fecundity and its limited ability to move by walking put it into a threatened position . treatments with pesticides , which are directly toxic to beetles and their offspring , might be hazardous to populations in arable fields . removal of shelterbelts and other linear habitats , that provide stable conditions during overwintering , may further reduce the number of\nin laboratory and semifield experiments . norwegian journal of agricultural sciences 6 , 365 - 273 .\nfall\u00e9n ( diptera , anthomyiidae ) in cage experiments . zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewante entomologie 95 , 499 - 506 .\nandersen j . & skorping a . 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( 1986 ) adult and larval abundance from carabid beetles coleoptera carabidae in a pasture under changing grazing management . mededelingen van de faculteit landbouwwetenschappen , rijksuniversiteit gent 51 , 943 - 956 .\nekbom b . s . , wiktelius s . & chiverton p . a . ( 1992 ) can polyphagous predators control the bird cherryoat aphid ( rhopalosiphumpadi ) in spring cereals ? a simulation study . entomologica experimentalis et applicata . 65 , 215 - 223 .\ngr\u00fcm l . ( 1975 ) mortality patterns in carabid populations . ekologia polska 23 , 649 - 665 .\ngutierrez , a . p . 1996 . applied population ecology : a supplydemand approach . california : division of biological control , uc - berkeley .\nhansen , v . ( 1964 ) entomologiske meddelelser . xxxiii bind . hefte 1 , k\u00f8benhavn : entomologisk forenings forlag , pp . 1 - 240 .\nand on grain yield of oats in monocrops and mixed intercrops . entomologica experimentalis et applicata 54 , 225 - 236 .\n( l . ) ( diptera : anthomyiidae ) , and on alternative prey species . pedobiologia 38 , 513 - 518 .\nl . ) and its predators . journal of applied ecology 6 , 425 - 441 .\nknisley c . b . & juliano s . a . ( 1988 ) survival , development , and size of larval tiger beetles : effects of food and water . ecology 69 . 1983 - 1992 .\nlindroth c . h . ( 1955 ) the carabid beetles of newfoundland . illustrated by carabid beetles . opuscula entomologica supplementum 12 , 1 - 160 .\nlindroth , c . h . ( 1985 ) the carabidae ( coleoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark , leiden , copenhagen : e . j . brill / scandinavian science press ltd .\nl\u00f6vei g . l . & sunderland k . d . ( 1996 ) ecology and behavior of ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . annual review of entomology 41 , 231 - 256 .\nlundberg , s ( 1995 ) . catalogus coleopterorum sueciae , stockholm : naturhistoriske riksmuseet & entomologiska foreningen i stockholm .\nmacdonald , d . w . & smith , h . ( 1990 ) dispersal , dispersion and conservation in the agricultural ecosystem . in : species dispersal in agricultural habitats , edited by bunce , r . g . h & howard , d . c . london : belhaven press , pp . 18 - 64 .\nmarchall e . j . p . ( 1988 ) field scale estimates of grass weed populations in arable land . weed research 28 , 191 - 198 .\n( schrank ) . i . life cycles and feeding behaviour . journal of animal ecology 32 . 289 - 299 .\n( schrank ) el studies on populations of adults in the field , eith special reference to the technique of pitfall trapping . journal of animal ecology 32 , 377 - 392 .\nm\u00fcnster - swendsen m . ( 1992 ) systems analytical studies of the flora and fauna in cultivated lands - elucidated by model studies . revised project description . department of population biology . university of copenhagen .\n( f . ) . netherlands journal of zoology 37 , 26 - 42 .\npauer r . ( 1975 ) zur ausbreitung der carabiden in der agrarlandschaft , unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der grenzbereiche verschiedener feltkulturen . zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewandte zoologie 62 , 457 - 489 .\npetersen m . k . ( 1995 ) spatial distribution of carabid beetles in a winter wheat field . poster presented at the 3th international symposium of carabidology , kauniainen , finland , september 1995 . ( abstract )\npianka e . r . ( 1970 ) on r - and k - selection . the american naturalist 104 , 592 - 597 .\npotts , g . r . & vickerman , g . p . ( 1974 ) studies on the cereal ecosystem . in : advances in ecological research . volume 8 , edited by macfadyen , a . london : academic press , pp . 108 - 197 .\npowell w . , dean g . j . & dewar a . ( 1985 ) the influence of weeds on polyphagous arthropod predators in winter wheat . crop protection 4 , 298 - 312 .\npurvis g . & curry j . p . ( 1984 ) the influence of weeds and farmyard manure on the activity of carabidae and other grounddwelling arthropods in a sugar beet crop . journal of applied ecology 21 , 271 - 283 .\npurvis g . & fadi a . ( 1996 ) emergence of carabidae ( coleoptera ) from pupation : a technique for studying the ' productivity ' of carabid habitats . annales zoologici fennici 33 . 215 - 223 .\nramert b . & ekbom b . ( 1996 ) intercropping as a management strategy against carrot rust fly ( diptera : psilidae ) : a test of enemies and resource concentration hypotheses . environmental entomology is , 1092 - 1100 .\nriedel w . ( 1992a ) establishing hibernation sites for beneficial arthropods in arable land . manuscript i in ' hibernation and spring dispersal of polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology . university ofaarhus , denmark 1 - 22 .\npont . ( col . , carabidae ) from and established hibernation ridge in arable land . manuscript ii in ' hibernation and spring dispersal oof polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark 1 - 30 .\nriedel w . ( 1992c ) overwintering preferences of some beneficial arthropods inhabiting arable land . manuscript iii in ' hibernation and spring dispersal of polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark 1 - 20 .\nriedel w . & steenberg t . ( 1992 ) winter mortality for some adult overwintering polyphagous predators with attention to the entomopathogenic fungus beauveria bassiana . manuscript iv in ' hibernation and spring dispersal of polyphagous predators in arable land ' . a ph . d . thesis . institute of biology , department of zoology , university of aarhus , denmark 1 - 15 .\nroff , d . a . ( 1992 ) the evolution of life histories . theory and analysis . new york london : chapman & hall , pp . 1 - 535 .\nschaufuss . c . ( 1916 ) calwer ' s k\u00e4ferbuch . einf\u00fchrung in die kenntnis der k\u00e4fer europas . band / , stuttgart : e . schweizbart ' sche verlagsbuchhandlung , n\u00e4gele & dr . spr\u00f6sser\nscheller h . v . ( 1984 ) the role of ground beetles ( carabidae ) as predators on early populations of cereal aphids in spring barley . zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewante entomologie 97 , 451 - 463 .\noblongopunctatus f . ( coleoptera ; carabidae ) with special refence to the larval stage . revue d ' ecologie et de biologie du sol . 25 , 435 - 350 .\nsolbreck , c . ( 1978 ) migration , diapause . and direct development as alternative life histories in a seed bug neacoryphus bicrucis . in : proceedings in life science . evolution of insect migration and diapause , edited by dingle , h . new york : springer - verlag . pp . 195 - 217 .\nsopp p . & wratten s . d . ( 1986 ) rates of consumption of cereal aphids by some polyphagous predators in the laboratory . entomologica experlmentalis et applicata 41 , 69 - 73 .\nsouthwood t . r . e . ( 1988 ) tactics , strategies and templets . oikos 52 , 3 - 18 .\nstearns s . ( 1976 ) lifehistory tactics : a review of the ideas . the quarterly review of biology 51 , 3 - 47 .\nstinner b . r . & house g . j . ( 1990 ) arthropods and other invertebrates in conservationtillage agriculture . annual review of entomology 35 , 299 - 318 .\np . j . m . , petersen m . k . , powell w . , ruggle p . , triltsch h . and winder l . ( in press ) pest control by a community of natural enemies . acta jutlandica .\ns\u00f8mme l . ( 1982 ) supercooling and winter survival in terrestrial arthropods . comphrensive biochemistry and physiology 73 a , 519 - 543 .\nthiele , h . - u . ( 1977 ) carabid beetles in their environments . a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour . berlin : springerverlag , pp . 1 - 369\nthomas m . b . , wratten s . d . & sotherton n . w . ( 1992 ) creation of island habitats in farmland to manipulate populations of beneficial arthropods predator densities and species composition . journal of applied ecology 29 , 524 - 531 .\ntopp , w . ( 1983 ) limiting similarity in rove beetles ( col . , staphylinidae ) of a habitat inland . in : adaptations to terrestrial environments , edited by margaris . n . s . new york : plenum press , pp . 3 - 11 .\ntrittelvitz w . & topp w . ( 1980 ) verteilung und ausbreitung der epig\u00e4ischen arthropoden in der agrarlandschaft . i . carabidae . anzeiger f\u00fcr sch\u00e4dlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz 53 , 17 - 20 .\nwallin h . ( 1985 ) spatial and temporal distribution of some abundant carabid beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in cereal fields and adjacent habitats . pedobiologia 28 , 19 - 34 .\nwallin h . ( 1986 ) habitat choice of some fieldinhabiting carabid beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) studied by recapture of marked individuals . ecological entomology 11 , 457 - 466 .\nwallin h . . chiverton p . a . , ekbom b . s . & borg a . ( 1992 ) diet , fecundity and egg size in some polyphagous predatory carabid beetles . entomologica experimentalis et applicata 65 , 129 - 140 .\nby polyphagous predators on the ground . ecological entomology 15 , 105 - 110 .\nwinter k . ( 1980 ) sukzession von arthropoden in verbrannten kiefemforsten . iii . laufk\u00e4fer ( carabidae ) . forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt 99 , 356 - 365 .\nmany people have been involved in my work both during the experimental period of the project and the writing of this thesis . i would like to thank them all :\nbarbara ekbom for the kindness of the reception she gave me at the department of entomology , her structured and constructive support and critisism of experimental plans and many versions of manuscripts . the facilities and support i have recived during my stays at the department have been perfect . thank you for it all , barbara .\nj\u00f8rgen jakobsen initiated the project as part of the center for agricultural biodiversity and managed to find additional funding for the last part of this work - thank you j\u00f8rgen .\nhans peter ravn has been the formal leader of the project and responsible for its connection to the centre of agricultural biodiversity . thank you for your support hans peter\nthe staff at the department of plant pathology and pest management , danish institute of plant and soil science , who have helped in many ways with all the practical work of the experiments and made a friendly atmosphere in the department .\ni would like to extend special thanks to ursula althoff for her assistance with many of the investigations made in the laboratory and under semi field conditions - during cold winter and warm summer days . gitte jensen , mariane \u00f8stergaard , tine nielsen , janie poulsen , kirsten jepsen and morten lind have kindly helped during the years with the collection of beetles , establishment of barriers and emptying of pitfall traps etc . henning bang madsen helped with the handling of the equipment for temperature measurements .\nthanks are also extended to annie enkegaard , jens bligaard and steen gyldenk\u00e6rne who have given critical comments on manuscripts and been good discussion partners at the department in lyngby .\npeter boll and kristian kristensen in the department of biometrics and informatics , danish institute of plant and soil science , have offered support with the use of sas , both the statistical facilities and the complicated way of making graphs .\nthe staff at the department of entomology , swedish university of agricultural sciences have by their capacity as teachers in postgraduate courses introduced me to many different aspects of insect ecology . special thanks are extended to christer bj\u00f6rkmann , philip chiverton , bengt ehnstr\u00f6m , richard hopkins , stig larsson , jan pettersson , mats w . petterson and christer solbreck . thanks are extended to rune axelsson making the drawings of ' the favorite beetles ' ."]}
{"id": 476, "summary": [{"text": "bouchardina is a genus of north american crayfish , containing a single species , bouchardina robisoni ( bayou bodcau crayfish ) which is named after one of the scientist who found it henry w. robison .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it can be found in the bayou basins of southwestern arkansas , united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is not considered to be significantly threatened as its habitat has low human disturbance ; it is listed as data deficient on the iucn red list , s1 ( critically imperiled ) by the nature conservancy and by natureserve as g2 ( imperiled ) and by the american fisheries society as vulnerable .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2010 , research by scientists suggested changing the iucn status to threatened as it was only known from four counties ( lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia county , arkansas ) and only a few specimens had been collected since 1977 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "bouchardina", "paragraphs": ["crandall , keith a . , james w . fetzner , jr . , and horton h . hobbs , jr . 2001 . bouchardina .\nhobbs , h . h . , jr . 1977 . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 .\nhobbs , horton h . , jr . 1977 . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 , figure 1 .\nhobbs , h . h . ( 1977 ) . the crayfish bouchardina robisoni , a new genus and species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from southern arkansas . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 89 ( 62 ) : 733 - 742 , 1 figure . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkeith a . crandall , james w . fetzner , jr . , and horton h . hobbs , jr .\nbritish museum ( natural history ) , london , england , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington d . c .\nbackwaters of bayou bodcaw ( red river basin ) in borrow ditch along sunray road , 4 miles ( 6 . 4 km ) north of lewisville off state route 29 , lafayette county , arkansas ( sec . 14 , t . 15s , r . 2w ) .\nhobbs , h . h . jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian institution press .\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlivingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . while this species has a restricted range with an extent of occurrence of 250 km\n, there is no evidence that it is undergoing a decline in population numbers or quality of habitat . however , if with further investigation it was found that this species ' habitat was undergoing a continuing decline in quality , or there is an ongoing decline in population numbers , then this species would qualify for an assessment of endangered under criteria b . further research is required to determine the abundance of this species , and whether it is impactd upon by any major threat processes .\nis known from the bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins , and lafayette , nevada , hempstead and columbia counties , southwestern arkansas ( hobbs 1977 , robison and allen 1995 ) . this species has a distribution of approximately 250 km\nthis species has been collected in shallow , sluggish backwaters and small intermittent streams with a sandy substrate ( robison and allen 1995 ) . in this study , individuals appeared to be associated with the presence of vegetation such as\nsp . it was collected from burrows over 3 m deep ( k . crandall pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species is unlikely to be undergoing a significant decline as much of the catchment in which it occurs is forested with very little urbanization , or agricultural land ( arkansas water 2009 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , species has been given a natureserve global heritage status rank of g2 , and was assigned an american fisheries society status of vulnerable based on its restricted range ( taylor\n. 2007 , natureserve 2009 ) . due to the restricted nature of this species , further research is required on its abundance and threats impacting upon it .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncrandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhobbs , h . h . , jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology 480 : 1 - 236 .\nthis species has a restricted range in southwestern arkansas but is known from several sites in 2 drainages and 4 counties . however , there have been no attempts to located this species on other sites , therefore the distribution of this species cannot be verified . additionally , there are no known threats to this species recorded . further research is required to determine a more recent population abundance and distribution and to identify the extistence of major threats . status and trend information are not known .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nalthough described from lafayette , co . , arkansas , it is now known from the following counties in southwestern arkansas : lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia ( bouchard and robison , 1980 ; robinson and allen , 1995 ; robison et al . , 2008 ) ; in bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins .\nthis species has a restricted range in southwestern arkansas but is known from several sites in 2 drainages and 4 counties .\nfour very experienced collectors secured only 40 individuals in 2 . 5 hours ( hobbs , 1977 ) .\nit is unknown whether there are any major threats impacting this species . however , it is likely to be undergoing localized declines due to urbanization , alterations to the hydrological regime and water pollution .\n( 100 - 250 square km ( about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) although described from lafayette , co . , arkansas , it is now known from the following counties in southwestern arkansas : lafayette , hempstead , nevada and columbia ( bouchard and robison , 1980 ; robinson and allen , 1995 ; robison et al . , 2008 ) ; in bodcaw and dorcheat bayou basins .\na small , greyish tan crawfish with no conspicuous gross features to give distinct field marks . pleopod definitive ; see diagchars ( hobbs , 1977 ) . [ length : to 17 tcl , to 23 tl ] [ width : to 9 ]\nfirst pleopod of male with two short terminal elements , central projection flattened in antero - posterior plane ; palm of cheliped hirsute and with dactyl shorter than mesial margin of palm ( hobbs , 1977 ) .\nshallow , detritus - rich , sluggish , sandy - bottomed backwaters and small intermittent streams , or overflow ditches with aquatic vegetation ; animals apparently associated with vegetation . ludwiga sp . and utricularia sp . and grasses are the dominants . has been collected from burrows of over three meters deep ( robison and allen , 1995 ) .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity . additional physical barriers , particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers , include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m . migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric ( dry and desert - like ) ( smith , 2001 ) .\nfreshwater cave ( troglobitic ) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems . for cave species , each cave where an observation or collection was recorded ( see minimum eo criteria , above ) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system ( see below ) . occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbouchard , r . w . and h . w . robison . 1980 . an inventory of the decapod crustaceans ( crayfishes and shrimps ) of arkansas with a discussion of their habitats . proceedings of the arkansas academy of science 34 : 22 - 30 .\nmclaughlin , p . a . , d . k . camp , m . v . angel , e . l . bousfield , p . brunel , r . c . brusca , d . cadien , a . c . cohen , k . conlan , l . g . eldredge , d . l . felder , j . w . goy , t . haney , b . hann , r . w . heard , e . a . hendrycks , h . h . hobbs iii , j . r . holsinger , b . kensley , d . r . laubitz , s . e . lecroy , r . lemaitre , r . f . maddocks , j . w . martin , p . mikkelsen , e . nelson , w . a . newman , r . m . overstreet , w . j . poly , w . w . price , j . w . reid , a . robertson , d . c . rogers , a . ross , m . schotte , f . schram , c . shih , l . watling , g . d . f . wilson , and d . d . turgeon . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 : 545 pp .\nrobison , h . c . mcallister , c . carlton , and g . tucker . 2008 . the arkansas endemic biota : an update with additions and deletions . journal of the arkansas academy of science 62 : 84 - 96 .\nrobison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .\ntaylor , c . a . , g . a . schuster , j . e . cooper , r . j . distefano , a . g . eversole , p . hamr , h . h . hobbs iii , h . w . robison , c . e . skelton , and r . f . thoma . 2007 . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness . fisheries 32 ( 8 ) : 371 - 389 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 483, "summary": [{"text": "leucoptera sinuella is a moth in the lyonetiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , except ireland , the balkan peninsula and the mediterranean islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in japan ( hokkaido , honshu ) and north africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 6 millimetres ( 0.24 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on populus alba , populus candicans , populus deltoides , populus gileadensis , populus nigra , populus tremula , salix aurita , salix caprea , salix cinerea , salix fragilis , salix purpurea .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of a large , upper-surface blotch .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place outside of the mine . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "leucoptera sinuella", "paragraphs": ["cemiostoma sinuella reutti , 1853 . beitr . rheim . naturg . freiberg a b 3 : 208 leucoptera sinuella ( reutti , 1853 ) .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neggs are deposited on the upperside of the leaf , mostly in groups of 5 - 10 , less often singly , generally along a vein ; the empty shells are flat and shining . the snow - white larvae form large , upper - surface blotches in which considerable larvae may be present , also mines may coalesce . pupation is external ; exit slit in upper epidermis ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\ndescribed by patocka ( 2000a ) , patocka and turcani ( 2005a ) . pupation is solitary under a conspicuous white spinning in the shape of an ' h ' ( van frankenhuyzen and freriks , 1970a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nadult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belarus , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , kaliningrad region , latvia , lithuania , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , east and northwest , slovakia , spanish mainland , sweden , switzerland , the netherlands and ukraine ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nif you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute , please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths . co . uk .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 17 07 : 39 : 35 page render time : 0 . 1792s total w / procache : 0 . 2128s\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ntaxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : extinct in the british isles , formerly in a small stand of aspens near the railway station at aviemore , inverness - shire , where persistent until the 1950s , when it disappeared suddenly ; recent searching has failed to reveal any sign of its continued presence ( mbgbi vol 2 ) . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 7 - 8 mm . larva mines leaves of aspen , over - wintering as a pupa .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 484, "summary": [{"text": "mylothris chloris , the western dotted border or common dotted border , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal , the gambia , mali , guinea-bissau , guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , burkina faso , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo , sudan , uganda , kenya and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of open woodland and dense savanna , but may also be found in disturbed rainforest areas and suburban gardens .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on osyris abyssinicus , englerina gabonensis , phragmanthera capitata , loranthus and viscum species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "mylothris chloris", "paragraphs": ["mylothris chloris ( fabricius , 1775 ) = papilio chloris fabricius , 1775 = papilio thermopylae cramer , [ 1779 ] = mylothris afraorientalis stoneham , 1937 .\nmylothris chloris . . . the pretty pierid angel that came my way earlier today .\nmylothris chloris is found from gambia and senegal to ethiopia , and south to uganda and kenya .\ncommon dotted border ( mylothris chloris ) . many thanks to tanya mass ( butterfly colour ) for the i d .\nthe yellow in the centre next yo the small mylothris is an unknown to me .\ncommon dotted border ( mylothris agathina ) feeding on stuff i ' d prefer not to mention at waterberg resort , namibia .\nthere are many beautiful butterflies in the gambia , this beautifully coloured common dotted border \u2013 mylothris chloris \u2013 ( also known as the western dotted border ) is just one of them . seen in a lesser known part of the grounds of the laico atlantic hotel in banjul , the gambia .\nmylothris is confined to the african continent and includes 51 species , most of which are distributed across the forest belt from cameroon to western kenya .\nspecies share a number of characteristics : they have rounded wings with a black apex on the upperside forewings . on the underside , fore and hindwings of most species have a single row of prominent black marginal spots , hence the butterflies in this genus are all known as dotted borders . m . chloris is untypical , having instead a broad dark margin on the hindwings .\nthis species is found in open woodland , forest clearings , acacia scrub , savannah / forest mosaics , parks and gardens , at altitudes between sea level and about 1200m .\nboth sexes fly throughout the day around tree tops , where courtship and copulation take place .\nthe flight is slow and deliberate , and in conjunction with the conspicuous appearance is indicative of the fact that the butterflies are distasteful to avian predators .\nmales are usually seen singly when imbibing mineralised moisture around the edges of puddles on forest tracks , normally in shaded or semi - shaded areas .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\nvane - wright , r . i . , liseki , s . d . 2011 . on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter , a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 44 , 85 - 93 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website uses cookies to allow us to better understand how the site is used . by continuing to use this site , you consent to this policy . click to learn more .\nnotification will be sent to your e - mail address every time the item price is decreased .\ncopyright \u00a9 2012 insect designs . all rights reserved . abn : 75141197423 | ecommerce website by online visions\n[ home ] [ catalogue ] [ rarities & aberrations ] [ new arrivals ] [ quantity list ] [ terms & contacts ] [ info updates ] [ events ] [ links ] [ about us ] copyright \u00a9 2001 - 2012 thorne ' s insect shoppe ltd . . all rights reserved .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nbutteflies on a poinsettia - mbita , kenya by j . a . g .\ntaken at waterkloof wine estate , sir lowry ' s road , somerset west , western cape .\ni saw this one fluttering around , sucking on the sweet nectar of the beautiful wild lantanas .\n( for the photo i would have preferred not just a white piece of paper where they sat on and a single specimen for picturing would have been easier to get than two of them which did disturb each other so that they unrestlessly changed their position within seconds but in the end i ' m quite satisfied that i found them at all . )\nthe eastern dotted border or common dotted border is a butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in mozambique , zimbabwe , botswana and southern and eastern south africa . wikipedia\na butterfly of the pieridae family . it is found in mozambique , zimbabwe , botswana and southern and eastern south africa . the wingspan is 50\u201360 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 4 in ) for males and 52\u201365 mm ( 2 . 0\u20132 . 6 in ) for females . this visitor to our garden gave me quite the runaround before i managed to get this shot . : - )\ncommon names : common dotted border butterfly ; gewone voelent - witjie ( afrikaans ) .\ntaken at harold porter botanic gardens in betty ' s bay , western cape , south africa .\nalthough quite common , for me it remains one of the most beautiful local butterflies to photograph , especially with the wings closed .\nmacro photograph of an\norange shouldered white\nbutterfly on ribbon bush flowers ( hypoestes ) .\ntaken at harold porter botanic gardens , betty ' s bay , western cape .\nwent to nylsvlei to do some bird watching but ended up butterfly spotting due to lack of birds . . . . .\nany help with id ' s corrections and confirmations is always very much appreciated .\ni am happy with this name but i have no idea if there are any other similar species . any help with confirming or denying the id will be greatly appreciated\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 485, "summary": [{"text": "kentrochrysalis sieversi is a species of moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from the southern part of the russian far east , north-eastern china and south korea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 88 \u2013 90 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from mid may to mid august in korea .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae have been recorded feeding on fraxinus species in primorskiy kray . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "kentrochrysalis sieversi", "paragraphs": ["note . visually , apart from size , kentrochrysalis sieversi can be very difficult to separate from kentrochrysalis heberti haxaire & melichar , 2010 . records of one may be of the other species .\nthe records from fujian , hubei and sichuan may be miss - labelled specimens which have been at some time confused with kentrochrysalis sieversi .\nkentrochrysalis sieversi , female , upperside . china , shaanxi , tai bai shan - mts . ( s ) , tsinling - mts . , houzbenzi\nin the male genitalia , uncus suddenly narrowed to a short , pointed hook . gnathos divided into 2 triangular lobes . valve similar to that of kentrochrysalis sieversi , broadest near the base . harpe similar to that of kentrochrysalis sieversi , but the ventral process shorter ; in addition there are 5 or 6 further processes , which vary in form and position between specimens , but the most ventral is always large . aedeagus as in kentrochrysalis sieversi .\nkentrochrysalis sieversi alph\u00e9raky , 1897 , in romanoff ( ed . ) , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 9 : 164 . type locality : corea [ korea ] .\nas it is very difficult to visually separate kentrochrysalis sieversi from kentrochrysalis heberti haxaire & melichar , 2010 , the records from zhejiang , sichuan , yunnan , hunan and fujian may be of the latter . the record from hainan , however , is correct .\nwingspan : 88 - - 90mm . hindwing with vein m2 arising before centre of cell ( cross - vein m1 - m2 shorter than m2 - m3 ) ; veins rs , m1 longer stalked than in kentrochrysalis streckeri . antenna without a large brown patch as in kentrochrysalis streckeri , the segments only weakly dilated laterally compared with kentrochrysalis streckeri ; fasciculated cilia of distal segments shorter than in kentrochrysalis streckeri . pilifer with scales and some bristles . palpus not hairy , unlike kentrochrysalis streckeri .\nkentrochrysalis havelki holotype ( china , shaanxi , qinling mts . , s from baoji ) ( smcr ) male upperside\nantennae of both sexes with a large brown patch on the upperside , and with fasciculated cilia on all segments , the cilia long on the terminal segments in the male ; segments rounded - dilated dorso - laterally in both sexes , especially the middle ones . pilifer with a brush of scales and a few bristles . palpus , especially the first segment , rough with hairs , unlike kentrochrysalis sieversi .\nendemic to japan . records from mainland asia are erroneous and are of misidentified individuals of kentrochrysalis streckeri , as demonstrated by kim , kim , choi , cho & kim ( 2016 ) for south korea .\nwingspan : 62 - - 72mm . most similar in appearance to kentrochrysalis streckeri , but differs in having the forewing upperside discal lines less dentate ; the two antemedian lines distinct , ending at the inner margin in a blackish patch that is prolonged basad .\nin the male genitalia , uncus more abruptly narrowed and curved than in kentrochrysalis streckeri . gnathos very broad , truncate , the sides obtusely dentate . valve widest near base , the inner surface with long , thin scales . harpe very large , basally reaching close to the dorsal margin of the valve , and ventro distally to its apex ; the ventral finger - like process short , above it is a pointed triangular , upcurved process ; the baso - dorsal part of the harpe has large teeth . aedeagus similar to that of kentrochrysalis streckeri , but the hook longer .\nsynonym . hyloicus houlberti oberth\u00fcr , 1920 , etudes de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8rologie compar\u00e9e 17 : 1 - 24 . type locality : thibet , t\u00e2 - tsien - lo\u00fb [ china , sichuan , kangding ] .\nchina : v - viii ( zhejiang ) ; vii ( liaoning ) . russia : 6 . vii ( primorskiy kray ) .\npark et al . ( 1999 ) give mid may until mid august as the flight period in korea .\nlarval hostplants . recorded in primorskiy kray , russia , on fraxinus ( derzhavets , 1984 ) .\nchina : heilongjiang ; jilin ( changbai shan ) ; liaoning ( changhai , dachangshan island ) ; hebei ; beijing ( sanbao ; baihua shan ) ; zhejiang ( tianmu shan , 1500 - 1600m ) ; sichuan ( kangding ; pengshui ) ; yunnan ( yanmen ) ; ? hunan ; fujian ( longqi shan ) ; hainan ( wuzhi shan ) .\nsouth korea : kyonggi prov . ( gwangleung ; chukryong - san ; cheongpyong ; myungji - san ) ; kangwon prov . ( samak - san ; seolak - san ; chiak - san ; chuncheon ; jeombong - san ; bangtae - san ; odae - san ; jungseon ; bongmyung - ri ; pyungchang ) ; north chungchong prov . ( mungyungsaejae ; songni - san ) ; north cholla prov . ( deokyu - san ) ; north kyongsang prov . ( cheongyang - san ) ; south kyongsang prov . ( gaji - san ) .\nkentochrysalis [ sic ] consimilis rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 163 ( key ) , 164 . type locality : japan , [ honshu , tochigi , near nikko , ] chinzengi [ chuzenji - ko ] ; japan , [ honshu , ] tokei [ tokyo ] ; japan , [ honshu , tochigi , ] nikko .\njapan : honshu ( chiuzenji ; schirane ; karuizawa ; nikko ; hoppo ; mt . daisen ; tokei - ji ; mt . mitake , tokyo ; kirizumi spa , 1080m ; yunotaira spa ; gozaishodake ; kisojihara ; mitsumine ; kiyosato , 1300m ) ; shikoku ; kyushu .\nsphinx streckeri staudinger , [ nov . 15 ] 1880 , ent . nachr . 6 : 252 . type locality : [ russia , primorskiy kray , ] wladiwostok [ vladivostok ] .\nin the male genitalia , uncus triangular , about twice as long as broad basally , pointed , flat dorsally , downcurved , prismatically compressed distally , carinate ventrally . gnathos broad , short truncate - sinuate , angles rounded . valve with dorso - distal margin very oblique . harpe with a broad , almost flat , dentate , sinuate upper lobe , and a slender , cylindrical , obtuse ventro - distal process . aedagus terminating in a long , slender , pointed hook curving proximad and sinstrad . in the female genitalia , ostial plate weakly sinuate . ostial cavity covered proximally by a broad , rounded lobe .\nchina : 16 . iv ( baihua shan , beijing ) ; 13 . v ( baihua shan , beijing ) ; urltoken ( nei mongol ) ; vii ( heilongjiang ) . north korea : vii ( jueul , 1500m ) . russia : 13 . v - 20 . vii ( khabarovskiy kray ) ; v - viii ( primorskiy kray ) ; 23 . viii ( khabarovskiy kray ) .\npark et al . ( 1999 ) give late april until early august as the flight period in korea .\nat khabarovsk , russia , there is a full generation in may / june / july , with a partial second generation in august in some years ( dubatolov , pers . comm . 2010 )\novum : pale yellow when first laid , almost spherical ( 2 . 1 x 1 . 9mm ) , shiny and smooth . after 3 - 4 days turns brownish - purple if fertile . becomes transparent just before hatching , with the green and purple larva visible within . laid singly on the underside of a leaf of the hostplant .\nlarva : full - fed 60 - - 65mm . on hatching , the 7mm larva is peppermint green with a purple ' core ' , particularly for the anterior segments . this purple pigmentation appears to be derived from eating the eggshell as it quickly vanishes after feeding on foliage , the body then becoming a uniform translucent peppermint green . however , the thoracic segments acquire a yellowish tint with growth , and a faint , pale , dorso - lateral line appears . the head is spherical and peppermint green , the horn blackish - purple , paler laterally , with a bifurcated tip . ( very similar to that of sphinx ligustri , apart from the purple coloration . )\nsettles down very quickly under a leaf after hatching , resting along the midrib and eating the leaf from it ' s tip backwards .\nthe larva remains basically peppermint green in the second instar , but becomes more yellowish dorsally , more greyish ventrally . with growth , the pale dorso - lateral line fades away except for on the thoracic segments . pale yellow oblique streaks appear laterally , that from the anal horn more pronounced . the peppermint green head becomes more triangular and develops yellow cheek stripes . the horn remains blackish dorsally and ventrally , but becomes pale yellowish - red laterally . the true legs are translucent pale yellow , the spiracles pale . final size : 20mm .\nin the third instar the basic body colour becomes more apple green , yellowish dorsally , greyish ventrally , and is sparsely covered with raised yellow tubercles , some of which are sharp . the lateral oblique stripes and thoracic dorso - lateral stripe become lemon yellow , the oblique stripe from the horn is bold . the head is broadly oval - triangular , apple green , with pale yellow cheek stripes which may be edged behind with black in some . the large , conical , mainly straight horn is now more or less pale orange , with some blue dorsally , but with black tubercles along both dorsal and ventral surfaces . final size : 31mm .\nin the fourth instar , which is the last for most , the basic body colour remains the same , i . e . apple green , yellowish dorsally , greyish ventrally . the now lemon yellow body tubercles , which may be raised or mere spots , are arranged in concentric rings , and are paler and smaller ventrally . the lateral oblique stripes and thoracic dorso - lateral stripe are still lemon yellow , but are now ' edged ' frontad with clear green . the oblique stripe from the horn is very bold and more creamy , and is often edged along the front with carmine red , as are some of the others . this carmine colour may also appear in many as a diffuse flush around the spiracles , this sometimes joining up below and around the base of the oblique lateral stripes to form an irregular band . the head is still broadly oval - triangular , but now with a blue - green face and creamy - white cheek stripes , which may be edged behind with black in some . both black and cream stripes are broken at the indented vertex . the long , conical , mainly straight horn is now more orange - to - carmine red , with some blue dorsally , but still with black tubercles along both dorsal and ventral surfaces . the true legs are orange edged with yellow , and darker at the base . feet of claspers paler than body ; anal clasper edged with black above foot . spiracles orange with a yellow vertical bar centrally . prior to pupation the dorsal surface becomes plum brown . final size : 60 - - 65mm .\npupa : 42 - - 47mm . mid to dark mahogany brown , and rugose , i . e . not glossy ; elongate . head with a pair of forward - projecting ridges , and with tubercular knobs over the eyes and tongue base . antennae carinate , with a ridge of fine , sharp , backward - pointing spines along their entire length . wing - cases ribbed . abdomen weakly carinate dorsally and with spiny tubercles at the shoulders and wing bases . first and second mobile abdominal segments ( i . e . abdominal segments 5 and 6 ) with a twin pair of broad - based spines ventro - laterad . cremaster long ( 4mm ) , conical , sharply pointed , with three pairs of lateral spines and two sharp tubercles at the base ventrally . formed in an almost silk - free cell in the soil . the overwintering stage .\nlarval hostplants . recorded in primorskiy kray , russia , on fraxinus , ligustrum and syringa ( derzhavets , 1984 ) ; izerskiy ( 1999b ) gives fraxinus mandshurica ; streltzov , osipov & malikova ( 2003 ) give syringa reticulata subsp . amurensis . recorded in korea on ligustrum obtusifolium ( park et al . , 1999 ) .\nchina : nei mongol ( zalantun / butha qi ) ; heilongjiang ( zhaodong ; harbin ; yichun ) ; jilin ( changbai shan ) ; beijing ( baihua shan ) ; shanxi ( wutai shan ) ; ? fujian ( longqi shan ) ; ? hubei ( lichuan ) ; ? sichuan ( kangding ) .\nnorth korea : north hamgyong prov . ( jueul , 1500m ) ; south hamgyong prov . ( seokwang temple ) .\nsouth korea : kyonggi prov . ( gwangleung ; soyo - san ; myungji - san ) ; kangwon prov . ( gwangduk - san ; samak - san ; daeryong - san ; geonbongryong ; seolak - san ; bangtae - san ; chiak - san ; baekduk - san ; taebek - san ; chuncheon ; geonbong temple ; bongmyung - ri ; jeombong - san ; odae - san ; yangyang ; hongcheon ; yaksu - san ; jiam - ri ) ; north chungchong prov . ( songni - san ) ; north cholla prov . ( jiri - san ) ; south cholla prov . ( baekyang temple ) ; north kyongsang prov . ( sobaek - san ; tonggo - san ; youngcheon ) ; south kyongsang prov . ( hamyang ; geoje - do ; namhae ; milyang ; sancheong ; ulsan ; hapcheon ) ; cheju prov . ( cheju - do ; topyung ; youngsil ; hare - ri ) .\nrussia : amurskaya ( uril area ; blagoveshchensk ) ; yevreyskaya ( bastak ) ; khabarovskiy kray ( bolshekhekhtsyrskii nature reserve , khabarovsk suburbs ; komsomolsk - na - amure ; kiselevka ) ; primorskiy kray ( andreevka ; askold island ; vladivostok ; narva ; novoselskiy , lake chanka ; kedrovaya pad nature reserve ; barabash ; anuchino ; novovladimirovka ; ussuriysk ; kravtsovka ) .\nmongolia , russian far east , northeastern china , north korea and south korea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nsyntypes 7\u2642 corea [ korea ] ( m . jankowski ) [ zisp ] .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nstaudinger , 1892 die macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i . theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 6 : 83 - 658 , pl . 4 - 14\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 486, "summary": [{"text": "discophyllitidae are discoidal , generally evolute phylloceratina from the upper triassic , derived from the ussuritidae , in which the principal saddles of the suture have bifurcated or trifurcated endings , described as being di - or triphyllic .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "discophyllitid shells are rather similar to those of the ancestral ussuritidae and are distinguished primarily by the more complex suture .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the discophyllitidae provided the source for the jurassic phylloceratidae and juraphyllitidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "four genera are recognized and described . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "discophyllitidae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for discophyllitidae definition . you find here discophyllitidae meaning , synonyms of discophyllitidae and images for discophyllitidae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word discophyllitidae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word discophyllitidae and , of course , discophyllitidae synonyms and on the right images related to the word discophyllitidae .\nthe phylloceratidae are probably derived from the late triassic discophyllitidae by increasing the sutural complexity and evolving involute coiling . the discophyllitidae in tern have their origin in the ussuritidae , also known as the monophyllitidae .\nthanks to this graph , we can see the interest discophyllitidae has and the evolution of its popularity .\nhere you have a list of opinions about discophyllitidae and you can also give us your opinion about it .\nyou will see other people ' s opinions about discophyllitidae and you will find out what the others say about it .\nin the image below , you can see a graph with the evolution of the times that people look for discophyllitidae . and below it , you can see how many pieces of news have been created about discophyllitidae in the last years .\nyou can leave your opinion about discophyllitidae here as well as read the comments and opinions from other people about the topic .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ndiscophyllitidae\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\ncan ' t figure out what that fossil is ? post bright , sharp images here for identification . ( note that responses & confidence increase with image quality ! ) > re - size your pictures , per the tips in our faq forum . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nthis forum is devoted to illuminating the pitfalls to be avoided when considering the purchase of fossils .\nplease do not post links to websites , nor identify or incriminate a seller in any way - do not copy or screenshot advertisement verbiage .\nfor our educational purposes , the sellers ' identity is immaterial ; this is all about the specimens .\n> in this forum , we promote and celebrate our amateur contributions to the paleontological sciences . there are many volunteer opportunities to play an important role in furthering the science , and to learn new skills . whether by volunteering their time ( lab work , collections maintenance , organized field work ) , or through the donation of significant specimens , to scientific institutions , amateurs have always played an important but unheralded part ! > the pinned topic\nfossil contributions to paleontology - the gallery\nis an annotated image archive of member - found specimens now residing in museum collections ; further discussion of them will be found in linked topics in this forum . adding your contribution to this thread will earn the partner award for your profile . > all the other topics in this forum are for the discussion of amateurs ' collaboration with professionals ; science at its best .\nask anything you want to know * about fossils in general ; maybe someone here will have the answer ! * for identification of specific fossils , post in fossil id for best results . . > please understand that we do not appraise value !\nplease make sure you arrange for photos if someone else is preparing your fossil find and completes the prep requirements in the contest month . )\ndate of preparation completion and discovery date ( if not found in the contest month ) .\nshortly after the end of the month , separate polls will be created for the vertebrate and invertebrate / plant find of the month .\nin addition to the fun of a contest , we also would like to learn more about the fossils .\na short explanation of why your fossil should be fossil of the month is a good way to garner votes .\nonly entries posted with clear photos , and that meet the other guidelines will be placed into the poll .\na forum to showcase paleontological museums and their fossil exhibits . have one near you ? take us along !\nfor members ' original paleontological artworks of graphic ( life renderings , display backgrounds , id posters ) and sculptural ( models , carvings ) natures .\nwe have freed member - to - member trades from the restrictions imposed on member sales . you may express your initial interests here , or as opportunity might present in other discussion topics ; once contact with a trading partner is made , please continue your arrangements via private message . public notes on successful exchanges are encouraged ; disputes must be settled privately . please note that transactions done thus must be pure trades , with no money changing hands ; beyond that , the transaction may take any form that both participants agree to as equitable .\nthe member to member sales forum is intended to be a place where people can sell excess specimens , tools , or literature .\nor the same type of items that they just no longer want . it is not intended to be commercial endeavor or market stall on the forum .\njust a place where people can sell their extra fossils , tools , or literature .\n> items offered for sale here should not be concurrently offered on other sites ( such as ebay , etsy , etc . ) .\n> also , no marketing of services . ( for example : preparation or restoration ) .\n> posting access to this forum is a privilege restricted to members who have established themselves by contributing a reasonable , fixed number of posts of substance .\n> we cannot perform $ $ appraisals , but opinions as to relative quality can be offered .\neach fossil must have a specific price . the forum cannot be held liable for deals gone wrong .\n[ inclusion inside baltic amber ] pseudoscorpion + enhydros (\nrunning water\n) . rare but not extremely rare .\nif you would like to help support the fossil forum , you can make a donation here . thank you !\nfor the l jur * * * * ic - u cretaceous . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalso , you will see opinions about other terms . do not forget to leave your opinion about this topic and others related .\n2011 urltoken - give your opinion and read opinions about anything you want . under creativecommons license . users online\nphylloceratidae is the predominant family of the phylloceratina with some 15 or more genera found in rocks ranging from the lower jurassic to the upper cretaceous . members of the phylloceratidae are characterized by smooth , involute shells with very thin walls . many are covered with fine growth lines but are usually without ribbing . sutures are complex with the major and minor branches of the saddles with phylloid or spatulate endings .\nthe phylloceratidae gave rise at or near the beginning of the jurassic to the ancestral lytoceratina , the early lower jurassic peluroacanthitidae and ectocentridae . the phyloceratidae also gave rise at or near the beginning of the jurassic to the psiloceratoidea which unites families of the early jurassic ammonitina . other jurassic ammonitina are derived from the lytoceratina . later , phylloceratids are said to have given rise to cretaceous ammonitina included in the desmoceratoidea , hoplitoidea , and acanthoceratoidea .\nsutures in the phylloceratidae vary in complexity and are usually described on the basis of the saddles , which diverge to the front . saddle endings may be double ( diphyllic ) , triple ( triphyllic ) , or quadruple ( tetraphillic ) . branching may be asymmetric . intervening lobes are variably branched with thorn - like or spinose terminations as viewed in plan .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 488, "summary": [{"text": "scopula pauperata is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are white with a variable grey fasciation and suffusion . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "scopula pauperata", "paragraphs": ["select a genus & species ignobilia prout - ignobilia urnaria guen\u017ee zythos fletcher - zythos turbata walker - zythos avellanea prout - zythos strigata warren - zythos obliterata warren antitrygodes warren - antitrygodes divisaria walker - antitrygodes pseudagrata sp . n problepsis lederer - problepsis plenorbis prout - problepsis apollinaria guen\u017ee - problepsis borneamagna sp . n - problepsis delphiaria guen\u017ee - problepsis achlyobathra prout scopula schrank - scopula inficita walker - scopula actuaria walker - scopula usticinctaria walker - scopula mecysma swinhoe - scopula opicata fabricius - scopula adeptaria walker - scopula insolata aequibrachiata ssp . n - scopula flavinsolata sp . n - scopula annularia swinhoe - scopula planidisca bastelberger - scopula pulchellata fabricius - scopula parodites prout - scopula pithogona prout - scopula brookesae holloway - scopula sp . ? albiflava warren - scopula coangulata prout - scopula voluptaria prout - scopula ? pallidiceps warren - scopula pauperata prout - scopula leucopis prout - scopula quadratisparsa holloway - scopula vacuata guen\u017ee - scopula subdecorata warren - scopula hyphenophora warren - scopula succrassula prout - scopula sp ? sybillaria swinhoe - scopula melinau sp . n - scopula nesciaroides sp . n - scopula asymmetrica sp . n - scopula phallarcuata sp . n - scopula deflavarioides sp . n - scopula 18361 - scopula 9015 - scopula 9012 , 18422\nthis is one of the larger bornean scopula , distinguished by variable grey fasciation and suffusion on a whitish ground .\nspecimens taken at altitude on g . kinabalu are larger , paler than those from the lowlands ( both illustrated ) , but are females only . males will be needed to determine whether sibling species are involved . s . spissitarsata warren from sumatra is related to pauperata , having similarly bifid sclerotised arms to the valves of the male genitalia .\nscopula - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nwalker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 23 : 761 .\nthe species is common in lowland forest but occurs infrequently up to 1930m on g . kinabalu ( see taxonomic note ) .\nthe largest bornean species , voluptaria has a whitish ground colour , strong marginal black dots , and diagnostic blackening within the postmedial and submarginal complex of fasciae at the dorsum , and distal from the discal spot . the fasciae are otherwise rather faint .\nthis species belongs to a group that includes the himalayan s . extimaria walker and s . ochricrinita prout , and s . pallidiceps warren from lombok . these taxa share similarities of facies and of the male abdomen : small coremata laterally on segment 5 ; a large straight ceratum on the right of sternite 8 , with that on the left vestigial ; short , broad socii that bear long setae . in voluptaria the valve processes are broader , blunt rather than acute .\nonly recorded from g . kinabalu , the species is infrequent at 1620m - 1760m .\nsabah : ulu dusun , 30 miles w . of sandakan , 28 - 31 . 1 . 1976\n2 ( slide , 18416 , 18430 ) , 1 ( slide 18431 ) pulo laut , borneo ( doherty ) june ' 91 .\nwalker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 23 : 765 .\nrecords have been made from the lowlands to 1618m , but the species was particularly frequent on the limestone g . api during the mulu survey at 250m and in lower montane forest at 900m .\nboth ground colour and fasciation of the wings are distinctly ochreous in tint , the postmedials of both wings rather irregular in course .\nonly two bornean specimens have been seen , one from hill dipterocarp forest at 300m on g . mulu , the other from the forest edge ( 100m ) at the danum valley field centre , sabah .\nwalker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 23 : 860 .\nthe pattern of straight fasciae on a bone - white ground is distinctive . the forewing fasciae converge at the apex of the wing .\ntropical africa , sri lanka , india , hainan , burma , sundaland , philippines , sulawesi , timor , new guinea .\nonly one bornean specimen has been seen , collected at the end of the previous century in sandakan .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018"]}
{"id": 490, "summary": [{"text": "calamorhabdium is a small genus of colubrid snakes known as iridescent snakes .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the genus contains two described species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "both species are burrowing snakes found in asia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "calamorhabdium", "paragraphs": ["calamorhabdium kuekenthali boettger 1898 calamorhabdium kuekenthali \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 329 calamorhabdium kuekenthali \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 143\ncalamorhabdium acuticeps ahl 1933 : 579 calamorhabdium acuticeps \u2014 de lang & vogel 2005 calamorhabdium acuticeps \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 143\ntype species : calamorhabdium kuekenthali boettger 1898 is the type species of the genus calamorhabdium boettger 1898 .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nboettger , o . 1898 . katalog der reptilien - sammlung im museum der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft in frankfurt / m . 2 . teil ( schlangen ) . frankfurt / m ( gebr . knauer ) , i - ix + 1 - 160 . - get paper here\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nholotype : zmb ( not explicitly mentioned in ahl 1933 but other types from the same paper are in zmb ) .\nahl , e . 1933 . ergebnisse der celebes und halmahera expedition heinrich 1930 - 32 . reptilien und amphibien . mit . zool . mus . berlin 19 : 577 - 583 [ 1935 ]\nkoch , a . 2012 . discovery , diversity , and distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of sulawesi and its offshore islands . edition chimaira , 374 pp . [ isbn 978 - 3 - 89973 - 432 - 4 ] - get paper here\nlang , r . de & g . vogel 2005 . the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . frankfurter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nahl , e . ( 1933 ) ergebnisse der celebes und halmahera expedition heinrich 1930 - 32 . reptilien und amphibien . : mit . zool . mus . berlin 19 : 577 - 583 [ 1935 ]\nfrank , norman & ramus , erica ( 1995 ) a complete guide to scientific and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world . : pottsville : n g publishing inc . , 377 pp .\nlang , r . de & g . vogel ( 2005 ) the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . : frankfurter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthreatened eastern indigo snake ( drymarchon corais couperi )\nby usfws endangered species via flickr , creative commons attribution .\nscarlet kingsnake eating a pinky\nby snakecollector via flickr , creative commons attribution .\nbull snake a . ka . the deige ( pituophis catenifer sayi )\nby dallas krentzel via flickr , creative commons attribution .\nwestern terrrestrial garter snake\nby nordique via flickr , creative commons attribution .\ncommon garter snake ( thamnophis sirtalis )\nby franco folini via flickr , creative commons attribution sharealike .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngeneral shape very small in length , cylindrical bodied snake with a very short tail ending in an obtuse point . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 26 metres . head is indistinct from neck . snout is pointed and projecting beyond the lower jaw . eyes are small in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are smooth without apical pits . ventrals are rounded .\ngeneral : rate of envenoming : non - venomous , so essentially all bites should be\ndry\n.\ndescription : first aid for bites by non - front - fanged colubroid snakes likely to cause either no effects or only mild local effects .\ntreatment summary bites by this species are not expected to cause medically significant effects and the only risk , probably small , is local secondary infection . patients presenting with bites by these snakes do not require medical attention , other than to check for infection and ensure tetanus immune status . patients should be advised to return if local symptoms develop , suggesting secondary infection .\nkey diagnostic features either no effects or minimal local pain & swelling only . no systemic effects .\ngeneral approach to management while most cases will be minor , not requiring admission , some cases will be more severe , requiring admission and treatment , so assess carefully before early discharge .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 493, "summary": [{"text": "paramormyrops hopkinsi is a species of freshwater electric fish .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it was discovered in the ivindo river in gabon , in western africa by dr. carl d. hopkins of cornell university .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it lives in a tropical climate . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "paramormyrops hopkinsi", "paragraphs": ["brienomyrus hopkinsi from the ivindo river in gabon ( photo : c . hopkins ) .\nbarbus camptacanthus ( bleeker , 1863 ) . photo & copy ; carlhopkins brienomyrus hopkinsi photo & copy ; carl . hopkins\nbrienomyrus hopkinsi nov . sp . du nord du gabon ( pisces , teleostei , mormyridae ) p . 49 , fig . 1 .\nthe biodiversity of freshwater fish in gabon rainforests , one hundred years after mary h . kingsley\nfrom : kingsley , m . h . ( 1899 ) west african study . mcmillian , london .\nbelow are three of the species of fishes collected by mary kingsley in 1895 , described and named after her by albert g\u00fcnther in 1896 .\nreference : g\u00fcnther , a . ( 1896 ) . report on a collection of reptilesand fishes made by miss m . h . kingsley during her travels on the ogowe riverand in old calabar . annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 6 17 , 261 - 285 .\ndownload reprint of the g\u00fcnther ' s article as reprinted in mary kingley ' s book ( * . pdf format , you will need ) .\njean - daniel m ' bega working in rocky pools in upper ivindo river , february 6 , 1998 photo : j . p . sullivan\ns\u00e9bastian lavou\u00e9 showing high densities of mormyrid fishes from cast net samples from the upper ivindo river . january 27 , 1998 . photo : j . p . sullivan .\nright : jean herv\u00e9 mve launches a cast net from the pirogue on the ivindo river .\ndepartment of neurobiology and behavior w263 seeley g . mudd hall cornell university ithaca , new york 14853\nresearch in this lab concerns the neural basis of animal communication , including studies of mechanisms of signal generation , signal localization , and signal recognition in the context of species recognition . our focus is on communication in the electrosensory modality of fish .\n( 4 ) systematics of a group of endemic species of mormyrid fishes in the genus brienomyrus from gabon .\n( 5 ) evolution and ontogeny of electrogenesis . collaboration with the gabon cenarest : research request\n( 6 ) fieldwork : a survey of the freshwater fishes of gabon , 100 years after the explorations of mary h . kingsley .\ngreek , para = near + greek , mormyros = a fish ( sparus sp ) ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : ivindo river in gabon , and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 81635 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 17 - 19 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 26 . a slender , laterally compressed body ( ref . 81635 ) . dorsal profile of the head is downward sloping and concave or straight ; snout is v - shaped from above ( ref . 81635 ) . both anal and dorsal fins terminate at about the same level ( ref . 81635 ) . the fish is dark chocolate - brown overall , lighter on the belly ; the fins are dark brown ( ref . 81635 ) .\nhopkins , c . d . , s . lavou\u00e9 and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , france , and mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp . ( ref . 81635 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00609 - 0 . 02852 ) , b = 2 . 84 ( 2 . 66 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 5 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : the ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining . the aoo is estimated less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 . the species is currently only known from three localities .\na lower guinea endemic common in the ivindo river of gabon , the type locality . it is also reported from the lower ntem river of cameroon , although it is considered rare .\nthe ntem population is threatened by a planned deep river port and iron mine with the associated infrastructure . the population on the lower ivindo is threatened by iron mining .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nafrica : ivindo river in gabon and ntem river in cameroon ( ref . 81635 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nivindo river , near makokou , gabon , western africa . holotype : mrac 84 - 34 - 1 . paratypes : mrac 84 - 34 - 2 and 3 ( 2 ) .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ngreen border : there is a polygon for the asserted geography , and the specimen ' s georeference is within the polygon .\nred border : there is a polygon for the asserted geography , and the specimen ' s georeference is not within the polygon .\nred circle , centered on markers , is uncertainty radius . zero - radius errors indicate unknown uncertainty , not absolute precision .\nblue transparent polygon is the asserted geography ' s shape . geography without supporting spatial data is ambiguous .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhureau , j . - c . , 1991 . la base de donn\u00e9es gicim : gestion informatis\u00e9e des collections ichthyologiques du mus\u00e9um . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas pr\u00e9liminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la p\u00eache , minist\u00e8re de l ' environnement , cemagref et mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .\nanonymous , 1997 . fish registrations within the museum database of the vertebrate section of the royal museum for central africa . mrac , tervuren , belgium .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication , california academy of sciences , san francisco . 3 vols . 2905 p .\nkamdem toham , a . and g . g . teugels , 1998 . diversity patterns of fish assemblages in the lower ntem river basin ( cameroon ) , with notes on potential effects of deforestation . arch . hydrobiol . 141 ( 4 ) : 421 - 446 .\nteugels , g . g . and c . d . hopkins , 1998 . morphological and osteological evidence for the generic position of mormyrus kingsleyae in the genus brienomyrus ( teleostei : mormyridae ) . copeia 1998 ( 1 ) : 199 - 204 .\nanonymous , 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .\nanonymous , 2002 . fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k , 2002 . ? esk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo ? ich ? v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , malo\u00fast\u00ed ( gonorhynchiformes ) - m\u00e1loostn\u00ed ( cypriniformes ) . n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd ? len\u00ed ) , praha .\nhopkins , c . d . , s . lavou\u00e9 and j . p . sullivan , 2007 . mormyridae . p . 219 - 334 . in m . l . j . stiassny , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa . volume i . collection faune et flore tropicales 42 . institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris , france , and mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale , tervuren , belgium . 800 pp .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 13 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 09 / 05 / 08 , last modified by caldemita , 04 / 03 / 16"]}
{"id": 494, "summary": [{"text": "leptasterias hexactis is a species of starfish in the family asteriidae , commonly known as the six-rayed star .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the intertidal zone of the western seaboard of the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a predator and is unusual among starfish in that it broods its eggs and young . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "leptasterias hexactis", "paragraphs": ["c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of\nimage of leptasterias hexactis\n.\npopulation genetics and systematics of the leptasterias hexactis ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) species complex .\n\u203a leptasterias sp . ' haplotype c ' \u203a leptasterias sp . ' haplotype g ' \u203a leptasterias sp . i - 281 \u203a leptasterias sp . i - 285 \u203a leptasterias sp . lsu # i - 303\nleptasterias hylodes . five rayed species of leptasterias . photo used with permission from aaron baldwin .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nsix - rayed star\nto\nleptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 )\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nleptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 )\n.\nleptasterias katherinae . polar species of leptrasterias . photo used with permission from aaron baldwin .\nreferences harbo , r . m . ( 1999 ) . whelks to whales : coastal marine life of the pacific northweest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 136 . leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 ) . marine biodiversity of british columbia . accessed 02 / 10 / 2013 . mcfadden , m . , helmstetler , h . and cowles , d . ( 2005 ) . leptasterias hexactis ( stimpson , 1862 ) . invertebrates of the salish sea . rosario beach marine laboratory . accessed 10 / 02 / 2013 . authors and editors of page chanda brietzke and brian starzomski ( 2013 ) .\nleptasterias aequalis . skeletal ossicles of aequalis are on the top or abdactal side of the sea star in distinct radial rods . photo used with permission from aaron baldw\nsmall leptasterias may be confused with juveniles of pisaster ochraceus or evasterias troschelii , which occasionally have six arms . p . ochraceus has a single spine on each adambulacral , with a cluster of pedicellariae at the base but not on the spine . leptasterias has one or two spines per plate with a cluster of pedicellariae on the spine itself . e . troschelii has pedicellariae on the adambulacrals but an arm - to - disc ratio of 5 . 0 - 7 . 6 and six similar rows of spines between the superomarginals and the furrow , made up of two inferomarginals and four oral intermediates . leptasterias has no more than two oral intermediates .\nthe alaskan peninsula to the juan de fuca strait , puget sound and the strait of georgia . the small brooding forms of leptasterias are commonly found on rocky shores under rocks , in crevices and in mussel beds ; larger specimens are found subtidally .\n( of asterias hexactis stimpson , 1862 ) stimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 272 [ details ]\nmembers of the leptasterias hexactis complex have six arms 4 to 8 cm long , each with a distinct carinal row whose plates bear one to three spines apiece . this group of sea stars has arm - to - disc ratios ranging from 3 . 3 to 5 . 4 . it generally appears to have short stubby arms with an obvious row of light coloured spines down the centre of the arm and widely spaced capitate , dorsolateral spines irregularly arranged in a loose reticulate pattern . the superomarginals have one or two spines , rarely three , and the inferomarginals two . the oral intermediates are usually in a single well - developed series extending beyond half the arm , but never two rows . the adambulacrals have one or two spines , with clusters of crossed pedicellariae on their distal sides .\n( of leptasterias aequalis var . compacta verrill , 1914 ) verrill , a . e . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series : us national museum 14 : 1 - 408 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 130 [ details ]\n( of leptasterias aequalis var . concinna verrill , 1914 ) verrill , a . e . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series : us national museum 14 : 1 - 408 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 132 [ details ]\nreferring to the six arms . ) . green , black , brown , or red , sometimes mottled . disk moderate - sized with 6 fairly broad arms ; spines on upper surface dense and mushroom - shaped . rarely do we find these at race rocks exceeding 15 cm in length .\nhabitat : on rocky shores . we frequently find these when doing intertidal studies or when diving in shallow water at race rocks . range british columbia to s . california .\nechinoderms have a few important aspects in common . they have bony ossicles in their body . they have a water - vascular system which pumps water through the madroporite . they also have small jaws that are supported by the water - vascular system . and they have tube feet which they use to attach to objects , for protection , as well as to obtain food . they have radial symmetry and most can regenerate lost limbs .\nthis file is provided as part of a collaborative effort by the students of lester b . pearson college\nstimpson , w . ( 1862 ) . on new genera and species of starfishes of the family pycnopodidae ( asteracanthion mueller & troschel ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . 8 : 261 - 273 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 272 [ details ]\n( of asterias vancouveri perrier , 1875 ) perrier , e . ( 1875 ) . r\u00e9vision de la collection de stell\u00e9rides du museum d\u2019histoire naturelle de paris . paris , reinwald . 384 p . , available online at urltoken ; _ esc = y page ( s ) : 64 [ details ]\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nauthor =\nkwast , { k . e . } and foltz , { d . w . } and stickle , { w . b . }\n,\npowered by pure , scopus & elsevier fingerprint engine\u2122 \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v .\ncookies are used by this site . to decline or learn more , visit our cookies page\ntwo six ray stars found on a rock in the lower intertidal on calvert island . photo by chanda brietzke .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmah , c . l . ( 2014 ) world asteroidea database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nayala , f . j . ( 1982 ) . population and evolutionary genetics . benjamin / cummings , menlo park , california\n, an ecological analog of some unsuccessful evolutionary lineages . evolution , lawrence , kansas 27 : 177\u2013191\nberger , e . m . ( 1983 ) . population genetics of marine gastropods and bivalves in : russell - hunter , w . d . ( ed . ) the mollusca . vol . 6 . ecology . academic press , new york , p . 563\u2013596\nbrandt , ( 1835 ) . prodromus descriptionis . animalium abh . , mertensio observatorum . fascic . i . ( polypos , acalephas discophoras et siphonophoras nec non echinodermata contineus ) . p . 270 [ cited after verrill ( 1914 ) ]\nburton , r . s . ( 1983 ) . protein polymorphisms and genetic differentiation of marine invertebrate populations . mar . biol . lett . 4 : 193\u2013206\nbush , m . ( 1918 ) . key to the echinoderms of friday harbor , washington . publs puget sound mar . biol . stn 2 : 17\u201344\nbush , m . ( 1921 ) . revised key to the echinoderms of friday harbor , washington . publs puget sound mar . biol . stn . 3 : 65\u201377\n, in the vicinity of san juan island , washington . syst . zool . 15 : 300\u2013306\nfisher , w . k . ( 1930 ) . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part 3 . forcipulata . bull . u . s . natn . mus . 76 : 1\u2013255\nharris , h . , hopkinson , d . a . ( 1976 ) . handbook of enzyme electrophoresis in human genetics . north - holland , amsterdam\nhedgecock , d . ( 1986 ) . is gene flow from pelagic larval dispersal important in the adaptation and evolution of marine invertebrates ? bull . mar . sci . 39 : 550\u2013564\nhighsmith , r . c . ( 1985 ) . floating and algal rafting as potential dispersal mechanisms in brooding invertebrates . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 25 : 169\u2013179\nkoehn , r . k . , milkman , r . , mitton , j . b . ( 1976 ) . population genetics of marine pelecypods . iv . selection , migration and genetic differentiation in the blue mussel\nspecies complex ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) . m . s . thesis . louisiana state university\nlambert , p . ( 1981 ) . the sea stars of british columbia . british columbia provincial museum , victoria\nlevene , h . ( 1949 ) . on a matching problem arising in genetics . ann . math . statist . 20 : 91\u201394\nmanwell , c . , baker , c . m . a . ( 1963 ) . a sibling species of sea - cucumber discovered by starch gel electrophoresis . comp . biochem . physiol . 10 : 39\u201353\non the pacific coast of north america . mar . biol . 99 : 111\u2013118\n( l . ) , in the great barrier reef region . coral reefs 7 : 11\u201318\nnei , m . ( 1978 ) . estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals . genetics , austin , tex . 89 : 583\u2013590\nnishida , m . , lucas , j . s . ( 1988 ) . genetic differences between geographic populations of the crown - of - thorns starfish throughout the pacific region . mar . biol . 98 : 359\u2013368\nsas institute , inc . ( 1985 ) . sas user ' s guide : statistics . version 5 ed . sas institute inc . , cary , north carolina\nand implications for their evolution . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole 145 : 589\u2013597\nsmouse , p . e . ( 1972 ) . the canonical analysis of multiple species hybridization . biometrics 28 : 361\u2013371\nsneath , p . h . a . , sokal , r . r . ( 1973 ) . numerical taxonomy \u2014 the principles and practice of numerical classification . w . h . freeman & co . , san francisco\nverrill , w . k . ( 1914 ) . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska exped . ( smithson . instn ) 14 : 1\u2013408\n- statistics for the analysis of population structure . evolution , lawrence , kansas 38 : 1358\u20131370\ntransmitting snails in china and the philippines are distinct species . malacologia 29 : 347\u2013361\nzouros , e . , foltz , d . w . ( 1984 ) . possible explanations of heterozygote deficiency in bivalve molluscs . malacologia 25 : 583\u2013591\nextracted from sea stars of british columbia , southeast alaska and puget sound by philip lambert .\nfive or more arms . at least one adambulacral is fused into an adoral carina . the adambulacrals are wider than their length . crossed and straight pedicellariae are present , the former usually in dense tufts around the spines . the aboral skeleton is meshlike . the tube feet are arranged in four rows .\nclick on the image below to view an expanded illustration for this taxon . if more than one illustration is available for a species ( e . g . , two subspecies may be illustrated ) then links to the separate images will be provided below .\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\nbarr , a . j . , j . h . goodnight , j . p . sall , w . h . blair and d . m . chiko : sas user ' s guide , 1979 edition , 494 pp . raleigh : sas institute , inc . 1979\nl . , with special reference to the effects of oxygen tension and salinity . proc . 9th europ . mar . biol . symp . , pp 213\u2013238 ( 1975 )\nbayne , b . l . , m . n . moore , j . widdows , d . r . livingstone and p . salkeld : measurement of the responses of individuals to environmental stress and pollution : studies with bivalve molluscs . phil . trans . r . soc . lond .\n: physiology of echinodermata , pp 359\u2013378 . ed . by r . a . boolootian . new york : interscience publishers 1966\n, in the vicinity of san juan island , washington . syst . zool .\nchia , f . s . : brooding behavior of a six - rayed starfish .\ncohnheim , o . : versuche \u00fcber resorption , verdauung und stoffwechsel von echindermen . hoppe - seyler ' s z . physiol . chem .\nconover , r . j . and e . d . s . corner : respiration and nitrogen excretion by some marine zooplankton in relation to their life cycles . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k .\n: methods for the study of marine benthos , pp 197\u2013279 . ed . by n . a . holme and a . o . mcintyre . oxford : blackwell scientific publications 1971\ndelaunay , h . : l ' excretion azotee des invertebres . biol . rev . cambridge philos . soc .\ndiehl , w . j . , iii and j . m . lawrence : effect of nutrition on the excretion rate of soluble nitrogenous products of\n( say ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) . comp . biochem . physiol .\nelliott , j . m . and w . davison : energy equivalents of oxygen consumption in animal energetics . oecologia\n( echinodermata : asteroidea ) in response to hyposmotic stress . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nemerson , d . n . : influence of salinity on ammonia excretion rates and tissue constituents of euryhaline invertebrates . comp . biochem . physiol .\n: physiology of echinodermata , pp 245\u2013265 . ed . by r . boolootian . new york : interscience 1966\nfisher , w . k . : asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . u . s . natl mus . bull .\nfuji , a . : ecological studies on the growth and food consumption of japanese common littoral sea urchin .\ngiese , a . c . and a . farmanfarmaian : resistance of the purple sea urchin to osmotic stress . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\ngrasshoff , k . and h . johannsen : a new sensitive and direct method for the automatic determination of ammonia in seawater . j . cons . cons . int . explor . mer\nhanlon , d . p . : the distribution of arginase and urease in marine invertebrates . comp . biochem . physiol .\nhorne , b . r . : nitrogen excretion in crustacea . i . the herbivorous land crab ,\nhumphreys , w . f . : production and respiration in animal populations . j . anim . ecol .\nkoller , g . : versuche an marinen wirbellosen \u00fcber die aufnahme gel\u00f6ster n\u00e4hrstoffe . z . vergl . physiol .\n( echinodermata : asteroidea : platyasterida ) in tampa bay . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nmaloeuf , n . s . r . : studies on the respiration ( and osmoregulation ) of animals . i . aquatic animals without oxygen transporter in their internal medium . z . vergl . physiol .\nmauzey , k . p . , c . e . birkeland and p . k . dayton : feeding behavior of asteroids and escape responses of their prey in the puget sound region . ecology\nund ihre abh\u00e4ngigkeit von verschiedenen au\u00dfenfaktoren . zool . jahrb . ( abt . allg . zool . physiol . tiere )\nmenge , b . a . : foraging strategy of a starfish in relation to actual prey availability and environmental predictability . ecol . monogr .\nmenge , b . a . : competition for food between two intertidal starfish species and its effect on body size and feeding . ecology\nmenge , j . l . and b . a . menge : role of resource allocation , aggression and spatial heterogeneity in coexistance of two competing intertidal starfish . ecol . monogr .\nmiller , r . j . and k . h . mann : ecological energetics of the seaweed zone in a marine bay on the atlantic coast of canada iii . energy transformations by sea urchins . mar . biol .\nmorris , r . h . , d . p . abbott and e . c . haderlie : intertidal invertebrates of california , 690 pp . stanford : stanford univ . press 1980\nnorth , b . b . : primary amines in california coastal waters : utilization by phytoplankton . limnol . oceanogr .\nsabourin , t . d . and w . b . stickle : effects of salinity on respiration and nitrogen excretion in two species of echinoderms . mar . biol .\n( l . ) ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) on fish and algal diets . comp . biochem . physiol .\n( echinodermata : asteroidea ) to low salinity . i . survival , activity , feeding , growth and absorption efficiency . mar . biol . 00 , 00 - 00 ( 1982 )\nshumway , s . e . : the effects of fluctuating salinities on four species of asteroid echinoderms . comp . biochem . physiol .\nsolorzano , l . : determination of ammonia in natural waters by the phenolhypochlorite method . limnol . oceanogr .\ntidal salinity fluctuations on osmotic and ionic composition of body fluid in southeastern alaska rocky intertidal fauna . mar . biol .\nstickle , w . b . , t . c . shirley and t . d . sabourin : patterns of nitrogen excretion in four species of echinoderms as a function of salinity .\n: proceedings of the international echinoderm conference , tampa , florida , september 14\u201318 , 1981 . ed . by j . m . lawrence . rotterdam ( netherlands ) : a . a . balkerma publishers 1982\nvan der heyde , h . c . : sur l ' excretion chez les echinodermes . archs . neerl . physiol .\nwebster , s . k . : oxygen consumption in echinoderms from several geographic locations , with particular reference to the echinoidea . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nwelch , h . e . : relationships between assimilation efficiencies and growth efficiencies for aquatic consumers . ecology\nwiddows , j . , d . k . phelps and w . galloway : measurement of physiological condition of mussels transplanted along a pollution gradient in narragensett bay . mar . environ . res .\nwoodland , d . j . and s . c . cairns sensitivity of population energy efficiency indices to differences in mortality rates . oecologia ( berl . )\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp 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{"id": 496, "summary": [{"text": "the spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) is a rare australian fish from the family brachionichthyidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is classified as critically endangered on the iucn red list 2002 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is a benthic fish usually found at depths of 5 to 10 m , with overall sightings varying from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 30 m deep .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the spotted handfish is unusual in that it has highly adapted pectoral fins , which appear like hands ( hence the name ) and allow it to walk on the sea floor .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it has a highly restricted range , being found only in the estuary of derwent river , tasmania , and nearby areas . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "spotted handfish", "paragraphs": ["spotted handfish recovery team ( 2002 ) . draft spotted handfish recovery plan . department of primary industries , water and environment , hobart .\nthese unique spotted handfish are the ambassadors for csiro ' s captive breeding program .\nspotted handfish use their fins like hands and feet , walking rather than swimming .\nthe spotted handfish uses its hand - like fins to \u2018walk\u2019 along the seafloor .\nthe pattern of spots on the spotted handfish\u2019s body is unique to each individual .\nbody of spotted handfish is covered with small , tooth - like scales called denticles .\ndr tim lynch wants to stop the spotted handfish going the same way as the thylacine .\nspotted handfish has hand - shaped pectoral fins that are used for walking on the sea floor , hence the name\nhandfish\n.\nthe spotted handfish is currently listed as critically endangered under the commonwealth and as endangered in tasmania .\neach spotted handfish has unique pattern of spots on the body ( like fingerprints in humans ) .\na female spotted handfish her eggs are behing her around the ascidian . image courtesy \u00a9 mark green\nscallop dredging is no longer permitted in the range of the spotted handfish ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . danish seine fishing is prohibited in the derwent estuary and within one nautical mile of the shore ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . in the mid - 2000s , there was only one danish seine fishing licence holder operating out of hobart ( pullen 2005 , pers comm . ) . whilst these restrictions on danish seine fishing provide some protection to known spotted handfish populations , danish seine fishing still occurs within the historic range of spotted handfish ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\nfront dorsal fin of spotted handfish is modified into long filament ( called illicium ) with worm - like , fleshy structure ( called esca ) which dangles above mouth . spotted handfish uses esca to lure the prey . when prey approaches close enough , spotted handfish swallows it in a blink of an eye .\nit is believed that spotted handfish eat small crustaceans such as amphipods , small molluscs and polychaete worms .\nany form of fishing that degrades the benthic habitat can be considered to pose a threat to handfish species ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\nthe spotted handfish has three close relatives listed as vulnerable on the tasmanian threatened species list : the red handfish , ziebell\u2019s handfish , and the waterfall bay handfish . these species are found only in restricted habitats in south eastern tasmania .\nthe cause of the decline of the spotted handfish is yet to be accurately determined . suggested threats include :\nmeanwhile dr lynch and mr fountain will look for more spotted handfish to breed in their artificial river derwent .\nthe spotted handfish has a small lure just above its mouth , which might be used to attract prey .\nthe spotted handfish is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\navailability of suitable spawning substrate appears to be critical to the reproduction capacity of spotted handfish . due to their limited distribution and observed decline , all of the areas within which spotted handfish are found are considered important habitat .\nsculpture of the handfish , known to all as \u201cjessica the handfish\u201d or ogoh - ogoh .\nrose , the mother spotted handfish , will protect her pole of eggs until they hatch in six to eight weeks .\nthe spotted handfish is one of the world\u2019s most endangered marine fish , having undergone a massive decline in recent decades .\nthe endangered spotted handfish are found on sandy sediments at the bottom of tasmania ' s derwent estuary and adjoining bays .\nspotted handfish rarely swim , but when they do , they use anal and tail fins to propel themselves in the water .\nbruce , b . ( 1998 ) . progress on spotted handfish recovery . on the brink ! . 11 : 9 .\nbrachionichthys hirsutus ( spotted handfish , spotted - hand fish ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014sl ) [ state action plan ] .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - spotted handfish reproduction\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - spotted handfish reproduction\ntitle =\narkive video - spotted handfish reproduction\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nspotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) are a type of anglerfish that prefer to walk on their fins along the seabed rather than swim .\nspotted handfish have creamy - white skin on the back covered with brown or yellowish - brown spots and white skin on the belly .\nspotted handfish has pear - shaped body with crest on the back made of skin that stretches between the second and third dorsal spine .\nspotted handfish is a carnivore ( meat - eater ) . its diet is based on shrimps , amphipods , worms and small fish .\nrecovery plan for the following species of handfish : spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) , red handfish ( brachionichthys politus ) , ziebell ' s handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ) , waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) ( commonwealth of australia , 2005u ) [ legislative instrument ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - spotted handfish in courtship\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - spotted handfish in courtship\ntitle =\narkive video - spotted handfish in courtship\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n[ the spotted handfish ] have the dubious distinction of being the first marine fish to be listed as critically endangered back in 1996 .\nspotted handfish are born fully developed ( they do not have larval stage ) . young fish settle on the sea floor immediately after hatching .\nreductions in prey abundance , possibly related to decreases in benthic cover of seagrasses and alga that provide habitat for invertebrates , may impact upon handfish survival and reproduction ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\nspotted handfish are bottom dwelling and live on sandy or silty sediments at depths of between 2 and 30 metres . within their range , the handfish live in colonies , groups of fish that breed together .\nthe spotted handfish is a critically endangered species that lives in tasmania . it has an extremely restricted distribution due partially to its unusual life cycle .\nalmost totally hidden in the background , behind a pole , is a juvenile spotted handfish , collected at the same time as the two adults .\nspotted handfish feed by sucking in prey items ( 5 ) , including shrimps , small fish and small crustaceans such as amphipods ( 3 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus )\ntitle =\narkive species - spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe spotted handfish used to be found in waters around the state but is now restricted to the lower reaches of the river derwent and surrounding bays .\nthree spotted handfish were collected from the river derwent off the shore of battery point and taken to a tank at the csiro a few metres away .\nthe draft recovery plan for three handfish species ( 2014pb ) outlines a range of recovery strategies for the conservation of spotted handfish . the following recovery strategies have been designed to achieve the overarching objective of the recovery plan ; to \u2018ensure an ecologically functional wild population of spotted handfish that , with limited site - specific management , has a high likelihood of persistence in nature :\nscientists have begun a captive breeding program for the spotted handfish , 11 years after it became the first australian marine animal to be listed as critically endangered .\nspotted handfish are endemic to south - east tasmania . currently , the only known populations of spotted handfish are located within the lower derwent estuary , with the only other recent sightings of spotted handfish consisting of the identification of two individuals in the d\u2019entrecasteaux channel in 2013 ( green 2014 , pers . comm . ) . populations have previously been recorded in fredrick henry bay , the d\u2019entrecasteaux channel and the northern regions of storm bay ( bruce et al . 1998 ) .\nthe bottom - dwelling spotted handfish is found on coarse to fine sand and silt , in coastal waters from depths of 2 to 30 metres ( 3 ) .\nthe most recent survey of the spotted fish that prefers walking to swimming raises alarms among conservationists .\none of the newly named species , the pink handfish , is known from only four specimens and was last recorded off the tasman peninsula in 1999 . the pink handfish will feature in a photographic exhibition of australia\u2019s marine biodiversity that opens today ( 21 may ) at questacon in canberra . the spotted handfish is listed as endangered under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 and the red handfish and ziebell\u2019s handfish are listed as vulnerable .\nthe joint csiro / utas team is about to get back into the water and help the spotted handfish by planting 1000 artificial spawning habitats . these are inedible to the starfish and provide much needed places for the handfish to attach their eggs .\nwithin the derwent estuary the estimated extent of occurrence for spotted handfish is approximately 70 km\u00b2 , however the species area of occupancy is likely to be considerably less ( tss 2014sl ) . in frederick henry bay in 1999 , the area of occupancy was estimated at 0 . 3 km\u00b2 ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) , however no handfish were located in this area during surveys in 2005 ( green 2005 ) .\nthreatened species section ( tss ) ( 2014sl ) . brachionichthys hirsutus ( spotted handfish , spotted - hand fish ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link . department of primary industries , parks , water and environment , tasmania . available from : urltoken .\ndr lynch said spotted handfish were at high risk as they were only found in a handful of spots in the river derwent and one spot in the d ' entrecasteaux channel .\nmigration rates of spotted handfish between the ralphs bay population and other populations in the derwent estuary are likely to be low ( green 2005 ) . there is some thought that the ralphs bay population of spotted handfish is genetically unique , given the apparent isolation of this population and the large size of specimens observed there ( aquenal pty ltd , 2008 ) .\n\u200bthe spotted handfish is endemic \u200bto tasmania and is found in parts of the derwent estuary , frederick henry , ralphs and north west bays . spotted handfish are small ( up to 120 mm long ) slow moving fish which appear to walk on their pectoral and pelvic fins rather than swim . the spotted handfish is white , cream or brown covered in many dark brown , orange or black spots and sometimes stripes . the first dorsal fin is prominent over the head and the second dorsal fin is long extending back down to the tail .\nspotted handfish do not go through a larval stage , but hatch from their eggs as juvenile fish 6 - 7mm in length . juvenile spotted handfish do not move far from the site of their spawning . this habit , combined with the lack of larval stage , has led to the very restricted range of the fish and increases its vulnerability to threatening processes .\nspotted handfish have a low breeding capacity . surveys conducted in the late 1990s concluded that the female lays 80 - 200 eggs that are held together in a vertical structure by threads ( last & bruce 1996\u201397 ) . in 2002 the species ' was found to attach their eggs to small , vertical , semi - rigid structures on the sea floor ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . this included stalked ascidians ( sycozoa sp . ) , seagrasses , sponges , small macrophytic algae and polychaete worm tubes ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\ngreen , m . a . p . and b . d . bruce ( 2002 ) . spotted handfish recovery plan 1999 - 2001 : year 3 . environment australia , canberra .\nprotected in tasmania since 1994 , the spotted handfish has the dubious distinction of becoming the first marine fish to be listed as endangered under the commonwealth endangered species protection act in 1996 .\nthis species occurs in benthic ( seafloor ) environments in association with coarse to fine sand and shell grit or silt ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) . the species was recorded from depths between 2 - 30 m in 2002 , but observations around this time suggested that they are most common in depths of 5 - 10 m ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) .\nthe spotted handfish is endemic to south - eastern australia , occurring in the lower derwent river estuary , frederick henry bay , d ' entrecasteaux channel and the northern regions of storm bay .\nnever mind the tassie tiger \u2014 hobart ' s spotted handfish are super rare , found nowhere else on the planet and are really rather cute , in a weird - looking fishy way .\ngreen , m . a . & b . d . bruce ( 2000 ) . spotted handfish recovery plan : final report : year 1 ( 1999 ) . environment australia , canberra .\nthe species has also been called the prickly - skinned handfish and tortoiseshell fish .\nspotted handfish are currently protected under the recovery plan for four species of handfish ( deh 2005v ) . the 2005 recovery plan was reviewed in 2013 by an expert panel that included representatives from department of the environment ( cwth ) , department of primary industries , parks . water and environment , commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation , university of tasmania and derwent estuary program . this review noted that there had been a sustained effort to implement recovery actions for the spotted handfish in the derwent estuary and recovery plan objectives had been partially met for this species . however , the review concluded that threats to handfish species remained largely unchanged and known handfish populations had not demonstrably increased in size . the review identified a number of relatively simple actions that could be implemented to boost the survival of the spotted handfish , and recommended that a new recovery plan be developed for the three handfish species . the outcome of this review led to the development of the draft recovery plan for three handfish species ( department of the environment 2014pb ) .\nthere are survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish that include survey protocol fordetecting fish listed under the epbc act . this document contains information relevant to the surveying of spotted handfish ( dsewpac 2011i ) .\nanecdotal evidence from the early\u2013mid 2000s suggests that some handfish species are more active at night , but the species are still likely to be seen and / or collected during the day ( green 2003 , pers comm . , cited in ambs 2004 ) . spotted handfish breed in spring ( september to november ) . there were some indications in the early 2000s that during breeding time spotted handfish are more abundant in areas where there is spawning substrate ( green 2003 , pers comm . , cited in ambs 2004 ) .\nenvironment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - section 269a - instrument revoking and jointly making a recovery plan ( spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) , red handfish ( brachionichthys politus ) , ziebell ' s handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t6 . 01 ] ) , waterfall bay handfish ( sympterichthys sp . [ csiro # t1996 . 01 ] ) and jointly makes , with the tasmanian minister for the environment , the ' recovery plan for three handfish species ' ( 01 / 03 / 2016 ) ( commonwealth of australia , 2016b ) [ legislative instrument ]\nendemic to tasmania , the spotted handfish or brachionichthys hirsutus looks like a tadpole in the late stages of development , with a fin atop its head to lure unsuspecting prey and the sour expression of a british bulldog .\nspotted handfish were bred successfully in captivity in the late 1990s ( bruce et al . 1997 ) . spotted handfish were initially bred in captivity in 1996 , however all of the juveniles in that trial died within 29 days of hatching ( bruce et al . 1997 ) . the cause of hatchling mortality was not fully understood but coincided with critical stages in the life history of the species ( bruce et al . 1997 ) .\nbarrett , n . , b . d . bruce , & p . r . last ( 1996 ) . spotted handfish survey . report to endangered species unit , anca . csiro div . fisheries , hobart .\ngreen , m . a . & b . d . bruce ( 2001 ) . spotted handfish recovery plan 1999 - 2001 : progress report , end of year 2 ( 2000 ) . environment australia , canberra .\nthe longevity of spotted handfish is still yet to be determined ( bruce et al . 1999 ) , however there was some information made available on growth rate in the early 2000s . spotted handfish in the derwent estuary at two years old are approximately 70 mm in length ( green & bruce 2001 ) . in their third year of growth , specimens attain a further 5 - 10 mm in length , and approximately 2 mm every year thereafter ( green & bruce 2001 ) . this suggests that when spotted handfish in the derwent estuary are 100 mm long , they are 12 - 16 years of age ( green & bruce 2001 ) . however , most of the spotted handfish found at sites surveyed in the derwent estuary in the late 1990s to early 2000s were 81 - 90 mm in length , making them between 4 - 10 years of age ( green & bruce 2001 ) .\nthe aquarium mr fountain built for the handfish looks gloomy compared to a pet fish aquarium .\nthe pattern of spots on each spotted handfish appear to be unique , meaning we can identify individuals . they are members of the group of fish including deep sea anglerfish . there are a number of handfish species found in australian waters , with the majority of these being rare and restricted to the south - east .\nbruce , b . d . and green , m . a . ( 1998 ) the spotted handfish 1999 - 2001 recovery plan . department of the environment , water , heritage , and the arts , canberra , australia .\nthe spotted handfish , a tiny , bottom - dwelling creature that walks , after a fashion , on its fins on the sea floor , is in deep trouble , with just 79 left , according to a recent survey .\ndue to their distribution in shallow coastal habitats in close proximity to urban and industrial areas handfish , particularly spotted handfish , are exposed to numerous impacts from anthropogenic activities ( dep 2013 ) . impacts to handfish populations from coastal developments can arise as a result of increased top soil runoff and sedimentation in surrounding waterways , while impacts from marine developments can occur due to the loss or modification of habitat ( dep 2013 ) .\ncommon throughout the lower derwent estuary and adjoining bays prior to the mid 1980s , the spotted handfish has suffered a serious decline in distribution and abundance . only a handful of populations are now found around the mouth of the derwent estuary .\nendemic to the lower derwent river estuary in tasmania , the spotted handfish was a relatively common species until the 1980s . the species has declined massively , however ; only three breeding colonies were known to exist in 1998 ( 3 ) .\nthe spotted handfish , which is the subject of a captive breeding program , used to be found in waters around tasmania but is restricted to the lower reaches of the river derwent and surrounding bays . photograph : auscape / uig via getty images\nthe spotted handfish is endemic to tasmania and is only found in the derwent estuary and adjoining bays in the south east of the state , close to hobart . see the distribution map on the tasmanian department of primary industries and water website .\njust two spotted handfish were reported between 1990 and 1994 ; this dire state of the population led to the formation of the spotted handfish recovery team in 1996 ( 3 ) . the recovery team consists of a number of government agencies concerned with saving this rare , and bizarre , fish . research into existing wild populations and the development of captive breeding techniques are some of the priorities of the recovery plan ( 3 ) . initial work has been encouraging , with successful breeding attempts from two adult pairs of spotted handfish at the tasmanian department of primary industry and fisheries aquaculture ( 2 ) . a captive population may be used in a future re - introduction programme to restore these fish to some of their previous range ( 6 ) .\nbruce , b . d . and green , m . a . ( 1998 ) the spotted handfish 1999 - 2001 recovery plan . department of the environment , water , heritage , and the arts , canberra , australia . available at : urltoken\nbruce , b . d . and green , m . a . ( 1998 ) the spotted handfish 1999 - 2001 recovery plan . department of the environment , water , heritage , and the arts , canberra , australia . available at : urltoken\nthe relative age and growth of spotted handfish surveyed at frederick henry bay in the early 2000s has made it difficult to draw conclusions about the lifespan of the species generally . at this site , the spotted handfish appeared to grow larger and faster than at derwent estuary sites ( green & bruce 2001 ) . one specimen observed three times in 12 months had grown from 60 to 93 mm , which far exceeded growth rates observed at sites in the derwent estuary ( green & bruce 2001 ) .\nbruce , b . d . , m . a . p . green & p . r . last ( 1997 ) . developing husbandry techniques for spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) and monitoring the 1996 spawning season . environment australia , canberra .\ndepartment of the environment ( 2014pb ) . draft recovery plan for three handfish species . canberra . urltoken\ncollection of spotted handfish is an offence in tasmania unless a permit has been issued under the living marine resources management act 1995 ( tasmania ) . however , the tasmanian department of primary industries , water and environment have never issued a permit for the take of handfish other than for the purpose of scientific research ( pullen 2005 , pers comm . ) .\nbruce , b . d . & m . a . green ( 1998 ) . non - current spotted handfish recovery plan 1999 - 2001 . ea . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .\nthe spotted handfish is pinkish above and white below , with darker orange , brown or blackish spots . it has a high first dorsal fin originating on the snout and a long based soft rayed dorsal fin . there is a long illicium on the snout .\nthe spotted handfish has a very restricted and patchy distribution , low population density , limited dispersal capabilities and a reproductive strategy of producing low numbers of demersal eggs that are susceptible to disturbance ( bruce & green 1998 ; green 2014 , pers comm . ) .\nclimate change and warming ocean temperatures also pose a potential threat to all handfish species . increased water temperature may impact upon handfish survival and reproductive capacity both directly , as handfish held in aquaria appeared distressed at temperatures above 18 \u00b0c ( gledhill & green , unpub . ) , and indirectly , through the creation of conditions favourable to the growth of filamentous alga and the spread of native urchins . furthermore , climate change driven increases in severe weather events may dislodge spawning substrate and degrade habitat ( gowlett - holmes 2014 , pers comm . ) . at the frederick henry bay site during the early 2000s , storms during the breeding season of the spotted handfish over successive years could have threatened the population ( spotted handfish recovery team 2002 ) as seagrass , which formed a part of the primary spawning substrate at this site , was susceptible to storm damage .\nthe spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) is a small fish that lives on the sea bed in the cool , sheltered waters of south - east tasmania . it has modified pelvic fins that look like \u201chands\u201d , hence the name . while the handfish can swim when required , it usually uses the \u201chands\u201d to \u201cwalk\u201d across the seabed in search of food such as mysid shrimps .\nthe spotted handfish , with its unusually large overgrown pectoral fins that look like hands , is the darling of the derwent estuary and the hero of hobart . we\u2019re not being hyperbolic . this bizarre fish is an icon in tassie , so much so that renowned winter art festival\nit takes a village to raise a child , and it takes a number of organisations to raise a handfish .\nso far we\u2019ve found handfish at all of the known sites , many with higher than expected numbers . this is great news . however , at several sites the handfish don\u2019t appear to be as densely populated as we once thought .\nfemales reach sexual maturity at the age of 2 to 3 years . low number of eggs , removal of sea squirts and prolonged period of incubation ( north pacific seastars have enough time to collect all eggs ) are responsible for drop in the number of spotted handfish in the wild .\nthere are nine known areas in the lower derwent estuary ( seaward of the tasman bridge ) where spotted handfish have been found and surveyed ( green 2005a , 2007a , 2009a ) . analysis of survey data in 2009 suggested a total abundance of 1500\u20132700 adult spotted handfish ( green 2009b ) , however there may have been decreases in total abundance within key populations since this time ( green 2014 , pers comm . ) . the calculated density of fish at a location in frederick henry bay during spring 1999 was about 45 per hectare ( green & bruce 2000 ; green 2005a ) , which would have represented an estimated abundance of 180\u2013250 adult handfish ( green 2007b ) ; however surveys at this location failed to detect any spotted handfish in 2005 ( green 2005a ) . a reliable report was made with a photograph of a single specimen at a location in north west bay , at the northern end of the d\u2019entrecasteaux channel ( deh 2005u ) , but the presence of a viable population has not been verified .\nhandfish are small , bottom - dwelling fishes that would rather ' walk ' on their pectoral and pelvic fins than swim . they are native to australia and five of the eight identified handfish species are found only in tasmania and bass strait .\na handfish in hand . meet the enemy . the north pacific sea star is an introduced species , and it is causing havoc for the handfish\u2019s habitat . off for a trot . those handfish are made for walking . don\u2019t make the handfish angry , you wouldn\u2019t like it when it\u2019s angry ! give us a smile , this is your close - up after all . it\u2019s a cold and murky job . lincoln wong ( utas ) takes a sediment core next to a handfish to assess habitat preferences . you can see the joy in their eyes . tim lynch ( csiro ) and lincoln wong ( utas ) hanging at the safety stop .\nwith time , improvements in the water quality within the derwent should flow through to improved habitat for the spotted handfish , and perhaps to a reduced threat from introduced pest species as more natural assemblages of species return . meanwhile , monitoring and artificial egg sticks offer the best chance of avoiding the loss of the species .\nthe small overall numbers and low population density means that the spotted handfish is vulnerable to disturbance . threats may be predation by the exotic pacific seastar , loss of spawning habitat through scouring of seabed , e . g . by boat mooring chains , and water quality issues from industrial pollution , urban effluent and siltation . \u200b\u200b\ngreen , m . ( 2007 ) . implementing handfish recovery plan 2006 / 7 . report to biodiversity conservation branch dpiwe , tasmania .\nthere are three species of handfish endemic to tasmania , one of which has not been seen by divers in the wild for several years .\nbruce , b . d . , m . a . green & . p . r . last ( 1997 ) . developing captive husbandry techniques for spotted handfish brachionichtys hirsutus , and monitoring the 1996 spawning season . page ( s ) 22pp . repor to endangered species unit , env . aust . csiro div . marine research , hobart .\nthe spotted handfish is a member of the family brachionichthyidae ( handfishes ) , and are closely related to anglerfish . they are a small fish , growing to around 12cm in length , white or cream in colour with numerous small orange or brown spots . the arrangement of these spots is unique to each fish , and can be used to identify individuals .\nsurveys indicate that the majority of spotted handfish now persist as small fragmented populations within the historic range of the species ( last & gledhill 2009 ) . an apparently healthy population was once present in great oyster bay on the east coast but specimens have not been recorded from this area since the 1950s ( last & gledhill 2009 ) . similarly , at primrose sands ( fredrick henry bay ) a population numbering several hundred spotted handfish was recorded in 1999 ( green & bruce 2000 ) but no handfish were located during surveys in 2005 ( green 2005 ) and anecdotal evidence from dive groups suggests the species has not been present in the area since the early to mid 2000\u2019s . within the d\u2019entrecasteaux channel only two individuals have been observed , on two separate occasions , in the vicinity of howden in north west bay ( green 2014 , pers comm . ) .\nhandfish were once abundant around the globe but are now only found in waters off south - east australia , with most species endemic to tasmania .\ngreen , m . ( 2009 ) . handfish 08 - 09 . nrm south final report . report to biodiversity conservation branch dpiwe , tasmania .\nthe age structures of three known spotted handfish colonies were assessed during surveys undertaken from 1998 to 2001 ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . at one of the two sites in the lower derwent estuary , the number of adult spotted handfish ( those greater than 71 mm in length ) had declined over this period ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . at another site in the lower derwent estuary , a three - fold increase in mature fish was observed in spring 1999 ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . the reason for this increase is unknown but it is considered likely that fish may have moved into the area to breed ( green & bruce , 2002 ) . the ratio of juvenile to adult handfish in the two regularly surveyed sites in the lower derwent estuary varied annually from 2011 to 2014 ( green , pers comm . , 2014 ) .\nspotted handfish are protected under tasmanian law and the commonwealth ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . over the last five years , the commonwealth government , through the natural heritage trust , has contributed over $ 390 000 to help ensure the survival of the handfish . these projects , which have included researching and monitoring existing populations ; public education and awareness raising ; and identifying threats , have been undertaken in conjunction with the tasmanian department of primary industries , water and the environment and the csiro .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2012bw ) . commonwealth listing advice on brachionichthys hirsutus ( spotted handfish ) . department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . canberra , act : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 11 - oct - 2012 .\nhandfish are like rare jewels when you find them on the sea floor and , besides their beauty , they can tell us a thing or two about resilience and survival \u2013 it is in our best interests to make sure they thrive and remain a talisman for hobart and handfish aficionados around the world .\ntraditional block and chain swing moorings can have significant localised impacts on benthic habitat in sensitive areas ( seq catchments 2014 ) . in the derwent estuary a large number of traditional boat moorings are located in known , historic or potential spotted handfish habitats due to the deliberate positioning of moorings in shallow and sheltered estuarine embayments ( green 2014 , pers comm . ) . traditional moorings consist of a concrete block ( or other dump weight ) with a heavy chain attached and are designed to allow boats to move in response to winds and currents , often resulting in the slack chain dragging across the seabed and scouring the surrounding substrate ( dpi 2014 ) . scientists conducting spotted handfish surveys at battery point in the derwent estuary have observed damage to artificial spawning habitat caused by boat mooring chains dragging across the substrate and noted an absence of handfish in these disturbed areas ( green et al . 2014 ) .\nthe introduction of artificial spawning substrate was tested at two sites in the derwent estuary in the late 1990s after trials in aquaria showed that spotted handfish would use plastic rods as spawning substrate ( green & bruce 2000 ) . these rods were buried in the sand to form vertical structures on the seafloor that spotted handfish may use as alternative spawning substrate to stalked ascidians ( green & bruce 2001 ) . during the breeding season at one of the two sites , 52 egg masses were observed attached to the artificial spawning substrates , with only two egg masses attached to stalked ascidians ( green & bruce 2000 ) . the artificial spawning substrate at the other site was not as successful , with most lost due to heavy weather ( green & bruce 2000 ) .\nthe markings on spotted handfish are unique so it is possible to identify individuals within populations ( bruce et al . 1997 ) . individual patterns of spots do not change with season , substrate type or behaviour although some changes in pattern can be observed over time as individuals grow ( i . e . larger spots may break in two ) ( bruce et al . 1999 ) .\nhale said the handfish\u2019s ungainly appearance could go some way to explaining why it remains relatively unknown , despite being one of the most endangered animals in australia .\nhandfish of all types abounded around the world 50 million years ago but are now only found in waters south - east of australia , mainly around tasmania .\nissues paper : population status of an threats to four handfish species listed as threatened under the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( deh 2005u ) .\nthe endangered spotted handfish is a small , unusual fish that is slow - moving and prefers to ' walk ' on its pectoral and pelvic fins rather than swim . the pectoral or side fins are leg - like and resemble a human hand \u2013 hence their common name . their body is white or cream and is covered in numerous small , closely set orange , brown or blackish spots .\nwhitley , g . p . 1949 ,\nthe handfish\n, australian museum magazine , vol . 9 , no . 12 , pp . 398 - 403\nnine new species of handfish have been described by csiro in research that highlights an urgent need to better understand and protect the diversity of life in australia\u2019s oceans .\nresearchers theorize the critically endangered fish ' s perilous situation is due to a seastar wreaking havoc with its habitat and reproduction efforts . the handfish uses its habitat to camouflage its eggs , and then it watches over them . but the seastar is eating away at the scenery , leaving the handfish and its eggs vulnerable to predators .\nthe handfish survives today only in tasmanian waters , in the hobart ' s derwent estuary . the hand count has researchers considering urgent methods to keep the species alive .\nspotted handfish occur in limited numbers in colonies and are usually found on soft substrates often in shallow depressions or near rocks or other projections . they are found in depths of 2 to 30 m below the surface . \u200b they eat small molluscs , crustaceans and marine worms . spawning is from september to october , eggs are attached to objects on the substrate and the female remains in attendance until they hatch .\nin 1997 / 98 eighteen juvenile spotted handfish were spawned , hatched and raised in captivity to an age of seven months ( green & bruce 2000 ) . these fish were hatched from two egg masses that totalled approximately 200 eggs ( green & bruce 2000 ) . the total survival rate from these egg masses was approximately 9 % of spawned eggs and 34 % of hatchlings ( green & bruce 2000 ) .\nthe new species are described in a review of the handfish family by hobart - based fish taxonomists from the csiro wealth from oceans flagship , daniel gledhill and peter last .\nthe spotted handfish was common in the lower derwent river estuary until the mid 1980s , when the species underwent a catastrophic decline ( 2 ) . although unproven , it is thought that the introduction of the northern pacific seastar ( asterias amurensis ) to tasmania at this time may be the key to the decimation of the handfish population ( 3 ) . these seastars are voracious predators of shellfish and it is thought that they may also eat the eggs of handfish or the sea squirts upon which the eggs are attached ( 2 ) . the deterioration of coastal habitats due to development may also be involved in the decline ( 3 ) . this species is under added threat from its vastly reduced population , limited dispersal , restricted distribution and low reproductive rate ( 3 ) .\nspotted handfish are often found in shallow , shell - filled depressions or near rocks of low relief projecting from the substrate ( bruce et al . 1998 ) . unspoilt shallow , benthic , sandy habitats with suitable spawning substrates ( e . g . primarily stalked ascidians sycozoa sp . , but also sponges , and seagrasses ) are believed to be critical to the survival of this species ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) .\nbruce , b . d . , m . a . green & p . r . last ( 1999 ) . aspects of the biology of the endangered spotted handfish brachionichthys hirsutus ( lophiiformes : brachionichthyidae ) off southern australia . in : seret , b . & j . y . sire , eds . proceedings of the 5th indo pacific fish conference , noumea 1997 . page ( s ) 369 - 380 . societe francaise d ' ichthyologie , paris .\nthe spotted handfish is a bottom dwelling fish that lives in coarse to fine silt and sand at depths of 2\u201330 metres . they spawn from september to october and lay an interconnected egg mass of 80\u2013250 eggs on objects attached to the sea bottom . the female remains with the egg mass for 7\u20138 weeks until hatching . their diet includes small crustacea and worms and they are often found in shallow , shell - filled depressions near low relief rocks projecting from the sand .\nour team popped on some fluffy onesies underneath our thick dry suits and proceeded to dive into the cool winter waters of the derwent estuary . there , we conducted the first ever survey of all nine local populations of the spotted handfish . battling what could only be described as ice cream - like headaches , we completed multiple daily dives at each of the sites for the last three months , to get up close and personal \u2013 close enough for a high - five .\nthe spotted handfish was common throughout the lower derwent estuary and adjoining bays prior to the mid 1980s , but subsequently suffered a decline in distribution and abundance ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) . anecdotal reports ( cited in bruce et al . 1999 ) from the late 1990s , suggest that the population around the hobart region declined relatively rapidly in the 1980s . this decline appears to have coincided with the introduction of the northern pacific seastar ( bruce et al . 1999 ) . this species is believed to have been introduced in the 1970s or early 1980s as larvae in ballast water , or as juvenile or adult seastars on the hulls of international ships ( csiro 1998 ) . the exact cause of the decline in spotted handfish populations is not fully understood ( bruce et al . 1999 ) , however there are known to be several threats operating ( as outlined below ) which result in a reduction in the quality and quantity of available habitat , in particular spawning substrate .\nthere are a number of reasons the handfish is listed as endangered . a small population , restricted distribution and vulnerable life cycle are key . habitat degradation and pest species have contributed to the species\u2019 decline .\nthe pectoral fins of handfish bear a resemblance to a human hand , hence their common name . they move by slowly \u2018walking\u2019 along the sea floor with the pectoral fins and pelvic fins rather than swimming .\nthe greatest threats to the handfish appear to be siltation and invasive species . the derwent estuary where the fish lives is highly urbanised and industrialised , and a range of marine pests have been introduced through shipping .\nbruce , b . d . , green , m . a . & p . r . last . 1999 . aspects of the biology of the endangered spotted handfish , brachionichthys hirsutus ( lophiiformes : brachionichthyidae ) off southern australia . pp . 369 - 380 in s\u00e9ret b . & j . - y . sire , ( eds ) proceedings of the 5th indo - pacific fish conference , noumea , new caledonia , 3 - 8 november 1997 . paris : societe fran\u00e7aise d ' ichtyologie . pp . 888 .\nspawning was found to generally occur from september to october , during early spring ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ; last & bruce 1996\u201397 ) . in the late 1990s spotted handfish in aquaria were observed performing what appears to be courtship behaviour prior to spawning ( bruce et al . 1997 ) . after laying the egg mass , the female guards the eggs for 6\u20137 weeks until they hatch ( bruce 1998 ) . eggs were approximately 4 mm in diameter and are contained in ' flasks ' that are inter - connected in a single mass by fine tubules ( last & bruce 1996\u201397 ) . eggs observed in aquaria began hatching 51 days after spawning and had finished hatching 57 days after spawning ( bruce et al . 1997 ) . the spotted handfish was not found to have a pelagic larval phase in 2002 , with the eggs hatching into fully formed juveniles ( pogonoski et al . 2002 ) . hatchlings were observed settling in the immediate area surrounding the location of the egg mass in the late 1990s ( bruce et al . 1997 ) .\nartificial sticks for attaching eggs have been developed by csiro and planted throughout the estuary . there is some evidence that the handfish are already using the sticks , although it is unknown whether the eggs survive to hatching .\nspotted handfish are small , colourful , slow moving benthic ( sea - floor dwelling ) fish that are easily approached and photographed . adults are typically 70\u201390 mm tl ( last et al . 2007 ) and grow to a maximum size of 143 mm ( last & gledhill 2009 ) . they use their illicium ( modified dorsal fin ray ) to attract food ( edgar et al . 1982 ) and to probe egg masses ( deh 2005u ) , sometimes extending and resting it on the seafloor ( bruce et al . 1998 ) .\nunlike other fish , handfish care for their eggs during the gestation period . these protective parents guard their eggs , which cling to stalked ascidians for up to six weeks , keeping a close eye on them till they hatch . sadly , stalked ascidians are a favourite food of an introduced species , the north pacific sea star . the handfish\u2019s ongoing battle for survival will continue as long as these villainous sea stars live in the estuary .\nhobart has already began to adopt the species as its own : a giant papier - mache handfish , dubbed jessica by its creator , the balinese artist ida bagus oka , was burned in effigy at the dark mofo festival in june .\nvisual census techniques are non - destructive and during the early 2000s ( green 2003 , pers comm . , cited in ambs 2004 ) were the most appropriate method for the detection of handfishes in depths within safe scuba diving range ( i . e . to approx . 40 m ) . given that spotted handfish are rare and cryptic in nature , an estimated six hours of searching at each site , and a minimum team of three persons ( one boat person and two divers ) , was recommended ( green 2003 , pers comm . , cited in ambs , 2004 ) .\nwe thought with the decline of the handfish , at this moment while there ' s still some , it would be prudent to get some captive populations going for insurance purposes ,\ndr lynch told ryk goddard on abc radio hobart .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2005u ) . issues paper : population status of an threats to four handfish species listed as threatened under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . canberra . available from : urltoken .\nhandfish lack a larval stage and hatch as fully formed juveniles ( 6\u20137mm in length ) which move straight to the sea floor and appear to remain in the vicinity of spawning throughout their lives . this has two important consequences . first , colonies may be relatively isolated ( ie mixing between them is restricted ) and a reduction in spawning success may seriously impact on a colony . second , the ability for handfish to recolonise areas from which they have been displaced is likely to be low .\none of the first strategies to conserve the handfish was to give them full protection under fisheries legislation , preventing collection for aquariums . the species\u2019 restricted distribution has worked in its favour , encouraging interest from the local community to clean up the estuary .\nin 1998 / 1999 , 158 ( 37 % ) of 423 hatchlings survived in captivity to an age of 6 months ( green & bruce 2000 ) . all of these handfish were tagged and the surviving 155 ( three died after tagging ) were released at the site from which their parents had been captured ( green & bruce 2000 ) . however , in surveys post october 1999 no sightings of these tagged handfish were made , which suggests high mortality post release ( green & bruce 2001 ) .\nthe csiro has been conducting an annual survey of handfish numbers for two years and this month collected its first specimens \u2013 an adult male named harley , an adult female named rose and an as yet unnamed juvenile \u2013 to begin a captive breeding program .\none key pest is the northern pacific seastar ( asterias amurensis ) , a particularly large and voracious predator that is now abundant in the estuary . studies by csiro show that the seastars eat the stalked ascidians that the handfish use to attach their eggs .\nin recent decades considerable effort has been put into improving water quality in the derwent estuary , including site works to reduce heavy metal discharge at the zinc smelter , expansion of the wastewater treatment plant at the paper mill , introduction of effluent reuse schemes for sewage from metropolitan hobart and improvements to storm water management ( whitehead et al . 2013 ) . sediment samples taken in 2011 indicate that concentrations of heavy metals have decreased at some sites in the derwent since 2000 , however levels vary across the estuary and copper , arsenic , zinc and cadmium concentrations increased in some spotted handfish locations ( whitehead et al . 2013 ) .\nspotted handfish spawn during september and october ( 3 ) , the male enticing the female by his courtship display ( 5 ) . compared to many other fish , the female produces a relatively small number of eggs ; around 80 to 250 eggs are spawned and these are often positioned around the base of a sea squirt ( a jelly - like invertebrate ) ( 3 ) . the female guards the eggs for seven to eight weeks until the fully - formed juveniles hatch . these tiny young measure a mere six to seven millimetres and when they emerge , move straight to the bottom of the seabed , instead of dispersing ( 3 ) .\nthe spotted handfish ( brachionichthys hirsutus ) is one of the world ' s most endangered marine fish . this extremely distinctive fish is almost pear - shaped ( 2 ) and unusually , has hand - like ' paired fins ' that enable it to ' walk ' along the seafloor ( 3 ) ; both the pectoral and ventral fins are used in this locomotion ( 4 ) . when swimming through the water , the unpaired or ' median ' fins ( such as the tail and anal fin ) are used ( 4 ) . these fish are cream in colour with a myriad of dusky brown , and occasionally yellow - brown spots ( 4 ) , the pattern of which is unique to each individual ( 3 ) . some individuals also have orange markings on their fins . handfish have a small lure just above their mouth which may serve to entice prey , although its exact function is unknown ( 4 ) ."]}
{"id": 497, "summary": [{"text": "the western yellow robin ( eopsaltria griseogularis ) , also known as the grey-breasted robin , is a species of bird in the family petroicidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to australia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "in southwest western australia , it was known as bamborn by the local indigenous people . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "western yellow robin", "paragraphs": ["foraging ecology and habitat selection of the western yellow robin ( eo\nby jarrad a . cousin\ndon ' t think i ' ve seen photos of the western yellow robin before . thanks for sharing .\n) : occurs in eastern australia , so the range of this species does not overlap with that of the western yellow robin .\nthe western yellow robin , eopsaltria griseogularis , found in the south - west and south of australia , differs from the eastern yellow robin by having a grey breast . another somewhat similar species is the pale yellow robin , tregellasia capito . this species is smaller , and has a pale face and lighter underparts .\na western yellow robin , race\nrosinae\n, was also found at wave rock , near hyden , wa , in march 2017 .\niphone recording exported as mp3 from itunes . the piping call of a western yellow robin interspersed with the harsher alarm calls of the same bird .\nfrontal view of a western yellow robin ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ valley of giants , walpole , wa , march 2015 ]\nlateral view of a western yellow robin ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ valley of giants , walpole , wa , march 2015 ]\nthe eastern yellow robin was first described by ornithologist george shaw in 1790 . two subspecies are recognised ; the northern yellow robin ( subsp . chrysorrhoa ) and the nominate or eastern ( subsp . australis ) . the former was previously regarded as a separate species and called the southern yellow robin .\nthe western yellow robin occurs mainly in south - western australia , from shark bay in the north to the nullarbor plain in the east . they also occur in western parts of south australia , on the eastern nullarbor plain , but mainly on the eyre peninsula .\nj . greaves reports spotting a western yellow robin , race\ngriseogularis\n, at the valley of giants , walpole , wa , in march 2015 .\nnear - lateral view of a western yellow robin ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ valley of giants , walpole , wa , march 2015 ]\nnear - frontal view of a western yellow robin ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ wave rock , near hyden , wa , march 2017 ]\nnear - lateral view of a western yellow robin ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ wave rock , near hyden , wa , march 2017 ]\ncousin , j . a . ( 2003 ) . foraging ecology and habitat selection of the western yellow robin ( eopsaltria griseogularis ) in a wandoo woodland , western australia : conservation ecology of a declining species . retrieved from urltoken\nwestern yellow robins have a preference for open , low - density forest , woodland , mallee and scrub .\neduard sol\u00e0 set\neastern yellow robin\nas an exemplar on\neopsaltria australis ( white , 1790 )\n.\nin south - western and southern australia , from shark bay in western australia , east to the eyre peninsula in south australia .\nthe western yellow robin is a largely grey bird with a conspicuous yellow breast and , depending on the subspecies , a yellow or olive - green rump . the bill is black and the eye dark brown . though the sexes appear similar , young birds are brown with cream - coloured streaks .\neduard sol\u00e0 selected\neastern yellow robin\nto show in overview on\neopsaltria australis ( white , 1790 )\n.\nthe eastern yellow robin ( eopsaltria australis ) is an australasian robin of coastal and sub - coastal eastern australia . the extent of the eastern yellow robin ' s residence is from the extreme southeast corner of south australia through most of victoria and the western half of new south wales and north as far as cooktown . tropical northern queensland birds are mainly restricted to the warm heights of the great dividing range .\nthe eastern yellow robin is a medium sized robin . it has a grey back and head , and yellow underparts . southern birds have an olive - yellow rump , while in northern birds it is brighter yellow . the throat is off - white and , in flight , there is a pale off - white wing bar . the bill is black . both sexes are similar in plumage colour and pattern , but the female is slightly smaller . young eastern yellow robins are rufous - brown . the plumage has some paler streaks , which are confined to the wings when the birds are a little older .\nwestern yellow robins are endemic to australia . there are two races . race\ngriseogularis\nis found only on the south - western tip of wa . race\nrosinae\nhas a more widespread distribution . their range encompasses south - western wa ( up to about a line connecting exmouth , kalgoorlie and eucla , wa , but without the south - western tip ) and , on the other side of the nullarbor , which they avoid , lake eyre peninsula in sa .\nthe western yellow robin is mainly grey above , on its crown , neck and most of its upperbody and tail , though the rump and uppertail coverts are either yellow or olive green , depending on the subspecies ( yellow on griseogularis and green on rosinae ) . the chin and throat are white , grading to pale grey on the upper breast , but the rest of the underbody is yellow ; the undertail is greyish . the sexes appear similar , but young birds are very different , being brown with coarse , cream - coloured streaks .\ninsects are the main food of the western yellow robin , obtained from the ground by pouncing onto the prey from a low perch . they usually perch on a tree trunk or low branch , often perching sideways , scanning the ground for food . they often forage in flocks with other small insectivorous birds .\nthe eastern yellow robin is confined to the east and south - east of the australian mainland . the range is mostly along the coastal and adjacent areas , but does extend quite large distances inland in some areas .\neastern yellow robins are inquisitive and confident with humans , often taking handouts of food from picnickers .\ngould , 1838 \u2013 extreme sw corner of western australia ( darling range and swan r coastal plain ) , in extreme sw australia .\n: a grey back and head , with grey on the upper breast and bright yellow on the lower breast and underbelly . its rump is either yellow ( in coastal south - west w . a ) or olive - yellow ( inland and southern w . a . ) . it has a pale wing - bar visible in flight .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that\u2019s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nboles , w . ( 2018 ) . western yellow robin ( eopsaltria griseogularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nlike all australian robins , it is not closely related to either the european robin or the american robin , but belongs rather to the corvida parvorder comprising many tropical and australian passerines including pardalotes , fairy - wrens and honeyeaters as well as crows . it belongs to the genus eopsaltria , whose australian members are known colloquially as\nyellow robins\nas distinct from the\nred robins\nof the genus petroica .\n( mathews , 1912 ) \u2013 sw & s western australia ( except for extreme corner ) and s south australia ( mainly eyre peninsula ) .\noften seen perching sideways on the trunks of tall trees , western yellow robins inhabit eucalypt forests and woodlands , especially where there are dense shrubs and a layer of leaf litter . they pounce onto insects and other invertebrates which are on the ground , and they sometimes stay on the ground to eat them . their mournful piping calls are a characteristic of the western forests , often calling from before first light in the morning .\nwestern yellow robins occur mainly in sclerophyll forests and woodlands , especially in tall eucalypt forests such as those dominated by jarrah , karri and marri , and they also occur in mallee vegetation . they usually occur where there is a shrubby understorey and much leaf litter on the ground .\nthe effects of climate change may influence the timing of when western yellow robins start to breed and the duration of their breeding activities . help scientists answer the question :\nhow are our animals , plants and ecosystems responding to climate change ?\nby recording the observations above .\nwestern yellow robins are medium - sized robins with a grey head , upper breast and mantle . the belly and vent are bright - yellow . the upperwing coverts have a yellow tint , but are otherwise grey . the flight feathers are dark grey , while the tail is yellowish - grey . the eyes are black , the bill is grey and the legs and feet are dark pinkish - grey . juveniles have a highly cryptic plumage . the front is brown , with light lighter - brown streaking . both head and back are dark - brown , with copious lighter - brown and grey streaking .\nthe nest of the western yellow robin is small and cup - shaped , woven from small strips of bark , bound together with spider webs , often decorated with more strips of bark hanging vertically from the rim , attached by spider webs . it is usually built in a vertical fork of a tree , sapling or shrub , usually about 3 . 5 metres above the ground , but can be between 0 . 5 and 22 metres up . the female usually incubates the two eggs , and both parents feed the young birds , often with the assistance of helpers .\neastern yellow robins belong to the genus eopsaltria which translates as ' dawn - harper ' . appropriately , they are among the first birds to be heard at dawn .\nford , julian ( 1979 ) .\nspeciation or subspeciation in the yellow robins ?\n. emu 79 ( 3 ) : 103\u201306 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mu9790103 .\nat 15 to 16 cm ( 6 in ) in length , the eastern yellow robin is one of the larger australasian robins , and one of the most easily observed . pairs and small family parties establish a territory\u2014sometimes year - round , sometimes for a season\u2014and seem little disturbed by human presence . they appear not to migrate any great distance , but will make local movements with the seasons , particularly to higher and lower ground .\nthe eastern yellow robin occupies a wide range of nubs : heaths , mallee , acacia scrub , woodlands and sclerophyll forests , but is most often found in damper places or near water . like all australian robins , the eastern yellow tends to inhabit fairly dark , shaded locations and is a perch and pounce hunter , typically from a tree trunk , wire , or low branch . its diet includes a wide range of small creatures , mostly insects . breeding takes place in the spring and , as with many australian birds , is often communal . the nest is a neat cup made of fine plant material and spider web , usually placed in a fork , and expertly disguised with lichen , moss , bark , or leaves .\neastern yellow robins are found in a wide range of habitats , from dry woodlands to rainforests . they are also common in parks and gardens , and are usually first seen perched on the side of a tree trunk or other low perch .\neastern yellow robins feed on insects , spiders and other arthropods . these are caught mostly on the ground , and are pounced on from a low perch . some handouts are also taken at picnic areas . birds normally feed alone , but may also be seen in pairs or small family groups .\ndouble hmm ! ! - having looked at hanzab again you are correct . in fact i think the problem may be that the captions in schodde and mason ' s map are the wrong way around . the text in schodde and mason says\nford ' s ( 1963 ) comprehensive analysis show that yellow ' rumped ' populations in extreme southwest australia ( nominotypical\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally common ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . trend justification : the population is estimated to be in decline owing to habitat loss ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the 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history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .\nthe h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >\nbirdlife australia\u2019s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia\u2019s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >\n13\u00b75\u201315\u00b75 cm ; 18\u00b75\u201321\u00b75g . nominate race has grey head and neck , black lores , ill - defined pale grey supercilium from base of bill to . . .\nsong of 2 staccato piping notes followed by series of drawn - out whistles . contact call a whistled . . .\nmainly insects , also some other small arthropods and seeds . feeds mostly on ground ( 83\u201396 % of observations ) , most of remainder on . . .\nseason jul to early jan , mostly sept\u2013nov ; one or two broods . breeds as pair , often with one or two helpers . territorial throughout . . .\nsedentary ; possibly some local movements . almost all recaptures of marked individuals were made . . .\nnot globally threatened . common . in w , range around perth and darling ranges has contracted since c . 1930 owing to loss of habitat for wheat - growing ; this species continues . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nbob humphries and sally robinson , pieter de groot boersma , keith and lynn youngs , nick talbot .\nnicholas tomney , john o ' malley , lindsay hansch , peter strauss , bleedingheart , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , clivenealon , sam .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eopsaltria griseogularis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ndiet : mostly insects , which are caught mainly on the ground , with the bird pouncing onto them from a low perch .\n: its nest is cup - shaped and made of strips of bark , twigs and dead leaves bound together with spider webs and lined with fine grass and small leaves , bound together with spider web and decorated with long strips of bark . nests are usually in the fork of a tree or shrub , usually within seven\nof the ground . two eggs are laid , and they are incubated by the female , with the young birds fed by both parents .\nbreeding may occur between july and january , but mostly between september and november .\nthe map below displays the accumulated observations of these species as reported by climatewatch observers , together with the layer showing how the range of the species might change between now and 2085 , with orange areas indicating where the species might disappear , and green areas where the species range might expand .\nslater p , slater p and slater r 2009 . the slater field guide to australian birds . new holland publishers ( australia ) pty ltd .\na lot of its habitat has been destroyed through clearance for agriculture . this has reduced its area of occupancy within its range .\nearthwatch acknowledges the generous support of the australian government for funding provided by way of a citizen science grant through inspiring australia - science engagement program .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nsadly there was action out on the bay where nefarious pacific gull was trying to steal someone else breakfast but little too far out for my lense with the sun behind them . mores the pity\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7131a3b6 - 19ff - 4f12 - a4d9 - bbed888ca774\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : efa771bb - c7dd - 4e0b - aca2 - f9f437e2b064\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 467821\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nour search server encountered a problem during your search . please copy this error code { { spperror _ message } }\nmore in { { topic . val } } ( { { topic . numarticles - topic . articles . length } } )\nthe cornell lab will send you updates about birds , birding , and opportunities to help bird conservation . you can unsubscribe at any time . we will never sell or give your email address to others .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\neopsaltria griseogularis griseogularis : southern australia ( shark bay to eyre pen . , south australia )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 457 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\naust birds bird names news 1 - 26 habitats key plants glossary plumage nests tips thumbnails gen . info sponsors photos for sale\nthe overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .\nall sighting , photographic and audio information presented on this page has been kindly contributed by j . greaves .\nfor this species we have recorded the following call ( s ) / song . the interpretation of their meaning is our own ; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .\nthese pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors . the structure of these bird pages is explained here . for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .\nwould you like to contribute photos or sound recordings to this site ? if interested , please click here . credits to contributors are given here .\ndisclaimer : comments are always welcome . we give no guarantee that the information presented on these pages is always correct or up - to - date . external links are marked as such and we take no responsibility for the contents of external pages . all images on this site are protected by copyright & used by permission of the respective owners . if you wish to reproduce them or any of the material presented on this web site , please contact us : last updated : tue , 27 march 2018 , 19 : 24 - 05 : 00\nthe voice includes a variety of high bell - like piping , a repeated\nchop chop\nand some scolding notes .\nduring breeding season , breeding pairs of eastern robins may lay up to three clutches of eggs . the female builds the nest and incubates the eggs . the nest is a woven cup of bark , grasses and other vegetation , bound together with spider web and lined with finer material and leaves . it is normally built in an upright tree fork , up to 20 m above the ground , but usually within 5 m . both parents , and sometimes some other helpers , care for the young birds .\nclick here to go to the home page and find out more . | click here to join .\nbirdforum is the net ' s largest birding community , dedicated to wild birds and birding , and is absolutely free ! you are most welcome to register for an account , which allows you to take part in lively discussions in the forum , post your pictures in the gallery and more .\ndaniel , does hanzab really suggest that it ' s griseogularis around perth ? i have had a quick look at it and i don ' t read it that way . hanzab generally follows schodde and mason ( 1999 ) on passerine subspecies and it seems to be that they have done so here , and it ' s probably rosinae around perth , though the zone of integration starts not far north of perth ( as shown in the map in schodde and mason ) . murray\nhmm ! ! am i wrong in thinking that hanzab borders griseogularis to the south - west corner triangle between lancelin in the north and albany in the south ? rosinae would be north and east of this triangle and thus far from perth .\nis the one around perth too ( let me know if you want a copy of that article ) .\nand i have had a look at ford ( 1963 ) and it does suggest griseogularis is the one around perth too ( let me know if you want a copy of that article ) .\nthank you murray for explaining the origin of the problem . i would like to read this article if it is not too much trouble .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae , copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . \u00a9 birdforum ltd 2002 - 2018\nwere classified as a single species by julian ford in 1979 on account of similarities in calls , ecology and behaviour . playback of one species ' calls in the other ' s territory evoked a response .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by eol group on flickr from eopsaltria australis ( white , 1790 ) to their own page .\ndeniz martinez set\nimage of eopsaltria australis\nas an exemplar on\npetroicidae\n.\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nkeltaoliivisieppo\nfrom\neopsaltria australis ( white , 1790 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n> stream x\u009c\u00f5wk\u008f\u00fb6\u0010\u00be\u00fbw\u00f0\u00f6\u0016hh\u00be ap\u00e0\u00f6z\u0081\u00e6\u00f4 \u00be\u00a5 = h % z\u00a5 @ k9\u0092 c\u00ff } \u0087\u0012 - k\u00b3 \\ yen ak \u00923\u00df | 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& \u0091d\u00bb\u00fa\u00fa\u00e6\u00e7\u00e7\u00fb\b\u00f8 \\ \u001bea\u007f\u00d7\u00fft\u00f8\u001b\u00fa\u00e2 { 6\u008a\u00ed ~ / \u000f\u00e3\u0087\u009f\u00e2\u0091fj\u0018\u008a\u00baq\u00b32\u00b3\u00a4bfn6\u0087\u00ebg0\u00ff < \u00e4\u00ff8\u00f0\u00af\u00efa \u00e1o\u00e1\u008b\u00f9\nyd\u00b4 | \u00ea\u0004\u00a2ty\u00bbe < \u0081d\u0090 % b\bd\u00ff\u00a9\u0089\u00ff0\u00eco\u009a\u0099k\u00b9\u00a8\u008d \u0001 - \u00f1\u0006\u00a8 \\ \u00a6\u0001\u00e4\u00e7 ~ \u0080\u00a2\u0012\u0001\u0092\u00b0 [ \u00be\u0002\u00fd\u00fe\u00b7 ` | 4p\u00fc\u00bc\u0018\u00fd\u00f1\u0099\u00b9\u00ff , \u00e8\u00dfw \u00eb\u0014\u008f \\ a\u00ea\u00e78vd $ \u0083 + \u0015\u00e7\u00ed\u00ac ) \u00ae % @ \u0003\u0002p\u00064 \u00f4\u0080\u00110\u0007l\u00e0\u0000\u009c\u0081\u001b\u00f0\u0004\u00be ` \b\u0005\u0091 \u000e , \u0006 \\ \u0090\u0006\u0084 @ \u00f2\u00e12\u00b0\u001a\u0014\u0083r\u00b0\u0005\u00ec\u0000\u00f5 \u000e4\u0082f\u00f0 \u000e\u0083np \u009c\u0006\u00e7\u00e0 % 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{"id": 498, "summary": [{"text": "the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) , also known locally as the hickatee or tortuga blanca ( white turtle ) , is the only living species in the family dermatemydidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its closest relatives are only known from fossils with some 19 genera described from a worldwide distribution from the jurassic and cretaceous .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species is currently found in the atlantic drainages of central america , specifically southern mexico , belize and guatemala .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is a relatively large-bodied species , with historical records of 60 cm ( 24 in ) and weights of 22 kg ( 49 lb ) ; however , more recent records have found few individuals over 14 kg ( 31 lb ) in mexico or 11 kg ( 24 lb ) in guatemala . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "central american river turtle", "paragraphs": ["the central american river turtle is found in mexico , belize , and guatemala .\na recent survey of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize .\ninformation on the central american river turtle is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nsadly , central american river turtles are critically endangered due to human over - consumption .\na herbivorous species , the central american river turtle feeds on a variety of aquatic vegetation and fallen fruits .\nmillburn , naomi .\ncentral american wood turtle care\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nsyed , gracia p . 2004 . population recovery program for the central american river turtle dermatemys mawi ( testudines : dermatemydidae ) .\nthe main threat to the central american river turtle is hunting by humans . the turtle is very easy to catch and both its meat and eggs are valued by\nsyed , gracia p . 2005 . a program of phylogeography , conservation and management for the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii .\nfound in rivers and lakes , central american river turtles are fast swimmers , and are able to swim up rapids .\nrestrictions on the hunting of the turtles exist , but they are poorly enforced . programs to raise and manage the central american river turtle as a\nmillburn , naomi .\ncentral american wood turtle care .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / central - american - wood - turtle - care - 1989 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\ncentral american river turtle .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nmillburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . central american wood turtle care . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / central - american - wood - turtle - care - 1989 . html\nkonstant , william . 2000 .\nfeatured reptile : central american river turtle .\nconservation international foundation . urltoken . [ accessed 4 august 2000 ] .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii )\ntitle =\narkive species - central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsyed , gracia patricia . 2008 . genetic characterization and conservation of the critically endangered central american river turtle dermatemys mawii . ( quintana roo and belize populations ) .\ncentral american river turtles inhabit large , open rivers and permanent lakes . although they prefer clear freshwater , the turtles are sometimes found in brackish\ncentral american river turtles ( dermatemydidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\noliva , milena , brad lock and daniel ariano . 2010 . evaluation of the distribution , population density and habitat quality of the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) on the sarstun river , izabal .\ncentral american river turtle .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nthe central american river turtle is found only in the coastal lowlands of the western caribbean . its range extends from the mexican state of veracruz southeast through guatemala and belize .\ncentral america from southern mexico as far south as northern and eastern central guatemala , excluding the yucatan peninsula .\nthe central american river turtle is the largest freshwater turtle in its range . an average adult measures 24 inches ( 61 centimeters ) long and weighs almost 50 pounds ( 23 kilograms ) . the turtle has webbed feet , forcing it to move awkwardly on land .\ncentral american river turtles ( dermatemydidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nrainwater , thomas r . , steve g . platt , and rick hudson . 2009 . status , distribution , and exploitation of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize .\nheather barrett presented \u201ccountry - wide efforts to promote the conservation of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize , central america . \u201d she outlined the recent history of conservation outreach for the hicatee including the formation of the hicatee conservation network and the\nthe central american river turtle generally eats plants either submerged below the water or those that rise just above the water ' s surface . typically , these include russell river grass ( paspalum paniculatum ) , and fallen leaves and fruits from branches growing over the water .\nis a high quality food source that can be obtained in high quantity from one turtle . central american river turtles eat aquatic plants that are of no use to humans and use them to produce turtle protein for human consumption . not only could central american river turtles supply a valuable protein source if farmed successfully , they could also supply a valuable source of income for humans living near their habitat ( ernst and barbour 1989 ) .\nin april and december , after having mated , a female central american river turtle digs a hole in sand , clay , or mud within a few feet of the water\u2019s edge . she then lays a clutch (\ncentral american river turtles are intensively exploited for food by indigenous peoples throughout their range , even in areas where the species is legally protected . the flesh is considered a delicacy .\ncentral american wood turtle ( rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni ) is a turtle species of which a number of species and subspecies come from central america , with a distribution range from mexico to northern ecuador and northern brazil . it lives on the savannahs , in forests and on riverbanks .\nreed , renae and adam gilles . 2013 . quantifying an active population of central america\u2019s rarest turtle , kinosternon angustipons .\nnoureen , uzma ; and khan , ahmad . 2007 . freshwater turtle conservation initiative along the central indus in pakistan .\nterrapene - ( new latin ) from the native american word for turtle ; carolina - ( new latin ) for carolina .\nforero - medina , german , and camila r . ferrara . 2013 . 1 st workshop for developing a regional monitoring program for the giant south american river turtle , podocnemis expansa .\ngarc\u00eda anleu , rony ; soto shoender , jos\u00e9 roberto ; and espejel g . , ver\u00f3nica e . 2005 . distribution and ecology of wild populations of the central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii : dermatemydidae ) in the corridor of the maya forest in guatemala .\nhaislip , nathan . 2014 . cuora complex construction at the turtle survival alliance turtle survival center .\n, can be found in central america from southern mexico as far south as northern and eastern central guatemala , excluding the yucatan peninsula . there have also been sightings of\n3 . 1 . 1 podocnemis expansa and podocnemis unifilis ( south american river turtles ) 3 . 1 . 2 geochelone carbonaria and geochelone denticulata ( tortoises )\ncalder\u00f3n - mandujano rr , hern\u00e1ndez - arana ha , flores - villela oa 2017 . distribution and abundance of the central american river turtle , dermatemys mawii , in southern quintana roo , mexico : implications for a regional conservation strategy . j biodivers endanger species 5 : 198 . - get paper here\n. american museum of natural history , new york , usa . assessed 07 july 2016 .\niverson j b ; mittermeier r a 1980 . dermatemydidae . river turtles . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 237 : 1 - 4 - get paper here\nthe turtle is not found on mexico\u2019s yucat\u00e1n peninsula . biologists ( people who study living organisms ) are unable to estimate the total number of central\nlight is a must for any healthy central american wood turtle living environment . give your turtle access to uvb rays via fluorescent lighting for approximately half of the day . if your turtle lives outdoors and has access to natural light , extra lighting is unnecessary . in times of inclement weather , however , it is very important to ensure that your outdoor turtle has a secondary living space inside , as well .\netymology : terrapene - ( new latin ) from the native american ( algonquin ) word for turtle ; ornata - ( latin ) meaning embellishment , fancy .\nconservation international : : tortoise & freshwater turtle specialist group : : turtle survival alliance : : turtle conservancy : : chelonian research foundation : : european assoc . zoos & aquaria\nfree - roaming wild central american wood turtles are herbivorous creatures to the core , consuming mostly only plant matter . however , when necessary , these turtles also occasionally do eat worms and bugs , making them essentially omnivorous . if you have a central american wood turtle as a pet , commercial rehydrated turtle chow is a strong foundation to the diet , along with occasional fresh veggies and fruit . some suitable fruits and vegetables for these turtles include apples , peaches , carrots , dandelions , banana , green beans , raspberries , kale , blueberries and mangoes . to add much - needed protein into your turtle ' s diet , feed him earthworms , mealworms , red worms and crickets , as well . feed fully mature central american wood turtles 3 or 4 times a week . skip one day between feedings . in cases of juvenile wood turtles , however , daily feedings are vital . regular vitamin and calcium supplementation also is crucial for central american wood turtles .\nbuhlmann , k . , m . vaughan . 1991 . ecology of the turtle pseudemys concinna in the new river , west virginia .\nrainwater , thomas r . ; thomas pop , octavio cal , anthony garel , steven g . platt , and rick hudson 2012 . a recent countrywide status survey of the critically endangered central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) in belize . chelonian conservation and biology 11 ( 1 ) : 97 - 107 . - get paper here\nriver cooter turtles are predominantly herbivorous , feeding primarily on aquatic vegetation . while both adult and juvenile river cooters occasionally consume crayfish ( e . g . ,\nspecies occurring within south american chelonian hosts . however , this must be further confirmed from genetic analyses of the\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nproduction of a documentary film . heather\u2019s session was followed by a special film screening of \u201chope for belize\u2019s hicatee : central american river turtle . \u201d this was the first time the new documentary by richard and carol foster was shown publicly . \u201chope for belize\u2019s hicatee , \u201d was well received by the audience who was eager to view rare underwater footage of the turtle and appreciated the breadth of information covered in the short film .\nalthough central american wood turtle is an omnivore , this does not mean that all food is suitable . the animals will eat insects , worms , snails , nest mice and to a lesser extent meal . uncooked shrimp and small parts of freshwater fish are also valuable food additions .\nthese river turtles ( dermatemys mawii ) are most closely related to the mud and musk turtles ( family kinosternidae ) . the fossil record of this family is extensive , with the earliest material being from the lower cretaceous in asia , and abundant remains in north and central america , europe , and africa during the tertiary . the central american river turtle is also commonly known as hickety ( belize ) , jicotea , tortuga aplanada ( mexico ) , tortuga blanca ( mexico , guatemala ) , and tortuga plana ( mexico ) . no subfamilies are recognized .\nscarcity makes the sarst\u00fan river population critical , but there is another reason to study the hickatee : two genetically separate hickatee populations in the sarst\u00fan river may be separate species .\nif you ' ve ever wondered how to take care of a pet turtle , or you already have one but want to brush up on your turtle parenting skills , consider this your turtle tutorial .\nthe central american river turtle , known colloquially as hickatee or tortuga blanca , is one of the ten most endangered freshwater turtles on earth and as its closest relatives only exist as fossils , it is the sole living species in its previously widespread family dermatemydidae . very small numbers of d . mawii can be found in mexico and guatemala , with its largest population in belize\u2019s coastal lowlands .\naresco , m . , j . dobie . 2000 . variation in shell arching and sexual size dimorphism of river cooters , pseudemys concinna , from two river systems in alabama .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\ngonz\u00e1lez - porter gp , maldonado je , flores - villela o , vogt rc , janke a , et al . 2013 . cryptic population structuring and the role of the isthmus of tehuantepec as a gene flow barrier in the critically endangered central american river turtle . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e71668 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0071668 - get paper here\ncaspian pond turtle : a semi - aquatic omnivore turtle that requires both land and water , it can grow up to be nine inches .\nmoll , d . 1986 . the distribution , status , and level of exploitation of freshwater turtle dermatemys mawii in belize , central america . biol . cons . 35 : 87 - 96\nturtle meat and eggs were basic items in the diet of amazon and orinoco river dwellers . for indigenous peoples , the main products were the sun - dried eggs of\nhamish campbell , andrew mcdougall , and adrian ros . 2015 . determine if a community driven nest protection initiative has resulted in increased recruitment for the mary river turtle (\nborder collies are well known for their ability to herd sheep , but milena mendez has another job in mind for fenix , her 10 - month - old companion . mendez , who graduated from university of valle in guatemala in march with a degree in biology , is studying the rare turtle dermatemys mawii , known as the central american river turtle and colloquially as the hickatee . but to study them she has to find them , and that ' s where she hopes fenix will help .\nthe results the phva generated increased information about wild turtle populations and led to recommended conservation actions that were incorporated into turtle conservation programs in mexico and informed similar efforts in guatemala . claudia zenteno , head researcher of the central american turtle conservation program in tabasco , was appointed as the state of tabasco\u2019s secretary of natural resources and environmental protection in january 2013 . from that position , claudia is boosting actions that are part of the conservation strategy , the workshop\u2019s main product .\nwere also found in american hosts that had never been recorded in the european freshwater environments of investigation . meyer et al . [\nchen , pelf - nyok . 2012 . research and conservation of southern river terrapin ( batagur affinis\npelf - nyok chen , and eng - heng chan . 2010 . determining the performance of head - started southern river terrapins ( batagur affinis ) in the setiu river , terengganu , malaysia .\ndharwadkar , sneha and shailendra singh . 2016 . sustaining the distribution mapping and threat assessment of leith\u2019s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) along the river kali , karnataka , india .\nmccormack , tim ; hendrie , douglas ; and nguyen xan thuan . 2008 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .\nthe mellow central american wood turtle ( rhinoclemmys pulcherrima manni ) is a relatively low - maintenance exotic pet option . the pet turtles , which are prevalent in regions of costa rica , nicaragua and southern mexico , are semi - aquatic animals that typically display rather meek and quiet dispositions . these turtles typically roam throughout scrublands and moist forest .\nheather barrett and peter paul van dijk at the turtle survival center . peter paul was honored during the symposium with the john l . behler turtle conservation award\nminh le , and tim mccormack . 2010 . population survey to safeguard the critically endangered cuora galbinifrons in northern and central vietnam .\ndawson , j . 1998 .\nthe turtle pages - anatomy of a turtle\n( on - line ) . accessed november 3 , 2000 at urltoken .\nmccormack , tim ; ha , hoang van ; and nhan , nguyen chi . 2009 . ensuring a future for the vietnamese pond turtle : establishing the mauremys annamensis conservation project ( map ) , in central vietnam .\n( bour 1973 ) ( testudines , chelidae ) , from central brazil . panam j aquat sci . 2010 ; 5 : 478\u201380 .\nriyanto , awal . 2009 . habitat characteristic , distribution , natural history and current status of leucocephalon yuwonoi in central sulawesi , indonesia .\naiello , b . , r . blob , m . butcher . 2013 . correlation of muscle function and bone strain in the hindlimb of the river cooter turtle ( pseudemys concinna ) .\nbock , brian c and vivian p . p\u00e1ez . 2016 . protection of nesting females and quantification of re - nesting frequency in the critically endangered magdalena river turtle ( podocnemis lewyana ) .\nrestrepo , adriana and l\u00f3pez , catalina . 2008 . demographic structure of the population of the endangered turtle podocnemis lewyana ( podocnemididae ) in the chicagua branch of the magdalena river , colombia .\nabout the species the central american river turtle is an aquatic species found in lakes and deep rivers of the atlantic lowlands of southeastern mexico , belize , and northern guatemala . genetic and archaeological evidence indicates that river turtles were harvested and transported by the ancient mayans , suggesting that it has economic significance that dates back thousands of years . the principle threat to this species is intensive harvesting for human consumption . river turtles have been so overharvested that they now can only be found in remote areas that are difficult for people to access . the population is also affected by habitat loss due to human activities related to agriculture and urban growth . since the sex of young turtles is determined by egg incubation temperature , loss of riverbank vegetation in river turtle habitat and climate change are affecting the ratio of female and male turtles in the wild . this can lead to problems with mating and reproduction .\n, are native to north america . they are most commonly found in eastern and central parts of the united states . they are found as far north as northern ohio and extend as far south as northern florida in the florida panhandle . the distribution of these turtles is from eastern virginia , westward to eastern texas . disjunct populations of river cooters can be found in the new river in virginia and west virginia , and the tennessee river in tennessee and eastern kentucky .\nhabitat : sand prairies of central and northern illinois , southern tillplain prairies ( clay soil outlier prairies ) and open fields in former prairie .\nrangel - mendoza , judith a . , iris a . s\u00e1nchez - gonz\u00e1lez , marco . a . l\u00f3pez - luna , and manuel weber 2014 . health and aquatic environment assessment of captive central american river turtles , dermatemys mawii , at two farms in tabasco , mexico . chelonian conservation and biology jul 2014 , vol . 13 , no . 1 : 96 - 109 . - get paper here\nmaintaining your turtle\u2019s environment is very important to stay on top of . if something is going to go wrong after you get a turtle or tortoise , it\u2019ll be here .\n) at two important turtle survival alliance sites in southern madagascar : ampotaka and antsakoamasy .\nshepherd , loretta ann . 2011 . freshwater turtle and tortoise rescue centre , malaysia .\ncuc phuong turtle conservation center ; douglas b . hendrie . 2004 . operational support .\nsingh , shailendra and ashutosh tripathi . 2013 . evaluating and refining conservation interventions for the endangered indian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra indica ) along the chambal \u2013 yamuna river system , india .\nhorne , brian d . 2010 . a workshop on the conservation of large river turtles in the genus batagur .\ncentre for coastal environmental conservation ; rahman , mowdudur . 2005 . river terrapin conservation in the sundarban reserved forest .\nconservation of the chaco tortoise ( chelonoidis chilensis ) in central argentina : evaluation of commercial use and population studies as baseline for implementing management actions .\nthe habitat area of central american wood turtle is situated between 10 - 13 degrees n . l . and could be described as dry tropical woods , it is a low - lying area ( 0 - 1000 m ) with annually 1500 mm rainfall , this is dry for central america . they range between sonora , mexico , and costa rica . they are semi - aquatic and live along forested rivers and streams , usually in cool , upland areas of deciduous woodland , marshy meadow , red maple swamp , and farmland habitats .\nin captivity , river cooter turtles are known to live for an average of about 20 years , with the maximum age of captive river cooter turtles being 44 years . in the wild , these turtles often live approximately 40 years .\npolisar , j . and horwich , r . 1994 .\nconservation of the large , economically important river turtle dermatemys mawii in belize .\nconservation biology 8 ( 2 ) : 338 - 342 .\nturtle does not bask in the sunlight on logs or river banks like other freshwater turtles . it occasionally floats on the water\u2019s surface and is able to remain underwater for long periods without surfacing for air .\nsingh , shailendra ; and horne , brian . 2007 . development of \u201cgreen\u201d headstarting facilities in the national chambal river sanctuary , india : the last stronghold for the red crowned roof turtle , batagur kachuga .\ndreslik , m . 1997 . ecology of the river cooter ( pseudemys concinna ) in a southern illinois floodplain lake .\niverson , j . 2001 . reproduction of the river cooter , pseudemys concinna , in arkansas and across its range .\nvargas - ram\u00edrez , mario ; and casta\u00f1o - mora , olga victoria . 2007 . actions towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana , in the upper magdalena river , colombia .\n) , 13 freshwater species were from the usa , central america , asia and africa . a similar situation was found on the online reptimania society (\ncadi a , joly p . competition for basking places between the endangered european pond turtle (\nthis highly endangered turtle has been part of the jacksonville zoo and gardens collection since 2003 .\nvargas - ram\u00edrez , mario alfonso ; and casta\u00f1o - mora , olga victoria . 2006 . participatory research towards the conservation of the endangered - endemic fresh water turtle podocnemis lewyana in the upper magdalena river , colombia .\nbecause of a highly adaptive breathing mechanism , it is only necessary for a central american river turtle to surface periodically for air . it sucks water in through its mouth and draws out dissolved oxygen from the water by means of a highly perforated pharyngeal lining ( just behind the nasal cavity ) . the used water is then expelled back through its nostrils . in muddy or cloudy water , the motion of the water moving in the mouth and out the nose is visible . this species of turtle is very passive and has a mild disposition . when handled , it will thrash its tail and limbs around vigorously but rarely bites .\nit\u2019s also best if your turtle can get some sunlight , too , said susan tellem , of american tortoise rescue in malibu , california . the sunlight , she says , helps their shells develop property ; without it , they can get metabolic bone disease .\nmake sure always to monitor your central american wood turtle ' s habitat temperature closely . always maintain a temperature range of 76 to 86 degrees fahrenheit . keep these turtles ' pens away from windows that have drafts . high humidity levels , between 75 and 90 percent , are beneficial for these turtles , so it is important to use a mister every day . a hygrometer may be useful for monitoring these levels .\nthey do not bask on logs or river banks like other freshwater turtles , their webbed feet create awkward movement on land .\nmoll , e . , m . morris . 1991 . status of the river cooter , pseudemys concinna , in illinois .\nlikes to sun in groups on tree - trunks or stones in the middle of the river and occasionally along the shore .\npolisar , j . , and r . h . horwich .\nconservation of the large , economically important river turtle dermatemys mawii in belize .\nconservation biology 8 , no . 2 ( 1994 ) : 338\u2013340 .\ncentral american wood turtle is best kept in a terrarium on a 10 - 15 cm thick layer of moisture keeping substrate , with a basking spot producing temperature of 35 - 40\u00bac . especially during colder rainy days , this is a must . transparent fences are not recognized by the animals , the turtle will constantly try to brake out , which can lead to stress and disease . furthermore , the place of the outside enclosure should be chosen in such a way that there will be sunshine for most of the day .\nyou\u2019ll likely want a terrarium for your turtle , and it\u2019s better not to skimp on size .\nplatt , kalyar , steven g . platt and me me soe ( wildlife conservation society and turtle survival alliance ) . 2011 . technical assistance for the turtle rescue facility in lashio , myanmar .\ndiesmos , arvin c . 2003 . unraveling the myth of the philippine pond turtle heosemys leytensis .\nn . sp . is a novelty as it is the first statement of polystomes from the bladder and conjunctival sacs of south american turtles . although avila et al . [\nbreeding interval river cooter turtles 2 to 6 times a year , and time between clutches can be from 2 - 12 months .\nwin ko ko , khin myo myo and kyaw moe ( wildlife conservation society ) . 2010 . study on the present status of batagur trivittata and other endemic chelonian species in the shweli river , a tributary of the ayeyarwady river in the shan state , myanmar .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter .\nbelkin , d . 1964 . variations in heart rate during voluntary diving in the turtle pseudemys concinna .\nyoeung sun , doug tangkor , and sean kin . 2012 . cantor\u2019s giant softhsell turtle conservation project .\nkyaw moe , kalyar platt , khin myo myo , win ko ko , me me soe , and steven g . platt . 2013 . conservation of the burmese roofed turtle ( batagur trivittata ) along the upper chindwin river of myanmar .\nhorne , brian d . 2013 . a trial release of head - started southern river terrapin , batagur affinis , in southern cambodia .\nvelosoa , juliette . 2012 . post - release monitoring of erymnochelys madagascariensis in lake ankomakoma and the andranohobaka river , ankarafantsika national park .\nmccormack , timothy , nguyen thi thu thuy , and pham thi thu hien . 2012 . initiatives to increase enforcement and awareness to protect the endemic turtles of central vietnam .\ngarcia , natalia gallego . 2010 . home range and habitat use of podocnemis lewyana as baseline for new management actions in the sinu river .\nkhin myo myo , win ko ko and kyaw moe . 2008 . preliminary survey on the status of kachuga trivittata and other endemic species occurring between the nampoke hka stream and upper chindwin river . awareness raising school programs at the upper chindwin river between htamanthi village and khamti town .\nsom , sitha ; chey , koulang ; sun , yoeung ; kim , chamnan ; kheng , sokhorn ; and sitha , prum . tremors psp 2009 . community - based nest protection for cantor\u2019s giant softshell turtle in the mekong river , cambodia .\nthe turtle seems to be very laid back . he reminds me of someone i know . : - )\narnold , k . , c . neumeyer . 1987 . wavelength discrimination in the turtle pseudemys scripta elegans .\nmeyer l , du preez l , bonneau e , h\u00e9ritier l , quintana mf , valde\u00f3n a , et al . parasite host - switching from the invasive american red - eared slider ,\nrhodin , a . & van dijk , p . p . ( tortoise & freshwater turtle red list authority )\nin its range . although large populations of the turtle remain in belize , it is hunted in great numbers .\nsouth american wildlife includes 45 species of turtles ( order chelonia ) : four are land turtles ( tortoises ) , six marine turtles and the remainder freshwater turtles . various other species , particularly of the\ngonz\u00e1lez - z\u00e1rate , adriana ; montenegro - diaz , olga lucia ; and casta\u00f1o - mora , olga victoria . 2008 . habitat characterization , resources use and conservation state of the river turtle podocnemis lewyana , waters down of the hidroprado dam , tolima , colombia .\nkuchling , gerald , rao dingqi , and lu shunqing . 2013 . trapping and rescuing rafetus swinhoei in the upper red river , yunnan , china .\nthe majority of the fleshy parts of the central american river turtle are olive gray , the undersides being white or pale gray . near its upper surface , the organism is reddish brown to yellow in color while its sides typically remain the olive - gray of the shell . adult male turtles have a triangular patch covering the whole upper section of the head that is golden yellow in color , as well as yellow markings on each side of the head . females and turtles that have not yet reached maturity , have dull patches and side markings that are barely visible . juveniles , however , display a yellow stripe extending backwards from the eye . the tail of\nsnapping turtles can be harvested in connecticut . regulations passed in 2013 and updated in 2016 established specific protections for snapping turtles by designating seasons , size / bag limits , gear restrictions , and other measures designed to ensure the long - term viability of connecticut turtle populations . turtle eggs cannot be taken and turtle nests cannot be disturbed without deep authorization .\n] . currently , 16 polystomes are known from anurans , three from caecilians and six from chelonians . turtle polystomes include\nminh le and tim mccormack . 2014 . a survey of the critically endangered vietnam pond turtle using environmental dna approach .\nzhang fang . 2010 . action plan for the conservation of the golden - headed box turtle under the community participation .\ngarcia , rony ; balas , roan ; moreira , jos\u00e9 ; and ponce , gabriela . 2008 . where do they go ? determining the spatial and habitat requirements of the ca river turtle ( dermatemys mawii : dermatemidae ) in el per\u00fa lagoon , selva maya of guatemala .\nthe home range of river cooter turtles is very dependent on location . the approximate home range of river cooter turtles that live in ponds is 122 square meters . in riverine locations the turtles tend to have a larger home range of approximately 340 square meters . males tend to move greater distances than females daily .\ndreslik , m . 1999 . dietary notes on the red - eared slider ( trachemys scripta ) and river cooter ( pseudemys concinna ) from southern illinois .\nprefers sandy beaches close to the water for nesting but may also use clay soil beaches , steep river banks , and even areas covered with leaf litter .\nkuchling , gerald , rao dingqi , and lu shunqing . 2014 . continuing the trapping of rafetus swinhoei in the upper red river , yunnan , china .\nchan , eng heng ; soh , chong leng ; and wong , chee ho . 2004 . the setiu river terrapin research and conservation program in malaysia .\nrange snapping turtles range across the eastern united states to the rocky mountains , from southern canada to the gulf of mexico , and into central america . they have been introduced in some western states .\ndiagne , tomas . 2013 . exploring the ecology and population biology of two declining turtles , cyclanorbis elegans , cyclanorbis senegalensis in west - central nigeria and south sudan ( sub - saharan africa ) .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\navila rw , brito es , barrella th , strussmann c , silva rj . endoparasites new to the neotropical freshwater turtle ,\nrivera , g . 2008 . ecomorphological variation in shell shape of the freshwater turtle pseudemys concinna inhabiting different aquatic flow regimes .\nbawa , sulemana . 2015 . current status and distribution of the nubian flapshell turtle in mole national park , northern ghana .\nsingh , shailendra . 2015 . conserving black - softshell turtle species , nilssonia nigricans in assam , north - east india .\nminh duc le ; and pritchard , peter . 2007 . genetic variability of the critically endangered softshell turtle , rafetus swinhoei .\ninternational center for conservation of turtles , allwetterzoo m\u00fcnster ; martina raffel . 2003 . conservation of critically endangered asian turtle species .\neisemberg , carla , keith christian , and bertanizo guro . 2013 . assessment of chelodina mccordi current status and community awareness along the irasequiro river , timor leste .\nred - eared sliders : a water turtle ( though it does require land ) that can grow to be as long as 11 inches , the red - eared slider is the most popular type of turtle to have as a pet throughout the world .\nplatt , steven , kalyar platt , win ko ko and khin myo myo ( wildlife conservation society ) . 2010 . a proposal to assess the potential for reintroducing geochelone platynota at three sites in central myanmar .\npierce , d . , j . avise . 2001 . turtle mating systems : behavior , sperm storage , and genetic paternity .\nrahman , shahriar caesar . 2015 . ecoguardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .\nibarrondo , bonggi r . 2005 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi ) : the action plan for its preservation .\nthe original range of both species embraces the amazon and orinoco river basins and includes brazil , colombia , peru , the bolivian amazon and the colombian and venezuelan orinoco basin .\nthe central american river turtle , dermatemys mawii , has a very short tail and a wide plastron which is connected to the upper part of the shell by a wide bridge . adult shells are about 12 - 24 in ( 30 - 60 cm ) long and are an olive green color above and a yellowish color below . the scutes are thin and are easily worn away ; if the bone is exposed it can also be damaged . this turtle ' s head is speckled on the sides . anatomical features make movement on land extremely difficult for this species . this species is almost entirely aquatic , generally only leaving the water to lay their eggs . nesting occurs during the wet season when flooding carries or allows the turtles to move into backwater areas or small tributaries . eggs are buried in the banks just above the water level . clutch sizes are an average of 20 eggs . d . mawii is also referred to by the common name\ntortuga blanca\nwhich means white turtle in spanish . the mexicans , when giving the turtle this name , were referring to the species ' white meat which is considered a delicacy by many locals .\ngray , j . e . 1864 . additional observations on dermatemys , a genus of emydidae from central america . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 14 : 391 - 392 - get paper here\nthe central american river turtle ( dermatemys mawii ) , also known locally as\nhicatee\nor\ntortuga blanca\n, has declined throughout its native range of mexico , guatemala and belize . they are extremely rare in mexico and guatemala , but there are a few scattered stable populations left in belize . it is listed as critically endangered by iucn and it is an appendix 2 species under cites . although there are existing regulations in belize for the harvest and possession of this species , there is little enforcement of these laws throughout its range . overharvesting and illegal poaching are the main contributing factors for its current status . with a mean generation time estimated to be between 15 and 20 years , poachers can decimate an entire waterway in just a few nights .\nif you don\u2019t have a filter , change your baby turtle\u2019s water daily . if you do , change it two to three days .\nn box turtle ( terrapene carolina yucatana ) : a multidisciplinary collaboration at the community and landscape level , phase i proposal : 2014 .\nparham , james f . ; wilson , byron s . ; parra - olea , gabriela ; and papenfuss , theodore j . 2006 . assessment of caribbean slider turtle populations : a neglected turtle fauna under threat of genetic pollution , human exploitation , and habitat destruction .\nibarrondo , bonggi . 2004 . rote snake - necked turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin 1994 ) : the action plan for its preservation .\nchen , pelf - nyok and eng - heng chan . 2011 . production and distribution of awareness posters and various educational materials for the critically endangered southern river terrapin ( batagur affinis\nandrews , harry v . 2005 . hatching and headstarting programmes for endangered chelonians in the national chambal river sanctuary : implementing recommendations from the conservation action plan for india\u2019s freshwater turtles .\nwin ko ko , khin myo myo , myint myint oo and kyaw moe ( wildlife conservation society ) . 2010 . integration of the education activities of the turtle team with the mobile education team of the hukaung tiger reserve for a collaborative conservation education program on the upper chindwin river between htamanthi village and khamti town .\njungwirth n , bodewes r , osterhaus adme , baumg\u00e4rtner w , wohlsein p . first report of a new alphaherpesvirus in a freshwater turtle (\nin the southern mexican state of chiapas , newly built roads have opened up formerly remote areas , giving hunters greater access to turtle populations .\nmake sure your terrarium\u2019s water and air temperature is about 86 degrees fahrenheit and that your baby turtle has access to both land and water .\n\u201cit is work , and you ' ve got to pay attention to your turtle , \u201d nesci said . \u201c [ buy a turtle ] because you absolutely love turtles . don\u2019t buy one on a whim . you need to have the desire and a love for animals .\nin the wild , they eat aquatic vegetation ; in the zoo they are fed a proprietary gel - based turtle food and fresh produce .\nrahman , shahriar caesar . 2014 . mro tortoise guardian program : a model for turtle hunting mitigation in the chittagong hill tracts , bangladesh .\nriver cooter turtles are occasionally consumed as food and traded as pets . their meat , eggs , and skin can be sold as commodities and used to make products for human consumption .\nheng sovannara . 2005 . batagur baska conservation project : a program to protect and conserve the last known wild population of the critically endangered river terrapin , batagur baska , in indochina .\nmendez ' s work with the hickatee started when she was an undergraduate , after an internship at zoo atlanta led to an interest in turtles and an invitation the following year to attend a turtle survival alliance meeting . the alliance\u2019s director learned that she was from guatemala and approached her about studying the sarst\u00fan river ' s dermatemys .\ncountless turtles are killed or injured on roads during their terrestrial treks . the presence of a large turtle on a busy road can be a safety hazard for motorists . by driving defensively and keeping alert to conditions on the road , motorists should be able to avoid hitting a turtle .\nyou\u2019ll want thermometers for both the air and water in order to maintain an environment similar to whatever your turtle or tortoise would find in the wild . do your research to determine exactly what temperature your type of turtle will need , as just guessing at what seems like a good temperature can create health problems . if your turtle is constantly in air that\u2019s the wrong temperature , they may stop eating or get a respiratory infection .\nwilson , john - james , cheah men how , chen pelf nyok , and alexandra zieritz . 2015 . tracking the critically endangered southern river terrapin ( batagur affinis ) through environmental dna .\ngrupo herpetologico de antioquia ; vivian p . p\u00e1ez , brian c . bock . 2003 . assessment of the distribution and reproductive ecology of populations of podocnemis lewyana in the magdalena river drainage .\nunlike other pets you might have , turtles don\u2019t need to be fed every day . as a general rule of thumb , feeding your turtle four to five times a week will be fine , unless you have a young water turtle , in which case they should be fed every day .\nmccormack , tim and pham van thong . 2011 . new surveys for swinhoe\u2019s softshell turtle in laos and conservation action at sites in northern vietnam .\nagassiz , l . 1857 . contributions to the natural history of the united states of america . first monograph . vol . 1 , part 2 . north american testudinidae . little , brown , & co . , boston . p . 233 - 452d .\nis found throughout amazonia and in brazil , bolivia , ecuador , guianas , peru and venezuela . both species present some individual and geographic variation , but there are no recognized subspecies ( 484 , 632 ) . the other south american species of this genus are\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nlescher , timothy c . 2012 . the distribution , movement , and conservation of the critically endangered southeast asian narrow - headed softshell turtle ( chitra chitra\nplatt , kalyar , me me soe and khin myo myo ( turtle survival alliance and wildlife conservation society ) . 2011 . population assessment of batagur baska\narbel\u00e1ez , fernando and vargas - ram\u00edrez , mario . 2008 . program towards conservation of three species of endangered river turtles by colombian and peruvian indigenous communities of the amazon \u2013 nests translocation pilot program .\nis rather small , its skull lacking several features present in most turtles . the turtle ' s slightly upturned nose is large , and shaped like a tube with wide nostrils . it is a rather prominent feature of the turtle ' s face because it projects rather strongly from the front of the head .\nyou\u2019ll also want to add calcium to your turtle ' s diet . you can get a calcium supplement and \u201cdust\u201d their food with it twice a year .\nkyaw moe , khin myo myo , win ko ko , and steven g . platt . 2012 . integrated conservation of the burmese roofed turtle , batagur trivittata\nforero - medina , german ; and moreno , luis eladio renteria . 2007 . distribution and conservation status of the endemic mud turtle kinosternon dunni in colombia .\ntraffic southeast asia ; chris shepherd , noorainie awang anak , james compton . 2004 . protecting the roti island snake - necked turtle chelodina mccordi from extinction .\nis the biggest latin american river turtle , with strong sexual dimorphism by size . the carapace length of adult females measured along the natural curve of the shell varies from 50 - 79 cm , with reported averages of 64 - 71 cm and an apparent top size of 89 cm . carapace width ranges from 43 - 55 cm and the total weight 1 5 . 7 to 46 kg ( average 23 - 26 kg ) . the record weight is 73 kg ( 491 ) . adult males measure 40 - 50 cm in carapace length and 30 - 38 cm in width ( 13 , 437 , 439 , 459 , 591 , 593 ) .\nsirsi , shashwat , gowri mallapur , and shailendra singh . 2012 . distribution mapping and status assessment of leith\u2019s softshell turtle ( nilssonia leithii ) in peninsular india .\nand other threatened turtle species at yinggeling nature reserve , hainan island , china ; and to adopt effective protection measures and awareness raising outreach activities in surrounding communities .\nfidenci , pierre . 2005 . inventory , distribution , status , and conservation action of the critically endangered philippine forest turtle , heosemys leytensis , palawan , philippines .\ngonz\u00e1lez - porter is developing an international plan for conserving dermatemys in mexico , belize , and guatemala . mendez is working with the sarst\u00fan river population and applying for funding from the turtle survival alliance and fundaeco , a nonprofit foundation for ecological development and conservation that is heavily involved in the sarst\u00fan region . she hopes to put together a conservation plan to protect this dermatemys population .\nfinding the turtles isn ' t easy . her fieldwork takes place in the remote sarst\u00fan river on the border between guatemala and belize . just getting there from her home in guatemala city requires multiple buses and boats .\nkyaw moe , win ko ko and khin myo myo . 2009 . in - situ conservation of batagur trivittata in upper chindwin river and survey and threat assessment for chelonian species in adjoining areas of htamanthi wildlife sanctuary .\n, is generally larger , has a more domed carapace with a vertebral keel , and has a plain plastron without straight yellow lines . the blanding ' s turtle ,\npraschag , peter ; and reza , ali . 2005 . genetic verification of the identity of the black soft - shell turtle aspideretes nigricans ( anderson , 1875 ) .\nlittle is known about the natural history of this iconic turtle of central america . as a result , it is difficult to formulate effective laws to allow sustainable harvesting and protect important habitat . lack of knowledge of dietary , life history , reproduction and crucial habitat requirements may impede successful captive propagation attempts . through a long - term mark - recapture and radio - telemetry program , our collaborative group hopes to shed light on some of these knowledge gaps .\namong river cooter turtles , neither parent provides parental care beyond nesting . in this relationship , the single contribution of males is the use of his sperm for fertilization and the indirect impact he has on the genetics of his offspring . in nesting , females use their hind claws to dig a hole about 12 cm deep with an opening of about 7 cm in diameter , in which to deposit their eggs . the eggs are laid , covered in mud or soil , and the female river cooters return to the water . after approximately 90 to 100 days , typically around august and september , the turtle eggs hatch .\npolo - cavia n , l\u00f3pez p , martin j . competitive interactions during basking between native and invasive freshwater turtle species . biol invasions . 2010 ; 12 : 2141\u201352 .\nhoang van ha , pham van thong , and nguyen tai thang . 2016 . intensive survey at priority sites to confirm additional individuals of the world ' s rarest turtle .\nkuchling , gerald , nantarika chansue , and lu shunqing . 2011 . reproductive evaluation of the last male and artificial insemination of the last female yangtze giant softshell turtle rafetus swinhoei\nkuchling , gerald . 2003 . preliminary status survey of the critically endangered endemic roti snake - neck turtle ( chelodina mccordi rhodin , 1994 ) , roti island , indonesia .\nstacy , b . , d . wolf , j . wellehan . 2014 . large - scale predation by river otters ( lontra canadensis ) on florida cooter ( pseudemys floridana ) and florida softshell turtles ( apalone ferox ) .\ndrummond , glaucia moreira , marcos eduardo coutinho and carla c . eisemberg . 2010 . investigation of the occurrence of mesoclemmys hogei ( testudines : chelidae ) in the para\u00edba do sul river basin ( rio de janeiro , brazil .\nsubspecies : two subspecies are currently recognized , eastern box turtle , t . c . carolina and three - toed box turtle , t . c . triunguis ( agassiz , 1857 ) . although the mississippi river has been the presumed barrier separating the two subspecies ( carolina on the east side ) , specimens that are unquestionably tringuis ( three toes and little patterning ) have been found along the illinois side of the mississippi river . smith ( 1961 ) considered the possibility that these may be waifs or represent intergradation between the two subspecies . tucker & hatcher ( 1994 . trans . ill . state acad . sci . 87 ( 3 & 4 ) : 201 - 206 ) reviewed the occurrence of triunguis specimens from western illinois and proposed that the subspecies be added to the list of herpetofauna of illinois .\nis the sole living member of the primitive family dermatemyidae , which first showed up in asia during the cretaceous period . by the tertiary period , this family had spread into europe , africa , and north and central america but eventually died out to the point that only one species remains .\nin 2001 , iucn red list classified river cooter turtles as g5 , or a species of \u201cleast concern . \u201d the conservation status of river cooters is not listed on the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna or flora ( cites ) or the united states endangered species act ( us esa ) . although they are not a species of high concern globally , these turtles are endangered in illinois , and a species of special concern in florida ."]}
{"id": 499, "summary": [{"text": "the blastobasidae are a family of moths in the superfamily gelechioidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its species can be found almost anywhere in the world , though in some places they are not native but introduced by humans .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in some arrangements , these moths are included in the case-bearer family ( coleophoridae ) as subfamily blastobasinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the symmocidae are sometimes included in the blastobasidae ( particularly if both are included in coleophoridae ) as subfamily or tribe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in addition , the group around holcocera is often separated as subfamily holcocerinae ( or tribe holcocerini ) from the blastobasis lineage ( which correspondingly become a subfamily , or a tribe blastobasini ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "while this seems far more reasonable than some of the more extreme arrangements sometimes seen in gelechioidea taxonomy and systematics , the relationships among blastobasidae genera are not yet sufficiently studied to allow a well-supported subdivision of this family . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "blastobasidae", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define blastobasidae in a sentence and how is the word blastobasidae used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528blastobasidae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528blastobasidae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528blastobasidae\u9020\u53e5 , blastobasidae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nadamski d ( 1995 ) review of the blastobasidae of the republic of the seychelles ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . proc entomol soc washington 97 : 489\u2013499\nbatrachedridae , oecophoridae , ethmiidae , autostichidae , blastobasidae , agronoxenidae , momphidae , cosmopterigidae and scythrididae : batrachedridae , . . . and butterflies of great britain and ireland\nadamski d , brown rl ( 1989 ) morphology and systematics of north american blastobasidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . mississippi agr forest exp stat tech bull 165 : 1\u201370\nbuszko j ( 1978 ) blastobasidae . in klucze do oznaczania owad\u00f3w polski . 27 . motyle & lepidoptera , 36 : 22\u201332 . polskie towardzystwo entomologiczne [ in polish ]\nthe monophyly of this genus & ndash ; the largest of its family , containing at present about half the described blastobasidae species & ndash ; is seriously in doubt .\nthe blastobasidae , momphidae ( mompha moths ) , pterolonchidae , and symmocidae have formerly been included in the coleophoridae as subfamilies , but are more often considered separate families today .\nheppner j . b . ( 2008 ) scavenger moths ( lepidoptera : blastobasidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht\nthe moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland . vol . 4 , pt . 1 : oecophoridae , ethmiidae , autostichidae , blastobasidae , batrachedridae , agonoxenidae , momphidae , cosmopterigidae and scythrididae\n9780946589661 : batrachedridae , oecophoridae , ethmiidae , autostichidae , blastobasidae , agronoxenidae , momphidae , cosmopterigidae and scythrididae : batrachedridae , . . . and butterflies of great britain and ireland - abebooks : 0946589666\nrecorded as a parasitoid of tortricidae , pyralidae , blastobasidae , carposinidae , noctuidae , gelechiidae and cossidae , but no reared material seen by us and such a wide host range seems most improbable .\nit is also known as the\n' acorn moth\n' , but this can also refer to\nblastobasis glandulella\nfrom north america , which belongs to the more primitive family blastobasidae .\nwhile this seems far more reasonable than some of the more extreme arrangements sometimes seen in gelechioidea taxonomy and systematics , the relationships among blastobasidae genera are not yet sufficiently studied to allow a well - supported subdivision of this family .\nneoblastobasis kuznetsov & sinev , a genus of the family blastobasidae , has been known with three species in korea . in this study , a new species of the genus , neoblastobasis songi park , sp . nov . , is described , and n . camelliae is newly recorded in korea . a key for the species and a tentative catalog of the genus in korea are provided .\nthe blastobasidae are members of the superfamily gelechioidea . blastobasids occur worldwide , but are most diverse in north and south america , with more than 275 described species and possibly five to 10 times that many yet to be studied . blastobasids are small , nocturnal moths with narrow wings . most species are uniformly dull colored , usually gray , sometimes tan or yellowish . larvae are typically slender and cylindrical , and many species feed on detritus associated with the nests and galleries of other insect species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly considered a subfamily of coleophoridae ; treated as a full family by heikkil\u00e4 et al . ( 2013 )\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l . 2013 . morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics 1 - 27 . ( abstract )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nadamski d ( 2002 ) a synopsis of described neotropical blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ; coleophoridae ) . entomological society of america , lanham , md ( thomas say monograph ) , 150 pp\nadamski d , hodges rw ( 1996 ) an annotated list of north american blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) . proc entomol soc washington 98 : 708\u2013740\nsix of the seven north american genera occur in illinois . this group is well represented in north america , with 69 described ( and possibly a considerable number of undescribed ) species , but life histories are known for only a very few . larvae of some species are known or suspected to be\nscavengers\nor to feed on roots of composites ( asteraceae ) ; others are known to feed internally on seeds of pines , pinus spp . ( pinaceae ) or on acorns of oaks , quercus spp . ( fagaceae ) . a substantial contribution to our knowledge of nearctic microlepidoptera could be made by working out life histories of a good representation of blastobasinae species .\nblastobasine forewing coloration most commonly involves shades of gray and / or brown , overlaid with paler scaling , and frequently showing either a contrastingly pale band at about one third of the wing length from the base , or an abrupt color change from paler to darker in the same position , depending upon species ( this particular combination of coloration and pattern is reminiscent , analogously , of that of many species of phycitine pyralidae ) . color pattern in blastobasinae is not diagnostic ; as can be observed in the illustrations below , a similar pattern can be seen in more than one genus .\nspecimens of adult blastobasinae are recognized most easily by their having a transverse row of small spines at the posterior margin of each segment on the dorsum of the abdomen ( fig . 1 ) .\nfigure 1 . abdomen of blastobasinae , dorsal aspect , showing the characteristic transverse rows of small spinelike structures at the posterior margin of each segment , a distinctive character of the group .\nhave a distinctive\nnotch\non the first antennal flagellomere ( fig . 2 ) .\nfigure 2 . antennae of blastobasinae belonging to genera in which the basal flagellomere of the male moth forms a characteristic\nnotch\n; blastobasis sp . ( left panel ) , holcocera sp . ( right panel ) .\nbeyond the characters of labial palpi ( for pigritia , see below ) and antennal morphology ( given above ) , there are reliable characters of wing venation and genital morphology that can be used to determine blastobasine adults to genus ( see adamski and brown 1989 ) .\namong genera occurring in illinois , pigritia can be recognized by its markedly reduced labial palpi ( fig . 8 ) .\nfigure 8 . heads of pigritia spp . , ventral aspect , showing reduction of the labial palpi , from vestigial ( left panel ) to indiscernible ( right panel ) . as noted by dietz ( 1900 ) , some species display sexual dimorphism in which the labial palpi of the male moth are more reduced in size than are those of the female .\nto enlarge images simply click on them . you will see a control bar on the image that you can use to scroll through images before and after . click on and image twice and it will close . you can open more than one image if you wish to compare moths and you can even use the cross arrow icon to move the images . click on a name to learn more about a particular moth . enjoy !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nall images on this website have been taken in leicestershire and rutland by naturespot members . we welcome new contributions - just register and use the submit records form to post your photos . click on any image below to visit the species page . the red / amber / green dots indicate how easy it is to identify the species , particularly from a photo . see our photo id page for more information .\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed , after selecting from the menu below , click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson , hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l . . . kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\neach volume in the very well known series the moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland contains special introductory chapters on important aspects of the study of british lepidoptera ; keys to families and species ; a systematic section consisting of a full description , details of the life history , and a distribution map for each species , as well as structural drawings where nessesary . in addition , all species and significant variants are illustrated in colour . also available in paperback ( isbn 978 - 09 - 46 - 58972 - 2 ) .\nthis is part one of volume four of\nthe moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland .\ndue to its extent , the volume is published in two parts , and this text contains a special chapter followed by a systematic account of the oecophoridae and the smaller families - a total of 147 species .\nharley , 2002 . condition : new . 326 , 7 col plates , 6 col photos , 95 text figs , 146 maps . 265x210mm . hb . new . . 147 species . includes introductory chapter on\nthe ecology and evolution of lepidopteran defence against bats\n, by jens rydell and mark young . [ 9780946589661 ] .\nbrill . hardback . condition : new . new copy - usually dispatched within 2 working days .\nbrill , netherlands , 2002 . hardback . condition : new . language : english . brand new book . each volume in the very well known series the moths and butterflies of great britain and irelandcontains special introductory chapters on important aspects of the study of british lepidoptera ; keys to families and species ; a systematic section consisting of a full description , details of the life history , and a distribution map for each species , as well as structural drawings where nessesary . in addition , all species and significant variants are illustrated in colour . also available in paperback ( isbn 978 - 09 - 46 - 58972 - 2 ) .\nbrill , 2002 . hardback . condition : new . 9780946589661 this listing is a new book , a title currently in - print which we order directly and immediately from the publisher . for all enquiries , please contact herb tandree philosophy books directly - customer service is our primary goal .\nharley books , 2002 . hardcover . condition : brand new . 326 pages . 10 . 75x8 . 75x1 . 00 inches . in stock .\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : cornelis van achterberg ( ln . silarutanbcn @ grebrethcanav . seec ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nthe species of seventeen genera of agathidinae ( braconidae ) from vietnam are revised : agathis latreille , 1804 , bassus fabricius , 1804 ; biroia sz\u00e9pligeti , 1900 ; braunsia kriechbaumer , 1894 ; camptothlipsis enderlein , 1920 ; coccygidium de saussure , 1892 ; coronagathis gen . n . ( type species : coronagathis cornifera sp . n . ) ; cremnops foerster , 1862 ; disophrys foerster , 1862 ; earinus wesmael , 1837 ; euagathis sz\u00e9pligeti , 1900 ; gyragathis gen . n . ( type species : gyragathis quyi sp . n . ) , gyrochus enderlein , 1920 ; lytopylus foerster , 1862 ; therophilus wesmael , 1837 ; troticus brull\u00e9 , 1846 , and zelodia gen . n . ( type species : zelomorpha varipes van achterberg & maet\u00f4 , 1990 ) . keys to the vietnamese species are given .\nsixty - five species are recognised , of which twelve species are newly recorded for vietnam : bassus albifasciatus ( watanabe , 1934 ) , coccygidium angostura ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , cremnops atricornis ( smith , 1874 ) , stat . n . , disophrys erythrocephala cameron , 1900 , gyrochus yunnanensis wang , 1984 , lytopylus romani ( shestakov , 1940 ) , comb . n . , therophilus festivus ( muesebeck , 1953 ) , comb . n . , therophilus javanus ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , comb . n . , therophilus lienhuachihensis ( chou & sharkey , 1989 ) , comb . n . , therophilus marshi ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , comb . n . , zelodia absoluta ( chen & yang , 1998 ) , comb . n . and zelodia longidorsata ( bhat & gupta , 1977 ) , comb . n .\nforty - two species are new to science : agathis citrinisoma sp . n . , bassus albobasalis sp . n . , bassus albozonatus sp . n . , biroia soror sp . n . , braunsia bicolorata sp . n . , braunsia devriesi sp . n . , braunsia maculifera sp . n . , braunsia nigrapiculata sp . n . , braunsia pumatica sp . n . , camptothlipsis hanoiensis sp . n . , coronagathis cornifera sp . n . , earinus aurantius sp . n . , earinus brevistigmus sp . n . , euagathis flavosoma sp . n . , disophrys maculifera sp . n . , disophrys quymanhi sp . n . , disophrys rhinoides sp . n . , gyragathis quyi sp . n . , therophilus annuliferus sp . n . , therophilus cattienensis sp . n . , therophilus contrastus sp . n . , therophilus crenulisulcatus sp . n . , therophilus depressiferus sp . n . , therophilus elongator sp . n . , therophilus levisoma sp . n . , therophilus marucae sp . n . , therophilus mellisoma sp . n . , therophilus nigrolineatus sp . n . , therophilus nuichuaensis sp . n . , therophilus parasper sp . n . , therophilus planifrons sp . n . , therophilus punctiscutum sp . n . , therophilus robustus sp . n . , therophilus rugosiferus sp . n . , therophilus scutellatus sp . n . , troticus alloflavus sp . n . , troticus giganteus sp . n . , zelodia albobasalis sp . n . , zelodia anginota sp . n . , zelodia bicoloristigma sp . n . , zelodia brevifemoralis sp . n . and zelodia flavistigma sp . n .\nthe following new synonyms are proposed : euagathis nigrithorax bhat & gupta , 1977 , euagathis variabilis enderlein , 1920 , euagathis variabilis var . tibialis enderlein , 1920 , euagathis variabilis var . melanopleura enderlein , 1920 and euagathis variabilis var . sucarandana enderlein , 1920 with euagathis abbotti ( ashmead , 1900 ) ; euagathis jinshanensis chen & yang , 2006 and euagathis sharkeyi chen & yang , 2006 , with euagathis forticarinata ( cameron , 1899 ) . the genus amputostypos sharkey , 2009 , is synonymised with coccygidium de saussure , 1892 , syn . n .\nthe biology of most species is unknown , but in general agathidines are koinobiont endoparasitoids of larvae of lepidoptera . the species with a short ovipositor select exposed larvae and those with a long ovipositor use larvae with a concealed way of life .\ncollection in the institute of ecology & biological resources ( iebr ) at hanoi ( assembled by the second author ) and the ncb naturalis collection ( rmnh ) at leiden ( assembled during five rmnh - iebr expeditions in vietnam ) . for identification of the subfamily\n. additional non - exclusive characters in the key are between brackets . in the keys to species sometimes notes to similar species unknown from vietnam are included because they may occur in vietnam . putative apomorphies were determined through outgroup comparison making assumptions about the placement of certain taxa in\nbraunsia bicolorata sp . n . , female , holotype . 45 mesosoma lateral 46 mesosoma dorsal 47 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 48 wings 49 hind femur lateral 50 ovipositor sheath lateral 51 head lateral 52 head dorsal 53 head anterior .\nbraunsia devriesi sp . n . , female , holotype . 55 mesosoma lateral 56 mesosoma dorsal 57 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 58 wings 59 hind femur lateral 60 head lateral 61 head anterior 62 head dorsal .\ndisophrys erythrocephala cameron , female , thailand . 115 head dorsal 116 head lateral 117 mesosoma dorsal 118 wings 119 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 120 mesosoma lateral .\nearinus brevistigmus sp . n . , female , holotype . 152 mesosoma lateral 153 mesosoma dorsal 154 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 155 wings 156 hind femur and tibia lateral 157 head anterior 158 head dorsal 159 head lateral .\ninner spur of middle tibia 0 . 8\u20131 . 1 times as long as middle basitarsus ( a ) ; apex of antenna with short to medium - sized spine ( b ) , sometimes minute ; ovipositor sheath short , about as long as apical height of metasoma , hardly or not protruding ; hind trochantellus usually with a distinct ventral carina on its outer edge ( c ) or edge distinctly angulate ; [ apex of the ovipositor sheath blunt apically and with numerous ampulliform papillae ] ; coccygidium complex\ninner spur of middle tibia 0 . 4\u20130 . 7 times as long as middle basitarsus ( aa ) ; apex of antenna without spine ( bb ) ; relative length of ovipositor sheath vari able ; ventral carina of hind trochantellus often ( about two - thirds ) absent or obsolescent ( cc )\nfrons without lateral carinae ( a ) ; vein m + cu of hind wing at most 0 . 8 times vein 1 - m ( b ) ; labio - maxillary complex only slightly protruding ( c )\nfrons with lateral carinae ( aa ) ; vein m + cu of hind wing longer than vein 1 - m or subequal ( up to 0 . 9 times ; bb ) ; labio - maxillary complex usually rather protruding ( cc , but not in oreba )\nvertical axis [ v ] of malar triangle 1 . 7\u20136 . 0 times its horizontal axis [ h ] and the part of head below eyes only gradually narrowed ventrally ( a ) to parallel - sided ; clypeus strongly convex ( b ) ; mouth - parts more or less lengthened in form of a beak , galea nearly always distinctly longer than 1 . 3 times its width , longer than labial palp ( c ) ; [ mainly holarctic , but some species reach the northern oriental region ]\nvertical axis [ v ] of malar triangle 1 . 0\u20131 . 5 times its horizontal axis [ h ] and the part of head below eyes directly narrowed ventrally ( aa ) ; clypeus usually at least partly flattened ( bb ) , only in therophilus mediator - group distinctly convex ( bbb ) ; mouth - parts normal , galea not longer than wide , shorter than labial palp and usually hardly or not visible in lateral view ( cc )\nfore and middle tarsal claws simple and comparatively robust ( a ) ; area behind antennal sockets deeply impressed ( b ) ; [ vein 1 - m of hind wing 1 . 1\u20131 . 6 times as long as vein m + cu ]\nfore and middle tarsal claws nearly always with a distinct basal lobe and comparatively slender ( aa ) ; area behind antennal sockets nearly always moderately to shallowly impressed ( bb ) ; [ vein 1 - m of hind wing 0 . 6\u20131 . 4 times as long as vein m + cu ]\nvein r - m of fore wing absent ( a ) ; first metasomal tergite and often also metapleuron granulate and dull and tergite distinctly convex medially and dorsal carinae absent ( b ) ; precoxal sulcus about 0 . 6 times as long as mesopleuron and sculptured ( c ) or superficially impressed and smooth\nvein r - m of fore wing present ( aa ) , rarely obsolescent ; sculpture of first tergite and metapleuron variable ( bb ) , if granulate then first tergite less convex medially and with dorsal carinae ( bbb ) ; precoxal sulcus longer than 0 . 6 times length of mesopleuron and sculptured ( cc ) or absent\nfirst metasomal tergite 5\u20136 times as long as wide apically ( a ) and 1 . 6\u20131 . 7 times as long as hind coxa ( b ) ; frons flattened anteriorly except for a short median depression ( c ) ; hind femur short compared to hind coxa ( d ) ; hind basitarsus with numerous spiny setae ventrally ( e ) ; [ not yet found in vietnam but expected to occur ; synonymised with lytopylus foerster by sharkey et al . ( 2009 ) , but it runs in their key to therophilus wesmael . provisionally retained as separate genus because of the synapomorphous character states ( a - d ) listed above ]\nagathis citrinisoma sp . n . , female , holotype . 2 head lateral 3 mesosoma lateral 4 mesosoma dorsal 5 fore wing 6 hind tarsal claw 7 head dorsal 8 head anterior 9 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 10 hind femur lateral .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 6f759ee8 - dc7c - 49aa - adb0 - bafa83eed7e9\nholotype , \u2640 ( rmnh ) , \u201cs . vietnam : dak lak , chu yang sin n . p . , n [ ea ] r dam , 800\u2013940 m , 2\u201310 . vi . 2007 , mal traps , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh\u201907\u201d .\nagathis citrinisoma runs in the key by sharkey ( 1996 ) to agathis asternaulica sharkey , 1996 , from japan ; however , this species has the metasoma largely black ( citrinisoma : yellow ) , no trace of vein 1 - sr + m of the fore wing ( citrinisoma : partly developed ) and the notauli are smooth posteriorly ( citrinisoma : crenulate ) .\nholotype , \u2640 , length of body 4 . 0 mm , of fore wing 3 . 7 mm , of ovipositor sheath 2 . 0 mm .\nantennal segments 34 , length of third segment 1 . 5 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 7 , 2 . 8 and 1 . 7 times their width , respectively ; length of apical antennal segment 1 . 6 times as long as penultimate segment ; maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; malar space 2 . 8 times as long as basal width of mandible ; in dorsal view temple short , length of eye 5 . 3 times temple ; temple directly narrowed posteriorly (\nlength of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; pronotum reticulate - rugose ventrally , setose and finely punctate dorsally ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate ; mesoscutum dull , with irregular punctures and setae ; notauli completely crenulate , united posteriorly forming a groove near scutellar sulcus ; scutellar sulcus with 4 carinae (\n) ; scutellum distinctly convex with sparse fine punctures ; precoxal sulcus short , similar to a wide groove ; mesopleuron largely smooth with sparse fine punctures anteriorly ; propodeum rugose .\n) ; vein sr1 straight ; r : 3 - sr + sr1 = 3 : 49 ; vein cu - a distinctly postfurcal . hind wing : vein m + cu 1 . 3 times as long as vein 1 - m .\nlength of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 2 . 8 , 4 . 7 and 6 . 5 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with short setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 4 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; outer side of middle tibia with 2 pegs , apex with 2 pegs ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus ; tarsal claws with lobe (\nblack ; palpi pale yellow ; clypeus , galea , fore leg , middle leg ( but coxa brown and femur yellowish - brown ) and metasoma yellow ; pterostigma and veins dark brown ; wing membrane rather infuscate .\nfrom \u201ccitrinus\u201d ( latin for \u201cof citron\u201d ) and \u201csoma\u201d ( greek for \u201cbody\u201d ) , because of the yellow metasoma .\nhemiogaster enderlein 1920 , syn . n . the type species , hemiogaster subrasa enderlein , 1920 , from sumatra is a new combination in bassus fabricius .\nbassus albifasciatus ( watanabe ) , female , cuc phuong national park , but 13 of dark female from cat tien national park . 11 habitus lateral 12 hind tarsal claw 13 , 14 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 15 head anterior .\n) ; length of first metasomal tergite about 1 . 4 times as long as wide apically\n) ; length of first tergite 1 . 5\u20132 . 0 times as long as wide apically\nne vietnam : ha giang , ninh binh and s vietnam : dong nai . new record . outside vietnam known from china ( hubei ; ningxia ; taiwan ) , japan ( okinawa ) and korea .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f36ad4c6 - fb86 - 4581 - b52b - 2de9bdb1df45\nbassus albobasalis sp . n . , female , holotype . 17 mesosoma dorsal 18 mesosoma lateral 19 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 20 antenna 21 wings 22 head lateral 23 head anterior 24 head dorsal 25 hind femur lateral .\nholotype , \u2640 ( rmnh ) \u201cs . vietnam : dak lak , chu yang sin n . p . , nr dam , 800\u20131000 m , 2\u201310 . vi . 2007 , mal . traps 9\u201311 , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh\u201907\u201d . paratypes ( 7 \u2640 ) : 1 \u2640 ( rmnh ) , id . , but 800\u2013940 m ; 5 \u2640 ( rmnh , iebr ) \u201cs . vietnam : dak lak , chu yang sin n . p . , krong k\u2019mar , mal . traps , 840\u2013940 m or 740\u2013900 m , 2\u201310 . vi . 2007 , c . van achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh\u201907\u201d ; 1 \u2640 ( rmnh ) \u201cn . vietnam : thua thien - hue , phong dien n . r . n [ ea ] r base - camp , 15 km w phong my , c 60 m , 22 . iii - 6 . iv . 2001 , mal . traps 1\u20133 , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh\u201901\u201d .\nthe new species is similar to bassus lineaticollis ( cameron , 1910 ) from sri lanka , but has the scutellum sparsely finely punctate ( in bassus lineaticollis densely rugulose - punctate ) and the first tergite 1 . 4 times ( twice ) as long as its apical width . the new species is also similar to bassus cancellatus ( enderlein , 1920 ) from china ( taiwan ) , but differs by having the first and second tergites ivory ( black ) , the body smaller ( 3\u20135 mm versus 6\u201310 mm ) , fewer antennal segments ( 29\u201331 versus 42\u201346 ) , the first tergite ( 1 . 4 times versus 1 . 7\u20131 . 8 times ) and the ovipositor sheath shorter ( 0 . 7 times versus 1 . 1 times as long as fore wing ) . bassus subrasa ( enderlein , 1920 ) comb . n . from indonesia ( sumatra ) is similar but has the head dorsally , propodeum , hind coxa and femur brownish - yellow , first and second tergites coarsely striate and the eye about 3 times longer than the temple . bassus canaliculatus yang & chen , 2006 , from china ( hubei ) has the ovipositor sheath about 1 . 3 times as long as the fore wing , the dorsal carinae of the first tergite lamelliform and nearly complete , the first tergite with a medio - longitudinal depression and both basal tergites of the metasoma black .\nholotype , \u2640 , length of body 5 . 2 mm , of fore wing 4 . 6 mm , of ovipositor sheath 3 . 3 mm .\nantennal segments 31 , length of third segment 1 . 3 times fourth segment ; third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 6 , 3 . 3 and 1 . 4 times their width , respectively ; length of apical segment 1 . 2 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; malar space 2 . 7 times as long as basal width of mandible ; temple short (\n) , in dorsal view length of eye 4 . 6 times temple ; ocelli in low triangle , pol : od : ool = 9 : 7 : 18 (\nlength of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; subpronope shallow ; pronotum largely smooth laterally , with sparse fine punctures dorsally ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutumsparsely crenulate ; lateral and middle lobes of mesoscutum sparsely and distinctly punctate , flat and smooth posteriorly ; notauli complete , moderately crenulate anteriorly and narrowly crenulate posteriorly ; scutellar sulcus 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 4 carinae ; scutellum slightly convex and distinctly narrowed with lateral carina , shiny with sparse fine punctures , subposterior crest curved (\n) ; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with sparse fine punctures ; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus largely smooth ; metapleuron with large sparse punctures ; propodeum closely reticulate - rugose ; propodeal spiracle small , as long as wide .\n) ; vein sr1 straight ; r : 3 - sr + sr1 = 6 : 63 . hind wing : vein m + cu 0 . 6 times as long as vein 1 - m (\nlength of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 3 . 2 , 6 . 8 and 10 . 0 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with bristly setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; apex of outer side of hind tibia with a cluster of 8 pegs ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus , respectively ; tarsal claws without lobe ( cf .\norange brown ; mouthparts yellow ; antenna , frons and vertex dark brown ; propodeum , third - eighth metasomal segments , hind coxa , trochantellus and femur black ; hind tibial spurs yellow ; first and second tergites ivory dorsally and white ventrally ; hind tibia and tarsus dark brown , except yellow basal ring ; veins and pterostigma dark brown , but pterostigma basally narrowly pale brownish ; apical 0 . 4 of fore wing distinctly infuscate and remainder of wings slightly infuscate or subhyaline .\nantennal segments 29\u201331 ; second submarginal cell of fore wing with vein r - m absent or present ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 6\u20130 . 8 times as long as vein 1 - m ; second tergite with smooth or striate transverse groove ; apical segment of antenna 1 . 0\u20131 . 2 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of body 3 . 2\u20135 . 2 mm .\nfrom \u201calbus\u201d ( latin for \u201cwhite\u201d ) and \u201cbasis\u201d ( latin for \u201cfoundation , base\u201d ) , because of the white base of the metasoma .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 7e9f1682 - 3c25 - 40aa - 8cee - 50c371e2d051\nbassus albozonatus sp . n . , male , holotype . 27 mesosoma lateral 28 mesosoma dorsal 29 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 30 wings 31 hind femur lateral 32 head lateral 33 head anterior 34 head dorsal 35 hind tarsal claw .\nholotype , \u2642 ( rmnh ) , aga . 282 , \u201cne vietnam : ninh binh , cuc phuong n . p . , mt , 20\u00b023 ' n ; 105\u00b034 ' e , 5\u201310 . v . 2002 , k . d . long\u201d . paratypes : 1 \u2642 ( iebr ) , aga . 283 , same data as holotype ; 1 \u2642 ( rmnh ) , aga . 234 , \u201cs . vietnam : dac lak , cu n\u2019ga forest , 10 . vi . 2005 . k . d . long\u201d .\nthe new species is similar to bassus albifasciatus ( watanabe , 1934 ) , but differs by having the malar space twice ( 2 . 6\u20132 . 8 times in bassus albifasciatus ) as long as basal width of mandible , the precoxal sulcus short and shallow ( distinct and 0 . 8 times as long as mesopleuron ) , the propodeum with three complete apical carinae ( evenly reticulate - rugose ) and ( except more or less posteriorly ) brownish - yellow ( brown to black ) , the notauli more widely crenulate ( rather narrowly crenulate ) , the mesoscutum flattened medio - posteriorly ( rather convex ) and the hind tibial spurs pale yellowish and distinctly contrasting with the blackish hind basitarsus ( brownish and less contrasting ) . because of the colour of the head and of the first tergite the new species is similar to bassus subrasa ( enderlein , 1920 ) comb . n . from indonesia . however , the latter has the eye about 3 times as long as the temple ( 2 . 3 times in bassus albozonatus ) , the second tergite distinctly costate ( only partly striate ) , the notauli smooth ( finely crenulate ) and vein cu - a of the fore wing distinctly postfurcal ( interstitial ) .\nholotype , \u2642 , length of body 6 . 5 mm , of fore wing 6 . 0 mm .\nantennal segments 36 , length of third segment 1 . 1 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 4 . 4 , 4 . 0 and 2 . 3 times their width , respectively ; length of apical antennal segment 1 . 6 times as long as penultimate segment ; maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; malar space twice as long as basal width of mandible ; in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 3 times temple ; ocelli in low triangle , pol : od : ool = 8 : 7 : 21 (\nlength of mesosoma 1 . 4 times its height ; subpronope shallow ; pronotum largely smooth with sparse fine punctures dorsally ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum sparsely crenulate ; lateral lobes of mesoscutum shiny with fine punctures anteriorly , flat and smooth posteriorly ; middle lobe of mesoscutum with sparse punctures and largely smooth posteriorly (\n) ; notauli complete and finely crenulate ; scutellar sulcus 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 carinae ; scutellum convex , rather long and narrowed posteriorly , without subposterior crest (\n) ; propodeal spiracle rather small elliptical , 1 . 5 times as long as wide .\n) ; vein sr1 sinuate ; r : 3 - sr + sr1 = 4 : 61 . hind wing : vein m + cu 0 . 7 times as long as vein 1 - m (\nlength of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 3 . 9 , 7 . 5 and 10 . 4 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with short setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; outer apex of middle tibia with a cluster of 10 pegs ; outer apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 12 pegs ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus , respectively ; outer side of hind coxa with sparse punctures , of hind femur with distinct punctures ; tarsal claws without lobe (\nlength of first tergite 1 . 5 times its apical width , with dorsal and dorso - lateral carinae coarsely developed , dorsal carinae convergent , costate medially and posteriorly nearly up to apex of tergite (\n) ; first tergite sparsely but coarsely striate ; second tergite 1 . 4 times as long as third tergite , large basal area on two thirds of tergite partly smooth , rugose - punctate and remainder densely striate (\nbrownish - yellow ; antenna ( but scapus yellow ) brown ; hind leg ( but tibia with pale yellow basal ring ) and metasoma dark brown or black ( but basal area of second tergite ivory and first and second tergites white ventrally ) ; pterostigma ( except small pale brownish patch basally ) and veins dark brown ; wing membrane slightly infuscate or subhyaline , but apical 0 . 4 of fore wing rather infuscate .\nlength of body 6 . 5\u20137 . 0 mm , of fore wing 6 . 0\u20136 . 1 mm ; penultimate antennal segment subequal to apical segment ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 7\u20130 . 8 times as long as 1 - m ; pol : od : ool = 8 : 6\u20137 : 21 ; outer apex of hind tibia with 9\u201312 pegs .\nfrom \u201calbus\u201d ( latin for \u201cwhite\u201d ) and \u201czona\u201d ( latin for \u201cgirdle\u201d ) , because of the white part of the second metasomal tergite .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c7fe6ab0 - 4c62 - 4e25 - 85a1 - 8809847bc928\nbiroia soror sp . n . , female , holotype . 37 mesosoma lateral 38 head anterior 39 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 40 head lateral 41 head dorsal 42 mesosoma dorsal 43 wings .\nholotype , \u2640 ( rmnh ) , \u201cs . vietnam : dong nai , cat tien n . p . , dong trail , mal . traps 13\u201316 , c 100 m , 1\u20139 . x . 2005 , c . v . achterberg & r . de vries , rmnh\u201905\u201d . paratypes ( 6 \u2640 ) : 2 \u2640 ( rmnh , iebr ) , id . but ficus trail , mal . traps 1\u20138 ; 1 \u2640 ( rmnh ) , id . but bird trail , mal . traps 9\u201312 ; 3 \u2640 ( rmnh , iebr ) , id . but ficus trail , 9\u201310 . iv . 2007 , m . p . quy & n . t . manh .\n, but often the head and the anterior part of the mesosoma are orange - brown ) .\nholotype , \u2640 , length of body 8 . 8 mm , of fore wing 7 . 2 mm , ovipositor sheath 6 . 3 mm .\nantennal segments 45 , length of third segment 1 . 5 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 1 . 7 , 1 . 7 and 1 . 7 times their width , respectively ; apical antennal segment 1 . 6 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 5 times height of head ; in dorsal view length of eye 4 . 7 times temple ; temple gradually narrowed posteriorly (\nlength of mesosoma 1 . 6 times its height ; pronotal trough smooth medially , with sparse fine punctures dorsally and crenulate posteriorly ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth anteriorly , crenulate posteriorly ; mesoscutum shiny with very sparse minute punctures ; notauli completely absent ; scutellar sulcus 0 . 5 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 3 strong carinae (\n) ; mesopleuron above precoxal sulcus shiny and nearly smooth with very sparse fine punctures ; mesopleuron below precoxal sulcus with sparse distinct punctures ; metapleuron setose with sparse distinct punctures dorsally , largely areolate - rugose ventrally ; propodeum with a large areola and costulae developed , area of areola with 3 transverse carinae ; propodeal spiracle large medium - sided , 1 . 75 times as long as wide .\n) ; vein sr1 straight ; r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 4 : 10 : 64 ; r : 2 - sr : 3 - sr : r - m = 4 : 11 : 10 : 8 . hind wing : vein m + cu 0 . 6 times as long as vein 1 - m .\nlength of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 4 . 0 , 6 . 0 and 9 . 3 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with strong setae ; length of outer and inner spur of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 7 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; length of outer and inner spur of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 5 times hind basitarsus ; fore and middle tarsi slender (\nshiny smooth ; first tergite distinctly widened subposteriorly and then narrowed apically ; length of first tergite 1 . 4 times as long as its apical width (\n) , area near groove with two rows of sparse setae ; latero - posterior corners of third tergite with a dense cluster of setae ; ovipositor sheath 0 . 9 times as long as fore wing .\nblack ; galea , palpi , mandible , fore legs and tarsus yellow ; wing membrane black but hyaline on apical third of fore wing and on one fourth of hind wing .\nlength of body 8 . 5\u201310 . 0 mm , and of fore wing 6 . 8\u20138 . 0 mm ; ratio of vein r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 3\u20134 : 11\u201312 : 71\u201382 ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 5\u20130 . 7 times as long as vein 1 - m ; first tergite 1 . 4\u20131 . 7 times as long as its apical width .\nfrom \u201csoror\u201d ( latin for \u201csister\u201d ) , because of its close similarity to bassus abdominalis ( enderlein ) .\nbraunsia maculifera sp . n . notes . if pol 0 . 5 times ool and vein cu - a of fore wing distinctly postfurcal , cf . braunsia pappi chen & yang , 2006 , from china . if the areola of the propodeum is wider , the apical quarter of the hind tibia infuscate and the hind tarsus blackish , the anterior transverse carina is incomplete , the antenna is yellowish , the pterostigma is dark brown except for the yellow basal third , the frons deeply concave near the antennal sockets , no isolated stigmal spot of the fore wing , the ovipositor sheath about as long as body and the first tergite is more robust , cf . braunsia margaroniae nixon , 1950 , from india .\nbraunsia devriesi sp . n . notes . braunsia pappi chen & yang , 2006 , from china differs from braunsia devriesi by having the fore wing darkened apically with a distinct dark brown band below the stigmal spot and by the smooth basal half of the first metasomal tergite .\n) ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with row of 5 pegs ; eye medium - sized , in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 1 times as long as temple (\n) ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with row of 4\u20136 pegs ; eye rather large , in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 7 times as long as temple (\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 4951d986 - c862 - 46d2 - b8c2 - 1d1e24c4a657\nholotype , \u2640 ( rmnh ) , aga . 119 , \u201cne vietnam : hoa binh , mai chau , pa co n . r , 1200 m , 24 . iv . 2002 , k . d . long\u201d . paratypes : 1 \u2642 ( iebr ) , aga . 120 and 1 \u2642 ( rmnh ) , aga . 121 , same data as holotype ; 1 \u2640 ( iebr ) , aga . 276 , id . , but 21 . iv . 2002 , k . d . long ; 2 \u2642 ( iebr ) , aga . 216 , aga . 219 and 1 \u2642 ( rmnh ) , aga . 220 , \u201cn . w vietnam : lao cai , sa pa , bushes , 8 . x . 2004 , k . d . long\u201d .\nthe new species is morphologically similar to braunsia latisocreata bhat & gupta , 1977 , from india , but differs by having the first tergite about 3 . 7 times as long as its apical width ( in braunsia latisocreata 1 . 5 times ) ; the second tergite about twice as long as wide apically ( 1 . 5 times ) ; the second submarginal cell of the fore wing with a rather long ( i . e . distinctly longer than vein r of fore wing ) ramellus ( short ) and the metasoma entirely reddish yellow ( black ) .\nholotype , \u2640 , length of body 9 . 0 mm , of fore wing 7 . 8 mm , ovipositor 8 . 0 mm .\nantennal segments 47 , length of third segment 1 . 2 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 7 , 3 . 3 and 2 . 0 times their width , respectively ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; in dorsal view head transverse and 1 . 3 times as wide as mesonotum ; length of eye 2 . 1 times temple (\n) ; pol : od : ool = 7 : 4 : 11 ; antennal sockets not tubular ; occipital flange sharp ; malar space 1 . 8 times as long as basal width of mandible ; face shiny with sparse fine punctures , frons and vertex smooth .\nlength of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; subpronope large and deep ; side of pronotum smooth ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum crenulate ; lateral lobes of mesoscutum smooth ; middle lobe with sparse fine punctures ; notauli deep , crenulate (\n) ; metapleuron mainly smooth with long setae ; propodeum setose , with a strong transverse carina subbasally , rugose posteriorly ; spiracle medium - sized , round , 1 . 8 times as long as wide .\nfore wing : second submarginal cell pentagonal , narrow anteriorly , with rather long ramellus , 1 . 1 times as long as vein 2 - sr ( 17 : 15 ) (\n) ; r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 4 : 3 : 65 ; 2 - sr : 3 - sr : r - m = 11 : 3 : 11 ; vein cu - a slightly antefurcal . hind wing : vein 2 - sr + m transverse ; vein m + cu 0 . 6 times as long as 1 - m ( 28 : 50 ) ; surroundings of cu - a glabrous .\nlength of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 5 . 7 , 10 . 0 and 10 . 6 times their width , respectively ; hind coxa smooth ; hind femur with short and sparse setosity (\n) ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs ; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 8 pegs ; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 5 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 4 times hind basitarsus .\n) ; length of first tergite 3 . 7 times its apical width ; dorsal carinae of first tergite divergent and on three fourth of the tergite ; second tergite 2 . 1 times as long as wide apically and with posteriorly diverging striae , on apical third of second tergite with transverse furrow ; dorsal half of third tergite with striae , apical half finely granulate ; remainder of metasoma smooth (\nfemale : second submarginal cell of fore wing triangular or pentagonal ; vein m + cu of hind wing 0 . 5\u20130 . 6 times as long as 1 - m ; outer side of hind tibial apex with cluster of 8\u201310 pegs . male : antenna with 45 or 48 segments ; vein cu - a of fore wing interstitial ; outer side of hind tibial apex with 7 pegs ; hind coxa and first tergite apically dark brown .\nfrom \u201cbi\u201d ( latin for \u201ctwo\u201d ) , and \u201ccoloris\u201d ( latin for \u201chue , tint\u201d ) , because of the bicoloured body .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 585c9ac9 - b17a - 4ce4 - b250 - a84de8bf7e32\nholotype , \u2640 ( rmnh ) , \u201cn . vietnam : viet tri , n [ ea ] r thanh son , thuong cuu , 20\u00b059 ' n ; 105\u00b08 ' e , 350\u2013400 m , 11\u201316 . x . 1999 , malaise traps , r . de vries , rmnh\u201999\u201d .\nthe new species is morphologically similar to braunsia bipunctata enderlein , 1906 , from indonesia , but differs by having the propodeum with a complete and regular basal transverse carina ( braunsia bipunctata : transverse carina partly weakly developed and irregular ) ; and the anterior half of the first tergite coarsely striate medially ( bipunctata : smooth except for a median carina ) .\nholotype , \u2640 , length of body 10 . 5 mm , of fore wing 9 . 3 mm , ovipositor 7 . 3 mm .\nantennal segments 45 ; length of third segment times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 3 . 3 , 2 . 3 and 1 . 3 times their width , respectively ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; in dorsal view length of eye twice temple (\n) ; face shiny smooth with sparse punctures ; frons and vertex shiny and smooth .\nlength of mesosoma 1 . 5 times its height ; subpronope large and deep ; side of pronotum smooth ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth ; side of mesoscutum largely smooth with sparse setae and fine punctures ; notauli deep and smooth (\n) ; scutellar sulcus short , 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with 4 carinae ; scutellum convex , smooth , sparsely setose ; mesopleuron above and below precoxal sulcus shiny and smooth ; precoxal sulcus narrow and shallow similar to a smooth groove (\n) ; metapleuron smooth ; propodeum with basal and transverse carinae , two longitudinal carinae forming a large areola ; spiracle medium - sized , subelliptical and 2 . 3 times as long as wide .\nfore wing : second submarginal cell pentagonal , narrow anteriorly , with rather long ramellus , 0 . 8 times as long as vein 2 - sr (\n) ; r : 3 - sr : sr1 = 6 : 2 : 55 ; 2 - sr : 3 - sr : r - m = 9 : 2 : 9 ; vein cu - a distinctly postfurcal . hind wing : vein 2 - sr + m slightly vertical ; vein m + cu 0 . 8 times as long as 1 - m ; surroundings of cu - a sparsely setose .\nlength of hind femur , tibia and basitarsus 5 . 1 , 9 . 7 and 11 . 6 times their width , respectively ; hind femur ( as remainder of legs ) with short and dense setosity ; outer side of apical third of middle tibia with a row of 5 pegs and a cluster of 3 pegs at apex ; outer side of apex of hind tibia with a cluster of 9 pegs ; length of outer and inner spurs of middle tibia 0 . 4 and 0 . 6 times middle basitarsus , respectively ; length of outer and inner spurs of hind tibia 0 . 3 and 0 . 4 times hind basitarsus , respectively .\nfirst tergite rather long , widened apically , 2 . 3 times as long as its apical width (\nit is a pleasure to name this species after mr rob de vries , who participated in all vietnam expeditions and prepared the specimens . he plays an important role in the success of the expeditions .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8f7ea4fe - e092 - 4ac3 - 973b - 64110615f11a\nbraunsia maculifera sp . n . , female , holotype . 64 mesosoma lateral 65 mesosoma dorsal 66 first - third metasomal tergites dorsal 67 wings 68 hind femur lateral 69 head anterior 70 head lateral 71 head dorsal .\nholotype , \u2640 ( rmnh ) , aga . 162 , \u201cne vietnam : phu tho , xuan son n . p . , 6 . vii . 2003 , tr . x . lam\u201d .\nthe new species is morphologically similar to braunsia margaroniae nixon , 1950 , from india , but differs by having the sides of the propodeal areola slightly curved ( distinctly curved in braunsia margaroniae ) , the pterostigma completely yellow ( apical two thirds brown ) , the hind tibia yellowish apically ( brown ) and the hind tarsus infuscate ( brown ) , frons shallowly depressed near antennal sockets ( distinctly concave ) , the antenna ( except scapus and pedicellus ) dark brown ( brown ) , the first tergite 1 . 4 times ( 1 . 6 times ) as long as its apical width , the fore wing without an isolated dark brown stigmal spot ( present ) and the ovipositor sheath about 0 . 6 times ( 1 . 0\u20131 . 1 times ) as long as body .\nholotype , \u2640 , length of body 8 . 7 mm , of fore wing 7 . 8 mm , ovipositor 4 . 8 mm .\nantennal segments 42 ; length of third segment 1 . 1 times fourth segment , length of third , fourth and penultimate segments 2 . 9 , 2 . 6 and 1 . 4 times their width , respectively ; apical antennal segment 1 . 7 times as long as penultimate segment ; length of maxillary palp 0 . 7 times height of head ; in dorsal view length of eye 2 . 2 times temple (\n) ; length of malar space 1 . 9 times basal width of mandible ; face setose and punctulate ; frons smooth , moderately concave near antennal sockets ; vertex slightly punctulate and sparsely setose .\nlength of mesosoma 1 . 4 times its height ; subpronope large and deep ; side of pronotum smooth ; area near lateral carina of mesoscutum smooth ; side of mesoscutum largely smooth , moderately setose and punctulate ; notauli deep and nearly completely smooth (\n) ; scutellar sulcus deep , 0 . 4 times as long as dorsal face of scutellum and with two short crenulae ; scutellum smooth , distinctly convex and rather steep posteriorly ; mesopleuron shiny and smooth ; precoxal sulcus narrow , deep ( but absent anteriorly ) and with few short crenulae ("]}
{"id": 501, "summary": [{"text": "the spiny butterfly ray or giant butterfly ray ( gymnura altavela ) is a species of butterfly ray , family gymnuridae , native to the shallow coastal waters of the atlantic ocean .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "a large ray that can measure over 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) across , it may be distinguished from the sympatric smooth butterfly ray ( g. micrura ) by the spine at the base of its tail and by a small tentacular structure on the margin of each spiracle .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "slow-reproducing and valued for its meat , in recent decades its population has experienced a decline of over 30 % , and it has become critically endangered in certain parts of its range . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "spiny butterfly ray", "paragraphs": ["rays of paradise : ecology and distribution of spiny butterfly ray in gran canaria , canary island .\nthe juvenile spiny butterfly ray has paler skin , which darkens to brown as it matures ( 4 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray may be infected by parasites , most notably by the tapeworm anthobothrium altavelae ( 7 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray reproduces annually . this species is ovoviviparous , and the gestation period lasts between four and nine months . the litter size of the spiny butterfly ray is between two and eight , depending on location ( 1 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray is less threatened in us waters , where fishing levels are are lower . however , in the mediterranean sea , there is much higher demand for the spiny butterfly ray\u2019s meat . it is now so rare in the mediterranean , the spiny butterfly ray has been absent from the mediterranean international trawl survey ( medits ) records since they began in 1994 ( 1 ) .\ndespite the rapidly declining numbers of the spiny butterfly ray , there are currently no specific conservation management programmes in place , and intensive trawling continues throughout this species\u2019 range . however , the spiny butterfly ray is fully protected in the banc d ' arguin national park in mauritania . monitoring of spiny butterfly ray populations and protection in areas where it is heavily fished are needed ( 1 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray is patchily distributed across continental shelf waters of the mediterranean sea ( mceachran and fechhelm 1998 , serena 2005 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray can be found over sandy and muddy sea floors in shallow coastal waters , normally around depths of 50 to 55 metres . its patchy distribution means that the spiny butterfly ray is abundant in some areas , and scarcely found in others ( 1 ) .\nsuresh tv , raffi sm . pectoral fin anomalies in the long - tailed butterfly ray ,\nexpand the existing knowledge of the spiny butterfly rain the canary islands , focusing on the island of gran canaria .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - spiny butterfly ray ( gymnura altavela )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - spiny butterfly ray ( gymnura altavela )\ntitle =\narkive species - spiny butterfly ray ( gymnura altavela )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalong the coast of west africa , large mesh bottom gillnets are used to target the spiny butterfly ray in huge numbers . even in protected marine areas , the average size of caught spiny butterfly rays has reduced as larger adults from the population are removed ( 1 ) .\nlittle is known about the biology of the spiny butterfly ray . however , it is known that this species\u2019 sharp pectoral fins are used to stun prey such as crustaceans , molluscs , plankton and small fishes . the spiny butterfly ray also may predate small sharks and squids , and may in turn be preyed upon by larger sharks ( 7 ) .\nhenningsen , a . ( 1998 ) captive husbandry and bioenergetics of the spiny butterfly ray , gymnura altavela ( linnaeus ) . zoo biology , 15 ( 2 ) : 135 - 142 .\nthe complete report is available at biomed central v\u00eda doi 10 . 1186 / s41200 - 016 - 0085 - 7 \u201c morphological and functional abnormality in the spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela \u201d .\nthe upperparts of the spiny butterfly ray are usually brown to grey , sometimes with reddish - brown shading at the margins of the \u2018wings\u2019 . small dark or light spots and blotches may produce a marbling effect across the back . the colouration of the spiny butterfly ray , along with its wide , flat , disc - shaped body enable it to effectively camouflage itself in sand beds ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the underside is generally white , brown or rosy - coloured . the spiny butterfly ray has a blunt snout , and the jaws contain many rows of teeth ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray is under great pressure from fishing in the canary islands , a paradise in the atlantic ocean . david will work with citizen scientists to expand our knowledge about the lives of these vulnerable rays .\na female spiny butterfly ray g . altavela with an unfused anterior part of the right pectoral fin to the neurocranium was observed in the port of sardina del norte ( gran canaria island ) during a visual scuba diving census .\nintense fishing in the southwest atlantic , particularly around the coast of brazil has led to declines in spiny butterfly ray populations . in 23 years , the percentage of trawl catches has reduced by an estimated 99 percent ( 1 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela is one of 10 species of butterfly rays known worldwide ( 1 ) . this species has a broad distribution range and is present along the eastern and western coast of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the madeira and canary islands ( 2 ) .\nthe spiny butterfly ray ( gymnura altavela ) gets its name from its wide , characteristically wing - like pectoral fins , and its short , sharp tail , which has serrated spines on both sides , used to stun prey ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe first case of a morphologic abnormality in the spiny butterfly ray is reported for an individual in the canary islands . this is also the first time that an anomaly is reported for an elasmobranch species in its natural environment and for this class of fishes in the canary islands .\nthe exact causes for the anomaly are unknown to us , but they might have a genetic origin or due to an obstruction during the embryonic development . however , there is insufficient knowledge about the early development processes of butterfly rays and the factors that can affect it . no matter how , the reported case is remarkable for its striking similarity with the one from a butterfly ray species from india ; the long - tailed butterfly ray g . poecilura .\nthis ray can be distinguished from the spiny butterfly ray ( g . altavela ) by the absence of both a tentacle like structure protruding from the inner posterior margin of the spiracle and a caudal fin spine . the absence of a tail spine and the presence of a keel on the upper surface of the tail separates g . micrura from g . hirundo .\nthe smooth butterfly ray prefers neritic waters of the continental shelf and is usually found on soft bottoms . this species is known to enter brackish estuaries or hyper - saline lagoons .\nspotted eagle ray\nflying\nthrough open waters . image courtesy national park service\ncommon english names for this species include : lesser butterfly ray , diamond skate , butterfly ray , short - tailed lesser butterfly ray , and skeete . other names include arraia ( portuguese ) , gladde vlinderrog ( dutch ) , korthalet sommerfuglerokke ( danish ) , kr\u00eddloun hladk\u00fd ( czech ) , mot\u00fdlovec hladk\u00fdpari ( czech ) , gampret ( malay ) , perhosrausku ( finnish ) , raie - papillon glabre ( french ) , raya guayanesa ( spanish ) , raya mariposa menor ( spanish ) , togenashi - tsubakuro - ei ( japanese ) , and uge - borboleta ( portuguese ) .\nsimilar species sharing distribution ranges with the spotted eagle ray include the southern eagle ray ( myliobatis goodei ) and the bullnose ray ( m . freminvillii ) . the southern eagle ray has a dorsal fin originating well behind the level of the rear edges of the pelvic fins while this fin originates just behind the pelvic fin insertion point in the spotted eagle ray . in contrast , the bullnose ray has a dorsal fin origin close to the level of the rear margins of the pelvic fins . also the bullnose ray is absent from the gulf of mexico and the majority of the caribbean sea . the coloration of both of the southern eagle ray and the bullnose ray ranges from a uniform gray to reddish - brown with diffuse white spots on the dorsal surface . another species that closely resembles the spotted eagle ray is the longheaded eagle ray ( aetobatus flagellum ) . however the uniform coloration of the dorsal side of the longheaded eagle easily distinguishes it from spotted eagle ray which has a spot pattern on the topside of its body .\nan adult female spiny butterfly ray with an incomplete developed rostrum was observed in the port of sardina ( g\u00e1ldar , gran canaria ) during 2 consecutive years . this anomaly was caused by the by the lack of fusion of its right pectoral fin to the cranium , leaving an opening in the anterior part of the disc which is normally closed .\noccasionally spiny butterfly rays attend the organized ray feeds at los gigantes on tenerife ( where the featured specimen was seen ) . los gigantes diving offers freestyle feeds once or twice per week . the divemaster takes a huge barrel of fish scraps to 60ft and offers them to the eagerly gathering ray species . after a while the human participants usually help themselves to some fish and wander off to interact with the rays on their own . the feed can be rather chaotic but the ray action is almost guaranteed . attending species include common eagle rays , common stingrays , roughtail rays , round stingrays and occasionally angel sharks , butterfly rays , and marbled torpedo rays .\nthe spiny butterfly ray has a very patchy distribution in the coastal tropical and temperate waters of the atlantic ocean , the mediterranean and the black sea . this species can be found in areas on both sides of the atlantic , in the western coastal waters of north and south america , and in eastern coastal waters from portugal to angola ( 1 ) .\na variety of abnormalities have been described for sharks , rays and skates across different ecoregions . morphological and functional anomalies in these species , however , were not yet documented in distributions from the canary islands , the spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and from in situ observations . the aim of the present study is to fill these knowledge gaps .\nreports of cases with disorders in elasmobranch species from the canary islands , the spiny butterfly ray gymnura altavela ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and from in situ observations were not collected so far . in this sense , the present communication is a novel report of an abnormality in an elasmobranch species in this region based on data from g . altavela during a visual scuba diving census .\nbloch and schneider first described the smooth butterfly ray in 1801 . the genus gymnura of the currently accepted scientific name is derived from the greek word gymnos meaning naked . synonyms for gymnura micrura include pteroplatea micrura , raja micrura and gymnura micura .\nthe spotted eagle ray is a popular display aquarium specimen and is often seen in public aquaria facilities .\nthis is a small ray that does not possess a spine . therefore it represents little danger to humans .\nlays motionless for much of the time under a thin covering of sand . butterfly ray footprints or beds ( indentations left in the sand ) can often be seen days after the animal has moved on . feeds on fishes , crustaceans , mollusks and plankton .\nspotted eagle ray subrostral lobe and spiracles ( left ) and pelvic fins and tail base . image \u00a9 george burgess\nspotted eagle ray : notice the ringed color pattern across the dorsal surface . image courtesy florida keys national marine sanctuary\nspotted eagle ray dentition : open mouth showing tooth bands and floor and roof of mouth . image \u00a9 cathleen bester\nbennet sp . on an abnormal ray from vizhinjam . j mar biol assoc india . 1964 ; 6 : 316\u20137 .\nthe spiny butterfly ray was listed in appendix ii of the barcelona convention . parties to the barcelona convention agreed in 2012 that all elasmobranch species listed in annex ii of the protocol concerning specially protected areas and biological diversity in the mediterranean sea ( which includes recommendation gfcm / 36 / 2012 / 1 ) cannot be retained on board , transshipped , landed , transferred , stored , sold or displayed or offered for sale , and must be released unharmed and alive , to the extent possible .\nthe dorsal surface of this ray varies greatly in color , either gray , brown , or light green . photo \u00a9 christina conrath\novoviviparous . 4 - 7 embryos . gestation lasts for about 6 months . once the unborn spiny butterfly rays have completely used up the reserves in the yolk sac , the mother secretes uterine milk . long villi ( filaments ) grow from the uterus walls into the embryo ' s spiracles . milk can then be directed more efficiently into the embryo ' s mouth and throat .\nguida l , walker ti , reina rd . first record of a bicephalic chondrichthyan found in australian waters ; the southern fiddler ray ,\neaswaran cr . on an abnormal ray from the gulf of kutch . j mar biol assoc india . 1967 ; 9 ( 1 ) : 198\u2013200 .\ndenticles the smooth skin surface of the spotted eagle ray lacks denticles and thorns . the tail spines are not smooth , but instead have lateral teeth and a barbed tip .\nthe smooth butterfly ray is found in the western and eastern atlantic ocean and in the gulf of mexico . in the western atlantic it occurs from maryland to brazil . it occurs in the gulf of mexico and northern south america to brazil . it also occurs in the eastern atlantic off the coasts of senegal , gambia , sierra leone , cameroon and democratic republic of the congo ( to the mouth of congo river ) .\nmetin g , i\u0307lkyaz at , kinacigil ht . morphologic deformation in a ray : a case report . turk j vet anim sci . 2009 ; 33 ( 3 ) : 261\u20133 .\nlittle is known of the spiny butterfly ray ' s biology . maximum size may reach 400 cm dw , but usually up to 200 cm dw ( stehmann 1981 ) . size at maturity is reported as 155 cm dw in males and 102 cm dw in females ( daiber and booth 1960 ) . reproduction is aplacental yolk - sac viviparous , with one to three pups per litter in the mediterranean sea ( tortonese 1956 ) . it reproduces annually and reported gestation time is four to nine months ( capap\u00e9 et al . 1992 ) . size at birth ranges from 38\u201344 cm dw ( bigelow and schroeder 1953 , mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . generation length is inferred from similar species as approximately six to seven years .\ngallagher mj , nolan cp , jeal f ( 2004 ) age , growth and maturity of the commercial ray species from the irish sea . j northwest atl fish sci 35 : 47\u201366 .\nfood habits clams , oysters , shrimp , octopus , squid and sea urchins as well as bony fishes provide prey for the spotted eagle ray . this ray is well adapted with its shovel - shaped snout and duck - like bill for searching in the mud for benthic invertebrates . when a prey item is found , the ray crushes it with its plate - like teeth and uses the papillae located in the mouth to separate the shells from the flesh . upon scientific observation , the stomach contents of spotted eagle rays contained intact prey items lacking any remnants of shells .\n, a new genus and species of electric ray from the east coast of south africa ( rajiformes : torpedinoidei : narkidae ) , with a review of torpedinoid taxonomy . smithiana bull 7 : 15\u201319 .\nthe spotted eagle ray is commonly observed in bays and over coral reefs as well as the occasional foray into estuarine habitats . although it occurs in inshore waters to depths of approximately 200 feet ( 60 m ) , the spotted eagle ray spends most of its time swimming in schools in open water . in open waters , spotted eagle rays often form large schools and swim close to the surface . it is known to swim long distances across open waters as evidenced by its presence in bermuda . this species is capable of leaping completely out of the water when pursued . it swims by\nflying\ngracefully through the water via the undulation of the pectoral fins . when this ray is caught and taken out of the water , it produces loud sounds . although much research is still needed on the life history of the spotted eagle ray , it is known that this species shows high site fidelity ( individuals often stay in or return to the same location ) . this ray also interacts socially with other individuals within its own species .\nthe spotted eagle ray is considered of minor commercial fisheries importance . presently , fishing grounds are primarily found within inshore surface waters throughout this species range . methods of capture include trawls , trammelnets , and longlines . it is also fished as a gamefish and provides a good fight when captured on a line . this ray is rarely eaten due to the poor quality of the flesh . instead , it is used for fishmeal and oil .\nthe spotted eagle ray is distributed worldwide in tropical and warm temperate waters . in the western atlantic ocean , it is found in waters off north carolina and florida ( u . s . ) , gulf of mexico , caribbean and bermuda south to brazil . this ray can be found from mauritania to angola in the eastern atlantic ocean . in the indo - west pacific , it occurs in the red sea and from south africa to hawaii , including north to japan and south to australia . the spotted eagle ray also resides in the waters of the eastern pacific ocean from the gulf of california south to puerto pizarro , peru , including the galapagos islands ( ecuador ) .\ncapap\u00e9 c , ali m , saad a , reynaud c . tail abnormalities in thornback ray raja clavata ( chondrichthyes : rajidae ) from the coast of syria ( eastern mediterranean ) . cah biol mar . 2015b ; 56 ( 2 ) : 155\u201361 .\nthis is a broad , diamond - shaped ray with a very short tail lacking a dorsal spine and a protruding snout . the front edges of the disk are concave . the tail has low dorsal and ventral finfolds and three to four dark crossbars .\npredators sharks , including the silvertip shark ( carcharhinus albimarginatus ) and great hammerhead ( sphyrna mokarran ) , are predators of the spotted eagle ray . sharks have also been reported to follow spotted eagle rays during the birthing season , feeding on newborn pups .\nparasites trematodes , including thaumatocotyle pseudodasybatis , commonly infect the skin of the spotted eagle ray . clemacotyle australis was reported in the branchial cavity of an individual caught in australian waters and decacotyle octona n . comb was found on the gills on another individual .\nthis diamond - shaped ray is much wider than it is long , usually 3 to 4 feet wide , and its short tail lacks the ray ' s usual spine . it can vary from light brown to gray to greenish , with lighter or darker spots , and can manipulate its shading to blend better into its background . it is tolerant of a variety of salt content , from brackish river mouths to highly saline lagoons , as long as there is a muddy or sandy bottom to hunt small fish and invertebrates .\nacanthobothrium monski n . sp . and a . nicoyaense n . sp . , both tapeworms , also parasitize the spotted eagle ray . in addition , a marine leech , branchellion torpedinis , has been recorded on the pelvic fins of a specimen from venezuelan waters .\nhistorically , the spiny butterfly ray was not uncommon in the catch of demersal trawl and set net fisheries throughout the mediterranean sea , the southern part in particular . it is still regularly present in some parts of the southern and eastern mediterranean sea ( bariche 2012 ) . there have been no records of the species from the medits surveys since 1994 ( baino et al . 2001 ) , indicating that it is perhaps absent from most of the northern mediterranean sea . the cod - end mesh size of the medits gear of 20 mm is sufficient to catch this species , and the surveys occur throughout its depth range and habitat - type , ruling out the possibility that it may not be susceptible to this survey equipment . occasional specimens turn up in the catch of demersal fisheries ; for example , one adult male was captured recently near anzio , italy ( psomadakis et al . 2005 ) and another specimen in the southern adriatic sea in 2000 ( dulcic et al . 2003 ) , confirming that it is not yet locally extinct in the central mediterranean sea .\n, bishop ray , bonnet skate , duckbill ray , eagle ray , lady ray , leopard ray , mottled eagle ray , skate , spotted bonnetray , spotted duckbill ray , spotted stingray , spotted eagleray , spotted whipray , sunfish , whip , whip ray , and white - spotted eagle ray . other common names include aigle de mer ( french ) , arendskoprog ( dutch ) , arraia - morcego ( portuguese ) , arraia - pintada ( portuguese ) , bagtau ( bikol ) , banagun ( bikol ) , banagon ( bikol ) , bolad ( marathi ) , bulik ( cebuano ) , chili ( oriya ) , chucho ( spanish ) , chucho pintado ( spanish ) , chuchu agila ( papiamento ) , curooway - tiriki ( tamil ) , dalimanok ( tagalog ) , eel - tenkee ( telugu ) , faaiy ( carolinian ) , fai manu ( tahitian ) , fai sikota ( tongan ) , fai - manu ( samoan ) , gavilan pintado ( spanish ) , gefleckter adlerrochen ( german ) , gevlekte adelaarsrog ( dutch ) , gharabi ( arabic ) , imil ( marshallese ) , jimojo ( marshallese ) , kakkathirandi ( malayam ) , kipungu ( swahili ) , kurivi thirukai ( tamil ) , lamburu jangang ( makassarese ) , leik - kyauh - sun ( burmese ) , leopardrocka ( swedish ) , madara - tobi - ei ( japanese ) , madi ( mahl ) , maylan ( somali ) , narinari ( portuguese ) , nek yorany ( kumak ) , obispo ( spanish ) , orlen centkowany ( polish ) , pagi ( tagalog ) , paging paul ( tagalog ) , papagaio ( portuguese ) , pari burung ( malay ) , pari lang ( malay ) , pe manuk ( ( javanese ) , pintada ( portuguese ) , pungo piju ( ( swahili ) , raia - chita ( portuguese ) , raia - leopardo ( portuguese ) , raie chauve - souris ( french ) , raie noire ( french ) , ramak - e - khaldar ( farsi ) , ratau ponteado ( portuguese ) , raya ( spanish ) , raya aguila ( spanish ) , rayo pico de pato ( spanish ) , spikkel - arendrog ( afrikaans ) , taachui ( swahili ) , tagabobon ( banton ) , taligmanok ( bikol ) , tiss ( arabic ) , tubaq ( arabic ) , vai tonotono ( fijian ) , vali lovo ( gela ) , vaval ( malayalam ) , wakawa ( spanish ) , and walbuulbul ( spanish ) .\nthe spotted eagle ray has a very angular disc and a long , broad snout with a v - shaped internasal flap . the ventrally located mouth is well - adapted for feeding on benthic prey . the flattened body disc is broad and short , measuring about twice as wide as long .\ncoloration the dorsal surface of this ray is gray , brown or light green , dotted and vermiculated with paler and darker spots . the tail has three to four dark crossbars . the ventral surface is white . this species has some ability to adapt it ' s shade to that of the bottom .\nit might be expected that the feeding strategies and diets of species within the torpedinoidei would be similar . these differences with respect to the type of prey targeted presumably relates to whether a ray species relies on its electric organs to subdue potential prey , or can forage effectively without recourse to producing electrical discharges .\nthe spotted eagle ray was originally described in 1790 as raja narinari ( euphrasen 1790 ) . the name was changed to stoasodon narinari and later to the currently valid name aetobatus narinari ( euphrasen , 1790 ) . the genus name aetobatus is derived from the greek aetos meaning\neagle\nand batis meaning\nray\n. synonyms referring to this species in past scientific literature include raia quinqueaculeata quoy and gaimard 1824 , myliobatis eeltenkee r\u00fcppell , 1837 , myliobatis macroptera mcclelland 1841 , and aetobatis latirostris dum\u00e9ril , 1861 . a . narinari , sometimes considered a species complex rather than a single species , is currently under review .\nsize , age , and growth the spotted eagle ray reaches a maximum length of 8 . 2 feet ( 2 . 5 m ) not including the tail , with the total length including an unbroken tail reaching close to 16 . 4 feet ( 5 m ) . the maximum disc width is 9 . 8 feet ( 3 m ) and maximum published weight is 507 pounds ( 230 kg ) .\nat 3 . 90 ( \u00b10 . 12 ) the mean t l for the torpedinoidei was slightly higher than that of the myliobatoidei ( table 3 ) . at the family level the torpedinidae ( t l = 4 . 24 ) and hypnidae ( t l = 4 . 21 ) had the highest t l values of this study ; the subfamily mobulinae had the lowest average t l value at 3 . 25 ( table 3 ) . the majority of species in the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei ( 84 % , 63 spp . ) were identified as secondary consumers with a t l of < 4 . 0 ; the majority of which had a t l value of between 3 . 50 and 3 . 99 ( table s1 ) . the remaining 12 species ( 16 % ) were identified as tertiary consumers ( t l values \u22654 . 0 ) and included species from the families gymnuridae ( n = 4 ) , torpedinidae ( n = 3 ) , dasyatidae ( n = 2 ) , potamotrygonidae ( n = 2 ) , and hypnidae ( n = 1 ) . the longheaded eagle ray aetobatus flagellum ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) and the largespot river stingray potamotrygon falkneri castex & maciel , 1963 had the lowest individual trophic level value of the study at t l = 3 . 10 . the australian butterfly ray g . australis and two species of torpedo had the highest individual t l value of 4 . 24 ( table s1 ) .\ndietary studies involving the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei are often restricted to individual species with interspecific comparisons focusing principally on results obtained from shared analytical techniques i . e . comparisons of index of relative importance ( i ri ) values . as a consequence , there is limited understanding of how the diets of ray species relate to each other and to the diets of other marine predators . the following study provides standardised dietary compositions and t l estimates for a wide range of species from the suborders myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei . designed to augment previous studies [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 3 ] , the results obtained provide a significant contribution to the overall understanding of what trophic levels elasmobranchs occupy and how these relate to other marine predators . the study also provides a comprehensive overview of the available dietary data for each of the suborders and represents the first detailed t l analysis involving multiple electric ray species .\nhabitat , biology , and fisheries : butterfly rays are cosmopolitan in tropical and warm - temperate waters , usually inhabiting sandy and muddy bottoms in shallow coastal waters , including estuaries and river mouths . benthic in shallow water to 55 m . because they have very short tails compared to whiptailed stingrays ( dasyatidae ) , they pose little threat to people ( some species even lack a caudal serrated spine ) . they are viviparous without placenta and feed primarily on crustaceans and clams . species are often caught in bottom gill nets . large specimens are marketed fresh and salted . dorsal surface dark brown to lighter brown , with small darker or lighter spots and blotches scattered on disc ; ventrally creamy white .\nreproduction mating behavior often includes the pursuit of a female by one or more males . these males grab her dorsum with their upper tooth plate . one male then grasps the edge of the female ' s pectoral fin and rolls to her ventral side . the male then inserts a clasper into the female ray . the actual mating lasts 30 - 90 seconds while the pair are positioned venter - to - venter . females have been observed to mate in this manner with up to four males over a short time period .\nin comparison to the previous studies of shark and skate diets [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , rays of the myliobatoidei and torpedinoidei averaged 1 . 69\u00b10 . 12 dietary studies per species compared to 2 . 98\u00b10 . 24 for sharks [ 1 ] and 2 . 07\u00b10 . 23 for skates [ 2 ] . the difference in study effort is also markedly different , with the majority of ray species\u2019 diets characterised through a single study and a maximum of five dietary studies for a single species ( d . pastinaca ) . this is in contrast to nine studies for both the thornback skate raja clavata linnaeus , 1758 and thorny skate amblyraja radiata ( donovan , 1808 ) and 17 for the spiny dogfish squalus acanthias linnaeus , 1758 [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . similarly , the maximum number of stomachs sampled for a single species was 1 , 265 for d . pastinaca ( current study ) ; compared with 19 , 259 for s . acanthias [ 1 ] and 19 , 738 for the little skate leucoraja erincea ( mitchill , 1825 ) [ 2 ] . it is noted though that all three studies contained a relatively high proportion of species with samples of fewer than 100 stomachs ; 42 . 7 % , present study ; 51 . 0 % sharks [ 1 ] ; 38 . 3 % , skates [ 2 ] .\nthe pelvic fins are narrowly rounded and the dorsal fin is small with its origin just posterior to the pelvic fin insertion point . there is no caudal fin on the spotted eagle ray . the tail is very long and whip - like , reaching lengths of 2 . 5 - 3x the width of the disc when undamaged . the stinging spines , originating just behind the dorsal fin , are short and number from 2 - 6 . they have a barbed tip and recurved lateral teeth along with a forked root . these venomous spines can deliver a nasty sting when used in defense against potential threats .\nthis ray is a bycatch of coastal demersal fisheries but not targeted . towards the end of the 20 th century , benthic trawl effort in the mediterranean sea increased both numerically and technologically . for example , the gulf of lions area was initially exploited by small - scale benthic trawl fisheries comprising 27 small low - powered boats ( total nominal horse power of 2 , 700 hp ) , but effort increased seven - fold to a total of 19 , 940 hp between 1974 and 1987 . following this , half of the benthic trawl fishing effort was displaced to target small pelagic fishes ( aldebert 1997 ) . the adriatic sea is subject to trawling mainly by italian , croatian , slovenian , and albanian fleets but landings data are not available ( jukic - peladic et al . 2001 ) . coastal development , pollution , and anthropogenic disturbance through tourism activities are also a threat to the shallow coastal habitat of this species .\nthe standardised diets of most species ( 56 . 0 % ) were characterised by use of a single dietary data set , with a further 26 . 7 % based on two data sets ( table 2 ) . the standardised diet of the common stingray dasyatis pastinaca ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was based on the highest number of dietary studies ( n = 5 ) and the largest stomach sample size ( n = 1265 , table s1 ) . the common eagle ray myliobatis aquila ( linnaeus , 1758 ) was the only other species whose standardised diet was based on analysis of over 1000 stomachs . six species ( 8 . 0 % ) had 500\u20131000 stomach samples ; 35 species ( 46 . 7 % ) between 100 and 500 stomachs , 32 species ( 42 . 7 % ) had fewer than 100 stomachs and the standardised diet of nine species were based on less than 20 stomachs . a full species list including standardised prey contributions and individual t l estimates is provided in table s1 .\nas one of the most beautiful rays , the spotted eagle ray has a dramatic spotted pattern across the dorsal side of the body . the small white , bluish - white , greenish , pearly , or yellow spots are distinct against the black , dark gray , or brown body color . a variation on this pattern includes larger white rings each with a black center , and these rings sometimes join to form lines and circles . the ventral surface is white in color , making it easy to see them underwater as they flap their pectoral fins during swimming . the disc and fin outer margins as well as the tail are darkly shaded or black . the tail has a white base and in freshly caught specimens , there may be crossbars on the tail . the upper sides of the pelvic fins are a similar color to the background color of the body along with dark posterior edges and 6 - 10 spots . the dorsal fin is either uniformly dark or has a blotch on the front edge .\nwhen compared , no significant relationship was observed between t l estimates and the dominate descriptors of body size . a weak , negative correlation was detected between t l and maximum disc width for the myliobatoidei species ( spearman rank correlation coefficient , r s = \u22120 . 1167 , p > 0 . 05 , n = 64 ) . similarly a weak but positive correlation was detected between t l and torpedinoidei total length ( spearman rank correlation coefficient , r s = 0 . 1071 , p > 0 . 05 , n = 8 ) . removal of filter - feeding species from the myliobatoidei sample resulted in a marginal increase in the spearman rank correlation coefficient ( r s = 0 . 1509 , p > 0 . 05 , n = 61 ) . the thorny round stingray urotrygon chilensis ( g\u00fcnther , 1872 ) , dwarf round stingray u . nana miyake & mceachran , 1998 and munda round ray u . munda gill , 1863 were not included in the myliobatoidei analysis due to the unavailability of an accurate measurement of maximum disc width .\ncontinuous feeding , as defined above , is the strategy most frequently employed by stingrays and skates [ 3 ] , [ 35 ] . these species typically ingest prey living on the surface of the substrate or utilise inertial suction to target prey buried in the immediate subsurface layer [ 33 ] , [ 36 ] , with larger species able to ingest larger , more mobile prey [ 37 ] . it is interesting that the diet of species within the narcinidae and narkidae appears to be more consistent with continuous feeding species , whereas species within the torpedinidae and hypnidae have a prey contribution profile consistent with that of the ambush predators ( table 2 , fig . 1 ) . as all of these species possess two well - developed electrical organs [ 12 ] , [ 38 ] it might be expected that the feeding strategies and diets of species within the torpedinoidei would be similar . these differences with respect to the type of prey targeted presumably relates to whether a ray species relies on its electric organs to subdue potential prey , or can forage effectively without recourse to producing electrical discharges .\nin contrast , the principal commercial markets for stingray species in the indo - pacific region tend to be artisinal fisheries [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . the most notable of these occur in the indonesian archipelago which is home to the largest chondrichthyan fishery in the world [ 31 ] . dietary studies in these areas are often impeded by sampling costs , an inability to obtain fresh samples or an inability to adequately process samples e . g . freeze specimens for subsequent analysis . furthermore , the indonesian archipelago has significant problems with respect to illegal , unreported and unregulated shark and ray fishing activity [ 29 ] . as a consequence , dietary studies have a low priority when compared to the quantification of catch rates , determination of population trends [ 29 ] , [ 31 ] and enhancement of baseline biological information , such as growth rates and reproductive parameters [ 32 ] . while stingrays and electric rays are caught in commercial fisheries in australia , their retention is often limited by legislation or low market demand [ 12 ] , and thus this also affects the availability of specimens . further , the collection of specimens for species that do not form part of a commercial catch is generally time consuming and costly .\nfigure 3 . histological sections of the vesicles of savi on the ventral surface of the lesser electric ray , narcine brasiliensis . a \u2013 vesicles of savi are located in sub - epidermal pouches ( p ) below epidermal ( e ) , stratum spongiosum ( ss ) , stratum compactum ( sc ) and loose connective tissue ( ct ) skin layers . scale bar = 200 \u03bc m . b \u2013 each vesicle of savi consists of a large central neuromast ( cn ) and two smaller peripheral neuromasts ( pn ) , all innervated by nerve fibers ( ne ) . the cupula ( cu ) of the central neuromast is dense with a striated appearance , while the cupula ( arrowhead ) of the smaller peripheral neuromasts is gelatinous and similar in structure to canal neuromast cupulae . scale bar = 200 \u03bc m . c \u2013 vesicles of savi are closely associated with cartilaginous skeletal elements ( cse ) at their base . scale bar = 200 \u03bc m . d \u2013 vesicles of savi are located in distinct rows along the ventral rostrum . lumina of adjacent vesicles ( arrows ) do not appear connected but lie approximately 100 \u03bc m apart below loose connective tissue ( ct ) . scale bar = 200 \u03bc m . ventral side is up .\nfrequency of prey occurrence ( i . e . presence / absence ) , standardised diets and individual t l estimates were calculated for all 75 stingray and electric ray species . an average t l and standardised diet was also calculated for each of the respective families and suborders . calculation of a precision estimate to determine sample size sufficiency for the inclusion of a species in family and suborder level calculations was generally compromised by insufficient information in the source literature [ 2 ] , [ 21 ] . further , restricting the scope of the analyses to studies where sample size had been demonstrated to be sufficient through precision estimates ( i . e . through cumulative prey curves ) [ 21 ] would have resulted in a significant amount of data being omitted from the analysis . given this , the approach taken by cort\u00e9s [ 1 ] and ebert & bizzarro [ 2 ] was adopted with a minimum sample limit of 20 stomachs set for the inclusion of a species in family and order level calculations . the 20 stomach limit has been used successfully in previous elasmobranch trophic level analyses [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] and is designed to enhance the robustness of conclusions drawn and minimise the influence of species with smaller sample sizes [ 1 ] . of the 75 species , 66 had 20 or more stomachs sampled and were subsequently included in the family and suborder average diet and trophic level calculations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvooren , c . m . , piercy , a . n . , snelson jr . , f . f . , grubbs , r . d . , notarbartolo di sciara , g . & serena , s .\npatchily distributed in tropical and warm temperate continental shelf waters on the eastern ( portugal to ambriz , angola ) and western ( from massachusetts state , usa ( 42\u00b0n ) to buenos aires province , argentina ( ~ 38\u00b0s ) ) sides of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the madeira and canary islands ( mceachran and fechhelm 1998 ) . rarely reported from the gulf of mexico ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . it has a very patchy distribution in the northwest and western atlantic , where it can be locally abundant and appears to be habitat dependent . adults are common in the mouths of tidal creeks along the virginia coast , usa ( musick et al . unpublished data ) . in the 1980s gymnura altavela was common and abundant throughout the year on the continental shelf of southern brazil at depths of 10 to 150 m , being classified as a breeding resident species ( vooren 1997 ) .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ; argentina ; belize ; benin ; bosnia and herzegovina ; brazil ; cameroon ; colombia ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; greece ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; honduras ; israel ; italy ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ; senegal ; sierra leone ; slovenia ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; united states ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; western sahara\na large , locally abundant , but overall unabundant , inshore batoid with a patchy and discontinuous distribution , found in shallow coastal waters over sand and mud generally to depths of 50 to 55 m ( bini 1967 , mceachran and felchman 1998 ) , although it has been recorded from depths of 10 to 150 m off southern brazil ( vooren 1997 ) . little is known of its biology . maximum size is reported as 220 cm disc width ( musick et al . unpub . data ) in the northwest atlantic ; sizes exceeding 400 cm dw reported off the coast of west africa ( bini 1967 ) may be erroneous . size at maturity is reported as 155 cm dw in males and 102 cm dw in females ( daiber and booth 1960 ) . aplacental yolksac viviparous reproduction with litter size varying from 2 to 8 depending on geographic location ( four pups / litter reported by bigelow and schroeder ( 1953 ) and bini ( 1967 ) ; 2 - 6 by capap\u00e9 et al . ( 1992 ) and 1 - 3 by tortonese ( 1956 ) for the mediterranean ; up to five per litter in southern brazil ( vooren unpub . data ) ; and , up to eight by musick et . al . ( unpub . data ) for the northwest atlantic ) . reproduces annually and gestation time is reported as 4 to 9 months ( capap\u00e9 et al . 1992 ) . size at birth is reported as 38 to 44 cm dw ( bigelow and schroeder 1953 , mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . age at maturity , longevity , average reproductive age , annual rate of population increase and natural mortality are all unknown .\nno species specific management or protection is currently in place for this species , except for in the banc d ' arguin national park , mauritania where it is protected .\nvooren , c . m . , piercy , a . n . , snelson jr . , f . f . , grubbs , r . d . , notarbartolo di sciara , g . & serena , s . 2007 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nat the florida museum of natural history we strive to fulfill our mission of understanding , preserving and interpreting florida ' s biological diversity and cultural heritage . we depend on people like you to help us realize this mission .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nfiliz , h and blige , g . ( 2004 ) length - weight relationships of 24 fish species from the north aegean sea , turkey . journal of applied ichthyology , 20 ( 5 ) : 431 - 432 .\ncampbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .\nmceachran , j . d . and fechhelm , j . d . ( 1998 ) fishes of the gulf of mexico : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . university of texas press , austin , usa .\nstill pictures ltd . 1 glen cottages sandy lane abbots leigh bristol bs8 3se united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1275 375 520 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 705 061 3938 research @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ngreek , gymnos = naked + greek , oura = tail ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 100 m ( ref . 6808 ) . subtropical ; 47\u00b0n - 39\u00b0s , 98\u00b0w - 42\u00b0e\nwestern atlantic : southern new england , usa , brazil ( ref . 7251 ) to argentina ( ref . 58839 ) . eastern atlantic : portugal to ambriz , angola ( including the mediterranean , black sea , and the madeira and canary islands ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 400 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3709 ) ; common length : 200 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3709 ) ; max . published weight : 60 . 0 kg ( ref . 4699 )\ntail short armed with spine . disk very broad . very low dorsal and ventral finfolds on tail ( ref . 7251 ) . disk dark brown to grayish , lower surface of disc and of pelvic fins white , brownish , rosy or rusty cast . tail white or rosy white below ( ref . 6902 ) .\nmaximum length measured is 140 cm ( ref . 5377 ) . occurs over sand and mud . feeds on fishes , crustaceans , mollusks and plankton . ovoviviparous , gestation lasting about 6 months with 4 to 7 embryos produced per female ( ref . 6676 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\nbauchot , m . - l . , 1987 . raies et autres batoides . p . 845 - 886 . in w . fischer , m . l . bauchot and m . schneider ( eds . ) fiches fao d ' identificationpour les besoins de la p\u00eache . ( rev . 1 ) . m\u00e8diterran\u00e9e et mer noire . zone de p\u00eache 37 . vol . ii . commission des communaut\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes and fao , rome . ( ref . 3261 )\n) : 14 . 9 - 27 . 8 , mean 23 . 6 ( based on 860 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01445 ( 0 . 00696 - 0 . 03003 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec 4 - 7 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .\nthe size and the observation of the activities swimming , burying and preying confirmed the adaption of the specimen for the anomaly and underdeveloped electrosensory system in its survival . the limited knowledge of teratogens and their triggering factors , and the striking similarity with an anomaly reported for g . poecilura ( shaw , 1804 ) from south india , suggest genetic expression aberrations or mechanical obstructions during gestation as origin for the disorder .\noccurrences of abnormalities have been widely reported for various elasmobranch species in different ecoregions . records for skates and rays include bicephalism in the magdalena transition ( castro aguirre and torres villegas\n) , aberrant appendages in the patagonian shelf ( deli - antoni et al .\n) , lack of gill - slit and underweight in brackish waters from the tunisian plateau ( el kamel et al .\n) , incomplete rostrum in the southwestern caribbean ( ram\u00edrez - hernandez et al .\n) and have been reported in , e . g the adriatic sea ( valle\nis distributed from tropical to warm temperate continental shelf waters on both sides of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the madeira and canary islands . maximum size is assumed to be 200 cm disc width . its limiting life history , patchy and discontinuous distribution , and habitat dependent characteristics make it intrinsically vulnerable to population depletion . this species was classified as \u2018vulnerable\u2019 on the basis of a suspected continuing decline of at least 30 % ( vooren et al .\non 22 and 28 july 2007 , and 6 july 2008 , during underwater visual census in the port of sardina del norte ( 28\u00b009\u2032 n and 15\u00b041\u2032 o ) , gran canaria island , an unusual female individual g . altavela with 137 cm disc width was observed . size , activity , depth , water temperature and behaviour were recorded .\nthe interior margin of the specimens\u2019 right pectoral fin was detached from the braincase and the rostral ridge . it appeared as a free lobe slightly projecting forward from the disc plane , with the lateral margin pointed towards the exterior margin of the disc . the anterior margin of the disc was incomplete from the rostral ridge up to the lateral extreme of the spiracle . at the proximal end , the disc was absent up to the neurocranium , extending from the rostral ridge to behind the posterior margin of the spiracle . epidermis pigmentation was absent at the proximal part of the lobe with a similar appearance , in colour and texture , of the white epidermis from the ventral side ( fig ."]}
{"id": 503, "summary": [{"text": "myrmarachne formicaria is a species of jumping spider ( family salticidae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it mimics an ant .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is one of the few species in the genus myrmarachne that is found outside the tropics . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "myrmarachne formicaria", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for myrmarachne formicaria yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe ant - jumper , myrmarachne formicaria . the spider is camouflaged as an ant . it moves like an ant and holds up its front legs so it look like antennas of an ant .\nbradley , r . a . , cutler , b . and hodge , m . 2006 . the first records of myrmarachne formicaria ( araneae , salticidae ) in the americas . journal of arachnology 34 : 483\u2013484 .\ngall , w . k . & edwards , g . b . ( 2016 ) . first records for the jumping spiders heliophanus kochii in the americas and myrmarachne formicaria in new york state ( araneae : salticidae ) . peckhamia 140 . 1 : 1 - 7 . - - show included taxa\nmyrmarachne confusus wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 23a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne confusa brignoli , 1983c : 645 .\nnomina nuda : myrmarachne kuroiwana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne matsumurana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 . myrmarachne sakisimana kishida - - yaginuma , in brignoli , 1983c : 644 .\nhigh - speed video results are based on 27 recordings of m . formicaria ( three females and two males ) , 15 recordings of ants ( four formica sp . workers ) and 23 recordings of non - mimetic salticids ( salticus scenicus two females ; sitticus sp . one female ; phidippus audax two females ) .\nmyrmarachne decorata reimoser , 1927b : 3 , f . 3 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne roeweri reimoser , 1934b : 500 , f . 22 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne natalica lessert , 1925b : 344 , f . 11 ( d f ) . myrmarachne natalica wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 18a - e ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne lulengensis roewer , 1965 : 49 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne caheni roewer , 1965 : 61 , f . 67 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengensis wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 29a - i ( m , s ) .\nmyrmarachne bamakoi berland & millot , 1941 : 404 , f . 94 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bamakoi wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 43a - g ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne biseratensis badcock , 1918 : 312 , f . 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne biseratensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 512 , f . 8a - g , 9a - f ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 46l ( f ) . myrmarachne biseratensis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19l ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne brevis xiao , 2002 : 477 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne calcuttaensis biswas , 1984a : 126 , f . 17 - 19 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne consobrina denis , 1955b : 116 , f . 14 - 17 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne dirangicus bastawade , 2002 : 278 , f . 20 - 28 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne galianae cutler , 1981c : 52 , f . 1 - 7 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne ransoni wanless , 1978a : 124 , f . 83a - e ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne richardsi wanless , 1978a : 61 , f . 35a - h ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne russellsmithi wanless , 1978a : 92 , f . 58a - h ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne thaii zabka , 1985 : 418 , f . 359 - 363 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne vehemens fox , 1937d : 16 , f . 6 , 10 ( d m ) .\nsynemosyna clavigera thorell , 1877b : 548 ( d m ) . myrmarachne clavigera simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2012 : 161 , f . 20 - 27 ( m ) . myrmarachne clavigera yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 21 - 22 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne bakeri banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bakeri edwards , 2015 : 79 , f . 39k - l ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne balinese pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 123 - 124 ( d f ) . myrmarachne balinese pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22b ( f ) .\nsynemosyna moesta thorell , 1877b : 541 ( d f ) . myrmarachne moesta roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne moesta yamasaki , 2012 : 165 , f . 32 - 35 ( f ) .\nsynemosyna nigra thorell , 1877b : 544 ( d f ) . myrmarachne nigra simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne nigra yamasaki , 2012 : 167 , f . 36 - 41 ( f ) .\nsynemosyna nitidissima thorell , 1877b : 546 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima roewer , 1955c : 948 . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki , 2012 : 169 , f . 42 - 48 ( m ) . myrmarachne nitidissima yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 544 , f . 35a - g ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne cornuta badcock , 1918 : 291 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edmunds & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2003 : 304 , f . 30 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 518 , f . 13a - g , 14a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne cornuta pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45c12 , 46m ( f ) . myrmarachne cornuta pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19m , 22a ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne aurea ceccarelli , 2010 : 248 , f . 10 - 18 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne edwardsi berry , beatty & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1996 : 241 , f . 97 - 102 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne edwardsi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b7 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne foreli lessert , 1925b : 342 , f . 9 - 10 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foreli wanless , 1978a : 85 , f . 53a - l ( m , d f ) .\nmyrmarachne gurgulla ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 19 - 27 ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna lugens thorell , 1881 : 406 ( dj ) . myrmarachne lugens roewer , 1955c : 946 .\nsalticus macrognathus thorell , 1894a : 58 ( d m ) . myrmarachne macrognatha roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne macrognatha yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 11 , f . 33 - 45 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne macrognatha pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19n ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne palladia denis , 1958b : 105 , f . 34 ( d f ) . myrmarachne palladia logunov & zamanpoore , 2005 : 223 , f . 15 - 17 ( f , d m ) .\nmyrmarachne platypalpus bradoo , 1980 : 387 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne poonaensis tikader , 1973b : 62 , f . 7 - 11 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne tamsuiensis yamasaki , 2013 : 29 , f . 1 - 12 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne assimilis banks , 1930a : 210 , pl . 11 , f . 7 , 13 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 510 , f . 6a - h , 7a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis yamasaki , 2015 : 55 , f . 8 , 19 - 20 ( m f ) . myrmarachne assimilis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 46k ( f ) . myrmarachne assimilis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19k ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne inermichelis b\u00f6senberg & strand , 1906 : 329 , pl . 9 , f . 128 , pl . 14 , f . 382 ( d m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis strand , 1918 : 100 ( d f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis saito , 1933b : 39 , pl . 3 , f . 7a - b . myrmarachne innermichelis uyemura , 1952 : 5 , f . 3 , b ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis oliger , 1984 : 126 , f . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne inermichelis yaginuma , 1986a : 242 , f . 134 . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis bohdanowicz & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1987 : 96 , f . 160 - 166 ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 64 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis seo , 2001a : 38 , f . 5 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2002 : 607 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne innermichelis cho & kim , 2002 : 110 , f . 40 , 141 - 142 , 249 - 250 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis namkung , 2003 : 611 , f . 43 . 51a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 25 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne inermichelis kim & lee , 2014 : 95 , f . 67a - e ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne bidentata banks , 1930a : 209 , pl . 11 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bidentata barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 50 , f . 19a - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne collarti roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 55 ( d m ) . myrmarachne collarti wanless , 1978a : 49 , f . 24a - h , pl . 1e - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne rufisquei berland & millot , 1941 : 411 , f . 100 , 101a - b ( d m ) . myrmarachne rufisquei wanless , 1978a : 55 , f . 30a - c ( m ) .\nsalticus lugubris kulczy\u0144ski , 1895d : 46 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne grahami fox , 1937d : 12 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ) . myrmarachne lugubris pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1979 : 313 , f . 222 - 223 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris wesolowska , 1981a : 81 , f . 112 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris dunin , 1984b : 136 , f . 47 - 49 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris zabka , 1985 : 248 , f . 349 - 358 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1987 : 26 , 157 ( f , s ) . myrmarachne lugubris logunov & wesolowska , 1992 : 133 , f . 21b - d , 22a - c , 23a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305e , q ( m f ) . myrmarachne lugubris cho & kim , 2002 : 112 , f . 252 - 253 ( f ) . myrmarachne lugubris ikeda , 2010 : 29 , unnumbered f . ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne eidmanni roewer , 1942b : 252 , pl . 19 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne punctata wanless & clark , 1975 : 290 , f . 29 - 35 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eidmanni wanless , 1978a : 39 , f . 17a - h ( m , s ) .\nmyrmarachne elongata szombathy , 1915a : 475 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne coppeti berland & millot , 1941 : 405 , f . 95 , 101c ( d m ) . myrmarachne faradjensis roewer , 1965 : 48 , f . 36 ( d m ) . myrmarachne atra roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 40 ( d m ) . myrmarachne abimvai roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 61 , 61a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dartevellei roewer , 1965 : 58 , f . 62 ( d m ) . myrmarachne kasaia roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne moto roewer , 1965 : 60 , f . 65 , 65a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wanless , 1978a : 50 , f . 25a - f , 26a - h , 27a - i , 28a - i ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne elongata zabka , 1985 : 244 , f . 314 - 317 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 4 . 1 - 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304i - j , 327l ( f ) . myrmarachne elongata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 40 - 43 ( m f ) . myrmarachne elongata wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 582 , f . 99 - 102 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne kiboschensis lessert , 1925a : 441 , f . 18 - 22 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne diversicoxis caporiacco , 1947d : 227 , pl . 2 , f . 62 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wanless , 1978a : 78 , f . 47a - g , 48a - k ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 337 - 341 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1992b : 187 , f . 93 - 98 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis peng et al . , 1993 : 137 , f . 469 - 473 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304s ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 107 - 111 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 111 - 113 ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis kananbala et al . , 2011 : 4 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne kiboschensis yin et al . , 2012 : 1412 , f . 767a - e ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne marshallii peckham & peckham , 1903 : 249 , pl . 29 , f . 6 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne riveti berland & millot , 1941 : 410 , f . 99 ( d m ) . myrmarachne akermani lawrence , 1942 : 181 , f . 28 - 29 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne burgeoni roewer , 1965 : 54 , f . 56 , 56a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne bredoi roewer , 1965 : 55 , f . 57 ( d m ) . myrmarachne benoiti roewer , 1965 : 57 , f . 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne mulungu roewer , 1965 : 59 , f . 63 ( d m ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978a : 67 , f . 38a - h , 39a - g , 40a - k , pl . 1a - d , 4a , c , e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne marshalli wanless , 1978e : 277 , pl . 2d . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & cumming , 2008 : 199 , f . 98 - 106 ( m f ) . myrmarachne marshalli wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 63 , f . 121 - 123 ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne foenisex simon , 1910c : 415 ( d m ) . myrmarachne foenisex giltay , 1929 : 25 , f . 3 - 4 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne foenisex berland & millot , 1941 : 406 , f . 96 ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex lessert , 1942 : 10 , f . 5 ( f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wanless , 1978a : 60 , f . 33a - g , 34a - e , pl . 1h , 2a , 3e - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne foenisex wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 103 - 110 ( m f ) .\nsalticus alticeps thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne alticeps roewer , 1955c : 944 .\nsynemosyna capito thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne capito roewer , 1955c : 945 .\nmyrmarachne crassembolus yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 520 , f . 15a - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne cyrtodens yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 521 , f . 16a - g ( d m ) .\nsynemosyna debilis thorell , 1890c : 155 ( d f ) . myrmarachne debilis roewer , 1955c : 945 .\nmyrmarachne endoi yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 523 , f . 17a - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne hidaspis caporiacco , 1935b : 196 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne himalayensis narayan , 1915 : 399 , pl . 32 , f . 5 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne incertus narayan , 1915 : 396 , pl . 32 , f . 2 ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1967b : 100 , f . 3l - p ( d m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1986a : 243 , f . 134 . 3 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata bohdanowicz & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1987 : 98 , f . 167 - 171 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata chikuni , 1989b : 160 , f . 62 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 5 . 1 - 4 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata seo , 1992b : 181 , f . 3 - 6 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata peng et al . , 1993 : 138 , f . 474 - 478 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305k - m , 327m ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2002 : 605 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata cho & kim , 2002 : 111 , f . 42 , 144 - 145 ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata namkung , 2003 : 609 , f . 43 . 49a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata ono , ikeda & kono , 2009 : 564 , f . 37 - 39 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata yin et al . , 2012 : 1413 , f . 768a - e ( m ) . myrmarachne kuwagata kim & lee , 2014 : 97 , f . 69a - e , pl . 19 ( m f ) . myrmarachne kuwagata caleb , 2016c : 405 , f . 1 - 19 ( m f ) .\nsalticus leptognathus thorell , 1890c : 158 ( d m ) . myrmarachne leptognatha roewer , 1955c : 946 .\nmyrmarachne megachelae ganesh kumar & mohanasundaram , 1998 : 27 , 5 unnumbered f . ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne onceana barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 58 , f . 25a - j ( d m ) .\nsalticus paviei simon , 1886a : 137 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paviei simon , 1904b : 290 .\nsalticus pectorosus thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d m ) . myrmarachne pectorosa roewer , 1955c : 948 .\nmyrmarachne pinakapalea barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 54 , f . 22a - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne pinoysorum barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 61 , f . 26a - h ( d m ) .\nsynemosyna prognatha thorell , 1887 : 343 ( d m ) . myrmarachne prognatha roewer , 1955c : 948 .\nsynemosyna rufescens thorell , 1877b : 552 ( d f , not m ) . myrmarachne rufescens roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne rufescens yamasaki , 2012 : 171 , f . 49 - 54 ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne satarensis narayan , 1915 : 404 , pl . 32 , f . 9 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne seriatis banks , 1930a : 215 , pl . 11 , f . 5 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne solitaria peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 , pl . 29 , f . 5 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wanless , 1978a : 75 , f . 46a - l ( m f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 65 , f . 124 - 126 ( f ) . myrmarachne solitaria wesolowska & haddad , 2014 : 253 , f . 82 - 86 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne vanessae wanless , 1978a : 91 , f . 57a - l ( d m f ) . myrmarachne vanessae wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 196 - 199 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne vulgarisa barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 53 , f . 23a - h ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne gisti fox , 1937d : 13 , f . 4 , 9 , 12 , 14 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin & wang , 1979 : 36 , f . 19a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti hu , 1984 : 379 , f . 395 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & shi , 1985 : 207 , f . 189a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne legon zabka , 1985 : 247 , f . 342 - 348 ( m f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne gisti song , 1987 : 298 , f . 254 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhang , 1987 : 244 , f . 216 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti feng , 1990 : 211 , f . 186 . 1 - 7 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & gao , 1990 : 187 , f . 238a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti chen & zhang , 1991 : 311 , f . 330 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti peng et al . , 1993 : 132 , f . 440 - 449 ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhao , 1993 : 411 , f . 211a - c ( f ) . myrmarachne gisti logunov , 1993a : 51 , f . 1a - c ( m ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 304n - p , 305a - b ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 440 , f . 292a - f ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti zhu & zhang , 2011 : 490 , f . 355a - d ( m f ) . myrmarachne gisti yin et al . , 2012 : 1408 , f . 765a - j ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne uvira wanless , 1978a : 86 , f . 54a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 73 , f . 192 - 195 ( f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 125 - 129 ( m f ) . myrmarachne uvira wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 585 , f . 121 - 123 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne lulengana roewer , 1965 : 50 , f . 42 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lulengana wanless , 1978a : 33 , f . 12g , j - l , 13a - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 30 , f . 115 - 119 ( m f ) . myrmarachne lulengana wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 115 - 120 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne militaris szombathy , 1913 : 33 , 56 , f . 9 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens lessert , 1925a : 445 , f . 23 - 25 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens caporiacco , 1940c : 855 ( d f ) . myrmarachne paucidentata berland & millot , 1941 : 408 , f . 98 ( d m ) . myrmarachne maerens roewer , 1965 : 41 , f . 51 , 51a ( f ) . myrmarachne schoutedeni roewer , 1965 : 51 , f . 44 ( d m ) . myrmarachne militaris wanless , 1978a : 30 , f . 10a , e - f , h - i , 11a - c , e - f , h - i , 12a - b , e , h ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne militaris wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 32 , f . 120 - 124 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne acromegalis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 505 , f . 2a - f , 3a - f , 41c - f ( d m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b4 , 46j ( m f ) . myrmarachne acromegalis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19j ( f ) .\nsalticus manducator westwood , 1841 : 1 , pl . 1 ( d f ) . salticus luridus simon , 1885e : 453 ( d m ) . ascalus manducator thorell , 1895 : 323 ( d m ) . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne lurida simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne manducator simon , 1904b : 290 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ( m ) . myrmarachne manducator reimoser , 1925 : 90 .\nmyrmarachne acutidens yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 3 , f . 2 - 19 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne circulus xiao & wang , 2004 : 263 , f . 1 - 10 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne iridescens banks , 1930a : 216 , pl . 11 , f . 3 ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna praelonga thorell , 1890b : 64 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta praelonga strand , 1909f : 103 .\nmyrmarachne ludhianaensis sadana & gupta , 1998 : 469 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska & salm , 2002 : 410 , f . 1 - 16 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne piercei banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna opaca karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne opaca banks , 1930a : 211 , pl . 7 , f . 12 . myrmarachne opaca yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 546 , f . 36a - g ( m ) . myrmarachne opaca benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39c - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne ramosa badcock , 1918 : 303 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne albicrurata badcock , 1918 : 306 , f . 9a ( d f ) . myrmarachne lateralis badcock , 1918 : 310 , f . 9b ( d f ) . myrmarachne ramosa edmunds & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2003 : 301 , f . 8 - 29 ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne ramosa pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2016 : 6 , f . 2b - c , 3b , 4b ( m f ) . myrmarachne ramosa pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 101 , f . ( f , removed from s of m . melanocephala , contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , s of m . albicrurata and m . laterali s confirmed ) . myrmarachne ramosa pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22e ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne ramunni narayan , 1915 : 400 , pl . 32 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne ramunni dyal , 1935 : 221 ( d f ; n . b . : may be misidentified , per benjamin , 2015b : 2651 ) . myrmarachne ramunni benjamin , 2015b : 2651 , f . 2e - f , 3e - f ( m ) . myrmarachne ramunni caleb , 2016c : 417 , f . 66 - 75 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne chapmani banks , 1930a : 214 , pl . 11 , f . 6 , 11 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne concava zhu et al . , 2005 : 536 , f . 10a - f ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne dundoensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 51a - i , 52a - e , pl . 5a - b ( d m f ) . myrmarachne dundoensis edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 16 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne dundoensis wesolowska & wi\u015bniewski , 2015 : 555 , f . 31 - 33 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne glavisi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 176 , f . 117 , 119 - 120 , 125 - 126 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne glavisi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22c ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne mcgregori banks , 1930a : 213 , pl . 11 , f . 9 , 14 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne mussungue wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 19d - e , g - j ( d f ) .\nsalticus pectorosus sternodes thorell , 1890c : 157 ( d f ) . myrmarachne pectorosa sternodes roewer , 1955c : 948 .\nmyrmarachne tagalica banks , 1930a : 212 , pl . 11 , f , 1 , 10 ( d m ) .\nsalticus tristis simon , 1882b : 212 ( d f ) . salticus tristis simon , 1890a : 115 ( d m ) . salticus tristis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 22 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne tristis narayan , 1915 : 397 , pl . 32 , f . 3 ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis roewer , 1965 : 42 , f . 35 , 35a ( f ) . myrmarachne tristis diversipes denis , 1966e : 113 , f . 13 ( d m ) . myrmarachne tristis wanless , 1978a : 63 , f . 36a - h , 37a - e ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1989 : 44 , f . 37 - 43 ( m ) . myrmarachne tristis wesolowska & van harten , 1994 : 63 , f . 128 - 132 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2003 : 108 , f . 446 - 452 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2016 : 6 , f . 2a , 3a , 4a ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45a6 , 45b6 , 45c11 ( m f ) . myrmarachne tristis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 22d ( f ) .\nsalticus constrictus blackwall , 1877 : 5 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( dj ) . myrmarachne constricta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne constrictus saaristo , 1978 : 111 , f . 100 - 102 ( d m ) . myrmarachne constricta wanless , 1984c : 24 , f . 7a - g , 8a - c ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne constricta saaristo , 2010 : 194 , f . 27 . 101 - 104 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne evidens roewer , 1965 : 53 , f . 52 ( d m ) . myrmarachne evidens wanless , 1978a : 42 , f . 20a , h - i , 21d , f , i , 22a , d ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne lesserti lawrence , 1938a : 521 , f . 39 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lesserti wanless , 1978a : 106 , f . 68a , c - d , f , 69a - b , e - g ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne nigeriensis wanless , 1978a : 88 , f . 55a - j , 56a - m ( d m f ) . myrmarachne nigeriensis wesolowska & russell - smith , 2011 : 583 , f . 114 - 120 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne caliraya barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 56 , f . 24a - i ( d m ) . myrmarachne caliraya sen et al . , 2015 : 40 , f . 136 - 141 , pl . 14 ( m ) . myrmarachne caliraya dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 96 - 99 , pl . 17 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne edentata berry , beatty & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1996 : 238 , f . 84 - 90 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne pisarskii berry , beatty & pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 1996 : 240 , f . 91 - 96 ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne lesserti schenkel , 1963 : 391 , f . 226a - b ( d m ; n . b . : preoccupied by lawrence , 1938 ) . myrmarachne lesserti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 305d , n ( m , f may be mislabeled ) . myrmarachne schenkeli peng & li , 2002g : 26 ( replacement name ) .\nsalticus bicurvatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1869c : 67 , pl . 6 , f . 57 - 60 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicrivata sherriffs , 1931 : 539 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne bicurvata roewer , 1955c : 944 . myrmarachne bicurvata benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne melanocephala macleay , 1839 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmecia melanocephala walckenaer , 1841 : 462 ( d f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala galiano , 1969b : 146 ( type locality is\nbengal ,\nnot cuba ) . myrmarachne orientales tikader , 1973b : 60 , f . 3 - 6 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034866 ] . myrmarachne orientales tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 193 - 194 ( f ) . myrmarachne orientalis brignoli , 1983c : 644 ( lapsus ) . myrmarachne orientales mushtaq et al . , 1995 : 91 , f . 1a - f ( m ) . myrmarachne melanocephala edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 , f . 1a - h , 2a - d , 3a - d , 4a - e , 5a - d ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 15 , f . 46 - 58 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 541 , f . 32a - g , 33a - h , 34a - c ( m f ) . myrmarachne orientales sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 152 - 156 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala benjamin , 2015b : 2625 , f . 17a - d , 18a - d , 19a - d ( m , s ) . myrmarachne melanocephala roy , saha & raychaudhuri , 2016 : 24 , f . 20a - f , 25i , 27r ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala caleb , 2016c : 410 , f . 20 - 30 ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 39 , f . 105 - 109 , pl . 17 ( f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b1 , 45c9 , 46b ( m f ) . myrmarachne melanocephala pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 165 , f . 19b , 22e1 ( f ) .\nsalticus nemorensis peckham & peckham , 1892 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ( d m ) . myrmarachne nemorensis roewer , 1955c : 947 . myrmarachne nemorensis benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 39a - b ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne giltayi roewer , 1965 : 52 , f . 45 ( d m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wanless , 1978a : 36 , f . 14a - b , f , h , 15a , f - g , 16d - f , h ( m ) . myrmarachne giltayi wesolowska & wi\u015bniewski , 2015 : 556 , f . 34 - 38 ( d f , m ) .\nsalticus angusta thorell , 1877b : 553 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angusta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne annamita zabka , 1985 : 243 , f . 306 - 313 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034729 ] . myrmarachne annamita zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 2 , f . 3 . 1 - 6 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita peng et al . , 1993 : 130 , f . 430 - 439 ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 535 , f . 303o - p , 304g - h , 327k ( m f ) . myrmarachne annamita yin et al . , 2012 : 1405 , f . 763a - j ( m f ) . myrmarachne angusta yamasaki , 2012 : 155 , f . 2 - 12 ( m , s f ) .\nsalticus hesperius simon , 1887a : 261 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia simon , 1901a : 498 . myrmarachne hesperia berland & millot , 1941 : 407 , f . 97 ( m ) . myrmarachne insulana roewer , 1942b : 254 , pl . 19 , f . 10 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034805 ] . myrmarachne chelata wanless & clark , 1975 : 294 , f . 36 - 43 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hesperia wanless , 1978a : 46 , f . 20d - e , g , j , 21a , c , h , k , 22c , f ( m , s ) . myrmarachne insulana wanless , 1978a : 40 , f . 19a - c , f ( f ) . myrmarachne hesperia wesolowska & edwards , 2012 : 753 , f . 70 - 76 ( m , s f ) .\nmyrmarachne laurentina bacelar , 1953 : 8 , f . 4 - 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laurentina wanless , 1978a : 99 , f . 63a - b , e , g , i , 64b - c , 65a - c , g - h ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne laurentina wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 61 , f . 111 - 114 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne\nlaurentina pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 171 , f . 21s - v ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne lawrencei roewer , 1965 : 56 , f . 59 , 59a ( d m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wanless , 1978a : 32 , f . 10b - d , g , j , 11d , g , j - k , 12c - d , f , i ( m f ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & tomasiewicz , 2008 : 28 , f . 112 - 114 ( m ) . myrmarachne lawrencei wesolowska & wi\u015bniewski , 2015 : 558 , f . 39 - 43 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne milledgei pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 662 , f . 11a - j ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne sabahna yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 547 , f . 37a - g , 38a - f ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne smaragdina ceccarelli , 2010 : 250 , f . 28 - 36 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne smaragdina pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 554 , f . 2k - l , 12a - g , s1q - r ( m f ) .\nthe first specimen records of m . formicaria from north america have all been from ohio , usa : from warren , trumble county on 16 august 2001 ; the j . h . barrow field station , portage county on 15 september 2002 ; and at a residence near peninsula , summit county . additional individuals have been observed by the third author in and around the j . h . barrow field station and the peninsula residence during the summers of 2003 and 2004 . ( bradley et al . 2006 )\nmyrmarachne isolata clark & benoit , 1977 : 89 , f . 35a - d , 36a - b ( d m f ) .\nmyrmarachne lambirensis yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 529 , f . 22a - g , 23a - f ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna lupata l . koch , 1879a : 1052 , pl . 93 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne lupata rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne lupata pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 657 , f . 8a - f ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne markaha barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 51 , f . 20a - h , 21a - h ( d m ) . myrmarachne markaha yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 536 , f . 28a - g , 29a - f ( m , d f ) .\nsalticus robustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne robusta roewer , 1955c : 949 . myrmarachne maratha tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 12 - 15 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034844 ] . myrmarachne maratha tikader & biswas , 1981 : 105 , f . 195 - 197 ( m f ) . myrmarachne maratha sen et al . , 2015 : 42 , f . 142 - 146 , pl . 14 ( f ) . myrmarachne robusta benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 41a - b ( m , s f ) . myrmarachne robusta dhali , saha & raychaudhuri , 2017 : 38 , f . 100 - 104 , pl . 17 ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne uniseriata narayan , 1915 : 402 , pl . 32 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne aurantiaca benjamin , 2015b : 2613 , f . 1a - d ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 048048 ] . myrmarachne uniseriata caleb & benjamin , 2017 : 294 , f . 1 - 6 ( m , s of m . aurantiaca ) .\nsalticus augustus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ( d m ) . myrmarachne angustiformis simon , 1901a : 503 ( unnecessary replacement name ) . myrmarachne augusta wanless , 1978a : 109 , f . 70a - h ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne epigealis yamasaki & edwards , 2013 : 7 , f . 20 - 32 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne epigealis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 103 , f . 45b3 ( m f ) . toxeus epigealis pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19g ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne jacksoni pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski & deeleman - reinhold , 2010 : 178 , f . 115 - 116 , 121 - 122 ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne linguiensis zhang & song , in zhang , song & zhu , 1992 : 3 , f . 6 . 1 - 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne linguiensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 536 , f . 305o - p , 327n ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne morningside benjamin , 2015b : 2628 , f . 20a - d , 21a - d , 22a - d ( d m ) .\nsalticus albocinctus c . l . koch , 1846 : 36 , f . 1105 ( d m ) . salticus ephippiatus emerton , 1891 : 249 , pl . 21 , f . 4 ( f , misidentified ) . myrmarachne albocincta simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne albocincta emerton , 1909 : 233 . myrmarachne albocincta peckham & peckham , 1909 : 371 , pl . 50 , f . 2 ( m f ) .\nleptorchestes striatipes l . koch , 1879a : 1059 , pl . 93 , f . 4 ( d f ) . myrmarachne striatipes simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne striatipes pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 665 , f . 13a - k , s1j ( d m , f ) .\nsalticus macleayanus bradley , 1876b : 220 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ( d m ) . myrmarachne jugularis simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 593 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034811 ] . myrmarachne macleayana rainbow , 1911 : 283 . myrmarachne jugularis zabka , 1991c : 42 ( type locality specified as australian ) . myrmarachne macleayana pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 660 , f . 2i - j , 3e , 10a - m , s1m - p ( m , d f , s of m . jugularis ) .\nmyrmarachne albosetosa wanless , 1978a : 108 , f . 68b , e , g , 69c - d , h - j ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne corpuzrarosae barrion , in barrion & litsinger , 1981a : 144 , f . 2a - j , 3a - g ( d m f ) .\nsalticus eumenes simon , 1900b : 405 ( d m ) . myrmarachne eumenes simon , 1901a : 499 , f . 587 - 589 ( m ) . myrmarachne eumenes wanless , 1978a : 114 , f . 73a - k , 74a - e , pl . 2b ( m , d f ) .\nsalticus ichneumon simon , 1886g : 387 ( d m ) . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1892 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ( m ) . myrmarachne ichneumon simon , 1901a : 499 . salticus ichneumon peckham & peckham , 1903 : 250 ( d f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon roewer , 1965 : 47 , f . 38 , 38a ( f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wanless , 1978a : 56 , f . 31a - g , 32a - i ( m f ) . myrmarachne ichneumon wesolowska & haddad , 2009 : 58 , f . 105 - 110 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne kilifi wanless , 1978a : 102 , f . 63c - d , f , h , j - k , 64a , d , 65d - f , i - j , pl . 3c - d ( d m f ) . myrmarachne kilifi wesolowska & russell - smith , 2000 : 72 , f . 188 - 191 ( m ) .\nmyrmarachne\nkilifi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 171 , f . 21w - z ( m f ) .\nsynemosyna pumilio karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne hanoii zabka , 1985 : 246 , f . 332 - 336 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034795 ] . myrmarachne topali zabka , 1985 : 419 , f . 364 - 367 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034911 ] . myrmarachne hanoii xiao & wang , 2007 : 1004 , f . 1 - 8 ( m , d f ) . myrmarachne hanoii yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 : 526 , f . 20a - g , 21a - d , 41a ( m f , s ) . myrmarachne pumilio benjamin , 2015b : 2660 , f . 40a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 166 , t from synemosyna , s f ) . myrmarachne hanoi pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2018b : 161 , f . 19o ( f ) .\nmyrmarachne macaulayi pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 658 , f . 9a - j , s1k - l ( d m f ) .\nsalticus myrmicaeformis lucas , 1871 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ( d m ) . salticus desertus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 21 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ( d m ) . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis simon , 1901a : 501 . myrmarachne myrmicaeformis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .\nsalticus providens peckham & peckham , 1892 : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne providens simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne providens pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 101 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .\nsalticus bicolor l . koch , 1879a : 1055 , pl . 93 , f . 2 ( d m ) . myrmarachne bicolor rainbow , 1911 : 282 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( m only ) . myrmarachne rubra ceccarelli , 2010 : 246 , f . 1 - 9 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 043414 ] . myrmarachne bicolor pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 645 , f . 1a - f , 2a - b , 3a , s1a - b ( m , d f , s of m . rubra ) .\nsalticus dubius peckham & peckham , 1892 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 4 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dubius banks , 1930a : 208 .\nmyrmarachne inflatipalpis wanless , 1978a : 95 , f . 59a , c , f - g , 60a , c , e - g ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne jianfenglin barrion , barrion - dupo & heong , in barrion et al . , 2013 : 23 , f . 25a - e ( d f ) .\nmyrmarachne leleupi wanless , 1978a : 80 , f . 49a - b , e , 50b , d - e , g , i ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne uelensis wanless , 1978a : 82 , f . 49c - d , f - g , 50a , c , f , h ( d m ) .\nmyrmarachne legon wanless , 1978a : 69 , f . 41a - c , 42a - k , pl . 4b , d , f ( d m f ) .\nsalticus simonis herman , 1879 : 295 , 383 , pl . 8 , f . 185 ( d m f ) . myrmarachne simonis reimoser , 1919 : 97 .\nmyrmarachne zabkai pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 666 , f . 2m - n , 14a - j , s1s ( d m f ) .\nleptorchestes erythrocephalus l . koch , 1879a : 1057 , pl . 93 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne erythrocephala simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne erythrocephala pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 649 , f . 2c - d , 3b , 5a - m , s1c - e ( d m , f ) .\nanon . 2010 ,\nmyrmarachne macleay , 1839 ( araneae : salticidae ) : generic name conserved\n, bulletin of zoological nomenclature , vol . 67 , p . 336\nsalticus edentulus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ( d f ) . myrmarachne edentata roewer , 1955c : 945 ( lapsus ) .\nmyrmarachne kitale wanless , 1978a : 94 , f . 59b , d - e , h - i , 60b , d , h - m ( d m f ) .\nsynemosyna laeta thorell , 1887 : 339 ( d f ) . ascalus laeta thorell , 1895 : 321 ( d m ) . myrmarachne laeta gravely , 1922 : 1049 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ( m f ) . myrmarachne laeta dyal , 1935 : 220 , pl . 17 , f . 160 - 164 ( m f ) .\nmyrmarachne luachimo wanless , 1978a : 37 , f . 14c - e , g , 15b - e , h , 16a - c , g ( d m f ) .\nsalticus pravus karsch , 1880c : 395 ( d m ) . myrmarachne paivae narayan , 1915 : 403 , pl . 32 , f . 8 ( d m ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034867 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader , 1973b : 65 , f . 16 - 18 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034737 ] . myrmarachne bengalensis tikader & biswas , 1981 : 106 , f . 198 - 200 ( f ) . myrmarachne prava benjamin , 2015b : 2634 , f . 23a - e , 24a - d , 25a - d , 26a - d , 27a - c , 28a - e ( removed m from nomen dubium contra roewer , 1955c : 1649 , t from salticus , s f ) . myrmarachne prava caleb , 2016c : 414 , f . 55 - 65 ( f ) .\niola cowanii peckham & peckham , 1892 : 75 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ( d f ) . myrmarachne cowani simon , 1901a : 503 . myrmarachne cowanii wanless , 1978a : 73 , f . 44a - e , 45a - g ( f , m was considered as variety of m . augusta by peckham & peckham , 1892 ) .\nnomina dubia : myrmarachne cuprea ( hogg , 1896 : 352 , pl . 24 , f . 16 - 17 , f , central australia , originally leptorchestes cupreus ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034760 ] - - pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 648 . myrmarachne exultans caporiacco , 1949a : 462 , f . 83 ( f , kenya ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 . myrmarachne obscura ( taczanowski , 1872 : 124 , french guiana , originally in janus ) - - roewer , 1955c : 1535 , galiano , 1969b : 144 . myrmarachne sansibarica strand , 1910 : 13 ( m , zanzibar ) - - wanless , 1978a : 126 , ( but see caporiacco , 1949a : 461 ) .\nsalticus attenuatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne attenuata bonnet , 1957 : 2999 ( t f from salticus ) .\nmyrmarachne helensmithae pek\u00e1r , in pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 652 , f . 2e - f , 3c , 6a - j , s1f - g ( d m f ) .\nsalticus spissus peckham & peckham , 1892 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ( d m ) . myrmarachne spissa simon , 1901a : 500 . myrmarachne spissa benjamin , 2015b : 2652 , f . 32a - j , 33a - d , 34a - d , 35a - f , 36a - c , 37a - f ( m , d f ) .\nleptorchestes cognata l . koch , 1879a : 1063 , pl . 93 , f . 6 ( dj ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034751 ] . leptorchestes luctuosus l . koch , 1879a : 1065 , pl . 93 , f . 7 ( d m ) . leptorchestes simoni l . koch , 1879a : 1061 , pl . 93 , f . 5 ( d f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034901 ] . myrmarachne cognata simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne luctuosa simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne simoni simon , 1901a : 525 . myrmarachne spp . davies & zabka , 1989 : 203 , f . 10 ( f only ) . myrmarachne luctuosa pek\u00e1r et al . , 2017 : 654 , f . 2g - h , 3d , 7a - j , s1h - i ( m , d f , s of m . cognata and m . simoni ) .\nmyrmarachne naro wanless , 1978a : 43 , f . 20b - c , f , k , 21b , e , g , j , 22b , e , g ( d m ) .\nsalticus niger peckham & peckham , 1892 : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ( d m , preoccupied ) . myrmarachne nigella simon , 1901a : 503 ( replacement name ) .\nsynemosyna transversa mukerjee , 1930 : 200 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ; n . b . : omitted by roewer ) . myrmarachne transversa galiano , 1966a : 377 ( t f from synemosyna ) .\nsalticus contractus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ; n . b . : nomen dubium per roewer , 1955c : 1646 ) . myrmarachne contracta edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ( t from salticus , s of m . melanocephala , rejected by pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 100 ) . myrmarachne contracta pr\u00f3szy\u0144ski , 2017b : 100 ( removed from s of m . melanocephala contra edwards & benjamin , 2009 : 5 ; species inquirenda ) .\nsalticus dilatatus karsch , 1880c : 396 ( d m ) . myrmarachne dilatata pr\u00f3chniewicz , 1989 : 217 , f . 23 - 27 ( t m from salticus , where\nnicht zu deuten !\nper roewer ) .\nseo , b . k . ( 2001a ) . spiders of the genus myrmarachne ( araneae , salticidae ) from korea . journal of the institute of natural sciences , keimyung university 20 ( 2 ) : 37 - 41 . - - show included taxa\nsalticus attenuatus o . pickard - cambridge , 1901b : 15 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ( d f ; n . b . : preoccupied by karsch , 1880 , will need replacement name if identifiable ) . myrmarachne attenuata roewer , 1955c : 944 .\nsimonella formosana saito , 1933b : 40 , pl . 3 , f . 5a - e ( d m ) . myrmarachne formosana galiano , 1966a : 378 ( t m from simonella = synemosyna ; n . b . : preoccupied by matsumura , 1911 if congeneric ) .\nedwards , g . b . & benjamin , s . p . ( 2009 ) . a first look at the phylogeny of the myrmarachninae , with rediscovery and redescription of the type species of myrmarachne ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa 2309 : 1 - 29 . - - show included taxa\nbizone longiventris simon , 1903a : 1051 ( d f ) . bizonella longiventris strand , 1929 : 15 ( generic replacement name ) . bizonella longiventris roewer , 1965 : 80 , f . 71a - d ( f ) . myrmarachne longiventris wanless , 1978a : 105 , f . 66a , f , i , 67b - c ( f ) .\njanus melanocephalus c . l . koch , 1846 : 22 , f . 1092 ( d m , preoccupied ) . janigena melanocephala karsch , 1880c : 394 . synemosyna melanocephala van hasselt , 1882 : 47 . salticus melanocephalus simon , 1885a : 30 . synemosyna melanocephala thorell , 1892c : 224 ( d f ) . myrmarachne kochi reimoser , 1925 : 90 ( replacement name ) .\nlsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 034782 ]\ndistribution : macaronesia , europe , turkey , caucasus , russia , china , korea , japan . introduced to usa\nalmquist , s . ( 2006 ) . swedish araneae , part 2 - - families dictynidae to salticidae . insect systematics & evolution , supplement 63 : 285 - 601 . - - show included taxa\nbecker , l . ( 1882b ) . les arachnides de belgique . i . annales du mus\u00e9e royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique 10 : 1 - 246 . - - show included taxa\nblackwall , j . ( 1861a ) . a history of the spiders of great britain and ireland . london 1 , 1 - 174 . - - show included taxa\nb\u00f6senberg , w . ( 1903 ) . die spinnen deutschlands . v , vi . zoologica ( stuttgart ) 14 ( 5 - 6 ) : 385 - 465 , pl . 37 - 43 . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 6508 - - show included taxa\nbreitling , r . , bauer , t . , sch\u00e4fer , m . , morano , e . , barrientos , j . a . & blick , t . ( 2016b ) . phantom spiders 2 : more notes on dubious spider species from europe . arachnologische mitteilungen 52 : 50 - 77 . doi : 10 . 5431 / aramit5209 - - show included taxa\ncanestrini , g . ( 1868 ) . nuove aracnidi italiani . annuario della societ\u00e0 dei naturalisti in modena 3 : 190 - 206 . - - show included taxa\ncanestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1868 ) . araneidi italiani . atti della societ\u00e0 italiana di scienze naturali 11 : 738 - 872 . - - show included taxa\ncanestrini , g . & pavesi , p . ( 1870 ) . catalogo sistematico degli araneidi italiano . archivi per la zoologia anatomia e fisiologia bologna 2 : 60 - 64 ( separate , pp . 1 - 44 ) . - - show included taxa\nchen , x . e . & gao , j . c . ( 1990 ) . the sichuan farmland spiders in china . sichuan science and technology publishing house , chengdu , 226 pp . - - show included taxa\nchen , z . f . & zhang , z . h . ( 1991 ) . fauna of zhejiang : araneida . zhejiang science and technology publishing house , 356 pp . - - show included taxa\nchikuni , y . ( 1989b ) . pictorial encyclopedia of spiders in japan . kaisei - sha publishing co . , tokyo , 310 pp . - - show included taxa\ncho , j . h . & kim , j . p . ( 2002 ) . a revisional study of family salticidae blackwall , 1841 ( arachnida , araneae ) from korea . korean arachnology 18 : 85 - 169 . - - show included taxa\ndahl , m . ( 1926 ) . spinnentiere oder arachnoidea . springspinnen ( salticidae ) . in : . jena 3 , 1 - 55 . - - show included taxa\nde geer , c . ( 1778 ) . des araign\u00e9es . in : m\u00e9moires pour servir \u00e0 l ' histoire des insectes . tome septi\u00e8me . pierre hesselberg , stockholm , 176 - 324 , pl . 11 - 19 , 38 - 39 . - - show included taxa\ndoleschall , l . ( 1852 ) . systematisches verzeichniss der im kaiserthum \u00f6sterreich vorkommenden spinnen . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , wien 9 : 622 - 651 . [ sub ' doleschal ' ] - - show included taxa\ndunin , p . m . ( 1984b ) . [ material on the spider fauna from the far east ( arachnida , aranei ) . 1 . family salticidae ] . in : lehr , p . a . ( ed . ) fauna and ecology of insects in the south of the far east . dalnevostochnyi nauchnyi tsentr akademii nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 128 - 140 . - - show included taxa\nfeng , z . q . ( 1990 ) . spiders of china in colour . hunan science and technology publishing house , 256 pp . - - show included taxa\nflanczewska , e . ( 1981 ) . remarks on salticidae ( aranei ) of bulgaria . annales zoologici , warszawa 36 : 187 - 228 . - - show included taxa\nfuhn , i . e . & gherasim , v . f . ( 1995 ) . familia salticidae . fauna romaniei , arachnida 5 ( 5 ) , 1 - 301 . ( bucuresti , ed . acad . roman . ) - - show included taxa"]}
{"id": 504, "summary": [{"text": "comber ( / \u02c8k\u0252mb\u0259r / ) ( serranus cabrilla ) , is a species of fish in the family serranidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it lives in the mediterranean sea , the black sea and the atlantic coast from the british isles to the cape of good hope , including the azores , madeira and the canary islands .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the habitat are rocky or sandy sounding-deeps at depths of 0 \u2013 200 metres ( 0 \u2013 656 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "size can vary from 5 \u2013 25 centimetres ( 2.0 \u2013 9.8 in ) in normal individual to up to 40 cm ( 16 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the comber feeds on other fish , cephalopods and crustaceans . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "comber ( fish )", "paragraphs": ["beach comber star fish earring with worn gold plating and faux fresh water pearl .\ncomber , serranus cabrilla . lateral view on ship wreck . azores , portugal .\ngreen wrasse & comber . labrus viridis , serranus cabrilla . couch , print 1862\ncomber gaper ( serranus cabrilla ) swimming through water , callelongue creek , marseille , france .\ncomber ( serranus cabrilla ) swimming in the waters of riou island , moyades , marseille , france .\nalso known as rockcods , cods , hinds , trouts , pointed comber , redfish , lettered perch .\nquinn ' s fish cafe is a locally owned fish & chip sit - in and takeaway . our ethos is to provide you with the highest quality food at it ' s freshest .\nlatin , serran , serranus , saw and a fish of genus serranus ( ref . 45335 )\ndescription : quinn ' s fish cafe is a locally owned fish & chip sit - in and takeaway . our ethos is to provide you with the highest quality food at it ' s freshest .\nthese fish are hermaphrodites and can fertilize themselves . spawning is seasonal and controlled by the moon\u2019s phase .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nlovely crisp battered fish and freshly cooked chips . the helpings are huge and served by pleasant staff .\nserranus scriba , the painted comber , is a subtropical marine fish found in the eastern atlantic ocean , the mediterranean sea , and the black sea . confusingly , a synonym of this species is perca marina , but that name ( as sebastes marinus ) has incorrectly been used for a separate species , the rose fish .\na fresh catch of various fish species laying on the bottom of a plastic bucket . lemnos island , greece\ncomber ( serranus cabrilla ) with sea louse ( anilocra sp . ) , cala montg\u00f3 , costa brava , catalonia , spain\nmy family and i got lovely fish and chips out of here , great chip shop , lovely batter and chips where also very nice , came with mushy peas which was a nice extra and offered tartar sauce . good addition to comber take outs .\nsquirrelfish , holocentrus adscensionis , comber , serranus cabrilla , and redcoat , sargocentron rubrum . handcoloured copperplate engraving after an illustration by jean - gabriel pretre from bernard germain de lacepede ' s natural history of oviparous quadrupeds , snakes , fish and cetaceans , eymery , paris , 1825 .\ncomber , serranus cabrilla . swimming in front of diver . is widely distributed in the eastern atlantic and is known from the straits of gibraltar to an\ni have seen lots of this fish almost under every rock along turkey ' s mediterrenean coast . they are so friendly and curious : )\ni had wanted to try quinn ' s for sometime . my grandfathers were both north sea fishermen and i love great fish and chips . when in london i like to go to the north sea fish restaurant near st . pancras which is wonderful but when i am . . .\nmy daughter suggested we try quinn ' s the next time we were in comber . we arrived around 6 . 00 and while the carry out was very busy there were many tables available in the sit - in section . the staff were friendly and attentive . we order two fish and . . .\nthe painted comber spends much of its time in rocky caves . it is usually solitary or in small groups . it comes out of hiding around dusk to feed on various crustaceans , fishes , and worms . indeed , this fish tends to give away a well hidden octopus nest , since it lies in waiting outside the octopus nest to feed on the left - over bits of shellfish .\nthe photo of this painted comber was taken at a depth of 30m outside of the blue hole , a natural feature at dwejra , not far from the famous azure window , on gozo \u2019s west coast .\ncomber , serranus cabrilla ( greenish holocentrus , holocentrus virescens ) . illustration drawn and engraved by richard polydore nodder . handcoloured copperplate engraving from george shaw and frederick nodder ' s the naturalist ' s miscellany , london , 1806 .\nmy wife and i always go here for chips in comber . we make it in at least once a fortnight . great fish , great chicken goujons and brilliant chips ! big portions , too . the beef and bird burger was a force to be reckoned with when i got it . staff are friendly and everything is cooked in front of you - can ; t get fresher than that . see you tomorrow night . . .\nalso known as rockcods , cods , hinds , trouts , pointed comber , redfish and lettered perch . found in murky waters of lagoons and seaward reefs , on rocky bottoms and in seagrass beds . colour varies . they feed on small fish and invertebrates . length - 30cm depth - 5 - 150m widespread eastern atlantic , mediterranean & black sea . sea bass are solitary carnivores that hunt near the bottom usually at dusk . food is drawn into their mouths by a powerful suction when they open their overly large mouths and then swallowed whole . spawning is seasonal and controlled by the moons phase .\nhi ken , many thanks for your review and i ' m glad you enjoyed your fish . i was however disappointed that you found the chips to be poor . i can assure you that we do cook all our food fresh and that the chips you had were . . .\nvery pleasant couple serving excellent fare . fish and mushrooms battered before my eyes , then cooked before being nicely presented on white square plates , with the nice touch of fake newspaper on top . this was actually greaseproof , and had\nheadlines\nabout the caf\u00e9 . sadly , deserted at . . .\nis widely distributed in the eastern atlantic and is known from the straits of gibraltar to angola , madeira and canary and cape verde isalnds , sao tome and prncipe . it also inhabits the mediterranean and black seas , eastern atlantic to british isles , azores , and the red sea . this fish is common and abundant .\ngot a carry out of fish , pastie & chips along with a portion of gravy . the produce was good quality but very greasy , so much so we didn ' t finish what we got and the gravy was really lumpy . if they could sort the grease problem out i think it would be very good . disappointed .\nserranus cabrilla inhabits rocky and soft bottoms from shore to 450 m depth . it feeds on cephalopods , crustaceans and fish ( heemstra and anderson in prep ) . this species is a synchronous hermaphrodite . the spawning season ranges from february to july with a peak in may . it matures at 152 mm ( garcia - diaz et al . 1997 ) .\nserranus scriba grows to a length of 28 centimetres . this grouper has a squat body , a large head and a mouth very large in proportion to the body size . jaws are filled with sharp teeth . the painted comber is orange to red in colour , with bluish to dark brown vertical stripes that are wider and darker towards the tail . the caudal fin is dark yellow to orange , the dorsal fins are yellow with orange dots and lines . the pelvic fins and pectoral fins are usually monochromatic light yellow . the head shows many reddish - brown lines that resemble arabic writing ( hence the latin name of the species ) . on both sides of the abdomen there is a large , bright blue area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ninhabits rocky and soft bottoms from shore to 450 m depth . this species is caught on hand lines and bottoms trawls . it is used for human consumption as well as fishmeal . there are no major threats at present time and no indication of population declines at either global or regional scales . no species - specific measures are currently in place , however , several marine protected areas are found within its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nserranus cabrilla ranges from the straits of gibraltar to angola , madeira and canary and cape verde islands , sao tome and principe . it also inhabits the mediterranean and black seas , eastern atlantic to british isles including the azores and is also know to occur off south africa . possible occurrences in the red sea are mediterranean sea immigrants . this species can be found in waters up to 450 m deep ( heemstra and anderson in press ) and has been recorded from ~ 40 m ( t . iwamoto pers . comm . 2013 ) .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ; benin ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; cape verde ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gabon ; gambia ; georgia ; ghana ; greece ; guernsey ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; israel ; italy ; jersey ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; nigeria ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; romania ; russian federation ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; slovenia ; south africa ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; ukraine ; united kingdom ; western sahara\nis common and abundant . there are 136 museum records found with a maximum count of 21 individuals in a single lot ( fishnet2 2013 ) .\nserranus cabrilla is caught on handlines and bottoms trawls . it is used for human consumption as well as fishmeal ( heemstra and anderson in press ) . this species is a component of small scale fisheries in parts of its range .\nthere are no major threats at present time and no indication of population declines at either global or regional scales .\nno species specific measures are currently in place , however , several marine protected areas are found within its range ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & iwamoto , t . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 500 m ( ref . 5506 ) . deep - water ; 57\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 32\u00b0w - 36\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : english channel southward round the cape of good hope to natal , south africa ( ref . 4319 ) , including azores , madeira and the canary islands ( ref . 5506 ) . also in the mediterranean and western black sea and possibly in the red sea ( ref . 5506 ) .\nmaturity : l m 17 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5506 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36731 )\nfound on the shelf and upper slope on rocks , posidonia beds , sand and mud bottoms ( ref . 5506 ) . feed on fishes , cephalopods and crustaceans ( ref . 27121 ) .\ntortonese , e . , 1986 . serranidae . p . 780 - 792 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 5506 )\n) : 11 . 2 - 18 , mean 14 . 4 ( based on 327 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00811 - 0 . 01073 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 1 - 0 . 3 ; tmax = 6 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 93 , 2 sd range = 0 . 49 - 1 . 77 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 07 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 32 , based on : 1 m , 15 k , 3 tmax , records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nthe genus serranus belongs to the family serranidae ( the family of groupers and sea basses ) , order perciformes , class actinopterygii , phylum chordata and kingdom animalia .\nelysia timida , the green elysia , is a species of sacoglossan sea slug , a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk endemic to the . . .\nbothus podas , the wide - eyed flounder , is a type of flatfish and is native to the mediterranean sea and the eastern . . .\nastropecten aranciacus , the red comb starfish , is a type of sea star and is native to the mediterranean sea and . . .\ndie gruppe um stephania und brian ist echt super . wir hatten eine woche mit h\u00f6hen und tiefen aber waren hier echt super gut aufgehoben und betreut . ich komme gerne wieder . super gutes team und echt sch\u00f6ne tauchpl\u00e4tze .\nprofessional , attention to every detail , friendly , helpful where needed . thank you for the 2 amazing dives guys at the blue hole and the reqqa point . special thanks to dennis , dennis - dennis , georgia & stephania !\ni was there a couple of years ago . diving with brian was just like diving with a good friend .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 atlantis diving center . all rights reserved . privacy policy | terms & conditions | refund policy\noctober 06 , 2014 at 06 : 18 am - 1 person found this useful .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nquinn ' s is a real treat . the shop is always immaculate , the staff are friendly and welcoming , and the food is always of the highest quality .\nwe had the cod and chips . great service , friendly staff and lovely food , what more do you want from a chip shop .\nfriendly and fast service . . . portion size large and could be shared easily . . . would recommend this for a tasty treat . and try the fried mars bars . . .\nlove this very clean professional restaurant . the staff are very friendly and the service is excellent . love the pasties they are fantastic and the chips the best . we love sitting in as a family such a treat !\nfriendly staff and warm welcome . order was taken quickly . food was lovely and would come back here anytime .\nhad never eaten here but this will be our first choice for a chippy tea from now on . we sat in . the food was cooked to order so we expected a bit of a wait and didn ' t mind . the service was good and the . . .\nmany thanks for your review ! we ' re glad you enjoyed your meal . look forward to seeing you again soon ! stuart\nafter a long saterday working decided i wanted a chippy . called in here for the 1st time in a while . shop was busy , service was with a smile and the guy working the fryer ' s went out of his way to do me exactly what i . . .\nhi glenn , many thanks for your review . i ' m glad you enjoyed your kebab ! hope to see you again soon ! thanks again stuart ( the guy working the fryer ' s )\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\ntake a look at what you can get upgrading to our premium dictionary for a very low fee . click here for premium dictionary preview\nthis word is part of our premium dictionary version contents . these contents include thousands of difficult , technical , and special - use words and word phrases , including their translations , synonyms and definitions .\nfor a very low fee , gain access to these contents and to the vast lexicon of word magic software , completely ad - free .\nword usage ( idiomatic , slang , colloquial , figurative , formal , etc . . )\nthank you for subscribing to the free trial . please check your email and click on the confirmation link to start your trial .\nthere was an error when trying to login . please be sure to have an active account with us .\nthe email entered is not valid . please enter a valid format email like [ email protected ]\nwelcome to the trial version of our premium online dictionary . you have now limited access to our vast dictionary - engine . enjoy it and make the best use of it ! for full dictionary feature use , register to our premium online dictionary .\nwe must explain that this free online bilingual dictionary includes all : word magic dictionary & tools professional ( general reference english - spanish bilingual dictionary ) , our unabridged medical dictionary , the law dictionary , the business & finance dictionary and the computer & it dictionary . you can purchase these separately to install in your pc and also as add - ons for your microsoft word and excel . click here to purchase our general dictionary pack , which includes images , definitions and usage examples .\nthe online bilingual dictionary application here provided is a free service of word magic software inc . you will find that it is the most complete online bilingual and bidirectional english - spanish dictionary on the web , showing not only direct translations but synonyms , complete definitions , set phrases , idioms , proverbs , usage examples , famous quotes and compound entries as well , all related to your entry word . on top of that , it offers english and spanish pronunciation , separation into syllables and grammar attributes . it also accepts conjugated verbs and spanish feminine and plural forms as valid entries .\nthe advantage of acquiring them as your personal software is that you will enjoy a better , even friendlier interface with many , many more features including word tagging , bilingual verb conjugation , double - window synonyms , idiom search facilities plus a unique collection of 40 , 000 color pictures associated with noun entries .\nenter conjugated entries , even spanish enclitic verb conjugations ( i . e . hazlo ; c\u00f3metelo , etc . )\nwe offer you several types of english - spanish translators , the best of which combine automatic , context - sensitive translation plus interactive , user - guided translation . our top version , the translator professional plus 5 , comprises the following features : images for easier meaning selection , a translation options module using a multiple - choice wizard that lets you choose among all possible variations for your translation , voice recognition for dictation capabilities and voice commands that allow you to call out the tasks you need without using mouse or keyboard . download a test trial version below !\n* english definitions from : wordnet 2 . 0 copyright 2003 by princeton university . all rights reserved .\nif you need english to spanish or spanish to english translation software , dictionaries or professional translation services , you ' ve come to the right place .\ni have got a take away a few times from here . the food is nice and reasonable . the few times i have been in have waiting abit long especially when ur the only one else in\nhi , thank you for taking the time to send us a review . i am really sorry that your visit didn ' t quite match your expectations . we appreciate your comments and have taken everything on board . we pride ourselves on the quality of our food and value every customer ' s feedback . if you could contact me on 02891874557 i would like to discuss your concerns with you and rectify them . ( sorry this reply has taken a while , i didn ' t know we were on tripadvisor ) . regards , stuart\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more ."]}
{"id": 506, "summary": [{"text": "elachista saccharella , the sugarcane leafminer moth , is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in florida , and louisiana in the united states and in cuba .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on saccharum species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "elachista saccharella", "paragraphs": ["elachista saccharella ( busck , 1934 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna .\nkaila , lauri . 1999 . a revision of the nearctic species of the genus elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . acta zoologica fennica 211 : 1 - 235 .\nkaila , l . , 1999a . a revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . l . iii . the bifasciella , praelineata , saccharella and freyerella groups ( lepidoptera elachistidae ) . acta zool . fenn . 211 , 1 - 235 . [ links ]\na revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . 1 ii . , the argentella group ( lepidoptera : elachistidae )\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . 26 , pupa in dorsal , 27 , ventral and 28 , lateral views , respectively . scale bar = 300 \u03bcm .\nkaila , l . , varalda , p . g . , 2004 . the elachista juliensis complex revisited ( elachistidae ) . nota lepidopterol . 27 , 217 - 237 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , 2002 . elachista nolckeni \u0161ulcs , 1992 : morphology and bionomics of immature stages ( gelechioidea : elachistidae ) . nota lepidopterol . 25 , 97 - 107 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , 2009 . the immature stages of elachista zonulae ( sruoga , 1992 ) ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) . entomol . fenn . 20 , 239 - 244 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2011b . on species related to elachista pollutella duponchel ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) , with descriptions of four new palaearctic species . entomol . fenn . 22 , 129 - 139 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2011a . a review of species related to elachista catalana parenti ( lepidoptera , elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with descriptions of two new species . entomol . fenn . 22 , 85 - 96 . [ links ]\nsugisima , k . , kaila , l . , 2005 . japanese elachista mining on the leaf of woody poaceae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae s . str . ) . entomol . fenn . 16 , 83 - 102 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , sippola , l . , 2010 . elachista saarelai sp . n . ( lepidoptera elachistidae : elachistinae ) , a new species from southern finland . entomol . fenn . 21 , 129 - 138 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , sruoga , v . , 2014 . definition of the elachista puplesisi sruoga complex ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea , elachistidae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa . 3821 , 583 - 589 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , st\u00e5hls , g . , 2006 . dna barcodes : evaluating the potential of coi to differentiate closely related species of elachista ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : elachistidae ) from australia . zootaxa . 1170 , 1 - 26 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , buszko , j . , 2005 . elachista baltica hering 1891 sp . rev . \u2013 a valid species of elachistidae from the baltic shore ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . entomol . fenn . 16 , 9 - 18 . [ links ]\nparenti , u . , 2005 . elachistid moths of the collection antonio cur\u00f3 and the pre - imaginal stages of elachista adscitella stainton and e . pollinariella zeller . riv . mus . civ . sc . nat . e . caffi . 24 , 3 - 9 . [ links ]\nbaran , t . , buszko , j . , 2010 . preimaginal stages and life history of elachista irenae buszko , 1989 ( insecta : lepidoptera : elachistidae ) \u2013 a local montane moth from central europe . ital . j . zool . 77 , 323 - 330 . [ links ]\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . first larval instar : 5 , general , dorsal view ; 6 , head , ventral ; 7 , mouth parts , ventral ; 8 , antenna , laterodorsal ; 9 , prothoracic spiracle , anterolateral . scale bars = 100 , 25 , 5 , 5 and 2 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . last larval instar : 10 , head chaetotaxy , frontal view ; 11 , thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view ; 12\u201313 , head and prothorax , dorsal and ventral views , respectively ( open arrows indicate prothoracic legs ) . scale bars = 150 , 300 , 200 and 200 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . egg : 1 , dorsolateral view ; 2 , chorionic cells showing location of aeropyles ( indicated by closed arrow in fig . 1 ) ; 3 , micropylar region ( indicated by open arrow in fig . 1 ) ; 4 , aeropyle in detail . scale bars = 50 , 10 , 5 and 1 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes was recently recognized as an alien species in northern chile , where its larvae mine the rescue grass bromus catharticus ( poaceae ) . in order to provide the necessary information to allow field detection of e . synethes during early ontogeny , we conducted a morphological reappraisal of the immature stages of this leaf - miner moth , based on light and scanning electron microscopy , including the first descriptions of the egg and the first - instar larva . this is the first report of the existence of an apodal early larva for a species of elachista treitschke . the legs and prolegs are absent in the first two instars , but are well developed in the last two . additional observations on the life history are also provided , including a description of the mine .\nin relation to the thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy of e . synethes , the closest pattern is found in elachista baltica hering , 1891 , as described by baran and buszko ( 2005 ) . this is interesting , as e . baltica belongs to the freyerella species group ( baran and buszko , 2005 ) , in which the synethes complex is included ( kaila , 2011c ) . apparently the d - group is absent in a10 of the two species ; the d - group may be unisetose or bisetose in species belonging to other groups of elachista ( baran , 2002 , 2009 ; baran and buszko , 2010 ) . however , the homology of the a10 setae should be carefully examined before any conclusion is attempted in this regard ( baran and buszko , 2005 ) .\ntransverse histological sections of leaf of bromus catharticus , showing the organization levels of mine of elachista synethes meyrick , 1897 in relation to larval ontogeny : 46 , first instar , initial , linear section of mine ; 47 , last instar , final , blotch section of mine . asterisks indicate leaf mines . ab abaxial surface of epidermis ; ad adaxial surface of epidermis ; me mesophyll ; ph phloem ; sc sclerenchyma ; xy xylem . scale bars = 150 and 400 \u03bcm , respectively .\nthe new information presented here , in particular that related to the first instar , highlights the importance of performing morphological studies with the early life stages of elachistid moths , for comparative purposes . a remarkable characteristic in e . synethes is the absence of legs and prolegs in the two early larval instars , contrasting with the presence of these structures in the two later instars . as far as we know , this pattern has not been reported elsewhere for the family . reduction of thoracic legs has been mentioned for some elachistid species ; and the absence of prothoracic legs was reported for the last instar of some australian members of elachista ( wagner , 1987 ; common , 1990 ) .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . scanning electron micrographs of last larval instar : 14 , head , lateral view ; 15 , stemmata , lateral ; 16 , antenna , lateral ; 17 , head and prothorax , dorsal ; 18 , labrum and dorsal stemmata in detail , dorsal ; 19 , maxilla and labium , ventral ; 20 , prothorax , ventral ; 21 , detail of prothorax left portion , dorsal ; 22 , spiracle of abdominal segment a1 , lateral ; 23 , prothoracic leg , posterolateral ; 24 , proleg of abdominal segment a4 , ventral ; 25 , last abdominal segments , lateral . scale bars = 100 , 15 , 10 , 200 , 50 , 20 , 150 , 50 , 20 , 50 , 50 and 100 \u03bcm , respectively .\nelachista synethes meyrick , 1897 . scanning electron micrographs of pupa : 29 , head and thorax , dorsal view ; 30 , head , anterior ; 31 , head , ventral ; 32 , mesothoracic lateral tubercles in detail , dorsal ; 33 , terga of abdominal segments a2 - 4 , dorsal view ; 34 , tergal ridges in detail , dorsal ; 35 , spiracle of abdominal segment a2 , lateral ; 36 , spiracle of abdominal segment a6 , dorsal ; 37\u201339 , last abdominal segments , in dorsal , ventral and lateral views , respectively ; 40 , cremaster setae on ninth abdominal segment , lateral . scale bars = 200 , 150 , 150 , 100 , 200 , 25 , 250 , 20 , 100 , 100 , 100 and 20 \u03bcm , respectively .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plug - in installed ( for example , a recent version of adobe acrobat reader ) .\nif you would like more information about how to print , save , and work with pdfs , highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs .\nalternatively , you can download the pdf file directly to your computer , from where it can be opened using a pdf reader . to download the pdf , click the download link above .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 5 june , 2013 - 10 : 30am\nmemoirs of the american entomological society 13 : 1 - 110 , pl . 1 - 26 , 1948\nphylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) . . .\nby sohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkil\u00e4 , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kaw\nsohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkil\u00e4 , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kawahara , s . cho , m . p . cummings & p . schmitz , 2016 . phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) : new insight from 19 nuclear genes . systematic entomology , 41 ( 1 ) : 112\u2013132 . abstract and link to fee based access here . cite : 1412991\ndescriptions of new species , including : isophrictis occidentalis , aristotelia amelanchierella , aristotelia planitia , gnorimoschema consueta , gnorimoschema macromaculata , gelechia fructuaria , gelechia prognosticata , brachmia casca . available online ( requires jstor access ) here\nby heikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l .\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , m . mutanen , m . kekkonen & l . kaila , 2014 [ 2013 ] , morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics , 30 : 563\u2013589 . doi : 10 . 1111 / cla . 12064\nas of 2015 , this was the most current revision of gelechioidea . a summary of the revision is found on p . 585 . as of 2016 , the phylogeny of gelechioidea remains in flux with a paper published by sohn et al . ( 2016 )\ntwo new species of coniferous needle miners from louisiana and the description of a new genus ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 2 october , 2014 - 12 : 44am\na review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .\nkaila , l . 1995 . a review of coelopoeta ( elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) : 171 - 178\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 10 may , 2014 - 8 : 55pm\nelachistidae is a family of gelechioidea moths , with 830 recognized species in three subfamilies , parametriotinae , agonoxeninae and elachistinae ( heikkil\u00e4 et al . , 2014 ) . the cryptic life mode of many of these species is among the reasons that large numbers of elachistids are still waiting to be discovered and described , even from geographic areas where micro - moth faunas have been the subject of intensive taxonomic studies ( kaila and sippola , 2010 ) . they are collected relatively seldom in south america ( kaila , 1999b , 2000 ) .\nthus , accurate description of e . synethes is important , not only to follow its eventual population expansion in chile , but also to detect new occurrences of this leaf - miner moth at other localities , if any . detailed morphological characterizations of the adult stage of e . synethes are already available , particularly for the male and female genitalia ( common , 1990 ; kaila , 2011c ; gon\u00e7alves et al . , 2015 ) . gross morphologies of the pupa , last - instar larva and the mature mine in holcus mollis l . , 1759 ( poacaeae ) were provided by kaila ( 2011c ) . here we provide a reappraisal of the external morphology of the immature stages of e . synethes , based on light and scanning electron microscopy , including the first descriptions of the egg and early larval instars . information on the life history is also provided , together with a detailed description of the leaf mine .\nall the specimens used in this study were collected as either leaf - miner larvae or attached eggs and pupae , on b . catharticus in the azapa valley ( 18\u00b031\u2032s ; 070\u00b010\u2032w ) between june 2012 and august 2013 . the rearing was conducted in plastic vials at room temperature , in the departamento de recursos ambientales , facultad de ciencias agron\u00f3micas , universidad de tarapac\u00e1 , arica , chile .\nfor observations of the gross morphology , the specimens were cleared in 10 % koh , dissected , and slide - mounted in either glycerin jelly or canada balsam ; chlorazol black was used to stain membranous structures . observations were performed with the aid of a leica m125 stereomicroscope , where structures selected to be drawn were photographed with an attached sony \u00ae dsc - h10 digital camera ; or using an olympus bx51 microscope , where the selected structures were photographed with a qimaging\u2122 micropublisher\u2122 3 . 3 rtv - digital camera . vectorized line drawings were then made with the software coreldraw \u00ae x4 , using the corresponding digital images as a guide . measurements were made with an attached ocular micrometer ; unless noted , values are presented as mean \u00b1 standard deviation .\nfor scanning electron microscope examination , the specimens were dehydrated in a bal - tec\u2122 cpd 030 critical - point dryer , mounted with double - sided tape on metal stubs , and coated with gold in a bal - tec scd050 sputter coater . they were then examined and photographed in a jeol jsm - 5800 scanning electron microscope at the centro de microscopia eletr\u00f4nica ( cme ) of the federal university of rio grande do sul ( ufrgs ) , porto alegre , state of rio grande do sul , brazil .\ndescriptions of plant anatomy were based on diaphanized , field - collected leaf mines ( n = 5 ) from leaves of b . catharticus that were fixed in faa ( 37 % formaldehyde , glacial acetic acid , and 50 % ethanol , 1 : 1 : 18 , v / v ) , stained with toluidine blue ( aqueous solution : 0 . 05 g / 100 ml ) and mounted either whole or in freehand section in glycerin on slides , following a procedure described in detail by brito et al . ( 2012 ) .\nin addition to those vouchers with their respective collection data and accession numbers listed by gon\u00e7alves et al . ( 2015 ) , the following slide preparations should be added as material examined in the present study [ all with the same data , deposited in the insect collection of the laborat\u00f3rio de morfologia e comportamento de insetos ( lmci ) , of the departamento de zoologia , ufrgs ] : five larvae mounted in glycerin jelly ( lmci 191 - 25a - e ) , and five mature leaf mines , mounted in glycerin ( lmci 191 - 25f - j ) .\ndimensions ; n = 4 : length = 0 . 42 \u00b1 0 . 02 mm ; width = 0 . 19 \u00b1 0 . 01 mm . flat and elliptical , deposited with micropylar axis parallel to longitudinal leaf veins ( fig . 1 ) ; chorion translucent ; surface sculptured with slightly differentiated , broad ridges , forming elongated and poorly defined cells that are longitudinally arranged ( fig . 2 ) ; circular aeropyles at intersections of ridges ( figs . 2 and 4 ) ; micropylar area with 4\u20135 subcircular cells ( fig . 3 ) .\nwith two clearly different morphs : first and second instars without legs and prolegs ; third and fourth instars with a more typical eruciform appearance , with well - developed legs and prolegs .\ndimensions ( n = 4 ) : length = 1 . 03 \u00b1 0 . 04 mm ; head - capsule width = 0 . 10 \u00b1 0 . 006 mm .\nthorax ( figs . 5 and 9 ) : cream - white , setae extremely reduced or absent ; legs absent . prothorax : spiracle circular , without pronounced peritrema ; dorsal shield as narrow brownish band ; ventral surface with pair of brown circular blotches ; integument sculptured with broadly rounded coniform processes , mostly around spiracles , and forming broad transverse band on ventral surface near posterior margin ; one pair of callus - like structures laterodorsally and another pair of similar structures lateroventrally . meso - and metathorax : without spiracles ; coniform processes similar to those on prothorax , forming dorsal and ventral transverse bands ; one pair of callus - like structures laterodorsally and another ventrolaterally .\nabdomen ( fig . 5 ) : cream - white , setae extremely reduced or absent ; prolegs absent ; circular spiracles with slightly developed peritreme , laterally on a1 - 8 ; ornamentation of integument similar to that on thorax but widely scattered , except near spiracles .\ndimensions ( n = 6 ) : length = 4 . 81 \u00b1 0 . 53 mm ; head - capsule width = 0 . 34 \u00b1 0 . 02 mm .\nhead ( figs . 12 - 19 ) : prognathous , brown , slightly depressed ; frontoclypeus subtriangular , with lateral sides ca . three times length of anterior side ; six subcircular stemmata near lateral margin ( fig . 15 ) ; stemma 6 ventrally between setae s2 and s3 , stemma 5 hidden by antenna in dorsal view , stemmata 1\u20134 between seta a3 and antenna . antenna ( fig . 16 ) greatly reduced , bisegmented ; five sensilla on broad basal segment , two sensilla on narrow distal segment . mouthparts of chewing type ( figs . 18 and 19 ) ; labrum bilobed with ten short hairlike setae ; mandibles with three cusps .\nabdomen ( figs . 24 and 25 ) : cream - white , integument slightly rough , provided with hairlike setae , and anal shield slightly differentiated ; one pair of circular spiracles laterally on a1 - 8 ; one pair of prolegs on segments a3 - 6 and a10 , each with 4\u20136 hooklike crochets arranged in transverse bars .\nhead : f group unisetose ; f1 ca . equidistant between epicranial notch and distal margin of frontoclypeus ; fa pore between f1 and distal margin of frontoclypeus ; c group replaced by small pores ; af group unisetose , af1 greatly reduced , near epicranial notch ; cd group trisetose , cd1 , cd2 and cd3 almost in straight line , cda pore between cd2 and cd3 ; a group bisetose , a1 absent , a2 between stemmata 2 and 3 and frontoclypeus , aa pore posteromedial to a2 , a3 proximal to stemma 1 ; p not represented by setae , pa pore medial to a3 , pb distomedial to cd1 ; l group unisetose , l1 a small seta posterolateral to a3 , la pore posterior to l1 ; s group bisetose , s2 posterolateral to stemma 6 , a pore between s2 and stemma 6 , s3 between stemmata 5 and 6 , sb pore between stemmata 3 and 4 ; mg group bisetose , both setae greatly reduced , near posterior margin of gena , mga pore between mg setae .\nprothorax : d group bisetose , with d1 and d2 posterolaterally on dorsal shield ; xd group bisetose , with xd1 anterolaterally on dorsal shield , xd2 ventral to xd1 , outside of dorsal shield ; sd group bisetose , sd1 and sd2 ca . equidistant between xd2 and spiracle ; l group trisetose , l2 ventral to xd2 , l3 ca . equidistant between l2 and spiracle , l1 posteroventral to l2 ; sv group unisetose , sv1 posteroventral to l3 ; v group unisetose , v1 between coxa and ventral shield ; mv group bisetose , mv2 and mv3 on ventral shield , near lateral margin .\nmeso - and metathorax : d group bisetose , d2 posteroventral to d1 ; sd group unisetose , sd1 anteroventral to d2 ; l group trisetose , l2 anteroventral to sd1 , l1 posteroventral to l2 , l3 posterodorsal to l1 ; sv group unisetose , sv1 between l3 and coxa ; v group unisetose , v1 medial to coxa .\nabdominal segment 1 ( a1 ) : d group bisetose , d1 greatly reduced , d2 posteroventral to d1 ; sd group bisetose , sd1 dorsal to spiracle , sd2 greatly reduced , anteroventral to sd1 ; l group bisetose , l1 posteroventral to spiracle , l3 anteroventral to l1 ; sv group bisetose , between l3 and v1 , sv3 anterior to sv1 ; v group unisetose .\nabdominal segments 2 , 7 ( a2 , 7 ) : similar to a1 , except sd1 anterodorsal to spiracle , sd2 anteroventral to sd1 , and sv3 anteroventral to sv1 .\nabdominal segments 3\u20136 ( a3 - 6 ) : similar to a2 , except sv group trisetose , inserted anterolaterally on proleg , v1 on medial surface of proleg .\nabdominal segment 8 ( a8 ) : similar to a7 , except l and sv groups unisetose .\nabdominal segment 9 ( a9 ) : d , l , sv and v groups bisetose , with d1 , l1 , sv1 and v1 almost in straight line .\nabdominal segment 10 ( a10 ) : provided with 10 pairs of setae with uncertain identities ; one pair on anal shield , remaining nine pairs outside of dorsal shield .\ndimensions ( n = 5 ) : length = 3 . 24 \u00b1 0 . 23 mm . overall dark yellowish brown ( fig . 28 ) , occurring within a cocoon that is generally constructed on a leaf blade of b . catharticus .\nhead ( figs . 26 - 31 ) : integument with abundant tiny punctures , almost evenly distributed ; frons and eyes not separated by sutures , forming subrectangular area , anterior margin forming broad carina interrupted at middle , posterior margin slightly projected between galeae , tentorial pits near posterior margin ; vertex triangular , with two tubercle - like projections anteriorly , posterior margin with conspicuous carina . antennae narrow , elongated , reaching posterior margin of a5 . proboscis on ventral surface broad anteriorly , narrowing distally , reaching middle of a2 .\nthorax ( figs . 26 - 29 , 31 - 32 ) : integument ornamented as on head . prothorax a narrow band between head and mesothorax . mesothorax mostly evident by forewings , pair of broad longitudinal carinae dorsally , and dorsolateral group of longitudinally arranged tubercle - like process ; tip of forewings reaching middle of a6 ; dorsal margin strongly sinuous between meso - and metathorax ; broad longitudinal carina along middle of metathorax ; hindwings mostly covered by forewings . forelegs lateral to proboscis , not reaching proboscis tip ; middle legs between forelegs and antennae , almost reaching posterior margin of a2 .\nabdomen ( figs . 26 - 28 , 33 - 40 ) : integument ornamented as on head and thorax ; each segment with one dorsal longitudinal carina , one pair of dorsolateral carinae ( fig . 28 ) , and two transverse carinae ( figs . 33 and 34 ) , one on anterior margin , another on posterior margin ; spiracles of a1 not visible , spiracles a2 - 7 at tip of coniform projection ( figs . 35 and 36 ) ; spiracle of a8 greatly reduced ; group of elongated , hooklike setae ( figs . 37 - 40 ) ventrolaterally on broadly rounded outgrowths on a9 - 10 , an additional group of similar setae ventrally at middle on a10 ; posterior half of a10 coniform ( figs . 37 - 39 ) , with broadly rounded tip .\nthe pupa has no silken girdle , remaining attached to the substrate by the hooklike setae of abdominal segments a9 - 10 .\nas far as we know , this is the first description of the chaetotaxy for a species of the synethes complex , and the information presented here may be useful in future comparative studies of this species complex . many setae are absent on the cephalic head capsule of e . synethes larvae compared with those of stephensia , another genus of elachistinae for which the chaetotaxy has been described ( baran , 2010 ) . for instance , all setae from the c - group were replaced by pores in e . synethes , but c1 is present in stephensia ; also , setae of the p - group are absent in e . synethes , whereas this group is bisetose in stephensia .\nbaran , t . , 2010 . larval morphology of central european species of genus stephensia stainton , 1858 ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . deutsche entomol . z . 57 , 149 - 158 . [ links ]\nbraun , a . f . , 1948 . elachistidae of north america ( microlepidoptera ) . mem . am . entomol . soc . 13 , 1 - 110 . [ links ]\nbrito , r . , gon\u00e7alves , g . l . , vargas , h . a . , moreira , g . r . p . , 2012 . a new species of phyllocnistis zeller ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) from southern brazil , with life - history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species . zootaxa . 3582 , 1 - 16 . [ links ]\nbrito , r . , gon\u00e7alves , g . l . , vargas , h . a . , moreira , g . r . p . , 2013 . a new brazilian passiflora leafminer : spinivalva gaucha gen . n . , sp . n . ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae , gracillariinae ) , the first gracillariid without a sap - feeding instar . zookeys . 291 , 1 - 26 . [ links ]\ncommon , i . f . b . , 1990 . moths of australia . melbourne university press , melbourne . [ links ]\ndavis , d . r . , landry , b . , roque - albelo , l . , 2002 . two new neotropical species of bucculatrix leaf miners ( lepidoptera : bucculatricidae ) reared from cordia ( boraginaceae ) . rev . suisse zool . 109 , 277 - 294 . [ links ]\ngon\u00e7alves , g . l . , moreira , g . r . p . , brito , r . , vargas , h . a . , 2015 . stranger in a known land : bayesian analysis confirms the presence of an australian leaf miner in the chilean atacama desert . bioinvasions rec . 4 , 67 - 73 . [ links ]\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . , kaila , l . , 2014 . morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics . 30 , 563 - 589 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 1999b . phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . syst . entomol . 24 , 139 - 169 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2000 . a review of the south american elachistidae s . str . ( lepidoptera gelechioidea ) , with descriptions of 15 new species . steenstrupia . 25 , 159 - 193 . [ links ]\nkaila , l . , 2011c . elachistine moths of australia ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : elachistinae ) . monographs on australian lepidoptera series 11 . csiro publishing . [ links ]\nmutanen , m . , kaila , l . , tabell , j . , 2013 . wide - ranging barcoding aids discovery of one - third increase of species richness in presumably well - investigated moths . sci . rep . 3 , 2901 . [ links ]\npato\u010dka , j . , 1999 . die puppen der mitteleurop\u00e4ischen elachistidae ( lepidoptera gelechioidea ) . bonn . zool . beitr . 48 , 283 - 312 . [ links ]\nrosso , b . , pagano , e . , rimieri , p . , r\u00edos , r . , 2009 . characteristics of bromus cartharticus vahl ( poaceae ) natural populations collected in the central area of argentina . sci . agric . 66 , 276 - 279 . [ links ]\nsruoga , v . , 2010 . the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : elachistidae ) of ecuador with descriptions of five new species . zootaxa . 2524 , 33 - 50 . [ links ]\nsruoga , v . , di\u0161kus , a . , 2001 . stephensia brunnichella ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) new species for lithuania . acta zool . litu . 11 , 73 - 77 . [ links ]\nvargas , h . a . , moreira , g . r . p . , 2012 . a new species of bucculatrix zeller ( lepidoptera : bucculatricidae ) associated with baccharis salicifolia ( asteraceae ) in northern chile . zootaxa . 3300 , 20 - 33 . [ links ]\nwagner , d . , 1987 . elachistidae ( gelechioidea ) . in : stehr , f . w . ( ed . ) , immature insects , vol . i . kendall / hunt publishing company , dubuque , pp . 383\u2013385 . [ links ]\n* corresponding author . e - mail : gilson . moreira @ urltoken ( g . r . p . moreira ) .\n\u00a9 2015 sociedade brasileira de entomologia . published by elsevier editora ltda . this is an open access article under the cc by - nc - nd license urltoken\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution - noncommercial no derivative license , which permits unrestricted non - commercial use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited and the work is not changed in any way .\ncaixa postal 19030 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : + 55 41 3266 - 0502 sbe @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 507, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia tortuosella is a moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by amsel in 1967 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in pakistan and afghanistan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "anarsia tortuosella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for tortuosella definition . you find here tortuosella meaning , synonyms of tortuosella and images for tortuosella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word tortuosella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tortuosella and , of course , tortuosella synonyms and on the right images related to the word tortuosella .\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nhave a fact about anarsia epotias ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for anarsia epotias ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 510, "summary": [{"text": "the bleeding toad , fire toad , or indonesia tree toad ( leptophryne cruentata ) is a species of true toad endemic to java , indonesia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is listed as a critically endangered species due to a drastic population decline , caused in part by habitat loss due to global climate change and the eruption of mount galunggung in 1987 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "chytridiomycosis has been identified as a possible threat , but no positive identification has been made .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is possible that the chemical cocktail secreted by the toads provides them with some resistance to the fungus . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "bleeding toad", "paragraphs": ["bleeding toad ( iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 ) .\nthe bleeding toad is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe specific name\ncruentata ' is derived from the latin word for bleeding .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata )\ntitle =\narkive species - bleeding toad ( leptophryne cruentata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - bleeding toad on moss covered rock\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - bleeding toad on moss covered rock\ntitle =\narkive photo - bleeding toad on moss covered rock\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\npart of the range of bleeding toad is located in gunung gede pangrango national park . future conservation actions should include population surveys and possible captive breeding plans .\nthe bleeding toad , leptophryne cruentata , is listed as \u2018critically endangered\u2019 on the iucn red list of threatened speciestm . it is endemic to west java , indonesia , specifically around mount gede , mount pangaro , and south of sukabumi . this toad is most commonly found near small creeks in the mountains . the female lays her eggs in clutches in the creeks . the bleeding toad\u2019s scientific name , cruentata , is from the latin word meaning \u201cbleeding\u201d because of the frog\u2019s overall reddish - purple appearance and blood - red and yellow marbling on its back .\nthe bleeding toad , leptophryne cruentata , is listed as \u2018critically endangered\u2019 on the iucn red list of threatened species tm . it is endemic to west java , indonesia , specifically around mount gede , mount pangaro , and south of sukabumi . this toad is most commonly found near small creeks in the mountains . the female lays her eggs in clutches in the creeks . the bleeding toad\u2019s scientific name , cruentata , is from the latin word meaning \u201cbleeding\u201d because of the frog\u2019s overall reddish - purple appearance and blood - red and yellow marbling on its back .\nfire toad ( iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 ) .\nrevised critical habitat for the arroyo toad ( anaxyrus californicus ) : proposed rule .\nveterinarian ' s assistant : i ' m sorry to hear that . the veterinarian will know what to do about this bleeding . i ' ll connect you asap . is there anything else important you think the veterinarian should know about there ?\nthe short - horned lizard is often referred to as a \u201chorned toad\u201d or \u201chorny toad\u201d because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .\na number of studies suggest that cane toad tadpoles may impact on the growth and survival of native species through competition for food . cane toad tadpoles appear to significantly affect tadpoles of the ornate burrowing frog , limnodynastes ornatus , probably as a result of the superior competitive ability of cane toad tadpoles , rather than predation of early life stages of the species ( crossland 1997 ) .\nthe population declined drastically after the eruption of mount galunggung in 1987 . it is believed that other declining factors may be habitat alteration , loss , and fragmentation . although the amphibian chytrid fungus has not been recorded in this area , the sudden decline in a creekside population is reminiscent of declines in similar amphibian species due to the presence of this pathogen . only one individual bleeding toad was sighted from 1990 to 2003 .\nlarge scale research efforts to control toad populations , such as researching biological control solutions , have not yielded sufficiently encouraging results to justify their continuation or implementation . similarly , efforts to stop or limit toad incursion by physical barriers or removal , despite having some success at a very local scale , do not provide a broad scale solution and protection for the key biodiversity assets impacted by the cane toad .\nthe population declined drastically after the eruption of mount galunggung in 1987 . it is believed that other declining factors may be habitat alteration , loss , and fragmentation . although the amphibian chytrid fungus has not been recorded in this area , the sudden decline in a creek - side population is reminiscent of declines in similar amphibian species due to the presence of this pathogen . only one individual bleeding toad was sighted from 1990 to 2003 .\nindonesia tree toad ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 44 ) .\nany assessment of the northern quoll ' s eligibility for listing as a threatened species as a direct result of cane toad poisoning is complicated by the species having been in the process of decline prior to the arrival of the cane toad and the likelihood that other factors are also contributing to the decline . it is possible that the impact of the cane toad has accelerated a gradual decline , into a more sudden and catastrophic one .\nspecies of native snakes are also known to survive cane toad invasion . to what extent they are susceptible to cane toad toxin and whether observed impacts on individuals translates into population or species decline is uncertain . it is also not known whether these observed declines are short term or long term .\ni have a gulf coast toad that appears to be shedding skin for over a week now . much of it has come off . she soaked in\ni have a gulf coast toad that appears to be shedding skin for over a week now . much of it has come off . she soaked in her bowl , and it looks slimy . there is one part where the skin came off , and it looks reddish , like it was almost bleeding . i put on latex gloves and picked her up , but it seems to have stopped and is no longer red . she also has not been eating for three days now .\nstraughan , i . r . ( 1966 ) . the natural history of the cane toad in queensland . australian natural history 15 , 230 - 232 .\nlarval cane toads are algal , detritus and suspension feeders . while it has been shown that cane toad tadpoles readily prey upon anuran eggs , in laboratory tests in northern queensland cane toad tadpoles were not found to be significant predators of native anuran eggs , hatchlings or tadpoles . this study suggested that native tadpoles are often likely to have a greater impact on the survival of early life history stages of native anurans via predation than are cane toad tadpoles ( crossland 1998 ) .\nfreeland , w . j . ( 2004 ) . a review of the cane toad ' s ( bufo marinus lineaus ) impacts on the native australian fauna .\nseabrook , w . ( 1991 ) . range expansion of the introduced cane toad bufo marinus in new south wales . australian zoologist 27 , 58 - 62 .\nnorthern quoll populations demonstrate a normal fluctuation in numbers involving a slight decline through the dry season . they eat several species of native frogs and are known to mouth cane toads causing the release of poison from the cane toad ' s parotoid glands ( the swellings on each shoulder behind the eardrum ) . the poison is then ingested by northern quolls . symptoms of death from cane toad toxin can include bright red lips and or gums and can also include a red roof of mouth or bright red nose and nose bleeds , red ears , bleeding from the ears , a red eye , red skin pouch , bright purple teats and faeces around the anus ( oakwood 2003 ) .\nlarge bodied goannas are known to undergo initial population declines following the invasion of the cane toad . in queensland , anecdotal evidence exists of severe population declines in gould ' s goanna , varanus gouldii ; merten ' s monitor , varanus mertensi , varanus panoptes and the spotted tree monitor , varanus timorensis , in almost immediate response to cane toad colonisation ( burnett 1997 ) . however a lack of systematic surveys of these species in northern queensland precludes comparisons of pre and post cane toad abundances . eight of the twenty monitor species whose distributions overlap potential cane toad distribution were considered to be at high risk from cane toads due to their micro habitat preferences , distribution and diet ( burnett 1997 ) .\na study of native frog species from the darling downs area of southern queensland that undertook competition trials found that cane toad tadpoles may affect the growth of native anuran tadpoles under some circumstances . trials conducted in artificial ponds indicated that cane toad larvae reduced the growth of three native species , limnodynastes tasmaniensis , limnodynastes terraereginae , and notaden bennettii ( williamson 1999 ) .\nfreeland , w . j . ( 1986 ) . populations of cane toad , bufo marinus , in relation to time since colonization . australian wildlife research 13 , 321 - 329 .\nproposed designation of critical habitat for the arroyo toad ( bufo californicus ; revisions to proposed critical habitat , reopening of public comment period , and notice of availability of draft economic analysis .\nother possible impacts have been suggested for ground feeding geckos , fish and bird species . in addition , there are reports of freshwater crocodiles , crocodylus johnstoni , dying after ingestion of cane toad toxin in the borroloola and beswick communities and numerous anecdotal reports of freshwater crocodiles dying following cane toad consumption ( begg et al . 2000 , van dam et al . 2002 ) .\nthere are a number of anecdotal reports and more recently , experimental data , on the impacts of ingestion of the cane toad by native species . studies have been , and are continuing to be , undertaken on the northern quoll , vertebrate fauna in kakadu national park , reptiles , snakes , and crocodiles to determine the impact of lethal toxic ingestion of the cane toad on these species .\nover the next 10 years , the rest of the mainland top end population is expected to also disappear , along with much of the kimberley mainland population . these areas are estimated to constitute a further 30 % of the species ' pre - toad distribution . with the exception of some of its island locations , an almost total cane toad colonisation of the northern quolls range is expected .\nmore recent studies on reptiles , frogs , and the vertebrate fauna of kakadu national park are instructive and in particular recent population crashes in northern quolls provides compelling evidence that the invasion of the cane toad into new environments can cause local populations of the northern quoll to decline catastrophically . some local populations of the northern quoll persist in queensland post the introduction of the cane toad , but little information exists concerning the numbers that persist , why they persist , and there is no indication that the species is recolonising its former range habitat , or that recovery is occurring or likely to occur in the presence of the cane toad . there is no evidence that northern quolls , which are generally solitary hunters , learn to live successfully with the cane toad . the lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin poses a significant risk to the northern quoll and is a threatening process which could cause this species to become eligible for listing as extinct , extinct in the wild , critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable .\ncrossland , m . r . ( 1998 ) . a comparison of cane toad and native tadpoles as predators of native anuran eggs , hatchlings and larvae . wildlife research 25 : 373 - 81 .\nrecent studies in kakadu national park have demonstrated that local extinction of northern quolls is occurring following cane toad invasion . over the last two years this work has shown a significant decline in northern quoll populations with declines considered to be a direct result of lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin . two recent studies are notable : one involving dedicated surveys of the northern quoll at two sites and another that undertook broad scale fauna surveys .\ntranslocation of northern quolls from mainland northern territory ( i . e . as part of the island arks program ) : approximately sixty northern quolls have been translocated to toad - free astell and pobasso islands from the mainland as a safeguard against advancing cane toads severely impacting mainland populations . this program is also attempting to improve the quarantining of islands to reduce the chance of cane toad invasion and to maintain the biodiversity present there ;\nthe study concluded that 75 species are potentially at risk from the invasion of the cane toad . these represent both species of crocodile , all 14 species of tortoise , 37 of 63 species of agamid and 22 of 26 species of varanid . of these 75 at risk species , 34 were considered likely to have their range totally encompassed by the cane toad ( under predicted 2030 climate change models ) and seven have already had their range totally encompassed .\nanecdotal evidence suggests that queensland northern quoll populations have survived in small , high altitude areas associated with extremely rocky habitats . these populations would have survived cane toad invasion for over fifty years . however , there appear to be no studies documenting the size or extent of these populations or the factors that have led to the survival of these remnant populations following cane toad invasion . while northern quolls may still be present in a number of localised areas in queensland in which cane toads have been present for many years , they do not appear , to date , to be recolonising their former locations and to date there is little evidence that any substantive recovery has occurred following cane toad invasion .\nstudies have demonstrated that cane toad eggs , hatchlings and tadpoles are toxic to many native aquatic predators . it has also been suggested that there are possible impacts from cane toads on a proteocephalid tapeworm of the python , ataresia maculosus .\nsince its introduction to australia , the cane toad has spread south and west across the continent and now occurs in queensland , northern territory and new south wales . from their introductory site near cairns , the cane toad has spread throughout queensland , being recorded in brisbane in the 1940s , and was considered to occupy approximately 50 % of the state by the late 1990s ( sutherst et al . 1995 ) . during the early 1960s , the cane toad was recorded in north eastern new south wales and is now considered to occur on the north coast of new south wales as far south as the clarence river / yamba . the only confirmed breeding colony south of this area being at lake innes , near port macquarie .\nwhile this species is one of the 49 species considered to be potentially at risk from lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin ( phillips et al . 2003 in press ) , and it is likely that this is a factor in the decline of the species , there is lack of quantitative evidence that the species is declining , or has declined , as a direct result of lethal toxic ingestion of cane toad such that it would become eligible to be listed at a higher level of endangerment . nor can it be established that the cane toad is having an adverse affect on the species . additional research is needed to identify whether lethal toxic ingestion is contributing to a decline of the ornamental snake at a population or species level .\nthe most common result of low vitamin a in the diet is a condition called short tongue syndrome , first described in the wyoming toad ( anaxyrus [ bufo ] baxteri ) . the low vitamin a levels create a condition called squamous metaplasia , which results in the animal\u2019s inability to produce proper sticky mucus on the tongue . when a toad or frog tries to grasp prey , it doesn\u2019t stick to the tongue when it is retracted into the mouth , and the prey gets away .\nwilliamson , i . ( 1999 ) . competition between the larvae of the introduced cane toad bufo marinus ( anura : bufonidae ) and native anurans from the darling downs area of southern queensland . australian journal of ecology 24 : 636 - 643 .\nthe cane toad is a highly invasive species which has colonised substantial areas of the australian continent , occupying the habitats of many native species . as a result , a number of native species are considered to have experienced impacts from cane toads , most notably in relation to lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin . much of the research to date remains inconclusive at a species and population level ; is complicated by other factors of decline ; and it is uncertain to what degree species may survive short term crashes into the longer term . more recent research on the impact of lethal ingestion of cane toad toxin is compelling , particularly in relation to recent population crashes of the northern quoll in kakadu national park , northern territory . due to the symptoms and the absence of any other known cause of mortality , the deaths have been directly attributed to lethal toxic ingestion of cane toad poison . while the northern quoll is considered to have survived in isolated populations in queensland , there is little information on how successful this persistence is and no evidence that the species is recovering , or likely to recover . it is estimated that the cane toad will , in the foreseeable future , colonise almost the entire mainland range of the northern quoll and the species will continue to decline as a result .\nthe cane toad is a native of central and south america with a natural range extending from southern united states to tropical south america . cane toads have proven to be highly effective invaders of new ecosystems with their distribution now extending to over twenty new countries .\nit is evident that a major decline of the northern quoll has occurred in kakadu national park , and will continue to occur , and that northern quolls may disappear from kakadu national park altogether within the foreseeable future due to the invasion of the cane toad .\nsutherst , r . w . , floyd , r . b . , and maywald , g . f . ( 1995 ) . the potential distribution of the cane toad , bufo marinus l . in australia . conservation biology 10 , 294 - 299 .\ncrossland , m . r . ( 1997 ) . impact of the eggs , hatchlings and tadpoles of the introduced cane toad , bufo marinus ( anura : bufonidae ) on native aquatic fauna in northern queensland , australia . phd thesis , james cook university , townsville .\ncane toads eat a wide variety of prey , breed opportunistically , have a far greater fecundity than native anurans and develop rapidly particularly in warmer waters . they are considered to be an extreme generalist with a tolerance for a broad range of environmental and climatic conditions and able to potentially occupy many habitats . there is considerable concern over the impact of the cane toad on native species and in particular , invertebrate communities , through predation and competition . most significantly , they possess highly toxic chemical predator defences and many scientific and anecdotal reports exist of deaths of native predators that have attempted to consume cane toads . historically , reports on the impacts of cane toads have been largely anecdotal with little quantitative data available since the cane toad ' s introduction in the 1930s . more recent studies have been undertaken to quantify the impacts of the cane toad and include :\ntwo species listed as threatened under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 may be potentially affected by the cane toad . these species are the ornamental snake , denisonia maculata , and the green and golden bell frog , litoria aurea , both of which are listed as vulnerable under the act .\nthe green and golden bell frog has been recorded as being in decline since the 1960 ' s . the factors leading to the decline are not well understand but are likely to include predation of the tadpoles by introduced fish such as gambusia , loss of habitat through clearing and drainage , and diseases such as chytridiomycosis . the cane toad may also be a factor in the decline as the historical distribution of the green and golden bell frog has retracted to the south , such that its northern extent almost exactly correlates with the southern extent of the southern continuous distribution of the cane toad into new south wales .\npopulation declines or evolutionary responses have been recorded for varanus panoptes and varanus gouldii . one expert noted that historically , such declines have been temporary , with recovery occurring in the following year and complete population recovery being noted in the third year post invasion and that many monitor species continue to survive following cane toad invasion .\nshe is half burrowed and hiding behind a plant right now . i don ' t want to disturb her again . no areas that appear to be raw and bleeding now . it was when i picked her up and some skin came off on my glove that i noticed a thin line of pink near the top of her head . i would liken it to when you get an abrasion on your skin and the blood comes up , but i don ' t see it now and there does not appear to be any redness or blood . her eyes are bright , although the last few days i noticed her eyes half shut . she has not accepted any food in three days now .\nthere is insufficient data on the diversity of queensland ' s frog populations before cane toad invasion to determine if there has been a resulting change in frog diversity or density . in the northern territory , where the cane toad is still colonising , baselines studies have been undertaken to monitor the calling activity of native frogs to determine changes in frog communities in response to cane toad incursion . these studies , which commenced in 1996 in the roper river valley and in 1998 in kakadu national park are based on the identification of the calls of more than twenty species of frogs as well as cane toads . to date there is insufficient data from the kakadu sites to support analysis . however , initial analysis of the roper river valley provides some indication of a decline in calling rates which correlates with the incursion of cane toads . in particular , the number of frog species calling per station declined markedly between the beginning of the study in 1997 / 98 and 2001 / 02 .\nin northern queensland , the northern quoll appears to have undergone a decline during the past two decades . anecdotal evidence exists suggesting severe population declines in almost immediate response to cane toad colonisation of their habitat in three widely distributed areas of northern queensland ( burnett 1997 ) . however , lack of systematic surveys in northern queensland precludes any useful comparison between pre and post cane toad abundances of the species . despite other potential impacts , including the impacts of a rapidly expanding agricultural industry and human population growth in north east queensland , quoll species were considered to be at high risk from cane toads due to their habitat preferences , distribution and diet ( burnett 1997 ) .\nwhile there is limited quantitative information on the declines of many of these reptiles in response to cane toads , the vertebrate fauna surveys undertaken in kakadu national park do give an indication of potential impact on these species with substantial declines in cane toad invaded sites recorded for the gilbert ' s dragon and goannas ( watson and woinarski 2003a + b ) .\nthis work was based on ecoclimatic predictions of the likely eventual distribution of cane toads across australia and identified those species that will come , or have come , into contact with cane toads . the percentage of the species ' range currently encompassed by the cane toad was estimated along with the percentage of their range that is likely to become affected as cane toads reach their full extent .\none study undertaken in the western gulf of carpentaria , northern territory , reported that the abundance of beetles was significantly lower , in the short term , in sites colonised by cane toads compared to cane toad free sites ( catling et al . 1999 ) . apart from this study , there have been no studies to investigate the impact of cane toads on invertebrate prey communities in australia or elsewhere .\nover the last 10 years , the population has almost entirely been lost from the north east top end , northern territory ; cape york peninsula ; and the einasleigh uplands of northern queensland . these areas have been estimated to constitute approximately 30 - 40 % of the northern quoll ' s pre - toad distribution . the viability of these remnant populations in the wild is , at this stage , unknown .\nall stages of the cane toad ' s life cycle : eggs , tadpoles , toadlets and adult toads , are poisonous . cane toads have venom - secreting poison glands ( known as parotoid glands ) or swellings on each shoulder where poison is released when they are threatened . if ingested , this venom can cause rapid heartbeat , excessive salivation , convulsions and paralysis and can result in death for many native animals .\nmany native snakes prey on frogs using their mouths to capture and consume cane toads entirely and cannot avoid direct exposure to toxins in the cane toad ' s body . frog eating snakes are known to be susceptible to impacts ( e . g . northern death adder , acanthophis praelongus , king brown or mulga snake , pseudechis australis , western brown snake , pseudonaja nuchalis , red - bellied black snake , pseudechis porphyriacus ) .\nit appears that cane toads are more likely to have an adverse impact on terrestrial ground frogs or larger species such as the giant frog ( cyclorana australis ) and the marbled frog ( limnodynastes convexiusculus ) due to competitive interaction and in some circumstances , high densities of cane toad tadpoles in isolated pools could out compete native aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates for food resources . however there is limited quantitative data to adequately support a conclusion on such impacts .\nin the northern territory , preliminary data from an intensive radio tracking study of goannas , initiated in september 2002 , kakadu national park , has estimated an initial mortality rate of around 50 - 70 % coincident with the arrival of cane toads . it was estimated that a 50 % plus decline occurred in populations of varanus panoptes within an approximately seven month period ( late oct 2003 to late may 2004 ) coincident with the arrival and build up of cane toad numbers ( holland 2004 ) . there is evidence that most goannas died following attempted ingestion of cane toads . there is little quantitative data yet on whether or not recovery of goanna populations is likely to occur in the northern territory as it has in queensland . some species are known to persist in areas of queensland that have had cane toads present from a few to many decades but there are no quantitative data on pre - toad population sizes .\nit is evident that many species continue to maintain populations throughout their range , even in the presence of the cane toad , and there are some anecdotal reports that the wildlife impacts of cane toads may diminish over time . alternatively , a substantial body of anecdotal evidence , and more recent experimental evidence , suggests that some predator species undergo dramatic and potentially threatening declines in abundance as a result of fatal poisoning by cane toads , immediately following colonisation of their habitat .\ncane toads attain high population densities after colonisation and consume large volumes of invertebrates . while larval cane toads are algal , detritus and suspension feeders , metamorphling , juvenile and adult cane toads feed on a broad variety of small prey items , predominantly ground dwelling arthropods . cane toads are thought to consume approximately 200 food items per night , far more prey than most native frogs ingest in the same period . the bulk of the diet is usually ants , beetle and termites , although they can eat anything that fits in their mouth including a wide variety of insects , frogs , small reptiles , mammals and birds . in addition , cane toads have the potential to compete with native species for food and shelter sites . the ability of the cane toad to rapidly expand both its range and density and to consume relatively large numbers of a wide variety of prey has led to concern that the cane toad is a key factor in the decline in of many native species .\nwhile northern quolls are still present in a number of localised areas in queensland in which cane toads have been present for many years , they do not appear , to date , to be recolonising their former locations and to date there is little evidence that any substantive recovery has occurred following cane toad invasion . more recent experimental evidence from the northern territory supports anecdotal reports from cape york peninsula and other areas of queensland that northern quoll populations have been , and continue to be , severely affected by the presence of cane toads .\nradio tracking of northern quolls commenced at the mary river ranger station , northern territory in 2002 , shortly before the arrival of cane toads later that year . the mary river population declined dramatically between october and december 2002 and by march 2003 appeared to be extinct with no northern quolls being caught in the subsequent may and july trapping trips . in contrast , northern quolls at the cane toad free control site at east alligator were still abundant . six subsequent trapping sessions at the mary river site , southern kakadu , have caught no northern quolls .\nis a small and slender toad named after its characteristic red tinge and red spots or marbling . females of this species have a snout - vent length of 25 - 40 mm , while males have a snout - vent length of 20 - 30 mm . the skin is covered with small tubercles . the parotoid gland is small and sometimes indistinct . no bony ridges are present on the head . finger and toe tips are slightly swollen . the toes are webbed , with the webbing reaching up to the final subarticular tubercles on toes iii and v .\nleptophryne cruentata is a small and slender toad named after its characteristic red tinge and red spots or marbling . females of this species have a snout - vent length of 25 - 40 mm , while males have a snout - vent length of 20 - 30 mm . the skin is covered with small tubercles . the parotoid gland is small and sometimes indistinct . no bony ridges are present on the head . finger and toe tips are slightly swollen . the toes are webbed , with the webbing reaching up to the final subarticular tubercles on toes iii and v .\nthere is , to date , insufficient data quantifying the impacts from cane toad predation ( e . g . on aquatic invertebrates , insects , worms , snails etc ) and the competition effects that may occur on native species through the presence of cane toads in their habitats . it is likely that cane toads compete with native species for food and shelter but little is known of these competition effects . while it is suspected that predation and competition may play significant roles in reducing biodiversity of native species , and altering ecosystems , data concerning such impacts is neither complete or comprehensive .\npublic awareness campaigns . in 2000 , new south wales launched a new campaign to ; prevent cane toads establishing outside their existing range ; raise community awareness of cane toads including impacts on biodiversity ; increase community ownership and involvement of the cane toad issue ; and raise community awareness of native frogs and their conservation requirements . the northern territory has also undertaken public awareness campaigns to alert residents and communities to the pending arrival of cane toads , notably around darwin and rural communities . this campaign highlighted the biology and impact of cane toads ; their identification , and outlined safe methods of collection and disposal .\nfor the most part , amphibian skin is delicate ( an obvious exception would be something like a bufo toad with thick , leathery skin ) . even the act of a human hand touching the skin can cause damage . abrasive nets or transport bags can also harm the slime layer and the skin . when handling amphibians , one should wear wet latex gloves , rinsed with chlorine - free water before touching the amphibian . cage furniture , such as rocks , plants , substrate , etc . , can cause abrasions to the feet , belly , rostrum ( nose ) and skin . once the skin is damaged , the risk of infection increases dramatically .\nthe northern quoll is likely to continue to disappear over most of its mainland , and some of its island , range . based on evidence from cape york peninsula and more recently kakadu national park ( and allowing for persistence in the existing pockets in queensland and in some offshore islands ) , this reduction is estimated at about 95 % of the range ( and hence total population ) as it was in 1980 , by about 2010 . over the next 10 years , it is likely that the rest of the mainland top end population will also disappear , as will much of the kimberley mainland population , estimated to represent a further loss of approximately 30 % of the species ' pre - toad distribution .\nwhilst not likely to be the sole cause of the northern contraction in range of the green and golden bell frog , competition and predation interactions between the cane toad and the green and golden bell frog are likely to have operated in concert with other threatening processes such as frog chytrid infection , gambusia predation , and habitat loss in the decline of the green and golden bell frog in the northern parts of its range . despite these observations , at this stage there is insufficient quantitative data to indicate that cane toads are causing the green and golden bell frog to decline . such that it would become eligible to be listed at a higher level of endangerment or that it is having an adverse affect on the species .\nlethal ingestion of cane toads is thought to also pose a threat to many species of australian reptiles . both snakes and varanids prey upon frogs and have few options for prey manipulation . one study has estimated that 59 % of ' agamids ' ( dragons ) , 85 % of the ' varanids ' ( monitors ) and all of australia ' s crocodiles and freshwater turtles are potentially at risk from cane toads . this study reviewed published information on the distributions and dietary habits of australian reptiles and tested the ability of eleven ' at risk ' reptile taxa for their susceptibility to cane toad toxin ( one python , one freshwater turtle , two crocodiles , two dragons and five monitor species ) ( smith and phillips in prep ) .\nresearch sites have been established to the west of kakadu national park and it is hoped that these studies will provide information directly relevant to the management of cane toad impacts in kakadu national park as well as much of northern australia . coordination of these various studies to assess available results , identify gaps and provide support funding if required , and to consider their implications will require ongoing attention . to this end , a national approach to address cane toads is being developed by the natural resource management ministerial council . it has directed the vertebrate pests committee to review the current threat posed by cane toads ; review the state of research to abate those threats ; identify gaps in current approaches ; and assess the costs and benefits of various options for national action .\nto date , there is insufficient information to adequately quantify the likely extent of declines of many affected species . for some native species , cane toad impacts may be minor and inconsequential in the longer term , despite marked short term responses . alternatively , species may experience little immediate response but be either directly or indirectly impacted on in the longer term . most fauna populations undergo population fluctuations of varying magnitude and it is difficult to interpret changes from a baseline to a single subsequent re - sampling period . longer term population trends can only be discerned from natural fluctuations by a series of monitoring periods . it is considered that further research on the precise nature of both short and longer term impacts of cane toads on native species is required , including the impacts that are likely to come from predation and competition .\nit is considered that , at this stage , there is insufficient data to adequately quantify the exact level of impact that cane toads pose to any listed threatened species , including the ornamental snake and the green and golden bell frog . while it is likely that cane toads are having a detrimental effect , this effect is , to date , insufficiently quantified . there are also currently no data on the impact of the cane toad on a listed threatened ecological community . there is insufficient quantitative data to indicate that the threatening process could cause a listed threatened species or a listed threatened ecological community to become eligible to be listed in another category representing a higher degree of endangerment . in addition , it can not be adequately demonstrated that any listed threatened species or listed threatened ecological community is adversely affected by the threatening process .\ncane toads are large ground dwelling amphibians with a dry warty skin . they have a bony head with bony ridges over their eyes , sit upright and move in short rapid hops . their colour ranges from grey to olive brown and they have a pale belly with dark irregular spots . the average size of an adult is 10 - 15cm long but females have been recorded growing up to and over 23cm . they breed in still or slow - flowing water and can tolerate salinity levels up to 15 % . adult cane toads are active at night during the warm months of the year and can survive temperatures ranging from 5 - 40 degrees celsius . cane toad spawn occurs in long gelatinous strings with double rows of black eggs with females laying between 8 - 35 000 eggs at a time . cane toads have a life span of about five years , breed twice a year , and take between 6 - 18 months to reach sexual maturity .\na series of broad scale fauna surveys were conducted in kakadu at sites that had been surveyed up to 25 years previously . the monitoring and re - sampling of the terrestrial vertebrate fauna of kakadu national park was undertaken initially to provide some assessment of the short term impacts of colonising cane toads . the project sought to provide some assessment of the change in abundance of wildlife species in kakadu national park in the first year following the arrival of cane toads and was an assessment of short term responses only . changes in fauna abundances were examined since the last surveys and again after the arrival of cane toads . this survey also used control sites , monitored over the same period to eliminate the influence of factors other than cane toads ( e . g . fluctuations in northern quoll numbers between years due to levels of rainfall ) . while northern quolls declined to zero at the cane toad invaded sites , there was no decline at the control sites .\nanalysis of climatic variables and the adaptive abilities of the cane toad suggests that cane toads may eventually permanently inhabit the wet coastal areas of the eastern and northern parts of the continent at least as far south as port macquarie in the east of the continent and south to broome in western australia . temperature range analysis has indicated that cane toads , in warm years , could overwinter as far south as bega near the victorian border . conversely , a drop of 2 - 2 . 5 degrees celsius in mean temperature would result in a shrinkage of the suitable overwintering area to the far north coast of nsw . it was estimated , based on this model , that cane toads will further increase their range primarily throughout coastal and near coastal regions of tropical australia to encompass an area of approximately two million km2 ( sutherst et al . 1995 ) . in addition , cane toads have now been recorded well inland , at least as far south as dunmarra , northern territory .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\njustification : listed as critically endangered because of a drastic population decline , estimated to be more than 80 % over the last ten years , inferred from the apparent disappearance of most of the population .\nthis species occurs only on mount pangrango , mount gedeh and curug luhur , jawa barat , java , indonesia , at altitudes between 1 , 000m and 2 , 000m asl .\nin 1976 , this species was abundant within its small range . in 1987 , it was very rare following the eruption of mount galunggung . there were no records from the early 1990s until 2003 , when one individual was sighted from the cibeureum waterfall . it appears to have undergone a major decline .\nit lives in the boundary zone between moist lowland and montane forest . it breeds in very slow - moving , intermittent streams in forest where the larvae also develop .\nit appears to have declined drastically due to a volcanic eruption . however , its decline is also reminiscent of similar disappearances of montane stream - breeding amphibians in other parts of the moist tropics , and so chytridiomycosis cannot be ruled out ( although this disease has not so far been recorded in this region ) .\nthis species occurs in the gunung gede pangrango national park . surveys are needed to locate this species and a captive - breeding programme might need to be established .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nbufo cruentatus tschudi , 1838 , classif . batr . : 52 . syntypes : rmnh 2130 ( 2 specimens ) according to m . s . hoogmoed in frost , 1985 , amph . species world : 67 ; given as rmnh 2130 - 31 by gass\u00f3 miracle , van den hoek ostende , and arntzen , 2007 , zootaxa , 1482 : 32 , who noted that 2131 could not be located . type locality :\nindia orient .\n; given as java [ indonesia ] by dum\u00e9ril and bibron , 1841 , erp . gen . , 8 : 666 ; iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 , noted that the types came from cibodas , java , indonesia .\nbufo montanus werner , 1897 , zool . anz . , 20 : 265 . holotype : nhmw 22864 , according to h\u00e4upl and tiedemann , 1978 , kat . wiss . samml . naturhist . mus . wien , 2 : 14 , and h\u00e4upl , tiedemann , and grillitsch , 1994 , kat . wiss . samml . naturhist . mus . wien , 9 : 18 . type locality :\ntijibodas ( java )\n, indonesia . synonymy by van kampen , 1923 , amph . indo - austral . arch . : 78 .\ncacophryne cruentata \u2014 brongersma , 1935 , zool . meded . , leiden , 18 : 257 - 259 .\nknown only from mount pangrango , mount gedeh , and curug luhur , jawa barat , java , indonesia , 1000 - 2000 m elevation .\nsee comment under leptophryne borbonica . see accounts by liem , 1973\n1971\n, philipp . j . sci . , 100 : 137 ( as cacophryne cruentata ) , and iskandar , 1998 , amph . java bali : 43 - 44 . see identification table by manthey and grossmann , 1997 , amph . rept . s\u00fcdostasiens : 26 , to compare this species with others in the sunda shelf region . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 195 .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nsubmit your observations of this species to inaturalist and they will appear on this map . learn more about this species on amphibiaweb .\noutlined below are the roles and responsibilities for the 4 different levels of involvement for potential partners . if your organization would like to be a part of the amazing amphibians program in either of these capacities please email amazing @ urltoken .\nsenior partner \u2013 these partners will help with multiple aspects of the program , help facilitate the completion of several species profiles , publicize each amazing amphibian and will likely have a landing page for the program on their website . this level of partner will be leading in using their communication channels to gather additional information for the program such as images and data points for inaturalist .\nstrategic partner \u2013 these partners will play an active role in creating species profiles , submitting at least three species profiles per year and actively use their social network to publicize each amazing amphibian . this level of partner will be active in using their communication channels to gather additional information for the program such as images and data points for inaturalist .\nfocal partner \u2013 partners tend to be active in a limited geographic area . this partner will submit at least one regional species profile per year and use their social network to publicize each amazing amphibian . this level of partner will be involved in using their communication channels to gather additional information at a regional level for the program such as images and data points for inaturalist .\naffiliate \u2013 these partners are interested in promoting the program but might not be in a position to provide profiles . these partners will publicize each amazing amphibian through the social media outlets ."]}
{"id": 511, "summary": [{"text": "the black-capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata ) is a small seabird in the gadfly petrel genus , pterodroma .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is also known as the diablot\u00edn .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is a long-winged petrel with a grey-brown back and wings , with a white nape and rump .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "underparts are mainly white apart from a black cap ( that in some individuals extends to cover the eye ) and some dark underwing markings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it picks food items such as squid from the ocean surface . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "black - capped petrel", "paragraphs": ["black - capped petrel \u201ctet kay jak\u201d meets biologist adam brown , photo courtesy of epic .\nw0w , rediscovering populations of the black - capped petrel would be amazing . but what\u2019s threatening its survival ?\nblack - capped petrel off of hatteras , north carolina , photograph by patrick coin ( wikimedia commons ) .\nbehind the scenes : first - ever black - capped petrel satellite tracking . june 2014 . american bird conservancy blog .\nradar surveys for the endangered black - capped petrel on dominica , west indies . submitted april 2015 . report by adam brown .\nradar surveys , nest monitoring and conservation of the black - capped petrel on hispaniola : february 2017 by adam brown , march 2017 .\na black - capped petrel at haiti\u2019s central bank . 2012 . the happy story of a young petrel\u2019s rescue in port - au - prince . see also a timeline of events .\nacoustic surveys for black - capped petrel valle nuevo , hispaniola \u2013 2016 / 17 by abram fleishman , 2017 , conservation metrics , inc .\none of the first - ever images of a black - capped petrel chick in the nest . photo by j . v\u00f3lquez , grupo jaragua\nacoustic surveys for black - capped petrel on hispaniola and dominica ( 2015 / 2016 ) . late 2016 . analysis of songmeter data by conservation metrics .\na new nesting location for black - capped petrel pterodroma hasitata has been discovered in haiti by the efforts of a joint dominican \u2013 haitian field team .\ngadfly petrel with a silvery grey rump area . bears little resemblence to the black - capped petrel that has a gleaming white ventral plumage and a white forehead , neck rign , and rump area . so - called\ndark phase\nblack - capped petrels have a reduced or absent neck collar . similarly dark brown\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\none of the world\u2019s rarest seabirds , the endangered black - capped petrel , is breeding on the island of dominica for the first time in over 150 years .\nblack - capped petrel conservation 2017 ; interim report # 1715 c : dated august 2017 by ernst rupp . includes information on the first nest found in valle nuevo .\nplans / goals for hispaniola field work for the coming breeding season ( 2013 ) of the black - capped petrel ( pdf ) and images showing the landscape relevant to black - capped petrel conservation . powerpoints prepared by ernst rupp / esteban garrido and james goetz , respectively , for december 2012 webinar . see also working group notes .\nradar surveys for black - capped petrels on hispaniola : january \u2013 march 2014 . report prepared by adam brown .\ncapturing black\u2010capped petrels at sea : report from the august 2012 expeditions . prepared by george e wallace to document the first attempt to capture black - capped petrels at sea . image of floating mist - net created for the expedition .\nthe taxonomic relationship of this petrel for decades remained unclear with many authors considering it to be a dark form of the black - capped petrel . recent evaluations however have shown the jamaica petrel to be a distinct smaller species more closely related to the cape verde petrel . this is further supported by the bird\u2019s feather lice which show considerable differences with those of black - capped petrels . dna analysis is warranted but there is little question that this is a distinct species .\nthey thought the species was extinct until the 1960s , when david wingate \u2013 who is credited with single \u2013 handedly saving the bermuda petrel from extinction \u2013 found the black - capped petrel way up in the mountains in the middle of nowhere .\nblack - capped petrels in dominica and elsewhere , a narrative made up of 2010 emails clarifying sightings on or near dominica .\ntrip report : 2017 black - capped petrel technical exchange ( which occurred late april 2017 ) . report dated 7 / 19 / 2017 by ernst rupp , hannah nevins and stephen durand .\nexceptionally difficult to study , black - capped petrel comes to shore for only a few months of the year , and it nests in underground burrows , which it approaches only at night .\n( birdlife in the dominican republic ) spearheaded an initiative to search for black - capped petrel nests early in 2011 . the searches were a natural extension of the support provided to james goetz (\n\u201cfinding this colony of petrels on dominica is a real game - changer for black - capped petrel conservation , \u201d said scientist adam brown , the leader of the expedition that discovered the birds .\nblack - capped petrel is a distinctive gadfly petrel with a clearly defined black cap separated from the dark mantle by a white collar and with conspicuous white uppertail coverts that form a broad u shape . discrete variation among individuals , mostly in the extent of dark\ncap ,\nsuggests that black - capped petrel might be a complex of multiple species with different nesting seasons ; more research is needed to determine the taxonomic status of these different types . although black - capped petrel can be seen readily off the coast of the southeastern united states , particularly in gulf stream waters from north carolina to florida , the global population is in fact quite small and faces threats both at the caribbean nesting colonies and at sea .\nradar surveys conducted in dominica in january 2015 strongly suggest that black - capped petrels persist there ; hundreds of petrel - like targets were recorded over 17 separate coastal and inland flight corridors , and eight individual black - capped petrels were observed over 5 locations ( brown 2015 ) . these data , when coupled with recent observations of downed black - capped petrels on the island , suggests that there are still petrels breeding on the island , although the last confirmed nesting date was 1862 .\nhowell , s . n . g . and patteson , j . b . ( 2008 ) variation in the black - capped petrel : one species or more ? . alula , 14 : 70 - 83 .\nhaney , j . c . ( 1987 ) aspects of the pelagic ecology of and behaviour of the black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata ) . wilson bulletin , 99 ( 2 ) : 153 - 168 .\ntreatment and rehabilitation of a black - capped petrel stranded in destin , florida . a write - up with photos of a bird treated in the emerald coast wildlife refuge rehabilitation center , september to november , 2011 .\nblack - capped petrels project . september 2014 . interim report to the u . s . fish and wildlife service submitted by american bird conservancy .\ngoetz j . ( 2009 ) interim report , march 2009 : study and conservation of black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata ) at parc national la visite , haiti . unpublished report submitted to fondation seguin , haiti .\nwingate , d . b . ( 1964 ) discovery of breeding black - capped petrels on hispaniola . the auk , 81 : 147 - 159 .\nlee , d . s . and vina , n . ( 1993 ) a re - evaluation of the status of the endangered black - capped petrel , pterodroma hasitata , in cuba . ornitologia neotropical , 4 : 99 - 101 .\nsummary of black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata ) nesting activity during the 2011 / 2012 nesting season at loma del toro and morne vincent , hispaniola . 2012 . report prepared by ernst rupp , esteban garrido , and george wallace .\n40 cm . medium - sized , long - winged gadfly petrel . brownish - black cap extending to eye , nape and towards upper breast where forms partial collar . white hindneck . brownish - grey mantle and upperwing . white rump and uppertail - coverts . dark brown tail . entirely white underparts . white underwing with narrow black trailing edge , black tip , broad black edge between primaries and carpal joint . band extends weakly towards centre of wing from joint . black bill . pink legs , and feet pink proximally , black distally .\nthis dull - colored family is plumaged in dark browns , black , white , and gray . some species such as the sooty shearwater are all dark with silvery wing linings , while others such as the great shearwater are dark above and light below . the black - capped petrel and related species have gray and white plumage with bold black markings on the head , back , and wings .\nthe black - capped petrel breeds in a few , small areas in the mountains of hispaniola , and probably breeds in cuba and one or two other islands in the caribbean sea . it ranges in waters of the caribbean and the western atlantic ocean north to the gulf stream off the coast of virginia . the jamaican petrel , an extinct species , was formerly considered a subspecies of this bird . the black - capped petrel is threatened by introduced predators , hunting in haiti , and collisions with buildings and towers . this species has a conservation rating of endangered .\ninterim report on black - \u00adcapped petrel : field research on hispaniola , 2008 - \u00ad2009 by jim goetz , conservation science program , cornell lab of ornithology , 30 april 2009 . informal report on field research in hispaniola in 2008 and 2009 .\nblack - capped petrels in dominica and elsewhere , a narrative made up of 2010 emails includes references to 2010 and much older at - sea sightings in the caribbean .\non september 1 , 2011 , wildearth guardians submitted a petition to protect the black - capped petrel under the endangered species act because of its low population and threats to its survival . the endangered species act required the service to determine whether listing the black - capped petrel as threatened or endangered was warranted no later than one year after it received the petition , or sept . 13 , 2012 . to date \u2014 more than two years after that response was due \u2014 the service has not made a decision .\ndouglas , l . 2000 . status of the jamaican petrel in the west indies .\n90 - day finding for petition to list under the us endangered species act . june 12 , 2012 . the u . s . fish and wildlife service found that the petition presented substantial information indicating that listing the black - capped petrel may be warranted .\nthey are now working with local people to save the black - capped petrel from the edge of extinction . one of their greatest challenges in trying to understand and meet the needs of poor , rural communities while ensuring the long - term survival of the species .\nin north american waters , thirty - five species of shearwaters in six genera have been identified . included among these are the thin - winged pterodrama species of the deep waters such as the black - capped petrel , and the stocky , gull - like northern fulmar .\nst . petersburg , fla . \u2014 the center for biological diversity today filed a notice of its intent to sue the u . s . fish and wildlife service over the agency\u2019s failure to determine if endangered species protections for the black - capped petrel are warranted . black - capped petrels are seabirds that forage off the atlantic coast from north carolina to florida ; they were once believed to be extinct , but a few breeding colonies remain in the caribbean .\nit may fly inland for about 50 kilometres and it nests in a burrow 3 meters underground . this makes it terribly difficult to find and once you have it\u2019s difficult to monitor . because of this people lost track of what was going on with the black - capped petrel .\nnew discoveries of the endangered black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata ) in massif de la selle , haiti by anderson jean , joel timyan and enold louis - jean , soci\u00e9t\u00e9 audubon ha\u00efti , describing results of a november 2011 field expedition . see also birdlife news story on this topic .\n, but found no jamaica petrels . some scientists have interpreted flight of petrels at dusk towards the jamaican coastline to indicate that that species nest on jamaica , but there is no evidence of nesting there and there has never been a report or specimen of black - capped petrel on jamaica .\ngreat - winged petrel ( ptrerodroma macroptera ) : a recent paper supported this split and recognizes gray - faced petrel ( pterodroma gouldi ) , which breeds on islands off the north island of new zealand , as distinct from great - winged petrel ( pterodroma macroptera ) , which breeds on islands in the southern oceans . only gray - faced petrel has occurred ( as a vagrant ) in north america , where there are several california records . in south america , there is one record of gray - faced petrel from chile and at least one record of great - winged petrel from brazil .\nit is a truly fascinating time to study the black - capped petrel . this working group is currently using multiple methods to learn more about the nesting sites and nesting behavior of this species . this information will be used to guide conservation plans and help ensure the survival of this remarkable seabird .\nbirds disperse over the caribbean and atlantic from the north - east usa to north - east brazil , but the at - sea range has contracted in the north and west . occasionally birds are entrained in hurricanes and deposited far inland - for example , hurricane fran displaced what was probably many tens of black - capped petrels into the great lakes in the northeastern us . generally , in temperate summer months of june - september , black - capped petrel frequents the western edge of the gulf stream .\nthe black - capped petrel , known as the little devil by locals , is struggling for survival on the caribbean island of hispaniola . but how do you convince people to care about a bird when their children are starving ? this is the challenge facing adam brown and his conservation group , epic .\nblack - capped petrels are also known as diablot\u00edn , or\nlittle devil\u201d because of its night - time habits and odd - sounding mating calls , which reminded villagers of the sounds of evil spirits .\nthe monograph \u201cdiablotin pterodroma hasitata : a biography of the endangered black - capped petrel . marine ornithology vol 41 ( special issue issn 1018 - 3337 ) : s3 - s43 by t . simons , d . s . lee and j . c . haney\u201d is now available at no cost online at urltoken .\ni\u2019m working with a species called the black - capped petrel . it\u2019s a very difficult species to study because of a couple of unique things about it . it\u2019s a seabird so it spends all of its day on the ocean feeding , but at night it comes into the centre of the island to nest .\nnests are typically found along forested mountain slopes and cliffs at elevations from 1 , 500 metres up to 2 , 300 metres . during the non - breeding season , from approximately may to november , the black - capped petrel lives and forages permanently at sea with the largest numbers concentrated around areas of nutrient rich upwelling\nblack bill , occasionally with slight pinkish or grayish pink color visible at the base of maxilla and mandible ( age related or environment related ? ) . dull pink legs ; feet pink proximally but becoming black distally .\nresults of search for black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata ) in dominica : report for 2000 - 2001 by brown , a . c . , and n . s . collier . 2001 . epic report no . 1 . unpublished report to the ministry of agriculture and the environment , forestry and wildlife division ; roseau , dominica .\nnot wanting to admit defeat , jairo isaa arache \u2013 a field assistant trained by grupo jaragua in the use of camera traps and telemetry \u2013 decided to search an adjacent ( as yet un - surveyed ) hill on his own . from somewhere up on the hill , the team heard jairo shout \u201ci think i have found the bird ! \u201d inside a small cave an adult black - capped petrel was sitting motionless on a nest of dry pine needles and fern leaves . nothing seemed to disturb the bird , and each team member took turns to have a short look at this miraculous find . the first ever active nest of a black - capped petrel had been discovered !\nblack - capped petrels and communication towers . poster by adam brown , ernst rupp , anderson jean and holly freifeld , given july 2013 at the regional meeting of the society for the conservation and study of caribbean birds , grenada .\nrecent sightings of black - capped petrels , by theodore r . simons , john gerwin , jaime collazo , and rebecca a . hylton , 31 december 2006 ( chap 6 . from simons et al . 2006 compendium prepared for usfws )\nto distinguish a jamaica petrel from the trinidade petrel , the dark morph trinidade would have white on the leading edge of the underwing , white in the tips of the primary and secondary underwing coverts , and white in the bases of the underside of the primaries and secondaries . the jamaica petrel lacked this white underwing feathering . similarly , a dark - morph kermadec petrel has white in the underside of the primaries , on the face adjacent to the bill , around the eyes , and on the leading edge of the underwing . the only light coloration on the jamaica petrel was the silvery rump .\nfinding this colony of petrels on dominica is a real game - changer for black - capped petrel conservation ,\nsays biologist adam brown from environmental protection in the caribbean , which carried out the survey . dominica ' s forests are well - protected , giving conservationists a\nhuge new opportunity\nto try to secure the birds ' survival , he says .\nnests are typically found along forested mountain slopes and cliffs at elevations from 1 , 500 metres up to 2 , 300 metres . during the non - breeding season , from approximately may to november , the black - capped petrel lives and forages at sea with the largest numbers concentrated around areas of nutrient rich upwelling ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 13 ) .\nblack - capped petrels previously nested on guadeloupe and martinique , but have not been documented there since before 1900 . however , hope persists for rediscovery on guadeloupe ( a . chabrolle in litt . ) based on offshore observations and the presence of inaccessible island peaks . likewise , hope persists for cuba . though there is no documentation of black - capped petrels nesting in cuba in the past or currently , there have been observations of birds flying inland at dusk from a known foraging area .\nbelieved to be extinct . no evidence of occurrence after 1891 - 1892 reports of mongooses found in the empty petrel burrows .\nbut a re - discovery on the tiny island of dominica not only offers a huge ray of hope to a beleaguered population , but is also a statement about that nation\u2019s established environmental movement , and the success that is within the reach of other caribbean nations . the black - capped petrel is once again confirmed to nest there , for the first time since 1862 .\n) . threats in dominica are unknown . threats at sea are not well - known , but there are concerns about mercury loads and offshore energy development in the key foraging area of black - capped petrels off the coast of north carolina ( simons\nstatus of and conservation priorities for black - capped petrels in the west indies by david s . lee in schreiber and lee 2000 , society of caribbean ornithology , special publication no . 1 [ available in hard - copy , contact jim wiley ]\ntracking the devil : radar surveys for black - capped petrels . presentation by adam brown , given july 2013 at the regional meeting of the society for the conservationa and study of caribbean birds , grenada . written report by epic , march 2013 .\nblack - capped petrel : occurs at sea from northern south america to the southeastern u . s . currently , the only known breeding colonies are located in the highlands of hispaniola , haiti and loma del toro in the dominican republic . the total population is small , and a mere handful drift northward along the gulf stream in summer and fall , after the breeding season .\nis larger , darker and less contrasting above , lacks black edge to underwing and has slower wingbeats and less erratic flight .\nsuggested citation : lee , d . s . , w . a . mackin , zonfrillo , b . 2014 . jamaica petrel .\nband - rumped storm - petrel ( oceanodroma castro ) : see above ; sacc and nacc use the same taxonomy for this species .\n- published conservation action plan for the black - capped petrel . the action plan details three main objectives that will be the focus of work in the near future : defining distribution and abundance ; understanding the breeding ecology ; and working with local communities to conserve the species . the grupo jaragua team is already preparing for the 2012 season , and their part in the implementation of the conservation action plan .\nnesting birds commute long distances from breeding to foraging sites , typically feeding in flocks . it is primarily nocturnal and crepuscular , feeding on squid , fish , crustaceans , and sargassum . in its primary foraging range , the black - capped petrel is most influenced by the position of the gulf stream , a dynamic current system , and not sea surface temperature or depth . ( simons et al . 2013 ) .\nthe jamaica petrel pelagic expedition . a pelagic expedition off jamaica , and off the islands of guadeloupe and dominica , november - december 2009 .\nblack - capped petrels are highly pelagic and undertake long - distance foraging trips . a compendium of about 5 , 000 at - sea observations indicates that waters in or adjacent to the florida current and the gulf stream between north florida and southern virginia provide a distinct and relatively confined foraging range of black - capped petrels , with concentrations observed there throughout the year . in the caribbean sea , black - capped petrels can occur within the inter - island regions , straits and offshore zones of both the greater and lesser antilles but still primarily east of 80\u00b0w . the first satellite tracking of this species ( three individuals ) suggest a similar but more spatially expansive range , including regular occurrence in the caribbean sea between hispaniola and south america and regular occurrence east of primary foraging area indicated by the at - sea observations ( jodice et al . 2015 ) .\nno details known . in bermuda petrel , both parents feed young , and young bird flies out to sea 90 - 100 days after hatching .\na recently formed jamaican petrel research group has undertaken surveys of the adjacent ocean , offshore islets and local mountains in hopes of finding extant populations .\nan international black - capped petrel conservation group has formed and facilitates communication and coordination among researchers and conservationists concerned about the species . partners have greatly advanced understanding of occurrence , abundance , threats , and breeding ecology and continue to undertake research as they embark on conservation strategies to reduce threats . community engagement to improve socioeconomic conditions and reduce unsustainable agriculture is underway adjacent to nesting sites on the haitian - dominican republic border ( ibcpcg 2016 ) .\none . white . incubation period unknown ; in the closely related bermuda petrel , incubation is by both parents , 51 - 54 days . young : no details known . in bermuda petrel , both parents feed young , and young bird flies out to sea 90 - 100 days after hatching .\nthe black - capped petrel forages predominantly in multispecies flocks throughout the night but with peak activity at dawn and dusk ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 13 ) . while some time is spent foraging on the ocean surface , the preferred technique is to snatch items with their bills whilst in flight ( 3 ) ( 13 ) . fish , squid and invertebrates all form part of the petrel\u2019s diet , with fauna associated with sargassum seaweed reefs being particularly popular . in addition , these birds are not averse to occasionally scavenge behind fishing vessels ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 13 ) .\nthe black - capped petrel ( pterodroma hasitata ) , also known as the diablotin , is one of the caribbean\u2019s most fascinating seabirds , and one of its most threatened . spending most of its life at sea , this species comes to land only to breed , nesting in burrows or crevices which they visit only in cover of darkness . almost wiped out by overhunting , the species only persists in remote mountain areas of a few caribbean nations .\nimber , m . j . 1991 . the jamaican petrel \u2013 dead or alive . gosse bird club broadsheet no . 57 : 4 - 9 .\nas its name suggests , this species has a clearly defined cap , separated from the dark mantle by a weak white collar . the conspicuous white ' rump ' ( uppertail coverts ) forms a broad ' u ' shape . distinctive black and white underwing pattern , comprising a broad black trailing edge and diagonal black bar across the secondary coverts . throat and underparts snowy white . darker upperparts intrude at the shoulder , forming a weak half collar . sexes similar . in general , upperparts appear dark or blackish , with the exception of variable white or whitish patches on the uppertail coverts , nape and forehead . the white on the nape accentuates the brownish black cap ; dark coloration extends from cap to eye , nape and towards upper breast , forming partial collar . brownish grey mantle and upperwing . white rump and uppertail coverts . dark brown tail . entirely white underparts . white underwing with narrow black trailing edge , black tip , broad black edge between primaries and carpal joint . band extends towards center of wing .\nrecently , through the pioneering use of new techniques like radar observation and old - fashioned field work , great strides have been made in understanding this bird . nesting sites have been located on hispaniola and individual nests have been located and studied . on the island of dominica , a breeding population was confirmed for the first time in over 150 years . and the black - capped petrel was recently featured in zing magazine , liat airlines in - flight magazine .\nconservation status of black - capped petrels ( pterodroma hasitata ) : colony surveys at sierra de bahoruco , dominican republic , january 2002 by theodore r . simons , jaime collazo , david lee , and john gerwin , december 2002 ( chap 3 . from simons et al . 2006 compendium prepared for usfws )\nthis important discovery is the result of a huge collaborative effort on behalf of the black - capped petrel for which grupo jaragua and james goetz would like to sincerely thank the support of many individuals and organizations including : abdel abellard , jesus almonte , j . hart , anderson jean , miguel landestoy , enold louis jean , t . mejia , ren\u00e9 jeune , evanita sanon , djeff alexis , markus kleber , jerbin volquez , u . s . fish and wildlife service ,\nthe atlantic seabird tracking website provides background and maps for the petrel tracking project . results are reported in the journal endangered species research at this open access link .\nrecent sightings of black - capped petrels , by theodore r . simons , john gerwin , jaime collazo , and rebecca a . hylton , 31 december 2006 ( chap 6 . from simons et al . 2006 compendium prepared for usfws ) . contact brian patteson trip reports from seabird trips off cape hatteras , north carolina .\nsimons , t . r . , collazo , j . , lee , d . and gerwin , j . ( 2002 ) conservation status of black - capped petrels ( pterodroma hasitata ) : colony surveys at sierra de baoruco , dominican republic , january 2002 , unpublished report . north carolina state university , raleigh , nc .\nin january 2015 , epic teamed up with scientists from dominica\u2019s ministry of agriculture and fisheries to conduct a systematic survey of the island aimed at determining the petrel\u2019s status .\nthe endangered black - capped petrel was last confirmed as nesting on the island in 1862 . but a survey that started in january recorded 968 of the birds over the mountains , where they could potentially be making nests , the birds caribbean organisation says . until now , the only known colonies were on the island of hispaniola - now divided between haiti and the dominican republic . only 1 , 000 to 2 , 000 breeding pairs are estimated to live there , and their habitat is under threat .\na relatively large , distinctive , long - winged pterodroma (\ngadfly\n) petrel . the clearly defined black cap , separated from the dark mantle by a weak white collar , and the conspicuous white ' rump ' ( uppertail coverts ) forming a broad ' u ' shape , are unmistakable , even from substantial distances .\nconsequently , brown\u2019s team of researchers adopted a technique developed to study petrels on hispaniola : they employed a portable marine - radar array and nightvision scopes to locate and identify birds as they flew to and from potential nest areas in the island\u2019s highest peaks . and the biologists were successful , counting no fewer than 968 black - capped petrels .\nthe presumed breeding season of the black - capped petrel was already underway when the grupo jaragua team ( of ernst rupp , jairo issa arache , gerson feliz , and jos\u00e9 luis castillo ) started the expedition to search for nests on 3 rd march . the team was joined by two members ( djeff alexis and evanita sanon ) of ojaa \u2013 a youth organization in anse - \u00e0 - pitres , haiti \u2013 who have been involved with grupo jaragua - led conservation efforts for the critically endangered ricord\u2019s iguana cyclura ricordi .\nmonitoring breeding black - capped petrels at morne vincent , haiti and loma del toro , dominican republic . presentation by esteban garrido , ernst rupp , adam brown , james e . goetz , given july 2013 at the regional meeting of the society for the conservation and study of caribbean birds , grenada . written report by grupo jaragua , may 2013 .\npresentation on how the conservation of the petrel is being undertaken through human poverty alleviation , given at the birdscaribbean international conference in cuba , july 2017 . presented by anderson jean .\ncarte , a . 1866 . on an undescribed species of petrel from the blue mountains of jamaica . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 1866 : 93 - 95 .\nit is primarily nocturnal and crepuscular , feeding on fish , invertebrate swarms , fauna associated with sargassum seaweed reefs , and squid . it is attracted to localised upwellings , where the mixing of surface and deep oceanic waters produces nutrient - rich areas . the black - capped petrel forages predominantly in multispecies flocks throughout the night but with peak activity at dawn and dusk . while some time is spent foraging on the ocean surface , the preferred technique is to snatch items with their bills whilst in flight . fish , squid and invertebrates all form part of the petrel ' s diet , with fauna associated with sargassum seaweed reefs being particularly popular . in addition , these birds are not averse to occasionally scavenge behind fishing vessels\nfor pelagic birders on the east coast , it doesn\u2019t get much better than a black - capped petrel in a breeze . like all pterodroma s , they cruise on the wind like a fine italian sportscar on a mountain road , effortlessly and with breathtaking abandon . for decades the only known nest sites of this charismatic seabird were in patches of high mountain forest on the island of hispaniola \u2013 including some of the last remaining patches of native forest in haiti \u2013 where rampant destruction of natural resources continue to make their long - term survival uncertain .\ndue to their prevalence off the coast of the u . s . some researchers believe that there are other breeding colonies not yet accounted for . expeditions to find breeding birds in cuba have been made , but no colonies have been found thus far . likewise , reports of black - capped petrels in dominica have not been followed by the discovery of other nesting sites .\nadam brown , co - founder and lead scientist at epic states , \u201cfinding this colony of petrels on dominica is a real game - changer for black - capped petrel conservation . for years we thought the only remaining colonies of petrels were on hispaniola , where nesting habitat is diminishing at an alarming rate and pressures of human activity are significant . dominica is an island - nation where nature conservation is a high priority and forests needed by petrels are well protected , so we now have a huge new opportunity to undertake conservation efforts to preserve this imperiled species . \u201d\npresentation on recent five years of research , monitoring and conservation of the petrel on hispaniola , given at the given at the birdscaribbean international conference in cuba , july 2017 . presented by hector andujar .\nblack - capped petrels presumably bred historically in the sierra maestra mountain range of southeastern cuba ( nicasio vi\u00f1a , personal communication ) . this area shares its name with a nearby town , as well as an adjacent point of land also named la bruja where the petrels are known to feed at night . locals in the area reported hearing strange nocturnal sounds in 1976 which n . vi\u00f1a assured residents were birds , not demons or witches ( garrido 1985 ) . cuban ornithologists affiliated with the havana national museum of natural history collected six specimens of black - capped petrels as the petrels were coming ashore at dusk . although this potential breeding colony was never found , as the cliffs within the sierra maestra range are largely inaccessible , there is additional recent evidence to suggest that a stronger survey effort in this area is warranted .\nhowell and patteson ( 2008 ) suggest that variation in black - capped petrels may reflect multiple cryptic species , as evidenced by different plumage characters and different molt sequence and timing . their discussion is the most extensive and comprehensive treatment to date for this species , but even they suggest that additional information is needed to understand whether this variation is a functional of subpopulations , geographic variation , multiple cryptic species , molt timing , or some combination of these .\nthis species may seem variable in appearance , but at least one recent treatment of the species suggests that such variation may be more discrete than previously thought ( howell and patteson 2008 ) .\nblack - faced\nand\nwhite - faced\nindividuals form discrete plumage and morphological clusters :\nblack - faced\nbirds tend to show dark or black cheeks and auricular areas , with larger and more obvious dark collar , more extensive dark cap , and darker plumage on the nape ;\nwhite - faced\nbirds are primarily opposite of these patterns , in showing substantially reduced dark coloration in these areas . note , however , that this variation is not particularly well understood , nor is it completely discrete - intermediate plumages exist .\nthe only known extant black - capped petrel breeding populations are located in the highlands of hispaniola , predominantly in southern haiti but also in low numbers across the border in the dominican republic ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) . historically , breeding populations were also recorded on several other caribbean islands , including martinique , guadeloupe , dominica and cuba ( 4 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . it is almost certainly extinct on martinique and guadeloupe ( 4 ) but recent reports suggest the presence of breeding birds on cuba ( 12 ) . its foraging range extends throughout the caribbean and the atlantic , but is observed most frequently on the western edge of the gulf stream from northeast south america to northeast usa ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nis actually a cryptic complex of several species . only cape verde storm - petrel ( o . jabejabe ) and monteiro ' s storm - petrel ( o . monteiroi ) have been recognized thus far , but ultimately at least one other atlantic taxon is likely to be split from band - rumped . the form , band - rumped storm - petrel ( grant ' s ) is yet undescribed , but increasingly well - known in its east atlantic breeding areas and its vocal differences have been described by the sound approach team . in addition , at least two and maybe more pacific taxa ( including the galapagos form , also available in ebird ) surely will be split . debate continues about which form ( s ) occur ( s ) in united states waters . while this has no effect on current lists ( since only nominate and the undescribed taxa are yet documented or believed to visit north american waters ) , it is worth keeping in mind that the ebird / clements definition of band - rumped storm - petrel is different from that of the aou .\nnot only is this a fantastic conservation story , but there\u2019s an interesting taxonomic angle as well . birders in the gulf stream have long noted that black - capped petrels come in two varieties , \u201clight - faced\u201d and \u201cdark - faced\u201d . these two forms not only look different , but they have different molt timing and , as a study using museum specimens published in 2013 found , significant genetic distance as well . known breeding populations on hispaniola consist of dark - faced birds so the breeding grounds of the light individuals was long suspected to be dominica .\nto be honest , i\u2019m a biologist , i\u2019m not a humanitarian so this not my area of expertise . but i know these things need to be done for the petrel to survive on haiti . there\u2019s a delicate balance between the poverty of the people and the success of the bird .\nthis is not unique in the world ; if it\u2019s not the petrel , than it\u2019s the elephant or the bengal tiger . it\u2019s that poor , rural communities live next to areas where there are endangered species . i know programmes like this have had success , so i know this one can too .\n\u201cthis is a nocturnal seabird with a deadly attraction to oily surfaces , so an oil spill in the petrel\u2019s habitat could drive it to extinction , \u201d said jacki lopez , florida director at the center . \u201cthis cliff - dwelling bird urgently needs protection from imminent plans to open its fishing grounds to oil drilling . \u201d\nfield investigations on hispaniola suggest that black - capped petrels are laying eggs in mid - to late january , chicks are hatching in mid - to late march and fledglings are departing the colony sites in mid - june to early july ( simons et al . 2013 ) . all nests located to date are at high elevations ( > 1500 m ) and while most are in inaccessible areas ( steep slopes , heavily forested ) some are not ( e . rupp , in litt . ) nesting success from monitoring over 4 years was 70 - 77 % ( n = 47 nests ) with abandonment and predation causing most failures ( e . rupp , in litt . )\ni feel optimists about it . being in dominica , where i am right now , where the conservation challenges are different helps with that . if the petrels are here on dominica \u2013 where the forests are really protected and the people care a lot about keeping the island the same \u2013 then i feel really good about the future of the petrel .\nthere are only 13 known breeding colonies in haiti and the dominican republic and fewer than 2 , 000 breeding pairs . the petrel is considered endangered by the international union for conservation of nature , the international authority on endangered species ; it is threatened by the destruction of its breeding habitat through deforestation , as well as contamination and oil and gas development .\npresident obama recently opened the atlantic coast to seismic exploration activities for oil and gas , and the department of the interior is reviewing 10 applications for permits . additionally , the administration proposed a plan to offer an area off the mid - atlantic for drilling in its five - year plan for offshore oil leases . these industrial activities threaten the petrel and its habitat .\n, of south trinidade island has been documented in summer from the outer continental shelf of the southeastern united states and this species is also expected to occur in the west indies region . although the two species are not closely related , its size and dark phased plumage are superficially similar to that of the jamaica petrel . at sea sightings of reported jamaica petrels need to be evaluated with caution .\nwe have made an effort to include many known hybrids that occur in the wild . while this is not a list of every single hybrid combination reported , we have tried to include those that are frequent enough and distinctive enough that they might be reported by birders . these range from the common combinations like\namerican black duck x mallard\nand\nwestern x glaucous - winged gull\nto considerably rarer combinations like\nas such , the petrel is highly vulnerable to threats of anthropogenic - related mortality ( including disorientation by artificial lighting and collision with tall structures ) and rampant habitat destruction . as a result of these activities and events , and the potential for increasing activities that expose these petrels to risks , this species is seriously threatened . it ' s conservation status is rated by birdlife international as endangered ; birdlife international estimates that the total population is 5 , 000 individuals , and that the population is in decline .\nthe black - and - white bird was once a common sight on the island , but was wiped out in the late 1800s by hunting and the introduction of predators . they are notoriously hard to spot , spending only a few months on land each year , and flying to their underground burrows at night . biologists used radar and night - vision scopes to count those discovered in dominica . they now plan to trek into the mountains early next year to look for nests , to confirm that the birds are breeding .\nwestern swamphen ( porphyrio porphyrio ) ; african swamphen ( porphyrio madagascariensis ) ; gray - headed swamphen ( porphyrio poliocephalus ) ; black - backed swamphen ( porphyrio indicus ) ; philippine swamphen ( porphyrio pulverulentus ) ; and australasian swamphen ( porphyrio melanotus ) . the species was recently added to the north american list because of an established , introduced population of gray - headed swamphen in florida . since that time , a vagrant african swamphen has also appeared on bermuda . the nacc considered this split in 2016 but chose not to split purple swamphen at this time .\nmass : females range from 347 - 545 grams , with substantial clustering into three different classes of mass that relate to black - , white - , and intermediate - face color patterns ; males of the same mass classes range from 349 - 591 grams . wing chord : females range from 268 - 305 mm ; males range from 279 - 317 mm . exposed culmen : females range from 28 . 8 . 39 . 9 mm ; males range from 30 . 1 - 34 . 7 mm . all data summarized from howell and patteson ( 2008 ) .\nunlike many species of seabird that are critically threatened or highly endangered ,\nconsiderably more is known about the petrel ' s marine ecology than its breeding biology\n( simons et al . 2006 ) . this species has a small , fragmented and declining breeding range and population and has been extirpated from a number of sites ; declines are likely to continue as a result of habitat loss and degradation , hunting and invasive predators ( e . g . norway rat , indian mongoose ) . these factors remain key threats in haiti . birds are also predated by introduced mammals , and urbanization and increases in artificial lights may disorient birds into colliding with trees , wires and buildings . a telecommunications mast with guy wires erected in 1995 in the dominican republic poses a major , potential collision hazard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrooke , m . de l . 2004 . albatrosses and petrels across the world . oxford university press , oxford .\nis smaller and usually lacks white hindneck and rump , but separation may sometimes be impossible . great shearwater\nthis species is classified as endangered because it has a very small , fragmented and declining breeding range and population . it has already been extirpated from some sites , and declines are likely to continue as a result of habitat loss and degradation , hunting and invasive predators .\npterodroma hasitata is confirmed as breeding in hispaniola ( comprising the nations of haiti and the dominican republic ) . the population there is estimated as no more than 1 000 breeding pairs , perhaps as few as 500 , and a total population of 2 000\u20134 000 birds . the highest density of nests and most of the population occurs on la visite ridge in the western extent of the massif de la selle , haiti . smaller populations occur eastward along the massif de la selle and across the border in the sierra de bahoruco of the dominican republic , as well as around pic macaya in massif de la hotte in western haiti . radar surveys and aural observations indicate that small populations occur in other areas to the north and east in the dominican republic but nests have yet to be located ( e . rupp , in litt . ) taking into account each of these known and suspected breeding sites , all of which are quite small , an area of occurrence estimate of 20 km 2 is reasonable ( e . rupp , in litt . ) .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; cayman islands ; colombia ; cura\u00e7ao ; nicaragua ; puerto rico ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthe population undoubtedly declined through the 19th and 20th centuries during which time breeding populations on guadeloupe , dominica and martinique may have been entirely extirpated . this decline is thought to have continued during recent years but requires confirmation .\n2013 ) . the most significant current threat on haiti is loss of habitat from encroachment of humans for agriculture and forest product collection . habitat loss from fire , and fatal attraction to lights ( flames , cities , communication towers ) are threats for all populations in hispaniola . collection by humans and predation do account for some mortality , but burrow monitoring by camera trap and nest success rates indicate that these are not significant drivers of population decline . ( e . rupp\ndevelop and undertake conservation strategies to halt encroachment in haiti and improve park management ( e . g . fire control ) in haiti and the dominican republic . continue surveys to determine distribution on hispaniola , dominica and at - sea and to determine presence on cuba , jamaica and guadeloupe . research key threats in order to reduce and / or mitigate them , and monitor population status throughout range . ( goetz et al . 2012 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na colony of one of the world ' s rarest seabirds has been found on the caribbean island of dominica , according to scientists .\nuse # newsfromelsewhere to stay up - to - date with our reports via twitter .\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\n\u201cwhen it comes to protecting endangered species like this seafaring bird , delay can mean death , \u201d said lopez .\nthe center for biological diversity is a national , nonprofit conservation organization with more than 825 , 000 members and online activists dedicated to the protection of endangered species and wild places .\nat one time , this bird was known in north america only from scattered waifs blown inland by hurricanes . now it is known to occur regularly in the gulf stream , far offshore from the southeastern states . it breeds only in the west indies , and has disappeared from most former nesting areas ; should be considered at risk of extinction .\nformerly an abundant nester on several islands , but numbers dropped sharply in middle of 19th century . decline often blamed on introduction of mongoose , but that occurred in 1870s , after decline already apparent . introduced rats more likely responsible , along with humans catching petrels for food . now known to nest in mountains in haiti , dominican republic , and cuba , and vulnerable in these few spots .\nopen ocean . forages over warm deep water far off southeastern coast of north america , especially over western edge of gulf stream . also over seamounts or submarine ridges where turbulence may bring food nearer surface . nests around steep forested cliffs in west indies ; may have nested in burrows on more level ground before exotic predators were introduced there .\noften in loose small flocks , associated with other seabirds . forages by dipping to surface of water , with feet down and pattering on water , or by settling briefly on water with wings upstretched ; sometimes feeds while swimming . may do most feeding early morning and late evening , when some prey items are closer to surface ."]}
{"id": 512, "summary": [{"text": "orthetrum sabina , the slender skimmer or green marsh hawk , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is widespread , being found from south-eastern europe and north africa to japan and south to australia and micronesia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are grayish to greenish yellow with black and pale markings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is very similar to orthetrum serapia in appearance , with both species appearing in northern australia .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "pale markings on segment four of the abdomen do not extend into the posterior section when viewed from above on orthetrum sabina .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is a medium-sized dragonfly with a wingspan of 60-85mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "this dragonfly perches motionless on shrubs and dry twigs for long periods .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it voraciously preys on smaller butterflies and dragonflies . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "orthetrum sabina", "paragraphs": ["dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 52 . orthetrum sabina sabina ( drury , 1770 )\nmaggie whitson marked\nslender skimmer or green marsh hawk orthetrum sabina ( male )\nas trusted on the\northetrum sabina\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : orthetrum sabina feeding tetrathemis platyptera at kadavoor . jpg\nas trusted on the\northetrum sabina ( drury 1770 )\npage .\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\ngreen marsh hawk\nto\northetrum sabina drury 1773\n.\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )\ntitle =\narkive species - slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\northetrum sabina drury 1773\n.\northetrum sabina sabina . everywhere in the lowlands , you can spot this species . often you will hear it first as it makes a rather loud ' clacking ' sound as it takes off . this is the fifth dragonfly species from the\nschneider w . 1995 . ein paarungskette between orthetrum sabina ( drury 1770 ) und crocothemis erythraea ( brull\u00e9 1832 ) ( odonata : anisoptera : libellulidae ) . entomologische zeitschrift 105 : 462 - 463 .\nwatson , j . a . ( 1984 ) a second australian species in the orthetrum sabina complex ( odonata : libellulidae ) . australian journal of entomology , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : lib\u00e9lula ( orthetrum sabina ) sobre un gymnocalicium mihanowichii , ciudad ho chi minh , vietnam , 2013 - 08 - 14 , dd 05 . jpg\n.\nthe slender skimmer ( orthetrum sabina ) is a striking green to greyish - yellow dragonfly with black markings ( 3 ) . the sides of the thorax and abdomen are striped with black , and the abdomen is distinctly swollen towards the base . a small dark spot is present at the base of the hindwing ( 4 ) .\ndumont , h . j . and verschuren , d . 2005 . odonata from the ennedi and ounianga regions of northern chad , with a note of the status of orthetrum kollmannspergeri buchholz , and a checklist of the species currently known from the republic of chad . odonatologica 34 : 291 - 297 .\northertrum sabina is a very widespread and common oriental species , whose range extends to australia and china . the westernmost populations are found in the maghreb and along the turkish mediterranean coast . its european distribution is limited to cyprus and the greek islands of samos , kos and rhodos where less than 20 localities are known .\ndijkstra k . - d . b . and boudot j . - p . 2010 . first update of the atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa : orthetrum machadoi longfield , 1955 new to the palearctic and agriocnemis sania nielsen , 1959 new to the egyptian nile valley . libellula , 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 107 - 125 .\njustification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) orthertrum sabina has a very wide global range and only marginally occurs in europe ( cyprus , kos , samos , rhodos ) . in total , less than 20 european localities are known . it occupies a broad range of habitats and there is no indication that it may be declining and the species is therefore assessed as least concern in europe .\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nschorr , m . and paulson , d . 2015 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 july 2015 ) .\nlieftinck , 1942 , has been described from the highlands of central new guinea . it is sometimes regarded as a synonym of\n( drury , 1773 ) urltoken a genetic study of the species throughout its huge range is needed to understand its variability and possible subspeciation .\njustification : this is a very widespread species that is well adapted to various kinds of habitats in fresh and brackish waters , including disturbed ones . it is assessed as least concern .\nis an oriental species showing a huge range going from australia , japan and micronesia to north africa .\nafghanistan ; algeria ; armenia ; australia ( new south wales , northern territory , queensland , western australia ) ; azerbaijan ; bahrain ; bangladesh ; bhutan ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; chad ; china ( fujian , guangdong , guangxi , hainan , hubei , sichuan , yunnan ) ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; georgia ( abkhaziya , adzhariya , gruziya ) ; greece ; hong kong ; india ( assam , bihar , himachal pradesh , meghalaya , punjab , tripura , uttaranchal , uttar pradesh , west bengal ) ; indonesia ( bali , jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , maluku , papua , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kazakhstan ; kuwait ; lao people ' s democratic republic ; lebanon ; libya ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nepal ; new caledonia ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ( papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; qatar ; russian federation ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; sri lanka ; sudan ; syrian arab republic ; taiwan , province of china ; tajikistan ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tunisia ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia ) ; turkmenistan ; united arab emirates ; uzbekistan ; viet nam ; yemen ( north yemen , socotra , south yemen )\nthis species occupies a broad range of slow flowing and still water habitats , from ponds and lakes to wet rice fields , irrigation ditch and marshes . it is very tolerant of high salt contents and to habitat disturbance .\nno conservation measures are needed but a study about the genetic variability or homogeneity of the species throughout its range is recommended .\nabdu , r . m . and shaumar , n . f . 1985 . a preliminary list of the insect fauna of qatar . qatar university science bulletin 5 : 215 - 232 .\nal - houty , w . 1985 . some odonata from kuwait . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 121 : 62 .\nal - safadi , m . m . 1990 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the yemen arab republic . fauna of saudi arabia 11 : 18 - 30 .\nal - safadi , m . m . 1995 . a pilot study of lake ma ' rib , yemen . hydrobiologia 315 : 203 - 209 .\namr , z . s . , katbeh - bader , a . and schneider , w . 1997 . on the common insecta of al azraq , jordan . entomologist ' s gazette 48 : 55 - 66 .\nandres , a . 1928 . the dragonflies of egypt . m\u00e9moires de la societ\u00e9 royale entomologique d ' egypte 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 43 .\nasahina , s . 1973 . the odonata of iraq . japese journal zoology 17 : 17\u201336\nasahina , s . 1974 . an additional note on the odonata of iraq . kontyu , tokyo 42 : 107 - 109 .\nbedjanic , m . , conniff , k . and de silva wijeyeratne , g . 2007 . dragonflies of sri lanka . jetwing eco holidays , colombo .\nblom , w . l . 1982 . list of odonata collected during various lepidopterological trips in iran ( 1971 - 1974 ) . notulae odonatologicae 1 : 150 - 151 .\nborisov , s . n . and haritonov , a . y . 2008 . the dragonflies ( odonata ) of middle asia . part 2 . ( anisoptera ) . eurasian entomological journal 7 : 97 - 123 .\nboudot , j . p . , kalkman , v . j . , azpilicueta amor\u00edn , m . , bogdanovi\u0107 , t . , cordero rivera , a . , degabriele , g . , dommanget , j . l . , ferreira , s . , garrig\u00f3s , b . , jovi\u0107 , m . , kotarac , m . , lopau , w . , marinov , m . , mihokovi\u0107 , n . , riservato , e . , samraoui , b . and schneider , w . 2009 . atlas of the odonata of the mediterranean and north africa . libellula supplement 9 : 256 pp .\nde marmels , j . 1995 . some dragonfly records from central and northern israel . opuscula zoologica fluminensia 128 : 1 - 9 .\ndo manh cuong and dang thi thanh hoa . 2007 . checklist of dragonfly from vietnam . vietnam national university publisher , hanoi .\ndumont , h . j . 1988 . on the composition and palaeoecological significance of the odonate fauna of darfur , western sudan . odonatologica 17 : 385 - 392 .\ndumont , h . j . 1991 . odonata of the levant . the israel academy of sciences and humanities , jerusalem .\ndumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1991 . additions to the dragonfly fauna of yemen . notulae odonatologicae 3 : 114 - 117 .\ndumont , h . j . and al - safadi , m . m . 1993 . further additions to the dragonfly fauna of the republic of yemen ( odonata ) . opuscula zoologica fluminensia . 109 : 1\u20138 .\ndumont , h . j . and heidari , h . 1996 . on a collection of spring odonata from iran , with the description of coenagrion australocaspicum n . sp . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d\u2019entomologie 132 : 63\u201378 .\nebrahimi , a . , madjdzadeh , s . m . and mohammadian , h . 2009 . dragonflies ( odonata ) from south - eastern iran . caspian journal of environmental science 7 : 107 - 112 .\nel amin el rayah , m . and el zubeir , n . 1984 . on the dragonfly fauna of khartoum ( sudan ) . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 120 ( 1440 / 1443 ) : 153 - 160 .\ngeene , r . 1994 . notes on dragonflies in egypt , spring 1990 . in : p . l . meininger and g . a . m . atta ( eds ) , ornithological studies in egyptian wetlands 1989 / 1990 , pp . 391 - 395 ( appendix iii ) . foundation for ornithological researech in egypt , vlissingen .\nghahari , h . , tabari , m . , sakenin , h . , ostovan , h . and imani , s . 2009 . odonata ( insecta ) from northern iran , with comments on their presence in rice fields . . munis entomology & zoology 4 : 148 - 154 .\ngrunwell , m . 2010 . dragonflies and damselflies in qatar . journal of the qatar natural history group .\nh\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . and pinratana , a . 1999 . atlas of the dragonflies of thailand . distribution maps by provinces . brothers of st . gabriel in thailand , bangkok .\nheidari , h . and dumont , h . j . 2002 . an annotated check - list of the odonata of iran . zoology in the middle east 26 : 133 - 150 .\nherren b . 2003 . erstnachweis von sympetrum fonscolombii ( sel . ) in den vereinigten arabischen emiraten ( anisoptera : libellulidae ) . notulae odonatologicae 6 : 24 .\niucn . 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2013 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2013 ) .\nj\u00f6dicke , r . , arlt , j . , kunz , b . , lopau , w . and seidenbusch , r . 2000 . the odonata of tunisia . international journal of odonatology 3 : 41 - 71 .\nkalkman , v . j . 2006 . key to the dragonflies of turkey , including species known from greece , bulgaria , lebanon , syria , the trans - caucasus and iran . brachytron 10 : 3 - 82 .\nkalkman , v . j . and van pelt , g . j . 2006 . the distribution and flight period of the dragonflies of turkey . brachytron 10 : 83 - 153 .\nkatbeh - bader , a . , amr , z . and schneider , w . 2002 . odonata of jordan . fragmenta entomologica 34 : 147 - 170 .\nkimmins , d . e . 1950 . results of the armstrong college expedition to siwa oasis ( libyan desert ) 1935 under the leadership of prof . j . omer - cooper . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fouad ier d ' entomologie 34 : 151 - 157 .\nkimmins , d . e . 1961 . the odonata and neuroptera of the island of socotra . annals and magazine of natural history 13th series . 3 : 385\u2013 - 392 .\nkrupp , f . , apel , m . , hamoud , a . , schneider , w . and zajonz , u . 2006 . zoological survey in the red sea coastal zone of yemen . fauna of arabia 21 : 11 - 32 .\nle roi , o . 1915 . odonaten aus der algerischen sahara von der reise von freiherrn h . geyr von schweppenburg . mit einer \u00fcbersicht der nordafrikanischen odonaten - fauna . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1915 : 609 - 634 .\nmeurgey , f . ( coord . ) . 2006 . les odonates des d\u00e9partements et collectivit\u00e9s d ' outre - mer fran\u00e7ais . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d ' odonatologie , versailles .\nmonnerat , c . and hoess , r . 2011 . libellen aus jordanien , dem westjordanland und dem libanon , gesammelt von johann friedrich klapperich zwischen 1956 und 1969 ( odonata ) . libellula 30 : 77 - 88 .\nmorton , k . j . 1919 . odonata of mesopotamia . entomologist ' s monthly magazine ( ser . b ) 55 : 143 - 151 , 183 - 196 .\nmorton , k . j . 1920 . odonata collected in mesopotamia by the late major r . brewitt - taylor , r . a . m . c . annals and magazine of natural history 9 : 293 - 303 .\nmorton , k . j . 1920 . odonata collected in north - western persia and mesopotamia by captain p . a . buxton , r . a . m . c . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 56 : 82 - 87 .\nmorton , k . j . 1924 . the dragonflies of palestine , based primarily on collections made by dr . p . a . buxton , with notes on the species of the adjacent regions . transactions of the royal entomological society of london 72 : 25 - 44 .\nmousatat , f . , dumont , h . j . , karrom , m . and ali , n . m . 2010 . dragonflies from northern syria . zoology in the middle east 51 : 105 - 112 .\nnavas l . 1929 . insectos de la cirenaica . revista de la academia ciencias exactas de zaragoza 13 : 13 - 28 .\nnielsen c . 1936 . odonati dell ' africa orientale italiana . bolletino della societa entomologica italiana 68 : 123 - 130 .\norr , a . g . 2003 . a guide to the dragonflies of borneo . their identification and biology . natural history publications , kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia .\norr , a . g . 2005 . dragonflies of peninsular malaysia and singapore . natural history publications ( borneo ) .\npinhey , e . 1961 . a survey of the dragonflies of eastern africa . british museum ( natural history ) , london .\nriservato , e . , grieco , c . , pella , f . , sindaco , r . , pupin , f . , suleiman , a . s . and fasola , m . 2010 . a contribution to the knowledge of the odonatofauna of the socotra archipelago ( yemen ) . zoology in the middle east 50 : 101 - 106 .\nris , f . 1912 . ergebnisse der mit subvention aus der erbschaft treitl unternommenen zoologischen forschungsreise dr . franz werner ' s nach dem \u00e4gyptischen sudan und nord - uganda . sitzungsberichte der k\u00f6niglichen akademie der wisseschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , abteilung 1 , wien 121 : 149 - 170 .\nris , f . 1928 . zur erforschung des persischen golfes . beitrag 8 , libellen ( odonata ) . wiener entomologische zeitung 44 : 155 - 164 .\nsadhegi , s . and mohammadalizadeh , j . 2009 . additions to the odonata fauna of iran . iranian journal of science and technology , transaction a 33 : 355 - 359 .\nsage , b . l . 1960 . notes on the odonata of iraq . iraq natural history museum publication : 1 - 11 .\nsamraoui , b . and menai , r . 1999 . a contribution to the study of algerian odonata . international journal of odonatology 2 : 145 - 165 .\nschmidt , e . 1954 . die libellen irans . sitzungsberichte der \u00f6sterreischichen akademie der wissenschaften ( abt . i ) 163 : 223 - 260 .\nschneider , w . 1981 . on a dragonfly collection from syria . odonatologica 10 : 131 - 145 .\nschneider , w . 1986 . systematik und zoogeographie der odonata der levante unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der zygoptera . biologie , institut f\u00fcr zoologie , johannes gutenberg - universit\u00e4t .\nschneider , w . 1988 . dragonflies ( odonata ) of the wahiba sands and adjacent areas , eastern oman . journal of oman studies special report 3 : 377\u2013388 .\nschneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1997 . the dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of oman . an updated and annotated checklist . fauna of saudi arabia 16 : 89 - 110 .\nschneider , w . and dumont , h . j . 1998 . checklist of the dragonflies and damselflies of soqotra island ( insecta : odonata ) . first international scientific symposium on socotra island : present and future 1 : 211 - 231 . aden , 1996 .\nschneider , w . and krupp , f . 1993 . dragonfly records from saudi arabia , with an annotated checklist of the species from the arabian peninsula ( insecta : odonata ) . fauna of saudi arabia 13 : 63 - 78 .\nshalaby , f . 1961 . a preliminary survey of the insect fauna of saudi arabia . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique d ' egypte 45 : 211 - 228 .\nskvortsov , v . e . 2010 . the dragonflies of eastern europe and caucasus : an illustrated guide . kmk scientific press ltd ( distributed out of russia by pensoft ) , moscow .\nsubramanian , k . a . 2005 . dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india \u2013 a field guide . project lifescape . indian academy of sciences , bangalore , india .\nsubramanian , k . a . 2009 . a checklist of odonata ( insecta ) of india . zoological survey of india : 33 .\ntang , h . b . , wang , l . k . , and h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , singapore .\ntariq chauldry , m . 2010 . systematics of dragonflies ( anisoptera : odonata ) of pakistan . department of entomology , arid agriculture university , faculty of crop and food sciences .\ntheischinger , g . and hawking , j . h . 2006 . the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . csiro , collingwood , australia .\ntourenq , c . , barcelo , i . , kumari , a . and drew , c . 2005 . the terrestrial mammals , reptiles and invertebrates of al wathba wetland reserve - a species list and status report . . terrestrial environment research centre , environmental research and wildlife development agency , p . o . box 45553 , abu dhabi .\nvan der weide , m . j . t . and kalkman , v . j . 2008 . some new records of dragonflies from oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 52 - 54 .\nwang , liang - jong . 2000 . dragonflies of taiwan . wild bird society of taipei .\nwaterston , a . r . 1980 . insects of saudi arabia . odonata . fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 57\u201370 .\nwaterston , a . r . 1984 . insects of southern arabia . odonata from the yemens and saudi arabia . fauna of saudi arabia 6 : 451\u2013472\nwaterston , a . r . and pittaway , a . r . 1991 ( 1989 ) . the odonata or dragonflies of oman and neighbouring territories . journal of oman studies 10 : 131 - 168 .\nwatson , j . a . l . , theischinger , g . and abbey , h . m . 1991 . the australian dragonflies . a guide to the identification , distribution and habitats of australian odonata . csiro , canberra and melbourne .\nwilson , k . d . p . 2004 . field guide to the dragonflies of hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nwilson , k . d . p . 2008 . a brief trip to united arab emirates and northern oman . agrion , newsletter of the worldwide dragonfly association 12 : 56 - 57 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\namphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths ( external site ) bug guide ( external site ) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada , j . pelham , 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state\nnote : please inform dennis paulson ( dennispaulson @ comcast . net ) of any errors of commission or omission . thank you .\nwe were recently presented with a list of\nmystery synonyms\nof species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list . considerable effort was expended to solve this problem , and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list . we thank matthew muir , greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections . the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .\nsubsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list , and this also pointed out some errors in the wol . we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra , viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems . as of 30 march 2018 , the list is considered updated .\ngenera modified after 30 march 2018 : amphicnemis , anisogomphus , argia , coeliccia , coenagrion , cora , drepanosticta , euthore , forcepsioneura , heliogomphus , indocypha , mattigomphus , microgomphus , miocora , nososticta , protosticta . genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .\nthanks to john abbott ( special thanks ) , yahya abdal - aziz , pekka alestalo , matjaz bedjanic , viola clausnitzer , prosenjit dawn , cyrille deliry ( special thanks for ongoing detective work ) , k - d dijkstra , rory dow , g\u00fcnther fleck , heinrich fliedner , ryo futahashi , dirk gassmann , arjen van het hof , marcel hospers , rasmus hovmoller , kwang - soo jung , vincent kalkman , oleg kosterin , noppadon makbun , alan manson , andreas martens , michael may , jose martin mel\u00e9ndez quinto , sarah miller , johann hendrik n\u00fcss , fons peels ( special thanks ) , felix reimann , richard rowe , dominic rupprich , csilla vajda , don - alexander van bergen , nancy van der poorten , martin villet , liang - jong wang , florian weihrauch , keith wilson , reiner work , xin yu , ondrej zicha and dan zimberlin ( special thanks ) for corrections and additions over the years . and thanks to martin lindeboom for his early contributions to this list .\nthis is an ongoing attempt to list all of the valid species of odonata . it is based on past compilations by the authors listed below and constant additional literature research . it includes the author and year of description for all genera and species . it also includes all synonyms for new world species ( from garrison 1991 ) and the great majority of synonyms for african and australian species , but the effort for eurasia is still quite incomplete . nevertheless , we consider the list a good starting point for estimates of biodiversity in this insect order . we must also point out that many typographical errors were introduced into the list when it was first typed , and as we continue to find these we correct them , but some of them persist . the list is not error - free . in fact , it is presently in a stage of making changes almost every week as these errors are discovered by the work of cyrille deliry , and\nwe have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly . right now this is impractical , both because the revisions are frequent , at least several times per month , and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user . because of the volume of changes , we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change ( e . g . , correcting typographical errors in names or dates ) . we are listing the genera in which substantive changes ( e . g . , new species , new synonymies , taxonomic changes ) have been made since the last\nedition .\nwe have not recognized any subspecies of odonata . instead , we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named . we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies , and as many of them have been questioned , we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .\nthe list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae , then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae , then anisoptera . within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order , then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family . indented names ( not indented very far on some browsers ) indicate ( a ) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement , and ( b ) synonyms following\nsyn .\nyou can use the find function in your web browser to locate families , genera , and species .\nbridges , c . a . 1993 . catalogue of the family - group , genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world ( second edition ) . c . a . bridges , urbana , illinois .\ndavies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1984 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of the extant species of odonata . vol . 1 . zygoptera , anisozygoptera . societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 3 , utrecht .\ndavies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1985 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of extant species of odonata . vol . 2 . anisoptera . soc . int . odonatol . rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 5 . , utrecht .\ndijkstra , k - d . b . , g . bechly , s . m . bybee , r . a . dow , h . j . dumont , g . fleck , r . w . garrison , m . h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , v . j . kalkman , h . karube , m . l . may , a . g . orr , d . r . paulson , a . c . rehn , g . theischinger , j . w . h . trueman , j . van tol , n . von ellenrieder , & j . ware . 2013 . the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . zootaxa 3703 ( 1 ) : 36 - 45 .\ndijkstra , k - d . b . , v . j . kalkman , r . a . dow , f . r . stokvis & j . van tol . 2014 . redefining the damselfly families : a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera ( odonata ) . systematic entomology 39 ( 1 ) : 68 - 96 .\ngarrison , r . w . 1991 . a synonymic list of the new world odonata . argia 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 30 .\ntsuda , s . 1991 . a distributional list of world odonata . published by author , osaka .\nslater museum of natural history 1500 n . warner st . # 1088 tacoma , wa 98416 253 . 879 . 3356\nde knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .\nthe species is common and often abundant at the turkish coast . most european records ( cyprus , kos , samos and rhodos ) pertain to less than 10 individuals .\nthe species inhabits all kind of unshaded standing and slow - flowing waters . it is found at channels , runnels , ponds and easily inhabits man made waters like ditches .\nthe larvae of the slender skimmer reach a total length of 19 to 21 millimetres and have spines in the middle of their abdominal segments ( 3 ) .\nthere is very little specific information available about the biology of the slender skimmer . like all dragonflies , the slender skimmer starts its life as an aquatic larva or nymph , and passes through a series of developmental stages or \u2018stadia\u2019 , and undergoes several moults as it grows ( 5 ) .\nthe length of the larval stage varies between species , although it may range from a few weeks to several years . the larva emerges from its final moult having metamorphosed into an adult dragonfly with characteristic features such as wings and enlarged compound eyes ( 5 ) . the wings of the newly emerged adult expand and harden rapidly , enabling flight soon after the final moult ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nafter emergence , the adult dragonfly leaves the water and spends anything from a few days to several months feeding and maturing . it is in this maturation period where the dragonfly normally develops its full adult colour ( 5 ) .\nalthough little is known specifically about reproduction in the slender skimmer , there is often fierce competition between male dragonflies for access to reproductive females . females typically begin to lay eggs in water immediately after copulation , often guarded by the male . however , females of some dragonfly species can store live sperm in their body for a number of days ( 5 ) .\nthe slender skimmer is renowned for feeding on other dragonfly species , including some species larger than itself ( 7 ) .\nan extremely widespread species , the slender skimmer occurs from south - eastern europe to japan and south to australia and micronesia ( 1 ) .\nthe slender skimmer occupies a broad range of slow - flowing and still water habitats , from ponds to wet rice fields and marshes . it is very tolerant of disturbance ( 1 ) , and will sometimes occupy temporary water sources ( 3 ) .\nthe slender skimmer is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthere are currently no threats to the slender skimmer , which is a common species with an ability to thrive in disturbed habitats ( 1 ) .\nthere are currently no specific conservation measures known to be in place for the slender skimmer ( 1 ) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nmoore , n . w . ( ed . ) ( 1997 ) dragonflies - status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . larvae stage in an animal\u2019s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults , and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs . in vertebrates the thorax contains the heart and the lungs .\ntheischinger , g . , and hawking , j . ( 2006 ) the complete field guide to dragonflies of australia . csiro publishing , australia .\nsubramanian , k . a . ( 2005 ) dragonflies and damselflies of peninsular india - a field guide . project lifescape , indian institute of science and indian academy of sciences , india .\no\u2019toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .\nsilsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis page contains information for about slender skimmers that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\nslender skimmer is yellow to greenish yellow in colour , with black markings . there are the yellow and black strips on the body sides and brown spot at base of hindwings . male and female look the same . as its common name implied , its body is slender .\nformed in karawatha forest . we saw some of these slender skimmers flying around those shallow ponds .\nthe male is as common as the female and can be seen in equal numbers . the thorax is green with black stripes and the abdomen has distinctive black and white markings .\nthe young male is very similar to the adult male , yet is more of a brown colour .\nthe female is identical to the male . the only difference are the end segments , where the males appendages are closed together , and the females are splayed ( see below ) . i have to take a photo and zoom in just to see the difference in sex .\nthis is something i have seen on numerous occasions , but have struggled to get good photos as they fly away at the slightest movement . this shows clearly just how similar they are . the markings are slightly different and the female ' s abdomen is more robust .\nfrom barren grassy areas to paddy fields , and from ponds to rivers , i have seen this species everywhere in the lowlands all year round . in fact , it was the first ever species i took a photo of . . . and got me into travelling the country in search of them .\ni am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .\n98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .\nnumber : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .\nnumber : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nlocation : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .\nnumber : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .\nlocation : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .\nnumber : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .\nlocation 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .\nnumber : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nnumber : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .\nnumber : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 dennis farrell 2010 - 2016 . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\na subspecies o . s . viduatum is known from the highlands of central new guinea .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 513, "summary": [{"text": "pezosiren portelli is a basal sirenian from the early eocene of jamaica , 50 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the type specimen is represented by a jamaican fossil skeleton , described in 2001 by daryl domning , a marine mammal paleontologist at howard university in washington , dc .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is believed to have a hippopotamus-like amphibious lifestyle , and is a perfect example of a transitional form between land and sea mammals .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "p. portelli had the typical skull and basic body shape shared by most modern sirenians , such as manatees and dugongs , but also had four limbs , not yet modified into flippers , with well-developed feet that were still adapted for walking on land . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "pezosiren", "paragraphs": ["carlos peredo marked\npezosiren\nas hidden on the\npezosiren portelli domning , 2001\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\naniko toth added an association between\npezosiren portelli , artist rendition , calvert marine museum\nand\npezosiren portelli domning , 2001\n.\ncarlos peredo added text to\nenvironment\non\npezosiren portelli domning , 2001\n.\nthe sediments from seven rivers , jamaica ( where pezosiren portelli was recovered ) . . .\ncarlos peredo added text to\nlocomotion\non\npezosiren portelli domning , 2001\n.\ncarlos peredo added text to\ntext\non\npezosiren portelli domning , 2001\n.\nwith its heavy body structure , pezosiren portelli most likely spent most of its time in water .\na restoration of pezosiren the bones in grey represent parts of the skeleton that were recovered . from domning ( 2001 ) .\nthis is a very important transition fossil between pezosiren portelli and potamosiren magdalenensis . we found it in jamaica in 2013 and it is named after us .\npezosiren portelli , named after its discoverer roger portell , was first found in jamaica in 1990 . it filled the gap between sirenians and their ancestors that lived on land .\npezosiren portelli is an important fossil because it represents the earliest known member of sirenia that was still a quadruped ( walked on four legs ) . pezosiren portelli was fully capable of walking on land , despite seemingly spending the majority of its time in the water . this is a key feature because modern sirenians ( dugongs and manatees ) have no back legs whatsoever and have completely lost the capability of emerging on land . thus , pezosiren portelli can be seen as a very early transitional species in the sirenia line ( domning , 2001 ) .\nin order to acquire more abundant food resources , pezosiren portelli developed body structrures that would enable it to live in the sea . its main food would be sea grass and algae .\nit still lives in the jamaican and african waterways but does not come to land as often as the pezosiren portelli . it thrived in warm shallow water with an overall tropic environment .\nfirst pezosiren portelli fossil was found from middle eocene rocks in jamaica . the eocene period was a period of global warming , with temperatures across the planet soaring . forests thrived and trees grew even in polar regions . jamaica in the eocene period was a coastal area on the equator . therefore , pezosiren portelli lived in tropical climate , spent most of its time in the sea but walked on land too .\npezosiren portelli is a species of extinct sirenia ( the group of animals that includes modern dugongs and manatees ) . it was named by domning in 2001 after fossils were found in seven rivers , jamaica . pezosiren portelli appeared in the early eocene ( about 53 - 49 million years ago ) and was roughly the size of the modern feral pig ( prista , estevens , agostinho , & cach\u00e3o , 2013 ) .\npezosiren is the first known quadrupedal sirenian , and represents a transitional form between terrestrial and marine sirenians . pezosiren had four limbs perfectly adapted to walking instead of flippers but at the same time the typical skull , teeth and thickened ribs of the fully aquatic , \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcnormal\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 sirenians . its pachyosteotic ribs , providing ballast , indicate that it was semi - aquatic , perhaps filling a niche similar to that of the modern hippopotamus .\nsea cows once walked on land . pezosiren leaves no doubt of that . this roughly 48 million year old mammal once trod over prehistoric jamaica , and looked akin to a hippo with the skull of a manatee . much like pakicetus in the history of early whales , pezosiren embodies a critical transitional period in the evolution of manatees and dugongs , yet the place where this amphibious sea cow was found did not match what paleontologists expected .\npezosiren was in every other respect , a modern manatee , except that it still had a definite , ( albeit reduced ) pelvis and four still fully - functional legs . the tail was missing and may have been heavier than indicated here as they evidently used them early on . otherwise , pezosiren must have occupied a similar niche to what hippos do now , spending almost all of its time walking the bottom of shallow waterways - which manatees today still do .\nif you only saw the skull of pezosiren you might be fooled into thinking it was a fully aquatic form like modern sirenians . while it\u2019s skull differs in some subtle ways , it is easily identifiable at first glance as being a relative of manatees and dugongs . the strange thing is , however , that pezosiren had four limbs and almost certainly was an amphibious creature . it could still walk on land and did not have the swimming adaptations seen in its later relatives .\nthe site is particularly noteworthy for the mammal fossils that it yields , which include the rhinoceros , hyrachyrus , and a new genus and species of fossil sea cow pezosiren portelli domning , the latter named in the 11th october edition of nature by daryl domning . this is the most complete , primitive sea cow yet discovered , and is unique to jamaica . pezosiren is a distant relation of the endangered manatee that has flippers , and lives in the shallow seas around jamaica .\ncould pezosiren , an eocene relative of modern manatees from the rock of jamaica and described by d . p . domnig in 2001 , have moved in a similar fashion ? today manatees and their relatives within the sirenia are adapted to a fully aquatic lifestyle ; their forefeet are stubby flippers , they lack hindlimbs , and they propel themselves with up - and - down oscillations of their broad tails . like whales , however , sirenians evolved from terrestrial ancestors , and pezosiren is a startling creature that helps illustrate how sirenians became adapted to aquatic life .\nthe bone is about 50 million years old . the researchers guess the animal it once belonged to resembled pezosiren more than the modern sea cow , though the bone also hints that the chambi manatee spent a lot of time in the water since the inner ear resembles that of whales .\nfor more on pezosiren portelli , see domning ( 2001 ) ; the diagram contrasting the prorastomid , protosirenid and crown - sirenian is from domning ( 2000 ) . the steller\u2019s sea cow painting is by maurice wilson . sirenians were previous covered on tet zoo in when manatees crossed the atlantic .\npezosiren was a pig - sized animal with a length of 2 . 1 m . it had a short neck , a barrel - shaped trunk , a moderate - lengthed tail and four short legs . the skeleton will eventually be displayed in the geology museum at the university of the west indies * .\nthanks for comments , brian . i would be happy to discuss pezosiren at length ( and desmostylians ) , given appropriate time and perhaps access to new images and data \ud83d\ude42 as for enamel microstructure\u2026 histology of any kind doesn\u2019t exactly push my buttons , but i know how important it can be as goes biology and evolution .\nat left is an artists ' conception of moeritherium , one of the most basal members known of the order , proboscidea which includes elephants . on the right is an artist ' s conception of pezosiren , one of the most basal members yet known of order sirenia , the family of dugongs ,\nsea cows\n, and manatees , even though no modern manatee has legs anymore . .\ni\u2019m intrigued by the diagram next to the pezosiren dot - point , suggesting that the relative positions of the center of mass and center of bouyancy have changed over the course of sirenian evolution . this is plausible enough , but are the remains of pezosiren and other eocene sirenians complete enough to allow calculation of their centers ? \u2014 i\u2019ve also had a niggle for years about moeritherium . the most recent cladograms i\u2019be seen put it closer to extant proboscidea than to sirenia or desmostylia , but its apparently aquatic life - style makes it seem like a good analogue , at least , for the ancestors of the sirenia . ( and the description of the likely life posture of desmostylia in post # 20 sounds like what embrithopoda might have evolved toward if they\u2019d had a chance ! ) prediction : new discoveries will lead to major revision in our picture of the early evolution of the thethytheria !\nsince the chambi sea cow is only represented by a single skull piece , benoit and colleagues can\u2019t say exactly what this animal looked like . based on the mammal\u2019s early age and relationships , it was probably a legged sirenian that looked more like pezosiren than a modern manatee . and even though the sirenian probably had legs able to support the animal on land , the petrosal bone contains clues that the chambi sea cow was a proficient swimmer .\nthe only other closely related fossil sea cow is prorastomus sirenoides owen , which is known from a skull and atlas vertebra found loose in quashies river , trelawny , and attributed to the stettin formation of early eocene age . the details of the legs in this form are , however , unknown . the morphology of the skeleton of pezosiren is comparable to that of similar - sized land mammals and indicates that pezosiren was capable of supporting its body weight out of water . other characteristics ( such as , details of the nasal opening and the thick ribs ) , however , suggest that it spent much of its time in the water . this new species of sea cow represents a unique glimpse of a stage in their evolution when they made the transition from the land to the sea . * donations to the sea cow fund can be sent to dr . sherene james - williamson curator , department of geography and geology , university of the west indies , mona , kingston , jamaica .\ngoing back to the post\u2019s title \u2013 i was hoping to see more discussion about pezosiren\u2026 i\u2019m working with daryl domning right now on that critter\u2019s enamel microstructure , and noticed that virtually nowhere on scienceblogs is there any mention of enamel microstructure ( aside from one post by afarensis on humans , with no images of it there ) . i wonder , why not ? there is some really cool work on what amounts to the evolution of histology , and i bet lots of people would really get into it .\nre # 37 and # 38\u2013 enamel microstructure is one of the key pieces of evidence about mesozoic mammals ( hey , if all you\u2019ve got is \u201cthe tooth , the sometimes broken and incomplete tooth , and nothing but the tooth\u201d you look at it as closely as you can ! ) . the down side ( my impression from reading ) being that there are a limited number of possible microstructures , with the derived ones having evolved repeatedly all over the family tree ! but i\u2019ll be interested to see what it tells us about pezosiren .\nin the evolutionary history of aquatic mammals , sea cows , the group that includes manatees and dugongs , once walked into the sea . it was all the rage during the early tertiary as intermediate forms of mammals adapted to a marine life . but something was missing in the history of sea cows . none of the fossil evidence till now has shown a sea cow ancestor with four legs strong enough to support its weight on land . when did they make that critical transition from land to sea and what did the animal look like ? [ daryl domning with the 50 million - year - old sea cow skeleton of pezosiren portelli . photo by christina reed . ]\nsea cows , also known as manatees , were not always the florida - dwelling gentle giants of the sea that they are today . in fact , they once walked on land . their 48 - million - year - old ancestor , pezosiren , ran all over prehistoric jamaica and resembled a hippo at first glance . but sea cows also share ancestry with elephants , which first appeared in africa around 66 million years ago . paleontologists , however , have always drawn a blank on the evolutionary link between the manatee \u2019s african and jamaican relatives\u2014until now . researchers digging around in tunisia found a skill fragment that fills the missing piece of the puzzle . national geographic continues :\nsirenian skulls even today are very similar to proboscidian skulls , especially basal forms like moeritherium . in addition , with sirenians we have a complete sequence of transitional forms from prorastomus , ( a pre - sirenian form ) to walking manatees like pezosiren to subsequent forms which still had all four legs , but weren ' t able to support their bodies out of water anymore . they had become obligate swimmers . we then we have others in which the rear limbs are so small as to be impossible to do anything with anymore . and these lead to a form where the pelvis is gone altogether , and the rear legs have dwindled to no more than a single bone .\nindeed , pezosiren looked very hippo - like . it was short and barrel - bodied , and it also had osteoslerotic bones . this was not an animal that was just dipping its toes into the water but one that was already semi - aquatic . there is little doubt that it was spending considerable time in an aquatic environment . i do not know of any studies seeking to reconstruct the locomotion of this animal , but it would seem a fair inference to suggest that while its movements would be restricted on land it would have exhibited a wider range of movements under the water . it may have moved in ways analogous to , but not exactly like , the hippos studied by coughlin and fish .\nin the big picture of mammalian evolution , sea cows are paenungulates \u2013 members of a group that also encompasses hyraxes , elephants , and extinct branches such as the double - horned arsinoitherium and the aquatic desmostylians . the earliest members of these lineages first appear in africa shortly after the end - cretaceous extinction of 66 million years ago , with the perplexing exception of the sea cows . the earliest , most archaic progenitors of today\u2019s manatees and dugongs , such as pezosiren , have been found in jamaica . anatomical and genetic evidence is clear that sea cows must have shared an african origin with the other paenungulates , but , until now , no one has picked up the fossil trail of the earliest sirenians .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\n( eds mazin , j . - m . & de buffr\u00e9nil , v . ) 151\u2013168 ( dr friedrich pfeil , munich , 2001 ) .\n, new species ( mammalia , sirenia ) , from the late middle eocene of wadi hitan , egypt .\nthe role of phenacodontids in the origin of the modern orders of ungulate mammals .\nfossil sirenia of the west atlantic and caribbean region . v . the most primitive known sirenian ,\nfunctional significance of bone ballast in the evolution of buoyancy control strategies by aquatic tetrapods .\ni thank j . bailey , b . beatty , d . da silva , h . dixon , s . k . donovan , r . j . emry , c . flemming , f . grady , h . and j . halvorson , j . herrera , k . hickey - commins , s . hutchens , s . jabo , d . jones , i . a . koretsky , j . kramer , b . j . macfadden , c . macgillivray , r . d . e . macphee , s . mitchell , r . w . portell , t . radenbaugh , k . s . schindler , t . a . stemann , c . terranova , and b . , r . and j . toomey . field work was funded by the national geographic society ; b . and r . toomey ; the potomac museum group ; the university of the west indies ; the american museum of natural history ; and r . liberman .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlocality : jamaica formation : chapelton length : 2 . 5 m ( 8 feet ) price : contact us\ntriebold paleontology , inc . , is headquartered in the rocky mountain dinosaur resource center\ncopyrights \u00a9 triebold paleontology , inc . 2017 , proud members of the association of applied paleontological sciences .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : d . p . domning . 2001 . the earliest known fully quadrupedal sirenian . nature 413 : 625 - 627\nlike the hippo today , the fossilized animal could live on land or in water .\nwe think this animal spent much more of its time in the water .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n\u00a9 2018 american geological institute . all rights reserved . any copying , redistribution or retransmission of any of the contents of this service without the express written consent of the american geological institute is expressly prohibited . for all electronic copyright requests , visit : urltoken\nhave you ever tried to walk along the bottom of a pool while fully submerged ? it isn\u2019t easy . keeping your feet on the bottom is enough of a task , and you would probably need a weight belt to take an underwater stroll . hippos ( hippopotamus amphibius ) , though , walk and even prance along the bottom of lakes and rivers with ease . how do they do it ?\nwhen compared to a whale or even a manatee ( the latter of which i will address a bit later on ) a hippo does not look especially well - adapted to life in the water . it has a low , squat body and lacks a broad tail , flippers , or any other broad surface to help propel itself through the water . neither is this amphibious mammal well - suited to quick movements on land . hippos can trot a bit , but they are so cumbersome that while walking on dry land they always keep three of their feet in contact with the ground at a time .\nthe hippo is obviously a cumbersome animal , but it is not just because of their tubby physique . parts of the appendicular skeleton of hippos are osteosclerotic , meaning that their bones are extraordinarily dense due to the replacement of porous bone with more compact bone . ( hippos have extra , lighter bone material in the large medullary cavities within their limb bones , too . ) this means that their bones act as a kind of ballast to help them achieve neutral buoyancy underwater . without this added weight they would have to actively expend a lot of energy to remain underwater ( and , conversely , too much \u201cbone ballast\u201d would make it harder to surface when they needed to come up for air ) .\nthis adaptation to aquatic life allows hippos to exhibit a greater range of locomotion under the water than on land . since they do not have to actively hold themselves down , and the watery environment buoys them up , they can walk , prance , and even \u201cfly\u201d underwater . this range of movement was recently described by biologists brittany coughlin and frank fish in the journal of mammalogy after observing the two female hippos kept at adventure aquarium in camden , new jersey . *\n* [ as a side note , these individual hippos often harass and even attempt to eat the birds kept within the enclosure . many captive birds have died from stress as a result . this raises questions about the ethics of attempting to create a \u201cnatural\u201d setting for aggressive animals in zoos and aquariums . ]\na hippo moving underwater . note how it uses minimal movement of its forelimbs to push off from the bottom .\nunfortunately the size of the hippo enclosure and the amount of time selected for study limited the observational data , but coughlin and fish still recorded 102 sequences of hippos moving underwater ( of which 32 were selected for analysis ) . the hippos did not perform their full locomotive repertoire , but they did often walk by the viewing window along the pool bottom . when they did so they moved in a sort of slow - motion gallop with only one foot ( vs . three on land ) in contact with the ground at any one time . it almost goes without saying that the hippos would not be able to move the same way on land as they did underwater .\ncoughlin , b . , & fish , f . ( 2009 ) . hippopotamus underwater locomotion : reduced - gravity movements for a massive mammal journal of mammalogy , 90 ( 3 ) , 675 - 679 doi : 10 . 1644 / 08 - mamm - a - 279r . 1 domning , d . ( 2001 ) . the earliest known fully quadrupedal sirenian nature , 413 ( 6856 ) , 625 - 627 doi : 10 . 1038 / 35098072\ntype specimen : usnm 511925 , a mandible . its type locality is seven rivers [ guys hill mbr , chapelton fm ] , which is in a lutetian estuary / bay sandstone / siltstone in the chapelton formation of jamaica .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nmoeritherium looks so much like a tapir because they ' re closely - related members of order , perissodactyla , animals with odd - numbered hooves . the tapir side of the family ( embrithopoda ) inherited three - toed feet ( on the hind legs ) , and led to things like the rhinoceras and the titanic indricathere . the five - toed side of the family ( tethytheria ) split into two major groups , proboscidea ( the elephant family ) and desmostylia , which include sea cows .\nit turns out there is more than just superficial similarity here . jugding by comparing both their skulls and their genes , elephants and manatees have a surprisingly close ancestral relationship .\nthis is the most primitive fossil found so far . we ' ve found others with legs that couldn ' t support the animal ' s body weight . but this is the first whole skeleton with legs that could support the animal ' s body weight out of water , yet has clear adaptations for aquatic life . we essentially have every stage now , from a terrestrial animal to one that is fully aquatic .\ntogether with fossils of later sirenians elsewhere in the world , these new specimens document one of the most marked examples of morphological evolution in the vertebrate fossil record . \u201d\nreduced sacroiliac articulation , but could probably still support its body weight out of the water .\nproboscidian tails dwindled into little more than fly swatters , but sirenian tails developed broad and and flat like beaver ' s tails . this is how manatees ' tails still are today . dugongs ( sea cows ) are another member of that family , and they are more derived [ evolved ] in that their tails have flukes , a much more efficient crescent shape like whales or sharks have .\nwith the exception of sea cows , sirenians are exclusively tropical . their fossils are usually found in what used to be the tethys sea , an ancient ocean that once divided the supercontinents of laurasia and gondwana . both of these further divided eventually forming the continental masses we have today . but the tethys sea is now dry land .\nevolution usually leads to a branching out of several distinct forms , rather than changing just one . that ' s how evolution theory explains biodiversity and the evident ancestry implied by taxonomy . sirenians diverged into several different families , some of which are now completely extinct , and known only from fossils . sadly , some of these species remain unnamed , and there are no available illustrations of them to show .\nhooves are essentially just really thick fingernails that cover the whole tip of the finger . whales and sirenians both evolved from separate sets of hooved land mammals , but not from the same families . whales are descended from carnivorous artiodactyls , but sirenians are descended from herbivorous tapir - like things . the idea that anything could go from hooves to fins may be a difficult one to accept . but compelling evidence of this is the fact that sirenians still have hooves . and there is no other explanation for why anything with flippers should still have finger bones , much less fingernails , and especially not hooves !\nribs are round and thick unlike the light and thin ones of other land animals , which served as ballast .\nit eats seagrass and algae and comes to land only to escape water predators . it uses its flippers and small hind legs to push itself onto land . its tail moved up and down , like modern water mammals today .\nit was found in parts of modern day columbia . it is part of the family trichechidae , which is often considered an unusual form of a modern walrus\nit lived during the late eocene epoch to early oligocene epoch . during this time , the water was still warm and the climate was still tropic .\nit stayed in the warm shallow waters and ate seagrass . it was also more well equipped for life in water due to its longer tail .\nthe sirenian ( sea cow ) is split up into two family groups : trichechidae and dugongidae . its fossil record starts from the early eocene epoch to present day . the sirenian had the most diversity during the miocene epoch . this was due to the deep nutrient - rich waters during this period . the decline of diversity was caused by climate change , availability of aquatic vegetation , and competition with other marine mammals . their closest living relative today is proboscidea , or elephants .\ni don\u2019t have time for anything at the moment , it\u2019s terrible . so here\u2019s this , from one of my talks on marine mammal diversity and evolution\u2026\ndomning , d . p . 2000 . the readaptation of eocene sirenians to life in water . historical biology 14 , 115 - 119 .\n\u2013 . 2001 . the earliest known fully quadrupedal sirenian . nature 413 , 625 - 627 .\ninteresting . i wonder what sort of transitional stage sirenians went through between their terrestrial afrotherian ancestors and the highly derived crown - sirenians we all know and love . was it some sort of semi - aquatic freshwater hippo - like herbivore , or could it have been more marine . alternatively , it may have been semi - aquatic and freshwater dwelling , but it may not have been hippo - like .\ni suppose the only way to determine for sure is to go find some more paleocene sites in africa .\nalso , the body of hydrodamalis gigas and other hydrodamalines is proportionately large relative to the head when compared to other dugongids ( and trichechids ) , an adaptation to life in colder waters .\nanyone at all interested in fossil sirenians should take time to look at jorge\u2019s blog \u2013 it\u2019s one of my favourites , i congratulate you \ud83d\ude42 one quick question you might like to answer , jorge : are sirenians particularly abundant and / or diverse in the caribbean region compared to elsewhere ( they certainly seem to be ) ? if so , any idea why ? centre of endemism ? i suspect this has already been answered in the literature but , as we all know , i\u2019m lazy .\nit\u2019s such a tragedy that steller\u2019s sea cow was hunted down so quickly after its discovery . it would have been interesting to see how it fit into its ecosystem . i\u2019m particularly curious about finding out how it interacted with the marine predators of the region such as killer whales or sharks . i find it hard to believe a slow and fairly harmless sirenian could properly fight off or outrun these predators to protect itself or its offsprings\u2026\nhow many fossils are still around ? if it was hunted by whalers , maybe they dragged the carcasses up on land to butcher them , leaving the bones on terra firma where parts of the bones may remain today . i ask , because of the success of svante p\u00e4\u00e4bo and his team at max planck institute to sequence the genomes of extinct species from old bones . of course , to get enough diversity for a * living * species you need at least 300 individuals ( more than the number of individuals likely to be preserved as specimen in museums ) , which is why i ask about the numbers\u2026\nwow , thanks ! yes , indeed , sirenians , particularly dugongids , seem to be more diverse in the western atlantic - caribbean ( wac ) region specially from the oligocene through the pliocene , domning ( 2001 ) elaborates on this . so far there are about 14 species described from that region during that interval of time ( plus at least 4 more that will be described in the next two years or so ) . during that same time interval , in the tethys / paratethys region , there are about 10 species , and from the indian region 4 are known . the seagrasses seem to have been more diverse in the wac region , so there were enough resources to sustain three ( maybe even four ) sympatric species and drive speciation . there\u2019s lots of endemism , specially when talking about dugongines ( which seem to have originated there ) . it is very likely that still more species will be discovered in the future , specially in the greater antilles . even taxa that had been thought ( for many years ) to have originated in the tethys region are showing up in earlier deposits in the caribbean !\nmattioli , s . & d . p . domning . 2006 . an annotated list of extant skeletal material of steller\u2019s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ( sirenia : dugongidae ) from the commander islands . aquatic mammals 32 ( 3 ) : 273 - 288 .\nwe just made a cast copy of a steller\u2019s sea cow for a museum in scotland . such a strange animal . it\u2019s a shame the nhm in vienna has their skeleton jammed way back in a corner .\ni\u2019ve always wondered about the natural history of the steller\u2019s sea cow and happened to come across a nice overview of what is currently seen by some to be the state of these seacows back in those days , in a 2007 book \u201csteller\u2019s island\u201d by dean littlepage , in which the author suggests that these creatures inhabited only a couple of suitable off - shore environments on a handfull of islands which presented relatively warm water refuges following the submergence of beringia as the current inter - glacial proceded . previously the beringian land - mass prevented warm pacific waters from entering the arctic ocean and caused those warmer pacific waters to pool along the shores of the north pacific and it was then that their range extended from the shahkalin islands to northern california . the author suggested that at the time that the first europeans began to exploit the species they were already in reduced numbers and confined to a very limited range . here\u2019s a link to the amazon page . urltoken\ni\u2019m reading a novel , and i believe that the sirenians origins can be traced to the demostylians . but , when did steller\u2019s sea cow appear in history ? does anybody know ? i think it\u2019s a shame that it went extinct because , like the dodo , it is an odd animal and it\u2019s ecological niche is somewhat of a mystery . i recommend \u201cneptune\u2019s ark\u201d by david rains wallace for paleo - marine biology , it\u2019s very informative .\nbirger johansson : there are still tons of sea cow bones on commander islands beaches . valagos : it apparently avoided predation by staying in shallow bays protected by rocky reefs . it is unclear how it managed to colonize the islands . doug : at the time of european discovery the commander islands were the only island group in the north pacific without present or past human inhabitants . i think it\u2019s a much better explanation of the fact that the sea cow survived only there .\n1 ) as far as recent bones of hydrodamalis go \u2013 i read somewhere that most of them sitting around on bering island had already all been picked up . sorry , i can\u2019t provide a reference right now , but that\u2019s the situation as far as i\u2019m aware .\n2 ) sirenians did not evolve from desmostylians , and the inverse is also not the case . sirenians can be traced back into the eocene , while desmostylians have a fossil record only back to the oligocene , and presumably evolved in southern or east asia , and ( last i remember ) potentially share some relationship with anthracobunids . sirenians and desmostylians do share common ancestry , however , and are both marine clades of the tethytheria .\n3 ) damn , i wasn\u2019t aware that there were 27 skeletons ; that\u2019s quite a bit more than i remember . 62 skulls , damn .\ni\u2019m reading a novel , and i believe that the sirenians origins can be traced to the demostylians .\nyou can believe that , but that\u2019s not what the evidence says . desmostylia appears in the fossil record at least about 15 million years later than sirenia . the divergence between the common ancestor of sirenia - proboscidea likely happened sometime in the late paleocene or earliest eocene , whereas that of desmostylia - proboscidea ( or anthracobunidae ) by the late eocene or early oligocene . so , like bobby says , one cannot be the direct ancestor of the other .\nspeaking of desmostylids\u2026what was their m . o . ? i have a paper in my archives that suggests they were doggie - paddlers in the way of modern bears , and that they grubbed up marine flora with their tusks . but the paper is quite old . any news on these strangest of potentially semi - aquatic herbivores ?\nboesse : in the late 1980 - s finding a bone took about half an hour of walking on the beach . i would be surprised if the situation has changed that much . if you are interested , i can ask a friend of mine who works there every summer .\nre subfossil bones on bering island : there may be a lot more than the ones you can easily pick up . nordenski\u00f6ld who was there in 1879 and collected quite a lot of bones noted that the best way to find them was to probe 1 - 2 feet deep in the beach ridges . however he noted that ribs were scarcer than other bones because the locals used them as runners for sledges !\ni ask , because of the success of svante p\u00e4\u00e4bo and his team at max planck institute to sequence the genomes of extinct species from old bones .\nsteller\u2019s sea cow mitochondrial dna was extracted already in the 1990ies ( ozawa et al . , 1997 ) from bones collected on bering island . ( i am not aware of any more recent molecular studies of this species , however . )\nozawa , t . , hayashi , s . & mikhelson , v . m . 1997 . phylogenetic position of mammoth and steller\u2019s sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial dna sequences . journal of molecular evolution 44 , 406 - 413 .\n@ 5 birger : you may be able to buy the bones from steller sea cows . a company called dancing man knives in alaska is selling knives with handles reportedly made of that bone , and they have been for years ( urltoken ) . i don\u2019t know where they\u2019re getting it or if its real , but it can\u2019t hurt to talk to them . their ulus are good tools , too .\nas for sirenians and desmostylians , my take was that sirenians are to seals as desmostylians were to sea - lions . that might be overly simplistic , but my uneducated thought was that desmostylians seemed to be more agile , and perhaps adapted to high energy environments , such as the kelp beds of the pacific , estuaries , and similar environments that demand a modicum of athleticism to keep from being smashed by the waves . sirenians seemed adapted more for efficient cruising than at agility .\ni like that last comparison ! it also seems reasonable to me . a few questions regarding desmostylians : \u2013 were desmostylians truly marine or were they more semi - aquatic and coasthugging creatures ? their absence beyond the northern pacific might be an indication there . - on the other hand , is it likely that they also occurred in the southern pacific or even the indian ocean ? - also , do we have any idea why demostylians went extinct ? - i recall demostylians being depicted with very short trunks ( or at least elongated noses ) . is this realistic ? \u2013 do we have any clues about the natural history of these creatures , beyond their habitat and diet ?\nit appears that i was wrong then about the abundance of bones \u2013 good ! i\u2019m glad i am , in this case . i wonder where i had heard that\u2026\nre : desmostylians \u2013 oxygen / carbon / strontium isotope data places desmostylians as feeding within somewhat fresh water ( or less saline water anyway ) . the delta o18 is marine , while the sr isotope signal appears terrestrial . so , whatever they were doing , they were doing it close to the shoreline . that being said , desmostylian fossils have only been found in marine deposits , and never in terrestrial deposits ( although it is important to recognize that many of the terrestrial deposits in california are pretty far inland \u2013 then again , so are some marine desmostylian - bearing deposits ) .\nlast i recall , desmostylians are thought to have fed upon algae or kelp ; otherwise , their posture during terrestrial locomotion is thought to have been pretty bizarre ( domning 2002 ) , with a digitigrade , chalicothere - like stance for its feet , a near vertially oriented pelvis and habitually dorsiflexed vertebral column . additionally , a paper by phil gingerich ( 2005 ) indicates that in terms of swimming style and skeletal proportions , desmostylus was most similar to the polar bear ( which is not surprising , looking at the skeleton of desmostylians ) . i don\u2019t think there\u2019s much evidence or need to invoke a trunk for desmostylians .\notherwise \u2013 they disappear sometime during the late miocene , and some of their youngest fossils ( in california , anyway ) are ~ 10 - 12 ma . this is roughly the same time that hydrodamaline sea cows start getting gigantic , and there is quite a bit of turnover in the ne pacific marine mammal fauna from the tortonian into the messinian . i can\u2019t recall of the top of my head , but there have definitely been some hypotheses proposed \u2013 perhaps jorge can help me out here , or maybe brian beatty will see this .\ni thought brian beatty had proposed that their extinction might relate to marine productivity moving farther offshore beyond the foraging range of desmostylians . alternatively , i am just imagining that .\ni think it\u2019s looking increasingly likely that the common ancestor for elephants and sirenians was aquatic . however , iirc , stable isotope analysis actually supports embrithopods being terrestrial ( or at least as terrestrial as modern elephants and such ) .\nmorgan churchill ( # 22 ) \u2013 thanks , didn\u2019t know about the stable isotope stuff . i was going on the tradition of interpreting various skeletal features of arsinoitherium as suggesting aquatic tendencies .\ni\u2019m not sure if its entirely clear why the desmostylians went extinct . it does however correlate with the proliferation of hydrodamalines . were desmostylians outcompeted by hydrodamalines ? or did they went extinct because of increase in cold climate drove the seagrasses away from their range ? i really don\u2019t know .\nwere the desmostylians eating sea - grasses ? sorry for the question , but i didn\u2019t realize that one could tell the isotopic difference between sea grasses ( angiosperms ) green algae , and kelps .\ni guess i was thinking about desmostylians eating kelp . being on the west coast of the us , one thing i do know is that kelps fluctuate enormously both within the year and between years . they\u2019re fast growing , but they also get shredded by storms , as does sea grass .\nin such a seasonal environment , i\u2019d expect any grazer to have to both endure strong seasonality ( summer feast , winter famine ) and have to move as their food plants changed . manatees in the amazon have to deal with this type of environment now .\nsince desmostylians were big , i\u2019d guess that simple environmental stochasticity drove them extinct . they may have simply gotten caught in a situation where they couldn\u2019t find big enough patches of food plants to allow them to reproduce , or they may not have been as good at surviving bad seasons as the hydrodamalines . obviously i don\u2019t know either , but i do know that the north pacific definitely does not live up to its name . it\u2019s a very unstable place .\nyes , desmostylians were eating seagrasses and yes , you can tell the difference between seagrasses and kelp . it is even possible to tell , in the case of sirenians , if they preferred large or small seagrasses , which i think its really cool !\nclementz , m . t . , k . a . hoppe & p . l . koch . 2003 . a paleoecological paradox : the habitat and dietary preferences of the extinct tethythere desmostylus , inferred from stable isotope analysis . paleobiology 29 : 506 - 519 .\nclementz , m . t . , s . sorbi & d . p . domning . 2009 . evidence of cenozoic environmental and ecological change from stable isotope analysis of sirenian remains from the tethys - mediterranean region . geology 37 : 307 - 301 .\nright now , seagrasses are rare along the california coast , and their biomass appears to be strongly seasonal ( based on my frequent walks near a seagrass bed , and the amount that washes up over time . i\u2019d still hypothesize that contraction of seagrass range may have doomed the desmostylians .\ni guess the question is , what were the miocene hydrodamalines eating ? i know that manatees eat seagrass , but steller\u2019s sea cow reportedly ate kelp . were the hydrodamalines simply more catholic in their dietary preferences ?\nindeed , hydrodamalines seem to have been eating mainly kelp , hence the trend towards reducing the dentition ( to none in hydrodamalis spp . ) and rostral deflection .\npreviously the beringian land - mass prevented warm pacific waters from entering the arctic ocean and caused those warmer pacific waters to pool along the shores of the north pacific and it was then that their range extended from the shahkalin islands to northern california .\nhard to believe that only the commander islands maintained warm enough water for this species to survive\u2013warmer than northern california ? \u2013especially when given the proven ease with which the sea cows were hunted to extinction . i can totally see the commanders as a last refuge for their population\u2013from people , all too temporarily .\nthat is not a hard - and - fast rule , there are many examples of viable populations being established from fewer individuals . if you\u2019re speculating about recreating a species from dna , trying to clone hundreds of separate individuals would probably not be the way to go . better to assemble the best possible consensus genome and fiddle with mhc genes and whatever is likely to affect viability ( but that assumes some greater hurdles can be cleared in this sf scenario , such as where to find a womb to incubate these things ! )\nbefore we could attempt to use a dugong as a surrogate mother , we would first need to know how to successfully breed dugongs under captive conditions ; afaik , dugongs have never reproduced in captivity ( and only a handful of individuals have ever even been kept in zoos and aquaria ) .\nmanatees , on the other hand , have been bred in captivity \u2013 but they are of course far more distantly related to hydrodamalis than the dugong is .\n@ vladimir dinets # 11 : interesting ! if they were confined to the commander islands because they had been hunted out everywhere else , then the present potential habitat of the sea cow might extend all the way to california . presumably it would be somewhat patchy . perhaps the sea cows would migrate seasonally between sheltered bays where they could escape the winter storm season and the more exposed coasts where the kelp forests grow . i wonder whether they could coast along on their fat reserves for a long period like migratory whales .\nfjord country might be ideal for such a creature . imagine winter herds of sea cows like so many knobbly half - sunk logs in the quiet waters of the inner parts of puget sound .\ni wonder how they avoided orcas off the commanders . or anywhere else for that matter .\nin summary : here is an english translation of steller\u2019s work on the sea cow . urltoken he based it on almost a year of continual observation of the animals in the wild .\ni infer from his account that the population in the commander islands was in marginal habitat . the animals did most of their eating in north pacific kelp forests , but hung out mainly at river mouths . they were killed regularly by sea ice and by storms coming in off the bering and they were visibly emaciated at the end of the winter . imo , this implies that they would have done better ( bred more successfully , grown bigger , grown more quickly , lived longer ? ) someplace with estuaries and kelp that was more sheltered and also warmer , possibly with more plant species . this would put their largest areas of present potential north american habitat in a range from the inside passage to puget sound and south to the golden gate . their refugium during glacial intervals might be off baja california , or for all i know the coastline that is now underwater provided more habitat . distribution on the opposite coast of the pacific would be similar , with some island herds in marginal habitat between the two main ranges .\ni\u2019m sorry i missed all this discussion , especially the part about desmostylia . i think all the salient points were made , though i would urge that a distinction between algae eating and seagrass eating is important to make . as is the difference between what isotopes and other methods can discern about diets . animal diets are unfortunately very plastic and complex , as is the nature of the data we use to study it ( isotopes , microwear , morphology ) \u2013 we all need to be cautious about understanding the nature of the data we are using . that anyone can be certain about hypotheses about competition between hydrodamalines and desmostylians without really statistically knowing what they ate or how their temporal and spatial distributions overlapped should make us all uncomfortable . moreover , modern competition studies start with systems like that and then study how resource limitation , if it exists , may play a part . we haven\u2019t established any notion about how algae or seagrasses were limited over the period of time of hydrodamaline / desmostylian spatial and temporal ranges , so how can we know it was competition ?"]}
{"id": 514, "summary": [{"text": "epermenia septicodes is a moth in the family epermeniidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1917 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep yellow-ochreous , the base of the costa suffused with blackish-grey , and with some scattered scales along it to the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a narrow irregular blackish-grey fascia from the middle of the dorsum towards the middle of the costa , but not reaching it , as well as a transverse blackish-grey spot from the tornus not reaching the costa , and another crossing the wing midway between this and the apex , connected with it by a terminal streak .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "epermenia septicodes", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for septicodes definition . you find here septicodes meaning , synonyms of septicodes and images for septicodes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word septicodes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word septicodes and , of course , septicodes synonyms and on the right images related to the word septicodes .\nhave a fact about epermenia leucomantis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epermenia leucomantis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about epermenia insecurella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epermenia insecurella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nepermenia insecurella , the chalk - hill lance - wing , is a moth of the family epermeniidae .\nepermeniidae occur worldwide in both temperate and tropical regions where especially in montane areas ( robinson et al . , 1994 ) , but are sparsely known from the afrotropics . gnathifera occurs from australia to new caledonia ; epermenia ranges from the palaearctic to indo - australia and the pacific islands ( holloway et al . , 2001 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphaulernis fulviguttella , the yellow - spotted lance - wing , is a moth of the family epermeniidae .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\n. the group has been extensively revised and catalogued by dr reinhard gaedike ( e . g . gaedike , 1977 , 1979 ) .\ndisambiguation notes : gnathifera ahlrichs , 1995 ( gnathiferans ) is also the name of a superphylum . chauliodus bloch & schneider , 1801 is a genus of viperfish .\nepermeniidae are small narrow - winged moths , 7 - 20 mm . in wingspan , with conspicuous whorls of bristles on their legs , lacking spines on the abdomen unlike some similar moths . the smoothly scaled head bears no [ 2 ] is the easiest field character ( common , 1990 ) .\nthe cocoon ( robinson et al . , 1994 ) and may be found in its fine open - network cocoon on the plant or amongst debris on the ground ( common , 1990 ) .\ncommon , i . f . b . ( 1990 ) . moths of australia . brill academic publishers , leiden . 535 pages .\ndugdale , j . s . , kristensen , n . p . , robinson , g . s . and scoble , m . j . ( 1999 ) [ 1998 ] . the smaller microlepidoptera grade superfamilies , ch . 13 . , pp . 217 - 232 in kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) . lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . volume 1 : evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbuch der zoologie . eine naturgeschichte der st\u00e4mme des tierreiches / handbook of zoology . a natural history of the phyla of the animal kingdom . band / volume iv arthropoda : insecta teilband / part 35 : 491 pp . walter de gruyter , berlin , new york .\ngaedike , r . ( 1977 ) . revision der nearktischen und neotropischen epermeniidae ( lepidoptera ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologia , 27 ( 2 ) : 301 - 312 .\ngaedike , r . ( 1979 ) . katalog der epermeniidae der welt ( lepidoptera ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur entomologia , 29 : 201 - 209 .\nholloway , j . d . , kibby , g and peggie , d . ( 1997 ) . the families of malesian moths and butterflies . fauna malesia handbooks . 455 pp . brill academic publishers , leiden .\nrobinson , g . s . , tuck , k . r . , shaffer , m . and cook , k . ( 1994 ) . the smaller moths of south - east asia . malaysian nature society , kuala lumpur .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 515, "summary": [{"text": "the pale-capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) also known as the purple wood pigeon is a species of large pigeon that is found patchily distributed in parts of the indian subcontinent and southeast asia .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it has a slow flight and spends a lot of time sitting still in the foliage of large fruiting trees , often in riverine forest on the plains .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is mainly brown above and chestnut below with the a sheen of green or amethyst .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "males have a whitish grey cap while females have a brownish grey cap and less gloss on the feathers .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are frugivores , foraging in small groups in the canopy of trees but sometimes descending to the ground for seeds and fallen fruit . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "pale - capped pigeon", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . pale - capped pigeon 2 . pale - capped pigeon 3 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 4 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 5 . pale - capped pigeon 6 . pale - capped pigeon 7 . pale - capped pigeon 8 . pale - capped pigeon 9 . pale - capped pigeon 10 . pale - capped pigeon 11 . pale - capped pigeon 12 . pale - capped pigeon > > adults 13 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 14 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 15 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 16 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 17 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 18 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 19 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 20 . pale - capped pigeon 21 . pale - capped pigeon 22 . pale - capped pigeon 23 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 24 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 25 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult and juvenile 26 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 27 . pale - capped pigeon > > flock 28 . pale - capped pigeon > > adults 29 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 30 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 31 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult male in flight from below 32 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 33 . pale - capped pigeon > > adult 34 . pale - capped pigeon > > pair 35 . pale - capped pigeon > > pair 36 . pale - capped pigeon 37 . pale - capped pigeon 38 . pale - capped pigeon 39 . pale - capped pigeon 40 . pale - capped pigeon > > female 41 . pale - capped pigeon > > male 42 . pale - capped pigeon > > male\npale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\nanother threat to the pale - capped pigeon is hunting by humans . in many of the countries in which the pale - capped pigeon occurs , pigeon hunting is a popular sport and part of a traditional way of life ( 4 ) .\nthe pale - capped pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\npale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a local resident in eastern ghats and north - east india . more\nthe pale - capped pigeon species are moderately forest dependent . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 1600 meters . the pale - capped pigeons inhabit artificial ecosystems like arable lands , agricultural fields and plantations .\nscientific name : columba punicea blyth , 1842 common names : english \u2013 pale - capped pigeon , purple wood - pigeon , chestnut pigeon french : pigeon marron german : kupfertaube spanish : paloma purp\u00farea taxonomy : columba ( alsocomus ) puniceus blyth , 1842 , chyebassa .\npale - capped pigeon , purple wood pigeon common names in french : pigeon marron common names in german : kupfertaube description - family columbidae stout - bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere . more\nthe pale - capped pigeon is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea )\ntitle =\narkive species - pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhistorical records indicate that the pale capped pigeon was once also found in china , but there are no recent records of this species occurring there ( 3 ) .\nsome conservation measures are already in place to protect the pale - capped pigeon . it is protected by law in india and myanmar , and it is known to occur in many reserves and conservation areas ( 4 ) . however , due to the pale - capped pigeon\u2019s nomadic habits , it is not known how well these reserves help to protect this species . it is likely that protected areas will only help to increase pale - capped pigeon numbers if populations are able to follow the seasonal ripening of fruit within these protected sites ( 3 ) .\noriginal file name : columba . punicea . pigeons - pale - capped pigeon , purple wood pigeon ( columba punicea ) . jpg resolution : 706x1032 file size : 86959 bytes upload time : 2017 : 02 : 21 16 : 18 : 07\nfurther conservation measures for the pale - capped pigeon have been recommended , including protecting key sites where this species occurs , and improving management of exsting protected areas ( 3 ) . hunting bans also need to be enforced within protected sites , while education campaigns are needed to reduce hunting levels by highlighting the importance of the pale - capped pigeon ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\na strong , swift flier ( 2 ) , the pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) was once common throughout much of southeast asia , but is now in decline ( 3 ) .\nthe pale - capped pigeon occurs in scattered populations in southeast asia . its range includes parts of northern india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , laos , cambodia and vietnam ( 3 ) .\nthe iba of the pale - capped pigeon species in vietnam are tuyen lam , phuoc binh , ea so , dak dam , bi dup and a yun pa . the iba in thailand are thung kha , mu ko similan , ko phra thong and hat nopharat thara - mu ko phi phi . the iba of pale - capped pigeon in myanmar are hlawga wildlife park and hlawga lake .\nthese pigeon species are distributed in india , bangladesh and southeast asian countries . the current population of the pale - capped pigeon species is estimated to be less than 10 , 000 birds and is under decline . these pigeon species are listed as\nvulnerable\nto extinction by the iucn . these birds are monotypic species .\nthe pale - capped pigeon species are distributed in india , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , sri lanka and malaysia . the population in mainland china is possibly extinct .\nthe important bird and biodiversity areas ( iba ) of the pale - capped pigeon species in bangladesh are lawachara and west bhanugach reserved forest . the iba in china are diaoluoshan , jianfengling and yinggeling .\nthe pale - capped pigeon occurs in a large variety of habitats , from coastal lowland areas , to high mountainous regions at elevations of up to 1 , 600 metres above sea level ( 4 ) .\nas the pale - capped pigeon is a forest inhabitant , heavy deforestation has been a major factor in this species\u2019 scarcity . huge areas of forest have disappeared throughout its range , which has reduced and fragmented this species\u2019 population . threats to the habitat of the pale - capped pigeon include commercial and illegal logging , clearance for tea cultivation , encroachment of settlements into the forest , and fuel wood collection ( 4 ) .\nin india , these pale - capped pigeon species occur in the states of maharashtra , telangana , andhra pradesh , odisha , jharkhand , west bengal , meghalaya , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland and manipur .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the pigeon species and has listed it as\nvulnerable\n. cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018not evaluated\u2019 for the pale - capped pigeon (\nthe female pale - capped pigeon is smaller than the male and , like the juvenile , is much duller . the plumage is browner all over , and the head is a much darker brown - grey ( 2 ) .\nthe site supports a population of the globally threatened pale - capped pigeon columba punicea . it also supports the globally near - threatened nicobar pigeon caloenas nicobarica , which in thailand is restricted to a few archipelagos in the andaman sea . in addition , the site supports populations of several nationally threatened and near - threatened species , including pied imperial pigeon ducula bicolor , green imperial pigeon d . aenea , roseate tern sterna dougallii and white - bellied sea eagle haliaeetus leucogaster .\nthe natural ecosystems of pale - capped pigeon include primary or secondary evergreen forests , tropical and subtropical dry deciduous forests , tropical and subtropical mangrove vegetation , tropical and subtropical moist lowlands , tropical and subtropical montane forests and tropical and subtropical moist shrublands .\nthe diet of these pale - capped pigeon species is mostly fruits . wild fruits , berries , figs , bamboo seeds and grains are their primary food . these species forage in the mornings and evenings and rest in the heat of the day .\nof small numbers of pale - capped pigeon roosting on the islands . we arrived by car and as i was waiting for srasri to change into her swimsuit i watched the ubiquitous eurasian tree sparrows jumping around in the company of a few common mynas . more\nthe pale - capped pigeon species have purplish - maroon plumage on the upperparts . the underparts , ear - coverts and throat are pinkish chestnut in color . the side of the neck is slaty gray and has faint green gloss . the undertail is slaty gray .\n) has approached the thresholds for being vulnerable , under the range size criterion , under the population trend criterion and also under the population size criterion . loss of habitat and hunting pressure are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these pale - capped pigeon species .\nforaging for food both in the trees and on the ground , the main component of the pale - capped pigeon\u2019s diet is fruit found within the forest , such as figs and berries ( 4 ) . seeds and grain are also important ( 3 ) , and it can be seen feeding in rice fields after the harvest ( 2 ) . it has also been known to eat grit , which helps to grind up food in the stomach ( 4 ) . the pale - capped pigeon is typically observed individually , or in very small flocks ( 2 ) .\nthe plumage of the male pale - capped pigeon includes the pale grey crown that gives rise to this species\u2019 common name . the upperparts are generally deep purplish - maroon , changing to a faint green on the neck . the wings and tail are largely blackish , and the underparts are light brown . the eyes and the base of the bill are ringed with vibrant red ( 3 ) .\nthroughout much of its range , the pale - capped pigeon is thought to be seasonally nomadic , living in some regions for only part of the year before migrating elsewhere to breed ( 4 ) . this could be due to the seasonal availability of food in different areas throughout the year ( 3 ) .\nthe irises are yellowish and the eye ring is red . the base of the bill and legs are crimson . the male pale - capped pigeon have whitish gray crown . the rump , flight feathers and uppertail are dark blackish gray . the females have more grayish crown . their call is a repetitive\nrhuhu\nsound .\npost breeding , the juvenile pale - capped pigeons may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range . in response to food availability sometimes they become nomadic .\npale - capped pigeon is by no means the only species of note here . as at many coastal locations in southern thailand , both white - bellied sea eagle and brahminy kite are commonly seen and are both spectacular sights . collared kingfisher can be found calling from coastal vegetation and provides a splash of colour as it flies away . more\nthe breeding season of these pale - capped pigeon species is from may to august in india . peak breeding takes place in july . the nest is a flimsy platform made of twigs . it is usually located on lower branches of trees or on tall bushes . the typical clutch contains one egg . very rarely two eggs have been observed .\nthe iba of pale - capped pigeon in india are chandaka - dampara wildlife sanctuary , dibru - saikhowa complex , upper dihing ( west ) complex , upper dihing ( east ) complex , dichu reserve forest , simlipal national park , namsangmukh - borduria , kaziranga national park , nameri national park , magu thingbu , nagzira wildlife sanctuary and mehao wildlife sanctuary .\n) is a large pigeon , measuring about 35 to 40 cm in length and weighing 370 to 510 grams .\nthe population of pale - capped pigeons is estimated to be less than 10 , 000 individuals ( birdlife international 2001 , 2014 ) , probably continuing to decline and consequently classified as vulnerable ; today it is one of the more sought - after asian pigeons .\nthe pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a local resident bird in the eastern ghats and north - east india . it is a 36 - 40 . 5 cm long , large , all - dark pigeon with a contrasting pale crown . the male has whitish - grey crown , purplish - maroon upperparts with faint green gloss on neck , more strongly iridescent mantle and back , dark slate - coloured rump and uppertail - coverts , vinous - brown ear - coverts , throat and underparts , slaty - grey undertail - coverts , blackish tail and flight feathers . red eye - ring and base of bill . female has more greyish crown . more\npale - capped pigeon almost a stake - out for this species . oriental plover was high on our wish list , and the reason why we choose march rather than february for this trip . it is almost guaranteed south - east of the village of roluos ( kompong thom ) . other targets should be easy to score . the trip we arrived at siem reap on 5 march at 4 . 00 pm after endless flights . more\nthe pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) is a locally resident species in india that largely inhabits forest habitats , chiefly , primary or secondary evergreen forests , and bamboo and agricultural fields in close proximity to forests , its range extending from lowlands to 1600 msl . it had a wide distribution in the past but is now reported as uncommon and rare throughout much of its range ( read detailed species account ) . it is listed as vulnerable by iucn and birdlife international .\nthis pigeon has a small population , which is inferred to be in decline owing to habitat destruction and hunting pressure . it therefore qualifies as vulnerable .\nthe pale - capped pigeon lays eggs between may and june in india and myanmar , and a few months earlier in laos and vietnam ( 4 ) . the nest is constructed in a small bush or tree , about two to three metres off the ground , and is made from twigs and sticks picked from the forest floor ( 2 ) . only a single egg is normally laid , occasionally there may be two ( 2 ) . both the male and female bird incubate the eggs ( 4 ) .\nthis article is part of project columbiformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each pigeon and dove , including made - up species .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . pale - capped pigeon ( columba punicea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n36 - 40 . 5 cm . large , all - dark pigeon with contrasting pale crown . male has whitish - grey crown , purplish - maroon upperparts with faint green gloss on neck , more strongly iridescent mantle and back , dark slate - coloured rump and uppertail - coverts , vinous - brown ear - coverts , throat and underparts , slaty - grey undertail - coverts , blackish tail and flight feathers . red eye - ring and base of bill . female has more greyish crown . juvenile initially has crown colour as with mantle , duller wing - coverts and scapulars with rufous fringes , much reduced gloss on upperparts and greyer underparts .\nit is a 36 - 40 . 5 cm long , large , all - dark pigeon with a contrasting pale crown . the male has whitish - grey crown , purplish - maroon upperparts with faint green gloss on neck , more strongly iridescent mantle and back , dark slate - coloured rump and uppertail - coverts , vinous - brown ear - coverts , throat and underparts , slaty - grey undertail - coverts , blackish tail and flight feathers . red eye - ring and base of bill . female has more greyish crown . juvenile initially has crown colour as with mantle , duller wing - coverts and scapulars with rufous fringes , much reduced gloss on upperparts and greyer underparts .\n\u201ci spent my weekend with a wonderful \u2018flock\u2019 of 8 - 10 mugimaki flycatchers ( ficedula mugimaki ) ( above , below ) . i am certain of two adult males , two adult females , two 1st winter males and two other very pale 1st winter birds . \u201cfeeding was & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\ndestructive fishing practices , including use of explosives , are one of the main threats to biodiversity at the site . another source of threat is tourism development , including pollution , unsustainable use of freshwater resources and damage to coral reefs from anchoring boats . dogs are also perceived to be a threat to the population of nicobar pigeon on the islands .\n2016 ] ) , to clarify its current distribution , seasonal movements and population status . conduct research into its ecological requirements and the relative effects of various threats operating across its range . identify and protect , where appropriate , sites supporting key populations . promote improved management and establish / increase buffer zones around protected areas supporting key populations . enforce strict hunting controls within all protected areas and devise awareness campaigns to reduce pigeon hunting wherever this is possible .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . afep pigeon ( columba unicincta ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . , boesman , p . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . spot - winged pigeon ( patagioenas maculosa ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nprobably related to c . pulchricollis and allied species , and perhaps also to c . argentina . monotypic .\ne & ne india in ne ghats , w bengal , assam valley and s assam hills # r ; locally in myanmar , thailand , laos , cambodia and vietnam . formerly in se tibet and hainan .\n36\u201341 cm ; 370\u2013510 g . forehead , crown and nape silvery grey , forehead notably sloping in profile ; throat and neck brown with coppery iridescence merging into . . .\nvoice almost unknown . in groups , individuals give very faint contact calls rendered \u201crhuhuhuhu\u201d .\na forest species , occurring from the plains up to 1600 m ; in se asia recorded only up to 1280 m . . . .\n, bamboo seeds and various kinds of grain . usually observed as single . . .\nmay\u2013aug , with a peak in jul . nest is a flimsy structure of twigs placed low down , usually less than 6 m above ground , in a tall bush . . .\nhabits not well understood ; species appears essentially to be resident , though may make seasonal . . .\nvulnerable . widespread but extremely locally distributed ; always reported as being uncommon and is now rare throughout much of range . appears still to be locally frequent in . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\na few individuals still reported from tripura ( from hills south of brahmaputra ) .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nphylogenetic study of species genera columba and streptopelia led to extensive reorganization ; all new world species traditionally included within present genus were transferred to a separate genus , patagioenas # r , a split supported by previously described differences in morphology , serology and behaviour # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nbenstead , p . , bird , j . , davidson , p . , peet , n . , taylor , j . , tobias , j . , allinson , t , westrip , j .\n( birdlife international 2001 ) . it appears to have been locally abundant in the early 20th century , but has declined markedly in many areas . scattered recent records indicate that it now only occurs rarely and erratically throughout its range , although a roosting flock of 174 individuals was recorded at don mamuang , thailand in 2002\n. 2002 ) . there are no recent records from china , where it was previously recorded on hainan island and in south - east tibet , and it has occurred as a vagrant in peninsular malaysia . in vietnam it is very rare and local with small numbers recently reported from mang den / kon plong , kontum province in 2010 and from magrove forest at ho tram , approx 100 km south - east of ho chi minh city , in 2011 ( r . craik\n. 2012 ) . however , large flocks were reported in the past from near da lat ( c . robson\n2012 ) and it is regarded as uncommon but resident on some islands in bai tu lam bay ( s . mahood\n. 2012 ) . in cambodia most records come from southern mondolkiri and an individuals site in preah vihear ( goes 2013 ) . in india , it is a rare resident in odisha and northeast india , with most recent records from the similipal hills . here birds have been encountered throughout the year with the highest count involving a flock of 17 birds in the upper barakamura range ( m . nair\nin ekamra kanan , bhubaneswar , and elsewhere in odisha ( panda 2013 , sreenivasan 2014 , p . m . ukil\nthe population is estimated to number fewer than 10 , 000 individuals by birdlife international ( 2001 ) , based on available records and surveys . it is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals , equating to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : although this species ' s population trends are poorly known , it is suspected to be declining at a moderate rate , owing to the on - going conversion of habitat .\nit frequents a wide variety of habitats from the lowlands up to 1 , 600 m , chiefly primary or secondary evergreen forest , but also open , deciduous dipterocarp forest , bamboo , and agricultural fields , particularly in close proximity to forest . recent records from deciduous dipterocarp forest in cambodia indicate an association with riverine corridors of bamboo forest (\n. 2007 ) . some records also originate from small forested islands and other coastal habitats . it is mainly frugivorous , although seeds and grain form important dietary components in some areas . its breeding range and seasonal movements are poorly understood , but in places it appears to be semi - nomadic , perhaps in response to food availability .\nits decline is poorly understood but is suspected to be the result of hunting and habitat loss and fragmentation owing to commercial logging , small - scale timber collection , and clearance of forests for plantation agriculture , cash - crops , charcoal production and shifting cultivation .\nalthough it has been recorded from numerous protected areas , their contribution to its conservation is not known , especially given its seasonal and nomadic movements . indeed , site - based conservation strategies are unlikely to be successful unless populations are able to follow seasonal patterns of fruit - ripening within secure protected sites .\n, india ; myanmar ; and areas where it is known to have occurred in reasonable numbers at certain times of year ( e . g .\nedited geographic range and conservation actions information text , with a subsequent change to the ' research needed ' box . new references were added as well as new contributors and a new facilitator / compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22690191a110100779 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nit occurs mainly in primary and secondary evergreen forest ( 4 ) , although it has also been seen in deciduous forest , bamboo and agricultural fields ( 3 ) . it has been recorded close to rivers ( 5 ) , in mangrove forest , and on small forested islands ( 3 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndeciduous forest forest consisting mainly of deciduous trees , which shed their leaves at the end of the growing season . evergreen forest forest consisting mainly of evergreen trees , which retain leaves all year round . this is in contrast to deciduous trees , which completely lose their leaves for part of the year . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . nomadic a species which roams irregularly from place to place in search of food and water , without returning to a fixed location . primary forest forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition . secondary forest forest that has re - grown after a major disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest .\nstuart parker , m . j . ( 1913 ) indian pigeons and doves . witherby and co . , london , uk .\nbirdlife international ( november , 2011 ) http : / / 83 . 138 . 144 . 95 / datazone / speciesfactsheet . php ? id = 2466\nbirdlife international ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\njerdon , t . c . ( 1864 ) the birds of india , vol iii . george wyman and co . , calcutta .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ncolumba punicea : s tibet to e india , myanmar , thailand and hainan i . ( s china )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 586 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n) is estimated to be around 3 , 500 to 15 , 000 individual birds . the overall population trend of these species is considered to be under decline . throughout its range it is reported to be uncommon to rare . the generation length is 5 . 6 years . their distribution size is about 3 , 050 , 000 sq . km .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nmost recent indian records are from odisha where birds have been seen year - round in the simlipal hills , a 2750 sq km tiger reserve in mayurbhanj district . indian forestry service officer manoj nair has reported the species extensively in the park ( m . nair in litt . 2012 ) with the highest count being a flock of 17 birds in the upper barakamura range . the birds pictured here were found in the chahala area , and a group of 37 birds were counted at a salt lick in the sal forest ( shorea robusta ) that predominates in the area . it was thought that some birds had already left the lick and there were more birds still in the surrounding trees . it is believed that there were several individual groups that congregated in the vicinity at dawn and dusk .\ni had earlier looked for this bird in several parts of eastern odisha ( bhubaneswar city and satkosia tiger reserve ) as well as northeast india . of late , the bird has been seasonally sighted in the regional plant resources centre ( rprc ) campus in bhubaneswar city .\nci is a non - profit , non - commercial portal that aims to facilitate wildlife and nature conservation by providing reliable information and the tools needed to campaign effectively . we define conservation as knowledge - driven actions that lead to the effective management and recovery of wildlife . that means giving priority to meeting the ecological needs of wildlife populations in decline , and to the recovery and expansion of their habitats . read more\nci is a non - profit , non - commercial portal that aims to facilitate wildlife and nature conservation by providing reliable information and the tools needed to campaign effectively . we define conservation as knowledge - driven actions that lead to the effective management and recovery of wildlife . that means giving priority to meeting the ecological needs of wildlife populations in decline , and to the recovery and expansion of their habitats . read more \u00bb\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nname ( e - mail ) : wiki photos ( - - - @ - - - . - - - )\nurltoken does not have the copyright for this image . this photograph or artwork is copyright by the photographer or the original artist . if you are to use this photograph , please contact the copyright owner or the poster .\ncopyleft \u00a9 since 1995 , animal pictures archive . all rights may be reserved .\nthe iba comprises mu ko similan national park , in the andaman sea , c . 70 km off the west coast of peninsular thailand . the site encompasses nine small islands plus several smaller islets and semi - submerged rocks . the islands are composed of coarse - grained crystalline rocks on a north - south axis ; the highest point , ko similan ( 244 m asl ) , is in the north . sandy beaches occur along the northern and eastern coasts of some of the islands . the vegetation at the site is dominated by relatively species - poor lowland forest formations , with few large trees . the site includes a marine component of c . 12 , 800 ha , and supports a rich diversity of coral reefs .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) important bird areas factsheet : mu ko similan . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : columba punicea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nodisha has emerged as a stronghold for this vulnerable species and regular sightings in bhubaneswar are encouraging . however the species is under constant threat due to depleting forest cover and habitat fragmentation .\nrecent sightings have been reported from assam , arunachal pradesh , odisha ( simlipal and satkosia tiger reserves ) , and significantly from the regional plant resource centre ( rprc ) in bhubaneswar , odisha .\nthe bhubaneswar bird walks have been reporting regular sightings since 2013 at ekamra kanan in regional plant resource centre ( rprc ) campus adjoining the chandaka forest in bhubaneswar . ekamra kanan is an urban park in the densely populated nayapalli area of bhubaneswar . it is a favourite haunt of morning walkers and approximately 200 morning walkers frequent this park every morning . in ekamra kanan , the birds usually perch on ornamental trees like glircidia sepium . they feed on the berries of fruiting trees like litsea glutonisa and trema orientalis . rprc campus has many such fruiting trees that fruit at different times of the year , thereby seeming to provide substantial feeding opportunities for this forest - dwelling species . this may be the reason why the shy forest birds have chosen to inhabit the campus despite hectic human activity . the birds have been observed in the campus from august to march in 2013 and 2014 .\nodisha has emerged as a stronghold for this vulnerable species and regular sightings in bhubaneswar are encouraging . however the species is under constant threat due to depleting forest cover and habitat fragmentation . while it is a protected species under schedule iv of the wildlife protection act , 1972 , any recommended site - based conservation strategies cannot be successfully implemented unless there is a constant monitoring of the movement of the species across seasons in the ibas , protected areas , and other habitats where the species is found . this needs a habitat - specific planned strategy and combined effort by government departments and ngos who are actively involved in documentation of avian species .\npanchami manoo ukil panchami is a birdwatcher from bhubaneswar , odisha , who initiated the concept of community birdwatching in odisha with her group , the bhubaneswar bird walks ( tbbw ) .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhitherto treated as conspecific with p . albipennis but here given species status since it lacks the broad white wingband of albipennis formed by broad white edges to outer wing - coverts ( 3 ) ; has darker brown - grey wing - coverts with more pronounced white spotting ( 2 ) ; shorter bill , effect size 2 . 39 ( 2 ) ; in addition , iris may be darker ( nhmuk label data ) . the two probably also differ in ecology since maculosa only occurs below 1000 m . and this species is only encountered above 2000 m . related to p . picazuro . monotypic .\nse bolivia ( santa cruz , tarija ) , paraguay , s brazil ( s rio grande do sul ) and uruguay s to sc argentina .\n32\u201333 cm ; 308\u2013347 g . forehead , crown , nape , hindneck and breast predominantly dull purplish pink ; rest of head and underparts grey , slightly tinged purplish pink . . .\n, but more \u2018throaty\u2019 . song is a rhythmic series of very . . .\nfeeds mostly on seeds , including rice ; one observer reported seeing birds eat fruit and greenery ; in argentina regarded as a pest of . . .\nin brazil recorded in oct , nov , feb and may , but probably nests year - round , as in argentina ; late sept in paraguay . male performs display - . . .\nisolated records in s brazil , from santa catarina and cw paran\u00e1 , hint at some dispersal or . . .\nnot globally threatened . may be increasing . widespread and common in lowland s of range . in argentina , is currently expanding its range and is considered a pest to . . .\nrecently split from columba on basis of genetic differences # r , supporting previously described differences in morphology , serology and behaviour # r .\npart of the c . palumbus species - group also including c . trocaz and c . bollii , and probably c . junoniae . monotypic .\nsierra leone to ghana , and se nigeria to gabon , congo and n angola , whence e through drcongo to uganda .\n35\u201336 cm ; 356\u2013490 g . crown and hindneck silvery grey ; upperparts and wings slate grey ; feathers of mantle , back and rump have silver grey edges , narrower on outer . . .\nadvertising call a series of some 7\u201314 low - pitched , drawn - out , cooing notes at flat pitch . . .\ninhabits forest , typically in canopy , but sometimes forages along the forest edge ; occupies montane . . .\nlimited data available suggest breeding in the dry season jan\u2013sept . nest of sticks is placed high in a tree . single white egg . no . . .\nnot globally threatened . details on population lacking for most of range , and biology remains very poorly known . in w african portion of range , populations appear to be . . .\nthreatened birds of maharashtra is the third in the threatened birds series published by the bnhs and oup . threatened birds of maharashtra brings information about the globally threatened bird species that are presently reported from maharashtra state . threatened birds of maharashtra will help to assess the present status and distribution of the threatened bird species found in maharashtra , and the recommendations for each species show the way ahead .\nthere are currently no reviews for this book . be the first to review this book !\nthe shipment arrived , beautifully packaged , in perfect condition . thanks for your exceptional service .\nit ' s @ solitarybeeweek - a week of action and education , raising awareness about solitary bees . if you ' d like to lea\u2026 urltoken\n\u201ci paid a visit to australian mulberry ( pipturus argenteus ) trees that i posted some time back to look for new visitors link . observed the asian brown flycatcher ( muscicapa dauurica ) feeding on the fruit . tried to get image documentation for 45 & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\n\u201cwent back to observe the native / australian mulberry ( pipturus argenteus ) and watch which birds feed on the fruit . i saw more species of birds feeding on the fruit and have suspicions about other birds that were harder to watch . \u201cbirds & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\n\u201con 31st august 2017 , i witnessed a joint mobbing by 4 bird species on a male wrangler pit viper ( tropidolaemus wagleri ) at dairy farm nature park ( below ) . the 4 bird species were the crimson sunbird ( aethopyga siparaja ) , olive - backed sunbird ( cinnyris & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\n\u201ci was watching birds feed at one of my favourite trees , the blue mahang ( macaranga heynei , formerly known as m . javanica ) . the fruit of this tree is favourite of a number of species ( see list below ) , especially the plain sunbird . & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\njohnny wee documented a pair of adult ashy tailorbirds ( orthotomus ruficeps ) feeding a recently fledged plaintive cuckoo ( cacomantis merulinus ) at singapore\u2019s pasir ris farmway1 in mid - july 2013 . it must have been a strange sight to witness a pair of small & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\nwe have accumulated a collection of more than 200 bird calls and songs link since our earlier posts urging for birdsound documentation link 1 and link 2 . even then only a small number of bird species found in singapore and & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\n& # 8220 ; a flock of four pin - striped tit - babblers ( macronus gularis ) was encountered foraging together in dense foliage . the unfavourable lighting condition under heavy shade , obscured view due to vegetation , and the birds & # 8217 ; constant flitting movement from stem to stem , was quite a & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\nthe drongo cuckoo ( surniculus lugubris ) is a nest parasite , with the female laying her eggs in the nest of the pin - striped tit - babbler ( macronus gularis ) . the former is about twice the size of the latter . within a few days of hatching , & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >\nmany species of birds exhibit \u2018mobbing\u2019 tendencies , especially when they find predator birds resting alone or in small groups . even those that are predominantly scavengers or fish - eaters are similarly mobbed . such harassing behaviour is aimed at driving the predators off & # 8230 ; < a href =\nurltoken\n> continued < / a >"]}
{"id": 517, "summary": [{"text": "pseudohemihyalea labecula , the freckled glassy-wing , is a moth in the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by grote in 1881 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern nevada , utah , from colorado to arizona , new mexico and western texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 21 \u2013 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from july to early september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on quercus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pseudohemihyalea labecula", "paragraphs": ["species pseudohemihyalea labecula - freckled glassy - wing - hodges # 8221 - bugguide . net\ni believe this is an example of pseudohemihyalea labecula . elev . ~ 7500 ft . collected and deposited in the mississippi entomological museum ( mem ) .\nno one has contributed data records for pseudohemihyalea yet . learn how to contribute .\ni found several of these attracted to lights at night , along with some p . edwardsii . at first i thought they were all the same species and some just had their scales rubbed off , but nope ! i looked at the moth photographer ' s group page and it looks like this could be either splendens or labecula but i ' m not sure how best to tell the difference between those two species . thoughts ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nsouthern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas .\ngrote , a . r . 1881 . moths collected by prof . snow in new mexico , with list of eudriini . papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 174 - 175\nholland , w . j . 1915 . the moth book . doubleday , page & company .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 48 . 24m , p . 273\nthe moth book w . j . holland . 1922 . doubleday , page & company .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 48 . 24m ; p . 273 . book review and ordering\nsouthern nevada , utah , colorado through arizona , new mexico , west texas south into the sierra madre occidentale of mexico .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nspecies in this classification . to view subspecies , varieties and populations select the species .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\ntext searches may yield weird results when combined with other filters . if you want to find observation of a particular species , use the taxon filter .\nseveral specimens observed , mostly smaller than seen at lower elevations . precise map location is estimated .\nseveral blooming flowers seen most places along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .\nprecise map location estimated . where creek crosses trail . each fish was 6 - 8 inches long .\nexact map location estimated . heard several all along the trail ( rd . 371 ) .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 519, "summary": [{"text": "turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily conoidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the family name turridae was originally given to a very large group of several thousand sea snail species that were thought to be closely related .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , that original grouping was discovered to be polyphyletic .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "in recent years , the family turridae has been much reduced in size , because a number of other families were created to contain the monophyletic lineages that had previously been thought to belong in the same family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the common name \" turrids \" is still used informally to refer to the polyphyletic group . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "turridae", "paragraphs": ["the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae\narticle : the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae\npowell awb . the family turridae in the indo - pacific : part 1 - the subfamily turrinae .\nworms - world register of marine species - turridae h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ( 1838 )\ndetails - the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae - biodiversity heritage library\nsunderland , k . ( 1991 ) atlantic and caribbean turridae . american conchologist , 19 ( 1 ) , 14\u201315 .\nlaseron , c . f . 1954 . the new south wales turridae . royal zoological society nsw . zool . handbook 56 pp .\nsunderland , k & sunderland , l . ( 1999 ) western atlantic turridae . american conchologist , 27 ( 3 ) , 16\u201317 .\nhedley , charles . 1922 . a revision of the australian turridae . records of the australian museum 13 ( 6 ) : 213 - 359\nsunderland , k & sunderland , l . ( 1993 ) atlantic and caribbean turridae . american conchologist , 21 ( 2 ) , 14\u201315 .\nhedley , c . ( 1922 ) a revision of the australian turridae . records of the australian museum , 13 ( 6 ) , 213\u2013359 . urltoken\nwilliams , m . a . s . ( 2005 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean . williams , tallevast , florida , 223 pp .\ntippett , d . l . ( 1995 ) taxonomic notes on the western atlantic turridae ( gastropoda : conoidea ) . the nautilus , 109 ( 4 ) , 127\u2013138 .\nwilliams , m . a . s . ( 2006 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean , version 3 . williams , tallevast , florida , 233 pp .\nwilliams , m . a . s . ( 2009 ) shallow - water turridae of florida and the caribbean , version 3 . williams , tallevast , florida , 230 pp .\nwells , f . e . 1990 . revision of the recent australian turridae referred to the genera splendrillia and austrodrillia . journal of the malacological society of australi a 11 : 73 - 117 .\nlyons , w . g . ( 1972 ) new turridae ( gastropoda : toxoglossa ) from south florida and the eastern gulf of mexico . the nautilus , 86 ( 1 ) , 3\u20137 .\ntippett , d . l . ( 2007 ) two new gastropod species ( neogastropoda : drilliidae , turridae ) from the western atlantic ocean . the nautilus , 121 ( 4 ) , 210\u2013213 .\npowell , a . w . b . 1964 . the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae . indo - pacific mollusca 1 ( 5 ) : 227 - 345\npowell , a . w . b . 1969 . the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 2 . the subfamily turriculinae . indo - pacific mollusca 2 ( 10 ) : 207 - 415\nfargo , w . g . ( 1953 ) part ii . the pliocene turridae of saint petersburg , florida . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , monograph , 8 , 361\u2013409 , pls . 16\u201324 .\npowell , a . w . b . 1967 . the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1a . the subfamily turrinae concluded . indo - pacific mollusca 1 ( 7 ) : 409 - 431\nkaicher , s . d . ( 1984 ) card catalogue of world - wide shells . pack 39 \u2013 turridae . s . d . kaicher , st . petersburg , florida , cards i\u2013ii + 3882\u20133987 .\nod\u00e9 , h . ( 1993 ) distribution and records of the marine mollusca in the northwest gulf of mexico : family turridae figures . texas conchologist , 29 ( 3 & 4 ) , 68 \u2013 72 .\ngibson , t . g . ( 1962 ) revision of the turridae of the miocene st . mary ' s formation of maryland . journal of paleontology , 36 ( 2 ) , 225\u2013246 , pls . 40\u201342 .\nod\u00e9 , h . ( 1991 ) distribution and records of the marine mollusca in the northwest gulf of mexico ( a continuing monograph ) , family turridae . texas conchologist , 28 ( 1 ) , 13 \u2013 34 .\nwells , f . e . 1993 . new records of splendrillia ( gastropoda : turridae ) from northwestern australia , with the description of a new species . journal of the malacological society of australia 14 : 113 - 117 .\nmclean , j . h . ( 1971 ) a revised classification of the family turridae , with the proposal of new subfamilies , genera , and subgenera from the eastern pacific . the veliger , 14 ( 1 ) , 114\u2013130 .\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1988 ) turridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 4 . subfamilies drilliinae , crassispirinae and strictispirinae . annals of the natal museum , 29 ( 1 ) , 167\u2013320 .\nmelvill , j . c . ( 1923 ) descriptions of twenty - one species of turridae ( pleurotomidae ) from various localities in the collection of mr . e . r . sykes . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 15 , 162\u2013171 .\nrol\u00e1n , e . & espinosa , j . ( 1999 ) el complejo brachycythara biconica ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) en cuba , con la descripcion de una nueva especie . bollettino malacologico , 34 , 43\u201349 .\npowell , a . w . b . ( 1966 ) the molluscan families speightiidae and turridae : an evaluation of the valid taxa , both recent and fossil , with lists of characteristics species . bulletin of the auckland institute and museum , 5 , 1\u2013184 . , 23 pls .\nfigueira , r . m . a . & absal\u00e3o , r . s . ( 2010 ) deep - water drilliinae , cochlespirinae , and oenopotinae ( mollusca : gastropoda : turridae ) from the campos basin , southeast brazil . scientia marina , 74 ( 3 ) , 471\u2013481 . urltoken\nturridae one of the larger families in shelled molluscs . about 1700 species are found in recent literature . needless to say , their taxonomy is complicated and nomenclature is more than confusing . many species are known only by the types and live on the continental shelves , in bathyal and even abyssal waters .\nabsal\u00e3o , r . s . , pimenta , a . d . & caetano , c . h . s . ( 2005 ) turridae ( mollusca , neogastropoda , conoidea ) coletados no litoral sudeste do brasil , programa revizee\nscore\ncentral . bioci\u00eancias , porto alegre , 13 ( 1 ) , 19\u201347 .\nmelvill , j . c . ( 1917 ) a revision of the turridae ( pleurotomidae ) occurring in the persian gulf , gulf of oman and north arabian sea as evidenced mostly through the results of dredgings carried out by mr . f . w . townsend , 1893\u20131914 . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 12 , 140\u2013201 .\nthe morphology of some deep - sea turridae lacking radulae was studied . the main features of their digestive system are the absence of a radula sac , venom and salivary glands and the reduction or absence of a proboscis . a new genus teretiopsis including 3 new species and t . thaumastopsis ( dautzenberg and fischer , 1896 ) is described . on the basis of differences of the digestive system when compared with other turrids lacking radulae the monotypical subfamily taraninae casey , 1904 new status ( type genus taranis jeffreys , 1870 ) is considered . it is shown that the process of radula reduction has occurred independently in different phylogenetic lines of toxoglossa\u2014the subfamilies daphnellinae and taraninae among turridae and the family terebridae .\nthe turridae ( in the traditional , widest sense ) is so large that one strategy might be to identify your species to the appropriate family using bouchet et al . 2011 ( j . molluscan studies , 77 : 273 - 308 ) . then use that family / subfamily or included genera as search terms in your web browser to see who has published on these taxa in recent years . then approach those researchers directly .\nty - jour ti - the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae t2 - indo - pacific mollusca . vl - 1 ur - urltoken pb - delaware museum of natural history , etc . cy - greenville , del . , etc . , py - 1964 - 03 - 31 sp - 227 ep - 346 sn - 0073 - 7240 au - powell , a w b er -\nbarros , j . c . n . , de lima , s . f . b . , da silva , s . v . , santos , m . c . f . & cabrel , e . ( 2005 ) sobre fam\u00edlia turridae swainson , 1840 em dep\u00f3sito no labor\u00e1t\u00f3rio de malacologia da ufrpe e os tipos brasileiros presentes na cole\u00e7\u00e3o malacol\u00f3gica do national museum of natural history - smithsonian institution . boletim t\u00e9cnico cient\u00edfico do cepene , 13 , 143\u2013149 .\n@ article { bhlpart201044 , title = { the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae } , journal = { indo - pacific mollusca . } , volume = { 1 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { greenville , del . , etc . , delaware museum of natural history , etc . } , author = { powell , a w b } , year = { 1964 - 03 - 31 } , pages = { 227 - - 346 } , }\nthere are over 4 , 000 ( described ) living species of turrids worldwide with much of this species diversity in the tropics . ( turridae in the usual sense comprises about 16 living families ) . however , there are probably several thousand unnamed extant species in existing museum collections . in the worst cases , even those genera with large body sizes can comprise a hundred or more undescribed living species - usually misidentified under a few published names - within a single biogeographic region . snaller species ( less than say 10 mm ) usually have a much smaller percentage of their species described and smaller species dominate ' turrid ' faunas .\nthe classification of the turridae is in a flux . a number of families and / or sub - families have been used , but there is not general agreement upon use of these names by specialists . classification at the generic level is still fluid , and the limited specimens available often make decisions on species boundaries difficult . our knowledge of the nsw fauna is the result of hedley ' s monograph of the australian species ( 1922 ) , and laseron revision of the nsw fauna in 1954 , in which he dealt with 142 species . the monographs of powell ( 1964 , 1967 , 1969 ) also refined nsw turrid systematics .\nthe biology , feeding ecology and phylogenetic relationships of marine snails in the family turridae remain poorly understood . here we report our study on four deep - water species in the genus gemmula , a major group in this family . the four species g . speciosa ( reeve 1843 ) , g . sogodensis ( olivera 2005 ) , g . kieneri ( doumet 1940 ) and g . diomedea ( powell 1964 ) were collected at five different sites in the philippines , and their pattern of distribution in the sites , their feeding behaviour as well as their phylogenetic relationships with each other and with other members of the subfamily turrinae were investigated . the radular morphology ( of two gemmula species ) and potential prey ( for one gemmula species ) were also examined . actual feeding observations were also conducted for gemmula speciosa and compared with two turrids from other genera .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the family turridae in the indo - pacific . part 1 . the subfamily turrinae < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > powell , a w b < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 1 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > indo - pacific mollusca . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> greenville , del . , etc . , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > delaware museum of natural history , etc . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 1 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 227 < / start > < end > 346 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1964 - 03 - 31 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nnomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn .\nif . . . a . . .\nnomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn .\nif . . . a family - group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus , the replacement name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage . a name maintained by virtue of this article retains its own author [ and date , the first date cited ] but takes the priority of the replaced name [ the date cited in parentheses , here alluding to pleurotominae gray , 1838 ] [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\n( of pleurotomidae ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nclassification the taxonomy of this family has to be reconsiderd . backeljau ( 1986 ) follows nordsieck ( 1968 , 1977 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 ) [ details ]\nthis is by far one of the largest families among marine molluscs , containing a great number of species . the family hallmark is a notch or sinus in the upper part of the outer lip , but species are very difficult to identify because of wide variety in speciation . many shells are tapered at both ends ( i . e . ,\nfusiform\n) , like the babylon turrid shown below . others show variable proportions in lengths between their spire and siphonal canal , while the japanese wonder shell is so unusual as to have been sometimes placed in a family of its own ( thatcheriidae ) . the shells vary widely in both colors and textures .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 005 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 006 seconds . )\nthe turrids are the largest family of marine gastropods , numbering more than 4 , 000 described species . in a recent paper , bouchet et . al . ( 2004 ) said\nturrids sing a hymn to specialisation , rarity and evolutionary innovation\n. they reported that 20 years of sampling off new caledonia from the intertidal to 3 , 700 m had turned up 1 , 726 turrid species , as many as 30 % of these species being represented by single specimens . a similar situation no doubt applies to the australian and new south wales fauna , with many species being rarely obtained and a high proportion un - named .\nturrids shells show a diversity of shell shapes ; some look like cones , others resemble mitrids , fasciolarids or buccinids . the one feature they have in common is a sinus - an indentation or slit at the upper end of the outer lip , which accommodates the exhalent canal . the sinus sometimes is only a weak depression , sometimes a deep slit , but most commonly a deep , rounded v shaped indentation . turrids are carnivorous , probably all being predatory ; polychaete worms are the major prey of the species of which the diet has been studied . some have a radula and associated poison gland similar to the harpoon - like structure of the cone shells , while others have lost the radula and poison gland . .\nthe family is represented in nsw by about 150 named species , only a few of which are common , and many of which are quite rare . a few small species occur intertidally under rocks on rocky shores , some occupy the shallow subtidal , down to about 20 metres and are occasionally washed up on beaches , but most occur in deeper water . about a dozen species exceed 20 mm in size , but the majority are quite small , many being under 5 mm in length .\nthe primary identification feature of turrids is the sinus , the indentation at the top of the outer lip . its shape and position are important for classification . the sinus may be narrow and deep , broad and shallow , or a mere indentation as in members of the subfamily mangelliinae . the apex of the sinus may be on the periphery of the last whorl , at the suture , or on the shoulder slope between suture and periphery . development of the sinus proceeds as the shell matures , being only a shallow indentation in juvenile shells ( see fig . 1 , showing sinus development with maturity in vexitomina coxi ) . some species have a callous nodule at the top of the inner lip of the aperture , opposite the sinus , which also increases in size with maturity .\nwells , f . e . 1991 . a revision of the recent australian species of the turrid genera clavus , plagiostropha and tylotiella ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . journal of the malacological society of australia 12 : 1 - 33\nwells , f . e . 1991 . a new species of splendrillia , with comments on two other species in the genus . journal of the malacological society of australia 12 : 63 - 67 .\nwells , f . e . 1994 . a revision of the recent australian species of the turrid genera inquisitor and ptychobela . molluscan research 14 : 71 - 103 .\nof the 150 or so nsw species only those which reach over 15 mm in length are described here . for information on the remaining species , see laseron ' s treatment mentioned above .\ngreenville , del . , etc . , delaware museum of natural history , etc .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nit ' s very useful in pharmacology and i survey the distribution of turrids along the indian coast . can anyone advise of identification of this species ? i ' ve identified some of the species and i request to verify the identification in the morphological level with malacologist .\nwithout an image of the shell it is impossible to identify it . there are hundreds of turrid species , now recognized in multiple families .\nok if you want the image of the turrids species i will send you through your mail id but i like to want clear identification of turrids species . because its difficult to identify the species\nspecies - level identifications of species - rich groups are liable to be misidentified by all except the specialist for that group . and of course many of these groups do not have any specialists . sorry to sound negative but it is important to be realistic to what level one can identify a species . it is important not to try to put a species name on every morphotype that you delimit - because this will result in misidentifications in all but the most common and well known species . in my opinion it is important to sort your putative ' species ' into the smallest morphologically consistent groupings that you can ( these are most likley to correspond to ' true ' species and then seek specialist help ) .\nan expert in the anatomy and identification of turrids is yuri kantor kantor @ urltoken . in the identification - although basing mainly in shell characters - you can also contact bilal ozturk . you can contact him through researchgate . hope it helps .\nelaiya , i don ' t know of anyone currently working with the expertise you need . as others have pointed out the group is so large that just gather the literature you ' ll need will be a major problem , but the internet will help - start there . i would advise you to take high quality digital pictures of your specimens and post them on some of the facebook groups that deal with marine mollusks . there are some very educated people there and someone may be able to help you . good luck .\nit is found in presumablly upper eocen - lower oligocene clay sediments in sw bulgaria . given the size of the fossil and the facies feature of the . . .\nhi all , i am looking for help in identifying a gastropod from an archaeological site in the gobi desert in southern mongolia . the site is centred . . .\nseveral poorly known species lack common names due to the lack of familiarity of the non - scientific community with them . however , it can be . . .\nour lab has observed this feature on presumed naticid drill holes penetrating shells of saxolucina ( megaxinus ) anodonta ( say ) from the miocene . . .\ndear colleagues , in recent days an article was published in the washington post trying to sell the idea that we , humans , should not work towards . . .\nin a recent critique of our paper on the third orangutan species , the author of a blog wrote that :\na \u201cspecies\u201d is not an arbitrary segment of . . .\nhi all , these three specimens were also collected from mumbai coast of india . i thought these belongs to the genus agaronia and bufonaria . please . . .\nwhat is the name of this green insect . i noticed on its carapace the presence of another small insect ? it is visible in the three photos . is this . . .\nbook review : marine gastropoda prosobranchiata . the zoology of iceland , volume iv , part 60 . g . thorson\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nflickr photos above were identified by the individual photographers but not reviewed by eops . contact us to report errors .\nbackeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgi\u00eb [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp .\nthe taxonomy of this family has to be reconsiderd . backeljau ( 1986 ) follows nordsieck ( 1968 , 1977 ) and van aartsen et al . ( 1984 )\nutilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results . ex . a common name search of northwestern sedge matches ' northwestern sedge ' and ' northwestern showy sedge ' . typing\nnorthwestern sedge\nreturn only ' northwestern sedge ' .\n\u00a9 2012 - 2018 . encyclopedia of puget sound is published by the puget sound institute at the uw tacoma center for urban waters .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nshells of the turritellidae are elongate with many whorls , similar in shape to the terebridae . the family consists of about a thousand species , world wide in distribution , but more speciose in temperate seas . they generally live subtidally , down to at least 1500 metres , but a few occur in the lower intertidal . the family is well represented in australia , with about 27 species occurring here .\nanimals of this family are ciliary deposit feeders with limited crawling ability . they lay upon or are partly buried in the substrate , usually soft muddy - sand , and filter minute particles from the sea water as it is drawn over their gills . the particles are then fed in a mucous string to the mouth . the australian species gazameda gunnii supplements its food during times of low plankton availability by scavenging , and this may occur in other members of the family .\nin this family some species are dioecious , meaning they exist as male or female throughout their life , while others are protandric hermaphrodites , meaning that animals start life as males and change to females . sperm may be transferred from male to female in packets , or broadcast into the water by males and captured by females in the inhalant water stream . in some species fertilized eggs are brooded in the mantle cavity of the female , with juveniles either being released into the plankton or released onto the substrate as crawling juveniles . other species attach the egg mass to wood , rocks or other solid substrate , from whence they hatch .\nthere are 18 species of this family in nsw , varying in size from 6 . 5 to 90 mm in length . they all occur subtidally , some in relatively shallow water down to about 100 m , while others are among the deepest living molluscs in the nsw fauna , occurring down to at least 1500 m . they are do not live intertidally in nsw ; shells are occasionally washed up on beaches , more commonly in the far south of the state . of the 18 species , all except one has an eastern or southern australian distribution . the exception is haustator cingulifer , which occurs in the tropical indo - west pacific and just reaches southwards to sydney . one species , maoricolpus roseus , is introduced from new zealand , and is spreading northwards up the nsw coast .\ngarrard , t . a . 1972 . a revision of australian recent and tertiary turritellidae ( gastropoda : mollusca ) . journal of the malacological society of australia , 2 ( 3 ) : 267 - 338 .\nturritellids are elongate , many whorled shells , similar to the terebrids in general shape but distinguished by not having either an anterior or a posterior canal . the outer lip bears a large sinus , but the lip in the sinus area is very thin and usually broken , even in life . the shape of the sinus is best seen in the growth lines behind the growing edge . there is strong spiral sculpture , but axial sculpture is restricted to growth lines of the shape of the outer lip . there is a smooth protoconch of 1\u00bd - 2 \u00bd whorls in the nsw species , after which the adult , or teleoconch , whorls begin . the teleoconch whorl on which spiral ribs begin , and the sequence in which they commence , is diagnostic for the species , but has not been used here as it requires close microscopic examination of specimens in good condition . instead , the sculpture of the last few whorls is described .\nmuch use is made in the species descriptions of the terms rib , riblet , and thread . these are imprecise comparative terms to describe sculpture on the surface of the shells ; ribs are larger than riblets which are in turn larger than threads . a keel is a type of rib which is tall and parallel - sided .\nthe following table arranges the nsw species by maximum shell length , as an aid to identification . note that the abundance and beach washup information is specific to nsw . some species are much more common outside nsw , such as\nf + , rare ! ! ! from deep water ! ! ! fresh collected ! we got it wrongly as b . biconica\nf + , rare ! trawled off rio de janeiro . has a small drill\nf + + , rare ! beautiful specimen that we had dredged 24 years ago ! sold to a floridian collector and later p . williams got the shell !\nf + , rare species ! found in 1971 ! from p . williams collection !\nf + + , milky white with dark pink - rose areas ! from p . williams collection !\nf + + , topotype found by gary mackintosh in 1997 ! ex . coll . p . williams !\nf + , rare recently named species ! peggy williams had that as clathodrillia cf . tryoni\nf + + , not really sure it this is the rare recently named species ! peggy williams had that as clathodrillia cf . tryoni ! looks different of most of the new species described by p . fallon\nf + , rare ! very knobby orange specimen ! from p . williams collection !\nf + + , gorgeous shell but i am not convinced if is this species ! it has the same color pattern but this is really a drillidae ! p . williams had that under clavus bilineatus !\nf + , superb orange and white shell ! p . williams had that as clavus bilineatus !\nf + , beautiful specimen ! from unusual area ! from p . williams collection !\nf + , specimen found in 1971 ! from p . williams collection ! not sure about id !\nf + + , gorgeous specimen from p . williams collection ! not 100 % sure about id !\nf + + , very slender shell ! finely ribbed ! from p . williams collection !\nf + + , inflated shell ! uncommon ribbed shell with a dark brown blotch on the last whorl . ex . coll . peggy williams\nf + , very rare ! deep water ! beautiful specimen from p . williams collection ! ! w / o\nf + , very rare ! deep water ! beautiful specimen from p . williams collection ! we had only 3 specimens before ! w / o\nf + , nice nodulose shell ! nicely colored ! from p . willimas ( she had bought from us in 1996 ! ! )\nf + , very nice specimen from a hard place to go , ant lagoon off the main island ! w / o - ex . coll . homer rhode\nf + + + , gorgeous ! very unusual ! not sure about id ! from p . williams collection !\nf + + , gorgeous species ! often confused with c . bilieatus , rare !\nf + , gorgeous black - brown knobby specimen from p . williams collection !\nf + + , banded species from deep water ! from p . williams collection !\nf + + , great specimen ! from peggy williams collection ( labeled as c . fulvus )\nf + + , very large specimen from unusual area ! special ! from p . williams collection !\nf + , very unusual specimen found by p . williams ! it was labeled as c . bilineatus but it is quite different !\nf + , rare species ! banded brown and grey ! from p . williams collection\nf , the rarest clionella ! deep water species ! ! from p . williams collection - has damaged lip !\nf + + , extremely rare water species ! from p . williams collection !\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nf + + , elongated nodulose species ! very rare ! id according b . cook\nf + , nice specimen dredged off oahu in 1987 - ex . coll . peggy williams\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthanks to institutional support and generous donors , our collection of historical artifacts , documents , photography and media , now numbers close to 37 , 000 .\nthe national museum of african american history and culture , like all other smithsonian museums , hopes to benefit from donations of historical artifacts , archival documents , and works of art . if you have an important item you believe the museum should consider for its permanent collections , start by submitting our collections information form .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfrancisco m . heralde , iii , 1 , * yuri i . kantor , 2 mary anne q . astilla , 3 arturo o . lluisma , 3 rollan geronimo , 3 porfirio m . ali\u00f1o , 3 maren watkins , 4 patrice showers corneli , 5 baldomero m . olivera , 5 ameurfina d . santos , 1 and gisela p . concepcion 3\n4 department of pathology , university of utah , 421 wakara way , suite 3323 , 84108 , u . s . a\n5 department of biology , 257 s 1400 e , room 201 , university of utah , salt lake city , utah , 84112 , u . s . a\n* current address : department of biochemistry and molecular biology , college of medicine , university of the philippines , manila 1000 , philippines , moc . liamg @ edlarehmf tel / fax : + 632 - 526 - 4197\nall four gemmula species showed strikingly different patterns of distribution ; each species was found to be relatively much more abundant at one site but not at the other sites . molecular phylogenetic analysis based on 16s sequences correlated with previously reported 12s sequences and revealed that the four species all belong to a well - supported gemmula clade within the subfamily turrinae ; and that this clade appeared more closely related to the clades xenuroturris , turris and lophiotoma than to the other clades in the subfamily ( i . e . , turridrupa , unedogemmula and polystira ) . morphological analysis of the radula of both g . speciosa and g . sogodensis revealed that the radulae of the two species were similar but differed from the other turrids , lophiotoma acuta and unedogemmula bisaya , by the absence of central teeth , consistent with the separation of the gemmula clade from the lophiotoma and unedogemmula clade .\nto identify the polychaete group that is targeted as prey by species of gemmula , analysis of regurgitated food fragments was made ; phylogenetic analysis of an mtcoi gene fragment that was pcr - amplified from the regurgitated tissue of one specimen ( g . diomedea ) indicated close affinity of the prey to the terebellid polychaete amphitritides . specimens of gemmula speciosa , when challenged with the terebellid polychaete loimia sp . , were observed to attack the worm suggesting that gemmula species feed on terebellid polychaetes . lophiotoma acuta were also observed to feed on the same species of terebellid but were usually group - feeding in contrast to the solitary feeding of g . speciosa . unedogemmula bisaya did not feed on the terebellid which also supports the separation of the gemmula and unedogemmula clade .\ntwo lines of proof ( i . e . the molecular phylogenetic analysis and the feeding challenge ) supporting the toxin homology findings previously reported , provide consistent evidence that gemmula is a distinct clade of worm - hunting turrinae that feeds on terebellidae .\nhave been collected in relatively large numbers in philippine waters . in this study , we particularly focused on four deep - water\n) . we investigated their distribution and phylogeny , as information on the pattern of their distribution is scant and the phylogeny of these species has not yet been elucidated . in the superfamily conoidae , most previous investigations of molecular phylogeny have been carried out on\n) are still poorly understood . so far , only one study has been carried out (\nshells of gemmula species . top to bottom , gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula sogodensis , gemmula kieneri .\nto further discriminate the species , we examined and compared the foregut anatomy , i . e . , radula , of three species . because their habitats are inaccessible , little is also known of their feeding biology . although turrids in general are known to feed on polychaetes , there are no available data on which species of polychaetes are preyed on by gemmula ( or any turrid ) species . we therefore collected new data on feeding behavior and potential prey preferences .\nsnails were purchased from local fishermen as by - catch in trawl nets along the mouth of manila bay ( from bataan to cavite and batangas ) and tangle nets in the seas of cebu and bohol . live snails were kept in seawater until they were processed for anatomical or molecular work . the relative distribution and abundance of gemmula speciosa along the periphery of manila bay was initially assessed by monitoring the collections per trawl of selected boats in august 2005 and from october 2005 to january 2006 . the abundance in all the sampling sites was monitored from the snails collected by the fishermen from february to may 2006 .\nthe snails were segregated by putative species and preserved for various uses . the snails were cracked and tissue samples ( hepatopancreas and foot ) were obtained and preserved in approximately 10 volumes of rnalater . voucher specimens were kept in 70 % ethanol . dna extraction was performed in fifty mg tissue samples ( hepatopancreas or foot ) using the puregene dna kit ( invitrogen ) or the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) and aliquots were prepared . .\nthe 16s mitochondrial rrna gene was amplified using the primers 16sl ( 5\u2032 - gtttaccaaaaacatggcttc - 3\u2032 ) and 16sh ( 5\u2032 - ccggtctgaactcagatc acgt - 3\u2032 ) with uracil adaptor sequences . a pcr mix containing 20\u201340 ng genomic dna , 2\u03bcm of each primer , 2\u03bcm of dntp and 2\u03bcm of taq polymerase was prepared and cycled with the following profile : 95\u00b0c 1 min initial denaturation ; 40 cycles of 95\u00b0c 20 sec denaturation , 55\u00b0c 20 sec annealing and 72\u00b0c 30 sec extension ; and 72\u00b0c 5 min final extension . the pcr product was ligated to pneb206a ( user friendly cloning , new england biolabs ) and introduced into e . coli ( dh5a ) through chemical transformation . plasmids from transformants with inserts were sequenced through the abi 377 dna sequencer or submitted to the university of utah sequencing facility .\n) . a minimum evolution - based phylogenetic reconstruction was made using mega 3 . 1 (\n) . bootstrap values were calculated and putative clades were marked accordingly . the genetic distances were computed using the kimura - 2 - parameter model to determine the range of distances of the specimens that belong to a food type cluster .\nnote : the gu series of accession numbers are sequences obtained in this paper .\na second phylogenetic analysis was made using the combined 12s rdna and 16s rdna ( 12s previously reported in heralde et al . 2007 ) sequences . the concatenated sequences were aligned using clustal x . the alignments were refined manually using macclade 4 . 08 . the process was repeated for some highly variable regions as long as further refinement by eye seemed possible .\ntrees were optimized using the individual rrna gene sequence alignments and the concatenated alignments ( presented herein ) . final analyses were restricted to model - based maximum likelihood ( paup4b10 ) and bayesian inference ( mrbayes 3 . 1 . 2 ) to account for the complexity of sequence evolution . sequence evolution parameters were optimized by a gtr + i + g model that includes six possible substitution types ( gtr ) , allows some sites to be invariant ( i ) , allows across - site rate heterogeneity ( g ) and allows unequal base frequencies .\nthe maximum likelihood optimization used tbr branch swapping with 10 searches , each using a random addition of taxa . the analysis ended when the paup default criteria for convergence of the log - likelihood were met .\nthe bayesian analysis was run for two million generations with the first 500 , 000 generations discarded as burn - in trees . two mcmcmc runs ( metropolis - coupled markov - chain monte - carlo ) , using four chains each , were used to thoroughly explore tree space . convergence of the likelihoods was judged adequate by monitoring the ased ( average standard error of the difference ) in split frequencies between the two runs and by comparing plots of the tree log - likelihood trees from generation 500 , 000 to 2 million . by the last generation , average standard error was 0 . 0039 ; the plot of likelihoods versus generation had stabilized . furthermore , the psrf ( potential scale reduction factor ) reached 1 . 00 for the total tree length and for each model parameter .\nsince maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses converged to the same tree , only the bayesian results are presented below ( ml results are available from psc ) .\nspecies in the phylogenetic analysis included the following : turrinae : gemmula speciosa , gemmula diomedea , gemmula . kieneri , gemmula sogodensis , lophiotoma albina , lophiotoma acuta , lophiotoma cerithiformis , lophiotoma olangoensis , lophiotoma cingulifera , lophiotoma kingae , lophiotoma jickelli , lophiotoma polytropa , turris gamonsii , turris babylonia , turris spectabilis , turris normandavidsoni , turris grandis , turridrupa elongata , turridrupa bijubata , unedogemmula bisaya , unedogemmula leucotropis , unedogemmula tayabasensis , unedogemmula indica , unedogemmula panglaoensis , polystira oxytropis , polystira picta ; and terebridae : hastula hectica and terebra guttata , .\nlive snails were relaxed in 1 % cold magnesium chloride ( mgcl 2 ) for 2\u20133 hours and preserved in 95 % ethanol ; the sem of their radulae was carried out as described previously ( imperial et al . 2007 ) .\nsix samples of gemmula diomedea caught by trawling at depths of 231\u2013271 meters in the panglao 2005 expedition were relaxed in cold 1 % magnesium chloride for at least 2 hours and regurgitated tissues were recovered . genomic dna was extracted from the tissues using the dneasy tissue kit ( qiagen ) . an aliquot was prepared as template for mtcoi amplification using modified universal primers with user adaptor sequences ( simison 2000 ) . subsequent cloning into pneb206a , transformant screening and plasmid sequencing were as described above . the mtcoi sequence obtained was searched in the genbank database using blast ( basic local alignment search tool ) .\nthe snails used for the feeding experiments were maintained indoor using a 56 - liter aquarium containing seawater with salinity maintained at a range between 35\u201337 ppt . a filtration system and an aerator were in place while the feeding behavior of g . speciosa and other turrids was observed . the snails used in the experiment had been in the tanks for a period of 2\u20134 weeks with artificial lighting following a 12 hour light - dark cycle . the introduction of live terebellid worms into the tank was done at night .\nwere obtained from two different biogeographic regions . the first three sites came from manila bay in the south china sea region : site 1 is close to the bataan peninsula , site 2 is off corregidor island and site 3 is off the batangas coast . at these three sites ,\nspecimens were obtained as by - catch of commercial fish trawlers operating in these areas . the only larger\nwas only rarely collected at the southern sites within the visayan seas biogeographic region ( off sogod , cebu and off the island of panglao in bohol ) . the primary method for collection at the latter sites was tangle nets mostly laid at greater depths . at the sogod , cebu site , the major\ncollected per trawl was 20\u00b19 or a mean catch rate of 1 . 3\u00b10 . 6 per trawl - hour . the specimens ranged in length from 2 . 0 to 6 . 7 centimeters ( mean : 4 . 0\u00b11 . 1 cm . ) and collected at night . it must be noted that the fishing gear used effectively captured only those organisms that were either on or close to the surface of the substrate ( unlike dredges that go deeper ) .\nclade . this clade is where the food type / preference analysis is focused . the occurrence of\n) is also well - supported as indicated by a high bootstrap value ( 82 % ) .\nclades which have similar food type / preference ( i . e . , among worm - hunting cone species ) (\n) . we selected three clades of worm - hunting coniids ( i . e . s1 \u2013 sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae , s2 \u2013 sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae and e6 \u2013 errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae ) based on the clade grouping of\n) . the largest distance range occurs among terebellidae feeders ( i . e . , the s1 clade ) , thus in\ncomparison of genetic distance between 16s rrna gene sequences of gemmula species and selected vermivorous cone clades . clade s1 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly terebellidae ; clade s2 , sedentary polychaete feeders , mainly capitellidae ; and clade e6 , errant polychaete feeders , mainly eunicidae .\n) with each other and with other forms in the subfamily turrinae was further inferred from the 12s and 16s mitochondrial rrna gene sequences . both bayesian and maximum likelihood methods , as described under experimental procedures , were used . the phylogenetic tree , shown in\nclade ) , separate from other groups in the subfamily turrinae that were included in the analysis . furthermore , the analysis suggests that the sister group of the\n) form a major monophyletic group within the turrinae , which is strongly supported by the analysis .\nand their relatives based on bayesian inference . ( an identical tree was returned by a full maximum likelihood analysis of the sequence data . ) branches are labeled with bayesian confidence values expressed as percentages . for clarity , some of the outgroup species used in the analysis have been pruned from this figure ( see methods for the full list ) . shown are various forms in the subfamily turrinae , including the four species that are the subject of this article ( shells of these species are shown in\n) . the seven clades identified by roman numerals all have 100 % support based on both bayesian and maximum likelihood analysis and have the following generic / subgeneric assignments within the subfamily turrinae : i .\nthere were significant morphological variations in the shells of g . speciosa specimens collected ( i . e . , gemmule shape , inter - gemmule distance , length and diameter ratio , etc ) . however , when molecular analysis was done to evaluate the specimens with different shell morphotypes , no significant differences could be detected in the rrna gene sequences of the morphological variants . thus , the shell morphological variation does not appear to be correlated with any significant genetic ( 12s and 16s rrna gene ) divergence .\n) the radula had type 2 wishbone teeth that were robust , short and curved , sometimes with a knifelike cutting edge on the main limb and a large accessory limb with a formula of 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 ( following powell\u2019s system ) . an analysis of the radular structure of\nradular morphology . scanning electron microscopy images of the radula of gemmula speciosa ( a\u2013b ) . gemmula sogodensis ( c\u2013d ) , unedogemmula bisaya ( e\u2013f ) and lophiotoma acuta ( g\u2013h ) . . the central tooth is prominent in both gemmula species and absent in u . bisaya and l . acuta"]}
{"id": 520, "summary": [{"text": "ghilianella phasma is a species of assassin bug in the subfamily emesinae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found on the indian subcontinent and in myanmar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "there is some debate about whether this species may belong in the genus schidium .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "william lucas distant placed the species in ghilianella but ernst evald bergroth and pedro wygodzinsky moved it to schidium .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in his 1990 work of the reduviidae of the world , moldonado doubted the schidium placement . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "ghilianella phasma", "paragraphs": ["a new genus , neoschidium ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae ) , with a redescription of the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) [ ghilianella phasma distant and schidium phasma ( distant ) ] , recorded for the first time from india .\na new genus , neoschidium was erected with the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) . it was earlier described under ghilianella spinola 1850 as g . phasma distant and later under schidium bergroth 1916 as schidium phasma ( distant ) by bergroth ( 1916 ) . because it exhibits characters not only of ghilianella and schidium but also intermediate specific characters that are not found in both the genera , the type genus neoschidium phasma ( distant ) is redescribed with additional taxonomic details , morphometrics , and illustrations . it is also recorded for the first time from india .\na new genus , neoschidium ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae ) , with a redescription of the type genus , neoschidium phasma ( distant ) [ ghilianella phasm . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nhave a fact about ghilianella borincana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ghilianella borincana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmukherjee p 1 , ambrose dp 2 , saha gk 3 , bal a 1 .\nzoological survey of india , ' m ' block , new alipore , kolkata - 700053 . ; email : unknown .\nentomology research unit , st . xavier ' s college ( autonomous ) , palayamkottai - 627 002 , tamil nadu , india ; email : unknown .\ndepartment of zoology , university of calcutta , 35 , ballygunge circular road , kolkata - 700019 . ; email : unknown .\nwhat is neoschidium mukherjee , ambrose , saha , and bal , 2014 ( hemiptera : reduviidae : emesinae : metapterini ) ? a reflection on taxonomic practices .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthis chapter reviews the ecology of assassin bugs with special reference to their microhabitats , habitats , relationship between their structural adaptations and habitats , adaptive ecotypic and polymorphic adaptations , and the factors governing their population dynamics . the biology of assassin bugs covering information on fecundity , hatchability , postembryonic development , nymphal mortality , sex ratio , adult longevity , life table , growth pattern , and parental care are described . the prey records of 182 assassin bugs preying upon 267 insect pests belonging to diverse orders of insecta are given . the ecophysiological factors that affect the postembryonic development are discussed . the predatory behavior , prey capture strategies , and defensive and offensive behaviors and mimicry accompanied by morphological adaptations are dealt with . impacts of prey deprivation , competition , and space effect on predation are mentioned . the courtship behavior and its impact on postembryonic development and the oviposition behavior are also given . the prey and the stage preferences of reduviid predators and the factors that govern them are dealt with .\nthe phylogenetic analysis of a nuclear gene , 28s ribosomal rna of two determined and three undetermined species of ectomocoris mayr and the mitochondrial gene , cytochrome c of three determined and one undetermined species of ectomocoris and one species of catamiarus ( serville ) from australia and asia was made . it reveals the interspecific and intrageneric phylogenetic affinity among ectomocoris and intergeneric affinity between ectomocoris and catamiarus . moreover , the cty c sequence analysis warrant further studies on the undetermined species of ectomocoris and the validation of catamiarus as genus or subgenus of ectomocoris . the study also proves the usefulness of 28s rrna and cyt c oxidase subunit i genes as useful molecular markers in the phylogenetic analysis of the peiratine genera ectomocoris and catamiarus .\navailable mitochondrial dna sequences viz . , 16s , cyt b , cyt c oxidase subunit - i , and cyt c subunit - like - i gene of rhynocoris ( kolenati ) species were subjected to phylogenetic analysis to understand the intrageneric and intraspecific variations and the role of geographical isolation on speciation ; using clustal w in mega version 5 . 1 . this analysis includes fifteen species and four ecotypes of r . kumarii ambrose and livingstone and three morphs of r . marginatus ( fabricius ) from four countries viz . , canada , china , korea , and south africa . the pairwise genetic distances were calculated and phylograms were constructed using maximum likelihood , maximum parsimony , and neighbor - joining methods . these preliminary analyses not only demarcated the fifteen species of rhynocoris , the four ecotypes of r . kumarii , and the three morphs of r . marginatus , but also revealed phylogenetic relationships and the role of geographical isolation and polymorphism on speciation .\nthe predator - prey interaction of five prey species with the assassin bug , rhynocoris longifrons ( st\u00e5l ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) was assessed in a y - shaped olfactometer and the prey preference was assessed in six - arm olfactometer provided with the bodyextracts in hexane . although r . longifrons responded to all the hexane extracts of testedinsect pests , r . longifrons showed maximum response to the lepidopterans spodoptera litura ( f . ) ( 6 . 67\u00b11 . 18 min ) , helicoverpa armigera ( h\u00fcbner ) ( 5 . 17\u00b10 . 89 min ) and achaea janata ( l . ) ( 4 . 42\u00b11 . 04 min ) followed by the coleopteran mylabris indica ( thunberg ) ( 3 . 00\u00b10 . 82 min ) and the least response to the hemipteran dysdercus cingulatus ( f . ) ( 2 . 42\u00b10 . 76 min ) . thus , the present study clearly reveals the order of the host preference of r . longifrons to the tested hexane extracts of the taxonomically diverse insect pests .\nthe reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes ( fabricius ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) is a potential predator inhibiting diverse agroecosystems and preying upon about 50 minor as well as major insect pests . the prey approaching behaviour of r . fuscipes ( fabricius ) to the hexane extracts of insect pests viz . , helicoverpa armigera hubner , spodoptera litura ( fabricius ) , achaea janata linnaeus , dysdercus cingulatus fabricius and mylabris indica thunberg was assessed in y - shaped olfactometer in terms of excess proportion index ( epi ) . ether in hexane fraction extracts of s . litura stimulated higher rostral protruding activity ( 6 . 53 + / - 1 . 56 min ) than that of h . armigera ( 4 . 61 + / - 1 . 29 min ) followed by a . janata ( 3 . 17 + / - 1 . 11 ) and d . cingulatus ( 2 . 95 + / - 1 . 12 min ) . the lowest response was observed to the hexane extract of m . indica ( 1 . 30 + / - 0 . 63 min ) . the order of excitement in behavioral response of r . fuscipes to the tested body extract of five insect pests was ranked as follows : s . litura > h . armigera > a . janata > d . cingulatus > m . indica . thus the present study clearly reveals the host preference of r . fuscipes to the taxonomically diverse insect pests .\nharpactorine reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) exhibited type ii holling ' s curvilinear functional response to teak skeletonizer , eutectona machaeralis walker . the predator ' s attack rate increased with the increase in prey density . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' values was observed as 4 . 16 . but the highest and lowest attack ratios ( y / x ) ( 0 . 69 and 0 . 52 ) were obtained at 1 and 8 prey / predator density . positive correlations were obtained between the prey density and prey killed , but negative correlations were obtained between the prey density and searching time of the predator . at high prey density , predator spent less time in searching , therefore it spent more time in handling , whereas at low prey density predator spent more time in searching than handling . however , handling time varied due to factors such as rate of pursuit of predator and prey escape or prey capture success .\nindividuals of rhynocoris kumarii collected from three different ecological habitats viz . , rajapalayam tropical rainforest , tiruvannamalai scrub jungle and kanchipuram semiarid zone exhibited pronounced diversities in their oviposition pattern , hatchability , incubation and stadial periods , nymphal mortality , adult longevity , sex ratio and life table parameters . these diversities are considered a specially adapted biological function collectively called ecotypism .\nthe effective utilization of any biological control agent relies upon its comprehensive knowledge on bioecology , ecophysiology and behaviour . hence , in the present study , the predatory behaviour of third , fourth and fifth nymphal instars and adults of an assassin bug , coranus spiniscutis ( reuter ) to the larvae of rice meal moth , corcyra cephalonica ( stainton ) and leaf armyworm , spodoptera litura ( f . ) was observed in the laboratory . the sequential acts of predatory behaviour and the time taken for each predatory act such as arousal , approach , capturing , paralysing , sucking and postpredatory behaviour and the number of piercing and sucking sites were observed . the predator took less time to predate upon the larvae of s . litura than that of c . cephalonica .\nthe knowledge on the bioecology of any predator is essential to explore its biocontrol potential . in the present work the postembryonic development , oviposition pattern and nymphal mortality of an acanthaspidine assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l were studied on two types of prey species viz . , larvae of rice meal moth , corcyra cephalonica ( stainton ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) and the termite , odontotermes obesus rambur ( isoptera : termitidae ) . the incubation period was 15 . 21 \u00b1 0 . 64 days in c . cephalonica fed predators and it was 15 . 08 \u00b1 0 . 28 days in o . obesus fed predators . the stadial periods of i , ii , iii , iv and v ( to male and female ) nymphal instars were 15 . 14 \u00b1 0 . 68 , 13 . 50 \u00b1 0 . 51 , 13 . 83 \u00b1 0 . 70 , 15 . 83 \u00b1 0 . 87 , 21 . 11 \u00b1 1 . 45 and 25 . 18 \u00b1 0 . 75 days when fed with c . cephalonica and 14 . 81 \u00b1 0 . 49 , 12 . 68 \u00b1 0 . 48 , 12 . 71 \u00b1 0 . 58 , 14 . 56 \u00b1 0 . 50 , 21 . 06 \u00b1 1 . 03 and 23 . 72 \u00b1 0 . 83 days when fed with o . obesus . the total periods of postembryonic development from i nymphal instar to adult were 81 . 30 \u00b1 2 . 40 and 77 . 10 \u00b1 1 . 70 days in c . cephalonica and o . obesus fed predators . the longevities of male and female adults fed with c . cephalonica were shorter ( 79 . 44 \u00b1 1 . 81and 82 . 82 \u00b1 1 . 66 days ) than those fed with o . obesus ( 98 . 03 \u00b1 1 . 13 and 112 . 29 \u00b1 1 . 38 days ) .\nthe protein profile of saliva of three rhynocoris species viz . , r . fuscipes ( f . ) , r . kumarii ambrose and livingstone and r . marginatus ( f . ) and the paralytic potential of these species to three prey species viz . , tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura f . , blister beetle , mylabris pustulata thunberg and red cotton bug , dysdercus cingulatus f . were studied . the volume of saliva was uniformly higher in the posterior lobe than in the anterior lobe of rhynocoris spp . the highest and equal volume of saliva was found in the posterior lobe of r . fuscipes and r . kumarii followed by r . marginatus . the volume of saliva in the anterior lobe was higher in r . kumarii followed by r . marginatus and r . fuscipes . prey deprivation caused accumulation of saliva , uniformly well pronounced in both the lobes . the total volume of the saliva was the highest in the posterior lobe of 8 day prey deprived r . marginatus followed by r . kumarii . the protein content was uniformly higher in the anterior lobe of all the three species irrespective of the volume of the saliva . r . kumarii had the highest protein content both in the anterior and posterior lobes . though prey deprivation increased protein content in both the lobes in all the three species it was well pronounced in r . kumarii . the densitometric electropherogram revealed 9 , 8 and 9 protein fractions in r . fuscipes , r . kumarii and r . marginatus and none of them share a common protein thus suggesting that the proteins are species specific . though the paralytic potential of toxin in terms of dosage and duration varied among the three species and also in relation to the target pest species , prey deprivation uniformly enhanced paralytic potential in all of them . the chemical and functional diversity and mode of action of neurotoxin of these three species are related to morphological and structural adaptations and the mode of predation . the role of saliva in extraoral digestion and the multidimensional utility of neurotoxin as a neuropharmacological tool , a basis for synthesizing venom based bioinsecticides and as a molecular marker are discussed .\nfield record of harpactorine assassin bugs in tirunelveli district , tamil nadu , south india .\nfunctional response of assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l to rice meal moth larva , corcyra cephelonica stainton and termite , odontotermes obesus rambur .\nhost preference , stage preference and functional response of assassin bug , rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) to its most preferred prey tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura ( f . )\nthe assassin bug , rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone preferred larvae of tobacco cutworm , spodoptera litura ( f . ) ( 35 . 29 % ) followed by the larvae of castor semilooper , achaea janata l . ( 29 . 41 % ) and slant - faced grasshopper , tyloprobidus variecornis walker ( 21 . 57 % ) . a low preference was expressed towards the blister beetles , mylabris indica thunberg ( 13 . 45 % ) and mylabris pustulata thunberg ( 8 . 03 % ) . among the blister beetles m . pustulata was the least preferred one . among the different size groups of its most preferred prey s . litura , r . kumarii preferred 5 - 10 mm size group ( 44 . 64 % ) followed by other size groups ( 0 - 5 mm , 26 . 95 % ) and ( 10 - 15 mm , 18 . 16 % ) . the least preferred ( 10 . 23 % ) size group was 15 - 20 mm . r . kumarii also exhibited type ii functional response to s . litura larvae . a positive correlation was obtained between the prey density and the prey killed ( y = 0 . 598 + 0 . 279x ; r = 0 . 926 ) . the attack ratio decreased as the prey density increased ( y = 0 . 496 - 0 . 011x ; r = - 0 . 732 ) . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' value ( 4 . 53 ) was always found restricted to higher prey density . a negative correlation was obtained between the searching time and the prey density ( y = 4 . 383 - 0 . 311x ; r = - 0 . 975 ) .\nassassin bugs are biological control agents . the reduviine assassin bug , acanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l is a predator of diverse insect pests . in the present study , the prey preference of a . pedestris to five species of grasshoppers ( orthoptera : acrididae ) viz . , tylotropidus variecornis walker , orthacris maindroni boliver , two undetermined slant - faced grasshoppers and one undetermined cone - headed grasshopper ; its stage preference to the life stages of its most preferred prey , o . maindtroni were investigated . the adults of a . pedestris highly preferred the o . maindroni ( 39 % ) followed by the slant - faced sp . 1 ( 25 % ) , t . variecornis ( 16 . 38 % ) and cone - headed grasshopper ( 16 . 24 % ) among the five different types of acridid grasshoppers . a . pedestris rarely preferred the slant - faced grasshopper sp . 2 ( 14 . 85 % ) . among the different size groups of its most preferred prey o . maindroni , the adults of a . pedestris highly preferred the size groups of ( 1 . 0 - 1 . 7 cm ) ( 32 % ) followed by the size groups ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 cm ) ( 26 . 34 % ) and 1 . 7 - 2 . 2 cm ) ( 22 . 46 % ) . the least preferred size group was ( 0 - 0 . 5 cm ) ( 19 . 04 % ) . a . pedestris exhibited type ii functional response to o . maindroni . a positive correlation was obtained between the prey density and the prey killed ( y = 0 . 2504 + 0 . 4692 ; r = 0 . 9829 ) . the attack ratio decreased as the prey density increased ( y = 0 . 7621 - 0 . 0399x ; r = 0 . 6911 ) . the maximum predation represented by ' k ' value ( 4 . 16 ) was always restricted to higher prey density . a negative correlation was obtained between the searching time and the prey density ( y = 4 . 7095 - 0 . 5652x ; r = 0 . 9828 ) . the result revealed that a . pedestris preferred 1 . 0 to 1 . 7 cm size groups of o . maindroni and exhibited type ii functional response to it , revealing the biocontrol potential of a . pedestris on o . maindroni .\ncourtallam tropical rainforest , the present study area , a famous hill resort is located in the eastern slope of western ghats at an altitude of 550 ft msl . the study area is opposite to five falls , located at a latitude 8 o 54 ' 39 ' ' to 9 o 2 ' 35 ' ' n and longitude 77 o 11 ' 47 ' ' to 77 o 20 ' e . light trap studies conducted at courtallam from feb , 1992 to jan 1993 yielded insects belonging to five orders namely coleoptera , hemiptera , hymenoptera , isoptera and lepidoptera . hemiptera was predominant with 29 species , 27 genera and 12 families followed by coleoptera 23 species , 21 genera and 10 families . isoptera was the lowest recorded with two species two genera and one family . the result suggested that the reduviids and pyrrhocorids were the major constituent of hemiptera collected by light trap . coleopteran population peaks were recorded in may and october . these peaks could be related to the occurrence of rainfall at the study area . the hemipterans were maximum during december and january . this peak of hemiptera was mainly due to the dominance of single species nephotettix sp . the swarming behaviour of ants would probably be the reason for high hymenopterans found during december and january . the isopterans were poorly represented . the lepidopteran peak was observed during july after heavy rainfall at the study area . the factors governing diversity and population dynamics of insect fauna in courtallam are discussed .\nchemical ecology of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) and chosen prey species .\nthe impact of the insecticide , synergy - 505 ( chlorpyrifos 50 % and cypermethrin 5 % e . c ) , on the functional response , predatory behavior , and mating behavior of a non - target reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) , a potential biological control agent , were studied . though both normal and synergy - 505 - exposed r . marginatus exhibited holling ' s type ii curvilinear functional response , synergy - 505 caused a less pronounced type ii functional response with reduced numbers of prey killed , attack rate , searching time , and prolonged handling time in 4th and 5th nymphal instars and adult males and females reflecting reduced predatory potential . synergy - 505 also delayed the predatory and mating events . the impacts of synergy - 505 on functional response , predatory behavior , and mating behavior were more evident at higher concentrations of synergy - 505 .\ntwo species of endochus st\u00e5l , 1859 , e . albomaculatus st\u00e5l and e . merula distant , were recorded for the first time from india . they are redescribed , together with the genus , with additional taxonomic details and illustrations .\nmass rearing of entomophages insects for biological control : success , bottlenecks and strategies .\ndevelopment , reproductive performance and ecotypic diversity of coranus siva kirkaldy ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nintraspecific competition was found to affect the predation of assassin bug , irantha armipes ( st\u00e5l ) on cotton bollworm helicoverpa armigera ( h\u00fcbner ) and quickened predatory acts such as capturing , paralyzing and sucking with reduction in the number of piercing and sucking sites . the impact of competition on predation increased in proportion to the number of competitors confronted .\nfunctional and numerical responses of the reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes f . ( het . , reduviidae ) to cotton leafworm spodoptera litura f . ( lep . , noctuidae )\nrhynocoris fuscipes positively responded to the changing abundance of prey and exhibited holling ' s second model of functional response . increased searching capacity and decreased handling time were observed with the increasing prey density in r . fuscipes . the considerable number of prey consumed by the predator per day at higher prey density than at lower density reflected the predator ' s biocontrol potential . increasing prey density did not significantly shorten the iv stadium of the predator , whereas that of v stadium was significantly shortened . predators ' survival and longevity were not affected by the prey density . low prey densities resulted in an increase in the pre - oviposition period . fecundity and hatchability were increased as a function of prey density .\nbiology , behaviour and functional response of sphedanolestes variabilis distant ( insecta : hemiptera : reduviidae : harpactorinae ) , a potential predator of lepidopteran pests .\ninfluence of predator\u2019s age , sex and prey size on the functional response of rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) to dysdercus cingulatus fabricius ( hemiptera : pyrrhocoridae ) .\nrhinocoris marginatus ( fabr . ) is found to be a potential biological control agent on various insect pests . adults and nymphal instars of r . marginatus , collected from the scrub jungles and semiarid zones , were reared in plastic containers of different volumes , viz . , 85 ml . , 170 ml . , 340 ml . , under laboratory conditions . individuals reared in 85 ml . containers take less time in capturing their prey . increase in the volume of containers causes early oviposition and higher fecundity and hatchability . adults reared in containers of 170 and 340 ml . oviposit bigger eggs than the adults reared in 85 ml . containers . individuals reared in 340 ml . containers emerge first followed by individuals reared in 170 ml . containers . decrease in volume of the container causes increase in the longevity of the adults . space has also a direct effect on the adult morphometry of various regions .\nsycanus reclinatusdohrn , a reduviid predator , inhabits tropical evergreen forests of southern india . females lay clusters of brown coloured eggs 22 d after emergence . the eggs hatch in 14 to 23 d and the pale - ochraceous nymphs turn into deep - ochraceous within 1 h . total stadial period from i instar to adult ranges from 61 to 90 d at 32 \u00b0c . the different nymphal instars are taxonomically described . male and female longevities are 5 to 54 d and 5 to 50 d , respectively . the sex ratio is slightly male biased . the predatory and mating behaviours are described . the biocontrol efficiency of this reduviid is also dealt with .\na redescription of adult of sphedanolestes himalayensis distant is given . the immatures and adults of s . himalayensis were found to inhabit the shrubs of tropical evergreen forests . it lays single , elongate , pale reddish eggs , which adhered to the top of the rearing containers in the laboratory . the average number of eggs laid by a female was 74 . 8 \u00b1 5 . 2 . incubation period was 9 . 6\u00b1 0 . 86 days . the total nymphal developmental period from i to v nymphal instar was 59 . 8\u00b1 8 . 6 days . the longevity of the adult female ( 71 . 6\u00b13 . 4 days ) was longer than that of the adult male ( 68 . 3\u00b16 . 1 days ) . the preoviposition and postoviposition periods were 9 . 8\u00b1 0 . 76 and 4 . 6\u00b10 . 03 days . the male and female sex ratio was 0 . 86 : 1 . sequential events of predation and mating conform to those of other harpactorine reduviids .\nfunctional response of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone and normal and synergy - 505 exposed rhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) to larva oe euproctis fraterna ( moore ) .\nrelative toxicity of two organophosphorous insecticides and polymorphic resistance in rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nfunctional response of acanthaspis quinquespinosa ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) on coptotermesheimi ( wasmann ) .\ndevelopment , intrinsic rate of natural increase and ecotypism of euagoras plagiatus ( burmeister ) ( insecta : hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nimpact of female parental age on the postembryonic development and reproductive potential of sphedanolestes pubinotum reuter ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\nacanthaspis pedestris st\u00e5l is an important reduviid predator found in the scrub jungles and agroecosystems of india predating on a number of insect pests and it is used as a bio - control agent . but its use is limited due to its scarcity at times when pests are often most abundant . the only possible way to overcome this difficulty is to mass culture this predator in the laboratory and supply them to the farmers . the practice of mass culturing leads to inbreeding which renders the species ultimately less effective against the pests . in order to overcome this shortfall , the morphological and biological characteristics of a . pedestris collected from seven ecotypes were subjected to upgma cluster analysis and the distantly related ecotypes were identified . by this method , it is possible to select and use two distantly related ecotypes for mating which can restore the genetic variability . thus , the suggested approach makes the biocontrol agent effective even under mass culturing .\nimpact of cypermethrin on the biology and lifetable parameters of a nontarget biological control agent rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) .\necotypic diversity and life table parameters of rhynocoris longifrons ( st\u00e5l ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) , a potential predator of cotton pests .\nan annotatec checklist of indian peiratinae ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) with ecological and morphological characteristics .\nbiodiversity of light - trapped entomofauna of vickramasingapuram , tirunelveli , tamil nadu , south india .\nthe effects of sublethal concentrations of insecticide deltamethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour were studied in a nontarget harpactorine reduviid predator rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) in the laboratory ( temp . 30 \u00b1 1\u00b0c , rh 75 \u00b1 5 % , photoperiod 12 \u00b1 1 hrs ) . the intensity of abnormal behaviour increased as the concentration of deltamethrin was increased . the insecticide affected the predatory potential i . e . , functional response events such as number of prey killed , attack ratio and rate of discovery . deltamethrin also prolonged the predatory behaviour , inhibited the premating events and quickened the mating events in r . marginatus .\na checklist of 464 indian species of assassin bugs under 144 genera and 14 subfamilies with their taxonomical status , their distribution in india and world over and their morphological characteristics are given . members of the harpactorinae are the most abundant group with 146 species and 41 genera followed by the reduviinae and the ectrichodiinae . the subfamilies such as the physoderinae and the ectinoderinae are represented each by two and lone species . other characteristics of the family reduviidae discussed in this overview include the rostrum structure , tibial pads , habitat characteristics , microhabitats and habits . morphological characteristics are correlated with ecological , behavioural and biological manifestations of the reduviids .\neffect of insecticides on the intrinsic rate of natural increase of rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) .\nseasonal density of reduviid predators of vagaikulam semiarid ecosystem in thoothukudi dist , tamil nadu .\na survey of kalakad - mundanthurai tiger reserve ( k - mtr ) , western ghats , southern india , from september 2002 to march 2003 revealed the presence of 24 species of butterflies . observation on diagnostic morphological features , habitat range , larval and adult food , months of abundance , duration of flight , mode of flight and associated habits , mimicry and conservation status are included with meteorological data .\nimpact of cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour of a non - target biocontrol agent rhynocoris marginatus fab . ( hem . , reduviidae )\nupgma cluster analysis as a tool in the biosystematics of reduviidae ( insecta : hemiptera ) .\nadults of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone when treated with insecticides viz . , monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulphan at sublethal doses developed severe abnormalities in the alimentary canal , testis and ovary . lysis of intercellular cementing material , pycnotic nuclei , vacuolated cells , obliteration of peritrophic membrane and exfoliation of cells were the abnormalities in the alimentary canal . insecticides caused size reduction , sperm cells distortion , vacuolated spermatocytes and spermatids in the testis and crumpled follicular epitheliun and vacuolization of the germarium in the ovary .\nimpact of insecticides on the hemogram of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( hem . , reduviidae )\nthe haemogram of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone comprises prohaemocytes , plasmatocytes , granular haemocytes , cystocytes and oenocytoids . the impact of five insecticides , viz . monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulfan on the total haemocyte count ( thc ) and differential haemocyte counts ( dhc ) was studied . all of the insecticides except endosulfan initially reduced both prohaemocytes and plasmatocytes , increased the granular haemocytes , altered the percentage of cystocytes and oenocytoids and increased the total haemocyte count ( thc ) . on the contrary , endosulfan initially increased the prohaemocytes and plasmatocytes , decreased the granular haemocytes and also the thc . the highest impact on the dhc and thc was caused by methylparathion and monocrotophos and the least impact by endosulfan . hence , endosulfan is considered as the safest insecticide followed by dimethoate and quinalphos among these five insecticides to use with r . kumarii .\npolymorphic diversity in salivary and haemolymph proteins and digestive physiology of assassin bug rhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) ( het . , reduviidae )\nrhynocoris marginatus ( fab . ) occurs in three morphs viz . ( i ) niger ( black connexivum ) ( ii ) sanguineous ( red connexivum ) and ( iii ) nigrosanguineous ( black and red banded connexivum ) . the salivary protein ( \u03bcg / mg wet weight of salivary gland complex ) , and haemolymph protein ( \u03bcg / 100 \u03bcl ) were higher in niger morph than in nigrosanguineous and sanguineous morphs . endopeptidase ( trypsin ) activity of homogenate of salivary gland complex ( sgc ) of niger morph was also higher . it was significantly lower in the sanguineous morph . endopeptidase activity was found to be uniformly meagre in the anterior midgut ( amg ) and in the posterior midgut ( pmg ) in all the three morphs . the exopeptidase ( aminopeptidase ) activity was also found to be negligible in sgc in all the three morphs . niger morph showed a significantly higher activity of exopeptidase in amg and pmg than the other two morphs .\nabundance of boll worm , flower beetle , predators and field colonization by rhynocoris kumarii ( het . , reduviidae ) following mulching and shelter provisioning in cotton\nfield colonization of the assassin bug rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone and biocontrol potential of predatory arthropods after mulching with sorghum trash and coconut leaflets and with shelter provisioning with pieces of clay pots and stones was studied in a cotton field experiment at the agricultural college farm , killikulam , south india . third and fourth nymphal instars of r . kumarii were released . there were fewer helicoverpa armigera h\u00fcbner larvae in plots with mulched cotton trash than in control and other ( mulched and shelter provisioned ) plots . but mulching did not affect the number of adult mylabris pustulata thunberg . the flower and boll damage was significantly less in trash and leaflet mulch plots than in other shelter provisioned and control plots . the percentage of good quality cotton was also greater in mulch plots than in control plots . the yield of seed - cotton was also significantly greater in plots with trash mulches and coconut leaflet mulches than in control plots .\nimpact of cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory and mating behaviour of a non - target potential biological control agent acanthaspis pedestris ( st\u00e5l ) ( het . , reduviidae )\nthe impact of the insecticide cypermethrin on the functional response , predatory behaviour and mating behaviour was studied in a non - target potential reduviid biological control agent acanthaspis pedestris ( st\u00e5l ) . the intensity of abnormal behaviour increased as the concentration of cypermethrin was increased . the insecticide negatively affected the functional response events such as attack ratio , handling time and rate of discovery . cypermethrin also reduced the predatory efficiency and prolonged the mating events in a . pedestris . the type ii ( decelerating curve ) of functional response was altered into a type iv ( dome - shaped curve ) by cypermethrin .\ninfluence of hunger level and prey density on searching behaviour of the reduviid predator rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( het . , reduviidae )\nmechanism underlying the searching behaviour of the predator rhynocoris marginatus in different levels of hunger and at different densities of its prey spodoptera litura was studied within an experimental arena . starved for 1 - day r . marginatus travelled 2 . 34 times longer distances than starved for 4 - day ones to find prey in the four prey density arenas . total distance travelled by r . marginatus at four s . litura density arenas was 0 . 4 times shorter than that in one density regime . searching speed of 4 - day hungry r . marginatus was 2 . 44 times greater than 1 - day hungry r . marginatus . r . marginatus at four s . litura density regimes searched at 2 . 43 times higher speeds than r . marginatus at one density regime . higher rates of turning were observed in 4 - day hungry r . marginatus than in 1 - day hungry r . marginatus . higher rates of turning of r . marginatus were recorded in one s . litura density regime than in four density regimes . one - day hungry r . marginatus turned 4 . 14 - fold greater degree mean angle than 4 - day hungry ones . at four s . litura density regime r . marginatus turned 0 . 34 - fold lesser angle than at one density regime .\nsuppression of helicoverpa armigera ( hubner ) , nezara viridula ( l . ) and riptortus clavatus thunberg infesting pigeon pea by the reduviid predator rhynocoris fuscipes ( fabricius ) in field cages .\ninfluence of mulching and intercropping on the abundance of the reduviid predator , rhynocoris fuscipes ( f . )\nsuppression of cotton leafworm spodoptera litura , flower beetle mylabris pustulata and red cotton bug dysdercus cingulatus by rhynocoris marginatus ( fabr . ) ( het . , reduviidae ) in cotton field cages\nmass - reared reduviid , rhynocoris marginatus was released in large - sized cotton field cages against three cotton pests , spodoptera litura , mylabris pustulata and dysdercus cingulatus . pest species were introduced into separate cages in the absence of other pests , parasitoids and predators . control experimental cages without r . marginatus were maintained for each prey set up during the evaluation period . r . marginatus greatly reduced the infestation of s . litura ( 57 . 5 % ) , m . pustulata ( 52 . 3 % ) and d . cingulatus ( 45 . 8 % ) . the leaves , flower and boll damages ( 32 % , 35 % and 28 % by s . litura , m . pustulata and d . cingulatus , respectively ) and seed - cotton yield loss ( 1 . 4 , 1 . 6 and 1 . 25 times in s . litura , m . pustulata and d . cingulatus infested cages , respectively ) were reduced by r . marginatus compared with such fields without r . marginatus . the field observations suggest this predator\u2019s pest suppression and damage reduction efficacy .\na new species of the genus linshcosteus distant , 1904 ( hemiptera : reduviidae : triatominae ) is described from specimens collected near kalakkadu , tamil nadu state , southern india . specimens were found in deep crevices between rocks , in a region of semi - arid scrub jungle . the distinctiveness of the new species was demonstrated by a morphometric analysis including the five previously described species of linshcosteus , all from india . nine measurements of the head were used in an isometric size - free principal component analysis . in terms of discrete morphology the new species , linshcosteus karupus sp . n . galv\u00e3o , patterson , rocha & jurberg differs from the most similar one , l . kali lent & wygodzinsky , 1979 , by its very prominent anterolateral projections of the pronotum , by the length to width ratio of the pronotum , by the pilosity of the head and several other characters , including phallic structures . a revised key is presented for the six species of the genus .\nsearching behaviour and functional response of rhynocoris longifrons ( st\u00e5l ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) , a key predator of pod sucking bug , clavigrallagibbosa spinola .\nprey stage preference of the predator , rhynocoris kumariiambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae ) to three selected cotton insect pests\nassassin bugs ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) in integrated pest management programme : success and strategies .\nnutritional influence of prey on the biology and biochemistry in rhynocoris marginatus ( fabricius ) ( heteroptera : reduviidae ) .\ninsecticidal impact on the post\u2010embryonic development of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae )\nthe impact of sublethal concentration of five insecticides namely monocrotophos , dimethoate , methylparathion , quinalphos and endosulfan on the post - embryonic developmental characteristics such as stadial period , body weight , fecundity and longevity of rhynocoris kumarii was studied . all of the insecticides except endosulfan increased stadial period , decreased body weight , fecundity and longevity .\nimpact of antennectomy , eye blinding and tibial comb coating on the predatory behaviour of rhynocoris kumarii ambrose and livingstone ( het . , reduviidae ) on spodoptera litura fabr . ( lep . , noctuidae )\nthe predaceous reduviid rhynocoris kumarii uses its antennae , eyes and tibial comb to predate tobacco cutworm spodoptera litura ( fabr ) . a delayed arousal response was observed in the antennectomized , eye blinded and tibial comb - coated predators . the predators whose entire antennae had been removed showed significant delayed approach but the approach response was not affected significantly in the blinded and tibial comb - coated reduviid predators . capturing response was significantly affected in pedicel and entire antennae - removed predators , and blinded and tibial comb - coated predators . antennectomy , eye blinding and tibial comb coating did not cause any impact in the act of paralysing the prey . progressive reduction in sucking duration and the number of sucking sites were observed as a function of sequential segment - wise removal of antennae . a reduction in the sucking duration and number of sucking sites were also observed in blinded and tibial comb coated predators .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis page was last modified on 29 march 2013 , at 08 : 33 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 522, "summary": [{"text": "tupinambis is a lizard genus which belongs to the family teiidae , and contains seven described species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these large lizards are commonly referred to as tegus ( tei\u00fas in portuguese ) ; t. merianae ( argentine black and white tegu ) , t. rufescens ( red tegu ) , and t. teguixin ( gold tegu ) are popular in the pet trade .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "they are primarily found in south america , although t. teguixin also occurs in panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "tegus that have escaped or have been illegally released have adapted and are increasing in several florida counties including rural and suburban ( especially south miami-dade and hillsborough ) counties , agricultural areas ( especially homestead and unincorporated miami-dade county , florida ) and publicly owned conservation areas ( especially southern glades environmental and wildlife area and southeast margin of everglades national park ) of south florida see invasive species website ( www.ive-got-1.org ) for details with specific locations of credible observations and voucher specimens .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2012 a number of tegu species were reclassified from tupinambis to the previously used genus salvator .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the newly proposed classification comes from a restructuring of the teiidae family based upon the study of 137 morphological characteristics .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the new classification is as follows : salvator duseni ( yellow tegu ) , salvator rufescens ( red tegu ) , salvator merianae ( black and white tegu ) , tupinambis teguixin ( gold tegu ) , tupinambis longilineus ( rhondonia tegu ) , tupinambis palustris ( swamp tegu ) , tupinambis quadrilineatus ( four-lined tegu ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tupinambis", "paragraphs": ["tupinambis longilineus avila - pires 1995 : 547 tupinambis longilineus \u2014 pianka & vitt 2003 : 200 tupinambis longilineus \u2014 harvey et al . 2012\nmaggie whitson marked\ntupinambis merianae\nas trusted on the\ntupinambis merianae\npage .\nlacertus tupinambis lac\u00e9p\u00e8de 1788 salvator merianae dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839 : 85 teius teguixim \u2014 gray 1845 : 16 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 boulenger 1885b : 335 tejus tejuexin \u2014 camp 1923 : 377 tupinambis rufescens \u2014 presch 1973 : 743 ( part ) tupinambis merianae \u2014 dirksen & de la riva 1999 tupinambis merianae \u2014 vrcibradic et al . 2011 salvator merianae \u2014 harvey et al . 2012 tupinambis merianae \u2014 avila et al . 2013 tupinambis merianae \u2014 crother et al . 2017 salvator merianae buzioensis ( m\u00fcller 1968 ) tupinambis teguixin buzioensis m\u00fcller 1968 tupinambis teguixin buzioensis \u2014 b\u00f6hme 2010 salvator merianae buzioensis \u2014 harvey et al . 2012 ( by implication ) salvator merianae sebastiani ( m\u00fcller 1968 ) tupinambis teguixin sebastiani m\u00fcller 1968 tupinambis teguixin sebastiani \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 272 tupinambis teguixin sebastiani \u2014 b\u00f6hme 2010 salvator merianae sebastiani \u2014 harvey et al . 2012 ( by implication )\nlacerta teguixin linnaeus 1758 : 208 seps marmoratus laurenti 1768 : 59 laacerta tupinambis lac\u00e9p\u00e8de 1788 lacerta monitor \u2014 shaw & nodder 1790 : plate 21 lacerta monitor latreille 1801 : 220 tupinambis monitor daudin 1802 : 20 agama teguixin \u2014 link 1807 : 58 monitor meriani blainville 1816 monitor ( tutor ) americanus goldfuss 1820 : 168 teius monitor \u2014 wied 1824 tupinambis nigropunctatus spix 1825 : 18 monitor teguixin fitzinger 1826 podinema teguixin wagler 1830 lacerta teguixin \u2014 cuvier 1831 : 113 tupinambidibus daudini \u2014 ranzoni 1836 ( synonymy unclear ) teius teguixin \u2014 gray 1838 : 276 salvator nigropunctatus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839 : 90 teius nigropunctatus \u2014 gray 1845 : 16 teius teguexim \u2014 bates 1864 : 233 podicnema teguixin \u2014 br\u00fchl 1886 tejus teguexin [ sic ] \u2014 dollo 1884 : 68 tejus tequexin [ sic ] \u2014 cope 1885 : 189 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 335 tupinambis nigropunctatus \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 337 tupinambis tegnixin [ sic ] \u2014 m\u00fcller 1912 : 24 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 peters et al . 1970 : 272 tupinambis teguixin nigropunctatus \u2014 m\u00fcller 1971 : 24 tupinambis teguixin nigropunctatus \u2014 mertens 1972 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 presch 1973 : 741 ( part ? ) tupinambis nigropunctatus \u2014 hoogmoed & lescure 1975 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 duellman 1978 : 223 tupinambis nigropunctatus \u2014 rese 1983 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 rese 1983 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 cei 1993 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 dirksen & de la riva 1999 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 mcnish 2011 tupinambis teguixin \u2014 harvey et al . 2012\nmacroscopic description of the limb muscles of tupinambis meriana . . . : ingenta connect\na new species of tupinambis daudin , 1802 ( squamata : teiidae ) from brazil .\nreptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis quadrilineatus : distribution extension and geographic distribution map .\na new species of tupinambis daudin , 1803 from southeastern brazil ( squamata , teiidae ) .\nhere we describe three cryptic species related to tupinambis teguixin on the basis of morphology and genetics .\nprimeira ocorr\u00eancia de tupinambis quadrilineatus manzani , abe , 1997 ( squamata : teiidae ) no bioma amaz\u00f4nia .\nhibernation and emergence pattern of tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) in the taim ecological . . .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : t\u00e9iu . jpg\nas trusted on the\ntupinambis merianae\npage .\nthese findings expand the geographic distribution of tupinambis quadrilineatus is northwards , and encompass the the region between the states of piau\u00ed and maranh\u00e3o , which is dominated by cerrado sensu strictu and / or forested patches of the cerrado\u2013amazon ecotone . in this region , tupinambis quadrilineatus also occurs in syntopy with salvator merianae , which was previously classified as a member of the genus tupinambis .\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nthe reptile database\nas preferred for\ntupinambis merianae dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : salvator merianae - necrophilia . jpg\nas trusted on the\ntupinambis merianae\npage .\nrese , r . 1983 . die grosstejus der gattung tupinambis . sauria 5 ( 2 ) : 15 - 17 - get paper here\nroad ecology blog : tegu lizard ( tupinambis merianae ) roadkill , south of capivari do sul , rio grande do sul , brazil .\nright hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus ( chnufpi 0036 ) . a sulcate surface b asulcate surface c lateral region . scale bar = 1 cm .\na new species of tupinambis ( squamata : teiidae ) from central brazil , with an analysis of morphological and genetic variation in the genus .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 1989 . tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . sauria 11 ( 1 ) suppl . : 133\u2013136 - get paper here\npresch w ( 1973 ) a review of the tegus , lizard genus tupinambis ( sauria : teiidae ) from south america . copeia 4 : 740\u2013746\ncomparisons . tupinambis teguixin is distinguished from the sympatric tupinambis cryptus sp . n . by two supraciliaries contacting the last supraocular ( three in t . cryptus sp . n ) ; usually three occipitals in contact with the interparietal ( usually one in t . cryptus sp . n ) . tupinambis teguixin differs from t . cuzcoensis sp . n . in having the first supraocular the longest ( the second is the longest in cuzcoensis ) ; first pair of chinshields are distinctly longer than the postmental ( in t . cuzcoensis sp . n . the first pair of chinshields are about as long or shorter than the postmental ) . tupinambis teguixin differs from tupinambis zuliensis sp . n . by having the first supraocular the longest ( the second is longest in t . zuliensis ) .\nschreitm\u00fcller , w . 1924 . endotheliom bei tupinambis teguixin l . ( gemeiner teju . ) . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 90a ( 8 ) : 114 - 116\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\ntupinambis merianae dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1839\n.\ncastro erde ; galetti m , 2004 . frugivory and seed dispersal by the tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ( frugivoria e dispers\u00e3o de sementes pelo lagarto tei\u00fa tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ) pap\u00e9is avulsos de zoologia ( s\u00e2o paulo ) , 44 ( 6 ) : 91 - 97 .\nde castro er ; galetti m , 2004 . frugivory and seed dispersal by the tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) . ( frugivoria e dispers\u00e3o de sementes pelo lagarto tei\u00fa tupinambis merianae ( reptilia : teiidae ) ) pap\u00e9is avulsos de zoologia ( s\u00e2o paulo ) , 44 ( 6 ) : 91 - 97 .\nthe hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus is also described here for the first time . the hemipenial morphology of teiid lizards is poorly known ( harvey et al . 2012 ) . cope ( 1896 ) analyzed the hemipenis of the genera dracaena , tupinambis , ameiva , and cnemidophorus and concluded that the morphology of these typical teiid species consist of numerous delicate , imbricate , transverse laminae , which are closely attached to one another . dowling and duellman ( 1978 , figure 83 . 2 ) published an illustration of the sulcate surface of the hemipenis of a species referred to as tupinambis nigropunctatus spix , 1825 , however they did not provide a museum number , nor did they describe the organ . presently , tupinambis nigropunctatus is considered as a synonym of tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , and its drawing exihibited a slightly bilobed and relatively long hemipenis , with distal laminae . in addition , the hemipenial morphology of 13 teiid species was described by b\u00f6hme ( 1988 ) , but the author did not examine nor describe the hemipenis of tupinambis .\nm\u00fcller , p . 1969 . \u00fcber eine neue subspezies vom teju , tupinambis teguixin buziosensis n . ssp salamandra 5 ( 1 - 2 ) : 32 - 35 - get paper here\nsize . the largest tupinambis teguixin measured was a male , 279 mm svl with a 491 mm tail . the smallest was a neonate 84 mm svl and a 134 mm tail .\nconfusion over the use of tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus ) and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix is a long standing problem and closely tied to the salvator merianae entanglement [ 10 ] . hoogmoed and lescure [ 19 ] and hoogmoed and gruber [ 20 ] considered lacerta teguixin linnaeus and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix distinct , but presch [ 21 ] considered them conspecific due to overlapping characters . the nomenclatural problems have been discussed and clarified by avil - pires [ 10 ] and we have little to add to her discussion . using photographs of type material , museum specimens and molecular analysis we conclude the following .\nchamut s , jahn ga , arce oea , manes me ( 2012 ) testosterone and reproductive activity in the male tegu lizard , tupinambis merianae . herpetol conserv biol 7 ( 3 ) : 299\u2013305\nk\u00f6hler , g . 1989 . lebensweise , haltung und nachzucht von tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus 1758 ) ( sauria : teiidae ) . salamandra 25 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 - get paper here\nkiefer , mara c\u00edntia & ivan sazima 2002 . diet of juvenile tegu lizard tupinambis merianae ( teiidae ) in southeastern brazil . amphibia - reptilia 23 ( 1 ) : 105 - 108 - get paper here\nlema , thales de 1983 . bipedalia em tupinambis teguixin ( linneaeus , 1758 ) . ( suaria , teiidae ) . iheringia . s\u00e9rie . zool . , porto alegre 62 : 89 - 119 - get paper here\nlima , a . c . de ; pimenta , f . e . 2008 . reptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis longilineus : distribution extension . check list 4 ( 3 ) : 240\u2013243 - get paper here\nthe results of the cluster analysis [ s2a fig ] and pca [ s2b fig ] are in based on the genetic and morphological analyses describe above , we split the species currently recognized as tupinambis teguixin into four morphologically distinct species , three of which are new . considering the morphological data collected for this study , it is clear why these lizards have been confused for more than two centuries . differences are subtle , the coloration and pattern are variable , complex and have an ontogenetic component . table 1 summarizes the morphology for the four species of the tupinambis teguixin group discussed here , and table 2 compares the known species in the genus tupinambis .\nfew data are available on the morphology of the hemipenis of teiid lizards , especially those of the recently - defined genus tupinambis , a widely - distributed group of large - bodied lizards . this study provides an illustrated description of the hemipenis of tupinambis quadrilineatus , which is similar to that of other representatives of the tupinambinae subfamily . new records of the species from the state of piau\u00ed , in northeastern brazil , are also presented .\nscale counts of the specimens of tupinambis quadrilineatus analyzed in the present study and the known range of values for the species , according to manzani and abe ( 1997 ) and colli et al . ( 1998 ) .\nfitzgerald , lee a . , joseph a . cook and a . luz aquino 1999 . molecular phylogenetics and conservation of tupinambis ( sauria : teiidae ) . copeia 1999 ( 4 ) : 894 - 905 - get paper here\netymology ( genus ) : the generic name tupinambis is a masculine latin noun in the nominative singular apparently referring to the tupinamba\u0301 indigenous tribe , one of several tupi ethnic groups that inhabited brazil at the time of the conquest .\nbenicio , ronildo alves ; gon\u00e7alves fonseca , mariluce 2014 . first record of tupinambis teguixin linnaeus , 1758 ( squamata : teiidae ) for the state of piau\u00ed , northeastern brazil cuad . herpetol . 28 : - get paper here\nhagmann g . die eier von gonatodes humeralis , tupinambis nigropunctatus und caiman sclreops . 3 . beitrag zur kenntnis der lebens und fortpflanzungsweise der brazilianischen reptilien . zoo jahrb jenna , abt f syst . 1907 24 , 1906 307\u2013316 .\nunexpectedly , we found a substantial amount of confusion still exists between members of the tupinambis teguixin group and the salvator merianae group . m\u00fcller [ 49 ] named t . teguixin sebastiani and t . t . buzioensis based on island populations in southeast brazil . b\u00f6hme [ 50 ] recognized these as belonging to t . ( = salvator ) merianae , not t . teguixin , and reallocated the names appropriately . a recently published paper on exotic reptiles in the philippine pet trade lists tupinambis teguixin , however the accompanying photograph clearly shows a species of salvator [ 51 ] . fig 12 compares profiles of salvator merianae and tupinambis teguixin . data for the number of tupinambis teguixin group members involved in the novelty leather trade are apparently unknown . while large numbers of tegus are taken from the wild each year for the leather industry , most of these appear to be salvator merianae , or another member of the salvator clade . members of the tupinambis teguixin group are likely more often consumed as bush meat or enter the pet trade . the confusion between t . teguixin group members and s . merianae is on - going and basal to the confusion .\nmanzani , paulo roberto & abe , augusto shinya 2002 . a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1803 from southeastern brazil ( squamata , teiidae ) . arquivos do museu nacional rio de janeiro 60 ( 4 ) : 295 - 302\nfor this work we examined 335 extant museum specimens for morphological data [ s2 table ] . three previous works [ 8 , 10 , 18 ] provide detailed descriptions for tupinambis . however , some clarification as well as challenges regarding scale and scale arrangement terminology for tupinambis are needed . while we use the terms and characters provided in these papers , we made some adjustments . some scale counts and characters were found to contain information for distinguishing taxa , but most did not .\netymology . named cryptus for it similarity to tupinambis teguixin . on trinidad it is commonly known as the matte , on tobago it is called the salempenta . we propose the cryptic golden tegu as the common english name for this species .\np\u00e9res jr ak ( 2003 ) sistem\u00e1tica e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de lagartos do g\u00eanero tupinambis ( squamata , teiidae ) . d . sc . thesis . bras\u00edlia : universidade de bras\u00edlia , programa de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em biologia animal , p . 193\nwinck , g . r . and cechin , s . z . 2008 . hibernation and emergence pattern of tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) in the taim ecological station , southern brazil . journal of natural history 42 : 239 - 247\ndistribution . tupinambis teguixin appears to be widespread in the amazon and present on the guiana shield , ranging from the caribbean coast of the guianas to roraima and para , brazil southward to mato grosso and goias and into western amazonas , brazil .\na lacerta teguixin paralectotype , the seps marmoratus holotype , and a tupinambis nigropunctatus paralectotype examined for this study all clearly lack the divided loreal , the small rows of granular scales between the supraoculars and ciliaries and the other traits associated with the genus salvator .\none of the two largest terrestrial lizards in the new world , the argentine black and white tegu , tupinambis merianae , is one of the seven currently recognized species of tegu lizards ( genus tupinambis , all south american ) . its sister species , the red tegu ( tupinambis rufescens ) rivals its size ; both can reach a total length of 145 cm ( 57 inches ) , with large heads and jaws . the argentine black and white tegu is an abundant species , found in a wide breadth of habitat types from ocean beaches to savannahs and disturbed areas such as forest edges , clearings , and roadsides up to elevations of 1250 m ( 4100 ft ) . it is a terrestrial animal but also a good swimmer ( embert et al . 2010 ; enge 2006 ) .\ngols - ripoll , ariana ; emilio a . herrera & jazzm\u00edn arrivillaga 2015 . genetic structure of tupinambis teguixin ( squamata : teiidae ) , with emphasis on venezuelan populations rev . biol . trop . 63 ( 4 ) : 1235 - 1249 - get paper here\ngarc\u00eda - valdez , mar\u00eda valeria ; silvia chamut , gonzalo valdez jaen , osvaldo e . a . arce , mario e . manes 2011 . dynamics of ovarian follicles in tupinambis merianae lizards . acta herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 303 - 313 - get paper here\nkaiser , bernard w . , kimberly j . osorio , kevin m . enge and richard m . engeman . 2013 . tupinambis merianae ( argentine giant tegu ) ; pantherophis guttatus ( red cornsnake ) non - predatory killing . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 329\nvega parry , harold ; elisa vinti\u00f1i ; osvaldo e . a . arce ; mario e . manes 2009 . nutritional perfomance of tupinambis merianae lizards fed with corn starch as source of energy . acta herpetologica 4 ( 1 ) : 29 - 36 - get paper here\njansen , m . & g . k\u00f6hler : reptilia , squamata , amphisbaenidae , amphisbaena cegei montero , 1997 , and reptilia , squamata , teidae , tupinambis rufescens ( g\u00fcnther , 1871 ) : vertical range extension . checklist 6 ( 4 ) : 503 - 504 .\nexamination of photographs of type material including one of the paralectotypes of lacerta teguixin linnaeus ( nrm 121 ) as well as seps marmoratus laurenti , and tupinambis nigropunctatus spix ( zma 629 ) allowed for some comparison of the type material to the data collected from the specimens examined .\ntype species : tupinambis monitor daudin 1802 is the type species of the genus tupinambis daudin 1802 . tupinambis is also the type species of the subfamily tupinambinae bonaparte 1831 ( not established by estes et al . 1988 as is often cited ; see costa et al . 2016 for historical details ) . distribution : not in uruguay ( m . hoogmoed , pers . comm . , 19 feb 2013 ) . not in panama fide lotzkat 2015 ( pers . comm . , 23 dec 2015 ) ; see map in silva et al . 2018 . nomenclature : the name t . teguixin was for a long time applied for the species here named t . merianae , while the species here under discussion was called t . nigropunctatus . for a detailed discussion of nomenclature see avila - pires ( 1995 ) . synonyms partly from cei 1993 .\ngudynas , e . 1985 . notas sobre teiidos del uruguay ( lacertilia : teiidae ) , i . nuevos registros y distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica de tupinambis teguixin , teius teyou , cnemidophorus lacertoides y pantodactylus schreibersii schreibersii . centro de estudios don orione , contribuciones en biolog\u00eda 12 : 9 - 17 .\ncaldeira - costa , henrique ; s\u00e3o pedro , v . de a . ; p\u00e9res , a . k . & neves feio , r . 2008 . reptilia , squamata , teiidae , tupinambis longilineus : distribution extension . check list 4 ( 3 ) : 267\u2013268 - get paper here\njuri , guadalupe l\u00f3pez ; sergio naretto , ana carolina mateos , margarita chiaraviglio , and gabriela cardozo 2015 . influence of life history traits on trophic niche segregation between two similar sympatric tupinambis lizards south american j . herp . 10 ( 2 ) : 132 - 142 . - get paper here\nalthaus , r l . ; maunskas , g . ; gasparotti , < br / > m . l . l ; miouet a , c . 1994 . caracteristicas comestibles de la carne de tupinambis teguixin . bol . asoc . herp . argentina 10 ( 1 ) : 19 - 21\nhere , we provide a taxonomic revision to bring taxonomy into concordance with the molecular and morphological results for the tupinambis teguixin complex . the confusion of names presented in these lizards is discussed and illustrated in s3 , s3a and s3b fig . first , we provide a re - description of :\ncecchetto , nicolas rodolfo ; naretto , sergio 2015 . do sex , body size and reproductive condition influence the thermal preferences of a large lizard ? a study in tupinambis merianae journal of thermal biology , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jtherbio . 2015 . 09 . 001 - get paper here\nfirst , the shape and size of the scales on the anterior surface of the femur : ( a ) t . cuzcoensis ; ( b ) t . cryptus ( c ) t . teguixin ( d ) t . zuliensis . second , the upper labial under the anterior corner of the orbit ( e , f ) . the inside corner of the orbit is over the third upper labial in tupinambis teguixin , and the fourth upper labial in t . cryptus . the supratemporals are numbered . tupinambis teguixin ( e ) usually has two supratemporals and t . cryptus ( f ) usually has three supratemporals .\nsilva , marc\u00e9lia b . ; marco a . ribeiro - j\u00fanior , and teresa c . s . \u00e1vila - pires 2018 . a new species of tupinambis daudin , 1802 ( squamata : teiidae ) from central south america . journal of herpetology 52 ( 1 ) : 94 - 110 - get paper here\ntupinambis cerradensis colli , p\u00e9res & cunha , 1998 : 479 ( adult male holotype deposited in the cole\u00e7\u00e3o de herpetologia of the universidade de bras\u00edlia , chunb 00468 , type - locality : ros\u00e1rio oeste , mato grosso , brazil ( 14\u00b050 ' s , 56\u00b025 ' w , sad69 ) , not examined ) .\n( a ) importance of meristic counts in predicting individual assignments to four species of tupinambis lizards based on mean decrease in gini accuracy as revealed by 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation of guided regularized random forests ( grrf ) . the higher the mean decrease in gini accuracy , the higher the predictor importance . ( b ) prediction error of grrf models based on reducing number of predictors ranked by importance , as revealed by 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation . ( c ) variation in vertebral rows and scales around midbody , the two best predictors of differences among four species of tupinambis lizards .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus manzani & abe , 1997 : 2 ( adult male holotype deposited in the museu de zoologia of the universidade estadual de campinas , zuec 1963 , type - locality : fazenda bandeirantes , municipalty of baliza , goi\u00e1s , brazil ( 16\u00b013 ' s , 51\u00b025 ' w , sad69 ) , not examined ) .\nseps marmoratus laurenti is most likely based upon zmb 849 [ 23 ] a juvenile specimen ( fig 3 ) . the name has long been considered a junior synonym of tupinambis teguixin . the dorsal pattern is composed of wide dark bands separated by narrow light bands and four rows of white spots on the dorsum . it has five supraoculars , first is the longest , the second is the largest in area and the last one contacts two ciliaries . also , it has 115 or 116 vertebral rows . all are in agreement with our clade two . here we retain this name as a junior synonym of tupinambis teguixin based upon the data we have .\nmoraes carvalho , andre\u0301a de ; ayrton klier pe\u0301res ju\u0301nior , maria auxiliadora andrade , and vale\u0301ria de sa\u0301 jayme 2013 . prevalence of enterobacteriaceae in tupinambis merianae ( squamata : teiidae ) from a captive facility in central brazil , with a profile of antimicrobial drug resistance in salmonella enterica . phyllomedusa 12 ( 1 ) : 57 - 67\nadult male tupinambis quadrilineatus . a specimen collected in the palmares national forest , altos , piau\u00ed ( chnufpi 0036 ; scale 5cm ) b specimen collected with pit - fall traps at guadalupe , piau\u00ed ( chnufpi 0038 ) c lateral view of the head and d dorsal view of the anterior region of the body ( chnufpi 0036 ) .\ntupinambis nigropunctatus spix was based upon five syntypes and all are extant . hoogmoed and gruber [ 20 ] designated zma 629 the lectotype , making zma 627 , 628 , 630 , 3208 paralectotypes . they note spix was unsure of his own classification when it came to distinguishing it from t . teguixin , and thought it to be either a different species or a female t . teguixin . vanzolini [ 25 ] interpreted the spix type locality to be bel\u00e9m , para , brazil . photos of zma 627 ( a male ) illustrate morphology that agrees relatively well with our clade two ( fig 4 ) . here we retain tupinambis nigropunctatus spix as a junior synonym of t . teguixin .\ncitation : murphy jc , jowers mj , lehtinen rm , charles sp , colli gr , peres ak jr , et al . ( 2016 ) cryptic , sympatric diversity in tegu lizards of the tupinambis teguixin group ( squamata , sauria , teiidae ) and the description of three new species . plos one 11 ( 8 ) : e0158542 . urltoken\nspecies illustrated : top - tupinambis cuzcoensis sp . n . , clade 1 . photo credit mike pingleton . second from top t . teguixin , clade 2 . photo credit armida madngisa . bottom photo t . cryptus ( clade 4 ) . photo credit jcm . nodes with bayesian posterior probabilities \u2265 95 are represented by asterisks ( * ) .\nthere is considerable pattern variation in tupinambis cryptus . mainland venezuelan specimens tend to have bands that are indistinct and short longitudinal stripes that beebe [ 2 ] termed \u201cdashes . \u201d a few are almost uniform in coloration . none of the adults from trinidad and tobago have this pattern , although we have seen a few individuals in the field with indistinct bands .\ndistribution . tupinambis cryptus is known from trinidad and tobago , venezuela , the guianas , and as far south as the confluence of the rio negro and rio branco in brazil , but its range may be more extensive . it ranges as far west as falcon , venezuela , and appears to range into the andes in the vicinity of bucaramango , colombia .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus is endemic to the cerrado savannas of central brazil . the species was described in 1997 , based on four specimens from goi\u00e1s , mato grosso , and tocantins ( manzani and abe 1997 , silveira 2009 ) . almost simultaneously , colli et al . ( 1998 ) described the same form under the junior - synonym tupinambis cerradensis . a number of other specimens were collected subsequently in the brazilian states of goi\u00e1s , minas gerais , mato grosso , maranh\u00e3o , tocantins , piau\u00ed , par\u00e1 and the distrito federal ( barreto et al . 2007 , ferreira et al . 2009 , silveira 2009 , dal vechio et al . 2013 ) . the geographic range of the species is extended further in the present study .\nchiarello , adriano g . ; srbek - araujo , ana c . ; del - duque jr . , hermano j . ; coelho , eduardo de r . ; rocha , carlos f . d . 2010 . abundance of tegu lizards ( tupinambis merianae ) in a remnant of the brazilian atlantic forest . amphibia - reptilia 31 ( 4 ) : 563 - 570 - get paper here\nthe emergence period and winter aggregations of a population of tupinambis merianae from southern brazil as well as some behavioural aspects from its post\u2010emergence period are examined . fifty\u2010six individuals were captured and marked in 64 days ( 640 h ) of field study . most of the hibernacula identified were beneath human constructions . the first individuals emerged in august and the last active . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntupinambis is distributed from the choc\u00f3 of colombia eastward to northern venezuela , ( including the isla de margarita , trinidad and tobago ) and the guianas southward into amazonia , and the cerrados of eastern bolivia [ 8 ] . three of the four species , tupinambis longilineus [ 10 ] , t . palustris [ 11 ] , and t . quadrilineatus [ 12 ] have poorly understood distributions centered in brazil . one species , t . longilineus , is known to use open , sub - montane tropical rainforest along rivers as well as disturbed areas . another , t . palustris is apparently restricted to wetlands in the vicinity of the type locality at usina hidr\u00e9letrica tr\u00eas irm\u00e3os , in the lower tiete river , between aracatuba and pereira barreto in the state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . tupinambis quadrilineatus is endemic to the savannas of central brazil [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] , however langstroth [ 16 ] suggested it may also occur in bolivia . these three species have all been described since 1995 . the range of t . teguixin is thought to overlap the distribution of all three congeners , and has a range that encompasses that of the entire genus , or nearly so [ 8 ] .\npassos , d . c . ; f . lima - araujo ; a . c . b . melo ; d . m . borges - nojosa . 2013 . new state record and distribution extension of the golden tegu tupinambis teguixin ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( squamata : teiidae ) to the caatinga biome , northeastern brazil . check list 9 ( 6 ) : 1524 - 1526 - get paper here\nfig 1 illustrates some of the varied patterns and coloration present in the tupinambis teguixin group . here , we present a range - wide analysis of molecular and morphological data , strongly supporting the existence of four species - level taxa within what is currently considered t . teguixin . morphological data suggest the potential presence of additional species . we discuss the phenomenon and impact of cryptic , widespread species , and offer perspectives for future research .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus ; taylor 2003 : 44 , langstroth 2005 : 106 , silva jr . et al . 2005 : 81 , vitt et al . 2005 : 8 , werneck and colli 2006 : 1987 , guimar\u00e3es et al . 2007 : 353 , recoder and nogueira 2007 : 270 , silveira 2009 : 442 , ferreira et al . 2009 : 355 , moreira et al . 2009 : 187 , recoder et al . 2011 : 275 .\nthe genus tupinambis contained seven species until harvey et al . [ 8 ] revalidated salvator dum\u00e9ril and bibron for s . duseni , s . merianae , and s . rufescens . the generic split was subsequently supported by molecular work [ 9 ] . salvator inhabits much of south america east of the andes , and they share a suite of traits ( a complete row of supraocular granules , divided caudal annuli alternating with complete annuli , a round pupil , keeled proximal subcaudals , and usually a divided loreal ) distinguishing them from the sometimes sympatric tupinambis . thus , four species , t . longilineus , t . palustris , t . quadrilineatus , and t . teguixin , remain in daudin\u2019s genus . one of these , t . palustris , is poorly known and its status seems uncertain . two of us ( grc , ap ) are currently working to clarify its relationship to the other species in the genus .\nnatural history . because this species has been long confused with other species of the t . teguixin group comments on its natural history are difficult to make because they are deeply entangled in the literature with the other cryptic species in the group as well as members of the genus salvator . considering that tupinambis teguixin and t . cryptus sp . n . have been collected within 3 km of each other further investigation of these taxa would be of ecological interest .\ntupinambis quadrilineatus : maranh\u00e3o : mpeg 16817 ( rio mat\u00f5es , right bank tributary of the rio balsas , balsas ) , mpeg 30140 ( s\u00e3o raimundo das mangabeiras ) , piau\u00ed : chnufpi 0036 ( palmares national forest , altos ) , chnufpi 0037 ( monsenhor gil ) , chnufpi 0038 ( fazenda s\u00e3o pedro , guadalupe ) , mpeg 16845 ( lagoa alegre ) , mpeg 30139 ( ribeiro gon\u00e7alves ) , mpeg 30141 ( esta\u00e7\u00e3o ecol\u00f3gica de uru\u00e7u\u00ed - una , uru\u00e7u\u00ed ) .\ncomparisons . tupinambis zuliensis sp . n . can be distinguished from t . teguixin and t . cryptus by having the second supraocular the longest and the largest in area ( the other two species have the first supraocular the longest and the second is largest in area ) . it can be distinguished from t . cuzcoensis by having the post mental longer than the first pair of chin shields ( it is shorter than the first pair of chin shields in t . cuzcoensis ) .\nwith a maximum body length of 400 mm [ 8 ] , tupinambis teguixin is one of the largest terrestrial , and as previously noted one of the most exploited , neotropical lizards . yet , its systematics and nomenclature remain poorly resolved , with some authors [ 3 ] describing the taxonomy as \u201ctortuous . \u201d discussing genetic data fitzgerald et al . [ 3 ] wrote , \u201c\u2026the split among t . teguixin from cuyabeno , ecuador and roraima , brazil was comparable to differences between t . teguixin and t . longilineus and even to that between t . rufescens and t . merianae . \u201d this would be expected in species composed of multiple lineages and given the two localities are separated by more than 1500 km . however , tupinambis teguixin has been used in hundreds of phylogenetic , ecological , morphological , and physiological studies given its abundance , size , and availability in museum collections and the pet trade , without the systematic work to clarify the status of various populations .\nwe gathered tissue samples from existing museum collections from 40 tupinambis and salvator , including 31 t . teguixin . using standard pcr and sanger - sequencing methods , we sequenced fragments of three mitochondrial genes ; the 12s rdna using primers 12sa 5\u2032 - aaactgggattagataccccactat - 3\u2032 and 12sb 5\u2032 - gagggtgacgggcggtgtgt - 3\u2032 from kocher et al . [ 26 ] , 16s rdna using primers 16sl : 5\u2032 - gcctgtttatcaaaaacat - 3\u2032 and 16sh 5\u2032 - ccggtctgaactcagatcacgt - 3\u2032 from palumbi et al . [ 27 ] , and nd4 using primers nd4 5\u2019 cac cta tga cta cca aaa gct cat gta gaa gc 3\u2019 and leu 5\u2019 cat tac ttt tac ttg gaa ttt gca cca 3\u2019 from ar\u00e9valo et al . [ 28 ] . these data were combined with all available , vouchered individuals from genbank for those genes for crocodilurus , dracaena , tupinambis , and salvator , representing the subfamily tupinambinae , with callopistes representing callopistinae , following harvey et al . [ 8 ] and ameiva ameiva as the outgroup .\nanecdotally , an internet search for photographs of tupinambis teguixin produces nearly as many photographs of salvator merianae labeled t . teguixin as it does t . teguixin photographs . websites such as the encyclopedia of life , i - naturalist , and the reptile database have photographs of both s . merianae and the t . teguixin group labeled t . teguixin . the confusion of these two tegu lizards has been on - going for centuries and carries into their life history descriptions and ultimately into conservation polices .\nthe bayesian inferences ( bi ) analyses converged very quickly , with psrf ~ 1 . 0 and ess > 200 for all parameters . our results are similar to previous phylogenies of tupinambinae [ 3 , 9 , 41 ] . the subfamily is strongly supported as monophyletic ( pp = 100 ) , as are the genera callopistes ( 100 ) , salvator ( 100 ) and tupinambis ( 98 ) . the placement of the genera dracaena and crocodilurus is not strongly supported , likely due to the small amount of mitochondrial data available for those species . we find weak support for a clade consisting of , respectively , dracaena , crocodilurus , and tupinambis . we also find strong support for all sampled species , with possible paraphyly of s . rufescens , which includes two specimens of s . duseni [ 3 ] , though this could potentially be specimen mis - identification . multi - locus nuclear datasets and deeper phylogeographic investigation will be needed to resolve deeper relationships in tupinambinae and species limits in salvator .\ntupinambis teguixin has been given two common names , the golden tegu ( t . teguixin and t . cryptus ) and the black and white tegu . salvator merianae is also mostly black and white [ 18 ] . the two species of golden tegus , t . teguixin and t . cryptus , both have adult patterns of black , brown and gold / yellow / white , with adult male t . teguixin tending to be darker than t . cryptus males based upon our relatively small sample of live specimens .\nnatural history . the co - occurrence of this species with t . teguixin on the guiana shield suggests the previous natural history accounts [ 2 ] are likely a mixture of these two species . however , t . teguixin is unknown from trinidad and tobago and natural history descriptions from the islands\u2019 populations can be attributed to t . cryptus alone . our observations of this lizard suggest they use secondary forest , savannas , and human modified habitats . we have not observed them in primary forests proper , but at the forest edge . it may avoid dense forest because of the reduced number of basking sites . like other species of tupinambis , t . cryptus is a dietary generalist . we have observed this lizard investigating caiman nests , foraging along streams on the floor of secondary forests and in mangroves . usually their tongue is flicking and they are probing the leaf litter with their head . tupinambis cryptus is most readily observed foraging under the bird feeders at the asa wright nature center ( trinidad ) were they scavenge pieces of fruit .\ntupinambis teguixin and t . cryptus eggs incubate until the first heavy rains in june or july . incubation time is thus on the order of 150\u2013180 days compared to incubation times of about 60 days in salvator merianae which places its nests in the ground [ 57 ] . there is some anecdotal evidence that female t . teguixin group members may use communal nests and that the incubation time of eggs laid in captivity may be as long as 170 days which supports the 150\u2013180 incubation period suspected in nature [ 10 ] .\nfive tupinambis quadrilineatus specimens were examined in the collection of the goeldi museum . in 1993 , specimen mpeg 16817 was collected in balsas , maranh\u00e3o ( reported by barreto et al . 2007 ) , and specimen mpeg 16845 was captured in the municipality of lagoa alegre , piau\u00ed . in 2009 , three specimens were collected during the parnaiba project in ribeiro gon\u00e7alves ( mpeg 30139 ) , and uru\u00e7u\u00ed ( mpeg 30141 ) , in the state of piau\u00ed , and s\u00e3o raimundo das mangabeiras ( mpeg 30140 ) , in maranh\u00e3o .\nthe two species have been long confused in the literature . both specimens were in the pet trade and are from unknown localities . diagnostic characters are obvious . a . tupinambis teguixin lacks granular scales separating the supraoculars from the ciliaries , it has a single loreal scale , and the head is slightly compressed ( dorsoventrally ) . b . salvator merianae has granular scales between the supraocualars and the cillaries , a divided loreal , and a deep head . also note the tall and horizontally divided lower labials . photographs by jcm .\nthe grrf analyses indicated that prediction accuracy ranged from 13 % , when using the single most important predictor , to 7 % , when using all predictors ( fig 9a ) . vertebral rows and scales around midbody were the best predictors of the four species , with a prediction accuracy around 87 % based on 100 replicates of 10 - fold cross - validation ( fig 9b ) . with the exception of tupinambis zuliensis , which was represented by only four individuals , these two variables permit a fairly good separation of the three other species ( fig 9c ) .\ntegu lizard ( tupinambis merianae ) belongs to the teiidae family . it is distributed throughout the americas , with many species , including brazilian ones . they are from the tupinambis genus , the largest representatives of the teiidae family . for this study three animals ( run over ) coming from donation were used . the dissected lizards were fixed in 10 % , formaldehyde , and the macroscopic analysis was carried out in a detailed and photo documented way , keeping the selected structures \u201cin situ\u201d . this paper had as its main aim contributing to the macroscopic description of the chest myology , as well as the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the lizard t . merianae . the results obtained from this research were compared to authors who have studied animals from the same reptilia class . thus , we conclude that our macroscopic results are similar to those already described by the researchers hildebrand ( 1995 ) , moro and abdala ( 2004 ) and abdala and diogo ( 2010 ) . we should highlight that the knowledge on anatomy has importance and applications to various areas within biology , contributing in a substantial way to the areas of human health and technology .\ntupinambis cuzcoensis is the most basal clade and its andean foothills\u2014western amazon distribution suggests the andean uplift may have been involved in its origin . the rise of the m\u00e9rida andes likely isolated t . zuliensis from the other populations and the eastward shifts of the orinoco river are likely to have influenced the evolution of the t . cryptus and t . teguixin . the absence of t . teguixin in venezuela may suggest that the orinoco or a marine incursion separated the eastern and western populations and allowed speciation with the subsequent eastward dispersal of t . cryptus to the guyanas and brazil .\nknown localities for tupinambis quadrilineatus in brazil . distrito federal ( df ) : bras\u00edlia , gama ( 1 ) . goi\u00e1s ( go ) : iaciara ( 2 ) mina\u00e7u ( 3 ) mara rosa ( 4 ) santa terezinha de goi\u00e1s ( 5 ) piren\u00f3polis ( 6 ) aragar\u00e7as ( 7 ) baliza ( 8 ) . maranh\u00e3o ( ma ) : balsas ( 9 ) s\u00e3o raimundo das mangabeiras ( 10 ) . mato grosso ( mt ) : primavera do leste ( 11 ) chapada dos guimar\u00e3es ( 12 ) ros\u00e1rio oeste ( 13 ) c\u00e1ceres ( 14 ) . minas gerais ( mg ) : chapada ga\u00facha ( 15 ) jo\u00e3o pinheiro ( 16 ) . piau\u00ed ( pi ) : guadalupe ( 17 ) lagoa alegre ( 18 ) altos ( 19 ) monsenhor gil ( 20 ) amarante ( 21 ) , ribeiro gon\u00e7alves ( 22 ) uru\u00e7u\u00ed ( 23 ) . par\u00e1 ( pa ) : santa maria das barreiras and reden\u00e7\u00e3o ( 24 ) . tocantins ( to ) : gurupi ( 25 ) mateiros ( 26 ) . the localities recorded in the present study are represented by red squares . the type - locality of tupinambis quadrilineatus is shown as an asterisk , the type - locality of its junior - synonym ( tupinambis cerradensis ) is shown as a star and remaining records from the literature are shown as blue circles ( manzani and abe 1997 ; colli et al . 1998 ; guimar\u00e3es et al . 2007 ; silva jr . et al . 2005 ; vitt et al . 2005 ; mesquita et al . 2006 ; recoder and nogueira 2007 ; ferreira et al . 2009 ; silveira 2009 ; recoder et al . 2011 ; dal vechio et al . 2013 ) . the cerrado savanna biome is highlighted in gray .\ndistribution . tupinambis cuzcoensis appears to be relatively widespread in the foothills of the andes and the western amazon . in peru it is known from quincemil ( the type locality ) , cuzco at about 750 m and goes to at least 827 m ( fmnh 81378 is from villa carmen , peru ) . in ecuador it occurs in the vicinity of canelos , near the rio bobanasa at about 200 m and , at zancudo , napo , ecuador at about 600 m . it ranges westward into the amazon basin as far as humaita , amazonas , brazil and cuiaba , mato grosso , brazil .\nafter convincing flor to expand her research into freshwater fishes , she has enjoyed working with me on our byu - stri collaborative project with alda and bermingham on the phylogeny , species delimitation , and phylogeography of the poecilia sphenops species complex ( see above ) ! ! we are also collaborating on comparative phylogeography projects , including a project testing for shared evolutionary responses and predicted patterns of genetic diversity among one species of toad ( rhinella schneideri ) and two species of lizards ( iguana iguana and tupinambis merianae ) codistributed across the \u201carc of deforestation\u201d ecotone at the interface of the amazon and cerrado biomes .\nrecently , gols - ripoll et al . [ 42 ] examined the genetic structure of venezuelan tupinambis in different bioregions using nucleotide diversity , haplotype diversity and number of polymorphic sites . they found genetic structuring with all three measures and suggest it is the result of historic biogeographic events , the m\u00e9rida andes orogeny and the shifts in orinoco river ( which accounted for 71 . 2 % of the molecular variance ) as barriers . they considered the zulia population ( now tupinambis zuliensis ) an evolutionary significant unit . since we have not found evidence of t . teguixin in venezuela , all of their comments likely apply t . cryptus ( and t . zuliensis ) . we did find morphological differences between several of the venezuela t . cryptus populations which supports the genetic structure found by gols - ripoll et al . [ 42 ] . specimens from amazonas tended to be dark , almost melanistic with very little yellow pigmentation , and differed from other t . cryptus populations in having three occipitals contacting the interparietal and a complete fold at the interangular sulcus . the orinoco populations tend to have a dorsal pattern of distinct transverse bands interrupted by longitudinal lines . however , both populations share the other traits typical of t . cryptus .\non the positive side , many of the genera they recognize are monophyletic and are not nested in other genera in our tree , including their ameivula ( cnemidophorus ocellifer ) , aspidoscelis ( unchanged from previous definitions ) , cnemidophorus ( excluding c . ocellifer , c . lacertoides , and c . longicaudus ) , holcosus ( ameiva undulata , a . festiva , and a . quadrilineatus ) , kentropyx ( unchanged from previous definitions ) , salvator ( tupinambis rufescens , t . duseni , and t . merianae ) , and teius ( unchanged from previous definitions ) . we did not sample ameiva edracantha ( their medopheos ) .\n. . . nesta senten\u00e7a , a esp\u00e9cie popularmente conhecida como\ntejo\n( provavelmente , tupinambis merianae , dum\u00e9ril & bibron , 1839 ) \u00e9 referida como de h\u00e1bitos noturnos . entretanto , isto n\u00e3o condiz com a bibliografia cient\u00edfica , uma vez que esta esp\u00e9cie \u00e9 diurna , realizando suas atividades durante as horas mais quentes do dia ( van sluys ; rocha , 1999 ; vitt , 1995 ; winck ; blanco ; cechin , 2011 ) . quanto aos aspectos comportamentais , tamb\u00e9m houve registro de equ\u00edvocos de cunho biol\u00f3gico :\nquando o lagarto perde o rabo , ele s\u00f3 tem tr\u00eas dias de vida\n. . . .\n. . . nesta senten\u00e7a , a esp\u00e9cie popularmente conhecida como\ntejo\n( provavelmente , tupinambis merianae , dum\u00e9ril & bibron , 1839 ) \u00e9 referida como de h\u00e1bitos noturnos . entretanto , isto n\u00e3o condiz com a bibliografia cient\u00edfica , uma vez que esta esp\u00e9cie \u00e9 diurna , realizando suas atividades durante as horas mais quentes do dia ( van sluys ; rocha , 1999 ; vitt , 1995 ; winck ; blanco ; cechin , 2011 ) . quanto aos aspectos comportamentais , tamb\u00e9m houve registro de equ\u00edvocos de cunho biol\u00f3gico :\nquando o lagarto perde o rabo , ele s\u00f3 tem tr\u00eas dias de vida\n. . . .\nimagine , however , that one of these species , tupinambis teguixin , was in reality a collection of cryptic species some of which are living in sympatry at some locations . by definition , cryptic species are morphologically similar to the human eye , but genetically distinct . such populations have commonly been historically classified as a single species . the phenomena of cryptic species is well known and frequently encountered when detailed studies involving morphology , genetics and ecology are undertaken [ 7 ] . therefore their discovery should not be unexpected , except perhaps for the fact that these lizards are extensively used by humans and have been the subject of hundreds of scientific studies .\nsize . the largest tupinambis cryptus sp . n . measured was a male 391 mm svl with a 530 mm tail . the smallest was a neonate that was 85 mm svl and a 42 mm tail . fourteen males svl 216\u2013391 mm , x = 281 . 71 mm , sd = 41 . 11 ; seven had undamaged tails 463\u2013635 , x = 448 . 56 mm , sd = 60 . 62 . eleven female svls 183\u2013284 mm , x = 231 . 0 mm , sd = 39 . 73 ; only three had unbroken tails 384\u2013605 , x = 481 . 0 mm , sd = 79 . 87 . smallest individual measured 85 mm svl .\nwe reviewed the literature and examined illustrations and specimens said to be tupinambis teguixin and t . nigropunctatus in an attempt to understand the characters various authors have attributed to each name . we also consulted researchers with extensive taxonomic knowledge for their opinions on the status of some names . taxonomic decisions are best made on the basis of recognizable morphological characters and concordant molecular evidence [ 33 ] . thus , we reconcile geographic genetic variation with meristic and mensural characters from specimens to produce a robust taxonomic estimate with diagnostic evidence from both molecular and morphological data . this integrates all available data , using the general lineage species concept to delimit evolutionarily distinct clades as independent species [ 34 ] .\nlarge circular markers denote the localities of specimens sampled for dna . smaller circular markers denote localities of specimens identified using morphology : green is clade 1 ( t . cuzcoensis sp . n . ) , blue is clade 2 ( t . teguixin ) , purple is clade 3 , ( t . zuliensis sp . n . ) , and red is clade 4 ( t . cryptus sp . n . ) . the two most northern red circles represent the islands of tobago and trinidad respectively . the other markers denote other species of tupinambis not in the teguixin group . red x = t . palustris . black x = t . longilineus . aqua blue circles = t . quadrilineatus ."]}
{"id": 526, "summary": [{"text": "ligiidae is a family of woodlice , the only family in the infraorder diplocheta .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its members are common on rocky shores , in similar habitats to those inhabited by species of the bristletail petrobius and the crab cyclograpsus .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the family contains the following genera : caucasoligidium borutzky , 1950 ligia fabricius , 1798 ligidioides wahrberg , 1922 ligidium brandt , 1833 tauroligidium borutzky , 1950", "topic": 26}], "title": "ligiidae", "paragraphs": ["ligiidae brandt & ratzeburg , 1831 : xxx . - roman & dalens , 1999 : 297 .\nboyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . ligiidae leach , 1814 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 146997 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nschotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nschmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beitr\u00e4ge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ad\u30bf\u30d5\u30ca\u30e0\u30b7\nto\nligia cinerascens budde - lund , 1885\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30df\u30e4\u30b1\u30d5\u30ca\u30e0\u30b7\nto\nligia miyakensis nunomura , 1999\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30a2\u30b7\u30ca\u30ac\u30d5\u30ca\u30e0\u30b7\nto\nligia yamanishii nunomura , 1990\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30d2\u30e1\u30d5\u30ca\u30e0\u30b7\nto\nligidium japonicum verhoeff , 1918\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30cf\u30c1\u30b8\u30e7\u30a6\u30d5\u30ca\u30e0\u30b7\nto\nligia hachijoensis nunomura , 1999\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nwithout loss or gross modification of appendages on one side of the body ; in dorsal view without peduncular articles of antenna 1 or 2 contiguous with coxal margins .\nnot capable of lateral rotation ( laterally encompassed , abutting or fused to pereonite 1 ) .\ninserting on head directly between and in same horizontal plane as antenna 2 , usually minute ; not as follows : reduced to 2 articles with second article expanded and scalloped .\nextending ventrally and laterally to overhang the coxa - basis articulation of the pereopods .\n6 - 7 pairs readily apparent ; 1 - 3 or 1 - 7 not prehensile .\nnot arranged as follows : pleonites 1 - 5 fused but with conspicuous lateral sutures , pleotelson fused to pleonites 1 - 5 ; pleonites 1 - 5 fused but with conspicuous lateral sutures , pleotelson not fused to pleonites 1 - 5 ; pleonites 1 - 5 fused without conspicuous sutures , pleotelson not fused to pleonites 1 - 5 ; pleonites 2 - 5 fused but with partial ( usually lateral ) sutures , pleotelson wholly or partly fused with pleonites 2 - 5 ; pleonites 3 - 5 fused without lateral sutures , pleotelson fused with pleonites 3 - 5 , pleonites 1 and 2 free but may be only small rings or cuticular bars visible ventrally .\nnot consisting of an enlarged peduncle with a geniculate endopod and a small muscular exopod .\npositioned distally on pleotelson ; distinct from pleopods , not forming operculum over pleopodal chamber ( although may be folded ventrally below pleotelson ) ; not folded ventrally to form operculum over anus , usually projecting beyond pleotelson , attaching along posterior margin of pleotelson . peduncle not forming an elongate clavate article with rami reduced or absent . endopod not claw - like ( acute and recurved ) andor posteroventral in position . exopod not folded dorsally over pleotelson .\ncite this publication as : ' s . j . keable , g . c . b . poore & g . d . f . wilson ( 2002 onwards ) . ' australian isopoda : families . version : 2 october 2002 . urltoken ' .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe common sea slater is a sea - shore relative of woodlice that can grow up to 3 cm in length . it has a flattened , oval - shaped body that is\u2026\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nall the photos displayed here are believed to be correctly identified . select a family in the listing on the left in order to see images of species in that family . if a family name has no link then we have no photos for any members of that family . click on a thumbnail image to see the picture at a large size .\nthis gallery is work in progress , and many species ( often of similar appearance ) are not yet depicted .\nfor some species groups it is difficult to make reliable identifications from a photograph alone .\noften it is necessary to dissect , or clear , specimens to reveal relevant structures for identification ."]}
{"id": 531, "summary": [{"text": "the stippled darter ( etheostoma punctulatum ) is a species of darter found in missouri and white river drainages in ozark uplands of missouri and arkansas .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "isolated population occurs in upper castor river of southeastern missouri .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it inhabits rocky pools of headwaters and creeks .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 10.0 cm ( 3.9 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "stippled darter", "paragraphs": ["this is a correction made after further review . please add stippled darter and arkansas saddled darter can be deleted . thanks .\nearly development of the stippled darter , etheostoma punctulatum and a\nby kathleen m . allen\nallen , kathleen m . ,\nearly development of the stippled darter , etheostoma punctulatum and arkansas darter , etheostoma cragini\n( 1988 ) . msu graduate theses . 191 . urltoken\nearly developmental stages of the stippled darter ( etheostoma punctulatum ) and the arkansas darter ( e . cragini ) were compared . the arkansas darter had a smaller egg ( 1 . 5 mm average diameter ) and prolarva at hatching ( 4 . 0 mm ) than the stippled darter , which had an average egg diameter 1 . 7 mm and newly hatched prolarvae 5 . 4 and 6 . 0 mm tl . the smallest stippled darter juvenile was 14 . 6 mm tl and the smallest arkansas darter juvenile measured 13 . 5 mm tl . several characters were found that helped separate the larvae in field samples . larval habitats were sampled and darter larvae were found to be distributed throughout the habitats sampled . a hybrid was produced and raised to the juvenile stage . lateral line length and number of dorsal fin spines in the hybrid were intermediate relative to the parent species .\nhotalling , d . r . , and c . a . taber . 1987 . aspects of the life history of the stippled darter etheostoma punctulatum . american midland naturalist 117 : 428 - 434 .\nhubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 : 56 - 68 .\ndiet primarily crustaceans and aquatic insect larvae ( hotalling and taber 1987 ) . mainly ephemeropteran naiads and chironomid larvae in oklahoma ( sunburst darter ) ( vives 1987 ) .\ndata on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . though larvae of some species may drift with the current , turner ( 2001 ) found no significant relationship between a larval transport index and gene flow among several different darter species . separation distances are arbitrary but reflect the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied generally represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .\nrange includes drainages of the missouri river system in missouri : osage ( sac , pomme de terre , niangua ) and gasconade river systems and massie creek , a northern tributary of the missouri river in warren county , missouri ( mayden 2010 ) . the record of e . punctulatum from the castor river system in bollinger county , missouri , has been reidentified by w . f . pflieger as e . caeruleum ( mayden 2010 ) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is common ( page and burr 2011 ) . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .\nhabitat might be characterized as small , spring - fed creeks with a gravel or rubble substrate , generally with some leaf litter or debris . individuals were captured in both riffles and pools , and were occasionally captured from emergent aquatic vegetation or beneath undercut banks . ( mayden 2010 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , etheo = to strain + greek , stoma = mouth ; rafinesque said\nvarious mouths\n, but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as\nheterostoma ( ref . 45335 )\nnorth america : found in missouri and white river drainages in ozark uplands of missouri and arkansas in the usa . isolated population occurs in upper castor river ( mississippi river tributary ) of southeastern missouri .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )\noccurs in rocky pools of headwaters , creeks , and less often in small rivers ; near springs and debris .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmayden , r . l . 2010 . systematics of the etheostoma punctulatum species group ( teleostei : percidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 2010 : 716 - 734 .\nmayden ( 2010 ) redescribed e . punctulatum and described two new species ( e . autumnale and e . mihileze ) that formerly were included in e . punctulatum .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ntotal adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is common ( page and burr 2011 ) .\ntrend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .\n( 5000 - 200 , 000 square km ( about 2000 - 80 , 000 square miles ) ) range includes drainages of the missouri river system in missouri : osage ( sac , pomme de terre , niangua ) and gasconade river systems and massie creek , a northern tributary of the missouri river in warren county , missouri ( mayden 2010 ) . the record of e . punctulatum from the castor river system in bollinger county , missouri , has been reidentified by w . f . pflieger as e . caeruleum ( mayden 2010 ) .\nbeaver reservoir ( 11010001 ) , james ( 11010002 ) , bull shoals lake ( 11010003 ) , middle white ( 11010004 ) , buffalo ( 11010005 ) , north fork white ( 11010006 ) , current ( 11010008 ) , eleven point ( 11010011 ) , little red ( 11010014 ) , lake o ' the cherokees ( 11070206 ) , spring ( 11070207 ) , elk ( 11070208 ) , lower neosho ( 11070209 ) , illinois ( 11110103 ) , robert s . kerr reservoir ( 11110104 ) , frog - mulberry ( 11110201 ) , dardanelle reservoir ( 11110202 )\nspawns february - may in missouri and arkansas , late winter - early spring in oklahoma . missouri : males mature at 1 year , females also at 1 year if larger than 49 mm ; eggs hatch in 11 days at 16 c ; apparently 2 clutches per year ; maximum lifespan about 3 - 4 years ( hotalling and taber 1987 , vives 1987 , hubbs 1985 ) . age range of breeding females is 2 - 4 years ( bart and page 1992 ) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbart , h . l . , jr . , and l . m . page . 1992 . the influence of size and phylogeny on life history variation in north american percids . pages 553 - 572 in r . l . mayden , editor . systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes . stanford university press , stanford , california . xxvi + 969 pp .\nkuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . university press of kentucky , lexington , kentucky . 177 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\npflieger , w . l . 1997a . the fishes of missouri . revised edition . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city . vi + 372 pp .\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\nvives , s . p . 1987 . life history of etheostoma punctulatum ( pisces : percidae ) in northeastern oklahoma . southwestern naturalist . 32 : 439 - 447 .\npage , l . m . 1983a . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . 271 pp .\npflieger , w . l . 1975 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation . columbia , missouri . viii + 343 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us ."]}
{"id": 533, "summary": [{"text": "taygete altivola is a moth in the autostichidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1929 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in peru .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey-whitish with a dark grey basal patch somewhat mixed pale ochreous occupying one-fifth of the wing , the edge rather inwards-oblique from the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an elongate grey mark on the costa beyond this and a triangular dark grey blotch somewhat tinged ochreous on the costa rather beyond the middle reaching more than half across the wing , its apex truncate , some slight grey suffusion in the disc preceding this .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are small and black , the plical suffused yellowish , rather obliquely before the first discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a small blackish dorsal spot beneath the second discal , and a blackish dot between these .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apical fifth is suffused grey and ochreous , with some dark fuscous scales , a blackish dash on the tornal edge , dark fuscous marks around the remainder of the edge .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "taygete altivola", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for altivola definition . you find here altivola meaning , synonyms of altivola and images for altivola copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhave a fact about taygete altivola ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for taygete altivola ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word altivola . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word altivola and , of course , altivola synonyms and on the right images related to the word altivola .\nepithectis altivola meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 486 ; tl : peru , cocopata , 12000ft\ntaygete citrinella ; [ nacl ] , # 1843 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]\ntaygete decemmaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 1844 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]\ntaygete gallaegenitella ; [ nacl ] , # 1845 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]\ntaygete saundersella ; [ nacl ] , # 1846 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]\ntaygete sylvicolella ; [ nacl ] , # 1847 ( mispl . ) ; [ nhm card ]\nhave a fact about taygete critica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for taygete critica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntaygete chambers , 1873 ; can . ent . 5 ( 12 ) : 229 , 231 ; ts : evagora difficilisella chambers\nepithectis balsamopa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nepithectis barydelta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 ; tl : brazil , para\nepithectis citranthes meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 ; tl : brazil , para ( prata )\nepithectia citrinella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 224 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona\nepithectis consociata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 232 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nepithectis critica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 48 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ngelechia ( euteles ? ) ignavella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 368 , pl . 5 , f . 125 ; tl : ubaque ( 6000 ' ) ; bogota\nepithectis lasciva walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 47 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : panama , canal zone , tabernilla\nepithectis notospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 15 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nepithectis platysoma walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 47 ; tl : mexico , durango , milpas ; vera cruz , las vegas , 8000ft\ngelechia saundersella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : kentucky\nsphecophila ( meyrick , 1936 ) ( epithectis ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 20 ) : 624\nepithectis sylvicolella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 818 ; tl : new york\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\naltivolant al * tiv\no * lant , a . [ l . altivolans . see volant . ] flying high . [ obs . ] - - blount .\nnoctule noc\ntule ( ? ; 135 ) , n . [ f . , fr . l . noctua a night owl , fr . nox , noctis , night . ] ( zo [\no ] l . ) a large european bat ( vespertilio , or noctulina , altivolans ) ."]}
{"id": 534, "summary": [{"text": "the chinese jumping mouse ( eozapus setchuanus ) is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is monotypic within the genus eozapus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to china where its natural habitat is temperate forests , steppes and meadows in mountainous regions .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is tolerant of some degree of habitat destruction , and the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of \" least concern \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "chinese jumping mouse", "paragraphs": ["chinese fengshui golden art 8 jumping galloping horse . . . chinese fengshui golden art 8 jumping galloping horse . . .\nwestern jumping mouse - zapus princeps j . a . allen , 1893 - details - encyclopedia of life\npreble ' s meadow jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius preblei , is endangered ; the black hills meadow jumping mouse , z . hudsonius campestris , is vulnerable and z . hudsonius luteus is near threatened .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ndobrov v , neronov v . on the boundary between the palearctic and indo - malayan faunal regions on the chinese territory ( concerning the distribution of rodents )\nvol . 26 . 2005 . structure of community of small mammals in wawushan natural reserve , sichuan province , china ; pp . 14\u201318 . in chinese .\nchen wenjie still likes to call it a\njumping mouse\n. he told xinhua that he has since released the creature .\nin the southern parts of its range , the woodland jumping mouse is often restricted to mountain peaks ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nis when they began to store up enough fat , and the greatest weight gain is noticed . overall the meadow jumping mouse is considered to be a\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\ntitle =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbrannon , m . p . ( 2005 ) distribution and microhabitat of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , and the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in the southern appalachians . southeastern naturalist , 4 ( 3 ) : 479 - 486 .\nthe woodland jumping mouse occurs at a range of elevations , from near sea level to around 2 , 000 metres in the appalachian mountains ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe food preference of the meadow jumping mouse consists of seeds , but they also eat berries , fruit and insects . usually right after emerging from hibernation they will eat the\nstinson , n .\nhome range of the western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the colorado rocky mountains .\ngreat basin naturalist 37 ( 1977 ) : 87\u201390\ncan leap . he states that it is capable of long leaps , short hops , and also it can creep through the grass on all fours without having to leap at all and without any difficulty at all . finally in 1935 , townsend was able to witness a leap of two feet , and many more studies afterwards and to the date have concluded that the meadow jumping mouse is capable of jumping anywhere from two to three feet depending on the situation . under certain lab - controlled conditions , the jumping mouse has been measured to jump a few inches longer than three feet . what is clear is that the meadow jumping mouse is capable of leaping a good sized distance compared to its body size . the initial leap of the jumping mouse when startled from a\nlike all lemurs , mouse lemurs inhabit the island of madagascar off the east coast of africa .\nthe woodland jumping mouse would benefit from further research into its abundance , the extent of its distribution , and the potential impacts of any threats on its populations ( 1 ) .\na man from northwest china ' s xinjiang uygur autonomous region has found a\njumping mouse\nor dwarf three - toed jerboa , which is the smallest rodent in the world .\nwith elongated ankle bones and long toe bones make it possible for the mouse to leap and jump .\nthe mouse probably has a lifespan of two years but some individuals may live three or four years .\nin 1947 a study was done to see what the jumping mouse preferred for food . for this study many caged jumping mice were fed forty species of plants representing 20 different families . they were also fed many different fruits , such as apples , pears , and also given grains such as oatmeal . to test if they would eat anything they were given , they were also fed prepared rat and mouse concentrate . twenty - eight species of insects , pertaining to ten different orders were collected and fed to the jumping mouse . all were partially or completely eaten except for\nthe woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a species of jumping mouse found in north america . it can hop surprisingly long distances given its small size . the mouse is an extraordinary part of the rodent family . its scientific name in latin is napaeozapus insignis , meaning glen or wooded dell + big or strong feet + a distinguishing mark . this mammal can jump up to 3 m ( 9 . 8 ft ) when scared , using its extremely strong feet and long tail .\nlasts until about mid april to may , with males and females emerging at about the same time with males emerging slightly earlier than females . from the time that the meadow jumping mouse goes into\nwestern jumping mice are found throughout western canada and much of the western united states .\njones , g . s . & jones , d . b . ( 1985 ) .\nobservations of intraspecific behavior of meadow jumping mice , zapus hudsonius , and escape behaviour of a western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the wild\n. canadian field naturalist 99 : 378\u2013379 .\nthe most interesting characteristic of the meadow jumping mouse is its saltatorial powers . quimby states that there is large disagreement , dating back to 1899 , as to how high the jumping mouse can actually jump . in 1899 preble documented that the meadow jumping mouse can jump six to eight feet when disturbed , and in some instances it may be able to jump further . then in 1909 seton stated that it can creep through the grass without hopping , and then suddenly can leap out a distance of ten to twelve feet . later in 1926 bailey says that there are no standards as to how long or far\nwhitaker jr , j . o . ( 1963 ) food , habitat and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central new york . journal of mammalogy , 44 ( 3 ) : 316 - 321 .\nbetween june and august . studies have shown that on average the jumping mouse has a litter during late spring after emergence and then again in later summer , with very little reproductive activity in mid summer .\nalthough usually silent , the woodland jumping mouse may sometimes utter a low clicking or clucking sound , or squeal if disturbed . it may also drum its tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .\n, because the mouse is common and widespread , populations are considered stable , and no major threats exist at present .\ndavies , thomas ( 6 june 1797 ) .\nan account of the jumping mouse of canada . dipus canadensis\n. transactions of the linnean society 4 . london ( published 1798 ) . pp . 155\u20137 .\nthe jumping mouse is an excellent digger ; it usually burrows in a depression , and begins to dig horizontally with its front limbs , once inside it also uses its powerful hind feet to throw out the loose soil .\n. the average litter size is said to be 5 . 3 young , but can range anywhere from two to nine young . the jumping mouse is capable of having two to three litters per year , with most litters\nalthough it may use long leaps to escape danger , the woodland jumping mouse more often walks around on all fours when moving slowly , or uses short hops for greater speed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when escaping , it usually makes several leaps before stopping and remaining motionless under nearby cover ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the woodland jumping mouse climbs well in bushes , but does not ascend trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nlike all jumping mice , the woodland jumping mouse has prominently grooved incisors ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . this species is distinguished from jumping mice in the genus zapus by its white tail tip and by differences in its teeth , and from eozapus species by lacking a dark stripe on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . across its range , the woodland jumping mouse varies in appearance , with northern populations generally being larger and paler than those in the south ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . some scientists have recognised up to five subspecies ( 2 ) .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is a common and widespread species and is not currently considered at risk of extinction . its populations are believed to be stable , and it is not facing any major threats at present ( 1 ) .\nfemale meadow jumping mice provide all the care for their young , until they are weaned and independent .\nthere are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the woodland jumping mouse . this colourful rodent occurs within a number of protected areas , but there are no conservation efforts targeting its specific needs ( 1 ) .\novaska , k . and herman , t . b . ( 1988 ) life history characteristics and movements of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , in nova scotia . canadian journal of zoology , 66 : 1752 - 1762 .\nquimby , d . c . ( 1951 ) ,\nthe life history and ecology of the jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius\n, ecological society of america 21 ( 1 ) : 61\u201395 , doi : 10 . 2307 / 1948646\ncranford . j . a . ( 1978 ) .\nhibernation in the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps )\n. journal of mammalogy 59 ( 3 ) : 496\u2013509 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1380226 . jstor 1380226 .\nage class of specimens of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by date of capture for ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations . age class was determined by characteristics of the skull and dentition .\nmeadow jumping mice perceive their environment using their eyes , their ears , their nose , and their whiskers .\nbreeding season : the breeding season of meadow jumping mice occurs shortly after hibernation in late april or may .\n. it is not easy to say which member of a given area prefers which insect but as a whole insects do compose an important part of the jumping mouse\u2019s diet . by the time the study was concluded they could not say that any particular mouse from any given area preferred one type of food over another . however when the meadow jumping mice were fed plants , they consumed the only the seeds of some and the roots of others , but the plant itself usually stay intact .\na study conducted in southern gansu in 1996 recorded this species as occurring in previously unknown habitat ( dense shrubland ) , where it was characterized as not so rare ( giraudoux et al . 1998 ) . giraudoux et al . ( 1998 ) also indicate that this species is often recorded by chinese surveys conducted in forests within its range .\nmeadow jumping mice may eat grain , but numbers aren ' t generally high enough to have a substantial impact .\nmeadow jumping mice may eat grain , but numbers aren ' t generally high enough to have a large impact .\nhowever , residential , agricultural and industrial development may reduce the habitat available to the woodland jumping mouse in some areas , particularly affecting suitable hibernation sites . in future , a more serious threat is likely to come from climate change , which could cause a decline in the southern populations of this species , which are already restricted to cooler environments at high elevations . climate change may also cause reduced winter snowfall , removing the insulating layer that the woodland jumping mouse needs to survive its hibernation period ( 1 ) .\nspecimen data used in the evaluation of the phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . museums acronyms are defined in text . julian date is the date of capture . age class is described in text .\nthe meadow jumping mouse is a decent swimmer , it usually will jump in when retreating from danger , or it was noticed as well to jump in when being set free . its method of aquatic locomotion is very similar to its locomotion on land . at first it pushes off with long thrusts using only its hind feet simultaneously , mimicking its long jumps on land . afterwards , the jumping is followed by movement of all four limbs , in an almost doggy - paddle - like form , with its head held high above the water . the meadow jumping mouse is also capable of diving , and a maximum distance of four feet was recorded .\nthe woodland jumping mouse has rather coarse fur , due to a layer of stiff guard hairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . its fur is quite bright , with yellow - orange to reddish - brown sides , sprinkled with dark hairs . the sides contrast with the brown to black back and top of the head , and with the pure white underparts . the tops of the feet are also white , while the tail is distinctly bi - coloured , being dark brown above and white below , with a white tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the ears of the woodland jumping mouse are of moderate size and are furred on the outside ( 6 ) . the female woodland jumping mouse is usually slightly larger than the male ( 2 ) .\nthe pacific jumping mouse is common within its range . population densities vary greatly , from three individuals per hectare in dry grassy areas , to 40 per hectare in mesic meadows where forbs are more abundant than grasses ( cranford 1999 , in wilson and reeder , 2005 ) .\nbrown , l . n . ( 1970 ) .\npopulation dynamics of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) during a four - year study\n. journal of mammalogy 51 ( 4 ) : 651\u2013658 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1378291 . jstor 1378291 .\nmeadow jumping mice are not currently threatened , although local populations may be affected by changes in land use and habitat destruction .\nmeadow jumping mice are not currently threatened , although some populations may be affected by changes in land use and habitat destruction .\norrock , j . l . , farley , d . and pagels , j . f . ( 2003 ) does fungus consumption by the woodland jumping mouse vary with habitat type or the abundance of other small mammals ? canadian journal of zoology , 81 : 753 - 756 .\nin its hypopus stage does not feed on the mouse but simply ' hops a ride ' , and presumably drops off to reach adulthood in the nest .\nas a species , the meadow jumping mouse is currently not threatened , and is very widespread and common throughout its range . thus , it is listed as a species of least concern on the iucn red list . however , three recognized subspecies are considered threatened by habitat destruction and overgrazing .\nwhich have been spotted having meadow jumping mice either in their stomachs , or in their mouths . examples of such creatures are common\nwestern jumping mice exhibit low predation by mammalian carnivores during hibernation . one of the reasons for this is that their hibernation chambers are hidden far beneath the layers of snow . also , jumping mice give off little odor during hibernation , making them difficult find .\nwestern jumping mice can live as long as 6 years if they survive their first season of hibernation . half of all juveniles that enter their first winter hibernation will die . because western jumping mice hibernate they are only active for a short period each year .\nmouse lemurs are forest dwellers that live in female - dominated groups of up to 15 animals . they spend most of their time in trees , and can move nimbly from branch to branch and tree to tree . mouse lemurs sleep aloft during the day and forage at night for insects , fruit , flowers , and other plants .\nthe only species in its genus ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , the woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a small rodent with long hind feet and a distinctly long tail , which makes up more than half of its total length ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . using the hind limbs for propulsion and the tail for balance , the woodland jumping mouse is able to make large leaps of up to three metres at a time ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) , although it more commonly moves with shorter hops ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe diet of the woodland jumping mouse includes a variety of fungi , seeds , caterpillars , beetles , nuts , fruits and other plant material ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . fungi often make up over a third of the diet ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , with underground species such as those in the genus endogone being particularly important ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . the association of the woodland jumping mouse with cool , moist habitats may partly relate to the availability of this food source ( 7 ) .\nso what\u2019s the issue , then ? if you\u2019re using a trackpad , the answer may be as simple as dirt , jewelry or a faulty third - party power supply . see portables and magic trackpad : jumpy or erratic trackpad operation . if you\u2019re using an optical mouse , it could be that the surface the mouse is sitting on is causing the problem . try a different surface . you can also try a different input device if you\u2019re using an external mouse or trackpad , as the device itself could be bad .\nbirch mice and jumping mice are small , mouse - like quadrupedal rodents with fairly long semi - prehensile tails . jumping mice hind limbs are moderately elongated , whereas birch mice have no elongation . jerboas are small to medium - sized bipedal , nocturnal rodents adapted to run fast in sparse vegetation . both birch and jumping mice have relatively small and narrow heads , and jerboas have relatively large heads with wide muzzles and flat snouts . jerboas also have big eyes , long vibrissa , and auricles that vary in size from relatively short among three - toed jerboas to extremely long in long - eared jerboa\nmouse lemurs are protected from hunting , but they are still captured for the exotic pet trade . they are most threatened by loss of the limited woodland habitat of their madagascar home .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is most active at night , although it may also be active at dawn and dusk , especially in cloudy or rainy weather ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . this species has a long hibernation , usually lasting from september or october until april or may . during the autumn , the woodland jumping mouse starts to accumulate extra body fat in preparation for hibernation , and will sometimes increase to one and a half times its spring weight ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . no extra food is eaten over the winter months , so any individuals without sufficient fat reserves do not survive ( 1 ) . in the spring , male woodland jumping mice emerge a couple of weeks before the females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) .\nwestern jumping mice need high - energy foods to increase fat storage for their long hibernation periods . the main foods eaten by western jumping mice are arthropods , seeds and leaves . seeds are important in the fat deposition , however , arthropods may be a critical substitute when seeds are not available .\nthe meadow jumping mouse can range in length , from 180 mm to 240 mm , with its tail taking credit for most of its length , usually about 108 mm to 165 mm . a distinct characteristic about this species is its enlarged hind feet , which can be 28 to 35 mm long , and relatively short forelimbs . this gives it a\nwestern jumping mice are important prey species for many predators in the ecosystems in which they live . they are also important as consumers of seeds and arthropods .\nbirch mice , jumping mice , and jerboas ( dipodidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nmeadow jumping mice may live in various habitats that have some low plant cover , but moist grassland is preferred and heavily wooded areas are avoided . grassy fields and thick vegetated areas bordering streams , ponds , or marshes generally have greater numbers of meadow jumping mice . it is possible that these mice prefer habitats with high humidity .\nmeadow jumping mice range in length from 180 to 240 mm , with the tail accounting for 108 to 165 mm . the hind feet are 28 to 35 mm long .\nthere are more than 20 species of mouse lemurs , and several have been identified only in recent years . this is a rarity in primate research , and illustrates just how much remains to be known about these fascinating animals .\npercent of records by month for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) based on museum specimens from low elevation valleys and montane populations . percent of records by month for bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( valley , rio grande population ) is based on field data reported by najera ( 1994 ) and sr najera , pj zwank , & m cardenas ( 1994 , unpublished data ) .\nmeadow jumping mice are an important food source for many predators , and may play a role in spreading the seeds of some of the plants they eat . they have few parasites .\nbirch mice , jumping mice , and jerboas ( dipodidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nthe newborn woodland jumping mice are naked and blind and weigh just 0 . 9 grams . the young are fully furred by 24 days old and open their eyes at 26 days ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . weaning takes place by about 34 days old ( 3 ) . neither the male nor female woodland jumping mouse breed until after their first hibernation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) . this species may live up to three or four years , but most individuals probably do not survive beyond one or two years ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nmeadow jumping mice range in length from 180 to 240 mm , with the tail making up 108 to 165 mm of that length . the hind feet are 28 to 35 mm long .\njiang wei , researcher with the center for disease control and prevention in xinjiang , identified that it ' s not a mouse but a dwarf three - towed jerboa , a species of rodent which usually appears in the deserts of southern xinjiang .\nmost meadow jumping mice in the wild die in their first year ; about 9 % of those who live longer make it into their third year . maximum lifespan in captivity is five years .\nas its common name suggests , the woodland jumping mouse is found primarily in wooded habitats . it prefers relatively cool , moist areas with dense vegetation , particularly in spruce - fir and hemlock - hardwood forests ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . this species is often found along streams or around bogs or swamps ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nlatitude , longitude , elevation , temperature equivalent , and predicted date of first emergence of the meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from hibernation . the temperature equivalent is a relative measure of mean annual temperature that corrects locations for latitude and elevation according to approximate means in new mexico and a temperature lag rate of 0 . 56 \u00b0c per 1\u00b0 latitude and 76 m elevation . the predicted date of first emergence is based on the regression equation in fig . 3 .\npopulations of pacific jumping mice appear secure , however , potential threats to long term viability exist . as with similar species , populations of pacific jumping mice are often greatly reduced by wildfires and prescribed burns , which are becoming increasingly common throughout its range . because of its reliance on mesic , montane habitats , this species may also be threatened by climate change . but overall there are no major threats to the species at present .\nthe mating season for the woodland jumping mouse starts at the beginning of summer ( may ) and ends at the end of summer ( august ) . females usually have 2 or more litters a year , each containing 1\u201312 juveniles . the female nurses the young while the male gets food to feed the young . the young first leave the nest after 16 days , leaving permanently after 34 days or less . about 90 % of young are eaten , every 1 out of 10 lives .\ni am grateful to greg wright for his assistance and the many insightful discussions we have had about jumping mice . i thank scott wait of colorado parks and wildlife and jennifer l . zahratka for providing information about jumping mice at sambrito creek . i thank christina kenny for assistance creating the histograms . i thank fs dobson , an anonymous reviewer , and the academic editor , d kramer , for constructive suggestions that greatly improved the paper .\nat banwr , najera ( 1994 see also zwank , najera & cardenas , 1997 ) caught jumping mice through september and until 22 october , although all were considered young of the year in these months except an adult female ( 24 . 0 g ) on 12 september and an adult male that weighed 32 . 0 g on 27 september and 35 . 0 g on 1 october , and was imminently ready for immergence ( table 3 ) . wright ( 2012 ) did not catch any jumping mice at banwr in september , but caught a 20 . 0 g young of the year female on 22 and 25 october . this jumping mouse was radio - collared and its last above ground movement was 26 october ( wright , 2012 ) . no jumping mice have been detected above ground at banwr between 27 october and 13 may , despite 1 , 740 trap - nights ( 1 trap - night = 1 trap set for 1 night ) by najera ( 1994 ) in march , april and november and an effort of 7 , 540 trap - nights during relatively warm spells throughout this period ( wright & frey , 2011 ; wright , 2012 ) .\nto have eighteen teeth with a dental formula of : 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 1 / 0 , and 3 / 3 . the upper jaw is short , and narrow . the incisors are longitudinally grooved , and its cheek teeth are small . preceding the molars is a small peg - like premolar . as a whole the female jumping mouse is slightly larger , and heavier than the male , but their weight varies quite a bit depending on the season . their weight during summer seasons can range from 11 . 15 grams to 24 . 8 grams , with an average at about 16 to 19 grams . just prior to hibernation , jumping mice can obtain a weight of 35 grams or larger .\n( quadrupedal hop ) . the jumping mouse can make three to four jumps without touching the substrate with their forelimbs . while the pygmy jerboa moves slowly with short hops , it also can touch the substrate with forelimbs . when it increases its speed , the hind feet work simultaneously , and the forelimbs never touch the substrate . pygmy jerboas cannot run long distances . when chased they demonstrate cryptic behavior and stretch out on the substrate in a shadow of small shrub or hollow . they never use shelter burrows to escape danger .\nbirch mice and jumping mice feed on fungus , nuts , berries , fruits , and arthropods . they , as well jerboas , do not store food . jerboas represent a diverse spectra of feeding adaptations from carnivory of euchoreutes naso and salpingotus kozlovi\nthe woodland jumping mouse occurs in the north - eastern united states and south - eastern canada . in canada , it has been recorded from southern labrador , south through quebec , and east through southern and central ontario , as far as manitoba . its range extends south through the north - eastern united states , along the appalachian mountains and as far south as northern georgia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it is also found in northern michigan and northern wisconsin ( 1 ) ( 5 ) .\nchen wenjie , a bird lover , discovered the jerboa when driving on a village road in hotan prefecture . under the car lamp , the hopping\nmouse\nwith pig - like face and a body little big larger than a cap of bottled water , stopped in front of chen ' s car .\nmass varies substantially with the season . summer weights range between 11 . 15 and 24 . 8 grams , averaging between 16 and 19 g . prior to hibernation , meadow jumping mice may attain weights up to , or greater than , 35 g .\nmeadow jumping mice make few sounds , except the squeaking of young . adults may call in clucks , chatter their teeth , and drum the ground with their tails . they have a keen sense of smell and probably use scent to communicate as well .\nthe timing of reproduction for western jumping mice varies from year to year . many females less than 2 years old do not breed . if they do breed it will usually occur later in the season and they produce smaller litter sizes than older females .\nreproductive data for female meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) that were field - evaluated to be pregnant at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico , 2009\u20132010 ( wright , 2012 ; frey & wright , 2012 ) .\n, but has been captured in the late evening of a cloudy moist day . this could be because they are coming out to feed a bit earlier because of the conditions , but for the most part all activities occur during the night . the jumping mouse is a docile creature when handled ; amongst its kind it is also pretty calm . there is very little territorial strife amongst them , but by no means are they social creatures . they are solitary animals , rarely if ever seen in pairs , but to contrast that , they are not aggressive towards each other either .\nthey subsist entirely on their fat reserves while dormant , and do not cache food ; a typical mouse may lose 25 % of its body weight during the eight to ten months of its hibernation . however , the hibernation is not continuous throughout this period , with the mice waking , on average , once every 38 days .\nage of new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by month captured in the middle rio grande valley at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico . the number of known pregnant females is indicated with a \u201cp\u201d in parentheses .\nwestern jumping mice are found primarily in moist fields , thickets , and woodlands , especially where grasses , sedges , or other green plant cover is dense . they are also found in grassy edges of streams , ponds , and lakes , usually within 50 meters of water .\nthis small rodent builds a globular nest of dry grass and leaves , usually in an underground burrow , in a hollow log or fallen tree , or in a pile of brush ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . burrows may be dug by the mouse itself , or taken over from another small animal . the entrance is concealed during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the breeding season of the woodland jumping mouse runs from may to early september , although births usually peak in june and august ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the gestation period is about 21 to 29 days ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , and litter size ranges from 2 to 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . females sometimes have two litters a year , particularly in more southerly populations ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nmeadow jumping mice are recognized for their extremely long tails and long hind feet . small and slender , they differ from woodland jumping mice in that they do not have a white - tipped tail and are generally duller in color . adults have a dark or olive brown band on their back , which is paler in juveniles . the sides are a pale yellowish - brown , with black hairs lining them , and the underparts are white or buffy - white . the tail has few hairs , is dark brown on top and yellow - white on the bottom , and is longer than the body . the coat is short , thick , and mostly coarse . these mice undergo a yearly molt that usually starts after mid - june for adults or in august for the juveniles and lasts for about three weeks . meadow jumping mice have small and delicate forelimbs with four toes on each foot . the hind limbs are longer and have five toes . the bottoms of the feet are naked . the head is small and narrow , and the nose is short and pointed . meadow jumping mice are the only mammal with eighteen teeth .\nthe pygmy mouse lemur is the smallest primate in the world . its head and body are less than two and a half inches long , though its tail is a bit more than twice that length . these threatened nocturnal lemurs live in the dry forests of western madagascar and rarely leave the forests ' trees . little is known of these rare primates .\nmeadow jumping mice may live in various habitats that have some herbacious cover , but moist grassland is preferred and heavily wooded areas are avoided . grassy fields and thick vegetated areas bordering streams , ponds , or marshes generally support greater numbers . it is possible that these mice prefer habitats with high humidity .\nmass varies quite a bit with the season . summer weights range between 11 . 15 and 24 . 8 grams , averaging between 16 and 19 g . before hibernation , meadow jumping mice may reach weights up to , or greater than , 35 g . females may sometimes be slightly larger and weigh more than males .\nmeadow jumping mice may be found throughout northern north america . they are found from the atlantic coast to the great plains in the united states , northward throughout the north eastern and north central states to the arctic tree - line of alaska and canada , and as far south as georgia , alabama , arizona , and new mexico .\nwestern jumping mice resemble typical mice in appearance , but with long hind - feet and reduced forelimbs . they range from 22 to 25 cm ( 8 . 7 to 9 . 8 in ) in total length , including a tail 13 to 15 cm ( 5 . 1 to 5 . 9 in ) long , and weigh from 17 to 40 g ( 0 . 60 to 1 . 41 oz ) . the mouse has coarse , dark - greyish - brown fur over the upper body , with a broad yellow to red band along the flanks , and pale yellowish - white underparts . some individuals have white spots on the upper body , or on the tip of the tail . the two sexes are similar in appearance and size ; females have four pairs of\nthe woodland jumping mouse will live in either nests or burrows . the nests are usually found in hollow logs , under roots of trees or under rocks . the burrows can be found almost anywhere , although they are usually by a plant that can cover the entrance . their nests are made from soft grasses , reeds and leaves . the burrows usually have multiple chambers , each one dug for a different reason . there is usually a room filled with nesting materials such as grass , reeds and leaves , which is used for sleeping or hibernation . second , most mice have a room where they store and horde food for hibernation . and finally , there is , in most cases and room with some nesting material for mating , and where the juveniles will be nursed .\nmeadow jumping mice have very long tails and very large feet . they are most common in grassy or weedy fields , where they use runways made by other rodents . if they are frightened , they may creep away through the grass , or make a series of short jumps . they have to put on about six grams of fat in the fall , because they burn about a gram a month in their six months of hibernation . jumping mice have litters of 3 - 6 young after an 18 - day gestation period . most of the mice born late in the summer are not able to put on enough weight to survive hibernation . links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account\nmeadow jumping mice primarily eat seeds , but also feed on berries , fruit , and insects . grasses may be cut in sections to reach the seed heads . these mice may leave these piles of grass debris with rachis and glumes on the surface . in the spring , one half of the diet may consist of animal foods after emergence from hibernation . especially important are\nbirch and jumping mice and jerboas have little significance to humans . in a plague , some jerboas ( stylodipus telum and allactaga elater ) can be invoked into epizootic process . jerboas play a significant role in desert ecosystems . the density of most abundant species such as stylodipus telum , allactaga elater , or pygeretmus pumilio can reach 40\u201350 individuals per 2 . 5 acres ( 1 ha ) .\nmeadow jumping mice may be found throughout northern north america . they are found from the atlantic coast to the great plains in the united states , northward throughout the north eastern and north central states to the arctic tree - line of alaska and canada , and as far south as georgia , alabama , arizona , and new mexico . they have the widest known distribution of mice in the subfamily\nwestern jumping mice mate soon after they emerge from hibernation , usually in june . their gestation period is approximately 18 days and they give birth to 3 to 9 young . a newborn weighs about 1 gram . they can have 2 or 3 litters per year but will usually have only one litter . young born too late in the year do not acquire sufficient fat reserves to survive hibernation .\nthese adaptable primates store fat in their tails and hind legs , burning it when forage is lean . they may store up to 35 percent of their body weight . female lesser mouse lemurs enter a dormant state during madagascar ' s dry season , from april or may to september or october . females are inactive during this time and may not leave their tree holes . during the same season , however , males are more active . they may be establishing breeding hierarchies for the coming mating season .\nmeadow jumping mice prefer a habitat which is high in humidity . although they may live in many different areas usually with high herbaceous cover , they prefer moist grasslands , and avoid heavily wooded areas . high numbers are usually found in grassy fields , and thick vegetated areas with streams , ponds , or marshes nearby . they prefer large open areas to thickly wooded areas . as was stated before they are found in large parts of the\nactivity season of male ( black bars ) and female ( white bars ) new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations , based on dates of capture recorded on museum specimen labels . julian date equivalents are 121 , 1 may ; 152 , 1 june ; 182 , 1 july ; 213 , 1 august ; 244 , 1 september ; 274 , 1 october ; 305 , 1 november .\nbanwr is the southernmost location for z . h . luteus along the rio grande and the lowest elevation location ( i . e . , highest temperature equivalent ) where the species is currently known to persist . field studies at banwr have revealed a sharp reduction in detectable above - ground activity of jumping mice during late summer . in 1991 and 1992 , najera ( 1994 ) caught jumping mice in june , july , september and october , but caught none 16 july\u201310 september , which included a sampling effort of 4 , 708 trap - nights in august ( najera , 1994 ) . in 2009 and 2010 , wright ( 2012 ) captured only a juvenile male on 16 august during a 30 july\u201317 august 2009 trapping period with an effort of 2 , 910 trap - nights and a 16 g male on 28 august during a 23 august\u201320 september 2010 trapping period with an effort of 4 , 320 trap - nights ( table 3 ) .\nall groups of dipodidae are nocturnal rodents , although the birch mice and jumping mice can be active in the day time ( mostly in the morning or evening ) . jerboas are strictly nocturnal and sleep in individual burrows with the entrance closed by a soil plug during the daytime . pygmy jerboas build plugs with their tail , whereas all other jerboa species use the muzzle . only in spring is it possible to observe jerboas feeding in dusk before sunrise or immediately after sunset .\ngeneralized schematic of the timing of key life history events for the new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) at ( a ) bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( banwr ) , and ( b ) in montane populations . solid lines represent time frames documented by observation ; dashed lines represent time frames that are inferred based on timing of other observed events . asterisks indicate pregnant females captured at other valley locations ( sambrito creek and isleta ) that suggest a wider possible time frame for pregnancies at banwr .\nnajera ( 1994 ) and zwank , najera & cardenas ( 1997 ) suspected that breeding at banwr took place as late as august because they caught young of the year animals in october . however , this estimate of breeding date may be incorrect . the size range of jumping mice they caught in october was 15 . 0 to 24 . 5 g ( mean 18 . 5 g ) . these included a 15 . 5 g female on the last date ( 22 october ) jumping mice were caught . according to quimby ( 1951 ) , this female was approximately 70 days old and hence it had a back - calculated parturition date of 13 august and conception date of 23 july . thus , no breeding ( i . e . , conception ) is verified after july at banwr , though some females may not give birth until early august . similarly , at banwr males with scrotal testes were captured most frequently in june and july , with a smaller proportion in may ; none were found after july ( najera , 1994 ; wright , 2012 ) .\nwestern jumping mice are common in meadows , streamsides , and marshes in northwestern mountains . they also occur in subalpine meadows , and are found at low densities in dry , low - elevation , grassy habitats . the mice have one litter per year . the young nurse for about a month , and after weaning have a month and a half to eat seeds and put on the fat they need to hibernate . their summer weight is 18 - 24 g ; just before hibernation , they can weigh up to 35 g . only about half the juveniles who enter hibernation survive the winter . links : mammal species of the world\nwestern jumping mice have yellow sides with a dark band down the middle of their back . their belly is usually white , but can sometimes have a yellow tinge . the body length including the tail is 215 - 260 mm . they have a long tail ( 126 - 160 mm ) that is darker on the top than the bottom . males and females are similar in size and characteristics . weight ranges from 18 to 24 grams , but can reach up to 35 grams before they enter hibernation . the hind feet are very large with each foot measuring 28 - 34 mm and they can hop up to 2 m . each upper tooth row has 4 molariform teeth with the first reduced in size .\nthe earliest date of pregnancy recorded at banwr is a 21 . 5 g female was captured on 15 june 2014 that was confirmed pregnant through palpation of embryos and presence of enlarged nipples ( banwr , 2014 ) . two additional female jumping mice ( 23 . 5 g and 26 . 5 g ) were caught on 19 june and confirmed pregnant by palpation of fetuses , and presence of enlarged nipples and vulva ( banwr , 2014 ) . in addition , najera ( 1994 ) caught an 8 g juvenile male ( age 21\u201330 days according to quimby , 1951 ) on 31 july , that likely would have had been conceived 10\u201319 june ( najera , 1994 ) . given that there is a lag between conception and ability to detect pregnancy , pregnancies may occur as early as the first week of june at banwr .\non basis of observed patterns in phenology of hibernation and reproduction in other jumping mice , i expected for z . h . luteus that : ( 1 ) emergence from hibernation in spring will be later for higher latitudes and higher elevations due to overall cooler climate and hence cooler soil temperatures ; ( 2 ) immergence into hibernation will be later for lower latitudes and lower elevations due to longer growing seasons ; ( 3 ) the active interval will be shorter for montane populations as opposed to valley populations , and ( 4 ) the number of litters possible will be reduced for montane populations . i also report an apparent midsummer hiatus in above ground activity by z . h . luteus at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( banwr ) , which is the lowest elevation and warmest site known to be currently occupied by the taxon .\nthe breeding season of meadow jumping mice occurs shortly after hibernation in late april or may . males emerge from hibernation slightly before females and are ready to mate when the females emerge . within two weeks after emergence , most females are pregnant . pregnancy usually lasts about 18 days , but may be longer for females that are nursing young . a female may have 2 to 3 litters in a year . the average litter size is 5 . 3 , though the number of young ranges between 2 and 9 . in the north , most young are born and weaned between june and august . small and weighing about 0 . 8 g , the newborns are naked , pink , blind , clawless and deaf , but squeak loudly at birth . in the first week , their ears unfold , fur begins to cover their backs , and their claws appear . they begin crawling between the first and second weeks , and by the third week they can hop , creep , and hear . their front teeth have appeared , and they have tawny coats . by the end of the fourth week , the young have adult fur , and open eyes . weaned , they leave their mother between the 28th to 33rd day . those young females born during the spring may reproduce after two months .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied ."]}
{"id": 535, "summary": [{"text": "parochromolopis mexicana is a moth in the epermeniidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gaedike and becker in 1989 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in mexico ( chiapas ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "parochromolopis mexicana", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for parochromolopis definition . you find here parochromolopis meaning , synonyms of parochromolopis and images for parochromolopis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhave a fact about parochromolopis mexicana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for parochromolopis mexicana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parochromolopis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parochromolopis and , of course , parochromolopis synonyms and on the right images related to the word parochromolopis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nphaulernis fulviguttella , the yellow - spotted lance - wing , is a moth of the family epermeniidae .\nepermenia insecurella , the chalk - hill lance - wing , is a moth of the family epermeniidae ."]}
{"id": 536, "summary": [{"text": "the grey-crowned babbler ( pomatostomus temporalis ) is a species of bird in the family pomatostomidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia , indonesia , and papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "grey - crowned babbler", "paragraphs": ["grey - crowned babbler - bird watching in australia with ej - birdwatching . . grey crowned babbler\ngrey - crowned babbler - bird watching in australia with ej - birdwatching . . grey crowned babbler - youtube\ngrey - crowned babbler ( pomatostomus temporalis ) grey - crowned babbler female duntroon , act . photo by martin butterfield grey - crowned babbler female duntroon , act . photo by martin butterfield grey - crowned babbler duntroon , act . photo by anthony overs grey - crowned babbler duntroon , act . more\ngrey crowned babbler & the apostle bird - antique b . . . grey crowned babbler & the apostle bird - antique b . . .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for grey - crowned babbler ( pomatostomus temporalis ) yet .\ndescription : grey - crowned babbler is the largest of the four australian babblers .\nrobinson d ( 2008 ) grey - crowned babbler in : olsen p , editor .\nfrontal view of a juvenile grey - crowned babbler preening ( photo courtesy of r . druce )\ngrey - crowned babbler has some predators such as corvids . grey - crowned babbler is in decline , and disappeared from large parts of its range . next time , this species would become classified as vulnerable .\ngrey - crowned babbler taking a bath ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mt . molloy , qld ]\nthe grey - crowned babbler lacks the dark crown of other babblers and has a yellow rather than a dark eye .\ngrey - crowned babbler is sedentary . family groups defend the territory all year round . territory ranges up to ten hectares .\n. grey - crowned babblers are found in australia and in southern new guinea .\nobserved counts of grey - crowned babblers in sites surveyed in 1995 and 2008 .\ngrey - crowned babbler , pomatostomus temporlis , is a medium to large sized 25cm to 29cm . the grey - crowned babbler has a light grey crown with a broad white eyebrow , yellow eye in black mask , long down - curved black bill . throat and breast white . the body is shades of grey / brown , tail tipped white . the young grey - crowned babbler have brown eyes for two years . generally found in close family groups of up to 15 birds .\nstereo\ngrey - crowned babbler tlc ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , may 2013 ]\na grey - crowned babbler , race\nrubeculus\n, was heard by us calling at pine creek , nt , in august 2014 .\nlateral view of an immature grey - crowned babbler ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ adelaide river , nt , april 2018 ]\ngrey - crowned babbler peeking out of its nest ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , january 2011 ]\n* the grey - crowned babbler is listed as threatened on the victorian flora and fauna guarantee act ( 1988 ) . under this act , an action statement for the recovery and future management of this species has been prepared . on the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in victoria , the grey - crowned babbler is listed as endangered . * the eastern subspecies of the grey - crowned babbler ( p . t . more\ngrey - crowned babbler preening the underside of its wing ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , july 2011 ]\nfamily of grey - crowned babblers taking a bath ( photo courtesy of r . druce )\ngrey - crowned babblers are gregarious and inquisitive birds ( photo courtesy of r . druce )\nlateral view of a grey - crowned babbler ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ bowra station , near cunnamulla , qld , september 2017 ]\nnear - lateral view of an immature grey - crowned babbler ( photo courtesy of p . brown ) [ adelaide river , nt , april 2018 ]\nthe grey - crowned babbler is widespread throughout north - western , northern , central and eastern australia . it is also found in papua new guinea .\nblackmore cj , heinsohn r ( 2007 ) reproductive success and helper effects in the cooperatively breeding grey - crowned babbler . journal of zoology 273 : 326\u2013332 .\nnear - frontal view of a grey - crowned babbler ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ bowra station , near cunnamulla , qld , september 2017 ]\nnear - lateral view of a grey - crowned babbler ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ bowra station , near cunnamulla , qld , september 2017 ]\nlateral view of a grey - crowned babbler foraging on the ground ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ near st . george , qld , september 2017 ]\nrobinson d ( 2006 ) is revegetation in the sheep pen creek area , victoria , improving grey - crowned babbler habitat ? ecological management & restoration 7 : 93\u2013104 .\nthe grey - crowned babbler is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\ngrey - crowned babblerthe grey - crowned babbler is the largest of australia ' s four babbler species . it is dark brown - grey above , with a distinctive grey crown stripe and a dark face mask that contrasts with a white eyebrow . the chin and throat are white , running into a pale grey lower breast . it has a long , curved bill , short rounded wings with cinnamon brown wing patches and a long tail tipped white . the eye is pale yellow in adults . more\ngrey - crowned babbler ( pomatostomus temporalis ) filmed at rush creek , se qld april 1996 using canon ex1 hi8 & sigma 400mm lens . grey - crowned babbler ( pomatostomus temporalis ) filmed at rush creek , se qld april 1996 using canon ex1 hi8 & sigma 400mm lens . all \u00bb grey - crowned babbler ( pomatostomus temporalis ) filmed at rush creek , se qld april 1996 using canon ex1 hi8 & sigma 400mm lens . \u00ab download video - ipod / pspdownload is starting . save file to your computer . more\nparameter estimates from the group size submodel of grey - crowned babblers , conditional upon occupancy at a site .\nthis grey - crowned babbler nest was pinched by a pair of blue - faced honeyeaters ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , june 2008 ]\nrobinson d ( 2008 ) grey - crowned babbler . in : olsen p , editor . the state of australia\u2019s birds 2008 . melbourne : birds australia . pp . 37 .\ndiet : grey - crowned babbler is insectivorous , foraging as on ground or in trees . it feeds mainly on insects and other invertebrates . it also may consume some seeds .\n@ clare : oh geez , jangling keys ? \ud83d\ude42 i\u2019ll have to google them , i am afraid . or better yet , i\u2019ll have to visit broome without telling you , go hear a grey crowned babbler and then know on your door with a surprise visit . \u201chello clare , great to meet you ! i am jochen and the grey crowned babbler goes \u2026\u201d\nrange : grey - crowned babbler is widespread in its range , in north - western , northern , central and eastern australia . it also can be found in papua new guinea .\nparameter estimates from the occupancy submodel of grey - crowned babblers for sites at which babblers were detected in 1995 .\nalternative parameter estimates from the group size submodel of grey - crowned babblers , conditional upon occupancy at a site .\ngrey - crowned babbler captured by our team of bird watchers at www . ej - birdwatching . com . learn from the pro ' s and start ticking off that list of lifers .\ngrey - crowned babbler retention plan = last modified : may 15 , 2010 - 4 : 03 pm protection of biodiversity is a key element of ecologically sustainable development and gloucester shire council recognises the need to make informed planning decisions with regards to threatened species . the grey - crowned babbler is a species of bird found in suitable habitat in and around the township of gloucester . more\nr . russell reports finding grey - crowned babblers , race\ntemporalis\n, regularly at mount molloy , qld .\nalternative parameter estimates from the occupancy submodel of grey - crowned babblers for sites at which babblers were detected in 1995 .\ndavidson , i . and robinson , d . ( 1992 ) . ' grey - crowned babbler , pomatostomus temporalis : action statement no . 34 . ' department of conservation and environment : victoria .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto grey - crowned babbler utters loud scolding calls and chattering \u201cwee - oo\u201d . breeding male and female perform duets . female calls \u201cyah\u201d and male \u201cahoo\u201d . these sounds may be repeated several times . grey - crowned babbler is sometimes named \u201cyahoo\u201d , due to these calls . they are used to maintain pair - bonds between mates , but also as territorial calls .\ni was tempted to add nganganghnganga to the \u201cnaming\u201d section for the grey - crowned babbler at wikipedia . all those boring english names and not a single indigenous name ! but i doubt it would fit wikipedia guidelines\u2026\nthis grey - crowned babblers is fanning its tail , displaying the conspicuous white terminal band ( photo courtesy of r . druce )\ns2 fig . alternative parameter estimates from the group size submodel of grey - crowned babblers , conditional upon occupancy at a site .\ngrey - crowned babblers in southeast queensland , 2009 = a project of birds queensland - during 2009 birds queensland is undertaking this project to establish the present status of grey - crowned babblers in southeast queensland , and to compare this with their previous distribution . more\nbrown jl , dow dd , brown er , brown sd ( 1983 ) socio - ecology of the grey - crowned babbler\u2014population - structure , unit size and vegetation correlates . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 13 : 115\u2013124 .\n1 . the eastern form of the grey - crowned babbler pomatostomus temporalis temporalis , formerly ranged throughout eastern australia from south australia , through victoria and broadly through nsw and central queensland up into southern new guinea . the grey - crowned babbler is now extinct in south australia , coastal victoria and the act . in nsw , the grey - crowned babbler occurs on the western slopes and plains but was less common at the higher altitudes of the tablelands . isolated populations are known from coastal woodlands on the north coast , in the hunter valley and from the south coast near nowra ( blakers et al . 1984 , schodde & mason 1999 ) .\nflight : grey - crowned babbler performs laborious flight and it is unable to fly over large open area . it prefers to hop in order to reach the treetop , and then it glides down to other tree .\np . brown reports finding grey - crowned babblers , race\nrubeculus\n, at adelaide river , nt , in april 2018 .\ns1 fig . alternative parameter estimates from the occupancy submodel of grey - crowned babblers for sites at which babblers were detected in 1995 .\nalthough listed as vulnerable , we have found grey - crowned babblers , race\ntemporalis\n, in many different locations in inland nsw .\nm . mearns reports spotting grey - crowned babblers , race\ntemporalis\n, at bunya mountains np , qld , in december 2015 .\nclan of grey - crowned babblers building a nest ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , december 2011 ]\nlike all other babblers of the pomatostomus family , grey - crowned babblers hunt for insects and their larvae in trees and on the ground .\nj . greaves reports spotting grey - crowned babblers , race\nrubeculus\n, at boolardy station , murchison , wa , in august 2016 .\nprotection / threats / status : grey - crowned babbler is threatened by clearing and fragmentation of its habitat , and removal of dead timber . its habitat is regularly cleared for agriculture . weed invasion and grazing by stock degrades the habitat .\nthe grey - crowned babbler received no consideration whatsoever by studies for the initial eis . however , as it is a recently - listed species , some work has now had to be undertaken by cumberland ecology ( ce ) for this sis . nevertheless the work achieved for this species is extremely limited . ce ' s records of sightings of grey - crowned babbler appear to have been gleaned by a simple check of the nsw wildlife atlas , and by even more simple guesswork . more\nbehaviour : grey - crowned babbler is very active and nervous . these birds live in family groups , up to 12 individuals . they defend communal territory . each group includes one pair or a trio , with the young of previous year .\nthe grey - crowned babbler is a large ( 23\u201329 cm long , c . 80g ) , sedentary , cooperatively breeding species of woodland bird [ 29 , 30 , 31 ] that was once found throughout much of australia [ 32 ] . however , like many species of woodland birds in australia [ 33 , 34 ] , the grey - crowned babbler has declined in extent and abundance through much of its former range due to extensive clearing of woodland for agriculture [ 35 , 36 ] . these declines have been most evident in the southern part of their range , where land clearing has been most intensive . as a consequence , the grey - crowned babbler is regionally extinct through much of its former range in south - eastern australia [ 35 , 37 ] .\ngrey - crowned babblers are the only australian babblers with a light - coloured crown . they are also the only australian babblers that do not have black eyes .\ngrey - crowned babblers , race\ntemporalis\n, are the most common species of babbler in our area , in the north - west slopes and plains of nsw . they are usually found in family clans of 10 - 12 birds , often in roadside vegetation .\nwith the recent , generous donation from alcoa and birdlife melbourne to assist friends of the grey - crowned babbler with their conservation efforts , it is timely to reflect on what has been achieved with regards to this species\u2019 conservation in victoria and what remains to be done .\nfriends of the grey - crowned babbler assisted with repeat surveys of babbler sites in 2008 and 2009 and also contributed significantly to the habitat restoration works over the past decade . kelly arbon from trust for nature and jill smith from the department of environment and primary industries generously assisted with gis analyses . thanks to jose lahoz - montfort and will morris for model and code suggestions . david duncan , andrew bennett , martine maron and several anonymous reviewers made pertinent comments on the manuscript . finally , thanks to the many landholders and other land managers whose habitat restoration works over the past decade have contributed significantly to grey - crowned babbler survival in victoria .\nland clearing left grey - crowned babblers trying to survive in small , isolated patches of habitat where they are often subjected to the added pressures of stock grazing , rabbits , weeds and feral animals . food , shelter and breeding places became scarce and contributed to the bird\u2019s declining numbers . signs of recovery efforts across victoria to restore grey - crowned babbler habitat are showing early signs that it is possible to bring species back from extinction . more\nhabitat : grey - crowned babbler lives in wooded areas and open forests with mature eucalypts . it frequents inland plains with open shrub layer and intact ground cover of grass , fallen timber and leaf litter . it also can be found around farms , roadsides and sometimes golf courses .\ncitation : vesk pa , robinson d , van der ree r , wilson cm , saywell s , mccarthy ma ( 2015 ) demographic effects of habitat restoration for the grey - crowned babbler pomatostomus temporalis , in victoria , australia . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0130153 . urltoken\ngrey - crowned babblers are gregarious birds that are almost always on the move and busy with something . quite often they are seen by us together with a mob of apostlebirds .\nthe grey - crowned babbler is found in open forests and woodlands , favouring inland plains with an open shrub layer , little ground cover and plenty of fallen timber and leaf litter . may be seen along roadsides and around farms . in south - east melbourne , small populations survive on golf courses .\nclan of grey - crowned babblers giving a tree trunk a good working over in search of food ( photo courtesy of r . russell ) [ mount molloy , qld , november 2010 ]\nit is now more than twenty years since birds australia initiated its grey - crowned babbler ( babbler ) conservation project in victoria , thanks to a one - year grant from the australian government\u2019s national estate funding program . it is also twenty years since birds australia and other community organisations first applied for funding to do on - ground works to assist with the babblers\u2019 survival . so how is this charismatic and sociable bird faring ?\nlateral view of a grey - crowned babbler - note the reddish tint on the bird ' s breast giving this race its name ; this is one of the birds whose calls were recorded on 6 august 2016 ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ boolardy station , murchison , wa , august 2016 ]\n\u201cwe have already established that the grey - crowned babbler no longer occurs in this region and the scarlet robin is now mainly restricted to french island , the southern emu wren now occurs in only a few localities and is rarely reported , \u201d he stated in an article in the september mornington peninsula birdlife magazine .\ngrey - crowned babblers can be found in relatively dry forest and more open woodland , often also under ( even single ) trees with dense shrubs around / under them , including roadside vegetation .\ngrey - crowned babblers were detected at 58 % and 74 % of the 117 sites in 1995 and 2008 , respectively . observed group sizes during all surveys ranged from one to ten birds (\ngregarious , noisy and active , the grey - crowned babbler usually lives and forages in groups of 4\u201312 birds which are often first detected by their loud harsh or whistled calls . though usually terrestrial , they also occasionally feed in shrubs and the lower levels of trees , tending to be more arboreal than other babblers . more\n8 . in view of the above points , the scientific committee is of the opinion that the grey - crowned babbler ( eastern subspecies ) pomatostomus temporalis temporalis , is likely to become endangered unless the circumstances and factors threatening its survival or evolutionary development cease to operate , and is therefore eligible for listing as a vulnerable species .\nthe nominate race , temporalis , found in the eastern states of australia has a grey lower breast .\nm . eaton reports spotting grey - crowned babblers , race\ntemporalis\n, at gatton , qld , in july 2017 , and at bowra station , near cunnamulla , qld , in september 2017 .\nexpected group size for grey - crowned babblers at average sites for restored and unrestored sites in 1995 and 2008 , the change in group size over that period and the effect of restoration on that change .\nit\u2019s not that long ago bird watchers were confronted by the local extinction of the grey - crowned babbler . probably not a bird on everyone\u2019s easily identifiable list , but a loss that was sadly added to the 40 or so species of birds that have disappeared from around frankston and on the mornington peninsula since the arrival of europeans .\nrace rubeculus ,\nred - breasted babbler\n, of the northern territory and western australia has an orange - tinted breast .\n2 . grey - crowned babblers occupy open woodlands dominated by mature eucalypts , with regenerating trees , tall shrubs , and an intact ground cover of grass and forbs . the species builds conspicuous dome - shaped nests and breeds co - operatively in sedentary family groups of 2 - 13 birds ( davidson and robinson 1992 ) . grey - crowned babblers are insectivorous and forage in leaf litter and on bark of trees .\nalternative expected group sizes for grey - crowned babblers at average sites for restored and unrestored sites in 1995 and 2008 , the change in group size over that period and the effect of restoration on that change .\nwe live in gin gin qld and today for the first time we had at least eight of these grey crowned babblers ! ! we were very excited to have a new family visiting us . nancy de george\nthe scientific committee , established by the threatened species conservation act , has made a final determination to list the grey - crowned babbler ( eastern subspecies ) , pomatostomus temporalis temporalis ( vigors and horsfield , 1827 ) , as a vulnerable species on schedule 2 of the act . listing of vulnerable species is provided for by part 2 of the act .\n7 . habitat degradation threatens grey - crowned babblers , particularly as a result of weed invasion and grazing by stock . in addition , it is likely that increased abundance of competitors , such as noisy miners , and nest predators , including the pied currawong and australian raven ( major et al . 1996 ) threaten babbler foraging efficiency and breeding success .\ngrey - crowned babblers ' nest in unusual surroundings , namely in a plane tree in a garden ; the location of this nest was kindly reported to us by j . faris [ narrabri , nsw , march 2009 ]\ns3 fig . alternative expected group sizes for grey - crowned babblers at average sites for restored and unrestored sites in 1995 and 2008 , the change in group size over that period and the effect of restoration on that change .\nlateral view of grey - crowned babblers ; note the dark iris of the bird on the right , indicating that it is a juvenile ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ boolardy station , murchison , wa , august 2016 ]\nthe grey - crowned babbler is the largest of the four australian babblers , reaching to 30 cm long . its distinctive bill is scimitar - shaped , long and heavy . the broad white eyebrow and a pale grey crown - stripe are other distinguishing characters . a dark band passes from the bill through the eye , separating the pale throat and brow to giving a ' masked ' look . it has dark greyish - brown upperparts and is paler brown on the underparts , grading to a whitish throat . more\nbased on these findings , friends of the grey - crowned babbler continue to implement or support the implementation of their key conservation actions for babblers across these districts . since the project began , twenty years ago , the friends group , working with local landcare groups , conservation agencies and trust for nature has protected and restored more than 2 000 ha of habitat through the euroa - violet town districts .\ngrey - crowned babblers , race\ntemporalis\n, are seen by us regularly , but infrequently in various locations around narrabri , e . g . 20 km south of narrabri , leard state forest and also at eulah creek , 20 km east of narrabri .\nbabbler group size decreased over the survey period at sites without restoration works , but restoration works were effective in stemming declines where they were done . restoration was responsible for a difference of about one bird per group of 3 - 5 individuals ; this is an important effect on the reproductive success of the social group . effectiveness of restoration works targeted at the grey - crowned babbler was only demonstrable by sampling through time and including control sites without restoration works . this work demonstrates that while calls for better monitoring of restoration are valid , scope exists to recover a signal of effectiveness from opportunistic retrospective analyses .\npicture of the grey - crowned babbler has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike . original source : own work author : avicedapermission ( reusing this file ) i , the copyright holder of this work , hereby publish it under the following license : this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license . you are free : to share \u2013 to copy , distribute and transmit the work\nmatthew , j . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . grey - crowned babbler ( pomatostomus temporalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncale pg ( 1999 ) the spatial dynamics of the white - browed babbler in a fragmented agricultural landscape [ phd thesis ] . armidale , nsw : university of new england .\ngrey - crowned babblers feed on insects and other invertebrates and sometimes eat seeds . they forage in groups of two to fifteen birds on the ground among leaf litter , around fallen trees and from the bark of shrubs and trees ( they tend to use trees more than other babblers ) .\nreproduction : grey - crowned babbler nests in tree , shrubs and saplings . a group includes usually one dominant pair and several non - breeding birds . each family group builds several nests which will be used as communal roosts at night . these large nests are situated at about six metres above the ground . they are dome - shaped , made with twigs , more or less thick and spherical , with lateral entrance . old nest may be renovated and reused year after year .\n4 . there are probably no grey - crowned babblers left on the new england tableland ( h . ford , pers . comm . ) and they are now very uncommon in the hunter valley with most family groups reduced to two or four members ( p . cowper , pers . comm . )\ngrey - crowned babblers sometimes nest in the lower part of a larger bird ' s nest ( e . g . a raven ' s or a raptor ' s ) . they are known to be communal breeders . when building their own nest , we have found them to have a preference for cypress pines .\nthe grey - crowned babbler is sometimes known as the \u2018yahoo - bird\u2019 . this strange name stems from one of the most common calls given by the species . the call is known as \u2018antiphonal\u2019 , meaning that it is given by two birds almost in unison , with the \u2018ya\u2019 part given by the female , closely followed by the \u2018hoo\u2019 given by the male . it is so closely co - ordinated that it sounds as though it is being given by a single bird , and it may be repeated for up to 23 times .\n5 . in southern nsw , the size of grey - crowned babbler family groups is also reduced . in a three year study of 15 family groups near west wyalong , the mean number of birds in each group was four ( a . overs , unpubl . ) . such groups are much smaller than those recorded further north near peak hill , where groups averaged 8 - 13 birds ( a . overs , unpubl . ) . the impact of reduced family groups on breeding success is unknown , although it is likely to be detrimental .\ngrey - crowned babblers live in family groups that consist of a breeding pair and young from previous breeding seasons . a group may consist of up to fifteen birds . an extended family is valuable in the cooperative feeding of young and predator avoidance . all members of the family group remain close to each other when foraging . a soft more\nthe major cause of the babbler\u2019s decline in victoria has been the loss of their preferred woodland habitat . over the past 150 years these woodlands have been largely cleared for agriculture , mining , urban development and firewood collection . as a consequence , babbler populations have shrunk in size and become isolated from each other . the number of birds in each family group has also declined , because smaller populations of babblers produce fewer young . for this highly social species , therefore , habitat fragmentation has caused major social disruption .\ngrey - crowned babblers were detected at 58 % and 74 % of the 117 sites in 1995 and 2008 , respectively . observed group sizes during all surveys ranged from one to ten birds ( fig 1 ) . observed counts suggest that at sites with restoration works , fewer sites yielded counts of zero in 2008 , and more groups increased in numbers , than at sites without restoration works ( fig 1 ) .\nfemale lays 2 to 3 brown eggs , with fine markings . incubation lasts about 23 days , by female . several females may lay in the same nest , and all members of the group feed her , and then , help for feeding the young . larger groups raise more young , and this species may produce two broods per year . young fledge at about 23 days after hatching . young birds may stay about one year after fledging with family group , and sometimes , they remain for two or three more years . at this moment , even if they are able to breed , they act as helpers . that is very important for grey - crowned babbler long - term survival .\nof our covariates , large trees had the greatest positive effect on babbler group size ( fig 4 ) . larger groups occurred where the density of large trees was higher . babbler group size declined ~ 15 % between 1995 and 2008 at sites without restoration . the presence of restoration works was associated with about 22 % larger groups in 2008 , effectively offsetting the reduction through time . there was a possible small , but uncertain effect of distance , such that the further groups were from the next nearest group , the smaller the group size .\ngrey - crowned babblers are the most common babblers in our area , around narrabri , new south wales . like all babblers , they come in groups or families and forage in trees or paddocks while continuously communicating with each other . seen regularly in bushland , but also more open country and along roadsides . many family units are happy to live in very little dense vegetation by roadsides , often with only one sufficiently large tree to provide them with shelter . more\nthe old nests of grey - crowned babblers are used by a variety of other birds : blue - faced honeyeaters sometimes nest on top of the dome . yellow - rumped thornbills may nest underneath and are even tolerated in active nests . facts and figures research species : yes minimum size : 25 cm maximum size : 29 cm average size : 27 cm average weight : 81 g breeding season : july to february clutch size : usually two to three , up to five if more than one female . more\nadult has greyish - brown upperparts . long tail is darker , tipped with white . wings are short and rounded with orange - buff wing patches . underparts are paler , with chestnut - brown lower breast , belly and vent . chin and throat are white . on the head , forehead , crown and nape are pale greyish - white , with indistinct grey band in the centre of crown . we can see dark grey band from lores , through the eye , and joining the mantel , giving a \u201cmasked\u201d appearance . bill is thin , pointed and down curved . it is black , with pale base on lower mandible . eyes are yellow . legs and feet are grey . both sexes are similar . juvenile has dark eyes . they turn yellow when they are about three years old .\nbased on unpublished research into the effects of distance to other babbler groups on likelihood of site occupancy ( d . robinson unpubl . data ) , [ 47 ] , we also measured on a gis the straight - line distance from the mid - point of each site to the nearest known group of babblers ( during 2005\u20132008 ) to reflect the capacity of babblers to leave or colonize the site .\nthe data presented in this study from two primary surveys separated by 13 years demonstrate that the average number of birds in babbler social groups has declined without restoration , but habitat restoration works have stemmed declines at sites where they have been carried out . because we have sampled through time , included controls , accounted for potential pre - existing differences , we assert that habitat restoration has been effective locally .\ni agree that some bird guides are not the most effective to translate bird calls and songs into words . even more , i think that , sometimes , authors are not doing their best into this essential part of the bird description . how to explain that david sibley righfully describes the call of the golden - crowned kinglet as \u201ca very high , thin , slighly buzzing zee zee zee\u201d ( for me it\u2019s more like tssee tssee tssee ) , without mentioning the similar call of the creeper ? on the creeper side , though , the similarity between the calls is noted , with \u201ca very high sree similar to golden crowned kinglet , but single and with a relaxed liquid quality\u201d .\n) . larger groups occurred where the density of large trees was higher . babbler group size declined ~ 15 % between 1995 and 2008 at sites without restoration . the presence of restoration works was associated with about 22 % larger groups in 2008 , effectively offsetting the reduction through time . there was a possible small , but uncertain effect of distance , such that the further groups were from the next nearest group , the smaller the group size .\nin response to the rapid decline of this species in the state of victoria , a habitat restoration program began in 1994 , when the estimated victorian population consisted of only 260 family groups and was still declining [ 38 ] . subsequent studies have suggested the number of babblers and average family group size have increased in the project areas since habitat restoration works began [ 39 , 40 ] . in none of these examples , however , was it possible to demonstrate robust relationships between the restoration works and the demographic or population responses of the species . the aim of this study thus was to quantify the effectiveness of a targeted habitat restoration program aimed at reversing declines in the occupancy and abundance of grey - crowned babblers .\n) . in 2008 at sites that had not been restored , this had fallen by 0 . 6 birds ( - 1 . 5 , 0 . 3 ) to 3 . 9 ( 3 . 1 , 5 . 0 ) . by contrast , sites that were restored had babbler groups averaging 4 . 6 birds ( 3 . 9 , 6 . 0 ) in 2008 . the difference in the change between 1995 to 2008 due to restoration was on average 0 . 8 bird per group ( - 0 . 1 , 1 . 8 ) .\nof the two races of grey - crowned babblers , nominate race\ntemporalis\nis found in qld and nsw eastward of a line connecting the southern tip of the gulf of carpentaria with bourke , nsw . they also live in the hill ranges of vic , but not along the southern coastal fringe in vic and nsw , up to the hunter river valley . they are also not found on the coastal fringe around townsville , qld . race\nrubeculus\n, which is endemic to australia , is found to the west of the tip of the gulf of carpentaria , roughly north of the tropic of capricorn into the eastern nt . they also populate the entire top end of the nt and the kimberley in wa , plus an area around alice springs . their range includes a large area of western wa , along the gascoyne to fitzroy rivers and farther inland from there , to halfway to the nt border .\n] , coupled with the generally open habitats , suggest that counts of zero from sites included in babbler home ranges are dominated by the babblers being unavailable during a survey rather than observers failing to detect all birds of the group when they are in fact present at the survey site . therefore we consider this process the availability of the group to be surveyed conditional upon the site being within the group\u2019s home range . we only allow for false negatives , i . e . missed birds , and not false positives\u2014double counting or misidentification seems unlikely for this distinctive species . thus , we write :\nthe mean group size at occupied sites in 1995 was 4 . 5 ( 3 . 8 , 5 . 5 ) ( fig 5 ) . in 2008 at sites that had not been restored , this had fallen by 0 . 6 birds ( - 1 . 5 , 0 . 3 ) to 3 . 9 ( 3 . 1 , 5 . 0 ) . by contrast , sites that were restored had babbler groups averaging 4 . 6 birds ( 3 . 9 , 6 . 0 ) in 2008 . the difference in the change between 1995 to 2008 due to restoration was on average 0 . 8 bird per group ( - 0 . 1 , 1 . 8 ) .\nit is my fear that the field guides of the next generation ( applications on portable devices such as iphones ) will reduce the analysis of the bird song to a simple ( or , say , a serie of ) recordings of it , without explaining or pointing out the diagnostic part of the song . the song of the ruby crowned kinglet , for instance , eluded me for 2 years ( mind you , i am a rookie , as you know ) , until i discover \u201cbirding by ear\u201d , pointing out the diagnostic introductory 2 notes .\njochen roeder was born in germany and raised to be a birder . he also spent a number of years abroad , just so he could see more birds . one of his most astounding achievements is the comprehension that yellow - crowned night - herons do not exist , as he failed to see any despite birding in north america for more than two years . he currently lives near heidelberg , one of the most boring places for a birder to live , a fact about which he likes to whinge a lot . when he is not birding or trying to convince his young son that patiently scanning some fields for migrants is more fun than working the jungle gym of a playground , he enjoys contemplating the reasoning behind the common names of birds . he first became famous in the bird blog world on bell tower birding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally common ( coates 1990 , flegg and madge 1995 ) . trend justification : this population is in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss and degradation and perhaps introduced predators and herbivores ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pomatostomus temporalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\npomatostomus temporalis temporalis : e australia ( cape york pen . to c victoria and se s australia )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 974 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n\u2013 s new guinea ( trans - fly region ) and e & se australia .\n23\u201327 cm ; 60\u201385 g . distinctive large pomatostomid with broad supercilium , white or rufous breast , and prominent rufous patch on wing ( concealed when wing closedt . . .\nvarious harsh chattering contact notes ; distinctive \u201cya - hoo\u201d antiphonal duet by . . .\nmainly insects , including weevils ( curculionidae ) and other beetles ( coleoptera ) , grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) , bugs ( hemiptera ) , butterfly . . .\nrecorded in dec and feb in new guinea and in all months , but mainly jul\u2013feb , in australia . breeds co - operatively , in groups . . .\nsedentary , but some evidence for local movements or nomadism . almost all recoveries are from within . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . fairly common to scarce . estimated population densities 0\u00b708\u20130\u00b76 birds / ha ; in se queensland , 33 groups recorded . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird feeding on what seems to be a caterpillar before calling once and stretching its wings and tail .\na group of seven birds calling from roadside vegetation . eastern rosellas can also be heard calling .\npieter de groot boersma , aviceda , peter nash , nick talbot , fred forssell , keith and lynn youngs , stephen wallace , phil gregory , eldert groenewoud .\ndavid taylor , holger teichmann , lindsay hansch , mark broomhall , greg griffith , gustavo a . rodr\u00edguez , hal and kirsten snyder , paul van giersbergen , marco valentini , arthur grosset , megan , les george , samantha klein , carlos n . g . bocos , nick talbot .\nbirds of new guinea including bismarck archipelago and bougainville all of the 943 species known to occur are covered , including the extraordinarily high total of 456 endemics , as well as 5 introduced species , 2 species yet to be formally described and a separate appendix with 75 vagrants . subspecies are listed also to give a comprehensive overview of the remarkable regional avifauna .\n\u2190 click inside , copy the code and then paste it into your web page code .\nhome | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman . all rights reserved .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ntaxonomic source ( s ) christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia . christidis , l . ; boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia . del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\npopulation justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally common ( coates 1990 , flegg and madge 1995 ) .\ntrend justification : this population is in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss and degradation and perhaps introduced predators and herbivores ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .\npreviously published on avocet as av5536 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; matches cut in fgab . gps : geohack . the nasal wok work calls\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\naust birds bird names news 1 - 26 habitats key plants glossary plumage nests tips thumbnails gen . info sponsors photos for sale\nthe overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .\nthey are often found by us in roadside vegetation , mostly along relatively quiet country roads .\nmany family units are happy to live in very little dense vegetation by roadsides , often with only one sufficiently large tree to provide them with shelter . in late october 2005 we spotted six separate groups in the area of yarrie lake and bohena , west to south - west of narrabri , along roadsides over a distance of only 20 km .\nfor this species we have recorded the following call ( s ) / song . the interpretation of their meaning is our own ; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .\nthese pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors . the structure of these bird pages is explained here . for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .\nwould you like to contribute photos or sound recordings to this site ? if interested , please click here . credits to contributors are given here ."]}
{"id": 537, "summary": [{"text": "the apennine yellow-bellied toad ( bombina pachypus ) is a species of toad in the bombinatoridae family endemic to italy .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "its natural habitats are temperate forests , temperate grassland , swamps , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , arable land , pastureland , ponds , open excavations , irrigated land , and seasonally flooded agricultural land .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "apennine yellow - bellied toad", "paragraphs": ["fire - bellied toad & apennine yellow - bellied toad . george boulenger , tailless batrachians of europe , vol . 1 ( 1897 ) .\ngenetic diversity and phylogeography of the apennine yellow - bellied toad bombina pachypus , with implications for conservation .\nminden pictures stock photos - apennine yellow - bellied toad ( bombina pachypus ) showing yellow underside , acqua cheta river , foreste casentinesi nation . . .\ngenetic diversity and phylogeography of the apennine yellow - bellied toad bombina pachypus , with implications for conservation . - pubmed - ncbi\nhistorical sciart on twitter :\nfire - bellied toad & apennine yellow - bellied toad . george boulenger , tailless batrachians of europe , vol . 1 ( 1897 ) . urltoken urltoken\nreversing the decline of the endangered apennine yellow - bellied toad in liguria ( northern italy ) through site restoration and population reinforcement .\nthe yellow - bellied toad ( bombina variegata ) on the green moss . brown frog with yellow belly with green and brown backgroun .\ninformation on the appenine yellow - bellied toad is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n321\nyellow _ bellied _ toad\nstock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .\ncesbin srl , 2017 . reversing the decline of the endangered apennine yellow - bellied toad in liguria ( northern italy ) through site restoration and population reinforcement . final report .\nthe apennine yellow - bellied toad ( also called bombina pachypus ) is a species of toad in the bombinatoridae family endemic to italy . content licensed under creative commons attribution . source : urltoken pictures sources : urltoken urltoken\nthe european fire - bellied toad ( bombina bombina ) captured close up in moss .\ncanestrelli , d . , cimmaruta , r . , constantini , v . , and nascetti , g . ( 2006 ) . ' ' genetic diversity and phylogeography of the apennine yellow - bellied toad\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - appenine yellow - bellied toad ( bombina pachypus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - appenine yellow - bellied toad ( bombina pachypus )\ntitle =\narkive species - appenine yellow - bellied toad ( bombina pachypus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe toad\u2019s odd coloring on its underbelly\u2014black and white with large spots of yellow\u2014serves a very distinct purpose . it is a warning to predators that the apennine yellow - bellied toad is poisonous and not to be messed with . it secretes a toxic substance when it is threatened . the substance is not all bad ; it is also antimicrobial and antifungal .\nstagni , g . , dall ' olio , r . , fusini , u . , mazzotti , s . , scoccianti , c . , and serra , a . ( 2004 ) . ' ' declining populations of apennine yellow bellied toad\ncartoon frog prince with golden crown and blue mantle . green toad with yellow belly . character of children s fairy tale . colorful flat vector design\nbarberio , c . , delfino , g . , and mastromei , g . ( 1987 ) . ' ' a low molecular weight protein with antimicrobial activity in the cutaneous ' venom ' of the yellow - bellied toad (\ndi cerbo , a . r . and ferri , v . 1996 . preliminary data on the ecological observations of the appennine yellow - bellied toad ( bombina pachypus ) in abruzzo , central italy . naturschutzreport 11 ( 1 ) : 91 - 99 .\nguarino , f . m . , picariello , o . and pellegrini , m . 2006 . bombina pachypus ( bonaparte , 1838 ) . ululone appenninico / apennine yellow - bellied toad . in : sindaco , r . , doria , g . , razzetti , e . and bernini , f . ( eds ) , atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili d\u2019italia . , pp . 272 - 277 . societas herpetologica italica , edizioni polistampa . , firenze .\n( fire - bellied toad ) hybridise in overlapping areas in austria , hungary , bulgaria and western ukraine . the high proportion of hybrids , although often not abundant , demonstrates the ongoing speciation process in the basin .\n) are found in the south with abundances decreasing from south to north . the natterjack toad occurs regularly along the river . the\nstagni , g . , dall\u2019olio , r . , fusini , u . , mazzotti , s . , scoccianti , c . and serra , a . 2005 . declining populations of apennines yellow - bellied toad bombina pachypus ( bonaparte , 1838 ) in northern appennines , italy : is batrachochytrium dendrobatidis the main cause ? . ital . j . zool . 71 ( suppl . 2 ) : 151 - 154 .\n) are typical mediterranean species and occur from the delta marshes to mont\u00e9limar . common frog populations have decreased since the 1950s . the midwife toad (\nhofman , s . , spolsky , c . , uzzell , t . , cog\u0103lniceanu , d . , babik , w . , and szymura , j . m . ( 2007 ) . ' ' phylogeography of the fire - bellied toads\nhofman , s . , spolsky , c . , uzzell , t . , cog\u0103lniceanu , d . , babik , w . and szymura , j . 2007 . phylogeography of the fire - bellied toads , bombina : independent pleistocene histories inferred from mitochondrial genomes . molecular ecology 16 : 2301 - 2316 .\nis endemic to italy . it ranges from the southern tip of the italian mainland , north through the apennine region ( or in italian , appenine ) , where it stops just south of the po river valley ( dimartino and ferri 2002 ) . this species occurs in both terrestrial and freshwater habitats ( andreone and corti 2006 ) . it is commonly found in unshaded pools in forests and open areas ( andreone and corti 2006 ) , including pools formed in ditches , irrigation areas , farmland , or pasture land ( guarino et al . 1998 ) .\n, is toxic . the secretions are discharged through the skin when the animal is threatened or stimulated ( barberio et al . 1987 ) . these secretions have also been found to be antimicrobial and antifungal ( barberio et al . 1987 , mastromei et al . 1991 ) . when threatened , the animal will arch its back in response to expose its colorful yellow and black underside as a warning of its toxicity to possible predators ( bajger 1980 ) . this arching of the body is known as the\nunken reflex\nand the behavior is found throughout the genus\nthe dorsal surface can range from a dark - tan to a dark - gray color , and the surface of the skin is tubercular . the eye has a triangular pupil . this species is regarded by some workers as a subspecies of\nis diurnal , when it is active . hibernation takes place from november to late april . this species typically becomes active in may and begins breeding almost immediately , with the period of activity and breeding lasting until september . although\nis considered a prolonged breeder due to the long breeding period , a single animal does not reproduce continuously within that period . multiple distinct periods of calling and oviposition alternate with non - reproductive activity . this reproductive plasticity presumably allows\npopulations to make maximum use of the temporary pools preferred for breeding ( guarino et al 1998 ) . in addition , sperm was found to be constantly present in male testes , but the testes do not always exhibit all stages of spermatogenesis . males apparently use sperm from the preceding fall for the earlier periods of breeding ( guarino et al . 1998 ) .\nthe clutch size ranges from a few eggs to a few tens of eggs . it is thought that each female lays a few eggs during each wave of reproduction , but in different temporary pools . however , it is not clear how often females reproduce in the wild . female frogs in captivity showed varying reproductive activity , with one female laying several eggs multiple times during the month of june , and a few eggs during a short period in september ; another female laid a few eggs during a single short period in july ; a third captive female did not lay any eggs ( guarino et al . 1998 ) .\nthis species is relatively long - lived , with an average lifespan of 8 years , and an apparent maximum lifespan of 16 years . sexual maturity is attained during the third year of life ( guarino et al . 1995 ) .\nthis species is thought to be common in suitable habitat ( iucn 2008 ) but has also been reported as becoming increasingly rare in some parts of its range in southern italy ( caputo et al . 1992 ) .\nfaces a threat from chytrid fungus . this species was the first italian amphibian to be confirmed with chytrid infection , in the summer of 2001 ( stagni et al . 2004 ) . neometamorph\ncollected from the hills in the province of bologna experienced high mortality , dying within one or two weeks from collection and a few days after experiencing symptoms ( skin desquamation , locomotor difficulties , dry skin , anorexia , hyperaemia of fingers ) . in captivity the infection was nearly always fatal for newly metamorphosed\nfroglets , but only sometimes for subadults and adults . in contrast , neometamorphs collected from tuscan - romagna areas during the same time period did not show infection or symptoms ( stagni et al . 2004 ) .\nthe species may be declining due to the loss of wetland habitat as a result of agricultural damage ( canestrelli et al . 2006 ) . it occurs in several protected areas in italy , including parco nazionale d ' abruzzo , parco nazionale pollino and parco nazionale del gran sasso e monti della laga ( iucn 2008 ) . parco nazionale del gran sasso e monti della laga national park began a long - term monitoring program for this species in 1999 ( ferri 2000 ; dimartino and ferri 2002 ) .\nwhich were associated with man - made aquatic environments ( eg . troughs or washtubs ) underwent greater decline than those in natural habitats . maintenance and cleaning by agricultural workers had previously made these ideal for\nreproductive success , by removing shading and vegetation conducive to tadpole predators such as dragonflies and newts . inland depopulation and agricultural abandonment since the 1960 ' s , however , has resulted in the overgrowth or complete loss of these cultivated habitats , resulting in decline of\nman - made , regularly maintained water bodies in cultivated environments have become successful breeding sites for this species , as they provide a sustained , unshaded , vegetation free habitat for tadpole development ( stefano canessa , froglog 2012 ) .\nby lanza and vanni ( 1991 ) due to genetic distance based on allozymes ( nascetti et al . 1982 ) and morphological differences ( vaccaneo 1931 ) . canestrelli et al . ( 2006 ) have argued for maintaining it as a separate species , based on analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear markers , and that calabrian populations deserve special conservation status as the reservoir of significant genetic diversity for this species however , phylogenetic analysis by hofman et al . ( 2007 ) , using mitochondrial cyt b sequences , found that italian populations were nested within\ndi martino , v . , and ferri , v . ( 2002 ) .\nproceedings of third conference , save the amphibians , lugano , june 23 - 24 , 2000 , penne ( pescara ) .\nnel parco nazionale del gran sasso e monti della laga . indicazioni per la conservazione .\nente parco nazionale gran sasso e monti della laga . relazione per l ' ente gestore , italia .\nfromhage , l . , vences , m . , and veith , m . ( 2004 ) . ' ' testing alternative vicariance scenarios in western mediterranean discoglossid frogs . ' '\nguarino , f . m . , angelini , f . , and cammarota , m . ( 1995 ) . ' ' a skeletochronological analysis of three syntopic amphibian species from southern italy . ' '\niucn ( 2008 ) . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 10 october 2008 .\niucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 27 november 2008 .\nlanza , b . , and corti , c . ( 1993 ) . ' ' erpetofauna italiana : acquisizioni ed estinzioni nel corso del novecento . ' '\nlanza , b . , and vanni , s . ( 1991 ) . ' ' notes on the biogeography of the mediterranean island amphibians . ' '\nmastromei , g . , barberio , c . , pistolesi , s . , and delfino , g . ( 1991 ) . ' ' a bactericidal protein in\nnascetti , g . , vanni , s . , bullini , l . , and lanza , b . ( 1982 ) . ' ' variabilit\u00e0 e divergenza genetica in popolazioni italiane del genere\nsimoncelli , f . , fagotti , a . , dall ' olio , r . , vagnetti , d . , pascolini , r . , and di rosa , i . ( 2005 ) . ' ' evidence of\nbollettino dei musei di zoologia e di anatomia comparata della r . universit\u00e1 di torino , series iii\ndustin guericke , john cavagnaro ( dustingrey at gmail . com ) , black hills state university\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\na number of authors consider bombina pachypus to be a subspecies of bombina variegata ( bologna et al . 2000 ; ohler 1997 ; hofman et al . 2007 ) . the taxon was elevated to species level by lanza and vanni ( 1991 ) mainly through the use of preliminary electrophoretic data published in the form of a congress summary ( nascetti et al . 1982 ) and also on the basis of old morphological evidence ( vaccaneo 1931 ) .\njustification : listed as endangered because of a population decline , estimated to be more than 50 % ( but presumably lower than 80 % ) inferred from a decline in the area of occupancy , and significant reduction in mature individuals , in the past 10 years , possibly because of susceptibility of this species to the chytridiomycosis pathogen .\nthis species is endemic to italy , where it occurs south of the po valley , through the appenine region , south to the southern tip of the italian mainland . it ranges from 20 m asl up to almost 1 , 700 m asl ( in latium ) .\nit was formerly common in suitable habitat . however , the species has declined in almost all of its range ( with the exception of calabria , where populations remain stable ) over the last 10 years . a survey of representative sites across the species ' range showed that the species disappeared from > 50 % of surveyed sites between 1996 and 2004 ( 55 occupied sites in 1996 versus 23 occupied sites in 2004 ; barbieri et al . 2004 ) . significant recent declines in the populations of this species have been recorded from the province of siena ( piazzini et al . 2005 ) ; abruzzo ( ferri et al . 2007 ) ; ancona ( fiacchini 2003 ) ; lazio ( bologna et al . 2000 , bologna et al . 2007 ) and emilia - romagna ( stagni et al . 2005 ) .\nthe species occurs in shallow , unshaded pools in forests and open areas . spawning and larval development takes place in these pools . it also occurs in modified habitats , such as low - intensity farmland , pastureland , ditches , irrigations areas , drinking troughs , and ponds .\nthreats to this species are presumed to largely include loss and fragmentation of wetland habitat to drainage for intensive agricultural purposes . however many populations appear to have declined in areas of presumably intact habitat . in some places it may have very small populations ( 10 - 12 individuals ; mattoccia et al . 2005 ) ; these small populations are highly subject to stochastic extinctions . this species might also be threatened with chytridiomycosis , which has been associated with the deaths of several captive animals ( stagni et al . 2002 , stagni et al . 2005 ) , and further research into the possible impacts of this disease on populations of this species is needed . the cause of recent serious population declines remains incompletely known , but it has been speculated that chytridiomycosis is responsible .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of the bern convention , and on annexes ii and iv of the eu habitats directive , in both cases under bombina variegata . it is known to occur in many protected areas including several national parks . the cause of recent severe declines in this species requires urgent investigation and action .\nreformatted names of assessor ( s ) , reviewer ( s ) , contributor ( s ) , facilitator ( s ) and / or compiler ( s ) .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t54450a86629977 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 4 . forest - temperate suitability : suitable 4 . grassland - > 4 . 4 . grassland - temperate suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 4 . wetlands ( inland ) - bogs , marshes , swamps , fens , peatlands suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 7 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 8 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : marginal 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 2 . artificial / terrestrial - pastureland suitability : suitable 15 . artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15 . 2 . artificial / aquatic - ponds ( below 8ha ) suitability : suitable 15 . artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15 . 5 . artificial / aquatic - excavations ( open ) suitability : suitable 15 . artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15 . 7 . artificial / aquatic - irrigated land ( includes irrigation channels ) suitability : suitable 15 . artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15 . 8 . artificial / aquatic - seasonally flooded agricultural land suitability : marginal\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 3 . agro - industry grazing , ranching or farming\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 1 . unspecified species\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 2 . named species\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 2 . problematic native species / diseases - > 8 . 2 . 1 . unspecified species\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends\nbarbieri , f . , bernini , f . , guarino , f . m . and venchi , a . 2004 . distribution and status of bombina variegata in italy . italian journal of zoology suppl . 1 : 83 - 90 .\nbologna , m . a . , capula , m . and carpaneto , g . m . 2000 . anfibi e rettili del lazio . fratelli palombi editori , roma .\nbologna , m . a . , salvi , d . and pitzalis , m . 2007 . atlante degli anfibi e rettili della provincia di roma . gangemi editore , roma .\nbonato , l . , fracasso , g . , pollo , r . , richard , j . and semenzato , m . 2007 . atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili del veneto . associazione faunisti veneti , nuovadimensione .\ncaputo , v . , guarino , f . m . , trecroci , t . and tripepi , s . 1992 . amphibian species of campania and calabria : their distribution , ecology and conservation . in : ferri , v . ( ed . ) , atti i convegno italiano sulla salvaguardia degli anfibi . 19 : 109 - 118 .\ndupr\u00e9 , e . and la posta , a . 2008 . la direttiva habitat e lo stato di conservazione dell ' erpetofauna in italia . in : corti , c . ( ed . ) , herpetologia sardiniae . , pp . 235 - 240 . societas herpetologica italica / edizioni belvedere , latina , \u201cle scienze\u201d .\nemanueli , l . 1994 . ululone dal ventre giallo bombina variegata ( linneaeus 1758 ) . in : doria , g . and salvidio , s . ( eds ) , atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili della liguria . , pp . 50 - 51 . regione liguria , genova .\nferri , v . , di tizio , l . and pellegrini , m . r . 2007 . atlante degli anfibi d\u2019abruzzo . ianieri - talea edizioni , pescara .\nfiacchini , d . 2003 . atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili della provincia di ancona . assessorato all ' ambiente della provincia di ancona . nuove ricerche editore .\nfiacchini , d . 2008 . primo contributo per una \u201clista rossa\u201d dell ' erpetofauna marchigiana ( italia centrale ) : amphibia . in : corti , c . ( ed . ) , herpetologia sardiniae . , pp . 258 - 261 . societas herpetologica italica / edizioni belvedere , latina , \u201cle scienze\u201d .\nfromhage , l . , vences , m . and veith , m . 2004 . testing alternative vicariance scenarios in western mediterranean discoglossid frogs . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 31 ( 1 ) : 308 - 322 .\nguarino , f . m . , bellini , l . , mazzarella , g . and angelini , f . 1998 . reproductive activity of bombina pachypus from southern italy . the italian journal of zoology 65 ( 4 ) : 335 - 342 .\niucn . 2009 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2009 . 1 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 22 june 2009 ) .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 30 june 2016 ) .\nlanza , b . , andreone , f . , bologna , m . a . , corti , c . and razzetti , e . 2007 . fauna d ' italia amphibia . vol . xlii . edizioni calderini de il sole 24 ore editoria specializzta s . r . l . , bologna .\nlanza , b . and vanni , s . 1991 . notes on the biogeography of the mediterranean islands amphibians . atti conv . lincei , roma . 85 : 335 - 344 .\nmattoccia , m . , cari , b . , romano , a . and angelini , c . 2006 . osservazioni sull\u2019ecologia di alcune popolazioni di bombina pachypus ( amphibia : bombinatoridae ) nei monti lepini ( lazio ) . proceedings v congresso nazionale della societas herpetologica italica : 161 - 166 .\nnascetti , g . , vanni , s . , bullini , l . and lanza , b . 1983 . variabilit\u00e0 e divergenza genetica in popolazioni italiane del genere bombina ( amphibia , discoglossidae ) . boll zool . 49 ( suppl . ) : 134 - 135 .\nohler , a . 1997 . supplement to the list of european amphibians . in : gasc , j . - p . et al . ( ed . ) , atlas of amphibians and reptiles in europe , pp . 404 - 40 . societas europea herpetologica & mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( iegp / spn ) .\npiazzini , s . , favilli , l . and manganelli , g . 2005 . atlante degli anfibi della provincia di siena ( 1999 - 2004 ) . quaderni naturalistici 1 .\nscillitani , g . , rizzi , v . and gioiosa , m . 1996 . atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili della provincia di foggia . gitto , foggia .\nsindaco , r . , doria , g . , razzetti , e . and bernini , f . 2006 . atlas of italian amphibians and reptiles \\ \\ atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili d ' italia . societas herpetologica italica - edizioni polistampa , firenze .\nstagni , g . , scoccianti , c . and fusini , r . 2002 . segnalazione di chytridiomicosi in popolazioni di bombina pachypus ( anura , bombinatoridae ) dell ' appennino tosco - emiliano . iv congresso della societas herpetologica italica , a ercolano .\nvaccaneo , r . 1931 . ricerche sui caratteri morfologici dei bombinator italiani . bolletino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata della universit\u00e0 di torino 41 ( 5 ) : 1 - 47 .\nvanni , s . and nistri , a . 2006 . atlante degli anfibi e dei rettili della toscana . regione toscana & museo di storia naturale dell\u2019universit\u00e0 degli studi di firenze , sezione di zoologia \u201cla specola\u201d .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndipartimento di ecologia e sviluppo economico sostenibile , universit\u00e0 della tuscia , via san giovanni decollato 1 , 01100 viterbo , italy . canestrelli @ urltoken\nevery week the panama amphibian rescue and conservation project posts a new photo of a cute frog from anywhere in the world with an interesting , fun and unique story to tell . be sure to check back every monday for the latest addition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nkda ) , is the first amphibian member of the bv8 - prokineticin family . homologs of bv8 are present in the skin secretions of other amphibians such as\n. the striking characteristics of these proteins are their identical n - terminal sequence , avitg , and the presence of 10 cysteines with identical spacing , which define a five - disulfide - bridged motif called a colipase fold .\nthe high degree of identity between amphibian bv8 peptides , fish peptides , and mamba mit - 1 ( 58 % ) suggested that similar peptides could also be present in other species , including mammals . in the mouse , rat , cattle , monkey , and human , cdna cloning identified orthologs of bv8 (\n) . the two mammalian proteins similar to bv8 were named prokineticin 1 ( pk1 or eg - vegf ) and prokineticin 2 ( pk2 or mbv8 ) . a second form of pk2 has been identified and named pk2b ( because of an insert of 21 basic amino acids in its sequence ) . the name prokineticin refers to the ability of these peptides to contract guinea pig ileum , a property shared with amphibian bv8 .\nexpression patterns of rodent and human mrnas for pk1 and pk2 ( prok1 and prok2 ) have been reported in peripheral tissues ( dorsal root ganglia ( drg ) , gastrointestinal tract , endocrine glands , spleen , and human and murine leukocytes ) and the cns .\nprokineticins are also expressed in the neurons of the medial preoptic area , nucleus of solitary tract , trigeminal and facial nuclei , and drg .\nthe two g - protein - coupled receptors for bv8 - pks , prokineticin receptor 1 ( pkr1 ) and prokineticin receptor 2 ( pkr2 ) have an overall identity in their amino acid sequences of 85 % , with most differences at the n - terminal , and are approximately 80 % identical to the previously described mouse orphan receptor gpr73 . in specific endothelial cells , neurons , and transfected cells expressing these receptors , bv8 - induced pkr activation stimulates ca 2 + mobilization and phosphoinositol turnover , indicating a g q / o - protein coupling . receptor binding studies showed that pkr2 is a mit - preferring receptor ; indeed , the affinity of mit for pkr2 ( in the picomolar range ) is approximately 10 times higher than that of pk2 and 50 times higher than that of pk1 . pkr1 is a mit - and pk2 - preferring receptor ; the affinity of mit for pkr1 ( \u223c5\u201310 times lower than for pkr2 ) is comparable to that of pk2 and 60 times higher than that of pk1 . the affinity of bv8 for the receptors is comparable to that of pk2 and is approximately 40 times higher than that of pk1 .\nhuman kallmann syndrome ( ks ) , which combines anosmia , related to defective olfactory bulb morphogenesis , with hypogonadism due to gonadotropin - releasing hormone deficiency , appears to be related to mutations in the genes coding for pk2 and pkr2 . in a cohort of 192 patients affected by ks , 10 different point mutations were identified in the genes encoding pkr2 and four were identified in the genes encoding pk2 . the mutations in pk2 were detected in the heterozygous state , whereas pkr2 mutations were found in the heterozygous , homozygous , or compound heterozygous state . in addition , one of the patients heterozygous for a pkr2 mutation also carried a missense mutation in kal1 , thus indicating a possible digenic inheritance of the disease in this individual . these findings reveal that insufficient prokineticin - signaling through pkr2 leads to the abnormal development of the olfactory system and reproductive axis also in humans .\npkr1 and pkr2 mrnas are expressed in the drg of neonatal and adult rats . pkr1 is mainly expressed in small and medium - size neurons and pkr2 in large neurons . pkr proteins are present in the drg , in the outer layers of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord , and in the peripheral terminals of nociceptor axons . activation of nociceptor pkrs by bv8 in rats and mice produces nociceptive sensitization to thermal and mechanical stimuli , without inducing any spontaneous , overt nocifensive behavior or local inflammation . a physiological role of bv8 - prokineticins as peripheral and central pain modulators is supported by the observation that mice lacking the pkrs or pk2 are less sensitive to noxious heat ( hot - plate test ) than are wild - type mice . pkr1 - null mice also exhibited impaired development of hyperalgesia after tissue injury . the inflammatory agents cfa and mustard oil produced comparable paw edema in wild - type and pkr1 - null mice , but induced inflammatory nociceptive sensitization to heat and pressure significantly lower in pkr1 - knockout than in wild - type mice , demonstrating a role of prokineticins and their receptors in inflammatory pain .\nin situ mrna hybridization experiments demonstrated that pk2 is expressed by inflammatory cells , predominantly neutrophils , in the human inflamed tonsil and appendix and in the rat inflamed paw . pk2 released by inflammatory cells can bind and activate pkrs on the primary sensitive neurons contributing to inflammatory pain . neutrophil extracts , fractionated using ionic exchange chromatography , gel filtration , and reverse phase ( rp ) chromatography , displayed bv8 - like activity , displaced 125 i - mit binding from pkr1 - transfected chinese hamster ovary ( cho ) cell membranes and produced the bv8 - characteristic hyperalgesia when injected intrathecally in rats .\nprokineticin receptors are potential targets for drugs which block the nociceptive information before it reaches the brain . identifying of the structural determinants required for receptor binding and hyperalgesic activity of bv8 - prokineticins is thus mandatory for the design of pkr antagonists . the highly conserved n - terminal sequence avitga and the triptophan residue in position 24 in all members of the bv8 / pk family are required for biological activity ; deletions and substitutions in these conserved residues produce antagonist molecules . preclinical studies are currently being carried out on these mutated pk peptides as pkr antagonists endowed with analgesic properties .\nkda ) . the amino acid sequence was established by automated edman degradation and analysis of proteolytic fragments as well as by cdna cloning . homologs of bv8 have been predicted ( but not yet isolated ) in skin secretions of\n( bm8a ) . these proteins are derived from simple precursors composed of a putative 19 - residue signal peptide and the mature protein . bo8 and bm8a show 96 % and 92 % sequence identity with bv8 . moreover , the putative signal peptides in all three proproteins are 100 % identical (\n) . the primary sequence of bv8 is similar to mit ( mamba intestinal toxin ) , a constituent of the venom of the snake black mamba . the amphibian and snake proteins share the same pattern of cysteine distribution , and their overall identity is 58 % . cdna cloning showed the existence of mouse ( mbv8 ) and human ( hbv8 ) homologs of amphibian bv8 .\n) . a similar cys - motif is also present in mammalian colipase and in the carboxy - terminal region of members of the dickkopf family of extracellular signaling proteins . however , the frog protein does not stimulate the activity of pancreatic lipase , and it is also inactive in an assay for dickkopf functions . starting from the 3d - structure of mammalian colipase , a model was built for frog bv8 in which the hydrophobic amino terminal sequence avitg forms a sort \u201cbeak\u201d exposed at the surface of the tightly folded rest of the protein .\ntwo forms of mbv8 and hbv8 have been characterized in the mouse and human testis . these forms differ in an exon coding for 21 amino acids , the majority of which are basic (\n) . the predominant site of bv8 expression in both humans and mice is primary spermatocytes in the seminiferus tubules of the testis . the genomic structure of these murine and human bv8 genes has been determined , and the chromosomal localization was identified near a synteny breakpoint of mouse chromosome 6 and human 3p21 .\nidentified two human est sequences , one encoding the human protein already described and the other encoding a slightly different bv8 - like protein . the two proteins were named prokineticin 2 ( pk2 ) and prokineticin 1 ( pk1 ) (\n) . the name prokineticin refers to the ability of these peptides to contract gpi , a property shared with amphibian bv8 .\nidentified a protein that induced proliferation , migration , and fenestration in the endothelial cells of steroid synthesizing glands ( ovary , testis , adrenals ) and named it endocrine - gland - derived vascular endothelial growth factor ( eg - vegf ) . eg - vegf and pk1 are the same protein and have an overall identity of 58 % and homology of 76 % with human pk2 and murine bv8 and 43 % identity with amphibian bv8 . pk1 / eg - vegf has been isolated and sequenced also from bovine milk . rat and human mrnas for pk1 and pk2 have been cloned and their expression patterns reported in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system .\nthe distribution of murine bv8 - like proteins , pk1 and pk2 , and their mrnas has been reported in the brain ( olfactory bulb , cerebral cortex , hippocampus , some thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei , purkinje cells of the cerebellum , many nuclei of the brain stem ) , spinal cord , gastrointestinal tract , endocrine glands , and other peripheral organs .\n( being the lowest in the dark phase ) and is severely blunted in mutant mice deficient in clock or cryptochrome genes . pk2 / bv8 , constitutively expressed in cells and organs of myeloid origin , is dramatically upregulated by inflammatory processes .\nreceptors for pk1 and pk2 have been identified in humans , mice , and rats . these receptors , named prokineticin receptor 1 and 2 ( pkr1 and pkr2 ) , belong to the family of g protein - coupled receptors , share approximately 85 % amino acid identity , and are about 80 % identical to the previously described mouse orphan receptor gpr73 . in a study aimed to map the expression of pkr1 and pkr2 in rat and mouse nervous system , we\ndetected pkr2 mrna in the brain ( olfactory bulbs , scn , hippocampus , paraventricular thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei , nucleus arcuatus , subfornical organ ( sfo ) , amygdala , caudate putamen , and cortex ) and in dorsal root ganglia ( drg ) . pkr1 is mainly expressed outside the mammalian central nervous system , with the highest density in the neurons of drg . pkr1 is also expressed by murine macrophages . mice lacking the pkr2 show a dramatic reduction in olfactory bulbs ( ob ) size , and they do not survive ; mice lacking pkr1 are severely deficient in their responses to noxious thermal and chemical ( capsaicin , protons ) stimuli .\nintensive investigation of the bv8 / prokineticin system over the past decade has revealed a dazzling array of physiological functions including the regulation of circadian rhythms , metabolism , angiogenesis , neurogenesis , muscle contractility , hematopoiesis , immune response , reproduction , and pain perception . in addition , the disruption of prokineticin system has been implicated in several pathological conditions , including cancer , immunological response , mood disorder ( anxiety / depression ) ,\ncardiomyopathy , and persistent pain . point mutations in the genes encoding for prokineticins and / or prokineticin receptors are involved in human kallmann\u2019s syndrome and hirschprung\u2019s disease .\nthe isolation of an adequate amount of the amphibian bv8 protein has provided valuable research tools for characterizing the prokineticin pharmacology .\nmm . in cell - based assays , bv8 and eg - vegf / pk1 induce proliferation , migration , and survival of primary adrenal cortical capillary endothelial ( ace ) cells . delivery of bv8 or eg - vegf to the mouse testis results in a potent angiogenic response resulting from activation of pkrs on vascular endothelial cells within the interstitial space .\npmol ) into the lateral ventricles of the rat brain suppress diurnal , nocturnal , deprivation - induced , and neuropeptide y - stimulated feeding . bv8 injected icv also stimulates drinking in a dose - dependent manner . we showed that bv8 stimulates drinking through its receptors in the sfo and inhibits feeding after injection into the arcuate nucleus . rat sensitivity to the bv8 - induced anorexogenic response increases significantly during the dark phase of the circadian cycle ,\nin accordance with the physiological role of bv8 / pk2 in controlling circadian rhythm from the scn .\nin rats , icv and sc injections of bv8 induce antidiuresis dependent on vasopressin release . bv8 injected sc also induces the release of oxytocin and corticosterone .\n) , and intrabrain administration of amphibian bv8 induces hyperalgesia activating the prokineticin receptors that are present on peripheral nociceptors and in regions of the central nervous system associated with pain .\ntranslocation , and sensitization of the vanilloid receptor trpv1 , hence decreasing the nociceptive threshold to mechanical and thermal stimuli .\namphibian bv8 injected into the periaqueductal gray ( pag ) exerts a pronociceptive action by increasing the intrinsic gabaergic tone which , in turn , is responsible for the inhibition of pag antinociceptive output neurons demonstrating that the bv8 / pkr system may also intervene in modulating central pain mechanisms .\nwe have shown that amphibian bv8 activates macrophages to migrate and to produce proinflammatory cytokines . it is also able to affect the t lymphocyte population , because the administration\nof amphibian bv8 skews the th1 / th2 balance toward a th1 response . all these effects depend on the activation of pkr1 because they lack in the lymphocytes and macrophages from pkr1 - ko mice .\nendogenous bv8 / pk2 is overexpressed in inflamed tissues and in animal and human neoplastic tissue , predominantly in infiltrating neutrophils . these cells can secrete it , since the sequence of the precursors contains the typical signal peptide for secretion .\nferrara\u2019s group showed that bv8 regulates myeloid - cell - dependent tumor angiogenesis . we showed that bv8 has a crucial role in neutrophil - dependent inflammatory hypernociception .\nto develop pkr antagonists as novel analgesic and antiinflammatory drugs , structural determinants required for the biological activity of bv8 must be identified .\nstudies from our group suggested that avitga family members could interact with pkr1 / pkr2 by orienting the protein region that comprises the avitga sequence and the conserved tryptophan residue in position 24 . the n - terminal deletion of the first two amino acids in amphibian bv8 molecule ( dav - bv8 ) yield an analog lacking any biological activity but still able to bind the receptors . dav - bv8 is a short acting antagonist\n. substituting trp with ala in position 24 yields a molecule , a - 24 , that preferentially binds and activates pkr2 . it displays weak affinity and efficacy on pkr , acting as an antagonist . a - 24 has an extraordinary , long - lasting antihyperalgasic effect in animal models of postsurgical and inflammatory pain .\nsome nonpeptide molecules , triazine - guanidine derivatives , seem very promising . local or systemic injection of the lead compound , pc1 , abolishes the hyperalgesia in animal models of inflammatory\nand postsurgical pain and speeds up the paw healing being , on a molar base , about a thousand times more potent than indomethacin ( unpublished ) . our results also show an important role for the bv8 / pkr in neuropathic pain at least in rodents . if this role is confirmed in humans , reducing bv8 levels in damaged tissues or antagonizing pkrs might be an innovative strategy to control persistent , invalidating pain .\n) , well - distributed along the rh\u00f4ne river , has disappeared in the swiss rh\u00f4ne downstream of lake l\u00e9man since 1980 , despite multiple re - introductions ( geneva herpetological society ) .\nsome amphibians are mainly found in the northern part of the rh\u00f4ne . smooth newt (\n) are rare in the french upper rh\u00f4ne and lower rh\u00f4ne floodplains upstream of mont\u00e9limar but are absent downstream . south great crested newts (\n) are scarce because of the lack of reproduction areas . backwaters around arles have been identified as the last southern reproduction areas for this species . around geneva , south great crested newt populations have been declining since 1987 because of the non - native italian great crested newt (\n) is found as far as mont\u00e9limar . other amphibians are mainly present in the south part of the rh\u00f4ne river . the mediterranean tree frog (\nis commonly found in camargue and in the lower rh\u00f4ne floodplain . until recently , the mediterranean tree frog and common tree frog co - occurred between lyon and valence but river regulation and the loss of wetlands led to their quasi - extinction . the western spadefoot is present from the delta to valence , and the parsley frog (\nhas disappeared in the mediterranean part of the rh\u00f4ne since the early 20th century . most amphibian species are protected .\n, which is endangered also because of habitat reduction in many areas . among amphibians , the endemic sardinian brook newt (\n) is present in the flumendosa basin , and the few populations are considered endangered .\nthere are four species of salamanders , the most widespread being the fire salamander ( salamandra salamandra ) , common in mountain ranges of continental and peninsular italy . the alpine salamander ( s . atra ) is still frequent in the upper ranges of the central - eastern alps , while the endemic lanza ' s salamander ( s . lanzai ) is restricted to a few locations in the headwaters of the po basin , in the western alps . lastly , the spectacled salamander ( salamandrina terdigitata ) is common along all the apennines , mostly between 300 and 900 m asl . the most common newts are : the alpine newt ( mesotriton alpestris ) , mostly in the western alps and northern apennines , the italian crested newt ( triturus carnifex ) widely distributed throughout italy , except the islands , the italian newt ( lissotriton italicus ) , endemic of the central and southern apennines , and the smooth newt ( l . vulgaris ) , common from the central apennines to the lower ranges of the alps .\n) in the apennines . there also are some endemic frogs , including the tyrrhenian painted frog (\n, which are common in other parts of northern italy , have reduced populations . the only priority species , according to the habitat directive , is the\n) , still present along the whole adige valley but endangered because of a reduction in their specific habitats , represented by small , temporary pools in the river floodplains . reptiles associated with freshwater habitats include the common grass and dice snakes (\n( stebbins & cohen 1995 ) . habitat loss and drought may have also contributed to the decline of these species . recent biomolecular research (\n) . amphibian richness within a given habitat was significantly related to distance from islands , fish density and water temperature . vegetated islands and large woody debris played pivotal roles , directly and indirectly , in maintaining both habitat and amphibian diversity in this gravel - bed river .\n) . two thirds of the amphibians and 1 / 3 of the reptiles prefer riverine landscape elements ; the remaining species occur in adjacent hillslope and upland areas . only three reptiles are truly aquatic :\ndespite the enormous interest in keeping exotic amphibians and reptilians as pets , which can result in abandoned or escaped animals , no introduced alien species have established reproducing populations in the basin until now . nevertheless , there are problems with the ongoing introduction of trachemys scripta elegans and other pond turtles , especially in germany and austria , because they most likely compete with the native turtle emys orbicularis .\n) . many species are protected also by national laws ( e . g . ,\n) . destruction of wetlands is the most serious threat to amphibian populations . even common species like\nis locally threatened due to drainage , pollution , and destruction of breeding ponds and adjacent terrestrial habitats . in recent years ,\nand called it ranatensin . in the same year , and shortly thereafter , erspamer\nby 1978 , similar peptides had been isolated from other amphibians : the nonapeptide ( 9 amino acid peptide ) litorin , the undecapeptide ranatensin c , and the heptadecapeptide ( 17 amino acid peptide ) ranatensin r .\nfrom porcine non - antral gastric tissue . the sequence of this peptide was identified by the same group in the next year ,\nand because of the most prominent function of this peptide , which is stimulation of gastric acid secretion due to the release of gastrin , the peptide was given the name gastrin - releasing polypeptide . the next year , the same group identified grp in the chicken proventriculus as another 27 - amino acid peptide .\ncharacterized three forms of grp ( 27 , 23 , and 10 ) from canine intestinal extracts .\n) in the porcine spinal cord ; the next year , the same group identified grp - 10 in the porcine spinal cord , calling it nmc .\nin 1984 , grp - 27 was isolated and characterized from human pulmonary carcinoid cells .\nlater on , similarity was found between the two classes of peptides , the amphibian peptides and grp , especially at the biologically active cooh - terminal . however , because the nh\nthe highest amphibian diversity is found in the floodplain areas and small waterbodies of the upper and middle rhine . in recent gravel ponds , rare species such as\nin the northern middle rhine . in reed belts and willows of lake constance and floodplains of the upper rhine , tree frogs (\n) can be heard during summer . early studies reported populations of the european water turtle\n) . rare recent sightings of this species are due to the release of aquarium specimens . several non - native reptiles ( mostly the painted turtle\nand other turtles , but even caimans and alligators ) are observed for the same reason ; however they rarely find suitable wintering conditions to maintian populations .\n) . due to land - use changes and river regulation , many amphibian populations declined or gone extinct in floodplains along the rhine tributaries in the netherlands ( delta rhine ) . however , several common amphibian species still occur , such as\ncomplex . the frequencies of occurrence and densities are still rather low in comparison with pristine areas .\nhibernate in meadows , thickets and bushes on sand or clay in the higher as well as lower parts of floodplains .\nclearly prefer sandy habitats in the higher parts of floodplains . the ringed snake snake is still frequently observed in floodplains along the nederrijn and ijssel (\nthe views of darwin , wallace , rensch , and mayr that geographic replacement forms , subspecies and semispecies , are in fact incipient species , has few critics today . most geographic replacement species ( i . e . , \u201csemispecies , \u201d which intergrade only rarely when they meet ) must indeed have evolved from previously interbreeding subspecies . modern genetic data have done nothing to cast doubt on this idea . meanwhile , superspecies became a term reserved for groups of semispecies that intergraded little at their boundaries .\nhowever , under the trinominal approach , taxonomists were now required to describe subspecies , which has never been seen as a particularly noble activity in comparison to the description of species , especially recently . a strong attack on the zoological subspecies was mounted by\n. both were systematists working on ants , a group particularly riddled with poorly conceived trinominals and other named varieties at the time . wilson and brown argued that subspecies rarely , if ever , could be justified on the basis of multiple characters , and that therefore they were not \u201creal taxa . \u201d the only \u201creal taxa\u201d were species , which in a sense were self - defining because interbreeding prevented divergent genes from flowing from one species to another . subspecies that interbred at their boundaries , on the other hand , were not so endowed , so that genes and morphological characters could flow between them . good examples of subspecies were put forward which undoubtedly would be hard to justify on multiple character grounds . this single paper was enormously influential on systematics in the united states , and generations of insect systematists trained at harvard and cornell , where wilson and brown worked , and their own many intellectual descendants , and their students\u2019 students in turn , have eschewed the practice of naming subspecies .\nacross a broad front in europe . the two forms hybridize freely in the contact zone\u2014although the hybrids can be shown to suffer some inviability\u2014and so should really be classified as members of the same species under polytypic or biological species concepts . however , it has always seemed natural to place such well - defined forms in separate species in spite of the fact they have not truly \u201cspeciated . \u201d the two taxa differ strongly in call , morphology , skin thickness , the sizes of water bodies used for breeding , and egg size , as well as in mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) and protein sequence . the levels of differentiation suggest that the\ntaxa have evolved separately for many millions of years . this situation of multiple character changes has now been shown to be true across many examples of subspecies as well as species separated by hybrid zones . gene flow can be shown to be almost completely blocked by hybrid zones such as these , even if hybridization is frequent ("]}
{"id": 538, "summary": [{"text": "the yellowhead jawfish ( opistognathus aurifrons ) is a species of jawfish native to coral reefs in the caribbean sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found at depths of from 3 to 40 metres ( 9.8 to 131.2 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the head and upper body are a light , but brilliant , yellow color slowly fading to a pearlescent blue hue .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it remains near its relatively small territory , and is typically seen with only the head and upper section of its body protruding from its burrow , although it sometimes can be found hovering nearby .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is able to arrange material using its mouth , carrying sand , shells , or small rocks from one location to another .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is a mouthbrooder , with the male carrying the eggs in its mouth until they hatch . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "yellowhead jawfish", "paragraphs": ["stratton , richard f . 1993 . the yellowhead jawfish . tfh 3 / 93 .\nthe species opistognathus aurifrons is known under several different names in english , including yellowhead jawfish , yellow - head jawfish , yellow - headed jawfish , pearly jawfish , and yellow headed pearly jawfish .\nthe largest scientifically measured yellowhead jawfish was 10 . 0 cm / 3 . 9 in .\nseveral other species of jawfish changes colour during the period period , but this is not the case for the yellowhead jawfish .\nthe depth range for the yellowhead jawfish is 3 - 40 meters / 10 - 131 feet .\nlobel , phil s . 1982 . the yellowhead jawfish ; opistognathus aurifrons . fama 4 / 82 .\nnoyes , john c . 1974 . yellowhead jawfish . marine aquarist 5 ( 2 ) : 74 .\nthe yellowhead jawfish can be bred in captivity , with the yellowhead jawfish being the easiest jawfish to breed . however the survival rate of their fry in the home aquarium is fairly low . first off you will need to get a pair .\na yellowhead jawfish peeks out of its burrow in a home aquarium . ( image credit : robert harman )\nyoung , forrest a . 1982 . the yellowhead jawfish ; breeding the marine mouthbrooder in captivity . fama 4 / 82 .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is easy to feed , as they will accept prepared foods without hesitation . there is however a different issue to face when feeding\nyoung , forrest a . 1982 . the yellowhead jawfish : breeding in captivity . freshwater and marine aquarium magazine , 5 : 4 , april 1982 .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is generally a peaceful species that can be kept with other peaceful species of similar size in the community aquarium . aggressive species should be avoided and it is also safest to avoid other burrowing fishes that may bully the docile jawfish . as mentioned above , you can find large colonies of yellowhead jawfish in the wild and you can keep a colony if your aquarium is big enough . an entire colony of yellowhead jawfish hovering above their burrows is a fascinating sight . sticking to one species of jawfish is safer than trying to combine several species .\nyellowhead jawfish are found in the shallow seas of florida , the caribbean and elsewhere in the western central atlantic ocean , and are often seen in the aquarium trade .\nsince i first set eyes on a wild specimen while scuba diving in the florida keys , i\u2019ve been enamored with the yellowhead , a . k . a . pearly , jawfish (\nif you\u2019re going to maintain large saltwater aquarium tank then yellowhead jawfish is one good choice . it is one beautiful fish that burrows in the aquarium sand . you\u2019ll find this fish a good tank - mate with other non - aggressive saltwater fishes . yellowhead jawfish is usually found in sandy and rubble - strewn reef environments . they make a perfect pet for saltwater aquarium .\nthe yellowhead jawfish may nip at and even eat small crustaceans in the aquarium . the recommended water temperature when keeping yellowhead jawfish is 75 - 82\u00b0 f / 25 - 28\u00b0 c . the ph - value should be in the 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 range , the carbonate hardness at 8 - 12\u00b0 dkh , and the specific gravity at 1 . 020 - 1 . 023 .\nbeing a relatively small , burrowing species , the yellowhead jawfish does not require an especially large aquarium . a 30 - gallon tank will more than suffice provided enough open bottom real estate is available .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is not typically aggressive towards its own species , however territorial disputes can occur if the tank is too small . i would recommend at least 30 gallons per jawfish , with 3 - 4 jawfish being the limit on how many you should have . keeping additional jawfish is typically an attempt to form a mated pair , so more than a few should not be necessary .\ncolin , pl . 1971 . interspecific relationships of the yellowhead jawfish , opistognathus aurifrons ( pisces , opistognathidae ) . copeia 1971 ( 3 ) : 469 - 473 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1442443\nany fishes that share your yellowhead jawfish\u2019s tank must be relatively small , peaceful , and sedate . large or highly energetic species constantly swooping overhead will keep your jawfish perpetually concealed in its burrow , so all you\u2019ll ever see is a pair of bulging eyes glancing nervously about .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is a small carnivore who creates a small cavern underneath the sand bed . they fortify their new burrow with larger pieces of rock , sand and miscellaneous debris , creating a solid tunnel for their home .\ncolin , patrick l . 1972 . daily activity patterns and effects of environmental conditions on the behavior of the yellowhead jawfish opistognathus aurifrons , with notes on its ecology . zoologica 57 ( 4 ) : 37 - 169 .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is a pushover when it comes to other fish . they are not suited to tanks with any aggressive tank mates and are easy targets as they create a burrow from which they cannot escape . be wary of any opportunistic feeders , such as emerald crabs who can easily corner the jawfish .\nbeing a bottom dweller and more of burrower and peaceful fish they\u2019re preferred for non - aggressive saltwater tank . so if you\u2019re keeping non - aggressive fishes in your saltwater tank consider getting atleast 2 - 3 yellowhead jawfish for your tank .\nthe deep sandbed required is the main topic here . the yellowhead jawfish requires no less than 5\u2033 of sand . this can create plenty of toxic air traps , meaning your filtration , flow and sand sifting become twice as essential as the normal tank .\nsize & color : yellowhead jawfish can grow upto size of 10cm and has lifespan of about 5 years or more . yellowhead jawfish has bright yellow head and light blue or white body . on the chin you can see the pair of black dots . ph & temperature : you need to maintain ph range of about 8 . 1 \u2013 8 . 4 . yellowheads jawfish requires temperature in the range 25\u00b0c \u2013 28\u00b0c that means they require normal room temperature . hardness in the range of 8 \u2013 12dkh should be maintained . you need atleast 30 gallons of tank and it should be at least 90cm in length .\nfood : yellowhead jawfish can accept itamin enriched flake foods , frozen and live foods . being a carnivore , it requires meaty food in the aquarium . you can occasionally give them brine shrimp , mysis shrimp , bloodworms and small pieces of clam flesh . food rich with vitamins is suggested for them so you can give them flake food or fresh food regularly other than live food . many times yellowhead jawfish don\u2019t leave it\u2019s home and that\u2019s why it is necessary to drop food that can sink to the bottom and they can catch it .\njawfish are named for their humorously large mouths , which serve several important functions .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is an egg - laying species where the male fish broods the offspring inside his mouth . this is called paternal mouth - brooding . the eggs will hatch inside his mouth and the offspring will not be released until they are large enough to be free swimming .\nthe yellow - headed jaw is hard to distinguish as male / female , but other species ( blue - spotted , the atlantic yellowhead opistognathus gilberti ) males show marked color changes at breeding times .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is a carnivore that in the wild feeds on detrius and plankton . in the home aquarium , it feeds on meaty foods including brine shrimp , mysis , and even flake an pellet once it realizes that those are food items . if your jawfish refuses to come out to eat , food can be placed near it ' s burrow using a pipette .\nif you wish to keep yellowhead jawfish , you need an aquarium of at least 30 gallons / 115 litres . the aquariums should ideally be at least 3 feet / 90 cm in length . a secure lid is strongly recommended since this fish is an agile jumper , especially if frightened .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is a wonderful looking fish with a bright yellow head and a white or light blue body . the yellowhead jawfish likes to burrow in the substrate and prefer a deeper sand bed with crushed coral and various grades of sand , at least 3 to 5 inches . they have the incredible ability to quickly dart back into their burrow tail first when spooked . you usually won ' t see them swimming around alot . they like to hang vertically above the burrow or in the burrow with only their yellow heads poking out . it ' s really neat to see a colony of them in a tank hanging vertically above their holes watching you .\nthe shy yellowhead jawfish doesn\u2019t like to venture far from its burrow , especially not when newly introduced to a new aquarium , and it is therefore advisable to place the food near the opening of the burrow . when it feels safer in the aquarium it will dare to swim further and further away from its home to find food .\nthe yellowhead jawfish should do well with other peaceful marine fish and you should be able to keep multiple yellow jawheads in the same tank , provided that there is enough territory for each . however , the different jawfish species may not co - exist peacefully in the same tank . they have been known to jump out of tanks when first introduced , so you ' ll need a good tight fitting hood with no possible escape points .\nopistognathus sp . u2 gold specs jawfish . mabul malaysia . a male with a mouthful of eggs .\nnoyes , john c . 1987 . the dusky jawfish , opistognathus whitehurstii . fama 4 / 87 .\nthe yellowhead jawfish\u2019s natural diet consists primarily of zooplankton that drifts close to its burrow . in captivity , it will accept a wide range of fare . items such as mysis shrimp , plankton , chopped clams or shrimp , and other small , meaty foods will be accepted with gusto . your specimen may even learn to accept dry pellets and flakes .\nthe yellowhead jawfish is primarily a carnivore and need meaty foods in their diet . at first , you may need to deposit the food near the burrow opening to entice them to eat . after they become acclimated they may become less shy and may come out of the burrow to eat . be warned , they may nip at and eat small crustaceans .\nbut jawfish are also mouthbrooders , meaning a parent fish will use their mouth to hold eggs until they hatch . yellowhead jawfish are known to be monogamous , with pairs digging adjacent burrows and sometimes sharing or switching burrows ( hess 1993 ) . males are the responsible brooder , and will hold a clutch of eggs in their mouth for 5 to 7 days ( hess 1993 ) \u2014 all the while looking like a chump with a mouth full of sticky marbles .\nwith their bug - like eyes and bucket - like mouths , jawfish win their way into most hobbyists ' hearts . their personality and hardiness are commendable . all too often , however , jawfish take the rap for destructive tendencies . in most cases the destructive habits are the fault of the hobbyist ignoring the needs of the jawfish .\njawfish have slender bodies that let them slink in and out of their burrows . ( image credit : unknown )\nthere are other species collected for the hobby from the atlantic like the mottled jawfish ( opistognathus maxillosus ) that are generally offered as\nmiscellaneous\njawfish . i have yet to find any that did not do well in captivity .\nthe yellowhead jawfish will gladly accept frozen foods and can be trained to eat pellets with relative ease . simply introduce pellets along with the frozen foods . they will pick on the food , as they understand you are feeding them . after this they will either ignore the food for now or eat it . continue doing this , scooping out any excess food to prevent an algae bloom .\nstraughan , robert p . l . 1965 . the pearly jawfish , a sea nymph . tfh 1 / 65 .\npublished on aug 27 , 2012 a most cooperative , friendly , entertaining and beautiful yellowhead jawfish at the blue heron bridge on august 25 , 2012 . the\nautofocus\non a digital rebel isn ' t yet ready for prime time , so using a macro lens for something like this leaves a bit to be desired . sorry about that . : - ) a new one from jan 2013 : urltoken\nwhen the fish is not hiding , you can see it hover vertically in close vicinity to its burrow , often straight above it . if anything frightens it , it will instantly dart back to its protective burrow tail first . this fish will not swim around much , because it wants to stay close to its burrow at all times . in the wild , you can find large colonies of yellowhead jawfish .\nmating , spawning , and the rearing of jawfish fry has been successful in home aquariums . a 4 ' tank is recommended for the pair in so much as natural territories of jawfish range from 1 - 3 ' . in spawning season ( spring through fall ) , sexual dichromatism is present in some species . the yellow head jawfish gains black spots on the ventral side of the head , while the blue spot jawfish ' s posterior becomes white . outside of spawning season there is no sexual dichromatism .\nwhen the jawfish is not comfortable with their environment , they will be unlikely to leave the burrow , sitting inside with their head poking out like an eel . comfortable jawfish will dart out of their burrow for feeding time , have their fill and then return to business as usual . uncomfortable jawfish , on the other hand , will need the food to be delivered to their home .\nkerstitch , alex . 1979 . the first record of the courtship behavior of the blue spot jawfish . fama 9 / 79 .\njawfish will only spawn in the middle of their life span . those too young or too old will not attempt to spawn , with the age of two being the average time where spawning no longer occurs . this is frighteningly early for those looking to keep a bloodline of jawfish running in their tank . likewise those with well established jawfish may have missed their chance to breed the fish .\nthe blue spot jawfish . one look and you can understand why some hobbyist don ' t balk at the $ 200 price tag .\nthe yellowhead jawfish inhabits the western central atlantic . its native range stretches from florida , usa down to the northern parts of south america . this is a reef associated species that live inside burrows made of crushed coral and sand . it is typically found in sandy and rubble - strewn reef environments . these fishes enter the burrow tail first and you can often see their head stick up from the whole while the rest of the body remains hidden .\nthe jawfish should be some of the first fishes introduced , especially if you are crowding them population wise ; and introduced all at once .\nif you\u2019ve heard that the yellowhead jawfish is a good jumper , you\u2019ve not been misinformed ! this species is a true acrobat ! once while giving a specimen a freshwater dip , i watched in disbelief as it \u201ctail walked\u201d like a dolphin across the water surface and flipped right out of the container . fortunately , i was right there on hand to pick it up and return it . needless to say , a good tank cover is a must if you plan to keep this species .\nthis is helpful when large predators try to flush them out of their burrows . nassau groupers ( ephinephelus striatus ) have been observed to fan their tails to cover jawfish burrows with sand , in hopes of forcing the jawfish to burrow back out and show their heads\u2026 and get eaten . but the jawfish seem to be able to play the waiting game , and can wait up to 10 hours before attempting to reopen their burrows ( colin 1971 ) .\nthe family opistognathidae , otherwise commonly known as jawfish , is comprised of three genera and nearly 40 described species with possibly another 30 un - described .\nthe bottom of the aquarium should be covered in a deep ( at least 3 in / 7 . 5 cm ) layer of sand since the yellowhead jawfish needs to dig out a burrow . ideally use various grades of sand ( not only soft sand ) and include crushed corals . also use large amounts of rock for the set up to mimic the natural environment of this species . various size rocks among the soft substrate can be necessary to help reinforce the burrows and rockpiles will be highly appreciated .\nyellowhead jawfish stkg . 12 / 27 / 07 dear crew , thank you for all the help you have i given me in the past . you don ' t know how much you have helped me . unfortunately a new problem arises . i have been interested in opistognathus aurifrons for some time now and have been planning to convert my 55 gallon freshwater tank into a saltwater tank for the soul purpose of keeping these jawfish . my question is if i kept nothing but jawfish and some liverock in this tank could i fit four ? < mmm , possibly . . . but all would be happier / better with just two or three . . . > the reason i would like four is because i would like to obtain a pair for breeding purposes . any suggestions ? thanks , tuscan thompson < take a bit of time reading accounts of jawfish spawning , aquaculture . . . maybe start at the breeders registry ( . com ) . bob fenner >\nto : henry c . schultz iii hi henry , my name is loong fat ho and i am an undergraduate marine biology student at roger williams university . i work as a project leader in rwu\u00e3\u00a2\u00e2\u0082\u00ac\u00e2\u0084\u00a2s marine ornamentals research laboratory . i am in the process of starting a new project involving the captive breeding yellowhead jawfish . there is very little information out there on jawfish and one of the articles published by fresh and marine aquarium magazine is very important for my project . this is the article : young , forrest a . 1982 . the yellowhead jawfish : breeding in captivity . freshwater and marine aquarium magazine , 5 : 4 , april 1982 . i ' ve read your article\nlets jaw about jawfish\nand ive seen that you ' ve cited this article . i have gone through our university ' s inter - library loan system and they could nopt deliver . i can ' t get a hold of fma magazine . is there any posibility that you might still acces to this specific article ? they referencing is extemly important to my research proposal , without it i can hardly substantiate any of my experiments . how can i get a hold of this article and how much will it cost ? i need it as soon as possible as it is crucial to my experiment . thank you , loong fat ho\nthe two most commonly kept jawfish are o . rosenblatti and o . aurifrons . i will concentrate my discussion on these two fish . from here on in the discussion , when i refer to\njawfish ,\ni will mean these two species . i will touch on a few additional species at the end .\njawfish are very difficult to sex , with the most reliable method being the shape of their head . those with more pointy heads and smaller bodies are typically female while the larger , flat large headed jawfish are much more likely to be male . additionally females will frequently have a more rounded abdomen than their male counterparts .\nopistognathus whitehursti ( longley 1927 ) , the dusky jawfish . to 14 cm . western atlantic : southern florida , usa and bahamas to northern south america . urltoken\ndusky jawfish , opistognathus whitehurstii are camouflaged beauties that deserve more attention . their brown mottled bodies are accentuated with glowing red to aqua eyes . to 3 . 2 inches .\nthe substrate must be at least four inches deep to accommodate this species\u2019 burrowing behavior , and it should include material of varying grain sizes as well as larger rubble pieces that your jawfish can use to stabilize its home . burrows constructed in substrate consisting entirely of fine - grain sand are likely to collapse ( on top of your jawfish ! ) .\ndefinitely , these are the species you want to keep it you ' re into studying overt intra - species behavior ; and it should be just one jawfish species per system .\nseveral jawfish are commonly referred to as\ndusky jawfish .\nthese would include opistognathus macrognathus , opistognathus maxillosus , opistognathus scops , and opistognathus whitehursti . unlike the jawfishes discussed above , these are not planktonic feeders . they will consume small fish or shrimp if they fit into their mouths . also , unlike their cousins , they lack attractive patterns or colors .\nchoosing the appropriate tank mates for your jawfish is a task not to be taken lightly . with the wrong mix , you ' ll either kill the fish or never see it .\nanother jawfish commonly referred to as the\ndusky\nis o . whitehursti . it is the smallest opistognathus at 3\nand thus requires a quieter tank than the others . like all other jawfish sold under the\ndusky\nname , it is not a planktonic feeder . shrimp should probably not be added to their aquarium unless they are intended as a meal .\nkeep a close eye when the jawfish is first building their home , as their digging can easily cause rock slides . once their burrow is complete this should no longer be an issue .\nwhile this may seem silly on its own , there is a lot of reasoning behind it . first off the jawfish loves to eat small crustaceans such as copepods and amphipods . these however are hard to keep in stock in the tank . to replicate them you can simply freeze a table shrimp , without its shell , and grind it with a grater . this will produce small shrimp pieces which are close enough to copepods for the jawfish to attack . using this method you will easily be able to get any picky jawfish back on track to a healthy diet .\nlately , it seems there has been a lot of confusion about jawfish in reef aquariums . with the advent of live sand substrates and today ' s popularity of oolitic or\nsouthdown\nsand , many hobbyists are left with a feeling that jawfish are no longer a great reef community fish . i completely disagree with this notion , and will explain why as this article progresses .\ndusky jawfish like this one rarely hover above their burrow . instead , they sit with just their head exposed , watching the world go by , and waiting for a meal to pass overhead .\nwhen appropriate conditions prevail , a den in the open substrate will be formed . this is obviously a good sign that your jawfish is acclimating well and that you have supplied a suitable habitat .\nbreeding : yellowfish is known to be one of the mouth brooder , it means that they keep eggs in their mouth till they hatch . once fry is ready to swim it is released from the mouth . variety of jawfish are known to change the color during the period of spawning . many aquarist report that jawfish can breed in captivity so you can breed them in your home aquarium .\nthe yellowhead jawfish feeds chiefly on zooplankton and detritus in the wild . since it is primarily a carnivore , it needs to be provided with meaty foods in the aquarium . you can for instance give it brine shrimp , mysis shrimp , bloodworms and small pieces of clam flesh . it can be trained to accept fresh , frozen and dried food in addition to live food . to make sure it gets everything they need , it is recommended to feed it high - quality flake food ( with vitamins ) as well . most specimens will start eating dry food eventually but it can take some time for the fish to realise that it is actually food .\nfirst the jawfish must be given adequate room . this means a large tank with a fair amount of room around their burrows . this is more easily obtained using a breeder than a standard fish tank .\nopistognathus rhomaleus jordan & gilbert 1882 , the giant jawfish . eastern central pacific ; baja to the islas revillagigedos . to eighteen inches in length . here at the birch aquarium , san diego , california .\nthis is the most common caribbean jawfish in the aquarium trade , however , it is not in great demand and only small numbers are collected ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nbehavior : they go quite well with other peaceful saltwater aquarium fish . they don\u2019t usually fight with their own kind as well so you can keep multiple jawfish in the same tank as well if you\u2019ve lot of space in the tank . yellowhead jawfish is also known for jumping out of the tank so you need to keep the tank sealed just to ensure that they don\u2019t jump out . they enter the burrow tail first and you\u2019ll find their head while rest of the body remained in the sand . they\u2019re bottom dwellers so you can find them dwelling near sand or stone , marbles etc if they\u2019re not hiding . if they get frightened they immediately get to the burrow and often don\u2019t come out unless they need food . you can add various grades of sand and coral for them to burrow easily . also rocks , marbles and small stones can be placed inside the tank in order to let them have natural environment .\nas noted above , a jawfish prefers to have a 360\u00b0 view of its surroundings . given the confines of our small tanks , this is rarely possible . as a result , one of two types of dens is constructed :\nbaensch , h . a . , 1994 . jawfish . pp . 1158 - 1167 . baensch marine atlas , volume 1 . microcosm . shelburne . 1215 pp . burgess , w . e . , et al , 1991 . jawfish . pp . 507 - 509 . dr . burgess ' s mini - atlas of marine aquarium fishes mini - edition . t . f . h . publications . neptune city . 1023 pp . lieske , e . and myers , r . , 1996 . jawfish . pp . 113 & 167 . coral reef fishes . princeton university press . princeton . 400 pp . michael , s . w . , 1999 . jawfish . pp . 131 - 134 . marine fishes : 500 + essential - to - know aquarium species . microcosm . shelburne . 447 pp . michael , s . w . , 2000 . the whimsical jawfishes . aquarium fish monthly , 12 : 8 , august 2000\nsecond you will need to keep the jawfish well fed and stress free . when the male is stressed he will not call out to the female for mating . likewise a stressed female will ignore any mating rituals started by the male .\nalso called a spotfin , o . scops is imported from the east pacific , baja california , and the galapagos . overall , it is brown , with white spots throughout the body and a black spot encircled with white on the dorsal fin . these jawfish can get larger , up to 6\n. if you ' re looking for a jawfish to house with moderately more aggressive fish than that of the yellow head or blue spot , then this one is for you .\nassuming we are planning ahead , the ideal sandbed for a jawfish will be at least 10 - 12\ndeep . emphasis on\nideal .\nsometimes\nideal\nis not always realistic . in such cases when 12\nof sandbed is not realistic , i would consider 6\nas being the absolute minimum . this is a personal observation only . others have recommended a 3\nsandbed as a minimum ( fenner , wet web media ) . when you take into consideration that the minimum depth for a jawfish ' s den in the wild is 4\n, a 3\nsandbed seems extremely inadequate . you can use fine grain , or\nsouthdown\nsand , but be prepared for the jawfish to clear away a large area on his first night . when i say ,\nbe prepared ,\ni mean with appropriately sized rubble for the jawfish to use in building its den . this includes most any rubble larger than 10mm in width . don ' t forget to include plenty of broken coral branches , pieces of coral limestone , bivalve and snail shells . as time goes by the jawfish will construct a den for itself , slowly using the rubble you supply to build its new home . as the rubble gets used , keep replacing it with more . soon enough , you ' ll have your sandbed back in order , and the jawfish will have it ' s home constructed . a nice finishing touch on the den is usually a snail shell or its equivalent being used as a\nroof\nof sorts . the jawfish will pull this\nroof\nover the den entrance when it retires for the evening , and remove it when it wakes in the morning !\nfast or active swimming fish should also be avoided . all surgeonfish , angelfish , and butterflies fit into this category . additionally , certain wrasses will fall into this category . any larger fish that darts or becomes hyperactive during feeding may potentially cause problems . if you want to keep your jawfish with any fish that fit into this category , it is highly recommended that you never remove your cover from the aquarium . otherwise , in time , you will find your jawfish on the floor .\none common myth regarding jawfish care in our tanks , is that strong lighting should be avoided . since jawfishes are found throughout reef flat depths , most any aquarium lighting will be sufficient . it is improbable that strong lighting has any negative effects .\nopistognathus aurifrons ( jordan & thompson 1905 ) , the pearly or yellow head jawfish is one of the most popular aquarium fishes collected in the tropical west atlantic . it deserves it ' s status as the most collected and used jawfish species ; being a light blue anteriorly , grading to creamy white and yellow toward the rear half , and spending more time outside of it ' s tunnels than other jaws once established . to four inches in length . note gravel at wholesalers in this image .\nafter i settled down on the seafloor and stopped moving , the jawfish would slink out of its burrow and resuming its vertical pose , hovering just above its \u201cdoorstep\u201d , revealing the rest of its petite body , just shy of 4 inches ( 10 cm ) .\n[ \u2026 ] here is a little link i found a little while back when doing my tank stocking research . urltoken \u2026 - overview - 608 / 90 gallon tank fish : skunk clowns , starry blenny , 6 firefish , bullseye jawfish , blue gudgeon [ \u2026 ]\njawfish exhibit oblong body shapes , long continuous dorsal and anal fins and way - too big mouths (\nopisto\n= behind ,\ngnath\n= mouth , is in reference to their receding jaws ) and enormous , all - seeing eyes make them unmistakable .\nsince the jawfish consumes a great deal of zooplankton , feeding is easy . enriched brine , mysis , plankton , and formula i should be readily accepted . if newcomers are finicky eaters , it may take live brine or live blackworms to entice a feeding response . in passive tanks the jawfish will become an aggressive eater , actively roaming around the tank in search of its next tasty morsel . however , in a tank with active fish , especially those that are hyperactive at feeding time , spot feeding with a turkey baster is most likely going to be required .\npicky eaters : we have all been here . our fish should be eating . the tank is stress free , there are no predators and the fish is happy in their home . yet for some reason the fish completely avoids our foods . for jawfish there is an easy fix .\nnearly an identical twin to o . rosenblatti is opistognathus panamensis , or the panamanian jawfish . it differs from o . rosenblatti only by the blue spots and locale . in most cases , these spots are actually stripes , and , as the name suggests , it originates from panama .\nsmall gobies might be best kept in a different tank unless they establish a homestead and don ' t wander far from it . a jawfish does like to keep a perimeter around its den , and will usually defend this perimeter against small gobies . in my own observations , this occurred with my white - rayed shrimp goby , ( stonogobiops , sp . ) . occasionally , my shrimp goby would venture nearby the den of my jawfish . each time , the jawfish would delicately grab the goby in its mouth and remove it from his territory . usually , this was roughly 12\naway from the opening of the den . the first time i saw this , i was astounded , fearing the un - timely death of my rare goby ! when the goby swam away , i began to breath easier . this wasn ' t any easier to watch the second , third , or fourth time , either . eventually , it grew on me , and i found it comical . although not as often , yet often enough to note , the jawfish would grab mouthfuls of sand and spit them at the\nattacking\ngoby . again , no harm was done .\nopistognathus macrognathus poey 1863 , the banded jawfish . tropical west atlantic . to eight inches in length . here doing what the family does most all the time . lie in wait for a food item or territorial challenger to come / happen by . photo taken in st . lucia , caribbean .\nso what fish make good tank mates for jawfish ? cardinalfish , anthias , assessors , blennies , pipefish , and dragonettes will do well . most gobies and some wrasses will also do well . the general criteria would be a passive , slow moving fish that is nearly equal in size or smaller .\nbreeding jawfish dear mr . fenner , < john > recently , i noticed one of my jawfish carrying eggs in its mouth . i have read the faq ' s page discussing jawfish breeding but still have many questions . my questions are geared toward the raising of the yellowheaded jawfish ( opistognathus aurifrons ) from eggs to larva to adults . currently the pair is being housed in a 90 gallon display tank , with wet / dry filtration , powerheads , and a skimmer . i don ' t think the larva will survive the display tank but i ' ve been thinking of setting up a twenty gallon species tank , for the purpose of breeding . i would appreciate any thoughts and recommendations on equipment for this set - up . < a twenty might do . . . you should ( quickly ) read through frank hoff ' s works on food culture , start your gear going for same . . . see florida aquafarm ' s site re > also , i have no idea what the requirements for caring for and feeding the larva and on to the fry ( hoping they make it that far ) should be . i would appreciate any advice you can give me , and any references to web sites or books where this may be discussed . also , i was wondering if many people have had success raising jawfish to adulthood . thank you for your time , john < there are a few protocols . take a look on the\nbreeder ' s registry\n. . . bob fenner >\nwhen the jawfish is happy and free of predators and other stressors you can expect them to swim around the tank a little bit and spend the rest of their time peeking out of their burrow and watching other fish . their faces are highly expressive and they will often interact with any passing tank mates .\na major concern for the newly acquired jawfish is their tendency to jump from open top aquariums . it is absolutely imperative that the home of a newly acquired jawfish is covered ! some will use glass tops , but this is usually frowned upon in the hobby for various reasons . so some others , myself included , will use egg crate fitted over the top of the tank . egg crate can be found in the lighting department of most any home improvement store . since the holes in the egg crate are large enough for a jawfish to slip through , it is necessary for you to use some sort of screening or netting laid over the egg crate . i use window screening , though most any type of screen or net could work . if your tank has appropriately selected tankmates , this is only temporary . if you have a full canopy that covers the tank , then additional measures are not required . just make sure there are not even the smallest of holes available for it to slip out of . most enclosed canopies still have an open back . make sure this is covered . once the jawfish ' s burrow is constructed , the likelihood of jumping dramatically decreases , and with the appropriate tankmates , it is virtually non - existent .\nit\u2019s important to ensure that any foods you offer actually drift within reach of your jawfish , however , as this species prefers to dine fairly close to home . target feeding ( e . g . , with a turkey baster ) just \u201cupstream\u201d from a specimen may be necessary to ensure it\u2019s getting enough to eat .\nopistognathus sp . u1 . one of many as - yet undescribed jawfish species . dr . randall ( pers . corr . ) told me once that he had backlogged at least a dozen or so in this family . . . let ' s hope he gets around to them soon . n . sulawesi pix .\nnatural predators should be avoided at all costs . this includes groupers , lionfish , adult tilefish , and any large piscivore . immature tilefish , halichoeres gamoti , and h . bivittatus will all pester and steal from the jawfish ( michael , coral realm ) . all predatory starfish should be avoided , including the genus ophiarachna .\nso what does all this mean ? plan ahead . jawfish should be the first fish added to the home aquarium . it is harder to get them acclimated once other fish are established . this does not mean if your aquarium already has inhabitants that you cannot keep these fish , but it does make it tougher to acclimate them .\nif you do not keep a cover on your tank , just take the jawfish and throw it on the floor because thats where it will be tomorrow . i have had many of them and besides being easy to keep alive ( as long as they stay submerged ) they have all bought a ticket and flew out of the tank .\nsexing jawfishes 2 / 6 / 04 hi ( love you ' re site ! ) i was wondering if you new how to tell how to tell the difference of the yellowheaded jawfish . < the one that won ' t stop to ask for directions is the male . . . > i couldn ' t find it on your fish articles all it says is that it ' s hard to tell the with the yellowheaded jawfish . < true . its not reliable , and best done with a group to compare to . males have larger skulls , thicker lips and larger buccal cavities ( chin - pouch so - to - speak ) . rather like sexing fw cichlids . anthony >\nlately , jawfish have been getting a bad rap when it comes to the current trend of a deep , live sand bed . many hobbyists complain of these fish constantly moving sand , always building new borrows , digging to the bottom of the tank , clearing the sand away from \u00bd of a tank , or even eating the life of the sandbed . the latter is a completely unfounded belief , and simply not true . when added to a sandbed comprised of sand < 5mm in diameter , a jawfish will do exactly as hobbyists otherwise complain . the hobbyist is left in buyer ' s remorse because the fish wreaks havoc on the sandbed , largely due to the hobbyist not supplying the fish with adequate den building materials .\nthank - you , i was getting a bit concerned , you have put my mind at ease . < ah good > i am looking at rearing the young when i have mastered culturing rotifers and brine shrimp ! < i see > have you any advise on raising the young ? your help is appreciated . < just what is posted on wwm . cheers , bobf > re : yellow headed jawfish\nthe blue - spotted jawfish , opistognathus rosenblatti allen & robertson 1991 , of mexico ' s sea of cortez ( gulf of california in older , less pc texts ) is a real striker , with brilliant blue dots over it ' s overall dark brownish body . the males become bright white in the front half of their bodies during spawning and courtship . to six inches total length . this one in captivity .\nto properly house these fish you must have a large , clear space in the tank , preferably in the center , where the jawfish can create a cave . additionally they will need a sandbed substrate , along with small rocks , rubble or crushed coral . these will be the building bricks of the jawfishes new home . i highly recommend crushed coral , as it is the easiest to obtain without spending a whole lot .\nsecond to o . aurifrons in popularity only because of price , is the blue spot jawfish , opistognathus rosenblatti . in general , expect a $ 100 price tag or more for these beauties . the blue spot is found in the gulf of california , usually at the base of cliffs . they reach 4\nin length . the mating ritual of these jawfish begins when the posterior half of the fish becomes white . the male makes repeated dashes into its den . to the on - looking diver , only bright white flashes are seen . when not in spawning season , the background color of the fish is generally brown , and in some cases , a dirty yellow . blue spots adorn the entire length of the fish . these species are slightly more aggressive towards each other , and a larger aquarium is recommended if you ' re trying to keep a pair . in the wild , the pair can be up to 10 ' apart from each other .\nyour deep sandbed is ready , rockwork is stable and supported , and you have plenty of excess rubble on hand . once you have the fish , follow typical acclimation procedures . if you introduce the fish during the daylight photoperiod , you can expect the fish to dart for rockwork . it will usually remain hidden in the rocks for the first day , though on occasion the daring jawfish will begin its burrow construction . this is more common when it is the first fish into the tank .\nthe other type of den , what i like to call a\nsecurity den ,\noccurs when the jawfish digs under some rocks and usually remains tucked into his hole with only his head or half of its body showing . this results from any number of factors ranging from : inadequate sand and rubble composition , not enough open sandbed , or even inappropriate tank mates . when this type of den occurs it is best to re - evaluate the habitat you ' re supplying and make sure you are not overlooking something .\na source for brachionus rotundiformis for feeding pearly jawfish larvae . - 10 / 06 / 2009 hi , i have been searching for a source for brachionus rotundiformis , the s - type rotifer strain . all of the online vendors seem to only sell the l - type strain ( brachionus plicatilis ) . do you happen to know a place i could order the s / ss strain from ? < mmm , yes : urltoken > i am using them to feed opistognathus aurifrons ( pearly / yellowheaded jawfish ) larvae . also , would you suggest any particular enrichment to feed the rotifers ? < do ask the folks at seahorsesource re . . . i would do a bit more looking about in the scientific literature if this is an important project > i lost my first batch of larvae either to fact that l type rotifers are to big for them to eat , lack of nutritional value , or rotifer culture contamination / crash . thanks , landon < do keep good records . . . consider making your results , investigations more widely known . bob fenner >\nroughly 23 described species bear the opistognathus name . opisto comes from the greek word opisthen , meaning ' behind , ' and gnathus meaning jaw . these species are the ones that are most often of interest to the hobbyist due to size , availability , and coloration . opistognathids can be found in the western and central atlantic , indian , and both coasts of the pacific oceans . they sport a long , continuous dorsal fin of 9 - 12 spines , and a spine made of three weak - branched inner rays and two stout , un - branched rays on either end . all jawfish are mouth brooders , and all live in a den that they dig with their mouths .\nas noted earlier , opistognathus aurifrons , or the yellow head jawfish , is the most popular among hobbyists . they are , after all , attractive , hardy , and inexpensive . the attractiveness comes from the baby blue coloration throughout their body and their beautiful yellow head . reaching a maximum size of 4\n, they originate from the tip of florida and are found throughout the caribbean . in most cases they will not bother invertebrates , although smaller ornamental shrimp may be eaten . when spawning , the male will hover in the open water and spread his fins wide and arch his body . perhaps to show his readiness to the female , he opens his large mouth , and his head enlarges .\ncaptive care should mirror their natural environment as much as possible . this is not possible in most home aquariums due to size restraints , but with good planning , a close replica can be achieved . jawfish are always located on reef flats at depths ranging from 10 feet to 150 feet . they prefer to hover up to 5 ' above their den , always having a 360\u00b0 view of their surroundings . without an extensive view in all directions , they will hang lower than usual or may only extend their head outside their den . this reclusive behavior also occurs when actively swimming fish are present . their dens range from 4 - 9\ndeep , extend nearly 9\nwide , are 2 . 5\ntall , and are comprised of mostly broken coral branches , pieces of coral limestone , bivalve and snail shells , and assorted pieces of hard material ( michael , coral realm ) . they feed entirely from the water column with roughly 85 % of their diet being zooplankton ( randall , ' 67 ) .\nthe mating ritual is different in each species . however , the process usually begins in the dawn or dusk of a full or new moon , with the male gaining the attention of the female ( michael , coral realm ) . if accepted , the female will follow her male counterpart into his cave , or in some cases a third , neutral cave built for the mating ritual . the egg clutch is first laid by the female , then fertilized by the male . much like banggai cardinals ( pterapogon kauderni ) , male jawfish are mouth brooders . the eggs are easily seen bulging from the male ' s mouth . when opistognathus aurifrons was studied , the eggs were roughly . 8mm in size , with an estimated 300 - 500 eggs in the male ' s mouth . he incubates these eggs in his mouth for 7 - 9 days , after which time he releases the 4mm long fry . shortly after the male releases the fry , the ritual can be repeated . at 15 days from release and 1 . 5cm long , the fry take to the sand and begin digging their den . within one year they are full grown ( baensch , ' 94 ) ."]}
{"id": 539, "summary": [{"text": "holoptygma lingunca is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the western cordillera of colombia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 24.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is yellow , with slight rust orange admixture sparsely dotted rust and brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale orange yellow , darker posteriorly than basally and spotted grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "holoptygma lingunca", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for lingunca definition . you find here lingunca meaning , synonyms of lingunca and images for lingunca copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nthis is the place for holoptygma definition . you find here holoptygma meaning , synonyms of holoptygma and images for holoptygma copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word lingunca . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word lingunca and , of course , lingunca synonyms and on the right images related to the word lingunca .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word holoptygma . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word holoptygma and , of course , holoptygma synonyms and on the right images related to the word holoptygma .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 542, "summary": [{"text": "elachista tinctella is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by sinev and sruoga in 1995 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern siberia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "elachista tinctella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for tinctella definition . you find here tinctella meaning , synonyms of tinctella and images for tinctella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word tinctella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tinctella and , of course , tinctella synonyms and on the right images related to the word tinctella .\nelachista alpinella ( marsh dwarf ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 4 / 3 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nnationally scarce ( nb ) in marshes , water - meadows and other damp areas throughout most of the british isles .\nlong slender downward gallery mine from the leaf tip , up to 60cm long .\nrecorded in 13 ( 19 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1920 . last recorded in 2016 .\n\u2022 timberline wood , herts . gen . det . m . harper \u2022 \u00a9\nthis rather scarce and local species occurs in mature deciduous woodland habitats in southern england and wales .\nlittle is known of the larval stages , but it is believed to feed under decaying bark or rotting wood .\n, which however has a brighter yellow tone to the head and thorax area . they fly in may / june and are attracted to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 13 : 58 : 38 page render time : 0 . 3657s total w / procache : 0 . 4156s\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ncaloneis crassa caloneis crassa ( greg . ) r . ross in b . hartley , 1986\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nimportant - please note that the maps and accounts are provisional , subject to change and further update . the whole dataset still needs to go through the final verification process and it is likely that a very small number of records will not satisfy the present requirements and there are other records that have not been formally submitted . the information is for guidance only .\nfor the region , we have a total of 2 records from 2 sites . earliest record on file is in 1987 ."]}
{"id": 543, "summary": [{"text": "merlucciidae are a family of cod-like fish , including most hakes .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they are native to cold water in the atlantic and pacific oceans , and typically found at depths greater than 50 metres ( 160 ft ) in subtropical , temperate , sub-arctic or sub-antarctic regions .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the best known species are in the genera macruronus and merluccius .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are large , up to 1.55 m ( 5 ft 1 in ) in length ( though most only reach about half that length ) , predatory fish inhabiting the waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope , where they feed on small fish such as lanternfishes .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "several species are important commercial fish , for example the blue grenadier ( macruronus novaezelandiae ) that is fished in the southwest pacific and the north pacific hake ( merluccius productus ) that is fished off western north america . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "merlucciidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e1\u30eb\u30eb\u30fc\u30b5\u79d1\nto\nmerlucciidae\n.\ndianne j . bray , southern hakes . . . , merlucciidae in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nin order to describe the structure and evolution of merlucciidae and related gadiformes mitochondrial control region we analysed 470 bp of 31 taxa belonging to 28 different species . the general structure and conserved sequence blocks observed in gadiformes mitochondrial control region are similar to those present in other teleost fishes . the length of this segment is variable among related species due to the presence of numerous indels at domain i . domain ii is the most conserved region with a high g content . the gtggg - box is absent in all merluccius and seven other gadidae species . several methods of phylogenetic analyses has revealed the monophyly of gadiformes , gadinae and merlucciidae . merlucciidae is most closely related to gadidae . within merlucciidae , american and euroafrican clades show similar levels of differentiation to those within gadinae where trisopterus and micromesistius are sister taxa . genetic distance values for merluccius subspecies pairs are less than half of those between species , comparable to intra specific differentiation levels in marine fish species .\ngalleguillos , r . , troncoso , l . & oyarz\u00fan , c . ( 1999 ) evolutionary relationships in southern pacific hakes merluccius gayi , merluccius australis and merluccius hubbsi ( pisces : merlucciidae ) . revista chilena de historia natural , 72 , 315\u2013324 .\nlloris , d . , j . matallanas & p . oliver . 2005 . hakes of the world ( family merlucciidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of hake species known to date . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 2 . fao , rome 57 pp .\nlindquist , d . c . , r . f . shaw & t . farooqi . 2006 . merlucciidae : hakes , pp . 633 in richards , w . j . ( ed ) . early stages of atlantic fishes : an identification guide for the western central north atlantic . crc press , taylor and francis group , boca raton , fl , 2640 pp .\ninada , t . 1990 . family merlucciidae , pp . 319 - 345 in cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto & n . scialabba . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 , vol . 10 . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome . 442pp .\nthe new state of world fisheries and aquaculture report reveals that total fish production hit a record high in 2016 , and will continue growing .\nthe 33rd session of the committee on fisheries ( cofi ) runs from 9 - 13 july . access the cofi33 agenda , documents and information on the side events .\ntwo sites , for ginseng in the republic of korea , and olives in italy , have been recognized on the globally important agricultural heritage systems list .\nfao ' s state of the world ' s forests report urges governments to foster an all - inclusive approach to benefit trees and the communities who rely on them .\nexplore fao ' s flagship forests progress report , the state of the world ' s forests .\nthe fao food price index dropped in june for the first time in 2018 , as trade tensions affected markets even with global production prospects down .\nwe\u2019re eating more fish than ever before , but are we approaching a fish limit ? fao ' s manuel barange discusses the issue .\nfao works with governments and partners to empower some of the world\u2019s most marginalized people to end rural poverty .\nfao helps ensure food security by developing ways of growing food that will work in the future so that millions of people don\u2019t go hungry .\ngood health starts with nutrition . fao sets global standards and works with governments and the private sector to ensure food quality and safety throughout the food chain .\nfao invests in educational systems for rural communities and supports improved access to primary education and school meals in order to create equal opportunities for all and chances of lifelong learning .\nfao supports gender equality in the agricultural sector in an effort to raise levels of nutrition in local communities and improve agricultural productivity .\nfao works with governments to ensure water use in agriculture is made more efficient , equitable and environmentally friendly .\nfao promotes the use of renewable energies and works to ensure access to modern energy services across the food chain .\nfao seeks better economic opportunities for all by investing in sustainable agricultural practices and food systems that reduce inequalities and create decent jobs .\nfao seeks to secure a future for rural communities via investments in transportation , irrigation , food storage facilities and communication technologies .\nfao works with countries and partners to generate employment in rural areas , ensure access to natural resources for the most vulnerable and connect farmers to markets .\nfao works to improve urban healthcare , water quality and rethink city region food systems to help deter the negative effects of sprawling urbanisation .\nfao coordinates major global initiatives and projects to tackle food waste and loss , partnering with international organisations , the private sector and civil society .\nfao supports countries in responding to the threats of climate change by providing advice , data and tools for better agricultural policies and practices .\nfao , in partnership with governments and fishing communities , implements best practices in fisheries to ensure our oceans are protected as a means of livelihoods .\nfao promotes sustainable approaches to natural resource management and supports endeavours that promote a balance between conservation and development initiatives .\nfao plays a critical role in peacebuilding , restoring rural livelihoods , building resilience and participatory approaches to policymaking .\nfao acts as a neutral policymaking forum and develops partnerships with all concerned with food and agriculture to ensure a world free from hunger .\nfao is an intergovernmental organization present in over 130 countries . the organization is comprised of 194 member states , two associate members and one member organization \u2013 the european union .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : atlantic , eastern pacific , tasmania , and new zealand . dorsal fins 2 , except lyconodes with one . second dorsal fin and anal fin with a posterior notch . chin barbel lacking . small cycloid scales . teeth present on head of vomer . spinous first principal dorsal ray . mouth large and terminal ; long , pointed teeth in most species . a large v - shaped ridge appears on the upper side of the head . pelvic fin rays 7 - 10 . branchiostegal rays 7 . pyloric caeca absent . species of merluccius are voracious predators inhabiting the continental shelf and upper slope . the three species of macruronus live in large schools on the continental shelf in subantarctic waters .\nlatin , mare , maris = sea + latin lucius = pike ( ref . 45335 ) .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba 1990\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : kabeljauw . jpg\n.\nyan wong marked\nfile : gadus morhua - cod - 2 - atlanterhavsparken - norway . jpg\nas trusted on the\ngadus morhua\npage .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from gadus to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na diverse family of commercially important fishes found worldwide , mostly in temperate southern waters .\nsmall family with about 18 or more described species in 4 or 5 genera ; two described species in two genera are found in australian waters . with the exception of merluccius , researchers disagree about the placement of genera in this family .\nfound in temperate and cold - temperate waters throughout the atlantic and in parts of the pacific and indian oceans of both hemispheres . merluciids are most abundant on the continental slope in southern waters . they are benthic or benthopelagic fishes inhabiting the continental shelves and slopes in moderate to abyssal depths to 2500m , although juveniles are found in shallower waters .\nbody elongate , fusiform , compressed posteriorly , tapering in one subfamily ; head large , pointed , with a v - shaped dorsal ridge ; eye moderate to large , mouth large , terminal , oblique , lower jaw protruding slightly beyond upper ; jaws with well - developed , strong pointed teeth ; branchiostegal rays 7 , chin barbel absent . one or two dorsal fins , if two present , the first short - based , high , with spinous anterior elements , second long - based , somewhat bilobed in one genus , with a distinct or confluent caudal fin ; anal fin long - based , anterior rays spinous ; pelvic fin insertion slightly before or behind pectoral - fin insertion ; caudal fin either distinct , truncate to forked , or , tapering and confluent with dorsal and anal fins . scales small , cycloid , deciduous .\nthese active and voracious predators feed mainly on other fishes ( including myctophids , gadiform fishes and nototheniids ) , and on on squids , crustaceans and benthic invertebrates . species of the genus macruronus reportedly feed mostly on lanternfishes ( family myctophidae ) .\noviparous , spawn small , smooth , spherical , pelagic eggs , 0 . 8 - 1 . 2 mm diameter , oil globule single , yolk homogenous . larvae pelagic , tadpole - shaped at hatching , gut short with single loop exiting laterally rather than medially through finfold , eyes round , unpigmented , mouth non - functional , pigmentation well - developed ; caudal fin forms first . gradual transformation to juvenile stage is followed by a pelagic - juvenile stage . juveniles descend to the bottom in shallower continental shelf waters . blue grenadier , macruronus novaezelandiae , spawn in winter to early spring in deep continental slope waters ; juveniles are found in shallower water on the continental shelf and gradually move to deeper water , attaining sexual maturity at 3 years of age and about 60 cm fl .\nmany species of this commerically important family live in large schools and are marketed fresh , frozen and as fishmeal . the genera macruronus and merluccius support large targeted fisheries and are caught primarily by demersal trawl , but also with gillnets and longlines . blue grenadier ( macruronus novaezelandiae ) is fished year - round in southeastern australia , mostly in tasmanian and victorian waters from may to august , but also targeted extensively in new zealand and off south america . the flesh is good eating , especially when fresh ; imported mostly as hoki ( plus cod or hake ) from new zealand . hakes of the genus merluccius support large targeted fisheries and have a high market value . southern hake ( merluccius australis ) is targeted commercially off south america , and in multispecies fisheries in new zealand waters .\nfahay , m . p . & d . f . markle . 1984 . gadiformes : development and relationships , pp . 265 - 283 in moser h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . & s . l . richardson ( eds ) . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . am . soc . ichthyol . herpetol . spec . publ . no . 1 .\nhowes , g . j . 1991 . anatomy , phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadoid fish genus macruronus g\u00fcnther , 1873 , with a revised hypothesis of gadoid phylogeny . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) zool . 57 ( 1 ) : 77 - 110 .\ninada , t . 1981 . studies on the merlucciid fishes . bull . far seas fish . res . lab . 18 : 1 - 172 .\niwamoto , t . & d . m . cohen . 2003 . phycidae , gaidropsaridae , merluciidae , and gadidae . pp . 1005 - 1025 . in carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 2 : bony fishes part 1 ( acipenseridae to grammatidae ) . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes and american society of ichthyologist and herpetologists special publication no . 5 . fao , rome .\nmatallanas , j . & d . lloris . 2006 . description of merluccius tasmanicus sp nov . and redescription of merluccius australis ( pisces : merluciidae ) . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 86 : 193 - 199 .\npunt , a . e . , d . c . smith , r . b . thomson , m . haddon , x . he & j . m . lyle . 2001 . stock assessment of the blue grenadier macruronus novaezelandiae resource off south - eastern australia . mar . freshwater res . 52 ( 4 ) : 701 - 717 .\ncohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba\nmecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis page was last edited on 20 october 2015 , at 21 : 32 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmarta crous laboratori d\u2019ictiologia gen\u00e8tica . universitat de girona . campus montilivi , e - 17071 girona , spain . tel . + 34 972418961 . fax . + 34 972418277\nmar\u00eda i rold\u00e1n laboratori d\u2019ictiologia gen\u00e8tica . universitat de girona . campus montilivi , e - 17071 girona , spain . tel . + 34 972418961 . fax . + 34 972418277\nalvarado - bremer , j . r . , baker , a . j . & mejuto , j . ( 1995 ) mitochondrial dna control region sequences indicate extensive mixing of swordfish ( xiphias gladius ) populations in the atlantic ocean . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences , 52 , 1720\u20131732 . urltoken\n\u00e1rnason , e . & rand , d . m . ( 1992 ) heteroplasmy of short tandem repeats in mitochondrial dna of atlantic cod , gadus morhua . genetics , 132 , 211\u2013220 .\navise , j . c . ( 1994 ) molecular markers , natural history and evolution . chapman and hall , new york , 511 pp . urltoken\navise , j . c . ( 2000 ) phylogeography : the history and formation of species . harvard university press , cambridge , ma , 447 pp .\nbakke , i . & johansen , s . ( 2002 ) characterization of mitochondrial ribosomal rna genes in gadiformes : sequence variations , secondary structural features , and phylogenetic implications . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 25 , 87\u2013100 . urltoken\nbakke , i . & johansen , s . ( 2005 ) molecular phylogenetics of gadidae and related gadiformes based on mitochondrial dna sequences . marine biotechnology , 7 , 61\u201369 . urltoken\nbrown , g . g . , gadaleta , g . , pepe , g . , saccone , c . & sbis\u00e1 , e . ( 1986 ) structural conservation and variation in the d - loop - containing region of vertebrate mitochondrial dna . journal of molecular evolution , 192 , 503\u2013511 . urltoken\ncarr , s . m . , kivlichan , d . s . , pepin , p . & crutcher , d . c . ( 1999 ) molecular systematics of gadid fishes : implications for the biogeographic origins of pacific species . canadian journal of zoology , 77 , 19\u201326 . urltoken\ncohen , d . m . , inada , t . , iwamoto , t . & scialabba , n . ( 1990 ) gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 . vol . 10 . fao , rome , 442 pp .\ncoucheron , d . h . , nymark , m . , breines , r . , karlsen , b . o . , andreassen , m . , j\u00f8rgensen , t . e . , moum , t . & johansen , s . d . ( 2011 ) characterization of mitochondrial mrnas in codfish reveals unique features compared to mammals . currents genetics , 57 ( 3 ) , 213\u2013222 . urltoken\nchow , s . , okamoto , h . , uosumi , y . & takeuchi , y . ( 1997 ) genetic stock structure of the swordfish ( xiphias gladius ) inferred by pcr - rflp analysis of the mitochondrial dna control region . marine biology , 127 , 359\u2013367 . urltoken\ndoda , j . n . , wright , c . t . & clayton , d . a . ( 1981 ) elongation of displacement - loop strands in human and mouse mitochondrial dna is arrested near specific template sequences . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 78 , 6116\u20136120 . urltoken\ndunn , j . r . ( 1989 ) a provisional phylogeny of gadid fishes based on adult and early life - history characters . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , 209\u2013236 .\nfelsenstein , j . ( 1993 ) phylip ( phylogeny inference package ) version 3 . 5 . department of genetics , university of washington , seattle .\ngrant , w . s . & leslie , r . w . ( 2001 ) inter - ocean dispersal is an important mechanism in the zoogeography of hakes ( pisces : merluccius spp . ) . journal of biogeography , 28 , 699\u2013721 . urltoken\nhall , t . a . ( 1999 ) bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt . nucleic acids symposium series , 41 , 95\u201398 .\nhasegawa , m . , kishino , h . & yano , t . ( 1985 ) dating of the human - age splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial dna , journal of molecular evolution , 22 , 160\u2013174 . urltoken\nheras , s . & rold\u00e1n , m . i . ( 2011 ) phylogenetic inference in odontesthes and atherina ( teleostei : atheriniformes ) with insights into ecological adaptation . comptes rendus biologies , 334 , 273\u2013281 . urltoken\nhowes , g . j . ( 1991 ) biogeography of gadoid fishes . journal of biogeography , 18 , 595\u2013622 . urltoken\njohansen , s . & johansen , t . ( 1993 ) the putative origin of heavy strand replication ( orih ) in mitochondrial dna is highly conserved among the teleost fishes . journal of dna sequencing and mapping , 3 , 397\u2013399 . urltoken\njohnson , g . d . & patterson , c . ( 1993 ) percomorph phylogeny : a survey of acanthomorphs and a new proposal . bulletin of marine science , 52 , 554\u2013626 .\nj\u00f8rgensen , t . e . , bakke , i . , ursvik , a . , andreassen , m . , moum , t . & johansen , s . d . ( 2014 ) an evolutionary preserved intergenic spacer in gadiform mitogenomes generates a long noncoding rna . bmc evolutionary biology , 14 , 182 . urltoken\nkumar , s . , tamura , k . & nei , m . ( 2004 ) mega3 : integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment . briefings in bioinformatics , 5 , 150\u2013163 . urltoken\nlee , w . j . , conroy , j . , howell , w . h . & kocher , t . d . ( 1995 ) structure and evolution of teleost mitochondrial control regions . journal of molecular evolution , 41 , 54\u201366 . urltoken\nmarkle , d . f . ( 1989 ) aspects of character homology and phylogeny of the gadiformes . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) , papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , pp . 59\u201388 .\nmiya , m . & nishida , m . ( 2000 ) use of mitogenomic information in teleostean molecular phylogenetics : a tree - based exploration under the maximum - parsimony optimality criterion . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 17 ( 3 ) , 437\u2013455 . urltoken\nmiya , m . , kawaguchi , a . & nishida , m . ( 2001 ) mitogenomic exploration of higher teleostean phylogenies : a case study for moderate - scale evolutionary genomics with 38 newly determined complete mitochondrial dna sequences . molecular biology & evolution , 18 ( 11 ) , 1993\u20132009 . urltoken\nmiya , m . , takeshima , h . , endo , h . , ishiguro , n . , inoue , j . , mukai , t . , satoh , t . , yamaguchi m , kawaguchi , a . , mabuchi , k . , shirai , s . & nishida , m . ( 2003 ) major patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies : a new perspectives based on 100 complete mitochondrial dna sequences . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 26 , 121\u2013138 . urltoken\nm\u00f8ller , p . r . , anders , \u00e6 . , jordan , d . , gravlund , \u00e6 . p . & steffensen , j . f . ( 2002 ) phylogenetic position of the cryopelagic codfish genus arctogadus drjagin , 1932 based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences . polar biology , 25 , 324\u2013349 .\nnelson , j . s . ( 1994 ) fishes of the world . 3 th edition . john wiley and sons , inc . , new jersey , 600 pp .\nnesbo , c . l . , arab , m . o . & jakobsen , k . s . ( 1998 ) heteroplasmy , length and sequence variation in the mtdna control regions of three percid fish species ( perca fluviatilis , acerina cernua , stizostedion lucioperca ) . genetics , 148 , 1907\u20131919 .\nnolf , d . & steurbaut , e . ( 1989a ) evidence from otoliths for establishing relationships between gadiforms and other groups . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) , papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , pp . 37\u201346 .\nnolf , d . & steurbaut , e . ( 1989b ) evidence from otoliths for establishing relationships within gadiforms . in : cohen , d . m . ( ed . ) , papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes . natural history museum of los angeles city , science series 32 , pp . 89\u2013112 .\npereira , s . l . ( 2000 ) mitocondrial genome organization and vertebrate phylogenetics . genetics and molecular biology , 23 , 745\u2013752 . urltoken\npereira , s . l . , grau , e . t . & wajntal , a . ( 2004 ) molecular architecture and rates of dna substitutions of the mitochondrial control region of cracid birds . genome , 47 , 535\u2013545 . urltoken\npogson , g . h . & mesa , k . a . ( 2004 ) positive darwinian selection at the pantophysin ( pan i ) locus in marine gadid fishes . molecular biology & evolution , 21 , 65\u201375 . urltoken\nposada , d . ( 2008 ) jmodeltest : phylogenetic model averaging . molecular biology and evolution , 25 , 1253\u20131256 . urltoken\nquinteiro , j . , vidal , r . & rey - mendez , m . ( 2000 ) phylogeny and biogeographic history of hake ( genus merluccius ) , inferred from mitochondrial dna control - region sequences . marine biology , 136 , 163\u2013174 . urltoken\nrold\u00e1n , m . i . , garc\u00eda - mar\u00edn , j . l . , utter , f . m . & pla , c . ( 1999 ) genetic relationships among merluccius species . heredity , 83 , 79\u201386 . urltoken\nruokonen , m . & kvist , l . ( 2002 ) structure and evolution of the avian mitochondrial control region . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 23 , 422\u2013432 . urltoken\nsaccone , c . , pesole , g . & sbis\u00e1 , e . ( 1991 ) the main regulatory region of mammalian mitochondrial dna : structure - function model and evolutionary pattern . journal of molecular evolution , 33 , 83\u201391 . urltoken\nsaitou , n . & nei , m . ( 1987 ) the neighbor joining method : a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees . molecular biology & evolution , 4 , 406\u2013425 .\nsaiki , r . k . , gelfand , d . h . , stoffel , s . , scharf , s . , higuchi , r . , horn , g . t . , mullis , k . b . & elrich , h . a . ( 1988 ) primer - directed enzymatic amplification of dna with a termostable dna polymerase . science , 239 , 487\u2013425 . urltoken\nsambrook , j . , fritsch , e . j . & maniatis , t . ( 1989 ) molecular cloning . a laboratory manual . cold spring harbor laboratory press , new york , 1626 pp .\nsbis\u00e1 , e . , nardelli , m . , tanzariello , f . , tullo , a . & saccone , c . ( 1990 ) the complete and symmetric transcription of the main noncoding region of rat mitochondrial genome : in vivo mapping of heavy and light transcripts . current genetics , 17 , 247\u2013253 . urltoken\nsbis\u00e1 , e . , tanzariello , f . , reyes , a . , pesole , g . & saccone , c . ( 1997 ) mammalian mitochondrial d - loop region structural analysis : identification of new conserved sequences and their functional and evolutionary implications . gene , 205 , 125\u2013140 . urltoken\nsilva - segundo , c . , brito - chavarria , m . , balart , e . f . , barriga - sosa , i . a . , rojas - esquivel , r . , rold\u00e1n , m . i . , murugan , g . , garc\u00eda - de le\u00f3n , f . j . ( 2011 ) clarifying the taxonomic status of merluccius spp . in the northeastern pacific : a combined morphological and molecular approach . reviews in fish biology & fisheries , 21 , 259\u2013282 . urltoken\nsouthern , s . o . , southern , p . j . & dizon , a . e . ( 1988 ) molecular characterization of a cloned dolphin mitochondrial genome . journal of molecular evolution , 28 , 32\u201342 . urltoken\ntamura , k . & nei , m . ( 1993 ) estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial dna in humans and chimpanzees . molecular biology & evolution , 10 , 512\u2013526 .\nthompson , j . d . , higgins , d . g . & gibson , t . j . ( 1994 ) clustal w : improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , position specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice . nucleic acids research , 22 , 4673\u20134680 . urltoken\nvidal , r . r . , carson , e . w . & gold , j . r . ( 2012 ) population structure in chilean hake merluccius gayi as revealed by mitochondrial dna sequences . journal of fish biology , 81 ( 5 ) , 1763\u20131772 . urltoken\nxia , x . & xie , z . ( 2001 ) dambe : data analysis in molecular biology and evolution . journal of heredity , 92 , 371\u2013373 . urltoken\nlearn how to say words in english correctly with emma saying free pronunciation tutorials . over 140 , 000 words were already uploaded . . . check them out ! visit my homepage : urltoken"]}
{"id": 544, "summary": [{"text": "tate 's woolly mouse opossum ( marmosa paraguayana ) is an omnivorous , arboreal south american marsupial of the family didelphidae , named after american zoologist george henry hamilton tate .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is native to atlantic coastal forests of brazil , paraguay and argentina .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species lives in both primary and secondary forest , including forest fragments within grassland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "insects are a major component of its diet .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it was formerly assigned to the genus micoureus , which was made a subgenus of marmosa in 2009 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "while its conservation status is \" least concern \" , its habitat is shrinking through urbanization and conversion to agriculture over much of its range . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tate ' s woolly mouse opossum", "paragraphs": ["no children of tate ' s woolly mouse opossum ( micoureus paraguayanus ) found .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nmarmosa is a genus of small didelfimorfos didelphidae family of marsupials known as\nmarmosas\nor\nmouse opossums\n. this is a clade in continuous remodeling , moving frequently different between this and other species next genre .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrito , d . , astua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & flores , d .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to some degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in the atlantic forest region of brazil up to the northern border of espirito santo state , south to rio grande do sul , and east to mnisiones ( argentina ) , and eastern paraguay ( gardner 2008 ) .\nit lives in primary and secondary habitats , and is insectivorous , omnivorous and arboreal . several ecological studies exist for this species - especially in southern brazil . it can disperse between fragments up to about 800 m apart from one another in grassland matrix ( pires et al . 2002 ) . a population viability analysis is available for this species also ( brito and da fonseca 2006 ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species . however , there is habitat loss due to agriculture and urbanization in much of its range .\nbrito , d . , astua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & flores , d . 2018 .\n( amended version of 2015 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2018 : e . t136844a128973570 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\ni found this specimen on a tree , near a waterfall , in an environmental reserve of atlantic forest .\ni agree\nluca1\n. . . . and , do you know ? this animals ( this specie , in particular ) are a little\nrare\n. are difficult to be spotted and occur in few regions .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 546, "summary": [{"text": "the slender-billed white-eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) is a species of bird in the family zosteropidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to norfolk island .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "slender - billed white - eye", "paragraphs": ["other english names : long - billed silvereye or white - eye ; slender - billed white - eye ; grinnell .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for slender - billed white - eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) yet .\nrobinson , d . ( 1988 ) . ecology and management of the scarlet robin , white - breasted white - eye and long - billed white - eye on norfolk island . report to australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .\nrobinson , d . ( 1988 ) . ecology and management of the the scarlet robin , white - breasted white - eye and long - billed white - eye on norfolk island . report to the australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .\nthe white - chested white - eye can be distinguished from the norfolk island white - eye by its slightly larger size , white throat and breast and darker and more extensive brown markings on the flanks ( higgins et al . , 2006 ) .\nis grey on back and chest , has shorter , straighter bill , is less yellow overall . white - chested white - eye\nthe taxonomy presented here follows the international consensus in treating the norfolk island white - eye as a separate species .\nvan balen , b . ( 2018 ) . slender - billed white - eye ( zosterops tenuirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye feeds in noisy flocks that move through the forest with much calling and agitation ( hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ) . its appearance , behaviour and calls are generally similar to the silvereye , which occurs in the same habitats as the white - eye and with which the white - eye sometimes associates ( bell 1990 ; mees 1969 ; moore 1981 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . the norfolk island white - eye is also similar in appearance and calls to the white - chested white - eye , which is thought to be extinct ( higgins et al . , 2006 ) . the norfolk island white - eye can be distinguished from the silvereye by its greater size , greyish back and underparts and longer , decurved bill ( hermes 1985 ; mees 1969 ) .\nbell , b . d . ( 1990 ) . the status and management of the white - breasted white - eye and other birds on norfolk island . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne .\nrooke , i . ( 1986 ) . survey of the white - breasted white - eye and the norfolk island boobook owl on nofolk island , october - november 1985 . raou report 20 . royal australasian ornithologists union , melbourne .\nthe majority of the norfolk island white - eye population occurs in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park . the management plan for the park contains provisions for the management of all resident species , including norfolk island white - eye ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye , zosterops tenuirostris , is not listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 , or any state / territory government legislation .\nthe foraging behaviour of the white - eye and silvereye also differs , even at sites at which both species occur : the white - eye forages more often in native plant species and takes most of its food by probing bark and crevices of branches and trunks , whereas the silvereye uses exotic plants more often and forages mainly by gleaning from foliage ( bell 1990 ; gordon 1983 ; robinson 1988 ; rooke 1986 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . the white - eye also appears to take less nectar than the silvereye ( bell 1990 ) .\nthere have been no confirmed records of cross - breeding between the norfolk island white - eye and other zosterops species . cross - breeding could potentially occur between the norfolk island white - eye and the silvereye z . lateralis , which colonised norfolk island in 1904 ( paynter 1967 ) . minor hybridisation may have occurred between the norfolk island white - eye and the immigrant silvereyes z . lateralis in the early stages of the 20th century ( gill 1970 ; grant 1978 ; mees 1969 ) , but there is no evidence of this now ( gill 1970 ; schodde & mason 1999 ) .\nit has been recommended that the white - eye be introduced to phillip island once the vegetation there is considered capable of maintaining an introduced population ( bell 1990 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ; robinson 1988 ) .\nat present , introduced predators probably pose the greatest potential threat to the white - eye population . rats and cats are common on norfolk island , even within the national park and other forested reserves ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 ) , and although the impact of predation upon the white - eye population is not known ( robinson 1988 ) , their small population size renders them vulnerable to any increase in predation pressure ( robinson 1988 ; rooke 1986 ) .\nthe calls of the two species are easily distinguished by experienced observers ( bell 1990 ) , with the white - eye said to have a higher pitched , wheezier and more sibilant call than the silvereye ( birdlife international 2000 ) .\nno recovery or conservation plans exist specifically for the norfolk island white - eye although a multi species recovery plan is currently being prepared for the island by deh in consultation with norfolk island administration ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) . both robinson ( 1988 ) and bell ( 1990 ) contain recommendations for the direction of conservation efforts for the species . as a resident of norfolk island national park , the white - eye is covered under norfolk island national park ' s plan of management .\nthe white - eye prefers to forage in native plants such as norfolk island pine , white oak , maple , beech , ironwood and norfolk island palm , but they will also use introduced species including eucalypts , red guava , african olive , lantana and wild tobacco solanum mauritianum . they nest in trees , shrubs and saplings ; nests have been recorded in eucalypts and ironwoods nestegis apetala .\ngill , f . b . ( 1970 ) . hybridization in norfolk island white - eyes ( zosterops ) . condor . 72 : 481 - 2 .\nat rocky point reserve , the white - eye inhabits regenerating forest consisting of norfolk island pines and a sparse understorey of native hardwoods ( mainly white oak ) and a few weed species ( rooke 1986 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . the species has also been recorded in degraded pasture that had been invaded by thickets of woody weeds ( smithers & disney 1969 ) , though they typically avoid lower thickets as well as garden and forest edges ( schodde et al . 1983 ) .\n13 - 14 cm . medium - sized , warbler - like bird with long , slightly decurved bill . sexes similar . greyish - brown upperparts , including head and flanks , with olive cast . white eye - ring . black lores . suffused olive - yellow upperwing - coverts . yellow - tinged undertail - coverts . grey bill , paler lower mandible .\nthe norfolk island white - eye population in norfolk island national park has been censused by having an observer walk a series of 250 m long transect routes through four different habitats , between 05 : 00 and 09 : 00 , at five to eight day intervals , and recording any birds within 20 m on either side of the transect ( robinson 1988 , 1997 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye is usually seen in small flocks of up to 20 birds , but has also been recorded singly and in pairs ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; mees 1969 ; moore 1981 , 1985 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) . it is sometimes seen in company with silvereyes ( moore 1981 ) . no data is available on territories or breeding dispersion .\n13\u201315 cm ; 16\u201318 g . has black lores continuing under and behind medium - sized white eyering , latter interrupted at front by the black of lores ; forehead , crown , . . .\nthe norfolk island white - eye has been surveyed on five occasions : in 1978 , as part of the raou census of norfolk island ( schodde et al . 1983 ) ; and in 1985 , 1987 , 1989 and 1996 , during investigations of the status of native birds in norfolk island national park and at selected sites outside of the park ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; rooke 1986 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye is non - migratory ; it is present on norfolk island throughout the year ( hermes 1985 ) . banding data suggests that they roam over small areas ; of 18 birds re - sighted after trapping during spring and early summer in 1987 , none were seen more than 60 m from the trapping sites , and some were observed near their trapping sites six weeks after banding ( robinson 1988 ) .\nbecause the estimated total population size of the norfolk island white - eye is so small , all populations are important to the survival and recovery of the species . of particular importance is the population that occurs in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park , which is the largest of the species ' populations on norfolk island ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) .\nthe norfolk island white - eye breeds from september to december ; eggs have been recorded in october and november ( hermes 1985 ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) . it builds a cup - shaped nest of moss , roots and grass , lined with hair , that is suspended by the rim from thin twigs or branchlets in trees , shrubs and saplings , including eucalypts eucalyptus spp . and ironwoods nestegis apetala ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) .\narea of occupancy is estimated at 8 km\u00b2 ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . this estimate is considered to be of high reliability . though no baseline data exists , area of occupancy has apparently declined since european settlement due to the degradation and clearing of habitat ( smithers & disney ) ; and recent studies show that area of occupancy is still decreasing today ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . in the past century the white - eye has disappeared from several sites throughout the central and eastern parts of norfolk island , e . g . ball bay , steels point , and near burnt pine and point blackbourne .\nthe norfolk island white - eye occurs only on norfolk island ( christidis & boles 1994 ; mees 1969 ; paynter 1967 ; sibley & monroe 1990 ) , where it occurs mainly in areas of tall , native forest ( hermes 1985 ; mills 2003 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . the largest numbers are found in and around the mount pitt section of norfolk island national park , in the north - west corner of the island ( bell 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . it is recorded only at scattered sites elsewhere on the island ( bell 1990 ; robinson 1988 , 1997 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) , including at rocky point reserve on the south - west coast , where it is common ( hermes 1985 ; hermes et al . 1986 ; mills 2003 ; robinson 1988 ) . there have been no recent records from the eastern side of the island ( bell 1990 ; mills 2003 ; robinson 1997 ) .\nthey show a preference for foraging in native plant species , such as norfolk island pine , white oak , maple , beech , ironwood and norfolk island palm ( bell 1990 ; gordon 1983 ; robinson 1988 ) , though they will occasionally feed on introduced plants including red guava , eucalypts , african olive , lantana and wild tobacco ( robinson 1988 ) . the preference for foraging in native vegetation makes them vulnerable to habitat modification and the replacement of indigenous plants by introduced species ( robinson 1988 ) .\nthese birds are highly mobile with movement possibly driven by food sources and shelter requirements which would change regularly as the island is subject to winds from all quarters . when an owl is disturbed in daylight hours it is not unusual for white - eyes in the immediate area to attempt to harass the owl out of their area . the noise they make whilst pressuring the owl attracts many other individuals which observers would otherwise not see or be aware of ( r . ward july 2005 , pers comm . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\nthis species is listed as near threatened because although it has a very small range and population on a single island ( and has declined historically ) , its population is estimated to have been stable for several decades . it has not been significantly affected by introduced predators , including rats , and therefore there is not thought to be any plausible threat likely to lead to very rapid future declines . if such a plausible future threat were to be identified it would warrant classification as vulnerable .\n, where it is thought to number c . 4 , 500 mature individuals . the species is mostly restricted to the norfolk island national park but is also found in the botanic garden and one hundred acres reserve ( m . christian\n2016 ) . it underwent declines since the 1960s , particularly outside the park , which continued in the period 1987 - 1997 , however numbers since appear to have stabilised .\na survey in 2010 estimated a population of c . 4 , 000 birds in the national park on the basis of 74 records in point counts at a density of c . 900 / km\nthe species has been declining since the 1960s , particularly outside the norfolk island national park , a decline which has continued in the period from 1987 to 1997 ( garnett and crowley 2000 ) . numbers are since thought to have stabilised , as a 2010 survey found detected similar numbers along transects to previous surveys ( garnett\nit lives in rainforest and tall secondary growth . it uses its long , down - curved bill to probe fissures in bark for insects , although it also takes fruit , including those of exotic species . it is also observed feeding on nectar from flowers of the endemic\nthe species has gradually disappeared from all parts of the island that have been extensively cleared for timber , cultivation , pasture and continued development ( m . christian\n. this species is also presently threatened by the replacement of cleared native forest with invasive weeds ( m . christian\nthe norfolk island national park was declared in 1986 , encompassing most of the main remaining stands of native trees on the island . rat baiting and cat trapping is carried out within its boundaries . in 2006 , it was noted that control measures for rats were budget - constrained and limited in their effectiveness ( s . garnett\n. responsible cat ownership is being encouraged , through sponsorship of a cat neutering clinic . the norfolk island region threatened species recovery plan ( director of national parks 2010 ) recommends a set of recovery measures required to reduce or remove threats to native species on the island . rabbits have been removed from phillip island .\nmonitor trends in the population through analysis of birdwatchers ' records . consider introducing the species to phillip island . eliminate mammalian predators from areas in which there is strong community support ( m . christian\n2016 ) , and prevent reintroduction ( director of national parks 2010 ) . carry out research into the impacts of introduced predators ( m . christian\n. the idea of installing a predator - proof fence around the national park , hundred acre reserve and other important areas of habitat was once proposed but hasn ' t gained traction , likely due to the costs and maintenance this would involve ( m . christian\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : zosterops tenuirostris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nclosely related to z . lateralis ; extinct \u2020 z . strenuus ( formerly occurring on lord howe i ) sometimes treated as conspecific with present species . monotypic .\nsept\u2013dec . nest a cup - shaped structure composed of mosses , fibrous roots and grasses , lined with hair , suspended by rim from thin . . .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in norfolk island eba . confined to small island of norfolk , less than 35 km\u00b2 in extent , where moderately abundant in its . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal structure much clarified by recent genetic studies # r # r , which also show that speirops and woodfordia do not represent monophyletic assemblages and are best subsumed within present genus ; one species previously included herein ( wallacei ) is better transferred to heleia .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njohn o ' malley , cookdj , lindsay hansch , jennifer spry , john and jemi holmes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nthe action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .\nlisted as near threatened ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nat present , the extent of occurrence is considered stable based on documented data ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\nthese birds are highly mobile and there would need to be a lot of monitoring to get a reliable perspective on their numbers ( r ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\nthis species occurs at only one location , norfolk island . a single threatening event such as the introduction of a predator , wildfire or severe storm activity may affect all individuals present .\nthe species ' distribution on the island is severely fragmented by cleared land such as farmland and the airstrip which does not provide suitable habitat for this forest - dwelling bird ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe total population size of the species has most recently been estimated at 2000 breeding birds . however , this estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . no attempt at surveying populations of these birds has been made in recent times ( r . ward july 2005 , pers . comm . ) .\ngeneration length is estimated at three years . this estimate is considered to be of low reliability due to a lack of reliable life history data ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\nthere is no information on ages of sexual maturity or natural mortality . one adult banded at norfolk island was recaptured at its banding place more than 13 months after banding ( unpublished data from australian bird and bat banding scheme in higgins et al . , 2006 ) .\nclutch - size is said to range from two to six ( basset hull 1909a ; hermes 1985 ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ; robinson 1988 ) . the eggs are pale blue , slightly glossy and elongated oval in shape , and measure 19 . 5 - 23 . 2 x 13 . 5 - 16 . 3 mm ( basset hull 1909a ; mathews 1928 ; mees 1969 ; north 1899 ) . one nest appeared to have been preyed upon by rats ( bell 1990 ) .\nrecovery objectives should focus on maintaining a viable population on norfolk island , with a view to introducing the species to phillip island in the future ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .\ncontrol of introduced predators in norfolk island national park through rat baiting and cat trapping .\nencouragement of responsible cat ownership through sponsorship of a cat de - sexing clinic . there is also support for a ban on the importation of reproductively - capable cats .\nthe conservation of remaining suitable habitat and the restoration or creation of suitable habitat through the removal of introduced weeds and the encouragement of native tree - planting programmes on both norfolk and phillip islands . this is critical and is occurring in the national park including phillip island .\nthe introduction of birds to phillip island once revegetation is established . to be assessed when vegetation has advanced to provide for the species ' requirements .\nthe implementation of co - operative rodent control programs across norfolk island , with the aim of eradicating rats from the island .\nenhancement of the current rat baiting and cat trapping programs on norfolk island and monitoring of their efficacy and the need for this to be undertaken beyond the national park area .\ngordon , m . ( 1983 ) . feeding ecology of two silvereyes zosterops lateralis and zosterops tenuirostris on norfolk island with different bill sizes . unpublished report , wildlife management department , south australian college of advanced education .\nanpws ( 1994 ) . plan of managment norfolk island national park and norfolk island botanic garden . australian national parks and wildlife service . australian national parks and wildlife service .\nbasset hull , a . f . ( 1909a ) . the birds of lord howe and norfolk islands . in : proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 34 : 636 - 93 .\nbirdlife international ( 2000 ) . threatened birds of the world . barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk : . birdlife international and lynx edicions .\nchristidis , l . & w . e . boles ( 1994 ) . the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . royal australasian ornithologists union monograph 2 . melbourne , victoria : royal australasian ornithologists union .\ngarnett , s . t . & g . m . crowley ( 2000 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2000 . canberra , act : environment australia and birds australia . available from : urltoken .\ngordon , m . ( 1983 ) . feeding ecology of two silvereyes , zosterops lateralis and zosterops tenuirostris , on norfolk island with different bill sizes . unpublished report . wildlife management department , south australian college of advanced education .\ngrant , p . r . ( 1978 ) . recent evolution of zosterops lateralis on norfolk island , australia . canadian journal of zoology . 56 : 1624 - 6 .\nhermes , n . ( 1985 ) . birds of norfolk island . wonderland publications , norfolk island .\nhermes , n . , o . evans & b . evans ( 1986 ) . norfolk island birds : a review . notornis . 33 : 141 - 149 .\nhiggins , p . j . , j . m . peter and s . j . cowling ( 2006 ) . boatbill to starlings . in : the handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . 7 . melbourne : oxford press .\nmathews , g . m . ( 1928 ) . the birds of norfolk and lord howe islands and the australasian south polar quadrant . h . f . & g . witherby , london .\nmees , g . f . ( 1969 ) . a systematic review of the indo - australian zosteropidae ( part iii ) . zoologische verhandelingen . 102 : 1 - 390 .\nmills , k . ( 2003 ) . a survey of the birds of norfolk island - unpublished report .\nmoore , j . l . ( 1981 ) . norfolk island notes 1971 to 1980 . notornis . 28 : 50 - 56 .\nmoore , j . l . ( 1985 ) . norfolk island notes . notornis . 32 : 311 - 318 .\nnorth , a . j . ( 1899 ) . nests and eggs of birds found breeding on lord howe and norfolk islands . australian museum catalogue . 12 : 407 - 416 .\npaynter , r . a . ( 1967 ) . check - list of birds of the world . paynter , r . a . , ed . 12 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\nrobinson , d . ( 1997 ) . an evaluation of the status of the norfolk island robin following rat - control and weed - control works in the norfolk island national park .\nschodde , r . & i . j . mason ( 1999 ) . the directory of australian birds : passerines . melbourne , victoria : csiro .\nschodde , r . , p . fullagar & n . hermes ( 1983 ) . a review of norfolk island birds : past and present . australian national parks and wildlife service special publication . 8 .\nsibley , c . g . & b . l . monroe ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of the birds of the world . new haven , connecticut : yale university press .\nsmithers , c . n . & h . j . disney ( 1969 ) . the distribution of terrestrial and freshwater birds on norfolk island . australian zoologist . 15 : 127 - 140 .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2008zzp ) . non - current threat abatement plan for predation by feral cats . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2008 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 23 - jul - 2015 .\ngarnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . zosterops tenuirostris in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 38 : 28 + 1000 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 591 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n, where it is thought to number c . 4 , 500 mature individuals , mostly restricted to the norfolk island national park . it underwent declines since the 1960s , particularly outside the park , which continued in the period 1987 - 1997 , however numbers since appear to have stabilised .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c0bf78a7 - 0569 - 4c59 - 894b - 18540a2e97ae\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 186b9e7d - a7d0 - 4edd - 9cfe - 2c8977bdb521\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 419851\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* * direct email link protected by javascript . enable javascript or email ' ian ' ( at symbol ) ' urltoken ' . * *\naperture : f4 . 0 shutter speed : 1 / 250 sec focal length : 500 . 0 mm"]}
{"id": 547, "summary": [{"text": "apsidophora is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , apsidophora purpurorbis , which is found in thailand , the malay peninsula , sumatra and new guinea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light purplish-grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are deep purplish-brown in the apical third . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "apsidophora", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for apsidophora definition . you find here apsidophora meaning , synonyms of apsidophora and images for apsidophora copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word apsidophora . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word apsidophora and , of course , apsidophora synonyms and on the right images related to the word apsidophora .\napsidophora is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae . it contains only one species , apsidophora purpurorbis , which is found in thailand , the malay peninsula , sumatra and new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe wingspan is 17 - 20 mm . the forewings are light purplish - grey . the hindwings are deep purplish - brown in the apical third .\nnotable tortricids include the codling moth and the spruce budworm , which are among the most well - studied of all insects because of their economic impact . [ 3 ]\nthe head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found . like the adult , the larva also has a toughened , or sclerotized head capsule . [ 22 ] here , two compound eyes , and chaetosema , raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to lepidoptera , occur , though many taxa have lost one or both of these spots . the antennae have a wide variation in form among species and even between diffe\nthough the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain , estimates range from 2 . 6\u20137 . 8 million species with a mean of 5 . 5 million . [ 42 ]\nthe embryos of all arthropods are segmented , built from a series of repeated modules . the last common ancestor of living arthropods probably consisted of a series of undifferentiated segments , each with a pair of appendages that functioned as limbs . however , all known living and fossil arthropods have grouped segments into tagmata in which segments and their limbs are specialized in various ways . [\nnearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction . [ 20 ] they produce haploid gametes by meiosis ; the smaller , motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger , non - motile gametes are ova . [ 21 ] these fuse to form zygotes , [ 22 ] which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere , called a blastula . in sponges , blastula larvae swim to a new location , attach to the seabed , and develop into a new sp"]}
{"id": 549, "summary": [{"text": "the northern zigzag salamander ( plethodon dorsalis ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is endemic to the united states .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is one of 55 species in the genus plethodon .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its natural habitats are temperate forests , rocky areas , and caves .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "northern zigzag salamander", "paragraphs": ["eastern red - backed salamander has a straight - edged dorsal stripe . southern zigzag salamander distinguished from identical northern zigzag salamander by range and genetic analysis .\noccurs in the eastern two - thirds of tn below 2500 ft . zigzag salamander fairly recently split into northern and southern zigzag ( p . ventralis ) salamander , which appear identical .\nthis species was once considered a subspecies of the northern zigzag salamander ( p . dorsalis ) . but the ozark zigzag salamander is both geographically isolated and genetically divergent from that species , so scientists elevated it to full species status .\na little different from my other videos , this is just some plain footage of northern zigzag salamanders .\nn . feeding behavior . spiders and beetles comprised most of the diet of a fall and winter sample of northern zigzag salamander adults ( holman , 1955 ) .\nk . interspecific associations / exclusions . in areas of syntopy , there is habitat separation between northern zigzag salamanders and eastern red - backed salamanders ( reinbold , 1979 ) . minton ( 2001 ) notes segregation between these species in indiana , with northern zigzag salamanders exhibiting a preference for moist rocky habitats . bausmann and whitaker ( 1987 ) note more earthworms ( annelida ) and fewer beetles ( insecta : coleoptera ) in the stomachs of northern zigzag salamanders when compared to eastern red - backed salamanders .\n4 . conservation . northern zigzag salamanders are listed as a species of special concern in north carolina , at the eastern edge of their distribution ( levell , 1997 ) . as with other members of the plethodon dorsalis complex , comprehensive life history and natural history studies of northern zigzag salamanders are necessary to obtain the knowledge required to make informed and effective management decisions .\nnorthern zigzag salamanders breed terrestrially during the fall and spring . females lay 3 - 9 eggs in underground cavities or in cave entrances during the spring and summer . females remain with the eggs until hatching in the fall .\ni . seasonal migrations . unknown . however , in arkansas , closely related ozark zigzag salamander adults migrate to sandstone cedar glades from the forest during the courting season . immature individuals are not found on the glade ( meshaka and trauth , 1995 ) .\nsimilar species : the dorsal stripe of the southern red - backed salamander ( p . serratus ) is uniform in width , wider , and has serrated ( toothed ) edges . its range overlaps but mostly occurs north and east of the ozark zigzag\u2019s range .\nl . age / size at reproductive maturity . mature female northern zigzag salamanders in indiana measure at least 35 . 6 mm svl ( sever , 1978b ; minton , 2001 ) . both sexes of closely related ozark zigzag salamanders are mature at 35 mm svl and reproduce for the first time in the winter of their third year of life ( meshaka and trauth , 1995 ) .\na small , dark - colored salamander ( 2 . 5 to 3 . 5 inches in length ) with a red or orangish wavy pattern , or \u201czigzag\u201d , extending from the neck down the back to the base of the tail where it straightens out . this species also occurs\n2 . historical versus current abundance . northern zigzag salamanders are seasonally abundant under moist leaf litter and flat rocks , often on wooded hillsides and ravines , along shale banks , and associated with sinkholes ( minton , 2001 ) . they have also been found in caves ( miller et al . , 1998 ) .\nin a brownish - gray color morph without the zigzag . small white flecks occur on back and sides giving a metallic appearance . belly is gray or black with orange or reddish speckles .\nlike other amphibians in our state , this salamander depends on humans to restrain from destroying , degrading , and fragmenting their native habitat . salamanders are both literally and figuratively voiceless . people who care about their survival must speak up for them when it comes to public policy .\nusually occurs in or near caves in the ozark highlands . it hides in or under rotten logs , under rocks , and under leaf litter in seepages near small streams and on steep hillsides . it seems to prefer cooler and damper habitats than the closely related southern red - backed salamander .\ncourtship and breeding may occur in autumn , winter , and early spring . from may through august , females deposit eggs deep underground , in places where accumulated small rocks create many small cavities or in other cool , damp niches . there are 2\u20135 eggs per clutch . females remain with the eggs until they hatch . like all other species of their genus , ozark zigzag salamanders go through complete development in the egg and hatch as tiny replicas of the adults , less than 1 inch long .\na small , dark , slender , woodland salamander with a narrow , somewhat lobed mid - dorsal stripe . the dorsal stripe is thin , usually has irregular or wavy edges , and may be yellow , yellow orange , orange , or red . dark brown or black pigment may invade the dorsal stripe , making it look lobed , or it may cover a large part of the stripe . the dorsal stripe is usually less than 1 / 3 the width of the body ; it is widest near the hind limbs . sometimes there is no dorsal stripe . the belly has white and black mottling . the sides are dark or brownish gray with some orange or red , and small white flecks . there are 17\u201319 costal grooves ( vertical grooves on the sides of the body ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\nplethodon ventralis and p . angusticlavius were formerly included in p . dorsalis ( see highton 1997 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthis species can be found in the central united states from illinois and indiana southward through western and central kentucky to central tennessee ( conant and collins 1991 , highton 1997 ) .\nit can be found in the vicinity of moist rocky crevices in ravines , canyons , rubble , seepages , caves , and wooded slopes . under rocks , logs , or leaves during day . it is a terrestrial breeder with direct development .\nthere are no known threats to the global population . some subpopulations are locally impacted by deforestation .\nit occurs in many protected areas . habitat protection of locally impacted subpopulations may be required .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthe following account is modified from amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species , edited by michael lannoo ( \u00a92005 by the regents of the university of california ) , used with permission of university of california press . the book is available from uc press .\nii . breeding habitat . same as adult habitat . in indiana , spermatozoa are present in vasa deferentia in october and april ( sever , 1978a ) , and sperm are present in females in november and march ( minton , 2001 ) and in april ( sever , 1978b ) . egg laying in indiana occurs in the spring , collections indicate from april\u2013june ( sever , 1978b ) .\ni . egg deposition sites . clutches are deposited within rock crevices , subterranean cavities , and in caves ( mohr , 1952 ; smith , 1961 ; mount , 1975 ; miller et al . , 1998 ) . logs appear to be avoided as nesting sites . eggs rest on the substrate and are attended by the female ( mohr , 1952 ; miller et al . , 1998 ) .\nii . clutch size . clutches of closely related ozark salamanders in arkansas average 5 . 3 eggs ( range = 3\u20139 ) and are produced annually ( meshaka and trauth , 1995 ) .\nii . parental care . females attend the nest during the summer , at which time they are absent from foraging sites ( wilkinson et al . , 1993 ; meshaka and trauth , 1995 ) . hatchlings appear in the fall ( wilkinson et al . , 1993 ; meshaka and trauth , 1995 ) .\nh . aestivation / avoiding dessication . aestivation is unknown , however under dessicating conditions animals likely move under cover objects or into burrows .\no . predators . centipedes in the genus scolopendra sp . are likely predators of the closely related ozark salamanders ( personal observations ) .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmoist habitat of rocky hillsides , forested slopes , leaf litter , and entrances to caves .\nduring the warmer months of the summer , these salamanders retreat to the mouths of caves and to underground burrows where it is cooler and moist .\nconant , r . and collins , j . 1998 . peterson field guides : reptiles and amphibians ( eastern / central north america ) . houghton mifflin company , new york . 616pp .\ndodd , jr . , c . k . 2004 . the amphibians of great smoky mountains national park . university of tennessee press , knoxville tn .\njensen , j . b . , camp c . d . , gibbons , w . , and elliot , m . j . 2008 . amphibians and reptiles of georgia , university of georgia press , athens , ga . 575pp .\ncookie policy : we use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhome to 138 species of salamanders , frogs , turtles , lizards , and snakes .\nall information found on this site falls under the inhs ' s internet license agreement .\nreddish or yellowish back stripe broadly zig - zagged , or narrow and straight edged ; orange marks around bases of front legs .\nangusticlavius , grobman , 1944 ( ann . new york acad . sci . , 45 : 302 ) , which was later elevated to full species .\nmoist , rocky forests . seasonally abundant in woodlands around rocky springs and cave entrances .\nnatural history : in late autumn and spring , during rainy periods , it may be abundant under rocks on forested hillsides . during mid - summer , individuals move deeper into soil , sometimes encountering moist cave passages where they accumulate in large numbers . females have been observed brooding eggs in rock crevices in a southern illinois cave june through september .\ndistribution notes : only two specimens are known from vermilion co . , il , both in the collection of the university of illinois museum of natural history , and both collected by alvin cahn in 1926 from\nstrip mines near danville\n. repeated attempts to find more specimens in this area have failed . however , the species is known from parke co . , indiana , two counties due east .\ncope , e . d . 1889 . batrachia of north america . bulletin of the united states national museum 34 : 5 - 525 ( p . 138 ) .\ntype specimen : syntypes are usnm 3776a - d ; usnm 3776a was designated the lectotype by highton ( 1962 . bull . florida state mus . , biol . sci . , 6 : 277 )\n* nomen nudum is latin for\nnaked name\n. this means that the name was published without an acceptable description .\n\u00a9 2018 university of illinois board of trustees . all rights reserved . for permissions information , contact the illinois natural history survey .\n\u00a9 2018 ( natural history on the net ) . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\nfind local mdc conservation agents , consultants , education specialists , and regional offices .\nvery small arthropods , including insects , spiders , and other joint - legged invertebrates .\noccurs in the south and southwestern portion of the missouri ozarks , mainly southwestern counties along the arkansas border .\nthese and other lungless salamanders are integral parts of the caves and forested streams , springs , and seeps they occupy . as predators , they help control the numbers of the insects and other creatures they eat . as prey , the adults , eggs , and young help feed larger predators .\nmissouri\u2019s herptiles comprise 43 amphibians and 75 reptiles . amphibians , including salamanders , toads , and frogs , are vertebrate animals that spend at least part of their life cycle in water . they usually have moist skin , lack scales or claws , and are ectothermal ( cold - blooded ) , so they do not produce their own body heat the way birds and mammals do . reptiles , including turtles , lizards , and snakes , are also vertebrates , and most are ectothermal , but unlike amphibians , reptiles have dry skin with scales , the ones with legs have claws , and they do not have to live part of their lives in water .\nwe protect and manage the fish , forest , and wildlife of the state . we facilitate and provide opportunity for all citizens to use , enjoy , and learn about these resources ."]}
{"id": 552, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) , or eastern yellow-vented bulbul , is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is resident breeder in southeastern asia from indochina to the philippines .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is found in a wide variety of open habitats , but not deep forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is one of the most common birds in cultivated areas .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they appear to be nomadic , roaming from place to place regularly . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "yellow - vented bulbul", "paragraphs": ["juvenile yellow - vented bulbul at hindhede nature park . photo credit : francis yap\nenglish : yellow - vented bulbul , dark - capped bulbul , black - eyed bulbul , white - eared bulbul , garden bulbul ; french : bulbul commun , bulbul des jardins ; german : graub\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul naranjero .\nyellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .\nenglish : madagascar bulbul , madagascar black bulbul , comoro bulbul , comoro black bulbul ; french : bulbul malgache , bulbul des comores ; german : madagaskarfluchtvogel , rotschnabel - fluchtvogel ; spanish : bulbul negro .\nenglish : ashy bulbul , brown - eared bulbul , chestnut bulbul ; french : bulbul \u00e0 ailes vertes ; german : braunohrb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul ahumado .\nenglish : yellow - whiskered bulbul ; french : bulbul \u00e0 moustaches jaunes ; german : gelbbartb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul de bigotes amarillos .\nobservations of the behaviour of the yellow - vented bulbul , pycnonotus goiavier ( scopoli ) in two instances of failed nesting .\nthe diet of yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) in durafarm oil palm plantation , sarawak , mal . . .\nenglish : joyful bulbul ; french : bulbul joyeux ; german : dotterb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul feliz .\nenglish : crested bulbul , red - eared bulbul ; french : bulbul orph\u00e9e ; german : rotohrb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul de bigotes rojos .\nenglish : lesser icterine bulbul ; french : bulbul ict\u00e9rin ; german : zeisigb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul icterino .\nenglish : straw - crowned bulbul ; french : bulbul \u00e1 t\u00eate jaune ; german : gelbscheitelb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul bigotudo .\nthe first time ck kim had a pair of yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) nesting in . . .\nfrench : bulbul \u00e0 ventre rouge ; german : russb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul ventrirrojo .\nenglish : shelley ' s bulbul ; french : bulbul des monts masukus ; german : shelleyb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul de shelley .\nenglish : red - tailed bulbul ; french : bulbul \u00e0 barbe blanche ; german : swainsonb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul de cola roja .\nenglish : ashy - fronted bearded bulbul ; french : bulbul flav\u00e9ole ; german : weisskehlb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul barbudo de frente ahumado .\nfrench : bulbul d ' arabie ; german : gelbstei\u00dfb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul capirotado ; .\nfrench : bulbul crinon oriental ; german : haarb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul de lomo verde .\nfrench : bulbul \u00e0 collier noir ; german : r\u00fcttelb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : bulbul de collar negro .\nfrench : bulbul \u00e0 gorge jaune ; german : gelbkehlnicator ; spanish : bulbul de garganta amarilla .\nthe plain dark - and - white patterns on yellow - vented bulbul and on white - eared bulbul are relieved by conspicuous yellow undertail coverts ( neither is shown in these particular poses ) ; red - whiskered has a prominent red spot ( ear - tuft ) behind the eye . other fairly similar species ( e . g . , red - vented bulbul p . cafer in india , sooty - headed bulbul p . aurigaster in southeast asia ) have bright red undertail coverts .\n\u201cthe yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier analis ) is a common bird and a delight to watch . been seeing numerous nests in recent weeks and occasionally had an opportunity to watch feeding behaviour .\non 14th june 2008 , a pair of yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) suddenly arrived in my garden and perched on the branches of a tree . the vocalisation of the pair was unfamiliar .\nheather goessel\u2019s image of the yellow - vented bulbul below shows the bird eating the flowers of the starfruit ( averrhoa carambola ) . according to heather this bulbul loves the starfruit flowers and appears several times a day to snack on them . obviously the \u2026 continued\n5 . 5 in ( 14 cm ) ; 0 . 88 oz ( 25 g ) . upperparts dark green , head tinged gray . short yellow stripe above the eye , bordered on top with a black line , cheeks grayish . yellow throat , undertail greenish yellow , yellow tip on tail . conspicuous yellow wing spots . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but greener fore - head and less yellow on throat .\nthe black bulbul ( hypsipetes leucocephalus ) , also known as the himalayan black bulbul or asian black bulbul , is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds . it is found in southern asia from india east to southern china .\nphotos \u00a9 don roberson , except the yellow - wattled bulbul \u00a9 blake t . matheson and used with permission ; all rights reserved .\nthe yellow - vented bulbul is one of the most familiar birds in the parks and gardens . it can often be seen feeding on small flowering shrubs such as the sendudok ( melastoma malabaricum ) and simpoh air ( dillenia suffructicosa ) .\nhypsipetes flavala blyth , 1845 . some authors consider races of chestnut bulbul ( hemixos castanonotus ) as races of the ashy bulbul .\n138 - yellow - billed chough pyrrhocorax graculus ( resident in the valley ) .\nislam , k . , and r . n . williams .\nred - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus cafer ) , red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) .\nin the birds of north america . 520 ( 2000 ) .\nenglish : finch - billed bulbul ; french : bulbul \u00e1 gros bec ; german : fimkenb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : pico de pinz\u00f3n copet\u00f3n .\nwhenever i am in my garden and hear this somewhat gurgling call , i know that the yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) are nesting in a tree nearby ( video above ) . the bulbul would initially be somewhere among the branches of the wayside \u2026 continued\nbirds in the park are - - himalayan griffon vulture , laggar falcon , peregrine falcon , kestrel , indian sparrow hawk , egyptian vulture , white cheeked bulbul , yellow vented bulbul , paradise flycatcher , black partridge , cheer pheasant , khalij pheasant , golden oriole , spotted dove , collared dove , larks , shrikes , wheatears and buntings .\nolive - yellow patch on wings . sexes alike . juvenile similar , but browner upperparts .\nfrom\nblack - crested bulbul\nto\nblack - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )\nmoments with a ' himalayan black bulbul ' . . . explored ! by rohit .\na pair of yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) built their nest in a hanging pot of orchid . the birds were extremely shy so it was difficult to capture their activities on camera . feeding behavior indicated that there were hungry chicks in \u2026 continued\n7 . 8 in ( 20 cm ) ; 1 . 5\u20131 . 9 oz ( 43\u201355 g ) . one of the most brightly colored bulbuls , yellow - green upperparts , bright yellow chin and throat , golden - green underparts . olive tail edged with yellow . sexes alike . juvenile washed - out brown , greenish under - parts .\nthe characteristic distraction call of the yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier ) in my garden has been going on for more than a week now link . the eggs must have hatched as the adults were seen bringing food to the nest ( above , \u2026 continued\nas only my second ever species of bulbul , the yellow - vented came as a bit of a contrast to the brown - eared ones of japan . while certainly one of the top ten most common birds i saw on the trip , it wasn ' t ubiquitous in the same way the brown - eared is and certainly considerably quieter . unlike in japan though , there are a number of species of bulbul present which makes identification slightly more effort , especially as there are a few similar looking species - the yellow rump but otherwise fairly drab colouration is distinctive here .\n\u201ci have shared on birds feeding on the nectar of the african tulip tree ( spathodea campanulata ) in the past link . \u201cthe brown - throated sunbirds and yellow vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier analis ) are regulars . but i have also seen little spiderhunters ( arachnothera \u2026 continued\n\u201csome time ago i posted on my long standing observations of the difference in social behaviour / organisation of yellow - vented bulbuls ( pycnonotus goiavier analis ) that dwell in cities and those in \u2018rural\u2019 environment . see : here . \u201cwells 2007 states that \u2018typical day - time social \u2026 continued\n62 - himalayan bulbul pycnonotus leucoenys ( regularly encountered throughput the year in lower reached of palas ) .\nthis bulbul eat insects and other small invertebrates , and berries , fruits , seeds , buds and nectar .\nthe yellow - vented bulbul is one of the more common resident birds in singapore . found in most habitats except dense forest , it is now slowly getting less common in urban areas . a rather dull bird , the splash of yellow undertail coverts brings some colour to its brown plumage . its rich bubbling song is often heard in the early morning and late evening in urban gardens and parks , the bulbul builds its cup - shaped nest in the most surprising locations , often close to human habitation - garden shrubs , potted plants , artificial plants and baskets hung in garages and balconies . it does not recycle its nest or reuse the old materials .\nenglish : leaflove ; french : bulbul \u00e0 queue rousse ; german : uferb\u00fclb\u00fcl ; spanish : amante de hojas .\nthe himalayan bulbul ( pycnonotus leucogenys ) , or white - cheeked bulbul , is a species of songbird in the bulbul family found in central asia . the himalayan bulbul is about 18 cm in length , with a wingspan of 25 . 5 - 28 cm and an average weight of 30 g . its head , throat , and crest are black and white . the back , side , and lengthy tail are brown , the underside is pale yellow . sexes have similar plumage . the song is a beautiful 4 - piece whistle , which resembles an accelerated oriole whistle . ( from wikipedia )\nfishpool , l . , tobias , j . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . yellow - vented bulbul ( pycnonotus goiavier ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nidentification : adult has brown upperparts , dark crown and loral stripe , broad white supercilium , white throat , whitish underparts with vague streaks and yellow vent .\n11 . 5 in ( 29 cm ) . large bulbul with orange - yellow crown and cheek , white throat lined with black on top , and large bill . whitish belly and orange rump , olive - green back and wings . sexes alike . juvenile duller with brownish head .\n8 . 6 in ( 22 cm ) . large , olive - green bulbul with prominent blackish crest and stout , pale - yellow , finchlike bill . gray fore - head , blackish throat , broad blackish green tail . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but browner head and throat .\nbrosset , a .\nthe social life of the african forest yellow - whiskered greenbull andropadus latirostris .\nz . tierpsychol . 60 ( 1981 ) : 239\u2013255 .\nbulbuls ( p . cafer ) , were introduced to the hawaiian island of o ' ahu in the late 1960s . populations of both birds have dramatically increased . red - vented bulbuls are now found across the island , while the red - whiskered bulbul is found throughout southeastern areas . these birds are considered serious pests and threats to native bird populations .\nthe rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .\n156 - black and yellow grosbeak mycerobas icterioides ( the most common grosbeak recorded in the valley , occasionally observed as a winter resident as well as breeding in the valley ) .\n5 . 9 in ( 15 cm ) ; 0 . 5\u20130 . 8 oz ( 15\u201325 g ) . top of head and upper - parts olive green , uppertail rusty , rump feathers long and fluffy . chin and throat sulfur yellow , breast and belly yellow washed with green . reddish tail . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but upperparts greener and washed brownish breast and throat .\nbulbuls can be quite aggressive towards members of their own species , and other species as well . some , such as the puff - throated bulbul ( criniger pallidus ) and the mountain bulbul ( hypsipetes mcclellandii ) will aggressively mob birds of prey . if the face - off is against a bulbul of the same species , the threat display may be different than against other birds . among pycnonotus , there are roughly three to seven threat displays . these include tail - flicking , tail - spreading , crest - raising , undertail - covert spreading , wing - flicking - and - spreading , and crouch display ( the latter may also be an appeasement display ) . the red - vented bulbul has been observed attacking birds by poking with its bill . the red - tailed greenbul ( criniger calurus ) and other criniger bulbuls will puff out their fluffy beard - like throat feathers , both as a preening gesture and as an aggressive display .\nthis bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter .\n7 . 5\u20138 . 3 in ( 19\u201321 cm ) ; 1 . 3\u20131 . 5 oz ( 38\u201345 g ) . large bulbul ; breast and head gray , few black bristles on hindneck and mantle . mantle , rump , and wings yellow - green olive . tail bright rust - maroon . chin and throat white , appears puffy and beard - like , creamy belly . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult .\nzuccon , d . , and p . g . p . ericson . 2010 . the phylogenetic position of the black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus . ibis 152 : 386 - 392 .\n19\u201320\u00b75 cm ; 24\u201337 g . medium - sized , noisy , conspicuous bulbul with stubby , erectile crest . nominate race has broad supercilium , crown side , cheeks and throat white . . .\nhimalayan bulbul length is about 18 cm , wingspan of 25 . 5 to 28 cm and the weight of an average of about 30 g . bird ' s head , throat , and crest are black and white . the back side , and a lengthy tail are brown , the underside and pale yellow . both sexes have the same color . the song is a beautiful 4 - piece whistle , which resembles an accelerated oriole whistle .\nalthough most bulbuls prefer areas with lots of green vegetation , a small number are found in drier scrub habitats , especially pycnonotus . the african red - eyed bulbul ( pycnonotus nigricans ) occupies drier areas , including savanna , semiarid scrub , and bushy hillsides . the northern brownbul ( phyllastrephus strepitans ) also prefers scrub , and is often the only bulbul present in the driest parts of its range .\nit was recently learned , however , that the enigmatic black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus of central africa \u2014 which some had proposed might be a shrike \u2014 is in fact within the bulbul lineage ( zuccon & ericson 2010 ) . its origin goes back to the base of that lineage , and there is more to learn about its affinities , but it is not a shrike and is , for now , a bulbul . on the other hand , five species of assumed\ngreenbuls\nin madagascar , now known as tetrakas ( genus bernieria , xanthornixis ) , are in a new family , the bernieridae .\na black bulbul ( hypsipetes leucocephalus ) was inspecting the right choice fruits for the taking under afternoon sunshine from a twig . the sweet colour tones of the bird specially the beak was just looking gorgeous against that beautiful yellow - green bokeh backdrop . i liked the way the bird posed with the leaves standing in symmetry with perfect distances . it seems like a painting with sweet lighting . pics was taken from great himalayan national park under tirthan range , himachal pradesh , india .\n8 . 6 in ( 22 cm ) . brownish crest , back olive - brown , lemon - yellow breast and belly , white fluffy throat . wings and tail have rusty tinge . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but crest not as prominent and browner belly .\nmy macarthur palm ( ptychosperma macarthurii ) is fruiting again . i only noticed it during the late evening of 5th march 2018 . the palm was bearing long bunches of ripening yellow and orange fruits ( below ) . on that evening , i only managed to \u2026 continued\nthere are at least 50 species of african greenbuls in the\nafrican clade\nthat evolved in sub saharan africa . most are hard - to - see forest birds . some are canopy species , such as slender - billed greenbul ( left ) , but others are undergrowth skulkers and some bear names like brownbuls or bristlebills . some join mixed species flocks , including the brown - bodied gray - capped leaf - love phyllastrephus scandens , and the very green - and - yellow yellow - bellied greenbul ( below ) . many are birds of lowland forests , including leaf - love and yellow - bellied greenbul , but there is a set of montane species also ( roy 1997 ) . johansson et al . ( 2007 ) proposed a new phylogeny for the african greenbuls , dramatically shifting the species sequence into 13 genera .\napparently monogamous ; holds same breeding territory for several years . nest often exposed , two grayish eggs spotted with yellow , red , and gray ; spots form\ncap\non end . incubation by female , while male stays nearby and sings . young fed by both parents .\nsadly , the species with the most celebrated song , the straw - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus zeylanicus ) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized and traded for its voice . described as\na prolonged series of magnificently warbled notes , richer and more powerful by far than the songs of such celebrated performers as the nightingale and the blackbird ,\nthe song of the straw - headed bulbul is by no means typical of the pycnonotidae .\ntypically found singly or in pairs , may forage in larger groups . unusually silent for a bulbul , has soft song of\nchip , wa - da - tee , chee - tu , ti - wew .\nnonmigratory .\nonly the atriceps race of black - headed bulbul pycnonotus atriceps ( left ) is not well - differentiated from bornean populations , as it is from the most recent invasion . but whether borneo - palawan populations of black - headed bulbul should be split from mainland asian populations is not yet known . given the general molecular diversity between island populations and the asian mainland , i suspect that there will be evidence to support another split sometime ' down the road . '\nthis bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter . the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .\n7 . 4 in ( 19 cm ) , 1 . 2\u20131 . 6 oz ( 35\u201346 g ) . black head with white eye - ring . brownish underparts , white in center of belly . conspicuous yellow undertail ( vent ) . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but head brown .\nalthough bulbuls are a morphologically and ecologically homogenous group , they evolved into two lineages eons ago : an asian clade and an african clade ( pasquet et al . 2001 , moyle & marks 2006 ) . it makes logical sense to call those in the asian clade\nbulbuls ,\nand those in the african clade\ngreenbuls\n( johansson et al . 2007 ) . the brown - breasted bulbul of china ( right ) is a pycnonotus bulbul within that asian clade , but so is the black - fronted bulbul of southern africa shown above . rather , the asian clade arose in asia and then expanded westward , bring some\nasian bulbuls\nto africa , where there are now three common species of pycnonotus . bulbuls in the asian clade are often gray and white , or brown and white \u2014 as is brown - breasted bulbul \u2014 while the vast majority of the\ngreenbuls\nin africa are primarily green or olive in color .\ndowsett , r . j . , s . l . olson , m . s . roy , and f . dowsett - lemaire .\nsystematic status of the black - collared bulbul neolestes torquatus .\nibis 141 ( 1999 ) : 22\u201328 .\nin 1960 a population of red - whiskered bulbuls ( pycnonotus jocosus ) became established in florida when a few birds escaped while being transported from one aviary to another . this population had increased to 500 birds by 1973 , at which time it was still expanding in a southerly direction . redwhiskered bulbuls also became established in los angeles county , california , in 1968 . both the red - whiskered and red - vented\nthe black bulbul is 24\u201325 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest .\n7 . 1 in ( 18 cm ) ; 0 . 7\u20131 . 2 oz ( 22\u201335 g ) . head and hindneck olive brown , long black bristles on hindneck . bright yellow under - parts contrast with olive flanks . white conspicuous\nbeard ,\noften puffed out . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but is dull cinnamon on wings .\nseveral bulbuls show a preference for water and are found alongside rivers and forest streams . the gray - olive bulbul ( phyllastrephus cerviniventris ) is one such bird . infrequently entering the forest , this smallish bulbul frequently inhabits streamside thickets . primarily an insect eater in zambia , it is especially fond of feeding on logs that have fallen across streams or ravines . the swamp greenbul ( thescelocichla leucopleura ) and the leaf - love ( pyrrhurus scandens ) are also partial to water , both prefer swampy areas with luxuriant vegetation and palm trees , especially raphia and the oil palm elaeis .\n6 . 3\u20137 . 5 in ( 16\u201319 cm ) ; 0 . 6\u20131 . 1 oz ( 19\u201332 g ) . upperparts and head sooty olive , rump with rufous tinge , back and wings brownish , tail dark reddish brown . bright yellow moustache stripes on sides of throat . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult , but more dingy brown , no moustache .\n6 . 3 in ( 16 cm ) , 0 . 7\u20131 oz ( 19\u201327 g ) . distinctive , forehead to hindneck gray , black mask continues down neck to form a broad black band across the white breast . back and tail olive - greenish brown , wings with yellow stripe . sexes alike . juvenile resembles adult but duller , crown and neck greenish .\nhimalayan bulbul habitat are at the and forests , and in the rich shrub layer . he also appear gardens and roadsides . sometimes you can also find him in the gardens and parks where human visitors , who would leave food . this invites flies and other insects that are its main food .\n3 . 6\u20134 . 2 in ( 93\u2013107 mm ) , 0 . 8\u20132 . 1 oz ( 23\u201360 g ) . thrush - sized with dark , slightly crested head , dark eye - ring and black bill . grayish brown upperparts and breast , white belly and white or yellow undertail . sexes alike , female slightly smaller . juvenile duller than adult with rusty tones .\nthe author has tried to study the food and feeding habits of bulbul . good . however , the classification of prey items is confusing . because the order hemiptera is divided into two sub divisions such as homoptera and heteroptera . hence when you are discussing about homoptera , you can not say again as hemiptera .\n5 . 9 in ( 15 cm ) ; 1 . 1\u20131 . 9 oz ( 33\u201353 g ) . gray head , back gray - olive , bright , rusty tail , feathers of tail and rump fluffy . some black bristles on nape of neck and near bill . belly creamy whitish yellow . sexes alike . juvenile mostly olive - gray with rusty wash , chin and underparts white , undertail pale rust .\nred - vented bulbuls feed on fruits , petals of flowers , nectar , insects and occasionally geckos . they build their nests in bushes at a height of around 2\u20133 m ( 6 . 6\u20139 . 8 ft ) two or three eggs is a typical clutch . nests are occasionally built inside houses or in a hole in a mud bank . in one instance , a nest was found on a floating mat of water hyacinth leaves and another observer noted a pair nesting inside a regularly used bus . nests in tree cavities have also been noted .\nmammals in the park include - - asiatic leopard ( t ) , wild boar ( c ) , golden jackal ( c ) , rhesus macaque ( v ) , leopard cat ( r ) , gray goral sheep ( v ) , barking deer ( v ) , chinkara gazelle ( r ) , red fox ( c ) , pangolin ( r ) , porcupine ( c ) , yellow throated marten ( r ) and fruit bats ( c ) .\nmost insect - eating bulbuls forage on and among vegetation , but will also sally for insects in the air and hunt along the ground on fallen logs and branches . many favor caterpillars and dragonflies , and several species have been found attending swarms of army ants . the yellow - bellied greenbul ( chlorocichla flaviventris ) frequently forages on antelopes , landing on the animal and grooming its head , ears , and even eyes , presumably searching for small insects in the antelope ' s coat .\nthe straw - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus zeylanicus ) is now threatened as a result of being highly prized for its voice and hence traded as a caged bird . listed on appendix ii of cites , some measures have been taken to protect this bird , but it is still widely traded , and captive - breeding programs are subject to theft . habitat protection might also help as long as areas are guarded .\nthe outward radiation of asian bulbuls includes the dispersal of bulbuls to islands in the indian ocean . one of those is madagascar bulbul ( right ) , which is a sooty color with a black cap and red bill . endemic bulbuls on madagascar , the seychelles ( hypsipetes crassirostris ) , r\u00e9union ( h . borbonicus ) , mauritius ( h . olivaceus ) and the comoros ( h . parvirostris ; probably two species here ) are all most closely related to other sooty bulbuls in india and asia . although the indian ocean islands are much closer to africa today than they are to india , all appear to be evolved from asian ancestors ( warren et al . 2005 ) . all are fairly similar , differing in eye color ( the reunion bulbul is white - eyed ) or belly color , and in vocalizations .\nmost bulbuls are found in pairs , or in small groups that tend to be family parties and often include juveniles . mostly monogamous and territorial , except for the yellow - whiskered greenbul ( pycnonotus latirostris ) , a lekking species , some bulbuls will form groups that defend a large home range together . both the leaf - love and the swamp greenbul will gather and chorus to defend communal territory . in the case of the swamp greenbul , the loud vocalizations are accompanied by displays of spread wings and tail .\nmany other species occur in abundance , including : rhesus macaque red fox , jackal , himalayan ibex , grey goral , stone marten , yellow - throated pine - marten , stoat , white - footed weasel , weasel , small kashmir flying squirrel , giant - red flying - squirrel , royle\u2019s pika , indian crested porcupine , long - tailed marmot , black rat , turkestan rat , house mouse , wood mouse , birch mouse , burrowing vole and shrew , vole and at least two species of bat pipistrellus .\nthe himalayan bulbul ( pycnonotus leucogenys ) is a species of songbird in the pycnonotidae family . if they are mixed with humans from a young age , they will become friendly to humans . it is found in the northern regions of the indian subcontinent as well as some adjoining areas . it is found in afghanistan , bhutan , india , nepal , pakistan and tajikistan . it is the national bird of bahrain .\nthe majority of the pycnonotidae are nonmigratory , either sedentary or only locally nomadic . banding and recapture records from asia indicate that some bulbuls remain in the same few hundred yard area for several years . a handful of the cooler - climate , temperate - zone species , such as the black bulbul ( hypsipetes madagascariensis ) , are partly migratory . flocks of several hundred of these birds move to southern china in winter .\nthis bulbul is preparing a small cup - shaped nest , made of herbs , roots and twigs . the nest is usually built in the bush or low tree branch . the female lays usually three eggs , which are incubated for 12 days . the chicks leave the nest 9\u201311 days old . flips are evaluated as two or three during the summer . during the breeding of this bird is very combative towards other birds\nthis bulbul is preparing a small cup - shaped nest , made of herbs , roots and twigs . the nest is usually built in the bush or low tree branch . the female lays usually three eggs , which are incubated for 12 days . the chicks leave the nest 9\u201311 days old . flips are evaluated as two or three during the summer . during the breeding of this bird is very combative towards other birds .\nthe taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , ganeesa has often been considered as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is here treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .\nforest , open woodland , gardens , and cultivated areas all constitute bulbul habitat . essentially arboreal birds , the majority of pycnonotids live in or next to forested areas , but many are well adapted to human - made habitats . many bulbuls show a preference for a particular level of the forest canopy . so as long as there is enough fruit and insects , a relatively small area of forest may support a large number of birds .\nthe taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , h . ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .\nthe black bulbul is 24\u201325 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .\nthe black bulbul is 24\u201325 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all orange and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .\nsome bulbuls are common and easily seen , making them very familiar to old world birders in either asia or africa . an african example is black - fronted bulbul ( left ) , widespread in southern africa . it is in the genus pycnonotus , which has more than 40 species spread from south africa to japan . it is curious and conspicuous and , like most bulbuls , is a generalist forager . it is equally adept at eating insect and small vertebrates as it is in finding fruit , berries , or pollen .\nalso controversial is the placement of two of the endemic african genera neolestes and nicator . the striking plumage of the black - collared bulbul ( neolestes torquatus ) allies it with the shrikes ( malaconotidae , laniidae , or prionopidae ) , dna data ally it with other bulbuls . similarly , nicator has also been allied with the shrikes , but feather protein and dna evidence suggest the birds are bulbuls . because the three nicator species and neolestes lack a thin sheet of nostril - covering bone that is present in the rest of the bulbuls , they are sometimes placed elsewhere .\ntaxonomy aside , bulbuls are an interesting component of the old world avifauna . many are skulkers in lowland forests . others , such as mountain bulbul ( left , in china ) are found only in the highlands . many others , as we have seen , are island endemics . although almost all bulbuls are now considered\nresident ,\nthey have obviously shown the potential to evolve and to disperse over long distances , including over substantial oceanic barriers . the sheer number of species is staggering and can be daunting for the traveling birder . and we are just now finding out that we know very little about them at all .\nthe bulbul diet spans the range of fruits and berries to insects and other arthropods , as well as small vertebrates such as frogs , snakes , and lizards . a few eat nectar and pollen . the jaw apparatus of pycnonotids is rather generalized compared to other passeriform birds , and while some pycnonotids eat mainly fruit or insects , most can and do have a mixed diet . this flexibility may be critical during the dry season : since most bulbuls are non - migratory , they must take advantage of the food sources available within in their range , which can mean shifting to feeding on more plant matter when insects are not as abundant .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nis a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to\nis in prevailing usage . based on\nturdo\u00efde de gourdin\nof homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )\nnigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola\nnow considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )\nrwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi\nmontane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]\nbased on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017\nas a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet\n( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .\nkuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\ndalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )\nis a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common throughout its range and abundant in lowland and mid - altitude areas of borneo ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing rapidly as this species benefits from deforestation and the creation of artificial habitats ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nse asian\u2013sundaic subspecies and philippine subspecies form two distinct groups on basis of genetic studies # r # r , which reveal deep mtdna divergence , combined with clear differences in dawn song # r ; may be better treated as two separate species , but further study needed . proposed race personatus ( sumatra ) indistinguishable from analis ; similarly , karimuniensis ( karimunjawa i , n of java ) merged with gourdini . spelling gourdini is a justified emendation of original yourdini . six subspecies provisionally recognized .\ndeignan , 1955 \u2013 s myanmar ( tenasserim s from 12 . 5\u00b0 n ) , c & s thailand , laos ( expanding n along the mekong and its major tributaries\n\u2013 peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( including riau and lingga archipelagos , bangka , belitung ) , java ( including kangean is ) , bali , lombok and sumbawa .\ng . r . gray , 1847 \u2013 borneo ( including maratua i , off e coast ) and karimunjawa i ( n of java ) .\n\u2013 n & c philippines from luzon , polillo is and mindoro s , including most smaller islands , to panay , guimaras , negros and masbate .\nrand & rabor , 1960 \u2013 c philippines ( ticao , samar , biliran , buad , cebu , olango , camotes , leyte , bohol ) .\nmearns , 1909 \u2013 s philippines , from dinagat , nipa and camiguin sur s to mindanao ( including several offshire islets ) , basilan and sulu archipelago ( east bolod and west bolod s to sanga - sanga and bongao ) .\nintroduced in s sulawesi around ujung pandang ( analis ) and , recently , on buton i ( presumed same race ) .\nsong a choppy musical stream of notes , varied and difficult to transcribe . dawn song relatively . . .\ncoastal scrub , pioneer sea - dune scrub , semi - open banks and shoals of large rivers , scattered bushes . . .\nan opportunist and generalist , with very broad foraging niche . diet primarily fruits , also seeds and nectar ; also large quantities of . . .\ndec\u2013oct ; nests found in all months in tropical regions ; multi - brooded . nest a deep cup , typically of dry grass stems and blades , . . .\nresident , subject to some dispersive movements . non - breeding aggregations form , including large . . .\nnot globally threatened . common in se asia ; first recorded in c laos , along r mekong , in 1966 , and has since then rapidly spread north , along r mekong and some major . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\ng . r . gray , the author of this name ( gen . birds 1 p . [ 237 ] ) spells this\nthe basis for and validity of the altered spelling\ngourdini\n, as employed here and elsewhere , is unknown to me .\nthe original description in this case amounts merely to gray ' s introduction of the name , as\np . yourdini\n, together with his reference to hombron & jacquinot ( voyage au pole sud et dans l ' oc\u00e9anie sur les corvettes l ' astrolabe et la z\u00e9l\u00e9e : pendant les ann\u00e9es 1837\u20131838\u20131839\u20131840 . plate 14 , fig 1 of their atlas ) .\nas gray ' s name lacks any sort of description , it would be unavailable but for art . 12 . 2 . 7 , which for names published before 1931 permits their availability if presented\n. . . in association with an illustration . . . or with a bibliographic reference to such an illustration . . .\n( art . 12 . 2 . 7 ) . gray does indeed refer to such an illustration , namely the one noted above , where the figure is labelled :\nthe plate therefore becomes an intrinsic part of the od , as it is required in order to enable availability .\nour opinion is that the use of the spelling\ngourdin\non the plate , with an indisputable link to the species , amounts to\n. . . clear evidence of an inadvertent error . . .\nand as such requires that the spelling be corrected ( art . 32 . 5 . 1 ) . thus we agree with peters ( 9 : 247 ) in using the emended form . the use of\nyourdini\nin cbbm 6 : 140 does not come into play , as it unquestionably forms no part of the od .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nas currently constituted probably polyphyletic ; in - depth analysis of morphology , voice , behaviour and genetics required to redefine its limits . in past , included numerous other genera .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan individual in a tree , preening , eating insects in spiderwebs , and flying away .\nthis is one of the more common bulbuls on bali and i found it nesting in the garden of the palm garden hotel in sanur .\njosep del hoyo , philip griffin , pieter de groot boersma , green3birdy , juan sanabria , mkennewell , nick talbot , keith blomerley , desmond allen , rusli , joe angseesing , yo\u00ebl jimenez .\nlukasz michal pulawski , marcos wei , lmarce , gerrit alink , luke matam , bent . ronsholdt , paul van giersbergen , brunojadurand , bluesrock , nick talbot , ian barker , gerard visser , ken havard , arodris , marco valentini , jacob . wijpkema , djop tabaranza , guy poisson , sammy paran , lars petersson , tomas grim , manakincarmelo , mehdhalaouate , subirshakya , chairunas adha putra , pablopg , billonneau jean claude , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , christophe gouraud , khaleb yordan , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , dannie polley , lousca , william ip , bruce ramsay , colintrainor , rose69 , holger teichmann .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pycnonotus goiavier . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis species ranges from indochina , thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore to sumatra , borneo , java , bali , lombok and the philippines .\nwhen not foraging , it spends most of the time in comfort behaviour like bathing , followed by preening .\nthe call has been documented on video : adult here and juvenile here . .\nthe nest is a cup - shaped structure of plant materials , sometimes incorporated with used used plastic bag and tissue paper .\nan adult was found entangled in a large spider ' s web but after much struggling , managed to free itself . a chick fell or was pushed from its nest and rescued - see here . it was cared for until fully recovered - see here .\n4 . insects that include ants , alate termites , grasshoppers , beetles , caterpliiars , etc . much of these are taken from the air , especially alate ants and termites ,\nsnatched by rocketing up vertically from an exposed perch into swarms passing overhead\u2026\u201d according to wells ( 2007 ) .\nbreeds all year round . the nest is cup - shaped , composing of dried plant matter like leaves , slender stems of creepers , fibres , twigs and even tissue paper . the clutch of 2 - 4 eggs takes 12 - 13 days to hatch and the chicks need 10 - 14 days to fledge . both adults help in incubating , leaving the nest regularly during the day to forage for food . only at night will one adult broods the chicks throughout the night . the first - hatched chick in a brood of two may indulge in sibilicide , kicking the younger out of the nest ( wee , 2003 ) . the fledglings are cared by both adults . although able to feed independently after four days or more , the adults remain caring for them for about a month ,\nraffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on\u2026\ndeveloped by moving mouse \u00a9 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .\nit was recorded early in the morning . unfortunately , i was not able to get the image .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nblack bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects , and they are often seen in small groups , either roosting or flying about in search of food . they are particularly fond of berries . they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis , rosa , melia and ehretia in the himalayas . the feed on the nectar of salmalia , erythrina , rhododendron and other species . they make aerial sallies for insects . they can be quite noisy , making various loud cheeping , mewing and grating calls . the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid , throwing back its neck when calling .\nit builds its nest in a tree or bush ; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses , dry leaves , mosses , lichens and cobwebs . the lining is made up of ferns , rootlets and other soft material . both sexes participate in nest construction . two or three eggs form the usual clutch . in southern india , nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may . the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days . nest predators include birds of prey ( black - winged kite ) , snakes ( ptyas mucosus ) . adults of h . ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines ."]}
{"id": 554, "summary": [{"text": "rinconsaurus is a genus of dinosaur from the late cretaceous .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was a titanosaurid sauropod which lived in what is now argentina .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the type species , rinconsaurus caudamirus , was described by calvo and riga in 2003 , and is based on three partial skeletons . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "rinconsaurus", "paragraphs": ["skeletal reconstruction showing known parts of rinconsaurus caudamirus . from calvo & gonzalez riga , 2003 .\nwithout the ability to grind food ,\nrinconsaurus\n, like other sauropods , would have stripped foliage .\nsin la capacidad de moler el alimento ,\nrinconsaurus\n, como otros saur\u00f3podos , habr\u00eda pelado el follaje .\nread ebook rinconsaurus 6139233828 by oscar sundara\npdf | over 1 , 000 , 000 free ebook titles available .\nrinconsaurus was a relatively small titanosaur that lived in south america during the late cretaceous period . \u202d \u202cnot too much is known about rinconsaurus other than it appears to have had a more gracile\u202d ( \u202clightweight\u202d ) \u202cbuild than some titanosaurs . \u202d \u202cteeth associated with the type specimen are also termed chisel - like which means that rinconsaurus probably snipped off fronds of vegetation rather than stripping it between peg - like teeth like some sauropods . \u202d \u202crinconsaurus is thought to be closely related to aeolosaurus which has sometimes seen it described as a member of the aeolosaurini . another titanosaur from the same formation as rinconsaurus is antarctosaurus .\nthis video is about\nrinconsaurus\n. here ' s the entire dinosaur names playlist . this will play all the dinosaur names .\nrinconsaurus is a dinosaur from the late cretaceous period . it was a titanosaurian sauropod which lived in what is now argentina . unlike its relatives brachiosaurus and diplodocus rinconsaurus was very slender . it was a herbivorous animal that fed on plants like cycads and fern . its egg , possibly the rinch egg is featured in dino run\ntext - fig . 2 . skeletal reconstruction of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , showing preserved bones ( estimated total length : 11 m ) .\nrevista geol\u00f3gica de chile - rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina\ntext - fig . 1 . map of neuqu\u00e9n basin ( patagonia , argentina ) showing the locality where the holotype of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . sp . nov . was found .\nlike all sauropods , rinconsaurus was a large long - necked quadrupedal animal , with a long , whip - like tail and four pillar - like legs . although fossil discoveries are incomplete , and no complete necks or heads have been found , fully grown rinconsaurus are estimated to have been 11 meters ( 36 ft ) long and approximately 2 . 5 meters ( 8 ft ) high at the shoulder . though only a portion of one skull has been recovered , rinconsaurus may have had a long , narrow skull , based on fossil evidence of the skulls of related titanosaurs .\nrodrigo m . santucci y antonio c . de arruda - campos ( 2011 ) en su an\u00e1lisis clad\u00edstico encontr\u00f3 que\naeolosaurus\n,\ngondwanatitan\n,\nmaxakalisaurus\n,\npanamericansaurus\ny\nrinconsaurus\nson aeolos\u00e1uridos .\nrodrigo m . santucci and antonio c . de arruda - campos ( 2011 ) in their cladistic analysis found\naeolosaurus\n,\ngondwanatitan\n,\nmaxakalisaurus\n,\npanamericansaurus\nand\nrinconsaurus\nto be aeolosaurids .\nrinconsaurus information tells us about its characteristics , diet , habitat etc . rinconsaurus diet tells us whether it is carnivorous , herbivorous or omnivorous . herbivores feed on plants and grass , whereas the carnivores feed on other animals or even other dinosaurs . omnivores eat both animal and plants . depending on its diet , we can say that it is herbivore . the meaning of the name will also tell you something about that dinosaur . the correct pronunciation of it is rin - con - sore - us .\ntext - fig . 4 . cladogram determined by cladistic analysis ( 68 steps ; ci 0 . 79 ; ri 0 . 78 ) showing the phylogenetic relationships of rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . synapomorphies supporting each node are listed and discussed in the text .\nj . o . calvo and b . j . gonz\u00e1lez riga . 2003 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . revista geol\u00f3gica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353 .\nfull reference : j . o . calvo and b . j . gonz\u00e1lez riga . 2003 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . revista geol\u00f3gica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353\nlos titanosaurios fueron un linaje diverso de dinosaurios herb\u00edvoros que incluye desde las especies m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as , como rinconsaurus o saltasaurus de alrededor de 6 toneladas ( el equivalente aproximado en tama\u00f1o a un elefante adulto ) , hasta las m\u00e1s grandes conocidas , tales como argentinosaurus o puertasaurus , especies de m\u00e1s de 60 toneladas .\ntext - fig . 3 . rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . a , right ischium in lateral view , mrs - pv 101 . b , left ilium in lateral view , mrs - pv 96 , c , right femur in posterior view , mrs - pv 49 . scale bars equal 10 cm .\nfurther reading - rinconsaurus caudamirus gen . et sp . nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina . - revista geol\u00f3gica de chile 30 ( 2 ) : 333 - 353 . - j . o . calvo & b . j . gonz\u00e1lez riga - 2003 .\nrinconsaurus belongs to the family of titanosaurid sauropod that has been found existed in the turonian to coniacian age of late cretaceous period . the fossil remains of this species was first recovered in argentina , neuqu\u00e9n province - neuqu\u00e9n formation . this herbivore species comes under the classification of chordata , reptilia , dinosauria , saurischia , sauropodomorpha , sauropoda , titanosauria .\n' aeolosaurus rionegrinus belongs to aeolosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' alamosaurus sanjuanensis belongs to alamosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' andesaurus delgadoi belongs to andesaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' antarctosaurus brasiliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan britoi belongs to baurutitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' baurutitan belongs to titanosauridae ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' epachthosaurus sciuttoi belongs to epachthosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' gondwanatitan faustoi belongs to gondwanatitan ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' laplatasaurus araukanicus is recombined as titanosaurus araukanicus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' lirainosaurus astibiae belongs to lirainosaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' mendozasaurus neguyelap belongs to mendozasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii belongs to opisthocoelicaudia ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' pellegrinisaurus powelli belongs to pellegrinisaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' rinconsaurus caudamirus belongs to rinconsaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' saltasaurus loricatus belongs to saltasaurus ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus australis is recombined as neuquensaurus australis ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005 ' titanosaurus colberti is recombined as isisaurus colberti ' according to a . w . a . kellner et al . 2005\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrevista geol\u00f3gica de chile , vol . 30 , no . 2 , p . 333 - 353 , 4 figs . , 3 plates , 1 appendix , 2 tables , december 2003 .\nlaboratorio de paleovertebrados , ianigla - cricyt , centro regional de investigaciones cient\u00edficas y tecnol\u00f3gicas , avda . r . leal s / n , parque gral . san mart\u00edn ( 5500 ) , mendoza , argentina ( bgonriga @ urltoken ) .\nhas preserved short articulated posterior caudal series with amphicoelous , opisthocoelous and biconvex centra . this unusual morphology represents the first such occurrence in sauropod dinosaurs . from the systematic point of view , this discovery is important because titanosauridae were traditionally defined , among other characters , by strongly developed procoelia in their caudal vertebrae .\nkey words : dinosauria , sauropoda , titanosauridae , late cretaceous , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina .\ngen . et sp . nov . , un nuevo titanos\u00e1urido ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) del cret\u00e1cico tard\u00edo de patagonia , argentina .\ngen et sp . nov . ( dinosauria , saurpoda ) es un nuevo y esbelto titanosauridae proveniente de la formaci\u00f3n r\u00edo neuqu\u00e9n , cret\u00e1cico superior de rinc\u00f3n de los sauces , provincia de neuqu\u00e9n , patagonia , argentina . sus restos est\u00e1n integrados por 13 v\u00e9rtebras caudales articuladas y materiales craneales , cervicales , dorsales y apendiculares desarticulados , que pertenecen a tres individuos , dos adultos y un juvenil . este nuevo tax\u00f3n se caracteriza por la siguiente asociaci\u00f3n de autapomorf\u00edas : ( 1 ) v\u00e9rtebras dorsales medioanteriores con espinas neurales inclinadas posteriormente m\u00e1s de 60 grados con respecto a la vertical , ( 2 ) v\u00e9rtebras caudales medias con procesos \u00f3seos que sostienen las carillas articulares de las poszigap\u00f3fisis y ( 3 ) v\u00e9rtebras caudales proc\u00e9licas con intercalaciones de series con centros anfic\u00e9licos y bioconvexos , o con centros anfic\u00e9licos , opistoc\u00e9licos y biconvexos . un an\u00e1lisis filogen\u00e9tico cladista permite incluir a\npresenta dos cortas secuencias caudales posteriores articuladas con centros anfic\u00e9licos , opistoc\u00e9licos y biconvexos . esta inusual morfolog\u00eda se registra por primera vez en dinosaurios saur\u00f3podos . es importante desde el punto de vista sistem\u00e1tico , ya que titanosauridae ha sido tradicionalmente definido , entre otros caracteres , por la presencia de fuerte procelia en sus v\u00e9rtebras caudales .\npalabras claves : dinosauria , sauropoda , titanosauridae , cret\u00e1cico tard\u00edo , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina .\n) . in south america the record of titanosauridae is particularly abundant . they are known since the xix century (\n) . during the late cretaceous , titanosaurids were important primary consumers in the ecosystems of patagonia , as the ornithischians were in the north america . this difference has been explained by the gradual isolation of south america during most of the late cretaceous (\nin the last five years , extraordinary titanosaurid fossils were found in the region of rinc\u00f3n de los sauces , northern neuqu\u00e9n province . some of these discoveries include articulated specimens (\n) . the excavations of these discoveries were coordinated by investigators of the national university of comahue and they have been partially supported by the local town hall .\n) . they were extracted by the paleontologist j . calvo and his team of the paleontology museum of the national university of comahue . fossil remains are housed at the laboratory of rinc\u00f3n de los sauces museum under the abbreviation mrs - pv .\n( pl . 1 , a - h ; pl . 2 , a - c ; pl . 3 , a - b ; text -\n( latin ) , astonishing , amazing , in reference to the unusual morphology of posterior caudal vertebrae ; freely ' the dinosaur from rinc\u00f3n with amazing tail ' .\nmrs - pv 26 , 13 articulated anterior - middle and middle - posterior caudal vertebrae and two ilia .\nthe following bones associated with the holotype are included : teeth ( mrs - pv 117 , 263 ) , prefrontal ( mrs - pv 102 ) , angular and surangular ( mrs - pv 112 ) , cervical vertebrae ( mrs - pv 2 , 3 , 8 , 4 and 21 ) , dorsal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 5 , 6 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 and 19 ) , anterior caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 and 27 ) , middle caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 27 , 28 and 31 ) , posterior caudal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 29 , 30 , 32 - 40 ) , haemal arches ( mrs - pv 20 , 42 , 93 ; 99 , 109 , 113 ) , scapula and coracoid ( mrs - pv 43 ) , sternal plates ( mrs - pv 46 , 103 , 104 ) , humerus ( mrs - pv 47 ) , metacarpals ( mrs - pv 98 ) , ischia ( mrs - pv 94 , 101 ) , ilia ( mrs - pv 96 ) , pubes ( mrs - pv 97 , 100 ) , femora ( mrs - pv 49 , 92 ) and metatarsal ( mrs - pv 111 ) .\ncorrespond to three individuals , two adults and one juvenile . all fossil remains ( dorsal vertebrae , articulated caudal vertebrae and appendicular bones of different sizes ) were found associated , exhibit similar morphologies and constitute a monospecific assemblage . the best preserved bones , the articulated caudal series mrs - pv 26 , were associated ' in life position ' with two ilia . moreover , associated with them , several articulated dorsal vertebrae ( mrs - pv 05 ) were preserved that probably correspond to the same specimen , as well as several limb bones . in the same fossil assemblage were found several articulated vertebrae and limb bones that correspond to other two specimens . duplicate bones represented by caudal vertebrae , ilia , sternal plates , ischium and femur exhibit the same morphological characters . these paleontological evidences confirm the presence of a monospecific assemblage . for this reason , all bones recovered were included in the same type series ( holotype and paratypes ) such as the\n) . a cranial fragment , one mandible and teeth have been recovered . the right prefrontal ( mrs - pv 102 ) is small and anteroposteriorly elongated . its posterior end is transversally wide and it is arched posteroventrally . the anterior end is acute in its exposed portion . the articular surface for the nasal is extensive . its posterior border is concave and of triangular shape . the lateral border of the prefrontal contributes to the skull roof and the posterodorsal border of the orbit . its rugose surface contains small grooves .\n) . the surangular is a delicate and elongated bone lamina . posteriorly , the ventral border is slightly convex in lateral view and it becomes concave anteriorly . in medial view , the angular forms a weakly concave surface .\n) . one of them ( mrs - pv 117 ) has a suboval section , and has two crests that allow us to differentiate slightly convex lingual and more convex labial surfaces . its apex is incomplete . the other tooth ( mrs - pv 263 ) , more complete and bowed lingually , presents the same features as the anterior one but in more marked form . the worn surface is parallel to the tooth axis . it is remarkable with respect to the development of sharp crests forming the anterior and posterior borders . in general , titanosaurid teeth are pencil - chisel like (\n) with a sharp worn surface placed almost parallel to the tooth axis . some have oval section with rounded borders depending the position in the jaws . the suboval teeth with labial and lingual faces well differentiated by crests present in\n) is an unusual character for derived titanosaurids . however , a similar morphology , with some differences in the cross - sectional shape , is also present in the basal titanosaurid\n) . two anterior cervical vertebrae were recovered ( mrs - pv 08 , 21 ) . they possess relatively short , opisthocoelous centra , wider than high . in their lateral side is a deep , acute depression that defines the pleurocoels . the parapophyses are located at the base of the centra . laterally , the centroprezygapophyseal and centrodiapophyseal laminae are inclined strongly forward . this inclination differs considerably from that of the saltasaurinae (\n) , but it is very similar to the inclination observed in the titanosauridae indet . ' series b ' from brazil (\nposteriorly , the opisthocoelous centra increase in length . this character is observed in the middle cervical vertebra mrs - pv 02 and in the posterior cervical vertebrae mrs - pv 03 and mrs - pv 04 , the last one not complete (\n. the ventral face is wide and smoothly concave anteroposteriorly . in the lateral face of the centum there is a long anteroposterior depression with small pleurocoels . this depression is divided by a posteroventrally directed lamina . the parapophyses are laminar and subtriangular . they are located in the anterior half of the vertebral body and extend lateromedially . in anterior view , the spinodiapophyseal and spinoprezygapophyseal laminae reach each other at the level of the postzygapophysis , defining a subtriangular depression . the diapophysis is located on the anterior half of the body , at the level of the prezygapophysis . it is reinforced by the anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae , the prezygadiapophyseal lamina and the postzygadiapophyseal lamina . in this way , these laminae form four deep depressions around the diapophysis . the prezygapophyses are relatively long , extending beyond the anterior end of the vertebral body ; the postzygapophyses do not extend beyond the center . the opposite is observed in\n) . the articular surfaces of the prezygapophyses are elongated anteroposteriorly and inclined toward the medial plane . the prezygapophyses are reinforced by two centroprezygapophyseal laminae that in anterior view define a deep depression . the neural spine is low and distally expanded .\n) . the authors have collected three articulated anteromedial dorsal neural arches ( mrs - pv 05 ) . the neural arches are wider than long and have suffered dorsoventral compression . the prezygapophyseal facets are reduced and have an oval outline . the centroprezygapophyseal lamina is absent . in contrast ,\n) . in the most anterior dorsal , an accessory centrodiapophyseal lamina extends parallel to the centrodiapophyseal lamina . at this level , the anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae are not forked as they occur in the middle - posterior dorsal arches ( mrs - pv 06 ) . the prezygadiapophyseal lamina presents a straight border in dorsal view . the almost horizontal postygadiapophyseal lamina has a concave border in dorsal view .\nthe neural spine is reduced and transversely expanded distally . it is reinforced ventrally by a spinopostzygapophyseal lamina . the neural spines is strongly inclined posteriorly . in spite of that , in most of titanosaurs an inclination of the neural spine in anterior dorsal vertebrae is present (\nthe prespinal lamina extends to the base of the neural arch . the accessory spinodiapophyseal laminae are not present . in contrast , these laminae are present in\nthe authors have also recovered an isolated middle - posterior dorsal neural arch ( mrs - pv 06 ) . in lateral view , there is a bifurcation of the centrodiapophyseal lamina . the neural spine is reinforced by a prespinal and postspinal laminae . in dorsal view , the spinodiapophyseal and spinoprezygapophyseal laminae form a wide and deep cavity .\n) . in their lateral faces , they have well developed , eye - shaped pleurocoels . the pleuro coels are elongated and deep , and they occupy 60 percent of the centrum length . the hyposphene - hypantrum articulation is absent . in only few posterior dorsal vertebrae the neural arch is partially preserved . the neural arch has a wide lateral base , which occupies more than 60 percent of the centrum . the transverse process is relatively thin . the diapophyses are directed laterally and upward . they are reinforced ventrally by centrodiapophyseal , postygadiapophyseal and paradiapophyseal laminae , and are supported dorsally by the spinodiapophyseal lamina . the distal end of the diapophysis present a horizontal and plane surface , similar to that in\n) . the parapophyses are not well preserved but they are reinforced ventrally by robust anterior and slender posterior centroparapophyseal laminae . the last one unites to the inferior portion of the centrodiapophyseal lamina , similar to that of\n. the articular surface of the postzygapophysis prolongs as the postzygadiapophyseal laminae . the postzygapophyses are well separated . the neural spine is undivided . it is composed by the spinodiapophyseal , spinopostzygapophyseal , prespinal and postspinal laminae ; all unite in the transversal broadening of the distal end . the prespinal lamina is well developed , extending to the base of the neural spine . besides the described materials we have collected 6 dorsal centra , some with incomplete neural arches ( mrs - pv 9 , 11 , 13 , 16 , 19 ) .\ntwo fused centra have been preserved ( mrs - pv 41 ) without any diagnostic character .\n. the authors have collected several caudal vertebrae ; some are isolated , but others are articulated . below , the authors describe their shape and morphology in different parts of the tail . all the caudals collected belong to two individuals of\n. the first part of the tail is represented by two poorly preserved centra and neural arches . the ? first caudal ( mrs - pv 22 ) has thin , laminar and laterally directed transverse processes . at the base of the postzygapophyses , the transverse processes possess two foramina . the second caudal ( mrs - pv 23 ) is strongly procoelous and has smaller lateral expansion than the first one . in lateral view , the centrum presents a depression with the shape of a pleurocoel .\nthe series of anterior caudals is not complete . three articulated series have been collected . mrs - pv 23 is represented by five vertebrae , mrs - pv 24 by six vertebrae and mrs - pv 25 by three vertebrae . the holotype (\n) includes an articulated series of caudals ( mrs - pv 26 ) represented by four anterior caudals , eight middle caudals and five posterior ones .\n) . the holotype ( mrs - pv 26 ) preserves eight middle caudal vertebrae and five posterior ones . there is also an articulate series of three middle caudals ( mrs - pv 27 ) , two incomplete disarticulated middle caudals ( mrs - pv 28 ) and an isolated one ( mrs - pv 31 ) .\nmiddle caudals are similar to the anterior caudals except for the neural spine , that is directed posteriorly , and for the absence of transverse processes . middle caudal centra are strongly procoelous , as high as wide . the lateral faces are flat , slightly concave anteroposteriorly . the ventral face of the centra is narrow and flat , with a strong compression in its middle part . the prezygapophyses are directed horizontally or slightly upward . both prezygapophyses fuse proximally , developing a small platform .\nthe articular faces of the postzygapophyses are inclined lateroventrally . they are placed at the level of the posterior border of the centra . as in anterior caudals , the articular faces of the postzygapophyses are separated from the neural spine by a bony process which can be seen clearly in dorsal view (\n) . the postzygapophyses and the prezygapophyses are well separated from the axial plane due to the development of the postzygapophyseal processes .\n) . there is an articulated section of five posterior vertebrae that are part of the holotype ( mrs - pv 26 ) . there are also two series of three articulated caudals each one ( mrs - pv 29 , 30 ) and several isolated posterior caudals ( mrs - pv 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ) . all these posterior caudals are similar to the middle caudals in having the typical procoelous centrum . the bony process of the postzygapophysis is not present .\nin contrast to the caudals described above , the authors have recovered two articulated series with an unusual centrum . one of the series ( mrs - pv 29 ) is composed of a procoelous vertebra , an amphicoelous vertebra and a biconvex vertebra (\na ) . the centrum , dorsoventrally compressed , is wider than high . the lateral faces are convex laterodorsally . the ventral border is slightly convex . the posterior border of the neural arch is placed in the posterior half of the centrum . the postzygapophyses are placed at the level of the posterior border of the centra . the distal ends of the neural spine reach the posterior border of the centra . the anterior border of the neural spine is at a lower level than the posterior one . the processes for the chevrons are not present . the prezygapophyses fuse in their proximal end , developing a small platform as in anterior and middle caudal vertebrae . measurements of the caudal mrs - pv 29 / 2 : length , width and height of the centrum : 104 , 82 and 38 mm , respectively .\n) . they present characteristics similar to the anterior series , although their neural spines are more reduced due to their more posterior position in the sequence .\n) . this unusual morphology can be interpreted as an autapomorphy of this new taxon . as indicated\n, the finding of non - procoelous isolated caudal vertebrae in the late cretaceous must be interpreted carefully because they can belong to a titanosaurid .\nmeasurements of the caudal mrs - pv 30 / 1 : length , width and height of the centrum : 114 , 57 and 33 mm , respectively .\n. there are several haemal arches ; some are deformed and others are incomplete ( mrs - pv 20 , 42 , 93 ; 99 , 109 , 113 ) . in general , they are relatively long and thin , open proximally , and lack strong articular faces .\n. the authors have collected a complete right scapula ( mrs - pv 43 ) . it is a relatively long and laminar bone with its external face convex . the scapular blade is thin and slender . the contact between the scapular blade and the proximal end is narrow and there is a crest that separates both of them . the ventral border is straight up to its union with the proximal end , forming an angle of approximately 140 degrees . the supraglenoid process is prominent . the supracoracoid depression is wide because the diagonal acromion coincides with the border of the acromial process . the proximal end of the scapula contacts the coracoid . the distal end , although incomplete , has a convex border . the coracoid has a square shape . its posteromedial border forms a 90 degree angle with the anteromedial border of the scapula . the coracoid foramen , in the external face , is surrounded by a depression directed toward the anteromedial border . measurements : length : 820 mm ; proximal width : 440 mm ; distal width : 215 mm ; minimum width of the blade : 130 mm .\n) . three sternal plates have been preserved ( mrs - pv 46 , 103 and 104 ) . the right sternal plate mrs - pv 46 is relatively complete . it is laminar and it has a semilunar shape . the concave external border is very thin , while the internal one is convex . measurements : length : 560 mm ; width : 260 mm . the other sternal plates are not well preserved .\n) . the incomplete left humerus is relatively slender ( mrs - pv 47 ) . its anterior face presents a prominent deltopectoral crest anteriorly projected . in its distal end , the radial condyle is well developed . measurements : estimated length : 790 mm ; preserved length : 740 mm ; proximal width : 260 mm ; distal width : 210 mm ; perimeter and diameter of the diaphysis : 300 and 120 mm , respectively .\n. the authors have recovered five isolated metacarpals with their ends eroded . their lengths range between 260 and 240 mm .\nmrs - pv 98 / 5 ) exhibits a robust proximal end of subtriangular shape . one of its lateral sides is slightly rounded . its distal end is relatively reduced and it has been crushed .\n( mrs - pv 98 / 4 ) presents a subtriangular shape at the distal end . both extremities are well developed .\n( mrs - pv 98 / 1 ) presents an incomplete proximal end of subtriangular shape . it is characterized by slender shape . the diaphysis has two flat faces , with the sharp angle directed toward the posterior side .\n( mrs - pv 98 / 2 ) exhibits a very robust distal end of subtriangular shape . the proximal end is incomplete .\n( mrs - pv 98 / 3 ) , strongly crushed , is characterized by having the distal end more developed than the proximal one .\n) . the authors have recovered four incomplete ilia corresponding to two individuals . one pair ( mrs - pv 26 ) is associated with a series of caudal vertebrae . the other pair is incomplete ( mrs - pv 96 ) .\nspecimen mrs - pv 96 possesses a left ilium that preserves the acetabulum and great part of the preacetabular lamina . this lamina is wide , and it is directed upward and outward . the incomplete right ilium also preserves the acetabulum , and the lower part of the preacetabular and postacetabular laminae .\nspecimen mrs - pv 26 possesses a right ilium that preserves the preacetabular lamina , most of the postacetabular one , and also the complete acetabula and their peduncles . the preacetabular lamina exhibits a straight ventral border and a curved anterodorsal border . the left ilium lacks part of the iliac lamina , but it is complete in the lower part of the postacetabular and preacetabular laminae , the acetabulum and their peduncles . the length of the left ischium is 480 mm and the diameter of the acetabulum is 110 mm . the postacetabular lamina presents a rounded posterior border . the pubic peduncle is wide transversally .\n) . the authors have collected three pubes . one specimen has both pubes preserved ( mrs - pv 97 ) , and the other specimen has just the right pubis ( mrs - pv 100 ) .\nthe right pubis of mrs - pv 97 is a relatively thin and laminar bone . the oval pubic foramen is closed . the pubic blade is wide and flattened , with its thick lateral border concave . the medial border is thin , and not well preserved . the distal end becomes wider anteroposteriorly . the acetabulum is reduced . measurements : length : 770 mm ; pubic foramen : 70 x 35 mm ; distal with : 255 mm .\nthe incomplete pubis mrs - pv 100 lacks its distal end , part of the proximal one in the area of the pubic foramen and part of the pubic lamina ; it corresponds to a smaller specimen than the one describe above .\n) . two ischia have been collected ( mrs - pv 94 and 101 ) corresponding to two individuals . specimen mrs - pv 101 is an almost complete right ischium of small size . it lacks only a small central portion of the contact region with the pubis . this contact occupies 50 percent of the total length of the ischium . the acetabulum is complete and the thin iliac pedicel is well developed ; it is as large as that of\n) . the distal lamina of the ischium is relatively wide with regard to the width of the ischiac articulation . measurements : length : 360 mm , width 130 mm .\nspecimen mrs - pv 94 , from larger animal , is not well preserved .\n) . two femora have been collected ; the right one is complete and the left one is incomplete ( mrs - pv 49 and 92 ) . the most complete is relatively slender . the anteroposterior diameter of the traverse section at the level of the diaphysis is shorter than the posteromedial one . the fourth trochanter is well developed and it is 490 mm below the femoral head . the femoral head is placed at a right angle with respect to the axis . on the lateral margin , the lateral bulge is present as in\n) . measurements : length : 990 mm ; greatest diameter and perimeter of the diaphysis : 140 and 340 mm , respectively .\n. just one metatarsal has been recovered . it is probably metatarsal iii ? ( mrs - pv 111 ) . it is relatively slender and twisted . the proximal end , more developed than the distal one , has a subtriangular shape . the distal end presents a convex articular surface . measurements : length : 160 mm ; diameter of the diaphysis : 30 mm .\nmost of sauropod titanosaurs are represented by incomplete and fragmentary skeletal elements . in this context , the discovery of\ngen . et sp . nov . , integrated by cranial , vertebral and appedicular remains , is relevant from a systematic viewpoint .\n, in cladistic analyses already proposed by other authors . the authors have improved characters proposed by\n, and have added new characters according to the evidence presented by this new taxon . this paper does not comprise a phylogenetic reevaluation of the titanosauridae family , because more taxa and characters should be included . the phylogenetic relationships of\ngen . et sp . nov . ( this paper ) formed the ingroup .\n) with a length of 68 steps and high consistency and retention indices ( c . i . = 0 . 79 ; r . i . = 0 . 78 ) . the multi - state characters were considered unordered .\n, it presents differences due to the inclusion of new taxa and characters . they allow the authors to improve the knowledge of the relationships among\nand titanosauria and all of its descendants ' . the clade is supported by nine synapomorphies defined by delayed optimization : teeth with sharply inclined wear facets ( 2 . 1 ) , single ( non - bifurcated ) neural spine in cervical vertebrae ( 6 . 1 ) , elongate cervical centra ( 7 . 1 ) , single ( non - bifurcated ) neural spine in anterior dorsal vertebrae ( 10 . 1 ) , prespinal lamina present in the distal end of neural spines in dorsal vertebrae ( 12 . 1 ) , neural arches placed anteriorly in middle and posterior caudal centra ( 26 . 1 ) , pubic peduncle of the ilium perpendicular to the sacral axis ( 40 . 1 ) , preacetabular lobe of ilium expanded and dorsally directed ( 41 . 1 ) and lateral bulge of femur below the greater trochanter ( 46 . 1 ) .\n) . in the authors ' analysis it is united by five unambiguous synapomorphies : centroparapophyseal lamina in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 13 . 1 ) , slightly forked centrodiapophyseal laminae in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 14 . 1 ) , acuminate ( eye shaped ) pleurocoels in dorsal vertebrae ( 16 . 1 ) , bone internal structure of somphospondylous - camellate type ( 18 . 1 ) , and pubis longer than ischium ( 39 . 1 ) .\nsaltasaurinae and all of its descendants . in this analysis , it is supported by five synapomorphies defined by delayed optimization : presence of pencil - chisel like teeth ( 1 . 2 ) , absence of cervical pleurocoels divided by septa ( 5 . 1 ) , absence of hyposphene - hypantrum articulation in posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 15 . 1 ) , anterior caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent posterior condyles ( 24 . 2 ) , and semilunar sternal plates ( 34 . 1 ) .\n) have ambiguous distributions in the authors ' analysis and might be excluded from the diagnosis of this clade . they are : middle and posterior caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent condyles ( 25 . 1 ) , absent in\n, and six sacral vertebrae ( 19 . 1 ) , which is unknown in most of the analyzed taxa .\n) , show that the caudal procoelia was not a permanent and uniform character . in these sauropods , the mid and posterior section of the tail exhibit complex morphological variation that must be analyzed carefully . for example ,\nshows a typical strongly procoelous caudal sequence discontinued by amphicoelous , opisthocoelous , and biconvex centra . on the other hand , a new titanosaurid from mendoza province has slightly procoelous middle caudal centra with reduced posterior condyles , associated with typical strongly procoelous anterior caudal vertebrae (\nfrom the lower cretaceous of africa . it has strongly procoelous anterior caudal centra apparently associated with gently amphicoelous or platycoelous middle and posterior caudals (\n. it is united by three unambiguous characters : presence of prespinal lamina in posterior dorsal vertebrae up to the base of the neural spine ( 12 . 2 ) , middle caudal centra strongly procoelous with prominent condyles ( 25 . 1 ) , and slender and well - developed iliac pedicel of ischium ( 43 . 1 ) . the first two characters were cited by\n. the third is proposed in this paper . this character has allowed recognition of morphological variation in the ischium of titanosauridae .\nit is supported by two unambiguous characters : humerus with slightly curved proximal border ( 33 . 1 ) and coracoid of quadrangular shape ( 36 . 1 ) .\nit is supported by three characters defined by delayed optimization : teeth with cylindrical cross - section ( 3 . 1 ) , reduced neural spines on posterior dorsal vertebrae ( 17 . 1 ) , and absence of phalangeal articular facets on the metacarpals ( 38 . 1 ) . node 7 includes node 11 (\n. it is supported by three characters defined by delayed optimization : posteriorly inclined neural spines ( 20 to 50 degree from vertical ) on anterior and middle dorsal vertebrae ( 11 . 1 ) , 35 or fewer caudal vertebrae ( 21 . 1 ) , and metacarpal i longer than metacarpal iv ( 37 . 1 ) .\n+ saltasaurinae . this clade is supported by three unambiguous characters : the presence of depressed middle and posterior caudal centra ( 23 . 1 ) , prominent lateral crest in the base of the neural arch in middle caudals ( 27 . 1 ) and wide and well developed iliac pedicel of ischium ( 43 . 2 ) .\n) . it is diagnosed by two unambiguous synapomorphies : depressed anterior caudal centra ( 22 . 1 ) and the posterior orientation of the anterodorsal border of the neural spine in middle caudals ( 28 . 1 ) .\n) . it is supported by one character : the presence of relatively long prezygapophyses ( 29 . 1 ) . this character is not exclusive of these taxa , since it is also present in\nshows that the caudal morphology of titanosaurs is a complex subject to analyze . the inclusion of\namong titanosauridae is well recorded according to the morphological evidence . however , unique among sauropods ,\nhas procoelous posterior caudal centra with intercalation of a series of amphicoelous - biconvex or amphicoelous - opisthocoelous - biconvex centra . this unusual morphology is important because titanosauridae were usually defined , among other characters , by having procoelous caudal vertebrae .\nbonaparte , j . f . 1986 . history of the terrestrial cretaceous vertebrates of gondwana .\nbonaparte , j . f . 1999 . evoluci\u00f3n de las v\u00e9rtebras presacras en sauropodomorpha .\nbonaparte , j . f . ; powell , j . e . 1980 . a continental assemblage of tetrapods from the upper cretaceous beds of el brete , northwestern argentina ( sauropoda , coelurosauria , carnosauria , aves ) .\nbonaparte , j . f . ; kielan - jawoeowska , z . 1987 . late cretaceous dinosaur and mammal faunas of laurasia and gondwana .\nbonaparte , j . f . ; coria , r . a . 1993 . un nuevo y gigantesco saur\u00f3podo titanosaurio de la formaci\u00f3n r\u00edo limay ( albiano - cenomaniano ) de la provincia del neuqu\u00e9n , argentina .\nwild , with the description of a new sauropod from the tendaguru beds of tanzania and a discussion on the systematic value of procoelous caudal vertebrae in the sauropoda . palaeontographica , vol . 256 , p . 25 - 76 . [\ngen . n . sp . n . from the upper cretaceous of mongolia .\naspects of sauropod paleobiology ( lockley , m . g . ; santos , v . f . ; meyer , c . a . ; editors ) .\ncalvo , j . o . 1999 . dinosaurs and other vertebrates of the lake ezequiel ramos mex\u00eda area , nequ\u00e9n - patagonia , argentina .\nproceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium ( tomida , y . ; rich , t . h . ; vickers rich , p . ; editors ) .\ncalvo , j . o . ; bonaparte , j . f . 1991 . andesaurus delgadoi n . g . n . sp . ( saurischia , saur\u00f3podo ) dinosaurio tita nosauridae de la formaci\u00f3n r\u00edo limay ( albiano - cenomaniano ) , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina .\nsp . nov . , a new sauropoda from the albain - cenomanian of argentina ; new evidence on the origin of the diplodocidae .\ncalvo , j . o . ; coria , r . a . ; salgado , l . 1997 . uno de los m\u00e1s completos titanos\u00e1uridos ( dinosauria - sauropoda ) registrados en el mundo .\ncalvo , j . o . ; gonz\u00e1lez riga , b . j . 1999 . hallazgos de theropoda y titanosauridae , y su paleoambiente en una nueva localidad de rinc\u00f3n de los sauces , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina .\ncomisi\u00f3n internacional de nomenclatura zool\u00f3gica . 2000 . c\u00f3digo internacional de nomenclatura zool\u00f3gica . the international commision on zoological nomenclature editorial , versi\u00f3n en espa\u00f1ol de la 4\u00b0 edici\u00f3n .\ncope , e . d . 1877 . on a gigantic saurian from the dakota epoch of colorado .\ncoria , r . a . ; salgado , l . 1998 . nuevos aportes a la anatom\u00eda craneana de los saur\u00f3podos titanos\u00e1uridos .\ncurry rogers , k . ; foster , c . a . 2001 . the last of the dinosaur titans : a new sauropod from madagascar .\ngilmore , c . w . 1946 . reptilian fauna of the north horn formation .\ngim\u00e9nez , o . 1992 . estudio preliminar del miembro anterior de los saur\u00f3podos titanos\u00e1uridos .\ngoloboff , p . 1993 . nona , computer program and software . published by the author tucum\u00e1n , argentina . [\ngomani , e . m . 1999 . sauropod caudal vertebrae from malawi , africa .\ngonz\u00e1lez riga , b . j . 2002 . estratigraf\u00eda y dinosaurios del cret\u00e1cico tard\u00edo en el extremo sur de la provincia de mendoza , argentina : ph . d . thesis ( unpublished ) ,\ngonz\u00e1lez riga , b . j . ; calvo , j . o . 1999 . unusual caudal series of titanosauridae of the late cretaceous in the rio colorado formation , border between the neuqu\u00e9n and mendoza provinces , argentina .\ngonz\u00e1lez riga , b . j . ; calvo , j . o . 2001 . a new genus and species of titanosaurid sauropod from the upper cretaceous of rinc\u00f3n de los sauces , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina .\nhuene , f . von . 1929 . los saurisquios y ornitisquios del cret\u00e1cico argentino .\nhuene , f . von . 1932 . die fossile reptile - ordnung saurischia , ihre entwicklung und geschichte .\nhuene f . von . ; matley , c . a . 1933 . the cretaceous saurischia and ornithischia of the central province of india .\njacobs , l . l . ; winkler , d . a . ; downs , w . r . ; gomani , e . m . 1993 . new material of an early cretaceous titanosaurid sauropod dinosaur from malawi .\njain , s . l . ; bandyopadhyay , s . 1997 . new titanosaurid ( dinosauria : sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of central india .\nleanza , h . a . ; hugo , c . a . 2001 . cretaceous red beds from southern neuqu\u00e9n basin ( argentina ) : age , distribution and stratigraphic discontinuities .\nlyddeker , r . 1893 . contributions to the study of the fossil vertebrates of argentina . i . the dinosaurs of patagonia .\nmarsh , o . c . 1878 . principal characters of american jurassic dinosaurs .\nthe dinosauria ( weishampel , d . ; dobson , p . ; osmolska , h . ; editors ) .\npowell , j . e . 1986 . revisi\u00f3n de los titanos\u00e1uridos de am\u00e9rica del sur . ph . d . thesis ( unpublished ) ,\npowell , j . e . 1987 . morfolog\u00eda del esqueleto axial de los dinosaurios titanos\u00e1uridos ( saurischia , sauropoda ) del estado de minas gerais , brasil .\nlos dinosaurios y su entorno bi\u00f3tico ( sanz , j . l . ; buscalioni , a . d . ; editors ) .\nsalgado , l . ; calvo , j . o . 1993 . report of a sauropod with amphiplatyan mid - caudal vertebrae from the late cretaceous of neuqu\u00e9n province ( argentina ) .\n( sauropoda - titanosauridae ) en la formaci\u00f3n allen ( campaniano - maastrichtiano ) de la provincia de r\u00edo negro , argentina .\nsalgado , l . ; calvo , j . o . 1997 . evolution of titanosaurid sauropods . ii : the cranial evidence .\nsalgado , l . ; coria , r . a . ; calvo , j . o . 1997a . evolution of titanosaurid sauropods . i : phylogenetic analysis based on the postcraneal evidence .\n( sauropoda , titanosauridae ) en la formaci\u00f3n los alamitos , cret\u00e1cico superior de la provincia de r\u00edo negro , argentina .\nsanz , j . l . ; powell , j . e . ; le loeuff , j . ; mart\u00ednez , r . ; pereda suberbiola , x . 1999 . sauropod remains from the upper cretaceous of la\u00f1o ( northcentral spain ) . titanosaur phylogenetic relationships .\n, vol . 14 , special issue 1 , p . 235 - 255 . [\nseeley , h . g . 1887 . on the classification of the fossil animals commonly called dinosauria .\nsowfford , d l . 1989 . paup : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony , version 3 . 0 . computer software and documentation distributed by illinois natural history survey . illinois . [\nwedel , m . j . ; cifelli , r . l . ; kent sanders , r . 2000 . osteology , paleobiology and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur\nwilson , j . a . ; sereno , p . 1998 . early evolution and higher - level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs . society of vertebrate paleontology , memoir 5 , journal of vertebrate paleontology , vol . 18 , no . 2 , p . 1 - 68 . [ links ] manuscript received : january 22 , 2002 ; accepted : november 25 , 2003 .\ntooth in transverse section ( c ) and lateral view ( d ) , mrs - pv 117 .\nanteromedial dorsal neural arch in lateral ( g ) and anterior ( h ) views , mrs - pv 05 / 3 .\nreferences : dp ; diapophysis , ne : neural spine , poz : postzygapophysis . scale bar equals 1 cm in figure d and 5 cm in the other figures .\narticulated series of anterior - middle caudal vertebrae in lateral view , mrs - pv 26 .\narticulated series of middle caudal vertebrae in lateral view , mrs - pv 27 .\nreferences : cc : caudal centrum , ne : neural spine , poz : postzygapohysis , pozp : process of the postzygapophysis . scale bars equal 5 cm .\narticulated posterior caudal vertebrae with procoelous , amphicoelous and biconvex centra , mrs - pv 29 .\narticulated posterior caudal vertebrae with opisthocoelous , biconvex and procoelous centra , mrs - pv 30 .\nleft pubis in dorsal view , mrs - pv 97 . scale bars equal 5 cm .\n) the distribution of 46 characters corresponding to 12 taxa of sauropods is shown . in this work , characters 32 and 43 are proposed , and characters 1 , 7 , 11 , 18 , 24 , 25 and 44 are redefined . the other characters have been proposed by the authors indicated on the list . the data matrix was analyzed with the computer programs paup ( swofford , 1989 ) and nona ( goloboff , 1993 ) . the application of heuristic method produced one most parsimonious tree with a length of 68 steps , c . i . = 0 . 79 and r . i . = 0 . 78 . the multi - state characters were considered unordered .\n7 . middle cervical centra , anteroposterior length / height of the posterior face : between 2 . 5 - 3 ( 0 ) ; more than 3 ( 1 ) ; less than 2 . 5 ( modified from\n32 . humerus , breadth of proximal end : less than 50 percent of total length ( 0 ) ; more than 50 percent of total length ( 1 ) .\n43 . iliac pedicel of ischium : short and poor developed ( 0 ) ; slender and well developed ( 1 ) ; wide and well developed ( 2 ) .\n45 . humerus / femoral ratio of 0 , 90 or more : absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) . (\n46 . lateral bulge of femur below the greater trochanter : absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) ( mcintosh , 1990 ; salgado , 1993 ; calvo and salgado , 1995 ; salgado et al . , 1997a ; wilson and sereno , 1998 ) .\n2 departments of palaeobotany and palaeozoology , swedish museum of natural history , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden .\n3 centre of advanced study in geology , panjab university , chandigarh - 160014 , india .\nscience 18 nov 2005 : vol . 310 , issue 5751 , pp . 1177 - 1180 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1118806\ndepartments of palaeobotany and palaeozoology , swedish museum of natural history , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden .\ncentre of advanced study in geology , panjab university , chandigarh - 160014 , india .\naaas login provides access to science for aaas members , and access to other journals in the science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions .\nas a service to the community , this article is available for free . existing users log in .\ndownload and print this article for your personal scholarly , research , and educational use .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\nsilica particles from grass in fossil dung from cretaceous sauropods suggest that grasses evolved earlier than had been thought , providing food for dinosaurs and early mammals .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nis derived from\nrinc\u00f3n de los sauces\n( the area where its fossils were discovered ) and the greek\nsauros\n( lizard ) . the\n, is derived from the latin\ncauda\n( tail ) and\nmirus\n( amazing , wonderful , marvellous ) , in reference to the unusual shape of its tail vertebrae .\n( mrs - pv 26 ) is a series of 13 tail vertebrae and two ilia ( hip bones ) .\n\u2022 jorge o . calvo and b . j . g . riga ( 2003 )\ngen . et sp nov . , a new titanosaurid ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) from the late cretaceous of patagonia , argentina\nrevista geol\u00f3gica de chile , vol . 30 , no . 2 , p . 333 - 353 .\n\u2022 vandana prasad , caroline a . e . str\u00f6mberg , habib alimohammadian and ashok sahni ( 2005 )\nscience 18 nov 2005 : vol . 310 , issue 5751 , pp . 1177 - 1180 .\n\u2022 casal , g . ; mart\u00ednez , r . d . ; luna , m . ; sciutto , j . c ; and lamanna , m . c . ( 2007 )\ntime stands still for no man , and research is ongoing . if you spot an error , or want to expand , edit or add a dinosaur , please use\n. where applicable , these images link to the artist ' s credit page . please respect their conditions for re - use .\nyup , we use cookies . but it doesn ' t make us bad people .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also calvo and gonz\u00e1lez riga 2003 , calvo et al . 2007 , calvo and porfiri 2010 , campos et al . 2005 , casal et al . 2007 , filippi and garrido 2008 , franco - rosas et al . 2004 , gonz\u00e1lez riga et al . 2009 , kellner et al . 2005 , kellner et al . 2006 , lopes and buchmann 2008 , mannion and otero 2012 , salgado and carvalho 2008 and santucci and bertini 2006\ntype specimen : mrs - pv 26 . its type locality is ca\u00f1ad\u00f3n r\u00edo seco , which is in a santonian fluvial - lacustrine sandstone in the bajo de la carpa formation of argentina .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : femur length 900 . 0 , femur diameter 140 . 0 , femur circumference 340 . 0 , humerus length 790 . 0 , humerus diameter 120 . 0 , humerus circumference 300 . 0 , scapula 820 . 0 x 130 . 0\nestimated body mass : 3 . 59 tons based on femur circumference , femur length , and humerus circumference\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\nin reference to rinc\u00f3n de los sauces ( neuqu\u00e9n province , argentina ) where the dinosaur was found ; saurus ( greek ) , lizard ."]}
{"id": 555, "summary": [{"text": "coimbra filho 's titi ( callicebus coimbrai ) or just coimbra 's titi is a species of titi , a type of new world monkey , endemic to forests in the brazilian states of bahia and sergipe .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was first discovered by shuji kobayashi .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is considered one of the most endangered of all neotropical primates .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is named after adelmar f. coimbra-filho , founder and former director of the rio de janeiro primate centre , in honor of his work in the field of brazilian primatology and biology . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "coimbra filho ' s titi", "paragraphs": ["the coimbra filho\u2019s titi monkey or just coimbra\u2019s titi monkey ( callicebus coimbrai ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . the coimbra filho\u2019s titi monkey is endemic to deciduous woodlands in the brazilian state of sergipe . conservation status \u2013 critically endangered .\na primate at risk in northeast brazil : local extinctions of coimbra filho ' s titi ( callicebus coimbrai ) .\na primate at risk in northeast brazil : local extinctions of coimbra filho ' s titi ( callicebus coimbrai ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - coimbra - filho ' s titi monkey facts\n( online ) . accessed\nfacts summary : the coimbra - filho ' s titi monkey ( callicebus coimbrai ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area ( s ) : brazil .\ncheracebus medemi ( hershkovitz , 1963 ) . black - handed titi , medem\u2019s titi\n. in : coimbra - filho a , mittermeier ra ( eds ) ecology and behavior of neotropical primates , vol 1 . academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias , rio de janeiro , pp 241\u2013276\nsouza - alves , j . p . ( 2013 ) ecology and life - history of coimbra - filho ' s titi monkeys ( callicebus coimbrai ) in the brazilian atlantic forest . phd thesis , universidade federal da para\u00edba , jo\u00e3o pessoa , para\u00edba , brazil . ( pdf )\nthe stephen nash\u2019s titi monkey or nash\u2019s titi monkey ( callicebus stephennashi ) , is a species of titi , a type of new world monkey , endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nplecturocebus vieirai ( gualda - barros , nascimento & amaral , 2012 ) . vieira\u2019s titi\n. in : coimbra - filho af , mittermeier ra , editors . ecology and behavior of neotropical primates , vol . 1 . rio de janeiro , brazil : academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias ; 1981 . p . 241\u201376 .\nmittermeier ra , coimbra - filho af , kierulff mcm , rylands ab , mendes sl , pissinatti a , almeida lm ( 2007 ) monkeys of the atlantic forest of eastern brazil : pocket identification guide . conservation international , arlington\ncheracebus torquatus ( hoffmannsegg , 1807 ) . collared titi , white - collared titi\nthe hoffmann\u2019s titi monkey ( callicebus hoffmannsi ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nplecturocebus miltoni ( dalponte , silva & silva - j\u00fanior , 2014 ) . milton ' s titi\nthe hershkovitz\u2019s titi monkey ( callicebus dubius ) , is a species of titi , a type of new world monkey , from south america . hershkovitz\u2019s titi monkey is found in bolivia , brazil and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe barbara brown\u2019s titi monkey ( callicebus barbarabrownae ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 critically endangered .\n( spix , 1823 ) . msc . thesis , pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica de minas gerais , puc minas , brasil . souza - alves , j . p . ( 2010 ) ecologia alimentar de um grupo de guig\u00f3 - de - coimbra - filho (\nthe atlantic titi or masked titi , callicebus personatus , is a species of titi , a type of new world monkey , endemic to brazil .\nthe prince bernhard\u2019s titi monkey ( callicebus bernhardi ) is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . the prince bernhard\u2019s titi monkey was discovered in 2002 by marc van roosmalen and russell mittermeier and named after prince bernard of the netherlands . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe white - eared titi ' s fluffy tail is longer than the length of its head and body together .\nkinzey , w . g . ( 1981 ) .\nthe titi monkeys , genus callicebus : i . description of the species\n. in coimbra - filho , a . f . ; mittermeier , r . a . ecology and behavior of neotropical primates . volume 1 . rio de janeiro : academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias . pp . 241\u2013276 .\nthe white - eared titi monkey ( callicebus donacophilus ) , also known as the bolivian titi monkey or bolivian grey titi monkey , is a species of titi monkey from south america . the white - eared titi monkey is found in bolivia , brazil and paraguay . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nplecturocebus bernhardi ( m . g . m . van roosmalen , t . van roosmalen & mittermeier , 2002 ) . prince bernhard\u2019s titi\nplecturocebus stephennashi ( m . g . m . van roosmalen , t . van roosmalen & mittermeier , 2002 ) . stephen nash\u2019s titi\nthe ornate titi monkey ( callicebus ornatus ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to colombia . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthe brown titi monkey ( callicebus brunneus ) , is a species of titi monkey from south america . the brown titi monkey is found in brazil and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe atlantic titi monkey ( callicebus personatus ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthe collared titi monkey ( callicebus torquatus ) , is a species of titi monkey from south america . the collared titi monkey if found in brazil and colombia . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe red - bellied titi or dusky titi , callicebus moloch , is a species of titi , a type of new world monkey , endemic to brazil . it lives in forests and thickets .\n163 : 161 - 163 . heiduck , s . ( 2013 ) costs of foraging in the southern bahian masked titi monkey ( callicebus melanochir ) .\nthe ollala brothers titi monkey ( callicebus olallae ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to bolivia . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthe rio beni titi monkey ( callicebus modestus ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to bolivia . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthe rio mayo titi monkey ( callicebus oenanthe ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to peru . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthe black titi monkey ( callicebus lugens ) , is a species of titi monkey from south america . the black titi monkey is found in brazil , colombia and venezuela . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe lucifer titi monkey ( callicebus lucifer ) , is a species of titi monkey from south america . the lucifer titi monkey is found in brazil , colombia and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe ashy black titi monkey ( callicebus cinerascens ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe baptista lake titi monkey ( callicebus baptista ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe rio purus titi monkey ( callicebus purinus ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nobservation to monitor the monkey ' s population , is less effective . instead , other methods of calculating the titi monkey ' s density in certain areas have been taken , such as research into the species - specific calls endemic to a certain area .\nthe chestnut - bellied titi monkey ( callicebus caligatus ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe red - bellied titi monkey ( callicebus moloch ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe black - fronted titi monkey ( callicebus nigrifrons ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 near threatened .\nthe coastal black - handed titi monkey ( callicebus melanochir ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nthe red - headed titi monkey ( callicebus regulus ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe white - tailed titi monkey ( callicebus discolor ) , is a species of titi monkey , from south america . the white - tailed titi monkey is found in ecuador and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe white - coated titi monkey ( callicebus pallescens ) , is a species of titi monkey from south america . the white - coated titi monkey is found in bolivia , brazil and paraguay . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe colombian black - handed titi monkey ( callicebus medemi ) , is a species of titi monkey endemic to colombia . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\njones c , anderson s . callicebus moloch . mamm species . 1978 ; 112 : 1\u20135 .\nragen , b . j . , s . p . mendoza , w . a . mason , and k . l . bales ( 2012 ) differences in titi monkey (\nfor many years , researchers believed that geophagy might be have been used by the masked titi ' s as a sodium supplement as their high foliage diets were quite low in sodium .\ncheracebus lugens ( humboldt , 1811 ) . widow monkey , white - chested titi\ncallicebus personatus ( \u00e9 . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1812 ) . masked titi\nplecturocebus urubambensis ( vermeer & tello - alvorado , 2015 ) . urubamba brown titi\nbicca - marques jc , heymann ew . ecology and behavior of titi monkeys (\nveiga , l . m . , sousa , m . c . , jerusalinsky , l . , ferrari , s . f . , de oliveira , m . m . , santos , s . s . d . , valente , m . c . m . & printes , r . c .\nveiga , l . m . , sousa , m . c . , jerusalinsky , l . , ferrari , s . f . , de oliveira , m . m . , santos , s . s . d . , valente , m . c . m . & printes , r . c . 2008 .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nmasked titis occasionally feed with geoffroy\u2019s tufted - eared marmosets ( callithrix geoffroyi ) ( rowe , 1996 ) .\n] morphological species groups . below , we review changes to the taxonomy of the titis since hershkovitz\u2019s reviews [\n, the canines of titi monkeys are relatively short and their molars are fairly simple .\nbolivian titi monkeys may play a part in drawing tourists to forested areas of bolivia .\nvermeer j , tello - alvarado jc . the distribution and taxonomy of titi monkeys (\nthe coppery titi monkey ( callicebus cupreus ) , is a species of titi , a type of new world monkey , from south america . the coppery titi monkey is found in bolivia , brazil and colombia , ecuador and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nvon spix jb . simiarum et vespertiliarum brasiliensis species novae . f . s . h\u00fcbschmann : munich ; 1823 .\n2005 . belo horizonte : puc minas , p . 255 - 268 . sousa , m . c . , s . s . sampaio and m . c . m . valente ( 2008 ) distribui\u00e7\u00e3o e varia\u00e7\u00e3o na pelagem de\nbolivian titi monkeys inhabit riparian zones and gallery forests near swampy grasslands and other open areas .\nbecause they are frugivores , bolivian titi monkeys may play a small role in seed dispersal .\nthe titi monkey is a fairly inconspicuous creature , making observation and research difficult to obtain .\n] listed 22\u201334 titi monkeys , of which 22 are considered valid taxa today . hershkovitz [\ntiti monkeys , the donacophilus group of plecturocebus . illustrations by stephen d . nash \u00a9conservation international\ntiti monkeys , the moloch group of plecturocebus . illustrations by stephen d . nash \u00a9conservation international\nheiduck , s . ( 1997 ) . food choice in masked titi monkeys ( callicebus personatus melanochir ) : selectivity or opportunism ? the international journal of primatology , 18 ( 4 ) , 487 - 502 .\nfernandez - duque , e . , w . a . mason , and s . p . mendoza ( 1997 ) effects of duration of separation on responses to mates and strangers in the monogamous titi monkey (\nferrari , s . , s . iwanga , m . messias , e . ramos , p . ramos , e . da cruz neto , p . coutinho . 2000 . titi monkeys ( callicebus spp . , atelidae : platyrrhini ) in the brazilian state of rond\u00f4nia . primates , 41 ( 2 ) : 229 - 234 .\nmart\u00ednez , j . and r . b . wallace ( 2011 ) first observations of terrestrial travel for olalla ' s titi monkey ( callicebus olallae ) . neotropical primates 18 : 49 - 52 . ( pdf )\nin captivity , the white - eared titi has been known to live for over 25 years .\nand regarded it as the most primitive titi monkey species . because of this , he created the\ndalponte jc , silva fe , silva - j\u00fanior js . new species of titi monkey , genus\nheiduck , s . ( 2002 ) . the use of disturbed and undisturbed forest by masked titi monkeys callicebus personatus melanochir is proportional to food availability . oryx , the international journal of conservation , 36 , 133 - 139 .\ntiti monkeys sleep on branches at least 15 metres ( 49 ft ) above the ground . in the same manner as resting during the day , titi monkeys huddle together and twine tails to sleep .\neiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari , and m . a .\nplease visit the iucn and all the world ' s primates sites for the most - recent version of species - specific assessments .\nplecturocebus discolor ( i . geoffroy saint - hilaire & deville , 1848 ) . red - crowned titi\ncallicebus personatus barbarabrownae hershkovitz , p . 1990 . fieldiana , zool . , n . s . , ( 55 ) : 77 .\nthe white - eared titi is found in tropical humid forests , preferring drier regions to more humid ones .\nvan roosmalen mgm , van roosmalen t , mittermeier ra . a taxonomic review of the titi monkeys , genus\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed february 16 , 2011 at urltoken . urltoken\nmason , w . a . ; mendoza , s . p . ( 1993 ) .\ncontrasting life modes in cebidae : titi monkeys ( callicebus ) and squirrel monkeys ( saimiri )\n. aazpa regional conference proceedings . pp . 715\u2013722 .\ncallicebus coimbrai kobayashi , s . & langguth , a . 1999 . revta . bras . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 534 .\nthe different titi monkey species vary substantially in size and colouring but resemble each other in most other physical ways .\ndiurnal and arboreal , titi monkeys prefer dense forests near water . titi monkeys easily jump from branch to branch , earning them their german name , \u2018jumping monkey\u2019 . they sleep at night , but also take a midday nap .\nwallace rb , g\u00f3mez h , felton a , felton am . on a new species of titi monkey , genus\nsouza - alves , j . p . and s . f . ferrari ( 2010 ) responses of wild titi monkeys , callicebus coimbrai ( primates : platyrrhini : pitheciidae ) , to the habituation process . zoologia 27 : 861 - 866 . ( pdf )\narroyo - rodr\u00edguez v , mandujano s ( 2009 ) conceptualization and measurement of habitat fragmentation from the primates\u2019 perspective . int j primatol 30 : 497\u2013514\nferrari , s . ; iwanga , s . ; messias , m . ; ramos , e . ; ramos , p . ; da cruz neto , e . ; coutinho , p . ( 2000 ) .\ntiti monkeys ( callicebus spp . , atelidae : platyrrhini ) in the brazilian state of rond\u00f4nia\n. primates 41 ( 2 ) : 229\u2013234 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf02557805 .\n. however , some of these larger species often chase titi monkeys away from fruit trees and other sources of food . because titi monkeys prefer to remain isolated within their social group , they attempt to avoid contact with other primates .\nvaleggia , c . , s . mendoza , e . fernandez - duque , w . mason , b . lasley . 1999 . reproductive biology of female titi monkeys ( callicebus moloch ) in captivity . american journal of primatology , 47 : 183 - 195 .\n49 : 146 - 148 . c\u00e4sar , c . , e . s . franco , g . c . n . soares and r . j . young ( 2008 ) observed case of maternal infanticide in a wild group of black - fronted titi monkeys ,\ntiti monkeys are known to be monogamous and live in small family groups . in the first long - term study of\nplecturocebus aureipalatii ( wallace , g\u00f3mez , a . m . felton & a . felton , 2006 ) . madidi titi\n: a new and critically endangered titi monkey from southern caquet\u00e1 . colombia primate conserv . 2010 ; 25 : 1\u20139 .\n. this view of titi monkey diversity prevailed until hershkovitz\u2019s revisions in 1988 and 1990 . his analysis of around 1 , 200 museum specimens resulted in the recognition of 25 taxa across five polytypic and eight monotypic species , which he arranged in four clusters that he labelled the\n; the male ' s head and body length averages 311 millimetres ( 12 . 2 in ) while females average 340 millimetres ( 13 in ) .\ntiti monkeys vocalise synchronously early in the morning , probably to announce their presence in their territory . their grooming and communication is important for the co - operation of the group . titi monkeys can typically be seen in pairs sitting or sleeping .\nparthasarathy n , muthuramkumar s , reddy ms ( 2004 ) patterns of liana diversity in tropical evergreen forests of peninsular india . forest ecol manag 190 : 15\u201331\n( hoffmannsegg , 1807 ) , as the type species . as pointed out by groves himself ( in litt . ) , goodman et al . \u2019s [\ndepartment of biology , universidade federal de sergipe , av . marechal rondon s / n\u2013rosa elze 49 , s\u00e3o crist\u00f3v\u00e3o - se , brazil . ferrari @ urltoken\nsouza - alves , j . p . , i . p . fontes , and s . f . ferrari ( 2011 ) use of sleeping sites by a titi group ( callicebus coimbrai ) in the brazilian atlantic forest . primates 52 : 155 - 161 . ( pdf )\nkobayashi and langguth 1999 : new localities for an endangered titi monkey in eastern sergipe , brazil . check list 9 : 696\u2013699\nforest corridors to connect fragmented forests have been proposed as an effective means to help ensure the survival of the titi monkey .\nveiga , l . m . , ferrari , s . f . , kierulff , c . m . , de oliveira , m . m . & mendes , s . l . ( 2008 ) . callicebus personatus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 3 january 2009 .\nfarmland may surround and isolate areas of titi habitat which occasionally has positive benefits to the monkey . farmers may prevent hunters on the land , thereby inadvertently protecting the species . it also appears that the titi monkey can cross open ground between forest fragments ,\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nlawler , r . r . ; ford , s . m . ; wright , p . c . ; easley , s . p . ( 2006 ) .\nthe locomotor behavior of callicebus brunneus and callicebus torquatus\n. folia primatologica 77 ( 3 ) : 228\u2013239 . doi : 10 . 1159 / 000091232 .\nmoynihan , m . 1966 . communication in the titi monkey , callicebus . journal of zoology , 150 : 77 - 127 .\n, from all other titi monkeys . he described the diagnostic characters as follows : \u201caverage size larger than that of other species except\nheymann ew , encarnaci\u00f3n cf , soini p . on the diagnostic characters and geographic distribution of the \u201cyellow - handed\u201d titi monkey ,\nreeder , d . m . , s . p . mendoza and w . a . mason ( 1998 ) social behavior and sexual motivation across the reproductive cycle in titi monkeys ( callicebus moloch ) : concealment or communication of ovulation ? american jour nal of primatology 45 : 202 - 203 .\nkobayashi & langguth , 1999 ) : perspectivas para a conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da esp\u00e9cie na paisagem fragmentada do sul de sergipe , master\u2019s thesis . universidade federal de sergipe , s\u00e3o crist\u00f3v\u00e3o\n] . there is , as such , a lack of clarity regarding its diagnostic characteristics , its distribution , and even its validity as a taxon . humboldt\u2019s anecdote about\nfood availability may influence activity times ; if there is an abundance of food in the warmer months when plants are fruiting titi monkeys may start earlier , or if there is a lack of food , titi monkeys may remain at the feeding tree into the evening .\n47 : 235 - 240 . mercado , n . and r . b . wallace ( 2010 ) distribuci\u00f3n de primates en bolivia y \u00e1reas prioritarias para su conservaci\u00f3n . tropical conservation science 3 : 200 - 217 . ( pdf ) mon\u00e7\u00e2o , g . r . , v . selhorst and j . a . r soares - filho ( 2008 ) expans\u00e3o da dstribui\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica de\nalvarez , s . j . and e . w . heymann ( 2012 ) a preliminary study on the influence of physical fruit traits on fruit handling and seed fate by white - handed titi monkeys ( callicebus lugens ) . american journal of physical anthropology 147 : 482 - 488 . ( pdf )\nand few studies have focused on the white - eared titi . it is diurnal , commencing activity around sunrise and continuing until sunset .\nvaleggia , c . r . , s . p . menoza , e . fernandez - duque , w . a . mason and b . lasley ( 1999 ) reproductive biology of female titi monkeys ( callicebus moloch ) in captivity . american journal of primatology 47 : 183 - 195 . ( pdf )\nhil\u00e1rio rr 1 , 2 , 3 , jerusalinsky l 4 , 5 , santos s 6 , beltr\u00e3o - mendes r 4 , 7 , ferrari sf 7 , 8 .\nfelton a , felton am , wallace rb , g\u00f3mez h . identification , behavioral observations , and notes on the distribution of the titi monkeys\nguindon s , gascuel o . a simple , fast , and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood . syst biol . 2003 ; 52 ( 5 ) : 696\u2013704 .\nchen , e . c . , s . yagi , k . r . kelly , s . p . mendoza , n . maniger , a . rosenthal , a . spinner , k . l . bales , d . p . schnurr , n . w . lerche , and c . y . chiu ( 2011 ) cross - species transmission of a novel adenovirus associated with a fulminant pneumonia outbreak in a titi monkey colony . plos pathogens 7 : e1002155 . dacier , a . , a . g . de luna , e . fernandez - duque and a . di fiore ( 2011 ) . estimating population density of amazonian titi monkeys (\nspecies included in this study are represented by multiple wild - caught specimens of known provenance and taxonomic identification . taking into account the results from our phylogenetic analyses , as well as morphological and biogeographic evidence , we suggest a revised taxonomy that recognises three genera of titi monkey in the subfamily callicebinae that are largely coherent with kobayashi\u2019s [\nspecies and , consequently , the evolutionary history of titi monkeys remains poorly studied . the current taxonomy has yet to be tested using molecular evidence .\nmarques , e . l . n . , r . beltr\u00e3o - mendes , and s . f . ferrari ( 2013 ) primates , pitheciidae , callicebus barbarabrownae hershkovitz , 1990 : new localities for the critically endangered titi monkey in the s\u00e3o francisco basin , state of sergipe , brazil . check list 9 : 113 - 115 .\nragen , b . j . , n . maninger , s . p . mendoza , m . r . jarcho , and k . l . bales ( 2013 ) presence of a pair - mate regulates the behavioral and physiological effects of opioid manipulation in the monogamous titi monkey ( callicebus cupreus ) . psychoneuroendocrinology 38 : 2448 - 2461 .\nspix , 1823 na rppn do santu\u00e1rio do cara\u00e7a . in : w . lobato , c . v . s . sabino and j . f . de abreu . ( orgs . ) .\npelzeln a von . brasilische s\u00e4ugethiere : resultate von johann natterer\u2019s reisen in den jahren 1817 bis 1835 . verhandlungen 33 . vienna , austria : kaiserlich - k\u00f6niglichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft ; 1883 .\nmendoza , s . , d . reeder , w . mason . 2002 . nature of proximate mechanisms underlying primate social systems : simplicity and redundancy . evolutionary anthropology , 11 : 112 - 116 .\nmendoza , s . , w . mason . 1986 . contrasting responses to intruders and to involuntary separation by monogamous and polygynous new world monkeys . physiology and behavior , 38 : 795 - 801 .\nalthough populations are declining , bolivian titi monkeys are listed by the iucn as a species of least concern . they have a relatively wide range and a slowly declining population . bolivian titi monkeys have proven fairly adaptable , and they have a low number of natural predators . their main threat is attributed to habitat loss due to agriculture . bolivian titi monkeys are one of three primate species that survive within and around the borders of cities and rural human establishments in this region .\nthe white - eared titi ' s main threat is deforestation and habitat loss due to agriculture . the area of greatest habitat loss is around the city of santa cruz de la sierra , but it still survives within the city limits and on the edges of many rural establishments . it has few natural predators and is proven to be adaptable to habitat disturbance .\nveiga , l . m . & ferrari , s . f . ( 2008 ) . callicebus moloch . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 3 january 2009 .\nthe titi monkey prefers branches which are less than 5 centimetres ( 2 . 0 in ) in diameter and its tail never touches the support it is on .\nfreeman , s . m . , h . walum , k . inoue , a . l . smith , m . m . goodman , k . l . bales , and l . j . young ( 2014 ) neuroanatomical distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin 1a receptors in the socially monogamous coppery titi monkey ( callicebus cupreus ) . neuroscience 273 : 12 - 23 .\nperes ca ( 2008 ) soil fertility and arboreal mammal biomass in tropical forests . in : carson w , schnitzer s ( eds ) tropical forest community ecology . wiley - blackwell , new york , pp 349\u2013364\ntype locality : campamento roco roco , r\u00edo hondo , madid national park and natural area of integrated management , la paz department , bolivia ( 14\u00b037 ' 30\ns , 67\u00b043 ' 06\nw ) .\nlanfear r , calcott b , ho syw , guindon s . partitionfinder : combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses . mol biol evol . 2012 ; 29 ( 6 ) : 1695\u2013701 .\nrobinson , j . 1979 . vocal regulation of use of space by groups of titi monkeys callicebus moloch . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 5 : 1 - 15 .\nwallace , r . b . , h . gomez , a . felton , and a . felton ( 2006 ) on a new species of titi monkey , genus\nin captivity , bolivian titi monkeys breed throughout the year . in the wild , a breeding season is predicted , perhaps in the spring preceding the rainy season in bolivia . in captivity , female titi monkeys give birth approximately one year after finding a mate . after a gestation period of about 18 weeks , females give birth to a single offspring , though twins are uncommon . although female bolivian titi monkeys reach sexual maturity at 2 years of age , the mean age of first birth is 4 years .\nem resposta \u00e0 introdu\u00e7\u00e3o de indiv\u00edduos para forma\u00e7\u00e3o de novos grupos em cativeiro . in : w . lobato , c . v . s . sabino & j . f . de abreu . ( orgs . ) .\nmenescal l . a . , e . c . goncalves , a . silva , s . f . ferrari and m . p . c . schneider ( 2009 ) genetic diversity of red - bellied titis (\nward rd , zemlak ts , innes bh , last pr , hebert pdn . dna barcoding australia ' s fish species . proc r soc lond b biol sci . 2005 ; 360 ( 1462 ) : 1847\u201357 .\nkinzey , w . g . ( 1983 ) . activity pattern of the masked titi monkey , callicebus personatus . primates , 24 ( 3 ) , 337 - 343 .\nit has been classified as vulnerable but due to major habitat loss and restricted living space , it is better classified as critically endangered . in october 2012 , it was included in the world ' s 25 most endangered primates list . an increase in deforestation is leading to the decrease in available living space for the titi monkey , forcing it to live in sympatry with another species of callicebus .\nthe oldest bolivian titi in captivity reached 24 . 8 years of age . little information is available regarding the lifespan of this species in the wild . other members of the genus\ntiti monkeys will also eat small insects ( ants , moths , butterflies , and their cocoons ) , spiders , and can catch flying prey if it comes close to them .\noates jf , whitesides gh , davies ag , waterman pg , green sm , dasilva gl , mole s ( 1990 ) determinants of variation in tropical forest primate biomass : new evidence from west africa . ecology 71 : 328\u2013343\njarcho , m . r . , w . a . mason , s . p . mendoza and k . l . bales ( 2009 ) hormonal and experiential predictors of infant survivorship and maternal behavior in a monogamous primate (\nthe titi monkey usually rests during the middle of the day and has two main feeding periods , in the morning and in the afternoon . it has an increased period of feeding towards the end of the day . in total , the titi monkey is active for an average of 11 . 5 hours , 2 . 7 hours of which is spent feeding .\nmale bolivian titi monkeys play a dominant role in the care of their young . although females nurse their offspring , males are the principal carriers and protectors of their young . during the first week of life , mother bolivian titi monkeys carry their infants only 20 % of the time , and after the first month , maternal contact is scarce . infants experience more stress and elevated heart rates when separated from their father than from their mother , with few exceptions . bollivian titi monkeys experience a stronger bond with their mate than with their offspring .\nplecturocebus miltoni dalponte , j . c . , silva , f . e . & silva - j\u00fanior , j . de s . 2014 . pap . avuls . zool . , s\u00e3o paulo 54 ( 32 ) : 462 .\nyet in some areas , such drastic deforestation has resulted in extremely high population density . the titi monkey is better adapted to moderately populated areas , thus overpopulation negatively impacts the species .\ntype locality : yahuas , n . of loreto , about 2\u00b040 ' s , 70\u00b030 ' w , alt . 500 ft . ( thomas , 1914 ) . yahuas territory , near pebas , loreto , peru , about 125 m [\nmuller , k . h . ( 1997 ) . geophagy in masked titi monkeys ( callicebus personatus melanochir ) in sbrazil . primates\n, 38 ( 1 ) , 69 - 77 .\nfernandez - duque , c . valeggia , and w . a . mason ( 2000 ) effects of pair - bond and social context on male - female interactions in captive titi monkeys (\nmarques , e . l . n . , l . jerusalinsky , j . c . a . g . rocha , p . m . santos , r . beltr\u00e3o - mendes , and s . f . ferrari ( 2013 ) primates , pitheciidae , callicebus coimbrai kobayashi and langguth , 1999 : new localities for an endangered titi monkey in eastern sergipe , brazil . check list 9 : 696 - 699 . ( pdf )\ntiti monkeys are found in wet or inundated forests , especially in dense underbrush , and in gallery forests . they live in south america , from colombia to brazil , peru and north paraguay .\nthey have one offspring per year . it is difficult to distinguish between the sexes externally , however atlantic titi family dynamics indicate that the father carries the infant at all times during the nursing .\nrobinson , j . g . ( 1977 ) .\nvocal regulation of spacing in the titi monkey ( callicebus moloch )\n. phd dissertation . university of north carolina - chapel hill .\nrobinson , j . g . ( 1979 ) .\nan analysis of the organization of vocal communication in the titi monkey callicebus moloch\n. zeitschrift fur tierzuchtung und zuchtungsbiologie 49 : 381\u2013405 .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\ntype locality : peru : near the colonia penal del sepa , on the southern bank of the r\u00edo sepa , a western tributary of the r\u00edo urubamba ( 10\u00b048 ' 50\ns , 73\u00b017 ' 80\nw ) . altitude 280 m .\ntype locality : rio tahuamanu , northeast peru [ sic ] near bolivian boundary . about 12\u00b020 ' s , 68\u00b045 ' w . the rio tahuamanu and the bolivian border are in fact in southeast peru , not northeast ; evidently a lapsus calami .\nalfaro me , zoller s , lutzoni f . bayes or bootstrap ? a simulation study comparing the performance of bayesian markov chain monte carlo sampling and bootstrapping in assessing phylogenetic confidence . mol biol evol . 2003 ; 20 ( 2 ) : 255\u201366 .\nmittermeier ra , rylands ab , schwitzer c , taylor la , chiozza f , williamson ea ( 2012 ) primates in peril : the world\u2019s 25 most endangered primates 2010\u20132012 . iucn / ssc primate specialist group , international primatological society , conservation international , arlington\nanzenberger , g . , s . mendoza , w . mason . 1986 . comparative studies of social behavior in callicebus and saimiri : behavioral and physiological responses of established pairs to unfamiliar pairs . american journal of primatology , 11 : 37 - 51 .\ntiti monkeys also use physical communication , including grooming and tail entwining . male and female mates show a strong preference for grooming and entwining with each other rather than with other members of their group .\nm\u00fcller , a . , g . anzenberger . 2002 . duetting in the titi monkey callicebus cupreus : structure , pair specificity and development of duets . folia primatologica , 73 : 1 - 12 .\ngron , k . 2007 .\nprimate factsheets : dusky titi ( callicebus moloch ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology\n( on - line ) . accessed april 18 , 2011 at urltoken .\nlawrence , j . m . ( 2007 ) .\nunderstanding the pair bond in brown titi monkeys ( callicebus brunneus ) : male and female reproductive interests\n. phd dissertation . columbia university .\nterrones ru\u00edz , w . i . , d . m . vea diaz , c . flores amasifu\u00e9n and e . w . heymann ( 2004 ) diurnal birth of a wild red titi monkey ,\nthe red - bellied titi has an average head and body length of 333 mm ( 13 . 1 in ) for males and 331 mm ( 13 . 0 in ) for females , showing no\ntiti monkeys are well known for their vocal communication , and have a complex repertoire of calls . the calls can be divided into two categories : high - pitched quiet calls and low - pitched loud calls .\nveiga , l . , r . wallace , s . ferrari . 2008 .\ncallicebus donacophilus\n( on - line ) . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . accessed april 25 , 2011 at urltoken .\nhershkovitz , p . origin , speciation , and distribution of south american titi monkeys , genus callicebus ( family cebidae , platyrrhini ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 140 ( 1 ) .\nbossuyt , f . ( 2002 ) .\nnatal dispersal of titi monkeys ( callicebus moloch ) at cocha cashu , manu national park , peru\n34 . american journal of physical anthropology . p . 47 .\nhorvath je , weisrock dw , embry sl , fiorentino i , balhoff jp , kappeler p , et al . development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit : resolving the evolutionary history of madagascar ' s lemurs . genome res . 2008 ; 18 ( 3 ) : 489\u201399 .\n] . as with the tamarins and capuchins , this new classification will undoubtedly make for a taxonomy that reflects more clearly titi monkey evolutionary history . the lack of available genetic data for many of the species , however , limits our ability to make novel taxonomic and phylogenetic inferences about these taxa . it is evident that questions remain regarding the species - level taxonomy of the callicebinae , and thus phylogenetic hypotheses will be modified with the availability of sequence data for remaining titi species . taken together , our work illustrates the value of a molecular phylogenetic approach to taxonomic classification and here provides a basis for future studies on the evolutionary history and taxonomy of titi monkeys\ntiti monkeys are territorial monkeys . they live in family groups which consist of parents and their offspring , about 3 to 7 other members . they defend their territory by shouting and chasing off intruders . both male and female\nc\u00e4sar , c . , k . zuberb\u00fchler , r . j . young , and r . w . byrne ( 2013 ) titi monkey call sequences vary with predator location and type . biology letters 9 : 20130535 .\ntype locality : rio renato , tributary of rio teles pires ( right bank ) , nearby the city of cl\u00e1udia , state of mato grosso brazil ( 11\u00b033 ' 00 . 15\ns , 55\u00b010 ' 59 . 98\nw ) ; c . 370 m above sea level .\nronquist f , teslenko m , van der mark p , ayres dl , darling a , h\u00f6hna s , et al . mrbayes 3 . 2 : efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space . syst biol . 2012 ; 61 ( 3 ) : 539\u201342 .\nrobinson , j . g . ( 1979 ) .\nvocal regulation of use of space by groups of titi monkeys callicebus moloch\n. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 5 : 1\u201315 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00302691 .\nmart\u00ednez , j . and r . b . wallace ( 2007 ) further notes on the distribution of the bolivian endemic titi monkeys , callicebus modestus and callicebus olallae . neotropical primates 14 : 47 - 54 . ( pdf )\n21 : 25 - 32 . laugero , k . d . , j . t . smilowitz , j . b . german , m . r . jarcho , s . p . mendoza , and k . l . bales ( 2011 ) plasma omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and monounsaturated fatty acids are altered by chronic social stress and predict endocrine responses to acute stress in titi monkeys . prostaglandins , leukotrienes , and essential fatty acids 84 : 71 - 78 . l\u00f3pez - str auss , h . and r . b . wallace ( 2013 ) density estimates of two bolivian primate endemics , callicebus olallae and c . modestu s . mastozoologia neo tropical . in press . marcolino , c . p . , r . j . young and c . c\u00e4sar ( 2006 ) avalia\u00e7\u00e3o comportamental de\nin : veiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) . evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris cambridge university press : cambridge , uk , pp . 196 - 207\nin : veiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) . evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris cambridge university press : cambridge , uk , pp . 295 - 302\nin : veiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) . evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris cambridge university press : cambridge , uk , pp . 215 - 224\n) . american journal primatology 74 : 462 - 470 . jerusalinsky , l . , m . m . oliveira , r . f . pereira , v . santana , p . c . bastos and s . f . ferrari . ( 2006 ) preliminary evaluation of the conservation status of\nin : veiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) . evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris cambridge university press : cambridge , uk , pp . 225 - 231\nin : veiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) . evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris cambridge university press : cambridge , uk , pp . 43 - 49\nfernandez - duque , e . ; mason , w . a . ; mendoza , s . p . ( 1997 ) .\neffects of duration of separation on responses to mates and strangers in the monogamous titi monkey ( callicebus moloch )\n. american journal of primatology 43 ( 3 ) : 225\u2013237 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ( sici ) 1098 - 2345 ( 1997 ) 43 : 3 < 225 : : aid - ajp3 > 3 . 0 . co ; 2 - z . pmid 9359966 .\nmoynihan , m . ( 1966 ) .\ncommunication in the titi monkey , callicebus\n. journal of zoology 150 : 77\u2013127 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 7998 . 1966 . tb02999 . x .\ndefler , t . r . , m . l . bueno and j . garc\u00eda ( 2010 ) callicebus caquetensis : a new and critically endangered titi monkey from southern caquet\u00e1 , colombia . primate conservation 25 : 1 - 9 .\ndeluycker , a . m . ( 2010 ) observations of a daytime birth in the wild of a titi monkey ( callicebus oenanthe ) and subsequent male parental care . xxiii congress of the international primatological society , kyoto , japan .\n] . after purification , pcr products were sequenced directly in two reactions with forward and reverse primers . sequencing reactions were carried out using the bigdye terminator v3 . 1 cycle sequencing kit ( life technologies ) . for 10 \u03bcl sequencing reactions we used 0 . 5 \u03bcl of bigdye ; 1 . 5 \u03bcl of 5x sequencing buffer ; 1 . 0 \u03bcl of each primer ( 0 . 8 \u03bcm ) ; and 2 \u03bcl of pcr product . sequencing reactions were performed as follows : 96 \u00b0c for 2 min ; followed by 35 cycles of 96 \u00b0c for 15 s , 50 \u00b0c for 15 s , 60 \u00b0c for 2 . 5 min . the sequencing products were analysed using an abi 3500xl ( life technologies ) automatic sequencer following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions . consensus sequences for each individual were generated from sequences in forward and reverse directions using geneious r7 . 1 ( biomatters ) .\nraboy be , neves lg , zeigler s , saraiva na , cardoso n , santos gr , ballou jd , leimgruber p ( 2010 ) strength of habitat and landscape metrics in predicting golden - headed lion tamarin presence or absence in forest patches in southern bahia , brazil . biotropica 42 : 388\u2013397\nin : veiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) . evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris cambridge university press : cambridge , uk , pp . 208 - 214 .\ntype locality : proximity of the small village of arag\u00e3o , in the region of santana dos frades about 11 . 0 km sw of pacatuba , south of the estuary of the rio s\u00e3o francisco , state of sergipe , brazil . 10\u00b032 ' s , 36\u00b041 ' w , altitude 90 m .\ntype locality : west bank of the lower rio aripuan\u00e3 , at the edge of the settlement of nova olinda , 41 km southwest of the town of novo aripuan\u00e3 , amazonas state , brazil . 05\u00b030 ' 63\ns , 60\u00b024 ' 61\nw , altitude 45 m above sea level .\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\nin : veiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) . evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris . cambridge university press : cambridge , uk , pp . 232 - 239 .\ntype locality : curva do cotovelo ( 08\u00b059 ' 45 . 21\ns , 60\u00b043 ' 42 . 72\nw ) , region of the mouth of the pombal stream , reserva extrativista guariba - roosevelt , right bank of the upper roosevelt river , municipality of colniza , mato grosso , brazil .\nextends far south of the amazon basin and they have the most disjunct set of species distributions of the titi monkey clades . they occupy forest patches and gallery forests in the savannah floodplains of bolivia , paraguay and brazil , with the range of\nmendoza , s . p . ; reeder , d . m . ; mason , w . a . ( 2002 ) .\nnature of proximate mechanisms underlying primate social systems : simplicity and redundancy\n. evolutionary anthropology 11 ( 1 ) : 112\u2013116 . doi : 10 . 1002 / evan . 10071 .\nthe titi monkeys fur is long and soft and it is usually reddish , brownish or black and with a lighter underside . some species have a bright collar or black stripes at the head . their tail is always furry and is not prehensile .\nregardless of the presence of humans in brazilian forests , titi monkeys customarily venture to dwell in\ndisturbed\nforests ( forests that have been cut down or invaded by humans ) as long as the food availability is higher than in undisturbed forests .\nbicca - marques , j . c . , p . a . garber and m . a . o . azevedo lopes ( 2002 ) evidence of three resident adult male group members in a species of monogamous primate , the red titi monkey (\ndeluycker , a . m . ( 2006 ) preliminary report and conservation status of the r\u00edo mayo titi monkey , callicebus oenanthe ( thomas , 1924 ) , in the alto mayo valley , northeastern peru . primate conservation 21 : 33 - 39 .\nproyecto mono tocn , started in 2007 as an initiative of le conservatoire pour la protection des primates , french foundation created by the park primates la valle des singes . the main objective of this project is the conservation of san martin titi monkey (\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\njarcho , m . r . , s . p . mendoza , w . a . mason , x . yang , and k . l . bales ( 2011 ) intranasal vasopressin affects pair - bonding and peripheral gene expression in male callicebus cupreus . genes , brain , and behavior 10 : 375 - 383 .\nbolivian titi monkeys are primarily frugivorous , and it is estimated that their diet consists of over 70 % fruit . they also eat leaves , seeds , and insects . much of the day is spent resting in order to digest their mostly herbivorous diet .\naldrich ( 2006 ) undertook a song - based survey of a population at tarangue ( a 74 ha private reserve near moyobamba ) and estimated a population density of 1 . 4 individuals per ha . group sizes were unusually large for titi monkeys , with 20 % of groups containing six to eight individuals . rowe and martinez ( 2003 ) carried out a four - day survey , and although they did not observe the species in the wild , they heard several groups of titi monkeys ( presumed to be\nclades . however , most specimens were of captive origin and rather few titi species were included in these studies , limiting their usefulness in inferring species - level relationships . to date , there has been no explicit molecular investigation of the phylogenetic relationships of the\nmendoza , s . p . ; mason , w . a . ( 1986 ) .\ncontrasting responses to intruders and to involuntary separation by monogamous and polygynous new world monkeys\n. physiological behavior 38 ( 6 ) : 795\u2013801 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0031 - 9384 ( 86 ) 90045 - 4 .\nthe chest and belly of bolivian titi monkeys is completely orange to brown - orange while the dorsal side and extremities range from grey to orange agouti in color . the tail may include black or grey coloring , and they have white tufts on their ears .\nferrari , s . f . , e . m . santos junior , e . b . freitas , i . p . fontes , j . p . souza - alves , l . jerusalinksy , r . beltr\u00e3o - mendes , r . r . d . chagas , r . r . hil\u00e1rio , and s . a . a . bai\u00e3o ( 2013 ) living on the edge : habitat fragmentation at the interface of the semiarid zone in the brazilian northeast . in : marsh , l . k . and c . a . chapman , primates in fragments : complexity and resilience , springer : new york , pp . 121 - 135 .\n2009 ) . while titis monkeys may not be a particularly lucrative source of protein , hunting pressure is likely to increase as preferred game become scarce and fragmentation facilitates access . these titi monkeys are popular as pets ( mark 2003 , deluycker 2006 , bveda - penalba\nferrari sf , iwanaga s , ravetta al , freitas fc , sousa bar , souza ll , costa cg , coutinho peg ( 2003 ) dynamics of primate communities along the santarem\u2013cuiaba highway in south - central brazilian amazonia . in : marsh l ( ed ) primates in fragments : ecology and conservation . springer , new york , pp 123\u2013144\n( 2013 ) country - by - country conservation fact sheet : bolivia . in : v eiga , l . m . , a . a . barnett , s . f . ferrari , and m . a . norconk ( eds . ) evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris . cambridge : cambridge university press .\ndeluycker , a . m . ( 2007 ) activity pattern and habitat use of the r\u00edo mayo titi monkey ( callicebus oenanthe ) in a premontane forest in the alto mayo , northern peru . american journal of physical anthropology 132 ( suppl 44 ) : 96 - 97 .\nfelton , a . , a . m . felton , r . b . wallace , and h . gomez ( 2006 ) identification , distribution and behavioural observations of the titi monkeys callicebus modestus l\u00f6nnberg 1939 , and callicebus olallae l\u00f6nnberg 1939 . primate conservation 20 : 41 - 46 ( pdf ) fernandez - duque , e . , a . di fiore , and a . g . de luna ( 2013 ) pair - mate relationships and parenting in equatorial saki monkeys ( pithecia aequatorialis ) and red titi monkeys ( callicebus discolor ) of ecuador .\ntiti monkeys , callicebus , comprise the most species - rich primate genus\u201434 species are currently recognised , five of them described since 2005 . the lack of molecular data for titi monkeys has meant that little is known of their phylogenetic relationships and divergence times . to clarify their evolutionary history , we assembled a large molecular dataset by sequencing 20 nuclear and two mitochondrial loci for 15 species , including representatives from all recognised species groups . phylogenetic relationships were inferred using concatenated maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses , allowing us to evaluate the current taxonomic hypothesis for the genus .\nanzenberger , g . ; mendoza , s . p . ; mason , w . a . ( 1986 ) .\ncomparative studies of social behavior in callicebus and saimiri : behavioral and physiological responses of established pairs to unfamiliar pairs\n. american journal of primatology 11 ( 1 ) : 37\u201351 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ajp . 1350110105 .\naldrich , b . c . , l . molleson and k . a . i . nekaris ( 2009 ) vocalizations as a conservation tool : an auditory survey of the andean titi monkey callicebus oenanthe thomas , 1924 ( mammalia : primates : pitheciidae ) at tarangue , northern peru .\nit can move quite fast if necessary but rarely does so and generally stays within a fairly small area , feeding on fruit , insects , spiders , small birds , and bird ' s eggs . it is diurnal and moves in pairs or family groups , which communicate by means of a wide repertoire of sounds . the female gives birth to a single offspring .\nkinzey , w . g . ( 1978 ) .\nfeeding behaviour and molar features in two species of titi monkey\n. in chivers , d . j . ; herbert , j . recent advances in primatology . 1 : behaviour . london : academic press . pp . 373\u2013385 .\nil s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent \u00eatre adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer"]}
{"id": 557, "summary": [{"text": "ceriomicrodon is a genus of hoverflies .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the only one known species , ceriomicrodon petiolatus , lives in mato grosso , brazil .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "only three specimens have ever been collected .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its biology is poorly known , but the larvae are assumed to feed as scavengers in the nests of ants . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "ceriomicrodon", "paragraphs": ["ceriomicrodon is a genus of hoverflies . the only one known species , ceriomicrodon petiolatus , lives in mato grosso , brazil .\nceriomicrodon petiolatus hull , 1937 ( diptera , syrphidae , microdontinae ) : redescription and new records .\nmiranda gf . ceriomicrodon petiolatus hull , 1937 ( diptera , syrphidae , microdontinae ) : redescription and new records . zootaxa . 2014 ; 3846 : 584 - 90\nmiranda gf . ceriomicrodon petiolatus hull , 1937 ( diptera , syrphidae , microdontinae ) : redescription and new records . zootaxa 2014 ; 3846 ( 4 ) : 584 - 90 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nmiranda gf :\nceriomicrodon petiolatus hull , 1937 ( diptera , syrphidae , microdontinae ) : redescription and new records .\nzootaxa , vol . 3846 , no . 4 , 2014 , pp . 584 - 90 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nmiranda gf . ( 2014 ) . ceriomicrodon petiolatus hull , 1937 ( diptera , syrphidae , microdontinae ) : redescription and new records . zootaxa , 3846 , pp . 584 - 90 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3846 . 4 . 7\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheng , x . y . & thompson , f . c . ( 2008 ) a generic conspectus of the microdontinae ( diptera : syrphidae ) with the description of two new genera from africa and china . zootaxa , 1879 , 21\u201348 .\ncumming , j . m . & wood , d . m . ( 2009 ) adult morphology and terminology . in : brown , b . v . , borkent , a . , cumming , j . m . , wood , d . m . , woodley , n . e . & zumbado , m . a . ( eds . ) , manual of central american diptera . vol . 1 . nrc research press , ottawa , canada , pp . 9\u201350 .\nfluke , c . l . ( 1957 ) catalogue of the family syrphidae in the neotropical region ( diptera ) . revista brasileira de entomologia , 7 , 1\u2013181 .\ngiglio - t\u00f3s , e . ( 1891 ) diagnosi di quarto nuovi generi di ditteri . bollettino dei musei di zoologia ed anatomia comparata , 6 , 1\u20137 .\nhull , f . m . ( 1937 ) new species of exotic syrphid flies . psyche , 44 , 12\u201332 . urltoken\nhull , f . m . ( 1949 ) the morphology and inter - relationship of the genera of syrphid flies , recent and fossil . transactions of the zoological society of london , 26 , 257\u2013408 . urltoken\nmacquart , p . j . ( 1842 ) dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus . tome deuxi\u00e8me . 2e partie . memoirs de la societe royale des sciences , de l\u2019agriculture et des arts , de lille , 1 , 65\u2013200 .\nmeigen , j . w . ( 1803 ) versuch einer neuen gattungs - eintheilung der europ\u00e4ischen zweifl\u00fcgligen insekten . magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde , 2 , 259\u2013281 .\nreemer , m . & st\u00e5hls , g . ( 2013a ) generic revision and species classification of the microdontinae ( diptera , syrphidae ) . zookeys , 288 , 1\u2013213 . urltoken\nreemer , m . & st\u00e5hls , g . ( 2013b ) phylogenetic relationships of microdontinae ( diptera : syrphidae ) based on molecular and morphological characters . systematic entomology , 38 , 661\u2013688 . urltoken\nthompson , f . c . , vockeroth , j . r . & sedman , y . s . ( 1976 ) family syrphidae . in : papavero , n . ( ed . ) , a catalogue of the diptera of the americas south of the united states . edanee , s\u00e3o paulo , brasil , pp . 1\u2013195 .\ntrougakos , i . p . & margaritis , l . k . ( 2002 ) novel morphological and physiological aspects of insect eggs . in : hiker , m . & meiners , t . ( eds . ) , chemoecology of insect eggs . blackwell publishing , oxford , uk , pp . 3\u201336 .\nyou need to log in or sign up for an account to be able to comment .\nrevision of the genus macrostomus wiedemann ( diptera , empididae , empidinae ) . iv . the amazonensis species - group .\nrevision of the genus pelecinobaccha shannon , description of relictanum gen . nov . , and redescription of atylobaccha flukiella ( curran , 1941 ) ( diptera : syrphidae ) .\ntaxonomic revision of the neotropical genus pityocera giglio - tos , 1896 ( diptera : tabanidae : scionini ) .\ndescription of evandromyia ( aldamyia ) orcyi , a new phlebotomine species ( diptera : psychodidae : phlebotominae ) from the state of mato grosso do sul , brazil .\na new species of dendroblatta rehn , 1916 from northern brazil ( blattaria : ectobiidae ) collected in wasp nests .\nfirst record of amblyomma scalpturatum neumann ( acari : ixodidae ) in the states of paran\u00e1 and roraima , brazil .\ndescription of new species of surimyia reemer and carreramyia doesburg ( diptera : syrphidae ) from the brazilian amazon .\nlongivena , a new robber - fly genus from brazil ( diptera , asilidae , asilinae ) .\nuse read by qxmd to access full text via your institution or open access sources .\nread also provides personalized recommendations to keep you up to date in your field .\nread by qxmd is copyright \u00a9 2018 qxmd software inc . all rights reserved . by using this service , you agree to our terms of use and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nlaborat\u00f3rio de entomologia sistem\u00e1tica , urbana e forense / instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz\u00f4nia , manaus , am , brazil ; email : gilfgm @ gmail . com .\npreimaginal morphology of the genera salpingogaster schiner , 1868 and eosalpingogaster hull , 1949 ( diptera : syrphidae ) , with its systematic implications .\na new species of furciseta ( diptera , ctenostylidae ) from the brazilian amazon .\na new species of the rare neotropical genus auloceromyia lindner , 1969 < br / > ( diptera : stratiomyidae ) and the first record of the male of a . pedunculata pimentel & pujol - luz , 2000 .\nrevision of cerozodus bigot , 1857 ( diptera , asilidae , asilinae ) with description of a new species from brazil .\nthe neotropical chloropine genus ischnochlorops paganelli 2002 ( diptera : chloropidae ) , with the description of a new species ."]}
{"id": 558, "summary": [{"text": "invasor ( foaled august 3 , 2002 ) is a thoroughbred racehorse bred in argentina by haras clausan ( haras santa ines ) .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the winner of the 2005 triple crown in uruguay , he was later purchased by sheik hamdan bin rashid al maktoum , who paid approximately us$ 1.4 million for the horse .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "his two biggest wins were the 2006 breeders ' cup classic , in which he defeated heavily favored bernardini and highly fancied lava man , and the 2007 dubai world cup , the world 's richest horse race .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he finished racing with a record of eleven wins in twelve starts and career earnings of $ 7,804,070 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was voted the eclipse award for american horse of the year and led the year-end world thoroughbred racehorse rankings in 2006 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2013 he was inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in saratoga springs , new york . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "invasor ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["discreet cat is the only horse to have defeated invasor , finishing seven lengths ahead in the uae derby last march . invasor was fourth .\ninvasor wins the 2007 dubai world cup . ( trevor jones / blood - horse library )\ninvasor wins the 2006 breeders ' cup classic . ( alexander barkoff / blood - horse library )\nthe word\ninvasor\nfor his 2006 horse of the year is stitched in white lettering .\ntopics : barb clark , cobra , horse breed , horse breed profiles , horse breeds , p . r . e , p . r . e horses , pura raza espa\u00f1ola , pura raza espa\u00f1ola horse breed , pure spanish horse , pure spanish horse breed , pure spanish horses , spain , the foundation for the pure spanish horse\nhorse of the year and champion older horse invasor will stand at uruguay ' s haras cuatro piedras for three years , beginning with the 2015 southern hemisphere season .\ninvasor is the first thoroughbred to have won horse of the year honors in both the northern and southern hemispheres .\nthe horse illustrated article goes on to explain ( somewhat contradictory if the two horses are supposed to be a single breed ) how the lusitano developed from bullfighting and the spanish horse developed from a driving horse and a horse of beauty .\nboth argentinians and uruguayans saluted invasor as the \u201chorse of the rio plata\u201d ( the river that forms the border between argentina and uruguay ) .\nthe same three had captured the belmont stakes with a colt named jazil . now they probably have the horse of the year in invasor .\ninvasor , the 2006 horse of the year , will arrive in uruguay in time for the start of the southern hemisphere breeding season in august .\noriginal blog post : great galloper invasor and fondly remembered as the second best horse of his generation behind the phenomenal deep impact . pinkline jones obe\ninvasor was inducted into the national museum of racing\u2019s hall of fame in 2013 .\nkiaran mclaughlin , invasor ' s trainer , didn ' t share those concerns .\nthe expected showdown between invasor and the godolphin - owned discreet cat never materialised .\nhallandale beach , fla . - - invasor is ready for his 2007 debut .\ndr . fager recorded one of the greatest campaigns in the annals of american racing when he was named horse of the year , champion older horse , champion grass horse and champion sprinter in 1968 .\nblog reply : i ' d rate invasor higher than ghostzapper . in fact he ' s probably the best - performed us older horse since cigar .\ndubai ( reuters ) - invasor lived up to his billing as the world\u2019s best horse by landing the dubai world cup at nad al sheba on saturday .\nhe was just a neat horse ,\nmclaughlin said .\nhe was a fabulous horse for our family and our people .\nthird place finisher premium tap in the paddock . his trainer john kimmel said ,\nhonestly , i figured bernardini was the horse to beat . i never thought invasor would win off that layoff . he ( invasor ) proved that he ' s no fluke . my horse ran an a - race and it just shows that he belongs .\njockey edgar prado added ,\nhonestly , i figured bernardini was the horse to beat . i never thought invasor would win off that layoff . ( invasor ) proved that he ' s no fluke . my horse ran an a - race and it just shows that he belongs .\nbut that was not the last time pablo would see invasor . he traveled to dubai to watch him run in the uae derby , and , of course , he was at churchill downs to witness his horse and the pride of uruguay become an international superstar and horse of the year on two continents . when invasor added the dubai world cup the following year , he was crowned horse of the world .\nthe training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .\nin his previous races , bernardini had never been looked in the eye by another horse . fernando jara , the jockey on invasor , intended his mount to do so .\nhorse of the year and champion older horse invasor will stand at uruguay\u2019s haras cuatro piedras for three years , beginning with the 2015 southern hemisphere season . the daily racing form reports that shadwell stud near lexington , ky . , will partner with haras cuatro piedras on his ongoing career . invasor began his racing career in uruguay , capturing [ \u2026 ]\nblog reply : invasor = suzuki hayabusa gsx1300r . deep impact = mulga bill ' s bicycle .\nin june 2007 , the horse illustrated magazine , a national u . s . horse magazine , featured a beautiful photograph of a white spanish horse in traditional tack on the front cover . the front cover reads \u201cpure majesty andalusian & lusitano horses\u201d .\nas , is decorated with a bust of invasor , still considered the greatest racehorse in uruguayan history .\ninvasor , ridden by fernando jara , surprised bernardini in the stretch to win the breeders\u0092 cup classic .\ninvasor has won nine of 10 career races , with his only loss coming in dubai , in the uae derby . however , the horse is owned by dubai ' s sheik hamdan , and invasor ' s next stop will be the $ 6 million dubai world cup on march 31 .\nbut are horses from hong kong and japan ready to beat the world ? yes . and is invasor , the american - uruguayan - argentine super - horse , for real ? absolutely .\nfor his achievements , invasor was voted horse of the year and champion older male at the 2006 eclipse awards . in 2007 , he returned as strongly as ever and won the donn handicap at\njockey fernando jara gives the thumbs up in the winner ' s circle after winning the classic aboard invasor .\ninvasor was last seen winning the breeders ' cup classic in november at churchill downs in louisville , ky .\nheading into the 2006 breeders\u2019 cup classic , invasor wasn\u2019t favored to win the classic or horse of the year honors\u2014bernardini and lava man had both compiled impressive records and were the preferred choices , but when invasor beat them both in the classic , he was an undeniable choice for horse of the year , a huge rise given that he had started the year by finishing fourth in the uae derby .\nbut the biggest race of his career\u2014the breeders\u2019 cup classic at churchill downs \u2014was still to come . invasor\u2019s preparations didn\u2019t go as smoothly as hoped ; plans to run invasor in the jockey club gold cup had to be scrapped when the colt developed a fever , meaning that invasor would enter the classic having not raced in nearly three months .\ntrainer kiaran mclaughlin will see invasor inducted into the hall of fame . ( smith , bryan , freelance nydn )\ninvasor , bred in argentina , won his first five races in uruguay before he was purchased by sheik hamdan .\nsword dancer was champion 3 - year - old and horse of the year for 1959 .\nwe ' re giving up weight to each horse , but he ' s the horse of the year and he just won at 124 pounds ,\ntrainer kiaran mclaughlin said .\ndescribed as a \u201conce in a lifetime\u201d horse by trainer kiaran mclaughlin , invasor defined himself as an elite thoroughbred by winning in three countries , at seven tracks and in some of the world\u2019s most prestigious races .\nto date , invasor has been a great disappointment with only four stakes winners to his credit as of october 2016 .\nhorse racing : school ' s out in dubai as asian and u . s . horses star\npreviously unbeaten and the only horse to have been beaten invasor when he triumphed in the uae derby on world cup night last year , discreet cat proved a major disappointment and trailed in last of seven under frankie dettori .\nnowadays , invasor resides as a stallion at haras cuatro piedras in uruguay , located just a half - hour away from maronas racetrack , where invasor first lit up the racing world with his brilliance . ten years after his u . s . exploits earned him horse of the year , he\u2019s back home again , and remains a living legend .\nbred and owned by christopher t . chenery , hill prince won six of seven starts as a juvenile before a horse of the year campaign at age 3 and further success as an older horse .\nretired with 11 wins from 12 starts for earnings of more than $ 7 . 8 million , invasor was named horse of the year and champion older male in 2006 and was inducted into racing\u2019s hall of fame in 2013 .\ntom fool was champion 2 - year - old in 1951 and horse of the year in 1953 .\nin one book . . . insiders tips . . . history of the spanish horse . . .\nblog reply :\ninvasor = ferrari deep impact = volkswagen beetle\nwhy even bother ? i ' m sure in uruguay they are claiming invasor as their best ever galloper pink . . . both champions , a pity to see invasor ' s career curtailed through injury . at least deep impact may get to make ( insert his name ) with many mares during his retirement !\nafter a quick introduction , we hopped into his truck to take the short drive over to invasor\u2019s paddock . with pockets loaded full of peppermints , we disembarked from the truck to visit with the horse i had missed so dearly .\nthis entry was posted in bloodstock and tagged blushing groom , candy stripes , haras cuatro piedras , horse racing , invasor , shadwell farm , shadwell stud , thoroughbred , uruguay , uruguay breeding by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\nwe were very pleased and happy ,\nmclaughlin said of invasor ' s induction .\nit was great to have the privilege of training such a great horse , probably the best horse i ' ll ever train . i hope there ' s another one , but it ' s going to be difficult to duplicate his career .\n2005 triple crown winner , champion 3 - year - old colt & horse of the year in uruguay .\nfrench - bred filly all along won four major races in the span of 41 days during 1983 en route to becoming the first foreign - based horse to be voted horse of the year in the united states .\nnamed after the guns of war , ack ack was the final horse bred and raced by harry guggenheim .\nhorse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .\ninvasor won 11 of 12 career starts , including six grade 1 or group 1 events , while becoming a champion on two continents .\ninvasor , with fernando jara around , drew the inside no . 1 post position for the 1 1 / 8 - mile race .\nfernando jara , riding invasor of argentina , rides to win the dubai world cup march 31 , 2007 . the dubai world cup , with a cash prize of 3 million pounds , is horse racing ' s richest prize . reuters / ahmed jadallah\nan 11 - year - old son of candy stripes , invasor was bred by haras clausan in argentina . invasor won his first five starts in south america during 2005 , including a sweep of uruguay\u2019s triple crown : the uruguayan 2000 guineas , gran premio jockey club , and uruguayan derby . he was honored as uruguay\u2019s horse of the year and champion 3 - year - old colt .\n\u201csheik mo , \u201d as he is known in the bluegrass , also sustained a setback \u2014 although a far lesser one . when invasor rushed past bernardini in the stretch for an emphatic length victory , sheik mohammed saw bernardini\u2019s six - race winning streak snapped and his bid for horse of the year honors dashed . to compound matters , invasor is owned by his brother , sheik hamdan .\nwhen invasor crossed the line at the head of affairs in the dubai world cup ( gr . 1 ) recently , with discreet cat trailing many lengths in his wake , there were those who thought that , knowing his comprehensive defeat of bernadini in the breeders cup classic gr . 1 back in november , invasor might have staked his claim to being the best horse in the world .\nbred in argentina and born in 2002 , invasor\u2019s ancestors hailed from all over the world . his sire , candy stripes , was born in the united states but was a son of the french - bred stallion blushing groom . furthermore , invasor\u2019s dam , quendom , was an argentinean - bred with argentinean ancestors of her own , and farther back in invasor\u2019s pedigree were horses that hailed from great britain and france .\nbarb clark : the spanish horse has been bred for centuries to be the perfect horse . their origins came about in a time when lives depended upon having an athletic , willing , functional and sturdy breed that looked majestic and beautiful . no other horse has been selected for these traits throughout centuries . if you ask anyone who owns a pure spanish horse how they would change the breed chances are you will get this answer ; \u201chow can you change perfection ? \u201d this horse is unique and once you have one it is difficult to consider any other breed .\ninvasor\u2019s achievements soon caught the attention of shadwell stable , which purchased the unbeaten colt for $ 1 . 5 million and transferred him from trainer anibal san martin to kiaran mclaughlin . in his first race outside of uruguay , invasor disappointed when fourth in the uae derby at nad al sheba in dubai , but the disappointment was only temporary . as things would turn out , the uae derby would mark invasor\u2019s only defeat .\nas a 4 - year - old , invasor won the eclipse awards for horse of the year and champion older male thanks to grade 1 victories in the pimlico special , suburban handicap , whitney handicap and breeders\u2019 cup classic . in the breeders\u2019 cup classic , invasor defeated the favored bernardini , winner of that year\u2019s preakness and travers , as well as standout lava man and european champion george washington .\nwinner of nine of 10 starts , invasor , owned by sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum ' s shadwell stable and trained by kiaran mclaughlin , will be the first horse of the year to race the following year since ghostzapper won the title in 2004 .\nwho is invasor ? invasor was the top rated horse in the world in 2006 . he was u . s . horse of the year in 2006 . he was top rated horse in the world until retirement in 2007 . he is the sire to both our pennsylvania and new york offering . invasor was unquestionably one of the best racehorses in the world over the past ten years . one could argue the case for him being the best racehorse in the past ten years . what did he do ? invasor won 11 of 12 lifetime races and earned $ 7 . 8 million dollars . he raced in 9 grade 1 races world - wide , winning all nine . from may of 2006 to march of 2007 he won 6 grade 1 races at 6 different racetracks . horses left in his wake included : bernardini , discreet cat , premium tap , lawyer ron , sun king , flower alley , lava man , perfect drift , george washington , suave , david junior , wilko , wanderin boy , west virginia , ap arrow . he was rated best horse in the world . he was voted u . s . horse of the year .\nleft : sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoum presents the trophy to his older brother sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum , the owner of invasor .\ninvasor covered the course in 1 minute , 59 . 97 seconds , just off the record of 1 : 59 : 50 set by dubai millennium in 2000 . it was only the second time a horse had run the world cup in less than 2 minutes .\n- an interactive social network game that allows horse racing fans and social gamers to train and care for thoroughbred horses .\ninvasor was privately purchased by shadwell in december 2005 . in his first start for sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum and trainer kiaran mclaughlin , the horse suffered his only loss , finishing fourth to discreet cat in the group 2 u . a . e . derby .\nnow at horseracingfans . net . invasor wins the breeders cup classic championship , ending preakness winner bernardini ' s six - race winning streak . the argentina - bred horse was previously raced in uruguay where he won that country ' s triple crown . invasor ' s jockey fernando jara is the youngest to win the belmont stakes ( on jazil this year ) , and now the youngest to win the breeders cup classic .\nyet despite facing a terrific field that included preakness stakes winner bernardini and california superstar lava man , invasor prevailed . racing much farther off the pace than usual , invasor unleashed a huge rally around the far turn then kept on surging in the homestretch to reel in bernardini and triumph by a length .\ninvasor won nine top - level grade 1 races during his career ; three in uruguay , five in the united states , and one in dubai .\ninvasor\u2019s clocking of 1 : 59 . 97 in the 2007 dubai world cup is the second - fastest winning time in the history of the race .\nshipped to the united states , invasor won three consecutive grade 1 stakes during spring and summer of 2006 : the pimlico special , suburban handicap , and whitney handicap . a fever forced him to miss his final planned prep for the breeders\u2019 cup classic . but despite entering north america\u2019s richest race off a three - month layoff , invasor handily defeated bernardini , locking down honors as horse of the year and champion older male .\norganizations have long criticized horse racing . activists have sought to expose horse doping , institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys , limit the number of races a horse ( especially three years old and younger ) can run in a season , and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces . two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform : the shattering of bones in one of kentucky derby champion barbaro\u2019s legs just seconds after the start of the preakness stakes in 2006 ( the horse was euthanized eight months later ) and the death of three horses during production of the tv series\nhorse racing : school ' s out in dubai as asian and u . s . horses star - the new york times\n\u201che\u2019s a special horse , if i made a mistake or fernando did he would overcome it - he\u2019s that good . \u201d\nbred in argentina by haras clausan , invasor was a bay son of candy stripes out of the interprete mare quendom . after breaking his maiden in his career debut in uruguay as a 3 - year - old in february of 2005 , invasor went on to win the uruguayan triple crown that year , capturing the polla de potrillos , gran premio jockey club and the gran premio nacional , all group 1 events . trained as a 3 - year - old by anibal san martin , invasor won all five of his starts in 2005 and was named horse of the year in uruguay .\nbred by haras clausan ( now haras santa ines ) , invasor was owned by pablo hernandez and brothers juan luis and luis alberto vio bado , who purchased invasor for the equivalent of us $ 20 , 000 . after invasor ' s sweep of the uruguayan triple crown , they sold the colt to shadwell stable ( sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum ) for a reported us $ 1 . 4 million . invasor was trained in uruguay by anibal san martin and in north america by kiaran mclaughlin . retired june 23 , 2007 , after fracturing a sesamoid while training at belmont park for the suburban handicap ( g1 ) ; he had previously injured the same ankle as a young horse in uruguay , requiring surgery . invasor entered stud in 2008 in kentucky at shadwell farm . he began a three - year deal to stand the southern hemisphere season at haras cuatro pietras , uruguay , in 2015 .\ninvasor remained in training the following season , and fans showed their appreciation as he arrived on the scene for the grade 1 donn handicap at gulfstream park .\nwhen the moment of truth arrived on saturday , invasor took charge , moving into the lead in the final bend and turning back a challenge from premium tap to win by a length and three - quarters . discreet cat ran last for most of the race and eventually finished there , 23 lengths behind invasor .\nbred and owned by sam riddle , crusader was sired by man o\u2019 war out of the star shoot mare star fancy . crusader was recognized as horse of the year in 1926 and became the first horse to win consecutive runnings of the suburban handicap .\nleaving shadwell that day , my heart was full and empty at the same time . you wouldn\u2019t imagine a horse to invoke such an emotional reaction , especially not a horse you only meet a handful of times . that\u2019s horse racing , though . there\u2019s something about our hallowed sport that summons such feelings that cannot be replicated any other way or be explained . invasor was that to me , and i hope for as great things to come from his return to uruguay as those that came when he left his native land to invade america .\n2006 hoty and champion older male in the usa - - only american horse of the year to win six consecutive g1 races .\nturn the page one more time and you\u2019ll see \u201cbreed of the month ; andalusians and lusitanos . check out an exclusive photo gallery of these beautiful horses from spain and portugal . chat with other andalusian and lusitano horse enthusiasts in the horse talk forums ! \u201d\nafter his championship 2006 season , invasor won the 2007 donn handicap and ended his career in style with a victory in the $ 6 million dubai world cup .\nhall of famer invasor will return to his south american roots to stand at uruguay\u2019s haras cuatro piedras for three years , beginning with the 2015 southern hemisphere season .\nurltoken - invasor wins the dubai world cup at nad al sheba race course , avenging his only career loss at the same track in the 2006 uae derby .\ninvasor sent off as the slight 5 - 4 favorite over godolphin hope discreet cat at 11 - 8 . discreet cat defeated invasor a year ago in the uae derby , but the pair has not faced each other again until now . also in the field was 7 - 1 third choice premium tap , third in the\nfrance galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de sport de france , and the soci\u00e9t\u00e9 sportive d\u2019encouragement .\nhorse of the year and champion 3 - year - old male in 1994 , holy bull was bred in florida by rachel carpenter\u2019s pelican stable . he was owned and trained by jimmy croll after carpenter died prior to the horse\u2019s career debut in 1993 at monmouth park .\nin france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of\nas you browse through the magazine , keep an eye out for the gorgeous friesian horse used as an advertising model on page 73 .\njara , 18 , had broken from the no . 11 post but moved inside almost immediately to save ground and his horse\u2019s energy . when he turned him loose at the quarter pole , invasor catapulted from fifth place to second , and then was nose to nose with bernardini at the 16th pole .\ninvasor won 11 of 12 career races , including the breeders ' cup classic in 2006 and the dubai world cup and the donn handicap ( above ) in 2007 .\nwinning jockey calvin borel said ,\ni knew they were going to go a little quick , but he ' s a push - button horse . when he ' s right and you ask him , he ' ll take you there .\ntrainer carl nafzger added ,\nthis is our prep for the derby . this horse is taking us every step . this horse has been brought here on his own . he ' s learning , he ' s growing , he ' s maturing . he ' s an exceptional horse .\ninvasor began his racing career in uruguay , capturing the 2005 uruguayan triple crown and earning horse of the year honors in that country . he was purchased by shadwell and went on to win six consecutive grade / group 1 races , highlighted by the 2006 breeders ' cup classic and 2007 dubai world cup .\nbred in argentina , invasor won 11 of 12 starts , more than $ 7 . 8 million in his career and was voted horse of the year and champion older male in 2006 in a season that saw him win the breeders ' cup classic , the pimlico special and the suburban and whitney handicaps .\nequitrekking interviews barb clark , executive director of the foundation for the pure spanish horse , an international resource center for the pura raza espa\u00f1ola ( p . r . e . ) horse . she shares the history and legacy of this highly - developed and talented equine breed .\ninvasor , along with lure , housebuster , mcdynamo and tuscalee , will be inducted into racing ' s hall of fame on friday morning , along with jockey calvin borel .\ndance smartly was the second filly to win the canadian triple crown and the first canadian - bred horse to win a breeders\u2019 cup race .\naffirmed became america\u2019s 11 th triple crown winner in 1978 during the first of his back - to - back horse of the year campaigns .\nknowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the\ninvasor , who completed his year with a victory over bernardini and lava man in the breeders ' cup classic , is considered the front - runner for both horse of the year and champion older male . invasor also won the pimlico special , suburban handicap , and whitney handicap . the other finalists for champion older male are lava man , who had a brilliant season in california , where he won four grade 1 races , and premium tap , who won the woodward and clark handicap .\nshadwell already has a working relationship with haras cuatro piedras as they have been standing awzaan for us for the last three years . cuatro piedras lies only about 30 minutes from maronas racetrack , where invasor won the triple crown en route to champion 3 - year - old colt and horse of the year awards .\n\u2026from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state\u2019s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 \u201cto\u2026\nthe article then turns its attention to andalusians and lusitanos in modern day dressage . barb clark of the foundation for the pure spanish horse promotes the pre by saying \u201cthe pre horse has proven itself in the dressage arena time and time again both internationally and here in the usa . \u201d\ninvasor is scheduled to arrive in uruguay in july . he is advertised to stand the upcoming northern hemisphere season at shadwell for a fee of $ 4 , 000 live foal .\nblog reply : invasor and deep impact great animals . perhaps the defining distinction is that impacto is widely considered the very best galloper japan has ever produced and they have had some great ones including : symboli rudolph , symboli kris s and narita brian to mention a few . i don ' t believe that invasor is being similarly considered . pinkline jones obe\nlast year . 18 - 1 forty licks , 22 - 1 kandidate , 33 - 1 vermilion , and 40 - 1 bullish luck rounded out the field , but clearly the event was billed as a two horse race between horses owned by two of the maktoum brothers , discreet cat owned by sheikh mohammed and invasor racing for sheikh hamdan . invasor was attempting to become the third breeders ' cup classic winner to win the dubai world cup , following in the footsteps of cigar and pleasantly perfect .\nbred in maryland by william l . brann and robert s . castle , challedon was recognized as horse of the year in 1939 and 1940 .\na discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .\naccording to jp , the portuguese wanted to call the horses \u201cpuro luso / espanol\u201d while the spaniards wanted to call them \u201cpura raza espanola\u201d . disagreement ensued . in 1911 , the official name for the spanish horse became \u201cpura raza espanola\u201d or pre and the portuguese horse became puro sangue lusitano .\nbefore arriving in america , invasor won the uruguayan triple crown in 2005 for trainer anibal san martin , and was purchased by sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum for owner shadwell stable .\nbidding farewell to invasor : very few things get me out of bed at 6 : 30 in the morning \u2013 an extravagant breakfast maybe , or perhaps a pressing issue that needs to be handled before too late in the day . but , only visiting invasor would cause me to hop out of bed full of excitement rather than of disgust for the early hour .\nthe first horse in more than 20 years to win consecutive division championships as a sprinter , housebuster was known for decimating his competition by wide margins .\nthe first horse to win both the kentucky derby and preakness stakes while undefeated , majestic prince also achieved fame as a record - priced auction yearling .\nfrom 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse\u2019s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the\n\u201cjust total class , \u201d said rick nichols , vice president and general manager of shadwell farm , when reflecting upon invasor\u2019s career . \u201che was just such an easy horse to do anything with . when we flew him to dubai , he took everything in stride . he went on the plane , took a bite of hay , and fell asleep . that\u2019s what it takes for a horse to fly around the world and compete \u2013 they\u2019ve got to have a great attitude about life . \u201d\ninvasor made two starts as a 5 - year - old in 2007 , winning the donn handicap before concluding his career with a victory in the dubai world cup . invasor\u2019s time of 1 : 59 . 97 for the 1\u00bc miles at nad al sheba was the second - fastest in the race\u2019s history behind only dubai millennium\u2019s time of 1 : 59 . 50 in 2000 .\ninvasor suffered a career - ending injury while preparing for a second start in the suburban in june 2007 and was retired to stud . he is based at shadwell in lexington , ky .\nwhat could be the best card of the young year will take place today at gulfstream park . the stakes - heavy lineup will feature a reigning horse of the year , invasor ; a turf champion , miesque ' s approval , and a colt many feel is the best 3 - year - old in the country , nobiz like shobiz .\ninvasor , who clinched horse - of - the - year honors with a victory over bernardini in the breeders ' cup classic on nov . 4 at churchill downs , will begin what his handlers hope will be a defense of that title in the $ 500 , 000 donn handicap , one of six graded stakes in hallandale beach , fla .\ndespite his mount stumbling at the start , fernando jara stayed cool , and was able to get invasor to recover enough to pip the luckless sun king ( by charismatic ) by a nose , although clearly the former would have won with ease had that incident not occurred . last year ' s travers winner flower alley ( by distorted humor ) was amongst invasor ' s victims .\na three - time horse of the year and winner of eight eclipse awards , forego was one of the most accomplished and popular horses of the 1970s .\nthe pure spanish horse was unified as a breed in the sixteenth century ( between 1567 and 1593 ) by the spanish king felipe ii who formally established the standards for the breed , which we recognize today as the pure spanish horse . during these years king felipe ii decided to bring to life the universally idealized horse that has been so long pictured in history , in bronze , in paintings . he looked at the basic horse bred in spain , selected the best of those examples which came closest to the idealized animal he desired , and directed that the idealized horse be produced . concurrent with his breeding program , the humanistic approach was spreading through spain and the teachings of the ancient greek xenophon were put into practice for the treatment and training of these carefully bred horses .\ninvasor is already well known in south america , as the argentinean - bred won the 2005 uruguayan triple crown to earn horse of the year honors in that nation . he was subsequently purchased by shadwell and went on to win six consecutive grade / group 1 races for that operation , including the 2006 breeders\u2019 cup classic and 2007 dubai world cup .\nafter winning the uruguayan triple crown , invasor was sold for $ 1 . 4 million to sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum to run for shadwell stable and kiaran mclaughlin took over training duties .\nunfortunately , the dubai world cup would be invasor\u2019s last race . while training for a defense of his suburban handicap title , invasor injured his right hind ankle during a workout and was retired to shadwell farm to begin his stallion career . as a sire , he achieved mild success from limited opportunities , with ausus , winner of the 2013 modesty handicap , among his most successful foals .\nthree - time kentucky derby - winning jockey calvin borel and the racehorses housebuster , invasor , lure , mcdynamo , and tuscalee have been elected to the national museum of racing and hall of fame . borel , housebuster , invasor , and lure were selected in the contemporary category , while mcdynamo and tuscalee were chosen by the museum\u2019s steeplechase review committee . the electees will be [ \u2026 ]\ninvasor completed a hat - trick of victories for american - trained challengers on world cup night , following wins for spring at last ( godolphin mile ) and kelly\u2019s landing ( golden shaheen ) .\nalmost forgotten in the hoopla surrounding the anticipated \u201ceast versus west\u201d breeders ' cup classic ( usa - i ) duel between the top 3 - year - old colt bernardini and the top california campaigner lava man , invasor reminded everyone why it is unwise to overlook a horse beaten only once in his career and coming in off three consecutive grade i wins with impressive speed figures . already a horse of the year in uruguay , invasor nailed down american horse of the year honors with an inexorable drive that took him past bernardini to finish with his ears pricked . he began the following year in championship style with wins in the 2007 donn handicap ( usa - i ) and dubai world cup ( uae - i ) before a training injury forced him into retirement . unfortunately , his stud career has so far failed to come close to matching his racing career .\nshowcasing remarkable talent and versatility , invasor swept through his next four races like a whirlwind , winning them all by a minimum of 2 \u00bd lengths while handling longer distances , tougher competition , and even a muddy track on one occasion . by winning the uruguayan two thousand guineas , the gran premio jockey club , and the uruguayan derby , invasor successfully completed a sweep of the uruguayan triple crown .\nas impressive as invasor was , the most eye - catching display came from asiatic boy who routed his rival to win the uae derby by almost 10 lengths for south african trainer mike de kock .\nafter the donn , invasor is scheduled to make a return trip to the united arab emirates for another encounter with unbeaten discreet cat in the $ 6 - million dubai world cup on march 31 .\nfor many years , the breeders\u2019 cup classic and the dubai world cup have reigned as the two richest dirt races in the world . winning both has been the mark of a great horse ; only four horses have achieved the feat , and three of them are members of the national museum of racing\u2019s hall of fame , including the amazing international traveler invasor .\n7 . invasor the 2006 horse of the year had won the uruguayan triple crown as a three - year - old in 2005 before being sold to sheikh hamdan bin rashid al maktoum . his 2006 season included four grade i victories , culminating with the breeders ' cup classic , in which he ran down favored bernardini in the home stretch at churchill downs .\napart from aragorn , lava man - who has yet to perform well outside california - will also have to conquer a summit named invasor if he is to wrest horse of the year honours . the latter , a hardy argentinian - bred , remained undefeated in the americas when eking out victory in the gr . 1 whitney handicap at saratoga on august 5th .\nlegendary jockey tod sloan , who rode hundreds of good horses in america and europe , stated flatly : \u201chamburg was the only great horse i ever rode . \u201d\nthe horse of the year is the 6 - 5 favorite in a field of nine for saturday ' s $ 500 , 000 donn handicap at gulfstream park .\nlongfellow was referred to as the \u201cking of the turf\u201d during the 1870s . racing historian walter vosburgh said longfellow was \u201cbeyond question the most celebrated horse of the 1870s . no other horse of his day was a greater object of public notice . his entire career was sensational ; people seemed to regard him as a superhorse . \u201d\nbarb clark : the style of rider is not as important as the dedication to the horse\u2019s well being since spanish horses can easily adapt to most styles of riders . the p . r . e . horse is revered by its owners no matter how they are used . the spanish horse deserves a caring , committed owner who can provide the love and partnership these horses desire . they are best suited to be owned and ridden by individuals who really like them and consider their needs first .\nat the time of his retirement in 1959 , round table was the sport\u2019s all - time leading money earner . he had been named horse of the year in 1958 , grass champion three consecutive years ( 1957 through 1959 ) and handicap champion twice ( 1958 and 1959 . he was also the horse that literally saved claiborne farm .\nnamed horse of the year for five consecutive years from 1960 through 1964 , kelso was one of the most accomplished and unique thoroughbreds in the annals of american racing .\n\u2014involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article\nskyhorse ranch - andalusian horse breeder in texas with andalusian horses for sale . breeders of pre pura raza espanola horses with cartas from spain . selling black , grey , and bay andalusians . recommend andalusian stallions at stud . pictures , history , facts , and info . spanish andalusian horse farm . bloodlines from spain in the usa .\nthe predominant color of the pure spanish horse is gray or white . many people don\u2019t realize that the gray or white horses are born black or very dark brown . this change to white is a gradual fading and can take as long as 12 years to accomplish , so that every year you have a horse of a different color .\nin a partnership between shadwell and cuatro piedras , invasor is scheduled to stand in uruguay from 2015 - 17 . he is expected to arrive around july to settle in before their breeding season begins in august .\nhad pablo hernandez not been diverted from a planned trip to haras la biznaga by airplane engine trouble , he would never have come to own invasor in partnership with the vio bado brothers . because of the plane trouble , a friend offered to drive hernandez to visit several farms in the buenos aires area\u2014among them , haras clausen , where invasor was bred and raised and where hernandez fell in love with the colt on sight .\ncolourful racing silks are a familiar element of horse racing , and their introduction dates to the formal organization of the sport in the 18th century . though they primarily serve an aesthetic purpose in the modern sport , their original use in racing was to allow spectators to distinguish one horse from another during races in an age before television and public - address systems . to this day horse owners must register a unique pattern and set of colours ( worn on the jockey\u2019s jacket and helmet cover ) with a regulatory board .\n( 2011\u201312 ) , a drama about horse racing . ( the deaths and subsequent outcry among many viewers helped lead to the abrupt cancellation of the show after just one season . ) such events\u2014augmented by the changing interests of the global sporting public\u2014contributed to the continuing decline in the popularity of horse racing through the first decades of the 21st century .\nsaeed bin suroor , trainer of discreet cat ( behind the horse on the right ) said ,\nit doesn ' t look like discreet cat stays the distance and we will drop him back to a mile . it was a disappointing performance tonight and we will see how the horse comes out of the race before making firm plans .\ninvasor , horse of the year in the united states , strode to the head of the world class with his victory in the big event at nad al sheba racecourse , the $ 6 million dubai world cup . while the field , with seven runners , was the smallest since the race began in 1996 , it was also one of the best , with champions from five countries .\nrecognized as horse of the year in 1936 \u2014 the first year of formal voting \u2014 granville was a son of triple crown winner gallant fox out of the sarmatian mare gravita .\nalysheba was a champion as a 3 - year - old , horse of the year at age 4 and retired with the highest purse earnings in the history of the sport .\ninvasor , bernardini , barbaro , and lava man - four of the marquee names from last year - on wednesday were among 28 horses and 13 people announced as finalists for 2006 eclipse awards by the national thoroughbred racing association .\ncredit : courtesy of ancce and diane e . barber entertainer and world - class rider clemence faivre delighted the crowd with her horse , gotan , and bridless dressage at the espectaculo .\nmcdynamo , who won the breeders ' cup steeplechase and colonial cup , is considered the overwhelming favorite to be named champion steeplechase horse over fellow finalists mixed up and sur la tete .\nwith a record of 11 - 0 - 0 from 12 starts and earnings of $ 7 , 804 , 070 , invasor was retired in june of 2007 . nine of his 11 victories were in group / grade 1 races .\nbarb clark : there are many historical figures that rode spanish horses but proving that can be difficult . recently there are several pure spanish horses in dressage that have reached a level of international notoriety , such as evento , who competed in the atlanta olympics , invasor , fuego de c\u00e1rdenas , norte lovera , are others who have olympic credits . the most famous spanish horse is the one that is in your barn !\nthe 2013 class will be inducted into the national museum of racing hall of fame friday morning . the ceremony is set to begin at 10 : 30 a . m . this year\u2019s inductees include three - time kentucky derby - winning jockey , calvin borel ; 2006 horse of the year invasor ; two - time breeders\u2019 cup mile winner lure ; two - time eclipse award winning sprinter , housebuster ; multiple [ \u2026 ]\na winner of 16 graded stakes races and four eclipse awards , including horse of the year in 1998 , skip away was one of the most popular and accomplished horses of the 1990s .\nswaps was the best horse to come out of california in years . he set five world records at a mile or more , three track records , and equalled an american turf record .\nthe top horse in america in 1889 and 1890 , salvator won 16 of his final 17 career starts to secure his legacy as one of the finest thoroughbreds of the 19 th century .\nall winners , including horse of the year , will be announced at the 36th annual eclipse awards dinner jan . 22 at the beverly wilshire four seasons hotel in beverly hills , calif .\ni ' m not worried when he looks back , because he does that when he knows he ' s got a lot of horse under him ,\nmclaughlin said of jara .\njockey weichong marwing proclaimed asiatic boy as the \u201cbest horse i have ridden\u201d and the bookmakers were suitably impressed , earning a 10 - 1 quote from william hill for the breeders\u2019 cup classic .\nhe led the now thirteen - year - old stallion out of his paddock and into the walking path so that we could greet him , and the memories of his dominating performances came rushing back to me . it was the fact that invasor was a triple crown winner in uruguay that attracted me to him in the first place , but his subsequent performances would ensnare me into a love affair with the south american invader . in fact , i credit my love of the entire sport to invasor , this horse who simply eclipsed older horses and colts in the pimlico special , suburban , whitney , breeders\u2019 cup classic , donn , and dubai world cup until an untimely injury forced him into retirement . i think that\u2019s how it is with many fans ; finding one horse to unwaveringly follow eventually allows the sport as a whole to consume the individual .\nblog reply : a class horse he was . would love to have seen him race against aussie horses , and thus we would have a much better gauge on where our horses rank . he is the best in the world , but sometimes i think the rating system that is used favours horses from north america . the next champion will be asiatic boy . was more impressive than invasor during the dubai meeting , bolting up in the uae derby , and unlike many other top horses , he runs on turf and dirt , and will campaign in europe as well . i think he is better than invasor . like to know peoples thoughts on asiatic boy ."]}
{"id": 559, "summary": [{"text": "the greater short-horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) , also commonly known as the mountain short-horned lizard , is a species of lizard endemic to western north america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "like other horned lizards , it is often wrongly called a \" horned toad \" or \" horny toad \" , but it is not a toad at all .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is a reptile , not an amphibian .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is one of seven native species of lizards in canada . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "greater short - horned lizard", "paragraphs": ["greater short - horned lizard , santa rita mtns , az . photo by jim rorabaugh\ngreater short - horned lizard , rancho los fresnos , sonora . photo by jim rorabaugh\nhodges , w . l . 2009 . greater short - horned lizard . pages 178\u2013181\ngreater short - horned lizard , rancho los fresnos , sonora . photo by jim rorabaugh .\nhatchling greater short - horned lizard , sierra la purica , sonora . photo by jim rorabaugh .\ngreater short horned lizard - bighorn canyon national recreation area ( u . s . national park service )\nno information currently exists regarding the migration patterns of greater short - horned lizards in montana .\nshort spines on head , body , and tail relative to texas horned lizard .\ncolorado parks and wildlife . short - horned lizard . natural diversity information source .\ngreater short - horned lizards have a surprising self - defense mechanism . they shoot their own blood at their enemies !\nthe gulf coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma wigginsi ) is a horned lizard species native to baja california , mexico .\nmurray , ian w . and hilary m . lease . 2013 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( greater short - horned lizard ) predation . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 327\nshort - horned lizard - bryce canyon national park ( u . s . national park service )\nmartin , d . 2006 . the blood - squirting short - horned lizard . pages 35 - 37\ncairns , k . a . , babineau , j . & cairns , n . a . 2017 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( greater short - horned lizard ) . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 853\nactivist spotlight - kade wilson and the\nhorny toad\ntexas horned lizard . | environmental stuff | pinterest | horned lizard , toad and lizards\nshort - horned lizard adults weigh less than a quarter . a yearling is about the weight of a dime .\nmoll , e . o . 2004 . patronyms of the pioneer west . ix . phrynosoma hernandesi ( girard , 1858 ) greater short - horned lizard . sonoran herpetologist 17 ( 6 ) : 58 - 61 .\nmoll , e . o . 2004 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( girard , 1858 ) greater short - horned lizard . patronyms of the pioneer west . sonoran herpetologist 17 ( 6 ) : 58 - 61 . - get paper here\nhorned lizard bowl , indicated subtly on the top of the skull between the eyes .\nthere is nothing cuter than a tiny baby horned lizard . nothing , i say !\nmilner , b . j . 1979 . northern short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . alberta naturalist 9 : 90 - 92 .\nadult female short - horned lizard being consumed by plains hog - nosed snake , weld county , colorado . note the lizard is inflated to hinder consumption . photo : amy yackel adams .\nadams , a . a . y . , r . d . adams , s . k . skagen and d . j . martin 2016 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( greater short - horned lizard ) commensalism . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 467 .\nshort - horned lizards will shoot blood from their eyes when threatened by a predator .\nwhat they eat : short - horned lizards eat ants , beetles and small pebbles .\npowell , g . l . 1980 . diet of the short - horned lizard in alberta . american zoologist 20 ( 4 ) : 842 .\ngoldberg , s . r . 1971 . reproduction in the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi in arizona . herpetologica 27 : 311 - 314 .\nthe greater short - horned lizard in the next five shots is apparently of the subspecies known as hernandez ' s short - horned lizard ( p . h . hernandesi ) . this individual was on the brett gray ranch , a nature conservancy property , in lincoln co . , colorado , in july , 2011 . these shots were taken with a canon eos 1d mark iv and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens and canon 580 flash .\nguyer , c . 2006 . phrynosoma douglasii ( pigmy short - horned lizard ) copulatory position . herpetological review 37 ( 1 ) : 91 - 92 .\ntaylor , b . n . 2003 . short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi hernandesi ) . alberta species at risk report 72 : 154 - 160 .\nthe short - horned lizard is often referred to as a \u201chorned toad\u201d or \u201chorny toad\u201d because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .\nthey are the only species of horned toads that give birth to the young live . other species of horned lizards lay eggs . in the short - horned lizard , the eggs are retained within the mother until the live young are born .\nclick the range map to learn more about the distribution of short - horned lizards in washington .\ngoldberg , s . r . 1971 . reproduction in the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi in arizona . herpetologica 27 ( 3 ) : 311 - 314 .\nthe short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .\nmontanucci , r . r . 1984 . breeding , captive care and longevity of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi . international zoological yearbook 23 : 148 - 156 .\ni\u2019m currently making horned lizard bowls representing two species , both native to arizona and other parts of the southwest : short - horned lizards and regal horned lizards . you can tell them apart by their horn configuration : regals have an even corona of ten longish horns on the back of their skull , and short - horns have 6 very short horns divided by a deep notch .\nwhat they look like : short - horned lizards are small , flat , round lizards that have short , stubby horns . the\nhorns\nare actually a crown of short pointed scales on the back of the head .\nlinder , a . d . 1989 . short - horned lizard phrynosoma douglassi . rare , sensitive , and threatened species of the greater yellowstone ecosystem . tim w . clark , ann h . harvey , robert d . dorn , david l . genter , and craig groves , editors . pp . 50 - 51 .\nlaird , m . and r . leech . 1980 . observations on the short - horned lizard in southeastern alberta . blue jay 38 ( 4 ) : 214 - 218 .\nshort - horned lizards emerge from hibernation from late march into june . mating occurs soon after the emerge .\nwith a valid arizona hunting license , four greater short - horned lizards can be collected per year or held in possession , alive or dead , although collection is prohibited in protected areas such as national park service units without special permits . it is a species of least concern on the 2014 iucn red list . in the 100 - mile circle , the forested montane habitats of this lizard are vulnerable to the effects of climate change and wildfire . most of the higher mountain ranges in southeastern arizona where this species occurs have experienced extensive stand - replacing wildfires in the last three decades , although the effects of these fires on the greater short - horned lizard have not been studied .\ndescription : short - horned lizards are small , flat , round lizards that have short , stubby horns . the\nhorns\nare actually a crown of short pointed scales on the back of the head . like other horned lizards , they have a series of pointed scales along the edge of the body . the short tail is thin and pointed .\ncorn , p . s . and l . j . gingerich . 1987 . phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ( eastern short - horned lizard ) . herpetological review 18 ( 1 ) : 20 .\npowell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . fargey . in prep . the distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard in saskatchewan , canada .\nthey are the only species of horned toads that give birth to the young live . other species of horned lizards lay eggs . in the short - horned lizard the eggs are retained within the mother until live young are born about two months later ( august to mid - september ) .\nguyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985a . growth and population structure of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho . northwest science 59 ( 4 ) : 294 - 303 .\nashton , k . g . and k . l . ashton . 1998 . phrynosoma douglasii ( short - horned lizard ) . reproduction . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 168 - 169 .\nsherbrooke , w . c . and m . d . greenfield . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . defensive hiss . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 - 209 .\nsherbrooke , w . c . and f . mendoza - quijano . 2001 . phrynosoma braconnieri ( short - tailed horned lizard ) . defensive behavior . herpetological review 36 ( 1 ) : 65 - 66 .\nguyer , c . and a . d . linder . 1985b . thermal ecology and activity patterns of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi ) and the sagebrush lizard ( sceloporus graciosus ) in southeastern idaho ( usa ) . great basin naturalist 45 ( 4 ) : 607 - 614 .\npack , h . j . 1918 . some habits of the pygmy horned lizard . copeia 1918 ( 63 ) : 91 - 92 .\nschowalter , d . b . 1976 . new distribution records of the horned lizard in alberta . blue jay 37 : 26 - 27 .\npowell , g . l . 1982 . the eastern short - horned lizard in alberta : basic field ecology of northern marginal populations . unpublished m . s . thesis , university of calgary , calgary , alberta .\nmontanucci , r . r . , and b . e . baur . 1982 . mating and courtship behaviors of the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi . copeia 1982 ( 4 ) : 971 - 974 .\nmontanucci , r . r . and b . e . baur . 1982 . mating and courtship - related behaviors of the short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi . copeia 1982 ( 4 ) : 971 - 974 .\nreeve , w . l . 1952 . taxonomy and distribution of the horned lizard genus phrynosoma . kansas university science bulletin 34 : 817 - 960 .\nlahti , m . e . , and d . d . beck . 2007 . ecology and ontogenetic variation of diet in the pigmy short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasii ) . american midland naturalist 159 : 327 - 339 .\nnew , e . r . 1991 . drilling in short - horned lizard country . abstract presented at the cade / caodc spring drilling conference , april 10 - 12 , 1991 . cade / caodc conference publications , calgary , ab .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . field thermal ecology of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in southeastern alberta . canadian journal of zoology 63 : 228 - 238 .\nlike other horned lizards , they have a series of pointed scales along the edge of the body . the short tail is thin and pointed .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1993a . the range and status of the eastern short - horned lizard in the canadian prairies . provincial museum of alberta natural history occassional paper 19 : 279 - 290 .\npowell , g . l . , a . p . russell , and p . j . fargey . 1998 . the distribution of the short - horned lizard phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan , canada . northwestern naturalist 79 : 19 - 26 .\nhammerson , g . a . and h . m . smith . 1991 . the correct spelling of the name of the short - horned lizard of north america . bulletin of the maryland herpetological society 27 ( 3 ) : 121 - 127 .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992b . the staus of the short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii ) in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada , ottawa , on . 22pp .\npowell , g . l . , and a . p . russell . 1991 . distribution of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglasi brevirostre ) in alberta , canada . northwestern naturalist . 72 ( 1 ) : 21 - 26 .\nshort - horned lizards give birth to 7 - 10 babies . the newborn are very small - measuring about 25 mm ( 1 inch ) long .\nsherbrooke , w . c . , e . r . brown , and j . l . brown . 2002 . phrynosoma hernandesi ( short - horned lizard ) . successful open - mouthed threat defense . herpetological review 33 ( 3 ) : 208 .\ngreater short - horned - lizards are lizards that look a bit like toads . in fact , they are frequently referred to as \u201c horny toads \u201c . of course , they are not toads , which are amphibians , they are in fact , lizards . they are a member of the genus phrynosoma ( which means \u201ctoad - bodied\u201d ) of which there are 15 species .\ni contacted you some time ago about a horned toad bowl . i am now ready to purchase one of the short - horned with babies . i am looking for a smaller one . do you currently have any available ?\nover recent decades short - horn lizard populations have been in decline throughout their range . destruction of their native habitat , efforts to eradicate ants\u2014their staple food\u2014and the pet trade have all contributed to this .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1985 . growth and sexual size dimorphism in alberta ( canada ) populations of the eastern short - horned lizard , phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre . canadian journal of zoology 63 ( 1 ) : 139 - 154 .\nboth eat ants , so i depict harvester ants in their bellies . the short - horned is a live - bearer , so some have young lizards shown inside .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1984 . the diet of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassi brevirostre ) in alberta and its relationship to sexual size dimorphism . canadian journal of zoology 62 ( 3 ) : 428 - 440 .\nextreme southern alberta , canada , to southern durango , mexico ; western nebraska ( few historical records from western kansas ) to southeastern oregon . widest geographic distribution of any horned lizard .\nhornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1990 . a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 27pp .\ndiet : short - horned lizards are insectivores . they eat ants , beetles and small pebbles . neonates prefer ants , yearlings like beetles and adults eat both ants and beetles .\nmathies , t . , and d . j . martin . 2008 . overwintering site selection by short - horned lizards in northeastern colorado . journal of herpetology 42 : 163\u2013171 .\nhornbeck , g . e . and j . e . green . 1991 . year two of a reconnaissance field survey of the eastern short - horned lizard and its habitat in samedan manyberries 9 - 13 - 4 - 5 w4m . delta environmental management group ltd . calgary , ab . 17pp .\nbehavior : these lizards are often highly sessile , sit - and - wait predators that feed almost exclusively on ants . crypsis is the primary form of defense of this species , but spines and inflating behaviors can prevent them from being consumed by predators . additionally , greater short - horned lizards possess the ability to shoot blood from the ocular sinus ( next to the eye ) to deter predators such as coyotes , foxes , and dogs .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1992a . a preliminary survey of the distribution and abundance of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta . a report submitted to the recreation , parks , and wildlife foundation , edmonton , alberta . 135pp .\nwhere they live : short - horned lizards live throughout the columbia basin and the cascades foothills in a variety of habitats including sagebrush plains , short - grass prairies and open pine forests . always found near patches of loose soil or sand for burrowing . this species is found near ant hills .\nhabitat and territory the greater short - horned lizard can be found in a variety of habitats including semiarid plains , shortgrass prairies , sagebrush deserts , shrubby plateaus , juniper , pine or fir forests , and up into the mountains , such as the pryor mountains . they are more tolerant of cooler temperatures than most other reptiles , often emerging from hibernation in april and returning to their dens in october . they range from most of montana , wyoming and colorado except for the highest elevations above 10 , 000 feet or so and extend down through much of utah , arizona and new mexico .\nbehavior : they are normally active between 60 - 80 degrees f . during hot weather , short - horned lizards are most active during the morning hours , with less activity in the afternoon .\njames j . d . , a . p . russell , and g . l . powell . 1997 . status of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in alberta . alberta environmental protection , wildlife management divison , wildlife status report no . 5 , edmonton , ab . 1 - 20 .\nsmith , w . 1993 . an assessment of short - horned lizard habitat and use . manyberries badlands , alberta . a report submitted to the fish and wildlife branch , alberta forestry , lands and wildlife , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2 .\nlahti , m . the status of dwarfed populations of short - horned lizards and great plains toads in the san luis valley , colorado . 2010 . dissertation , utah state university . 201 pp .\nmanaster , jane , horned lizards , 1997 : university of texas press , austin .\npowell , g . l . , a . p . russell . 1998 . the status of short - horned lizards , phrynosoma hernandesi in saskatchewan , canada . northwestern naturalist 79 : 19 - 26 .\nthis species is an invertivore . the diet of greater short - horned lizards includes mostly ants and beetles , as well as other insects , spiders , snails , sowbugs , and other invertebrates . individuals may sometimes gorge themselves on a single type of prey ( hammerson 1999 ) . the diet in montana is virtually undescribed ; stomach contents of three individuals from coulees near the marias river in toole county included mostly ants with a few beetles , grasshoppers , and spiders ( mosimann and rabb 1952 ) .\nshort - horned lizards range throughout short and mixed - grass prairies , pin\u00f5n - juniper , sagebrush , open conifer woodland , and mountain shrubland . they can be found at elevations up to around 3 , 353 m ( 11 , 000 ft ) , in sandy or otherwise well - drained soils and usually in areas with sparse vegetation .\nshort - horned lizards are primarily diurnal from april to september . they are not active when hibernating between october and march ( see mathies & martin 2009 for more information on hibernation site selection in weld county ) .\nroger repp was making us all look bad when he found this young horned lizard after previously finding the first and second snakes on this hike . there were five other people out looking for interesting herps at the same time , jeez .\nshort - horned lizards can be found throughout much of the eastern plains , front range , san luis valley , and west slope ( after hammerson 1999 , shipley & reading 2006 , and colorado parks & wildlife ) .\nthey prefer soft , sandy soils , near rocks where they can blend in with the background . short - horned lizards can quickly burrow into loose soil to hide . they use their small claws for digging and climbing .\nadults can handle cold and partially freeze . they are normally active between 60 - 80 degrees f . during hot weather , short - horned lizards are most active during the morning hours , with less activity in the afternoon . they prefer soft , sandy soils , near rocks where they can blend in with the background . short - horned lizards can quickly burrow into loose soil to hide . they use their small claws for digging and climbing .\ncommon name : short - horned lizard scientific name : phrynosoma douglassi size ( length ) english & metric : 2 \u00bd - 5 7 / 8\n( 6 . 3 - 14 . 9cm ) habitat : from rocky or sandy plains to forested areas . diet : insects ( primarily ants ) predators : coyotes , foxes , hawks , ravens , large snakes and lizards\nherpetologists currently recognize 13 species of horned lizards , 8 in the us and 5 in mexico .\nprimarily insectivorous . in weld county , short - horned lizards are known to feed on a variety of ant and beetle species , ground - dwelling bees , true bugs ( hemiptera ) , and other arthropods ( d . martin ,\nmountain short - horned lizards can be found throughout the summer both above and below the rim . they blend in so well to their natural surroundings , that you have to look close or you might not see them at all .\naccount compiled by : danny martin and tom mathies reviewed by : ben fisher ( text ) and lauren livo ( map ) last updated : 23 mar . 2014 by d . martin suggested citation colorado partners in amphibian and reptile conservation . 2013 . species account for short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) . compiled by danny martin and tom mathies . urltoken [ accessed date here ] .\neric pianka and wendy hodge ' s excellent article on horned lizards , from the university of texas .\n) . similar to other horned lizards , this species is a sit - and - wait predator .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1991b . parturition and clutch characteristics of short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) from alberta . canadian journal of zoology 69 ( 11 ) : 2759 - 2764 .\nlahti , m . e . 2010 . the status of dwarfed populations of short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma hernandesi ) and great plains toads ( anaxyrus cognatus ) in the san luis valley , colorado . dissertation , utah state university , logan .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1994b . movement , thermal ecology , seasonal activity , and overwintering behavior in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) . a report submitted to alberta environmental protection , fish and wildlife division , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1998 . the status of short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglasi ) and ( p . hernandezi ) in canada . canadian field naturalist 112 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .\nzamudio , k . r . , k . b . jones , and r . h . ward . 1997 . molecular systematics of short - horned lizards : biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex . systematic biology 46 : 284 - 305 .\n( 1996 ) list maximum size in new mexico as 83 mm svl for males and 98 mm svl for females . short - horned lizards in the san luis valley are known to be smaller than those outside the valley ( see lahti 2010 ) .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1993b . a radiotelemetric study of movement and thermal ecology in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) . a report submitted to the fish and wildlife branch , alberta forestry , lands and wildlife , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2 .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1994a . a radiotelemetric study of movement , thermal ecology , and hibernation site selection in an alberta population of the eastern short - horned lizard ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) . a report submitted to alberta environmental protection , fish and wildlife division , 7th floor , o . s . longman building , 6909 - 116th st . , edmonton , alberta t6h 4p2 .\nthe body of the greater short - horned lizard is broad and flattened . the back is spiny , with an especially noticeable single row of scales fringing each side of the body . the spines at the back of the head are about as long as they are wide at the base . the coloration of the back usually blends cryptically with the soil and can vary somewhat from region to region and at single localities . the maximum total length is about 15 centimeters . in males , there is a swelling at the base of the tail , and the tail is proportionally longer than in females . newborn young have the broad and flattened body shape , and are about 2 . 0 to 2 . 5 centimeters snout - vent length and up to 3 . 8 centimeters by the time of first hibernation .\nflat , wide body , and a tail of moderate length . it has a relatively broad head for a horned lizard , the back of which is armed with short horns separated by a deep and relatively wide notch in which the notch between the occipital ( central ) horns is wider than the length of either horn . the two occipital horns are very short and do not extend back as far as the temporal horns on each side . the ventral scales are smooth and sharply pointed at the rear . one row of enlarged fringed scales lies at the margin of the abdomen and dorsum .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell . 1996b . short - horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglassii brevirostre ) in grasslands national park : a report on the 1995 field season . unpublished report , parks canada , val marie , sk . 74pp .\nzamudio , kelly r . , jones , k . bruce & ward , ryk h . 1997 . molecular systematics of short - horned lizards : biogeography and taxonomy of a widespread species complex . systematic biology 46 ( 2 ) : 284 - 305 - get paper here\nchandler , j . d . 1965 . horned toad record . the blue jay 23 ( 2 ) : 92 .\nyou can download a printable pdf with 8 different species of horned lizards found in the u . s . here .\nphotos above used by permission of wade sherbrooke from his book ,\nintroduction to horned lizards of north america\n.\ndespite their spiky features , short - horned lizards are preyed upon by a number of creatures , including hawks , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , dogs , wolves , and coyotes . consequently , beyond their natural camouflage , they have adapted a pair of remarkable talents . in order to ward off hungry predators , short - horned lizards are capable of inflating their bodies up to twice their size , resembling a spiny balloon . and if this proves insufficient , some species employ one of the animal kingdom\u2019s most bizarre defensive mechanisms : they shoot blood from their eyes .\ni was somewhat puzzled by the near - complete - absence of reptiles we saw on this pleasant may morning . it was a little too cool to expect many lizards , but i did expect at least a few . instead , an hour and a half of scenic beauty passed by with nary a lizard or snake to be seen . fortunately , the herping day was saved by this cute little guy . any day with a horned lizard in it is a good day , after all .\nhabitat : these lizards can be found in a variety of habitats including short - grass prairies , sagebrush , and open forests . loose soils are necessary for thermoregulation .\nsherbroke , w . c . 2003 . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , berkeley .\nwe were passing through southern utah on our big summer trip , so we made sure to stop at beautiful navajo lake so i could visit my horned lizard friends . the first afternoon we were there i searched for an hour or so and had almost given up when i discovered this saurian marvel . what a face !\nzamudio , k . r . 1996 . ecological , evolutionary , and applied aspects of lizard life histories . ph . d . dissertation . university of washington , seattle , wa . 167 p .\nnero , r . w . 1957 . records of the horned toad in saskatchewan . blue jay 15 : 119 - 120 .\nhorned lizards favor ants , especially of the genus pogonomyrmex , harvester ants , which comprise a generous portion of their food intake .\nsherbrooke , w . c . , e . beltran - sanchez , f . mendoza - quijano , b . baur , and g . a . middendorf , iii . 2004 . is there an antipredator blood - squirting defense in the bull horned lizard , phrynosoma taurus ? herpetological review 35 ( 4 ) : 345 - 347 .\nsherbrooke , wade c . 2003 . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , berkeley , 178 pp .\ngeneral description : small ( 6 to 16 cm ) dorso - ventrally compressed lizard with sharp spines on their body . most other horned lizards have large , conspicuous spines along the head , but spines in this species are greatly reduced . limbs and tails are relatively short and lateral spines are present along the lateral edge of the body . dorsal coloration is variable ranging from gray to shades of brown with small flecks of white , red , or yellow interspersed . six to eight larger dark blotches are often present on the dorsum .\n( state secure ) . general threats to conservation include habitat loss and fragmentation , and vehicle traffic on and off road . this species is also vulnerable to illegal collection . if you find yourself with a horned lizard ( e . g . , your child brings one home ) , and you cannot immediately return it to the location of collection , please contact\ndesert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) desert horned lizards have a widespread range from oregon and idaho , south through utah , nevada , western arizona , southern california and into northeastern baja and northwestern sonora , mexico . they occur at elevations from below sea level to about 6 , 600 feet throughout the great basin , mojave , and sonorandeserts . the species can be found nearwoody shrubs , cacti , rocks and yuccas in alluvial fans , flats , washes , and valleys . phrynosoma platyrhinos has two long central horns and shorter side horns . desert horned lizards have a single row of abdominal fringe scales and a smooth back with a few scattered , larger spines .\ntheir bodies are kinda chubby with short legs . they generally are a greyish , yellowish , or red - brownish color and have rows of pointed scales along its sides ( see pic above ) .\nthese are small and light weight animals . large adults can be about 10 cm ( 4 inches ) long , but many specimens are smaller . an adult lizard can easily fit in the palm of a child ' s hand .\nof the many varieties of lizard in the family phrynosomatidae , only a few have a unique adaption not seen in any other species in response to predators . they shoot a stream of blood at their enemies , from their eyes !\nhubbard , kaylan a ; anna d chalfoun , and kenneth g gerow 2016 . the relative influence of road characteristics and habitat on adjacent lizard populations in arid shrublands journal of herpetology 50 ( 1 ) : 29 - 36 . - get paper here\nthis tiny horned lizard shows again how well these lizards adapt to match the local colors . we never would have seen this little tyke except that we had stopped for awhile to coax a nightsnake into posing for some pictures . while my friend john mccaffrey and i were wrangling the little snake , brenda mccaffrey noticed one of the rocks moving , only to realize that it wasn ' t really a rock .\nthis is the only species of lizard in colorado to give live birth , an adaptation for the relatively cool environments where this species resides . sexual reproduction has been noted in march and april in weld county ( d . martin & t . mathies ,\nsherbrooke , w . c . 2003 . introduction to the horned lizards of north america . university of california press , berkeley and los angeles , california . 191 pp .\nhorned lizards are decreasing . urban encroachment , radiation , and pesticides are among the factors hurting the species . legislation has been enacted to prevent collection as pets in many states . as in all national parks , the collecting of wild animals at bryce canyon is illegal . monitoring and acting on recorded observations is crucial to survival of horned lizards .\nfailing camouflage and flight , their ultimate defense from harassment is to shoot blood from their eyes . this isn\u2019t an old wives\u2019 tale like bats getting snarled in long hair \u2014 they really do it . it works pretty well , often startling the lizard\u2019s captor into dropping it .\ndefenses from predation : short - horned lizards primarily use cryptic behavior and coloration as a defense against predation . when discovered , they may flee for cover or stand their ground . they will readily inflate their lungs to appear larger or more difficult for a predator to swallow . in some cases , they will eject blood from their orbital sinus ( the corner of the eye ) , effectively squirting blood at a predator .\nmontanucci , r . r . 1979 . notes on systematics of horned lizards allied to phrynosoma orbiculare ( lacertilia : iguanidae ) . herpetologica 35 ( 2 ) : 116 - 124 .\nzamudio et al . ( 1997 ) examined mtdna variation in short - horned lizards throughout western north america and concluded that the pacific northwest segment of the population should be recognized as a species ( p . douglasii ) distinct from the species ( p . hernandesi ) represented in the remainder of the range . in addition , there was no support for the recognition of any of the nominal subspecies ; thus each species is best regarded as monotypic .\nwhile camping at nearby valley of fires state park , my sister and i drove out at night to look for snakes on the road nearby . after half an hour or so without seeing anything interesting , we noticed a little white blob in the road as we passed by . it certainly didn ' t look like a snake , but we went back to check it out anyway . we found this little horned lizard hunkered down in the middle of the road , which is not exactly what we expected .\npianka , e . r . and w . s . parker . 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .\nhoward , c . w . 1974 . comparative reproductive ecology of horned lizards ( genus phrynosoma ) in the southwestern united states and northern mexico . journal of the arizona academy of science 9 : 108 - 116 .\nparker , w . s . , and e . r . pianka . 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .\nsherbrooke , wade c . 2017 . antipredator nest guarding by female horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) : iguanian parental care herpetologica dec 2017 , vol . 73 , no . 4 : 331 - 337 . - get paper here\nthese bowls are handmade from stoneware , and fired to cone 5 . each bowl is different , and each scale is done individually by hand , as is the slip - painting in their bellies . there is no glaze on these pieces , but the mineral - pigmented slips are fired in place , and are indelible . because of the lack of glaze , i don\u2019t recommend them for frequent food use , or storing liquids . primarily they are meant to be gazed at adoringly . click here to see a picture of horned lizard bowls on threestarowl . com .\nphillips , j . a . and h . j . harlow . 1981 . elevation of upper voluntary temperatures after shielding the parietal eye of horned lizards ( phrynosoma douglassi ) . herpetologica 37 ( 4 ) : 199 - 205 .\nprieto , a . a . , jr . and w . g . whitford . 1971 . physiological responses to temperature in the horned lizards , phrynosoma cornutum and phrynosoma douglassii . copeia 1971 ( 3 ) : 498 - 504 .\nmeyers , j . j . ; herrel , a . & nishikawa , k . 2006 . morphological correlates of ant eating in horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) . biological journal of the linnean society 89 : 13\u201324 - get paper here\nreeder , t . w . and r . r . montanucci . 2001 . phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards ( phrynosomatidae : phrynosoma ) : evidence from mitochondrial dna and morphology . copeia 2001 ( 2 ) : 309 - 323 .\nphillips , j . a . , h . j . harlow , and c . l . ralph . 1980 . set - point shifts of behavioral thermoregulation in horned lizards after parietal eye manipulation . american zoologist 20 ( 4 ) : 732 .\nreeder , t . w . & montanucci , r . r . 2001 . phylogenetic analysis of the horned lizards ( phrynomomatidae : phrynosoma ) : evidence from mitochondrial dna and morphology . copeia 2001 ( 2 ) : 309 - 323 - get paper here\nmy wife and i checked for horned lizards again on the morning after i had seen only one in the afternoon . morning was better ; we ended up seeing one adult and four youngsters . horned lizards rely strongly on camouflage , so it ' s often the case that the local population will be colored to closely match the ground . you can see that from the first one pictured here . the second one had run from the rust - colored ground to some mossy ground when it heard us stomping about .\nhabitats of this lizard range from semi - arid plains to high mountains ; usually the species is in open , shrubby , or openly wooded areas with sparse vegetation at ground level ; soil may vary from rocky to sandy ( degenhardt et al . 1996 , hammerson 1999 , stebbins 2003 , werner et al . 2004 ) . when not active on the surface , the lizards burrow into the soil or occupy rodent burrows .\nleach\u00e9 , adam d . and jimmy a . mcguire 2006 . phylogenetic relationships of horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) based on nuclear and mitochondrial data : evidence for a misleading mitochondrial gene tree . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 3 ) : 628 - 644 - get paper here\nphrynosoma douglasii commonly occurs throughout the columbia basin and the cascades foothills in a variety of habitats including sagebrush plains , short - grass prairies and occasionally in open pine forests . always found near patches of loose soil or sand for burrowing . the substrate ( soil layer ) is always well - drained . however , this species is uncommon in steppe and intermountain forest . this species is found near ant hills .\nlara - res\u00e9ndiz rafael a . , arenas - moreno diego m . , beltr\u00e1n - s\u00e1nchez elizabeth , gramajo weendii , verdugo - molina javier , sherbrooke wade c . et al . 2015 . selected body temperature of nine species of mexican horned lizards ( phrynosoma ) rev . mex . biodiv . 86 ( 1 ) : 275 - 278 . - get paper here\nif threatened by predators , horned lizards will squirt blood from the eyes . the squirting blood comes from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet ( one meter ) . it ' s meant to confuse would - be predators including birds , coyotes and snakes . the photo shows an adult with blood around the eyes .\nfood sources ants provide the bulk of this lizard\u2019s food , but it also eats beetles , grasshoppers , spiders , young snakes , snails , sowbugs and a variety of other insects and invertebrates . often they will wait for their prey to come by and snap up the unsuspecting prey whole . they rely heavily on their camouflage to avoid their many predators which include hawks , owls , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , wolves and coyotes . if spotted by a predator they can inflate their bodies up to twice their normal size and with the horns protruding appear to be a very unappetizing meal .\ntoads , but flat - bodied lizards with short spines crowning the head . the trunk is fringed by one row of pointed scales , while the belly scales are smooth . the color is gray , yellowish , or reddish - brown , and there are two rows of large dark spots on the back . when threatened or aggressive , its ' colors become more intense . the mountain subspecies is primarily reddish with prominent horizontal spines , and ranges from southern utah and western colorado through arizona , new mexico , and mexico .\nthese three young horned lizards were the highlight of a nice hike through the piney forest near tonto creek . i saw the first one when one of our dogs happened near enough to it that it ran a few inches . i saw the second when another of our dogs noticed it moving and stopped to sniff in its general direction . but the third one i actually saw without any canine assistance .\nhabitat use in montana is poorly described , but appears to be similar to other regions . reports mention individuals on ridge crests between coulees , and in sparse , short grass and sagebrush with sun - baked soil ( mosimann and rabb 1952 , dood 1980 ) . on the southern exposures of the pryor mountains , carbon county , individuals occur among limestone outcrops in canyon bottoms of sandy soil with an open canopy of limber pine - utah juniper , and are also present on flats of relatively pebbly or stony soil with sparse grass and sagebrush cover ( paul hendricks , personal observation ) .\nlisten to our podcast and hear from authors , readers , and publishers from across the country and around the world .\nsign up for one of our monthly newsletters , and we ' ll keep you up to date on our latest books , events , and other activities ! to thank you for signing up , you ' ll be entered in our monthly draw to win a book from our regina collection series . contest closes on the last day of each month .\nthe press is pleased to acknowledge the support of the canada book fund , the canada council for the arts , and creative saskatchewan ' s market and export development grant program .\nuniversity of regina press is located on treaty 4 territory , the traditional lands of the cree , saulteaux , and assiniboine , and the homelands of the m\u00e9tis .\nspecies are distinguishable by the formidable crown of horns adorning their head and the numerous spines across their back . their coloring can be yellowish , gray , or reddish - brown depending on the environment they inhabit , and , combined with their shape , affords them considerable camouflage on the surface . they feed primarily on ants , waiting for one to unsuspectingly crawl by before snapping it in and swallowing it whole . they are also known to eat grasshoppers , beetles , and spiders .\nthe ominous squirting blood emanates from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet . it\u2019s meant to confuse would - be predators , but also contains a chemical that is noxious to dogs , wolves , and coyotes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nwe request that if you make use of the textual contents of this site in reports , publications , etc . that you cite and credit the author ( s ) and photographer ( s ) . all photos on this website are copyrighted . however , those found in the species account and habitat sections may be used for any noncommercial scientific , educational , or conservation purposes provided that photographs are not altered and continue to bear the copyright symbol and name of the photographer . please contact the photographer regarding commercial use of copyrighted photographs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nusing personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;\ncalculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of\nobservations versus availability of habitat\n.\nspecies that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,\npoint observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .\nspecies associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :\n) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .\nadams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .\ndobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .\nforesman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .\nhart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .\nhutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .\nmaxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .\nwerner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .\ncope , e . d . 1879 . a contribution to the zoology of montana . american naturalist 13 ( 7 ) : 432 - 441 .\ndood , a . r . 1980 . terry badlands nongame survey and inventory final report . montana department of fish , wildlife , and parks and bureau of land management , helena , mt . 70 pp .\nhammerson , g . a . 1999 . amphibians and reptiles in colorado . university press of colorado & colorado division of wildlife . denver , co . 484 p .\nhendricks , p . 1999 . amphibian and reptile survey of the bureau of land management miles city district , montana . montana natural heritage program , helena , mt . 80 p .\nmaxell , b . a . , j . k . werner , p . hendricks , and d . l . flath . 2003 . herpetology in montana : a history , status summary , checklists , dichotomous keys , accounts for native , potentially native , and exotic species , and indexed bibliography . society for northwestern vertebrate biology , northwest fauna number 5 . olympia , wa . 135 p .\nmosimann , j . e . and g . b . rabb . 1952 . the herpetology of tiber reservoir area , montana . copeia ( 1 ) : 23 - 27 .\nnussbaum , r . a . , e . d . brodie , jr . and r . m . storm . 1983 . amphibians and reptiles of the pacific northwest . university of idaho press . moscow , id . 332 pp .\nrussell , a . p . and a . m . bauer . 1993 . the amphibians and reptiles of alberta . university of calgary press . calgary , alberta . 264 p .\nst . john , a . d . 2002 . reptiles of the northwest : california to alaska , rockies to the coast . lone pine publishing , renton , wa . 272 p .\nstebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd edition . houghton mifflin company , boston and new york . 533 p .\n[ oea ] olson elliot and associates research . 1985 . 1983 - 1984 wildlife monitoring report for the cx ranch project . olson elliot and associates research . helena , mt .\n[ presi ] powder river eagle studies incorporated . 1998b . spring creek mine 1997 wildlife monitoring studies . powder river eagle studies incorporated . gillete , wy .\n[ usfws ] us fish and wildlife service . 1994 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species . federal register 59 ( 219 ) : 58982 - 59028 .\n[ vtnwi ] vtn wyoming incorporated . no date . second year ' s analysis of terrestrial wildlife on proposed mine access and railroad routes in southern montana and northern wyoming , march 1979 - february 1980 . vtn wyoming incorporated . sheridan , wy . 62 p .\n[ wesco ] western ecological services company . 1983b . wildlife inventory of the southwest circle known recoverable coal resource area , montana . western ecological services company , novato , ca . 131 p .\nallen , j . a . 1874 . notes on the natural history of portions of dakota and montana territories , being the substance of a report to the secretary of war on the collections made by the north pacific railroad expedition of 1873 . proceedings of the boston society of natural history . pp . 68 - 70 .\nbaxter , g . t . and m . d . stone . 1985 . amphibians and reptiles of wyoming . second edition . wyoming game and fish department . cheyenne , wy . 137 p .\nbenson , k . r . 1978 . herpetology of the lewis and clark expedition 1804 - 1806 . herpetological review 9 ( 3 ) : 87 - 91 .\nbrunson , r . b . 1955 . check list of the amphibians and reptiles of montana . proceedings of the montana academy of sciences 15 : 27 - 29 .\nbureau of indian affairs , department of the interior . 1981 . draft environmental impact statement . unpublished report for the crow / shell coal lease , crow indian reservation , montana .\nburroughs , r . d . 1961 . natural history of the lewis and clark expedition . michigan state university press , east lansing . 340 p .\ncarlson , j . ( coordinator , montana animal species of concern committee ) . 2003 . montana animal species of concern . helena , mt : montana natural heritage program and montana fish , wildlife , and parks . in press . 12p .\ncooper , j . g . 1869 . notes on the fauna of the upper missouri . american naturalist 3 : 294 - 299 .\ncooper , j . g . 1869 . the fauna of montana territory . ii . birds . american naturalist 3 : 31 - 35 , 73 - 84 ."]}
{"id": 560, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia claudei is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nepal .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are light brown and pale yellow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia claudei", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia watson , l . , and dallwitz , m . j . 2003 onwards . british insects : the genera of lepidoptera - geometridae . version : 29 december 2011 description of genus .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\nmontgomery , s . l . ( 1983 ) .\ncarnivorous caterpillars : the behavior , biogeography and conservation of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) in the hawaiian islands\n. geojournal . 7 ( 6 ) : 549\u2013556 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00218529 .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. \u201d on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo . . . . . . t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock\nthere to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the\nof thy rashness . \u201d the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those\nthat have been already declared to you . \u201d so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\nof fire . \u201cno , \u201d said the niece , \u201cthere is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and \u2018amadis of gaul\u2019 be remit - ted the\nof fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the\nthat bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose\nis history , rival of time , storehouse of deeds , witness for the past . . . . . . ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first\n, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx\n: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the\n, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the . . . . . . ads . nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups . a\nwith one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on\nof being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a\nsettlement . en - gland claimed her right an seized them . the english - . . . . . . yages of the adventure and beagle , is in lat . 46 degs . 50 ' , in the gulf of\n. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of\nmay be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the\nin the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .\nthat 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . \u201d so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word citraria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word citraria and , of course , citraria synonyms and on the right images related to the word citraria .\nthis is the place for citraria definition . you find here citraria meaning , synonyms of citraria and images for citraria copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 561, "summary": [{"text": "wallace 's flying frog or the abah river flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) is a moss frog found at least from the malay peninsula into western indonesia , and is present in borneo and sumatra .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is named for the biologist , alfred r. wallace , who collected the first specimen to be formally identified .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "r. dennysii , r. maximus and polypedates feae were once contained within wallace 's flying frog as subspecies .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "similar frogs also occur in laos , vietnam , minnesota , thailand and southern china ; these may be r. nigropalmatus or an undescribed , closely related species . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "wallace ' s flying frog", "paragraphs": ["wallace ' s flying frog is named after alfred russel wallace , naturalist who described this species in the 19th century .\nwallace ' s flying frog can reach 4 inches in length . females are larger than males .\nbeautiful painting of wallace ' s flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) by the unique carel brest van kampen .\nwallace ' s flying frog is carnivore ( meat - eater ) . its diet is based on various insects .\nwallace ' s flying frog\n( on - line ) . accessed ( date unknown ) at urltoken .\nthe flying frog has a diet that consists of insects , and other small invertebrates ( wallace ' s 1999 ) .\nwallace ' s flying frog is it jumping or gliding ? habitat a habitat is where an animal lives . my frog , the wallace ' s flying frog lives in dark asian rainforests and in china because of the wet grounds and trees . adaptations adaptations are characteristics an animal has to survive and live . the wallace ' s flying frog has adaptations like webbed feet to glide , sticky feet to hop from branch to branch if threatened or in search of prey . prey prey is an insect or animal another animal may eat but some animals are plant eater ( omnivore ) . the wallace ' s flying frog eats insects and some meat from what it finds off the ground . when it ' s getting insects predators predators are animals that eat other animals . the wallace ' s flying frog ' s predator is a tree snake . the tree snake gets to the wallace ' s flying frog because the tree snake lives it ' s life in trees and so does the wallace ' s wallace ' s flying frog my frog is the wallace ' s flying frog and it actually glides not flies but it can jump up to 50 feet in the air and can glide down .\nwallace ' s flying frog , also known as parachuting frog , is a type of asian frog that belongs to the family rhacophoridae . this frog can be found in the southeastern parts of asia . wallace ' s flying frog inhabits moist tropical rainforests of borneo and malaysia . habitat destruction ( as a result of increased deforestation ) and pet trade negatively affect number of wallace ' s flying frogs in the wild . despite that , population of wallace ' s flying frogs is still large and stable . these animals are not on the list of endangered species .\nwallace ' s flying frog has broad head with rounded snout , large eyes and eardrums . it has slender body and long legs .\nwallace ' s flying frog or the abah river flying frog ( rhacophorus nigropalmatus ) is a moss frog found at least from the malay peninsula into western indonesia . it is named for the biologist , alfred r . wallace , who collected the first specimen to be formally identified .\nwallace ' s flying frogs mate during the rainy season . they gather in large groups called armies .\npakcenter , * . 1999 .\nwallace ' s flying frog\n( on - line ) . accessed november 12 , 1999 at urltoken .\n1854 illustration of reinwardt ' s flying frog rhacophorus reinwardtii by jean gabriel pr\u00eatre . image in public domain .\ntiny but colorful wallace\u2019s flying frogs are bright green with yellow sides . they can grow up to four inches .\nwhere do they live ? wallace\u2019s flying frogs live in the tropical rain forests of malaysia and borneo . wallace\u2019s flying frogs stay in the trees almost all the time . they only come to the ground to mate and lay eggs .\nsubscribe for more bbc highlights : urltoken more about this programme : urltoken bill watches wallace ' s flying frog - with feet as parachutes - falling with style .\nwallace ' s flying frog spends its time in the trees where it can glide in the air due to the adaptations of its extremely webbed feet and skin folds along side of the body .\nthe webbing of the feet and skin folds helps catch the air like a small sail thus giving the ability to glide . this species has the ability to glide up to 50 ft . wallace ' s flying frog\nwallace ' s flying frogs are arboreal animals ( adapted to the life in the treetops ) . they move to the ground only to reproduce and lay eggs .\nwallace ' s flying frog does not fly - it glides through the air to escape from predators such as large snakes . this animal is able to travel distance of 50 feet and safely land on another branch or tree . wallace ' s flying frog glides diagonally ( at the angle of less than 45 degrees ) and gets closer to the ground with each gliding session . this type of movement is also known as\nparachuting\n.\nwallace ' s flying frog has extremely large feet with fully webbed toes and fingers . toe pads are oversized and disc - shaped . flap of loose skin ( on the sides of the body ) stretches between the limbs .\nwallace ' s flying frog is brightly green colored . lateral sides of the body , thighs , toes and snout are covered with yellow patches . throat and belly are white or pale yellow colored . skin is smooth or slightly granulated .\nalso known as parachute frogs , wallace ' s flying frogs inhabit the dense tropical jungles of malaysia and borneo . they live almost exclusively in the trees , descending only to mate and lay eggs .\nthe overachieving wallace ' s flying frog wasn ' t content to just hop and swim . thousands of years of watching birds navigate the rain forest and avoid predators by taking to the sky appears to have convinced this unique amphibian that air travel is the way to go .\nunusual feet and flap of skin serve as a parachute which facilitates movement through the air . soft , disc - like pads ensure gentle landing . wallace flying frog also uses large pads to stick to the surface of trees .\nwallace ' s flying frogs are not the only frogs who have developed this ability , but they are among the largest . the black color of their foot webbing helps distinguish them from their similarly aerial cousins .\na vanishing resource wallace\u2019s flying frogs prefer breeding and laying eggs in the smelly wallowing holes of the asian rhinoceros . however , the asian rhinoceros is almost extinct . this may harm the population of these frogs .\nwallace ' s flying frogs have external fertilization . female lays eggs into the foam and waits for male to cover them with sperm . foamy nests are then attached to the branches above the shallow pools of water .\nthe wallace ' s flying frog population is considered stable , and they have special status only in certain localities . however , they are partial to breeding and laying eggs in the fetid wallowing holes of the nearly extinct asian rhinoceros , and further decreases in rhino populations may negatively affect the species .\nfemales usually lay eggs above the wallowing holes of asian rhinoceros . unfortunately , asian rhinoceros are on the brink of extinction which means that survival of remaining wallace ' s flying frogs in the wild may be questioned also .\nepisode 2 of david attenborough\u2019s conquest of the skies was on tv the other day , and i watched it ( i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) . and hence i have rhacophorid frogs on my mind \u2013 the mostly tropical afro - asian group that includes the famous rhacophorus flying frogs , the best known member of which is wallace\u2019s flying frog r . nigropalmatus from indonesia , thailand and adjacent countries . as usual , flying frog were used by sir david to help illustrate the diversity of animals that have evolved a gliding ability .\nits back is bright shiny green and the underside is white to pale yellow . the upper sides of the inside toes , as well as the outer parts of the toe and finger webbing , are brilliant yellow . the base of the webs and one flank spot per side are jet black . overall , this frog looks much like the green flying frog ( r . reinwardtii ) and r . kio , which even if full grown do not reach the size of wallace ' s flying frog , though , and have more orange web fringes .\na moss - textured rhacophorid frog . specimens of vietnamese mossy frog or tonkin bug - eyed frog ( theloderma corticale ) . top photo by steven g . johnson , cc by - sa 3 . 0 . lower image by v\u00e1clav gvo\u017ed\u00edk , cc by - sa 2 . 5 .\nthe most famous illustration of a rhacophorid ever published : a gliding rhacophorus nigropalmatus from alfred russell wallace ' s 1869 the malay archipelago . wallace wrote about this species and illustrated it in his notes ( he didn ' t discover it though - that honour goes to charles hose ) .\ntapley , b . 2009 . aspects of captive husbandry of taylor\u2019s bug - eyed frog , theloderma stellatum ( taylor , 1962 ) . herpetological bulletin 108 , 31 - 33 .\nthis is the flying frog of borneo , mentioned by evolutionary biologist alfred russel wallace in his 19th century book on the malay archipelago . this emerald green frog is easy to recognize : the big eyes are pale yellow ; the hands and feet are huge and appear oversized . there is bright yellow color along arms and legs , contrasting with the black webbing . fingers and toes terminate in large adhesive pads .\na master falconer shows how his bird protects valuable u . s . crops ( hbo )\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\ndo they really fly ? when a predator threatens them or when they are looking for prey , wallace\u2019s flying frogs will leap from a branch . the membranes ( thin layer of skin ) between their toes and the loose skin flaps on their sides help them glide , sometimes 50 feet or more . their toe pads help provide a soft landing , and also help them stick to tree trunks .\nsize of adults : up to 90 mm in males , 100 mm snout - vent length in females . the largest tree frog on borneo .\nholotype specimen of philautus maia , showing eggs preserved in contact with ventral surface . did this frog really carry its eggs around like this ? illustration from g\u00fcnther ( 1876 ) .\nhertwig , s . t . , lilje , k . e . , min , p . y . , haas , a . & das , i . 2012 . molecular evidence for direct development in the rhacophorid frog , philautus acutus ( rhacophoridae , anura ) from borneo . the raffles bulletin of zoology 60 , 559 - 567 .\nbyrne , p . g . & whiting , m . j . 2011 . effects of simultaneous polyandry on offspring fitness in an african tree frog . behavioral ecology 22 , 385 - 391 .\nlittle is known about the habits of this frog because it lives high up in the canopy of primary lowland rainforest . it comes down from the trees to reproduce in forest ponds such as pig wallows .\nwallace\u2019s flying frog and the other gliding rhacophorus species are pretty remarkable . they\u2019re very big compared to most other members of the group , svls being 90 - 100 mm in females and 80 - 90 mm in males . their fully webbed hands and feet are enormous , but they also have flaps of skin \u2013 winglets , if you like \u2013 on the arms and legs , and sometimes on the body . glides of more than 15 m have been recorded . exactly how many rhacophorus species are true gliders is uncertain : the ability is confirmed for just a handful of species but more may have it ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . several smaller ones ( including r . angulirostris , r . cyanopunctatus and r . gauni ) have only partial digital webbing and either lack those skin flaps or only have small versions .\nthe outsides of these foam nests dry to form a hard crust , thereby protecting the eggs within . however , monkeys , snakes and other predators will break into the nests and eat the eggs if they can . most surprisingly , fornasini\u2019s spiny reed frog afrixalus fornasini ( a member of hyperoliidae ) is a documented foam nest predator , though it can only eat from the nest before the foam has dried ( channing 2001 ) .\nmakes a long , low final approach to the ground in order to slow down and make a smooth landing . special bones help the frog snugly press the tiny suction pads on feet and toes against the surface of a tree , giving it a firm grip for landing .\nepisode 2 of david attenborough ' s conquest of the skies appeared on tv the other day , and i watched it ( in fact , i livetweeted throughout , mostly because i wanted to talk about their portrayal of pterosaurs and mesozoic theropods ) .\ngrosjean , s . , delorme , m . , dubois , a . & ohler , a . 2008 . evolution of reproduction in the rhacophoridae ( amphibia , anura ) . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 462 , 169 - 176 .\n- . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , schneider , c . j . & pethiyagoda , r . 2007 . new species amongst sri lanka\u2019s extinct shrub frogs ( amphibia : rhacophoridae : philautus ) . zootaxa 1397 , 1 - 15 .\nthis flying frog is about 90 - 100 mm in total length , with distinct large eyes . the tympanum is prominent , at 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the eye diameter . snout is rounded and is not projected outward . head is as broad as it is long , sometimes slightly broader . finger tips are expanded into large , oval discs with third finger wider than tympanum ( berry 1975 ) . hands and feet are fully webbed . toes discs are smaller than finger discs . there is an oval inner metatarsal tubercle present while the outer metatarsal tubercle is absent . no supratympanic fold is present ( berry 1975 ) .\nimages of the juvenile and the perching adult \u00a9 kurt - hock ping guek . metamorphs and juveniles look dramatically different from the adults . note that the webbing in the juvenile appears less extensive than the hand webbing of the adult . this might indicate a different microhabitat and different predation pressure in juveniles . flying adult from below by \u00a9 ch ' ien lee .\nrecords from northern thailand , lao people ' s democratic republic , viet nam and china are tentatively referred to rhacophorus reinwardtii for the purposes of this assessment , but further taxonomic work is needed . previously , r . maximus , r . dennysii and r . feae were considered to be subspecies of r . nigropalmatus .\na nice illustration of this is provided by meegaskumbura et al . \u2019s ( 2002 ) documentation of more than 100 new rhacophorid species on sri lanka alone ( just 18 sri lankan rhacophorid species were known prior to their work ) , a discovery that makes sri lanka on par with madagascar , new guinea and borneo in terms of anuran diversity .\nrhacophorids are sometimes called flying frogs , shrub frogs , bush frogs , moss frogs , old world treefrogs , or afro - asian treefrogs , and occur across sub - saharan africa , china , much of tropical asia , japan , the philippines and sulawesi . about 380 species are recognised as of early 2015 . the last time i wrote about this group \u2013 december 2008 \u2013 this number was more like 290 , so the rate at which new species are discovered and named is pretty impressive .\nhaas , a . , hertwig , s . t . , krings , w . , braskamp , e . , dehling , j . m . , min , p . y . , jankowski , a . , schweizer , m . & das , i . 2012 . description of three rhacophorus tadpoles ( lissamphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) from sarawak , malaysia ( borneo ) . zootaxa 3328 , 1 - 19 .\nthe latter is most developed in the grotesque rough treefrog theloderma horridum of thailand , peninsula malaysia and borneo . indeed , this is one of several species ( most of which belong to theloderma ) that resemble moss or bark in external texture and colour [ adjacent photos of t . corticale by steven g . johnson and v\u00e1clav gvo\u017ed\u00edk ] . t . asperum \u2013 patterned in brownish and pale blotches \u2013 superficially resembles a bird dropping and is sometimes called the bird poop frog . vocal sacs are absent in some taxa ( like nyctixalus ) but big and obvious in others .\nexternal appearance is variable in rhacophorids . for all their fame as \u2018flying frogs\u2019 , it has to be said that the vast majority look \u2013 to those unenlightened in anuran diversity \u2013 like standard \u2018treefrogs\u2019 . they\u2019re generally small ( svls of 40 mm or less ) , wide - headed , big - eyed frogs with expanded digit - tips and a ( normally ) prominent tympanum . many are smooth - skinned but spiny tubercles cover the skin in some taxa , and others are notably warty , with a rough , bumpy skin that aids camouflage .\nthen there are those rhacophorids that manufacture arboreal foam nests [ adjacent nest photos by alpsdake and brian gratwicke ] . the females exude a secretion that they ( and their male partners ) whip up with their legs to form a foam clump that\u2019s attached to leaves , branches or aerial roots . it seems that the production of this secretion is quite costly and that a female needs to take a break and re - hydrate herself by soaking up standing water before she can complete a single nest .\nthis strategy is present in the afro - asian foam - nest frogs chiromantis , most rhacophorus species , and members of polypedates . in some species \u2013 most famously the grey foam nest treefrog c . xerampelina of south - eastern africa \u2013 large numbers of these frogs sometimes choose to nest in the same place , meaning that branches or aerial roots can be festooned with whole lines of dripping foam nests . actually , it isn\u2019t just that the frogs \u2018choose\u2019 to nest in the same place \u2013 males will deliberately get in on the action if they see a pair working to make a nest , and the result is that single egg clutches are invariably fertilised by more than one male . byrne & whiting ( 2011 ) showed that this multiple paternity \u2013 technically , it\u2019s simultaneous polyandry \u2013 assists in the survival of the resulting offspring , so it\u2019s certainly in the interests of females to solicit as much male attention as possible during these breeding events . [ photos below by brian gratwicke , kapenta and chintan sheth . ]\nthe great paradox is that amphibians are in chronic global decline at the same time , and many species can no longer be located at all . despite meegaskumbura et al . \u2019s ( 2002 ) 100 + new rhacophorid species , they were unable to find many that had been described in the 19th century , a discovery which implies that the species concerned have gone extinct . as you should also know , amphibian species are currently being \u2018lost\u2019 on a regular and worrying basis \u2013 we don\u2019t talk of a \u2018global amphibian crisis\u2019 for nothing .\nthis flying frog is about 90 - 100 mm in total length , with distinct large eyes . the tympanum is prominent , at 1 / 2 to 2 / 3 of the eye diameter . snout is rounded and is not projected outward . head is as broad as it is long , sometimes slightly broader . finger tips are expanded into large , oval discs with third finger wider than tympanum ( berry 1975 ) . hands and feet are fully webbed . toes discs are smaller than finger discs . there is an oval inner metatarsal tubercle present while the outer metatarsal tubercle is absent . no supratympanic fold is present ( berry 1975 ) . skin is smooth or finely granulated above , coarsely granulated below except smooth on the throat . a broad flap of skin on outer edge of forearm and tarsus , and another is at the heel and above the vent . a narrow flap on the inner edge of the arm is present ( berry 1975 ) . body color is shiny green with minute white markings and a couple large white patches on the thighs . the flanks , the inside of the thighs , and the undersurfaces of the body are yellow . the interdigital membranes are jet black at the base . these membranes are yellow and veined with black towards the border . the upper surfaces of toes on to four are yellow . ventral surface of the head and body is whitish ( berry 1975 ) .\na really interesting thing that\u2019s been noted for rheophilous tadpoles is that their limb development seems to be offset , time - wise , relative to the condition in related , non - rheophilous species . this is presumably an evolutionary response to the fact that developing hindlimbs might affect their streamlining and ability to cling to rocks in fast - flowing water . they also keep sucker - like mouths and other features for longer than do other tadpoles ( nodzenski & inger 1990 ) . accordingly , it can be difficult to say reliable things about their age and estimated metamorphic stage .\n- . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de s\u00e1 , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . 2006 . the amphibian tree of life . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 297 , 1 - 370 .\nfinally , there are yet other rhacophorids where egg clumps are laid in arboreal settings , but not in foam nests . in some theloderma species , egg clumps are laid in water - filled tree hollows , and the tadpoles complete their development here . in captivity , these frogs will lay their egg clumps attached to the bark , just above the hollow , the hatching tadpoles then dropping into the water ( tapley 2009 ) . oh , there are also a few foam - nesting rhacophorus species that lay their eggs in tree hollows , the most famous of which is r . vampyrus from vietnam ( after hatching inside a foam nest , the tadpoles drop into a water - filled tree hollow ) . this species saw international stardom a couple of years ago when it was revealed that the tadpoles have black , hooked fangs on the lower jaw that \u2013it ' s presumed \u2013 are used when feeding on unfertilised eggs provided by their mother : these tadpoles , it seems , practise obligate oophagy , eating r . vampyrus eggs and nothing else ( vassilieva et al . 2013 ) .\nwhen threatened or in search of prey , they will leap from a branch and splay their four webbed feet . the membranes between their toes and loose skin flaps on their sides catch the air as they fall , helping them to glide , sometimes 50 feet or more , to a neighboring tree branch or even all the way to the ground . they also have oversized toe pads to help them land softly and stick to tree trunks .\nthey are generally bright green with yellow sides and grow to about 4 inches . they survive mainly on insects .\nwe tried amazon key . the strangers it let in our door wasn ' t the worst part .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmating takes place on the ground , during the night . females produce liquid substance and stir it with hind legs until it becomes foamy .\nwhen embryonic development completes , foamy nests fall apart and tadpoles fall directly into the water where they can finish metamorphosis and turn into adult frogs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from mainland southeast asia with certainty from the thai - malay peninsula from ranong south to endau - rompin ( taylor , 1962 and berry , 1975 ) , from borneo from eastern sabah south to southeastern kalimantan and west to central sarawak , and also from sumatra , in indonesia . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest , especially in areas between known sites . it occurs up to 600m asl .\nit is generally a rarely encountered species ; this is because it is only seen when it comes down from the trees to its breeding aggregations where it can be locally common ( grandison , 1972 and dring , 1979 ) .\nit is found typically in primary evergreen rainforest , but it has also been found in old shifting cultivation , but not in open areas . breeding aggregations form in vegetation near forest pools , descending from higher strata in the forest to breed at rain pools , and also animal wallows , and usually egg masses are attached to low vegetation overhanging these pools .\ndeforestation and further degradation of rainforest habitat constitute the most significant threats . there is small - scale pet trade of this species , but this is not considered a threat .\nit occurs in a number of protected areas . safeguarding the integrity of protected areas is a primary objective .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nberry , p . y . ( 1975 ) . the amphibian fauna of peninsular malaysia . tropical press , kuala lumpur .\njurgen , f . , richter , c . , and jacob , u . ( 1988 ) . atlas of reptiles and amphibians for the terrarium . tfh publications , neptune , n . j .\nhabitat ranges from trees , bushes , palms , etc . in primary rain forests and logged rain forests . can be found at elevations ranging from 700 to 1800 feet ( berry 1975 ) .\nbefore mating , the female produces a fluid that she beats into a foam with her hind legs . she then lays her eggs in this bubble nest , at the same time the male fertilizes the eggs with his sperm . the egg nest is then hung over a source of water . when the embryos inside the eggs have developed into tadpoles , the nest falls apart . the young fall into the water and begin life as tadpoles . it is important that the tadpoles don ' t drop onto dry surface , if so the tadpoles will simply dry out and die ( pakcenter 1999 ) .\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nreproduction : female produces fluid and converts it into a foam nest by the beating action of her hind legs . she then lays her eggs into the foam nest and at that time the male fertilizes these eggs . the nest is made on branches or leaves above the water . when the embryos inside the eggs have developed into tadpoles , the nest deteriorates and the larvae drop into the water . larvae live in the water until metamorphosis is completed ( richter & jacob 1988 ) .\nare large , its limbs are very long , and its fingers and toes are webbed right to the tips . together with a fringe of skin stretching between the limbs , this\ncan parachute to the forest floor from high in the trees where it is normally found .\n( amphibia , anura ) : identity of red - webbed forms and description of a new species from assam .\n. version of 2005 - jun - 29 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 22 .\n. version of 2003 - apr - 12 . retrieved 2007 - jun - 22 .\nvan dijk , p . p . ; iskandar , d . & inger , r .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\naccording to inger & stuebing ( 2005 ) the tadpole grows up to 50 mm in total length . it has a conspicuously spotted tail and a grayish color on head and trunk . tadpoles are most often found in turbid , muddy water , as it is characteristic for pig and rhino wallows . tadpoles hatch from a foam nest attached to overhanging vegetation or to the mud banks .\ncladogram from meegaskumbura et al . ( 2002 ) , the sri lankan taxa being shown in blue . note the huge number of species that had not been named when this study was published .\nand , yes , more than 100 new species announced in a single paper . if we look at the discovery record of various of the rhacophorid lineages , we see that \u2013 for example \u2013 43 new species of raorchestes , 30 new species of rhacophorus , and 51 new species of pseudophilautus have been named since 2000 . . . 9 new raorchestes species were named in 2014 alone ( frost 2014 ) . as should be well known , the number of recognised amphibian species has sky - rocketed in recent years , and this really is because of newly discovered species , not just the result of splitting , taxonomic elevation of subspecies , or the recognition of cryptic species that can only be distinguished genetically .\nit has to be said that some rhacophorids are not really all that remarkable when compared to , say , familiar ranid frogs . this montage shows tadpoles and an adult of rhacophorus arboreus . however , this species is a foam nester , on which see below . tadpole photo at lower left by \u03c364 , other photos by alpsdake . all cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\nspecialised reproductive strategies are widespread across these frogs , and some of the techniques they use mean that they don\u2019t have to come down to the ground to breed . some ( like some philautus species ) stick their eggs to the undersides of leaves above the ground and some philautus species ( like p . mjobergi ) have been reported to be nepenthiphilous \u2013 that is , to lay their eggs inside pitcher plants . while some frogs definitely are nepenthiphilous , the only alleged rhacophorid eggs discovered inside a pitcher plant and subjected to molecular testing turned out to be from the microhylid species microhyla borneensis ( hertwig et al . 2012 ) . [ photo below by katja rembold . ]\nfrogs belonging to several lineages are documented as users of pitcher plants ( this photo shows a heterixalus inside a dead nepenthes madagascariensis . heterixalus is a hyperoliid , not a rhacophorid ) . it has been claimed that rhacophorids of several species use pitchers in this way , but the cases are either controversial or turned out to be erroneous . photo by katja rembold , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .\nthose philautus eggs , by the way , don\u2019t produce free - swimming tadpoles : philautus species are direct developers , which means that the embryos change to froglets within the eggs , a free - living tadpole phase being absent ( the developing embryos are lecithotrophic or endotrophic , meaning that they depend on a yolk store ) . direct development is also the case in pseudophilautus and raorchestes .\nwhile ( as just mentioned ) some of these direct developers stick their eggs to leaves that are alive and well above ground - level , others come down to the ground and lay their eggs beneath dead leaves . meegaskumbara et al . ( 2007 ) said that these ground - breeding species \u201cdeposit their eggs in nests excavated on the forest floor\u201d ( p . 9 ) . waitaminute \u2013 frogs excavating nests ? really ? i have to look into this . . .\nrhacophorid foam nests in asia and africa . at left : nests of rhacophorus arboreus in japan , photo by alpsdake , cc by 3 . 0 . at right : chiromantis rufescens foam nest in gabon , photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0\nmontage of chiromantis and kin . at left : c rufescens ( photo by brian gratwicke , cc by 2 . 0 ) . top right : c . xerampelina ( image by kapenta , cc by - sa 4 . 0 ) . lower right : feihyla vittata ( photo by chintan sheth , in public domain ) . the feihyla species were once included within chiromantis but have since been recovered in several alternative placements in molecular phylogenies .\npolypedates leucomystax pair in amplexus . i think i spot some subtle sexual dimorphism . image taken in java , indonesia , by w . a . djatmiko , cc by - sa 3 . 0\nthe eggs hatch inside the clump , the tadpoles dropping into the stream or pool ( sometimes originally formed by rhinos or pigs ) below after several days . polypedates leucomystax bucks the trend by sometimes making foam nests on the ground ( inger & stuebing 2005 ) . [ adjacent photo by w . a . djatmiko ] . it seems that foam - nesting evolved just once within rhacophorids , since all foam - nesters belong to a single clade ( frost et al . 2006 , grosjean et al . 2008 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) .\nfoam - nester tadpoles are ectotrophic : free - swimming and completing development outside the egg , and often with a schooling habit . some live in muddy pools and are of typical , non - specialised morphology . others ( like those of rhacophorus penanorum ) are specialised stream - dwellers with streamlined bodies , sucker - like mouths and elongate , muscular tails . these tadpoles are rheophilous ( associated with fast - flowing streams ) and inhabit rocky pools that are sometimes also home to megophrys / xenophrys spadefoot tadpoles and ansonia toad tadpoles ( haas et al . 2012 ) .\namazing ' vampire tadpoles ' of rhacophorus vampyrus . ( a ) schematic view of tadpole as seen from the front , ( b ) photo of the real thing . image from vassilieva et al . ( 2013 ) .\nfinally finally , the possibility exists that a completely unique reproductive strategy was present in a species that now seems to be extinct . the holotype female specimen of\n, collected on sri lanka prior to 1876 , had a disc - shaped mass of eggs attached to its belly , raising the possibility that members of this species carried their eggs around with them ( g\u00fcnther 1876 ) . alas , meegaskumbura\n. ( 2007 ) discussed how unlikely this proposal was , concluding that a more plausible possibility is that the individual concerned was collected while in the process of laying and positioning her egg clutch on a leaf . alas , only further observations can establish the \u2018truth\u2019 and . . . sadly ,\ncentury discovery and the present . don\u2019t forget : global . amphibian . crisis .\nfinally , where do rhacophorids fit within the anuran radiation ? molecular studies find them to be close to ranidae , the familiar neobatrachian clade that includes european water frogs , brown frogs , the american bullfrog , leopard frogs and so many others ( frost et al . 2006 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) . they\u2019re clearly not at all close to hylid treefrogs ( hylids are part of the same clade as glassfrogs , toads and kin ) . i also need to say that a huge amount of work \u2013 scarcely any of which is cited in the article you\u2019re reading now \u2013 has recently been devoted to the in - group relationships of rhacophoridae , several conventional \u2018genera\u2019 being the subject of substantial disagreement due to proposals that they might be paraphyletic or polyphyletic . at the risk of elaborating further , i must stop here . oh , i seem to have blogged about anurans again .\nchanning , a . 2001 . amphibians of central and southern africa . cornell university press , ithaca and london .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1876 . note on the mode of propagation of some ceylonese tree - frogs , with description of two new species . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 17 , 377 - 380 .\ninger , r . f . & stuebing , r . b . 2005 . a field guide of the frogs of borneo . natural history publications ( borneo ) , kota kinabalu .\nmeegaskumbura , m . , bossuyt , f . , pethiyagoda , r . , manamendra - arachchi , k . , bahir , m . , milinkovitch , m . c . & schneider , c . j . 2002 . sri lanka : an amphibian hotspot . science 298 , 379 .\nnodzenski , e . & inger , r . f . 1990 . uncoupling of related structural changes in metamorphosing torrent - dwelling tadpoles . copeia 1990 , 1047 - 1054 .\npyron , a . r . & wiens , j . j . 2011 . a large - scale phylogeny of amphibia including over 2800 species , and a revised classification of extant frogs , salamanders , and caecilians . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 61 , 543 - 583 .\nvassilieva , a . , galoyan , e . & poyarkov , n . 2013 . rhacophorus vampyrus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) reproductive biology : a new type of oophagous tadpole in asian treefrogs . journal of herpetology 47 , 607 - 614 .\ndarren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nwould this diet \u201cbug\u201d you ? these frogs eat only insects , and at the zoo , they are fed crickets .\ndon abbey ( author ) , michigan state university , james harding ( editor ) , michigan state university .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nfound in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nto cite this page : abbey , d . 2000 .\nrhacophorus nigropalmatus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nskin is smooth or finely granulated above , coarsely granulated below except smooth on the throat . a broad flap of skin on outer edge of forearm and tarsus , and another is at the heel and above the vent . a narrow flap on the inner edge of the arm is present ( berry 1975 ) .\nbody color is shiny green with minute white markings and a couple large white patches on the thighs . the flanks , the inside of the thighs , and the undersurfaces of the body are yellow . the interdigital membranes are jet black at the base . these membranes are yellow and veined with black towards the border . the upper surfaces of toes on to four are yellow . ventral surface of the head and body is whitish ( berry 1975 ) .\njurgen , f . , richter , c . , and jacob , u . ( 1988 ) .\nsunny shah and rachna tiwari ( sunnys at uclink . berkeley . edu ) , amphibiaweb\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , non - commercial , share alike cc by - nc - sa licence .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi , the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) ."]}
{"id": 562, "summary": [{"text": "the wels catfish ( / \u02c8w\u025bls / or / \u02c8v\u025bls / ; silurus glanis ) , also called sheatfish , is a large species of catfish native to wide areas of central , southern , and eastern europe , in the basins of the baltic , black , and caspian seas .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it has been introduced to western europe as a sport fish and is now found from the united kingdom all the way east to kazakhstan and china and south to greece and turkey .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is a scaleless freshwater fish recognizable by its broad , flat head and wide mouth .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "wels catfish can live for at least fifty years . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "wels catfish", "paragraphs": ["a wels catfish attacks jeremy wade , giving him the information he was after : will a wels catfish attack a human ? apparently so .\nregardless , ferrari ' s fish is one of the biggest wels catfish recorded in recent history .\nfor more information about catfish species and groups , see bullhead ; candiru ; corydoras ; electric catfish ; madtom ; wels . the catfish is also important in aquaculture .\nthe wels catfish was put in a sling and weighed out at 280 pounds . photo is from the sportex italia facebook page\nrecently , wels catfish have been spotted in non - native habitats lunging out of the water to grab pigeons on land .\nbritton jr , pegg j , sedwick r , page r . investigating the catch returns and growth rate of wels catfish ,\nbut if there ' s an epicenter of wels catfishing , it is surely northern spain ' s river ebro . wels catfish were introduced here in 1974 and promptly went wild , growing at a phenomenal rate .\njeremy wade shows just how deadly the monstrous wels catfish can be . whatever goes into that mouth is not coming back out !\ndino ferrari hooked the huge wels catfish , which was 2 . 67m in length , last week in the po delta in italy\nmr ferrari ( pictured ) poses with his monster catch . wels catfish can grow as long as 13ft and weigh up to 62st\naccording to fish biologist and national geographic explorer zeb hogan , the animal is a wels catfish , the largest freshwater fish in europe .\ndino ferrari hooked the huge wels catfish , which was 2 . 67m in length , last week in the po delta in italy .\na wels natural diet consists of crayfish , frogs , fish , small mammals and ducklings .\none of the largest - living catfish species , the wels catfish has been recorded at a 5 metre length , although this record is doubtful and sightings today of fish this size are rare .\nvoracious predatory habits make the wels catfish a serious threat to populations of native vertebrates . water quality may also be reduced through drastic trophic alterations .\nafter weighing the wels catfish , dino and dario ferrari released the beast back into the po delta . photo is from the sportex italia facebook page\nmarket - size usda 103 catfish ready for harvest . this new variety grows faster than other catfish .\nwalking catfish - [ clarias batrachus - also hybrids with c . gareipinus , north african sharptooth catfish ]\nwels catfish are one of the few large species of freshwater fish that aren ' t endangered , hogan says . ( learn more about megafish . )\nmany other eurasian invaders arrived in ballast water , but the wels is more likely to arrive by another route . federal regulations do nothing to prevent shipping wels into the country , meaning there is no legal means of preventing wels catfish from arriving in the u . s . for use in the pet trade , fish farms , or live food markets .\nany wels catfish bigger than 6 . 5 feet is considered extremely rare . this one was 8 . 8 feet . photo from the sportex italia facebook page\nwels catfish can be distinguished from other european catfish by 6 long barbels under the lower jaw , a scaleless mucous - coated elongated body and very small dorsal fin ( britton et al . , 2010 ) .\nthe wels catfish can live for thirty years and live off annelid worms , gastropods , insects , crustaceans and fish including other catfish ; the larger ones also eat frogs , mice , rats , and even ducks .\nlocal concern : voracious predatory habits make the wels catfish a serious threat to populations of native vertebrates . water quality may also be reduced through drastic trophic alterations .\nthe wels catfish , also called sheatfish , is native to wide areas of central , southern , and eastern europe , and near the baltic and caspian seas .\nthe opinions of fishermen on the wels are diverse . many are excited about the growing population and are upgrading their equipment - - in order to catch the wels catfish , you need an extremely heavy fishing rod and large pieces of bait . but many traditional fishermen hate the wels . as soon as it appears on the scene , populations of native species seem to drop .\na large , brown catfish , differing from most other catfish by having a long , eel - like tail .\nwels catfish look extremely different to any other coarse fish found within the uk , their elongated body , large head , small eyes and six whiskers are a sure sign of a catfish . wels have a mottled creamy colouring of olive and bronze which covers most of the fish except for its underside which is pale yellow or white .\nthere is a large and growing ornamental fish trade , with hundreds of species of catfish , especially the genus corydoras , being a popular component of many aquariums . these are commonly known as cory ' s . other catfish commonly found in the aquarium trade are armored suckermouth catfish , banjo catfish , talking catfish , and long - whiskered catfish .\nthe british record fish committee unfortunately stopped accepting record claims for wels catfish and closed the record list ( see above ) , this followed a period of illegal fish smuggling into england from mainland europe , during which some claims were submitted citing fisheries with no known history of wels catfish being present . the european record for the wels catfish is 316lb 8oz ( that\u2019s an incredible 144kg & 2 . 78m long ) , ironically caught from the river po in italy where they were also introduced as an alien species .\nrod manufacturer sportex italia , which sponsors mr ferrari , claimed that the 2 . 67m wels catfish was a world record size to be caught with its torpedo spinning rod .\naccording to a british wels catfish website , they have hundreds \u201cvelcro - like teeth\u201d used to hold prey before passing food to \u201ccrushing pads\u201d at the back of the throat .\nthe wels catfish , which can reach nine feet long and weigh more than 200 pounds , is one of seven animals were recently added to michigan\u2019s list of prohibited species .\nwalking catfish has been introduced in the freshwaters of florida , with these voracious catfish becoming a major alien pest there .\nthe wels catfish s . glanis is part of the family siluridae , a group of freshwater fish native to europe , asia and africa . there are 100 species from 12 genera in the family . there are 18 silurus species , of which two are native to europe : wels catfish and aristotles catfish ( s . aristotelis ) . wels catfish is the largest fish out of the order siluriformes and can attain a maximum length of 500 cm , although it more commonly reaches 300 cm . it is the largest - bodied european freshwater fish ( copp et al . , 2009 ) .\ncatfishes range in size from a few inches to a few feet . the one ferrari caught is reportedly a wels catfish , which can get up to 15 feet long , making this 8 . 75 - foot long catfish barely above average . we ' re seeing reports that the biggest wels could be anywhere from more than 300 pounds up to 660 .\nthe wels catfish is the second - largest freshwater fish in its region , ranking behind the beluga sturgeon . the largest beluga sturgeon on record is reportedly 3 , 463 pounds .\nwels catfish are aggressive predators , however , and they ' ll eat pretty much anything they can fit in their cavernous maws . other popular baits include live and dead carp .\nrecently , another newcomer has emerged in the rhine : the goby , hardly the size of a finger , was first found in the river in 2008 and has expanded similarly to the wels catfish . the rhine fishermen society is calling it\none of the most dramatic changes in the rhine fauna that has ever been documented .\nthe wels catfish love gobies . the tiny creatures like hanging out on the riverbed , making easy prey for predator fish . whether the goby is partially responsible for the wels catfish expansion is still unclear .\n\u2191 catfish billy ' s big cat diaries . 2007 . exploring the catfish ' s senses retrieved january 4 , 2007 .\nblue catfish - [ ictalurus furcatus ] the largest mississippi catfish and the second best north american catfish for eating , after the closely related channel catfish . details & cooking . illustration by u . s . fish and wildlife service = public domain .\nitalian fisherman dino ferrari with his 280 - pound wels catfish from the po delta . it might be a world record on rod and reel . photo from the sportex italia facebook page\nthe po river and delta are known for massive wels catfish , but anything bigger than 6 . 5 feet is considered extremely rare , and this one measured 8 . 8 feet .\nit was found in the po delta , which is known for having the perfect living conditions for giant wels to flourish .\nbut mr feltham , 52 , said he was now convinced that nessie was a wels catfish - a giant fearsome fish that can grow as long as 13ft and up to 62 stone .\nvirtually all wels catfishing in europe is catch - and - release , and a fish this size will almost never be kept .\nthe wels catfish was introduced to britain , italy , spain , greece and some other countries during the last century . the species has flourished in the warm lakes and rivers of southern europe . the river danube , river po in italy and the river ebro in spain are famous for huge wels catfish , which grow up to 2 metres . these habitats contain plenty of food and lack natural predators .\ncatfish are raised in warm climates , are inexpensive , and are safe food for the local grocers . the most popular catfish in florida is the channel fish ; the second most desired is the white catfish .\ncatfish have a sweet , mild flesh which makes them important as food fish throughout the world . blue catfish and bullheads ( ictalurids ) are cultivated in north america ( especially in the deep south , with mississippi being the largest domestic catfish producer . airbreathing catfish ( clariids ) and shark catfish ( pangasiidae ) are heavily cultured in africa and asia .\n, sheatfish or wels catfish , is native to eastern europe and asia . it has been introduced to several other areas including germany , france , spain , england , greece , turkey and the netherlands .\nwels catfish are carriers of viral pathogens ; spring viraemia of carp ( svc ) and european sheatfish virus ( esv ) , which may adversely impact native fish including salmonids and amphibians . wels catfish are also hosts of specialist parasites such as trichodina siluri , myxobolus miyarii , leptorhynchoides plagicephalus and pseudotracheliastes stellifer which may be detrimental to native fish survival ( copp et al . 2009 ; copp et al . 2010 ) .\nbritton jr , pegg j , 2007 . investigating the catch returns and growth rate of wels catfish ( siluris glanis ) , using mark - recapture . fisheries management and ecology , 14 : 263 - 268 .\nthe u . k . mirror reported that ferrari ' s fish could possibly be the world ' s biggest wels catfish caught with a rod and reel , though records of this sort are difficult to confirm .\nwels , large , voracious catfish of the family siluridae , native to large rivers and lakes from central europe to western asia . one of the largest catfishes , as well as one of the largest of european freshwater fishes , the wels attains a length of about 4 . 5 m ( 15 feet ) and a weight of 300 kg ( 660\u2026\n\u2191 catfish billy ' s big cat diaries . 2007 . exploring the catfish ' s senses . big cat diaries retrieved january 11 , 2007 .\nthis large and powerful fish is becoming more popular with international anglers as internet tales and photographs of monster wels keep trickling out of europe .\nwels catfish have an elongated scaleless body , a large head , tiny eyes , and a powerful forebody with a laterally compressed tail . the cavernous mouth has hundreds of rows of very small , gripping teeth on both its top and bottom jaws . the wels catfish has six barbules : those on the upper jaw are carried straight in front to detect prey , whilst the four shorter ones on the lower jaw hang straight down .\nunlike earlier invaders , the wels is a top predator that eats other fish and even birds . type \u201ccatfish eats pigeons\u201d into a search engine if you want proof . in their native waters large specimens have become scarce .\nin the uk , wels catfish are non - native and therefore require an ilfa ( introduction of live fish act ) license for introduction as part of regulatory legislation control and enforcement . according to hickley and chare ( 2004 ) , recreational fishing and aquaculture are the predominant introductory pathways for s . glanis . unregulated activities , both intentional and accidental , from recreational fishing and flooding spates from lakes are of concern with recent reports of wels catfish in river great ouse and river thames in the uk from the catfish conservation group .\nthe cannibalistic wels catfish , also known as the sheatfish , is native to europe and can grow as long as 13ft and up to 62st - but it is exceedingly rare to catch one that is over two metres long .\nin the 1860\u2019s , in anticipation of the possible use of wels catfish to feed the masses ,\nthe times\nnewspaper suggested that the fish was\nthe most important animal introduction since the bringing of the turkey\n, describing the flesh as\nveal with a rich eel - like flavour , superior to salmon .\nhowever , the use of the wels catfish as a food source does not appear to have been as successful as was anticipated .\nthe wels catfish never played much of a role in our waters ,\nstaas says .\nthat has changed .\nhe suspects human activity may be behind the boom , in the form of uncontrolled releases . manuel lankau , biologist with the westphalia fishermen ' s association , agrees .\nit ' s highly possible that the wels catfish has spread because of fish stocking policies , and that in recent years the diverse populations have coalesced .\ncatfish , which have a sweet , mild flesh , are important as food fish throughout the world . ictalurids are cultivated in north america ( especially in the deep south , with mississippi being the largest domestic catfish producer ) . [ 25 ] in the southeastern united states , catfish are an extremely popular food . the fish , mostly channel catfish and blue catfish , are found in most waterways in the region . a favorite catfish dish is breaded with cornmeal and fried .\nnothing is known about home range sizes or patterns of movement in these catfish .\ncatfish can become very tired after a lengthy battle , always ensure that the catfish is fully rested before its release . to do this , suspend the catfish in the water until it has recovered enough to swim away under its own steam .\ncatfish have well developed sensory organs , with many such organs covering their bodies .\na post about the biggest catfish records has been well - liked by readers .\nthey also eat other catfish and may have eaten breeding females over time .\nwels catfish have been known to grow up to 15 feet ( 4 . 6 meters ) long and reach sizes of 300 to 660 pounds , depending on the source . they can live for decades , possibly as long as 80 years .\na very strong rod is required when in pursuit of wels catfish , a rod with a 3lb test curve or above is highly recommended , although a heavy duty carp rod of 2 3 / 4 lb would be sufficient for small cats .\nfor all those crazy guys who go \u2018noodling\u2019 for catfish and stick their arms down the fish\u2019s throat ! ! this would be \u2018all the catfish you can eat . \u2019\nas a starting point you can aim to look for likely features that the catfish may inhabit or patrol , such as their lairs ( see habitat ) but it is known that catfish will actively hunt and will follow both scent trails and transmissions from injured fish . so providing that your baits are well presented and attractive to the catfish , there is a good chance that a hungry wels will find your bait .\ncatfish range in size and behaviour from the heaviest , the giant mekong catfish in southeast asia and the longest , the wels catfish of eurasia . the average size of the species is about 1 . 2 metres to 1 . 6 metres , and fish more than 2 metres are very rare . the largest specimens on record measure more than 2 . 5 metres in length and sometimes exceed 100 kilograms in weight .\nthis opportunity is greater than ever before . the population of wels catfish , also known as sheatfish , is rapidly expanding in germany . the fish can grow up to be three meters ( 10 feet ) long , weigh up to 150 kilograms ( 330 pounds ) and live as long as 80 years . fishermen say the wels population has been increasing at a swift pace , and researchers are puzzled by the sudden boom .\nthe addition of wels catfish in recreational catch and release fisheries is likely to have a beneficial revenue effect . however , consideration must be given to the economic costs that are likely to arise from management control policies with the removal of s . glanis from unlicensed waters ; monitoring , removal costs and challenges in recapturing demersal species . removal of wels catfish from unlicensed lakes appears to be a priority for the environment agency in england and wales , although how successful these measures are in practice has yet to be ascertained .\nwels catfish are rumored to reach 15 feet and upwards of 600 pounds . bringing them to shore is hot work . yes , this woman is topless . maybe she was sunbathing when the fish hit ( europeans see these things differently than we do ) .\nmany species of catfish in the wild spawn once a year , with sexual maturity reached from three to five years . in catfish farms , the average time for maturity decreases .\noh , and i wanted to add : the wels in england ( where they were also introduced by man ) are only very very small compared to those at continental europe . this is probably a result of the climate , as its growth is highly dependent from temperature . the english record from 1997 was only a meager wels of 62lb ( 28 . 123 kilo\u2019s ) , and this is already exceptional big for england . so it is hard to imagine that there were any serious injuries caused by english wels .\nitalian fisherman dino ferrari , an expert at catching big wels catfish , outdid himself on thursday when he landed an enormous 280 - pounder in the po delta , a part of the famous po river , the longest river in italy at more than 400 miles .\nposter - pm - 9350 wels catfish european freshwater silurus glanis showing whiskers pat morris please note that prints are for personal display purposes only and may not be reproduced in anyway . contact details : prints @ urltoken tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 8672 2067\nthe wels catfish was first successfully introduced into the uk over 130 years ago by the duke of bedford who stocked 70 of them into his now famous lakes at woburn abbey in bedfordshire . we still consider wels catfish as rarities in britain , although their distribution is increasing every year and there are now catfish waters in nearly every county in england . for a time it was certainly true that the majority of the uk waters were within 50 miles of woburn abbey , however there was a big increase in numbers of catfish coming into the uk in the late 1990s when fish farmers and dealers starting importing cats from mainland europe with the vast majority of those coming from croatia . since then as fisheries have matured and stocks have been managed this had led to a steady if not huge availability of catfish to those looking to increase existing stocks or introduce cats into their waters for the first time . there are now over 500 licenced waters in the uk and possibly as many as 100 unlicensed you should never be too far away from a water containing wels catfish .\nan enormous catfish weighing 20 stone has been caught in italy using only a fishing rod .\nwe have an exclusive specimen carp lake with carp in excess of 37lb , a dedicated catfish lake with catfish to 40lb + and a small pleasure lake for day tickets and matches .\nbright agrotech holds tc in the highest regard and refers to her on all matters catfish .\nbullheads are a variety of american freshwater catfish that inhabits slow moving backwaters with soft bottoms . they differ from most catfish in having squared off tails and being relatively small in size .\nthe catfish lake started off with over 100 wels catfish but over the last couple of years the carp population has greatly increased so now the lake has become a good alternative to the top lake . the biggest catfish to be landed during 2016 was just short of 40lb but that is by no means the biggest catfish in the lake . the carp run to 20lb and can prove to be good sport during the day when fishing for the catfish can be tricky . for anyone looking to catch both , carp and catfish then this lake is perfect . most methods work for the catfish but worms at night and lots of halibut pellets during the day has proved to be the winning methods . if fishing for carp use smaller halibuts or fishmeal boilies and you will stand a good chance of catching both carp and catfish . we feed the carp and catfish on a mix of haibut pellets , wheat , barley and maize . fishing is by advanced booking only by calling or texting our booking line on\nwels catfish are native to eastern europe but were introduced to italy and spain in the 1970s by anglers . the fish have flourished in southern europe , enjoying a respite from natural predators , an abundance of prey , and warmer water , which helps them grow faster .\nthe wels catfish is originally from the eastern countries in europe and until recently thought to originate no further west than germany . however , they have recently been re - classified when fossilised remains of one were discovered in belgium . their near neighbours in france are still arguing amongst themselves to some extent as to whether catfish had inhabited some of their eastern rivers previously !\nfew anglers venture into eastern europe where commercial fishing is rife but this is where wels catfish are indigenous and with a lot of research and perseverance good catfishing can be found . large catfish exist in the rivers volga , ural , dneiper and don in russia , the danube in hungary , and romania , and the huge vranov reservoir system in the czech republic .\nthis is why michigan recently took the precaution of listing wels catfish as a prohibited species . the designation prohibits possession and transport of live animals . for more details on invasive species law see the fact sheet produced in cooperation with michigan sea grant and michigan state university extension .\nthe back of the catfish ' s eyes are coated with a layer of crystals that reflect light allowing for excellent vision . this allows the catfish to be an astute hunter . [ 19 ]\ncatfish have no scales . all catfish , except members of electric catfish family , possess a strong , hollow , bony leading ray on their dorsal and pectoral fins , through which a stinging protein can be delivered if the fish is irritated . in members of the family plotosidae ( eeltail catfish ) and of the genus heteropneustes ( sri lanka stinging catfish ) , this protein is so strong it can put a human being in hospital if they are unfortunate enough to receive a sting .\nand for a legitimate shot at a 200 - pound catfish , it ' s no wonder .\nthe wels catfish lays 25 , 000 eggs in one clutch . after three years , the young fish are ready to breed , and after another three years they typically grow to be a meter long . while the fish naturally spawns only once every 10 years , the summer temperatures in the rhine apparently increase the capacity to breed each year . still lankau , the biologist , says he wouldn ' t call the fish a menace .\nthe wels catfish will not deprive itself of its own basic food source by eating up all the other fish ,\nhe says .\nin asia , many catfish species are important food fish . several walking catfish ( clariidae ) and shark catfish ( pangasiidae ) species are heavily cultured in africa and asia . exports of one particular shark catfish species from vietnam , pangasius bocourti , has met with pressures from the u . s . catfish industry . in 2003 , the u . s . congress passed a law preventing the imported fish from being labeled as catfish . [ 27 ] as a result , the vietnamese exporters of this fish now label their products sold in the u . s . as\nbasa fish .\nthe mirror and nt news reported that the biggest wels catfish ever recorded was a 9 . 1 - footer from the po delta , but they differ on its weight - - one reporting it as 308 pounds , the other as 317 pounds . the method of that catch is uncertain .\nsometimes you just get lucky with the experimental items , but we found 10 secret ( and proven ) catfish baits you didn\u2019t know about that have the staying power to attract catfish time after time .\nthe large wide mouth of the wels catfish contains hundreds of small teeth that feel like velcro to the touch , these are used to move food and prey to the rear of the throat , where crushing pads crush the food prior to swallowing . surrounding their mouths catfish have six whiskers , two on the upper jaw which are used for detecting prey and four whiskers on the lower jaw .\nthe heaviest catfish are mekong giant catfish ( pangasianodon gigas ) which can reach 9 feet and over 600 pounds . unfortunately they are currently listed as critically endangered and should not be fished or eaten . the longest is the eurasian wels catfish ( silurus glanis ) which can reach nearly 10 feet and 330 pounds . this fish is common in central , southern and eastern europe , in the baltic region and the caspian sea . it is currently iuc red listed as lc ( least concern ) .\nthe enormous wels catfish is rapidly expanding in german waters . the fish can grow up to 10 feet long and weigh over 300 pounds , making recreational fishermen excited about the prospects of catching one . while biologists aren ' t yet calling the fish pests , they are puzzled by the boom .\nwith fish this size , it ' s no wonder that tales of man - eating catfish abound .\ncatfish are a tasty choice and are definitely worth considering if you plan on raising a food fish .\nanother admirable quality is that catfish are hardy , and thrive at convenient temperatures ; a system that stays around 60 - 70 degrees is ideal , and catfish will keep eating to at temperature of 55 .\nwels catfish often lay in quiet , dark lairs until ready to feed : overhanging trees , weed beds , lilies and hollows under the bank or on a lake or river bed provide ideal locations . they inhabit rivers and large lakes and ponds where they occupy both a scavenger and apex predator role .\nthere are lot ' s of possibilities when you are choosing a fish for your system . catfish are a great fish and might just be your perfect match . let ' s talk about catfish in aquaponics .\n< h2 > wels world record < / h2 > < strong > all - tackle record : < / strong > 134 . 97 kilograms ( 297 pounds , 9 ounces ) , river po , italy\nwels catfish reach sexual maturity between 3 & 5 years of age and tend to spawn when water temperatures reach a consistent 18 - 20 degrees , normally between may & july . as soon as the water is warm enough , the male catfish will find a quiet area where he can pack and smooth down the lake bed in order to build a nest , once built he will wait for a female to visit .\nmovie showing european catfish displaying beaching behavior to capture land birds , with two successful and two unsuccessful attacks .\nthe behavior of the catfish when hunting pigeons is highlighted in the study , published on dec . 5 .\nan italian angler made the catch of his life this week , hauling in a 280 - pound catfish from the po river ( above , the angler can be seen catching a slightly smaller catfish in 2013 ) .\na catfish ' s sex can be identified by looking at its genitals , two openings are present on the belly of the catfish , the anus and the genital opening . the opening towards the head is the anus , while the opening towards the tail is the genital opening . male catfish have a genital opening that is raised and pointed in appearance , whilst the female catfish have a genital opening that is rounder and shorter .\ncatfish have excellent hearing and anglers sometimes use a clonk on large waters ( a clonk is a wooden stick used to hit the water ) as the sound vibrations can be effective in luring catfish into an area .\nthough the most common catfish \u2013 channel , blue and flathead catfish \u2013 have varied preferences in their natural diets , they are all opportunistic feeders . this means that if bait is enticing enough , they will not discriminate .\nthere are more than two thousand species of catfish to be found in the world today . the smallest is fully - grown at 20 mm . the largest is reputed to attain a length of more than five metres . this fish is the european wels catfish , silurus glanis , is one of the world ' s largest freshwater fish and is the largest freshwater fish in europe . it can be found throughout europe and into asia .\nanother reason for introductions is as a biocontrol agent for controlling cyprinid fish . s . glanis was introduced to netherlands from hungary for this purpose . wels catfish occur in the flemish part of belgium . simoens et al . ( 2002 ) report that in lake schulen in flanders , large wels catfish which had been illegally introduced by anglers had successfully reproduced . introductions to rivers in spain have resulted in abundant populations in four river basins , where catfish can reach large sizes > 1 m ( carol . et al . , 2009 ) . according to linhart et al . ( 2002 ) , s . glanis has been farmed historically in austria , bulgaria , croatia , germany , france , hungary , greece , macedonia , poland , the czech republic and romania .\ngottfriend s . has been fishing for 40 years in the sieg , a tributary of the rhine in the western state of north rhine - westphalia . he shrugs as he points to an empty bucket .\nyou used to always find trout here , but the wels catfish is wiping everything out ,\nhe says . his fishermen ' s association this year got rid of all its closed seasons for catching the catfish , calling on its members to target the fish and not throw them back in the water . but that ' s not always easy . gottfried s . recently had to call in the help of a local farmer to help an exhausted fisherman pull a giant wels catfish out of the water . they needed a tractor to get the job done .\ncatfish range in size and behavior from the heaviest , the mekong giant catfish in southeast asia , and the longest , the wels catfish of eurasia , to detritivores ( species that eat dead material on the bottom ) , and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru , vandellia cirrhosa , which are known to attack humans ( by entering the urethra of humans ) . members of most madtom species are no more than five inches ( 12 . 7 cm ) long ; some are less than two in . ( 5 cm ) long .\njeremy was lucky enough to catch a goonch catfish once before , but not so much the second time around .\nit was 3 o ' clock in the morning when the wels catfish bit . peter neumann fought with the beast for a full hour before he finally released the hook from the enormous mouth and threw the fish back into the rhine river .\nwhat would you do with such a huge animal ?\nasks neumann , an expert on the wels catfish , a large species found across europe . they don ' t taste particularly good , and they generally have very little usable meat . but catching the fish as a sport is becoming more and more popular . many anglers are discovering the opportunity to snag some of the impressive specimen right in their own backyard .\nresearchers captured a video of the catfish attacking the pigeons on the tarn . pigeons gather along the gravel to clean and bathe as the catfish - - measuring three to five feet long - - patrol the waters edge , according to discover magazine . when the catfish hunt the pigeons , they temporarily strand themselves on land for a few seconds .\nthe wels catfish , although predatory has never been demonstrated to have a detrimental impact on other species of fish in uk waters . at the time of writing there are over 500 licenced catfish waters in the uk , out of which only a handful of waters are known to have become dominated by cats and these tend to be commercial waters . just like pike , it\u2019s felt that where waters are left to find their own balance this will even itself out fairly quickly and the cats will start to control their own numbers . the reality with commercial type waters is the cats are usually well managed . the ccg have helped one or two waters out by finding new homes for these catfish often creating new catfish fisheries in the process . catfish are a positive help in fisheries in control of sick / dead fish and have the advantage of preying on crayfish , so in waters plagued by crayfish catfish can help keep them under control .\ncatfish are predatory but also scavengers and will eat most baits as well as most small animals and birds .\nif you want to thank aleece for her wonderful advice , check out her website and read up on channel catfish .\n) , with a maximum length and weight of 1 . 5 metres and 68 kilograms , and the channel catfish (\nkazakhstan in asia introduced catfish in to the river ili sytem the mid 20th century and these have now attained huge proportions with fish of over 100kg captured every season . the mighty syr darya to the west has a natural catfish population as well as perhaps the biggest catfish to be caught anywhere . life ' s just too short for the avid cat fisher !\ncatfish have inhabited all continents at one time or another . catfish are most diverse in tropical south america , asia and africa with one family native to north america and one family in europe . more than half of all catfish species live in the americas . they are the only ostariophysans that have entered freshwater habitats in madagascar , australia , and new guinea .\nthey may be brutishly ugly , but that hasn ' t stopped the wels catfish from becoming one of the most sought - after gamefish in europe , and north american anglers are starting to take notice as well .\noh yeah , we ' re seeing more americans and canadians coming over for a chance to catch these fish ,\nsays bunn .\nestimated aggregations size averaged 25 adults wels catfish and ranged from 15 to 44 adults among the 17 surveys . the groups were mainly composed of 120 - cm long individuals , followed by some 210 - cm long individuals and few 170 - cm long individuals ( a 60 - cm long individual , observed at a few occasions , was not used for the subsequent estimation of aggregation biomass , density and excretion ) . estimated body - length distribution was computed as followed : 66 % 120 cm tl , 14 % 170 cm tl and 20 % 210 cm tl . total biomass of the aggregation was estimated assuming a sex ratio of 1\u22361 and using the length - weight relationships for females and males wels catfish (\nit should come as no surprise that a eurasian catfish known for its healthy appetite , giant size and eel - like tail might pose a threat to native species in the great lakes region if it is introduced to local waters . the wels catfish is a creature of legend in its home waters around the black and caspian seas and west to germany , and before the action of the natural resources commission little could have prevented it from becoming a reality in the great lakes .\nits native area is the same region that produced successful great lakes invaders including zebra mussels , quagga mussels , round goby , and spiny water flea so there is little doubt that the wels can thrive in a climate similar to ours .\nstill , it\u2019s not every week you see such big creatures or hear a cool fish tale . cnn reports that ( after a flurry of photos to prove it was real ) ferrari released the fish back into the water . the wels catfish can live for decades , though , so maybe we\u2019ll see the same one resurface at a record - breaking size .\nlike their namesake feline companions , catfish are hunting pigeons as prey in a development scientists are calling evidence of adaptive behavior .\n\u2191 k . sutton , 2007 . understanding catfish senses . game and fish magazine online . retrieved january 11 , 2007 .\n\u2191 mississippi state university extension service . 2006 . aquaculture : catfish . msucares . com . retrieved january 3 , 2007 .\nspawning habits vary between catfish species . catfish such as the channel catfish , the blue catfish and the white catfish are nest builders . spawning occurs mostly in rivers and streams in the spring and early summer when waters warm to 70 to 85 degrees fahrenheit . catfish also will spawn in larger lakes where suitable habitat is available . eggs are deposited in nests secluded under banks or logs or over open bottom . the male chooses the nesting site , often a natural cavern or hole , clears the nest and guards the eggs and young . a female may lay 2 , 000 to 21 , 000 eggs that hatch in 6 to 10 days depending on water temperature . males protect the fry until they leave the nest in about a week .\nthe white catfish ( ameiurus catus ) eat fish as their major food , but they also eat larval aquatic insects , small crustaceans , fish eggs and aquatic plants . they may feed at night , but are not as nocturnal as other catfish .\nunless you live in antarctica , the only continent they aren\u2019t known to inhabit , there is a species of catfish nearby .\nthese characteristics , coupled with their prolific distribution , make catfish one of the most popular recreational game fish in the world .\nthere are dozens of ways to cook catfish , and even if you overcook them , they just get a bit dense .\nin the united states , catfish species may be known by a variety of slang names , such as\nmud cat\n,\npolliwogs\n, or\nchuckleheads\n. these nicknames are not standardized , so one area may call a bullhead catfish by the nickname\nchucklehead\n, while in another state or region , that nickname refers to the blue catfish .\nregardless , the meager figures that do exist document an impressive development . in the 1980s there were few reports of wels catfish catches . in 1996 there were 656 kilograms registered , a figure that jumped to 1 , 282 kilos the next year . the most recent figures come from 2010 , when fishermen caught more than 14 tons of the fish from the rhine .\ncatfish include bony - plated types and also smooth , naked types , but they do not have scales . not all catfish families have prominent barbels ; what defines a fish as being in the order siluriformes are certain features of the skull and swimbladder .\nthe colouration of wels varies greatly between individuals : usually with the back being fairly dark olive green to blue - black , giving way to paler flanks sometimes rusty in colour . this base colour is marbled with dark blotches and spots and gives way to a creamy yellow belly : providing near perfect camouflage for both stealth and low - level attack . the wels catfish is also seen in bright colours , ranging from bright orange and yellows , to albino looking forms with red eyes , whilst others grow almost entirely blue / black in colour . the fins are dark , ranging from red - brown to brown - violet .\nappearance : catfish are easily identified with long slender bodies , broad heads , wide mouths and long slender barbels . the wels catfish has two long barbels on the upper jaw and four shorter barbels on the lower jaw . these barbels are used to hunt and detect prey . the body is dark brown to black in colour with a soft yellow to white belly . the anal fin is long ( usually the half the length of the body ) and finishes right at the base of the tail fin .\nsyv\u00e4ranta j , cucherousset j , kopp d , crivelli a , c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino r . dietary breadth and trophic position of introduced european catfish\nthere are some 2200 species of catfish in as many as 40 families and many genera . the greatest number of species is found central and south america ( including one recently discovered in mexico that may have been around since dinosaur days ) . some catfish are ocean fish but most live in fresh water . catfish do not have scales but some species are covered with overlapping armor plates .\nswimming in the reservoir is now forbidden because it is feared another similar man - eating catfish is still lurking in the waters .\ncatfishes ( order siluriformes ) are a diverse group of ray - finned fish . named for their prominent barbels , which resemble a cat ' s whiskers , catfish range in size and behavior from the heaviest and longest , the mekong giant catfish from southeast asia and the second longest , the wels catfish of eurasia , to detritivores ( species that eat dead material on the bottom ) , and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru , vandellia cirrhosa . there are armour - plated types and there are also naked types , neither having scales . despite their name , not all catfish have prominent barbel . members of the siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull and swimbladder . catfish are of considerable commercial importance ; many of the larger species are farmed or fished for food . many of the smaller species , particularly the genus corydoras , are important in the aquarium hobby . many catfish are nocturnal , but others ( many auchenipteridae ) are crepuscular or diurnal ( most loricariidae or callichthyidae for example ) .\nthere is a risk that wels catfish may impact on native fauna for a number of reasons . firstly they may increase competition for habitats of native fish , including the critically endangered eel ( anguilla anguilla ) . however , martino et al . ( 2011 ) reported that in the camargue in southern france , s . glanis consumption was not a threat to eel distribution , as their diet was mainly omnivorous . secondly , catfish are opportunistic foragers , able to switch their feeding to the most suitable resource available .\nno one knows just how large this european behemoth actually grows , but accounts dating back hundreds of years tell of giant water monsters eating peasants unfortunate enough to fall in the water . these days wels are best - known as a trophy angling prizes .\ni recommend getting local channel catfish fingerlings ( any state that has fish farms that sell fish for stocking farm ponds are likely to have some sort of catfish to sell for the local climate and that is where i would recommend getting stock normally . )\nthis species requires temperatures of 25 - 28\u00bac for optimal growth , food assimilation and breeding ( copp et al . , 2009 ) . however , there are reports of wels catfish breeding in some lakes in southern england at present temperatures ( copp et al . , 2009 ) . establishment success in france has been restricted by cold winter temperatures of < 10\u00bac ( david , 2006 ) .\nalthough the genetic structure and phylogeography have been studied in its native range , there is little information known about genetic characteristics of s . glanis in its introduced range ( copp et al . , 2009 ) . information regarding wels catfish nuclear and mitochondrial genome is sparse . the mitochondrial genome has 16 , 526 base pairs containing 37 genes , of which 13 genes are for protein synthesis , 22 trnas and 2rrnas , and a control region which functions in the same way as other vertebrate mtdnas . from phylogenetic analysis it seems likely that wels catfish represent an early diversification of siluriformes ( vittas et al . , 2011 ) . s . glanis has fewer alleles than s . aristotelis and s . triostegus but similar observed and expected heterozygosities ( krieg et al . , 1999 ) .\nthe natural resources commission took the step of adding wels and six other species to the list effective nov . 6 . other species put on the prohibited list were the stone moroko , zander , killer shrimp , yabby , golden mussel and red swamp crayfish .\nkirsten pohlmann , , frank w . grasso , thomas breithaupt . 2001 . tracking wakes : the nocturnal predatory strategy of piscivorous catfish .\ncatfish are very diverse , ranking second or third in diversity among orders of vertebrates , with almost 3 , 000 known species . [ 1 ] about one in every ten species of fish , and one in every 20 vertebrates , is a catfish . [ 2 ]\nthe madtoms of e north american streams have brightly colored patterns , but the majority of catfish are dull - colored . [ 8 ]\nalp a , kara c , \u00fc\u00e7karde\u015f f , carol j , garc\u00eda - berthou e . age and growth of the european catfish (\nif you want to see a man eating catfish , just drop by the local knights of columbus council hall any friday during lent .\nin places where non - native wels were introduced they can weigh in at over 200 pounds . the river po recently produced the igfa all - tackle record of 297 pounds , 9 ounces . this proves that these cats can thrive outside of their home range ."]}
{"id": 564, "summary": [{"text": "epermenia commonella is a moth in the epermeniidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gaedike in 1968 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "epermenia commonella", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthis adult moth has cream forewings , each with several bands of brown speckles .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7affcf95 - 33db - 4ca2 - ac23 - f24680809e25\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bdf9c16c - e69c - 487e - 9446 - 51dc2355bf11\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 378217\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsend mail to wvdvorst @ urltoken with questions or comments about this web site . copyright \u00a9 2015 urltoken lepidoptera of the world last modified : 01 - 03 - 15"]}
{"id": 565, "summary": [{"text": "hyposmocoma tantala is a species of moth of the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known only from mount tantalus on oahu .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 5.5 millimetres ( 0.22 in ) for males and 6.2 millimetres ( 0.24 in ) for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larval case is dark brown , smooth , 9 millimetres ( 0.35 in ) in length and 2 millimetres ( 0.079 in ) wide .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "adults were reared from case-making larvae collected on bark of a damp dead tree covered partially with lichen . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hyposmocoma tantala", "paragraphs": ["figures 7\u201310 . larval cases of some purse - cased hyposmocoma . 7 hyposmocoma ipohapuu sp . n . 8 hyposmocoma makawao sp . n . 9 hyposmocoma nebulifera 10 hyposmocoma tantala sp . n . scale bar = 1 mm .\nusing molecular and morphological data , kawahara and co - author daniel rubinoff of the university of hawaii named three new species that produce tubular purse cases : hyposmocoma ipohapuu from the big island , hyposmocoma makawao from makawao forest reserve in maui and hyposmocoma tantala from mount tantalus , oahu . the genus hyposmocoma includes about 350 described species and represents about 40 percent of all the moths and butterflies on the hawaiian islands .\nthe lepidopteran genus , hyposmocoma , contains over 300 species in the hawaiian islands . many species are only found on a single volcano or valley within an island . most members of the family cosmopterigidae , feed after burrowing into plant tissues . however , hyposmocoma , feeds externally and makes a protective , portable \u201cpurse\u201d case . perhaps the original colonist species was a case maker or case making evolved as an enabling adaptation after its arrival on hawaii . most species of hyposmocoma , feed on plants , but some are carnivorous , feeding on snails .\nthis adult moth from the genus hyposmocoma was found in disturbed habitats in hawaii previously believed to be overrun by non - native and invasive species . \u00a9 florida museum photo by akito kawahara\nhyposmocoma is also unique because many species within the genus are aquatic or carnivorous , which is uncommon in lepidoptera . aquatic species may be used as a means for assessing environmental habitat quality , such as the amount of pollution in streams .\nscientists believe hyposmocoma reached the pacific islands millions of years ago , long before the colonization of humans . on an island chain where diverse songbirds , flightless rails and rare endemic plants once thrived , it is increasingly valuable for researchers to protect any remaining native biodiversity .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflorida museum assistant curator of lepidoptera akito kawahara recently described three moth species in a zookeys study published in february 2012 . \u00a9 florida museum photo by kristen grace\non the hawaiian islands , where isolated , vulnerable pieces of land are surrounded by thousands of miles of ocean , habitat destruction is something of a catchphrase .\nit is well known how the arrival of humans about 1 , 000 years ago drastically changed the ecosystem with the introduction of invasive plants and animals . it has led to stricter policies for releasing non - native pets , increased regulations at trade ports and the emergence of restoration ecology , in which scientists strive to re - create a more native environment .\nbut within areas seemingly overcome by invasive plants and animals , one florida museum of natural history lepidopterist discovered three new native moth species .\nsimilar to how snails carry a shell , this newly described species of fancy case caterpillar endemic to hawaii wears an ornate \u201ccase\u201d throughout the larval stage of development . \u00a9 florida museum photo by akito kawahara\n\u201cthey move around carrying their home , \u201d kawahara said . \u201cthey are called fancy case caterpillars because they make very extravagant , beautiful cases that are ornamented with sand , branches , lichen or colorful insect parts . sometimes these cases resemble cigars , burritos , candy wrappers or purses . others simply look like the tree bark that they rest on . \u201d\n\u201cthere\u2019s an extraordinary diversity of these moths in hawaii and the total number may be well over 1 , 000 species , \u201d kawahara said . \u201cthey\u2019re only found in hawaii and they\u2019re very threatened . we initially thought purse cases may only include 10 species or so , but there are clearly a lot more . some species are dual entry , so the larva can peek out of one end of their case and then peek out of the other . \u201d\n\u201cit\u2019s really important to focus conservation efforts in areas that are pristine and also to restore habitats that are disturbed , \u201d kawahara said .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthe hawaiian islands are remote from other terrestrial habitats . in evolutionary time , they are recent additions to the earth , with the oldest islands a little more than 1 million years old . the number of species that colonized the islands ( until recent times ) was low . these species landed in an area with diverse habitats that were largely uninhabited by other species . due to low competition for resources , species that found the island formed many new species as populations adapted independently to geographic locations with widely different conditions .\nas in many tropical areas , invasive species and habitat destruction have led to a loss of many hawaiian species . scientists are studying and cataloging the unique species as part of plans to protect endangered species and unique habitats . as part of a comprehensive study , kawahara and rubinoff * have identified 3 new species of \u201cfancy case\u201d\njonathan neal is an associate professor of entomology at purdue university and author of the textbook , living with insects ( 2010 ) . this blog is a forum to communicate about the intersection of insects with people and policy . this is a personal blog . the opinions and materials posted here are those of the author and are in no way connected with those of my employer .\nthis entry was posted in behavior , biomaterials , by jjneal , caterpillar blogging , environment . bookmark the permalink .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nruckh , timothy ; porter , joshua r . ; allam , nageh k . ; feng , xinjian ; grimes , craig a . ; popat , ketul c .\nthe goal of current dental and orthopedic biomaterials research is to design implants that induce controlled and guided tissue growth , and rapid healing . in addition to acceleration of normal wound healing phenomena , these implants should result in the formation of a characteristic interfacial layer with adequate biomechanical properties . to achieve these goals , however , a better understanding of events at the bone - material interface is needed , as well as the development of new materials and approaches that promote osseointegration . here we present novel nanostructured nanoarrays from\nnanotube arrays enhance osteoblast cell adhesion , proliferation and differentiation . the routes of fabrication of\nnanotube arrays are flexible and cost - effective , enabling realization of desired platform topologies on existing non - planar orthopedic implants .\nthe structure factors of molten t a2o5 and n b2o5 have been measured by high - energy x - ray and pulsed neutron diffraction . these are compared to transmission - mode x - ray diffraction through a self - supported 15 - \u00ee\u00bcm ion - beam sputtered amorphous\nand niobia liquids are very close to isomorphous , as confirmed by measurement of a molten mixture , t a0 . 8n b1 . 2o5 . nonetheless , peak nb - o bond lengths are about 1 % shorter than those for ta - o , at temperatures , t * = t / tmelt , scaled to the melting points . mean coordination numbers are nm o\u00e2\u0089\u00835 . 6 ( 1 ) , no m\u00e2\u0089\u00832 . 23 ( 4 ) in the liquid state , and ntao\u00e2\u0089\u00836 . 6 ( 2 ) , nota\u00e2\u0089\u00832 . 63 ( 8 ) in the solid . the liquids are built from five - and six - fold m - o polyhedra which connect principally by corner sharing , with a minority of edge sharing ; a - t a2o5 on the other hand has a local structure more akin to the crystalline polymorphs , built primarily from six - and seven - fold polyhedra , with a larger degree of edge sharing . the structural differences between liquid and amorphous t a2o5 , coupled with observations of increasing peak bond lengths upon cooling , are consistent with the interpretation that the amorphous film reaches a supercooled liquidlike metastable equilibrium during deposition . in other words , the amorphous film shares a common progenitor state with a hypothetical glass quenched from a fragile melt . in addition , we show that recent classical interatomic potentials do not fully reproduce the diffraction data , and infer that inclusion of attractive ( non - coulombic ) ta - ta interactions is important , particularly for obtaining the correct degree of edge sharing , coordination numbers , and densities . nanoscale inhomogeneity of the amorphous film is confirmed by the observation of small - angle x - ray scattering .\nalderman , oliver l . g . ; benmore , c . j . ; neuefeind , joerg c .\nthe structure factors of molten ta 2o 5 and nb 2o 5 have been measured by high - energy x - ray and pulsed neutron diffraction . these are compared to transmission - mode x - ray diffraction through a self - supported 15 - \u00ee\u00bcm ion - beam sputtered amorphous\nalderman , oliver l . g . ; benmore , c . j . ; neuefeind , joerg c . ; . . .\nbrownian thermal noise in dielectric multilayer coatings limits the sensitivity of current and future interferometric gravitational wave detectors . in this work we explore the possibility of improving the mechanical losses of\n, often used as the high refractive index material , by depositing it on a substrate held at elevated temperature . promising results have been previously obtained with this technique when applied to amorphous silicon . we show that depositing\non a hot substrate reduced the mechanical losses of the as - deposited coating , but subsequent thermal treatments had a larger impact , as they reduced the losses to levels previously reported in the literature . we also show that the reduction in mechanical loss correlates with increased medium range order in the atomic structure of the coatings using x - ray diffraction and raman spectroscopy . finally , a discussion is included on our results , which shows that the elevated temperature deposition of pure\ncoatings does not appear to reduce mechanical loss in a similar way to that reported in the literature for amorphous silicon ; and we suggest possible future research directions .\nvalve metals such as titanium ( ti ) , zirconium ( zr ) , niobium ( nb ) and tantalum ( ta ) that confer a stable oxide layer on their surfaces are commonly used as implant materials or alloying elements for titanium - based implants , due to their exceptional high corrosion resistance and excellent biocompatibility . the aim of this study was to investigate the bioactivity of the nanostructures of\n( ta2o5 ) , niobia ( nb2o5 ) , zirconia ( zro2 ) and titania ( tio2 ) in accordance to their roughness and wettability . therefore , four kinds of metal oxide nanoporous and nanotubular ta2o5 , nb2o5 , zro2 and tio2 were fabricated via anodization . the nanosize distribution , morphology and the physical and chemical properties of the nanolayers and their surface energies and bioactivities were investigated using sem - eds , x - ray diffraction ( xrd ) analysis and 3d profilometer . it was found that the nanoporous ta2o5 exhibited an irregular porous structure , high roughness and high surface energy as compared to bare tantalum metal ; and exhibited the most superior bioactivity after annealing among the four kinds of nanoporous structures . the nanoporous nb2o5 showed a uniform porous structure and low roughness , but no bioactivity before annealing . overall , the nanoporous and nanotubular layers of ta2o5 , nb2o5 , zro2 and tio2 demonstrated promising potential for enhanced bioactivity to improve their biomedical application alone or to improve the usage in other biocompatible metal implants . pmid : 25837724\n- based sol - gel coating for capillary microextraction on - line coupled to high - performance liquid chromatography .\na sol - gel organic - inorganic hybrid sorbent , consisting of chemically integrated tantalum ( v ) ethoxide ( taeo ) and polypropylene glycol methacrylate ( ppgm ) , was developed for capillary microextraction ( cme ) . the sol - gel sorbent was synthesized within a fused silica capillary through hydrolytic polycondensation of taeo and chemical incorporation of ppgm into the evolving sol - gel\nnetwork . a part of the organic - inorganic hybrid sol - gel network evolving in the vicinity of the capillary walls had favorable conditions to get chemically bonded to the silanol groups on the capillary surface forming a surface - bonded coating . the newly developed sol - gel sorbent was employed to isolate and enrich a variety of analytes from aqueous samples for on - line analysis by high - performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) equipped with a uv detector . cme was performed on aqueous samples containing trace concentrations of analytes representing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , ketones , alcohols , amines , nucleosides , and nucleotides . this sol - gel hybrid coating provided efficient extraction with cme - hplc detection limits ranging from 4 . 41pm to 28 . 19 pm . due to direct chemical bonding between the sol - gel sorbent coating and the fused silica capillary inner surface , this sol - gel sorbent exhibited enhanced solvent stability . the sol - gel\n- based sorbent also exhibited excellent ph stability over a wide ph range ( ph 0 - ph 14 ) . furthermore , it displayed great performance reproducibility in cme - hplc providing run - to - run hplc peak area relative standard deviation ( rsd ) values between 0 . 23 % and 3 . 83 % . the capillary - to - capillary rsd ( n = 3 ) , characterizing capillary preparation method reproducibility , ranged from 0 . 24 % to 4 . 11 % . the results show great performance consistency and application potential for the sol - gel\n- ppgm sorbent in various fields including biomedical , pharmaceutical , and environmental areas . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2017 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .\nbassiri , riccardo ; liou , franklin ; abernathy , matthew r . ; . . .\n( a - ta\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 ) is a technologically important material often used in high - performance coatings . understanding this material at the atomic level provides a way to further improve performance . this work details extended x - ray absorption fine structure measurements of a - ta\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 coatings , where high - quality experimental data and theoretical fits have allowed a detailed interpretation of the nearest - neighbor distributions . it was found that the tantalum atom is surrounded by four shells of atoms in sequence ; oxygen , tantalum , oxygen , and tantalum . a discussion is also included on how these models can be interpreted within the context of published crystalline ta\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 and other a - t\u00e2\u0082\u0082o\u00e2\u0082 studies .\ncryogenic measurements of mechanical loss of high - reflectivity coating and estimation of thermal noise .\nwe report on low - frequency measurements of the mechanical loss of a high - quality ( transmissivity t < 5 ppm at \u00ee\u00bb ( 0 ) = 1064 nm , absorption loss < 0 . 5 ppm ) multilayer dielectric coating of ion - beam - sputtered fused silica and titanium - doped\nin the 10 - 300 k temperature range . a useful parameter for the computation of coating thermal noise on different substrates is derived as a function of temperature and frequency .\n, titania , and hafnia are important oxides for biomedical implants , optics , and gate insulators . understanding the effects of oxide doping is crucial to optimize performance in these applications . however , no molecular dynamics potentials have been created to date that combine these and other oxides that would allow computational analyses of doping - dependent structural and mechanical properties . we report a novel set of computationally efficient , two - body potentials modeling van der waals and covalent interactions that reproduce the structural and elastic properties of both pure and doped amorphous oxides . in addition , we demonstrate that the potential accurately produces energy barrier distributions for pure and doped samples . the distributions can be directly compared to experiment and used to calculate physical quantities such as internal friction to understand how doping affects material properties . future analyses using these potentials will be of great value to determine optimal doping concentrations and material combinations for myriad material science applications .\nttedesign philosophy of mc - ar - coatings can be divided into two categories : a ) restriction to two film materials , namely one high - index and one low - index material and b ) use of medium - index layers in addition to high - and low - index layers . both philosophies have advan - tages and drawbacks . in case a ) the total number of layers necessary to obtain a required reflectance curve has to be higher . thus in case of production errors it can be a problem to find out which layer was responsible for a deviation of the measured reflectance from the nominal one . in case b ) using more than two materials reduces the total number of layers and consequently , pinpointing the cause of even small production errors is made simpler . unfortunately there are not many materials commercially available which can be used to make hard , durable and robust films in the medium - index range namely between n = 1 . 65 and n = 2 . 00 . in this paper the results of homogeneous mixtures of alumina ( al203 ) and\n( ta205 ) used for eb - gun evaporated medium - index films in ar - coatings is presented . it is shown that by proper adjustment of the weight percentages of the oxide mixture one can get homogeneous films in this index range . a number of design examples show the favourable application of such layers in ar - coatings . among the most important ones is the well known qhq - design for bbar - coatings as well as ar - designs of the multiple half wave type with extended bandwidth . further applications of the mixed - oxide layers are ar - coatings for cemented optical elements and beam splitters .\nthe case of fused silica as a substrate material for the next line of future detectors , such as advanced ligo . the low levels of internal loss in bulk silicon samples is also of interest due to the silicon ' s high thermal conductivity . this is relevant when considering third generation detectors , that is , beyond the advanced ligo design , where significant thermal loading is anticipated due to the increased levels of laser power required for improved shot noise performance . another significant source of thermal noise in the optics of current interferometers arises from the mechanical loss associated with the applied optical coatings required for high reflectivity . results presented in chapter 4 show that the mechanical loss is predominantly associated with the\nwith titania can reduce the mechanical loss by a factor of approximately two . silicon may also be a useful material for the construction of low mechanical loss suspension elements . chapter 6 details measurements of 92mum thick silicon flexures for use as suspension elements which show the mechanical loss to reach \u00ef\u0086 ( w ) = 4 . 4 x 10 - 7 at 85 k . the various sources of loss are considered , both internal and external to the samples , and presented . the level of internal loss is consistent at higher temperatures with thermoelastic effects and at lower temperatures to be dominated by surface loss in addition to perhaps some other loss mechanism . the measurements in chapters 5 and 6 suggest that silicon may be a suitable material for both mirrors and suspension elements .\nsome links on this page may take you to non - federal websites . their policies may differ from this site .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\nyielded very corrosion resistant , orthorhombic zirconia ceramics . the powders for those novel ceramics were made via the sol - gel technique by hydrolysis of the respective metal propoxides ; a method which required dry - box techniques during the preparation of the alkoxides . in these studies the authors investigated the fabrication of precursor material from aqueous solutions . the preparation of aqueous solutions of salts of zirconium , niobium and tantalum is hampered by rapid hydrolysis . premature hydrolysis of the chlorides and oxichlorides of niobium , tantalum and zirconium can be , however , prevented in aqueous solutions of oxalic acid . thus the authors investigated the coprecipitation of hydroxides as precursors by reacting oxalic acid solutions of the respective cations with aqueous ammonia . in addition they studied the effects of calcination and of hydrothermal conversion of the hydroxides to oxides on the powder characteristics and on the mechanical properties of the niobia and\nmechanical losses in dielectric mirror coatings of interferometric gravitational wave detectors are a main issue for the proposed advanced generation of gravitational wave detectors . recent investigations have shown that the mechanical loss of the dielectric mirror coatings (\n/ silica stacks ) is probably the main contribution to the detector noise . there are indications that among both coating materials\ngives the major contribute to mechanical loss . experimental details of a measuring setup and investigations of the temperature dependency of the mechanical dissipation in thin\n) . however , mechanical loss in the ta 2 o 5 / sio 2 coatings may limit the design sensitivity for advanced detectors . we have investigated sources of mechanical loss in the ta 2 o 5 / sio 2 coatings , including loss associated with the coating - substrate interface , with the coating - layer interfaces and with the coating materials . our results indicate that the loss is associated with the coating materials and that the loss of ta 2 o 5 is substantially larger than that of sio 2\nkonstantinov , a . a . ; sazonova , t . e . [ vsesojuznyj nauchno - isledovatel ' skij institut im . d . i . mendeleeva , leningrad , sssr ( russian federation )\nabernathy , matthew r . ; harry , gregory m . ; travasso , flavio ; martin , iain ; reid , stuart ; rowan , sheila ; hough , jim ; fejer , martin m . ; route , roger ; penn , steve ; armandula , helena ; gretarsson , andri\nsecond - generation interferometric gravitational - wave detectors will operate at temperatures noticeably above room temperature . study was done to determine what effect elevated temperatures would have on the q and coating thermal noise of the detector mirrors . results show that increased temperature increases loss angle in a manner that is more significant at higher frequencies . trends show that the increased temperature will have a negligible effect at the low ( 100 hz ) frequencies important to second - generation detectors\nhacker , e ; lauth , h ; meyer , j ; weissbrodt , p [ zeiss jena gmbh , jena ( germany , f . r . ) ; wolf , r ; zscherpe , g [ ingenieurhochschule mittweida ( germany , f . r . ) ; heyer , h [ sektion physik , friedrich - schiller - univ . jena ( germany , f . r . )\n( ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } ) prepared by reactive r . f . diode and d . c . plasmatron sputtering were investigated for the influence of structural properties on the 1064 nm laser damage resistance . using various methods of characterizing the compositional , crystallographic , microstructural and optical properties , it was found that the damage thresholds are directly related to the content of oxygen in the films in excess of the stoichiometric values , whereas grain sizes and refractive indices show no systematic influences valid for both oxide materials . the highest oxygen - to - metal atomic ratios and thus the highest damage threshold were achieved by the use of r . f diode sputtering . x - ray photospectroscopy investigations of\ncoatings with different oxygen - to - tantalum atomic ratios up to 2 . 75 revealed for both constituents of the oxide only binding energies representative for tantalum pentoxide . ( orig . ) .\na new method is presented for elemental and molecular analysis of halogen - containing samples by glow discharge time - of - flight mass spectrometry , consisting of detection of negative ions from a pulsed rf glow discharge in argon . analyte signals are mainly extracted from the afterglow regime . . . . . . be used to study the distribution of a tantalum fluoride layer within the anodized\nlayer . further , comparison is made with data obtained using glow - discharge optical emission spectroscopy , where elemental fluorine can only be detected using a neon plasma . the ionization mechanisms responsible . . . . . . for the formation of negative ions in glow discharge time - of - flight mass spectrometry are briefly discussed . . . .\n- doped monoclinic europia were studied at temperatures up to 1500 0 c using the sonic resonance technique . unit cell parameters between 25c and 1000 0 c for monoclinic eu 2 o 3 were calculated from high temperature x - ray diffractometer data . large - grained monoclinic specimens having less than 6 . 0 ta cation percent substitution exhibited anomalous elastic behavior when thermally cycled . compositions above this addition level exhibited linear elastic behavior . internal friction values also varied abnormally with grain size , composition , and temperature . the anomalous behavior was attributed to microcracking caused by thermal expansion anisotropies . the critical grain size was found to be approximately 14 \u00ee\u00bcm . the high temperature diffractometry measurements supported the postulate that the grain coarsening effect associated with sintered monoclinic eu 2 o 3 is the controlling factor for microcracking\nproton conducting tantalum oxide films were deposited by spin coating using a sol - gel process . the coating solutions were prepared using ta ( oc { sub 2 } h { sub 5 } ) { sub 5 } as a precursor . x - ray diffraction studies determined that the sol - gel films , heat treated at temperatures below 400 c , were amorphous . films heat treated at higher temperatures were crystalline ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } . the solar transmission values ( t { sub s } ) of\nfilms on glass generally range from 0 . 8 - - 0 . 9 depending on thickness . the refractive index and the extinction coefficient were evaluated from transmittance characteristics in the uv - vis - nir regions . the refractive index values calculated at 550 nm increased from 1 . 78 to 1 . 97 with increasing heat treatment from 150 to 450 c . the films heat treated at different temperatures showed low absorption with extinction coefficients of less than k = 1x10 { sup - 3 } in the visible range . spectrophotometric and impedance spectroscopic investigations performed on ta { sub 2 } o { sub 5 } films revealed that these films have protonic conductivity of 3 . 2x10 { sup - 6 } s / cm . the films are suitable for proton conducting layers in electrochromic ( ec ) devices .\nzarodyshevyh jaic nabljudalos ' posle in { sup e } kcii okisi tritija do zarazhenija virusom . cherez dva chasa posle ino - kuljacii agenta infekcii bylo obnaruzheno tysjachekratnoe , uvelichenie virusa v otnosjashhihsja k horionu allantoidnyh zhidkostjah obrabotannyh jaic . kogda , cherez vosem ' chasov posle infekcii v otnosjashhihsja k horionu allantoidnyh zhidkostjah kontrol ' nyh jaic okazalos ' znachitel ' noe kolichestvo virusa , id { sub 50 } obrabotannyh tritiem jaic sostavljal 10 { sup - 5 , 6 } ; obe serii imeli id { sub 50 } v razmere 10 { sup - 7 . 5 } cherez 24 chasa posle infekcii . kolichestvo virusa v plenkah , obrabotannyh tritiem jaic takzhe vozroslo . jetot virus byl osvobozhden pri pomoshhi udalenija i promyvanija\n. en la memoria se facilitan detalles relativos a su construccion y a las normas de seguridad que se han observado en el proyecto . las determinaciones dosimetricas se han efectuado con ayuda de cuatro tipos de aparatos diferentes : 1 . camaras de ionizacion 2 . calorimetros 3 . dosimetros de fricke 4 . peliculas fotograficas . en la memoria se hace asimismo una descripcion general del campo de irradiacion gamma y se dan detalles referentes a la posicion de la fuente . la intensidad de irradiacion es de unos 100 roentgens / hora a una distancia de 1 m . las plantas sometidas a la irradiacion se cultivan en un campo de 15 m de radio . se indican brevemente los diferentes productos que se han sometido a irradiacion en las dos instalaciones . ( author ) [ russian ] v doklade opisyvayutsya ustanovka dlya obluchenij na co { sup 60 } i pole gammaluchej v otdelenii sel ' skogo khozyajstva nauchno - issledovatel ' skogo tsentra v rizo . ustanovka dlya obluchenij na co { sup 60 } soderzhit 1800 kyuri co { sup 60 } . dayutsya detali konstruktsii , a takzhe ukazyvayutsya mery bezopasnosti , kotorye uchteny v konstruktsii ustanovki . dozimetriya proizvoditsya pri pomoshchi chetyrekh razlichnykh metodov : 1 . ionizatsionnykh kamer ; 2 . kalorimetrii 3 . dozimetra frikke 4 . fotograficheskikh\ndaetsya obshchee opisanie polya gamma - izluchenij , vklyuchaya detali raspolozheniya istochnikov . norma dozirovaniya - priblizitel ' no 100r / ch na rasstoyanii v odin metr . dlya vyrashchivaniya obluchaemykh rastenij beretsya pole s radiusom v 15 metrov . daetsya kratkoe ukazanie kategorii produktov , podvergaemykh oblucheniyu v dvukh ustanovkakh . ( author )\ncampbell , r b ; grunberg , l ; milne , a a ; wright , k h . r . [ lubrication , wear and mechanical engineering aspects of corrosion division , national engineering laboratory , thorntonhall , glasgow ( united kingdom )\nchastitsy okisi zheleza ispol ' zuyutsya dlya izucheniya ikh roli v protsesse iznosa . reaktivnost ' poverkh - nosti zakalennykh metallov izuchalas ' s pomoshch ' yu mechennoj uglerodom - 14 stearinovoj kisloty i rastvora sery - 35 . skorost ' reaktsii v primesi masla dlya shesteren analizirovalas ' putem propuskaniya korotkikh impul ' sov ehlektrotoka po metallicheskim provodam , opushchennym v rastvory soedinenij , mechennykh seroj - 35 i fosforom - 32 . sozdanie stojkikh k istiraniyu\nna poverkhnosti zub ' ev shesterenok izuchalos ' kak funktsiya nagruzki , skorosti i vremeni raboty . vopros , vstrechayushchijsya vo mnogikh iz vidov ehtogo primeneniya , sostoit v prevrashchenii izmeryaemoj aktivnosti v absolyutnye kolichestva materialov , prisutstvuyushchikh na poverkhnosti\nili v produktakh iznosa . dlya ehtoj zhe tseli ispol ' zovalis ' metody kalibrovaniya . ( author )\nv kachestve radiatora protonov . polimery n21 i n9 2 primenjalis ' predvaritel ' no v ispytatel ' noj ammiachnoj jemul ' sii . bylo ustanovleno , chto polimer no 1 ne okazyvaet zametnogo vlijanija na fotohimicheskie svojstva\n{ sup 12 } c / s para { zeta } = 1 . 0 . si estas y otras particularidades observadas son anomalias de kohn , sus posiciones son compatibles con las dimensiones de la superficie de fermi propuesta por lomer para los metales de la columna v . se formula la hipotesis de que las sorprendentes diferencias existentes entre la relacion de dispersion del niobio y la del molibdeno ( metales que , segun se cree , poseen estructuras de banda muy semejantes ) reflejan diferencias en las energias de fermi y , por tanto , en las superficies de fermi de estos materiales . ( author ) [ russian ] dispersionnoe sootnoshenie chastota / volnovoj vektor v ( q ) dlja obychnyh vidov kolebanij nekotoryh ob { sup e } mno - centrirovannyh kubicheskih kristallov perehodnyh metallov bylo nedavno izmereno pri komnatnoj temperature . krivye dispersii dlja niobija , izmerennye nakagovoj i vudsom , projavili nekotorye ochen ' neobychnye cherty , i rezul ' taty mozhno bylo privesti v sootvetstvie tol ' ko s pomoshh ' ju modeli born fon karmana , esli vkljuchit ' vzaimodejstvija s ochen ' otdalennymi chlenami rjada dal ' she vos ' mogo . posledujushhie izmerenija vudsom\ndali ochen ' pohozhie rezul ' taty . jeto ne udivitel ' no , poskol ' ku niobij i tantal nahodjatsja v v gruppe periodicheskoj tablicy i mnogie iz ih jelektronnyh svojstv odinakovy . izmerenija krivyh dispersij molibdena vudsom i chenom i vol ' frama chenom i brok - hauzom pokazali , chto , hotja u jetih metallov , kotorye nahodjatsja v gruppe vi periodicheskoj tablicy , dispersionnye sootnoshenija javljajutsja analogichnymi , jeti dispersionnye sootnoshenija sil ' no otlichajutsja ot dispersionnyh sootnoshenij dlja niobija i\n, nahodjashhihsja v gruppe v . osnovnye cherty u ( q ) dlja molibdena i vol ' frama ochen ' blizko opisyvajutsja tret ' im chlenom rjada simmetrichnoj po osjam silovoj modeli born - fon karmana , hotja nekotorye vazhnye cherty ne vosproizvodjatsja jetoj model ' ju . odnoj iz takih chert javljaetsja razitel ' naja anomalija v prodol ' noj [ { zeta } { zeta } { zeta } ] vetvi ( l ) dlja molibdena , gde\nsobre las emulsiones rapidas y lentas con elevada concentracion de plata . en las emulsiones que se usan para la medicion de dosis elevadas y que se revelan en presencia de retardadores , se ha determinado la influencia ejercida por la energia y la atenuacion de la imagen latente sobre la precision de las determinaciones . por ultimo , se describen los errores de la evaluacion fotografica de dosis elevadas hallados aplicando metodos estadisticos al analisis de los resultados experimentales . se examina tambien el incremento del error en las regiones de debil y fuerte ennegrecimiento . tambien se consideran los errores debidos a la calibracion de los aparatos , la influencia de la energia , la atenuacion de la imagen latente , el tratamiento quimico y la medicion del ennegrecimiento . la hipotesis de que la dosis medida con dosimetros de pelicula corresponde a la dosis recibida por el organismo entero , constituye un error que no se toma en consideracion . ( author ) [ russian ] v jetoj rabote opisyvaetsja fotograficheskaja dozimetrija ionizirujushhej radiacii v diapazone ot 10 millirad do 1000 rad ( dlja gamma - izluchenija bolee vysokoj intensivnosti ) . pri jetom metode ispol ' zujutsja dve fotoplenki s razlichnoj jemul ' siej , kotorye odnovremenno pomeshhajut v odin i tot zhe plenochnyj dozimetr . sushhestvennoj chertoj jetogo metoda javljaetsja to , chto dozy v vysheprivedennom diapazone mogut byt ' opredeleny bez znanija o tom , chto imelo mesto obluchenie bol ' shimi dozami , s tochnost ' ju luchshej chem { + - } 25 % v predelah vsego diapazona doz ( doveritel ' nyj interval 95 % ) , a takzhe to , chto jenergiju obluchenija v plenke mozhno opredelit ' s horoshej approksimaciej . rassmatrivajutsja pribory , vidy\ni himicheskaja obrabotka , kotorye pozvoljajut proizvodit ' jeti izmerenija . opisyvaetsja princip izgotovlenija densitometra , s pomoshh ' ju kotorogo mozhno izmerit ' potemnenie fotoplenki s odinakovoj tochnost ' ju v diapazone ot d = 0 do d = 6 . takim putem mozhno ispol ' zovat ' vsju oblast ' imejushhegosja\ntecnicas confirman la opinion de que los radioisotopos encierran enormes promesas en el terreno cientifico y tecnico . por lo que se refiere a las fuentes de rayos x , puede decirse que todo cuanto se realiza en el terreno de la tecnologia de los rayos x , salvo la determinacion de la estructura de los cristales , puede hacerse con mayor sencillez recurriendo a los medios citados . es mas , si se emplearan fuentes de muchos curies , puede que incluso llegue a ser posible efectuar esas determinaciones . ( author ) [ russian ] prozvedennye v ehtoj laboratorii za poslednie sem ' , let issledovaniya ustanovili tochnye usloviya obratnogo rasseyaniya beta - chastits , i ehti metody byli dopolneny metodami ispol ' zovaniya vozbuzhdennykh izotopami rentgenovskikh luchej . vozbuzhdennye takim sposobom rentgenovskie luchi privlekli . shirokoe vnimanie vo vsem svete i vo mnogikh sluchayakh oni revolyutsionizirovali metody promyshlennoj kalibrovki . v nastoyashchem doklade razbirayutsya primeneniya k tochnoj abzorbtsiometrii , izmereniyu tolshchiny\n, opoznovaniyu i kolichestvennomu opredeleniyu veshchestv putem izmereniya absorbtsii po krayam , a takzhe k bumazhnoj khromatografii . v poslednem sluchae , khromato grammy mogut izuchat ' sya posredstvom beta - absorbtsii , absorbtsii rentgenovskimi luchami ili vozbuzhdeniem rentgenovskikh luchej v razlichnykh zonakh bombardirovkoj beta - luchami . sravnivayutsya i otsenivayutsya ehti razlichnye podkhody . byl izuchen tselyj ryad mikrokhimicheskikh metodov i libo posredstvom beta - absorbtsii , libo posredstvom vozbuzhdeniya rentgenovskikh luchej beta - chastitsami mogut byt ' opoznany i opredeleny nebol ' shie kolichestva veshchestv . nizshie predely detektsii ne tak : maly , kak ehto dostizhimo metodom radioaktivnykh indikatorov , no imeetsya ryad drugikh preimushchestv , glavnoe iz kotorykh zaklyuchaetsya v tom , chto operatsii proizvodyatsya s zadelannymi istochnikami , chto pochti sovershenno isklyuchaet vozmozhnost ' radioaktivnogo zarazheniya . na osnovanii ehtikh dannykh byli\npeliculas y borra d e polietileno para dosis de exposicion a rayos gamma de { sup 60 } co hasta 8 , 0 x 10 { sup 5 } r / h . determinaron tambien la velocidad de transformacion del estireno en su homopoirmero , en las suspensiones de borra . examinaron al microscopio las peliculas injertadas a fin de evaluar la proporcion de homopolfmero ocluido . los resultados obtenidos indican que la mayor parte del incremento de peso en las muestras de pelicula corresponde al homopolfmero ocluido . en las pruebas con borra , en las cuales el incremento de peso se debe principalmente al copolimero injertado , dicho incremento es aproximadamente proporcional a la dosis y la velocidad de reaccion es casi proporcional a la rafe cuadrada de la intensidad de la dosis gamma . la reducida energia de activacion correspondiente a la velocidad de reaccion excluye la posibilidad de controlar la difusion en la borra y en las peliculas delgadas para intensidades de exposicion inferiores a 10 { sup 5 } r / h . en los experimentos con borra a 18 { sup o } c e intensidades de 7 , 2 x 10 { sup 4 } r / h , la velocidad de formacion del homopolfmero coincide con el valor ya conocido para la polimerizacion del estireno puro . la energia de activacion , a saber , 3 , 5 kcal / mol , representa practicamente la mitad de la indicada para el monomero puro . ( author ) [ russian ] izuchenie opublikovannykh dannykh ob initsiirovannoj oblucheniem privitoj polimerizatsii stirola k plenkam poliehtilena nizkoj plotnosti pokazyvaet , tfgo skorost ' prirosta vesa lish ' neznachitel ' no zavisit ot moshchnosti gamma - oblucheniya i tolshchiny plenki . pokazano , chto modeli , primenyavshiesya ranee issledovatelyami dlya ob { sup y } asneniya dannykh prirosta vesa dlya otsenki konstant skorosti , ne godyatsya . privedeny ehksperimental ' nye dannye po privivaniyu pri temperaturakh 18 { sup o } c i 40 { sup o } c s ispol ' zovaniem poliehtilenovykh\n, legkoj melkokristallicheskoj kal ' tsinirovannoj sody i istochnika co { sup 60 } s gamma - izlucheniem moshchnost ' yu do 8 , 0 x 10 { sup 5 } r / ch . izmerena\nperiodico , es particularmente adecuado para algunos de estos estudios . las ventajas do este elemento estriban , en sus propiedades nucleares . la memoria resume las propiedades quimicas de los compuestos de tecnecio y las compara con las de los compuestos correspondientes de { sup 51 } cr , de molibdeno y de wolframio , que con tanta frecuencia se emplean en el estudio de la inhibicion . la memoria describe seguidamente ciertos estudios experimentales como ejemplo de los usos a que se ha destinado el tecnecio en los trabajos de este tipo . entre ellos menciona estudios empiricos de su accion como eficaz inhibidor de la corrosion del hierro , y observaciones de la actividad de superficie realizadas durante periodos largos de tiempo . otros estudios efectuados con { sup 99 } tc y con { sup 131 } i han demostrado la importancia de la adsorcion competitiva de iones en la determinacion de la cinetica de los procesos de corrosion y de inhibicion . como tercer ejemplo , describe como las propiedades excepcionales del tecnecio han permitido distinguir claramente las contribuciones relativas del oxigeno de las del inhibidor oxidante en el mantenimiento de la pasividad . ( author ) [ russian ] sredi faktorov , vkhodyashchikh v fundamental ' noe izuchenie ehlektrokhimicheskikh protsessov korrozii i tormozheniya , vydelyayutsya v chastnosti sleduyushchie : a ) razlichnye vidy adsorbtsionnykh yavlenij ; b ) ionoobmennye svojstva passivnykh\n; c ) ehlektrokhimicheskaya kinetika kak anodnykh , tak i katodnykh protsessov , proiskhodyashchikh mezhdu metallom i korrozijnoj sredoj . teper ' pri pomoshchi radioizotopov mozhno provesti nekotorye issledovaniya ehtikh yavlyaenij , kotorye nevozmozhno osushchestvit ' obychnymi sredstvami . tekhnetsij , gomolog margantsa v periodicheskoj sisteme , okazalsya ves ' ma podkhodyashchim dlya nekotorykh ehtikh issledovanij . ego yadernye svojstva krajne interesny u ehtom otnoshenii . v doklade kratko izlagayutsya khimicheskie svojstva soedinenij tekhnetsiya , protivopostavlennye svojstvam\nmoleculas blanco en distintas condiciones de dosificacion . los experimentos en curso sobre moleculas analogas en tamano a las del blanco han contribuido a la aclaracion de los mecanismos de recombinacion de los atomos de retroceso . particular interes reviste el rendimiento de productos con un atomo de carbono mas que el blanco , que resultan de una reaccion de adicion . la localizacion del atomo adicional en una molecula blanco que tenga varios lugares de adicion proporciona informacion sobre la naturaleza del proceso . cuando el atomo de retroceso es moderado y su energia disminuye hasta el punto en que es posible la formacion de un enlace , al menos temporal , el exceso de energia que el atomo llc cede al sistema puede originar la ruptura de otros enlaces del complejo activado , lo que suele dar origen a un producto de dos atomos de carbono . si el complejo es capaz de conservar su integridad , suele resultar un producto de adicion . por tanto , la comparacion del rendimiento de compuestos de dos atomos de carbono ( acetileno , etileno y etano ) y de productos de adicion proporciona una informacion valiosa sobre la energia a la que pueden formarse enlaces estables , y sobre la naturaleza del grupo que contiene el { sup 11 } c y que participa en la reaccion . ( author ) [ russian ] uglerod - 11 obrazuetsja v rezul ' tate reakcii c { sup 12 } ( { gamma } , n ) c { sup 11 } v puchke tormoznogo izluchenija v sinhrotrone s jenergiej jelektronov 70 mjev . v kachestve veshhestva misheni primenjalis ' zhidkie uglevodorody s pjat ' ju i shest ' ju atomami ugleroda , v tom chisle normal ' nye razvetvlennye i aliciklicheskie pentany i geksany , a takzhe benzol . povedenie c { sub 11 } izuchalos ' metodom gazohromatograficheskogo razdelenija produktov , scheta aktivnosti c { sub 11 } v gazovom potoke v kamere , pomeshhennoj v scintilljacionnyj schetchik kanal ' nogo tipa . v kazhdom jeksperimente vyhody razlichnyh produktov sravnivalis ' s vyhodom acetilena kak vnutrennego standarta , a takzhe libo s pokazanijami registratora\npredstavljajutsja v vide asimetrogammagramm i razdel ' nyh levogo i pravogo fotograficheskih dvuhrazmernyh izobrazhenij . impul ' sy ot kazhdogo detektora podajutsja na kontur usilitel ' - diskriminator i zatem na differencial ' nyj kontur , kotoryj pechataet levuju ili pravuju otmetki s cel ' ju pokaza preobladanija koncentracii radioaktivnosti sleva ili sprava . impul ' sy ot kazhdogo kontura usiljtel ' - diskriminator podajutsja takzhe na pereschetnye ustrojstva , kotorye v svoju ochered ' vozbuzhdajut lampy , ustanovlennye v svetonepronicaemom pomeshhenii . dve lampy , intensivnost ' sveta kotooyh poedstavljaet soboj funkciju aktivnosti , izmerennoj sootvetstvujushhimi detektorami , montirujutsja na obshhej podstavke , peredvigaemoj s pomoshh ' ju dvigatelej sel ' sina v sisteme detektora sinhronno s generatorami sel ' sina , tem samym davaja vozmozhnost ' primenjat ' ustanovlennuju na rasstojanii registrirujushhuju ustanovku . cilindricheskie linzy fokusirujut lampovye istochniki na plenku , pri jetom registracija kak sprava , tak i sleva osushhestvljaetsja odnovremenno na rentgenovskoj plenke razmerom 28 ch 36 sm . hotja operator mozhet ustanovit ' sootvetstvujushhuju predvaritel ' no opredelennuju velichinu srednej sily toka lampy v shirokom diapazone skorosti scheta , operatoru predostavljaetsja bol ' shaja svoboda v svjazi s nalichiem v kassete treh\n, kazhdaja iz kotoryh obespechivaet optimal ' nuju kontrastnost ' v razlichnom diapazone skorosti scheta . pacientam vvodilis ' 350 mkjuri joda - 131 s syvorotochnym al ' buminom cheloveka posle predvaritel ' noj obrabotki rastvorom ljugolja . skennirovanie osushhestvljalos ' cherez 24 - 72 chasa . obychno bylo dostatochno poluchenija odnoj skennogrammy . u nekotoryh pacientov skennogrammy snimalis ' povtorno v peredne - zadnem napravlenii . v period s sentjabrja 1961 goda po nojabr ' 1962 goda u 653 pacientov bylo snjato 789sken - nogramm . u 109 pacientov iz jetogo chisla diagnoz podtverdilsja , u 88 pacientov byli obnaruzheny opuholi . byla ustanovlena lokalizacija 23 iz 30 glioblastom i"]}
{"id": 569, "summary": [{"text": "orthetrum triangulare is an asian freshwater dragonfly species .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is usually found in hilly and montane areas , and breeds in small ponds and marshy areas , and is tolerant of disturbance .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the common name for this species is blue-tailed forest hawk .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "two subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o. t. malaccense . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "orthetrum triangulare", "paragraphs": ["dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 53 . orthetrum triangulare triangulare ( selys , 1878 )\ndragonflies and damselflies of bangladesh : 32 . orthetrum triangulare ( selys , 1878 )\nno one has contributed data records for orthetrum triangulare malaccense yet . learn how to contribute .\ntwo subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o . t . malaccense .\ntwo subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o . t . malaccense .\nthe orthetrum triangulare triangulare is commonly known as the blue - tailed forest hawk dragonfly . it is of the libellulidae family and was first published in 1878 .\ntwo subspecies of orthetrum triangulare are currently recognised , the nominate subspecies and o . t . malaccense .\northetrum triangulare triangulare . i am still looking for 3 species of orthetrum in thailand . i have seen this at a number of upland streams and rivers , especially in chiang mai , phu kradeung national park and nam nao environs . the tend to live alongside other\ndow , r . a . 2010 . orthetrum triangulare ( selys , 1878 ) ; the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 . urltoken accessed on 30 november 2017 .\ncitation : dow , r . 2010 . orthetrum triangulare . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 21 december 2011 .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum triangulare selys , 1878 . [ online ] bhutan biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum triangulare ( selys , 1878 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\northetrum species and tend to like hot , sunny weather . the males are common at the water ' s edge , but i have only spotted one female .\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : allen , d . & clausnitzer , v . justification : orthetrum triangulare is a widely distributed and generally common species , breeding in open and disturbed habitats and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .\nrange description : orthetrum triangulare is widely distributed in asia . countries : native : afghanistan bhutan china hong kong india ( arunachal pradesh , bihar , haryana , himachal pradesh , jammu - kashmir , manipur , meghalaya , mizoram , nagaland , rajasthan , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttar pradesh , west bengal ) indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) lao people ' s democratic republic malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar ( myanmar ( mainland ) ) nepal pakistan sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam\nauthor contributed taxonomy hierarchy [ admin , k . a . subramanian , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan ]\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nsubramanian . k . a . ( 2009 ) . dragonflies of india - a field guide . vigyan prasar ,\ndescribes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time , whether on the scale of seconds , hours , days , or seasons . it could also cover phenomena such as\nplant flowering\nor\nchewing rates\n. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle . seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .\ndescribes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .\nmale : abdomen : 29 - 33mm , hind wing : 37 - 41mm . female : abdomen : 29 - 32mm , hind wing : 37mm .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nmale : face is glossy black . eyes : dark blue . thorax : velvety black . legs : black . wings : transparent . the hindwing has a broad triangular blackish brown spot at the base . wing spot : black . abdomen : broad at the base and gradually tapering towards the tip . the segments 1 - 2 and 8 - 10 black . the segments 3 - 7 azure blue and covered with fine hairs . female : thorax : olivaceous green above , often suffused with reddish brown . the sides are dark reddish brown with two bright yellow stripes . wings : the transparent wing is suffused with brown . the hindwing does not have basal black area instead it is tinted with yellow . abdomen : the abdomen is black and without fine hairs . a middorsal yellow or olivaceous green stripe runs from segments 1 - 7 . the segments 2 - 7 have two yellow spot underneath .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\nmale : wing spot : black eye : dark blue medium sized robust dragonfly with black thorax , blackish triangular patch at the base of hindwing and black - tipped broad blue tail . female : wing spot : brownish black eye : brown very different ; olivaceous green thorax with lateral yellow stripes and wing - base tinted with yellow .\nvery sedentary ; found day after day at the same perch , has a liking for sunlit spots in otherwise shady environs .\ndescribes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism , including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment . includes communication , perception , modes and mechanisms of locomotion , as well as long term strategies ( except mating and reproductive strategies , covered under reproduction ) .\na species of the hills . usually found in marshes associated with hill streams .\nhabitat and ecology : this species is usually found in hilly and montane areas . it breeds in small ponds and marshy areas , and is tolerant of disturbance . systems : freshwater list of habitats : 5 , 5 . 4 , 5 . 7 ,\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\nmayurbhanj . himalayas , w . ghats and ne india ; oriental region . easy to spot at : tarinibilla , str .\nis widely distributed in asia . countries : native : afghanistan bhutan china hong kong india ( arunachal pradesh , bihar , haryana , himachal pradesh , jammu - kashmir , manipur , meghalaya , mizoram , nagaland , rajasthan , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttar pradesh , west bengal ) indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) lao people ' s democratic republic malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar ( myanmar ( mainland ) ) nepal pakistan sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam\npopulation : this species can be somewhat local , but is common where it occurs across much of its range . population trend : unknown\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : allen , d . & clausnitzer , v . justification :\nis a widely distributed and generally common species , breeding in open and disturbed habitats and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .\njeganathan , p & bhanumathi ( 2016 ) . thattangal , usithattangal : arimuga kaiyedu . ( a field guide on dragonflies & damselflies in tamil ) . cre - a . chennai . pp1 - 224 urltoken\niucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 4 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 27 october 2010 ) .\nodonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016 . the survey sites . . .\nodonata ( insecta ) diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , . . .\nodonata diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , india w . . .\ndragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of nagaland , with an addition to the indian odonate fau . . .\nwe surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima , peren and wokha in the state of nagaland , northeas . . .\ndragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of tripura , northeastern india with a pictorial catalog . . .\na survey of odonata was conducted in four reserve forests , three wildlife sanctuaries and three unc . . .\nodonates were recorded from kanha tiger reserve and its adjoining areas during january - december 201 . . .\nodonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide . tropical areas are high odonata diversity area . . .\npicked up this report / project on damselfies from the internet authored by the indian academy o . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis a widely distributed and generally common species , breeding in open and disturbed habitats and is assessed as least concern .\nthis species can be somewhat local , but is common where it occurs across much of its range .\nthis species is usually found in hilly and montane areas . it breeds in small ponds and marshy areas , and is tolerant of disturbance .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhabitat : exposed ponds & seepage , forested streams and rivers ( uplands ) province ( s ) sighted : nam nao np / environs ( petchabun ) ; phu kradueng np ( loei ) ; doi suthep , doi inthanon ( chiang mai ) ; khao soi dao ( chantaburi ) . sightings ( by me ) : fairly common at phu kradeung np in flight ( that i have seen ) : march - december ( probably all year )\nthe male is easy to recognise as it has a large blue section to the abdomen and the rest of it is completely black . they like to hang right over the water ' s edge on branches and twigs .\nthe only time i have ever seen a female of the this species , was part of a copula at the small pond right next to the headquarters of doi inthanon , chiang mai . this demonstrates that they are as happy by ponds as they are alongside rivers .\nhere ' s another male and female . the female is ovipositing with the male guarding above . i was this pair late afternoon at the same location as the copula above . this went on for several minutes .\ni am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .\n98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .\nnumber : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .\nnumber : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nlocation : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .\nnumber : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .\nlocation : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .\nnumber : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .\nlocation 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .\nnumber : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nnumber : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .\nnumber : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 dennis farrell 2010 - 2016 . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\nthe male is black and white species . the thorax is black , abdominal segments 1 - 7 are bluish , segments 8 - 10 are black .\nthe female are yellow in color , broad black antehumeral stripe present and abdominal 8 - 10 are black which are the signature of the species .\ni have sighted the species from the forest patches of the north eastern forest of bangladesh .\nrhyothemis variegata ( linnaeus , 1763 ) number : 30 family : libellulidae genus : rhyothemis species : rhyothemis variegata ( . . .\npotamarcha congener ( rambur , 1842 ) number : 22 family : libellulidae genus : potamarcha species : potamarcha congener ( ramb . . .\nagriocnemis femina ( brauer , 1868 ) number : 02 family : coenagrionidae genus : agriocnemis species : agriocnemis femina ( braue . . .\nnumber : 11 family : gomphidae genus : paragomphus species : paragomphus lineatus ( selys , 1850 ) common name : lined hooktail . . .\ntrithemis aurora ( burmeister , 1839 ) trithemis aurora ( burmeister , 1839 ) number : 37 family : libellulidae genus : trith . . .\npantana flavescens ( fabricius , 1 798 ) family : libellulidae genus : pantana species : pantana flavescens ( fabricius . . .\n09 . brachydiplax chalybea ( brauer , 1868 ) number : 09 family : libellulidae genus : brachydiplax species : brachythemis chalyb . . .\nbrachythemis contaminata ( fabricius , 1793 ) number : 08 family : libellulidae genus : brachythemis species : brachythemis conta . . .\nagriocnemis kalinga ( nair & subramanian , 2014 ) number : 04 family : coenagrionidae genus : agriocnemis species : agriocnem . . .\ndiplacodes nebulosa ( fabricius , 1 79 3 ) family : libellulidae genus : diplacodes species : diplacodes nebulosa ( fabr . . .\nall photos and text are copyright . please take permission before using . simple theme . theme images by gaffera . powered by blogger .\nnew version of the portal has been deployed , some features are still under development and may not work temporarily .\nmitra , a . ( 2002 ) . dragonfly ( odonata : insecta ) fauna of trashigang dzongkhag , eastern bhutan . environment and life support systems of the bhutan himalaya 1 : 40\u201370 .\nan overview is given of literature containing distribution records of dragonfies and damselfies . . .\nodonata records from western bhutan , with six new records and a note on the synonymy of himalagrion wi . . .\nrecords of 56 species of odonata collected from western bhutan between 03 - and 15 - viii - 2015 are . . .\nthere is no special announcement ( 13 : 00 hkt on 24 . 04 . 2018 )\nthere is no special announcement ( 13 : 00 hkt on 24 . 04 . 2018 ) [ see full weather warning information ]\na broad band of clouds is covering southern china . weather forecast for today : mainly cloudy with isolated showers . light to moderate easterly winds . outlook : sunny intervals tomorrow and on sunday . mainly fine and hot early next week .\ncheck and understand heat index temperature and air pollution index before hiking . hit f5 to refresh the page if current weather is not up to date .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 570, "summary": [{"text": "the northern shoveler ( / \u02c8\u0283\u028cv\u0259l\u0259r / ; spatula clypeata ) , or northern shoveller in british english , sometimes known simply as the shoveler , is a common and widespread duck .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it breeds in northern areas of europe and asia and across most of north america , wintering in southern europe , africa , the indian subcontinent , southeast asia , and central , and northern south america .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is a rare vagrant to australia .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "in north america , it breeds along the southern edge of hudson bay and west of this body of water , and as far south as the great lakes west to colorado , nevada , and oregon .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the northern shoveler is one of the species to which the agreement on the conservation of african-eurasian migratory waterbirds ( aewa ) applies .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the conservation status of this bird is least concern . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "northern shoveler", "paragraphs": ["the northern shoveler was first described in 1758 by carolus linnaeus , swedish botanist , physician and zoologist .\nbattley , p . f . 1991 . northern shoveler near wanganui . notornis 38 : 48 - 50 .\nwhen flushed off the nest , a female northern shoveler often defecates on its eggs , apparently to deter predators .\nthe northern shoveler can be found in marshes and prairie potholes . it needs habitats with shallow water with muddy bottoms .\nnot to be outdone by the drake , here is a close up of the female northern shoveler in all her radiance .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nthe oldest recorded northern shoveler was a male , and at least 16 years , 7 months old when he was found in nevada .\nand why are they called northern shovelers ? well , that is because they are not the only species of shoveler in the world , though they are the only ones living in the northern hemisphere .\nthe northern shoveler is a long - distance migrant , that breeds across the entire northern hemisphere . it spends the northern winter mainly in the northern tropics and warm temperate areas immediately to the north . asian populations winter throughout east asia south to thailand , with occasional records further south including borneo and australia . the east asian population is estimated at 500 , 000 birds .\nthe video above showing the pair bonding and precopulatory behavior of the northern shoveler ( anas clypeata ) was shot from the photography bind at colusa national wildlife refuge , one of the refuges of the sacramento national wildlife refuge complex in northern california .\nmelville , d . s . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . northern shoveler . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nthe northern shoveler breeds from alaska east to northern manitoba and south to california and the great lakes region . it winters from oregon south to california and east across the southern united states and up the east coast to new jersey . it also winters in mexico , central america , northern south america , and the caribbean .\nduring the heat of the day , the shoveler often rests on the mud next to the water .\nthe other main foraging technique employed by the northern shoveler using that rather large spatulate bill is filtering the open water surface as they swim , seen in this video filmed at sacramento nwr .\nnorthern shoveler : this is a medium - sized dabbling duck with a large spoon - shaped bill . males have a dark green head , dark bill , orange legs , yellow eyes , white\nnorthern shoveler populations have remained fairly steady since 1955 , but 2007 and 2009 brought peak numbers and the numbers have remained high , most likely due to favorable habitat conditions for breeding , migrating , and wintering northern shovelers ( u . s . fish and wildlife service , 2009 ) .\ndue to their highly specialized bills and consequent habitat requirements , the northern shoveler appears to be less affected by drought and food scarcity than other dabblers . this may explain how this species has maintained long - term stable populations .\nnorthern shoveler . adult male in breeding plumage . texas , december 2006 . image \u00a9 jim denny by jim denny http : / / www . kauaibirds . comhttp : / / www . flickr . com / photos / hawaiibirds /\nmitchell , c . 2005 . northern shoveler anas clypeata . pp . 560 - 564 in kear , j . ( ed . ) . bird families of the world . ducks , geese and swans . oxforduniversity press : oxford .\nthe drake northern shoveler is readily identifiable in breeding plumage . it has a dark green head , white breast and a large chestnut patch on the flanks . in flight the upper forewing is pale blue - grey , with a dark green speculum on the trailing margin of the wing , similar to the wing pattern of the australasian shoveler . female northern shovelers , and males in eclipse , would be very similar to australasian shovelers . no characters have been identified to separate the species in these plumages . northern shovelers of both sexes have dark grey bills ( as do australasian shovelers ) .\ndubowy , paul j . 1996 . northern shoveler ( spatula clypeata ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe northern shoveler is a common holarctic duck with a high degree of morphological and feeding specializations . unlike most dabbling ducks ( genus anas ) , it has a bill ideally suited for straining small swimming crustaceans from the water . previous studies have shown that northern shovelers feed primarily by holding their bills in the water while swimming , straining out small invertebrates by continually dabbling .\nthe northern shoveler has a large range , estimated globally at 10 , 000 , 000 square kilometers . native to the americas , europe , asia and africa and introduced to australia , this bird prefers grassland , wetland and marine ecosystems . the global population of this bird is estimated at 5 , 000 , 000 to 6 , 400 , 000 individuals and does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the northern shoveler is least concern .\nnorthern shoveler : breeds from alaska and northern manitoba south to california , nebraska , and wisconsin ; local and uncommon in the great lakes area and the northeast . winters from oregon across the southern half of the u . s . to the gulf coast , north to new jersey , and south to central america . prefers marshes and prairie potholes ; sometimes found on salt or brackish marshes .\nthe northern shoveler is a common breeder throughout washington ' s lowland ponds and wetlands ( although some birds sighted in summer on the west side of the cascades are non - breeders ) . it is also a common winter resident . northern shovelers are more common breeders on the east side of the cascades than on the west side , but more common wintering on the west side in appropriate habitat .\nthe northern shoveler is a migratory duck that breeds in temperate regions across the entire northern hemisphere . a few birds stray south of the equator when on migration , including 10 - 14 records from new zealand . all the new zealand records are of males in their distinctive white - and - chestnut plumage with bottle - green head , with several of these birds shot by duck hunters . the drab females would be very difficult to separate from female australasian shovelers , and so it is likely that many northern shovelers are overlooked in new zealand .\ndubowy , p . j . 1996 . northern shoveler . the birds of north america . no . 217 . ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . philadelphia : the academy of natural sciences ; washington , d . c . : the american ornithologists ' union .\nthe bill of the shoveler is ideally suited for straining small swimming invertebrates from the water and mud . seeds and aquatic plants are also important food items , especially during winter .\nnorthern shovelers feed from the surface , filtering items from the water with fine comb - like ridges on the inside of their bills .\ndubowy , p . j . 1997 . long - term foraging optimization in northern shovelers . ecological modelling 95 : 119 - 132 .\nthe bill of the northern shoveler is big ( about 2 . 5 inches long ) and shaped like a shovel , but that odd - shaped bill also has about 110 fine projections ( called lamellae ) along the edges that act like a colander , filtering out tiny crustaceans , seeds , and aquatic invertebrates from the water .\nsimilar species ( adult males only ) : the australasian shoveler is similar in size and shape . the drake australasian shoveler has a blue - grey head with a vertical white crescent at the base of bill . but note that male northern shovelers in \u2018eclipse\u2019 plumage ( a plumage attained for a short time after the breeding season ) also may show a pale crescent on the face , as well as a speckled breast . the drake mallard has a similarly green head but has a dark maroon - brown breast and yellow bill .\nworld ' s last male northern white rhino , sudan , dies the world ' s last male northern white rhino , sudan , has died after\nage - related complications ,\nresearchers announced tuesday , saying he\nstole the heart of many with his dignity and strength .\nduring winter , the northern shoveler will use virtually any wetland as long as it has muddy edges . it can then be found on coastal brackish lagoons , tidal mudflats , estuaries , coastal shorelines , fresh and brackish estuarine marshes , swamps , inland seas and brackish or saline inland waters , and flooded areas in savanna , grassland or forest . the northern shoveler will even forage in sewage ponds and stagnant or polluted waters avoided by other species of ducks . it may occasionally briefly occur on marine waters during migration , yet it generally avoids very saline habitats . general habits : northern shovelers are usually found in pairs or in small parties , but they tend to congregate when feeding and roosting , and flocks of 20 , 30 or even several hundreds of individuals occur in favoured areas in africa . they may also travel in large numbers during migration and large concentrations then form , especially at stop - over sites . this species is highly migratory , flying south to overwinter in tropical and subtropical regions , although it may be present all year round in parts of europe . the northern shoveler migrates in flocks in a prolonged migration period in both the spring and the fall .\nnorthern shovelers don ' t just occur in the americas , they also breed across europe and spend the winter throughout europe , africa , and india .\nnorthern shovelers migrate in flocks in a prolonged migration period in both the spring and the fall . the spring migration is relatively late , usually peaking about the end of april . the fall migration begins in august , peaks in september , and continues into november . many northern shovelers winter in washington .\nnorthern shovelers are very popular with aviculturists , are rather easy to propagate , and can be found in almost any waterfowl collection . ( todd 1979 . )\nthe northern shoveler appears quite large , though it is its disproportionately large head that gives this impression . in body size , it is appreciably smaller than either the mallard or the spot - billed duck . its plumage is distinctive . the male has an iridescent blue - green head , its chest is pure white and its flanks are chestnut , making it a very smart bird indeed . like the other dabbling ducks , however , the shoveler has what is known as an eclipse plumage . the bright colors of the male serve the significant purpose of advertising , to compete with other males for the attention of females .\nfemale northern shovelers have mottled brown , black and white feathers and a blue patch on their wings . their eyes are brown and their bill is a brownish green .\nnorthern shovelers are monogamous and remain together longer than pairs of most other dabbling ducks . they form bonds on the wintering grounds and stay together until just before fall migration .\nthe northern shoveler is a medium - sized dabbling duck . its most unique feature is its large shovel - shaped bill . during the breeding season , male shovelers have shiny green heads , a white body , rusty - red undersides , and black wings . in non - breeding season their color is a little duller and their head and breast are brown . male shovelers have yellow eyes and a black bill .\nduring the breeding season , northern shovelers are widely distributed throughout north america , europe and northern asia . they normally inhabit open , shallow and muddy freshwater wetlands that house a large abundance of submergent vegetation . these wetlands are usually adjacent to open grassy areas , which provide sufficient cover for nests . similar habitats are used during spring and fall migration .\nnorthern shovelers fly from the prairie pothole region through the pacific or central flyways , with major stopover areas in the great salt lake , malheur basin and carson sink . they winter in california ; coastal louisiana , texas , and mexico ; and the north and central highlands of mexico . wintering habitat includes fresh and brackish coastal marshes , and ponds . saltwater wetlands are generally avoided . northern shovelers are common winter visitors to central america , the caribbean and northern colombia , and are found occasionally in trinidad ( scott and carbonell , 1986 ) .\ncarboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . northern shoveler ( spatula clypeata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe very large , spatulate bill is the most distinguishing feature of the aptly named northern shoveler . the male in breeding plumage has bright wings , a bright iridescent - green head with a yellow eye , bold white breast , and chestnut sides . females , juveniles , and males in eclipse plumage ( from may through august ) are mottled brown with orange legs and a green - black iridescent speculum with a blue patch on the forewing .\nhovelers have an entirely different approach . the bill of the shoveler is a large affair , both longer and broader than those of any of their relatives . the japanese name for this bird , hibiro - gamo , lects the noticeable broadness of its characteristic beak .\npay a visit to one of the major city parks , or to almost any major river mouth between now and april , and you will find flocks of slender - necked northern pintail , compact eurasian wigeon , stocky mallard or solid and bulky spot - billed duck . the pintail and wigeon in particular occur in huge flocks often numbered in the thousands . among them , there are often smaller numbers of a rather different - looking bird : the shoveler .\nnorthern shovelers breed in the parklands , short - and mixed - grass prairies of canada , and the grasslands of the north - central united states . they prefer shallow marshes that are mud - bottomed and rich in invertebrate life . nest sites are generally located on the ground in grassy areas lacking woody cover and away from open water . female northern shovelers lay an average of 9 eggs .\ncheck out my latest west coast beat writer post over at 10000 birds ! i\u2019ve got this video plus two others and several photos of the beautiful northern shovelers that were taken at our national wildlife refuges .\nthere are 10 accepted northern shoveler records from new zealand , and several other sightings that have not been assessed . all but two records were from the north island ( particularly the bay of plenty and horowhenua ) , and all but one were of the readily recognisable drake ( there was a pair at pauri lake , whanganui , in august 1989 ) . all new zealand records were during the southern winter ( march to august ) , when northern shovelers should be on their breeding grounds . the preponderance of records in may , and particularly the first week of may , has more to do with the timing of the duck - shooting season in new zealand than the migratory behaviour of the birds .\nso , if your travels should take you to places such as izunuma , in miyagi prefecture , to see the great winter goose gathering there , do look out for these very special extras among the main cast . and don\u2019t forget to look out for the shoveler among the other dabbling ducks .\nmany of the dabbling ducks use their flat bills to strain food items from the water , but the big spatulate bill of the northern shoveler is adapted to take this habit to the extreme . flocks of shovelers often swim along with their big bills barely submerged in front of them , straining food from the muddy soup of shallow waters . despite their heavy - set build , shovelers are good fliers ; at large gatherings , groups often are seen taking off , circling the area repeatedly , then alighting again .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nnorthern shovelers stay in small groups of up to twenty , but they may travel in larger numbers during migration . they are quiet birds that tolerate human presence and can be relatively tame . ( todd , 1979 . )\nperhaps the most outwardly distinctive of the dabbling ducks thanks to its large spoon - shaped bill , the northern shoveler busily forages head down in shallow wetlands . its uniquely shaped bill has comblike projections along its edges , which filter out tiny crustaceans and seeds from the water . if the bill doesn\u2019t catch your eye , the male ' s blocky color palette sure will , with its bright white chest , rusty sides , and green head . the female is no less interesting with a giant orange bill and mottled brown plumage .\nperhaps the most visible diagnostic characteristic of the northern shoveler is its large spoon - shaped bill , which widens towards the tip and creates a shape unique among north american waterfowl . male northern shovelers have an iridescent green head and neck , white chest and breast and chestnut belly and sides . they have a white stripe extending from the breast along the margin of the gray - brown back , and white flank spots . the wings have a gray - blue shoulder patch , which is separated from a brilliant green speculum by a tapered white stripe . the bill is black in breeding plumage and the legs and feet are orange . female northern shovelers have a light brownish head with a blackish crown and a brownish speckled body . the upper wing coverts are grayish - blue , the greater secondary coverts are tipped with white and the secondaries are brown with a slight greenish sheen . the bill is olive green with fleshy orange in the gape area and speckled with black dots .\none of the coolest things about northern shovelers are their feeding habits . they are dabbling ducks which feed by upending and , you guessed it , dabbling . unlike most other dabbling ducks however , the northern shovelers strain aquatic vegetation , plankton , and tiny invertebrates through the comb - like edges of their shovel - shaped bill . you can see these comb - like structures called lamellae in this photo of the drake ( click on photos for full sized images ) .\nthis bird favors broad , shallow marshes where it can use the comb - like teeth along the edges of its large bill to strain aquatic animals , plants , and seeds from the water . like the two teal , male shovelers wear eclipse plumage until february , much later than ducks whose courtship begins in the fall . though less numerous than in ancient times , the northern shoveler and other marsh ducks have lately become relatively abundant because game departments and private organizations in canada , the united states , and mexico have purchased wetland habitat to ensure their survival .\nduring the breeding season , northern shovelers are found in shallow pools and marshes that have good cover and dry areas nearby for nesting . in the winter they can be found near freshwater marshes , swamps , and flooded areas . ( johnsgard 1965 . )\nnorthern shovelers use shallow wetlands with submerged vegetation during the breeding season , nesting along the margins and in the neighboring grassy fields . outside of the breeding season they forage in saltmarshes , estuaries , lakes , flooded fields , wetlands , agricultural ponds , and wastewater ponds .\nas with other species of dabbling ducks , the northern shoveler is found in a variety of wetland habitats , including prairie potholes , saline wetlands , and lacustrine margins in summer , and in playas , coastal marshes , and rice prairies in winter . although its courtship , nesting behavior , postbreeding biology , and migration are generally similar to that observed in other dabbling ducks , it differs in other aspects of its life history . for example , this is the most territorial of all north american dabbling ducks , and males remain paired with females longer than in other species , in turn affecting life - history parameters such as the mating system and courtship .\nin the fall , northern shovelers migrate to the southern regions of north america , south america , north africa and southern asia to over winter . freshwater and saline marshes , industrial cooling ponds , agricultural wastewater ponds , coastal lagoons , estuaries and mangrove swamps provide wintering habitat .\nnorthern shovelers are a game bird . hunters often shoot them due to their resemblance to mallards . they are often referred to as\nneighbor ' s mallards ,\nbecause some hunters give them to their neighbors and keep the more tasty mallards for themselves . ( todd , 1979 . )\nnorthern shovelers feed by dabbling and sifting in shallow water . seeds of sedges , bulrushes , saw grass , smartweeds , pondweeds , algae and duckweeds , as well as aquatic insects , mollusks and crustaceans , are consumed by filtering water which is taken in at the bill tip and jetted out at the base .\nnorthern shovelers are common and their populations were stable between 1966 and 2015 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partners in flight estimates the global breeding population at 4 . 5 million . the species rates an 8 out of 20 on the continental concern score , which means it is not on the partners in flight watch list and is a species of low conservation concern . the u . s . fish and wildlife service carefully manages duck hunting , and limits the number of individuals hunters can take every year based on population size . from 2012\u20132016 , hunters have taken an average of 705 , 533 northern shovelers per year .\nlarry , as always \u2014 great post , photo and vids over at 10 , 000 birds ! i had no idea about the lamellae . i mean , i\u2019ve seen them but didn\u2019t understand the full function , nor would i have recognized all of these behaviors as courtship ones . i absolutely love seeing northern shovelers and appreciated knowing more about them .\nit is likely that shovelers are suffering from habitat loss and degradation in asia . they are reported as not good to eat as they have a poor flavour compared to other surface feeding ducks , thus hunting pressure is comparatively low . as for all vagrant bird species , northern shovelers are fully protected in new zealand . this apparently makes little difference come the first weekend of may .\nthe coolest shoveler experience i ever had was at coyote hills in the bay area . scores of shovelers were flying in over the hills to land on one of the big ponds . as they flew over us , they produced a sound that was just like fighter jets . i\u2019ve asked a number of people about that but no one yet has heard it . it must have been a combination of their flight path and wind direction . so odd but so evocative when i remember that moment of standing under their beautiful flight .\nnorthern shovelers inhabit shallow , marshy ponds and wetlands at low elevations . breeding habitat is in open country ( prairie or tundra ) , or lowland woodlands and clearings , always near shallow water . during winter and migration they will use virtually any wetland as long as it has muddy edges . shovelers will forage in sewage ponds and stagnant or polluted waters avoided by other species of ducks .\nnorthern shovelers rarely tip up , but filter mud through their bills , swimming with their heads outstretched , bills skimming the water ' s surface , sifting out food . in flight they stay in tight bunches , weaving to and fro like shorebirds . shovelers are the most territorial of all the north american dabblers , and pair bonds remain intact through incubation , unlike most other species of ducks .\nnorthern shovelers migrate in small isolated flocks of 10 - 25 individuals and travel both day and night . in north america , 2 main migration corridors are favored . one passage extends along the mississippi and missouri valleys , through the central plains to the gulf coast and central mexico . the second migration corridor extends from western canada through the intermountain regions of california and down to the west coast of mexico .\nmembers of the anatidae flock together after breeding in large , multi - species groups at sites with good , safe foraging . at such sites , scoters , canvasbacks , and other diving ducks dive for mussels in the deep sections while dabblers such as gadwall and northern shovelers forage on the surface and in the shallows . on the shore , grazers such as geese and the american widgeon forage on grass .\nit arrives on the breeding grounds from march ( with a migration peak around the end of april ) where it breeds in solitary pairs or loose groups in the northern spring ( chiefly from mid - april to june ) . males undergo a post - breeding moult migration from early - may to early - june ( females moulting one month later ) during which they are flightless for 3 - 4 weeks .\nthe breeding season for northern shovelers begins on the wintering grounds in december , where courtship of hens by a group of drakes commences . by january , the majority of individuals have paired before they start their spring migration and most return to the same breeding grounds they used the previous year . once on the breeding grounds , males defend their females and territory strenuously while the females locate nest sites and begin nest construction .\nthanks for this timely post , and congratulations on the great photos and videos ! i love watching northern shovelers here on the olympic peninsula . until this week , i\u2019d only observed their skimming on the surface and upending foraging behaviors . this week i watched a pair swimming in a circle , each one spinning , with the circle creating a funnel effect . it was fascinating , and i wondered ever since what they were doing .\nmales weigh 17 to 38 ounces ( 470 to 1000g ) and their wingspans are usually around 31 inches ( 227 to 251mm ) . females are 17 to 28 ounces ( 470 to 800g ) . northern shovelers are sexually dimorphic . the males head , neck , and speculum are iridescent green , their chests are white , and the remaining underparts are a bright chestnut . the females are mainly a pattern of buffs and browns . both sexes have pale blue inner forewings and orange - yellow legs and feet . the most distinctive feature is their large spatulate bill . it is twice as wide at the tip than it is at the base . this uniquely shaped bill gives rise to northern shovelers also being called\nspoonbills\n. the ducklings hatch with a typical duckbill that enlarges as the duckling matures . ( goodes and boyer , 1986 ; todd , 1979 )\nmost duck species migrate north of japan to breed , and the shoveler is no exception . it is only rarely encountered during summer . now that autumn is here , however , and migration is underway , more and more shovelers are arriving to join the wigeon and pintail flocks . from early september to november , they are fairly common in hokkaido , passing through on their southbound migration . then , from mid - october onward they become more common in honshu . having spent the winter here , they seem much scarcer in spring , so perhaps they migrate northwards again by way of the continent .\na northern shoveler feeds mainly by drawing water into its bill and then pumping it out through the sides with their tongue , filtering out minute food particles with long comb - like lamellae that line the edge of the bill . the particles mainly consist of tiny crustaceans , molluscs , insects , and their larvae as well as seeds and pieces of leaves and stems of plants . in addition to the food particles they also eat water beetles , small minnows , and snails . social feeding is common . the shovelers are drawn to feeding areas by other birds feeding in an area . shovelers take advantage of the food particles churned to the surface by the other birds swimming or wading in the area . single birds may swim in a tight circle to create a whirlpool to cause food to come to the surface . shovelers are also known to upend or dabble , usually for lengthier periods than other surface feeders , and also dive using their wings to swim underwater in shallow marshes . ( gooders and boyer , 1986 , johnsgard , 1969 , todd , 1979 )\nwith vegetation constituting 60 % its diet , northern shovelers tend to forage on water bodies that are high in plant diversity . vegetated water bodies provide seed from various plants including pondweed , bulrush , various grasses , sedges and algae . the remainder of its diet consists of mollusks , aquatic insects and zooplankton . more specifically , they prefer to forage on animals such as fingernail clams , water boatmans , midge and caddis fly larvae , and copepods and ostracods .\nthe edges of its beak are ridged , and these ridges have a very distinctive function . they serve to filter out food from the surface of the water . although these are very small ridges , they function as sieves , similar to the way the baleen does for some of the whales . whereas most of the dabbling ducks are almost exclusively vegetarian , the shoveler\u2019s diet includes far more animal matter than any of its close relatives . they are able to sieve the surface waters of wet rice fields , marshes , ponds and lakes , and so catch a range of animal matter too , which can include insects , mollusks , crustaceans and even small fish .\nalthough easily recognizable , this species is less well known than other dabbling ducks such as the mallard ( anas platyrhynchos ) , northern pintail ( a . acuta ) , or green - winged teal ( a . crecca ) . even among waterfowl hunters , it rates a low standing , perhaps as much from ignorance of this species as from experience . although this duck has been well studied in north america and the western palearctic , less is known about its biology and habits in asia .\nnorthern shovelers are by no means the only waterfowl to look out for this season . the wild swans , the whooper and bewick\u2019s are already here , working their way into the country from the north , as are the flocks of geese . large numbers of white - fronted and bean geese are already pausing at their traditional sites in hokkaido , and in another week or so they will be heading south for honshu . with them this year are several rarities in the shape of snow geese and swan geese .\nthe unique bill morphology of northern shovelers allows this species to exhibit one of the most unusual feeding behaviors of any duck . its large spoon shaped bill is adapted for sifting large amounts of muddy water . their tongues are highly specialized with extensive comb - like teeth called lamellae , which help filter food items from the water . moving its head side to side , water is drawn in at the tip of the bill , filtered through the lamellae to pick up any food particulate and then expelled at the base .\nnational wildlife refuges are a great place to look for northern shovelers from migration throughout the winter months ( august\u2013april ) . look around the fringes of shallow areas for groups of ducks with their heads down foraging intently . they tend to use more stagnant pools of water than other ducks , so you may also find them in smaller and murkier pools of water . the male ' s bright white chest will surely attract your attention if you don ' t immediately see their giant bill . shovelers are a little less wary than other ducks , sometimes affording closer looks without the need of a spotting scope .\nnorthern shovelers , related to the blue - winged and cinnamon teal , are often referred to as the\nspoonbill\nor\nspoony\nbecause of their unique spatulate shaped bill . breeding males are distinguished by a green / black head , white belly , rufous flanks and black bill . females show similar body patterns as males but tend to be more gray and their bills are orange , speckled with black . at a casual glance , individuals can easily be mistaken for mallards but can be distinguished from them by the large blue patch they display on their shoulder and their iridescent green speculum ( a lustrous colored patch on the wing ) as opposed to the absence of a shoulder patch and violet blue speculum of the mallard\nlarry jordan was introduced to birding after moving to northern california where he was overwhelmed by the local wildlife , forcing him to buy his first field guide just to be able to identify all the species visiting his yard . building birdhouses and putting up feeders brought the avian fauna even closer and he was hooked . larry wanted to share his passion for birds and conservation and hatched the birder ' s report in september of 2007 . his recent focus is on bringing the western burrowing owl back to life in california where he also monitors several bluebird trails . he is a birdlife species champion and contributes to several other conservation efforts , being the webmaster for wintu audubon society and the director of strategic initiatives for the urban bird foundation . he is now co - founder of a movement to create a new revenue stream for our national wildlife refuges with a wildlife conservation pass .\nnorthern shovelers swim through wetlands , often with their bills down in the water , swinging them side to side to filter out tiny crustacean prey . sometimes large groups swim in circles to stir up food . they don ' t forage on land regularly , but they do rest on land and walk along wetland edges . they are fairly social ducks , occurring in groups with shovelers and other dabbling ducks , especially during the winter . during the breeding season , they are less tolerant of other shovelers encroaching on their territory . defensive males often chase intruders on the water and in the air . males court females on the wintering grounds with turns , dips , wing flaps , and head pumping . pairs stay together during the breeding season , although males will occasionally mate with a second female . after breeding , males group together in small flocks before and after molting . males molt their flight feathers before migrating south , becoming flightless for a brief period , when they tend to stay hidden in vegetation especially at night .\ndistribution : this species have a very broad geographic ranges estimated at around 10 , 000 , 000 km2 .\nthis duck is especially found in water bodies rich in aquatic vegetation and in plankton . suitable habitats include well - vegetated lakes , ponds and marshes with muddy shores and substrates in open country - such as grasslands or even tundra - or lowland woodlands and clearings for nesting , as well as oxbow lakes , channels and swamps , notably in the former u . s . s . r . . it also frequents artificial waters bordered by lush grassland such as sewage farms , rice - fields and fish ponds .\nthe autumn migration begins in august , peaks in september , and continues into november . the species is then likely to travel on a broad front , with the western european populations spreading across arabia and into africa .\nbirds of eden in plettenberg bay , south africa is a world - class free flight bird sanctuary that aims to create a safe environment in which to release a large collection of free - flight african birds and miniature monkeys .\n\u00a9 copyright 2016 birds of eden . all rights reserved . hosting by urltoken site development by handmade connections .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : spatula clypeata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmonval , j - y . and pirot , j - y . 1989 . results of the [ more ]\nscott , d . a . and rose , p . m . 1996 . atlas of anatidae [ more ]\ntrolliet , b , girard , o , benmergui , m . , schricke , [ more ]\naverage weight : m 1 . 5 lbs . , f 1 . 4 lbs .\namong the smaller waterfowl , there are basically two types : there are ducks that dive , and there are those that dabble . diving ducks , such as the tufted duck , scaup , scoter , harlequin and long - tailed duck , are birds of open , deep water , birds of lakes , coasts and the open ocean . dabbling ducks , on the other hand , are birds of ponds and streams , shallow lakes and marshes . some of them can be seen in considerable concentrations in japan during the winter .\nthe females in turn are camouflaged with fine patterning in brown , so that when confined to their nests incubating their eggs they blend in well with marshland vegetation . that camouflage is important in reducing the chances that they may be found by predators \u2014 so you can imagine that the boldly marked males are highly conspicuous in contrast . once the mating game has been played ( and won or lost ) , the males quickly lose their brighter plumes and adopt a drabber version . this is more like the camouflage of the females . they spend several months during the middle and latter part of summer , even into autumn , in this guise , but once winter approaches they start shifting back into brighter colors again .\nthey change their colors and their behavior too , two characteristics that may indeed be linked in some important way . during winter , shovelers and other ducks are most often found in flocks , often very large ones , and in these numbers there is safety . the confusion factor is considerable , because when startled they all take wing together , and the rush of thousands of birds into the air is enough to stall the attack of many a predator . the individual that may have been the focus of the predator\u2019s attentions is suddenly lost in the crowd , and if the predator switches its attentions to another , that too may quickly disappear into the melee .\nsometimes , peregrine falcons are drawn to these wintering sites of duck . however , if any of you have watched a peregrine attacking , you will have noticed that it is more than likely to try its luck on a bird that has for some reason become isolated from the flock , rather than one within the flock itself . from the predator\u2019s perspective it must also consider safety . flying at very high speed into a dense flock of slow - moving , heavy ducks is not a sensible approach . the risks of collision and injury to the predator\u2019s own flying equipment \u2014 its feathers and wings \u2014 are too great .\nrhaps it is that safety - in - numbers aspect of winter flock - life that means the dabbling duck males are able to return to their bright plumage at this time of year , rather than wait for spring . on the other hand , could it be perhaps that there are females among those wintering flocks to be wooed in readiness for the next breeding season ?\neither way , shovelers and other dabbling ducks are steadily assuming their best plumage of the year . wait for a clear , crisp winter\u2019s day , when the sun is low and bright , and you will find that their iridescent colors seem to glow .\nit is worthwhile to take a closer look at the flocks of wintering duck . their bright plumage is inevitably the first feature that catches the eye . however , settle in and wait a while and you will find that their behavior is interesting and an equally effective way of telling them apart .\nmallard and spot - billed ducks are heavily built ducks that dabble away at the surface most of the time . their stubby bills are suited to sieving pond weed from the surface of the water . the pintails , in contrast , have slender , longer necks and they use them to good effect reaching submerged plant food . they often lean forward , submerging their heads and necks to reach the vegetation lower down , while their long pointed tails rise vertically .\nover 2 , 000 volunteers take part in hong kong beach cleanup to help turtles more than 2 , 000 volunteers hit the beaches on an outlying island of hong kong for a mass cleanup sunday as environmental campaigners warned plastic is killing sea turtles and other wildlife . . . .\na wetland works wonders in battered tohoku between the ages of 13 and 17 , i went to cheltenham grammar school for boys in that picturesque spa town on the edge of the cotswold hills in gloucestershire , england . back then my favor . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nlandfowl ( galliformes ) and waterfowl ( anseriformes ) together ( galloanseres ) are sister to all other extant non - paleognath birds ( neoaves ) .\nbering i . , n kurile is . ( ne russia ) and aleutian is . ( usa )\nchange english name from mascarene sheldgoose to mauritius sheldgoose with recognition of reunion sheldgoose as a separate species .\nalso called spectacled duck ( sacc ) . bronze - winged duck is the long established name in aviculture .\n( gonzalez et al . 2009 , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 10 )\nand resequence ( gonzalez et al . 2009 , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 10 )\nand resequenced ( gonzalez et al . 2009 , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 10 ) .\nis related to black and mottled ducks and should be recognized ( mccracken et al . 2001 ) ; lump by aou cites only hubbard ( 1977 )\n. treat as monotypic . clinal . sangster et al 2001 , carboneras et al 2017 .\n( livezey 1995 ; collinson et al . 2006 , sangster 2009 ) ; accepted by bou ( sangster et al . 2005 ) & aou ( 2010 , nacc supplement 51 , but english names were mixed up )\nformerly auckland merganser . although limited to auckland island in historical times , fossil record shows that this species was also formerly present on north , south and stewart islands . gill et al 2010 .\n. here treated as a subspecies of hybrid origin . see lozano - jaramillo et al , 2018 . assigned to\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\nspatula clypeata ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus anas .\nashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , malpas , l .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\naustralia ; bermuda ; botswana ; brunei darussalam ; cameroon ; ecuador ; faroe islands ; french polynesia ; greenland ; guinea ; jamaica ; mozambique ; namibia ; new zealand ; rwanda ; saint pierre and miquelon ; seychelles ; south africa ; svalbard and jan mayen ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; zimbabwe\nthe global population is estimated to number c . 6 , 500 , 000 - 7 , 000 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2015 ) . the european population is estimated at 170 , 000 - 233 , 000 pairs , which equates to 340 , 000 - 466 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . trend justification : the overall population trend is decreasing , although some populations may be increasing and others have unknown trends ( wetlands international 2015 ) . this species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant increase over the last 40 years in north america ( data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) . the european population trend is estimated to be stable ( birdlife international 2015 ) .\n. the autumn migration chiefly occurs between september and october ( western europe ) , during which the species is likely to travel on a broad front ( e . g . across arabia and into africa ) ( scott and rose 1996 )\n, as well as oxbow lakes , channels and swamps ( former u . s . s . r . ) ( flint\n, annelids , amphibian spawn , tadpoles , spiders , fish and the vegetative parts of aquatic plants ( e . g . duckweeds ) ( johnsgard 1978 , brown\na study in the czech republic found that fish ponds with a fish stock density of less than 400 kg / ha , water transparency of more than 50 cm , mixed fish stocks ( e . g . tench and pike or perch ) rather than monospecific stocks ( e . g . of carp ) , and systems that include ponds with fish fry ( to provide areas with low fish competition and high invertebrate availability ) are more successful in supporting breeding pairs of this species ( musil 2006 )\n2002 , bartoszewicz and zalewski 2003 ) . it is susceptible to avian influenza ( melville and shortridge 2006 , gaidet\nso may be threatened by future outbreaks of these diseases . the species may suffer from reproductive impairment as a result of selenium ( se ) accumulation in liver tissues ( selenium contained in sub - surface agricultural drain - water used for wetland management in california led to bioaccumulation of the element in the food chain ) ( paveglio\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nshovelers eat tiny crustaceans , other aquatic invertebrates , and seeds which they filter out of the water with comblike projections ( called lamellae ) along the edge of the bill .\nfemales make a small depression on the ground , generally in areas with short vegetation within 150 feet of water .\nfemales use their body , feet , and bill to make a small depression on the ground about 8 inches wide . the nest scrape is usually surrounded on at least three sides by vegetation and lined with downy feathers .\ndunne , p . ( 2006 ) . pete dunne ' s essential field guide companion . houghton mifflin harcourt , new york , usa .\nehrlich , p . r . , d . s . dobkin and d . wheye ( 1988 ) . the birder ' s handbook . a field guide to the natural history of north american birds , including all species that regularly breed north of mexico . simon and schuster inc . , new york , usa ."]}
{"id": 572, "summary": [{"text": "bibasis jaina , the orange-striped awl , is a species of hesperid butterfly found in asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the butterfly was reassigned to the genus burara by vane-wright and de jong ( 2003 ) , and is considered burara jaina by them .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the butterfly is occasionally referred to as the orange awlet , though that name is also used for bibasis harisa . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "bibasis jaina", "paragraphs": ["bibasis jaina ( moore , [ 1866 ] ) = ismene jaina moore , [ 1866 ] = ismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 = bibais jaina = burara jaina = burara jaina jaina = ismene vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 .\norange - striped awl , burara jaina ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 11 ] formerly bibasis jaina .\nbibasis jaina velva ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 62 , f . 4\norange awlet\nredirects here . for the other moth with this common name , see bibasis jaina .\nlife cycle of orange awlet - burara jaina . by dr . k . saji\nismene jaina vasundhara fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : assam\nismene jaina formosana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 59 ; tl : formosa\nismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 60 ; tl : siam , hinlap\nbibasis kanara ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 15 ( text )\nbibasis harisa consobrina ; [ bmp ] : 332 , pl . 52 , f . 4 - 6\nbibasis iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis iluska iluska ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis sena senata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nbibasis arradi [ sic ? ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 13 ( text )\ngreen awlet , burara vasutana moore , 1865 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 13 ] formerly bibasis vasutana .\nbibasis ( coeliadinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\npale green awlet , burara gomata ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 6 ] formerly bibasis gomata .\nplain orange awlet , burara anadi de nic\u00e9ville , 1883 [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 9 ] formerly bibasis anadi .\nvane - wright and de jong ( 2003 ) ( see tol web pages on genus bibasis and genus burara in the tree of life web project ) state that bibasis contains just three diurnal species , the crepuscular remainder having been removed to burara . the species now shifted to burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from bibasis , within which many authors have formerly included them .\norange awlet , burara harisa ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 10 ] formerly bibasis harisa .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis jaina\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nsmall green awlet , burara amara ( moore , 1865 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] formerly bibasis amara .\nbranded orange awlet , burara oedipodea ( swainson , 1820 ) , [ 4 ] [ 7 ] [ 12 ] formerly bibasis oedipodea .\non : ismene jaina margana fruhstorfer , 1911 od : deut . ent . zeit . [ iris ] 25 : 60 . tl : hinlap , siam . ( nhml ) distribution : thailand , laos , vietnam , hainan .\nnote : bibasis contains just three diurnal species , of which only one occurs in india ; the crepuscular remainder having been removed to burara . the species now shifted to burara are morphologically and behaviorally distinct from bibasis , within which many authors have formerly included them . [ 3 ]\nbibasis sena uniformis ; inoue & kawazoe , 1964 , ty\u00f4 to ga 15 ( 2 ) : 35 ; [ bmp ] : 333 , pl . 52 , f . 9\nbibasis uniformis elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 305 , pl . 27 , f . 95 ; tl : java\nbibasis tuckeri elwes & edwards , 1897 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 14 ( 4 ) : 293 , pl . 20 ; tl : tavoy , s . burma\nbibasis owstoni eliot , 1980 ; malayan nat . j . 33 ( 3 / 4 ) : 150 , f . 10 , 11 , 15 , 16 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , fraser ' s hill\nbibasis harisa , the orange awlet , is a species of hesperid found in asia . the butterfly was reassigned to genus burara by vane - wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is considered by them to be burara harisa .\nbibasis harisa , the orange awlet , [ 2 ] is a species of hesperid found in asia . the butterfly was reassigned to genus burara by vane - wright and de jong ( 2003 ) and is considered by them to be burara harisa . [ 3 ]\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis sena\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis gomata\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis amara\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis anadi\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis harisa\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis oedipodea\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbibasis vasutana\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 16 october 2007 .\nbibasis sena ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 161 , pl . 65 , f . 3 , 3a ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 21a - b ; [ bir ] , 469 ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 17 ; [ mrs ] , 693 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 56\nismene swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ( preocc . ismene savigny , 1816 ) ; ts : ismene oedipodea swainson\nismene gomata moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 783 ; tl : darjeeling\nburara gomata ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\ngomata radiosa ( pl\u00f6tz , 1885 ) ( ismene ) ; berl . ent . z . 29 ( 2 ) : 232 ; tl : celebes\nburara gomata radiosa ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nismene gomata vajra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : java\nismene mahintha moore , [ 1875 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 4 ) : 575 , pl . 67 , f . 4 ; tl : burma\nismene nestor zonaras fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 63 ; tl : wetter i .\nhasora nestor ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 14 , pl . 6 , f . 17a - b\nceylon , india - assam , burma , s . vietnam , malaya , philippines . see [ maps ]\ngoniloba sena moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 778 ; tl : bengal\n1019x734 ( ~ 77kb ) underside thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , the krating rivulet valley among the tropical forest above the waterfalls . 6th january 2006 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nsri lanka , s . india - burma , thailand , laos , hainan , andamans\nsikkim - burma , thailand , laos , haina , andamans , s . yunnan . see [ maps ]\nismene amara pindapatra fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 62 ; tl : assam\nburara amara ; huang & xue , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 57 : 145 ( name )\nismene aphrodite fruhstorfer , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 18 ) : 141 ; tl : celebes\nburara aphrodite ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburma , thailand , laos , vietnam , malay peninsula , singapore , borneo , sumatra , java , palawan , mindanao . see [ maps ]\nismene etelka hewitson , 1867 ; ill . exot . butts [ 5 ] ( ismene i - ii ) : [ 88 ] , pl . [ 44 ] ; tl : sarawak\nismene harisa moore , [ 1866 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 3 ) : 782 ; tl : bengal\nismene harisa asambha fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : n . vietnam , chieem - hoa\nismene harisa distanti evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 319 ; tl : singapore\nismene imperialis pl\u00f6tz , 1886 ; stettin ent . ztg 47 ( 1 - 3 ) : 115 ; tl : celebes\nburara imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara imperialis imperialis ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nburara imperialis veteratrix ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 55\nw . ghats , mussoorie - sikkim , assam , burma , n . thailand , vietnam . see [ maps ]\nismene velva evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 318 , no . i . 2 . 9\nchaba , assam , burma , indo - china , malay peninsula , sumatra , java , borneo , palawan , philippines , sulawesi . see [ maps ]\nismene oedipodea swainson , 1820 ; zool . illustr . ( 1 ) 1 : pl . 16 ; tl : java\nburara oedipodea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nlarva on hiptage benghalensis [ mrs ] , combretum , hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nismene excellens hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 39 ; tl : celebes\nburara oedipodea excellens ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nismene oedipodea [ ? ] athena fruhstorfer , 1911 ; dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 5 ) : 61 ; tl : thailand\nburara phul ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nismene septentrionis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 525 , pl . 73 , f . 3 ; tl : china\nsri lanka , n . india , malay peninsula , java , borneo , palawan , mindanao , sulawesi , banggai , sula . see [ maps ]\nburara tuckeri ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nlarva on hiptage vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 54\nunipuncta lee , 1962 ; acta ent . sin . 11 ( 2 ) : 141 , 146\nnepal , sikkim , assam , burma , thailand , laos . see [ maps ]\nismene [ ? ] kanara evans , 1926 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 31 ( 1 ) : 63\nismene fergusonii de nic\u00e9ville , [ 1893 ] ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 7 ( 3 ) : 345 , pl . j , f . 6 ; tl : s . india\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,\nneue hesperiden des indischen archipels und ost - africa ' s aus der collection des herrn h . ribbe in blasewitz - dresden , gesammelt von den herren : c . ribbe auf celebes , java un den aru - inseln , k\u00fcnstler auf malacca ( perak ) ; k\u00fchn auf west - guinea ( jekar ) ; menger auf ceylon\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe agaricales , or euagarics clade , is a monophyletic group of approximately 8500 mushroom species . . . read more\nthe tree of life web project ( tol ) is a collaborative effort of biologists and nature enthusiasts from around the world . on more than 10 , 000 world wide web pages , the project provides information about biodiversity , the characteristics of different groups of organisms , and their evolutionary history ( phylogeny ) .\neach page contains information about a particular group , e . g . , salamanders , segmented worms , phlox flowers , tyrannosaurs , euglenids , heliconius butterflies , club fungi , or the vampire squid . tol pages are linked one to another hierarchically , in the form of the evolutionary tree of life . starting with the root of all life on earth and moving out along diverging branches to individual species , the structure of the tol project thus illustrates the genetic connections between all living things .\nthe affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree . . . as buds give rise by growth to fresh buds , and these if vigorous , branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch , so by generation i believe it has been with the great tree of life , which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth , and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications .\ntree of life design , images , and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2005 tree of life web project . all rights reserved . image of rose \u00a9 1999 nick kurzenko . image of annelid worm \u00a9 2001 greg w . rouse .\nankita gupta , swapnil a . lokhande & abhay soman . 2013 . parasitoids of hesperiidae from peninsular india with description of a new species of dolichogenidea ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) parasitic on caterpillar of borbo cinnara ( wallace ) ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) zootaxa 3701 ( 2 ) : 277\u2013290 .\n( moore , [ 1866 ] ) \u2013 common orange awlet . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nnakhon nayok : nakhon nayok dist . 1\u2642 ( photo by t . aoyama ) .\nfruhstorfer , h . , 1911 : neue hesperiden des indo - malayischen faunengebietes und besprechung verwandter formen .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neclosed at home from pupae collected while photographing the caterpillars ( see comments for caterpillar image ) . photographed at release ( background is sky ) .\nskipper ( butterfly ) - richmond park , london , england - saturday july 12th 2008 .\nyup . . . . as the title says . . . better days . . . it may only be 4 days since the death of my canon eos 400d . . . but it seems like a life time already . . : o ( (\nat least i managed to capture a few images before the camera gave up the ghost , so you can expect a few dslr shots to go along side the fuji ones . . . compare and contrast as they say . . . lol . . . : o ) )\ni hope your all having a great week . . . : o ) ) )\na skipper is a butterfly of the family hesperiidae ( superfamily hesperioidea ) , named after their quick , darting flight habits .\nskippers differ in several important ways from the remaining butterflies , which are classified in the superfamily papilionoidea and the neotropical superfamily hedyloidea . collectively , these three groups of butterflies share several characteristics especially in the egg , larval and pupal stage ( ackery et al . 1999 ) . however , skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook , whilst butterflies have club - like tips to their antennae and hedylids have feathered or pectinate antennae giving them an even more moth - like appearance than skippers . skippers also have generally stockier bodies than the other two groups , with stronger wing muscles . hesperioidea is very likely the sister group of papilionoidea , and together with hedyloidea constitute a natural group or clade .\nthere are about 3500 species of skippers . they are usually classified in the following subfamilies :\nnote : some authorities treat the giant skippers as a separate family , the megathymidae , but more modern classifications place them within the subfamily hesperiinae in the family hesperiidae .\nmany species of skippers look frustratingly alike . for example , some species in the genera erynnis , hesperia , and amblyscirtes cannot currently be distinguished in the field by experts , the only reliable method of telling them apart involving dissection and examination of the genitalia .\nthis is a hesperiid ( skipper ) caterpillar of the subfamily coeliadinae ( awls and awlets ) , hasora sp .\ni can comprehend fake eyes and facial features as a defensive mechanism , but why would it resemble a human face , far removed from the head features of any insect ? startling nonetheless .\np1320394 - large cabbage whiteat at devalsari , uttarakhand , himalayas ~ 1800m altitude .\nthis is the only one species in the burara genus in taiwan , and with its vivid orange color and unique stripes , it ' s easy to identify .\nit is distributed throughout the lowlands of the island and there are several broods in a year , so it ' s somewhat easy to meet them .\nthe male has a black spot in the upperside forewing , but it ' s very difficult to take a dorsal view of this butterfly . i would guess it ' s a male .\ni am running low on new subject material due to the longstanding inclement and unpredictable wet weather on top of work commitments , so for the next few days i will do some reposts recognizing the top 30 most ' interesting ' images in my photostream as deemed by flickr ' s magic donkey algorithm ( in reverse order in batches of five to build the suspense ) .\ncoeliadinae is a subfamily of the skipper butterfly family ( hesperiidae ) and includes the awls and awlets .\nthe cutest butterfly i have ever photographed . it was a cloudy day and i was stalking a common red eye butterfly , i saw this sitting on the underside of a leaf . to the naked eye , it looked very dull orange . almost left it thinking it was a moth . but just took a photo with flash and bingo ! ! the rest is history . . .\ncheck out this home i found on urltoken . follow urltoken on pinterest : urltoken | awlet | pinterest\nthe orange awlet is found in india , myanmar , malaysia , java , singapore , hong kong and north vietnam .\nin india , the butterfly is found along the himalayas from sikkim to assam and eastwards to south myanmar . it also has been recorded from the andaman islands .\nit is considered by william harry evans to be very rare in hong kong , rare in south india , but not rare in the himalayas .\nmale . upperside dull vinaceous brown , palest on the disk ; forewing with an orange yellow costal streak ; hindwing broadly along anterior margin pale buff yellow . body greyish . cilia of hindwing orange yellow . underside paler suffused with orange yellow ; forewing with a curved series of pale purple narrow streaks between the veins before the apex , and a broad pale buff patch along the posterior margin ; hindwing with the veins and lines between them and cilia orange yellow : a black orange yellow encircled basal spot on both wings ; a discal series of pale purplish streaks . third joint of palpi brown ; palpi beneath , front and sides of thorax , legs and streak alongside of abdomen orange yellow ; middle of thorax and abdomen and anal tuft orange yellow .\na total of 22 species belonging to four genera of the coeliadinae ( family hesperiidae ) , or the awls , awlets and awlkings , as they are commonly called , are found in india . these are relatively large skippers which inhabit dense forests , mostly evergreen , and have dicotyledonous host - plants . the vividly marked , smooth , cylindrical caterpillars construct cells from leaves within which they metamorphose into stout pupae . these skippers tend to synchronise egg - laying followed by migration , sometimes to sub - optimal habitats in search of fresh supplies of host - plants .\nthe awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crespuscular habits of this species .\nthis list forms part of the full list of butterflies of india ( hesperiidae ) which itself is part of the complete list of butterflies of india .\nthe common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .\nthe species is considered to be furcata by [ lepindex ] , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .\nhasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide lepindex\nevans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 9 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .\nevans in the identification of indian butterflies , ( 1932 ) ( ser no i 1 . 10 , pp 224 ) records it as occurring in the nicobars .\ngay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) .\n. nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press .\nwatson , e . y . ( 1891 ) hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .\nbeccaloni , george ; scoble , malcolm ; kitching , ian ; simonsen , thomas ; robinson , gaden ; pitkin , brian ; hine , adrian ; lyal , chris .\nbrower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 19 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 a . l . monastyrskii , 2009 , published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie , 2009 , vol . 88 , no . 3 , pp . 553\u2013580 .\narnol\u2019di , k . v . , \u201con the theory of a distribution range in relation to ecology and origin of populations , \u201d zool . zh .\naveryanov , l . v . , phan ke loc , nguyen tien hiep , and harder , d . k . , \u201cphytogeographic review of vietnam and adjacent areas of eastern indochina , \u201d komarovia\ncotton , a . and rachelli , t . , \u201cpreliminary annotated checklist of the papilionidae of laos with notes on taxonomy , phenology , distribution and variation ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea ) , \u201d fragmenta entomol . roma , no . 38 , 279\u2013378 ( 2007 ) .\neliot , j . n . , \u201can analysis of the eurasian and australian neptini ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) , \u201d bull . brit . mus . nat . hist . ( entomol . ) suppl .\n, ed . by r . hall and j . holloway , \u201d ( backhuys publ . , leiden , 1998 ) , pp . 99\u2013131 .\nhirowatari , t . , \u201ca generic classification of the tribe polyommatini of the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae , polyommatinae ) , \u201d bull . univ . osaka pref . ser . b suppl .\nholloway , j . d . , \u201ca numerical investigation of the biogeography of the butterfly fauna of india and its relation to continental drift , \u201d biol . j . linn . soc .\nholloway , j . d . , \u201cthe affinities within four butterfly groups ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) in relation to genera patterns of butterfly distribution in the indo - australian area , \u201d trans . r . entomol . soc . london\n( dr . w . junk publishers , the hague , 1974 ) , pp . 473\u2013499 .\nholloway , j . d . and hall , r . , \u201cse asian geology and biogeography : an introduction , \u201d in\n, ed . by r . hall and j . holloway , \u201d ( backhuys publ . , leiden , 1998 ) , pp . 1\u201323 .\n( masson et cie , paris , 1967 ; progress , moscow , 1976 ) [ in russian ] .\n( harvard univ . press , cambridge , 1970 ; mir , moscow , 1974 ) [ in russian ] .\nmiller , l . d . , \u201cthe higher classification , phylogeny and zoogeography of the satyridae ( lepidoptera ) , \u201d mem . amer . entomol . soc . , no . 24 , 1\u2013174 ( 1968 ) .\n( geos , moscow \u2014 hanoi , 2003 ) , pp . 188\u2013218 [ in russian ] .\nmonastyrskii , a . l . , \u201cfauna , ecology and biogeography of butterflies in vietnam , \u201d butterflies , no . 44 , 41\u201355 ( 2006 ) .\nmonastyrskii , a . l . , \u201cecological and biogeographical characteristics of butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of vietnam , \u201d entomol . obozr .\nmonastyrskii , a . l . and devyatkin , a . l . , \u201cnew taxa and new records of butterflies from vietnam ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) , \u201d atalanta\nmonastyrskii , a . l . and kotlobai , a . a . , \u201csome biological characteristics and laboratory rearing of\nosada , s . , uemura , y . , and uehara , j . ,\n, ed . by y . nishiyama ( mokuyo - sha , 1999 ) .\n( cambridge univ . press , london , 1952 ; inostr . liter . , moscow , 1961 ) [ in russian ] .\n( akad . nauk sssr , moscow , 1962 ) [ in russian ] .\n( len . gos . univ . , leningrad , 1965 ) [ in russian ] .\nvane - wright , r . i . and boppre , m . , \u201cadult morphology and higher classification of\nvoris , h . k . , \u201cmaps of pleistocene sea levels in southeast asia : shorelines , river systems and time durations , \u201d j . biogeogr .\nyamaguchi , s . and aoki , t . , \u201cstudies on the butterflies of the semi - dried tropical forest in east thailand iii . butterflies collected during the survey in the provinces of mukdahan and ubon ratchathani , august and september 1999 ( insecta : lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) , \u201d evol . sci . , no . 11 , 41\u201359 ( 2005 ) .\n( nauka , leningrad , 1970 ) , pp . 29\u201388 [ in russian ] .\na total of 22 species belonging to four genera of the subfamily coeliadinae ( family hesperiidae ) , or the awls , awlets and awlkings , as they are commonly called , are found in india . these are relatively large skippers which inhabit dense forests , mostly evergreen , and have dicotyledonous host plants . the vividly marked , smooth , cylindrical caterpillars construct cells from leaves within which they metamorphose into stout pupae . these skippers tend to synchronise egg - laying followed by migration , sometimes to sub - optimal habitats in search of fresh supplies of host plants .\nthe awls and related genera have long , narrow forewings , rounded hindwings with a characteristic deep fold at the inner margin and produced at the tornus . the adult sexes are alike excepting that males have specialised scales and scent brands on the forewings . they have large labial palpi which have a thin third segment protruding ahead of the eye . the eyes are large , an adaptation to the crepuscular habits of this species .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nbadamia exclamationis\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved april 20 , 2018 .\nharibal , meena ( 1992 ) . the butterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history . gangtok , sikkim , india : sikkim nature conservation foundation .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes benjaminii\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes plateni\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes xanthopogon\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nthe common name similar awlking is that of taxon similis ( vide evans ( 1932 ) ) which is not recognised as a valid species by savela and by tolweb ( ref its page on genus choaspes ) . taxon similis is now considered to be a synonym of taxon xanthopogon .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nchoaspes hemixanthus ssp . furcata\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . accessed 12 october 2007 .\nthe species is considered to be furcata by lepindex , and as furcatus by tolweb . savela gives it as furcatus without appropriate reference for the change . accordingly it is being retained as furcata , with furcatus as redirect , pending the availability of a proper reference .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora anura\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nhasora alexis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is a synonym of h . chromus vide beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora chromus\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora chromus\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora taminatus\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora schoenherr\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora badra\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora vitta\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora khoda\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora leucospila\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 12 october 2007 .\nbeccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . ; robinson , g . ; pitkin , b . ; hine , a . ; lyal , c . , eds . ( 2003 ) .\nhasora salanga\n. the global lepidoptera names index . natural history museum . retrieved 2 october 2007 .\nevans , w . h . ( 1932 ) . the identification of indian butterflies ( 2nd ed . ) . mumbai , india : bombay natural history society .\ngay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac david ; punetha , jagdish chandra ( 1992 ) . common butterflies of india . nature guides . bombay , india : world wide fund for nature - india by oxford university press . isbn 978 - 0195631647 .\nkunte , krushnamegh ( 2000 ) . butterflies of peninsular india . india , a lifescape . hyderabad , india : universities press . isbn 978 - 8173713545 .\nwynter - blyth , mark alexander ( 1957 ) . butterflies of the indian region . bombay , india : bombay natural history society . isbn 978 - 8170192329 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe orange awlet is found in india , myanmar , malaysia , java , singapore , hong kong and north vietnam . [ 2 ]\nin india , the butterfly is found along the himalayas from sikkim to assam and eastwards to south myanmar . it also has been recorded from the andaman islands . [ 2 ] [ 4 ]\nit is considered by william harry evans to be very rare in hong kong , rare in south india , but not rare in the himalayas . [ 4 ]\n. upperside dark purple brown ; the base of wings greyish , with steel blue gloss . body greyish . cilia of hindwing pale orange yellow . underside as in male ; posterior margin of forewing with a less defined pale patch .\nthe larva has been recorded on zingiber zerumbet ( zingiberaceae ) . [ 2 ]\nbrower , andrew v . z . and warren , andrew , ( 2007 ) . coeliadinae evans 1937 . version 21 february 2007 ( temporary ) . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 574, "summary": [{"text": "causus defilippii is a venomous viper species found in east africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its common name is snouted night adder . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "causus defilippii", "paragraphs": ["heterodon de filippi jan 1863 : 225 heterodon de - filippii \u2014 jan 1865 causus defilippii \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 205 causus defilippii \u2014 welch 1994 : 41 causus defilippii \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 231 causus defilippii \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 causus defilippii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 150 causus defilippii \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 570\nrelationship between maternal body size and total clutch size in six species of night adders . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .\nreproductive frequencies in causus species . the upper graph shows the proportion of adult female snakes with vitellogenic follicles or oviductal eggs , whereas the lower graph shows the proportions of adult male snakes with convoluted epididymial ducts . grey bars indicate taxa with small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .\nsnouted night adder causus defilippii comments : occurs in the lowveld and lubombo regions , absent from the highveld and middleveld .\nrelationship between prey size and snake jaw size ( upper graph ) or snake body diameter ( lower graph ) . the dotted line indicates equality , where the prey dimension equals the snake dimension . cama , causus maculatus ; care , causus resimus ; cade , causus defilippii ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; casp , causus sp .\nproportion of snakes found with an indication of a recent meal ( combined information from frog , insects , or faeces ) and proportion of snakes with a frog in the stomach ( black bars ) . numbers provide sample sizes . grey bars indicate small sample sizes . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp . ; cade , causus defilippii ; carh , causus rhombeatus .\npredators of this species in kruger national park include the snouted night adder causus defilippii and herald snake crotaphopeltis hotamboeia ( pienaar et al . 1976 ) .\nseasonal patterns of reproduction in causus species . females were classified as vitellogenic if they contained vitellogenic ( > 10 mm diameter ) . \u2018o\u2019 refers to females with oviductal eggs . males with convoluted epididymial ducts were considered as potentially sexually active . cama , causus maculatus ; cali , causus lichtensteinii ; care , causus resimus ; casp , causus sp .\nverspreiding en biometrische studie van causus maculatus ( hallowell ) en causus rhombeatus ( lichtenstein ) uit c . africa ( serpentes , viperidae ) .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ca\u30a4\u30c8\u30a2\u30c0\u30fc\u5c5e\nto\ncausus\n.\nbotha , a . s . 1984 . hatching of snouted night adder , causus defilippii . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 30 ) : 21 - 21 - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . 1986 . life history note : causus defilippii : reproduction . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 38 - 38 - get paper here\ncreighton , d . ; haagner , g . 1986 . venoms and snakebite : causus defilippii : envenomation . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 31 - 31 - get paper here\ncausus rhombeatus is a venomous viper species endemic to subsaharan africa . no subspecies are currently recognized .\nthe only prey remains found in causus guts were anurans and insect fragments ( table 7 ) . several of the prey taxa that we found had not previously been recorded from these snakes ( table 7 ) .\nthe ecological distribution of causus wagler 1830 ( viperidae ) in nigeria , with special reference to c . resimus ( peters 1862 ) and c . lichtensteini ( jan 1859 ) , two species rarely recorded from this country\nrecent phylogenetic reconstructions agree that causus should be included within the viperidae ( cadle , 1992 ; underwood , 1999 ; lenk et al . , 2001 ; parkinson , campbell & chippindale , 2003 ; nagy et al . , 2005 ) . the genus causus , as presently considered , comprises six recognized species and at least one undescribed species ( pitman , 1974 ; audiens , 1978 ; branch , 1998 ; de massary , 1993 ; chippaux , 2001 ) :\nthe causinae , commonly known as the\nnight adders\n, are a monotypic subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub - saharan africa . this group was made for the genus\ncausus\n. there are currently six species found .\nin all of these respects , night adders differ significantly from the cool - climate ( european and north american ) viperid species that have been the focus of previous study . below , we compare our data on causus with previously published data on other viperid taxa .\npreferred prey are frogs or toads , and thus night adders are confined to mesic habitats ( not rainforest areas ) . c . lichtensteini often found in wooded swamps . c . rhombeatus not seen in primary forests . c . resimus is best adapted to drier habitats and is therefore found in separate environments to c . defilippii in east africa .\nwith an average total length ( body + tail ) of 60 cm ( 24 in ) , this is the largest member of the genus causus . the longest individual ever recorded was a male , 93 cm ( 37 in ) in total length , collected in eastern zimbabwe .\nrelative short , triangular to oval head , covered in large shields . with a length of 2\u20133 mm , the fangs are very short . in contrast , the venom glands are very large , and may even extend into the first third of the body as far as the level of the heart . from a side view , the tip of the snout is pointed , protruding over the lower jaw . in c . defilippii the snout is slightly upturned . round pupils . short , sturdy body , slightly flattened .\nthe longest species of the genus reaches 83 cm svl ( branch , 1998 ) and occupies mesic savannas . it appaers to be found only in the eastern regions of southern africa but its northern limit is unclear . reports from western , central , and eastern africa correspond to another species that , here , we call causus sp . , which is easily distinguished from c . rhombeatus by its higher number of ventral scales .\nthis species is clearly related to causus rhombeatus and , until recently , was considered as one of its subspecies . its limited distribution includes the democratic republic of congo , rwanda , angola , and zambia ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . growing to 65 cm in snout\u2013vent length ( svl ) , this taxon appears to be restricted to moist savannah habitats at elevations from 800 to 1800 m asl ( spawls et al . , 2001 ) .\ncausus often contained large prey . in many cases , the diameter of a prey item ( n = 63 ) exceeded the jaw length and / or body diameter of the snake that had ingested it ( fig . 6 ) . for 11 frogs for which we could confidently measure or estimate prey mass prior to ingestion , the ratio of prey mass to predator mass was in the range 7\u2013150 % ( mean = 51 % , sd = 44 % ) .\nthe degree of sexual size dimorphism ( ssd ) varied among species [ analysis of variance ( anova ) with sex and species as the factors and svl as the dependent variable ; interaction between species and sex : f 5 , 481 = 4 . 16 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ] . three of the species ( c . lichtensteinii , c . resimus , c . sp . ) displayed similar mean adult body sizes in males and females ; one species ( c . maculatus ) had females larger than males , and two ( c . defilippii , c . rhombeatus ) had males growing significantly larger than females ( table 5 ) .\n\u2018others\u2019 represents localities where less than ten specimens were collected ( kenya : eight c . sp . ; republic of south africa : seven c . rhombeatus ; gaboon : six c . lichtensteinii ; mali : five c . maculatus ; tanganyika : five c . defilippii ; ethiopa : four c . sp . ; east africa : three c . defilippi ; mozambique : three c . defilippi ; burkina : two c . maculatus ; guinea : one c . lichtensteinii and one c . sp . ; liberia : two c . lichtensteinii ; benin : one c . maculatus ; chad : one c . maculatus ; great lakes : one c . defilippi ; mauritania : one c . maculatus ; togo : one c . maculatus ; zambezi : one c . defilippi ; zanzibar : one c . defilippi ) .\nprey items found in the digestive tract of six species of causus . on the x - axis , each number corresponds to one of three stages in digestion : 1 , snakes that contained recently ingested ( hence undigested ) anuran prey in the stomach rarely also had insect fragments in the stomach , but a few had small quantities of faeces in the hindgut ; 2 , of the snakes without identifiable anurans in the stomach , many had many insects fragments that presumably had been part of the stomach contents of digested anurans ; 3 , snakes that abundant faecal material in the hindgut often lacked any identifiable prey items in the stomach .\ncausus also display significant sexual divergence in body proportions ; males of all species have longer tails and smaller heads than females of the same svl , although the magnitude of this sex disparity varies among species ( table 3 ) . increased tail length in male snakes relative to females has been attributed to several selective forces , including sexual selection on males and fecundity selection on females ( king , 1989 ; shine & shetty , 2001 ) . the sex - based divergence in head sizes is more likely to involve food habits , especially prey size : a larger head enables these gape - limited predators to ingest larger prey ( shine , 1991 ; pearson et al . , 2002a , 2002b ) . in some intensively studied species of snakes from other lineages , the sex with the larger relative head size ( generally the female ) does indeed consume larger prey ( houston & shine , 1993 ) .\nmales tended to have longer tails than same - sized females in all species ( sex f 1 , 473 = 54 . 52 , p < 0 . 0001 ; table 5 ) , although the degree of this sex divergence varied interspecifically ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 473 = 4 . 42 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . at the same body length , female causus resimus had wider heads than did conspecific males ( sex effect : f 1 , 420 = 19 . 08 , p < 0 . 0001 , see table 5 ) and in three species ( c . maculatus , c . lichtensteinii , c . sp . , table 5 ) , females had longer jaws than did conspecific males at the same svl . however , the degree of sexual dimorphism in this latter trait also varied among species ( interaction between sex and species ; f 5 , 420 = 2 . 60 , p < 0 . 02 ) . no significant sexual dimorphism was apparent for any of the other traits ( all p > 0 . 05 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nboycott , r . c . 1992 . an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of swaziland . the conservation trust of swaziland - get paper here\nbranch , w . r . ; r\u00f6del , m . - o . & marais , j . 2005 . herpetological survey of the niassa game reserve , northern mozambique - part i : reptiles . salamandra 41 ( 4 ) : 195 - 214 - get paper here\nbranch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .\nbroadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843\nbroadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]\nchifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\nconradie , werner ; gabriela b . bittencourt - silva , hanlie m . engelbrecht , simon p . loader , michele menegon , crist\u00f3v\u00e3o nanvonamuquitxo , michael scott , krystal a . tolley , 2016 . exploration into the hidden world of mozambique\u2019s sky island forests : new discoveries of reptiles and amphibians . zoosyst . evol . 92 ( 2 ) : 163\u2013180 , doi 10 . 3897 / zse . 92 . 9948 - get paper here\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\njan , g . 1863 . enumerazione sistematica degli ofidi appartenenti al gruppo coronellidae . arch . zool . anat . fisiol . 2 ( 2 ) : 213 - 330 [ 1862 ] - get paper here\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 11 . livraison . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\nloveridge , arthur 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 - get paper here\nlyakurwa , john valentine 2017 . the reptiles of the uzungwa scarp forest reserve ( usfr ) : an updated checklist with notes on dagger - tooth vine snake xyelodontophis uluguruensis . journal of east african natural history 106 ( 2 ) : 57 - 65 . - get paper here\nmallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ]\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nphelps , t . 2010 . old world vipers . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 558 pp . [ critical review in sauria 33 ( 3 ) : 19 and hr 43 : 503 ]\nphelps , tony 2002 . a study of the black mamba ( dendroaspis polylepis ) in kwazulu - natal , south africa , with particular reference to long - term - refugia . herpetological bulletin ( 80 ) : 7 - 19 - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nour herptile collection of 3 , 200 amphibians and reptiles is an internationally important research collection .\nolive - grey to pinkish - brown coloured viper with series of pale - edged blotches along the back , invariably has a dark v - shaped mark on the head . length up to 1 m .\ntony parker , curator of vertebrate zoology , reveals the weird and wonderful collection of reptiles and amphibians\u2026 in jars ! \u201cone of the things i find compelling about our collection of reptiles and amphibians is that they are stored in glass jars with strange - looking fluids , as if they are museum specimens straight out of the victorian era .\nwe use cookies to allow you to use parts of the site , to provide extra services such as page translation , to help us analyse how our visitors use the site , and for marketing and advertising purposes . the site includes content and tools provided by third parties , such as social media platforms , who may also use cookies to track your use of this site .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsmall , stout terrestrial vipers , never growing larger than 1 m in length . they are made distinct from other adders due to their round pupils and large scales on the top of their heads ( most vipers have small scales ) .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\ndiploprora championii ( lindl . ) hook . f . ( 1890 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\northoceras novae - zeelandiae ( a . rich . ) m . a . clem . , d . l . jones & molloy ( 1989 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\nophrys omegaifera ( c . alibertis , a . alibertis & h . r . reinhard ) faurh . ( 2002 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : noimage . svg\nas hidden on the\nhalleorchis szlach . & olszewski ( 1998 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\nsmall snakes , less than 1 metre , small head , thick neck , quite stout . dark pattern on paler background or an unmarked velvety green . may be found under logs by firewood collectors who may be bitten on hand , otherwise bites to the foot or ankle .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nmany major biological radiations have resulted in numerous species that are now distributed widely across the planet . however , for historical reasons , universities and research centres have been based in a highly nonrandom subset of countries , notably in relatively cool - climate northern lands in europe and north america . accordingly , intensive ecological research has been conducted primarily in those countries . an inevitable result has been that , for many biological lineages , our knowledge is based upon a small and potentially nonrepresentative sample of taxa . this limitation of available information severely compromises our ability to make valid generalizations about major adaptive radiations .\nwith an average svl of approximately 40 cm ( branch , 1998 , spawls et al . , 2001 ) , this small species occupies moist and dry savannas from sea level to approximately 1800 m in eastern and southern africa from tanzania and kenya to the republic of south africa .\nthis medium - sized ( up to 70 cm svl ) species occurs in forest habitats from guinea through cameroon , gaboon , the democratic republic of congo and east to uganda , kenya , zambia , and angola ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in dense evergreen forests as well as mosaic forest - savannas ( recently deforested areas ) from sea level to approximately 2100 m asl .\nwith a mean svl of approximately 40 cm , this is the most widespread and abundant species within the genus . it is present in most of subtropical africa from mauritania in the west through ethiopia and as far south as the democratic republic of congo , angola , and uganda ( hughes , 1977 ; david & ineich , 1999 ) . the species lives in forested areas and agricultural areas as well as in savannas , and from around sea level to nearly 2000 m asl .\nthis taxon ( approximately 50 cm in mean adult length ) occurs in two disjunct populations , which our unpublished data ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) suggest may belong to two different species . the eastern populations live in humid mountains of east africa ( uganda , rwanda , burundi , democratic republic of congo , and ethiopia ) and their coloration in life is light green ( david & ineich , 1999 ) . the western populations inhabit savanna regions of western and central africa from nigeria and cameroon through the central african republic ( car ) , chad , and sudan ; their coloration in life is light brown . they are found at elevations of 150\u2013500 m asl .\nthis as yet undescribed taxon ( i . ineich , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux , m . lebreton & l . chirio , unpubl . data ) is endemic to high - elevation savannas of central cameroon and the western car . another population related to this species occurs in the kerouane area of south - eastern guinea . although eastern african populations clearly do not belong to the \u2018true\u2019 c . rhombeatus , whether or not they are conspecific with the western and central african populations has yet to be assessed . for the present study , we treat all those populations ( except \u2018true\u2019 c . rhombeatus from southern africa ) as conspecific . this species is found in humid lowlands and small rivers , at elevations of 700\u20131950 m asl in cameroon .\nour sample sizes are highest for four taxa from cameroon ; one of these species ( c . maculatus ) was obtained in reasonable numbers in the central african republic as well ( table 1 ) . although we had very small samples for two taxa , we report these data because they are among the first for these poorly - known animals . because some specimens were damaged during collection , our data sets are incomplete for some variables for some animals .\ndata are the mean values with the associated standard errors , and sample size in parentheses . statistical results are derived from one - way analysis of variance with species as the factor . d . f . , degrees of freedom .\ndata for snakes of all age classes were included in these calculations . data are adjusted means [\nrelative to head width ] with standard errors and sample size . statistical analysis : results are derived from analysis of variance with species as the factor , the trait under focus as the dependent variable , and svl ( * ) or head width as a covariate . d . f . , degrees of freedom .\nsex ratios were similar among species ( \u03c7 2 = 5 . 52 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 36 ; table 4 ) . approximately two - thirds of the collected snakes were adults , but the exact proportions differed among species ( comparing the species : \u03c7 2 = 27 . 9 , d . f . = 5 , p < 0 . 001 ; table 4 ) .\nrelative to head width . data are means with standard errors ( n ) . data for the larger sex are indicated by an asterisk ( * ) if the difference in mean values between the sexes was statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) . f , female ; m , male .\nvitellogenesis was observed all year round ( comparing among months , \u03c7 2 = 49 . 5 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 68 ) , and ovulation was not limited to a single period ( fig . 2 ) . similarly , males with convoluted ducts were observed at most times of the year ( \u03c7 2 = 69 . 6 , d . f . = 55 , p = 0 . 09 ) . overall , no clear seasonal pattern was apparent for either male or female reproductive cycles ( fig . 2 ) . one female c . maculatus ( 545 cm svl ) contained both oviductal eggs ( n = 12 , mean diameter 13 mm ) and enlarged vitellogenic ovarian follicles ( n = 8 , mean diameter 4 mm ) , indicating rapid production of successive clutches .\nmean clutch size and relative clutch size ( adjusted to snout\u2013vent length using analysis of covariance ) in the six species are shown . data are means with standard errors ( n ) .\nwe found prey or evidence of a recent meal ( frogs , insect fragments or faeces ) in most of the snakes that we examined ( fig . 4 ) . the proportion of snakes containing prey varied from 67\u201386 % ( comparing among species , \u03c7 2 = 14 . 0 , d . f . = 5 , p = 0 . 016 ) . even if the analysis is restricted to freshly ingested prey ( relatively undigested anuran remains ) , the proportion of recently fed snakes averaged 34 % ( fig . 4 ) . females containing oviductal eggs also frequently contained prey ( 79 of 108 specimens ; 68 % ) ; thus , analysis did not reveal any significant decrease in feeding rate associated with reproduction ( \u03c7 2 = 0 . 45 , d . f . = 2 , p = 0 . 80 ) . we rarely found undigested frogs and insect fragments in the gut simultaneously , and snakes with insect fragments in the stomach rarely contained faeces in the hindgut . however , intact prey items were often found in the stomachs of snakes whose hindguts contained faeces ( \u03c7 2 = 27 . 00 , d . f . = 1 , p < 0 . 001 ; fig . 5 ) . these patterns suggest frequent feeding and rapid passage of prey items through the digestive tract .\nlarger snakes consumed larger prey items ( ancova with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor and jaw length as the covariate ; effect of jaw size : f 1 , 52 = 24 . 1 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 6 ) . larger snakes not only took larger prey , but also ceased feeding upon small prey ( note the absence of records of small prey items in large snakes in fig . 6 ) . prey sizes relative to predator size differed significantly among species ( ancovas with prey diameter as the dependent variable , species as the factor : f 4 , 57 = 5 . 83 , p < 0 . 001 with svl as the covariate ; f 4 , 52 = 2 . 73 , p = 0 . 04 with jaw length as the covariate ; and f 4 , 57 = 2 . 38 , p = 0 . 06 with body diameter as the covariate ) .\nwe thank sara forniasero , jean marie balouard , lo\u00efc chaigneau , and mac and ben shine for help with dissections , and all the anonymous collectors , especially in rca and cameroon . p . golay provided useful comments . we warmly thank rex cambag for livening up the atmosphere during dissections . the australian research council , and the european community ( programme marie curie ) supported the work financially .\nle cycle sexuel chez vipera aspis ( l . ) dans l ' ouest de la . france\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthe head has a snout that is relatively blunt ( i . e . , more rounded than in other members of this genus ) , on the sides of which the nostrils are positioned . the circumorbital ring consists of 2 - 3 preoculars , 1 - 2 postoculars , and 1 - 2 suboculars that separate the eye from the supralabials . the temporal scales usually number 2 + 3 , sometimes 2 + 4 , but very rarely 2 + 2 or 3 + 3 . there are 6 supralabial scales , very rarely 7 . the sublabial scales usually number 7 or 10 , rarely 8 , and very rarely 11 , 12 or 13 . the first 3 - 4 sublabials are in contact with the anterior chin shields . the posterior chin shields are small and often indistinguishable from the gulars .\nat midbody there are 15 - 21 rows of dorsal scales that are moderately keeled and have a satiny texture . the ventral scales number 120 - 166 , the subcaudals , most of which are divided , 15 - 36 .\nthe color pattern consists of a ground color that is usually some shade of brown ( possibly pinkish or grayish - brown ) , but occasionally olive green . this is overlaid with a pattern of 20 - 30 rhombic blotches that have pale edges , as well as a sprinkling of black scales and oblique black bars on the sides . each oblique black bar is topped by one or two black spots , each with a pale centre , and strongly resembling an eye . northern populations may be patternless , making them difficult to identify , while in others the pale edges may be missing , the rhombic blotches may be a darker color , or there may even be a dark brown vertebral stripe . the head has a characteristic v - shaped mark that may be solid black , or brown with a black outline .\nrhombic night adder , demon night adder , cape night adder , african night adder , cape viper .\nsavannas of subsaharan africa from nigeria east to sudan , ethiopia , somalia and kenya , south through tanzania , uganda , rwanda , burundi , dr congo , angola , zambia , malawi , zimbabwe , northern botswana , mozambique , swaziland , and eastern south africa to riverdale in the western cape province . no type locality is listed .\nthis is an active species that can often move relatively quickly\u2014up to an estimated speed of 92 cm per second ( 3 feet per second ) . they are usually found on the ground , but have no trouble climbing or swimming . they are largely nocturnal , but are often seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon . however , harper ( 1963 ) reported collecting a dozen specimens that were all active during the heat of the day .\nmost specimens are docile , seldom attempting to bite unless severely provoked . fitzsimons is quoted in pitman ( 1938 ) as saying that , in captivity , they\nbecome so tame that you may allow them to creep , climb and slither round your neck and inside your garments .\nothers , however , are more temperamental .\nwhen seriously disturbed , they will put on a\nferocious\nthreat display that includes coiling up , inflating the body ( making the dark markings stand out ) , hissing and puffing loudly , flattening the anterior portion of the body , and striking frantically . they may also flatten the neck and move forward with the tongue extended , much like a small cobra . striking is done with such vigor that small specimens may lift themselves off the ground entirely .\nthe diet consists mainly of toads , but it also includes frogs and small mammals .\nfemales produce an average clutch of two dozen eggs that require a lengthy incubation period of approximately four months . the hatchlings are 10 - 12 . 5 cm ( 4 - 5 inches ) in total length and feed on tiny frogs and toads .\nrhombic night adder bites can be very serious and in at least one bite a child had to have a fasciotomy . we see a number of small dogs dying and having limbs amputated . a bite from a large individual on a small child could potentially be fatal - please do not underestimate the venom of this snake .\nthe few documented bites involved pain and minor swelling with minimal necrosis . these symptoms usually disappear within 2\u20133 days . there have been no modern well - documented cases to back up earlier claims of fatalities due to bites from this species . venom yield has varied from 20\u201330 mg to 300 mg , but the venom toxicity is low with ld 50 values of 10 . 8 , 14 . 6 , > 16 . 0 mg / kg iv and 15 mg / kg sc being reported .\nphoto by coetzer a ; m . viljoen ; a . van der merwe , 2014 . url : frogmap : 1722\nb . fenoulheti occurs from zeerust ( 2526ca ) in north west province , eastward through limpopo province and northern gauteng to northern and eastern mpumalanga , and extends southward through the northeastern parts of swaziland and kwazulu - natal to st lucia ( 2832ad ) . it also occurs north of the atlas region in zimbabwe and adjacent parts of eastern botswana , southern zambia and namibia\u2019s caprivi strip , as well as the higher - lying parts of southern mozambique ( channing 2001 ) . a population on the western chimanimani mountains of zimbabwe is treated as a distinct subspecies : b . fenoulheti grindleyi poynton 1963 . b . fenoulheti occurs at altitudes ranging from sea level to about 1700 m .\nb . fenoulheti was treated as a subspecies of b . verte bralis by poynton ( 1964 ) , but was later elevated to full species on the basis of differences in its advertisement call ( poynton and broadley 1988 ) . although previously considered to be allopatric , the ranges of these two species are now known to overlap in the north west and extreme western limpopo provinces ( bates 1995 ; jacobsen 1989 ; this atlas ) . a recent study of the mitochondrial dna of bufonids confirmed the species status of b . fenoulheti ( cunningham and cherry 2000 ) .\nthe atlas data are reliable , but there are large gaps in the coverage of this species\u2019 distribution . it is something of a mystery why this species should have been so poorly recorded in large parts of its range ; further surveys are recommended .\nb . fenoulheti inhabits a variety of bushveld vegetation types in the savanna biome and is occasionally found in adjacent grassland . its distribution lies within the summer - rainfall region .\nalthough occasionally found in sandy areas , these frogs usually occupy rocky outcrops , taking refuge between rocks or on soil under stones . in these situations they occur singly or in small groups of 5\u20136 ( or as many as nine ) individuals , often together with scorpions and lizards ( jacobsen 1989 ) . in zimbabwe , they have also been found sheltering under shallow , loose , matted layers of sand and roots overlying rocks ( lambiris 1989b ) . breeding usually takes place in temporary pools , such as those on flat rocky outcrops or shallow rain ponds , sometimes in barren areas .\nbreeding occurs october\u2013february in the kruger national park , but only after heavy rain ( h . braack pers . obs . ) . during the breeding season , males have bright yellow throats and call from exposed positions near the edges of rain pools or while partly submerged near the edge ( lambiris 1989a ; passmore and carruthers 1995 ) . jacobsen ( 1989 ) noted that several frogs appeared on the day after an afternoon rain shower , and some of them were found in amplexus after being placed in bottles . he observed that strings of eggs were abundant at the edge of rain - filled depressions and hatched after about 24 hours .\nthe following observations refer to a population of b . fenoulheti from lobatse , botswana ( power 1927b ) . the species breeds from late november to late january , at which time the males congregate in shallow rock pools . an axillary clasp is used during amplexus . females produce strings of 2000 eggs that are entwined among stones and vegetation . tadpoles feed on algae on the bottom and sides of the pools and take c . 19 days to complete their development and undergo metamorphosis . according to channing ( 2001 ) , strings of eggs are 200 mm long and one clutch consisted of only 245 eggs .\nadults feed on soft - bodied arthropods taken on largely sand - free rock surfaces . frogs kept in sandy terraria often die after ingesting sand particles which apparently cause internal injury ( lambiris 1989a ) .\nb . fenoulheti occurs in several provincial and private nature reserves in limpopo , mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal provinces , as well as in kruger national park . the species is widespread and common within its range and is not considered to be at risk because its habitat is generally well protected .\nweb : frogmap . 2018 . bufo fenoulheti hewitt and methuen , 1913 . animal demography unit . accessed from urltoken ; on 2018 - 07 - 09 09 : 07 : 17 .\nbook : minter l . r . , burger m . , harrison j . a . , braack h . h . , bishop p . j . & kloepfer d . ( eds ) . 2004 . atlas and red data book of the frogs of south africa , lesotho and swaziland . si / mab series no . 9 . smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . published by the smithsonian institution and the avian demography unit ( now animal demography unit ) .\nfrogmap is a citizen science project which aims to determine the distribution and conservation priorities of frogs on the african continent . frogmap is building the 21st century distribution maps for africa ' s amphibians . it is a partnership between the . . . . . and the animal demography unit at the university of cape town .\nthe purpose of the animal demography unit ( adu ) is to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity , and thus provide input to biodiversity conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .\ncopyright ( c ) 2018 frogmap . adu . org . za , all rights reserved . design by free css templates .\nthe night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters ( 24 to 36 in ) long . they are usually dark gray , light gray , light brown , or black in color with gray or black blotches .\neven though they are called the\nnight adders\n, they are usually active at day , but some are active at night . when they are attacked or disturbed , they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off . some may raise their head and neck off the ground , and with their tongue sticking out , move froward like a the cobra does .\nthey eat mainly toads and frogs , but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food .\nall night adders are oviparous , which means they lay eggs . this is unusual for most vipers , because most vipers are viviparous , they give live birth . they lay around 2 dozen eggs at a time . these eggs take around 4 months to hatch , when they hatch the hatchlings are 4 - 5 inches ( 10 - 12 . 5 cm ) long .\nthe night adders have very big venom glands , which are around 10 centimeters long . but even though the venom glands are very big night adders don ' t always use their venom on their prey . the venom would kill the prey fast enough , but night adders usually seize their prey and swallow it . when someone is bitten by a night adders venom the venom does not spread around the body , and only causes swelling in the place of the bite . there have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom .\nthis page was last changed on 4 february 2014 , at 14 : 29 .\ncontent is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use privacy policy . content of this web page is sourced from wikipedia ( http : / / simple . wikipedia . org ) . some content of the original page may have been edited to make it more suitable for younger readers , unless otherwise noted .\nwell finally i am back\u2026i have been in the field for the last 3 months working on a few projects . filming , collecting dna for mine and some others work and collecting data for a book i am co - writing .\nwe have done over 22000 miles by car . some crazy places , crazy roads , crazy people and some crazy fun . it has been amazing . seen some herps i have always dreamed about\u2026and seen some possibly new species ! also saw my dream find for sa herps , less than 30 ever seen\nmade tons of distribution extensions and documented new behavior on a few species that has never been documented .\nok here are some pics\u2026a very small preview , an extremely small taste of whet we saw and what happened . busy working on the footage , video should be premiered soon ( about a month )\nvery happy devon . thanks for posting . i just have to remember to shrinkwrap my keyboard to protect it from the drool , when you post pics . wow some amazing species you saw . that ' s a sign you don ' t want to see when you ' re walking or cycling - - beware of lions\ni would give a kidney to shoot the stuff that you see on a regular basis .\njust make sure it is on ice . . . i ' ll pm shipping address , please make sure it is not damaged . lol but seriously . . . . this stuff doesn ' t just get found on a regular basis ! work my but off ! ! ! but ah it is fun\nif i ' m giving you a kidney i ' m going to come with it , once i get my shots then you get the kidney .\nthose are absolutely stunning ! i don ' t mind saying that i ' m more than a little bit jealous that you get to be out there doing that - and i don ' t .\noh , and funny . . . even though you posted\nthese are frogs\nvery clearly , i started out by staring at the first frog photo wondering what kind of snake that was .\nawesome pics , , beware of lions ? ? ? lol . i dont think i would be walking on the road , lol\nthose are fabulous photos devon ! if angie and i decide to come to africa for our honeymoon , you gonna be our tour guide ? ( so i can see some of what you were seeing .\n\u201cif we save our wild places , we will ultimately save ourselves . \u201d ~ steve irwin\ngeneral shape very small , cylindrical to slightly depressed , relatively stout , thick bodied snake with a very short tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 45 metres . head is moderate in size and distinct from neck . canthus is obtuse . snout is short , pointed and distinctly upturned . eyes are small to medium in size with round pupils . dorsal scales are soft and feebly keeled with apical pits . dorsal scale count usually 17 - 17 - 12 .\nhabitat elevations up to about 1800 metres but mainly lowland dry to moist savanna , coastal thicket and forest but extending into more arid savanna regions .\nhabits terrestrial , slow moving and mainly nocturnal . in spite of the common name , it is often active during the day . when inactive tends to hide in holes , under bush or fallen logs etc . if disturbed and angered will inflate its body with air and hiss and puff . if provoked it will raise the anterior of the body off the ground , into a coil with the head tilted back and strike , tending to lash rather than stab . males are known to engage in combat during the mating season .\ngeneral : dangerousness unknown , but unlikely to cause significant envenoming , most unlikely to be dangerous .\ndescription : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .\ntreatment summary most cases will be minor , requiring observation , symptomatic treatment only . no antivenom available .\ngeneral approach to management it is possible that most cases will be minor , but some cases may be more severe , requiring admission and treatment , so assess carefully before discharge .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nupdate 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !\nimages provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .\n? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nout of the more than 2 , 900 species of snakes in the world about 600 species only are known to be venomous . venomous snakes have highly specialized teeth such as hollow fangs , through which they deliver venom to immobilize prey , or for self - defense . a venomous snake bite quickly affects different organs including the lungs , heart , central nervous system , red blood cells and muscles . venom can be neurotoxic , haemotoxic or myotoxic .\nthough australia is known to be home to the majority of the world ' s most venomous snakes , africa has its share of potentially highly dangerous species : here are the main ones ."]}
{"id": 575, "summary": [{"text": "eisenia andrei is a close relative of the ' brandling ' or ' tiger ' worm , eisenia fetida .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "like its sibling species , it is epigeic , i.e. it prefers to live in compost or leaf litter rather than mineral soils .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can be distinguished from e. fetida as it is darker in colour , and the characteristic stripes are less pronounced .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "although its status as a separate species was fully confirmed in the mid-1980s by molecular analyses ( based on electrophoresis of protein isoforms ) , e. andrei is still often misidentified and confused with e. fetida . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "eisenia andrei", "paragraphs": ["oecd ilibrary | test no . 222 : earthworm reproduction test ( eisenia fetida / eisenia andrei )\nhistopathological and molecular effects of microplastics in eisenia andrei bouch\u00e9 . - pubmed - ncbi\nidentification and cloning of an invertebrate - type lysozyme from eisenia andrei . - pubmed - ncbi\nthis test guideline is designed to be used for assessing the effects of chemicals in soil on the reproductive output ( and other sub - lethal end points ) of the earthworm species eisenia fetida or eisenia andrei .\nsensitivity of eisenia andrei ( annelida , oligochaeta ) to a commercial formulation of abamectin in avoidance tests with artificial substrate and natural soil under tropical conditions .\na vermelha - da - calif\u00f3rnia ( eisenia andrei ) \u00e9 a esp\u00e9cie de minhoca mais adotada em todo o mundo para reciclar res\u00edduos org\u00e2nicos . mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es em urltoken\nsensitivity of eisenia andrei ( annelida , oligochaeta ) to a commercial formulation of abamectin in avoidance tests with artificial substrate and nat . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nthis is interesting reading : eisenias . pdf ( from urltoken ) the difference between eisenia fetida and eisenia andrei . now i ' m wondering if i ' ve got ef , ea , or both ! i ' m * really * going to have to examine them carefully : - )\nsri sai farm development services offers healthy adult composting earthworms - eisenia andrei - commonly nown as ' red wrigglers ] - in safe packing for domestic and export markets . the eisenia species of earthworms are the best composting earthworms . these earthworms are now highly regarded - as a rich biological resource with a multitude of uses having commercial and environmental applications . the species eisenia andrei in vermiculture or vermicomposting is more recommended since its growth and reproduction rates are higher - it produces more cocoons than other species , and the number of hatchlings per cocoon is also higher .\nhere ' s some of the best articles i found based on their titles , along with the urls to find them . i haven ' t had a chance to read any of them yet but i wanted to get the most interesting ones out to you all . jorge dom\u00ednguez ( 2004 ) state of the art and new perspectives on vermicomposting research . in ca edwards ( ed ) earthworm ecology ( 2nd edition ) . crc press llc . pp 401 - 424 . urltoken jorge dom\u00ednguez , maria j . briones , salustiano mato ( 1997 ) effect of the diet on growth and reproduction of eisenia andrei ( oligochaeta , lumbricidae ) . pedobiologia 41 , 566 - 576 urltoken jorge dom\u00ednguez , clive a . edwards ( 1997 ) effects of stocking rate and moisture content on the growth and maturation of eisenia andrei ( oligochaeta ) in pig manure . soil biology and biochemistry 29 , 743 - 746 urltoken\nsigh , i have both . in short the eisenia fetida are the striped or banded worms , the tiger worms . eisenia andrei are the solid red worms without stripes . e . andrie are the more productive worms laying more cocoons . the two species are very closely related and can mate but the cocoons from such crosses aren ' t viable . so if you have a mix of worms you get low , slow reproduction rates . sounds right i have always had slow reproduction in my bin . also i have noticed that i get the banded e . fetida worms coming out of the bottom of my flow through when i harvest and i always see the red e . andrei on the top when i feed . when i harvest i always put the worms back into the bin . and after not too long the banded ones are no longer on top . perhaps they like to stay a bit deeper in the bin .\ni had always heard that they looked so much alike that it would take lab tests to tell them apart . but this article spells out just how easy it can be . well for wormaholics anyway . i did know i had two different kinds of worms and wondered . well at one point i had euro ' s too but the cold weather power outages took them out . but to be honest i had the species backwards , nice to get it straitened out . i been thinking of building a smaller version of larry d ' s flow through maybe 3 by 5 . now i am wondering how i will get the red e andrei i want without the risk of getting e fetida too .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthe two species are very closely related and can mate but the cocoons from such crosses aren ' t viable .\nthat ' s the first time i heard that . i also thought they were much more difficult to differentiate , requiring something like protein analysis to tell them apart . oh well , just one more variable . i ' m shooting for as many species as possible in my outdoor bins , so no worries for me .\nand i was joking about sortin ' them suckers .\nsteamy , we all know you never joke around . larry , you know i agree with you about the mixed species bin , but if ef & ea can mate and produce dud cocoons . . . that could really mess up the rates of reproduction . lots of mating and cocoons without many babies is not too good for a worm farmer .\ndoes anyone know how early you can tell ef and ea apart ? i was just about to get just efs out of my mixed bin and start a single species bin . i ' m sure glad i read this first ! ! i can ' t tell my pes from my esenia of either type when they ' re young ( as in before they are sexually mature . ) i guess i ' ll have 1 bin that ' s 3 species and have 2 smaller pure ef and pure ea bins where i ' ve taken only obvious adults out of the mixed bin . this is , of course , just for the fun of it . as with steamyb ,\ni really don ' t care who or what ' s in that box o ' rot as long as they\nthe community\neat that garbage .\nalso , one of the ways i was distinguishing my efs from the pes was the yellow tail on the efs . i haven ' t looked at my herd yet , but does anyone know if both have the yellowish tails ?\ni was looking to see if i could find other interesting articles by the same authors . i loved the title of this one , though it won ' t effect our vermicomposting . velando , a . , eiroa , j . & dom\u00ednguez j . 2008 . brainless but not clueless : earthworms boost their ejaculates when they detect fecund nonvirgin partners . proceedings of the royal society london b 275 : 1067 - 72\nsusan , if you look at these photo ' s , even the small ef ' s have yellow tails , while the pe ' s do not .\nsome of my juvenile e . hortensis look like the\ntiger worm\n.\npeter , thanks for the photos ! very helpful . now the challenge is to tell juvenile efs from eas . i think when i sort ( if i ever get around to it ) , i ' d be safer to sort obvious mature adults and leave everything else in the mixed bin . two mistakes would ruin the effort to get just efs in one bin and just eas in another . i don ' t know if avoiding the decrease in fertility with a mixed ef / ea bin will be worth the effort , but i ' ll have some time in december to give it a try .\nadult worms are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test substance either mixed into the soil or applied to the soil surface . the range of test concentrations is selected to encompass those likely to cause both sub - lethal and lethal effects over a period of eight weeks . the limit test corresponds to one dose level of 1000 mg / kg . this study includes the observation of unusual behaviour and morphology , the counting and weighing of the adult worms after the four primary weeks , the number of juveniles hatched at the end of the second 4 - week period . the reproductive output of the worms exposed to the test substance is compared to that of the control ( s ) in order to determine the no observed effect concentration ( noec ) and / or ecx by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % reduction in reproductive output . the test concentrations should bracket the ecx so that the ecx then comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation .\nis the online library of the organisation for economic cooperation and development ( oecd ) featuring its books , papers and statistics and is the gateway to oecd ' s analysis and data .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nn\u00facleo de estudos em ecossistemas aqu\u00e1ticos , departamento de hidr\u00e1ulica e saneamento , escola de engenharia de s\u00e3o carlos , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o carlos , sp , brazil . metnunes @ urltoken\ndepartment of immunology , institute of microbiology , academy of sciences of the czech republic , prague , czech republic .\nenviron pollut . 2017 jan ; 220 ( pt a ) : 495 - 503 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . envpol . 2016 . 09 . 092 . epub 2016 oct 13 .\nrodriguez - seijo a 1 , louren\u00e7o j 2 , rocha - santos tap 3 , da costa j 3 , duarte ac 3 , vala h 4 , pereira r 5 .\ndepartment of plant biology and soil science , universidade de vigo , as lagoas , marcosende , 36310 vigo , spain .\ndepartment of biology & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal .\ndepartment of chemistry & cesam , university of aveiro , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal .\nagrarian school of viseu , polytechnic institute of viseu . viseu , portugal ; centre for the research and technology of agro - environmental and biological sciences ( citab and centre for studies in education , and health technologies ( ci & dets ) , portugal .\ndepartment of biology , faculty of sciences of the university of porto & ciimar - interdisciplinary centre of marine and environmental research & greenup / citab - up , porto , portugal . electronic address : ruth . pereira @ fc . up . pt .\nsri sai farm development services was established in the year 2009 to promote promote environmentally sustainable agribusiness and green businesses . our motto is restore soil , protect environment and support the farmer . we manufacture and supply high quality , pure unadulterated vermicompost made purely from cattle manure and agriculture waste . we also supply organic basmati rice organic wheat and pulses . our farm location is close to new delhi . we offer a fair deal , prompt and qualitative services and timely delivery of consignments .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 576, "summary": [{"text": "epiphthora nivea is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by philpott in 1930 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand , where it has only been recorded from the waitakere ranges .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on collospermum hastatum . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "epiphthora nivea", "paragraphs": ["popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis search function lets you find records from auckland museum\u2019s natural sciences , human history and documentary heritage collections .\nthe development of the auckland war memorial museum online collection is an ongoing process ; updates , new images and records are added weekly . in some cases , records have yet to be confirmed by museum staff , and there could be mistakes or omissions in the information provided .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nlower , o . b . 1901 ,\ndescriptons of new genera and species of australian lepidoptera\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 25 , pp . 63 - 98\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9dd47dbc - 4277 - 4283 - b874 - af6a4ed235bf\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 84b3aae7 - b6ac - 4ca7 - a594 - e04835808675\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 259798\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 577, "summary": [{"text": "the marquesan kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to french polynesia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss and predation by introduced species , and is currently classified as critically endangered , with less than 500 individuals left in the wild . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "marquesan kingfisher", "paragraphs": ["marquesan kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) is a species of bird in the alcedinidae family .\nsurvival , territory resources , and population persistence in the critically endangered tuamotu kingfisher .\nadamson , a . m . 1936 . marquesan insects : environment . bernice p . bishop museum bulletin 139 : 1 - 73 .\nrolett , b . v . 1993 . marquesan prehistory and the origins of east polynesian culture . jounral de la societe des oceanisttes 96 : 29 - 47 .\nthe marquesan kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) , one of the most endangered kingfishers , faces a different suite of threats . once found on a handful of islands in the marquesas chain , the species is now limited to only one , tahuata . the bird\u2019s decline has been attributed to habitat degradation\u2026\nthis article is part of project alcedinidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each kingfisher , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project halcyoninae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each tree kingfisher , including made - up species .\ni did two internships back in french polynesia , with the ornithological society of french polynesia ( sop manu ) . my first three - month internship was working on a conservation project funded by the clp ( conservation leadership program ) . the project\u2019s goal was to update the population number of the endangered species marquesan kingfisher ( only population on tahuata island , marquesas archipelago )\nthe rufous - collared kingfisher is categorised as near - threatened due to the rapid loss of its rainforest habitat . a number of species are considered threatened by human activities and are in danger of extinction . the majority of these are forest species with limited distribution , particularly insular species . they are threatened by habitat loss caused by forest clearance or degradation and in some cases by introduced species . the marquesan kingfisher of french polynesia is listed as critically endangered due to a combination of habitat loss and degradation caused by introduced cattle , and possibly due to predation by introduced species .\ni studied factors influencing territory configuration in the tuamotu kingfisher ( todiramphus gambieri ) . radiotelemetry data were used to define territory boundaries , and i tested for effects on territory size and shape of landscape habitat composition and foraging patch configuration . tuamotu kingfisher territories were larger in areas with reduced densities of coconut plantation foraging . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . future research should analyze habitat preferences of mo ' orean kingfishers in greater detail . closely related kingfisher species have been seen habituating coconut trees in managed and unmanaged coconut farms ( coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . studies of the mo ' orean kingfisher should be conducted in coconut farms to support or refute this idea . . . .\nwagner , w . l . 1991 . evolution of waif floras : a comparison of the hawaiian and marquesan archipelagos . pages 267 - 284 in e . dudley , editor . the unity of evolutionary biology . the proceedings of the 4th international congress of systematics and evolutionary biology . dioscorides press , portland , oregon .\n22 cm . distinctive kingfisher with buff triangle on upper back . totally white crown , forehead , mantle and centre of upper back . blue eye - stripe ending as broken line behind head . white underparts . blue - green lower back , rump , tail and wings .\na wide range of threats affect populations of pacific island birds and conservationists have been challenged to identify factors upon which to focus management . the tuamotu kingfisher ( todiramphus gambieri ) is one of the most endangered vertebrate species in the world , yet little has been published about basic biology or causes of the population decline . we used 4 years of mark - resight and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwoodall , p . f . , sharpe , c . j . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . marquesas kingfisher ( todiramphus godeffroyi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018 ) .\n. . . there was a notable gap in occupancy in a large agricultural area on the lagoon side of the western - central section of niau ( 16\u00b0 08\u2032 34 . 26\u2033 s , 146\u00b0 23\u2032 28 . 68\u2033 w ) . active and mixed fallow coconut agriculture , wetlands , and feo forests characterized the gap region . agricultural coconut groves are open , and similar to those described previously as suitable habitat for the tuamotu kingfisher ( see coulombe et al . 2011 ) . although it was not clear why the birds did not occur in the release location , disturbances for airport construction is likely cause of extirpation . . . .\n. . . point - transect surveys were conducted annually from 2006 through 2009 at stations spaced by approximately 300 m along the island ' s ocean and lagoon coasts . results showed regular kingfisher occurrence around the eastern half of the island , with occasional detections along the western oceanic coast ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . there was a notable gap in occupancy in a large agricultural area on the lagoon side of the western - central section of niau ( 16\u00b0 08\u2032 34 . 26\u2033 s , 146\u00b0 23\u2032 28 . 68\u2033 w ) . active and mixed fallow coconut agriculture , wetlands , and feo forests characterized the gap region . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1\nderh\u00e9 , m . , mahood , s . , o ' brien , a . , shutes , s . , stattersfield , a . , symes , a . , ashpole , j , north , a .\nthis species is listed as critically endangered as , following its extinction on hiva oa , it is now found on only a single small island on which it is suspected to be declining owing to habitat deterioration and predation .\nand was last seen in february 1997 in the atuona valley . searches in 2001 , 2004 and 2006 failed to find the species and it is considered extinct on the island ( j . - c . thibault\nghestemme and timau ( 2014 ) estimated the population to be approximately 350 mature individuals .\n2012 ] ) may have contributed to the decline ( gouni and zysman 2007 ) . on tahuata , black rats , polynesian rats\n2012 , ghestemme and timau 2014 ) . mynas are currently absent on the island and local inhabitants are aware of the risk of their introduction to tahuata island ( withers\n2012 ) , and 2013 - 2014 ( ghestemme and timau 2014 ) investigating the distribution , species ' s behaviour and nesting and territory requirements . public awareness - raising was implemented with positive results , as inhabitants were previously unaware of the species ' s endemic status .\nregularly resurvey the species to determine trends . investigate threats , including feral cat impact and species distribution knowledge . work with local stakeholders to protect remaining forest and retain dead trees in plantations , especially in coconut plantations . take all measures possible to ensure that\ndoes not colonise tahutua . exclude livestock from the remaining intact forest . consider the possibility of translocation to a nearby island . produce a species recovery plan and develop captive breeding populations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntraditionally thought to form a species - group with several other australasian and polynesian species ( see t . sanctus ) . monotypic .\nhiva oa and tahuata ( probably extinct in the former ) # r , in marquesas is ; reports from other islands in marquesas ( ua pou , mohotani and fatu hiva ) are apparently erroneous .\n21 cm . both sexes white crown , neck and underparts , dark mask through eye continuing as blue - black stripe and as thin band across nape ; upper mantle with characteristic buffy . . .\nshort , deep , repeated \u201ckiau\u201d , which can accelerate into chatter ; also soft \u201ctreeet - tee - tee\u201d .\nprimary forest , preferring dense humid forest along mountain streams and in remote valleys ; . . .\ninsects , mainly beetles ( coleoptera ) and large grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) , and small lizards ; possibly some fish . takes prey in the foliage . . .\nlays in sept\u2013jan on hiva oa . nest found in hole of old mango tree , another in hollow with 2 entrances dug into decayed screw - pine ( . . .\ncritically endangered . restricted - range species : present in marquesas islands eba . population in 1970s 300\u2013500 pairs on tahuata and under 50 pairs on hiva oa . on latter . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : todiramphus godeffroyi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe treeet - tee - tee call described in pratt , et al . listen for it at 30 to 31 sec . sadly , a very rare bird now . confined to tahuata . seen in coconut plantation understory .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n2012 ) . it formerly occurred on hiva oa , where there were fewer than 50 pairs in 1971 and 1973 ; it was exceedingly rare on the island in 1990 ( seitre and seitre 1991 ) and was last seen in february 1997 in the atuona valley . searches in 2001 , 2004 and 2006 failed to find the species and it is considered extinct on the island ( j . - c . thibault\n2009 ) . records from fatu hiva , mohotani and ua pou are apparently erroneous ( holyoak and thibault 1984 , thibault 1988 ) .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nmarquesasinkalastaja\nfrom\ntodiramphus godeffroyi ( finsch , 1877 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 301 , 298 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project coraciiformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each coraciiform , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nmany of the flight - inclusive holidays on this website are financially protected by the atol scheme . but atol protection does not apply to all holiday and travel services listed on this website . please ask us to confirm what protection may apply to your booking . if you do not receive an atol certificate then the booking will not be atol protected . if you do receive an atol certificate but all the parts of your trip are not listed on it , those parts will not be atol protected . please see our booking conditions for information , or for more for more information about financial protection and the atol certificate go to : urltoken certificate\nbirdquest ltd is registered in england , company no . 01568270 . the address of our registered office is two jays , kemple end , stonyhurst , clitheroe , lancashire bb7 9qy\nlike the hawaiian islands , the tropical marquesas islands are extremely isolated and all flora and fauna present are the result of long - distance colonization and in situ evolution for thousands to millions of years . forty - two percent of the 320 native vascular plants are endemic . the terrestrial snail community is quite diverse , with at least 78 species represented . ten endemic birds occur here . unfortunately , this biodiversity has been exposed to almost two millennia of human disturbance . several species have gone extinct in known history and much of the flora and fauna is critically endangered .\nthe protection and management of upper - elevation forests on ua pou , nuku hiva , fatu hika , ua huku , and fatu hiva islands would serve to protect large numbers of endemic plant species and the unique communities they form ( dahl 1980 , montgomery et al . 1980 , thibault 1988 , seitre & seitre 1992 , florence & lorence 1997 ) .\njustification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion consists of the relatively discrete marquesas islands group . allison treats the cooks , societies , tuamotus , and marquesas as a unit herpetologically as they share a similar reptile assemblage . van balgooy ( 1996 ) similarly lumps the cooks , niue , societies , tuamotus , tubaui , and marquesas based on floristic affinities . however , birdlife international ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) separates the marquesas from surrounding island groups due to the presence of 10 endemic bird species , and based on this consideration we have delineated the marquesas as a separate ecoregion .\nreferences adamson , a . m . 1935 . affinities and origins of the fauna of the marquesas islands . phd dissertation university of california , berkeley . 205 pp .\nbrown , f . b . h . 1931 . flora of southeastern polynesia . i . monocotyledons . bernice p . bishop museum bulletin 84 : 1 - 194 .\nbrown , f . b . h . 1935 . flora of southeastern polynesia . iii . dicotyledons . bernice p . bishop museum bulletin 130 : 1 - 386 .\ndahl , a . l . 1980 . regional ecosystems survey of the south pacific area . south pacific commission , noumea , new caledonia .\ndekker , b . g . 1992 . secondary plant cover on upland slopes : marquesas islands , french polynesia . atoll research bulletin 363 : 1 - 36 .\nflorence , j . and d . h . lorence . 1997 introduction to the flora and vegetation of the marquesas islands . allertonia 7 : 226 - 237 .\nkuehler , c . , a . lieberman , a . varney , p . unitt , r . m . sulpice , j . azua , and b . tehevini . 1997 . translocation of ultramarine lories , vini ultramarina , in the marquesas islands : ua huka to fatu hiva . bird conservation international 7 : 69 - 79 .\nmontgomery , s . l . , w . c . gagne , and b . h . gagne . 1980 . notes on birdlife and nature conservation in the marquesas and society islands . \u2018elepaio 40 : 152 - 156 .\nmueller - dombois , d . and f . r . fosberg . 1998 . vegetation of the tropical pacific islands . springer press , new york .\nseitre , r . and j . seitre . 1992 . causes of land - bird extinctions in french polynesia . oryx 26 : 215 - 222 .\nstattersfield , a . j . , m . j . crosby , a . j . long , and d . c . wege . 1998 . endemic bird areas of the world : priorities for biodiversity conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 7 , birdlife international , cambridge , uk . 846 pp .\nsteadman , d . w . 1995 . prehistoric extinctions of pacific island birds : biodiversity meets zooarchaeology . science 267 : 1123 - 1130 .\nsteadman , d . w . and b . rolett . 1996 . a chronostratigraphic analysis of landbird extinction on tahuata , marquesas islands . journal of archaeological science 23 : 81 - 94 .\nthibualt , j . - c . 1988 . menac\u00e9s et conservation des oiseaux de polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise . pages 87 - 124 in j . - c . thibualt and i . guyot , eds . livre rouge des oiseaux menac\u00e9s des r\u00e9gions fran\u00e7aises d\u2019outre - mer . conseil internatioal pur la protection des oiseaux ( monograph 5 ) , saint - cloud .\nvan balgooy , p . h . hovenkamp , and p . c . van welzen . 1996 . phytogeography of the pacific \u2013 floristic and historical distribution patterns in plants . pages 191 - 213 in keast , a . and s . e . miller , editors . the origin and evolution of pacific island biotas , new guinea to eastern polynesia : patterns and processes . spb academic publishing , amsterdam .\nwwf and iucn . 1995 . centres of plant diversity . a guide and strategy for their conservation . vol . 2 . asia , australasia and the pacific . iucn publication unit , cambridge , uk .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nlocally called\npahi\n. this is one of the world ' s rarest kingfishers . currently assessed as critically endangered due to its sole distribution on only one single island and it is already extinct on the other .\nalthough not so extremely rare on its now sole surviving home - tahuata island , it is still not easy to locate them reliably unless an active nest is located . we were lucky to locate a pair and a dependent juvenile at an uninhabited beach .\ni later found out that this is a parent perching on its favourite vantage point for catching prey on the ground , which it flew to feed its young nearby .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nles effets de la modification anthropique de l ' habitat sont \u00e9vidents sur les \u00eeles tropicales du pacifique o\u00f9 les for\u00eats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 extensivement converties en plantations de cocos nucifera . nous avons \u00e9valu\u00e9 la s\u00e9lection des ressources chez todiramphus gambieri gertrudae , une esp\u00e8ce en danger critique d ' extinction limit\u00e9e \u00e0 une seule population sur l ' \u00eele \u00e0 basse altitude de niau atoll , en polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise . nos analyses indiquent que les ressources associ\u00e9es \u00e0 la qu\u00eate de nourriture sont \u00e0 la base de l ' utilisation de l ' espace et de la s\u00e9lection de l ' habitat par cette esp\u00e8ce \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9chelles spatiales . \u00e0 l ' \u00e9chelle de l ' \u00eele , les caract\u00e9ristiques de l ' habitat associ\u00e9es \u00e0 des opportunit\u00e9s d ' alimentation , telles que les plantations de cocotiers avec un sous - \u00e9tage ouvert , des perchoirs de chasse et un sol expos\u00e9 , sont les facteurs qui permettent le mieux de pr\u00e9dire la pr\u00e9sence de l ' esp\u00e8ce . \u00e0 l ' inverse , la r\u00e9partition de l ' esp\u00e8ce \u00e9tait n\u00e9gativement associ\u00e9e \u00e0 une v\u00e9g\u00e9tation non perturb\u00e9e , telle que les for\u00eats primaires et les plantations de cocotiers en jach\u00e8re . \u00e0 l ' \u00e9chelle du domaine vital , la r\u00e9partition des individus munis d ' \u00e9metteurs a \u00e9galement indiqu\u00e9 que les oiseaux ont s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 les for\u00eats agricoles de cocotiers et ont moins pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 les for\u00eats primaires . les observations ont de plus indiqu\u00e9 que les oiseaux en qu\u00eate alimentaire ont s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 les plantations de cocotiers g\u00e9r\u00e9es \u00e0 l ' aide du br\u00fblage dirig\u00e9 pour la chasse . t . gambieri gertrudae constitue un exemple rare d ' une esp\u00e8ce tropicale menac\u00e9e susceptible de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de la gestion agricole . nos r\u00e9sultats soutiennent les strat\u00e9gies de conservation bas\u00e9es sur l ' \u00e9tablissement de populations de sauvetage sur d ' autres \u00eeles poss\u00e9dant des plantations de cocotiers . nous sugg\u00e9rons que le fait d ' incorporer les for\u00eats agricoles de cocotiers dans la planification de la conservation peut aider \u00e0 pr\u00e9venir l ' extinction de plusieurs esp\u00e8ces de martins - p\u00eacheurs qui d\u00e9pendaient par ie pass\u00e9 des habitats naturels de feuillus qui sont d\u00e9sormais pratiquement absents des \u00eeles d ' oc\u00e9anie , dans le pacifique .\nl , adapted with permission from butaud ( 2007 ) . locations and results of tu\ne ar ea wa s act ively used to pro duce c oconu ts .\nis akaike weight ( i . e . , model probability given the set of\n25 , 25 , and 75 m ( e . g . , un\ufb01lled points ) ; ground cover bet\n\ue017 . \ue015\ue016 \ue014 ( m a na g ed c oc o nu t f o re s t ) \u2013 \ue014 . \ue014 \ue006\ue005 ( m ea n\nt t o \ue006\ue014 % in man ag ed c oco nut for es t . p ar am\nlo ca tio ns ( fi g . \ue011 ) f rom vi sua l o bs er vat io ns ( \ue016\ue006 % ) , tr ia ng ul at ion ( \ue018\ue014 % ;\n, e d . ) . pa peet e , fre nch po lyne sia .\nar e ac ute ly s usc ept ibl e to glo ba l ch ang e . b iod ive rsi ty a nd c on ser\nrces ( m . l . reaka - kudla , d . e . wi\n. . . common myna removal projects may prove to be more effective if conducted in agricultural areas as well as forests , based on our findings that common mynas were less frequently detected in forests . there is very little information about the habitat requirements , calling activity , and natural history of native avifauna in french polynesia ( coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . mo ' orean kingfishers were shown in this study to have low call counts , low detection probability , and a negative correlation with non - native calling activity in all of the habitats studied . . . .\n. . . not all avian species will decline with human disturbance , and some may even benefit from resource subsidies and increases in open and edge habitats , including those within anthropogenic areas ( werner , hejl & brush , 2007 ; kamp et al . , 2009 ; coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . the bahama oriole uses anthropogenic areas during the breeding season , where it selects nest sites in the tallest available palm trees ( price , lee & hayes , 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . synanthropic species , which cohabit with humans and benefit from resources and modifications that exist in anthropogenic landscapes , present unique challenges for conservation management . today , at least 14 highly endangered birds are recognized as synanthropic , including the bahama oriole ( coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ; price , lee & hayes , 2011 ; wright , lake & dolman , 2012 ) . the extent to which synanthropy affects gene flow among populations remains unclear , but rapid cultural and evolutionary changes may be associated with landscape modification ( johnston , 2001 ; boardman , 2006 ; jim\u00e9nez et al . , 2013 ) . . . .\n. . . we removed locations with an estimated error ellipse greater than 2 ha in size to reduce the potential effects of inaccurate locations ( e . g . kesler & haig , 2007 ; coulombe , kesler & gouni , 2011 ) . together , excluded bearing groups represented less than 5 % of the total dataset . . . .\n. . . the climate was tropical oceanic without pronounced seasons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) . we conducted our research during 2006\u2013 2010 on 2 study areas situated on the east side of the island , 1 on the ocean coast and 1 near the lagoon ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . coconut plantations on the 2 study areas were managed by farmers using hand tools and prescribed burns to clear understory vegetation . . . .\n. . . we estimated both apparent survival \u00f0 ^ f\u00fe and the probability of resight \u00f0 ^ p\u00fe to account for individuals that might have been present on study areas but were missed when resighting color bands ( lebreton et al . 1992 , anders and marshall 2005 ) . we incorporated island and territory resource metrics into the analysis of adult survival ( f ahy ) using previously published results of resource use , wherein we defined home range area ( ha ) by the 95 % isopleth constructed with a kernel density analysis of radio - marked individuals ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . we intersected home range polygons with vegetation cover maps for niau ( butaud 2007 ) to identify the area of each habitat within home ranges , including atoll forest , mixed coconut and atoll forest , agricultural coconut plantation , littoral zone , urbanized , and wetland . . . .\n. . . we used a mean of 0 . 95 ( sd 0 . 02 ) for f , a mean of 1 . 7 ( sd 0 . 15 ) for n , and a mean of 0 . 534 ( sd 0 . 105 ) for f nestling . we selected simulation input values for effects of territory size on adult female survival from a normally distributed set of values centered on the mean home range size of birds used in our survival analysis ( 4 . 2 ha , sd 0 . 1 ; coulombe et al . 2011 ) . we simulated 1 , 000 value combinations for matrix variables and derived l i for each . . . .\n. . . the climate was tropical oceanic without pronounced seasons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) . we conducted our research during 20062010 on 2 study areas situated on the east side of the island , 1 on the ocean coast and 1 near the lagoon ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . coconut plantations on the 2 study areas were managed by farmers using hand tools and prescribed burns to clear understory vegetation . . . .\n. . . we estimated both apparent survival \u00f0 ^ f\u00fe and the probability of resight \u00f0 ^ p\u00fe to account for individuals that might have been present on study areas but were missed when resighting color bands ( lebreton et al . 1992 , anders andmarshall 2005 ) . we incorporated island and territory resource metrics into the analysis of adult survival ( f ahy ) using previously published results of resource use , wherein we defined home range area ( ha ) by the 95 % isopleth constructed with a kernel density analysis of radio - marked individuals ( coulombe et al . 2011 ) . we intersected home range polygons with vegetation cover maps for niau ( butaud 2007 ) to identify the area of each habitat within home ranges , including atoll forest , mixed coconut and atoll forest , agricultural coconut plantation , littoral zone , urbanized , and wetland . . . .\n. . . we used a mean of 0 . 95 ( sd 0 . 02 ) for f , a mean of 1 . 7 ( sd 0 . 15 ) for n , and a mean of 0 . 534 ( sd 0 . 105 ) for f nestling . we selected simulation input values for effects of territory size on adult female survival from a normally distributed set of values centered on the mean home range size of birds used in our survival analysis ( 4 . 2 ha , sd 0 . 1 ; coulombe et al . 2011 ) . . . .\n. . . the climate is tropical oceanic without pronounced seasons ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) . from 2006 to 2010 donor population research ( coulombe 2010 , coulombe et al . 2011 ) was conducted primarily on two study areas situated on the east side of the island : one on the ocean coast and one near the lagoon . coconut forests on the two study areas are managed by the farmers using hand tools and prescribed burns to clear understory vegetation . . . .\nsurvival , territory resources , and population persistence in the critically endangered tuamotu kingf . . .\ntranslocation of tuamotu kingfishers , postrelease exploratory behavior , and harvest effects on the d . . .\nconservationists previously described the need for research into using translocation to rescue threatened populations . we conducted an experimental translocation of tuamotu kingfishers ( todiramphus gambieri gertrudae ) to pro - vide foundational information about movement ecology and inform conserva - tion planning for the critically endangered bird . we captured and radio - marked mated pairs of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n> stream h\u0089\u0094u ] o\u00a2p\u0010 } \u00f7w\u00ec # 7y\u00ae ^ \u00be\u0094\u00a4i\u0082p\u00b5\u00b4 f\u00e0\u00a1\u00f9n6\u00f4b\u00eb\u0086j\u0017t\u0013\u00ff\u00fd\u00fe\u00e1j\u00b1 { i\u00bb > \u00a80\u00fc9gf\u00ee \u00e6q\u00af\u00bf\u0080\u008b\u008b ~ \u00e8\u00fa \u00a4\u009bgp\u00b2\u008d\u009ad\u00e4\u00f2r\u00ec\u00b9\u00f0\u00eb\u00e7\u00f1\u0000\u0098\u0006\u00f1\u00ba\u00e7\u0006 # \u00b0l\u008b\u00fa\u0016\u00e4\u000f = \u0005h\u00fc\u00ab\u00e7c | \u00e6 - \u0093 & a ; \u0094\u0081\u00aa\u0099t\u0084\u0007\u00bf + k \u0011c\u0099 ' k\u0097c\u00e4\u0003nt\u00e5\u008d } \u00a2\u00ea\u00ea | & \u0002\u00e0\u00ec < \u0088\u0088\u00aa ) \u00e7 % \u00a6\u00e2\u0001c\n\u009b\u00aep\u00a2\u008a8qme > \u0011\u0097\u0010 _ q\u00f2\u00fc0\u0014w\u00e9\u00e3\u0091\u00f8w \u0011 \u0082\u00fbc\u0080\u00ef < \u0091\u00e4\u0099m9\u00e6\u0097\u00fc # \u0003c\u00f1\u00f5 # \u00be\u00fe\u00a7\u0002mz\u00e1\u00f0t\u0082v\u00a8 ! n \u00915\u009c\u00e7\u00984\u0081\u009b\u0006 | 6\u0015 \u0013 ? \u00ba\u00e2 \u00bed\u0086wj\u0083\n\u00fa\u00e8\u008em4\u0018\u00f5e\u00b7\u000fi\u00e6h\u00ee _ bin\u00b8\u00b8jd\u0082\b\u00a6x\u00fe \u00e7 > \u0017e\u00bd ? m\u00e1\u00f0\u00a8n \u00ef\u00df\u0011\u0004\u0091\u0016\u00a2k q\u0099nc\u0011\u00a7q\u00e8\u00e7ht \u00f6\u00fa\u0083\u00fc\u00f9 \u000f\u0096r\u00fc / ' j\u00ea5\u00a3\u007fj\u00f2\u0092\u009345\u00ea\u008c6m\u0007\u00e2 ' \u00f1\u00a6\u00ac\u00eeqh5\u00bcth * \u0013\u00ad\u00ae\u00b3\u00ed\u0016\u00efe\u000f \u00ae\u00b6 % \u00fe\u0097\u0093 \u00ea\u00b1tf\u00adq\u001bk\u00fb\u00945i & \u00e9jwl\u00f7 \u00a6 [ \u00aeqf\u00e7\u00e0\u00b4j v\u00e9\u0001\u0015\u00a2\u00f5sy\u0016\u00f8 _ \u008e : \u00ea\u0018\u0083p\u00a3\u00f5f\u00e5 | \u00fa\u001bf\u00b2\u00e9\u00ff\b ` \u00ac\u00b0\u00aa\u00f1n\u00fe\u00e0\u00ed\u00a1 \\ c\u0098\u008bh ] j\u00e5\u00ae\u0012 a\u0003e\u00e5g\u00fc\u00b2\u00f8 = \u0093\u0091r\u009f\u00a7\u00a4\u00ab \u00b6\u0094\u008emp { \u00f4\u00f9\u00ac\u0098\u00fc ^ tf\u0099\u00ff\u00ab\u00a8\u000e\u0091\u00e9 ) \u00b3\u000egj\u00e3v0\u0096 ; \u0081j\u000e\u00e8\u00b0m\u00f9\u00df\u00e0\n\u00ad\u00b0\u00bf\u00fb < - ` \u00b2\u0013 ] / \u00f6yq \u00f9 ` g\u001b\u008du\u00f9 \u00ebxs\u00fd8\u0089\u00f8\u00f5q\u00eee\u00b4\u00ec ~ \u00ef\u00f2\u0083\u008e\u009f\u00e9\u00f0\u0080\u00a1 m\u00af\u00eb \u009f\u0001 / { l8ey\u00b7\u00ba\u0098 | \u00eb ? \u0099gk \u00a6\u008d\u0088\u00b6y\u0005\u0007\u0012\u00f1 * oxlv\u00e2\u0087ue\u0097\u00ef\u00b5\u00a1\u00f3\u00ef7\u009bu\u00ac\u00f6\u0017\u00fd\u00a7\u00ed9\u00edo\u0007q\u00f9n\u007f\u00e1\u0080x\u00e7 ~ \u009e\u00ed\u00e6\u00fd\u00fe\u0003u\u00ea7j\u00b5l\u00ea\u00eele\u00ea\bu\u008d\u009b\u0017\u0098\u00ef\u0083\u0080c @ \u00e1\u009d ' \u00e1 < \u00f3\u000f\u00fee ] kg\u00bfsh\u00af\u00a2\u00e0\u00ed\u008bt\u00038o\u0097\u0082\u00b0\u0080\u009b\u00ac . \u009a ) w\u00df\u00f0 ? \u008d7\u00ff\u008cv / y # = 4\u0099\u00bc\u0016\u008a\u0093\u00a3\u00ebw\u00ef\u00b4\u00a8q\u00f6 \u00eb $ \u00b8\u0005 \u00b7e\u00e0\u0006\u00ef\u00f4\u00e4\u00e3\u00fe _ \u0001\u0006\u0000\u00bci\u001aq endstream endobj 1589 0 obj <\n\u00b4 < c\u00e9\u00b4l\u00b0n\u00b3vy\u00ef\u00a8\u0092\u0097\u008a\u0099\u0083\u009c\u00ea\u00ff \u00ef\u00b4\u0083b6\u00ec\u00be\u00eb ^ \u00eb\u0000g\u008e\u00a3\u00f4qo\u0003 - ^ \u00f3\u00b5\u009ez\u00e6sf } \u00b5 m\u00b3\u00b6g ; \u00a9\u009d\u00f3\u00eei\u000ft\u00f0 # \u0015\u00b3\u0014\u00bd\u00bd\u00fe | # \u00b3 ! \u008ay\u00be ^ \u00fa _ \u00ecz9 _ q\u00f6q\u00ec\u00f2\u001b\u0099e ( f\u00ed \\ \u008e\u00a7\u00ec\u00fa\u00b9\u000660\u00f3\u007f\u0080yf # \u00b3 | \u00a3\u00f4x\u00fe\u00e8\u00ec\u0080bvz1 { \u00a1\u0091\u00f9 \u00f7\u0010\u00e5\u00ac _ \u00eap\u00e5 , \u00ael\u000f ` \u00e0 xn1\u00eb\u0012x ) \u00f0 # p < \u0010 f\u00f5tn ` \u00a6\u00d7\u00e6\u00f43\u00ab\u00bb\b ` \u00b9\u00ad\u00e2\u0098 : \u0013 ~ \u00aa\n\u00b9\u00be & k ; \u00df\u00aa\u00ef\u0096 * 5k\u0081\u0086\u0011\u00ac \u00b4\u00aa\u008e \u0083\u00e6q\u00ab\u0013\u0080\u0012ru\u00f9\u00fe\u00f1\u0000wtm\u00fbc\u00fcq\u00fe\b\u007fs\u007f\u0098\u00df\u00e6\u0097\u00fep\u007f\u0013 ? \u00f7\u0093\u0092\u00a3\u0010 ? \u00f3\u00e3\u008d\u00fa / \u0004\u00beq 9\u00d7\u00f7\u00f8 | \u00b9o\u00e4m\u00f5 $ \u00df\u0096\u009b\u00ef\u00a9 < \u00f17\u00f2\u00fc\u00fb\u00f5c\u00aa ? \u00f0u\u00f8 + / \u00a6\u00fa\u00a6\u00f8\u008b\u00aa\u00eb\u00ab \u00bd \u00fe \u00fei\u0000\u00fe\u00a5\u00f5\u00fb\u00aa\u00e3\u00bc\u00efy\u00fb\u00aa\u00abto\u0017o\u0007o\u0092\u00a7\u0087\u00a7\u00bb ' \u00e3\u00f3\u00bc\u00a7\u0093\u00a7\u0083 ' \u00fd\u0093\u00ecqyzx\u00a2 = h\u00fe2\u00fd\u00e65\u00f3\u00b2y\u00a1 ~ \u0097\u00b9\u00e7\u00fcan7\u00b7\u00a8\u00f9ns\u0089\u00b9\u00e6\u00ecnv5 _ 4\u0093l\u0097\u00e94 \u0097\u008a } \u00fb | \u009b\u00bc\u0015\u0083c\u0007gx\u00b7\u00ab\u00e6\u009b\u00e3k\u00f8l ^ \u00fc\u00fd [ \u00f2u\u00ea v6\u00ec\u00a8\u00ed\u0086\u0015b\u0006\u00f4w * \u00a6\u00ab\u0006\u00be\u00a9\u00f8\u00f4v\u00bc\u00ba\u00aa\u0018e \u00afr\u00berrpg ( ( \u0095 , \u00e5\u009b\u00bf\u00fb - \u0012t\u00a4\u0089t\u00f1 _ \u00eck\u00e2\u0001\b\u008d\u00ae\u00bf\u001b\u001a\u00fe4\u00ba\u00e1\u008f\u008c\u00f0\u00f6\u00a1\u0099 * \u00bf\u0013\u009a\u00fd\u00bd { \u00e3\u001br\u00f6\u000fl\u00f9\u00ef\u00aa\u00f1\u00f5\u0011 : \u00e1\u00e9u\u00ee\u008f = \u00e9 { ; \u00df\b\u00edj\u009c\u00f7\u00fe ? \u00f6g4\u00ee\u0006\u00eb 9\u00f0\u007f\u0016\u0084\u00e0\n\u00e8 q ! yp\u00a8\u009c\u00f0x\u0098\u0002\u0093 ` . , \u0083\u00e5\u00ea4\u009f\u00a8\u0080\u008e \u0002\u00b8\u0003wa2\u0014\u00e1\u0004d\u00f0\u00e0m\u0098\u0007\u00eb\u00e1 [ \u00a5\u00ed\u00f7\u001b\u00f4z \u00ec\u0081u\u00f0 \u0006 @ > t\u00ea = \b\u00f6\u00e2 ~ 8 \u0007\u00a1\u0012\u000e\u00e1u\u0018 g\u00e1\bt\u00e1j\u00f83\u00fc\u0082ij\u00f9\u008f\u00e1q\u00f8 \\ \u0007 ? | c\u00e0 - \u0018 o\u00e30x\u0007j\u0095\u0017x\u000f\u00fe\u00aa \\ \u00f9\u00df\u00e0 } \u0018\u000e\u007f\u0087\u0011\u00ea\u0003\u00fc\u0003\u00b2\u00e1\u0003\u00f8\u0010f\u00e2g\u00b0\u0005\u0016\u00e0h\u0018\u000590\u0006n\u00e0m\u00f8\u008a x\u0084 c\u00f0\u0082v\b @ \u0010ga1\u00ee\u00e6\u0012\u00a8\u0081z $ \u00e4 ( \u000e\u00e7\u00e0 \\ \u009c\u0087\u00f3\u00b1\u0014\u0017 ` \u0013 e\u00a9l\u00f0b \\ \u0004\u000f\u00e0 ! . \u00e6 % \u00b8\u0014\u00eb\u00b0 \u0097\u00e1r \\ \u0081 + q\u0015\u00ae\u00e65\u00b8\u0016\u00d7\u00e1z\u00fc\u0000\u008f\u00e0\u0004n\u00e4i\u00b8\u00117\u00e1f\u00fc\u0082\u009fa\u0018 > \u0083 [ \u00b1\u0002\u009bb8f ` $ \u00f8\u00e0\nas her career takes flight , master of science graduate tehani withers still remains grounded . currently employed as a project manager for sop manu / birdlife international , she tells us about her deep connection to waikato university and the benefits of studying her bsc tech degree in nz , a home away from home .\nwhat made you decide waikato ? mainly because of the bsc tech degree , which had a specialisation in restoration ecology and an internship component . at that time , the upf ( universit\u00e9 de polyn\u00e9sie francaise ) did not have many options in biology studies . another motivator was that my parents attended waikato previously , along with other family members and friends , so i was not completely alone when i moved to nz .\ntell us about growing up i grew up in tahiti ( french polynesia ) . my parents moved there after working a couple of years in singapore , where i was born , to be closer to my father\u2019s family . they actually met at waikato university where they completed their masters\u2019 degrees . they found jobs pretty quickly back in singapore , my mother as a biology teacher and my father as a french teacher in the alliance fran\u00e7aise . we then moved to tahiti where my little sister was born . she got leukaemia when she was around 5 years old and as there were no hospitals to treat cancer in tahiti , we had to live part - time in auckland at the ronald mcdonald house . when she got better , we moved back to tahiti and after completing high school in tahiti , i decided to move to nz to complete my tertiary studies ; at the same university as my parents .\nthe sop manu took me back for another internship , to work on the tahiti fly - catcher ( critically endangered bird species : 50 individuals ) . i monitored nests and population , and i worked on monitoring the number of invasive introduced birds and conducted a survey on a little fire ant colony next to the tahiti fly - catcher habitat .\nfinally , for the department of conservation ( on motutapu island , hauraki gulf ) and the meit ( maungatautari ecological island trust ) , i conducted a research on another nz endangered species , the takahe . my thesis title : foraging behaviours of translocated takah\u0113 ( porphyrio hochstetteri ) at two contrasting sites , new zealand .\nwere you involved in any extra - curricular activities / clubs etc ? i lived in college hall during my 3 year bsc tech degree and i used to participate in all pacific cultural nights by performing tahitian dance shows . i tried to start a club to teach students tahitian dance , but became too busy during my third year . i was also a student ambassador during 2014 , which was quite a nice casual job to do while in university .\ndid you have any outstanding mentors / lecturers during your time here ? any particular papers / courses you enjoyed ? the college hall staff were the best support i could have while i was studying . it was very hard to be away from my family and tahiti at first , and they really helped me get used to nz cultural differences . teachers were mostly understanding of my problems with writing in english , since french was my first language .\nduring my masters , i was lucky to be supervised by dr . chrissen gemmill , mr . john innes ( landcare research ) and dr . steven miller ( statistics department ) . many other waikato staff in the research department really guided me too and really inspired me to work in ecology : dr bruce clarkson , dr daniel laughlin , dr mike clearwater , kiri cutting , rebecca bylsma , catherine kirby , toni cornes , etc . they are the best at what they do and the most enthusiastic people i have met .\nfinishing my 6 yearlong studies ! while i was searching for a job , i was also very happy to work on different projects ( with doc , bream head trust , project tongariro trust , etc . ) . i was very lucky to meet new people & travel across nz while participating in different conservation projects . i felt that completing a few weeks at a time of volunteer work was very meaningful ( and also helped my professional career ) .\nmy biggest achievement right now is to have been recruited as a project manager for sop manu / birdlife international . although i am qualified , this job required many years of experience , and i was very lucky to have been chosen .\noutside of your career , what do you enjoy doing ? since i came back to tahiti , i\u2019ve gone back to tahitian dance , and managed to participate in two dance shows , which was great . i also enjoy running when i can , and hiking .\nwhat do you see yourself doing over the next five years ? life is full of endless possibilities . the conservation projects that i am working now will take at least 5 years to be completed . for now , this job is being funded for 2 years . if they are funded again i might renew my contract and i could then continue as a manager for a different conservation project , or find a steadier job in a private or government firm . i might also try to become a private consultant for different conservation projects across the pacific . i may eventually come back to nz , as there is not much future in conservation here in french polynesia ( ideology of conservation / preserving the environment is still a work in progress ) . i might try to get back into research and obtain a doctorate degree .\nnb : your browser has javascript disabled or does not support javascript . elements of this website require javascript , and will not function unless you enable it or use another browser with javascript support .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nevaluates the conservation status of plant and animal species . the list is based on scientific assessment of an organism ' s status by experts .\ncopyright rhett butler 1994 - 2015 carbon dioxide ( co2 ) emissions generated from urltoken operations ( server , data transfer , travel ) are mitigated through an association with anthrotect , an organization working with afro - indigenous and embera communities to protect forests in colombia ' s darien region . anthrotect is protecting the habitat of mongabay ' s mascot : the scale - crested pygmy tyrant .\nrainforest\nis used interchangeably with\nrain forest\non this site .\njungle\nis generally not used ."]}
{"id": 580, "summary": [{"text": "gelechia anthracopa is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( shanghai ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish , irregularly sprinkled grey and dark grey with small blackish spots on the base of the costa and dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a black dot above the fold at one-fifth .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata form black spots , the plical beneath the first discal , the second discal transverse .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a pre-marginal series of large blackish dots around the posterior half of the costa and termen to before the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey , towards the base paler or whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "gelechia anthracopa", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for anthracopa definition . you find here anthracopa meaning , synonyms of anthracopa and images for anthracopa copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word anthracopa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word anthracopa and , of course , anthracopa synonyms and on the right images related to the word anthracopa .\ngelechia anthracopa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : china , shanghai\ngelechia ochrocorys meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 43\ngelechia rescissella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 110\ngelechia allomima meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 12\ngelechia wacoella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 237\ngelechia sirotina omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 107\ngelechia albomaculata omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 93\nhave a fact about gelechia hippeis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gelechia hippeis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ngelechia capiteochrella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 252\ngelechia discostrigella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 248\ngelechia flexurella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 163\ngelechia maculatusella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 245\ngelechia mimella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 163\ngelechia packardella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 143\ngelechia palpialbella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 253\ngelechia ribesella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 4 ) : 290\ngelechia amorphella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 124\ngelechia badiomaculella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 10 ) : 192 ; tl : kentucky\ngelechia ( mesogelechia ) teleiodella omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 105\ngelechia unistrigella chambers , 1873 ; can . ent . 5 ( 9 ) : 176 ; tl : kentucky\ngelechia grisseochrella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia griseella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia dujardini huemer , 1991 ; nota lepid . 14 : 127 ; tl : yugoslavia , krk i . , punat\ngelechia mediterranea huemer , 1991 ; nota lepid . 14 : 125 ; tl : hellas , lakonia , 7km sw monemvasia\ngelechia chionomima meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 488 ; tl : natal , weenen\ngelechia epiphloea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 292 ; tl : barberton\ngelechia overhaldensis strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 85 a ( 4 ) : 63 ; tl : overhalden , norway\ngelechia resecta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : pretoria\ngelechia anarsiella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 126 ; tl : edgerton\ngelechia arotrias meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 725 ; tl : natal , weenen\ngelechia grisseochrella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 247 ; tl : california\ngelechia horiaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 133 ; tl : nw . india , abbottabad\ngelechia thoracestrigella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 245 ; tl : california\ngelechia discoanulella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 254 ; tl : texas\ngelechia amorphella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 891\ngelechia rhombelliformis staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 303 ; tl : sarepta\ngelechia abjunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 629 ; tl : cape\ngelechia albatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 636 ; tl : ceylon\ngelechia angustella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 637 ; tl : ceylon\ngelechia anomorcta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 277 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\ngelechia desiliens meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 23 ; tl : california , venice\ngelechia fecunda meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 17 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\ngelechia griseaella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . , incertae sedis )\ngelechia liberata meyrick , 1910 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 : 414 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\ngelechia marmoratella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 646 ; tl : sydney\ngelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 3 ) : 53 ( emend . )\ngelechia suspensa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 19 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\ngelechia tetraleuca meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 18 ; tl : zululand , eshowe\ngelechia anagramma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 72 ; tl : cape colony , middelburg\nclandestina omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 96 ( preocc . gelechia clandestina meyrick , 1923 )\ngelechia junctipunctella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 ; tl : biskra\ngelechia omphalopis meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 330 ; tl : sw . africa , otjiwarongo\ngelechia veneranda walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 62 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ngelechia dyariella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 877 ; tl : colorado\ngelechia gammanella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 638 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\ngelechia lactiflora meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 71 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\ngelechia cuneatella douglas , 1852 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 242 ; tl : london\ngelechia anthochra lower , 1896 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 20 : 168 ; tl : rockhampton , queensland\ngelechia platydoxa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 20 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\ngelechia versutella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 253 ; tl : texas\ngelechia adapterella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 890 ; [ nhm card ]\ngelechia dromicella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 177 ; tl : placer co . , california\ngelechia panella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 889 ; tl : arizona ; california\ngelechia caudatae clarke , 1934 ; can . ent . 66 : 175 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : washington , pullman\ngelechia cuneifera walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 64 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ngelechia mandella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 759 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia\ngelechia monella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 759 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia\ngelechia picrogramma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia traducella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 12 ; tl : la chorrera , panama\ngelechia albomaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 110\ngelechia invenustella berg , 1876 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 240 ; tl : cerro de caballada , rio negro\ngelechia teleiodella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 110\ngelechia flavipalpella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 262 , pl . 12 , f . 31 ; tl : spring vale\ngelechia intermedia braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 120 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\ngelechia benitella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : san benito , texas\ngelechia impurgata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 67 , pl . 2 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ngelechia sonorensis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 69 , pl . 2 , f . 26 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ngelechia sestertiella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 65 ) : 186 , ( 58 ) ( ii ) pl . 66 , f . 487\ngelechia hetaeria walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 68 , pl . 2 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , orizaba\ngelechia petraea walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : guatemala , las mercedes , 3000ft\ngelechia adapterella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 590 ; tl : st . martin ' s falls , albany river , hudson ' s bay\ngelechia discoanulella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 126 ( unrecognized ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia versutella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 878 ; [ nacl ] , # 1966 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\ngelechia albisparsella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 877 ; [ nacl ] , # 1929 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 13\ngelechia anarsiella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 874 ; [ nacl ] , # 1930 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia bianulella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 873 ; [ nacl ] , # 1933 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia lynceella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 1946 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia ribesella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 860 ; [ nacl ] , # 1960 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia rileyella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 887 ; [ nacl ] , # 1961 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\ngelechia badiomaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 892 ; [ nacl ] , # 1931 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia bistrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 892 ; [ nacl ] , # 1934 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia capiteochrella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 893 ; [ nacl ] , # 1936 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia flexurella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 895 ; [ nacl ] , # 1942 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia ocherfuscella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1954 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia wacoella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 902 ; [ nacl ] , # 1967 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\ngelechia palpialbella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1957 ( ident . uncert . ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia discostrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 894 ; [ nacl ] , # 1939 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( incertae sedis )\ngelechia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\ngelechia maculatusella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 897 ; [ nacl ] , # 1947 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia mimella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 898 ; [ nacl ] , # 1949 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia obscurella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 898 ; [ nacl ] , # 1952 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia packardella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 866 ; [ nacl ] , # 1955 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia pallidagriseella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1956 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia thoracestrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 901 ; [ nacl ] , # 1963 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia unistrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 901 ; [ nacl ] , # 1965 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ( ident . uncert . )\nneu , ceu , caucasus , transcaucasia , china ( gansu , qinghai , jilin ) , korea . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica [ me3 ] , 108\nmorocco , austria , bosnia , seu , asia minor . see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus sabina , j . oxycedrus , j . phoenicea [ me3 ] , 109\ntinea sororculella h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 440\nlarva on salix spp . , s . caprea , s . cinerea , s . aurita , s . viminalis , s . purpurea [ me3 ] , 111\nneu , ceu , russia , china ( xinjiang , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix ssp . , s . alba , s . caprea [ me3 ] , 113\nlarva on salix spp . , populus spp . , p . tremula , p . alba , p . nigra , populus canescens [ me3 ] , 117\nlarva on populus nigra , populus pyramidalis , p . balsamifera , p . laurifolia [ me3 ] , 118\nlarva on populus nigra , populus pyramidalis , p . balsamifera [ me3 ] , 119\ns . finland , austria , poland , schweden , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on acer campestre , a . platanoides huemer , 1991 , nota lepid . 14 : 124\nalpes maritimes , croatia , macedonia , greece , italy , turkey . see [ maps ]\natlanticella ( amsel , 1955 ) ( nothris ) ; bull . inst . sci . nat . belg . 31 ( 83 ) : 59\nlarva on platanus occidentalis busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 878\natrofusca omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 103\ndepressaria bistrigella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 5 ) : 92\nclopica meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nconditor omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 91\ncuspidatella turati , 1934 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 197\ndelapsa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60\ndelodectis meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 3\ndichomeris dolbyi walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 98 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\nepistolica meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 59\ntelphusa exposita meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 152 ; tl : mt murud , 6500 - 7200ft\nfarinosa teich , 1899 ; arb . naturfr . ges . riga 42 : 75\nphthorimaea frequens meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nfuscooculata omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 93\ngoniospila meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 385\nparasia griseaella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 5 ) : 88 ; tl : ontario [ ? ]\nhaifella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 300\nteleia hyoscyamella rebel , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 1 ) : 89 ; tl : heluan\ninconspicua omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 99\ntelphusa inferialis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 133 ; tl : bengal , chapra\nlongipalpella teich , 1899 ; arb . naturfr . ges . riga 42 : 75\ntelphusa machinata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 488 ; tl : assam , khasis\npsoricoptera melanoptila lower , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 272 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nnothris mundata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 495 ; tl : new mexico , mescalero , 7000ft\nnotabilis omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 99\nophiaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60\ntelphusa paraula meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 568 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima ; s . india , nilgiris\nparoxynta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 59\npistaciae filipjev , 1934 ; trav . inst . zool . acad . sci . urrs 2 : 17\npraestantella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\nrepetitrix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60\ndepressaria rileyella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : kentucky\nsachalinensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1083\nsattleri piskunov , 1982 ; dokl . akad . nauk . armyan . ssr 74 ( 3 ) : 138\ntelphusa sematica meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\nstenacma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 585\nnothris thymiata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : arizona , nogales\nchelaria trachydyta meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ntribalanota meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 67\nnothris griseella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 245 ; tl : texas\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nnotice sur la chassa des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res durant l ' \u00e9t\u00e9 1904 dans le district d ' ourjoum , gouv . de viatka [ in russian ]\nreview .\na list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects\n. by harrison c . dyar , ph . d . , . . .\nzerny , 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . maroc . 42 : 1 - 163 , pl . 1 - 2\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , great britain , germany , denmark , latvia , norway , poland , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , primorye , sakhalin , mid - volzhsky .\naustria , belarus , the british isles , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , latvia , norway ( mainland ) , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 581, "summary": [{"text": "fragum fragum is a species of cockle , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family cardiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the white strawberry cockle and is found in the western indo-pacific ocean .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is the type species of the genus fragum . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "fragum fragum", "paragraphs": ["variety hemicardium ( fragum ) fragum var . carinata lynge , 1909 accepted as fragum scruposum ( deshayes , 1855 ) ( synonym )\nfavia fragum . brazil . variation in corallite shape and colour . charlie veron .\nfavia fragum . caribbean . variation in corallite shape and colour . charlie veron .\nfavia fragum . south - eastern usa . showing colony deformed by environmental conditions .\nfavia fragum ( esper 1797 ) coralpedia . retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 .\nfavia fragum . brazil . in intertidal habitats this species develops submeandriod corallites . charlie veron .\ngolfball coral ( favia fragum ) marine species identification portal . retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 .\n( of hemicardium ( fragum ) fragum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nfavia fragum . south - eastern usa . corallites are sometimes protuberant and can be almost phaceloid . julian sprung .\ndrupella fragum ( blainville , 1832 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 24 april 2010 .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngolfballkoralle\nto\nfavia fragum ( esper , 1795 )\n.\nsexual recruitment of the corals favia fragum and agaricia humilis in a 30 - m ( 3 ) exhibit aquarium : species - specific limitations and implications on reproductive ecology .\nsexual recruitment of the corals favia fragum and agaricia humilis in a 30 - m ( 3 ) exhibit aquarium : species - specific limitations and implications on . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nsequencing the genome of a coral\nlab rat\n( favia fragum ) meyer , eli , katherine dziedzic , and constance rogers lowery . . oregon state university , 8 aug 2016 . experiment\n( of corculum ( fragum ) bannoi otuka , 1937 ) otuka , y . ( 1937b ) notes on some shells from southern taiwan ( iii ) . venus , 7 , 128\u2013143 . [ details ]\ncitation : hoadley kd , szmant am , pyott sj ( 2011 ) circadian clock gene expression in the coral favia fragum over diel and lunar reproductive cycles . plos one 6 ( 5 ) : e19755 . urltoken\nin this study , we investigated whether the brooding coral , favia fragum , had diel or lunar cycles of cry1 , cry2 , clock , and cycle transcript abundance that correlated with diel sunlight cycle and / or key events in the monthly reproductive cycle of f . fragum . f . fragum is a small caribbean reef coral that reproduces monthly throughout the year in a predictable lunar pattern [ 23 ] , in contrast to a . millepora and many other broadcast spawning corals that reproduce annually [ 13 ] , [ 24 ] . understanding the patterns of expression of these genes will help elucidate the circadian molecular clock mechanism in corals and the evolution of clock mechanisms within the metazoan lineage .\n( of hemicardium ( fragum ) fragum var . carinata lynge , 1909 ) lynge h . 1909 . the danish expedition to siam 1899 - 1900 . iv . marine lamellibranchiata . det kongelige danske videnskabernes selskabs skrifter , naturvidenskabelig og mathematisk afdeling , ( 7 ) 5 ( 3 ) : 97 - 299 , pl . 1 - 5 , 1 map . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 261 , pl . 5 fig . 20 [ details ]\nfavia fragum . brazil . two colonies left with other brazilian corals having small corallites . stephanocoenia michelini ( top right ) and sideratstrea stellata ( bottom right ) . note the variation of corallite shape from circular to submeandroid . charlie veron .\n( of fragum loochooanum kira , 1959 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncitation :\ngolfball corals , favia fragum ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2010 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nreverse transcription pcr with degenerate primers was used to identify and sequence partial cdnas encoding the genes cry1 , cry2 , clock , and cycle within the f . fragum transcriptome . gene identity was initially confirmed using blastn and tblastx searches in ncbi . phylogenetic analyses using the neighbor joining method through mega 4 were also used to confirm gene identity and also identify cnidarian orthologs ( figure 1 and figure 2 ; table s1 ) . these analyses identify inconsistency with regard to the attribution and naming of the cry1 and cry2 gene sequences in the two cnidarians that have been previously studied ( n . vectensis [ 25 ] and a . millepora [ 19 ] ) , and , in this work , we use the designation originally published for a . millepora [ 19 ] . the resulting analyses suggest f . fragum cry1 is most similar to a . millepora cry1 and n . vectensis cry2 ( genbank accession : hq687760 ) , f . fragum cry2 is most similar to a . millepora cry2 and n . vectensis cry1a and cry1b ( genbank accession : hq687761 ) , and f . fragum clock and cycle are most similar to n . vectensis clock ( genbank accession : hq687758 ) and cycle ( genbank accession : hq687759 ) respectively .\nthe future of coral biology . the image shows a single recruit of favia fragum at ~ 12 hours post - settlement . the recruit is shown under white light ( left ) , then under fluorescence microscopy to show the corals ' natural green fluorescent protein ( middle ) and autofluorescence from the photosynthetic pigments in symbiotic algae ( right ) .\n( of cardium fragum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na translated sequence for f . fragum cycle ( genbank accession : hq687759 ) was queried under blastp in ncbi for the top 500 sequence hits . similarly , the translated sequence for f . fragum cry1 ( genbank accession : hq687760 ) was also queried using blastp in ncbi for the top 250 sequence hits . both clock and cry1 results were then reduced to a total of 54 and 37 sequences respectively to reflect a diverse range of taxa and genes identified from the blastp query . for the clock alignment , translated sequences for a . millepora ( gi | 222781555 , gi | 222807278 ) , f . fragum clock ( genbank accession : hq687758 ) and n . vectensis ( gi | 156359347 , gi | 156373864 , gi | 156402728 , gi | 156397887 , gi | 156392022 ) were also included . for the cryptochrome alignment , translated sequences for f . fragum cry2 ( genbank accession : hq687761 ) , a . millepora ( gi | 145881071 , gi | 145881069 ) and n . vectensis ( gi | 156353900 , gi | 156383457 , gi | 156378195 , gi | 156383455 ) were added . both sets were aligned using clustalx 2 . 0 . 11 software . phylogenetic analyses were then performed using the neighbor - joining method with pair - wise deletions in mega 4 . sequences were analyzed with all four models , p - distance , poisson correction , dayhoff and jjt ( 1000 bootstrap replicates ) .\n( of fragum loochooanum kira , 1959 ) kira , t . ( 1959 ) coloured illustrations of the shells of japan . enlarged and revised edition . hoikusha , osaka , japan , [ 6 ] + vii + [ 1 ] + 239 pp . [ second edition , first printing . ] page ( s ) : 137 , pl . 54 fig . 13 [ details ]\n( of cardium fragum linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies fran\u00e7aises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d ' editions g\u00e9ographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nour colonies of favia fragum have reproduced ! these pictures may not look exciting without context , but what you are looking at is nothing less than the future of coral biology : a laboratory genetic model for corals . interested in reading more or getting involved ? see our crowdfunding page where we are raising money to sequence the genome of this emerging model . even if you arent in a position to donate please consider passing this along to your social networks !\nto investigate the possible involvement of cry1 , cry2 , clock and cycle genes in the monthly spawning cycle of f . fragum , relative transcript abundances were measured using qpcr in samples collected every eight hours ( three samples per diel cycle ) on each of five days , and two time points on a sixth day . sampling days were strategically chosen to include specific reproductive events , especially spawning and onset of embryogenesis ( days 15\u201320 ) , in the f . fragum life cycle [ 23 ] . as expected from the diel cycle data , levels of expression for cry1 and cry2 were elevated in corals collected at 1400 h compared to those collected at 0600 h and 2200 h ( figure 6a , b ) . expression levels of clock , but not cycle , were elevated in corals collected at 1400 and 2200 h over those at 0600 h ( figure 6c , d ) . thus , for detection of lunar cycles of gene expression , comparison among lunar days was done independently for the 1400 h and 2200 h sample times .\nresearch favia fragum \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nthere was no significant difference in expansion - contraction behavior between the two groups of corals at 1400 and 0200 h during the pre - treatment monitoring period ( p > 0 . 05 ) . corals in the normal light : dark treatment continued the expected nighttime polyp expansion and daytime contraction pattern throughout the experimental period ( figure 4a ) . in contrast , colonies transferred to the constant dark treatment initially showed a prolonged period of expanded and partially expanded polyps , followed by a less synchronized and longer cycle of polyp contraction and expansion ( figure 4c ) . polyp expansion - contraction behaviors at 0200 and 1400 h were significantly different between treatment groups ( p < 0 . 01 ) . these data suggest that normal polyp expansion - contraction behavior is light dependent in f . fragum ( figure 4a and c ) .\nto confirm that the f . fragum colonies sampled during the lunar sampling schedule were undergoing the expected monthly pattern of reproduction , histology was used to detect the presence of mature oocytes and spermaries in a subset of the samples analyzed by qpcr . decalcified coral tissues were processed and stained using methods described previously [ 23 ] . briefly , samples were dehydrated in ethanol , cleared with xylene and embedded in paraplast - plus . 7 \u00b5m thick sections were stained with heidenhain ' s azocarmine - aniline blue . the presence of mature spermaries and oocytes within each colony was determined by examining 4 to 8 polyps per colony . the data are presented as the proportion of colonies on any given sampling day with mature gametes ( n = 5 to 12 colonies ) . mature oocytes were identified by their large size ( > 250 \u00b5m ) , distinctive indentation of the nuclei , and dark red coloration . mature spermaries were identified by the distinctive bouquets of tails .\nf . fragum samples were collected between august 5 and 6 , 2009 ( gray circles ) and may 31 and june 2 , 2010 ( black circles ) . horizontal gray bars indicate nighttime . relative expression of cry1 ( a ) , cry2 ( b ) , clock ( c ) , and cycle ( d ) normalized to total rna and ef1 \u03b1 expression ( as described in the materials and methods ) are shown as the mean \u00b1 s . e . m . & plusmns . e . m . ( ( ( ( n = 5 ) . natural light levels ( in lx ) were measured every 5 min at a depth of 0 . 5 m ( e ) . dunn ' s method post - hoc analysis of may 2010 diel rhythms indicate the following significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) differences among times : c ry1 expression at 1000 and 1400 h was significantly elevated compared to expression at 2200 , 0200 , and 0600 h , and expression at 1000 was also significantly elevated compared to expression at 1800 h ; c ry2 expression at 1400 and 1800 h were significantly elevated compared to expression at 0200 , 0600 , and 1000 h , and expression at 1800 h was also significantly elevated compared to expression at 2200 h ; c lock expression at 1800 h was significantly elevated compared to expression at 0200 , 0600 , 1000 , 1400 , and 2200 h ; c ycle expression showed no significant differences among sampling times ( p = 0 . 364 ) . statisical analyses of the diel data collected august 2009 is provided in table s3 ) .\nto investigate the diel expression of cry1 , cry2 , clock , and cycle in field - collected f . fragum colonies , relative transcript abundances were measured using qpcr on samples collected over a 24 h period ( august 2009 ) and repeated over a 60 h period ( may 2010 ) . significant diel peaks in expression were observed for cry1 at 1000 h for both the august 2009 and may 2010 collection periods ( figure 3 ) . compared to expression levels measured at dawn ( 0600 h ) , dusk ( 1800 h ) , and nighttime ( 2200 h and 0200 h ) , cry1 relative expression at ( 1000 h ) was always elevated ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3a ) . cry2 showed a similar pattern of cyclic expression , but with expression peaking at dusk ( 1800 h ) and significantly elevated compared to transcript levels measured at night time ( 0200 h ) and dawn ( 0600 h ; p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3b ) . like cry2 , clock expression peaked at 1800 h ( dusk ) and was significantly elevated compared to levels measured at dawn ( 0600 h ) and morning ( 1000 h ) ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3c ) . although cycle showed significantly increased relative expression at night ( 2200 h ) compared to dawn ( 0600 h ) and midday ( 1000 h and 1400 h ) during the august 2009 period ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 3d gray symbols ) , no significant diel variation was observed during the more extensive may 2010 sampling period ( p = 0 . 129 ; figure 3d black symbols ) .\n( of cardium imbricatum born , 1778 ) born i . von ( 1778 ) index rerum naturalium musei c\u00e6sarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichni\u00df der nat\u00fcrlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobon\u00e6 . ( kraus ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 29 - 30 [ details ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npoorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nspry , j . f . ( 1964 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : part 2 : pelecypoda ( bivalves ) . tanganyika notes and records . 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardium imbricatum born , 1778 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium flavum r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntai , k . k . ( 2005 ) ecological status and conservation value of soft shore habitats in hong kong . mphil thesis . city university of hong kong . [ details ]\nvine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthis page was last edited on 6 june 2017 , at 23 : 24 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\nshells for sale , shells online \u00ab shells for sale , conchology , inc .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 004 seconds . )\ncolonies are small ( usually less than 50 mm across ) and hemispherical to encrusting . corallites have very variable shapes ranging from immersed to conical ( plocoid ) to tubular ( subphaceloid ) and may be circular with one mouth , to elongate with many mouths . encrusting colonies in intertidal habitats may be submeandroid . spherical colonies with unrestricted growing space commonly develop tubular corallites . corallites or valleys are seldom more than 5 millimetres across . whatever the corallite shape , the walls are neatly rounded . septo - costae are exsert and evenly spaced .\ncolour : usually tan to light orange - brown with pale green tentacles . walls and calices may have contrasting colours .\ntaxonomic note : taxonomic note : this species is usually called favia gravida in brazil after laborel ( 1969 ) . brazilian colonies are usually more meandroid but all characters overlap . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda . this species is also known from the eastern atlantic .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species is found in most fore reef and back reef environments , and in seagrass beds provided there is suitable substrate for them to settle on . recorded from 0 . 5 - 20 m depth , though most common from 0 . 5 - 5 m .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n( of cardium unedo linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium cruentum perry , 1811 ) perry , g . ( 1811 ) . conchology , or the natural history of shells : containing a new arrangement of the genera and species , illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens , and including the latest discoveries . 1 - 4 , plates 1 - 61 . london . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hemicardium tegulatum dautzenberg , 1900 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1900 ) . description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle appartenant au genre hemicardium . j . conchyliol . xlviii : 5 - 8 , plate i ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cardium cruentum perry , 1811 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hemicardium tegulatum dautzenberg , 1900 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndeshayes , g . p . ( 1855 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . part 22 ( 1854 ) : 317 - 371 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 333 [ details ]\nnote malacca [ malaysia , strait of malacca ] . coll . . . .\ntype locality malacca [ malaysia , strait of malacca ] . coll . cuming [ details ]\n( of corculum bannoi otuka , 1937 ) otuka , y . ( 1937b ) notes on some shells from southern taiwan ( iii ) . venus , 7 , 128\u2013143 . page ( s ) : 138 - 139 , figs 54a - b [ details ]\n( of corculum bannoi otuka , 1937 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium sueziense issel , 1869 ) issel , a . ( 1869 ) . malacologia del mar rosso . ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche . biblioteca malacologica , pisa . xi + 387 pp . , pls 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 , pl 3 , fig . 4 [ details ]\n( of cardium omanense melvill in mellvill & standen , 1907 ) melvill , j . c . and standen , r . 1907 [ 11 april ] . the mollusca of the persian gulf , gulf of oman and arabian sea , as evidenced mainly through the collections of mr . f . w . townsend , 1893 - 1906 ; with descriptions of new species . 2 pelecypoda . proceedings of the zoological society of london 783 - 848 , pls 53 - 56 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium transclathratum viader , 1951 ) viader r . ( 1951 ) . new or unrecorded shells from mauritius and its dependencies . mauritius institute bulletin . 3 ( 2 ) : 127 - 153 . page ( s ) : 143 , pl . 3 fig . 7 [ details ]\n( of cardium omanense melvill in mellvill & standen , 1907 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of laevicardium sueziense ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of parvicardium suezensis issel ) sheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cardium transclathratum viader , 1951 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cardium sueziensis [ sic ] ) issel , a . ( 1869 ) . malacologia del mar rosso . ricerche zoologiche e paleontologiche . biblioteca malacologica , pisa . xi + 387 pp . , pls 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 [ details ]\n( of parvicardium transclathratum ( viader , 1951 ) ) de boer , w . & prins , h . 2002 . human exploitation and benthic community structure on a tropical intertidal flat . journal of sea research 48 : 225 - 240 . [ details ]\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\ncolonies massive ; usually forming hemispherical domes , but occasionally forming small encrustations on the substrate .\nwith 1 to 3 polyps , oval with protruding rims of less than 2 mm high .\nhumann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nroos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .\nroos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 130 .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nwrigley institute for environmental studies , university of southern california , p . o . box 5069 , avalon , california 90704 , usa . dbcarlon @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nspecies : cyclocardia ventricosa montereyensis ( a . g . smith & gordon , 1948 )\ndescription : f + , hard to get ! southern form , collected by e . w . boerstler in 1950 !\nspecimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : colony surface . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -\nspecimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : sem . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -\nspecimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : thin section . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -\ndepth range based on 306 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 282 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80 . 5 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 25 . 995 - 27 . 944 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 115 - 2 . 147 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 179 - 36 . 533 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 330 - 4 . 746 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 0 . 239 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 866 - 3 . 566 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 80 . 5 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 25 . 995 - 27 . 944 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 115 - 2 . 147 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 179 - 36 . 533 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 330 - 4 . 746 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 0 . 239 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 866 - 3 . 566 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nfavia fragrum is a species of colonial stony coral in the family faviidae . it is commonly known as the golfball coral and is found in tropical waters on either side of the atlantic ocean .\npacked closely together , but it can occur in groups or may occasionally grow as an encrusting coral . the corallites contain one to three\nand are normally round but can become elongated into an oval shape when the polyps are budding and a new corallite is being formed . the corallite walls usually consist of four complete whorls of septa and do not project appreciably from the surface of the coral . the costae of different corallites are distinct from one another . the colour is usually yellow or pale brown .\nthe golfball coral is found in the tropical atlantic ocean at depths down to 30 metres ( 98 ft ) with its range extending from the west coast of equatorial africa to south america , the caribbean sea and the southern united states . it is an inconspicuous species and occurs on\nthe iucn red list of threatened species lists it as being of\nleast concern\n. this is because it is widespread and common and a loss of habitat from coral reef destruction is unlikely to impact it significantly .\nfavia fragrum iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 .\ndescription : whorls straight sided , sharply angled at the base . spiral sculpture of about 5 beaded ribs on each whorl and about 8 on the base , with finer ribs between on larger specimens ; ribs immediately above and below the suture frequently larger than the rest . outer lip and columella smooth , umbilicus closed . colour mottled brown and white , sometimes as axial white streaks on a brown background . interior white , nacreous . normally eroded .\ndistribution : endemic to australia ; southport , qld , to mallacoota , vic .\ncomparison : odontotrochus marginata ( tenison - woods , 1880 ) is a very similar species which occurs in southern queensland and northwards .\nfigs . 1 , 2 : kurnell , botany bay , nsw ( c . 326563 )\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthe distribution , nature and extent of microbial deposits in hamelin pool , shark bay have been investigated and mapped with emphasis on the occurrence , external morphologies , internal fabrics , constructional mechanisms , microbial communities , growth rates and sediment associations in the intertidal and previously little researched subtidal zone .\ndetailed georeferenced substrate mapping revealed extensive subtidal microbial deposits occupying approximately 300 km 2 of the total holocene 1400 km 2 area of hamelin pool . the microbial pavement covers 227 km 2 of the subtidal substrate that together with columnar structures reveals a subtidal microbial habitat which occupies an area 10 times larger than the area of the intertidal deposits . microbial carbonate is composed of aragonite ( 80\u201398 % ) that reveals high positive values of \u03b4 13 c ( + 4 . 46 to + 5 . 88 ) and \u03b4 18 o ( + 3 . 06 to + 3 . 88 ) as a characteristic of the highly evaporative environment with extensive microbial activity . oldest dated heads are 1915 and 1680 14 c years bp , and the overall system was deposited in two stages ; the first between 2000 and 1200 and the last from 900 years bp to the present . slow growth rates vary from less than 0 . 1 mm / year to 0 . 5 mm / year .\ndifferent internal fabrics were constructed according to their position in relation to the littoral zone by distinct microbial communities , and lateral fabric relations have been established . evidence of shallowing - upward fabric sequences of microbial origin reflects relative falling sea levels during the late holocene and is likely useful in ancient environmental interpretation . a sequence of events and mechanisms are described emphasizing differences between the stromatolitic , thrombolitic and cryptomicrobial deposits in shark bay . the new substrate map and depositional history for this distinctive and peculiar microbial habitat establish the significance of subtidal structures and emphasize the geoscientific importance of hamelin pool , especially with respect to early life studies and ancient analogues for understanding microbial activity , deposit characteristics , fenestral fabrics and distribution .\n\u25ba new georeferenced detailed map of microbial substrate in hamelin pool , australia . \u25ba new information on dating and microbial structures sedimentation rates . \u25ba deeper microbial structures with a cerebroid morphology and non laminated fabric . \u25ba microbial pavement extends as deep as - 6m in area of 230 km 2 of the 1400 km 2 . \u25ba new characterization of taxonomic groups of dominant cyanobacteria .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 18 - 18 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 24 . 522 - 24 . 522 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 160 - 0 . 160 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 555 - 35 . 555 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 853 - 4 . 853 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 169 - 0 . 169 silicate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 466 - 1 . 466 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( april 2010 )\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\neditor : christian r . voolstra , king abdullah university of science and technology , saudi arabia\ncopyright : \u00a9 2011 hoadley et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the authors acknowledge the following funding sources : unc wilmington center for marine science pilot project to sjp and ams ; unc wilmington academic affairs funding to ams for support of coral reef research ; friends of unc wilmington to sjp ; project aware foundation grant to kdh ; and funding from unc wilmington to sjp . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\npredictable and cyclic diel patterns of sunlight and monthly cycles of moonlight occur in most geographic locations around the globe . accordingly , many species have evolved mechanisms to entrain behaviors to these environmental light patterns [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . scleractinian corals display behavioral and reproductive changes corresponding to both diel solar and monthly lunar light cycles . many reef corals retract their tentacles during the day and extend them at night to feed [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] . diel light cycles may also be involved with determining the time of day of coral spawning [ 10 ] . over longer periods of time , the lunar cycle provides a light cue that is thought to play a role in synchronization of reproductive events such as gametogenesis , spawning or larval release in some scleractinian coral species [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . within a given geographic region , spawning time occurs simultaneously for all corals of a particular species . this precise and simultaneous release of gametes is thought to be an adaptation for increasing the probability of successful fertilization [ 13 ] .\nalthough rhythmic coral behaviors such as diel tentacle expansion - contraction and synchronous spawning have been well characterized , little is known about the molecular signaling pathways responsible for these behaviors . in model systems such as fruit flies and mice , circadian behaviors are maintained by a well - studied core molecular \u201cclock\u201d composed of the transcriptional activators clock and cycle ( orthologus to bmal1 in vertebrates ) and other positive and negative regulatory components including period , timeless and cryptochrome [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . molecular clock components , including the cryptochrome genes , are also thought to play fundamental roles in the timing of reproductive processes in these taxa [ 17 ] .\ntree depicts a radial consensus of 1000 bootstrap replicates using the neighbor - joining method with pairwise deletions and poisson control . analyses with 1000 bootstrap replicates under dayhoff or jtt models were also run and resulted in similar phylogenetic relationships ( data not shown ) . thin lines represent nodes where less than 70 % of the 1000 bootstrap replicates show support for the topology depicted above . gray lines represent cnidarian lineages .\ntree depicts a consensus of 1000 bootstrap replicates using the neighbor - joining method with pairwise deletions and poisson control . analyses with 1000 bootstrap replicates under dayhoff or jtt models were also run and resulted in similar phylogenetic relationships ( data not shown ) . gray lines represent cnidarian lineages .\nto examine the light - dependence of diel patterns of gene expression , clock gene expression measured in corals maintained in the laboratory under normal light : dark conditions ( control treatment ) were compared to expression measured in corals maintained in constant darkness ( dark treatment ) . polyp expansion - contraction behaviors were also monitored during the first three days of the experiment before sampling for gene expression .\nduring an initial 24 h normal light : dark period , all experimental corals exhibited normal polyp expansion at night and contraction during the day ( figures 4a\u2013c ) . after collection of these baseline behavioral data , half of the corals remained in the normal light : dark treatment while the other half was transferred to a constant dark treatment . given the variable levels of gene expression over the normal diel light cycle demonstrated for the field samples ( figure 3 ) , we selected 1400 h and 0200 h of each day to perform statistical comparisons between treatments as representative of daylight and nighttime conditions .\nthe fraction of colonies with contracted ( white ) , partially expanded ( gray ) , or fully expanded ( black ) in light : dark ( a ; n = 29 ) and constant dark ( c , n = 31 ) treatments . light levels ( lx ) were measured every 5 min for light : dark ( b ) and constant dark treatments ( d ) . horizontal gray bars indicate dark periods .\nrelative expression of cry1 , cry2 , and clock in corals maintained in the light : dark treatment for three days prior to sampling showed peaks in transcript abundance that matched those times observed in the field ( compare figure 5a\u2013c with figure 3a\u2013c ) : cry1 expression was elevated at 1000 h and cry2 and clock expression was elevated at 1800 h over nighttime ( 0200 h ) and dawn ( 0600 h ) expression levels ( p < 0 . 05 ) . in contrast , the relative expression of cry1 , cry2 , and clock in corals in the constant dark treatment showed no pattern of expression over the dark sampling period ( p > 0 . 05 , figure 5a\u2013c ) . peak levels in transcript abundance for cry1 ( 1000 h , for both diel cycles ) , cry2 ( at 1800 h for the first diel cycle ) , and clock ( at 1800 h for both diel cycles ) observed in corals maintained in normal light : dark were significantly elevated compared to expression at those time points in corals maintained in the dark ( p < 0 . 001 ) . although there was no rhythmic pattern of expression for cry1 throughout the dark treatment , levels of expression were elevated compared to normal nighttime ( 0200 h ) levels ( p < 0 . 001 ; figure 5a ) . only cycle showed no statistically significant difference in expression between corals maintained in normal light : dark compared to those in the dark ( p = 0 . 52 ; figure 5d ) . however , statistical analyses indicated that there was a small but significant increase in cycle expression for both light : dark and dark treatments at 1400 h compared to 0200 h ( p < 0 . 05 ; figure 5d ) . this increase was not repeated at 1400 h on the second day and is likely due to the large , arrhythmic variation observed in cycle expression .\nrelative expression of cry1 ( a ) , cry2 ( b ) , clock ( c ) , and cycle ( d ) normalized to total rna and ef1 \u03b1 expression ( as described in the materials and methods ) are shown as the mean \u00b1 s . e . m . ( n = 4 ) for light : dark ( white circles ) and constant dark ( black circles ) treatments . light levels ( lx ) were measured every 5 min for light : dark ( e , white circles ) and constant dark treatments ( e , black circles ) . * indicates statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) differences in gene expression between light : dark and constant dark treatments .\ndiel sampling : on 5 august 2009 , the day of the full moon , five colonies were collected every 4 h over a 24 h period at 1400 , 1800 , 2200 , 0200 , 0600 , 1000 , and 1400 h local time . a second series of samples were collected every 4 h over a 60 h period starting on 31 may 2010 at 1000 h local time , spanning days 19 through 21 of that lunar month .\nlunar cycle : sample dates were 29 july and 3 , 5 , 7 , 10 , and 15 august 2009 , which encompass days 7 through 25 of the lunar cycle . on each sampling date , five colonies were collected every 8 h at 0600 , 1400 , and 2200 local time for a total of 15 total collected colonies .\ncoral colonies were cleaved in half . one half was immediately flash frozen in liquid nitrogen for future rna extraction . the other half was prepared for histology by fixing in zenker ' s formaldehyde [ 23 ] for 5 h , decalcifying in 10 % hcl for approximately 24 to 48 h , and storing the tissue sample in 70 % ethanol for transportation back to unc wilmington .\nfrozen coral samples were ground into a powder using a mortar and pestle chilled on a bed of dry ice . total rna was extracted and purified from each sample using trizol reagent ( invitrogen ) and pure link ( invitrogen ) clean up kits and a modified version of the manufacturer ' s protocols that included an additional chloroform extraction and sodium acetate precipitation step . purified rna samples were then analyzed using a nanodrop 2000 spectrophotometer ( thermoscientific ) and a 2100 bioanalyzer ( agilent technologies ) to assess rna quantity and quality . rna integrity numbers were on average 9 . 2 and always > 8 . 4 . only samples with concentrations greater than 50 ng \u00b5l \u22121 were used for subsequent analyses .\ndegenerate primer sets . degenerate primers were based on alignments using a . millepora and n . vectensis sequences using sequencher software . primers were selected using primerexpress software .\nstatistical analyses of august 2009 diel expression data . groups showing statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) differences in gene expression as determined using a kruskal - wallis one - way analysis on ranks with a dunn ' s method post - hoc .\nwe would like to thank dr . sean lema , dr . thomas shafer and dr . marcel van tuinen at unc wilmington and dr . christian voolstra at uc merced for discussion and technical assistance throughout the project . we also thank dr . mary alice coffroth for supplying us with cultures of symbiodinium for cdna and genomic dna analyses . finally , we thank the university of puerto rico and especially dr . ernesto weil for help in logistics and collection of field samples .\nconceived and designed the experiments : kdh ams sjp . performed the experiments : kdh ams sjp . analyzed the data : kdh ams sjp . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : kdh ams sjp . wrote the paper : kdh ams sjp .\nchallet e ( 2010 ) interactions between light , mealtime and calorie restriction to control daily timing in mammals . journal of comparative physiology b - biochemical systemic and environmental physiology 180 : 631\u2013644 .\nchallet e , caldelas i , graff c , pevet p ( 2003 ) synchronization of the molecular clockwork by light - and food - related cues in mammals . biological chemistry 384 : 711\u2013719 .\nxu y , mori t , johnson ch ( 2003 ) cyanobacterial circadian clockwork : roles of kaia , kaib and the kaibc promoter in regulating kaic . embo journal 22 : 2117\u20132126 .\npanda s , hogenesch jb , kay sa ( 2002 ) circadian rhythms from flies to human . nature 417 : 329\u2013335 .\nvollmers c , gill s , ditacchio l , pulivarthy sr , le hd , et al . ( 2009 ) time of feeding and the intrinsic circadian clock drive rhythms in hepatic gene expression . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 106 : 21453\u201321458 .\nsweeney bm ( 1976 ) circadian rhythms in corals , particularly fungiidae . biological bulletin 151 : 236\u2013246 .\nyonge cm ( 1940 ) the biology of reef - building corals . great barrier reef expedition ( 1928 - 1929 ) : british museum of natural history . 353\u2013391 .\nsebens kp , deriemer k ( 1977 ) diel cycles of expansion and contraction in coral reef anthozoans . marine biology 43 : 247\u2013256 .\nbrady ak , hilton jd , vize pd ( 2009 ) coral spawn timing is a direct response to solar light cycles and is not an entrained circadian response . coral reefs 28 : 677\u2013680 .\nbaird ah , guest jr , willis bl ( 2009 ) systematic and biogeographical patterns in the reproductive biology of scleractinian corals . annual review of ecology evolution and systematics 40 : 551\u2013571 .\nlin ct , todo t ( 2005 ) the cryptochromes . genome biology 6 :\nlooby p , loudon asi ( 2005 ) gene duplication and complex circadian clocks in mammals . trends in genetics 21 : 46\u201353 .\ndolatshad h , davis fc , johnson mh ( 2009 ) circadian clock genes in reproductive tissues and the developing conceptus . reproduction fertility and development 21 : 1\u20139 .\nlevy o , appelbaum l , leggat w , gothlif y , hayward dc , et al . ( 2007 ) light - responsive cryptochromes from a simple multicellular animal , the coral\ndolatshad h , campbell ea , o ' hara l , maywood es , hastings mh , et al . ( 2006 ) developmental and reproductive performance in circadian mutant mice . human reproduction 21 : 68\u201379 .\nboden mj , kennaway dj ( 2006 ) circadian rhythms and reproduction . reproduction 132 : 379\u2013392 .\nsandrelli f , costa r , kyriacou cp , rosato e ( 2008 ) comparative analysis of circadian clock genes in insects . insect molecular biology 17 : 447\u2013463 .\n( esper ) : lunar patterns of gametogenesis , embryogenesis and planulation in puerto - rico . bulletin of marine science 37 : 880\u2013892 .\nharrison pl , babcock rc , bull gd , oliver jk , wallace cc , et al . ( 1984 ) mass spawning in tropical reef corals . science 223 : 1186\u20131189 .\nkawaguti s , sakaumoto d ( 1948 ) bull oceanogr inst taiwan 4 : 65\u201370 .\nkume k , zylka mj , sriram s , shearman lp , weaver dr , et al . ( 1999 ) mcry1 and mcry2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop . cell 98 : 193\u2013205 .\ncaldelas i , poirel vj , sicard b , pevet p , challet e ( 2003 ) circadian profile and photic regulation of clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal mammal arvicanthis ansorgei . neuroscience 116 : 583\u2013591 .\nthresher rj , vitaterna mh , miyamoto y , kazantsev a , hsu ds , et al . ( 1998 ) role of mouse cryptochrome blue - light photoreceptor in circadian photoresponses . science 282 : 1490\u20131494 .\nchong nw , chaurasia ss , haque r , klein dc , iuvone pm ( 2003 ) temporal - spatial characterization of chicken clock genes : circadian expression in retina , pineal gland , and peripheral tissues . journal of neurochemistry 85 : 851\u2013860 .\nhonma s , ikeda m , abe h , tanahashi y , namihira m , et al . 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{"id": 583, "summary": [{"text": "the marco polo sheep ( ovis ammon polii ) is a subspecies of argali sheep , named after marco polo .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "their habitat is the mountainous regions of central asia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "marco polo sheep are distinguishable mostly by their large size and spiraling horns .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "their conservation status is \" near threatened \" and efforts have been made to protect their numbers and keep them from commercial hunting .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it has also been suggested that crossing them with domestic sheep could have agricultural benefits . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "marco polo sheep", "paragraphs": ["to get meat , they go out and hunt marco polo sheep .\nmarco polo sheep dot a snow - covered mountainside in afghanistan . george schaller hide caption\nan afghan hunter poses with a stack of marco polo sheep skulls . george schaller hide caption\nhorns of marco polo sheep can reach 6 . 2 feet in length and 60 pounds of weight .\ntable of contents . preface chapter 1 . the return of the wanderers chapter 2 . marco polo ' s youth chapter 3 . marco polo sets forth chapter 4 . marco polo ' s travels in persia and turkistan chapter 5 . marco polo reaches cathay chapter 6 . the imperial hunting grounds chapter 7 . the court of the great khan chapter 8 . marco polo among the tartars chapter 9 . marco polo ' s travels in cathay chapter 10 . marco polo ' s return chapter 11 . marco polo in the eastern seas chapter 12 . marco polo among the hindoos chapter 13 . marco polo in africa chapter 14 . homeward bound chapter 15 . a srange welcome chapter 16 . marco polo goes to the wars chapter 17 . marco polo a prisoner chapter 18 . last days of marco polo\nmarco polo sheep is a subspecies of argali sheep that belongs to the bovid family . it can be found in afghanistan , pakistan , china and tajikistan . marco polo sheep inhabits mountains , steep valleys , gentle slopes and highland pastures on the altitude from 12 . 100 to 15 . 700 feet . marco polo sheep is named after famous explorer from the 13th century who described meat and horns of these sheep in his book . number of marco polo sheep in the wild is decreasing due to commercial hunt . marco polo sheep is listed as near threatened , which means that it can become endangered in the near future .\nwhat is undeniable is the cultural change in the hunting of marco polo sheep over the past 30 years .\nmale marco polo sheep have the longest horns of any sheep\u0097the world record is 190 centimeters ( 6 . 2 feet ) \u0097making them highly seductive to hunters .\nstatus of marco polo sheep ovis ammon polii in china and adjacent countries : conservation of a vulne . . .\nmarco polo sheep migrate from mountains toward the pastures ( on the lower altitudes ) at the beginning of the winter .\n: wcs research informed the establishment of the wakhan national park ( enclosing all of the distribution range of marco polo sheep in afghanistan ) , the heartland of afghanistan\u2019s marco polo sheep population . wcs played an integral role in the park\u2019s creation and ongoing management .\nwildlife life conservation activists with the horn of a marco polo sheep that found dead in khunjerav valley . photo : ali sher roomi\n) , and is considered the longest - horned species of wild sheep . named after the explorer marco polo and first described scientifically in 1841 by edward blyth , marco polo argali occurs in the tajikistan pamir mountains [\nin total , schaller counted 624 marco polo sheep in 3 , 300 square miles ( 8 , 550 square kilometers ) of the pamirs .\nin 2003 he was able to join several local biologists on a marco polo sheep survey in tajikistan . they found that the sheep population there might have shrunk to as few as 10 , 000 animals .\n: wcs has conducted extensive public outreach programs within communities across the wakhan , teaching about the economic and societal benefits of conserving marco polo sheep .\nbear the scientific name ovis ammon polii and are among the 9 argali subspecies . they are also known as pamir argali or marco polo\u2019s argali . but why the name marco polo sheep ? they were first described by marco polo in his book the travels of marco polo and since then have been named after him . scientifically , they were first described by a zoologist by the name edward blyth in 1841 .\nmarco polo sheep can reach 6 feet in length and 278 pounds of weight . tail is usually 4 . 7 to 6 . 3 inches long .\nlocal officials in badakhshan claim that most illegal hunting and smuggling of marco polo sheep is organised by pakistani dealers based in the border province of chitral .\nmarco polo sheep are herbivores ( plant eaters ) . they consume fresh plants during the spring and summer and dig roots from the ground during the winter .\nstatus of marco polo sheep ovis ammon polii in china and adjacent countries : conservation of a vulnerable subspecies - schaller g . b . , kang a .\nwhile netflix gets ready to launch its original series , ' marco polo , ' we thought we ' d explore the real marco polo and decipher the man from the many myths .\nour marco polo sheep hunts have been described in numerous outdoor magazines and hunting publications in america and in europe , and several of our marco polo sheep hunts have been televised . several famous outdoor writers and television personalities have hunted with us ( including jim shockey and craig boddington ) and we have hundreds of references .\nthe severe toll that hunting has taken on the marco polo sheep again became clear when schaller finally got to visit afghanistan ' s wakhan corridor in late 2004 .\na man sits near the skull of a marco polo sheep in western tibet . the species is a prized trophy for hunters . galen rowell / corbis hide caption\nmosaic representing marco polo at villa hanbury , ventimiglia , italy . ( photo : wikimedia commons )\nthe park would help protect not only the marco polo sheep but the many other animals that wander across international borders\u0097siberian ibex , snow leopard , wolves , and bears .\nprized by game hunters for its spiral horns , the argali sheep is nevertheless threatened more seriously by the competition of domestic sheep for food .\nwe are proud of our continuing success rate on marco polo sheep hunts of 100 % ( well over 400 hunters ) , which is the best record in the hunting industry . our hunters have taken more sheep over 60\u2033 than those of any other hunting company . several of the largest trophies of the marco polo sheep ( over 65\u2033 ) have been taken in our hunting areas in tajikistan and we usually manage to take several sheep over 60 inches each season . we built the famous hot springs camp and we have exclusive use of it for our hunters from mid - october until mid - december ( the best period for marco polo sheep hunting ) .\nthe flagship species of the pamir mountain range , marco polo sheep traverse the remote and precipitous areas of big pamir , little pamir and the wakhjir valley of northeast afghanistan .\nschaller , g . b . 2003 . the conservation status of marco polo sheep in tajikistan . wildlife conservation society and national geographic society . , new york , usa .\ninterviews : saving the marco polo sheep some have called george schaller the globe ' s greatest living naturalist . he ' s been tracking and studying the marco polo sheep for some 20 years in a quest to create wildlife preserves in some of the world ' s most dangerous areas along the borders of afghanistan , china , tajikistan and pakistan .\narguably the most beautiful and prestigious of all the argali , or giant sheep of asia , is the marco polo argali ( ovis ammon polii ) . it is found in tajikistan , kyrgyzstan , pakistan , and china , but may only be hunted in the first two of these countries . the majestic flaring horns of the marco polo sheep can exceed 70 inches in length , making it the most impressive wild sheep trophy in the world .\nhunting for one of the most desirable trophy for trophy hunters all over the world - marco polo argali .\nnewcomer lorenzo richelmy plays marco polo in netflix & apos ; s original series . ( photo : netflix )\nthe distribution range of the near threatened marco polo argali , or marco polo sheep , ovis ammon polii is restricted to the pamir mountains , spanning afghanistan , tajikistan , china and pakistan . until the early 1970s the marco polo argali was abundant in northern areas of pakistan , particularly in the khunjerab and misgar valleys around the pamir knot , bordering china , afghanistan and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nschaller : no . the local communities , they don ' t benefit in any real way , which means they don ' t feel they gain anything from having the marco polo sheep .\naccording to current afghan law , marco polo sheep are national assets , and hunting and smuggling of sheep parts are prohibited under a decree issued by president hamid karzai , with penalties of up to two years in prison and a fine of up to 100 , 000 afghanis .\npetocz , r . g . 1973 . marco polo sheep ( ovis ammon poli ) of the afghan pamir : a report of biological investigations in 1972 - 1973 . fao , rome , italy .\n\u201cat that time a foreigner was paying 3 , 000 to 10 , 000 dollars for one shot . our most important duty was to safeguard and maintain the marco polo sheep and snow leopards . \u201d\nthe struggle for the conservation of wildlife including marco polo sheep in badakhshan gained ground after wcs resumed its activities in 2006 , and other organisations including the aga khan foundation began contributing to the effort .\nthe profits have also multiplied . abdul zahir claims to have sold a marco polo sheepskin for 5 , 000 afghanis .\nmarco polo sheep live in family groups composed of around 10 animals of one sex during the summer and spring . males and females gather in large groups ( 50 to 90 animals ) during the winter .\na three - month investigation by an iwpr reporter indicates that lack of oversight by government officials , along with poverty among local people , encourages illegal hunting of marco polo sheep without any fear of punishment .\nthe cast of marco polo includes lorenzo richelmy as marco polo ; benedict wong as kublai khan ; zhu zhu as kokachi , a mysterious woman who immediately catches marco & apos ; s eye ; and joan chen as empress chabi , kublai khan & apos ; s wife and adviser .\n( top ) karchinae lake falls under the khunjerab national park . photo : sultan gohar / world wildlife nature fund - pakistan . ( top right ) the endangered marco polo sheep . photo : snowleopardconservancy . org\nlast year , a group of three individuals was caught with a marco polo sheep with an injured hoof . mohammad sadiq said the hunters confessed that the animal was to be sent to a zoo in islamabad .\nfigure 6 . occupancy of marco polo argali ( red dots ) in the study area , eastern pamir mountains , tajikistan .\nmarco polo traveling , from the book the travels of marco polo ( il milione ) , originally published during polos lifetime ( september 15 , 1254 - january 8 , 1324 ) , but frequently reprinted and translated . ( photo : wikimedia commons )\nmarco polo sheep are best known by their large horns that are characteristic for males . horns start to grow 15 to 20 days after birth . they are shaped like corkscrew , positioned nearly parallel to the ground .\nthe sheep , which were first reported by marco polo in 1273 , prefer open terrain . when faced with danger , they don ' t run to hide under cliffs but instead take off across the rolling hills .\nto determine the status and distribution of the vulnerable marco polo sheep or argali ovis ammon polii surveys were made in the pamir mountains , where the hindu kush , karakoram , and kunlun ranges meet . in china a total of 851 marco polo sheep were observed within the taxkorgan nature reserve and 1 , 448 north of the reserve . no reliable population estimate is available for tajikistan but in five . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe entire 10 - episode season of marco polo will become available to netflix members december 12th at 12 : 01 a . m . pt . but before you watch the series , check out the scoop on the real - life exploits of marco polo .\ndr babar khan of the wwf said so far , reasonable progress has been made to protect the species like the himalayan ibex and blue sheep . the population of both species has increased but more needs to be done to achieve its original objective of sustaining a viable population of the marco polo sheep , khan added .\nkhan , m . i . and khan , n . u . h . unpublished . ambassador of peace on the roof of the world : a study report on marco polo sheep . wwf pakistan , gilgit , pakistan .\nschaller , g . b . and kang , a . l . 2008 . status of marco polo sheep ovis ammon polii in china and adjacent countries : conservation of a vulnerable subspecies . oryx 42 : 100 - 106 .\nthe management plan , originally devised to protect and conserve local wildlife failed miserably . marco polo sheep continued to be hunted , decreasing the number of marcos from 800 to a few dozen during the period between 1975 and 1993 .\nhe and his chinese colleague aili kang began a marco polo sheep survey on the chinese side of the pamirs last fall . they counted 2 , 175 animals before they had to cut the census short because of heavy snow .\nour marco polo sheep hunts take place in kyrgyzstan and tajikistan . we have arranged more marco polo sheep hunts during the last twenty years , than most of the other outfitters combined . we spend a great deal of time and energy making sure that our clients hunt in the best areas available with the most competent guides , whichever country they select . please note : we are the only american company that has its own full - time staff in tajikistan .\nno . 5 : many of us have spent a summer & apos ; s afternoon in a swimming pool playing the tag game of marco polo , but did you know that the venetian merchant also has a species of sheep named after him ? in the travels of marco polo , he mentions observing the mountain sheep on the pamir plateau in badakhshan [ now northeastern afghanistan ] . of course , the sheep weren & apos ; t named after him in his lifetime . the first scientific mention of ovis ammon polii was in 1841 by zoologist edward blyth .\nschaller : the two critical ones right now are tajikistan and afghanistan . we went with a photographer and writer , funded by the national geographic [ society ] , to make a survey of the afghan marco polo sheep . so we spent nearly two months \u2014 going by yak mostly , some by horse \u2014 up every valley , counting animals . and we saw about 625 total . so there is still a reasonable population which , if protected , will continue to exist . and tajikistan , now , they , of course , have the most marco polo sheep \u2014 they have the biggest area . but there has been very little control there . you can buy marco polo sheep meat in the restaurants in town .\nour outfitter controls several exclusive hunting concession with a size of more than 600 , 000 combined acres and offer some of the very best habitat for marco polo and ibex . each hunting areas are approximately 350 miles from bishkek to the karakol region for ibex and to the naryn region for marco polo or marco polo / ibex combination hunts . a drive of 9 - 10 is typical to reach either location from bishkek .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - marco polo argarli - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - marco polo argarli - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - marco polo argarli - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfeng , j . 2000 . molecular approaches for conservation of endangered giant argali sheep ( ovis ammon ) and dwarf blue sheep ( psuedois nayaur schaeferi ) in asia . thesis , university of new york .\nno . 4 : while marco polo didn & apos ; t actually discover america , he was influential in christopher columbus & apos ; s decision to strike out for unknown territory . columbus is said to have been inspired by marco & apos ; s adventures , and took a copy of the travels of marco polo on his westward sail two centuries after marco & apos ; s journey to china .\nthe largest of all ibex , the mid - asian ibex , is found in abundant numbers in some of the same regions where we hunt marco polo sheep . many of our clients have chosen to hunt ibex following the successful sheep hunt , as no camp change is usually required . ibex hunting can be challenging , however very rewarding also . for those clients who have more time available , afghan urial sheep and other game can also be hunted in tajikistan .\n, marco polo sheep , and himalayan ibex . it is thought that the highest density of these beautiful cats may reside here . over 2 , 000 siberian ibex , widely distributed and abundant in the park but absent from neighbouring china are also present here .\nthe marco polo sheep , named after the 13th century italian explorer who first described for the western world , is considered one of the fastest and smartest of game animals . its meat is delicious and its curved horns often grow to 140 or 160 centimetres .\nsingle nucleotide polymorphisms of the adrb3 gene in six chinese sheep populations detected by pcr - s . . .\nmarco polo argali hunt special $ 16 , 995 plus $ 10 , 000 trophy fee if successful . ibex may be added to a marco polo hunt for $ 3 , 850 in advance . . trophy fees should be paid in cash after harvest and include all cites , licenses and permits for that animal .\nwildlife surveys in the pamir mountains of pakistan , afghanistan , china , and tajikistan revealed that marco polo sheep ( ovis ammon polii ) roam back and forth across the frontiers of these countries . there has been a considerable decline of wildlife in recent years . the creation of an international peace park of about 50 , 000 km2 ( 19 , 305 miles2 ) would offer the four countries one option of cooperatively protecting and managing not only marco polo sheep and other species but also the rangelands upon which the livelihood of local peoples depend .\nwe saw fewer sheep in most areas , and in some places they had vanished ,\nschaller said .\nwildlife surveys in the pamir mountains of pakistan , afghanistan , china , and tajikistan revealed that marco polo sheep ( ovis ammon polii ) roam back and forth across the frontiers of these countries . there has been a considerable decline of wildlife in recent years . the creation of an international peace park of about 50 , 000 km 2 ( 19 , 305 miles 2 ) would offer the four countries one option of cooperatively protecting and managing not only marco polo sheep and other species but also the rangelands upon which the livelihood of local peoples depend .\non his deathbed , marco was encouraged to admit that the travels of marco polo was a work of fiction , but to his dying breath he declared ,\ni did not tell half of what i saw .\nin the himalaya , there are two species of sheep , one of which is the large argali . this species\nis classified into several races , based on minor differences in horn shape and coat color ; only the marco polo sheep , a type of argali , is well - known . ( p . 4 , george schaller , stones of silence . new york , 1979 . )\nhas a management plan to protect the alpine flora in khunjerab national park that will on focus on community - based conservation with a strong element of raising environmental awareness . the aim is to control grazing , and increase the population of snow leopards , marco polo and blue sheep .\nkilling the species is now prohibited . for 18 years before the soviet invasion of 1979 , hunting of marco polo sheep was carefully regulated , with foreign hunters allowed only one shot at the animal , which stands almost a metre high and often weighs between 125 and 130 kilograms .\nbut schaller says the sheep are not yet endangered , and he believes the population can be sustained through proper management .\nghulam nabi sarfaraz , head of the environment department for the province , said his staff captured a pakistani citizen last year carrying a dead marco polo sheep near the border with chitral . he said the suspect was handed over to afghan border police and he has heard nothing about the incident since .\nhunters can expect to see good numbers of game , with great trophy quality for those who are patient and selective . marco polo are plentiful in our private hunting territory with new exclusive access inside a former national park available starting in 2015 . historical success rates on mature animals are very high , very close to 95 % long term with 100 % success over the last two seasons the average trophy size for marco polo sheep in this area of 47 to 51 inches .\npetocz , r . g . , habibi , k . , jamil , a . and wassey , a . 1978 . report on the afghan pamir . part 2 : biology of the marco polo sheep . undp / fao / dept . forests & range / min . of agriculture , kabul .\nmain predators of adult sheep are wolves , leopards and snow leopards , while foxes , golden eagle and lammergeyer prey on lambs .\npaltsyn , m . 2001 . the current distribution of the argali mountain sheep . russian conservation news 25 : 17 - 19 .\nhas been categorized in several lists , such as the appendix ii of cites and the 2000 iucn red list , as vulnerable or threatened species . o . aknazarov , pamir biological institute director , said that the total number of marco polo sheep in the tajik pamirs may only be between 3000 to 5000 animals . valdez\nhunting for one of the most desirable trophy for trophy hunters all over the world - marco polo argali . price is available in case of two hunters in the group only ! ! !\naccording to district chief feruz shah , wakhan has a population of 18 , 000 and is controlled by only a few individuals \u2013 mostly large landowners who have near - absolute influence over the hundreds of small settlements in the area . local hunters say the landowners have a hand in the continued hunting of marco polo sheep .\naccording to a survey conducted by the badakhshan provincial agriculture department , there were 4 , 000 marco polo sheep in 1971 . a survey completed in may 2011 by the american - based wild conservation society , wcs , using advanced camera traps placed at several locations in the wakhan valley , put the number at 1 , 500 .\nno . 1 : marco polo was only 15 years old when he left venice on the great adventure that took him to the court of kublai khan . his father niccol\u00f2 and his uncle maffeo polo had made the journey previously . marco barely knew his father , who had spent marco & apos ; s childhood as a traveling merchant when they left on their quest . but the death of marco & apos ; s mother convinced niccol\u00f2 that marco should accompany him on the return trip , which lasted 24 years ( 1271 - 1295 ) . the polos weren & apos ; t the first wayfarers \u2014 marco & apos ; s word \u2014 to make it to asia , but marco is the one who became most famous for it .\n. . . the population of marco polo sheep wasfound to have decreased quickly after recent kkh construction as compared with previous kkh construction . the main reason for the population decrease was found to be poaching by humans ( schaller , 2007 ) . the construction of the kkh dramatically facilitates access to the national park for visitors . . . .\nmarco polo argali hunting in tajikistan 2015 ! marco polo argali in tajikistan is a great challenge and a dream for any hunter at any place in the world . and now we are happy to announce that one more hunter made his dream reality . gustavo arredondo from the usa shot wonderful , amazing argali of 61 inch . for for more information or booking bukharan markhor hunt please visit our website urltoken\nabdul sabir , one of the civil guards , said that every week they divide into eight - member groups and go out on patrols in areas known to be used for hunting and smuggling . \u201cwe are guarding [ like ] police and we don\u2019t permit anyone to hunt marco polo sheep , \u201d he said . the civil guards are unarmed .\nmohammad sadiq , who has been security chief in wakhan district for the last four years , said there are dangerous people behind the trade , a so - called \u201cmarco polo mafia\u201d intent on making money .\nkhunjerab national park \u2013 adjacent to tashkurgan , china natural reserve \u2013 was first envisaged by zulfikar ali bhutto in 1975 to protect endangered species like marco polo sheep and their habitat . plans for the park were first drawn up in 1994 - 95 and the park boundaries included some of shimshal valley\u2019s pastures , a move not welcome by the valley\u2019s inhabitants .\nabdullah , now 60 and living in the village of bokowi village , is one of six officials who were responsible for accompanying foreigners in those days . \u201ceach tourist and foreign hunter was permitted only one shot at a marco polo sheep during their visit . if they missed , they didn\u2019t have permission to take a second shot , \u201d he recalls .\ngeist , v . 1997 . on the taxonomy of giant sheep ( ovis ammon ) . canadian journal of zoology 69 : 706 - 723 .\nthat is less than half of the sheep estimated to have been there when the area was last surveyed in 1973 by canadian biologist ronald petocz .\ncounting sheep in afghanistan\u2019s badakhshan province may be difficult , but shooting them is easy enough when the weapon of choice is an ak - 47 .\nthe sheep , known locally as \u201cnakhjipar\u201d , are found in afghanistan\u2019s northeastern badakhshan province , in the narrow wakhan valley corridor between tajikistan and pakistan .\n. . . hkh is among wwf ' s 200 global priority eco - regions and classified as endemic bird area ( eba ) of urgent biological importance ( chettri , 2008 ) . snow leopard ( uncia uncia ) , brown bear ( ursus arctos ) , black bear ( ursus thibetanus ) , astore markhor ( capra falconeri falconeri ) , blue sheep ( pseudois nayaur ) , ladakh urial ( ovis vignei ) , marco polo ' s sheep ( ovis ammon polii ) , himalayan musk deer ( moschus chrysogaster ) , himalayan ibex ( capra ibex sibirica ) , woolly flying squirrel ( eupetaurus cinereus ) and eurasian otter ( lutra lutra ) are key mammals ( roberts , 1977 ; schaller , 2008 ; ablimit et al . , 2011 ; khan et al . , 2012 ) . snow leopard , brown bear , marco polo ' s sheep , blue sheep and musk deer are protected yet not fully secure of poaching in their habitats ( rasool , 1990 , khan , 1996 ) . . . .\nwe encourage hunters to book their marco polo sheep hunts as early as possible in order to secure a license for the year they want to hunt and the period most convenient for them . we operate in tajikistan and kyrgyzstan , the venue of the hunt makes no difference to us . we will be happy to arrange your hunt in either of these countries .\nsome have called george schaller the globe ' s greatest living naturalist . now a field biologist and vice president for the wildlife conservation society ' s science and exploration program , he ' s been working for some 20 years to create international , trans - border wildlife reserves to provide vital corridors for endangered and threatened animal species \u2014 particularly the marco polo sheep .\nharris , r . b . and winnie jr . , j . 2008 . status update and progress report : marco polo argali in the afghan pamir . caprinae news 2008 ( 1 ) : 1 - 2 .\nbody of marco polo sheep is covered with woolly coat that is dark brown on the upper side and white on the underside . dark band on lateral side of the body separates these two types of wool . males have white neck ruff which becomes prominent during the winter ( at the beginning of the mating season ) . females are generally lighter in color than males .\nalthough marco polo sheep hunting can be successfully pursued at any point in the season , late october to the end of november and during the winter months of january and february are the preferred time period . post rut hunting in january can be exceptionally good as the animals recover from the december mating season and is the recommended period for those with any physical mobility disadvantage .\ngong , m . h . , dai , z . g . , zeng , z . g . , zhang , q . and song , y . l . 2007 . a preliminary survey of population size and habitats of marco polo sheep ( ovis ammon polii ) in taxkorgan nature reserve , xinjiang , china . acta theriologica sinica 27 : 317 - 324 .\ngeorge schaller : pamir means\nwide open valleys\n\u2014 rangelands , basically . and the main part of the pamir is high , rolling hills \u2014 16 , 000 to 17 , 000 feet \u2014 with broad valleys . and it ' s the main home of the marco polo sheep , which was first described by marco polo in 1273 . it ' s a sheep with the longest horns , and the world record \u2014 over the curve , it ' s 75 inches . therefore it ' s been an almost mythical animal that trophy hunters and museum hunters wanted . a hunter may pay $ 20 , 000 to $ 25 , 000 to shoot one . and ideally , that money should go to conservation , and it should go to the local communities .\nsheep can reach up to 6feet in length and 278lb in weight . unlike the horns , the tails are short going up to 6 . 3inches in length .\n. . . taxkorgan in ( china ) and the adjacent khunjerab national park ( pakistan ) constitute one of the most important wildlife areas in the mountains of asia . important populations of large ungulates and carnivores , notably marco polo sheep and snow leopard ( schaller et al . , 1987 ) provide the foundation for an international protected area in the region ( schaller , 2007 ) . the two ecologically contiguous areas were known to have thousands of marco polo sheep and ibex till the mid - nineties ( roberts , 1999 ) and inhabited by kirgiz , tajik , and brosho folks carving out a living from pastoral animals husbandry , utilizing sub - alpine and alpine pastures in a complex pastoral herding system ( knudsen , 1999 ; ablimit et al . , 2011 ; ) . . . .\nvaldez , r . ; michel , s . ; subbotin , a . ; klich , d . status and population structure of a hunted population of marco polo argali ovis ammon polii ( cetartiodactyla , bovidae ) in southeastern tajikistan .\nthe wet meadow plant community consisted of majority 44 . 2 % of grasses / sedge and 43 . 87 % sheep droppings . the most diverse vegetative class in the dry meadow was forbs with 13 . 63 % cover observed and sheep droppings was recorded as 13 . 9 % . the wet and the dry meadows were about 27 . 34 m ( 0 . 017 mi ) apart . aside from the wet meadow , the dry upland also recorded a high percentage of sheep droppings at 43 . 87 % .\ncall today or fill out the form on the right and let us know what type of experience you\u2019d like to have while marco polo sheep hunting in kyrgyzstan . we\u2019ll send you information on opportunities that match your goals . our experienced outfitters are second to none and we\u2019re happy to share personal experiences with you . if you would like more information on mid - asian ibex hunting in kyrgyzstan , click the active link .\nwith winding and long horns for distinction , marco polo sheep are among the most iconic wildlife nature has to offer . they have the longest horns any sheep species has in the word with the recorded piece having been around 2meters in length . they mainly inhabit china , tajikistan , afghanistan and pakistan where they live in steep valleys , mountains , gentle slopes and highland pastures at altitudes between 12 . 1 and 15 . 7 feet above sea level . since their discovery in 1273 by marco polo who they are named after , they have come to be appreciated and cherished by many for their unique looks and what they offer . they have especially sparkled interest from poachers who hunt them for their beautiful horns to use as trophies . they are now characterized as being near threatened species and are clearly on their way to being termed as endangered .\nmarco polo sheep are active during the day and herbivorous . in winter when the plant leaves are all covered up , they dig roots from the ground for their consumption . another survival tactic they employ during winter is the migratory movement from the mountains towards the pastures . another change is that males and female family groups combine during winter in large groups of 50 to 90 . during summer and spring , the sexes remain in separate groups each composed of 10members . their mating season is usually in december . this mating however is not for all as the males fight to get the opportunity to mate and only the dominant males get to mate with a harem of females . gestation period of marco polo sheep is about 160days and each female gives birth to one lamb . sexual maturity for females is reached at 2years for females and 5years for females .\n. . . marco polo sheep now visits qarchanai valley for lambing ( jackson , 2000 ) from may till september , and that ' s how it was seen here during summer only . however , its numbers have recently increased on the chinese side probably due to better protection by chinese authorities ( schaller and kang , 2008 ) . the ungulate biomass recorded from the study area was lower ( 278 . 97 . . .\nin this report , we described a small portion of our study area in the southeastern tajik pamirs that contained the two available datasets\u2014one dataset listed the occupancy locations of wild sheep , and the second dataset detailed transect surveys that showed surface characteristics of possible sheep habitat . using remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems ( gis ) , descriptions of the sheep habitat were presented in gis layers . we generated individual layers to obtain information on argali patterns and habitat suitability and to make the dataset available online to the rest of the research community .\nthe bride appeared splendidly dressed , with a long gauzy veil that flowed to her feet , and every part of her dress sparkling with jewels . she looked beautiful and happy , and all the world envied marco polo his possession of the fair donata loredano .\nwcs conservationist anthony simms says that for the last four years , his organisation has employed 40 local young people as \u201ccivil guards\u201d , who act as game wardens to protect the sheep .\namgalanbaatar , s . , reading , r . p . and ganchimeg , j . 2000 . concerns about the effective management and conservation of argali sheep in mongolia . strategic planning for conservation of mongolian argali sheep ( ovis ammon ) , pp . 16 \u2013 20 . mongolian ministry for nature and environment and world wide fund for nature \u2013 mongolia , ulaanbaatar , mongolia .\n. . . the marco polo sheep species represents a new model to study high - altitude adaptation mechanisms adopted by mammals . due to the sheep\ns impressively long horns , foreign hunters have for many years been willing to pay large amounts of money to take part in a hunt [ 5 ] and this is still the case today [ 2 ] . recent studies on the status of the argali population have shown a decline in numbers , caused mainly by over - hunting and subsistence poaching , as well as by competition with livestock and habitat loss [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . . . .\nmitchell , r . m . and frisina , m . r . 2007 . from the himalayas to the rockies : retracing the great arc of wild sheep . safari press , inc .\nwildlife surveys in the pamir mountains of pakistan , afghanistan , china , and tajikistan revealed that marco polo sheep ( ovis ammon polii ) roam back and forth across the frontiers of these countries . there has been a considerable decline of wildlife in recent years . the creation of an international peace park of about 50 , 000 km 2 ( 19 , 305 miles 2 ) would offer the four countries one option of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nshot in venice , kazakhstan and malaysia , marco polo begins with marco & apos ; s arrival at the court of kublai khan and follows the youth from his teen years to adulthood as he experiences a life only few could imagine : his escapades as he travels throughout asia , visiting countries no european had seen before , and learning new languages and different cultures along the way .\nthe argali are light tan to a gray - brown , with white hairs interspersed depending on the exact species and the age of the sheep . the face and belly of the sheep are much lighter than the rest of the body . adult males have enormous horns that can reach a length of 6 . 5 feet . females also have horns , but they rarely exceed 1 foot in length .\nreading , r . p . , amgalanbaatar , s . and wingard , g . j . 2001 . argali sheep conservation and research activities in mongolia . open country 3 : 25 - 32 .\nthe khan looked at marco from head to foot , and advancing to him , smiled very pleasantly .\nthe fair donata seemed pleased with his attentions , and gradually learned to feel for the sturdy cavalier a warm affection . the course of their love ran smooth ; and when marco polo asked the consent of loredano to their betrothal , the noble councillor at once and joyfully accorded it .\nmarco polo argali hunting expeditions are scheduled to include ten full hunting days . the suggested itinerary may be lengthened or shortened upon request or due to any of the variables that hunters may encounter during their hunt . hunters need to expect two weeks in kyrgyzstan from arrival in bishkek to departure . it is also necessary to allow one to two days in bishkek at the end of a hunt for the preparation of trophies and paperwork . it is common for hunters to have ample opportunity to harvest a marco polo and an ibex over the course of a ten - day hunt .\nthe purpose of this study was to assess genetic diversity , genetic differentiation . relationship and population structure among 10 chinese sheep populations using 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms ( snps ) . in mc1r gene . the genetic diversity indices suggested that the intra - population variation levels of chinese merino and large - tailed han , breeds were lowest than kazakh fat - rumped . chinese sheep . . . [ show full abstract ]\neast meets west when netflix brings the 13th century to life with an epic series featuring the travels and adventures of venetian explorer marco polo , who spent more than two decades in the service of kublai khan , one of the greatest rulers in history who reigned over mongolia for 34 years .\npolo had accepted rusticiano ' s proposition , to dictate to him an account of his travels , with pleasure . it afforded a grateful relief from the monotony of prison life ; and , besides , marco well knew that the wonderful narrative would perpetuate his fame long after he himself was dead .\nin pursuit of the massive animals , which can weigh more than 300 pounds ( 135 kilograms ) , schaller and his colleagues often observed only the flash of white rumps as the sheep raced out of sight .\nschaller says he\npersonally would not care to shoot something just to have an ornament on the wall ,\nbut he believes trophy hunting can be a viable tool to help protect the sheep from extinction .\nhow my brother maffeo and my uncle marco would wonder to see all this splendor !\nmused marco .\nwhen i get home , and tell them about it , they will not believe me .\nhunting marco polo sheep and ibex require rifles capable of shooting accurately up to and beyond 400 yards . crosswind and angle compensation are always variables while hunting here . we recommend flat - shooting rifles in the . 270 to . 300 caliber , but it is strongly recommended that hunters arrive with a weapon that they are intimately familiar with shooting . most shots will be between 200 and 400 yards ; however , more opportunities will present themselves to hunters who have the ability to extend their range beyond 400 yards .\nishunin , g . e . 1970 . kyzylkum or severtzov\u2019s sheep ( in russian ) . ecology of vertebrates of the huratau range , pp . 140 - 160 . uzbekistan academy of science , tashkent , uzbekistan .\n[ \u201cthe tao - sze , says marco polo , wear dresses of black and blue linen ; i . e . they wear dresses made of tatters of black and blue linen , as can be seen also at the present day . \u201d ( palladius , 30 . ) \u2014 h . c . ]\nthe sketch from the life , on p . 326 , of a wandering tibetan devotee , whom i met once at hardw\u00e1r , may give an idea of the sordid bacsis spoken of by polo .\nmarco approached and made the usual humble obeisance to the monarch . kublai , raising himself on his elbow , motioned to marco to come nearer and stand by him ; for he said he had something to say to him .\namgalanbaatar , s . , reading , r . p . , lkhagvasuren , b . and batsukh , n . 2002 . argali sheep ( ovis ammon ) trophy hunting in mongolia . pirineos 157 : 129 - 150 .\nnicolo and maffeo polo , as well as marco , aroused the hostility of many of the barons ; and so unpleasant did their position at the court begin to be , despite the fondness and favor of the monarch , that they often talked together anxiously about the prospect of their being able to return to venice .\nno . 9 : not a lot is known about marco polo after his return to venice in 1295 . it is posited that he returned to the family merchant business , but it is known that he married and had three daughters : moretta , fantina , and bellela . he lived to be 70 years old .\nthe sheep can weigh from 150 pounds to 400 pounds . they are between 3 to 4 feet tall , with a body length of 4 to 6 \u00bd feet . the tail is generally less than 6 inches in length .\nkang will finish the survey this spring . but there ' s no doubt that the sheep population in china has seen a healthy increase in the last two decades , schaller says , due to china ' s antipoaching efforts .\nno . 2 : marco polo did not bring pasta back to venice from china . it is one of the most famous legends out there about the adventurer , but truth be told , pasta had made its way into the cuisine of italy prior to marco & apos ; s birth . he did , however , introduce the concept of paper money , which was used in mongolia in the 13th century , but not in europe .\n[ \u201clamas were of various extraction ; at the time of the great assemblies , and of the khan\u2019s festivities in shangtu , they erected an altar near the khan\u2019s tent and prayed for fine weather ; the whistling of shells rose up to heaven . \u201d these are the words in which marco polo\u2019s narrative is corroborated by an eye - witness who has celebrated the remarkable objects of shangtu ( loan king tsa yung ) . these lamas , in spite of the prohibition by the buddhist creed of bloody sacrifices , used to sacrifice sheep\u2019s hearts to mahakala . it happened , as it seems , that the heart of an executed criminal was also considered an agreeable offering ; and as the offerings could be , after the ceremony , eaten by the sacrificing priests , marco polo had some reason to accuse the lamas of cannibalism . ( palladius , 28 . ) \u2014 h . c . ]\n] , however , counted a total of 8649 , 8392 , and 7663 sheep in a four - year successive surveys from 2009 to 2012 . argalis usually inhabit the rolling hills that lack tall vegetation to visually scan for predators [\na much smaller area of 50 km 2 ( 4984 ha ) was isolated from the bigger study area to focus more on the landscape characteristics of the wet and dry meadows , which we think are the good habitats for sheep .\nin interviews with iwpr , local hunters abdul sabir , abdullah and abdul zahir claim that large numbers of the sheep are hunted down on the orders of wakhan\u2019s powerbrokers every year for meat , which is sometimes served at elaborate picnics .\nno . 10 : there are those who believe that marco polo never took the journey down the silk road to china and in fact , made it no further than the black sea . they believe that the adventures described in his book were made up from stories he heard from others along the road he did travel . it doesn & apos ; t help his case that there were many exaggerations in the travels of marco polo , plus there were also interesting exclusions , such as the fact that he failed to mention the use of chopsticks for eating , or that he had seen the great wall . it also helps these naysayers that no mention of marco polo has been found in any historic chinese records . on the other hand , the majority of historians are prone to believe the marco did indeed make it to china and work in the service of kublai kahn , especially because of the preponderance of cultural information in the book . plus , there are those who have used his journal to retrace his footsteps , and they declare the geography to be so accurate , they believe the trip happened .\nthe road up to the pass rises steadily , though the last 4 - 5km are much steeper , through gorges and scenery that simply gets more and more spectacular \u2013 even more landslides , even narrower , even more glaciers . about half way to the top of the pass you enter the khunjerab national park which is principally a way of collecting fees , ie . income from foreigners . most people who travel through the park never see any wildlife , so we were lucky as we saw marco polo sheep ( very rare ) , ibex , yaks and marmots .\nthus marco polo stood , on that bright april morning in 1271 , on the deck of the war - galley , and watched the glittering domes and spires of venice receding from view , while the vessel sailed down the adriatic sea , he little guessed how many years would elapse ere his eyes would greet the familiar home scenes again .\naccording to abdul zahir , in the old days hunters used british - made single - shot rifles to hunt the sheep . the soviet invasion brought the ak - 47 , which can fire dozens of bullets with one pull of a trigger .\nnot long after he had married and settled , marco polo was surprised and delighted to receive a visit from two persian travellers of high rank , who had come to venice on a commercial errand . they went to the court of the millions to see marco , of whose fame as a traveller they had heard , and to bear him a message of friendship from the fair young queen cocachin , who gratefully remembered marco ' s gallant attentions to her while journeying from cathay to persia , and who sent him a beautiful jewel in token of her gratitude . marco was grieved to learn , about a year afterwards , that this lovely young queen had died , mourned by all her new subjects and by her gallant husband ."]}
{"id": 586, "summary": [{"text": "celeric is a retired , british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he improved from running in minor handicaps to group one level , and recorded his most important win in the 1997 ascot gold cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the same year he was named european champion stayer at the cartier racing awards .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "he won thirteen of his forty-two races in a career which lasted from 1994 until his retirement at the age of eight in 2000 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "together with double trigger , kayf tara and persian punch he was one of a group of horses credited with revitalising the staying division in the 1990s . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "celeric", "paragraphs": ["satisfy due diligence requirments on celeric investments limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of celeric investments limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on celeric investments limited\nmichael garbutt is a company director of celeric investments limited since 1995 and a listed director of 6 other companies .\n( won by celeric ) , leading some to conclude that he was no longer a threat in major races .\nceleric ( out of character ) : i pull amearann aside and take him to the outside part of the camp .\nceleric winning in 1997 from classic cliche . this is the last mile of the two and a half mile race . . .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for celeric investments limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on celeric investments limited or click join - up to get started .\nfrankie dettori , who takes the ride on celeric , can complete a double aboard crumpton hill in the doubleprint whitsun cup rated stakes .\nit ' s fair to say that john is who david would have wanted to train celeric as they were great friends .\nthe 15 % one that does stack is called a stable greater celeric arcanium tincture , and you ' ll find in under\nspecial charges\n.\nceleric ( in character ) : this is for you . not as a token of my gratitude , but as a sign that i\u2019ll always be close\u2026\n\u201cmy first memory of royal ascot is celeric winning the gold cup ( 1997 ) . he was owned by a great friend of my dad . he had been telling us for weeks that celeric would win the gold cup and through the mist and murk pat eddery managed to weave his way through . \u201d\nand seren ,\nstable greater celeric arcanium tincture\nis out of date , according to patch notes its now 17 % charge and not 15 % .\nfive years old and hardly lightly - raced by today ' s standards , celeric nevertheless appears still on the upgrade and should be able to follow up .\nhorses like double trigger and celeric , who finished a noble fourth yesterday , have transformed the marathons from embarrassing throwbacks into compelling centrepieces in no more than half a dozen seasons .\nthe defection of double eclipse - who now goes straight to the royal meeting - eases celeric ' s task and the five - year - old looks sure to start favourite . however , persian punch , the recent winner of the aston park stakes at newbury - who receives 5lb - and orchestra stall should ensure that celeric does not have things his own way .\nceleric , scaling the staying peaks like a latter - day sherpa tenzing , can continue his ascent up the ranks by taking the group three bonusprint henry ii stakes at sandown today .\nmtoto ended his career with an unlucky - in - running second in the arc before retiring to stud where his progeny included derby winner shaamit , champion stayer celeric and leading national hunt stallion presenting .\nmorley was responsible for many winners in the colours of hamdan al - maktoum , but his most successful horse during 1997 was celeric , who won the gold cup at royal ascot under pat eddery .\nceleric ( in character ) : know that , even though the meals you eat afar may not be as good as mine , i\u2019ll always have a hot meal waiting for you when you come back .\npat eddery is a racing legend and he rode many great horses . two of the best rides that stick out in my memory are dancing brave in the arc and celeric in the ascot gold cup .\nceleric needed his reappearance in the jockey club stakes at the beginning and probably found the mile - and - a - half a bit on the sharp side , but ran a respectable fourth to time allowed .\ninside the final furlong he slipped celeric through a gap between snow princess and the fading foundry lane , and the gelding ran on well up the rails to win by a cosy three - quarters of a length .\nthe 17 % one doesn ' t stack with healer celerity . the 15 % one that does stack is called a stable greater celeric arcanium tincture , and you ' ll find in under\nspecial charges\n.\nspence announced :\nfollowing the closure of david morley ' s yard i and jonathan morley have decided to send celeric to be trained by john dunlop , who has confirmed he will be delighted to train him .\neddery earned wide praise for one of\nthe rides of the season\nafter he brought celeric from behind to land the feature race at royal ascot last june by three quarters of a length from classic cliche .\non dismounting at york , willie carson told morley that he had a gold cup prospect for next year and celeric now gets a big chance to prove he ' s up to that level as he faces double trigger .\ndouble trigger spread a plate there and was found to have hurt his foot but is reportedly fighting fit once more . he is the strict form selection but could find himself vulnerable to celeric ' s excellent finishing speed .\nto start : except for how you need to cut out the heart of the celeric root before beginning , you make these the same way you do potato fries ( see video below for how to cut it ) .\nceleric , the winner of four races as a three - year - old , added a further five to his haul at four in 1996 , in the process crossing the divide between handicapper and pattern - class performer .\nbest bet of the day is celeric in the \u00a340 , 000 - added weatherbys insurance lonsdale stakes . david morley ' s gelding graduated to group level in this race last year , smoothly beating always aloof two by lengths .\ni talked about trying celeric root for the first time when i used it as icing for the meatloaf cupcakes recipe . recently i have been experimenting with other ways to use this potato - like veggie , my first being fries .\nalso called turnip - rooted celery or knob celery celeric is a variety of celery cultivated for its edible roots grown for its bulbs but you can also be use the tops like celery . the flavour of roots is milder than celery .\n. ridden by dettori , he was held up in the closing stages before moving up to take the lead in the straight . inside the final furlong he was overtaken by celeric and finished second , beaten three quarters of a length .\nto have a horse suddenly improve 30lb is unlikely in the extreme , especially after it has run six times , yet i couldn ' t drop kristal paradise as she was second to celeric previously and that is rock solid form .\nceleric should be celeriac , a turnip - rooted variety of celery , but somewhere in the transmission to weatherbys an\na\nwent missing . he was bred , appropriately enough , in the back garden of his owner , christopher spence .\nthe small stud we have is literally in the garden at home ,\nhe said . celeric ' s mother , hot spice , has produced a greengrocers ' shelf of offspring as her progeny also includes sesame , myrrh , camomile , turmeric and zucchini .\nceleric can cope with another rise in class and land the \u00a330 , 000 added east coast doncaster cup on town moor today . david morley ' s four year old simply hasn ' t stopped improving , since winning a york handicap back in may .\n. sadly , the trainer died not long after celeric ' s gold cup victory ( as a five - year - old in 1997 ) and the admirable gelding was to contest the following year ' s gold cup from john dunlop ' s stable .\nhe faced a stiff task when fifth to shantou in the princess of wales ' s stakes over a mile and a half at newmarket last time but now reverts to his optimum trip . celeric has a group one penalty but possesses the class to overcome it .\npat eddery ' s first , and previously only , victory in the gold cup was on erimo hawk 25 years ago and , as his prowess and longevity remain closely entwined , celeric should not be the last . he will , however , be the most memorable .\nthe defection of double eclipse has deprived the \u00a340 , 000 contest of some of its flavour , but celeric , winner of the group two yorkshire cup for david morley at york last time , still faces a formidable opponent in john dunlop ' s sagaro stakes winner orchestra stall .\ncontesting the listed lonsdale stakes , celeric left his rivals for dead once he hit the front a fur long out , beating always aloof two lengths . incidentally , that form received a nice boost last weekend when always aloof registered a fine win in the group three prix gladiateur at longchamp .\nthis season celeric has looked better than ever , winning the yorkshire cup in may before a narrow defeat by persian punch in the henry ii stakes at sandown . the slow early pace was against him there and he meets his conqueror on 7lb better terms which should allow him to turn the tables .\nevery link the the old apothecary gives\nnot found the requested url / merchants . htm was not found on this server .\n. . . and seren ,\nstable greater celeric arcanium tincture\nis out of date , according to patch notes its now 17 % charge and not 15 % .\nlast year ' s winner classic cliche and second double trigger are both proven stayers but there are question marks hanging over them both as they ran abysmal races last time out . respective trainers mark johnston and saeed bin suroor are both confident that their charges are back to their best but celeric gets the nod .\nsad to see you go pat ! legend is a term used to frequently these days , this man deserves this accolade bestowed on him . i agree with ritchie povey , pat ' s ride on celeric in the 1997 gold cup was the maestro at the height of his powers , enjoy your retirement pat .\ngiven celeric ' s upward spiral , his trainer was sure to pitch him into group races and after a good second to double trigger in the doncaster cup , the bay broke his pattern duck in the group three jockey club cup at newmarket in october , battling on courageously to hold ebor winner sanmartino by a head .\ngold cup winner celeric is to be moved to john dunlop ' s stable , it was announced yesterday . his co - owners christopher spence and jonathan morley have chosen to send their gelding to the former champion trainer following the death of david morley , whose widow melanie has elected not to take over the training licence .\nhappily , my first experience with celeric root fries has been rapturous . i\u2019d argue that they are even more flavorful than potato fries . not to mention , paleo - friendly foods are oftentimes great for keeping flare - ups down for people with autoimmune dysfunctions such as celiacs and crohn\u2019s . seriously folks , give these babies a try .\nceleric , the stayer who showed his courage matches his smart turn of foot when he deprived mons in york ' s group two yorkshire cup last time out , is starting to look like a gold cup winner . and many expect him to further enhance his royal ascot claims in the group two henry ii stakes at sandown today , writes ian davies .\nnotable previous winners of the northumberland plate include quick ransom ( 1994 ) , celeric ( 1996 ) , sergeant cecil ( 2005 ) and tominator ( 2011 and 2013 ) . paul cole trained the winner three times in five seasons between 1997 and 2001 . donald mccain was successful in 2010 and 2012 while charlie appleby trained antiquarium to win for godolphin in 2016 .\nbuttermilk - battered chicken sandwich with apple / celeric slaw and sambal ( chili - infused ) mayo from genuine roadside at gotham market , 600 11th avenue , new york city ; and , the brisket sandwich at the bolivian llama party , 1000 eighth avenue ( really the southern end of the columbus circle subway station , enter at 57th street and eighth avenue ) .\nall willie carson ' s previous trespasses this season were forgiven yesterday when he gave celeric an inch - perfect ride to take yesterday ' s northumberland plate and land a gamble . the four - year - old , trained by david morley at newmarket , was backed at 9 - 1 in the ante - post market and from 7 - 2 to 2 - 1 favourite on the course .\nceleric investments limited was set up on saturday the 1st of april 1995 . their current address is 109 lower baggot street , dublin 2 . , and the company status is dissolved with the company closing on friday the 3rd of march 2000 . the company ' s current directors ena smale and michael garbutt have been the director of 5 other irish companies between them ; 5 of which are now closed .\nwillie carson , who before his retirement from raceriding last year had enjoyed a successful partnership with celeric , said :\nit is very sad . although he had a running battle with his health for a number of years , we hoped he would last a lot longer . he was a great friend to me and i had a lot of fun riding for him . we had a good relationship .\nit is the gelding ' s nature that he must be brought to the front with only fractions of his journey remaining . thus it was no surprise to see eddery and his partner ambling out of the stalls yesterday . as anticipated , the outriders were grey shot and double trigger , who carried wide - cupped blinkers which lent the impression he was wearing sunglasses . behind them , the order changed but not the position of celeric , who was glued in last place .\ndown the far side , eddery crept as unnoticed as ivy up brickwork , and by the time the straight was breached the final push was under way . celeric slid through the bookends of double trigger and samraan and then had just classic cliche in front of him . so well was the five - year - old travelling , that his passenger could afford to take a cheeky tug before striking out for the post . at the line there was three - quarters of a length of space behind him .\nthere have been many outstanding rides in pat eddery ' s 28 - year career but hardly ever have they been accompanied by a flash of emotion . the gold cup changed that yesterday . the irishman executed a ride of such skill and timing on celeric that he even managed to satisfy his greatest critic , himself . when he came to a stop , his face covered in a rash of mud spots , eddery smiled at connections and raised a clenched fist in front of him . the mission had , gloriously , been accomplished .\nit was a bad day all round for the bookies at newcastle , where the first six favourites went in . celeric , owned and bred by his trainer ' s brother - in - law chris spence , was 53 - year - old carson ' s third winner of the pitmen ' s derby ; he rode the first , amateur , 28 years ago - and he said of the son of mtoto :\nhe ' s a bit of a character , and making it difficult for him keeps him interested . if he ' s not in a bit of bother , then he doesn ' t bother .\nmake a stand arrived at the pipe yard in a fairly conventional way in august 1995 , picked up from henry candy for \u00a38 , 000 after winning a leicester claimer . his flat career had been something of a disappointment , showing plenty of promise as a two - year - old but seemingly proving difficult to train thereafter , missing a year prior to his four - year - old season . he ran for pipe on the level the following month , finishing mid - field in a newmarket handicap ( future ascot gold cup winner celeric was third ) . make a stand ' s hurdling debut was just as inauspicious , with him finishing down the field in an exeter novice run in very poor visibility .\na tricky sort of ride who has been known to idle in front , carson kept him off the pace among horses until the field , led by highflying , turned into the straight . as foundry lane took over , to be tackled almost immediately by the market ' s second choice snow princess , carson began to weave through the pack .\nat newmarket one of carson ' s regular partners , gabr , took the group three van geest criterion stakes , with richard hills deputising . the globetrotting six - year - old , back with robert armstrong this season , beat the subsequent group one winner soviet line over a mile early in the season but had been disappointing since , hence his odds of 14 - 1 .\nbut switched back to seven furlongs to counteract a tendency to pull , he was far too good for his rivals yesterday , with three lengths to spare over inzar .\nthe henry cecil - pat eddery - khalid abdullah team , responsible for dushyantor in ireland today , got their weekend off to a bright start with an impressive victory from the unexposed bequeath in the fred archer stakes .\nthe son of rainbow quest , racing for only the fourth time , quickened on demand inside the final furlong to stride impressively clear . there are some high - flying plans for the chestnut , with next saturday ' s eclipse stakes - in which michael hills has been confirmed the rider of pentire even if his derby winner shaamit runs - now a possible target .\nover in france at auteuil , mysilv ' s bid to become the first british - trained winner of the french champion hurdle failed by two lengths . the gallant charlie egerton - trained mare tried to make all in the pounds 100 , 000 event , but was headed three out by the eventual winner earl grant .\nit was 15 lengths back to the third horse montperle , and the jockey jamie osborne said :\nshe ran and jumped her heart out and lost absolutely nothing in defeat .\nbrett doyle will miss his ride on amfortas in today ' s budweiser irish derby at the curragh due to illness .\ndoyle , suffering from food poisoning , gave up his rides at newmarket yesterday and will not be able to renew his association with clive brittain ' s shock king edward vii stakes winner in ireland .\ndarryll holland , recently returned from riding in hong kong , will deputise on the son of caerleon in the curragh feature .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\neasycall , who won goodwood ' s richmond stakes , the flying childers stakes at doncaster and ascot ' s cornwallis stakes last year , could develop into a champion sprinter this term . however , in farhana , the duke of york stakes runner - up and hever golf rose , the 1995 prix de l ' abbaye winner , easycall faces tough rivals on his reappearance from a lengthy absence in the group two temple stakes .\nthe michael - stoute trained insatiable , third to centre stalls in the hambleton rated handicap at york on his reappearance , is the one the bookmakers fear could be the subject of a major office gamble this morning for the whitsun rated handicap .\nthere was a sense of the past and a glimpse of the future yesterday as enzeli galloped clear in the gold cup . johnny murtagh ' s silks were straight out of a pathe newsreel , the chocolate and green hoops of the old aga khan which won a dozen classics in the 1930s aboard horses like bahram and mahmoud . the thought which fixed itself most firmly , though , was that the astonishing renaissance of races for stayers is not yet complete .\nnow a new generation seems ready to inherit their legacy , led by the four - year - old enzeli , and other gutsy fighters like invermark , yesterday ' s runner - up . nedawi , last year ' s st leger winner and the beaten favourite yesterday , may yet be a match for them in time , while kayf tara , the gold cup winner 12 months ago and third this time , is still only five .\nthese horses and more will be back for seasons to come , pulling in racegoers not just at ascot but at goodwood , york and doncaster too . they will all do well to cope with enzeli , though , who was running yesterday for just the eighth time , and must surely get better with age .\nthe field of 17 was the largest in gold cup history , but enzeli showed everything you could ask of a stayer to beat them off with ease . he travelled smoothly as murtagh , the irish champion jockey , took the inside line throughout the first two miles , and quickened instantly to take a decisive lead over a furlong from home . he then lasted out the 20th and final furlong with real determination as invermark came after him all too late .\nthe winning colours , those of the current aga khan ' s grandfather , had not been seen on a racecourse for eleven years . that track was epsom , on the first wednesday in june 1988 , when kahyasi carried the green and chocolate silks to victory in the derby . yesterday , one of kahyasi ' s sons did them every bit as much credit .\nthe cheers were muted as enzeli passed the post at 20 - 1 , but his irish connections had not arrived without hope .\nhe had to improve by 10lb at least to be in the frame , but he has been giving all the right signals recently ,\njohn oxx , his trainer , said .\nhe is normally a lazy worker but his work has been very good recently and this extra distance can improve a horse a lot . i don ' t know whether he will go for the goodwood cup or have a break instead , but he will probably go for the prix du cadran later on .\nit was only good fortune which kept enzeli with oxx long enough to win a gold cup .\nthis race is not normally one i have on my agenda ,\nhe said ,\nbecause i do not have a lot of older horses , they are usually sold . in fact a lot of people could have bought enzeli last year but he just had one or two little things go wrong .\nit would take a wild offer now to prise enzeli away from his trainer , and the aga khan is hardly a man who needs the money . instead , he should become a familiar feature of the flat racing landscape , which certainly needs a few more heroes who stick around .\nthe defeat of nedawi in the gold cup was excellent news for bookmakers , who had already seen frankie dettori , his jockey , win the first two races . there was never any danger that dettori might repeat his through - the - card trick of two years ago - he did not have a ride in the fifth - but the italian ' s name in conjunction with ascot can still cause bookies to develop a nervous twitch .\nboth of dettori ' s winners were horses of promise , particularly warm heart , who took the norfolk stakes and now heads to the richmond at goodwood , a lightning - fast track which should suit him well . fairy queen , meanwhile , who won the ribblesdale stakes , will be winning again now that godolphin can be sure she stays 12 furlongs .\nthe only horse who really mattered yesterday , though , was enzeli .\nwhen will those colours be out again ?\nsomeone asked the aga khan in the winners ' enclosure . the aga smiled and narrowed his eyes .\nyou must be a punter ,\nhe said .\ni will be the next time i see those colours ,\ncame the reply . wise man .\nthe huge personality of frankie dettori dominates racing today , but he is not champion jockey . that honour belongs to the man who has won the championship 11 times , ridden around 4 , 000 winners , 67 of them at the royal meeting .\nthe horse loves to be ridden like that and i just went out there with so much confidence as the owner and trainer let me do what i wanted ,\neddery said .\nit was marvellous .\nthat david morley managed to send out such a positive message was a tribute to his stagecraft . he actually felt dreadful . the trainer heard rain spattering against his bedroom window in the dark hours and felt like climbing out on to the ledge for a closer inspection .\ni was in the depths of despair this morning with all that rain having fallen ,\nthe newmarket man said .\ni was awake from 4 . 15am listening to the rain and the more it came down the more despondent i got . i thought he had no chance .\nelsewhere , there were victories for figures who do not have to ask for directions to the winners ' enclosure at the royal meeting . yashmak was devastating in the ribblesdale stakes for henry cecil , while paul cole ' s central park provoked a quote of 25 - 1 for the 1998 2 , 000 guineas from coral with his success in the chesham stakes . but perhaps the most warming success was that of cole ' s former assistant , kevin mcauliffe .\nthe only people who fancied his tippitt boy in the norfolk stakes were probably those who liked the name or devotees of the system of backing the outsider of six . tippitt boy , however , seemed to be unaware that he was a 33 - 1 option as he caught and passed hopping higgins inside the final furlong .\nthis is the best day of my life ,\nmcauliffe said .\ni ' ve always thought he was a good horse , the best two - year - old i have ever trained .\nto be fair , that particular race does not require much winning .\nmcauliffe has been training from delamere cottage stables in lambourn for four years , employing the expertise he collected at whatcombe .\npaul [ cole ] is a very good trainer of two - year - olds and he taught me the bottom line is buying young horses ,\nhe said .\nhe taught me that if you buy a selling plater , it will always be a selling plater .\nthere were plenty who thought tippitt boy was not much above that class before yesterday . after his defeat at redcar in may one of the trade papers opined that he\nmight be capable of winning a seller on a small track\n. they were right .\nroyal ascot set an attendance record for the third successive day yesterday . the ladies ' day crowd of 77 , 543 beat the previous best of 76 , 640 , set in 1986 .\nalmaty may be a late withdrawal from today ' s king ' s stand stakes if the rain - softened ground is deemed unsuitable .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience , for analytics and to show you offers tailored to your interests on our site and third party sites . we may share your information with our advertising and analytic partners . find out more about cookies by reading our updated cookies policy , which contains further information about the cookies and other technologies we use and information about how to disable them . by clicking\naccept\n, you agree to our use of cookies and similar technologies .\nwe have updated our privacy policy effective 25 may , 2018 . please click here to read our updated policy .\nup to \u00a3100 in bet credits for new customers at bet365 . min deposit \u00a35 and 1x settled bet requirement to release bet credits . min odds , bet and payment method exclusions apply . returns exclude bet credits stake . time limits and t & cs ; apply . terms & conditions apply\nregister with william hill using the promo code c30 and place your first bet of \u00a310 / \u20ac10 or more and get three \u00a310 / \u20ac10 free bets . new online customers only , min \u00a310 / \u20ac10 stake , win only , min odds 1 / 2 , free bets paid as 3 x \u00a310 / \u20ac10 , 30 day expiry , free bet / payment method / player / country restrictions apply . terms & conditions apply\nsign up with promo code f50 , place a bet on any horse race and ladbrokes will give you a free bet up to \u00a350 . new customers only . certain deposit methods excluded . min \u00a35 excluding tote or pools = match max \u00a350 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 + . free bet valid for 4 days , stake not returned . single line bets only . free bet cannot be used on certain markets . 18 + . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to paddy power and get a \u00a320 risk free first bet : new customers only , limited to one per person . if you\u2019ve previously had a paddy power account , you will not qualify for the offer . place your first bet on any sportsbook market and if it loses we will refund your stake in cash . max refund for this offer is \u00a3 / \u20ac20 . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . t & cs ; apply . terms & conditions apply\nsign up to coral today , deposit and place a bet of \u00a310 or more and get \u00a330 in free bets ! uk + ire . new customers only . min first bet \u00a310 . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . \u00a330 credited as 3 x \u00a310 free bets . not valid with cashout . free bet valid for 4 days . 18 +\nsign up to betway , deposit and place a qualifying bet and get a free bet up to \u00a330 . 1 . new customers only . 2 . min deposit : \u00a3 / \u20ac10 . 3 . 1 x wagering at odds of 1 . 75 + to unlock free bet . 4 . credit card , debit card & paypal deposits only 5 . additional terms apply terms and conditions apply\nregister with betbright , deposit \u00a320 and play with \u00a370 ( \u00a325 sports plus \u00a325 casino ) . min deposit \u00a320 . max sports bonus \u00a325 . max casino bonus \u00a325 . 5 x wagering to release sports bonus . min odds 1 . 8 . \u00a325 casino bonus added within 24 hours of first sports bet settling . 40x wagering to release casino bonus . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to betfred and place a \u00a310 sports bet to receive up to \u00a330 in free bets , plus 30 free spins . new customers from uk & northern ireland . stake \u00a310 or more at odds of evens ( 2 . 0 ) or greater on your first bet . \u00a330 free bet credited in 48 hours of your first bet being settled . 7 day expiry . e - wallet restrictions apply . max 30 free spins on selected games . full t & cs ; apply . terms and conditions apply\nsign up to boylesports today and get up to \u00a325 in free bets . cash stakes only . min \u00a310 stake required for initial \u00a35 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 . max \u00a325 in free bets . subsequent free bets equal 50 % average of each 3 qualifying bets . 13 bets required to receive full \u00a325 free bet . qualifying bet be placed within 30 days of opening account . free bet expires after 7 days . payment method restrictions apply . terms and conditions apply\njoin betfair and get a \u00a3 / \u20ac50 matched free bet . new customers only , receive a free bet up to the value of your first qualifying bet . minimum stake \u00a3 / \u20ac5 , minimum odds 1 / 5 ( 1 . 2 ) . if your first bet is an accumulator , at least one selection must meet the min odds requirement . qualifying bet must be placed in first 30 days of account opening . offer is only available to customers who deposit using debit / credit or paypal . max free bet \u00a3 / \u20ac50 \u2013 valid for 7 days . t & c ; \u2019s apply . terms and conditions apply\ndate ( days since ) race details wgt . result sp ff jockey or video\nsign up now and get all the latest news , tips and top offers from at the races direct to your inbox every week .\nyes , send me email communications from at the races and occasional offers from carefully selected bookmakers and partners . by clicking ' sign up now ' i agree to at the races terms and conditions and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to give you the best experience of our website and to keep it free for users , to find out more please read our privacy policy .\nour frequently asked questions page answers the most common customer queries relating to attheraces . com .\nif the faqs page doesn ' t answer your query , please fill in your details below and we ' ll endeavour to respond as soon as possible .\nwe use cookies to personalise content , target and report on ads , to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic .\nhe landed some good bets when showing a good turn of foot to take the northumberland plate at newcastle in june but his best performance came at york last month .\nwinner of the gold cup in 1995 , the latter was sent off 1 to 2 favourite for this year ' s race but came up against another smart customer in classic cliche .\nreams of verse can come out best of some promising fillies in the \u00a325 , 000 added , may hill stakes . henry cecil ' s filly had to work hard to land odds of 4 to 7 at newmarket last time but may have met a smart sort in bint batadee .\nreams of verse held on by neck as bint baladee ran very green but the pair put 14 lengths between them and the rest of the field , an impressive distance over seven furlongs , even on rain softened ground . now reams of verse can prove beyond doubt that she ' s a serious 1000 guineas candidate .\nat chepstow , miss universal is napped to gain a deserved first success in the silurian scania fillies ' conditions stakes .\none of clive brittain ' s specialities being able to produce horses that can hold their own in smart company before they ' ve even won a race and miss universal is the latest to fall into that category .\nshe was far from disgraced when under four lengths fifth to shake the yoke in the group one coronation stakes at royal ascot and luck just hasn ' t been on her side since . brett doyle ' s mount subsequently went down by a short head to sheer danzig in the \u00a350 , 000 hong kong jockey club trophy handicap at sandown .\nand she would have won a listed race at sandown last lime had not wandering star improved by several pounds to land the spoils . miss universal is the clear form choice and should see off her three rivals with a bit up her sleeve\nal shaatl catches the eye in the scania 4 series king of the road handicap . roland o ' sullivan ' s six year old will have been sharpened up by an encouraging run at kempton - his first for six months - and is on a handy mark .\nat newton abbot , best bet is second colours , who should have too much speed for her opponents in the thurlestone hotel centenary celebrations novices hurdle .\nkeep informed with all you need to know in the world of sport along with the very best in opinion from our outstanding team of sports writers .\ntour de france : team sky finish second in 35 . 5km team time trial 19 : 07\nadaptable to most garden soils but prefers a humus rich soil in a sunny position . avoid deformed roots by planting them in loose soil free from stones or rocks .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ngenerate a b2b marketing list with ease and grow your business . identify key decision makers and pre - 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fil - a foods from cold stone creamery foods from culver ' s foods from dairy queen foods from del taco foods from dippin ' dots foods from domino ' s foods from donatos foods from hardee ' s foods from in - n - out burger foods from jamba juice foods from kfc foods from krispy kreme foods from krystal foods from long john silver ' s foods from mcdonald ' s foods from papa john ' s foods from papa murphy ' s foods from pizza hut foods from rubio ' s foods from sbarro foods from starbucks foods from subway foods from taco bell foods from tcby foods from teriyaki stix foods from wendy ' s foods from white castle foods from wienerschnitzel\n- firefox ( file > page setup > format & options ) - internet explorer 6 / 7 ( tools > internet options > advanced > printing ) - in internet explorer 7 you will need to adjust the default\nshrink to fit\nsetting . ( go file > print preview > adjust the shrink to fit dropdown to 100 % . ) - mac safari ( click print below > copies & pages > safari )\n- in internet explorer 7 you will need to adjust the default\nshrink to fit\nsetting .\nfile > print preview > adjust the shrink to fit dropdown to 100 % .\nnutritional target map\u2122 the nutritional target map\u2122 allows you to see at a glance how foods line up with your nutritional and weight - management goals . the closer a food is to the right edge of the map , the more essential nutrients per calorie it contains . for a more nutritious diet , select foods that fall on the right half of the map . the closer a food is to the top edge of the map , the more likely it is to fill you up with fewer calories . if you want to restrict your caloric intake without feeling hungry , choose foods from the top half of the map . foods that are close to the bottom edge are more calorie - dense . if you want to increase your calorie intake without getting too full , choose foods from the bottom half of the map . read more about the nutritional target map\n: this food is very low in cholesterol . it is also a good source of dietary fiber , vitamin b6 , magnesium , potassium and manganese , and a very good source of vitamin c and phosphorus .\ncaloric ratio pyramid\u2122 this graphic shows you what percentage of the calories in a food come from carbohydrates , fats , proteins , and alcohol . if you are trying to achieve a specific distribution of calories , such as the 40 / 30 / 30 distribution of the zone\u2122 diet , or the more traditional 60 / 30 / 10 distribution , the caloric ratio pyramid\u2122 will show you how recipes , meal plans , or individual foods line up with those goals . foods low in fat , for example , will cluster along the bottom edge of the pyramid , ranging from foods that are high in carbohydrates ( at the left edge ) to foods that are high in protein ( at the right edge ) . foods low in carbohydrates will cluster along the right edge of the pyramid , with foods that are high in fat at the upper edge and foods that are high in protein at the lower edge . foods that have roughly the same number of calories from fats , calories , and protein will be found closer to the center of the pyramid . read more about the caloric ratio pyramid\nestimated glycemic load\u2122 glycemic load is a way of expressing a food or meal ' s effect on blood - sugar levels . nutrition data\u2019s patent - pending estimated glycemic load\u2122 ( egl ) is available for every food in the database as well as for custom foods , meals , and recipes in your pantry . how to interpret the values : experts vary on their recommendations for what your total glycemic load should be each day . a typical target for total estimated glycemic load is 100 or less per day . if you have diabetes or metabolic syndrome , you might want to aim a little lower . if you are not overweight and are physically active , a little higher is acceptable . read more about the egl\nnutrient balance indicator\u2122 this symbol offers a visual representation of a food ' s nutritional strengths and weaknesses , with each spoke representing a different nutrient . the spoke for dietary fiber is colored green , protein is blue , vitamins are purple , minerals are white , and yellow represents a group of commonly overconsumed nutrients : saturated fat , cholesterol , and sodium . a completeness score between 0 and 100 is a relative indication of how complete the food is with respect to these nutrients . although few ( if any ) individual foods provide all the essential nutrients , the nutrient balance indicator and completeness score can help you construct meals that are nutritionally balanced and complete . read more about the nutrient balance indicator\nprotein quality protein quality is dependent on having all the essential amino acids in the proper proportions . if one or more amino acid is not present in sufficient amounts , the protein in your diet is considered incomplete . each spoke on the protein quality graph represents one of the nine essential amino acids , and the graph shows how close the protein in your diet is to the optimal distribution of amino acids recommended by the institute of medicine ' s food and nutrition board . an amino acid score of 100 or higher indicates a complete or high - quality protein . if the amino acid score is less than 100 , a link is provided to complementary sources of protein . by combining complementary proteins , you may be able to increase the overall quality of the protein you consume . read more about protein quality\nthis listing does not contain enough data on individual amino acids to determine protein quality .\nsource : nutrient data for this listing was provided by usda sr - 21 . each\n~\nindicates a missing or incomplete value . percent daily values ( % dv ) are for adults or children aged 4 or older , and are based on a 2 , 000 calorie reference diet . your daily values may be higher or lower based on your individual needs . nutrition data ' s opinion , completeness score\u0099 , fullness factor\u0099 , rating , estimated glycemic load ( egl ) , and better choices substitutions\u0099 are editorial opinions of nutritiondata . com , given without warranty , and are not intended to replace the advice of a nutritionist or health - care professional . nutrition data ' s opinions and ratings are based on weighted averages of the nutrient densities of those nutrients for which the fda has established daily values , and do not consider other nutrients that may be important to your health or take into account your individual needs . consequently , nutrition data ' s higher - rated foods may not necessarily be healthier for you than lower - rated ones . all foods , regardless of their rating , have the potential to play an important role in your diet .\nnutrition data ' s opinion nutrition data awards foods 0 to 5 stars in each of three categories , based on their nutrient density ( nd rating ) and their satiating effect ( fullness factor\u2122 ) . foods that are both nutritious and filling are considered better choices for weight loss . foods that are nutritious without being filling are considered better choices for healthy weight gain . foods that have more essential nutrients per calorie are considered better choices for optimum health . nutrition data also indicates whether a food is particularly high or low in various nutrients , according to the dietary recommendations of the fda . read more about nutrition data ' s opinion\nfind recipes with this ingredient or dishes that go with this food on self . com . search for :\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of cond\u00e9 nast .\nthe self nutritiondata method and system is covered by u . s . patent no . 7 , 620 , 531 .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\ni have been trying to find out what the 17 % celerity charge tincture ( that stacks with healer casted haste ) is called . but with the alchemy names , it seems both haste and celerity charges are called something with\ncelerity\nin the name witch is really bad imo ."]}
{"id": 588, "summary": [{"text": "heloxycanus patricki is a species of moth of the family hepialidae , the only member of the genus heloxycanus .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its common names are ghost moth and sphagnum porina moth .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is named for its discoverer , entomologist brian patrick .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is found in sphagnum and other moss bogs in the southern part of the south island of new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its life cycle runs in two year cycles with peak numbers of adults occurring in odd-numbered years . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "heloxycanus", "paragraphs": ["heloxycanus patricki ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 853 ( list )\nheloxycanus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 853 ( list )\nonly a single species of ghost moth ( heloxycanus patricki ) of this endemic new zealand genus has been discovered , by brian patrick , an otago entomologist . it appears to be restricted to the southern south island , living in sphagnum and other moss bogs from sea level to 1 , 500 metres . adults emerge early in winter in alternate years .\nthis item has been provided for private study purposes ( such as school projects , family and local history research ) and any published reproduction ( print or electronic ) may infringe copyright law . it is the responsibility of the user of any material to obtain clearance from the copyright holder .\nthe content of this field is kept private and will not be shown publicly .\nthis question is for testing whether you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nall text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . \u00a9 crown copyright .\nthis web site would not have been possible without the continuous support and encouragement of my wife claudia violette , the generous assistance of malte ebach , and the kind help with information and images from many professionals and enthusiasts througout the world . to everyone i am eternally grateful . 1990 . hunting korscheltellus gracilis larvae mid winter vermont .\nmy interest in ghost moth evolution began in my first graduate year when i conducted a small project looking at the occurrence of wood - boring insects at different stages of forest succession . this was followed by a phd project on the developmental ecology of\ns in new zealand where my interest encompassed all aspects of ghost moth biology .\ni am particularly interested in the evolutionary relationships between ghost moths . although other responsibilities have curtailed much of that effort of the last decade , i continue to work on developing a better understanding of the global systematics and biogeography of this much overlooked group of moths .\n( this listing is in development . my apologies in advance for any oversight ) martin albrecht phil bendle rudolph bryner clinton care don davis ( usnm )\nmonotypic . rviewed by dugdale ( 1994 ) . member of the old world oycanine clade ( grehan , in prep ) . habitat\nbiology biennial emergence of adults with peak emergece in odd - numbered years for all known populations ( cf . biennial patterns in korscheltellus gracilis ) . adults emerge in the autumn and winter .\n( lepidoptera ) of new zealand . new zealand entomologist 8 : 64 - 67 .\nnielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 ghostmoths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia j . nat . hist . 34 : 823 - 878\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngenus dumbletonius dugdale , 1988 trioxycanus dumbleton , 1966 characterifer walker , 1865 impletus walker , 1865 unimaculatus salmon , 1948 enysii not butler , 1877 but meyrick , 1890 sylvicola dugdale , 1988 n . syn .\naitkenhead , p . ; baker , c . r . b . 1964 : the larvae of british hepialidae . entomologist 97 : 25 - 38 .\narchibald , r . d . 1984 : some eugregarinida ( apicomplex ) from new zealand melolonthinae ( scarabaeidae : coleoptera ) and hepialidae ( lepidoptera ) . unpubl . phd thesis , university of otago , dunedin . 206 pp .\nbarratt , b . i . p . ; van toor , r . f . ; ferguson , c . m . ; stewart , \u03ba . \u03bc . 1990 : grass grub and porina in otago and southland . a guide to management and control . maf technology , invermay / n . z . tablet , dunedin . 104 pp .\nbest , \u03b5 . 1912 : maori forest lore : being some account of native forest lore and woodcraft , as also of many myths , rites , customs , and superstitions , connected with the flora and fauna of the tuhoe or ure - wera district , part \u03c0 . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 41 : 231 - 285 .\nbirket - smith , s . j . r . 1974 : morphology of the male genitalia of lepidoptera , ii . monotrysia , zeugloptera , and discussion . entomologica scandinavica 5 : 161 - 183 .\nboudinot , j . 1991 : biologie d ' aenetus cohici viette ( lepidoptera hepialidae ) . pp . 167 - 175 in j . chazeau & s . tillier eds , ` zoologia neocaledonica 2 ' . memoires du museum nationale d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 149 .\nbourgogne , j . 1949 : un type nouveau d ' appareil g\u00e9nital femelle chez les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 115 : 69 - 80 .\nbroun , t . 1915 : descriptions of new genera and species of coleoptera . bulletin of the n . z . institute 1 ( 4 ) : 267 - 346 .\nbuller , w . l . 1873 : notice of a new species of moth from new zealand . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 5 : 279 - 280 , colour plate .\nbutler , a . g . 1877 : on two collections of heterocerous lepidoptera from new zealand with descriptions of new genera and species . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1877 : 379 - 407 .\nbutler , a . g . 1879 : on a small collection of heterocerous lepidoptera from new zealand . cistula entomologica 2 : 487 - 511 .\ncarpenter , a . 1978 : a review of the biology and control of porina ( wiseana spp . ) with particular reference to the southern north island . internal report , ministry of agriculture and fisheries research division , palmerston north . 18 pp . + unnumbered bibliography .\ncommon , i . f . b . 1969 : a winglocking or stridulatory device in lepidoptera . journal of the australian entomological society 8 : 121 - 125 .\ncommon , i . f . b . 1990 : hepialoidea . pp . 140 - 150 in : ` moths of australia ' . melbourne university press . 533 pp .\ncrosby , t . k . ; dugdale , j . s . ; watt , j . c . 1976 : recording specimen localities in new zealand : an arbitrary system of areas and codes defined . n . z . journal of zoology 3 : 69 + map .\ndavis , d . r . 1975 : a review of the west lndian moths of the family psychidae with descriptions of new taxa and immature stages . smithsonian contributions to zoology 188 . 66 pp .\ndick , r . d . 1945 : ecological observations on oxycanus cervinata . n . z . journal of science and technology a 27 ( 1 ) : 32 - 38 .\ndoubleday , \u03b5 . 1843 : lepidoptera . pp . 283 - 289 in dieffenbach , e . ed . , ` travels in new zealand , with contributions to the geography , geology , botany and natural history of the country ' , vol . 2 . london , john murray .\ndugdale , j . s . 1961 : larval characters of taxonomic significance of new zealand ennomines ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . transactions of the royal society of n . z . , zoology 1 : 215 - 233 .\ndugdale , j . s . 1974 : female genital configuration in the classification of lepidoptera . n . z . journal of zoology 1 : 127 - 146 .\ndugdale , j . s . 1986 : trioxycanus dumbleton , 1966 ( lepidoptera ) , a genus based on a misidentified type species , with proposal of new names for the taxonomic genus and species involved . z . n . ( s . ) 2462 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 43 : 46 - 49 .\ndugdale , j . s . 1988 : lepidoptera - annotated catalogue , and keys to family - group taxa . fauna of n . z . 14 . 262 pp .\ndumbleton , l . j . 1945 : contribution to the ecology of oxycanus cervinata walk . n . z . journal of science and technology a 27 ( 2 ) : 114 - 128 .\ndugdale , j . s . 1966 : genitalia , classification , and zoogeography of the new zealand hepialidae ( lepidoptera ) . n . z . journal of science 9 ( 4 ) : 920 - 981 .\nelder , r . j . 1970 : larval taxonomy of oncopera brachyphylla turner and its distinction from oncopera mitocera ( turner ) . queensland journal of agricultural and animal sciences 27 : 123 - 128 . ( also published as queensland department of primary industries , division of plant industry bulletin no . 533 . )\nelder , r . j . 1978 : notes on the biology and descriptions of the life stages of oncopera parva tindale ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . journal of the australian entomological society 17 : 5 - 11 .\nesson , m . j . 1970 : time lapse photography for the observation of porina caterpillar behaviour . proceedings of the 23rd n . z . weed and pest control conference : 200 - 204 .\nfelder , c . ; rogenhofer , a . f . 1874 : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte ` novara ' um die erde ( zoologischer theil ) , \u03b2 and 2 ( abteilung 2 ) hefte 4 [ plates 15 - 107 ] .\nfenemore , p . g . ; allen , v . a . l . 1969 : oviposition preference and larval survival in wiseana cervinata ( walker ) , hepialidae . n . z . journal of agricultural research 12 : 146 - 161 .\nflower , n . e . ; helson , g . a . h . 1976 : variation in antennal sensilla of some hepialid moths ; a scanning electron microscope study . n . z . journal of zoology 3 : 327 - 331 .\nfrench , r . a . 1973 : some aspects of the population dynamics , biology and economic status of wiseana spp . unpubl . ph . d . thesis , lincoln college , canterbury .\nfrench , r . a . ; pearson , j . f . 1979 : influence of temperature on the rate of development of porina ( wiseana spp . : hepialidae ) eggs and timing of larval emergence in the field . n . z . journal of experimental agriculture 7 : 315 - 319 .\nfrench , r . a . ; pearson , j . f . 1981 : food intake and feeding behaviour of porina ( wiseana spp . : hepialidae ) . n . z . journal of experimental agriculture 9 : 383 - 386 .\ngaskin , d . e . 1964 : distinction between wiseana umbraculata and w . signata ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) with light trapping records for wellington . n . z . journal of science 7 ( 3 ) : 396 - 408 .\nglare , t . r . ; o ' callaghan , \u03bc . ; wigley , p . j . 1993 : checklist of naturally occurring entomopathogenic microbes and nematodes in new zealand . n . z . journal of zoology 20 : 95 - 120 .\ngrehan , j . r . 1979 : larvae of aenetus virescens ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) in decaying wood . n . z . journal of zoology 6 ( 4 ) : 583 - 586 .\ngrehan , j . r . 1981 : morphological changes in the tree - phase development of aenetus virescens larvae ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . \u03bd . \u03b6 . journal of zoology 8 : 505 - 514 .\ngrehan , j . r . 1983a : larval establishment behaviour in live trees . n . z . entomologist 7 ( 4 ) : 413 - 417 .\ngrehan , j . r . 1983b : record of wiseana signata ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) larvae in sand dunes . n . z . entomologist 7 ( 4 ) : 417 - 418 .\ngrehan , j . r . 1983c : description of the male of the endemic new caledonian species aenetus cohici ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) .\ngrehan , j . r . 1987a : life cycle of the woodborer aenetus virescens ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . n . z . journal of zoology 14 : 209 - 217 .\ngrehan , j . r . 1987b : evolution of arboreal tunnelling by larvae of aenetus ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . \u03bd . \u03b6 . journal of zoology 14 : 441 - 462 .\ngrehan , j . r . 1989 : larval feeding habits of the hepialidae ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 23 : 803 - 824 .\ngrehan , j . r . ; moeed , a . ; meads , m . j . 1983 : observations on trioxycanus enysii ( butler ) ( sensu meyrick , 1890 ) ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) on kapiti island , new zealand , with a description of larval chaetotaxy . n . z . entomologist 7 ( 4 ) : 408 - 413 .\ngrehan , j . r . ; patrick , b . h . 1984 : notes on bog - inhabiting hepialidae ( lepidoptera ) of new zealand . n . z . entomologist 8 : 63 - 67 .\ngrehan , j . r . ; wigley , p . j . 1984 : fungal and bacterial diseases of puriri moth , aenetus virescens ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) larvae . n . z . entomologist 8 : 61 - 63 .\nguen\u00e9e , a . 1868 : new species etc . , of heterocerous lepidoptera from canterbury , new zealand , collected by mr r . w . fereday . entomologists ' monthly magazine 5 : 1 - 6 .\nhamilton , a . 1909 : notes on lepidoptera collected by \u03b7 . hamilton in various localities in the queenstown district , otago , between november 1907 and march 1908 . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 41 : 11 18 .\nhardy , r . j . 1973 : larval chaetotaxy of thorax and abdomen of fraus simulans walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . journal of the australian entomological society 12 : 121 - 123 .\nhasenfuss , i . 1969 : zur homologie der borstenmusterelemente der larven kopfkapsel einiger monotrysischer lepidoptera . beitrage zur entomologie 19 : 289 - 301 .\nhelson , g . a . h . 1967 : adult periodicity of wiseana species ( family hepialidae ) in new zealand as revealed by light traps . transactions of the royal society of n . z . , zoology 9 ( 8 ) : 79 - 91 .\nhelson , g . a . h . 1972 : an hypothesis on the effect of atmospheric small air ions and weather fronts on the emergence of wiseana cervinata . abstract , 14th international congress of entomology : 341 .\nherrich - schaeffer , g . a . w . 1855 : synopsis familiarum lepidopterorum . pp . 82 - 132 in systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text revision und supplement zu jacob h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge . vol . 6 .\nhinton , \u03b7 . \u03b5 . 1946 : on the homology and nomenclature of the setae of the lepidopterous larvae , with some notes on the phylogeny of the lepidoptera . transactions of the royal entomological society of london 97 : 1 - 37 .\nhorak , \u03bc . 1984 : assessment of taxonomically significant structures in tortricinae ( lep . : tortricidae ) . mit teilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft 57 : 3 - 64 .\nhudson , g . v . 1885 : life history of charagia virescens . entomologist , london , 18 : 30 - 36 .\nhudson , g . v . 1898 : new zealand moths and butterflies ( macrolepidoptera ) . london , west , newman & co . xix + 144 pp .\nhudson , g . v . 1905 : on some new species of macrolepidoptera in new zealand . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 37 : 355 - 358 .\nhudson , g . v . 1906 : recent observations respecting the origin of the vegetable caterpillars . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 39 : 195 - 196 .\nhudson , g . v . 1908 : recent observations on new zealand macrolepidoptera including descriptions of new species . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 40 : 104 - 107 .\nhudson , g . v . 1920 : descriptions of two new species of hepialidae from new zealand . entomologists ' monthly magazine 56 : 277 .\nhudson , g . v . 1923 : descriptions of three new species of lepidoptera from new zealand . entomologists ' monthly magazine 59 : 179 - 181 .\nhudson , g . v . 1928 : the butterflies and moths of new zealand . wellington , ferguson & osborn . xi + 386 pp .\nhudson , g . v . 1939 : a supplement to the butterflies and moths of new zealand . wellington , ferguson & osborn . pp . 387 - 481 , pl . 53 - 62 .\nhudson , g . v . 1950 : fragments of new zealand entomology . wellington , ferguson & osborn . 188 pp . , ii + 17 p1 .\njanse , a . j . t . 1939 : on the structure of lepidopterous larvae , with special reference to the mature larva of letovenus stoll . journal of the entomological society of south africa 2 : 165 - 175 .\njanse , a . j . t . 1942 : sub - order jugata . pp . 1 - 78 in janse , a . j . t . ' the moths of south africa ' , vol . 4 ( 1 ) .\njoubert , p . c . 1975 : the ' ghost moth ' ( dalaca rufescens hampson ) in natal ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . dept of agricultural technical services technical communication 130 .\nkalmakoff , j . 1980 ( 1979 ) : enzootic virus control of wiseana spp . ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) in the pasture environment . pp . 202 - 204 in crosby , t . k . , & pottinger , r . p . ( eds ) ,\nproceedings of the 2nd australasian conference on grassland invertebrate ecology .\nwellington , government printer .\nkirby , w . f . 1892 : a synonymic catalogue of lepidoptera heterocera ( moths ) . vol . 1 : sphinges and bombyces . london . 951 pp .\nkristensen , n . p . 1968 : the anatomy of the head and the alimentary canal of adult eriocraniidae . entomologiske meddelelser 36 : 239 - 315 .\nkuznetsov , v . l . ; stekol ' nikov , a . a . 1984 : the evolution and system of higher taxa of tortricid moths ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of the world fauna with reference to the comparative morphology of genitalia . ( 36th cholodkovsky memorial lecture , 1 april 1983 , pp . 51 - 91 . leningrad , nauka . [ p . auckland , csiro translation , 1986 . ]\nlatch , g . c . m . ; kain , w . m . 1983 : control of porina caterpillar ( wiseana spp . ) in pasturte by the fungus metarrhizium anisopliae . n . z . journal of experimental agriculture 11 : 351 - 354 .\nleonard , j . g . ; grehan , j . r . ; parker , b . l . 1992 : first instar description of korscheltellus gracilis ( grote ) and sthenopis auratus ( grote ) ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) with a consideration of cladistic relationships between setae . journal of the \u03bdew york entomological society 100 ( 4 ) : 594 - 614 .\nmacarthur , g . 1986 ( nov . ) : an electrophoretic contribution to the systematics of the genus wiseana viette ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . unpubl . ph . d . thesis , victoria university of wellington .\nmccabe , t . l . ; wagner , d . l . 1988 : the biology of sthenopis auratus ( grote ) ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . journal of the new york entomological society 96 ( 4 ) : 256 - 273 .\nmeads , m . j . 1990 : forgotten fauna : the rare , endangered , and protected invertebrates of new zealand . wellington , dsir land resources / dsir publishing . 95 pp .\nmeyrick , \u03b5 . 1890 : descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera . transactions of the n . z . institute 22 : 204 - 220 .\nmeyrick , \u03b5 . 1912 : descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 44 : 117 - 126 .\nmeyrick , \u03b5 . 1921 : notes and descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 53 : 334 - 336 .\nmiller , d . 1971 : common insects in new zealand . wellington , reed . 178 pp .\nminet , j . 1984 : contribution \u00e0 l ' analyse phylogenetique des n\u00e9ol\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( lepidoptera : glossata ) . nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 1 ( 2 ) : 139 - 149 .\nmishler , b . d . ; donaghue , m . j . 1974 : species concepts : a case for pluralism . systematic zoology 31 : 491 - 503 .\nmosher , \u03b5 . 1916 : a classification of the lepidoptera based on characters of the pupa . bulletin of the illinois state laboratory of natural history 12 ( ii ) . 147 pp .\nnielsen , e . s . 1989 : phylogeny of major lepidopteran groups . chapter 21 ( pp . 281 - 294 ) in fernholm , b . ; bremer , \u03ba . ; j\u00f6rnvall , h . eds , ' the hierarchy of life ' . amsterdam , elsevier .\nnielsen , e . s . ; common , i . f . b . 1991 : lepidoptera ( moths and butterflies ) . chapter 41 , pp . 817 - 915 , in : ' the insects of australia : a textbook for students and research workers ' ( 2nd edition ) , vo1 . ii .\nnielsen , e . s . ; kristensen , n . p . 1989 : primitive ghost moths . morphology and taxonomy of the australian genus fraus walker ( lepidoptera : hepialidae s . lat . ) . monographs on australian lepidoptera 1 . 206 pp .\nnielsen , e . s . ; robinson , g . s . 1983 : ghost moths of southern south america ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . entomonograph 4 . 192 pp .\nnielsen , e . s . ; scoble , m . j . 1986 : afrotheora , a new genus of primitive hepialidae from africa ( lepidoptera : hepialoidea ) . entomologica scandinavica 17 : 29 - 54 .\npatrick , \u03b2 . h . 1982 : lepidoptera of danseys pass , otago . new zealand entomologist 7 ( 3 ) : 332 - 336 .\npatrick , \u03b2 . h . 1988 : lepidoptera of the umbrella ecological district . pp . 37 - 50 in : \u03ba . j . \u03bc . dickinson ed . , umbrella ecological district , survey report for the protected natural areas programme . department of conservation , wellington .\npatrick , \u03b2 . h . 1989 : lepidoptera , cicadidae , acrididae of the manorburn ecological district . n . z . department of conservation : science & research no . 60 .\npatrick , b . h . ; barratt , \u03b2 . i . p . ; heads , \u03bc . ; child , j . 1984 : entomological survey of mt pye\u2014ajax bog , catlins state forest park . n . z . forest service , invercargill .\npatrick , b . h . ; barratt , b . i . p . ; heads , \u03bc . 1985 : entomological survey of the blue mountains . n . z . forest service , invercargill .\npatrick , b . h . ; rance , b . d . ; barratt , b . i . p . ; tangey , r . 1987 : entomological survey , longwood range . department of conservation , dunedin . 86 pp .\npatrick , b . h . ; rance , b . d . ; barratt , b . i . p . 1992 : alpine insects and plants of stewart island . department of conservation , dunedin , miscellaneous series no . 9 . 57 pp .\nperrott , d . c . f . 1974 : susceptibility to three organophosphorus insecticides of wiseana spp . larvae ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . n . z . journal of zoology 1 ( 3 ) : 355 - 364 .\nphilpott , a . 1914 : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 46 : 118 - 121 .\nphilpott , a . 1923 : notes and descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera . transactions and p roceedings of the n . z . institute 54 : 148 - 154 .\nphilpott , a . 1927a : new zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . transactions and p roceedings of the n . z . institute 57 : 703 - 709 .\nphilpott , a . 1927b : the male genitalia of the hepialidae . transactions of the entomological society of london 75 : 35 - 41 .\nphilpott , a . 1931 : notes and descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 62 : 26 - 36 .\nquail , a . 1903a : on charagia virescens , dbid . transactions and proceedings of the n . z . institute 35 : 249 - 255 .\nquail , a . 1903b : on the antennae of hepialidae \u2014 lepidoptera jugatae . transactions of the entomological society of london , 1903 : 499 - 508 .\nsalmon , j . t . 1948 : new species and records of lepidoptera from the three kings islands , new zealand . records of the auckland institute and museum 3 : 309 - 311 .\nsalmon , j . t . 1958 : hybridisation between two species of oxycanus . n . z . entomologist 2 ( 2 ) : 18 - 19 .\nsattler , k . r . 1991 : a review of wing reduction in lepidoptera . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( ent . ) 60 ( 2 ) : 243 - 288 .\nsharell , r . 1971 : new zealand insects and their story . collins , auckland and london . 268 pp .\ntillyard , r . j . 1926 : the insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson . xi + 560 pp .\nueda , k . 1978 : the male genitalia structure of some hepialid moths with a historical review of their terminology [ in japanese , with english summary ] . tyo ga 29 : 191 - 206 .\nueda , k . 1982 : male and female external genital structure of aenetus virescens ( doubleday ) and its male genital musculature . tyo ga 33 : 87 - 96 .\nueda , k . 1988 : new species of the genus hepialiscus hampson ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) from taiwan . bulletin of the kitakyushu museum of natural history 8 : 39 - 54 .\nvalentine , e . w . 1967 : a list of the hosts of entomophagous insects of new zealand . n . z . journal of science 10 : 1100 - 1209 .\nviette , p . e . l . 1950 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des hepialidae ( 22eme note ) . hepialidae du mus\u00e9e de leiden . zoologische mededelingen 31 ( 7 ) : 67 - 77 [ n . \u03b6 . references pp . 71 - 73 ] .\nviette , p . e . l . 1961 : notes on some synonymous or preoccupied names in the lepidoptera . the entomologist , london , 94 : 38 - 39 .\nwagner , d . 1987 : hepialidae ( hepialoidea ) . pp . 347 - 349 in stehr , f . w . ed . , ` immature insects , ' vol . 1 . dubuque , kendall / hut . xiv + 754 pp .\nwagner , d . ; tobi , d . r . ; parker , b . l . ; waliner , w . e . ; leonard , j . g . 1989 : immature stages and natural enemies of korscheltellus gracilis ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america 82 ( 6 ) : 717 724 .\nwaller , j . b . 1966 : sexing of pupae of wiseana cervinata ( walker ) , hepialidae . n . z . entomologist 3 ( 1 ) : 5 .\nwalker , f . 1856 : list of the specimens of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . vi\u03b9 ( pp . 1509 - 1808 ) .\nwalker , f . 1865 : list of the specimens of the lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . xxxii , supplement , part 2 ( pp . 323 - 706 ) .\nwardle , p . 1991 : vegetation of new zealand . cambridge , cambridge university press . xx + 672 pp .\nwood , j . 1970 : rearing wiseana species in the laboratory . n . z . entomologist 4 ( 4 ) : 3 - 7 .\nyasuda , t . ; abe , k - i 1986 : endoclita hosei tindale ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) attacking eucalyptus in sabah , with descriptions of the immature and imaginal stages . applied entomology and zoology 21 ( 3 ) : 417 - 423 .\nyou are not permitted to download , save or email this image . visit image gallery to purchase the image .\nthis grey southern ghost moth , found recently in southland , continues to haunt entomologist brian patrick , formerly of dunedin ; who believes it may belong to a\nnew\nspecies . photo by brian patrick .\nmoth expert and museologist brian patrick is full of questions after his latest close encounter with one of new zealand ' s most unusual moths - the southern south island ghost moth .\nif anyone should know this nocturnal creature , it is mr patrick , who discovered the country ' s only known biennial moth at dansey pass in april , 1979 .\none of new zealand ' s 27 known ghost - moth species , it usually lives in moss bogs .\nit turned out that they were not only undescribed but belonged to an undescribed genus ,\nmr patrick said .\nit ' s a beautiful sight - it ' s a gorgeous species .\nhe has since shown the moth is widespread , in moss bogs from sea level to alpine wetlands , but only in otago - southland .\nunusually , it appears only once every two years , and then only in late autumn and into winter .\nthe adult moth has a wingspan of up to 4 . 5cm , but cannot eat , having no mouth parts .\nmr patrick , who is a former manager at the otago museum and former director of the central stories museum and art gallery in alexandra , has been left scratching his head over many aspects of these moths .\nhe recently encountered them again at borland mire , west southland and believes another undescribed ghost - moth species lurks in south and west southland .\nmale ghost moths found in those parts of southland are greyer and less colourful than they are near dunedin and in central otago , the catlins and northern southland , where their wings are often bright orange , with a white stripe and some black .\nby appearing only every second year , the moths deny predators , such as birds , the chance to form a well - remembered\nsearch image\nin order to target them .\nmr patrick also notes dunedin is the native - moth capital of new zealand , home to more than 750 of the country ' s more than 2000 native - moth species ."]}
{"id": 589, "summary": [{"text": "parapoynx diminutalis is a species of moth of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to south-east asia , including the northern territory , queensland and new south wales in australia , but has since been found in the united kingdom and the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in africa , where it has been recorded from egypt , sudan , ethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , zambia , zimbabwe , malawi , south africa , botswana , angola , the republic of congo , nigeria and madagascar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11 \u2013 14 mm for males and 16 \u2013 23 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , suffused with fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white with a fuscous y-shaped median fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on hydrilla and nymphaea species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "parapoynx diminutalis", "paragraphs": ["species parapoynx diminutalis - small leafcutter moth - hodges # 4765 - bugguide . net\nfigure 5 . a cocoon constructed and occupied by a parapoynx diminutalis snellen larva . parapoynx diminutalis snellen use plant stems , leaves and other materials to construct their cocoons and attach to submerged stems or plant material . photograph by julie baniszewski , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . damage inflicted on hydrilla leaf by a first instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nbrou jr va . 1993 . range extension of the moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . southern lepidopterists\u2019 news 15 : 33 - 34 .\naccording to the global pyraloidea database ( nuss et al . 2003 - 2013 ) and shibuya ( 1928 ) the following junior synonyms have been used for parapoynx diminutalis :\nbalciunas jk , habeck dh . 1981 . recent range extension of a hydrilla damaging moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . florida entomologist 64 : 195 - 196 .\nbownes a . 2010 . asian aquatic moth parapoynx diminutalis , accidentally introduced earlier , contributes to control of an aquatic weed hydrilla verticillata in south africa . african journal of aquatic science 35 : 307 - 311 .\nbuckingham gr , bennett ca . 1996 . laboratory biology of an immigrant asian moth , parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidotera : pyralidae ) , on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . florida entomologist 79 : 353 - 363 .\nfigure 2 . parapoynx diminutalis snellen , first instar larva eating hydrilla . first instar larvae are transparent , allowing consumed hydrilla to be visible in the gut . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\ndel fosse es , perkins bd , steward kk . 1976 . a new record for parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , a possible biological control agent for hydrilla verticillata . florida entomologist 59 : 1 - 30 .\nbuckingham gr , bennett ca . 1989 . laboratory host range of parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , an asian aquatic moth adventive in florida and panama on hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) . environmental entomology 18 : 526 - 530 .\nfigure 1 . eggs of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , within one day of being laid ( left ) . egg mass sizes vary and are often laid on plant tissue ( right ) . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nbaniszewski j , weeks eni , cuda jp . 2016 . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki reduces competition by parapoynx diminutalis ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) in colonies of the hydrilla biological control agent cricotopus lebetis ( diptera : chironomidae ) . florida entomologist 99 : 644 - 647 .\nfigure 3 . an early instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen ( left ) . larvae are mobile and retreat into a cocoon between feedings . cocoons are constructed of plant materials and attached to a hydrilla stem ( right ) . photographs by julie baniszewski , university of florida .\nparapoynx diminutalis is native to parts of asia , africa , and australia ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in its adventive range , parapoynx diminutalis has been found in panama ( notably in the panama canal , which was infested with hydrilla ) , honduras , and florida . in commercial greenhouses , the moth has been observed colonizing aquatic plants in england and denmark ( agassiz 1978 , 1981 ) . parapoynx diminutalis was first seen in florida in fort lauderdale in 1976 but progressively appeared in more northern counties , eventually reaching alachua and putnam counties by 1979 ( balciunas and habeck 1981 ) . in the early 1980s , hydrilla surveys in other southeastern states revealed that the moth\u2019s range did not extend beyond florida ( balciunas and minno 1985 ) . even in northern florida , the cooler water temperatures caused populations to be reduced in late winter and early spring . milder climates such as those found in panama may enable populations to thrive throughout the year ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nfigure 4 . a late instar of parapoynx diminutalis snellen , feeding on hydrilla ( left ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow closer to pupation ( right ) . branched gills are visible and help identify this species in the larval stage . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . an adult parapoynx diminutalis snellen , female moth ( left ) and male moth ( right ) . females have longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , and larger abdomens . males have longer antennae and more distinct white setae ( hairs ) at the tip of the abdomen . photographs by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nparapoynx diminutalis snellen is an adventive asian moth with an aquatic larval stage . the moth is found associated with a variety of water bodies including river backwaters , lakes , and ponds ( habeck 1996 ) . the aquatic larvae commonly attack hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . f . royle ) , and other aquatic plants ( buckingham and bennett 1989 , 1996 ) .\nparapoynx diminutalis undergoes complete metamorphosis from an aquatic caterpillar to a moth . life stages include the egg , seven larval instars ( the seventh instar includes a pre - pupa stage ) , the pupa and finally adult emergence ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . the life cycle of parapoynx diminutalis ranges from 25 to 41 days for development and about five days for the adult life span . females lay on average about 200 eggs , but can lay just a few to over 500 . the eggs require 4 - 6 days to develop before first instars hatch . adults typically emerge from pupae after dusk and are quick to fly to avoid potential predators . the adults drink water using a reduced proboscis , but they do not appear to feed ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . parapoynx diminutalis mating has not been studied in detail but has been observed occasionally and seems to occur at around three hours after dusk . although the maximum time in copula is unknown , pairs of moths in copula facing in opposite directions were noted to rest for at least 30 minutes . after mating , there is a 1 - day pre - oviposition period . females then oviposit soon after dusk just below the water surface on leaves or stems . first instars have been shown to hatch both below and above the water surface , although it has been observed that the females typically oviposit below the water surface ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nhowever , in south africa , where the moth was accidentally introduced , parapoynx diminutalis is believed to be having a significant impact on hydrilla infestations ( bownes 2010 ) . after moths were discovered feeding in a hydrilla infested water body at pongolapoort dam , kwazulu - natal in january 2009 , almost all plants were defoliated by april of the same year ( bownes 2010 ) . although hydrilla was not eradicated in this area , the reduction in viability of the hydrilla has allowed other native plants to recolonize .\nthe asian moth parapoynx diminutalis snellen is an immigrant in florida and panama where it attacks hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata ( l . fil . ) royle , an immigrant submersed weed from asia . field populations of p . diminutalis are occasionally heavy on hydrilla but are rarely found on other plant species , including those that are laboratory hosts . larvae build portable cases from which they feed on leaves and stems . the 7 instars can be differentiated by head capsule widths . measurements are presented of other immature stages . in the laboratory at 26 . 7\u00b0c , eggs developed in 4 - 6 d , larvae in 21 - 35 d , prepupae in 1 - 2 d , and pupae in 6 - 7 d . adults lived 3 - 5 d at 24 . 4\u00b0c .\nhydrilla is invasive , and the actions of the moth rarely require management and are usually considered to be desirable . however , in certain situations where the presence of hydrilla is needed , such as in research with other biocontrol agents , management of the moth larvae may be necessary to prevent consumption of the plant material . in these situations , a strain of the biorational insecticide bacillus thuringiensis has been tested for controlling parapoynx diminutalis ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ; bownes 2010 ; baniszewski et al . 2016 ) . bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki , commonly known as btk , is specific to lepidopteran pests . btk produces proteins that are toxic to larvae ; the proteins bind to the midgut when consumed and kill the larvae ( bauce et al . 2006 ; van driesche et al . 2008 ) . a commercially available btk product has been shown to cause 80 % mortality of parapoynx diminutalis larvae in about four days ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . baniszewski et al . ( 2016 ) found that a concentration of 2 ml per 3 . 8 l or higher reduced moth emergence by 75 % and a concentration of 0 . 2 ml per 3 . 8 l reduced emergence by 50 % . however , the higher doses impacted the emergence of the biological agent under culture , the hydrilla tip - mining midge , cricotopus lebetis ( baniszewski et al . 2016 ) .\nlarvae are commonly found on the aquatic weed hydrilla , hydrilla verticillata . the initial discovery of the moth on hydrilla led to an interest in the moth as a possible biological control agent of this invasive weed . in the field , larvae and pupae have been found in small numbers on coontail ( ceratophyllum demersum l . ) , southern naiad ( najas guadalupensis ( sprengel ) magnus ) , and illinois pondweed ( potamogeton illinoensis morong ) ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . furthermore , in laboratory studies , while parapoynx diminutalis larvae preferred hydrilla , they could also complete development on various other plants including coontail , southern naiad , fanwort ( cabombo caroliniana gray ) , brazilian waterweed ( egeria densa planchon ) , and eurasian water - milfoil ( myriophyllum spicatum l . ) ( buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .\nplant damage is inflicted by the larvae , which not only eat the leaf and stem tissue , but use these materials to prepare their pupal cocoon as well ( figure 7 ) . the main food source for parapoynx diminutalis is the aquatic weed hydrilla ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . in most natural situations in the u . s . , hydrilla is invasive and an undesirable weed because it develops surface mats and disrupts natural ecosystems ( haller and sutton 1975 ; langeland et al . 2016 ) . there have been few studies to quantify the effect of feeding moth larvae on hydrilla biomass . feeding of the moth larvae on hydrilla in florida was thought to have a positive effect on hydrilla - invaded water bodies ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) by reducing the need for herbicide applications to control hydrilla mats . however , naturalized populations of this moth are too sporadic to have a significant effect on hydrilla density . for example , in northern florida populations build up during the summer months and can cause extensive defoliation of hydrilla , but in the winter , populations decline rapidly with cooler water temperatures ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe moth was identified in 1971 in india and pakistan during scouting trips to attempt to determine potential biological control agents for hydrilla . despite having potential for hydrilla destruction , the moth was declared to be a generalist feeder and unsuitable for release into u . s . water bodies for hydrilla control ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . however , the moth was later found in florida in 1976 by united states department of agriculture technicians who were testing herbicides for hydrilla control . the larvae ( caterpillars ) found on hydrilla were observed to be eating the invasive weed . the pathway , method , or time of the moth\u2019s arrival remains unknown ( del fosse et al . 1976 ) .\nmore recent studies indicate that the moth also is established in louisiana , where 37 moths were collected from 1984 - 1992 ( brou jr . 1993 ) .\neggs : eggs are smooth and bright yellow when laid ( figure 1 ) ; they turn white , and then become transparent as they develop . the eggs are generally deposited on plant leaves or stems just below the water surface in masses of various sizes ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nlarvae : larvae can be distinguished from those of other aquatic species by the presence of branched gills ( habeck 1996 ) and brown spots on the head and the tip of the thorax . the larval stage consists of seven instars ; all seven are off - white with yellow - brown legs ( habeck and balciunas 2005 ) . the larvae are mobile and feed on hydrilla leaves . the first instar is white yet nearly transparent and has 1 mm long setae ( hairs ) ( figure 2 ) . instars 2 through 7 are white , later instars begin to turn yellow as they approach pupation ( figure 3 ) . in later instars , the length increases and the external gills develop ( figure 4 ) . instars 3 through 7 use plant tissue to construct a silk case , and often retreat into the case between feeding events ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\npupae : pupae have three tubercles ( or nodules ) along each side and two setae ( or hairs ) on the head . female pupae can be distinguished from males by their larger size and by their antennae . female antennae are shorter , extending only to the wing tips , whereas male antennae are longer and extend past the wing tips ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) . late seventh instar larvae ( or pre - pupae ) enclose themselves in a white cocoon , which is attached to a submerged plant stem ( figure 5 ) . after 1 - 2 days in the cocoon , the white pre - pupae have developed into yellow pupae inside the cocoon . the eyes turn red , then brown , and the wings become visible as pupation progresses ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nadults : moth adults are white with brown or tan markings or bands on the wings and tan bands on the body ( figure 6 ) . females typically differ from males by their longer wingspans , more pointed forewings , larger abdomens and shorter antennae , and they lack the noticeable white setae displayed by males on the tip of the abdomen ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nthe moth was identified in pakistan and india during scouting trips to locate potential biological control agents for hydrilla ( baloch et al . 1980 ) . at this point , the researchers observed the moth damaging hydrilla and believed that the moth could be an effective control agent due to its destructive capabilities .\nan important characteristic of a biocontrol agent is host specificity . when laying eggs , female moths are not highly selective , which makes other plants susceptible to consumption by developing larvae . furthermore , the moth is limited by winter temperatures , and populations decline during the cooler months to a level that is almost undetectable . sensitivity to cooler climates and lack of host specificity makes the moth a poor biological control agent of hydrilla ( habeck and balciunas 1976 , buckingham and bennett 1989 ) .\nmonitoring for adult moths can be done using ultraviolet ( uv ) black lights or incandescent light bulbs , which are both attractive to the moth ( buckingham and bennett 1996 ) .\nthe authors would like to acknowledge funding provided by the usda nifa ramp grant 2010 - 02825 that helped pay for the production of this article . the authors would like to acknowledge the reviewers that provided feedback on an early draft of the article , dr . william overholt and dr . verena lietze .\nagassiz d . 1978 . five introduced species , including one new to science , of china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist\u2019s gazette 29 : 117 - 127 .\nagassiz d . 1981 . further introduced china mark moths ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) new to britain . entomologist\u2019s gazette 32 : 21 - 26 .\nbalciunas jk , minno mc . 1985 . insects damaging hydrilla in the usa . journal of aquatic plant management 23 : 77 - 83 .\nbaloch gm , sana - ullah , ghani ma . 1980 . some promising insects for the biological control of hydrilla verticillata in pakistan . tropical pest management 26 : 194 - 200 .\nbauce e , kumbasli m , van fankenhuyzen k , carisey n . 2006 . interactions among white spruce tannins , bacillus thuringiensis subsp . kurstaki , and spruce budworm ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , on larval survival , growth and development . journal of economic entomology 99 : 2038 - 2047 .\nhaag kh , buckingham gr . 1991 . effects of herbicides and microbial insecticides on the insects of aquatic plants . journal of aquatic plant management 29 : 55 - 57 .\nhabeck dh . 1996 . australian moths for hydrilla control . u . s . army engineer waterways experiment station . technical report . a96 : 10 . vicksburg , ms .\nhabeck dh , balciunas jk . 2005 . larvae of nymphulinae ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) associated with hydrilla verticillata ( hydrocharitaceae ) in north queensland . australian journal of entomology 44 : 354 - 363 .\nhaller wt , sutton dl . 1975 . community structure and competition between hydrilla and vallisneria . hyacinth control journal 13 : 48 - 50 .\nkegley se , hill br , orme s , choi ah . 2010 . pan pesticide database . pesticide action network , north america ( san francisco , ca . 2010 ) . ( 24 june 2017 ) .\nlangeland ka , enloe sf , gettys l . 2016 . hydrilla management in florida lakes . university of florida , ifas extension . ( 24 june 2017 ) .\nnuss m , landry b , vegliante f , tr\u00e4nkner a , mally r , hayden j , segner a , li h , schouten r , solis ma , trofimova t , de prins j , speidel w . 2003 - 2013 . global information system on pyraloidea . ( 24 june 2017 ) .\nshibuya j . 1928 . the systematic study on the formosan pyralidae . journal of the faculty of agriculture , hokkaido imperial university , sapporo , japan 22 : 1 - 300 .\nvan driesche r , hoddle m , center t . 2008 . control of pests and weeds by natural enemies : an introduction to biological control . blackwell publishing . malden , ma .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nif you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute , please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths . co . uk .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 08 : 27 : 12 page render time : 0 . 2267s total w / procache : 0 . 2709s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlooks like it arrived on it ' s own at least by 1976 , not a planned introduction . note the larva has 7 instars ( as opposed to a more normal 5 ) .\nbob p .\nbold - barcode of life data systems - collection map and photos of pinned adults .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe caterpillars of this species is off - white with a pale brown head . it has stiff hairs along the body and two long hairs at the tail . the caterpillars have been found feeding on the leaves of aquatic plants in the genus :\nthe wings of the adult have a striking pattern of brown and white . the moth has a wingspan of about 2 cms .\nare yellow and laid in masses on water plant leaves on the surface of the water .\nfor esthwaite waterweed , which is pest in waterways there , but its depradations are too variable .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : naturalised in aquatic nurseries through accidental introduction in aquatic plants from singapore . abundant in aquatic nurseries at enfield , middlesex from 1977 since when periodically controlled by fumigation , also in other nurseries , and in many parts of europe and the u . s . a . in hampshire one was found dead in a striplight insect trap at barton stacey in july 1977 . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan male 13 - 16 mm , female 17 - 19 mm . similar to p . obscuralis , which see . larva feeds on water plants , living entirely underwater , causing sufficient damage to be a serious pest in some areas .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmeyrick , e . 1885 ,\non the classification of the australian pyralidina\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1885 , no . 4 , pp . 421 - 456\nbutler , a . g . 1886 ,\ndescriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of lepidoptera heterocera from the australian region\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , no . 4 , pp . 381 - 441 , pls 9 - 10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c5c89ae - 27ce - 474e - ad86 - 0a7dbac83b54\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8a9ad7c8 - bea6 - 466d - b760 - 8f72c9d402d9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b30514ec - 3f74 - 40da - 9cf6 - 551bc30c441a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b76251a5 - 9360 - 4a65 - 9a7a - e9bc171fac97\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 65abdd10 - ec8e - 42a5 - 9c0c - a6e47b422bec\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 401483\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 590, "summary": [{"text": "pholadomya is a genus of fossil saltwater clams , marine bivalve mollusks in the family pholadomyidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "fossils species within this genus lived during the mesozoic era , in the opening south atlantic , between present-day brazil and africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in the triassic of argentina , austria , hungary , and italy fossils have been found .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they are found in the jurassic of the coquina group , la guajira , colombia among many other places .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "of campanian age , this genus is widespread as a fossil in cameroon , france , poland , austria , germany and the usa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "fossils up to the neogene have been found in belgium , the united kingdom , and venezuela ( pliocene mare and playa grande formations ) and miocene bulgaria , chile , colombia , cyprus , germany , india , japan , malta , moldova , new zealand , panama , poland , the russian federation , slovakia , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pholadomya", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - pholadomya g . b . sowerby i , 1823\nworms - world register of marine species - pholadomya candida g . b . sowerby i , 1823\nvariety pholadomya loveni var . locardi mars , 1958 accepted as parilimya loveni ( jeffreys , 1882 ) ( synonym )\nspecies pholadomya arata verrill & s . smith , 1881 accepted as panacca arata ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1881 )\nspecies pholadomya arata verrill & s . smith , 1881 , sensu locard , 1898 accepted as panacca locardi ( dall , 1903 ) ( misidentification )\nmorton b . 1980 . the anatomy of the \u2018living fossil\u2019 pholadomya candida sowerby , 1823 ( mollusca : bivalvia : anomalodesmata ) . videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorik forening i kj\u00f8benhavn 142 : 7\u2013102 . [ details ]\njuan manuel d\u00edaz , francisco j . borrero ; on the occurrence of pholadomya candida sowerby , 1823 ( bivalvia : anomalodesmata ) on the caribbean coast of colombia , journal of molluscan studies , volume 61 , issue 3 , 1 august 1995 , pages 407\u2013408 , urltoken\nty - jour ti - indomya , a new subgenus of pholadomya from the middle jurassic of kachchh , western india ( bivalvia , pholadomyidae ) t2 - the veliger . vl - 28 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1986 sp - 457 ep - 459 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - jaitly , ak er -\n@ article { bhlpart94157 , title = { indomya , a new subgenus of pholadomya from the middle jurassic of kachchh , western india ( bivalvia , pholadomyidae ) } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 28 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { jaitly , ak } , year = { 1986 } , pages = { 457 - - 459 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > indomya , a new subgenus of pholadomya from the middle jurassic of kachchh , western india ( bivalvia , pholadomyidae ) < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > jaitly , ak < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 28 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the veliger . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> berkeley , ca : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > california malacozoological society . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 28 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 457 < / start > < end > 459 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1986 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also eames 1951 , frassinetti and covacevich 1999 , ronchetti 1970 , russell and landes 1937 , scholz et al . 2008 , sepkoski 2002 , vokes 1980 and woodring 1982\nsowerby i , g . b . ( 1821\u201334 ) . the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students , in conchology and geology . g . b . sowerby , london . vol . 1 pl . 1 - 126 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1821 - 1825 ] ; vol . 2 : pl . 127 - 162 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1825 - 1834 ] ( [ published in 42 numbers . for complete collation see sykes , 1906 and see petit r . e . 2006 . notes on sowerby ' s the genera of recent and fossil shells ( 1821\u20131834 ) archives of natural history 33 : 71 - 89 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncoan e . v . 2000 . a new species of panacca from chile ( bivalvia : pholadomyoidea : parilimyidae ) . malacologia 42 ( 1 - 2 ) : 165 - 170 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of flabellomya rollier , 1911 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsowerby i , g . b . ( 1821\u201334 ) . the genera of recent and fossil shells , for the use of students , in conchology and geology . g . b . sowerby , london . vol . 1 pl . 1 - 126 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1821 - 1825 ] ; vol . 2 : pl . 127 - 162 + text ( unpaginated ) [ 1825 - 1834 ] ( [ published in 42 numbers . for complete collation see sykes , 1906 and see petit r . e . 2006 . notes on sowerby ' s the genera of recent and fossil shells ( 1821\u20131834 ) archives of natural history 33 : 71 - 89 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : pl . 19 , 2 p . unpaginated text [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrosenberg , g . 1992 . encyclopedia of seashells . dorset : new york . 224 pp . page ( s ) : 167 [ details ]\njeffreys j . g . 1882 . on the mollusca procured during the ' lightning ' and ' porcupine ' expeditions 1868 - 70 . ( part iv ) . proceedings of the zoological society of london , ( 1881 ) : 922 - 952 , pl . 70 - 71 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 934 ; pl . 70 fig . 7 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncheck list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nmoderately large for family ( to 80 mm long ) , highly inflated , with very thin , fragile , highly nacreous shell , and umbo close to anterior end . sculpture of many rather indistinct commarginal ridges and , on central region , about 17 to 20 low , widely spaced radial costae , forming weak nodules at sculptural intersections ; anterior eighth and posterior fifth of length lack obvious radial sculpture . escutcheon weakly defined , a narrow , smooth , weakly concave area on each side of dorsal margin . anterior end short , inflated , bearing very weakly defined , pouting lunule , occupying third of shell height , bounded by very shallow , wide depression . interior not seen in any new zealand material of the genus ; modern species lack hinge teeth . almost all specimens distorted in a variety of ways .\nillustrated by suter ( 1915 , p . 62 , pl . 7 , fig . 1 ) , is said to be from\noamaru\n; the sole specimen we are aware of subsequently collected in oamaru district is from mount harris formation in south oamaru ( altonian ) and this could well be the horizon of hutton ' s type .\ncommonly encountered of at least five species of pholadomyoidean bivalves recorded from the new zealand cenozoic . until recently these were all included in the pholadomyidae and assigned to either\n( pl . 9h , i ) , but some modification to this classification is necessary in the light of work by morton ( 1982 ) . he proposed a new family parilimyidae for anomalodesmatans that resemble pholadomyids in most shell characters , but differ significantly in anatomical details . in particular , parilimyids have\ntaenioid\n( i . e . , tape - like ) siphonal retractor muscles , which leave prominent scars on the inside of the shell ( a single scar near the centre of each valve ) , whereas pholadomyids have only greatly reduced siphonal muscles . on the other hand , parilimyids lack pedal retractor muscles , whereas these are well developed in pholadomyidae . unfortunately , fossil pholadomyaceans are rarely well enough preserved to discern muscle scar details , so assignment to one or other of these families normally depends on their similarity to extant species .\ndell , 1963 , which morton ( 1982 , p . 167 ) assigned to\nmelvill & standen , 1889 ( recent , torres strait ) , the type species of the genus , beu & maxwell ( 1990 ) provisionally assigned them there .\ndall , 1903 , which morton ( 1982 , p . 161 - 163 ) included in the parilimyidae .\na ( length up to about 55 mm ) , is lower and less inflated , has a less convex ventral margin , has umbones situated at about a third of the length from the anterior end , and has less prominent radial sculpture . there are few obvious differences , however , between\nare known from waipipi , waverley beach ( waipipian ; type only ) , and from gs1548 , mangaone crossing , wairoa district , hawkes bay ( opoitian ) .\nan unnamed pholadomyacean , probably a parilimyid , is represented by a specimen in nzgs from whitewater creek , castle hill basin , canterbury ( duntroonian ) with a nearly central umbo , a relatively thick shell , and prominent radial costae with no obvious commarginal sculpture ; this may be the second species illustrated by suter ( 1915 , pl . 6 , fig . 2 ) as\nas , although suter ' s specimen is unlocalised , the preservation appears to match that of the whitewater creek shell . it is not a typical\ndall , 1907 ( recent , japan ) , referred by morton ( 1982 , p . 172 ) to\nalthough , like the other species he assigned there , it has little similarity to the type species . another possibly distinct species is represented by an internal mould of a small ( length 40 mm ) , evenly oval specimen from\ngs945 , breccia below kakanui limestone , kakanui\ncollected and listed by park ( 1918 , p . 68 ) ; the specimen is almost certainly from the top of the deborah volcanic formation ( whaingaroan ) .\n( pl . 9h , i ) is readily distinguished from all other new zealand pholadomyaceans by its extremely short anterior end and almost flat anterior area .\nalthough pholadomyaceans are often considered to be characteristic of deep waters they are also recorded from much shallower environments .\n( tongaporutuan , kaiwara river , north canterbury ) is from a very shallow - water assemblage .\nis limited to shallow - water\nhurupi facies\nfaunules in palliser bay ( tongaporutuan ) . powell ( 1931a , p . 90 ) and fleming ( 1953 ) concluded that the fossiliferous beds at waipipi \u0097 the type locality of\n( duntroonian ? ) otaian ( ? ) to tongaporutuan ; rare in bathyal siltstone and some shelf assemblages throughout new zealand .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nto museum of new zealand te papa ( m . 016253 ; pholodomya maoria dell , 1963 ; holotype )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 594, "summary": [{"text": "utegenia is a genus of early tetrapod .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is usually regarded as a basal seymouriamorph , but sometimes included in the discosauriscidae or as a sister taxon of the latter .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "only one species , utegenia shpinari , found from kazakhstan , is known .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "urumqia , another basal seymouriamorph , from urumqi , xinjiang of china is probably a junior synonym of utegenia . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "utegenia", "paragraphs": ["urumqia was originally associated with utegenia , but actually urumqia is a basal lepidosauromorph reptile .\nfigure 1 . skull of a postmetamorphic specimen of utegenia shpinari . notice the contact between the postorbital ( po ) and the supratemporal ( st ) .\naccording to the present family tree , the rise of the living amphibians occurs in this lineage beginning with utegenia . this is where living amphibians depart from living reptiles .\noverall much smaller than kotlassia , the skull of utegenia was relatively larger , lower and wider . the interpterygoid space expanded ( narrower pterygoid ) . the parasphenoid and basisphenoid were enlarged .\nlaurin , m . in press . a reappraisal of utegenia , a permo - carboniferous seymouriamorph ( tetrapoda : batrachosauria ) from kazakhstan . journal of vertebrate paleontology 29 pages , 6 figures .\nlaurin m 1996 . a reappraisal of utegenia , a permo - carboniferous seymouriamorph ( tetrapoda : batrachosauria ) from kazakhstan . journal of vertebrate paleontology 16 ( 3 ) : 374 - 383 .\nutegenia shpinari kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ( batrachosauria : seymouriamorpha ) . kurty locality . latest carboniferous - early permian of kazakhstan . two postmetamorphic specimens and larvae with leaves of pecopteris , taeniopteris and kerpia .\nof course they are not an ancestors of axolotl despite some morphological similarities utegenia much closer to ancestors of reptiles in a broad sense . but you are correct , this small - sized specimens which are larvae , really looks similar to modern axolotls .\nutegenia had a moderately long trunk , with 28 presacral vertebrae ( three of four more than in other seymouriamorphs ) . the neural arches are paired and disarticulated from the pleurocentra even in the largest known specimen , but this is probably a juvenile character ( neural arch fusion occurred relatively late in the ontogeny of early terrestrial vertebrates ) .\nutegenia had circular scales over most of its body , like discosauriscus . it retained rhomboidal ventral scales ( fig . 2 ) arranged in a chevron pattern ( gastralia ) and a contact between the postorbital and the supratemporal ( fig . 1 ) . both of these characters suggest that it is not closely related to discosauriscus , ariekanerpeton , or seymouria ( none of these seymouriamorphs appear to have had rhomboidal gastralia , although circular ventral scales were present in discosauriscus , and the presence of gastralia cannot be determined in seymouria ) . the contact between the supratemporal and the postorbital is rarely present in discosauriscus and ariekanerpeton , and it is not found in seymouria , but it is present in most postmetamorphic specimens of utegenia .\nthe first published reconstructions of utegenia shpinari showed a very broad skull ( kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) , but recent work suggests that kuznetsov and ivakhnenko did not take the extensive crushing into consideration ( fig . 1 ) , and that the skull was somewhat more narrow ( laurin , in press ) . the braincase is virtually unknown because its endochondral elements were cartilaginous . however , the parasphenoid was broad , triangular , and covered in a shagreen of denticles .\nutegenia shpinari was found in the upper pennsylvanian or lower permian of kazakhstan ( the stratigraphy of this area is problematic ) . it is represented by more than four hundred flattened but well preserved specimens . these specimens document a growth series ranging from small larvae to small post - metamorphic specimens . this growth series shows that the neural arches ossify before the centra , and the external gills disappear when the skull reaches a length of about 1 . 5 cm ( kuznetsoz and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) . however , the poor ossification of most endochondral elements suggests that no fully mature specimen was found . the cranial length of the known specimens ranges from 1 cm to 3 . 5 cm ( kuznetsov and ivakhnenko , 1981 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe appendicular skeleton is poorly known because of its poor ossification . the scapula and coracoid are discrete elements , and the scapula is approximately circular . the ends of the limb bones are unossified . the carpus and tarsus are usually not ossified .\nkuznetsov , v . v . , and m . f . ivakhnenko . 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108 .\nskeleton of a postmetamorphic specimen . this specimen is one of more than four hundred skeletons recently collected in kazakhstan . impressions of ventral scales are preserved on the right side of the abdomen .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ni thank my wife ( ms . patricia lai ) and mr . matthew marlowe for editing this page . dr . david maddison provided invaluable assistance in formatting this page and in linking it to other pages of the tree of life . i thank dr . jozef klembara for his useful comments on discosauriscus .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin the lineage of microsaurs . it also phylogenetically preceded the amniota , and its basalmost taxon ,\nthe cervicals and caudals are not known . the dorsal ribs were wide , producing a flattened torso .\nthe scapula and coracoid were reduced to two unfused discs . the extremely robust humerus was enlarged proximally , removing any trace of the former l shape . the radius and ulna were more robust . the manus and pes were not documented .\nkuznetzov vv and ivakhnenko mf 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : v . v . kuznetsov and m . f . ivakhnenko . 1981 . discosauriscids from the upper paleozoic in southern kazakhstan . paleontological journal 1981 : 101 - 108\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 595, "summary": [{"text": "southern halo ( 1983 \u2013 2009 ) was an american-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in his racing career he ran twenty-four times winning five races and finishing second in the grade i swaps stakes and super derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he is chiefly notable for his remarkable career at stud where he was leading sire in argentina on ten occasions and the sire of 170 stakes winners , 56 of them group/grade i winners , and 16 of them were champions . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "southern halo", "paragraphs": ["original southern halo song co - written by natalia morris of southern halo and melissa bollea rowe .\nit all started when . . . | we are halo | southern halo season 1 preview\nofficial twitter page for sister trio country pop band southern halo . new album # justlikeinthemovies available now !\nnineteen - year - old southern halo ( halo - - northern sea , by northern dancer ) stands for $ 15 , 000 .\ntake a look at the official music video for\nrewind\nby southern halo directed by : james & heather mathews written by : c . neal , g ' . o ' brien and c . gravitt copyright 2016 - southern halo\ntake a look at the official music video for\nrewind\nby southern halo directed by : james & heather mathews written by : c . neal , g ' . o ' brien and c . gravitt copyright 2016 - southern halo show less\nthe latter , like former equus champion entisaar , is a son of outstanding shuttle sire more than ready ( himself a son of the halo stallion southern halo ) .\nleading sire kantharos ( lion heart\u2013contessa halo , by southern halo ) is moving from ocala stud in florida to hill \u2018n\u2019 dale farms in lexington , kentucky , stonestreet stables announced thursday .\nwe are proud to introduce our music video for\nlittle white dress\nour debut single off the self titled album southern halo ! take a look and be sure to check back each week for new videos and don ' t forget to subscribe ! published on august 25 , 2015 . music video by southern halo performing little white dress . produced by james matthews films . ( c ) 2015 southern halo publishing .\ncangon stud farm owner jamie mackay has announced that snapy halo , a group 1 winning son of southern halo , has been retired to stand at his hunter valley based property in 2011 .\n\u201ci think it ' s pretty fair to say that snapy halo is the best bred son of southern halo to ever stand in australasia which certainly bodes well for his chances , \u201d said mackay .\nsouthern halo also stood at john magnier and partners\u2019 ashford stud near versailles , ky . , and in japan . his kentucky - bred stakes winners include millionaire\nsouthern halo won or placed in 15 of 22 races and earned $ 344 , 875 in north america for owner stavros niarchos while trained by d . wayne lukas . southern halo\u2019s five stakes - placings included runner - up efforts in the super derby ( gr . i ) and the swaps stakes ( gr . i ) .\nhalo became a sire - of - sires which besides sunday silence , included saint ballado and southern halo who died aged 26 after a very successful career at stud in argentina - being a leading sire for eight years .\nthe most influential and successful argentine stallion of the past generation , southern halo was a son of halo and the northern dancer mare northern sea . bred by e . p . taylor , southern halo sold for $ 600 , 000 as a yearling to stavros niarchos , who raced him in the u . s . second in both the g1 super derby and swaps stakes as a 3 - year - old in 1986 but not a stakes winner during his racing career , southern halo had to sail afar to find stallion success when niarchos sold him for export as a stallion prospect .\nit\u2019s hard , it\u2019s between kitchen notes at the omni , they have the best buffet , but then there\u2019s the southern .\nmarkedly back at the knee , upright in the pasterns and a non - stakes winner to boot , southern halo was always going to be a marginal stud prospect in kentucky . however , prominent argentine stud farm haras la quebrada gave recognition to his impeccable breeding and southern halo was despatched to a stallion career in argentina , where he would rewrite the record books .\nhalo surface brightnesses that are generally in reasonable agreement with those inferred from the best - fit halo models in this paper . however , the halo temperatures inferred from the o\n, we showed that the halo emission measure tends to increase from the outer to the inner galaxy , at least in the southern galactic hemisphere . we previously noted a similar trend for the\nsouthern halo will be buried at haras la quebrada near another north american - bred stallion , solazo , sire of the second dam of north america\u2019s two - time horse of the year cigar .\ncentral kentucky stallion southern halo entered into the history books by becoming the 14th stallion to top the 100 mark by number of stakes winners among those stallions who stood at least one season in north america . southern halo , who began his stallion career in south america and now has 102 stakes winners , has held court at ashford stud near versailles , ky . , starting in 1996 .\nnot so long afterward , southern halo was restricted solely to covering in the southern hemisphere , and his production of top racers in argentina has continued . the stallion ' s influence in the northern hemisphere has enjoyed a renewal of success as more than ready has steadily earned respect as one of the best stallions in the world .\nnone of the estrellas is so closely linked to the giant reputation of southern halo than the sprint , which went to offspring of the stallion six times in seven year from 1995 through 2001 . three of those were , however , the years that the wonderful wally dominated speed in the southern hemisphere to a degree that is unrivaled . the extraordinary daughter of southern halo out of the logical mare welcome won the sprint in 1995 through 1997 , when she was pretty much the fastest thing to wear plates in the racing world .\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines archive and tagged buster ' s ready , estrellas classic , more than ready , mother goose stakes , southern halo , star runner by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nwatch southern halo\u2019s \u201clittle white dress\u201d video and let us know what you think of country music\u2019s emerging sibling trio . also , make sure to follow the girls on twitter , facebook , and by checking out their website !\nhalo\u2019s close relationship to northern dancer offered breeders many opportunities to inbreed to their shared grandam , almahmoud , a combination that has resulted in innumerable top horses , including champions serena\u2019s song , fantastic light , ashado , daiwa major , and singspiel , but one of the best racehorses to emerge from the direct cross of halo and a northern dancer mare was southern halo .\ntoday , other sons of halo , including saint ballado and southern halo , are commanding prestige in the breeding sheds as well . as a broodmare sire , halo is equally sensational , with daughters or granddaughters producing champions victory gallop , machiavellian , singspiel , and coup de genie ; classic winners fusaichi pegasus and pine bluff ; and sires such as rahy and silver ghost .\nthat disappointment , added to the rather academic attitude of sales buyers ' rejecting some of southern halo ' s stock as imperfect , produced a cooling off of the love affair with kentucky breeders that had so quickly sprung around the stallion .\nsnapy halo is by one of the best sire of sires in the world , southern halo , who was argentina ' s leading sire from 1994 to 2000 , and in 2004 and 2007 . he sired more than 100 stakes winners including 50 winners at the group 1 level , 16 of which were champions .\nmore than ready\u2019s flying start proved a perfect catalyst for collingrove stud in victoria to import another us - bred sprinting son of southern halo . halo homewrecker hadn\u2019t been as good as sprinter as more than ready , but don\u2019t say halo and more than ready had paved the way for his importation , and the timing was excellent for his arrival at collingrove in advance of the 2005 stud season .\nthat r\u00e9sum\u00e9 omission , combined with the fact that he was markedly back at the knee and upright in his pasterns , made him a marginal stud prospect in kentucky , so southern halo was sold to haras la quebrada near buenos aires , argentina . southern halo quickly proved himself the most successful sire of the modern era in argentina , winning seven sire championships and siring 18 argentine champions among his career total of 175 stakes winners from 1 , 828 foals ( 9 . 6 percent ) .\nin summary , our observations suggest that the halo is concentrated toward the galactic center . other than that , the morphology of the hot halo remains uncertain . however , our observed emission measures do not vary with latitude in the way expected for a disk - like halo morphology . the patchiness of the halo emission makes it difficult to determine the halo ' s underlying global morphology .\ncolumn densities when calculating the attenuation of the halo emission . the details of the morphology of the halo remain uncertain , but the variation of the emission measure with longitude suggests that the halo is concentrated toward the galactic center ( section\nin part due to the massive impression that wally made , along with a series of champion juveniles , southern halo became associated with the speed to an inordinate degree . but as star runner and numerous other fine athletes like el compinche and miss linda ( spinster stakes ) have shown , speed was a benefit of breeding to southern halo , not a limitation . many of the stallions ' offspring have excelled at eight , nine , or 10 furlongs , as well as many at the shorter distances .\nsouthern halo , the most successful sire in argentine history , died in his paddock at haras la quebrada near buenos aires from complications from the infirmities of old age , according to gustavo gonzalez . the 24 - year - old maryland - bred son of halo out of the northern dancer mare northern sea had been pensioned this year .\n\u201ci ( told ) him goodbye the last weekend . he didn\u2019t suffer or feel pain\u201d , said hernan ceriani cernadas iii , son of the late hernan ceriani cernadas and owner of la quebrada with his family . \u201ca few days ago , when someone said that southern halo was the sadler\u2019s wells of argentina , john magnier said , \u2018southern halo has joined around him people of the class of robert sangster ( of coolmore ) , e . p . taylor , d . wayne lukas , hern\u00e1n ceriani cernadas . \u2019 \u201d\n( b ) , in which the halo temperature was fixed at 2 . 5\nintensity , it may also be due to the fact that the halo likely has a complicated temperature and ionization structure , so different methods of characterizing the halo emission may yield different temperatures . despite this , such temperature measurements are still useful for testing halo models , provided the predicted halo emission is treated like the true halo emission . this involves creating synthetic observations from the predicted halo spectra , which are then analyzed with the same sxrb model as the real observations ( hskjm ) .\nhalo - a horse with the reputation for being anything but angelic . . .\nsouthern halo was argentina\u2019s leading sire from 1994 to 2000 , and in 2004 and 2007 . he topped the broodmare sire\u2019s list from 2004 to 2008 and ranks as the current leader . his 167 stakes winners include 56 group / grade i winners and 16 champions .\nwe are southern halo ! welcome to our channel ! here you will see our latest interviews , music videos , and . . . . coming in may our new series where we let cameras into our life and show you guys , what h . . .\nbuenos aires \u2014 the victor in the group 1 estrellas classic on saturday at san isidro racecourse in buenos aires was the bay colt star runner , a son of the great us - bred and argentine - based stallion southern halo , who died in november 2009 .\nthe combination of the stallion ' s immediate success in argentina , internationally recognizable pedigree , and the versatility in his offspring made coolmore reach out and acquire southern halo as a reverse shuttle horse for their burgeoning operation in kentucky at ashford stud in the early 1990s .\nas a premium stallion in the argentine , southern halo made his mark from the beginning , and the carreras de las estrellas , renewed for the 21st time this weekend , have proven to be a showcase for the talents and versatility of the stallion and his offspring .\nbesides snapy halo , esnaola is also the dam of exciting young group 1 winning stallion sebi halo and the champion older mare , halo ola . she has also produced a further three black type placed runners and all this has come from just nine foals .\nbred by e . p . taylor , southern halo went through the 1984 keeneland july yearling sale , where he was purchased for $ 600 , 000 by the irish branch of the british bloodstock agency . he initially raced in ireland , where he was unplaced in two starts .\nsouthern halo , who has shuttled back and forth between ashford and argentine the last several years , is represented by several stakes winners from his u . s . crops . the group is led by grade i winner more than ready , who stands at stud at vinery near lexington .\nintensity , thus biasing the halo measurements . alternatively , the discrepancy may be due to the halo having a complex multitemperature , multi - ionization - state structure , meaning that the o\ndespite being a gr1 winner on turf , however , it was through his top class dirt performers sunday silence , devil\u2019s bag , sunny\u2019s halo and glorious song , that halo largely made his mark \u2013a mark potent enough to score halo a pair of us sires titles ( in 1983 and 1989 ) and both sunny\u2019s halo and sunday silence won the gr1 kentucky derby .\na full brother to snapy halo , sebi halo has kicked off his stallion career in great order having produced a group 2 winner among 8 stakes winners in his first two crops .\nsouthern halo ( usa ) b . h , 1983 { 16 - g } dp = 18 - 5 - 23 - 4 - 0 ( 50 ) di = 2 . 23 cd = 0 . 74 - 24 starts , 5 wins , 7 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 344 , 875\nthe halo and extragalactic components were both subject to absorption . for this purpose we used the xspec\nkzn breeders : halo - a horse with the reputation for being anything but angelic . . .\nsadly , halo homewrecker died after only one season at collingrove , but time has shown that he would have had enough potential to write his own ( admittedly small ) chapter in halo\u2019s story .\nsouthern halo also was represented by major north american winners miss linda and edenwold . an argentine - bred champion , miss linda won the 2001 overbrook spinster stakes ( gr . i ) at keeneland . edenwold was voted canada\u2019s 2005 champion 2 - year - old male . he won the following year\u2019s classic queen\u2019s plate stakes .\n) . similarly , column 13 contains the best - fit halo emission measure . as noted in section\nbred by northern dancer\u2019s breeder , e . p . taylor , out of 1977 grade 3 test stakes winner northern sea from the great family of lea lark , southern halo clearly possessed plenty of racing ability . purchased for $ 600 , 000 at the 1984 keeneland july sale by stavros niarchos , he failed to place at 2 in ireland but won 5 of 22 starts for trainer d . wayne lukas over the next two years in america . southern halo was beaten only a head by clear choice in the 1986 grade 1 swaps stakes and finished second in the grade 1 super derby to wise times , but he never managed to win a stakes race .\ncolumn density used to attenuate the halo and extragalactic components . column 12 contains the best - fit halo temperature , along with the statistical error ( 90 % confidence interval for one interesting parameter ; lampton et al .\nmeasurements suggests that , in fact , our choice of foreground model is not adversely affecting our halo measurements .\nsouthern halo , made up of natalia ( pronounced natalie - uh ) , christina , and hannah , a trio of sisters from the mississippi delta , recently released its debut single , \u201c little white dress , \u201d to radio . the track marks the lead single off the group\u2019s self - titled debut album and is already receiving spins across the country .\nglorious song was by no means the only daughter of halo to leave behind a top sire son \u2013halo matriarch coup de folies produced three gr1 winners , including champion 2yo colt and outstanding sire machiavellian ( mr prospector ) .\nas a stallion , halo\u2019s image ( halo - - sugar\u2019s image , by valid appeal ) is represented by 39 stakes horses and the earners of $ 20 . 5 million . the best of his 17 stakes winners ,\n) , we find that this leads to an uncertainty in the halo surface brightness typically of only \u00b10 . 3\nto say that the halo male line has enjoyed its most success outside the states , would be an understatement .\nemission from the outer to the inner galaxy , in agreement with the halo measurements presented here . these results argue against the hot halo having a simple plane - parallel disk - like morphology , in which case the emission measure would be independent of galactic longitude . instead , these results suggest a halo that is concentrated toward the galactic center .\nthe majority of southern halo ' s stakes winners have come from his argentine crops . he is represented by some 35 argentine group i winners , including miss linda . a champion in argentina who was imported to the u . s . in 2000 , miss linda won a u . s . grade i stakes last year and is a grade iii winner this year .\nan xmm - newton survey of the soft x - ray background . iii . the galactic halo x - ray emission\npensioned from stud duty at stone farm in 1997 , halo passed away at the age of 31 late in 2000 .\nour halo emission measures do not decrease with increasing galactic latitude , contrary to what is expected for a plane - parallel disk - like halo morphology . this result appears not to be an artifact of soft proton contamination , nor of our using h\nhalo spent most of his career at stone farm and produced a number of champions , amongst them devil ' s bag - who happens to be a full brother to glorious song and sunny ' s halo - winner of the 1983 kentucky derby .\nfigure 7 . 0 . 5\u20132 . 0 kev halo surface brightnesses against halo temperatures . sight lines on which the original target of the xmm - newton observation was a galaxy cluster are colored orange . the triangles indicate upper limits on the surface brightnesses .\nthe halo male line in america suffered another serious blow seven years ago when 2005 horse of the year saint liam , the best son of halo\u2019s leading sire son saint ballado , died after only one season at stud without leaving an obvious male heir .\n2nd super derby invitational ( g1 ) , swaps s ( g1 ) , silver screen h . ( g2 ) , el cajon s . ; 3rd kensington h . leading sire in argentina 8 times . southern halo is the sire of 120 stakes winners , including 88 graded / group winners , and 12 champions , according to jockey club records . he currently stands exclusively at haras la quebrada , argentina .\nfigure 5 . halo emission measure against ( a ) b for the northern galactic hemisphere , ( b ) b for the southern galactic hemisphere , ( c ) | l | for the northern galactic hemisphere ( see equation ( 2 ) ) , and ( d ) | l | for the southern galactic hemisphere . panels ( a ) and ( d ) show the only two examples of statistically significant correlations in table 3 ; the other two panels are shown for comparison . detections are shown with crosses and error bars ; upper limits are shown with triangles . the red data points indicate emission measures from sight lines for which the temperature was fixed at 2 . 1 \u00d7 10 6 k .\nan xmm - newton survey of the soft x - ray background . iii . the galactic halo x - ray emission - iopscience\n, respectively . they subsequently used a foreground model with these oxygen intensities to obtain their halo measurements . gupta et al . (\nhalo\u2019s image stood this season for a fee of $ 4 , 000 . his 10 - year - old half - brother ,\n, won the 2004 santa anita handicap ( gr . i ) and pimlico special ( gr . i ) and the $ 1 million barretts / ctba classic stakes the year he was florida\u2019s horse of the year . southern image earned a career total of $ 1 , 843 , 750 .\nhalo sired seven champions and 62 stakes winners , and led the leading sire list twice . standout runners sired by halo included goodbye halo , who counted the kentucky oaks among her seven gr 1 victories , strodes creek , who was second in the 1994 kentucky derby and third in the belmont stakes gr 1 , and millionaire lively one , whose long list of accomplishments included the swaps stakes gr 1 . halo ' s progeny earned over $ 44 million on the racetrack and have netted far more in the breeding shed .\nin only two cases is the correlation statistically significant at the 5 % level . the halo emission measure is positively correlated with | b | in the northern hemisphere ( i . e . , the emission measure tends to increase from low latitudes to the pole ; see figure 5 ( a ) ) . there is no correlation between emission measure and | b | in the southern hemisphere ( see figure 5 ( b ) ) . however , the emission measure is negatively correlated with | l | in the southern hemisphere ( i . e . , the emission measure tends to increase from the outer galaxy to the inner galaxy , as noted in the previous section ; see figure 5 ( d ) ) .\ntoday , the late sunday silence is immortalized as the greatest sire and sire of sires in japanese history , a horse so good that even less - accomplished sons like silent name and hat trick are making a positive contribution in the land of their father\u2019s birth . another unheralded son of halo , the beautifully bred southern halo , became one of the greatest sires in argentine history , and his best american son , more than ready , is the sire of current kentucky derby favorite verrazano , who is exactly the type of horse that will make breeders salivate .\nand the number of degrees of freedom . column 15 contains the intrinsic 0 . 5\u20132 . 0 kev surface brightness of the halo ,\nhalo developed into a good grass horse at 3 , winning the lawrence realization , which attracted a bid from english breeder irving allen . when allen\u2019s representatives discovered that halo was a cribber ( a horse that clings to objects with his teeth and sucks air into his stomach ) \u2013 then considered a disqualifying flaw by old - fashioned english breeders \u2013 the sale was rescinded and halo returned to the barn of trainer mackenzie miller . halo improved further as a 5 - year - old , winning the grade 1 united nations handicap and grade 2 tidal handicap , earning a place at windfields farm alongside his \u201ccousin\u201d northern dancer , a son of a half - sister to halo\u2019s dam .\nalthough a stallion ' s success at stud is usually defined by statistics , his true legacy carries far deeper than mere numbers . halo , one of only 18 stallions in history to sire more than one derby winner , certainly has impressive statistics , but to stone farm , halo represents more than sheer numbers . halo meant the world to stone farm , partly because he gave stone farm 1989 horse of the year sunday silence .\nwhile roberto horses ended up excelling all around the world , the influence of hail to reason\u2019s other extremely influential son , halo , has largely been much more localized . halo wasn\u2019t as good a racehorse as roberto ( whose derby victory was only his second greatest triumph , as his defeat of\nthe latest chapter in the halo success story can be seen in south africa \u2013thanks to the exploits of last season\u2019s leading first crop sire gimmethegreenlight .\nthat overwhelming success led to ashford stud re - importing him as a shuttle sire in 1996 , but he did not meet the same success in the land of his birth . southern halo sired canadian champion edenwold , but by far his most important north american - conceived offspring was more than ready . out of the woodman mare woodman\u2019s girl , more than ready was bred by woodlynn farm and sold for $ 187 , 000 to edward rosen as agent for james scatuorchio .\nintensity in our spectral fitting , and thus overestimating the halo temperature . however , d . b . henley & r . l . shelton ( in preparation ) also point out that the halo emission likely originates from plasma with a range of temperatures and in a range of ionization states . if this is the case , the spectral fitting described here will not necessarily arrive at the same best - fit halo temperature as that inferred from the o\ncolumn densities to attenuate the halo emission . by using such column densities , we could potentially be neglecting the contributions to the absorption from regions containing h\nwe defer a detailed comparison of our observations to models of the hot halo to a follow - up paper ( d . b . henley et al . , in preparation ) . however , here we make some general comments on the implications of our results for the origin of the hot halo .\nin the spring of 1983 , the northern dancer mare northern sea foaled a halo colt at windfields whose pedigree featured a coupling of the half - sisters cosmah and natalma ( the dam of northern dancer ) . sent to the keeneland yearling sale , he was purchased by the bba on behalf of stavros niarchos for $ 600 , 000 . unplaced in two starts in europe , the colt , now named southern halo , returned to the states to join the american stable of master trainer d wayne lukas , for whom he won five times and ran second in both the gr . 1 swaps stakes and the gr . 1 super derby .\nwe are unable to distinguish between extragalactic accretion and outflows from the disk as the source of the ~ ( 2\u20133 ) \u00d7 10 6 k halo plasma . both processes have more than enough energy to maintain the halo ' s surface brightness , and other aspects of the halo emission ( such as the increase in emission measure toward the inner galaxy and the general patchiness of the emission ) could plausibly be explained by either scenario ( section 5 . 5 ) . a detailed comparison of our measurements with the predictions of hydrodynamical models of the halo is needed to distinguish between different scenarios for the heating of the halo . we will carry out such a comparison in a follow - up paper ( d . b . henley et al . , in preparation ) .\n; d . b . henley & r . l . shelton , in preparation ) , we conclude that our choice of foreground model is not seriously biasing our measurements of the halo surface brightness . similarly , our halo temperatures agree with those from other studies that use spectral fitting ( yoshino et al .\nspectra , which requires us to fix the normalization of the extragalactic background , potentially introduces some uncertainty in the normalization of the halo x - ray emission .\nnow , with the emergence of potent young sire gimmethegreenlight , the spotlight has fallen on a lesser known son of hail to reason , the fiery halo .\nin the following subsections , we compare our measurements with those from previous studies , we discuss the effect of our assumed foreground model on our halo measurements , and we consider sources of contamination that could be affecting our halo measurements ( sections 5 . 1 \u2013 5 . 3 , respectively ) . we conclude that contamination and our choice of foreground model are , in general , not adversely affecting our halo measurements . then , in section 5 . 4 , we discuss the morphology of the hot halo . finally , in section 5 . 5 , we comment on the implications of our measurements for the origin of the hot halo ( deferring a more detailed study of this issue to a follow - up paper ; d . b . henley et al . , in preparation ) .\nas noted in section 2 . 1 , our sample of xmm - newton observations includes 20 that were analyzed in the hskjm . the halo temperatures that we have measured for these sight lines are generally in good agreement with those measured in hskjm , and there is no systematic difference in the halo temperatures ( although it should be noted that for five of these sight lines we had to fix the halo temperature at 2 . 1 \u00d7 10 6 k for the current analysis ) .\nin 1984 , texas oilman tom tatham purchased 25 of the 40 shares in halo ' s syndicate and moved the stallion to kentucky to stand at stone farm .\nalthough most of his stallion career was spent at stone farm , halo originally entered stud in 1975 at windfields in maryland where his first crop yielded glorious song , the canadian horse of the year . subsequent champions included devil ' s bag ( full brother to glorious song ) , sunny ' s halo ( winner of the 1983 kentucky derby - g1 ) , and of course , sunday silence ( derby , preakness s . - g1 , and breeders ' cup classic - g1 winner ) , who was conceived during halo ' s second breeding season at stone farm . in all , halo sired seven champions , 62 stakes winners , and led the leading sire list twice in the 1980s . standout runners sired by halo included goodbye halo , who counted the kentucky oaks among her seven g1 victories , strodes creek , who was second in the 1994 kentucky derby and third in the belmont s . - g1 , and millionaire lively one , whose long list of accomplishments included the swaps s . - g1 . halo ' s progeny earned over $ 44 million on the racetrack and have netted far more in the breeding shed .\nand just as he had with his initial mares in argentina , southern halo scored a big hit early in the bluegrass . the star he sired in kentucky is one of lasting brilliance : more than ready . as a high - class 2 - year - old , more than ready won five of his seven starts , including the flash , tremont , and sanford . the dark brown colt added victories in the g1 king ' s bishop and g2 hutcheson the following year but was not a star for the triple crown .\nuniformly better regarded at his southern hemisphere shuttle base in australia than in kentucky , more than ready has done his part to make believers of northern hemisphere breeders too . in last year ' s breeders ' cup , the stallion had both the juvenile turf winners , and this weekend , his daughter buster ' s ready won the g1 mother goose stakes at belmont .\n, whose excellent season in 1990 / \u201991 ( in which he won the blue diamond and finished second in the golden slipper ) saw don\u2019t say halo crowned the country\u2019s leading sire of two - year - olds . ultimately , don\u2019t say halo became a very good broodmare sire , his daughters breeding the likes of ajc derby winner\nalter added : \u201cthe combination of his racing career and his breeding career put him into a select group of florida horses . i trained his mother , sugar\u2019s image , who was the winningest valid appeal mare , and we chose to breed her to halo . all my expectations became true when halo\u2019s image hit the racetrack . \u201d\nstar winner earned the fifth estrellas classic trophy for his sire , who also won with el compinche ( 1996 and 1998 ) , manpower ( 2003 ) , and fairy magic ( 2007 ) . over the years , offspring of southern halo have won 17 of the previous grand premios that make up the estrellas program , and the stallion has had a winner of each of the seven races that make up the bulk of the card : the classic , distaff , sprint , junior sprint , mile , juvenile , and juvenile fillies .\nobservation . they then combine this prior with oxygen intensities from other directions to constrain the posterior probability distribution for the intrinsic halo emission . this new technique yields combined o\nand the number of degrees of freedom . column 15 contains the intrinsic 0 . 5\u20132 . 0 kev surface brightness of the halo , calculated using the best - fit 1\nhalo sired sunday silence , the defining horse who has continued his legacy . sunday silence was exported to japan and has become the top sire in history in that country .\nsnapy halo will stand his first season at a fee of $ 6 , 500 plus gst . a lifetime breeding right is priced at $ 10 , 000 plus gst .\npensioned from stud duty in 1997 , halo passed away at the age of 31 late in 2000 .\nyou have to rejoice that halo lived to be almost 32 ,\narthur b . hancock iii , owner of stone farm , told the blood - horse at the time .\nwe were so grateful to have had him .\nwe typically used a 1 t raymond & smith ( 1977 and updates ) model to model the galactic halo emission , assuming that the halo plasma is in collisional ionization equilibrium , and assuming anders & grevesse ( 1989 ) solar abundances . although the true halo emission is likely from plasma at a range of temperatures ( yao & wang 2007 ; shelton et al . 2007 ; lei et al . 2009 ; yao et al . 2009 ) , a 1 t model is generally adequate to characterize the x - ray emission in the xmm - newton band . we used a raymond & smith model in order to match the code used to calculate x - ray emission from hydrodynamical models of the halo ( hskjm ; d . b . henley et al . , in preparation ) . in general , the temperature and emission measure of this component were free parameters in the fitting . in some cases , typically when the halo emission was faint , xspec ' s error command was unable to determine the statistical error on the halo temperature . in a few additional cases , the best - fit temperature was > 5 \u00d7 10 6 k , but very poorly constrained . in such cases , we fixed the halo temperature at 2 . 1 \u00d7 10 6 k , and redid the fit . this temperature was chosen as it was the median halo temperature resulting from our preliminary analysis of our data set .\nin the breeders\u2019 cup sprint over six furlongs at churchill downs . retiring to vinery stud in kentucky in 2001 , more than ready was an obvious candidate to be shuttled to vinery\u2019s southern hemisphere outpost , the former segenhoe stud at scone in new south wales , so that was what he did later that year \u2013 and such has been his success there ( most notably with the golden slipper winners\nthe distinct talents and personalities of the sisters of southern halo blend together on its debut effort , \u201clittle white dress , \u201d providing country music fans with an energetic , beautifully performed piece of art . though the title of the track gives the impression that a love song is ahead , the tune is actually about putting the brakes on a relationship before it gets too far too fast . considering the girls are eighteen , sixteen , and fifteen , respectively , the lyrics are age appropriate , while also speaking to anybody who isn\u2019t necessarily ready for that next big step .\nwere not contaminating the hskjm halo measurements ) . instead , the difference is most likely due to our using a lower normalization for the extragalactic background ( the extragalactic normalization used in\nthe variation ( or lack thereof ) of the halo emission measure with latitude is also different from that expected for a plane - parallel disk - like halo morphology . in such a morphology , the emission measure is expected to decrease with latitude as 1 / sin | b | . instead , we find the halo emission measure to weakly increase with latitude in the north , and to be uncorrelated with latitude in the south ( see table 3 , and figures 5 ( a ) and ( b ) ) . similarly , we previously found that our sxrb oxygen intensity measurements argued against a plane - parallel halo model in the northern galactic hemisphere ( see hs12 , section 4 . 3 . 3 ) .\ncolumn densities is unlikely to be responsible for our emission measure measurements not following the trend expected for a disk - like halo morphology . note also that yoshino et al . (\n. somewhat surprisingly , increasing the brightness of the extragalactic background from its nominal value generally leads to an increase in the halo surface brightness . this is because increasing the brightness of the extragalactic background causes the soft proton component to decrease in brightness to compensate , and the combination of these effects leads to more flux being attributed to the halo emission ( see section\nin the grade two woody stephens handicap at belmont the following month . unfortunately , he failed to progress from this , although he did finish second in a six - furlong listed race at colonial downs the following year . by the end of 2004 , though , he hadn\u2019t really done enough to make him particularly appealing to the american stallion market \u2013 but the success of more than ready meant that by 2005 the time was right for another fast son of southern halo to be imported into australia . halo homewrecker was fast , had won three of his 15 starts including one graded stake , and was closely related to several very good horses , so collingrove stud in victoria snapped him up , offering his services to breeders in 2005 for $ 6 , 600 ( inc . gst ) .\nit should be noted that our best - fit halo models attribute somewhat less r45 ( 3 / 4 kev ) emission to the galactic halo than kuntz & snowden ' s ( 2000 ) analysis of the rosat all - sky survey . for sight lines on which emission is detected , our best - fit models typically imply observed halo r45 count rates of ( 18\u201349 ) \u00d7 10 \u22126 counts s \u22121 arcmin \u22122 ( median = 27 \u00d7 10 \u22126 counts s \u22121 arcmin \u22122 ) . in contrast , kuntz & snowden ( 2000 ) inferred an observed halo r45 count rate of 38 . 6 \u00d7 10 \u22126 counts s \u22121 arcmin \u22122 in the vicinity of the northern galactic pole ( their table 2 :\nremainder\n\u2212\nstars\n) . however , the uncertainty on the kuntz & snowden ( 2000 ) halo r45 count rate is not stated , so we are unable to determine whether or not this discrepancy is significant .\nhalo\u2019s 60 plus stakes winners included a string of champions , and his son sunday silence was named us horse of the year in 1989 . other champions sired by him included devil\u2019s bag and glorious song , while his daughter goodbye halo surely rates as one of the best horses never named a champion \u2013she won 11 races , with her 7 gr1 victories including the kentucky oaks .\nfigure 4 shows maps of the measured halo temperatures and emission measures . from a visual inspection of figures 4 ( a ) and ( c ) , it appears that the halo temperature is in general rather uniform . figures 4 ( b ) and ( d ) , meanwhile , show that there is considerable variation in the emission measure of the halo plasma . in the northern hemisphere , no clear trends are apparent from figure 4 ( b ) ( although see section 4 . 1 ) . from figure 4 ( d ) , it appears that the halo emission measure in the south tends to increase from the outer galaxy ( l = 180\u00b0 ) to the inner galaxy ( l = 0\u00b0 ) , a trend which we will confirm in the following section .\nwe noted in section 4 that the halo emission measure and intrinsic surface brightness vary by an order of magnitude over the sky , while the temperature is fairly uniform ( see figure 3 ) . figures 4 ( b ) and ( d ) show that the halo emission is patchy ( yoshino et al . 2009 ; hs10 ; hskjm ) . such patchiness may favor a stochastic , inhomogeneous energy source , such as sne , as the source of the hot halo ( hskjm ) . however , if accreting extragalactic material fragments as it accretes , it too could lead to patchy emission .\nin 1984 , texas oilman tom tatham purchased 25 of the 40 shares in halo ' s syndicate and moved the stallion to kentucky to stand at stone farm . while at stone farm , halo sired sunday silence , the defining horse who will carry on his legacy . sunday silence is known as the\nnorthern dancer of japan\nand has become the top sire in history in that country .\nto estimate the systematic errors due to our fixing the foreground normalization , we reanalyzed each sight line with a foreground normalization corresponding to an r12 count rate of 610 counts s \u22121 arcmin \u22122 ( this is the median of the values in column 10 of table 1 ) . we then used the median differences between the original halo parameters and these new halo parameters to estimate the systematic errors due to our fixing the foreground normalization , yielding \u00b10 . 046 \u00d7 10 6 k and \u00b10 . 027 dex for the halo temperature and emission measure , respectively . we applied these systematic errors to all sight lines .\nhalo raced for four years and in 1974 , at age five , won the grade i united nations handicap . he achieved nine wins from 31 starts and earned over a quarter of a million dollars .\nof all the numerous high class athletes and sires descended from the great tap root mare almahmoud ( mahmoud ) , few have enjoyed more influence worldwide than the famously evil tempered halo , writes sarah whitelaw .\nabove , we noted that the presence of the soft proton contamination in the xmm - newton spectra potentially introduces some uncertainty in the normalization of the halo x - ray emission . in general , our halo measurements and those obtained with suzaku ( which does not suffer from soft proton contamination ) are in reasonable agreement . this suggests that , in practice , soft proton contamination is not a major source of bias .\nwe detected emission from ~ ( 2\u20133 ) \u00d7 10 6 k plasma on 87 of our sight lines ( 79 % ) , with typical emission measures of ( 1 . 4\u20133 . 0 ) \u00d7 10 \u22123 cm \u22126 pc , and typical intrinsic 0 . 5\u20132 . 0 kev surface brightnesses of ( 1 . 1\u20132 . 3 ) \u00d7 10 \u221212 erg cm \u22122 s \u22121 deg \u22122 ( section 4 ) . the halo emission measure tends to increase from the outer to the inner galaxy in the southern galactic hemisphere ( section 4 . 1 ) . there is some evidence that the halo is hotter and has a larger emission measure in the southern hemisphere than in the north ( section 4 . 2 ) . however , the differences may be partly due to the fact that we are not comparing equivalent regions in both hemispheres . because of the presence of the sco - cen superbubble , we excluded the region toward the inner galaxy in the northern hemisphere but not in the south , and , as noted above , the emission measure increases toward the inner galaxy in the south . in addition , it should be noted that the difference in the median temperature between the hemispheres ( ~ 0 . 2 \u00d7 10 6 k ) is less than the typical error on the temperature ( ~ \u00b1 0 . 4 \u00d7 10 6 k ) .\nthe winner of 6 races from 19 starts , snapy halo was an exceptionally fast horse , winning races from 1000m to 1600m in the sort of times that stamp him as a horse of the highest calibre .\nswcx emission is also unlikely to be adversely affecting our halo measurements : our observations were selected from hs12 ' s catalog as they were expected to be the least contaminated by swcx emission ( section 2 . 1 ) , and in section 5 . 2 we argued that our choice of foreground model is not seriously biasing our measurements of the halo surface brightness . in this subsection , we consider other potential sources of contamination .\nwe have presented measurements of the galactic halo ' s x - ray emission on 110 xmm - newton sight lines . this is an approximately fourfold increase in the number of sight lines over the previous largest study of the galactic halo with ccd - resolution x - ray spectra ( hskjm ) . our sample of observations is drawn from an xmm - newton survey of the sxrb ( hs12 ) . we selected these observations as they should be the least contaminated by charge exchange emission from within the solar system . we analyzed the spectra with a standard sxrb model , with components representing the foreground , galactic halo , and extragalactic background emission .\nfigure 3 . ( a ) halo emission measure and ( b ) intrinsic 0 . 5\u20132 . 0 kev halo surface brightness against halo temperature , from our spectral modeling . black : the temperature was free to vary , and is well constrained . gray : the temperature was free to vary , but is poorly constrained ( combined statistical and systematic confidence interval spans more than 4 \u00d7 10 6 k ) . red : the temperature was fixed at t = 2 . 1 \u00d7 10 6 k ( see section 3 . 1 . 2 ) . the red triangles indicate upper limits on the emission measures and surface brightnesses . note that to avoid clutter , the red data points have been randomly displaced by small amounts in the horizontal direction from t = 2 . 1 \u00d7 10 6 k . top panel : histogram of halo temperatures . the sight lines on which the temperature was fixed have been omitted . side panels : histograms of halo emission measures ( upper panel ) and intrinsic surface brightnesses ( lower panel ) . black : detections ; red : upper limits .\nhalo was no northern dancer as a stallion , but he developed into a terrific sire , with six champions and seven grade 1 winners among his 63 stakes winners from 749 foals ( 8 . 4 percent ) .\nin summary , there is some evidence that the halo temperature and emission measure tend to be somewhat higher in the south than in the north . however , these differences may in part be due to the fact that we do not have data from equivalent regions of the halo in the two hemispheres , as the region toward the inner galaxy is excluded in the north ( because of the presence of the sco - cen superbubble ) .\nhenley et al . ( 2010 , hereafter hskjm ) tested models of the hot halo gas using a sample of 26 sxrb spectra extracted from archival xmm - newton observations between l = 120\u00b0 and 240\u00b0 ( henley & shelton 2010 , hereafter hs10 ) . they compared the observed x - ray temperatures and emission measures of the hot halo with the distributions expected from different physical models . hskjm ' s analysis favored fountains of hot gas ( joung & mac low 2006 ) as a major , possibly dominant , contributor to the halo x - ray emission in the xmm - newton band over extraplanar sn remnants ( shelton 2006 ) . however , in the absence of x - ray surface brightness predictions from disk galaxy formation models , they were unable to rule out the possibility that an extended halo of accreted material also contributed to the observed emission ( crain et al . 2010 ) .\nyoshino et al . ( 2009 ) did find that the halo emission measure decreased with latitude . however , the decrease with latitude is steeper than that expected for a plane - parallel model ( see their figure 7 ; em \u00d7 sin | b | is expected to be constant for a plane - parallel model ) . note also that the yoshino et al . ( 2009 ) data set contains far fewer sight lines than ours . the fact that our halo emission measures do not decrease with increasing latitude , contrary to what is expected for a disk - like halo morphology , and contrary to the yoshino et al . ( 2009 ) suzaku results , is unlikely to be due to soft proton contamination ( a problem from which suzaku does not suffer ) . we argued in sections 5 . 1 and 5 . 3 that such contamination does not seriously bias our halo emission measures ."]}
{"id": 596, "summary": [{"text": "beerichthys ingens is an extinct prehistoric bony fish that was a member of the ypresian london clay fauna of lower eocene england .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is known only from a series of incomplete skulls .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "when originally described in 1966 , b. ingens was placed in a monotypic family , \" beerichthyidae , \" within iniomi .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "later , more ( also incomplete ) skulls were studied by colin patterson , who determined that the fish was a louvar . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "beerichthys", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for beerichthys definition . you find here beerichthys meaning , synonyms of beerichthys and images for beerichthys copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word beerichthys . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word beerichthys and , of course , beerichthys synonyms and on the right images related to the word beerichthys .\nreconstruction of the extinct louvar , beerichthys ingens , from the ypresian - aged london clay fauna .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : r . a . stirton . 1953 . vertebrate paleontology and continental stratigraphy in colombia . geological society of america bulletin 64 : 603 - 622\nparent taxon : percomorpharia according to r . betancur - r et al . 2013\nsee also bannikov 2014 , bannikov and carnevale 2009 , b\u00f6hme 2010 , carnevale et al . 2011 , carnevale et al . 2003 , cvancara and hoganson 1993 , day 2002 , estes 1964 , fierstine 1998 , fierstine 1999 , fierstine 2001 , fierstine 2005 , fierstine and starnes 2005 , friedman and johnson 2005 , gottfried et al . 2012 , long 2011 , malabarba et al . 2006 , murray and attia 2004 , nelson 2006 , nolf and dockery 1990 , purdy et al . 2001 , sepkoski 2002 , shoshani et al . 1989 , thurmond and jones 1981 and weems 1999\nnatural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken\nan open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .\nthis webpage was generated by the domain owner using sedo domain parking . disclaimer : sedo maintains no relationship with third party advertisers . reference to any specific service or trade mark is not controlled by sedo nor does it constitute or imply its association , endorsement or recommendation ."]}
{"id": 597, "summary": [{"text": "man o ' war ( march 29 , 1917 \u2013 november 1 , 1947 ) was an american thoroughbred who is widely considered one of the greatest racehorses of all time .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "during his career just after world war i , he won 20 of 21 races and $ 249,465 in purses .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was the unofficial 1920 american horse of the year and was honored with babe ruth as the outstanding athlete of the year by the new york times .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was inducted into the national museum of racing and hall of fame in 1957 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "on march 29 , 2017 , the museum opened a special exhibit in his honor , \" man o ' war at 100 \" .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "in 1919 , man o ' war won 9 of 10 starts including the hopeful stakes and belmont futurity , then the most important races for two-year-old horses in the united states .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his only loss came at saratoga race course , later nicknamed the graveyard of champions , where he had a poor start and was beaten by a colt fittingly named upset .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "man o ' war was not entered in the 1920 kentucky derby because his owner , samuel riddle , did not believe in racing at the distance of 10 furlongs so early in a young horse 's career .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "instead , man o ' war made his three-year-old debut in the preakness stakes where he defeated upset by 1 \u00b9 \u2044 \u2082 lengths .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "man o ' war later won the belmont stakes by 20 lengths while setting a world record .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "throughout the summer and fall , he continued to dominate his fellow three-year-olds , setting multiple records while conceding large amounts of weight to his rivals .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his final race of the year was a match race against sir barton , who had won what would later be known as the american triple crown in 1919 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "man o ' war won by seven lengths in the first race to be filmed in its entirety .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "riddle originally intended to race man o ' war in 1921 but decided against it because man o ' war would have been assigned record weights in the handicap format used in races for older horses .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "instead , man o ' war was retired to stud , where he became a leading sire whose multiple champions included triple crown winner war admiral .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "through his sons and daughters , man o ' war is found in almost all modern american pedigrees . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "man o ' war", "paragraphs": ["l to right : man o ' war ' going to the post , beating john p . grier in the dwyer , man o ' war leading sir barton , man o ' war drinking from his trophy\nl to right : man o ' war ' as a suckling , the foaling barn where man o ' war was born , owner samuel d . riddle , man o ' war in his pasture , and jockey johnny loftus\nman o\u2019 war died three days later , on nov . 1 , 1947 .\nman o\u2019 war later developed into the compelling presence that elicited marvels from observers .\nhorse of the century : man o ' war vs . secretariat - nbc connecticut\ndrag images here or select from your computer for man o ' war memorial .\nto ask other readers questions about man o ' war , please sign up .\nseveral other graves from man o\u2019 war farm , including those of his sons war admiral and war relic , were moved as well .\nof a mile , man o\u2019 war was 20 lengths ahead . despite kummer\u2019s holding his horse in , man o\u2019 war won by a modestly estimated 100 lengths , nearly\nman o ' war : corsair is a video game of high adventure , naval combat and exploration based on the games workshop classic man o ' war table top game .\nmaurice albury building an abaco dinghy on man - o - war , ca . 19xx\nbesides , until this point man o\u2019 war had never run against an older horse .\nhorse of the century : man o ' war vs . secretariat - nbc new york\nthe gorgeous florence nightingale , one of the stars of man o\u2019 war\u2019s first crop .\npain from a man o ' war sting usually lasts about 15 - 20 minutes .\nman o ' war and will harbu . . . has been added to your cart\nman o ' war with his groom will harbut . ( blood - horse library photo )\nthere was only one problem : man o\u2019 war didn\u2019t get off to a good start .\nthere was a thickness to man o ' war that probably came from his voracious appetite .\nman o\u2019 war did not , however , race in the kentucky derby . his owner ,\nas harbut described him , man o\u2019 war was \u201cthe mostest horse that ever was . \u201d\ncolin ' s ghost : thoroughbred horse racing history \u00bb man o\u2019 war\u2026 . a \u201cgood horse\u201d\nabove / below : several other graves were moved from faraway farm , along with man o ' war ' s , to the kentucky horse park , including war relic , war admiral , brushup ( dam of war admiral ) , war kilt and war hazard . the last two named are stakes - winning daughters of man o ' war .\nfor additional reading on man o ' war , there are quite a few books available . if you already love man o ' war , any of these can bring goosebumps . and if you are just learning about man o ' war , they can also bring goosebumps . they include\nwhere man o ' war passed grier was preserved at aqueduct , called the\nman o ' war pole\nin honor of the event . man o ' war ' s time of 1 : 49 1 / 5 for the mile and an eighth was a new american record .\nman o ' war ' s only loss came at saratoga . ( blood - horse library )\nman o\u2019 war looked as if his entire life\u2019s performance was accompanied by the sound of trumpets .\nabove : man o ' war ' s stall interior . he spent his final decade here .\nman o ' war with groom will harbut ( left ) . ( blood - horse photo )\nman o\u2019 war skipped the 1920 kentucky derby \u2013 but his karmic namesake paul jones won it .\nbeaches in cornwall have seen a record number of portuguese man o\u2019war washing ashore after strong winds .\nbaton rouge is one of the man o ' war lines still vibrantly present in pedigrees today .\nthe accompanying statements from man o\u2019 war\u2019s owner , samuel d . riddle , and the then prominent trainer , sam hildreth , were provided to reporters roughly three weeks after man o\u2019 war\u2019s dwyer win .\n\u201cgiven an equal chance man o\u2019 war would undoubtedly have won the race , \u201d the saratogian stated .\nas the decades have passed and his remarkable accomplishments have seemingly become more mythic , man o\u2019 war\u2019s legend has only grown . perhaps celebrated racing writer joe palmer summed up man o\u2019 war better than anyone .\nman o ' war entered stud in 1921 and was pensioned in 1943 after suffering a heart attack .\nso man o\u2019 war proved riddle\u2019s point viz - a - viz sir barton , by seven lengths .\nfor more than 50 years man o ' war owned the unofficial title of horse of the century .\nfrom his sire\u2019s first crop , american flag was said to be cast in man o\u2019 war\u2019s image .\nthe fillies florence nightingale and maid at arms were the other superstars of man o\u2019 war\u2019s first crop .\n\u201cman o\u2019 war\u201d by page cooper & john l . treat . ny : julian mesner inc . 1950\ncountless words have been written about man o\u2019 war . on nov . 2 , 1947 , the headline of the louisville courier - journal read simply : \u201cman o\u2019 war , greatest of thoroughbreds , dies . \u201d\nand take time to google , if inspired , as many good articles have been written about man o ' war for his 100th anniversary . two of several youtube videos with man o ' war footage : urltoken\n\u201cman o\u2019 war will start in the rich early stakes , \u201d new york times , 1920 february 7 . \u201cno early racing for man o\u2019 war , \u201d daily racing form , 1920 february 8 [ \u21a9 ]\nman o\u2019 war was the horse\u2019s name . taps was provided by a bugler from the man o\u2019 war post of the american legion in lexington , kentucky . as man o\u2019 war lay in state in a silk - lined coffin , thousands filed by to pay their respects . why was this horse such a big deal ? for the answer , you have to go all the way back to man o\u2019 war\u2019s beginnings .\nman o\u2019 war was buried at faraway farm and a massive bronze statue by herbert hazeltine was eventually mounted on a marble base with only the words \u201cman o\u2019 war\u201d as the inscription . no other words were needed .\ni hope you enjoy a glimpse into my lifelong obsession . . . . chasing man o ' war .\nbeachcombers be warned : the stalwart man o\u2019 war may still sting you even weeks after having washed ashore .\n\u201cmr . riddle , i ' m prepared to pay you a million dollars for man o\u2019 war . \u201d\nman o ' war is pictured with jockey clarence kummer up at the 1920 stuyvesant handicap at jamaica racetrack .\non this day , we recognize an american legend and remember the legacy of the great man o\u2019 war .\nbefore the triple crown was established , man o ' war scared off his competition in the belmont stakes .\ndue to the man - o - war ' s below average accuracy , the foregrip is a very beneficial attachment , making the man - o - war much more accurate . due to the man - o - war ' s lower rate of fire , this makes the recoil reduction more profound , as the man - o - war ' s centerspeed has more time than other assault rifles to counteract the recoil between shots .\nthe man - o - war has its own trademarked logo , which is seen on the left side .\ndespite its appearance the portuguese man o\u2019war is not a jellyfish but a marine animal known as a siphonophores .\nwar admiral ' s remains are buried at the kentucky horse park at the foot of the statue of his sire , man o ' war .\nfor many , man o\u2019 war remains the benchmark for greatness \u2013 both in ability and of spirit \u2013 100 years after his birth . even his name stirs the emotions . as a companion piece to the article \u201cchasing man o ' war ' s ghost , \u201d below are many photos of several of my man o ' war - related shoots , as well as photographs of man o ' war by photographer james w . sames iii .\nin his final race , man o\u2019 war defeated the 1919 triple crown winner sir barton by seven lengths at the kenilworth park gold cup in windsor , ontario . it marked man o\u2019 war\u2019s 20th win in 21 races .\nchasing man o ' war ' s ghost , about my lifelong obsession with man o ' war : urltoken remarkable final tribute for majestic champion , which i wrote for daily racing form in 2011 . it includes some interesting stories related to man o ' war ' s burial day and remarkable photographs by james w . sames : urltoken\nlike his grandfather , man o\u2019 war had a violent disposition , forcing feustel to bring him along slowly in training . man o\u2019 war routinely dumped his exercise riders and was usually belligerent when his handlers attempted to saddle him .\nman o ' war ' s constant companion during his racing days was a retired show hunter named major treat .\nwhen he pulled that color print of man o\u2019 war out of a drawer , i was floored . perfection .\na leading broodmare sire himself , man o ' war had many important daughters , as well as good sons .\n\u201cman - o - war\u201d and a 25\u2019 - ish sloop being built by edwin\u2019s boat yard , ca . 1977\n\u201chow man o\u2019 war would have laughed had he known of his owner\u2019s solicitude for him , \u201d hewitt commented .\nman o ' war was the favorite in every race he started in his career . ( courtesy keeneland library )\ni thought you might like to see a memorial for man o ' war i found on findagrave . com .\nthe other highly visible son of man o ' war who has come down in pedigrees is war relic , especially through in reality and his stock .\nbased on his dominant past performances , man o\u2019 war was also forced to carry 15 more pounds than upset in the sanford . legend has it that riddle\u2019s stablehands claimed man o\u2019 war had nightmares for weeks following his only defeat .\nabove : the stallion barn in which man o ' war was housed for his final decade . as with his previous barn , man o ' war lived in the front left stall . behind the barn is the attached breeding shed .\nman o ' war acted up at the start , allowing sir barton to break on top , but the older horse held his lead for only sixty yards before man o ' war passed him . as the new york times reported :\ntiznow\u2019s 2017 contender , irap , must improve to get man o\u2019 war\u2019s sire line back in the derby winner\u2019s circle . but maybe , just maybe , the centennial year might conjure up a little bit of the man o\u2019 war magic .\naccording to ed bowen , man o\u2019 war\u2019s difficulties in that race were complicated by the concerted efforts of the opposition .\nbut in man o\u2019 war\u2019s day , there was no nba . there was no nfl . boxing and baseball were popular , but racing was just as big . and according to bill cooke , man o\u2019 war was bigger than racing :\na sting from a portuguese man o ' war can be incredibly pain and fatal , although deaths are very rare .\nwe\u2019d love your help . let us know what\u2019s wrong with this preview of man o ' war by walter farley .\nman - o ' - war suit presumably a child ' s costume intended to resemble a soldier ' s outfit .\nthe suppressor is a terrible fit on the man - o - war , as it takes away a lot of range , making the man - o - war need an extra shot to kill at longer distances . due to the man - o - war ' s low rate of fire , this makes the man - o - war much weaker as an assault rifle . the laser sight is a rather unnecessary option , as although its effect isn ' t detrimental , the man - o - war shouldn ' t be used in close quarters combat due to its unforgiving rate of fire .\nhowever , at the dawn of the 1920s , no athlete in the land was more revered than horse racing\u2019s greatest marvel , the mighty man o\u2019 war . ruth had charisma . dempsey had power . grange had speed . man o\u2019 war had all of those attributes . but instead of being a galloping ghost , man o\u2019 war was an equine freight train .\nviolet sea snails get their colour from portuguese men o ' war .\nnoted author and lithographer c . w . anderson wrote the first biography of man o ' war . titled big red , it was released by the macmillan company in september 1943 , four years before man o ' war ' s death .\nhe had the same electric presence as man o ' war . going to see man o ' war in the first half of the century was something . seeing secretariat in the second half of the century was the same thing .\nhis winning streak was at six when man o ' war raced in the sanford stakes at saratoga on aug . 13 . it is man o ' war ' s most remembered race - - because it is the only one he would lose .\nthe man o\u2019war golf links ranked one of the 5 best golf courses in myrtle beach by golftravel . about . com .\nman o ' war was foaled march 29 , 1917 on august belmont ii ' s nursery stud near lexington , kentucky .\nthe man o\u2019war is built on a 100 acre lake and offers some unique features such as back to back island greens .\nwell , no . that\u2019s not a typo . man o\u2019 war won it by 100 lengths ,\nbowen says .\n) , memorial page for man o ' war ( 29 mar 1917\u20131 nov 1947 ) , find a grave memorial no .\nwith strong westerly winds pounding our coastline we are getting many reports of portuguese man o ' war washing up .\nthis book is not intended to be a history of man o ' war . it is an historically accurate work of fiction\nthen secretariat happened ,\nsays dorothy ours , author of\nman o ' war - a legend like lightning\nand a former historian at the national museum of racing and hall of fame .\nand the debate started , well this might be the best horse since man o ' war - - maybe he ' s better than man o ' war .\nhewitt , ever the raconteur , shares an anecdote about a well - known betting man called chicago o\u2019brien . taking some pre - race grief for wagering $ 100 , 000 on 1 - 20 favorite man o\u2019 war , o\u2019brien had the perfect retort :\nthe famed racehorse man o ' war was born 100 years ago , on march 29 , 2017 . man o ' war had numerous ties to maryland and harford county in particular , where he trained and raced at the old havre de grace racetrack .\nin a 1924 article for the daily racing form , he laid out a compelling case against man o\u2019 war . making a claim that it was a pr machine ( still a relatively new concept in 1924 ) that created the man o\u2019 war legend .\nwith the exception of the few people involved in man o\u2019 war\u2019s exhumation three decades later , when he and his statue were moved to the kentucky horse park , this was the final time that man o\u2019 war was a part of our physical world .\n\u201cdomino would have been the horse we\u2019re talking about now if it hadn\u2019t been for man o\u2019 war , \u201d greg goodman said .\nabove : man o ' war and will harbut , undated negative . james w . sames iii photo , barbara livingston collection .\nabove : the stallion barn from the side - man o ' war ' s stall is at the far right , at the front of the barn . the breeding shed is to the left . below : man o ' war ' s side stall door\nman o ' war , along with several of his important sons and daughters , is present in virtually all american pedigrees today .\n\u2026\u201cthe horse of the century , \u201d man o\u2019 war . in 1920 man o\u2019 war won all 11 races in which he ran , set five records , and became the first thoroughbred to bring his total earnings to more than $ 200 , 000 . \u2026\nrequests to buy man o\u2019 war increased after his continued success . although the second statement from samuel d . riddle was taken nearly a year before the stuyvesant , the sentiment persisted throughout the riddles ' ownership of man o\u2019 war : they would not sell .\none revealed a portrait reportedly taken oct . 29 , 1947 , of man o\u2019 war . james w . sames iii , an aspiring photographer from lexington , ky . , said it was the last photograph of man o\u2019 war alive . it was mesmerizing .\nthe\nman - o - war\n, is an infantry rifle in service with winslow accord forces worldwide . the man - o - war is designed to be effective against both soft targets and the wide variety of combat robotics ubiquitous on the modern battlefield .\nnow there is the kentucky horse park , where man o\u2019 war\u2019s remains were moved in the mid - 1970s . he was buried at a spot of honor near their entrance . his grave is surrounded by a moat and beneath herbert haseltine\u2019s oversized man o\u2019 war statue .\nwelcome to the man o ' war bar and restaurant , north county dublin ' s most authentic irish venue , established in 1595 .\nweary travellers stopped at the man o\u2019war for refreshments as it was halfway along the turnpike route . wolfe tone had his breakfast here in july 1792 . other famous visitors include dr . john gamble and austin cooper who both wrote about their stay at the man o\u2019war .\n\u2026riddle to keep the great man o\u2019 war out of the kentucky derby in 1920 , thereby denying him a probable triple crown . \u2026\nthe first time johnny loftus got on him , man o ' war threw the jockey about forty feet . but according to his owner ,\ntossing johnny was the last bad move man o ' war ever made ,\nfor once he began galloping with the stable pony , major trent , and the other yearlings , man o ' war quickly became the most highly regarded horse in the barn .\nman o\u2019 war was never formally recognized as the top broodmare sire any year during his career , but his daughters produced horses of influence themselves . famous names such as kelso , sword dancer , nijinksy , buckpasser and raise a native all include man o\u2019 war through dam bloodlines . man o\u2019 war can be found in many modern thoroughbred pedigrees , such as the most recent triple crown winner american pharoah .\njohn p . grier vs . man o\u2019 war in the 1920 dwyer stakes , aqueduct race track . painting by frank b . hoffman\nyour facts really are one sided . there are many experienced horsemen who think man o\u2019 war is the greatest and they saw secretariat .\nsue : thank you and how super that you\u2019re sharing this about your own man o\u2019 war descendant . she sounds just magnificent ! abigail\nin the mural , you see man o\u2019 war parading in front of the crowd after his historic win in the 1920 belmont stakes .\nmaureen o ' hara and john wayne in a still from\nthe quiet man .\nhigh caliber and fmj will make the man - o - war deal more damage through headshots and through cover , respectively . both attachments are good fits for the man - o - war , as its high damage per shot is improved in certain conditions with these attachments .\namong man o ' war ' s best offspring was the 1937 triple crown winner war admiral , equally well known today as the loser in the 1938 pimlico match race with seabiscuit , a man o ' war grandson . he also sired american and british grand national steeplechases champion battleship . man o ' war died on nov . 1 , 1947 , at riddle ' s faraway farm in lexington , ky . his remains rest at the kentucky horse park .\nat stud man o\u2019 war was limited to about 25 mares a season but still proved a hugely influential sire . one of his sons , war admiral , won a triple crown .\na portuguese man - of - war is actually a colony of individual organisms called polyps .\nper an article by beloved historian jim bolus in a 1981 keeneland magazine , those items were re - interred with man o ' war .\nman o ' war ( no . 1 ; jockey johnny loftus ) finishing second to upset ( no . 4 ; jockey willie knapp ) in the 1919 stanford stakes , saratoga , new york . this was the only loss in man o ' war ' s remarkable career .\nthe u . s . racing hall of fame inducted man o\u2019 war in 1957 and a life - sized statue was erected at kentucky horse pack to honor the champion as well . the man o\u2019 war stakes was inaugurated in 1959 at belmont park and continues to run today .\nbill cooke recently curated an exhibit to honor man o\u2019 war on the 100th anniversary of the horse\u2019s birth . he has assembled some of the evidence of man o\u2019 war\u2019s commercial impact : cigarette tins , a razor strap embroidered with the horse\u2019s name , a jar of hair creme .\nours notes a variety of x factors that could contribute to the differences in the times posted by man o ' war and secretariat . improvements in drainage technology and the practice of hosing down the dirt have made racetracks faster ; man o ' war ran on shoes made of steel versus secretariat ' s lightweight aluminum ; and the man o ' war typically carried extra weight to give his opponents a chance of winning .\nsames , who died in 2005 at age 84 , said he had secured a prime spot that day to photograph man o\u2019 war\u2019s body lying in state . he\u2019d used his charms to convince the crane company that transported man o\u2019 war to the gravesite to give him a lift .\n, man o\u2019 war\u2019s grandson , became one of the turf\u2019s greatest campaigners and money winners in 1935\u201340 . ( a race between war admiral and seabiscuit in 1938 would become the second \u201crace of the century . \u201d ) man o\u2019 war died in 1947 and was inducted into the national museum of racing\u2019s hall of fame in 1957 .\nwill harbut died a month before his beloved man o ' war , but his family has carried on his legacy in the thoroughbred industry . his son tom harbut was an exercise rider for man o ' war ' s sons war admiral and war relic before eventually becoming the stallion manager at spendthrift farm , and his great - grandson greg harbut runs a successful bloodstock agency .\nmany honors were heaped on man o ' war during his lifetime . during world war ii , the first cavalry stationed in japan gave him the honorary military rank of\ncolonel\n.\nalthough he was left at the start , buried in traffic for part of the journey , and forced wide , man o\u2019 war still nearly won the race . the result was upset winning by a diminishing half length . man o\u2019 war blew past upset right after the finish line .\nabove / below : an exterior door on man o ' war ' s longtime stall opened into a sizable paddock . when standing in that stall , it was easy to imagine man o ' war peering out through the slats , awaiting turnout time ( photos 2000 and 2008 ) .\nman o ' war ' s male line is still represented by the leading sire tiznow . however , it is through his daughters that the big red horse ' s bloodline continues . every american champion of the last 20 years can trace their pedigree back to man o ' war .\nas for whether you should ? debatable . the man o\u2019 war\u2019s \u201csurround\u201d is about as good as the g933\u2014which is to say , good for a headset . still , the stereo output on the man o\u2019 war is so incredible i\u2019d dare say you\u2019re better off simply relying on that .\nhe has been the subject of four notable biographies : the first , man o ' war , by page cooper and roger treat , was published in 1950 , and is a classic of its kind ; walter farley , author of the black stallion series , also wrote a slightly fictional biography of man o ' war ; in 2000 . edward l . bowen wrote a biography called man o ' war : thoroughbred lengends from eclipse press ; and in 2006 , dorothy ours wrote a new , extensively sourced biography entitled man o ' war : a legend like lightning .\nman o war is my hero . i love racing and i want to be a jockey . but i cant find a riding school to go to . i have never been up on a horse . i can ' t find any info on man o ' war for my report\nmaureen o ' hara as mary kate danaher in a still from\nthe quiet man\n.\none saratoga story describes man o\u2019 war enjoying \u201cmore than 15 minutes of freedom after launching his rider more than 40 feet\u201d during a morning workout .\nloftus was backing up man o\u2019 war , trying to line him up again after his fifth lunge through the tape . without warning , pettingill sprang the webbing , apparently catching loftus by surprise . various reports said man o\u2019 war was facing the wrong way , sideways , or simply caught off guard and unprepared for the start . whatever position he was in , man o\u2019 war was left at the start and at a clear disadvantage .\nman o ' war is profiled in chapter 5 of avalyn hunter ' s american classic pedigrees 1914 - 2002 ( 2003 , eclipse press ) .\ni thought i\u2019d seen every photo of man o\u2019 war , so i was thunderstruck to find a color photo of him in 1980 in the blood - horse . the photo was accompanied by an article explaining that it was believed to be the last photo taken of man o\u2019 war alive .\nfollowing his smashing debut , man o ' war won three stakes races , at three different new york tracks , in the next 17 days .\nsituated on a hill on the original dublin to belfast road , the man o\u2019war public house has been recorded in deeds dating back to 1595 .\nhall of fame jockey , after riding man o ' war in the miller stakes . he was the regular rider of triple crown winner sir barton\nman o\u2019 war : the legacy\u201d was on display until the end of 2017 . it was an interactive exhibit at the kentucky derby museum which covered the life of man o\u2019 war , his impressive racing career , his ties to the kentucky derby and his lasting mark on thoroughbred racing .\nthis photograph of man o ' war and jockey clarence kummer was taken on july 10 , 1920 , at the old aqueduct racetrack\u2019s dwyer stakes .\nwhen the bidding began at the 1918 yearling sale in saratoga springs , man o\u2019 war looked good \u2026 but nobody recognized him as potentially great .\nprobably not , and it\u2019s a question of whether man o\u2019 war had finished his dinner before hoodwink finished the race ,\nbowen says .\nan absolutely fascinating observation from a racing writing legend , who came to these conclusions just a few years after man o\u2019 war concluded his career .\nby the way , your earlier commenter dorothy ours modestly omitted that she is the author of the best book ever written about man o\u2019 war .\nthe ceremony that gloomy afternoon included nine eulogies , lasted approximately 30 minutes and was broadcast on the radio . man o\u2019 war\u2019s casket remained open .\nin 1977 the big casket was dug up , and man o ' war was moved , along with his statue , to kentucky horse park .\namerican racing regained its legal status in 1913 , but soon the nation\u2019s focus shifted to world war i . track attendance and racing purses had plummeted significantly before man o\u2019 war rejuvenated the sport .\nman o\u2019 war returned to saratoga in august 1920 and romped in the miller stakes . he followed with a remarkable performance in the travers . andy schuttinger substituted for the injured kummer in the midsummer derby and man o\u2019 war did not skip a beat . even though he was restrained in the stretch , man o\u2019 war covered the 1\u00bc - mile distance in 2 : 01\u2158 , setting a stakes and track record that stood for 42 years .\nfor his final race , man o\u2019 war competed in a match race in canada , the 1920 kenilworth park god cup against 1919 triple crown winner sir barton . man o\u2019 war would win by seven lengths to end his career on a high note . at the time , riddle had intended to run man o\u2019 war as a 4 - year - old but decided against it due to the likelihood of carrying huge weights in handicap races .\nby the time his historic career was over , man o\u2019 war had set three world records , two american records , and three track records . the colt was a horse for the ages and he was only aged three . the decision was made to send man o\u2019 war to stud in kentucky . he would spend the next 22 breeding seasons siring 379 foals . the most successful of these offspring were war admiral and war relic . the war relic line still exists today , and man o\u2019 war appears no less than 17 times in the bloodline of 2015 triple crown champion american pharoah\nnot only did man o ' war live nobly , he died nobly as well . his groom and pal , will harbut , died suddenly in october , 1947 . man o ' war was so crestfallen that he pined away , and less than a month later died of a broken heart .\nwith loftus banned by the jockey club , riddle and feustel chose clarence kummer as man o\u2019 war\u2019s new rider and the combination proved to be a winning one . riddle decided to pass on the kentucky derby in favor of having man o\u2019 war make his 3 - year - old debut in the preakness . man o\u2019 war won easily , as he did in the withers , belmont ( a 20 - length victory ) , stuyvesant and dwyer .\na scroll from the u . s . army\u2019s first cavalry division was placed with a black ribbon on man o\u2019 war\u2019s barn . the first cavalry division had dubbed man o\u2019 war an honorary colonel . in japan , an estimated 3 , 000 members of the country\u2019s cavalry division paid their respects to man o\u2019 war with military honors as well . american racetracks held a moment of silence at 3 p . m . , coinciding with the funeral .\nrapid fire is not a good option on the man - o - war , as the attachment itself gives a very small effect , if any . note that with the increased fire rate , the man - o - war ' s centerspeed has less time to adjust between shots . this makes the rapid fire attachment incredibly detrimental for the man - o - war , as it increases the already high recoil ( although by very little ) .\nafter winning the travers , man o\u2019 war returned to belmont for the lawrence realization . by this time few owners had any interest in racing against riddle\u2019s powerhouse . only hoodwink , at 100 - 1 odds , came forward to meet man o\u2019 war . knowing hoodwink provided no legitimate threat , kummer set man o\u2019 war against the clock . the mighty colt responded by shattering the previous world record for 1\u215d miles ( 2 : 45 flat ) by more than four seconds ( 2 : 40\u2158 ) . poor hoodwink was left in the dust by an approximate 100 lengths even though the official race chart said man o\u2019 war was restrained at the end and never fully extended . man o\u2019 war\u2019s performance that day remains the belmont record for the distance .\nman o\u2019 war also became a great stallion as well as a tourist attraction for kentucky . one of his best sons , war admiral , won the triple crown in 1937 . even today , man o\u2019 war\u2019s direct male line of descent is with us , perhaps most prominently in the form of 2001 horse of the year tiznow and his sons .\nman o ' war was so dubbed by mrs . eleanor robson belmont , who traditionally named all of her husband ' s horses , including mahubah , whose name is arabic for ' good tidings ' . mrs . belmont originally wanted to call mahubah ' s colt\nmy man o ' war\nin honor of her husband ' s participation in world war i . when she sent the registration to new york , the first word was dropped and he was officially named man o ' war .\nwalter farley , author of the black stallion series , penned a fictionalized biography of man o ' war that was released in 1962 by random house .\nabove : man o ' war at faraway farm in 1932 , when he was 15 . james w . sames iii photo . sames / livingston collection\nboth were bred , raced , and managed by man o ' war ' s owner samuel riddle . he gave both a reasonable chance at stud .\nwhich makes the man o\u2019 war sort of exciting . it\u2019s razer\u2019s first foray into wireless headsets , and it sports a brand - new design aesthetic .\nthe man o\u2019war is razer\u2019s only wireless gaming headset , producing virtual 7 . 1 surround sound with a rated battery life of 14 to 20 hours .\nman o\u2019 war retired to stud in 1921 , with riddle preferring to call time on his career rather than see him assigned staggering weights in handicaps .\nriddle said he did not believe in hurrying man o\u2019 war and that he will not race again until he is prime condition . \u201d [ 2 ]\ni just wonder if the other horse in that race could even see man o\u2019 war when he crossed the finish line ,\ni ask .\ncredit for the stallion\u2019s success at stud goes to horsemen like john madden and bloodlines specialist william allison , who riddle consulted regarding man o\u2019 war\u2019s first book of mares . there is no reason to think that samuel riddle did anything but seek the expertise of knowledgeable people throughout man o\u2019 war\u2019s breeding career .\nthe handsome star shoot , sire of sir barton and grey lag . two of his daughters went to man o\u2019 war , producing mars and crusader .\nsue s . i\u2019 , always interested to learn more about man o\u2019 war and was very interested to read this . thank you so much , abigail\ndespite never running in the kentucky derby , man o ' war won numerous races , including the belmont and the preakness . the exhibit at kentucky horse park is called\nman o ' war at 100 : the mostest horse that ever was ,\na phrase coined by his groom will harbut .\nthe one exception was the dwyer . although man o\u2019 war shouldered \u201conly\u201d 126 pounds , he was conceding 18 pounds to a very good colt named john p . grier . that whitney colorbearer ran his heart out trying to press , stay with , and challenge the great champion every step of the way through a punishing pace . john p . grier will go down in racing history as the rival who forced man o\u2019 war to summon something extra . man o\u2019 war responded , finally subduing the whitney colt and driving clear in what was then american ( and world ) record time for 1 1 / 8 miles . ( for more details on man o\u2019 war\u2019s records , see dorothy ours\u2019 man o\u2019 war : a legend like lightning , appendix a . )\nthe summer of 1919 was not without controversy for man o\u2019 war . what transpired on aug . 13 that year at saratoga in the sanford memorial turned out to be the one black mark on an otherwise flawless record . for the first and only time , man o\u2019 war was defeated . the loss , however , did little to tarnish man o\u2019 war\u2019s reputation . if anything , it enhanced his legend , as he almost pulled off a miracle victory . the circumstances of the race remain shrouded in mystery and controversy . the horse that handed man o\u2019 war his only defeat was the aptly named upset .\nman o\u2019 war began experiencing heart trouble in 1943 , forcing his retirement from breeding . he died of a heart attack on nov . 1 , 1947 at faraway , less than a month after harbut\u2019s death . it required 13 men to lift man o\u2019 war\u2019s 1 , 300 - pound body from his stall . three days later , more than 2 , 000 people attended man o\u2019 war\u2019s funeral , which was broadcast on nbc radio and featured nine eulogies .\nfaraway farm , huffman mill pike , lexington , ky ( now man o ' war farm ) - where man o ' war lived from late ' 36 or early january ' 37 through his death in 1947 . he was also originally buried there before his remains were moved to the kentucky horse park .\non this day in 1920 , man o\u2019 war wins the 52nd belmont stakes , and sets the record for the fastest mile ever run by a horse to that time . man o\u2019 war was the biggest star yet in a country obsessed with horse racing , and the most successful thoroughbred of his generation .\nthe plot was surrounded by a moat 10 feet wide and 4 to 6 feet deep . sixteen pin oak trees - marking the number of years man o\u2019 war stood at stud \u2013 had been planted around it . the walkway to the site was lined with 30 hornbeam trees representing man o\u2019 war\u2019s age .\nfollowing the conclusion of world war i , the world of sport began to return to its normal course and few stars made as much of an impact on the culture of competition than man o\u2019 war .\nman o\u2019 war instead retired and went on to become an important stallion , siring 62 stakes winners from 381 named foals , including 1937 triple crown winner war admiral ( a notable sire himself ) , and war relic , whose sire line continues today . man o\u2019 war\u2019s influence on modern thoroughbred bloodlines is still intact and there is barely a pedigree in current north american racing that does not carry his name .\nas a three - year old , man o\u2019 war dominated the field . loftus was denied a jockey\u2019s license that year , so clarence kummer rode \u201cbig red , \u201d as man o\u2019 war came to be known . the horse skipped the kentucky derby , as his trainers deemed the mile - and - a - quarter race to be too grueling so early in the season , so the preakness stakes was man o\u2019 war\u2019s coming out party . he won easily .\ni can ' t help it , i believe man o ' war is one of the greatest champions to have ever put his hoofs on the race circuit . all the better to read an almost real - life biography of his life . it is clear from the beginning that walter farley is a true fan of man o ' war since you can feel his admiration of this special thoroughbred through the whole book . and i ' m totally jealous that farley was able to see man o ' war in existens . hopefully , there will be again a racehorse as signular as man o ' war in this cent\nhorse racing : the maryland farm on which man o ' war once grazed and trained is about to be turned over to luxury houses and golf courses .\nnew york - - man o ' war and secretariat , two mighty chestnut colts , ran 1 - 2 in the race for horse of the century .\n\u201cmr waggoner , many men can have a million dollars , but only one can have man o\u2019 war . i\u2019m not interested in parting with him . \u201d\nthe man o\u2019war golf course has electric carts , a driving range , a practice putting green , a pro shop , a snack bar , rental clubs , golf instructors , and servers beer and wine . the man o\u2019war course has a really cool looking clubhouse built over the lake with a nice outdoor deck .\nwas turned sideways and surrendered several jumps to his competitors . it is notable that in the match race featuring two of man o\u2019 war\u2019s most famous offspring ,\nman o\u2019 war won both the preakness and belmont stakes . he ran eleven times as a 3 - year - old and , of course , won them all . there is few who doubt that man o\u2019 war would have been the second triple crown winner in history if sam riddle had sent him to churchill downs . however , not winning the kentucky derby has done nothing to degrade man o\u2019 war\u2019s legacy as one of the greatest horses ever bred in america .\nbowen says man o\u2019 war was fortunate from the beginning . the horse was purchased by a fellow who had no reason to rush him to the track .\nthey came to commemorate the centennial of man o ' war ' s birth and to recognize his ties to harford county and its rich horse racing heritage .\nat 3 : 24 , buglers from the man o\u2019 war post of the american legion , dressed in the famous riddle silks , played the mournful taps .\nin fact , many man o\u2019 war photos are among my all - time favorites . how grand he was \u2013 although that word doesn\u2019t seem nearly strong enough . and what was he looking at in those countless times he seemed oblivious to the man holding his lead shank ? unlike many famous thoroughbreds , man o\u2019 war seemed to clearly understand he was the greatest .\nwar admiral is outcrossed through five generations . his dam brushup is a half sister to 1933 dwyer stakes winner war glory ( by man o ' war ) and to marching along ( by man o ' war ) , dam of the stakes - winning steeplechaser pebalong ( by big pebble ) . brushup is out of annette k . ( by harry of hereford ) , whose half sister seaplane ( by man o ' war ) is the dam of stakes winner aquaplane ( by high time ) and the third dam of the high - class racer and sire eight thirty .\nalthough i ' ve visited many places related to man o ' war - from his marker on the hoofprints walk of fame at saratoga to man o ' war boulevard signs in lexington - i ' m most touched by places man o ' war actually breathed , walked , raced , slept , died . also included in this blog , out of admiration for all associated with him , are will harbut ' s , and fair play and mahubah ' s , graves .\noriginally , belmont ' s wife named the horse my man o ' war , after her soldiering husband , who was stationed in france during world war i , but the\nmy\nwas later dropped .\nfollowing the lawrence realization , man o\u2019 war pushed his win streak to 13 with impressive victories in the jockey club gold cup and potomac handicap . at this point , there appeared to be no competition for man o\u2019 war \u2014 with one possible exception , sir barton , the sport\u2019s first triple crown winner in 1919 .\nman o ' war , however , is widely distributed through pedigrees and through numerous sources . a measure of how pervasive the chestnut son of fair play has become is seen from a quick count of the number of times that man o ' war appears in some of the major stakes winners over the past weekend .\ni also don\u2019t see ghosts at the place of man o\u2019 war\u2019s birth , nursery stud in kentucky . long since developed , there isn\u2019t a hint of august belmont\u2019s old lexington - area farm anymore . even a roadside historical marker , which marks the area where man o\u2019 war was born , doesn\u2019t evoke them . and if there are any whispers of man o\u2019 war around the spendthrift farm property once called hinata farm , where red originally entered stud , i haven\u2019t found them .\nthey have been washed up alongside rare violet sea snails , which feed on the men o ' war .\nimagine the people who have streamed onto this farm , now called man o ' war farm , and how they felt upon seeing the greatest of all racehorses .\nthis year , 2014 , marks the four hundred and nineteenth year of the man o\u2019war pub serving fine food and beverages in a lively and traditional irish atmosphere .\nhis racing days having ended with his defeat of sir barton , man o\u2019 war was retired to stud . he made news again , though , when his son\nthe man o ' war stakes has been held every year since 1959 and is named to honor the thoroughbred many consider to be the best racehorse in the history of u . s . racing . man o ' war won 20 of his 21 career starts . man o ' war set three world records , two american records , two track records , and equaled another track standard . he won one race by an incredible 100 lengths and triumphed in another while carrying 138 pounds .\nthe widespread impact of man o\u2019 war\u2019s influence on american thoroughbred horse racing is undeniable . in fact , he has been listed as the greatest racehorse of the 20 th century by the associated press , sports illustrated and many others . fans and followers of the sport regard man o\u2019war as the most important american racehorse ever .\npons ' grandson , mike pons , proudly held the man o ' war plaque on wednesday afternoon , as he stood in front of the entrance gate to what in man o ' war ' s day was the clubhouse at the havre de grace racetrack , and now is part of the maryland national guard military reservation .\nit took three days to bury man o\u2019 war . heavy rains kept gravediggers from their task in his paddock , which was to be his final resting place .\nwhile racing was legalized again in 1913 , world war i soon dominated the public ' s attention . attendance and purses were at record lows when man o ' war made his debut on june 6 , 1919 .\nman o\u2019 war made a furious rally to get in contention . loftus attempted to get through on the rail approaching the stretch , but he found traffic trouble and became locked in a pocket . past the eighth pole , loftus knew he had no choice but to swing his mount outside . man o\u2019 war lost valuable ground .\nrommy faversham ' s 2005 work samuel riddle , walter jeffords and the dynasty of man o ' war is the first book of the great breeders and their methods series , published by the russell meerdink company , ltd . faversham ' s book focuses on man o ' war ' s breeding career and long - term legacy .\nwhen i was young i could whinny and run with the best of \u2019em , and , with my man o\u2019 war blood , no one on our track team was faster . and if i was in the woods and a tree trunk lay across the path , i became man o\u2019 war\u2019s son battleship in the grand national ."]}
{"id": 599, "summary": [{"text": "the wrybill or ( in m\u0101ori ) ngutuparore ( anarhynchus frontalis ) is a species of plover endemic to new zealand .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is special since it is one of the two species of bird in the world with a beak that is bent sideways ( it is always to the right for wrybill , and the other species is loxia pytyopsittacus ) .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "a 2015 study found it to actually be within the charadrius clade , with its closest relatives other plovers found in new zealand , the nearest the new zealand plover or new zealand dotterel ( charadrius obscurus ) , and then the double-banded plover or banded dotterel ( charadrius bicinctus ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it lays its eggs among the rocks along rivers and distracts intruders by pretending to be in distress and moving away from its \" nest \" . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "wrybill", "paragraphs": ["miranda is an amazing shorebird location , and we spend time here looking for wrybill and other migrant shorebirds .\nrange : the wrybill is found in new zealand . it breeds in c south i and winters in n north i .\nwith it ' s bill curved to the right the wrybill is an uncommon visitor / resident of awarua bay , new zealand .\nwrybill breed on large braided rivers in central south island from august - january . they prefer large dynamic rivers that will not become overgrown with weeds . once prevalent on smaller rivers , the wrybill\u2019s range as contracted to about 60 % of its estimated original habitat (\nwrybill ( anarhynchus frontalis ) feeding and walking head on showing the bent bill . manawatu estuary , manawatu , new zealand . september .\nthe wrybill became fully protected in new zealand in 1940 ( 2 ) . research is currently being undertaken into the impact of predation on wrybill population numbers ( 2 ) . long - term monitoring is vital in determining the overall trends in this threatened species ( 2 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wrybill ( anarhynchus frontalis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wrybill ( anarhynchus frontalis )\ntitle =\narkive species - wrybill ( anarhynchus frontalis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwrybill . front view of adult male in breeding plumage . ohau river delta , mackenzie country , november 2006 . image \u00a9 craig mckenzie by craig mckenzie\nhay , j . r . 1984 . the behavioural ecology of the wrybill plover anarhynchus frontalis . unpublished phd thesis , university of auckland , auckland . urltoken\npierce , r . j . 1979 . foods and feeding of the wrybill ( anarhynchus frontalis ) on its riverbed breeding grounds . notornis 26 : 1 - 21 .\ndowding , j . e . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . wrybill . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nno other bird in the world has a bill like new zealand\u2019s wrybill . its bill curves to the right , allowing it to probe for insects under river stones .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the wrybill gives short , high - pitched \u201ctweeps\u201d in flight , before landing . this bird does not call frequently .\ndavies , s . j . 1997 . population structure , morphometrics , moult , migration , and wintering of the wrybill ( anarhynchus frontalis ) . notornis 44 : 1 - 14 .\nprotection / threats / status : the wrybill has small population estimated at 3 , 000 / 3 , 300 mature individuals . it is threatened by deterioration of the habitat due to the encroachment of weeds with reduction of the water flow . predation by gulls , stoats and cats is probably substantial too . the increasing use of riverbeds for recreational purposes and floods are also important threats . the wrybill is currently listed as vulnerable .\nriegen , a . c . ; dowding , j . e . 2003 . the wrybill anarhynchus frontalis : a brief review of status , threats and work in progress . wader study group bulletin 100 : 20 - 24 .\nthe wrybill or ngutuparore ( m\u0101ori ) anarhynchus frontalis is a species of plover endemic to new zealand . it is unique in that it is the only species of bird in the world with an asymmetrically bent bill , which it uses to dig around river stones for freshwater invertebrates . measuring 20\u201321cm long and weighing between 43\u201371gm , the wrybill is slightly sexually dimorphic . the most distinctive feature of the bird is the long black bill , which is always curved to the right .\ntheir normal call is a high\u2013pitched staccato whistle resembling that of the banded dotterel , though it is rather more musical . the wrybill does not , however , call nearly so frequently as the dotterel , either when on the ground or in flight .\nintroduction : the wrybill is the only bird in the world with the bill tip curving to the right . this \u201ctool\u201d is adapted to the feeding behaviour of this species when the bird extracts insects and aquatic preys from rock crevices and under stones . the maori name is ngutuparore .\nbirds begin to leave the breeding grounds by late december ; this species is one of the first of the season to begin its migration ( 4 ) . using its specially adapted beak , the wrybill is able to forage under stones for invertebrates such as mayfly larvae ( 3 ) .\nin those localities on the river - beds , where a diminishing stream leaves large shingle , there the bent bill is of some use . in such situations i have seen wrybill peck under a stone on its left , and then turn around to get the same stone on its right , and peck under it again . it must be admitted , however , that i have often seen banded dotterel act similarly , and , i daresay , just as often as i have seen wrybills do it , so that any advantage the wrybill has would seem to be very slight .\nbehaviour in the wild : the wrybill feeds on aquatic invertebrates during the breeding season such as worms , annelids and gastropods , and also mites , spiders , and eggs , larvae and pupae of numerous insects , including the adults . it also feeds on crustaceans , fish and their eggs .\nthe recently rediscovered new zealand storm - petrel , refound for the first time in 150 + years by brent stephenson and sav saville from wrybill birding tours , nz is a key target species . our hauraki gulf pelagic not only finds several other endemic breeding seabirds , but specifically targets this species .\nthe wrybill is migratory . it breeds in c south i and moves after the breeding season to the mudflats of estuaries and harbours on n north i . they migrate along the e coast of south i and the w coasts of north i . the adults show strong site - fidelity to their wintering grounds .\nbut on intertidal mudflats , the wrybill tilts the head to the left and performs sideways sweeps with the bill , usually from right to left , in order to sieve preys from water and mud . it often forages in shallow pools , in shallow water in shingle riverbed , on intertidal mudflats and along riverbanks .\nthe wrybill is an internal migrant . after breeding , almost the entire population migrates north to winter in the harbours of the northern north island , notably the firth of thames and manukau harbour . on their wintering grounds , wrybills form dense flocks at high - water roosts ; the highly - coordinated aerial manoeuvres of these flocks have been described as resembling a flung scarf .\nin most writings on the wrybill , the greatest emphasis is laid on the importance of its peculiar bill , but , in my opinion , its colouration is far more important , for this harmonises so perfectly with that of rounded stones among which it breeds that if the bird remains stationary ( and it has a habit of doing so ) it becomes exceedingly difficult to detect .\nhabitat : the wrybill breeds inland on large , fast - flowing rivers running in bare beds of shingle and sand . occasionally , it may breeds in smaller , slower - running rivers . outside the breeding season , it frequents shallow estuaries and sheltered coasts with large mudflats and muddy lagoons . it may occasionally frequent ploughed areas and muddy shores of small lakes and ponds in mountains .\nthis site is maintained and copyrighted by wrybill birding tours , nz \u00a9 2016 . all photos ( unless otherwise stated ) were taken by brent stephenson @ eco - vista and are copyrighted . the use of any image without permission is not allowed . however , all photos on this site are for sale , please email brent for more information or check out eco - vista ' s website for details .\nreproduction of this species : the laying starts in mid - september and continues throughout october . a second clutch may occur from november to late december . the wrybill\u2019s nest is on the ground , in sand , among large , smooth , rounded stones . it is protected by a piece of wood or a larger stone . occasionally , small pebbles are added around the edges of the nest , as lining for the eggs .\nwiersma , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . wrybill ( anarhynchus frontalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nas to the wrybill\u2019s chances of survival , one would say that they are good , at any rate on those rivers whose beds among the hills above the gorges are sufficiently wide to be of the bird\u2019s liking , for there the winter temperature seems to have prevented the yellow lupin from getting a foothold . but the open shingle must be a quarter of a mile wide before the wrybill would make their home on it . they were never numerous , and even thirty years ago i should think two to three pairs to the square mile on the rakaia was their maximum population , and , since the lupin has filled the river bed , below the bridge , their numbers have certainly been much reduced . their chief bird enemies are harriers and black\u2013backed gulls , yet the toll that both these take would not equal that of stoats and weasels during the birds\u2019 breeding season .\nthe wrybill is a small pale plover which breeds only in braided rivers of the south island . it is the only bird in the world with a laterally - curved bill ( always curved to the right ) , which it uses to reach insect larvae under rounded riverbed stones . wrybills are completely dependent on braided rivers for breeding ; all their life stages are predominantly grey , and highly cryptic among the greywacke shingle of the riverbeds .\nthe wrybill is a distinctive wading bird , which possesses a uniquely bent bill . the tip of the black bill is curved to the right , this adaptation allows these birds to forage under stones for insect larvae ( 3 ) . the plumage is ash - grey above with white underparts . during the breeding season , individuals have a black band across the upper chest and males also have a band on the forehead ( 2 ) .\nwrybill birding tours , nz \u2026\u2026 . started out as a couple of birding mates making the decision to set up their own independent bird - guiding business . we felt there was a need for real birders , who were passionate about birding , really knew their new zealand birds and birding sites inside out , and were based in new zealand , with access to up - to - date information on the new zealand birding scene . sure we know our natural history as well , but we are birders , the name says it all !\nthe wrybill is monogamous . nesting and feeding territories are usually strongly defended . the mating season starts when the birds return to south i . they are very active , chasing each other in the air and on the ground . if the pair is disturbed during the courtship displays by another bird , the intruder is driven away by the bird of the same sex . it runs after it with outstretched neck among the stones , while maintaining its balance by slightly opening the wings . the female shows great submission to the male once mated . they nest solitary in loose colonies with nests at least 400 metres apart , and never less than 40 metres .\nin the wrybill , however , the bill , which is one and a quarter inches long , is bent to the right in the middle , the end being offset at an angle of 12 degrees to the base . this is claimed to be an adaptation to its existence on the shingle river - beds of canterbury , where it nests , the bent bill supposedly enabling it to get its food the more readily from under stones . and no doubt it does this , when the occasion demands , but there can be very few occasions when this peculiarity is of any decided benefit to its possessor , for over nearly all the river - beds on which the bird feeds , the stones are so much buried in sand as to make the bill quite unnecessary . moreover . the bird spends less than half the year on shingle river\u2013beds , living for the remaining months on mud\u2013flats , and sea beaches , where its abnormality can be of no benefit .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\namong new zealand\u2019s many bird curiosities , writes edgar stead , the wry - billed plover is often not included , but it certainly ought to be , for it is the only bird in the world which has its bill bent sideways . the crossbills of the northern hemisphere might claim that they share in this distinction , but their bills are symmetrical , the upper mandible being bent one way , and the lower , the other .\nit has to be taken into account also , that while the bill , bent as it is to the right , gives the bird some advantage when feeding under stones on its right , this structure is a very distinct disadvantage to the bird when it wishes to feed on its left . a bill with an upwards curve , one would have thought , would have been of greater use .\nwrybills are in their full mating plumage when they return south , the black band across the chest being very conspicuous ; the narrow white frontal band , with the brownish band behind it , not showing up at all except at very close range . the whole of the upper parts are blue\u2013grey , but with age the feathers lose a certain amount of their blue tint , and also , particularly in the case of scapulars , become much frayed at the edges . it has been stated by some writers that the black chest band is wider on one side than the other , but this is not the case , either in fact or in appearance .\nwrybills nest on high shingle spits , choosing a place where the stones are rather large , and clear of all growths and drift . a mere scratching in the sand , occasionally with a few small pebbles added around its edges , serves as a receptacle for the two eggs , which are wonderfully like the stones among which they are laid .\nboth birds take their turn at incubation , and sit very close , so that they will often allow a person to pass within twenty yards of them without getting off the eggs . owing to the remarkable similarity of their colouring to that of the surroundings , wrybills are easily passed when they keep still , and nests would certainly remain undetected if the birds did not move . but if the bird does get off the nest , and run towards an intruder ( wrybills do not fly around intruders in the same way that banded dotterel do ) , the latter has only to stand still for a few moments , when the bird will , as a rule , run straight back , and sit on its nest , even though it be in full view , and not fifteen yards away .\nlaying commences about the middle of september and continues throughout october . i have found eggs in november , but i think it probable that they were second clutches , the first having been destroyed . the young when hatched are thickly covered with down , white on the breast and underparts , the whole of the upper surface being stone grey , faintly marked with smoky black . when they are hatched , and even as an embryo in the egg , they have the bend in the bill well defined . they leave the nest within a day of hatching , and follow their parents about in search of food . by the time the young are full grown , the old birds are moulting into their winter plumage , when they closely resemble the young \u2014 having no black chest band , and no frontal bands \u2014 and then old and young leave the river\u2013beds . the earliest families have left by the end of december , and all of them have gone by the end of february . sometimes they stay awhile on the coastal lagoons , and i have several times seem them on the shores of lake ellesmere in january and february , but they are the first birds to go north , migrating nearly two months earlier than the main body of dotterel and stilts . they spend the winter on the sea coast of the north island , frequenting the mouths of rivers , and the mud\u2013flats of the big harbours of the far north . so far as my information goes , it would seem they travel up the west coast of the north island in greater numbers than they do up the east .\nwrybills always display when their eggs or young are handled , running around with the wing near the intruder trailing on the ground , the other lifted in the air ; the feathers of the rump are raised ; the tail spread fanwise , and depressed so that the tip is almost on the ground ; and the bird all the time makes a continuous purring noise .\nit is sincerely to be hoped that this most interesting little bird does survive , for , on its nesting ground , it exhibits in all its stages \u2014 adults , eggs and young \u2014 the most amazingly perfect protective colouration that there is among new zealand birds .\n20 cm . , 55 g . , pale grey upper parts , black bill , legs grey green , white forehead tinged with black in breeding plumage , breeding adult underparts white except for black band across the chest .\nthe main breeding rivers in the south island are the rakaia , rangitata , waimakariri , and upper waitaki . after breeding the head to the tidal harbours of northland , auckland , and south auckland , the firth of thames .\nibis , 1869 . buller , walter lawry , birds of new zealand , 1888 .\nheather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . stead , edgar f . , life histories of new zealand birds , 1932 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nturbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .\n20 cm . stocky , pale grey plover , tip of black bill turned to right . ash - grey crown , nape , upperparts . white underparts . black band across upper chest thick in breeding male , thinner in breeding female , sometimes absent in non - breeding birds . black frontal band above white forehead in male , absent in female . juvenile breast - band absent , back feathers tinged with white .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable because it has a small population , which is undergoing a continuing decline owing to habitat degradation and the impacts of introduced predators .\n. it is found on over 26 riverbeds , but is only common on 10 . it winters mainly north of 38\u00b0s in the north island . in the last 40 years , population counts have varied between 3 , 000 and 5 , 000 individuals ( sagar\n, probably reflecting the difficulty in surveying the species ( j . e . dowding\n, which is supported by preliminary results from a long - term demographic study ( j . e . dowding\nthe population is estimated to number 4 , 500 - 5 , 000 individuals , roughly equating to 3 , 000 - 3 , 300 mature individuals .\nanalysis of wintering flocks indicates a slow decline over the last 40 years ( veitch and habraken 1999 ) , which is supported by preliminary results from a long - term demographic study ( j . e . dowding\nit breeds on braided riverbeds , and frequents sheltered estuaries and coasts over the non - breeding season . nests are built within 250 m of running water , and are usually hollows in bare shingle , lined with more than 100 small pebbles ( marchant and higgins 1993 , j . e . dowding\n. it lays two eggs . young usually begin to breed at two or three years of age ( marchant and higgins 1993 )\n, the average adult life expectancy is c . 5 . 4 years ( hay 1984 )\n. 2012 ) . land intensification in the high country will have similar effects on reducing water flow , as well as increasing the concentration of nutrients in rivers , further encouraging weed growth ( rebergen 2011 ) . the extent of predation by stoats\n. the recent illegal introduction of rabbit haemorrhagic disease has resulted in the localised switching of some predators to a diet containing proportionately more birds . predation by kelp gulls\nmay pose an increasing threat as they become more numerous in association with human activities ( j . e . dowding\n. increasing use of riverbeds for recreational purposes and floods are also threats ( marchant and higgins 1993 , a . grant\n1999 ) . water quality deterioration and disturbance pose threats at the species ' s wintering grounds in auckland and northland ( rebergen 2011 ) . further threats may include the conversion of coastal habitat for aquaculture , development of wind farms , and the spread of mangroves ( d . melville\n. research on the impact of predation and prey - switching is being undertaken . predator control for black stilt\n. project river recovery carries out habitat restoration and predator research in the mckenzie basin ( a . grant\n. continue to monitor wintering aggregations . control introduced predators and invasive plants at important sites . control the recreational use of riverbeds , perhaps by delimiting areas where humans are excluded . identify and monitor key areas of habitat ( rebergen 2011 ) . increase awareness of river - dwelling birds as part of the current government policy formulation on freshwater resource management ( d . melville\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwrybills are small , pale plovers that are much more approachable than most new zealand waders . their underparts are white , with a black upper breast band from mid - winter to the end of the breeding season . the upper parts and sides of the face are pale grey , and the forehead white . the bill is long and black , with the distal third curved 12 - 26\u00b0 to the right . the legs are dark grey to black . the sexes are alike in eclipse plumage ; juveniles lack the black breast band . in breeding plumage , males are distinguishable by a black line above the forehead ; this is highly variable however , and difficult to see in some individuals .\nvoice : the most common call is a ' chip ' that appears to indicate alertness . rapid ' churring ' is used when chasing intruding banded dotterels or other wrybills , and very quiet ' grating ' call used to communicate with chicks . flocks in flight ( and sometimes when milling on the ground ) may indulge in excited high - pitched ' chattering ' .\nsimilar species : wrybills are unlikely to be mistaken for other species in breeding plumage or if the bill is seen well . in eclipse plumage the banded dotterel is superficially similar , but has browner upper parts and short straight bill . confusion is possible with some rare transequatorial migrant waders , notably sanderling and terek sandpiper , but these lack the black breast band , and their bill shapes differ .\nwrybills breed only in the south island , east of the main divide . the large majority of the population breeds in canterbury between the waimakariri river in the north , and the rivers of the upper waitaki ( mackenzie ) basin in the south . main strongholds are the rakaia , upper rangitata , and mackenzie basin . four rivers in otago ( hunter , makarora , matukituki , and dart ) and two in north canterbury ( ashley and waiau ) have small populations . wrybills previously bred in marlborough , but their breeding range has contracted southwards over the past 120 years .\nfrom january to july , wrybills are present in harbours of the northern north island , mainly manukau and firth of thames , smaller flocks elsewhere . during migration , small flocks are often seen briefly at south island east coast lakes and estuaries , and flocks may settle at rivermouths in the southwestern north island .\nwrybills breed exclusively on braided riverbeds . on their wintering grounds , they feed on inter - tidal mudflats in harbours and estuaries . high - water roosts are usually near foraging areas , commonly on local shellbanks and beaches ; occasionally on pasture . in the upper manukau harbour , birds regularly roost on roofs of large buildings ; occasionally on tarmac at auckland airport . on migration , flocks generally follow coastlines , but are not averse to flying overland . a high proportion of the population passes through lake ellesmere on both migrations .\ncounts on breeding grounds are impractical \u2013 wrybills are highly cryptic and widely dispersed . combined counts from wintering flocks suggest a total population of 5000 - 5500 . counts show high variability ( which obscures trends ) , but the population is thought to be declining slowly .\nthe main threats faced by wrybills are predation ( by introduced mammals and native birds ) , flooding of nests , and loss or degradation of breeding habitat . threats vary temporally and spatially , and their relative importance overall is unclear . actual and potential threats to habitat include loss to hydro - electric power schemes , abstraction of water for irrigation , weed growth , and disturbance caused by a wide range of recreational and commercial activities . on wintering grounds , predation of adults has been recorded , and some loss of roosting habitat is likely as mangroves encroach . wrybills appear to be prone to collision with man - made objects . occasional significant strikes have occurred at auckland airport , and collisions with fencelines and powerlines have been recorded .\na small proportion of the population is managed through predator control programmes . the largest such area covers the whole tasman river catchment , but benefits are equivocal to date . a few small areas are managed by community groups ( e . g . the lower ashley river ) .\nwrybills breed in monogamous dispersed pairs . territories may overlap with those of other species ( e . g . banded dotterel , black - fronted tern , pied stilt ) , but are vigorously defended against other wrybills . the nest is a shallow scrape in the gravel , lined with many small stones . the normal clutch is 2 ; first clutches are laid in september or october . replacement clutches laid after loss may occur through to january . some pairs will double - brood if they are successful early . incubation is shared and is protracted ; accurate data are few , but values from 30 - 36 days recorded . chicks fledge after 35 - 40 days ; chicks are guarded by one or both parents during their first 3 weeks at least , often becoming increasingly independent before fledging .\nwrybills usually allow a close approach . when incubating , they rely on camouflage to avoid detection , and flush from the nest very late . distraction displays are used to defend nests ; banded dotterels are aggressively chased if close to eggs or chicks . chicks freeze to escape detection ( especially when small ) , and swim well from a few days old . away from the breeding grounds , wrybills are highly gregarious and form dense flocks , normally also very approachable .\nnorthward migration typically begins in late december , and peaks in january . southward migration is mainly in august and early september ( adults ) , with some first - year birds ( which will not breed ) following in october - november .\non the breeding grounds , wrybills consume a wide range of aquatic invertebrates , but predominantly mayfly and caddisfly larvae . on wintering grounds , a range of small marine and littoral invertebrates are taken ( including annelid and polychaete worms , small molluscs , and insects ) , and the occasional small fish .\ndowding , j . e . ; moore , s . j . 2006 . habitat networks of indigenous shorebirds in new zealand . science for conservation 261 . department of conservation , wellington .\nheather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2005 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . 2nd edition . penguin : rosedale , auckland .\nmarchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) 1993 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 2 , raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .\nincubation behaviour shared incubation length ( mean ) 30 - 36 days nestling type precocial nestling period ( mean ) leave nest within 24 hours of hatching of second egg age at fledging ( mean ) 35 - 40 days age at independence ( mean ) 30 - 50 days age at first breeding ( typical ) 2 plus years age at first breeding ( min ) 1 years maximum longevity 22 plus years maximum dispersal migrate annually 700 - 1000km each way .\na relatively small pale plover with a long black bill curving to the right , dark grey to black legs and , in breeding males , a black line above the white forehead . the underparts are white , with a black upper breast band from mid - winter to the end of the breeding season , and the upperparts and sides of the face are pale grey .\nthe laying season runs between september and october ; a clutch of two eggs is laid into a slight depression amongst the gravel . both parents take it in turn to incubate the eggs that are well camouflaged against the shingle , resembling the stones around them ( 4 ) . the parents also rely on camouflage to remain undetected with their ash - grey plumage barely visible amongst the stones ( 4 ) . the chicks are able to leave their nest within a day of hatching and follow their parents on foraging trips ( 4 ) .\nendemic to new zealand , wrybills migrate annually from breeding grounds in canterbury and otago ( on south island ) , to spend the winter in northern areas of north island ( 2 ) .\nbreeding occurs on rivers where there are large amounts of bare shingle . the wintering sites to the north tend to consist of mudflats at the mouths of large rivers ( 4 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nlarge flocks of wrybills were recorded in the early 19th century but the species has since undergone a long - term decline , principally as a result of habitat loss at breeding sites ( 2 ) . the shingle beds that comprise the nesting habitat of this species have decreased in size due to the encroachment of weeds , and altered river flooding regimes caused by hydroelectric schemes ( 2 ) . it is also likely that predation by introduced stoats ( mustela erminea ) and cats has played a large part in the decline of this ground - nesting bird ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . invertebrates animals with no backbone . larvae stage in an animal\u2019s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nwe also try and see as many marine mammal species as possible on our tours , with the tiny hector ' s dolphin highly likely to be seen .\nfor our pelagics we use small charter boats that are specifically certified for taking passengers . the operators we are use are people we know and trust and provide the best pelagic experienced based on working with us over many years .\nthe new zealand breeding endemic black ( parkinson ' s ) petrel is generally seen on several of the north island pelagics .\nnear okarito we will spend an evening in search of the rarest of the kiwi species - the okarito brown kiwi . we have a chance of seeing four species , plus great - spotted kiwi which is unlikely to be seen , but generally heard .\nthe new zealand forest can be extremely beautiful , but with all this moss in a south island nothofagus beech forest it means there can sometimes be rain .\nalthough not specifically a photographic tour , our 21 - day birding tours allow excellent photographic opportunities .\nwe target three species of penguin during the tour , with the largest being the yellow - eyed penguin . we generally find this bird both at sea and near its breeding sites on land .\nsmall group sizes and relaxed travel times generally allow us to stop and make the most of birding locations we are enjoying .\na courting pair of dusky dolphins ( lagenorhynchus obscurus ) leap from the water . kaikoura , canterbury , new zealand .\nas large as the wandering albatross , the southern royal albatross is likely to be seen on at least a couple of our pelagic opportunities .\nthe ancient looking takahe is a flightless endemic rail , considered extinct for almost 50 years , and now found on several predator free offshore islands .\nthe south island is renowned for its spectacular scenery , and rightly so . this is franz josef glacier on the west coast of the south island and a place we stay near and stop at .\none of the worlds rarest shorebirds , the black stilt , is a key endemic we aim to see .\nwe use clean and tidy accomodation around the country . some such as this spot we use on our first night are in beautiful scenic locations and birding around the accomodations can often be good .\na male south island wren ( xenicus gilviventris ) perched on a rock in its alpine habitat . homer tunnel , fiordland national park , new zealand . january .\nbuller ' s albatross is surely one of the most beautiful of the albatrosses , and one on our target list .\nthe south island is renowned for its spectacular scenery , and rightly so , with this being part of the road through to the famous milford sound , which we visit if time allows .\nthe endemic blue duck can be difficult to find , but we visit the best location ( and several others ) for this species in the north island , and also try to find it in the south island .\nsouthern brown kiwi ( apteryx australis ) feeding for crustaceans on a sandy beach . no flash used , just dim flashlight . ocean beach , stewart island , new zealand .\nnew zealand dotterel ( charadrius obscurus ) , sometimes known as red - breasted plover , feeding on the shoreline . waipu estuary , northland , new zealand .\nthe south island is renowned for its spectacular scenery , and rightly so , with views like this of mount cook ( nzs highest peak ) sometimes being possible .\nit is not only about birding , but having a great time as well .\nthe alpine kea makes for a strange parrot , but will be seen in several places on the south island . an incredibly curious bird they provide much entertainment .\nnorth island kokako ( callaeas wilsoni ) feeding on leaves in the sub - canopy . tiritiri matangi island , auckland , new zealand .\nwe generally grab lunch from a cafe or bakery as we travel , and then enjoy it in a place where we will maximise our birding or scenic opportunities .\nwe generally grab lunch from a cafe or bakery as we tarvel , and then enjoy it in a place where we will maximise our birding or scenic opportunities .\nthe largest flying bird in the world , the wandering albatross , can be seen almost at arms length off kaikoura and possibly also during our other pelagic opportunities .\nadult male yellowhead ( mohoua ochrocephala ) peering into moss whilst foraging . haast pass , west coast , new zealand . january . endangered .\na cook ' s petrel ( pterodroma cookii ) in flight , showing the underwing pattern . hauraki gulf , auckland , new zealand .\ngenerally we dine at cafes and resturants , choosing from the normal menu , however on some nights we take the opportunity to get a little more personal , with catered meals providing an introduction to real kiwi food .\nnew zealand falcon is our only endemic diurnal raptor , and we have excellent opportunities to see this species both in the north and south islands .\nthe white - capped albatross , one of the larger ' small ' abatrosses is frequently very common during our stewart island pelagic .\nour pelagic out of kaikoura offers unrivalled close views of several species of albatross and other tube - nosed seabirds - not to be missed .\nbuller ' s shearwater is a new zealand endemic breeder , and will be seen commonly during several of our north island pelagics .\npelagic birding trips are just one of our specialties , with unrivalled knowledge within new zealand . our rediscovery of the supposedly extinct new zealand storm - petrel in 2003 , as we were just starting to operate our business , was an amazing sign that we were really doing the right thing . however , we also know our land - birds just as well and know you will enjoy your new zealand birding experience with us !\nso here we are\u2026\u2026 . sav saville and brent stephenson , and recently due to being so popular , and restricting our group sizes to just 8 people , we have had to enlist the help of three other great new zealand birders \u2013 phil hammond , matt jones , and neil robertson . the decision to hire other guides was not one we took lightly , but as their clients have told us , they are excellent and fit well within our team ! our list of services can be found here , with anything from pre - trip planning advice , to a full north and south island organised tour ( including stewart island ) , and anything in between . as sav , brent , phil , matt , and neil live in different parts of the country , we are also able to offer guided trips around our \u2018neck - of - the - woods\u2019 for one or more days , and make custom itineraries . trip reports from our pelagics , personal birding trips , and guided trips can be found here . if you are visiting new zealand , then email us to let us know how we can help .\nwe must be doing something right if pelagic experts and overseas field leaders think we do a good job ! check out endorsements from world class seabirders here and see our testimonials page here .\nwe only operate in new zealand , choosing to run tours on our home turf where we know things best . that doesn\u2019t mean we don\u2019t travel and bird overseas though !\nour 21 - day tours are only run by birders we know and trust ! sav & brent have been running tours by themselves since 2002 , but have now enlisted the help of phil hammond , matt jones , and neil robertson . both phil , matt , and neil are excellent guides and birders and we have no hesitation bringing them both onboard as guides .\nd\u2019s conservation estate . this means some of your fee goes towards ensuring the conservation of the birds you will see . we also hold concessions for many of the\nwe love getting out and about birding , we are birders through and through \u2013 we even go birding on the weekend ! but , we are also keen on plants , invertebrates , and other new zealand wildlife . so a tour with us is not just hardcore birding , we take time to see the country and other things of interest during our 21 - day tours .\nplus we love showing new zealand and its fantastic birds to overseas birders ! read client testimonials here .\nwe are pleased to announce that we will again be at the british birdwatching fair in 2018 ! we will be sharing a stand with our good friends from albatross encounter - marquee 2 , stands 46 & 47 . so come and see both brent and sav there during the weekend of 17 - 19 . . .\nwell our last places are filling on this upcoming seasons tours - 2018 - 2019 summer . we have just just three places left in five 21 - day tours confirmed in late 2018 , and just a couple of places left in the three confirmed tours in early 2019 . there have been recent . . .\nwell it is the start of the new year - happy 2018 every one ! we are gearing up for our early 2018 21 - day tours which kick off in a week or so . looking forward to some excellent birding . we have also just added dates for our pelagics in warkworth ( into the hauraki . . .\nwell our tours in november and december 2017 went really well , with both tours run getting almost all of the ' gettable ' endemics . low numbers of the less common arctic shorebirds accounted for lower numbers than usual on these tours , but these really are additional . . .\nsav will be attending the american birding expo , which is being held this weekend - 29 september to 1 october 2017 , in philadelphia . it is being held at the greater philadelphia expo centre , and sav will be around all weekend . so if you are in the area and wanting . . .\nwrybills are classified as a threatened species due to their low and declining numbers .\nbirds on braided rivers have evolved to feed in distinct ways . specialisation minimises competition for food between the bird species .\nwrybills feed in shallow channels , riffles and the edges of pools . their bent bill is specially adapted to allow them to reach under stones for mayfly larvae .\nwhen food is scarce , they move into stableside channels and pond areas to find food . in winter , wrybills migrate to north island harbours and feed in flocks on the mudflats .\neach pair of wrybills , stilts , dotterels and oystercatchers defends a territory and nests alone . the chicks are active soon after hatching , following the parents as they forage for food . within hours , newly - hatched chicks can hunt for food and swim if necessary .\nbreeding on a riverbed is a risky business . many eggs and chicks do not survive . riverbed birds have adapted to cope with floods and are able to renest if eggs or chicks are lost .\nbirds with good nesting sites are more likely to raise chicks successfully . the best nest sites have :\nswamp harriers / k\u0101hu and black - backed gulls / karoro are natural predators of braided river birds . these avian predators have taken advantage of changes made by humans and their numbers have increased dramatically .\nbraided river birds have good camouflage and use distraction to cope with avian predators . wrybills , oystercatchers and dotterels often pretend to have a broken wing to lead predators away . terns , gulls and oystercatchers may dive - bomb and call loudly .\nhowever these defences against avian predators are little use against introduced predators such as cats , stoats , ferrets , rats and hedgehogs . these are the main threats .\nensuring the survival of the birds ' natural open habitat is important in combating predation .\nthe fragile ecology of the braided river system is being destroyed by the invasion of weeds .\nhuman activity including land development and recreational activities disturb nesting birds . birds may abandon their nests if disturbed .\ncall 0800 doc hot ( 0800 362 468 ) immediately if you see anyone catching , harming or killing native wildlife .\nonly take dogs to areas that allow them , and keep them under control .\ndon ' t drive on riverbeds , or keep to formed tracks if you have to .\nbraided rivers are important features of the upper waitaki basin . their distinctive wildlife and plant communities make them unique worldwide .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : anarhynchus frontalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe male has a white forehead and pale grey crown , nape , back , wings and tail and a white throat , breast , belly and rump , with a thin black band across the breast . this band is thinner in the female , and much less distinct in both sexes in the non - breeding season . males have a small black bar between the white forehead and the grey crown . as with the breast band , this is reduced in the non - breeding season .\ntheir eggs are blue - grey and lightly speckled , making them well camouflaged against river stones and pebbles , which generally make up the main structure of a very simple nest .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird walking slowly to detect prey , catching a worm , cleaning and eating it .\na bird looking for food , catching a worm , cleaning it on water and swallowing it .\njosep del hoyo , doug and denise norris , pieter de groot boersma , greg baker , nick talbot , mkennewell , mauriravasini , brooke clibbon .\nnick talbot , glenda rees , pluvius , josep del hoyo , greg baker , georges olioso , marco valentini , rick and elis simpson , r\u00e9mi bigonneau , alex berryman , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , ken havard , tomas grim , martin fr\u00e4mke .\nnew zealand : breeds in c south i ( canterbury and otago riverbeds ) ; winters mainly in n north i .\n20\u201321 cm ; 43\u201368 g . rather plump , greyish plover with conspicuous long bill curved to the right ; male has black frontal bar and breastband . female has duller , . . .\nbreeds inland on large braided rivers , occupying large bare beds of shingle and sand , with . . .\nduring breeding season takes aquatic invertebrates , including flatworms , annelids , gastropods , mites , spiders , and eggs , larvae , pupae and . . .\nlays late aug to late oct , with second clutch late oct to late dec . monogamous on long - term basis . solitary ; holds vigorously defended . . .\nmigratory . moves from breeding grounds in c south i to mudflats of estuaries and harbours on n end . . .\nvulnerable . hunted prior to 1940 ; after hunting ceased , population increased , but stabilized by early 1960s , with c . 5000 birds . in 1994 , total of 5111 birds counted , with c . . ."]}
{"id": 600, "summary": [{"text": "harpalus anxius is a species of phytophagous and xerophilous ground beetle that is native to palearctic ( including europe ) and the near east .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "in europe , it is only absent in the following countries or islands : andorra , the azores , the canary islands , the channel islands , crete , cyclades , cyprus , dodecanese , the faroe islands , franz josef land , gibraltar , iceland , madeira , malta , monaco , the north aegean islands , norway , novaya zemlya , portugal , san marino , the savage islands , sicily , svalbard and jan mayen , and vatican city .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its presence on the balearic islands and sardinia is doubtful . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "harpalus anxius", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for harpalus rubripes yet . learn how to contribute .\nno one has contributed data records for harpalus atratus yet . learn how to contribute .\nharpalus ( harpalus ) anxius ( duftschmid , 1812 ) family : carabidae size : 8 . 1 mm ( 6 . 1 to 8 . 6 mm ) distribution : europe to west siberia , west china ecology : inhabitants of steppes , loves warm and dry areas location : france , ardeche , les vans leg . w . veldkamp , 10 . vii . 1979 ; det . u . schmidt , 1986 photo : u . schmidt , 2017\nirish status : like the majority of harpalus , this species is of restricted distribution due to the scarcity of free - draining soils , particularly in the west . its range appears to be entirely coastal except for a few inland sites on sandy or morainic soils .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of harpalus rufipes from reedbeds along the river khara ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from the lakeside salt - marsh ( b ) , in 2006 ( see figure 2 for further explanations ) .\nseasonal variation in abundance curves and reproduction aspects in four resident carabid species coupled with abundance of a migrant - species harpalus rufipes from reedbeds , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( r and l right and left y axis , respectively ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ) .\nas such , the contribution of migrants to the trophic structure of carabid communities is not apparent and requires further research . that a particular carabid species inhabits and breeds in , and even dominates a certain habitat , is only a hypothesis that needs corroboration each time . species with high abundance levels and high frequency of occurrence in a particular habitat can belong to both labile and stable components . thus , in the lake elton region , calosoma auropunctatum , dolichus halensis , amara aenea , harpalus calceatus , harpalus rufipes , harpalus distinguendus and anisodactylus signatus belong to the labile component in all the habitats where they occur ; cephalota elegans comprises the main element of the stable component in several azonal habitats ; while calathus ambiguus , cymindis lateralis and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis maior play the main role in the composition of the stable component in the majority of zonal habitats ( appendix ) . overall , 65\u201375 % of the species diversity of both individual habitats and the landscape as a whole comprised of non - residential species . it is important to note that almost half of the migrants ( 41 of 94 species ) failed to breed in any of the studied habitats . thus , the distances of their movements are substantially greater compared to the size of the site . so , the migrations of such species should be characterised at the landscape scale .\noverall , we collected 34 , 108 individuals belonging to 98 carabid species . we recorded 65 species in rice field banks , 73 species in buffer strips and 78 in restored habitats . eight species were found only in rice field banks ( agonum sexpunctatum , amara nitida , cicindela campestris , clivina collaris , harpalus albanicus , harpalus pumilus , ophonus cribricollis , pterostichus macer ) , 6 species only in herbaceous buffer strips ( amara littorea , bembidion quadripustulatum , bradycellus verbasci , dolichus halensis , ophonus azureus , panagaeus cruxmajor ) , 2 species only in arboreal buffer strips ( badister sodalis , drypta dentata ) , 2 species only in herbaceous restored habitats ( acupalpus elegans , ophonus diffinis ) and 11 species only in arboreal restored habitats ( acinopus picipes , acupalpus flavicollis , acupalpus notatus , agonum versutum , agonum viduum , limodromus assimilis , limodromus krynickii , nebria brevicollis , ophonus parallelus , paranchus albipes , synuchus vivalis ) . poecilus cupreus and pseudoophonus rufipes consituted about 55 % of the capture with 18 753 individuals .\nthe most interesting aspect of this carabid coenosis is the presence of several species with southern distribution , quite common in clay soil on the right bank of the po river , and known only in few stations north of the po river . among these species , we list acinopus picipes , amblystomus niger , dinodes decipiens , harpalus cupreus , harpalus oblitus , parophonus mendax , parophonus planicollis , pterostichus macer . although a comparison with the past coenosis is not possible for the lack of similar surveys in the area , it could be hypothesized that these species are recent colonizers ( 7 - 10 years ) . they are not reported in the historical catalogue of magistretti ( 1965 ) , and are also not listed in several recent faunistic investigations carried out in the lombardy lowland , particularly along the ticino river ( pasquetto 1992 , bogliani et al . 2003 ) , adda river ( conti 1991 ) , po river ( pilon et al . 1991 , rancati and sciaky 1994 ) and in milan ( pilon et al . 2010 ) , where potentially suitable habitats were sampled . even in an intensive survey along the po river included in piedmont region , only some of these species have been collected ( allegro and sciaky 2001 ) . if so , we could assume a tendency to a northward shift in the distribution of these species , according to what has been observed for other zoological groups well studied and that have great mobility , such as birds ( chen et al . 2011 ) and dragonflies ( ott 2010 ) .\nsoil disturbance is recognised as an important restoration measure for conserving biodiversity in sandy soils . we used a soil disturbance ( ploughing ) experiment in a sandy grassland as well as a semi - natural disturbance ( slope erosion enhanced by cattle trampling ) gradient on a sandy slope to test the soil disturbance effects on the ground - living beetle community . both experimental disturbance and semi - natural disturbance favoured sandy grassland specialists , but there was no overall effect on beetle richness and abundance . amara lucida and harpalus spp . were favoured by disturbance while calathus melanocephalus was disfavoured . experimental ploughing significantly increased the proportion of red - listed species in disturbed plots compared to non - disturbed controls . in the semi - natural disturbance gradient we found that the beetle community on the disturbed slope differed from that of the flat areas , and there were tendencies for a higher proportion of red - listed species on the slope . we conclude that increasing the area of bare sand in sandy grasslands can have positive effects on many threatened species . soil disturbance should thus be included as a regular measure in sandy grasslands under conservation management and as a measure to restore high biodiversity in areas where bare sand is rare .\nalthough the sampling effort was quite different between 1983\u20131984 and 2002 , we assume that around 11 records of the 16 new species during the second sampling period can also be due to the invasion by elymus . in fact , several continental species were discovered after the invasion in relatively high numbers ( i . e . , more than five individuals ) , both on the dyke and in the salt marsh . among them , most species are linked to high contents of organic matter and a more pronounced litter layer ( e . g . , agonum muelleri , bembidion obtusum and the polyphagous pterostichus versicolor ) or are even partly phytophagous ( amara spp . and harpalus spp . : dajoz 1988 , ikeda et al . in press ) . conversely , halophilic species discovered in 2002 are hardly related to the invasion . pogonus littoralis and dicheirotrichus obsoletus could have been misidentified earlier , as these species are very similar to pogonus chalceus and dicheirotrichus gustavii , respectively ( forel and leplat 2005 , dhuyvetter et al . 2007 ) . dicheirotrichus obsoletus could also have been missed in 1983\u20131984 ( the sampling stopped in september ) as more than 89 % of individuals were caught in october - november during 2002 . tachys scutellaris appears as a new species in 2002 , but was present in 1983\u20131984 , but at another station located below the mean sea level ( slikke habitat : fouillet 1986 ) . the \u2018appearance\u2019 of several species , sampled in low numbers in 2002 , can be due to differences in sampling effort and / or to random catches .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : an 8 . 5 - 12mm long black beetle with colourful and varied metallic reflections . the male is usually metallic bronze , green or blue , the female usually unmetallic black . phytophagous . common in dry grassland and coastal dunes .\nworld distribution : a eurasian wide - temperate ( 65 ) species and found across europe except the extreme north , south to asia minor and iran , and east to the river lena in siberia . introduced in n . america .\necology : fairly eurytopic in areas which suit it , on arable land , in quarries , on dry grassland and on sand dunes at or near the coast .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nto get the picture , please visit : bouyon herv\u00e9 herve . bouyon @ urltoken\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author . link to the code of intellectual property ( legifrance )\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\ndescription : a medium - sized ( 6 . 8 - 8 . 2mm ) black phytophagous beetle of sandy heaths and dunes . eastern and southern .\nworld distribution : this species has a eurasian wide - temperate distribution ( 65 ) and is found across europe , except the north , to asia minor and siberia .\nirish status : restricted to the south and east coasts between meath and kerry .\necology : a strongly xerophilous species in ireland restricted to loose sand habitats in coastal fore dunes .\npaleartic . open habitats . macropterous , with summer larvae . small size . zoospermatophagous .\ncommon in the study area ( n = 331 ) . recorded in all habitat categories .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nchecklist of beetles of the british isles ( andrew duff ; http : / / www . coleopterist . org . uk ) , version 1 ( recommended )\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nasiatic - european . open habitats . macropterous , with summer larvae . medium size . zoospermatophagous .\ncommon in the study area ( n = 180 ) . recorded in all habitat categories .\neurope ( except the north ) and the balkans , where it prefers foothills to alpine regions ( arndt et al . 2011 ) .\nit is a mesoxerophilous and polyphagous species , which prefers to live in forested areas ( varvara and apostol 2008 ) . it feeds on a mixture of seeds from agricultural crops , weeds and shrub species ( lundgren 2009 ) . in this study , it was only found in the wheat field in the homogeneous area ( n = 1 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : andrey v . matalin ( ur . akhcot @ nilatam _ a ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\npitfall trapping is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify terrestrial arthropods ( barber 1931 ) . the simplicity of the method and the possibility of data standardization are the main advantages of their application in numerous entomological studies . pitfall trapping is easy , and as such arthropods can be captured in different places at the same time . this explains the extensive use of pitfall traps in ecological investigations of ground beetles ( scherney 1959 ; skuhrav\u00fd 1959 ; nov\u00e1k 1964 ; kabacik - wasylik 1970 ; tietze 1973 ; den boer 1977 ; brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 ; \u00f8stbye and h\u00e4gvar 1996 ; gryuntal 2008 ; makarov and matalin 2009 ) .\nhowever , doubts concerning the reliability of the obtained results were already expressed during the first pitfall trap studies and have been discussed subsequently ( for example , see adis 1979 ) . numerous factors have been found to affect pitfall trap catches , such as , the size of a trap and its inlet ( luff 1975 ; waage 1985 ; work et al . 2002 ; koivula et al . 2003 ) , the colour of a trap ( buchholz et al . 2010 ) , the presence and type of preservative ( luff 1968 ; feoktistov 1980 ; gryuntal 1982 ; karpova and matalin 1992 ; weeks and mcintyre 1997 ) and the ways of setting traps across habitats ( greenslade 1964 ; perner and schueler 2004 ; korczycski and sienkiewicz 2006 ) . in addition , the mobility of beetles in relation to both their physiological condition and the environment vary widely in the course of a season and between seasons ( den boer 1977 ; van huizen 1977 , 1979 ; baars 1979 ; matalin 1994 , 1997 , 2003 ; desender 2000 ) .\ntowards the second half of the 20th century it became clear that pitfall trapping reflected not as much the abundance as the locomotor activity of beetles . numerous steps have been taken to increase the reliability of the results of catches : changes in trap construction ( reeves 1980 ; boucher 1981 ; kuschka et al . 1987 ; loreau 1987 ; dufr\u00eane 1988 ; makarov and tshernyakhovskaya 1990 ; karpova and matalin 1992 ; kuschka 1998 ) and in the type of preservative used ( louda 1970 ; feoktistov 1980 ; gryuntal 1982 ; pekar 2002 ) , exhaustive catches from enclosed areas ( kudrin 1971 ; gryuntal 1981 ; desender and maelfait 1986 ) , the calculation of correction coefficients from the re - trapping of marked specimens ( holland and smith 1991 ; raworth and choi 2001 ) , and the comparisons of dynamic ( pitfall trapping ) and static ( standard soil fauna quadrate sampling ) population densities ( kudrin 1966 ; arnoldi et al . 1972 ; desender and segers 1985 ; spence and niemel\u00e4 1994 ) . in spite of these important advances , standard pitfall trapping has \u2018de facto\u2019 become a standard technique used in synecological investigations of carabidae .\nat the same time , when pitfall - trapped data are interpreted , the beetles\u2019 migratory capacities are often ignored . this is because there is no universal technique for quantitatively estimating beetle locomotion ( den boer 1977 ; prisnyi 1987 ) . interpretation of life cycles to evaluate the demographic structure of local populations can provide a new approach to solving this problem . for example , a significantly deficient demographic structure recently observed in some carabid species in agricultural or disturbed habitats shows that in many places the populations are represented only by certain \u2018age groups\u2019 ( borkowski and szyszko 1984 ; wallin 1989 ; makarov and tshernyakhovskaya 1989 ; tshernyakhovskaya 1990 ; khotuleva 1997 ) . according to data obtained by bokhovko ( 2006 ) , five of the 11 dominant carabid species from arable soils in the kuban region , southern russia , demonstrated high abundance levels , coupled with incomplete demographic spectra . for example , in semi - centennial forest belts as well as in alfalfa fields , about 80 % of the dominants completed their development . on the other hand , in corn fields and in a forest belt with robinia , about 75 % of the carabid beetles did not complete their full life cycle .\nthe last case clearly illustrates the probable scales of migration in carabidae , showing that populations are often incapable of reproducing in such environments . however , it still remains unclear whether this situation is general or not . we can assume that the proportion of species with incomplete demographic spectra represented in pitfall traps is higher in disturbed habitats , while in undisturbed or moderately disturbed habitats , the sex and age structures of the populations are more or less balanced .\nin the present study , we highlight a key methodological problem that the actual community structure ( e . g . , the roles of individual species ) cannot be understood based on pitfall counts alone . we also demonstrate how demographic analysis can be used to address this problem .\nground beetle communities in the lake elton region , volgograd area , south - eastern russia ( 49o12 . 47\u2019n , 46o39 . 75\u2019e ) were studied in 2006\u20132007 . lake elton is situated within the botkul - bulukhta drainless desert depression , which belongs to the caspian lowland . a strongly pronounced salt - dome structure is characteristic of this region , and desert steppes are typical plant associations in most of the habitats present ( nekrutkina 2006 ; safronova 2006 ) . dense reedbeds occur in the river valleys , in gullies at lakesides there are trees and shrubs , while lakesides near the mouth of most large rivers are characterised by salt - marshes . near the village of elton , all desert steppes are fragmented or transformed into pastures .\npitfall trapping was conducted in 10 habitats : six zonal characteristic of this particular biogeographical area , and four azonal present in a variety of biogeographical areas ( walter 1973 ; chernov 1975 ) . three selected habitats were located near the village of elton , while seven were placed on the north - western shore of lake elton , on the right bank of the river khara ( for more details see makarov and matalin 2009 ) . zonal habitats were represented by sagebrush and sagebrush - grassland steppe with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbances ( strong near elton village , moderate on the northern slope of mt . ulagan , and weak in the watershed of river khara ) . azonal habitats were chosen along salinity and solar irradiation gradients ( strong in the lakeside salt - marsh , moderate in the salina on the floodplain terrace of river khara , and weak in reedbeds along river khara ) .\nplastic cups of 0 . 5 l capacity and 95 mm upper diameter containing 4 % formaldehyde solution as a preservative were used . in each habitat , 10 traps were arranged along transects at 10 m intervals . the traps were checked every ten days from 10 may to 31 october in 2006 and from 1 april to 10 may in 2007 .\nall captured carabids were dissected . based on gonad condition ( gilbert 1956 , skuhrav\u00fd 1959 , van heerdt et al . 1976 , wallin 1989 ) , as well as on the degree of wear - and - tear of the mandibles , claws and cuticle ( houston 1981 , brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 , butterfield 1986 , davies 1987 ) , six physiological states in the adults of both sexes were distinguished .\nrecently emerged beetles with soft and pale cuticle ; mandibles and claws sharp . ovaries thin , white or translucent without any trace of developing oocytes ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts very thin . testes thin and dull or relatively large and white ; accessory glands always thin and poorly visible .\ncuticle fully hardened and coloured ; mandibles and claws pointed . ovaries compact , opaque and white , with or without distinctly visible oocytes , but always without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts long and thin . testes opaque and white ; accessory glands no longer than half of the abdominal length , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\ncuticle slightly worn ; mandibles and claws hardly or distinctly dulled . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent or yellowish , hardly visible ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and white or cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and white or light - yellow , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .\ncuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws dull . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea distinctly light or dark brown ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and cream - coloured or light - brown , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .\ncuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws as a rule distinctly dull . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , often deposited above last developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and cream - coloured or yellow ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow or light - brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\ncuticle very worn ; mandibles and claws blunt . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured or light - brown , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , as a rule deposited under the developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and yellow or brown ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow , yellow - orange or brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\nthe separation between parental and ancestral generations was somewhat subjective and should be interpreted with caution . however , in most cases this separation was not required for the reasonable interpretation of demographic structures of the studied populations .\ndetection of the chronology of the maximum activity of the above - mentioned groups of specimens in the key stages of their life cycles as a result of feeding , reproduction or preparation for hibernation , forms the basis of our analysis . in such an approach , the quantitative recording of eggs , larvae , and pupae is not required . moreover , we can evaluate the demographic spectra of a local population from small numbers ( several dozen ) of individuals .\n) . during this sequence , the abundance of species can be high or low . for example , in the reedbeds along the river khara in early spring , peaks of abundance in the populations of\n) . in spite of this , both species are characterised by a complete demographic spectrum .\nchronology of changes in periods of activity of individual \u2018age\u2019 groups , characterised by female gonad condition , in \u2018spring\u2019 ( a ) and \u2018autumn\u2019 ( b ) breeding carabid beetles ( t \u2013 teneral , im \u2013 immature , m \u2013 mature , sp \u2013 spent beetles ) .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of pogonus transfuga ( a ) and brachinus hamatus ( b ) from reedbeds along the river khara , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( t \u2013 teneral , im \u2013 immature , m \u2013 mature , sp \u2013 spent beetles ; solid lines below graphs parental generation , dashed lines below graphs \u2013 new generation ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ; 1 , 2 , 3 \u2013 first , second and third ten - day periods per month , respectively ) .\n) , the same order of physiological conditions of the adults is observed , but without an aestivation parapause . as in the previous case , the abundance of species can vary widely . for example , in the grass - forb steppe , the abundance of\n) , yet the sex and age structure in the populations of both species was complete .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of calathus ambiguus from grass - forb steppe with amygdalus nana ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of ulagan mountain ( b ) , in 2006 ( breaks in the periods of activity of immature specimens correspond to the time of aestivation parapause ; see figure 2 for further explanations ) .\nimportantly , in all these cases there are clear changes in successive waves of activity of different adult \u2018age\u2019 groups . it should be noted that in populations of many carabid species , the individuals of ancestral generations ( which live and breed during two or more years ) are often represented . in these cases the pattern of change in the physiological conditions can be blurred because separate successive waves of activity overlap each other .\nthus , it is not abundance , but rather a regular change in the physiological condition that allows for a reconstruction of the life cycle at the local population scale , and this must be regarded as the criterion for the successful existence and breeding of a population in a particular habitat . species that meet these demands are considered \u2018residents\u2019 and their habitats \u2018residential\u2019 .\nan incomplete demographic spectrum of a population means that the probability of a complete life cycle in a particular habitat is low to zero . such a situation is often followed by extremely high abundance levels . in reedbeds from the end of june until the end of july ,\nwas by far the most numerous carabid beetle collected , with abundance levels of 1753 , 7047 , 3770 and 2830 for successive ten - day periods . without information on the physiological conditions of individuals , this species may be considered dominant in this habitat . however , mature females were completely absent from the demographic spectra in this local population of\n) . in these cases a reproductive phase in the demographic spectra of the local populations was absent .\nyet the presence of mature specimens is not necessarily evidence of successful breeding . for example , in lakeside salt - marshes , the demographic spectrum of\nwas mainly represented by mature specimens . the abundance of spent beetles was very low , while teneral and immature beetles were completely absent (\n) . the lack of young specimens in the demographic spectrum of this species provides evidence of immigration of mature beetles . species with incomplete demographic spectra are here considered \u2018migrants\u2019 and their habitats as \u2018transit\u2019 .\nthe spatial distribution of carabid species is determined by the availability both of habitats and landscape suitable for the complete realization of their life cycle . so the same habitat can be residential for one species and transit for another . among the examples discussed above , reedbed is a residential habitat for\n) . at the same time , various habitats offer different living conditions to the same species . the sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of the ulagan mountain is a residential habitat for\nin summary , the demographic structures of 66 carabid species found in the lake elton region were analyzed . the other 109 carabid species were represented by only one or two individuals ( appendix ) . considering the differences in abundance and demographic structure of the populations , three groups of carabidae of the studied habitats can be distinguished :\nresidents with their life cycles completed in a given habitat . in such species , migration forms only a facultative part of the life cycle . the catches of different species vary widely and sometimes differ by two orders of magnitude .\nmigrants that are characterised by relatively high numbers , yet rarely dominant , but with an incomplete demographic structure in particular habitats . because their reproduction and development are observed in different habitats , their roles in specific assemblages would be minor . migration forms both facultative and obligatory parts of their life cycles .\nsporadic species with very low numbers , probably not associated with a particular habitat , neither during migration nor reproduction .\nwithout question , residents interact both with their prey and with each other in a particular habitat . sporadic species are hardly important to a carabid community because of their low abundance levels . the role of migrants in the local carabid community remains unknown , with possible interactions between the migrants and residents . first , even very high numbers of migrants in relatively small - sized habitats do not reflect the condition of the populations of other carabid species . for example , in reedbeds of an area of 1 km2 , more than 13 000 specimens of\nwere trapped . this equates to a population density of about six individuals per square meter . this is a very high value . for example , the pest threshold of\n, is two - three individuals per square meter . hence , if the captured specimens of\nfed in this habitat and interacted with other species , we would expect changes in the demographic parameters of residents during this period . however , this is not the case , because the dynamics of the demographic structure in the populations of resident carabid beetles failed to change during this period (\n) . second , relatively high numbers and species diversity levels of migrants were recorded at some seemingly unsuitable sites . these sites included the lakeside salt - marsh with high salt concentrations , poor vegetation and soil , as well as occasional floods . under these conditions , only some specialist\nhabitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages with the labile component dominant and subdominant species ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\nhabitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages without the labile component resident species only ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\n\u201cstable\u201d and \u201clabile\u201d components can be recognized in ground - beetles communities ( makarov and matalin 2009 ) . the former includes species whose life cycles are realized in certain habitats ( residents ) , while the latter comprises species that are not capable of breeding in particular habitats ( migrants and sporadic species ) .\nthe ratio of stable to labile components in the studied habitats varied strongly and was not always in favour of residents . resident species comprised only 6\u201335 % of the species list and 15\u201390 % of total abundance . in zonal habitats , residents formed the dominant part of the assemblage . more than 65 % of total abundance and 15\u201335 % of total species diversity consisted of resident species . in azonal habitats the labile component prevailed . these species accounted for about 75 % of the fauna and about 80 % of total abundance (\n) . only in zonal habitats did results from pitfall trapping adequately reflect the state of the carabid community while azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .\nspecies diversity and the share of labile / stable components in particular habitats in the lake elton region , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( black bars \u2013 labile component , white bars \u2013 stable component , line \u2013 number of species ; n ( sp . ) \u2013 number of species ) .\naccording to our data , the capture in a pitfall trap indicates only the fact that the beetle has moved across the trap area , but do not reflect true abundances . in some cases , errors occurring from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping data can be severe , and statistical techniques can not compensate for this . this is evident from cases in which high numbers of some carabid species are collected from seemingly unsuitable locations , for example from city dumps ( budilov 2002 ; romankina et al . 2007 ) , urban quarters ( khotuleva 1997 ; sharova and kiselev 1999 ) , places with strong oil or chemical pollution ( avtaeva 2006 ) and along roads ( noordijk et al . 2008 ; solodovnikov 2008 ) . the varying contribution of the labile component substantially distorts our knowledge of species diversity in carabid communities . taking into account the contribution of the labile component can change conclusions based on pitfall trapping data considerably .\nfirstly , criteria for determining the most abundant , or dominant species inevitably vary . the abundance of migrants in some cases is one order of magnitude higher than that of residents . therefore , estimating the faunistic or community features based solely on abundant or dominant species , fail to solve the problem and can even worsen the situation . in reedbeds , for example , 36 migrant species made up about 83 % of the total abundance . the complex of dominants in this community , as identified by the usual criterion ( abundance exceeding 5 % ) while discarding the demography of individual species , contains only two polyzonal migrants\nnumbers of the 10 most abundantly collected carabid species in reedbeds with regards to migrants ( a ) and residents only ( b ) . dominant species are in bold text , combined data for 2006 / 07 ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ( after makarov and matalin 2009 ) .\nsecondly , common information regarding the habitat preferences of particular species , as well as indicator species , is considerably altered . in our case , all studied habitats belong to two contrasting groups : dry desert steppes and riparian , more or less halophilic habitats . as such , variation in carabid populations is expected . when analyzing the habitat distribution of all dominants - subdominants , we find more or less eurytopic species inhabiting both zonal dry steppes on floodplain terraces and azonal alluvial salt - marshes . the grouping of dry steppes is very poor and contains one or two species which occur in one to three habitats , as a rule . in contrast , the inhabitants of salt - marshes are very diverse and peculiar . interestingly , the woodland in the \u2018biological\u2019 ravine supports not only a native carabid beetle community , but also a peculiar species ,\n) . results from an analysis of the habitat distribution based solely on residents are distinctly different . only one species ,\n, can be labelled eurytopic because it reproduces in nine of the ten studied habitats . the communities of carabid beetles on floodplain terraces and in flood - plains are clearly isolated from each other . each of them includes the main body of oligotopic species and a few stenotopic ones . finally , the riverine woodland does not have a native carabid community and can be considered a transit habitat for practically all carabid species (\nbecause we have only very few examples that illustrate more or less close relations between ground beetles and their habitats , we are unable to assess the commonality of the situation described in the present study . however , it is conceivable that migrants in a carabid beetle community contribute to diversity estimates . based on results from this study , some preliminary conclusions can be made .\na study of the demographic structure of local populations and an assessment of the migratory / residential status of particular carabid species are possible ways to increase the reliability of pitfall trapping information .\nup to 65\u201375 % of species diversity , both of particular habitats and the landscape as a whole , can comprise of non - residential carabid species , i . e . migrants .\nresults from pitfall traps adequately reflect the state of carabid communities only in zonal habitats . azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .\nknowledge concerning the composition of carabid communities , as well as study techniques , need to be significantly updated . no statistical method is capable of correcting the errors inferred from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping results .\nwe extend our thanks to all colleagues who assisted in our work , especially to the directors of the elton natural park , mrs yulia nekrutkina ( volgograd , russia ) and viktor gerdt ( elton , russia ) , as well as to dr . artem zaitsev ( moscow state pedagogical university , moscow , russia ) . we also want to thank professor sergei golovach ( institute for problems of ecology and evolution , moscow , russia ) for a critical review of the text , to dr . gabor l\u00f6vei ( university of aarhus , denmark ) for fruitful discussions on the subject of the present paper , as well as to mr . stephen venn ( university of helsinki , finland ) and professor andrei alyokhin ( university of maine , orono , usa ) , who kindly checked the english . this study was financially supported by the russian foundation for basic research ( projects nos 09 - 04 - 01311 and 09 - 04 - 08112 ) .\nclassification of the carabid species from the elton lake region in migrant ( m ) , resident ( r ) and sporadic ( s ) species , based on their abundance and demographic spectrum in each habitat type ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\nzuphium ( s . str . ) olens olens ( p . rossi , 1790 )\narnoldi kv , sharova ikh , klyukanova gn , butrina nn . 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( 2003 )\nthe influence of the manner of pitfall traps setting in forest habitat on their catchability .\nto the question of the use of soil traps for the study of the distribution and interactions of entomofauna elements on the soil surface .\nabout updating the quantity estimation applying the methods of exhaustive catches using of pitfall traps .\nn\u0115kter\u00e9 \u010dist\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jako n\u00e1vnada v zemn\u00edch pastech p\u0159i studio st\u0159evl\u00edkovit\u00fdch ( carabidae ) .\nground - beetle comunities in the lake elton region , southern rusia : a case study of a local fauna ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . in : golovatch si , makarova ol , babenko ab , penev ld ( eds ) species and communities in extrem environments . festschrift towards the 75th anniversary and a laudatio in honour of academician yuri ivanovich chernov .\nvariability of seasonal dynamics of activity in ground beetle pterostichus melanarius ill . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in different forest types .\n, institute of biology of latvian academy of science publisher , riga , 55\u201356 [ in russian ] .\nthe phenology and population structure of loricera pilicornis ( f . ) ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in agrocoenosis .\nin : desender k , dufr\u00eane m , loreau m , luff ml , maelfait j - p . ( eds )\nspecific features of life cycle of pseudoophonus ( s . str . ) rufipes deg . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in southwest moldova .\nvariations in flight ability with sex and age in ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of south - western moldova .\ndiversity of ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) and spiders ( araneae ) in roadside verges with grey hair - grass vegetation .\nsynekologick\u00e1 studie sez\u00f3nn\u00edho v\u00fdskytu st\u0159evl\u00edkovit\u00fdch na \u0159epn\u00fdch polich han\u00e9 ( col . carabidae ) .\npit - fall catches of surface - active arthropods in high mountain habitats at finse , south norway . iv . coleoptera .\ndifferential effects of formaldehyde concentration and detergent on the catching efficiency of surface active arthropods by pitfall traps .\nestimating the density of ground - dwelling arthropods with pitfall traps using a nested - cross array .\ndetermining numbers of active carabid beetles per unit area from pitfall - trap data .\necological and fauna structure of the population of coleoptera , carabidae in the forest belt in the city dump area .\ndynamics of population structure of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in urbanized landscapes of saransk .\nmordovian state pedagogical university publisher , saransk , 213 pp [ in rusian ] .\nground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) of byelorussian lakeland with catalogue of species of byelorussia and adjacent lands .\nuo p . m . masherov vgu , vitebsk , 325 pp [ in russian ] .\ncarabid beetles in their environments . a study on habitat selection by adaptations in physiology and behaviour .\nspringer - verlag , berlin \u2013 heidelberg - new - york , xvii + 369 pp .\nzur \u00f6kologie , soziologie und ph\u00e4nologie der laufk\u00e4fer ( coleoptera - carabidae ) des gr\u00fcnlandes im s\u00fcden der ddr . hercynia n . f .\nseasonal dynamics of activity and population structure of pterostichus niger schaller in different habitats .\nthe reproductive cycle and age composition of a population of pteropstichus oblongopunctatus f . in the netherlands ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .\nthe significance of flight activity in the life cycle of amara plebeja gyll . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\nin : den boer pj , thiele hu , weber f . ( eds )\ntrapping efficiency of carabid beetles in glass and plastic pitfall traps containing different solutions .\nthe influence of different age classes on the seasonal activity and reproduction of four medium - sized carabid species inhabiting cereal fields .\nwork tt , buddle cm , korinus lm , spence jr . ( 2002 )\npitfall trap size and capture of three taxa of litter - dwelling arthropods : implications for biodiversity studies .\nwe gratefully acknowledge financial support from the county administrative board in sk\u00e5ne and the swedish research council .\nbascompte j , jordano p ( 2007 ) plant\u2013animal mutualistic networks : the architecture of biodiversity . annu rev ecol syst 38 : 567\u2013593\nbertoncelj i , dolman pa ( 2013 ) conservation potential for heathland carabid beetle fauna of linear trackways within a plantation forest . insect conserv divers 6 : 300\u2013308\ncizek l , hauck d , pokluda p ( 2012 ) contrasting needs of grassland dwellers : habitat preferences of endangered steppe beetles ( coleoptera ) . j insect cons 16 : 281\u2013293\ndahlstr\u00f6m a , cousins sao , eriksson o ( 2006 ) the history ( 1620\u20132003 ) of land use , people and livestock , and the relationship to present plant species diversity in a rural landscape in sweden . environ hist camb 12 : 191\u2013212\ndesender k , bosmans r ( 1998 ) ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) on set - aside fields in the campine region and their importance for nature conservation in flanders ( belgium ) . biodiv cons 7 : 1485\u20131493\ng\u00e4rdenfors u ( ed ) ( 2010 ) the 2010 red list of swedish species . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala\ngazenbeek a ( 2005 ) life , natura 2000 and the military . life focus , european commission\nhansen v ( 1927 ) biller vii , bladbiller og b\u00f8nnebiller ( chrysomelidae & laridae ) . danmarks fauna 31 , copenhagen , denmark\nhobbs rj , huenneke lf ( 1992 ) disturbance diversity and invasion implications for conservation . cons biol 6 : 324\u2013337\nirmler u , hoernes u ( 2003 ) assignment and evaluation of ground beetle ( coleoptera : carabidae ) assemblages to sites on different scales in a grassland landscape . biodiv cons 12 : 1405\u20131419\njentsch a , friedrich s , steinlein t , beyschlag w , nezadal w ( 2009 ) assessing conservation action for substitution of missing dynamics on former military training areas in central europe . rest ecol 17 : 107\u2013116\njohansson lj , hall k , prentice h , ihse m , reitalu t , sykes m , kindstr\u00f6m m ( 2008 ) semi - natural grassland continuity , long - term land - use changes and plant species richness in an agricultural landscape on \u00f6land , sweden . landsc urban plan 84 : 200\u2013211\nknisley cb ( 2011 ) anthropogenic disturbances and rare tiger beetle habitats : benefits , risks , and implications for conservation . terr arthropod rev 4 : 41\u201361\n. final report to u . s . fish and wildlife service , ventura , california , usa . pp 34\nlandin bo ( 1957 ) svensk insektsfauna 9 : skalbaggar , bladhorningar : fam . scarabaeidae . entomologiska f\u00f6reningen , stockholm , sweden\nlin y - c , james r , dolman pm ( 2007 ) conservation of heathland ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) : the value of lowland coniferous plantations . biodiv cons 16 : 1337\u20131358\nlindroth ch ( 1961 ) svensk insektfauna . 9 , skalbaggar , coleopetra , sandj\u00e4gare och jordl\u00f6pare , fam . carabidae , 2nd ed . entomologiska f\u00f6reningen , stockholm , sweden"]}
{"id": 603, "summary": [{"text": "a leopon / \u02c8l\u025bp\u0259n / is a hybrid resulting from the crossing of a male leopard with a lioness .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the head of the animal is similar to that of a lion while the rest of the body carries similarities to leopards .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these hybrids are produced in captivity and are unlikely to occur in the wild . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "leopon", "paragraphs": ["no , flint , other mutations are not inheritable . however , if a lion has a leopon parent , that leopon parent has the chance to pass the\nleopon gene\ndown and make the cub a leopon as well .\nof course ! a 2g leopon could get the leopon base and mark but also inherit some of the other markings of the father .\nsince the male leopon is fertile and all female hybrid big cats are fertile , have scientist or zoos tried to steadily breed leopons and leopon . . .\nthis offspring is not a leopon . her sister has not inherited the leopon gene and is a regular lioness as a result . despite lacking the leopon gene , she has inherited the leopon only base , kimanjano , and the leopon only marking , mottled rosette , from her mother . she is capable of passing these down to any cubs she may have ( see below for breeding details ) .\nnone of the members of leopon team are ever depicted wearing the school uniform .\nleopon = leopard + lion the leopon is the result of breeding a male leopard with a female lion . the head of the animal is similar \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nthis offspring is a leopon . this cub has gained the\nleopon gene\nas can be seen by the unique lines . her mutation will simply be listed as leopon without a generation . she has inherited her father ' s breed only attributes , but is also a leopon due to her mother . as a result of this , she has the possibility of passing on the leopon gene to her own cubs .\nthe names of leopon team ' s members are derived from famous japanese racing drivers .\nleopon team ' s tiger ( p ) with it ' s first paint scheme .\nleopon team ' s tiger ( p ) with it ' s second paint scheme .\nleopon team takes care of the majority of post - match damage repair for ooarai ' s tanks .\nleopon team are the only ooarai team that were not depicted as having trouble in initially learning to drive their tank .\ninterestingly enough , all first generation leopons are born with two very special , leopon - only , traits : kimanjano base and the mottled rosette marking . these traits are very hard to breed onto a regular lion , but can pass to other leopons with ease . a female leopon can give birth to leopon cubs naturally , however the males are completely infertile .\noctober 9th , 1967 : if all goes well , japanese zoo experts hope to have by next april the world\u2019s first tippon , a cross between a male tiger and a female leopon . the first leopon , offspring of a leopard and lion was successfully bred eight years ago by these experts . tiger named ben , aged 3 years and 10 months , and miss daisy the leopon , 6 years and 4 months , were mated last week .\nleopon team consists of four members of the automotive club from ooarai girls high school , which also provide maintenance for all of ooarai ' s tanks .\ndespite the fact that the tiger ( p ) is designed for a five - man crew , leopon team operates the tank with only four members .\nleopon leopons are the first hybrid to be introduced to lioden . leopons are a cross between a lioness and a leopard male . first generations are very rare . leopons are obtained exactly the same way as other breeding mutations , which means any lioness could randomly pop out a leopon cub when she is bred !\nhow do i get a leopon on lioden ? i ' m starting with a lot of very low fertility lionesses and breeding until i get a leopon ! of course , special items help too . should i claim very low fertility lionesses ? let me know what you think ! follow me on facebook : urltoken add me on lioden : urltoken\na leopon skin and skull at the british museum of natural history is said to have come from an animal bred at kolhapur zoo in india in the early part of the 20th century .\nname : primalnstincts # gnash id : 82551 why i want to join : ever since i joined lioden i have been drawn to leopons . then i find out that it ' s a rare mutation . this seems like a cool way to work with other players to get a leopon without spending 400gb . i don ' t mind if we don ' t get a leopon , but i am happy to try ! what would i do with a leopon : i would pamper it and give it lots of decors , and after i get 1 - 2 more i would share the rest . if a get a leopon boy i will give him to one of my partners . if i sell a leopon that was bred here everyone would get a share of the money or it would be spent on items for leopon breeding . do i have a leopon : nope . . . : ( how do i get currency : i buy gb or sell stuff on the monkey business anything else : why can ' t you just tell your lionesses to mate with a leopard ? also should we make a clan for this ? using a clan hoard as a item storage area ? it would be private . edited on 02 / 05 / 17 @ 20 : 44 : 56 by primalnstincts # gnash ( # 82551 )\nduring the final match against kuromorimine girls academy , ooarai ' s tanks managed to survive the initial attack by kuromorimine ' s tanks and they gathered on the top of a hill , later successfully executing a breakthrough , with leopon team acting as the armored spearhead . although the tank ' s temperamental transmission threatened to catch fire , leopon team were able to make engine repairs whilst on the move . during the subsequent escape from kuromorimine ' s main force , while crossing a bridge , leopon team deliberately demolished it , forcing the opponent to take a different route and gaining critical time for ooarai .\na leopon is a hybrid resulting from a lioness and leopard mating . in the wild , the lioness and leopard use different mating techniques and would be unlikely to find themselves in a position of compatibility .\nleopon team initially crewed their tank to see if they could drift in it . as it turns out , they are very good at it , at one stage drifting the tank over 180 degrees around .\nleopon team started the match as part of team dandelion , where they engaged in fruitless long - range gunnery with rumi company ' s pershings . once the battle shifted to the theme park , leopon team , along with the other ooarai tanks excepting the panzer iv , acted as a mobile reserve . they were deployed first to the main gate , then redirected to the eastern utility gate after miho realized the deception .\nif you know a lion and a leopard very well then you should be able to identify a leopon because its physical appearance is a combination of that of both parents . leopons are spotted like leopards the only\ntowards the end of the match , leopon team helped chase down the bermuda trio by using their tank to create a slipstream for their allies . although the stress of leopon team ' s turbo - charged boost surpassed the technical limits of the engine and caused the tank to fatally break down , their contribution allowed the otherwise slow pravda and kuromorimine tanks to catch the bermuda trio in a close ranged engagement and take one of them out .\nas plan f took effect , leopon team was joined by anteater team and katyusha in the t - 34 - 85 in a high speed engagement through a wild - western setting . just as the all - stars university team tanks were about to close the trap on the ooarai force , leopon team used the heavy weight of the tank to drive through the buildings , which were just theater set constructs , suddenly changing the angle of attack and catching the surprised university tanks in the open .\na leopon ( pronounced :\nlep - \u0259n\n) is the hybrid produced by a mating between a lioness and a leopard . the hybrid produced from the reciprocal cross ( lion x leopardess ) is called a lipard ( pronounced :\nlip - erd\n) .\nlifespan ever recorded for a leopon is over 20 years . to us humans this may seem short but when compared to either lions or leopards this is an unusually long amount of time . for instance lions have a life expectancy of only 13 years ; seeing the difference ?\nname : kat why you want to join : i ' m interested in leopon and have been since i joined the game but never could get ahold of one . what you would do with a leopon : i ' d pamper and breed her . i would give her my most beautiful decors . i would make her my queen lol . if i got a male i would make it a sub since they are infertile so i would not breed him . do you have a leopon : unfortunately no how you intend to help : i have two accounts one of which was a giant face plant so i sold all my lions it now only has a male and a adolescent female i could use that to grow and breed them . like @ korea said how do you get currency : selling items and i could purchase gb\ni hope this helps clarify the confusion on breeding leopons or hybrids in general ! please feel free to post below with any questions , comments , or concerns you have . i ' ll be happy to address them as best i can . many thanks and best luck in your leopon adventures !\na leopon\nflat study skin and skull\nfrom the kolhapur zoo in india ( bred in 1910 ) was donated to the british museum of natural history by lt col fw wodehouse of the junior united services sometime before 1940 . the more famous japanese leopons are preserved as mounted specimens in japan .\nfour months into trying , i bred a leopon ! how can you breed a leopon on lioden ? follow along for my tips and tricks for getting the best mutant cubs on this lion simulator . breed a mutant cub today on lioden ! cotton root bark ? gmo cow ? i did some testing so you don ' t have to . add me on lioden : urltoken lioden is a revolutionary twist on the sim game experience - be the king of your very own pride of lionesses , breed the best cubs , defend your territory and battle other lions for supremacy . follow on facebook : urltoken consider supporting me on patreon : urltoken\ntheir first leopon cubs were born in 1959 after 97 days gestation\u2014the gestation period of a hybrid is usually intermediate in length between those of its parents ( in leopards gestation lasts 90 - 105 days , and in lions , 105 - 110 days ) . three more were born in 1962 , a male and two females .\nmany persons have wondered what kind of animal would be produced if a cross should happen between a lion and a leopard , some have even doubted the possibility . for those who have doubted the possibility , yes it is possible to cross a lioness and a leopard . when crossed the resulting hybrid is known as a leopon .\nthe leopon is documented in r i pocock ' s letter to the field of 2nd november 1912 and the 1913 - 14 vol . of the journal of the bombay natural history society . it refers to three more letters in the field 1908 april 18 , 25 , and may 9th . judging from the letters , the indian leopons were born in 1910 . pocock wrote in november 1912 :\nmr franco stenta of barberino mugello near florence . stenta owned a number of tame big captive - born big cats : 2 male lions , 2 male tigers , 1 tiger cub and a leopardess . these had been acquired from rome zoo and were tame to the point of being domesticated . one lion (\npuff\n) , the leopardess (\nmiccia\n) and the tiger cub were housed in cages in the courtyard of the stenta family ' s paper factory in barberino mugello 25 km from florence . the owner did not expect or intend them to breed . the lion / leopard hybrid cub ( often called a\nleopon\nor\nreverse leopon\nin reports ) came as a complete surprise to the owner and at first he mistook it for a domestic cat , which he thought had slipped into the cage .\n( 5 ) reginald pocock ( 1951 ) describes the skin of a wild - shot leopon :\nit is a male , measuring approximately : head and body 5 ft . 10 1 / 2 in . , tail , without terminal hairs of the tuft , 2 ft . 9 in . , making a total of about 8 ft . 8 in . this is of course small for adult east african lions , of which the dressed skins may\nthere have been successful attempts to cross a lion with a leopardess to produce liards or lipards ( or as florio proposed\nleonards\n) . the large size of the lion compared to that of the leopardess means that a leopon ( male leopard / lioness ) is a more plausible explanation for the marozi than a lion / leopardess pairing . a lion x leopardess hybrid was born in schoenbrunn zoo , vienna in 1951 . a better documented lipard was born in 1982 .\nalthough the leopard and lion come into contact in sub - saharan africa , it is widely believed that a leopon could not occur in a natural state because a leopard would be unable to mate with an unsedated lioness . but many reported hybrids of this type were the result of unplanned crosses in captivity . doi and reynolds ( 1967 ) say a lioness willingly and regularly lay on her side for a leopard to mount ( the pair in question were raised together ) .\nlike leopards , the leopon is an excellent climber and enjoys going into the water , distressing their lioness mothers , who have little , if any , interest in getting wet . leopons are about the size of a lion but their legs are shorter , more like a leopard . they have spots , but somewhat paler than a leopard and a tuft at the end of their tail like a lion . mature males have manes but not nearly as fluffy and large as a male lion . [ 1 ]\nas the match against the st . gloriana - pravda compound team moved into an urban environment , leopon team peeled off from the main force in an attempt to lure the pravda tanks away from the flag tank . when katyusha refused to take the bait , they instead moved to the oy - line , where they set up a defensive line to block the tanks chasing anglerfish team . after an extended firefight , they took a direct hit from nonna ' s is - 2 , which triggered the subsequent collapse of the oy - line .\n( 4 ) in a letter to the field ( nov . 2nd , 1912 ) , r . i . pocock gives the following description of the pelt of a leopon now in the british museum of natural history . pocock thanked walter samuel millard , the honorary secretary of the bombay natural history society , for sending me a skin of a specimen , which ,\naccording to the testimony of col . f w wodehouse , was bred in the gardens at kolhapur between a male panther i . e . a large leopard and a lioness . there were\nthe leopons shown here were bred at koshien hanshin park in nishinomiya city , japan . some of the photos show the cats as being extremely overweight , possibly due to a lack of testosterone ; predisposing them to lay down fat instead of muscle ( life in relatively small cages did not help matters ) . the lioness mother , leopard father and leopon offspring were taxidermised and are still on display . the park is closing and will donate two stuffed leopons to the national science museum in tokyo for scientific research . the remaining stuffed leopons will be displayed in nishinomiya city .\nthe marozi is reported in cameroons , central african republic , uganda , rwanda , kenya and ethiopia where it is reportedly a forest - dweller with a unique spot pattern distinct from that of the leopard . the presence of a supposedly self - sustaining population ( male big cat hybrids are sterile ) , the small size and the size difference problems of a leopard / lioness mating suggests a mutant form of either leopard or lion . because male hybrids are rarely fertile , a female leopon would have to mate with either a leopard or lion in order to produce offspring . those offspring would resemble the pure - bred parent .\nthey are real and are the only hybrid big cat species where the male is fertile . in other hybrid big cat species only the female offspring is fertile and can only mate with a pure - bred big cat . . . usually one of the parent species . more information about this hybrid . . . it is actually the offsrping of a leopard ( male ) and a lioness ( female ) the reciprocal offsrping is a lipard which is a male lion and female leopard mix . from my understanding it is much bigger than the leopon . something you should note , this mix has never occured in the wild and only in captivity .\nleopon team consists of members of the automotive club from ooarai girls high school , which up to that point had meticulously done the restoration and the maintenance of the school ' s tanks . the team operates a german tiger ( p ) , which was accidentally found by miho while searching for saori and the rest of the rabbit team who had lost their way inside their ship city ; after lengthy repairs , it was fixed and painted it with an image of a lion ; miho herself suggested to them that they could become the tiger ( p ) ' s crew . together with anteater team , they became the last minute addition to ooarai ' s lineup prior to the final round of the sensha - d\u014d tournament .\ninheritance please note that most mutations are not naturally inherited . the only mutations that are naturally inherited are : leopon , overgrown fur , primal , smilus , felis and all piebald patterns . leopons can only be passed down by the mother . males with this mutation are sterile and cannot breed . overgrown fur can only be passed down by the mother . males cannot inherit this mutation . primal can only be passed down by the father . females can inherit this mutation . smilus can only be passed down by primal , felis or smilus males . females cannot inherit this mutation . felis can only be passed down by primal , felis or smilus males . females can inherit this mutation . piebald can be passed down by both mother and father .\nin terms of size , the leopons take after the lioness mother and are larger than leopards . they have stout lion - like bodies and shorter leopard - like legs . they have brown , rather than black , spots and tufted tails . they will climb like leopards and seem to enjoy water , also like the leopard ( oddly enough , the japanese leopons were born of a water - loving lioness and a male leopard that did not seem to like water ! ) . when mature , males had sparse manes about 20 cm long when adult ( florio , 1983 ) . females may be torn between the solitary nature of the leopard and the social nature of a lioness . the hybrids proved to be sterile and the last one died in 1985 .\nh hemmer ( 1966 ) described leopard / lion hybrids as large animals , larger than the leopard and almost as large as the lioness mother . males had a beard and mane ; the mane developing at 2 years of age and remaining poorly developed at age 3 . the background colour was pale reddish - yellow ; being more reddish than in a lion . the markings were paler than those of the leopard .\ninterestingly , the leopard was originally believed to be a hybrid between the\npard\n( old name for panther , this being considered a separate creature from the leopard ) and the lion (\nleo\n) i . e . a leo - pard . nowadays , the term\npanther\nis generally only applied to black leopards . pliny believed that leopards were a hybrid of panther ( pard ) and lioness ( leo ) . this belief held sway for centuries , leading some authorities to identify dante ' s lonza as a leopard / lion hybrid in the style of pliny . in dante ' s book\ninferno\n( 1314 ) a leopard - like creature called the\nlonza\nrepresents the sin of lust . although generally translated as leopard , the word\nlonza\nis ambiguous ( being a play on words ) and some identify it as a hybrid of lion / leopardess or leopard / lioness , citing the works of pliny as possible inspiration for dante ' s lonza .\nmust a lioness be sedated for the smaller leopard to mount her ? or does she willingly adopt a lying position ? any natural hybrids would require her to be willing . some have claimed that the zoo pictures below show a very unresponsive , sedated lioness , but reports on the japanese leopons state that the lioness voluntarily assumed a position on her side to allow the much smaller leopard to mount her . the photos clearly show affection between the two animals .\njuly 8th , 1961 : zoo keepers here have dubbed their latest attraction leopons . the three cubs are offspring of a female lion and a male leopard . two are yellowish - brown with light black spots . the third leans to the father\u2019s side \u2013 spotty .\n1968 : the story of leopons . doi , hiroyuk and barbara reynolds . putnam . today japanese children can visit a zoo and see leopons - animals that several vears ago did not exist anywhere in the world . their mother is a lion and their father is a leopard . dr . hiroyuki doi first believed that lions and leopards were more similar than most people had thought , he felt that perhaps the animals had developed from one common ancestor and his experiment was a plausible testimony to his theory . the book is full of photos of these fascinating creatures .\njuly 12th , 1971 : hanshin park zoo officials reported the death of sonoko , a lioness who gave birth in 1959 and 1961 to five cubs called leopons because they were fathered by a leopard . four leopons survive .\nthe father of the hybrid was a 2 year old 250 kg lion 1 . 08 m tall at the shoulders and 1 . 8 m long ( excluding tail ) . the mother was a 3 and a half year old leopardess weighing only 38 kg . the female cub was born overnight on 26 / 27 august 1982 . its estimated birth - weight was similar to that of a leopard cub and the estimated gestation period was 92 - 93 days . miccia was initially a good mother , but began to over - groom the cub , biting off its tail when it was 2 days old . from then on , the cub was left with its mother while nursing . after 2 weeks it was hand - reared . at 5 months old it weighed 13 - 14 kg and was one third the size of its mother . it had the body conformation of a lion cub with a large head ( lion trait ) but receding forehead ( leopard trait ) , fawn fur and thick but faded ( i . e . brown ) spotting . the parents mated again in november 1982 and the leopardess was reported to be pregnant . however she had to be kept separate from puff as he continued to mount her whenever they were together .\nthe mysterious african\nmarozi\nor\nspotted lion\n, may be a rare natural leopard / lion hybrid or an adult lion which retained its childhood spots . descriptions vary , but in general the marozi is described as a small lion with a sandy , tawny or grey coat with tawny spots . to add to the confusion , the spotted patterns are variously described as leopard - like , not leopard - like or even jaguar - like .\npainting of two marozi by bill rebsamen , big - cat lover and wildlife artist . reproduced here by kind permission . bill ' s website can be found at :\nthe first observations of spotted lions ( marozi , panthera leo maculatus ) by westerners were in 1903 . details of marozi / spotted lion sightings is at spotted lions .\nblack leopards ( black panthers ) have always caught the public imagination . to my knowledge black leopons have not occurred . the gene for melanism in leopards is recessive and would probably be masked by lion colouration genes .\nflorio pl . birth of a lion x leopard hybrid in italy . international - zoo - news , 1983 ; 30 ( 2 ) : 4 - 6\nmany thanks to paul mccarthy for tirelessly researching back issues of the field and the times .\na lion detects intercourse with a leopard in the case of an adulterous mate by scent , and uses all his strength to punish her . so she will wash away the guilty odor in some stream , or else keep her distance when accompanying him .\nlioness \u00d7 leopard close - up of face ( male ) . image : trjn\nmany leopard - lion hybrids have been bred in captivity . best known are those born at koshien hanshin park in nishinomiya , japan in the late fifties and early sixties , one of which survived more than twenty years . this is longer than usual for a leopard ( maximum recorded life span in captivity 23 years ) or a lion , which has an average captive life expectancy of 13 years .\nthe staff at koshien hanshin decided to breed lion - leopard hybrids because other zoos were focusing on lion - tiger hybrids . they began by raising a lioness and a male leopard together . she was named sonoko and her leopard mate , kaneo . both were born in 1955 .\none of the interesting facts about leopons is that , unlike lions , they ' re good climbers . they also enjoy water , which often distresses their lioness mothers . leopons are big animals nearly the size of a lion , with stout bodies , but their legs are shorter , like a leopard\u2019s ( hemmer 1966 ) . they have brown spots , paler than the leopard\u2019s black spots , and tufted tails , like a lion . the base color is pale reddish yellow . mature males have sparse manes about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long .\nthere are , however , anecdotal reports of natural hybrids , known as marozis , from cameroon , central african republic , uganda , rwanda , kenya , and ethiopia . apparently , the only solid evidence of hybridization occurring in the wild is a skin ( and possible skull ) in the british museum of natural history , shot in 1931 in kenya\u2019s aberdare mountains ( this pelt is described in detail in note 5 below ) .\nleopard and lioness making friends : wild lioness nursing leopard cub . this leopard would likely become imprinted on lions , so that it would prefer to mate with lionesses instead of leopards when it reached maturity . more info > >\nas to the reciprocal cross , florio ( 1983 ) reports a case of a lipard , occurring in italy . in this particular case there was a large difference in the sizes of the parents . the lion father weighed 550 pounds ( 250 kg ) , while the leopard mother weighed a mere 84 pounds ( 38 kg ) . unfortunately for the mom , the lion attempted to mate at every opportunity . another lion - leopardess hybrid was born in schoenbrunn zoo , vienna , in 1951 .\nthere is also a three - way cross between leopard , jaguar and lion known .\nantonius ( 1951b ) ; doi and reynolds ( 1967 ) ; flower ( 1929a ) ; gray ( 1972 ) ; hemmer ( 1966 : figs . 75 , 76 , 78 , 1968c ) ; international zoo yearbook ( 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 ) ; petzsch ( 1956 ) ; peters ( 1978 ) ; pocock ( 1908a , 1908b , 1913 , 1951 ) ( list of works cited ) .\n( 1 ) stuffed leopons are on display in japan at the national science museum in tokyo .\n( 2 ) according to jerdon ( 1874 : 174 ) , arab tradition says the cheetah is a product of this cross ( see also platt 1909 ) .\n( 3 ) this hybrid was apparently known even in ancient times , since it is mentioned by pliny ( natural history , book viii , xvii ) .\ntwo cubs in the litter . one , whose skin is here figured , died when about two and a half months old , whereas the other , now about two years old is , i believe , still living . at first sight this skin recalls that of the leopard in being covered with spots ; but those on the side of the body are much smaller and closer set than in a typical indian leopard\u2019s , and also browner and altogether less distinct , as if beginning to disappear with age \u2026 on the head , down the spine , on the belly and the legs , they are however quite black and distinct . the tail is very confusedly spotted above , but striped below , and has a blackish tip covered with longer hairs . another leonine feature is the dirty white \u2014 rather than clear white \u2014 tint of the underside , while the ears are fawn with a broad , black bar , but are without the white spot seen in leopards\nsurpass 10 ft . over all . from its size i guessed it to be about three years old , a year or more short of full size . there is nothing particularly noticeable in its mane , which is small and , except on the cheeks , consists of a mixture of tawny , grey and black hairs , the longest up to about 5 in . in length . \u2026 the peculiarity of the skin lies in the distinctness of the pattern of spots , consisting of large \u2018jaguarine\u2019 rosettes arranged in obliquely vertical lines and extending over the flanks , shoulders and thighs up to the darker spinal area where they disappear . they are irregular in size and shape , the largest measuring 85 by 45 or 65 by 65 mm . in diameter . their general hue is pale greyish - brown , with slightly darkened centres , but at the periphery they are thrown into relief by the paler tint of the spaces between them . on the pale cream - buff belly , the solid richer buff spots stand out tolerably clearly . the legs are covered with solid spots , more distinct than the rosettes of the flanks , and on the hind legs they are more scattered and a deeper , more smoky grey tint than on the fore legs .\nsome of these crosses are much better documented than others ( as indicated by the reliability arrow ) . indeed , some might seem completely impossible .\nbut all have been reported at least once . the links below are to separate articles . additional crosses , not listed here , are covered on the\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nodor - control , lightweight , dust - free , non - clumping , plus built - in health monitoring .\nthe feedback you provide will help us show you more relevant content in the future .\nleopons have been successfully bred in captivity according to a few sources . the best known were at the koshien hanshin park in nishinomiya city , japan in the 1950s . [ 1 ]\ni ' m not at all convinced this pairing could happen in the wild , but i can imagine it might in a zoo . animals are known to exhibit unnatural behaviors in a typical zoo environment . hybrids are usually considered sterile ; a natural biological barrier against occurrences of hybridization . there have been rare instances where the sterility rule didn\u2019t hold .\nroku has just about every app you can imagine ( youtube , pandora , netflix , amazon , hulu , hbo now ) .\nit is a real image . published in the daily mirror 28 january 1970 .\n, lawyer , love my city bangalore , footballer , die hard a . c . milan fan , movie critic , manga enthusiast\nfrom the rosette markings on this cat , its probably the mix of a lion and jaguar . not a leopard . however , the photo is shopped . the mane is the only indication of any semblance of lion and the distinction is simply to neat . remove the mane , and this is pedigree jaguar . that being said , there are successful jaglions and liguars .\nspoiler warning ! this wiki contains detailed information regarding the girls und panzer universe . proceed with caution !\nthe tiger ( p ) is a german prototype heavy tank with a formidable 8 . 8cm kwk 36 l / 56 gun ; it has excellent firepower and armor protection , but it ' s very unreliable , often suffering from engine breakdowns .\nalthough technically members of the automotive club , they are categorized alongside the other sensha - d\u014d members at ooarai school ' s temporary transfer site .\nthe tiger ( p ) carries the largest gun in the ooarai sensha - d\u014d arsenal .\nin reality , most tiger ( p ) tanks had additional armour plating bolted onto the front . although the automobile club mentions that they have done something similar for the panzer iv , they have not done so for their own tank .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsince their addition into the game , leopons are arguably one of the most popular mutations . not only are they mind numbingly adorable with their art , but they also present a plethora of new breeding challenges . these hybrids are unique among lioden genetics and are accompanied by a swathe of attributes only they possess . their bloodlines can become rather complex and it can be confusing to understand how hybrid genetics all play out . this guide is here to help you understand where leopons come from , how they can be bred , and what inheritance patterns they follow . please note this guide does not and will not provide exact percentages for any breeding and / or mutation rates . only vague proportions will be given to keep some mystery involved in breeding them !\ni wonder . . . will there be other hybrids introduced in the game ? 0 . 0 i hope so . : )\nomg . so useful thought . : 3 thanks for posting this , cleared things up ! xp but , i have a question . does the mother has to have the rosette marking in order to breed with a leopard ? o . o\nlioden ltd \u00a9 2012 - 2018 . all rights reserved . company number 09846917 registered in england & wales . vat number 234362915 . terms of service - code of conduct - privacy policy - contact us - modbox - faq\nthis page was last edited on 25 may 2017 , at 00 : 10 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi , the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\n90 % of the time , speakers of english use just 7 , 500 words in speech and writing . these words appear in red , and are graded with stars . one - star words are frequent , two - star words are more frequent , and three - star words are the most frequent .\na must for anyone with an interest in the changing face of language . the macmillan dictionary blog explores english as it is spoken around the world today .\nwhere a ' was ' price is referenced on this website this means the intended selling price of the product for the season that it was originally produced . please note that this may not represent the lowest selling price of the product during that season . for more information about how we price our products please click here .\na beautifully designed smart chelsea boot that adds a lift to your look whether you dress it up or down . premium burnished tan leather adds richness while twin elastic gussets allow for ease of foot entry .\n\u00a9c & j clark international 2015 clarks and the clarks logo are registered trademarks of c & j clark international limited .\nclarks international registered office : 40 high street , street , somerset ba16 0eq . company registration number : 141015 . vat number : gb 129 9103 63\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbeing the color ; leopons have brown spots while leopards are black spotted . when looking at size leopards and lions are relatively the same , a leopons legs are however shorter like that of leopards . another similarity is that the males have manes like that of lions .\nwhen it comes to mating the lioness would normally lie on her side allowing the leopard to mount . it is also believed that mating seldom happens between these two because the lioness when unsedated often times wouldn\u2019t allow the leopard to mount on her . therefore most of the leopons produced are as a result of human doings .\nso , hybridization is unlikely in nature because of behavioral differences ? i wonder what dynamics were in play between homo sapiens and homo neanderthalensis back in the day . would a human male find a neanderthal babe hot ? perhaps if he was inibriated , he might not know the difference . rod martin , jr . http : / / www . spacesoftware . net\ncross - breed means the animal is of mixed blood ; the animal is often a mix of two different breeds , or a mix of several breeds . these are often referred to as mongrels for dogs , or moggies for cats , mules in sheep , or just known as a cross - breed with other species . cross - breeds often display traits from all the breeds that make up the mix . cross - breeds can reproduce , as they are just different types of the same species .\na cross - breed is different to what is referred to as a hybrid . a hybrid is cross between different species , as with cross - breeds , hybrids often display both physical and personality traits from both parents species . however , hybrids tend to be infertile ( they cannot reproduce their own young ) and therefore the only way to get the particular hybrid is to cross the 2 original species . a few hybrid animal examples are :\nit is important to think about this when acquiring a cross - breed as a pet ; if the mix of breeds is known , you can research into them to see the likely physical characteristics , as well as the likely personality traits you may see in your pet .\ncross - breeds are becoming increasingly popular with dogs , and cross - bred dogs are being sold as designer breeds . some of the more popular designer dog breeds are :\nas you may have noticed , these deisgner breeds have been given their own , new name that combines the 2 breeds they have been crossed with .\ndue to the fact that cross - breeds have ability to reproduce , there is dispute about designer breeds and what makes them up . take the labradoodle for example , most breeders will only accept a dog as being a labradoodle if it is the first generation ; i . e . one parent is a poodle , the other parent is a labrador . if 2 labradoodles have offspring , most breeders do not class the puppies as labradoodles , but rather as mongrels . if one parent is a labradoodle , and the other is either a poodle or a labrador , the offspring is also termed as being mongrels along most breeders of the designer breed .\naside from the designer cross - breeds , most cross - breeds are not recognised as \u201cbreeds\u201d , but rather just referred to as crosses . the crosses from just 2 different breeds that are not designer dogs are easily differentiated by the fact they are referred to as cross - breeds , and do not have their own \u201cbreed name\u201d .\noften cross - breeds are similar breeds that have been mated , such as the scottish terrier and the west highland terrier . these are 2 similar looking breeds ; similar height , coat , ears , face , as well as having a similar temperament .\nhowever , due to the ability to reproduce , cross - breeds become more and more diluted in breed terms and eventually just get termed as a mongrel . a lot of mongrels are so mixed with breeds that a similarity to any one breed is very hard to see , others have a distinct breed that stands out ; such as the alsatian mix and the tibetan terrier mix , pictured below .\nall breeds , including the ones that are now classified as pedigree breeds , have come about from mixing different kinds of canines to get the desired appearance and / or personality out of the animal that the breeder desired . the bedlington terrier for example , is thought to be a mix of ; the rothbury terrier , kerry blue terrier , wheaten terrier ,\notterhound , poodle and the dandie dinmont terrier\u2026 so basically a mongrel with a lot of breeds mixed in ! however , nowadays it is its own recognised breed , a pedigree .\ndogs may be the most popular animals to mix breeds , but they are certainly not the only ones ! cats , birds , fish , rabbits , rodents , reptiles , sheep , cows , pigs , horses and ponies can all be cross bred ; but some species cross - breeds are more common than others . for example , cross - breed rabbits are fairly common , often due to un - neutered pets having accidental litters !\ncats cross - breed often too , however in one litter there can be a different father for each kitten , so the crosses cannot always be determined and may not be known \u2013 unless the cross - breeding was intentional and artificially selected . cats are usually bred via artificial selection for their pedigree , so in the way we get designer dog breeds , it is not the same with cats . some cat crosses can be seen clearly , but most are unsure and just get termed as a moggie .\njust to clarify \u2013 the terms horse and pony refers to the height of the same animal . they are measure in hands high ( hh ) \u2013 horses are 14 . 2hh + , whereas ponies are up to ( and including ) 14 . 1hh . horses and ponies are usually selected for their pedigree too , due to needing pure bloodlines for race and show animals . however , there are a few recognised cross - breeds :\nthere is also a mongrel of horses \u2013 a mix breed of many breeds that has come to be recognised as a breed , the pony of the americas ( poa ) .\na lot of people do not believe birds and fish can be cross bred , however this is just due to the occurrence of this being very low ( lower in fish than birds ) . birds can cross breed as long as they belong to the same sub - species ; for example , 2 of the same type ( such as 2 conures , or 2 cockatoos ) of parrot can have offspring , 2 of the same type of aviary bird ( such as a pair of different finch types ) can have offspring , 2 different chicken types can have offspring\u2026 and the list goes on . it is just uncommon , but the ability is there .\nany questions or comments ? please use either contact page , thoughts comment box below , or social media site ( facebook , google + , twitter or linkedin ) .\ncheck this out ! ! ! i have a zebra heart , instant birth feather and can find some really persistent studs . . . so . . . anyone have 5x yoh barks ? ?\nwant to breed lioden mutants ? the right items will steer the random cub generator towards mutation . this is a comprehensive list of breeding items . let me know what ' s worked for you in the past ! don ' t forget to add me on lioden : urltoken join the pet simmer clan : urltoken guides used - - common misconceptions : urltoken dem lion scrotums : urltoken how to lion scrotum : urltoken item database : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncongrats ! you ' ve decided to try and make some adorable little lions to continue on your pride ' s legacy . in order to do that , you ' ll have to be attuned to the breeding of your females . not every lioness is the same as the next and so not every lioness is likely to give you a cub . some are more susceptible to breeding than others and sometimes the genes even get a bit mixed - up . this page talks about the fertility system , how it affects your breeding , and mutations .\nfertility is how likely your lioness is to get pregnant when bred . it is a chance or a likelihood . this means you and / or the stud that you are using may have to breed with a lioness multiple times before they get pregnant . a successful breeding could take 5 tries or it could take 500 , depending on her fertility . it also correlates to how\ngood\nyour lioness ' genes are . although mutations can occur at all fertility levels , the lower your lioness ' fertility is the more likely she is to produce one .\nall cubs , regardless whether they ' re male or female , have a set fertility level . however , it does not manifest itself until adulthood in case you decide to sex - change your male adolescent into a female . once grown , males are considered to have\ngoddess\nfertility levels while females all vary .\nif you do not like the fertility of your lioness there are some temporary and permanent ways to alter it .\n- choose a new , permanent , fertility . ( infertile / goddess unavailable )\nsometimes , during breeding , the genes of the cub get a little messed up ! what comes afterwards can be a wild card . mutations randomly occur when breeding a lioness . although lower fertility levels are more likely to produce a mutation , they can appear at any fertility level . even then , some mutations are more debilitating than others and others are more common . as a general rule , lethal mutations and hybrids tend to be quite rare ."]}
{"id": 606, "summary": [{"text": "formica obscuripes ( the western thatching ant ) is a species of ant in the family formicidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is native to north america .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it produces large mounds covered by small pieces of plant material .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the number of adult workers per colony may be as high as 40,000 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "f. obscuripes feeds upon a number of insect species , consumes nectar from homopterous insects they tend , and occasionally eats plant tissue .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "in the blue mountains of oregon , f. obscuripes has demonstrated the capacity for polydomy .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "a supercolony in a four-hectare study area near lehman hot springs consisted of 210 active nests with an estimated population in excess of 56 million ants . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "formica obscuripes", "paragraphs": ["formica obscuripes , also known as the ' western thatching ant ' is found throughout the central and western us , and western canada . f . obscuripes inhabits semi - arid sagebrush scrub lands , prairies , and various forest ecosystems .\nto cite this page : miner , a . 2014 .\nformica obscuripes\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nweber , n . a . 1935 . the biology of the thatching ant , formica rufa obscuripes forel , in north dakota . ecological monographs 5 : 165 - 206 .\nsenior synonym of formica aggerans : forel , 1914c pdf : 619 ; creighton , 1940a pdf : 1 ; of formica melanotica : creighton , 1950a pdf : 492 .\nmaterial of the unavailable name formica rubiginosa referred here by creighton , 1940a pdf : 1 .\n31 times thatch mound , 11 times thatch mound nest , 3 times large formica thatch mound , 5 times foragers , 3 times nest under dead wood , 5 times mound nest , 3 times ex thatch mound , 5 times under stone , 4 times under dead wood , 2 times nest in dead wood , 2 times formica obscuripes mound , . . .\n31 times thatch mound , 11 times thatch mound nest , 3 times large formica thatch mound , 5 times foragers , 3 times ex thatch mound , 3 times nest under dead wood , 5 times mound nest , 5 times under stone , 4 times under dead wood , 2 times nest in dead wood , 2 times formica obscuripes mound , . . .\nthere are some similar critters in formica : the experts will let you know if i ' m anywhere close . : )\n\u00b7cole , a . c . 1932 . the thatching ant , formica obscuripes forel . psyche 39 : 30 - 33 , 1932 . \u00b7conway , j . r . 1996 . nuptial , pre - , and postnuptial activity of the thatching ant , formica obscuripes forel , in colorado . great basin naturalist , 56 ( 1 ) , 1996 , pp . 54 - 58 \u00b7jurgensen , m . f . , storer , a . j . & risch , a . c . 2005 . red wood ants in north america . ann . zool . fennici 42 : 235 - 242 , helsinki , 28 june , 2005 \u00b7mciver , j . d . , torgersen , t . r . & cimon , n . j . 1997 . a supercolony of the thatch ant formica obscuripes forel ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from the blue mountains of oregon . northwest science , vol . 71 . no . 1 , 1997 \u00b7weber , n . a . 1935 . the biology of the thatching ant , formica obscuripes forel , in north dakota . ecological monographs , vol . 5 , no . 2 , pp . 165 - 206\nthes are predators of a variety of other arthropods and avid collectors of honeydew and extrafloral nectar . may attack and prey on other ants , particularly other formica .\nthe founding of new colonies is usually carried out by the process of ' temporary social parasitism ' . an inseminated f . obscuripes queen will enter the nest of another formica species , and gain the acceptance of the ' host ' workers . at some point the host queen is killed or driven off , and the host workers raise the brood of the invading queen . eventually , only the invading species remains , as the original host workers die off . many , if not most f . obscuripes nests eventually house more than one queen .\nformica obscuripes , like other formica in the rufa - species group , is a social parasite . you won ' t be able to start a colony from a single queen by herself , as she lacks the body reserves and instincts that queens of non - parasitic species have . instead , queens of rufa - group ants normally found colonies by integrating themselves into colonies of other species of formica , killing the resident queen , and assuming her role . what you ' d need to do is set up a starter colony fragment of your local host species , like f . podzolica , and introduce your obscuripes queen to it ( once you catch one , that is ) . i suspect you won ' t need this host colony to be fully - functioning - even a pile of pupae might do it . queens you catch on the mound themselves likely won ' t have mated . you ' ll do well to look for de - alated queens running around on the ground .\nactually , for formica it ' s likely the males are larger then the queens . formica is one of the few genera of ants that has fair developed males , where in most other genera they tend to be smaller then the workers . ( we should mention this in the faq someone . ) a formica queen will be about the size of the workers if not a little bigger / longer . she should look similar to these . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken notice the developed thorax that gives them a hunch - back look . and the slightly larger abdomen . urltoken of course i ' m going all over the genus of formica but you can see they all have that in common . it sounds like your description of the males and the formica obscuripes are correct . if this is a recent thing then perhaps the queens haven ' t yet matured , or only emerge form the nest later in the day . another issue , maybe the colony you ' re looking at hasn ' t produced new queens this year . and finally it ' s possible they are a different formica that might gather their swarms low to the ground in other locations . i imagen this would be in forest land , where you can see other nests of this species . in either case , finding a location where there are more nests of these ants may increase your odds of finding a queen .\naha ! i ' ve got it ! here ' s a photo of a formica obscuripes queen , and she ' s red and black , rather than all black like the males . so i need to find a red and black winged ant . photo ( i also need to locate an appropriate starter set of minions , but that ' s another question . ) thanks for all your help , ant experts !\nthis is the most widely distributed and abundant member of the boreal and subboreal formica rufa - group in north america ( group named for a widely distributed euarasian species ) . on some individuals in the image , the diagnostic bristles on the outer surfaces of the middle and hind tibiae can be detected .\nfood is obtained primarily by scavenging or preying upon insects and other arthropods , and by harvesting honeydew from aphids . in addition to food - gathering activities on the ground ( and in shrubs ) , f . obscuripes workers forage high in the foliage of trees , and are important predators of western spruce budworm , and other forest ' pests ' .\nthis is the second time you ' ve tried to talk me into messing with a f . obscuripes mound . ( you wanted me to check if the alates overwinter , before . ) i ' m afraid of these guys ! i don ' t know how i ' d get pupae without being bitten half to death . maybe i ' ll drive over to yetuyetu ' s house if it turns out he hasn ' t got a queen in his bucket .\nthe western thatching ant , formica obscuripes , is a relatively large mound - building ant . its distribution reportedly extends from northern indiana and michigan westward across the northern united states and southern canada to oregon and british columbia . this ant also is found in an area extending southward including utah , colorado , northern new mexico and california . the host range of the western thatching ant includes various vegetation types , such as forested areas , grasslands , and sagebrush . the dome - shaped nests may vary considerably depending on age of the colony and the habitat ; however , they are typically 0 . 5 m in height and 1 . 0\u20131 . 5 m in diameter . the main brood chambers typically extend to a depth of 1 m or more below the soil surface , and the thatch to a depth of one - third of a meter or less . the thatch nests are constructed from dry plant materials found in the area , such as pine needles and twigs in a pine forest or sagebrush twigs and grass in a semi - arid region . the . . .\ni ' ll second what myrmecos has written about a pile of pupae . i have started colonies of several formica rufa and sanguinea group species with a young queen found running about just after her mating flight , a pile of f . fusca group pupae , and some tlc . nevertheless , once started , the parasite species are nervous and fussy about nest conditions and food , and\nfail to thrive\n, so i ' ve always released them with no more than a few dozen workers .\nin some western us states , mounds can reach over one meter in height , with tunnels and galleries extending several feet into the soil below the mound . the large nest - mounds collect solar radiation , warming the ants during cooler periods . the large mass of organic material may also help to generally moderate temperatures and humidity levels within the nest ' s interior . workers are constantly adding bits of twigs , cut grass stems , conifer needles , and other material to the mound . damage caused by high winds , rain , or even predators , is repaired by hordes of workers . nests of formica rufa , a closely - related european species , have been observed to be active for as long as forty years .\n, the western thatching ant , is native to the nearctic region . it is widespread across the western half of canada and the united states . its range extends as far south as arizona and new mexico , and as far east as michigan and missouri . in the southern half of canada , it can be found from british columbia to manitoba . it is especially prevalent in the pacific northwest .\n( crutsinger and sanders , 2005 ; higgins and lindgren , 2012 ; risch , et al . , 2008 ; tilman , 1978 ; weber , 1935 )\nbuilds its nests in semi - arid regions , such as dry grasslands , including shrub - steppe habitats and sagebrush , prairies , coniferous forests , dunes , and alpine meadows . nests are also often found in areas of secondary succession .\ncan live in a large range of altitudes . nests have been found as low as 800 m and as high as 3 , 194 m , though the most common altitudes are between 1 , 524 to 2 , 743 m . nests are built into the ground , often around a structure , such as the main stem of a sagebrush plant or even a fence post . nests can extend up to 4 feet into the ground and are typically constructed out in the open . the western thatching ant gets its name from a mound of\nthatch\nthat the workers assemble on top of the nest . this thatch consists of twigs , grasses , plant parts , and soil , and can be anywhere from a few centimeters to a meter high . the thermoregulatory abilities of the thatch allow the nests to be exposed to a variety of temperatures , humidity , and weather conditions . secondary nests are often constructed at the base of plants where\n( beattie and culver , 1977 ; conway , 1996a ; crutsinger and sanders , 2005 ; higgins and lindgren , 2012 ; mciver and steen , 1994 ; mico , et al . , 2000 ; risch , et al . , 2008 ; tilman , 1978 ; weber , 1935 )\nhas one petiole and colony members may have a variety of colors and sizes . there is a continuous size distribution in workers , generally ranging from 4 . 0 to 7 . 5 mm in length , making it difficult to group the workers by size . head width ranges from 0 . 94 to 2 . 1 mm , showing significant variation . workers can be grouped into major and minor or major , media , and minor workers . due to the large variation in size , these ants are likely polymorphic . workers typically have a reddish - orange head , the thorax can be either reddish - orange or black , and the abdomen is black . legs and antennae can be reddish - orange or black . reproductive forms also follow this coloring . smaller workers can also be all black or dark brown . eggs are creamy white , and elliptical shaped . they are about 0 . 6 mm long and 0 . 31 mm wide . larvae are the same size as the egg when they hatch and grow to about 6 . 0 mm in length . reproductive pupae are 9 mm in length , while worker pupae are 3 . 5 to 7 . 0 mm in length .\n( billick and carter , 2007 ; fraser , et al . , 2001 ; herbers , 1979 ; weber , 1935 )\nis holometabolous . the first batch of eggs is laid in april . eggs are laid throughout the summer , until as late as the middle of august . eggs are laid in a brood chamber , as well as other soil chambers , where they develop and are tended to by adult workers . eggs hatch after 23 to 53 days . larvae can be found in brood chambers of the nests from the beginning of june to the end of august , and pupate after 7 to 33 days . pupae that develop into sexual forms are not present in the nests after june , but those that develop into workers can be found into early september . they remain pupae for 31 to 93 days , before developing into adults . by fall , the brood chamber has emptied . total time of development from egg to adult takes 61 to 122 days .\n, very little is known about what occurs afterwards . since colonies move nests or grow by budding , it is uncertain where females that have recently mated in the nuptial flights go next . they likely return to already established nests to lay their eggs . colonies of\ntypically have two or more wingless queens that lay eggs . the number of queens present may vary significantly , as one colony was recorded as having 198 queens . the first brood of eggs is laid in the nest in april by queens already present in the nest . the eggs are laid in special brood chambers where they undergo metamorphosis and are cared for by workers .\nbreeding interval females mate once during the nuptial flight , while males may mate several times .\nexhibit significant brood care . during the summer , a large brood chamber is constructed near the base of the thatch . this chamber is divided by twigs that are poked through at all angles and is well insulated . pupae can be found in the upper part of the chamber , while eggs and larvae are in the lower part of the chamber , as well as in lower chambers in the soil . the smallest workers remain in the nest to care for and feed the brood . once they reach adulthood , ants become independent and join the colony as workers or sexual forms . the entire brood has left the chamber by the beginning of fall and the chamber is then filled with thatch . there is also provisioning in the eggs provided by the queen .\nmost workers live 19 to 44 days after reaching adulthood , an average of 31 . 6 days , though some overwinter and live more than a year .\nlives in large colonies . a large colony may have anywhere from 10 , 000 to 40 , 000 individuals . it is diurnal and forages during the day . in the warmer parts of its range ,\nis active year round , while in the northern regions it overwinters in its nest and is active from april until october or november . the sexual males and females are able to fly , while workers are wingless . there are conflicting reports about the role of discrete worker castes in the colony . some researchers say\nlacks discrete castes , while others have observed 2 or 3 distinct castes . in size , workers are on a continuous scale , with a large variety of sizes , though there are no obvious groupings . workers are often grouped into major , media , and minor workers . major workers repair the nest and thatch , as well as forage for insect prey to bring back to the nest . majors often work together to take down large insects . these attacks may last as long as 30 minutes . when attacking prey singly , major workers snatch the insect in their mandibles and immediately return to the nest . media workers transport broods between nests , forage for vegetation , and farm aphids . minors are rarely seen outside the nest and likely take part in brood care and tend the queens . all castes clean the nest . none of these tasks are exclusively performed by any one caste and all sizes contribute when necessary , which likely supports the idea that there are no discrete castes .\nwestern thatching ants get their name from the piles of thatch they constructs to cover their nest mounds . the thatch is created from seeds , twigs , plant stems , grass , and soil . piles of thatch can be several centimeters to a meter deep and several centimeters to 1 . 5 m across . this thatch keeps nests at a constant temperature throughout the day , even though nests are typically constructed out in the open in dry , warm regions . workers are constantly repairing and adding to the thatch . many mounds are also built around the main stem of plants such as sagebrush . ants chew the bark on the stem and spray formic acid at it until it dies , at which point it can be removed , creating a central passage in the center of the nest .\nis polydomous , with one colony typically living in several mounds . colonies often switch primary nests . new colonies are formed by budding . secondary mounds may become primary nests , or new mounds may be created nearby , with workers moving between the mounds .\n( conway , 1996a ; conway , 1997 ; herbers , 1979 ; mciver and steen , 1994 ; mico , et al . , 2000 ; weber , 1935 )\nmound usage by the colony can change throughout the day and year . a nest can have anywhere from 1 to 52 entrances , and these entrances constantly change . during warmer parts of the day , ants use entrances that are under cover and use entrances that are in the sun during the morning and evening . the same principle applies to trail usage . most trails are constructed under cover of vegetation , rarely veering out into the open . ants will also remain in the nest or secondary nest during the hottest part of the day , with most foraging taking place during the morning and evening . many colonies have secondary nests . these nests are typically constructed at the base of the plants where workers farm aphids . workers use this secondary nest throughout the day , the largest number take shelter in the mid - afternoon during the warmest temperatures . there are two types of workers involved in honeydew farming , tenders and transporters . transporters spend much of the day in the secondary nest , while the tenders farm honeydew and bring the honeydew to the transporters . the transporters collect the honeydew in their crop from the tenders and return to the nest with the honeydew .\ntends to stay close to the nest ; one study showed that plants farther than 20 m away from the nest were not visited by the ants . mound density in some areas is 115 mounds / ha . in one study , the closest mounds were 2 . 36 m , while another study showed nests were usually separated by more than 100 m .\nantennae are one of their most important sensory organs , used for olfaction , chemical detection , and tactile perception .\ncommunicates with other workers by antennation and also perceives their environment with their antennae . ant crickets (\nnests and have learned to mimic their antennae movements , which allows crickets to antennate with ants and remain undetected as non - colony members . when foraging at extra floral nectaries , ants can communicate with other foragers . if an ant finds a depleted nectary , it leaves a drop of liquid at the junction of the main stem and the stem to the depleted nectary . when another ant moves along the stem , it will antennate the drop of liquid and move past the depleted nectary without having to investigate itself . females release pheromones into the air during mating to attract males . as males swarm over the plants where the females wait , females also move their body and antennae to signal their location , indicating that vision is important in perceiving other individuals .\n. it also scavenges dead insects and other invertebrates . foraging ants bring both living and dead insects back to the nest .\nalso eats organic matter , nectar from extra floral nectaries , and plant tissues including leaves , galls , and flowers . it has been recorded scavenging seeds , eating the edible part and storing the rest in the nest . occasionally , these ants also feed on carrion , such as dead rattlesnakes , birds , and small mammals . ants typically collect liquid from the carcasses and store it in their crops , returning to the nest and regurgitating the liquid via trophallaxis .\n. honeydew is an important component of their diet , as a significant source of amino acids , carbohydrates , and water . it provides energy for the workers , and nutrients for the brood and queen . these ants occasionally also prey on the insects that they tend .\n( beattie and culver , 1977 ; billick and carter , 2007 ; clark and blom , 1991 ; conway , 1997 ; erickson , et al . , 2012 ; heikkinen , 1999 ; mciver and yandell , 1998 ; mciver , et al . , 1997 ; tilman , 1978 )\n. as predators themselves , they are aggressive and defend their brood and the aphids that they tend . they can spray formic acid when threatened or attacked . other insects that gain entry to the nest can pose a threat to the brood .\nusually live peacefully in the nest , but have been observed attacking larvae . another ant species ,\n, may eat larvae if it gets in the nests and will also attack and eat isolated workers . many species of spiders are also predators . many bird species , including\n( conway , 1996a ; conway , 1997 ; heikkinen , 1999 ; henderson and akre , 1986 ; mciver , et al . , 1997 ; weber , 1935 )\nis a mutualist with many species . honeydew plays a significant role in this species ' diet . in exchange for collecting and eating honeydew from the insects that it tends , it protects the insects from other predators and parasitoids . it also destroys insects that have been parasitized before the parasitoid completes development . the\n. all life stages of this beetle can be found within the thatch . the exact relationship is uncertain , as the ants do not seem to get anything out of the beetles presence and do not even seem to notice them . the beetles can also survive in the thatch without the ants . other\nspecies . larvae of these arthropods often use the thatch or chambers in the nest for hibernation or development and feed on decaying matter . the ants largely ignore them .\n( conway , 1997 ; erickson , et al . , 2012 ; grinath , et al . , 2012 ; henderson and akre , 1986 ; mico , et al . , 2000 ; risch , et al . , 2008 ; seibert , 1992 ; seibert , 1993 )\nnests . ants are aggressive toward the crickets and will attack if they realize the crickets are there . however , crickets have learned to imitate the way ants use their antennae to identify other individuals and trick the ants into allowing the crickets to stay . crickets even participate in trophallaxis with the ants . the ants do not seem to gain any benefits from the crickets ' presence , while the crickets get shelter , food , and will even attempt to eat larvae if given access . other ant species have also been documented living in the nests of\n( conway , 1996a ; henderson and akre , 1986 ; mico , et al . , 2000 ; risch , et al . , 2008 )\nplays a variety of other roles in the ecosystem . it is prey to a variety of insects and bird species . it also feeds on a large number of other insect species . ectoparasitic mites of genus\nare often found on both workers and sexuals , often in the joints of the legs . the wasp\nworkers . the wasp lays eggs in the abdomens of worker ants , killing the ants upon hatching . as a significant aphid - tending ant species ,\ncan play a role in determining the density of other arthropods and herbivores in their habitat . in some habitats , such as a coastal dune habitat ,\nis a keystone species . it reduces competing herbivores on the aphid - infested plants , while also increasing arthropod density by creating new shelters by rolling leaves on which the aphids live .\nis also known to collect seeds and bring them back to the nest . it eats the edible part and stores the rest of the seed in chambers of the nest . these chambers can often be a good habitat for the plant to grow and develop , allowing the ant to aid in seed dispersal .\ncolonies likely eat insects and other arthropods that can be pests to their habitat ( particularly forest defoliators ) , as well as insects that could be pests to humans .\nangela miner ( author ) , animal diversity web staff , leila siciliano martina ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nparticles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms . detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers ( organisms that decompose organic material ) .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\na species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area ( example : sea otter ) .\na large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,\nincomplete metamorphosis\nis when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and\ncomplete metamorphosis\nis when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nmany forms .\na species is polymorphic if its individuals can be divided into two or more easily recognized groups , based on structure , color , or other similar characteristics . the term only applies when the distinct groups can be found in the same area ; graded or clinal variation throughout the range of a species ( e . g . a north - to - south decrease in size ) is not polymorphism . polymorphic characteristics may be inherited because the differences have a genetic basis , or they may be the result of environmental influences . we do not consider sexual differences ( i . e . sexual dimorphism ) , seasonal changes ( e . g . change in fur color ) , or age - related changes to be polymorphic . polymorphism in a local population can be an adaptation to prevent density - dependent predation , where predators preferentially prey on the most common morph .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nberg - binder , m . , a . suarez . 2012 . testing the directed dispersal hypothesis : are native ant mounds (\nfraser , a . , a . axen , n . pierce . 2001 . assessing the quality of different ant species as partners of a myrmecophilous butterfly .\ngrinath , j . , b . inouye , n . underwood , i . billick . 2012 . the indirect consequences of a mutualism : comparing positive and negative components of the net interaction between honeydew - tending ants and host plants .\nherbers , j . 1979 . caste - biased polyethism in a mound - building ant species .\n) with a key to the known larvae and a review of the larval biology .\nseibert , t . 1993 . a nectar - secreting gall wasp and ant mutualism - selection and counter - selection shaping gall wasp phenology , fecundity , and persistence .\ntilman , d . 1978 . cherries , ants and tent caterpillars : timing of nectar production in relation to susceptibility of caterpillars to ant predation .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nemery , 1893k pdf : 650 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler & wheeler , 1953c pdf : 165 ( l . ) ; hung , 1969 pdf : 456 ( k . ) .\nward , p . s . , 2005 , a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 936 , pp . 1 - 68\n12 times found in shrub steppe , 2 times found in sagebrush , 6 times found in conifer forest , 5 times found in aspen forest , 2 times found in lodgepole pine forest , 0 times found in pinyon - cedar woodland , 0 times found in shortgrass prairie , 3 times found in riparian willow in sagebrush desert , 2 times found in aspen grove , 0 times found in black oak dunes , . . .\n101 times search , 0 times thatched nest , 11 times hand collecting , 1 times under rock , 0 times roadside , 0 times thached nest , 0 times thatch nest of pine needles , 0 times nest in thatch mound , 1 times observation , 0 times on sand by anthill , 0 times thatched log , . . .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\n12 times found in shrub steppe , 2 times found in sagebrush , 6 times found in conifer forest , 5 times found in aspen forest , 2 times found in lodgepole pine forest , 0 times found in pinyon - cedar woodland , 0 times found in shortgrass prairie , 0 times found in black oak dunes , 2 times found in shrub steppe / aspen , 4 times found in sparse conifer woods , . . .\n101 times search , 0 times thatched nest , 11 times hand collecting , 1 times under rock , 0 times roadside , 0 times thatch nest of pine needles , 0 times thached nest , 1 times observation , 0 times on sand by anthill , 0 times thatched log , 0 times grassy bench , . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n- bristles on all surfaces of hind tibiae ( but few or none on scapes ( cf . f . oreas )\n- cross section of clypeus gently curved or curved with broadly obtuse medial angle ( cf . trapezoidal cross section of f . obscuriventris clypeus )\nhabitat changes from east to west - - sandy prairie and oak savanna ( michigan to minnesota , also iowa and way - northern missouri ) , dry - mesic tallgrass prairie ( nebraska , dakotas , canadian prairie provinces ) , mid - grass prairie , usually + / - riparian grassland ( western dakotas to new mexico ) , sagebrush / rabbitbrush steppe ( alberta to new mexico and great basin ) , conifer woodland and forest ( northern , incl . canadian rockies to washington and british columbia ) .\nwheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1963 . the ants of north dakota . grand forks , north dakota : university of north dakota press , viii + 326 pp .\ncontributed by robin mcleod on 12 september , 2005 - 3 : 12am additional contributions by james c . trager last updated 19 august , 2014 - 11 : 22am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthat would be my guess as well , but i ' m not an ant expert .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nbradley ga , hinks jd ( 1968 ) ants , aphids , and jack pine in manitoba . can entomol 100 : 40\u201350\n( forel ) and its influence on arthropoda of jack pine . m . s . thesis . michigan state university , east lansing , michigan , 117 pp ( unpublished )\nholldobler b , wilson e ( 1990 ) the ants . the belknap press of harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts , 732 pp\nwilson eo ( 1971 ) the insect societies . the belknap press of harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts , 548 pp\n( forel ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe ' ve updated our privacy policy and by continuing you ' re agreeing to the updated terms .\nwhen you visit our site , preselected companies may use cookies or other certain information on your device to serve relevant ads and for analytics purposes . learn more\ndiscuss anything related to ants from keeping them as pets to removing them as pests .\nthis area contains observers ' notes , photographs / pictures , and / or videos detailing field observations on ants . think of this as a collection of diaries / journals / logs ( please put exact date and location in the thread titles ) for observation . put locality information of the ant occurrences . any additional details on habitat ( soil , vegetation ) , microhabitat ( nest site ) , prey , other species interactions , weather conditions , etc . will also be welcome . basically , post details ! use keeping ants area for documenting on keeping ants . also , this area includes all kinds of sightings like nuptial flight , ant identifications , and even on the television ( tv ) , movie screens , and internet .\nhello . welcome to the message board . wonderful post ( very clean ) .\n? also , be sure to search and read the other forum threads . your questions might had been answered already .\nstill we live meanly , like ants ; . . . like pygmies we fight with cranes ; . . . our life is frittered away by detail . simplify . . . simplify . . .\n- - henry thoreau\n/ \\ _ _ _ / \\ / / \\ / \\ \\ ant ( aka antdude ) , your host & fearless overlord | | o o | | \\ _ / < ! - - ezcode link start - - > < a href =\nurltoken\n> the ant farm < / a > < ! - - ezcode link end - - > , < ! - - ezcode link start - - > < a href =\nurltoken\n> ant ' s quality foraged links ( aqfl ) < / a > < ! - - ezcode link end - - > , and this < ! - - ezcode link start - - > < a href =\nurltoken\n> forum < / a > < ! - - ezcode link end - - > . ( )\nant ( dude ) @ the ant farm ( urltoken / urltoken ) and here ( urltoken ) . quote of the week :\ni got worms ! that ' s what we ' re going to call it . we ' re going to specialize in selling worm farms . you know like ant farms . what ' s the matter , a little tense about the flight ?\n- - lloyd christmas ( dumb and dumber movie )\nwell , the faq does tell me that the queens should be larger than the males , and have wider gasters . but i didn ' t find there whether i ' d have better luck looking on the nest or if i have to search out their nuptial ground .\ni wouldn ' t keep your eyes out for just one species , odds are you wont find that 1 species . ive been looking for pheidole alates , for the past year and a half , but never can find them . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ my website tetramorium caespitum blog\ni was going to start my queen with a couple dozen workers from the big nest - - they ' re polygynous and the fertilized queens often return to the nest . the nests also bud into satellite colonies .\nactually , you need to find one that has shed her wings . otherwise , it is unlikely she will be fertile .\nthis area contains general tricks and information on ant rearing . also included are people ' s journals / diaries / logs on raising their ant colonies . some of them even have pictures and videos .\nlast edited by engwinner on june 3rd , 2010 , 1 : 12 am , edited 4 times in total .\nbig , healthy ant colonies . shipping worldwide since 2009 , we are creators of premium , museum standard formicariums and products .\ni agree , such detailed observations ! looking forward to the next episode . ( :\nawesome work , adoption successful so far ! they are pretty ants too . i ' ll be waiting with popcorn handy on your next entry .\nvery cool ! i myself just dug up an entire colony and have them in a bucket currently . i ' d like to do the same thing with another colony but put them in a clear fish tank instead . i purchased some fluon that works really well in keeping them in . if you ' re interested i could give you some one of these days ( you were in the puget sound region no ? ) .\ni can ' t believe it ! i just caught a queen of the same species ( just posted here : urltoken i live in surrey - bc . i had no clue these queens did not start their own colonies . it appears my test tube setup will be futile . hmmm , perhaps i should release her ? or i could try what you did . so after they accept her as a queen , will you move them to another nest ? when do you think she will begin producing offspring ? i often see these ants build nests out of bark , and chips - do you think they would like a plaster mold ? cheers ,\nthe oil may or may not have helped , engwinner , but i certainly wouldn ' t leave the ants in it , as it could gunk up their integuments . adding pupae from a nest of this species may be the fastest way to increase colony size , until the queen starts laying .\ndoctorant wrote : adding pupae from a nest of this species may be the fastest way to increase colony size , until the queen starts laying .\ndont thatch ants place hard tree sap on there mounds to keep them ' clean ' ? . maybe they might show interest in small bits . and half needles . i would suspect they would use other material then needles to make there nest also . take a small amount of the large wild nest and see what its fully composed of . unless you already haven ' t ! lol . good luck i really hope they work out . this species is really fascinating .\nto receive news and publication updates for psyche : a journal of entomology , enter your email address in the box below .\nthese ants are obvious because of their large size , sometimes very large , organic nest - mounds , and colony populations in the tens , or hundreds of thousands . the worker caste is polymorphic , so large and small individuals ( majors and minors ) can be observed foraging , and performing other tasks .\nin some cases , groupings of related nests form enormous supercolonies . one of these assemblages in oregon , usa , included 201 active nests , and an estimated population of over 56 million ants ."]}
{"id": 609, "summary": [{"text": "nemophora cassiterites is a moth of the adelidae family or fairy longhorn moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1907 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "nemophora cassiterites", "paragraphs": ["126 . nemonoxacin ( 1 ) 127 . nemontemi ( 1 ) 128 . nemonychidae ( 1 ) 129 . nemonymous ( 1 ) 130 . nemopanthus ( 1 ) 131 . nemopanthus mucronatus ( 1 ) 132 . nemophas ammiralis ( 1 ) 133 . nemophas batoceroides ( 1 ) 134 . nemophas bicinctus ( 1 ) 135 . nemophas cyanescens ( 1 ) 136 . nemophas tomentosus ( 1 ) 137 . nemophila aphylla ( 1 ) 138 . nemophila menziesii ' penny black ( 1 ) 139 . nemophila menziesii penny black ( 1 ) 140 . nemophila pedunculata ( 1 ) 141 . nemophiliac ( 1 ) 142 . nemophora ( 1 ) 143 . nemophora barbatellus ( 1 ) 144 . nemophora cassiterites ( 1 ) 145 . nemophora humilis ( 1 ) 146 . nemophora molella ( 1 ) 147 . nemophora ochsenheimerella ( 1 ) 148 . nemopilema ( 1 ) 149 . nemopilema nomurai ( 1 ) 150 . nemopipouche ( 1 )\nnemophora - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ninsect systematics & evolution . ( ejournal / emagazine , 2000 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : insect systematics & evolution . publisher : stenstrup , denmark : apollo books , 2000 - isbn / issn : 1399 - 560x oclc : 526026810\nfull text available 10 / 1 / 2009 - . ( due to publisher restrictions , the most recent 36 months are not available . ) .\nmacewan university access : 2009 - . most recent 3 year ( s ) not available .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\ninsect systematics & evolution ( online ) insect systematics & evolution . insect systematics and evolution\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nurltoken ; % 5fver = z39 . 88 - 2004 & ctx ; % 5fenc = info : ofi / enc : utf - 8 & rfr ; % 5fid = info : sid / sfxit . com : opac % 5f856 & url ; % 5fctx % 5ffmt = info : ofi / fmt : kev : mtx : ctx & sfx . ignore ; % 5fdate % 5fthreshold = 1 & rft . object ; % 5fid = 111018467303010 & svc ; % 5fval % 5ffmt = info : ofi / fmt : kev : mtx : sch % 5fsvc &\nurltoken ; _ ver = z39 . 88 - 2004 & rfr ; _ id = info % 3asid % 2fualberta . ca % 3aopac & rft . genre ; = journal & rft . object ; _ id = 111018467303010 & rft . issn ; = 1399 - 560x & rft . eissn ; = 1876 - 312x & rft ; _ val _ fmt = info % 3aofi % 2ffmt % 3akev % 3amtx % 3ajournal & url ; _ ctx _ fmt = info % 3aofi % 2ffmt % 3akev % 3amtx % 3actx & url ; _ ver = z39 . 88 - 2004\nurltoken ; = % 2295ds % 22 & scope ; = site & loginpage ; = cpidlogin . asp & custid ; = s9204635\ninsect systematics & evolution . / societas entomologica scandinavica . ; ; stenstrup , denmark : apollo books , 2000 -\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe following 200 pages are in this category , out of approximately 260 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( in parentheses is the number of dictionaries in which onelook found the word . )\n101 . nemoda boolya ( 1 ) 102 . nemode ( 1 ) 103 . nemoderma ( 1 ) 104 . nemodermatales ( 1 ) 105 . nemoe ( 1 ) 106 . nemoe karma ( 1 ) 107 . nemoed ( 1 ) 108 . nemoede ( 1 ) 109 . nemognathinae ( 1 ) 110 . nemoid ( 1 ) 111 . nemojov ( 1 ) 112 . nemokitty ( 1 ) 113 . nemoleontinae ( 1 ) 114 . nemolite ( 1 ) 115 . nemom ( 1 ) 116 . nemom railway station ( 1 ) 117 . nemoma ( 1 ) 118 . nemon oscar ( 1 ) 119 . nemonapride ( 1 ) 120 . nemond ( 1 ) 121 . nemone ( 1 ) 122 . nemone metaxas ( 1 ) 123 . nemonia ( 1 ) 124 . nemonimity ( 1 ) 125 . nemonite invasion ( 1 )\n176 . nemourid ( 1 ) 177 . nemourids ( 1 ) 178 . nemours auguste ( 1 ) 179 . nemours count ( 1 ) 180 . nemours foundation ( 1 ) 181 . nemours gaston de foix duc de ( 1 ) 182 . nemours jean - baptiste ( 1 ) 183 . nemours jean baptiste ( 1 ) 184 . nemours mansion and gardens ( 1 ) 185 . nemours pierre - louis ( 1 ) 186 . nemours pierre louis ( 1 ) 187 . nemowib ( 1 ) 188 . nemo\u0107 ( 1 ) 189 . nemo\u017en\u00fd ( 1 )"]}
{"id": 610, "summary": [{"text": "millepora tenera is a species of fire coral in the family milleporidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to the red sea and the western indo-pacific region and is a zooxanthellate species with a calcareous skeleton .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it was first described in 1949 by the dutch zoologist hilbrand boschma . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "millepora tenera", "paragraphs": ["stinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts .\ntarget species millepora platyphylla ( p , red ) and non - target species ; millepora intricata ( i , green ) , millepora dichotoma ( d , pink ) , millepora tenera ( t , purple ) , millepora complanata ( c , blue ) and millepora exaesa ( e , yellow ) .\nnick hope added the english common name\nfire coral\nto\nmillepora tenera boschma , 1948\n.\nstinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts . - pubmed - ncbi\n( 1974 ) . stinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts . toxicon\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - fire coral ( millepora tenera )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - fire coral ( millepora tenera )\ntitle =\narkive species - fire coral ( millepora tenera )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nmillepora tenera is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthe distinctive pores of millepora boschmai , which distinguish it from reef - building corals .\n7 . wittle lw , tscura ed , middlebrook re . stinging coral ( millepora tenera ) toxin : a comparison of the crude extracts with isolated nematocyst extracts . toxicon . 1974 ; 12 ( 5 ) : 481 - 6 . [ links ]\nglobally , millepora boschmai is critically endangered and the only remaining populations occur in indonesia . the status of millepora boschmai in australia is unknown and currently there are no records of it occurring in australian waters .\nthere are another 14 species of _ millepora _ known to exist worldwide . two of these species are listed by the iucn as endangered and two are listed as data deficient . numerous millepora species are restricted to the atlantic ocean however six species are known to occur in australia ( m . dischotoma , m . exaesa , m . foveolata , m . intricata , m . platyphylla , and m . tenera ) .\ncharacterisation of de novo microsatellite loci and genetic diversity in the target species millepora platyphylla collected in moorea , french polynesia .\n( of millepora cruzi nemenzo , 1975 ) razak , t . b . & b . w . hoeksema , 2003 . the hydrocoral genus millepora ( hydrozoa : capitata : milleporidae ) in indonesia . zoologische verhandelingen leiden 345 : 313 - 336 . [ details ]\nnevertheless , the exact status of all millepora species in australia is unknown and further research is needed to identify species and population status .\n( of millepora tortuosa dana , 1848 ) boschma , h . 1948a . the species problem in millepora . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 1 : 1 - 115 , pls . 1 - 15 . page ( s ) : 41 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - fire coral ( millepora alcicornis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - fire coral ( millepora alcicornis )\ntitle =\narkive species - fire coral ( millepora alcicornis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n( of millepora tenella ortmann , 1892 ) razak , t . b . , hoeksema b . w . , 2003 . the hydrocoral genus millepora ( hydrozoa : capitata : milleporidae ) in indonesia . zool . verh . leiden 345 : 313 - 336 . page ( s ) : 323 [ details ]\nmillepora alcicornis is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\n23 . grajales a , s\u00e1nchez ja . discharged nematocysts of millepora alcicornis . coral reefs . 2006 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 671 . [ links ]\nsummary of genetic distances ( gd ) based on the 16s gene between the target species and other millepora species together with indices indicating microsatellite transferability and genetic diversity .\n21 . lewis jb . biology and ecology of the hydrocoral millepora on coral reefs . adv mar biol . 2006 ; 50 : 1 - 55 . [ links ]\n5 . wittle lw , middlebrook r , lane c . isolation and partial purification of a toxin from millepora alcicornis . toxicon . 1971 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 327 - 31 . [ links ]\nmillepora boschmai is a type of hydrocoral , related to jellyfish , anemones and the true corals that build reefs . all corals are animals , and not plants . they have bodies made of many cells without cell walls , which distinguishes them from plants and fungi . the tiny bodies of corals are hidden in a calcium skeleton , and it is the thousands of pores in millepora skeletons that distinguish this type of coral .\n6 . middlebrook re , wittle lw , scura ed , lane ce . isolation and partial purification of a toxin from millepora dichotoma . toxicon . 1971 ; 9 ( 4 ) : 333 - 6 . [ links ]\n( of millepora tenella ortmann , 1892 ) s . d . cairns & j . van der land , 2000 - 2007 , as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n3 . prasad r , vincent l , hamilton r , lim k . minimal change disease in association with fire coral ( millepora species ) exposure . am j kidney dis . 2005 ; 47 ( 1 ) : e15 - 6 . [ links ]\n9 . radwan ffy . comparative toxinological and immunological studies on the nematocyst venoms of the red sea fire corals millepora dichotoma and m . platyphylla . comp biochem physiol c pharmacol . 2002 ; 131 ( 3 ) : 323 - 34 . [ links ]\nboschma , h . 1949c . notes on specimens of the genus millepora in the collection of the british museum . proceedings of the zoological society of london 119 : 661 - 672 , pls 1 - 2 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhydrozoan cnidarians of the genus millepora are commonly denominated fire corals since contact with them immediately causes burning pain , erythema and pustule formation on human skin ( 1 - 3 ) . these hydrocorals are able to induce their damaging effects due to the presence of nematocysts , the characteristic stinging organelles used by all cnidarians for defense and capturing prey ( 4 ) . several studies have shown that the venom contained in the nematocysts from millepora species display lethal , hemolytic , dermonecrotic , and antigenic properties ( 5 - 10 ) .\nrazak , t . b . , hoeksema b . w . , 2003 . the hydrocoral genus millepora ( hydrozoa : capitata : milleporidae ) in indonesia . zool . verh . leiden 345 : 313 - 336 . page ( s ) : 323 [ details ]\nthis genus is generally not found in the aquarium trade , but is sometimes collected for curio and jewellery trade . crown - of - thorns starfish are a major threat to corals in australia , but according to observations in fiji , millepora is not a target .\nparts of the distributions of several millepora species fall within australian marine protected areas and it is likely they will benefit from those reserves . nevertheless , recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status .\nstructural characteristics of discharged and undischarged nematocysts from the hydrozoans millepora alcicornis and millepora complanata , two fire corals collected in the mexican caribbean , were examined using transmission electron , scanning and light microscopy . in this study , we report for the first time images of the nematocysts found in these mexican caribbean venomous species . two types of nematocysts were observed in both species , the more abundant identified as macrobasic mastigophore and the other a stenotele type . macrobasic mastigophores were present in medium and large size classes while stenoteles appeared in only one size .\n1 . sagi a , rosenberg l , ben - meir p , hauben dj . the\nfire coral\n( millepora dichotoma ) as a cause of burns : a case report . burns incl therm inj . 1987 ; 13 ( 4 ) : 325 - 6 . [ links ]\npropagation is rather simple for millepora corals . breaking and cementing the pieces onto plugs or rock is a typical way to frag this coral . rubber banding to a plug or rock is another way that has been used . however , there is another way that is quite ingenious . place rubble rock around the\nthe fire coral ( millepora boschmai ) is one of the rarest species of coral in the world . it is known only from a small number of locations in the pacific ocean , panama and indonesia , and it appears this species got into hot water almost a decade before it was even known to science .\n10 . ibarra - alvarado c , alejandro garc\u00eda j , aguilar mb , rojas a , falc\u00f3n a , heimer de la cotera ep . biochemical and pharmacological characterizations obtained from the fire coral millepora complanata . comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol . 2007 ; 146 ( 4 ) : 511 - 8 . [ links ]\nthe millepora genus is very aggressive . these hydrocorals will encrust and take over other corals , so keep your eye on their growth rate . make sure you space them at least 6\u201d from other corals . possibly place them on a rock in the sand away from the main rock work to keep them from encrusting on to the main rock formation .\n( of millepora tortuosa dana , 1848 ) dana , j . d . , 1848 . zoophytes . in : narrative of the u . s . exploring expedition , during the years 1838 - 1842 , by ch . wilkes , 7 , zoophytes . 7 : vi + 740 pp . . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 545 [ details ]\nin australia , millepora species occur in a variety of habitats to at least 30 metres deep . they can be found in inshore areas such as the kimberley coastal reefs , and also in the clear waters offshore . some of these species are found abundance . m . intricata , for example , is a dominant species in the lizard island lagoon on the great barrier reef .\nthe fire coral , millepora alcicornis , while immune to the crown of thorns can succumb to predatory polychaetes and nudibranchs from the phyllidia genus . many critters like this crab will find safety in it ' s branches . hawkfish , who do not have any tissue on their pelvic fins will perch between the branches and will not be stung as they enjoy the protection of the fire coral .\ncaring for a millepora coral in the aquarium requires that you be very careful . these hydrocorals have a potent sting . it can just be a mild sting for some , but for others it can be all the way up to anaphylactic shock . needless to say , wear gloves when you are handling them or are anywhere near the coral . don\u2019t be dissuaded from keeping them because of their sting , however since they are hardy and easy to propagate . just be careful and wear gloves .\nthe fire coral , millepora alcicornis has earned the name\nfire\nfor good reason ! it is strong enough to put some people into anaphylactic shock , however most of the time it is a bad sting . the positive thing is that they grow so slow , less than 1\nper year , that they can be kept in a nano tank , without the risk of over growing everything so fast . they also will hold their own and other corals will generally stay away from them !\nthe millepora corals are found at depths from 0 to 148 feet ( 45 m ) in areas of high current and light . they inhabit reef slopes and projected parts of the reef that have strong wave and current action . these include tidal inlets , sheltered bays , mangrove shores , exposed bay areas and ledges at the entrance of these bays as well as in sounds , shallow reefs and shallow coastal benthic habitats . they are occasionally found on mangrove roots and in the shallow protected areas where there are solid beds .\nassignment analyses based on bayesian clustering analysis using structure ( pritchard , stephens & donnelly , 2000 ) for five of the six studied species : ( 1 ) m . platyphylla , ( 2 ) m . exaesa , ( 3 ) m . intricata , ( 4 ) m . dichotoma and ( 5 ) m . tenera . the x - axis shows species identification and y - axis shows the cluster membership ( k = 2 ) . initial structure runs were used to determine the most likely number of clusters ( k ) . runs were performed with the default setting , a burn - in period of 50000 , 50000 mcmc repeats and 10 iterations per k . the results were uploaded to structure harvester ( earl & vonholdt , 2011 ) and the most likely k was retained for a second run in structure with a burn - in period of 500000 , 500000 mcmc repeats , 10 iterations and uniform prior setting .\ngenus has been propagated in captivity , yet are not always available . millepora hydrocorals have two principle forms ; the predominant body type is the polyp and the other is bell - shaped or the shape of a thin disk . their life cycle originates as a sessile polyp , and in this stage it multiplies asexually . animals in the polyp stage are known as \u201chydroids\u201d . the polyp stage can then bud , forming a free - swimming , planktonic animal , like the jellyfish . in this stage they are known as \u201cmedusa\u201d and can produce eggs or sperm .\nmillepora complanata is a plate - like fire coral common throughout the caribbean . contact with this species usually provokes burning pain , erythema and urticariform lesions . our previous study suggested that the aqueous extract of m . complanata contains non - protein hemolysins that are soluble in water and ethanol . in general , the local damage induced by cnidarian venoms has been associated with hemolysins . the characterization of the effects of these components is important for the understanding of the defense mechanisms of fire corals . in addition , this information could lead to better care for victims of envenomation accidents .\nmillepora alcicornis is a branching hydrocoral common throughout the caribbean sea . like other members of this genus , this species is capable of inducing skin eruptions and blisters with severe pain after contact . in the present study , we investigated the toxicity of the m . alcicornis aqueous extract on several animal models . considering that some cnidarian hemolysins have been associated to local tissue damage , since they also induce lysis of other cell types , we also made a partial characterization of the hemolytic activity of m . alcicornis aqueous extract . this information is important for understanding the defense mechanisms of the \u201cfire corals\u201d .\nin this study , two types of nematocysts were observed in both caribbean millepora species . these nematocysts were identified as stenoteles and macrobasic mastigosphores according to weill ' s classification ( 16 , 17 ) . measurements of the capsule size of the nematocysts , made from the sem photographs , showed that in both species the macrobasic mastigophores were present in medium ( 10 . 6 - 13 . 0 x 18 . 1 - 21 . 6 \u00b5m ) and large ( 17 . 5 - 21 . 8 x 25 . 0 - 33 . 1 \u00b5m ) size classes , while stenoteles were present in only one size ( 10 . 5 - 15 . 6 x 18 . 7 - 25 . 0 \u00b5m ) .\nthe most abundant nematocyst type found in both millepora species was the macrobasic mastigophore . the structure of the undischarged form consists of an egg - shaped capsule with an inverted tubule coiled with an amorphous arrangement , which can be observed in the lm photographs ( figure 3 - a ) . the operculum , located in the apical part of the capsule , has a diameter of approximately 2 . 5 \u00b5m in both large and medium size classes ( figure 3 - b ) . in the discharged form of this nematocyst type one observes that the everted tubule is armed with three helically coiled bands of spines extended throughout the length of the tubule ( figure 3 - c to f ) . figure 3 - e shows a macrobasic mastigophore with the everted tubule completely extended ; this tubule has a diameter of 1 . 6 \u00b5m while the shaft , an enlarged portion in the middle of the tubule , has a diameter of 2 . 3 \u00b5m .\nadditionally , a 461 bp portion of the mitochondrial 16s gene was amplified for 30 specimens ( five colonies per species ) and used to estimate the genetic distances among the six millepora species . the pcr amplifications were performed using the primers 16s - sha and 16s - shb ( cunningham & buss , 1993 ) in 20 \u00b5l reactions containing : 1 . 5 mm of mgcl 2 , 0 . 2 mm of each dntp , 1\u00d7 final concentration of buffer , 0 . 5 \u00b5m of each primer , 0 . 25 unit of red hot taq polymerase , 2 \u00b5l of dna template ( 80\u2013100 ng / \u00b5l ) and sterilised water up to 20 \u00b5l . the cycling parameters were as follows : an initial denaturation step of 5 min at 94 \u00b0c , followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94 \u00b0c , 1 min at 50 \u00b0c , 1 . 5 min at 72 \u00b0c and a final elongation step of 5 min at 72 \u00b0c . sequencing of the pcr products was performed by genoscreen ( lille , france ) .\nstenoteles are penetrating nematocysts limited to the class hydrozoa and are found mostly in hydras ( 20 , 21 ) . in this study , we found the presence of few stenoteles in both millepora species . calder ( 22 ) reported that the gastrozooids of m . alcicornis , collected in bermuda , contained stenoteles of small ( 5 . 7 - 6 . 6 x 8 . 3 - 8 . 9 \u00b5m ) , medium ( 12 . 9 - 14 . 2 x 15 . 9 - 17 . 6 \u00b5m ) and large ( 15 . 9 - 18 . 7 x 21 . 6 - 24 . 7 \u00b5m ) sizes , whereas the dactylozooids only contained small stenoteles ( 5 . 9 - 6 . 5 x 8 . 3 - 8 . 6 \u00b5m ) . the capsule of the undischarged form of this nematocyst type has a characteristic lime shape with pointed ends ( figure 1 - a , b ) , one of these ends consists of an aperture closed by a cover known as an operculum , whose diameter is approximately 4 . 5 \u00b5m while the other extreme has a diameter of approximately 2 \u00b5m ( figure 1 - b ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nm . tenella is considered a synonym of this species ( randall and cheng 1984 ) .\nthis species is widespread in the indo - pacific . it is found from the red sea and east africa to the mariana islands and american samoa , including australia and japan . specific records : red sea , gulf of aden , arabian sea ( socotra ) , madagascar , lakshadweep , west thailand , northwest australia , vietnam , indonesia , philippines , pohnpei ( micronesia ) , papua new guinea , bismarck sea - solomon islands , great barrier reef , fiji ( devantier and turak pers . comm . ) . randall and cheng ( 1984 ) give western indian ocean to samoa and great barrier reef to japan .\nthis species is considered relatively common throughout its range . there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future . the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years . see the supplementary material for further details on population decline and generation length estimates .\nthis species is most abundant in shallow reef habitat at depths of less than 15 m .\nspecies are generally found in inshore areas characterized by turbidity , and exhibit a tolerance for siltation . they often occur in clear offshore sites ( lovell pers . comm . )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbest , w . g . , g . faure & m . pichon ( 1980 ) . contribution to the knowledge of the stony corals from the seychelles and eastern africa . rev . zool . afr . 94 , 3 : 600 - 627 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfire corals get their common name from the painful stings they inflict on divers ( 3 ) . approximately 50 species of fire coral have been described , which express an array of growth forms . growth forms range from colonies composed of tree - like branches , solid colonies that are typically dome - shaped , or colonies that adhere closely to the substrate ( 3 ) . these reef - building ( hermatypic ) corals can be green , cream or yellow , and those species with branches have hollow cores , containing oxygen , that can be easily broken ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . other species form thick and sturdy colonies capable of withstanding the strongest wave action ( 4 ) .\nreproduction in fire corals is more complex than in other reef - building corals . the polyps reproduce asexually , producing jellyfish - like medusae , which are released into the water from special cup - like structures known as ampullae . the medusae contain the reproductive organs that release eggs and sperm into the water . fertilised eggs develop into free - swimming larvae that will eventually settle on the substrate and form new colonies . fire corals can also reproduce asexually by fragmentation ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nfire corals form extensive outcrops on projecting parts of the reef where the tidal currents are strong . they are also abundant on upper reef slopes and in lagoons ( 4 ) , and occur down to depths of 40 metres ( 5 ) .\nfire corals face the many threats that are impacting coral reefs globally . it is estimated that 20 percent of the world\u2019s coral reefs have already been effectively destroyed and show no immediate prospects of recovery , and 24 percent of the world\u2019s reefs are under imminent risk of collapse due to human pressures . these human impacts include poor land management practices that are releasing more sediment , nutrients and pollutants into the oceans and stressing the fragile reef ecosystem . overfishing has \u2018knock - on\u2019 effects that result in the increase of macro - algae that can out - compete and smother corals , and fishing using destructive methods physically devastates the reef . a further potential threat is the increase of coral bleaching events , as a result of global climate change ( 7 ) .\nmost fire coral species have brittle skeletons that can easily be broken , for example , during storms , or by divers ( 3 ) . divers can easily break the branches of fire corals when diving for leisure , or when collecting fish for the aquarium trade . for instance , the yellowtail damselfish tends to dwell close to the branching fire coral colonies , and retreats into its branches when threatened . in brazil , fire coral colonies are extensively damaged when harvesting the yellowtail damselfish , as the corals are often deliberately smashed and fishes hiding amongst the branches are \u2018shaken out\u2019 into plastic bags ( 8 ) .\nfire corals are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that trade in these species should be carefully regulated ( 2 ) . indonesia and fiji both have quota systems for corals , monitored though cites ( 2 ) . the aim of the quotas are to ensure harvests are kept at a sustainable level , but in reality they are hard to set at the right level due to a lack of knowledge regarding coral biology . fire corals will form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas ( mpas ) , which offer coral reefs a degree of protection , and there are many calls from non - governmental organisations for larger mpas to ensure the persistence of these unique and fascinating ecosystems ( 7 ) .\nfor further information on this species see veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus and robertson publishers , uk .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nveron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . vol . 3 . australian institute of marine sciences , townsville , australia .\nveron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus and robertson publishers , uk .\nborneman , e . h . ( 2001 ) aquarium corals ; selection , husbandry and natural history . t . f . h . publications , new jersey , usa .\nwood , e . m . ( 1983 ) reef corals of the world : biology and field guide . t . f . h . publications , new jersey , usa .\nwilkinson , c . ( 2004 ) status of coral reefs of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .\ngasparini , j . l . , floeter , s . r . , ferreira , c . e . l . and sazima , i . ( 2005 ) marine ornamental trade in brazil . biodiversity and conservation , 14 : 2883 - 2899 .\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis species is widespread in the indo - pacific . it is found from the red sea and east africa to the mariana islands and american samoa , including australia and japan .\nspecific records : red sea , gulf of aden , arabian sea ( socotra ) , madagascar , lakshadweep , west thailand , northwest australia , vietnam , indonesia , philippines , pohnpei ( micronesia ) , papua new guinea , bismarck sea - solomon islands , great barrier reef , fiji ( devantier and turak pers . comm . ) .\nrandall and cheng ( 1984 ) give western indian ocean to samoa and great barrier reef to japan .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nnematocysts free of extra - nematocyst material is described . the toxic material from the nematocysts had an\nin mice of 40 \u03bcg protein per kg body weight and displayed hemolytic and dermonecrotic properties . comparison of nematocyst extract and crude extract of whole specimens of\nby electrophoresis and double diffusion tests indicated the toxin in crude extract is of nematocyst origin and not from extra - nematocyst material .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin : schuchert , p . ( 2015 ) world hydrozoa database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2016 - 08 - 30 .\nin : schuchert , p . ( 2015 ) world hydrozoa database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2016 - 10 - 11 .\ncatalogue of materials deposited in ryukyu university museum ( fujukan ) , no . 9 . ryukyu university museum ( fujukan ) , nishihara , 5 - 32 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\ni ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !\ni would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken\nbelongs to the class hydrozoa , and are known as hydrocorals . this species is just one of the many members in the\ngenus . this genus contains the common\nfire coral\nor\nstinging coral\nspecies that have a potent sting , causing a burning sensation if touched . usually it is just a mild sting , but for some people the reaction can be all the way up to anaphylactic shock . divers , snorkelers , and aquarists need to wear gloves when handling these corals or are anywhere near them .\nfire corals could be described as very hardy \u201csoft\u201d corals . they have a similar appearance to stony corals , and are found in similar habitats . but the\ngenus are not considered stony corals due to their internal structure . like the stony corals , they do produce a hard aragonite skeleton and aid in reef building , yet inside their structure are canals that house all of their polyps and aid in food distribution . this makes them no where near as dense and hard as a stony coral .\ngenus can take many forms including arborescent ( treelike ) , plate - like , encrusting , lace - like , box - like or columnar . these different forms develop in conjunction with the water flow where they are found . encrusting colonies are the initial growth form of these hydrocorals . in areas of strong water flow they will continue to encrust , but in a low water flow area they will develop into a lacy branching form similar to the\n, but not on a single plane . their branches can become leaf - like , blade - like , or even box - like in areas where the water flow increases in strength . thus the common names they are known for besides fire coral and stinging coral are branching fire coral , box coral , bladed fire coral , finger coral , ginger coral , and wello fire coral .\ndon\u2019t be dissuaded from keeping fire corals because of their sting . they are interesting corals that are hardy and easy to propagate , just be careful and wear gloves . in the wild they are adaptable to many environments , thus contributing to their hardy nature . they let you know their lighting needs by their color , with yellow indicating perfect light and brown being \u201cnot enough . \u201d they also need strong water movement or they will not grow as much .\ngenus was described by linnaeus in 1758 . this is the only genus in the milleporidae family . there are at least 48 species with a few being\ngenus are found from the red sea , south to madagascar , then east toward australia ' s west coast in the houtman abrolhos island area . they are also found from the great barrier reef all the way around australia ' s north coast and mid way down the east coast . from new caledonia they occur all the way to the tuamotu islands then north to the hawaiian islands , circling back to the southern tip of japan . then they are found westward including all of indonesia and back to the red sea . some are also found in the atlantic oceans including the gulf of mexico and up to canada via north america\u2019s east coast .\nthe fire coral is on the iucn red list for endangered species under least concerned . this is due to population reduction from habitat loss and reef degradation , however they recover quickly . in 10 years , if climate changes and ocean acidification persists , this will change the classification . the\ngenus is commonly one of the first corals on the scene of a new reef and the last ones to leave when a reef is dying . they cover 10 % to 50 % of reefs , as well as being a small part of all reef building corals .\nsome common names these hydrocorals are known for are bladed fire coral , wello fire coral , fire coral , box coral , firecoral , stinging coral , finger coral , ginger coral , and wello fire coral . the\nfacing into a strong currents , they can make use of the passing plankton , small floating invertebrates , and other prey . they use the venomous cells ( nematocysts ) found in their tentacles to catch prey in these nutrient rich waters , but also to sting and deflect any possible threats or attacks .\nlc - least concern - they have experienced some habitat loss , however they recover quickly .\ngenus grows in many formations , all dependent on water movement . they can form branching , laminar , encrusting and massive colonies . this genus is not considered a stony coral due to its internal structure . they do produce a hard aragonite skeleton , yet inside are canals that house all of the polyps and aid in food distribution . this makes them no where near as dense and hard as a stony coral . the smooth surface is densely dotted with mouths that look like small pores . the colors of the\nare usually a mustard yellow to dark brown and cream with white or lighter colored tips , with some rarer species being green or pink .\nat first glance this doesn ' t look anything like a typical fire coral . most are highly branched like small bushes . as it turns out though , there is an encrusting type of fire coral and this is it !\non the smooth surface , the dense populations of pores are called called gastropores and they contain polyps in two sizes . the larger polyps are called gastrozooid polyps . they tend to stay within the corallum , ( not extending outward past the surface of the coral ) , and help to digest food and pass it through the colony within the skeletal structure . the smaller polyps surrounding this gastrozooid polyp are called dactylozooids , and they number between 5 to 7 . the dactylozooids look like tiny hairs that stick up beyond the surface , giving these hydrocorals a fuzzy appearance .\nthe dactylozooids polyps have a strong toxin to sting prey . once stung , these polyps will then bring the food inward to the gastrozooid polyp in the middle , which will engulf the prey and digest it . these corals will burn your skin if you are not careful . they are a bane to divers and it is best to look and not touch in the wild .\ncan grow up to 12\n( 30 cm ) in height . encrusting forms can sense nearby corals and will grow towards them and then encrust over them , using their structure as a base .\nis found in several areas that do not have strong wave action , and so are generally the branching form . this coral will typically overgrow and take the shape of any coral it gets near , especially gorgonians .\nis from the atlantic and are usually pink to cream with white or lighter colored tips . they tend to grow in a box - like formation from an encrusting base .\nthese hydrocorals are found in surge areas with strong waves and generally form heavier leaf - like , fanlike or vertical plate - like structures .\n10 years - may live longer . maturity is reached at 3 to 8 years after a hydroid plants itself .\nthe fire corals can be easy to care for as long as lighting and water flow are strong . they will turn brown under inadequate lighting . they adjust themselves to the water flow in your tank as they grow , so once established try not to move them if you can . they will cease to grow very much at it there is weak water movement .\nif you experience a sting , applying ammonia and warm water are two suggestions . however keeping powdered meat tenderizer around is a good idea if you own , or will be purchasing one of these corals . meat tenderizer seems to be a constant as a relief cure . this will alleviate the burn and itch of their sting . these items are a neutralizer for these particular forms of nematocyst stings , but will not necessarily work for jellyfish stings or other types of nematocyst stings .\nfire corals depend on light and photosynthesis for about 75 % of their growth , they also do well being fed plankton . these \u201chungry hydrocorals\u201d will eat live brine shrimp as well , or any defrosted foods like mysis , etc . that get into their \u201chairy\u201d stingers . turning the pumps off while they feed is a good idea .\ngenus . although similar to a\nsoft coral\n, they do have calcareous skeletons and need parameters similar to hard corals . do typical water changes of 20 % a month , 10 % biweekly , or 5 % weekly . it has been noted that 5 % weekly water changes replenish many of the needed additives .\npurigen and poly - fiber are great products to help in maintaining water quality . purigen is a synthetic polymer that removes soluble and insoluble impurities from water at an exceptionally high rate and capacity , helping to control ammonia , nitrites and nitrates . additions of iodine and and trace elements are suggested .\nweekly - changing 5 % of the water weekly is best , or 10 % bi - weekly . a 20 % monthly water change will work if additives are provided .\na typical reef environment is what is needed for your fire coral . this is a great nano tank coral , and it will also do fine in a larger tank due to its slow growing nature . a mature tank ( well over a year old ) is advised to increase the chance of successfully keeping\nthey need strong lighting , though not necessarily metal halide . they can be placed in the middle of the tank with t5s , and on the bottom of the tank with metal halides and strong led . these corals prefer a strong water flow that is turbulent and surging , but not linear . provide an average salinity of 1 . 026 and normal temperatures .\nhigh - strong lighting - t5s are sufficient if the corals are placed in the middle of the tank rather than on the bottom .\n1 . 025 - 1 . 027 sg - 1 . 026 is the best .\nmiddle - middle of the tank if lighting witht5s , but on the bottom if using metal halides .\nfire corals generally grow slowly at a rate of 1 / 16\nto over 3 / 4\n( 4 to 20 mm ) per year . however when other corals are present they will actually grow faster in their direction , at a whopping 1\u201d or more a month . they are especially fond of gorgonians from the\ngenus . they can actually sense a gorgonian , overtake it , and assume its shape . ironically a strong , swift water current can snap this overgrown structure in half since the gorgonian is now dead and brittle underneath .\nhawkfish are often found on these corals , and use them for protection . they can do this because their tissue - less pectoral fins are immune to the sting . the crown of thorns seastar will also not bother this strong stinging coral .\nmonitor - safe as long as they are no closer than 6 to 12\n.\nsafe - safe as long as they are no closer than 6 to 12\n.\nmay be aggressive - safe as long as they are no closer than 6 to 12\n.\nfire corals primarily consist of hydroid colonies . these usually have separate sexes consisting of either male or female members . thus each colony can produce only one type of gamete , either eggs or sperm . there is not usually both sexes in the same colony .\nthe gametes of fire corals are sexually mature in about 20 - 30 days , much sooner than the months it can take for stony corals . in the wild , the\ngenus is not dependent on lunar cycles and will release free swimming medusae at the same time as other fire corals . their medusae do not live for very long , only a few hours .\n, and let their encrusting tendency take over and cover the rubble . then simply break away a piece of rubble as a frag .\neasy - to propagate , fragments are cut and glued on to plug or live rock .\ngenus , although not susceptible to many things , does have few areas that can lead to its demise . having zooxanthellae algae makes them susceptible to bleaching . higher temperatures than they are used to will cause this too , along with their being too close to a metal halide lamp .\n, will also eat these hydrocorals , even thought they are stung in the process .\nnudibranchs . these feed on fire corals but can ingest the stinging nematocysts without digesting them . they then use these same nematocysts as defense by transporting them through their intestines to their dorsal appendages . when the sea slug feels threatened , it will then fire the stinging nematocysts at the predator !\ngenus is very hard to find at pet shops and on line . these corals can sometimes be sold under \u201chydrocorals\u201d or \u201cfire corals\u201d . they may possibly be special ordered from a local fish store .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\ncolonies was used to optimise pcr amplification and identify polymorphic loci . small fragments of tissue - covered skeleton ( < 2cm\n) were incubated at 55 \u00b0c for 1 h in 450 \u00b5l of digest buffer with proteinase k ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) . genomic dna was extracted using a qiaxtractor automated genomic dna extraction instrument , according to manufacturer\u2019s instructions . pcrs were performed in a final volume of 10 \u00b5l including 5 \u00b5l type - it multiplex pcr master mix ( 1\u00d7 ) ( qiagen , hilden , germany ) , 3 \u00b5l rnase - free water , 1 \u00b5l primers ( 2 \u00b5m for both forward and reverse primers diluted in te buffer ) and 1 \u00b5l of template ( 10\u201350 ng / \u00b5l ) . the pcr program included an initial denaturing step of 5 min at 95 \u00b0c , followed by 40 cycles of 30 s at 95 \u00b0c , 90 s at optimal temperature ( 57\u201360 \u00b0c ) depending on the microsatellite locus ( see\n) , and 30 s at 72 \u00b0c , followed by a final 30 min elongation step at 60 \u00b0c . the pcr products were electrophoresed on 2 % agarose gels . for loci with high - quality and consistent amplification , the pcr was repeated on dna template isolated from\n, the forward primer was fluorescently labelled with the g5 dye set including 6 - fam , vic , ned and pet ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) . amplified fragments were visualised on an applied biosystems 3730 sequencer using a genescan 500 liz ladder .\nsignificant values of f is are indicated by bold values with \u2217 p < 0 . 05 and \u2217\u2217 p < 0 . 001 .\nspecies to test for their transferability . for the characterisation of newly developed microsatellites , small fragments ( < 2 cm\ncolonies were collected on the reefs of moorea in french polynesia ( cites - fr1298700028 - e ) . for cross - species amplification transferability tests , samples were collected from various locations in the indo - pacific and the caribbean for five other species of fire corals : 11\n) . pcrs ( 10 \u00b5l ) were performed with 2 \u00b5m of labelled forward primer and reverse primer with the same amplification conditions described above . pcr products were sent to genoscreen ( lille , france ) for fragment analysis and were visualised using an applied biosystems 3730 sequencer . an internal size ladder ( genescan 500 liz , applied biosystems ) was used for accurate sizing and alleles were scored and checked manually using genemapper v . 4 . 0 ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) . samples that were ambiguous in scoring were re - amplified and re - scored . all peak profiles that were faint or ambiguous ( i . e . , multiple peaks ) were considered as missing data .\ncontrol for the presence of null alleles , scoring errors and large allele dropout were performed with microchecker v . 3 . 7 ( van oosterhout et al . , 2004 ) . to assess the discriminative power of the microsatellite markers , the genotype probability ( gp ) was estimated for each locus and for a combination of all loci using genalex v . 6 . 5 ( peakall & smouse , 2006 ) . repeated multilocus genotypes ( mlgs ) were also identified in genalex and were considered as clone mates at gp < 0 . 001 . the probability of identity , p ( id ) , was computed to evaluate the power of our microsatellites to accurately distinguish closely related genotypes from those produced by asexual reproduction ( waits , luikart & taberlet , 2001 ) . population genetic analyses were then performed after the removal of all clonal replicates ."]}
{"id": 611, "summary": [{"text": "agonopterix lacteella is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by caradja in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east ( south-eastern siberia ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "agonopterix lacteella", "paragraphs": ["agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent\narticle : agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent\nredescription of agonopterix selini ( heinemann , 1870 ) with description of agonopterix lessini sp . n . and agonopterix paraselini\ndetails - agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent - biodiversity heritage library\ndepressaria lacteella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nthelma ' s agonopterix moth ( agonopterix thelmae ) is a moth of the depressariidae family .\nagonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 3 ) : 594\nty - jour ti - agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent t2 - the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . vl - 89 ur - urltoken pb - s . n . cy - [ london : py - 1977 sp - 348 ep - 348 er -\nagonopterix flurii sonderegger , 2013 ; contr . nat . history 21 : ( 1 - 14 )\nagonopterix banatica georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 113\nagonopterix dumitrescui georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 111\nagonopterix subpropinquella ( ruddy flat - body ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nagonopterix abditella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40\nagonopterix graecella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233\nagonopterix inoxiella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 38\nagonopterix ordubadensis hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 34\nagonopterix subumbellana hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 42\nagonopterix purpurea ( small purple flat - body ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nagonopterix chaetosoma clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 93 ; tl : japan , hoshu , kii , nati\nagonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky , 2000 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 21 ( 3 ) : 135\nagonopterix issikii clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 96 ; tl : japan , honshu , sinano , tobira\nagonopterix ( subagonopterix ) vietnamella subgen . nov . et spec . nov , of flat moths from south - eastern asia\nagonopterix socerbi sumpich , 2012 ; nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tl : slovenia , crni kal - socerb\nagonopterix dierli lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : nepal , east khumjung , 3800m\nagonopterix medelichensis buchner , 2015 ; zootaxa 3986 ( 1 ) : 107 ; tl : italy , prov . verona , monte , 300m\nagonopterix mendesi corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26 ; tl : portugal , algarve , praia de castelejo\nagonopterix heracliana ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n@ article { bhlpart196699 , title = { agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent } , journal = { the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . } , volume = { 89 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ london : s . n . } , author = { } , year = { 1977 } , pages = { 348 - - 348 } , }\nagonopterix mikkolai lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , kathmandu , phulchoki mt . , 1700m\nagonopterix perezi walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 957 , pl . 52 , f . 8\nagonopterix paraselini buchner , 2017 ; gortania 38 : 94 ; tl : austria , lower austria , eichkogel near m\u00f6dling , 48\u00b04 . 8n ; 16\u00b016 . 6e\nagonopterix parinkini lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , e . bujan , dudh kosi tal , 2900m\n= agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix bipunctifera ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 3 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix takamukui ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 6 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix toega hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : san clemente island , california\nagonopterix l - nigrum ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 4 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix sapporensis ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 5 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix hesphoea hodges , 1975 ; j . lep . soc . 29 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : texas , culberson co . , sierra diablo 20 mi . nnw van horn , 6000ft\nagonopterix amyrisella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 898 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix psoraliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix caucasiella karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 ; nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 180 ; tl : russia , caucasus , 44\u00b009 ' n , 40\u00b004 ' e , majkop , 1300m\nagonopterix cinerariae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 955 , pl . 52 , f . 7 ; tl : tenerife , arafo ; barranco lorez , near orotava\nagonopterix dammersi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 4 , f . 1 - 1a , 8 ; tl : forest home , san bernardino co . , california\nagonopterix chrautis hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28 , f . 2d - e , h , pl . 1 , f . 33 ; tl : jemez springs , new mexico\nagonopterix paulae harrison , 2005 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : illinois , piatt co . , univ . of illinois - robert allerton park , lost garden trail\nagonopterix thelmae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 96 , pl . 44 , f . 259 ; tl : oak station , allegheny co . , pennsylvania\nagonopterix oregonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 65 , pl . 31 , f . 176 , pl . 42 , f . 241 ; tl : salem , oregon\nagonopterix cajonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 82 , pl . 31 , f . 180 , pl . 42 , f . 244 ; tl : cajon valley , california\nagonopterix amissella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 890 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix arnicella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 879 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clarkei ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 863 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 862 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix costimacula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 39 ; harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix gelidella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 855 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix hyperella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix latipalpella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 897 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix lecontella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 886 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix muricolorella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 860 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pergandeella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 888 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix senicionella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 881 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix walsinghamella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nervosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 2 , f . 42 - 47 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix is a moth genus of the superfamily gelechioidea . it is placed in the subfamily depressariinae , which is often \u2013 particularly in older treatments \u2013 considered a distinct family depressariidae or included in the elachistidae , but actually seems to belong in the oecophoridae .\nagonopterix curvilineella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 859 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 97 , pl . 31 , f . 179 , pl . 40 , f . 229 ; tl : henry , putnam co . , illinois\nagonopterix eupatoriiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix flavicomella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 880 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 80 , pl . 28 , f . 167 , pl . 44 , f . 258 ; tl : dunca , vancouver island , british columbia\nagonopterix lythrella ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nebulosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 894 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nubiferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 858 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix posticella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 896 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pteleae ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 865 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pulvipennella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix robiniella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 29 - 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix rosaciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 41 - 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sabulella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sanguinella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 885 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix jezonica ; kuroko , 1959 , 35 ; [ nhm , ( nom nud . ) card ] ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 17\nagonopterix ciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix cratia hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi e by s . flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nagonopterix argillacea ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 8 - 10 , 16 , 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix atrodorsella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , f . 1a , pl . 1 , f . 20 - 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 864 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix canadensis ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 47 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix cajonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 874 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dammersi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 43 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 873 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix antennariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 22 - 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 887 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix oregonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 103 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 861 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix thelmae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 884 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , f . 2a - b , g , pl . 1 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 870 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > agonopterix capreolella zeller ( lep . : decophoridae ) and mompha lacteella steph . ( lep . : momphidae ) in kent < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 89 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the entomologist & # 39 ; s record and journal of variation . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ london : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > s . n . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 89 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 348 < / start > < end > 348 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1977 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n312x662 ( ~ 85kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 4 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ndepressaria abjectella christoph , 1882 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 57 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : wladiwostok\ndepressaria acerbella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 564 ; tl : cape\nacuta stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416\ndepressaria agyrella rebel , 1917 ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 193 ; tl : r . agyr [ ? ] , tannuola\nlarva on conium , conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 38\ndepressaria amissella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : kissimmee , florida\nlarva on amyris floridana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on antennaria luzuloides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria anticella erschoff , [ 1877 ] ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; tl : irkutsk\naperta hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 43\ndepressaria archangelicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\n669x637 ( ~ 88kb ) russia , moscow area , 11 . 9 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\ncalifornia - british columbia , manitoba , ontario , new brunswick , nova scotia , michigan , south dakota , illinois , texas , florida , utah . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on salix lasiolepis , s . bebbiana , amorpha fruticosa , ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39\ndepressaria arnicella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 314 , pl . 36 , f . 3 ; tl : mt . shasta , california\nlarva on erigeron hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ns . quebec , ontario , wisconsin , n . illinois . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria atrodorsella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 124 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]\nlarva on eupatorium spp . , coreopsis spp . , bidens frondosa , myrica asplenifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nbabaella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136\nagonopteryx bakriella amsel , 1958 ; sber . \u00f6st . akad . wiss . ( 1 ) 167 : 559 ; tl : deh bakri , prov . kirman , iran\ndepressaria baleni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 253 ; tl : bogota\ndepressaria bipunctifera matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo\ndepressaria cadurciella chr\u00e9tien , 1914 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1914 : 159 ; tl : causse de gramat\nconnecticut , new york , manitoba , s . british columbia - colorado , washington - california , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on senecio terra hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33\ncanuflavella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\ndepressaria caprella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 157 , pl . 17 , f . 9 ; tl : near lewes\ntinea carduella h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 439\nlarva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181\ndepressaria cervariella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 251 , pl . 10 , f . 13\ndepressaria chironiella constant , 1893 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 392 , pl . 11 , f . 4\nalberta - to ( new mexico , california , alberta ) . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica silvestris , a . archangelica , peucedanum palustre , selinum , sium , cicuta , pimpinella saxifraga , seseli , heracleum , ligusticum , carum\nlarva on senecio populifolius , s . heritieri walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 956\nagonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 10 , pl . 4 , pl . 7 , f . 6 ; tl : missouri flat , placerville district , california\nlarva on artermisia vulgaris hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\ns . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , illinois , ohio . see [ maps ]\ngelechia clemensella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : easton , pennsylvania\nlarva on pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\nhaemylis cnicella treitschke , 1832 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 1 ) : 237\ndepressaria coenosella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schlu\u00df ) : 45 , pl . 11 , f . 14 \u2642 ; tl : pelur ( 2000m ) ; rehde - demawend\ndepressaria comitella lederer , 1855 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 232 , pl . 5 , f . 5\ndepressaria communis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , table mtn\ndepressaria compacta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\nlarva on salix , ( wide leafed ) s . caprea , s . aurita , s . cinerea , s . repens\ndepressaria crassiventrella rebel , 1891 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 627\ndepressaria crypsicosma meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\ncuillerella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\ne . ontario , manitoba , massachusetts , new york - south carolina . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria curvilineella beutenm\u00fcller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : new york\ndepressaria cyclas meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : dalhousie , kashmir\ncynarivora meyrick , 1932 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 280\ndepressaria cyrniella rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 45\nlarva on senecio douglasii , eriophyllum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nagonopteryx demissella hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 456\ndeliciosella turati , 1924 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 174 , pl . 5 , f . 61\ndeltopa meyrick & caradja , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\ndideganella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 3\nsouth carolina , illinois , e . nebraska , kansas , arkansas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on amorpha fruticosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ndepressaria divergella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : tjutjuje\ndepressaria dryocrates meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 100 ; tl : natal , kirkloof\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nhm card ]\nelbursella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 234\ndepressaria encentra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 252 ; tl : japan\ndepressaria epichersa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : china , ta - tsien - lon\npennsylvania , illinois , north carolina , kentucky , maryland . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eupatorium , actinomeris alternifolia , carya ovata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria erythrella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 161 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 7a ; tl :\nchanka - meer\n; suifun\ndepressaria exquisitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 132 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nfarsensis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 457\ndepressaria ( schistodepressaria ) ferocella chr\u00e9tien , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nlarva on cirsium ferox spuler , 1910 , schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nconnecticut , s . manitoba , north carolina , indiana , illinois . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria flavicomella engel , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 7 ) : 276 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania\nlarva on heracleum lanatum , taenidia integerrima hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\nlarva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 267\nhungary , dalmatia , asia minor , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on senecio aronicoides , cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28\ndepressaria fuscovenella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 18 ; tl : ain draham , tunis\ngalbella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 36\ndepressaria gelidella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : winnipeg , manitoba , canada\nlarva on salix , betula papyrifera hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria glabrella turati , 1921 ; naturalista sicil . 23 ( 7 - 12 ) : 338 , pl . 4 , f . 45 ; tl : tangier , morocco\ndepressaria glyphidopa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 475 ; tl : natal , weenen\ndepressaria grammatopa meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\ndepressaria homogenes meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft\ndepressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl , 1864 ; wiener ent . monat . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 5 , f . 8\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on hypericum prolificum , h . perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria conterminella var . atrella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\ndepressaria iliensis rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 96\nintersecta filipjev , 1929 \u00b2 ; ann . mus . zool . leningrad 30 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 10 , pl . 2a , f . 2\ninvenustella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 293\nagonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : san benito , texas\nlatipennella zerny , 1934 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 8\ndepressaria lecontella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 174\nlarva on baptisia tinctoria hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ncroatia , france , greece , italy , slovenia , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria leucadensis rebel , 1932 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver 17 ( 8 ) : 55 ; tl : greece\ndepressaria l - nigrum matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1091 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nnova scotia , new brunswick , ontario , illinois , north carolina . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lythrum alatum , hypericum punctatum , h . virginicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\nastria , italy , slovakia , hungary , greece , . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria melanarcha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton\nlarva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26\nmetamelopa meyrick , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 72\nmiyanella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 1\nmonotona caradja , 1927 \u00b2 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . 4 ( 8 ) : 33\ndepressaria muricolorella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 741 ; tl : golden , colorado\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum , l . grayi , leptotaenia multifida hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\ndepressaria nanatella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 154 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : charlton sand - pit\ndepressaria aridella mann , 1869 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 19 : 385 ; tl : brussa ; spalato\ndepressaria nebulosa zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 237 ; tl : cambridge , massachusetts\nlarva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria neoxesta meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : zululand , eshowe\nbritish columbia - california , nevada , . . . , eu , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on ulex europaeus , cytisus scoparius , laburnum , genista hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41\nnew york , s . quebec , s . ontario , nw . wisconsin , arkansas . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria nigrinotella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on carya , ptelea trifoliata , zanthoxylum americanum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\ndepressaria nodiflorella milli\u00e8re , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 214 , pl . 73 , f . 8 - 11\ndepressaria nubiferella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 316 , pl . 36 , f . 6 ; tl : rogue river , oregon\nlarva on hypericum perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\ndepressaria nyctalopis meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 621 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro\ndepressaria occaecata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : syria , beirut\nlarva on salix , s . repens , ( middle europe also ) betula , quercus\ndepressaria oinochroa turati , 1879 ; bull . soc . ent . ital . 11 : 200 , pl . 8 , f . 13\nomelkoi lvovsky , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 97\nlarva on lomatium caruifolium , l . marginatum , l . nudicaule , l . utriculatum , angelica hendersonii , a . lucida , eryngium vaseyi , oenanthe sarmentosa , sanicula bipinnatifida , sanicula laciniata , s . nevadensis , s . tuberosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\npallidior stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\npanjaoella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\naustria , france , germany , slowenia , switzerland , turkey . see [ maps ]\nlarva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 166\ndepressaria pavida meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts\ndepressaria pergandeella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : nebraska\ndepressaria petasitis standfuss , 1851 ; zs . ent . breslau ( lepid . ) ( 16 ) : 51\nsyllochitis petraea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 462 ; tl : maskeliya , madulsima , matale , wellawaya , kegalle , puttalam , ceylon\ndepressaria posticella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 315 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : lake co . ; mendocino co . , california , s . oregon\nlarva on psoralea physodes , p . macrostachya , p . tenuiflora hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\nprobella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\npseudorutana turati , 1934 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 201 , pl . 3 , f . 26\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on psoralea lanceolata , p . physodes hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\nagonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 231 , pl . 28 , f . 13 , pl . 38 , f . 1 ; tl : decatur , illinois\nlarva on ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nnew hampshire , s . manitoba , missouri , lousiana , colorado . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on solidago , urtica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria pupillana wocke , 1887 ; bresl . ent . z . 12 : 62\nceu , seu , asia minor , iran , palestine . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria remota meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , haifa\ndepressaria rimulella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nrhododrosa meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 476\nrhodogastra meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\nnova scotia , s . michigan , na . georgia , w . arkansas . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35\nalaska , w . saskatchewan - washington - california , arizona . see [ maps ]\n: skyline ridge , 2500 - 3000 ' , mt baker district , whatcom co . , washington\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica arguta , a . hendersonii , conioselinum chinense , ligusticum apiifolium , oenanthe sarmentosa , osmorhiza chilensis , osmorhiza occidentalis , echinopanax horridum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32\nroseocaudella stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\nagonopteryx rubristricta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 136 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nrubrovittella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 168\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eriophyllum confertiflorum , e . lanatum , eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nsalangella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137 , pl . 1 , f . 5\ndepressaria sanguinella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 738 ; tl : pinal mts . , arizona\nlarva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37\ndepressaria sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1092 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nscopariella calycotomella ( amsel , 1958 ) ( depressaria ) ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 43 ( schlu\u00df ) : 73\naustria , croatia , finland , france , germany , greece , hungary , italy , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria selini heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 167\nlarva on peucedanum palustre , p . oreoselinum , selinum carvifolium , ligusticum lucidum buchner , 2017 , gortania 38 : 81\ndepressaria senicionella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 742 ; tl : district of columbia\nlarva on senecio aureus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ndepressaria septicella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 162 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : chabarowska\ndepressaria seraphimella chr\u00e9tien , 1929 ; amat . papillons 4 : 194 , pl . 5 , f . 9\ndepressaria silerella stainton , 1865 ; ent . mon . mag . 1 : 221\nlarva on siler aquilegifolium stainton , 1865 , ent . mon . mag . 1 : 222\ndepressaria squamosa mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 185 , pl . 4 , f . 13\ndepressaria stigmella moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 237 ; tl : yangihissar ( 4320ft ) , kashgar\ndepressaria straminella staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 238 ; tl : chiclana\nnaf , seu , ceu , asia minor , syria . see [ maps ]\nsutschanella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 43\ntabghaella amsel , 1953 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berlin 20 : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 69\ndepressaria takamukui matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1902 ; tl : japan , chikugo\ndepressaria thurneri rebel , 1941 ; isv . tsarsk . prirodonauch . inst . sofia 14 : 7\nlarva on sanicula hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30\ntolli hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 37\ntriallactis meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 594\ndepressaria trimenella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 251 , pl . 11 , f . 19 ; tl : spring valley\ndepressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel , 1916 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 45 ; tl : burgas\nvasta amsel , 1935 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 58\nnova scotia , s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on myrica aspleniifolia , m . gale , l . pensylvanica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\nxylinopis caradja , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 14\nn . africa , canary is . , seu , . . . . see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia eoa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : khasis\nleptopa ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 84\nmalaisei ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 86\ntinea deplanella h\u00fcbner , [ 1805 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : f . 274\ndepressaria furvella f . jezonica matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090 ; tl : japan , saghalin\ntinea rubidella h\u00fcbner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 32 , f . 221\ndepressaria urzhumella krulikowsky , 1909 ; dt . ent . z . iris 21 ( 4 ) : 266 ; tl : kasan\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nergebnisse der \u00f6sterreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50 . lepidoptera ii . ( microlepidoptera )\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nthe natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .\nspecies insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 17 - 32 )\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .\nlepidoptern gesammelt w\u00e4hrend dreier reisen nach dalmatien in den jahren 1850 . 1862 und 1868\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\nmicrol\u00e9pidop\u00e8res de la haute syrie , r\u00e9colt\u00e9s par m . ch . delagrange , et , et descriptions de 27 esp\u00e8ces nouvelles\nzerny , 1940 mikrolepidopteren aus dem elburs - gebirge in nord - iran zs . wiener entver . 25 : 20 - 24 , ( schlu\u00df ) : 42 - 48\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nrecorded in 43 ( 62 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nfirst modern - day record at bowthorpe in 2012 ( c . stean , 11 / 08 / 12 ) , the previous record taken at horstead in 1940 ( whit . )\nscattered victorian records , and noted at fritton , norfolk ( vc25 ) before 1890 .\nrecorded in 16 ( 23 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 ."]}
{"id": 612, "summary": [{"text": "preuss 's red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) is a red colobus primate species endemic to the cross-sanaga rivers ecoregion .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "an important population occurs in korup national park , southwest province , cameroon , but the species ' distribution is localized ( groups are frequently encountered near the main tourist camps ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the species is considered present in adjacent cross river national park - oban division in nigeria and hunter reports suggest that few groups remain in nkwende hills and nta ali forest reserve in the broader korup region .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "a population is also present in ebo forest , littoral province of cameroon . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "preuss ' s red colobus", "paragraphs": ["photo : \u201c tourist view : preuss ' s red colobus monkeys in flight . \u201d\ninformation on preuss ' s red colobus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ntourist view : preuss ' s red colobus monkeys in flight . - picture of korup national park , korup national park\ntourist view : preuss ' s red colobus monkeys in flight . - picture of korup national park , korup national park - tripadvisor\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - preuss ' s red colobus sitting\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - preuss ' s red colobus sitting\ntitle =\narkive photo - preuss ' s red colobus sitting\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nattempted predation by nigeria - cameroon chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes ellioti ) on preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) in the ebo forest , cameroon .\nfemale preuss ' s red colobus with infant , in korup national park , cameroon . critically endangered . | endangered species board | pinterest | endangered species , \u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi )\ntitle =\narkive species - preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nattempted predation by nigeria - cameroon chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes ellioti ) on preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) in the ebo forest , camer . . . - pubmed - ncbi\npreuss ' s red colobus monkey consumes immature leaves , shoots , fruits of the leguminosae , fungi , and sometimes termite clay . this species likes to forage for leaves in the upper strata of the forest ( estes , 1991 ) . pennant ' s colobus monkey is a\nmcgraw , w . s . and j . f . oates . 2002 . evidence for a surviving population of miss waldron\u2019s red colobus . oryx 36 : 223\u2013226 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - male preuss ' s red colobus on a branch , korup national park , cameroon\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - male preuss ' s red colobus on a branch , korup national park , cameroon\ntitle =\narkive photo - male preuss ' s red colobus on a branch , korup national park , cameroon\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nupdate on habitat loss and conservation status of the endangered zanzibar red colobus on uzi and vun . . .\nmcgraw , w . s . 2005 . update on the search for miss waldron\u2019s red colobus monkey ( procolobus badius waldroni ) . int . j . primatol . 26 ( 3 ) : 605\u2013619 .\npreuss ' s red colobus monkey has two kinds of groups , one multimale - multifemale , and the other all - male . for this species both males and females leave their natal group ( estes , 1991 ) . the red colobus is a nonterritorial species , but larger groups will supplant smaller ones in feeding areas ( estes , 1991 ) .\nin ghana , very recent surveys ( oates 2006 ) support earlier suspicions that this monkey is almost certainly extinct in that country ( oates et al . 1996 / 1997 ; struhsaker and oates 1995 ) . if any animals have managed to survive , the numbers must be very small and it will take heroic efforts to preserve them . many forms of red colobus are endangered , including three other forms in west africa : pennant\u2019s red colobus ( procolobus pennantii pennantii ) of bioko island ( see profile in this report ) , preuss\u2019s red colobus ( p . p . preussi ) of cameroon , and the niger river delta red colobus ( p . p . epieni ) . in addition , bouvier\u2019s red colobus ( p . p . bouvieri ) from the congo republic has not been seen by scientists for at least 30 years .\noates , j . f . , t . t . struhsaker and g . h . whitesides . 1996 / 1997 . extinction faces ghana\u2019s red colobus and other locally endemic subspecies . primate conserv . ( 17 ) : 138\u2013144 .\nwe describe the first observation of a predation attempt by nigerian - cameroon chimpanzees ( pan troglodytes ellioti ) on preuss ' s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) in the ebo forest , cameroon . the activity , which was observed for 15 min , primarily involved 1 chimpanzee and 1 red colobus individual , with a further 2 chimpanzees observing the event . although the behaviour was interrupted when we were detected by the chimpanzees , we believe that this is the first recorded observation of hunting behaviour in nigeria - cameroon chimpanzees .\nover the following months , patrols began intercepting a variety of illegal activities and making their presence known , all while conducting surveys in search of preuss\u2019s red colobus . delivering results on both fronts so quickly is an encouraging sign for the project . \u201cconservation thrives well where there is effective collaboration\u201d , summarizes andrew \u201cand this project is demonstrating that almost on a daily basis\u201d .\nthe plight of these monkeys highlights threats faced by red colobus generally ; they have patchy distributions , have suffered extensive habitat degradation and are particularly vulnerable to hunters ( wolfheim 1983 ; oates 1996 ; grubb and powell 1999 ; oates et al . 2000 ; struhsaker 2005 ) . implementation of a red colobus action plan should be a high conservation priority in africa .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe conservation status of each species is based on assessment summaries provided by the iucn red list . the red list website offers more information on the threat categories listed here .\nstruhsaker , t . t . 2005 . the conservation of red colobus monkeys ( procolobus ) and their habitats . int . j . primatol . 26 ( 3 ) : 525\u2013538 .\nhowever , there has been no proper knowledge or documentation about the presence , distribution and population status of preuss ' s red colobus in the area before . being an internationally - recognized biodiversity hotspot and an important site for rare and threatened primates , oban is now receiving attention after years of neglect , with an effective law enforcement programme implemented by the project team in coordination with the nigerian government .\noates , j . f . , m . abedi - lartey , w . s . mcgraw , t . t . struhsaker and g . h . whitesides . 2000 . extinction of a west african red colobus monkey . conserv . biol . 14 : 1526\u20131532 .\nmodern taxonomic arrangements of the colobus monkeys either divide the red colobus and the olive colobus into two genera , piliocolobus and procolobus , respectively ( e . g . , kingdon 1997 , groves 2005 ) , or consider them to belong to one genus , procolobus , with two subgenera ( procolobus for the olive colobus and piliocolubus for the red colobus ) ( grubb et al . 2003 [ followed in the 2008 iucn red list ] , grubb et al . 2013 ) . the arrangement of using two separate genera in groves ( 2001 , 2005 , 2007 ) is followed here . here treated as a distinct species from p . pennantii following kingdon and butynski ( 2013 ) ; this species has , in the past , also been considered a subspecies of p . badius . this is an updated assessment to reflect the change in genus name .\nmcgraw , w . s . and oates , j . f . 2007 . miss waldron ' s red colobus , procolobus badius waldroni ( hayman , 1936 ) . in : primates in peril : the world\u2019s 25 most endangered primates 2006\u20132008 , r . a . mittermeier et al . ( compilers ) , p . 10 . unpublished report , iucn / ssc primate specialist group ( psg ) , international primatological society ( ips ) , and conservation international ( ci ) , arlington , va .\nn1 : the iucn red list has evaluated the nominate form of the silver galago under the classification otolemur crassicaudatus monteiri .\ngrubb , p . and c . b . powell . 1999 . discovery of red colobus monkeys ( procolobus badius ) in the niger delta with the description of a new and geographically isolated subspecies . j . zool . , lond . 248 : 67\u201373 .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nhrdy , s . b . and whitten p . l . 1987 . patterning of sexual activity . in\ngartlan , s . 1989 . la conservation des ecosyst\u00e9mes forestiers du cameroun . iucn , gland and cambridge .\n\u201cpersistence in anti - poaching patrolling pays off\u201d according to inaoyom imong , director of the cross river landscape for iucn member and sos grantee , the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) . in 1 year , patrols through the oban division of the cross river national park ( crnp ) nigeria , have cleared almost 1 , 000 snares and hundreds of empty shotgun cartridges , discovered 45 hunting camps and arrested half a dozen poachers . but perhaps the cherry on the cake has been the visual confirmation of critically endangered preuss\u2019s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) living in the oban .\nthe forest adjacent to the ehy lagoon has not been surveyed since 2002 , when no red colobus were found . however , the ehy forest seems to be the only place in c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire where a small population of miss waldron\u2019s red colobus might hang on . the forest is under heavy poaching pressure from ivorian and ghanaian hunters , and it is being logged , but kone et al . ( 2007 ) have begun an awareness and education campaign in the villages there . their plans are to build a community - based conservation system centered on the eight villages surrounding the lagoon . a thorough survey of the forest is needed as a matter of urgency .\nkone , i . , d . coulibaly , k . bene , a . bitty , a . koffi , a . boko and r . kouadio . 2007 . initiation of a community based conservation system in southeastern cote d ' ivoire for the probable last refuge for the miss waldron ' s red colobus . report , west african primates conservation action , abidjan , c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire .\npersistence in anti - poaching patrolling pays off\u201d according to inaoyom imong , director of the cross river landscape for iucn member and sos grantee , the wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) . in 1 year , patrols through the oban division of the cross river national park ( crnp ) nigeria , have cleared almost 1 , 000 snares and hundreds of empty shotgun cartridges , discovered 45 hunting camps and arrested half a dozen poachers . but perhaps the cherry on the cake has been the visual confirmation of critically endangered preuss\u2019s red colobus ( procolobus preussi ) living in the oban .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthrough a partnership of conservation des esp\u00e8ces et des populations animales ( cepa ) and the centre suisse de recherches scientifiques en c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire ( csrs ) , kone et al . ( 2007 ) surveyed 14 forest reserves in c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire between 2004 and 2006 , including isles ehotiles national park . these surveys failed to provide any sightings of miss waldron\u2019s red colobus , only a claim of a single vocalization in ehotiles in 2006 .\nhilton - taylor , c . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , united kingdom .\nmiss waldron\u2019s red colobus , p . badius waldroni , of western ghana and eastern c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire is teetering on the very brink of extinction ( struhsaker 1999 ; oates et al . 2000 ; groves 2001 ; grubb et al . 2003 ) . primatologists have searched its known range since 1993 , but have failed to see a living animal ( oates et al . 1996 / 1997 ; mcgraw 1998 , 2005 ; mcgraw and oates 2002 ) . a single skin found in the possession of a hunter near the ehy lagoon in southeastern c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire in early 2002 raised hopes that at least one population of miss waldron\u2019s red colobus still hangs on , but subsequent fieldwork in this region , including several forest reserves and nearby isles ehotiles national park , has yielded no evidence of living individuals ( kone 2004 ; kone and akpatou 2005 ; mcgraw 2005 ; kone et al . 2007 ) .\nfurthermore , an office with storage space and limited visitor accommodations is available in mundemba , 10 km driving from the park\u2019s border .\nmcgraw , w . s . 1998 . three monkeys nearing extinction in the forest reserves of eastern cote d\u2019ivoire . oryx 32 : 233\u2013236 .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsayer , j . a . , c . s . harcourt , and n . m . collins . 1992 . the conservation atlas of tropical forests : africa . iucn and simon & schuster , cambridge .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nbowen - jones , e . , and s . pendry . 1999 . the threat to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in africa , and how this threat could be diminished . oryx 33 : 233 - 246 .\nalthough more then 10 percent of the ecoregion is officially protected in national parks , in reality , these parks do not adequately protecte fauna and flora because of low staffing , inadequate budgets and lack of political will . some species of larger mammals in the korup and cross river national parks are severely threatened and populations of elephant , drill and red colobus have been seriously reduced . the national and international conservation community has not been effective in protecting fauna in this ecoregion , especially the primates and other large forest mammals ( e . g . oates 1995 , oates 1999b ) .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nthe herpetofauna is highly diverse and contains a some endemic species ; korup alone contains 174 species of reptiles and amphibians . among the reptiles , the forest chameleon ( chamaeleo camurunensis ) and two worm lizards ( cynisca schaeferi and c . gansi ) are strictly endemic . the amphibian fauna is exceptionally diverse , but contains few endemics . strict endemic species include schneider ' s banana frog ( afrixalus schneideri ) , dizangue reed frog ( hyperolius bopeleti ) and werner ' s river frog ( phrynobatrachus werneri ) .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\ngrubb , p . , t . m . butynski , j . f . oates , s . k . bearder , t . r . disotell , c . p . groves and t . t . struhsaker . 2003 . an assessment of the diversity of african primates . int . j . primatol . 24 : 1301\u20131357 .\nkorup has experienced intense poaching in the past , which has caused drastic declines of mammal populations . forest elephants were hunted almost to extinction in the 1960s and 1970s . poaching has been reduced to moderate levels with the creation of the park and anti - poaching programs . animal abundance also remains naturally low because of the forest\u2019s low productivity .\nthe hair around the pubic area is white colored . juveniles of both sexes have perineal organs that mimics the adult female ' s sexual swelling ( estes , 1991 ) . it is thought that this functions for the males to keep adult males from evicting them because the adult would think that this may be a female ( estes , 1991 ) .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nn2 : see jones , t . , ehardt , c . l . , butynski , t . m . , davenport , t . r . b . , mpunga , n . e . , machaga , s . j . and de luca , d . w . 2005 . the highland mangabey lophocebus kipunji : a new species of african monkey . science 308 : 1161\u20131164 . due to the lack of a type specimen , the validity of the description was contested , arguing that the name is a nomen nudum . timm , r . m . , ramy ii , r . r . and the nomenclature committee of the american society of mammalogists . 2005 . what constitutes a proper description ? science 309 : 2163 - 2164 . landry , s . o . 2005 . untitled letter . science 309 : 2164 . polaszek , a . , grubb , p . , groves , c . , ehardt , c . l . and butynski , t . m . 2005 . response . science 309 : 2164 - 2165 . davenport et al . ( 2006 ) placed the highland mangabey in its own genus , rungwecebus davenport , t . r . b . , stanley , w . t . , sargis , e . , de luca , d . w . , mpunga , n e . , machaga , s . j . and olson , l . 2006 . a new genus of african monkey , rungwecebus : morphology , ecology and molecular phylogenetics . science 312 : 1378\u20131381 .\ncheek , m . , s . cable , f . n . hepper , n . ndam , and j . watts . 1994 . mapping plant biodiversity on mount cameroon . pp . 110 - 210 . in . van der masen , l . j . g . , van der burgt , x . m . and van medenbach de rooy , j . m . ( eds . ) . the biodiversity of african plants . proceedings xivth aetfat congress , wageningen , the netherlands . kluwer academic press , dordrecht .\ngeologically , the majority of the ecoregion is found on the precambrian african shield . these basement rocks have been weathered for millions of years and are now overlain by thick layers of heavily leached , red earth soils . seawards of the shield rocks , silt and sand deposition has led to formation of beaches and mud banks that can be quite extensive . mt . cameroon and bioko are volcanoes , and in consequence adjacent parts of the ecoregion have soils , rocks and black sand beaches derived from pyroclastic lava and ash . bioko was most recently separated from the mainland some 12 , 000 years ago when rising sea levels following the end of the last ice age isolated it .\nwwf . 2003 . biological priorities for conservation in the guinean - congolian forest and freshwater region . proceedings of workshop held on march 30 - april 2 , 2000 in libreville , gabon . kamdem toham , a . , d . olson , r . abell , j . d ' amico , n . burgess , m . thieme , a . blom , r . w . carroll , s . gartlan , o . langrand , r . mikala mussavu , d . o ' hara , h . strand , and l . trowbridge ( editors ) . available from urltoken\nin cameroon ' s korup national park 1 , 700 species of vascular plants have been recorded , as many as 5 percent of which are narrow endemics . it is estimated that the park may eventually be found to include as many as 3 , 500 vascular plants . although floral inventories are incomplete for the cross river national park , the lowland forests are similar to korup , and likely to share the same level of diversity . on bioko , over 1 , 000 vascular plant species and 49 site endemics have been recorded in the lowland forests ( wwf and iucn 1994 ) .\njustification of ecoregion delineation this forest ecoregion is a part of the guineo - congolian regional centre of endemism ( white 1983 ) . the biogeographical barriers of the sanaga river in cameroon and the cross river in nigeria define the mainland boundaries of this ecoregion . these rivers are particularly important barriers for primates ( e . g . drill ( mandrillus leucophaeus ) and red - eared guenon ( cercopithicus eurythrotis ) ) and amphibians ( e . g . dizangue reed frog ( hyperolius bopeleti ) . the bioko lowland forest shares close biological affinities with the adjacent mainland forests because it was connected to the mainland during lower sea levels towards the end of the last ice age , and thus is included in this ecoregion .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . and wilson d . e . 2013 . handbook of the mammals of the world : volume 3 primates . lynx edicions , barcelona .\njustification : listed as critically endangered as this species is estimated to have undergone a decline of more than 80 % over the past three generations ( ca . 30 years ) , due to high levels of hunting and habitat loss . it is now confined mainly to korup national park .\np . preussi is present in southeastern nigeria in the cross river national park ( oban division ) extending into the adjacent korup national park and surrounds in southwestern cameroon ; they also occur in ebo forest just north of the sanaga river ( grubb et al . 2000 , dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2001 ) , and at least until fairly recently still persisted in makombe forest to the north of ebo where the were heard in 2003 ( b . morgan pers . comm . ) .\nbetween 10 , 000 and 15 , 000 p . preussi may be present in korup national park , the stronghold for the taxon ( oates 1996 ) . edwards ( 1992 ) estimated group densities in northeastern korup at 0 . 52 - 0 . 56 groups / km\u00b2 , which is not too dissimilar from more recent estimates by j . linder ( pers . comm . ) in the same area ( 0 . 46 grps / sq . km ) . no absolute density is available for southern korup , but j . linder ( pers . comm . ) encountered 12 groups in 243 km walked .\nan inhabitant of lowland and mid - altitude moist forest up to 1 , 400 m ( butynski and kingdon 2013 ) . edwards ( 1992 ) recorded group sizes of 20 - 64 animals for p . preussi , similar to those recorded by j . linder ( pers . comm . ) .\nthe major threat to this species is hunting ( e . g . , dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2001 ) and habitat degradation . p . preussi made up a relatively large proportion of the total primate offtake in korup national park , especially in the northeast ( 22 % of carcasses ) ( j . linder pers . comm . ) .\nthis taxon is listed on appendix ii of cites and on class b of the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources . p . preussi is present in korup national park ( 1 , 260 km\u00b2 ) and its perimeter in cameroon , with a small number residing in the adjacent oban division of cross river national park ( nigeria ) . it is also recorded from ebo wildlife reserve , just north of the sanaga river , which has been proposed as a new national park .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nprimate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center ( wprc ) library at the university of wisconsin - madison . wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311 , national primate centers program , national center for research resources , the national institutes of health .\ndisclaimer : the wisconsin primate research center provides primate info net as an informational service . we are not responsible for the content of linked sites , nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content .\n\u201cthis is a huge discovery , and highlights the critical need for effective conservation in the area\u201d explains andrew dunn , wcs country director for nigeria . geographical distribution of this rare primate is limited to western cameroon and a small patch of the southeastern sector of the oban division of crnp . cross river national park consists of two separate divisions : oban and okwangwo . the oban division covers an area of roughly 3000 km\u00b2 and is contiguous with korup national park in cameroon .\nthis attention took the shape of multi - day patrols starting one year ago . it began with a group of six crnp rangers being trained by wcs on new techniques including the use of cybertracker and smart technologies to support data collection , monitoring and patrol effectiveness . following the success of the subsequent nine - day pilot patrol the project ramped up activities implementing daily patrols in the oban starting in january 2015 .\na joint initiative to conserve threatened species , their habitats and the people who depend on them .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfolia primatol ( basel ) . 2012 ; 83 ( 3 - 6 ) : 329 - 31 . doi : 10 . 1159 / 000339813 . epub 2013 jan 28 .\ndivision of behavioral biology , institute for conservation research , san diego zoo global , escondido , calif . , usa . bmorgan @ urltoken\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\ni just returned from a trip to korup ( jan 2013 ) . spent three days in the park , camping at iriba , chimpanzee and renge . being a biologist , i had a strong interest in animals in the park and expected to see several mammal , bird and reptile species . i arrived at mundemba at 12h00 on a sunday with only a telephone number on . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ngroves , c . p . 2001 . primate taxonomy . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc .\nkone , i . 2004 . report on recent primate surveys in the southeast of ivory coast . report , conservation des esp\u00e8ces et des populations animales ( cepa ) , schlierbach , france .\nkone , i . and k . b . akpatou . 2005 . identification des sites abritant encore les singes cercopithecus diana roloway , cercocebus atys lunulatus et piliocolobus badius waldroni en cote d ' ivoire . report , conservation des esp\u00e8ces et populations animales ( cepa ) , schlierbach , france .\noates , j . f . 1996 . african primates : status survey and conservation action plan . revised edition . iucn / ssc primate specialist group , gland , switzerland . 80pp .\noates , j . f . 2006 . primate conservation in the forests of western ghana : field survey results , 2005\u20132006 . report to the wildlife division , forestry commission , ghana .\nstruhsaker , t . t . 1999 . primate communities in africa : the consequence of long - term evolution or the artifact of recent hunting ? in : primate communities , j . g . fleagle , c . janson and k . e . reed ( eds . ) , pp . 289\u2013294 . cambridge university press , cambridge , uk .\nstruhsaker , t . t . and j . f . oates . 1995 . the biodiversity crisis in southwestern ghana . african primates 1 : 5\u20136 .\nwolfheim , j . h . 1983 . primates of the world . university of washington press , seattle .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\n( fleagle , 1988 ) . this species also is capable of leaping where it uses this in communication and to avoid predators ( estes , 1991 ) .\nthe performer of this stands and resembles a sexual mount and is done by all except small infants ( estes , 1991 ) . this often occurs before\nthis is when one individual grooms another and is used to reinforce the bonds between individuals . in this species it occurs more frequently in the presence of another troop ( estes , 1991 ) . parasites and dead skin is removed with lips and / or tongue ( estes , 1991 ) .\nthis behavior is performed by the female to elicit copulation from the male ; this pattern tells the male that she is ready for copulation ( estes , 1991 ) .\n. eds . b . b . smuts , d . l . cheney , r . m . seyfarth , r . w . wrangham , and t . t . struhsaker . university of chicago press .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nimpact of livelihood improvement on the conservation of large mammals in the bakossi landscape , sout . . .\nrehabilitation and reintroduction of wild born orphan chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes ) within the pongo . . .\nkorup national park ( knp ) , located in southwest cameroon , covers 126 , 900 ha of forest , most of which is evergreen forest . the forest has never been logged . the park was created in 1986 and includes the former korup forest reserve , established under british mandate in the 1930s . it is now under the administration of the department of wildlife and protected areas in the ministry of environment and forests ( minef ) . korup became part of the team network in 2011 .\nthe korup national park has a number of camps , two of which harbour scientists . the camps are in the phase of rebuilding , as all buildings were destroyed by villagers in 2008 in a conflict over poaching . the team project operates from the chimpanzee camp . the current facilities are very basic , with partial housing in tents . there is no electricity and all materials have to be carried to the camps by porters .\nkorup was part of a pleistocene refugium . the forests are very ancient , rich in endemics , and highly diverse . the forest canopy is generally 15 - 25 m tall , with emergents up to 50 m tall . a typical large tree , second - most common in terms of basal area , is lecomtedoxa klaineana with huge boles and impressive buttresses . one unusual characteristic is the abundance of small , unbranched trees with large leaves placed in terminal rosettes that trap litter .\naccess to korup is from the isolated village of mundemba , which is located 5 hours driving from buea , and about 6 hours from douala international airport . the road to mundemba is in poor shape , and access can be very problematic in the wet season , especially in july - november . access to korup national park is via 10 km of dirt roads through extensive oil - palm plantations , and passage of a large suspension foot bridge across the mana river . it takes 10 km of hiking to get to chimpanzee camp from the mana bridge .\nkorup national park ( 04 . 01 . 2017 to 06 . 30 . 2017 )\nkorup national park ( 01 . 01 . 2017 to 03 . 31 . 2017 )\nkorup national park ( 10 . 01 . 2016 to 12 . 31 . 2016 )\nkorup national park ( 07 . 01 . 2016 to 09 . 30 . 2016 )\nkorup national park ( 04 . 01 . 2016 to 06 . 30 . 2016 )\nkorup national park ( 01 . 01 . 2016 to 03 . 31 . 2016 )\nkorup national park ( 10 . 01 . 2015 to 12 . 31 . 2015 )\nkorup national park ( 07 . 01 . 2015 to 09 . 30 . 2015 )\nkorup national park ( 04 . 01 . 2015 to 06 . 30 . 2015 )\nkorup national park ( 01 . 01 . 2015 to 03 . 31 . 2015 )\nkorup national park ( 10 . 01 . 2014 to 12 . 31 . 2014 )\nkorup national park ( 07 . 01 . 2014 to 09 . 30 . 2014 )\nkorup national park ( 04 . 01 . 2014 to 06 . 30 . 2014 )\nkorup national park ( 01 . 01 . 2014 to 03 . 31 . 2014 )\nkorup national park ( 10 . 01 . 2013 to 12 . 31 . 2013 )\nkorup national park ( 07 . 01 . 2013 to 09 . 30 . 2013 )\nkorup national park ( 04 . 01 . 2013 to 06 . 30 . 2013 )\nkorup national park ( 01 . 01 . 2013 to 03 . 31 . 2013 )\nkorup national park ( 10 . 01 . 2012 to 12 . 31 . 2012 )\nkorup national park ( 07 . 01 . 2012 to 09 . 30 . 2012 )\nkorup national park ( 04 . 01 . 2012 to 06 . 30 . 2012 )\nkorup national park ( 01 . 01 . 2011 to 09 . 30 . 2011 )\nkorup national park ( 01 . 01 . 2012 to 03 . 31 . 2012 )\nkorup national park ( 10 . 01 . 2011 to 12 . 31 . 2011 )\n\u00a9 team network . all rights reserved . terms of use privacy policy partners support team contact us visit team on facebook or twitter\nmt . kilimanjaro guereza dodinga hills guereza djaffa mountains guereza omo river guereza mt . kenya guereza mau forest guereza western guereza mt . uaraguess guereza\nthe cross - sanaga - bioko coastal forests ecoregion comprises the lowland and coastal forests of southeastern nigeria , southwestern cameroon , and the lowlands of the island of bioko . the flora includes high numbers of endemic genera , indicating a long history of forest cover . these forests contain some of the highest rates of animal species richness of any african forest , especially in terms of forest - restricted mammals , birds and butterflies . many of these animals are endemic to this ecoregion or to the continguous atlantic coastal forests ecoregion , but others are found more widely across the congo basin . the ecoregion is heavily impacted by human use , including logging and plantation agriculture .\ndescription location and general description geographically this ecoregion extends from the left bank of the cross river in southeastern nigeria , follows the coast as far south as the sanaga river in cameroon , and extends inland up to 300 km . it also includes the lowland forests of the island of bioko . the forests above 800 m on mount cameroon and bioko , and above 900 m on other inland cameroon mountains are placed in the mount cameroon and bioko montane forests [ 9 ] and the cameroon highlands forests [ 10 ] ecoregions , respectively .\nthe area is one of low topographic relief at the eastern and western margins , but of increasingly rugged topography in the foothills of the nigerian - cameroonian mountains . mangroves occur in two large and distinct patches on the coasts at the two extremities of the ecoregion , and are included in the central african mangroves ecoregion [ 116 ] .\nthis entire ecoregion falls within the humid tropics . in the southwestern foothills of mt . cameroon and on southwest bioko , rainfall can exceed 10 , 000 mm per annum with little seasonal variation . away from the montane influence however , rainfall averages 3 , 000 mm per annum along the coast falling to around 2 , 000 mm inland and there can be a short but sometimes severe dry season of two to three months . humidity is always high , rarely dropping below 90 percent . temperatures range from a maximum of 27 to 33 oc , to a minimum of 15 to 21o c , with very minor seasonal differences . as in the atlantic equatorial coastal ecoregion , diurnal temperature ranges often exceed annual variations .\na number of river systems drain from this ecoregion into the atlantic ocean . notable among these are the cross river , the northern boundary of the ecoregion , and the sanaga river , its southern boundary . other important rivers include the meme , wouri , kwa , ndian and nyong rivers .\naccording to the phytogeographic vegetation classification by white ( 1983 ) , this lowland forest ecoregion falls within the lower guinea block of the guineo - congolian regional center of endemism . the principal vegetation is hygrophilous coastal evergreen rain forest , with mixed moist semi - evergreen rain forest further inland in the drier regions ( white 1983 ) . forest trees reach up to 50 m in height , and there are several distinct vegetation layers . the flora here shares affinities with other forest types in the lower and upper guinea blocks of the guineo - congolian lowland forest ( white 1979 ) . the most important families ( in terms of number of species ) are annonaceae , leguminosae , euphorbiaceae , rubiaceae and sterculiaceae . in general the forests are mixed , but tend to be dominated by caesalpinoid legumes .\nbiodiversity features there is exceptional species richness in the rain forests of this ecoregion . combined with the atlantic equatorial coastal forests to the south , these two ecoregions support about 50 percent of the 7 , 000 to 8 , 000 plants endemic to tropical west africa ( cheek et al . 1994 ) , mainly in the coastal portion of cameroon . this ecoregion is a center of diversity for the genera cola ( sterculiaceae ) , diospyros ( ebenaceae ) , dorstenia ( moraceae ) , and garcinia ( guttiferae ) . there are also many endemic trees in these lowland forests , including : camplyospermum dusenii , deinbollia angustifolia , d . saligna , hymenostegia bakeri , medusandra richardsiana , and soyauxia talbotii . among large trees , the endemic microberlinia bisulcata is regarded as critically endangered . these biological features , especially the presence of endemic families and genera ( cheek et al . 1994 ) indicates a long evolutionary past .\nthe forests of the cameroon - nigerian border are also known for harboring the highest forest butterfly species richness in africa ( larsen in prep ) , a finding that may be reflected in other invertebrate groups as well . this area also has very high vertebrate species richness , and contains the highest figures for forest restricted birds and mammals in africa ( burgess et al . 2000 ) .\nno bird species are endemic in this lowland ecoregion , but eighteen bird species are shared only with adjacent ecoregions . six of these were used to define an endemic bird area in the coastal portion of the congo basin forests ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .\nthe biodiversity and management issues on bioko are summarized in fa ( 1991 ) . information on the lowland forests of cameroon is summarized by gartlan ( 1989 ) and iucn ( 1989 ) , and the area at the base of mount cameroon is summarized by cheek et al . ( 1994 ) . there is also a great deal of information on the biological values of korup and cross river national parks ( e . g . wwf and iucn 1994 , urltoken ) .\ncurrent status despite much deforestation , there are still extensive areas of rain forest remaining in this ecoregion , particularly in the border region between cameroon and nigeria . sayer et al . ( 1992 ) present a map of the remaining forest cover from the late 1980s . at that time the main habitat blocks were between oban and obubra in southeastern nigeria , and northeast along the border between cameroon and nigeria . an update of this work ( wwf 2003 ) confirms that the same areas still have the largest remaining patches of forest .\nthere are also a number of forest blocks around korup national park , which is itself one of the largest protected areas in this ecoregion at 1 , 259 km2 . the cross river national park in nigeria ( 4 , 000 km2 ) is made up of the oban and okwango divisions , with the afi river forest reserve nearby . part of the gashaka gumti national park in nigeria also contains lowland forest ( estimated at 200 km2 ) . additionally , there are a number of important forest reserves in the ecoregion . the most significant is the takamanda forest reserve in cameroon , which is contiguous with the okwangwo division of the cross river national park ( wwf and iucn 1994 ) .\na number of spectacular primate species in this ecoregion could make suitable flagships for conservation investment , most notably the isolated population of lowland gorilla ( oates 1996a , b , oates 1998 , oates 1999a , sarmiento and oates 2000 ) and the drill .\ntypes and severity of threats over the past 100 - 200 years , commercial logging and plantation agriculture have been the main causes of deforestation on the mainland , followed by subsistence agriculture , which often occurs after the logging has opened up an area . lowland forest habitats on bioko have also been lost through conversion to plantations , and farming activities \u2013 except in the southern sector where they are inaccessible due to rugged topography . despite these losses there is still much more forest remaining than in the adjacent cross - niger transition forest ecoregion [ 6 ] , and other forest ecoregions further west . while the original forest is now highly fragmented in many areas , some large habitat blocks remain , and in the border region between nigeria and cameroon these blocks are still well connected .\na major threat to the fauna of the area is the overhunting of larger mammal species for bushmeat ( bowen - jones and pendry 1999 ) . in some areas , this trade is fully commercialized , and supplies protein to major towns . in other areas , certain species such as lowland gorillas are hunted for their religious , magical , and supposed medicinal properties . the wildlife trade is also a cause of species depletion of reptiles . another threat is the pressure to establish rubber , wood pulp , oil and palm plantations in the forest zone of nigeria .\nreferences aeccg 1991 . the african elephant conservation review . african elephant conservation coordinating group , unep , iucn , wwf , oxford , uk .\nblom , a . , a . kamdem toham , j . d ' amico , d . o ' hara , r . abell , and d . olson in prep . assessment of biological priorirties for conservation in the guinean - congolian forest region . washington , dc : world wildlife fund\nburgess , n . d . , h . de klerk , j . fjelds\u00e5 , t . crowe , and c . rahbek . 2000 . a preliminary assessment of congruence between biodiversity patterns in afrotropical forest birds and forest mammals . ostrich 71 : 286\u2013290 .\nfa , j . e . 1991 . conservaci\u00f3n de los ecosistemas forestales de guinea ecuatorial . iucn , gland and cambridge .\nhappold , d . c . d . 1994 . mammals of the guinea - congo rain forest . pp . 243 - 284 . in . alexander , i . j . , swaine , m . d . , and watling , r . ( eds . ) . essays on the ecology of the guinea - congo rain forest . proceedings of the royal society of edinburgh series b 104 .\niucn 1986 . review of the protected areas system in the afrotropical realm . iucn , gland and cambridge .\niucn 1989 . la conservation des ecosystems forestiers d ' afrique centrale . iucn , gland and cambridge .\nlarsen , t . b . in prep . the butterflies of west africa .\noates , j . 1995 . the dangers of conservation by rural development - a case - study from the forests of nigeria . oryx 29 : 115 - 122 .\noates , j . f . 1996a . habitat alteration , hunting and the conservation of folivorous primates in african forests . african journal of ecology 21 : 1 - 9 .\noates , j . f . 1996b . african primates : status survey and conservation action plan : revised edition : iucn / ssc primate specialist group .\noates , j . 1998 . the gorilla population in the nigeria - cameroon border region . gorilla conservation news ( 12 ) :\noates , j . 1999a . update on nigeria , 1998 . gorilla conservation news ( 13 ) :\noates , j . 1999b . myth and reality in the rainforest . university of california press , berkeley .\nsarmiento , e . e . , and j . f . oates . 2000 . the cross river gorillas : a distinct subspecies , gorilla gorilla diehli matchie 1904 . american museum novitates 3304 : 55\nstattersfield , a . j . , m . j . crosby , a . j . long , and d . c . wege . 1998 . endemic bird areas of the world : priorities for biodiveristy conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 7 . , birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\nwhite , f . 1979 . the guineo - congolian region and its relationships to other phytochoria . bull . jard . bot . nat . belg . / bull . nat . plantentuin belg . 49 : 11 - 55 .\nwhite , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa , a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa ( 3 plates , northwestern africa , northeastern africa , and southern africa , 1 : 5 , 000 , 000 ) . unesco , paris .\nwwf and iucn . 1994 . centers of plant diversity , a guide and strategy for their conservation . wwf and iucn , oxford , uk .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >"]}
{"id": 613, "summary": [{"text": "dysstroma latefasciata , the siberian carpet , is a moth of the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from fennoscandia to eastern siberia and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 26 \u2013 35 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from the end of june to september .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , rubus chamaemorus , rhododendron tomentosum and fragaria vesca .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae can be found from august to june .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the larval stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "dysstroma latefasciata", "paragraphs": ["dysstroma latefasciata , the siberian carpet , is a moth of the geometridae family . it is found from fennoscandia to eastern siberia and mongolia .\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . e . beljaev\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 28 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 16 mm . det . j . viidalepp\ne . siberia , nature reserve \u00abbaikalo - lenskyi\u00bb , lake baikal , cape pokoiniki envir . , at light ( kerosene lamp ) , 25 - vii - 2005 , leg . o . berlov the forewing length is 17 mm . det . e . berlov\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthe wingspan is 26\u201335 mm . adults are on wing from the end of june to september .\nthe larvae feed on vaccinium myrtillus , vaccinium uliginosum , rubus chamaemorus , rhododendron tomentosum and fragaria vesca . larvae can be found from august to june . the species overwinters in the larval stage .\nsources disagree on the authority for this species . while some sources claim the species was described by staudinger in 1889 , others state it was described by staudinger in 1882 , dahl in 1900 or blocker in 1908 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nintroduction this is the second and concluding part of the taxo - nomic revision of the tribe cidariini , a member of the subfamily larentiinae ( choi , 2002 ) . the purpose of\u2026\ndie puppen der spanner mitteleuropas . unterfamilie larentiinae , tribus lythriini , xanthorhoini , larentiini und cidariini ( lepidoptera , geometridae )"]}
{"id": 614, "summary": [{"text": "the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) is a north american species of freshwater fish in the catostomidae family .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is found only in canada .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its extremely small range , which is restricted to a few rivers in the lowlands of southwestern quebec , has contracted significantly in the past few decades .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "confirmed populations currently exist in the st. lawrence and richelieu rivers .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "rivi\u00e8re des mille \u00eeles likely supports a remnant population .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the copper redhorse is one of seven species of the genus moxostoma ( family catostomidae ) occurring in canada .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its discovery has been attributed to vianney legendre in 1942 , but it appears to have been first described by pierre fortin in 1866 as an already known species of the genus moxostoma . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "copper redhorse", "paragraphs": ["figure 5 . critical spawning habitat of the copper redhorse at the chambly dam .\nmaintaining the area , in km 2 , of the copper redhorse distribution range .\n2 . habitats are available to permit the growth and reproduction of the copper redhorse .\neffects of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol on copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) , an endangered species .\nfigure 4 . critical spawning habitat of the copper redhorse at the saint - ours dam .\nspecies at risk other than copper redhorse will be measured and released back into the water .\nfigure 1 . pharyngeal apparatus of the adult copper redhorse . photo : yves chagnon , mrnf\nobjective 4 . reduce the impact of anthropogenic pressures on the copper redhorse and its habitat .\nthe copper redhorse lives in shallow grass - beds around the islands in the st . lawrence river and its lakes . these grass - beds provide plenty of gastropods , which represent 90 % of the copper redhorse\u2019s food resources .\neffects of nonylphenol and ethinylestradiol on copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) , an endangered species . - pubmed - ncbi\nrecovery of the copper redhorse is considered possible because it meets the four criteria of technical and biological recovery feasibility .\nmany studies carried out since the early 1990s demonstrate that the copper redhorse has difficulties reproducing naturally and that the population is aging .\nobjective 2 . support the copper redhorse population through stocking until natural reproduction can ensure the long - term stability of the population .\nthe copper redhorse is the only fish species with a distribution range entirely in quebec . it is found nowhere else in the world .\nthe copper redhorse is the only fish living exclusively in quebec . weighing more than 5 kg and with a length generally greater than 50 cm , it is the largest of quebec\u2019s redhorses . it also lives the longest , reaching thirty years of age . this copper tinted fish with large scales has robust teeth , particularly well adapted to crush the shells of its preys . copper redhorse population size estimates remain uncertain , numbering them at the most a few hundred individuals .\nrecovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada [ proposed ]\n( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 419 . 42 kb )\ndescription of critical habitat of the copper redhorse in \u00eeles de contrecoeur national wildlife area\n( 2016 - 10 - 15 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 116 . 09 kb )\nidentify the grass beds in lac saint - pierre , lac saint - louis and in the de la prairie basin which exhibit the necessary attributes of critical feeding habitat for adult copper redhorse .\nrecovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada [ final version ]\n( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) ( pdf format , 1 , 477 . 75 kb )\nspawning habitat spawning critical habitat includes the only two known spawning grounds of the copper redhorse , located in the richelieu river , below the saint - ours dam ( figure 4 ) and in the chambly rapids ( figure 5 ) . the spawning grounds are used by the copper redhorse during the months of may , june and july . the attributes of these spawning grounds are listed in table 3 .\nobjective 3 . promote further research into the sub - adult component of the population ( 100\u2013500 mm ) to fill the gaps in our current knowledge of this stage of the copper redhorse life cycle .\nthe copper redhorse\u2019s identified critical habitat includes three features supporting specific vital functions of the life cycle : the grass beds , the littoral zone , and the rapids . their attributes are listed in table 3 .\nfurthermore , several characteristics of the species\u2019 biology and ecology increase its vulnerability . for example , spawning activity takes place late in the season , exposing the copper redhorse to lower water levels and a shorter growing season for fry which are consequently smaller in size when facing their first winter . the spawning period of the copper redhorse also coincides with the pesticide application period and therefore to peaks in concentrations of these pollutants in rivers .\nfisheries although fishing for copper redhorse is prohibited in quebec , incidental captures occur in the commercial and sport fisheries . the immediate release of this fish is mandatory , according to the quebec fishery regulations ( 1990 ) , sor / 90 - 214 of the fisheries act , r . s . c . , 1985 , c . f - 14 . as mentioned in the \u201cthreats\u201d section , the risk of accidental mortalities caused by commercial fisheries is very low . an outreach project aimed at commercial fishermen in lac saint - pierre to assess copper redhorse bycatch , determined that no copper redhorse was incidentally caught by these fishermen ( comit\u00e9 zip du lac saint - pierre , 2010 ) . the mortality risk owing to commercial fisheries in the river stretches upstream of the lake is not considered detrimental to the copper redhorse because the only permit for fyke nets will be bought back ( p . dumont , mrnf , personal communication ) and gill nets used for fishing sturgeon and carp are unlikely to capture copper redhorse ( vachon and chagnon , 2004 ; chagnon , 2006c , b , a ) .\nfinally , flood control structures and hydroelectric installations which modify water input into the critical habitats of the copper redhorse may alter or destroy these habitats . structures which present obstacles to both upstream and downstream migration may destroy critical habitat .\nthe copper redhorse population is in decline . several threats to the recovery of the species have been identified : habitat degradation ( sedimentation , degradation of riparian environment , eutrophication , organic pollution ) , construction of dams , contaminants , exotic or introduced species , recreational activities , commercial fishery , and low water levels . certain biological characteristics of the copper redhorse such as the late age of sexual maturity , late spawning activities and specialized diet contribute to its vulnerability .\nknown spawning grounds are located in the richelieu river , below the saint - ours dam and in the chambly rapids . after hatching , the copper redhorse fry will find shelter and food in the grass - beds along the river .\nthe distribution range of the copper redhorse is restricted to the st . lawrence river , from lake saint - louis to lake saint - pierre , and to the milles \u00eeles , des prairies and richelieu rivers . gilles fortin , dfo\nrecommended citation : dfo . 2012 . recovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada [ proposed ] . species at risk act recovery strategy series . fisheries and oceans canada , ottawa . xi + 60 pp .\nnotice is hereby given that , pursuant to subsection 58 ( 2 ) of the species at risk act , subsection 58 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act applies , 90 days after the date of publication of this description , to the critical habitat of the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) population that is located in the \u00eeles de contrecoeur national wildlife area and is identified in section 2 of the recovery strategy for the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) in canada .\nduring two workshops held in 2009 and 2010 , with the participation of the minist\u00e8re des ressources naturelles et de la faune du qu\u00e9bec , fisheries and oceans canada reviewed the information and used the new data to identify habitat use by the copper redhorse in the st . lawrence and richelieu rivers ( dfo , 2010a ) . in october 2010 , the copper redhorse recovery team recommended , that the habitat used by the copper redhorse in the rivi\u00e8re des prairies and rivi\u00e8re des milles \u00eeles be identified as critical habitat . these two rivers were not discussed during the workshops due to a lack of time . the identification of critical habitat in the recovery strategy is based on the information gathered during these workshops ( summarized below ) and the recovery team recommendation .\nany person who accidentally captures a copper redhorse while fishing shall without delay return the fish to the waters in which it was caught and , if the fish is alive , release it in a manner that causes the least harm to the fish .\nthe competent minister for the copper redhorse under the species at risk act ( sara ) is the minister of fisheries and oceans canada ( dfo ) . because this species makes use of the vianney - legendre fish ladder , the minister responsible for the parks canada agency ( parks canada ) is the competent minister for individuals located in the ladder . section 37 of sara requires the competent minister to prepare recovery strategies for listed extirpated , endangered or threatened species . the copper redhorse was listed as endangered under sara in december 2007 . fisheries and oceans canada \u2013 quebec region led the development of this recovery strategy in close collaboration with the copper redhorse recovery team . this strategy meets sara requirements in terms of content and process ( sections 39 - 41 ) .\ndespite the considerable effort made to gather information on such a rare species , knowledge gaps subsist and have been identified . this lack of knowledge must be addressed before the development of a comprehensive and adequate strategy for the recovery of the copper redhorse is possible .\nalthough many aquatic grass beds have been degraded , the protection of available habitat , together with bank restoration and other measures for the improvement of water quality , will increase the quantity of available habitats for the copper redhorse and consequently the chances of its recovery .\nshowing page 1 . found 281 sentences matching phrase\ncopper redhorse\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nthe enlarged , molariform pharyngeal teeth of this species are adapted for crushing the shells of mussels , snails and crayfishes ( eastman 1977 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . stomach analysis performed by hackney et al . ( 1967 ) of cahaba river , alabama specimens , found that river redhorse fed largely on bivalve molluscs . smaller quantities of insect larvae were also taken . the adult diet of sympatric moxostoma species from the richelieu river was compared by mongeau et al . ( 1986 , 1992 ) . stomach contents of the river redhorse were dominated by ephemeroptera ( 54 % ) and trichoptera ( 15 % ) larvae . diet ovelap was very low and gut contents varied according to the development of pharyngeal teeth . copper redhorse had the highest preference for molluscs ( 99 % of prey observed ) while molluscs represented about 25 % of the river redhorse diet and less than 15 % of the diet of the greater redhorse , shorthead redhorse and silver redhorse .\nin addition to sucker and redhorse species , competition for food may occur with other native ( mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) and non - native fish species . freshwater drum has pharyngeal teeth adapted for crushing mussels and snails ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , which was introduced into north america in 1831 , also feeds on molluscs ( scott and crossman 1973 ) . common carp has been associated with copper redhorse and river redhorse in the experimental catch of the 1960s and 1970s in the yamaska - noire system and in the richelieu river ( mongeau et al . 1992 ) . the recent introduction of tench ( tinca tinca ) in the upper richelieu and its capacity to rapidly spread into the st . lawrence river system also adds a potential competitor to the copper redhorse and river redhorse ( dumont et al . 2002 ) .\nthis species\u2019 habitat is under great pressure from agriculture , urbanisation and recreational activities . habitat degradation is related to the majority of the threats to the recovery of the copper redhorse . this degradation can be caused by erosion and increased suspended matter owing to agriculture , deforestation and urbanisation , by contamination of water with pollutants disrupting the reproduction process , and by the premature aging of the rivers . dams that fragment habitat and represent obstacles to migration , decreased water levels and disturbance by boaters and anglers are other threats to the copper redhorse .\nseveral actions have been taken to promote the recovery of the copper redhorse . the vianney - legendre fish ladder was constructed in 2001 so that the copper redhorse can move up the richelieu river to spawning grounds in the chambly rapids . this fish ladder is operated by parks canada . the chambly rapids spawning grounds are protected by the pierre - \u00e9tienne - fortin wildlife preserve , created in 2002 by the minist\u00e8re des ressources naturelles et de la faune du qu\u00e9bec in order to ensure a peaceful reproduction period . an awareness campaign is also taking place in the wildlife preserve , in order to educate boaters and the public about the copper redhorse . this campaign , carried out by the comit\u00e9 de concertation et de valorisation du bassin versant de la rivi\u00e8re richelieu , is financed in part by the habitat stewardship program for species at risk .\nin quebec , river redhorse occurrence has been related to the presence of the copper redhorse , showing an affinity for lowlands rivers of medium size characterized by abrupt banks and uniformely deep channels ( 4 - 7 m ) flowing over a solid clay , sand or gravel bottom exposed to rather slow currents and interspersed by sections of rapids suitable for spawning ( mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) .\ndespite these knowledge gaps , the available information on the copper redhorse is significant and of high quality considering how rare the species is . further efforts to collect more information should avoid manipulation of specimens as much as possible as this presents a threat to the survival of the species .\nquebec legislation also provides general protection of fish habitat under the environment quality act . the act respecting the conservation and development of wildlife , under articles 128 . 1 to 128 . 18 , controls activities that could modify biological , physical and chemical components peculiar to fish habitat . the act respecting threatened or vulnerable species makes additional provision for the protection of the habitat of threatened or vulnerable species . finally , the pierre - \u00e9tienne - fortin wildlife refuge , created in 2002 for the protection of the copper redhorse spawning grounds in the chambly rapids ( richelieu river ) , also protects river redhorse habitat from activities that could disturb the river bed and flow characteristics . access to the refuge sectors where the copper redhorse and river redhorse spawn is forbidden between june 20 and july 20 ( gendron and branchaud 2001 ) .\nmany questions still remain concerning the distribution range and habitat of immature copper redhorse , particularly about the downstream migration and survival of larvae , the presence of sites in the richelieu river where juveniles congregate , habitat characteristics , and the threats to the habitat and survival of sub - adult fish .\nthe copper redhorse is the focus of increasing interest on the part of the general public and different organizations . this recovery strategy aims to coordinate the various actions that must be taken to complete the work already accomplished to prevent the disappearance of this species which is endemic to canada . it also includes the identification of the critical habitat of the species : grass bed inhabited by adult copper redhorse in the st . lawrence river , the littoral area along the richelieu river used by juveniles and for migration , and the rapids of the chambly and saint - ours dams , used for spawning .\nspawning habitat in order to identify the critical spawning habitat of the copper redhorse , experts have studied the needs and behaviour of the species , the use of the rapids below the chambly and saint - ours dams and the size of potential spawning habitat in the richelieu river ( dfo , 2010b ) . the spawning behaviour of the copper redhorse involves two or more males for each female . the copper redhorse appears to use the same sites as the other redhorse species , and apparently experiences reduced levels of competition at these sites due to the late onset of spawning . it adapts to environmental conditions and remains relatively faithful to spawning sites . the area required for spawning was estimated to be 1 m2 per female ( trio ) which corresponds to a minimum required area of 2 , 000 m2 for 2 , 000 females ( to meet the objective of 4 , 000 mature individuals ) . this value was extrapolated from known data from other redhorse species . the size of the potential spawning sites in the richelieu river is estimated at 583 , 064 m2 ( chambly : 488 , 364 m2 and saint - ours : 94 , 700 m2 ) . this potential area has been calculated based on the location of the spawning grounds , the drifting of eggs , resting places for spawners and the variability of the substrate and hydraulic conditions . thus , the critical spawning habitat identified in this recovery strategy appears sufficient to meet the objective of a recovered population of 4 , 000 copper redhorse spawners .\nthe copper redhorse , moxostoma hubbsi , is an endangered species endemic to quebec . the presence of contaminants , in particular endocrine disrupting chemicals ( edcs ) , in its habitat has been advanced as partly responsible for the reproductive difficulties encountered by the species . in the present study , immature copper redhorse were exposed to the estrogenic surfactant nonylphenol ( np ; 1 , 10 and 50\u00b5g / l ) and the synthetic estrogen 17\u03b1 - ethinylestradiol ( ee2 ; 10ng / l ) for 21 days in a flow - through system . the endpoints investigated included general health indicators ( hepatosomatic index and hematocrit ) , thyroid hormones , sex steroids , brain aromatase activity , plasma and mucus vitellogenin ( vtg ) , cytochrome p4501a protein expression and ethoxyresorufin - o - deethylase activity , heat shock protein 70 ( hsp70 ) and muscle acetylcholinesterase . exposure to 10ng ee2 / l significantly increased brain aromatase activity . exposure to 50\u00b5g np / l resulted in a significant reduction of plasma testosterone concentrations and a significant induction of hepatic hsp70 protein expression . np at 50\u00b5g / l also induced plasma and mucus vtg . the presence of elevated vtg levels in the surface mucus of immature copper redhorse exposed to np , and its correlation to plasma vtg , supports the use of mucus vtg as a non - invasive biomarker to evaluate copper redhorse exposure to edcs in the environment and contribute to restoration efforts of the species . the results of the present study indicate that exposure to high environmentally relevant concentrations of np and ee2 can affect molecular endpoints related to reproduction in the copper redhorse .\ndue to restrictive spawning habitat ( water depth and substrate ) preferences , river redhorse recruitment is vulnerable to changes in the flow regime and siltation of spawning habitats . large increases in discharge during the spawning period have been observed to prevent the spawning of other redhorse species ( bowman 1970 ; cooke and bunt 1999 ) . river redhorse is also a late spring spawner and as such is significantly smaller at the end of the first growing season than earlier spawning redhorse species ( vachon 1999a ) . as over - winter survival of yoy is size - selective ( sogard 1997 ) , yoy river redhorse are less likely to survive than earlier spawning species . lastly , river flows during spawning are lower compared to earlier spawning redhorse species and the river\u2019s capacity to dilute chemicals is reduced . in the richelieu river , late spring spawning coincides with period of peak pesticide application . in the yamaska and richelieu rivers , gendron and branchaud ( 1997 ) provide evidence that the final steps of sexual maturation by copper redhorse ( another late spawner ) in these rivers is disrupted by exposure to agricultural , urban and industrial toxins as they congregate to spawn . in the mid - 1990s , poor river redhorse gonadal condition was observed in specimens collected from this area .\nthe copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) is the only fish whose distribution is exclusively restricted to quebec . this range is restricted even further to the st . lawrence river and some of its tributaries . at the present time , the richelieu river is the only body of water in which reproductive activity has been confirmed .\nin november 2004 , the copper redhorse population was designated endangered by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . in december 2007 , the population was listed as endangered in schedule i of the species at risk act . in 1999 , it was designated threatened under the quebec act respecting threatened or vulnerable species .\nwhen invasive exotic species such as the tench , round goby , zebra mussel , european water chestnut and common water reed establish themselves in an environment , they bring changes to the physical environment and to the food chain . however , the effects of these introduced species on the copper redhorse population have not been sufficiently well documented .\nriver redhorse populations may be at risk due to recreational angling activity , in particular the grand river population where angling for redhorse is reported to occur ( portt et al . 2003 ) . during spring spawning runs , congregative behaviour likely increases the susceptibility of river redhorse to recreational angling or spearfishing . the river redhorse is not afforded protection by catch limits , minimum size restrictions , or spearfishing regulations ( mcallister et al . 1985 ; ontario fishing regulations 1989 ) . due to lack of regulation and vulnerability during the spawn , populations may be affected to a degree . additionally , confusion with other sucker species may result in unknown harvesting and be a factor in decline of local populations ( parker and mckee 1984 ) . this potential threat has not been quantified . in quebec , to prevent accidental catch of the copper redhorse and river redhorse , sportfishing is prohibited for sucker species in the sectors of the richelieu , des mille iles , yamaska and noire rivers where both species cohabit . commercial catch of these two species is also prohibited in quebec .\ncosewic ( 2004 ) provided the following summary : the copper redhorse and its habitat receive a level of protection under the federal fisheries act , the quebec act respecting the conservation and development of wildlife , and environment quality act . additional measures include amendments to the sport fishing regulations in a number of sectors used by the copper redhorse and the creation of the pierre - \u00e9tienne - fortin wildlife preserve at chambly in october 2002 . the objective of the wildlife preserve is to protect the integrity of the largest spawning site and prevent disturbances of spawners and encroachment on spawning sites during the spawning period . the copper redhorse was designated threatened in 1987 by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) . in april 1999 , it was designated threatened under the quebec act respecting threatened or vulnerable species . this is the most critical status that can be applied to a species under quebec legislation and is used when the loss of the species is feared . currently , the survival of the species hinges essentially on protection and reintroduction efforts .\nexcept for quebec rivers supporting copper redhorse , the river redhorse is the last of the moxostoma species to spawn each year ( mongeau et al . 1992 ) . american populations of river redhorse begin spawning in mid - april to mid - may at water temperatures between 18\u00b0and 24\u00b0 c ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . canadian populations spawn later in the year , usually beginning in late may or early june and ending in late june ( reid 2003 ) . in the chambly rapids of the richelieu river , spawning typically occurs between the second and last week of june at temperatures between 17\u00b0 and 20\u00b0 c . this period overlaps with the spawning period of the greater redhorse and copper redhorse ( mongeau et al . 1992 ; la haye et al . 1992 ) . both sexes were observed in spawning condition once water temperatures reached 15 . 5\u00b0 c ( early june ) in the trent river ( reid 2003 ) . spawning - ready river redhorse were captured in the grand river in late may 2002 at temperatures of 18 . 5\u00b0 c . similarly , the gatineau river population began spawning at water temperatures between 17 . 5\u00b0and 19\u00b0 c ( campbell 2001 ) . males have been found to be in spawning - ready condition at temperatures of 4 . 5\u00b0 c colder than females ( campbell 2001 ) .\nthe copper redhorse , moxostoma hubbsi , is a species of fish that only exists in qu\u00e9bec and is in danger of extinction . the critical situation prompted the minist\u00e8re du d\u00e9veloppement durable , de l ' environnement , de la faune et des parcs du qu\u00e9bec to develop an artificial reprodution technique , in collaboration with the biod\u00f4me and the universit\u00e9 du qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 montr\u00e9al .\nin the richelieu river , backcalculated tl at age 3 , 6 , 9 , 12 , 15 and 18 are 229 , 410 , 533 , 586 , 659 and 680 mm , respectively ; and corresponding weights are 223 , 950 , 1833 , 2317 , 3107 and 3360 g ( mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) . compared to other north american populations , growth rate in the richelieu river is relatively high ( mongeau et al . 1986 ) . in september and early october , yoy river redhorse collected from the richelieu river averaged between 48 and 67 mm tl . these specimens were smaller than earlier spawning shorthead redhorse , silver redhorse and greater redhorse . fall tl of age 1 + river redhorse ranged from 114 to 131 . 5 mm . yoy examined by jenkins ( 1970 ) from the southern half of its distribution averaged 50 mm standard length ( sl ) in september with a maximum of 70 mm sl . as reported for the richelieu river population , yoy river redhorse were smaller than other earlier spawning redhorse species ( m . erythrurum and m . duquesnei ) .\nmethods of hormonal induction , egg incubation and raising the young were developed . more specifically , the biod\u00f4me has played an important role in developing a shelter network ( genitarium ) to conserve the species\u2019 genetic variability . as of 1994 , young copper redhorse males crossbred from different parents are kept at the biod\u00f4me , the qu\u00e9bec aquarium and the baldwin mills provincial fish hatchery .\nfigure 2 . distribution area of the copper redhorse . it ranges in the richelieu river , rivi\u00e8re yamaska , rivi\u00e8re noire , rivi\u00e8re l\u2019acadie , rivi\u00e8re des prairies and rivi\u00e8re des mille \u00eeles , at the mouth of the rivi\u00e8re maskinong\u00e9 and rivi\u00e8re saint - fran\u00e7ois , and in a few stretches of the st . lawrence river , between vaudreuil and the downstream sector of lac saint - pierre\nthe copper redhorse is listed an endangered species and is protected by the species at risk act since 2007 . a recovery team developed a recovery strategy , which was published in 2012 by fisheries and oceans canada . since 1995 , three five - year intervention plans , developed by the government of quebec , helped acquire data on the basic biology of the species and the threats affecting it .\nrearing and migration habitat critical habitat in the richelieu river includes the littoral zone of the river , with a depth of 0 to 4 m , from the chambly basin , to the mouth of the river ( figure 6 and figure 7 ) . submerged aquatic vegetation is found in this area ( table 3 ) . the richelieu river is the only watercourse in which larvae and young copper redhorse of the year have been observed . juvenile redhorse , such as the copper redhorse , ( less than 100 mm ) are confined to the grass beds of the littoral zone . habitat for the growth of juveniles is in the grass beds in the littoral zone of the richelieu river , identified as critical habitat . these grass beds , which play a key role during the rearing stage ( growth , food and shelter ) , are not only an important habitat for juveniles , but also for adults who frequent the river or use it as a migration corridor .\nthe saint - ours canal national historic site on the richelieu river , together with the bridge - dam and fish ladder , the adjacent west bank and l ' \u00eele darvard fall under the jurisdiction of the parks canada agency . the tailrace of the dam is a known spawning ground , while the fish ladder represents a necessary stage in the migration of copper redhorse towards the chambly spawning ground .\nthe minister of fisheries and oceans invites all interested canadians to submit comments on the potential use of a s . 58 order to protect the critical habitat of the copper redhorse as soon as possible . please note that , pursuant to s . 58 , any such order must be operational within 180 days of the posting of the final version of the recovery strategy , or action plan , that identifies critical habitat .\nseveral conservation and outreach measures have already been implemented and various projects can be undertaken to mitigate the threats facing this species . agricultural practices can be modified to diminish the effects of fertilizers and pesticides , soil erosion and sedimentation . the treatment of wastewater can be improved to reduce the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment . important copper redhorse distribution areas can be protected from disturbance caused by pleasure boaters and fishermen .\naccess to spawning habitat is essential for the continued existence of the river redhorse . during the spring , redhorse species migrate to spawning habitats ( jenkins 1970 ; mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ) . hackney et al . ( 1967 ) documented tagged river redhorse to travel more than 15 km upstream along the cahaba river , alabama to spawn . along the trent and gatineau rivers , large increases in river redhorse abundance have been measured at spawning habitats during may and june ( campbell 2001 ; reid 2003 ) . in 2002 , the river redhorse was present in the vianney - legendre fish ladder during almost the entire observation period , from may 16 to june 18 ( fleury and desrochers 2003 ) . in 2003 , between may 22 and june 24 , 555 river redhorse were observed at the outlet of the ladder , and 444 were counted during four peaks of migration , on may 26 ( n = 54 ) and 30 ( n = 128 ) and on june 5 ( n = 155 ) and 7 ( n = 107 ) ( fleury and desrochers 2004 ) .\nin addition to adverse effects on spawning habitats , siltation can also result in decreased production of benthic macroinvertebrates and freshwater molluscs , the primary components of the river redhorse diet ( waters 1995 ; vachon 2003a ) . french ( 1993 ) suggested that declines in mollusc populations caused by pollution and siltation of habitat will likely factor in the decline of mollusc\u2013feeding catostomids such as the river redhorse .\nlittle information is available on the physiological tolerances of catostomids found in eastern north america other than the white sucker ( catostomus commersoni ) . walsh et al . ( 1998 ) reported physiological tolerances for juvenile robust redhorse ( m . robustum ) , a sister taxon of the river redhorse . critical thermal maxima were identified to be between 35 and 37 o c . at dissolved oxygen concentrations between 0 . 7 and 0 . 8 mgo 2 l - 1 , juvenile robust redhorse switched to aquatic surface respiration and lost equilibrium at 0 . 54 to 0 . 57 mgo 2 l - 1 . hatching success of robust redhorse eggs has been observed to decline above 23 o c along with an increase in the incidence of larval and juvenile deformities at temperatures above 25\u00b0 c .\na protocol for the monitoring of redhorse young - of - the - year recruitment in the richelieu river has been designed and implemented on an almost yearly basis . the objective of this project is to develop a performance index with which to evaluate present and future conservation and support measures . certain preliminary trends have been detected in population abundance , young - of - the - year growth and the climatic and hydrological conditions of the environment ( vachon , 1999b , 2002 , 2007 ) . these efforts have also confirmed the short - term survival of juvenile copper redhorse introduced into the environment as part of the stocking program and have added to our knowledge of older juveniles .\nthe river redhorse is a late - maturing , long - lived and large - bodied sucker that requires large interconnected riverine habitat to fulfill the need of all life stages . generally , specimens are greater than 500 mm tl ( campbell 2001 ; reid 2003 ) . the largest river redhorse recorded to date was 812 mm tl ( jenkins et al . 1999 ) . males are usually shorter and lighter than females ; however , both sexes can attain sizes in excess of 700 mm tl ( mongeau et al . 1992 ; campbell 2001 ; fleury and desrochers 2004 ) . the maximum weight recorded for river redhorse was a gravid female , 7 , 938 g ( jenkins et al . 1999 ; campbell 2001 ) . maximum ages recorded for river redhorse are 27 ( trent river ) and 28 years ( mississippi river ) ( reid unpubl . data and campbell 2001 ) . campbell ( 2001 ) characterized growth using the following the equation :\nit has been reported that river redhorse excavate spawning redds ( hackney et al . 1967 ) . parker ( 1988 ) observed shallow swept depressions 10 - 15 cm deep and 50\u201175 cm long at the base of shallow rapids in the mississippi river . similarly sized areas of cleaned spawning substrate have been observed during river redhorse spawning along the trent river ( s . reid unpubl . data ) . jenkins ( 1970 ) suggests that these apparent redds are merely an artifact of aggressive mating and not a depression dug prior to spawning . further investigation is required to confirm if river redhorse construct redds as this has implications for spawning habitat requirements . although redd formation is not definite , the river redhorse does exhibit ritualized spawning displays . hackney et al . ( 1967 ) described this process for river redhorse in the cahaba river , alabama : \u201cthe female approaches the nest as the male performs a nuptial dance , darting back and forth , then a second male joins in . once the second male is present the female swims between them . at this point the males press tightly against the female and all three vibrate across the bottom , releasing eggs and milt and burying the eggs in one sweeping pass . \u201d aggregations of two or three river redhorse were observed at the trent river spawning locations ( reid 2003 ) supporting previous observations of hackney et al . ( 1967 ) and parker and mckee ( 1984 ) .\nthe present recovery strategy includes the critical habitat identified to the extent possible , based on the best available information . the quantity and quality of habitat suitable for the growth of adults identified for the purposes of this recovery strategy does not appear sufficient to provide an adequate environment for a population containing 4 , 000 mature individuals . the fluvial lakes may offer adequate habitat for the copper redhorse , but their use by this species is not well documented . studies need to be conducted to identify the entire critical habitat necessary to attain the population and distribution objectives ( table 4 ) .\npharyngeal arch and teeth are present in yoy river redhorse ( vachon 1999a , 2003b ) . however , during the first growing season , young river redhorse feed mostly on microcrustaceans . the diet of 31 yoy river redhorse ( 32 \u2264 tl \u226463 mm ) caught from the richelieu river was composed of chydorid cladocerans ( 22 % in number ) , algae ( diatoms ) ( 21 % ) , nematodes ( 15 % ) , harpacticoid copepods ( 12 . 5 % ) , protozoans ( 6 % ) and chironomid larvae ( 4 % ) ( vachon 1999a ) . in contrast to adults , there was a high degree of overlap among the diets of yoy moxostoma ( vachon 1999a ) . mcallister et al . ( 1985 ) examined the gut contents of 10 ontario specimens . river redhorse ranging between 100 - 150 mm tl fed primarily on chironomid larvae and pupae . larger individuals ( 200 - 250 mm tl ) consumed chironomids , crustaceans , trichopterans and coleopterans . the diet from an age 2 + specimen ( tl = 140 . 5 mm ) caught in the richelieu river on june 10 was principally composed of chironomid larvae ( 57 % in number ) and chydorid cladocerans ( 26 % ) ( vachon 1999a ) . larger river redhorse consumed molluscs , insect larvae and crayfishes .\nwhile there are many species of sucker found in quebec , the copper redhorse is quebec ' s only indigenous fish species . unfortunately , it is also one of quebec ' s endangered fish species . its range is limited to certain portions of the st . lawrence river drainage system : lac st . louis , lac des deux - montagnes , lac st . pierre , the ottawa river , the richelieu river , and the yamaska river system . nowhere within its range is it considered abundant . in addition , these watersheds are heavily impacted by industrial and domestic pollution . the future of this fish is highly uncertain .\nin 1987 , the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) , initially designated the copper redhorse ( moxostoma hubbsi ) as threatened ; in november 2004 cosewic changed the designation to endangered . in december 2007 , this species was listed as endangered in schedule i of the species at risk act . in 1999 , it was designated threatened under the quebec act respecting threatened or vulnerable species . the present recovery strategy was developed following three five - year intervention plans ( 1995 , 1999 , 2004 ) developed and implemented by the minist\u00e8re des ressources naturelles et de la faune ( mrnf ) and its partners .\nthe habitat of the river redhorse is protected under the habitat provisions of the federal fisheries act , particularly section 35 ( 1 ) which states that a development proposal must not cause a \u201charmful alteration , disruption , or destruction\u201d of fish habitat . habitat may also receive protection by other federal legislation , including the environmental assessment act , environmental protection act and water act . in ontario , river redhorse may also receive protection under the lakes and rivers improvement act , ontario environmental protection act , ontario environmental assessment act , ontario planning act and ontario water resources act .\nthe river redhorse is at the northern limit of its distribution in canada with low numbers and disjunct distributions . tolerance for a narrow range of habitat characteristics , and a limited amount of suitable habitat restricts the distribution of river redhorse . it is an inhabitant of medium to large - sized rivers and intolerant of high turbidity levels , siltation and pollution ( trautman 1981 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ; mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ; vachon 2003a ) and likely disappeared from watersheds highly developed for intensive industrial agriculture , such as the yamaska and ch\u00e2teauguay rivers in quebec .\nlarval drift is important for the dispersion of moxostoma species to suitable rearing habitats ( d ' amours et al . 2001 ) . for example , the nursery habitat for yoy river redhorse in the richelieu river is 21 km downstream from the spawning site in the bassin of chambly ( vachon 1999a ) .\nintrogression among catostomid species due to habitat alteration has been identified as a conservation concern in western north america where hybridization between catostomid species is often common . however , hybridization is unknown or rare in most eastern suckers ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . of thousands of moxostoma specimens examined , only two cases of hybridization have been reported ( jenkins 1970 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . this included a single river redhorse hybrid with either a shorthead or greater redhorse . barriers to hybridization among moxostoma species include aggressive behaviour and differences in spawning time , temperature and habitat ( curry and spacie 1984 ; kwak and skelly 1992 ) .\nthe regulation respecting the pierre - \u00e9tienne - fortin wildlife preserve , r . q . c . c - 61 . 1 , r . 3 . 01 . 3 . 3 , provides protection measures for the spawning ground at the chambly rapids . the land on which the wildlife preserve is located is owned by hydro - qu\u00e9bec and the municipality of richelieu . according to sections 3 and 4 of the regulation , \u201cfrom 20 june to 20 july , no person may enter , stay in , travel about or engage in any activity in sectors b and c of the wildlife preserve\u201d and \u201cno person may , in the wildlife preserve , engage in an activity that may alter any biological , physical or chemical element of the habitat of the copper redhorse , the river redhorse or the channel darter ( percina copelandi ) . \u201d ( c . c - 61 . 1 , r . 46 , sections 3 and 4 ) . for critical habitat to be adequately protected , the preserve will need to be extended to include all the spawning grounds .\ncanadian river redhorse populations reach sexual maturity at an older age and a larger size than their american counterparts . in southern populations , river redhorse have been speculated to reach sexual maturity between the ages of 3 and 5 years ( tatum and hackney 1970 ; huston 1999 ) . more northerly populations of river redhorse do not achieve sexual maturity until a relatively late age . in the richelieu river , mongeau et al . ( 1986 , 1992 ) observed mature male and female near or on the spawning sites between age 10 and 20 ( 543 - 713 mm tl ) . along the trent river , males in spawning condition were 5 to 16 years old while females were 7 to 16 years old . spawning - ready males captured from both the trent river and grand river were smaller than females ( trent river : \u2642mean tl = 603 mm ; \u2640mean tl = 641 mm . grand river : \u2642mean tl = 627mm ; \u2640mean tl = 662 mm ) ( s . reid unpubl . data ) .\nriverine habitat in canada is also threatened by the construction of hydroelectric dams and other barriers . increased energy demands in ontario and quebec may result in the construction of new hydroelectric facilities , or the conversion of run - of - river facilities to peaking facilities . dam construction has already heavily fragmented the madawaska , mississippi , ottawa , trent , yamaska , richelieu , and ch\u00e2teauguay rivers and the lower reaches of the grand river , increasing the risk of local extirpation due to limited immigration or emigration of the river redhorse population . suitable spawning habitat is primarily limited to the tailwater areas downstream of these locks and dams . maintenance of sufficient flows through these habitats during spawning is necessary for successful river redhorse reproduction ( reid 2002 ) . in addition , due to the number of barriers , available habitat becomes limiting as movement between habitats and populations is restricted . recovery of river redhorse populations after disturbances through emigration is expected to be limited by the number of dams along the rivers it inhabits ( reid 2002 ) .\nrearing and migration habitat the habitats frequented by young - of - the - year and sub - adults may be generally described as shallow littoral zones exposed to weak currents and with aquatic - grass beds . these habitats are relatively evenly distributed all along the richelieu river and the size of the grass beds available in the richelieu river remains unknown . this is why a bathymetric approach has been recommended to identify critical juvenile rearing habitat . given the current hydrological conditions of the richelieu river , restoration of lost grass beds would be problematic . the littoral zone frequented by juvenile copper redhorse is between 0 and 3 m deep . however , the critical habitat which has been identified in the richelieu river covers the littoral zone which is 0 to 4 m deep in order to include the migration corridor used by spawners .\nriver redhorse has the potential to re - establish populations in waters where they have been extirpated when other populations exist nearby ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . however , in many of the rivers in which they reside , low population sizes and the presence of barriers to immigration ( i . e . dams ) reduce their ability to recover from disturbances .\nit is possible that the methods used to gather information on the total distribution range skewed the results partially to the detriment of lac saint - louis . the information obtained through an analysis of the commercial fishery in lac saint - pierre is based on incidental catches , while research activity itself is concentrated on the portion of the population located in the richelieu river and st . lawrence river , downstream of montr\u00e9al . moreover , no sampling program has been carried out in the rivi\u00e8re noire and rivi\u00e8re yamaska since 1995 . though these environments have been severely degraded and minimum water flow within them greatly reduced , neither the presence nor absence of the species in these rivers can be confirmed . questions also remain concerning factors ( e . g . inadequate grass beds ) which could explain why some areas of potential summer habitat in the fluvial lakes are less frequented by copper redhorse .\ncritical habitat for the copper redhorse has been identified to the extent possible , based on the best available information . this critical habitat consists of aquatic grass beds in the st . lawrence river , the littoral zone of the richelieu river and the rapids below the saint - ours and chambly dams ( figures 4 to 9 ) . the grass beds provide rearing and feeding habitats while the rapids are used as spawning grounds . critical habitat identified in the littoral zone of the richelieu river is used for rearing and by adults to migrate to the spawning grounds . the critical habitat identified in the present recovery strategy is essential for the survival and recovery of the species but it is insufficient to reach the population objectives . the schedule of studies presented in section 7 . 2 outlines the research deemed necessary to complete the identification of critical habitat in order to meet population and distribution objectives .\nthe anatomical specialization of the river redhorse for feeding on molluscs may increase this species\u2019 susceptibility to extirpation . over much of the north american range of this species the molluscan fauna has declined ( williams et al . 1993 ) . the invasion of the great lakes and st . lawrence river by zebra mussels ( dreissena polymorpha ) has reduced the availability of the native species of molluscs and changed the bioaccumulation process of contaminants . it is not known to what extent river redhorse are consuming the large biomass of the newly established zebra mussel or its effect on growth rate . likely the result of poor caloric value , french and bur ( 1996 ) reported that zebra mussel - dominated diets reduced growth rate of adult freshwater drum ( aplodinotus grunniens ) in lake erie .\nthe successful recovery of the copper redhorse will depend on the commitment and cooperation of the many concerned parties who will participate in the implementation of the recommendations put forward in this strategy . success will not depend solely on fisheries and oceans canada or any one jurisdiction . in the spirit of the accord for the protection of species at risk , the ministers of fisheries and oceans canada and parks canada invite all canadians to join with fisheries and oceans canada and parks canada in supporting and implementing the strategy , for the good of the species and of canadian society as a whole . fisheries and oceans canada and parks canada are committed to providing support for the implementation of the strategy , subject to the availability of resources and the various priorities regarding the conservation of species at risk . other jurisdictions and agencies will participate in implementing the strategy according to their respective policies , allocated resources , priorities , and budgetary constraints .\nwhile the river redhorse has been reported from both lakes and rivers within its canadian range , the persistence of this species relies upon access to suitable riverine spawning habitat . past studies have indicated a preference for habitats with moderate to swift current , riffle - run habitat and clean coarse substrates ( hackney et al . 1967 ; scott and crossman 1973 ; becker 1983 ; yoder and beaumier 1986 ; parker 1988 ; campbell 2001 ; reid 2002 ; 2003 ) . yoder and beaumier ( 1986 ) observed densities eight times greater in locations of preferred habitat than at pooled and impoundment locations in an ohio river . summer trap - net sampling on the mississippi river resulted in the capture of river redhorse in run habitat , suggesting that its habitat requirements may be more extensive than previously thought ( campbell 2001 ) . summer sampling of river redhorse resulted in capture in areas of abundant aquatic vegetation , fairly slow current and soft substrates ( campbell 2001 ) . compared to the spawning period ( june ) , lower catch per unit effort numbers in fall sampling of fastwater habitats along the trent river suggest that deeper run / pool habitats are used during other periods of the year ( reid 2003 ) ."]}
{"id": 615, "summary": [{"text": "the blue-winged parakeet , also known as the malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides ) is a species of parakeet endemic to the western ghats of southern india .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "found in small flocks , they fly rapidly in forest clearings while making screeching calls that differ from those of other parakeet species within their distribution range .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "their long blue tails tipped in yellow and the dark wings with blue contrast with the dull grey of their head and body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "adult males and females can be easily told apart from the colour of their beak . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "blue - winged parakeet", "paragraphs": ["these blue - winged parakeet species are non - migratory , stationary , resident birds .\nfemale blue - winged parakeet . also known as the malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides ) . by radhakrishnan sadasivam | birds | pinterest | parakeets and bird\nthe blue - winged parrot is a slender parrot with an olive - green head and upper body , grading to light green on the fore - neck . the upper tail is green - blue , with yellow sides . the underparts are yellow , and there may be orange in the centre of the belly . a yellow facial patch extends back to the eye . a narrow , dark blue band runs from eye to eye across the forehead . the blue - winged parrot gets its name from the large , dark blue patch on the wings . the female is similar to the male , but with slightly duller colours . the blue - winged parrot is also known as the blue - banded or grass parrot ; the blue - banded or hobart grass - parrot ; and the blue - banded or blue - winged grass - parakeet .\npairs or small parties of blue - winged parrots forage mainly on the ground for seeds of grasses and herbaceous plants .\nblue - winged parrot , neophema chrysostoma ( blue fronted parakeet , nanodes venustus ) . handcoloured lithograph by gebhart after an illustration by edward lear from georg friedrich treitschke ' s gallery of natural history , naturhistorischer bildersaal des thierreiches , liepzig , 1842 .\nblue - winged parrot , neophema chrysostoma ( blue - banded parakeet , psittacus venustus ) . handcoloured engraving of a specimen in the linnean society museum from edward griffith ' s the animal kingdom by the baron cuvier , london , whittaker , 1829 .\nthe blue - winged parrot is very similar to the elegant parrot , and to a lesser extent to the rock and orange - bellied parrots .\nthe larger parakeets such as the ringneck parakeet and the regent parakeet may reach up to 25 years .\nthese parakeets species are endemic to india . they occur in the western ghats and also the adjoining eastern ghats of southern india . the blue - winged parakeet are sexually dimorphic . these parakeets are monotypic species .\nthese blue - winged parakeet species are endemic to southwestern india , distributed in the western ghats and also the adjoining eastern ghats . they occur in the states of kerala , tamilnadu , karnataka , goa and maharashtra .\nrose - ringed parakeet or ring - necked parakeet ( psittacula krameri scopoli ) . photo credit - manorma sharma .\nit is known that some of the smaller parakeets such as the budgie parakeet or budgerigar , the bourke ' s parakeet , and the elegant parakeet may reach about 10 years .\nthe blue - winged parakeet welcomed us , crying in small flocks , rapidly moving through lush foliage . interestingly enough , my friend found a room in the house of a coffee famer . this was just the beginning of my romance with coorg .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the parakeet species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018not evaluated\u2019 for the blue - winged parakeet ( psittacula columboides ) .\nwhen choosing nest sites , blue - winged parrots try to get one with a small opening that will prevent predators , like grey shrike - thrushes , getting in to steal the eggs and young .\nthe blue - winged parrot inhabits a range of habitats from coastal , sub - coastal and inland areas , right through to semi - arid zones . throughout their range they favour grasslands and grassy woodlands . they are often found near wetlands both near the coast and in semi - arid zones . blue - winged parrots can also be seen in altered environments such as airfields , golf - courses and paddocks .\nlack the brilliant blue band around their necks . males generally have a greener casting to the feathers on their\nthe overall plumage of the blue - winged parakeet is bluish gray . the scapular and covert feathers are dark bluish gray . the nape and upper back are pale gray . there is pale greenish tinge around the eye region . adult parakeets have a black neck collar and males have a bluish green collar below the black collar . the underwing is pale pinkish blue . the undertail is yellow .\nthe call of the blue - winged parrot is an extremely high , thin tinkling sound , in fast , followed by slow bursts . it sounds more like the highest squeaks of a thornbill or fairy - wren than a parrot .\nmale - grey head and upperparts ; green and cheeks ; area around eyes green ; blue tinge on forecrown ; black chin and stripe on lower cheeks ; black collar encircling hindneck , bordered below by green / blue band ; green / blue lower back to upper tail coverts ; green upper wing coverts scalloped with yellow / green ; yellow / green underparts washed with pale blue ; blue central tail feathers tipped with yellow , the side tail feathers green tipped with yellow ; red upper mandible tipped with yellow , brown lower mandible . eye yellow . female - green / blue band around hindneck absent ; green on face and forecrown minimal ; pale green mantle , breast and abdomen , often suffused with grey . bill black .\nthe diet of these blue - winged parakeet species is mostly wild fruits and berries . apart from fruits , flowers , buds , tender shoots , leaves , seeds of wild plants and grass , grains , cereals , nuts and nectar are their primary food . they are mostly arboreal . they also feed from the ground .\non land , parakeet auklets walk mostly on their legs and not their toes .\nthere is a definite passage of blue - winged parrots to and from tasmania after breeding each year , leaving in march to april and returning in august to october . some birds , however , over - winter in tasmania or on the bass strait islands .\nto see this beautiful bird , you\u2019ll have to visit the yucat\u00e1n peninsula in mexico where the parrot can be found living . the discovery was made by dr miguel a g\u00f3mez garza when he was visiting a remote part of the peninsula in 2014 . the bird has been christened amazona gomezgarzai ( or the blue - winged amazon ) because of its magnificent plumage , a mix of green and blue .\n) also known as malabar parakeet , belongs to the family of parakeets , psittaculidae .\n) is a medium - sized parakeet , measuring 35 to 40 cm in length .\nthe white - winged and yellow - chevroned parakeets , natives of south america , were formerly considered subspecies of the canary - winged parakeet ( see systematics ) . their popularity as pets led to their importation and the subsequent establishment of feral populations in california and florida . more than 230 , 000 white - winged parakeets were imported from 1968 to 1972 , and large numbers of these birds apparently escaped , leading to the rapid appearance of this species in the metropolitan areas of miami , los angeles , and san francisco . in the early 1970s the miami population of white - winged parakeets was estimated at 2 , 000 , and the birds occurred on both coasts of florida . however , after 1972 , the importation of white - winged parakeets dropped to near zero .\npopulation dynamics of this species is difficult to interpret because of the irregular coverage of exotics on christmas bird counts and the tendency of u . s . observers to report both white - winged and yellow - chevroned parakeets as the \u201ccanary - winged parakeet . \u201d but the white - winged parakeet appears to have declined slowly since the early 1970s and contracted its range as imports stopped providing a source of fresh escapees . today , it is unclear how many individuals remain in california , and in miami , it appears their population numbers have dropped by approximately 99 % in the past 5 years (\nthe malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides ) - also known as the blue - winged parakeet - is native to india where it is still locally fairly common - though their numbers have decreased due to loss of habitat and trapping for the pet trade . the range of this species is less than 50 , 000 square kilometers and , hence , it is classified as a\nrestricted - range\nspecies by the iucn . the chief threat to this species , as in the case of the alexandrine parakeet , is poaching for the illegal pet trade .\nthe main populations of blue - winged parrots are in tasmania and victoria , particularly in southern victoria and the midlands and eastern areas of tasmania . sparser populations are found in western new south wales and eastern south australia , extending to south - west queensland and occasionally into the northern territory\nblue - winged parrots are abundant in tasmania and common in victoria and south - eastern south australia ; otherwise they are uncommon . it is thought that clearing of forests has benefited this species in regard to feeding , but not in regard to breeding as potential nest sites are removed .\ncobalt - winged parakeets ( brotogeris cyanoptera ) eating clay at clay lick east anangu south the napo river yasuni national park orellana province ecuador july .\nwe have the best hand raised , healthy and very sociable scarlet , blue and gold macaw ready for sale . you can contact us for more infos\nfound in family groups or small flocks . associates with plum - headed parakeet at lower elevations .\nthere are parakeet seed mixes for birds the size of a budgerigar . a single small parakeet will eat about two tablespoons of seed a day and a half a cup of fruits and vegetables .\nthe tail of blue - winged parakeet is long , bluish with pale yellow tip . the beak is strong and the upper mandible is curved . in males the upper mandible is red with yellowish tip and the lower mandible is grayish black . in females , both the mandibles are grayish black . the irises are black and the feet are gray . their call is a repeated loud screeching sound .\nthese blue - winged parakeet species have moderate forest dependency . they inhabit tropical , subtropical , evergreen and moist deciduous forest ecosystems . these species inhabit tropical and subtropical evergreen forest , moist deciduous forest , degraded forest , secondary - growth forest , tropical and subtropical moist lowland , tropical and subtropical moist shrubland , shola grasslands and forests , farmland and plantations . they occur in altitudes from 0 to 1600 meters .\nsome of the important bird and biodiversity areas ( iba ) of the blue - winged parakeet species in south india are , amarambalam reserved forest - nilambur , aralam wildlife sanctuary , anshi national park , wynaad wildlife sanctuary , vazhachal forest division , thattekad wildlife sanctuary , talakaveri wildlife sanctuary , periyar wildlife sanctuary , nagarhole national park , bhimashankar wildlife sanctuary , kudremukh national park and indira gandhi wildlife sanctuary and national park .\nthe breeding season of these blue - winged parakeet species is during december and march in western ghats in india . they nest in high tree holes , usually more than 6 meters from the ground . they also make use of abandoned woodpecker and barbet nests . the clutch contains up to 4 eggs . both the parents incubate the eggs . the eggs hatch in about 23 days and the juveniles fledge after 30 days .\nthe malabar parakeet is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ncockatiel mixes are for birds that are a bit bigger than the small budgie parakeet size . a medium sized parakeet will eat about three tablespoons of seed a day and 3 / 4 cup of fruits and vegetables .\ninformation on the malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ngive your parakeet fresh drinking water every day . you can also add soluble vitamins and minerals to the water .\nwhen many people think of a parakeet as a pet , the small budgie parakeet ( budgerigar ) is often the kind that comes to mind . the budgie is one of the most popular parakeet species . besides being very friendly and playful , it is hardy and easy to care for , and one of the least expensive types of parakeets .\nschroads , c . v . 1974 . studies on a population of the canary - winged parakeet brotogeris versicolurus ( p . l . s . muller ) in dade county , florida ( aves : psittacidae ) . master ' s thesis , univ . of miami , miami , fl . close\naustralian turquoise parrot ( neophema pulchella ) , a . k . a . beautiful chestnut - shouldered grass - parakeet .\nyour first goal is to get the parakeet to accept a treat from you , which will lead to it allowing you to gently scratch its head . then you can begin to work on getting your parakeet to step up on your hand .\nmany aspects of the movements of the blue - winged parrot are poorly understood . researchers know that most blue - wings that breed in tasmania migrate to the mainland , leaving a handful behind , but what then ? do they leapfrog the populations which breed in southern australia and head inland ? do southern - australian birds migrate north , vacating their breeding areas , to be replaced by tasmanian birds ? do tasmanian birds augment southern mainland populations , with some remaining in southern australia while others from both populations head further north for the winter ? there is much to learn .\nperching australian turquoise parrot ( neophema pulchella ) , a . k . a . beautiful chestnut - shouldered grass - parakeet .\npreening australian turquoise parrot ( neophema pulchella ) , a . k . a . beautiful chestnut - shouldered grass - parakeet .\nthe species probably shares a common ancestor with the layard ' s parakeet ( psittacula calthropae ) which is endemic to sri lanka .\ntaming and training parakeets is pretty easy . parakeets become accustom to their new environment fairly rapidly . consequently very little time is required for parakeet training , they can quickly become easy to handle . repetition , patience and time are the keys to successful parakeet training !\nblue - winged parrots breed in tasmania , coastal south - eastern south australia and southern victoria . they form monogamous pairs and make their nests in a tree hollow or stump , preferably one with a vertical opening . the eggs are laid on a bed of decayed wood . the female alone incubates the eggs , leaving the nest at intervals to be fed by the male , but both parents feed the nestlings .\nnew zealand has three species of exotic parakeets , with a few subspecies . its neighboring islands are also home to several parakeet species .\ngrey of head and upper parts green instead ; black stripe across cheeks and around collar duller and narrower ; blue / green band under black stripe absent . bill pale orange in very young birds . eye grey .\nonce your parakeet has gotten over it ' s shyness , then you can work on speech training . repetition and frequency are the keys here . almost every parakeet can learn at least a few words , although they are not generally as vocal as african greys or the amazons .\nfor help with tricks and training , try chet womachs parakeet / cockatiel training course or for speech training try teach your parrot to talk .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides )\ntitle =\narkive species - malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are 11 parakeets reported from the indian subcontinent ( please see the table below ) and the 12 th one is suspected to be a hybrid ( intermediate parakeet or rothschild\u2019s parakeet ) . only one hanging parrot species is reported from the region ( vernal hanging parrot or indian lorikeet ) . all the 11 parakeets belong to different species under the same genus ; with the vernal hanging parrot or indian lorikeet that belongs to the genus loriculus . many of the parakeets have different sub species occupying different geographical regions . they vary in size between 14 cm ( vernal hanging parrot or indian lorikeet ) , the smallest of the indian parakeets , to as big as the alexandrine parakeet ( 53 cm ) and the nicobar parakeet ( 61 cm ) . the nicobar parakeet is the largest reported parakeet . other members are intermediate in lengths between these two extremes but are all above 35 cm on average .\nparakeet auklets frequently eat plastic pellets they find floating at sea . although eating these pellets probably poses a risk , no harmful effects have yet been demonstrated .\nthe average adult malabar parakeet measures 15 inches ( 38 centimeters ) in length . the malabar parakeet has beautifully colored plumage . the male ' s overall color is a bluish - gray with a sometimes reddish - pink tint . one of the things that make this bird so striking is the double ring around the neck of the male . the lower ring is a brilliant light blue , while the top ring is more of a greenish dark gray color . they have green feathers in front of their eyes , which extend towards their beaks . the plumage on their heads is bluer in color than the rest of their bodies , though it gets progressively lighter at the top of the head . above the nares and on the cheeks the blue color is more distinct . they have a striking bright red beak with a bone - colored tip .\nthe long - tailed parakeet , the malabar parakeet and the nicobar parakeet are reported to be endemic to their localities in the subcontinent . majority of the parakeet species are sexually dimorphic and often the juvenile and sub - adults differ in coloration and plumage from the adult members . most of these species are known by various vernacular names in the ethnically and linguistically diverse subcontinent and often similar name ( s ) from different regions may or may not represent same species . the parakeets are extremely popular as pets in most parts of the subcontinent ; and hence an important point of concern for their successful conservation . the rose - ringed parakeet is one of the most common species seen as pets in home across the region . but according to traffic ( india ) eight out of 12 parakeet species has been commonly seen in the indian pet markets during their survey , indicating that ~ 67 % of the species reported form the region has been seriously impacted by poaching , illegal capture and pet trade .\nconure and small parrot mixes work well for the larger parakeets . a larger parakeet will eat about four tablespoons of seed a day and a cup of fruits and vegetables\nexercise and play are important activities for the physical well being and psychological health of your parakeet . being designed for long distance flying , parakeets need to fly ! if you keep your parakeet in a cage , you should let it out to fly a couple of hours each day . they also love to climb and chew ! natural perches and fresh twigs from willow , elder , poplar , chestnut , linden , hawthorn , and fruit trees work well for this , as does knotted hemp rope . provide your parakeet with lots of activities ! parakeet toys and other playthings they will enjoy include climbing ropes , wooden ladders , chains , bells , parrot swings , and wooden or other bird safe toys .\nin the wild the breeding season of the malabar parakeet begins in january and lasts through march . they generally nest in tall trees , taking over the nests of other birds .\nthe blue - winged amazon is , like most similar parrots , a herbivore and dines on the seeds , fruits , and flowers it finds in the tree canopy . when the research team analysed the dna of the bird , they discovered it had evolved around 120 , 000 years ago from white - fronted amazon parrots . they said because the bird was unknown until now that there were no conservation programmes in place yet to protect it . because of its rarity , and small range , they said the population needed to be conserved as a priority .\nthe white - winged parakeet is a social species that feeds , roosts , and travels in groups , while pairs remain together almost continuously . at one time , roosting assemblages in miami contained 700 or more individuals , and in south america groups of more than 1 , 000 have been reported . despite their social nature , these parakeets are extremely aggressive . studies of these parakeets have documented a well - developed array of threat displays , and suggest that even duetting by pairs is a way to improve success in agonistic interactions .\nconsider yourself lucky if you come across the mysterious blue - purple neelakurinji flowers . they are the four - leaved clovers of the forest . the hunt to find more just added to the adventure ! there is so much life in the jungle . living doesn\u2019t mean seeking shelter at home and closing ourselves but to rise and shine !\nas a minimum , parakeet cages should be large enough so that the bird ' s head does not touch the top , its tail does not touch the bottom , and it has enough room for unrestricted movements .\nmost parakeets are healthy , hardy birds . kept under optimal conditions and fed a balanced diet , they are remarkably resistant to disease . an ailing parakeet should be taken to a avian veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment .\narrowood , p . c . 1981 .\nimportation and status of canary - winged parakeets ( brotogeris versicolurus ) in california .\nin conservation of new world parrots . , edited by r . f . pasquier , 425 - 429 . washington , d . c : icbp tech . pub . 1 . smithson . inst . press . close\na distinctive little seabird with a nearly circular bill . the parakeet auklet has the widest distribution of all the alaskan auklets , but it doesn ' t form large flocks like the others , either at sea or in breeding colonies .\nthe malabar parakeet is not easily bred in captivity . males are also sometimes aggressive to females . a clutch usually consists of 3 to 5 eggs , which the hen incubates for 23 days . the chicks fledge when they are about 3 weeks old .\nin the united states , white - winged parakeets feed on a variety of fruits , seeds , buds , and flowers , relying heavily on exotic plantings of figs and other tropical species . when nesting in the u . s . , the species excavates nest cavities in palm trees , whereas in their native range , nests are built in tree cavities and the arboreal nests of termites ( isoptera ) .\nfoods available for parakeets include formulated diets , either pelleted or extruded , seed mixes , and parakeet mixes which offer a mixture of both pelleted food and seeds . there are pros and cons to feeding only a formulated diet as well as feeding only a seed diet .\nthey are most common in southwest india , western ghats strip south - western india , north to bombay , south to kerala . because the malabar parakeet is known to raid crops in some areas and can be injurious to orchards , they are considered pests in some locations .\nspecies : scientific : psittacula columboides . . . english : malabar parakeet . . . dutch : malabarparkiet . . . german : taubensittich . . . french : perruche de malabar | cites ii : fairly common in aviculture , but endangered in the wild due to loss of habitat\nparakeets in the wild are fast , long distance flyers and need a home that provides them with room to fly and exercise . as a general rule , the larger the cage , the happier your parakeet . parakeets kept in a cage need to be let out for exercise daily .\nno matter what kind of parakeet you get though , they all have some characteristics in common . all types of parakeets will stay very busy . they will be on the go , climbing and flying from perch to perch , chewing on toys and chewing on anything else they can reach .\nthe word\nparakeet\nmeans long tail , these birds generally have slender bodies and long , tapered tail feathers . they have a hooked upper bill that they use to climb , hold things , or to dig . they also use their beak to chew , break seeds , and peel fruit .\nparakeet food consisting of a good seed mixture supplemented with sprouted seed , various fruits , green foods , commercial pellets , millet spray ( for small parakeets ) , and for some , occasional mealworms are generally regarded suitable . different seed mixes for parakeets are available , depending on its size and the strength of its bill .\nparakeets are generally most receptive to training in the evening and each session is best if limited to under 20 minutes with about an hours rest in between . remember that taming and training a bird takes patience , never ' punish ' your parakeet ! this only serves to destroy the trust you ' ve spent so much time building .\nproblems in parakeet behavior usually stem from something missing in the bird ' s environment . boredom , lack of trust , lack of interaction with other birds or people can lead to problems like biting , feather plucking , and screaming . try to develop a bond of trust and spend time with your bird to help avoid these problems .\nparakeets are intelligent little birds and they are generally easy to tame . they are relatively good at learning to talk and adept at learning tricks . most exotic parakeets are also fairly easy to breed , and many can be sexed by sight . once a pair is harmonious , many types of parakeet will bond with their mate for life .\nsome of the common parakeet health problems your pet could contract are aspergillosis - respiratory infection , candidiasis , cold and sinus inflammations , diarrhea , egg binding , egg pecking , eye infections , feather plucking , frostbite , goiter or thyroid gland enlargement , mites , pacheco ' s disease , parrot fever also known as psittacosis , salmonella , worms .\nan aviary is ideal for parakeets as they need to fly . the longer and wider space is , the happier the parakeet . be sure there are horizontal bars for climbing as well . spacing of the bars for the smaller species starts at 1 / 2\n( 12 mm ) with up to 3 / 4\n( 20 mm ) for the larger parakeets .\n) . most of the new knowledge about their basic is being generated by a handful of studies in their native range , with most research conducted on north american populations largely limited to analyzing population trend data , as opposed to field observations . because of this , there is little known about their basic biology , including habitat preferences , detailed diet information , and nesting information . moreover , it remains unknown if white - winged parakeets impact native avifauna . though , if their population continues to decline as it has , any future studies on this species in north america may only serve to help understand local extinction processes .\nthe eggs laid by all the parakeets are white in color . fledglings are usually old enough to leave the protection of their nest before the onset of monsoon . chicks are usually monomorphic and show their dimorphic plumage on adulthood depending upon their species . the males usually have brighter spots , patches , marks and rings compared to the female of the species exhibiting dimorphism . most parakeets make affectionate and adorable pets . however , many species are aggressive and could bite when disturbed , threatened , irritated and provoked in self defense . in addition to humans ; other predators of the parakeet eggs and chicks include snakes , monitor lizards , mongoose , civets , monkeys and birds of prey . feral populations of different parakeet species have been well established in different cities , municipalities and towns of the subcontinent and the species have successfully adapted to the urban environment .\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . malabar parakeet ( psittacula columboides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nspeak softly to the bird to calm it and always move slowly . start from the floor and approach the bird from the side rather than head on . with a treat held between two fingers , coax it onto your hand . it may try to fly and you may have to repeat this several times . once your parakeet steps on your hand , you then start having it step up from one hand to the other .\neven though parakeets quickly adapt to their enviroment , you should give a new arrival a few days to get use to you , your voice and its cage before trying to handle it . a hand fed baby will not need much taming and can often be handled right away , as it is use to human attention . to be able to handle and train your parakeet depends first on trust , so go slowly and be consistent .\nparakeet illness symptoms to be aware of are ruffled plumage , resting often with their head tucked under their wing or rump , not eating , discharge from the nostrils or mouth , cloudy eyes , loose watery droppings , weight loss ( chest bone starts sticking out ) , large water intake , labored breathing , opening and closing it ' s mouth , listlessness , perhaps sitting on the bottom of the cage , stops talking , and growths around the beak .\nparrots are represented by over 350 species and over 80 genera across the planet but they are most well know in the regions of central and south america , africa and australasia . the parakeets ( often called the lesser parrots ) are smaller in size compared to the true parrots ; and are more common in australia and the indian subcontinent . the most popular and well known parakeet in the world is the australian budgerigar or the famous budgie or the keet ( melopsittacus undulates shaw ) and is reported to be one of the most common pets , following dogs and cats .\ndifferent species prefer different kinds of baths and some do not want a bath at all . the personal hygiene of your parakeet - for those species that like it - can include a bath or shower two or three times a week to help keep it ' s plumage in good shape . bathing can be accomplished with either a flat earthenware dish that your bird can step into and use it ' s beak to throw water on itself , or by spraying your bird with a light mist of lukewarm water . use either a hand held shower sprayer or a hose with a fine spray head .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common throughout the core of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncalling from a high tree on a clear day in backwoods camp . the nesting hole with the female was nearby on the same tree .\nwas the recording modified significantly ? no habitat : wet evergreen forest , with plantations at some distance . moderate human activity . behaviour : a flock of 6 birds sitting atop a bamboo grove . recording done while it was raining . some of them were puffed up .\nforest type : semi - evergreen there was a flock of around 20 birds and males were feeding the females so must have been a breeding call . you can also here the usual call in the background\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nringneck / long - tailed parakeets . . . ringneck photo gallery . . . ringneck parrots as pets ( behavior and training )\nthese parakeets are social birds and live in small groups composed of four to five individuals . on rare occasions they may be observed in small flocks . they are fairly noisy and are often heard before they are seen . they generally make their homes atop tall trees in humid deciduous and evergreen forests .\nin their natural environment these birds have been observed eating berries and other fruits such as figs , flowers , leaf buds , pollen , seeds , small nuts , and nectar .\n, and female ' s heads are gray . the bill of the female is black , as opposed to the brilliantly color bill of the male .\ncan be distinguished from adults by their orange beaks . they have plumage similar to that of the female , after their first molt they get their adult plumage , and their beaks will change to red for males and black for females .\nthe malabar parakeets are fairly uncommon in the pet trade . they are reported to be moderately noisy , which is to be expected of most parrots . if you have a wild caught individual , they may be shy at first and will take some time to adjust . like many parrots they seem to enjoy chewing and will often chew lightly on small branches . they are usually most active in , and suited for , larger aviaries .\nthese parakeets are reported to do well on a variety of foods , including millet spray , fruit , vegetables , seed mixtures ( with minimal sunflower ) , oats , and millets .\nringneck parrots are generally hardy birds . however , the following diseases havebeen reported in this species :\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\ncalls are discordant and shrieky ; also scolding . also sharp notes repeated in short bursts .\ncites lexicon of parrots birdlife international i nternet bird collection parrots : a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1977 . 2010 edition parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 .\n3 x 1 x 2m ( 9 . 8 x 3 . 3 x 6 . 5 ft ) outside aviary in warm temperatures , with adjoining inside aviary , or walk - in avairy minimum length 4 . 5m ( 14 . 7 ft ) . use metal construction .\nseed mix of safflower , millet , canary , buckwheat and some sunflower ; millet spray ; fruits such as : apple , pear , banana , cactus fruits , orange ; vegetables such as : carrot , celery , peppers , green beans and peas in the pod ; green leaves such as : swiss chard , lettuce , sowthistle , dandelion and chickweed ; egg food for rearing ; complete pellet .\nbird - safe ( unsprayed and non - toxic ) branches with blossoms , pine , elder , willow and fir boughs , vegetable - tanned leather toys and wood block toys . light bather , so provide overhead misters or shallow water bowls .\nvertical box 9\nx 9\nx 24\n( 22 . 8cm x 22 . 8cm x 61cm ) .\nfound from 450 - 1000m ( 1476 - 3280 ft ) in upland evergreen rainforest , both primary and secondary . also found in deciduous forest with bamboo and abandoned coffee and rubber plantations .\nfeeds on seeds , fruits , particularly wild figs , buds , flowers and nectar . may take sorghum and fruit crops .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research , seminars and podcasts , specialists to ask your toughest questions , and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member . join today > >\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\npost breeding , the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding in their range . sometimes they become nomadic when dearth of food occurs .\n) has not been quantified . the overall population size of these species is considered to be stable . throughout its range it is reported to be common . the generation length is 7 . 5 years . their distribution size is about 276 , 000 sq . km .\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable either under the range size criterion or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion . there are no substantial threats that may endanger the survival of these species . its chicks are sometimes illegally trapped for pet trade .\n36\u201338 cm . upper mandible red with yellowish tip , lower dull brownish ; area from bill to around eye bluish green ; rest of head warm greyish , with complete black collar . . .\ncommonest vocalization a fairly high - pitched , grating screech , e . g . \u201ckrreeeh ! \u201d or similar , given in . . .\ntropical evergreen and moist deciduous forest , secondary growth , abandoned plantations , and . . .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . a birdlife \u201crestricted - range\u201d species . common throughout core of range . clearance of forest in parts of the western ghats must have reduced . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nrecent study suggested that , as currently constituted , this genus may be polyphyletic and that tanygnathus may be embedded within it # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nthe eclectus parrot is a parrot native to the solomon islands , sumba , new guinea and nearby islands , northeastern australia and the maluku islands .\nvector illustration of a speaking parrot . there ' s a speech bubble over his head which can serve as a copy space\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist . it doesn\u2019t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them , your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .\nbirdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .\nalthough birds are usually quite easy to see , often they are more difficult to identify . you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song , or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before . the best place to look for it is here . you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia . with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls , you are sure to find that mystery bird , or learn more about species you already know .\nselect a bird group . . . birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds\nyou can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .\nvisit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about , see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .\nvisit birdlife australia\u2019s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that\u2019s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nwant to know all about our native birds ? explore , learn , discover and enjoy australia\u2019s most comprehensive bird resource .\ndiscover and identify the urban birds in your backyard . get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .\nfind places to watch birds in their native habitat . search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .\nwe hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades . there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia\u2019s birds . we always need more citizen scientists .\nthere are many ways you can help us help our native birds . join as a member , volunteer , make a donation or a bequest . your support makes a real difference .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording , explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia\u2019s birds .\nour policies , submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia\u2019s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nresearch , monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts . we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia ' s birds and their habitats .\nbirdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .\nthe h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >\nbirdlife australia\u2019s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia\u2019s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >\nunusual bill structure is probably an adaptation for handling slimy gelatinous prey , like jellyfish , although it is unclear exactly how the bill is used .\nhow to take care of a pet bird . bird guide with everything you need to know to take care of your pet bird from bird supplies and food , to exercise , safety and bird health care .\nwhat is the right bird for me ? learn about pet birds and finding birds for sale .\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing ."]}
{"id": 616, "summary": [{"text": "the dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nanus ) is a species of bird in the family corvidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to mexico .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "as its name would imply , this is the smallest member of the family corvidae at 20 \u2013 23 cm long and weighing 41 g .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "dwarf jay", "paragraphs": ["the dwarf jay often appears in flocks with steller\u2019s jay ( cyanocitta stelleri ) but the dwarf jay can be easily distinguished by its smaller size , lighter plumage and the lack of a prominent crest of feathers on top of the head ( 6 ) .\nthe dwarf jay is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe greatest threat to the dwarf jay is habitat loss , due to human activities such as logging , agriculture , firewood gathering , road construction and cattle grazing . the dwarf jay is particularly sensitive to human presence , and any disturbance typically leads to the dwarf jay abandoning its nest ( 7 ) ( 9 ) .\nit is thought that the grey - barred wren ( campylorhynchus megalopterus ) and steller\u2019s jay ( cyanocitta stelleri ) may prey on the eggs and chicks of the dwarf jay , and a sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus ) has been observed attacking an adult dwarf jay ( 6 ) .\nthe dwarf jay has a small and fragmented distribution in south - eastern mexico . it was once thought to be restricted to southern veracruz and northern oaxaca , but recent surveys have also found small numbers of the dwarf jay in northern hidalgo , eastern quer\u00e9taro and central veracruz ( 7 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana )\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhardy , j . w . ( 1971 ) habitat and habits of the dwarf jay , aphelicoma nana . wilson bulletin , 83 : 5 - 30 .\nthe dwarf jay inhabits humid pine , oak and fir forest ( 8 ) , at elevations between 1 , 400 and 3 , 200 metres ( 7 ) .\nthe dwarf jay is a small , rare species of corvid . it is endemic to the mountains of southeastern mexico , where it occupies pine - oak - fir forests . although the dwarf jay is locally common within its range , it is a poorly known species . it is threatened by ongoing habitat loss , and its conservation status is rated as vulnerable .\ncompared with other jay species , the dwarf jay has a fairly small vocal repertoire , with just two main , nasal - sounding calls , either a \u201c shree - up \u201d in units of two or three or a single cry of \u201c shiev - a shiev - a \u201d ( 2 ) .\nthought to be a largely insectivorous bird , the dwarf jay is known to feed on weevils , bark beetles , crane flies and wasps , but it may also consume some plant fibre ( 8 ) .\nfoote , d . ( 2010 ) dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nthis endangered species is not currently known to be the focus of any specific conservation action . it has been recorded in benito ju\u00e1rez national park , but this is believed to offer the dwarf jay little protection in practice ( 7 ) .\nin march , the male dwarf jay presents food to the female as part of the courtship ritual . once a pair has formed , a tightly woven cup - shaped nest of mosses and lichen , lined with pine needles , is usually constructed in an oak tree at a height of about seven metres . the female dwarf jay typically lays two to three eggs , which are a pale greenish - blue , marked with olive spots . the eggs are incubated for around 20 days by the female alone , but the newborn chicks are fed by both parents ( 6 ) .\nclimate change poses a long - term threat to this species , as it is likely to alter the dwarf jay ' s preferred habitat ( 7 ) . for example , it has been predicted that climate change will result in tropical forest in southern mexico being replaced by savanna ( 10 ) .\nthe small , slender dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana ) is an attractive bird , with greyish - blue plumage and a distinct black \u2018face mask\u2019 ( 4 ) . a whitish \u2018eyebrow\u2019 stripe extends above each reddish - brown eye and the bill is black ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the throat is whitish and is separated from the rest of the underparts by a darker line . juvenile dwarf jays have a much smaller , less defined throat patch , which blends gradually into the rest of the plumage ( 4 ) .\n20 - 23 cm . small , slender and agile , blue jay . slate - blue except for black mask bordered by slight , whitish supercilium and whitish throat highlighted by diffuse breast - band .\nthe dwarf jay forages in groups containing between four and ten individuals , often in a flock with other bird species . it is an agile bird and may be seen hanging upside down as it searches amongst vegetation for food . it also investigates tree stumps , searches under peeling bark , and will break open plant galls in search of hidden larvae , as well as pursuing slow flying insects ( 8 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\ncyanolyca armillata and c . quindiuna ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as c . armillata following sacc ( 2005 & updates ) , sibley & monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) and stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\nthis species is considered vulnerable because it is believed to be declining rapidly in response to habitat loss .\n. it was feared extinct throughout this range except for the cerro san felipe in the sierra aloapaneca , where it remains quite common . however , it is now known to be more widespread . there are records from tangoj\u00f3 in extreme east quer\u00e9taro , north - east hidalgo , central veracruz and la chinantla in north oaxaca , and it may be locally common where suitable habitat persists ( m . angel mart\u00ednez , e . ruelas and r . sanchez pers . comm . to a . g . navarro\nin hidalgo the population density has been estimated at 4 . 4 individuals per km 2 ( m . mart\u00ednez - morales in litt . 2016 ) . assuming that this is representative and that only a proportion of its range is occupied , this would equate to a population of c . 4 , 100 individuals ; roughly equating to 2 , 750 mature individuals . trend justification : no quantitative data are available for the calculation of population trends ; however , the species is suspected to be declining rapidly in line with habitat degradation within its range .\nit has been observed in several humid montane forest - associations , but most abundantly in pine - oak - fir associations and areas with an even mix of pine and oak . laurel and abundant epiphytic growth are characteristic of these associations . lower densities occur in oak - dominated forest , and its occurrence in secondary growth depends on the predominance of the preferred tree - associations and nearby tracts of primary forest . suitable breeding habitat has a sufficiently open canopy to allow the development of a dense subcanopy . it forages mostly from the lower subcanopy to the higher shrub layer , where it gleans invertebrates from and around epiphytes . it occurs at elevations of 1 , 400 - 3 , 200 m ( rojas - soto\n, but only above 1 , 670 m in the centre and south of its range . this is plausibly a natural altitudinal distribution , but it may have been extirpated from the lower elevations in the south of its range . the breeding season begins at cerro san felipe in early april .\n. it is prone to nest - desertion following human disturbance , suggesting that there are few predators of adult birds . the continuing spread of west nile virus is not thought to pose a serious threat , and no related mortality has been detected in this species ( p . escalante\nclimate change is also expected to be an additional factor of habitat loss ( ponce - reyes et al . 2012 ) .\nbenito ju\u00e1rez national park . cerro san felipe is officially within benito ju\u00e1rez national park , but the boundaries of this relatively small reserve have never been demarcated ( salas\nsurvey to assess more precisely the extent of its distribution . demarcate and effectively protect the boundaries of benito ju\u00e1rez national park . protect sites where the species has been recently recorded .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\neffective protection of this national park has been recommended , as has the protection of other sites where this attractive bird has recently been recorded ( 7 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nincubated kept warm so that development is possible . insectivorous feeds primarily on insects . larvae stage in an animal\u2019s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . plant galls abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues caused by various parasites , such as fungi , bacteria , and insects .\nhowell , s . n . g . and webb , s . ( 1995 ) a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america . oxford university press , oxford .\ndunning , j . b . ( 2008 ) crc handbook of avian body masses . crc press , boca raton , florida .\nridgway , r . ( 1904 ) the birds of north and middle america . part iii . bulletin of the united states national museum 50 , government printing office , washington .\nmadge , s . and burn , h . ( 1994 ) crows and jays . a guide to the crows , jays and magpies of the world . houghton mifflin company , new york .\ncollar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madro\u00f1o nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change and has been profiled with the support of bank of america merrill lynch . to learn more visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanolyca nanus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 287 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nnatural vocalization ; calls from one of a pair of birds moving high through tall pine forest with a dense oak understory .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 125 side b track 7 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 125 side b track 4 seq . a )\na single bird responding aggressively to playback . poor photo of the same bird in this recording :\nnatural vocalization from one of several in mixed - species flock in pine - oak - dougfir forest . an unusual extended vocalization i ' d not heard before . the pecking was from a picoides villosus nearby .\nnatural vocalizations , possibly some soft - song . flock of several ( 5 - 7 ? ) individuals . in humid pine - oak forest .\nnatural vocalization ; extremely quiet whisper song from a bird perched part way up a tall pine tree in pine forest . an unfortunate amount of wind noise in this cut .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\na small blue - crested bird living in temperate woodlands , known for its harsh chirps .\nblue jays are a type of above ground vermin . they are found in any temperate area with trees . they may be captured in animal traps and turned into pets . all blue jays possess legendary skill in climbing .\nthis page was last modified on 20 january 2018 , at 21 : 49 ."]}
{"id": 618, "summary": [{"text": "lambula fuliginosa is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1862 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of montane forests , dipterocarp forests and lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are uniform , dark purplish brown with a diffuse , transverse medial band on the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "lambula fuliginosa", "paragraphs": ["lithosia fuliginosa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 106 ; tl : sarawak\nlambula fuliginosa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 1e , 40 , 43\nthis and the next species are very similar , being a uniform , dark purplish brown with a diffuse , transverse and faint medial band on the forewing . the forewing is more purplish , less rufous and darker in fuliginosa . in the male genitalia the valves of errata van eecke are broader , with the distal spine of the saccular part longer , more strongly and evenly curved .\nlambula bilineata bethune - baker , 1904 = bifasciata rothschild , 1912 = aroa .\nlambula errata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . leiden , 10 : 139 .\nlambula pleuroptycha turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 58\nlambula errata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 36\nlambula pallida ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 298 , pl . 2 , f . 37\nlambula contigua rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula dampierensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 332 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula hypolius rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : dampier i .\nlambula erema collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 202 ; tl : hivaoa , feani summit , 3970ft\nlambula plumicornis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 323 ; tl : manus , admiralty is .\nlambula melaleuca walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1890 ; tl : sula [ moluccas ]\nlambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula melaleuca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , f . 38 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula orbonella ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 ; [ nhm card ]\n= lambula laniafera ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : mt goliath , dutch new guinea , 5000 - 7000ft\nlambula castanea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 214 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\nlambula pallida hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 18 ; tl : borneo\nlambula laniafera hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 34 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula plicata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 98 , f . 33 ; tl : sw . new guinea , kapaur\nlambula bifasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , f . 68 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula bivittata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , f . 69 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 1 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nlambula phyllodes ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 99 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula pristina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula transcripta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 101 , f . 40 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nlambula errata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 139 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock\nlambula punctifer hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 100 , pl . 20 , f . 19 ; tl : new guinea , kapaur\nlambula agraphia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 558 , pl . 35 , f . 17 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay\nlambula castanea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 444 , pl . 25 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavobrunnea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 445 , pl . 25 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula flavogrisea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 447 , pl . 25 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nlambula aethalocis hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 446 , pl . 25 , f . 15 ; tl : br . n . guinea , angabunga r .\nselect a genera poliosia hampson - poliosia muricolor walker - poliosia quadrifida sp . n . - poliosia bifida sp . n . - poliosia sp . 5463 - poliosia marginata hampson - poliosia pulverea hampson - poliosia concolora sp . n . lambula walker - lambula fuliginosa walker - lambula errata eecke - lambula pallida hampson nishada moore - nishada chilomorpha adunca ssp . n . - nishada rotundipennis walker - nishada syntomiodes walker - nishada sambara moore tigrioides butler - tigriodes sabulosalis walker - tigrioides leucanioides walker - tigrioides puncticollis butler - tigrioides antipulvereola sp . n . mithuna moore - mithuna quadriplagoides sp . n . - mithuna fuscivena hampson stenaulis hampson - stenaulis discalis walker macotasa moore - macotasa suffusus talbot - macotasa biplagella butler - macotasa tortricoides walker - macotasa orientalis hampson teulisna walker - teulisna curviplaga rothschild comb . n - teulisna tumida walker - teulisna chiloides walker - teulisna pseudochiloides sp . n . - teulisna plagiata walker comb . rev . - teulisna quadratella sp . n . - teulisna reflexa sp . n . - teulisna tricornuta sp . n - teulisna nigricauda holloway - teulisna pallidicauda sp . n . - teulisna macropallida sp . n . - teulisna harmani sp . n . - teulisna nebulosa walker comb . n . - teulisna divisa walker comb . n . - teulisna montanebula sp . n . - teulisna uniplaga hampson comb . rev . - teulisna steineri sp . n . thysanoptyx hampson - thsanoptyx oblonga butler stat . rev . eilema hubner - eilema prabana moore - eilema costalboides sp . n . - eilema plumbeomicans hampson - eilema flavicosta moore - eilema fasciculosa walker - eilema decreta butler - eilema monochora turner stat . rev . - eilema pulvereola hampson - eilema sandakana draudt stat . n . - eilema brevivalva sp . n . - eilema trimacula sp . n . - eilema pseudocretacea sp . n . - eilema longpala sp . n . - eilema females - eilema sp . burnia moore gen . rev . - burnia antica walker comb . rev . - burnia sarawaca butler stat . rev . - burnia apicalis walker comb . n - burnia nebulifera hampson comb . n mantala walker - mantala tineoides walker euconosia watson - euconosia aspera walker - euconosia xylinoides walker stat . rev . - euconosia obscuriventris sp . n . pseudoscaptia hampson - pseudoscaptia rothschild draudt\nall material taken during the mulu survey was from lower montane forest at 1000m on g . mulu and at 900m on g . api except for one from 500m in hill dipterocarp forest on the former . the species has also been taken in lowland forest in brunei .\nscoliacma bivittata rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 215 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\npoliosia flavogrisea rothschild , 1912 ; novit . zool . 19 ( 2 ) : 216 ; tl : nr oetakwa r . , snow mtns , dutch new guinea\npalaexera phyllodes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 699 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\nlarva on raphia australis dunn , 1995 , victorian ent . 25 ( 1 ) :\ntigriodes [ sic ] transcripta lucas , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1069 ; tl : brisbane\nmacaduma umbrina rothschild , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 46 ; tl : utakwa r . , 3000ft\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nwalker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 619, "summary": [{"text": "mimacraea krausei , the krause 's acraea mimic , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the republic of the congo , the democratic republic of the congo , sudan , uganda , kenya and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lichens and moss growing on tree trunks .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they are dark sepia brown and reach a length of about 26 mm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "mimacraea krausei", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for krausei definition . you find here krausei meaning , synonyms of krausei and images for krausei copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word krausei . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word krausei and , of course , krausei synonyms and on the right images related to the word krausei .\nmimacraea is a genus of butterflies in the family lycaenidae . the species of this genus are endemic to the afrotropical realm . as the name suggests , mimacraea species are mimics of species in the acraea genus and related genera .\nlibert , m , 2000 . \u0096 r\u00e9vision du genre mimacraea butler , avec description de quatre nouvelles esp\u00e8ces et deux nouvelles sous - esp\u00e8ces ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) , abri \u0096 lambillionea , 72 pp . , 8 pl .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan african forest - dwellng genus whose members mimic acraeine nymhalids . recorded larval hostplants include lichens and mosses .\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 620, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes dammersi is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on eriogonum elongatum , eriogonum inflatum , eriogonum abrorescens , eriogonum fasciculatum , eriogonum grande , eriogonum latifolium and eriogonum parvifolium . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "chionodes dammersi", "paragraphs": ["dammersi ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331\ngelechia dammersi keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 242 , pl . 4 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes decolorella ab . colorella ( caradja , 1920 ) , described as gelechia decolorella ab . colorella and recorded from the alai mountains\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae . it is distributed throughout much of the world . the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331\nnova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\nnova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa , q . rubra , fagus grandifolia , carya hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53\n= ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15"]}
{"id": 621, "summary": [{"text": "the damara woolly bat ( kerivoula argentata ) is a nocturnal insectivorous species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae found in africa .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species typically has reddish brown fur on its back and white fur on its abdomen .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its natural habitat is moist savanna , although it has also been shown to inhabit woodlands and coastal forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "these bats typically weight about 10 g , and have a low aspect ratio , as well as low wing loading . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "damara woolly bat", "paragraphs": ["a young / baby of a damara woolly bat is called a ' pup ' . a damara woolly bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .\nmay remain associated with the female and offspring . however , there is no direct information about reproduction in the damara woolly bat\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - damara woolly bat ( kerivoula argentata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - damara woolly bat ( kerivoula argentata )\ntitle =\narkive species - damara woolly bat ( kerivoula argentata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nintroduction : as its name implies , the lesser woolly bat ( kerivoula lanosa ) is a smaller version of the damara woolly bat . it is an extremely rare species . their broad ears , with inner and outer edges curling inwards , give it a funnel - shaped appearance . they are associated with forests and riverine vegetation . the lesser woolly bat roost in weavers ' nests .\nintroduction : as it ' s name implies , the lesser woolly bat ( kerivoula lanosa ) is a smaller version of the damara woolly bat . it is an extremely rare species . their broad ears , with inner and outer edges curling inwards , give it a funnel - shaped appearance . they are associated with forests and riverine vegetation . the lesser woolly bat roost in weavers ' nests .\nthe damara woolly bat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nintroduction : the damara woolly bat is recognized by it ' s soft , woolly fur that grows away from the body as the paler tips curl up and give it a ' grizzly appearance ' . a braincase that rises to a high dome over the long rostrum and a fringe of hair along the edge of the interfemoral membrane are other significant characteristics of this species . it is larger than other woolly bat species .\nintroduction : the damara woolly bat is recognized by it ' s soft , woolly fur that grows away from the body as the paler tips curl up and give it a ' grizzly appearance ' . a braincase that rises to a high dome over the long rostrum and a fringe of hair along the edge of the interfemoral membrane are other significant characteristics of this species . it is larger than other woolly bat species . visitors on a guided tour or self drive safari in namibia may occasionally see this bat around dawn and dusk .\nthe damara woolly bat is a small member of the vespertillidonae , the largest and most widespread family of bats . covered in long , soft hair with curly tips , the woolly bats are most easily recognised by their grizzly appearance and by a fringe of hair which sits around the hind edge of the naked , reddish - brown interfemoral membrane , which stretches between the legs ( 3 )\nalong with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat and the egyptian slit - faced bat , dent ' s horseshoe bat can also be found in arnhem cave and rest camp .\nmany details of the damara woolly bat ' s biology and life history remain sketchy but there are a number of facts that researchers have identified . this bat is nocturnal and relies on echolocation to navigate and catch its insect prey . it has a low intensity call which lasts for around two millisecondswith a moderately high peak frequency ( 90 to 118 khz ) ( 4 ) .\nwhilst rare , the range of the damara woolly bat is vast , stretching across much of africa . countries in which it has been identified include angola , cote d ' ivoire , democratic republic of the congo , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , senegal , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe ( 2 ) ( 4 )\ncoloring : off - white to predominately dark grayish - brown long , woolly fur with a lighter shade on the abdomen to that of the back .\ncoloring : externally they are similar in size and appearance to the angolan epauletted fruit bat .\nefforts are being made to collect and record bat species throughout southern africa . by documenting bat species and numbers it is hoped that specific threats to rare species can be identified and controlled ( 5 )\ndistribution : the banana bat favors plantations near permanent sources of water which also provide appropriate roosting places .\nkunz , t . h . and fenton , m . b . ( 2003 ) bat ecology . chicage university press , chicago .\nintroduction : the angola free - tailed bat ( mops condylura ) roost in crevices , caves , attics and expansion joints in bridges . they are common in their distribution range , occurring in colonies ranging from a few individuals to several hundred , often in co - existence with the little free - tailed bat . at bridges , the angola free - tailed bat uses it ' s wings as air brakes prior to landing .\nintroduction : the angolan epauletted fruit bat is slightly larger in size to peters ' s epauletted fruit bat . many of their species have ' prominent transverse ridges in the soft palate ' to compress fruit pulp against the tongue . this enables them to withdraw juices and then throw away the pulp .\nintroduction : this small bat is known to emerge at dusk . small colonies take refuge during the day under crevices and loose bark from tall trees .\ndiet : the egyptian slit - faced bat hunts favourite insects and spiders , swooping from their perches once their flight path has been cleared by air - traffic control .\nintroduction : r\u00fcppells horseshoe bat occur in small colonies of about 12 , mainly in open woodland savannah and depends on a selection of shelters that include caves and hollow trees , ideal roosting places that protect them from the extremes of daily weather conditions . a characteristic of the horseshoe bat is the complicated nose structure which assists their extremely sensitive echolocation abilities .\nintroduction : the flat - headed free - tailed bat is a free - tailed bat , differing to others of the species by an extraordinary flattened skull . this is not apparent when the bat is alive . studies have discovered it has the ability to roost in the narrowest of rock crevices , impossible roosting destinations for other bats . another distinguishing feature is the lack of a sheathed tail membrane . they also have wrinkled upper lips and ' complex ears ' . their narrow , elongated wings enable them to fly fast and straight .\ndistribution : the flat - headed free - tailed bat head for open seasonal waters in the rainy season , specifically in the namib desert and at rosh pinah in southern namibia .\nintroduction : commerson ' s leaf - nosed bat is the largest insectivorous bat in southern africa . it has long hind legs and sharp , prominent dark claws . its well - developed canines are capable of inflicting a nasty bite . these features have lent some experts to believe that this bat may be carnivorous , although only preying on insects disproves this theory . colonies ranging from a few to several hundred roost in caves or in the hollows of trees . they are lone foragers at night and travel considerable distances to rest , groom and listen for prey .\nthis particular species often congregate in large colonies , numbering hundreds . a feature is the interaction between neighboring bat colonies , resulting in a fair amount of noise , centering around roosting space .\nintroduction : the cape serotine bat is one of the most widespread of the african species of bat . variations in size and appearance are considerable within serotine bats , but for the chiropterologists , the cape serotine bat is characterized by its 32 chromosomes . a feature of the serotine is its distinctive ' helmet ' on the skull . it can be found in a wide range of habitats , including desert s , as long as sufficient water , food and shelter exist . small colonies of around 6 roost under thick concentrations of leaves and in sheltered nooks of houses and barns .\nbreeding : schlieffen ' s bat mate in april / may and females store sperm until august when she gives birth to twin pups , who can fly and fend for themselves within a month .\nintroduction : the lesser yellow house bat ( scotophilus borbonicus ) is more common than the yellow house bat , but has a smaller distribution range . as its name suggests , it is the smallest version of yellow house bats . they are found in areas of tall mopane woodland , seeking refuge in the cracks and hollows of dead tree trunks , resting and roosting individually or in small groups .\nintroduction : yellow house bats have bulldog type facial features and are slightly larger than the lesser yellow house bat . it is associated with habitats such as woodland savannah . by day they roost in hollows and cracks in large trees and by night in isolated sections of roofing and cracks in walls . colonies of roosting yellow house bat are so quiet , occupants inside are usually not aware of their presence .\nintroduction : the aloe serotine bat ( neoromicia zuluensis ) is the smallest of namibia ' s 3 species of serotine bats , similar in size to the cape serotine bat . it is known to live in woodland savannahs and hunts in areas of permanent water . the name aloe refers to the ornithologist aus tin roberts collecting the species from the leaves of aloes . they roost in other retreats as well though , such as the roofs of buildings .\nintroduction : the common name of the straw - coloured fruit bat ( eidolon helvum ) refers to the fur colour on the shoulders and back . it is the largest bat in the southern sub region . it is common throughout the equatorial forests of africa and because of it ' s size , individuals have a migratory range that covers all of southern africa , including namibia . this is accounted for by their ' highly developed nomadic urge ' .\nlike many other species of leaf - nosed bat , they are cave dwellers . they also inhabit in the sanctuary of rock fissures , culverts , the dark interiors of desert ed buildings , disused mine adits and hollow trees .\nintroduction : the most remarkable aspect of the schreibers ' s long - fingered bat is the colossal colonies that are found in deep , dark , moist caves . at times over 300 , 000 individuals have been recorded , a feature that can be witnessed in namibia whilst staying at arnhem cave s and rest camp . the heat emitted from such numbers has been known to change the temperature of a cave . an insectivorous bat , it may live for at least 20 years .\nintroduction : the pale free - tailed bat ( chaerephon chapini ) like all other free - tailed bats , has wrinkled upper lips and a complex ear structure and long , narrow wings . a distinguishing feature of the pale free - tailed bat is the pale coloration of the fur , ( hence the name ) . it also owns an unusually long tuft of reddish and white erectile hair against the neck , where a fold of skin behind , joins the ears on the top of the head .\nintroduction : peter ' s epauletted bat is mostly found where indigenous fruit - bearing trees grow in particular fig - trees . the dense riverine forests that are found along the okavango and chobe rivers , as well as the kwando river are such areas .\ndiet : the egyptian slit - faced bat hunts favourite insects and spiders , swooping from their perches once their flight path has been cleared by air - traffic control . coloring : buffy - brown silky fur with slate - grey bases and buffy or off - white under parts .\ndiet : small soft - bodied insects living under the canopies of tall trees . coloring : the rusty bat is so called due to its reddish - brown colour of the upper parts , in contrast to its light grayish - brown under parts . it has completely black wing membranes .\nintroduction : information on this species is very scarce indeed . it is believed that it forages along river beds were greater concentrations of insect can be found . loose bark of the acacia trees , common along the kuiseb river are a favored roosting places for the namib long - eared bat .\nintroduction : the sundevall ' s leaf - nosed bat has best been described as small and fragile . it occurs widely in wooded savannahs . colonies are restricted to from just a few to several hundred and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave and rest camp .\nintroduction : the egyptian slit - faced bat is one of the most common bats in southern africa and the most widely found of the slit - faced bats . they can occur from a few individuals up to colonies of some 600 and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave rest camp . as with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat they inhabit deep , dark caves and hollow trees as a daytime destination . they are known to use regular night roosts for grooming and resting between feeding forays . after dark they hunt and feed ' on the wing ' .\nintroduction : darling ' s horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus darlingi ) like others of the species , are competent and active hunters mainly due to their broader wings and superior echolocation abilities . colonies normally number a few dozen . the species was named after a mining engineer j . darling who collected his initial specimens from mazoe in zimbabwe .\nintroduction : the hairy slit - faced bat ( nycteris hispida ) is a fragile creature and is characterized by 3 - lobed upper incisors . skin folds on the snout form a deep slit between the nostrils reaching up to the forehead . the importance of this feature is that sensitive organs connected to echolocation are safeguarded within this slit .\nintroduction : as populations of r\u00fcppells bat ( pipistrellus rueppellii ) are small in southern africa , they are not often seen and considered rare . subsequently information is low . what is known is their dental features , the shape of the tragi and their size . they roost in small groups in holes and crevices of trees in the day .\ntaylor , p . j . , cotterill , f . p . d . , van der merwe , m . , white , w . and jacobs , d . s . ( 2004 ) new biogeographical records of five rare bat species ( chiroptera : rhinolophidae and vespertilionidae ) from south africa . durban museum novitates , 29 : 104 - 108 .\nintroduction : dent ' s horseshoe bat is one of the smallest bats in southern africa . as it occurs in hot , dry regions they are dependant on deep caves that offer , cool , humid but stable interior living conditions . colonies vary from a few to several hundred . they roost on cave ceilings and cling to the walls of caves or from stalactites .\nintroduction : the egyptian slit - faced bat is one of the most common bats in southern africa and the most widely found of the slit - faced bats . they can occur from a few individuals up to colonies of some 600 and are one of the 6 species that can be found in arnhem cave rest camp . as with schreibers ' s long - fingered bat they inhabit deep , dark caves and hollow trees as a daytime destination . they are known to use regular night roosts for grooming and resting between feeding forays . after dark they hunt and feed ' on the wing ' . distribution : all over namibia but seldom found in forested areas . it is usually found in open woodland savannah and in the kalahari and namib desert s .\nintroduction : the little free - tailed bat ( tadarida pumila ) is the smallest of namibia ' s free - tailed bats . they roost in roof structures of buildings , taking as much as 80 % of the roof space to hide from predators . they are noisy tenants , present throughout the year and the smell of their body odor combined with guano makes them a most unpleasant visitor .\nintroduction : the common name of the mauritian tomb bat ( taphozous mauritianus ) was derived when the original specimen was collected from ' under the eaves of a tomb in mauritius ' . the afrikaans name is witlyfvlermuis , referring to the pure white belly . they are migrants and will move away in the colder , winter months , returning to the same roosting places when they return in summer .\nintroduction : schlieffen ' s bat is one of the smallest bats in southern africa . it is named after the collector count wilhelm von schlieffen - schlieffenburg . they roost individually or in small groups under protruding bark and crevices of holes in trees or rocks . this is one of the first bats out hunting at dusk . it has a labored and erratic flight pattern , manoeuvring around the skies to catch as many insects as it can in one sortie , especially by flying into insect swarms at night .\nintroduction : geoffroy ' s horseshoe bats are highly gregarious creatures that occur in colonies of several thousand if suitable roosting sites exist . one such site is at arnhem cave and rest camp . as with other rhinolophids they have the ability to hibernate in temperate regions and roost from ceiling sanctuaries . this allows them to tolerate colder conditions , especially with an associated lack of resident insect prey . during the summer months , geoffroy ' s horseshoe bat accumulates body fat , providing fuel to survive the colder winter months . they can then reduce body functions and lower heartbeat levels as low as 2 pulses per minute .\necholocation detecting objects by reflected sound . used by bats and odontocete cetaceans ( toothed whales , dolphins and porpoises ) for orientation and to detect and locate prey . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . interfemoral membrane the skin that stretches between the hind legs and tail of a bat , used in flight . nocturnal active at night .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is distributed in east africa and southern africa , with some records in southern parts of the democratic republic of the congo and possibly northern angola in central africa ( records are uncertain from this country ) . in east africa it has been recorded from kenya and tanzania in the north , through zambia , malawi and mozambique . in southern africa , it appears to be widespread in zimbabwe , with additional scattered records from northeastern south africa and central namibia .\nalthough this species is rarely encountered , it is not thought to be especially uncommon .\nthis species is generally associated with moist savanna habitats ( including bushveld ) ( taylor 2000 ) . roosting sites include deserted weaver bird nests , among clusters of leaves , on the bark of trees , and on traditional houses ( rondavels ) ( roberts 1951 ; smithers and wilson 1979 ; skinner and chimimba 2005 ) .\nthere appear to be no direct conservation measures in place . it has been recorded from the kambai forest reserve in tanzania by cunneyworth ( 1996 ) , and seems likely to be present in a number of protected areas within its range . further studies are needed to determine if the species is truly present in angola .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\n, and the ears are large and funnel - shaped , ending in rounded tips . the tragus , a fleshy projection covering the inner ear , is long and pointed\nperiod of 40 to 100 days . the female takes the bulk of the parental responsibility , but males of the\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\napps , p . ( 2000 ) smither ' s mammals of southern africa : a field guide . struik publishers , cape town .\nstuart , s . and stuart , t . ( 2007 ) field guide to mammals of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town .\nmonadjem , a . , taylor p . j . , cotterill , f . p . d . and corrie schoeman . m . ( in press ) bats of southern & central africa : a biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis . university of witwatersrand press , johannesburg .\nfullard , j . h . and thomas , d . w . ( 1981 ) detection of certain african , insectivorous bats by sympatric , tympanate moths . journal of comparative physiology , 143 : 363 - 368 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by jakob fahr - see more .\njakob fahr marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\nkerivoula argentata tomes , 1861\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\netel\u00e4afrikanvillakko\nto\nkerivoula argentata tomes , 1861\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncolouring : silvery - topped , reddish - brown fur on the upperparts and greyish - brown underparts and brown wings .\nthis remote lodge is a truly unique destination . stunning scenery , award winning conservation and highly personal service are just some of the reasons that just about everyone who knows namibia rates this as one of it ' s finest destinations\na small private lodge , with attentive management . activities centre on the huab river which attracts game and a wonderful variety of birdlife . this is the perfect destination to relax for a few days and enjoy the tranquility of the bush .\na non - profit organisation aimed at conserving namibia ' s cheetah population . the lodge offers superb photographic opportunities at scheduled cheetah feedings , and also offers guided game drives to view wild cheetah .\nthis lodge is such an institution that palmwag , which is no more than the lodge and a petrol station , is marked on every namibian map . an excellent location to explore the remote conservancies of north western namibia - and perhaps encounter some of the rare rhino or desert adapted elephant which the area is famous for\na mobile camp , specialising in finding desert rhino . offers a luxurious and exclusive experience .\nan upmarket lodge and spa on the banks of the kavango river . the only traditional luxury lodge on this stretch of river\na few kilometers east of rundu a nice functional lodge that more than adequately serves as an overnight stop while travelling through the kavango and zambezi region . the rooms , bar and restaurant area offer lovely views of the kavango river .\na rustic river side campsite and lodge offering excellent value for money . a lively bar and restaurant ensures this appeals to the younger or more socially inclined traveller\nrefreshingly , and surprisingly for the area , this lodge does not have the word ' river ' as part of its name . do not be misled it is situated on the banks of the river opposite the caprivi game park ( bwabwata national park )\nnear the village of divundu , this small but wonderfully managed lodge is a perennial favourite of ours . lovely wooden chalets , with large decks overlook the river . those wanting to experience the river can choose from fishing and sunset river cruises\na small lodge a short distance west of rundu . the rooms have river views and guests can choose from a range of activities\ni dream africa provides a comprehensive directory of activities , hot spots , top locations etc . in namibia . combined with the directory , i dream africa also provides tour packages allowing clients to experience namibia at its best .\ndistribution : erongo mountains in damaraland . baynes , omavandaberge and otjihipa mountains , and the black hills , all in kaokoland .\ndiet : small soft - bodied insects . coloring : yellowish - brown hair with white under parts . the wings are blackish - brown .\nbreeding : females normally give birth to twins around late november and early december .\nsize : males 80mm , females 90mm . weight : males 5 . 9g , females 7 . 3g .\ncoloring : yellowish - brown hair with white under parts . the wings are blackish - brown .\ncoloring : a rich dark brown fur with lighter under parts , a tawny throat colour with a grey - brown chest and a whitish belly . the wings are brown .\nintroduction : this species is so called due to its habit of small colonies ( of less than 10 bats ) roosting by day in the rolled - up leaves of the banana plant . small groups can also roost in the nooks and crannies in buildings and in the leaves of palms , due to its sucker pads on the thumb and soles of the rear feet .\ncoloring : various shades of brown fur on the back with lighter under parts . the wing membranes are brown .\nintroduction : butterfly bats are associated with open plant vegetation , semi - arid regions and riverine forests . they prefer thatched roofs , a feature of accommodation and lodges in northern namibia and are known to huddle in small groups of 10 in nearby thick vegetation .\ndistribution : north ern namibia n areas such as etosha national park , caprivi strip and further west along the kavango river regions reaching as far as epupa falls on the kunene river .\ncoloring : a dark , reticulated pattern ( similar to that of a giraffe ) opposite to its light yellow base wing colour .\ndiet : insect s over or on water or under the canopies of tall trees .\ncoloring : black - based fur , with yellowish - brown white tips . the wings are blackish - brown .\nbreeding : the female usually gives birth to twin pups during late november and early december . newly born off - spring cling on to the mother ' s fur and nipples on hunting expeditions .\ndistribution : widespread from windhoek , north to the angolan border , including etosha national park and as far east as the caprivi strip and victoria falls .\ndiet : small to large insects ( termite s to beetles ) with hard skeletons .\ncoloring : short , thick fawn fur , lighter on the head and back and light tawny undersides .\ncoloring : silvery - topped , reddish - brown fur on the upperparts and grayish - brown under parts and brown wings .\ncoloring : drab grey fur with a lighter shade of grey on the undersides . the wings are light grey - brown with light brown pointed ears .\nbreeding : female darling ' s horseshoe bats give birth to a single offspring , normally during the warmer , wetter early summer months .\ncoloring : pale grey to pale brown to pale cream soft and long hair .\ncoloring : buffy - brown silky fur with slate - grey bases and buffy or off - white under parts .\ndistribution : all over namibia but seldom found in forested areas . it is usually found in open woodland savannah and in the kalahari and namib desert s .\ncoloring : fur coloration varies from region to region and within a colony . in namibia they are tawny - olive to brownish - grey to dark seal - brown with lighter under parts in shades of grayish to white .\ndiet : moth s and small beetles and any ground insect can be caught due to their wing design . their flying ability permits them to land on the ground .\nindividuals or small colonies of up to 20 roost in dense bushes , houses and buildings , caves and ant bear burrows on a permanent basis .\ndistribution : tropical forests of the far - eastern caprivi strip , specifically zambezi river valley areas .\ncoloring : sepia brown fur , lighter on the undersides and dark blackish - brown ears and wings .\ncoloring : light to dark yellowish - brown smooth , short , silky fur with white or grayish - white under parts .\ndiet : little free - tailed bats consume an enormous amount of insects . they hunt flying insects above vegetation at speed in open air space .\ncoloring : brown or deep blackish - brown fur with light brown under parts with a characteristic variable median broad white band of fur from the chest to the anus .\nbreeding : female little free - tailed bats can have 3 pregnancies in one summer , giving birth to one pup per pregnancy .\nsize : total head and body length 90mm . weight : 11 . 5g .\nintroduction : this is the largest member of its genus in the southern region . only up to 6 long - tailed serotine bats are found at a time , roosting in places of refuge such as rock crevices , caves , mines and sheltered areas in buildings .\ndistribution : from the orange river in the south of namibia through the central highlands as far north as omaruru .\ncoloring : fawn upper parts in desert regions . a darker brown or blackish in areas of higher rainfall . the under parts are lighter but greyer and the ears and wings are dark brown .\nmauritian tomb bats can be identified by their elongated face with a pointed muzzle and short , broad ears . another prominent feature is their eyes , larger than other species of the same size . it is believed that they communicate by smell , as the glandular sac on the throat of the male excretes an aromatic substance .\nmauritian tomb bats occur in small harem groups of up to 12 , consisting of a mature male with mature females and their young . they roost by day in large trees . their grey fur blends in with the background of the bark making them hard to see . they also rest under thatched eaves of cottages , with individuals remaining on sentry duty throughout the day .\ncoloring : grey grizzled with white fur on the back with a pure white belly .\nintroduction : midas free - tailed bats ( mops midas ) are a gregarious species , occurring in colonies ranging from a few dozen to several hundred . they roost in variety of locations , ranging from hollows in dead trees , buildings and expansion joints in bridges , occupying these locations throughout the year .\ncoloring : short dark brown fur , ' sparsely flecked ' with white hair with paler under parts . wings are dark brown with a narrow band of white , silky hair at the base .\nsize : average body length 140mm . weight : 48 . 5g . the males are larger and heavier than the females .\ndistribution : water holes in the kuiseb river bed at the namib desert research station .\ncoloring : light fur consistent with desert animals . light fluffy - brown fur with olive - brown wing membranes .\ndistribution : dry woodland areas of northern namibia , living in small colonies not far from ruacana falls and mahango national park .\ncoloring : the fur on the back is a pale cinnamon - brown with off - white individual hairs at the base . the under parts of the body are grayish - brown with a whitish brown from the throat to the sternum . the wings are mainly white .\nintroduction : serotine bats roost in small groups in any nook or cranny of buildings , rocks and trees . they have been described as ' small , drab and unobtrusive creatures ' that frequent woodland savannah areas with permanent water .\ndistribution : caprivi strip especially bwabwata national park , chobe and zambezi river areas .\ndiet : rendall ' s serotine bats hunt for insects hovering around trees and shrubs , 2m above the ground .\ncoloring : it ' s most distinguishing feature from other serotine bats is a white , translucent wing membrane . fur is dark , chocolate brown at the base , changing to reddish - brown tips . the under parts are grayish - white , with pure white anal fur .\nsize : no more than 90mm in length . weight : adults weigh around 6 - 7 . 5g\ncoloring : the fur on the sides and back are grey . the pure white fur on the under parts makes it easily identifiable from other pipistrelles .\ndistribution : a very wide distribution in namibia less the namib desert and the extreme eastern kalahari flanks of the central highlands .\nbreeding : the female almost without fail gives birth to twins at the end of november or early december .\nweight : 3 - 4g . the females are always slightly larger than the male .\ndistribution : north ern namibia from the epupa falls region , etosha national park , caprivi strip to victoria falls .\ndiet : small soft - bodied insects at or near permanent sources of water .\ncoloring : short light fawn fur on the back with a paler fur on the abdomen . the wings are dark brown .\ndistribution : widespread in namibia from windhoek north to the kunene river and caprivi strip , less for the skeleton coast area .\ndiet : small , soft bodied insects , especially over concentrations of water at night .\ndistribution : from central namibia north to the angolan border including etosha park , the kavango region , kalahari desert and in isolated regions at the mouth of the orange river .\ndiet : individuals emerge at dusk to hunt . they have a keen sense of echolocation and catch small insects in their wings in flight .\ndistribution : north ern namibia from etosha national park stretching to epupa falls and the kunene river , along the kavango river , caprivi strip to victoria falls .\ndiet : individuals normally take 2hr night - time feeding sessions , catching insects in their wings .\ncoloring : adults have a bright yellow belly with short brown fur tinged with olive , red or grey . the wings are translucent and brown .\nsize : average body length 130mm . weight : 27g . megachiroptera ( large bats or megabats ) found in namibia :\ndistribution : in the far north of namibia , specifically from epupa falls to oshakati regions to the angolan border .\ndiet : mainly larger fruits such as papayas , flowers , buds and nectar .\ndiet : mangoes , paw - paws , avocados , figs , bananas and passion fruit and other soft , pulpy fruits .\ncoloring : straw - coloured fur on the shoulders and back with darker brown hair on the rump and lighter under parts .\nbreeding : a single young is born in november and carried by the mother until it can fend for itself . ( but only in the tropical forest region of their range ) .\nsize : total body length 190mm . weight : 240 - 280g . wingspan : 750mm .\nwhy do so many people travel to namibia ? one key reason is certainly the country ' s outstanding wildlife . there are 192 mammal species . . . read more > >\nwhat is the real namibia ? how do you best see it ? the real namibia is slightly different to the one described in marketing brochures and . . . read more > >\nnamibia is a perfect starting point for anyone who has never self driven in africa before . you can cover huge distances on self drive in . . . read more > >\nwelcome to the magnificent sun - baked land of contrasts and geographical extremes wedged between the kalahari and the chilly south atlanti . . . read more > >\nthese small non - game animals live in burrows , either in colonies or small families . they all forage during daytime . some species , like th . . . read more > >\njoin this additional challenge to get a broader adventure perspective of a extraordinary country , rich of contrasts . this challenge is es . . . read more > >\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe journal of animal ecology is a peer - reviewed scientific journal publishing research in all areas of animal ecology . it began publication in 1932 , and as such is the second oldest journal of the british ecological society ( after the journal of ecology ) . it is available both in print and online .\nthe journal is abstracted and indexed in cambridge scientific abstracts , biobase / current awareness in biological sciences , current contents , geobase , and the science citation index . according to the journal citation reports , the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 4 . 841 , ranking it 1st out of 149 journals in the category\nzoology\n[ 2 ] and 20th out of 131 journals in the category\necology\n. [ 3 ]\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\nkabbalah rav michael laitman , phd translation : chaim ratz editor : c . . . . . . m chaos to harmony the solution to the global crisis according to the wisdom\nkabbalah copyright \u00a9 2006 by michael laitman all rights reserved p . . . . . . uentin rd , 2nd floor , brooklyn , new york , 11223 , usa printed in canada no part\nthis book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 a communal society among\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 interdependenc . . . . . . here the will to exist is greater than in the vegetative . for the most part ,\nlive in groups , packs . they are very mobile and must constantl . . . . . . le and must constantly roam in search\nor other plants , and relate to them as a sou . . . . . . ay , the evolutionary origin\nmolecular biology and evolution . 14 from the biological poi . . . . . . m , the evolution\neco - nomic perspectives . volume 16 , number 2 . spring 2002 : p . . . . . . ool\nthis book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written . . . . . . this book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission\ncongress cataloging - in - publication data laitman , michael . kabbalah . . . . . . nviron - ment so they could fulfill their wishes . unlike minerals , plants , and\n, people constantly evolve . for every generation , and for each . . . . . . we are seeing in the world . ev - erything else in nature\u2014minerals , plants , and\n\u2014 instinctively follow nature\u2019s altruistic law . only human beha . . . . . . ourselves from egoism to altruism , everything else will be corrected , as well\u2014\n, famine , war , and soci - ety at large . enhanced perception there . . . . . . are five levels to our desires , divided into three groups . the first group is\ndesires ( food , reproduc - tion , and home ) ; the second is human de . . . . . . by doing so , we will be able to de - escalate the crisis and bring society and\nto a positive , constructive outcome . we will talk more about s . . . . . . italism , is failing to make its citizens happy . ac - cording to the new england\nmedicine , \u201cannu - ally , more than 46 million americans , ages . . .\nthis book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written perm . . . . . . book may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission\ncongress cataloging - in - publication data laitman , michael . kabbalah for . . . . . . l in our world is the least broken ( egoistic ) ; plants are more egoistic ,\n, and some minerals . the spiritual level isn\u2019t a separate level in i . . . . . . the smallest level\ndesires , and finally hu - - mans . . . . . . oing so , we will be able to de - escalate the crisis and bring society and\nto a positive , constructive outcome . we will talk more about such . . . . . . sm is failing to make its citizens happy . ac - - cording to the new england\nmedicine , \u201cannu - - ally , more than 46 million americans , ages 15 . . .\nutopia\u2014 book 4 a look at human values 1 \u2015 . . . . . . . . . uman values 1 \u2015 . . . and gulliver returns\u2016 - - in search\nutopia - - book 4 a look at human values by lemuel gulliver xvi . . . . . . r \u00a9 2008 isbn 978 - 0 - 9823076 - 3 - 2 2 table\ncontents in the hotel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285\nshould not have rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . worked fewer hours per year than workers in any other country . norwegian\nsaid it was because they worked harder\u2014this got a big laugh fr . . . . . . \u2015russia has about 5000 contract killings a year . fearless investigative\nanna politkovskaya\u2018s murder in 2006 was a sensation because it . . . . . . d interest in euthanasia , and had written a number\n. he then invented a machine by which seriously ill patients could . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npacific coast avifauna , vol . 2 : a distributional list of the birds of california ( classic reprint )\nthe fauna of british india , vol . 3 : including ceylon and burma ( classic reprint )\nhardwicke ' s science - gossip , vol . 26 : an illustrated medium of interchange and gossip for students and lovers of nature ( classic reprint )\nthe annals and magazine of natural history , vol . 15 : zoology , botany , and geology ( being a continuation of the ' annals ' combined with loudon and charl\nproceedings of the boston society of natural history , vol . 6 : 1856 to 1859 ( classic reprint )\na history of british william , vol . 4 of 4 ( classic reprint )\nproceedings of the united states national museum , vol . 86 ( classic reprint )\nproceedings of the united states national museum , vol . 77 ( classic reprint )\nbolet\u00edn de la real sociedad espa\u00f1ola de historia natural , vol . 19 : 1919 ( classic reprint )\nurltoken & reg2000 - 2018 ; | webster srl - p . iva it03556440281 - all rights reserved"]}
{"id": 623, "summary": [{"text": "cosmopterosis hispida is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by solis in 2009 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil ( rio de janeiro ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the apical two thirds of the forewings is rufous , while the costa and basal one fourth are creamy to yellowish white with brown-tipped scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a rufous spot in the area between the subbasal and medial lines on the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the postmedial and subterminal lines consist of brown-tipped scales . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cosmopterosis hispida", "paragraphs": ["26 . cephalaspida 27 . chara hispida 28 . chasmataspida 29 . chirodropida 30 . cleistocarpida 31 . coelolepida 32 . crataegus lepida 33 . cuspida 34 . cydippida 35 . detasamentul de interventie rapida 36 . dinoponera hispida 37 . domitia lepida 38 . dryopida 39 . eleutherocarpida 40 . elpida 41 . encyclopida 42 . estampida 43 . estupida 44 . est\u00fapida 45 . ficus hispida 46 . ficus insipida 47 . flauta cuspida 48 . galeaspida 49 . gaultheria hispida 50 . gaultheria insipida\n51 . gepida 52 . heliamphora hispida 53 . hirpida 54 . hispida 55 . holcocera chloropida 56 . insipida 57 . intrepida 58 . junia lepida 59 . kolotripida 60 . kolotrypida 61 . lacerta lepida 62 . lalitaditya muktapida 63 . lamoria idiolepida 64 . laocypris hispida 65 . lapida 66 . leperditicopida 67 . lepida 68 . linea tranviaria rapida 69 . lissanthe sapida 70 . l\u00e1pida 71 . macroglossum insipida 72 . monogynaspida 73 . myodocopida 74 . nassella lepida 75 . nectaspida\n76 . nektaspida 77 . neotoma lepida 78 . odostomia limpida 79 . olou tou kosmou i elpida 80 . onychopalpida 81 . opida 82 . oppida 83 . order anaspida 84 . order cydippida 85 . palaeocopida 86 . panorpida 87 . paracles insipida 88 . parasa lepida 89 . pedipalpida 90 . perreyea lepida 91 . phacopida 92 . phoca hispida 93 . phosphatocopida 94 . phyllolepida 95 . phyllostegia hispida 96 . pida 97 . pituriaspida 98 . platycopida 99 . podocopida 100 . psorosticha melanocrepida\nthe exposure to ultraviolet radiations ( uvr ) is the key source of skin sunburn ; it may produce harmful entities , reactive oxygen species ( ros ) , leading to aging . the skin can be treated and protected from the injurious effects of ros by using various pharmaceutical formulations , such as cream . cream can be loaded with antioxidants to quench ros leading to photo - protective effects . moreover , modern medicines depend on ethnobotanicals for protection or treatment of human diseases . this review article summarizes various in vivo antioxidant studies on herbal creams loaded with phyto - extracts . these formulations may serve as cosmeceuticals to protect skin against injurious effects of uvr . the botanicals studied for dermatologic use in cream form include acacia nilotica , benincasa hispida , calendula officinalis , camellia sinensis , camellia sinensis , nelumbo nucifera ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nmicracantha . crude extract from stem of thai medicinal plant was extracted with hexane , ethyl acetate , methanol and water . the antioxidant activities ( ic50 ) was evaluated with 1 , 1 - diphenyl - 1 - princylhydrazyl ( dpph ) radical scavenging assay . total phenolic content ( tpc ) was determined by using folin - ciocalteu method . bacterial activities was tested with four human pathogenic bacteria ; escherichia coli , listeria monocytogenes , staphylococcus aureus and stapylococcus epidermidis by using agar diffusion assay . minimum inhibition concentration ( mic ) and minimum bactericidal concentration ( mbc ) were also determined by broth dilution method . for antioxidant activity , the methanol fraction from stem extract showed the highest activity with an ic50 of 2 . 4 mg / ml . water extraction was the high tpc with 10 , 136 . 9 mg gae / g dry weight . methanol and water extraction showed the remarkable inhibition of bacterial growth was shown against l . monocytogenes and s . aureus . in addition , ethyl acetate , methanol and water fraction from stem extract against s . epidermidis . the present finding suggests that the extract of c . micracantha could be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as pharmaceutical products .\ncynophallophora l . ( capparaceae ) and drypetes roxburghii ( wall . ) hurusawa ( euphorbiaceae ) , are shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain protein - accumulating cells ( pac ) . the pac of armoracia and copparis ( former\nmyrosin cells\n) occur as idioblasts . the pac of drypetes are usual members among axial phloem parenchyma cells rather than idioblasts . in drypetes the vacuoles of the pac are shown ultrastructurally to contain finely fibrillar material and to originate from local dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum . the vacuoles in pac of armoracia and\nseem to originate in the same way ; but ultrastructurally , their content is finely granular . in addition , armoracia and\nare shown by both light and electron microscopy to contain dilated cisternae ( dc ) of the endoplasmic reticulum in normal parenchyma cells , in accord with previous findings for several species within brassicaceae . the relationship of pac and dc to glucosinolates and the enzyme myrosinase is discussed .\nspinosa l . ) fruits have been used as food as well as folk medicine in the treatment of inflammatory disorders , such as rheumatism . the present study was carried out to study the anti - inflammatory activities of c . spinosa l . fruit ( csf ) aqueous extract and to isolate main phytochemica . . .\nantiestrogenic compounds were investigated from thai indigenous plants for galactogogues since estrogen is reported to suppress lactation in breastfeeding women . the aerial parts of the thai medicinal plant\nflavicans , which has traditionally been used to promote lactation , gave the new compound capparoside a ( 1 ) , along with 28 known compounds . the leaves of vitex glabrata belong to the same genus as the chaste tree ( vitex agnus - castus ) , which is used traditionally to support lactation , and afforded the new compounds khainaoside a ( 14 ) , khainaoside b ( 15 ) , and khainaoside c ( 16 ) , together with six known compounds . the isolates were tested for their biological activity using the estrogen - responsive human breast cancer cell lines mcf - 7 and t47d . syringaresinol ( 3 ) and principin ( 6 ) , from c . flavicans , and khainaoside a ( 14 ) showed the most potent inhibitory effects on estrogen - enhanced cell proliferation among all compounds isolated . these results suggest that the lactation - promoting properties of c . flavicans might be related to the inhibitory effect on excess estrogen of women who experience insufficient breastfeeding and highlight the possibility of using v . glabrata leaves for their antiestrogenic properties .\nspinosa l . is an important medicinal species in the xinjiang province of china . ten natural populations of c . spinosa from 3 locations in north , central , and south xinjiang were studied using morphological trait inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity and population structure . in this study , the 10 issr primers produced 313 amplified dna fragments , with 52 % of fragments being polymorphic . unweighted pair - group method with arithmetic average ( upgma ) cluster analysis indicated that 10 c . spinosa populations were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the nei gene of c . spinosa populations in different regions had diversity and shannon ' s information index ranges of 0 . 1312 - 0 . 2001 and 0 . 1004 - 0 . 1875 , respectively . the 362 markers were used to construct the dendrogram based on the upgma cluster analysis . the dendrogram indicated that 10 populations of c . spinosa were clustered into 3 geographically distinct groups . the results showed these genotypes have high genetic diversity , and can be used for an alternative breeding program .\nover the past decades , there has been increasing attention on polyphenol - rich foods including fruits and vegetables on human health . polyphenols have been shown to possess some potential beneficial effects on human health and they are widely found in foods consumed by populations worldwide .\nspinosa ( c . spinosa ) is an important source of different secondary metabolites of interest to humankind . the traditional therapeutic applications of c . spinosa have been reported in ancient romans . numerous bioactive phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from different parts ( aerial parts , roots and seeds ) of c . spinosa which are responsible alone or in combination for its various pharmacological activities . therefore , this paper is a review of publications on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of c . spinosa . there is insufficient evidence to suggest that c . spinosa or its extracts are able to improve the biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and diabetes . however , these studies used different parts of c . spinosa plant , methods of preparation and types of solvents , which cause the evaluation of activity of c . spinosa difficult and involve quite heterogeneous data . there is also evidence , although limited , to suggest benefits of c . spinosa in improving human health . therefore , the relationship between c . spinosa and improved human health outcomes requires further study . pmid : 29364841\nspinosa l . ( caper bush ) is an economically and ecologically important perennial shrub that grows across different regions of iran . in this study , the genetic diversity and population structure of iranian genepool of c . spinosa is evaluated using inter simple sequence repeat ( issr ) markers . using 10 issr primers , 387 dna fragments ( bands ) were amplified from the genomic dna of 92 individuals belonging to twenty - one populations of c . spinosa , of which 378 ( 97 . 7 % ) were polymorphic . high level of genetic diversity ( percentage of polymorphic loci\u00e2 = \u00e2 98 . 2 % , h\u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 1382 , i\u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 243 ) , high genetic differentiation ( g st \u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 5234 ) and low gene flow ( nm\u00e2 = \u00e2 0 . 4553 ) among populations were observed . caper bush populations were divided into 4 groups in the dendrogram , pcoa plot and bayesian clustering results , mostly corresponded to their geographic regions . the results showed that there are value in sampling iranian caper bush populations to look for valuable alleles for use in plant breeding programs .\ndecidua was developed . multiple shoots were obtained from nodal explants on murashige and skoog ' s ( 1962 ) medium + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) naa + 5 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) bap + additives ( 50mgl ( - 1 ) ascorbic acid and25 mgl ( - 1 ) each of adenine sulphate , l - arginine and citric acid ) at 28 \u00e2\u00b1 2\u00e2\u00b0c , 12 h / dphotoperiod and 35 - 40 \u00ee\u00bcmol m ( - 2 ) s ( - 1 ) photon flux density . the shoots were multiplied by ( i ) subculture of nodal shoot segments onto ms + 0 . 1 mgl ( - - 1 ) iaa + 1 . 0mgl ( - 1 ) baph + additives , and ( ii ) repeated transfer of original explant onto ms + 0 . 1mgl ( - 1 ) iaa + mg l ( - 1 ) bap + additives , at intervals of 3 weeks . sixty to 70 % of the shoots rooted when pulse treated with 100 mg l ( - 1 ) iba in half strength ms liquid medium for 4h , and then transferred onto hormone - free half - strength agar - gelled ms basal saltmedium . incubation in dark at 33 \u00e2\u00b1 2\u00e2\u00b0c for 6d favoured root induction . in vitro hardened plants were transferred to pots .\nis a dioecious conifer species native of brazil . the rare occurrence of monoiceous specimens have been attributed to pathogenic infections or other injuries in adult trees . here , the morphological characteristics of male and female cones and pollen grains of a monoiceous a . angustifolia are described . male and female cones and pollen grains presented normal morphology , lacking any sort of injuries or infection and suggesting the existence of further grounds for the occurrence of monoicy in this conifer species .\nthere is great concern about the effect of climate change in arid and subarid areas of the tropics . climate change combined with other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation , fires and over - grazing can accelerate their degradation and , consequently , the increases in losses of biological and economic productivity . climate models , both local and global , predict that rainfall in the arid peninsula of la guajira in the colombian caribbean would be reduced and temperature would be increased as a result of climate change . however , as there are only suitable climate records since 1972 , it is not possible to verify if , indeed , this is happening . to try to verify the hypothesis of reducing rainfall and rising temperatures we developed a growth ring chronology of\nodoratissima in the middle peninsula of la guajira with 17 trees and 45 series which attain 48 years back . we use standard dendrochronological methods that showed statistically significant linear relationship with local climatic variables such as air temperature , sea surface temperature ( sst ) , annual precipitation and wind speed ; we also reach to successful relationship of the chronology with global climatic variables as the indices soi and mei of the enso phenomenon . the transfer functions estimated with the time series ( 1955 and 2003 ) do not showed statistically significant trends , indicating that during this period of time the annual precipitation or temperatures have not changed . the annual nature of c . odoratissima growth rings , the possibility of cross - dated among the samples of this species , and the high correlation with local and global climatic variables indicate a high potential of this species for dendrochronological studies in this part of the american continent .\novata is a member of capparidacaeae family has been used in phytomedicine with a lot of positive effects such as an antioxidative , antihyperlipidemic , anti - inflammatory , and antihepatotoxic agent . the aim of this study was to research the protective effect of c . ovata on 6 - mercaptopurine ( 6 - mp ) induced to hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats . the rats were divided into 4 groups : control , 6 - mp , c . ovataovate , and 6 - mp + c . ovata . a complete blood count was performed , liver function test and antioxidant enzymes levels such as superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , catalase , and malondialdehyde were measured in blood before and after a 14 - day test period . white blood cell and platelet counts were lower in the 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . hepatic transaminase levels were higher in 6 - mp group than the 3 groups ( p < 0 . 05 ) . superoxide dismutase , glutathione peroxidase , and cat levels were lower and malondialdehyde was higher in blood samples in 6 - mp group than other 3 groups ( p < 0 . 005 ) . in conclusion , our tests were showed that c . ovata may be useful in patients receiving 6 - mp therapy to prevent hepatotoxicity and in order to maintain uninterrupted therapy possibly reducing the risk of relapse . although additional studies ensure that\ndoes not affect 6 - mp antileukemic activity . we believe these results are important contribution to the literature .\nthe purpose of this study was to characterize the chemical compounds of adenostemma lavenia ( l . )\n( al ) and adenostemma platyphyllum cass ( ap ) using pyrolysis - gas chromatography / mass spectrometry ( py - gcms ) and proximate analysis . two species of adenostemma samples ( roots , stem and leaves ) about 1 mg was pyrolyzed directly at the optimum temperature of 600\u00e2\u00b0c . py - gcms was relatively fast , easy to use and without samples preparation and identification of the chemical compounds was carried out by comparison of the mass spectra obtained with those stored in wiley 7th libraries . the data of proximate analysis were statistically analysed using friedman test followed and hierarchical cluster analysis ( hca ) for data of py - gcms . the result of proximate analysis showed that a . lavenia ( l . )\n( al ) and a . platyphyllum cass ( ap ) contained 8 . 27 % ( al ) and 9 . 18 % ( ap ) of water , 11 . 52 % ( al ) and 17 . 84 % ( ap ) of protein , 5 . 67 % ( al ) and 6 . 33 % ( ap ) of fat , and 17 . 32 % ( al ) and 19 . 94 ( ap ) of ash . amines , aldehydes , fatty acids , terpenoids - steroids , alkaloids , aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons , phenolic , and oligopeptides as part of 125 chemical compounds of each species are identified by py - gcms analysis . hierarchical cluster analysis of pyrolysis products indicate not similitary of major chemical compounds of two adenostemma species .\nspinosa l . ) before and after a fermentation process . the phytochemical profiles were evaluated by high - performance liquid chromatography with uv and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection ( hplc - dad - esi - ms n ) . twenty - one compounds were characterized , and seven of them quantified . the main component of non - fermented berries was glucocapparin , which was degraded upon the fermentation process . most of the compounds were quercetin and kaempferol glycosides , epicatechin , and proanthocyanidins . the main differences observed upon the fermentation process were a decrease in epicatechin concentration , the hydrolysis of quercetin glycosides , and the degradation of glucosinolates . total phenolic and flavonoid contents , as well as the antioxidant activities by the in vitro antioxidant assays dpph and abts + , were determined , observing that the values were slightly higher after the fermentation process . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2018 elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .\nsicula ssp . sicula ) . this species has been characterized through the detection , isolation and quantitative evaluation of chemical markers ( polyphenols , flavonoids and glucosinolates ) . the chemical investigation showed a different composition between the two collection zones . while the total amounts of phenolics and flavonoids of the two samples were quite the same , their high - performance liquid chromatography profiles were very different . in both samples , the most abundant aglycone was quercetin which accounted for 60 % of total flavonoids . nuclear magnetic resonance data analysis allowed the identification of two compounds : 3 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic and 4 , 5 - dicaffeoylquinic acids which represented 6 . 67 % and 15 . 94 % , respectively , of the total amount of flavonoids in sample 1 . in sample 2 , these two acids were still present , but their percentages were much less ( 2 . 20 % and 1 . 71 % , respectively ) . as far as we know , this is the first report about the presence of dicaffeoylquinic acids in\n. with regard to glucosinolate content , sample 1 showed a higher content of glucosinolates . in both samples , glucocapparin was the most abundant compound . antioxidant activity of the methanolic c . sicula extracts using diphenyl picrylhydrazyl , \u00ee\u00b2 - carotene bleaching test and oxygen radical absorbance capacity showed that the sample 2 was more active than 1 . as regards the inhibition of no production , the extracts from sample 2 were more active than those from sample 1 .\ninternal genetic structure and outcrossing rate in a natural population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .\nthe internal genetic structure and outcrossing rate of a population of araucaria angustifolia ( bert . ) o .\nwere investigated using 16 allozyme loci . estimates of the mean number of alleles per loci ( 1 . 6 ) , percentage of polymorphic loci ( 43 . 8 % ) , and expected genetic diversity ( 0 . 170 ) were similar to those obtained for other gymnosperms . the analysis of spatial autocorrelation demonstrated the presence of internal structure in the first distance classes ( up to 70 m ) , suggesting the presence of family structure . the outcrossing rate was high ( 0 . 956 ) , as expected for a dioecious species . however , it was different from unity , indicating outcrossings between related individuals and corroborating the presence of internal genetic structure . the results of this study have implications for the methodologies used in conservation collections and for the use or analysis of this forest species .\ndecidua stems and flowers showed insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against bruchus chinensis . the lc50 values of these extracts were found to increase with the increase in the polarity of the extract at different exposure periods . for instance , after 96 h , the lc50 values were found to be 3 . 619 , 7 . 319 , and 10 . 151 microg for cd1 , cd2 , and cd3 , respectively . extract cd7 was effective only at higher doses . the toxicity was found to be dose - and time - dependent . the females laid lesser number of eggs , when exposed to sublethal doses of different extracts and pure compounds , as compared to control . the maximum oviposition deterrence index was found for extract cd1 followed in decreasing order by cd2 , cd3 , and cd7 . from extract cd1 , two compounds were isolated and characterized as triacontanol ( c1 ) and 2 - carboxy - 1 , 1 - dimethylpyrrolidine ( c2 ) . when the females were exposed to sublethal doses of these compounds , they laid lesser number of eggs as compared to the control . c2 was found to have a slightly greater oviposition inhibition effect than c1 . from fraction cd7 , one novel compound labeled as cdf1 has been isolated and identified as 6 - ( 1 - hydroxy - non - 3 - enyl ) tetrahydropyran - 2 - one . cdf1 has also shown insecticidal and oviposition inhibitory activities against b . chinensis at low concentrations .\nextraction and free radical scavenging activity of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nin this study , the optimization of the extraction conditions of polysaccharide from ' anji baicha ' ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n) ( ap ) was investigated by response surface methodology ( rsm ) . three main independent variables ( extraction temperature , time , ratio of water to raw material ) were taken into consideration . and then the free radical scavenging activities of the sample were investigated including scavenging effects of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals . the rsm analysis showed good correspondence between experimental and predicted values . . the optimal condition to obtain the highest yield of ap was determined as follows : temperature 76 . 79 \u00e2\u00b0c , time 2 . 48 h , ratio of water to material 22 . 53 ml / g . for the free radical scavenging activity , the ic50 values of vc and ap were 7 . 78 and 83 . 25 \u00ee\u00bcg / ml . and for the scavenging effect on hydroxyl radical , that of ap and vc were 1 . 80 and 1 . 69 mg / ml . ap showed excellent antioxidant activity . this exhibited ap had a good potential for antioxidant . the purification and structure needs to be study in further . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2015 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .\n( ttk ) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various diseases such as diabetic , inflammatory , and female - related disorders . polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) is a common endocrinological disorder in women of reproductive age , and hyperandrogenism is a prominent feature of pcos resulting in anovulation and infertility . in this study , we investigated the effects of a ttk extract on androgen generation and regulation of steroidogenic enzymes in vitro and in vivo . human adrenocortical nci - h295r cells were used to assess the effects of ttk extract on production of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone , as well as the protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes . further , a letrozole - induced pcos rat model was used in vivo to assess whether dietary administration of ttk extract restores normal hormones and reduces pcos symptoms . ttk extract significantly inhibited forskolin ( for ) - induced androgen production in nci - h295r cells and serum luteinizing hormone , testosterone , and follicular cysts , but not estradiol , were reduced in letrozole - induced pcos rats orally administered the ttk extract . in addition , ttk extract inhibits androgen biosynthesis through the erk - creb signaling pathway , which regulates cyp17a1 or hsd3b2 expression . ttk extract could be utilized for the prevention and treatment of hyperandrogenism and other types of pcos .\nali , hayssam m . ; khamis , mohamed h . ; hassan , fatma a .\nthis study was carried out at a greenhouse of sabahia horticulture research station , alexandria , egypt , to study the effect of sewage effluent on the growth and chemical composition of tipuana speciosa ( benth . )\nseedlings as well as on soil properties for three stages . the irrigation treatments were primary - treated wastewater and secondary - treated wastewater , in addition to tap water as control . therefore , the treated wastewater was taken from oxidation ponds of new borg el - arab city . results of these study revealed that the primary effluent treatment explored the highest significant values for vegetative growth and biomass , compared to the other treatments . in addition , the higher significant concentration and uptake of chemical composition in different plant parts were obtained from the primary effluent treatment during the three stages of irrigation . it was found that the concentration of heavy metals in either plant or soil was below as compared to the world - recommended levels . these findings suggested that the use of sewage effluent in irrigating t . speciosa seedlings grown in calcareous soil was beneficial for the improvement of soil properties and production of timber trees , and also important for the safe manner of disposal of wastewater .\nspinosa l . ) is a xerophytic shrub with a remarkable adaptability to harsh environments . this plant species is of great interest for its medicinal / pharmacological properties and its culinary uses . its phytochemical importance relies on many bioactive components present in different organs and its cultivation can be of considerable economic value . moreover , taxonomic identification of c . spinosa l . has been difficult due to its wide heterogeneity , and many authors fell into confusion due to the scarcity of genetic studies . the present review summarizes information concerning c . spinosa l . including agronomic performance , botanical description , taxonomical approaches , traditional pharmacological uses , phytochemical evaluation and genetic studies . this knowledge represents an important tool for further research studies and agronomic development on this indigenous species with respect to the emerging climatic change in the eastern mediterranean countries . indeed , this world region is particularly under the threat of global warming and it appears necessary to rethink agricultural systems to adapt them to current and futures challenging environmental conditions .\nspinosa l . could be a part of this approach . so , this review presents a state of the art considering caper as a potential interesting crop under arid or semi - arid regions ( such as eastern mediterranean countries ) within the climate change context . the aim is to raise awareness in the scientific community ( geneticists , physiologists , ecophysiologists , agronomists , \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 ) about the caper strengths and interest to the development of this shrub as a crop . pmid : 29118777\nspinosa l . in a systematic review : a xerophilous species of multi values and promising potentialities for agrosystems under the threat of global warming .\nspinosa l . could be a part of this approach . so , this review presents a state of the art considering caper as a potential interesting crop under arid or semi - arid regions ( such as eastern mediterranean countries ) within the climate change context . the aim is to raise awareness in the scientific community ( geneticists , physiologists , ecophysiologists , agronomists , \u00e2\u0080\u00a6 ) about the caper strengths and interest to the development of this shrub as a crop .\nchemical composition and allelopathic potential of essential oils from tipuana tipu ( benth . )\ncaffeine biosynthesis and degradation in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nto study caffeine biosynthesis and degradation , here we monitored caffeine synthase gene expression and caffeine and allantoin content in various tissues of four camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\ncultivars during non - dormant ( nd ) and dormant ( d ) growth phases . caffeine synthase expression as well as caffeine content was found to be higher in commercially utilized tissues like apical bud , 1st leaf , 2nd leaf , young stem , and was lower in old leaf during nd compared to d growth phase . among fruit parts , fruit coats have higher caffeine synthase expression , caffeine content , and allantoin content . on contrary , allantoin content was found lower in the commercially utilized tissues and higher in old leaf . results suggested that caffeine synthesis and degradation in tea appears to be under developmental and seasonal regulation .\nheavy metal content in tea soils and their distribution in different parts of tea plants , camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .\nsoils contaminated with heavy metals may pose a threat to environment and human health if metals enter the food chain over and above threshold levels . in general , there is a lack of information on the presence of heavy metals in tea [ camellia sinensis ( l ) . o .\n] plants and the soils in which they are grown . therefore , an attempt was made to establish a database on the important heavy metals : cadmium ( cd ) , chromium ( cr ) , nickel ( ni ) , and lead ( pb ) . for an initial survey on heavy metals , soil samples were collected randomly from tea - growing areas of tamil nadu , kerala , and karnataka , india . parallel studies were conducted in the greenhouse on uptake of pb , cd , and ni from soils supplemented with these metals at different concentrations . finally , metal distribution in the tea plants under field conditions was also documented to assess the accumulation potential and critical limit of uptake by plants .\ntransition rates of selected metals determined in various types of teas ( camellia sinensis l .\nteas and raw materials used as ingredients of herbal and fruit infusions ( hfi ) were analysed by means of icp - ms for their content of aluminium , arsenic , cadmium , copper , lead and mercury in the dry product and in the infusion . samples of tea ( camellia sinensis l .\n) were selected to include different origins , types ( black , green ) , leaf grades ( whole leaf , broken , fannings , dust ) and manufacturing techniques ( orthodox ,\ncrush , tear , curl\n) . the selected hfi raw materials ( chamomile , elderberries , fennel , hibiscus , mate , peppermint , rooibos and rose hip ) cover the most important matrices ( flower , fruit , seed , herb , leaf ) and reflect the economic significance of these hfi materials in trade . infusions were prepared under standardised conditions representing typical household brewing . transition rates for the investigated metals vary significantly but are mostly well below 100 % . we propose default transition rates for metals to avoid overestimation of exposure levels from tea / hfi consumption . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2016 . published by elsevier ltd .\npreparative separation of bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\nusing steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography .\nin order to utilize and control the invasive weed , bioactive compounds from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\nwere studied . steam distillation extraction and one step high - speed counter - current chromatography were applied to separate and purify the caryophyllene oxide , 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene , and caryophyllene from essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\n. the two - phase solvent system containing n - hexane / acetonitrile / ethanol ( 5 : 4 : 3 , v / v / v ) was selected for the one step separation mode according to the partition coefficient values ( k ) of the target compounds and the separation factor ( \u00ee\u00b1 ) . the purity of each isolated fraction after a single high - speed counter - current chromatography run was determined by high performance liquid chromatography . a 3 . 2 mg of caryophyllene oxide at a purity of 92 . 6 % , 10 . 4 mg of 7 , 11 - dimethyl - 3 - methylene - 1 , 6 , 10 - dodecatriene at a purity of 99 . 1 % and 5 . 7 mg of caryophyllene at a purity of 98 . 8 % were obtained from 200 mg essential oil of flaveria bidentis ( l . )\n. the chemical structures of these components were identified by gc - ms , ( 1 ) h - nmr , and ( 13 ) c - nmr . \u00e2\u00a9 2012 wiley - vch verlag gmbh & co . kgaa , weinheim .\nspinosa ( capparaceae ) traces pleistocene geologic and climatic changes in the western himalayas , tianshan mountains , and adjacent desert regions .\ncomplex geological movements more or less affected or changed floristic structures , while the alternation of glacials and interglacials is presumed to have further shaped the present discontinuous genetic pattern of temperate plants . here we consider\nspinosa , a xeromorphic tethyan relict , to discuss its divergence pattern and explore how it responded in a stepwise fashion to pleistocene geologic and climatic changes . 267 individuals from 31 populations were sampled and 24 haplotypes were identified , based on three cpdna fragments ( trnl - trnf , rps12 - rpl20 , and ndhf ) . samova clustered the 31 populations into 5 major clades . amova suggests that gene flow between them might be restricted by vicariance . molecular clock dating indicates that intraspecific divergence began in early pleistocene , consistent with a time of intense uplift of the himalaya and tianshan mountains , and intensified in mid - pleistocene . species distribution modeling suggests range reduction in the high mountains during the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) as a result of cold climates when glacier advanced , while gorges at midelevations in tianshan appear to have served as refugia . populations of low - altitude desert regions , on the other hand , probably experienced only marginal impacts from glaciation , according to the high levels of genetic diversity .\nspinosa , a xeromorphic tethyan relict , to discuss its divergence pattern and explore how it responded in a stepwise fashion to pleistocene geologic and climatic changes . 267 individuals from 31 populations were sampled and 24 haplotypes were identified , based on three cpdna fragments ( trnl - trnf , rps12 - rpl20 , and ndhf ) . samova clustered the 31 populations into 5 major clades . amova suggests that gene flow between them might be restricted by vicariance . molecular clock dating indicates that intraspecific divergence began in early pleistocene , consistent with a time of intense uplift of the himalaya and tianshan mountains , and intensified in mid - pleistocene . species distribution modeling suggests range reduction in the high mountains during the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) as a result of cold climates when glacier advanced , while gorges at midelevations in tianshan appear to have served as refugia . populations of low - altitude desert regions , on the other hand , probably experienced only marginal impacts from glaciation , according to the high levels of genetic diversity . pmid : 27314028\nblister blight disease , caused by an obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen , exobasidium vexans massee is posing a serious threat for tea cultivation in asia . as the use of chemical pesticides on tea leaves substantially increases the toxic risks of tea consumption , serious attempts are being made to control such pathogens by boosting the intrinsic natural defense responses against invading pathogens in tea plants . in this study , the nature and durability of resistance offered by chitosan and the possible mechanism of chitosan - induced defense induction in camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nplants against blister blight disease were investigated . foliar application of 0 . 01 % chitosan solution at 15 days interval not only reduced the blister blight incidence for two seasons , but also maintained the induced expressions of different defense related enzymes and total phenol content compared to the control . defense responses induced by chitosan were found to be down regulated under nitric oxide ( no ) deficient conditions in\u00e2 vivo , indicating that the observed chitosan - induced resistance is probably activated via no signaling . such role of no in host defense response was further established by application of the no donor , sodium nitroprusside ( snp ) , which produced similar defense responses accomplished through chitosan treatment . taken together , our results suggest that increased production of no in chitosan - treated tea plants may play a critical role in triggering the innate defense responses effective against plant pathogens , including that causing the blister blight disease . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2017 elsevier masson sas . all rights reserved .\nmechanism of fenpropathrin resistance in red spider mite , oligonychus coffeae ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , infesting tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .\nred spider mite ( rsm ) , oligonychus coffeae ( nietner ) ( acarina : tetranychidae ) , has gained special attention in view of their widespread occurrence as a pest on tea [ camellia sinensis l . ( o .\n) ] . the development of acaricide ( fenpropathrin ) resistance has been screened in field populations ( fps ) of rsms from different tea - growing regions of south india and compared with a laboratory - susceptible population ( sp ) based on toxicity bioassay , detoxifying enzyme activities , analysis of acetylcholine esterase gene ( ache , 2064\u00e2 bp ) , and their expression pattern using semiquantitative rt - pcr . the increased resistance ratio ( rr , 1 . 39 to 2 . 13 ) in lc 50 of fenpropathrin observed in field populations of rsm provides a baseline for screening the development of resistance to fenpropathrin . this resistance developed due to hyperexpression of detoxifying enzymes , i . e . , esterase ( rr of 1 . 43 to 2 . 53 ) and glutathione s - transferase ( rr of 1 . 11 to 1 . 86 ) , and overexpression of ache gene at 1 . 4 to 2 . 7 - fold . these results necessitate molecular studies and warrant the continuous monitoring of acaricide susceptibility and resistance pattern in order to analyze the usefulness of ache gene as target for developing alternate pest control strategies and management of pesticide resistance in tea ecosystem .\nprotects estrogen - deficient rats against disturbances of energy and glucose metabolism and decreases proinflammatory cytokines .\n( ttk ) and jakyakgamcho - tang ( jgt ) have been used for improving women ' s health and treating inflammatory diseases . we determined that the long - term consumption of these herbal extracts alleviates the progression of postmenopausal symptoms in high - fat - diet fed ovariectomized ( ovx ) rats , and further explored the mechanisms involved . five groups of ovx rats were fed high fat diets that were supplemented with either 2 % dextrin ( control ) , 2 % ttk ( 70 % ethanol extract ) , 2 % jgt ( water extract ) , 1 % jgt + 1 % ttk ( jgtt ) , or 30\u00e2\u0080\u0089\u00e2\u00b5g / kg body weight / day of 17\u00ee\u00b2 - estradiol ( positive control ) . after eight weeks of dietary intervention , the herbal treatments did not change the serum concentrations of 17\u00ee\u00b2 - estradiol or uterine weight in control rats , but they were higher in the positive - control group . ttk rats exhibited higher daily energy expenditure , particularly fat oxidation , without modifying the energy intake than the controls . ttk lowered the fat mass but lean body mass of the abdomen and leg were increased . jgt decreased periuterine fat mass and lean body mass more than the control but the decrease was not as much as ttk . ttk resulted in substantially lower serum concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines , tumor necrosis factor - \u00ee\u00b1 ( tnf - \u00ee\u00b1 ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein - 1 , than the control and jgt had lesser effect than ttk . insulin resistance , determined by homeostasis model assessment estimate for assessing insulin resistance ( homa - ir ) and insulin tolerance test , was reduced in the decreasing order of control , jgt , jgtt , and ttk and the homa - ir of ttk was similar to the positive control . ttk , but not jgt , enhanced glucose tolerance compared with the control , although the serum insulin levels in ttk were lower compared to the control . interestingly , the \u00ee\u00b2 - cell masses were much greater in the ttk and jgtt groups than in the control , and they were comparable to the positive control . the increases in \u00ee\u00b2 - cell masses in ttk and\ninfluence of cytokinins in combination with ga3 on shoot multiplication and elongation of tea clone iran 100 ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nthe use of in vitro culture has been accepted as an efficient technique for clonal propagation of many woody plants . in the present research , we report the results of a number of experiments aimed at optimizing micropropagation protocol for tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n) ( clone iran 100 ) using nodal segments as the explant . the effect of different combinations and concentrations of plant growth regulators ( pgr ) ( bap , tdz , ga3 ) on shoot multiplication and elongation was assessed . the influence of exposure to iba in liquid form prior to transfer to solid media on rooting of tea microshoots was investigated . the results of this study showed that the best treatment for nodal segment multiplication in terms of the number of shoot per explant and shoot elongation was obtained using 3\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l bap in combination with 0 . 5\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l ga3 . tdz was found to be inappropriate for multiplication of tea clone iran 100 as it resulted in hyperhydricity especially at concentrations higher than 0 . 05\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l . healthy shoots treated with 300\u00e2\u0080\u0089mg / l iba for 30\u00e2\u0080\u0089min followed by transfer to 1 / 2 strength ms medium devoid of pgr resulted in 72 . 3 % of shoots producing roots and upon transferring them to acclimatization chamber 65 % survival was obtained prior to field transfer . pmid : 24605069\nhealing mechanisms of the hydroalcoholic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of green tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . )\ngreen tea is an infusion of unfermented leaves of camellia sinensis ( l . )\n( theaceae ) , traditionally used for the treatment of obesity , hypercholesterolemia , and gastric complaints . this study evaluated the mechanisms involved in the gastric ulcer healing of the hydroalcoholic extract from green tea ( get ) , its ethyl acetate fraction , ( geac ) and epigallocatechin gallate ( egcg ) using the model of acetic acid - induced gastric ulcer in rats . the chronic gastric ulcer was induced by application of 80 % acetic acid on serosal mucosa of rats . after 7 days of oral treatment with get and geac , the ulcer area , mucin content , inflammatory parameters ( mpo and nag ) , and antioxidant system ( gsh and looh levels , sod and gst activities ) were evaluated . in vitro , the scavenging activity of get and geac were also measured . the antisecretory action was studied on the pylorus ligature method in rats . oral treatment with get and geac reduced significantly the gastric ulcer area induced by acetic acid . the gastric ulcer healing was accompanied by increasing of mucin content , restoration of gsh levels and sod activity , and reduction of mpo and looh levels . in addition , get and geac reduced the dpph free radicals in vitro . furthermore , the oral treatment of animals with get and geac did not alter the gastric acid secretion or cause signs of toxicity . collectively , these results showed that get had a pronounced antiulcer effect , possibly through maintenance of mucin content and reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress . in addition , the compounds present in its ethyl acetate fraction could be responsible for the extract activity .\ndevelopment of caps markers based on three key genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tea , camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n, including the two main cultivated sinensis and assamica varieties , was investigated based on pcr - rflp analysis of pal , chs2 and dfr , three key genes involved in catechin and tannin synthesis and directly responsible for tea taste and quality . polymorphisms were of two types : amplicon length polymorphism ( alp ) due to the presence of indels in two introns of pal and dfr , and point mutations detected after restriction of amplified fragments with appropriate enzymes . a progeny test showed that all markers segregated in a mendelian fashion and that polymorphisms were exclusively co - dominant . chs2 , which belongs to a multi - gene family , allowed for greater variation than the single - copy pal gene . based on nei ' s gene diversity index , var . sinensis was revealed to be more variable than var . assamica , and that a higher proportion of overall diversity resided within varieties as compared to between varieties . even though no specific dna profile was found for either tea varieties following any single pcr - rflp analysis , a factorial correspondence analysis carried out on all genotypes and markers separated the tea samples into two distinct groups according to their varietal status . this reflects the large difference between var . sinensis and var . assamica in their polyphenolic profiles . the sts - based markers developed in this study will be very useful in future mapping , population genetics and fingerprinting studies of this important crop species and other camellia species , as the primers have also proven successful in the three other subgenera of this genus .\nsuppressive subtractive hybridization approach revealed differential expression of hypersensitive response and reactive oxygen species production genes in tea ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nindications for three independent domestication events for the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\nbackground tea is the world\u00e2\u0080\u0099s most popular non - alcoholic beverage . china and india are known to be the largest tea producing countries and recognized as the centers for the domestication of the tea plant ( camellia sinensis ( l . ) o .\n) . however , molecular studies on the origin , domestication and relationships of the main teas , china type , assam type and cambod type are lacking . methodology / principal findings twenty - three nuclear microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic diversity , relatedness , and domestication history of cultivated tea in both china and india . based on a total of 392 samples , high levels of genetic diversity were observed for all tea types in both countries . the cultivars clustered into three distinct genetic groups ( i . e . china tea , chinese assam tea and indian assam tea ) based on structure , pcoa and upgma analyses with significant pairwise genetic differentiation , corresponding well with their geographical distribution . a high proportion ( 30 % ) of the studied tea samples were shown to possess genetic admixtures of different tea types suggesting a hybrid origin for these samples , including the cambod type . conclusions we demonstrate that chinese assam tea is a distinct genetic lineage from indian assam tea , and that china tea sampled from india was likely introduced from china directly . our results further indicate that china type tea , chinese assam type tea and indian assam type tea are likely the result of three independent domestication events from three separate regions across china and india . our findings have important implications for the conservation of genetic stocks , as well as future breeding programs . pmid : 27218820\nsingh , g . p . ; mangal , ravindra ; bhojak , n .\nsimultaneous measurement of effective thermal conductivity ( { lambda } ) , effective thermal diffusivity ( { kappa } ) and specific heat of ker fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites have been studied by transient plane source ( tps ) technique . the samples of different weight percentage typically ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 % ) have been taken . it is found that values of effective thermal conductivity and effective thermal diffusivity of the composites decrease , as compared to pure phenol formaldehyde , as the fraction of fiber loading increases . experimental data is fitted on y . agari model . values of thermal conductivity of composites are calculated with two models ( rayleigh , maxwell and meredith - tobias model ) . more\u00e2 \u00e2\u00bb good agreement between theoretical and experimental result has been found . \u00e2\u00ab\u00e2 less"]}
{"id": 624, "summary": [{"text": "echinus esculentus , the european edible sea urchin or common sea urchin , is a species of marine invertebrate in the echinidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in coastal areas of western europe down to a depth of 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is considered \" near threatened \" in the iucn red list of threatened species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "echinus esculentus", "paragraphs": ["variety echinus esculentus var . fuscus mortensen , 1903 accepted as echinus esculentus fuscus mortensen , 1903 ( accepted at subspecies rank )\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : echinus esculentus koster . jpg\nas trusted on the\nechinus esculentus linnaeus , 1758\npage .\nvariety echinus esculentus var . glacialis d ' yakonov , 1923 accepted as echinus esculentus glacialis d ' yakonov , 1923 ( accepted at subspecies rank )\nechinus esculentus showing tube feet , spines and pedicellaria at the mewstone in plymouth .\nno alien or non - native species is known to compete with echinus esculentus .\nvariety echinus esculentus var . tenuispinus norman , 1868 accepted as echinus tenuispinus norman , 1868 ( accepted at species rank )\nvariety echinus esculentus var . tenuispina norman , 1868 accepted as echinus tenuispinus norman , 1868 ( incorrect declination of infraspecific name )\nclose up of echinus esculentus showing tube feet , spines and pedicellaria at the mewstone , plymouth .\nphylum echinodermata , class echinoidea , order echinoida , family echinidae , echinus esculentus linnaeus , 1758 .\n1 . echinus esculentus was studied from four localities in the isle of man and from one in the clyde .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme added an association between\nfile : zeeegel3 . jpg\nand\nechinus esculentus linnaeus , 1758\n.\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : zeeegel2 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nechinus esculentus linnaeus , 1758\npage .\nbay - nouailhat a . , september 2005 , description of echinus esculentus , available on line at urltoken consulted on 09 july 2018 .\na comparison of the biology of echinus esculentus in different habitats . part ii | journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom | cambridge core\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - edible sea urchin ( echinus esculentus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - edible sea urchin ( echinus esculentus )\ntitle =\narkive species - edible sea urchin ( echinus esculentus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnichols , d . , 1979 . a nationwide survey of the british sea urchin echinus esculentus . progress in underwater science , 4 , 161 - 187 .\nechinus esculentus is probably regularly displaced to deeper water by storms . displaced specimens are able to move up the shore after displacement ( lewis & nichols 1979b ) .\nthe majority of echinus esculentus are subtidal although they occur occasionally in the lower intertidal . an increase in emergence will depress the height up the shore that this species can occur .\nbishop , g . m . , 1985 . aspects of the reproductive ecology of the sea urchin echinus esculentus l . ph . d . thesis , university of exeter , uk .\nmoore ( 1977 ) suggested that echinus esculentus was unaffected by turbid conditions . however , increased turbidity and resultant reduced light penetration is likely to affect macroalgal populations e . g . kelps , which are a preferred food species for echinus esculentus . however , it can feed on alternative prey , detritus or dissolved organic material ( lawrence , 1975 , comely & ansell , 1988 ) .\ngage , j . d . , 1992b . natural growth bands and growth variability in the sea urchin echinus esculentus : results from tetracycline tagging . marine biology , 114 , 607 - 616 .\nspecies with fragile tests , such as echinus esculentus and echinocardium cordatum were reported to suffer badly as a result of impact with passing scallop or queen scallop dredges ( bradshaw et al . , 2000 ; hall - spencer & moore , 2000a ) . kaiser et al . ( 2000 ) reported that echinus esculentus were less abundant in areas subject to high trawling disturbance in the irish sea . adults can repair non - lethal damage to the test and spines can be re - grown but most dredge impact is likely to be lethal . therefore , echinus esculentus is likely to be of intermediate intolerance to the effects of fishing activities for other species .\nwave exposure prevents urchins invading the sub - littoral fringe in exposed sites . higher levels of wave action are likely to depress the upper extent of echinus esculentus populations . decreased wave action is likely to allow the local urchin population to migrate into shallow water depths with resultant impact of algal communities . lewis & nichols ( 1979b ) reported that echinus esculentus migrated to shallow water after disturbance , an adaptation to being washed to deeper water by wave action . however , in the most wave exposed location in the british isles at rockall , echinus esculentus occurred in significant numbers as shallow as 15m below low water level ( keith hiscock pers . comm . ) .\ncomely , c . a . & ansell , a . d . , 1988 . invertebrate associates of the sea urchin , echinus esculentus l . , from the scottish west coast . ophelia , 28 , 111 - 137 .\ngage , j . d . , 1992a . growth bands in the sea urchin echinus esculentus : results from tetracycline mark / recapture . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 72 , 257 - 260 .\nbishop , g . m . & earll , r . , 1984 . studies on the populations of echinus esculentus at the st abbs and skomer voluntary marine nature reserves . progress in underwater science , 9 , 53 - 66 .\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . echinus esculentus linnaeus , 1758 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\nlewis , g . a . & nichols , d . , 1980 . geotactic movement following disturbance in the european sea - urchin , echinus esculentus ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . progress in underwater science , 5 , 171 - 186 .\nstott , f . c . 2009 . the food canal of the sea - urchin echinus esculentus l . and its functions . * . proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 125 , issue . 1 , p . 63 .\nmacbride , e . w . , 1903 . the development of echinus esculentus together with some points on the development of e . miliaris and e . acutus . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , series b , 195 , 285 - 327 .\nthe majority of echinus esculentus are subtidal although they occur occasionally in the lower intertidal . they are slow moving and unlikely to be able to return to water quickly . if exposed to desiccation it is likely to be intolerant of exposure to air and sunshine for 1 hour .\ngommez , j . l . c . & miguez - rodriguez , l . j . , 1999 . effects of oil pollution on skeleton and tissues of echinus esculentus l . 1758 ( echinodermata , echinoidea ) in a population of a coruna bay , galicia , spain .\ntyler - walters , h . , 2000 . echinus esculentus . edible sea urchin . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . ( august , 2002 ) urltoken\nat very wave exposed sites , echinus esculentus is unlikely to be present in shallow depths because of displacement by wave action . however , presence of this species as shallow as 15m depth at rockall suggests an ability to withstand severe wave action ( keith hiscock pers . comm . ) .\nnichols , d . , 1984 . an investigation of the population dynamics of the common edible sea urchin ( echinus esculentus l . ) in relation to species conservation management . report to department of the environment and nature conservancy council from the department of biological sciences , university of exeter .\nechinus esculentus occurred in kelp beds on the west coast of scotland in currents of about 1 knot . outside the beds specimens were occasionally seen being rolled by the current ( comely & ansell 1988 ) , which may have been up to 2 . 6 knots . urchins are removed from the stipe of kelps by wave and current action . echinus esculentus are also displaced by storm action . however , urchins were found to feed normally only when provided with ' good ' water flow ( boolootian 1966 ) . after disturbance echinus esculentus migrates up the shore , an adaptation to being washed to deeper water by wave action ( lewis & nichols 1979b ) . therefore , increased water flow may remove the population from the affected area ; probably to deeper water although individuals would probably not be killed in the process and could recolonize the area if the factor returned to its pre - impact condition .\nechinus e\u017fculentus linnaeus , 1758 ( incorrect original spelling ( iczn 4th ed . , art . 32 . 5 . ) )\nkozloff , e . n . & westervelt , c . a . jr . , 1990 . syndesmis rubida sp . nov . and s . albida sp . nov . ( turbellaria : neorhabdocoela : umagillidae ) from the sea urchin echinus esculentus . cahiers de biologie marine , 31 , 323 - 332 .\nmoore ( 1977 ) suggested that echinus esculentus was unaffected by turbid conditions . similarly , comely & ansell ( 1988 ) recorded this species in the presence of suspended material up to 5 - 6 mg / l . echinoderm pedicellariae keep the test clear of settling larvae , spores and presumably sediment particles . echinus esculentus is known to ingest sediment ( comely & ansell , 1988 ) possibly to extract microalgae . therefore , an increase in siltation may not kill this species but is likely to interfere with feeding and additional scour may reduce larval settlement . the increased turbidity associated with siltation is likely to adversely affect its main food species , the kelps , benthic macroalgae and epi - fauna .\ntyler - walters , h . , 2008 . echinus esculentus edible sea urchin . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nechinus esculentus linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 663 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]\ncomely & ansell ( 1988 ) noted that the largest number of echinus esculentus occurred below the kelp forest . similarly , lang & mann ( 1978 ) noted that young strongylocentrotus droebachiensis recruited in urchin barrens , suggesting that urchin recruitment is improved in the absence of kelp , presumably due to differences in microclimate , the absence of suspension feeders and other predators associated with kelp beds .\nunder hypoxic conditions echinoderms become less mobile and stop feeding . death of a bloom of the phytoplankton gyrodinium aureolum in mounts bay , penzance in 1978 produced a layer of brown slime on the sea bottom . this resulted in the death of fish and invertebrates , including echinus esculentus , presumably due to anoxia caused by the decay of the dead dinoflagellates ( griffiths et al . 1979 ) .\n( of echinus quinqueangulatus blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]\n( of echinus violaceus blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 80 [ details ]\n( of echinus auranticus blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]\n( of echinus pseudo - melo blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 77 [ details ]\nplanktonic development is complex and takes between 45 - 60 days in captivity ( macbride 1914 ) . development includes a blastula , gastrula and a characteristic , four armed echinopluteus stage that forms an important component of the zooplankton . the development of echinus esculentus is described in detail by macbride ( 1903 , 1914 ) . photographs of the echinopluteus and fully formed juveniles are given by todd et al . ( 1996 ) .\ncollecting of echinus esculentus for the curio trade was studied by nichols ( 1984 ) . he concluded that the majority of divers collected only large specimens that are seen quickly and often missed individuals covered by seaweed or under rocks , especially if small . as a result , a significant proportion of the population remains . he suggested that exploited populations should not be allowed to fall below 0 . 2 individuals per square metre .\nemson , r . h . , & moore , p . g . , 1998 . diet and gonad size in three populations of echinus esculentus . in proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference san francisco , california , usa , 5 - 9 august 1996 . echinoderms : san francisco ( ed . r . mooi & m . telford ) , pp . 641 - 644 . rotterdam : a . a . balkena .\nrecruitment is sporadic or variable depending on locality , e . g . millport populations showed annual recruitment , whereas few recruits were found in plymouth populations during nichols studies between 1980 - 1981 ( nichols 1984 ) . bishop & earll ( 1984 ) suggested that the population of echinus esculentus at st abbs had a high density and recruited regularly whereas the skomer population was sparse , ageing and had probably not successfully recruited larvae in the previous 6 years .\nechinus pseudo - melo blainville , 1825 ( incorrect original spelling ( mandatory changed according to iczn 4th ed . article 32 . 5 . 2 . 3 . - removal of hyphen ) )\nthe adults are slow moving and unlikely to be able to avoid smothering . a 5 cm layer of sediment is likely to affect smaller specimens more than large specimens . smothered individuals are unlikely to be able to move through sediment . however , individuals are unlikely to starve within a month . comely & ansell ( 1988 ) recorded large echinus esculentus from kelp beds on the west coast of scotland in which the substratum was seasonally covered with\nhigh levels\nof silt . this suggests that echinus esculentus is unlikely to be killed by smothering , however , smaller specimens and juveniles may be more intolerant . a layer of sediment may interfere with larval settlement . lewis & nichols ( 1979 ) found that adults were able to colonize an artificial reef in small numbers within 3 months and the population steadily grew over the following year . recruitment is sporadic or annual depending on locality and factors affecting larval pre - settlement and post - settlement survival .\nthe edible or common sea urchin ( echinus esculentus ) has a large , rounded ' shell ' , which is actually an external skeleton , correctly called a ' test ' , composed of calcareous plates . it is usually pinkish - red in colour but more rarely may be shades of yellow , green or purple ( 2 ) . the shape of the test varies depending on the depth of the water ; those of individuals living in shallow water tend to be more flat than those of individuals living in deep water ( 3 ) . the latin name for the genus ' echinus ' derives from the greek for ' spiny ' ; the test bristles with many protective reddish spines with lilac coloured tips ( 2 ) .\nechinus e\u017fculentus linnaeus , 1758 : koehler ( 1921 ) [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] koehler , r . 1921 . echinodermes . faune de france , 1 : 1 - 216 , 153 fig . [ urltoken ]\nminin , k . v . 2012 . vertical trends in morphological variability of sea urchins of the genus echinus from the northeast atlantic and arctic . paleontological journal , vol . 46 , issue . 8 , p . 927 .\n( of echinus swartzii nilsson & holst , 1817 ) nilsson , s . , & holst , a . ludvig . 1817 . collectanea zoologiae scandinavicae . londini gothorum : litteris berlingianis page ( s ) : 7 - 9 [ details ]\n( of sph\u00e6rechinus esculentus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\nthe genus echinus is derived from the greek ' echinos ' meaning ' a hedgehog ' . an omnivorous grazer feeding on seaweeds ( e . g . laminaria spp . sporelings ) , bryozoa , barnacles and other encrusting invertebrates . size range varies depending on age and locality , e . g . c . 4 cm at 1 year , 4 - 7 cm at 2 years , 7 - 9 cm at 3 years and 9 - 11 cm at 4 years . this species may hybridize with echinus acutus if sympatric .\ntyler , p . a . & young , c . m . , 1998 . temperature and pressures tolerances in dispersal stages of the genus echinus ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) : prerequisites for deep sea invasion and speciation . deep sea research ii , 45 , 253 - 277\nthe common sea urchin , echinus esculentus , is the largest urchin in our waters . most commonly it is an orangey brown colour and covered in little white bumps and orange spines . sea urchins belong to the phylum , echinodermata making them closely related to starfish , sea cucumbers and brittle stars .\nechidnodermate\ncomes from the greek meaning\nspiny skin\n. these slow moving creatures use their spines , not only for protection , but also to aid movement and also for trapping floating particles of food . a sea urchins spiny exterior is attached to a series of five chalky plates , fitting together like the segments of an orange forming the urchins skeleton known as a \u201ctest\u201d .\nsimilar species : echinus acutus has not been recorded by divers but may occur in shallow water on north sea coasts . it normally lives in deep water ( 200m + ) and has fewer spines with obvious , long , robust primaries 2 - 4 times the size of the smaller secondaries .\nmiddleton , david a . j . gurney , william s . c . and gage , john d . 1998 . growth and energy allocation in the deep - sea urchin echinus affinis . biological journal of the linnean society , vol . 64 , issue . 3 , p . 315 .\nechinoderms are generally unable to tolerate low salinity ( stenohaline ) and possess no osmoregulatory organ ( boolootian 1966 ) . at low salinity urchins gain weight , and the epidermis loses its pigment as patches are destroyed ; prolonged exposure is fatal . the coelomic fluid of echinus esculentus is isotonic with seawater ( stickle & diehl 1987 ) . there is some evidence for intracellular regulation of osmotic pressure due to increased amino acid concentrations . populations in the sublittoral fringe probably encounter reduced salinity due to low water and fresh water runoff or heavy rain and may tolerate low salinity for short periods . however , echinoderm larvae have a narrow range of salinity tolerance and develop abnormally and die if exposed to reduced or increased salinity .\nbright light and shading elicit well studied reactions in echinoderms . in echinoids shading results in the ' shadow reaction ' in which the pedicellariae and spines are pointed in the direction of the shade in a defensive reaction . echinoids move away from bright light and seek out crevices and / or cover themselves with debris such as shells and drift algae , the ' covering reaction ' ( see boolootian ( 1966 ) for discussion ) . movement of boats is unlikely to be noticed , especially under a kelp canopy in which light may penetrate intermittently with passing currents . if echinoids such as echinus esculentus react to the approach of divers and snorkelers at closer proximity , the reaction is likely to be short lived and insignificant .\n( of echinus globiformis lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome troisi\u00e8me . paris : deterville / verdi\u00e8re . 612 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 44 [ details ]\nechinus esculentus is a globular sea urchin between 10 and 17 cm in diameter . spines are short , around 1 , 5 cm long , thick and regular . their colour is variable : greenish or pale purple . the thick test is purple and red with five clearer bands on the ambulacral plates . when extending , tube - feet are clearly visible among the spines . they are used to adhere to subtratum . the common sea urchin lives on rocks where it feeds on seaweeds , especially laminaria , or bryozoans or other small invertebrates . it is found from surface to 50 m deep , and sometimes at depths up to 1200m , in the atlantic ocean from norway to portugal , in the english channel and the north sea .\n( of echinus globiformis lamarck , 1816 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\n( of echinus schwartzii nilsson , 1817 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\n( of echinus pseudomelo blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\n( of echinus quinqueangulatus blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\n( of echinus violaceus blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\n( of echinus aurantiacus ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 ; note : misspelling [ details ]\n( of echinus sphaera o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) m\u00fcller , o . f . ( 1776 ) . zoologiae danicae prodromus : seu animalium daniae et norvegiae indigenarum characteres , nomina , et synonyma imprimis popularium . hafniae , typiis hallageriis . 1 - 274 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 235 [ details ]\n( of echinus e\u017fculentus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of echinus sphaera o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\n( of echinus swartzii nilsson & holst , 1817 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 26 [ as e . schwartzii ] [ details ]\nthe common sea urchin , echinus esculentus , is constantly browsing any available surface for algae or invertebrate life . in the illustration you will see that the rocks are almost bare and that is largely due to the urchins activities . in this zone , which is around about 20m , there is little wave action so the urchins are not disturbed and huge numbers are present at times . on the underside of the urchin is a five - pointed beak - like arrangement which rasps food off the rocks . this is comparitivley powerful and few organisms can resist it . in shallower areas , and particularly on steep surfaces , wave action dislodges urchins that have managed to get up there in settled weather and the algae and invertebrate life is only affected minimally . see separate picture showing a common sea urchin ' s tube feet which it uses to cling on to rocks when necessary .\n( of echinus quinquangulosus ) blainville , h . m . d . de 1834 . manuel d\u2019actinologie ou de zoophytologie . ( f . g . levrault : paris , strasbourg ) : volume 1 ( text ) , 1 - viii , 1 - 644 ; volume 2 ( atlas ) , pls i - c . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 227 [ details ]\n( of echinus aurantiacus ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus quinqueangulosus ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus globiformis lamarck , 1816 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus schwartzii nilsson , 1817 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus pseudomelo blainville , 1825 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus quinqueangulatus blainville , 1825 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus violaceus blainville , 1825 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus sphaera o . f . m\u00fcller , 1776 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe common and scientific names suggest that this sea urchin is edible ( esculentus is the latin word for ' edible ' ) , yet only the reproductive organs ( roe ) can be eaten ( 5 ) . there is a large international market for sea urchin products , particularly the roe ( 6 ) . exploitation of sea urchins grew rapidly in many countries , and in many cases over - exploitation and collapse of the sea urchin populations followed ( 6 ) . there was a sea urchin fishery in cornwall in the 1980s , and the potential of a fishery in shetland has been investigated ( 2 ) . the edible sea urchin has also been collected commercially for the curio trade ( 2 ) .\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 663 [ details ]\ndistribution from low intertidal , but mainly in the sublittoral zone , down to 40 m depth , occasionally deeper , on rocks , stones or seaweed ; . . .\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .\n( of cidaris hemisphaerica leske , 1778 ) leske , n . g . 1778 . jacobi theodori klein naturalis dispositio echinodermatum . . . , edita et descriptionibus novisque inventis et synonomis auctorem aucta . addimenta ad i . t . klein naturalem dispositionem echinodermatum . g . e . beer , leipzig , xxii + 278 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 90 - 92 ; pl . 2 ( ? nicht gut leserlich ) : fig . e , pl . 40 : fig . 7 [ details ]\nhansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\nsouthward , e . c . ; campbell , a . c . ( 2006 ) . [ echinoderms : keys and notes for the identification of british species ] . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 56 . field studies council : shrewsbury , uk . isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2 . 272 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nhansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cidaris esculenta ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\n( of cidaris hemisphaerica leske , 1778 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinid\u00e6 , strongylocentrotid\u00e6 , parasaleniid\u00e6 , echinometrid\u00e6 . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 25 - 37 [ details ]\niucn red list category iucn red list 1996 low risk / near threatened ( vers . 2 . 3 ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded feeding on ; worms , barnacles ( e . g . balanus spp . ) , hydroids , tunicates , bryozoans ( e . g . membranipora spp . ) , macroalgae ( e . g . laminaria spp . ) , bottom material and detritus ( reviewed by lawrence 1975 ) .\nhayward & ryland , 1995b , mortensen , 1927 , fish & fish , 1996 , lawrence , 1975 , macbride , 1903 , kozloff & westervelt , 1990 , comely & ansell , 1988 , hyman , 1955 , gage , 1992 ( a ) , gage , 1992 ( b ) , nichols , 1979 , nichols , 1969 , emson & moore , 1998 , macbride , 1914 , nichols , 1984 , boolootian , 1966 , birkett et al . , 1998b , hayward & ryland , 1990 , julie bremner , unpub data , mortensen , 1927 , rees & dare , 1993 ,\ncommon on most coasts of the british isles but absent from most of east coast of england , the eastern english channel and some parts of north wales .\nabundant in the n . e . atlantic from iceland , north to finmark , norway and south to portugal . absent from the mediterranean .\nbedrock large to very large boulders small boulders artificial ( e . g . metal / wood / concrete ) rockpools under boulders caves crevices / fissures overhangs\nnichols ( 1979 ) estimates the maximum life span to be between 8 - 10 years , whereas gage ( 1992a ) reports a specimen ( based on growth bands ) of at least 16 years of age .\nthe number of eggs produced will vary with location and nutritive state of the adult but it is likely to be high . macbride ( 1903 ) states that a well - grown female contains about 20 million eggs .\nmaximum spawning occurs in spring although individuals may spawn over a protracted period . gonad weight is maximal in february / march in english channel ( comely & ansell 1989 ) but decreases during spawning in spring and then increases again through summer and winter until the next spawning ; there is no resting phase . spawning occurs just before the seasonal rise in temperature in temperate zones but is probably not triggered by rising temperature ( bishop 1985 ) . spawning may coincide with spring phytoplankton bloom although there is no evidence to substantiate this suggestion .\ncomely & ansell ( 1989 ) demonstrated differences in reproductive condition between sites and habitats . emson & moore ( 1998 ) noted that gonad size varied with diet in the isle of cumbrae , scotland ; specimens feeding on barnacles had a higher gonad index than those feeding within the kelp forest .\nsettlement is thought to occur in autumn and winter ( comely & ansell , 1988 ) . newly settled juveniles have an ambital diameter of 0 . 68 - 0 . 95mm ( nichols 1984 ) .\nlawrence , 1975 , macbride , 1903 , hyman , 1955 , gage , 1992 ( a ) , gage , 1992 ( b ) , nichols , 1979 , nichols , 1969 , emson & moore , 1998 , macbride , 1914 , nichols , 1984 , lang & mann , 1978 , bishop , 1985 , boolootian , 1966 , bishop & earll , 1984 , todd et al . , 1996 , julie bremner , unpub data , rees & dare , 1993 ,\nbiotic ( biological traits information catalogue ) by marlin ( marine life information network ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . based on a work at urltoken .\na large globular sea urchin , up to 15 - 16 cm in diameter at 7 - 8 years of age , although the largest diameter recorded was 17 . 6 cm . the test may be relatively flat in shallow water but taller in deep water . test pinkish - red but occasionally yellow , green or purple . spines closely cover the test and are reddish , usually with violet points and white bosses . primary and secondary spines and their bosses are similar in size , except in small specimens in which the primaries are conspicuous . ambulacral plates bear 3 pairs of pores . primary tubercles ( bosses ) found on every second or third ambulacral plate . all coronal plates bear pedicellariae ( modified spines ) . plates covering the mouth membrane bear small , club shaped spines as well as pedicellariae . globeriferous pedicellariae bear 1 lateral tooth below the terminal tooth . the polychaete flabelligera affinis may be found amongst its spines .\nfound on rocky substrata from the sublittoral fringe to circa 40 m , although it may be found at depths of 100 m or more .\nprimary and secondary spines and their bosses are similar in size , except in small specimens .\nturbellarian parasites syndesmis rubida sp . nov . and syndesmis albida sp . nov . ( kozloff & westervelt 1990 ) , the parasitic nematode echinomermella grayi and external parasitic amphipod euonyx chelatus ( comely & ansell 1988 )\nmoderately strong 1 to 3 knots ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 m / sec . )\nnichols ( 1979 ) estimates the maximum lifespan to be between 8 - 10 years , whereas gage ( 1992a ) reports a specimen ( based on growth bands ) of at least 16 years of age .\noccurred below the kelp forest . similarly , lang & mann ( 1978 ) noted that young\nrecruited in urchin barrens , suggesting that urchin recruitment is improved in the absence of kelp , presumably due to differences in microclimate , the absence of suspension feeders and other predators associated with kelp beds .\nthis marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .\nsea urchins are slow moving and unlikely to escape removal of their substratum . however , a proportion of the population would probably survive removal of algal substratum . investigation of the effects of algal destruction on populations of\nsuggested that populations of urchins do not migrate away from or starve in areas devoid of kelp , presumably because they are able to feed on alternative prey . areas lacking algae were dominated by young urchins up to 4 years after removal of the kelp suggesting that kelp barrens afforded improved recruitment ( lang & mann 1978 ) , presumably because of the lack of suspension feeding organisms associated with kelp beds . the presence of coralline algae in ' urchin barrens ' may encourage larval metamorphosis in echinoids ( pearce & scheibling 1990 ) .\n, 2000 ; hall - spencer & moore , 2000a ) . adults can repair non - lethal damage to the test and spines can be re - grown but most dredge impact is likely to be lethal . therefore , physical abrasion due to a passing anchor or dredge is likely to kill a proportion of the population and an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded . lewis & nichols ( 1979 ) found that adults were able to colonize an artificial reef in small numbers within 3 months and the population steadily grew over the following year . recoverability is probably high . however , recruitment is sporadic or annual depending on locality and factors affecting larval pre - settlement and post - settlement survival .\nlittle is known about the effects of heavy metals on echinoderms . bryan ( 1984 ) reported that early work had shown that echinoderm larvae were intolerant of heavy metals , e . g . the intolerance of larvae of\nto copper ( cu ) had been used to develop a water quality assessment . kinne ( 1984 ) reported developmental disturbances in\nexposed to waters containing 25 \u00b5g / l of copper ( cu ) . sea - urchins , especially the eggs and larvae , are used for toxicity testing and environmental monitoring ( reviewed by dinnel\nthe addition of nutrients may encourage the growth of ephemeral and epiphytic algae and therefore increase the food available to sea - urchin populations . lawrence ( 1975 ) reported that sea urchins had persisted over 13 years on barren grounds near sewage outfalls , presumably feeding on dissolved organic material , detritus , plankton and microalgae , although individuals died at an early age . the ability to absorb dissolved organic material was suggested by comely & ansell ( 1988 ) .\nis susceptible to ' bald - sea - urchin disease ' , which causes lesions , loss of spines , tube feet , pedicellariae , destruction of the upper layer of skeletal tissue and death . it is thought to be caused by the bacteria\nin the french mediterranean it is not known if the disease induces mass mortality ( bower 1996 ) . however , no evidence of mass mortalities of\ndo not migrate away after destroying an area of kelp , although individuals growth rate and gonad production decreases . over the next 3 - 4 years the population became dominated by younger urchins , suggesting that recruitment ( larval settlement and post - settlement survival ) was improved within the ' urchin barren ' ( lang & mann , 1979 ) . since\nis an omnivore it is likely that kelp harvesting will have little effect on the population and may improve recruitment in the short term .\nis an important grazer of epiflora and epifauna in the subtidal . it may have a keystone role in kelp communities , where grazing by sea urchins may control the lower limit of\nwas eaten in many parts of england ( pennant 1777 cited in nichols 1981 ) and may continue today locally . references to use in roman times may refer to\nmainly sold as a curio , ornament or occasionally as a receptacle and was collected by divers around the uk for the curio trade . it was the object of a specific fishery in cornwall in the 1980s . nichols ( 1981 ) pointed out that although most divers missed small specimens within kelp beds , population densities should not be allowed to fall below 0 . 2 per metre to conserve the species in the uk .\nthe possibility of a sea urchin fishery in shetland for the japanese market has been investigated recently ( penfold et al . 1996 ) .\nsea urchin development has been well studied ( macbride 1914 ) and echinoids form an important research organism in embryology , developmental biology , evolution , biochemistry and molecular biology studies .\nbirkett , d . a . , maggs , c . a . , dring , m . j . & boaden , p . j . s . , 1998b . infralittoral reef biotopes with kelp species : an overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine sacs . natura 2000 report prepared by scottish association of marine science ( sams ) for the uk marine sacs project . , scottish association for marine science . ( uk marine sacs project , vol v . ) . available from : urltoken\nboolootian , r . a . , 1966 . physiology of echinodermata . ( ed . r . a . boolootian ) , pp . 822 - 822 . new york : john wiley & sons .\nbower , s . m . , 1996 . synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish : bald - sea - urchin disease . [ on - line ] . fisheries and oceans canada . [ cited 26 / 01 / 16 ] . available from : urltoken\nbradshaw , c . , veale , l . o . , hill , a . s . & brand , a . r . , 2000 . the effects of scallop dredging on gravelly seabed communities . in : effects of fishing on non - target species and habitats ( ed . m . j . kaiser & de s . j . groot ) , pp . 83 - 104 . oxford : blackwell science .\ndinnel , p . a . , pagano , g . g . , & oshido , p . s . , 1988 . a sea urchin test system for marine environmental monitoring . in echinoderm biology . proceedings of the sixth international echinoderm conference , victoria , 23 - 28 august 1987 , ( r . d . burke , p . v . mladenov , p . lambert , parsley , r . l . ed . ) , pp 611 - 619 . rotterdam : a . a . balkema .\nfish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .\ngriffiths , a . b . , dennis , r . & potts , g . w . , 1979 . mortality associated with a phytoplankton bloom off penzance in mount ' s bay . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 59 , 515 - 528 .\nhall - spencer , j . m . & moore , p . g . , 2000a . impact of scallop dredging on maerl grounds . in effects of fishing on non - target species and habitats . ( ed . m . j . kaiser & s . j . , de groot ) 105 - 117 . oxford : blackwell science .\nhayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nhyman , l . v . , 1955 . the invertebrates : vol . iv . echinodermata . the coelomate bilateria . new york : mcgraw hill .\njncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken\nkaiser , m . j . , ramsay , k . , richardson , c . a . , spence , f . e . & brand , a . r . , 2000 . chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure . journal of animal ecology , 69 , 494 - 503 .\nkinne , o . ( ed . ) , 1984 . marine ecology : a comprehensive , integrated treatise on life in oceans and coastal waters . vol . v . ocean management part 3 : pollution and protection of the seas - radioactive materials , heavy metals and oil . chichester : john wiley & sons .\nlawrence , j . m . , 1975 . on the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins . oceanography and marine biology : an annual review , 13 , 213 - 286 .\nmacbride , e . w . , 1914 . textbook of embryology , vol . i , invertebrata . london : macmillan & co .\nmoore , p . g . , 1977a . inorganic particulate suspensions in the sea and their effects on marine animals . oceanography and marine biology : an annual review , 15 , 225 - 363 .\nmortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . london : humphrey milford , oxford university press .\nnational biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017\nnichols , d . , 1969 . echinoderms ( 4th ed . ) . london : hutchinson & co .\nnichols , d . , 1981 . the cornish sea - urchin fishery . cornish studies , 9 , 5 - 18 .\npearce , c . m . , & scheibling , r . e . , 1990 . induction of metamorphosis of larvae of the green sea urchin , strongylocentrotus droebachiensis , by coralline red algae . biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 179 , 304 - 311 .\npenfold , r . , hughson , s . , & boyle , n . , 1996 . the potential for a sea urchin fishery in shetland . urltoken 2000 - 04 - 14\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\nsmith , j . e . ( ed . ) , 1968 . ' torrey canyon ' . pollution and marine life . cambridge : cambridge university press .\ntodd , c . d . , laverack , m . s . & boxshall , g . a . , 1996 . coastal marine zooplankton : a practical manual for students . 2nd ed . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nursin , e . , 1960 . a quantitative investigation of the echinoderm fauna of the central north sea . meddelelser fra danmark fiskeri - og - havundersogelser , 2 ( 24 ) , pp . 204 .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\ndescription : the common sea urchin in shallow water in the british isles . globular in shape and pink in colour . the spines are abundant , relatively short and more or less all of one size in larger specimens . up to 15cm . diameter .\nhabitat : an almost ubiquitous species on hard substrata in northern britain especially in the infralittoral zone where it grazes on algae and encrusting animals .\ndistribution : found around most of the british isles but becomes rare in s . devon and dorset and absent in the eastern part of the english channel . also reported to be absent in parts of anglesey and n . wales .\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\ntest usually globular , more rarely depressed or subconical ; up to 16 cm in horizontal diameter . colour of test an intense red , on which the white spines are very conspicuous . more rarely it is pale purplish or pale green .\nwith few , usually thin , plates , mostly imbedded in the skin , which appears rather naked . three pore pairs in each ambulacral plate (\ntest closely covered with short spines , among which the primaries are scarcely conspicuous . in smaller specimens , the secondary spines are not as large as the primary ones . only every second or third ambulacral plate carries a primary spine .\nare fairly large , usually with only one lateral tooth on each side , below the end tooth . tridentate\nit is mostly found on hard - substrata with algae , but is found till depths of 1200 m .\nin the north sea , the species is common in all areas with hard - substrata . elsewhere it is distributed from finmark and iceland to the coast of portugal . it is not known from the mediterranean .\nmortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . humphrey milford , oxford university press : 471 pp .\nmoyse , j . & p . a . tyler , 1990 . echinodermata . in : p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ( eds ) : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe , volume 2 , molluscs to chordates . clarendon press , oxford : 839 - 871 .\npicton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . immel publishing : 96 pp .\nthe external skeleton of the edible sea urchin is known as the \u2018test\u2019 , the colour of which may vary from pinkish - red to purple , green or yellow .\nan omnivorous species , the edible sea urchin feeds on marine plants and invertebrates .\nthe common sea urchin browses on seaweeds and invertebrates ( 2 ) , moving along the sea floor by means of ' tube feet ' , which project out from the spines ( 4 ) . the mouth is located centrally on the underside of the test , and is furnished with a group of 5 specialised calcareous plates , known as an ' aristotle ' s lantern ' which acts as a jaw ( 4 ) .\nthe sexes are separate , breeding takes place in spring , and fertilisation is external ( 3 ) . a microscopic four - armed larval stage forms ; this ' echinopluteus ' larva is free - swimming and makes up an important part of the plankton for around 8 weeks , before undergoing a complex metamorphosis into a small urchin ( 3 ) . maturity is reached at between one and three years of age , and estimates of maximum lifespan vary from 10 to 16 years of age ( 3 ) ."]}
{"id": 628, "summary": [{"text": "the payara , hydrolycus scomberoides , is a species of dogtooth tetra .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this predatory fish is found in the amazon basin , where the tapaj\u00f3s river appears to the eastern limits of its range .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it was the first of four species to be described in the genus hydrolycus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "payara", "paragraphs": ["payara foundation is the home for payara server\u2019s and payara micro\u2019s code and documentation .\npayara foundation relies on the payara community for contributions to the payara server source code and documentation .\npayara micro maven plugin has three goals ; payara - micro : bundle , payara - micro : start and payara - micro : stop .\nto use payara micro is very easy . now payara micro is integrated with any ides by using payara micro maven plugin .\nupdated repository for payara dockerfiles . this repository is for the full profile of payara server .\npayara server & payara micro docker images are available for you to download from the docker hub .\nglassfish is a trademark of the eclipse foundation . payara is a trademark of the payara foundation .\nyou get exclusive access to extensively tested , fully supported binary builds of payara server and payara micro .\npayara foundation is a uk not for profit organisation that organises the development and promotion of payara server .\npreviously , there is a problem that it ' s difficult to develop applications for payara micro without payara server because no ides support payara micro directly . now it has solved to use payara micro maven plugin .\npayara server 5 development is coordinated by the payara foundation , a uk not - for - profit organisation .\nyou can now watch ondrej mihalyi , payara support engineer and steve millidge , payara ceo talks from . . .\nyou will benefit from payara\u2019s partnership with azul , providing you with access to use zulu enterprise - fully - supported builds of openjdk - with payara server and payara micro .\nyou get exclusive access to monthly releases of payara server and payara micro including crucial fixes and patches via the features stream .\nyou can request specific fixes to be backported to the version of payara server and payara micro you use in production where possible .\nmultibytecode ( charset = cp 932 ) is included in domain . xml . \u00b7 issue # 1827 \u00b7 payara / payara \u00b7 github\nusing payara support is also a vital form of contribution towards payara server development . our customers ' support subscriptions fund development and engineering effort of the payara server open source project - we would not be able to make the continuous improvements to payara server without their help ! to find out more about the payara support download our brochure here .\ngithub - payara / payara : payara server is an open source middleware platform that supports reliable and secure deployments of java ee ( jakarta ee ) applications in any environment : on premise , in the cloud or hybrid .\npayara 172 has various new features that are highly cloud - focused . a part of them , payara micro maven plugin is provided . it ' s a small but useful tools to develop applications running on payara micro .\n\u00a9 payara 2018 . all rights reserved . java & java ee are registered trademarks of oracle and / or its affiliates . glassfish is a registered trademark of eclipse foundation . payara and its logos are a trademark of payara foundation .\ni\u2019m very satisfied with the speediness and quality of replies from the payara\u2019s support team .\nour commercial support services give you 24 hour support for your production payara server environment .\nthe payara is featured in the first season of the animal planet show river monsters .\nlink to core documentation is broken + description looks outdated . - payara server \u00b7 gitbook\npayara ( cynodontidae et al . ) id and care guide 2 . 01 | urltoken\nraise tickets for bugs , incidents or questions related to payara server or payara micro , including any general questions you may have about configuration , deployment , security , monitoring and troubleshooting .\ngoal payara - micro : start doesn ' t use uber jar in default . the goal supports various option of payara micro , thus it ' s not specified to uber jar .\nif you want to know more information , see payara micro maven plugin ' s page .\nthe second is uber jar . we may run it either on cli directly or via the plugin ' s goals ; payara - micro : start and payara - micro : stop . the way to use the plugin can be integrated with any ides , so we ' re able to develop applications for payara micro easily even if we don ' t use payara server .\npayara foundation is a not - for - profit with the mission to ensure the continued development and maintenance of payara server as open source software for the benefit of its community of users .\nyes - payara will swim in schools of 6 or more in a very , very large space .\nitac software is happy with the level of commercial support payara has provided to our company since 2015 . all tickets raised were fast resolved , we are certainly pleased with the payara developers ' team reaction time .\nthe payara is almost identical in appearance to its close relative the sabertooth characin hydrolycus armatus , but the payara is almost twice as large . the payara can also be distinguished from its cousin by a small circular dark spot on its gill cover , while the same marking on h . armatus is more of a bar shape .\nwe are a dedicated team of professionals devoted to open source , java , our customers , and the community . we are major contributors to the development and engineering effort of the payara server open source project and the payara foundation .\nwe are a dedicated team of professionals devoted to open source , java , our customers , and the community . we are major contributors to the development and engineering effort of the payara server open source project and the payara foundation .\n1 unit = 1 payara server java virtual machine ( jvm ) , das or instance . 1 unit = 5 payara micro java virtual machines ( jvms ) . 1 unit = 6 cpu cores . cores can be physical or virtual .\nwe take glassfish , support it , add fixes , add enhancements and we release it as open source payara server .\nthere are also many types of frozen fishes that are very suitable for inclusion in the diet of tanked payara . since payara are more often sold as juveniles , common silversides work extremely well as a staple food fish due to their smaller size . of course , as the payara grow , their food will have to increase in size and quantity , too .\npayara baits payara feed on a number of baitfish , and i imagine most fish found in their area that are small enough to get in their mouths would work . where to get the big payara they are only found in the amazon . venezuela has historically had the best fishery for big ones at uraima falls but that has become a much dicier destination due to safety concerns . columbia , peru , and bolivia all have good fisheries , and bolivia is where i caught the fish pictured . other payara resources these guys are the best in the business at putting people on payara : urltoken , urltoken\nthe support team replies are speedy and the payara engineers are always happy to go the extra mile to clarify a query .\nsee here for all versions of payara server including tar . gz format , web profile , embedded and multi - language .\nwe have added full jcache support , enhanced jbatch functionality , replaced shoal with hazelcast for session clustering and are driving development of payara micro . a completely new way of running war applications on top of an embedded glassfish core , payara micro is ideally suited to cloud and microservice architectures with elastic clustering and no installation . payara micro can run war applications simply , using :\nwe have to create a war file before run payara - micro : bundle . the goal assumes the war file exists .\nirving , texas - - ( business wire ) - - exxon mobil corporation ( nyse : xom ) today announced it has discovered additional oil in the payara reservoir offshore guyana , increasing the total payara discovery to approximately 500 million oil - equivalent barrels .\npayara server 5 is a patched , enhanced , and supported application server derived from glassfish server open source edition 5 . x .\nthe following example dockerfile will build an image that starts payara server and deploys myapplication . war when the docker container is started :\na hot fix is a patched module , or modules , of payara server which we can provide to you if an urgent solution is required . these personalized fixes enable you to get a rapid problem solution for your current version of payara server running in production .\nthe payara is a large , difficult fish to keep . the biggest concerns with the payara are lack of space and food , and providing pristine water that is highly oxygenated . even if these needs are met , payara mysteriously do not survive long in captivity . they often live only for 6 months to a year , with only a few reports of keeping them for up to 2 years .\nthe payara ' s diet mainly consist of smaller fish ; they impale other fish with their sharp teeth and consume them . in the\npayara is a large fish species found in the amazon river basin and that is a popular fish among sport fishers . payara fishing allures a relatively large number of tourists to different fast moving waters in their natural habitats in brazil , bolivia , peru , ecuador and venezuela .\npayara micro , compatible with eclipse microprofile , is perfect for microservice and cloud environments . this microservices - ready version of payara server enables you to run war files from the command line without any application server installation . it is small , less than 70mb in size , and incredibly simple to use . with its automatic and elastic clustering , payara micro is designed for running java ee applications in a modern virtualized infrastructure .\nwe received guidance through professional support on payara server clustering features as web session and ejb which contributed to a quick resolution of our issue .\npayara server is a fully supported , developer - friendly , open source application server . payara server\u2019s architecture is innovative , cloud - native and optimized for production deployments . the application server , compatible with eclipse microprofile , is built and supported by a team of devops engineers dedicated to the continued development and maintenance of the open source software and committed to optimizing payara server as the best option for production java ee applications .\nyou will receive full support for a growing number of payara integration components including maven plugins , cloud connectors , docker images and ide connectors .\nthe docker container specifies the default entry point , which starts the default domain domain1 in foreground so that payara server becomes the main process .\nin default , this plugin uses payara micro 4 . 1 . 1 . 171 . unfortunately , this version cannot run on windows platform because of its bug . ( therefore payara micro 4 . 1 . 1 . 171 . 0 . 1 was released instead of it . )\npayara can reach a length of 120 cm or 47 inch and a weight of 18 kg ( 40 pounds ) they are extremely aggressive predatory fish that is found in fast moving water and rapids . payara fish are capable of eating fish that are half their own body size .\nthe payara are mainly known as a game fish and are prized by fisherman for their fighting ability . this is a member of the cynodontidae family , which are called sabre toothed tiger fish , dogtooth characins , or dogteeth tetras . the hydrolycus genus consists of four species . collectively , they are called pirandir\u00e1 or payara . its common names are vampire tetra , vampire characin , payara characin , and sabre toothed tiger fish .\nfeed your payara feeder fish and other live food . make sure to offer them a varied diet . you can often teach your payara to accept dead food such as frozen food and pieces of fish and it is sometimes possible to teach them to accept pellets although this isn\u2019t always the case .\nthe payara ' s most noticeable feature is the two long fangs protruding from its lower jaw . these fangs can be 4 to 6 inches long .\npayara fish usually hunts in open water rather then at the surface so sinking fish lures such as spoon and jigs are the best choice . make sure that you have enough line on your reel when fishing this fish since a payara easily can peel of up to 150 yards of line in the first few seconds of the fight . payara are usually fished on a catch and release basic since larger specimens today are becoming quite rare in many waters .\nthe default entry point starts the server in the domain1 domain . if you want to start it with a different domain , e . g . payaradomain , you may provide the domain name in the payara _ domain environment variable . the following would start payara server in payaradomain , without changing the entry point :\nthere are a lot of smaller payara and peixe - cachorro species present in the same areas and these usually makes better aquarium fish for the normal aquarist .\npayara micro 172 or later , it shows urls and rest endpoints in the end of starting log . so we ' re able to obtain the paths definitely .\nthe payara developer support service has been relevant to us not only in terms of sorting out issues but it has also contributed to expand our knowledge about the server .\nit best not too . that fish is a threat to other fish and even bigger fish . you can learn more info at payara , social behaviors . : )\npayara fish is mainly suitable for public aquariums and is not suitable to be kept in private aquariums unless their demand for space and fast moving water can be meet and most aquarist are not capable of meeting the requirements . a payara requires a very large aquarium or a large pond . i would not recommend keeping them in aquarium tanks / ponds smaller then 500 gallons ( 2000 l ) due to their size and even then it might be impossible to keep more then one payara due to their aggressiveness . i can however vouch for the fact that a payara fish makes a fascinating addition to any aquarium large enough to house them even if i haven\u2019t had the pleasure to keep one myself .\nin order to deploy applications , you can mount the $ deploy _ dir ( / opt / payara41 / deployments ) folder as a docker volume to a directory , which contains your applications . the following will run payara server in the docker and will start applications that exist in the directory ~ / payara / apps on the local file - system :\nit\u2019s regularly confused with the payara , h . armatus , though that species grows considerably larger , is popular with sports anglers and unsuitable for all but the very largest home aquaria .\n\u201cpayara - 2 confirms the second giant field discovered in guyana , \u201d said steve greenlee , president of exxonmobil exploration company . \u201cpayara , liza and the adjacent satellite discoveries at snoek and liza deep will provide the foundation for world class oil developments and deliver substantial benefits to guyana . we are committed to continue to evaluate the full potential of the stabroek block . \u201d\npayara server is an open source middleware platform that supports reliable and secure deployments of java ee ( jakarta ee ) applications in any environment : on premise , in the cloud or hybrid .\nthis microservices - ready version of payara server is perfect for cloud environments . compatible with eclipse microprofile 1 . 2 , small ( < 70mb ) and incredibly simple to use , it enables you to run war files from the command line without any application server installation . with its automatic and elastic clustering , payara micro is designed for running java ee applications in a modern virtualized infrastructure .\nthe well was successfully drilled by exxonmobil affiliate esso exploration and production guyana limited and encountered 59 feet ( 18 meters ) of high - quality , oil - bearing sandstone in the payara field .\npayara server is a patched , enhanced and supported application server derived from glassfish server open source edition 4 . x . visit urltoken for full 24 / 7 support and lots of free resources .\nlatest version of payara micro maven plugin is 1 . 0 . 0 - snapshot , thus it ' s not on maven central repository . at first we check out from github and build it .\npayara are as earlier mentioned much appreciated sport fish due to the impressive fights they put up . payara fish is usually considered to be one of the fiercest struggling freshwater fishes , offering a larger fight then other popular fishes from the area such as peacock bass . they also add to the sport of catching them by jumping up and down out of the water in a similar way to salmon .\nsince version 172 , payara server supports running asadmin commands automatically after the domain is started , including the deploy command to deploy applications . this is the preferred way to deploy applications on docker container startup .\n< build > < plugins > < ! - - snip - - > < plugin > < groupid > fish . payara . maven . plugins < / groupid > < artifactid > payara - micro - maven - plugin < / artifactid > < version > 1 . 0 . 0 - snapshot < / version > < / plugin > < ! - - snip - - > < / plugins > < / build >\nwhen running the domain1 domain , payara server automatically deploys all deployable files in the directory specified by the $ autodeploy _ dir environment variable ( it refers to the autodeploy directory in the domain directory of domain1 ) .\nbecause basically those are still young juvenile as an adult sabre tooth tetra can actually reach maximum length of 26 inches . there are also different variants of the fish and the most popular is the red tailed payara .\npayara server 5 is a drop in replacement for glassfish server open source with the peace of mind of quarterly releases containing enhancements , bug fixes and patches including patches to dependent libraries , as required , including tyrus , eclipse link , jersey and others . our vision is to optimise payara server and make it the best server for production java applications with responsive 24 / 7 dedicated incident and software support from the best middleware engineers in the industry .\nlarge catfishes should be excluded from a setup containing payara , as their nighttime forays will inadvertently freak out the payara and perhaps cause them to damage themselves by slamming into the tank\u2019s glass , canopy , and decorations , as well as into other fishes . that having been said , though , i did see one nice display of h . armatus that contained several large pleco - type sucker - mouth catfish . needless to say , the tank was spotless !\nour global team of specialist payara server support engineers delivers 24 / 7 production , development & migration support directly to our customers worldwide . when our customers need support \u2013 they get it straight from the engineers rather than an outsourced help desk employee .\npayara are characins belonging to the subfamily cynodontinae , the root of which literally translates from latin into \u201cdogtooth\u201d in english . they are capable of exceeding 3 feet in total length and nearly 40 pounds in overall weight\u2014now that\u2019s a big , toothy tetra !\nthis runs goal payara - micro : bundle with goal install . so that we may do only one step ` mvn install ` to build an application and create uber jar . ( i think it ' s very useful , don ' t you ? )\npayara generally do very poorly in aquariums that have bad water quality . on the whole , payara are very sensitive to water containing a high level of dissolved metabolites . i have found , through trial and error , that the best way to maintain proper water quality is to perform very large and very frequent water changes . never change a large percentage of water and clean the filter at the same time , however , as doing so will surely destroy too much of the beneficial bacteria colony , resulting in the aquarium becoming unbalanced . an unbalanced aquarium will have rising and falling levels of toxic compounds , such as ammonia , ammonium , and nitrites . payara that are exposed to these compounds will often break out in lesions , which quickly become infected and may lead to death .\nif you do want to try and keep tankmates with payara , there are a few species that i have seen work . first are some of the larger barbs , like spanner or tinfoil barbs . silver dollars seem to work well , too . some folks have kept large peacock bass in with their payara , but i fear that the peacock bass are too aggressive when it comes to feeding time , thus i would hesitate to house them together . the same is true for other large cichlids , like wolf cichlids or oscars .\nthis microservices - ready version of payara server is perfect for cloud environments . compatible with eclipse microprofile 1 . 2 , small ( < 70mb ) and incredibly simple to use , it enables you to run war files from the command line without any application server installation .\nthe ph , hardness , and alkalinity of an aquarium containing payara are not nearly as critical , so long as extremes are avoided . a general ph of 7 ( neutral ) is good . hardness and alkalinity measuring in the \u201cmoderate\u201d range is perfectly acceptable as well .\nthe enlarged canine teeth exhibited by payara enable them to trap their prey , thus allowing them to hold onto the fish until they can be positioned safely for ingestion , which occurs whole and head - first . only rarely are the eaten fishes actually punctured by the huge canines , but rather are held behind them before being swallowed . in aquariums , payara are more likely to just swallow the fish whole without employing this holding action ; perhaps in absence of a strong current , the need to hold their prey firmly is greatly reduced .\nthe support provided by payara has always been appropriate to the severity level of issues reported by bmw group . out - of - cycle patches were provided for more important issues which helped to fix problems in a short amount of time . regardless of where the root cause of the problem is located , either in payara server source code or application source code , the support team helped to find a solution and resolve the issue . bmw group has found that all major blocking issues have been resolved and newly found bugs are dealt with appropriately .\nsize information is wrong . hydrolycus scomb . is the smallest of the four payara species . h . armatus being the largest ( reaching 4\u2019 + in the wild and 2\u2019 + in aquariums ) . i have personally owned both species , and still own my hydrolycus armatus .\nin the wild , payara are often seen in groups , but in captivity , they tend to become belligerent towards their own species when kept in small groups . they can be kept in a school of 6 or more in a very , very large space or singly .\nthis fish will not survive if it feels crowded , so even though other large fish , such as a pacu or large catfish , will probably be able to survive in the same tank , the payara will do better if kept in a single species , single specimen tank .\njust a quick glance at their teeth should tell you that payara are obviously carnivorous by nature , and specifically they are considered piscivorous\u2014that is , they eat fishes . in aquariums , and as with all types of predatory fishes , it is best to attempt to convert these predators to a diet of non - living foods . today we are blessed with a variety of various types of fresh and frozen foods like never before . i cannot stress enough the importance of converting payara to a diet of fresh smelt , mackerel , or other type of non - living food fish .\npayara server installation is located in the / opt / payara41 directory . this directory is the default working directory of the docker image . the directory name is deliberately free of any versioning so that any scripts written to work with one version can be seamlessly migrated to the latest docker image .\npayara are extremely difficult to keep . these large predacious fish are best cared for in public aquariums or by the most experienced fish keepers with the space , financial ability , and dedication to care for them . they sometimes refuse food in captivity , and once feeding , need a varied diet of fish .\ni would like to thank paul reiss of acute angling for providing top - shelf information from first - hand knowledge of payara in their native waters , and i would like to extend a special thanks to the fine members of urltoken for their continued support and helpful knowledge about the predators covered in my column .\npayara or vampire characin are not exactly rare , but smaller , aquarium - sized specimens are hard to find . when shipped from south america , they take up a lot of space , which makes shipping costs high . if you are lucky enough to find one for sale , the price will be high .\nin his career as a producer and host of hunting and fishing shows for cable television , trevor gowdy has tangled with a wide range of trophy game fish , including 1 , 000 - pound hammerheads in the florida keys , giant stingrays off the coast of thailand and razor - toothed payara below venezuela\u2019s uraima falls .\nafter you have converted your payara to feed on non - living whole fishes , the next step is to get them to consume a variety of other forms of seafood . i have used chopped squid , clam , and fish flesh with good success over the years . but i should also mention here that i primarily have kept the sister species h . scomberoides , which is a smaller , more aquarium - tolerant species of payara that should not be confused with the mighty h . armatus . regardless , the care of h . scomberoides is nearly identical to that of its bigger cousin\u2014only with h . armatus everything must be much , much larger !\nbecause payara server doesn ' t allow insecure remote admin connections ( outside of a docker container ) , the admin interface is secured by default ( in both the default domain1 as well as payaradomain ) , accessible using https on the host machine : https : / / localhost : 4848 the default user and password is admin .\ntankmates are probably a no - no on a long - term basis . sure , while h . armatus is young it will be fine , as long as the tankmates cannot be swallowed and are not overly aggressive to the point that the payara stress out from their presence . i tend to err on the side of caution , however , and fear that tankmates will cause more harm than good with these fish\u2014especially at the going rate for h . armatus these days ! don\u2019t get me wrong , plenty of people keep payara with other fishes and have zero problems , i just prefer to maintain them in a single - species , single - specimen type of aquarium setup .\npayara are carnivorous piscivores . they only eat live foods , and they love fish , preferably live ones . appropriate aquarium fare includes live foods such as feeder fish , earthworms , and river shrimps . these fish could probably be trained to eat whole dead fish , such as frozen silversides and lancefish , but this has not been confirmed .\npayara are true giants in the fish world . known more as game fish than aquarium fish in their native waters , these fascinating creatures are a sight to behold in a large display aquarium . they grow to immense proportions and consume only meaty foods , but their care is easy so long as the basics are afforded to them . while volumes can be written about this interesting and exciting group of fishes , it simply cannot be done here . i invite you to visit one of the fine internet discussion forums advertised in this column for more information on these fishes and to speak to other hobbyists who are just as interested in learning all there is to know about the venerable payara .\nas strategic members of the eclipse foundation , we invest our resources and expertise to improve , innovate and develop open source technologies . we are involved in shaping the future of the industry via our direct contribution to eclipse jakarta ee ( payara\u2019s director , steve millidge , is a project management committee member ) , eclipse microprofile , eclipse ide and many other projects .\n< build > < plugins > < ! - - snip - - > < plugin > < groupid > fish . payara . maven . plugins < / groupid > < artifactid > payara - micro - maven - plugin < / artifactid > < version > 1 . 0 . 0 - snapshot < / version > < executions > < execution > < goals > < goal > bundle < / goal > < / goals > < / execution > < / executions > < configuration > < payaraversion > 4 . 1 . 2 . 172 < / payaraversion > < useuberjar > true < / useuberjar > < / configuration > < / plugin > < ! - - snip - - > < / plugins > < / build >\npayara are found in south america in the rio amazonas and its tributaries above the mouth of rio tapaj\u00f3s as well as in the orinoco river in venezuela . they inhabit clean , fast - flowing rivers where the water is turbulent , including rapids and at the bottom of waterfalls . they are often found in loose groups and feed on smaller fish , but the bulk of their diet consists of piranhas .\nspecies . however , the payara are a migratory fish and begin reproduction with the onset of the rainy season . they move from lakes and river channels into the rising waters of large rivers , migrating long distances upstream for spawning and feeding . presumably , it would be difficult to impossible breed them in an aquarium and would require a very large tank . for a description of breeding characin fish , see\nthe ideal tank for payara is one that has minimal decorations , as these fish will often strike them while in pursuit of prey\u2014especially if offered live fishes as feeders . the tank should have the sides and back painted black , or at least dark in color . this will bring out the fish\u2019s best colors . payara tend to inhabit deeper waters , so they are not accustomed to overly bright light , which may stress them in the ultra - clear water of an aquarium . speaking of lighting , the tank\u2019s illumination should be minimal and only afford the hobbyist to see sections of the tank clearly , which is generally referred to as \u201cspotlighting . \u201d several very large enclosures that i have seen have utilized this illumination technique ; it is really effective , visually speaking , and the fish seem to do very well with it .\nthe payara can reach up to almost 4 feet ( 117 cm ) in length and weigh just over 39 pounds ( 17 . 8 kg ) in the wild . in captivity , it is unlikely to reach more than about 12 inches ( 75 cm ) . its body is an iridescent silver , and its fins are semi - transparent , tinged with black towards the outer portions , and sometimes spotted with white .\nis a remarkable characin , but it is not your typical tetra . one look at the mouth of this fish and there will be no doubt that the payara is a vicious carnivore . this incredible fish has two large fangs on its lower jaw . these fangs can be 4 to 6 inches long . in fact , the two main lower teeth are so long that upper jaw has holes for them to fit into .\nwas described by cuvier in 1819 . the species is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names for this species are vampire tetra , vampire characin , vampire fish , cachorra , and chambira . the genus , which consists of four species , is collectively known as pirandir\u00e1 or payara . as members of the cynodontidae family , they are known as sabre toothed tiger fish , dogtooth characin , or dogteeth tetra .\nthe payara ' s elongated body is streamlined and very powerful . it tapers towards the tail and has a large , fan - shaped caudal fin . the head is large with a prominent , upturned mouth full of needle - sharp teeth and two long fangs . the two main lower teeth are so long that the upper jaw has holes for them to fit into . these fangs can be 4 to 6 inches long !\na payara aquarium should be decorated with large rocks and large pieces of bogwood to create hiding places for these fishes . plants are not required since plants are unusual in the fast moving waters they normally live in , in the wild . the aquarium should be very well circulated and you can not create to much water movement for these fishes as long as they are provided with a few large rocks behind which to rest .\nthe group collectively known as payara contains several species , but i will only be covering the venerable hydrolycus armatus in this article . the largest of the clan , h . armatus is capable of growing to more than 3 feet in total length , thus making it a very highly sought - after food and game fish in its native waters of northern south america\u2014specifically the rio orinoco drainage and the vast , winding rivers of the guyanas .\nh . armatus is a powerful , sleek , and fast - moving species that is adept at living in several habitats across its native range . paul reiss , a well - known professional fisherman and the owner and operator of acute angling , reports that payara are most commonly found in extremely fast - flowing water . in aquariums , we have found that they do not necessarily need such strong current in order to thrive , but they do prefer water that has some degree of turbulence to it .\nthese fish often only survive for 6 months to a year , with just a few having been reported as living up to 2 years . their short lifespan may be a result of a large bio load , resulting in nitrogenous waste . an extremely large aquarium is necessary to support a school of payara , and as they mature , their habitat requirements change . juveniles may live in less turbulent water , but adults are found in fast - moving currents , like rapids and the base of waterfalls .\none of the most striking displays that i have ever seen was a very large aquarium in germany , probably somewhere in the range of 2000 or 3000 gallons . the tank contained a single h . armatus and several huge , fully mature river stingrays . it had a deep sandbed and dim lighting . the payara was like a ghost swimming in and out of the shadows . i remember being surprised to see how little current there was in the tank , but the fish were all very healthy and flawless in condition .\nas strategic members of the eclipse foundation , the payara team is dedicated to helping shape the future of open source . our involvement allows us to support the sustainability of the community , participate in marketing programs , and have direct access to the governance of both the jakarta ee working group and the eclipse foundation . as active committers to the eclipse microprofile initiative we are also contributing to optimizing enterprise java for microservices architectures to help enterprises make their journey into the cloud , working closely with customers to shape jakarta ee to meet their future needs .\nthe payara , which is also sold as the saber tooth barracuda , vampire fish , vampire tetra , or saber tusk barracuda , is a popular species for large , aggressive aquariums . it can grow large enough to outgrow a lot of fish tanks , which presents a problem to the uneducated aquarist . it is recommended that they be fed live food , such as goldfish . they should be kept with fish that they cannot fit in their mouths , for example : siamese tigerfish , arowanas , gars , pacus , catfish , and pig - nosed turtle .\nthey are easily frightened so you must be careful not to make any quick movements when around their tank . payara have been known to fatally injure themselves by swimming into the sides of the aquarium when disturbed . it helps to cover the sides and back of the tank with either a dark aquarium background or paint them with a dark color . an overly bright light will also stress them out , so keep the lighting moderate and have some areas that are dim . a more subdued lighting coupled with a dark backdrop will bring out their best coloring too .\nthe payara is an extremely large predatory fish . because of their large adult size , and their propensity for schooling as juveniles , they need a very large aquarium . when first purchased as small juveniles , they may initially be kept in a large home aquarium . but eventually , be prepared to invest in a tank of 500 gallons or more with a better - than - average filter system . they require excellent water quality , and it must be well oxygenated . younger specimens may be fine with moderate water movement , but adults need strong , turbulent currents .\npayara are fast and aggressive feeders . these fish usually swallow their prey whole but will sometimes chop them into smaller , bite - sized pieces . they get large , too , so if you want to keep one as a pet , be prepared to have a very high feeder - fish bill . in fact , it can grow to about twice the size of its almost identical looking relative , the sabertooth characin hydrolycus armatus . this fish can reach up to about 4 feet ( 117 cm ) in length and weigh up to 40 lbs ( 18 kg ) , though aquarium specimens are usually only reach a quarter of that size , around 12 inches .\nthe vampire tetra can be kept in a large aquarium , but it takes a lot of work by a very advanced hobbyist to accomplish this . they are occasionally available and will readily adapt to aquarium life , but they are most often short - lived . they often only survive for 6 months to a year in captivity , with just a few having been reported as living up to 2 years . their short lifespan is due , in part , to their diet and their need for a top quality environment . vampire characin need a varied diet , so just feeding them goldfish is inadequate . sometimes , payara refuse to feed . it seems that once they reach about 12 inches , they mysteriously die .\nmy first experiences with payara were some 20 years ago now ( i can\u2019t believe i am even old enough to say that ! ) . anyway , i can remember cruising through the aisles of my favorite pet shops , and once in a while i would come across these big flashy silver fish with absolutely gargantuan teeth . i remember thinking they were such ugly and nasty critters , almost freakish - looking water wolves . who on earth would want such a thing in their tank ? granted , at the time i was into barbs and smaller \u201ccommunity\u201d species , and big predatory fishes were simply not an option for my 20 - gallon aquarium . fast - forward to 2006 and my , how things have changed !\ni would recommend attempting to train your payara off live food at an early age . i have had better luck with them learning this at a young age . it seems the older they get the more stubborn they get . the last batch i have obtained was a pack of 5 armatus at roughly the size of a quarter . they were actually to small to even eat rosies ( or tuffies ) so they were fed guppies up until about 2 inches . at that point they were switched to rosies . kept on rosies for about another 1 - 1 . 5 inches . i believe i made a mistake in how long i fed rosies . i believe you may have better luck getting them off live if you are to start feeding goldfish as soon as they are big enough to eat them . this will greatly increase your chances in getting them to go after krill as they are both orange in color , and the shape of freeze dried krill has more in common with goldfish then a rosie does .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndespite its fearsome appearance this species does not tend to attack similarly - sized fishes .\nit will eat fishes it can fit into its mouth , but there ' s no need to feed it live food in captivity .\nhydrolycus : from the greek hydro , meaning \u2018water\u2019 , and lykos , meaning \u2018wolf\u2019 .\nscomberoides : from the greek skombros , meaning \u2018tuna , mackerel\u2019 , and the suffix - oides , meaning \u2018similar to\u2019 .\ntype locality is given simply as \u2018brazil\u2019 but this species is currently understood to be widespread in the central and upper amazon river system in brazil , bolivia , peru and ecuador , with the rio tapaj\u00f3s in brazil appearing to mark the downstream limit of its range .\nthis species is pelagic and adults tend to be associated with flowing stretches of main river channels and larger tributaries of both white and black water rivers .\nreproduction occurs between november and april and adults perform long upstream migrations in order to do so .\nthe aquarium should ideally be designed to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized rocks , sand , fine gravel , and some larger water - worn boulders .\nthis can be further furnished with driftwood roots and branches if you wish but be sure to leave plenty of open swimming space .\nwhile the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy genera such as microsorum , bolbitis , or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the d\u00e9cor .\nlike many fishes that naturally inhabit running waters it\u2019s intolerant to the accumulation of organic wastes and requires spotless water at all times in order to thrive .\nit also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate degree of water movement so external filter s , powerheads , airstones , etc . , should be employed as necessary .\nas stable water conditions are obligatory for its well - being this fish should never be added to biologically - immature aquaria and weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % aquarium volume should be considered mandatory .\na tightly - fitting cover is essential as this species is a prodigious jumper , and it may also prove beneficial to cover the back and sides of the aquarium in order to reduce the chances of it swimming into the glass since it can be skittish , especially in confined surroundings .\nnewly - imported specimens often refuse to accept anything but live fishes but most can be weaned onto dead alternatives once recognised as edible .\nlike the vast majority of predatory fishes this species should not be fed mammalian or avian meat like beef heart or chicken , and similarly there is no benefit in the long - term use of \u2018feeder\u2019 fish such as livebearers or small goldfish which carry with them the risk of parasite or disease introduction and at any rate tend not have a high nutritional value unless properly conditioned beforehand .\nbest kept alone or with similarly - sized , non - aggressive fishes since it\u2019s actually quite peaceful with those too large to be considered food .\nit can also be maintained in a group in a suitably - sized aquarium but the purchase of at least three specimens is advisable .\njuveniles tend to adopt a presumably cryptic , oblique , \u2018head - down\u2019 position and lurk among the d\u00e9cor whereas adults are fully pelagic .\nthis species may be referred to using a variety of names including \u2018scomb\u2019 , \u2018sabre tooth tetra\u2019 , \u2018sabre tusk barracuda\u2019 , \u2018dog tooth characin , \u2018vampire fish\u2019 , \u2018cachorra\u2019 or \u2018pirandir\u00e1\u2019 ( the latter two names being used in brazil where they\u2019re also applied to congeners ) .\nit can be told apart from all congeners by the following combination of characters : serrations present on the exposed field of scales in specimens larger than 100 mm sl ; pelvic - fin base inserted laterally , distinctly above ventral profile of body ; a black spot at the base of the innermost pectoral - fin rays .\nhydrolycus can be easily - separated from other genera in the family cynodontidae by the fact that the dorsal - fin origin is located distinctly anterior to a vertical through the anal - fin origin plus the dorsoventral enlargement of the mesethmoid spine is almost round in shape from a lateral view and enlarged in hydrolycus scomberoides , h . armatus and h . tatauaia .\nit\u2019s sometimes included in the putative subfamily cynodontinae alongside cynodon and rhaphiodon , these being separated from other characiformes by a series of derived features plus their oblique mouth shape and highly - developed dentary canine teeth .\nthe latter fit into a pair of corresponding openings in the upper jaw which allows the mouth to be closed completely .\ncynodontinae contains two primary monophyletic lineages , one comprising the genus hydrolycus and the other a clade with cynodon and rhaphiodon spp . , with members sometimes referred to collectively as \u2018dogtooth characins\u2019 .\nreis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) , 2003 - edipucrs , porto alegre : i - xi + 1 - 729 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . cloffsca .\ntoledo - piza , m . , 2000 - american museum novitates 3286 : 1 - 88 the neotropical fish subfamily cynodontinae ( teleostei : ostariophysi : characiformes ) : a phylogenetic study and a revision of cynodon and rhaphiodon .\ntoledo - piza , m . , n . a . menezes and g . m . dos santos , 1999 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 10 ( 3 ) : 255 - 280 revision of the neotropical fish genus hydrolycus ( ostariophysi : cynodontinae ) with the description of two new species .\nhow do you keep h . armatus ? surely it needs an absolutely enormous tank ?\nyes , they require truly massive specifically designed tanks . i currently have my hydrolycus armatus in a 300gal custom tank . i will be building his next home 500gal aquarium this summer .\nwe were impressed not only by the level of support but also with the speedy replies following up our phone session .\nthrough a successful campaign of podium placements earlier this year , emma has been confirmed a sele . . .\nbasic , full version of our java application server . innovative , cloud - native and optimized for production deployments . derived from glassfish open source edition , with a full administration console . see the data sheet .\nyou need the right java application server to develop and deploy applications that enable you to stay one step ahead of your competitors . changing business demands require a flexible java middleware platform that supports continuous development , reliability , and secure deployments of java\u2122 enterprise edition ( java ee ) applications in any environment : on premise , in the cloud or hybrid .\nas founding members and active committers to the eclipse microprofile initiative , we contribute to optimize enterprise java for microservices architectures with the aim to drive forward industry innovation , further develop and contribute to the open source community .\nwe can guarantee that our expert engineers will be available if you have any issues with your mission critical application server . we understand the importance of having a fully functioning system and we are ready to help you support yours ."]}
{"id": 631, "summary": [{"text": "lozotaenia costinotana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from maine , manitoba , minnesota and quebec .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 18-23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey white , but whitest along the costa and outer margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a pattern of blackish-brown transverse lines , as well as a black costal spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white , the inner margin and apical area with brownish-black scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from july to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lozotaenia costinotana", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb tortricid moths ( tortricoidea ) \u00bb tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) \u00bb tortricinae \u00bb archipini \u00bb lozotaenia \u00bb lozotaenia costinotana - hodges # 3674 . 1 ( lozotaenia costinotana )\nlozotaenia costinotana franclemont , 1986 n . sp . , proc . ent . soc . wash . , v . 88 : 57 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmarsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . \u00a9 david beadle .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 632, "summary": [{"text": "the drab whistler ( pachycephala griseonota ) is a species of bird in the family pachycephalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the maluku islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "drab whistler", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . drab whistler > > female 2 . drab whistler > > adult 3 . drab whistler > > adult 4 . drab whistler > > male 5 . drab whistler > > male 6 . drab whistler > > male 7 . drab whistler 8 . drab whistler > > adult 9 . drab whistler\nthe cinnamon - breasted whistler ( pachycephala johni ) is endemic to the maluku islands in indonesia . it has been considered a subspecies of the drab whistler ( pachycephala griseonota )\nmangrove whistler at pulau hantu on 11 may 2014 . photo credit : francis yap\nmangrove whistler at changi reclaimed land on 31 january 2015 . photo credit : francis yap\nmangrove whistler at pulau tekong on 16 dec 2012 . photo credit : lim kim chuah\nidentification : told apart from other similarly sized flycatchers by thick black bill , no obvious head / wing markings or rufous tones in plumage . drab brown upperparts with slaty grey crown , white underparts with duller throat and greyish washed breast . song is distinct .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to uncommon ( coates et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705525a118688786 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 300 , 446 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1\nioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1\nioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4\nioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1\nioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4\nioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3\nioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2\nioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1\nioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4\nioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3\nioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2\nioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1\nioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5\nioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4\nioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3\nioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2\nioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1\ngill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nfollowed this bird into the woods where i recorded the first part of this song . i tried to cut out the motorcycle in the middle so this is about four recordings of the same bird in one . when i played it back i got very little change in song or movement of the bird .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pachycephala griseonota . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 504 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nonly subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsmall to medium - sized passerines , generally with short broad wings , square - ended or slightly notched tail of variable length , most with sturdy bill with pronounced tomial notch and terminal hook , two species with bill laterally compressed and disproportionately deep , many with robust legs ; plumage mostly various combinations of grey , black , brown , white , rufous , greenish and olive , some bright yellow below , a few streaked .\nsouth asia and wallacea east to australasia and islands of central and south pacific .\nthe pachycephalidae as presently constituted consists of 56 species in twelve genera . the latter are made up of a central cluster of three genera , containing the whistlers ( pachycephala ) , the shrike - . . .\nonly members are able to see the rest of the text . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now .\non account of the large rounded head , a number of these birds used to be known as \u201cthickheads\u201d , in a literal translation of the genus name pachycephala . they are now known , equally distinctively but more attractively , as whistlers . members of this family range from small - bodied . . .\nall members of this family occupy wooded habitats . rainforest is home to the highest number of species , a tendency stemming from forms occurring in new guinea and the pacific , wallacean and philippine islands . within australia , the situation is markedly different , with most wooded habitats , . . .\na few members of this family are shy , but the majority are curious and tame , and readily respond to an observer\u2019s whistles and squeaks by approaching closely and answering with songs of their own . the grey shrike - . . .\nwhistlers are well named . together with other members of the family , they constitute some of australasia\u2019s most outstanding songsters . their . . .\nthe primary foods of these birds are invertebrates , mainly insects , but including also spiders ( araneae ) and occasionally worms . . .\nlittle or nothing is known about the breeding of many species in this family , and there are substantial gaps in information on even several of the relatively common australian species . that which does exist is often largely anecdotal in nature . only a few species have been studied in detail . . . .\nfor most species in this family , there is little evidence of any regular seasonal movements being undertaken . the distributions of new guinea species are rather strongly altitudinally stratified , and any shifts would occur within the respective elevational zones . two notable exceptions are the . . .\nthe loud , musical voices of these birds ensure that their songs , at least , are noticed by many people . a number of species are not particularly shy , but often will not be seen unless a particular effort is made to locate them . indigenous peoples are much more aware of these birds . their . . .\ndisregarding the now extinct piopio , which may , in any case , not be a member of the pachycephalidae ( see systematics ) , the most precarious conservation status of any species in this family is that of the sangihe . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to access to a lot of extra features !\nlist of species of the whistlers ( pachycephalidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .\na detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .\nyou don ' t have any subscription to the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nboles , w . ( 2018 ) . whistlers ( pachycephalidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na singing bird in roadside forest , bout 12 km . east of sidangoli .\njosep del hoyo , phillip edwards , david beadle , paul van giersbergen , james eaton .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nhabitat : mangroves and adjacent coastal vegetation . also local plantations and wooded gardens , island forest , local freshwater swamp forest and similar vegetation inland .\nbehaviour / ecology : unobtrusive and rather inactive . sits still for long period amongst foliage .\nlocation : southern islands , especially pulau hantu besar and pulau semakau , changi reclaimed land , sungei buloh wetland reserve , pulau tekong and pulau ubin . last seen at changi reclaimed land on 31 january 2015 .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nhome | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 639, "summary": [{"text": "agnidra hoenei is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by watson in 1968 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( yunnan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17.5-20 mm for males and 19.5-21 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are buff with pale whitish medial patches .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the remaining markings are pale purplish brown , except for a dark brown edge to the medial patches and dark brown anterior markings of the subterminal fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are usually slightly paler than the forewings and have pale purplish brown markings , except for a patch at the end of the cell . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "agnidra hoenei", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about agnidra fenestra ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for agnidra fenestra ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n70 figs . 64 - 71 . agnidra , genitalia . 64 - 67 , discispilaria . 64 , < $ eighth tergite and sternite ; 65 , aedeagus ; 66 , \u00a3 ; 67 , $ . 68 - 71 , hoenei , ( j . 68 , seventh sternite ; 69 , aedeagus ; 70 , eighth tergite and sternite ; 71 , < $ .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepaninae sp . ( large size ) .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 640, "summary": [{"text": "elachista thallophora is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1889 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 8 \u2013 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pearly white with an ochreous-brown longitudinal streak from the base of the costa , and another from the base in the middle , converging to a point in the disc at four-fifths , where they terminate .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an ochreous-brown streak along the inner margin from the base to the anal angle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in males , these markings are thicker , darker , and more suffused , and the posterior half of the costa is also suffused with brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "elachista thallophora", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for thallophora definition . you find here thallophora meaning , synonyms of thallophora and images for thallophora copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nspecies examined : elachista thallophora meyr . , e . archaeonoma meyr . , e . exaula meyr .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word thallophora . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word thallophora and , of course , thallophora synonyms and on the right images related to the word thallophora .\nsegments are globular , and in elachista thallophora meyr . there are two of these , but in e . archaeonoma meyr . and e . exaula meyr . only one remains .\ntaranaki , palmerston , napier , and masterton ; from january to march , in some places exceedingly plentiful , but apparently not found everywhere . around taranaki i found it swarming in grassy places ; it has quite the habits of an elachista , and is probably a grass - feeder . it is very widely - distributed through australia from east to west , but there also is local , and abundant in some places only .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 1st nov . , 1888 . ]\nfollowing descriptions include all the material remaining undescribed in my hands of these groups . it is for resident collectors to obtain fresh material and information on the habits of described species , and i shall at all times welcome any communication from those who have the opportunity of doing so , and will gladly determine any species sent to me .\n( scopula daiclesalis ( rect . daiclealis ) , walk . , 1017 . )\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]\n\u201cwellington and dunedin . i am indebted , for the opportunity of describing this species to the liberality of mr . g . v . hudson , who states that it is attracted by fight , and is scarce .\nsecond line slightly paler than ground - colour , darker - margined , forming a whitish dot on costa , becoming obsolete on the white blotch , but its margins partially indicated by fuscous scales ; an erect wedge - shaped white subapical spot ; a white entire hindmarginal line : cilia ochreons - whitish , with an interrupted dark - grey line , and on upper half of hindmargin with obscure light - grey bars . hindwings 1\u00bc ; pale grey ; indications of a faint paler postmedian line ; cilia ochreous - whitish , with an interrupted grey line .\nwellington ; one specimen received from mr . g . v . hudson , who bred it from a larva feeding on moss . it is a conspicuously - distinct species , at once recognised by the peculiar white blotch ; its nearest known ally is s . minusculalis .\n\u2642 . 16\u201322mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , thorax , abdomen , and legs pale whitish - ochreous ; palpi long ; anterior legs infuscated . forewings elongate - triangular ; costa strongly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin slightly sinuate , somewhat oblique , costal fold short ; whitish - ochreous , with a few fine scattered black scales ; a small black dot in dise before middle , a second in disc at \u2154 ( in tasmanian specimen absent ) , a third beneath costa at \u2154 , a fourth in disc at \u215a , and a fifth towards inner margin at \u2154 : cilia pale whitish - ochreous . hindwings whitish , with a few scattered light - grey speckles ; cilia whitish .\nwellington ; one specimen received from mr . g . v . hudson . i took a specimen also at deloraine , tasmania , in november ; the species is very distinct , and i have no doubt of their identity .\n\u2642 . 14\u201315mm . head , palpi , and thorax dark reddish - ochreous - brown . antenn\u00e6 brownish - ochreous , ringed with dark fascous . abdomen dark fuscous . legs dark fuscous , apex of joints pale yellowish , posterior tibi\u00e6 pale greyish - ochreous . forewings oblong , posteriorly scarcely dilated , costa on basal half rather strongly arched , then straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin slightly sinuate , somewhat oblique ; dark reddish - ochreous - brown ; a somewhat darker but very ill - defined central fascia from before middle of costa to inner margin before anal angle , narrow on costa , suddenly dilated above middle , thence to inner margin rather broad : cilia dark reddish - ochreous - brown , terminal half pale reddish - ochreous , on costa barred with dark brown . hindwings and cilia dark\notira river ( 3 , 000ft . ) , amongst forest , in january ; four specimens . a distinct species , perhaps nearest p . zatrophana .\n\u2640 . 16\u201317mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen dark fuscous , slightly sprinkled with yellowish . antenn\u00e6 and legs dark fuscous , posterior tibi\u00e6 yellow - whitish . forewings elongate , moderate , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hind - margin obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous , strewn with ochreous - yellow hair - scales in irregular patches ; a leaden - metallic line from \u2153 of costa to \u2156 of inner margin , angulated outwards in middle ; a sinuate leaden - metallic line from above middle of disc to anal angle ; a leaden - metallic line from middle of costa - obliquely outwards more than half across wing , thence curved round to touch a whitish dot on costa at \u00be , and continued in a strong curve near and parallel to costa and hindmargins to anal angle ; space between first and second lines , and within first curve of third line , less strewn with yellow scales and therefore darker than rest of wing : cilia light grey , rather shining . hindwings rather dark fuscous , somewhat bronzy ; cilia light shining grey .\nmount arthur ( 4 , 700ft . ) , in january ; two specimens . very distinct .\nhead smooth , sidetufts projecting over forehead ; ocelli absent ; tongue well - developed . antenn\u00e6 \u2158 , in male serrate , shortly ciliated ( \u00bc\u2013\u2153 ) , basal joint moderately long , without pecten . labial palpi long , curved , ascending , second joint thickened with dense appressed scales , terminal joint shorter than second , slender , acute . maxillary palpi very short , drooping . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with hairs above . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from very near angle , 6 to apex , 7 and 8 stalked , 11 from before middle . hindwings almost or quite as broad as forewings , elongate - ovate or broadly lanceolate , cilia 1\u2153 ; all veins separate , 5 bent .\napproaches most nearly to compsistis , from which it differs mainly in the antenn\u00e6 not being as long as forewings , and in veins 3 and 4 of the hindwings being separate . besides the two following species i have several australian , which are closely allied to them : \u2014\ncastle hill ( 2 , 500ft . ) , dunedin , lake wakatipu , and invercargill ; in december and january , rather common .\nwhangarei , hamilton , palmerston , napier , christchurch , dunedin , and invercargill ; from december to march , common .\nhead with loosely - appressed hairs ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male serrate , pubescent , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi moderately long , curved , ascending , second joint with rough projecting scales towards apex beneath and two or three apical bristles above , terminal joint shorter than second , somewhat loosely scaled , laterally compressed , obtuse . maxillary palpi rather short , appressed to face . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with long hairs above and beneath . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from angle of cell , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from middle . hindwings 1 , elongate - oblong , apex round - pointed , hind - margin very oblique , cilia 1 ; with an ill - defined hyaline patch towards base ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 remote and parallel , 5 and 6 stalked , 6 to close below apex , 7 approximated to 6 at base .\nnearly allied to lysiphragama , but separable by the stalking of veins 7 and 8 of forewings , absence of scaletufts on surface , and hyaline patch of hindwings .\n\u2642 16mm . head fuscous - whitish , more fuscous between , antennas . palpi dark fuscous , terminal joint whitish . antenn\u00e6 fuscous . thorax fuscous , posteriorly mixed with whitish . abdomen fuscous . anterior legs dark fuscous ringed with whitish , middle legs ochreous - white banded with black , posterior legs ochreous - whitish banded with fuscous . forewings very elongate , narrow , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded ; white , irregularly transversely strigulated with grey , and more or less suffused with pale brownish - ochreous except towards inner margin and base , and on costal edge ; numerous irregular incomplete transverse dark fuscous strigul\u00e6 , tending to partially coalesce in pairs : cilia grey - whitish , base white , round apex with a black median line and barred with fuscous . hindwings - bronzy - fuscous ; cilia whitish - grey .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u2158 , in male strongly ciliated ( 2\u00bd ) , basal joint moderate , with pecten . labial palpi long , curved , ascending , with appressed scales , terminal joint somewhat shorter than second , acute . maxillary palpi very short , appressed to tongue .\nposterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with long hairs above . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from \u00be of cell , 4 and 5 approximated at base , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from before middle . hindwings somewhat narrower than forewings , elongate , long - pointed , tolerably acute , cilia 29 ; with an ill - defined hyaline patch towards base ; veins 3 and 4 stalked , 5 absent , 6 and 7 parallel .\nonly the one species is known . stainton and wocke both state the ocelli to be absent ; they are , however , distinct , but placed close beneath the root of the antenn\u00e6 , and therefore easy to be overlooked . a more singular and unaccountable error is that both these writers describe the antenn\u00e6 as not ciliated , whereas the ciliations are unusually long for this group .\n( gelechia subditella , walk . , 657 ; ( ? ) g . adapertella , ib . , 653 . )\n\u2642 \u2640 . 13\u201318mm . head and thorax white . palpi white , terminal joint with base and a subapical band black . forewings elongate , narrow , pointed ; pale greyish - ochreous , sprinkled with dark fuscous and a few white scales ; a white basal dot ; a basal patch enclosing this , a patch along costa towards middle , a small cloud on middle of inner margin , one at anal angle , and another at apex fuscous ; a black dot beneath costa at \u00bc , a second , longitudinally elongate , rather obliquely beyond it on fold , a third beneath middle of costa , and a fourth in disc at \u2157 : cilia pale whitish - ochreous , basal half sprinkled with dark fuscous . hindwings whitish - grey ; cilia pale whitish - ochreous .\nwhangarei , napier , taranaki , palmerston , wellington , christchurch , bealey river , and invercargill , probably therefore universally distributed ; in houses , from october to march . accidentally introduced from europe , and common in australia also ; the larva feeds on seeds , dried foods , & c . walker ' s type of gelechia adapertella is much damaged , and its identification not quite certain .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue well - developed . antenn\u00e6 \u2158 , in male filiform , shortly ciliated ( \u00bd\u20131 ) , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi moderately long , curved , ascending , with appressed scales , terminal joint shorter than second , pointed . maxillary palpi very short , slender , drooping . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with long hairs above . forewings with vein 1 simple or rarely shortly furcate , 2 from angle of cell , 3 absent , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to hindmargin , 11 from about middle . hindwings \u00bd to almost 1 , lanceolate , cilia 1\u20134 ; veins all separate , and tolerably parallel .\napparently most developed in europe . the single new zealand species approaches most to some of the australian .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 10\u201311mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , thorax , abdomen , and legs rather dark grey , slightly bronzy - tinged , generally somewhat sprinkled with whitish ; antennal ciliations \u00bd ; abdomen in female whitish beneath . forewings lanceolate ; rather dark bronzy - grey , more or less densely strewn with whitish scales ; in paler specimens there are indications of two very ill - defined inwardly oblique darker streaks on anterior half , more distinctly spotted with darker on fold , and two less perceptible outwardly oblique streaks on posterior half ; an obscure round dark fuscous dot in disc at \u00be : cilia pale bronzy - grey . hindwings \u2154 grey ; cilia 2 , pale bronzy - grey .\nchristchurch ( on the lyttelton volcanic hills ) and mount arthur ( 4 , 500ft . ) , in january ; locally common .\nhead shortly rough - haired ; ocelli present ; tongue short . antenn\u00e6 in male\u2014 ( ? ) , filiform , basal joint moderately long , with strong pecten . labial palpi long , slightly curved , somewhat ascending , second joint beneath with short , dense , rough , projecting tuft of scales towards apex ; terminal joint much shorter than second , somewhat loosely scaled , tolerably obtuse . maxillary palpi moderate , loosely scaled , folded . posterior tibi\u00e6 with a few hairs beneath . forewings with vein 1 simple , 2 from \u00be of cell , 5 and 6 approximated at base , 7 and 8 approximated at base , 7 to costa , 11 from before middle . hindwings \u2154 , lanceolate , cilia 2\u00bd ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 , remote and parallel , 5 and 6 stalked , 6 to hindmargin , 7 remote .\nallied to endophthora . the single specimen has the apex of both antenn\u00e6 broken , and their length is uncertain .\n\u2640 . 11mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , and thorax whitish - ochreous , with a few dark fuscous scales . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs pale whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated . forewings very elongate , narrow , parallel - sided , short - pointed ; whitish - ochreous , suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous , less towards base ; costa marked with blackish - fuscous ; a blackish dot on inner margin almost at base ; an irregular series of blackish scales along fold ; a small whitish spot on costa at \u2155 ; a large oblique subquadrate white spot on costa slightly before middle , reaching nearly half across wing ; a small round black spot in disc before \u00be , preceded by some blue - metallic scales ;\nposterior half of wing suffused with golden - fuscous , crossed posteriorly by two slender angulated leaden - blue - metallic fasci\u00e6 , margined by series of white dots ; hindmargin dotted with blackish and white : cilia ochreous - grey - whitish . hindwings whitish - grey ; cilia grey - whitish .\nmount arthur ( 4 , 000ft . ) , in january ; one specimen .\nhead more or less rough on crown , face smooth . antenn\u00e6 in male simple . maxillary palpi obsolete . forewings usually with a rough space on costa between veins 11 and 12 .\nthe family is fairly well represented in australia . i have only five new zealand species , of which perhaps three are scarcely indigenous , but of australian or exotic origin .\nhead rough on crown , face smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male simple , subserrate , basal joint moderate , with pecten . labial palpi moderately long , slightly curved , drooping , filiform , somewhat loosely scaled beneath , terminal joint shorter than second , sometimes more loosely scaled , tolerably pointed . maxillary palpi obsolete . posterior tibi\u00e6 smooth - scaled . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from near angle of cell , 7 to hindmargin , 9 and 10 sometimes from a point , 11 from about middle . hindwings 1 , lanceolate , cilia 2 ; vein 4 absent , 5 and 6 rather approximated , 6 to hindmargin .\n\u2642 . 13mm . head and antenn\u00e6 light ochreous - grey . palpi grey . thorax light ochreous . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs fuscous , posterior pair ochreous - whitish . forewings very elongate , very narrow , parallel - sided , long - pointed , acute ; pale ochreous , thinly and irregularly sprinkled with dark fuscous and whitish ; basal half of costa dotted with black ; a moderately - broad ill - defined cloudy - white streak along inner margin from base to anal angle , pointed at extremities , interrupted at \u2154 by a small spot of ground - colour ; a cloudy inwardly - oblique dark fuscous mark at \u2153 from near costa to near inner margin : cilia ochreous - grey - whitish , round apex ochreous , with base white , a grey line , and three cloudy dark grey bars . hindwings pale whitish - grey ; cilia ochreous - grey - whitish .\nchristchurch ; one specimen amongst bush , in august . this species closely approaches an australian form , and , my material being scanty , i am not sure that they are not to be regarded as local races only ; however , at present i am disposed to consider them as distinct .\nhead loosely scaled , rather rough behind , face smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male simple , filiform , basal joint moderate , with pecten of two or three fugitive scales . labial palpi moderately long , curved , somewhat ascending , second joint with loose rough scales beneath towards apex , terminal joint somewhat shorter than second , loosely rough - scaled anteriorly , pointed . maxillary palpi obsolete . posterior tibi\u00e6 smooth - scaled . forewings with vein 1 simple , 2 from \u2158 of cell , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to hind - margin , 11 from \u2153 . hindwings 1 , lanceolate , hindmargin sinuate beneath apex , cilia 1\u2154 ; vein 4 absent , 5 and 6 rather approximated , 6 to hindmargin .\nintermediate in some respects between zelleria and argyresthia . the head is less rough than in any other genus of the family . only the one species is known to me .\nnelson , wellington , otira river ( 1 , 500ft . ) , and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 200ft . ) , in december and january ; rather common amongst forest .\nhead rough on crown , face smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u2158 , in male simple , serrate , basal joint\nmoderately elongate , with large , dense , strong pecten . labial palpi very short , filiform , drooping . maxillary palpi obsolete . posterior tibi\u00e6 densely clothed with very long hairs above and beneath . forewings with vein 1 simple , 2 , 3 , and 4 almost from a point , 5 and 6 absent , cell open between 4 and 7 , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to hindmargin , 10 absent , 11 from middle . hindwings \u2154 , lanceolate , cilia 3 ; veins 3 , 4 , 5 absent , cell open between 2 and 6 , 6 and 7 stalked , 6 to hindmargin .\nthe natural group to which this and the following genus belong i formerly regarded as a distinct family ( bedelliad\u00e6 ) , separable from the argyresthiad\u00e6 proper by the hairy posterior tibi\u00e6 and degraded neuration of hindwings ; but from a study of more extensive material i think it better to unite them . the structure of the head is characteristic and identical , and the change of neuration is gradual .\n\u2642 . 10\u201311mm . head and thorax white , face grey . palpi dark fuscous . antenn\u00e6 whitish - grey . abdomen grey . legs dark grey , tarsi ringed with white , middle and posterior tibi\u00e6 grey - whitish . forewings lanceolate ; snow - white ; costa slenderly dark fuscous from about \u00bc to \u00be : cilia light grey , towards base whiter , round apex wholly white or ochreous - white , with a grey dot . hindwings and cilia light grey .\nchristchuruch ; one specimen amongst bush , in december . also from tasmania ; the specimens from these two localities are absolutely similar .\nhead densely rough - haired above , face smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue short . antenn\u00e6 1 , in male filiform , simple , basal joint rather stout , with large dense pecten . labial palpi short , porrected , slender , pointed . maxillary palpi obsolete . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with hairs above . forewings with vein 1 simple , 2 from angle of cell , 3 from point with 2 or absent , 4 and 5 absent , 6 out of 8 or absent , 7 out of 8 , running to hindmargin , 9 from point with 8 , 11 from middle of cell . hindwings \u00bd , linear - lanceolate , cilia 6 ; no cell , veins 2 , 3 , 4 on a common stalk , 4 to apex , 5 , 6 , 7 absent .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 8\u20139mm . head whitish - ochreous , somewhat mixed with fuscous . thorax whitish ochreous , in front fuscous . forewings lanceolate ; vein 3 absent , 6 out of 8 ; pale greyish - ochreous , suffusedly irrorated with fuscous except on a streak along inner margin : cilia light ochreous - grey , on costa ochreous - whitish . hindwings grey ; cilia light ochreous - grey .\nlarva mining blotches in leaves of convolvulus and ipom\u0153a ; pupa naked , suspended .\ndunedin ; bred freely from the larva by mr . a . purdie . occurs usually from september to november . probably an introduced species , found in europe , north america , and throughout australia .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 9\u201310mm . head light ochreous , crown mixed with dark fuscous . palpi fuscous . antenn\u00e6 fuscous - whitish . thorax and abdomen pale ochreous . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior and middle pair infuscated . forewings lanceolate ; vein 3 present , 6 absent ; pale brownish - ochreous , with a few minute black irrorations towards costa posteriorly ; a small black dot on inner margin at \u2153 of wing : cilia pale brownish - ochreous . hindwings light grey ; cilia pale ochreous - grey .\ntaranaki , christchurch , and dunedin , in september , and from december to february ; common .\nhead smooth . labial palpi curved , ascending , pointed . maxillary palpi rudimentary . hindwings lanceolate or linear .\nin this family , as in the preceding , there is a strong tendency to degradation in the neuration . where this exists , the neuration must not in all instances be considered of equal importance ; in some cases the disappearance of one or two veins must be regarded as insufficient to warrant generic separation , where no variations appear in the other structure . the new zealand indigenous species seem to be entirely of an australian or south pacific character .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 almost 1 , in male serrate , with very long fine ciliations ( 4 ) , basal joint very broadly dilated and excavated beneath to form a large eyecap , with small pecten . labial palpi long , curved , ascending , second joint smooth - scaled , terminal joint somewhat roughened above , as long as second , acute . maxillary palpi very short , drooping . anterior tibi\u00e6 and tarsi rather dilated with scales ; posterior tibi\u00e6 and basal joint of tarsi clothed with stiff rough spines above , inner middle - spur spinose above on basal half , two basal joints of tarsi with short apical spines . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from \u2154 of cell , 7 to costa , 7 and 8 approximated at base , 11 from \u2154 of cell . hindwings \u00bd , linear , cilia 6 ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 parallel , 5 , 6 , 7 approximated at base .\na curious genus , allied to stathmopoda , but very distinct . in repose the dilated anterior legs are extended in front ; the posterior legs are not erected , but appear to be usually appressed to the abdomen , without touching the surface on which the insect rests . only the two species are known to me .\n17 . van . disjunctella , walk . ( vanicela disjunctella , walk . , 1 , 039 . )\n\u2642 \u2640 . 13\u201315mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , and abdomen white . thorax white , posterior half dark bronzy - fuscous . legs white , base of tarsal joints spotted with dark fuscous . forewings linear , long - pointed ; shining white , slightly yellowish - tinged ; a dark bronzy - fuscous streak occupying dorsal half of wing , its upper margin notched at \u00bc , with a short oblique indentation in middle , opposite which is a white dot on inner margin , and with a short projection at \u00be ; beyond \u00be are one or two very fine dark fuscous longitudinal lines ; apex irrorated or spotted with dark fuscous : cilia grey , with a black apical hook . hindwings and cilia grey .\nwhangarei , auckland , taranaki , palmerston , nelson , masterton , and wellington ; apparently , therefore , universal throughout the north island , but not yet met with in the south : common from december to march , amongst forest . the following undoubtedly distinct australian species is so extremely similar that i describe it here for purposes of comparison .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 12\u201315mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , and abdomen white . thorax white , posterior half dark bronzy - fuscous . legs white , base of tarsal joints obliquely streaked with dark fuscous . forewings linear , long - pointed ; shining white , faintly yellowish - tinged ; a dark bronzy - fuscous streak occupying\ndorsal half of wing , its upper margin not notched , cut in middle by a slender inwards - angulated white line reaching inner margin , and with a very minute projection at \u00be ; a white dot on inner margin at \u00bc ; a fine black longitudinal line in disc towards apex : cilia grey , with a black apical hook . hindwings and cilia grey .\nsydney , new south wales ; only on the fence of the botanical gardens , where it is common from september to december . readily distinguished from the preceding by the white dot on inner margin of forewings at \u00bc , the absence of the notch on dorsal streak , the junction of the central indentation and dot into an angulated line , and the minuteness of the projection at \u00be ; these , differences are entirely constant .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male with very long fine ciliations ( 4\u20135 ) , basal joint elongate , without pecten . labial palpi very long , recurved , slender , smooth - scaled , terminal joint as long as second , acute . maxillary palpi very short , drooping . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with rough hairs above , posterior tarsi with projecting bristles at apex of two basal joints . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from near angle of cell , 2 and 3 sometimes partially obsolete , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from beyond \u00be . hindwings \u00bd , linear - lanceolate , cilia 6 ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 tolerably parallel , cell open between 5 and 6 , 6 and 7 from a point .\nantennal ciliations of the male . i may add that the european and north american genus schreckensteinia , hb . ( chrysocorys , curt . ) , belongs to this group .\n\u2640 . 14mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , and abdomen pale whitish - ochreous . thorax whitish - ochreous , slightly reddish - tinged . legs pale whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate , very narrow , broadest near base , long - pointed ; pale reddish - ochreous , unicolorous : cilia pale whitish - ochreous - grey . hindwings pale whitish - grey , posteriorly ochreous - tinged ; cilia pale whitish - ochreous - grey .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 12\u201316mm . head , palpi , and antenn\u00e6 whitish - ochreous . thorax ochreous - yellowish , shoulders and a central spot sometimes greyish - tinged . abdomen pale whitish - ochreous , greyish - tinged . legs pale whitish - ochreous , anterior pair dark fuscous . forewings elongate , very narrow , broadest near base , long - pointed ; deep ochreous - yellow ; a rather broad ashy - grey streak along costa from base to near apex ; a short indistinct streak on fold at \u2153 , an irregular spot in disc before middle , and a short irregular longitudinal streak in disc about \u2154 , fuscous or grey , tending to be variously suffused together or with costal streak , or frequently more or less wholly obsolete : cilia light grey . hindwings and cilia light grey .\nauckland , taranaki , palmerston , and wellington ; common amongst forest , from january to march . it is a variable species , but always recognisable by the deep ochreous - yellow ground - colour .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 12\u201314mm . head and thorax whitish - ochreous , somewhat metallic - shining . palpi and antenn\u00e6 pale whitish - ochreous . abdomen grey . legs whitish - ochreous , greyish - tinged , anterior pair dark grey , posterior tibi\u00e6 with dark - grey scales at origin of spurs . forewings elongate , very narrow ,\nbroadest near base , long - pointed ; whitish - ochreous ; an ochreous - fuscous or dark fuscous streak along costa from base to \u00be , sometimes almost obsolete ; an ochreous - fuscous or dark fuscous broadly v - shaped mark before middle , more or less suffused , variable in thickness , its angle resting on inner margin , extremities nearly reaching costa ; a longitudinal line in posterior half of disc , a spot at apex , and an elongate spot at anal angle ochreous - fuscous or ochreous , sometimes partially connected : cilia grey . hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia grey .\nwellington and dunedin ; five specimens in january and february , amongst forest . also variable ; in addition to the conspicuous dark v - shaped mark of the forewings , the darker grey hindwings and grey abdomen are good distinguishing characters .\n22 . stath . skelloni , butl . ( boocara skelloni , butl . , \u201ccist . ent . , \u201d ii . , 562 . )\n\u2642 \u2640 . 12\u201315mm . head , palpi , and antenn\u00e6 pale whitish - ochreous . thorax whitish - ochreous . abdomen pale whitish - ochreous , greyish - tinged . legs pale whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated , apex of posterior tibi\u00e6 grey . forewings elongate , very narrow , broadest near base , long - pointed ; whitish - ochreous , sometimes yellowish - tinged ; markings grey , very variable , sometimes partially margined by an ochreous suffusion ; normally an elongate spot on inner margin at \u2153 , a second beneath costa in middle , a third in disc at \u2154 , a fourth before apex , and a slender subcostal line from second spot to costa near apex , but these tend to be variously connected and confused ; sometimes a streak along fold , or along anterior part of costa ; rarely a dark ochreous - fuscous suffusion towards base of inner margin : cilia light grey , sometimes ochreous - tinged . hindwings and cilia light grey .\ntaranaki , wellington , blenheim , nelson , christchurch , dunedin , lake wakatipu , and invercargill ; common amongst bush , from december to march , but seeming to disappear towards the north . butler failed to recognise the genus ; but it is fortunately unnecessary to consider how to treat his grotesquely solecistic generic name .\n\u2640 . 9\u201311mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , thorax , abdomen , and legs whitish ; anterior legs blackish in front , posterior tibi\u00e6 with a sharp black apical ring of scales , preceded above by some grey hairs . forewings elongate , very narrow , broadest near base , long - pointed ; whitish , more or less mixed with ochreous or grey in disc ; markings rather dark fuscous , but cloudy and ill - defined ; a small spot oil inner margin at \u2153 , a second more conspicuous on inner margin beyond middle , and\nan angulated fascia - like spot towards apex : cilia whitish - grey . eindwings and cilia whitish - grey .\nauckland , wellington , and the otira river ( 1 , 500ft . ) ; six specimens amongst forest , in december and january . a distinct but inconspicuous species .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue rudimentary . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male rather stout , filiform , basal joint broadly dilated , excavated beneath to form an eyecap , rough - scaled on posterior edge , without pecten . labial palpi long , curved , ascending , smooth - scaled , terminal joint shorter than second , acute . maxillary palpi obsolete . middle tarsi with long projecting spines at apex of two basal joints ; posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with dense long rough hairs above and beneath , posterior tarsi with whorls of long projecting spines at apex of all joints . forewings with vein 1 simple , 2 and 3 absent , 4 from angle of cell , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from \u215a of cell . hindwings \u00bd , linear , cilia 7 ; vein 4 absent , cell open between 3 and 6 , 5 free rising from base , 6 and 7 from a point .\nallied to stathmopoda , but differing especially by the greatly dilated and excavated basal joint of antenn\u00e6 , and by the entire absence of the long antennal ciliations . in repose the imago bends the posterior legs to form an angular arch , and extends them horizontally at right angles to the body . the habits of the larva are known , and interesting .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 9\u201312mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , thorax , abdomen , and legs very pale whitish - ochreous ; terminal joint of palpi with a dark fuscous line on outer edge ; anterior legs suffused with blackish in front , posterior legs spotted with black on apex of joints . forewings elongate , very narrow , broadest near base , long - pointed ; ochreous - whitish , more or less irregularly suffused or blotched with ochreous ; a small cloudy dark fuscous spot on inner margin near base , and another on costa slightly before middle , both in female sometimes almost obsolete ; an apical black dot : cilia grey - whitish . hindwings whitish - grey ; cilia grey - whitish .\nlarva 16 - legged , moderately stout , cylindrical , active ; whitish flesh - colour , or whitish ; head pale whitish - brown . feeds on platycerium grande ( a large parasitic fern , growing on tree - trunks ) , burrowing amongst the ripe fructification beneath the fronds , forming galleries of loose refuse ; found in march ,\ntaranaki and palmerston , in february and march ; common amongst its food . the species occurs also plentifully in the botanical gardens at sydney , but i have not yet met\nwith it in native forest in australia , and it is therefore at least possible that it was introduced into sydney with ferns from new zealand . the food - plant is , however , considered native in both countries .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u215a , in male stout , very shortly ciliated ( \u00bd ) , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi very long , slender , recurved , smooth - scaled , terminal joint as long as second , acute . maxillary palpi obsolete . posterior tibi\u00e6 with long hairs above , with a large dense triangular tuft of long scales covering terminal half above , tarsi with long projecting spines at apex of two basal joints . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from \u2154 of cell , 3 from angle , 7 to costa , 11 from \u00be of cell . hindwings \u00bd , linear - lanceolate , cilia 6 ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 tolerrably parallel , 6 and 7 approximated at base .\nallied to stathmpoda ; sufficiently distinguished by the very short antennal ciliations , and peculiar tuft of tibi\u00e6 , apart from the neuration ; the latter , i believe , i have made out correctly , but cannot be sure on my single specimen , which proved difficult of examination . in repose the imago holds the posterior legs so as to project behind and rest on the surface , but with the tibi\u00e6 and tarsi bent so as to form an erect triangle with the surface on which it rests ; hence with much the superficial appearance of the hindlegs of a grasshopper .\n\u2642 . 11mm . head and palpi light yellowish - ochreous . antenn\u00e6 whitish - fuscous , base yellowish . thorax fuscous . abdomen grey . anterior legs dark fuscous ; middle legs ochreous - yellowish ; posterior legs ochreous - whitish , tibi\u00e6 with a black apical ring , and tuft of posterior half dark grey . forewings elongate , very narrow , broadest near base , long - pointed ; fuscous , somewhat unevenly shaded , but without markings : cilia light fuscous . hindwings fuscous - grey ; cilia light fuscous .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u2158 , in male subserrate , slightly thickened towards apex , basal joint elongate , obconical , without pecten . labial palpi moderate , curved , ascending , slender , smooth , terminal joint shorter than second , acute . maxillary palpi rudimentary . posterior tibi\u00e6 thinly haired above on basal half and at apex . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from rather near angle of\ncell , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 10 from near angle , 11 absent . hindwings \u00bd , linear - lanceolate , cilia 5 ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 parallel , cell open between 4 and 5 , 5 and 6 stalked , 6 to close below apex , 7 approximated to 6 at base .\nallied to the european genus chrysoclista , from which it differs principally in the neuration of forewings . the group of laverna , to which it belongs , although extensively represented in australia , has probably no truly indigenous representatives in new zealand ; the present species , common to both countries , is in all probability really australian , and has found its way over within comparatively recent times .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 5\u20138mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , thorax , abdomen , and legs dark shining bronze , face whitish - bronze , legs spotted with white . forewings lanceolate ; bright dark golden - bronze ; markings pale violet - golden - metallic ; a fascia near base , often ill - defined ; a nearly perpendicular fascia before middle ; a dot in disc beyond middle , beneath which is a black dot or small spot on fold ; an inwardly - oblique fascia at \u00be ; a small spot on anal angle ; a streak along hindmargin from apex ; a triangular snow - white spot on costa near apex : cilia fuscous - grey , round apex with two blackish lines , and a minute white dot above apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous - grey .\nchristchurch and the bealey river ; rather common from december to february , frequenting leptospermum , on which the larva must certainly feed . the species is common also in new south wales and tasmania , frequenting the same plant , from september to april .\nhead smooth ; ocelli absent ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male serrate , moderately ciliated ( 1 ) , basal joint very elongate , dilated towards apex , with one or two hair - scales at base . labial palpi very long , recurved , second joint thickened with appressed scales , terminal joint longer than second , acute . maxillary palpi rudimentary . thorax in male with a long fine curved pencil of hairs from each side beneath , directed backwards . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with long hairs above . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from \u2154 of cell , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from before middle of cell . hindwings \u2154 , elongate - lanceolate , cilia 2 ; veins all separate and tolerably parallel .\nstainton was undoubtedly mistaken in reuniting this genus to laverna , to which it is by no means closely allied , differing in several essential points .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 15\u201321mm . head and thorax pale ochreous . palpi whitish - ochreous , terminal joint with a longitudinal dark fuscous line . forewings elongate , very narrow , long - pointed ; whitish - ochreous , brownish - tinged ; a round dark fuscous dot in disc before middle , and a second at \u2154 , tending to be ringed with ochreous - whitish , and connected by an obscure streak of ochreous - whitish scales somewhat mixed with fuscous ; beyond the second dot is generally a small fuscous spot : cilia whitish - ochreous . hindwings pale grey , ochreous - tinged ; cilia whitish - ochreous .\nlarva yellow - whitish , with five brownish longitudinal lines ; feeding in seedheads of typha angustifolia , burrowing amongst the seeds , and causing the down to hang out in loose masses , exactly in the manner of scieropepla typhicola .\nhamilton ; one specimen in january , amongst the swamps of the waikato . i have also taken it in new south wales . the species occurs in central europe , but is not very widely known , probably owing to the retired habits of the imago . my specimens are the only ones taken outside europe ; yet , as it is hardly conceivable that the species should have been artificially introduced , and as the typha is thought to be indigenous in suitable localities all round the world , i conjecture that the insect may be truly cosmopolitan . the light down of the seedheads , carrying the seeds of the plant and the ova of the insect , must be exceedingly susceptible of dissemination by the wind .\nhead smooth ; ocelli absent ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male serrate , pubescent , basal joint very elongate , with pecten . labial palpi moderately long , curved , ascending , second joint with loose rough scales beneath towards apex , terminal joint as long as second , slightly roughened anteriorly , acute . maxillary palpi very short , appressed to tongue . thorax in male with some very long fine hairs beneath from posterior extremity . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with long hairs above . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from angle of cell , 5 and 6 out of 7 , 7 to costa , 8 out of 7 before 6 , 11 from middle . hindwings \u00bd , linear - lanceolate , cilia 6 ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 parallel , 5 from a point with 6 , 6 and 7 stalked .\nallied to the group of laverna , but not very closely approaching any particular genus .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 11\u201312mm . head ochreous - white . palpi white , second joint with basal half black , and apical and subapical ochreous rings , terminal joint with basal half black . antenn\u00e6 whitish ,\nobscurely ringed with blackish . thorax white , or whitish - ochreous . abdomen pale yellowish - ochreous , posteriorly greyer . legs blackish , ringed with ochreous - white . forewings very elongate , narrow , long - pointed ; greyish - ochreous , coarsely and irregularly irrorated with dark fuscous ; markings white , tending to be margined by a black suffusion ; a triangular spot on costa before \u00bc , its apex sometimes almost reaching inner margin ; an irregular somewhat oblique blotch beyond middle , touching costa anteriorly , and almost reaching inner margin ; a small ill - defined , irregular , transverse spot near apex , most distinct on costa : cilia pale ochreous - greyish , round apex somewhat mixed with fuscous . hindwings grey ; cilia pale ochreous - grey .\nchristchurch and invercargill in december , february , and march ; six specimens , amongst bush .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present or absent ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u2158 to 1 , in male serrate , pubescent or simple ; basal joint elongate , with pecten . labial palpi very long , recurved , smooth , slender , terminal joint longer than second , acute . maxillary palpi rudimentary . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with hairs above . forewings with vein 1 furcate , 2 from \u2158 of cell , 5 sometimes out of 7 , 6 out of 7 or absent , 7 to costa , 8 out of 7 , 11 from before middle . hindwings about \u00bd , linear - lanceolate , cilia 3 to 6 ; veins 2 , 3 , 4 parallel , 5 approximated to 4 , 6 and 7 from a point , or stalked , or rarely coincident .\nthis interesting genus , which is rather an old type of the family , and indicates the origin of some more widely - distributed forms , is rather extensively distributed in australia , and i have also described several species from the south pacific islands . of the three new zealand species , the first two are endemic , but markedly allied to australian forms , the third is widely distributed in australia .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 9\u201313mm . head and thorax golden - ochreous , face white , eyes crimson . palpi ochreous , more or less suffused with white , terminal joint white with anterior edge and often apex black . antenn\u00e6 white , ringed with black . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs whitish , banded with dark fuscous , posterior pair pale whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate , very narrow , long - pointed ; vein 5 separate , 6 present ; golden -\nochreous , paler towards costa posteriorly ; markings snow - white , finely black - margined ; a very slender median line from base to \u00bc ; a slender oblique line from costa at \u2155 , terminating in a moderate triangular spot on inner margin before , middle , which is either wholly white , or white with an ochreous centre ; or wholly ochreous and scarcely paler than ground - colour ; a line from \u2156 of costa almost perpendicularly half across wing , thence abruptly rectangularly bent outwards to middle of disc , and again rectangularly bent to inner margin ; a fine , extremely oblique line from middle of costa to disc at \u00be , thence acutely angulated to anal angle , sinuate inwards beneath costa , connected with preceding line on costa by a fine white line , and on inner margin by a streak which is either white , or ochreous hardly paler than ground - colour ; a whitish - ochreous or white , posteriorly black - margined , mark on costa at \u2158 , whence proceeds a black sometimes ill - defined line to apex ; sometimes an irregular short white streak along hindmargin to apex : cilia light greyish - ochreous , round apex more golden - ochreous , with a black dot at base on apex . hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked ; costa in male with long loose hairs at base ; grey ; cilia light ochreous - greyish .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 10\u201312mm . head and thorax reddish - ochreous ; face ochreous - whitish . palpi white , second joint with three ochreous rings , terminal joint with three black rings . antenn\u00e6 white , ringed with black . abdomen grey , towards base pale - ochreous . legs whitish , banded with blackish . forewings elongate , very narrow , long - pointed ; vein 5 separate , 6 present ; reddish - ochreous , tending to become whitish - ochreous round markings and towards base of inner margin ; markings ochreous - white , closely irrorated with black ; an irregular oblique fascia from \u00bc of costa , not reaching inner margin , emitting a short streak from posterior edge above middle ; an irregular somewhat 8 - shaped spot in middle of disc , from upper part of which proceeds an irregular streak to costa before apex ; an irregular ochreous - whitish streak along hindmargin from apex to anal angle ; a black apical dot : cilia light ochreous - greyish , round apex reddish - ochreous , with a blackish basal line and two blackish apical hooks . hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked ; grey ; cilia pale - grey , ochreous - tinged .\n\u2642 \u2640 , 7\u201310mm . head and thorax brownish - ochreous , face ochreous - whitish . palpi ochreous - whitish , second joint with\nbasal half and a subapical ring suffusedly irrorated with black , terminal joint irrorated with dark fuscous . antenn\u00e6 whitish - ochreous , ringed with dark fuscous . abdomen grey - whitish , or grey . legs dark grey , suffusedly ringed with whitish . forewings lanceolate ; vein 5 separate , 6 present ; brownish - ochreous , sometimes more or less sprinkled with dark fuscous ; a black dot on base of costa , sometimes obsolete , a second on costa near base , a third in disc beneath second , a fourth on base of inner margin , often obsolete , a fifth in disc before middle , a sixth on fold rather obliquely beyond fifth , and a seventh in disc at \u2154 ; generally two small indistinct whitish - ochreous spots on costa and inner margin opposite seventh dot : cilia light grey , darker round apex . hindwings with veins 6 and 7 from a point ; grey ; cilia light - grey .\nhead smooth ; ocelli present ; tongue developed . antenn\u00e6 \u00be , in male simple , filiform or serrulate , basal joint moderate , with or without pecten . labial palpi long , recurved , slender , smooth - scaled , terminal joint shorter than second , acute . maxillary palpi obsolete . posterior tibi\u00e6 clothed with long hairs above and beneath . forewings with vein 1 simple , 2 from angle of cell , 4 sometimes absent , 5 absent , 6 out of 7 , 7 to costa , 8 out of 7 or absent , 9 approximated to or from point with or out of 7 , 11 from middle . hindwings about \u00bd , narrow lanceolate , cilia 3 to 5 ; vein 4 sometimes absent , 5 absent , cell sometimes open below 6 , 6 and 7 stalked .\na genus of considerable extent , and probably cosmopolitan , but from the obscurity of the species hitherto not much noticed outside europe . besides the seven new zealand species , i have about fifteen australian . all known larv\u00e6 of the genus mine in leaves of grasses or sedges . wocke separates the species in which vein 4 of both wings is absent ( it appears to change in both wings simultaneously ) as a distinct genus , under the name p\u00e6ciloptilia ; but , after careful consideration , this appears to me unnecessary : there is no other difference whatever , and , as i have remarked above , in this family the disappearance of a vein is not of great importance , and the neuration of many of its genera is liable to vary to that extent . i have therefore retained all in one genus , but used the character to separate it into sections .\n\u2642 . 13mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , and thorax whitish - grey . abdomen ochreous - whitish , with a dense black apical exsertible tuft . legs dark fuscous , posterior pair ochreous - whitish . forewings lanceolate ; whitish - grey , somewhat irrorated with darker ; an elongate black dot on fold before middle , a second in disc above middle , and a third in disc at \u2154 : cilia grey - whitish , with a spot of black scales at base round apex , and tips sprinkled with black . hindwings and cilia pale whitish - grey .\nhamilton ; one specimen in january . i have two specimens from australia which closely resemble this , and which agree in possessing the characteristic and highly peculiar black anal tuft ; but , as they differ considerably from the new zealand specimen , and also from one another , in the position of the black dots on the forewings , i have not felt justified at present in uniting them , although i think it very probable that a longer series of specimens may prove this character to be variable .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 9\u201314mm . head whitish . palpi grey , terminal joint and apex of second white . antenn\u00e6 grey . thorax whitish - grey . abdomen grey - whitish , anal tuft in male more or less ochreous - tinged . legs dark grey , posterior pair grey - whitish . forewings lanceolate ; light grey or rarely grey - whitish ; a black dot on fold in middle , and an elongate black dot in disc at \u2154 : cilia grey , with indications of two black lines for a short distance below apex . hindwings and cilia grey .\nhamilton , makatoku , and invercargill ; common in swampy places , in december , january , and march .\nchristchurch ( on sandhills ) and mount arthur ( 4 , 000ft . ) , in january and march ; locally abundant . the variation in size is noteworthy , some of the largest females being twice as large as the males . the species is a remarkably distinct one , but recalls e . rufocinerea , to which it has probably some real relationship .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 8\u201310mm . head and thorax ochreous - whitish , sprinkled with ochreous . palpi white . antenn\u00e6 fuscous . abdomen grey - whitish , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . legs dark fuscous , posterior pair ochreous - whitish . forewings lanceolate ; whitish , more or less irrorated with ochreous , especially on dorsal half ; a slender ochreous - fuscous median longitudinal streak from near base to middle , and a second from above extremity of first to near apex ; a fuscous dot beneath apex of first streak , sometimes obsolete ; inner margin more or less obscurely brownish towards base : cilia grey - whitish . hindwings pale grey ; cilia grey - whitish .\nchristchurch , on the port hills ; in january and march , abundant amongst the tussock - grass , to which it appears attached .\n\u2642 . 9\u201310mm . head and palpi ochreous - whitish . antenn\u00e6 fuscous . thorax whitish - ochreous irrorated with grey . abdomen grey , anal tuft whitish - ochreous . legs dark grey , ringed with whitish , posterior tibi\u00e6 whitish . forewings lanceolate ; pale whitish - ochreous , irrorated with grey , more closely and suffusedly on costa , more yellowish - tinged in disc ; a slender black median streak from near base to before middle ; a black elongate dot in disc above middle , and a second , larger"]}
{"id": 641, "summary": [{"text": "trichopezinae are a subfamily of empidoid flies .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives , and generally small to medium-sized , long-legged and large-eyed .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "previously , they were included in the clinocerinae or the hemerodromiinae .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "in some more recent treatments , the brachystomatinae are considered a distinct family , and the trichopezinae are placed therein .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , it is more likely that the brachystomatinae are part of the empididae , and that the trichopezinae represent a separate lineage in the same family .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the monophyly of the trichopezinae versus its closest relatives is not firmly established ; it seems likely that some changes will be necessary to make this subfamily a natural group . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "trichopezinae", "paragraphs": ["rondani also are removed from the clinocerinae and transferred to the subfamily trichopezinae , new status . in addition ,\nrondani sont \u00e9galement transf\u00e9r\u00e9s des clinocerinae \u00e0 la sous - famille des trichopezinae , nouveau statut . de plus ,\ngarrett jones ( formerly in brachystomatinae ) are removed from synonymy and also transferred to the trichopezinae . this subfamily is described , and the phylogenetic relationships and . geographic distribution of the included genera are discussed . the trichopezinae is considered most closely related to the brachystomatinae ( exclusive of\n, b . j . 2008 . review of three little - known monotypic genera ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , assigned to trichopezinae .\n, b . j . 1995 . generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) .\nsinclair , b . j . 2008 : review of three little - known monotypic empidoid genera ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , assigned to trichopezinae . zootaxa 1754 : 52\u201362 .\ntrichopezinae are a subfamily of empidoid flies . they are mainly predatory flies like most of their relatives , and generally small to medium - sized , long - legged and large - eyed .\nsinclair , b . j . 1995 : generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) . the canadian entomologist 127 : 665\u2013752 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2011 : revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist 34 : 30\u201336 .\nsinclair , b . j . ( 1995 ) generic revision of the clinocerinae ( empididae ) , and description and phylogenetic relationships of the trichopezinae , new status ( diptera : empidoidea ) . the canadian entomologist , 127 , 665\u2013752 . urltoken\nsinclair , b . j . ( 2011 ) revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist , 34 , 30\u201336 . urltoken\n78 . sinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of the new zealand genus adipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . the new zealand entomologist 34 : 30 - 36 . urltoken\nwagner , r . , leese , f . & panesar , a . r . ( 2004 ) aquatic dance flies from a small himalayan mountain stream ( diptera : empididae : hemerodrominnae , trichopezinae and clinocerinae ) . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge , 52 ( 1\u20132 ) , 3\u201332 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of the new zealand genusadipsomyia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae : trichopezinae ) , with key to local empidoid family and selected genus groups . new zealand entomologist , vol . 34 , issue . 1 , p . 30 .\ngarrett jones ( autrefois chez les brachystomatinae ) ont leur statut r\u00e9tabli et sont \u00e9galement transf\u00e9r\u00e9s aux trichopezinae . la nouvelle sous - famille est d\u00e9crite et les relations phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tiques entre les genres de m\u00eame que leurs r\u00e9partitions g\u00e9ographiques respectives sont examin\u00e9es . la nouvelle sous - famille se rapproche surtout des brachystomatinae ( \u00e0 l\u2019exception d\u2019\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthe phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) .\ndepartment of entomology and plant pathology , 205 ellington plant sciences building , the university of tennessee , knoxville , tn 37996 - 4560 , usa . jmoulton @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : brachystomatidae according to b . j . sinclair et al . 2011\nheleodromia haliday is recorded from tibet for the first time with the following three species belonging to the subgenus heleodromia : heleodromia ( heleodromia ) ausobskyi wagner , heleodromia ( heleodromia ) basiflava sp . nov . and h . ( h . ) immaculata haliday . this finding extends the distribution of heleodromia in china from northwest china to southwest china . a key to the known species of heleodromia from the himalayas is presented .\ncollin , j . e . ( 1961 ) empididae . in : british flies . vol . 6 . cambridge university press , 782 pp .\nengel , e . o . ( 1939 ) 28 . empididae . in : lindner , e . ( ed . ) , die fliegen der palaearktischen region , 4 ( 4 ) , 1\u2013152 .\nhaliday , a . h . ( 1833 ) catalogue of diptera occurring about holywood in downshire . entomological magazine , 1 , 147\u2013180 .\nliu , x . y . , wang , j . j . & yang , d . ( 2012 ) heleodromia haliday newly recorded from china with descriptions of two new species ( diptera : empidoidea ) . zootaxa , 3159 , 59\u201364 .\nmcalpine , j . f . ( 1981 ) morphology and terminology - adults . in : mcalpine , j . f . , peterson , b . v . , shewell , g . e . , teskey , h . j . , vockeroth , j . r . & wood , d . m . ( coord . ) . manual of nearctic diptera . vol . 1 . agriculture canada monograph , no . 27 , pp . 9\u201363 .\nroser , c . von ( 1840 ) erster nachtrag zu dem in jahre 1834 bekannt gemachten verzeichnisse in w\u00fcrttemberg vorkommender zweifl\u00fcgliger insekten . correspondenzblatt de koniglich w\u00fcrttembergischen landwirtschaftlichen vereins , 37 ( 1 ) , 49\u201364 .\nsaigusa , t . ( 1963 ) studies on the genus heleodromia in japan ( diptera , empididae ) . sieboldia , 3 ( 1 ) , 119\u2013130 .\nsinclair , b . j . , brooks , s . e . , cumming , j . m . & coovert , g . a . ( 2011 ) revision of the nearctic species of heleodromia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . the canadian entomologist , 143 , 629\u2013651 . urltoken\nsinclair , b . j . & cumming , j . m . ( 2006 ) the morphology , higher - level phylogeny and classification of the empidoidea ( diptera ) . zootaxa , 1180 , 1\u2013172 .\nsmith , k . g . v . ( 1965 ) diptera from nepal : empididae . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology , 17 ( 2 ) , 61\u2013112 .\nwagner , r . ( 1983 ) heleodromia ausobskyi n . sp . aus nepal ( insecta : diptera : brachycera : empididae ) . senckenbergiana biologia , 63 , 333\u2013335 .\nwagner , r . ( 1985 ) a revision of the genus heleodromia ( diptera , empididae ) in europe . aquatic insects , 7 ( 1 ) , 33\u201343 . urltoken\nwagner , r . ( 2003 ) aquatic dance flies from the democratic peoples republic of corea ( diptera : empididae : hemerodromiinae and clinocerinae ) including the description of five new species . studia dipterologica , 10 ( 1 ) , 315\u2013319 .\nwagner , r . & \u00f6zdikmen , h . ( 2006 ) replacement name for the preoccupied genus group name illiesiella wagner , 1985 ( diptera : empididae ) . munis entomology and zoology , 1 , 91\u201392 .\nyang , d . , zhang , k . , yao , g . & zhang , j . ( 2007 ) world catalog of empididae ( insecta : diptera ) . china agricultural university press , beijing , 599 pp .\nzetterstedt , j . w . ( 1838 ) insecta lapponica descripta . diptera , lipsiae , pp . 477\u2013868 .\nxx . sinclair , b . j . & i . v . shamshev . 2012 . afropeza , a new south african genus ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) , with description of three new species . african invertebrates .\nxx . borkent , a . & b . j . sinclair . 2012 . the male genital tract of axymyiidae and tanyderidae ( diptera ) . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 3 . the canadian entomologist 144 .\nxx . sinclair , b . j & j . f . macdonald . 2012 . revision of dolichocephala of america north of mexico ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 2 . the canadian entomologist 144 .\n81 . sinclair , b . j . , brooks , s . e . , cumming , j . m . & coovert , g . a 2011 . revision of the nearctic species of heleodromia ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 1 . the canadian entomologist 143 :\n80 . cumming , j . m . , sinclair , b . j . , brooks , s . e . , o\u2019hara , j . e . , & . skevington , j . h . 2011 . the history of dipterology at the canadian national collection of insects , with special reference to the manual of nearctic diptera . in festschrift commemorating the coordinators of the manual of nearctic diptera and their contributions to building the canadian national collection of insects . part 1 . the canadian entomologist 143 :\n79 . sinclair , b . j . 2011 . revision of fijian syneches ( diptera : empidoidea : hybotidae ) , with a reassessment of the genus . the canadian entomologist 143 : 358 - 369 .\n77 . wiegmann , b . m . , m . d . trautwein , i . s . winkler , n . w . barr , j . - w . kim , c . lambkin , m . a . bertone , b . k . cassel , k . j . peterson , k . m . bayless , a . m . heimberg , b . m . wheeler , k . j . peterson , t . pape , b . j . sinclair , j . h . skevington , v . blagoderov , j . caravas , s . kutty , u . schmidt - ott , g . e . kampmeier , f . c . thompson , d . a . grimaldi , a . t . beckenbach , g . w . courtney , m . friedrich , r . meier , & d . k . yeates . 2011 . episodic radiations in the fly tree of life . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 108 : 5690 - 5695 .\n76 . sinclair , b . j . & dorchin , n . 2010 . isoptera , embioptera , neuroptera , mecoptera , raphidioptera and diptera types in zfmk . bonn zoological bulletin 58 : 49 - 88 . urltoken\n75 . sinclair , b . j . & huerta , h . 2010 . a new species of androprosopa from mexico ( diptera : thaumaleidae ) . the canadian entomologist 142 : 443 - 447 .\n74 . sinclair , b . j . 2010 . revision and phylogenetic systematics of the neotropical ceratomerinae ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . arthropod systematics & phylogeny 68 ( 2 ) : 197 - 228 . urltoken\n73 . sinclair , b . j . 2010 . proclinopyga ulrichi sp . nov . : the first fossil aquatic dance fly of the subfamily clinocerinae ( diptera : empididae ) bonn zoological bulletin 57 : 85 - 89 . urltoken\n72 . sinclair , b . j . & a . h . kirk - spriggs . 2010 . alavesia waters and arillo \u2013 a cretaceous - era genus discovered extant on the brandberg massif , namibia ( diptera : atelestidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 268 - 276 .\n69 . shamshev , i . v . & b . j . sinclair . 2009 . revision of the iteaphila setosa group ( diptera : empididae ) . european journal of entomology 106 : 441 - 450 . urltoken\n. 2008 . the male genital tract of chaoboridae ( diptera : culicomorpha ) .\n& m . benecke . 2008 . what is the edge of a forest ? a diversity analysis of adult diptera found on decomposing piglets inside and on the edge of a western german woodland inspired by a courtroom question .\nmeigen ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . nrc research press , ottawa . viii + 245 pp .\n. 2008 . some scuttle flies ( diptera : phoridae ) of the gal\u00e1pagos islands .\n59 . wagner , r . , m . , bart\u00e1k , a . , borkent , g . courtney , b . goddeeris , j . - p . haenni , l . knutson , a . pont , g . e . rotheray , r . rozko\u0161n\u00fd , b . sinclair , n . woodley , t . zatarnicki & p . zwick . 2008 . global diversity of dipteran families ( insecta diptera ) in freshwater ( excluding simuliidae , culicidae , chironomidae , tipulidae and tabanidae ) . hydrobiologia 595 : 489 - 519 . urltoken\na new southern hemisphere genus of ocydromiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : hybotidae ) .\n, b . d . gill & a . e . mccarthy . 2007 . nosocomial myiasis in a canadian intensive care unit .\n& m . schmitt . 2007 . the evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects .\n, b . j . , a . borkent & d . m . wood . 2007 . the male genital tract and aedeagal components of the diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance .\nzetterstedt from grand canyon national park , with notes on additional nearctic species ( diptera : empididae ) .\n52 . sinclair , b . j . & p . j . chandler . 2007 . a new species of microsania zetterstedt from fiji ( diptera : platypezidae ) . fiji arthropods vii . bishop museum occasional papers 91 : 29 - 32 . urltoken\n( diptera : muscidae ) parasitizing darwin\u2019s finches and its impacts on nestling survival .\n, b . j . & j . m . cumming . 2006 . the morphology , higher - level phylogeny and classification of the empidoidea ( diptera ) .\n48 . causton , c . e . , s . b . peck , b . j . sinclair , l . roque - albelo , c . j . hodgson , b . landry . 2006 . alien insects : threats and implications for the conservation of the gal\u00e1pagos islands . annals of the entomological society of america 99 : 121 - 143 .\n, b . j . & n . l . evenhuis . 2005 . two new species of dolichocephala macquart from fiji ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) .\n46 . sinclair , b . j . & t . saigusa . 2005 . revision of the trichoclinocera dasyscutellum group from east asia ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge 53 ( 2004 ) ( 1 - 2 ) : 193 - 209 . urltoken\n45 . sol\u00f3rzano kraemer , m . m . , b . j . sinclair & j . m . cumming . 2005 . five new species of tachydromiinae ( diptera : empididae s . l . ) from new world tertiary ambers .\n43 . zloty , j . , b . j . sinclair & g . pritchard . 2005 . discovered in our backyards : a new genus and species of a new family from the rocky mountains of north america ( diptera , tabanomorpha ) . systematic entomology 30 : 248 - 266 .\n. 2004 . notes on predation by empididae and hybotidae on chironomidae and simuliidae ( diptera ) .\ncoquillett ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) , with taxonomic notes on the genus .\n39 . sinclair , b . j . & l . papp . 2004 . the rediscovery of nemedina alamirabilis chandler from hungary ( diptera : empidoidea ) , and first description of the male . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge 52 ( 2003 ) ( 1 - 2 ) : 155 - 158 . urltoken\n, b . j . 2003 . southern african empidoidea ( diptera ) : phylogenetic patterns and biogeographic implications .\nchandler from mid - asia ( diptera : empidoidea ) resolves the phylogenetic position of this enigmatic genus .\n35 . sinclair , b . j . 2003 . taxonomy , phylogeny and zoogeography of the subfamily ceratomerinae of australia ( diptera : empidoidea ) . records of the australian museum 55 : 1 - 44 . urltoken\n33 . sinclair , b . j . & t . saigusa . 2002 . a new species of the seepage midge genus trichothaumalea edwards from japan ( diptera : culicomorpha : thaumaleidae ) . insect systematics & evolution 33 : 175 - 184 .\n31 . sinclair , b . j . & p . h . arnaud , jr . 2001 . nemedina eocenica , new species ( diptera : empidoidea ) from baltic amber . myia 6 : 1 - 8 .\n, b . j . 2000 . empidoidea , exclusive of dolichopodidae ( diptera ) ( pp . 223 - 225 ) .\n: kirk - spiggs , a . h . marais , e . ( eds ) .\noldroyd ( diptera : empidoidea ) , with a redefinition of the tribe ocydromiini .\n27 . sinclair , b . j . 2000 . revision of the genus clinocera meigen from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . invertebrate taxonomy 14 ( 3 ) : 347 - 361 . urltoken\n, b . j . 1999 . review of the clinocerinae of southern africa ( diptera : empididae ) .\n23 . sinclair , b . j . 1999 . review of the genera dipsomyia bezzi , zanclotus wilder , and an allied new gondwanan genus ( diptera : empidoidea , ragas - group ) . entomological science 2 ( 1 ) : 131 - 145 .\n. 1998 . introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago : the gal\u00e1pagos islands , ecuador .\n. 1997 . the dolichopodidae ( diptera ) of the gal\u00e1pagos islands , with notes on the new world fauna .\nloew ( diptera : empidoidea ; hybotinae ) , with description of seven new species .\n, b . j . & d . k . mcalpine . 1995 . a new rhinotorine fly from northern queensland , australia ( diptera : heleomyzidae ) .\n, b . j . & b . r . stuckenberg . 1995 . review of the thaumaleidae ( diptera ) of south africa .\n, & d . m . wood . 1995 . homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - eremoneura .\n, b . j . , j . m . cumming , & d . m . wood . 1994 . homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - lower brachycera .\n, b . j . 1992 . phylogenetic interpretation of the brachycera ( diptera ) based on the larval mandible and associated mouthpart structures .\n( diptera : thaumaleidae ) from eastern north america and a discussion of male genitalic homologies .\nadvances in chironomidology . proceedings of the xth international symposium on chironomidae , part 1 .\njames occurring in madicolous habitats of eastern north america ( diptera : stratiomyidae ) .\n, b . j . & s . a . marshall . 1987 ( 1986 ) . the madicolous fauna in southern ontario .\n2009 . empididae ( dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ) , pp . 653 - 670 .\n, b . j . 2009 . dipteran biodiversity of the gal\u00e1pagos , pp . 97 - 118 .\n, b . j . , s . e . brooks & j . m . cumming 2008 . a critical review of the world catalogs of empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) by yang et al . 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288 .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nwahlberg , emma and johanson , kjell arne 2018 . molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within empidoidea ( diptera ) . systematic entomology ,\nivkovi\u0107 , marija \u0107evid , josipa horvat , bogdan and sinclair , bradley j . 2017 . aquatic dance flies ( diptera , empididae , clinocerinae and hemerodromiinae ) of greece : species richness , distribution and description of five new species . zookeys , vol . 724 , issue . , p . 53 .\nsinclair , bradley j . cumming , jeffrey m . brooks , scott e . plant , adrian r . and saigusa , toyohei 2016 . gondwanamyia , a new empidoid ( diptera ) genus of uncertain placement . zookeys , vol . 621 , issue . , p . 137 .\nwang , ning wang , baohai and yang , ding 2015 . wiedemannia ( diptera : empididae ) newly found in china with description of a new species from tibet . florida entomologist , vol . 98 , issue . 1 , p . 44 .\npalaczyk , andrzej s\u0142owi\u0144ska , iwona and klasa , anna 2015 . the genusbergenstammiamik , 1881 ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) in poland with description ofbergenstammia glacialissp . nov . from the tatra mts . . annales zoologici , vol . 65 , issue . 1 , p . 53 .\nivkovi\u0107 , marija plant , adrian leather , simon r . and hassall , christopher 2015 . aquatic insects in the dinarides : identifying hotspots of endemism and species richness shaped by geological and hydrological history using empididae ( diptera ) . insect conservation and diversity , vol . 8 , issue . 4 , p . 302 .\ncumming , jeffrey m . brooks , scott e . and saigusa , toyohei 2014 . revision of the hesperempis genus group ( diptera : empidoidea : empididae ) . the canadian entomologist , vol . 146 , issue . 02 , p . 170 .\nliu , xlaoyan tang , cufei and yang , ding 2014 . dolichocephala ( diptera : empididae ) newly found in tibet with description of a new species . florida entomologist , vol . 97 , issue . 3 , p . 1021 .\nsinclair , bradley j . and macdonald , john f . 2012 . revision of dolichocephala of america , north of mexico ( diptera : empididae : clinocerinae ) . the canadian entomologist , vol . 144 , issue . 01 , p . 62 .\nevenhuis , neal l . and sinclair , bradley j . 2012 . case 3588brachystomameigen , 1822 ( insecta , diptera , brachystomatidae ) : proposed conservation of usage . the bulletin of zoological nomenclature , vol . 69 , issue . 2 , p . 113 .\nsinclair , bradley j . and kirk - spriggs , ashley h . 2010 . alavesiawaters and arillo - a cretaceous - era genus discovered extant on the brandberg massif , namibia ( diptera : atelestidae ) . systematic entomology , vol . 35 , issue . 2 , p . 268 .\nli , zhu and yang , ding 2009 . a new species oftrichoclinoceracollin ( diptera : empididae ) from china . aquatic insects , vol . 31 , issue . 2 , p . 133 .\nwagner , r\u00fcdiger bart\u00e1k , miroslav borkent , art courtney , gregory goddeeris , boudewijn haenni , jean - paul knutson , lloyd pont , adrian rotheray , graham e . rozko\u0161n\u00fd , rudolf sinclair , bradley woodley , norman zatwarnicki , tadeusz and zwick , peter 2008 . global diversity of dipteran families ( insecta diptera ) in freshwater ( excluding simulidae , culicidae , chironomidae , tipulidae and tabanidae ) . hydrobiologia , vol . 595 , issue . 1 , p . 489 .\nyang , ding 2008 . a new species ofdolichocephalafrom hainan island , with a key to the chinese species ( diptera : empididae ) . aquatic insects , vol . 30 , issue . 4 , p . 281 .\ngrootaert , patrick and yang , ding 2008 . a newhypenella ( empididae : clinocerinae ) , a palaearctic relict in guangdong , south china . annales zoologici , vol . 58 , issue . 3 , p . 557 .\nmoulton , john k . and wiegmann , brian m . 2007 . the phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 43 , issue . 3 , p . 701 .\nnel , andr\u00e9 perrichot , vincent daugeron , christophe and n\u00e9raudeau , didier 2004 . a newmicrophoritesin the lower cretaceous amber of the southwest of france ( diptera : dolichopodidae , \u201cmicrophorinae\u201d ) . annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( n . s . ) , vol . 40 , issue . 1 , p . 23 .\ndaugeron , c . 2001 . cladistics and taxonomy of the afrotropical empis ( coptophlebia ) chrysocera - group ( diptera , empididae ) . journal of natural history , vol . 35 , issue . 4 , p . 583 .\nare no longer recognized and the genus is divided into six tentative informal species groups . the following new generic synonyms are proposed :\n. a key to genera is provided for the identification of adult specimens of clinocerinae , all genera are described , several lectotypes are designated , and male and female terminalia are illustrated . a world list of species is included for each genus , identifying new combinations . cladistic relationships of the genera of the clinocerinae are presented .\nmelander , both of which are hypothesized to share apomorphies with the empidinae + hemerodromiinae . the genera\nphilippi ) and ceratomerinae . these three subfamilies are hypothesized to represent the sister group to the microphorinae + dolichopodidae .\nne sont plus reconnus et le genre est divis\u00e9 provisoirement en six groupes informels d\u2019esp\u00e8ces . les synonymies suivantes sont propos\u00e9es :\n. une cl\u00e9 des genres permettra de distinguer les adultes des clinocerinae ; tous les genres sont d\u00e9crits , plusieurs lectotypes sont d\u00e9sign\u00e9s et les pi\u00e8ces g\u00e9nitales des m\u00e2les et des femelles sont illustr\u00e9es . pour chaque genre , une liste des esp\u00e8ces \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale tient compte des nouvelles combinaisons . les r\u00e9sultats de l\u2019analyse des relations cladistiques des genres de clinocerinae sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s ici .\nmelander , et les deux genres semblent partag\u00e9 des apomorphies avec les empidinae + hemerodromiinae . les genres\nphilippi ) et des ceratomerinae . on suppose que les trois sous - familles constituent le groupe soeur des microphorinae + dolichopodidae .\ndipt\u00e8res nouveau r\u00e9colt\u00e9s par mm . ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale 1911\u20131912\nthe mouth - parts of the dance fly , empis livida l . ( diptera , empididae )\ntaxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 18 . the hemerodromiinae ( empididae )\ntaxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 27 . a revised note on the subfamily hemerodromiinae ( empididae )\ntaxonomic notes on the larvae of british diptera . no . 28 . the larva and pupa of hydrodromia stagnalis ( haliday )\nemergenz - untersuchungen an einem mittelgebirgsbach bei bonn . vii . empididen - und dolichopodiden - emergenz 1976 ( insecta , diptera , brachycera )\nthe empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae\nrevision of palearctic microphoridae ( diptera ) 3 . parathalassiinae ( parathalassius mik and microphorella becker )\nsome pipunculidae and empididae from the ussuri region on the far eastern border of the u . s . s . r . ( diptera )\nbook review of chv\u00e1la , m . 1983 . the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae , and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica , volume 12\n. fusion and confusion : interpretation of male genitalic homologies in the empidoidea ( diptera ) .\n( ed . ) , catalog of the diptera of the australasian and oceanic regions .\ndie arthropodenfauna von madiera nach den ergebnissen der reise von prof . dr . o . lundblad juli - august 1935 . xix diptera brachycera . ( exkl . phoridae , muscidae , tachinidae )\ntiergeographische studien \u00fcber die dipterenfauna der azoren . i . verzeichnis der bisher von den azoren bekannten dipteren\nbook review of chv\u00e1la , m . 1983 . the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica , volume 12\ninsektfossilien aus der unteren kreide . iii . empidiformia ( \u201cmicrophorinae\u201d ) aus der unteren kreide und aus dem baltischen bernstein ; ein vertreter der cyclorrhapha aus der unteren kreide\nbergenstammia carniolica sp . n . ( diptera , empididae : clinocerinae ) from karavanke mts . in slovenia\nwiedemannia ( philolutra ) koeppeni sp . n . aus sibirien ( diptera , empididae )\nwiedemannia ( philolutra ) mauersbergeri n . sp . aus der mongolei ( diptera , empididae )\n. possibilities of using the structural features of the ovipositor in the systematics of brachycera - orthorrhapha . pp . 70\u201374\npp . [ translated from zoologicheskii institut an sssr publishers , leningrad ( 1979 ) . ]\ndiptera nova , in pannonia inferiori et in confinibus daciae regionsibus a ferd . kowarzio capta\net al . , ( coords . ) , manual of nearctic diptera . vol . 1 .\nnouvelle classification des mouches \u00e0 deux ailes ( diptera l . ) d ' apr\u00e8s un plan tout nouveau\net al . , ( eds . ) , a catalog of the diptera of america north of mexico .\neine neue schweizerische art aus der alten gattung clinocera meig . ( ein dipterologischer beitrag . )\nwiedemannia jazdzewskii sp . n . and hemerodromia mazoviensis sp . n . , new species of empididae ( diptera , brachycera ) from poland\nwiedemannia escheri ( zetterstedt , 1838 ) and w . hirtiloba ( speiser , 1924 ) , new synonyms of w . zetterstedti ( fall\u00e9n , 1826 )\n. genera italica ordinis dipterorum ordinatim disposita et distincta et in familias et stirpes aggregata .\nr\u00e9coltes de r . paulian et a . villiers dans le haut atlas marocain , 1938 ( xvii e note ) . dipt\u00e8res\na new species of asymphyloptera collin ( dipt . , empididae , clinocerinae ) from australia\net al . , ( coords . ) , manual of nearctic diptera . vol .\nmitteilungen \u00fcber die empididen ( dipt . ) finnlands vii . die gattung hormopeza zett\n. [ though the journal cover bears the date 1952 , the issue containing this article was published in 1953 . ]\nrecherches sur la faune madicole ( hygrop\u00e9trique s . l . ) de france , de corse et d ' afrique du nord\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des dipt\u00e8res empididae du grand - atlas marocain . i . hemerodromiinae et atalantinae\nrevision des empididae hemerodromiinae de france , d ' espagne et d ' afrique du nord [ dipt . ]\nnotes on empididae ( 8 ) , bergenstammia albanica sp . n . , a new aquatic empidid ( diptera ) from southeast europe\n. phylogeny and classification of the \u201corthorrhaphous\u201d brachycera [ chapter ] 115 . pp . 1371\u20131395\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nbradley j . sinclair canadian national collection of insects & canadian food inspection agency , ottawa plant laboratory - entomology , k . w . neatby bldg . , c . e . f . , 960 carling avenue , ottawa , on , canada k1a 0c6 ;\nbarratt , b . i . p ; patrick , b . h . 1987 : insects of snow tussock grassland on the east otago plateau . new zealand entomologist 10 , 69\u201398 .\nbickel , d . j . 1983 : two new australian teuchophorus loew ( diptera : dolichopodidae ) . journal of the australian entomological society 22 : 39\u201345 .\nbickel , d . j . 1991 : sciapodinae , medeterinae ( insecta : diptera ) with a generic review of the dolichopodidae . fauna of new zealand 23 : 1\u201374 .\nbickel , d . j . 1996 : thinempis , a new genus from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empididae ) , with notes on the tribal classification of the empidinae . systematic entomology 21 : 115\u2013128 .\nbickel , d . j . 2009 : biogeography of diptera in the southwest pacific . pp . 257\u2013275 in pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) dipteran diversity : status , challenges and tools , koninklijke brill nv , xx + 459 pp .\nbremer , k . 1994 : branch support and tree stability . cladistics 10 : 295\u2013304 .\nbrooks , s . e . ; cumming , j . m . 2011 : the new world genera of parathalassiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : dolichopodidae s . l . ) , with new species of thalassophorus and eothalassius . the canadian entomologist 143 : 423\u2013446 .\nbrust , r . a . 1966 : gynandromorphs and intersexes in mosquitoes ( diptera : culicidae ) . canadian journal of zoology 44 : 911\u2013921 .\nbuckley , t . r . ; krosch , m . ; leschen , r . a . b . 2015 : evolution of new zealand insects : summary and prospectus for future research . austral entomology 54 : 1\u201327 .\nchv\u00e1la , m . 1981 : classification and phylogeny of empididae , with a presumed origin of dolichopodidae ( diptera ) . entomologica scandinavica supplement 15 : 225\u2013236 .\nchv\u00e1la , m . 1983 : the empidoidea ( diptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . ii . general part . the families hybotidae , atelestidae and microphoridae . fauna entomologica scandinavica 12 : 1\u2013279 .\ncolless , d . h . 1963 : an australian species of microphorella ( diptera : empididae ) , with notes on the phylogenetic significance of the genus . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 88 : 320\u2013323 .\ncolless , d . h . ; mcalpine , d . k . 1970 : diptera ( flies ) [ chapter ] 34 . pp . 656\u2013740 i n the insects of australia . melbourne university press , carlton .\ncolless , d . h . ; mcalpine , d . k . 1991 : diptera ( flies ) [ chapter ] 39 . pp . 717\u2013786 i n nauman , i . d . ( ed ) the insects of australia , vol . 2 . 2nd edition . melbourne university press , carlton .\ncollin , j . e . 1928 : new zealand empididae based on material in the british museum ( natural history ) . british museum ( natural history ) , london . 110 pp .\ncollin , j . e . 1931 : two remarkable new species of empididae ( diptera ) from new zealand . annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 8 : 352\u2013355 .\ncollin , j . e . 1933 : part iv empididae . diptera of patagonia and south chile . british museum ( natural history ) , london . 334 pp .\ncollins , k . p . ; wiegmann , b . m . 2002 : phylogenetic relationships and placement of the empidoidea ( diptera : brachycera ) based on 28s rdna and ef - 1\u03b1 sequences . insect systematics and evolution 33 : 421\u2013444 .\ncowie , b . ; winterbourn , m . j . 1979 : biota of a subalpine springbrook in the southern alps . new zealand journal of marine & freshwater research 13 ( 2 ) : 295\u2013301 .\ncraig , d . a . ; craig , r . e . g . ; crosby , t . k . 2012 : simuliidae ( insecta : diptera ) . fauna of new zealand 68 : 1\u2013336 .\ncranston , p . s . 2005 : biogeographic paterns in the evolution of diptera . pp . 274\u2013311 in yeates , d . k . ; wiegmann , b . m . ( eds ) the evolutionary biology of flies , columbia university press , new york .\ncranston , p . s . ; hardy , n . b . ; morse , g . e . ; puslednik , l ; mccluen , s . r . 2012 : when molecules and morphology concur : the \u2018gondwanan\u2019 midges ( diptera : chironomidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 636\u2013648 .\ncrosby , t . k . 1976 : localities and collection dates of a . l . tonnoir\u2019s diptera specimens . the new zealand entomologist 6 : 201\u2013203 .\ncrosby , t . k . ; dugdale , j . s . ; watt , j . c . 1976 : recording specimen localities in new zealand : an arbitrary system of areas and codes defined . new zealand journal of zoology 3 : 69 + map .\ncumming , j . m . ; sinclair , b . j . 2008 : dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ( diptera : empidoidea , exclusive of dolichopodidae ) . pp . 1146\u20131151 in : capinera , j . l . 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( eds ) manual of central american diptera , volume 1 , nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , canada .\ndarwin , c . 1871 : the descent of man , and selection in relation to sex . john murray , london .\ndaugeron , c . ; plant , a . ; winkler , i . ; stark , a . ; baylac , m . 2011 : extreme male leg polymorphic asymmetry in a new empidine dance fly ( diptera : empididae ) . biology letters 7 , 11\u201314 .\nfreitas - silva , r . a . p . ; ale - rocha , r . 2013 : a new apterous species of platypalpus macquart ( diptera : hybotidae , tachydromiinae ) from ecuador . zootaxa 3636 ( 4 ) : 590\u2013596 .\ngrimaldi , d . ; cumming , j . 1999 : brachyceran diptera in cretaceous ambers and mesozoic diversification of the eremoneura . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 239 : 1\u2013124 .\nhennig , w . 1966 : the diptera fauna of new zealand as a problem in systematics and zoogeography . translated from german by p . wygodzinsky . pacific insects monograph 9 : 1\u201381 .\nhuber , b . a . 2003 : rapid evolution and species - specificity of arthropod genitalia : fact or artifact ? organisms , diversity & evolution 3 : 63\u201371 .\nkert\u00e9sz , k . 1909 : catalogus dipterorum hucusque descriptorum , volume vi . empididae , dolichopodidae , muscidoridae . museum nationale hungaricum , budapest , 362 pp .\nko\u00e7ak , a . \u00f6 . ; kemal , m . 2010 : nomenclatural notes on the genus group names of the order diptera . centre for entomological studies ankara miscellaneous papers 151 : 5\u20137 .\nlunau , k . ; middelmann , a . ; pianka , m . 2006 : density - and food - resource - dependent courtship behaviour in the fly poecilobothrus nobilitatus l . ( diptera , dolichopodidae ) . entomologie heute 18 : 123\u2013132 .\nmacfarlane , r . p . ; andrew , i . g . 2001 : new zealand diptera identification , diversity and biogeography : a summary . records of the canterbury museum 15 : 33\u201372 .\nmacfarlane , r . p . ; andrew , i . g . 2004 ; south west christchurch waterways : habitat assessment for insects . 26 pp .\nmacfarlane , r . p . ; andrew , i . g . ; maddison , p . a . ; andrew , i . g . ; berry , j . a . ; johns , p . m . ; hoare , r . j . b . ; larivi\u00e8re , m . - c . ; greenslade , p . ; henderson , r . c . ; smithers , c . n . ; palma , r . l . ; ward , j . b . ; pilgrim , r . l . c . ; towns , d . r . ; mclellan , i . ; teulon , d . a . j . ; hitchings , t . r . ; eastop , v . f . ; martin , n . a . ; fletcher , m . j . ; stufkens , m . a . w . ; dale , p . j . ; burchhardt , d . ; buckley , t . r . ; trewick , s . a . 2010 : nine . phylum arthropoda , subphylum hexapoda , protura , springtails , diplura , and insects . pp . 233 - 467 in gordon , d . p . ( ed ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity , volume 2 , chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . canterbury university press , christchurch .\nmaddison , w . p . ; maddison , d . r . 2003 : macclade 4 : analysis of phylogeny and character evolution . version 4 . 06 . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts .\nmaddison , w . p . ; maddison , d . r . 2010 : mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . version 2 . 73 . h urltoken\nmalloch , j . r . 1931 : notes on new zealand empididae ( diptera ) . records of the canterbury museum 3 : 423\u2013429 , pl . lvi .\nmalloch , j . r . 1932 : notes on new zealand empididae ( diptera ) - ii . records of the canterbury museum 3 : 457\u2013458 .\nmarshall , s . a . 2012 : flies : the natural history and diversity of diptera . firefly books ltd . , richmond hill , ontario . 616 pp .\nmartynov , a . v . 1936 : on some new materials of arthropoda from kuznetsk - basin . bulletin de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciences de l ' u . r . s . s . , s\u00e9rie biologique 1936 : 1251\u20131264 [ in russian ] .\nmelander , a . l . 1908 : family empididae . pp . 218\u2013227 in williston , s . w . ( ed . ) , manual of north american diptera . 3 rd edition . j . j . hathaway , new haven .\nmelander , a . l . 1928 : diptera , fam . empididae . pp . 1\u2013434 in wytsman , p . ( ed ) genera insectorum . fasc . 185 . \u201c1927\u201d . louis desmet - verteneuil , bruxelles .\nmiller , d . 1950 : catalogue of the diptera of the new zealand sub - region . department of scientific and industrial re - search , new zealand , bulletin , 100 : 1\u2013194 .\nmoulton , j . k . ; wiegmann , b . m . 2007 : the phylogenetic relationships of flies in the superfamily empidoidea ( insecta : diptera ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 43 : 710\u2013713 .\npape , t . ; blagoderov , v . ; mostovski , m . b . 2011 : order diptera linnaeus , 1758 . in zhang , z . - q . ( ed ) animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . zootaxa 3148 : 222\u2013229 .\nparamonov , s . j . 1959 : x . zoogeographical aspects of the australian dipterofauna . pp . 164\u2013191 in keast , a . ; crocker , r . l . ; cristian , c . s . ( eds ) biogeography and ecology in australia . monographiae biologicae vol . 8 , dr . w . junk , the hague .\nparamonov , s . j . 1961 : notes on australian diptera ( xxxii - xxxvi ) . xxxiii . a new genus of empididae from tasmania . annals and magazine of natural history . london ( 13 ) 4 : 100\u2013102 .\nphilippi , r . a . 1865 : aufzahlung der chilenischen dipteren . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - k\u00f6niglichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft , wien 15 : 595\u2013782 .\nplant , a . r . 1990a : the genus icasma collin ( diptera : empididae : ceratomerinae ) , and the description of a new species . new zealand entomologist 13 : 16\u201318 .\nplant , a . r . 1990b : intersexual forms of hilara monedula coll . ( empididae ) . dipterists digest 7 : 40\u201341 .\nplant , a . r . 1991 : a revision of the genus ceratomerus ( diptera : empididae : ceratomerinae ) of new zealand . journal of natural history 25 : 1313\u20131330 .\nplant , a . r . 1993 . sexual dimorphism in the genus monodromia collin ( diptera empididae : hemerodromiinae ) . new zealand journal of zoology 20 : 207\u2013210 .\nplant , a . r . 1998 ( 1997 ) : atodrapetis , a new genus of empidoid fly ( diptera , empidoidea , hybotinae , tachydromiinae ) from new zealand . studia dipterologica 4 : 435\u2013440 .\nplant , a . r . 1999 : new species of isodrapetis collin , 1928 ( diptera , empidoidea , hybotinae ) with a detailed diagnosis of the genus . studia dipterologica 6 : 279\u2013294 .\nplant , a . r . 2005 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera , empididae ) of new zealand i . phyllodromia zetterstedt . studia dipterologica 12 : 119\u2013138 .\nplant , a . r . 2007 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera , empididae ) of new zealand ii . chelipoda macquart . zootaxa 1537 : 1\u201388 .\nplant , a . r . 2011 : the hemerodromiinae ( diptera : empididae ) of new zealand iii . antipodromia new genus . new zealand entomologist 34 : 52\u201355 .\nplant , a . r . ; didham , r . k . 2006 : a new genus of drapetini ( diptera : hybotinae : tachydromiinae ) from new zealand . entomologist\u2019s monthly magazine 142 : 41\u201347 .\npont , a . c . 1995 : the type - material of diptera ( insecta ) described by g . h . verrall and j . e . collin . oxford university museum publication 3 , clarendon press , oxford . 223 pp .\nsaigusa , t . 2006 : homology of wing venation of diptera . unpublished handout distributed at the 6 th international congress of dipterology , fukuoka , japan . 26 pp .\nsanmart\u00edn , i . ; ronquist , f . 2004 : southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event - based medels : plant versus animal patterns . systematic biology 53 : 216\u2013243 .\nshamshev , i . v . ; grootaert , p . 2002 : a new genus of microphorinae ( diptera : empidoidea ) from new zealand . belgium journal of entomology 4 : 129\u2013144 .\nsinclair , b . j . 1997 : icasma collin and an allied new genus glyphidopeza from new zealand ( diptera : empidoidea ; ceratomerinae ) . records of the australian museum 49 ( 2 ) : 195\u2013211 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2000 : revision of the genus clinocera meigen from australia and new zealand ( diptera : empiidae : clinocerinae ) . invertebrate taxonomy 14 : 347\u2013361 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2003 : taxonomy , phylogeny and zoogeography of the subfamily ceratomerinae of australia ( diptera : empidoidea ) . records of the australian museum 55 : 1\u201344 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2010 : revision and phylogenetic systematics of the neotropical ceratomerinae ( diptera : empidoidea : brachystomatidae ) . arthropod systematics & phylogeny 68 ( 2 ) : 197\u2013228 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2016 : revision of the australian species of hydropeza sinclair ( diptera : empididae : ragadinae subfam . nov . ) . records of the australian museum 68 : 1\u201322 .\nsinclair , b . j . 2017 : 55 . homalocnemidae ( homalocnemid dance flies ) . in kirk - spriggs , a . h . ; sinclair , b . j . ( eds ) manual of afrotropical diptera , volume 2 . nematocerous diptera and lower brachycera . suricata 5 . pretoria : sanbi graphics & editing .\nsinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . 2000 : revision of the genus apterodromia ( diptera : empidoidea ) , with a redefinition of the tribe ocydromiini . records of the australian museum 52 : 161\u2013186 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . 2006 : the morphology , higher - level phylogeny and classification of the empidoidea ( diptera ) . zootaxa 1180 : 1\u2013172 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; cumming , j . m . ; brooks , s . e . ; plant , a . r . ; saigusa , t . ( 2016 ) : gondwanamyia , a new empidoid ( diptera ) genus of uncertain placement . zookeys 621 : 137\u2013147 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; dorchin , n . 2010 : isoptera , embioptera , neuroptera , mecoptera , raphidioptera and diptera types in zfmk . bonn zoological bulletin 58 : 49\u201388 .\nsinclair , b . j . ; mclellan , i . d . 2004 : revision of the new zealand species of hydropeza sinclair ( diptera : empidoidea : ragas - group ) . invertebrate systematics 18 : 627\u2013647 .\nsivinski , j . 1997 : ornaments in the diptera . florida entomologist 80 ( 2 ) : 142\u2013164 .\nsmith , k . g . v . 1967 : family empididae ( empidae , hybotidae ) . pp . 39 . 1\u201339 . 67 in a catalogue of the diptera of the americas south of the united states . departamento de zoologia , s\u00e3o paulo .\nsmith , k . g . v . 1989 : 43 . family empididae . pp . 382\u2013392 in evenhuis , n . l . ( ed ) catalog of the diptera of the australasian and oceanic regions . bishop museum special publication 86 . bishop museum press and e . j . brill , honolulu .\nsorenson , m . d . 1999 : treerot , version 2 . boston university , boston , massachusetts .\nstuardo , c . 1946 : catalogo de los dipteros de chile . imprenta universitaria , santiago de chile , 253 pp .\nstuckenberg , b . r . 1999 : antennal evolution in the brachycera ( diptera ) , with a reassessment of terminology relating to the flagellum . studia dipterologica 6 : 33\u201348 .\nswofford , d . l . 1998 : \u2018paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4 . \u2019 sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts , usa .\nthompson , f . c . 2009 : nearctic diptera : twenty years later . pp . 3\u201346 in pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) diptera diversity : status , challenges and tools . brill , leiden , boston .\ntrewick , s . a . ; wallis , g . p . 2001 : bridging the \u201cbeech - gap\u201d : new zealand invertebrate phylogeography implicates pleistocene glaciation and pliocene isolation . evolution 55 ( 11 ) : 2170\u20132180 .\nturner , a . j . 1902 : new genera and species of lepidoptera belonging to the family noctuidae . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 27 : 77\u2013136 .\nwheeler , t . a . 1992 : a gynandromorph of rachispoda subpiligera ( malloch ) ( diptera : sphaeroceridae ) , with notes on asymmetry , circumversion , and the structure of the male postabdomen . the canadian entomologist 124 : 729\u2013735 .\nwiegmann , b . m . ; mitter , c . ; thompson , f . c . 1993 : evolution origin of the cyclorrhapha ( diptera ) : test of alternative morphological hypotheses . cladistics 9 : 41\u201381 .\nwinterbourn , m . j . ; gregson , k . l . d . ; dolphin , c . h . 2000 : guide to the aquatic insects of new zealand ( 3rd edition ) . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 13 : 1\u2013102 .\nyang , d . ; yao , g . ; zhang k . ; zhang , j . 2007 : world catalog of empididae ( insecta : diptera ) . china agricultural university press , beijing . 704 pp .\nyeates , d . k . ; bickel , d . ; colless , d . h . 2009 : diversity , relationships and biogeography of australian flies . pp . 227\u2013256 in : pape , t . ; bickel , d . ; meier , r . ( eds ) dipteran diversity : status , challenges and tools , koninklijke brill nv , xx + 459 pp .\nzimmer , m . ; diestelhorst , o . ; lunau , k . 2003 : courtship in long - legged flies ( diptera : dolichopodidae ) : function and evolution of signals . behavioral ecology 14 : 526\u2013530 .\nbradley j . sinclair canadian national collection of insects & canadian food inspection agency , opl - entomology , k . w . neatby bldg . , c . e . f . , 960 carling ave . , ottawa , on , canada k1a 0c6 .\neight species are recognized among new world species of asymphyloptera collin , including seven new species ( a . cajanuma sp . nov . ( ecuador ) , a . chilensis sp . nov . ( chile ) , a . chiricahua sp . nov . ( usa : arizona ) , a . dominica sp . nov . ( dominica ) , a . havasu sp . nov . ( usa : arizona ) , a . lutea sp . nov . ( costa rica ) and a . mexicana sp . nov . ( mexico ) ) . the new species are described , male terminalia illustrated , distributions mapped and a key to species is presented . two additional undescribed species based on single females , are known from ecuador and venezuela .\nbrooks , s . e . & cumming , j . m . ( 2011 ) the new world genera of parathalassiinae ( diptera : empidoidea : dolichopodidae s . l . ) , with new species of thalassophorus and eothalassius . the canadian entomologist , 143 , 423\u2013446 . urltoken\ncollin , j . e . ( 1933 ) empididae . diptera of patagonia and south chile , 4 , 1\u2013334 .\ncumming , j . m . & sinclair , b . j . ( 2009 ) empididae ( dance flies , balloon flies , predaceous flies ) [ chapter ] 48 . in : brown , b . v . , borkent , a . , cumming , j . m . , wood , d . m . , woodley , n . e . & zumbado , m . a . ( eds . ) , manual of central american diptera . vol . 1 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , pp . 653\u2013670 .\ncumming , j . m . & wood , d . m . ( 2009 ) adult morphology and terminology [ chapter ] 2 . in : brown , b . v . , borkent , a . , cumming , j . m . , wood , d . m . , woodley , n . e . & zumbado , m . a . ( eds . ) , manual of central american diptera . vol . 1 . nrc research press , ottawa , ontario , pp . 9\u201350 .\ndonnelly , t . w . ( 1988 ) geologic constraints on caribbean biogeography . in : liebherr , j . k . ( ed . ) , zoogeography of caribbean insects . cornell university press , ithaca , pp . 15\u201337 .\npollet , m . ( 2009 ) in search for dolichopodid flies in southern ecuador : the true story . fly times , 42 , 36\u201351 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 19 march 2015 )\nricklefs , r . & bermingham , e . ( 2008 ) the west indies as a laboratory of biogeography and evolution . philosophical transactions of the royal society b , 363 , 2393\u20132413 . urltoken\nrobinson , h . ( 1975 ) the bredin - archbold - smithsonian biological survey of dominica . the family dolichopodidae with some related antillean and panamanian species ( diptera ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 185 , 1\u2013141 .\nsinclair , b . j . ( 1999 ) review of the clinocerinae of southern africa ( diptera : empididae ) . annals of the natal museum , 40 , 103\u2013125 .\nsmith , k . g . v . ( 1961 ) a new species of asymphyloptera collin ( dipt . , empididae , clinocerinae ) from australia . the entomologist\u2019s monthly magazine , 96 ( 1960 ) , 245 ."]}
{"id": 642, "summary": [{"text": "the konye ( konia eisentrauti ) is a critically endangered species of fish in the family cichlidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is endemic to lake barombi mbo , a crater lake in western cameroon .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is threatened because of pollution and sedimentation due to human activities , and potentially also by large emissions of carbon dioxide ( co \u2082 ) from the lake 's bottom ( compare lake nyos ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 9.3 centimetres ( 3.7 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "konye", "paragraphs": ["miss oni also recalled telling konye about the attack . konye replied : \u2018omg . can\u2019t believe it . \u2019\nthe konye council was created in 1977 following presidential degree n\u00b0 77 / 203 of june 29 1977 . it went operational in july 1978 with headquarters in konye .\nmitigating , sally o\u2019neill qc said konye had a \u2018difficult domestic upbringing\u2019 and felt remorse .\ninformation on the konye is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthere is no comfortable hotel in konye urgench . it is better to stay overnight at dashoguz .\nthe konye is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nmary konye , 22 , of canning town , allegedly attacked ms oni because she had called her ugly .\nthe woman , a neighbour of konye\u2019s who did not want to be named , taught konye when she was a pupil at st joachim\u2019s catholic primary school in custom house said she had been shocked to hear the verdict .\nhe told reporters that witnesses had testified in court that konye planned the attack over the course of two years .\nthere are sensitive zones in konye municipality . dikome , konye , kokaka , matoh , ikiliwindi have swamps . mbakwa supe has flood zones and landslide areas . kurume has steep slopes . these areas have been abandoned by the inhabitants .\nduring her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .\nhe added that the attack might have been driven by jealousy and that konye displayed signs of a \u2018stalking behavioural disorder\u2019 .\nkonye , who was convicted in january , looked straight ahead from the dock and showed no reaction as she was sentenced .\nkonye sub division is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong .\nthe judge said konye had been\ndeliberately untruthful\nduring the trial after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction .\nduring her trial , the jury heard that konye pretended to give ms oni a shoulder to cry on following the attack .\nthe court heard the pair fell out when miss oni said konye looked like a disfigured character from the horror film wrong turn .\njudge david radford told konye the consequences of her\ndeliberate\nand\nwicked act\nhad been\ndevastating to miss oni\n.\nyesterday konye , of canning town , east london , finally admitted throwing the acid after maintaining throughout the trial that miss oni attacked herself .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti )\ntitle =\narkive species - konye ( konia eisentrauti )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nacid attacker mary konye was \u201clovely in school\u201d and came from a \u201cvery humble\u201d family , a former teacher has told the barking and dagenham post .\njudge radford told konye : \u2018the consequences of your deliberate and wicked act have been devastating for miss oni , causing her terrible pain and physical injury .\ncctv image of konye ( in the foreground ) trailing miss oni . she hurled the acid in her face shortly before arriving at her home in dagenham\nkonye sub division is rich with the following mineral resources stones for the extraction of gravel at baduma and mbakwa supe , pouzzolane along the road to eboko bajou from the konye market , sand along the villages of baduma , kokaka , ngolo bolo , dikomi etc , but the exploitation is very minimal .\nthere is no public transport in konye urgench . the sights of konye urgench are spread over the town . a taxi to the most distant monuments ( turabeg khanym mausoleum , sultan tekesh mausoleum , kyrk molla and il - arslan mausoleum ) and back will cost about us $ 2 including waiting time .\nthe false allegations referred to by ms oni were konye ' s claims in her defence case that the victim wanted to gain media publicity from the attack .\ncctv footage captured konye , who was found guilty in january , secretly following the victoria ' s secret shop assistant home from work while wearing a veil .\nkonye has touristic sites such as the viaduct at mbakwa supe , - mobombe waterfall in mbakwa supe , the hammock bridge in konye and ndoi , the bembembe rock at ibemi , the njoke water fall at ibemi , the etana\u2019s river in mbu and itoki , the caves at itoki , the relies at itoki .\nkonye will be sentenced for the attack on dagenham woman naomi oni on march 7 . judge david radford yesterday told her to expect a substantial custodial sentence .\noni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact piper ' s ordeal had on her after watching a television documentary about it .\nmary konye , 22 , wore an islamic veil that hid her face to stalk and attack naomi oni on her way home from work in the early hours .\nkonye is also host of decentralized government institutions like the sub divisional officer , sub delegation of basic education , sub delegation of agriculture , forestry , and livestock .\na cctv image issued by the metropolitan police of mary konye disguised in a niqab following naomi oni home before she attacked her with acid . photograph : metropolitan police / pa\ncctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .\nkonye , of canning town , east london , denied throwing or casting a corrosive fluid with intent to burn , maim , disfigure , disable or do grievous bodily harm .\nshe added that konye was an\nimmature 22 - year - old\nwith a possible personality disorder and had been threatened by other inmates while in prison awaiting sentencing .\ncctv footage obtained by police after the attack showed konye in a niqab following ms oni as she left work at the westfield shopping centre in stratford at about 11 . 30pm .\nms oni previously told the court that konye was aware of how much of an impact ms piper ' s ordeal had had on her after watching a television documentary about it .\nfollowing konye ' s conviction in january , detective chief inspector dave whellams said it had been a\nserious , horrible offence which required a degree of planning and calculation\n.\nbusiness student mary konye , 22 , attacked naomi oni , a victoria ' s secret shop assistant , over a\ntrivial , insignificant\nargument after following her home from work .\nthe pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an\nugly monster\n.\nthe pair , who had been friends since secondary school , fell out in april 2011 when ms oni allegedly accused konye of texting her boyfriend and called her an\nugly monster\n.\nkonye used the\nimplausible\nexcuse that it had been oni who planned the incident because she wanted\nfame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper\n, police said .\ncocoa contributes 75 % of the total income of the sub division and in households . but due to an outbreak of the black pod disease cocoa production quantity and quality has dropped in konye .\nher lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid following her conviction but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .\nthe town was called gurgandzh from the 10th century ad onwards and is now called konye urgench ( old urgench ) , as the inhabitants moved to modern urgench in uzbekistan in the 17th century .\nvaluable timber has always been exploited from the konye forest for local use but more for exportation . the natural vegetation cover in konye municipality has similar characteristics to that of the dense equatorial rain forest , harboring a wide range of varieties of natural resources including fauna and flora . concurrently , the type of farming method experienced in this village has changed some part of the forest into a savannah type\nkonye urgench was built on the crossing of two major caravan routes from the south to the volga in the northwest and from the west to china in the east . from the 1st century ad onwards konye urgench was an important trade center on the northern silk road leading to the caspian sea and russia . around 1000 emir mamun unified the country of khwarezm [ 1 ] and made konye urgench its capital . in the 10th cent . urgench was the capital of the powerful khwarezm state which occupied the whole area of the amu darya [ 2 ] delta in northern turkemnistan and western uzbekistan .\nkonye ' s lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court she had admitted throwing the acid since her conviction but claims she did not intend to cause injury to ms oni ' s face .\nher lawyer sally o ' neill qc told the court konye has since admitted throwing the acid , following her conviction , but maintained she did not intend to cause injury to oni ' s face .\nkonye used the\nimplausible\nexcuse that it had been ms oni who planned the incident because she wanted\nfame and fortune and to sell her story to the paper\n, police said .\nkonye urgench museum in the modern dash mosque ( us $ 1 , 8am to 1pm , 2pm to 4pm closed tue ) . some rooms contain ethnographic exhibits including a pottery workshop and carpet looms .\nkonye , who hung her head and wept quietly as he spoke , will be expected to serve at least two - thirds of her 12 - year term , but could be freed after eight years .\njudge david radford , who sentenced konye to 12 years at london ' s snaresbrook crown court today , said the consequences of her\ndeliberate\nand\nwicked act have been devastating to miss oni\n.\ndescription : the ancient cities of merv and konye - urgench inspire visions of caravans plodding along the ancient silk road , while the haunting beauty of the karakum desert and other quirky natural phenomena are equally mesmerising .\nthe jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying :\nomg , i can ' t believe it .\nthe judge said konye had been\ndeliberately untruthful\nduring the trial , after she admitted throwing the acid following her conviction . a letter of remorse she had since written was\nutterly belated\n, he added .\nthe jury heard that , the day after the attack , konye sent a mobile phone message to ms oni , who was in hospital receiving treatment , saying :\nomg , i can ' t believe it .\ndescription : east kilbride g74 3ya . tel . 01355 247471 . charity no . . . we extend a very warm welcome to fr . michael konye who will be working in st . leonard\u2019s during the . . .\nkonye has a surface area of 1101 km2 with 57 inhabitants per km2 . it has an estimated population of 62 . 892 inhabitants giving an increase of 40 . 663 % as compared to the 2005 national census statistics which estimate its population at 44 . 771 inhabitants . from the total population , are men ( 31 . 3 % ) , women ( 30 . 3 % ) , adolecent ( 25 % ) children ( 13 . 5 % ) . . konye being a cosmopolitan municipality harbors indigenes from different ethnic tribes . the population of konye is constantly fluctuating , as there is constant movement of people in and out of the village , during and after the farming season .\noni said she regretted ever being friends with konye .\nit was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief . i don ' t trust people in the same way any more .\ndescription : funky things to draw [ paul konye & kate ashforth ] on amazon . com . * free * shipping on qualifying offers . step by step instructions to draw fairies , fairytale princesses , baby animals , in the ocean , m costumes & fashions\nkonye urgench became one of the centers of the islamic world and was called\nthe heart of islam\nand\nthe capital of thousand wise men\n. great scholars as al biruni ( abu reikhan biruni ) [ 3 ] and avicenna ( abu ali ibn sina ) [ 4 ] lived here . after its conquest by the mongols in the 13th century , the city became an important trade center again . the famous arabic traveller ibn batuta [ 5 ] described konye urgench as the ' biggest among the turkish cities with broad streets and splendid bazaars ' . the main part of the magnificient monuments in konye urgench were built during the reign of kutlug timur and his wife tyurabek - khanym . in the 14th century the city was destroyed by the troups of timur [ 6 ] .\njudge david radford , who sentenced konye at london ' s snaresbrook crown court , said the consequences of her\ndeliberate [ and ] wicked act have been devastating to miss oni\n. he added that it was a premeditated and callous plan to burn and disfigure the victim .\nkonye is located along the kumba \u2013 mamfe road in , meme division , in the south - west region of cameroon . it is bounded in the north by nguti council , the south by kumba council , the east by tombel council and in the west by dikome balue .\ndescription : the h . p . dream book : this is your lucky day . what did you dream ? [ herbert gladstone parris ] on amazon . com . * free * shipping on qualifying offers . new 96 page the hp dream book by prof . uriah konye .\nthe vast majority of the world ' s cocoa is produced in smallholdings between 2 - 4 hectares , like those around konye . cocoa farming , the cause of much deforestation in west africa , may now be one answer to saving what ' s left of the natural forests .\nkonye is a forest area municipality and hunting is an important and widespread activity . although the regulations governing hunting are not respected , hunting is professionally done . most hunters catch birds ( partridge ) and trap rodents ( rats , porcupine ) and their harvest is used for family consumption .\nthe bakundu originated from the congo basin around the 17th century and settled in beboka in ndian division . they migrated from beboka due to its hilly nature which made crop cultivation difficult for them and discovered the different bakundu villages such as ( itoki , konye , kumbe , wone , mbakwa supe ,\nthe mighty congo basin rainforest is spread across five countries and is rivalled only by the amazon in its vastness . the cameroonian village of konye is within the western reaches of the congo basin , and is home to around 1 , 000 inhabitants dependent on both cocoa and the forest for their livelihoods .\nin konye , farmers are benefitting from joining konafcoop . the cooperative sells in bulk direct to customers and can negotiate better prices for the farmers . through farmer field schools they learn to regenerate the land by diversifying what they grow , working with the forests natural ability to create healthy ecosystems that balance nutrients and pest / disease control measures .\nin livestock , people in the geographical area of konye municipality practice the traditional breeding of poultry , small ruminants and pigs . the breeding of cattle is not developed in the town . the absence of a livestock market , the lack of fish farming , unconventional breeding of livestock and inadequate veterinary services are limitations to the modernization of livestock which is a source of income in the municipality . konye municipality is not so much rich in waterways condusive for fishing . the mungo river is almost the only one that allows some people to fish as a secondary activity and make income that contributes to the survival of their families . fishery products are mostly sold on the local market . the fish species\nkutlug timur m\u00ednaret was begun in the 11th century and finished in the 14th century unter kutlug timur . it was the minaret of the main mosque in konye urgench . with a height of 60 meters , it is the highest minaret in central asia . the minaret is divided by 18 belts with an ornament and 3 belts with kufi inscriptions .\nil - arshan mausoleum is konye urgench ' s oldest surviving monument . it contains the grave of il arslan [ 8 ] , the father of sultan tekish . the dome in the form of a tent and the facade of the monument with a pattern of bricks are the first of this type and were the prototype for similar buildings in samarkand .\nnedjameddin kubra mausoleum was built in the 14th century it is considered as the holiest place in konye urgench . nedjameddin kubra lived in the 12th / 13th centuries . he was born in khiva and became a famous religious teacher known as ' designer of saints ' . he left several treatises on mystic experiences , founded an important sufic order and was killed by the mongols .\nkonye is made up of 36 villages with the main ethnic groups being bakundu , bafaw , mbonge and balong . but due to it fertile soil and hospitality it has invited many strangers from different ethnicity such as the bayangi\u2019s , bikom\u2019s , meta\u2019s , and nigerians . it is worth nothing that the bafaw and the balong are the minority with six and one villages respectively , while the mbonge and bakundu have 17 and 15 villages respectively .\nthe bakundu , bafaw , balong , mbonge are the main dialects spoken in konye . traditional dishes are mekere na donga ( plantains and peper ) , mberibi ( coco leaf with bush meat soup ) . their traditional attire is sanja and white shirt or jumper and kaba for women . the chief wears sanja , white shirt and a red cap with the feather of a parrot , while the traditional heads wears sanja , white shirt , a black cap with the feather of a cock .\nour band of sleepy travellers has had a very early morning flight from ashgabat to dashoguz in turkmenistans far north east . our bleary eyed departure and comfort along the way was courtesy of a very spiffy , efficient and modern but not ostentatious airport and a very efficient and modern state airline . top marks turkmenistan ! we are here to visit the great historic capital of the khorazem empire , konye urgench which is 100km to the north of dashoguz . konye urgench was the lynch pin of trade , religious study and intellectual endeavour on the northern most branch of the silk road in ancient times . it suffered badly at the hands of successive invaders and is now a ruin . as a consequence turkmen have a very jaundiced view of arabs , mongols and uzbeks . most especially the latter since the mongol - uzbek timur or tamerlane as he is known in the west came calling four times before totally destroying the city and ploughing the ground with salt . he was a tyrant typical of his time but now is an uzbek national hero .\nthe following animal species are significantly found in konye : mammals bushpig ( potamochoerus porcus ) , antelope ( antilocapra americana ) , monkey ( cercopithedae ) , porcupine ( erethison dorsatum ) , deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) , catarh beef , ) , ruminants cutting grass ( thryonomyidae ) , rat mould ( rattus rattus ) , squirrel ( rodentia sciurus ) , reptiles ( snakes ) , livestock ( goats , sheep , pigs , fowls , rabbits snails ) the trend of rare species reduces as you move away from the enclave forest areas towards more settlement zones .\nsorry to say that the aral sea is no more and the mighty amu darya river will die the death of a thousand cuts if mr okhunabanaev\u2019s relatives continue to siphon off its water to \u2018flood irrigate\u2019 tens of thousands of hectares of cotton . if you live in the middle of a desert it doesn\u2019t pay to take water for granted . that lesson was learned at ancient konye urgench and at more than 500 other cities of antiquity that relied on the fickle course of the amu darya . in these parts a river can be here today and gone tomorrow .\nsultan tekish mausoleum is the mausoleum of sultan tekish [ 7 ] , shah of khorezm in the 12th century , who conquered a huge territory from the aral sea the the persian gulf and from what is today iran to the pamir . this mausoleum is one of the few monuments in konye urgench surviving from pre - mongol times . the dome was richly decorated with blue tiles and geometrical patterns . the mausoleum was 30 meters high and serves both as a lighthouse in the desert and as a symbol of authority ( as it stood high above ordinary houses ) .\nas the farmers bring their cocoa together , they are able to sell at better prices , therefore each farmer who belongs to a cooperative earns more money selling to the cooperative than a farmer who sells independebntly to other buyers , so that is an advantage we gain as members of the cooperative . because of the cooperative we are able to influence the situation . i would say that konye community is relatively better in terms of forest management because today we train farmers to know that even we have to cultivate cocoa we have to also allow other trees to stay as canopies for this cocoa and also to check the ecosystem to protect the cocoa and also to increase their revenue because when you harvest cocoa and you harvest other crops from the other economic trees you are able to make more money so this is a practice we are implementing today in order to save the forest .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\na lower guinea endemic , only known from lake barombi - mbo , cameroon .\nkonia eisentrauti it feeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is also a kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( dominey and snyder 1988 ) . this species is a ovophilic mouth - brooder with both sexes as possible incubator ( lamboj 2004 ) . it is a benthopelagic species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nafrica : endemic to lake barombi - mbo , cameroon ( ref . 81260 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4984 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 16 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 29 . diagnosis : profile of the snout evenly decurved , descending to a nearly horizontal mouth ; narrow interorbital space ( 24 - 27 % head length ) ( ref . 53940 , 53949 ) . lower jaw not , or only slightly inclined from the horizontal ; lower pharyngeal jaw only slightly longer than wide ( ref . 81260 ) . dentigerous area of lower pharyngeal bone longer than anterior blade in young and of characteristic shape , with a narrow anterior apical portion ( ref . 53949 ) . blade of lower pharyngeal bone 0 . 7 - 0 . 95 times median length of toothed area ; 3 regular rows of teeth ; upper series of black blotches parallel to dorsal outline ; black band of uneven width extending from opercular spot to anterior part of caudal peduncle ; posterior end of caudal peduncle with vertical blotch meeting its fellow over top ; fins colorless ; tilapia mark absent ( ref . 53940 ) .\nfeeds on algae , small insects and fish eggs ( ref . 52307 ) . also kleptoparasite of freshwater crabs ( ref . 53950 ) . ovophilic mouthbrooder with both sexes as possible incubator ; from aquarium observations : a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger than the male ' s ; females are normally more successful than males when it comes to brooding the fry ; when mouthbrooding , which ends about 3 weeks post - spawning , the specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas ; once free swimming , juveniles normally do not return to the parent ' s mouth again ( ref . 52307 ) .\nmale or female carries the egg in the mouth ( ref . 52307 , ref . 13614 ) . a few days prior to spawning , both partners remain close together for much of the time ; the genital papilla of the female is clearly visible immediately before spawning and is much broader and larger then the male ' s ; females normally more succesfull in brooding the fry ; specimens are relatively shy and prefer to lie silently near the bottom in secluded areas when mouthbrooding , which ends about three weeks post - spawning ; once free swimming , the fry normally does not return to the parent ' s mouth ( ref . 52307 ) .\nlamboj , a . , 2004 . the cichlid fishes of western africa . birgit schmettkamp verlag , bornheim , germany . 255 p . ( ref . 52307 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\na woman who threw acid in the face of a friend while wearing a veil as a disguise has been jailed for 12 years .\nnaomi oni , 22 , suffered burns to her face and chest in the attack near her home in dagenham , east london , in december 2012 .\nin a victim impact statement , ms oni said she had at times felt suicidal since the attack due to her appearance .\nit was a\npremeditated and callous\nplan to\nburn and disfigure\nher victim , he added .\nthis careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend ,\nthe judge said .\nfollowing the sentencing , lawyer mitesh patel read a statement on ms oni ' s behalf , where she said :\nmy family and i have been forced to put up with false allegations about my character , including the false allegation that i had done this to myself\n.\nin the statement she said the effects of these allegations had been\ndevastating\nand the\nnegative and false publicity\nresulted in some people\ndistancing themselves from me during my hour of need\n.\nms oni needed skin grafts and has suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye .\nin the impact statement , read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , ms oni said she found it very difficult to live with her physical appearance and was now\nparanoid and scared\nabout being outdoors alone .\nms oni said that before the attack she was a\nconfident\nyoung woman .\nall this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down ,\nshe said . she added it was now a\nbattle to get by each day\n.\nms oni said :\ni ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces .\nthe whole traumatic experience has changed my life . at times i felt suicidal and thought about ending it all .\non being attacked by someone who had been a friend since secondary school , ms oni said :\nit was bad enough believing it was a random attack . knowing mary planned this is beyond belief .\ni don ' t trust people in the same way any more .\nthe reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery ,\nthe lawyer said .\ntheresa may names a new uk foreign secretary after boris johnson quits over her brexit strategy .\na woman who threw acid in the face of her friend while disguised by a muslim veil has been jailed for 12 years .\noni was left scarred for life after suffering serious burns on her face and chest following the incident in dagenham , east london , on 30 december 2012 .\noni , 22 , who did not attend the sentencing , said in a statement to the court that she considered killing herself after being\nviolated\nby her\nevil\nattacker .\ndelivering his sentence , judge radford said :\nthis careful , premeditated criminality was planned against a person who reasonably believed you were a true friend .\nradford said oni ' s life had been\nruined\nalong with her trust in friends .\nin a statement read to the court by prosecutor gareth patterson , oni said she was now\nparanoid and scared\nabout being outdoors alone .\nthe victim told the court that , before the attack , she was a confident young woman with a job she enjoyed .\nall this changed that day i was struck with acid and my life was turned upside down ,\nshe said . it was now a\nbattle to get by each day\nafter being permanently disfigured , she added .\noni said she had suffered permanent scars to her leg , chest , stomach and arms and was almost blinded in one eye . she faces further reconstructive surgery and must wear a silicon face mask which makes it difficult to breathe , the court heard .\noni said :\ni ' m reminded what i look like every day i look in the mirror or see the reaction on people ' s faces . the whole traumatic experience has changed my life .\noni said her mother , who was in court for the hearing , had kept her going but their relationship was sometimes\nstrained\nafter they had been forced to move into a hostel .\nshe added :\npeople often stare at me . some ask what happened to my face . i ' m still scared of being attacked again .\nthe victim lost her hair and eyelashes , and required skin graft surgery to cover her burns .\nit is thought to have been a copycat attack mimicking the one suffered by model and tv presenter katie piper , who was badly scarred and left blind in one eye in an assault arranged by her ex - boyfriend , daniel lynch , in 2008 .\nthe reason for this incident will always be shrouded in some doubt and mystery ,\no ' neill said .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980\na \u2018callous and wicked\u2019 student was sentenced to 12 years in jail yesterday for throwing acid in her childhood friend\u2019s face .\nsentencing her , judge david radford said the \u2018deliberate and wicked act\u2019 was \u2018devastating\u2019 .\nhe said it was a \u2018premeditated , evil and callous\u2019 copy of the acid attack on presenter katie piper .\nin a statement , miss oni , 22 , said : \u2018my attacker\u2019s sentence will end but i have to live with my injuries and disabilities for the rest of my life .\n' the world only sees my scars that have been left , but i have mental scars that will stay with me forever . \u2019\nshe continues to claim that miss oni asked her to do it so she could enjoy \u2018fame and fortune\u2019 like miss piper .\nthe result of your offence , as you must have foreseen , was life - changing injuries .\n\u2018this was wholly premeditated criminality against a person who reasonably believed that you were her true friend . \u2019\nhe said she had not shown any genuine remorse and had \u2018ruined [ miss oni\u2019s ] trust in anyone who she believed to be a friend , that friendship being so wilfully betrayed by you\u2019 .\nsnaresbrook crown court heard she was \u2018obsessed\u2019 with miss oni , from dagenham , east london , and envied her looks .\nmiss oni described how , going home from her job at lingerie shop victoria\u2019s secret , she got off at her bus stop and felt a \u2018presence\u2019 before turning to see someone in a niqab , or veil .\nshe felt a \u2018massive splash\u2019 as the acid was thrown at her , disfiguring her face , dissolving her hair and eyelashes and burning her tongue as she screamed .\ndescribing how she felt , she said : \u2018why has this happened to me ? i work hard . am i ugly ? no one\u2019s going to marry me now . \u2019\nmiss oni added : \u2018i just had my bandages removed and it was the first time i saw my face after surgery and i broke down .\n\u2018i was crying on the phone to her and she was on the phone to me telling me don\u2019t worry . \u2019\nin a victim impact statement , miss oni said her life had been \u2018completely turned upside down\u2019 .\neach day was a \u2018challenge and a battle\u2019 , she said , adding : \u2018it is difficult to live with my physical appearance .\n' iam very conscious of it and am reminded of what i look like every day when i see my reflection or the reaction on people\u2019s faces . \u2019\nshe said she had trouble eating and sleeping , adding : \u2018i lie awake at night for hours on end , reliving the incident in my head . \u2019\ndetective chief inspector dave whellams said : \u2018the court recognised the extent of the injuries and trauma it has caused the victim and we are very pleased . \u2019\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\nthe fashion designer ' s $ 24million party pad that no one . . .\n' you broke your girl ' s heart ' : car racing legend craig . . .\nmoney launderer caught with \u00a3250 , 000 cash in bin bags in . . .\ndon ' t kill the army of ants and wasps invading your home . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding\nrapper del the funky homosapian falls off stage during gorillaz set . . . but he reassures fans he ' s ' alright ' as he recovers in hospital\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\n' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby\nkevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal\ndakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock\n' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential\niconic movie home where molly ringwald ' s sixteen candles was filmed finally sells for $ 1 . 135 million after two years on market\nkendra caldwell duggar struggles through labor on counting on . . . before welcoming baby garrett\nwhy madonna dated only toyboys and why , as she pushes 60 , she ' s finally got bored with them . . . by the writer who knows her best\nbrooklyn beckham and squeeze lexy panterra get cozy at london club . . . enraging ex tallia storm\nyolanda hadid ' splits from boyfriend matt minnis ' . . . less than a year after david foster divorce\nbrooklyn beckham utilises his camera skills at wireless festival . . . after his debut photography book was slammed by fans\njustin bieber is the perfect gentleman as he handles the bags . . . while crop top - clad hailey baldwin struts alongside\n' i just don ' t want stuff ' kim kardashian doesn ' t buy her kids gifts to avoid spoiling them and sticks to a household budget . . . but says kanye is the ' biggest shopper '\njoanna gaines shares husband chip ' s unique birth tradition . . . as he cradles newborn son crew\nkylie jenner gushes baby stormi is ' changing every week ' and ' has cutest personality ' . . . as new mom admits to binge watching the handmaid ' s tale\nlena dunham says she was ' really smart ' to date ex jack antonoff . . . after posting nude selfie\ntom brady shows no mercy as he takes on gisele and his cancer - survivor mom in dodgeball . . . with a ' no crying ' rule\nlauren conrad ' s son liam takes a handful of cake . . . as proud mom ' celebrates one year with our little guy '\nkhloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am\nnia vardalos ' divorce filing . . . as duo split following 25 years of marriage\nkendall jenner boats in sheer dress . . . after snuggling up to her nba beau ben simmons at khloe kardashian ' s party\nkeyshia cole announces pregnancy on instagram . . . as boyfriend niko khale posts beach pic of couple\nanthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane\nben affleck ' s $ 19m la mansion is surrounded by moving trucks . . . as it ' s revealed girlfriend lindsay shookus plans to spend more time on west coast\nbeaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .\ntroubled actor jonathan rhys meyers is detained at lax after getting into a ' drunken fight with his wife and . . .\njamie oliver reveals the best way to organise your fridge - as he shares his tips for how you can avoid . . .\nlesbian couple are charged with neglect after they ' repeatedly gave young son marijuana for good behavior . . .\namerican man who posed as a saudi prince to try and buy a stake in a miami hotel was busted when the . . .\n' we only knew each other between action and cut ' : robin wright breaks her silence on kevin spacey ' s sexual . . .\nfinal four thai cave boys and coach are in ' good health ' but must remain trapped underground for at least . . .\nrescued thai cave boys face a lifetime of trauma from their ordeal as traumatic memories could trigger fear . . .\nfrantic parents of rescued thai cave boys have not been told which children have been saved \u2013 as teammates . . .\nthree men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .\nhollywood hostage actor who lost his eye , had nose and tongue slit , and was ' deprived of a member of his . . .\nhandcuffed harvey weinstein pleads not guilty to new rape charges , then shares a laugh with his lawyer after . . .\nmesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .\ncouple arrested after their four - year - old son accidentally shots himself between the eyes could face ten . . .\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nhistorically bad : orioles ' chris davis on pace to finish with the lowest qualifying batting average ever , . . .\n' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .\nhere comes aunt meghan ! duchess of sussex looks elegant in an olive green shift dress by ralph lauren as she . . .\nhere come the godparents ! kate and william are joined by childhood friends - including guy pelly - and the . . .\nfit for a prince ! louis becomes the eighth royal baby to wear the historic honiton lace christening robe on . . .\n' i hope he stays like this ' : kate and the archbishop of canterbury share a joke about sleeping louis as she . . .\nblue for a boy ! george and charlotte both wear the shade for their little brother louis ' christening as the . . .\nsuch a perfect princess ! cute charlotte steals the show again with her royal wave - and a very polite . . .\npregnant pippa looks glowing in a very appropriate shade of baby blue - as she joins her parents and brother . . .\nit ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in . . .\nmay will not face a vote of no confidence . . . for now : pm warns furious tory brexiteers at showdown meeting that sacking her would mean handing corbyn the keys to no 10\n' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit has an undulating topography of hills on the northern and western side and level lands in the south and eastern side .\nthe climate falls within the equatorial climate ( cameroon type ) with an annual rainfall of 3000mm - 4000mm . it is characterized by the wet and dry season , the dry season last from november to february , while the rainy season extends from march to october . the average annual temperature is 27 \u00b0 c .\nit has characteristic soft black , red , stony , sandy soil which is heavily leached during heavy rains . the soil is fertile for the production of cocoa and food crops .\nin addition , the district is watered , the mungo , mengeh , moke , nyale , are rivers that run through its frame and physical space . in addition , many other rivers , streams , springs waterfalls are visible at the village level .\nthe vegetation is mainly forest , characterized with cocoa , timber , rubber , palms and fruit trees . it also consists of vast wetland areas consisting mainly of mangroves and a vast expanse of cocoa farms . the fauna appears to have suffered a lot of pressure . indeed , despite the almost permanent presence of the forest , the animals are difficult to see . they are far from residential areas , given the reduction in their living space by logging and agriculture .\nthe principal mineral resource identified in the area is sand . it is found in all the villages along river , baduma , dikomi , kokaka , and bolo moboka . access is free but the use is loosely coordinated , very traditional . wood is abundant in the forest areas covering many villages of the council space . the villagers use it as firewood or for construction . loggers , usually illegal , make intensive use , contributing to a strong degradation of forest cover . however , forest also provides non - timber products , including njansa , bush peper , colanut , and bamboo . it is found at mbonge meteke , kokaka , itoki , upper ifanga , mwangala . access is free but it is under exploited ."]}
{"id": 644, "summary": [{"text": "homoptera is a suborder of order hemiptera that is considered by some taxonomists to be paraphyletic , and therefore deprecated ( obsolete ) .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was therefore split into the suborders sternorrhyncha , auchenorrhyncha , and coleorrhyncha .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the earlier work was based on nuclear dna , but more recent phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial dna suggest that homoptera may be a monophyletic group after all , a sister group of heteroptera .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the cause of the disparity in the analyses is suggested to be the long branch attraction effect in phylogenetic analysis , due to rapidly evolving dna regions .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the homoptera include the aphids , scale insects , cicadas , and leafhoppers , which all have sucking mouthparts . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "homoptera", "paragraphs": ["closely related to heteroptera . ( heteroptera and homoptera are suborders of order hemiptera )\nthe insect suborder homoptera includes cicadas , hoppers , psyllids , whiteflies , aphids and scale insects . here are a few facts about insects belonging to the suborder homoptera :\nand have commercial value . most members of the homoptera fall into one of two large groups ; the\nmale and female ( with scale cover ) san jose scale ( quadraspidiotus perniciosus ; order homoptera ) .\nthe order homoptera is divided into a number of families . some families containing important agricultural pests are :\nall homoptera are exclusively plant feeders and some species have been used in the biological control of weeds .\noccurs in most groups of homoptera , with males and females often coloured differently . for example , the male leafhopper\nadults are the largest of homoptera and do serious damage to trees by boring into them to lay their eggs .\nhistorically the homoptera were a suborder of the hemiptera ( true bugs ) . they were characterised by the uniform structure of their wings .\ndesign by oleg ko\nhomoptera ,\nmicrosoft\u00a8 encarta\u00a8 online encyclopedia 2009 urltoken \u00a9 1997 - 2009 microsoft corporation . all rights reserved .\nhowever , recent studies on the genetic relationship between the groups within the homoptera has shown that they are more distinct than previously thought . as a result , the suborder homoptera should no longer be used and the insects within it have been reclassified in to three new suborders :\ntwo large groups of homoptera are ( 1 ) the cicadas and leafhoppers , and ( 2 ) the aphids , scale insects and mealybugs .\nthe invertebrates that transmit virus diseases resembling viruses are primarily homoptera , acarina ( excluding spider mites ) , thysanoptera and some orthoptera , hemiptera and coleoptera .\nhomoptera are among the most abundant herbivores found in terrestrial habitats . many species are pests of cultivated plants . aphids and leafhoppers are important carriers of plant diseases .\nthe name homoptera , derived from the greek\nhomo -\nmeaning uniform and\nptera\nmeaning wings , refers to the uniform texture of the front wings .\nthe hemiptera and homoptera are large orders of insects with too many species to cover in this book . below are examples of a few of the more commonly encountered species .\nhoneydew , an excretory product that is rich in sugars and amino acids , is produced by many species of homoptera . other animals use honeydew as a source of food .\ndna evidence shows a close relationship to the hemiptera , so that eventually the homoptera may be once again grouped together with the hemiptera as they have been under heteroptera earlier .\ncicadellidae ( leafhoppers ) - - this is the largest family of homoptera and includes many pests of cultivated plants . leafhoppers are important carriers of plant diseases - - especially mycoplasmas .\n\u2018this is common in many insect groups , most notably the hemiptera / homoptera ( waterstriders , planthoppers and aphids ) , coleoptera and , orthoptera ( crickets and grasshoppers ) . \u2019\na photograph of the froghopper cercopis vulnerata - this insect would previously have been placed in the suborder homoptera but is now in the suborder auchenorrhyncha . photograph by richard bartz licensed under creative commons .\n\u2018this has since been found to be a wolbachia - induced trait in a wide diversity of arthropod orders , including acarina , coleoptera , homoptera , hymenoptera , isoptera , lepidoptera , and orthoptera . \u2019\n\u2018around the outside lights i ' m still seeing antlions and owlflies along with an assortment of small carabid beetles , tiny homoptera , crickets , grasshoppers and occasionally a large dragonfly spends the night . \u2019\ncicadidae ( cicadas ) - - nymphs live underground where they feed on the roots of trees and shrubs . adults are the largest members of the homoptera . males produce loud songs to attract a mate .\n\u2018diets of little brown myotis and eastern pipistrelles were highly diverse , consuming an even proportion of six orders of insects including coleoptera , hemiptera , lepidoptera , homoptera , diptera , hymenoptera , and tricoptera . \u2019\nall members of the suborder homoptera have piercing / sucking mouthparts and feed by withdrawing sap from vascular plants . the proboscis is shorter than that found in true bugs ( suborder heteroptera ) , and it emerges near the ventral posterior margin of the head capsule ( opistognathous ) . although some homoptera are secondarily wingless , the majority have membranous or uniformly textured wings that fold tent - like over the body at rest .\n\u2018to date , 10 insect orders , homoptera , heteroptera , lepidoptera , coleoptera , hymenoptera , diptera , odonata , isoptera , orthoptera , and dictyoptera , have been recorded to be hosts of cordyceps species . \u2019\nthe term ' homoptera ' should now only be used as a popular term for plant - feeding hemiptera ( for example : aphids , leafhoppers , whiteflies etc . ) and should not be used to refer to a suborder .\n\u2026scaly excreta of coccids ( homoptera ) on tamarisk or larch trees is the source of manna in the sinai desert . coccids were once the source of the crimson dye kermes . the cochineal , or carmine , from dactylopius scale insects found\u2026\nis sometimes included within the hemiptera , even though they lack the toughened areas on the first pair of wings . some entomologists group both hemiptera and homoptera within the group heteroptera ; others use the name heteroptera for what we have called the hemiptera and use hemiptera for the heteroptera . confused ? so are we . anyway , the homoptera have the dubious distinction of being probably the most destructive insects of all . they include aphids , leafhoppers , cicadas , and scale insects : 45 , 000 species in all .\n\u2026or rhynchota ) , with two suborders homoptera and heteroptera separated traditionally by texture and resting position of the forewings and by the apparent origin of the beak . other entomologists , while recognizing the proximity of relationship between these two groups , consider that the relationship is of superorder value and that features separating\u2026\nalthough homoptera species are distributed throughout the world , the relative numbers of individual species vary in a given locale . only one cicadid species is known in great britain , and fewer than 12 in all of europe . however , more than 200 cicadid species are known in north america , and about 180 in australia .\nthe homoptera are close relatives of the hemiptera and also have piercing - sucking mouthparts . in contrast to the hemiptera , homopteran mouthparts arise further back on the underside of the head . those forms that have wings have ones that are uniform in structure , hence their name , homoptera , meaning \u201csamewing . \u201d also unlike the hemiptera , these insects hold their wings roof - like over their backs . all are plant feeders and most have incomplete metamorphosis . many families within this order have very strange and complex life cycles with both sexual and asexual generations , winged and wingless generations , as well as individuals with much reduced , highly specialized structures .\nthe homoptera includes a large number of different forms ranging in size from the usually microscopic coccidae to the large tropical lantern bugs ( fulgoridae ) and the cicadas , which may attain 5 cm . in length and with a wing expanse of 10 cm . with the cicadas are the leafhoppers , treehoppers and froghoppers , all active insects .\n\u2026adult or immature heteroptera and homoptera ( the true bugs and other plant - sucking insects ) . many insects , especially lepidopterans , are specialists , feeding only on a specific species , genus , or family of plants . on the other hand , orthopterans ( grasshoppers , katydids , crickets , and roaches ) can be more indiscriminate feeders . mammalian herbivores include spiny rats , \u2026\nhomoptera , order of plant - feeding insects with membranous wings and piercing , sucking mouthparts . they are closely related to the true bugs . about 45 , 000 species are known . among the most familiar are the aphids , cicadas , leafhoppers , and scale insects . the range of size and shape of homopterans is great . most undergo incomplete metamorphosis . there are usually two pairs of wings . many species are destructive to crops and orchards .\nin most of the homoptera , a portion of the digestive system is modified into a filter chamber . this structure allows the insects to ingest and process large volumes of plant sap . excess water , sugars , and certain amino acids bypass most of the midgut and are shunted directly into the hindgut for excretion as honeydew . only a small volume of filtered plant sap passes through the midgut for digestion and absorption . many species of ants are attracted by the honeydew and provide care and protection for the homopterans in exchange for the honeydew they excrete .\n) . the female digs a burrow in well drained soil , stings a cicada until it ceases to struggle , places it in the bottom of the burrow , lays her eggs on the cicada , covers the burrow , and dies . the larvae develop on the cicada , remain in the burrow until the following spring or summer , and emerge as adult wasps . other wasps also burrow in the soil and provision their burrows with one or more kinds of homoptera , particularly leafhoppers , planthoppers , or treehoppers . aphid wasps use the same method of provisioning their nests , while squareheaded wasps usually use leafhoppers of one species to provision burrows in decomposed wood .\n, or lacewing larva , a chrysopid with mandibles like the ladybird larva . however , instead of chewing the aphids , the aphidlion larva inserts its mandibles into the body of the aphid and sucks fluids through a channel or groove on the inside of its mandible . green winged adult aphidlions lay eggs in aphid colonies , placing them on stalks , so that when the young larvae hatch , there is an adequate food supply nearby . most larvae of the chamaemyiids ( i . e . , aphidflies ) feed on aphids , scale insects , and mealybugs . the larvae of drosophila known as pomace flies , are predacious on mealybugs and other small homoptera , and the larvae of a few gall midges ( i . e . , cecidomyiids ) prey on aphids and scale insects . certain diptera have parasitic larvae that feed on the internal tissues of homopterans including certain scale insects , leafhoppers , and planthoppers . some moth larvae are parasites of fulgorids , while other larvae are internal parasites of female gall - like coccids of the genus\nplants . many homopterans cause injuries or destruction to plants , including fruit trees and grain crops , and can be vectors of plant diseases . a few provide secretions or other products that are\ninch ) in length . there are certain species of cicadas in borneo and java , however , that are 8 cm ( 3 . 1 inches ) long with wingspreads of 20 cm ( 7 . 9 inches ) . the large\ncan attain this size also . on the other hand , some of the tiniest scale insects are only 0 . 5 mm ( 0 . 02 inch ) in length .\nthe abundance of any species in a given environment depends upon the biotic potential of the insect , the abundance of the food plant , and other factors favourable for development of large populations . certain species never reproduce in excessive numbers , while others , considered pests , produce many offspring . insect species that feed on available crops or other plants present in quantities sufficient to support them normally develop large populations ; for example , the oyster shell scale ( lepidosaphes ulmi ) on fruit trees and ornamentals ; the greenbug ( toxoptera graminum ) on wheat ; and the potato leafhopper ( empoasca fabae ) on potatoes , beans , and alfalfa . grape leafhoppers ( erythroneura ) frequently develop large populations that result in heavy plant losses .\nhomopterans , because all species feed on sap sucked from plants , often cause injuries or destruction to the plants that nourish them . when such plants are cultivated crops ( e . g . , grains or fruit trees ) or valued ornamentals , the economic loss resulting from infestations is severe . in addition , some homopteran species act as vectors of virus - and bacteria - caused diseases of their plant hosts . the check exerted upon insect pests by other insects is an important mechanism of natural control of populations . predacious insects feed on small , weak species ; parasitic insects live on or in a host and feed at its expense . aphids , for example , are parasitized principally by members of the hymenoptera ; two important aphid predators are ladybird beetles and lacewings . pests also may be controlled by chemical and biological methods ( e . g . , development of resistant plants , as with european grapevines ) .\nthe homopterans are responsible for injuring numerous plants of economic importance . cicadas or dogday harvestflies , sometimes mistakenly called locusts , are well - known pests that have an annual life cycle . they are characterized by their large size and the strident song of the male . periodical cicadas emerge every 13 or 17 years in\n, swarm in trees , mate , and lay eggs in green twigs . permanent damage to\nslits ; when the weakened twigs mature into fruit - bearing limbs , they break under the weight of the fruit , and the crop is lost . failures of this sort can be avoided by not planting young fruit trees in years of\nleafhoppers cause various types of plant injury by interfering with the normal physiology of the plant . the\nof the potato leafhopper , for example , causes leaf cell hypertrophy that impairs transport of sugars . the resulting sugar accumulation in the leaves destroys chlorophyll and causes the leaves to turn brown and die . this injury , termed \u201chopper burn , \u201d can result in complete loss of a\ncrop if not controlled . another type of injury is caused by leafhoppers that feed upon plant mesophyll tissue . in addition to removing excessive amounts of sap , these insects also destroy the plant\u2019s chlorophyll , resulting in yellow spots on the leaves , which eventually turn yellow or brown .\nreduce growth and foliage function and cause formation of grapes that are inferior in size , colour , flavour , and sugar content . plants also are injured when insects lay eggs in green twigs . the egg punctures of several leafhoppers and treehoppers reduce the flexibility of plant limbs . plant stunting and severe curling of leaves occur when the leafhopper\ngrowth . this leafhopper also feeds on alfalfa and causes leaves to turn yellow and drop off . in the same way , aphids and mealybugs cause leaf curling on potatoes and many ornamental plants , and the potato psyllid feeds on potato leaves and causes curling and yellowing known as \u201cpotato yellows . \u201d\nthe froghoppers , often called spittlebugs because immature stages live in spittlelike masses , feed on a variety of plants . one important species , the\nand causes severe stunting that can result in loss of up to 50 percent of a crop . scale insects , unless parasitized , produce enormous populations on green twigs , young limbs , leaves , and fruit ; when tree bark or shrubs become encrusted with one or more layers of scales , the entire plant often dies . damage is caused to\nby the rosy apple aphid . females of the third seasonal generation remain on the apple leaves until after small apples have formed . many aphids crawl onto these tiny apples and puncture them causing dimpling of the fruit and normal incision of tiny apples . the cluster of apples , known as aphid apples , are small and gnarled .\n( sooty mold ) grows in each droplet . the apples become black spotted and are no longer marketable . many other homopterans also produce honeydew , with\non twigs in tropical and subtropical regions . the lac is refined and used in preparing\nsecreted by aphids and scale insects are used in candlemaking , medicines , and candies .\nfor the children of israel . the females produce large quantities of honeydew that solidify in thick layers on plant leaves in arid regions . this sugarlike material , still collected by natives of arabia and iraq , is considered a great delicacy . the term manna often refers to plant products also . certain species of scale insects produce a gum that was used as\nby tribes of north american indians . female root - inhabiting scale insects ( species of\n) enclose their bodies in gold and bronze coloured wax cysts that are used in strings of beads . certain colour patterns and designs of the forewings of tropical species of leafhoppers and planthoppers have been used in artwork by various peoples . for many generations the mexican indians have used a black , white , and red colour design in their art . the design is that of the forewings of a brilliantly coloured\nthe scales of several species of scale insects , including the old world kermes and new world cochineal , have been used to produce red dyes for clothing , foods , and medicines and in emulsions to colour film .\ngenerally , homopterans are bisexual , with mating occurring prior to the production of eggs . however , individual life cycles vary in length and complexity .\nis simple or gradual , with immature stages resembling adults except that the latter usually have wings . the life cycles of most homopterans are short . a typical example is the common\n, which has one generation a year . eggs are laid in late summer on stems or sheaths of host plants and hatch the following spring . over the next 4 to 6 weeks , the larvae develop into adults and begin producing eggs that will overwinter .\nthe life cycle of three species of periodical cicadas is the longest known for insects , lasting 17 years . in the temperate zone enormous numbers of orange - winged adults emerge in spring , when male \u201csinging\u201d to attract females for mating can be extremely loud . after mating , using her strong ovipositor , the female cuts deeply into green twigs and through the harder wood of deciduous trees where she inserts 12 to 14 eggs through drilled slots into each of two chambers separated by a thin partition of wood . the female drills slots until she has deposited a total of 400 to 600 eggs . injury to these trees can be severe , with branches usually dying beyond the point of egg insertion . although eggs may be deposited in some 75 different kinds of trees or shrubs , the females prefer hickory , oak , apple , peach , pear , and grape .\nmagicicada , the genus containing the 13 - and 17 - year cicadas of eastern north america .\n) have cycles that involve passing the winter as eggs inserted in apple twigs . other leafhoppers , however , such as\n, winters as an adult in desert areas and produces an early spring generation on desert plants . as desert plants become unfavourable for feeding , the leafhoppers migrate to available cultivated plants where from one to four summer generations are produced . when the crop is harvested or the plants become unfavourable for feeding , the leafhoppers return to desert plants . although definite alternation of desert and cultivated host plants occurs in this life cycle , no specific plant serves as a primary or secondary host . plant selection by migrating leafhoppers is determined largely by the amount of rainfall and succulence of both wild and cultivated plants . while most species have one generation a year , a few have two or three . the life cycle of planthoppers and fulgorids is similar to that of leafhoppers , while the pear psylla ,\nthe whiteflies , common on citrus trees and in greenhouse plants , do not survive winter out of doors in the north but produce several generations a year in the south . the metamorphosis of whiteflies varies from the typical gradual form . in the first instar ( interval between molts ) the young are active , wingless forms and are usually called larvae . during three subsequent instars , the immature insects become sessile and scalelike and are called nymphs . during these three instars , internal wing development occurs . the molt from last larval instar to pupa occurs inside the last larval skin , which forms a puparium . at this point , whitefly metamorphosis is essentially complete .\nthe scale insects also have modified life cycles . for example , the oyster shell scale , lepidosaphes ulmi , typically passes the winter as an egg beneath a secreted scale covering , whereas the san jose scale quadraspidiotus perniciosus produces living young . in either case newborn young , called crawlers , leave the scale covering to search for food . after a few days they molt , losing their legs , antennae , and anal spines , and retaining poorly developed eyes . they secrete a hard scale about their soft bodies , insert their mouthparts into a plant , and remain sessile . as the females mature , they increase in size , enlarging the scale covering periodically , but do not change form or develop wings .\nyoung males also have a crawler stage but become sessile and inactive after the second molt , passing through a more complete metamorphosis beneath the scale covering . the last preadult instar has two external wings and is called the pupa . adult males have two wings and two small knobs or halteres where the second pair of wings would normally develop . some males have three pairs of eyes . adult males seek out wingless females , concealed beneath the scale covering , and mate with them . as many as three males may mate simultaneously with one female .\nreproduction is bisexual among the homopterans , although asexual reproduction occurs in the aphids , in a few primitive leafhoppers , and possibly in species whose life cycles are not known in detail . an unusual situation occurs in the normally hermaphroditic cottony cushion scale icerya purchasi , in which both male and female sexual organs are present in one individual and the eggs of any individual may be fertilized by its own sperm .\nin the auchenorrhyncha , eggs are laid by the female , who uses an egg - laying structure , the ovipositor , to insert eggs into plant tissue . in the sternorrhyncha ( e . g . , aphids ) the female places her eggs on the surface of the plant . the eggs of scale insects are retained in the body of the female or remain under the scale covering if separated from the female . in mealybugs and certain \u201ccottony\u201d scales , eggs are extruded from the body and remain in a mass enclosed by waxy plates or shreds . in most homopterans , each female produces a few hundred eggs . exceptions occur in some scale insects ( e . g . , cottony maple scale ) where a female may lay 5 , 000 eggs .\ngrowth is gradual and is accompanied by periodic molting . the nymphal stages , or instars , between egg and adult usually number five in leafhoppers and related species . wings , if present , develop when the fifth instar molts and the adult emerges .\n, a species common on cane , is orange , and the female is milk white . size and form also vary between males and females . the male marsh leafhopper\nis not only a different colour than the female but also only half as long . in treehoppers the\n( the dorsal sclerite of the prothorax ) often is so different in shape and size between the two sexes that they appear to be two species . examples of this are\nin appearance that previous knowledge is necessary to associate two sexes of the same species . most homopterans lack defense mechanisms , however , one\nevery insect lives in a habitat defined by specific physical , chemical , and biological conditions . if these conditions are changed sufficiently , the insect cannot survive and will either migrate to available acceptable conditions or perish . temperature and humidity are important climatic factors in determining geographical regions and local habitats of specific homopterans . the distribution of homopterans is influenced also by conditions that favour distribution of host plants .\nplant distribution is determined largely by rainfall - evaporation ratios ; insects with specific host relationships occur in the same regions where the plants are found . other climatic factors may limit the insect to a smaller range within the host plant range ; for example , selection of food plants by the desert species of\ndepends on the abundance of rainfall during one season . host plants of a given species may be closely related , as legumes on which eggs are deposited and adults live ; or the life cycle may be divided between alternate unrelated host plants . the fact that most species are specific in their plant relationships determines habitats such as swamp , marsh , bog , meadow , prairie , desert , deciduous or\nmoisture or humidity relationships also affect the habitats of homopterans . the eggs of most auchenorrhynchans are deposited in tender plant stems or in the undersides of leaf ribs or veins . thus , the incubation period is passed in saturated humidity . after hatching , the nymphs feed on the undersurface of the leaf and remain in high relative humidity since most of the stomata , through which transpiration occurs , are on the undersurface . a reduction in relative humidity due to reduced transpiration can destroy large field populations . certain leafhopper and fulgorid species , although they are not adapted for aquatic life , can live on plants and produce normal populations under conditions of periodic tidal submergence , even in cold waters .\ninsect galls , abnormal growths of plant tissue , are caused usually by the mechanical or chemical stimulus of egg laying in plant tissue and by subsequent activities of the hatching young . the young usually live and feed inside the gall and complete their development before emerging . some 60 species of homopterans , including aphids , psyllids , and coccids , cause plant galls , although aphids are responsible for a majority of them . galls frequently seen on foliage include aphid leaf galls , caused by the grape phylloxera phylloxera vitifoliae ; the leaf petiole gall of poplar , caused by the aphid pemphigus populitransversus ; and the elm cockscomb gall on elm leaves , caused by the aphid colopha ulmicola . different species cause the formation of different types of plant galls .\nor use them to provision their nests . colonies of aphids and scale insects are prey for several kinds of ladybird beetles . female beetles lay their eggs on leaves or twigs where aphids are feeding . when the beetle eggs hatch , the larvae feed upon the homopterans in the colony using chewing mandibles . one larva of\ncan consume 300 aphids in a two week developmental period , while the adult female devours several thousand aphids in her three month life . certain species of flower flies or syrphids also commonly lay their eggs on leaves or twigs where colonies of aphids are feeding . the hatching larvae thrust their piercing mouth structures into the bodies of the aphids and devour them by extracting\namong the hymenoptera , certain wasps are parasites of planthoppers , leafhoppers , and treehoppers . the larvae of dryinid wasps develop internally in the host although part of the body of the larva protrudes from the body of the host , forming a saclike structure between the abdominal and thoracic segments . most encyrtid\nare parasites of aphids , scale insects , and whiteflies . the female eulophid wasp develops as a parasite of scale insects , while the male , developing as a hyperparasite , attacks parasites of the scale insects ( often females of its own species ) . the thamid wasps have habits similar to those of the eulophids in that both parasitize scale insects and whiteflies or are hyperparasites of chalcid wasps that parasitize homopterans .\n. they paralyze homopterans by stinging them , then store them in burrows , lay eggs , and rear young using the homopterans as food . best known of these is the large\nmany species of adult and young aphids are subterranean and feed on the roots of plants . in some species the alternate food plant is no longer used , and the aphids no longer develop wings . some entire colonies spend years below the surface of the soil ; other species spend most of each year underground ; and a few species appear above ground , locate a new host plant , and immediately seek roots . the woolly aphid can live indefinitely on the roots of apple trees but can exist only part of the year on elm , the alternate host . the\nstrawberry root louse has a sexual cycle in which eggs are laid , but these aphids are dependent upon ants for survival . the ants not only care for the eggs in their nests but they also carry the young aphids from plant to plant . in some subterranean aphids the sexual cycle , and with it the egg - laying stage , has disappeared entirely . subterranean aphids have no predators and few parasites . other root feeders are young cicadas , certain young cercopids , some cixiid nymphs of the fulgorids , and immature stages of a few leafhoppers .\nthe homopterans and heteropterans , here classified as separate orders , sometimes are considered as suborders of an order hemiptera . both groups have piercing - sucking mouthparts ; for this reason , they are thought to be closely related to each other . some entomologists , however , consider distinguishing features other than the mouthparts\u2026\ninsect , ( class insecta or hexapoda ) , any member of the largest class of the phylum arthropoda , which is itself the largest of the animal phyla . insects have segmented bodies , jointed legs , and external skeletons ( exoskeletons ) . insects are distinguished from other arthropods by their body , which is divided into three major regions : \u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\namong the larger and more familiar representatives of this order are the cicadas . these musical insects are prevalent during the summer months and are usually first heard during the hot dry days of june before the monsoons . most of us are probably familiar with the song , a loud buzzing noise emanating from a tree or shrub . males sing to attract mates and can be very hard to locate since they usually stop singing as you approach their perch . an observant person is probably more familiar with the brown husks of exoskeleton left by nymphs when they emerge as adults . there are several species of cicadas in the sonoran desert region , with one of the most common species at lower elevations being the apache cicada ( diceroprocta apache ) . adults emerge in june , feed on plant sap , mate , and insert their eggs just under the surface of plant stems . these eggs hatch , and the larvae drop to the ground and dig into the soil to feed on the roots of various plants . in their underground homes , nymphs live and feed for 3 or more years before emerging as adults .\nfemales , like most other homopterans , have incomplete metamorphosis , but males pupate within a tiny silken cocoon before emerging as adults .\ncochineals\u2019 claim to fame is that their bodies contain a substance called carminic acid that produces a beautiful red dye . native peoples from the southwest , mexico , and south america harvested these insects for the dye . europeans discovered the dye when conquering the new world and the valuable product made many of them rich . up to that time , most red dyes came from plant material . cochineal , however , not only produced a superior red hue , but also withstood the effects of sun and washing much better than did the plant - derived dyes . cochineal dye fell out of favor with the advent of synthetic dyes developed in the mid 1800s . however , it is making a comeback , as the more subtle hues of natural dyes are regaining popularity . it is also currently being used as a food and pharmaceutical dye , particularly since many of the synthetic food dyes have proven to be toxic . look for cochineal or carmine on the labels of pink - and red - colored foods and medicines at the grocery store .\nother familiar homopterans are the aphids or plant lice . most of us have encountered large groups of these little creatures feasting on the fleshy stems of herbaceous plants in the spring and summer . these tiny insects have very interesting and complex life cycles . most species survive the winter as eggs and then hatch into females in the spring . these new females then begin to reproduce asexually on their host plants\u2014which differ depending on the species of aphid\u2014forming small colonies of clones . in many species , the colony eventually produces winged forms that fly off to a second host plant ( sometimes a completely different plant species ) and continue to reproduce . when fall approaches , winged forms migrate back to the original species of host plant and produce both males and females which mate and lay the overwintering eggs . an easy - to - recognize species that occurs in our area is the milkweed aphid , aphis nerii . these beautiful aphids are bright yellow with black legs and antennae ; they are found on various species of milkweed in the spring and summer months .\n\u00a9 2018 arizona - sonora desert museum 2021 n . kinney rd . , tucson az 85743 u . s . a . directions \u00b7 hours & rates \u00b7 520 . 883 . 2702 \u00b7 info @ urltoken jobs & volunteers \u00b7 contact \u00b7 faq \u00b7 privacy \u00b7 terms & conditions \u00b7 accessibility\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit is difficult to generalize about the biology of these insects . cicadas are the largest members of the suborder . as nymphs , they live underground and feed on the roots of trees and shrubs . some species complete development in as little as four years , but others have a 13 - or 17 - year life cycle . in contrast , the aphids are tiny , soft - bodied insects with multiple generations per year . many species have complex life cycles involving more than one host plant . winged and wingless forms of the same species may develop at different times of the year . asexual reproduction ( parthenogenesis ) is common and males are unknown in some species . the scale insects are even more specialized . during much of their life cycle , they remain immobile , living beneath an impervious cover of wax or cuticle that they secrete over themselves . legs and antennae often disappear after the first molt . only newly hatched nymphs and adult males bear any resemblence to other insects . females grow to sexual maturity , mate , produce offspring , and die without ever leaving their protective cover .\nmembracidae ( treehoppers ) - - ecologically similar to leafhoppers , these insects have a large pronotum that extends over most of the body . they often resemble thorns or small twigs .\ncercopidae ( spittlebugs or froghoppers ) - - nymphs live on plant stems and produce a frothy defensive secretion around themselves . adults are similar to leafhoppers in size and general appearance .\nfulgoridae ( planthoppers ) - - this is one of eleven families classified as planthoppers ( superfamily fulgoroidea ) . these insects are ecologically similar to leafhoppers and treehoppers . many species are oddly shaped and cryptically colored .\npsyllidae ( psyllids or jumping plant lice ) - - small , aphid - like insects with 3 - segmented beaks and 10 segmented antennae . many species are covered with a woolly layer of wax .\naleyrodidae ( whiteflies ) - - body and wings of adults are covered with a white powdery wax . nymphs attach to the undersides of leaves and become immobile , resembling scale insects .\naphididae ( aphids , plantlice ) - - second largest family in the suborder homptera . many of these insects are pests of cultivated plants . aphids are considered the most important carriers of viral plant diseases .\ncoccidae ( soft scale insects ) - - this is one of 17 families that make up the superfamily coccoidea ( scale insects and mealybugs ) . most species are sedentary during most of their life cycle and secreate a protective covering over their bodies . these insects are among the most common pests of cultivated plants .\na scale insect , laccifer lacca , is the source of natural shellac . the insect lives on various fig trees in the tropics .\ndactylopius coccus , the cochineal insect , is the source of a bright red dye formerly used in the textile industry . it is a scale insect that lives on prickly pear cacti .\naphids in the subfamily pemphiginae are gall - makers . the galls are usually open at one end so the insects can come and go freely .\nthe ground pearls ( family margarodidae ) are a group of scale insects that live on plant roots . in some tropical species , the females form large wax cysts , often bronze or gold in color , that people collect and use as beads .\nseveral groups : cicadas , hoppers , psyllids , whiteflies , aphids , scale insects .\nsimple metamorphosis . in whiteflies it resembles a comple metamorphosis because the last nymphal instar does not move and looks like a pupa .\nmany species produce honeydew . sometimes ants that feed on honeydew will protect the insects .\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience . we ' ll assume you ' re ok with this , but you can opt - out if you wish . accept read more\nif you have found this glossary useful please consider supporting the amateur entomologists ' society by becoming a member or making a donation .\nthis website uses cookies , if you want to use our site without cookies or would like to know more , please see privacy & cookies . if you continue to use this site we ' ll assume that you ' re happy with this .\nmost people tend to call anything with lots of legs a\nbug .\nhowever , to an entomologist , a\nbug\nis one of the 35 , 000 or so species of the order hemiptera .\nmeans\nhalf wing\nand refers to the fact that part of the first pair of wings is toughened and hard , while the rest of the first pair and the second pair are membranous . hemipterans also have modified piercing and sucking mouthparts ; some suck plant juices and are plant pests , while others can bite painfully .\nboth hemiptera and heteroptera go back to the permian , and are fairly well - known as fossils . the picture at the top of the page depicts a group of aquatic hemipterans , i . e . water bugs , from the\ncarpenter , f . m . 1992 . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda 4 , volume 3 : superclass hexapoda . geological society of america and university of kansas , boulder , colorado and lawrence , kansas .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na group of true bugs comprising those in which the forewings are uniform in texture . plant bugs such as aphids , whitefly , scale insects , and cicadas belong to this group .\nmodern latin ( plural ) , from homo - \u2018equal\u2019 + greek pteron \u2018wing\u2019 .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nie . , having a 17 - year cycle . the eggs are injected into holes in twigs of trees , and the nymphs hatching from them fall to the ground into which they burrow to feed on the roots . after about 17 years of nymphal growth a stage resembling a pupa is passed through before emergence of the adult ( derived and updated from\nplant lice ( aphididae ) are noted for their wide distribution and for their rapid reproduction , and transparent wings . the tarsus is 2 - jointed , that of the coccidae being 1 - jointed . wax - secreting cornicles are located dorsally on the abdomen .\nin the coccidae the reproductive phenomena are of much economic importance . a comparatively simple life cycle is that of\nas eggs , which are laid in the autumn by fertilized females . in spring these eggs give rise to wingless viviparous parthenogenetic females . a variable number of these parthenogenetic generations is passed through in the summer , then winged parthenogenetic females appear that migrate to another host plant ( the bean\nfrom these there now appear oviparous females to copulate with winged males , that are migrants from the secondary host plant , the bean .\nfertilized eggs are laid in autumn that give rise to wingless viviparous parthenogenetic females .\nthese then give rise to winged migrant parthenogenetic females and wingless parthenogenetic viviparous females .\nsome of these give rise to winged viviparous females that in turn give rise to wingless oviparous females .\nthe notorious pest of vineyards , the life cycle is more complicated and involves migrations between root and stem of the host plant . the reproductive capacity of these insects is extraordinary but is kept down by the number of enemies they possess .\nthe cyclical reproductive phenomena in aphids leads to important questions relating to the differences between sexual and parthenogenetic individuals , and to the environmental conditions determining the occurrence of these phases in any life cycle .\nfertilized eggs produce only parthenogenetic females . these multiply by diploid parthenogenesis , i . e . the eggs retain the full complement of chromosomes and are not capable of fertilization . eventually there come individuals capable of bearing sexual forms ,\nthe sexual forms arising from these produce haploid germ cells that have undergone normal reduction . fertilization then will restore diploid parthenogenesis . sexual differences are indicated in the chromosomes ; the female of\nhas six , of which two are sex chromosomes ; the male only five , one only being a sex chromosome . however , sexual reproduction leads only to the production of parthenogenetic females and\nto males and females in equal numbers , as might be expected . this appears to be due to the fact that in the maturation of sperms , those with only two chromosomes die . fertilization is always between sperms and ova each with three chromosomes , of which in each case two are normal chromosomes\nthe capacity of females with six chromosomes to produce male offspring with only five is due to the fact that in the maturation of male - producing parthenogenetic eggs , reduction in the number of chromosomes only affects the sex ( x ) chromosomes , one remaining in the egg , the other going to the polar body . in this way a parthenogenetic female with six chromosomes , i . e . 4 +\ngives rise to males with only five , i . e . 4 + x ( derived and updated from\nthey have membranous or leathery wings , but it is possible to trace venation to the base .\nthe mouthparts are beak - like and appear to arise from the front legs .\nthe cicada has the longest life cycle of any insect , and there is a great diversity in dwelling places .\nare noted for their high - pitched call , which is made only by the male and is used to attract females .\nall cicadas have a rather broad head and prominent eyes with three glossy , beadlike ocelli between .\nthey feed on herbaceous plants and some species have different hosts in different parts of the life cycle .\nfor example , oak in springtime , goldenrod in summer and oak again in autumn .\nthis is beat up and mixed with air by action of the hind legs .\nthese insects become free living as adults when they resemble some leafhoppers very closely , but can be distinguished by having spines on the apex of the hind tibia . .\nfeed on plants in all stages and many are very economically important pests . these insects are characterized by long , slender wings , which are held roof - like above their body .\nthey are very active as jumpers due to their enlarged tibia , and the nymphs are agile and can run sideways . the hind legs have a double row of spines and not a single circular row as in spittlebugs .\n, which have a virus incubation period that can last a year or more . the beet leafhopper migrates and transmits\nthe toxic effect is not only from their saliva but also due to their feeding on the vascular parts of plants ( xylem and phloem ) .\nthey have complex life histories with winged and wingless forms and one or more hosts .\nthey prefer to feed mostly on tender shoots of rapidly growing plants , but will also feed at other sites even on the roots .\nbesides causing direct injury to plants some species are also able to transmit plant viruses , which occur on their mouthparts as contaminants .\nwhen dropping onto plants various molds grow on it , which will damage plants .\nants will care for aphids and extract honeydew from them by caressing them with their antennae .\nif the winter host is a tree the alternate host will often be an herbaceous plant .\nif conditions become crowded on the alternate host , winged generations may be produced , which are all females .\nthese fly to another plant that may be the same or a different species of herbaceous plant .\nin the autumn , there is a migration back to the winter host plant .\nalso in autumn the female may produce several generations on the reinvaded winter host .\nshe may mate with the male and then go through an egg - laying phase that overwinters .\nare primarily tropical and subtropical insects that secrete a wax covering over their body , which protects them from external environmental conditions ."]}
{"id": 645, "summary": [{"text": "astele allanae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was named in honour of joyce allan .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "some authors place this taxon in the subgenus astele ( coralastele )", "topic": 26}], "title": "astele allanae", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about astele allanae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for astele allanae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : coralastele allanae ( t . iredale , 1930 ) - id : 5062000377\nspecies astele pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 ) accepted as coralastele pulcherrima ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 )\nnomenclature astele is sometimes treated as neuter , but swainson ( 1855 ) treated it as feminine when he named it , and\nstele\n. . .\nnomenclature astele is sometimes treated as neuter , but swainson ( 1855 ) treated it as feminine when he named it , and\nstele\n( \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bb\u03b7 ) is feminine in greek according to the dictionary at www . perseus . tufts . edu . [ details ]\nnote : only lines in the current paragraph are shown . click on current line of text for options .\nparagraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . paragraph operations include :\nzone operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . zone operations include :\nthe national library of australia ' s copies direct service lets you purchase higher quality , larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages .\nclicking on the order now button below will open the ordering form in a new window which will allow you to enter the details of your request .\nto help safeguard the users of this service from spam , we require you to enter the characters you see in the following image .\nif you can ' t read the image , click here to listen to the same characters being read .\n( of eutrochus a . adams , 1864 ) adams a . ( 1864 ) . description of a new genus and twelve new species of mollusca . proceedings of the zoological society of london . ( 1863 ) : 506 - 509 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 506 [ details ]\n( of calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 ) dall w . h . 1889 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) and in the caribbean sea ( 1879 - 80 ) , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake\n, lieut . - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxix . report on the mollusca . part 2 , gastropoda and scaphopoda . bulletin of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , 18 : 1 - 492 , pls . 10 - 40 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n( a . adams in h . adams & a . adams , 1854 ) [\niredale t . ( 1930 ) . queensland molluscan notes , no . 2 . memoirs of the queensland museum . 10 ( 1 ) : 73 - 88 , pl . 9 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 , pl . 9 fig . 5 [ details ]\nmarshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe following 53 pages are in this category , out of 53 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 646, "summary": [{"text": "the moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni ) is a species of bird placed in the family grallariidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in colombia and ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "moustached antpitta", "paragraphs": ["information on the moustached antpitta is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe rare moustached antpitta comes to worms . - picture of paz de las aves bird refuge , mindo\nthe rare moustached antpitta comes to worms . - picture of paz de las aves bird refuge , mindo - tripadvisor\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni )\ntitle =\narkive species - moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nweek of 14 - 20 february 2010 : best birds observed and reported include plumbeous hawk along road , rufescent screech - owl behind guest house , spot - fronted swifts , white - faced nunbird photographed along nunbird ridge trail , yellow - breasted antpitta along sr . tim\u00b4s trail , moustached antpitta photographed nest , two eggs and adult on nest , giant antpitta calling , tyrannine woodcreeper , beautiful jay ( 3 observed ) , toucan barbet daily , plate - billed mountain - toucan daily , powerful woodpecker daily .\ngiant , moustached and yellow - breasted antpittas heard regularly and the latter two seen along sister\u00b4s loop and se\u00f1or tim\u00b4s trails ; giant antpitta photographed in the lower part of the reserve ; chestnut - crowned antpitta vocal and abundant on the upper part of the reserve ; ocellated tapaculo heard occasionally ; scaled fruiteater and olivaceous piha seen near the guest houses ; beautiful jays seen every few days near the guest houses .\nweek of 8 - 15 january 2010 : 2 hoary pufflegs at guest house feeders , green - fronted lancebill near banana feeders , spot - fronted swifts seen daily , rufescent ( colombian ) screech - owl seen and photographed on two separate nights , olivaceous piha , 5 beautiful jays , yellow - breasted antpitta , 2 moustached antpitta observed on canyons trail and sr . tim\u00b4s trail , plus many fledgling birds .\non 25 february at 6am a beautiful male lyre - tailed nightjar was seen perched on the entry wall at the guest house . active nests of moustached and yellow - breasted antpitta were found and 3 species of tapaculo were heard behind the guest house , 3 species of woodpecker were regulars while scaled fruiteater and beautiful jay were vocal early in the morning .\nweek of 14 - 20 march 2010 : best mammal : spectacled bear observed on guan gulch trail at lucy\u00b4s creek behind the guest house on 15 march at 10 . 15am ! ! best birds included rufescent screech - owl ( heard ) , moustached antpitta adult feeding nestlings in the nest plus a second adult observed in a different territory ( observed ) , yellow - breasted and chestnut - crowned antpitta ( heard ) , tyrannine woodcreeper ( heard ) , white - faced nunbird ( heard ) , scaled fruiteater ( observed ) , beautiful jay ( observed ) , black - chinned mountain - tanager ( observed ) .\nkrabbe , n . k . & schulenberg , t . s . ( 2018 ) . moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\neders ; common potoo photographed along brothers trail ; rufescent ( colombian ) screech - owl behind guest house ; cloud - forest pygmy - owl seen on the trail ; hook - billed kites adult pair plus juvenile seen daily near guest house ; powerful woodpecker ; plate - billed mountain - toucan - family of 3 seen daily at guest house ; yellow - breasted and moustached antpitta seen on the trails ; western hemispingus , scaled fruiteater , chestnut - capped brush - finch eating bananas at banana feeders .\npygmy - owl ( heard along road ) , mottled owl ( vocal at guest house ) , white - tailed hillstar ( at feeders ) , hoary puffleg ( at feeders ) , crested quetzal ( along guan gulch ) , yellow - vented woodpecker ( pair around guest houses ) , yellow - breasted antpitta ( observed along sr . tim\u00b4s trail ) , moustached antpitta ( observed on sister\u00b4s loop trail ) , club - winged manakin ( heard along parrot hill loop ) , golden - winged manakin ( vocal along entry trail ) , scaled fruiteater ( singing at fruit feeders ) , plushcap ( in flock behind the guest house ) , yellow - bellied siskin ( vocal around guest houses ) , plus 16 additional hummingbird species at the feeders .\ndecember 2010 : best birds included hoary puffleg continues to be a regular at our feeders , white - tailed hillstar also at the feeders but not regularly ; total hummingbirds seen at the feeders = up to 19 species ! plate - billed mountain - toucans regularly seen and photographed from the guest house patio ; moustached and yellow - breasted antpitta very vocal throughout the reserve ; bronze - olive pygmy - tyrant , rufous - headed pygmy - tyrant and rufous - crowned tody - flycatcher abundant along trails ; as many as 4 beautiful jays seen near guest house .\nblack - and - chestnut eagle flying low over the upper site ; wattled guan vocal along canyons trail and santa rosa river trail ; dusky pigeon calling at lower site ; large flocks of red - pilled parrots ; crested quetzal vocal in various parts of the reserve ; group of 3 yellow - vented woodpecker near banana feeders ; tyrannine woodcreeper very vocal ; giant and yellow - breasted antpitta seen regularly ; 1 ochre - breasted antpitta seen on lower trail ; large and very active club - winged manakin lek from 1800m - 2300m ; beautiful jay seen regularly along canyons and sisters loop trails and near guest houses .\non a day of sun , cloud and mist the total number of bird species recorded at rlg was 163 species \u2013 38 % of all the species in the entire mindo - tandayapa count area . the three new bird species for the reserve were found by the team led by marcelo quipo . the species were brown - billed scythebill , scarlet - rumped cacique and the rare , endemic and beautiful indigo flower - piercer . the team also found other rarities for the reserve including 1 scaled antpitta , ochre - breasted antpitta ( adult with fledgling ) , 1 pacific tuftedcheek , 4 orange - breasted fruiteater and 1 black - billed peppershrike . ( and a few weeks later marcelo added southern nightingale wren to our rlg bird list . )\n18 cm . medium to large antpitta with white malar stripe . dark rufescent - brown above . slaty - grey crown and nape . dark brown sides of head . broad , white malar narrowly scaled black . russet throat bordered by white chest - band . olive - brown breast with few narrow white streaks . buffy - white belly . cinnamon washed flanks and undertail - coverts .\nour white - faced nunbirds back to the upper part of puma trail . frog researcher jaime garc\u00eda found an active nest of slaty - backed chat - tyrant near the river and scaled fruiteaters were heard frequently throughout the upper part of the reserve . almost every day at 5 . 50am we had a pair of very raucous beautful jays at the guest houses , while yellow - vented woodpecker and yellow - bellied siskins were also regular in the nearby trees . our star birds were the several pairs of yellow - breasted antpitta , including a fledgling being fed by an adult , right on the walkways of the guest houses .\nseptember - october 2013 : the end of summer brought enough rain to keep many birds active . best birds included : regular low fly - overs of barred parakeet , a small flock of blue - fronted parrotlet , large noisy flocks of red - billed parrot , cloud - forest pygmy - owl nesting activity , 16 species of hummingbirds at our feeders , crested quetzal nesting along parrot hill loop , vocal toucan barbets , yellow - vented woodpecker nesting near the guest house , regular views of yellow - breasted antpitta near the guest house , olivaceous piha seen regularly along sr . tim\u2019s trail , and 14 species of tanagers at our feeding stations and bird baths .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nwhistles over 2 . 5 - 3 seconds , rapidly increasing in amplitude , then trailing off at end .\n. the nominate subspecies was collected near salento , quind\u00edo , in 1911 , and has been recorded in nearby ucumar\u00ed regional park , risaralda , colombia , several times during 1994 - 2000 ( p . g . w . salaman\n. 1999 , c . downing verbally 2000 , krabbe and coopmans 2000 ) . the subspecies\n. 1998 ) , but it is unclear how much of this is occupied . recent surveys in ecuador found at least 4 - 6 territories along three 1 km transects ( j . f . freile\n. there are several new localities where the species has been recorded in ecuador , mostly concentrated on the western slopes of pichincha province ( j . f . freile\n. 2004 , 2008 ) , and the species has recently been discovered to be much commoner and more extensively distributed in colombia than previously thought ( f . g . stiles\n. the paucity of earlier records is related to the fact that its vocalisations were unknown until recently .\nthis species is described as rare and essentially unknown ; its population is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 individuals . this equates to 1 , 667 - 6 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 1 , 500 - 7 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : this species ' s population is suspected to be declining slowly , in line with rates of habitat loss within its range .\nit occurs in wet , mossy cloud - forest , usually at 1 , 800 - 2 , 500 m in ravines or on steep slopes ( krabbe and coopmans 2000 ) . it has been seen on the ground and perched up to 3 m in the understorey ( krabbe and coopmans 2000 ) . nests with nestlings have been found in march and december ( i . e . during the wet season ) ( freile and renjifo 2003 , greeney and gelis 2006 )\nand the central andes , colombia , has been logged , settled and converted to agriculture . the west andean slopes in ecuador have also been altered and fragmented , particularly in pichincha ( krabbe\n. 2004 , 2008 ) . a large area of intact habitat exists on volc\u00e1n sumaco in napo but , in 1990 , the human population was growing and forest clearance for agriculture was having an impact at c . 1 , 000 m and above . cueva de los gu\u00e1charos is increasingly threatened by encroaching human settlement and opium production ( wege and long 1995 )\n. however , the species has been shown to use secondary forest freely within parts of its colombian range and occurs in mature secondary forest at cotopaxi ( j . f . freile\nis known from maquipucuna reserve ( pichincha ) , mindo protected forest , rio guajalito , cof\u00e1n - bermejo and la otonga reserves , and cueva de los gu\u00e1charos and possibly sumaco - napo galeras national park ( krabbe and coopmans 2000 , j . f . freile\n. 2010 ) . the recently created sumaco - napo galeras national park should prevent habitat loss from reaching the altitudes inhabited by the species in napo . ucumar\u00ed regional park holds a population of the nominate subspecies and it may occur in the adjacent ot\u00fan - quimbaya fauna and flora sanctuary and alto quind\u00edo acaime natural reserve , both in quind\u00edo ( krabbe and coopmans 2000 )\n. on the east slope of the andes in ecuador its range is fairly well covered ( c . 60 % ) by five protected areas ( cofan - bermejo , cayambe - coca and antisana ecological reserves , and sumaco - napo galeras and llanganates national parks ) ( j . f . freile\nsurvey ( with knowledge of its vocalisations ) areas of suitable habitat , perhaps especially on the east slope of the andes from tungurahua , ecuador north to caquet\u00e1 , colombia , and also in central ecuador in the large and extensively forested sangay national park ( j . f . freile\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22703252a110970852 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nsalento , 7000 feet [ c . 2130 m ] , central andes , cauca , colombia\nmay be closely related to g . chthonia ( but see below ) . race andaquiensis browner , less grey , than nominate , with ochraceous vs whitish belly , but voice identical . two subspecies recognized .\n) and w slope of c andes ( risaralda , quind\u00edo , cauca ) .\nhern\u00e1ndez & rodr\u00edguez , 1979 \u2013 head of magdalena valley , in colombia , and both slopes in n ecuador ( s to cotopaxi and napo ) .\n16\u00b75 cm ; two males 64 g and 77 g . adult has light olive - brown fore\u00adcrown and slate - grey crown and nape , fea\u00adthers narrowly edged blackish , white lores narrowly . . .\nsong 1\u00b78\u20133 seconds long , given at intervals of 7\u201313 seconds , a series of 17 . . .\nfloor and dense undergrowth within 3 m of ground in wet ( mossy ) primary forest , mainly in ravines . . .\nforages on the ground . in nw ecuador two adults were recorded feeding nestlings with arthropods captured on the ground on trails and forest . . .\nsings from perch 0\u00b75\u20133 m above ground . two nests found in the central andes of colombia and in nw ecuador were bulky . . .\nvulnerable . previously listed as endangered . restricted - range species : present in colombian inter - andean slopes eba . until 1990 known from only two specimens , and feared . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in formicariidae , but dna studies indicate that the four genera currently included herein form a monophyletic group , whereas current members of formicariidae may be closer to some members of rhinocryptidae # r # r .\non basis of dna analysis , sister to the other three genera in this family # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ngreg & yvonne dean tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1932 223827 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 579 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nbirdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : grallaria alleni . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nmany years ago , angel paz , figured out how to coax antpittas in to a feeding station to take worms . until then , these shy denizens of the mountain forest were just about impossible to see . angel is built a modest business of showing people his beloved birds , and he puts on an excellent show . for the best chance of seeing all . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\na pair of plain - breasted hawks plus a tiny hawk pestered our feeder birds and caught at least some birds . most of the feeder birds quickly shifted to alert mode and have stayed hidden and / or moving quickly with mixed species flocks which come through our gardens . the birds stop only briefly to feed and especially seem to want to bathe ( including the first foliage - gleaner i have ever seen bathing in our bird baths ) .\nlate may - early june 2017 : at least 3 different male wattled guans heard calling a lot both in the parrot hill area and nearer the river . it is nice to know our three species of guans ( sickle - winged , wattled and crested ) are all doing well at rlg .\nmay 2016 : marcelo quipo documented another new bird species for rlg ( his 5th ! ) , guayaquil woodpecker , plus documented an elevational record of tawny - throated leaftosser at 2100 m ! ! ( photos below . )\nlots of bird activity even with rainy season conditions \u2013 a beautiful but wet and bedraggled plate - billed mountain - toucan ( photo by marcelo quipo ) ; a female powerful woodpecker on a mossy trunk ( photo by carlos c . solano ) ; a family of hungry blue - winged mountain - tanagers at our banana feeders ( photo by carlos c . solano ) ; a colombian screech - owl in the rain ( photo by marcelo quipo ) .\nour 2016 christmas bird count was amazing ! on the evening of 16 december 2016 a group of 9 birders met at reserva las gralarias for our annual christmas bird count ( cbc ) . that evening the group heard 2 mottled owls , 1 colombian screech - owl , 1 black - and - white owl , and 1 rufous - banded owl near the area around the guest houses . the next morning at 4 . 30am they saw our resident male lyre - tailed nightjar perched outside the guest house and also counted 1 common potoo and 2 parauques . the rest of the day continued with amazing records , including 3 new bird species for the reserve plus a new mammal record !\nplus we had rather astonishing spectacled bear activity between mid - oct and end of the year , with 4 trailcam photos and numerous chewed palmito trees and other bear sign along various trails .\ntrail cam photo of a male spectacled bear at 1 . 12pm in the afternoon on 21 december 2016 along puma hideout trail\nearly spring is always a busy time on the equator and this year has been no exception .\nin february - march barred hawks were vocal and observed regularly , one wattled guan was heard in the lower section of the reserve near santa rosa river , 18 species of hummers plus 10 species of tanagers , 2 species of brush - finch , 2 species of thrush , 6 sickle - winged guans and family groups of toucan barbet were regulars at our banana feeders as were 3 tayras .\nbut the very best bird was on 6 march a beautiful black solitaire feeding on small purple fruits in a large melastome along with a pair of green - and - black fruiteater .\nvery rare in this area we only have 5 records of this solitaire being seen on the reserve .\nfinally , it was fun watching a family of two adult and two young slaty - backed nightingale - thrush during the month - long fledgling period .\nthe adults very surreptitiously fed their young bits of bananas at our feeders and eventually the young birds began to hang around the feeders even without the adults nearby .\nby 10 april the adult male was singing again and probably ready to commence another nesting period .\n17 species of hummers at our hummingbird feeders , and 9 species of tanager at our fruit feaders as well as sickle - winged guans , chestnut - capped brush - finch , kinkajous and bats .\nswallow - tailed kites returned for their breeding season and we had small flocks of maroon - tailed parakeets feeding in the trees near the guest houses . cloud - forest pygmy - owl called occasionally while two very vocal common potoos serenaded us almost every night . on sunny mornings we had large flocks of white - collared and spot - fronted swifts overhead while late april brought\negular visits to our feeders by the spectacular white - tailed hillstar ; continuing hoary pufflegs at the feeders ; common potoo on day roost along oso verde trail ; regular sightings of beautiful jay , also olivaceous piha , scaled fruiteater and a trio of yellow - vented woodpecker ; family of sickle - winged guans regular at the banana feeders .\n2 march - just - fledged velvet - purple coronet appears on one of our feeders , then 4 days later . photos by jane lyons\nreturning crested quetzal first heard on 26 april at guan gulch ; golden - headed quetzals very vocal and active behind the guest houses ; white - faced nunbird vocal along mr . weasel\u00b4s trail during the first week of april ;\nflammulated treehunter nest in the upper section ; beautiful jays regular at guest house ; 17 hummer species at the feeders ; sickle - winged guans and 8 species of tanagers at the fruit feeders .\nthis rare , endangered species spectacled bear made an appearance at the las gralarias guest houses on 26 october 2010 .\n( juv male at guest house ) , tyrannine woodcreeper ( banded 11 august 2006 ) . best mammals : numerous kinkajous seen along santa rosa river trail .\n24 june 2010 : nest with nestling of hoary puffleg found on canyon\u00b4s trail .\n15 september 2009 : 2 upland sandpipers seen walking along the road at las gralarias and numerous heard flying over at night ."]}
{"id": 647, "summary": [{"text": "the lowland tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) , is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in eastern africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lowland tiny greenbul", "paragraphs": ["montane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]\nlowland tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .\ndiversification across an altitudinal gradient in the tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) from the eastern arc mountains of africa .\ndiversification across an altitudinal gradient in the tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) from the eastern arc mountains of africa . - pubmed - ncbi\nnow considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )\nfuchs j , fjelds\u00e5 j , bowie rck . 2011 . diversification across an altitudinal gradient in the tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) from the eastern arc mountains of africa . bmc evol biol , 11 : 117 .\nlowland evergreen forest , forest - woodland mosaic , thick coastal scrub , gallery forest ; sometimes . . .\nthe clear altitudinal segregation in morphology found within the tiny greenbul is the result of secondary contact of two highly differentiated lineages rather than disruptive selection in plumage pattern across an altitudinal gradient . based on our results , we recommend albigula be elevated to species rank .\nfishpool , l . , tobias , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . lowland tiny greenbul ( phyllastrephus debilis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmarks bd . ? 2010 . are lowland rainforests really evolutionary museums ? phylogeography of the green hylia ( hylia prasina ) in the afrotropics . mol phylogen evol , 55 : 178\u2013184 .\nexperiences with species i had seen this small greenbul in mozambique on two previous occasions , but 2011 was the first time i got him in the lens . other names : -\nwe found significant biometric differences between the lowland ( rabai ) and montane ( albigula ) populations in tanzania . the differences in shape are coupled with discrete differences in the coloration of the underparts . using multi - locus data gathered from 124 individuals , we show that lowland and montane birds form two distinct genetic lineages . the divergence between the two forms occurred between 2 . 4 and 3 . 1 myrs ago . our coalescent analyses suggest that limited gene flow , mostly from the subspecies rabai to albigula , is taking place at three mid - altitude localities , where lowland and montane rainforest directly abut . the extent of this introgression appears to be limited and is likely a consequence of the recent expansion of rabai further inland .\nsheldon fh , oliveros ch , taylor ss , mckay b , lim hc , rahman ma , mays h , moyle rg . 2012 . molecular phylogeny and insular biogeography of the lowland tailorbirds of southeast asia ( cisticolidae : orthotomus ) . mol phylogenet evol , 65 : 54\u201363 .\nassignment of individuals to genetic cluster using the structure algorithm for k = 2 ( mean loglikelihood across three runs , - ln = 595 . 9 ) . the red color corresponds to the individuals sampled in the nguru and usambara mts ( albigula ) . green corresponds to individuals sampled in the tanzanian lowland ( rabai ) and mozambique / zimbabwe ( debilis ) . evidence for admixture involves five individuals sampled in the nguru mts , usambara mts and on mt kanga .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe appreciate the many constructive comments received , and we will continue to revisit problematic english names on a case by case basis . we also refine and adjust english names as required by changes of species taxonomy .\nenglish name updates \u2013 ioc version 2 . 11 ( jan 2 , 2012 )\ncrested hawk - eagle ( used for n . limnaetus , if split ) was incorrectly applied to n . cirrhatus sensu lato , when lumped in version 2 . 0 . correct to changeable hawk - eagle as used by other primary world lists . thanks to frank lambert for advising us of this error\nadopt name established in other major lists . ioc alone in dropping the modifier , the bird\u2019s most distinguishing feature .\nshorter name without \u201cpied\u201d adopted for thai checklist ( p round comm ) . spot - breasted woodpecker is preoccupied by colaptes punctigula\nenglish name updates \u2013 ioc version 2 . 10 ( oct 18 , 2011 )\nenglish name updates \u2013 ioc version 2 . 9 ( july 10 , 2011 )\nwe acknowledge widespread opposition to ioc 1 . 0 proposal of common pigeon to avoid conflict with petrophassa \u201d rock pigeons\u201d ; accept bou choice of classic rock dove for this species native to british isles . feral pigeon is available for populations introduced worldwide .\nenglish name updates \u2013 ioc version 2 . 8 ( mar 31 , 2011 )\nfollows split of c . pampa ; english names follow ridgway , sibley & monroe 1993 , aou 1998\nenglish nam e updates \u2013 ioc version 2 . 7 ( dec 29 , 2010 )\nenglish name updates \u2013 ioc version 2 . 6 ( oct 23 , 2010 )\nonly one species and the simpler name conforms to other leading works ( hbw , inskipp ) .\nshrike - babblers are not babblers , but vireo relatives ; hence lower case .\nenglish name updates \u2013 ioc version 2 . 5 ( july 4 , 2010 )\ncorrect name for amboinensis ; brown cuckoo - dove is used for m . phasianella\nbamboo flatbill of hilty ( 2003 ) is better name , but \u201clarge - headed\u201d prevails .\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nis a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to\nfrom\nblack - crested bulbul\nto\nblack - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )\nthe rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .\nis in prevailing usage . based on\nturdo\u00efde de gourdin\nof homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )\nnigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola\nrwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi\nbased on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017\nas a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet\n( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .\nkuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\ndalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )\nis a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )\nbarrera et al . 2010 , carant\u00f3n - ayala and certuche - cubillos 2010 , cadena & stiles 2010 . sacc 479\nc . aeruginosus ( currently treated as a ssp of c . rubiginosus ) is sister to c . auricularis ; rubiginosus is sister to c . atricollis ( moore et al 2010 )\nxingu scale - backed antbird , including subspecies vidua and nigrigula is split from scale - backed antbird ( isler and whitney 2011 ) ; sacc proposal badly needed . shorter english name preferred ? ?\nking 1997 ; drovetski et al 2004 ; alstrom et al 2011 , obc ; cf dickinson 2003 , hbw 11 w comments .\ntreat this virtually unknown holdover from sibley & monroe as ssp of black - eared ground thrush g . cameronensis as do other major lists ( p gregory comm ) .\nuntil recently considered conspecific with p . albigula ( which see ) . race rabai has grey vs green crown ( recent published illustration # r misses this point ) and approaches nominate to within 200 km ( based on published map # r ) . study of voices of these two taxa and p . albigula needed . two subspecies recognized .\ne . j . o . hartert & van someren , 1921 \u2013 c & s coastal kenya and ne coastal tanzania ( s to r rufiji ) .\n( w . l . sclater , 1899 ) \u2013 se tanzania , s mozambique and extreme e zimbabwe ( haroni\u2013rusitu ) .\n12\u00b78\u201313\u00b78 cm ; male 13\u00b73\u201317 g , female 12\u00b75\u201314\u00b79 g ( nominate ) , male 13\u00b75\u201317 g , female , 11\u00b76\u201315 g . . .\ninsectivorous . usually seen in pairs or in small parties of up to c . 10 individuals , sometimes singly ; often joins mixed - species parties . . . .\nnesting recorded in dec and may ; birds in breeding condition in oct\u2013may in coastal tanzania and oct\u2013jan in zimbabwe . monogamous . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally common ; apparent declines in n & s parts of range , implying that it is less common than it used to be in parts of kenya . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nif you have videos , photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection . it ' s free and easy to do .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nmixed flock , observed moving through tangled undergrowth for several minutes . recording amplified . iphone 5s .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phyllastrephus debilis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 160 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co . kg , all rights reserved .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmuseum of vertebrate zoology and department of integrative biology , 3101 valley life science building , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 - 3160 , usa . jeromefuchs @ urltoken\npmid : 21539741 pmcid : pmc3097164 doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 11 - 117\ndistribution of phyllastrephus debilis ; dots represent our sampling localities ( blue : albigula ; green , rabai ; red , debilis ) . the painting depicts the typical plumage of p . d . albigula and p . d . rabai / debilis , respectively .\n50 % majority consensus rule tree obtained from the bayesian analyses of nd2 . values close to nodes represent bootstrap values ( above node ; if > 75 % ) and bayesian posterior probabilities ( below node ; if > 0 . 95 ) . mean genetic distances among the primary groups are indicated . the haplotype networks were constructed using the statistical parsimony algorithm implemented in tcs .\nmulti - locus network obtained using standardized genetic distances of the three nuclear loci . only individuals that could be sequenced and phased with a posterior probability greater than 0 . 75 for all three loci ( n = 80 ) are included .\nbiplot of the first two components of the bioclimatic variables extracted from our sampling locality co - ordinates . note the rather disparate environmental conditions for the albigula sampling points . all sites where gene flow was recorded ( e . g . mt . kanga ) are characterized by reduced seasonality ( variable 4 ) .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project passeriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each passerine , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project pycnonotidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bulbul , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nchinese birds 2013 , 4 ( 2 ) 99 - 131 doi : 10 . 5122 / cbirds . 2013 . 0016 issn : 1674 - 7674 cn : 11 - 5870 / q\naleixo a , pacheco jf . 2006 . a family name for the monotypic oscine passerine genus donacobius . rev brasil ornitol , 14 : 172\u2013173 .\nalstr\u00f6m p , barnes kn , olsson u , barker fk , bloomer p , khan aa , qureshi ma , guillaumet a , crochet p - a , ryan pg . 2013 . multilocus phylogeny of the avian family alaudidae ( larks ) reveals complex morphological evolution , non - monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity . mol phylogenet evol . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2013 . 06 . 005 .\nalstr\u00f6m p , davidson p , duckworth jw , eames jc , le tt , nguyen c , olsson u , robson c , timmins rj . 2010 . description of a new species of phylloscopus warbler from vietnam and laos . ibis , 152 : 145\u2013168 .\nalstr\u00f6m p , fregin s , norman ja , ericson pgp , christidis l , olsson u . 2011a . multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset reveal extensive non - monophyly in the avian family locustellidae . mol phylogenet evol , 38 : 381\u2013397 .\nalstr\u00f6m p , h\u00f6hna s , gelang m , ericson pgp , olsson u . 2011b . non - monophyly and intricate morphological evolution within the avian family cettiidae revealed by multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset . bmc evol biol , 11 : 352 .\nalstr\u00f6m p , fjelds\u00e5 j , fregin s , olsson u . 2011c . gross morphology betrays phylogeny : the scrub warbler scotocerca inquieta is not a cisticolid . ibis , 153 : 87\u201397 .\nalstr\u00f6m p , saitoh t , williams d , nishiumi i , shigeta y , ueda k , irestedt m , bj\u00f6rklund m , olsson u . 2011d . the arctic warbler phylloscopus borealis \u2013 three anciently separated cryptic species revealed . ibis , 153 : 395\u2013410 .\nalstr\u00f6m p , olsson u , colston p . 1997 . re - 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{"id": 648, "summary": [{"text": "the western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) is a species in the grebe family of water birds .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "folk names include \" dabchick \" , \" swan grebe \" and \" swan-necked grebe \" .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "western grebe fossils from the late pleistocene of sw north america were described as a distinct species , but later ranked as a paleosubspecies aechmophorus occidentalis lucasi .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "more recent study found them to fall within the variation now known to exist in today 's birds . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "western grebe", "paragraphs": ["atitlan grebe or giant grebe podilymbus gigas . endemic to lake atitlan , guatemala .\nsubspecies and range : the western grebe has two subspecies which differ only in size .\nfolk names for this bird include dabchick , swan grebe , and swan - necked grebe .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the western and clark ' s grebe , whose ranges overlap .\nthe western grebe is the largest north american member of the grebe family . other names for this species include \u201cswan grebe\u201d , \u201cdabchick\u201d and \u201cswan - necked grebe\u201d . this species has been known to interbreed with the clark\u2019s grebe , which looks much like and shares the same habitat as the western grebe . nests are built on large inland lakes and coastal marshes of western north america . during winter months , northern populations will migrate to the western coastal ocean areas . typical diets of this bird consist of carp , herring , mollusks , crabs and salamanders . the conservation rating for the western grebe is least concern .\nthe western grebe was first described in 1858 by sir william lawrence , an english surgeon and biologist .\nhill w . l . , m . browne , and c . hardenbergh . 1995 . composition of eared grebe western grebe eggs . jstor biological sciences collection\nthe western grebe is one of the two most piscivorous species with the great crested grebe . both have elongated body , slender neck and long thin bill .\nthe oldest recorded western grebe was a female and at least 11 years old when she was found in california .\ndavis , d . g . 1961 . western grebe colonies in northern colorado . condor 63 : 264 - 265 .\neichhorst ba ( 1994 ) an analysis of western grebe banding and recovery data . north american bird bander 17 : 108\u2013115 .\nwestern grebe aechmophorus occidentalis - a . o . occidentalis . british columubia to lake winnipeg and south to southern california . - a . o . clarkii . western usa and mexican plateau .\nthe western grebe lives on fresh water lakes and marshes which have large areas of open water and vegetation around it ( storer & nuechterlein 1992 ) .\nwestern grebes are large and slender with long necks and long , thin bills . plumage is dark gray above and white below , with a clear color division . the top of the face is black , and the bottom white . the black extends below the eye in the western grebe . ( in the closely related and similar - appearing clark ' s grebe , the black ends above the eye . ) the bill of the western grebe is yellowish to dull olive .\nred - necked grebe or holb\u00f6ll\u2019s grebe podiceps grisegena . kornwerderzand , the netherlands culmen : 36 . 0 mm ; total : 84 . 5 mm , unsexed adult\nthe artwork shown to the left is from the 1925 grebe radio advertising brochure .\nin north america , there are eight species of grebes in four genera ( including the extinct atitlan grebe ) . members of this family include the long and slender - necked western and clark\u2019s grebes , and the plump pied - billed grebe .\nin all seasons and habitats , the primary food of western grebes is fish .\neastern and western mexican subspecies differ slightly in plumage and might be reliably identifiable .\nrange / habitat : the western grebe is commonly found from canada through california , and sometimes in mexico . it usually occurs in the great plains and western states , but occasionally can be found in the eastern half of the united states . it usually stays on prairie lakes in british columbia and california , and sometimes as far down as mexico . in the winter the western grebe lives on the pacific coast .\nerickson ma ( 2010 ) persistence and abundance of the western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) in alberta . msc . thesis , university of alberta , edmonton , alberta .\nwestern grebes are highly gregarious at all seasons , nesting in colonies and wintering in flocks . their thin , reedy calls are characteristic sounds of western marshes in summer .\nbill : the dagger - like bill is one of the best distinguishing characteristics of these similar birds . the clark ' s grebe has a bright yellow or bold orange - yellow bill , while the western grebe ' s bill is much darker and has a strong olive - green or gray tinge . because of its coloration , a western grebe ' s bill may appear narrower or slightly upturned , especially in dim light .\nthe grebe qsl card . the card design did change somewhat from time to time .\nclick the range map to learn more about the distribution of western grebes in washington .\na bird ( black mask ) swimming close to a pair of clark ' s grebe .\nshort - winged grebe rollandia micopterum . restricted to some lakes in peruvian and bolivian andes .\nthe western grebe feeds mainly on fish , but will also eat salamanders , crustaceans , plychaete worms , and insects . they tend to be opportunists ( storer and nuechterlein 1992 ) .\nthe western form of solitary sa - dpiper ( sandpiper ) is misspelled in the list .\nt . r . ruficollis . europe , north - western africa , turkey and israel .\nrobbins , c . , b . bruun , h . zim . 1996 .\nwestern grebe aechmophorus occidentalis\n( on - line ) . accessed october 23 , 2000 at urltoken .\nbent ac ( 1919 ) western grebe . in : bent ac , editor . life histories of north american diving birds . dover publications inc , new york , new york . 1\u20139 .\nthe western grebe is a large and conspicuous waterbird . adapted for an aquatic lifestyle , with lobed feet set well back on a streamlined body , western grebes are powerful swimmers but awkward on land . their white throat , breast and belly contrast with the black and grey plumage of their crown , neck , back and wings . they have bright red eyes and a long , pointed yellowish - green bill . the western grebe has been suggested as a bioindicator for wetland ecosystems .\ndelacour ' s little grebe or aloatra dabchick tachybaptus rufolavatus . endemic to lake aloatra , madagascar .\nphoto above : the grebe cr - 5 , a single tube receiver from 1922 . many accessories could be purchased from grebe to improve the performance of smaller receivers like the cr - 5 .\ngrebe advertising spared no expense to convey their message that grebe used the best parts in the best circuits with the highest quality construction and that naturally resulted in the best performing radio equipment available . the 1925 grebe radio brochure is a very high quality book that not only shows the various models of the synchrophase that were available in 1925 but also contains several photos of earlier grebe radios .\na large , elegant , black - and - white grebe , the western grebe breeds in lakes and ponds across the american west and winters primarily off the pacific coast . the very similar clark ' s grebe was long thought to be the same species . both species have a dramatic , choreographed courtship display , in which the birds rush across the water with their long necks extended .\nthe elegant western grebe is unlikely to be confused with any species other than its close relative , the clark ' s grebe . in general , western grebe has a paler greenish - yellow bill ( orange in clark ' s ) , and darker face , flanks , and neck sides . in breeding plumage , western ' s face is blacker than clark ' s , usually with blackish extending around the eyes to the base of the bill . bill color may be the single best character for separating the two during all seasons . the following is a link to this photographer ' s website : urltoken .\nburger ae ( 1997 ) status of the western grebe in british columbia . wildlife working report no . wr\u201387 . british columbia ministry of environment , lands and parks , wildlife branch , victoria , bc .\nthe western subspecies is widespread in north america ; eastern ( asian ) has been recorded at least once in western alaska . it differs in size and breeding plumage , and is split by several authorities .\neastern and western forms are usually distinguishable by tail pattern , and more study might reveal other differences .\nthe western grebe is a large and conspicuous waterbird . adapted for an aquatic lifestyle , with lobed feet set well back on a streamlined body , western grebes are powerful swimmers but awkward on land . their white throat , breast and belly contrast with the black and grey plumage of their crown , neck , back and wings . they have bright red eyes and a long , pointed yellowish - green bill . the western grebe has been suggested as a bioindicator for wetland ecosystems . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\ndescription : the western grebe is the largest of the north american grebes . sexes are similar in that they both have a long , slender neck and bill and their feet are far back of the body .\nrobison km , weems re , anderson dw , henkel la , brickey a ( 2008 ) western & clark\u2019s grebe conservation and management in california . annual report to the american trader trustee council , february 2008 .\nyanch j ( 2006 ) status of the western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) in alberta . wildlife status report no . 60 . alberta sustainable resource development & alberta conservation association . edmonton , alberta , canada .\nis a carnivore . it mostly eats fish , but also eats insects , mollusks , and crustaceans . the western grebe is an aggressive hunter . it dives under the water and spears fish with its long bill .\nstorer rw , nuechterlein gl ( 1992 ) western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . in : poole a , editor . the birds of north america online . ithaca , cornell lab of ornithology . available : urltoken .\nwith this upgrade , the grebe mu - 1 continued in production built to this configuration until mid - 1927 .\n4 . radio age , don patterson - multi - part article on a . h grebe from the 1980s .\nadult males of siberian subspecies ( recorded a few times in western alaska ) are safely distinguishable from american subspecies .\nebird and clements suggest the name woodhouse\u2019s western scrub - jay for the interior groups based on the latin trinomial .\ntwo western grebes engage in a courtship dance called\nrushing ,\nin which the birds walk on water .\nshown to the left is the cover which has\ngrebe\nand\nradio\nactually embossed in the heavy paper cover . the photo to the right is of grebe ' s experimental station 2xe which shows the cr - 6 and cr - 7 receivers along with a grebe - built 200 watt transmitter that is powered by batteries and the motor - generator set under the table . the horn speaker shown is a western electric 10 - d horn .\nwestern grebes famously run on water , but few ornithologists have seen them using their aquatic feet to scamper across land .\nsubtle differences in song between eastern and western populations of this species are probably not reliable enough to allow confident identification .\nbecause the western and clark ' s grebes were considered color phases of one species\u2014the western grebe\u2014from 1886 until 1985 , the literature on them was combined under that name . only rarely was mention made of the \u201cphase\u201d of the birds studied . because of this , and because of the great similarity between the two species in morphology and behavior , this account contains references that may pertain to both species . first , under western grebe , is given the information known to apply to that species alone , followed by information common to both species , and that for which the \u201cphase\u201d was not mentioned . the clark ' s grebe account consists of information known to apply to that species and to known differences between the two .\nface : both species have a white face with a prominent black cap , but on clark ' s grebes the red eye is surrounded by white while on western grebes the red eye is surrounded by black or dark gray . this can make it seem as though the western grebe has larger eyes , while the white plumage makes the eyes of clark ' s grebes seem more colorful . in winter , however , the gray on western grebes can become much lighter , so careful observation is necessary .\nthe western grebe is a conspicuous water bird of western north america , from southern canada to the mexican plateau . they are perhaps best known for their elaborate and energetic courtship rituals , now well - studied . these courtship ceremonies - - in which these birds perform a series of displays in ritualized , apparently mechanical , sequences - - are among the most complex known in birds .\ngreat crested grebe podiceps cristatus . the netherlands culmen : 48 . 1 mm ; total : 98 . 5 mm , adult male\nhorned grebe podiceps auritus kornwerderzand . the netherlands culmen : 22 . 0 mm ; total : 61 . 0 mm , unsexed adult\ngrebe actually supplied a printed post card qsl that was ready to fill out and send off to received broadcast stations . hopefully , the card would impress the station to the point that they would reciprocate . grebe also used the card for advertising purposes , showing a synchrophase and\ndoctor mu\non one side and wahg and wboq grebe ' s bc stations on the other side .\ndiet : as a carnivore , it mostly eats fish , but also gleans the water ' s surface for insects , mollusks , and crustaceans . the western grebe is an aggressive hunter . it dives under the water and spears fish with its long bill .\nwestern ( left ) and clark ' s ( right ) grebes can be hard to tell apart . photo \u00a9 mike baird ;\nby understanding the differences between the two species , however , birders can learn to recognize both clark ' s and western grebes .\nsome western birds have obvious white crests in breeding plumage and may be identifiable , but many have black crests like eastern birds .\nthe head , neck , and body are a blackish brown color from above , and white from below . the western grebe has a dull yellow or olive - colored bill and red eyes surrounded by dark coloration . in flight a white wing stripe is exposed .\nblack - necked grebe podiceps nigricollis . location unknown culmen : 22 . 7 mm ; total : 59 . 3 mm , unsexed adult\nit is a migratory bird found on temperate coastal , freshwater lakes . during the breeding season it lives on large lakes with dense areas of emergent vegetation or thick mats of floating aquatic plants . in migration , the western grebe is found on large , deep lakes .\neastern and western subspecies differ only on average in overall plumage color , and are too variable to allow identification outside their normal range .\nwestern mexican and eastern mexican populations differ only in average size ( especially bill size ) and are not safely identified in the field .\nthe grebes or podicipedidae ( pronounced po - dih - seh - pih - peh - dih - dee ) include twenty - one species in six genera found on all continents except antarctica including two extinct species , the aloatra grebe of madagascar and the atitlan grebe of guatemala .\ngrebe produced a series of ham receivers designated with a\ncr\nprefix followed by a number to identify the model . the cr receivers were very popular with the hams and , if a commercially built receiver is seen in a vintage photograph of an old ham station , it will more than likely be a grebe\ncr\nreceiver . the amateur business was large enough that , by 1920 , grebe had a fairly large building for radio manufacturing . the a . h . grebe & co . , inc . was incorporated in january , 1920 .\nthe western grebe is 55 to 77 cm long and 800 to 1800 grams . it is black and white with a narrow body , long neck , and long , pointed yellowish green bill . the bright red eyes of the western grebe are surrounded by black . the female is smaller and the bill on the female is much thinner and shorter ( storer and nuechterlein 1992 ) . for a comprehensive review of the conservation status , habitat use , and ecology of this and other montana bird species , please see marks et al . 2016 , birds of montana .\nwestern grebes are highly gregarious in all seasons , wintering in large flocks and nesting in colonies . the neck structure of western grebes allows them to thrust their beaks forward , like spears , a motion they use to catch prey . as a family , grebes are known for their elaborate courtship displays . western grebes and the closely related clark ' s grebes perform the most spectacular displays of the family . the displays of western and clark ' s grebes are almost identical ; the only apparent difference is that one of many calls differs in the number of notes .\neastern and western populations differ substantially and consistently in song and singing behavior , and differ slightly in plumage and have been proposed for species status . in addition , pacific birds differ at least in overall color from other western birds , and a distinctively gray subspecies occurs in coastal southeast us .\nsubspecies townsendi of western alaska averages larger and whiter than widespread nivalis , but differences are probably not sufficient to allow identification , and intergrades occur .\nstorer , r . w . and g . l . nuechterlein . 1992 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) and clarke ' s grebe ( a . clarkii ) . in : a . poole , p . stettenheim , and f . gill , ( eds . ) , the birds of north america , no . 26 . philadelphia : the academy of natural sciences ; washington d . c . : the american ornithologists union 24 pp .\nif you think dating is hard , be glad you ' re not a grebe . these north american waterbirds have high standards when it comes to attracting and keeping a mate : if either a male or female grebe can ' t\nwalk\non water , they ' re out of luck .\n2 . change to ux - 112 audio output tube . part of changes 3 and 4 . shown on grebe schematic dated 8 - 16 - 26\n5 . radio manufacturers of the 1920s , vol . 2 , alan douglas - history on a . h . grebe & co . , inc .\nlaporte , nicholas , robert w . storer and gary l . nuechterlein . 2013 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe western grebe is migratory and winters down pacific coast . they start to move in september towards saltwater locations . they migrate by night over land , and partially by day along the coast where they often swim . the mexican populations appear fairly sedentary , with only local movements according to the season .\ntwo subspecies are probably reliably identified by bill and leg color in breeding plumage but not at other times . asian a rare visitor to western alaska .\nsiberian form recorded once in western aleutians . more study is needed on visual id criteria , but dna barcode study shows substantial difference from north american .\nclowater js ( 1998 ) distribution and foraging behavior of wintering western grebes . m . sc . thesis , simon fraser university , burnaby , bc .\naechmophorus grebes breed in colonies at the vegetated edge of larger lakes and freshwater marshes . kushlan et al . [ 28 ] estimated the north american population size of western grebes at more than 110 , 000 breeders , and clark\u2019s grebes at 10 , 000\u201320 , 000 . the breeding range of western grebes includes most of southwest canada and the western united states , while clark\u2019s grebes are more restricted to the southwestern states [ 27 ] . after breeding , western grebes migrate primarily to the pacific coast and overwinter from southern alaska to mexico with lower numbers reported at inland sites from southern british columbia to west texas . wintering clark\u2019s grebes are restricted to the southern portion of the western grebe winter range and are rare north of about 42\u00b0 latitude ( this study ) . both species specialize on fish prey ( > 81 % of diet ) but are opportunistic and utilize other prey depending on availability [ 27 ] .\nprotection / threats / status : the western grebe is threatened by oil spills and insecticides accumulated in their food , involving reduced breeding success . another threat is the reduction of the habitat , with increasing human developments . however , populations are currently large and stable , and this species is not globally threatened .\nrange : both birds share the same range and habitats in western north america , but clark ' s grebes are much rarer and have a smaller range spread , particularly to the north and east . western grebes are more common and can be found further north and east more regularly , especially in summer .\nthe largest grebe . only one species , although there is some discussion about the status of the two subspecies . they may appear to be true species .\n2 . grebe radio 1925 advertising brochure - covers early versions of the mu - 1 and mu - 2 . multi - color and high - quality photos and artwork . this brochure states that the escutcheons are\ndull 24k gold covered .\ninformation on wahg and many earlier grebe cr - series models .\nwestern grebes and their former conspecifics , clark ' s grebe , are unique among grebes in possessing a mechanism in the neck that permits them to thrust forward the head like a spear . such a mechanism is well known in herons and anhingas , but its details remain to be worked out in these grebes .\nkraft , s . k . 1983 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . pp . 1 - 12 in j . a . armbruster , ed . , impacts of coal surface mining on 25 migratory bird species of high federal interest . usdi fish and wildlife service fws / obs - 83 / 85 .\neastern and western populations are quite different in female plumage , and several flight call variations are also known . more study is needed to sort out differences .\nwithout a doubt , the most often seen grebe radio produced is the synchrophase mu - 1 . after all , over 150 , 000 of them were built between mid - 1924 and mid - 1927 . it is a good example to represent grebe , a company that could stay competitive throughout the twenties when radios were being produced and sold in incredible quantities by hundreds and hundreds of manufacturers . great performance and great looks , . . . that ' s the grebe synchrophase .\neurasian subspecies known as goosander ( rare but regular in western alaska ) is safely distinguishable from american subspecies by wing pattern and probably by bill and head shape .\ntwo subspecies groups ( western and texas ) differ slightly in overall color , tail pattern , and size , but more study is needed to clarify potential differences .\nneuchterlein gl ( 1975 ) nesting ecology of western grebes on the delta marsh , manitoba . msc . thesis . colorado state university , fort collins , colorado .\n- in 1927 , the mu - 1 was rapidly becoming obsolete . many\nhigh quality\nneutrodynes were on the market that performed as well as , if not better than , the grebe mu - 1 . grebe did introduce a single dial version but it wasn ' t produced in any quantity . by late 1927 , ac power operation was the latest offering from the manufacturers . grebe responded with the synchrophase ac - six , a thoroughly different looking radio receiver than the old mu - 1 . for those in areas without ac power , grebe offered the similar - looking synchrophase seven battery operated receiver . later , for a nominal sum of $ 55 , the factory would convert a seven to ac operation . in the end , screen - grid tubes sets and eventually a few superheterodynes were produced before grebe went bankrupt , a victim of the great depression . grebe had every intention of reforming the company but he died , at age 40 , from complications following surgery .\nplumage : while clark ' s and western grebes are almost identical in plumage , clark ' s grebes are lighter overall when seen in good light , and their flanks are particularly lighter and may show as light gray or whitish . western grebes are darker overall and can appear dark gray or black , with much darker flanks .\nexcept for the least grebe of southern texas and tropical wetlands further south , all grebes migrate to bays , large lakes , and other coastal habitats in north america .\nreproduction of this species : the laying occurs between may and july in usa and between may and october in mexico . the western grebe breeds sometimes in large colonies of hundreds or thousands of nests , and sometimes mixed with clark grebe ( aechmophorus clarkii ) . but it may occasionally breed solitary too . both sexes build a floating nest , a fairly solid mound of plant matter , floating or resting on the bottom . the nest is usually anchored to the emergent vegetation in shallow water in marshes .\nhand , r . l . 1969 . a distributional checklist of the birds of western montana . unpublished . available at mansfield library , university of montana , missoula .\ntwo subspecies groups differ in plumage and dna . all or nearly all are readily identifiable . eurasian group a rare visitor to western alaska and very rarely farther south .\nhumple d ( 2009 ) genetic structure and demographic impacts of oil spills in western and clark\u2019s grebes . m . sc . thesis , sonoma state university , california .\nwestern grebe : breeds from british columbia , saskatchewan , and manitoba south to california and southwestern texas . winters along the pacific coast from southeastern alaska to california , on the gulf coast of louisiana and texas . casual to eastern u . s . preferred habitats include large lakes with reeds or rushes , shallow coastal bays , and estuaries .\npopulations of western grebe may be declining . the north american waterbird conservation plan estimates more than 110 , 000 breeding birds in north america , rates the species a 12 out of 20 on the continental concern score , and lists it as a species of moderate concern . western grebe is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . around 1900 , western grebes were extensively hunted for their silky white breast and belly feathers , which were used in clothing and hats . this aquatic species is also sensitive to pesticides , to other causes of poor water quality , and entanglement in fishing line . western grebes nest in colonies and can be flushed by boaters that approach too closely , leaving their nests vulnerable to gulls and other predators . on their coastal wintering grounds they are vulnerable to oil spills and are caught in gill nets . according to natureserve , their status is of particular concern near the edges of their range , in kansas , oklahoma , wisconsin , and british columbia , canada . back to top\n11 . it ' s likely that the mu - 2 was not produced after mid - 1926 since it isn ' t mentioned in the grebe synchrophase manual copyrighted 1926 .\neastern and western ( and perhaps pacific ) forms differ slightly in plumage and possibly voice . these are probably not safely identified in the field but more study is warranted .\na range - wide analysis of western grebe abundance is complicated by the relatively recent systematic designation of this species from its congener , the clark\u2019s grebe ( aechmophorus clarkii , [ 27 ] ) . the two species were considered to be color phases of a single species prior to 1985 and thus both recorded as western grebes on counts . most grebes are identified to species on counts conducted after 1985 but because they are similar in appearance , positive identification is not always possible in large groups or at great distance . as a result , 13 . 9 % of surveys after 1985 report \u2018 aechmophorus spp\u2019 as a component of the total number of grebes recorded . in this case , we used the ratio of all western and clark\u2019s grebes identified on that count to estimate the fraction of aechmophorus count attributed to each species . clark\u2019s grebes are rare compared to western grebes and only regularly detected in the southern portion of the aechmophorus winter range . thereore , our main analysis estimated trends for aechmophorus spp . over the entire range under the assumption that large trends would necessarily be dominated by changes in the number of western grebes . we also conducted separate analyses for clark\u2019s grebes after 1985 to test for a potential influence on overall trends .\nthe nest is most often built on floating vegetation hidden among emergent plants ; western grebes occasionally nest in the open and rarely on land . both sexes build the nest using material brought from underwater , found floating on the surface , or growing near the nest . western grebes often nest in colonies , with hundreds or even thousands on one lake .\nstorer , r . w . , and g . l . nuechterlein . 1992 . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . species account number 026a . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database\nlike many grebes , the western grebe flies little and is more often seen in its aquatic environment than in the air . however , this species is able to migrate and to fly . it needs to run along the water surface while beating quickly its wings in order to take off . it has to keep beating the wings quickly during the flight too . it can fly fast and over long distances during the migrations , performing direct flight and rapid wingbeats . the western grebes often form major concentrations during migrations and in winter .\ngrebe marketed some of their cr receivers as broadcast receivers since they did tune around where the bc stations were transmitting . the cr - 9 was the most popular early grebe cr receiver since it included a two - stage audio amplifier section in addition to the regenerative detector . additionally , grebe later offered the cr - 12 and the cr - 14 as broadcast receivers but they still retained the round black dials and the same circuit of the earlier cr receivers , that is , regenerative detectors with a couple of stages of audio amplification .\nthe western grebe adult has dark grey to blackish upperparts . sides and flanks are paler grey . the underparts are white . the tail is very short . secondaries and bases of primaries are pale grey to white , often conspicuous in flight . the black cap ( through eye - level ) and hindneck contrast strongly with the white face , neck sides and foreneck .\nthe western grebe , like other grebes , spends almost all its time in water and is very awkward when on land . the legs are so far back on the body that walking is very difficult . western grebes are adept swimmers and divers . courtship happens entirely in the water , including a well - known display known as \u201crushing , \u201d where two birds turn to one side , lunge forward in synchrony , their bodies completely out of the water , and race across the water side by side with their necks curved gracefully forward . back to top\nor black and white patterns on the head . bill color also becomes bright orange or yellow in a few species while the pied - billed grebe\u2019s bill acquires a dark , vertical line .\nwestern technology and engineering , inc . ( westech ) . , 2001 , wildlife monitoring absaloka mine area annual report , 2000 . montana smp 85005 . osmp montana 0007e . february 2001 .\ntwo groups \u2013 eastern ( brown - backed ) and western ( gray - backed ) \u2013 can be distinguished by average plumage color , but the reliability of differences needs to be determined .\nthe western grebe breeds in british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , and throughout the western united states . it is a colonial breeder , with an uneven and clustered breeding distribution . it winters mainly in coastal areas from southern alaska to mexico , and on inland lakes , particularly in the southern portion of its range . large numbers formerly occurred in the salish sea ( strait of georgia , juan de fuca strait , and puget sound ) , but in recent years the wintering distribution has apparently shifted southward to california . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\nhabitat : during the breeding season , the western grebe frequents freshwater lakes , brackish marshes , reservoir and ponds , and usually areas with large stretches of open water with surrounding reedy vegetation . in winter , it is often found in brackish and salt waters , including at sea along the coasts . it is visible in coastal bays and estuaries , and sometimes on inland freshwater sites .\nbut the grebe ' s technique could have some interesting applications in the robotics world\u2014a robot that runs on water could be used for search and rescue operations in flooded or marsh - like environments .\ncoastal and interior circles are those < 50 km or \u226550 km from the coast , respectively ( see methods ) . mean count per circle is averaged across all 36 years and does not account for trend . proportion wegr refers to the percentage of all observations to species that were identified as western grebes ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) since the split of western and clark\u2019s grebes in 1985 .\nthe western grebe is the most gregarious species of north american grebe ; wintering flocks of over 10 , 000 individuals have been observed and nesting colonies can contain thousands of pairs . it engages in complex courtship rituals and is seasonally monogamous . pairs build a nest together , which they defend aggressively , and they alternate incubation duties . the downy young leave the nest immediately after hatching and are then brooded on their parents\u2019 backs . western grebes are mainly piscivorous and both parents feed the young , until they are independent at about 8 - 10 weeks of age . they usually produce one clutch per year . typical clutches contain 1 - 4 eggs and annual productivity ranges from 0 . 39 to 0 . 88 young per breeding adult . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\ndifferences in song , plumage , and possibly tail movements ( as well as dna ) between eastern and western populations may be sufficient for field identification , but this has not yet been confirmed .\nbirders visiting open , marshy lakes and bays in the western united states can easily be stumped by clark ' s grebes and western grebes . once considered the same species , these two distinct birds are nearly identical and the unique characteristics each has are subtle . since the species are also relatively uncommon in many areas , chances for extended observation are minimal , making identifying these grebes particularly challenging .\nvoice : both clark ' s and western grebes are often found in large colonies where calls and sounds can be overwhelming . clark ' s grebes have a single syllable\nkreeek\ncall , while western grebes have a distinct two syllable\nkree - eeek\ncall . though both calls are similar , the number of syllables can be an important clue for a bird ' s identity .\ndid you know ? the mating display of the western grebe is among the most complicated of all . during the ' weed dance , ' the male and female both raise their chest gently out of the water and then rub each other with water plants in their long bills . then comes the ' rushing ' phase when the birds look at each other before exploding into a sprint across the water ' s surface . each grebe stands high , with its wings held back and its cobra - like head and neck rigid . the race ends with the pair diving head first into the water .\nthe synchrophase was born out of broadcast boom but was really not marketed during that period which ended around the beginning of 1924 . by mid - 1924 , radio buyers wanted great performance and easy operation . grebe had some top engineers that designed a receiver that was made up of innovative components rather than a special circuit . grebe components were built at the factory . they had their own bakelite molding facilities , their own screw machines , plating facilities , everything required to build first - class equipment . the new synchrophase ' s mechanical superiority was due to the experienced manufacturing ability of the grebe company .\nunless otherwise noted , serial letters are for mu - 1 receivers . also noted are any further component variations that would further\nnarrow down\nthe time period of manufacture . please be sure to examine your mu - 1 or mu - 2 carefully because grebe factory / dealer upgrades are difficult to tell from original . see section above on\ngrebe factory / dealer installed upgrades and modifications .\ncharacteristic for the two species of this genus are the stubby white bills with a black vertical band during the breeding season . the atitlan grebe is much bigger than de pied - billed and practically flightless .\nis commonly found from canada through california , and sometimes in mexico . it usually occurs in the great plains and western states , but occasionally can be found in the eastern half of the united states .\nlindvall , m . l . and j . b . low . 1982 . nesting ecology and production of western grebes at bear river migratory bird refuge , utah . condor 84 : 66 - 70 .\neastern and western populations differ in intensity of male plumage , but intergrade broadly and , given the variation shown in carotenoid pigments in plumage of birds , are probably not safely identified by this feature alone .\n51\u201374 cm ; 550\u20131800 g . large , long - billed , long - necked , white and black to dark grey - brown grebe lacking obvious crest on head . nominate race in breeding plumage . . .\nto speculate on a reason for the obfuscation : it might indicate that grebe was trying to protect themselves from a neutrodyne lawsuit settlement that would be based on total production quantities . it seems possible that the grebe management came up with an undecipherable code that allowed them to identify each mu - 1 and mu - 2 receiver while preventing anyone else from discerning any useable information from just the serial letters . if you had the code book , like the grebe factory must have , you could identify any mu - 1 or mu - 2 but , without the code book , nothing specific could be determined about anything involving production quantities .\n2 . two position band switch that extends the tuning range of the receiver up to 2000kc ( though most mu - 1 receivers will only tune to about 1900kc . ) - advertised september , 1925 . it ' s unlikely that any grebe mu - 1 receivers were built with the ball chain drive but without the band switch . the band switch is shown in the grebe mu - 1 schematic dated august 29 , 1925\nwaage , bruce c . , 1996 , western energy company rosebud mine , colstrip , montana : 1995 annual wildlife monitoring report ; december 1 , 1994 - november 30 , 1995 . february 28 , 1996 .\ntwo subspecies ( eastern and western ) differ substantially in dna , but apparently very little in plumage and no differences are known in voice or behavior . criteria for identification in the field remain to be discovered .\neastern and western subspecies differ only on average in overall plumage color . some extremes might be identifiable but color is so variable with age and sex that most probably cannot be identified to subspecies outside their normal range .\n) , with western and clark\u2019s grebes representing 98 % and 2 % of observations , respectively . the percentage of birds identified as western grebes varied by region but was very close to 100 % in the portion of the winter range situated north of 42 degrees latitude , varied from 95\u201397 % in coastal california , 92 % in interior california and nevada , and 47 % in new mexico , arizona , texas and interior mexico (\neach circle refers to an audubon christmas bird count used in the analysis and the size of the circle is scaled to the effort adjusted abundance of grebes on the count in that year . combined data on western ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) and clark\u2019s grebes ( a . clarkii ) were used in the figure but over 90 % of observations are for western grebes in all regions except the southwestern states ( see text for further detail ) .\nthe differences between clark ' s grebes and western grebes are subtle , but distinct . birders who learn to tell the difference between the two species can appreciate their subtleties and enjoy finding both of them in similar habitats .\ntogether , the male and female western grebe build a floating nest made of heaps of plant material anchored to emergent vegetation in a shallow area of a marsh . the female lays three to four eggs , and both parents incubate . once hatched , the young leave the nest almost immediately and ride on the backs of the parents . both parents feed the young . young are plain gray and white , not striped like the young of other grebes .\nadditionally , some early grebe receivers will have a gold colored label in the shape of the tuning dial escutcheons glued to one of the inside walls of the synchrophase . these labels advertised wahg and the fact that the grebe qsl cards were included with the purchase of the synchrophase . the installation of these advertising labels at assembly must have only lasted a short time as they are not found very often and are usually on late 1924 versions of the synchrophase .\nhowever , looking at the photograph shown to the right , which is the grebe factory test and alignment department , it ' s apparent that grebe wasn ' t trying to hide the fact that the synchrophase was a tremendous seller . over one hundred synchrophase chassis are shown in this photo . each cart appears capable of holding at least twenty - five chassis and there are four carts in the area . maybe advertising hype wasn ' t considered admissible evidence .\nrecords in virginia and western alaska have been suspected of being the african and asian subspecies , respectively , which may be elevated to species status , but identification has not been confirmed and id criteria need to be worked out .\nthe booklet is printed in multiple colors and the artwork for the various synchrophase models are shown in brown and gold tones . typical of grebe operator ' s manuals , whenever an escutcheon is pictured , it is shown in gold .\ngrebe sightings in north america from 1975 to 2010 . analyses using a longer data set from 1970 produced identical results to those we report here but because of the increased cbc survey coverage after 1975 we focus on that time period .\nbehavior : the courtship display of the western grebe is among the most elaborate breeding rituals of north american wildlife . during the ' weed dance , ' the male and female both raise their torsos gently out of the water , caressing each other with aquatic vegetation held in their long , rapier - like bills . the pair ' s bond is fully reinforced by the ' rushing ' phase , during which the birds glance at one another before exploding into a sprint across the water ' s surface . each grebe stands high , with its wings held back and its cobra - like head and neck rigid , until the race ends with the pair breaking the water ' s surface in a headfirst dive .\ntwo subspecies ( kamchatka a rare visitor to western alaska ) differ in plumage and many / most are probably reliably separated in adult male plumage , but intergradation and variation need to be assessed . some authorities split these into two species .\ncitation : wilson s , anderson em , wilson asg , bertram df , arcese p ( 2013 ) citizen science reveals an extensive shift in the winter distribution of migratory western grebes . plos one 8 ( 6 ) : e65408 . urltoken\nduring the breeding season , the western grebe performs amazing series of ritual displays , often more elaborate than in other species . this behaviour happens entirely in the water . after several advertising calls , typical displays such as \u201chead - shaking ceremony\u201d occur . this one is an introduction to others , more elaborate . both birds are floating with the neck erect and facing each other . they shake their heads , quickly up and down and slowly side to side . they are silent .\n5 . tone color control is changed to capacitance - only , stepped - switch adjustment and it now shunts the audio output tube grid to - c . position 6 is open for\nflat\nresponse . grebe schematic 8 - 16 - 26\nseveral subspecies groups are identifiable by plumage , size and flight call , but more study is needed to sort out variation and assess intermediate populations . kamchatka subspecies recorded several times in western alaska differs substantially from north american populations in dna barcode test .\neach grebe ' s step started with a splayed foot slapping the water , generating between 30 to 55 percent of the vertical force needed to keep the animals from sinking . the rest came from the bird actually pushing its foot underwater , clifton explains .\nbehaviour in the wild : the western grebe feeds mainly on both freshwater and marine fish , and it may take sometimes fairly large fish of up to 20 centimetres long . aquatic insects , molluscs , crustaceans , marine worms and some amphibians are also included in its diet . it fishes mainly by diving during about 30 seconds . rapid bursts of diving are interspersed with long periods at surface where the bird probably feeds on fish\u2019s schools . it uses its strong bill as a rapid spear thrust for hunting .\nwestern grebes breed on freshwater lakes and marshes with extensive open water bordered by emergent vegetation . during winter they move to saltwater or brackish bays , estuaries , or sheltered sea coasts and are less frequently found on freshwater lakes or rivers . back to top\nwollis s , stratmoen c ( 2010 ) population study of western grebes in alberta 2001\u20132009 : implications for management and status designation . alberta sustainable resource development , fish and wildlife division , alberta species at risk report no . 138 . edmonton , ab .\nintroduction : this large grebe is well known for its spectacular courtship displays , and especially the amazing \u201crushing - ceremony\u201d during which the birds rush wildly across the water , side by side , with their bodies out of water and their necks gracefully curved forwards .\noh , what fun and fabulous pictures ! western grebes don\u2019t show up in my eastern n . a . field guides , so i\u2019ll have to assume that\u2019s mom \u2013 either way , ( s ) he seems unconcerned with the racket going on behind her !\nllimona , f . , del hoyo , j . , christie , d . a . , jutglar , f . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . western grebe ( aechmophorus occidentalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsince the synchrophase was an impressive performing receiver and the styling was quite popular it seems natural that owners wanted to keep their mu - 1 up - to - date for at least a while . radio was so rapidly evolving in the twenties many radios were sold ( especially in 1926 ) that became obsolete in just one year . though the synchrophase wasn ' t quite in that rapidly obsolete category , there were some upgrades that probably were offered by the grebe factory and by some grebe dealers to customers who had purchased an earlier model .\nalthough most species are solitary during breeding , clark\u2019s and western grebes nest in large colonies . they are highly vocal at this time but become much quieter during the winter . at all times of the year grebes feed on fish by catching them underwater on frequent dives .\nthree subspecies are usually identifiable by differences in overall color , although intergrades do occur and no differences in structure or voice are known . in addition , siberian birds differ significantly in dna , slightly in plumage . these have been reported in western alaska but not confirmed .\ntwo subspecies groups differ in non - adult - male plumages , and may differ in voice . more study is needed to determine how reliably these can be distinguished in the field , and whether southwestern desert birds belong with other western populations or as a separate group ."]}
{"id": 651, "summary": [{"text": "streniastis thermaea is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by lower in 1897 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales and tasmania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are orange-yellow , deeper on the margins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a fine line of fuscous at the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are black . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "streniastis thermaea", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of gelechiidae sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 654, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes tessa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from washington to idaho , oregon , california and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , more or less overlaid and marked with blackish fuscous to black .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an outwardly oblique white fascia from the costa at the basal fourth , extending to the dorsum , continued along the dorsum to join an irregular white area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "an irregular white fascia is found at the apical third , extending to the tornus and there are two or three white spots from the apex along the termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are greyish fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "chionodes tessa", "paragraphs": ["chionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1999 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 6 , p . 82 ; pl . 1 . 54 - 55 . order\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331\nnova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\nnova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa , q . rubra , fagus grandifolia , carya hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53\n= ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15"]}
{"id": 656, "summary": [{"text": "peters ' elephant-nose fish ( gnathonemus petersii ; syn . gnathonemus brevicaudatus pellegrin , 1919 , mormyrus petersii g\u00fcnther , 1862 ) is an african freshwater elephantfish in the genus gnathonemus .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "other names in english include elephantnose fish , long-nosed elephant fish , and ubangi mormyrid , after the ubangi river .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "as the latin name petersii confirms it is named after someone called \" peters \" ( probably wilhelm peters ) , although the apostrophe is often misplaced and the common name given as \" peter 's elephantnose fish \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it uses electrolocation to find prey , and has the largest brain-to-body oxygen use ratio of all known vertebrates ( around 0.6 ) . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "peters ' elephantnose fish", "paragraphs": ["to find a peters\u2019 elephantnose fish , you must lurk in muddy , slow - moving water . look closely , because the fish is brown and so is the background .\nthe retina of the peters\u2019 elephantnose fish looks completely different . it is covered with cup - shaped depressions . around 30 cones sit inside each cup , and a few hundred rods are buried underneath .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish has no such limitations . its peculiar eyes allow it to use the two types of receptor at the same time . that could help it to spot predators as they approach through the murky water it calls home .\nblack or dark brown in colour with attractive white stripes across the tail , elephantnose fish are smooth - skinned . like many scaleless fish they can be\nif your elephantnose fish slides its proboscis across your other fish from time to time , don ' t worry - it isn ' t trying to eat them .\nhowever , the peters\u2019 elephantnose fish were very good at spotting large moving objects against a cluttered background \u2013 essential for fish that live in dirty water . presented with a monitor displaying a black stimulus on a white background , they took as long to spot it as goldfish . but when a grey noise pattern \u2013 like an untuned tv \u2013 was superimposed , the elephantnose fish spotted the stimulus faster than the goldfish .\n\u00a9 urltoken - providing tropical fish tank and aquarium information for freshwater fish and saltwater fish keepers . sitemap | aquarium fish sitemap | aquarium fish dictionary | privacy policy | contact us\nthe elephantnose fish , or peter ' s elephant , are very unique fish that not many hobbyists can say they have . elephantnose fish are thin and oblong , primarily dark brown or gray with white markings and a long trunk - like nose , thus the name , elephantnose . elephantnose fish are shy , sensitive fish , who need pristine water conditions to thrive . they are , in fact , so delicate , that they are used at government water departments in the usa and germany to test the quality of the water . whether this is humane or not is debatable ; the point is that an elephantnose needs to be added to a fully cycled , mature tank .\npeters rc , denizot jp . miscellaneous features of electroreceptors in gnathonemus petersii ( g\u00fcnther , 1862 ) ( pisces , teleostei , mormyriformes )\nwhat the bonn team found was that the elephantnose can switch between these two senses despite having a tiny brain .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish belongs to a large family called the elephantfish , all of which live in africa . they get their name from the trunk - like protrusions on the front of their heads . but whereas the trunks of elephants are extensions of their noses , the trunks of elephantfish are extensions of their mouths .\n, peters ' elephantnose fish are second to none . their fascinating appearance , with the lower lip extended like a long snout , is accompanied by a high degree of intelligence and intriguing behaviour . although they can be shy , patience and care will encourage them to be friendly , active participants in the aquarium community .\naccording to bonn , statistical analyses showed identical performance as they swapped between vision and electrical impulses . also , they did it with a consistency that indicates that all elephantnose fish share this talent .\npeters ' elephantnose fish ( gnathonemus petersii ) is common to the slower rivers of west africa , where it hunts for insect larvae just before dawn and after sunset . it ' s also one of a number of fish equipped with an electrical organ that allows it to generate a weak electrical field that allows it to sense its immediate environment like a living motion detector . it also has eyes that it uses to navigate as well as to track and catch its supper .\nas to why the elephantnose can do this , the bonn team hasn ' t speculated , but it could be that the fish uses a specialized algorithm or processing system , the job of sense - swapping is less complex than believed , or fish are just really clever .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish are native to the rivers of west and central africa , in particular the lower niger river basin , the ogun river basin and in the upper chari river . it prefers muddy , slowly moving rivers and pools with cover such as submerged branches . it is a dark brown to black in colour , laterally compressed ( averaging 23\u201325 cm ) , with a rear dorsal fin and anal fin of the same length . its caudal or tail fin is forked . it has two stripes on its lower pendicular . its most striking feature , as its names suggest , is a trunk - like protrusion on the head . this is not actually a nose , but a sensitive extension of the mouth , that it uses for self - defense , communication , navigation , and finding worms and insects to eat . this organ is covered in electroreceptors , as is much of the rest of its body . the elephantnose fish has poor eyesight and uses a weak electric field , which it generates by muscular contractions , to find food , to navigate in dark or turbid waters , and to find a mate . peters\u2019 elephantnose fish live to about 6 - 10 years , but there are reports of them living even longer .\npeters\u2019 elephantnose fish is probably the most commonly - available mormyrid in aquarium stores in the usa . in the aquarium ( which should be at least 200 liters ) it is timid , preferring a heavily planted environment with subdued lighting . ideally , a pipe or hollow log should be provided . the substrate should ideally be soft sand to allow the fish to sift through it with its delicate extended lip . it feeds on small worms ( bloodworms ) and aquatic invertebrates such as mosquito larvae , but in the aquarium will usually accept frozen or even flake food . how peaceful an elephantnose fish is can depend on the individual ; some are quite aggressive with other species , while others are retiring . they may be kept in a community aquarium with peaceful species who share their water preferences . however , unless kept in an aquarium of over 400 liters , it is unwise to keep more than one elephantnose fish as they can be territorial . the conditions suggested to keep them in an aquarium are as follows : ph of 6 . 8 to 7 . 2 , water temperature 26 to 28 degrees celsius , and water of medium hardness . the substrate should always be something that does not irritate the sensitive snout of the fish .\nthe weak electrical impulses generated by this fish can be made audible by placing two electrodes in the fish tank , which are then hooked up to an audio amplifier or a piezoelectric earbud . the sonar - like clicks that this fish emits can sound like a squeaky door when the fish is excited . \u2013 wikipedia\nhello , i have an elephant nose fish just the one , they are fine in groups when young but as soon as they reach sexual maturity they will not tolerate there own species . in my experience these fish are great community fish best kept with medium to large species like the south - american cihlids , clown loaches , botia , larger tetra ' s and angel fish . however these fish are slow growing and nocturnal but these fish are very elegant and a very intelligent fish species . the elephant nose fish has an electric force - field depending on their mood so these fish can ' t be kept with any other fish with an electric force - field like the black ghost knife fish . elephant nose fish are not for the beginners of fish keeping , they are somewhat sensitive to water conditions and will be very unhappy and lethargic in anything above ph7 . i keep my elephant nose fish in ph 6 . 8 which is spot on in the middle as the ph for these fella ' s ranges form 6 . 5 - 7 . i have been keeping fish for nearly 14 years now , every year has been a joy . i love keeping these lovely elegant fella ' s and have don ' t for many years now , so good luck with your elephant nose ' s , hope all is good .\n- medium / difficult . this fish needs perfect water and is somewhat intolerant to medication .\nhopkins cd , bass ah . temporal coding of species recognition signals in an electric fish .\nciali s , gordon j , moller p . spectral sensitivity of the weakly discharging electric fish\nmaler l . the posterior lateral line lobe of a mormyrid fish - a golgi study .\n. far gentler than that generated by a stingray or electric eel , this is used not for defence but for navigation , for finding food , and for finding a mate . male and female elephantnose fish have distinctly different electrical signatures but these can be distorted in the aquarium , which may be why they have never bred in captivity .\nfish may be smarter than we thought . not only can some recognize human faces , but others can use their senses in a way that it was believed only humans and other mammals could manage . a team of zoologists at the university of bonn has discovered that , despite lacking a complex brain , the african elephantnose fish can swap between its electrical and visual senses in the same way a person can switch between sight and touch .\nschwarz s , emde g von der . distance discrimination during active electrolocation in the weakly electric fish\nkramer b , tautz j , markl h . the eod sound response in weakly electric fish .\narnegard me , carlson ba . electric organ discharge patterns during group hunting by a mormyrid fish .\nso that you can supply them with an extra meal at dusk when other fish are less active .\n. with other types of fish they tend to be shy , though individual temperament varies a lot .\nemde g von der . discrimination of objects through electrolocation in the weakly electric fish , gnathonemus petersii .\ngrau hj , bastian j . neural correlates of novelty detection in pulse - type weakly electric fish .\nszabo t , hagiwara s . a latency change mechanism involved in sensory coding of electric fish ( mormyrids )\nthis page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the\nelectric fish navigate and explore their dark and turbid environment with a specialised electric sense . this active electrolocation involves the generation and perception of an electric signal and fish have proven to be useful model systems for the investigation of sensory - motor interactions . a well studied example is the elephantnose fish , gnathonemus petersii , which has a characteristic and unique elongated chin covered with hundreds of electroreceptor organs . this highly moveable so - called schnauzenorgan constitutes the main fovea of the active electrosensory system . here we present first evidence for a sensory - motor loop relating active electrical sensing to active motor exploration of the environment .\npeople and animals can navigate a darkened room by touch , hearing , or even smell , and then switch immediately to sight when the lights come on without having to reassess their surroundings . this was thought to require the cerebral cortex of the mammalian brain , but the elephantnose fish doesn ' t have a cerebral cortex and seems to manage it like a zx - 80 running windows 10 .\nthe fish\u2019s ability to see the wood for the trees probably helps it spot incoming predators like catfish . so reichenbach thinks its oddball visual system isn\u2019t a mistake . \u201cit\u2019s the right type for this fish , \u201d he says .\nsaltwater and marine fish topics menu located at the bottom of the blog . we have also added the fish experts questions and answers in regards to the most common questions we receive on our email . scroll down to see it\nemde g von der . non - visual environmental imaging and object detection through active electrolocation in weakly electric fish .\nemde g von der , zelick r . behavioral detection of electric signal waveform distortion in the weakly electric fish ,\nthe ability to recognize objects across different is senses is regarded as an evolutionary plus because it provides the animal with greater sensory flexibility in different environments . however , it ' s been thought that this ability was confined to certain highly developed mammals , including monkeys , dolphins , rats , and humans , because the information processing was thought to require a cerebral cortex . that is , until the elephantnose fish came along .\ns ' , you can use this method from time to time to check on your fish ' s well being .\nszabo t . sense organs of the lateral line system in some electric fish of the gymnotidae , mormyridae and gymnarchidae .\nemde g von der , bleckmann h . finding food : senses involved in foraging for insect larvae in the electric fish ,\npost n , emde g von der . the\nnovelty response\nin an electric fish : response properties and habituation .\nhall c , bell c , zelick r . behavioral evidence of a latency code for stimulus intensity in mormyrid electric fish .\nengelmann j , pusch r , emde g von der . active sensing : pre - receptor mechanisms and behavior in electric fish .\nalso known as peter\u2019s elephantnose , this fascinating species is currently the most common mormyrid in the hobby . sadly , its popularity means it is often kept in unsuitable conditions . to deny the fish a soft substrate really is cruel , as it uses its \u201ctrunk\u201d to locate food hidden in the substrate . it also needs dim lighting , and will commonly become withdrawn and pine away if kept under bright lights . if you cannot provide suitable lighting , add food to the tank at lights out to allow the fish to feed , along with plenty of cover for them to hide in during tanklight hours .\nlike other mormyrids , it produces a weak electric field using specially - adapted muscle tissue located towards the tail . it also possesses electroreceptors which allow the fish to receive electrical signals . with these , the fish can sense the tiniest of movements as the field around it is disturbed , and navigate in total darkness , useful skills for a poorly - sighted fish when hunting prey or avoiding predators in the gloom . what is most fascinating about this adaptation is that the fish also use it to communicate with each other and find partners .\nelephantnoses are a member of the mormyridae family , or electric fish . they emit small electrical pulses from an organ located inside their nose . the pulses will change with the mood of the fish . female elephantnoses have shorter pulses , males longer . they also have very poor eyesight , so this organ helps them navigate around the tank . this slight electricity should not hurt the other fish in the tank .\nthe fish were started in the experiments with the lights on , where they could use both senses , then in the dark . with the lights off , the team could see that the fish found their goal , but only at short range \u2013 indicating that it was using its electrical sense . the scientists then made the objects electrically invisible , so the fish could use only sight and repeated the experiment .\noverall the color of the fish is a dark brown or black color . there are a pair of somewhat yellow vertical bands that extend from the back of the dorsal to the anal fin . not a stunning fish as far as color goes , but nice in its own right .\n. they grow up to twenty four centimetres in length but can live happily alongside peaceful fish of anything down to a third of their size .\ntwenty - four fish ( gnathonemus petersii , g\u00fcnther 1862 ) , all purchased from aquarium glaser ( rodgau , germany ) , were used in this study . fish were housed in two 100 litre tanks of constant temperature ( 22 - 24\u00b0c ) and electrical conductivity ( 100 to 120 \u03bcs / cm ) .\nelephantnoses are very timid and nocturnal . a very well planted tank with multiple hiding places in the form of driftwood , pots and pipes is a must , otherwise your elephant nose will be very stressed . soft gravel is also necessary , so they don ' t damage their sensitive noses . hobbyists have reported that these fish only swim in the open when all lights in the room are completely off , yet others say that their fish are very active , and will swim around their owners ' hands during water changes , so it ' s sort of hit or miss . the fish will be much more friendly , however , once comfortable in its surroundings . one tip for viewing your elephant nose during the day is to purchase some see - through plastic pipes , and put a few plants in front . that way the elephantnose can feel secure , and you can view them .\n, though they can share that space with other types of fish . they are best kept either singly or in groups of three or more ; keeping two will\ni have not been so lucky as everyone else . i have tried twice now to have the elephantnose in my 55g tank with no success . they have lasted 2 to 3 days and wind up dead in the bottom of my tank . all the water levels are where they should be and i have been feeding them at night ( frozen brine shrimp ) , plenty of cover . . . i see where some recommend 3\nw\u00f6hl s , schuster s . the predictive start of hunting archer fish : a flexible and precise motor pattern performed with the kinematics of an escape c - start .\nprivacy policy | contact badman ' s tropical fish copyright \u00a9 all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is forbidden without written permission .\nthe fish has paid a price for its electrical sensitivity . processing the signals takes brainpower , so it has an exceptionally large brain . as a result , 60 per cent of the oxygen taken in by the fish goes to its brain . even humans , with our whopping brains , only devote 20 per cent of our oxygen to them .\nemde g von der , ronacher b . perception of electric properties of objects in electrolocating weakly electric fish : two - dimensional similarity scaling reveals a city - block metric .\nhollmann m , engelmann j , emde g von der . distribution , density and morphology of electroreceptor organs in mormyrid weakly electric fish : anatomical investigations of a receptor mosaic .\nto study this phenomenon , the zoologists took 10 fish and taught them how to recognize objects using both their visual and electrical senses . they did this using an aquarium separated into two chambers that held a sphere and a cuboid object . each fish was introduced to the aquarium and taught to select one or the other object with rewards of larvae .\nthe unusual appearance and novelty of the elephant nose has increased its popularity in recent years . if the proper care is taken they will be a rewarding member of your fish community .\nthese experiments were conducted in a separate tank ( 27 \u00d7 13 \u00d7 8 cm 3 , 100 \u03bcs cm - 1 ) with fish that were curarized and artificially respirated . fish initially were anaesthetised ( ms - 222 , 306 . 17 \u03bcmol l - 1 ) followed by an injection of 30 \u03bcl pancuronium ( solution 4 mg pancuroniumbromid per 2 ml , thinner 1 : 400 , organo teknika ) . afterwards the fish was rigidly placed in the tank where it was connected to an artificial respiration system . recording technique and animal handling was similar to that described elsewhere [ 51 ] .\nthis is one of the most interesting fishes . very exciting to watch . they are freindly with all . the nose bends around while searching for food . one of few fish that swims backwards often .\nwhile our systematic mapping of the response was restricted to the head region of the fish , experiments with the objects placed at the trunk of the fish never evoked sors . in these experiments , the trunk was only partially covered . we therefore conclude that particularly the schnauzenorgan is the focal region for evoking sors , but can not exclude that sors might also be evoked form other regions in freely behaving animals .\ni bought an elephantnose about two months ago . i built a cave for him out of some flat rocks that i found in lake ontario , but he refuses to come out of it unless it is completely dark in the room . at this moment in time he is about 13 cm long . they also have some electrical organs in their tails . it ' s too weak to affect any fish at all , they can ' t even feel it . i don ' t know why they are there , but i just thought it would be cool to know . they eat blood worms , it ' s best to feed them after you turn off the lights or they won ' t get the food and they ' ll starve to death .\nhi ! i have 5 elephant nose fish in a 150 gal . tank . it shares its space with 5 cichlids , 1 black ghost knife fish , 2 chinese eaters , 1 pleco , and a bunch of different species of tetras . my elephant nose fish are doing great ! i feed them frozen ( and live ) brine shrimp , bloodworms , sometimes krill , sinking meaty pellets , and cyclop - eeze ( which is a crustacean ) , and chopped up night crawlers . my tank temperature is 79 degrees f . and ph is 6 . 8 . it is also well planted with 2 pieces of driftwood .\nplease remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .\nweakly electric fish produce electric signals ( electric organ discharges , eods ) with a specialised electric organ creating an electric field around their body . objects within this field alter the eod - induced current at epidermal electroreceptor organs , which are distributed over almost the entire body surface . the detection , localisation and analysis of objects performed by monitoring self - produced electric signals is called active electrolocation . electric fish employ active electrolocation to detect objects that are less than 12 cm away and have electric properties that are different from those of the surrounding water . within this range , the mormyrid gnathonemus petersii can also perceive the distance of objects . depth perception is independent of object parameters such as size , shape and material . the mechanism for distance determination through electrolocation involves calculating the ratio between two parameters of the electric image that the object projects onto the fish ' s skin . electric fish can not only locate objects but can also analyse their electrical properties . fish are informed about object impedance by measuring local amplitude changes at their receptor organs evoked by an object . in addition , all electric fish studied so far can independently determine the capacitative and resistive components of objects that possess complex impedances . this ability allows the fish to discriminate between living and non - living matter , because capacitance is a property of living organisms . african mormyrids and south american gymnotiforms use different mechanisms for capacitance detection . mormyrids detect capacitance - evoked eod waveform distortions , whereas gymnotiforms perform time measurements . gymnotiforms measure the temporal phase shift of their eods induced at body parts close to the object relative to unaffected body parts further away .\ni find that having more fish and a large group of elephant noses will bring them out during the day time . i currently have 13 elephant nose in a 140 gallon tank with tetras , plecos , rainbows and corys . there is probably about 80 different fish with the elephant nose . the elephant nose are so happy that they come up and feed out of my hand . there is plenty of driftwood , rocks and plants for them to hide in .\nelephant noses are a great fish to have but i wouldn ' t recommend it to beginners as they are very sensitive to water quality . i use to have 2 of these fish but you are supposed to have 3 + because they are very territorial with each other so you need more than to so they share the bullying . they wont harm each other but will skillfully chase one another dodging in and out plants and d\u00e9cor with great precision . make sure you have places for them to hide as they are more active at night . one of mine use to live under a slightly raised piece of slate and the other in a hollow coconut . to keep them thriving do regular water changes maybe 1 every 2 weeks change 20 % of water . they will take all frozen foods mainly bloodworm and will be trained to eat from your hand . make sure you don ' t have large gravel for the bottom or it can harm their noses i recommend sand or fine gravel . they are very god with other fish they lived with maybe 19 other fish including 2 cichlids and 2 red eyed puffers in my 45 gallon tank . very enjoyable fish .\nit finds its way through the murk using its trunk , which generates a weak electrical field that helps it sense its surroundings and even discriminate between different objects . the fish\u2019s electric sense allows it to hunt insect larvae in pitch darkness .\nin order to diminish the amplitude of the eod produced by the fish and thereby impair active electrolocation , the tail of the fish was wrapped in aluminium foil . this caused a short circuit of the electrical organ . in these experiments , the two dipole objects were positioned at a lateral distance of 3 mm at the middle of the so , and novelty responses and sors were evoked , investigated , and analysed in the same manner as described for the standard paradigm above .\n, you can tune into it by placing two electrodes in the aquarium water and connecting them to an amplifier . the field will then manifest as a series of clicks , increasing in frequency hen the fish is distressed or excited . although you\npusch r , emde g von der , hollmann m , bacelo j , nobel s , grant k , engelmann j . active sensing in a mormyrid fish : electric images and peripheral modifications of the signal carrier give evidence of dual foveation .\npusch r , emde g von der , hollmann m , bacelo j , n\u00f6bel s , grant k , engelmann j . active sensing in a mormyrid fish - electric images and peripheral modifications of the signal carrier give evidence of dual foveation .\ni bought 3 , within a couple of weeks two were dead , too shy to come out and eat . the survivor gets along fine with the other fish in the 110 gal . community tank , ( black ghost knife , red tail shark , bala sharks , angel fish , gouramis , plecos , clown loaches , tiger barbs and rasboras ) it likes to hang around with the black ghost knife the most . have had it over a year with no problems . especially likes blood worms .\nit ' s an omnivore which prefers live foods , but will take frozen foods , and possibly flake . the ' trunk ' is used for hunting small food organisms , a soft substrate is necessary to prevent injury to the snout . these fish have a weak electric organ which they use for navigation . you must take great care if you ever need to treat these fish , or a tank containing them , with a medication . they are sensitive to several of the common treatments - read the product insert carefully .\nbecause of the peculiar design of the fish\u2019s retina , it was thought to be blind until about 10 years ago , says andreas reichenbach of the paul flechsig institute for brain research in leipzig , germany . reichenbach has now worked out what the cups are for .\nthere is no other fish that even closely resembles the elephant nose . the top and bottom profiles are almost identical , which come to an end in a forked shaped caudal fin ( tail . ) the small dorsal fin is located at the end of the body , it to is mirrored by the anal fin . the most distinguishing trait of the fish is its ' mouth . it is located at the eye level and the lower jaw section extends into a moveable trunk like extension . guess where the common name comes from .\n- very difficult to breed in captivity . studies have shown that when introduced into aquaria , the electrical organ that is used to find food can get reversed from male to female , making it impossible for even the fish to tell the gender of their tank mates .\nit cannot be sexed by external means ( some sources suggest the shape of the anal fin may be significant ) , although the sexes can be distinguished by examining the electric fields produced by the fish . obviously this approach is not an option for the general aquarist .\nwhat the researchers found is that the fish could recognize objects electrically that they had only seen visually , in addition , they favored whichever sense was most reliable at the time with the electrical sense dominating when the object was close up , while vision dominated with distant objects .\n) . switches were between a shunted and open - circuit object ( see standard stimulus in the material and methods section ) . motor - responses of the schnauzenorgan could be evoked in all fish by both , an impedance - switch from a low to a high impedance ( fig .\nthis is a nocturnal fish , so dim lighting is required to make it feel secure . plenty of cover should also be provided , particularly if you\u2019re keeping a few together . smooth rocks , driftwood and plants that can survive under low lighting , such as anubias sp . , java fern and vallisneria can all be used . a sand substrate is absolutely critical to the well - being of this species , as it burrows into it with it\u2019s proboscis - like lower lip . sharp - edged or coarse substrates can damage the mouthparts of the fish and prevent it from feeding naturally .\nnot thought to have been achieved in captivity . one scientific study suggests that being kept in the confines of an aquarium causes the sexually - defining patterns of electric impulses to become less clearly defined or even reversed . this means the fish cannot recognise members of the opposite sex , and inhibits spawning .\nmormyrids also have relatively large brains , possessing the equivalent of a human brain in terms of its size . there are 3 different types of electroreceptors that carry information to different parts of this , amazingly allowing g . petersii to distinguish between different species of fish and ascertain the sex of conspecifics in total darkness !\nbefore animals could be transferred to the experimental set - up , they were anaesthetised by immersion in ms - 222 ( tricaine methane sulfonate ; sigma , st . louis , mo , usa ; concentration 306 . 17 \u03bcmol l - 1 ) and transferred to a holder . here , the fish ' s trunk was lightly restrained . the animals head was not covered from the pectoral fin to the so . the holder was placed in a tank ( 30 \u00d7 19 . 5 \u00d7 18 . 5 cm 3 lxwxh ) with fresh water ( 123 \u03bcs cm - 1 ) , where the fish recovered from anaesthesia within a few minutes .\nwe have had two of these fish in a 96 let tank for over eighteen years . they have plenty of bog wood to hide under and usually rest at opposite ends of the tank . there is also some plants but not enough to make it too crowded as they do sometimes like to shoot around when the lights are off . they only like bloodworm which they are given once the lights are off . they have shared the tank with a variety of other community fish over the years , currently eight harlequins , three pandas , a corydoras myersi and a few cardinal tetras . 30 % water change every three ( ish ) weeks\nit is well established that some electric fish can respond to changes in their environment with a change in the rate of their eods [ 16 , 19 , 22 , 26 , 30 , 31 ] . these novelty responses can be evoked by all sensory modalities . here we show that novelty responses caused by changes in the impedance of an object located near the schnauzenorgan can be accompanied by a previously un - described motor - response , the schnauzenorgan response . following a novelty response , fish show a quick movement of their schnauzenorgan towards or away from the object . both sor and novelty response probabilities scale with the change in the eod - amplitude .\nit\u2019s less easily kept with conspecifics . buying only 2 is not recommended , as the stronger will often bully the weaker to death . if you wish to keep more than one of these you\u2019ll need a suitably large tank with lots of hiding places . buy at least 5 fish in order to disperse aggression within the group .\nthese are the coolest fish . i have one named elefunky . he is in a large tank with 2 kissing gouramis , 2 gold gouramis , 1 dwarf gourami , 2 small barbs , 3 kuhli loaches , 3 albino catfish and 1 bristle nose catty . he loves swimming amongst the plants , and spends the majority of his time there . he does however cruise around the tank , nose butting everyone else just to remind them of his dominence . he has it all over them , even the larger fish . saying that , he and the bristle nose have buddied up together . i highly recommend elefunkies , everyone should have one . be careful if treating the tank with medication , they have no scales and it can burn their soft skin .\nsors were undirected single movements of the schnauzenorgan , but up to seven consecutive movements were observed . theses were reminiscent of the rhythmic scanning movements of the schnauzenorgan , which these fish perform during foraging [ 39 , 40 ] . irrespective whether a single or multiple sors were evoked , sors were quick , with angular velocities reaching 89 . 4 \u00b1 34 . 3\u00b0 / sec . this value is lower than the natural scanning movement observed in freely moving animals , where values of up to 500\u00b0 / sec have been reported [ 28 ] . however , these data were based on regular video analysis at frame rates of 40 ms and an analysis of freely moving fish using high - speed videos ( 128 frame / sec ) indicates that natural scanning movements are comparable in their speed to evoked sors .\nin order to analyse the latency of the sor and to compare it with the latency of the simultaneously recorded novelty response , we used high - speed video sequences ( 128 frames / sec ; 16 sors ) obtained from one fish . these data show that the peak of the novelty response occurred at a mean latency of about 40 ms after changing the electrical properties of the dipole - object . the latency of\nthe elephant nose are shy by nature and will require a well planted aquarium , with subdued lighting and a soft substrate . you must include hiding places in the form of clay pipes , rockwork or driftwood . they should be kept singly as they are somewhat aggressive to their own species . nocturnal in nature they will become more active at dusk and start looking for food , it is important to provide this to them after the lights come out . given time they will become active with the other fish with the lights on . feed them with tubifex worms , mosquito larva and bloodworms . they are a member of the electric fish family and emit a small electrical charges that change with their mood . they are very sensitive to water quality and i have read that some municipal water companies use them as a gauge of water purity .\nlike other scaleless fish , it is sensitive to many aquarium medications , including salt . it is also very sensitive to deteriorating water conditions and is actually used as an indicator of water quality in municipal supplies in parts of germany and the us . the frequency of its electrical discharges increases as the water becomes more polluted . when maintained correctly , however , it makes a superb addition to the african biotope aquarium , or a community of compatible species .\nin this study we are mainly interested in possible links between ( motor ) behaviour and electrolocation . it has been shown that the mormyromast system is important for foraging and orientation [ 10 , 11 ] . fish can perceive a wealth of information form their ' electrical ' world , including parameters such as size and distance of objects and the differentiation of various object properties , like capacitive and resistive electrical properties [ for review see : [ 12 ] ] .\n) . except for the tip of the schnauzenorgan , where the orientation of the dipole - object was along the rostro - caudal axis of the animal , two such dipole - objects were placed at equal distances at opposing sides of the animal . distances between dipole - object and the skin of the fish were 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 10 , 12 and 15 mm , and placement of the objects along the length of the animal is shown in figure\na quiet but territorial species . it is peaceful towards heterospecifics , although it should not be kept with very active or aggressive species , as it will be out - competed at feeding time . it also does not mix well with other mormyrids . suggested tankmates include other african species such as butterfly fish , smaller bichirs , congo tetras , synodontis catfish and ctenopoma species . g . petersii can also be kept successfully with peaceful cichlids such as satanoperca , some geophagus and angelfish .\nin the course of evolution many different sensory systems and sensory receptors have developed . one of the rather unique sensory systems is that of active electrolocation and electro - communication found in mormyriform and gymnotiform weakly electric fishes from africa and south america , respectively . during active electrolocation mormyrids emit and simultaneously perceive electric signals , which enable them to detect and analyse nearby objects . this is considered as an adaptation enabling electric fish to extend their activity to the hours of darkness , since the dependence on vision is expected to be reduced .\ncapacitive switches evoked a sor in 45 % of all stimuli ( 70 switches , 32 sors ) . in comparison , purely resistive switches ( from a short to an isolator ) under otherwise identical conditions lead to sors in 55 out of 64 cases ( 86 % ; 64 switches in 4 fish ) . sors caused by capacitive switches were less frequent and also lower in amplitude compared to those caused by purely resistive switches ( mann - whitney u - test , z = - 2 . 5 , p < 0 . 011 ; fig .\nprobability of sor . a . probability of the sor as a function of the dipole - object ' s position along the body of the fish . black filling represents a single sor , medium grey two , and light grey bars three consecutive responses , respectively . the total probability of a sor is given by the white bars . numbers above the graphs show the absolute number of stimuli ( 100 % ) at each position . b . box - and - whisker plot of the amplitude ( peak amplitude ) of the sor as a function of distance . sor amplitude were almost constant at object distances of 1 to 12 mm , while amplitudes decreased at a distance of 15 mm c . box - and - whisker plot of the peak amplitude of the sor as a function of dipole position . sors declined in amplitude form rostral to caudal along the fish ' s body . in b and c horizontal lines above the plots summarise the results of the dunn post - hoc test ( p < 0 . 05 ) . data labelled far in b and c indicates the false alarm rate amplitudes .\ni have read that the elephant noses are not for beginners but i am new to having a larger tank i have one in a 40 gallon tank and it is very happy and healthy so far . we have had it about 2 months now . we have lots of live plants and two driftwood pieces we put together to form a sort of cave / tunnel for it . we also have 2 fantail goldfish , 2 mickey mouse platys , 2 sunburst platys , 3 dalmation mollys , a peacock eel ( who swims constantly and never hides which i heard is not normal ) , a pleco and ghost shrimp . the elephant nose swims around day and night although more so at night . it doesn ' t really bother any of the other fish unless they go into one small part of the\ncave\nand even then it doesn ' t bite them , just kind of scares em off . he / she always has it ' s head sticking out , watching the other fish and never really hides completely . within 3 days it was eating the frozen blood worms out of my hand ( although i have to bring the food to it , it doesn ' t come and get it ) and when i clean the tank it swims around my hand and through my fingers . we have had a high nitrite ( or nitrate ? i always confuse the two ) problem and it did not seem to effect the fish at all . that problem is now under control . i have to honestly say i was not thrilled when my husband first got the fish , i thought it was incredibly ugly but it ' s temperament and the way it responds to me has changed my mind . i can defiantly see myself getting another in the future . the only issue we had was that my husband got 2 at the same time and they chased / harassed each other all the time . we gave one away and now they are both happy . the pet store didn ' t think to mention that they are territorial , especially with their own kind and they had had the two in a tank . . . go figure . thank goodness for the internet and sites like this one or i would never have known !\nyet a different example of electrosensory foveation in the passive electrosensory system can be found in paddlefish ( polyodon spathula ) , which have the highest density of ampullary receptors on their rostrum [ 44 ] . these fish swim in an undulatory manner that imparts a lateral oscillating motion to their rostrum . these saccade - like motions of the rostrum are interpreted as an adaptation for prey detection , since they increase the width of the electrical scan field . in contrast to the sor , however , these movements are rather slow . if a potential prey is encountered , however , a fast and precise turning of the rostrum takes place .\na video camera ( sony dcr - hc 40e ) was placed above the tank and images of the animals were acquired and stored at 22 frames / s with a pc running viewer 2 ( biobserve , bonn , germany ) . a pair of carbon electrodes on the inside wall of the tank between the head and tail of the fish was used to record the electric organ discharges ( custom - built amplifier , band pass filtered 10 hz - 10 khz ) . eods were stored using a ced digitiser ( cambridge electronic design , micro 1401 12 bit , 200 khz , analogue - digital converter ) and spike2 software ( cambridge electronic design ltd ) .\nmy experience with elephant nose is they need worm - type food ( e . g frozen blood worm , live black worm ) diet due to the structure of the mouth . the mouth is the hole above the nose sensory . the elephant nose will refuse dry food because of they lack of ability to consume the food from the shape of their mouth . the elephant nose has poor sight and relies on the electric sensory organs . the requirement of cave fixtures whether from rocks or drift wood is a must to make them feel secure . caves preferred by the elephant nose is one with two doorways . elephant nose needs to be the dominant bottom dweller as it can easily be stressed or bullied by a more bossy species . this is the major reason i do not keep elephant noses anymore , because of my larger clown loaches were giving the fish a difficult time . other bottom dwelling fish to avoid is the pictus catfish , eeltails or tandanus catfish , large clown loaches and black ghost , due to their bossy nature towards the elephant nose . another thing is elephant nose are sensitive to poor water quality . you need to practice good aquarium management , such as regular water changes . although elephant nose is nocturnal and secretive , they can be trained in behaviour by food rewards to be more outgoing or to come out in the day .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvertebrates have repeatedly been noted for having remarkably constant ratios of brain to body o2 consumption , the brain using 2 - 8 % of resting body o2 consumption , suggesting that evolution has put strict limits on the energetic cost of brain function . only man , with a value of 20 % , is an exception to this rule . however , the results presented here suggest that , in the electric fish gnathonemus petersii , the brain is responsible for approximately 60 % of body o2 consumption , a figure three times higher than that for any other vertebrate studied , including man . the exceptionally high energetic cost of the g . petersii brain appears to be a consequence both of the brain being very large and of the fish being ectothermic . it was also found that g . petersii has a high ability to utilise o2 at low levels . thus , during falling [ o2 ] , this species was found to maintain both its o2 uptake and its electric discharge rate down to an ambient o2 level of 0 . 8 mg l - 1 ( at 26 & deg ; c ) , although it was unable to tolerate an [ o2 ] below 0 . 3 mg l - 1 . during severe hypoxia ( < 0 . 8 mg l - 1 ) , g . petersii attempted to gulp air from the water surface . these results establish a new record for the energetic cost of a vertebrate brain and they show that the species possessing such a brain has a high capacity for utilising o2 at very low ambient concentrations ."]}
{"id": 657, "summary": [{"text": "kallima , known as the oakleaf or oak leaf butterflies , is a genus of butterflies of the subfamily nymphalinae in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are found in east , south and southeast asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "their common name is a reference to the lower surface of their wings , which is various shades of brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "when the wings are held closed , this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf , further emphasized by their wing shape . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "kallima", "paragraphs": ["kallima inachus boisduval , 1846 = inachus ( boisduval , 1846 ) = kallima formosana fruhstorfer .\nkallima paralekta ( horsfield , [ 1829 ] ) = paphia paralekta horsfield , [ 1829 ] = kallima hewitsoni moore = kallima limborgii moore 1878 .\nunwind before or after a holistic treatment in the idyllic surroundings of the kallima spa .\nclick here to download the kallima spa brochure with full information on our treatments and packages .\nfrequency of feeding of kallima inachus at different fermented fruit juices . high quality figures are available online .\nkallima alompra moore , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 1 ) : 14\nkallima buxtoni moore , 1879 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1879 ( 1 ) : 10\nkallima spiridiva ; [ bow ] : pl . 147 , f . 1 ; [ bor ] , 287\neach treatment at kallima is carried out using premium products by elemis , kallima ' s exclusive skincare partner . each product , treatment and package is specially designed to treat the individual needs of your body and skin .\nc1s , c1s plus and c2s \u2013 the kallima\u00ae fsc\u00ae - certified coated cover collection delivers print performance and reliability .\nkallima\u2019s basis weight advantage offers savings of up to 20 % over competing grades . see your savings potential today !\nfrequency of feeding of kallima inachus at different colored flowers supplemented with fermented pear juice . high quality figures are available online .\nkallima photography is a south florida based photography and videography studio specializing in weddings in south florida , the bahamas , and beyond .\nkallima albofasciata moore , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 584 ; tl : s . andamans\nkallima inachus ; [ bow ] : pl . 195 , f . 10 ; [ bor ] , 290 ; [ mrs ] , 563\nkallima paralekta ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ bor ] , 288\nkallima inachis [ sic ] eucerca fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 1 / 2 ) : 191 ; tl : okinawa\nkallima limborgii moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 828 ; tl : moolai , 3000 - 6000ft\nkallima inachis [ sic ] amplirufa fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 1 / 2 ) : 192 ; tl : malacca\nkallima wellbeing centre is a spiritual goods shop that also provides holistic treatments , 1 - 2 - 1 spiritual readings , spiritual workshops and holistic courses .\nat the kallima spa , you ' ll experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for mind , body and soul . choose from an exclusive selection of innovative beauty and relaxation treatments , all designed to deliver outstanding results . each luxurious treatment uses specially - designed premium products by comfort zone , kallima ' s exclusive skincare partner .\nkallima buxtoni trebonia fruhstorfer , 1909 ; ent . zs . 23 ( 1 ) : [ 4 ] 231 , f . 18 ; tl : w . sumatra\nkallima chinensis swinhoe , 1893 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 12 ( 70 ) : 255 ; tl : omei - shan , china\ncallima herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1858 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 ( unj . emend . kallima doubleday , [ 1849 ] )\nmake the earth friendly paper choice . fsc \u00ae certified kallima coated cover meets the most rigorous responsible forestry standards in the world . let ' s keep print a sustainable medium .\nkallima albofasciata ; wood - mason & de nic\u00e9ville , 1881 , j . asiat . soc . bengal 49 pt . ii ( 4 ) : 227 ; [ bor ] , 288\nkallima inachis [ sic ] alicia joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 170 , pl . 21 , f . 9 ; tl : haina , five finger mtns\nwelcome to kallima club spa at hilton london syon park . experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for the mind , body and soul with a range of treatments , membership options and personalised fitness for a balanced wellness lifestyle .\nkallima ' s bright , blue - white shade is perfect for creating beautiful , vivid print and top quality jobs . its consistent printability and reliable runnability on press ensure you get the job done efficiently and on - time .\nfsc \u00ae - certified kallima \u00ae c1s , c1s plus and c2s are the ideal grades for all your coated cover printing needs . produce beautiful , vivid print while saving up to 20 % on paper cost and shipping of printed material .\nkallima coated cover has a unique , low density , high bulk construction giving your print the stiffness and presence you expect , all while offering savings of up to 20 % over competing products . measure your savings potential today with our savings calculators .\nkallima philarchus ; moore , [ 1880 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 1 ) : 37 , ( 2 ) pl . 20 , f . 1 ; [ bow ] : pl . 146 , f . 13 ; [ bor ] , 288\nat the kallima spa , you ' ll experience total relaxation and rejuvenation for mind , body and soul . choose from an exclusive selection of innovative beauty and relaxation treatments , all designed to deliver outstanding results . each luxurious treatment uses specially - designed premium products by\nthere\u2019s nothing as memorable as a kallima spa gift certificate \u2013 the ultimate indulgence for the people you love the most . choose from a range of treatments , products or experiences , or give them the pleasure of choosing for themselves with any of our monetary value options .\nthe feeding responses of kallima inachus to different volatiles . a : single compounds at concentrations of 5 % . b : compound mixtures at a total concentration of 5 % . c : different doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate ( mean \u00b1 sd ) . different letters indicate significant differences with the lsd test ( p < 0 . 05 ) . high quality figures are available online .\nno subspecies are listed under this species . it is also known as the south indian blue oakleaf .\nthis species has been referred to as\nsouthern blue oakleaf\nin some recent books . this is a slight misnomer since the species is endemic to the western ghats , it does not occur elsewhere in southern india .\nkollar , 1844 \u2013 sahyadri blue oakleaf . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .\nif mentioning specific images please give media code ( s ) . for misidentifications please list reasons to assist in diagnosis .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\n600x400 ( ~ 53kb ) upperside india : pune , 7 . 4 . 2007 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\n600x400 ( ~ 55kb ) underside india : pune , 7 . 4 . 2007 \u00a9 kedar tokekar\nw . china , c . china , japan , himalayas , assam , pachmarhi , e . ghats , s . bihar . see [ maps ]\n1024x768 ( ~ 118kb ) upperside yonahadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n1024x768 ( ~ 104kb ) underside oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\n600x400 ( ~ 96kb ) upperside india : subansiri , 1 . 11 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 kedar tokekar\n1024x768 ( ~ 107kb ) oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\npaphia paralekta horsfield , [ 1829 ] ; descr . cat . lep . ins . mus . east india coy : ( explic ) , pl . 6 , f . 4 ,\nphilarchus ( westwood , 1848 ) ( amathusia ) ; cabinet orient . ent . : 56\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\naufz\u00e4hlung und beschreibung der von freiherr c . v . h\u00fcgel auf seiner reise durch kaschmir und das himaleygebirge gesammelten insekten in h\u00fcgel ,\nthe butterflies of india , burmah and ceylon , a descriptive handbook of all the known species of rhopalocerous lepidoptera inhabiting that region , with notices of allied species occurring in the neighbouring countries along the border , with numerous illustrations . vol . 2\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nyou can rest assured that our paper meets the most rigorous responsible forestry standards in the world .\nrayonier advanced materials is a manufacturer of forest products \u2013 lumber , paper pulp , paper and specialty cellulose pulp \u2013 and a global leader in sustainable forest management practices .\nwe are photojournalistic wedding photographers , who strive to provide our clients with amazing portraits as well .\nwe believe that every wedding has a unique story , each couple is different . we love that our couples come from all walks of life and backgrounds . each have their own passions about their wedding and what they hope for in a wedding photographer . it\u2019s those unique personalities that make weddings fun for us , and we look forward to being a part of your day . here\u2019s a snippet of some of the things clients are saying about us :\ni have no words to express how amazing ben and beka are . we got married almost a year ago in the dominican republic and these 2 came along for the ride . it was hands down the best decision we made having them there with us . i think they became a part of the family in this whole process . the pictures we have from that weekend were incredible . we relive our wedding and those amazing memories every time we look at them . not to mention they are amazing human beings . probably would have invited them to the wedding regardless . i recommend them to everyone i know , eyes closed and without a doubt . miss you guys !\npurchasing your gift certificates is simple , call us on 0208 380 1590 , email us on kallimaspa @ urltoken or simply pop in to the spa and talk to one member of the team .\nincludes a 30 minute vitality back , neck and shoulder massage . a 30 minute elemis revitalise express facial . full use of the spa facilities , & lunch .\nincludes 1 x 30 minute scrub , 1 x 30 minute massage , 1 x 30 minute facial . served with a glass of bubbly and afternoon tea .\nrelax this summer with two soothing treatments , a glass of prosecco and some delightful strawberries with cream .\nincludes bed and breakfast , champagne and chocolates in your room , one 25 - minute spa treatment each plus three - course dinner .\nour signature treatments are designed by elemis to work in natural synergy with the skin , body and mind . every treatment is specifically designed to offer a unique experience , using powerful massage sequences and the most potent actives available in the world today . no matter which treatment you choose , our experts will look after you\na powerful treatment to stimulate every cell in the body , helping alleviate muscular pain and remove toxins . this is a revolutionary , mineral - charged experience of skin conditioning , metabolic balancing and energising wellness .\na survival treatment boosting sluggish complexions . stimulating the removal of impurities and dead skin cells ; then restores moisture for instantly clearer and visibly brighter skin .\nthe hard - working facial for ageing , dehydrated skin and tired eyes . it maximises cell regeneration , a multi - dynamic facial massage sequences boost circulation , whilst scalp and foot massage deeply relax .\nwe are proud partners with elemis which is naturally sourced , science led , results driven and always personally prescribed .\nthis site uses cookies , click here for information on the cookies used . click the\nagree\nbutton to accept cookies from this site .\nwe strive to help others on their spiritual path by providing the tools to help them reach their goals .\nfeel free to visit us at our centre to view products and take part in our workshops & courses or even to have a nice relaxing holistic treatment .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nrarely am i so disappointed with a place that i resort to leaving a negative review , but after . . .\ni had two 25 minutes treatments - both back and neck massages . both therapists were friendly . . .\nrarely am i so disappointed with a place that i resort to leaving a negative review , but after absolutely nothing being done to resolve my complaints on the day apart from being told a manager would email me , and then coming here to see that . . .\ni had two 25 minutes treatments - both back and neck massages . both therapists were friendly , welcoming and professional . the first therapist gave me a robe and towel as i hadn ' t checked in yet , which was a nice touch . the massages were slightly different styles . . .\nstayed there overnight for a relaxing spa day and i had a great time . the room was beautifull with a nice wiev on the fountain . the main highlight was of course the spa . fantastic design of the swimming pool facility really helped me relax . the . . .\nthe spa facilities themselves are lovely . we were a group of five and disappointingly 3 out of 5 of us were disappointed with the treatments . therapists felt unqualified , lacking in spa etiquette , ignored requests for a firmer massage , shortened treatment time , no ambient music . two . . .\nafternoon tea was not very nice , spa facilities were lacking and service was confusing . a lot of staff coming and going and had to explain the same things to multiple people which was frustrating . the spa rooms were disturbed by loud school children coming in . . .\nwe booked a spa break and were treated with an upgraded room . the staff were very welcoming and the spa was just what we needed to unwind . dinner in the restaurant was included , the only note is the drinks were pretty pricey with dinner .\nme and my sister took my mum as a b - day spa day treat .\nthis place is nice an calming . i booked 3 30 minute treatments which were body scrub , massage and a facial . this also included afternoon tea . i was unable to book all treatments together and later in the afternoon which wasn ' t a massive problem , just not . . .\nwe had a fabulous relaxing day here as a birthday celebration . staff were really friendly and showed us around making us feel v welcome , providing slippers and robes . we started our day with a swim - nice size pool and good size jacuzzi . there . . .\ni have a monday to friday membership which is great value for money and offers full access to the gym , spa , sauna , steam and pool . . . you get discount on room rates and treatment rates as a member , staff are all very lovely and always willing . . .\nwhat a wonderful day , as soon as you walk into the spa reception you are met with helpful staff and the ambience of the area is fresh and welcoming . my friend and i had our treatments first which we absolutely great i had ingrid give . . .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nthe spa lunch consist of soup of the day and main course from the choice of salads , sandwiches , paninis or wraps . unfortunately we do not have packages with dinner . you are more than welcome to have dinner in the restaurant . . .\nthe spa lunch consist of soup of the day and main course from the choice of salads , sandwiches , paninis or wraps . unfortunately we do not have packages with dinner . you are more than welcome to have dinner in the restaurant after the spa .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njoin hilton honors\u2122 upgrade your account and earn points at over 3 , 600 hotels in 82 countries around the world .\nyou ' re on a datepicker field . the down arrow will move you into the calendar table , where you can use the arrow keys to select the date , and use enter to make your selection . press escape to leave the datepicker . if you want to enter the date manually , the preferred format is : day ( in two digits ) - month ( in three - letter abbreviation ) - year ( in four digits ) . be sure your arrival date is within the next year .\nyou ' re on a datepicker field . the down arrow will move you into the calendar table , where you can use the arrow keys to select the date , and use enter to make your selection . press escape to leave the datepicker . if you want to enter the date manually , the preferred format is : day ( in two digits ) - month ( in three - letter abbreviation ) - year ( in four digits ) . be sure your departure date is within four months of your arrival .\nwith special rates and complimentary breakfasts for two - from healthy to decadent - our breakfast included packages are the perfect way for you to relax and recharge .\nour professional atmosphere , helpful technology and planning tools can ensure your meeting is a success .\nfrom the right setting to the right menu , we can help with every detail of your event .\nyour big day is special to us , too . we can provide the ideal atmosphere and service for your wedding rehearsal , ceremony , reception and more .\nrelax on the beach , tee off on some of the world ' s best courses , or do nothing but relax . find your perfect getaway at hilton resorts .\nwith more than 550 locations across six continents , hilton hotels & resorts provide an authentic and contemporary experience for guests worldwide .\nenjoy a 25 - minute treatment plus dinner at marco pierre white restaurant monday through thursday .\ntreat yourself to a stay , breakfast and a 25 - minute treatment at the spa during the week .\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa01 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ elemis01 _ 2 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa02 _ 2 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa03 _ 3 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa04 _ 4 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ treatrm _ 6 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ treatrmdetails _ 7 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spatreat _ 8 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ spa05 _ 5 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ treatmentsuite01 _ 2 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ pool _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ pool001 _ 8 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ pool002 _ 9 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ gym001 _ 10 . jpg\n/ resources / media / hi / lhrsphi / en _ us / img / shared / full _ page _ image _ gallery / main / hl _ weights _ 12 _ 675x359 _ fittoboxsmalldimension _ center . jpg\nchoose from an exclusive selection of innovate beauty and relaxation treatments , designed to deliver maximum comfort , absolute luxury and outstanding results .\nour expert professionals will help to define your objectives for total wellness . select from a range of offerings including signature therapies , nourishing facials , full - body massage and more , or indulge in a complete spa package or double vip treatment , to enjoy with a friend .\nas well as treatment rooms , this stylish spa features a swimming pool , whirlpool spa , sauna with hdtv , steam room and a fully - equipped technogym\u2122 gymnasium .\nupgrade your spa experience by adding a champagne afternoon tea , light lunch or hydrotherapy bath prior to your treatment .\nview our spa brochure to browse the complete selection of spa and beauty treatments , packages and facilities .\nrejuvenating spa days with lunch + 1 hour treatment ( inc . 2x30 minutes ) \u00a3120 per person ( subject to availability ) .\nbook your spa treatment online or call 44 - 207 - 8707777 to make an appointment .\nthe global leader in hospitality with more than 550 hotels & resorts across six continents .\nwarm . comfortable . smart . the hotel that turns travel into a human experience again .\na collection of hotels that gives you the peace of mind to travel independently .\nenjoy a complimentary cooked - to - order breakfast and more at our upscale all - suite hotels .\ntreat yourself with amenities that help you work smarter , eat well , sleep deeply and stay fit .\ncount on hampton to deliver quality , value , consistency and service with a smile .\na revolutionary new brand that is simplified , spirited and grounded in value for guests with a zest for life and a desire for human connection .\nwhether you\u2019re traveling for a few nights or a few months , you can make yourself at home\u00ae .\nintroducing home2 suites by hilton\u00ae \u2013 an all - suite brand of extended stay hotels .\nenjoy all of the benefits of owning your own vacation home \u2013 with none of the hassles .\nmake your travel experience better with hilton honors and enjoy instant benefits at every hotel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nbutterfly is famous as an example of protective coloration , as well as being in form ( with folded wings ) is strikingly similar dry leaf .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nto maintain daily life activities and reproduction , adult insects must look for and find suitable nutrients to supplement their diets . insects are known to make use of a variety of sensory modalities in foraging , and the integration of visual , olfactory , and gustatory cues are usually involved in their orientation to and finding of food sources ( barth 1991 ) .\ndepending on the food type , adult butterflies can be classified into three guilds : nectar - feeding , fruit - feeding , and a combination of both ( gilbert 1972 ; devries 1988 ; devries et al . 1997 ; devries and walla 2001 ; molleman et al . 2005 ; \u00f4mura and honda 2009 ) . most butterfly adults are found in temperate regions and feed on nectar , while fruit - feeding butterflies are found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions and feed on rotting fruits , exuded tree sap , mud , carrion , and dung ( boggs and jackson 1991 ; \u00f4mura et al . 2000 ; devries and walla 2001 ; krenn 2008 ) .\nthe scientific literature clearly demonstrates that the flower - visiting behavior of adult butterflies is affected by the color and odor of flowers , which provide specific information for adults , and that colors are extremely important in flower recognition and preference in some species ( use and vaidya 1956 ; weiss 1997 ; andersson and dobson 2003 ; borges et al . 2003 ) . flower scent is an olfactory stimulus that influences butterfly visitation ( andersson 2006 ; \u00f4mura 2006 ) . for example , 2 - phenylethanol and phenylacetaldehyde stimulate the foraging behavior of pieris rapae ( honda et al . 1998 ; \u00f4mura et al . 1999a , b ; \u00f4mura and honda 2005 ) .\nexperiments were performed at the experimental station of the research institute of resource insects of the chinese academy of forestry in yuanjiang , yunnan ( 400 m . a . s . l . , 101 . 59\u00b0\u2013101 . 00\u00b0 e , 23 . 35\u00b0\u201323 . 36\u00b0n ) . a net house ( 12 m long , 8 m wide , and 5 m tall ) with evenly scattered sunlight was used as the experimental chamber .\nfour - day - old naive adults of k . inachus were obtained from artificial culture . larvae of k . inachus were reared on fresh leaves of strobilanthes cusia ( acanthaceae ) at 25\u00b0c and with a photoperiod of 14 : 10 l : d . adults were supplied with purified water and were not allowed to contact fruit or sap before tests .\nwhen an adult k . inachus landed nearby the food , and then reached to the food and uncoiled the proboscis to probe and feed , it was recorded as a visit .\nthe cotton flowers were arranged the same as in the test of feeding responses to different colors of artificial flowers . then , we sprayed fermented pear juice evenly on the petals . the juice that couldn ' t be absorbed by the cotton petals flowed into the disk . the evening before the bioassay , about 200 adult butterflies ( sex ratio not controlled ) were released into the net house and allowed free - flight to acclimatize them to the experimental arena . the number of feedings during two 2 - hr periods ( 10 : 00\u201312 : 00 and 15 : 00\u201317 : 00 ) was recorded for each model . during the bioassay , the positions of the different juice disks were changed in a clockwise direction every hour , and the flowers and juice were renewed at the same times . the observations were repeated on a second day . the data were analyzed with a chi - square test .\nbased on the results of auto thermal - desorption gas chromatography / mass spectrometry , we used seven pure chemical compounds in behavioral and eag response tests . all seven chemicals were commercially purchased and were more than 98 % pure . these compounds were 3 - methyl - 1 - butanol , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate , \u03b1 - pinene , the 2 - pentanone homologue butanone , ethanol , and acetic acid . the first five compounds were present in at least three of the six kinds of fermented fruits ; ethanol and acetic acid are the major volatiles of fermentation , but were not found in our fermented fruits .\nin our long - term field observation , we found k . inachus habitually basks on light colors . in order to avoid color interference , white disks ( d = 20 cm ) were covered with deep - purple cloth , spaced above the floor in the net house , and filled with 25 ml of a solution , which was dissolved in deionized water as described below . deionized water was used as a control . three feeding experiments were conducted :\nin the center of the net house , a 6 m \u00d7 6 m square was delimited , and the four corners of the square and the midpoint of the four sides were chosen as the placement points of the treatments . the feeding performances of adult butterflies were characterized by assaying seven single compounds at concentrations of 5 % v / v .\nin the center of the net house , a 6 m \u00d7 3 m rectangle was delimited , and the four corners of the rectangle and the midpoint of the long sides were chosen as the placement points . the synergistic effects of different compound mixtures were evaluated . based on the results of the single - compound assays , we mixed ethanol , \u03b1 - pinene , and ethyl acetate at equal volumes in the following combinations : ethanol + ethyl acetate + \u03b1 - pinene , ethanol + ethyl acetate , ethanol + \u03b1 - pinene , ethyl acetate + \u03b1pinene , and ethanol . each mixture had a total concentration of 5 % .\nin the center of the net house , a 6 m \u00d7 5 m rectangle was delimited , and the four corners of the rectangle and the one - third point of the four sides were chosen as the placement points . to identify the most effective doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate , a concentration series ( 0 . 001 , 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , or 10 % ) of each compound was bioassayed ; 0 . 5 % ethanol was also used .\nbefore each of the three bioassays , about 100 adults ( sex ratio not controlled ) were released into the net house and allowed free - flight to acclimatize them to the experimental arena . the number of feedings during two 2 - hr periods ( 09 : 30\u201311 : 30 and 14 : 00\u201316 : 00 ) was recorded for the treatment and control models . every model was duplicated . during each bioassay , the positions of the models were rotated clockwise every 30 min , 40 min , or 20 min , respectively , and solutions were renewed to account for evaporation . tests were replicated for two days . significant differences between treatments and controls were determined using analysis of variance , followed by the lsd test .\nthe eag responses to the solutions at doses of 5 \u00b5l / ml were tested . a series of odorant compounds were applied to butterfly antennal preparations in the following order : ether control , standard stimulus ( see below ) , individual samples ( 3 - methyl - 1 - butanol , butanone , \u03b1pinene , acetic acid , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate ) in a random order , standard stimulus , and ether control . each sample was tested five times in each antenna .\nthe eag responses to the solutions at doses of 50 \u00b5l / ml were tested , with solutions and procedures as described above .\nthe eag responses to mixtures at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml were tested . mixtures mixed at equal volume were as described for the behavioral feeding experiments .\nto identify the eag responses to different doses of ethanol and ethyl acetate , ethanol was tested at six doses ( 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , 5 , 10 , or 100 \u00b5l / ml ) and ethyl acetate was tested at five doses ( 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 , 1 , 10 , or 100 \u00b5l / ml ) .\nethanol at 5 \u00b5l / ml was used as the standard stimulus in eag experiments 1 and 4 , and 50 \u00b5l / ml was used in experiments 2 and 3 . the responses were averaged across individual trials and expressed as percentages of the response relative to the standard . data were normally distributed ; sexual differences in eag intensities were analyzed with a t - test . the intensity of eag responses to different compounds within males and within females were analyzed using analysis of variance , followed by the lsd test .\nk . inachus showed no attempted feeding or orientation responses to the four different single colors , suggesting that foraging adults were not innately sensitive to these colors , and that color is not a forging signal for k . inachus .\nshowed no visits to deionized water . the different fermented fruit juices were not significantly differently attractive to\nshowed the strongest response to fermented pear juice , accounting for 16 . 47 % of feedings , while ethanol had the weakest effect , attracting only 11 . 01 % of feedings (\n< 0 . 01 ) . adults showed the strongest attraction to white , with 35 . 71 % feeding at that color , and weaker attractions to red , yellow , and purple ( 19 . 48 % , 20 . 56 % , and 24 . 24 % feeding , respectively ) . there were no differences in feeding among red , yellow , and purple flowers ( \u03c7\n) . the volatile compounds found in more than half of the fruits were as follows : \u03b1 - pinene , limonene , isobutyl acetate , ethyl acetate , isoamyl acetate , 3 - methylbutyl butyrate , 3 - methyl - 1butanol , and 6 - methyl - 5 - hepten - 2 - one . half of these are esters , so it can be concluded that esters are commonly found in fruit volatiles . all of the fruits we tested contained terpenoids , except for banana . esters were the major volatiles in banana , apple , and watermelon , while terpenoids dominated the orange volatiles , which also contained very small amounts of aromatics , such as 1 - methyl - 4 - ( 1 - methylethenyl ) - benzene . persimmon contained a high relative concentration of 3 - methyl - 4 - oxo - pentanoic acid , about 49 . 36 % . in contrast , esters and nitrogen compounds were predominant in pears , which also contained a small amount of hydrocarbons , such as nonane and 1 - nonene .\nchemical components of six kinds of fermented fruits and their relative contents ( % ) .\nsingle - compound bioassays of seven chemicals at 5 % concentration were performed . the number of adult butterflies attracted to these compounds was in the following order , from most attractive to least : ethanol > 3 - methyl - 1butanol > isoamyl acetate > ethyl acetate > \u03b1pinene > butanone > acetic acid > deionized water (\nthe synergistic effects of different compound mixtures were also tested . adults were attracted to these mixtures in the order from most to least , as follows : ethanol + ethyl acetate > ethanol > ethanol + ethyl acetate + \u03b1 - pinene > ethanol + \u03b1 - pinene > ethyl acetate + \u03b1 - pinene > deionized water (\n) . ethanol + ethyl acetate was the most effective of all mixtures . overall , the mixtures containing ethanol were significantly more attractive than deionized water (\n> 0 . 05 ) . the presence of \u03b1 - pinene reduced the number of feedings .\nthe effective doses of ethanol and of ethyl acetate were evaluated . the number of responses was significantly positively correlated with concentration for both compounds ( r = 0 . 974 ,\n< 0 . 05 ) , but there were no differences between 0 . 01 % , 0 . 001 % ethyl acetate , and deionized water (\n> 0 . 05 ) . ethanol was more attractive than deionized water regardless of its concentration . overall , 10 % ethanol was the most effective lure , and concentrations of 10 % , 1 % , 0 . 5 % , and 0 . 01 % were significantly more attractive than deionized water (\n< 0 . 05 ) , but there were no differences between concentrations of 0 . 1 % , 0 . 001 % , and deionized water (\nthe relative electroantennogram responses of males and females to different compounds , a : reponses to compunds at the dose of 5 \u00b5l / ml b : responses to compounds at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml c : responses to mixtures at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml d : responses to different doses of ethanol . e : responses to different doses of ethyl acetate ( mean \u00b1 se ) . significant differences by the paired t - test are indicated by * ( p < 0 . 05 ) and * * ( p < 0 . 01 ) . high quality figures are available online .\n> 0 . 05 ) , indicating that the perception of different compoundswas varied , but the differences were not significant . ethanol , which was used as a standard , elicited the lowest response in both sexes . eag responses of both sexes to six chemicals at the dose of 50 \u00b5l / ml were weaker than at 5 \u00b5l / ml , except for female and male responses to acetic acid , male responses to butanone , and female responses to ethyl acetate , which were somewhat greater than at 5 \u00b5l / ml .\n> 0 . 05 ) ( figure5d , e , respectively ) . the values of eag responses were not correlated to the doses of chemicals ( ethanol : females r = - 0 . 194 ,\n> 0 . 05 ; ethyl acetate : females r = 0 . 071 ,\nalcohols , ketones , and esters were found in all six fruit volatiles , either as the majority components or at lower levels . esters were the main volatiles in most of the fruits tested . ethanol and acetic acid , both of which are characteristic volatile products of fermentation ( \u00f4mura et al . 2000 ; \u00f4mura and honda 2003 , 2009 ) , were not found in our samples .\nthis result may be because the fruit was not thoroughly fermented . ripe fruits are high in aromatic volatiles , rather than producing decay odor ( molleman et al . 2005 ) . the six kinds of fruit were fermented under the same conditions , so the variations in volatile composition were most likely due to differences in the fruits themselves and to different microbial species associated with the juice extracts ( wood 1961 ; \u00f4mura et al . 2000 ) .\nalthough there was no ethanol or acetic acid in the fruit volatiles , the fruits emitted a variety of different types of chemicals and were strongly attractive to the butterfly , indicating that k . inachus uses a variety of food chemical signals .\nin behavioral tests , ethanol was the most attractive volatile , while acetic acid was the least attractive . in contrast , the perception of antennae to acetic acid in eag tests was the strongest , while ethanol was the weakest , regardless of whether the test dose was 5 or 50 \u00b5l / ml . this result showed acetic acid induces the strongest perception by antenna , but k . inachus showed the strongest preference for ethanol . thus , the compound that most strongly stimulated feeding behavior did not induce high eag responses , and eag responses did not totally reflect the food choices of adults foraging in the field ( honda et al . 1998 ; \u00f4mura and honda 2009 ) . this interesting result suggests that antennal perception of these olfactory cues was caused by a specific sensory system that selectively elicited feeding behavior ( \u00f4mura and honda 2009 ) . antennal perception is not only related to foraging behavior , but also involves a large number of other behavioral functions . therefore , the antennal perception of volatiles is not necessarily interpreted as a food signal ; some signals may relate to host recognition , to the identification of conspecific individuals , or to defense ( kreher et al 2008 ) .\nanother striking result of the eag experiments was the differences found between genders for a few chemicals , such as 5 \u00b5l / ml butanone , 50 \u00b5l / ml acetic acid , and 100 \u00b5l / ml ethanol . these differences may be due to males and females differing in their dietary needs because of different reproductive strategies ( dierks and fischer 2008 ) . however , these differences were not consistent , as they changed at different volatile concentrations . different concentrations of the same compounds may reflect the distance between adult butterflies and food , but the relative eag responses of males and females to different concentrations of ethanol and ethyl acetate showed no significant correlation . the phenomenon may be caused by the tested concentration , which could have been higher than the perception threshold of the antenna of k . inachus .\naccording to the results of our study , we conclude the following : 1 ) the foraging , adult k . inachus has no sensitivity to food color , but innately uses olfaction to detect and locate food ; 2 ) the adults feed on a wide range of fruits , so they also use a wide range of volatiles such as alcohols , esters , ketones , and terpenoids , and the coexistence of multiple chemical signals is most attractive ; 3 ) antennal perception is not only related to foraging behavior , but also involves a large number of other behavioral functions , such as hostrecognition and defense behavior , so feeding preference is not necessary correlated with eag responses .\nwe thank yong cao , chuang jiang , zhen chen , tichu li , and chunzi luo for their participation in field observations , fei chen for his help in the eag experiment , and cheng - zhu yang for his kindness in rearing butterflies . special thanks to ning liang and other staff of the yuanjiang experimental station of riricaf for their careful logistical services during our fieldwork . this study was supported by science and technology of social development projects in yunnan province and the special fund for basic research cafybb2007018 and riri200705z .\nandersson s . floral scent and butterfly pollinators . in : dudareva n , pichersky e , editors .\nbalkenius a , ros\u00e9n w , kelber a . the relative importance of olfaction and vision in a diurnal and a nocturnal hawkmoth ."]}
{"id": 658, "summary": [{"text": "forrest 's pika ( ochotona forresti ) is a species of mammal in the family ochotonidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in bhutan , china , india , and myanmar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in india , it has been recorded from arunachal pradesh in the north-east . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "forrest ' s pika", "paragraphs": ["forrest ' s pikas are found in bhutan , china , india and myanmar .\ndark grey area behind each ear\nand these two areas almost meet across the nape in the forrest ' s pika , unlike the pale buffy area which does not meet in the moupin pika\n.\ngenome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and the forrest ' s pika ( ochotona forresti ) established by cross - species chromosome painting : further support for the glires hypothesis .\n70 % of the forrest ' s pika studied had violin shaped\nconfluence of the incisive and palatal foramina due to the abrupt constriction of the sides , whereas this constriction is not found in the moupin pika\n.\ngenome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and the forrest ' s pika ( ochotona forresti ) established by cross - species chromosome painting : f . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nochotona forresti can be distinguished from ochotona gaoligongensis - gaoligong pika by the gaoligong pika ' s brilliant rufous - brown head and neck , and a dull rufous - black back .\nochotona roylei - royle ' s pika\nand with it may form a superspecies\n. ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthere is little information on this species and so it is unclear if this species is a burrowing pika , a rock dwelling pika or an intermediate habitat type of pika .\nochotona gaoligongensis - gaoligong pika : from the original description , this form is likely to be proved a synonym or sister species of the forrest ' s pika which also occurs in the same area . they appear to be morphologically similar . ( b605 . 3 . w3 , b607 . w20 )\nthere is little information on this species and so it is unclear if this species is a burrowing pika , a rock - dwelling pika or an intermediate habitat type of pika .\nnote : there is little information on this species and so it is unclear if this species is a burrowing pika , a rock dwelling pika or an intermediate habitat type of pika .\ngenome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and the forrest\u2019s pika ( ochotona forresti ) established by cross - species chromosome painting : further support for the glires hypothesis - fulltext - cytogenetic and genome research 2011 , vol . 132 , no . 1 - 2 - karger publishers\nforrest ' s pika has fairly dark reddish fur , with a dark grey area behind each ear ( nearly meeting each other ) ; the dorsal fur becomes dark grey - brown in winter , while the ventral fur is slightly lighter than this . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nr as , r fb r g ra nt s ( a . s . g . ) . f . y . is su pp or ted by th e we ll com e tr us t .\nthe name pika originated from the tungus of siberia who attempted to mimic the call\npeeka\nof the local pika species . ( b285 . w5g )\nochotona gloveri - glover ' s pika : ( the calloceps form ) , yunnan , china ; burma ; and sikkim , india . ( b605 . 3 . w3 ; b607 . w20 )\nit is not known whether this is a rock - dwelling or burrowing pika .\nembryo resorption may occur if the pika encounters adverse conditions . ( b285 . w5a )\nthe o . forresti fibroblast cell line was derived from skin biopsies of a male forrest\u2019s pika collected from gaoligong mountain , yunnan , china . metaphase preparations were made following conventional methods as previously described [ yang et al . , 2003a ] . the o . forresti chromosomes were karyotyped based on inverted dapi - banding patterns that are similar to the g - banding patterns .\nin main characters and size of the skull . however it can be distinguished from this pika\nin this study , we have established the first genome - wide chromosomal homology map between human and forrest\u2019s pika ( ochotona forresti , ofo , 2n = 54 ) by cross - species chromosome painting with human chromosome - specific painting probes . such a map sheds further insight into the ancestral lagomorph karyotype and chromosomal rearrangements underlying the karyotype divergence between leporidae and ochotonidae and provides further support for the glires hypothesis .\nochotona macrotis - large - eared pika ( the chinensis form ) ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthe upper incisors ' roots are found in the skull ' s premaxillary bones . however , the length of the lower incisors ' roots varies . (\nnote : there is very little data specific to this species so the details below are from general pika information .\nthis species appears to be a sister species of ochotona erythrotis - chinese red pika . ( b607 . w20 )\nmany species of pika inhabit very restricted ranges and so may be threatened by human environmental disruption . ( b147 )\nochotona thibetana - moupin pika based on a study of the holotype . ( b605 . 3 . w3 , b607 . w20 )\nthe fore claws are notably longer in this species than that of ochotona thibetana - moupin pika . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\ngeneral pika information : pikas have small , rounded ears which are 12 - 36 mm in length . ( b147 ; b285 . w5g )\nin general , the status of many species of pika is hard to assess because they inhabit such remote areas . ( b285 . w5g )\nochotona nigritia - black pika :\napparently close to o . forresti ; may be only a melanistic individual\n. ( b607 . w20 )\ngeneral pika information : these are shorter in burrowing pikas , such as this species , compared to rock dwelling pikas . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\npika species living in areas where winter snow is common may also make tunnels in the snow to reach and harvest any nearby vegetation . ( b285 . w5g )\nthis study is supported partly by a grant from the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30770293 ) and mcb , sb ras , rfbr grants ( a . s . g . ) . f . y . is supported by the wellcome trust .\nchantry - darmon c , bertaud m , urien c , chadi - taourit s , perrocheau m , et al : expanded comparative mapping between man and rabbit and detection of a new conserved segment between hsa22 and ocu4 . cytogenet genome res 111 : 134\u2013139 ( 2005 ) .\npishchukha\nis the russian common name for all species of pika and some gerbils ( rhombomys opimus , meriones tamareiscinus ( muridae - ( family ) ) . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\n70 % of the ochotona forresti studied had violin shaped\nconfluence of the incisive and palatal foramina due to the abrupt constriction of the sides , whereas this constriction is not found in the moupin pika\n.\ncross - species chromosome painting with human chromosome - specific painting probes has allowed us to construct the first genome - wide comparative chromosome map between human and o . forresti , a representative species of the pika family . an integrated analysis of our comparative chromosome map and the previously published maps [ korstanje et al . , 1999 ; robinson et al . , 2002 ] provides new insight into the comparative genome organization of the lagomorpha .\nlittle or nothing is known regarding the behavior , ecology , and reproduction of ochotona forresti ( smith et al . 1990 ) . o . forresti inhabits mountain slopes at elevations of 2 , 600 to 4 , 400 m in the forest belt ( feng et al . 1986 ) . these high altitude habitats are typically coniferous or mixed broadleaf and conifer forests and shrubland ( smith and xie 2008 ) . it is speculated that this species of pika creates burrows ( smith and xie 2008 ) .\nin spring , summer and / or autumn ( fall ) ( depending on species / location ) many pika species spend much time\nhaying\n- harvesting mouthfuls of vegetation which are carried back to the den for storage . they build up these stores , resembling piles of hay , and use them for consumption during periods of sparse vegetation , often over - harvesting so that it is a rare occurrence for them to run out of food . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlissovsky , a . a . 2014 . taxonomic revision of pikas ochotona ( lagomorpha , mammalia ) at the species level . mammalia 78 ( 2 ) : 199\u2013216 .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nochotona forresti ranges from northwest yunnan to northern myanmar . the mapped range in myanmar is totally speculative ( duckworth and thaw pers . comm ) . ochotona forresti occupies elevations of 2 , 600 - 4 , 400 m .\nthe current population status of ochotona forresti is unknown ; there have been no ecological or natural history investigations of this species .\ndue to the general lack of data regarding the population status , behaviour , ecology , and reproduction research in these areas should be undertaken . this species has been regionally assessed in china as near threatened ( jiang et al . 2016 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs in nujiang and gaoligongshan ( yunnan ) nature reserves in china ( csis 2008 ) . due to the general lack of data regarding the population status , behavior , ecology , and reproduction research in these areas should be undertaken . this species has been regionally assessed in china as near threatened , nearly meeting the criteria for vulnerable under criteria a2c + 3c ( wang and xie 2004 ) .\n. in india , it has been recorded from arunachal pradesh in the north - east .\nsmith , a . t . & johnston , c . h . ( 2008 ) . ochotona forresti . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 10 april 2009 . database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern .\nchoudhury , a . u . ( 2003 ) . the mammals of arunachal pradesh . regency publications , new delhi . 140pp .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe generic name of ochotona is derived from the mongolian name for pikas :\nogdoi\n. ( b285 . w5g )\npikas are small , egg - shaped , rodent - like lagomorphs which weigh under 500 g . they have rounded , relatively large ears , short legs , and a very short tail which is hardly visible . ( b285 . w5g )\nnewborn pikas are helpless and naked ( b147 , b287 ) or slightly furred . ( b287 )\nrectangular shaped posterior end of the nasals are broader\n. ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nmale and female pikas are similar in size and can be difficult to tell apart from one another . ( b147 )\n125 - 300 mm , with most species averaging around 200 mm or less . ( b147 )\nrange 4 . 1 - 12 . 7 g , depending on species . ( b287 )\nin general , the head of pikas is blunt and short , and the skull is quite flattened rather than arched . there is also a constriction between the orbits . ( b147 )\nthere are 26 teeth in total - two less than other lagomorphs who have one more upper molar on each side . ( b285 . w5a , b605 . 1 . w1 )\nthe dental formula of pikas is 2 / 1 incisors , 0 / 0 canines , 3 / 2 premolars , and 2 / 3 molars . ( b147 , b605 . 1 . w1 )\nlagomorphs , including pikas , differ from rodents by having two pairs of upper incisors rather than just the one pair . the additional set of incisors are called peg teeth and are found directly behind the long pair in the upper jaw . ( b147 , b285 . w5a , b605 . 1 . w1 )\nat birth , lagomorphs actually have three pairs of upper incisors , but they quickly lose the outer incisor on each side . ( b147 )\n[ note : lagomorphs have teeth which grow throughout their lives . for this reason the portion of the teeth which is not exposed ( not above the gum line ) is strictly speaking not a\nroot\n; however , it is sometimes convenient to describe it as a root . ]\nthe first upper incisors have a cutting edge which is v - shaped . ( b147 )\npikas have high crowned cheek teeth with no roots [ the teeth grow continuously throughout life ] . ( b147 )\nthe lower tooth rows are closer together than the upper tooth rows . ( b147 )\nadult : pikas have eyes positioned to give a broad field of vision ( b285 . w5a )\nnewborn : neonates are blind ; the eyes open at eight to ten days . ( b287 )\nthe hindlimbs are just slightly longer than the forelimbs . ( b147 , b430 . w2 , b605 . 2 . w2 )\nin burrowing pikas , the claws are more straight and powerful than those of the rock dwelling pikas . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthe tail of pikas is virtually absent at a length of 5 mm ( b285 . w5g ) ; it is not visible . ( b147 ; b430 . w2 )\nfine , long , soft and dense coat with fur that covers the feet including the under surface . ( b147 , b285 . w5g )\nmost species have two moults per year with a brighter summer coat - often a yellowish red - and a greyer winter coat . ( b147 )\nnewborn pikas are hairless ( b147 , b287 ) or slightly furred . ( b287 )\nthe uterus is duplex . the placenta is discoid , deciduate and hemochorial , with a mesometrial , superficial implantation . ( b287 )\nthe testes are intra - abdominal outside the breeding season . ( b147 , b287 )\nduring the breeding season they are found in folds of skin at the base of the penis . ( b147 )\nscent glands : pikas have scent glands , as do all lagomorphs . ( b285 . w5a )\nin general , pikas breed twice a year in the spring and summer , and many species will have two or more litters per year . ( b147 )\npikas show induced ovulation and a post - partum oestrus . ( b285 . w5a , b287 )\nin general , burrowing pikas have litters which are twice as large as those of rock dwelling pikas . (\nrock dwelling pikas have few litters per year . they may have two litters annually but often only one is successfully weaned ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )\nburrowing pikas may have as many as five litters a year , depending on species . ( b285 . w5g )\nburrowing pikas may mature and breed in their summer of birth . however , young rock dwelling pikas will first breed as yearlings . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthe testes are intra - abdominal outside the breeding season ; during the breeding season they are found in folds of skin at the base of the penis ( in lagomorphs , the testes are in front of the penis ) . ( b147 )\nhigh mortality as pikas are prey for many mammals and birds . ( b285 . w5a )\nburrowers : up to three years of age , but usually only one year . ( b285 . w5g )\nburrowing pikas have a high annual mortality , with few animals living more than two years . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nrock dwellers : up to seven years old . ( b285 . w5g ) their average mortality is low compared to the burrowing pikas . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\npikas are herbivorous - they eat grasses , flowering stalks , and leaves . pikas have a preference for those plants highest in protein or other chemicals important to them . ( b285 . w5g )\npikas eat a range of vegetable matter :\nin the summer and early autumn the animals gather grasses , sedges , weeds , and many of the large flowering and woody plants , sometimes climbing a few meters up in trees and out on limbs to cut twigs . the material is sometimes place in exposed locations for curing by the sun\n; many populations create haystacks to store food for winter . ( b147 )\npikas do not hibernate . ( b147 , b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )\njaw motion : pikas have a vertical or transverse jaw motion . ( b147 ) ; pikas use a side - to - side jaw motion . ( b285 . w5g )\ncoprophagy : pikas produce two types of faeces , hard faeces like pepper seeds - small green spherical pellets - which are passed during the day ; and soft faeces , sticky and dark green / black , passed at night . faeces of the latter type have high a energy value and b vitamin levels , and are re - ingested . this behaviour , known as coprophagy , may have a similar function to the ruminant behaviour of chewing the cud . ( b147 , b285 . w5a )\npikas are known to be more vocal than other lagomorphs . ( b285 . w5a )\nand a long call used by males during the breeding season which is\na series of squeaks lasting up to 30 seconds\n. some rock dwellers rarely vocalise even weak calls . ( b285 . w5g )\nmuffle and transition calls used by young pikas , which are thought to promote cohesion among siblings . ( b285 . w5g )\npikas have scent glands , as do all lagomorphs . ( b285 . w5a )\npikas are unable to grasp plants with their forepaws ; they eat with a side - to - side jaw motion and carry vegetation in their mouths . ( b285 . w5g )\nsome species continue to forage throughout winter rather than haying , because snows are uncommon . ( b285 . w5g )\neven at a fairly low population density of ten to twelve pikas per hectare , vegetation storage by pikas may be up to 30 kg per hectare . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nin the burrowing pikas , the young may form a line behind an adult , usually their father , and follow . ( b285 . w5g )\nit is rare that they interact and usually it is to repel an intruder if they do so . ( b285 . w5g )\neven in a pair of pikas which are contributing to a shared hay pile , they spend a large part of the day apart . ( b285 . w5g )\nthe rock dwelling pikas have large territories defended by the individual ( in north american species ) or defended in pairs ( asian species ) . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthe population density is therefore low , at 5 - 25 per acre , and reasonably stable over a period of time . (\npopulation densities of pikas in rocky areas do not usually reach more than 20 per hectare . ( b147 )\nthese pikas are very friendly , sociable mammals that live within family groups where they may play - box , sit in contact , nose rub and spend time socially grooming . ( b285 . w5g )\ncommunal dens house family groups which includes siblings of different ages . ( b285 . w5g )\nthe young may follow behind an adult , usually their father , in a line . ( b285 . w5g )\nhowever , there may be aggression between members of different family groups , in particular , long chases of adult males occur . ( b285 . w5g )\npopulation densities of burrowing steppe dwellers are often much higher than that of the rock dwellers but they are also prone to fluctuate more widely . ( b147 )\nthe population density may be greater than 750 per acre towards the end of the breeding season but this may fluctuate greatly both annually and seasonally . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthe maximum density of some steppe pikas is reported to exceed 300 per hectare . ( b147 )\nin general , it appears that pikas are monogamous . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )\nmainly active by day . pikas are well - adapted to the cold and sensitive to even moderately warm conditions , therefore they tend to be active only during the cooler parts of the day . ( b285 . w5g )\npikas may be active at all hours , in particular , early morning and evenings . it seems that they are less active on sunny days compared with cloudy days . ( b147 )\npikas which live at high altitudes may be active all day , whereas pikas at warmer , lower altitudes emerge only in the morning and evening . ( b285 . w5g )\nmost pikas live in remote high mountains and wild country and are well adapted to the cold . pikas have become well adapted to living in rocky steppe and alpine habitats . ( b285 . w5g , b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthis species occupies mountain slopes that face the sun . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nelevation : 2600 to 4400 metres in the forest belt . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nburrowing pikas dig burrows in open alpine meadow , semi desert or steppe environments . ( b285 . w5g )\nrock dwelling pikas nest among rocks or fallen logs . ( b285 . w5g )\ncertain pikas are intermediate in their habitat use in that they burrow but also sometimes live among rocks . however their life history is closer to that of the burrowing pikas . ( b285 . w5g )\nit is common for burrows to be shared with birds or small mammals . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nhaypiles created by pikas may provide winter food for domestic cows and horses and also native species such as ungulates or smaller herbivores .\nby recycling soil , burrowing pikas have a positive contribution to ecosystem - level dynamics . ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\ncurrently no species or forms of ochotona are treated on any national list of endangered or threatened wildlife .\n( b605 . 3 . w3 )\nthere are currently no ochotona species cites - listed . ( w354 . april08 . w1 )\niucn - lower risk / near threatened . ( w2 . apr08 . w44 )\nthe status of this species is unknown .\nhowever , its restricted distribution suggests that it may be at some risk\n. ( b605 . 3 . w3 )\ndue to their remote habitat , most pikas\nrarely come into conflict with human economic activity .\n( b147 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nye j 1 , nie w , wang j , su w , jing m , graphodatsky as , yang f .\nstate key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution , kunming institute of zoology , the chinese academy of sciences , kunming , pr china .\njavascript is currently disabled , this site works much better if you enable javascript in your browser .\nfor manuscript submission , check or review login please go to submission websites list .\nfor the academic login , please select your organization on the next page . you will be redirected to verify your credentials .\nthe order lagomorpha consists of 2 families : leporidae ( hares and rabbits ) , and ochotonidae ( pikas ) , about 91 species [ hoffmann and smith , 2007 ] , of which the domestic rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus , 2n = 44 ) is the most well - studied species mainly due to its importance as a model for biomedical research [ korstanje et al . , 1999 ] .\ncomparative cytogenetic studies have made a great contribution to our understanding of karyotype evolution of species within the families leporidae and ochotonidae , respectively [ hsu and benirschke , 1971 ; stock , 1976 ; capanna et al . , 1991 ; ivanitskaya , 1991 ; robinson et al . , 2002 ; robinson , 2006 and literature cited therein ] . however , earlier cross - family comparison based on g - banding has only revealed a few conserved chromosomal segments between representative species from leporidae and ochotonidae , leading to the suggestion that tandem fusion could be responsible for the family - level karyotype divergence in lagomorpha [ stock , 1976 ] .\nfluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) images were captured using the genus system ( applied imaging corp . ) as previously described [ yang et al . , 2004 ] . hybridization signals were assigned to specific chromosomes or chromosomal regions as defined by enhanced dapi - banding patterns .\nexamples of cross - species chromosome painting . a hsa chromosome9probe hybridized onto the short arm of o . forresti chromosome 3 . b dapi - banding of the same o . forresti metaphase . c hsa chromosome15probe hybridized onto the long arm of o . forresti chromosome 3 . d dapi - banding of the same o . forresti metaphase .\narnason u , adegoke ja , gullberg a , harley eh , janke a , et al : mitogenomic relationships of placental mammals and molecular estimates of their divergences . gene 421 : 37\u201351 ( 2008 ) .\nasher rj , meng j , wible jr , mckenna mc , rougier gw , et al : stem lagomorpha and the antiquity of glires . science 307 : 1091\u20131094 ( 2005 ) .\nchantry - darmon c , rogel - gaillard c , bertaud m , urien c , perrocheau m , et al : 133 new gene localizations on the rabbit cytogenetic map . cytogenet genome res 103 : 192\u2013201 ( 2003 ) .\nchowdhary bp , raudsepp t , fr\u00f6nicke l , scherthan h : emerging patterns of comparative genome organization in some mammalian species as revealed by zoo - fish . genome res 8 : 577\u2013589 ( 1998 ) .\nferguson - smith ma , trifonov v : mammalian karyotype evolution . nat rev genet 8 : 950\u2013962 ( 2007 ) .\ngraphodatsky as , yang f , dobigny g , romanenko sa , biltueva ls , et al : tracking genome organization in rodents by zoo - fish . chromosome res 16 : 261\u2013274 ( 2008 ) .\nhayes h , rogel - gaillard c , zijlstra c , de haan na , urien c , et al : establishment of an r - banded rabbit karyotype nomenclature by fish localization of 23 chromosome - specific genes on both g - and r - banded chromosomes . cytogenet genome res 98 : 199\u2013205 ( 2002 ) .\nhoffmann rs , smith at : lagomorphs , in wilson de , reeder dm ( eds ) : mammal species of the world ( smithsonian institution press , washington 2007 ) .\nhsu tc , benirschke k : an atlas of mammalian chromosomes . vol 6 , folio 265 ( springer , berlin 1971 ) .\n( ochotonidae , lagomorpha ) , in zaitsev ev ( ed ) : questions of systematics , faunistics and palaeontology of small mammals ( proceeding of the zoological institute press , petersburg 1991 ) .\n) and human by reciprocal chromosome painting . cytogenet cell genet 86 : 317\u2013322 ( 1999 ) .\nkriegs jo , churakov g , jurka j , brosius j , schmitz j : evolutionary history of 7sl rna - derived sines in supraprimates . trends genet 23 : 158\u2013161 ( 2007 ) .\nli t , o\u2019brien pc , biltueva l , fu b , wang j , et al : evolution of genome organizations of squirrels ( sciuridae ) revealed by cross - species chromosome painting . chromosome res 12 : 317\u2013335 ( 2004 ) .\nli t , wang j , su w , nie w , yang f : karyotypic evolution of the family sciuridae : inferences from the genome organizations of ground squirrels . cytogenet genome res 112 : 270\u2013276 ( 2006 ) .\nluckett wp , hartenberger jl : monophyly or polyphyly of the order rodentia : possible conflict between morphological and molecular interpretations . j mamm evol 1 : 127\u2013147 ( 1993 ) .\nmurphy wj , eizirik e , johnson we , zhang yp , ryder oa , et al : molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals . nature 409 : 614\u2013618 ( 2001a ) .\nmurphy wj , stanyon r , o\u2019brien sj : evolution of mammalian genome organization inferred from comparative gene mapping . genome biol 2 : 1\u20138 ( 2001b ) .\nnie w , fu b , o\u2019brien pc , wang j , su w , et al : flying lemurs \u2013 the \u2018flying tree shrews\u2019 ? molecular cytogenetic evidence for a scandentia - dermoptera sister clade . bmc biol 6 : 18 ( 2008 ) .\nreyes a , gissi c , catzeflis f , nevo e , pesole g , et al : congruent mammalian trees from mitochondrial and nuclear genes using bayesian methods . mol biol evol 21 : 397\u2013403 ( 2004 ) .\n, rodentia sciuridae ) as demonstrated by zoo - fish with human probes . chromosome res 11 : 597\u2013603 ( 2003 ) .\nrobinson tj : order lagomorpha , in o\u2019brien sj , menninger jc , nash wg ( eds ) : atlas of mammalian chromosomes . ( john wiley and sons , hoboken 2006 ) .\nrobinson tj , yang f , harrison wr : chromosome painting refines the history of genome evolution in hares and rabbits ( order lagomorpha ) . cytogenet genome res 96 : 223\u2013227 ( 2002 ) .\nschneider a , cannarozzi gm : support patterns from different outgroups provide a strong phylogenetic signal . mol biol evol 26 : 1259\u20131272 ( 2009 ) .\nstanyon r , stone g , garcia m , froenicke l : reciprocal chromosome painting shows that squirrels , unlike murid rodents , have a highly conserved genome organization . genomics 82 : 245\u2013249 ( 2003 ) .\nstock ad : chromosome banding pattern relationships of hares , rabbits and pikas ( order lagomorpha ) . a phyletic interpretation . cytogenet cell genet 17 : 78\u201388 ( 1976 ) .\nsvartman m , stone g , stanyon r : the ancestral eutherian karyotype is present in xenarthra . plos genet 2 : e109 ( 2006 ) .\ntelenius h , pelmear ah , tunnacliffe a , carter np , behmel a , et al : cytogenetic analysis by chromosome painting using dop - pcr amplified flow - sorted chromosomes . genes chromosomes cancer 4 : 257\u2013263 ( 1992 ) .\ntrifonov va , stanyon r , nesterenko ai , fu b , perelman pl , et al : multidirectional cross - species painting illuminates the history of karyotypic evolution in perissodactyla . chromosome res 16 : 89\u2013107 ( 2008 ) .\nyang f , o\u2019brien pcm , milne bs , graphodatsky as , solanky n , et al : a complete comparative chromosome map for the dog , red fox , and human and its integration with canine genetic maps . genomics 62 : 189\u2013202 ( 1999 ) .\nyang f , fu b , o\u2019brien pc , robinson tj , ryder oa , et al : karyotypic relationships of horses and zebras : results of cross - species chromosome painting . cytogenet genome res 102 : 235\u2013243 ( 2003a ) .\nyang f , alkalaeva ez , perelman pl , pardini at , harrison wr , et al : reciprocal chromosome painting among human , aardvark , and elephant ( superorder afrotheria ) reveals the likely eutherian ancestral karyotype . proc natl acad sci usa 100 : 1062\u20131066 ( 2003b ) .\nyang f , fu b , o\u2019brien pc , nie w , ryder oa , et al : refined genome - wide comparative map of the domestic horse , donkey and human based on cross - species chromosome painting : insight into the occasional fertility of mules . chromosome res 12 : 65\u201376 ( 2004 ) .\nthat is why , we would like to ask you to participate in our survey . to show our appreciation for your participation , we are offering a number of attractive prizes such as the unique vesalius : the fabric of the human body ( value chf 1 , 500 ) or amazon vouchers ( value chf 200 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n1993 ; murphy et al . , 2001a ; reyes et al . , 2004 ; a\nv , 2007 for review ; nie et al . , 2008 ] . nevertheless ,\nrmed by a later study [ chantry - darmon et a l . , 2005 ]\n. . . thus , o . huangensis is significantly diverging from the main group of the subgenus ochotona by main karyotypic characteristics that corresponds to the data of mtdna study ( yu et al . 2000 , niu et al . 2004 ) . the recent cytogenetic study of o . forresti ( 2n = 54 ) ( ye et al . 2011 ) also greatly expands karyotypic variability of the subgenus conothoa . as yet , the karyotypes of eight species of the subgenus conothoa and three species of the subgenus ochotona are not investigated . . . .\n. . . the presence of the nox5 gene in rabbits makes the rabbit a potentially useful model to study nox5 gene functions . its presence in rabbits and its absence in rodents indicates it is a potential genetic marker to study the taxonomic position of lagomorpha in monophyletic clade glires [ 30 , 31 ] . . . .\n. . . indicates that this specimen is currently accessioned as o . thibetana thibetana in the amnh collection . the forresti specimen used in ye et al . ( 2011 ) , was never accessioned into a collection and has been subsequently lost . to test potential morphological differences between l . melainus and sympatric l . mandshuricus , measurements of l . melainus and l . mandshuricus published by li and luo ( 1979 ) and luo ( 1988 ) were analyzed . . . .\n. . . the 4 th group also from the same geographical area reported by hayata and shimba ( 1969 ) ; vorontsov and ivanitskaya ( 1973 ) which having the chromosome number 2n = 40 to 42 . the 3 rd group reported from qinghai tibet plateau having the chromosome number 2n = 46 to 54 reported by vorontsov and ivanitskaya ( 1973 ) ; ivanitskaya ( 1978 ) ; tan and bai ( 1987 ) ; ye et al . ( 2011 ) etc . the second group is having chromosome number 2n = 60 to 62 from the surrounding himalayan areas ( nadler et al . , 1969 ; vorontsov and ivanitskaya , 1973 ; capanna et al . , 1991 ; puget and berland , 2008 ) . . . .\nreconstruction of karyotype evolution in core glires . i . the genome homology revealed by comparative chromosome painting\nkaryotypic evolution of the family sciuridae : inferences from the genome organizations of ground squ . . .\ncross - species chromosome painting has made a great contribution to our understanding of the evolution of karyotypes and genome organizations of mammals . several recent papers of comparative painting between tree and flying squirrels have shed some light on the evolution of the family sciuridae and the order rodentia . in the present study we have extended the comparative painting to the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nreconstruction of karyotype evolution in core glires . i . the genome homology revealed by comparative . . .\nglires represent a eutherian clade consisting of rodents and lagomorphs ( hares , rabbits , and pikas ) . chromosome evolution of glires is known to have variable rates in different groups : from slowly evolving lagomorphs and squirrels to extremely rapidly evolving muroids . previous interordinal homology maps between slowly evolving glires were based on comparison with humans . here , we used sets of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nkaryotype evolution of giraffes ( giraffa camelopardalis ) revealed by cross - species chromosome painti . . .\nconsidering the giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis , gca , 2n = 30 ) as a primitive species , its comparative genomic data are critical for our understanding of the karyotype evolution of pecorans . here , we have established genome - wide chromosomal homologies between giraffe , chinese muntjac ( muntiacus reevesi , mre , 2n = 46 ) and human ( homo sapiens , hsa , 2n = 46 ) with whole sets of chromosome - specific . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe number of rodent species examined by modern comparative genomic approaches , particularly chromosome painting , is limited . the use of human whole - chromosome painting probes to detect regions of homology in the karyotypes of the rodent index species , the mouse and rat , has been hindered by the highly rearranged nature of their genomes . in contrast , recent studies have demonstrated that . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 660, "summary": [{"text": "the whitaker 's shrew ( crocidura whitakeri ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western sahara , algeria , morocco , tunisia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , rocky and sandy coasts .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is a fairly common species and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being of \" least concern \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "whitaker ' s shrew", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - whitaker ' s shrew\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - whitaker ' s shrew\ntitle =\narkive photo - whitaker ' s shrew\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - whitaker ' s shrew ( crocidura whitakeri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - whitaker ' s shrew ( crocidura whitakeri )\ntitle =\narkive species - whitaker ' s shrew ( crocidura whitakeri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are no specific conservation plans in place for whittaker\u2019s shrew ( 1 ) .\nwhitaker , j . , d . pascal . 1971 . external parasites of the arctic shrew in minnesota . . journal of mammalogy , 52 : 202 .\nwhitaker , j . , w . hamilton . 1998 . mammals of the eastern united states . new york : cornell university press .\nthe vagrant shrew ( sorex vagrans ) , also known as the wandering shrew , is a medium - sized north american shrew . at one time , the montane shrew and the orizaba long - tailed shrew were considered to belong to the same species .\nblair , w . n . ( 1926 ) blair ' s white - toothed shrew . scillonian 5 : 164 - 5 .\nthe arctic shrew ( sorex arcticus ) , also known as the blackback shrew or saddlebacked shrew , is a medium - sized shrew found in canada and the northern united states . separate species status has been proposed for the maritime shrew ( sorex maritimensis ) which is found in new brunswick and nova scotia and had been considered to be a subspecies of the arctic shrew . the tundra shrew ( sorex tundrensis ) was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the arctic shrew .\nthe apennine shrew ( sorex samniticus ) is a species of shrew in the soricidae family . the mammal is endemic to italy .\n1990 . comparison of species - shrews . pp . 492 - 493 in s parker , s schmizs , b grzimek , eds . grizimek ' s encyclopedia , vol . 1 , 1st edition . farmington hills , mi : mcgraw - hill .\n, but in general , olfaction is the strongest and most developed sense in shrews . a large portion of a shrew ' s brain is devoted to olfaction .\nowen , james g . ; hoffmann , robert s . ( 15 december 1983 ) .\nchakraborty , s . , pradhan , m . s . & subramanian , k . a . 2002 . crocidura nicobarica . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 30 july 2007 .\ncarmen , ma .\nsorex palustris water shrew\n. animal diversity web .\n, a female lesser white - toothed shrew and her young may form a\ncaravan\nwhen foraging for food or seeking a place of safety ; each shrew grips the tail of the shrew in front so that the group stays together .\ncomments : see george ( 1988 ) for an electrophoretic study of systematic relationships among sorex species . s . monticolus ( which now includes s . m . obscurus ) is considered distinct from s . vagrans ( hennings and hoffman 1977 ) . sorex vagrans sonomae ( of california and oregon ) were elevated by carraway ( 1990 ) to full species status ( including 2 subspecies : sonomae and newly described tenelliodus ) . sorex monticolus bairdii , which formerly has been included in sorex vagrans , was regraded by carraway ( 1990 ) as a distinct species , sorex bairdii with 2 subspecies ( bairdii and permiliensis ) . jones et al . ( 1992 ) and hutterer ( in wilson and reeder 1993 ) followed carraway ( 1990 ) in regarding s . vagrans , s . monticolus , s . bairdii , and s . sonomae as separate species . carraway ( 1990 ) subsumed s . trigonirostris into s . vagrans and did not indicate that trigonirostris deserved even subspecific status .\nchurchfield , s . 1990 . the natural history of shrews . ithaca , ny : cornell university press .\nwilson , d . , s . ruff . 1999 . water shrew , sorex palustris . pp . 38 - 39 in the smithsonian book of north american mammals . vancouver : ubc press .\nbreeding interval : arctic shrew females give birth to one or two litters each year .\nand they may also prefer areas with more acidic soils than other local shrew species .\nnatureserve ( whittaker , j . c . , hammerson , g . & norris , s . j . )\nchurchfield , s . 1990 . the natural history of shrews . ithaca , new york : comstock publishing associates .\nharris , s ; yalden , d . w .\nmammals of the british isles\n. the mammal society .\nlike all female mammals , water shrew mothers provide their young with milk after they are born .\nthe tail of the shrew is bicolored , gradually ranging from brown above to more gray underneath .\nthe nicobar shrew or nicobar white - tailed shrew ( crocidura nicobarica ) is a critically endangered species of mammal in the soricidae family . it is endemic to the great nicobar island of india .\ntype : miller , g . s . 1901 jun 27 . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 14 : 95 .\ntype : miller , g . s . 1902 may 29 . proceedings of the united states national museum . 24 : 776 .\nthe ansell ' s shrew ( crocidura ansellorum ) is a species of mammal in the soricidae family . it is endemic to zambia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthe excessive use of pesticides to control locusts may be affecting whittaker\u2019s shrew , either by reducing the availability of its insect prey , or by poisoning the shrew when it ingests insects containing the chemicals ( 1 ) . however , this threat is not believed to be placing the species at risk of extinction at present ( 1 ) .\nthe breeding period of the ornate shrew starts in late february and ends in late september or october .\nvan zyll de jong , c . 1999 . tundra shrew . pp . 44 - 45 in d wilson , s ruff , eds . the smithsonian book of north american mammals . washington d . c . : smithsonian institution press .\nnowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker\u2019s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & stuart , s . n . ( global mammal assessment team )\nspecies of the crocidura genus are more commonly called \u2018white - toothed shrews\u2019 , a name that distinguishes them from the closely related red - toothed shrews , whose teeth are coloured by iron deposits ( 2 ) . very little is known about whittaker\u2019s shrew , but crocidura shrews generally have short , smooth , thick fur and a long , bristly tail ( 3 ) . the colouration of whittaker\u2019s shrew is said to be similar to the lesser white - toothed shrew ( crocidura suaveolens ) , which has brownish - grey fur on the back , a white belly and white legs ( 4 ) .\nwater shrews are short - lived . the typical life span of a water shrew is about 18 months .\n. like other shrew species , it has a high metabolic rate and needs to feed frequently . it eats\nchurchfield , s . ( 1988 ) shrews of the british isles . shire natural history series no 30 . shire publications , princes risborough .\nin 1975 the species was recorded from campbell bay national park to the galathea river , but in a subsequent survey in 1984 , no specimens were observed in the same area ( s . s . saha pers . comm . ) . the population is considered to be decreasing .\nshrew species communicate with different types of calls as well , for example , chirps are sometimes used in courtship .\nthe only known predators of arctic shrews are owls . the remains of an arctic shrew have been found in a\nthe black shrew ( suncus ater ) is a white - toothed shrew only known from mount kinabalu in the malaysian state of sabah on the island of borneo . it is listed as a critically endangered species due to habitat loss and a restricted range . it is the smallest shrew of its kind and lives in parts of middle asia .\nmacdonald , s . 2003 . the small mammals of alaska : a field handbook of the shrews and small rodents . unpublished : unpublished draft .\ntype : miller , g . s . 1909 may . annals and magazine of natural history ( ser . 8 ) . 3 : 417 .\nair bubbles are trapped in the thick fur when the animal dives underwater . the air bubbles help the shrew with buoyancy and also allow it to engage in a behavior called \u201cwater - walking\u201d . the water shrew can dive underwater for about 15 seconds , but is only able to if it is swimming vigorously . the air bubbles allow the shrew to swim , but as soon as the shrew stops swimming , then it will shoot back up to the surface .\nthe gueldenstaedt ' s shrew ( crocidura gueldenstaedtii ) is a species of mammal in the soricidae family . it is found in armenia , azerbaijan , china , georgia ( country ) , greece , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , russia , taiwan , turkey , and uzbekistan .\n2004 . alpine shrew . pp . 254 - 260 in d kleiman , v geist , m mcdade , m hutchins , eds . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , vol . volume 13 , 2nd edition edition . farmington hills , mi : gale group .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nmutchler , s . 2011 .\nsorex minutus\n( on - line ) . animal diversity web . accessed april 06 , 2011 at urltoken .\nstone , r . 1995 . eurasian insectivores and tree shrews - status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc insectivore , tree shrew and elephant shrew specialist group : 1 - 164 . accessed april 05 , 2011 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nits feet have a fringe of hairs , more visible on the larger hind feet , which allow this animal to run on the water ' s surface .\nthe alpine shrew is nocturnal and is a skilled climber , using its tail for balance . it uses scent glands on its\nshrews of similar size have a gestation period around 21 days , but no definitive information on the ornate shrew is available .\nthe alpine shrew is found in the mountains and uplands of central and eastern europe and parts of france . its range includes the\nclough , g . 1963 . biology of the arctic shrew , sorex arcticus . american midland naturalist , 69 : 69 - 81 .\nshrews have limited visual ability . the eyes of shrews are very small , and the optic region of the shrew brain is small .\nbuckner , c . 1970 . direct observation of shrew predation on insects and fish . the blue jay , 28 : 171 - 172 .\n. there is a stretch of territory through baja where the shrew is not found , then it is found again near the southern tip .\nit is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention . a major part of the alpine shrew ' s range in the carpathians is covered by the carpathians reserve ( about 45 , 000 ha ) and national park ( about 70 , 000 ha ) . there is a need for monitoring , particularly of isolated subpopulations .\nmacdonald , d . w . and tattershall , f . t . ( 2001 ) britain ' s mammals - the challenge for conservation . the wildlife conservation research unit , oxford urltoken\nand is known as the scilly shrew . skull and tooth measurements of individuals from scilly are found to be intermediate in size of those in the\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - water shrew ( neomys fodiens )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - water shrew ( neomys fodiens )\ntitle =\narkive species - water shrew ( neomys fodiens )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nshrews can make and hear sounds in high frequencies . calls are made for defense and courtship . they are also made when an shrew is afraid .\nconaway , c . 1952 . life history of the water shrew ( sorex palustris ) . amer . midland nat . , 48 : 219 - 248 .\nthe nicobar shrew is a nocturnal and semi fossorial species , which lives among leaf litter in tropical moist deciduous forest ( molur et al . 2005 ) .\nspitzenberger , f . 1996 . zoogeogeography of autria ' s mammal fauna . an interim report on atlas work in progress . proceedings of the 1st european congress of mammalogy , 1 : 55 - 65 .\nand sent it to mr f w smalley\nwho had the largest collection of rodents in the country\n. in 2010 , a scilly shrew made headlines on\n. it was only discovered as the ship was about to arrive in penzance . the shrew was flown back to the isles of scilly the next day on a\nthe ornate shrew is found along portions of the west coast of north america and a few near shore islands . the northern extent is around 39 degrees latitude in\nglobal range : sakhalin island ; siberia , from the pechora river to chukotka , south to the altai mountains ; mongolia and northeastern china ; alaska ; yukon , northwest territories , canada ( hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ) . according to rausch and rausch ( 1993 ) , s . tundrensis is limited to the nearctic and the eurasian populations comprise a complex of sibling species distinct from s . tundrensis .\nticul alvarez , s . , matson , j . , castro - arellano , i . , woodman , n . , de grammont , p . c . & hammerson , g . ( 2008 ) .\nthe lesser white - toothed shrew found in a variety of habitats , among shrubs in coastal sand dunes or dense plants in rocky deserts , humid or arid conditions .\nmacdonald , d . w . , and tattersall , f . t . ( 2001 ) . britain ' s mammals - the challenge for conservation . the wildlife conservation research unit , oxford university . available from urltoken\nlvarez - castaeda , s . t . , matson , j . , castro - arellano , i . , woodman , n . , de grammont , p . c . & hammerson , g . a .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nlawrence , w . , k . hays , s . graham . 1965 . arthropodous ectoparasites from some northern michigan mammals . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan , 639 : 1 - 7 .\ngeorge , s . b . ( 1988 ) .\nsystematics , historical biogeography , and evolution of the genus sorex\n. journal of mammalogy 69 ( 3 ) : 443\u2013461 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1381337 .\nthis shrew has a wide distribution in europe , extends eastwards to japan and also occurs in north africa ( 3 ) . it does not occur on mainland britain , but is present on jersey and sark in the channel islands and is also found on the scilly isles ( 3 ) , where it is thought to be represented by a subspecies known as the scilly shrew ( c . s . cassiteridum , endemic to the scilly isles ( 6 ) . it is believed to have originally been introduced to the scilly isles ( 4 ) and has since evolved into a new subspecies .\nbaird , d . , r . timm , g . nordquist . 1983 . reproduction in the arctic shrew , sorex arcticus . journal of mammalogy , 64 : 298 - 301 .\nthis shrew inhabits dry and rocky areas with little plant life , as well as coastal sand dunes , where it takes shelter in the burrows of rodents or among rocks ( 1 ) .\n, fungi and green vegetation . once it ' s caught , the food is held by the fore feet and torn to pieces using the teeth through upward thrusting of the head . water shrews can live without food for up to 3 hours , but captive shrews have been found to feed almost every 10 minutes . the amount of food required by a water shrew has been estimated to be 0 . 95 g / day .\nplatt , w . , n . blakley . 1973 . short - term effects of shrew predation upon invertebrate prey . proceedings of the iowa academy of science , 80 : 60 - 66 .\ncomments : some recent literature regards sorex alaskanus as a subspecies of s . palustris ( junge and hoffman 1981 ; jarrel and macdonald 1989 ; jones et al . 1992 ; harris , in wilson and ruff 1999 ) , whereas other authors have regarded s . alaskanus as a distinct species ( hall 1981 ; beneski and stinson 1987 ; george 1988 ; hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; carraway 1995 ; baker et al . 2003 ) . inadequate material has prevented conclusive studies ( cook et al . 1997 ) . see george ( 1988 ) for an electrophoretic study of systematic relationships among sorex species . taxonomy of s . palustris currently is being studied by suzanne mclaren ( carnegie museum nat . hist . , pittsburgh , pa ) .\nin which the males are in general bigger and heavier than the females . the size of the shrew can be anywhere from 130\u2013170 mm and weigh from 8 - 18 grams . their tails range from 57\u201389 mm . the shrew contains black and brown fur colors and changes depending on the season . the color will change to lighter brown in the summer and a black color in the winter .\nthe lesser white - toothed shrew is a medium - sized shrew . the upperparts of the body and side grayish or reddish brown in color . tail relatively long . tail color varies from grayish to brownish above , paler below with bristles dispersed along the entire length . distinctive line dividing the upperparts from the underparts . underparts and feet whitish . snout broad . ears small but distinguished . eyes small .\nthe sicilian shrew ( crocidura sicula ) is a species of mammal in the soricidae family . it is found in sicily ( italy ) and gozo ( malta ) . its natural habitat is temperate shrubland .\ndiurnal animal with maximum activity from 5 to 8 pm , otherwise hiding between shrubs or under rocks . feeds on snails , earthworm and arthropods , especially insects . lesser white - toothed shrew secretes pheromones to communicate with other individuals . it is typically a solitary species . lesser white - toothed shrew breeds from one to seven times throughout the year , but mainly from march to may . female gives birth to five litters each containing from one to six young after a gestation period of around 28 days . the young open their eyes at 10 days and reaches sexual maturity after 3 months . lesser white - toothed shrew can live for 2 . 5 years .\nit is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention . subspecies c . s . caneae , endemic to crete , is on appendix ii of the bern convention ( as c . ariadne ) . it occurs in protected areas within its range . no specific conservation actions are recommended .\nhutterer , r . , g . amori , b . kry\u0161tufek , h . meinig , s . bertolino , f . spitzenberger , j . zima . 2010 .\nsorex alpinus\n( on - line ) . iucn red list . accessed march 06 , 2011 at urltoken .\nfeldhamer , g . a . , drickamer , l . c . , vessey , s . h . , merritt , j . f . and krajewski , c . ( 2007 ) mammalogy : adaptation , diversity , ecology . third edition . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .\njohnston , r . f . & rudd , r . l . ( 1957 ) .\nbreeding of the salt marsh shrew\n. journal of mammalogy 38 ( 2 ) : 157\u2013163 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1376305 .\ngillihan , s . w . & foresman , k . r . ( 2004 ) .\nsorex vagrans\n. mammalian species : number 744 : pp . 1\u20135 . doi : 10 . 1644 / 1545 - 1410 ( 2004 ) 744 < 0001 : sv > 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nthe alpine shrew ( sorex alpinus ) is a species of mammal in the soricidae family . it is found in the alpine meadows and coniferous forests of southern european mountain ranges : the alps , the pyrenees , the carpathian mountains and the balkans .\nwhittaker\u2019s shrewcan be found across north africa , in morocco , algeria , tunisia and egypt , the spanish northern african territories of ceuta and melilla , and possibly also in western sahara and libya . it is distributed over a large altitudinal range , from sea level to up to 1 , 800 metres ( 1 ) .\nthis species is found from southern british columbia , canada south to monterrey , california , and east to idaho , western montana , and northern utah in the united states . a disjunct subspecies s . vagrans orizabae found in the transverse volcanic belt of mexico was recently elevated to species status ( carraway , 2007 ) .\nstiff hairs along the sides of the hind feet are found only in the water shrew and the pacific water shrew ( sorex bendirii ) . the latter , a pacific northwest species , differs in being slightly larger ( 8 . 9 - 9 . 7 cm , 3 . 5 - 3 . 8 inches , body length ) and dark brown rather than blackish - gray ( burt and grossenheider 1976 ) . see carraway ( 1995 ) for a key to western north american soricids based primarily on dentaries .\nthe average life expectancy of a vagrant shrew has been estimated at a little over six months . however , they can live much longer ; although few survive for more than seventeen months , a few survive their second winter and reach two years of age .\npossessing an extremely high metabolism , shrews have to feed every two to three hours to meet the demands of this high energy requirement , and often eat more than their body weight in food every day ( 6 ) . the diet of crocidura shrews typically consists of invertebrates , frogs , toads and lizards , and the bodies of recently killed animals ( 5 ) . another consequence of a shrew\u2019s high metabolism and resultant active lifestyle is a rather short life span ( 2 ) ; shrews rarely live longer than a year , making them the shortest lived mammals in the world ( 6 ) .\ntype for crocidura suaveolens catalog number : usnm 105801 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : female ; adult preparation : skin ; skull collector ( s ) : e . zollikofer year collected : 1900 locality : zuberwangen , sankt gallen , switzerland , europe\nhutterer , r . ; amori , g . ; kry\u0161tufek , b . ; meinig , h . ; bertolino , s . ; spitzenberger , f . ; zima , j . ( 2008 ) . ' sorex alpinus ' . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 .\nthe appenine shrew is endemic to the italian peninsula . it is recorded from the appenines to calabria , at altitudes between 300 m and 1 , 160 m , but its exact distribution is poorly known ( hausser 1990 , 1999 , amori and aloise 2005 ) .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe water shrew is a boreal species , also inhabiting relict habitat in southern mountains . it requires high quality water , preferably mountain streams , and abundant cover such as rocks , logs , or overhanging stream bank . suitable management consists primarily of maintaining these conditions . there are many areas ( e . g . , state and national parks ) in which habitat is adequately protected . the southern range of the water shrew may be shrinking through habitat fragmentation and local extirpation , but current information is inadequate to allow an evaluation of this hypothesis .\nstewardship overview : the water shrew is a boreal species , also inhabiting relict habitat in southern mountains . it requires high quality water , preferably mountain streams , and abundant cover such as rocks , logs , or overhanging streambank . suitable management consists primarily of maintaining these conditions .\nbuchler , e . r . ( november 1976 ) .\nthe use of echolocation by the wandering shrew ( sorex vagrans )\n. animal behaviour 24 ( 4 ) : 858\u2013873 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0003 - 3472 ( 76 ) 80016 - 4 .\nalthough there is little information available on the biology of whittaker\u2019s shrew , it is likely to be similar to be other crocidura species . crocidura shrews typically give birth to litters containing between one and ten young , which weigh just one gram each at birth . the young are hairless for their first week of life , and do not open their eyes until 13 days old , but are weaned after about 20 days and are sexually mature after just two to three months ( 5 ) . if shrew families have to move before the young are fully grown they do so by \u2018caravanning\u2019 ; the immature shrews form a line behind the mother , with each one holding onto the hind end of the one in front with its teeth . the grip between individuals in the chain is so strong that if the mother is lifted off the ground then all of the family are lifted up too ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe american water shrew tends to breed from december to september and females usually have a three week gestation period where offspring will be born in the spring and summer . they usually produce two to three litters during that time . these litters can contain anywhere from three to ten offspring .\nthis species occurs from yukon and northwest territory to quebec in canada ; southwards to north dakota , south dakota , minnesota , michigan , and wisconsin in the united states ( hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; kirkland and schmidt 1996 ) . the disjunct populations in nova scotia and new brunswick have now been elevated to species status ( s . maritimensis ) .\nthere is little information about the mating habits of the arctic shrew , however males of most shrew species mate with many females , and compete with other males for females , so the assumption is that arctic shrews behave similarly . in wisconsin , the breeding season lasts from february to august , and the breeding season is shorter in more northern areas , from april to august . arctic shrew females give birth to one or two litters each year , and these litters range in size from 4 to 10 offspring , with an average of 7 offspring per litter . the gestation period ranges between 13 and 21 days , so the young stay with their mother until 5 to 6 . 5 weeks after conception , and males make no contribution to parental care . when they are born , young arctic shrews are helpless . their mother and are cares for them until the end of the weaning period , 20 to 24 days after birth . both female and male arctic shrews reach sexual maturity after one year . as much as 50 percent of all juveniles die in the first month , but the average lifespan of an arctic shrew in the wild is around 18 months .\nloss of alpine water courses due to water abstraction and hydroelectric power is also a threat , as is loss of habitat owing to intensification of winter tourism in the alps . human land use is a direct threat and climate change may be a future indirect threat as a result of range shifts in other species that may be direct competitors with s . alpinus when ranges overlap .\nlukacova , l . , e . dannelid , j . hausser , m . macholan , j . zima . 1996 . g - banded karotype of the alpine shrew , sorex alpinus ( mammalia , soricidae ) , from the sumava mts . . folia zoologica , 45 : 223 - 226 .\ntype for sorex tundrensis merriam , 1900 catalog number : usnm 99286 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : unknown ; adult preparation : skin ; skull collector ( s ) : w . osgood year collected : 1899 locality : saint michaels [ = michael ] , alaska , united states , north america\narctic shrews can be found in a variety of habitats , but populations are highest in moist grassy areas near lakes , bogs , swamps , and ditches . in the upper peninsula of michigan , arctic shrew populations are the densest in spruce and tamarack swamps , as well as near lakes and streams .\ntype for crocidura nicobarica miller , 1902 catalog number : usnm 111788 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : female ; adult preparation : skull ; remainder in fluid collector ( s ) : w . abbott year collected : 1901 locality : great nicobar island , nicobar islands , andaman and nicobar is , asia\noccurs in a variety of habitats ( 2 ) , favouring dry ground , and has even adapted to living on the seashore and grassy sand dunes in the scilly isles ( 4 ) . like the greater white - toothed shrew , it often occurs close to man , living around outbuildings ( 3 ) .\nmanagement research needs : research is needed on geographic variation in habitat requirements . further research should be conducted on dispersion pattern and dispersal . research is needed on the effects of land and stream pollution on water shrew survival . the minimum population size needed to maintain genetic viability in a fragmented habitat should be investigated .\nthe nicobar shrew has been recorded from campbell bay national park ( possibly now extinct here ) and galathea national park in great nicobar islands ( chakraborty et al . 2004 ; molur et al . 2005 ) . additional studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , general ecology and threats to this little - known species .\ntype for sorex alpinus catalog number : usnm 112928 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : male ; adult preparation : skin ; skull collector ( s ) : f . boettcher year collected : 1901 locality : mauseklippe , bodethal [ = bodetal ] , harz mountains , sachsen - anhalt , germany , europe elevation ( m ) : 630\nis classified as\nnear threatened\non the iucn ' s red list of threatened species , however , more data are needed to determine broad population trends . major threats include the loss of alpine rivers and streams due to water extraction and hydroelectric power and increasing winter tourism in mountains of central europe . climate change may pose a significant threat in the near future as range shifts may increase interspecific competition for resources .\ncharacteristic mammals of the ecoregion include : ornate shrew ( sorex ornatus ) , puma ( puma concolor ) , fringed myotis bat ( myotis thysanodes ) , california chipmunk ( tamias obscurus ) , bobcat ( lynx rufus ) , coyote ( canis latrans ) , san joaquin kit fox ( vulpes macrotis ) and bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) .\nlike all shrews , the arctic shrew has a voracious and insatiable appetite due to its quick metabolism . it eats insects , worms and small invertebrates , with a large proportion of its diet made up of larch sawflies , though arctic shrews in captivity have been fed dead voles fly pupae , and mealworms . the only known predators of arctic shrews are owls .\nthe lesser white - toothed shrew has a wide global distribution . it occurs in the palaearctic , extending from the atlantic coast of spain and probably portugal ( where its occurrence needs further confirmation ) extending eastwards through europe and asia to siberia . the southernmost edge of its distribution reaches sinai ( egypt ) , asia minor , israel , saudia arabia , iran and china .\nstockley , p . , j . searle . 1994 . characteristics of the breeding season in the common shrew ( sorex araneus ) : male sexual maturation , morphology and mobility . pp . 181 - 188 in j merritt , g kirkland , r rose , eds . advances in the biology of shrews , special publication no . 18 . pittsburgh : carnegie museum of natural history .\nhibernation a winter survival strategy characteristic of some mammals in which an animal ' s metabolic rate slows down and a state of deep sleep is attained . whilst hibernating , animals survive on stored reserves of fat that they have accumulated in summer . in insects , the correct term for hibernation is ' diapause ' , a temporary pause in development and growth . any stage of the lifecycle ( eggs , larvae , pupae or adults ) may enter diapause , which is typically associated with winter .\nthe water shrew is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is partially protected in the uk under schedule 6 of the wildlife and countryside act , 1981 ( 3 ) . listed under schedule iii of the bern convention , and classified as a species of conservation concern under the uk biodiversity action plan , although not a priority species ( 7 ) .\nthe water shrew ( neomys fodiens ) is the largest of the british shrews ( 2 ) ; it has black upper parts and a whitish underside , between which there is a clear demarcation ( 4 ) . typically for most shrews , the snout is long and the eyes and ears are small ( 2 ) . the fur is short and dense , and there are often tufts of white around the eyes and on the ears ( 2 ) . stiff hairs border the feet and form a keel on the underside of the tail ( 2 ) , which aid in swimming ( 4 ) . this species is a ' red - toothed shrew ' ; iron is deposited in the enamel of the tooth - tips , making them more resistant to wear - and - tear , and giving them a red appearance ( 6 ) .\nthis shrew is the smallest of the ' white - toothed shrews ' ( 2 ) ; it lacks the deposition of iron in the tips of the teeth seen in red - toothed shrews ( 4 ) . the upper surface of the body is greyish or reddish brown in colour ; and the underside is paler ( 3 ) . the tail is covered in short bristly hairs ( 3 ) , and long whisker - like ( 2 ) white hairs ( 3 ) . although smaller and lighter , this species is very similar in appearance to the greater white - toothed shrew ( crocidura russula ) ( 2 ) , so much so that the only truly reliable method to distinguish between the two species is by examination of the teeth , and the relative sizes of the tail and hind feet ( measurements above ) ( 3 ) .\nmany shrews have such uniformly grayish coats that separate species cannot easily be distinguished , but both the summer and winter coats of the tundra shrew are highly distinctive . its summer pelage is tricolored , dark brown on the back , pale gray on the underparts , and brownish - gray or pale brown in between . its longer winter fur is brown on the back and grayish on the sides and underparts . the tundra shrew is common , though limited , in distribution in alaska and extreme northwestern canada , where it inhabits hillsides and other well - drained areas with dense vegetation . its food habits are not well known , but insects , earthworms , and parts of a small grass flower were found in the digestive tracts of some specimens . embryo counts in a small sample of pregnant females averaged 10 , which is high for shrews . links : mammal species of the world\nthe reddish - gray musk shrew ( crocidura cyanea ) is a species of mammal in the soricidae family . it is found in angola , botswana , democratic republic of the congo , lesotho , malawi , mozambique , namibia , nigeria , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe . its natural habitats are temperate forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , and caves .\nof 1 / 1 5 / 1 1 / 1 3 / 3 with a total of 32 teeth . they swim well and make short dives in search of food . the shrew prefers aquatic insects such as ; stone flies and crane flies . they are known to also feed on small fish , vegetation , and snails . shrews require a lot of food and cannot go without food for anymore than three hours because of their high metabolic rate .\nthe breeding season can occur from april to august , but may be shorter in the north of the species ' range . arctic shrew females give birth to 1 or 2 litters each year . litters range from 4 to 10 offspring , with an average of 7 young per litter . shrews are pregnant for between 13 and 21 days . females nurse their young for 20 to 24 days . both female and male arctic shrews reach sexual maturity after one year .\nthe least dwarf shrew ( suncus infinitesimus ) is a species of mammal in the soricidae family . it is found in cameroon , central african republic , democratic republic of the congo , kenya , nigeria , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , and uganda . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , temperate grassland , subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland , subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , and arable land .\nmanagement requirements : protection of habitat , especially water quality , is the primary management consideration . guidelines should be developed for activities with potentially adverse impacts such as logging . during timber harvest , buffer strips should be maintained along potential water shrew habitat ( christian , pers . comm . , 1994 ) . pesticide use that might impact aquatic / riparian invertebrate populations should be avoided whenever possible . in some cases it may be desirable to reintroduce shrews from nearby populations to restored habitat .\nit is uncommon in the western part of its range , occurring at much lower densities than its congener c . russula ( libois et al . 1999 ) . further east it is more common . described as abundant and ubiquitous in at least parts of its global range ( harrison and bates 1991 ) . in the steppe forest zone in ukraine it is the most abundant shrew species , both in natural and agricultural habitats ( i . zagorodnyuk pers . comm . 2006 ) .\nthe alpine shrew is endemic to europe , where it has a disjunct range in the alps , the balkans , the carpathians , and a number of isolated mountains in germany , czech republic and poland ( spitzenberger 1999 , meinig 2004 ) . it previously occurred in the pyrenees , where it is thought to have gone extinct in the early 20th century , and in the harz ( spitzenberger 1999 ) . its vertical range is from 200 to 2 , 500 m ( spitzenberger 1999 ) .\n, fungi and green vegetation ( wilson and ruff , 1999 ) . once in possession , the food is held by the fore feet and torn to pieces using the teeth through upward thrusting of the head ( sorenson , 1962 ) . water shrews can live without food for up to 3 hours , but captive shrews have been found to feed almost every 10 minutes ( nagorsen , 1996 ) . the amount of food required by a water shrew has been estimated to be 0 . 95 g / day .\nin wisconsin , the breeding season is from february to august . the breeding season is shorter in more northern areas , from april to august . arctic shrew females give birth to 1 or 2 litters each year . litter sizes range from 4 to 10 offspring , with an average of 7 offspring per litter . the gestation period ranges between 13 and 21 days . the lactation period ranges between 20 and 24 days . the time from conception to weaning lasts between 5 and 6 . 5 weeks . both female and male arctic shrews reach sexual maturity after one year .\nglobal range : ( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) boreal and montane regions of labrador , nova scotia , and new england across canada to east - central alaska ( cook et al . 1997 ) , south to the northern great lakes region and in the western mountains to mid - california , nevada , utah , and new mexico ; a small , disjunct population in arizona ' s white mountains has not been observed in recent years ( hoffmeister 1986 ) ; another apparently disjunct series of populations in the appalachians ranges from southwestern pennsylvania to north carolina , tennessee , and georgia ( laerm et al . 1995 , brimleyana 22 : 47 - 51 ) . hall ( 1981 ) mapped the ranges of the subspecies .\nthe alpine shrew is 6 to 7 . 7 centimetres ( 2 . 4 to 3 . 0 in ) in length , not including a tail as long as its body , and weighs between 5 . 5 and 11 . 5 g ( 0 . 2 and 0 . 4 oz ) . it is a uniform greyish - black on its dorsal ( upper ) surface and greyish - brown on its underparts . the tips of its teeth are reddish - brown and it has a long pointed snout , small black eyes and rounded pink ears . its legs and feet are white and the underside of its hairy tail is yellowish .\noccupies a variety of habitats , but populations are highest in moist grassy areas near lakes , bogs , swamps , and ditches . specifically , in the upper peninsula of michigan , arctic shrew populations are the densest in spruce and tamarack swamps , as well as near lakes and streams . they are often found in clearings in boreal forests , as well as marshes . other occasional habitats include dry fields , old fields , mixed conifer swamps , dense grasses adjacent to ditches , mixed grasses , strawberries and ferns at forest clearings , alder thickets , and dry marsh with grasses , sedge hammocks , forbs , cattail , willow , and red - osier shrubs .\nthe arctic shrew is most distinctive in its tricolored fur . it is dark brown or black on its back from its head to the base of its tail , while its flanks are a lighter brown , and its underside is lighter still grayish brown . even its tail is bi - colored , dark brown on the dorsal side , and gradually fading to a lighter brown on the ventral side . the fur is grayer in winter time , and its tricolor is most marked during the winter months from october to june , for the fur is thicker and brighter . arctic shrews molt twice a year , and the tricolor bands in the fur are less prominent in younger shrews .\nwater shrews are almost invariably found near streams or other bodies of water , where they find food and also escape from predators . these shrews readily dive to stream bottoms , paddling furiously to keep from bobbing to the surface\u2014their fur , full of trapped air , makes them buoyant . they feed on aquatic invertebrates , insect larvae , and even small fish . in the water they are susceptible to predation from larger fish and snakes . on land , water shrews have a more typical shrew diet , feeding on a variety of invertebrates , including earthworms , snails , and insects . they also eat fungi and green vegetation . links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account\nof the approximately 30 mammalian species of mammals present , one of them ( an endemic bat ) lives only in pine - oak forests . the level of endemism is high , and this is well demonstrated by the proportion of endemic species with respect to total recorded species . more than ten percent of the mammalian species found at sierra de la laguna are endemic . one notable mammal found along the far west coast , including california and baja , is the ornate shrew ( sorex ornatus ) . there are several threatened mammals found in the sierra de la laguna pine - oak forests , including : the mexican long - tongued bat ( choeronycteris mexicana nt ) . the isolation of this region has contributed to the scarcity of predators , and to the poor competitive ability of some animals . rodents and lagomorphs are virtually absent from the region\narctic shrews are found in a variety of habitats in highest density of 3 to 5 individuals per acre and each individual arctic shrew appears to limit its range to one tenth of an acre . of their various habitats , they found in greatest quantity and density in areas near bodies of water , such as lakes , streams , marshes , wetlands , bogs , swamps , ditches or open areas near wetlands . in the upper peninsula of michigan , they are found densely in spruce and tamarack swamps , in addition to other typical habitats . arctic shrews have been found in clearings in boreal forests , and occasionally in mixed conifer swamps , dry or old fields , dense grasses near ditches , mixed grasses , in the undergrowth of forest clearings , alder thickets , and dry marsh with grasses , sedge hammocks , forbs , cattail , willow , and red - osier shrubs .\nwater shrews are relatively large shrews with males tending to be longer and heavier than females . the total length of a water shrew can range between 130 and 170 mm , and the weight ranges from 8 to 18 grams . although the color of the fur may be variable , it is generally black or grey - black on the back and a silvery - grey on the belly , but appears more black in the winter and becomes more brown in the summer . water shrews can have tails varying from 57 to 89 mm in length . the tail is dark above and white or grey below . the hind feet ( 18 to 21 mm ) are larger than the fore feet and have a trim of 1 mm long stiff hairs on the toes and the inner and outer sides of the feet . a fringe of smaller stiff hairs is also found on the fore feet .\narctic shrews are solitary animals . adults are territorial . in one laboratory study , whenever two arctic shrews were placed together in a cage , one was dead within several days , though there was no sign of injury to the dead shrew and the cause for this mortality is unclear , however the result of this forced interaction has been repeatedly observed . arctic shrews are active during day and night , though there are contradicting reports on levels and cycles of activity throughout the day . one claim is that they are least active during mid - morning , while other reports describe alternating periods of activity and rest , with an average of fourteen periods of activity daily . arctic shrews are very active and move quickly . periods of inactivity are spent lying on the ground , either on one side or with the ventral side down , body rolled up , and head tucked under the body . grooming consists of wiping the forefeet rapidly along the mouth .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : a relatively widespread species in north africa , with no major threats at the presente , hence is listed as least concern .\npopulation size and trends are unknown . it is a very difficult species to find and to track in the field .\nc . whitakeri seems to be dependent on dry and stony habitats , with sparse vegetation ( i . e . , steppe or subdeserts ) . it is also found in sandy coastal dunes . the species shelters among rocks and in rodent burrows .\nno major threats are known . the main natural predator of this species is the barn owl . it can be affected by pesticides , which are used massively against locusts in the southern part of its range .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41366a115519360 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ngenus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , worms , and spiders . metabolism the total of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism , in order to produce energy and the basic materials needed for important life processes . the speed at which an organism carries out these processes is called its metabolic rate ."]}
{"id": 663, "summary": [{"text": "araneus quadratus , the four-spot orb-weaver , is a common orb-weaver spider found in europe and central asia , and as far as the kamchatka peninsula and japan .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "females can reach 17 mm in length , especially when gravid , males approximately half that .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "they are quite variable in appearance , ranging from brown to bright orange or green , but they always have the characteristic four white spots on the abdomen .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the darker color morphs are easiest to identify , due to the contrast between the white spots and the rest of the body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the legs are sometimes brightly striped .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the spider lives in gardens , wooded areas , or wherever there is vegetation to string an orb web across .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this species builds its web close to the ground to catch jumping insects such as small grasshoppers .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the female builds the more elaborate web , complete with a funnel-shaped retreat off to the side where she goes during inclement weather .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the web is smaller and closer to the ground than those of other species of orb-weaver .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "adult females can actively change their color .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it takes about three days to take on colors that accurately match their resting surface . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "araneus quadratus", "paragraphs": ["close - up of a palp from the side of a male araneus quadratus .\nfemale araneus quadratus . the abdomen is full with eggs . notice the different colour to the first photo .\naraneus quadratus clerck , 1757 ( = aranea reaumuri ( scopoli ) ) ( also previously known as epeira quadrata . )\nturning the tables slightly , bristowe included a . quadratus in his tasting experiment one afternoon when he was staying at flatford mill [ 16 ] . he doesn ' t mention why a . quadratus was chosen for his gastronomic adventure but he does note that , of the spiders tasted that day ,\n. . . araneus quadratus , with a slightly nutty flavour , was the best\n.\naraneus quadratus is a large orb - weaving spider with four distinct spots on its abdomen . among other things you will in this video see it catching a large grasshopper . more info on this spider here : urltoken contact me : urltoken stock footage / video of araneus quadratus here : urltoken music : kevin macleod ( incompetech . com )\nkajak , a . 1965 : an analysis of food relations between spiders - araneus cornutus cl . and araneus quadratus cl . - and their prey in meadows . ekol . pol . a13 : 717 - 764 .\nthe four - spot orb weaver , araneus quadratus , gets its name from the markings on its abdomen . four dark dots surrounded by white . the main colour of the abdomen can be almost any colour .\ngeneral : our heaviest spider , a . quadratus is an autumn - maturing orb - web weaver . easily recognized ; indeed it is one of clerck ' s original species .\netymology : araneus - latin for spider ; quadratus - latin for square , referring to the four prominent spots on the abdomen . ( it appears that no - one ' s quite sure what epeira is derived from . )\nnyffeler , m . and benz , g . 1978 : die beutespektren der netzspinnen argiope bruennichi ( scop . ) , a . quadratus cl . und agelena labyrinthica ( cl . ) in odlandwiesen bei z\u00fcrich . revue suisse zool . 85 : 747 - 757 .\naraneus albilunatus roewer , 1961b : 51 , f . 13a - d ( d f ) . araneus albilunulatus brignoli , 1983c : 259 .\naraneus subumbrosus roewer , 1961b : 53 , f . 14a - b ( d f ) . araneus subombrosus brignoli , 1983c : 260 .\naraneus floriatus hogg , 1914a : 57 ( d m f ) . araneus floriatus hogg , 1915a : 446 , f . 25 ( f ) .\naraneus basalteus schenkel , 1936b : 99 , f . 35 ( djj ) .\naraneus pseudoconicus schenkel , 1936b : 114 , f . 40 ( dj ) .\ntreating nevus araneus ( broken capillaries ) with electrocautery . for medical education - nsfe .\naraneus angulatus personata simon , 1929 : 678 , 756 ( d m f ) . araneus angulatus personatus breitling et al . , 2016b : 69 ( subspecies inquirenda ) .\naraneus aralis bakhvalov , 1981a : 137 , f . 1 ( d f ) .\naraneus asiaticus bakhvalov , 1983 : 69 , f . 3 ( d f ) .\naraneus baicalicus bakhvalov , 1981b : 148 , f . 6 ( d f ) .\naraneus bargusinus bakhvalov , 1981b : 147 , f . 5 ( d f ) .\naraneus carimagua levi , 1991a : 230 , f . 190 ( d m ) .\naraneus cohnae levi , 1991a : 229 , f . 188 ( d m ) .\naraneus demoniacus caporiacco , 1939a : 346 , f . 14 ( d m ) .\naraneus ferganicus bakhvalov , 1983 : 91 , f . 5 ( d f ) .\naraneus jamundi levi , 1991a : 222 , f . 157 ( d m ) .\naraneus margaritae caporiacco , 1940c : 826 , f . 31 ( d f ) .\naraneus matogrosso levi , 1991a : 230 , f . 189 ( d m ) .\naraneus mauensis caporiacco , 1949a : 421 , f . 61 ( d f ) .\naraneus nigroquadratus lawrence , 1937 : 233 , f . 10 ( d f ) .\naraneus oxygaster caporiacco , 1940c : 823 , f . 29 ( d f ) .\naraneus perincertus caporiacco , 1947d : 176 , f . 32 ( d f ) .\naraneus phlyctogena simon , 1907d : 297 ( d f , plus two varieties ) .\naraneus scutellatus schenkel , 1963 : 153 , f . 90 ( d m ) .\naraneus sogdianus charitonov , 1969 : 79 , f . 2 ( d f ) .\naraneus titirus simon , 1896e : 68 ( d f ) . araneus titirus levi , 1991a : 245 , f . 267 - 271 ( f , d m ) .\naraneus xavantina levi , 1991a : 214 , f . 116 ( d m ) .\naraneus tschuiskii bakhvalov , 1974 : 111 , f . 72 - 74 ( d f ) . araneus tschuiskyi bakhvalov , 1983 : 90 , f . 4 ( f ) .\nscientific name : araneus quadratus size : females up to 15mm , males up to 8mm distribution : found throughout the uk months seen : june to october habitat : found in tall grass , bushes and hedgerows food : flies and other small insects special features : four spot orb weavers ( araneus quadratus ) are fairly common . they can be found throughout the u . k . in the summer and autumn months . the body colour of is extremely variable . they can be ; yellow green , orange , red or brown . the abdomen has some white patches , but these are only really clear on the brown individuals . usually the four white spots on the abdomen which give this spider its name are visible . four spot orb weavers catch their prey in a web , and the females also build a retreat to the side of the web , made from thick silk .\nnomen nudum : araneus quinqueuncatus simon , 1895a : 822 ( f , south america ) .\naraneus crispulus tullgren , 1952 : 168 , f . 15a - b ( d f ) . araniella crispulus grasshoff , 1976 : 150 ( t f from araneus , rejected ) .\naraneus horizonte levi , 1991a : 211 , f . 99 - 104 ( d f ) . araneus horizonte braul , bertoncello & lise , 2000 : 124 ( d m ) .\naraneus ventricosus kishuensis uyemura , 1961 : 93 , f . 23 ( d f ) .\naraneus boreus uyemura & yaginuma , 1972 : 10 , f . 1 - 7 ( d m f ) . araneus boreus yaginuma , 1986a : 100 , f . 53 . 6 ( m f ) . araneus boreus chikuni , 1989b : 66 , f . 15 ( f ) . araneus boreus tanikawa , 2007c : 83 , f . 240 , 681 ( f ) . araneus boreus tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 257 ( f ) .\naraneus bilunifer pocock , 1900a : 227 , f . 74 ( d f ) . araneus bilunifer patel , 1975b : 162 , f . 3a - c ( f ) . araneus bilunifer tikader & bal , 1981 : 43 , f . 91 - 94 ( f ) . araneus bilunifer tikader , 1982a : 221 , f . 428 - 431 ( f ) .\naraneus granti hogg , 1914a : 57 ( d f ) . araneus granti hogg , 1915a : 448 , f . 26 ( f ) . araneus granti chrysanthus , 1960 : 36 , f . 32 - 33 , 49 , 60 , 72 ( f , d m ) .\nnyffeler and benz ( 1978 [ 9 ] ) , found that bees were a major component ( by mass ) of the diet of a . quadratus . however , this may have been more to do with prey availability , as , in a later study ( 1989 [ 10 ] ) diptera , homoptera and aphids were the major prey . this agrees with the earlier work of kajak . she showed that , at her study sites , diptera made up a greater proportion of the diet . in fact the number of bees caught in nyffeler and benz ' s 1978 study were low but their large size contributed disproportionately to biomass caught . nevertheless , their results confirm that a . quadratus can cope with such powerful and potentially dangerous prey .\naraneus acolla levi , 1991a : 219 , f . 138 - 141 ( d f ) .\naraneus adiantiformis caporiacco , 1941b : 83 , f . 29a - d ( d m ) .\naraneus ana levi , 1991a : 268 , f . 389 - 391 ( d f ) .\naraneus anjonensis schenkel , 1963 : 171 , f . 99a - b ( d f ) .\naraneus aubertarum berland , 1938 : 174 , f . 131 - 132 ( d f ) .\naraneus bastarensis gajbe , 2005a : 55 , f . 4 - 7 ( d f ) .\naraneus baul levi , 1991a : 288 , f . 503 - 506 ( d f ) .\naraneus caballo levi , 1991a : 273 , f . 418 - 421 ( d f ) .\naraneus calusa levi , 1973 : 512 , f . 152 - 157 ( d f ) . araneus calusa levi , 1981b : 255 , f . 5 - 7 ( d m ) .\naraneus canacus berland , 1931b : 669 , f . 8 - 11 ( d f ) .\naraneus canalae berland , 1924a : 222 , f . 126 - 127 ( d f ) .\naraneus carroll levi , 1973 : 516 , f . 215 - 220 ( d f ) .\naraneus castilho levi , 1991a : 196 , f . 15 - 16 ( d m ) .\naraneus chiapas levi , 1991a : 262 , f . 351 - 352 ( d m ) .\naraneus chingaza levi , 1991a : 258 , f . 330 - 334 ( d f ) .\naraneus cuiaba levi , 1991a : 248 , f . 276 - 278 ( d f ) .\naraneus ealensis giltay , 1935a : 1 , f . 1 - 2 ( d f ) .\naraneus exsertus rainbow , 1904a : 102 , f . 26 - 27 ( d f ) .\naraneus finneganae berland , 1938 : 176 , f . 137 - 140 ( d f ) .\naraneus frio levi , 1991a : 276 , f . 429 - 430 ( d m ) .\naraneus gerais levi , 1991a : 231 , f . 191 - 192 ( d m ) .\naraneus guatemus levi , 1991a : 232 , f . 211 - 214 ( d f ) .\naraneus huixtla levi , 1991a : 286 , f . 497 - 498 ( d m ) .\naraneus jalisco levi , 1991a : 269 , f . 392 - 394 ( d m ) .\naraneus kerr levi , 1981b : 254 , f . 1 - 4 ( d f ) .\naraneus kirgisikus bakhvalov , 1974 : 111 , f . 71 , 75 ( d f ) .\naraneus lanio levi , 1991a : 268 , f . 381 - 384 ( d f ) .\naraneus lenkoi levi , 1991a : 258 , f . 326 - 329 ( d f ) .\naraneus lintatus levi , 1991a : 262 , f . 347 - 350 ( d f ) .\naraneus masculus caporiacco , 1941b : 85 , f . 30a - b ( d m ) .\naraneus miami levi , 1973 : 512 , f . 172 - 176 ( d f ) .\naraneus monica levi , 1973 : 504 , f . 110 - 121 ( d f ) .\naraneus moretonae levi , 1991a : 219 , f . 142 - 145 ( d f ) .\naraneus musawas levi , 1991a : 274 , f . 427 - 428 ( d m ) .\naraneus nacional levi , 1991a : 284 , f . 474 - 476 ( d f ) .\naraneus notandus rainbow , 1912a : 196 , f . 7 - 9 ( d f ) .\naraneus nuboso levi , 1991a : 276 , f . 431 - 432 ( d m ) .\naraneus orgaos levi , 1991a : 211 , f . 92 - 94 ( d f ) .\naraneus paitaensis schenkel , 1953b : 37 , f . 18a - e ( d m ) .\naraneus poltyoides chrysanthus , 1971 : 29 , f . 52 - 58 ( d f ) .\naraneus prunus levi , 1973 : 536 , f . 375 - 379 ( d f ) .\naraneus quirapan levi , 1991a : 284 , f . 470 - 473 ( d f ) .\naraneus repetecus bakhvalov , 1978 : 790 , f . 5 - 7 ( d f ) .\naraneus royi roewer , 1961b : 53 , f . 15a - d ( d f ) .\naraneus salto levi , 1991a : 282 , f . 462 - 465 ( d f ) .\naraneus schneblei levi , 1991a : 211 , f . 95 - 98 ( d f ) .\naraneus sernai levi , 1991a : 214 , f . 109 - 112 ( d f ) .\naraneus sicki levi , 1991a : 250 , f . 286 - 289 ( d f ) .\naraneus tambopata levi , 1991a : 222 , f . 153 - 156 ( d f ) .\naraneus tatianae lessert , 1938 : 449 , f . 35 - 37 ( d f ) .\naraneus tepic levi , 1991a : 272 , f . 410 - 413 ( d f ) .\naraneus toruaigiri bakhvalov , 1970 : 51 , f . 1 ( d f ) . araneus toruaigiri bakhvalov , 1974 : 109 , f . 44 - 48 ( f , d m ) .\naraneus uruapan levi , 1991a : 276 , f . 433 - 434 ( d m ) .\naraneus villa levi , 1991a : 249 , f . 279 - 281 ( d f ) .\naraneus viperifer schenkel , 1963 : 165 , f . 96a - b ( d f ) . araneus viperifer ohno & yaginuma , 1967 : 37 , f . 4 . 1 - 4 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer nishikawa , 1969 : 58 , f . 2 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer yaginuma , 1971 : 129 , f . 106 . 2 - 5 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer suganami , 1971 : 24 , f . 5 - 6 ( f ) . araneus viperifer shinkai , 1977 : 375 , f . 18 ( f ) . araneus viperifer shinkai , 1978 : 91 , f . 27 - 30 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer chikuni , 1989b : 68 , f . 19 ( m f ) . araneus viperifer yin et al . , 1997d : 152 , f . 68a - b ( f ) . araneus viperifer song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141h , 149l ( f ) . araneus viperifer tanikawa , 2001b : 66 , f . 79 ( f ) .\naraneus yatei berland , 1924a : 222 , f . 128 - 130 ( d f ) .\naraneus zapallar levi , 1991a : 242 , f . 254 - 257 ( d f ) .\naraneus zygielloides schenkel , 1963 : 169 , f . 98a - d ( d f ) .\nepeira pinguis karsch , 1879g : 68 ( d f ) . aranea pinguis b\u00f6senberg & strand , 1906 : 226 , pl . 11 , f . 210 ( f ) . araneus pinguis yaginuma , 1957a : 55 , f . 17 ( f ) . araneus pinguis yaginuma , 1969b : 19 , f . 1b - 8b ( m f ) . araneus pinguis song , yu & shang , 1981 : 83 , f . 3 - 4 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis hu , 1984 : 95 , f . 91 . 1 - 2 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis yaginuma , 1986a : 95 , f . 50 . 2 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis song , 1987 : 165 , f . 126 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis yoshikura , 1987 : 298 , f . 37 . 6a ( m ) . araneus pinguis zhang , 1987 : 70 , f . 53 . 1 - 2 ( m f ) . araneus quadratus zhang , 1987 : 74 , f . 58 . 1 - 2 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus pinguis chikuni , 1989b : 64 , f . 5 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis yin et al . , 1997d : 181 , f . 97a - e ( m f ) . araneus pinguis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139u - v , 144e - f ( m f ) . araneus pinguis namkung , 2002 : 245 , f . 19 . 7a - b ( m f ) . araneus pinguis kim & kim , 2002 : 183 , f . 10 , 82 - 83 , 170 - 171 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis namkung , 2003 : 247 , f . 19 . 7a - b ( m f ) . araneus pinguis marusik & crawford , 2006 : 173 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis tanikawa , 2007c : 82 , f . 236 - 237 , 675 - 678 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis tanikawa , 2009 : 454 , f . 249 - 252 ( m f ) . araneus pinguis kim & lee , 2012b : 27 , f . 15a - b ( f ) .\ngiven its size and the fact that the spider reaches maturity in one season , a . quadratus must have a healthy appetite . perhaps because of this , but more probably because its relatively common , a . quadratus has been used in several feeding experiments on spiders . anna kajak ( 1965 [ 7 ] ) studied the spider , together with several other species , over a period of years . in a paper comparing\nconsumption\nrates in various species , she concluded that a . quadratus does indeed show a high rate of feeding and growth , with one of the highest rates of increase per unit of body mass , with the larger individuals putting on up to 10mg ( dry weight ) per day . not only that , but perversely , its apparent burst of weight gain occurred in september when insect numbers were in decline . kajak gave an expression relating mass of prey consumed to the spider ' s body weight . taking a slight liberty with the equation one can produce a growth plot for the spider ( see figure ) . this assumes an initial weight of 0 . 1mg ( for a ~ 1mm diameter egg , a reasonable egg size ! ( livecchi , le berre and ramousse ( 1977 [ 8 ] ) ) and makes various other approximations , such as 1mg of dry weight of prey being converted to 1mg fresh weight of spider . the resulting plot shows that it is quite reasonable for a well - fed a . quadratus to attain a mass of 2 . 5gm in a single season .\nneosconella parva bryant , 1945a : 381 , f . 19 , 24 ( d f , preoccupied in araneus by karsch , 1878 ) . araneus bryantae brignoli , 1983c : 262 ( replacement name ) . araneus bryantae levi , 1991a : 262 , f . 353 - 356 ( f ) .\naraneus anantnagensis tikader & bal , 1981 : 46 , f . 99 - 102 ( d f ) . araneus anantnagensis tikader , 1982a : 25 , f . 436 - 439 ( f ) .\naraneus panchganiensis tikader & bal , 1981 : 48 , f . 103 - 106 ( d f ) . araneus pachganiensis tikader , 1982a : 227 , f . 440 - 443 ( f ) .\nin synonymy : amamrotypus archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) aranea linnaeus , 1758 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( clerckian names validated by iczn direction 104 ; see also iczn opinion 2224 ) atea c . l . koch , 1837 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1991a : 171 ) cambridgepeira archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) cathaistela archer , 1958 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( yaginuma , 1959c : 28 ) conaranea archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) conepeira archer , 1951 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 ) neosconella f . o . pickard - cambridge , 1903 = araneus clerck , 1757 ( levi , 1973 : 478 )\naraneus viridisoma gravely , 1921a : 415 , f . 3c ( d m f ) . araneus viridisomus caleb & mathai , 2014c : 3 , f . 1 - 9 ( f ) . araneus viridisomus patil & uniyal , 2016 : 172 , f . 1 - 11 ( m f ) .\naraneus ishisawai kishida , 1928b : 474 , f . 41 ( d f ) . araneus ishisawai yaginuma , 1957a : 55 , f . 18 ( f ) . catheistela ishisawai yaginuma & archer , 1959 : 36 ( t f from araneus ) . araneus ishisawai namkung , paik & yoon , 1972 : 93 , f . 8 ( f ) . araneus ishisawai chikuni , 1989b : 63 , f . 4 ( f , d m ) . araneus seensis oliger , 1991 : 141 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 015189 ] . araneus ishisawai namkung , 2002 : 243 , f . 19 . 5a - b ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai namkung , 2003 : 245 , f . 19 . 5a - b ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai tanikawa , 2007c : 83 , f . 241 - 243 , 682 - 685 ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 258 - 261 ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai marusik , 2009f : 97 ( s ) . araneus ishisawai kim & lee , 2012b : 21 , f . 9a - c ( m f ) . araneus ishisawai baba & tanikawa , 2015 : 42 , 4 f . ( m f ) .\naraneus abeicus levi , 1991a : 255 , f . 316 - 320 ( d m f ) .\naraneus illaudatus levi , 1971a : 176 , f . 233 - 237 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus abigeatus levi , 1975c : 269 , f . 5 - 11 ( d m f ) .\naraneus alhue levi , 1991a : 244 , f . 262 - 266 ( d m f ) .\naraneus apache levi , 1975c : 270 , f . 12 - 20 ( d m f ) .\naraneus axacus levi , 1991a : 277 , f . 440 - 444 ( d m f ) .\naraneus bimini levi , 1991a : 264 , f . 372 - 375 ( d m f ) .\naraneus blumenau levi , 1991a : 200 , f . 42 - 48 ( d m f ) .\naraneus boneti levi , 1991a : 268 , f . 385 - 388 ( d m f ) .\naraneus carchi levi , 1991a : 215 , f . 122 - 127 ( d m f ) .\naraneus colima levi , 1991a : 266 , f . 376 - 380 ( d m f ) .\naraneus concepcion levi , 1991a : 241 , f . 250 - 253 ( d m f ) .\naraneus cristobal levi , 1991a : 277 , f . 435 - 439 ( d m f ) .\naraneus desierto levi , 1991a : 280 , f . 453 - 456 ( d m f ) .\naraneus dreisbachi levi , 1991a : 280 , f . 449 - 452 ( d m f ) .\naraneus fronki levi , 1991a : 228 , f . 179 - 183 ( d m f ) .\naraneus galero levi , 1991a : 234 , f . 223 - 227 ( d m f ) .\naraneus ginninderranus dondale , 1966 : 1169 , f . 3a - c ( d m f ) .\naraneus huahun levi , 1991a : 244 , f . 258 - 261 ( d m f ) .\naraneus iguacu levi , 1991a : 256 , f . 321 - 325 ( d m f ) .\naraneus koepckeorum levi , 1991a : 224 , f . 168 - 173 ( d m f ) .\naraneus leones levi , 1991a : 281 , f . 457 - 461 ( d m f ) .\naranea lithyphantiformis kishida , 1910 : 7 ( d ) . araneus lithyphantiformis brignoli , 1983c : 257 .\naraneus mazamitla levi , 1991a : 270 , f . 400 - 403 ( d m f ) .\naraneus mendoza levi , 1991a : 284 , f . 477 - 481 ( d m f ) .\naraneus ocaxa levi , 1991a : 288 , f . 499 - 502 ( d m f ) .\naraneus penai levi , 1991a : 216 , f . 128 - 132 ( d m f ) .\naraneus pico levi , 1991a : 215 , f . 117 - 121 ( d m f ) .\naraneus popaco levi , 1991a : 282 , f . 466 - 469 ( d m f ) .\naraneus pseudoventricosus schenkel , 1963 : 150 , f . 88a - c ( d m ) . araneus pseudoventricosus yin et al . , 1997d : 190 , f . 107a - c ( m ) . araneus pseudoventricosus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 144i ( m ) .\naraneus puebla levi , 1991a : 285 , f . 482 - 486 ( d m f ) .\naraneus rotundicornis yaginuma , 1972a : 55 , f . 9 - 16 ( d m f ) . araneus rotundicornis yaginuma , 1986a : 97 , f . 51 . 2 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis chikuni , 1989b : 64 , f . 7 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis tanikawa , 2007c : 77 , f . 214 - 216 , 639 - 640 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis tanikawa , 2009 : 450 , f . 216 - 217 ( m f ) . araneus rotundicornis lee , lee & kim , 2012 : 211 , f . 1 - 6 ( f ) . araneus rotundicornis kim & lee , 2012b : 28 , f . 16a - b ( f ) .\naraneus selva levi , 1991a : 259 , f . 335 - 338 ( d m f ) .\naraneus svanetiensis mcheidze , 1997 : 270 , f . 601 - 604 ( d m f ) .\naraneus talasi bakhvalov , 1970 : 51 , f . 2 ( d f ) . araneus talassi bakhvalov , 1974 : 109 , f . 43 , 49 - 52 ( f , d m ) .\naraneus talca levi , 1991a : 240 , f . 245 - 249 ( d m f ) .\naraneus tellezi levi , 1991a : 291 , f . 515 - 519 ( d m f ) .\naraneus tenancingo levi , 1991a : 290 , f . 511 - 514 ( d m f ) .\naraneus tijuca levi , 1991a : 250 , f . 290 - 294 ( d m f ) .\naraneus transversus rainbow , 1912a : 197 , f . 10 - 14 ( d m f ) . araneus transversus davies & gallon , 1986 : 233 ( rainbow ' s f = gea theridioides ) .\naraneus ubicki levi , 1991a : 274 , f . 422 - 426 ( d m f ) .\naraneus urubamba levi , 1991a : 218 , f . 133 - 137 ( d m f ) .\naraneus cochise levi , 1973 : 497 , f . 55 - 59 ( d f ) . araneus cochise dean , agnew & breene , 1989 : 126 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . araneus cochise levi , 1991a : 278 , f . 445 - 448 ( m f ) .\naraneus roseomaculatus ono , 1992b : 122 , f . 1 - 4 ( d f ) . araneus roseomaculatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140d - e ( f ) .\naraneus licenti schenkel , 1953b : 42 , f . 20a - c ( d f ) . araneus licenti yin et al . , 1997d : 172 , f . 89a - c ( f ) . araneus licenti song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 138j - l ( f ) .\naraneus pichoni schenkel , 1963 : 157 , f . 93a - b ( d f ) . araneus pichoni yin et al . , 1997d : 205 , f . 124a - b ( f ) . araneus pichoni song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139q , 148q ( f ) .\nepeira stella karsch , 1879g : 69 ( dj ) . araneus tsuno yaginuma , 1972a : 53 , f . 1 - 8 ( d m f ) . araneus tsuno shinkai , 1977 : 327 , f . 21 ( m ) . araneus tsuno zhou , wang & zhu , 1983 : 154 , f . 2a - d ( f ) . araneus maculifrons oliger , 1983a : 303 , f . 4 - 8 ( d m f ) . araneus tsuno yaginuma , 1986a : 97 , f . 51 . 1 ( m f ) . araneus tsuno marusik , 1989b : 42 ( s ) . araneus tsuno chikuni , 1989b : 64 , f . 6 ( m f ) . araneus tsuno yin et al . , 1997d : 183 , f . 100a - d ( f ) . araneus tsuno song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140t - u , x , 149h ( f ) . araneus tsuno namkung , 2002 : 250 , f . 19 . 12a - b ( m f ) . araneus tsuno kim & kim , 2002 : 185 , f . 13 , 87 - 88 , 176 - 178 ( m f ) . araneus stella ono , 2002a : 59 , f . 23 ( s m f ) . araneus stella namkung , 2003 : 252 , f . 19 . 12a - b ( m f ) . araneus stella tanikawa , 2007c : 78 , f . 217 , 641 - 642 ( m f ) . araneus stella tanikawa , 2009 : 450 , f . 218 - 219 ( m f ) . araneus stella kim & lee , 2012b : 30 , f . 18a - c ( m f ) .\nepeira acropyga thorell , 1877b : 398 ( d f ) . araneus acropyga simon , 1899a : 91 .\naranea albiaculeis strand , 1906b : 621 ( d f ) . araneus albiaculeis caporiacco , 1940c : 822 .\naraneus altitudinum caporiacco , 1934a : 153 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ( d f ) .\naraneus badongensis song & zhu , 1992c : 168 , f . 2a - b ( d m ) . araneus badongensis song & li , 1997 : 412 , f . 14a - b ( m ) . araneus badongensis yin et al . , 1997d : 200 , f . 117a - c ( m ) . araneus badongensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 142k - l ( m ) .\nepeira camilla simon , 1889i : 338 ( d f ) . araneus camilla dyal , 1935 : 179 .\naraneus circellus song & zhu , 1992c : 168 , f . 3a - b ( d f ) . araneus circellus song & li , 1997 : 412 , f . 15a - b ( f ) . araneus circellus yin et al . , 1997d : 145 , f . 60a - c ( f ) . araneus circellus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 136n - o ( f ) .\naraneus coccinella pocock , 1898c : 211 , pl . 8 , f . 6 ( d f ) .\naraneus colubrinus song & zhu , 1992c : 169 , f . 4a - b ( d f ) . araneus colubrinus song & li , 1997 : 413 , f . 16a - b ( f ) . araneus colubrinus yin et al . , 1997d : 146 , f . 61a - c ( f ) . araneus colubrinus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 136s - t ( f ) .\naraneus dospinolongus barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 635 , f . 403a - f ( d m ) .\naraneus emmae simon , 1900a : 482 , pl . 16 , f . 6 ( d f ) .\nepeira flavisternis thorell , 1878b : 61 ( d f ) . araneus flavisternis simon , 1899a : 90 .\naraneus hui hu , 2001 : 442 , f . 286 . 1 - 3 ( d f ) .\naraneus kapiolaniae simon , 1900a : 483 , pl . 16 , f . 7 ( d f ) .\naraneus liberalis rainbow , 1902c : 486 , pl . 18 , f . 2 ( d f ) .\naraneus linzhiensis hu , 2001 : 443 , f . 287 . 1 - 3 ( d f ) .\naraneus octodentalis song & zhu , 1992c : 169 , f . 5a - b ( d m ) . araneus octodentalis song & li , 1997 : 414 , f . 17a - b ( m ) . araneus octodentalis yin et al . , 1997d : 149 , f . 64a - c ( m ) . araneus octodentalis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 144a - b ( m ) .\naraneus ogatai tanikawa , 2001b : 76 , f . 43 - 44 , 52 - 53 ( d f ) . araneus ogatai tanikawa , 2004a : 57 , f . 1 - 2 ( d m ) . araneus ogatai tanikawa , 2007c : 89 , f . 272 - 273 , 735 - 737 ( m f ) . araneus ogatai tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 311 - 312 ( m f ) .\naraneus pavlovi schenkel , 1953b : 39 , f . 19a - d ( d m ) . araneus pavlovi yin et al . , 1997d : 205 , f . 123a - d ( m ) . araneus pavlovi song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 144c - d ( m ) . araneus pavlovi song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 192 , f . 114a - c ( m ) .\naraneus providens kulczy\u0144ski , 1911c : 484 , pl . 20 , f . 55 ( d m ) .\naraneus rumiae biswas & raychaudhuri , 2013a : 158 , f . 8 - 12 ( d f ) .\naraneus santacruziensis barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 640 , f . 407a - e ( d f ) .\naraneus suavis rainbow , 1899b : 308 , pl . 24 , f . 2 ( d f ) .\naraneus tatsulokeus barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 636 , f . 404a - f ( d f ) .\naraneus tinikdikitus barrion & litsinger , 1995 : 635 , f . 402a - g ( d m ) .\naraneus ventricosus ishinodai uyemura , 1961 : 95 , f . 24a - b ( d m f ) .\naraneus woodfordi pocock , 1898b : 463 , pl . 19 , f . 3 ( d f ) .\naraneus wulongensis song & zhu , 1992c : 170 , f . 6a - b ( d f ) . araneus wulongensis song & li , 1997 : 415 , f . 18a - b ( f ) . araneus wulongensis yin et al . , 1997d : 153 , f . 69a - c ( f ) . araneus wulongensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141o - p ( f ) .\naraneus xianfengensis song & zhu , 1992c : 171 , f . 7a - b ( d f ) . araneus xianfengensis song & li , 1997 : 415 , f . 19a - b ( f ) . araneus xianfengensis yin et al . , 1997d : 185 , f . 102a - c ( f ) . araneus xianfengensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141l - m ( f ) .\naraneus xizangensis hu , 2001 : 449 , f . 293 . 1 - 5 ( d m ) .\naraneus yadongensis hu , 2001 : 450 , f . 294 . 1 - 6 ( d m ) .\naraneus yoshitomii yoshida , 2014 : 37 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m j ) . araneus yoshitomii baba , osawa & murakami , 2015 : 17 , f . 2 - 4 ( m ) .\naraneus yukon levi , 1971a : 166 , f . 167 - 173 ( d m f ) . araneus yukon dondale et al . , 2003 : 235 , f . 510 - 516 ( m f ) .\naraneus washingtoni levi , 1971a : 160 , f . 106 , 123 - 130 ( d m f ) . araneus washingtoni dondale et al . , 2003 : 228 , f . 489 - 495 ( m f ) . araneus washingtoni paquin & dup\u00e9rr\u00e9 , 2006 : 6 , f . 5 - 8 ( m f ) . araneus washingtoni marusik & kovblyuk , 2011 : 113 , f . 7 . 5 ( m ) .\naraneus badiofoliatus schenkel , 1963 : 155 , f . 92a - c ( d f ) . araneus badiofoliatus yin et al . , 1997d : 199 , f . 116a - c ( f ) . araneus badiofoliatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 135o - p , 147c ( f ) .\naraneus borealis tanikawa , 2001b : 69 , f . 22 - 23 , 28 - 31 ( d m f ) . araneus borealis tanikawa , 2007c : 87 , f . 264 , 717 - 720 ( m f ) . araneus borealis tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 293 - 296 ( m f ) .\naraneus komi tanikawa , 2001b : 75 , f . 41 - 42 , 49 - 51 ( d m f ) . araneus komi tanikawa , 2007c : 89 , f . 271 , 732 - 734 ( m f ) . araneus komi tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 308 - 310 ( m f ) .\naraneus nigromaculatus schenkel , 1963 : 154 , f . 91a - c ( d f ) . araneus nigromaculatus yin et al . , 1997d : 204 , f . 122a - c ( f ) . araneus nigromaculatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139e - f , 148l ( f ) .\naraneus nojimai tanikawa , 2001b : 63 , f . 1 - 2 , 9 - 13 ( d m f ) . araneus nojimai tanikawa , 2007c : 85 , f . 259 , 704 - 708 ( m f ) . araneus nojimai tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 280 - 284 ( m f ) .\nepeira tartarica kroneberg , 1875 : 2 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ( d f ) . araneus mongolicus simon , 1895c : 335 ( d m f ) . araneus tartaricus schenkel , 1936b : 269 , f . 89 ( m ) . araneus tartaricus spassky & shnitnikov , 1937 : 276 , f . 3 ( m ) . araneus mongolicus ermolajev , 1937b : 603 , f . 3 ( m f ) . araneus tartaricus bakhvalov , 1974 : 111 , f . 87 , 89 - 90 , 96 ( m f ) . araneus tartaricus feng , 1990 : 60 , f . 35 . 1 - 5 ( f ) . araneus tartaricus yin et al . , 1997d : 191 , f . 108a - c ( f ) . araneus tartaricus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140k - l ( f ) . araneus tartaricus kim & kim , 2002 : 184 , f . 11 , 84 , 172 - 173 ( m f ) . araneus tartaricus yoo & kim , 2002a : 28 , f . 48 ( m ) . araneus tartaricus yin et al . , 2012 : 618 , f . 300a - c ( f ) .\naraneus pahalgaonensis tikader & bal , 1981 : 44 , f . 95 - 98 ( d f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis tikader , 1982a : 223 , f . 432 - 435 ( f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis yin et al . , 1990 : 38 , f . 91 - 93 ( f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis yin et al . , 1997d : 179 , f . 95a - d ( f ) . araneus pahalgaonensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 139i , m - n , 148o ( f ) .\nepeira bandelieri simon , 1891c : 10 , pl . 1 ( d f ) . araneus bandelieri petrunkevitch , 1911 : 281 . araneus bandelieri levi , 1991a : 214 , f . 113 - 115 ( f ) .\naranea hispaniola bryant , 1945a : 366 , f . 2 ( d f ) . araneus hispaniola brignoli , 1983c : 262 . araneus hispaniola levi , 1991a : 263 , f . 365 - 368 ( f ) .\naraneus pseudosturmii yin et al . , 1990 : 25 , f . 62 - 63 ( d f ) . araneus pseudosturmii yin et al . , 1997d : 150 , f . 65a - b ( f ) . araneus pseudosturmii song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 140a , 148f ( f ) . araneus pseudosturmii yin et al . , 2012 : 615 , f . 298a - b ( f ) .\naraneus viridiventris yaginuma , in ohno & yaginuma , 1969 : 21 , f . 3a - f ( d m f ) . araneus viridiventris yaginuma , 1986a : 101 , f . 54 . 1 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris chikuni , 1989b : 69 , f . 24 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris yin et al . , 1990 : 22 , f . 51 - 57 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris kim et al . , 1995 : 88 , f . 1 - 2 ( f ) . araneus viridiventris yin et al . , 1997d : 142 , f . 57a - h ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141j - k , n , 145d , 149m ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris chang & tso , 2004 : 27 , f . 1 - 4 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris tanikawa , 2007c : 83 , f . 245 , 689 - 691 ( m f ) . araneus viridiventris tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 265 - 267 ( m f ) .\nas with other members of the genus , a . quadratus macerates its prey , rather than merely injecting digestive juices , sucking out the resulting\nsoup\nand leaving an empty husk . the cheliceral teeth sported by the araneids must help in this process ( conversely , those groups which leave an empty husk after consuming their prey often have relatively small cheliceral teeth ( e . g , theridiidae and thomisidae ) [ 15 ] .\naraneus motuoensis yin et al . , 1990 : 36 , f . 87 - 90 ( d f ) . araneus motuoensis yin et al . , 1997d : 176 , f . 93a - d ( f ) . araneus motuoensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 139c - d , 148k ( f ) . araneus motuoensis hu , 2001 : 445 , f . 288 . 1 - 2 ( f ) .\naraneus aethiopissa simon , 1907d : 291 ( d f ) . larinia badiana roewer , 1961b : 49 , f . 12a - e ( d m f ) . araneus aethiopissa grasshoff , 1970b : 218 ( s ) .\naraneus amabilis tanikawa , 2001b : 82 , f . 69 - 72 , 75 - 76 ( d m f ) . araneus amabilis tanikawa , 2007c : 84 , f . 251 - 255 , 697 - 698 ( m f ) . araneus amabilis tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 273 - 274 ( m f ) .\naraneus celebensis merian , 1911 : 219 , pl . 9 , f . 6 ( d m f ) .\naraneus comptus fuscocapitatus rainbow , 1916a : 109 , pl . 22 , f . 29 ( d f ) .\naraneus dayongensis yin et al . , 1990 : 22 , f . 58 - 61 ( d f ) . araneus dayongensis yin et al . , 1997d : 147 , f . 62a - d ( f ) . araneus dayongensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137a - b , 147k ( f ) . araneus daoyongensis yin et al . , 2012 : 601 , f . 289a - d ( f ) .\naraneus dianiphus xanthostichus rainbow , 1916a : 107 , pl . 22 , f . 26 ( d f ) .\naraneus iriomotensis tanikawa , 2001b : 71 , f . 24 - 25 , 32 - 35 ( d m f ) . araneus iriomotensis tanikawa , 2007c : 87 , f . 265 - 266 , 721 - 724 ( m f ) . araneus iriomotensis tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 297 - 300 ( m f ) .\naraneus legonensis grasshoff & edmunds , 1979 : 303 , f . 1 - 11 ( d m f ) .\naraneus mariposa levi , 1973 : 502 , f . 107 , 122 - 137 ( d m f ) .\naraneus mayumiae tanikawa , 2001b : 81 , f . 56 - 57 , 62 - 66 ( d m f ) . araneus mayumiae tanikawa , 2007c : 81 , f . 233 - 234 , 668 - 671 ( m f ) . araneus mayumiae tanikawa , 2009 : 452 , f . 242 - 245 ( m f ) .\naraneus menglunensis yin et al . , 1990 : 41 , f . 94 - 99 ( d m ) . araneus menglunensis yin et al . , 1997d : 187 , f . 104a - h ( m ) . araneus menglunensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 143k - l , 148i ( m ) . araneus menglunensis yin et al . , 2012 : 607 , f . 293a - f ( m ) .\naraneus obscurissimus caporiacco , 1934a : 156 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .\naraneus octumaculalus han & zhu , 2010a : 58 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m f ) .\naraneus parvulus rainbow , 1900a : 489 , pl . 24 , f . 3 ( d m f ) .\naraneus pontii caporiacco , 1934a : 154 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ( d m f ) .\nepeira prospiciens thorell , 1890a : 138 ( d m f ) . araneus prospiciens simon , 1899a : 92 .\naraneus ryukyuanus tanikawa , 2001b : 67 , f . 5 - 8 , 19 - 21 ( d m f ) . araneus ryukyuanus tanikawa , 2007c : 87 , f . 262 - 263 , 714 - 716 ( m f ) . araneus ryukyuanus tanikawa , 2009 : 457 , f . 290 - 292 ( m f ) .\naraneus scutigerens hogg , 1900 : 100 , pl . 15 , f . 2 ( d m f ) .\naraneus tuscarora levi , 1973 : 514 , f . 204 - 214 , 444 ( d m f ) .\naraneus ventricosus hakonensis uyemura , 1961 : 106 , f . 9 , pl . 7 ( d f ) .\naraneus yasudai tanikawa , 2001b : 72 , f . 26 - 27 , 36 - 38 ( d m f ) . araneus yasudai tanikawa , 2007c : 88 , f . 267 - 268 , 725 - 727 ( m f ) . araneus yasudai tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 301 - 303 ( m f ) .\naraneus zhaoi zhang & zhang , 2002 : 22 , f . 1a - e ( d m f ) .\naraneus circumbasilaris yin et al . , 1990 : 29 , f . 69 - 73 ( d f ) . araneus circumbasilaris yin et al . , 1997d : 165 , f . 81a - e ( f ) . araneus circumbasilaris song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 136p - r , 147j ( f ) . araneus circumbasilaris song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 187 , f . 109a - d ( f ) .\naraneus yuanminensis yin et al . , 1990 : 26 , f . 64 - 68 ( d f ) . araneus yuanminensis yin et al . , 1997d : 154 , f . 70a - e ( f ) . araneus yuanminensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 242 , f . 141r - t , 149n ( f ) . araneus yuanminensis song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 196 , f . 117a - e ( f ) .\nbristowe ( 1958 [ 4 ] ) noted that it was\n. . . certainly our heaviest as well as one of our most handsome spiders\n. indeed parker reported the find of an impressive a . quadratus which weighed in at 2 . 25 grams , on a field week at juniper hall in 1979 ( jones , 1980 [ 5 ] ) . elsewhere its size is also remarked upon , as is its egg - laying capabilities . bristowe claimed a\nrecord in child birth\nfor quadratus , having noted that a\n. . . large specimen will lay more than 900 eggs which weigh twice as much as she does after the operation is completed\n. this is confirmed by wunderlich ( sauer and wunderlich , 1985 [ 6 ] ) , who reports a gravid female , initially weighing 1 . 1 grams , reducing to just 0 . 3 grams after laying !\naraneus auriculatus song & zhu , 1992c : 167 , f . 1a - d ( d m f ) . araneus auriculatus song & li , 1997 : 411 , f . 13a - d ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus yin et al . , 1997d : 144 , f . 59a - e ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 135m - n , 142i - j ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus zhu & zhang , 2011 : 198 , f . 138a - d ( m f ) . araneus auriculatus yin et al . , 2012 : 598 , f . 287a - c ( f ) .\naraneus gratiolus yin et al . , 1990 : 32 , f . 78 - 80 ( d f ) . araneus gratiolus yin et al . , 1997d : 170 , f . 86a - c ( f ) . araneus gratiolus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 138a - b , 148b ( f ) .\naraneus triguttatus saito , 1934b : 326 , pl . 13 , f . 23 , pl . 15 , f . 66 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus triguttatus saito , 1959 : 90 , f . 106a - d ( f , misidentified ) . araneus triguttatus yaginuma , 1960 : 55 , f . 51 ( f , misidentified ) . araneus hoshi tanikawa , 2001b : 73 , f . 39 - 40 , 45 - 48 ( d m f ) . araneus hoshi tanikawa , 2007c : 88 , f . 269 - 270 , 728 - 731 ( m f ) . araneus hoshi tanikawa , 2009 : 459 , f . 304 - 307 ( m f ) .\naraneus linshuensis yin et al . , 1990 : 35 , f . 84 - 86 ( d f ) . araneus linshuensis yin et al . , 1997d : 173 , f . 90a - c ( f ) . araneus linshuensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 138m - n , 148g ( f ) .\naraneus tenerius yin et al . , 1990 : 45 , f . 111 - 116 ( d f ) . araneus tenerius yin et al . , 1997d : 192 , f . 109a - f ( f ) . araneus tenerius song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140m - o , 149d ( f ) .\naraneus shunhuangensis yin et al . , 1990 : 18 , f . 43 - 46 ( d f ) . araneus shunhuangensis yin et al . , 1997d : 134 , f . 49a - d ( f ) . araneus shunhuangensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140f - h , 149a ( f ) . araneus shunhuangensis yin , griswold & xu , 2007 : 3 , f . 2a - f ( d m ) . araneus shunhuangensis yin et al . , 2012 : 616 , f . 299a - j ( m f ) .\naraneus diadematoides zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 55 , f . 17 - 19 ( d f ) . araneus diadematoides yin et al . , 1997d : 166 , f . 82a - c ( f ) . araneus diadematoides song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137c - d , 147l ( f ) . araneus diadematoides song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 188 , f . 110a - c ( f ) .\naraneus diffinis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 56 , f . 20 - 22 ( d f ) . araneus diffinis yin et al . , 1997d : 202 , f . 119a - c ( f ) . araneus diffinis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137h - i , 147n ( f ) . araneus diffinis song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 190 , f . 112a - c ( f ) .\naranea faxoni bryant , 1940 : 334 , f . 102 - 103 ( d f ) . araneus faxoni brignoli , 1983c : 262 . araneus faxoni levi , 1991a : 264 , f . 369 - 371 ( f ) .\naraneus qianshan zhu , zhang & gao , 1998 : 30 , f . 1 - 4 ( d f ) . araneus qianshan song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 240 , f . 140b - c ( f ) .\naraneus affinis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 53 , f . 4 - 6 ( d m ) . araneus affinis yin et al . , 1997d : 155 , f . 71a - c ( m ) . araneus affinis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 236 , f . 134m , 135a , 146l ( m ) .\naraneus aksuensis yin , xie & bao , 1996 : 1 , f . 1 - 5 ( d f ) . araneus aksuensis yin et al . , 1997d : 155 , f . 72a - e ( f ) . araneus aksuensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 237 , f . 135b - d , 146m ( f ) .\naraneus elongatus yin , wang & xie , 1989 : 331 , f . 5 - 9 ( d f ) . araneus elongatus yin et al . , 1997d : 137 , f . 52a - e ( f ) . araneus elongatus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 238 , f . 137l - n , 147o ( f ) .\naraneus guandishanensis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 57 , f . 23 - 24 ( d m ) . araneus guandishanensis yin et al . , 1997d : 171 , f . 87a - c ( m ) . araneus guandishanensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 143e - f , 148c ( m ) .\naraneus taigunensis zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 58 , f . 36 - 38 ( d m ) . araneus taigunensis yin et al . , 1997d : 182 , f . 98a - c ( m ) . araneus taiguensis song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 241 , f . 140j - k , 149c ( m ) .\nepeira semi - nigra l . koch , 1878c : 737 ( dj ) . aranea semi - nigra b\u00f6senberg & strand , 1906 : 235 . araneus mongolicus saito , 1959 : 87 , f . 95a - e ( f , misidentified ) . araneus mongolicus yaginuma , 1961a : 82 , f . f ( m , misidentified ) . araneus seminiger namkung , 1964 : 37 , f . 25 ( d f ) . araneus tartaricus yaginuma , 1986a : 94 , f . 49 . 4 ( m f , misidentified ) . araneus miyashitai tanikawa , 2001b : 77 , f . 54 - 55 , 58 - 61 ( d m f ) . araneus tartaricus namkung , 2002 : 249 , f . 19 . 11a - c ( f , misidentified ) . araneus seminiger ono , 2002a : 58 , f . 21 - 22 ( s m ) . araneus seminiger namkung , 2003 : 251 , f . 19 . 11a - c ( f ) . araneus seminiger tanikawa , 2007c : 78 , f . 218 - 220 , 643 - 644 ( m f ) . araneus seminiger tanikawa , 2009 : 450 , f . 220 - 221 ( m f ) . araneus seminiger kim & lee , 2012b : 29 , f . 17a - b ( f ) .\naraneus marmoroides schenkel , 1953b : 35 , f . 17a - e ( d m ) . araneus marmoroides zhu , tu & hu , 1988 : 58 , f . 31 - 35 ( m , d f ) . araneus marmoroides chen & gao , 1990 : 46 , f . 50a - b ( m f ) . araneus marmoroides yin et al . , 1997d : 175 , f . 92a - e ( m f ) . araneus marmoroides song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 239 , f . 138q - r , 143i - j ( m f ) . araneus marmoroides song , zhu & chen , 2001 : 191 , f . 113a - e ( m f ) .\naraneus acachmenus rainbow , 1916a : 98 , pl . 21 , f . 14 - 15 ( d f ) .\naraneus acusisetus zhu & song , in zhu et al . , 1994 : 27 , f . 2a - c ( d m ) . araneus acusisetus yin et al . , 1997d : 143 , f . 58a - c ( m ) . araneus acusisetus song , zhu & chen , 1999 : 236 , f . 134k - l , 146k ( m ) . araneus acusisetus tanikawa , 2001b : 83 , f . 73 - 74 , 77 - 78 ( m , d f ) . araneus fuscocoloratoides namkung , 2002 : 254 , 620 , f . 19 . 16a - b ( d m f ) . araneus acusisetus namkung , 2003 : 255 , f . 19 . 15a - b ( m f , s ) . araneus acusisetus tanikawa , 2007c : 82 , f . 238 - 239 , 679 - 680 ( m f ) . araneus acusisetus tanikawa , 2009 : 455 , f . 255 - 256 ( m f ) . araneus acusisetus kim & lee , 2012b : 17 , f . 6a - c ( m f ) .\naraneus agastus rainbow , 1916a : 104 , pl . 22 , f . 20 - 21 ( d f ) .\naraneus albabdominalis zhu et al . , 2005 : 508 , f . 3a - e ( d m f ) ."]}
{"id": 664, "summary": [{"text": "elachista antonia is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on crete .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 2.8 \u2013 3.8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewing costa is narrowly dark grey basally , the ground colour consisting of ochreous , slightly darker tipped scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are shorter grey fringe scales distally , forming an indistinct fringe line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "elachista antonia", "paragraphs": ["elachista antonia is a moth of the elachistidae family . it is found on crete .\nantonia\n, a love interest of james t . kirk in star trek 7 ' generations '\nfigures 7\u201312 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 7 and 8 : e . titanella kaila & jalava , \u2642 paratypes ( russia : c . caucasus ) ; fig . 9 : e . antonia sp . n . , \u2642 holotype ; fig . 10 : e . antonia sp . n . , \u2642 paratype ( greece , crete ) ; fig . 11 : e . slivenica sp . n . , \u2642 holotype ; fig . 12 : e . slivenica sp . n . , \u03c8 paratype ( bulgaria , sliven ) .\nfigures 38\u201341 . male genitalia of elachista antonia sp . n . figs . 38 , 39 : general view , 40 , 41 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 38 , 40 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; figs . 39 , 41 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4388 .\nfigures 7 \u2013 12 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 7 and 8 : e . titanella kaila & jalava , \u2642 paratypes ( russia : c . caucasus ) ; fig . 9 : e . antonia sp . n . , \u2642 holotype ; fig . 10 : e . antonia sp . n . , \u2642 paratype ( greece , crete ) ; fig . 11 : e . slivenica sp . n . , \u2642 holotype ; fig . 12 : e . slivenica sp . n . , \u03c8 paratype ( bulgaria , sliven ) .\nfigures 38 \u2013 41 . male genitalia of elachista antonia sp . n . figs . 38 , 39 : general view , 40 , 41 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 38 , 40 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; figs . 39 , 41 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4388 .\nfrey , h . ( 1859 ) das tineen - genus elachista . ein versuch . linnea entomologica , 13 , 172\u2013314 .\nkaila , lauri , 2007 , a taxonomic revision of the elachista bedellella ( sircom ) complex ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , zootaxa 1629 , pp . 1 - 25 : 7 - 9\nkaila , l . ( 1997 ) a revision of the nearctic species of elachista s . l . ii . the argentella group ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . acta zoologica fennica , 206 , 1\u201393 .\ntraugott - olsen , e . ( 1985 ) three new elachista - species & supplement to the description of the five n . sp from sierra nevada . shilap revista de lepidopterologica , 13 , 169\u2013174 .\nfigure 58 . male genitalia of elachista species ( phallus in lateral view ) . a : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3414 ; b : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3340 ; c : e . lugdunensis frey , lectotype , bm 19385 ; d : e . lugdunensis frey ( paratype of e . coeneni traugott - olsen ) , l . kaila prep . 4106 ; e : e . titanella kaila & jalava , paratype , l . kaila prep . 3416 ; f : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4111 ; g : e . antonia sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; h : . . .\nfigure 58 . male genitalia of elachista species ( phallus in lateral view ) . a : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3414 ; b : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 3340 ; c : e . lugdunensis frey , lectotype , bm 19385 ; d : e . lugdunensis frey ( paratype of e . coeneni traugott - olsen ) , l . kaila prep . 4106 ; e : e . titanella kaila & jalava , paratype , l . kaila prep . 3416 ; f : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4111 ; g : e . antonia sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 3258 ; h : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4388 .\nkaila , lauri ( 2007 ) : a taxonomic revision of the elachista bedellella ( sircom ) complex ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) . zootaxa 1629 : 1 - 25 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 179345\nkaila , l . & jalava , j . ( 1994 ) elachista adelpha sp . n . , e . coeneni titanella ssp . n . , and other elachistidae ( lepidoptera ) from north caucasus . entomologica fennica , 5 , 97\u2013102 .\nfigures 60\u201361 . female genitalia of elachista species . fig . 60 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , italy , l . kaila prep . 4346 ; fig . 61 : e . lugdunensis frey , spain , l . kaila prep . 4390 .\nkaila , l . & junnilainen , j . , ( 2002 ) taxonomy and identification of elachista cingillella ( h . - s . ) and its close relatives ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . entomologica fennica , 13 , 167\u2013188 .\nfigures 62\u201363 . female genitalia of elachista species . fig . 62 : e . slivenica sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4721 ; fig . 63 : e . camilla sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4392 .\nfigures 54\u201357 . male genitalia of elachista camilla sp . n . figs . 54 , 55 : general view , 56 , 57 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 54 , 56 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 3341 ; figs . 55 , 57 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4114 .\nfigures 50\u201353 . male genitalia of elachista versicolora sp . n . figs . 50 , 51 : general view , 52 , 53 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 50 , 52 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 4108 ; figs . 51 , 53 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4372 .\nfigures 46\u201349 . male genitalia of elachista dorinda sp . n . figs . 46 , 47 : general view , 48 , 49 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 46 , 48 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 4870 ; figs . 47 , 49 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4872 .\nfigures 34\u201337 . male genitalia of elachista titanella kaila & jalava . figs . 34 , 35 : general view , 36 , 37 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 34 , 36 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 3416 ; figs . 35 , 37 : paratype , l . kaila prep . 4111 .\nfigures 26\u201329 . male genitalia of elachista bedellella ( sircom ) . figs . 26 , 27 : general view , 28 , 29 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 26 , 28 : denmark , l . kaila prep . 3414 ; figs . 27 , 29 : sweden , l . kaila prep . 3340 .\nfigures 42\u201345 . male genitalia of elachista slivenica sp . n . figs . 42 , 43 : general view , 44 , 45 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 42 , 44 : holotype , l . kaila prep . 4268 ; figs . 43 , 45 : paratype , l . kaila prep . n . 4101 .\nfigures 30\u201333 . male genitalia of elachista lugdunensis frey . figs . 30 , 31 : general view , 32 , 33 : juxta in ventral view . figs . 30 , 32 : lectotype , bm 19385 ; figs . 31 , 33 : paratype of e . coeneni traugott - olsen , france , l . kaila prep . 4106 .\nfigures 1\u20136 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 1 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , \u2642 ( italy ) ; fig . 2 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , \u03c8 ( italy ) ; fig . 3 : e . lugdunensis frey , \u2642 lectotype ( germany ) ; fig . 4 : e . lugdunensis frey , \u03c8 ( spain ) ; fig . 5 : e . lugdunensis frey , \u2642 ( france ) ; fig . 6 : e . lugdunensis frey , \u03c8 ( france ) .\nfigures 13\u201318 . external appearance of elachista species . fig . 13 : e . dorinda sp . n . , \u2642 holotype ; fig . 14 : e . dorinda sp . n . , \u2642 paratype ( turkey , konya ) ; fig . 15 : e . versicolora sp . n . , \u2642 holotype ; fig . 16 . e . versicolora sp . n . , \u2642 paratype ( russia , buryatia ) ; fig . 17 : e . camilla sp . n . , \u2642 holotype ; fig . 18 : e . camilla sp . n . , \u03c8 paratype .\nfigures 19\u201325 . male genitalia of elachista species ( juxta in lateral aspect ) . fig . 19 : e . bedellella ( sircom ) , l . kaila prep . 4113 ; fig . 20 : e . lugdunensis ( frey ) , l . kaila prep . 4393 ; fig . 21 : e . titanella kaila & jalava , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4112 ; fig . 22 : e . slivenica sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4386 ; fig . 23 : e . dorinda sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4871 ; e . versicolora sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4109 ; e . camilla sp . . . .\nfigure 59 . male genitalia of elachista species ( phallus in lateral view ) . a : e . slivenica sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 4268 ; b : e . slivenica sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . n . 4101 ; c : e . dorinda sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 4870 ; d : e . dorinda sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4872 ; e : e . versicolora sp . n . , holotype , l . kaila prep . 4108 ; f : e . versicolora sp . n . , paratype , l . kaila prep . 4372 ; g : e . camilla . . .\nholotype , \u010f : greece : w . crete , omalos , 1200 m , 25 . \u2013 30 . v . 2000 m . fibiger , p . svendsen , d . nilsson & a . madsen leg . , l . kaila prep . 3258 ( zmuc\n) . paratypes ( 2 \u010f ) : greece : w . crete , omalos , 1100\u20131200 m , 28 . vii . \u2013 2 . viii . 2001 1 \u010f d . nilsson , a . madsen , m . fibiger & g . jeppesen leg . ( l . kaila prep . 4282 , zmuc\n) ; w . crete , kallergi mts . , 1450\u20131550 m , 28 . \u2013 30 . vii . 2001 1 \u010f d . nilsson , a . madsen , m . fibiger & g . jeppesen leg . ( l . kaila prep . 4388 , mzh\n) . it is distinguished from the other species by the short juxta lobes ( figs . 40 , 41\n) and by the lack of cornutus in the male genitalia ( figs . 58\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlauri kaila finnish museum of natural history , zoological museum , p . o . box 17 , fi - 00014 university of helsinki , finland\nalbrecht , a . & kaila , l . ( 1997 ) variation of wing venation in elachistidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) : methodology and implications to systematics . systematic entomology , 22 , 185\u2013198 .\nherrich - sch\u00e4ffer , g . a . w . ( 1847\u20131855 ) systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa . 399 pp . , 124 pls . , vol . 5 , regensburg .\nkaila , l . ( 1999 ) phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . systematic entomology , 24 , 139\u2013169 .\nkaila , l . ( 2004 ) fauna europaea : elachistidae . fauna europaea : lepidoptera , moths . fauna europaea version 1 . 1 , http : / / www . faunaeur . org .\nkristensen , n . p . ( 2003 ) skeleton and muscles : adults . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) , lepidoptera , moths and butterflies vol . 2 : morphology , physiology , and development . handbuch der zoologie / handbook of zoology iv : arthropoda : insecta , teilband / part 36 . walter de gruyter gmbh . & co . berlin & new york , pp . 39\u2013131 .\nparenti , u . ( 1977 ) revisione degli elachistidi ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) paleartici . iv . le species di elachistidi descritte da h . frey e p . c . zeller . bollettino del museo di zoologia dell\u2019universit\u00e0 di torino , 3 , 19\u201350 .\nparenti , u . & dominguez , m . ( 1995 ) su alcuni elachistidi della penisola iberica . ( lepidoptera , elachistidae ) . bollettino della societa entomologica italiana , 127 , 147\u2013152 .\nsircom , j . ( 1848 ) description of lophoptilus staintoni and microsetia bedellella , two new british moths of the family tineidae . zoologist , 6 , 2037 .\nsvensson , i . ( 1974 ) catalogus insectorum sueciae . vi . microlepidoptera ( 1946 ) . additamenta ii . entomologisk tidskrift , 95 , 151\u2013171 .\ntraugott - olsen , e . & schmidt nielsen , e . ( 1977 ) the elachistidae ( lepidoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark . fauna entomologica scandinavica , vol . 6 , 299 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 30 march 2018 , at 23 : 06 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nwe believe that this request has either come from an unwelcome search engine , from a data grabber , or that an attempt is being made to hack the site . as a result your request has been refused . please email us if you believe that our decision is incorrect .\nwir glauben , dass dieser antrag que entweder von einer unwillkommenen suchmaschine gekommen ist , ab dem zeitpunkt grabber , oder que versuch wird gemacht , die website zu hacken . als ergebnis hat ihre anfrage abgelehnt . bitte mailen sie uns , wenn sie que unsere entscheidung glauben , ist falsch .\ncreemos que esta solicitud ha provenir de un motor de b\u00fasqueda no deseado , desde el capturador de fecha , o que un intento que se est\u00e1 haciendo para hackear el sitio . como resultado de su solicitud ha sido rechazada . por favor , correo electr\u00f3nico si usted cree que nuestra decisi\u00f3n es incorrecta .\nnous croyons que cette demande a soit provenir d ' un moteur de recherche importune , de la date grabber , ou que une tentative est fait pour pirater le site . en cons\u00e9quence votre demande a \u00e9t\u00e9 refus\u00e9e . s ' il vous pla\u00eet nous contacter si vous croyez que notre d\u00e9cision est incorrecte .\ncrediamo que questa richiesta \u00e8 sia venuto da un motore di ricerca sgradita , a partire dalla data grabber , o que un tentativo \u00e8 stato fatto per hackerare il sito . di conseguenza la richiesta \u00e8 stata rifiutata . vi preghiamo di inviarci se si ritiene que la nostra decisione non \u00e8 corretta .\nwij geloven que dit verzoek is ofwel afkomstig uit een onwelkome zoekmachine , vanaf de datum grabber , of que een poging wordt gedaan om de site te hacken . als gevolg van uw verzoek is geweigerd . stuur ons een email als u denkt que onze beslissing onjuist is .\nque acreditamos que este pedido tem ou vir de um motor de busca desejados , a partir de uma data grabber , ou que uma tentativa est\u00e1 sendo feita para invadir o local . como resultado o seu pedido foi recusado . por favor envie - nos se voc\u00ea acredita que nossa decis\u00e3o est\u00e1 incorreta .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr . lauri kaila\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi"]}
{"id": 665, "summary": [{"text": "the philippine long-tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis philippensis ) is a subspecies of the crab-eating macaque , known in various philippine languages as matching/matsing or the more general term unggoy ( \" monkey \" ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is endemic in the philippine forests and woodlands , but especially in the mangrove forests of western central philippines \u2014 particularly in palawan , the visayas , and mindanao .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the names m. f. philippinensis or even m. f. philippinenesis have also been used , but arise from orthographical error . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "philippine long - tailed macaque", "paragraphs": ["here is a video of a young philippine long - tailed macaque in a cage in cebu zoo .\nother names : m . cynomolgus or m . irus ; crab - eating macaque , cynomolgus monkey , kera macaque , or longtail macaque ; macaque crabier or macaque de buffon ( french ) ; macaca cangrejera ( spanish ) ; javaapa or krabbmakak ( swedish ) ; m . f . atriceps : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque ; m . f . aurea : burmese long - tailed macaque ; m . f . condorensis : con song long - tailed macaque ; m . f . fusca : simeulue long - tailed macaque ; m . f . karimondjawae : kemujan long - tailed macaque ; m . f . lasiae : lasia long - tailed macaque ; m . f . philippinensis : philippine long - tailed macaque ; m . f . tua : maratua long - tailed macaque ; m . f . umbrosa : nicobar long - tailed macaque\nthe crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey , philippine monkey and the long - tailed macaque .\nthe long - tailed macaque is also called the crab - eating macaque , or the cynomolgus or ' java ' monkey .\ncrab - eating macaques are also called long - tailed macaques , due to their exceedingly long tails .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque , macaca fascicularis atriceps , the burmese long - tailed macaque , m . f . aureus , the simeulue long - tailed macaque , m . f . fuscus , the kemujan long - tailed macaque , m . f . karimondjawae , the lasia long - tailed macaque , m . f . lasiae , and the maratua long - tailed macaque , m . f . tua , are classified as data deficient ( dd ) , the con song long - tailed macaque , m . f . condorensis , and the nicobar long - tailed macaque , m . f . umbrosa , are classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , the long - tailed macaque , m . f . fascicularis is classified as least concern ( lc ) and the philippine long - tailed macaque , m . f . philippensis , is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nreferred to as the cynomolgus monkey . in its natural environment , the long - tailed macaque is found\nphilippine monkey , gk missionville , iligan city philippines 14th december 2014 . . .\n. it is also called the\nlong - tailed macaque\n, and is referred to as the\ncynomolgus monkey\nin laboratories .\ngumert md , malaivijitnond s . marine prey processed with stone tools by burmese long - tailed macaques (\nin thailand , long - tailed macaques occur in evergreen forests , bamboo forests , and in deciduous forests .\nde ruiter jr , geffen e . relatedness of matrilines , dispersing males and social groups in long - tailed macaques (\nthe philippine long - tailed macaque has a reddish brown coat . its tail has an average length of 50 cm to 60 cm . it can reach a height of 40\u201350 cm ( 16\u201320 in ) . it is the size of a domestic cat . male macaques weigh 4\u20138 kg , but females only attain 3\u20134 kg .\nthe lion - tailed macaque primarily eats fruits , however , it also eats leaves , buds , insects and small vertebrates .\nthe crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) is a primarily arboreal macaque native to southeast asia . it is also called the cynomolgus monkey and the long - tailed macaque . the crab - eating macaque is found in a wide variety of habitats , including primary lowland rainforests , disturbed and secondary rainforests and riverside and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove .\nthere are two subspecies of the japanese macaque monkey , macaca fuscata fuscata and yakushima macaque , macaca fuscata yakui .\nhumans and long - tailed macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times , and tend to both frequent forest and river edge habitats ( 9 ) .\ncite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2006 january 6 . primate factsheets : long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .\nlong - tailed macaques are\necologically diverse .\nsome of the habitats in which they have been found are primary forests , disturbed and secondary forests , and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove . long - tailed macaques live most successfully in disturbed habitats and on the periphery of forests .\nthe philippine long - tailed macaque is found on all major philippine islands ( luzon , visayas , mindanao ) . however , though assessed near threatened , it is actually in serious retreat or already extinct in much of its original range . [ citation needed ] for instance , in olongapo in zambales province ( western central luzon ) , where a patch of old - growth forest remains , the monkeys have found some refuge ; [ citation needed ] however , they are often road killed , accidentally electrocuted by live wires , and sometimes stoned .\nthe celebes crested macaque ( macaca nigra ) is also known as the crested black macaque , sulawesi crested macaque , or the black \u2018ape\u2019 . the celebes crested macaque lives in the northeast of the indonesian island of sulawesi ( celebes ) as well as on smaller neighbouring islands .\n] , we found long - tailed macaques from the philippines clustering within the borneo clade . since the bornean individual , which is most closely related to the philippine specimens , is from the furthest east of borneo ( sabah , tawau hill park ) , this branching pattern fosters the previously proposed hypothesis of a colonization of the philippines via borneo [\nthis species has the highest degree of arboreality of all macaque species . one study of long - tailed macaque behavior reported that they never came to the ground except within 5 m of the edge of a river near their tree . the population densities of this diurnal species vary from 10 to 400 per squared kilometer .\nthere are nine national parks , nine reserves , and two sanctuaries in which some long - tailed macaques reside . regardless of the type of habitat , there must be at least 500 squared kilometers of habitat necessary to support a viable population of 5 , 000 long - tailed macaques . this is the minimum size for a reserve for this species .\nsmith dg , ng j , george d , trask js , houghton p , singh b , et al . a genetic comparison of two alleged subspecies of philippine cynomolgus macaques .\nthe booted macaque is an omnivore and feeds on figs , buds , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of the booted macaque that are recognized : macaca ochreata ochreata and muna - buton macaque , macaca ochreata brunnescens .\n\u200b ecological role with a largely seasonally fruit - based diet , long - tailed macaques play an important role in seed dispersal\u2014both through their feces and transporting seeds stuck in their fur .\nthe booted macaque ( macaca ochreata ) is a macaque of the sulawesi island , indonesia . the booted macaque monkey is diurnal ( active during the daytime ) and spends most of the day in the trees . they can grow to a length of 50 \u2013 59 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 \u2013 40 centimetres .\nconditions at nafovanny\n, video produced by the british union for the abolition of vivisection following an undercover investigation at a captive - breeding facility for long - tailed macaques in vietnam .\nabdul - latiff mab , ruslin f , fui vv , abu mh , rovie - ryan jj , abdul - patah p , et al . phylogenetic relationships of malaysia\u2019s long - tailed macaques ,\ntroops of the toque macaque are a common sight in the cultural triangle , where many ancient temples are situated , hence earning them the nick name of \u2018temple monkey\u2019 . the other two subspecies of toque macaque that have been described are dryzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica sinica ) and wetzone toque macaque ( macaca sinica aurifrons ) .\n[ 0095 ] shimizu et al . ( 2003 ) , in vitro aging of macaque adherent cells : similar pattern of cellular aging between human and macaque ( pubmed )\nthe crab - eating macaque has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque due to its tail , which is often longer than its body . the name crab - eating macaque refers to its being often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means dog - skin or dog - hide monkey ; this name is commonly used in laboratory settings .\nthe tibetan macaque ( macaca thibetana ) , also known as milne - edwards\u2019 macaque , is found in china , tibet and vietnam . the tibetan macaque lives in subtropical forests either mixed deciduous or evergreen at altitude that range from 800 to 2000 metres .\nlong - tailed macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in southeast asia . consequently , people and long - tailed macaques live together in many locations . some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs , such as the temples of bali in indonesia , thailand , and cambodia , while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space .\nlong - tailed macaques are listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) to help ensure that conservation efforts continue in their favor . they are listed in schedule 1 , part 1 , of the indian wildlife protection act . long - tailed macaques naturally occur in many protected areas , but efforts to assess their current population status is drastically needed .\nroos c , zinner d . diversity and evolutionary history of macaques which special focus on rhesus and long - tailed macaques . in : bl\u00fcmel j , korte s , schenck e , weinbauer gf , editors .\nthe lion - tailed macaque ( macaca silenus ) is an old world monkey that lives only in the western ghats of south india . the skin of the lion - tailed macaque is dark - brown or black and its most outstanding characteristic is the silver - white mane which surrounds the head from the cheeks down to its chin , which gives this monkey its german name of beard ape .\nthe lion - tailed macaque monkeys hairless face is black in colour . the lion - tailed macaque monkey has a head - to - tail length of 45 to 60 centimetres and a weight of 3 to 10 kilograms and is one of the smaller macaques . their tail is medium length and measures around 25 centimetres and has a black tuft at the end , similar to a lions tail .\nthese macaques are primarily arboreal and can leap distances between trees up to five meters ( 16 . 4 ft ) , using their long tails for balance ( rodman 1991 ; rowe 1996 ) . long - tailed macaques move quadrupedally through the canopy and spend some amount of time on the ground ( rodman 1991 ) .\ngumert , md , fuentes a , jones - engel , l . ( 2011 ) . monkeys on the edge : ecology and management of long - tailed macaques and their interface with humans . cambridge university press .\nthe bonnet macaque ( macaca radiata ) is a macaque that resides in india . the bonnet macaque is a diurnal monkey which means it is mostly active during the daytime . bonnet macaques are around 35 \u2013 60 centimetres long plus a tail of 35 \u2013 68 centimetres . male bonnet macaques weigh 5 . 5 to 9 kilograms and females 3 . 5 to 4 . 5 kilograms .\nthe tibetan macaque monkey has a long dense brown fur with whiskers but a hairless face . the infants have silver and black fur that changes to its adult colour at the age of 2 years .\ngiven the long history of humans and macaques living together in se asia , it is likely the latter .\nthe common name of this animal varies . it is commonly referred to as the long - tailed macaque because the tail of this macaque is usually about the same length as its body and because its long tail distinguishes it from most other macaques . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgous monkey , which literally means\ndog - milker\nmonkey , which is the name most commonly used for these animals in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are generically known as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger (\nkrra ! krra !\n) .\nin addition , long - tailed macaques are one of the most - used primate species in biomedical and pharmaceutical research , as well as other types of scientific research , such as space flight tests . they are a resilient species that can endure and survive pretty horrific conditions . the use of long - tailed macaques and other nonhuman primates in experimentation is controversial with critics charging that the experiments are cruel and result in potentially inaccurate and / or useless findings .\nthis species has been observed drinking much water and eating crabs , they often live near bodies of water . of the various habitats occupied by long - tailed macaques , the swamp forests seem to have the highest density of them .\nthe life span of the tibetan macaque is over 20 years . there are four recognized subspecies of this macaque , macaca thibetana thibetana , macaca thibetana esau , macaca thibetana guiahouensis and macaca thibetana huangshanensis .\nthe celebes crested macaques skin and hairless face is , with the exception of some white hair in the shoulder range , entirely black . the celebes crested macaque monkey has a long muzzle with high cheeks and the long hair tuft , or crest , at the top side of the head . their tail is only 2 centimetres of stub . with a total body length of 45 to 60 centimetres and a weight of 7 to 10 kilograms , it is one of the smaller macaque species . the celebes crested macaque is a diurnal rainforest dweller .\ninformation on the crab - eating macaque is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nin thailand and myanmar , long - tailed macaques use stone tools to open nuts , oysters , other bivalves , and various types of sea snails ( nerites , muricids , trochids , etc . ) along the andaman sea coast and offshore islands .\nsmith dg , mcdonough jw , george da . mitochondrial dna variation within and among regional populations of long - tail macaques (\nlong - tailed macaques receive some protection in temple ruins in thailand and protection and food in temples in bali . in malaysia , long - tailed macaques are legally protected , and they are fed and protected in urban forests and parks . in the philippines , there is much interest in protecting this species . in indonesia , the species is well - protected , but some of the reserves are being considered for oil drilling and harvesting . some people in bali , in fact , consider these primates to be sacred . this may increase the chances of their survival in these reserves . in thailand , long - tailed macaques may be hunted , captured , or kept in captivity only under license . the export of this species is regulated by a quota system .\nlong - tailed macaques are unique among other non - human primates because of their ability to show learned or cultural behavior . this cultural behavior was observed in the preparation of food by long - tailed macaques . on one occasion , an adult female dipped a piece of fruit into a river and then she consumed it . it was proposed that perhaps the female was cleaning sand off the fruit . scientists investigated this further on other individuals who showed this behavior . some of the macaques washed sandy fruit in the river , but some of them also washed fruit the scientists had cleaned prior to distributing them . there were also long - tailed macaques that simply ate the cleaned fruits without washing them . the controversy of what cultural behavior means is still being researched .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\ncommunication long - tailed macaques have an extensive array of communication calls . there are very clear differences between friendly calls and calls of warning , aggression , or anger . they also use non - verbal cues , such as baring their teeth to display submission . \u200b\nthe objective of this study is to shed more light on the phylogeny of m . f . fascicularis , the most widespread subspecies of the long - tailed macaques , occurring on the southeast asian mainland and sundaland islands , including parts of the philippines and east as far as timor . therefore , we generated complete mitochondrial ( mtdna ) genomes from 40 long - tailed macaque individuals either by traditional polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) amplification followed by sanger sequencing or by dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing . we expect that the analysis of complete mtdna genomes provides a better resolution of phylogenetic relationships among lineages than only short mtdna fragments .\nthe moor macaque ( macaca maura ) is an macaque with brown / black body fur with a pale rump patch and pink bare skin on the rump . it is about 50 \u2013 58 . 5 centimetres in length . the moor macaque monkey eats figs , bamboo seeds , buds , sprouts , invertebrates and cereals in tropical rainforests .\nthis animal has several common names . it is often referred to as the long - tailed macaque because its tail is usually about the same length as its body and because its long tail distinguishes it from most other macaques . the species is also commonly known as the crab - eating macaque because they are often seen foraging beaches for crabs . another common name for m . fascicularis is the cynomolgus monkey , which literally means\ndog - milker\nmonkey ; this is the name most commonly used in laboratory settings . in indonesia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of the high - pitched alarm calls they give when in danger (\nkrra ! krra !\n) .\nthe rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) , often called the rhesus monkey , is one of the best known species of old world monkeys . it is a typical macaque , common throughout afghanistan to northern india and southern china .\nas a result of sharing its environment with humans , this macaque had the opportunity to steal an asthma inhaler .\n] . this ancient hybridization ( gene flow ) most likely occurred unidirectional ( male - mediated ) , from rhesus into long - tailed macaques and not vice versa , i . e . analyses of maternally inherited markers such as mitochondria will not resolve the question of hybridization [\nthe moor macaque is sometimes called dog - ape because of its dog - like muzzles , although they are no more closely related to apes than any other old world monkey . the moor macaque inhabits only sulawesi ( indonesia ) .\nthe body fur of long - tailed macaques tends to be grey - brown to reddish brown . these colors are always paler ventrally . the face is brownish - grey with cheek whiskers . the eyes are directed forward for binocular vision . the nose is flat and the nostrils are narrow and close together ( catarrhine condition ) . long - tailed macaques have shovel - shaped incisors , conspicuous canines , and bilophodont molars . the tooth formula is i 2 / 2 , c 1 / 1 , pm 2 / 2 , and m 3 / 3 .\nkawamoto y , ischak tm , supriatna j . genetic variations within and between troops of the crab - eating macaque (\ngumert , md ; kluck , m . , malaivijitnond , s . ( 2009 ) .\nthe physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long - tailed macaques in the andaman sea region of thailand\n. american journal of primatology 71 : 594\u2013608 .\na diverse range of habitats . these primates are extremely adaptable and can thrive in a wide variety of conditions . some examples include coastal forests , mixed mangrove swamps , freshwater swamps , scrub grasslands , evergreen forests , bamboo forests , deciduous forests , and human settlements . the long - tailed macaque has also been introduced to several areas outside of their native range , including china and the island of mauritius .\nlong - tailed macaques ( macaca fascicularis ) are an important model species in biomedical research and reliable knowledge about their evolutionary history is essential for biomedical inferences . ten subspecies have been recognized , of which most are restricted to small islands of southeast asia . in contrast , the common long - tailed macaque ( m . f . fascicularis ) is distributed over large parts of the southeast asian mainland and the sundaland region . to shed more light on the phylogeny of m . f . fascicularis , we sequenced complete mitochondrial ( mtdna ) genomes of 40 individuals from all over the taxon\u2019s range , either by classical pcr - amplification and sanger sequencing or by dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing .\nalthough there are some sanctuaries for long - tailed macaques , hunting is still a problem . in thailand and borneo , they are hunted for food . this species is also killed because it is a pest to agriculture . the fact that these macaques destroy crops has prevented some governments from making serious conservation efforts . long - tailed macaques are collected for medical research . they are one of the five most used primate species in medical research . many of these macaques were exported to the united states and great britian . habitat loss in these organisms is occurring due to extensive logging operations .\nin recent years , habitat alteration has expanded the range of some populations of long - tailed macaques . in malaysia , cleared land , such as plantation areas , has been colonized by this species . it has been observed that some disturbed habitats have higher troop and population sizes than some pristine forests .\nlong - tailed macaques , along with other species of macaques , have benefited humans through their use as research models in immunology , surgery , toxicology , and pharmacology . they are also important members of ecosystems and may serve as a basis for ecotourism ventures . they are sometimes still hunted for food .\nlong - tailed macaques have been known to feed in cultivated fields on such items as young dry rice , cassava leaves , rubber fruit , taro plants , and other crops . they also take food from graveyards , garbage cans , and garbage pits . they have also become involved in aggresive interactions with people .\ntosi aj , morales jc , melnick dj . comparison of y chromosome and mtdna phylogenies leads to unique inferences of macaque evolutionary history .\nthe crab - eating macaque monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some hindu temples and on some small islands .\nthe toque macaque ( macaca sinica ) is a reddish - brown coloured old world monkey endemic to sri lanka . the toque macaque monkey lives in troops which contain up to 20 individuals . this species of monkey is a full species , however , it has developed into three subspecies .\nsize , weight , and lifespan long - tailed macaques have an average lifespan of 15 - 30 years , with longer lifespans documented in captivity . their body length measures about 15 - 18 . 5 in ( 40 - 47 cm ) . they earn their name from their remarkably long tail , which is longer than their full body length , typically adding about another 19 - 23 . 5 in ( 50 - 60 cm ) . males are much larger in size than females , weighing 10 . 5 - 15 . 5 lbs ( 4 . 8 - 7 kg ) , whereas females weigh 6 . 5 - 8 . 5 lbs ( 3 - 4 kg ) . appearance long - tailed macaques have gray - brown fur , and their outer fur is darker than their bellies . at birth , their fur is much darker , almost black in color , and it becomes lighter as they mature . males are distinguished by their unique mustache , whereas females have a beard . both sexes have cheek whiskers , as well as cheek pouches for storing food . their long tail not only gives them their name , but also helps to aid in balance when jumping long distances .\nin indonesia and malaysia , m . fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera , possibly because of their high - pitched cries .\nthe japanese macaque can develop different accents , like humans . it was found that macaques in areas separated by only a couple hundred miles can have very different pitches in their calls , their form of communication . the japanese macaque is classified as data deficient by the 2000 iucn red list .\nbonhomme m , cuartero s , blancher a , crouau - roy b . assessing natural introgression in 2 biomedical model species , the rhesus macaque (\nlong - tailed macaques are omnivores , and exploit many different food types , reflecting the diversity of habitats they can utilize . the average length of feeding bouts is 18 . 3 minutes . there may be on average of twenty bouts per day . they eat a wide variety of foods such as fruits , crabs , flowers , insects , leaves , fungi , grasses , and clay . clay may be eaten for the potassium found in it , although the potassium levels in the clay are low . however , 96 % of the feeding time per day is spent eating fruit . some limited observations suggest that long - tailed macaques select fruit based on ripeness , which is based on color .\nthe bonnet macaque monkey has a life span of more than 30 years . the bonnet macaque is an omnivore and feeds on fruits , nuts , seeds , flowers , invertebrates and cereals . there are two subspecies of bonnet macaques which have been identified : macaca radiata radiata and macaca radiata diluta .\n[ 0945 ] aizawa et al . ( 2009 ) , age - dependent alteration in hippocampal neurogenesis correlates with learning performance of macaque monkeys ( pubmed )\nthe japanese macaque feeds on seeds , roots , buds , fruit , invertebrates , berries , leaves , birds eggs , fungi , bark and cereals .\nultrametric tree showing phylogenetic relationships and divergence ages among macaques as calculated from complete mtdna genome sequences ( relationships among non - macaque taxa not shown ) .\ntosi aj , morales jc , melnick dj . paternal , maternal , and biparental molecular markers provide unique windows onto the evolutionary history of macaque monkeys .\nthe body length , not including the tail , is 40 to 47 cm . the greyish - brown or reddish colored tail is 50 to 60 cm . long - tailed macaques exhibit sexual dimorphism in size . the average weight for males is 4 . 8 to 7 kg and 3 to 4 kg for females , approximately 69 % of average male weight .\neach subspecies faces differing levels of threats , and too little information is available on some subspecies to assess their conditions . the m . f . umbrosa subspecies is likely of important biological significance and has been recommended as a candidate for protection in the nicobar islands , where its small , native population has been seriously fragmented , and is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list . the philippine long - tailed macaque ( m . f . philippensis ) is listed as near threatened , and m . f . condorensis is vulnerable . all other subspecies are listed as data deficient and need further study ; although recent work is showing m . f . aurea and m . f . karimondjawae need increased protection . one concern for conservation is , in areas where m . fascicularis is not native , their populations need to be monitored and managed to reduce their impact on native flora and fauna .\nthe barbary macaque ( macaca sylvanus ) is found in the atlas mountains of algeria and morocco and possibly in gibraltar . the barbary macaque monkey is one of the best - known old world monkey species . they live freely in europe . although referred to as the barbary ape , it is a true monkey .\nthe japanese macaque lives in troops 20 \u2013 100 individuals consisting of many females and several males . on average , females outnumber males by 3 to 1 .\n) , form a monophyletic clade and separated from the borneo / philippines clade 0 . 61 ( 0 . 47 - 0 . 75 ) ma . the philippine individual is nested within the borneo clade and specifically clusters with an individual from sabah ( id : 41 ) ; they diverged from each other 0 . 21 ( 0 . 15 - 0 . 28 ) ma .\nthe moor macaque is endangered mostly due to habitat loss from an expanding human population and deforestation to increase agricultural land area . it is estimated that only 1000 moor macaques are left in sulawesi . because several sulawesi macaque species are endangered , information on ecology and behaviour is essential and conservation management plans are being designed .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis )\ntitle =\narkive species - crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\neudey , ardith ( 2008 ) .\nthe crab - eating macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) widespread and rapidly declining .\n. primate conservation 23 : 129\u2013132 .\nfemale long - tailed macaques show a conspicuous cyclicity of sexual behavior during their menstrual cycle . as they approach ovulation , females experience a swelling of the skin in the perineal region . however , there has been no direct correlation between the frequency of copulation and the degree of swelling of genital tissues . this concealment of ovulation could exist in order to persuade consorting males to stay with females longer .\nthe barbary macaque is a diurnal monkey , dividing its time more or less equally between arboreal and terrestrial territory . mostly herbivorous , they feed on leaves , roots and fruit , however , they will also eat insects . by day , the barbary macaque patrols a territory which may cover several square kilometres where it peacefully co - exists with other primate species . they share water holes without quarrel . the barbary macaque moves about energetically on all fours , occasionally rising on its hind limbs to survey for threats .\nlong - tailed macaques live in multi - male and multi - female groups of 6 to 58 individuals . the number of individuals in a group is relative to the potential threats in the area . larger groups provide protection in areas with higher risk of predation , but may also result in greater competition for fruit and other resources . when appropriate , they split up into smaller foraging groups to help avoid competition .\nblancher a , bonhomme m , crouau - roy b , terao k , kitano t , saitou n . mitochondrial dna sequence phylogeny of 4 populations of the widely distributed cynomolgus macaque (\nlong - tailed macaques are classified as least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn , 2008 ) . the greatest threat to their survival is habitat loss as a result of human activity , such as logging operations . as they lose habitat , they are forced onto agricultural land to find food . their feeding activity jeopardizes the farmers\u2019 yield and they are considered pests . they are beaten and / or killed for crop - raiding .\nthe lion - tailed macaque ranks among the rarest and most threatened primates . according to estimations of the iucn , only approximately 2 , 500 of these monkeys live scattered over several areas in southwest india . the destruction of their habitat and the fact that they avoid human proximity , has led to the drastic decrease of their population . many zoos take part in breeding programs which help to secure the survival of this species .\nthe japanese macaque ( macaca fuscata ) , is also known as the snow monkey . it is a terrestrial old world monkey species native to northern japan although a troop has been identified living in texas since 1972 . the japanese macaque monkey is the most northern - living non - human primate . individuals have brown - grey fur , a red face , hands and bottom and a short tail .\nthe japanese macaque has a body length ranging from 79 to 95 centimetres , with a tail length of approximately 10 centimetres . males weigh from 10 to 14 kilograms , females , around 5 . 5 kilograms . the japanese macaque can survive winter temperatures below - 15 \u00b0c ( 5\u00b0 f ) and is perhaps most famous for the amount of time it spends relaxing in naturally heated volcanic hot springs .\nthe females have a rigid hierarchy with infants inheriting their mother\u2019s rank . female gestation period is 173 days , females bear only one young , which weighs about 500 grams at birth . the japanese macaque has an average life span of 30 years . the japanese macaque is very smart . it is the only animal other than humans and raccoons that is known to wash its food before eating it .\nthe lion - tailed macaque is a diurnal rainforest dweller . they are good climbers and spend most of their life in the trees . unlike other macaques , it avoids humans . in group behaviour , it is much like other macaques as it lives in hierarchical groups of usually 10 to 20 individuals , which consist of some males and many females . it is a territorial animal , defending its area first with loud cries towards the invading troops .\nalthough the species is ecologically well - adapted and poses no threat to population stability of prey species in its native range , in areas where the crab - eating macaque is not native , it can pose a substantial threat to biodiversity . some believe the crab - eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds by threatening critical breeding areas as well as eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds .\nrhesus macaques have a life span of about 25 years . inhabiting arid , open areas , the rhesus macaque may be found in grasslands , woodlands and in mountainous regions up to 2 , 500 metres in elevation . rhesus macaques are good swimmers and they enjoy this activity . the rhesus macaque is noted for its tendency to move from rural to urban areas , coming to rely on handouts or refuse from humans .\nyan g , zhang g , fang x , zhang y , li c , ling f , et al . genome sequencing and comparison of two nonhuman primate animal models , the cynomolgus and chinese rhesus macaque .\nlong - tailed macaques sleep in trees along the river and are particular about choosing their roosting sites . each group sleeps in its own tree and individuals huddle together when they sleep to maintain body temperature . they sleep toward the edge of the branches near the top or crown of the tree and preferentially choose branches that overhang the river ( van schaik et al . 1996 ) . long - tailed macaques are excellent swimmers , and this may be a predator avoidance technique : if they are threatened , they simply can escape by dropping to the water and swimming to safety ( rowe 1996 ; van schaik et al . 1996 ) . some predators include pythons , monitor lizards , raptors , large cats , and , in some areas , feral dogs . ( palombit 1992 ; van noordwijk & van schaik 1999 ) . the felid predation risk is so strong in some parts of their range that there is a discernible effect on social structure and group size ( van schaik & van noordwijk 1985 ) .\nthe barbary macaque is yellowish - brown to grey with lighter undersides . the barbary macaque grows to a maximum size of 75 centimetres ( 30 inches ) and weighs 13 kilograms ( 29 pounds ) . their faces are a dark pink colour and their tails are functionless . the barbary macaques front limbs are longer than its hind limbs . females are somewhat smaller than males . they inhabit forests of cedar , pine and oak .\nthe japanese macaque is diurnal and spends most of its time in forests . it lives in a variety of forest - types , including subtropical to subalpine , deciduous , broadleaf and evergreen forests , below 1500 metres .\n\u200b diet long - tailed macaques are opportunistic omnivores . they select fruit to eat based on its color , which indicates when the fruit is ripe . although they prefer fruit , they eat many different types of food in its absence . in habitats that are near water , they may eat small crabs . because of this , they are also known as crab - eating macaques . in some areas of the world , they are no longer afraid of humans and have become comfortable taking food from people , both passively and assertively .\nit is clear that the long - tailed macaques have one thing in mind : survival . they are extremely successful at adapting to different lifestyles . as arboreal creatures\u2014which means they have adapted to living primarily or exclusively in trees\u2014they may sleep towards the very end of tree branches , and sometimes dangle high above water for a quick get - away from predators . they are known for using tools , such as stones , to help crack open nuts or snails , and they wash food in water or , when water is not available , rub it clean\nwe are grateful to the bavarian state collection of zoology , covance inc . and the german primate center for providing valuable long - tailed macaque samples , as well as to the universiti kebangsaan malaysia , the department of wildlife and national parks ( perhilitan ) , the sarawak forest department , the sabah wildlife department and sabak parks for sharing fecal samples . this research was financially supported by the german primate center and by grants to badrul munir md - zain ( frgs / 1 / 2012 / stwn10 / ukm / 02 / 3 , dlp - 2013 - 006 , ergs / 1 / 2013 / stwn10 / ukm / 02 / 1 ) . we further thank sabine hutschenreuther , christiane schwarz , nico westphal and jens gruber for support during sample collection , laboratory work or data analysis .\ngrooming and support in conflict among primates is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism . in crab - eating macaques , an experiment was performed in which individuals were given the opportunity to groom one another under three conditions : after being groomed by the other , after grooming the other , and without prior grooming . after a grooming took place , the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support its groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual . these results support the reciprocal altruism theory of grooming in long - tailed macaques .\nacross much of the range , the major threat to the species is hunting . in mainland southeast asia , such as in cambodia and viet nam , females are taken into breeding facilities and males are exported internationally primarily for use in laboratory research . a potential related issue is the release of confiscated long - tailed macaques from the border area of viet nam and china ( which is where most of the current international trade is being recorded ) into the native range of other macaque species . in the philippines , the species is subject to a high level of hunting , where it is taken for local consumption and hunted for sport . it is also persecuted as a pest . habitat loss is also a localised threat , but the species can persist in a variety of habitats and very adaptable .\nfemale gestation is approximately 6 months . the young are nursed for one year . sexual maturity is reached at 4 years for females , 6 years for males . the lion - tailed macaques life span in the wild is approximately 20 years , while in captivity up to 30 years .\na diurnal animal , the rhesus macaque is both arboreal and terrestrial . the rhesus macaque is an omnivore and feeds on leaves and pine needles , roots and the occasional insect or small animal . they have specialized pouch - like cheeks , allowing them to temporarily store their food . the gathered morsels are eaten sometime later , in safe surroundings . troops may contain up to 180 individuals , however 20 is normally the average . females may outnumber the males by a ratio of 4 to 1 .\nthe tibetan macaques diet consists mostly of fruit , however , it will also consume seeds , leaves , berries and flowers as well as invertebrates . the tibetan macaque is a gregarious animal and lives in multi - male and multi - female groups .\nbranched off first , 6 . 10 ( 5 . 23 - 6 . 92 ) ma . the remaining , solely asian macaque species , diverged into two clades 5 . 49 ( 4 . 69 - 6 . 34 ) ma , one comprising\nfor phylogenetic reconstructions , we expanded our dataset with additional mtdna genome sequences from macaque and non - macaque taxa derived from genbank . the dataset comprised 60 mtdna genomes including 43 m . fascicularis individuals ( 3 from genbank including id : 3 ) , at least one representative of the other six macaque species groups ( 2 m . sylvanus , 1 m . arctoides , 3 m . mulatta , 2 m . thibetana , 1 m . tonkeana , 1 m . silenus ) and various outgroup taxa ( 1 theropithecus gelada , 1 papio hamadryas , 1 chlorocebus pygerythrus , 1 colobus guereza , 1 pongo abelii , 1 pan troglodytes , 1 homo sapiens ) . for detailed sample information and genbank accession numbers see additional file 2 : table s2 .\ngumert , michael d . ( december 2007 ) .\npayment for sex in a macaque mating market\n. animal behavior 74 ( 6 ) : 1655\u20131667 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . anbehav . 2007 . 03 . 009 .\nlong - tailed macaques live in primary , secondary , coastal , mangrove , swamp , and riverine forests from sea level up to elevations of 2000 m ( 6561 ft ) ( rowe 1996 ; supriatna et al . 1996 ) . they prefer forested areas near water and are found in higher densities near riverbanks , lakeshores , or along the seacoast ( van schaik et al . 1996 ) . they preferentially utilize secondary forest , especially if it borders human settlement , where they have access to gardens and farms to crop - raid ( crockett & wilson 1980 ; sussman & tattersall 1986 ) .\nthe celebes crested macaque is an omnivore , 70 % of its diet consists of fruits , however , it also consumes leaves , buds , seeds , fungus , birds and bird eggs , insects ( such as caterpillars ) and the occasional small lizard or frog .\nlong - tailed macaques live in multi - male groups consisting of about thirty members . at sexual maturity , males leave their natal group , and join either bachelor groups or new social groups . since males leave the natal group , they are subject to more predation , disease , and injury thna are females . once a male finds another group in which to reside , he may replace some of the existing high - ranking males . male replacement itself is a process in which a foreign male adult successfully takes over a resident male ' s harem position . these events are highly aggressive activites , and the participating adults are usually injured .\nthe celebes crested macaques life span is approximately 20 years . the total population of the macaque on sulawesi is estimated at 4 , 000 \u2013 6 , 000 , while a booming population of up to 100 , 000 monkeys are found on bacan , an island in indonesia .\n, can also infect humans . a few cases have been documented in human , but for how long humans have been getting infections of this malarial strain is unknown . it is , therefore , not possible to assess if this is a newly emerging health threat , or if just newly discovered due to improved malarial detection techniques .\nlong - tailed macaques are found in tropical rain forests characterized by warm , humid climate and heavy seasonal rainfall ( supriatna et al . 1996 ; umapathy et al . 2003 ) . the rainy season in southeast asia lasts from about september to may , with average monthly rainfall between 140 and 300 mm ( 5 . 5 and 11 . 8 in ) and with less rainfall from june through august or september ( lucas & corlett 1991 ; yeager 1996 ; umapathy et al . 2003 ) . annual rainfall ranges between 2100 and 4500 mm ( 6 . 89 to 14 . 8 ft ) per year ( cannon & leighton 1994 ; melisch & dirgayusa 1996 ) .\nboth applied laboratory methods have proven to be powerful to generate complete mtdna genome data with similarly high accuracy , with the dna - capture and high - throughput sequencing approach as the most promising and only practical option to obtain such data from highly degraded dna , fast and relatively cheap . our study provides new insights into the evolutionary history of m . f . fascicularis , most prominent we obtained first evidence for the presence of haplotypes in north sumatra that are related to asian mainland haplotypes and the clearly distinct and phylogenetically old timor clade . however , to fully resolve the phylogeny of long - tailed macaques , to identify their origin and the dispersal routes leading to their current distribution , to assess their full genetic diversity and to explore to which extent secondary gene flow occurred between local populations , it is fundamental to include further m . f . fascicularis populations from throughout their range into future studies . in these studies both , mitochondrial and a large number of nuclear loci , should be analyzed . moreover , to fully understand the evolutionary history of the species , the other subspecies of m . fascicularis should be incorporated in such studies as well . since long - tailed macaques are an important model species in biomedical research and considering intra - specific variation in genetics , physiology and behavior , more attention should be paid to the selection of study specimens .\nthe crab - eating macaque has the third - largest range of any primate species , behind only humans and rhesus macaques . the iucn red list categorizes the species as least concern , and cites lists them as appendix ii (\nnot necessarily threatened with extinction\n, in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival ) . a recent review of their populations suggests a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human - macaque conflict , which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed .\nif you love photography as much as we do please help ! a small donation can go a long way allowing us to make this site even better ! ! if you have any additional historical information about any of the photo ' s featured on our website please email me so we can add more information . this webpage was updated september 06 , 2014\nthe native range of the crab - eating macaque includes most of mainland southeast asia , including the malay archipelago islands of sumatra , java and borneo , the islands of the philippines and the nicobar islands in the bay of bengal . although this monkey is often referred to as the crab - eating macaque , its diet is by no means limited to crabs . other food items are in fact far more common . they are an opportunistic feeding omnivore , meaning they can and will eat a wide variety of animals , plants and other materials , it also eats leaves , flowers , roots and bark . it also preys on bird chicks and nesting female birds , lizards , frogs , fishes and bird eggs .\nboth laboratory approaches yielded complete mtdna genomes from m . f . fascicularis with high accuracy and / or coverage . according to our phylogenetic reconstructions , m . f . fascicularis initially diverged into two clades 1 . 70 million years ago ( ma ) , with one including haplotypes from mainland southeast asia , the malay peninsula and north sumatra ( clade a ) and the other , haplotypes from the islands of bangka , java , borneo , timor , and the philippines ( clade b ) . the three geographical populations of clade a appear as paraphyletic groups , while local populations of clade b form monophyletic clades with the exception of a philippine individual which is nested within the borneo clade . further , in clade b the branching pattern among main clades / lineages remains largely unresolved , most likely due to their relatively rapid diversification 0 . 93 - 0 . 84 ma .\nadult males measure approximately 53 centimetres on average and weigh an average of 7 . 7 kilograms . females are smaller , averaging 47 centimetres in length and 5 . 3 kilograms in weight . rhesus macaque monkeys are brown or grey in colour and have pink faces which are typically bereft of fur . rhesus macaques tails are of medium length and average between 20 and 22 centimetres .\nlists them as appendix ii (\nnot necessarily threatened with extinction\n, in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival ) . a recent review of their populations suggests there is a need for better monitoring of populations due to increased wild trade and rising levels of human - macaque conflict , which are reducing overall population levels despite the species being widely distributed .\nour results concerning the phylogenetic relationships among macaque and non - macaque taxa and estimated divergence ages are largely in line with previous molecular studies [ 5 , 7 , 10 , 19 , 43 - 48 ] . for the phylogenetic relationships among m . fascicularis haplotypes , we obtained higher statistical support for most nodes in our tree , as compared to earlier mtdna studies which used only fragments of the mtdna genome [ 5 , 7 , 17 - 20 , 22 ] . nevertheless , some nodes in our study are still missing significant statistical support , thus leaving some phylogenetic relationships , in particular those between populations from timor , java , mauritius and bangka / borneo / philippines , unresolved . such results are common when clades or lineages diverged within a short time period [ 42 , 48 - 52 ] ."]}
{"id": 666, "summary": [{"text": "the crosse 's shrew ( crocidura crossei ) is a species of mammal in the family soricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in benin , cameroon , ivory coast , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone , and togo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "crosse ' s shrew", "paragraphs": ["arizona shrew ( s . arizonae ) \u2022 zacatecas shrew ( s . emarginatus ) \u2022 merriam ' s shrew ( s . merriami ) \u2022 kashmir pygmy shrew ( s . planiceps ) \u2022 saussure ' s shrew ( s . saussurei ) \u2022 sclater ' s shrew ( s . sclateri ) \u2022 san cristobal shrew ( s . stizodon ) \u2022 tibetan shrew ( s . thibetanus ) \u2022 trowbridge ' s shrew ( s . trowbridgii ) \u2022 chestnut - bellied shrew ( s . ventralis ) \u2022 veracruz shrew ( s . veraecrucis )\ns . akaibei \u2022 cameroonian forest shrew ( s . cameruniensis ) \u2022 grant ' s forest shrew ( s . granti ) \u2022 howell ' s forest shrew ( s . howelli ) \u2022 bioko forest shrew ( s . isabellae ) \u2022 johnston ' s forest shrew ( s . johnstoni ) \u2022 kongana shrew ( s . konganensis ) \u2022 moon forest shrew ( s . lunaris ) \u2022 mount cameroon forest shrew ( s . morio ) \u2022 greater forest shrew ( s . ollula ) \u2022 lesser forest shrew ( s . oriundus ) \u2022 rain forest shrew ( s . pluvialis ) \u2022 volcano shrew ( s . vulcanorum )\ntaita shrew ( s . aequatorius ) \u2022 black shrew ( s . ater ) \u2022 day ' s shrew ( s . dayi ) \u2022 etruscan shrew ( s . etruscus ) \u2022 sri lankan shrew ( s . fellowesgordoni ) \u2022 bornean pygmy shrew ( s . hosei ) \u2022 least dwarf shrew ( s . infinitesimus ) \u2022 greater dwarf shrew ( s . lixus ) \u2022 madagascan pygmy shrew ( s . madagascariensis ) \u2022 malayan pygmy shrew ( s . malayanus ) \u2022 climbing shrew ( s . megalura ) \u2022 flores shrew ( s . mertensi ) \u2022 asian highland shrew ( s . montanus ) \u2022 \u0632\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a ( s . murinus ) \u2022 remy ' s pygmy shrew ( s . remyi ) \u2022 anderson ' s shrew ( s . stoliczkanus ) \u2022 lesser dwarf shrew ( s . varilla ) \u2022 jungle shrew ( s . zeylanicus )\nlong - tailed shrew ( s . dispar ) \u2022 smoky shrew ( s . fumeus ) \u2022 gasp\u00e9 shrew ( s . gaspensis ) \u2022 american pygmy shrew ( s . hoyi ) \u2022 large - toothed shrew ( s . macrodon ) \u2022 carmen mountain shrew ( s . milleri ) \u2022 dwarf shrew ( s . nanus ) \u2022 mexican long - tailed shrew ( s . oreopolus ) \u2022 orizaba long - tailed shrew ( s . orizabae ) \u2022 ornate shrew ( s . ornatus ) \u2022 inyo shrew ( s . tenellus ) \u2022 verapaz shrew ( s . veraepacis ) s . vagrans complex : glacier bay water shrew ( s . alaskanus ) \u2022 baird ' s shrew ( s . bairdii ) \u2022 marsh shrew ( s . bendirii ) \u2022 montane shrew ( s . monticolus ) \u2022 new mexico shrew ( s . neomexicanus ) \u2022 pacific shrew ( s . pacificus ) \u2022 american water shrew ( s . palustris ) \u2022 fog shrew ( s . sonomae ) \u2022 vagrant shrew ( s . vagrans ) s . cinereus group : kamchatka shrew ( s . camtschatica ) \u2022 cinereus shrew ( s . cinereus ) \u2022 prairie shrew ( s . haydeni ) \u2022 saint lawrence island shrew ( s . jacksoni ) \u2022 paramushir shrew ( s . leucogaster ) \u2022 southeastern shrew ( s . longirostris ) \u2022 mount lyell shrew ( s . lyelli ) \u2022 portenko ' s shrew ( s . portenkoi ) \u2022 preble ' s shrew ( s . preblei ) \u2022 pribilof island shrew ( s . pribilofensis ) \u2022 olympic shrew ( s . rohweri ) \u2022 barren ground shrew ( s . ugyunak )\naberdare mole shrew ( s . norae ) \u2022 mount kenya mole shrew ( s . polulus )\nvan sung ' s shrew ( c . caovansunga ) \u2022 de winton ' s shrew ( c . hypsibia ) \u2022 lamulate shrew ( c . lamula ) \u2022 lowe ' s shrew ( c . parca ) \u2022 pygmy brown - toothed shrew ( c . parva ) \u2022 salenski ' s shrew ( c . salenskii ) \u2022 smith ' s shrew ( c . smithii ) \u2022 lesser taiwanese shrew ( c . sodalis )\ncockrum ' s gray shrew ( n . cockrumi ) \u2022 crawford ' s gray shrew ( n . crawfordi ) \u2022 large - eared gray shrew ( n . evotis ) \u2022 villa ' s gray shrew ( n . villai )\nphillips ' s shrew ( c . phillipsorum ) \u2022 greater congo shrew ( c . polli ) \u2022 lesser congo shrew ( c . verheyeni )\nbroad - footed mole ( s . latimanus ) \u2022 coast mole ( s . orarius ) \u2022 townsend ' s mole ( s . townsendii )\nbabault ' s mouse shrew ( m . babaulti ) \u2022 montane mouse shrew ( m . blarina ) \u2022 dark - footed mouse shrew ( m . cafer ) \u2022 eisentraut ' s mouse shrew ( m . eisentrauti ) \u2022 geata mouse shrew ( m . geata ) \u2022 nyika mouse shrew ( m . gnoskei ) \u2022 kihaule ' s mouse shrew ( m . kihaulei ) \u2022 long - tailed forest shrew ( m . longicaudatus ) \u2022 oku mouse shrew ( m . okuensis ) \u2022 rumpi mouse shrew ( m . rumpii ) \u2022 schaller ' s mouse shrew ( m . schalleri ) \u2022 sclater ' s mouse shrew ( m . sclateri ) \u2022 thin mouse shrew ( m . tenuis ) \u2022 forest shrew ( m . varius ) \u2022 kilimanjaro mouse shrew ( m . zinki )\nanderson ' s shrew mole ( u . andersoni ) \u2022 gracile shrew mole ( u . gracilis ) \u2022 inquisitive shrew mole ( u . investigator ) \u2022 chinese shrew mole ( u . soricipes )\ncuban solenodon ( s . cubanus ) \u2022 hispaniolan solenodon ( s . paradoxus )\ngrauer ' s large - headed shrew ( p . graueri ) \u2022 greater large - headed shrew ( p . maxima ) \u2022 lesser large - headed shrew ( p . schoutedeni )\nmediterranean water shrew ( n . anomalus ) \u2022 eurasian water shrew ( n . fodiens ) \u2022 transcaucasian water shrew ( n . teres )\nassam mole shrew ( a . assamensis ) \u2022 giant mole shrew ( a . schmidi ) \u2022 chinese mole shrew ( a . squamipes ) \u2022 taiwanese mole shrew ( a . yamashinai )\nmalayan water shrew ( c . hantu ) \u2022 himalayan water shrew ( c . himalayica ) \u2022 bornean water shrew ( c . phaeura ) \u2022 japanese water shrew ( c . platycephalus ) \u2022 chinese water shrew ( c . styani ) \u2022 sumatran water shrew ( c . sumatrana )\nnorthern short - tailed shrew ( b . brevicauda ) \u2022 southern short - tailed shrew ( b . carolinensis ) \u2022 elliot ' s short - tailed shrew ( b . hylophaga ) \u2022 everglades short - tailed shrew ( b . peninsulae )\nhodgsons ' s brown - toothed shrew ( e . caudatus ) \u2022 taiwanese brown - toothed shrew ( e . fumidus ) \u2022 long - tailed brown - toothed shrew ( e . leucops ) \u2022 long - tailed mountain shrew ( e . macrurus )\nc . goldmani set : central mexican broad - clawed shrew ( c . alticola ) \u2022 goldman ' s broad - clawed shrew ( c . goldmani ) \u2022 goodwin ' s broad - clawed shrew ( c . goodwini ) \u2022 guatemalan broad - clawed shrew ( c . griseoventris ) \u2022 c . lacertosus \u2022 c . mam \u2022 oaxacan broad - clawed shrew ( c . peregrina )\nindochinese short - tailed shrew ( b . griselda ) \u2022 asiatic short - tailed shrew ( b . quadraticauda ) \u2022 burmese short - tailed shrew ( b . wardi )\n\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u06a4\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0632\u0645 etruscan shrew ( suncus etruscus ) , \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628 etruscan pygmy shrew or the white - toothed pygmy shrew \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 1\u060c8 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 .\ncomments : there has been disagreement over whether s . monticolus is distinct from s . vagrans at the species level ; most recent studies recognize s . monticolus as a distinct species ( e . g . , jones et al . 1992 ; hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; smith and belk 1996 ) . s . obscurus , formerly regarded as a subspecies of sorex vagrans , was considered a subspecies of s . monticolus by hennings and hoffman ( 1977 ) , carraway ( 1990 ) , and hutterer ( in wilson and reeder 1993 ) . taxa formerly known as s . monticolus bairdii and s . monticolus permiliensis were regarded by carraway ( 1990 ) as subspecies of sorex bairdii . subspecies setosus formerly was included in sorex vagrans by some authors . alexander ( 1996 ) conducted a morphometric analysis of skulls and determined that the shrew heretofore known as sorex obscurus neomexicanus , sorex vagrans neomexicanus , or sorex monticolus neomexicanus should be recognized as a distinct species , s . neomexicanus . the north american mammal checklist by baker et al . ( 2003 ) followed alexander in recognizing s . neomexicanus as a distinct species . sorex neomexicanus was considered a subspecies of sorex monticolus by george , in wilson and ruff ( 1999 ) . subspecies calvertensis may be synonymous with s . m . elassodon ; further study is needed ( alexander 1996 ) . see george ( 1988 ) for an electrophoretic study of systematic relationships among sorex species .\nthis is thought to be the commonest shrew in nigerian rainforest ( happold 1975 ; happold 1987 ) . comprised 70 % of the two species of shrew captured during a three - year study in the gambari forest reserve , nigeria ( hutterer and happold 1983 ) .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\naulagnier , s . ; hutterer , r . ; jenkins , p . ; bukhnikashvili , a . ; kry\u0161tufek , b . ; and kock , d . ( 2008 ) .\nmontane shrews are among the most common shrews , and do well in a variety of moist habitats : thick , grassy areas near streams or rivers ; meadows ; thickets of willow and alder ; spruce - fir forests ; and alpine tundra . they are dietary generalists , eating insects , earthworms , and other invertebrates . females can have two litters a year , usually of 5 or 6 young . the montane shrew may occur with as many as four other species of shrews , and except for the water shrew , it is usually the largest shrew where it is found . normally , montane shrews do not live longer than 16 - 18 months . links : mammal species of the world click here for the american society of mammalogists species account\ngreater chinese mole ( e . grandis ) \u2022 kloss ' s mole ( e . klossi ) \u2022 long - nosed mole ( e . longirostris ) \u2022 himalayan mole ( e . micrura ) \u2022 japanese mountain mole ( e . mizura ) \u2022 small - toothed mole ( e . parvidens )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\naltai mole ( t . altaica ) \u2022 blind mole ( t . caeca ) \u2022 caucasian mole ( t . caucasica ) \u2022 european mole ( t . europaea ) \u2022 p\u00e8re david ' s mole ( t . davidiana ) \u2022 levant mole ( t . levantis ) \u2022 spanish mole ( t . occidentalis ) \u2022 roman mole ( t . romana ) \u2022 balkan mole ( t . stankovici )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nformerly included crocidura jouvenetae , see notes on these two species in hutterer ( 2005 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nhutterer ( 2005 ) records this west african species as probably ranging through lowland forest from guinea to western cameroon . although it is largely a lowland species , there is a record from mount cameroon .\nin nigeria , this species has been recorded from primary lowland tropical moist forest , or relict forests in derived savanna , and is possibly present in tree plantations ( hutterer and happold 1983 , happold 1987 , decher et al . 1997 ) . it is a terrestrial species that searches through leaf litter and siimilar ground cover for food ( happold 1987 ) .\nit has been recorded from the gambari forest reserve ( happold 1997 ) and is presumably present in a number of west african protected areas . further research is needed into the range of both this species and the partially sympatric crocidura jouvenetae . this is a widespread and common species of no immediate conservation concern .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40624a115175904 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : formerly included ebriensis and jouvenetae ; see heim de balsac and meester ( 1977 ) . c . crossei occurs almost sympatrically with c . jouvenetae from guinea to c\u00f4te d ' ivoire\nthis widespread species occurs from alaska and western canada , south through the western united states ( although patchily distributed ) and the highlands of the sierra madre occidental in mexico ( baker and greer , 1962 ) . the highest altitudinal records in mexico are around 2 , 600 m asl in durango ( baker and greer , 1962 ) .\ndusky shrews are one of the most common members of the genus sorex in north america . they can be found from northern alaska to new mexico and from the pacific coast to central manitoba ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . they also inhabit the rocky mountains , blue mountains , and the sierra nevada . in addition dusky shrews can be found on vancouver island and queen charlotte island ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) .\nglobal range : alaska to southern california , east to western manitoba , montana , wyoming , colorado , new mexico ( not south - central ) , chihuahua , and durango ; many populations exist on relatively isolated mountain ranges in the southern half of the range ( hutterer , in wilson and reeder 1993 ; smith and belk 1996 ) . see alexander ( 1996 ) for information on distributions of subspecies .\nare small , long tailed shrews . total length varies between 103 and 142mm , and tail length between 40 - 62mm ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . in summer shrews are brownish dorsally with silvery white or gray ventral pelage ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) . in september or october the pelage becomes darker and thicker . in general molting occurs twice per year and starts from the rump and nose and spreads out , finishing between the ears . the timing of molt differs between sexes , around march for females and may for males ( smith & belk , 1999 ) . the tail is indistinctly bicolored . musk glands on the flanks are visible in breeding males and 30 % of breeding females . there is no significant sexual dimorphism ( willson & ruff , 1999 ) .\ndusky shrews have one incisor with two cusps , five unicuspids and four molars in the upper jaw . there is one incisor , two unicuspids and three molars in the lower jaw ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . dental formula : 3 / 1 , 1 / 1 , 3 / 1 , 3 / 3 = 32 teeth ( forsyth , 1985 ) .\nsexual dimorphism : none length : average : 119 mm range : 95 - 139 mm weight : range : 4 . 4 - 10 . 2 g\nsee carraway ( 1995 ) for a key to western north american soricids based primarily on dentaries .\nit is found in a variety of habitat types : montane boreal and coastal coniferous forest and alpine areas ; damp meadows surrounded by coniferous forest , in grass among spruce - fir , mid - elevation fir - larch , along streams and rivers in high prairie , mossy banks of small streams , alpine tundra , sphagnum bogs .\ndusky shrews occupy a wide range of habitats including tundra , alpine meadows , forests , and prairies ( forsyth , 1985 ) . the main component of suitable microhabitat is dense ground cover , which may aid in predator avoidance . shrews are often found in forest floor litter and almost never burrow ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . habitats with high quantities of coarse woody debris lead to higher reproductive rates in\n( lee , 1995 ) . they are closely associated with riparian zones and studies show that most shrews can be found within 100 meters of streams or rivers ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . shrews prefer habitats with acidic soils and nearby coniferous forest ( forsyth , 1985 ) .\ncomments : montane boreal and coastal coniferous forest and alpine areas ; various habitats including damp meadows surrounded by coniferous forest , in grass among spruce - fir , mid - elevation fir - larch , along streams and rivers in high prairie , mossy banks of small streams , alpine tundra , sphagnum bogs .\nnon - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ndusky shrews are insectivorous . their small size results in rapid heat loss due to the small surface to volume ratio . in order to maintain a constant body temperature shrews have to maintain a high metabolic rate and , therefore , consume large quantities of prey ( findley , 1987 ) . they must spend most of their time hunting and feeding . the diet of\nconsists of insects and their larvae , earthworms , spiders , snails , and , rarely , small salamanders . the largest possible prey size was estimated to be > 30mm ( smith & belk , 1996 ) . in addition , dusky shrews were observed eating conifer seeds , lichens , and fungi ( rhoades , 1986 ) . although dusky shrews were described as aggressive hunters , little has been mentioned as to how they capture their prey .\ncomments : feeds primarily on insects and other small invertebrates ( worms , sowbugs , molluscs , etc . ) . also consumes some vegetable matter .\nmost individuals probably do not live longer than 18 months . mean home range estimates = 1227 sq m for nonbreeders , 4020 sq m for breeders ( van zyll de jong 1983 ) . apparently not territorial in breeding season ; may move widely ( van zyll de jong 1983 )\nobservations : like in other similar species , females overwinter before breeding . in the wild , they are not expected to live more than 1 . 5 years , which means that there is a yearly population turnover ( smith and belk 1996 ) .\nbreeding season extends from april - august . average litter size is about 5 , but ranges up to 7 ( van zyll de jong 1983 ) . information on reproduction from different parts of the range is needed .\nmatson , j . , woodman , n . , castro - arellano , i . & de grammont , p . c .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & chanson , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , its local abundance , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nsince it is one of the most common and widespread species of sorex in north america it is not protected and no ( known ) steps have been taken to protect these species .\nthere are no major threats to this species , although habitat loss may be occurring in some parts of its range .\nin mexico it is included in legislation protection under the nom 059 semarnat 2001 , under the name of sorex vagrans monticola . in the state of california the species is listed as a\nspecies of special concern\n. it presumably occurs in protected areas throughout its range .\nmatson , j . , woodman , n . , castro - arellano , i . & de grammont , p . c . ( 2008 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nechigo mole ( m . etigo ) \u2022 insular mole ( m . insularis ) \u2022 kano mole ( m . kanoana ) \u2022 kobe mole ( m . kobeae ) \u2022 small japanese mole ( m . imaizumii ) \u2022 large mole ( m . robusta ) \u2022 sado mole ( m . tokudae ) \u2022 japanese mole ( m . wogura ) \u2022 senkaku mole ( m . uchidai )"]}
{"id": 667, "summary": [{"text": "depressaria filipjevi is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by alexandr l. lvovsky in 1981 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east ( amur ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "depressaria filipjevi", "paragraphs": ["filipjevi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 80\ndepressaria genistella walsingham , 1903 ; ent . mon . mag . 39 : 266\ndepressaria radiosquamella walsingham , 1898 ; ent . mon . mag . 34 : 132\ndepressaria hystricella m\u00f6schler , 1860 ; wien . ent . monats . 4 : 275\ndepressaria subalbipunctella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 78\ndepressaria irregularis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090\ndepressaria krasnowodskella hannemann , 1953 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 314\ndepressaria kollari zeller , 1854 ; linn . ent . 9 : 336 ; tl : sidney\ndepressaria bupleurella heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 171\ndepressaria beckmanni heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 179\ndepressaria nemolella svensson , 1982 ; ent . scand . 13 ( 3 ) : 293 ; tl : sweden\ndepressaria ivinskisi lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )\ndepressaria hannemanniana lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )\ndepressaria rjabovi lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )\ndepressaria zelleri staudinger , 1880 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 15 ( 2 - 3 ) : 300\ndepressaria assalella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 343 ; tl : gafsa\ndepressaria chlorothorax meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , nazareth\ndepressaria compactella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 133\ndepressaria niphosyrphas meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 5 ) : 120 ; tl : s . ussuri\ndepressaria saharae tabelli buchner , 2017 ; zookeys 684 : 143 ; tl : canary is . , tenerife , guimar\ndepressaria aurantiella tutt , 1893 ; ent . rec . j . var . 4 : 241 ; tl : deal\ndepressaria lacticapitella klimesch , 1942 ; zs . wiener entver . 27 : 148 , pl . 12 , f . 1\ndepressaria pentheri rebel , 1904 ; ann . mus . wien 19 : 360 , pl . 5 , f . 26\ndepressaria basicostata matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo\ndepressaria artemisiella mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 271 ; tl : seton l . , british columbia\ndepressaria discipunctella var . helladicella rebel , 1906 ; berl . ent . z . 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 311\ndepressaria fuscipedella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 343 ; tl : frenda , oran\ndepressaria leptotaeniae clarke , 1933 ; can . ent . 65 : 87 , pl . 4 ; tl : pullman , washington\ndepressaria hofmanni stainton , 1861 ; nat . hist . br . tineina 6 : 176 , pl . 5 , f . 2\ndepressaria pyrenaella sumpich , 2013 ; ent . rec . j . var . 125 ( 3 ) : ( 114 - 118 )\ndepressaria taciturna meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : simla\ndepressaria clausulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : ngqeleni , west pondoland\ndepressaria colossella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 133 ; tl : tjutjuje\ndepressaria saharae gaston & vives , 2017 ; arquivos ent . 17 : 352 ; tl : spain , burgos , la vid , 850m\ndepressaria floridella mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 186 , pl . 4 , f . 14\ndepressaria basicostata ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 31 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]\ndepressaria panurga meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 289 ; tl : cape colony , knysna\ndepressaria prospicua meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\ndepressaria reticulatella bruand , 1851 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 39 ; tl : france\ndepressaria orthobathra meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : natal , umkomaas ; zululand , nkwaleni\ndepressaria indecorella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 25 ; tl : orenburg\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria juliella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 91 ; tl : pecos , new mexico\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) hystricella ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 11\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) taciturna ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) nomia ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) irregularis ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria sp . b ; mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 40 ( modoc co . , ca )\ndepressaria ultimella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 166 , pl . 17 , f . 6 ; tl : lewes\ndepressaria cinderella corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 29 ; tl : portugal , alto alentejo , serra de s\u00e3o mamede , minhota , 650m\ndepressaria cervicella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 130 , ( 53 ) f . 431 - 432\ndepressaria despoliatella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 101 , pl . 6 , f . 113 ; tl : maracanda\ndepressaria rhodoscelis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft\ndepressaria ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ fe ]\ndepressaria multifidae clarke , 1933 ; can . ent . 65 : 85 , pl . 4 ; tl : snake r . , whitman co . , opposite clarkston , washington\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 3 , 4 ; tl : ten sleep , wyoming\ndepressaria macrotrichella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 26 ; tl : schahkuh , n . iran\ndepressaria villosae corley & buchner , 2018 ; ent . rec . j . var . 130 : 105 ; tl : portugal , tr\u00e1s - os - montes , par\u00e2mio , vilarinho , 780m\ndepressaria nomia butler , 1879 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 3 : 82 , pl . 60 , f . 13 ; tl : yokohama\ndepressaria atrostrigella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 168 , pl . 35 , f . 194 ; tl : aweme , manitoba\ndepressaria palousella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 171 , pl . 48 , f . 284 ; tl : pullmann , washington\ndepressaria constancei clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 5 , f . 2 , 9 ; tl : yreka , siskiyou co . , california\ndepressaria betina clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 9 , f . 3 , 10 ; tl : gilmer , klickitat co . , washington\ndepressaria moya clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 13 , f . 4 , 11 ; tl : hornbrook , siskiyou co . , california\ndepressaria kailai lvovsky , 2009 ; zoosyst . rossica 18 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : kazakhstan , 43\u00b024 ' n 75\u00b002 ' e , dzhambul prov . , 70km nne of frunze , 950m\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) bayindirensis buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 ; centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 11 ; tl : turkey , izmir , bayindir\ndepressaria besma clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 14 , f . 5 , 12 ; tl : fort lewis , pierce co . , washington\ndepressaria armata clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; tl : slate peak , whatcom co . , washington , 6500 '\ndepressaria f . / sp . ? albiocellata staudinger , 1871 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 247 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; tl : greece\ndepressaria schellbachi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 10 , f . 6 , 13 ; tl : sshohone point , grand canyon , arizon , 7050 '\ndepressaria angelicivora clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 15 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : macdonald pass , 15 mi w of helena , montana , 6100 '\ndepressaria eleanorae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 178 , pl . 38 , f . 204 , pl . 47 , f . 279 ; tl : hymers , ontario\ndepressaria artemisiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 927 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria cinereocostella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 921 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 185 , pl . 37 , f . 201 , pl . 48 , f . 285 ; tl : yakima , yakima co . , washington\ndepressaria sp . a ; mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39 ( park co . , wy , lemhi co . , ca , alpine co . , ca , modoc co . , ca )\ndepressaria togata ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 12 , 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 939 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria alienella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 12 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 926 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 182 , pl . 36 , f . 200 , pl . 48 , f . 286 ; tl : snake r . , whitman co . , wahsington , opposite clarkston\ndepressaria angustati clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 189 , pl . 36 , f . 198 , pl . 48 , f . 287 ; tl : skyline ridge , mt baker distr . , whatcom co . , washington , 6200 '\ndepressaria atrostrigella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 20 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; [ nacl ] , # 918 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria schellbachi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 125 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 931 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angelicivora ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 932 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 148 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 71 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 934 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria moya ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 95 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; [ nacl ] , # 936 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria besma ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 23 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 937 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 118 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; [ nacl ] , # 938 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria armata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 18 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; [ nacl ] , # 940 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angustati ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 941 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria juliella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 923 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria eleanorae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 50 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 21 - 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 925 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria constancei ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 38 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 928 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 930 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria leptotaeniae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 81 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 40 - 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 933 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria multifidae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 95 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 935 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria betina ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 23 , 32 - 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 929 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\neu , . . . , nova scotia , s . canada , british columbia - arizona , washington . see [ maps ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\nlarva on heracleum lanatum , pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\ncanary is . , france , ausria , s . germany , . . . . see [ maps ]\neu , . . . , washington , british columbia , montana , sw . manitoba . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63 ; [ nacl ] , # 919 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia drancunculoides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63\nmorocco , tunisia , spain , hungary , sicily , dalmatia , asia minor , palestine , . . . . see [ maps ]\nmarcella marcidella walsingham , 1907 ; ent . mon . mag . 43 : 215\nlarva on ( for prangosella ) prangos ferulacea walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 268\nlibya , eu , caucasus , . . . , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nbadiella frustratella rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 97\nhungary , balkans , greece , sweu , asia minor , palestine . see [ maps ]\nlarva on pimpinella villosa corley & buchner , 2018 , ent . rec . j . var . 130 : 105\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 ; [ nacl ] , # 924 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 924 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on cicuta douglasi hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 , oenanthe sarmentosa mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nswitzerland , dalmatia , balkans , sicily , . . . . see [ maps ]\nthoracella m\u00fcller - rutz , 1922 \u00b2 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 13 ( 5 ) : 237\n603x653 ( ~ 83kb ) russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 9 . 5 . 2009 , photo \u00a9\nsweu , sardinia , sicily , dalmatia , croatia , asia minor , palestine . see [ maps ]\nlarva on conopodium capillifolium corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 31\nceu , hungary , dalmatia , austria , . . . , = . see [ maps ]\ndanilevskyi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 73\ndjakonovi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 82\nillepida hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 461\njugurthella ( lucas , 1849 ) ( haemylis ) ; explor . sci . alg\u00e9rie ( zool . ) 3 : 411 , pl . 4 , f . 10\nkarmeliella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 295\nkasyi hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 239\nkondarella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75\nlongipennella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75\nmanglisiella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 78\nparahofmanni hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 564\npetronoma meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 475\nplatytaeniella hannemann , 1977 ; dt . ent . z . 24 ( 1 - 3 ) : 41\nschaidurovi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75\nsibirella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 80\nspectrocentra meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 593\nsubhirtipalpis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 463\ntabghaella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294\nvarzobella lvovsky , 1982 ; ent . obozr . 61 ( 3 ) : 582\nsw . manitoba , nova scotia - na . georgia , nebraska . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 921 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on oxypolis rigidior , sium suave , cicuta maculata , carum carvi , ligusticum scoticum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 64\nwashington , oregon , wyoming , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on cicuta occidentals hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 , cicuta maculata mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nnova scotia , connecticut , s . canada , british columbia - california , arizona , northwest territories . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 926 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia , achillea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67\nlarva on artemisia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67\nlarva on lomatium californicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 78\nlarva on lomatium nudicaule , l . triternatum , l . columbianum , l . dissectum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , lomatium triternatum mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70\nlarva on lomatium macdougalii hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70\nlarva on angelica arguta hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium dissectum mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39 , leptotaenia multifida ?\nlarva on pteryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72\nlarva on lomatium columbianum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , lomatium grayi , pteryxia terebinthina var . californica , p . terebinthina var . foeniculacea mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium vaginatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74\nlarva on lomatium utriculatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74\nlarva on preryxia terebinthina hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pteryxia terebinthina var . calcarea mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nmontana , british columbia - arizona , oregon , washington . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 939 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lomatium ambiguum , lomatium triternatum macrocarpum , perideridia bolanderi , preryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , lomatium togata , brandegei mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium brandegei hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75\nlarva on lomatium angustatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 76\npleurota aragonella seebold , 1899 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 2 ) : 297 ( ragonot i . l . )\noecophora pavoniella amary , 1840 ; eserc . accad . aspir . nat . , napoli 2 ( 1 ) : 84 , pl . 6 , f . 1a - b\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nnat\u00fcrliche familien des thierreichs . aus dem franz\u00f6sischen , mit anmerkungen und zus\u00e4tzen in latreille ,\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )\nexploration scientifique de l ' algerie pendant les annees 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . histoire naturelle des animaux articules ( 3 ) insectes\nsp . n . - a confused species from south - western europe ( lep . : depressariidae )\nzeller , 1854 die depressarien und einige ihne nahe stehende gattungen linn . ent . 9 : 189 - 403 , pl . 2 - 3\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 669, "summary": [{"text": "mylothris spica , the spica dotted border is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ghana and angola .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of wet forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on santalales species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "mylothris spica", "paragraphs": ["mylothris is confined to the african continent and includes 51 species , most of which are distributed across the forest belt from cameroon to western kenya .\nspecies share a number of characteristics : they have rounded wings with a black apex on the upperside forewings .\non the underside , fore and hindwings of most species have a single row of prominent black marginal spots , hence the butterflies in this genus are all known as dotted borders .\nthe flight is slow and deliberate , and in conjunction with the conspicuous appearance is indicative that the butterflies are distasteful to avian predators . it is likely that the toxins within their bodies are derived from the larval foodplants .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website uses cookies to allow us to better understand how the site is used . by continuing to use this site , you consent to this policy . click to learn more .\nnotification will be sent to your e - mail address every time the item price is decreased .\ncopyright \u00a9 2012 insect designs . all rights reserved . abn : 75141197423 | ecommerce website by online visions\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n2018 copyright . all rights reserved . the sponsored listings displayed above are served automatically by a third party . neither the service provider nor the domain owner maintain any relationship with the advertisers . in case of trademark issues please contact the domain owner directly ( contact information can be found in whois ) . privacy policy"]}
{"id": 670, "summary": [{"text": "the red-shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , kenya , liberia , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , togo , and uganda .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and dry savannas . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red - shouldered cuckooshrike", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for red - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) yet .\nred - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .\nthe red - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) is a species of bird in the campephagidae family .\nnot visually distinguished from black cuckooshrike c . flava but calls are a close match for those of red - shouldered ( available online at avocet ) and not black cuckooshrike .\nthe red - shouldered cuckooshrike is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\ntaylor , b . ( 2018 ) . red - shouldered cuckooshrike ( campephaga phoenicea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nand red - shouldered cuckooshrike were seen in the same area . a couple of african hill babblers was first heard and taped in at another ridge ( 2 ) , and three confiding half - collared kingfishers were seen for as long as we wanted at a quarry ( 3 ) which you can reach going all the way up ( and crossing the river ) from the wabe shabele hotel / lodge . yellow - fronted parrot and white - cheeked turaco where common in the big trees near the river , with abyssinian slaty flycatcher lower in the same trees . more\n20 cm ; 23\u201335\u00b75 g . male is black , glossed greenish - blue , with red , orange or orange - yellow lesser and median upper\u00adwing - coverts ( \u201cshoulder\u201d patch . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to locally frequent ( keith et al . 1992 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be in decline owing to habitat destruction ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclose to c . flava ( which see ) and c . petiti . monotypic .\nsenegal and gambia e to s chad , s sudan , ethiopia and eritrea , s to sierra leone , n ivory coast , se ghana , se cameroon , n congo , n drcongo , uganda and extreme w kenya .\nmainly silent . song , often as duet , a jumble of high - pitched whistles , squeaks and churrs , . . .\nforest patches , including edges and clearings , gallery forest , moist secondary growth , wooded . . .\neats caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) and other insects , especially orthopterans and bugs ( hemiptera ) . keeps to upper or middle storeys ; . . .\nbreeds during rains , may\u2013sept in nigeria , jul in w sudan ( jun in s ) and mar\u2013apr in uganda ; carrying nesting material in aug in . . .\nmigratory in w africa ( e of c . 8\u00b0 e ) and in sudan , moving n to breed during rains and returning . . .\nnot globally threatened . widespread , and uncommon to locally common . no information on effects of habitat loss , but this species\u2019 numbers may have been reduced by . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\ndavid beadle , arthur grosset , paul van giersbergen , nik borrow , steve garvie , josep del hoyo , ken havard , dr _ m _ zieger , morten venas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 934 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\none male and one female foraging in the tallest trees . habitat : shrubland , acacia savanna .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nmobile version - juza . ea @ urltoken - terms of use and privacy - p . iva 01501900334 - rea 167997 - pec juzaphoto @ urltoken\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , kenya , liberia , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , togo , and uganda .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nit is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , kenya , liberia , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , togo , and uganda .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 674, "summary": [{"text": "athrips helicaula is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from the northern cape .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , tinged with brownish and irrorated with blackish except on the costa and veins , which form undefined white streaks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "athrips helicaula", "paragraphs": ["athrips helicaula is a moth of the gelechiidae family . it is found in south africa , where it has been recorded from the northern cape .\nbidzilya o . v . 2010 . a taxonomic review of the genera parapsectris meyrick , 1911 and athrips billberg , 1820 in africa . - esperiana memoir 5 : 341\u2013408 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncape verde , st . vincent [ s\u00e3o vicente ] , e . l . mimosa sp . vii . 1872 , leg . weyenbergh .\nweyenbergh 1873 . note on the lepidopterous fauna of st . vincente , with description of a new species of gelechia . - entomologist ' s monthly magazine 10 : 121\u2013122 .\nthe wingspan is about 14 mm . the forewings are white , tinged with brownish and irrorated with blackish except on the costa and veins , which form undefined white streaks . the hindwings are light grey .\njanse a . j . t . 1958 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae - \u2014 6 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013144 , pls . 1\u201332 .\nmeyrick e . 1912d . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 3 ) : 53\u201374 .\npovoln\u00fd d . 1989 . two new species of the genus pseudathrips and some new records on the tribe gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) fro middle east . - acta universitatis agriculturae brno 37 ( 3\u20134 ) : 153\u2013162 .\nmeyrick e . 1914c . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . v . - annals of the transvaal museum 4 ( 4 ) : 187\u2013205 .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013336 .\nmeyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49\u2013148 .\nmeyrick e . 1914b . descriptions of south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 : 243\u2013257 .\njanse a . j . t . 1950 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - \u2014 5 ( 2 ) : 61\u2013172 , pls . 33\u201388 .\nzeller p . c . 1852b . lepidoptera microptera , quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit . - \u2014 : 1\u2013120 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthis is a list of moths of the family gelechiidae that are found in south africa . it also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full list of moths of south africa .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about athreya ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for athreya ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 676, "summary": [{"text": "poropuntius solitus is a species of freshwater , ray-finned fish in the genus poropuntius .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it was first described by maurice kottelat in 2000 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this species is found in tributaries to the xe kong river on the eastern half of the bolaven plateau in laos .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its population is decreasing due to overfishing , and proposed efforts to dam the river and its tributaries further threaten the species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the poropuntius solitus is currently considered an endangered species by the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "poropuntius solitus", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about poropuntius solitus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for poropuntius solitus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nporopuntius solitus on fish mapper tsn 689714 ( taxonomic serial number ) retrieved on from the integrated taxonomic information system online database . this is a cached copy . more\nporopuntius tawarensis ( m . c . w . weber & de beaufort , 1916 )\nporopuntius brevispinus ( v . h . nguy\u1ec5n & l . h . doan , 1969 )\nporopuntius carinatus ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius daliensis ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius exiguus ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius rhomboides ( h . w . wu & r . d . lin , 1977 )\nporopuntius fuxianhuensis ( y . h . wang , d . d . zhuang & l . c . gao , 1982 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nknown from the bolaven plateau . roberts ( 1998 ) had described three as trophic morphs of\n( i . e . , individuals of the same species that develop different morphologies to adapt to different ecological conditions ) . kottelat ( 2000 ) treated them as different species because he found differences that are not trophic related and are present in juveniles before they develop trophic specialisation , and described a fourth species . this community of four species or morphs on the top of an isolated plateau is a rare biological phenomenon and studies are needed to clear the taxonomy of these species or morphs . the four species / morphs occur together and up to now there are no data linking each to a specific habitat .\nknown from bolaven plateau with specialised morphology . the taxonomy is not very clear and this is a rare biological phenomenon on top of an isolated plateau . research is needed to clear the taxonomy of these species or morphs . this is also an interesting system for research on evolution .\nknown at present only from tributaries of the xe kong river on the eastern half of the bolaven plateau , lao pdr . the species has an estimated extent of occurrence of approximately 2 , 500 km\u00b2 .\npopulations are inferred to be declining as a result of fishing pressure , and are expected to decline as a result of hydropower dams .\nstreams with clear , cool and fast water , over stones , rocks , rapids and waterfalls .\nthis species is threatened by overfishing , dam construction , habitat degradation from agriculture and bauxite mining on the plateau .\nno conservation actions are in place . further research is required for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to our website . if you continue to browse and use this website you are agreeing to comply with and be bound by the following terms and conditions of use . 1 . the content of the pages of this website is for your general information and use only . it is subject to change without notice . 2 . neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy , timeliness , performance , completeness or suitability of the information and materials found or offered on this website for any particular purpose . you acknowledge that such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law . 3 . the fish photos in this website are all under the cc ( creative commons ) license . you should denote\nurltoken\nif you use our photos in your books , websites , etc .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 23 / 2013 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 677, "summary": [{"text": "snail is a common name loosely applied to shelled gastropods .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the name is most often applied to land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "however , the common name snail is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class gastropoda that have a coiled shell that is large enough for the animal to retract completely into .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "when the word \" snail \" is used in this most general sense , it includes not just land snails but also numerous species of sea snails and freshwater snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "gastropods that naturally lack a shell , or have only an internal shell , are mostly called slugs , and land snails that have only a very small shell ( that they can not retract into ) are often called semi-slugs .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "snails have considerable human relevance , including as food items , as pests , as vectors of disease , and their shells are used as decorative objects and are incorporated into jewelry .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the snail has also had some cultural significance , and has even been used as a metaphor . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "snail", "paragraphs": ["scientists sucked a memory out of a snail and stuck it in another snail .\nachatina fulica ( the east african land snail ) \u2013 known commonly as the giant african snail or giant african land snail .\nthe snail ' s eyes are below where an actual snail ' s eyes are .\nsew the snail stalks to the snail body . sew the eyes to the stalks .\nachatina achatina ( giant ghana snail or tiger land snail ) \u2013 common name the giant ghana snail , also known as the giant tiger land snail , is a specie of very large , air - breathing land snail .\nsnail facts and information . habitat , feeding , anatomy , reproduction , lifecycle , predators . facts about african giant snail , garden snail , roman snail or escargot . get started \u203a\ntake action if you find a snail that is much larger than the common garden snail .\nseoul ceuticals korean skin care snail repair cream moisturizer - 97 . 5 % snail mucin . . .\nmyth and legend offer lots of cool tidbits about the snail and symbolic snail meaning . below are a few tidbits about the snail\u2019s mythological importance around the world . .\nsnail shell is made of calcium carbonate and keeps growing as long as the snail grows . they keep adding more calcium carbonate to the edge until the snail reaches adult size .\n) . further , silencing snail resulted in restored expression of cryptic . 4 \u03bcg snail shrna reduced the snail expression by 70 % \u00b110 % and enhanced cryptic expression by 59 % \u00b1 12 % , validating that snail negatively regulates cryptic - expression ( fig .\nsnail repair cream for face , luckyfine anti aging , anti wrinkle , day cream & night cream , for moisturizer dry skin repair fine lines snail face cream with snail extract 1 . 76 oz\nfirstly , we will begin with the symbolism that surrounds the snail\u2019s mythology and cultural importance . the shape the the snail and the curvature of the snail\u2019s shell is the basis for most of its cultural background and importance . the spiral shape of the snail\u2019s shell is a result of how the shell grows on the snail .\nin fact , the snail was an old witch who had disguised herself as a snail . the witch was outraged . the witch cursed dewi limaran . the witch changed dewi limaran into a golden snail . then the witch the snail into the river . the stream carried dewi limaran cursed into snail far away from the palace .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas trusted on the\nhelix pomatia linnaeus , 1758\npage .\nan euhadra quaesita snail , which , like other snail species , uses a\nlove dart\nto stab its partner while mating .\nto construct snail short hairpin rna ( shrna - snail ) , sense and antisense dna oligonucleotides were designed form double - stranded rna with a loop structure : snail shrna sense ( 5\u2032 - ggatcccgcgagctgcaggactctaagaagcttgttagagtcctgcagctcgctttttt - 3\u2032 ) and snail shrna antisense ( 5\u2032 - ctagaaaaaagcgagctgcaggactctaacaagcttcttagagtcctgcagctcgcgg - 3\u2032 ) .\nhuman snail was cloned by pcr amplification from image clone no . 4537122 by using the following primers : snail sense ( 5\u2032 - atgccgcgctctttcctcgtc - 3\u2032 ) and snail antisense ( 5\u2032 - agcgtaatcggggacatcgtaggggtagcggggacatcctgagcagccgga - 3\u2032 ) .\nwe conclude from the western blotting and qpcr assays that the abundance of snail causes attenuation of cryptic expression that can recovered by depleting snail .\nno ' that means the snail is dead . it probably died from drowning . next time put the snail in a dry tank with a little bit of water and rocks for the snail to climb on .\nsnail meaning offers us a world of symbolism and insight . here are just a few key attributes that are exclusively symbolic to the snail .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas hidden on the\ncepaea hortensis ( muller , 1774 )\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncepaea nemoralis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\n) . we observed that overexpression of snail led to a decreased mrna of cryptic whereas knocking down snail led to increased cryptic mrna ( fig .\narchachatina marginata ( giant west african snail ) \u2013 the giant west african snail , is a specie of air - breathing tropical land snail . they can grow up to 20cm long , and live up to 10 years .\nalso , in\nfinn the human ,\nthe snail is shown as a regular snail ( without eyes , a mouth , and arms ) .\nthe snail is a steady symbol in nature . this can be a prime point in snail tattoo ideas , especially if you want to convey steady progress on your life - path . click here for symbolic snail tattoo ideas .\nin issue 520 in mad magazine , the snail can be seen on the cover , waving . although , the snail is waving angrily at the reader .\n) , was unaffected by snail expression in the absence of drug . however , after adr treatment , snail - expressing cells exhibited a statistically significant increase in\n, are unresponsive , and the binding of snail or slug is not detected by chip . thus , snail and slug can bind to the promoters of the\nthe snail\u2019s shell is basically its only form of protection . it\u2019s weak , squishy and slimy body would be defenseless without the snail\u2019s hard shell . because of this simple , but highly important feature , the snail symbol can represent protection and defense . another thing about the snail\u2019s shell is that it doubles as the snail\u2019s home . because the snail makes its own shell , it carries it with it as long as it lives . this means that the snail is like a living mobile home . no matter where the snail goes , it is always at home . this can symbolize travel , safety , and self - reliance .\nwe then used qpcr analyses using over - expression and shrna mediated knockdown of snail and tested its effect on cryptic mrna expression . we verified that the snail over - expression and knockdown indeed led to change in snail transcripts ( fig .\nthe largest land snail recorded was 12 inches long and weighed near 2 pounds .\nin\nthe jiggler ,\nthe snail seems to have a different appearance .\ndepends upon the species ; common snail moves at about 1 millimeter per second .\nyou can use any one of those options as a snail and slug barrier .\n) . as expected , the endogenous snail transcript declined . statistically significant upregulation of\ncell death specification gene ces - 1 encodes a snail family zinc finger protein .\nif you use imported fertiliser , check your plants for signs of snail activity .\n5 ) michaels , f . 2001 . organic slug and snail control . urltoken\nplease , sir . i want to venture into the business if snail farm . i needest species of snail . i am from the eastern part of nigeria .\nget advice about your snail\u2019s diet from a clerk , expert , or vet .\nanother very cool aspect of snail meaning is found in its shell . do you have a little free - roaming gypsy in you ? the snail is a great\nmoon snail : as its name implies , the shell resembles a small moon .\nthe only significant morphological difference between the slug and the snail is the snail\u2019s conspicuous shell . this shell is large enough for the snail to completely retract into for defense . some snails are also able to close off their shell once fully retracted .\n7 . diy snail spas or snail slime products are not encouraged . remember , snails used at a responsible spa center or in beauty products are professionally grown and the snail slime is professionally purified , while those in your backyard garden are not .\nin season three , the snail is still possessed by the lich in every cameo .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : snail on snail . jpg\nas untrusted on the\ncepaea hortensis ( muller , 1774 )\npage . reasons to untrust : misidentified\na strong shell reduction has also happened during the evolution of different predatory snail groups .\n) . immunoblot analysis of two well - characterized transcriptional targets of snail ( fig .\n) , declined significantly in response to expression of snail or of slug ( fig .\ngenes , the transcripts of which are all repressed after overexpression of snail or slug .\na & b ) confirming that snail indeed binds to the cryptic promoter in vivo .\nslugs are the homeless version of the snail , and as such hold much symbolism .\nthe physical features of the snail animal spirit may be able to provide the most valuable meaning to someone who is trying to get the most out of the snail\u2019s symbolism .\ncommon hair snail ( trochulus hispidus ) . picture : michal ma\u0148as ( source ) .\n2 . snail slime contains 91 - 98 % water . the slime is filtered multiple times to increase its concentration and ensure its purity . some snail slime products claim to contain as much as 97 % snail secretion filtrate . however , the consistency and quality of the snail mucus should also be taken into account when looking for a good product .\nsnails in garlic butter , marinated snail liver , snail fillets and snail caviar are the products pokorney is producing , and he will be demonstrating how to use them at the bite artisan food festival in the rds , dublin 4 , on november 18th - 20th .\nit will be easier for your snail to eat hard vegetables if you boil them beforehand . just make sure they ' re not hot when you give them to your snail .\nyou can also help your snail to stay hydrated by misting them with water . fill a spray bottle with spring or filtered water , and mist your snail and their habitat .\nhmm . . . this is pretty cool . have you tried garlic mash ? snails hate it so it ' s good for barriers and if a snail eats it anyway the snail gets sick and dies ! oh , and that decollate snail cartoon ' s funny !\nare the only characters who have noticed or interacted with the snail in the tv series .\nin the game righteous quest 2 , the snail appears a few times in the game .\nthe snail appears in finn ' s backpack on the adventure time thanksgiving day parade balloon .\n2001 . the mouse snail gene encodes a key regulator of the epithelial - mesenchymal transition .\ni have a snail and needed to know how to take care of it .\npopular snail cosmetic products of good quality and at affordable prices you can buy on aliexpress .\n) , in other terrestrial snail groups there are love darts made from chitin or cartilage .\non the stump that finn and jake trip over . potentially the third time the snail has influenced the plot , as it is somewhat implied the lich - possessed snail caused them to trip\nbefore we go into the snail food , you need to understand step by step how to start and manage your snail farm . as a result of increased awareness on the profitability of snail farming , many entrepreneurs are beginning to delve into the business of snail rearing , processing and export . this business also has its pros and cons like other businesses . understanding this will be a good thing . this care guide will attempt to shed light on snail breeding \u2013 snail rearing , feeding , including other things that may be of importance to someone interested in breeding snails .\ntecciztecatl is an aztec moon god ( mexico ) . he was depicted snuggled up in a snail\u2019s shell in ancient relics and aztec art . in this culture , the snail is symbolic of the moon , and its phases . the spiral of the snail\u2019s shell is also symbolic of the\nthe snail was not featured in this episode due to it being made by a guest animator .\nmultiple times in the third season , the snail appears normal and not possessed by the lich .\nthe snail can be seen on the blue team ' s side in adventure time battle party .\nanother damaging snail is the white garden snail , theba pisana . it is currently an established pest only in san diego county but has been found in los angeles and orange counties as well .\nmrna levels were unaffected by adr treatment or by expression of either snail or slug ( fig .\n2000 . the transcription factor snail controls epithelial - mesenchymal transitions by repressing e - cadherin expression .\nsome snail species may need additional food sources , such as fish food or bottom feeder tablets .\nand now has better understanding of feeding and what can hurt the snail . thank you .\nits really helpful . i get updates on the info concerning developments in snail farming .\none of the most powerful physical parts of the snail in reality and in symbolism is the snail\u2019s shell . we\u2019ve already talked about how the spiral can influence the symbolism of the shell , and how the snail grows its own shell , but there is more to it than just that .\n1986 ) , so during the first matings of a snail , no love dart is applied .\nhe may also be the first god to wear a shell suit , as a snail shell seems to be his principle abode . we know snail shells are also capable of containing much holiness .\nis snaky , in others she is known as snail woman with woman\u2019s torso and head . and why not ? our own holy snail\u2122 remains inscrutable on the subject and refuses to leave his shell .\nat last , she pulled up the net to go home . suddenly the widow saw something shining at the bottom of it . it was only a snail . she picked the snail and took it back . its shell shone like gold . the old woman had never seen such a snail before .\ninteraction of snail and cryptic promoter was also assayed in vivo using chromatin immunoprecipitation ( chip ) . briefly , cross - linking of total - protein and dna was performed using formaldehyde in panc1 cells that express snail endogenously . the dna obtained in the chromatin immunoprecipitate using snail specific or control ( igg ) antibody was assayed utilizing respective primer sets for the two binding sites of snail on the cryptic promoter by both semi - quantitative pcr and qpcr . pcr analyses of these products revealed an amplification of the samples corresponding to the snail specific antibody for both the snail binding sites along the cryptic promoter ( fig .\nthat rarity made it particularly surprising to find two potential suitors for jeremy after the scientists launched the international search . first , a snail enthusiast near ipswich , u . k . came forward with her pet snail lefty . then , a snail farmer and restaurateur in majorca , spain , found another left - coiling snail that had been on its way to becoming a meal . it was later named tomeu .\nin finn ' s premonition dream , the snail reads the enchiridion and subsequently appears to kill billy .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : 01a - garden - snail . jpg\n.\n) . similar results were obtained after expression of slug or coexpression of snail and slug ( fig .\n, right panel ) . rt - pcr was performed for selected transcripts after snail depletion ( fig .\nthe snail ' s shell is a beautiful representation of the life , death , and rebirth cycle .\neach jaguar is holding a trumpet made of a snail ' s shell on this ancient mesoamerican wall .\neaston , matthew george .\nentry for snail\n.\neaston ' s bible dictionary\n.\nyay \u2013 go snail and thanks to the animal kingdom for keeping us grounded . a great story !\nlocus , by using adenovirus - based short hairpin rna interference ( shrna ) . infection with the shrna - snail adenovirus resulted in depletion of endogenous snail mrna with no apparent effect on slug mrna ( fig .\nsnail and slug localization at responsive genes . chip analyses of mcf7 cells infected with snail , slug , or mock adenovirus were performed . p1 to p9 indicate pcr primer sets that amplify genomic dna from the indicated loci . primer sets p2 , p4 , p6 , p7 , p8 , and p9 amplify fragments containing snail or slug binding sites , whereas primer sets p1 , p3 , and p5 amplify nearby regions lacking snail or slug sites . dna coprecipitating with snail and control antibodies was amplified by using the indicated primer pairs .\nusing promoter - analyses tools , we found strong evidence that the developmentally essential transcription factor snail binds to the human cryptic - promoter . we cloned the promoter - region of human cryptic in a reporter gene and observed decreased cryptic - promoter activation upon increasing snail expression . further , the expression of cryptic is down - regulated upon exogenous snail expression , validating the reporter assays and the previously identified role of snail as a transcriptional repressor . finally , we demonstrate using gel - shift assay that snail in nuclear extract of panc1 cells interacts with the promoter - construct bearing putative snail binding sites and confirm this finding using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay .\nrare snail jeremy with the offspring of its two former suitors . angus davison , university of nottingham hide caption\nsnail or slug regulation of epithelial - to - mesenchymal transitions . the model depicts various aspects of epithelial to mesenchymal transition regulated by snail and / or slug . details of the model are discussed in the text .\n2000 . the transcription factor snail is a repressor of e - cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells .\n2000 . snail / slug family of repressors : slowly going into the fast lane of development and cancer .\nsnail transcription is dependent on erk pathway activity . cell lines were incubated with pd98059 ( pd ) ( 50\nthis web article looks at methods of lessening snail and slug damage using cultural , chemical and biological controls .\nthe giant african snail threatens our plants , our homes and our health . report giant african snails immediately .\nhi , thanks very much for d information on snail farming . i reside in nigeria and have started d farming already but need some clarification on d white type of snail , are they also ok for farming ?\nif you live in a very dry climate , try misting your snail 1 - 2 times per day .\nsnail facials are actually not popular or common in korea , but there are places in asia ( japan and thailand ) and even in the uk that offer snail facials . most of these treatments consist of allowing snails to crawl around your face , which leaves a trail of the snail mucin wherever they go .\ncollagen elastin & baba de caracol cream 4 oz . snail gel . helps renew skin cells face and neck\nat closer look and thought , we realize that the snail carries his defense mechanism on his back . . . his home , if you will . the snail ' s spiral shell acts as a mobile home to the ever - moving snail . it also acts as a protector in times of danger . the snail knows how to employ his own body ' s resources in order to defend himself against predators and dangerous species .\nwhat a wonderful story ! seems like the snail may have some cancerian / lunar qualities as well . .\ni smiled .\ni ' ll be quiet as a buttered snail sneaking through a frenchman\u2019s kitchen . \u201d\nlake baikal impresses him as home to some 100 species of snail and at least 260 shrimp - like animals .\nthat ' s where we left the tale of jeremy , the rare left - coiling snail , last november .\nthis episode originally had no snail appearing in it . however , the snail has been added in the swamp of embarrassment at the base of the tree next to the woman and her baby showering who calls finn a pervert .\nthe snail was the only main character that didn ' t wear a sweater in holly jolly secrets part ii .\nmrna levels were not altered either by snail expression , by slug expression , or by adr treatment ( fig .\ngiant african snails cannot be brought into australia by travellers as pets or by purchasing online giant african snail kits .\nhi , i am from nigeria i need a whatsapp forum to join to have more knowledge about snail farming .\nthis version of how to feed a snail was reviewed by pippa elliott , mrcvs on february 9 , 2018 .\nand its cycles . to the aztecs , the snail is symbolic of time , transition , and even fertility .\nendogenous cryptic levels are attenuated by snail expression and are restored upon snail depletion in panc1 cells . a cryptic and snail levels are measured by western blotting after transfecting different amounts of snail / control / shrna plasmids ( 2 / 4 / 6 \u03bcg of snail plasmid and 4 \u03bcg of shrna plasmid and total amount of plasmid made up to 8 \u03bcg with pcdna3 empty vector ) . equal loading is confirmed by beta - actin . the blot is representative of 3 experiments ( n = 3 ) . qpcr is performed on reverse transcribed samples to estimate the mrna levels of ( b ) snail and ( c ) cryptic and is normalized to beta - actin expression ( n = 4 )\nsnails are slimy little creatures that don\u2019t seem to do all that much . however , that doesn\u2019t mean that the snail isn\u2019t full of animal symbolism . there is more than meets the eye when it comes to the snail . this slow moving animal has symbolism that comes from the way it moves , some mythology from cultures from around the world . but most of the snail\u2019s symbolism comes from its physiological make - up : what it looks like . this article will discuss all of these traits of the snail and explain how these traits add to the snail\u2019s symbolic meanings .\n) . here we demonstrate that snail expression suppresses the cryptic gene when they are co - transfected into hek - 293 cells in a dose dependent manner . this also correlates with decreased cryptic expression upon exogenous snail expression ( fig .\nwhat makes some snail species particularly interesting to chase is their use of\nlove darts\nduring copulation . about one third of snail species manufacture hard , sharp darts which they\nfire\nat the objects of their affections .\nif you are unsure how to feed your snail , give it a wide range of fruits , vegetables , and seeds , such as apples , tomatoes , and mushrooms . before you feed your snail , chop the food into small pieces . aim to feed your snail 1 / 4 cup of food per day , and be sure to remove any uneaten food within 24 hours . in addition to food , provide your snail with a shallow dish of water to bathe in and pieces of cuttlebone to keep its calcium levels high , which helps the snail keep its shell healthy .\nloci could result from either direct effects or indirect effects of snail and slug . chip assays were performed to determine whether aberrantly expressed snail and slug bound to these loci . e - cadherin and occludin served as positive controls . after snail or slug expression , chip was performed , and coprecipitated dna was analyzed by pcr . at all responsive loci , e - box sequences ( snail or slug binding sites ) were precipitated , whereas control sequences were not ( fig .\nin\nsimon & marcy ,\nhe appears during a flashback from 996 years ago , proving that he has has a lifespan much larger than that of a normal snail . however , this could possibly just be another snail entirely .\nthe game legends of ooo uses snails as hints . also , a slimy snail is used to free slime princess .\ncorry\u2019s slug & snail killer is the perfect solution to protect plants from slug & snail damage . after feeding , slugs and snails crawl to secluded places to die . people and pets can enter the area immediately after product is applied .\nkoehler c , barclay w . 1983 . snail barriers . california agriculture 37 ( 9 - 10 ) : 15 .\n( the most common species used to prepare escargot ) are raised on snail farms or collected wild . several species of\n) . these data suggest that snail represses proapoptotic genes in the dna damage response pathway , providing a prosurvival function .\n) . these results establish that snail , as a transcription factor , negatively regulates cryptic gene by direct transcriptional repression .\nde craene b , van roy f , berx g . unraveling signalling cascades for the snail family of transcription factors .\nfor three experimental populations ( r10 , r30 , and gua ) , snail susceptibility phenotypes were measured over five generations .\nsnail mucin ' s ingredients are known to be anti - aging by stimulating the formation of collagen and elastin , repair damaged skin , and restore hydration , which has made snail mucin skin care products very popular in korea and now in the u . s . our snail product is a top seller and often sells out on soko glam .\nbefore christianity used the snail as a symbol of the deadly sin of sloth , other ancient cultures saw the snail as sacred . to the ancient greeks , the snails keyed them in as to when the crops were ready to harvest . they represented fertility and fruition of hard work . the snail was also a symbol used frequently in ancient mesoamerican cultures .\nthe snail animal totem has come a long way in this world by simply moving along slowly . this can show us that we don\u2019t need to rush around to be safe . we need to work with what we have , just like the snail works with its shell . we can play to our own strengths just like the snail does every day .\nsmith , william , dr .\nentry for ' snail '\n.\nsmith ' s bible dictionary\n.\nlet them be as a snail which melteth and passeth away .\nmandelkern gives limax ,\nslug .\ns . ( 2006 ) . the way of the samurai snail . american naturalist 168 : 553 - 555 . (\nsnail watercolor and digital image . hand drawn media artwork for textiles , fabrics , souvenirs , packaging and greeting cards .\nproposed mechanism of snail mediated l - r axis specification through cryptic repression . ( up , left ) low endogenous expression of snail on the left side of the developing embryo permits cryptic - mediated nodal signalling , causing left - side specification . ( up , right ) relatively higher levels of snail on the right side suppress cryptic - mediated nodal signalling resulting right - side specification . ( bottom ) a snail mutant background is reported to aberrantly activate nodal signalling . the de - repression of cryptic in a mutant snail background may cause bi - laterally symmetrical activation of nodal signalling and thereby random organ positioning\nmade up of a succession of patches of colour : they curl round like the shell of a snail . the spiral form of a snail ' s shell echoes the direction of universal movement . the composition so named is therefore not at all\n, lane 5 , 6 ) , suggesting that a factor from the npe interacts with the cryptic promoter at the snail binding site . we therefore conclude that snail specifically interacts with the cryptic promoter even when the interaction is reconstituted in vitro .\n1 . snail slime ( or its cosmetic name , snail filtrate ) is packed with nutrients such as hyaluronic acid , glycoprotein , proteoglycans , and antimicrobial and copper peptides , all of which are commonly used in beauty products and proven to be beneficial for the skin . these elements help to protect the snail\u2019s skin from damage , infection , dryness and uv rays .\npeople also got itchy rashes thanks to parasites called avian schistosomes , which usually infect birds and a specific species of snail .\npayments for premiums still cannot be processed online - people have to snail - mail checks to a cgi processor in nebraska .\nnext to slime princess when she says ,\nyay !\nthis is the first close - up of the snail .\na spirit version of the snail appears in one of marceline ' s father ' s soul sacks near lumpy space princess .\nthe snail appears in the episode title card and in the final scene of the episode , still possessed by the lich .\nthe snail is near the top right corner of the screen when the guards are discussing about the\nnew painting .\nin adventure time with fionna and cake issue 1 , the snail can be seen in the cover of the comic waving .\nto confirm that the binding factor in the npe is indeed snail , the specificity of interaction was ascertained by incubating npe and oligonucleotide complex with snail antibody ( ~ 3 \u03bcg ) or with igg control antibody ( ~ 3 \u03bcg ) ( fig .\nsnail population : a field study using random - amplified polymorphic dna markers . j parasitol 85 : 436\u2013441 . pmid : 10386434\nyes , it did , thank you so much for your help ! my snail is growing big and faster .\nhelix aspersa muller glycoconjugates may sound like something mary poppins would say , but the real definition is simple : snail slime . more specifically , this is the snail slime that is the main ingredient in the natural cosmetic aptly named \u201csnail cream . \u201d now , slime probably is the last thing you\u2019d want to put on your skin , but snail cream is actually used as a beauty aid and is thought to reduce inflammation and redness , stimulate skin regeneration , and lock moisture into the skin .\nthis is mainly gel with aloe and other stuff , with tiny bit of snail extract . chemical preservatives included as well .\nthe ancient aztecs of mesoamerica saw the snail as a sacred being in that its shell represented the cycle of life . this belief is supported by artwork , paintings , drawings , and carvings in ancient places that include the spiral shell of the snail . the snail ' s shell can also be seen carried on the god tecciztecatl ' s back . tecciztecatl was a lunar deity ( a god of the moon ) , and he carried a shell on his back because the aztecs associated the snail with the moon . just as the snail retreats into its shell , the moon retreats into the depths of the ocean .\nin the picture below , you can see the panthers are holding the spiral snail shell and using it as a horn .\nanother signaling pathway that has been related to snail expression is that requiring pi3k activation . our results do not suggest a major involvement of this pathway in the activation of snail transcription in most of the tumor cell lines , but we cannot discard that it might contribute to snail expression in some cell lines , since in some cell lines ( iec - ilk , scc15 - akt ) additional sequences other that those present in the minimal promoter seem to be necessary for the full stimulation of snail promoter .\ninteraction of snail with the cryptic - promoter in - vivo . chromatin immunoprecipitation ( chip ) was performed in panc1 cells for the two putative snail binding sites using a ) semi - quantitative or b ) qpcr . the cells expressing endogenous snail were cross linked using formaldehyde followed by shearing and immunoprecipitation using a snail specific or igg control antibody . the resulting chromatin was reverse cross linked and amplified using the primers flanking the two putative snail binding sites . equal loading was confirmed by the amplification of input chromatin . the resulting blot ( 4a ) and the quantification ( 4b ) is representative of 3 experiments ( n = 3 )\neach snail contains both female and male reproductive organs . after a single mating , each snail can produce 100 to 500 eggs . these snails can reproduce several more times without mating again . they can generate clutches of eggs every 2 to 3 months .\nthe nots seminar panel of speakers also includes panagiota vlachou , who has 12 snail farms in greece , germany and cyprus , and irish snail farmers stephan de wit of marphan escargot in co wexford and catherine and richard cocollos of celtic escargot in kinvara .\nnot all land snails are edible . in france , the roman snail ( helix pomatia ) , the garden snail ( helix aspersa ) and , to a lesser extent , the european snail ( helix lucorum ) are the only species eaten . helix aspersa is called \u201c le petit gris \u201d in france and escargot is also an aperitif served in many restaurants in france and spain .\nsnail extract , formally referred to as snail mucin , is packed with nutrients such as hyaluronic acid , glycoprotein enzymes , proteoglycans and antimicrobial and copper peptides , all of which are commonly used in beauty products and proven to be beneficial for the skin . it has even been registered and recognized as an official cosmetic ingredient under the name , ' snail secretion filtrate . '\nsnail is a family business that specializes in motorhome rental enabling people to travel around iceland in a simple and budget friendly way .\nour adult tritons have finished laying eggs now and theyre starving . one snail is eating one to two starfish a day .\nsimilar recurring , hidden characters show up in other media , an example of which is the snail in blue ' s clues .\nin the adventure time encyclop\u00e6dia , marceline states that the snail , along with many other characters , lives in the grass lands .\nin issue 3 of the adventure time comic , the snail makes two cameos on top of a snow finn ' s head .\nthe snail appears at random points in finn and jake ' s epic quest and is sometimes the objective of a certain quest .\nseveral types of snail and slug bait products ( molluscicides ) are available . snail and slug baits can be effective when used properly and in conjunction with a cultural program that incorporates the other methods discussed above . baits alone will not effectively control snails or slugs in the long term . baits are also toxic to all snails and slugs , including the predatory decollate snail and native species .\nafter annealing , the fragment was subcloned in to pge - 1 vector ( stratagene ) . shrna - snail adenovirus was constructed by excising the shrna - snail fragment , along with the u6 promoter from shrna - snail / pge - 1 , and ligating the fragment into padtrack , from which the cytomegalovirus promoter used for protein expression had been deleted . adenoviruses were purified by cscl banding .\n) . this reduction in luciferase activity demonstrates that snail represses the promoter activity ( correlated to gene - expression ) of the cryptic gene . further , successive deletions of the two putative snail binding sites i . e . , sbei and sbeii ( fig .\nthe giant african snail , which reproduces very rapidly , is also capable of devouring the produce on a farm in one night .\nthere is this wise saying : \u201cif you are not idle , you are succeeding a little\u201d . so , start climbing the success stairs by starting up a small snail farm beside your apartment . to begin , you need to know what snails feed on and the list of snail food . snail breeding is one of the numerous businesses that you can start with a very little capital , easy to manage and consume lesser amount of energy and time , you have the rest of your time for other things . snail breeding is a lucrative business that generates profitable income if properly managed . click here to buy best ebook on snail farming in nigeria\ni have 2 snails , one is very happy in its habitat and one stays under a rock . is that snail sick ?\namazing ! i used to feed my pet snail with water from the tap . thanks so much for your help .\nkate - yes , the snail can be a very unique means of bringing someone a message from spirit . i love snails !\n\u201cjames gave the huffle of a snail in danger . and nobody heard him at all . \u201d \u2015 a . a . milne\nsnail superfamily members function as transcriptional repressors ( 16 , 29 ) . transcriptional repression function is associated with various conserved protein domains . in vertebrates , the snag domain is essential to transcriptional repression function of snail family members . drosophila snail lacks the snag domain , yet it still functions as a transcriptional repressor , through interaction with a well - characterized corepressor , ctbp ( 16 , 29 ) . consensus sequences for interaction with ctbp are found in some , but not all , members of the snail superfamily ( 29 ) .\nadditionally , nodal expression in chick embryos is not affected by high levels of snail anti - sense oligonucleotides [ 8 ] . our finding that cryptic , a co - receptor for nodal signals , is repressed by snail now provides a plausible mechanism behind this observation . in the absence of snail , freely transcribed cryptic causes propagation of nodal signals by acting as its co - receptor . with this mechanism in action , addition of high levels of snail anti - sense oligonucleotides will have no effect on nodal ( as shown in this report ) because cryptic repression is already withdrawn . on the contrary , it is likely that high expression of snail suppresses nodal signalling .\nlet ' s learn a little about the humble snail and it ' s history as we look through the ages passed . while the snail might be considered a nuisance in modern times to those who don ' t pay attention , there are those of us who are ready to learn of the snail ' s deep spiritual symbolism and beginnings and how these can be applied to our lives today .\ngiant african snail eggs next to a coin that is similar size to our 10 cent coin for comparison . \u200b source : steve greaves\nthe giant african snail feeds on more than 500 types of plants , including : peanuts , beans , peas , cucumbers and melons .\nroman snails and a garden banded snail in a terrarium . dan - delion was not the snails ' favourite food . [ rn ]\nplease sir , i want to start the farm . how can i get the snail from you and get more directions from you .\nplease , sir . i want to venture into the business if snail farm . i needest species of snail . i am from the eastern part of nigeria . can i get the best species from you , i will like to by about 4 - 5 hundreds piece\nthe shell of my land snail is turning white . what is the cause for the change in color and what should i do ?\ni learned a lot from wikihow , most especially feeding and sources of calcium . i am into snail farming . thanks .\ni wanted to take care of a land snail and i kept it alive for a few months after following these tips .\nthere are thought to be up to 30 small snail farms in development in ireland at the moment , with about six operating commercially .\nso other than the symbolic observations already made , how did the snail earn all these great features ? - mostly from cultural observations .\nit\u2019s a little guy , about an inch long , with muddy markings and a spiral shell . is this the mighty threat that\u2019s causing all the commotion ? actually , no . the well - meaning citizen has found a rosy wolf snail , similar in appearance but without the devastating appetites of an african land snail . this spring , a rosy wolf snail was misidentified in houston , rippling panic throughout texas .\nit had been a timeless love story . a garden snail with a rare genetic condition can ' t mate with normal snails ; scientists launch an international search for a mate ; the snail becomes a media sensation ; and miraculously not one but two possible mates are found .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - garden snail - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - garden snail - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - garden snail - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwe loved watching the world championship snail race . we learned that snails have shells and slugs do not . we also learned that slugs can go into places that snails can not . we wondered where the snail ' s eyes are located ? we will be on spring break next week and are wondering how many friends from our class will stop by and leave some comments . have a snail - rific friday !\nat the end of\nin your footsteps ,\nthe snail speaks for the first time and gains the enchiridion . the snail still continues to appear in each episode , and ( when examined closely ) appears to still have green eyes and an evil expression on its face .\nthe snail makes a prominent appearance emerging from finn ' s backpack , becoming possessed by the lich and freeing him from his amber prison .\non the side of the jake vs . me - mow dvd box containing finn ' s hat , the possessed snail can be seen .\ni learnd about the cool things snails and slugs do and the races they were very cool . the snails have shells and slugs don ' t . i want a snail . i once found a snail on my porch and i put it in the water and it drowned .\nsnails and slugs are among the most destructive pests found in gardens and landscapes . the brown garden snail , cornu aspersum ( formerly helix aspersa ) , is the most common snail causing problems in california gardens . it was introduced from france during the 1850s for use as food .\nthe up side to snail venom : scientists are now researching the use of cone snail poisons in treatment of neurological diseases such as epilepsy . although most toxins used in drugs are extracted from dead snails , some researchers have begun to farm and \u201cmilk\u201d the live snails for venom .\n) . expression of snail also resulted in a modest decline in the steady - state level of p53 at the protein level ( fig .\n2003 . the transcription factor slug represses e - cadherin expression and induces epithelial to mesenchymal transitions : a comparison with snail and e47 repressors .\n2003 . regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium - mesenchyme transition : direct repression of the gene expression of claudins / occludin by snail .\n) . we also demonstrate in vitro ( through emsa experiments ) interaction of snail with promoter region of the human cryptic gene ( fig .\nanswer : thank you for your question on snail and slug management . this letter provides information about control options for both snails and slugs .\nmcleod , edwin j . no date . snail and slug biology and management : a review . organic agriculture research institute . 6 p .\narticles are all pretty helpful . i have a 2 . 5 gallon tank with one common pond snail who hitched a ride home from\ni ' m with a bunch of treatment kids , and they are really inspired by snails . they are intrigued with snail habits ,\nit might not be to everyone\u2019s taste , but snail meat , containing protein , iron and omega - 3 , is considered a healthy food \u2013 as long as you don\u2019t drown it in garlic butter . milka also points to the potential for production of high value snail caviar .\nsnails represent great patience in life and those that have the totem animal as the snail are creatures of habit that can be frail emotionally .\nthe golden snail is known as keong mas in bahasa indonesia . these indonesia folktales told about the princess dewi limaran had cursed into the snail . his husband raden putra was sad because he lost his lovely wife . this folktale for storytelling comes from east java of java island .\ngiven the function of snail and of slug as transcriptional repressors , their ability to interfere with the apoptotic program is predicted to result from alterations in gene expression . since the tumor suppressor p53 plays an integral role in cellular responses to dna damage , the role of snail and slug in p53 regulation was investigated . expression of either snail or slug resulted in modest downregulation of steady - state levels of p53 mrna ( fig .\nsnail mucin is found in products such as moisturizers , serums and spot treatments . in some cases , brands use snail secretion filtrate in their products , but don ' t advertise it openly because of the ' ick ' factor . now that so many people in the west are opening up to the thought of snail mucin in their beauty products however , brands are highlighting it as an integral part of their formula .\nsnails need a lot of calcium in order to keep their shells healthy . a great option is a cuttlebone because you can simply break off pieces and place them in the tank for your snail to nibble on . other calcium sources should be crushed and added to your snail\u2019s food .\ni always say big meanings come in little packages . the depth of symbolic snail meaning is surprising and revealing . these little creatures represent things like : sensitivity , self - reliance , healing , patience and more ! read this article for awesome lessons the snail offers us every day .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - great pond snail - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - great pond snail - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - great pond snail - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsnail and cryptic are essential for left right asymmetry in mammals . in present study we demonstrated that over expression of snail suppresses cryptic expression in transdifferentiated panc1 cells . through promoter binding studies and luciferase assays we confirmed that snail directly binds to cryptic gene promoter and regulates its expression . our study has implications in the establishment of the left - right axis asymmetry where the gene - regulatory mechanism described in this report may be utilized .\ncryptic promoter activity in cells over expressing snail . plasmid construct expressing snail was transfected in increasing concentrations ( as indicated ) in hek 293 cells along with reporter constructs for cryptic promoter activity by cloning the cryptic promoter region upstream of the firefly luciferase gene . ( a ) the full length cryptic promoter , ( b ) promoter region containing a single snail binding element ( sbe1 ) , and ( c ) deleted snail binding elements are co - expressed with increasing concentrations of the vector expressing snail . ( d ) luciferase acivity is also measured for the cryptic promoter construct either containing sbei or sbeii mutant or full - length and for the vector alone . empty reporter vector is used as vector control , pcdna3 is used as control for snail transfection and beta - galactosidase construct is utilized to ensure equal transfection . the relative luciferase activity is plotted as a function of increasing snail expression . experiments are carried out in triplicates and repeated at least 3 times . data with p < 0 . 05 is considered significant\nwhat made you want to look up snail ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) ."]}
{"id": 678, "summary": [{"text": "parasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the ground colour of the wings is pale grey-brown with fine grey-brown fasciation and black discal spots . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "parasthena", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for parasthena definition . you find here parasthena meaning , synonyms of parasthena and images for parasthena copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parasthena . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parasthena and , of course , parasthena synonyms and on the right images related to the word parasthena .\nparsons et al . ( 1999 ) included only 1 species in the genus parasthena .\ngenus : parasthena warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 361 . [ bhl ]\nparasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .\nparasthena is a genus of moth in the family geometridae . it consists of only one species , parasthena flexilinea , which is found on sulawesi , the philippines and borneo and possibly on seram and papua new guinea .\ntype - species : parasthena flexilinea warren , 1902 . novit . zool . 9 : 362 . [ bhl ]\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens : type ( s ) sulawesi ( celebes ) : bonthain , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .\nmost records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 .\nschmidt , olga , 2015 , list of primary types of the larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia - a starting point for biodiversity assessment of the subfamily in the region , biodiversity data journal 3 , pp . 5447 - 5447 : 5447\ntype status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm\ntype locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ground colour of the wings is pale grey - brown with fine grey - brown fasciation and black discal spots ."]}
{"id": 679, "summary": [{"text": "the basa fish ( pangasius bocourti ) is a species of catfish in the family pangasiidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "basa are native to the mekong and chao phraya basins in indochina .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "these fish are important food fish with an international market .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they are often labeled in north america and australia as \" basa fish \" , \" swai \" , or \" bocourti \" .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in the uk all species of pangasius may legally be described as \" river cobbler \" , \" cobbler \" , \" basa \" , \" pangasius \" , \" panga \" , or any of these with the addition of \" catfish \" .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the rest of europe , these fish are commonly marketed as \" pangasius \" or \" panga \" .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "other related shark catfish may occasionally be incorrectly labeled as basa fish , including p. hypophthalmus ( iridescent shark ) and p. pangasius ( yellowtail catfish ) . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "basa fish", "paragraphs": ["our range of products include fish basa fillet , frozen basa fillets and vietnam frozen basa fillet .\nsweet & sour breaded basa fish . - picture of thai orchid , salisbury - tripadvisor\nwhile advances in basa farming are underway , ongoing concerns around the environmental cost of basa production results in a red rating for basa overall . while amcs maintains concerns around all basa production , the major retailers in australia have committed to sourcing all of their basa product from certified sources , which is a step in the right direction .\ni know people that have reactions to ling and basa . i feed it to my fish only .\nbasa fish\u2026let say fish only . . its nutritional value and health impact depends on the environment in which it is reared\u2026being fed and transported\u2026 .\nand if the claims about basa are true ? then okay . but atleast they are being sold as basa , and not as beef .\nthe body of a basa fish is stout and heavy . the rounded head is broader than it is long , the blunt snout having a white band on its muzzle . basa fish can be found in large rivers , in rapids and in deep , slower reaches . basa fish feed on plants . these fish spawn at the onset of the rainy season .\ndear eric : just recently i ate a white fish called basa . it was very delicious and no bones .\na popular frozen fish product imported from vietnam called basa fish just made the \u201cdo not consume\u201d list . basa fish ( known in the uk as vietnamese river cobbler ) is a type of catfish that is farmed in pens along the mekong river . basa fish is known for its mild taste and flaky white meat and is becoming the preferred type of fish among consumers because of its \u201ccleaner\u201d and almost bland taste compared to other types of farm - raised fish .\nthe basa fish \u2013 pangasius hypopthalmus , is a type of catfish in the family pangasiidae . basa are native to the mekong river delta in vietnam and chao phraya basin . basa is now farmed in large quantities . it is the most popular fish in vietnam and consumed in increasing quantities around the world .\nbasa is an omnivorous species of fish that requires some fish protein in its diet . some farms use wild caught fish processed into fish - feed pellets and others use a combination of home - made feed made from , for example , rice bran and ground up small fish caught in the mekong river . as there are numerous small , medium and large - scale basa operators , it is not possible to assess the dependence of the basa - farming producers on wild caught fish resources individually . however , available research indicates basa farming remains dependent on highly unsustainable wild caught fisheries , with a greater volume of fish removed from the ocean than is produced through basa farming .\nthe basa grows three times faster than the tilapia , which , in essence , means more weight for the farmers and more fish for the consumers . the basa is very economical and very viable fish ,\nricardo reynolds added .\nthe basa fish available in india is typically frozen and exported , because , basa is a fish available in vietnam . while i do have faith in frozen goods , most fish while being exported are treated to make sure they last for a certain amount of time . so while basa as a fish is good for you , i would suggest if you have an option to eating a fresher fish than basa , then , you\u2019s better have that . if not basa will do you no harm , but it is not as good as the surmai , rawas , prawns or mackarel available freshly in india .\nit is white , pinkish and is available year round . basa is a tender , mild and fine - flaked fish .\nmany lies getting spread around about this fish , mainly starting from european fish farmers .\nthat low price plus the taste and versatility have made basa a popular fish in australia and europe as well as north america .\nyour article regarding the \u201cbasa\u201d was very enlightening . thank you for this information . i will never eat fish again without asking .\ni spoke with him about the basa . he said that generally , if the fish are healthy then they are safe to eat . he said that he has had basa for meals and that they are delicious fish . he has no problem with eating them .\nfarmed basa fish are not fed their natural foods . they are fed the bones and remnants of dead fish usually after a period of time after the fishes\u2019 deaths\u2014giving time for bacteria to grow and infect the \u201cbasa fish food . \u201d these farmed fish are also often injected with dehydrated urine of pregnant women forcing female basa fish to grow and produce eggs quicker and the injection of hormones , imported from a pharmaceutical company in china , increases the speed of the growth and production processes of the fish . farmers of these fish are only concerned with the progression rates and the income these fish bring in with no concern for the consumers .\nhopefully from now on , you will be aware of the potential risks basa fish poses to your health . it\u2019s easy enough when you\u2019re shopping for fresh fish , but be especially aware when buying packaged seafood like imitation crab , fish sticks , fish terrines , and even pet food . simply flip the package to the back and check the list of ingredients to make sure that basa fish isn\u2019t an ingredient .\nbasa fillet , with onions , peppers , basil , pineapple in a sweet chilli sauce .\nvietnam is proud of its basa , though , and vietnamese fish farmers are fighting back . the wwf fears that current basa farming practices are environmentally unfriendly , a charge that vietnam has not yet been able to answer effectively . on the safety of basa , though , your platter should be relatively risk - free ; it still remains among the healthier fish you can eat .\nphan has switched from basa to domestic catfish at his restaurant because he couldn ' t get whole basa at an affordable price and wants to use fish with bones that won ' t fall apart in clay pot cooking , he said .\nbasa fish is a type of catfish native to vietnam and thailand and sometimes referred to as the river cobbler , swai , pangasius or bocourti . as with other types of catfish , basa are rich in protein but not as lean as tilapia and some other low - fat fish . basa can still be a healthy addition to your diet , but you should note that different methods of cooking will alter the nutritional characteristics . when choosing imported basa , the monterey bay aquarium seafood watch advises looking for fillets from farmed fish . farmed imported basa is low in contaminants like mercury and raised in an environmentally friendly manner .\nthe seafood importers association of australasia , which represents companies importing fish and shellfish into australia , is a strong advocate for vietnamese basa , encouraging increased consumption of and public confidence in these fish .\n\u201cwhat about fish sticks and fast food sandwiches ? \u201d fish sticks and \u201cfast - food\u201d sandwiches are commonly made from fish that are low in mercury .\nurltoken / life / ask - eric - is - it - safe - to - eat - imported - basa - fish - 1 . 87907\nconsumers in the united states were introduced to basa fish in 1994 after the trade embargo with vietnam was finally lifted . it was not a popular choice at first , but now it is a great competition for domestic catfish farmers . this is because basa fish is cheaper than catfish , has similar taste , and the quality of it is not any less . the quick rise in the basa fish\u2019s popularity created the \u201ccatfish war\u201d in the united states .\nthe mekong delta is known to be dangerously polluted . fish farms are created with waters from the delta . this fish is now banned in three states ; louisiana , mississippi and alabama . the vancouver aquarian ocean wise program , via their web site , recommends that people avoid the basa fish as it is associated with disease outbreaks and infection of wild basa populations .\na few years after the spike in popularity of basa fish , scientists discovered the danger of its consumption . basa fish are farmed along the mekong river\u2014one of the most polluted rivers in the world . large manufacturers planted along this river frequently dump extremely toxic and dangerous chemicals and industrial waste directly into it . in june of 2001 , the us food and drug administration imposed increased and more thorough testing on southeast asian farm - raised seafood including the basa fish after repeatedly discovering fish contaminated with heavy metals and banned antibiotics .\nhere\u2019s one american that shot a video in viet nam at one of their basa fish farms . it\u2019s a bit long , but you\u2019ll get the idea .\nas to the pangasius or basa fish , one sexually mature female weighing three kilogrammes ( approximately 6 . 6 lbs ) can produce 150 , 000 eggs per kilogramme \u2014 that is 450 , 000 eggs from a three - kilogramme fish . so a 10 - kilogramme basa produces well over a million eggs .\nthe real issue for indian consumers is the issue that crops up with many varieties of farmed fish \u2014 depending on where your restaurant is sourcing from , the taste of basa can vary from complex ( if the fish comes from the certified farms approved by the vietnam fisheries council ) or bland and boring ( if the fish comes from farms that practice overfishing or use too many chemicals in the fish feed ) . bland basa is instantly recognisable \u2014 it combines a cottony texture with a watery feel , and sourcing inferior basa is the kind of culinary misdemeanour that puts consumers off fish in general . ask your restaurant where they get their basa from , and if the answer is reassuring , go ahead and tuck into your basa yellow kari . if not , order the lamb .\nwhile the production of basa is new to jamaica , the importation is not , as at least two of the country\u2019s major importers of fish stock carry basa , especially the boneless , skinless fillets , or portions in different sizes and shapes cut from fillets .\nbasa ' s sharp rise in popularity alarmed members of the catfish farmers of america , who estimated last year that basa has taken 12 percent of the united states ' $ 590 million market for catfish .\npangasius bocourti \u2013 commonly known as basa \u2013 has lean and bright white flesh and offers a delicate texture and mild flavour . basa flesh is considered superior in quality to its close cousin \u2013 pangasius hypophthalmus .\nthe fish and wildife branch of new brunswick ' s department of natural resources and energy published provincial fish advisories in the manual fish 2010 . mercury contamination of freshwater fish is located under for further information on page 43 .\nanother strong attribute of basa is that it doesn\u2019t smell , which puts it in a sweet spot . indian sea fish such as mackerel or king fish are less bony than fresh water varieties , but are smellier . fresh water fish such as carps smell less than sea fish but have many bones . visually too , basa scores . the premium grade of basa imported into india , is unblemished white . \u201cpeople like to see white meat when they cut into it . whiteness is always associated with good quality , \u201d says reddy .\nadditionally , fass said , price rises for importers , wholesalers and distributors could cut into demand for basa , eventually disrupting supplies of the succulent , bewhiskered fish .\nhowever , there are some caveats . questions about the health of mekong river and the practices used to farm basa will affect your decision to buy the fish .\ngood fish guide the latest advice , top tips and recipes for buying and cooking fish that is sustainably sourced .\ni found some cheap fish called\nbasa fillet \u2013 fishermans choice\n. the brand is kinda low quality anyway but there is a lot of warning on the internet about eating this type of imported fish from vietnam .\nit is disgusting , don ' t touch it . and i refuse to go to any fish and chip shop that serves basa as their standard grilled fish and chips and charge any more than $ 5 for it .\nu . s . catfish producers characterize vietnamese basa as an unclean bottom - feeder bred in polluted water .\nadding to basa\u2019s appeal is that it is a low - fat source of protein and is also very budget - friendly . at one supermarket , i saw frozen basa fillets for just 88 cents per 100 grams .\nit took me a good two hours of internet research to figure this all out ) , particularly as basa is used internationally for both pangasius bocourti and pangasius hypophthalmus , and the same is true for panga in europe . however , since 2010 vietnam has instituted legislation to label all basa and tra for export consistently as basa .\nbasa fillets are relatively low in sodium , with 50 mg per fillet . the daily recommended intake of sodium is 2 , 300 mg , so a 100 - gram basa fillet contains just 2 percent of this amount .\nbasa is growing in popularity in many bay area restaurants , but some chefs are not sold on the fish . robert lam , the vietnam - born chef at butterfly in san francisco , said he doesn ' t cook with basa because fish farming is not closely regulated in vietnam for environmental quality . he also prefers seasonal , local ingredients .\nin the united states , basa from vietnam has been banned in louisiana , mississippi and alabama after it was claimed that illegal antibiotics turned up in samples of the fish .\nbut basa ' s supporters - - among them fass , who said he has inspected vietnamese fish farms - - say basa are raised in fast - flowing waters in cages at the surface of the mekong river and not at the murky bottom , like pond - raised american catfish .\nthe first commercial crop of basa is expected to be reaped in september of this year , and the expectation of aqua - culturalist and managing director of algix , maurice reynolds , is that basa is going to replace the tilapia as the fish of choice for freshwater cultivators and consumers .\nfilleted basa was retailing for $ 8 . 99 a pound earlier this week at the whole foods market in san ramon , where anthony colombini laid out fleshy , slightly pink strips of basa on a bed of crushed ice .\nbasa is a river catfish and one of 28 species in the pangasiidae family . in comparison to its cousin \u2013 pangasius hypophthalmus - basa are more difficult to farm , more costly to raise and slower to grow . consequently - basa commands a higher price . both basa and swai are scale - less fish and have stout and heavy bodies . they have round , broad heads with blunt snouts that have a white band on the muzzle . both species are usually harvested when they are about 2 to 3 pounds .\nthe experts are purporting that the female basa has the ability to produce much more eggs than any other fish ever farmed commercially in jamaica . another claim is that at full maturity the basa weighs an average of 88 - 90 lbs , making it much easier for the cutting of fillets .\nthe basa is a special fish . it is a native of southeast asia , particularly vietnam , cambodia and neighbouring nations ,\nreynolds told the jamaica observer last thursday .\nthere\u2019s a reason chefs like basa . it lacks the boniness of hilsa , the fishiness of pabda and other strong - flavoured fish , and it is far less bland than sole or even bhekti . sole and bhekti , to my mind , are the chicken of fish dishes \u2014 intrinsically uninteresting , but great vehicles for subtle sauces . basa has a subtle flavour all its own , interesting texture \u2014 catfish can flex its muscles , though purists sometimes complain that it\u2019s too thin - flavoured and watery . but by and large , basa is cheap , good fish \u2014 a classic \u201crecession\u201d fish for chefs .\nish , t . & doctor , k . 2005 . tra and basa : tra ( pangasius hypophthalmus ) and basa ( pangasius bocourti ) . seafood watch , seafood report , monterey bay aquarium , california , usa . 29 pp .\nselect fish lower on the food chain\u2014anchovies , mackerel and sardines , for example . as larger predatory fish eat smaller fish , contaminants are concentrated and accumulated . another benefit is that these smaller fish tend to have higher levels of omega - 3 fats .\nnext time you\u2019re at a seafood restaurant where you are tempted to order a fish sandwich , or fish and chips ( usually fried ) ask the server what kind of fish that is . if they say cod , mahi or pollock , enjoy your meal . if they say basa , take a pass . basa has become a popular white fish which restaurants substitute as cheaper meat than free - caught ocean fishes . what the restaurant doesn\u2019t tell you is that basa is a bottom - dwelling catfish variety farmed in the mekong delta regions of viet nam , frozen and shipped at low prices to the u . s .\nbasa fish fillets are low in calories , as a 100 - gram fillet contains 90 calories . this amount comprises just 4 . 5 percent of the daily suggested calorie intake of 2 , 000 . if you ' re dieting , basa fillets can be a good choice , as it would take less than 10 minutes of jogging or less than 11 minutes of swimming to burn the calories in a 100 - gram basa fillet .\nhowever , the seafood watch folk do rate basa as a \u201cgood alternative\u201d with some caveats . they say commercial farming of basa , which they call river catfish , in southeast asia has increased rapidly in recent years . they say basa has a strong potential to be a sustainable aquaculture species , but there are conservation concerns with the current practice of open cage aquaculture combined with little or no management of these fish farming operations in asia .\nyes , tassal . too much fish poo in the bay . is a a bay , so the ocean is unable to flush out the fish poo under the fish farms . and they have way too many fish net pods . wish they lose their asc .\nbut basa isn\u2019t without controversies . nothing that successful ever is . in 2002 , the us department of commerce upheld the appeal of american catfish farmers and slapped a dumping duty on the fish . later , the us food and drug administration ( fda ) launched an investigation into the farming practices of basa . vietnamese fish farmers were accused of using unhealthy antibiotics to increase its yield .\nthe owner of a leicestershire fish and chip shop has admitted selling imported freshwater fish as cod after random dna tests by trading standards .\nchef caroline rye , the urban fishwife , tells us her experiences using mcs\u2019 good fish guide to make informed choices when buying fish .\ni recently did a natural bodybuilding competition in australia . for 11 weeks prior i ate 5x 200g cooked basa fillet meals per day . that\u2019s 1kg basa every day for 11 weeks . that\u2019s 77kg basa that i personally ate over 11 weeks . i loved it . i still eat it now . it tastes great with pepper & chilli on the bbq . i didn\u2019t get sick at all . if anyone should have gotten sick from eating basa , surely the guy who ate 80kg in 3 months would have , wouldn\u2019t he ?\nhowever , the price of basa in markets and restaurants is sure to jump if the preliminary duties are made permanent , said matt fass , vice president of marine products international , a virginia fish importer .\nfor better performance . it is well - known in the markets as basa fish or dory in fillet products ( imitating marine dory zeus spp . ) . fry for aquaculture is taken from the wild .\nthe pangasius species of freshwater fish , known locally as basa , is now being produced in jamaica and is being trumpeted as the natural successor to the tried and tested tilapia on the plates of jamaicans .\nwhat is the secret of such high yield of basa ? \u201cthere is no other fish that can be as easily de - scaled and de - boned , \u201d says p . b . reddy , director , castlerock fisheries . basa has just one , long , central bone and once that is taken out , making the fillet is easy .\nanother fish from mekon delta is the swai fish\u2026comes from the same waters and is also a catfish ! sells for very cheap at wal mart .\ni am from pakistan have been eating this fish once almost every month . this fish is used by many restaurants here to make different fish recipes including fish burgers , cutlets and fish n chips . we love it due to it being easy to eat and tastefully delicious . no one in my family ever had any problem after consuming this fish . i would recommend it to anyone for its taste , convinience , price and safety .\nwhat about the taste of this fish ? basa adapts very well to indian and other asian cuisines such as chinese and thai . chefs concur that it can easily be tava - cooked or masala - grilled . \u201cit gels well with the kind of palate indians have . it is softer [ than other indian fish ] , \u201d says chef anirudhoya roy of taj land\u2019s end , who pioneered the use of this fish in indian hotels . today , roy uses 600 kgs of basa a month .\nthe ngos began importing small quantities of basa and a related fish called tra . they sold the fish to distributors and wholesalers and a handful of restaurants and markets , such as the seafood center on san francisco ' s clement street , which is run by members of the ngos ' extended family . since then , basa\nhas really taken off , now many other importers handle it too ,\nchristine ngo said .\nis frozen mekong catfish from vietnam . if is not frozen , it has been freshly ' thawed for your convenience ' . food is food ; but looking at my sustainable fish wall chart in my office right now , it says we should ' eat less ' basa fish species . my hotel chefs will never purchase this fish to serve in our restaurants .\n. . . i have a friend that has been eating about 4 killos of basa every week for the last year . . . .\ni love basa fish and eat it every week . it is cheap , it has a very bland taste and smell ( that ' s a good thing for me ) and it is extremely easy to cook .\nseveral environmental organizations concerned with marine ecosystems have raised concerns about basa . oceanwise , an environmental organization associated has flagged farmed basa for its potential pollution of ecosystems and interference with wild species . it writes , \u201copen cage farming in southeast asia is associated with disease transfer to wild basa . there are also concerns about feed quality , farm operating standards and the biological impact of using wild stock for culturing . \u201d it as also commonly heard that these fish are being fed human excretory products in poor countries .\nbasa is described as having large , white fillets with no bones , and flesh that is moist with a light , firm texture and a mild fish flavour . this makes basa , which is often sold frozen or thawed from frozen , a versatile species that can be used in a multitude of recipes and cooking styles , whether in a home or restaurant kitchen .\nall of these fish are produced by aquaculture . wild harvest is possible but very limited , and the wild fish are subject to considerable variation in quality .\nbasa fillets contain no carbohydrates , so you can eat this fish on a low - carbohydrate diet . while low - carbohydrate diets can help you lose weight , you don ' t need to restrict carbohydrates to diet successfully .\ni prefer to eat locally caught fish . if i were going to purchase basa , i would do a thorough check of the importing company and garner as much information as i could about how the fish they are selling are farmed . if they are proud of their product , they will supply details .\nhowever , their joy didn\u2019t last long because the vietnamese retaliated by rebranding their catfish as basa . \u201cbasa\u201d is simply the vietnamese word for the fish in question . first they didn\u2019t have a coherent strategy and so other names also proliferated , including tra , bocourti , panga and swai . panga , which is mostly used in europe , derives from the latin family name pangasiidae . basa and tra are different subfamilies \u2013 basa is technically known as pangasius bocourti ( hence the trade name bocourti ) and tra is technically known as pangasius hypophthalmus . the vietnamese word for pangasius hypophthalmus is tra and the thai word for it is swai ( hence the trade names tra and swai ) .\nit ' s a little more delicate than domestic catfish ,\nsaid charles phan , the vietnam - born chef at the slanted door , who described basa as a mild , white - fleshed fish with a pleasant flavor .\nto him , the issue is simple . vietnam should stop labeling imported basa fish as catfish and thereby end what he calls its unfair piggybacking on an industry built from scratch by farmers here and in alabama , louisiana and mississippi .\nthe farming of basa has started in eastern india\u2019s fresh waters as well . the region produced 30 , 000 tonnes of the fish in 2010 and it is being served all over the north ( including delhi ) and the east .\ndear al : with the name basa , one might think it\u2019s related to bass , a fish canadians cast for in local rivers and lakes . like bass , it is a freshwater fish , but it\u2019s not related to that species . it is a type of catfish and its latin name is pangasius bocourti .\n( also called , pangasius , vietnamese river cobbler , basa fish and white catfish , tra , gray sole ) . it was a reminder to tell you about the dangers of this strange but increasingly popular fish . i learned about them and how they\u2019re raised a while ago on an informative documentary online here :\nso we have more eggs from the female brood stock than any other fish ever farmed in jamaica . this is the main reason why the basa industry is nearly a us $ 2 - billion industry in asia . the best a female tilapia can produce is 500 eggs at any one time . right now , the basa is the sixth most eaten fish in the world and the 10th in the united states , according to independent publications ,\nhe explained .\ni love this fish and believe that there is a \u201cfish war\u201d which has led to the media trying to blacklist it . it is in competition with other farm fished products in the usa and other countries and perhaps this is the origin of these scare tactics . if we put any food products under the microscope it might put most of us off\u2026growth hormones , chemicals etc etc the australian board on fish importing has all good things to say about basa fish and i believe it :\nfirst time there and we ordered the fish and chips and calamari and chips - the calamari was very well done in my opinion , chips were ok . . . . . but the fish was dreadful . to be fair , the waitress did ask if we were ok with basa fish since it wasn ' t for everyone ( we had never had it ) which we agreed to . . .\nfor example , on canadian importer bay point trading\u2019s website , baypointtrading . ca , you\u2019ll find many pages of information about the vietnamese basa the company sells .\nwhy is basa pouring into the indian market ? because of the after - effects of the catfish war . spurred by reports that vietnamese catfish were being overfarmed \u2014 a very real danger \u2014 the world wildlife fund for nature recently advised consumers not to buy basa . the wwf\u2019s red list is influential , especially in europe , and could hurt exports of basa or panga \u2014 and us catfish farmers are still waging war against vietnamese \u201ccobbler\u201d , as it\u2019s widely known in the states .\n\u201cis there methylmercury in all fish and shellfish ? \u201d nearly all fish and shellfish contain traces of methylmercury . however , larger fish that have lived longer have the highest levels of methylmercury because they\u2019ve had more time to accumulate it . these large fish ( swordfish , shark , king mackerel and tilefish ) pose the greatest risk . other types of fish and shellfish may be eaten in the amounts recommended by fda and epa .\nwife cooks basa in batter and serves it up with a few slices of fried potato and a bit of green veg . just had some tonight \u2013 yum !\nindian accent serves it , blue ginger in bangalore features it among its signature dishes , and every upscale thai or vietnamese restaurant seems to have basa on the menu , replacing sole , bhekti and singara fillets . but the story behind basa , perhaps 2010\u2019s fish of the year , is a long and complex one . there aren\u2019t too many catfish that can claim responsibility for a second us - vietnam conflict .\nnot usually a good sign . fresh fish does not have an extreme fishy smell .\nplease read this link to studies made on these fish . it is quite surprising !\nit is your call but i don ' t see why people hate it so much . if you are looking for a\nbetter\nfish with omega 3 and such , there are better choices like salom and codfish , but if you just want to a quick fix of fish that is super easy to make get the basa .\nbasa is said to be inexpensive because it grows fast , it\u2019s easily harvested and it\u2019s processed in factories near the farm . being able to get the fish to market without the expense of maintaining a fleet of fishing boats helps keep the price low .\nindian fishery experts think that in a few years aquaculture within the country will start delivering quality basa . and they would not be the only ones . apparently , the chinese have taken a shine to this fish and have started ramping up its production .\nhowever , nearly all fish contain traces of mercury . for most people , the risk from mercury by eating fish is not a health concern . yet , some fish contain higher levels of mercury that may harm an unborn baby or young child\u2019s developing nervous system .\nbasa fillets are rich in protein , as a 100 - gram fillet contains 14 grams . this amount is more than twice the protein in an egg , but a basa fillet contains 50 fewer calories than two eggs would provide . your body needs protein to maintain the integrity of your existing cells and tissues and build new tissues .\nwhile i ' m aware of basa hazards in the past , i ' m inclined to trust coles standards for healthy sanitary food , although like much of their fruit , basa hasn ' t much taste . but after egging , breadcrumbing and pan frying it ' s a nice dish we eat regularly and at an excellent price .\nusually i don ' t mind and just eat it anyway , but for some reason these fillets have no fishy smell . i ' ve had many types of fish and often opening the bag i ' m met with a extreme fishy smell . these basa fish however don ' t have that at all . more like a chemical smell .\nthere\u2019s nothing wrong with the fish . i\u2019m also a fish and fish processing expert . these fish are fed with commercial pelletized feeds similar to what they feed salmon , tilapia etc . the \u201curine\u201d thing must be hcg ( human chorionic gonadotriopin ) hormones used to induce spawning . people use hcg in a weight loss program these days\u2026google it and find out .\ncorrection : january 21 , 2002 , monday a chart on wednesday with a front - page article about a dispute over the designation of basa fish from vietnam as catfish mislabeled figures comparing domestic catfish production with imports . the figures denoted pounds , not tons .\nto understand how economical the process is , compare the rates that indian hotels have to pay for a kilogramme of fish of different varieties , along with the yield of meat they get from each . there is hardly a contest because basa wins hands down .\nanswer : \u201cthe farmed fish is cross - eyed from staring up at the outhouse . \u201d\nwe don\u2019t fish for it in canada . basa , also called swai and a few other names , is native to southeast asia . it is farmed in large numbers in pens around the mekong river system of vietnam , as well as in china and cambodia .\nalgix jamaica , a company with investors from the united states and jamaica , is now breeding , stocking and producing basa on its farm at barton isle in st elizabeth .\nthe u . s . catfish industry initially pressed congress to prohibit labeling \u201cbasa\u201d as catfish . the first antidumping duties against \u201ccertain frozen fish fillets from vietnam\u201d went into effect in 2003 . they have not been lifted . more recently , vietnam has been angered by an attempt to reclassify \u201cbasa\u201d as catfish , which could lead to stricter united states department of agriculture inspection standards . where are joseph heller and \u201ccatch - 22\u201d when you need them ?\ni have a friend that has been eating about 4 killos of basa every week for the last year . he is a bodybuilder so he eats about 1 kg of fish , chicken or other proteins every day . he is healthy and not having absolutely any issues .\nmajor retailers in australia and internationally tend to require sustainability certification of farms that produce basa , and only sell product from these sources . this market initiative has driven significant improvements in basa production , such as managing the waste produced in fish farming . vietnam has also introduced a standard to which all farms must operate in order to export product ; however , the standard is not considered high enough to allow access to the us and eu markets .\namericans say it comes from the polluted mekong river , while the australians say that the fish comes from fish farms near the mekong river and is highly recommended . we need your advice .\nthe weight just kills it ,\nphan said of the costs to fly fresh basa - - heads , tails , bones and all - - by air from vietnam .\nbut , where look and taste is concerned , indian basa is yet to make the cut . its colour is dimmer and the bloodstreams running across the flesh are visible . for these reasons the price of indian basa is lower , at rs . 170 to rs . 210 a kg , while the vietnamese variety sells for rs . 240 to rs . 270 a kg . \u201cbetween september and november 2010 , there was so much basa produced locally , that the price fell to rs . 35 per kg , \u201d says reddy .\ni doubt my wife would ' ve wanted basa in the house forty years ago , when we had anklebiters running rampant . nowadays , though , she ' s more relaxed .\nthese guidelines are developed based on data from fish that have been tested for chemical contamination and are found to be safe to eat . like fish consumption advisories safe eating guidelines are issued for specific fish species from specific water bodies or types of water bodies by state and local agencies .\nperhaps the biggest virtue that the vietnamese bring with this fish is the promise of reliable supplies . in india , sea fish is seasonally available between september and may . for instance , mumbaiites love bombay duck , but it is available from february to may and the indian mackerel is available from september to november . \u201cthe price of fish such as king fish [ surmai ] and the others are quite high due to their seasonality and only a small section of the population can eat it regularly , \u201d says reddy . with basa , all this is overcome .\nthe risks from mercury in fish depends on the amount eaten and the levels of mercury in the fish . therefore , the food and drug administration ( fda ) and the environmental protection agency ( epa ) advise women who may become pregnant , pregnant women , nursing mothers , and young children to avoid some types of fish and eat fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury .\nthe vietnamese strategy of market differentiation worked . in the past decade , basa has come to be seen as an imported premium product and has been doing well in a range of export markets , including the usa . consequently , us catfish lobbyists changed their strategy : they went to lobby for basa to be treated as a \u201clike product\u201d \u2013 i . e . completely reversing their earlier strategy which had been to argue that vietnamese catfish was different from american catfish . they were successful again and vietnamese basa has been subjected to heavy import tariffs .\n7 . the companies who sells the fish doesn\u2019t make me sick . your baseless accusations do .\non its website , oceanwise . ca , the vancouver aquarium\u2019s ocean wise program does not recommend consumers buy basa . aquarium experts say open - cage farming in southeast asia is associated with disease outbreaks and infection of wild basa populations . they also note there are also concerns about feed quality , farm operating standards and the biological impact of using wild stock for culturing .\nmanaged correctly and sustainably , fish farming has the potential to increase fisheries productivity and provide food for hungry people . if fishers collect too many baby fish , wild populations decline . but , if fishers harvest sustainably , then the young fish can be raised to provide extra food . and , in fact , since aquaculture for this species is dependent on healthy fish populations and a healthy river ecosystem , the economic benefit gained from wild fish harvests provides an indirect incentive to protect the environment .\nbasa , which are farmed in the waters of the mekong river delta , were virtually unknown in the united states before the late 1990s , when h & n food international of san francisco began importing and wholesaling the fish , said the company ' s vice president , christine ngo .\nwhy would you need to look them up when there have been so many documentaries on their production . even rick stein has covered their production in pens beneath homes on the mekong river . basa or vietnamese catfish , is not a fish that you would\nchoose\nto eat .\nour oceans have become so depleted of wild fish stocks , and so polluted with industrial contaminants , that trying to figure out the fish that are both safe and sustainable can make your head spin .\ngood fish\nlists can change year after year , because stocks rebound or get depleted every few years , but there are some fish that , no matter what , you can always decline .\nif you are familiar with fish , i\u2019ve been fishing since 5 years old . old pier # 5 , now a shopping mall : the holy grail was to not buy a fish that did not had the head still attached . if you know your fish that\u2019s one thing , but even with that you learn to tell how fresh the fish is by the clarity and texture on the eye .\nthe bangla adage mache bhate bengali \u2013 \u2018fish and rice make a bengali\u2019 \u2013 sums up the importance of fish in the diet of bangladeshis . but with capture fisheries in decline , bangladesh is increasingly lo\u2026\nvarious provincial fish consumption advisories have been issued for water bodies in newfoundland and labrador . at the following locations it is recommended that the designated fish species be consumed no more than once per week :\nanyways , back on topic \u2013 i personally wouldn ' t choose to eat basa voluntarily . not that impressed with how or where it ' s farmed to be comfortable with eating it .\nwe strongly believe that with the expertise we have been able to acquire , the basa will become the dominant force in freshwater cultivation in jamaica ,\nthe algix managing director said .\nbasa , a type of catfish , can be cooked in myriad ways , such as pan - frying . experts at the vancouver aquarium ' s ocean wise program and the monterey bay aquarium seafood watch in the u . s . stress that while some farmed basa from vietnam or cambodia is excellent , some is of poor quality and it behooves consumers to ask questions before buying .\napproximately 2 . 6 to 6 . 7 percent of the fat content of a serving of basa consists of omega - 3 fatty acids . a high intake of these fatty acids - - particularly dha , or docosahexaenoic acid , and epa , or eicosapentaenoic acid - - are linked to a decreased risk of heart disease . to get enough , the american heart association recommends that you should have at least two 3 . 5 - oz . servings of fish like basa each week .\nif the river cobbler had been described as fish , there would have been no problem .\neat this instead : pacific halibut seems to be doing well , but the group also recommends replacing these fish with other mild - flavored white - fleshed fish , such as domestically farmed catfish or tilapia .\nfollow these same recommendations when feeding fish and shellfish to your young child , but serve smaller portions .\nfor additional inquiries , contact the fish and wildlife general information line at 506 - 453 - 2440 .\nan advisory about fish from a specific waterbody or type of waterbody may address more than one affected fish species or chemical contaminant . advisories can be issued by federal , state , local or tribal agencies .\nwe are restoring the world\u2019s wild fish populations to serve as a sustainable source of protein for people .\nnot terribly impressed . . have eaten basa and it\u2019s cousin swai for years and enjoyed it . i travel a good deal and can\u2019t honestly say that farming conditions for salmon , talapia and other fish in the us are any worse than they are for basa or swai in the mekong delta . i think we as us residents are a bit ethnocentric . . but hey\u2026 i get my medical care out of the us as well . we are a self - important group i fear .\nbasa being a low fat source of protein is good for health . having said that , the farming method and water ( pollution ) they were caught from need to be taken into account .\n\u201ccountry of origin labeling\u201d ( cool ) regulations , which went into effect in 2005 , can help you identify the source of seafood . they require supermarkets\u2014but not restaurants , processed fish products , or , oddly enough , fish markets\u2014to indicate where their fish come from and whether they were farmed or wild - caught .\na better question would be whether basa is the best fish choice to eat . there ' s nothing wrong with it safety wise , but it ' s not the tastiest , best quality or healthiest fish to eat . it ' s cheap for a reason . it ' s sort of like domino ' s pizza . not the best or highest quality pizza around , but for the cheap price it is it will do . also , have you ever had frozen marinara mix ? if yes , then you ' ve eaten basa and survived , so it ' s good . don ' t overdo it though , if you want quality fish buy the local more expensive versions which are far better .\nby translating the name of its ' ' tra ' ' fish as ' ' catfish ' ' rather than ' ' basa , ' ' the common english name of that species , the vietnamese have captured 20 percent of the american catfish market . tra looks like catfish ; tra tastes like catfish .\nontario ' s ministry of the environment published provincial fish consumption advisories in the 2009 - 2010 guide to eating ontario sport fish . notices for mercury and other contaminants are located on page 16 of the guide .\nseriously , we ' re well aware of the negatives about basa . it ' s a matter of two 70 + folks weighing up the risks and deciding it ' s not worth worrying about .\ncoles is where we get our frozen basa , at $ 7 kg . . . and impressed with the separate four pack two fillet wrapping , though we don ' t eat that . . .\nbasa is imported from south - east asia , where it is predominantly farmed along vietnam ' s mekong river in ponds , tanks and cages close to or in the mekong . farms discharge wastewater to the river , which likely cause localised pollution . however , the effect of basa aquaculture on waterways is minor when compared with the degradation of the mekong river by runoff from agriculture and other human activities .\nsupermarkets are making it easier for consumers to choose fish by providing more detailed information on their labels about where and how fish have been caught . make sure you look out for the\nblue tick\nlogo from the marine stewardship council which certifies that the fish has come from a sustainable and well - managed fishery .\nmanitoba conservation has a website about mercury in fish , where you will find a pamphlet on\nmercury in fish and guidelines for the consumption of recreationally angled fish in manitoba\n. for further information on recommended consumption rates , contact a manitoba water stewardship office or phone the resource information service at 204 - 945 - 6784 .\nso , women and young children in particular should include fish in their diets due to the many nutritional benefits .\nby following these three recommendations for selecting and eating fish or shellfish , women and young children will receive the benefits of eating fish and shellfish and be confident that they have reduced their exposure to the harmful effects of mercury .\n( 3 ) check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes , rivers , and coastal areas . if no advice is available , eat up to 6 ounces ( one average meal ) per week of fish you catch from local waters , but don\u2019t consume any other fish during that week .\nhowever , some fish and shellfish may contain chemicals that could pose health risks . when contaminant levels are unsafe , consumption advisories may recommend that people limit or avoid eating certain species of fish and shellfish caught in certain places ."]}
{"id": 680, "summary": [{"text": "anadara broughtonii is a species of ark clam .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species was described by shrenk in 1867 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "originally belonging to the genus scapharca , the genus has merged with anadara now . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "anadara broughtonii", "paragraphs": ["subunit structure of hemoglobins from erythrocytes of the blood clam , anadara broughtonii . - pubmed - ncbi\nbiological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck .\nbiological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck .\nbiological studies on arkshell culture , 1 : distribution of drifting larvae of the arkshell , anadara broughtonii schrenck . [ 1977 ]\nsilina a v . 2006 . spatial heterogeneity and long - term changes in bivalve anadara broughtonii population : influence of river run - offand fishery .\nlength frequency distribution of anadara antiquata from ocean road . . . | download scientific diagram\nbroom m j . 1985 . the biology and culture of marine bivalve molluscs of the genus anadara .\nwang z s , sui x l . 1996 . preliminary study of the death of scapharca broughtonii in simulating ecological conditions .\ntang q x , wang j , qiu x y , guo x w . 1994 . s tudies on releasing enhancement of scapharca broughtonii .\nfecundity and population structure of cockles , anadara antiquata l . 1758 ( bivalvia : arcidae ) from a sandy / muddy beach near dar es salaam , tanzania\nnishida k , ishimura t , suzuki a , sasaki t . 2012 . seasonal changes in the shell microstructure of the bloody clam , scapharca broughtonii ( mollusca : bivalvia : arcidae ) .\nxiao y x , su j j , xu e d . 1994 . effects of salinity on growth of juvenile and on fattening and mature acceleration of parent scapharca broughtonii ( schrenck ) .\n( of anadara kafanovi lutaenko , 1993 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca broughtonii schrenck , 1867 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca inflata reeve , 1844 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca reeveana nyst , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of arca tenuis tokunaga , 1906 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of scapharca broughtoni ( schrenck , 1867 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nerm . ( 1998 ) . fisheries resources and fishing operations in hong kong waters . final report . submitted to agriculture & fisheries department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nstudies on hemoglobin : vi . amino acid compositions of the fractionated bovine globin \u03b1 and \u03b2\nxerostomia , thirst , sodium gradient and inter - dialytic weight gain in hemodialysis diabetic vs . non - diabetic patients .\nclinical trial for uniform multidrug therapy for leprosy patients in brazil ( u - mdt / ct - br ) : adverse effects approach .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nsupported by the special fund for agro - scientific research in the public interest ( no . 201003068 ) and the national department public benefit research foundation ( no . 201305043 )\nbaer j , r\u00f6sch r . 2008 . mass - marking of brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) larvae by alizarin : method and evaluation of stocking .\nbarker j m , mckaye k r . 2004 . immersion marking of juvenile midas cichlids with oxytetracycline .\nbashey f . 2004 . a comparison of the suitability of alizarin red s and calcein for inducing a nonlethally detectable mark in juvenile guppies .\nday r w , williams m c , hawkes g p . 1995 . a comparison of fluorochromes for marking abalone shells .\neckmann r . 2003 . alizarin marking of whitefish , coregonus lavaretus otoliths during egg incubation .\nevseev g a , lutaenko k a . 1998 . bivalves of the subfamily anadarinae ( arcidae ) from vietnam .\nfitzpatrick m p , jeffs a g , dunphy b j . 2010 . identification of the optimal fluorochrome for marking larvae of the pulmonate limpet siphonaria australis .\nfitzpatrick m p , jeffs a g , dunphy b j . 2013 . efficacy of calcein as a chemical marker of green - lipped mussel (\nfrenkel v , kindschi g , zohar y . 2002 . noninvasive , mass marking of fish by immersion in calcein : evaluation of fish size and ultrasound exposure on mark endurance .\nkaehler s , mcquaid c d . 1999 . use of the fluorochrome calcein as an in situ growth marker in the brown mussel perna perna .\nklunzinger m w , beatty s j , morgan d l , lymbery a j , haag w r . 2014 . age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation .\nleips j , baril c t , rodd f h , reznick d n , bashey f , visser g j , travis j . 2001 . the suitability of calcein to mark poeciliid fish and a new method of detection .\nlemarie d p , smith d r , villella r f , weller d a . 2000 . evaluation of tag types and adhesives for marking freshwater mussels (\nlinard c , gueguen y , moriceau j , soyez c , hui b , raoux a , le moullac g . 2011 . calcein staining of calcified structures in pearl oyster pinctada margaritifera and the effect of food resource level on shell growth .\n. ocean university of china , qingdao , china . urltoken ( in chinese with english abstract )\nlu h j , zhang x m , xi d , gao t x . 2014 . use of calcein and alizarin red s for immersion marking of black rockfish sebastes schlegelii juveniles .\nlucas t , palmer p j , wang s z , scoones r , o\u2019brien e . 2008 . marking the shell of the saucer scallop amusium balloti for sea ranching using oxytetracycline , calcein and alizarin red s .\nmatsukuma a , okutani t . 2000 . family arcidae , order arcoida . marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . p . 844\u2013855 .\nmoran a l , marko p b . 2005 . a simple technique for physical marking of larvae of marine bivalves .\nmorgan s g . 2001 . the larval ecology of marine communities . marine community ecology . sinauer associates , new york . p . 159\u2013181 .\nmorgan s g . 2001 . the larval ecology of marine communities . marine community ecology . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts , usa . p . 159\u2013181 .\nnational standardization management council . 2008 . gb / t 12763 . specifications for oceanographic survey - part 6 : marine biological survey . china standard publishing house , beijing . ( in chinese )\noliveira k . 1996 . field validation of annular growth rings in the american eel , anguilla rostrata , using tetracyclinemarked otoliths .\npalumbi s r . 2003 . population genetics , demographic connectivity , and the design of marine reserves .\nskov c , gr\u00f8nkj\u00e6r p , nielsen c . 2001 . marking pike fry otoliths with alizarin complexone and strontium : an evaluation of methods .\nsomero g n . 2002 . thermal physiology and vertical zonation of intertidal animals : optima , limits , and costs of living .\ntaylor m d , fielder d s , suthers i m . 2005 . batch marking of otoliths and fin spines to assess the stock enhancement of argyrosomus japonicus .\nthorrold s r , jones g p , hellberg m e , burton r s , swearer s e , neigel j e , morgan s g , warner r r . 2002 . quantifying larval retention and connectivity in marine populations with artificial and natural markers .\nvan der geest m , van gils j a , van der meer j , olff h , piersma t . 2011 . suitability of calcein as an in situ growth marker in burrowing bivalves .\nvan der walt b , faragher r a . 2003 . otolith marking of rainbow trout fry by immersion in low concentrations of alizarin complexone .\nwang z c , zhang g f , gao y m , zhang c y . 1987 . effects of temperature and foods on the development of gonad of the blood cockle , arca inflat a .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\n2 . hb i and ii treated with p - chloromercuribenzoate , designated as pmb - i and pmb - ii , showed greatly increased oxygen affinity and decreased cooperativity . cd spectra at the far - ultraviolet of the pmb - hb in the oxygen liganded state gave similar patterns to those of native oxygenated hb . however no changes in the spectra were observed on deoxygenation . these findings suggest that the pmb - i and pmb - ii retain their native oxy conformation even in the deoxy states . the pmb - modification might prevent the initial ligand - induced conformational change within the protomers .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n( schrenck , 1867 ) . accessed through : ahyong , s . ; costello , m . j . ; galil , b . s . ; gollasch , s . ; hutchings , p . ; katsanevakis , s . ; lejeusne , c . ; marchini , a . ; occhipinti , a . ; pagad , s . ; poore , g . ; rius , m . ; robinson , t . b . ; sterrer , w . ; turon , x . ; willan , r . c . ; zhan , a . ( 2018 ) world register of introduced marine species ( wrims ) at : urltoken ; = 504357 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nahyong , s . ; costello , m . j . ; galil , b . s . ; gollasch , s . ; hutchings , p . ; katsanevakis , s . ; lejeusne , c . ; marchini , a . ; occhipinti , a . ; pagad , s . ; poore , g . ; rius , m . ; robinson , t . b . ; sterrer , w . ; turon , x . ; willan , r . c . ; zhan , a . ( 2018 ) . world register of introduced marine species ( wrims ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nbusan national fisheries univ . , busan ( korea r . ) . dept . of fisheries biology [ corporate author ]\nfao , rome ( italy ) . canadian international development agency , ottawa , ontario . [ corporate author ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . reared in tanks in japan , mainly for experimental purposes .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . tropical pacific . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas of thailand , malaysia , korea , etc . also in west java in shallow sea waters with muddy bottom . attains marketable size of 5\u20137 . 5 cm in 6\u20137 months . feeds on organic detritus and phytoplankton . cockle \u2018gardens\u2019 are erected on rich cockle spat grounds .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in korea .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in coastal waters of banten ( west java ) along with a . granosa .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in japan . prefers shallow and calm sections of warm bays with mud or sandy mud bottom . spawning season from july to early september , beginning at water temperature of about 25\u00b0c and with peak at about 27\u00b0c . larvae become bottom dwellers 3\u20136 months after birth .\ncockle . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas of thailand .\nribbed ark - shell . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . india , pacific islands , etc . cultivated in japan . flesh used as food . attains marketable size in three years .\nark - shell clam . ( arcidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated commercially in the gulf , thailand . young are collected for this purpose from mud . harvestable size attained in about 6 months .\nportuguese oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . coast of europe ; introduced to other areas for culture . commercial cultivation in coastal areas of france , brackish water lakes of tunisia , etc . experimental culture in south africa . salinity tolerance : 21\u201343 ppt . reported not to breed in lakes where salinity is about 34 ppt .\nsydney rock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . australia and hawaii . cultivated in australia , largely in estuaries and inlets of sea . spat collected on wooden sticks and grown on racks or trays raised above surface of estuarine mud flats . can survive out of water for two to three weeks depending on the temperature . attains marketable size in a few months . experimental culture tried in south africa .\njapanese oyster ; indian rock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan , australia , new zealand and india . cultivated in japan on bamboo . spat imported from japan and cultivated in american waters . commercially important cultivation in philippines also . limited cultivation in south india . requires 8\u201312 months ' growth to reach marketable size of 6\u20138 cm length . harvested before spawning season ( march - may ) . feeds mainly on diatoms and protozoans .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . west coast of africa from senegal to angola . experimental cultivation in nigeria . 7 . 5 cm growth observed in 9 months .\njapanese oyster ; pacific oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan ; transplanted to america ( alaska to california ) , new zealand , tasmania , france , etc . one of the largest cultivated oysters in japan , korea , thailand , north america , tasmania , new zealand , etc . experimental cultivation in philippines , france , etc . grows to 30 cm or more . hardy and can stand wide variations in temperature and salinity . salinity tolerance : 8\u201336 ppt . optimum salinity and temperature : 20\u201325 ppt and about 24\u00b0c . grows best near estuaries . attains marketable size of 10\u201315 cm in less than two years , but growth rate is extremely variable . filter feeder , on bacteria , protozoa , diatoms , larval forms , detritus , etc .\nrock oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . new zealand . farmed in new zealand by placing the young taken from natural rocks and rock spawls in suitable locations on the foreshore .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . indian seas . limited farming in kelwa , near bombay ( india ) .\nsouth american oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . coast of africa . experimental cultivation in knysa lagoon , south africa .\nmangrove oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cuba , jamaica and puerto rico . commercially exploited species ; cultivation on scientific lines initiated in venezuela , cuba .\nedible oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan , india , etc . cultivated in japan for food purposes . salinity tolerance : 7\u201334 ppt .\natlantic oyster ; eastern oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . gulf and atlantic coast of u . s . a . , west indies and introduced in british columbia . cultivated in u . s . a . at present four hatcheries are reported to be working on commercial scale . reaches marketable size in 2\u20134 years . feeds on plankton . spawning takes place when temperature increases within average range of 20\u201332\u00b0c . salinity tolerance : 5\u201332 ppt with optimum between 10\u201328 ppt . larvae grow best in 15\u201318 ppt salinity and temperature of 18\u201330\u00b0c .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in brackish waters of thailand .\npearl oyster . ( unionidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated in japan for pearls . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months ; big ones in three years .\npearl \u2018oyster\u2019 ; abalone . ( haliotidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated for pearls in japan . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months ; big ones in three years .\npearl \u2018oyster\u2019 . ( unionidae ) . marine waters . japan . cultivated in japan for pearls . details same as h . discus hannai .\nmussel . ( unionidae ) . fresh water . east america . cultivated along with fishes in u . s . a . the mussel clears the water by filtering , thereby increasing fish production . cultivation reported to be still in experimental stage .\nsurf clam . ( mactridae ) . marine waters . japan . propagated on the southwest coast of tokyo bay .\nhard clam . ( mercenaridae ) . marine and brackish waters . gulf of st . laurence to gulf of mexico in north america . experimental farming in u . s . a . grown in protective boxes along gulf and atlantic coasts . most specimens spawn when one year old . feeds on plankton , mostly phyto . larvae grow best in salinity of 25\u201327 ppt and temperature 18\u201330\u00b0c .\nexperimental cultivation in boxes along gulf and atlantic coasts of u . s . a . for seed purposes .\nbackwater clam . ( veneridae ) . east coast of india . experimental cultivation reported from a marine fish farm in south india .\nclam . ( veneridae ) . japan coast . spawning season from july to september when water temperature rises above 25\u00b0c . grows to 6 . 6 mm in shell length in one full year and 36 mm in two full years . in three full years the growth is about 51 mm . largest specimens about 98 mm long . requires sandy bottom , but is considered suitable for marine propagation .\nhard clam ; big clam . ( veneridae ) . japan coast . cultivated in korea and japan . reaches marketable size of 5\u20137 cm in one to two years .\n\u2018clam\u2019 . ( muricidae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . collected from tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) .\nsoft clam ; soft - shell clam . ( myidae ) . marine waters . east and west coasts of north america , norway - france , japan , etc . farmed in u . s . a . feeds on phyto and zooplankton . in nature occurs in exposed areas of coast line .\nsea mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated in korea .\ncommon mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . widely distributed . cultivated in france , spain , germany , italy , netherlands , denmark , england , scotland , canada , etc . feeds on plankton ( diatoms , protozoans ) and detritus . harvested when 7\u20138 cm in length . in netherlands requires three years to grow to marketable size .\nmediterranean mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean coasts . cultivated in taranto gulf , italy ; brackishwater lakes of tunisia ; greece , etc .\ngreen bay mussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . cultivated in muddy estuarine areas , mostly on bamboo stake - traps , in thailand . cultivated also in oyster farms in philippines or separately , following diverse methods . harvested in six months at the average length of 5\u20138 cm . feeds on \u2018lab - lab\u2019 . spawns throughout the year . optimum temperature 26\u201330\u00b0c and salinity 27\u201335 ppt .\nmussel . ( mytilidae ) . marine and brackish waters . cultivated in muddy estuarine waters of thailand .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . found at water depth of 15\u201340 m . spawning begins in early june , when the water temperature is about 19\u00b0c . culture by sowing , raft and simplified hanging methods .\neuropean flat oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . european coast . cultivated in european countries , specially in spain , france , tunisia , greece , scotland , ireland , etc . and marine ( u . s . a . ) . culture reported from south africa also . salinity tolerance : 24\u201345 ppt . spawns at temperature 15\u201318\u00b0c . in cages attains 6\u20137 cm in 9 months and on ordinary beds 9 cm in 16 months . feeds on phytoplankton . in scotland cultivated on ropes attached to floats and reported to attain marketable size in three years .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . most important oyster cultivated in philippines . ready for harvest when right valves are 6\u20138 cm or more long . generally takes 8\u201312 months to grow from spat to harvesting stage . harvested before spawning season ( march - may ) .\nolympia oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . alaska to lower california on american coast . cultivated in puget sound ( u . s . a . ) by drilling favourable areas and carefully maintaining the enclosed ground . begins to spawn when temperature reaches 16\u00b0c . hatchery established in oregon . experimental culture in japan also .\nbackwater oyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . east coast of india . cultivated in pulicat lake ( india ) . flesh used as food . food largely diatomaceous . eggs and larvae prefer low salinities . salinity range for adults : 8\u201325 ppt .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . far east . details same as o . iredalei .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine waters . mediterranean . cultivated in the black sea , u . s . s . r .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . africa . experimental cultivation in nigeria .\nclam ; tapestry shell . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . japan coast . cultivated in japan . grows to marketable size of 3 cm in one year .\nwindow - pane shell . ( pectenidae ) . distribution and biological characters similar to p . yessoensis . cultivated in japan .\nwindow - pane shell . ( pectenidae ) . marine waters . japan coast . generally cold sea dweller . spawning season march to july . critical temperature for spawning 8\u20139\u00b0c . growth depends on location , age and population density .\nmussel . ( aviculidae ) . marine waters . limited cultivation on rafts in venezuela .\nmargarita pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . limited farming in venezuela .\njapanese pearl oyster ; pearl oyster of sri lanka and persian gulf . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . japan , red sea , sudan , sri lanka , etc . cultivated in japan . imported in australia for experimental culture . easy to culture , but very small in size . marketable in five years .\nblack - lip pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . indo - pacific . cultivated for pearls in japan and philippines . treated oysters are put in cages and suspended in sea . pearl formation in six months , big ones in three years . cultivated in australia for flesh and shell also .\njapanese pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . japan , sudan , red sea , etc . cultivated for pearls in japan , in cages suspended in sea . pearls are formed in six months ; big ones in three years . feeds on diatoms . cultivated in australian farms , where pearls are produced in half the time required in japan ( size up to 18 mm diameter ) . gigantic nurseries in sudan and red sea - dongonab bay .\nsilver - lip ; gold - lip ; australian pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . australasia . cultivated in seas around australia . very much amenable to culture conditions .\nindian pearl oyster . ( pteriidae ) . marine . indian seas . cultivated in the marine farm at krusadi , india ( bay of bengal ) . first spawning in two years . two spawning periods , one in south west monsoon and the other in north east monsoon . maximum shell growth attained in third year . seldom exceeds 8 . 5 cm in height .\nwindow - pane shell . ( anomiidae ) . marine and brackish waters . limited cultivation in philippine farms . prefers beds of greyish or bluish mud in tidal zones of estuaries , coves or bays . shell is free and unattached .\nlittle neck clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . north america . a trend is developing toward private farming in u . s . a .\nwing shell . ( pteriidae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated for pearls in japan by putting treated oysters in cages and suspending in sea . pearl formation takes six months to three years according to size required .\noyster . ( ostreidae ) . marine and brackish waters . raft culture in thailand .\nbutter clam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . a trend is developing toward private farming in u . s . a .\nmediterranean clam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . young collected from tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) . production in 1967 : 85 tons .\njapanese little neck clam ; manila clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . japan and pacific coast of asia . cultivated in japan and korea . called \u2018asari\u2019 in japan . spawning occurs between 20 and 28\u00b0c .\nmanila clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . japan coast . a trend is developing toward private farming in pacific coast of u . s . a . ; introduced from japan .\nshort neck clam . ( veneridae ) . marine waters . far east . cultivated in korea .\nclam . ( veneridae ) . marine and brackish waters . mediterranean . young collected from the tunisian coast and fattened in the bizerta lake ( brackish water ) .\nartificial culture of scallops ( pectenidae ) , reported in bay of peter the great , off vladivostok .\nlimited cultivation of squids and octopus larvae ( exact species determinations not available ) has been initiated in japan .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\n. . . since v . vulnificus was first recognized as a human pathogen in 1979 [ 22 ] , great advances have been made in the understanding of the epidemiology this species [ 23 ] . v . vulnificus is commonly isolated from seawater and seafood in korea and infections are expected to increase , with more than 100 cases already occurring annually [ 20 , 24 ] . the question then arises as to why more people do not become infected with v . vulnificus . . . .\ndistribution of hemolytic vibrio sp . in sea water of the beaches of busan during mid - summer\nthe change of cell counts of vibrio parahaemolyticus in fish muscle by the storage time and temperature was examined to get basic informations for precautionary steps against food poisoning of slices of raw fish ( sashimi ) . there fore , we inoculated fish homogenate of oceanic bonito ( katsuwonus pelamis ) , yellow tail ( seriola quinqueradiata ) with kanagawa positive vibrio parahaemolyticus and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of cultured vegetables and to check the removing rate of bacteria by treating methods such as washing with tap water or commercial detergent , or blanching . samples collected from farm land located at busan suburbs and markets were fragaria chiloensis var . ananasa , lycopersicum esculentum , capsium longum , cucumis sativus , lactuca . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninhibitory effects on bacterial growth by using lysozyme and mixtures of it with other antibacterial substances ( sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium pyrophosphate ) were investigated against the 7 kinds of hacterial strains isolated from putrefied surumi products . the growth inhibitory concentrations of lysozyme and lysozyme + sodium hexametaphosphate + sodium pyrophosphate against the bacteria . . . [ show full abstract ]\nstudies on distribution , characterization and detoxification of shellfish toxin in korea 3 . detoxifi . . .\nwe have veen already reported the distribution of psp of bivalve mollusca in southern coast of korea and also analyzed their characteristics . the purpose of this study was to develop detoxification method for psp infested sea mussel , mytilus edulis , by rearing methods or processing treatments . there was no significant detoxification effect when the psp infested sea mussel was reared in a tank . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 682, "summary": [{"text": "lepidochrysops vera , the vera 's giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in may and june . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lepidochrysops vera", "paragraphs": ["libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 684, "summary": [{"text": "the olive-brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis ) , or sunda oriole , is a species of bird in the family oriolidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is endemic to the islands of the lesser sundas .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "olive - brown oriole", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . olive - brown oriole 2 . olive - brown oriole > > male 3 . olive - brown oriole 4 . olive - brown oriole > > female 5 . olive - brown oriole > > male 6 . olive - brown oriole > > male 7 . olive - brown oriole > > male 8 . olive - brown oriole > > male\nolive - brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis ) is a species of bird in the oriolidae family .\nthe olive - brown oriole is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\n* olive - brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis melanotis ) - image . * olive - brown oriole ( oriolus melanotis ) - text . * orchard oriole ( icterus spurius ) - image . * oriolus chinensis - images . * oriolus cruentus - image . * oriolus flavocinctus - image . * oriolus oriolus - images . * oriolus oriolus - pirol - text und abbildung . * oriolus xanthornus - image . more\nof eastern and central north america , having bright orange and black plumage in the male and olive brown plumage in the female . it was formerly considered a subspecies of the northern oriole .\nolive - brown oriole is quite similar to the local helmeted friarbird but the male is less so , while on timor , where the nominate race of this oriole occurs , the female is again quite similar to the helmeted friarbird but the male is not . in australia , however , where both the olive - backed oriole and the green oriole overlap in range with the helmeted friarbird , there is no mimicry . it seems clear that the orioles mimic the friarbirds , rather than vice versa . more\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nolive - brown oriole\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nthe alternative genus xanthonotus , originally described by c . l . bonaparte , in 1854 , has been used to group the dark - throated oriole ( oriolus xanthonotus ) , the philippine oriole and the isabela oriole , the first two of which were considered by sibley and monroe to be sister - species . the subspecies albilorus of the philippine oriole has sometimes been elevated to the rank of a full species , but in other treatments the philippine oriole , including albiloris , has been considered a subspecies of the dark - throated oriole .\nrelationship with man several oriolids , among them the eurasian golden oriole , the eastern black - headed oriole and the australasian figbird , occasionally cause damage to fruit crops in gardens and orchards , and have consequently been persecuted . it is very likely that other oriole species have met the same fate .\noriole clutches vary from one egg to six , but the average is about two to three eggs , usually laid at intervals of 1\u20132 days . the eggs measure approximately 2 \u00d7 3 cm and weigh 5\u201310 g . they are sometimes white or pinkish - white but mostly some sort of creamy colour , with reddish , brownish , purplish , greyish and blackish spots and streaks , these markings usually concentrated at the obtuse end . the eggs of figbirds , however , are duller , having a greyish - green to olive - brown ground colour .\nwetar oriole ( o . m . finschi ) - hartert , 1904 : originally described as a separate species . found on wetar and atauro islands\ntimor oriole ( o . m . melanotis ) - bonaparte , 1850 : originally described as a separate species . found on timor , rote and semau islands\nnestlings of the eurasian golden oriole begin to preen and to exercise their wings when they are about 10\u201312 days old , which is the time when most down feathers start to be replaced with adult feathers . a few days later , some leave the nest and perch in the immediate surroundings , including the ground . they start to fly when 16\u201320 days old , after which the young stay with the parents in family groups for a few weeks , or perhaps even months , feeding by the parents eventually ceasing altogether . orioles probably breed for the first time at the age of 2\u20133 years , as demonstrated for the eurasian golden oriole .\nstudies of eurasian golden orioles have revealed that this species can exhibit site - fidelity over several years . in a few cases , ringing has confirmed that both male and female returned to the same territory year after year . usually the pair chooses a new nesting site , but occasionally it will occupy the same nesting tree or , indeed , the same branch , and it may even reuse materials from the previous year\u2019s nest or , rarely , the orioles will use the old nest , merely repairing it with some new material . both the eastern black - headed oriole and the eurasian golden oriole have on rare occasions been recorded as using the same nest a year later .\norioles must drink , and they may do so in various ways . the eurasian golden oriole , for example , may pump or suck water , as well as nectar , upwards into its downward - pointed beak , or it may use a sequence of alternately pumping and raising its beak , a \u201csuck - and - tilt\u201d process . usually , this species drinks from tree hollows , takes dew or raindrops from branches or leaves , or flies closely above the surface of a waterbody and quickly dips its bill . in rare instances , it will also drink from rain puddles .\nalthough , with some members of the family , it appears that both sexes build the nest , incubate the eggs , and brood and feed the nestlings , this is the exception . more usually , it is exclusively or almost exclusively the female that incubates , for a period of 2\u20133 weeks , and that broods the nestlings , again for 2\u20133 weeks . while incubating , the female of the eurasian golden oriole leaves the nest to feed herself only for brief periods of about ten minutes , and rarely up to 38 minutes , but she leaves for longer foraging trips after the eggs have hatched . meanwhile , the male may feed her and he may also incubate or brood for short periods .\ntelemetric studies of the eurasian golden oriole in northern germany showed that , during the breeding season , the adults foraged for 45 % of the time within 200 m of the nest and for 80 % of the time within 700 m of the nest , but they would travel 1\u20133 km for especially abundant food sources , such as plants infested with caterpillars . their foraging ranges increased significantly after the hatching of the eggs . sometimes , up to three immature or adult orioles , presumably previous offspring of the nesting pair , helped in the feeding of the young , especially in habitats with poor food availability . a similar phenomenon has been recorded for the australasian figbird , the nestlings of which are occasionally brooded and fed by extra males and females .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .\nthe ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .\nthe ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .\nioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1\nioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1\nioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2\nioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4\nioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3\nioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1\nioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4\nioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3\nioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2\nioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1\nioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4\nioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3\nioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2\nioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1\nioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5\nioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4\nioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3\nioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2\nioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1\ngill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmedium - sized passerines with relatively large , long and pointed wings , short to medium - length tail ; many species very colourful in yellow to golden and black , some more green .\nhabitat orioles are primarily canopy feeders ( see general habits ) . almost all members of the family have been recorded in primary forest habitats of various kinds : dry , closed - canopy african woodlands , evergreen and semi - evergreen broadleaf forests , including monsoon forest , damp highland and moss forests , eucalypt ( eucalyptus ) woodland , and deciduous and coniferous forests , as well as mixed forests such as pine\u2013oak ( pinus \u2013 quercus ) forest .\nan intriguing anti - predator response is exhibited by adult eurasian golden orioles , which , when threatened , adopt a stiff posture with beak turned upwards , similar to that of a bittern ( botaurus ) when disturbed or alarmed . this behaviour is demonstrated also by fledglings when warned by their parents , and it is already evident even among nestlings ; the latter , if a parent gives a warning call , press themselves flat into the bottom of the nest but keep the bill pointing upwards . dodging all dangers , ringed eurasian golden orioles reached a maximum age of eight years , with an average of 1\u00b75 years for ringed nestlings and 3\u20134 years for individuals that had reached adulthood .\nadverse weather decreases nesting success by depleting food resources , particularly invertebrates , or by directly killing nestlings or destroying nests . after such events , depending on circumstances , pairs may quickly make a new breeding attempt , or they may forgo breeding for the year in question . exceptionally bad weather , such as hailstorms , can even kill adults .\nvol 13 - handbook of the birds of the world , del hoyo j . , elliott a . christie d .\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nrecording av # 4262 . timor - leste : about 5 - 6 km from the indonesian border on the south coast ( - 9 . 415 , 125 . 118 ) recorded by frank r . lambert\ntimor - leste : about 5 - 6 km from the indonesian border on the south coast ( - 9 . 415 , 125 . 118 )\nbirds of the indonesian archipelago greater sundas and wallacea the first ornithological field guide covering the vast chain of the indonesian archipelago , with over 2 , 500 illustrations , describes all 1 , 417 bird species known to occur in the region , including 601 endemics , 98 vagrants , eight introduced species and 18 species yet to be formally described . together these represent over 13 % of global bird diversity .\n\u2190 click inside , copy the code and then paste it into your web page code .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 593 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nto look up an entry in the american heritage dictionary of the english language , use the search window above . for best results , after typing in the word , click on the \u201csearch\u201d button instead of using the \u201center\u201d key .\nsome compound words ( like bus rapid transit , dog whistle , or identity theft ) don\u2019t appear on the drop - down list when you type them in the search bar . for best results with compound words , place a quotation mark before the compound word in the search window .\nthe usage panel is a group of nearly 200 prominent scholars , creative writers , journalists , diplomats , and others in occupations requiring mastery of language . annual surveys have gauged the acceptability of particular usages and grammatical constructions .\ngo to our crossword puzzle solver and type in the letters that you know , and the solver will produce a list of possible solutions .\nthe articles in our blog examine new words , revised definitions , interesting images from the fifth edition , discussions of usage , and more .\nthe american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language , fifth edition copyright \u00a92018 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company . all rights reserved .\nthousands of entries in the dictionary include etymologies that trace their origins back to reconstructed proto - languages . you can obtain more information about these forms in our online appendices :\nthe indo - european appendix covers nearly half of the indo - european roots that have left their mark on english words . a more complete treatment of indo - european roots and the english words derived from them is available in our dictionary of indo - european roots .\nthis website is best viewed in chrome , firefox , microsoft edge , or safari . some characters in pronunciations and etymologies cannot be displayed properly in internet explorer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 28 march 2018 , at 15 : 34 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 01 . 25 , website ( version 25 - jan - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps . you can also have your visited countries map on your site . if you see this message , you need to upgrade your flash player ."]}
{"id": 685, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes adamas is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from southern quebec and manitoba to mississippi and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae are leaf folders and tiers on quercus alba , quercus ilicifolia , quercus laurifolia , quercus prinus and quercus rubra . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chionodes adamas", "paragraphs": ["chionodes adamas hodges , 1999 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 6\nadamas ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nno one has contributed data records for chionodes adam yet . learn how to contribute .\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1999 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 6 , p . 150 ; pl . 2 . 61 - 63 . order\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331\nnova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\nnova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa , q . rubra , fagus grandifolia , carya hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53\n= ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15"]}
{"id": 686, "summary": [{"text": "astroscopus guttatus ( northern stargazer ) is a fish that can reach lengths of 22 inches ( 56 cm ) and are located on the eastern shores between the states of north carolina and new york in the united states .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the northern stargazer can be found up to depths of 120 feet ( 37 m ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "stargazers have a flat forehead with a lot of body mass up front near the mouth . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "astroscopus guttatus", "paragraphs": ["known data sets that contain ( astroscopus guttatus ) . this may include sibling taxa data sources .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\ns\u00e4hk\u00f6t\u00e4hyst\u00e4j\u00e4\nto\nastroscopus guttatus abbott , 1860\n.\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\ntaivaant\u00e4hyst\u00e4j\u00e4\nfrom\nastroscopus guttatus abbott , 1860\nas untrusted .\nstarry \u2013 eyed : the eyes of the northern stargazer are unusual and very important ; as a . guttatus is primarily a visual\nthis odd looking face , something out of a hollywood horror movie , belongs to a very unique marine creature - the northern stargazer ( astroscopus guttatus ) . unique to this strange looking fish are a pair of organs located behind the eyes that can produce up to 50 volts of electricity . it is believed this electrical charge is used as a means of protection as it is not powerful enough to stun a fish the northern stargazer might be predating on . read more about the northern stargazer ( astroscopus guttatus ) here .\ncitation :\nnorthern stargazers , astroscopus guttatus ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\npart of the stargazer ' s scientific name , astrocopus , means\none who aims at the stars ,\nand guttatus means\nspeckled .\nchapter 64 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the first year of the life cycle of the fish astroscopus guttatus , commonly known as northern stargazer . it is noted that the fish is considered as endemic to the middle atlantic bight .\nnone the less , once dinner is close , astroscopus has another amazing ocular trick . depending upon which side the prey species approaches , astroscopus will rotate the contralateral eye in a semicircle a few times to further tease the prey into thinking there is small burrowing organism there . this curiosity attracts the prey to cross the body of the fish towards the moving eye . once the prey is within range , astroscopus will lunge upward and literally suck the prey into its rather generous mouth as it creates a vacuum by opening its mouth . the electric organ has been shown to discharge simultaneously and it may have some role in confusing the prey , but does not have enough current to kill . nevertheless , the discharge does seem to be part of the capture process .\nresearch astroscopus guttatus \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\na northern stargazer ( astroscopus guttatus ) at the blue heron bridge , phil foster state park , 11 / 13 / 2015 , a 4k video . it really does make a difference if you have a 4k monitor to view the video . these fish are capable of delivering up to 50 volts at the base of the head , so hands - off is a sensible policy . as you can see , they bury in the sand to become hidden predators . only the eyes and mouth are visible to the careful observer .\nit may not be the brightest star in the ocean , but the northern stargazer is a remarkable organism ; with some very unique and interesting adaptations . the northern stargazer , astroscopus guttatus , is well adept to spending life buried in the sand , waiting to ambush its prey . it has evolved unusual and most shocking uses for its extraocular muscles . a . guttatus , is unique among teleosts , as it alone is the only marine species which has an electric organ . this species of stargazer is distributed around the western atlantic ocean , ranging from new york to north carolina , the northern stargazer is native to the bahamas . being a benthic dweller , the northern stargazer spends a lot if its life buried within the sandy surf zones and deeper sand \u2013 mud environments of inshore waters . the northern stargazer usually resides at depths of approximately 36m .\nthis electric organ , located behind each eye , is innervated by only the oculomotor nerve and is capable of discharging up to 50 v . in astroscopus it consists of approximately 200 layers , although electorphorus may have 30 times that . some believed that astroscopus is capable of stunning a prey species of fish with the discharge , but it does not appear to be strong enough to do that , nor does it appear to be discharged at the right time for that effect . rather , the electric organ is used for defence to frighten off a potential predator , or perhaps to direct or attract prey .\nthe fish will then wait quietly and watch until a small prey species approaches . it has at least one mechanism of attracting small fish if necessary . astroscopus has unique gill slits that discharge sea water that has passed over the gills . the water exits adjacent to the pectoral fin causing the sand just above the discharge to dance as if there were a small creature there . potential prey fish will come to investigate . some closely related fish have lingual lures , meaning that they have appendages extending from their tongue that resemble wriggling worms bringing prey species directly to the mouth to investigate , but astroscopus does not have such accoutrement .\na withering glance can change the dynamic of a conversation , but imagine just such a glance having the capability to frighten or stun another . astroscopus ( latin \u201cstar seer\u201d ) can do just that . the northern stargazer lives off the east coast of north america and has evolved extraordinary and shocking uses for its extraocular muscles .\nbeing buried up to its eyes in sand may mean that the eyes must be proptosed above the body plane in order for the fish to see , and astroscopus must be able to do this since it is entirely a visual predator . the fish has an opercular cavity behind the eye that can be filled with fluid causing proptosis , raising the eyes above the level of the sand .\nstill , astroscopus does often use its eyes for prey capture . as an adult , it captures smaller fish by stealth and decoy . these fish possess large , square heads and spend their lives buried up their eyes in sand . since , in the larval stage , the eyes are placed laterally on the body , the eyes must migrate towards the dorsal aspects of the head by the 50 mm stage , and by this stage , the fish has adopted a benthic , burrowing lifestyle . it is , in essence , a digger .\nthe easy life : a . guttatus is quite lazy , spending most of its life lying under the sand waiting for the moment to ambush its unsuspecting prey . it is well adapted to life under the seabed \u2013 with modified pectoral fins that act as shovels , allowing this fish to bury itself within seconds , which can be seen in the video . one would expect living in such an environment would mean getting sand in all sorts of places , but does this matter to the northern stargazer ? no . the eyes and nostrils of this teleost are somewhat strategically positioned on the top of the head , so that they are always above the sand surface when the rest of the body is hidden in plain sight .\nonce the prey item in in close proximity , the northern stargazer will start to put an end to the enticement with its an ocular tease . as the prey is approaching , a . guttatus will use its protruding eyes and move them in a semi circle to deceive the prey into thinking there is a tiny organism burrowing in that location . being curious creatures , the prey will come closer to investigate further , in doing so the organism must swim over the body of the northern stargazer towards the contralateral eyes . once the northern stargazer has its prey where it wants them , it will strike forwards and upwards , engulfing the whole of the prey ; as the opening of the mouth induces a vacuum , sucking in the prey . as one would say , curiosity killed the cat .\nthe electric organ of a guttatus is not as powerful as that of electrophorus but is composed of portions of four extraocular muscles including the analogue for the superior , medial , and temporal recti as well as the superior oblique . the larval stage of this animal hatches from an egg deposited on the sea floor . the electric organ begins to develop when the larva is 12\u201315 mm long . at this stage the outer cells of these muscles begin to change into larger cells with multiple nuclei until these cells become six times the size of the normal extraocular muscle cells . these four muscles mentioned above contribute their outer layers to form a syncytium distinct from the extraocular muscles . the electric organ , then , resembles an organ separate from and external to the muscles and is histologically different from other electric organs in other fish .\npredator . the eyes are capable of protruding outwards for a short period of time . this feature allows the ambush predator to gaze over the immediate vicinity and scope for any nearby prey . the stargazer fills the opercular cavity behind each eye with fluid thus causing the eyes to proptose . breathing under water : being buried under the sand proves difficult when it comes to breathing , as the gills are covered however the northern stargazer has adapted to overcome this problem . unlike other teleost fish that use their gills to \u201cbreathe\u201d the northern stargazer uses nostrils to do so . similar to the eyes , the nostrils are located on the top of the head so that they don\u2019t get buried within the sand . fleshy comb \u2013 like fringes also help protect the nostrils from particles of sand from being breathed in . an intriguing date : the northern stargazer has a few tricks to entice prey to come closer before it strikes them down . one of which is using the unique gill slits to discharge water , causing the sand to mimic the action of a small critter moving . to the unaware victim , this movement of water and particles of sand will intrigue them and encourage them to go investigate further ; tricking them into thinking there is a potential for food and ushering the oblivious fish into the striking zone of a . guttatus .\nby continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies . find out more here\nelectric fish are found in at least five orders , including torpediniformes ( electrogenic rays and skates ) gymnotiformes ( electric eel and others ) , siluriformes ( electric catfish ) , osteoglossiformes ( knifefishes ) and perciformes . perciformes has but one , albeit interesting , creature to contribute to this strange m\u00e9nage .\nmost electric fish generate their charge from electroplaxes , which are collections of modified , stacked , and flattened muscle cells with a nerve leading to one side of this complex . the muscle cells are polarised in the same direction and generate their charge through the serial stacking and summation of these cells . they function more like a capacitor than a battery . with nervous stimulus , an electric discharge of these muscles cells can be generated . some , such as the electric eel ( electorphorus ) , can generate up to 500 v , capable of stunning , if not killing most fish it contacts . such a discharge can render a human unconscious or dead .\nfor such a lifestyle , even the nostrils must be modified so that the fish can breathe through them while buried . the narial passages open on the dorsal surface , connect to the pharynx , and contain flaps and fimbrae to filter sand and prevent regurgitation .\nthanks to david b snyder for his comments on the essay and for the photographs .\nif you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the copyright clearance center\u2019s rightslink service . you will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .\ncox , n . a . , santa cruz , a . & polidoro , b .\njustification : this species is widely distributed and somewhat common where it occurs in coastal waters over shallow soft bottom . there are no known major threats , therefore it is assessed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed in the western atlantic ocean from new york south along the u . s . to southeastern florida . it does not occur in the gulf of mexico ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) .\nthere are 90 nominal records in fishnet2 , with up to 19 individuals in a single lot . in a survey conducted in seagrass beds in the chesapeake bay its abundance increased between the 1977 - 2011 ( sobocinski et al . 2013 ) . it was captured in 17 out of 600 trawls between 2002 - 2011 in the chesapeake bay ( buchheister et al . 2013 ) . in a surf zone beach seine survey conducted off new jersey it was somewhat commonly captured ( able et al . 2011 ) .\nthis demersal species occurs over soft bottoms from nearshore to 37 m depth . it conceals itself in the sediment with only the top of its head exposed and uses an electric organ to stun prey . its maximum total length is 59 cm ( robins and ray 1986 ) .\nthis species occurs rarely as bycatch in bottom trawls ( buchheister et al . 2013 ) . it is not utilized .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 lazaro ruda : : thelivingsea . all rights reserved . reproduction of images , text , or media are strictly prohibited .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndistribution western atlantic : n . y . to n . c . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nrobins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe northern stargazer has a dark , flattened body with white spots that gradually get bigger from the head tot the tail . ( david snyder / fishwise )\nthe stargazer ' s mouth and eyes are located on the top of its large head , facing upward . ( image courtesy canvasman21 / wikimedia )\nnorthern stargazers can deliver an electric charge that stuns and confuses prey and helps ward off predators . ( image by peter leahy / shutterstock )\nfound mostly in the lower chesapeake bay , but sometimes travels to the upper bay in autumn . ranges along the atlantic coast between new york and north carolina .\nthe northern stargazer is a strange - looking fish with a speckled , flattened body and a large head . it lives at the bottom of the lower chesapeake bay\u2019s deep , open waters .\nthe northern stargazer has a blackish - brown body with white spots that gradually get bigger from its head to its tail . it ' s flattened body can grow to 22 inches in length , but it averages 8 to 18 inches in length . its mouth and eyes are located on the top of its large head , facing upward . three dark , horizontal lines appear on its tail .\nnorthern stargazers eat small fish , crabs and other crustaceans . they hunt by burying themselves in the sand with their eyes and mouth sticking out just enough to search for prey . once something tasty swims by , the stargazer uses its large mouth to create a vacuum to suck its prey in .\nspawning occurs in may to june . females lay small , transparent eggs on the bottom of the bay . eggs eventually float to the surface and hatch . larvae grow rapidly , feeding from a yolk sac until it is completely absorbed . once they grow to about 12 to 15 millimeters long , larvae swim to the bottom of the bay , where they mature into adults . at this time their electric organ also begins to form .\nthe stargazer uses its side fins as shovels to quickly burrow below the sand in a matter of seconds .\nnorthern stargazers have an organ on their heads that can deliver an electric charge that stuns and confuses prey and helps ward off predators .\nfishes of chesapeake bay by edward o . murdy , ray s . birdsong and john a . musick\nthe chesapeake bay program is a unique regional partnership that has led and directed the restoration of the chesapeake bay since 1983 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nuniversity of california , davis , sacramento , ca , usa ; ude . sivadcu @ bawhcsri\nbrowse all records of this species or download video in mp4 or webm format .\ndata content compiled and maintained by hendrickson lab / ichthyology collection at the university of texas at austin and licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license , however , some images are separately copyrighted ( see documentation / digital library ) .\nsponsors : ut , tpwd , tceq , us doi ( gplcc , dlcc ) . host : texas advanced computing center\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\nblue sites academic earth arctic photo arkive biodiversity heritage library census of marine life cites species database clay coleman coml plos collections david hall ' s galleries deep - sea photography deep sea expeditions doubilet gallery encyclopedia of life espen rekdal nova evolution fishbase fl museum of natural history harbor branch iucn iucn red list khan academy marine planktonic copepods marine species gallery ( david harasti ) marine species identification portal marinexplore mbari mit opencourseware monterey bay aquarium mote marine lab noaa ' s aquarius noaa marine sanctuaries noaa national ocean service noaa ocean noaa ocean explorer noaa photo library ocean conservancy oceana oceanus pangaea project seahorse urltoken reefbase rolf hicker photography siris scripps institution of oceanography scripps ( explorations now ) scubabob galleries the scyphozoan seafood watch program seapics seaweb sharks slaughtered society for conservation biology the ocean - conservation international the ocean sunfish thelivingsea woods hole oceanographic institution world biodiversity database ( wbd ) world list of amphipoda . . . ascidiacea . . . asteroidea . . . brachiopoda . . . cetacea . . . copepoda . . . cumacea . . . echinoidea . . . foraminifera . . . hemichordata . . . hydrozoa . . . isopoda . . . lophogastrida , stygiomysida and mysida . . . mangroves . . . littoral myriapoda . . . free - living marine nematodes . . . ophiuroidea . . . ostracoda . . . phoronida < . . . placozoa . . . polychaeta . . . porifera . . . proseriata and kalyptorhynchia - rhabditophora . . . pycnogonida . . . remipedia youdive tv\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nin the upper map above , the red dots indicate locations of quantitative data ( ~ 0 obs globally ) , while gray dots indicate locations of\npresence / absence\n( non - quantitative ) observation data . blue stars show locations of any time series reporting this taxa or group ( ~ 0 sites globally ) . in the lower map , the blue - shaded regions represent temperature - salinity realms that match the conditions where the taxa were observed . the dark - to - light shading indicates\ntheoretical niches\ncorresponding to temperature - salinity ranges that were associated with 75 % / 90 % / 95 % / 99 % of the original taxa observations .\nstargazers bury into the sand with shovel like pectoral fins . they can look straight up waiting for prey to swim by and breathe through nostrils on their head . they have an organ just above the eyes that can produce an electrical charge for defense against predators . not a good idea to touch them there by any means . they have a blackish brown body covered with white spots that increase gradually in size towards the rear of the body . the white spots are widely spaced on top of the head and body . there are . . .\n\u00a9 2018 - delaware - surf - fishing . com . all rights reserved .\ngreek , astra = ray + greek , skopeo = to look , to watch ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range ? - 36 m ( ref . 55313 ) . temperate , preferred ? ; 42\u00b0n - 31\u00b0n , 80\u00b0w - 71\u00b0w ( ref . 55313 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 59 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . published weight : 9 . 1 kg ( ref . 7251 )\ncleithral spine with venom gland ( ref . 57406 ) . found inshore , at depths to 36 m ( ref . 55313 ) .\nrobins , c . r . and g . c . ray , 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 354 p . ( ref . 7251 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range ? - 36 m ( ref . 55313 ) . temperate ; 42\u00b0n - 31\u00b0n , 80\u00b0w - 71\u00b0w ( ref . 55313 )\n) : 11 . 3 - 24 . 3 , mean 16 . 9 ( based on 92 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 80 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p200\nchapter 60 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the first year of the life cycle of the fish sphyraena borealis , commonly known as northern sennet . it is noted that the fish is usually found . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p166\nchapter 50 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the fish stenotomus chrysops , commonly known as scup . it is noted that the fish is found usually in large and deep estuaries such as delaware . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p185\nchapter 55 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the first year of the life cycle of the fish micropogonias undulatus , commonly known as atlantic croaker . it is noted that the bottom - feeding . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p191\nchapter 57 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the first year of the life cycle of the fish chaetodon ocellatus , commonly known as spotfin butterflyfish . it is noted that the fish is found . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p197\nchapter 59 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the first year of the life cycle of the fish mugil curema , commonly known as white mullet . it is noted that the fish is found in estuaries in . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p206\nchapter 62 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the first year of the life cycle of the fish tautogolabrus adspersus , commonly known as cunner . it is noted that the fish is usually found . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p210\nchapter 63 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight\nis presented . the chapter offers information about the first year of the life cycle of the fish pholis gunnellus , commonly known as rock gunnel . it is noted that the fish is usually found in the . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p128\nchapter 38 from the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight ,\nis presented . it focuses on hippocampus erectus or lined seahorse . the fish is commonly found in estuaries and the inner continental shelf from nova scotia to uruguay . it describes the . . .\nable , kenneth w . ; fahay , michael p . / / first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlanti ; 1998 , p27\nchapter 4 of the book\nthe first year in the life of estuarine fishes in the middle atlantic bight ,\nis presented . it focuses on the characteristics of the ichthyofauna of the middle atlantic bight . information is provided on the migration of estuarine fauna . it describes the patterns of . . .\nterekeme ( karapapak ) t\u00e3\u00bcrkleri ve m\u00e3\u00a2nileri ( bayat\u00e4\u00b1lar\u00e4\u00b1 / mahn\u00e4\u00b1lar\u00e4\u00b1 ) : mus - bulan\u00e4\u00b1k \u00e3\u2021evresi .\nfrom\nmiss lou\nto [ star trek ' s ] zulu : the multiple communities of nalo hopkirisonh .\n\u00a9 2018 by ebsco publishing . all rights reserved . privacy policy | terms of use\nthe name may be romantic , but the appearance of the northern stargazer doesn\u2019t quite live up to standards .\nall in all , it is safe to say that the act of deception and teasing is the chosen tactic of the northern stargazer . romance however , not so much , so one shouldn\u2019t be fooled by its name .\nextreme marine habitats is a site dedicated to those habitats that are simply extreme ! written by students , we aim to provide detailed and insightful information on a variety of marine science subjects .\nis it land or is it sea ? salt marshes the border between two worlds .\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 4 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 5 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy - mud suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 6 . marine neritic - subtidal muddy suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes\nable , k . w . , grothues , t . m . , rowe , p . m . , wuenschel , m . j . , & vasslides , j . m . 2011 . near - surface larval and juvenile fish in coastal habitats : comparisons between the inner shelf and an estuary in the new york bight during summer and fall . estuaries and coasts 34 ( 4 ) : 726 - 738 .\nbuchheister , a . , bonzek , c . f . , gartland , j . , & latour , r . j . 2013 . patterns and drivers of the demersal fish community of chesapeake bay . marine ecology progress series 481 : 161 - 180 .\ncarpenter , k . e . 2002 . uranoscopidae : stargazers . in : carpenter , k . e . ( ed . ) , the living marine resources of the western central atlantic , pp . 1746 - 1747 . food and agricultural organization , rome .\niucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 - 4 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 november 2015 ) .\nrobins , c . r . and ray , g . c . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a .\nsobocinski , k . l . , orth , r . j . , fabrizio , m . c . , & latour , r . j . 2013 . historical comparison of fish community structure in lower chesapeake bay seagrass habitats . estuaries and coasts 36 ( 4 ) : 775 - 794 .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 687, "summary": [{"text": "the kamchatka flounder , atheresthes evermanni , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between 20 metres ( 66 ft ) and 1,200 metres ( 3,900 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern pacific .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it can grow as long as 100 centimetres ( 39 in ) in length , and can weigh up to 8.5 kilograms ( 19 lb ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "kamchatka flounder", "paragraphs": ["nmfs is prohibiting directed fishing for kamchatka flounder in the bering sea and aleutian islands management area ( bsai ) . this action is necessary to prevent exceeding the 2015 kamchatka flounder initial total allowable catch ( itac ) in the bsai .\nselect another tour : kamchatka in early summer bears and volcanoes active volcanoes of kamchatka discover kamchatka for yourself dog sledding heli - skiing heli excursion to the komandorsky islands kamchatka nature and culture kamchatka tour geology & volcanology kurilskoye lake : bears and salmon . mountaineering for the experts river fishing river floating ski tours trek in kronotsky reserve wilderness mountaineering and trekking\ngeneral information : until recently , harvest of arrowtooth and kamchatka flounder mainly occurred as bycatch in other higher valued fisheries . however , with the advent of technologies to improve meat quality and additional markets for arrowtooth flounder , a directed fishery has emerged . arrowtooth flounder is currently the most abundant groundfish species in the goa and most of the world\u2019s arrowtooth flounder comes from alaska fisheries . arrowtooth flounder is harvested as a directed fishery or as bycatch in other fisheries throughout the calendar year mostly by catcher processors in the bsai ranging in size from 110 to 295 feet , and by a combination of catcher vessels and catcher processors in the goa . catcher processors harvest multiple species , conduct primary processing aboard the vessel , and freeze their products on board . catcher vessels exclusively deliver to shoreside processors or other vessels . for the 2011 season , kamchatka flounder was classified separately from arrowtooth and the quota was split off from the total arrowtooth flounder quota . arrowtooth and kamchatka flounder are caught together in the northern bering sea and aleutian island areas .\nthe flounder refers to commercial species , although the fat meat has a good taste of the intense watering .\nthis action is necessary to prevent exceeding the 2016 total allowable catch of kamchatka flounder in the bsai and is issued pursuant to 50 cfr 679 . 20 ( d ) ( 1 ) ( iii ) .\npolutov , i . a . and tikhonov , v . i . , new data about the distribution of arrowtooth flounder\nin the 1930\u20131960s walleye pollock was the most important dietary component of kamchatka flounder in the western bering sea ( vernidub 1938 , gordeeva 1954 , novikov 1974 ) . no fishery offal was detected in stomach contents during previous studies for the same reason as for greenland halibut . according to novikov ( 1974 ) and orlov ( 2000 ) the most important dietary components of kamchatka flounder in the nk area were also shrimps , fish and cephalopods .\nin the eastern part of their range , in the waters of the western bering sea , kamchatka flounder overlap with arrowtooth flounder ( atheresthes stomias , halibut strelozuby american , arasuka - abura - garei ) which are very similar in appearance . kamchatka flounder slightly larger in size ( the maximum length of 94 cm , while arrowtooth flounder up to 84 cm ) and have only a single row of teeth on lower jaw . they are well distinguished from each other provision of the left eye . the upper eye not reaching the upper profile of the head is not visible from the blind side , which is typical of the flatfish position . on arrowtooth flounder , one eye can be easily seen from the blind side of the body . the scales are more strongly ctenoid and the anterior nostril bears a long flap .\nkamchatka flounder , atheresthes evermanni , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae . . . . urltoken 5 flathead sole flatfish . atheresthes evermanni . glyptocephalus zachirus . hippoglossoides elassodon . eelpouts . . . \u00a9 2004 teresa jewell . more\nkamchatka flounder in the western bering sea was noted . the diets of the species considered in both study areas are compared , and diet variations depending on fish size , capture depth , area , and sex are analyzed . more\nseason : bsai : may 1\u2013december 31 , generally targeted may - august . iquique does not fish for arrowtooth flounder in the goa\nthe kamchatka flounder , atheresthes evermanni , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae . it is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between 20 metres ( 66 ft ) and 1 , 200 metres ( 3 , 900 ft ) . more\nmore than thirty species of fish can be found in kamchatka rivers , lakes , and seas , surrounding the peninsula . among them are salmon , herring , flounder , halibut , cod , sea perch , crucial and others . it is of special interest that some species of wild animals and birds widely spread in similar natural zones on the mainland , are not found in every place of kamchatka due to its harsh climate with long snowy winters . in particular , kamchatka has no snakes or frogs . neither do we have starlings , storks , herons , or swallows . it was only a few years ago that sparrows appeared in kamchatka and succeeded in settling here .\nthe national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) is prohibiting directed fishing for kamchatka flounder in the bering sea and aleutian islands management area ( bsai ) , effective 12 noon , alaska local time , may 26 , 2016 , according to james w . balsiger , administrator , alaska region , nmfs .\nthis paper presents the results of studies on the morphology of arrowhead flounders , the kamchatka flounder atheresthes evermanni ( 35 specimens ) , and the american arrowtooth flounder a . stomias ( 37 specimens ) collected in pacific waters of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka in 1998\u20131999 . the morphology of the discussed species is compared with that of arrowtooth flounders from other areas . from this comparison , available information on the sharp increase in the density of the american arrowtooth flounder in the surveyed area ( since 1997 ) , and similarities in size compositions of the fish in kuril and aleutian waters , a conclusion has been made about the penetration of this species from aleutian pacific waters into the area of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . this is a result of expansion of the geographical range of this species due to general water warming in the northwestern pacific during the second half of the 1990s .\nthe number of stomachs used in the analysis was : greenland halibut 589 / 411 and 203 / 93 in the wbs and nk , respectively ; kamchatka flounder 446 / 184 and 1443 / 300 in the wbs and nk , respectively ; pacific halibut 262 / 206 and 386 / 270 in the wbs and nk .\neuropeans , who first appeared in kamchatka in the 18 th century , were stunned with the extensive number of brown bears . their size was terrifying , but the local bears , unlike their siberian relatives , happened to be quite harmless . perhaps the reason of kamchatka bears ' peaceful personality is their fish ' diet ' that they prefer to the meat one . since the dawn of times , ample salmon has been the basic food for the master of kamchatka , and the major source of fat stocks that allowed bears to survive through the long kamchatka ' s winter .\n( catalogue of vertebrates of kamchatka and adjacent marine waters ) , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii : kamchatskii pechatnyi dvor , 2000 , pp . 7 - 69 .\na . m . orlov , \u201ctrophic relationships of predatory fish in pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka , \u201d gidrobiol . zh .\nthe diet of kamchatka flounder in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 53 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 33 . 3 % w ) - mainly walleye pollock ( 15 . 5 % w ) and pacific herring ( 10 . 4 % w ) and cephalopods ( 12 . 7 % w ) mainly red squid ( 11 . 9 % w ) . in the nk this species eat mainly shrimps ( 53 . 7 % w ) , various fishes ( 26 . 3 % w ) , and cephalopods ( 18 . 6 % w ) . walleye pollock ( 5 . 1 % w ) was the most important fish in the diet of kamchatka flounder off the northern kuril islands and se kamchatka . mesopelagic fishes ranked second ( approximately 2 . 4 % w ) followed by spectacled sculpin ( triglopsscepticus ) ( 2 . 2 % w ) . differences in diet composition between the areas may also result from wbs kamchatka flounders being considerably larger than nk fishes ( 54 . 83 and 49 . 37 cm , respectively ) .\nthe kamchatka flounder ( atheresthes evermanni ) , also known as arrowtooth halibut , halibut strelozuby asian , abura - garei , \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0437\u0443\u0431\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 ( in russian ) , is a relatively large flatfish which is widely distributed from northern japan , sea of japan through the sea of okhotsk to the western bering sea , western kamchatka north to anadyr gulf and east to the eastern bering sea shelf . in u . s . waters they are found in the aleutian islands and the shelikof strait in alaska where they generally decrease in abundance from west to east .\nshuntov ( 1966 ) documented differences in the occurrence of squids , fishes and invertebrates in stomachs of various size groups for greenland halibut and kamchatka flounder . size - dependent diet differences of pacific halibut in the western bering sea were first described by napazakov and chuchukalo ( 2001 ) and novikov ( 1964 ) showed differences in the occurrence in stomachs of fishes and invertebrates for three halibut size groups : 30\u201360 , 60\u201390 and > 90 cm . orlov ( 1977 ) reported on distinctions in diet depending on fish size for all three halibut species in the pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka .\na . m . orlov , \u201cecological characteristics of the feeding of some pacific predatory fish of south - east kamchatka and northern kuril islands , \u201d russ . j . aquat . ecol .\norlov , a . m . 2000 . trophic relationships of predatory fishes in the pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . gidrobiologicheskii zhurnal . 5 : 19\u201333 ( in russian ) .\ndifferences in diet between various parts of nk study areas may be explained by differences in predator size ( 62 . 2 , 55 . 2 and 39 . 4 cm for greenland halibut ; 51 . 9 , 40 . 3 , and 35 . 9 cm for kamchatka flounder ; and 52 . 7 , 54 . 9 , and 65 . 2 cm for pacific halibut in the southern , middle and northern parts respectively ) and probably by faunal differences .\ngreenland halibut was \u2265 29 , for kamchatka flounder , \u2265 31 and of pacific halibut , \u2265 45 . the diet of greenland halibut in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 44 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 42 . 5 % w ) and cephalopods ( 13 . 1 % w ) . walleye pollock was the major fish species consumed ( 30 . 8 % w ) followed by pacific herring ( 8 . 9 % w ) . more\ndiet composition of all three species changed with size ( figure 2 ) . in the wbs , increase in greenland halibut size was accompanied by an increase of fishes and fish offal and decrease of cephalopods in the diet . in the nk , larger greenland halibut ( size groups 46\u201380 cm ) ate more cephalopods ( 86 . 6 % w ) . the role of cephalopods in the wbs fish ' s diet of the same size group was considerably lower ( only 28 . 0 % w ) . small nk individuals ( fl < 45 cm ) ate mostly euphausiids , shrimps and fish . the role of fish offal in the diet of wbs kamchatka flounder increased with size . fish prey were important for all size groups . cephalopods played an essential role ( 34 . 6 % w ) in the diet of specimens 41\u201350 cm long . in the nk an increase in kamchatka flounder size was accompanied by a decrease in consumption of shrimps and increase of cephalopods and fish .\nsheiko , b . a . and tranbenkova , a . g . , new for the fauna of russia and rare fish species found for the first time in the waters of kamchatka , kuril and commander islands ,\ntokranov , a . m . and orlov , a . m . , some problems of the biology of rare species of liparid fish ( liparidae ) in the pacific waters of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka ,\norlov , a . m . 1997 . ecological characteristics of the feeding of some pacific predatory fish of south - east kamchatka and northern kuril islands . russian journal of aquatic ecology . 6 ( 1\u20132 ) : 59\u201374 .\n( conservation of biodiversity in kamchatka and adjacent seas ) , collection of materials of ii scientific conf . , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii , april 9\u201310 , 2001 , petropavlovsk - kamchatskii : kamshat , 2001 , pp . 187 - 190 .\nthe kamchatka flounder is a predatory benthic marine fish , inhabits the sandy - muddy bottoms of continental slope and shelf in the great depths from 20 to 1200 m at a temperature of bottom waters from - 0 . 3 to + 10 \u00b0c . the maximum concentrations are confined to the isobaths of 300 - 700 m , but in the summer live in the middle of the water column . on the shelf rests mainly juveniles . the active predator : the composition of food in all areas dominated by fish , mainly pollock , benthic crustaceans , shrimp and squid .\ndifferences in the diet between males and females are mostly related to size ; average size of males in both areas were shorter than females : 63 . 5 vs . 74 . 1 cm and 53 . 8 vs . 55 . 7 cm for greenland halibut in wbs and nk , respectively ; 52 . 3 vs . 56 . 6 cm and 40 . 9 vs . 42 . 9 cm for kamchatka flounder , respectively ; and 72 . 5 vs . 75 . 9 cm and 59 . 9 vs . 62 . 3 cm for pacific halibut , respectively .\nthe feeding habits of halibut in the western bering sea have been investigated by vernidub and panin ( 1937 ) , vernidub ( 1936 , 1938 ) , novikov ( 1974 ) and shuntov ( 1966 ) . recently published papers on feeding and ecology of four halibut species in the western bering sea deal mostly with food rations and seasonal changes of feeding intensity ( napazakov and chuchukalo 2001 ) or the diet of pacific halibut ( chikilev and palm 2000 ) . other publications have dealt with the feeding habits of the species in the kuril - kamchatka area ( novikov 1974 , orlov 2000 ) . however , descriptions of diet in these papers were based on the frequency of occurrence of dietary components in stomachs . a recent paper by moukhametov ( 2002 ) mostly concerned food rations of pacific halibut . no studies have been conducted recently of the feeding of greenland halibut , kamchatka flounder , and pacific halibut based on quantitative data on stomach contents in the northwestern pacific . this paper describes diets depending on size , sex , depth of capture and area , of three halibut species inhabiting the western bering sea ( wbs ) and pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka ( nk ) .\na . m . orlov , \u201crole of fishes in predator diets of the pacific slope of the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka . forage fishes in marine ecosystems , \u201d univ . alaska sea grant college program rep . , no . 97 - 01 , 209\u2013229 ( 1997b ) .\nkamchatka flounders eat mostly fish offal at shallower depths ( 201\u2013400 m ) and mainly pacific herring , walleye pollock and other fish at greater depths . in the nk this species fed predominantly on shrimp and fish at shallower depths ( 101\u2013300 m ) ; at greater deeper depths they ate mainly red squid and fish .\nin the kronotsky park a very old nest was found , its height reaches nearly two meters ! the eagles loyally used the nest for years , renovating and expanding it , until the erman birch which held this\naerodrome\nfinally cracked . an eagle usually lays two eggs , but only one of the two survives . the steller ' s sea eagle is very cautious and protective of his privacy . kamchatka is the only place on earth where these eagles reside . the eagle ' s population ( over 4 , 000 birds with a 1 , 000 nesting pairs on the peninsula ) is relatively stable and this status can be maintained as long as unless the human beings don ' t start their\nvictorious\nmarch across wild kamchatka .\neven though after winter hibernation bears are very hungry , they still do not represent a threat to the warm - blooded species , except for ground squirrels , which bears sometimes dig right out from of the winter burrow . it may seem incredible , but the huge predator follows an almost exclusively vegetarian diet for several months before the rivers are full of fish . in july you can observe an idyllic picture of bears grazing like domestic cattle in the forest ' s berry fields and in the coastal tundra . kamchatka ' s bears are pragmatic and cowardly . they are easily satisfied and save themselves from a lot of trouble that bears in the siberian taiga face . this is why nine in ten kamchatka bears prefer to run away from a potentially dangerous situation .\nthe animal world of kamchatka is diverse with such important species as brown bear , which is common to see as you travel , red fox , arctic fox , hare , sable , mink , wolf , lynx , elk , reindeer , snow sheep , otter , and others . among the sea mammals are seal , fur seal , sea - lion , and sea otter . there are frequent sightings of dolphins , and occasionally , whales .\nno other bird in kamchatka can rival with steller ' s sea eagle in beauty and majesty . this relict predator inhabits both coasts of the peninsula . its disproportionately large beak and monstrous claws can cause lethal wounds to a deer or a sheep ; however , they are mostly used to catch salmon . the steller ' s sea eagle is one of the biggest russian birds , its wings stretch up to 2 , 5 meters , and it has enormous nests .\nthe diet of all three species consisted of a wide spectrum of items ( table 1 ) . total number of identified organisms in stomach contents of greenland halibut was \u2265 29 , for kamchatka flounder , \u2265 31 and of pacific halibut , \u2265 45 . the diet of greenland halibut in the wbs consisted mostly of fish offal ( 44 . 4 % w ) , fishes ( 42 . 5 % w ) and cephalopods ( 13 . 1 % w ) . walleye pollock was the major fish species consumed ( 30 . 8 % w ) followed by pacific herring ( 8 . 9 % w ) . red squid ( berryteuthis magister ) ( 11 . 2 % w ) was most common cephalopod prey . in the nk greenland halibut consumed mainly cephalopods ( 73 . 6 % w ) , small crustaceans ( 10 . 6 % w ) , shrimps ( 8 . 5 % w ) and fishes ( 7 . 3 % w ) . red squid ( 69 . 4 % w ) was most common prey among cephalopods but the northern smoothtongue ( leuroglossus schmidti ) was the most important fish prey ( 3 . 3 % w ) . differences in diet composition between the areas may be explained by the larger size of wbs fish ( 69 . 30 cm vs . 58 . 62 cm ) and regional faunistic distinctions .\nfemale kamchatka flounders in the wbs fed mostly on fishery offal ( 64 . 4 % w ) while males consumed more fishes ( 50 . 6 % w ) , especially pacific herring - 25 . 1 % w and red squid ( 22 . 2 % w ) . in the nk , females ate more shrimps ( 59 . 8 % w ) and large fish ( 27 . 4 % w ) while males fed mostly on red squid ( 26 . 6 % w ) and small fish species ( 25 . 0 % w ) . nevertheless , the most abundant prey items of male diets by weight were shrimps - 45 . 8 % .\nfood composition of pacific halibut hippoglossus stenolepis has been considered in three areas of the northwestern pacific : in the western part of the bering sea , in pacific waters off the northern kuril islands and southeastern kamchatka , and waters off the southern kuril islands . the main food items in all studied regions were shrimp , cephalopods , and fish . it has been noted that fish offal plays a considerable role in the feeding of h . stenolepis in the western part of the bering sea . changes in food composition in relation to fish growth , depth of catch , and sex of individuals have been analyzed ; and differences in the composition of food items consumed by h . stenolepis in different parts of the studied areas have been considered .\nif you are serious in your intention to meet a kamchatka ' s bear , forget a fairy - tale image of a foolish bumpkin . this is an animal of enormous strength and endurance , excellent reaction , and exact movements . its teeth break a bone of any size , its claws can shift boulders , it can climb almost vertical slopes , and sit in the icy water for hours . bears are wonderful swimmers , they can catch up with a horse at a short distance . though bears can not run long distances , they are the first - class walkers that can cover a good hundred kilometers a day . the only thing is that bears can ' t do very well is climb trees : they are presumably too heavy for it . . .\nthe diet of kamchatka flounders in the western part of wbs consisted mostly of fish ( 71 . 2 % w ) and cephalopods ( 22 . 7 % w ) ; in the eastern part they ate mainly fish offal ( 73 . 6 % ) ; fish prey ranked second . in the nk area , the importance of cephalopods decreased from south to north while the reverse was true for shrimps . thus , in the southern part of the study area cephalopods were the most important dietary component ( 53 . 7 % w ) , in the mid - part they were second in importance ( 22 . 4 % w ) but in the north , cephalopods were negligible ( 1 . 6 % w ) . shrimp presence increased from 8 . 6 % w in the south to 82 . 9 % w in the north .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of\natheresthes evermanni jordan & starks . 1904 . flatfishes ; atheresthes .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthey have elongated body , depth is 1 / 3rd of a length , and head length is 1 / 3rd in length , covered with relatively large , thin scales . mouth is large with upper jaw reaching to or very slightly past the vertical from posterior margin of lower eye . mouth armed with sharp , long and slender teeth with arrow - shaped points , in a single row on lower jaw , their length unequal . teeth arranged in two rows on the upper and lower jaws ; a double row of smaller teeth on side of upper jaw , the outer row the smaller ; they grow larger anteriorly , become curved inward , fanglike and some of them depressible . 3 + 10 gill rakers rather slender , the longest a trifle less than half length of eye .\nprofile of snout on same curve with that behind eye ; very slightly depressed above eye . the eyes are on one side of the body , scarcely reaching to upper profile , the lower one the more anterior . the upper eye is almost on the edge of the head . interorbital appearing rather flat and moderately broad , the bone , however , narrow and convex , its width less than half diameter of pupil ; nostrils close together , the posterior of eyed side in a broad , short tube , anterior in a narrower , longer tube ; anterior nostril of blind side with a long flap nearly a third as long as upper eye , broadening toward its tip and becoming conspicuously opaque white ; snout with many pores scattered among the irregularly placed scales .\nscales very finely ctenoid , the spinules short , fine , and numerous , only seen upon careful examination with a lens ; many scales have only a few irregular spinules ; others are entirely without them , appearing as if they had been rubbed off ; head and body everywhere with numerous , small , cycloid supplementary scales crowded in ; scales of blind side all cycloid ; snout , mandible , maxillary , and interorbital with numerous small cycloid scales , those on latter extending out on eyeball to edge of iris ; all fins rather closely covered with fine scales . lateral line is straight , just slightly bending upward from opposite tip of pectoral . pectoral of eyed side longer and more pointed than that of blind side ; first ray of dorsal inserted above anterior margin of pupil ; ventral short , scarcely reaching to front of anal . caudal fin shallowly concave on posterior outline .\nmouth large , upper jaw extends beyond the vertical center of the eye . the upper eye is almost on the edge of the head . caudal fin slightly sinuate . lateral line is straight . arrow shaped teeth in 2 rows . scales are cycloid .\neye of the body is olive - brown to dark brown , without markings , light the blind side . differ from most other fish from the family of flatfish more elongated body . the asymmetry of the skull is preserved , but it is expressed to a lesser extent than in plaice .\nreach sexual maturity between the ages of 7 to 17 years ( usually 10 - 14 years ) . the males reach sexual maturity at 7 and up years , females - in 10 and up years . spawning takes place during the cold season , in winter and spring - october to april at depths ranging from 120 to 1000 m at a water temperature of 2 to 10 \u00b0c . females emit spawn at depths ranging from 300 to 1000 m at a temperature of 2 - 10 \u00b0c , the number of eggs varies from 300 , 000 to 3 . 5 million . the eggs are pelagic , large , thin , long , hatch at a temperature of 6 \u00b0 c after 16 days and undergo development with the conversion , as well as eggs of other flatfishes . a notable feature of the larvae is the presence of spines over the eyes and on the operculum , which are absent in the larvae of other halibut . the average life is up to 30 years . males are at maximum performance smaller than females at 20 - 27 cm lives up to 20 years .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , et al . , eds .\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nsize : length to 86 cm , whole fish weight to 7 . 7 kg , general h & g / t size : . 5 - 2 . 0 kg .\nsize specification : h & g / t weight per fish m : 2 \u2013 3 kg s : 1 \u2013 2 kg ss : . 5 \u2013 1 kg sss : \u2013 500 grams\ngreek , atheres = spike + the name of astyanax , hector\u00b4s son in the greek mithology ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 1200 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate ; 66\u00b0n - 35\u00b0n , 130\u00b0e - 153\u00b0w ( ref . 6793 )\nnorth pacific : sea of japan and the sea of okhotsk north to the anadyr gulf , through the eastern bering sea to the aleutian islands and the shelikof strait in alaska .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 ) ; common length : 54 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . published weight : 8 . 5 kg ( ref . 56527 ) ; max . reported age : 33 years ( ref . 55701 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 98 - 116 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 76 - 94 . mouth very large ; gill rakers slender ; caudal fin strong and lunate ( ref . 559 ) .\ncooper , j . a . and f . chapleau , 1998 . monophyly and intrarelationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with a revised classification . fish . bull . 96 ( 4 ) : 686 - 726 . ( ref . 30193 )\n) : 0 . 7 - 5 . 4 , mean 1 . 7 ( based on 287 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00611 - 0 . 00820 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 3 . 02 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref .\n) : 4 . 3 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\n) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm > 4 ; tmax = 33 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n( annotated list of fish of russian far - eastern seas ) , vladivostok : pacific institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 2000 .\ndudnik , yu . i . , kodolov , l . s . , and polytov , v . a . , on the problem of distribution and reproduction of sablefish ,\nkodolov , l . s . , kulikov , m . yu . , and syutina , t . i . , peculiarities of distribution and spatial structure of fish in the mainland slope and submarine elevations of the northern pacific ,\n( biology of fish and invertebrates in the northern pacific ) , vladivostok : far - eastern state university , 1991 , pp . 21 - 38 .\n( fishes of the sea of japan and the adjacent parts of the okhotsk and yellow seas ) , st . - petersburg : nauka , 1993 , part 6 .\n( commercially important fish of continental slope of the northern pacific ) , moscow : pishchevaya promyshlennost ' , 1974 .\npromyslovo - biologicheskie issledo - vaniya ryb v tikhookeanskikh vodakh kuril ' skikh ostrovov i prilezhashchikh raionakh okhotskogo i beringova morei v 1992\u20131998 gg .\n( biological field investigations of food fish in pacific waters of the kuril islands and adjacent waters of the okhotsk and bering seas in 1992 - 1998 ) , moscow : all - union institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 2000 , pp . 187 - 215 .\npertseva - ostroumova , t . a . , reproduction and development of arrowtooth flounders\ntokranov , a . m . and orlov , a . m . , distribution and some features of ecology of a new for the fauna of russia species of sculpins , the aleutial lord\n( biological backgrounds of stable development in coastal marine ecosystems ) , rep . abstr . internat . conf . , murmansk , april 25\u201328 , 2001 , apatity : murmansk marine biological institute , 2001 , pp . 236 - 237 .\n( modern problems in fish systematics ) , rep . abstr . all - russian conf . , st . - petersburg , november 17\u201319 , 1998 , st . - petersburg : zoological institute ras , 1998 , pp . 62 - 63 .\nsheiko , b . a . and fedorov , v . v . , chapter 1 : class cephalaspidomorphi - lampreys . class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes . class holocephali - chimeras . class osteichthyes - bony fishes ,\n( integrated studies of the ecosystem of the sea of okhotsk ) , moscow : all - russian institute of scientific fisheries and oceanography , 1997 , pp . 64 - 67 .\nallen , m . j . and smith , g . b . , atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the bering sea and northeastern pacific ,\nbouwens , k . a . , paul , a . j . , and smith , r . l . , growth of juvenile arrowtooth flounders from kachemak bay , alaska ,\nbouwens , k . a . , smith , r . l . , paul , a . j . , and rugen , w . , length at and timing of hatching and settlement for arrowtooth flounders in the gulf of alaska ,\n, san francisco : california academy of science , 1998 , vol . 1 - 3 .\ncooper , j . a . and chapleau , f . , monophyly and relationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with revised classification ,\nhare , s . r . and mantua , n . j . , empirical evidence for north pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989 ,\nmatarese , a . c . , kendall , a . w . , jr . , blood , d . m . , and vinter , b . m . , laboratory guide to early life history stages of northeast pacific fishes ,\nwilimovsky , n . j . , peden , a . , and peppar , j . , systematics of six demersal fishes of the north pacific ocean ,\nyang , m . - s . and livingston , p . a . , food habits and diet overlap of two congeneric species ,\nzimmermann , m . and goddard , p . , biology and distribution of arrowtooth ,\nmukhametov , i . n . & orlov , a . m . russian journal of marine biology ( 2002 ) 28 : 178 . urltoken\neffective 1200 hours , alaska local time ( a . l . t . ) , june 6 , 2015 , through 2400 hours , a . l . t . , december 31 , 2015 .\n732 north capitol street , nw , washington , dc 20401 - 0001 202 . 512 . 1800\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\noriginal russian text \u00a9 a . m . orlov , i . n . moukhametov , 2007 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2007 , vol . 47 , no . 6 , pp . 783\u2013793 .\ne . a . best and g . st . - pierre , \u201cpacific halibut as predator and prey , \u201d iphc tech . rep . , no . 21 ( 1986 ) .\nr . d . brodeur and p . a . livingston , \u201cfood habits and diet overlap of various eastern bering sea fishes , \u201d u . s . dept . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs f / nwc - 127 ( 1988 ) .\nw . n . eschmeyer , e . s . herald , and h . hamman ,\n( dvnts akad . nauk sssr , vladivostok , 1984 ) [ in russian ] .\nk . t . gordeeva , \u201cfeeding of halibuts in the bering sea , \u201d izv . tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .\nd . e . kramer , w . h . barss , b . c . paust , et al . , \u201cguide to northeast pacific flatfishes , \u201d mar . adv . bull . , no . 47 , 1\u2013104 ( 1995 ) .\np . a . livingston , a . ward , g . m . lang , and m . - s . yang , \u201cgroundfish food habits and predation on commercially important prey species in the eastern bering sea from 1987 to 1989 , \u201d u . s . dep . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs - afsc - 11 ( 1993 ) .\nl . v . mikulich , \u201cfeeding of flatfish off the coasts of southern sakhalin and the southern kuril islands , \u201d izv . tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .\ni . n . moukhametov , \u201cfeeding and food diets of halibuts inhabiting pacific waters off the northern kuril islands . biology , state of resources , and habitat conditions of hydrobionts of the sakhalin - kuril region and adjacent water areas , \u201d tr . sakhalin . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .\nschmidt ) in the bering sea , \u201d tr . vses . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .\n( pishch . prom - st\u2019 , moscow , 1974 ) [ in russian ] .\nfish feeding ecology and digestion . gutshop\u201998 . symp . proc . int . congr . biol . fish , towson univ . , baltimore , 1998\necosystem approaches for fisheries management . alaska sea grant college program . ak - sg - 99 - 01\na . m . orlov and i . n . moukhametov , \u201cfeeding characteristics of greenland halibut\nv . p . shuntov , a . f . volkov , o . s . temnykh , and e . p . dulepova ,\nm . - s . yang , \u201cfood habits of the commercially important groundfishes in the gulf of alaska in 1990 , \u201d u . s . dep . comm . noaa tech . memo . nmfs - afsc - 22 ( 1993 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 1200 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate , preferred 5\u00b0c ( ref . 107945 ) ; 66\u00b0n - 35\u00b0n , 130\u00b0e - 153\u00b0w ( ref . 6793 )\nthe most important bird species are the magnificent steller ' s sea eagle , golden eagle and peregrine , rock and willow ptarmigan , black - billed capercailye , long - tailed hawk , and owl . some birds , for instance partridges , capercailye and swans , - stay on the peninsula throughout the year , while others - in particular geese and ducks , - come to this remote place every spring for nesting . the coastal cliffs and rocky islands are inhabited by sea gulls , cormorants , puffins , and others .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nafter the effective date of this closure the maximum retainable amounts at 50 cfr 679 . 20 ( e ) and ( f ) apply at any time during a trip .\nthis information bulletin only provides notice of a fishery management action . for the purposes of complying with any requirements of this action , you are advised to see the actual text of the action in the federal register .\nthis is an official united states government website . the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ' s national marine fisheries service is an agency of the u . s . department of commerce .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndeep sea 2003 : conference on the governance and management of deep - sea fisheries . part 2 : conference poster papers and workshop papers . queenstown , new zealand , 1\u20135 december 2003 and dunedin , new zealand , 27 - 29 november 2003 .\nr . melville - smith 1 , r . gould 2 and l . bellchambers 1 1 department of fisheries , western australian marine research laboratories p . o . box 20 , north beach wa 6920 , australia < rmsmith @ urltoken > < lbellchambe @ urltoken > 2 department of fisheries 3rd floor atrium , 170 st george ' s terrace perth wa 6000 , australia < rgould @ urltoken >\nin western australia several large crab species occur in the offshore waters . however , only three , the giant crab , ( pseudocarcinus giga ) , the champagne crab ( hypothalassia acerba ) and the crystal crab ( chaceon bicolor ) are of commercial importance .\nthe biogeographical boundary separating the cool water of the south coast of the state from the warmer waters of the west coast has provided a logical boundary between crustacean fisheries in western australia ( figure 1 ) . these fisheries are managed as the south coast deep sea crab fishery ( scdscf ) and the west coast deep sea crab interim managed fishery ( wcdscimf ) . permit holders in the west coast deep sea crab interim managed fishery are entitled to take champagne , giant and crystal crabs but not rock - lobsters . the wcdscimf operates along side australia ' s largest rock - lobster fishery , the west coast rock - lobster managed fishery ( wcrlmf ) , where fishing generally occurs in 0\u2013200 m . although managed separately licencees in the wcrlmf are permitted to retain 12 deep - sea crabs , primarily champagne crabs , per day per boat . on the other hand , licencees in the south coast deep sea crab fishery are entitled to take champagne , giant and crystal crabs and as a result of the licensing framework surrounding the development of this fishery most fishers are also entitled to take southern rock lobster ( jasus edwardsii ) .\nthe department of fisheries have records of various fishers from the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s expressing interest in establishing commercial fishing operations based on champagne , giant and \u2018deep - sea crabs\u2019 on the west coast . although most of these proposed ventures did not go any further , some small - scale exploratory fishing targeting champagne crabs by rock - lobster fishers was undertaken between 1985 and 1990 with some rekindled interest in the 1990s . champagne crab catches peaked between 30 and 45 tonnes from 1997 to 1999 , before decreasing to negligible levels ( < 100 kg ) from 2001onwards . the decrease in catches was in part due to a decline in champagne crab stocks , however low beach prices and increased interest in the more valuable crystal crab also contributed ( k . smith , murdoch university , australia , pers . comm . ) . therefore , on the west coast , management of giant and champagne crabs is primarily focused on ensuring biological sustainability and maintaining breeding stocks of the species rather than developing a viable commercial fishery .\ncrystal crabs have only been targeted on the west coast since the late 1990s and the wcdscimf is now almost entirely dependent on the size and productivity of the crystal crab resource .\nfigure 1 map of the w . a . coastline showing the crystal crab management zones and depth contours between 500\u20131000 m\nboth giant and champagne crabs landings have been larger and more regular in the south coast crustacean fishery than on the west coast . since 1990 the combined giant and champagne crab catch has , in most years , been in excess of 30 tonnes , with occasional annual catches reaching 40 to 50 tonnes . in the past , crystal crabs have not formed a significant contribution to the south coast crustacean fishery , apart from one year ( 2002 ) when over 10 tonnes were landed before a moratorium was placed on targeting the species pending further research . the size and distribution of the fishable stock in this region is unknown .\nin 1991 it was recognized that with increasing interest in deep - sea crabs of all species there was a need to move to more formal management . in january 1992 following a request for expressions of interest , the minister for fisheries issued a press release announcing that by 1 april 1992 a plan would be in place to develop the fishery . this resulted in more than 80 expressions of interest for endorsements to take deep - sea crabs outside the rock - lobster fishery . in response , in june 1993 , 53 endorsements were approved ( 49 on the south coast and four on the west coast ) . a one - tonne catch per year minimum performance criteria was placed on each approved vessel . following a review of these allocations , in may 1993 a further three endorsements were granted on the west coast . in 1992 a commercial fisherman working in cooperation with the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro , hobart , australia ) conducted some limited research fishing . the fishing focused on champagne and giant crabs , but was of limited success due to the size of the fishing vessel used and lack of gear suitable for fishing in depths greater than 150 m .\nnew complexities were introduced into the management of both the scdscf and wcdscimf when permit holders realized the potential quantities of crystal crab available and the species ' commercial value . the dilemma is one that besets the managers of many new fisheries : i . e . on one hand faced with a previously unfished resource that has a potentially long term yield , together with an industry geared up and keen to exploit it ; while on the other hand having no catch history , biological information , or information on the spatial extent of the fishery . given the current focus in western australia on the exploitation of crystal crab , this paper deals only with a description of crystal crab catches on the west and south coasts of western australia and the proposed management of this resource .\ncrystal crabs occurring off the western australian coast are considered at this stage to be chaceon bicolor , a species which is also found in the central pacific from the emperor seamount chain to eastern australia ( manning and holthuis 1989 ) and along the west and north coast of australia ( jones and morgan 1994 ) . at this stage chaceon appears to have a wide distribution , although some systematics experts have suggested that further work may show that the pale coloured specimens found off the western australian coast are a different species to the purple , tan and yellowish coloured specimens of c . bicolor found in the pacific . the depth distribution of chaceon species is reported to be between 275 and 1 600 m ( manning and holthuis 1989 ) . however on the western australian coast the species has only been reported in commercial catches from 450 to 1220 m ( lance hand , bellenden nominees , geraldon , australia , western australian museum records ) .\nuntil 1995 the take of deep - sea crabs seaward of the 200 m isobath was the responsibility of the australian commonwealth government and some 22 vessels were licensed by the commonwealth to fish for deep - sea crabs in commonwealth managed waters off western australia . however , under the offshore constitutional settlement agreement of 1995 , and on the basis of the links with the state managed rock - lobster fisheries , management of deep - sea crab fisheries became a state government responsibility .\nthe fishery for crystal crabs began in 1997\u20131998 when one fisher undertook exploratory fishing for deep - sea crabs on the west coast between 34\u00b0 24 ' and 22\u00b0 19 s ' in depths of 540 to 1080 m . the promising catches of crystal crabs by this exploratory fishing trip generated more interest in commercially exploiting this fishery on the west coast and by the end of 1999 the catch had increased to almost 25 tonnes .\nthe fishery was originally open to all 595 west coast rock - lobster fishers as the fishery had historically taken small quantities of deep - sea crab ( mainly champagne crabs ) as byproduct in their rock - lobster traps . however , to take deep - sea crabs out of the rock - lobster fishing season ( 15 november to 30 june ) a specific fishing boat licence endorsement was required . in april 1999 , 26 vessels on the south coast and six vessels on the west coast had acquired these licence endorsements as a result of earlier interest and activity related to deep - sea crabs .\nthe need to more formally manage these fisheries arose in 1998 in addressing reporting requirements that environment australia proposed to impose as a condition of export approval under section 10a of the wildlife protection ( regulation of exports and imports ) act 1982 . the downturn in the asian economy and concerns about its impact on rock - lobster export prices also resulted in increased targeting of deep - sea crabs by rock - lobster fishers during the 1998\u20131999 rock - lobster season and increased interest from rock - lobster fishers wanting to target deep - sea crabs outside the rock - lobster fishery . there was also increased attention from rock - lobster processors interested in processing and marketing champagne crabs and other deep - sea crabs . in april 1999 these issues culminated in the existing endorsement holders , through the western australian fishing industry council ( wafic ) , asking the minister for fisheries to restrict the catch of deep - sea crabs by rock - lobster fishers .\nin may 1999 , in order to prevent overexploitation , the department indicated its intention to separately manage the crystal crab fishery and obtained support from the minster for fisheries to consult with existing licencees regarding how this fishery should be managed . existing licencees were subsequently advised of the department ' s intentions by letter . this letter in part said : \u201cit is envisaged that , depending on the number of applicants , access will be granted to those who best demonstrate a financial and personal commitment to the ongoing development of their nominated fishery . \u201da subsequent letter of 18 june 1999 referred to access being granted to \u201cthose who best demonstrate a personal and financial commitment to developing a sustainable , market - orientated snow ( crystal ) crab fishery . \u201d"]}
{"id": 690, "summary": [{"text": "the pygmy eagle or new guinea hawk-eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) is a bird of prey in the accipitridae family .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is often considered a subspecies of the little eagle , but some taxonomists separate it into a distinct species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "pygmy eagle", "paragraphs": ["an active nest of the pygmy eagle hieraaetus weiskei is described , providing the first documented observation of a downy chick in late january and hence an indicative laying date of late november / early december . the first documented record of this species for waigeo island ( west papua province ) is presented . a prey item being carried by another pygmy eagle is identified as a probable brown ( slender - billed ) cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , and another pygmy eagle had fed upon a mountain fruit - dove ptilinopus bellus .\ngjershaug , j . o . , lerner , h . r . l . & diserud , o . h . ( 2009 ) . taxonomy and distribution of the pygmy eagle aquila ( hieraaetus ) weiskei ( accipitriformes : accipitridae ) . zootaxa 2326 , 24\u201338 .\ndebus , s . j . s . ( 2011 ) . parental time - budgets and breeding behaviour of the little eagle hieraaetus morphnoides in northern new south wales . corella 35 , 65\u201372 .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndel hoyo , j . , kirwan , g . m . & marks , j . s . ( 2016 ) . pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .\nastrolabe mountains , new guinea , altitude 3000 feet [ c . 915 m ]\nuntil recently considered conspecific with h . morphnoides , but differs in its smaller size , ( wing length 308\u2013317 mm vs 332\u2013396 mm in males , 327\u2013342 mm vs 367\u2013413 mm in females ) ( score at least 2 ) ; less - pronounced or non - existent malar stripe ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; more evenly distributed dark crown streaks on white base ( vs more densely packed broader dark central crown streaks on biscuit - coloured base , creating capped effect with more prominent pale postocular supercilium ) ( 2 ) ; breast streaking more prominent and extensive ( 2 ) ; absence of broad pale brown ( biscuit - coloured ) collar ( from neck sides around nape ) ( 3 ) ; less - crested crown ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; seven ( not six ) tail bars , darker and broader in pattern and reaching edges of feathers ( ns [ 2 ] ) ; darker upperparts including flight feathers ( ns [ 1 ] ) . full details published elsewhere # r # r . monotypic .\nnew guinea and moluccas ( halmahera , ternate , buru , seram ) # r , # r , # r .\n38\u201348 cm ; male 483 g ( one ) ; wingspan 112\u2013126 cm . like closely related\nuses primary rainforest , riparian forest , monsoon forest , and forest edges ; soars low above forest . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread in new guinea but generally considered uncommon . no data on population trends or numbers , but probably declining wherever . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsome systematists favour merging this genus into aquila # r . recent molecular study , however , indicated that two distinct lineages are involved , the smaller species forming a separate clade ; the five species currently placed in this genus are closely related # r . composition of these two genera has recently been reassessed and modified on the basis of several phylogenetic studies # r # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 14 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 815 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nbirdlife international ( 2016 ) . species factsheet : hieraaetus weiskei . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 7 june 2016 ) .\nknobel , j . ( 2016 ) . eagles of africa . game parks publishing , pretoria , south africa , and sunbird publishers , cape town .\nmarchant , s . & higgins , p . j . ( eds ) ( 1993 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand & antarctic birds , volume 2 : raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .\npratt , t . k . & beehler , b . m . ( 2015 ) . birds of new guinea . 2nd edn . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey , usa ."]}
{"id": 691, "summary": [{"text": "astacoides caldwelli is a species of crustacean in family parastacidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "a. caldwelli is mostly found in rivers draining forested areas at elevations between 600 - 800m .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the populations are threatened by habitate loss as well as predation by introduced species and harvesting at a subsistence level from local fishermen . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "astacoides caldwelli", "paragraphs": ["here ' s a compilation of some pics i took of what probably is astacoides betsileonensis .\n[ l & apos ; examen des sp\u00e9cimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii gu\u00e9rin , 1839 , et l & apos ; \u00e9tude de la lit\u00e9rature ont montr\u00e9 que les noms corrects des sous - esp\u00e8ces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - esp\u00e8ces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donn\u00e9 . , l & apos ; examen des sp\u00e9cimens types d & apos ; astacus madagascarensis h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 , et d & apos ; astacoides goudotii gu\u00e9rin , 1839 , et l & apos ; \u00e9tude de la lit\u00e9rature ont montr\u00e9 que les noms corrects des sous - esp\u00e8ces que monod & petit ( 1929 ) nommaient astacoides m . madagascariensis et a . m . brevirostris sont en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 astacoides madagascarensis caldwelli ( bate , 1865 ) et a . m . madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 ) . une bibliographie des quatre sous - esp\u00e8ces d & apos ; astacoides madagascarensis est donn\u00e9 . ]\nastacoides caldwelli is only found in large rivers draining forested catchments , mainly on the eastern side of the escarpment ( jones et al . 2007 ) . most localities where this species is known from are in relatively recently deforested areas abutting natural forest ( jones et al . 2007 ) . astacoides caldwelli is a tertiary burrower ( jones et al . 2007 ) meaning it creates a burrow but spends the majority of its time in the water . eggs are laid in june or july and carried for approximately four months , hatching in october or november ( jones et al . 2007 ) .\njustification : astacoides caldwelli has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of approximately 11 , 930 km\u00b2 and is known from eight locations . it faces a number of threats including habitat loss due to conversion of forested land to rice paddies , harvesting as a food source , and predation pressure and competition from introduced species .\nastacoides caldwelli occurs mainly in the eastern highlands of madagascar , and is largely found between the latitudes 18\u00b0 to 21\u00b0 s , longitudes 46\u00b0 to 48\u00b0 e ( hobbs 1987 ) . this is a rare species found in rivers draining forested catchments ( jones et al . 2007 ) in the antananarivo ( including mandraka , andasibe , lac mantasoa , behenjy , vakinankaratra , ambatolampy and antsampandrano ) and fianarantsoa provinces ( boyko et al . 2005 ) . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 11 , 930 km\u00b2 .\n( of astacus caldwelli spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) spence bate . ( 1865 ) . astacus caldwelli , spence bate , sp . nov . in p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . in : p . l . sclater , report on a collection of animals from madagascar , transmitted to the society by mr . j . caldwell . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 469 , 470 , 1 plate . [ details ]\nhere by three more pics of crayfish from madagascar . it is not entirely clear which species these are , according to a reliabe source and friend , who kindly had a look at these photos , they may be astacoides caldwelli or possibly a smooth carapaced form of a . betsileonensis but he stresses they are difficult to determine by photo . both pictured specimens were collected in the same forest stream near fianarantsoa , at least that is what my local collector tells me . i ' ll email you more pics of crayfish from other parts of madagascar in the weeks to come . best regards olaf thank you olaf\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlivingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .\n) . at none of the sampling localities was this species abundant . a maximum of nine individuals were found in a two hour search .\n, however there is a national law preventing the harvesting of crayfish under 10 cm total length . local rules and taboos govern harvesting in some areas ( jones\nmonitoring of this species ' range and abundance is required to better understand the rate at which it is being lost . however , establishing a community led monitoring program may prove difficult as it is understood that time lost monitoring is time lost harvesting ( hockley\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( spence bate in sclater , 1865 ) . accessed at : urltoken ; = 472960 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncrandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > 8mzrk2yfpu5zybe - in1rcj5 _ . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 225 . 170 . 179 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531163381799 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nh . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\ni just found your crayfish website . great site ! i live on madagascar and like crays ."]}
{"id": 692, "summary": [{"text": "mystus atrifasciatus ( known locally as trey kanchos chhnoht ) is a species of catfish endemic to cambodia , laos , thailand and vietnam , known from mekong river , chao phraya river and mae klong river and was described from phitsanulok , thailand .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it inhabits rivers , streams and reservoirs and moves to floodplains when the water level increases and can also be found near submerged woody vegetation .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it feeds on crustaceans and zooplankton along with some algae and fish scales .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is commonly fished and marketed and is also found in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it may be threatened by pollution and overfishing and more research is needed about the species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "mystus atrifasciatus", "paragraphs": ["type : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30866 . jpg [ 2532102 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30865 . jpg [ 1685243 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30864 . jpg [ 3222095 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus atrifasciatus ansp 67907 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 86 . 5 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\nfeeds mainly on crustaceans and zooplankton along with small bits of algae and fish scales . may forage in schools like the other small striped species of mystus . moves into floodplains during periods of high water and is often found in places with submerged woody vegetation .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134824 . jpg [ 851706 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm dorsal view copyright\u00a9mnhn , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134826 . jpg [ 788440 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm ventral view copyright\u00a9mnhn , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83099 . jpg [ 661707 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm ventral view copyright\u00a9mark allen , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83098 . jpg [ 654813 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm lateral view copyright\u00a9mark allen , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83096 . jpg [ 586593 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 06 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm dorsal view copyright\u00a9mark allen , all rights reserved .\nfishes of the genus mystus scopoli are small to medium - sized bagrid catfishes occurring in south asia . roberts ( 1994 ) recognized mystus to have an elongate cranial fontanel reaching up to the base of the occipital process , long maxillary barbel , very long adipose fin , 11\u201330 gill rakers on the first gill arch and 37\u201346 total vertebrae , about equally divided between abdominal and caudal regions . he included only eight species under the genus . mo ( 1991 ) characterized the genus to have a thin needle - like first infraorbital , twisted and thickened metapterygoid loosely attached to the quadrate by means of ligament or a small extent of cartilage . jayaram & sanyal ( 2003 ) and ferraris ( 2007 ) respectively listed 44 and 33 species of mystus as valid . has three faint dark and two whitish stripes on the sides ; adipose fin longer than anal fin and almost contiguous with the dorsal fin ; eyes not visible when head is viewed from below .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 83715 . jpg [ 857677 ] approved = yes submission by : allen , mark on 2005 - 02 - 10 photographed by : allen , mark mystus canarensis ams b . 7624 neotype standard length : 112 mm x - ray copyright\u00a9mark allen , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 200849 . tif [ 3931520 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm xray copyright\u00a9zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134829 . jpg [ 1455240 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm x - ray , tail copyright\u00a9mnhn , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134827 . jpg [ 799054 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm lateral view , left side copyright\u00a9mnhn , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 134828 . jpg [ 747181 ] approved = yes submission by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne on 2005 - 10 - 31 photographed by : hautecoeur , m\u00e3\u00a9lyne mystus aubentoni mnhn 1974 - 0039 holotype standard length : 0 mm x - ray , head copyright\u00a9mnhn , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200847 . jpg [ 1844918 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm lateral view copyright\u00a9zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200845 . jpg [ 1653669 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm dorsal view copyright\u00a9zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 200848 . jpg [ 2019003 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 05 - 01 photographed by : strecker , ulrike mystus maydelli zmh 2180 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 0 mm ventral view copyright\u00a9zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104598 . jpg [ 1071901 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral view copyright\u00a9fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104595 . jpg [ 947833 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsoventral view copyright\u00a9fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29845 . jpg [ 305503 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm ventral view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104596 . jpg [ 1832944 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsoventral head view copyright\u00a9fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104597 . jpg [ 1848925 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral head view copyright\u00a9fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 104593 . jpg [ 1998657 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2005 - 06 - 02 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm anal fin view copyright\u00a9fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29844 . jpg [ 301059 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm dorsal view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29846 . jpg [ 386518 ] approved = yes submission by : littmann , mike w . on 2004 - 05 - 28 photographed by : littmann , mike w . mystus sabanus fmnh 68088 holotype standard length : 119 . 72 mm lateral view copyright fmnh division of fishes , all rights reserved .\nno voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 465405 . jpg [ 1273926 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2006 - 09 - 20 photographed by : manimekalan , a . mystus gulio standard length : 147 mm locality : pointcalimere , tamil nadu , india field work collection copyright\u00a9a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .\nno voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 465403 . jpg [ 323540 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2006 - 09 - 20 photographed by : manimekalan , a . mystus bleekeri standard length : 132 mm locality : muthupet , mangrove , tamil nadu , india field work collection copyright\u00a9a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30870 . jpg [ 1771222 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30872 . jpg [ 1977072 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30871 . jpg [ 2082304 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus stigmaturus ansp 59338 holotype 1 of 1 standard length : 60 . 1 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30867 . jpg [ 2071593 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm dorsal view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30868 . jpg [ 2406689 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm lateral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 30869 . jpg [ 2102284 ] approved = yes submission by : lopez , john on 2004 - 06 - 30 photographed by : luckenbill , kyle mystus rhegma ansp 61748 holotype 1 of 1 ( unique ) standard length : 49 . 5 mm ventral view copyright 2003 kyle luckenbill , academy of natural sciences , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 105290 . tif [ 2315420 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 06 - 08 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm xray , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 105288 . tif [ 2574032 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 06 - 08 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm xray , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648545 . jpg [ 694564 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , ventral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648547 . jpg [ 1565067 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 648548 . jpg [ 670779 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2006 - 12 - 14 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . mystus havmolleri usnm 90304 holotype standard length : 36 . 8 mm photo , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\nno voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97183 . jpg [ 582461 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus mysticetus standard length : 0 mm photo taken april 1 , 2005\u00e2 at thai fisheries dept . aquarium of kasersart university , bangkok , thailand copyright\u00a9jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .\nspecimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 1228678 . jpg [ 1057100 ] approved = yes submission by : lumbantobing , daniel n . on 2007 - 07 - 22 photographed by : lumbantobing , daniel n . mystus punctifer usnm standard length : 0 mm locality : kluet river , lawe sawah , province of nanggroe aceh darussalam collected : 2006 - 07 - 15 copyright\u00a9daniel lumbantobing , all rights reserved .\nspecimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29110 . jpg [ 83505 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 17 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 05 / 20 mystus armatus pers . coll . 102m locality : india ( dry season ) specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .\nno voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97181 . jpg [ 472589 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburi\u00e2 river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright \u00a9 jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .\nno voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97179 . jpg [ 443631 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburi\u00e2 river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright \u00a9 jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .\nno voucher : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 97182 . jpg [ 433947 ] approved = yes submission by : sabaj , mark henry on 2005 - 05 - 11 photographed by : helias , jean - francois mystus wolffii standard length : 0 mm locality : bang kanat , prachinburi\u00e2 river , thailand , may 10 , 2005 angler : jean - francois helias copyright \u00a9 jean - francois helias , all rights reserved .\nspecimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29143 . jpg [ 164231 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 19 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 12 / 27 mystus montanus pers . coll . 287 locality : hill stream ( medium flow ) , india specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .\nspecimen : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 29111 . jpg [ 136048 ] approved = yes submission by : manimekalan , a . on 2004 - 02 - 17 photographed by : manimekalan , a . on 2003 / 05 / 6 mystus cavasius pers . coll . 204 locality : indira gandhi wildlife sanctuary , india ( dry season ) specimen in personal collection of a . manimekalan . copyright a . manimekalan , all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmekong , chao phraya and maeklong basins in southeast asia . it is considered least concern at present based on its wide distribution , but further information on threats and population trends is required and it should be reassessed if further information becomes available .\nthis species was described from a specimen collected from pitsanulok , thailand . it is recorded from the\nadults inhabit rivers , streams and reservoirs . the species moves into floodplains during periods of high water and is often found in places with submerged woody vegetation ( rainboth 1996 ) . it feeds mainly on crustaceans and zooplankton along with small bits of algae and fish scales , and it may forage in schools like the other small striped species of\n. the species is usually marketed fresh and may also be sold smoked ( froese and pauly 2010 ) .\nthis fish is found in commercial and subsistence fisheries . occasionally it is found in the aquarium trade .\nit is likely to be impacted locally in parts of its range by pollution and overfishing . more species - specific information is needed .\nresearch into population trends and threats to the species and its habitats is needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another .\n150mm or 5 . 9\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\n( 1 ) marisco1729 . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to our website . if you continue to browse and use this website you are agreeing to comply with and be bound by the following terms and conditions of use . 1 . the content of the pages of this website is for your general information and use only . it is subject to change without notice . 2 . neither we nor any third parties provide any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy , timeliness , performance , completeness or suitability of the information and materials found or offered on this website for any particular purpose . you acknowledge that such information and materials may contain inaccuracies or errors and we expressly exclude liability for any such inaccuracies or errors to the fullest extent permitted by law . 3 . the fish photos in this website are all under the cc ( creative commons ) license . you should denote\nurltoken\nif you use our photos in your books , websites , etc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndescription max size : 21 . 0 cm sl . color : color in life varies with age ; generally delicate gray - silvery to shining golden , with several ( about 5 ) pale blue or dark brown to deep black longitudinal bands on side . a narrow dusky spot often present on the shoulder . the fins glass , with dark tips . dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 13 ; vertebrae : 31 - 37 . body elongate and slightly compressed . maxillary barbels extending beyond the pelvic fins , often to the end of the anal fin . dorsal spine weak , finely serrated on its inner edge . adipose fin small , inserted much behind rayed dorsal fin but anterior to the anal fin . dioecious , external fertilization , oviparous , non - guarders , open water / substratum egg scatterers . makes sounds during spawning .\necology habitat : estuarine prey : plants , shrimps , insects , mollusks and fish .\nmenon , agk ( 1999 ) checklist : fresh water fishes of india occasional paper no . 175 zsi , kolkata 366 pp available at - ncl , pune\nsingh , df and yazdani , gm ( 1993 ) ichthyofauna of konkan region of maharashtra ( india ) records of the zoological survey of india . occasional paper no 145 zsi , calcutta 46 available at - nio , goa\nnandi , nc ; das , sr ; bhuinya , s and dasgupta , jm ( 1993 ) wetland faunal resources of west bengal , i . , north and south 24 - parganas districts occasional paper no 150 records of the zoological survey of india zsi 18264"]}
{"id": 695, "summary": [{"text": "plicatoperipatus is a monospecific genus of velvet worm containing the single species plicatoperipatus jamaicensis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to jamaica .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the species is listed as near threatened by the iucn red list . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "plicatoperipatus", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\n1983 . evolution of animal mitochondrial dna . in : nei , m . and koehn , r . k . ( eds ) ,\nagn that contains a dihydrouridine arm replacement loop , and of serine - specifying aga and agg codons .\nas a living fossil . in : eldredge , n . and stanley , s . m . ( eds ) ,\nmitochondrial dna . in : warner , a . w , bradshaw , j . c . and macrae , t . h . ( eds ) ,\nmethods for computing the standard errors of branching points in an evolutionary tree and their application to molecular data from humans and apes .\n1984 . the evolutionary significance of genetic diversity : ecological , demographic , and life history correlates . in : mani , g . s . ( ed . ) ,\na review of the new world onychophora with the description of a new cavernicolous genus and species from jamaica .\nfrom lexington , virginia : the isolation and characterization of their mitochondrial dna , the implications for their origin and climatic selection .\ngenetic divergence among fishes of the eastern pacific and the caribbean : support for the molecular clock .\npresent address : section of ecology and systematics , cornell university , ithaca , ny 14850 usa .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nurltoken 2001 - 2017 leaf group ltd . / / leaf group education , all rights reserved . database is based on wordnet 3 . 0 , a lexical database for the english language ."]}
{"id": 696, "summary": [{"text": "phreatoicidae is a family of blind , freshwater isopods .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they have survived apparently unchanged for 350 million years , and are only found in south africa , india , australia and new zealand .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they were first found near christchurch in 1882 by charles chilton .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the family phreatoicidae now contains 13 genera : colacanthotelson nicholls , 1944 colubotelson nicholls , 1944 crenoicus nicholls , 1944 gariwerdeus wilson & keable , 2002 mesacanthotelson nicholls , 1944 metaphreatoicus nicholls , 1944 naiopegia wilson & keable , 2002 neophreatoicus nicholls , 1944 notamphisopus nicholls , 1944 onchotelson nicholls , 1944 paraphreatoicus nicholls , 1944 phreatoicus chilton , 1883 uramphisopus nicholls , 1943", "topic": 26}], "title": "phreatoicidae", "paragraphs": ["ecology : phreatoicidae belongs to the suborder phreatoicidea . instream habitat : phreatoicideans occur in streams , burrow in moist soil , in yabby burrows , ground water and underground streams . phreatoicidae species live in freshwater streams and lakes . feeding ecology : habit : many phreatoicidean species are curled under at the end . this spiny posterior is used to push them through the cryptic habitats they favour . the \u2018head to toe\u2019 curl is typically a resting or defensive position . life history :\nboyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . phreatoicidae chilton , 1891 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 248306 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nboyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database . phreatoicidae chilton , 1891 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 248306 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nsome of the world\u2019s most ancient and fascinating animals have been re - discovered in southern new zealand . prospects for their survival look good \u2013 provided groundwaters and wetlands are protected .\nover the past two years , department of conservation workers and scientists from the national institute of water & atmospheric research have been painstakingly searching for phreatoicids ( pron . free - at - o - ik - ids ) .\nthis intensive search of over 230 locations yielded phreatoicids at 66 places . the scientists believe they have now found all the known species , and have even discovered some new ones .\nif they were the size of tuatara , kiwi , or wetas , these cryptic , aquatic animals would be equally iconic because they are so bizarre . phreatoicids are blind , unpigmented isopods ( relatives of slaters and fish lice , and a sister group to crabs , shrimps , land hoppers and , more distantly , insects ) . they play a vital role in cleaning up freshwater .\ntrue relicts ( or \u201cghosts of gondwana\u201d , to borrow george gibbs\u2019s words ) , phreatoicids have persisted unchanged for some 350 million years . but being just 20 millimetres long and dwelling in extremely mucky places , they have lingered mostly forgotten and unnoticed . in fact , they are so poorly known that they have no common name !\nphreatoicids are confined to four of ancient gondwana\u2019s five main remnants ( south africa , india , australia , new zealand ; not south america ) . first discovered near christchurch in 1882 by charles chilton , a leading crustacean scientist at canterbury college ( now university of canterbury ) , scientists at the time were puzzled by phreatoicids\u2019 body structure that is intermediate between other types of crustaceans . by 1944 , nine species in three genera were discovered from new zealand , but have been largely unknown since , prompting scientists to wonder whether some species had become endangered or even extinct .\nthe terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity information system programme , administered by the department of conservation , aims to raise awareness , provide identification tools and make data accessible to improve the new zealanders\u2019 understanding of the need for protection of biodiversity and significant habitats . it contracted niwa to investigate the conservation status of new zealand\u2019s endemic phreatoicids , so that any threatened species and habitat can be protected . niwa\u2019s investigations focused on six species which have not been reported for over 60 years . these species live in surface waters in the southern south island and appear to be important in breaking down dead plant matter to recycle their nutrients . full details of the locations and habitats where phreatoicids were found will be in niwa\u2019s publically - available freshwater biodata information system once the study is completed .\nthe research results appear to be remarkably good news . phreatoicids were surprisingly abundant when present ; on ruapuke island in foveaux strait , for example , densities were estimated at over 200 per square metre . on stewart island , phreatoicids were common close to oban township , as well as the remote toitoi flats wetland and other locations . dense populations were found in several modified habitats , notably in drainage channels downstream of bayswater peatland scenic reserve near otautau in southland , amongst submerged , dead leaves of introduced grasses around road culverts on several roads in southland , and on macrocarpa tree roots in one drainage ditch .\nthe best - known named species , plus two lesser known named species , live entirely within canterbury\u2019s groundwater . niwa discovered one of these species in huge numbers : \u201cwe easily collected a cupful \u2013 several hundred animals \u2013 at a time from wells 20 metres below the surface . these tiny , blind crustaceans play a major role in cleansing the region\u2019s groundwater , keeping our drinking water naturally pure , \u201d says dr graham fenwick , niwa\u2019s assistant regional manager in christchurch .\nsurvivors through aeons , phreatoicids live in a variety of habitats . some live in soupy , muddy ponds with almost no dissolved oxygen , others in quite acid conditions ( ph 4 . 5 ) . most seem to prefer various types of leaf litter . they avoid swift currents , but some do inhabit slow flowing rivers , while others find refuge in crevices or under rocks in various lowland or foothills streams . when their habitat dries too much , phreatoicids can walk short distances in search of another wet area ; others burrow as water levels retreat , or simply curl up in damp moss or leaf litter to survive brief dry periods .\nbut the full story is yet to be unravelled . at least four new species were discovered . the unique characteristics of each species are being studied carefully , so that each species can be reliably re - identified and distinguished from others . this vital step is essential for determining each species\u2019 geographic range , abundance and true conservation status . with a history of little morphological change over 350 million years , this task is challenging because differences between our native species that have evolved much more recently are very subtle indeed .\n\u201ctheir high abundances , habitats preferences , and wide tolerances indicate that these ghosts of new zealand\u2019s ancient continental origins can survive in the face of considerable human changes to the landscape , so long as wetlands , in their various forms , are kept intact , \u201d dr fenwick says .\ninformation sources : poore 2002 , wilson 2003 & 2005 , cummins et al . 2005 key to genera : wilson & keable 2000 ( partial ) key to species : wilson & keable 2000 ( colubotelson , metaphreatoicus , partial )\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\nschotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld list of marine , freshwater & terrestrial isopoda . . . 2005 , website ( version 04 - may - 05 )\ncompiled by brian kensley , marilyn schotte , and steve schilling ( oniscidea only ) , department of invertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution . found at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 11bb4c7d - a9bd - 417c - 8709 - 6c39203500a8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4ffdf53f - 718c - 4f17 - be39 - 426e919cf960\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5409691f - ac0d - 44f4 - 8f40 - 32af75f31130\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8c67c3e0 - a3d7 - 4b25 - bf9b - 4af1cb3f7f81\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 284472\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na family of isopod crustaceans in the suborder phreatoicoidea in which only the left mandible retains a lacinia mobilis .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional ."]}
{"id": 700, "summary": [{"text": "corythoichthys ocellatus , the ocellated pipefish or orange-spotted pipefish , is a marine pipefish found in the western pacific ocean .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "belonging to the family syngnathidae , it grows up to 10 cm long , and is found in the first 12 m of the warm tropical seas off the coast of australia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "ovoviviparous , the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch found under the tail . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "corythoichthys ocellatus", "paragraphs": ["thompson , vanessa j . & dianne j . bray , corythoichthys ocellatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nan ocellate pipefish , corythoichthys ocellatus , in lembeh straits , north sulawesi , indonesia . source : rickard zerpe / flickr . license : cc by attribution - sharealike\ncorythoichthys is from the greek , korys , korythos for helmet and ichtys meaning fish . the specific name ocellatus is for the dark - ringed ocelli on the body .\ncorythoichthys ocellatus herald 1953 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . 202 ( 1 ) : 267 , fig . 41a , purvis bay , florida island , solomon islands .\ncorythoichthys ocellatus inhabits coastal waters in the philippines , palau , indonesia , papua new guinea , australia ' s great barrier reef , and fiji to depths of 15 m ( dawson 1977 , 1985 ; kuiter 2000 ) .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . corythoichthys ocellatus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 22 : 15 + 1000 .\nthere are no known conservation actions in place for corythoichthys ocellatus . the species occurs in the great barrier reef marine park , where there is a regional management plan ( commonwealth of australia 2015 ) . corythoichthys ocellatus , like all other syngnathids , is protected from exploitation in australia under the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1999 ) . the species is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . it ' s likely the species would benefit from international efforts to mitigate climate change .\njustification : corythoichthys ocellatus is a reef - associated coastal marine pipefish that inhabits the indo - pacific from the philippines and indonesia to fiji and australia ' s great barrier reef . they inhabit sand , algae and rubble near coral and rocky reefs . they may be susceptible to coral reef declines that are occurring globally , but they are able to utilize other habitat types . there are no other substantial known threats , and the species is protected in part of its range . therefore corythoichthys ocellatus is listed as least concern .\nto date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for corythoichthys ocellatus . the species may be declining as a result of coral reef habitat degradation and loss . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance for this species .\ncorythoichthys ocellatus has not been detected in trade , but pipefishes are known to be targeted and are kept as bycatch for the aquarium trade and traditional medicine ( vincent et al . 2011 , lim et al . 2011 ) . it ' s possible that this species is involved .\ncolour pattern similar to that of c . schultzi . the long snout and ocellate markings separate c . ocellatus from all other congeners except c . schultzi . c . ocellatus has lower total ring and dorsal ray counts ( average = 46 and 23 versus 51 and 28 in c . schultzi ) and the ventral surface of the trunk rings is more heavily pigmented . c . schultzi also reaches a larger size ( 144 mm versus around 120 mm in c . ocellatus ) .\ndawson , c . e . 1977 . review of the pipefish genus corythoichthys with description of three new species . copeia 1977 ( 2 ) : 295 - 338\nallen , g . r . & m . v . erdmann . 2008 . corythoichthys benedetto , a new pipefish ( pisces : syngnathidae ) from indonesia and papua new guinea . aqua , international journal of ichthyology 13 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 126 .\ncorythoichthys ocellatus occurs in sand , algae , and rubble habitats adjacent to coral or rocky reefs ( kuiter 2000 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . little is known about their feeding ecology , but they are thought to consume small planktonic and / or benthic crustaceans such as harpacticoid copepods , gammarid amphipods , and mysids , similar to other pipefishes ( howard and koehn 1985 , kendrick and hyndes 2005 ) . the species is ovovivparous , and males brood eggs in a pouch beneath their tail before giving birth to live young ( dawson 1985 ) .\ncorythoichys ocellatus may be threatened by coral reef degradation and loss that has occurred as a result of coastal development , pollution , destructive fishing practices such as trawling and dynamite use , ocean acidification , and rising sea surface temperatures ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 , de ' ath et al . 2012 ) . they are however able to utilize a variety of other habitats , and so it is unclear how much or if they are declining along with corals .\ngreek , korys , korythos = helmet + greek , ichtys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 12 m ( ref . 5316 ) . tropical ; 9\u00b0n - 24\u00b0s\nwestern central pacific : celebes and philippines to palau , the solomon islands , and australia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1602 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 - 25 ; anal soft rays : 4 . has a color pattern very similar to c . schultzi .\ninhabits rubble patches of shallow sheltered reefs ( ref . 37816 ) . found to a depth of 12 m . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 26 . 5 - 29 . 4 , mean 28 . 8 ( based on 1002 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\na pale brown pipefish with many distinct dark - edged orange spots or rectangles , whitish speckles , a dark stripe on the lower third of the gill cover extending forward below the eye , and a series of narrow whitish bands encircling the body . ocellate pipefish are often seen in pairs on shallow rubble reefs .\ntropical western central pacific , from indonesia , the philippines , palau , papua new guinea , the solomon islands , fiji and australia . known from the great barrier reef , queensland ; inhabits coral rubble , algal reefs and inshore areas to about 15 m .\ndorsal fin 22 - 25 ; trunk rings 15 - 16 ; tail rings 29 - 32 .\nhead length in sl 5 . 7 - 7 . 1 ; body depth in hl 3 . 5 - 5 . 4 ; snout long , snout length in hl 1 . 7 - 2 . 0 , snout depth in snout length 7 . 3 - 8 . 8 ; prenuchal and nuchal ridges smooth ; median snout ridge usually with slight dorsal emargination ; eye prominent .\ndorsal fin origin usually at or behind the anterior margin of the first tail ring .\noverall light greenish - yellow , body covered in small pupil - sized orange spots that are often dark ringed as ocelli , especially over the back of the trunk ; ventral surface of anterior 4 - 5 trunk rings heavily shaded or blotched with brown ; no dark blotch ventrally on anal ring ; head with diffuse dark stripe on lower third of opercle extending forward below eye ; dorsal fin without spots .\nreproduction : ovoviviparous ( gives birth to live young ) . the eggs are brooded by the males in a pouch under the tail . the pouch protects the dorsal surface and side of the egg mass , leaving the ventral surface is exposed . males begin brooding at around 58 mm sl .\neggs : eggs deposited in 2 - 17 transverse rows within a gelatinous matrix .\naustralian government legislation : marine listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .\nallen , g . r . & m . adrim . 2003 . coral reef fishes of indonesia . zool . stud . 42 ( 1 ) : 1 - 72 .\ndawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . gulf coast research laboratory , ocean springs , mississippi . 230 pp .\nherald e . s . 1953 . family syngnathidae : pipefishes , pp . 231 - 278 , figs 36 - 44 in : schultz l . p . , herald e . s . , lachner e . a . , welander a . d . & woods l . p . ( eds ) . fishes of the marshall and marianas islands . vol . 1 . families asymmetrontidae through siganidae . bull . u . s . natl . mus . 202 ( 1 ) : 1 - 685 , figs . 1 - 90\nhoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley pl & wells a ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 abrs & csiro publishing : australia 2178 pp .\nkuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . chorleywood , uk : tmc publishing . 240 pp .\nlaboute , p . & r . grandperrin . 2000 . poissons de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie . editions catherine ledru : 520 pp .\nmyers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia . 3rd revised ed . coral graphics , guam . 330 pp , 192 pls .\npogonoski , j . j . , d . a . pollard & j . r . paxton . 2000 . conservation overview and action plan for australian threatened and potentially threatened marine and estuarine fishes . environment australia , canberra . 375 pp .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house publishing , bathurst , australia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa .\naustralia ( coral sea is . territory , queensland ) ; fiji ; indonesia ( lesser sunda is . , papua , sulawesi ) ; palau ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; solomon islands ( south solomons )\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t65365054a115415754 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe ocellate pipefish can be recognised by the pupil - sized orange spots on the body and tail .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .\ndawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . gulf coast research laboratory , ocean springs , mississippi , usa . pp . 230 .\nkuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes . tmc publishing pp . 240 .\nmyers , r . f . 1999 . micronesian reef fishes . coral graphics . pp . 330 .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8fe96228 - cbaf - 4cc8 - b94a - 8e8cc6f4e159\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ae91f5e4 - 571f - 4d21 - bec0 - 745628d61c47\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b2d9ec8c - 7aa2 - 4075 - a1fb - 147eee87fe76\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 432644\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nlisted as least concern ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ninhabits rubble patches of shallow sheltered reefs ( ref . 37816 ) . found to a depth of 12 m . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 701, "summary": [{"text": "bagdadia tricornis is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by yang and li in 2015 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( hainan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 8 \u2212 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are yellowish brown , sprinkled with black and greyish white scales and three small scale tufts near the base , around them greyish white mixed with black scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal margin has scale tufts at one-fourth , halfway and two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bagdadia tricornis", "paragraphs": ["etymology . the specific name is derived from latin tricornis , meaning triangular , referring to the process of valva .\nbagdadia tricornis is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by yang and li in 2015 . [ 1 ] it is found in china ( hainan ) .\nbagdadia cymoptila ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia paroctas ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia tugaella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia yanglingensis ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238\nbagdadia irakella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; [ nhm card ]\nbagdadia salicicolella ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; [ nhm card ]\nbagdadia irakella amsel , 1949 ; bull . soc . fouad i er ent . 33 : 322 ; tl : iraq , baghdad\nbagdadia salicicola ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 278\nbagdadia claviformis ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )\nbagdadia gnomia ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )\nbagdadia sapindivora ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 279 ( note )\nyang , meiqing , li , houhun ( 2015 ) : a taxonomic study of the genus bagdadia amsel , 1949 from hainan island of china ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . zootaxa 3972 ( 4 ) : 589 - 594 , doi : urltoken\nbagdadia eucalla ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 238 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 277\ndiagnosis . this species closely resembles bagdadia longanae ( yang & chen ) in male genitalia , but can be separated from the latter by following characters : forewing with a large irregular black blotch at 2 / 3 near posterior margin , eighth sternum with a strongly sclerotized plate in female genitalia . host plant . unknown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n= ; sattler , 1999 , nota lepid . 22 ( 4 ) : 235\nchelaria cymoptila meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : dibidi , coorg\nkorea , china ( shaanxi , guizhou ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nchelaria isosema meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ncapidentalia khaoensis park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 334 ; tl : khao soi dao , chantha - buri prov .\nchina ( zhejiang ) , vietnam , ceylon , andaman is . , java . see [ maps ]\nchelaria paroctas meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nhypatima salicicola park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 84 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nlarva on salix spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\nnothris salicicolella kuznetsov , 1960 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 27 : 41 ; tl : kopetdag , turkmenistan\nchelaria sapindivora clarke , 1958 ; ent . news 69 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : honshu , kinki , nisinomiya\nlarva on sapindus mukurossi clarke , 1958 , ent . news 69 ( 1 ) : 5\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the microlepidoptera collected by e . p . wiltshire in irak and iran in the years 1935 to 1938\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal ."]}
{"id": 703, "summary": [{"text": "the marsh skimmer , also known as tricolored marsh hawk , and slender blue skimmer , ( orthetrum luzonicum ) is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is widespread in many asian countries .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it breeds in marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "commonly found perched around marshes , ponds , paddy fields , and stagnant part of rivers and streams . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "orthetrum luzonicum", "paragraphs": ["dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 50 . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 )\northetrum luzonicum are a vivid blue / green colour and o . glaucum ' s eyes are dull in comparison .\ncitation : dow , r . 2010 . orthetrum luzonicum . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 21 december 2011 .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . orthetrum luzonicum ( brauer , 1868 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nrange description : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification : orthetrum luzonicum is a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .\nthis species is smaller and slimmer than orthetrum glaucum . in males , the hindwing is 30 to 32 mm in length and the total body length ranges from 40 to 42 mm . the abdomen is blue with the last two segments dark . the hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . the eyes are light blue . pruinescence develops with age and eventually the whole body becomes powdery blue . young males have a dark thorax with yellow bands on the dorsum . immature males are light brown in colour , resembling the female .\nauthor contributed taxonomy hierarchy [ admin , k . a . subramanian , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan , panchapakesan jeganathan ]\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nsubramanian . k . a . ( 2009 ) . dragonflies of india - a field guide . vigyan prasar ,\ndescribes biorhythms - those states or conditions characterised by regular repetition in time , whether on the scale of seconds , hours , days , or seasons . it could also cover phenomena such as\nplant flowering\nor\nchewing rates\n. life cycles are treated in the field for life cycle . seasonal migration and reproduction are usually treated separately .\ndescribes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .\nmale : abdomen : 28 - 30mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm . female : abdomen : 28 - 32mm , hind wing : 30 - 32mm .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nmale : face : pale bluish or greenish yellow . eyes : bluish green with violet or brownish spots . thorax : pale olivaceous green with brown lateral stripes . dorsal side has a distinct yellow \u201cy\u201d shaped mark . in older individuals , brown and yellow markings may be totally replaced by pale blue pruinescence . legs : bluish black . wings : transparent . wing spot : yellowish . abdomen : is pruinosed pale azure blue in colour and dorsoventrally dilated at base . female : markings similar to sub adult males but less brightly coloured .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\nmale : wing spot : yellowish eye : bluish green with brownish spots medium sized dragonfly with olivaceous thorax marked with brown and yellow and slender blue abdomen . aged males develop pale blue pruinesence , appearing blue throughout . female : wing spot : similar to male eye : brownish very different ; brownish green with yellowish marks on thorax and black lateral lines on thin yellowish abdomen .\ndescribes behaviour and behaviour patterns of an organism , including actions and reactions of organism in relation to its biotic and abiotic environment . includes communication , perception , modes and mechanisms of locomotion , as well as long term strategies ( except mating and reproductive strategies , covered under reproduction ) .\ncommonly found perched around marshes , ponds , paddy fields , and stagnant part of rivers and streams . like green marsh hawk ( o . sabina ) this species also frequently perches on ground .\nmarshes , swamps and edges of wetlands in wellwooded areas , particularly in mid - elevations .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nhabitat and ecology : this species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields . systems : terrestrial ; freshwater list of habitats : 5 , 5 . 3 , 5 . 4 , 5 . 7 , 15 , 15 . 7\nwidely distributed from india , sri lanka to java and sumatra in the east .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\nbolangir , kotgarh , mayurbhanj . throughout wetter parts of india . parts of se asia . easy to spot at : jamuna meadow , str .\nis a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java . countries : native : afghanistan bangladesh bhutan china hong kong india indonesia ( jawa , sumatera ) japan malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) myanmar nepal philippines singapore sri lanka taiwan , province of china thailand viet nam\npopulation : this is a common species across much of its range . population trend : unknown\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 assessor / s : dow , r . a . reviewer / s : clausnitzer , v . & allen , d . justification :\nis a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern . conservation actions : no conservation measures are needed for this species .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\niucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 4 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 27 october 2010 ) .\njeganathan , p & bhanumathi ( 2016 ) . thattangal , usithattangal : arimuga kaiyedu . ( a field guide on dragonflies & damselflies in tamil ) . cre - a . chennai . pp1 - 224 urltoken\ndragonflies and damselflies of university of north bengal campus , west bengal , india with new distribu . . .\na study was made to determine the present status of the diversity of the dragonflies and damselflie . . .\nodonates were surveyed in coimbatore district from september 2012 to january 2016 . the survey sites . . .\nan observation on the odonata fauna of the asansol - durgapur industrial area , burdwan , west bengal , in . . .\nthe present investigation was undertaken as a pilot study to examine the diversity , occurrence a . . .\nthe diversity of the odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) was studied in seven districts of southe . . .\na study was conducted at chinnar wildlife sanctuary , idukki district , kerala , the southern western . . .\nan inventory of odonata was carried out in six districts of central gujarat from 2012 to 2014 . a t . . .\nnew records of dragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) from the western ghats of maharashtra , i . . .\nodonates were surveyed across 10 localities from western ghats of maharashtra state , india during 2 . . .\nodonata ( insecta ) diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , . . .\nodonata diversity of salim ali bird sanctuary and its adjacent areas in thattekkad , kerala , india w . . .\na preliminary checklist of odonates in kerala agricultural university ( kau ) campus , thrissur district , . . .\na study was conducted to document the species diversity of odonata ( insecta ) of the kerala agricult . . .\ndragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of nagaland , with an addition to the indian odonate fau . . .\nwe surveyed odonates in the districts of kohima , peren and wokha in the state of nagaland , northeas . . .\ndragonflies and damselflies ( insecta : odonata ) of tripura , northeastern india with a pictorial catalog . . .\na survey of odonata was conducted in four reserve forests , three wildlife sanctuaries and three unc . . .\nhabitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , maharashtra , in . . .\ncatchment landscape degradation and habitat modifications of freshwater ecosystems are a primary ca . . .\nerratum : habitat and seasonal distribution of odonata ( insecta ) of mula and mutha river basins , mahara . . .\ncepf western ghats special series first record of < i > poltys columnaris < / i > thorell , 1890 ( araneae : ara . . .\ndragonflies and damselflies ( odonata : insecta ) of tropical forest research institute , jabalpur , madhya . . .\ndragonfly and damselfly ( odonata ) species diversity and status were studied in the urltoken campus . . .\nthe study reports the results from surveys for odonates in the state of goa over 19 months during 2 . . .\nodonata are freshwater insects spread world - wide . tropical areas are high odonata diversity area . . .\na list of odonates from sahyadri tiger reserve and amboli with discussion on habitat requirement . . .\npicked up this report / project on damselfies from the internet authored by the indian academy o . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\njoshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , all rights reserved . national centre for biological sciences ( ncbs ) holds copyright for all the original material and compilations on this website , although contributing writers and photographers may hold copyright for their material as cited . material from this website can be used freely for educational , basic research and conservation purposes , provided that this website is acknowledged and properly cited as the source . contact us to obtain prior permission for any other use , including for large data downloads and collaborative research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis a widespread , common species that breeds in open and disturbed habitats , and is assessed as least concern .\nis a widespread species , known from afghanistan and india to japan and southwards to java .\nthis species breeds in habitats such as marshes , boggy areas and wet abandoned rice fields .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntang , h . b . , l . k . wang & m . h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore , singapore . 222 pp .\nraffles museum of biodiversity research rmbr has its origins in the raffles museum which was founded in 1849 . established on\u2026\ndeveloped by moving mouse \u00a9 2018 lee kong chian natural history museum . all rights reserved . terms of use .\nnam nao np / environs ( petchabun ) ; doi inthanon ( chiang mai ) ; khao krating np ( chantaburi ) .\n( see entry ) . however , it is quite easy to spot the difference . simply look at the eyes . the eyes of\nthe male ' s thorax and abdomen are bright powdery blue and s9 - 10 can be black , though i have seen specimens where this turns blue too . the males also have slight yellow / black markings on the abdomen , which seem slightly variable depending on age .\nthis one i captured with my little net . they also seem slightly smaller than most other species in the genus , though this could just be my imagination . still , a beautiful little thing . when i released him , he flew straight towards another male and began fighting .\nthis young male , has a pruinosed abdomen , but only half of its thorax has changed .\na poor photo ( everything was set up for close macro work ) and one shot and it was gone . . . anyway , it ' s still good enough for id purposes . even here you can see its bright blue eyes . . . something i missed ! special thanks to dr . matti for the id . this was seen at nam nao helicopter pad lake .\nlike the male , the female becomes pruinosed . this one i saw a good distance from the water ' s edge . the female also has a slimmer abdomen to its counterparts ( from what i can make out anyway ) .\nyou can see that the female ' s eyes are similar to those of the male .\nat last i spotted the female . it ' s actually similar to the young male . the thoracic markings are different and the eyes are similar in colour to that of the male , making it easily identifiable . also , unlike other females in the genus , when you movc near them , they only seem to fly to another leaf or twig . whereas , other females fly away , never to be seen again .\ni am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .\n98 . ischnura sp . ( rufostigma selys , 1876 - group ) . . .\nnumber : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .\nnumber : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nlocation : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .\nnumber : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .\nlocation : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .\nnumber : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .\nlocation 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .\nnumber : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .\nnumber : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .\nnumber : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 dennis farrell 2010 - 2016 . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmature male is entirely light blue in colour . it has a long slender abdomen . hindwing base is only lightly and narrowly tinted with yellow . eyes are light blue .\nthis dragonfly can be found in marshes and open ponds . it has a preference for flowing streams . it can be found at bukit batok nature park .\ntang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & h\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .\nsupported client browser : ie6 + , firefox 1 . 05 + , chrome 12 + , opera 7 . 52 + , netscape 7 . 1 +\nwidely distributed dragonfly throughout asian countries including sri lanka . breeds in marshy habitats . it is a least - concerned spices in red data list and no threats have been identified .\neggs english : trinket snake binomial name : coelognathus helena sinhala : \u0d9a\u0da7\u0d9a\u0dbd\u0dd4\u0dc0\u0dcf / \u0dc4\u0db6\u0dbb\u0dbd\u0dd2\u0dba\u0dcf [ katakaluwa / habaraliya ] c . hel . . .\nscales are identical in size and keeled . english : sri lanka wolf snake binomial : lycodon carinatus sinhala : \u0daf\u0dcf\u0dbb \u0dbb\u0daf\u0db1\u0d9a\u0dba\u0dcf [ dara ra . . .\nenglish : sri lankan pipe snake binomial : cylindrophis maculatus sinhala : \u0daf\u0dd9\u0db4\u0dad\u0dca \u0db1\u0dba\u0dcf / \u0dc0\u0da7\u0d8b\u0dbd\u0dca\u0dbd\u0dcf [ depath naya / wata ulla ] an endemic spe . . .\nenglish : dwarf bamboo binomial name : arundinaria densifolia a . densifolia is an species of dwarf bamboo that grows in swampy a . . .\np . penicillatus in 5000 rupee note of sri lanka engish : yellow eared bulbul scientific : pycnonotus penicillatus sinhal . . .\nenglish : sri lankan krait sinhala : \u0db8\u0dd4\u0daf\u0dd4 \u0d9a\u0dbb\u0dc0\u0dbd\u0dcf [ mudu karawala ] binomial : bungarus ceylonicus bungarus ceylonicus ( sri lankan k . . .\nengish : daffodil orchid scientific : ipsea speciosa sinhala : \u0db1\u0d9c\u0dcf \u0db8\u0dd0\u0dbb\u0dd6 \u0d85\u0dbd [ naga maru ala ] i . speciosa is a rare and ende . . .\ne . sordida in 50 rupee note english : sri lanka dull - blue flycatcher / dusky - blue flycatcher scientific : eumyias sordida . . .\nbinomial name : zeuxine regia sinhala : \u0d89\u0dbb\u0dd4 \u0dbb\u0dcf\u0da2 [ iru raja ] an endemic and endangered ground orchid that grows in lowland wet zone an . . .\nengish : sundew scientific : drosera burmannii sinhala : \u0d9a\u0db3\u0dd4\u0dbd\u0dd0\u0dc3\u0dca\u0dc3 [ kandulessa ] drosera burmannii is a type of sundew whic . . ."]}
{"id": 705, "summary": [{"text": "brookesia lambertoni , commonly known as the fito leaf chameleon , is a species of chameleon endemic to fito in eastern madagascar .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it was first described in 1970 by \u00e9douard-raoul brygoo and charles antoine domergue .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is rated as data deficient ( dd ) by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , as not enough data on the species have been collected to judge its conservation status . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "brookesia lambertoni", "paragraphs": ["- - p . , 1968 brookesia thieli brygoo er , domergue ch . a . , 1969 brookesia lambertoni\n- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .\n- there are 37 species of chameleon that have been assessed as endangered ( en ) . species assessed as en are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild . the chameleon species assessed as en are : archaius tigris , bradypodion caffer , bradypodion taeniabronchum , brookesia bekolosy , brookesia decaryi , brookesia dentata , brookesia exarmata , brookesia karchei , brookesia lineata , brookesia minima , brookesia perarmata , brookesia peyrierasi , brookesia ramanantsoai , brookesia tristis , brookesia valerieae , calumma andringitraense , calumma furcifer , calumma gallus , calumma glawi , calumma globifer , calumma hilleniusi , calumma vencesi , calumma vohibola , furcifer balteatus , furcifer minor , furcifer nicosiai , kinyongia magomberae , kinyongia matschiei , kinyongia multituberculata , kinyongia tenuis , kinyongia vosseleri , nadzikambia mlanjensis , rhampholeon platyceps , rhampholeon spinosus , rhampholeon temporalis , rhampholeon viridis and trioceros laterispinis .\nthe generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]\nthe generic name brookesia is in honor of british naturalist joshua brookes . [ 1 ]\nbrygoo , e . r . & c . a . domergue 1970 . notes sur les brookesia de madagascar . v . description de deux esp\u00e9ces nouvelles : b . lambertoni n . sp . et b . therezieni n . sp . ( chamaeleonidae ) . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris 41 ( 5 ) : 1091 - 1096 .\nthe mount d ' ambre leaf chameleon ( brookesia tuberculata ) is a diminutive chameleon from far northern madagascar .\nnota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than brookesia .\nchameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli\nbrookesia peyrierasi is a diminutive chameleon from north - eastern madagascar . it is known commonly as peyrieras ' pygmy chameleon , named after the herpetologist andr\u00e9 peyri\u00e9ras . [ 2 ]\nthe brown leaf chameleon ( brookesia superciliaris ) is a small chameleon found on a small island off the eastern coast of madagascar . its appearance mimics that of a dead leaf .\nbrookesia is a smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .\nbeolens b , watkins m , grayson m . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . xiii + 296 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( genus brookesia , p . 40 ) .\nmost species of brookesia have very small distribution ranges [ raselimanana ap , rakotomalala d ( 2003 ) ] , [ raxworthy cj , nussbaum ra ( 1995 ) ] ; indeed , almost 50 % of the species are known from single localities [ carpenter ai , robson o ( 2005 ) ] . within brookesia , both species diversity and levels of endemism are highest in northern madagascar , and are correlated with elevational and environmental heterogeneity in this area [ townsend tm , vieites dr , glaw f , vences m ( 2009 ) ] .\nbrookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively as leaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesia are largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .\ngray je . 1864 . revision of the genera and species of cham\u00e6leonid\u00e6 , with the description of some new species . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 465 - 477 + plates xxxi & xxxii . ( brookesia , new genus , pp . 476 - 477 ) .\nmales ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesia species described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]\nmost brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .\nmost brookesia are on cites appendix ii , the only exception being b . perarmata on appendix i ( a species also listed as endangered by iucn ) . consequently , a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native madagascar , and typically no permit is issued for b . perarmata .\nglaw , f . ; k\u00f6hler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .\nrivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar\n.\nglaw f , k\u00f6hler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .\nrivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar\n. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 .\nbrookesia is a genus of chameleons endemic to madagascar , that range from small to very small in size , and are known collectively asleaf chameleons ( though this name also commonly is used for species in the genera rieppeleon and rhampholeon ) . brookesia includes species considered to be the world ' s smallest chameleons which are also among the smallest reptiles . members of the genus brookesiaare largely brown and most are essentially terrestrial . a significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades , and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist . most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access , and due to their small size and secretive nature , they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives .\nlike other brookesia chameleons , the brown leaf chameleon is threatened primarily by habitat destruction , [ 2 ] which is the result of agricultural expansion , timber extraction , and small - scale mining . [ 8 ] harvesting for the international pet trade does occur , but is unlikely to be threatening its survival . [ 9 ] since 2005 , export quotas have been set at 200 individuals per year . [ 10 ]\nchameleon ( brookesia ) in the ' r\u00e9serve sp\u00e9ciale d ' analamazotra ' , madagascar . either b . ramanantsoai or b . thieli family & scientific name : chameleonidae ; brookesia superciliaris and b . perarmata identifying features : small chameleons with barely prehensile tails . they have scaly spines and spiny rosettes on the sides and back and spinous lateral crests and fringed occipital lobes . brown leaf chameleons are found foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor during the day . they have independently moving , protruding eyes and a long sticky tong that they catch prey with . they use their remarkable camouflage when threatened and will stay still for a long period . they also freeze and roll over , folding its legs underneath the belly and lay on its side , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators .\nglaw , f . ; k\u00f6hler , j . r . ; townsend , t . m . ; vences , m . ( 2012 ) . salamin , nicolas , ed .\nrivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons ( brookesia ) from northern madagascar\n. plos one 7 ( 2 ) : e31314 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0031314 . pmc 3279364 . pmid 22348069 .\nthe 26 currently recognized species of brookesia typically dwell and forage on the ground , often within the leaf litter on the floor of rainforest and dry deciduous forest , and climb at night to low perches in the vegetation for sleeping . they are characterized by a typically dull brown or ( rarely ) greenish colour , a short non - prehensile tail that is used as \u201cfifth leg\u201d in walking [ boistel r , herrel a , daghfous g , libourel p - a , boller e , et al . ( 2011 ) ] .\nin some areas malagasy fear chameleons . they are also the subject of some well - known local proverbs including \u201cmanaova toy ny dian - tana jerena ny aloha , todihina ny afara , \u201d which translates to\nlike the chameleon , one eye on the future , one eye on the past\n;\nratsy karaha kandrondro ,\nmeaning\nugly as a chameleon\n;\nmahatsidia vokon ' anjava kely izy fa mafoaka ,\na warning to walk carefully so as not to step on a brookesia , which would bring great misfortune .\nthe brown leaf chameleon occurs in eastern madagascar ( including the island of nosy boraha ) , [ 2 ] from sea level up to altitudes of over 1 , 250 metres ( 4 , 100 ft ) . [ 3 ] the floor of evergreen primary forest is the preferred habitat of the brown leaf chameleon , but it may also be found in secondary forest and adjacent overgrown plantations . [ 4 ] it seems to prefer closed - canopy forest , and climbs higher in the forest ( up to 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) ) , more often than other species of brookesia . [ 1 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as data deficient as the species is known only from two specimens collected nearly a century ago from an imprecise locality . there is no current information on its population status . there are threats operating within the area in which it occurs , and so with further information on the range of the species it will require immediate reassessment .\nthis chameleon is poorly known . it has been recorded from\nfito\nin the east ; it is , however , unclear whether this name refers to the town , a forest , or the administrative area ( r . jenkins pers . comm . june 2011 ) and recent surveys in this general area have not found the species ( rabibisoa\n. 2005 ) . no estimate of the extent of occurrence is possible , as only two individuals have ever been found and , without knowledge of the precise collecting locality , the extent of suitable habitat cannot be established .\nthis species is known only from two specimens that were collected prior to 1921 ( brygoo 1978 ) .\nthe area in which this species has been recorded was moist lowland forest . forest still exists in this region , however , without knowledge of the precise locality the extent of this habitat is unclear .\nthreats operating in the area include slash and burn agriculture and logging for building materials .\nthe only site from which this species has been recorded is now included within a conservation area , the zahamena - ankeniheny corridor . efforts are needed to relocate this species , and to identify the limits of its distribution , its ecological requirements and its exposure to threatening processes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nabundance : only known from its original description ( meiri et al . 2017 ) .\nglaw , f . & vences , m . 1994 . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . vences & glaw verlag , k\u00f6ln ( isbn 3 - 929449 - 01 - 3 )\nglaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013246 - get paper here\nmeiri , shai ; aaron m . bauer , allen allison , fernando castro - herrera , laurent chirio , guarino colli , indraneil das , tiffany m . doan , frank glaw , lee l . grismer , marinus hoogmoed , fred kraus , matthew lebreton , danny meirte , zolta\u0301n t . nagy , cristiano d 2017 . extinct , obscure or imaginary : the lizard species with the smallest ranges . diversity and distributions - get paper here\nnecas , p . & schmidt , w . 2004 . stump - tailed chameleons . miniature dragons of the rainforest . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 256 pp . [ review in elaphe 14 ( 1 ) : 24 ]\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2008 . all rights reserved .\nhow do chameleons change colors ? chameleons have two layers of specialized cells that lie just beneath the lizard ' s transparent outer skin . wikipedia explains the structure as follows :\nthe cells in the upper layer , which are called chromatophores , contain yellow and red pigments . below these chromatophores is a another cell layer . cells of this layer are called guanophores and they contain the colorless crystalline substance guanin . these guanophores reflect among others the blue part of incident light . if the upper layer of chromatophores is yellow , the reflected light becomes green ( blue plus yellow ) . a layer of dark melanin containing melanophores is situated even deeper under these blue and white light - reflecting guanophores . these melanophores influence the lightness of the reflected light . all these different pigment cells can relocate their pigments , thereby influencing the color of light which is reflected .\nmadagascar is home to about half the world ' s 150 or so species of chameleons , including both subfamilies , typical chameleons ( chamaeleoninae ) and dwarf chameleons ( brookesiinae ) .\n) . contrary to popular belief , a chameleon typically does not change colors to match its surroundings . instead , color is usually used to convey emotions , defend territories , and communicate with mates .\nother easily noted characteristics of chameleons include bulging eyes that move independently of one another , feet fixed in a grasping position , and the existence of horns or crests on the heads of many species . additionally , arboreal species have prehensile tails used for grasping objects when climbing and moving . finally , some species have long extensile tongues for catching insects or small vertebrates at a distance sometimes greater than the length of the chameleon .\nchameleons are diurnal , solitary , and often aggressive towards members of their own species ( marked by rapid color change and aggressive posturing ) . they are opportunistic hunters that wait for prey to pass within range of their long tongues . chameleons have a bizarre way of moving in which they slowly rock back and forth between each step taken , often in time with the movement of nearby leaves being blown by the wind . most chameleons lay eggs .\nthe name\nchameleon\nis derived from the greek words chamai ( on the ground , on the earth ) and leon ( lion ) so their name means\nearth lion .\nthis portable guide offers a full survey of all madagascar ' s mammals , both endemic and introduced , including many newly identified species . with vivid color photographs , line illustrations , and maps , mammals of madagascar : a complete guide\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2012 . all rights reserved .\nmales ( left ) and females ( right ) of four brookesiaspecies described in 2012 , all belonging to the b . minima species group : a - b b . tristis , c - d b . confidens , e - f b . micra , g - h b . desperata [ 2 ]\nthe brown leaf chameleon is distinguished by its elongated , high , laterally squashed body that resembles a rolled - up , dead leaf . the size and appearance of this chameleon varies considerably over its vast range , and it may be any shade of brown , beige , grey , olive , green , or dark red , but usually display colours and patterns that mimic a dead leaf . despite its tiny size , the brown leaf chameleon has an imposing appearance due to two pronounced horns that protrude from the head above each eye and four spiny scales that jut from the throat . [ 1 ]\nthe brown leaf chameleon spends its days foraging among dead leaves on the forest floor , [ 1 ] searching for prey with its independently moving , protruding eyes and catching insects with its long , sticky tongue . [ 5 ] if threatened , the lizard ' s first reaction is to stay still and rely on its remarkable camouflage , but it may also exhibit other defence behaviours . this includes the ' freeze - and - roll ' technique , in which the chameleon folds its legs underneath its belly , rolls over to one side and remains very still , mimicking a dead leaf on the forest floor . [ 6 ] alternatively , the brown leaf chameleon may also thrust its spines to ward off predators . [ 7 ]\nbrown leaf chameleons have an interesting courtship ritual in which a male approaches a female with pronounced nodding and rocking movements . an unreceptive female repels a male by reacting with jerky movements , while a receptive female walks with the male . after some time walking together , and before dusk , the male mounts the female and is carried on her back until the pair copulates in the late evening or at night . this species is known to store sperm . [ 1 ] between 30 and 45 days after copulation , the female lays two to five eggs , which she hides under dead leaves , moss , and pieces of bark on the forest floor . sometimes , a true nest is excavated and the clutch is laid on to the ground . the eggs hatch after 59 to 70 days ; the brown leaf chameleon reaching sexual maturity within one year . [ 1 ]\nthe brown leaf chameleon is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that trade in this species should be carefully controlled to be compatible with their survival . [ 11 ] it is also known to occur in a number of protected areas , including befotaka - midongy national park , [ 12 ] mantadia national park , [ 4 ] analamazoatra special reserve , [ 4 ] and kalambatitra special reserve . [ 13 ] although illegal harvesting and other activities that degrade the forest habitat may lessen any benefits this bestows , this species is more tolerant of forest disturbance than other leaf chameleons .\none - eighth inch grown crickets , tiny mealworms , nymphal grasshoppers , newly hatched silkworms and ants are accepted . dust insects with vitamin d3 - calcium powder twice weekly for baby chameleons and ovulating females , once weekly otherwise . potential problems : very little is yet known about the chameleons in this genus . providing food an water requirements are met , they seem hardy .\nreferences : bartlett , r . d . , and patricia bartlett . the new chameleon handbook . hauppage , ny : barron ' s education series . the new chameleon handbook .\na 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . peyrierasi to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first \u2013 subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 2 ]\na 1999 paper in the journal of zoology disputed a 1995 paper which considered this species and b . tuberculata to be the same species asb . minima . the later paper discussed the same details as the first \u2013 subtle morphological differences in the hemipenises of the respective species and determined they were not conspecific . they also found differences in the arrangement of head crests and in minute spines above the eyes . [ 3 ]\nis the international standard for assessing the extent to which species are facing extinction . these assessments provide a cornerstone for conservation action and are invaluable summaries of our knowledge on the status and biology of different species , with the potential to reveal trends that indicate whether conservation efforts are effective or not .\nan analysis published last year revealed that nearly one in five reptile species ( 19 % ) are threatened with extinction , with an additional 7 % being estimated as near threatened ( b\u00f6hme et al . , 2013 , biological conservation 157 , 372 - 385 ) . at that time , just over half of all chameleon species had been assessed by the iucn red list , but these assessments suggested that in contrast to this global trend of all reptiles , the majority of chameleon species ( 63 % ) were threatened or near threatened ( i . e . , critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable , or near threatened ) , indicating that chameleons may be under a disproportionately large level of threat .\npledged to undertake the assessment of more than 60 additional species , primarily from east africa ( the largest major gap in finished assessments ) in order to help understand the conservation status of not only the remaining species , but the family as a whole . with the help of the chameleon community , and in no small part to the members of chameleon forums (\nwebsite . these assessments , however , have revealed a number of troubling trends regarding the conservation status of chameleons . among these :\n. there is also quite a bit of information on the distribution and conservation status of each species in their respective assessments . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals !\nobviously these assessments show that there is a lot of work that needs to be done to conserve chameleons in the wild . the csg will be announcing its first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments later today . i will be sure to post a thread on this and how everyone can help make it happen as soon as the effort goes live .\ni see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question .\nthanks for posting this . i see a lot of effort and work has been done to get this data , but i have a question . on the government levels , and i mean east africa and madagascar , what action is actually taken to preserve and protect these red list species ?\nit really varies on the country and species in question . in many areas , it comes down to protection of habitat that these species occur in . in other areas , the species can be protected at various levels .\nas promised , the first efforts to address specific conservation needs illuminated by these assessments by the iucn chameleon specialist group ( csg ) have been announced . please visit this thread for more information and to help :\nthese two were surprises to me to be on this list as endangered species . kinyongia matschiei coming from the east usambara has always been documented as a rare species from people in the hobby . however their availability recently in the states ( wild caught and captive bred ) plus being protected by a couple preserves the amani and nile nature reserves made this assessment a somewhat surprise not an impossibility .\nkinyongia multituberculata however with a much larger range and being documented in primary and secondary habitat is a huge surprise .\nadapts to anthropogenic habitats . relatively common in disturbed , non - forest habitats . shrubs and trees by roadsides . posted by janstipala over 1 year ago 18494 - thumb\ni agree with jan stipala , k . multituberculata are very common in shrubs and trees along roadways . they can also occasionally be found in tea plantations ( which for some reason are less intensively farmed in the west usambaras than in the east usambaras : in the west there is often space between each tea plant with grass and weeds growing , while in the east the tea plants are tightly packed together ) and invasive eucalyptus trees . in 3 evenings of recreational surveys in mazumbai forest , i did not see any k . multituberculata in the forest interior , but dozens along road and forest edges . posted by filups about 1 year ago 19432 - thumb\ni ' ve only spent a short time in the west usambara ' s ( 2 or 3 nights ) but there were lots in the forests , and they werent that hard to observed . my impression is tha they are more common in the forest than in the transformed landscape . so i would agree they can utlise the forest edges , but given my own observations , plus talking to others who ' ve spend a significant amout of time there , the forest is the primary habitat .\nthe people i have talked too that have seem kinyongia multituberculata in there native habitat stated that kingongia multituberculata are the fucifer pardalis of tanzania west usambara mountains along with the observation quotes / reports from inaturalist . they have got high fecundity and can thrive in primary ( furcifer pardalis does not even thrive in primary dense forest that well they live in forest edge habitat ) and secondary habitats . plus that the species is the most imported out of all the species that were once grouped together as the species called kinyongia fischeri . that pick for me as an endangered species is a huge surprise . i have looked for the justification for kingonig matschiei and kingongia multituberculata and only found the justification posted for kinyongia matschiei . what is going on with the justification for kinyongia multituberculata being listed as an endangered species ? they even live in eucalyptus trees ?\nif you pull up any iucn red list assessment , the second section of the assessment is the\nassessment information\nsection . the first subsection of this section is\nred list category & criteria\n, which outlines the specific criteria by which the species was assigned to a given category level . the last subsection of this same section is\njustification\nwhich is a section of text explaining those criteria specific to the species in question .\n. this means that the species was assessed as endangered under criteria b1ab ( iii ) and b2ab ( iii ) . if you click the\nver . 3 . 1\n, it takes you to the explanation of the criteria for assessing a species to these categories . for being assessed as endangered , the specified categories for\na . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .\n( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) area , extent and / or quality of habitat ( iv ) number of locations or subpopulations ( v ) number of mature individuals . \u200b\n( i ) extent of occurrence ( ii ) area of occupancy ( iii ) number of locations or subpopulations ( iv ) number of mature individuals . \u200b\n, an iucn red list category of endangered was assigned because the species has an extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2 and an area of occupancy estimated to be less than 500 km2 , with estimates indicating its distribution is severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations , and with estimates indicating continuing decline , observed , inferred or projected , in the area , extent and / or quality of habitat . the\njustification\nsubsection of\nthis species is listed as endangered applying criteria b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) because it occurs as a severely fragmented population restricted to highly fragmented forest patches and their immediate surroundings , a habitat that is undergoing a continuing decline in both extent and quality due to the impacts of timber removal , resource utilization , and encroachment and transformation for agriculture . this species is also one of the most heavily exported from east africa for the pet trade . it is not clear whether current levels of export are sustainable , and research is needed to determine whether offtake is contributing to suspected population declines . although it is observed in transformed landscapes , these observations are close to forested areas and on vegetation that is thick and structurally complex , and it will not tolerance heavy disturbance .\nthere are a number of other more specific explanations on the range , population , habitat , trade and use , major threats and conservation recommendations in the full assessment for the species .\nthis species is listed as endangered on the basis that it has an extent of occurrence of only 800 km2 , and an area of occupancy less than 300 km2 . it occurs as a severely fragmented population , and the forest fragments where it occurs are experiencing continuing declines in their extent and quality as a result of agricultural encroachment and resource extraction .\nhope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though .\nhope that helps clarify how these two species ended up being classified as endangered . happy to help try to clarify any specifics though . chris\nthe link to the iucn red list page for kinyongia multituberculata was mostly all i was looking for . for the last couple days i could raise the iucn red list page for kinyongia matschiei and not kinyongia multituberculata which is strange .\ni understand assessing how big a population is by determining how much optimum habitat there is and approximating / determining how many chameleons there are in optimum habitat by using transect studies for unit areas . however from my readings it is a surprise that kinyongia multituberculata does not live in secondary habitat more as reported in my previous posts and other readings i have done .\nwhen i search for the kinyongia multituberculata iucn red list page it is not showing on my search engine . thanks for the link .\nthe iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on\nthe iucn posted a press release today about some of the findings of the latest iucn red list update . included is comment on kinyongia matschiei : urltoken chris\nnow endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?\nkinyongia matschiei now endangered , no big surprise there . even if they issue a zero quota , any bets on how many come in to the usa next year ?\nwe ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for\n, and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result .\nwe ' ll see what happens . tanzania is in the middle of the review of significant trade for k . fischeri , and the mislabeling of these species has been highlighted . it will be interesting to see what happens as a result . chris\nmight be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported .\ni ' m wondering if the new red list ( en ) classification of kinyongia multituberculata might be beneficial to the whole complex . if i were in a country that didn ' t have resources to id each species exported within the fischeri complex , i would recommend that they all be red listed ( en ) in order to protect the one or two that were actually endangered . especially as k . multi is the fischeri species most commonly exported . shotgun approach . just thinking out loud here . . . . .\nthey wouldn ' t be able to adjust the iucn red list category for this reason ( there are strict criteria for each category and species assessment ) , but cites quota levels could potentially be adjusted for different species to account for difficulty in differentiating species . the differentiation of these species was one of the things the tanzanian management authority was told to address as a result of the cites review of significant trade , and i provided them with feedback on how to do so , so we ' ll see what happens .\nhere is another news article , this time focusing on r . chapmanorum specifically :\n) . at the time 184 of the 200 ( 92 % ) recognized chameleon species had been assessed . i wanted to post an update to let everyone know that 193 ( 95 . 5 % ) of the 202 recognized chameleon species have now had their assessments completed by the\nand their assessments have been published in the latest updated to the iucn red list .\ncalumma linotum , chamaeleo anchietae , kinyongia mulyai , rhampholeon hattinghi , trioceros oweni , t . perreti , t . pfefferi , t . quadricornis ,\nthanks for posting this chris . sad to see so many on the lists .\n- almost 2 / 3 ( 63 % ) of rhampholeon spp . are threatened , but the genus is not cites listed ! some of these threatened rhampholeon spp . , however , are currently being harvested heavily for the pet trade . i definitely encourage people to look over them and educate themselves about the conservation status of these animals ! \u200b\nthis is one way we can make a difference . do not feed the need !\nchris , do you think this is caused from lack of habitat or from exporting ? probably both but it ' s very sad either way .\nthis is a situation that is not just seen from chameleon conservation however populations can be harmed from loss of habitat and and in certain situations exporting . if you want a good example there is the scarlet macaw ' s of mexico . the populations there were over collected and habitat was lost to the that the populations had to be reintroduced to restore these macaws to a large part of their range . the worst is where you have both over collecting and habitat loss . if you have an endangered or critically endangered species that lives in an exceedingly small fragmented habitat then you add collecting for the hobby you put that species in eminent danger of extinction . that is with or without the intervention of people . meaning habitat has to be conserved for these species to live and people cannot over collect these species that have a precarious existance as is if you want them to live on to future decades and centuries .\ni guess collection for conservation would be necessary to an extent , but collection for the pet trade is generally done for profit and can be devastating .\nto parts of mexico . i actually got the opportunity with my family to visit one of these large forest fragments / reintroduction sites for scarlet macaws a couple years ago . i have got picture .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nglaw f , k\u00f6hler j , townsend tm , vences m . ( 2012 ) .\nrivaling the world ' s smallest reptiles : discovery of miniaturized and microendemic new species of leaf chameleons (\ncites : appendices i , ii and iii . accessed 23 - 01 - 2009 .\nglaw , f . , & vences , m . ( 2007 ) . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar , 3d edition . cologne , germany : vences & glaw verlag . 496 pp . isbn 978 - 3 - 929449 - 03 - 7 .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\nthe annals and magazine of natural history ; zoology , botany , and geology : volume 3rd ser . volume 15 ( 1865 )\n. . . mbique ; ensirostris melleri to eastern africa ; c . auratus to arabia ; c . granulosus ,\nsuperciliaris , and c . senegalensis tow . africa ; c . i . . . . . . and chin rounded , not dentated . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .\n. c . nose and orbit ivith cylindrical horns , covered w . . . . . . ve ( at page 346 ) as c . monachus . b . nose simple ; orbit angularly produced infront . 8 .\n. nose of both sexes simple . the eyebrows produced abo . . . . . . ith an arched series , of subulate erect scales . tail short , compressed at the base . 1 .\nsuperciliaris . b . m . chamceleo superciliaris , kuhl . c . . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world library are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 706, "summary": [{"text": "gobio hettitorum or the taurus gudgeon ( also cited as dere kayasi ) is a species of gudgeon , a small freshwater fish in the cyprinidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found only in a single stream in turkey .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is listed on the iucn red list of threatened species and is threatened by habitat loss but not by pollution . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "gobio hettitorum", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .\ncritically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1\nthe species is known from g\u00f6kdere stream ( 15 km in length ) and ere\u011fli marshes ( 6 , 787 km\u00b2 ) in south - eastern lake tuz basin in central anatolia , turkey .\nextirpated from ere\u011fli marshes due to the desiccation of the area ( in the mid 1990s ) ; the area was only 10 % of its original size in 2011 . the species is expected to be declining in g\u00f6kdere due to ongoing threats .\nere\u011fli marshes dried out in the mid 1990s and the area was only 10 % of its original size in 2011 . water is abstracted in large quantities in the area and in g\u00f6kdere stream there are several small dams which restrict the flow of the stream . furthermore , climate change has lead to a reduction in rainfall in the area and contributed to increasingly severe droughts .\nno conservation actions are known to be in place . the stream catchment is in an urgent need of a freshwater biodiversity - based conservation strategy .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93777 )\na short - lived species which occurs in water bodies on low - lying plains , with little current ( ref . 26100 ) .\ncrivelli , a . j . , 1996 . the freshwater fish endemic to the mediterranean region . an action plan for their conservation . tour du valat publication , 171 p . ( ref . 26100 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00320 - 0 . 01186 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 05 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 707, "summary": [{"text": "parlatoriini is a tribe of armored scale insects .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "takagi ( 2002 ) indicated that the parlatoriini appear to be phylogenetically related to the smilacicola and the odonaspidini .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "takagi went on to say about the tropical east asian parlatoriini that , the current classification of their genera may be largely tentative because the adult females are simple-featured and much modified owing to the pupillarial mode of life , and also because the second instar nymphs are generally similar among parlatoriines , whether the adult females are pupillarial or not .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "andersen found that separating out pupillarial forms into a separate subtribe , gymnaspidina , was counterproductive , as being non-dispositive .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "molecular analysis has shown that the parlatoriini as traditionally constituted is highly non-monophyletic and that the genera , and occasionally species , are interdigitated with the aspidiotini . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "parlatoriini", "paragraphs": ["parlatoriini is a tribe of armored scale insects . takagi ( 2002 ) indicated that the parlatoriini appear to be phylogenetically related to the smilacicola and the odonaspidini .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\non trephognathus : a new genus of african baridinae ( col . curc . )\nevaluasi produktivitas kutu lak , laccifer lacca kerr . ( hemiptera : kerridae ) pada tiga jenis tanaman . . .\nlopholeucaspis balachowsky 1953g : 875 . type species : leucaspis japonica cockerell by original designation . accepted valid name\nsystematics : lopholeucaspis is presumably an asiatic derivative of leucaspis ( takagi , 1960 ) . lopholeucaspis differs from leucaspis in the adult female possessing a continuous row of duct tubercles from the abdomen forward to thorax , and in lacking the group of duct tubercles lateral to the anterior spiracles ( williams & watson , 1988 ) .\nbalach1953g : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 843 , 875 - 877\nparlagena mckenzie 1945 : 81 - 82 . type species : parlagena inops mckenzie by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlagena buxi , takahashi ) accepted valid name\ngeneral remarks : detailed descriptions by mckenzie ( 1945 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .\nsystematics : parlagena can be differentiated from parlatoria principally by the reduced pygidial plates , position of dorsal macroduct between median lobes and the absence of perivulvar pores ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .\nstructure : diaspididae with body typically oval . with short\ntwo - barred\nmacroducts , those situated along pygidial margins each with the orifices surrounded by a conspicuous sclerotized ring , each duct with the axis of its orifices almost parallel to pygidial margin , microducts on pygidium dorsum apparently not arranged in well - defined rows , the single median macroduct removed from the bases of the median lobes about the length of the lobes ( mckenzie , 1945 ) .\nbalach1953g : description , host , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 833 - 834\nparlatoreopsis lindinger 1912b : 191 . type species : chionaspis longispina newstead by monotypy . accepted valid name\nanatolaspis bodenheimer 1949 : 39 . type species : anatolaspis abidini bodenheimer by monotypy and original designation . ( = parlatoreopsis longispinus , newstead ) junior synonym ( balach1953g : 827 ) notes : although bodenheimer ( 1949 ) lists anatolaspis as being described in 1941 , we have been unable to find any evidence of the genus having been mentioned in that year . in agreement with morrison & morrison ( 1966 ) , 1949 is accepted as the date of description .\ngeneral remarks : detailed descriptions by ferris ( 1942 ) and balachowsky ( 1953g ) .\nsystematics : parlatoreopsis is related to parlatoria , but the separation of the two is simple enough as far as the species occurring in north america , all of which are introduced , are concerned , and the genus is quite valid . however , the group of species centering about parlatoria is extensively developed in the australian and oriental regions and not until this entire group has been carefully reviewed can any statement be made as to the actual limits of the genera ( ferris , 1942 ) .\nstructure : adult female only slightly longer than broad , derm membranous except for the short and rather acute pygidium . median pygidial lobes well developed , set close together but with no basal zygosis and with a small dorsal pore but with no gland spine between them . second lobes small , but strongly sclerotized , not bilobed . 3rd and 4th lobes lacking or the 3rd represented at times by a very minute point . gland spines few and small , all simple , confined to the pygidial margin . dorsal macroducts of the pygidium relatively few or almost lacking except for the marginal series and not arranged in definite rows ; those of the marginal series each with the orifice surrounded by a sclerotized rim . lateral margins of the prepygidial segments with small macroducts and in part with a few small gland tubercles . perivulvar pores present in 4 or 5 small groups . scale of female flat , thin , pale gray , roughly circular , with the exuviae subcentral ( ferris , 1942 ) .\nbalach1953g : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 773 , 827 - 829\nbodenh1949 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 28 , 29 , 39 , 44\nbodenh1953 : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 9 - 11 , 44 - 45\nborchs1950b : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 163 , 172 - 174\nferris1942 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . siv - 404 , siv - 446 : 43\nmckenz1945 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 48 , 51 , 52 , 83 , 87\n< % for ( var i = 0 , len = data . length ; i < len ; i + + ) { % > < % var classname = ' ' ; % > < % if ( i = = = 0 ) { % > < % classname = ' current ' ; % > < % } % > < % = util . cutstring ( data [ i ] [ ' tag _ name ' ] , 10 , ' . . . ' ) % > < % } % >\n< % for ( var i = 0 , len = data . length ; i < len ; i + + ) { % > < % var status = ' disabled ' ; % > < % if ( i = = 0 ) { % > < % status = ' current ' ; % > < % } % > < % var doclist = data [ i ] [ ' related _ doc _ infos ' ] ; % >\n< % for ( var j = 0 , n = doclist . length ; j < n ; j + + ) { % >\n< % if ( doclist [ j ] [ ' cover _ url ' ] ) { % > < % } else if ( doctype [ doclist [ j ] [ ' doc _ type ' ] ] . tostring ( ) = = = ' ppt ' ) { % > < % } else { % > < % } % >\n< % = util . cutstring ( doclist [ j ] . title , 25 , ' . . . ' ) % >\n( hemiptera : diaspididae ) and their primary endosymbionts from the phylum bacteroidetes matthew e . gruwell \u00a4 , geovrey e . morse 1 , benjamin b . normark department of plant , \u2026"]}
{"id": 710, "summary": [{"text": "root-knot nematodes are plant-parasitic nematodes from the genus meloidogyne .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "they exist in soil in areas with hot climates or short winters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "about 2000 plants worldwide are susceptible to infection by root-knot nematodes and they cause approximately 5 % of global crop loss .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "root-knot nematode larvae infect plant roots , causing the development of root-knot galls that drain the plant 's photosynthate and nutrients .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "infection of young plants may be lethal , while infection of mature plants causes decreased yield . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "root - knot nematode", "paragraphs": ["meloidogyne incognita ( root - knot nematode ) ; male , full body image .\nglycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica .\nadegbite aa , adesiyan so . 2005 . root extracts of plants to control root - knot nematode on edi -\nfigure 6 . the lettuce on the left is wilting due to root knot nematode infestation .\nfigure 1 .\nknotted\nroots on a tomato plant caused by root - knot nematode .\ntable 4 . example of a rotation plan for a root knot nematode - infested garden 1 .\nkarssen g , van aelst a . root - knot nematode perineal pattern development : a reconsideration .\ncracking on storage roots due to root - knot nematode ( g . lawrence , aps ) .\nfigure 2 . a three week - old tomato plant ready for root - knot nematode inoculation .\nmanagement of root knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita affecting chickpea , cicer arietinum for sust . . .\ndevelopment of a simple multiplex pcr protocol for identification of the tropical root - knot nematode . . .\nuse of trap crops and antagonistic crops . planting tagetes erecta and crotolaria spectabilis in nematode infested soil is effective against the root - knot nematode\nroot - knot nematode infection and growth of infected okra and brinjal plants . pak j bot . 40 :\nidentification of the tropical root - knot nematode species meloidogyne incognita , m . arenaria and m . . . .\neffect of various physico - chemical factors on the incidence of root knot nematode meloidogyne spp . i . . .\n1 most varieties susceptible to at least one species of the nematode type listed . 2 harmony and freedom grape rootstocks are resistant to root knot nematodes . 3 nemaguard and nemared ( peach ) rootstocks are resistant to root knot nematodes . 4 royal blenheim rootstock is resistant to root knot and root lesion nematodes .\nfigure 2 . close - up of\nknotted\nroots on a tomato plant infected with root - knot nematode .\nabad p , favery b , rosso mn , castagone - sereno p . 2003 . root - knot nematode parasitism and\n1 most varieties susceptible to at least one species of the nematode type listed . 2 some blackeye , lima , and snap bean varieties are resistant to meloidogyne incognita , a species of root knot nematode . 3 tomato varieties designated \u201cn\u201d are resistant to most root knot nematode species .\na role of the gelatinous matrix in the resistance of root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne spp . ) eggs to microorganisms .\nfigure 1 . a two week - old cowpea plant grown in a pouch and ready for root - knot nematode inoculation .\nroot - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne species ) : systemics , biology , and control .\nthe root knot nematode species , m . incognita , is the most widespread and probably the most serious plant parasitic nematode pest of tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world (\ncastagnone - sereno p . genetic variability and adaptive evolution in parthenogenetic root - knot nematodes .\nthe threat of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in africa : a review\nmeloidogyne incognita ; juvenile mortality ; egg hatching ; plant extracts ; root - knot nematodes .\nmonitoring or assessment of nematode populations is an important aid to nematode management . monitoring should begin well before problems occur , as it is too late to prevent crop losses once root - knot nematode damage is seen in the field .\nhowever , with careful planning , rotation in combination with fallowing and solarization can reduce root knot nematode numbers . annual crops that are useful in a rotation plan for reducing root knot nematode populations include small grains such as wheat and barley , sudangrass , and resistant tomato and bean varieties .\nkatcho za , 1972 . first occurrence of certain root - knot nematode species in iraq . plant disease reporter , 56 ( 9 ) : 824 .\nehlers jd , matthews wc , hall ae , roberts pa . inheritance of a broad - based form of root - knot nematode resistance in cowpea .\nin general , members of the grass family are less susceptible than other plants to root - knot nematodes .\nthe threat of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in africa : a review | request pdf\nnematode analysis is likely to show a number of plant - parasitic species . however , root - knot nematode is the only species known to cause economic damage to tomatoes in queensland and nematode management decisions should be made on the basis of its presence or absence .\nbabatola jd , 1980 . reactions of some rice cultivars to the root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita . nematropica , 10 ( 1 ) : 5 - 9\nmishra sm , 1991 . screening of tomato varieties at nursery stage against root - knot nematode . indian journal of nematology , 21 ( 2 ) : 162 .\nadam mam , phillips ms , blok bc . molecular diagnostic key for identification of single juveniles of seven common and economically important species of root - knot nematode (\nroot - knot nematode juveniles are active , thread - like worms about 0 . 5 mm long . they are too small to be seen with the naked eye .\nfademi oa , 1987 . resistance of some rice varieties to the root - knot nematode ( rkn ) meloidogyne incognita . international rice research newsletter , 12 : 11 .\nseveral nematicide have been very effective against the root - knot nematode in sweetpotato . examples are nemagon , mocap , dasanit , nemacur , furadan , temik , vydate .\nsharon e , spiegel y . glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica . j nematol . 1993 ; 25 : 585 - 9\nroot - knot problems increase and control becomes more difficult when tomatoes or other susceptible crops are grown without rotation .\ncorrigendum : distribution and genetic diversity of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in potato . . .\nhost suitability of ixora spp . for the root - knot nematodes meloidogyne incognita race 1 and m . javanica .\nevidence of direct feeding , apparent in the form of galls and other root malformations leads to the damage symptoms described above . the invasive stage of the root - knot nematode life cycle is the juvenile root - knot nematode , which can freely move through the soil and will enter the root of a suitable host plant . only the female is capable of establishing a feeding site . the female will become immobile , causing the plant to form giant cells for feeding , which essentially appears as a gall on the root . the presence of root - knot nematodes can be detected by the presence of these characteristic galls .\n) . after penetrating the root , the larvae move towards the central cylinder ( stele ) . larvae of root - knot and cyst nematodes migrate by different pathways : the\nmishra c , singh b , laha sk , 1987 . integrated approach for root - knot nematode management in jute . indian journal of nematology , 17 : 285 - 287 .\nmature female root knot nematodes are pear - shaped and about 0 . 01 inch long . root knot nematodes spend most of their life in galls . mature females resemble tiny , white pearls ; they sometimes can be seen with the use of a hand lens when root galls are cut open .\nfigure 1 . an adult female citrus nematodes , tylenchulus semipenetrans , shown imbedded in a root cut in cross section . the nematode\u2019s front end is deep inside the root tissue while the rear end remains outside of the root .\nhussey rs , mims cw , westcott sw . , iii ultrastructure of root cortical cells parasitized by the ring nematode ,\nm . incognita is probably the most widely distributed and economically important species of plant parasitic nematode in tropical and subtropical regions . two - thirds of the root - knot nematode samples obtained from a number of tropical countries were of m . incognita (\nwu jq , xue zh , 1986 . a preliminary study on the root - knot nematode disease of kenaf . acta - phytopathologica sinica , 16 ( 1 ) : 53 - 56 .\na number of other nematode species also can damage home garden and landscape plants including the ring nematode ( criconemoides xenoplax ) , root lesion nematodes ( pratylenchus species ) , the sugarbeet cyst nematode ( heterodera schachtii ) , the citrus nematode ( tylenchulus semipenetrans ) , the stem and bulb nematode ( ditylenchus dipsaci ) , and others . tables 1 , 2 , and 3 list some common garden plant species and their nematode pests .\ntrudgill dl , block vc . apomictic , polyphagous root - knoot nematodes : exceptionally successfull and damaging biotrophic root pathogens .\nnematode assays can be obtained through the nematode assay section , agronomic division , north carolina department of agriculture & consumer services .\nrasina b , 1970 . root - knot nematodes in hothouses . darzs un drava , 10 ( 150 ) : 14 - 15\nmeng q , long h , xu j . pcr assays for rapid and sensitive identification of three major root - knot nematodes ,\nwinter cereals are useful because they are generally poor hosts and little nematode reproduction occurs during the cold winter months . it is more difficult to find summer crops with good resistance to root - knot nematode , though sorghum x sudan grass hybrids ( particularly cv . jumbo ) are useful against most populations of the nematode .\nr . n . perry , m . moens and j . starr , eds . root - knot nematodes . lincoln : cabi .\ni have been told numerous times that beneficial nematodes will not work on root knot nematodes . in fact the university of florida states :\nmcsorley , r . 1999 . host suitability of potential cover crops for root - knot nematodes . journal of nematology 31 : 619\u2013623 .\na fungal egg parasite , was found effective against root - knot attacking sweetpotato . the parasite reduced egg masses by about 50 % .\nlordello rra , lordello ail , sawazaki e , trevisan wl , 1986 . root - knot nematode damages a maize field in goias . nematologia brasileira , 10 ( 1 ) : 145 - 149 .\nsharon e & spiegel y . ( 1993 ) . glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica . journal of nematology , 25 , pp . 585 - 9 .\nfademi oa , 1986 . reaction of some selected rice cultivars to a root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita ( kofoid and white ) chitwood . pakistan journal of nematology , 4 : 15 - 18 .\ninstead of sending soil samples to a laboratory for nematode analysis , a simple bioassay is sometimes useful , particularly for detecting low populations of root - knot nematode . transplant a nematode - free tomato seedling of a susceptible variety into a pot containing about 2 l of your soil sample . grow plants at temperatures of 20 - 28 o c for about one month , and then remove the root system and examine it for galls . at this stage , the galls ( if present ) will be less than 0 . 5 mm in diameter but their occurrence will indicate the presence of root - knot nematode .\none of the best ways to manage nematodes is to use vegetable varieties and fruit tree rootstocks that are resistant to nematode injury . tomato varieties with the code vfn ( verticillium , fusarium , nematodes ) on the seed packet or label are resistant to common root knot nematode species . although even resistant tomato varieties can still exhibit some root galling under high nematode levels , they usually maintain their yield . for example in recent vegetable garden - type experiments on root knot nematode soil , nematode - resistant tomatoes yielded almost 6 times more tomatoes than a similar susceptible variety . an additional benefit of growing a resistant variety is the nematode levels in the soil decline rather than increase , making it more feasible to grow a susceptible crop the following season .\na considerable amount of work has been devoted to the biological control of root - knot nematodes in general and m . incognita in particular (\nabad p , favery b , rosso mn , castagnone - sereno p ( 2003 ) root - knot nematode parasitism and host response : molecular basis of a sophisticated interaction . mol plant pathol 4 : 217\u2013224 .\ndubreuil g , magliano m , deleury e , abad p , rosso mn ( 2007 ) transcriptome analysis of root - knot nematode functions induced in the early stages of parasitism . new phytol 176 : 426\u2013436 .\nroot injury from other nematode species can produce aboveground symptoms similar to those from root knot nematodes . however , the actual injury to the roots is more difficult to detect . roots can be shortened or deformed with no other clues as to the source of the injury . you can confirm a nematode infestation by collecting soil and root samples and sending the material to a laboratory for positive identification of the infesting species .\nstanton jm , o ' donnell we . assessment of the north carolina differential host test for identification of australian populations of root - knot nematodes (\namin aw , budai cs , 1994 . some weed host plants of the root - knot nematode meloidogyne species in south - eastern hungary . pakistan journal of nematology , 12 ( 1 ) : 59 - 65 .\nmohandas c , ramakrishnan s , 1997 . pathogenic effect of root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita on african white yam , dioscorea rotundata . indian journal of nematology , 27 ( 2 ) : 233 - 236 .\ntesarov\u00e1 b , zouhar m , ry ? \u00e1nek p , 2003 . development of pcr for specific determination of root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita . plant protection science , 39 ( 1 ) : 23 - 28 .\nthe root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita , is worldwide in distribution . it is widespread in asia , southeast asia and usually occurs in warmer areas . in some countries , m . javanica is more dominant .\nsharon e , spiegel y . glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica . j nematol 1993 ; 25 ( 4 ) : 585 - 9 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nrosso mn , dubrana mp , cimbolini n , jaubert s , abad p ( 2005 ) application of rna interference to root - knot nematode genes encoding esophageal gland proteins . mol plant microbe interact 18 : 615\u2013620 .\nnematodes cause extensive injury to many vegetables in over half of the gardens in north carolina . nematode - control measures will significantly reduce root - knot and other nematodes from the garden site . the continued combined use of rotation , resistance , and cultural practices will minimize nematode damage and , over time , will reduce the nematodes to low population levels so that a serious problem is not likely to occur . root - knot nematode problems can be detected by examining the roots of vegetables soon after harvest is completed or through an assay of a soil sample . root - knot affected cantaloupe , cucumber , eggplant , okra , squash , tomato , and other susceptible crops will have very conspicuous root galls ( swellings ) .\nwhen tomatoes ( or other root - knot susceptible crops ) are planted in the same field every year , a check for root - knot galls at the end of the season provides valuable information on the level of nematode infestation and the likelihood of nematode damage in the next year . a thorough sampling of the field at harvest may provide as much information as having soil samples analysed for nematodes before the planting of the next crop .\nmay promote the giant cells to divide , it is not sufficient to drive expansion of giant cells . for the root - cyst nematode ,\nli hq , cheng jl , feng cc , 1992 . the primary report on the investigation and identification of tobacco root - knot nematode in shaanxi . shaanxi agricultural science , no . 2 : 29 ; 2 ref .\nnasira k , shaheen n , shahina f , 2011 . root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita wartellei on pomegranate in swat , kpk , pakistan . pakistan journal of nematology , 29 ( 1 ) : 117 - 118 .\nsalam ma , 1991 . weed hosts of root knot nematodes in little andaman island . current nematology , 2 ( 1 ) : 83 - 84 .\nroot knot nematodes , mainly m . incognita and m . javanica , are always pests of economic importance in tobacco culture , wherever the climate favours them (\nbhardwaj ln , hogger ch , 1984 . root - knot nematodes of chitwan district of nepal . nematologia mediterranea , 12 ( 1 ) : 155 - 158\nwhitehead ag , 1969 . the distribution of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in tropical africa . nematologica , 15 : 315 - 333 .\nhadisoeganda w , sasser jn . resistance of tomato , bean , southern pea , and garden pea cultivars to root - knot nematodes based on host suitability .\nr . n . perry , m . moens and j . l . starr , eds . root - knot nematodes , 1 . london : cabi .\nr . n . perry , m . moens and j . l . starr , eds . root - knot nematodes , 1 . wallingford , uk .\nmeloidogyne incognita ( root - knot nematode ) ; female . ( reproduced from orton williams kj , 1973 . cih descriptions of plant - parasitic nematodes . set 2 , no . 18 . wallingford , uk : cab international . )\nnematodes are basically aquatic animals and require a water film around soil particles before they can move . also , nematode eggs will not hatch unless there is sufficient moisture in the soil . thus , soil moisture conditions that are optimum for plant growth are also ideal for the development of root - knot nematode .\nit is believed the root knot nematode survives from season to season primarily as eggs in the soil . after the eggs hatch , the second - stage juveniles invade roots , usually at root tips , causing some of the root cells to enlarge where the nematodes feed and develop . the male nematodes eventually leave the roots , but the females remain embedded , laying their eggs into a jellylike mass that extends through the root surface and into the soil .\n\u2264 0 . 01 ) for dry root weight . although the effect of the combined nematode treatment ( mx + mp ) was less than that of\nsivapalan p , 1978 . investigation on root - knot nematodes in sri lanka under international meloidogyne project . kasetsart journal , 12 ( 1 ) : 14 - 24\nalthough california has many different species of root - feeding nematodes , the most damaging ones to gardens are the root knot nematodes , meloidogyne species . root knot nematodes attack a wide range of plants , including many common vegetables , fruit trees , and ornamentals . they are difficult to control , and they can spread easily from garden to garden in soil on tools and boots or on infested plants .\nroot knot nematodes are named for the reason that they feed off of a plant\u2019s root cells from their first stage as a worm or larvae after hatched from an egg . the root knot nematode lives in three stages , growing each time and shedding their outer layer . as nematodes grow they also attach themselves to a host plant\u2019s roots , feeding off of the plant cells and inserting itself deeper within the root as it feeds which creates a root knot or gall . throughout the three stages of shedding and growing within a plants root system , the root knot nematode will live anywhere between 17 to 57 days depending on the climate . the easiest way to eliminate nematodes is to kill them while they are in the egg stage of their life so they have no chance to damage your plants . a simple way to manage a nematode infestation is with a nematicide like multiguard protect that kills nematodes on contact without damaging your plant or the beneficial organisms in the soil . the difference is that multiguard protect is not phytotoxic , leaves no harmful residue in the soil and stimulates the growth of beneficial organisms in the soil .\nfield - if the management practices above are adopted , nematicides should only be needed in the field as a last resort ( e . g . in sandy soils where tomatoes are particularly prone to nematode damage ) . even in situations where root - knot nematode problems are usually severe , the use of good management practices reduces the nematode population pressure and gives nematicides a greater chance of providing effective control .\ntomatoes are very susceptible to root - knot nematodes under queensland conditions . in the past , control measures were normally recommended if one root - knot nematode was found in a 200 ml soil sample taken before planting or a gall was found in the roots of bioassay plants . however , recent research suggests that the economic threshold may be a little higher than previously thought . thus , well managed crops grown in fields with a preplant density of 1 - 10 root - knot nematodes per 200 ml soil may be heavily galled at harvest but will suffer little yield loss from nematodes .\ngeneral identification of root - knot nematode infestation can be conducted by competent nematologists with basic equipment . identification of species within the genus meloidogyne requires the services of specialized taxonomists . in addition to classical taxonomic techniques , biochemical methods are also being developed (\nd ' errico g , crescenzi a , landi s , 2014 . first report of the southern root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita on the invasive weed araujia sericifera in italy . plant disease , 98 ( 11 ) : 1593 - 1594 . urltoken\nsharma gl , baheti bl , 1992 . loss estimates due to root - knot nematode in peas , okra , tomato and bottle gourd crops in rajasthan , india . current nematology , 3 ( 2 ) : 187 - 188 ; 3 ref .\nsingh sk , conde b , hodda m , 2012 . root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne incognita ) on bitter melon ( momordica charantia ) near darwin , australia . australasian plant disease notes , 7 ( 1 ) : 75 - 78 . urltoken\nmclean md , yevtushenko dp , deschene a , van cauwenberghe or , makhmoudova a , et al . ( 2003 ) overexpression of glutamate decarboxylase in transgenic tobacco plants confers resistance to the northern root - knot nematode . mol breeding 11 : 277\u2013285 .\n1 most varieties susceptible to at least one species of the nematode type listed .\nand is now present in many tomato cultivars . early after infection , a localized necrosis occurs at the nematode feeding site inhibiting further development of the nematode . the\ncount the nematode inoculum and stir on a magnetic stirring plate as described earlier .\nlong way in nematode management . it will provide bright future for identifying new class\nkhan a , shaukat ss . 2001 . management of plant parasitic nematode associated with\nroot - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) are a major problem facing crop production globally including potatoes . during the 2011 / 2012 potato growing season , root - knot nematode infected potato tubers were obtained from different potato growing regions in south africa for identification of meloidogyne spp . using the intergenic region of the ribosomal dna ( igs - rdna ) together with the region between . . . [ show full abstract ]\nroot knot nematodes are tiny , almost microscopic , wormlike creatures that are very common in soil . they have a wide range of host plants , tomatoes one of the most critically affected , and very widespread distribution . root knot nematodes thrive in very moist conditions in the soil . they require a film of water around the soil before they are able to move , and the eggs cannot hatch without sufficient moisture . unfortunately , the same conditions that allow root knot nematodes to prosper are the same that make most plants flourish . root knot nematodes are parasitic creatures that live off the cells of their host plant . they excrete enzymes that cause plant cells to enlarge , creating galls or lumps ranging from 1mm to 10mm in diameter to develop all over the roots . effects of a root knot nematode infestation include stunting , wilting , yellowing , reduction of flowering , fruit set , and fruit development , and sometimes even plant death .\npotting mixes - if peat , sand and other components are obtained from sources free of root - knot nematode and are not contaminated before use , the treatment of potting mixes for nematode control is unnecessary . treatments for damping - off fungi ( e . g . aerated steam at 60\u00b0c for 30 minutes ) will also kill nematodes .\nmeloidogyne incognita ( root - knot nematode ) ; posterior cuticular patterns of females . ( reproduced from orton williams kj , 1973 . cih descriptions of plant - parasitic nematodes . set 2 , no . 18 . wallingford , uk : cab international . )\nbhat ok , kaul v , 1994 . influence of soil temperature on the population behaviour of root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita in a tomato field . annals of plant protection sciences , 2 ( 1 ) : 28 - 29 ; 6 ref .\naccurate diagnosis is crucial to the development of an effective control program . soil samples can be examined for root knot juveniles and other species of nematodes . if root galls are present , the roots and soil may be submitted for analysis . for information on submitting samples to the umass extension diagnostic laboratory for nematode analysis , please see urltoken\none explanation for the suppression in nematode reproduction by one nematode species on another may be attributed to a reduction or alteration of suitable feeding sites on the root . nematode - feeding sites on roots differ between a sedentary endoparasite , such as the root - knot nematode , and a migratory ectoparasite , such as the ring nematode . meloidogyne spp . penetrate at the root tip , establish themselves and feed within the vascular cylinder region for the remainder of their life cycle ( de guiran and ritter , 1979 ) . the ring nematode feeds from individual cortical cells further back on the root for up to eight days and then moves to a new feeding site along the root ( hussey et al . , 1992 ) ; these sites are modified into discrete food cells . apparently , as a result of direct or indirect competition for feeding sites , the more aggressive nematode may influence reproduction of the cohabiting nematode . on soybean and peach , m . incognita suppressed reproduction of pratylenchus brachyurus and m . xenoplax , respectively ( herman et al . , 1988 ; nyczepir et al . , 1993 ) , whereas m . xenoplax suppressed reproduction of m . hapla on grape ( santo and bolander , 1977 ) . our results showed that m . partityla suppressed the reproduction of m . xenoplax in pecan and appears to be the more aggressive nematode specie and competitor in this nematode - nematode host - parasite relationship .\ndig up plants from several areas of the field , taking care to retrieve the fine feeder roots , and look carefully for the presence of galls . the number and size of the galls provides an indication of the degree of root - knot nematode infestation .\nbridge j , otim - nape w , namaganda j , 1991 . the root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita , causing damage to cassava in uganda . afro - asian journal of nematology , 1 ( 1 ) : 116 - 117 ; 7 ref .\nmoura rmde , regina mdgc , silva - lima stda , costa mbda , ribeiro ars , 2010 . first report of root - knot nematode on yam ' s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 ' in brazil . nematologia brasileira , 34 ( 3 ) : 178 - 180 . urltoken\nyoung seedlings are the best developmental stage for root - knot nematode inoculation . however , this needs to be balanced with the formation of an adequate root system providing sufficient numbers of root tips as points of entry for the j2s . maintaining optimal plant growth condition is also critical for the screens . avoid over - watering plants specially those grown in pouches . over - watering the pouches , as indicated by standing water in the bottom of the pouch , can promote fungal growth and diminish root health .\nif you are growing a crop susceptible to root - knot , check a sample of roots and determine the level of galling approximately 12 months before planting tomatoes . eight months before planting , destroy nematode - infested root systems and plough out the crop immediately after harvest . maintain a weed - free fallow until a cover crop is planted . plant a cover crop that is not susceptible to root - knot nematodes , such as winter cereals or forage sorghum . two months before planting , collect soil samples and either do a bioassay or test the soil for nematodes . if the results of nematode analyses or bioassays , or the previous occurrence of nematode problems , suggest that nematodes are likely to cause damage , either plant a nematode - resistant variety or apply a preplant nematicide .\nseedbeds - in crops established from seedlings , transplants must be free of root - knot nematodes . before planting , fumigate all seedbeds with a registered chemical according to label directions .\ndabaj kh , jenser g , 1987 . list of plants infected by root - knot nematodes in libya . international nematology network newsletter , 4 ( 3 ) : 28 - 33\nogunfowora ao , 1982 . root - knot nematodes on cowpea and some selected vegetable crops . proceedings of the 3rd research planning conference on root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , regions iv and v , 16 - 20 november 1981 , ibadan , nigeria . ( international meloidogyne project ) . international institute of tropical agriculture ibadania niger , 72 - 84\npinochet j , 1977 . occurrence and spatial distribution of root - knot nematodes on bananas and plantains in honduras . plant disease reporter , 61 ( 6 ) : 518 - 520\nzijlstra cm , uenk bj , van silfhout ch . a reliable , precise method to differentiate species of root - knot nematodes in mixtures on the basis of its - rflps .\nmoody , e . h . , lownsbery , b . f . and ahmed , j . m . ( 1973 ) \u2014 culture of the root - lesion nematode\nraveendran v , nadakal am , 1975 . an additional list of plants infected by the root - knot nematode , meloidogyne incognita ( kofoid & white , 1919 ) chitwood , 1949 in kerala . indian journal of nematology , 5 ( 1 ) : 126 - 127\nthe use of trays and growth pouches enables screening of hundreds to thousands of plants in a small growth space . growth pouches also allow fast and efficient non - destructive evaluation of root - knot nematode infections with no need for washing roots ( figure 4 ) .\nroot - knot nematodes , ( meloidogyne spp . ) are main pathogens of tomato in india . a survey was undertaken to find out the effect of physico - chemical properties of soil on the incidence and infestation of two root - knot nematode species namely meloidogyne javanica and meloidogyne incognita on tomato growing fields in aligarh . maximum disease frequency ( 87 . 5 % ) was found in shah jamal and mahraval . . . [ show full abstract ]\nnwauzor ec , fawole b , 1982 . root - knot nematodes on yams in eastern nigeria . proceedings of the 3rd research planning conference on root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , regions iv and v , 16 - 20 november 1981 , ibadan , nigeria . ( international meloidogyne project ) . international institute of tropical agriculture ibadania niger , 161 - 167\nnematodes\u2013especially root - knot nematodes\u2013cause major losses in vegetable crops in commercial farms , greenhouses , and home gardens in north carolina . root - knot nematodes are microscopic roundworms that can pierce the roots of certain plant species and lay their eggs inside the roots . this gives the roots a \u201cknotty\u201d appearance ( figure 1 and figure 2 ) and results in a wilted or stunted appearance of the whole plant . meloidogyne incognito , the southern root - knot nematode , is most common in north carolina , but other species have been found recently . these pests occur in about two - thirds of the fields used for crops in the state .\nraymundo sa , 1985 . cropping systems research and root - knot nematode control . in : sasser jn , carter cc , eds . an advanced treatise on meloidogyne . vol . i . biology and control . raleigh , north carolina state graphics , 277 - 281 .\nsharon e , spiegel y :\nglycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root - knot nematode meloidogyne javanica .\njournal of nematology , vol . 25 , no . 4 , 1993 , pp . 585 - 9 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\njammes f , lecomte p , de almeida - engler j , bitton f , martin - magniette ml , et al . ( 2005 ) genome - wide expression profiling of the host response to root - knot nematode infection in arabidopsis . plant j 44 : 447\u2013458 .\nadesiyan so , odihirin ra , 1978 . root knot nematodes as pests of yams ( dioscorea spp . ) in southern nigeria . nematologica , 24 ( 1 ) : 132 - 134\nanamika , sobita simon , 2010 . new report on occurrence of root - knot disease in beta vulgaris . current nematology , 21 ( 1 / 2 ) : 71 - 73 .\nfademi oa , 1984 . influence of rate and time of carbofuran application to control root - knot nematodes in upland rice . international rice research newsletter , 9 : 22 - 23 .\nmartinez de ilarduya o , moore ae , kaloshian i . the tomato rme1 locus is required for mi - 1 - mediated resistance to root - knot nematodes and the potato aphid .\nnematodes are roundworms that occupy a vast array of ecological niches and have many different lifestyles . of the more than 25 , 000 species of nematodes on earth , only a handful are known to feed on plants in the northeastern us . the species of greatest concern to vegetable growers in the region is the northern root knot nematode ( nrkn ) , meloidogyne hapla . unlike the southern root knot nematode ( m . incognita ) and a few other species found primarily in the southern us , nrkn is capable of surviving the freezing temperatures of northern winters .\n) . soyabean ( glycine max ) is another legume severely damaged by root knot nematodes and in brazil yield can be reduced by over 55 % in the presence of m . incognita (\nrodriguez - kabana , r . and king , p . s . ( 1980 ) \u2014 use of mixtures of urea and blackstrap molasses for control of root - knot nematodes in soil .\nvovlas n , sim\u00f5es njo , sasanelli n , santos mcvdos , abrantes imde o , 2004 . host - parasite relationships in tobacco plants infected with a root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne incognita ) population from the azores . phytoparasitica , 32 ( 2 ) : 167 - 173 . urltoken\ncitation : baldacci - cresp f , chang c , maucourt m , deborde c , hopkins j , lecomte p , et al . ( 2012 ) ( homo ) glutathione deficiency impairs root - knot nematode development in medicago truncatula . plos pathog 8 ( 1 ) : e1002471 . urltoken\n- alone = 24 , 302 eggs / gram dry root vs . mx + mp = 11 , 911 eggs / gram dry root ; data not presented in table ) .\nkhan mw , dabaj kh , 1980 . some preliminary observations on root - knot nematodes of vegetable crops in tripoli region of libyan jamahiriya . libyan journal of agriculture , 9 : 127 - 136\nreddy ddr , 1975 . pathogenicity and control of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) infecting chick pea . mysore journal of agricultural sciences , 9 ( 3 ) : 434 - 439\ngalls and egg masses of root - knot nematodes on fibrous roots ( left ) . galls on sweetpotato roots are often much smaller and difficult to see ( w . martin , aps ) .\nbhattarai kk , xie qg , mantelin s , bishnoi u , girke t , navarre da , kaloshian i . tomato susceptibility to root - knot nematodes requires an intact jasmonic acid signaling pathway .\nalthough many spring - planted vegetables such as beets , carrot , english pea , lettuce , potato , radish , and others are susceptible to root - knot nematode , they can be grown in infested soil and suffer only minor damage because nematodes are inactive at low soil temperatures ( 60\u00b0f ) . however , these same vegetables can suffer extensive damage when planted in the late spring , summer , or fall when soil temperatures are more suitable for nematode activity ( 70\u201385\u00b0f ) . other common garden vegetables grown during mid - to late summer , such as tomato , pepper , cucumber , squash , eggplant , and okra also are highly susceptible to root - knot nematode .\nthe presence of developing nematodes in the root stimulates the surrounding tissues to enlarge and produce the galls typical of infection by this nematode . mature female nematodes then lay hundreds of eggs on the root surface , which hatch in warm , moist soil to continue the life cycle .\nali ss , 1986 . root - knot nematode problem in cardamom and its management . proceedings of the second group discussions on the nematological problems of plantation crops , april 24 - 25 , 1986 . central coffee research station , balehonnur , karnataka , india , pp . 10 - 12 .\nthe primary damage to yams ( dioscorea species ) by m . incognita is in the reduction in quality and marketability of the tubers due to the extensive surface galling caused by the root knot nematodes (\nchen cm , chen p , yao g , 1991 . study on root - knot nematodes on tobacco and their control . sichuan plant protection , no . 1 / 2 , 75 - 78 .\nlehman ps , cochran cr , 1991 . how to use vegetable cultivars to control root - knot nematodes in home gardens . nematology circular no . 189 . florida department of agriculture and consumer services .\nsirca s , urek g , karssen g , 2003 . occurrence of the root - knot nematodes meloidogyne incognita and m . hapla in slovenia . plant disease , 87 ( 9 ) : 1150 .\nroot tissue response of two related soybean cultivars to infection by lectin - treated meloidogyne spp .\nthe formation of these galls damages the water - and nutrient - conducting abilities of the roots . galls can crack or split open , especially on the roots of vegetable plants , allowing the entry of soil - borne , disease - causing microorganisms . root knot nematode galls are true swellings and can\u2019t be rubbed off the roots as can the beneficial , nitrogen - fixing nodules on the roots of legumes . root knot nematodes can feed on the roots of grasses and certain legumes without causing galling .\nthree to four days before nematode inoculation , extract root - knot nematode eggs from infected tomato roots . before starting egg extraction , wash the work area thoroughly with hot water to avoid contamination . also wash in hot water a blender , two buckets , a wire mesh support , a rubber mallet , three sieves of 425 , 90 and 25 \u03bcm aperture , a graduated cylinder and scissors .\nseveral vegetable varieties are resistant to root - knot nematodes and will produce a good crop even in the presence of nematodes . the effectiveness is increased when combined with crop rotation . by alternating root - knot resistant and susceptible vegetables within a given portion of the garden from one year to the next , the overall nematode problem can be reduced by preventing a build - up of high populations . this practice will reduce the risk of serious damage to the susceptible vegetables . table 1 lists vegetable varieties having resistance to the most widespread and prevalent root - knot nematode . many of these varieties , especially the tomatoes , can be purchased at local lawn and garden centers or can be purchased through online retailers . others are more difficult to obtain and may have to be ordered directly from the producer .\nfigure 2 . healthy onion bulb ( right ) and bulb infested by stem and bulb nematode .\nnematode communities and island biogeography theory : inputs from the caribbean islands and indian ocean islands . .\n\u2022 grow resistant varieties . look for an \u201cn\u201d on the seed packet which indicates nematode resistant .\naddition of organic amendments . chicken manure is very effective reducing nematode egg masses by 56 % .\nfirst reported the development of a transgenic plant conferring nematode resistance by expressing dsrna . by targeting two\ntranscripts from expressed sequence tag ( est ) data for 32 nematode parasites . these efforts identified 31\nchen cm , li hy , lii dy , 1986 . the study on root - knot nematodes of common turmeric ( curcuma domestica valet ) . herald of agricultural sciences , 1 : 16 - 22 .\nbelow ground , the symptoms of root - knot nematodes are quite distinctive . lumps or galls ranging in size from 1 to 10 mm in diameter , develop all over the roots . in severe infestations , heavily galled roots may rot away , leaving a poor root system with a few large galls .\ncrop rotation : rotating onion , carrot , or lettuce with a nonhost crop such as sweet corn and other grain crops , if economically possible , will be effective in controlling the northern root - knot nematode . sudangrass is a nonhost to this nematode and when incorporated as a green manure will further suppress the soil population of this nematode . current crop rotations on organic soils are of limited value as most crops grown , including potatoes , beans , celery , lettuce , onion , and carrot are susceptible .\nnematodes are too small to see without a microscope . often you become aware of a nematode problem by finding galled roots on a previous crop . however , you also can use a simple bioassay to detect root knot nematodes in garden soil . melons seeded in pots in moist soil collected from the garden will develop visible galls on the roots in about 3 weeks when pots are kept at about 80\u00baf if root knot nematodes are present . as a comparison , melons planted in heat - sterilized soil won\u2019t develop galls .\nsen k , das gupta mk , 1976 . occurrence of root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) on some plants in sriniketan ( west bengal ) . science and culture , 42 : 112 - 115\ngalano , c . d . , r . m . gapasin and j . l . lim . 1996 . efficacy of paecilomyces lilacinus isolates for the control of root - knot nematode ( meloidogyne incognita ( kofoid and white ) chitwood ) in sweet potato . annals of tropical research 18 : 4 - 12 .\n3 nematode interactions unit , rothamsted research , ltd . , harpenden , herts al5 2jq , united kingdom\n\u201ccurrently , no predators are commercially available for augmentative releases for nematode control in vegetable production systems . \u201d\ncrop rotation . non - host crops or resistant crops can be planted when nematode population is high .\nnematodes , nematodes , nematodes ! considering the nematode family constitutes one of the most abundant animal life on this planet , it should come to no surprise that nematode infestations are common . for fighting root knot nematodes with beneficial nematodes , the best time to apply the beneficials would be about 10 - 14 days before transplanting anything into the soil . many of the recommendations for chemical nematode control involve organophosphates or carbamates ( both effect nerve impulse transmission ) and specialized equipment . i would recommend utilizing an integrates pest management approach instead of chemicals . utilizing host plants which do not support nematode life , crop rotation , and choosing nematode resistant varieties are all steps you can take to rid yourself of those buggers once and for all .\n) . in north america , losses to tobacco from root knot nematodes , mainly m . incognita , have been estimated to range from 1 % to 14 % annually in areas where control measures are the norm (\nesfahani mn , ahmadi a , 2010 . field observations on the reaction of medicinal plants to root - knot nematodes in isfahan , iran . international journal of nematology , 20 ( 1 ) : 107 - 112 .\nfreire fdas co , ponte jjda , 1976 . root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , associated with plant parasitism in the state of bahia ( brazil ) . boletim cearense de agronomia , 17 : 47 - 55\nonly few populations of other nematode species from argentina have been characterized in detail ( doucet , 1989 ; lax and doucet , 2001 ; vovlas et al . , 2007 ) and no studies on root - knot nematodes from this country have been undertaken , which constitutes a disadvantage for agricultural management and for understanding meloidogyne species variability around the world . the goals of this study are : i ) to characterize a population of root - knot nematodes from a production zone in tupungato ( mendoza , argentina ) ; ii ) to contribute to the understanding of the species variability using morphological , morphometric , biochemical , molecular , and reproductive traits as well as host range ; and iii ) to provide data on the identification of root - knot nematodes infecting tomato cultivars from argentina .\nabove - ground symptoms exhibited by sweetpotato plants due to root - knot nematode include poor shoot growth , leaf chlorosis and stunting . galling of rootlets and severe cracking of storage roots on some varieties or formation of small bumps or blisters on other varieties are important below - ground symptoms in sweetpotato . there may also be brown to black spots in the outer layers of flesh which are not evident unless the storage root is peeled .\ndrain the pouches and evaluate the root systems by counting the egg masses under an illuminated desk magnifier .\nwith both assays further evaluation of nematode infection and calculation of the number of eggs / root system and eggs / gram of fresh root can be performed . for the tomato assays , individual roots are weighed and eggs extracted as described for inoculum preparation ( section 3 ) . when processing large number of plant samples , individual root systems could be macerated using a blender for egg extraction . the number of eggs should be counted in at least three aliquots and the eggs / gram of fresh root system calculated . for the pouch assays , the root system is pulled off the paper insert , weighed , and eggs extracted .\ncolombo a , cataldi s , marano g , genna g , 2008 . soil solarization and phenamiphos to control the root - knot nematode meloidogyne incognita in sicily . redia [ ix congress of the italian society of nematology ( sin ) , florence , italy , 22 - 24 november 2007 . ] , 91 : 97 - 102 .\nassess the population level and damage potential based on soil sampling or the history of injury in previous crops . because root knot nematodes feed and multiply on many weed species , weed control is an important aspect of their management .\nshen bk , sun sy , dai ys , 1990 . studies on root - knot nematodes of trees , ornamental plants , and forest weeds . journal of nanjing forestry university , 14 ( 3 ) : 37 - 42 .\ntzortzakakis ea , concei\u00e7\u00e3o ilpmda , santos mcvdos , abrantes imde o , 2011 . root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) in greece . hellenic plant protection journal , 4 ( 1 ) : 25 - 30 . urltoken\nmcsorley , r . , dickson , d . w . , de brito , j . a . 1994 . host status of selected tropical rotation crops to four populations of root - knot nematodes . nematropica 24 : 45\u201353 .\ngrowing a crop on which the nematode pest can\u2019t reproduce is a good way to control some nematodes . for example , the sugarbeet cyst nematode attacks only a limited number of crops including cole crops ( broccoli , brussels sprouts , cabbage , and cauliflower ) and related crops and weeds . growing nonsusceptible crops for 3 to 5 years reduces the sugarbeet cyst nematode population to a level where you can grow susceptible crops again . unfortunately , rotation isn\u2019t as easy for controlling root knot nematodes , because so many vegetable crops and weeds are hosts of the pest .\nyou will need to repeat fallowing when you begin to see root injury again , as nematodes can build up to damaging levels even in a single season . a good way to conduct a fallowing program is to split the garden into thirds and fallow one - third every year or two on a rotating basis . if you intend to grow woody plants in a nematode - infested area , consider fallowing the soil for 4 years before planting . table 4 gives an example of a rotation / fallowing plan that would be useful for root knot nematode control .\nunfortunately , not all nematodes are recovered with the extraction methods currently available and this applies particularly to nematodes in the egg stage . when relatively small samples are processed , some nematodes may be missed when population levels are low . the absence of root - knot nematode in these extractions does not necessarily mean that the nematode is not present in the field . in this case , use information about the soil texture , previous cropping history and previous occurrence of nematode damage to decide whether the negative result is accepted or whether the block should be re - sampled .\nmullin ba , abawi gs , pastor - corrales ma , kornegay jl , 1991 . root - knot nematodes associated with beans in colombia and peru and related yield loss . plant disease , 75 ( 12 ) : 1208 - 1211\nponte jjda , 1968 . contributions to the knowledge of the host plants and control of root - knot nematodes , meloidogyne spp . , in the state of ceara . boletim da sociedade cearense de agronomia , 9 : 1 - 26\ncaillaud mc , dubreuil g , quentin m , perfus - barbeoch l , lecomte p , et al . ( 2008 ) root - knot nematodes manipulate plant cell functions during a compatible interaction . j plant physiol 165 : 104\u2013113 .\noften , the most damaging nematodes in the southeastern united states and the tropics are root - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) . these nematodes are pests of nearly all major crops and are therefore widespread . damage can be directly observed by examining the roots , because root - knot nematodes produce galls or knot - like swellings along the plant roots ( figure 4 ) . these galls cannot not be easily removed because they are part of the plant root tissue . in contrast , nodules caused by beneficial nitrogen fixing bacteria can be easily removed . another method to distinguish nematode galls from nodules is to slice them in half and expose to air , which will cause nitrogen - fixing nodules to appear pink or red if the bacterial colony is active , or green or brown if the colony is inactive .\nthe cycle of development of nematodes begins with the egg where the development of the first larval phase is completed . after molting , a second age larva with a well - developed stylet leaves the egg . the nematode can infest the plant root system only at this phase . larvae from soil penetrate the root tissue growth area directly in front of the root cap . to penetrate the root , the larvae pierce a cell with the stylet and secrete the enzymes that cause cell wall degradation . these enzymes are produced in the esophageal glands (\nroot - knot nematodes ( meloidogyne spp . ) have gained importance due to their widespread distribution , their host range and damage potential ( hussey & janssen , 2002 ) . a recent survey on root - knot nematodes in europe by wesemael et al . ( 2011 ) showed that out of the 90 species described so far , 23 have been found in europe . furthermore , this survey showed that three species , namely meloidogyne . . . [ show full abstract ]\npotential role of aqueous extract of some weeds against egg hatching and juvenile mortality of root - . . ."]}
{"id": 711, "summary": [{"text": "paracrocidura is a genus of shrews .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are mammals in the family soricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the vernacular name large-headed shrews is sometimes collectively applied to the genus , but has also been applied to the species crocidura grandiceps .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the genus contains the following species : grauer 's large-headed shrew ( paracrocidura graueri ) greater large-headed shrew ( paracrocidura maxima ) lesser large-headed shrew ( paracrocidura schoutedeni )", "topic": 26}], "title": "paracrocidura", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define paracrocidura in a sentence and how is the word paracrocidura used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528paracrocidura\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528paracrocidura\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528paracrocidura\u9020\u53e5 , paracrocidura meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nhow can i put and write and define paracrocidura schoutedeni in a sentence and how is the word paracrocidura schoutedeni used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528paracrocidura schoutedeni\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528paracrocidura schoutedeni\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528paracrocidura schoutedeni\u9020\u53e5 , paracrocidura schoutedeni meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nrevised by hutterer ( 1986 c ) . a study of 16s rrna sequences placed paracrocidura in one clade with crocidura ( querouil et al . , 2001 ) . however , unique external and cranial features distinguish the species of paracrocidura from all other genera .\ncomments : revised by hutterer ( 1986c ) . a study of 16s rrna sequences placed paracrocidura in one clade with crocidura ( querouil et al . , 2001 ) . however , unique external and cranial features distinguish the species of paracrocidura from all other genera\nspecies named for schouteden include schouteden ' s swift , a shrew\nparacrocidura schoutedeni\n, a butterfly\nbebearia schoutedeni\namong many others .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis central african species is largely limited to the congo basin . it has been recorded from southern cameroon , gabon , congo , the democratic republic of the congo , and central african republic . records south of the congo river are isolated populations in gallery forest . it has not been recorded to the east of the oubange river .\nthe natural history of this species is not well known . it appears to have only been recorded from lowland tropical moist forest .\nthere are no major threats to this species as a whole . it is presumably locally threatened in parts of its range by general habitat loss and degradation .\nthis species has been recorded from korup national park in cameroon , and is presumably present in several additional protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t41383a115182800 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000 km\u00b2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion b1 .\nthis central african species has been recorded from the albertine rift region of democratic republic of the congo , rwanda , burundi and uganda . it has an elevational range of between 850 and 2 , 680 m asl .\nmany of the records of this species are from montane tropical moist forest , including both primary and secondary forest . it has been recorded from areas of montane swamp at 2 , 200 m asl in burundi , and from patches of mixed forest and bamboo habitat in other parts of its range .\nthere has already been considerable habitat loss within the lower elevations of this species range . presumably this is largely the result of logging operations , and the general conversion of land to agricultural use . habitat loss at kibira , burundi , seems to have been quite severe in recent years with approximately 25 % of forest now cleared or degraded ( julian kerbis pers . comm . ) .\nkasangaki et al . ( 2003 ) recorded the species from the bwindi impenetrable national park in southwestern uganda . it is also knonw from the ruwenzori national park in uganda , and kibira national park in burundi . there is a need to prevent further loss of suitable habitat within the range of this species . additional studies are needed into the species distribution and population status .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthis content was extracted from wikipedia and is licensed under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license"]}
{"id": 714, "summary": [{"text": "the short-billed canastero ( asthenes baeri ) is a species of bird in the furnariidae family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay , and uruguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "three subspecies are recognized : a. b. chacoensis brodkorb , 1938 - bolivia and paraguay a. b. baeri ( berlepsch , 1906 ) - argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay , and uruguay a. b. neiffi ( contreras , 1980 ) - argentina", "topic": 29}], "title": "short - billed canastero", "paragraphs": ["remsen , j . v . , jr ( 2018 ) . short - billed canastero ( asthenes baeri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncopyright and usage info : this file is licensed under creative commons attribution sharealike 2 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa - 2 . 0 ) . in short : you are free to share and make derivative works of the file under the conditions that you appropriately attribute it , and that you distribute it under this or a similar cc - by - sa license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat degradation ( del hoyo et al . 2003 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : asthenes baeri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nvoice , nest structure , plumage and tail morphology all indicate that this species is part of a group formed by a . dorbignyi and a . berlepschi . races chacoensis and neiffi perhaps no more than extremes in clinal variation , and species may be better treated as monotypic ; reassessment needed . three subspecies tentatively recognized .\nbrodkorb , 1938 \u2013 extreme sc bolivia ( sc santa cruz ) and nw paraguay .\n( berlepsch , 1906 ) \u2013 s bolivia ( e tarija ) , w paraguay , n & c argentina ( salta , w formosa and w corrientes s to e mendoza , la pampa , ne r\u00edo negro and s buenos aires ) , extreme se brazil ( sw rio grande do sul ) and w uruguay .\n( contreras , 1980 ) \u2013 w argentina ( nw & c mendoza , w c\u00f3rdoba , n & c san luis ) .\nsong a few introductory notes followed by long , fast trill of mechanical , dry notes ; terminal trill . . .\nrecorded items include ants , orthoptera ( including acrididae ) , diptera , coleoptera ( including cerambycidae ) , hymenoptera , dermaptera . . . .\nseason during austral spring - summer ; eggs in oct\u2013jan and nestlings in oct . presumably monogamous . nest an oval mass c . 24\u201335 \u00d7 . . .\nnot globally threatened . uncommon to fairly common . occurs in several protected areas . habitat occupied by this species is subject to at least moderate disturbance and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic work supports subdivision into 5\u20136 clades ( herein tribes ) , depending on inclusion or exclusion of xenopini # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 521 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\n2 . savanna - > 2 . 2 . savanna - moist suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\nstotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . 1996 . neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps ."]}
{"id": 715, "summary": [{"text": "upiga is a genus of moths of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the genus has also been placed in the family pyralidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , upiga virescens , the senita moth , which is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona and california .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "senita cactus flowers are pollinated nearly exclusively senita moth adults .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lophocereus schottii .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they bore into the top of developing fruit , where they consume seeds and fruit tissue . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "upiga", "paragraphs": ["mla style :\nupiga .\nacronym finder . 2018 . urltoken 9 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : acronym finder . s . v .\nupiga .\nretrieved july 9 2018 from urltoken\napa style : upiga . ( n . d . ) acronym finder . ( 2018 ) . retrieved july 9 2018 from urltoken\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nlearn r ' s most popular packages ( such as ggplot2 , dplyr , stringr , and more ) straight from the experts who built them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nthe world ' s most comprehensive professionally edited abbreviations and acronyms database all trademarks / service marks referenced on this site are properties of their respective owners .\nthe acronym finder is \u00a9 1988 - 2018 , acronym finder , all rights reserved . feedback\n[ globiz ] global information system on pyraloidea globiz ; globales informtationssystem z\u00fcnslerfalter ; note this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthe names , logos , and other source identifying features of newspapers depicted in our database are the trademarks of their respective owners , and our use of newspaper content in the public domain or by private agreement does not imply any affiliation with , or endorsement from , the publishers of the newspaper titles that appear on our site . urltoken makes these newspapers available for the purpose of historical research , and is not responsible for the content of any newspapers archived at our site .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken by ancestry . all rights reserved . terms and conditions \u00b7 privacy statement \u00b7 site map \u00b7 contact\njavascript required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without javascript enabled . you will need to enable javascript by changing your browser settings . learn how to enable it .\ncookies required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without cookies enabled . you will need to enable cookies by changing your browser settings ."]}
{"id": 717, "summary": [{"text": "dentifovea fulvifascialis is a species of moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in greece , lebanon , israel and india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed heliotropium rotundfolium and probably other heliotropium species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine has the form of a full depth blotch , usually starting at the tip of the leaf .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place within the mine .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "larvae can be found in may . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dentifovea fulvifascialis", "paragraphs": ["2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 718, "summary": [{"text": "saphenista subsphragidias is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in tungurahua province , ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is creamy white with yellowish-creamy suffusions and some brownish dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white creamy , tinged with yellowish at the apex . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "saphenista subsphragidias", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for subsphragidias definition . you find here subsphragidias meaning , synonyms of subsphragidias and images for subsphragidias copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word subsphragidias . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word subsphragidias and , of course , subsphragidias synonyms and on the right images related to the word subsphragidias .\nsubsphragidias razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tunggurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . female .\nhave a fact about saphenista runtuna ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for saphenista runtuna ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nburreus razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( saphenista ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 140 . no type\nmilicha razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : mexico , veracruz , banderilla . holotype : eme . female .\nmira razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa maria . holotype : usnm . female .\ndexia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 454 tl : costa rica , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .\nnovaelimae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : brazil , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .\nperlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 442 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\nteopiscana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 450 tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : mnrj . male .\nalpha razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 101 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\nbeta razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 102 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\nbrunneomaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\ncarchiana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nchiriboga razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . female .\nchlorfascia razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\ncontermina razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .\ncryptogramma razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 28 . tl : brazil , par , belm . holotype : mnrj . female .\nfluida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .\nlineata razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 300 tl : ecuador , azuay province , cajas . holotype : vbc . male .\nlivida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , durango , 11 mi e revolcaderos . holotype : eme . male .\nmerana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .\nnauphraga razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 422 tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque . holotype : mnrj . male .\nnongrata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 397 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .\nnuda razowski & becker , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : mrsn . male .\nochraurea razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\npululahuana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\nrufozodion razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nscalena razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nturguinoa razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 69 . tl : cuba , santiago , turguino . holotype : vbc . male .\nabsidata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .\nceteora razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .\ncnemiodota razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 214 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .\ncyphoma razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 220 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .\ndelapsa razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 340 . tl : mexico , guerrero , 16 km nw iguala . holotype : eme . female .\nembolina razowski , 1984 ( saphenista ) , ann . zool . 38 : 277 . tl : venezuela , merida , 4 km s santo domingo . holotype : usnm . female .\ngilva razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\nglorianda razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 401 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . male .\nillimis razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . male .\nimaginaria razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\nmediocris razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 398 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .\nochrapex razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , napo prov . , baeza . holotype : vbc . female .\nparabeta razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 441 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .\nparaconsona razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .\nryrsiloba razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 339 . tl : mexico , mexico , chilpango de los bravos . holotype : eme . female .\nsaragurae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 8 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . female .\nsolisae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .\nsubperlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .\ntemperata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : mexico , tamaulipas , 12 mi sw ciudad victoria . holotype : eme . female .\ntufinoa razowski , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , 35 km w tufino . holotype : cmnh . male .\namusa razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . puno , 5 km w limbani . holotype : zmuc . female .\nchasia razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 444 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , nova friburgo . holotype : vbc . female .\nconsona razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 423 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : mnrj . male .\nendomycha razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .\neuprepia razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . cajamarca , 10 km w huambos . holotype : zmuc . male .\njuvenca razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 455 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .\nlathridia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 457 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\norescia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , distrito federal , parque nacional zoquiapan . holotype : mnrj . female .\npyrczi razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 123 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , papallacta . holotype : mzuj . male .\nrosariana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 70 . tl : cuba , pinar rio , sierra rosario . holotype : vbc . male .\nruntuna razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , banos , runtun . holotype : mzuj . male .\nsclerorhaphia razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 29 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , so joaquin . holotype : mnrj . female .\nsolda razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 212 tl : mexico , veracruz , 22 rd km w ciudad mendoza . holotype : eme . male .\nsplendida razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . female .\nallasia razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 205 tl : ecuador , napo province , via santa barbara - la bonita . holotype : eme . female .\nconsectaria razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo ent . 62 : 118 . tl : mexico , sonora , cuchujaqui , 8 rd mi e alamos . holotype : lacm . male .\nconsulta razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .\nleuconigra razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmultistrigata walsingham , 1914 ( saphenista ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 296 . tl : mexico , veracruz , atoyac . holotype : bmnh . male .\noreada razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , chiapas , san cristobal de las casas . holotype : mnrj . female .\npraia razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .\nambidextria razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 222 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .\nburrens razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , huanuco , 25 km ne huanuco , cordillera carpish pattytrail . holotype : zmuc . female .\nconstipata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .\ncubana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .\nincauta razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\nonychina razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .\nrafaeliana razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : colombia , cauca , paramo de parace , lake san rafael . holotype : usnm . male .\nrawlinsiana razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : ecuador , azuay province , azuay pass , 8 km ne giron . holotype : cmnh . male .\nsimillima razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .\ncuscana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , prov . cusco , cordillera vilcanota , marcapata . holotype : mzuj . male .\neranna razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . female .\nerasmia razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , 7 km se caon . holotype : eme . male .\nomoea razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , dept . puno , 15 km e ayaviri , laguna huascacocha . holotype : zmuc . male .\norichalcana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 451 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . male .\nperuviana razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . apurimac , 12 km n abancay , cerro turonmocco . holotype : zmuc . male .\nepiera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , alajeula province , n slope volcn de rincon . holotype : eme . male .\nphenax razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 198 tl : costa rica , san jos province , estacin carrillo , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : eme . male .\nsemistrigata forbes , 1931 ( saphenista ) , j . dep . agric . p . r . 15 ( 4 ) : 355 . tl : puerto rico , luquillo mountains . holotype : cuic . female .\nxysta razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ro sarapiqui , 6 air km san miguel . holotype : eme . male .\ncampalita razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . lima , 10 km n oyn , quabrada quichas , pueblo quichas . holotype : zmuc . male .\ndiscrepans razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 196 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ne slope volcn pos , 8 km n vara blanca . holotype : eme . male .\nrufoscripta razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .\nchloromixta razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .\neneilema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 90 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nephimera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 88 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nepipolea razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nereba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\ngnathmocera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nmelema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .\nstorthingoloba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\npascana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , p . n . yanachaga chemillen , refugio el cedro . holotype : mzuj . male .\nperaviae razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( peravia , 3 km sw la nuez , tributary ro las cuevas ) . holotype : cmnh . female .\nbimaculata nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 136 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .\nmuerta nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 135 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .\nchanostium razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , morona - santiago , n . p . sangay , via guamote - macas . holotype : mzuj . female .\nrivadeneirai razowski & pelz , 2001 ( saphenista ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 22 : 23 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao , alshi , 5 km sw alshi . holotype : vpc . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\naculeata razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 171 tl : ecuador , chimborazo province , huigra . holotype : bmnh . male .\naeraria razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 170 tl : peru , cuzco mountains . holotype : bmnh . male .\nanaxia clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 32 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa mara . holotype : usnm . female .\ncinigmula razowski & becker , 1986 ( lasiothyris ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 462 tl : mexico , veracruz , estacin biologica las tuxtlas . holotype : mnrj . female .\ncordifera meyrick , 1932 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 267 . tl : bolivia , ro songo . holotype : nhmv . unknown .\ndelicatulana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 137 . tl : colombia , bogot . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndeliphrobursa razowski , 1992 ( phalonidia ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 97 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .\ndomna clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 34 . tl : colombia , nario , volcn galeras . holotype : usnm . male .\nfrangula clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 30 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . female .\nlacteipalpis walsingham , 1891 ( conchylis ) , proc . zool . soc . london 1891 : 500 . tl : west indies , st . vincent ( westward side ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlactaipalpis razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 175 no type\nlassa razowski , 1986 ( aethes ) , ann . zool . 40 : 390 . tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .\nnephelodes clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 27 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . male .\nnomonana kearfott , 1907 ( phalonia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa , california , carmel . holotype : amnh . male .\nvoluntaria meyrick , 1912 ( phalonia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nparvimaculana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 30 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . holotype : bmnh . male .\npenai clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 28 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . female .\npraefasciata meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 266 . tl : costa rica , irazu . holotype : nhmv . male .\npruinosana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 129 . tl : colombia , bogot . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nsaxicolana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 29 . tl : usa , south oregon . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nsphragidias meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 265 . tl : bolivia , andes . holotype : nhmv . female .\nsubstructa meyrick , 1927 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 367 . tl : colombia , mt . tolima . holotype : bmnh . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nsamsung galaxy tab ( 7 . 0 , 3g ) - quick guide ( orange ) _ 0 . 74 mb , pdf , italian ( swiss )\nsamsung galaxy tab ( 7 . 0 , 3g ) - user manual ( ( for swiss ) ) _ 1 . 85 mb , pdf , italian ( orange )\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need ."]}
{"id": 721, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris ustalella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern siberia , the caucasus , transcaucasia , korea , japan , china ( zhejiang , jiangxi , yunnan ) and europe , where it has been recorded from most of the continent , except for ireland , the iberian peninsula and scandinavia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in may and june .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on tilia cordata , corylus heterophylla var .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "thunbergii , betula , carpinus and acer species , as well as fagus silvatica and quercus serrata .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they feed from in between leaves spun together .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "pupation takes places amongst detritus on the ground . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "dichomeris ustalella", "paragraphs": ["a very local species , known only from a couple of localities in worcestershire and south wales . it was found in the 19th century in worcestershire , but remained undetected again until 1987 when it was rediscovered there . it is still a very rare and local species .\n) , between leaves spun together , although on the continent a number of other foodplants are noted .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 03 : 14 : 23 page render time : 0 . 3224s total w / procache : 0 . 3759s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ntilia cordata ( small - leaved lime ) , see plant distribution map . in europe , also reported to use betula pendula ( silver birch ) , carpinus betulus ( hornbeam ) , corylus avellana ( hazel ) , fagus sylvatica ( beech ) , salix sp . ( willows ) , prunus sp . and acer campestre ( field maple ) .\nbetween flatly spun leaves eating out holes between the veins or occasionally between a spun bract and leaf .\nlarva : feeds between flatly spun leaves or a leaf and a bract , overwintering from october in a folded leaf on the ground .\nadult : has been known to rest in the sunshine on a leaf of the foodplant and comes to light .\ndistinctive palps and the dark , rich reddish - brown with the central golden - ochreous suffusion rule out any other species .\nsingle - brooded , flying from late may to june , occasionally into early july .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nwe have no records for this species in sussex in the sxbrc database as yet . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and confined to shrawley wood , worcestershire , where rediscovered in 1987 after not having been seen for many years , and monmouthshire , where found for the first time in june 1999 . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 15 . 5 - 22 mm . larva feeds on small - leaved lime , living between leaves spun together with silk .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na very local and rare species in belgium , except for old records from brabant and luxembourg lately only observed in namur .\nthe larva lives between spun leaves on carpinus , betula , or salix . pupation takes places amongst detritus on the ground .\nbelgium , namur , doische , 20 may 2005 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )"]}
{"id": 723, "summary": [{"text": "dichocoenia stellaris , commonly known as pancake star coral , is a species of stony coral in the family meandrinidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the west indies and the bahamas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its form is a flat , platform-like structure and it is usually found in deeper water than the closely related pineapple coral ( dichocoenia stokesi ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "some authorities consider these to be the same species while other authorities regard them as distinct . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "dichocoenia stellaris", "paragraphs": ["specimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : colony ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -\nspecimen details : dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1849 specimen : usnm 84894 image type : image view : calice ; dichocoenia sp . ; scale : reference : locality : - enlarge image -\ndichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . colony with tentacles extended at night . charlie veron .\ndichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . this species commonly forms small spherical colonies . charlie veron .\ne . c . peters ( personal communication ) considers the recent caribbean genus dichocoenia to consist of only one highly polymorphic species ( manuscript in preparation ) . cairns ( 1982 ) and zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) both synonymized d . stellaris with this species .\ntaxonomic note : taxonomic note : colonies from lower reef slopes or shaded habitats have markedly smaller corallites than those from more exposed environments and are usually identified as dichocoenia stellaris ( see wells , 1973b ) . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , wells ( 1973b ) , cairns ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .\nin the western atlantic , this coral was been divided into two species ( d . stokesii and d . stellaris ) , although most researchers lump both corals in d . stokesii . cairns et al . ( 1999 ) regard the two as distinct .\neste estudio , cuarto y \u00faltimo donde se describen los arrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro y su estado de conservaci\u00f3n en forma individual , contempla a 14 arrecifes continentales en 129 km de costa comprendidos entre la pen\u00ednsula valiente y el r\u00edo calov\u00e9bora . se encontr\u00f3 una cobertura de coral vivo promedio para esta regi\u00f3n de 17 . 1 % (\n3 . 6 % ) , principalmente en el sector occidental de la pen\u00ednsula , en particular la zona interna de bah\u00eda bluefield , y en el sector de tobobe . la cobertura de coral aumenta con la profundidad ( 5 m ) en la mayor\u00eda de los arrecifes . dos especies de coral , porites furcata y acropora palmata , dominan las aguas superficiales . el coral acropora palmata se encontr\u00f3 abundante en seis de los 14 arrecifes estudiados concentr\u00e1ndose su mayor presencia hacia el sector de la ensenada tobobe y punta valiente . los patrones de reclutamiento son similares en distribuci\u00f3n a los de mayor cobertura , present\u00e1ndose densidades promedios de 4 reclutas / m\u00b2 ( hasta 9 reclutas / m\u00b2 ) principalmente agaricia spp . , porites astreoides y siderastrea siderea . la mayor diversidad de corales y esponjas se registr\u00f3 hacia el sector occidental de pen\u00ednsula valiente encontrandose 55 especies de corales en el \u00e1rea de estudio , incluyendo dos nuevos registros para bocas del toro ( 59 especies en total ) ; dichocoenia stellaris y madracis luciphila , incrementando tambi\u00e9n la diversidad de corales de panam\u00e1 a 65 especies . se encontraron 24 especies de octocorales , inform\u00e1ndose por primera vez tres especies : gorgonia mariae , muriceopsis sulphurea y muricea laxa , aumentando as\u00ed en un 10 % la diversidad de bocas del toro a 32 especies en total . se registraron cinco nuevas especies de esponjas , lo que representa un incremento del 9 % en el n\u00famero de especies que hacen un total de 58 para bocas del toro . la diversidad total de esponjas en el \u00e1rea de estudio fue de 48 especies . se encontraron grandes poblaciones de acropora palmata en la ensenada de tobobe lo que justifica , una vez m\u00e1s , la necesidad de modificar el \u00e1rea protegida actual de forma que se incorpore dentro de los planes de conservaci\u00f3n este nuevo sector .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as data deficient as there is no reliable information on population status , and there are taxonomic uncertainties on the validity of the species . if this species is shown to be valid , and to be affected by white plague at levels similar to that observed in d . stokesii , this species may qualify for listing in a threatened category due to its low abundance .\nthis species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , and the bahamas .\nthis species is usually uncommon . this is a deep - water species , often classified as the more abundant and closely related\n, and there is no reliable information on its current population status . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . )\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species is found in fore reef habitats below 15 m . coexists with d . stokesii in deeper water . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . ) this species may be found to 22 m .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmilne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . m\u00e9moire 4 . monographie des astr\u00e9ides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\nmilne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 289806 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzlatarski v . n . ; martinez e . n . ( 1982 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de cuba avec des donn\u00e9es sur les organismes associ\u00e9s . editions l\u2019acad\u00e9mie bulgare des sciences , sofia . 472 pp . [ details ]\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\ncolonies form rounded heads , domes or flattened plates . rounded colonies may reach 40 cm in diameter . the\nhumann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nroos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .\nroos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 130 .\nvoss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\nlate pliocene moin fm ( santarosa ) . pueblo nuevo , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . late pliocene - early pleistocene manchioneal formation . navy island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . moin fm ( lomas del mar ) . & nbsplomas ; del mar , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . & nbspportete ; , limon , costa rica , southwest caribbean . early pleistocene manchioneal formation . & nbspnavy ; island , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . & nbspport ; antonio , port antonio , jamaica , central caribbean . middle pleistocene middle terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . middle pleistocene - late pleistocene san andres formation . san andres , san andres , central caribbean . late pleistocene lower terrace . hato , curacao , south caribbean . recent recent 10 - 20m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean . > 30m . discovery bay , jamaica , central caribbean .\ncolonies are massive , often spherical , or may form thick submassive plates . corallites are evenly spaced , plocoid or ploco - meandroid . septo - costae are usually in two neatly alternating orders .\ncolour : a distinctive orange - brown with white septo - costae , rarely green .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\narrecifes coralinos de bocas del toro , panam\u00e1 : iv . distribuci\u00f3n , estructura y estado de conservaci\u00f3n de los arrecifes continentales de pen\u00ednsula valiente\ngeo - spatial location , chronological period , research sample ( gender , age , etc . )\nthe following 6 pages are in this category , out of 6 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncairns , s . d . , d . r . calder , a . brinckmann - voss , c . b . castro , d . g . fautin , p . r . pugh , c . e . mills , w . c . jaap , m . n . arai , s . h . d . haddock , and d . m . opresko . 2002 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 28 , bethesda , maryland . 115 pp .\nwidespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities , and has recently been classfied as common in much of its range , with more than 50 localities having been recorded . but it has been designated as vulnerable by the iucn in part because of recent declines . more information is needed .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nwidespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .\nthere are records for more than 50 localities between urltoken and the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission invertebrate collection and this species has a relatively large range .\ncommon on low - relief hardbottom communities , patch reefs , fringing reefs , spur and groove reefs , transitional reefs and deeper intermediate reefs .\nall coral reefs are being adversely affected by bleaching from rising ocean temperatures and water temperatures in 2005 were the warmest they ' d been in 150 years ( eakin et al . 2010 ) . coral disease , bleaching , sedimentation , and habitat loss are threats to this species and ocean acidification and climate change may be ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .\na 2008 iucn assessment estimated an approximate 38 % loss in the short term over its entire range ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .\n( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\na79bak02fcus : low reported recruitment rates . little information on reproductive ecology in resources consulted .\np91pet01fcus : protozoan parasites , diseases of unknown etiology . a90ghi01fcus : susceptible to bleaching ( loss of zooxanthellae ) due to adverse environmental conditions . a81ant02fcus : seldom inflicted with black band disease , never reported with white band disease . a15vau01fcus : growth rate measured at 2 - 7 mm / yr increase in diameter and 2 - 5 . 2 mm / yr increase in height . p93pet01fcus : slow growth rate at 1 - 2 mm / yr .\noverall depth range from 2 - 40 + m , but typically occurs from 3 - 20 m on most classes of marine hardbottom communities .\ndata needed on reproduction and recruitment patterns . information needed on susceptibility to sedimentation and eutrophication .\nfour components to a stony coral element occurrence : 1 . ) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed , 2 . ) determine density of colonies via quadrats , 3 . ) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size , and 4 . ) provide habitat description .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nalmy , c . c . , jr . and carrion - torres , c . 1963 . shallow - water stony corals of puerto rico . caribbean journal of science 3 : 133 - 162 .\naronson , r . , a . bruckner , j . moore , b . precht , and e . weil . 2008 . [ various coral species treatments ] in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken .\nbak , r . p . m . 1975 . ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the netherlands antilles . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 45 : 181 - 190 .\nbak , r . p . m . and elgershuizen , j . h . b . w . 1976 . patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . marine biology 37 : 105 - 113 .\nbak , r . p . m . , brouns , j . j . w . m . and heys , f . m . l . 1977 . regeneration aspects of spatial competition in the scleractinian corals agaricia agaricites and montastrea annularis . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 143 - 148 .\ncairns , s . d . 1982 . stony corals of carrie bow cay , belize . smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences 12 : 271 - 302 .\ncairns , s . d . , calder , d . r . , brinckman - voss , a . , castro , c . b . , pugh , p . r . , cutress , c . e . , jaap , w . c . , fautin , d . g . , larson , r . j . , harbison , g . r . , arai , m . n . and opresko , d . m . 1991 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . american fisheries society special publication 22 , bethesda , maryland . 75 pp .\ncolin , p . l . 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . thf publications , hong kong . 512 pp .\ndahlgren , e . j . 1989 . gorgonian community structure and reef zonation patterns on yucatan coral reefs . bull . mar . sci . 45 ( 3 ) : 678 - 696\ndodge , r . e . , logan , a . and antonius , a . 1982 . quantitative reef assessment studies in bermuda : a comparison of methods and preliminary results . bulletin of marine science 32 ( 3 ) : 745 - 760 .\ndryer , s . and logan , a . 1978 . holocene reefs and sediments of castle harbor , bermuda . journal of marine research 36 ( 3 ) : 399 - 425 .\ndunne , r . p . and brown , b . e . 1979 . some aspects of the ecology of reefs surrounding anegada , british virgin islands . atoll research bulletin 236 : 1 - 83 .\ndustan , p . 1985 . community structure of reef - building corals in the florida keys : carysfort reef , key largo and long key reef , dry tortugas . atoll research bulletin 288 : 1 - 27 .\ndustan , p . and halas , j . c . 1987 . changes in the reef - coral community of carysfort reef , key largo , florida : 1974 to 1982 . coral reefs 6 : 91 - 106 .\neakin c . m . , l . alvarez - filip , b . baca , e . bartels , c . bastidas , c . bouchon , m . brandt , a . w . bruckner , l . bunkley - williams , a . cameron , b . d . causey , m . chiappone , t . r . l . christensen , m . j . c . crabbe , o . day , g . d\u00edaz - pulido , d . diresta , c . m . eakin , d . l . gil - agudelo , d . s . gilliam , r . n . ginsburg , s . gore , e . d . l . guardia , h . m . guzm\u00e1n , j . c . hendee , e . a . hern\u00e1ndez - delgado , s . f . heron , e . husain , c . f . g . jeffrey , r . j . jones , e . jord\u00e1n - dahlgren , l . s . kaufman , d . i . kline , p . a . kramer , j . c . lang , d . lirman , g . liu , j . mallela , c . manfrino , j . mar\u00e9chal , k . marks , j . mihaly , w . j . miller , j . a . morgan , e . m . mueller , e . m . muller , h . a . oxenford , d . ponce - taylor , n . quinn , a . r . ram\u00edrez , k . b . ritchie , k . w . roberson , s . rodr\u00edguez , s . romano , j . f . samhouri , j . a . s\u00e1nchez , g . p . schmahl , b . v . shank , w . j . skirving , t . b . smith , s . c . c . steiner , c . a . o . toro , e . villamizar , s . m . walsh , c . walter , e . weil , e . h . williams , and y . yusuf . 2010 . caribbean corals in crisis : record thermal stress , bleaching , and mortality in 2005 . plos one 5 ( 11 ) : e13969 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0\nedmunds , p . j . , roberts , d . a . and singer , r . 1990 . reefs of the northeastern caribbean i . scleractinian populations . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 780 - 789 .\nfarrell , t . m . , d ' elia , c . f . , lubbers , l . and pastor , l . j . 1983 . hermatypic coral diversity and reef zonation at cayos arcas , campeche , gulf of mexico . atoll research bulletin 270 : 1 - 7 .\nflorida museum of natural history . undated c . invertebrate zoology master database . online . available : urltoken\nghiold , j . and smith , s . h . 1990 . bleaching and recovery of deep - water , reef - dwelling invertebrates in the cayman islands , b . w . i . caribbean journal of science 26 ( 1 - 2 ) : 52 - 61 .\ngoldberg , w . m . 1973a . the ecology of the coral - octocoral communities off the southeast florida coast : geomorphology , species composition and zonation . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 3 ) : 465 - 487 .\ngoodwin , m . h . , cole , m . j . , stewart , w . e . and zimmermann , b . l . 1976 . species density and associations in caribbean reef corals . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 24 : 19 - 31 .\ngoreau , t . f . 1959 . the ecology of jamaican coral reefs . i . species composition and zonation . ecology 40 : 67 - 90 .\ngoreau , t . f . and wells , j . w . 1967 . the shallow - water scleractinia of jamaica : revised list of species and their vertical distribution range . bulletin of marine science 17 ( 2 ) : 442 - 453 .\nhopkins , t . s . , blizzard , d . r . , brawley , s . a . , earle , s . a . , grimm , d . e . , gilbert , d . k . , johnson , p . g . , livingston , e . h . , lutz , c . h . , shaw , j . k . and shaw , b . b . 1977 . a preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the florida middle grounds , northeastern gulf of mexico . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 31 - 37 .\nhumann , p . and n . deloach . 2013 . reef coral identification : florida , carribean , bahamas . new world publications inc . jacksonville , florida . 270 pp .\njaap , w . c . 1984 . the ecology of the south florida coral reefs : a community profile . u . s . fish and wildlife service , office of biological services , washington , d . c . fws / obs - 82 / 08 . 138 pp .\njaap , w . c . , halas , j . c . and muller , r . g . 1988 . community dynamics of stony corals ( scleractinia and milleporina ) at key largo national marine sanctuary , key largo , florida during 1981 - 1986 . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 2 : 237 - 243 .\njaap , w . c . , w . g . lyons , p . dustan and j . c . halas . 1989 . stony coral ( scleractinia and milleporina ) community structure at bird key reef , ft . jefferson national monument , dry tortugas , florida . florida marine research publications 46 : 1 - 31\nkuhlmann , d . 1974 . the coral reefs of cuba . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 69 - 83 .\nlogan , a . 1984 . interspecific aggression in hermatypic corals from bermuda . coral reefs 3 : 131 - 138 .\nroberts , h . h . 1972 . coral reefs of st . lucia , west indies . caribbean journal of science 12 ( 3 - 4 ) : 179 - 190 .\nrogers , c . s . , h . c . fitz , iii , m . gilnack , j . beets , and j . hardin . 1984 . scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 .\nrogers , c . s . , m . gilnack , and h . c . fitz , iii . 1983 . monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects : a study of storm damage . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 66 : 285 - 300 .\nscatterday , j . w . 1974 . reefs and associated coral assemblages off bonaire , netherlands antilles , and their bearing on pleistocene and recent reef models . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 85 - 106 .\nscoffin , t . p . and garrett , p . 1974 . processes in the formation and preservation of internal structure in bermuda patch reefs . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 429 - 448 .\nsmith , f . g . w . 1971 . atlantic reef corals . university of miami press , coral gables , florida . 164 pp .\nsterrer , w . 1986 . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley and sons , new york . 742 pp .\ntomascik , t . and sander , f . 1987a . effects of eutrophication on reef - building corals . ii . structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs , barbados , west indies . marine biology 94 : 53 - 75 .\ntunnell , j . w . , jr . 1988 . regional comparison of southwestern gulf of mexico to caribbean sea coral reefs . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 3 : 303 - 308 .\nvaughan , t . w . 1915 . the geologic significance of the growth - rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . journal of the washington academy of sciences 5 : 591 - 600 .\nwells , j . w . 1973a . new and old scleractinian corals from jamaica . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 1 ) : 16 - 58 .\nwheaton , j . l . , and w . c . jaap . 1988 . corals and other prominent benthic cnidaria of looe key national marine sanctuary . florida marine research publications 43 , 25 pp .\nwhite , m . h . and porter , j . w . 1985 . the establishment and monitoring of two permanent photograph transects in looe key and key largo national marine sanctuaries ( florida keys ) . proceedings of the 5th international coral reef congress 6 : 531 - 537 .\nzlatarski , v . n . and estalella , n . m . 1982 . les scleractiniaires de cuba avec des donnees sur les organismes associes . academic bulgare des sciences , sofia , bulgaria . 472 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n] [ fr doc no : 2013 - 13194 ] - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - department of commerce national oceanic and atmospheric administration 50 cfr part 622 [ docket no . 120718255 - 3500 - 02 ] rin 0648 - bc38 amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ; seagrass management agency : national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) , national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) , commerce . action : final rule . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - summary : nmfs issues this final rule to implement amendment 4 to the corals and reef associated plants and invertebrates fishery management plan ( fmp ) of puerto rico and the u . s . virgin islands ( usvi ) ( coral fmp ) , as prepared and submitted by the caribbean fishery management council ( council ) . this final rule removes seagrass species from the coral fmp . the purpose of this rule and amendment 4 to the coral fmp is to address the future management of seagrasses in the u . s . caribbean exclusive economic zone ( eez ) in accordance with the magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act ( magnuson - stevens act ) . dates : this rule is effective july 5 , 2013 . addresses : electronic copies of amendment 4 to the coral fmp , which include an environmental assessment , a regulatory flexibility act analysis , a regulatory impact review , and a fishery impact statement , may be obtained from the southeast regional office web site at :\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 1 . outer reef channel suitability : marginal 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 8 . marine neritic - coral reef - > 9 . 8 . 3 . foreslope ( outer reef slope ) suitability : suitable\n1 . land / water protection - > 1 . 1 . site / area protection 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 3 . species management - > 3 . 2 . species recovery 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 1 . captive breeding / artificial propagation 3 . species management - > 3 . 4 . ex - situ conservation - > 3 . 4 . 2 . genome resource bank\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 2 . commercial & industrial areas\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 3 . tourism & recreation areas\n11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 3 . temperature extremes\n11 . climate change & severe weather - > 11 . 4 . storms & flooding\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 6 . motivation unknown / unrecorded\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 1 . invasive non - native / alien species / diseases - > 8 . 1 . 1 . unspecified species\n2 . species stresses - > 2 . 3 . indirect species effects - > 2 . 3 . 2 . competition\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 2 . problematic native species / diseases - > 8 . 2 . 1 . unspecified species\n8 . invasive and other problematic species , genes & diseases - > 8 . 4 . problematic species / disease of unknown origin - > 8 . 4 . 2 . named species\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 1 . domestic & urban waste water - > 9 . 1 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 2 . industrial & military effluents - > 9 . 2 . 3 . type unknown / unrecorded\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 2 . soil erosion , sedimentation\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 4 . type unknown / unrecorded\n9 . pollution - > 9 . 5 . air - borne pollutants - > 9 . 5 . 3 . ozone\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends\naeby , g . s . , work , t . , coles , s . , and lewis , t . 2006 . coral disease across the hawaiian archipelago . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .\naronson , r . b . and precht , w . f . 2001b . white - band disease and the changing face of caribbean coral reefs . hydrobiologia 460 : 25 - 38 .\nbruno , j . f . , selig , e . r . , casey , k . s . , page , c . a . , willis , b . l . , harvell , c . d . , sweatman , h . , and melendy , a . m . 2007 . thermal stress and coral cover as drivers of coral disease outbreaks . plos biology 5 ( 6 ) : e124 .\ncolgan , m . w . 1987 . coral reef recovery on guam ( micronesia ) after catastrophic predation by acanthaster planci . ecology 68 ( 6 ) : 1592 - 1605 .\ngreen , e . p . and bruckner , a . w . 2000 . the significance of coral disease epizootiology for coral reef conservation . biological conservation 96 : 347 - 361 .\njacobson , d . m . 2006 . fine scale temporal and spatial dynamics of a marshall islands coral disease outbreak : evidence for temperature forcing . eos , transactions , american geophysical union 87 ( 36 ) : suppl .\npatterson , k . l . , porter , j . w . , ritchie , k . b . , polson , s . w . , mueller e . , peters , e . c . , santavy , d . l . , smith , g . w . 2002 . the etiology of white pox , a lethal disease of the caribbean elkhorn coral , acropora palmata . proc natl acad sci 99 : 8725 - 8730 .\nporter , j . w . , dustan , p . , jaap , w . c . , patterson , k . l . , kosmynin , v . , meier , o . w . , patterson , m . e . , and parsons , m . 2001 . patterns of spread of coral disease in the florida keys . hydrobiologia 460 ( 1 - 3 ) : 1 - 24 .\nsutherland , k . p . , porter , j . w . , and torres , c . 2004 . disease and immunity in caribbean and indo - pacific zooxanthellate corals . marine ecology progress series 266 : 273 - 302 .\nveron , j . e . n . 2000 . corals of the world , volume 2 . australian institute of marine science , townsville mc , australia .\nwallace , c . c . 1999 . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora . csiro , collingwood .\nweil , e . 2003 . the corals and coral reefs of venezuela . in : jorge cortes ( ed . ) , latin american coral reefs , elseview science b . v .\nweil , e . 2004 . coral reef diseases in the wider caribbean . in : e . rosenberg and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and diseases , pp . 35 - 68 . springer verlag , ny .\nweil , e . 2006 . coral , ocotocoral and sponge diversity in the reefs of the jaragua national park , dominican republic . rev . bio . trop . 54 ( 2 ) : 423 - 443 .\nwilkinson , c . 2004 . status of coral reefs of the world : 2004 . australian institute of marine science , townsville , queensland , australia .\nwillis , b . , page , c and dinsdale , e . 2004 . coral disease on the great barrier reef . in : e . rosenber and y . loya ( eds ) , coral health and disease , pp . 69 - 104 . springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .\n5 - year efh review 5 - year essential fish habitat review bob trumble , ph . d m\u00e3\u00b3nica valle , ph . d . monica . valle @ urltoken cfmc meeting fajardo , puerto rico dec . 14 - 15 , \u2026\n[ pdf ] 5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife 5 - year review . final . pdf5 - year review - united states fish and wildlife service\nguide to essential fish habitat consultation david o\u2019brien noaa fisheries service habitat conservation division gloucester point , va .\nfish habitat : essential fish habitat and rehabilitation l . benaka ( ed . ) 1999 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md , usa . price us * $ 50 . 00 , isbn 1 - 888569 - 12 - 3 , 480 pp .\ngroundfish essential fish habitat ( efh ) gis mapping van hare pacific states marine fisheries commission .\nentender os fatores e intera\u00e7\u00f5es que afetam a estrutura de comunidade em um ambiente recifal \u00e9 importante para a compreens\u00e3o e elabora\u00e7\u00e3o de propostas de manejo que visem a resili\u00eancia e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de popula\u00e7\u00f5es inst\u00e1veis no ambiente . algumas estrat\u00e9gias de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e manuten\u00e7\u00e3o destes ecossistemas s\u00e3o as cria\u00e7\u00f5es de \u00e1reas protegidas marinhas que v\u00eam se tornando locais de recupera\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00e1rias esp\u00e9cies restritas nestes ambientes . o trabalho procurou avaliar o efeito do fechamento da \u00e1rea recifal de tamandar\u00e9 , litoral sul pernambucano ap\u00f3s 14 anos de exclus\u00e3o da pesca , na estrutura de comunidades bent\u00f4nicas , especialmente em popula\u00e7\u00f5es de ouri\u00e7os echinometra lucunter , abund\u00e2ncia de corais e cobertura algal viva . foram comparados dois recifes , dentro e fora da \u00e1rea fechada atrav\u00e9s de t\u00e9cnicas de censo visual subaqu\u00e1tico com mergulhos livres , utilizando o m\u00e9todo conjugado de linha de transects e quadrats no topo recifal durante tr\u00eas per\u00edodos do ano ( ver\u00e3o 2011 ; outono 2012 ; ver\u00e3o 2012 ) empregados para avaliar a estimativa da densidade populacional de ouri\u00e7os e corais ; e a t\u00e9cnica de fotoquadrats para a estimativa de cobertura viva dos mesmos . os resultados mostraram densidade m\u00e9dia de ouri\u00e7os e . lucunter sete vezes maior no recife aberto \u00e0 pesca ( pirambu ) em compara\u00e7\u00e3o ao recife fechado ( ilha da barra ) indicando que o efeito da pesca intensiva de seus predadores e a falta de organismos competidores por espa\u00e7o e disponibilidade de alimento na \u00e1rea impactada , afeta diretamente a sua abundancia e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o , modificando a composi\u00e7\u00e3o de outros organismos , complexidade topogr\u00e1fica e os processos ecol\u00f3gicos do local . col\u00f4nias do hidrocoral do g\u00eanero millepora sp . apresentaram maior densidade populacional na \u00e1rea fechada , onde foram treze vezes mais abundantes neste recife em compara\u00e7\u00e3o ao recife adjacente . para os corais escleractinios , as esp\u00e9cies agaricia humilis e favia gravida apresentaram maior densidade no recife do pirambu , enquanto que siderastrea stellata apresentou maior abundancia na ilha da barra . apesar das diferen\u00e7as encontradas entre as esp\u00e9cies , a cobertura geral viva geral destes organismos foi tr\u00eas vezes maior no recife fechado \u00e0 pesca , indicando um ambiente mais prop\u00edcio para o crescimento destes corais neste recife . a cobertura algal viva apresentou diferen\u00e7as significativas entre as duas \u00e1reas , onde foram mais abundantes na ilha da barra , cobrindo cerca de 80 % do topo recifal , com exce\u00e7\u00e3o das algas calcarias incrustantes que apresentaram maior abund\u00e2ncia no recife do pirambu . os resultados mostraram que a exclus\u00e3o do uso de pesca no recife da ilha da barra , na \u00e1rea fechada de tamandar\u00e9 , vem mostrando capacidade de resili\u00eancia do ecossistema recifal , importante para a reestrutura\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o do ecossistema marinho ."]}
{"id": 724, "summary": [{"text": "gnorimoschema lobatum is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by povoln\u00fd in 1998 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from quebec and ontario .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 5.1 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are covered by uniform cinereous scales with darker tips .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two groups of blackish scales indicating blackish stigmata and there are individual scales at the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are cinereous whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "gnorimoschema lobatum", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 725, "summary": [{"text": "ancylomenes magnificus , is a kind of cleaner shrimp common to the western pacific ocean at depths of 3 \u2013 29 metres ( 10 \u2013 95 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "these shrimp are commonly found on scleractinian coral , catalaphyllia and the anemone , dofleinia armata .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they have a transparent body except on the carapace and segments of the abdomen which have bands of white specks outlined in red .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the tail and the hump on the abdomen are also white . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ancylomenes magnificus", "paragraphs": ["( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) bruce , a . j . ( 1979 ) . notes on some indo - pacific pontoniinae , xxxi . periclimenes magnificus sp . nov . , a coelenterate associate from the capricorn islands ( decapoda , palaemonidae ) . crustaceana supplement . 5 : 195 - 208 , plate 1 . [ details ]\n( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbruce , a . j . 1979 ,\nnotes on some indo - pacific pontoniinae , xxxi periclimenes magnificus sp . nov . , a coelenterate associate from the capricorn islands ( decapoda , palaemonidae )\n, crustaceana , ser . suppl . , vol . 5 , pp . 195 - 208\n( of periclimenes magnificus bruce , 1979 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nalso known as formerly - periclimenes magnificus , crustaceans , carid shrimps , commensal shrimps , cleaner shrimps , magnificent commensal shrimp , magnificent cleaner shrimp , magnificent partner shrimp , anemone cleaner shrimp , anemone shrimp , crystal shrimp and glass shrimp . found on sandy bottoms often on scleractinian corals , dofleinia armata anemones and in the process of cleaning fish . they feed on parasites , algae and plankton . length - 2 . 5cm depth - 3 - 30m widespread indo - pacific often if a divers hand is near to a cleaner shrimps , they will hop on board and perform a manicure ! carid shrimps occur worldwide in almost every habitat , from sea water to fresh water and can be found all over the reef . they are generally respected by other creatures , often sharing burrows and holes and working as housekeepers . they will wave their antennae around to attract customers , they then proceed to clean outside and inside the creatures mouths , gills etc , .\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2fab201e - b61f - 4d51 - 9267 - 4d043c9d69eb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 34e7338e - 9283 - 4e37 - b106 - 022ae0b21248\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 44ca4756 - 0dee - 4599 - a7e4 - 3e30ae3d9b4b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6081481a - 3d3c - 4a7c - 918d - 8a6e8bae5f60\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6b965be3 - 47b3 - 4b69 - a8fe - c10cb0b7ebbc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 80913f51 - e4d2 - 4d39 - 834d - 3a634c4a9c7a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adc89084 - 1e7a - 49d7 - a7b3 - 5fb2357e40e0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f5bdf7a9 - 864a - 4f70 - b060 - 407abed34321\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 52e274fb - cd5f - 4955 - bca5 - 9a013c179462\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 556140\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ntranslucent with blue and white claw arms curving inwards to overlap , white banding and a blotch on the abdominal hump .\nwest pacific to new caledonia and japan . it lives on anemones , commonly associated with ( actinostephanus haeckeli ) branching anemone and tube dwelling anemones from the cerianthus genus ."]}
{"id": 728, "summary": [{"text": "telmatochromis vittatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika usually at depths of from 5 to 10 metres ( 16 to 33 ft ) but occasionally down to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 8.6 centimetres ( 3.4 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "telmatochromis vittatus", "paragraphs": ["abstract telmatochromis vittatus ( cichlidae ) is a tanganyikan substrate brooder which spawns in the gastropod - shell nests of a cichlid , lamprologus callipterus . we describe male reproductive tactics of t . vittatus in and around the shell nests , where males of\nok i ' m not an expert . . . . but my fish look like telmatochromis vittatus ( kambwimba ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login or telmatochromis vittatus ( namansi ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login clints fish is also called telmatochromis vittatus and looks like visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login which looks alot like telmatochromis brichardi ( chituta ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login or telmatochromis brichardi ( ulwile ) visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login the only difference between clint ' s type and the brichardi is size . . . . 31 / 2 inches verses 2 inches for brichardi i wonder if the difference in size is just a confusion between different types of males as per my previous post ? ? ? any comments ? ? isn ' t telmatochromis brichardi ( chituta ) a beautiful fish . . . . love to get some of them ! ! !\nsmilie , there is a picture on urltoken that shows a fish very much like your photo above , identifying it as telmatochromis vittatus\nkambwimba\n. follow the link below : http : / / www . urltoken / profiles / species . php ? id = 2274 the standard picture on urltoken for telmatochromis vittatus shows a fish with a solid stripe . it looks from this as though the fish you have seen may indeed be t . vittatus , but from a specific location in the lake . can you provide a reference for the abstract quoted in your previous post ?\nsimilar in lifestyle to julidochromis species , telmatochromis vittatus is ideal for the smaller tanganyikan community and is also a good choice for the beginner . it can be distinguished from the similar t . brichardi and t . bifrenatus primarily by its larger size , smaller eyes and more rounded nose . like other lamprologines , telmatochromis have fang - like , caniform teeth , which they use for scraping microrganisms from rock surfaces . on adult specimens these are clearly visible .\nmar\u00e9chal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . telmatochromis . p . 474 - 478 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5704 )\na lfs has some fish that the say are t . vittatus these fish are still quite small . . . . . and very rare in australia i ' m going to get 6 . . . . . swapping some of my l . ocellatus they seem to be more slender than clint photo ' s the biggest is about an inch long and very thin . . . almost like an eel and the strip on the side is broken with diagonal lines . . . . . not the full line of clint ' s fish i was looking for t . brichardi because i thought they were smaller but there seems to be conflicting information on the web regarding size of both these species . doesn ' t matter i suppose can ' t find t . brichardi but i have found t . vittatus . . . . i think ? ( wouldn ' t be the first time a fish was mislabelled ) a different sort of shellie ! this is what they look similar to visitors can ' t see pics , please register or login\ni have a pair of telmatochromis vittatus as well . they are wild caught , and specific location is utinta bay , tanzania . they are very excellent fish to maintain . i have them for over a year and a half . their bodies color are yellow when they are getting bigger . i really love them very much . they bred more than 12 times after i have had them . i used to have three pairs , but i lost 2 pair when i went back to my country for vacation . they are not fuzzy for the foods . they love to eat everything when i feed them . i put them in 10 gallon tank , 50 liters for breeding and for their private home for more than a year and a half , but i put their fries in 20 gallons and 30 gallons tank for my future collection . i know that this species it is not easy to find wild caught and specific location , so i try to keep their fries for my future collection and for my studying in the future . i have fries more than 80 of them right now from 1\nto 2 1 / 2\n. oh ! they are very hardy even their fries also . their parent allows their fries to live with them until they grow up to 1 1 / 2\nor a little more . oh ! i used to put 4 lamprologus ocellatus ,\nchimba\nfries in their own private tank , and they killed them all . i thought it might be the male killed my little lam . ocellatus fries because male always stays outside of the cave , and female never get out from her own cave ; only when she really want to eat . i had to put lam . ocellatus fries because i had no space for them , so i tried to put them together with their own fries , but the male killed only lam . ocellatus fries . that was surprised me very much because he knew which one wasn ' t his own fries even though at that time , he had almost 30 fries in his own private tank , but he still knew which one wasn ' t his own babies . i will try to take a photo of my telmatochromis vittatus to show in this website if it is possible soon . oh ! the male will grow up to 2 1 / 2\nwith very slender body , but the female is slightly smaller about 2 1 / 4\nwith a fat body . when they are quite mature , it is very easy to distinguish how male and female are different . i will take their photos , and will show their photos over here as soon as i can .\nhas anyone seen lake tanganyika jewel of the rift ? it displays the type of spawning behavior being talked about here with lamprologus callipterus . some males get 6 inches and create large shell nests where as some only get 1 . 5 inches and sneak in spawns with the females . i still would not consider telmatochromis species shell dwellers in the traditional sense . just like caudopunctatus for example or signatus . they are commonly referred to as shell dwellers but they are more of shell spawners or just creatures of opportunity . these fish will breed in the smallest crevice or shell that they can get into safely and feel like they can guard their young efficiently . most shell dwellers not only breed but live and base their lives around their shell and arranging it to their liking . i ' ve have l . attenatus breed exclusively in shells and in no accounts is it a shell dweller . it just depends on the fish and the situation . none the less telmats are nice unique fish that should be more widespread . i have some wild caught varieties available to me if anyone is interested . p . s i also have meeli , meleagrise and occelatus gold available right now in breeding sizes if anyone is looking for them .\ngreek , telma - atos = swamp + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 8 . 5 - 9 . 0 ; dh range : 10 - 20 . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 3\u00b0s - 9\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 6 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5704 )\nlives in rather deep water for such small species , specimens having been found as deep as 20 m , although they seem to prefer a range between 5 and 10 m . swims in the open . omnivorous , feeds on microorganisms ( ref . 6770 ) . usually solitary but form temporary pair bonds ; the male defends the territory while the female takes care of her offspring ( ref . 7343 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 3 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : widespread species in rocky shore littoral zone of lake tanganyika where it has no known major widespread threats . localised sedimentation is the greatest threat .\nthe aquarium trade heavily exploits this species . sedimentation of the rocky shore habitat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan open water species usually found at depths of 5 - 20 metres in the vicinity of rocky areas .\n30\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 75x12x12cm ) \u2013 70 litres , though larger is preferable .\nshould be housed in a lake tanganyika biotope setup , with piles of rocks arranged to form caves filling much of the aquarium . a sandy substrate is preferable . upturned flower pots make good alternative shelters and spawning caves for this species , as do large snail shells .\nlive and frozen foods should comprise a large proportion of the diet . dried foods can be fed and some vegetable matter such as spirulina or blanched spinach should also be offered .\na territorial but shy species . it can be maintained successfully with other small to medium - sized tanganyikan cichlids that occupy different areas of the tank such as neolamprologus shelldwellers and cyprichromis species . it should be kept as a pair as it is aggressive towards conspecifics . a suitably large aquarium is required if several are to be kept .\nnot a terribly easy species to sex . adult males tend to be slightly larger than females and have a more slender shape .\npossible . bi - parental cave spawner . we suggest the purchase of a group of young fish . allow these to pair off naturally . once a pair forms the other fish should be removed from the aquarium as the pair will remain together for life . the aquarium itself should be at least 30\u2033 in length and set up as suggested above . the ph should be around 8 . 2 - 9 . 0 and the temperature 77 - 80\u00b0f .\nthe pair will spawn very secretively in a cave or shell , with the female laying her eggs on the wall or roof . the courtship ritual is quite vigorous , but if you miss this it is often very difficult to tell if they have spawned until the fry are seen . once spawning has occured the female will remain in the cave , tending to the eggs while the male guards the area around the cave . when the fry become free swimming ( around 2 weeks post spawning ) you may wish to remove them or the parents to a separate aquarium .\nthe fry are large enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii , microworm or powdered dry foods . brood care is short - lived , with the adults losing interest in the fry once they are free swimming .\ni just got these little squirts . im thinking they will be a lot like the bifrenatus i used to keep . we ' ll see .\nhow big ' re they supposed to get ? and how quickly / slowly do they grow ? i understand there ' s debate as to whether they ' re shellies or not , as well ! aggression ? breeding ? experience so far ? they look more like julies then neolamps . . . .\nthey look like chalinochromis more than anything , imo . . . kinda wish i hadn ' t passed up on these guys at that fish place but i have no more shellie room , really . well , sort of . anyway , great shots of a cute fish .\nreally ? they ' re very cute , they look , well , rather like telmatachromis . chalinochromis ( a few genera down the list ) : urltoken oh , and clint - you should send your old photos in to cichlid - forum , their profile page on t . bifrenatus doesn ' t have any pictures .\nl . occelatus\nblue\nn . multifasciatus n . similis l . calliurus\nmagara\nl . brevis\nkavala\nl . brevis\nbulu point\nl . brevis\nzaire\nl . brevis\nkatete\ni ' ve been doing some browsing on this species and was confused by the number of different sizes quoted . . . . everywhere from 2\nto 4\n: sneaker males , satellite males , territorial males and piracy males . size range of males in tactic groups rarely overlapped . territorial males defended shell nests harboring multiple females , but during pair - spawning they were occasionally taken over by large piracy males that visited several nests repeatedly . small sneaker males darted to pair - spawning territorial males and might ejaculate sperm . satellite males did not perform parasitic spawning but pair - spawned in a single shell outside the nests . spawning of satellite males was infrequently parasitized . the largest gonado - somatic index ( gsi ) was found in sneaker males followed by piracy males , territorial males and satellite males , suggesting that gonadal investment of males using the four tactics may be consistent with intensity or risk of sperm competition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 729, "summary": [{"text": "aroga paulella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california , colorado , kansas , new mexico , texas and wyoming .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are shining dark blackish brown with white markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the entire dorsal edge is white , reaching up the fold except right at the base and slightly crossing the fold with an upward projection at the apical third of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "beginning at the basal one-fourth of the costa and reaching the costal white part is a sharply defined outwardly directed white fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "at the apical fourth of the wing and nearly perpendicular on the costal edge is another narrower white fascia , somewhat dilated on the costal edge .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are silvery pale grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "aroga paulella", "paragraphs": ["gelechia paulella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona ; colorado\naroga temporariella sattler , 1960 ; rev . fr . ent . 27 : 236\naroga mesostrota ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 120\naroga argutiola hodges , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 ( 9 ) : 987 ; tl : michigan , alcona co .\naroga atraphaxi bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 301 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1100m\naroga panchuli bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1400m\naroga balcanicola huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 160 , 32 ; tl : maced . occ . drenovo bei kavadar\naroga mesostrepta ; [ nhm card ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\naroga alleriella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : alabama , mobile\naroga controvalva li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 87 , 89 ; tl : chengcheng , shaanxi , 1000m\naroga danfengensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 85 , 89 ; tl : danfeng , shaanxi , 680m\naroga gozmanyi park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 117 ; tl : mt kumgang , kangweon prov . , korea\naroga epigaeella ; [ nacl ] , # 2189 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 21\naroga flavicomella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ me3 ] , 157 , 32 ; [ fe ]\naroga websteri clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 273 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 5c , pl . 32 , f . 15 ; tl : pullman , washington\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 9 . 34m ; p . 97 . book review and ordering\ngelechia acharnaea meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , alpine , 7000ft\nseu , turkey , urals , iran , turkmenia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302\ngelechia camptogramma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 58\ngelechia chlorocrana meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , forestburg\ngelechia eldorada keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 240\n= gelechia trialbamaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 858\ngelechia eriogonella clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 247 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , pullman\nkorea , seu , s . russia , irkutsk , buryatia , kazakhstan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . cerasus [ me3 ] , 158\ngelechia leucanieella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 180 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia morenella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 317 ; tl : morena and pine valley , san diego , california\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\ngelechia paraplutella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 181 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia rigidae clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 249 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , rock lake\ngelechia trialbamaculella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 250\ngelechia unifasciella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona , williams\ngelechia xyloglypta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 22 ; tl : california , venice\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nstudien \u00fcber die lepidopterenfauna der balkanl\u00e4nder . iii . teil . sammelergebnisse aus montenegro , albanien , mazedonien und thrazien\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , bulgaria , hungary , germany , spain , italy , poland , romania , sicily , slovakia , france , czech republic , switzerland , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , trans - baikal , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , bulgaria , hungary , germany , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , macedonia , poland , russia , romania , sicily , slovakia , ukraine , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 730, "summary": [{"text": "gladiovalva aizpuruai is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by vives in 1990 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the czech republic , slovakia , hungary and spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on rumex acetosa . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "gladiovalva aizpuruai", "paragraphs": ["gladiovalva aizpuruai ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 171 ; [ fe ]\ngladiovalva ignorella ; bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303 ( note )\ngladiovalva sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 - 17 [ key ] , 60 ; ts : gelechia rumicivorella milli\u00e8re\ngladiovalva ignorella falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 ) [ igorella ? ]\ngelechia rumicivorella milli\u00e8re , 1881 ; l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9rologie 7 : 11 , pl . 10 , f . 13\nspain , czech republic , hungary , greece , uralsk . see [ maps ]\ngelechia badidorsella rebel , 1935 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 20 ( 2 ) : 11 ; tl : sierra de gredos\nlarva on atraphaxis spinosa bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\npseudodorsella sattler , 1960 ; dt . ent . zs . 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 61\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsumpich & skyva , 2012 new faunistic records for a number of microlepidoptera , including description of three new taxa from agonoxenidae , depressariidae , and gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 161 - 179\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 731, "summary": [{"text": "piophila is a genus of small two-winged flies which includes the species known as the cheese fly .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "as a whole , the genus is often called wine flies ; they prefer fermented foodstuffs to deposit their eggs .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "piophila vulgaris visits arum maculatum flowers in england .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the genus is found in the palearctic . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "piophila", "paragraphs": ["piophila megastigmata ( diptera : piophilidae ) : first records on human corpses . - pubmed - ncbi\nlife fertility tables of piophila casei l . ( diptera : piophilidae ) reared at five different temperatures\nlimiti termici ed optimum di sviluppo degli stadi preimmaginali di piophila casei ( l . ) , ( diptera piophilidae )\nfigure 5 . larva of the cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by caitlin lewis , university of florida .\nultrastructure of preimaginal stages of piophila megastigmata mcalpine , 1978 ( diptera , piophilidae ) : a fly of forensic importance .\nfigure 2 . dorsal view of adult cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by caitlin lewis , university of florida .\nfigure 3 . lateral view of adult cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by caitlin lewis , university of florida .\nmote dc . 1914 . the cheese skipper ( piophila casei linne ) . the ohio naturalist 14 : 309 - 315 .\nlife fertility tables of piophila casei l . ( diptera : piophilidae ) reared at five different temperatures | environmental entomology | oxford academic\nzuzka j . 1978 . autogeny in piophila casei ( diptera , piophilidae ) . folia parasitologica , prague 25 : 173 - 77 .\nultrastructure of preimaginal stages of piophila megastigmata mcalpine , 1978 ( diptera , piophilidae ) : a fly of forensic importance . - pubmed - ncbi\nwhat made you want to look up piophila ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\npiophila casei undergo complete metamorphosis . females mate almost immediately after adult emergence ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . although feeding on protein sources increases fecundity of the insects , piophila casei females are autogenous , able to produce eggs without a protein meal , in a laboratory setting ( zuzka 1978 ) .\nfigure 1 . adult cheese skippers , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\ncrandell ha . 1939 . the biology of the pachycrepoideus dubius ashmead ( hymenoptera ) , a pteromalid parasite of piophila casei . annals of the entomological society of america 32 : 632 - 654 .\ndescriptions and illustrations of myiasis - producing larvae are very scanty in laboratory handbooks . we report herein a case of human intestinal infestation with larvae of piophila casei , the first one observed in our clinic .\nsanitation is considered the most important aspect of management of cheese skippers . exclusion of piophila casei from all levels of food production ( processing , curing , and storage ) ranges from proper sanitation techniques to proper wrapping / protection of food products . light infestations of piophila casei larvae can be removed individually , but the judicious use of fumigation techniques if often required for more severe infestations ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nfigure 6 . adult cheese skippers , piophila casei linnaeus , on meat . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\nfigure 7 . adult cheese skippers , piophila casei linnaeus , on cheese . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\nfigure 4 . anterior view of head of adult cheese skipper , piophila casei linnaeus . photograph by susan ellis , united states department of agriculture , animal and plant health inspection service , plant protection and quarantine , urltoken .\npiophila casei are small metallic - colored flies , usually black / bluish - black with bronze - colored tints on the head , thorax , and abdomen , with reddish - brown eyes and iridescent wings ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\npiophila casei are cited as pests of stored products ranging from salted meats to overripe cheeses . damage to the stored products can incur both pest management costs and possible medical costs from accidental ingestion of the fly larvae ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\npeckenschneider le , pokorny c , hellwig ca . intestinal infestation with maggots of the\ncheese fly\n( piophila casei ) . jama . 1952 ; 149 ( 3 ) : 262\u2013263 . doi : 10 . 1001 / jama . 1952 . 72930200005011b\na . russo , g . e . cocuzza , m . c . vasta , m . simola , g . virone ; life fertility tables of piophila casei l . ( diptera : piophilidae ) reared at five different temperatures , environmental entomology , volume 35 , issue 2 , 1 april 2006 , pages 194\u2013200 , urltoken\nthe cheese skipper , piophila casei ( linnaeus ) , sometimes called the ham skipper , is a member of the\nskipper fly\nfamily ( piophilidae ) . these flies receive their name due to the unusual ability of the larvae to propel themselves through the air . the flies are detritivores , feeding on decaying matter , and even have been found on the exhumed remains of egyptian mummies ( cockburn et . al 1975 ) . because of their delayed infestation of decaying remains , piophila casei ( linnaeus ) have been implicated as useful in the forensic investigation of postmortem remains and the determination of\ntime since death\n( triplehorn and johnson 2005 ) .\npiophila casei usually feed on overripe ( three or more months old ) and moldy cheese , and slightly salted or putrid - smelling meats , such as ham , bacon , and beef . larvae are typically found on high - protein substrates ranging from salted beef to smoked fish and animal carcasses ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nwhen myiasis occurs , piophila casei larvae are usually found in the intestines , but larvae sometimes infest the chests and nasal passages of human patients . because of their filth - feeding lifestyles , the adults are believed to be able to act as mechanical vectors of disease pathogens , similar to house flies ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nintentional introduction of piophila casei larvae into pecorino cheese produces the famous , but illegally - produced , italian cheese known as\ncasu marzu ,\na delicacy desired for the famous pungent taste left behind when the larvae digest and ferment the cheese ( overstreet 2003 ) . individuals eat the goo - like paste as well as the living maggots .\nin italy , piophila casei larvae are often introduced into pecorino cheese to promote fermentation as they feed and create a unique flavor in the cheese . though this\ncasu marzu\n( cheese with worms ) is not produced commercially , the pungent / burning flavor created by the decomposing fats is considered a delicacy in italian areas ranging from piedmont and bergamo to sardinia ( overstreet 2003 ) .\nforensic entomologists have used the presence of piophila casei larvae as a tool to assist in the estimation of time of death for human remains . though they can appear on remains less than two months old in geographic locations such as florida , the flies sometimes do not appear on an exposed corpse until three to six months postmortem ( after death ) , usually after the body has completed the\nactive decay\ndecomposition stage and is beginning to dry ( nanzi et al 2008 ) . entomologists utilize knowledge of the current instar of collected larvae , coupled with measurements of weather and temperature conditions , to provide an estimation of the postmortem interval ( benecke 1998 ) . furthermore , unlike some other insects used in forensic investigation , the presence of drugs such as heroin do not significantly alter the development of piophila casei larvae ( benecke 1998 ) .\nsigns of piophila casei in foods include the presence of whitish - colored eggshells as well as small grooves or creases found in the surface of cheeses made by first - instar larvae . infested cheeses will usually have soft or sunken areas , and meats may have a shiny grease - like liquid drip from infested areas ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . eggs , larvae , pupae , and adults are found near or on infested materials .\npupae : the dark brown pupae of the cheese skipper are formed approximately 32 hours after the larvae abandon the substrate on which they are feeding . though they prefer dry , dark locations , piophila casei larvae will pupate on open concrete floors if such spaces are not available . the oval puparium is typically 2 . 9 - 3 . 9 mm long and 1 - 1 . 7 mm wide ( lui and greenberg 1989 ) . adults emerge after approximately 12 days ( mote 1914 ) .\npachycrepoideus dubius ashmead , a small pteromalid wasp , is the primary parasite of the cheese skipper . the wasp attacks the pupal stage of piophila casei , as well as other cyclorrhaphan flies , including the mediterranean fruit fly ceratitis capitata ( wiedemann ) . pachycrepoideus dubius is reported to provide effective control of the cheese skipper , especially during summer months ( crandell 1939 ) . however , other research conducted at ohio state university states that pachycrepoideus dubius does not act as an economically viable method for natural control of the cheese skipper ( crandell 1939 ) . the small beetle necrobia rufipes de geer is also reported as a predator of cheese skipper larvae .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nfauna europaea is europe ' s main zoological taxonomic index . scientific names and distributions of all living , currently known , multicellular , european land and freshwater animal species are available in one authoritative database .\nfauna europaea provides access to its rich and quality - checked data via this public web portal that also links to other key biodiversity services . it is installed as a taxonomic backbone in a wide range of biodiversity services and actively contributes to biodiversity informatics innovations in various initiatives and ec programs . fauna europaea started in 2000 as an ec funded fp5 project and provides a unique taxonomic reference for many user - groups such as scientists , governments , industries , nature conservation communities and educational programs . fauna europaea was formally accepted as an inspire standard for europe , as part of the european taxonomic backbone established in pesi . today it is hosted by the museum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin .\nthis site is powered by the edit platform for cybertaxonomy and supported by eu bon ( urltoken ) . eu bon - building the european biodiversity observation network , presents an innovative approach towards the integration of biodiversity data and information systems , both from in - situ and remote sensing data sources . the eu bon project is a 7th framework programme funded by the european union under contract no . 308454 .\ndue to significant security issues and a warning received from the german federal office for information security , the old fauna europaea site ( urltoken ) urgently had to be closed and is unfortunately no longer available . all requests to this site are automatically redirected to the new portal , also directly available under fauna - eu . org .\nthe new fauna europaea portal first launched in late 2016 provides access to all taxonomic and geographic distribution information currently contained in the fauna europaea database by directly searching for individual taxa . through a search request , also the full taxonomic tree is available for further navigation .\nhowever , a number of functionalities ( e . g . to obtain a list of species for any taxon above the genus level , to offer export / download functionalities for species lists / distributions ) as well as some statistics available at the old site are not yet implemented at the new site , which is still under development . these functionalities will be implemented in the near future , as well as further improvements on display and functions . also , pending updates on the taxonomic and geographic content in the database will be tackled , but may still take some time due to limited personnel and resources available .\nmany thanks for your understanding and we apologize for all inconveniences . in case of urgent need of specific information currently not accessible from the site , please , do contact us .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\noften found as pests in meat and cheese , these small flies often are cited as a cause of accidental enteric ( intestinal ) myiasis , where the fly larvae invade the living tissue of animals including humans ( scott 1964 ) . researchers have reported cases of myiasis in red foxes in iowa ( smith 1943 ) .\ninsect groups similar to the cheese skippers include black scavenger flies ( sepsidae ) , eye gnats ( chloropidae ) , and small fruit flies ( drosophilidae ) ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\ncheese skippers have a worldwide distribution , including the united states , and are not limited to any specific geographic location ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nadults : cheese skipper adults are usually about half the size of a common house fly . males are 4 . 4 - 4 . 5 mm from the tip of the head to the tip of the wings , whereas females are slightly larger , usually measuring 5 . 0 - 5 . 2 mm . the dominant color of both males and females is a metallic black - bronze ( triplehorn and johnson 2005 ) . the palps and proboscis are usually covered with bristles , and the antennae are short . the compound eyes found on both sexes are usually bare and red in color . the thorax has distinct rows of setae , and long setae are also found on the sides of the insect . the legs are covered with short spines and often have both yellow and brown colorations . the wings are iridescent and nearly overlap when resting . halteres , rudimentary second wings , are typically a pale yellow color ( mote 1914 ) . adults live for three to seven days ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\neggs : the eggs of the cheese skipper are 0 . 63 - 0 . 74 mm long ( lui and greenberg 1989 ) and 0 . 18 - 0 . 2 mm wide . a female usually deposits 140 - 500 eggs on meat or cheese ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . the chorion ( shell ) of each egg is oval / cylindrical and a smooth , pearly white color . eggs usually hatch between 23 and 54 hours in a temperature range of 15\u00b0 to 27\u00b0c ( mote 1914 ) .\nlarvae : the larvae of the cheese skipper are active as soon as they hatch from the egg and appear fairly cylindrical and white , except for scleratized black mouthparts . oftentimes , the larvae can leap 4 to 5 inches through the air by using their mouth hooks as grapples and then flexing / jerking themselves forward , earning the flies the name\ncheese skippers .\nlarvae tend to avoid light and congregate near each other on fairly lean portions of meat ( smith and whitman 2000 ) . the three larval instars typically last 14 days total and are found on substrates ranging from meats ( bacon , ham , beef ) to cheeses , fatty foods and decaying bodies . full - grown larvae are 13 - segmented , typically 9 - 10 mm long and approximately 1 mm wide , and appear white or yellowish - white to the unaided eye ( mote 1914 ) . larvae are fairly resistant to changes in heat and cold ( smith and whitman 2000 ) .\nthe complete life cycle of a cheese skipper in appropriate nourishment and temperature conditions can be as short as 12 days ( 1 day for egg development , 5 day larval maturation , 5 day pupal maturation , 1 day of adult feeding before reproduction ) . however , the typical life cycle is as follows ( mote 1914 ) : egg ~ 23 to 54 hours - larva ~ 14 days - pupa ~ 12 days - adult ~ 3 to 7 days .\ncheese skippers are commonly cited as a cause of enteric ( intestinal ) myiasis in humans ( macgregor 1918 ) . once a female oviposits ( lays eggs ) on meats , cheese , and other surfaces , the larvae hatch and penetrate deeply into the substrate ( white et al . 2006 ) . unintentional human ingestion of cheese skipper larvae causes the maggots to pass through the human digestive system , often leading to serious intestinal lesions that result in diarrhea , pain , nausea , and other gastric symptoms . cheese skippers are cited as one of the most problematic fly species associated with accidental myiasis ( white et al . 2006 ) .\ncockburn a , barraco ra , reyman ta , peck wh . 1975 . autopsy of an egyptian mummy . science , new series 187 : 1155 - 1160 .\nbenecke m . 1998 . six forensic entomology cases : description and commentary . journal of forensic science 43 : 797 - 80 .\nlui d , greenberg b . 1989 . immature stages of some flies of forensic importance . annals of the entomological society of america 82 : 80 - 93 .\nmacgregor me . 1918 . insects as carriers of diseases . transactions of the american microscopical society 37 : 7 - 17 .\nnanzi wa , jeffery j , sa ' diyah i , noorjuliana wm , chen cd , rohayu sa , hafizam ah , lee hl . 2008 . first report of maggots of family piophilidae recovered from human cadavers in malaysia . tropical biomedicine 25 : 173 - 175 .\noverstreet rm . 2003 . presidential address : flavor buds and other delights . journal of parasitology 89 : 1093 - 1107 .\nscott hg . ( 1964 ) . human myiasis in north america ( 1952 - 1962 inclusive ) . florida entomologist 47 . ( 23 april 2013 ) .\nsmith eh , whitman rc . 2003 . ham / cheese skipper . in national pest control association field guide to structural pests : stored product pests . fairfax , va .\nsmith lf . 1943 . internal parasites of the red fox in iowa . the journal of wildlife management 7 : 174 - 178 .\ntriplehorn ca , johnson nf . 2005 . borror and delong ' s introduction to the study of insects , 7th edition . thomson brooks / cole publishers . 864 pp .\nwhite g , prendergast pf , rosales al , evans jr es , hogsette jr ja . ( 2006 ) . filth flies : significance , surveillance , and control in contingency operations . technical guide no . 30 . armed forces pest management board . ( 23 april 2013 ) .\nstate in their\nhandbook of medical entomology\nthat a multitude of cases of parasitism of dipterous larvae are on record . however , in\n, we were able to find only one case of this kind reported in the last 25 years .\nf . r . r . , a 44 - year - old contractor who had modern sanitary facilities in his home , was admitted to the hospital on july 30 . 1951 , with complaints of bowel disturbance . in 1944 he had attacks of severe pain in the abdomen , radiating to the back and downward to the left thigh . at this time he had noticed blood and mucus as well as small white\nworms\nin the stool .\ncustomize your jama network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below .\nour website uses cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to use our site , or clicking\ncontinue ,\nyou are agreeing to our\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nprado e castro c 1 , cunha e , serrano a , garc\u00eda md .\ncentre for environmental biology , department of animal biology , faculty of sciences , university of lisbon , lisbon , portugal . cbcastro @ urltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxonomic genus within the family piophilidae \u2013 small two - winged flies including the cheese fly .\nthis page was last edited on 29 january 2018 , at 13 : 37 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n: a genus of dipteran flies ( family piophilidae ) that include the cheese fly ( p . casei )\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndipartimento di scienze e tecnologie fitosanitarie , university of catania , via s . sofia 100 , catania 95123 , italy\nthis species is also of medical and veterinary interest because of the various myasies ( enteric , nasal , and urinal ) that it can cause ( zumpt 1965 , perez inigo 1971 , el serougi el 1991 , saleh and el sibae 1993 , passos et al . 2004 ) . moreover , p . casei is an important fly species in forensic entomology because is informative for the estimation of postmortem interval ( smith 1986 , early and goff 1986 , liu and greenberg 1989 , schoenly et al . 1996 , de jong and chadwick 1999 ) .\na colony of p . casei was established in the laboratory in 2001 from wild specimens collected in some ripening rooms of dairies located in ragusa , italy . colonies were reared for \u22481 yr before the experiments began in cages ( length 40 cm by width 50 cm by height 50 cm ) maintained in climatic chambers at a constant temperature of 27 \u00b1 1\u00b0c , 70 \u00b1 5 % rh , and a l8 : d16 photoperiod . this photoperiod was chosen because it is the standard regime maintained in dairies . the flies were fed with an artificial diet consisting of agar ( 20 g ) , powdered milk ( 80 g ) , dry yeast ( 50 g ) , nipagine ( 1 g ) , ethyl alcohol ( 10 ml ) , and water ( 1 , 000 ml ) ( sacchi et al . 1971 ) . fresh diet was provided every 2 d and was used as an oviposition substrate and moisture source .\nthe effects of temperature on developmental time , survival , and fecundity of p . casei were evaluated in growth chambers at constant temperatures of 15 , 19 , 25 , 28 , and 35 \u00b1 1\u00b0c , 70 \u00b1 5 % rh , and a l8 : d16 photoperiod . these temperatures were selected because they are similar to the range recorded in dairies in the periods of higher infestation level ( in autumn and summer ) .\nto obtain synchronized eggs , adult females ( \u2248200 for each temperature ) were incubated at 28\u00b0c for 5 h . the eggs of the flies ( < 2 h old ) were collected with a palette knife from stock colonies , put in groups of 10 into plastic petri dishes ( 9 cm in diameter by 2 cm high ) , and incubated at the five temperatures . the total number of eggs incubated at each temperature were 630 , 850 , 1 , 120 , 1 , 682 , and 1 , 810 at 15 , 19 , 25 , 28 , and 32\u00b0c , respectively . each petri dish containing 10 eggs was considered one replicate . to record developmental time and percentage of egg eclosion , progress in embryonic development was monitored twice a day with a stereoscopic microscope until hatching .\nto determine juvenile developmental time , survival , and sex ratio of the larval stages at the five temperatures , all the newly hatched larvae ( with the exception of those maintained at 15\u00b0c , for which only 401 larvae were selected ) were collected and transferred in groups of 10 into bigger plastic petri dishes ( 12 cm in diameter by 2 . 5 cm high ) . development and mortality of larvae were recorded daily ( twice a day in trials at 28 and 32\u00b0c ) until they reached the pupal stage . the age of the larvae was determined on the basis of the different degrees of sclerotization of the cephalopharyngeal apparatus . food was replaced daily during the whole period of larval and pupae development to maintain a constant level of humidity .\nare the natural logarithm of the number of larvae at the beginning and at the end of the stage , respectively , and \u03b4t is the developmental time .\nto evaluate the number of eggs laid and adult longevity of the cheese skipper at the five temperatures , 40 male : female pairs of newly emerged adults ( < 1 h old ) were randomly chosen from those followed during larval development . pairs were confined in separate plexiglas containers ( 12 cm in diameter by 3 cm high ) , provided with vent holes on the lid and covered with a fine mesh nylon screen to allow ventilation . food was replaced daily , and temperature was checked daily by placing a thermometer inside containers without larvae . preoviposition ( the age , in days , before the first deposition of eggs ) , oviposition period ( days ) , number of eggs laid , and survival of adults were recorded daily until all adults had died .\nthe effects of treatments on eggs , larval developmental times , and adult life history ( i . e . , longevity , preoviposition , and oviposition period ) were determined using a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) , and t - tests ( p = 0 . 05 ) were used for post hoc comparisons ( statsoft 1996 ) .\nlife and fertility tables were constructed on the basis of life history of immature stages and adults observed during the experiment . from previous laboratory results , we assumed a sex ratio of 1 : 1 in all treatments . for each temperature , daily age - specific survivorship ( l\nare the proportion of surviving females at the age x and the number of female progeny produced per female in the age interval x , respectively . with a stable age distribution and under given climatic and food conditions , the intrinsic rate of natural increase is a useful comparative statistic of population growth potential (\nmean developmental time ( days \u00b1 se ) of the inunature stages of p . casei at five constant temperatures\nmeans within a row followed by the same letter are not significant different ( t - test , p > 0 . 05 ) .\nrelative mortality rate ( per day ) for the inunature stages of p . casei at five constant temperatures\nsurvival rate ( l x ) and age - specific fecundity rate ( m x ) of p . casei at five constant temperatures .\nadult longevity , preoviposition period , fecundity , and oviposition rate of p . casei at five different temperatures\ndifferences in the flies ' temperature responses are further evidenced by their intrinsic rates of natural increase ( r m ; table 4 ) . based on the calculated r m values , the highest reproductive potential of p . casei was recorded at 32\u00b0c ( 0 . 1216 ) , and good performances were observed also at 25 and 28\u00b0c ( 0 . 0862 and 0 . 0955 , respectively ) . data on r m values at 15 and 19\u00b0c indicate a slow but considerable capacity to increase ( 0 . 0222 and 0 . 0278 , respectively ) , reflecting a certain difficulty of this fly to develop at low temperatures . the other parameters calculated show similar decreases with temperature . it is notable that the highest net reproductive rate ( r 0 ) was recorded at 25\u00b0c , reflecting essentially the better equilibrium between longevity and fecundity of females at this temperature . the lowest values were estimated at 15 and 19\u00b0c ( 4 . 50 and 4 . 13 , respectively ) . consistent with the pattern of longevity gross reproductive time , \u03c3m x was highest at 15\u00b0c ( 121 . 9 ) and lowest at 32\u00b0c ( 61 . 1 ) . the mean generation time ( t ) , doubling time ( d ) , and finite rate of increase ( \u03bb ) were lowest at 32\u00b0c ( 18 . 2 , 5 . 7 , and 1 . 13 , respectively ) . conversely , at 15\u00b0c , the fly showed the worst performance . the slight augment of \u03bb with increasing temperatures indicates , however , that , under most conditions , the populations are rather stable .\nr 0 , net reproductive rate ; r m , intrinsic rate of natural increase ; t , mean generation time ; t c , cohort generation time ; 1 , finite capacity for increase ; d , doubling time ; s mx , gross reproductive time .\ntemperature is a key factor for the development , survival , and reproduction of poikilothermic organisms ( andrewartha and birch , 1954 , sharpe and demichele 1977 ) . this study is a complete report of the life cycle of p . casei at different temperatures . a partial study on the effects of temperature on larvae of p . casei was conducted by belcari and antonelli ( 1992 ) , who recorded the development between 9 and 45\u00b0c . they reported 10 - 36\u00b0c as a useful range for embryonic development . the authors observed that the eggs developed in 1 . 2 , 1 , and 0 . 9 d at 25 , 28 , and 33\u00b0c , respectively , whereas this took a noticeably shorter time at 13 and 18\u00b0c ( 4 . 7 and 2 . 9 d , respectively ) . our data agree also with hegazi et al . ( 1978 ) ( 1 . 02 d at 28\u00b0c ) and differ from those reported by costa et al . ( 1986 ) , who recorded 2 d at 27\u00b0c .\nalthough slightly higher , the percentage of mortality on pupae recorded by belcari and antonelli ( 1992 ) was similar to the results obtained in this study . on the contrary , the times recorded by busvine ( 1980 ) and smart ( 1935 ) at 25\u00b0c ( 8 . 3 d ) were noticeably higher . hegazi et al . ( 1978 ) at 27\u00b0c found 6 . 4 and 7 . 3 d , depending on the food offered .\nfew data are available on longevity and survivorship of adults of p . casei . hegazi et al . ( 1978 ) reported a very short lifespan at 27\u00b0c compared with our results . depending on the protein contained in the food offered , females lived on average only 5 . 4 and 4 . 6 d and males lived 4 . 3 and 3 . 5 d . in this study , reduced longevity of both females and males at 32\u00b0c emphasizes the adverse effects of high temperatures on longevity and also on fecundity , considering that the best performance was observed at 25\u00b0c . at 15\u00b0c , even though females lived longer , they were less fecund . the fecundity curves indicate that the ovipositional peak was reached at the beginning of the reproductive cycle , confirming the hypothesis of sharpe and demichele ( 1977 ) , who associated this behavior with the increase in metabolic rate .\nthe biological data obtained in this study indicate that this species is well adapted to a wide range of thermic regimens , and this characteristic , together with its good reproductive potential at various conditions , can lead to a strong capacity to colonize different environments . when storage conditions are favorable to rapid development of flies , detection at an early stage can prevent serious levels of damage . data obtained through laboratory conditions could be useful for predicting the biotic potential under specific field conditions . moreover , further research on the role of quality of food on the developmental rate and fecundity of p . casei is needed .\nthe findings of this study could provide useful data for forensic entomology . for example , if a population reaches a stable age - stage distribution and the mortality factors are only the physiological ones , a p . casei population at 32\u00b0c can multiply 9 . 118 times in an average of 18 . 178 d , with an exponential rate of 0 . 236 / d . in a case reported by benecke ( 1998 ) , the presence of p . casei in a decayed human body was informative to date the death . nishida ( 1984 ) studied the growth rate of chrysomya megacephala ( f . ) ( diptera : calliphoridae ) at different temperatures and found that the data can be used successfully to estimate the postmortem interval .\nbecause of the importance of p . casei as a food storage pest and in medical and forensic entomology , more attention should be addressed to the ecology of the fly .\nthe authors thank l . zappal\u00e0 , k . johnson , and two anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of the manuscript and help in improving the english language .\nhouseflies and blowflies . insect and hygiene . the biology and control of insect pests of medical and domestic importance\nricerche entomatiche e microbiologiche . agrobiotecnologie nei processi di valorizzazione dei prodotti e sottoprodotti agricoli\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license urltoken which permits non - commercial reuse , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nthis study has been supported by projects 00848 / cv / 01 of the fundaci\u00f3n s\u00e9neca of the comunidad aut\u00f3noma de la regi\u00f3n de murcia and cgl2005 - 04668 / bos of ministerio de educaci\u00f3n y ciencia of the spanish government .\namendt j , campobasso cp , gaudry e , reiter c , leblanc hn , hall mjr ( 2007 ) best practice in forensic entomology\u2014standards and guidelines . int j legal med 121 : 90\u2013104\narnaldos mi , romera e , garc\u00eda md , luna a ( 2001 ) an initial study on the succession of sarcosaprophagous diptera ( insecta ) on carrion in the southeastern iberian peninsula . int j legal med 114 : 156\u2013162\nbyrd jh , castner jl ( 2010 ) insects of forensic importance . in : byrd jh , castner jl ( eds ) forensic entomology . the utility of arthropods in legal investigations . crc , boca raton , pp 39\u2013126\nmcalpine para espa\u00f1a en arag\u00f3n ( diptera : piophilidae ) . bol soc entomol aragonesa 50 : 366\ncogan bh ( 1973 ) cyclorrhapha of minor medical importance . in : smith kgv ( ed ) insect and other arthropods of medical importance . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) , london , pp 279\u2013287\ncourtney gw , sinclair bj , meier r ( 2000 ) morphology and terminology of diptera larvae . in : papp l , darvas b ( eds ) contribution to a manual of paleartic diptera : general and applied dipterology ( vol 1 ) . science herald , budapest , pp 85\u2013161\n( robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ) ( diptera : sarcophagidae ) \u2014an important species in forensic entomology . ann zool 59 ( 4 ) : 465\u2013493\nerzin\u00e7lioglu yz ( 1989 ) the value of chorionic structure and size in the diagnosis of blowfly eggs . med vet entomol 3 : 281\u2013285\ngonz\u00e1lez medina a , archilla pe\u00f1a f , jim\u00e9nez r\u00edos g ( 2011 ) las miasis como entidad de inter\u00e9s en medicina del trabajo . med seguridad trab ( internet ) 57 ( 225 ) : 331\u2013338\nkitching rl ( 1976 ) on the prothoracic spiracles of the first instar larvae of calyptrate cyclorrhapha ( diptera ) . j aust entomol soc 15 : 233\n( diptera : calliphoridae ) , a fly species of forensic importance . parasitol res 111 : 965\u20131975\nliu d , greenberg b ( 1989 ) immature stages of some flies of forensic importance . ann entomol soc am 82 : 80\u201393\nmart\u00edn - vega d ( 2011 ) skipping clues : forensic importance of the family piophilidae . for sci int 212 : 1\u20135\nfrom south africa ( diptera : piophilidae ) . ann nat mus 23 ( 2 ) : 455\u2013459\nmendo\u00e7a pm , santos - mallet jr , mello rp , gomes l , carvalho - queiroz mm ( 2008 ) identification of fly eggs using scanning electron microscopy for forensic investigations . micronesian 39 : 802\u2013807\nlinn\u00e9 ) 1 . an account of the bionomics and the structure of dipterous larvae occurring in human foods with particular reference to those which have been recorded as accidental parasites of man . the ohio naturalist , the biological club of the ohio state university vol . xiv no . 7\nniederegger s , spie\u00df r ( 2012 ) cuticular muscle attachment sites as a tool for species determination in blowfly larvae . parasitol res 110 : 1903\u20131909\nniederegger s , wartenberg n , spie\u00df r , mall g ( 2011 ) simple clearing technique as species determination tool in blowfly larvae . for sci int 206 : e96\u2013e98\nprado e castro c , garc\u00eda md ( 2010 ) additions to the piophilidae ( diptera ) fauna from portugal , with new records . graellsia 66 ( 1 ) : 101\u2013105\n( diptera : piophilidae ) : first records on human corpses . for sci int 214 : 23\u201326\nsimmons p ( 1927 ) the cheese skipper as a pest in cured meat . united states department of agriculture , department bulletin no . 1453 . washington , dc\nsmith kgv ( 1986 ) a manual of forensic entomology . cornell university press , new york\n( diptera : piophilidae ) , a fly species of forensic importance . j med entomol 38 ( 5 ) : 756\u2013759\n( wiedemann ) ( diptera : calliphoridae ) for use in forensic entomology applications . parasitol res 103 : 877\u2013887\n( diptera : calliphoridae ) larvae for use in forensic entomology applications . parasitol res 106 : 641\u2013646\nsukontason k , bunchu n , chaiwong t , moophayak k , sukontason kl ( 2010b ) forensically important flesh fly species in thailand : morphology and developmental rate . parasitol res 106 : 1055\u20131064\nubero - pascal n , fortu\u00f1o jm , puig ma ( 2005 ) new application of air - drying techniques for studying ephemeroptera and plecoptera eggs by scanning electron microscopy . microsc res tech 68 : 264\u2013271\nrobineau - desvoidy , 1830 ( diptera , calliphoridae ) : a comparative study . for sci int 219 ( 1 ) : 228\u2013243\nvel\u00e1squez y , maga\u00f1a c , mart\u00ednez - s\u00e1nchez a , rojo s ( 2010 ) diptera of forensic importance in the iberian peninsula : larval identification key . med vet entomol 24 : 293\u2013308\nzumpt f ( 1963 ) the problem of intestinal myiasis in humans . s afr med j 37 : 305\u2013307\nzumpt f ( 1965 ) myasis in man and animals in the old world . butterworths , london"]}
{"id": 733, "summary": [{"text": "the small ground finch ( geospiza fuliginosa ) is a species of bird in the tanager family thraupidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos islands , it is common and widespread in shrubland , woodland , and other habitats on most islands in the archipelago .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it commonly feeds on small seeds and parasites from the skins of gal\u00e1pagos tortoises , and gal\u00e1pagos land and marine iguanas . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "small ground finch", "paragraphs": ["in addition to the medium ground finch , other abundant species of darwin\u2019s finches are the small ground finch , cactus finch and small tree finch .\nsmall ground finch ( geospiza fuliginosa ) is a species of bird in the thraupidae family .\nsmall ground - finch ( geospiza fuliginosa ) a male feeding on the ground . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive\nrange : the small ground - finch is found in galapagos and this species occurs almost on all islands .\nvegetarian finch and ground finch all have crushing beaks while the tree finch have a grasping beak . the cactus finch , warbler finch and woodpecker finch all have probing beaks . this is how they are distinguished into their separate groups .\nridgway ; found on genovesa . \u2013 restricted to genovesa , why not genovesa ground - finch ? it is small and similar to small ground - finch , so a size or even a bill shape name does not jump out based on its morphology .\nthe small tree - finch is resident in its range . it only performs short flights .\nthe already smaller - beaked medium ground finch couldn ' t keep up with the newly arrived large ground finch , which is about twice as big and dominates feeding grounds .\nthe small ground finch ' s song is rapid and weak , transcribed as\ntwichooo - twichooo\nor\nteur - weee\n.\napparently in response , the medium ground finch evolved to have an even smaller beak , making the species more adept at eating small seeds that didn ' t interest the larger finch .\nthe large ground - finch is resident , and only performs short flights within its range .\nthe small ground - finch in the next three shots is foraging on the side and back of a marine iguana at james bay , santiago island , galapagos . these finches will pick small parasites from the iguanas .\ntable s1 . sample information by capture episode and habitat for darwin ' s small ground finch on santa cruz island , gal\u00e1pagos , ecuador ( 2000\u20132005 ) .\nhabitat : the large ground - finch frequents arid scrubs in the lowland areas of each island .\na medium ground finch nestling with nostril and abdomen lesions caused by infestation with parasitic fly larvae .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - small ground - finch ( geospiza fuliginosa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - small ground - finch ( geospiza fuliginosa )\ntitle =\narkive species - small ground - finch ( geospiza fuliginosa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsince then , the 1982 arrival of the large ground finch on daphne is the first known instance of a new finch arriving in the gal\u00e1pagos .\nbehaviour in the wild : the small ground - finch forages mainly on the ground and consumes small seeds , buds and insects , but seeds are the main food . it also feeds on fruits from opuntia cactus . in the highland areas , it often forages in the low vegetation . small food items are usually taken , related to shape and size of its compact bill .\nfood : the ground finches have their name because most of their gathering of food ( foraging ) happens on the ground . the medium ground finches eat small insects and the fruit and seeds of plants , and the fruit and seeds of cactus . the cactus finch gets its food primarily from cactus .\nprotection / threats / status : the small ground - finch is common or abundant . it is widespread in its range in all habitat types . this species is not currently threatened .\nsharpe ; found on pinta , fernandina and santiago . \u2013 this is the most widespread , and perhaps the archetype \u201csharp - beaked ground - finch\u201d so i would suggest letting it retain the name sharp - beaked ground - finch .\na male medium ground finch , one of at least 14 species of darwin\u2019s finches in the galapagos islands , ecuador .\na female medium ground finch , one of at least 14 species of darwin\u2019s finches in the galapagos islands , ecuador .\nkleindorfer , s . ( 2007 ) the ecology of clutch size variation in darwin ' s small ground finch : comparison between lowland and highland habitats . ibis , 149 : 730 - 741 .\nrothschild and hartert ; found on wolf and darwin . vampire ground - finch , based on its well - known habit of feeding on booby blood . the colloquial vampire finch has been in use for some time , but to be consistent i think we would need to use ground - finch .\nsecond , the molecular data place the cocos finch within the darwin\u2019s finch assemblage and in some trees ( fig .\nthe small ground - finch ( geospiza fuliginosa ) is endemic to the galapagos islands - a group of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the pacific ocean , 972 km west of continental ecuador .\ntable s2 . factor loadings calculated from principal components analysis of morphological traits in darwin ' s small ground finch ( n = 134 ) on santa cruz island , gal\u00e1pagos , ecuador ( 2005 ) .\n; found on espa\u00f1ola . this huge - billed bird is most similar to the large ground - finch , which it is sister to . i don\u2019t know if one can come up with a morphological based name , such as thick - billed ground - finch that mentions anything unique ? perhaps espa\u00f1ola ground - finch would be the best name , because it is endemic to that island .\nprotection / threats / status : the large ground - finch is common and widespread in its range . its populations appear stable , but the species is extinct on floreana island . although living in restricted range , the large ground - finch is not currently threatened .\nmost of the finches on daphne major are medium ground finches . this investigation of daphne major focuses on the population of medium ground finches .\nlike the other gal\u00e1pagos ground finches , the small ground finch is an omnivore with a preference for vegetable matter . it feeds primarily on the ground or in low vegetation , eating seeds , buds , flowers , leaves and the occasional insect . it forms symbiotic relationships with gal\u00e1pagos tortoises and both marine and gal\u00e1pagos land iguanas , gleaning parasites from their skins .\nboth finches suffered , since there were far fewer seeds overall . the dominant large ground finch ate most of the available large seeds .\ncacti ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . in particular , small ground - finch populations in highland areas , such as on santa cruz , tend to spend considerably more time foraging in low vegetation ( 9 ) . with its compact beak , this species is much more efficient at foraging for smaller food items than the other ground - finches , with the very small seeds of\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the small ground - finch male usually utters only one song type , a repetition of two nasal notes \u201cclzeeuu clzeeuu\u201d with a pause of several seconds between the paired notes .\nname : small ground finch family : thraupidae scientific name : geospiza fuliginosa length : 11 cm ( 4 . 3 in ) weight : 12 - 17 g category : darwin finches number of species : 13 endemic species : 13\n) . analogously , the incomplete species differentiation within the ground and tree finch groups is probably a sign of an adaptive radiation in progress .\na female sharp - beaked ground finch , one of ' darwin ' s finches ' . photograph : steve gettle / minden pictures / corbis\nhabitat : the small ground - finch occurs at all elevations , up to 1700 metres , from arid lowland areas with cacti , deciduous shrubs and small trees , to moist highland forest dominated by trees of genus scalesia , endemic to galapagos . this species occurs in large numbers in highlands during the non - breeding season .\nthe small ground - finch is one of the most common and highly adaptable , as well as widespread of the darwin\u2019s finches of the galapagos islands . in towns and villages they are found foraging on dusty margins of streets and act very much as would a house sparrow ( passer domesticus ) in other parts of the world . yet in higher and moister areas they may be seen perched on a galapagos tortoise , waiting for bugs or seeds to be uncovered by the movements of the large reptile . this is the smallest and smallest billed of the ground - finches and thus it eats the smallest seeds available . during years of high rainfall ( el ni\u00f1o ) , fast growing annual grasses quickly grow and seed on the galapagos . in these situations small seed is abundant and this finch has a very easy time ! in dry years small seed becomes more difficult to find , as hard and large seeds are the ones that remain longest in the seed bank . the small ground - finch is present on most islands except the outermost low islands to the north where the sharp - beaked ground - finch takes a similar role of being the small billed ground foraging finch .\nprotection / threats / status : the sharp - beaked ground - finch is uncommon at high elevation , but common on the n arid low islands . the species is widespread and its populations are suspected to be stable . currently , the sharp - beaked ground - finch is not threatened .\nintroduction : the small ground - finch is endemic to the galapagos islands . like the other darwin\u2019s finches , the male is black and the female is paler with streaked plumage . this one is the smallest species of the genus geospiza .\nthe small ground finch is one of darwin ' s finches , a group of closely related birds which evolved on the gal\u00e1pagos islands . the group is related to the tiaris grassquits , which are found in south america and the caribbean .\nthe random changes in the frequency of alleles . is an especially strong force in small populations\n) . this species is apparently the oldest in the darwin\u2019s finch assemblage , presumably the result of an early radiation of the ancestors . it has long been debated whether the warbler finch should or should not be included in the darwin\u2019s finch assemblage . although the majority of taxonomists have regarded the warbler finch as being derived from finch - like ancestors (\n; found on genovesa . this is sister to the common cactus - finch , so perhaps it should keep the name large cactus - finch ? although this may be confusing as it is not any more widespread or easily found than conirostris . genovesa cactus - finch would be another possible name , noting that above we already have a genovesa ground - finch .\nduring the earlier drought the medium ground finches ' average beak size actually increased .\ntable s3 . annualized survival ( \u03c6 ) and recapture rates ( p ) for darwin ' s small ground finch ( 2000\u20132005 ) , based on model - averaged real parameter estimates and unconditional standard errors , using the nine competitive models in table 2 .\nthey died at a faster rate than the small - beaked members of the population .\nkleindorfer , s . , chapman , t . , winkler , h . and sulloway , f . j . ( 2006 ) adaptive divergence in contiguous populations of darwin\u2019s small ground finch ( geospiza fuliginosa ) . evolutionary ecology research , 8 : 357 - 372 .\npairs are usually monogamous . a small territory is maintained and the nest is built within this area . competition for food is intense during the breeding season , but the large bill of this species allows the large ground - finch to take different seeds and food items .\nthe effects of competition are apparent when this event is compared to a drought in 1977 , before the large ground finch arrived on the island , the researchers argue .\n, sharp - beaked ground - finch . results confirm that there are three taxa widely separated in the phylogeny . three species level taxa are recommended to be recognize :\n) , the vegetarian finch is not a member of the tree finch group , but rather a separate branch that diverged from the ancestral stock after the divergence of the warbler finch but before the divergence of the tree finches ( fig .\nintroduction : as its name implies , this species is largely arboreal . the small tree - finch is an insect - eater . the tree - finches have paler plumage than ground and cactus finches , the other darwin\u2019s finches . they also have sharper bill made primarily for grasping .\nthe significant role of nest infestation in extinction risk has an upside for medium ground finches .\na smaller limnetic species \u2014 with a smaller mouth \u2014 that feeds on the small plankton in open water .\nprotection / threats / status : the small tree - finch is common and widespread throughout its range . its populations are suspected to be stable , and currently , this species is not globally threatened .\ntrue to their name , the two species in the third lineage , the warbler - like finches , resemble warblers in their small size and slender beaks . the warbler finch , certhidea olivacea , even uses a similar method of catching insects to the warblers . the second species , the cocos finch , pinaroloxias inornata , is the only darwin finch species that lives outside the gal\u00e1pagos archipelago . it feeds predominantly on insects , both on the ground and in the trees .\nthe small ground - finch is endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos , where it occurs on the islands of pinta , marchena , floreana , san crist\u00f3bal , santa fe , daphne major , santa cruz , pinz\u00f3n , r\u00e1bida , santiago , fernandina , espa\u00f1ola , isabela , baltra and seymour ( 2 ) .\n) . fifth , the traditional classification of ground finches into six species and of tree finches into five species ( excluding the vegetarian finch ) is not reflected in the molecular data .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season takes place during the rains . the nest is built by the male within the small territory . that is a small dome - shaped structure , a sphere with side entrance towards the top .\n) . in the case of ground and tree finches , both explanations may apply . hybridization with the production of fertile offspring occurs with an estimated frequency of up to 5 % in the ground finches (\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the large ground - finch\u2019s voice differs from other finches due to bill structure and shape . usually , the male sings only one song type , a nasal repetition of 2 - 3 notes \u201cchzweee - chzwee\u201d with lower - pitched sounds and slower speed than those of the medium ground - finch . the call is a high - pitched \u201ctzeeeeppp\u201d .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the small tree - finch utters a high - pitched double note \u201czee - tzee , zee - tzee\u201d as song . this sound is related to the bill size .\nbehaviour in the wild : the small tree - finch feeds primarily on insects , small arthropods and caterpillars . it picks the preys from bark and leaves\u2019 surface , but also bites through the bark to reach insect larvae . however , during the dry season , it feeds on seeds , fruits , buds and occasionally takes nectar from flowers .\n) and did not change when different outgroup species were used ( not shown ) . in all of them , four groups of sequences could be distinguished , arranged in the same branching order , the warbler finch sequences branching out first after the outgroup , the vegetarian finch sequences next , and the tree finch together with the cocos finch sequences ( which in some trees intermingle with the tree finch , whereas in others they are outside of the group ; compare figs .\nthe name geospiza is a combination of the greek words geo - , meaning\nground -\n, and spiza , meaning finch . the specific name fuliginosa is late latin for\nsooty\n.\nwoodpecker and mangrove finches use small twigs and cactus spines as tools to dine on the larva stored in dead tree branches .\nrange : the large ground - finch occurs on several galapagos islands such as pinta , marchena , genovesa , fernandina , isabela , santiago , r\u00e1bida , pinz\u00f3n , baltra , santa cruz and santa fe .\nin common with much of the galapagos\u2019 endemic fauna and flora , darwin\u2019s finches are under threat from habitat destruction , introduced diseases , and invasive predatory species such as rats and cats ( 10 ) . however , the small ground - finch is still relatively abundant and is not thought to be undergoing a significant decline ( 11 ) .\n\u201cin two of the three scenarios tested , our model predicted that medium ground finch populations on the island of santa cruz were declining and at risk of extinction within the next century , \u201d the researchers conclude .\n) , diverging from the ground finch sequences last . in the tree - robustness tests , these groups were recovered with high bootstrap values . the tree topology was also congruent with that of the trees based on the\nlike all but one of the other darwin ' s finches , the small ground finch is endemic to the gal\u00e1pagos islands . abundant and widespread , it is found on every island in the archipelago except genovesa , wolf and darwin . it is most common in arid coastal and transition areas , though it moves into the highlands following the breeding season .\nthe pair is monogamous and a small territory is maintained all year round . songs , whistles and buzzes , are associated to courtship .\nthe small ground - finch is largely resident in its range . some altitudinal movements are reported during the non - breeding season . they also may disperse between islands . this species usually performs short - distance flights . it is mainly terrestrial , hopping and moving easily among the vegetation . its short , rounded wings do not allow this species to travel long distances .\nthere are 14 different types of gal\u00e1pagos finches in the gal\u00e1pagos . the small island daphne major contains populations of several kinds of these finches :\n) . the molecular data fail to distinguish the morphologically defined ground and tree finch species altogether . the inter - and intraspecies genetic distances overlap and on the phylogenetic trees , individuals representing different morphologically identified species are intermingled ( fig .\nthe sharp - beaked ground - finch is resident , but the birds living at high - elevation perform some altitudinal movements , coming to lower and drier habitats after breeding . they have rounded wings because they only travel over short distances .\nsongs of the medium ground finch ( g . fortis ) and cactus finch ( g . scandens ) changed following the arrival and increase in numbers of a third and socially dominant species , the large ground finch ( g . magnirostris ) . the rate of note repetition , or trill rate , of the first two species became faster over the next three decades ( fig . 4 ) . as a result , the songs of both species diverged from the songs of the large ground finch ( fig . 5 ) . it is possible that the changes were the result of random cultural drift and that g . magnirostris was irrelevant to the song changes . we consider this to be unlikely given the coincidence of changes in g . fortis and g . scandens . their songs differ but they changed in the same way .\nit forages in foliage and mainly above the ground , although it can be seen occasionally on the ground . it gleans insects from leaves and twigs , but also hangs from tips of branches , moving upside - down to reach preys from the vegetation .\nthese were formerly recognized as species , based on differences in size and bill shape . the species difficilis has a straight culmen and is truly sharp beaked , whereas septentrionalis has a curved culmen . these populations also differ in song ( grant et al . 2000 ) . the species acutirostris is very much smaller in mass than the other two ; in many ways it resembles a small ground - finch ( g . fuliginosa ) , and in fact it is genetically much closer to fuliginosa and fortis ( medium ground - finch ) than it is to true sharp - beaked ground - finch . curiously song is more similar to septentrionalis ( grant et al . 2000 ) . lamichhaney et al . ( 20150 suggested that acutirostris may be a species derived from mixed ancestry , i . e . of hybrid origin , but that it is a distinct and separate entity ( species ) .\nin 1981 , a male large cactus finch ( geospiza conirostris ) turned up on daphne major , some 100 km ( 62 miles ) from its home on the island of espanola . there were no members of its species on daphne major , but this male mated successfully with a female medium ground finch ( geospiza fortis ) living there . their offspring then , and over the subsequent years , mated with each other but not with the resident medium ground finches ( g . fortis ) .\nbehaviour in the wild : the large ground - finch feeds mainly on large seeds , and also takes opuntia cactus fruits , caterpillars and large insects . it feeds on seeds of bursera graveolens , but its main food source includes the woody seeds of tribulus cistoides . its large , strong bill allows it to crack open these hard seeds . this species forages mainly on the ground .\nidentification : the smallest , most compact ground finch with a rather dainty , short , pointed bill , the culmen being slightly curved . adult male : wholly black with white - tipped undertail - coverts . female / immature : brown with streaked underparts .\nthe next ten shots show various plumages of small ground - finches during an august , 2010 , visit to the galapagos islands . these next ten shots were all taken with a canon eos 1d mark iv and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens . an adult male is on the right .\ndarwin\u2019s finches vary by what they eat , some eat seeds and others eat insects . the ground finches eat ticks which they remove with their crushing beaks from tortoises , land iguanas and marine iguanas and they kick eggs into rocks to feed upon their contents . on one galapagos island ( isla wolf ) the vampire finch , a sub species of the sharp beaked ground finch , jumps on the backs of other birds such as masked boobies and red - footed boobies and peck away at their flesh to feed on their blood . the booby birds do not resist against this eating behaviour . it is thought that this behaviour evolved from the pecking behaviour that the finch used to clean parasites from the plumage of the booby birds . the vampire finch is an endangered species .\nthe total house finch population across north america is staggering . scientists estimate between 267 million and 1 . 4 billion individuals .\n\u201cwe predict they will no longer go extinct\u201d if intervention reduced fly infestation of finch nests by 40 percent , she adds .\nintroduction : like other darwin\u2019s finches , the sharp - beaked ground - finch is endemic to the galapagos islands . this one has fairly long , pointed bill . the three subspecies show considerable differences with different size and bill shape , and different behaviour too . one of the subspecies living on darwin and wolf islands is known as \u201c vampire finch \u201d . actually , it drinks blood from seabirds\u2026\nthe processes described in this page can occur over and over . in the case of darwin ' s finches , they must have been repeated a number of times forming new species that gradually divided the available habitats between them . from the first arrival have come a variety of ground - feeding and tree - feeding finches as well as the warblerlike finch and the tool - using woodpeckerlike finch .\nmostly seeds , buds , berries . almost all of diet is vegetable matter . feeds mainly on weed seeds . other important items include buds and flower parts in spring , berries and small fruits in late summer and fall . also eats a few insects , mostly small ones such as aphids . young are fed on regurgitated seeds .\n) , support the hypothesis that the ancestors of the cocos finch migrated from the gal\u00e1pagos archipelago to the cocos island relatively recently .\nbreeding : the medium ground finches breed after the first big rains of the wet season . the fledglings grow to adult size within one year .\nwe addressed the question of what drives song divergence by studying the songs of two species of finches on daphne major island ( 34 ha ) from 1978 to 2010 . the species are geospiza fortis , the medium ground finch , and geospiza scandens , the cactus ground finch ( fig . 1 ) , and they differ in beak morphology and in song ( fig . 2 ) . even though both species vary from island to island in morphology and song features ( 10 ) , song remains discretely different between species in sympatry ( fig . s1 ) .\ngrant , b . r . , grant , p . r . & petren , k . ( 2000 ) . the allopatric phase of speciation : the sharp beaked ground finch ( geospiza difficilis ) on the galapagos islands . biol . j . linn . soc . 69 , 287\u2013317 .\nthe small ground - finch ( geospiza fuliginosa ) is one of the famous\ndarwin finches\nof the galapagos islands . the first 20 images on this page were all taken in july , 2007 , on various islands of the galapagos with a canon eos 1d mark iii and ef 100 - 400mm f / 4 . 5 - 5 . 6 l is lens . the black birds are adult males . the more brown - plumaged birds are females or immature males .\nthe simulations included only female finches , so the researchers say they may have underestimated extinction risk by ignoring factors such as a female\u2019s ability to find a mate when populations are small .\nalthough clines present a problem for classifiers , they are a beautiful demonstration of darwin ' s conviction that the accumulation of small inherited differences can lead to the formation of new species .\nthe second lineage is the tree finches , which spend most of their time in foliage and vegetation and only occasionally forage on the ground . the six species of this group are classified into three genera , cactospiza , camarhynchus , and platyspiza . all , except the vegetarian finch , p . crassirostris , are insect eaters . one of the two cactospiza species , the woodpecker finch , c . pallida , ferrets insects out of cracks with cactus spines or twigs , which it holds in its chisel - shaped beak . the other , the mangrove finch , c . heliobates , uses its stout , straight beak to catch insects in mangrove swamps . the three species of camarhynchus differ in body and beak size , the latter adapted to the size of the insects they feed on . they are the large , medium , and small tree finch , c . psittacula , c . pauper , and c . parvulus , respectively . the vegetarian finch eats buds , young leaves , blossoms , and fruits with its thick , short , slightly decurved beak .\ndarwin ' s finches are distinguished by their highly specialised beaks , which enable each species to occupy a different ecological niche ( 6 ) . the ground finches (\n) within the tree finch group . the species may have arisen relatively recently as part of the tree finch radiation . its relatively large genetic distance from the other tree finches as revealed by the rate constancy test ( data not shown ) and by the branch lengths on the nj tree ( fig .\n) , and this view now is upheld by the molecular data : the warbler finch is part of the monophyletic darwin\u2019s finch group and parulidae were clearly not among its ancestors ( a . s . , unpublished work ) . the relatively large genetic distances among the individual warbler finches tested ( fig .\nto protect american goldfinches from contagious diseases at feeders , keep the ground well - raked . for more information about keeping feeders clean , see project feederwatch\u2019s \u201csafe feeding environment\u201d .\ni recommend a yes vote to separate these species , raising the number of darwin\u2019s finch species from 15 to 18 . note that geographically the existence of a large cactus - finch on darwin and wolf islands is very unlikely , unless it also was a separate and unique population . there is no recent evidence of a long - term sustaining population on wolf . it is unclear if the species is present and common on darwin island , and indeed these may have been either stray large ground - finch , or perhaps a population of large cactus - finch . therefore , i think it is best to delay any decision on what to do with darwini ( if indeed it still exists ) , until genetic data from specimens is studied . in the past darwini has been lumped with propinqua .\npunta suarez is found on the western tip of espa\u00f1ola , punta suarez offers great wildlife such as sea lions , sea birds and the largest marine iguanas of galapagos . this is one of the best sites in the galapagos . the amount of wildlife is overwhelming . along the beach there are many sea lions and large , colorful lava lizards and marine iguanas . as you follow the trail to the cliff ' s edge masked boobies can be found nesting among the rock formations . after a short walk down to a beach and back up the other side blue - footed boobies are seen nesting just off the trail . the galapagos dove and very friendly hood mockingbird are commonly found in this area . the nearby bushes are frequently home to the large - cactus finch , warbler finch , small - ground finch and large - billed flycatcher .\n\u2022galapagos islands had land birds that was a unique group of finches that occurred nowhere else \u2022there was only one species on the nearby mainland , a seed - eating ,\nground finch .\n\u2022over a dozen different species in the galapagos , each with it ' s own pattern of distribution . \u2022many species were confined to just one island or part of one island \u2022all show variation in beaks and diet \u2022ground and tree dwellers , insect and seed - eaters . \u2022some finch species were filling roles normally occupied by totally unrelated birds on other continents \u2022darwin came to believe in\ndescent with modification\n- a bunch of species of an organism share a common ancestor\nthe new study dealt with medium ground finches , geospiza fortis , among the most common of at least 14 species and perhaps 18 species of darwin\u2019s finches . one of them , the mangrove finch , already \u201cis facing potential total extinction because it is present in only two populations on a single island , isabela , \u201d koop says .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe house finch was originally a bird of the western united states and mexico . in 1940 a small number of finches were turned loose on long island , new york , after failed attempts to sell them as cage birds ( \u201chollywood finches\u201d ) . they quickly started breeding and spread across almost all of the eastern united states and southern canada within the next 50 years .\ndarwin\u2019s finch segments , however , divergences were below the saturation level , so that all sites , ts and tv , could be used for phylogeny reconstruction . the\nhabitat : the small tree - finch is an arboreal species , usually found in forested areas , cultivated areas with trees , and also in some parts of the drier zone where tall shrubs and other vegetation are growing . this species can be seen at all elevations , from dry areas to highland wet zones , but it is usually common from and above the transition area .\nintroduction : the large ground - finch is endemic to the galapagos islands . it is the largest of all the darwin\u2019s finches . its large beak allows it to feed on the largest available seeds and large insects . the bill shape also involves slower and lower - pitched sounds and more nasal calls . it is usually found in arid lowland areas .\none ( # 12 ) looks more like a warbler than a finch , but its eggs , nest , and courtship behavior is like that of the other finches .\napparent survival rates ( annualized ) in individual small ground finches , as predicted by model 1 ( table 2 ) and plotted by habitat and year . trend lines are plotted for all 100 imputed datasets . individual cases are plotted for the first imputed dataset . selection was consistent in direction by habitat across the four time periods ( and cohorts of birds ) . there is no evidence of stabilizing or disruptive selection .\ngene , the majority ( 75 % ) of the substitutions in the darwin\u2019s finch sequences occurred at the third codon position and 90 % of these are ts ( fig .\ndarwin\u2019s finches generally breed opportunistically , with egg - laying being most profuse when rainfall is high and food abundant ( 2 ) . pairs are typically monogamous and maintain small territories within which they build a small dome - shaped nest in a bush or cactus . on average each clutch comprises three eggs that are incubated for around 12 days before hatching . the nestlings are mostly raised on insects and leave the nest after about two weeks ( 6 ) .\n\u201cb ) yes , given the more complete genetic sampling ( all this makes me wonder about splitting up the small , compact clade of camarhynchus ( ? ) in green into all those species ; presumably vocal evidence ) . \u201d\ndensity plot of the omnibus clinal - trend measure , showing the relationship between morphology and habitat in darwin ' s small ground finch along an elevation gradient on santa cruz island in 2005 ( r = 0 . 54 , n = 131 . 7 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . the omnibus measure includes five significant predictors of habitat \u2013 beak size , beak shape , foot size , claw size , and tarsus thickness . individual cases are plotted for the first imputed dataset . means and standard errors , adjusted for all 100 imputed datasets , are indicated to the right of each density plot .\nwith the near removal of the supply of large seeds , the large - beaked birds [ among ] the medium ground finches did not have enough food to survive ,\npeter grant said .\na definitive arrangement of the individual sequences within the two polytypic groups , one encompassing all ground finch sequences , and the other the tree finch sequences , could not be obtained , however . not only did the branching order of individual sequences within each group differ among the various trees and the individual nodes could be only poorly reproduced by bootstrap resampling , but also sequences from different morphologically identified species were intermingled . attempts to resolve the intra - group branching pattern and make it consistent with morphological species differentiation by using different tree - drawing methods failed ( figs .\ncolor : young medium ground finches ( fledglings ) , are brown in color , with streaks of lighter shades . adult females are also brown in color , while adult males are a solid black color .\nthe study was performed on santa cruz island in the galapagos . an estimated 270 , 000 medium ground finches live on that island and perhaps 500 , 000 live throughout the galapagos islands , clayton says .\n) hint at the existence of taxonomical diversity within this species . taxonomists indeed have divided the warbler finch , which inhabits all the major and a few minor islands of the archipelago (\nthe breeding season occurs during heavy rains , when food resources are abundant . competition for food can be intense between the different darwin\u2019s finches species . pairs are monogamous , and maintain a small territory where the nest - site will be included .\nthe new study is based on five years of data collected by koop , clayton and colleagues documenting fly damage to finch reproduction , and on mathematical modeling or simulation using that and other data .\nthe observed trend for longer beaks in highland birds may relate to the ecological niche that is currently open to the small ground finch within this zone . prior to about 1930 , this niche on santa cruz island was occupied by the sharp beaked ground finch , g . difficilis , which largely excludes g . fuliginosa from the highlands on this and other islands wherever the two species coexist ( lack , 1947 ; schluter & grant , 1982 ) . after 1930 , g . fuliginosa probably expanded its range into the highlands as a result of growth of the agricultural zone and the subsequent extinction of g . difficilis on santa cruz ( lack , 1947 ; harris , 1973 ) . in elongated beak length , the current highland population of g . fuliginosa approaches the beak shape of g . difficilis , which , based on museum specimens , is 3 . 45 sd larger than beak length in g . fuliginosa ( t = 15 . 95 , d . f . = 110 . 5 , p < 0 . 0001 ; lack , 1947 : tables 23 and 29 ) .\napparent survival ( annualized ) of darwin ' s small ground finch as predicted by habitat , season , and the clinal trend ( model 1 , table 2 ) . means and standard errors , adjusted for all 100 imputed datasets , are indicated for each subgroup . birds in the highlands , where 3 . 0 times as much rainfall occurred , were 18 % more likely to survive than were birds in the lowlands . relative to the dry season , survival was 67 % higher during intervals that included the wet season . in addition , birds in the lowlands were more likely to survive if they had large feet and short , blunt beaks , whereas birds in the highlands tended to survive if they had small feet and long , pointed beaks . a 1 . 0 - sd increase in the clinal - trend measure was associated with an 8 % increase in survival among highland birds and a 13 % decrease in survival among lowland birds .\nthe mangrove finch is found only on isabela island , is on the iucn red list , and is also listed by birdlife international as an endangered species . photo by : francesca cunninghame / cdf .\nin our 2005 study , birds from the highlands were distinguished from birds from lower altitudes by having larger and more pointed beaks , and thicker tarsi , but smaller feet and claws . the findings for foot and claw size confirm the differences detected between highland and lowland birds during the previous 4 years by kleindorfer et al . ( 2006 ) . in addition , kleindorfer et al . ( 2006 ) found that beak length was greater among highland than lowland birds , consistent with the significant clinal trend for beak shape documented in 2005 . hence salient features of the clinal trends found in 2005 were also present in the small ground finch population on santa cruz during a continuous 5 - year period .\n) . a more definitive characterization of mtdna heterogeneity will require testing of a large sample set collected from the different islands ( all of the warbler finch samples tested in the present study were from marchena ) .\nthis is the smallest of the ground finches , measuring 11 cm ( 4 . 3 in ) in length . its beak is short and pointed , with a slightly curved culmen . on average , its beak is smaller than that of the\nforages on ground , while perching in weeds , or up in trees and shrubs . except when nesting , usually forages in flocks . will come to feeders for seeds , especially sunflower seeds , and to hummingbird feeders for sugar - water .\nincrease in trill rate across decades ( mean \u00b1 sem ) . most ses are too small to be shown . sample sizes are in table 1 . g . magnirostris ( green ) , g . fortis ( red ) , and g . scandens ( blue ) rates are shown .\nisla lobos is up the coast from puerto baquerizo across a small channel off the coast of san crist\u00f3bal . the basalt island outcropping is home to a large and noisy colony of sea lions . it is also a nesting place for blue - footed boobies and an excellent spot for snorkeling .\nduring the breeding season , competition for resources between different species of finch can be extremely intense . in promoting ever increasing levels of specialisation , competition for resources has been the driving force behind the evolution of darwin\u2019s finches . this is exemplified by the widely divergent beak sizes of different finch species co - inhabiting one island , compared with much more convergent beak sizes when the same species are isolated from each other on separate islands ( 6 ) .\nhabitat : the sharp - beaked ground - finch is usually found in the highlands of the three larger islands , fernandina , santiago and pinta . it occurs at high elevation in dense forests ( zanthoxylum fagara ) with more open areas of low vegetation . however , in the low islands of darwin and wolf , it frequents dry , arid scrub habitats with open vegetation and opuntia cactus . on genovesa , it is found in the deciduous forests with bursera graveolens and cordia lutea .\n) . nor could any obvious correlation between sequences and the origin of the samples from the various islands be ascertained , although the data set was not large enough to exclude the existence of such a correlation definitively . consistent with the failure to differentiate the species in the trees was the observation that the ranges of intra - and inter - species genetic distances within the ground finch group were 0\u20130 . 9 % and 0\u20131 . 2 % substitutions per site , respectively ; within the tree finch group the ranges were 0 . 2\u20131 . 4 % and 0 . 2\u20131 . 3 % substitutions per site , respectively . hence , the intra - and interspecific distances overlapped within each group . moreover , in the\namerican goldfinches are the only finch that molts its body feathers twice a year , once in late winter and again in late summer . the brightening yellow of male goldfinches each spring is one welcome mark of approaching warm months .\napparent survival rates ( annualized ) in individual small ground finches , as predicted by model 1 ( table 2 ) and plotted by habitat and season . trend lines are plotted for all 100 imputed datasets . individual cases are plotted for the first imputed dataset . the panel illustrates contrasting patterns of directional selection by habitat , especially under harsh ecological conditions \u2013 namely , those prevailing in the lowlands and during the dry season ( b\u2013d ) . the net result of these opposing patterns of directional selection by habitat was morphological divergence along the length of the cline .\nfill your backyard feeders with small , black oil sunflower seed . if house finches discover your feeders , they might bring flocks of 50 or more birds with them . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .\nthe problem was identified in the 1990s but until now nothing has been able to prevent the parasite from spreading through the islands . a single nest may be home to 100 voracious larvae . some finch species have started eating them , but this adaptation may well be too slow to protect the population . the charles darwin foundation , the gal\u00e1pagos national park and san diego zoo are planning to collect some mangrove finch eggs next year and try to raise fledglings in incubators .\nthree species of darwin ' s ground finches that breed on the island of daphne major , gal\u00e1pagos : ( top ) geospiza fortis , ( middle ) g . scandens , and ( bottom ) g . magnirostris . photographs are by k . t . grant .\nthe oldest known house finch was a female , and at least 11 years , 7 months old when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in new york in 1985 , the same state where she had been banded in 1973 .\nbehaviour in the wild : the sharp - beaked ground - finch\u2019s diet varies according to the islands . the birds of the low , dry islands feed primarily on seeds , and usually complete their diet with various other food items such as leaves , flowers , cactus pulp and insects . the race \u201c septentrionalis \u201d of darwin and wolf islands frequently drinks the blood from seabirds . it pecks at the base of a growing feather and then , it licks up the blood which begins to flow . this is due to the longer , sharper and more pointed bill of this race . it also feeds on seabirds\u2019 eggs by cracking them open against rocks . the populations living at high elevation also feed on seeds , and forage among the ground litter where they can find numerous invertebrates .\nthe small tree - finch is monogamous , and pairs with long - term pair - bonds are fairly common . during the breeding season , the male displays to attract a female . it builds a dome - shaped nest and displays outside this structure while singing . the female may accept both male and nest , but sometimes she rejects the nest , and the pair builds a new one . but both male and nest can also be rejected ! the females prefer the older males , able to build a well concealed nest than younger males . such nests are protected from predators involving better breeding success .\nhahn , thomas p . 1996 . cassin ' s finch ( haemorhous cassinii ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nfluctuating changes in amount of vegetation also occurred as a result of pronounced annual variation in rainfall ( 3 ) . the habitat is a mixture of cactus , shrubs , trees , and open areas , with no closed - canopy forest . the changes were mainly restricted to low - growing vegetation close to the ground where finches do not sing , whereas song perches are 1\u20135 m above ground on cactus ( opuntia echios ) and trees ( bursera graveolens and croton scouleri ) . such changes in vegetation are ephemeral when considered against a finch life span . the average generation length of g . fortis is 4 . 5 y and of g . scandens is 5 . 5 y , the maximum age for both species being 16 y ( 3 ) . thus for singing finches the habitat remained the same , so changes in songs must have been caused by other factors .\nthe adult male is almost entirely black , with brown wash on wings and tail . the vent is white . the undertail - coverts are tipped black . the bill of this species has relatively straight culmen and is longer than it is deep , involving more triangular shape than the mostly round - topped bill of the medium ground - finch . the bill is black during the breeding season , turning brown with orange base and yellow tip during the transition , and becoming orange - yellow outside the breeding season . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are blackish .\nthe new study \u201cshows that the fly has the potential to drive populations of the most common species of darwin\u2019s finch to extinction in several decades , \u201d says biology professor dale clayton , senior author of the study published online dec . 18 in the journal of applied ecology .\npigeons were more important to charles darwin\u2019s theory of evolution than finches , partly because he failed to label finches he collected in the galapagos to denote the islands where he collected the birds . nevertheless , darwin observed how different galapagos finch species evolved varying beak and body sizes .\na highly social bird , the house finch is rarely seen alone outside of the breeding season , and may form flocks as large as several hundred birds . house finches feed mainly on the ground or at feeders or fruiting trees . at rest , they commonly perch on the highest point available in a tree , and flocks often perch on power lines . during courtship , males sometimes feed females in a display that begins with the female gently pecking at his bill and fluttering her wings . the male simulates regurgitating food to the female several times before actually feeding her . back to top"]}
{"id": 734, "summary": [{"text": "the rufous-fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ) is a species of parrot in the family psittacidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "endemic to colombia , its natural habitats are high-altitude shrubland , high-altitude grassland and arable land .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat destruction and is classified as \" vulnerable \" by the international union for conservation of nature . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "rufous - fronted parakeet", "paragraphs": ["information on the rufous - fronted parakeet is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe rufous - fronted parakeet is the only small parrot in a very restricted , high altitude range .\nthe rufous - fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ) is losing habitat to agriculture , grazing and conversion to firewood .\nanon . 2007 . discovered : the first ever nest of the rufous - fronted parakeet . cyanopsitta : 15 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rufous - fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rufous - fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons )\ntitle =\narkive species - rufous - fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngolden - plumed parakeet ( leptosittaca branickii ) y brown - breasted parakeet ( pyrrhura callipetra ) .\n18 - 19 cm . chunky parakeet . mostly dark green , with rufous area around bill and bluish tinge to primaries .\nproject and progress : in 2001 wpt granted american bird conservancy funds to help the ngo proyecto ognorhynchus preserve and study the parrots of the andes , which included yellow - eared conures and the rufous - fronted parakeet .\nmost of the representatives of the genus bolborhynchus own short and acuminate tail feathers , which is unusual for parakeets . obvious differences between the sexes cannot be found with any species of that genus . it contains the following species : andean parakeet , bolborhynchus orbygnesius ; barred parakeet , bolborhynchus lineola ; rufous - fronted parakeet , bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons .\nthe endangered rufous - fronted parakeet is restricted in range to the central andes of colombia . these birds are a rich dark green with rufous around the bill , pale green underparts and blue on the outer primaries . the rufous - fronted parakeet is found in semi - humid and humid montane scrub and elfin forest on the borders of p\u00e1ramo and agricultural areas . these parrots prefer to feed on the ground , where they forage for grass seeds , seeds of frailejones and flowers . habitat degradation caused by firewood gathering , grazing , buring and cultivation continues to the shrink the already small range of this species .\nthere are currently two species considered to be severely endangered - yellow - eared parrot ognorhynchus icterotis and fuerte\u2019s parrot hapalopsittaca fuertesi ; two in danger - great green mackaw ara ambiguus and santa marta parakeet pyrrhura viridicata - and seven vulnerable \u2013 military macaw ara militaris , golden - plumed parakeet leptosittaca branickii , brown - breasted parakeet pyrrhura calliptera , rufous - fronted parakeet bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons , spot - winged parrotlet touit stictopterus , saffron - headed parrot gypopsitta pyrilia and rusty - faced parrot hapalopsittaca amazonina .\nin comparison , wolters ( 1975 - 1982 ) assigns each of the last two parakeet species to an own genus . so , the sierra parakeet (\nwe have an amazing birding tour , around ( western , central and eastern andes colombia ) . bogota birding is a company specialized in offering birding trips , orchids & mammals in colombia . . here video the endemic , rufous - fronted parakeet , bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons , lorito cadillero , los nevados national natural park\necology : the rufous - fronted parakeet is found in cold and sparsely wooded hillsides at an altitude of 2400 - 4000m ( 7872 - 13 , 120 ft ) . birds feed on grass seeds on the ground , herbs and flowers . may be found in potato fields . they may be nomadic outside of breeding season ; birds are gregarious and easily approached .\nthe taxonomists agree with each other as well . the lineolated parakeet belongs to the order of the\n[ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper\ncooper , william t . ( 1972 ) . [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] .\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . rufous - fronted parakeet ( bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 10 july 2018 ) .\n, i met lots of different statements during my investigations , especially concerning\nthe next of kin\nof the lineolated parakeet . however , i will try to offer the general idea about the taxonomy of the lineolated parakeet .\n18\u201319 cm . rich , fairly dark green , paler on underparts and rump ; area around bill rufous ; bluish on outer webs of primaries . immature undescribed .\nbirdlife international . 2013 . species factsheet : barred parakeet bolborhynchus lineola . downloaded from birdlife international on 15 february 2013 .\n[ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper | national library of australia\ncooper , william t . [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper 1972\ncooper , william t . 1972 , [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper\noutcomes : a report by researcher niels krabb found that , of the thirty - two species of parrot restricted to the andes and the temperate zone of patagonia , fifteen , including the rufous - fronted parakeet , are considered threatened with extinction , primarily because of habitat loss through deforestation . poaching was another main concern . the study determined that knowledge of species ' distribution and population status was required for planning and beginning conservation measures . it also decided that for the parrots of the andean region conservation through in - country programmes would result in the best outcome .\nhistory : the rufous - fronted parakeet , or bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons , is found only in the c andes of colombia , mainly in the volcan ruiz - tolima massif in tolima , risaralda , quindio and caldas . there it exists on cold , scrubby and sparsely wooded mountain slopes , known as paramo , feeding on grass seeds , herbs and flowers . loss of the specific paramo vegetation seems to have had the most adverse effect on population numbers . although trapping for the bird trade exists , it is not thought to have been significant enough to cause a decline in the population .\nde souanc\u00e9 , c . 1856 . [ description of a new species of parakeet ] . revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e series 2 volume 8 : 144 .\n{ { citation | title = [ five species of parakeet ( bolborhynchus ) ] [ picture ] / w . t . cooper | author1 = cooper , william t . ( william thomas ) , 1934 - 2015 | year = 1972 | language = english } }\nthe andean parakeet is one of those parakeets that nests underground . a burrow will be formed in a steep bank . a clutch of up to ten eggs ( but generally 4 to 6 ) may be laid . the eggs are incubated by the hen for about 20 days\nthreatened species lists are always subject to change , and that in birds to watch was intended for regular update . subsequent information has led to some adjustments , involving the deletion of yellow - sided parakeet pyrrbura bypoxantba ( an invalid species ) , the relegation of yellowfaced amazon amazona xantbops to near - threatened status , the promotion from near - threatened status of whiteh eaded amazon amazona leucocepbala , and the addition of el oro parakeet pyrrhura orcesi , fuertes ' hapalopsittaca fuertesi and fireeyed parrots h . pyrrbops , bluecheeked amazona dufresniana and alder amazons a . tucumana . currently , therefore , icbp considers 42 neotropical parrot species at risk .\nthe andean parakeet is uncommon to locally common from 3 , 000 - 4 , 000m in semi - arid cloud forests , especially with polylepis , or in brushy montane ravines . it forages in small groups or pairs in bamboo thickets or leguminaceous trees , and occasionally on the ground , and nests in deep burrows in steep embankments .\nall but one of these species are distributed within six general areas , as follows . central america ( mexico ) holds four ( thick - billed parrot rbyncbopsitta pacbyrbyncba , maroon - fronted parrot r . terrisi , red - crowned amazon amazona viridigenalis and socorro conure aratinga brevipes ) ; the caribbean holds seven ( cuban conure aratinga eu op s , white - headed amazon amazona leucocepbata , puerto rican amazon a . uittata , st . lucia amazon a . versicolor , red - necked amazon a . arausiaca , st . vincent amazon a . guildingii , imperial amazon a . imperialis ) ; the lowland forests of northern south america hold four ( golden conure guaruba guarouba , pearly parakeet pyrrbura p ert ata , blue - cheeked amazon amazona dufresniana , yellowshouldered amazon a . barbadensis ) ; the andes of northwestern south america hold 11 ( golden - plumed\nthe andean parakeet is plump and relatively short - tailed , and dark green throughout , with a yellow tinge to the face and belly , brightest in the throat and upper breast . the outer webs of the primaries are teal , and can even approach violet . juveniles lack the yellow tinge , and all ages have a plain grayish bill and dull pink legs .\ncollar , n . , bonan , a . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . fiery - shouldered parakeet ( pyrrhura egregia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncollar , n . , sharpe , c . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . malherbe ' s parakeet ( cyanoramphus malherbi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\ngenerally occurs at lower elevations and is smaller , with pale bill , and black shoulder patch , wing - bars and barring on flanks .\nvulnerable b1ab ( iii , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ; d2 ver 3 . 1\nthis species is listed to vulnerable because it has a small population which is continuing to decline because of ongoing habitat degradation , with a high proportion of birds concentrated in one or two strongholds .\n. most records are from the volc\u00e1n ruiz - tolima massif in tolima , risaralda , quind\u00edo and caldas , but there are two specimens and a few observations from volc\u00e1n purac\u00e9 in cauca , and it is probably present at low densities along the intervening ridge . the population has recently been estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 individuals ( renjifo\n2002 ) , significantly higher than previous estimates . in september 1993 , the species was found to be common ( over 100 birds seen in eight hours ) at el bosque , below laguna de ot\u00fan , in its stronghold , los nevados national park\nthe population is estimated to number 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 individuals , roughly equating to 1 , 300 - 2 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : a slow and on - going population decline is suspected on the basis of habitat destruction and degradation , particularly in the p\u00e1ramo .\nit inhabits temperate sub - p\u00e1ramo and p\u00e1ramo at 3 , 000 - 4 , 000 m , sometimes as low as 2 , 800 m . it also uses modified shrublands and agricultural areas in the temperate zone , and seems tolerant of heavily modified habitats ( c . downing\n( juniper and parr 1998 ) . it forages terrestrially , mostly taking grass - seeds ( especially\nconversion of forest for agricultural purposes has been widespread below 3 , 300 m in the central andes . at higher elevations , the forest is exploited for firewood and grazing , but large areas remain . given its adaptation to the agricultural environment , the level of threat posed by deforestation is unknown\n. 2000 ) . conversely , widespread destruction of p\u00e1ramo vegetation , even in los nevados , seems to have seriously affected numbers . this is caused by frequent burning ( promoting fresh shooting ) , intense grazing and , to a lesser extent , conversion to potato cultivation . the colombian authorities have been unable to purchase pre - existing landholdings within national parks , often rendering the parks ineffective . it is occasionally kept as a pet .\nsurvey and monitor the species ' s population movements , densities and distribution . clarify its natural history and threats to identify appropriate conservation actions\n. 2000 ) . enhance the protection of los nevados through fire control , a major reduction in livestock - grazing and agriculture and , where necessary , compensation to farmers .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ntypical calls are short overslurred slightly nasal notes , usually given in a fast repeated series . . .\nmales with developed gonads in jan . nests reportedly found in rock cavities in cliff .\nno information . likely to wander a little outside breeding season , and has been encountered as low . . .\nvulnerable . previously listed as endangered . cites ii . a birdlife \u201crestricted - range\u201d species . habitat degradation , caused by firewood - gathering , grazing , burning . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nsome recent molecular studies indicated a sister relationship between bolborhynchus lineola and nannopsittaca # r # r , another study finding that psilopsiagon was sister to these two genera # r ; a different analysis suggested a sister relationship between touit and nannopsittaca ( although bolborhynchus was not sampled ) # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\nboth adults in general short , green parrots with red markings on face ; red frontal mark , lores and base of lower mandible blue / green underwings ; short rounded tail . bill grey / yellow . eye dark brown .\ncites birdlife international internet bird collection a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition\nclearing of forest for agriculture ; also widespread destruction of p\u00e1ramo vegetation , caused by slash burning , has affected numbers .\noccurs in cold , scrubby and sparsely wooded mountain slopes at around 2400 - 4000m ( 7872 - 13 , 120 ft ) . may be found in potato fields .\nmay be nomadic outside of breeding season ; gregarious , roosts communally on cliffs . easily approached .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research , seminars and podcasts , specialists to ask your toughest questions , and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member . join today > >\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 300 , 015 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nperiquito barrado ( bolborhynchus lineola ) . pich\u00f3n de pocos dias con su madre .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n. however , in some systematics the\nneo - tropic parrots\nare assigned to the\nreal parrots\n, as well .\nplease see wikipedia ' s template documentation for further citation fields that may be required .\nreproduced in : parrots of the world / joseph m . forshaw . melbourne : lansdowne , 1973 , p . [ 451 ] .\nrequest this item to view in the library ' s reading rooms using your library card . to learn more about how to request items watch this short online video .\nyou need flash player 8 + and javascript enabled to view this video embedded .\npractical co - operation in asia and africa / by w . k . h . campbell ; foreword by c . f . strickland\nnew studies in co - operation : being a five paper study course on the philosophy and present day practice . . .\nthe cooperative movement : globalization from below / richard c . williams ; with preface by george cheney\nmembers of aboriginal , torres strait islander and maori communities are advised that this catalogue contains names and images of deceased people . all users of the catalogue should also be aware that certain words , terms or descriptions may be culturally sensitive and may be considered inappropriate today , but may have reflected the author ' s / creator ' s attitude or that of the period in which they were written .\nlong treated as a colour morph of c . auriceps but now generally recognized as a separate species # r on basis mainly of assortative mating # r and bill morphology # r , backed up by molecular data # r . form hochstetteri of c . novaezelandiae has been treated as race of present species # r , apparently in error . monotypic .\nformerly scattered through most of new zealand ; now confined to n south i . translocated to several islands off south i ( chalky , maud , blumine ) and off north i ( tuhua ) # r .\n20 cm . very similar to c . auriceps but frontal band orange , crown pale yellow , patches either side of rump orange . immature almost lacks frontal band .\ncommonest call a quite nasal rattling chatter , \u201ckehkehkehkehkeh . . . \u201d , similar to both\nforest , in one area being found breeding only at 600\u2013900 m in . . .\nscale insects , flower and leaf buds , flowers , young leaves , berries and seeds .\ncritically endangered . cites ii . in 19th century , distributed widely throughout north i , most of south i , and stewart is of new zealand , but range and population have . . .\nthis and all the taxa following below have recently been suggested to form a separate family # r . see also under family psittacidae .\nmolecular data indicate that this taxon is closest to eunymphicus ( see above ) .\n( p . l . sclater , 1881 ) \u2013 se venezuela and adjacent w guyana .\nj . t . zimmer & phelps , sr , 1946 \u2013 se bol\u00edvar ( in se venezuela ) and adjacent n brazil ( extreme ne roraima ) .\n25 cm . generally green ; crown and lores brown edged green ; ear - coverts reddish brown ; sides of neck and breast edged whitish and tipped dark , giving light scaled effect ; . . .\nmost common call is a series of harsh notes , e . g . \u201ckrreek krreek krreek\u201d , both in flight and . . .\ntepu\u00ed ( tabletop ) forest and edge , ranging round the bases of these mountains , 700\u20131800 . . .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . a birdlife \u201crestricted - range\u201d species . apparently common , but there is considerable loss of habitat in the range of nominate\n. most records are from the volcn ruiz - tolima massif in tolima , risaralda , quindo and caldas , but there are two specimens and a few observations from volcn purac in cauca , and it is probably present at low densities along the intervening ridge . the population has recently been estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 individuals ( renjifo\n2002 ) , significantly higher than previous estimates . in september 1993 , the species was found to be common ( over 100 birds seen in eight hours ) at el bosque , below laguna de otn , in its stronghold , los nevados national park ( salaman and gandy 1993 ) .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\ntolimanaratti\nfrom\nbolborhynchus ferrugineifrons ( lawrence , 1880 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n> stream x\u009cc ` ` ` e ` ` * f ` b ` t ] \u00ed\u00e0\u00ef\u0080\u0000\u00fc \u00ec , \u008c \u008cg6\u00e5\u0087\u00e6z\u00ef ` ` \u0010 < \u00f4 ) \u00f4\u00a81\u0081\u0081\u0001 & \u0002\u0004\u0082 \u00ac 2 @ \u009a\u0003\u0088\u00b9\u00e0\n\u00b9 \u0002 \u00f6\u00ec\u00b3\u0099g10\u00f0\u00ad\u009b\u00fe\u0092 . \u009d\u00b6\u0091y . \u0003 ; \u0003\u0003\u0000\u001b\u00ae\u0011 endstream endobj 26 0 obj <\n> stream x\u009c\u00ec | gxs [ \u00b7\u00eej # \u0080t\u0083\u0006 = td\u0002\u0088\u00b4 @ h ! \u00f4\u00f0\u0094\u00a6\u009b\u00fe\u00b6 ( ! 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l = \u00e0\u00e8\u0083 > \u00b6\u00ed\u00f3 # yy\u00a9\u00b6\u009f\u001ae\u00eet\u00bd\u009c\u0011\u000f\u009d = \u00e1 9 @ \u00af\u00fc\u00fa\u0087\u00e9\u00ae\u00e5\u00e5\u00f2\u00e9\u00ef1uk\u00b3\u00e4\u00f5\u00f8\u009a\u00b8\u0097\u00e2\u00ab\u009b\u00f6 _ s\u00ee ] \u0088\u00e3\u00b5l\u0018\u00bdr\u00a9\u00f4\u00f0\u00e7\u00b7 \u00fd\u008a / \u00b7 , _ z\u0001\u00e7\u00fa\u0010\u009d\u001ae\u00bfn\u00e7\u00f9\u00bf\u00fa\u00f6\u00b7\u001b\u007f\u009e ~ \u00fc\u00ebr\u00e0yr\u00bd\u0002\u00fc _ \u00ad\u0080\u009b\u00bc\u00a3\u009c8\u00ff\u00e6\u00e5g\u00abw\u00fa\u00d7\u00ec } \u00a9 w\u00f3\u00e7\u0095\u00e8\u00ef { yw\u00ee . \u00a9 ^ \u00ba\u00fb [ \u0016\u00a6\u00f4 > \u00fe % \b\u00e8 : vz\u00fe\u0000 % \u008b\u00e0\u00a3\u00ad\u00a7\u0013jq\u00e94\u0018 ' \u009e\u00e4\u008f\u0002\u0082 \u00e6vd\u0004\u00ea\u0099\u00e8 / \u0080i\u00a4\u00e7\u00fb\u00a6\u00a7 | \u00a6\u00be @ 8\u0010\u00071 . s\u0099 + @ jm\u00f1\u0093 > 8\u0082w\u00b6\u0002\u00a8\u00ff ? z \u00f3\u0098\u00ee\u00eb\u00ee _ \u00efkj\u0014\u0005\u00f2o\u0004q\u00f0\u00ab\u00e4k\u00a3\u00ab = \u009bd ^ # \u0083\u00b8\u00e8k\u00bb\u0083\u00b8v9\u00df\u00e5\u00e6 < \u00e7\u00f0\u0090\u00e3 ' f\u00eb\u00bb - \u008bb\u008axc , \u0083\u00ee\u00f3\u0013 , \u001b ^ b\u00e7\u0082\u0012\u0016\u00e5 @ \u00ef\u00e1skh\u0092 , y2\u0016t\u00a3\u001ajh\u00a2\u00fe\u00a8\u00ear % 6\u00bc\u009cm\u00d7 # xa\u00f9 } \u00f0\u00f14\u008e3\u0011\u0081 - + \u00e7\u00b5\u0093 ' gpg\u00ad\u0014p\u0089t ' n\u00ab > a\u00f6c @ \u00ed\u00f2\u00f6e \u00e7 % \u0011p\u00f8\u00b1\u0015 8\u00af\u008a\u008d\u00e8\u00e6\u00ffymy\u00ee\u00ffp7\u00a8 \u00e7\u007f\u000f ^ \u00f0ny\u00ff\u0016\u0014 ` q\u00df\u00a7\u00f5a\u00acp ( \u0016\u00e8o o1\u00b6\u00eb\u00e8\u0001\u00f2\u000e\u00e6u\u00fa\u0012ugg \u00ea\u0091 \u00e0 \\ \u0097\u00e5\u00ed : a s\u00f8\u00a7\u00f9\u00fa\u0098\u00df\u0097\u008f\u008a\u00dfl\u008d \u000f\u009c\u0011\u000ex \u00e0 & \u00e8 \u00e4\u00eb\u0011\u0089 / v\u00ea\u00e0\u009fg\u00fd\u0090\u00f5\u00f6a\u00f6\u0082\u00fc\u00810g\u00ec\u009b\u00fav\u0003 \u0081\u00a7\u00f4 - \u00df ; e\u00b6\u0018e\u0095 \u00ea\u00ac7\u00f3\u00009\u0098\u00b9\u00f22\u0098 < \u00ee \u00ac\u00b5\n\u00f3 { \u0088 \\ \u0092\u00e5\u007f\u00ea\u00ee > \u00f0 & #\nrarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .\natlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?\ndiet consists of seeds , buds and berries . gregarious ; seen in pairs , small groups and occasionally large flocks of over 300 birds . feeds in bamboo , brambles and leguminaceous trees . forages in vegetation or on the ground .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe psittacidae family is one of the bird families most threatened in the world . in colombia it is represented by 53 species ; 21 % of them are included in an endangered category due to the destruction of their habitat and the exploitation of these birds for commercial purposes .\nto alleviate this situation proaves began in 1999 the yellow - eared parrot project after rediscovering this endangered species considered to be extinct up to then . afterwards it was created the threatened parrots project with the objective of working towards the preservation of the threatened parrot species in colombia .\nwithin this programme we have developed different research projects like the \u201cthreatened parrots in the central mountain range project\u201d and the \u201cpyrrhura project\u201d both aimed at evaluating threats and directing the preservation efforts involving the local communities as much as possible . one of the main achievements of this programme was the rediscovery of the hapalopsittaca fuertesi colony , also considered to be an extinct species after 90 years of lack of records .\nup to now more than 60 studies have been concluded regarding 9 of the 11 species of threatened parrots . this has led to a recompilation of very important data such as their diet , distribution , reproductive biology , use of their habitat and demography among others . moreover , expeditions have been organized in search of new colonies of parrots and for the first time there have been registers of the hapalopsittaca amazonina in the western mountain range of colombia and of the pyrrhura caeruleiceps in the santander region .\nmoreover , to contribute to the preservation of the existent parrot colonies we have implemented two specific strategies , namely , the artificial nest programme and the establishment of 8 natural bird reserves with more than 10 . 000 hectares dedicated to the protection and recovery of the parrot\u2019s habitat . the civil society has also dedicated 2 , 600 hectares of woods , in particular within the municipality of jard\u00edn and other neighbouring communities , to the preservation of the parrots through the reserves linked to the civil society network of nature reserves .\nthe numerous achievements of this programme are the result of the hard work made by the proaves team that have cooperated with the local communities and many national and international institutions that also support the preservation process for this species .\nfrom 1st to 6th march , was held the first workshop of population monitoring techniques and management of artificial nests for endangered andean parrots of colombia . it was attended by 20 people from different parts of the country .\non 15 january , the workshop successfully developed plan for the conservation of threatened parrots of colombia from 2010 to 2020 which was attended by representatives of 11 organizations and local communities , ornithologists and conservationists .\nparrot experts and conservation groups are working with proaves to develop a ten - year conservation action plan for threatened parrot species in colombia . a workshop will be held on january 15 at the headquarters of proaves to discuss the plan .\nproaves has published the first videos inside the nests of the yellow - eared parrot and fuertes\u2019s parrot from its threatened parrots program supported by fundaci\u00f3n loro parque .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : marginal season : resident 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 7 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 7 . grassland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no\n2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming\n2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 3 . livestock farming & ranching - > 2 . 3 . 2 . small - holder grazing , ranching or farming\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 1 . hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - > 5 . 1 . 1 . intentional use ( species is the target )\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\n7 . natural system modifications - > 7 . 1 . fire & fire suppression - > 7 . 1 . 1 . increase in fire frequency / intensity\n1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends\nauthors : carlos a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , claudia i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , mar\u00eea del coro arizmendi , and thomas s . schulenberg\ncassin , j . 1853 . descriptions of new species of hirundinidae and psittacidae , specimens of which are in the collections of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 6 : 369 - 373 .\ncollar , n . j . 1997 . family psittacidae ( parrots ) . pages 280 - 477 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 3 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nfjelds\u00e5 , j . , and n . krabbe . 1990 . birds of the high andes : a manual to the birds of the temperate zone of the andes and patagonia , south america . zoological museum , university of copenhagen , copenhagen , denmark .\nforshaw , j . m . 1977 . parrots of the world . t . f . h . publications , inc . , australia . 584 pp .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2006 . parrots of the world and identification guide . princeton university press , new jersey , e . u . a . 172 pp .\nfriedmann , h . , l . griscom , and r . t . moore . 1950 . distributional check - list of the birds of mexico . part 1 . pacific coast avifauna number 29 .\nhartman , f . a . 1961 . locomotor mechanisms of birds . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 143 ( 4 ) : 1 - 92 .\nhennessey , b . , s . k . herzog , and f . sagot . 2003 . lista anotada de las aves de bolivia . asociaci\u00f3n armonia , santa cruz de la sierra , bolivia .\niucn 2008 [ en l\u00ednea ] . 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . ( 09 octubre 2008 ) .\nhilty , s . l . 2003 . birds of venezuela . second edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nhilty , s . l . , and w . l . brown . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nhowell , s . n . g . , and s . webb 1995 . a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america . oxford university press , new york , new york .\njuniper , t . , and m . parr . 1998 . parrots . a guide to parrots of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .\nmaillard z . , o . 2005 . primer esp\u00e9cimen de bolborhynchus lineola para bolivia . kempffiana 1 : 51 - 54 .\nmart\u00ednez - s\u00e1nchez , j . c . , and t . will ( editors ) . 2010 . thomas r . howell ' s check - list of the birds of nicaragua as of 1993 . ornithological monographs number 68 . american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .\nmiller , a . h . 1963 . seasonal activity and ecology of the avifauna of an american equatorial cloud forest . university of california publications in zoology 66 : 1 - 178 .\no\u2019neill , j . p . , c . a . munn , and i . franke j . 1991 . nannopsittaca dachilleae , a new species of parrotlet from eastern peru . auk 108 : 225 - 229 .\nridgely , r . s . 1981 . the current distribution and status of mainland neotropical parrots . pages 233 - 384 in r . f . pasquier ( editor ) , conservation of new world parrots . international council for bird preservation technical publication number 1 . smithsonian institution press .\nridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001 . the birds of ecuador : status , distribution , and taxonomy . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\nridgway , r . 1915 . descriptions of some new forms of american cuckoos , parrots , and pigeons . proceedings of the biological society of washington 28 : 105 - 108 .\nridgway , r . 1916 . the birds of north and middle america . part vii . bulletin of the united states national museum 50 , part 7 .\nschirtzinger , e . e . , e . s . tavares , l . a . gonzales , j . r . eberhard , c . y . miyaki , j . j . sanchez , a . hernandez , h . m\u00fceller , g . r . graves , r . c . fleischer , and t . f . wright . 2012 . multiple independent origins of mitochondrial control region duplications in the order psittaciformes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 64 : 342 - 356 .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture , and conservation , the field museum .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , d . f . lane , j . p . o\u2019neill , and t . a . parker iii . 2010 . birds of peru . revised and updated edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nsemarnat . 2002 . norma oficial mexicana nom - 059 - semarnat - 2001 , protecci\u00f3n ambiental - especies nativas de m\u00e9xico de flora y fauna silvestres - categor\u00edas de riesgo y especificaciones para su inclusi\u00f3n , exclusi\u00f3n o cambio - lista de especies en riesgo . diario\nstiles , f . g . , and a . f . skutch . 1989 . a guide to the birds of costa rica . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\ntavares , e . s . , a . j . baker , s . l . pereira , and c . y . miyaki . 2006 . phylogenetic relationships and historical biogeography of neotropical parrots ( psittaciformes : psittacidae : arini ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . systematic biology 55 : 454 - 470 .\nweske , j . s . 1972 . the distribution of the avifauna in the apurimac valley of peru with respect to environmental gradients , habitat , and related species . ph . d . thesis , university of oklahoma , norman , oklahoma .\nwetmore , a . 1968 . the birds of the republic of panama . part 2 . columbidae ( pigeons ) to picidae ( woodpeckers ) . smithsonian miscellaneous collections volume 150 , part 2 . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .\nwhitney , b . m . 1996 . flight behaviour and other field characteristics of the genera of neotropical parrots . cotinga number 5 : 32 - 42 .\nsoberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , c . a . , c . i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , m . d . c . arizmendi , and t . s . schulenberg ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nparrots are colourful , vegetarian , playful and mimetic , so people find them attractive , easy to keep , companionable and entertaining . in popular consciousness , they are the most high - profile of birds , commonly featured in advertisements that seek to assert the tropical authenticity of a product , and often humourised in cartoon form to assure the conviviality of and complicity in the experience the product offers .\nit is all the more curious , then , that scientifically parrots remain so little known . the truth is , however , that for all their colour and noise , parrots are highly cryptic ( being mostly green ) and capable of long periods of silence , feeding invisibly in the high crowns of trees , and when they fly it is often with such speed or over such distances as to prohibit further observation . these factors discourage rigorous study to obtain quantitative data ; so we have many major gaps in our understanding of the ecology and biology of the family in general and almost all of its individual members .\nthe majority of the world ' s 330 - odd parrot species are indeed found in tropical regions , and most of this majority are tropical forest dwellers , the lowlands being especially rich in species . although dispersed widely through the pacific ocean and old world in general , the parrots reach their maximum diversity in south america , southeast asia and australia . icbp ' s preliminary checklist of the threatened birds of the world , birds to watch ( 1988 ) , treated no fewer than 71 parrot species ( 21 . 5 % of the family ) as at risk of extinction , and listed a further 29 as nearthreatened ( birds in this second category were either genuine borderline cases or species considered most vulnerable to future decline ) . hence no fewer than 100 ( 30 % of the family ' s total 330 species ) were identified as giving cause for concern or worse .\nthe areas in question are massive , and sympatric occurrence of species within them is commonly lacking . nevertheless , it is obviously important to look for areas of overlap between threatened species in order to identify the optimal areas in which to seek to establish or reinforce reserves . many of the species certainly occur in existing protected areas , but for most it is not known if the populations there possess genetic viability or if their requirements can be met throughout their life - cycle . indeed , detailed information on the distribution and natural history of most species is very poor and in some cases almost completely lacking . this renders the task of determining priorities for particular areas very problematic and , although an essential measure , such priorities should always be framed so as to reflect their provisional nature .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ncollar , n . j . 1997 . psittacidae ( parrots ) . in : del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( ed . ) , handbook of the birds of the world , pp . 280 - 477 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .\ncollar , n . j . , gonzaga , l . p . , krabbe , n . , madro\u00f1o nieto , a . , naranjo , l . g . , parker , t . a . and wege , d . c . 1992 . threatened birds of the americas : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .\nhilty , s . l . ; brown , w . l . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton university press , princeton .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\njuniper , t . ; parr , m . 1998 . parrots : a guide to the parrots of the world . pica press , robertsbridge , uk .\nrenjifo , l . m . ; franco - maya , a . m . ; amaya - espinel , j . d . ; kattan , g . h . ; l\u00f3pez - lan\u00fas , b . 2002 . libro rojo de aves de colombia . instituto de investigaci\u00f3n de recursos biol\u00f3gicos alexander von humboldt y ministerio del medio ambiente , bogot\u00e1 , colombia .\nsalaman , p . ; gandy , d . 1993 . colombia ' 93 : thunder lake expedition .\nsnyder , n . ; mcgowan , p . ; gilardi , j . ; grajal , a . 2000 . parrots : status survey and conservation action plan 2000 - 2004 . international union for conservation of nature and natural resources , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .\nverhelst , j . c . ; pfeifer , a . m . ; orrego , o . ; botero , j . e . 2002 . observaciones sobre la ecolog\u00eda del periquito frentirufo bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons en zonas cercanas a la laguna del ot\u00fan . cotinga 18 : 66 - 70 ."]}
{"id": 739, "summary": [{"text": "pastoral pursuits ( foaled 24 april 2000 ) is a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was bred in newmarket and sold for 24,000 guineas as a yearling .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "as a two-year-old he finished second on his debut but won his three remaining races including the group three sirenia stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his three-year-old campaign was abbreviated by injury but he added two major wins in the hackwood stakes and the park stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2005 he made only two appearances but recorded his most important victory when winning the group one july cup at newmarket racecourse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his racing career was ended by injury shortly afterwards and he was retired to stud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he has had some success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "pastoral pursuits", "paragraphs": ["bbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | pastoral pursuits bags july cup\npastoral pursuits won six times , and was runner - up twice , in 10 runs .\npastoral pursuits has been retired to stud just weeks after winning the darley july cup at newmarket .\npastoral pursuits , ridden by john egan , sprang a 22 - 1 surprise in the darley july cup at newmarket .\nlimato was the impressive winner in 2015 and emulated pastoral pursuits by going on to win the group 1 july cup the following year at newmarket .\nnot only are we busy foaling but as a four stallion stud we\u2019re also covering mares . this is mick easterby\u2019s el molino blanco who has had a morning date with pastoral pursuits . pastoral pursuits has sired two of mick easterby\u2019s most successful sprinters in recent years , perfect pasture and hoofalong .\nbobby joe leg , a son of norton grove stallion pastoral pursuits , was an 8 / 1 winner at wolverhampton this evening for trainer ruth carr .\nthe best horse he has so far handled is the top class pastoral pursuits who was a top class juvenile who progressed through to winning the 2005 july cup .\nracquet , trained by ruth carr , was a winner for norton grove stallion pastoral pursuits at wetherby this afternoon . the four year old was recording his fourth career victory .\nbbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | july cup hero pursuits is retired\nhughie morrison saddled the 2004 winner , pastoral pursuits . the 5 / 1 shot went on to group one glory with a storming victory in the group 1 july cup at newmarket the next year .\nroderick , a two year old colt by pastoral pursuits , was a debut winner at musselburgh this afternoon for trainer richard fahey . staying on strongly at the finish he looks a horse to follow in coming months .\nmajor crispies scored in style for norton grove stallion pastoral pursuits at beverley tonight . the david o\u2019meara trained gelding won the seller by ten lengths and the performance saw him purchased for 6 , 200 guineas after the race .\nthe purpose of the centre is to provide training in order to equip people for service in pastoral care .\npastoral pursuits had collected a group two at doncaster last season but there was no blinding light suggesting he was a contender as the 22 - 1 shot was just one of many outsiders as the field scattered on leaving the stalls .\n( on whom he was to win the prix de l ' abbaye three months later ) . john egan stepped into the breach and got pastoral pursuits home by a length and a half in what timeform described as\nthe best sprinting performance of the year in europe\n. sadly , pastoral pursuits was unable to provide any further demonstrations of his merit , as later that month it was announced that he had sustained another leg injury , and was to retire to the national stud .\neveryone , therefore , was happy , apart from those who like to believe that horses are bred to be raced , rather than raced to be bred from . morristown lattin presumably became even happier when dark angel ' s younger pastoral pursuits half - brother\nlast page , a three year old son of norton grove\u2019s pastoral pursuits , was a winner at wolverhampton today . trained by david evans and ridden by adam kirby he showed grit in battling back to regain the lead in the final furlong to record his first career win .\njuly cup : 1 . pastoral pursuits ( j f egan ) 22 - 1 2 . avonbridge ( s drowne ) 40 - 1 3 . etlaala ( r hills ) 40 - 1 19 ran 4 - 1 jt fav soldier ' s tale , somnus non runner : 6\nthen there is the top class handicapper intrepid jack who was a close second on unsuitable ground in this season ' s wokingham and the most exciting prospect since pastoral pursuits , sakhee ' s secret , unbeaten in three outings this season and going for gold in the july cup .\npastoral pursuits is a proven sire who will stand at norton grove stud in 2018 . he has sired the winners of almost 500 races and over \u00a34 . 5 million of prize - money and we are delighted to be able to offer him to breeders in the coming season .\nas of the start of derby week , pastoral pursuits was leading the first - season sires ' list for britain and ireland on both individual winners ( five ) and races won ( six ) . furthermore , he already appears to have produced the good horse necessary for a stallion to be regarded as a source of stakes performers , rather than merely of winners . there is , admittedly , a colossal gap in class between a maiden race at hamilton in western scotland and a group race , but pastoral pursuits ' daughter rose blossom impresses as a filly capable of making such a transition .\nthe first horse through the ring on wednesday is lot 236 by morpheus out of red rosanna ( by bertolini ) . a winner at two and three , she is a half - sister to group three winner rose blossom ( by pastoral pursuits ) and has produced two winners from two runners so far .\nnow , less than four years later , pastoral pursuits is already confirming that he will be an asset to england ' s ranks of sprinting stallions . as with any other first - season stallion , he does , of course , still have much to prove , but the signs at present are very encouraging .\ncolonized the island in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ; pastoral pursuits and agriculture served as the basis of the economy . for the first three centuries after the conquest , the island remained a neglected stopping point for the spanish fleet , which visited the new world and returned to spain with the mineral wealth of continental america .\nthe hughie morrison trained pastoral pursuits is another familiar name for sprint lovers . he won this as a three - year - old in 2004 and won the july cup 12 months later . he too has had a sparkling career at stud . high standing , regal parade and deacon blues are other high class speedsters to have captured this popular prize .\nit would be easy to identify this as a freak result , but pastoral pursuits won , going away , by a length and a half in a respectable time on the softish going . we will learn more about the horse , who goes to the national stud next season , when he runs next month in deauville ' s prix maurice du gheest .\npastoral girl ( gb ) ( elusive quality ( usa ) : second in juddmonte princess margaret stakes , ascot , gr . 3 , ebf weatherbys kilvington stakes , nottingham , l . ) .\noh so rosie ( windsor , 3 . 00 ) was stopped in her run at bath on tuesday but looks in the sort of form that she showed at this time last year when she won three from four . she has dropped 27lb in the handicap since her final outing last season . pastoral pursuits can follow up an easy chepstow win in the best race on the card at 3 . 30 .\nthe decisive move appeared to have been made at halfway , when steve drowne and avonbridge made a surge , but the truly crucial manoeuvres were going on in behind as john egan pointed his mount at the leader . the irishman did not genuinely know how his partner would react as he had thrown a leg over pastoral pursuits for the very first time in the parade ring . but he did recognise that his ally was moving rather well .\nbahamian bounty duly turned out to be a very fast horse , winning two group one races at approximately six furlongs ( the prix morny and the middle park stakes ) as a two - year - old . he has proved a reliable sire of sprinters since his retirement to the national stud in 1998 , with the average winning distance of his progeny currently standing at 6 . 6 furlongs . pastoral pursuits can be regarded as his best son so far .\nthe centre offers classes and seminars to assist volunteers and professionals who provide pastoral care in congregations , hospitals , care facilities , hospice and other contexts of ministry in developing their skills and understanding for the vital roles they fill .\nit should be no surprise that pastoral pursuits is now producing fast horses , because he seems almost certain to justify categorization as a sprinting stallion , a member of a group which in europe sometimes seems nowadays to be an endangered species . the northern dancer sire - line which dominates modern breeding tends to be more of an influence for class than for specialization at a specific distance , and thus rarely produces a stallion whose overwhelming forte is the production of sprinters . furthermore , the fact that a stallion has to be capable of producing horses who can excel at distances beyond a mile if he is to make his mark in the upper reaches of the general sires ' table means that , even if a stallion really is an influence for short distances , it is often the case that his owners feel obliged to disguise the fact . pastoral pursuits , though , is a son of one of england ' s few specialist sires of sprinters -\nit was , indeed , a rather peculiar july cup . sprinting has been a shabby division in these islands for some time now and its summer gala on the july course yesterday featured 19 eager if not particularly well qualified prospectors . this included the queerness of one of the favourites , iffraaj , being a handicapper , while the crown was also contested by the creaking limbs of quito and bahamian pirate , respectively eight and 10 years of age . and then there was the story of pastoral pursuits .\nwhile in parliament he took a great interest in the land question , and he was instrumental in stopping the large auction land sales proposed by the robertson ministry . the clause embodied in the act limiting the area put up to auction owes in a great measure its existence to him . he was a strong supporter of the stuart ministry and their land bill . mr . campbell has been chieflyengaged in pastoral pursuits and he is a great admirer of all manly sports . he was captain of the first parliamentary team in the parliament v . press cricket matches . \u201d\none of the key goals of the centre is to provide basic training to volunteers so that they can be effective in providing pastoral care . the centre intends to offer a program that is recognized by alberta health , so volunteers will be qualified to serve within institutions as well as within facilities and homes of their local parishes and congregations .\non his arrival he moved to sausalito from san francisco , near the towering mount tamalpais in wh at is now marin county . he moved from job to job until the gold rush , when he found a profitable business in transporting miners to sutter ' s fort , where gold had been found . he even tried mining himself , with some success . he started to purchase land in san francisco and other places in northern california . but in 1850 he found the farmland in southern alameda county and purchased 425 acres . he built a majestic house and was close to his early friends like simeon stivers , who traveled with him on the brooklyn . he became very wealthy with his agricultural and pastoral pursuits . he marred in 1854 and had four child , marion , joseph , frederick and abbie .\npastoral player ( gb ) ( lion cavern ( usa ) : timeform jury john of gaunt stakes , haydock park , gr . 3 , second in olbg park stakes , doncaster , gr . 2 , transformers & rectifiers summer mile , ascot , gr . 2 , timeform jury john of gaunt stakes , haydock park , gr . 3 , third in bet365 criterion stakes , newmarket , gr . 3 ) .\nultimately , lion cavern proved himself to be a decent stallion , even if not nearly as distinguished as his full - brother gone west . he had been a precocious racehorse himself , but at stud he suffered from the fact that his best horses took significantly longer to hit their best form than he himself had done . sadly , he is no longer in a position to produce more good sons and daughters , but at least his grandchildren are doing well , the aforementioned pastoral player ( successful in a group three seven furlong race at haydock in june ) being one of nine group / graded stakes winners so far produced by daughters of lion cavern . these also include the group / grade one winners\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhughie morrison ' s four - year - old got up to take the lead inside the final furlong to beat 40 - 1 shot avonbridge .\netlaala , also a 40 - 1 outsider , was third as all the fancied runners were left trailing in the group one sprint over six furlongs .\nsoldier ' s tale , one of the 4 - 1 joint favourites for the race , stayed on to finish fourth .\ni knew two and a half down that he was going to win ,\negan commented .\ni can ' t believe he travelled so well in a group one , it was amazing .\na delighted morrison said :\nwe always thought he was a bloody good horse and he proved it today .\nhe didn ' t have a hard race at york in the queen anne , he slipped on the ground and just never found his footing , but it ' s a credit to the horse that he could come back to run here .\nit ' s unbelievable . i can ' t believe it . i have to thank all my staff , especially my assistant gerry gracey , who said to me that we should run him and that we would win a group one .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni have discovered some detailed information on mr w . r . campbell from an article in the town and country journal of 24th may 1890 as follows ;\n\u201cthe hon . william robert campbell , m . l . c . , is one of four gentlemen recently appointed to the legislative council . mr . campbell was born in sydney in 1838 , and is the son of the late robert campbell , who was colonial treasurer in the cowper ministry , and one of the family well known as the proprietors of campbell\u2019s wharf .\nhe was educated at king\u2019s school , parramatta , under the rev . robert forrest , and subsequently resided with his father in sydney until 1860 . in that year he went to europe , and travelled that continent until 1863 , when he returned to sydney . in 1868 he entered the legislative assembly to represent west maitland .\nagain visited the old country in 1873 , and remained there until 1975 . in 1880 he was elected for the gwydir , and sat for that electorate until he resigned in 1886 . he married in 1881 the youngest daughter of the late sir edward deas - thomson , c . b . , k . c . m . g .\nwhile we don\u2019t know why he resigned in 1886 , it would appear he was still interested in politics and made the move to legislative council in 1890 .\ncampbell bridge \u2013 125th anniversary ( 4 - nov - 11 ) [ read more\u2026 ] the bridge finally opens the following extracts are from the report by the bingera correspondent , dated 8th november , which appeared in the maitland mercury & hunter river advertiser on 19th november 1886 . the correspondent was present on the opening day and gives a very detailed account of proceedings ;\nthere are two bridges at bingara , the main bridge over the gwydir river , ( campbell bridge ) and the smaller over halls creek . they are generally known collectively as \u2018campbell bridge\u2019 .\nthomas hartwell\u2019s recollections ( 3 - nov - 11 ) [ read more\u2026 ] thomas hartwell worked on campbell bridge and supplied timber for its construction . his recollections of the bridge construction appeared in the bingara advocate , june , 26 1935 . as you will see even he has the bridge opening details incorrect , which would seem very surprising as you would expect he was there for the opening .\ncrist\u00f3bal col\u00f3n ( christopher columbus ) claims the new world . on 27 october 1492 columbus sighted cuba , he named the island juana .\nbegan with the arrival of christopher columbus in 1492 and the subsequent invasion of the island by the spaniards . aboriginal groups\u2014the guanahatabey , ciboney , and ta\u00edno\u2014inhabited the island but were soon eliminated or died as a result of diseases or the shock of conquest . thus , the impact of indigenous groups on subsequent cuban society was limited , and spanish culture , institutions , language , and religion prevailed . colonial society developed slowly after\njos\u00e9 mart\u00ed ( 28 january 1853\u201319 may 1895 ) cuban independence leader and national hero . through his writings and political activity , he became a symbol for cuba ' s bid for independence against spain in the 19th century .\nas a sugar - producing colony , spanish protective policies , and the ingenuity of cuba\u2019s creole business class all converged to produce a sugar revolution on the island . in a scant few years , cuba was transformed from a sleepy , unimportant island into the major sugar producer in the world . slaves arrived in increasing numbers ; large estates squeezed out smaller ones ; sugar supplanted tobacco , agriculture , and cattle as the main occupation ; prosperity replaced poverty ; and spain\u2019s attention replaced neglect . these factors , especially the latter two , delayed a move toward independence in the early nineteenth century . while most of latin america was breaking with spain , cuba remained loyal .\ntoward the end of the nineteenth century , cuban loyalty began to change as a result of creole rivalry with spaniards for the governing of the island , increased spanish despotism and taxation , and the growth of cuban nationalism . these developments combined to produce a prolonged and bloody war , the ten years\u2019 war against spain ( 1868\u201378 ) , but it failed to win independence for cuba . at the outset of the second independence war ( 1895\u201398 ) , cuban independence leader jos\u00e9 mart\u00ed was killed . as a result of increasingly strained relations between spain and the united states , the americans entered the conflict in 1898 . already concerned about its economic interests on the island and its strategic interest in a future\ncanal , the united states was aroused by an alarmist \u201cyellow\u201d press after the uss maine sank in havana harbor on february 15 as the result of an explosion of undetermined origin . in december 1898 , with the treaty of\n, the united states emerged as the victorious power in the spanish - american war , thereby ensuring the expulsion of spain and u . s . tutelage over cuban affairs .\n, after almost five years of u . s . military occupation , cuba launched into nationhood with fewer problems than most latin american nations . prosperity increased during the early years . militarism seemed curtailed . social tensions were not profound . yet corruption , violence , and political irresponsibility grew . invoking the 1901 platt amendment , which was named after senator orville h . platt and stipulated the right of the united states to intervene in cuba\u2019s internal affairs and to lease an area for a naval base in cuba , the united states intervened militarily in cuba in 1906\u20139 , 1917 , and 1921 . u . s . economic involvement also weakened the growth of cuba as a nation and made the island more dependent on its northern neighbor .\nu . s . - backed dictator fulgencio batista , leader of cuba from 1933 - 1944 , and from 1952 - 1959 , before being overthrown as a result of the cuban revolution .\nduring world war ii was followed by an era of democratic government , respect for human rights , and accelerated prosperity under the inheritors of the 1933 revolution\u2014grau san mart\u00edn ( president , 1944\u201348 ) and carlos pr\u00edo socarr\u00e1s ( president , 1948\u201352 ) . yet political violence and corruption increased . many saw these administrations of the cuban revolutionary party ( partido revolucionario cubano\u2014prc ) , more commonly known as the authentic party ( partido aut\u00e9ntico ) , as having failed to live up to the ideals of the revolution . others still supported the aut\u00e9nticos and hoped for new leadership that could correct the vices of the past . a few conspired to take power by force .\nbatista\u2019s coup d\u2019\u00e9tat on march 10 , 1952 , had a profound effect on cuban society , leading to doubts about the ability of the cubans to govern themselves . it also began a brutal right - wing dictatorship that resulted in the polarization of society , civil war , the overthrow of batista , and the destruction of the military and most other cuban institutions . fidel castro ruz , a charismatic , anti - u . s . revolutionary , seized power on january 1 , 1959 , following his successful revolt against the u . s . - backed batista government . as the castro regime expropriated u . s . properties and investments and began , officially , on april 16 , 1961 , to convert cuba into a one - party communist system , relations between the united states and cuba deteriorated rapidly . the united states imposed an embargo on cuba on october 19 , 1960 , and broke diplomatic relations on january 3 , 1961 , in response to castro\u2019s expropriations without compensation and other provocations , such as arrests of u . s . citizens . the failure of the central intelligence agency ( cia ) \u2013sponsored invasion by cuban exiles in april 1961 ( the infamous bay of pigs invasion ) allowed the castro regime to destroy the entire cuban underground and to emerge strengthened and consolidated , basking in the huge propaganda value of having defeated the \u201cyankees . \u201d\nernesto\nche\nguevara ( 14 june 1928 \u2013 9 october 1967 ) a key figure of the cuban revolution in its struggle against monopoly capitalism , neo - colonialism , and imperialism . che was executed on 9 october 1967 ( aged 39 ) at the instigation of ren\u00e9 barrientos , then president of bolivia who came to power in the aftermath of the overthrow of the government of paz estenssoro in a united states of america ' s cia - backed coup .\ntensions between the two governments peaked during the cuban missile crisis of october 1962 after the united states revealed the presence of soviet missiles in cuba . following the imposition of a u . s . naval blockade , the weapons were withdrawn and the missile bases dismantled , thus resolving one of the most serious international crises since world war ii . a u . s . - soviet agreement that ended the cuban missile crisis assured cuba\u2019s protection from military attack by the united states .\nprovided a protective umbrella that propelled castro onto the international scene . cuba\u2019s support of anti - u . s . guerrilla and terrorist groups in latin america and other countries of the developing world , military intervention in africa , and unrestricted soviet weapons deliveries to cuba suddenly made castro an important international contender . cuba\u2019s role in bringing to power a marxist regime in\n\u2019s anastasio somoza debayle in july 1979 perhaps stand out as castro\u2019s most significant accomplishments in foreign policy . in the 1980s , the u . s . military expulsion of the cubans from\nand central america showed the limits of cuba\u2019s influence and \u201cinternationalism\u201d ( cuban missions to support governments or insurgencies in the developing world ) .\nthe collapse of communism in the early 1990s had a profound effect on cuba . soviet economic subsidies to cuba ended as of january 1 , 1991 . without soviet support , cuba was submerged in a major economic crisis . the gross national product contracted by as much as one - half between 1989 and 1993 , exports fell by 79 percent and imports by 75 percent , the budget deficit tripled , and the standard of living of the population declined sharply . the cuban government refers to the economic crisis of the 1990s and the austerity measures put in place to try to overcome it euphemistically as the \u201cspecial period in peacetime . \u201d minor adjustments , such as more liberalized foreign investment laws and the opening of private ( but highly regulated ) small businesses and agricultural stands , were introduced . yet the regime continued to cling to an outdated marxist and caudillista ( dictatorial ) system , refusing to open the political process or the economy .\nhostility between cuba and the united states continued unabated during the 1990s , and illegal cuban immigration to the united states and human rights violations in cuba remained sensitive issues . as the post - soviet cuban economy imploded for lack of once - generous soviet subsidies , illegal emigration became a growing problem . the 1994 balsero crisis ( named after the makeshift rafts or other unseaworthy vessels used by thousands of cubans ) constituted the most significant wave of cuban illegal emigrants since the mariel boatlift of 1980 , when 125 , 000 left the island . a cuban - u . s . agreement to limit illegal emigration had the unintended effect of making alien smuggling of cubans into the united states a major business .\npassed the so - called helms\u2013burton law , introducing tougher rules for u . s . dealings with cuba and deepening economic sanctions . the most controversial part of this law , which led to international condemnation of u . s . policy toward cuba , involved sanctions against third - party nations , corporations , or individuals that trade with cuba . the u . s . stance toward cuba became progressively more hard - line , as demonstrated by the appointment of several prominent cuban - americans to the administration of george w . bush . nevertheless , as a result of pressure from european countries , particularly spain , the bush administration continued the clinton administration\u2019s policy of suspending a provision in the helms\u2013burton act that would allow u . s . citizens and companies to sue foreign firms using property confiscated from them in cuba during the 1959 revolution . instead , the bush administration sought to increase pressure on the castro regime through increased support for domestic dissidents and new efforts to broadcast pro - u . s . messages to cubans and to bypass cuba\u2019s jamming of u . s . television and radio broadcasts to cuba .\nfidel alejandro castro ruz ( born 13 august 1926 ) was until july 2006 cuba ' s president of the council of state , commander in chief of the armed forces , president of the council of ministers , and first secretary of the cuban communist party .\ninvolving cuban spies also underscored the continuing cuban - u . s . cold war . in addition , in early 2002 the bush administration began to make a concerted effort to isolate cuba from traditionally sympathetic latin american countries such as\n, but cuba has continued to have diplomatic and trade relations with latin america . although the successful visit to havana in may 2002 by former u . s . president jimmy carter brought renewed efforts in congress to lift the embargo , president bush reaffirmed his support for it and sought to more strictly enforce the u . s . ban on travel by americans to cuba . in january 2004 , he canceled immigration talks with havana that had been held biannually for a decade . in may 2004 , he endorsed new proposals to reduce the amount of remittances \u00e9migr\u00e9s can send back to cuba and further restrict the number of visits cubans living in the united states can make to their homeland . cuba responded by cultivating closer relations with\na crack opened in the cuban system in may 2002 , when a petition with 11 , 000 signatures\u2014part of an unusual dissident initiative known as the varela project\u2014was submitted to the national assembly of popular power ( hereafter , national assembly ) . started by oswaldo jos\u00e9 pay\u00e1 sadinas , now cuba\u2019s most prominent dissident leader , the varela project called for a referendum on basic civil and political liberties and a new electoral law . in the following month , however , the government responded by initiating a drive to mobilize popular support for an amendment to the constitution , subsequently adopted unanimously by the national assembly , declaring the socialist system to be \u201cuntouchable , \u201d permanent , and \u201cirrevocable . \u201d\ncuban politics have been dominated by a government campaign targeting negative characteristics of the socialist system , such as \u201cindiscipline\u201d ( for example , theft of public and private property , absenteeism , and delinquency ) , corruption , and negligence . under the campaign , unspecified indiscipline - related charges were brought against a member of the cuban communist party and its political bureau , resulting in his dismissal from these positions in april 2006 .\ncastro , hospitalized by an illness , transferred power provisionally to his brother , general ra\u00fal castro ruz , first vice president of the council of state and council of ministers and minister of the revolutionary armed forces on july 31 , 2006 . fidel castro\u2019s unprecedented transfer of power and his prolonged recovery appeared to augur the end of the castro era .\none world - nations online . : . let ' s care for this planet actually , it ' s impossible to simulate freedom - - - or ? nations online project is made to improve cross - cultural understanding and global awareness . more signal - less noise\norigin mowry arrived in the san francisco bay area in 1846 with his parents and bro ther , rinaldo . they were part of the historic voyage of the brooklyn , which brought mormons to this area . he was born in providence county , rhode island on july 3 , 1825 where he learned his trade of mason , while helping on the family farm .\nmowry landing which was at the source of mowry slough was close to the railway station of the south pacific coast railroad company , which was on mowry ' s land . this probably provided origin mowry with access to a larger market for his agricultural goods . according to an earlier map ( 1878 ) mowry slough is more extensive . sediment and fill from humans over the last 100 years shaped mowry slough of today .\nexplore your faith and understand the background and inspiration of the bible , its history and composition , the overarching themes and message .\nwe want to share with you our excitement for a new way of learning at rocky mountain college .\npathways is our new \u201cdistributed learning\u201d model . it is taking our classroom courses out of the box , and down the road to where you are .\nwith our focus on discipleship , leadership and social care , pathways now enables students , professionals , and life - long learners , to take advantage of our programs and courses no matter where they are .\ncourses are available to anyone . anywhere . anytime . often times god speaks to us and we yearn for a richer life . but obstacles appear .\npathways is about removing obstacles and allowing access to quality learning experiences . we foster changed lives both locally and globally .\nit is our hope that we can show you a new pathway to learning , ministry and a richer , more meaningful life . thank you for exploring rmc\u2019s pathways program .\nat least two of this season ' s leading european first - season sires raced only as two - year - olds . and were each top - class and super - tough two - year - olds . each never raced again after his first season . each is now shaping up as a very promising stallion , with each already having sired his first stakes winner . teofilo ' s first black - type winner came with the success of in the listed three fillies sprint stakes at naas on 6th june , while dark angel ' s first stakes success came 19 days later when his daughter won the empress stakes at newmarket . while common sense suggests that , as the racecourse is the testing ground for the breeding stock of the future , it is preferable to breed only from stallions who have proved their durability prior to retiring to stud , these results suggest that such a credential , though desirable , is not necessarily essential , writes john berry\nbloodstock history books , of course , provide numerous examples of stallions who never raced at the ages of three or above . while dark angel and teofilo were top - class and very tough two - year - olds , they were not in the same league in these respects as\n, whose profile remains that of the perfect two - year - old . the tetrarch raced seven times as a two - year - old in 1913 , winning on all seven occasions . after making a winning debut at newmarket on 17th april , he won all his remaining six starts : the woodcote stakes at epsom , the coventry stakes ( then run over five furlongs ) at ascot by ten lengths , the national breeders ' produce stakes at sandown , the rous memorial at goodwood , the champion breeders ' foal stakes at derby , and the champagne stakes at doncaster . the national breeders ' produce stakes was the only race in which he came under any pressure at all , and that was only because he had been badly left at the start . by the autumn , he had more than earned his position as red - hot favourite for the following year ' s derby ( and his pedigree suggested that stamina would not be a concern , as he was by the good two - miler\n, whose wins had all come between nine and 11 furlongs and who had already bred , strange though it may seem , a russian oaks winner ) . however , the tetrarch had to miss his engagement in october in the imperial produce stakes at kempton park because he struck into himself while cantering the day before the race \u2013 and when he did the same the following spring , he gave himself what proved to be a career - ending injury . the tetrarch proved to be a champion sire . poor fertility ( the 11 seasons which he spent covering at ballylinch stud before he was pensioned yielded only 130 foals , with the 22 foals in his 1918 crop being the most he ever produced in one year ) was not enough to prevent him from making a massive impression as a stallion . he was champion sire of britain and ireland in 1919 ( with his oldest offspring aged only three ) and he sired both a great stallion (\nthe gist of the tetrarch ' s tale is that racing only as a juvenile does not necessarily preclude subsequent success at stud . in fact , not racing at all does not necessarily preclude that , although obviously few horses are given any chance at stud at all without first having compiled a worthwhile racing record . the success , though , in new zealand of the champion sires\nit should , however , be remembered that the tetrarch failed to race as a three - year - old because of misadventure ( striking into himself ) rather than because of any innate inability to withstand the rigours of training and racing per se . that is very different from the case of teofilo who appeared to stand up very well to a tough campaign as a two - year - old in 2006 ( when he won all his five starts including the national stakes at the curragh and the dewhurst stakes at newmarket ) but who , perhaps as a result of the wear and tear inevitably resultant from a tough preparation in his first season , suffered from soreness in his knees during his classic year which meant that , while he was in training , he never made it to the races as a three - year - old before retiring to kildangan stud aged four in 2008 . teofilo ' s failure to race as a three - year - old in 2007 resulted in the unusual situation of neither of the previous year ' s dewhurst stakes principals ever running again after that race , the runner - up\nwas infertile , the pretext for premature retirement being that holy roman emperor was thus required at the stud to cover the mares whom george washington could not help .\nholy roman emperor thus found himself at stud during the spring of his three - year - old year ( 2007 ) . he has subsequently proved himself to be a useful source of satisfactory racehorses , even if the terrific qualities displayed by his super - tough royal ascot - winning first - crop three - year - old daughter\nare not necessarily shared by all of his stock . while , though , there was seemingly a semi - valid reason for holy roman emperor not even being in training during his three - year - old season , such an excuse could not be used in the case of dark angel , who was still more than a month away from his actual third birthday when he began covering mares at morristown lattin stud in february 2008 . history does not relate whether any of dark angel ' s connections were glib enough to claim that he had been retired to stud because he had\nnothing more to prove\n- a phrase which , like\nonly following orders\n, has much to answer for . however , what his premature retirement did prove is that the old maxims that one bred to race , and raced to improve the breed , have nowadays been submerged under a tidal wave of modern financial ' reality ' .\n. acclamation was a very good two - year - old in 2001 and a group two winner of the six - furlong diadem stakes at ascot as a four - year - old in 2003 . he retired to rathbarry stud as a five - year - old in 2004 having finished in the first three in 13 of his 16 starts , and his first yearlings justifiably proved popular at the sales in the autumn of 2006 . ( acclamation has subsequently proved himself to be a consistently good sire of sprinters thanks to the successes of the likes of dual king ' s stand stakes winner\nin the group two railway stakes over six furlongs at the curragh on 26th june - a race , incidentally , in which his son dark angel sired the runner - up and holy roman emperor sired the third ) .\nbred by yeomanstown stud , dark angel was offered as a yearling at doncaster in august 2006 . although his family is far from a regular supplier of high - class horses , he was a strong , imposing colt sired by a fast horse who , thanks to never having yet sired a runner , could still at that time be dreamed about as being the ' next big thing ' . he duly fetched 61 , 000 gns , bought by the bba ireland on behalf of patrons of barry hills ' stable . as he was destined to carry the colours of catherine corbett , famous for having owned good grey horses such as the group one\u2013winning fillies\n, the fact that he was a grey would have probably helped to clinch the deal .\n, whose breeding record at the time was far from impressive . she herself had inherited that grey coat from her dam\n. the omens , therefore , were that dark angel might be a decent sprinter , even if it seemed unlikely that he could rise to the highest class . that , though , is what he would do in little over a year .\nafter joining barry hills ' stable , dark angel soon proved himself to be abnormally precocious . he was , therefore , duly dispatched to the craven meeting at newmarket in april 2007 , where he finished runner - up on debut to the julia fielden - trained\n( who , in marked contrast to dark angel , is still racing now and who has to date won seven of his 45 starts , his most recent success having come in a listed race over seven furlongs at kempton last december ) . this run was good enough to see dark angel sent off the 2 / 5 favourite for a five - furlong maiden race at the chester may meeting ( where his trainer ' s outstanding course record over the years would have further increased confidence in his chances ) . he duly won comfortably by two lengths , ridden by the trainer ' s son michael , who was to partner him in all his races .\nlike most promising early two - year - olds , dark angel ran at royal ascot , but his run there in the 2007 windsor castle stakes gave little hint of the success he was shortly afterwards to enjoy : he finished 11th , albeit beaten less than four lengths in a blanket finish . thereafter , dark angel never looked back . raised in class at newmarket ' s july meeting , he belied his 20 / 1 sp when running a bold race to finish fourth to\nin the world ' s oldest two - year - old race , the july stakes , a group two contest over six furlongs . a smooth victory in a very valuable sales race at the york august meeting followed and , although he was unplaced in the flying childers stakes at doncaster ' s st leger meeting , dark angel then rattled off a group race double , landing the group two mill reef stakes at newbury and the group one middle park stakes at newmarket , beating the richmond stakes winner\non each occasion . his connections then took the bold step of sending him out to contest an exceptionally competitive dewhurst two weeks later . while he probably found the seven furlongs too far , the strength of the opposition was probably also a major factor in his moderate ninth place in a 10 - runner field , well beaten by the likes of the subsequent derby winner\nin a three - year - olds ' listed sprint at newbury last year , and then became happier still when dark angel ' s first yearlings sold well last autumn . the joy will have been increased further by the swag of winners which dark angel has already sired , headed by the admirable\n, winner to date of four of her six races . so no real harm has been done , even if , surely , we don ' t want this trend to develop - and the fact that two of last season ' s fastest two - year - olds in britain ( flying childers winner\n) were covering big books of mares as three - year - olds in ireland this year ( at tally - ho stud and morristown lattin stud respectively ) is not a good sign in that respect .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite programmed in coldfusion \u2122 and maintained and updated by tara ' s art .\nhigh chaparra makes his comeback after injury in the royal whip stakes ( 2 . 55 ) at the curragh and should see off five rivals even if short of his best . he beat in time ' s eye convincingly at leopardstown before winning the derby last year , so the danger could be imperial dancer , especially if a strong pace brings his finish into play .\nthe most astonishing two - year - old performance at royal ascot came from three valleys , who stormed away with the coventry stakes by eight lengths in a very fast time . one cool cat is highly thought of by aidan o ' brien but he will have to be exceedingly smart to beat roger charlton ' s youngster in the phoenix stakes at 3 . 55 .\ncharlton may also strike in the prix maurice de gheest ( 2 . 50 ) at deauville with avonbridge , whose beating of ashdown express and resplendent cee at salisbury in june has been boosted by that pair ' s recent wins . nayyir may not be suited by a drop in trip .\nas usual , the racing in britain is on a much more mundane level . frascati is my best bet of the day in the sprint handicap at windsor ( 5 . 00 ) . she has a 15lb pull for a three - quarters of a length beating by musical fair at redcar last month when two more of today ' s rivals , playtime blue and blessed place , finished down the field .\ncoustou ( 3 . 20 ) and miss mirasol ( 3 . 50 ) look best at leicester .\nyou ' ve read the piece , now have your say . email your comments , be as frank as you like , we can take it , to sport . editor @ urltoken , or mail the observer direct at sport @ urltoken\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nhowever , it helps . all concerned with the running of the english national stud , where\nresides , must therefore be delighted to see their stallion currently sitting on top of the first - season sires ' list for britain and ireland .\nin an era when the times for races are continually getting faster and when the majority of track records are only a small amount of years old , it was remarkable that the track record for hamilton ' s five - furlong course should have remained at 58 seconds since 1972 . in fact , the surprise shouldn ' t be that no horse had run under 58 seconds in that period , more that such a quick time should have been set in the first place , because the stiff uphill finish at hamilton makes that a remarkably fast time . however , in making a winning debut at hamilton on may 30 , rose blossom won by four - and - a - half lengths in a time of 57 . 95 , thus breaking the all - aged record as well as the juveniles ' figure . she is clearly a young sprinter of huge potential , and it was no surprise after the race to hear vicky fahey , wife of the winning trainer richard , declare ,\nrichard thinks she is the best filly he has trained , and said that if she didn ' t win today he ' d give up training . she will now head straight to royal ascot for the queen mary\n.\n- and it would be no surprise if he were duly to follow in his father ' s footsteps . ( he would , in fact , actually follow in them closely , because the two stallions stand alongside each other at the national stud ) .\n, bahamian bounty combines two proven sprinting sire - lines . it is somewhat ironic that cadeaux genereux is currently the most distinguished male - line descendant of\nat stud in europe , because sprinting certainly was not the main claim to fame of hyperion and his descendants , notwithstanding hyperion ' s five - furlong success in the new ( now norfolk ) stakes as a two - year - old at royal ascot . however , the branch of hyperion ' s sire - line which came via the 1947 2 , 000 guineas winner\ndefinitely proved to be one which excelled at short distances . tudor minstrel ' s son\n, winners of the prix de l ' abbaye and the cork and orrery ( now golden jubilee ) stakes respectively . sadly balidar ' s son\nwas one of several very fast horses which he left prior to his premature demise .\nboasted a similarly distinguished sprinting tradition . the dominant sprinter in ireland in the 1970s , ballad rock won the greenlands stakes at the curragh in 1978 with ten stone but even more meritorious was his victory in the previous year ' s rockingham handicap under 9 stone 12 lb , a massive weight for a three - year - old in what was historically regarded as ireland ' s most prestigious sprint . his main achievement at stud was breeding the july cup and sussex stakes winner\n, winner of the 1966 coventry , champagne and middle park stakes , and subsequently responsible for numerous very fast horses during his career at kildangan stud in ireland .\nlanded the haydock park sprint cup . unsurprisingly , these siblings have speed on both sides of their pedigree , star ( who won over five furlongs as a two - year - old ) being a daughter of the mansingh mare marista , whose other offspring include"]}
{"id": 741, "summary": [{"text": "chiasmia simplicilinea is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in eastern and southern africa from ethiopia to south africa and in ivory coast & madagascar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "known foodplants of the larvae of this species are mimosoideae , acacia dealbata and acacia mearnsii . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "chiasmia simplicilinea", "paragraphs": ["chiasmia simplicilinea is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in eastern and southern africa from ethiopia to south africa and in ivory coast & madagascar .\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : chiasmia simplicilinea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\ncopyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : insect details : individual images : chiasmia simplicilinea image1 . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use\ncopyright : mike bingham , annette willemen , bart wursten , petra ballings and mark hyde , 2011 - 18 bingham , m . g . , willemen , a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . and hyde , m . a . ( 2018 ) . flora of zambia : lepidoptera - butterflies and moths : chiasmia simplicilinea . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 7 february 2018 12 : 03am terms of use\nchiasmia - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlarva a green looper with fine white lines and a cream central line and black dots on each segment .\ntanzania , zambia , mozambique , zimbabwe , south africa as far as the eastern cape .\na junior subjective synonym of gonodela maculosa warren , 1899 , synonymized by prout ( 1932a : 486 ) .\nswinhoe c . 1904c . on the geometridae of tropical africa in the national collection . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1904 ( 3 ) : 497\u2013590 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 742, "summary": [{"text": "leucanopsis nubilosus is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by rothschild in 1909 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in peru and bolivia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "leucanopsis nubilosus", "paragraphs": ["leucanopsis nubilosus ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nhalisidota nubilosus rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 222 ; tl : peru , santo domingo , oconeque , la oroya , rio inambari , carabaya\nleucanopsis oruba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ]\nleucanopsis loisona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis curta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis pseudofalacra ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis dallipa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis dinellii ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis nimbiscripta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis democrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis contempta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis setosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nleucanopsis calvona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis notodontina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis lacteogrisea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis huaco ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis terranea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis subterranea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis sthenia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis liparoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis hoffmannsi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis huacina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 357\nleucanopsis mancina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis cirphis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis leucanina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis tanamo ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis rufoochracea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis truncata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis louella ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis dissimilis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis ochracea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis squalida ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 358\nleucanopsis rhomboidea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis strigulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis malodonta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis suavina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis nonagrioides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 259\nleucanopsis ephrem ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis polyodonta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis joasa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis pseudomanda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 359\nleucanopsis chesteria ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis flavorufa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis stipulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis taperana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis aurantiaca ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis pohli ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis pulverea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis stipulatoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis pulverulenta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 360\nleucanopsis boliviana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis coniota ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis ishima ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis tabernilla ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis perdita ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis zozinna ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis bipartita ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis pseudoconiata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis oblonga ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis biedala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 361\nleucanopsis subnebulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis mandus ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis stuarti ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis suffusa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis quanta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis jonesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis cirphoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis aurata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis orooca ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis pterostomoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis lineata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis rosetta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis manada ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis nebulosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis oruboides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis similis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 363\nleucanopsis toledana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis obvia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis ahysa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis batesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis misona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis sporina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis vangetta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis apicepunctata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis siegruna ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis austina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nleucanopsis soldina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis racema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis angulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis azadina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis turrialba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis quadrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis valentina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis venezuelensis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis cedon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 365\nleucanopsis nayapana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis bactris ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis luridioides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis cloisa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis athor ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis marimba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis falacra ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis affinella ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis cuneipuncta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis guascana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis sablona ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis falacroides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis zacualpana ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis hadenoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis acuta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nleucanopsis maccessoya ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis lomara ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis fuscosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis perirrorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis umbrosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis violascens ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis umbrina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis potamia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 368\nleucanopsis longa ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16\nleucanopsis terola ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2013 , zoosystema 35 ( 3 ) : 444 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 362\nleucanopsis lurida ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 . 2 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 366\nleucanopsis perdentata ; [ nacl ] , # 8217 . 1 ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 16 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 356\nhalisidota curta rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazons\n= halisidota nimbiscripta ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 297\nhalisidota dallipa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota nimbiscripta dyar , 1912 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 42 ( 1885 ) : 51 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , iguala\nhalisidota democrata schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 119 ; tl : guatemala , cayuga\nhalisidota contempta rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : amazonas , fonte boa\nhalisidota setosa rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : la oroya , rio inambari , peru , 3100ft\nhalisidota calvona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota notodontina rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 2 ) : 188 , pl . 14 , f . 28 ; tl : huancabamba , e . peru\nhalisidota lacteogrisea rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : la vuelta , caura river\nhalisidota huaco schaus , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 266 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro , castro para\u00f1a\nhalisidota terranea rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazon\nhalisidota subterranea rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : santo domingo , oconeque , la oroya , rio inambari , carabaya\nhalisidota sthenia hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155 , pl . 40 , f . 6 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo\nhalisidota liparoides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : aroewarwa creek , maroewym valley , surinam ; . . .\nhalisidota hoffmannsi rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 222 ; tl : pozuzo , dept . huanuco , peru\nhalisidota huacina schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 577 ; tl : peru , chaquimayao\nhalisidota mancina schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 120 ; tl : guatemala , cayuga\nhalisidota cirphis schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 185 ; tl : juan vi\u00f1as , volcano turrialba\neuphalisidota longa grote , 1880 ; can . ent . 12 ( 10 ) : 213 ; tl : florida , enterprise\ncolombia , ecuador , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]\nhalisidota tanamo schaus , 1904 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 30 : 138 ; tl : cuba , tanamo\nhalisidota rufoochracea rothschild , 1922 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 ( 53 ) : 483 ; tl : [ par\u00e1 ]\nhalisidota truncata rothschild , 1922 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 9 ( 53 ) : 491 ; tl : pernambuco\nhalisidota louella schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 502 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo\nhalisidota dissimilis reich , 1935 ; int . ent . zeit . 29 : 278 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , jaragu\u00e1 do sul\nhalisidota ochracea m\u00f6schler , 1883 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 32 : 337 , pl . 18 , f . 28 ; tl : surinam\nphegoptera squalida herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1855 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 13 - 17 ) : pl . 52 , f . 288\nmexico , guatemala , panama , ecuador , bolivia , peru , surinam , brazil . see [ maps ]\n? halesidota ? citrina walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 314\nlarva on paspalum indicum hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 165\nhalisidota strigulosa walker , 1855 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 3 : 737 ; tl : brazil , para\nhalesidota malodonta dyar , 1914 ; insecutor inscit . menstr . 2 : 161 ; tl : peru , huadquina\nhalisidota suavina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nvenezuela , peru , brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo , minas gerais ) , paraguay . see [ maps ]\nhalisidota nonagrioides rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 64 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 13 , f . 19 ; tl : venezuela ; s\u00e3o paulo ; minas geraes ; peru\nhalisidota ephrem schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : bolivia , rurrenabaque\nhalisidota polyodonta hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 166 , pl . 41 , f . 2 ; tl : amazons , parintins\nhalisidota joasa schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 504 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota pseudomanda rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 14 , f . 2 ; tl : la oroya , carabaya ; santo doming ; tinguri ; surinam\nhalisidota chesteria schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 511 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota flavorufa rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 66 , 17 ( 4 ) pl . 13 , f . 31 ; tl : potaro , brit . guiana ; carondelet , ecuador\nhalisidota daltona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota stipulata rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : peru , la orotya , rio inambari\nhalisidota taperana schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 580 ; tl : brazil , paran\u00e1\nhalisidota aurantiaca rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : allianca , below san antonio , rio madeira\nhalisidota pohli schaus , 1927 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 29 ( 4 ) : 75 ; tl : brazil , alto da serra\nhalisidota pulverea schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 138 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo\nhalisidota stipulatoides rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : venezuela ; british guiana ; . . .\nhalisidota pulverulenta dognin , 1923 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 23 : 8 ; tl : brazil , amazonas , rio tapajoz\nhalisidota boliviana dognin , 1922 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 20 : 2 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo\nhalisidota loisona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo\necuador , bolivia , surinam , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]\nhalisidota coniota hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 164 , pl . 41 , f . 1 ; tl : brazil , rio de janeiro\nhalisidota ishima schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota tabernilla schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 581 ; tl : panama , canal zone\nhalisidota perdita schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 120 ; tl : guatemala , cayugua\nhalisidota zozinna schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 580 ; tl : colombia , muzo\nhalisidota bipartita dognin , 1912 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 6 : 6 ; tl : colombia , monte tolima\nhalisidota pseudoconiata rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : limbani , carabaya , 900ft ; agualani , carabaya , 9000ft\nhalisidota oblonga rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 218 ; tl : santo doming , carabaya , 6000ft\nhalisidota biedala schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 502 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nphegoptera mandus herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1855 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 13 - 17 ) : pl . 52 , f . 286 ( boisduval ) ; tl : brazil\nhalisidota stuarti rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : reyes , amazons\naemilia suffusa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota quanta schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 139 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota jonesi rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : castro , parana\nhalisidota dogniniana strand , 1919 ; lepid . cat . 22 : 75 ( repl . halisidota fassli dognin , 1911 ) ; tl : colombia , paramo del quindin\nhalisidota cirphoides rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 : 271 ; tl : colombia , monte tolima\nhalisidota aurata jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota orooca schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 36 ; tl : argentina , tucum\u00e1n\n= halisidota oruboides ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 289\nhalisidota lineata schaus , 1894 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1894 : 230 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota rosetta schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 139 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo\nhalisidota manada schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 509 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota nebulosa rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 288 ; tl : amazonas , fonte boa\nhalisidota oruboides rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 219 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya , 6500ft\nhalisidota similis rothschild , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 219 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazon\nhalisidota toledana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 507 ; tl : bolivia , rio sargo [ songo ]\nhalisidota obvia dognin , 1909 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 53 : 221 ; tl : french guiana , saint laurent du maroni\nhalisidota ahysa schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 579 ; tl : rio de janeiro\nhalisidota batesi rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 286 ; tl : teffe , amazons\nhalisidota misona schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota sporina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalesidota vangetta dyar , 1910 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 38 ( 1742 ) : 235 ; tl : mexico , misantla\nhalisidota apicepunctata schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : carabaya , peru\nhalisidota siegruna schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 509 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\n= ; vincent & laguerre , 2010 , bull . soc . ent . fr . 115 ( 2 ) : 182 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 364\nhalisidota soldina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 504 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota racema schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 223 ; tl : french guiana , saint jean , maroni river\nhalisidota angulata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya ; la oroya\nhalisidota oruba schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 280 ; tl : brazil , petropolis\nhalisidota azadina schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo\nhalisidota turrialba schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 185 ; tl : turrialba\nhalisidota quadrata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 65 ; tl : oconeque , carabaya ; limbani\nhalisidota valentina schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 35 ; tl : oconeque , carabaya , limbani\n= halisidota cedon ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 292\nhalisidota cedon druce , 1897 ; biol . cent . - am . , lepid . - heter . 2 : 372 , pl . 74 , f . 11 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nhalisidota nayapana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 506 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nnoctua bactris sepp , [ 1852 ] ; surinaam . vlinders 2 ( 25 ) : 223 ; tl : surinam\nlarva on bactris acanthocarpa hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155\n= halisidota bactris ; hampson , 1920 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 2 : 277\nhalisidota cloisa schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo\nhalisidota athor schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 576 ; tl : brazil , rio , campo bello\nhalisidota marimba schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 577 ; tl : venezuela , merida\n= halisidota bactris ; hampson , 1901 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 155\nhalisidota cuneipuncta rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : mexico , veracruz\nhalisidota perdentata schaus , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 266 ; tl : mexico , oribaza\nhalisidota guascana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 505 ; tl : colombia , pueblo guasca\neuhalisidota sablona schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 : 140 ; tl : brazil , castro para\u00f1a\nhalisidota falacroides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 281 ; tl : huancabamba , cerro de pasco\nhalisidota zacualpana schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 501 ; tl : mexico , zacualpan\nhalisidota hadenoides rothschild , 1909 ; novit . zool . 16 ( 2 ) : 289 ; tl : iquitos ; amazonas , codaja , fonte boa ; allianca , below san antonio , rio madeira\n= ; vincent & laguerre , 2010 , bull . soc . ent . fr . 115 ( 2 ) : 182 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 367\nhalisidota maccessoya schaus , 1933 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 11 : 578 ; tl : amazons , amatur\u00e1\nhalisidota lomara schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 508 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina\nhalisidota ? fuscosa jones , 1908 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1908 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : paran\u00e1 , castro\nhalisidota perirrorata reich , 1935 ; int . ent . zeit . 29 : 279 ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , nova teutonia\nhalisidota umbrosa hampson , 1901 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 3 : 163 , pl . 40 , f . 14 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro\nhalisidota violascens reich , 1933 ; int . ent . zs . 27 : 366 ; tl : argentina\nhalisidota umbrina rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : fonte boa , upper amazons\nhalisidota potamia schaus , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 89 ( 3102 ) : 510 ; tl : antioquia , mesopatamia , colombia , 5000ft\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\ncatalogue of the arctiadae ( arctianae ) and agaristidae in the collection of the british museum ( nat . hist . )\ndescriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii\nnatuurlijke historie van surinaamsche vlinders , naar het leven geteekend . papillons de surinam dessin\u00e9s d ' apr\u00e8s nature\n( 13 ) : i - viii , 105 - 108 , pl . 49 - 50 ( [ 1843 ] ) ,\n( 25 ) : i - iv , 217 - 224 , pl . 97 - 100 ( [ 1847 ] ) ,\n( 38 ) : i - viii , 321 - 328 , pl . 149 - 152 ( [ 1852 ] )\nwatson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word notodontina . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word notodontina and , of course , notodontina synonyms and on the right images related to the word notodontina .\nthis is the place for notodontina definition . you find here notodontina meaning , synonyms of notodontina and images for notodontina copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 743, "summary": [{"text": "the bocaccio , sebastes paucispinis , is a northeast pacific species in the sebastidae ( rockfish ) family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "other names for this species include salmon grouper , grouper , tom cod ( juveniles ) , and slimy .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in greek , sebastes means \u201c magnificent , \u201d and paucispinis is latin for \u201c few spines \u201d . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "bocaccio rockfish", "paragraphs": ["information on the bocaccio rockfish is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe reported catch of bocaccio rockfish in the bc bottom trawl fishery by trawl management area is shown below .\nthe seasonal depth distribution of bocaccio rockfish catch in the bc bottom trawl fishery from 1996 to 2003 is shown below .\ndiet juvenile bocaccio feed on larvae , euphausiids , young rockfish , surf perch , mackerel and numerous small inshore fishes . adults feed on other rockfish , sablefish , anchovies , lanternfish and squid .\nthis is an adult bocaccio off photographed off southern california by remotely operated vehicle .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus )\ntitle =\narkive species - bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n- body dark gray dorsally , light ventrally ; gill rakers 33 - 36 ( 28 - 31 in bocaccio ) ; dorsal rays typically 15 - 17 ( 13 - 15 in bocaccio ) ; scales below lateral line 58 - 70 ( 72 - 90 in bocaccio ) .\nbocaccio also benefitted from several good year classes , when survival rates for young fish improved .\nstocks of bocaccio and the darkblotched rockfish have been rebuilt after years of conservation restrictions to protect populations knocked down by a combination of poor ocean conditions and overfishing .\nbocaccio is one of at least 35 species of rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) found in british columbia . adults can be olive - orange to brown in colour . when less than 25 centimetres in length , young bocaccio are light bronze with small brown spots on their sides . their colour darkens and their spots disappear as they grow . these fish can be distinguished from other rockfish by their long lower jaw . bocaccio is one of the largest rockfish species and can reach almost one metre in length . other common names for bocaccio include : rock salmon , salmon rockfish , pacific red snapper , pacific snapper , oregon red snapper , oregon snapper , and longjaw .\ncommercial groundfish fisheries are the largest known threat to bocaccio . like other rockfish species , bocaccio have swim bladders which cannot adjust to the sudden changes in pressure that occur when fishing gear brings them to the surface . bocaccio accidentally caught in fisheries die when they are brought up from depths greater than about 25 to 30 metres . other research suggests that bocaccio are also potentially threatened with habitat destruction caused by the long - term use of fishing gear on the ocean floor .\nnoaa fisheries and the council also developed rebuilding plans for lingcod , canary rockfish , cowcod , pacific ocean perch , widow rockfish , and yelloweye rockfish . the plans required sharp reductions in commercial and recreational groundfish fisheries , which included widespread fishing closures through the establishment of rockfish conservation areas off the west coast .\nseven of the 10 west coast groundfish species found to be overfished since about 2000 are now rebuilt , with noaa fisheries declaring bocaccio and darkblotched rockfish rebuilt ahead of schedule earlier this month .\ninterannual variation in pelagic juvenile rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) abundance\u2014going with the flow\nfor fishermen and seafood lovers , there is good news about two species of rockfish .\na management plan based on individual vessel quotas ( ivqs ) was introduced for the bc trawl fishery in 1997 . bocaccio catches are not limited by ivqs but are constrained by a 15 , 000 lb trip limit for all non - quota rockfish combined . the 2004 / 05 landed value of the bocaccio fishery is $ 230 , 000 .\nthe bocaccio , a rockfish that can grow up to 3 feet in length and live for a half century , was declared to be overfished in the 200 - mile federally managed zone back in 1999 . the smaller darkblotched rockfish , which can live for more than a century , got the designation in 2000 .\nbocaccio have a long lifespan , with a maximum age of at least 57 years and an average generation time is 20 years .\nrange bocaccio is found throughout the coastal waters of the eastern pacific ocean from the gulf of alaska south to baja california mexico .\ntiger rockfish ( sebastes nigrocinctus ) . photo by chad king of the sanctuary integrated monitoring program .\nstatus of bocaccio , sebastes paucispinis , in the conception , monterey and eureka inpfc areas for 2015 . portland , or : pacific fishery management council\nin 2004 , fisheries and oceans canada worked with the commercial fishing industry to develop a conservation program for bocaccio . this program required that all the profits earned from catching bocaccio be directed to programs that support recovery of the species , and began trawl surveys to improve knowledge of bocaccio and other pacific groundfish . it also implemented measures to manage fishery impacts such as setting a total allowable catch and specific fishery limits for bocaccio caught and through restricting the number of groundfish trawl licences . recovery of the species is also assisted through monitoring of groundfish fisheries which maintains accountability and monitoring for bycatch species .\nan evaluation of the effectiveness of rockfish conservation areas in british columbia , canada . the university of british columbia\nmitigation of impacts caused by bottom - contact fishing through management tools may also provide some support for bocaccio recovery . for example , fisheries act closures to protect sensitive benthic areas , marine protected areas , and rockfish conservation areas enable management of bottom - contact fishing to protect groundfish and marine habitat . it is unclear if these areas will benefit bocaccio recovery , but they may provide some protection for the species and its habitat .\n2001 . california department of fish and wildlife marine region gis lab . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult bocaccio rockfish ( sebastes paucispinis ) . the process of creating this shapefile . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\n\u201cby working together , we\u2019ve brought bocaccio and darkblotched rockfish back to where they will again be part of a sustainable west coast groundfish fishery\u201d said barry thom , regional administrator of the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) fisheries west coast region , in a statement .\nwdfw . 2009 . draft puget sound rockfish conservation plan . washington department of fish and wildlife , olympia , wa .\nafter years of conservation efforts , populations of two long - lived species of west coast rockfish have rebounded from overharvesting .\npredators the main predators of juvenile bocaccio are seabirds including the least tern . the main predators of adults are marine mammals such as harbour seals and northern elephant seals .\nstanley , r . d . , starr , p . and n . olsen 2004 bocaccio update . dfo science advisory secretariat research document 2004 / 027 . 64 pp .\na severe decline in the commercial passenger fishing vessel rockfish ( sebastes spp . ) catch in the southern california bight , 1980\u20131996\nof the more than 70 species of rockfish living off the united states ' west coast , the bocaccio rockfish is one of the most endangered . while this 3 - foot fish reaches reproductive age sooner than many overfished species - - as early as four to five years - - its larvae have a very low survival rate . changes in ocean currents and temperature since the 1970s mean that large numbers of bocaccio larvae live to become juveniles only once every 20 years . in response to their dwindling numbers , the united states closed several fisheries along the west coast in 2002 . but even without trawling in these areas , scientists believe it could take 100 years for bocaccio populations to recover . with such significant challenges to recovery , the iucn has listed the species as critically endangered .\nthere are dozens of species of rockfish and other fish harvested in the west coast groundfish harvests managed through the pacific fishery management council and noaa fisheries . ten species were declared overharvested under federal definitions . with the latest two darkblotched and bocaccio , seven of these fish populations are now considered to be rebuilt .\ntable 1 . summary of the status of rockfish stocks in puget sound ( wdfw ) ( palsson et al . 2009 ) .\ncosewic . 2013 . cosewic assessment and status report on the bocaccio sebastes paucispinis in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . xi + 49 pp .\nthe rebuilding successes continued . in 2012 a new stock assessment found that widow rockfish was rebuilt , which allowed for additional harvest and helped increase the fleet\u2019s access to other healthy groundfish species . further assessments led to a declaration in 2015 that petrale sole and canary rockfish were rebuilt . that was particularly significant because limitations on canary rockfish also restricted access to other more abundant and healthy groundfish stocks .\nbocaccio are found in the northeastern pacific ocean , occurring from the gulf of alaska to central baja california in mexico . in canada , bocaccio are found mainly offshore although they have occasionally been found closer to inshore waters such as the strait of georgia , juan de fuca strait , and queen charlotte strait . bocaccio in canada have experienced a sharp decline over the last 60 years , and has declined by 28 % in the 10 - year period since it was first assessed by cosewic . the current population is estimated to be over 400 , 000 individuals .\nstout , h . a . , b . b . mccain , r . d . vetter , t . l . builder , w . h . lenarz , l . l . johnson , and r . d . methot . 2001 . status review of copper rockfish , quillback rockfish and brown rockfish in puget sound , washington . noaa technical memo , u . s . department of commerce .\nharvey , c . j . , k . gross , v . h . simon , and j . hastie . 2008 . trophic and fishery interactions between pacific hake and rockfish : effect on rockfish population rebuilding times . marine ecology progress series 365 : 165 - 176 .\nrockfish form a diverse assemblage of fish in puget sound and throughout their range . in puget sound , rockfish have abundances decreased substantially since quantitative monitoring began in the 1970s . these declines have resulted in the federal listing of three species under the endangered species act . because of their diversity in habitat use , ecology and life history , single - species approaches to rockfish management in puget sound are currently being considered .\ntable 2 . proposed species of interest , habitats and reason for their selections in the draft puget sound rockfish management plant ( wdfw ) .\nlife history aspects of 19 rockfish species ( scorpaenidae : sebastes ) from the southern california bight . noaa technical report national marine fisheries service 87\nrebuilding plans remain in place for the three remaining overfished species : cowcod , pacific ocean perch , and yelloweye rockfish . all three are on track with their plans , with cowcod estimated to be rebuilt by 2020 , pacific ocean perch by 2051 , and yelloweye rockfish by 2074 .\na new management plan has recently been proposed by wdfw which outlines several possible management options for rockfish in puget sound and is currently under review ( wdfw 2009 ) . one of the key components of this plan is the recommendation that quillback , copper , black , yelloweye , bocaccio , canary and puget sound rockfish be managed as individual species due to their importance to recreational fisheries , conservation concerns , or ecological importance ( wdfw 2009 ) ( table 2 ) . in addition to these proposed changes in management , there are currently 16 marine reserves throughout puget sound that include the rocky habitat thought to be beneficial for rockfish .\nalthough rockfish larvae are pelagic , there is genetic evidence for limited dispersal within puget sound for the quillback ( s . maliger ) and copper ( s . caurinus ) rockfish ( seeb 1998 ) as well as for differentiation from coastal populations of brown rockfish ( s . auriculatus ) ( buonaccorsi et al . 2002 ) . this degree of population structure is consistent with other genetic and otolith studies from coastal pacific rockfish populations ( cope 2004 , miller et al . 2005 , burford 2009 ) . because of these findings , populations of each species of rockfish in the northern and southern portions of puget sound are recognized by wdfw to be separate stocks ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 1 ) .\nbocaccio are more susceptible to overfishing because of the species\u2019 life history characteristics , such as late maturity and variable recruitment . as with most other rockfish , offspring survival is variable from year to year . it is dependent on density of adults and ideal environmental conditions . life history characteristics such as these reduce the species\u2019 ability to recover from decline .\nkrieger kj ( 1993 ) distribution and abundance of rockfish determined from a submersible and by bottom trawling . fish bull 91 ( 1 ) : 87\u201396 .\nthe study used calcofi data to examine larval numbers of 15 rockfish species inside and outside two large protected areas southwest of los angeles called cowcod conservation areas ( ccas ) , designated by noaa fisheries in 2001 at the recommendation of the pacific fishery management council . the ccas prohibit fishing deeper than 110 feet , since many adult rockfish species live at such depths . therefore , the 4 , 300 - square - mile areas protect numerous species of rockfish in addition to cowcod .\nscientists found that larvae of most of the rockfish species historically targeted by fishing increased throughout southern california waters , but especially within the protected conservation areas . species that were not historically fished increased at about the same rate both inside and outside the protected areas , indicating that rockfish spawning was high within the protected areas .\ngreen km , starr rm ( 2011 ) movements of small adult black rockfish : implications for the design of mpas . mar ecol prog ser 436 : 219\u2013230 .\ndescription : bocaccio have an elongate body type and are laterally compressed . they have a head that is pointed , a large mouth , and a lower jaw with a knob on the end ( symphyseal knob ) that greatly protrudes beyond the upper jaw . underwater , adult color varies from shades of pink to pink - brown , grey or red that extends down over the belly . after capture the colors are brighter , usually reddish brown . young fish are generally light bronze with speckling over the sides and back . as bocaccio age , their color generally becomes darker and the speckling fades . this is a large rockfish species .\nfigure 1 . map of puget sound showing north sound and south sound designations relevant to rockfish management ( reprinted from palsson et al . 2009 with permission from . )\nwilliams gd , levin ps , palsson wa ( 2010 ) rockfish in puget sound : an ecological history of exploitation . mar policy 34 ( 5 ) : 1010\u20131020 .\nthe research published in royal society open science shows that protecting important ocean habitat promotes the long - term recovery of rockfish such as cowcod and bocaccio that have long been a staple of west coast fishermen . favorable ocean conditions also played a role , according to the study by scientists from noaa fisheries ' southwest fisheries science center ( swfsc ) , university of san diego , and the university of massachusetts amherst .\nberkeley , s . a . 2006 . pacific rockfish management : are we circling the wagons around the wrong paradigm ? bulletin of marine science 78 : 655 - 667 .\nboccaccio larvae and young - of - the - year ( age 0 fish ) live in the upper layers of the ocean for several months . they then settle to bottom habitats in nearshore areas where they form schools . as juveniles mature into adults ( around 7 years ) , they move offshore to greater depths . adult bocaccio are usually found above rocky bottoms between 60 to 340 metres deep . recent science has found that adult bocaccio may also prefer coral and sponge reefs as habitat .\nusing the abundances and trends from all available fishery - independent data , palsson et al . ( 2009 ) classified each rockfish species as healthy , precautionary , vulnerable or depleted . these status categories are based on those used by the american fisheries society ( musick 1999 ) . for the two rockfish species for which demographic data were most available ( quillback and copper rockfish ) , designations were made based on current spawners per recruit ( spr ) relative to 1970s spr ( proxy for an unfished population ) and 1999 spr ( palsson et al . 2009 ) .\nresearchers examined trends from 1998 to 2013 in eight species that were historically fished and seven that were not . the same period brought largely cool ocean conditions , which support increased rockfish reproduction .\nlongevity and mortality bocaccio are difficult to age and thus the maximum age of bocaccio is unknown but radiometric dating of the ear bones has suggested a maximum of 50 years . little is known about the mortality of younger ages . estimates of the natural mortality rate vary between 14 - 22 % per year . this implies that it would take between 12 \u2013 20 years for 95 % of fish of the same age to die of natural causes . age - at - maturity and maximum age imply a generation time of about 10 years .\nboth cowcod and bocaccio are overfished stocks that are being rebuilt under the federal west coast groundfish fishery management plan that is administered by the pacific fishery management council . in fact , the cowcod conservation areas where no fishing can occur deeper than 20 fathoms ( ~ 37 meters ) , was created to help recover cowcod populations , which are found from about 70 - 350 meters in depth , primarily in the southern california bight . bocaccio are found coast - wide , from british columbia into mexico , from 20 - 250 meters in depth .\nparker sj , berkeley sa , golden jt , gunderson dr , heifetz j , hixon ma , et al . ( 2000 ) management of pacific rockfish . fisheries 25 ( 3 ) : 22\u201330 .\nalthough this was the first study to examine rockfish dynamics in association with the ccas , short - term studies also suggest that the ccas benefit rockfish populations . a larval survey in 2005 using the same techniques as the current work but with finer - scale sampling showed that species richness and the abundance of targeted rockfishes was higher within than outside of the ccas [ 26 ] . similarly , submersible surveys in 2012 encountered cowcod with greater frequency within than outside of the ccas [ 25 ] . in addition , abundances of recently hatched , but not older , larval bocaccio were concentrated around the relatively shallow banks within the eastern cca [ 24 ] . although we did not detect an interaction between year and cca for bocaccio , abundances were higher within than outside of paired cca stations in all but two years . these studies and ours indicate that the ccas were positioned in locations that are well suited to protect and facilitate the recovery of many rockfishes in southern california .\ncope , j . m . 2004 . population genetics and phylogeography of the blue rockfish ( sebastes mystinus ) from washington to california . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 61 : 332 - 342 .\nmitamura h , uchida k , miyamoto y , arai n , kakihara t , yokota t , et al . ( 2009 ) preliminary study on homing , site fidelity , and diel movement of black rockfish\nthis video shows a large school of cowcod and bocaccio rockfish found at 89 meters . the footage was taken using a remotely operated vehicle ( rov ) at forty - three fathom bank in the cowcod conservation area off of san diego , ca , by scientists at the southwest fisheries science center . the red dots in the video are produced by two parallel lasers attached to the rov . the lasers are exactly 10 cm apart , and the scientists use them to help estimate the size of fish underwater .\nboth bocaccio and darkblotched give live birth to their young , rather than lay eggs . year to year , there are huge swings in the number of young that survive to become part of the fishery . and , researchers initially underestimated the extent to which populations could rebound from low levels , according to hastie .\nlucero , y . 2009 . a multivariate stock - recruitment function for cohorts with sympatric subclasses : application to maternal effects in rockfish ( genus sebastes ) . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 66 : 557 - 564 .\nhannah rw , rankin ps ( 2011 ) site fidelity and movement of eight species of pacific rockfish at a high - relief rocky reef on the oregon coast . n am j fish manage 31 ( 3 ) : 483\u2013494 .\nwest coast rockfish species in deep collapse only 20 years ago have multiplied rapidly in large marine protected areas off southern california , likely seeding surrounding waters with enough offspring to offer promise of renewed fishing , a new study has found .\ngary greene h , o\u2019connell vm and brylinsky ck ( 2011 ) tectonic and glacial related seafloor geomorphology as possible demersal shelf rockfish habitat surrogates\u2014examples along the alaskan convergent transform plate boundary . cont shelf res 31 ( 2 ) : s39\u2013s53 .\nthree years ago , for example , was a great year for survival rates of young darkblotched rockfish . \u201cthe current model says 2013 was twice as big as anything we have seen in the past 30 years , \u201d hastie said .\ncaught commercially off the outer washington coast with otter - trawls , longline , and jig handline gear . rarely caught by recreational harvesters off the outer washington coast . the puget sound and georgia basin populations of bocaccio are listed as endangered under the endangered species act and recreational retention in all puget sound waters is prohibited . see : urltoken\npopulation trends the abundance of bocaccio in bc waters is unknown . there is little directed research because of its lack of commercial importance . the population as a whole is present in all coastal waters along the edge of the continental shelf . the abundance in the outer north coast is unknown but it appears to be stable in the central coast .\nburford , m . o . 2009 . demographic history , geographical distribution and reproductive isolation of distinct lineages of blue rockfish ( sebastes mystinus ) , a marine fish with a high dispersal potential . journal of evolutionary biology 22 : 1471 - 1486 .\nreynolds bf , powers sp , bishop ma ( 2010 ) application of acoustic telemetry to assess residency and movements of rockfish and lingcod at created and natural habitats in prince william sound . plos one 5 ( 8 ) : e12130 . pmid : 20730090\nhabitat and distribution in bc , bocaccio are mainly caught along the outer pacific coast near the edge of the continental shelf , with largest catches from the northwest end of vancouver island and queen charlotte sound . they are sometimes reported from mainland inlets as well as the strait of georgia . the depth of catch is slightly shallower during summer than winter , with median depth of catch in the trawl fishery of 110 m in summer to 180 m in winter . two tagging studies conducted off the coast of california suggest that bocaccio move more during the first few years of life , and become more sedentary as they age . the amount of movement appears to drop off after they reach a length of 47 cm .\nthe us national marine fisheries service ( nmfs ) conducts triennial surveys and operated 7 times in canadian waters between 1980 - 2001 . these surveys led to conclusions that bocaccio biomass has declined in the vancouver inpfc region although there have been some problems using this biomass index to determine trends in abundance . another index is derived from the wcvi shrimp trawl survey that has been carried out every year since 1973 and has recorded rockfish catches since 1975 . this survey represents the longest series of biomass estimates for bocaccio in canadian waters and has shown that there was relatively low biomass in the 1970s , increasing in the mid 1980s and declining by the late 1980s , a trend that has continued to the present . again , like the nmfs survey estimates , these estimates have low precision . however , there does appear overall to be some evidence of a decline over the last two decades in southern offshore waters , and there is strong evidence for a similar decline in us waters further south .\n2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult black rockfish ( sebastes melanops ) . the process of creating this shapefile includ . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\n2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the most common distribution for adult brown rockfish ( sebastes auriculatus ) . the process of creating this shapefil . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\n2001 . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region . this polygon shapefile contains the entire distribution for adult calico rockfish ( sebastes dalli ) . the process of creating this shapefile included . . . california . department of fish and game . marine resources region .\nfishery in bc , bocaccio are commonly caught along with several other groundfish species including pacific ocean perch , yellowtail rockfish and canary rockfish . in recent years , their occurrence appeared to be relatively predictable in both time and space . current commercial catches are low , as are the sport and first nations catches . they currently make up less than 1 % of the commercial trawl landings , but there is a small amount of targeting for boccacio . commercial trawl catch is almost zero in the strait of georgia . there is a small hook - and - line catch as well as discarding in the commercial hook - and - line fisheries for halibut , zn and schedule ii . the population s in bc are contiguous with those in washington state ; therefore it is possible that catches in the us may impact the bc population s . at this time however , this is unlikely to be an issue as us landings are very low due to restrictive trip limits .\nthe results on the water column use indicate that s . schlegelii are mainly found at an average depth of 20 . 90 m ( ranging from 16 m to 31 m ) . s . schlegelii is a demersal rockfish and remained closer to the bottom for a large portion of the tracking period in our study ( table 4 ) . in another study , the black rockfish sebastes melanops also remained close to the bottom ; the proposed explanation for this behavior was that it enabled fish to avoid the water turbulence from wave action and storm activity [ 41 ] .\nboth commercial and recreational catches of rockfishes have substantially declined since the mid 1980s and 1990s in both the north and south puget sound ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 2 ) . bottom trawl survey data also show declines in the harvested species of rockfishes ; the two species that have increased over time ( redstripe rockfish , s . proriger and puget sound rockfish , s . emphaeus ) are smaller - bodied fish that are not harvested ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 3 ) . the estimated spr ratios for copper and quillback rockfish in the north and south sound have also declined dramatically from 1970s to 1999 in both the north and south sounds ( palsson et al . 2009 ) ( figure 4 ) . this metric is important because it reflects the effect of fishing pressure on the reproductive capacity of a harvested population .\nboccacio are caught at depths between 60 - 340 m during bottom trawling while midwater trawl catches tend to occur over bottom depths of 60 - 200 m . incidental catches in midwater trawling occur when yellowtail ( sebastes flavidus ) and widow rockfish ( s . entomelas ) are targeted in the fishery .\ncitation : zhang y , xu q , al\u00f3s j , liu h , xu q , yang h ( 2015 ) short - term fidelity , habitat use and vertical movement behavior of the black rockfish sebastes schlegelii as determined by acoustic telemetry . plos one 10 ( 8 ) : e0134381 . urltoken\nbuonaccorsi , v . p . , c . a . kimbrell , e . a . lynn , and r . d . vetter . 2002 . population structure of copper rockfish ( sebastes caurinus ) reflects postglacial colonization and contemporary patterns of larval dispersal . canadian journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 59 : 1375 .\nrange / habitat : bocaccio are found from stepovak bay , alaska peninsula , to punta blanca , baja california . this species was once common on steep walls in portions of puget sound , now they are very rare . they have been found at water depths ranging from 12 to 478 m ( 40 - 1 , 578 ft ) , but tend to be most abundant from 50 to 250 m ( 165 - 825 ft ) in depth .\nmiller , j . a . , m . a . banks , d . gomez - uchida , and a . l . shanks . 2005 . a comparison of population structure in black rockfish ( sebastes melanops ) as determined with otolith microchemistry and microsatellite dna . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 2189 - 2198 .\nour work strongly indicates that the ccas have been effective in facilitating the recovery of multiple targeted rockfish species and supports the effectiveness of establishing and regularly monitoring long - term mpas . given that augmenting larval output is the primary mechanism by which mpas can benefit fisheries , this study provides an example of how larval monitoring can be used to assess mpa efficacy .\nhabitat enhancement via the deployment of ars has been a widely used management and conservation tool worldwide [ 86 , 87 ] . there is strong evidence that the implementation of ars increases the local abundance of fishes by various mechanisms , creating a mating / spawning area , increasing fish growth and survival of juveniles , and attracting fish from outside the area [ 88 \u2013 90 ] . ar restoration has been shown to mitigate rockfish population loss in many studies [ 91 \u2013 93 ] and , in general , rockfish habitat utilization is closely linked to habitat complexity [ 81 ] . in fact , rockfish exhibit a strong affinity for rugged geomorphological features [ 38 , 94 , 95 ] and the heterogeneous and structured habitat of rocky substrates [ 39 , 96 , 97 ] . reynolds et al . [ 81 ] demonstrated the potential of ars to provide quality habitat for s . caurinus along the alaskan convergent transform plate boundary . the results of our study agree with these previous findings for other species , and we suggest that ars create quality habitat and serve as attractants for s . schlegelii .\nthis is the first research we know of to demonstrate that marine protected areas are producing high abundances of fish larvae that can seed surrounding areas ,\nthompson said .\nthat was an important part of the vision for these areas when they were established , and it ' s rewarding that management actions are contributing to the recovery of rockfish in southern california .\nfrom 1999 to 2002 , scientific stock surveys documented declining numbers of west coast groundfish , and the council and noaa fisheries took action by declaring them overfished and reducing commercial harvests . while the reductions represented sharp blows to coastal economies , fishing communities and the fishing industry recognized the importance of maintaining sustainable groundfish stocks for the long term . bocaccio , for example , was declared overfished in 1999 , but strong reproduction and recruitment combined with the fishing cutbacks helped rebuild the species five years ahead of the original target of 2022 .\nmany aspects of the ecology and biology of rockfish germane to their management in puget sound are not well understood . for example , ecological interactions such as predation may play important roles in determining the success of management strategies ( e . g . , beaudreau and essington 2007 , harvey et al . 2008 ) , while demographic parameters such as age structure of populations ( berkeley et al . 2004 , berkeley 2006 , lucero 2009 ) or variability in the factors that drive recruitment rates are also likely to be quite important in driving the potential for rockfish recovery . furthermore , while targeted exploitation of rockfishes in puget sound has diminished in recent years , the influence of continued threats such as pollution , altered food webs , incidental catch in recreational fisheries are not known .\nthe larvae of several species of rockfish that were once heavily fished increased in number within protected areas over the past decade ,\nsaid andrew thompson , a research scientist at the swfsc in la jolla , calif .\nthe larvae have the potential to drift outside the protected region . that ' s good for fisheries because it can build populations beyond the protected waters too .\nwe processed 6717 larvae and identified 39 rockfish species throughout the time - series ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) . two non - targeted species , squarespot and shortbelly , were especially common , comprising over 50 % of the combined larvae ( table 1 ) . the next most abundant non - targeted species were pygmy , halfbanded , stripetail , swordspine and whitespeckled ( table 1 ) . the most abundant targeted species were bocaccio , blue , bank , speckled , olive , widow , chilipepper and copper ( table 1 ) . conversely , some species were extremely rare . for example , we detected only one individual ( not adjusting for shf ) for greenspotted ( s . chlorostictus ) , greenblotched ( s . rosenblatti ) and flag ( s . rubrivinctus ) , two individuals for calico ( s . dalli ) and yelloweye ( s . ruberrimus ) , and three for mexican ( s . macdonaldi ) ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) .\nwe would have never known this if not for the trove of data we get from those ships out on the water regularly looking at everything from temperature to , in this case , numbers of larval rockfish ,\nsaid kristen koch , acting director of the swfsc .\nwe ' ve discovered this conservation success story thanks to long - term monitoring that gives us new insight into how the ocean works and changes .\nwe found that larval abundances of the majority of targeted rockfishes increased throughout southern california between 1998 and 2013 . the rates of increase , however , were much higher within than outside of the ccas for most of the targeted but none of the untargeted species ( figure 5 ; electronic supplementary material , table s4 ) . this indicates that the presence of the ccas is facilitating the recovery of rockfish species that were historically targeted by fishers .\nsix of the eight ( excluding cowcod which were quite rare ) most abundant targeted species ( copper , widow , blue , speckled , bocaccio and olive ) showed significant increases in their mean abundances across the entire region over time ( figure 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) . interestingly , although cowcod abundances were below the threshold for formal analysis , this species did significantly increase during the study ( figure 2 ) . four of the seven ( squarespot , whitespeckled and pygmy ) most abundant non - targeted species significantly or nearly significantly ( stripetail ) increased during the study ( figure 3 ; electronic supplementary material , table s2 ) .\nin addition to management actions that allowed more individuals to reach maturity , environmental conditions probably contributed to the proliferation of rockfish larvae . rockfish spawning output is affected by the environment as female reproduction is reduced when food is scarce and adult energy reserves are low [ 19 ] . low spawning years typically occur during el ni\u00f1os when water temperature is high and primary productivity is low [ 51 , 52 ] . our logistic regression models support the idea that reproduction is higher when the water is cool as the presence of most species correlated negatively with temperature . further , we found that the water was cooler than the 30 - year average in most years between 1998 and 2013 , and it has been speculated that 1999 marked the beginning of an oceanographic shift from warm conditions that characterized the region between 1977 and 1998 [ 53 ] . therefore , environmental conditions appeared to have been generally conducive for high larval production and recruitment throughout much of the study .\nparker , s . j . , s . a . berkeley , j . t . golden , d . r . gunderson , j . heifetz , m . a . hixon , r . larson , b . m . leaman , m . s . love , j . a . musick , v . m . o ' connell , s . ralston , h . j . weeks , and m . m . yoklavich . 2000 . management of pacific rockfish . fisheries 25 : 22 - 30 .\na common feature of the spatial and temporal behavior of rockfishes of the genus sebastes is that their behaviors differ between day and night [ 83 , 84 ] . this divergent behavioral pattern suggests that rockfish activity is closely related to ambient light intensity and that sunset and sunrise determine changes in behavioral state [ 38 ] . however , this pattern is not consistent among sebastes species ; some species are more active during the day , others during the night , and some exhibit no diel behavioral patterns . for example , the rosethorn rockfish sebastes helvomaculatus exhibits a clear diurnal activity pattern ( active during the day and inactive at night ) [ 85 ] . similarly , s . mystinus is more active during the day than at night , as indicated by a steep decrease in detection rates at dusk and resuming to the high level at dawn [ 38 ] . by contrast , s . inermis remains buried in rock crevices during the day but ranges between the surface and very deep depths at night [ 42 ] . in the present study , s . schlegelii was more frequently detected during the day than night , which is interpreted as a day active behavior [ 70 ] .\nthe probability of presence of six of the eight most abundant targeted species ( copper , widow , blue , speckled , bocaccio and olive ) correlated negatively with temperature ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 a ) . two of the seven most abundant non - targeted species ( whitespeckled and pygmy ) also had negative relationships with temperature ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 b ) . there were also significant positive relationships with chlorophyll a for copper , squarespot , shortbelly , whitespeckled and halfbanded ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) . trend direction with salinity and oxygen were inconsistent as the presence of chilipepper decreased but swordspine increased with salinity ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) . similarly , trends were positive with oxygen for blue but negative for shortbelly and halfbanded ( table 2 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) .\nreproduction bocaccio bear live young and produce between 20 , 000 and 230 , 000 eggs . fecundity tends to increase with increasing size of a female . copulation occurs early in the fall and larval release occurs over the winter . the larvae are 4 - 5 mm in length at parturition and metamorphose into pelagic juvenile s at 19 - 40 mm over a period of several months . the growth of juvenile s is rapid at around 0 . 56 - 0 . 97 mm per day . they can reach 24 cm in length by the end of the first year . the juvenile s settle into littoral and demersal habitat from late spring throughout the summer . young - of - the - year live near the surface for a few months and then settle in nearshore areas where they form schools over bottom depths of 30 - 120 m . adults may be semi - pelagic and are found over a variety of bottom types between bottom depths of 60 - 300 m .\nadults found over rocky reefs , but also common on open bottoms to about 320 m ( ref . 2850 ) . juveniles are pelagic and settle in near shore nursery areas , then move to deeper habitats ( ref . 36715 ) . young form schools ( ref . 2850 ) . feed mainly on fishes , including other rockfishes ( ref . 2850 ) . ovoviviparous , with planktonic larvae ( ref . 36715 , 6885 , 34817 ) . validated age by radiometry is 37 yrs ( ref . 75794 ) . a famous sport fish throughout its range ( ref . 2850 ) . flesh is of excellent quality when kept chilled ( ref . 27436 ) . sold with other rockfish species ( ref . 27436 ) .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 16 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 ; vertebrae : 26 . a large rockfish with weak head spines - nasal and parietal spines usually absent , preocular , supraocular , postocular , tympanic , coronal and nuchal spines absent ( ref . 27437 ) . lower jaw long , thickened , with no real symphyseal knob and projects past upper jaw ; maxillary extends to behind the eye ; parietal ridges parallel ( ref . 27437 ) . caudal slightly indented ( ref . 6885 ) . olive orange to burnt orange or brown in color ( ref . 27437 ) . branchiostegal rays : 7 ( ref . 36715 ) .\nin response to the decline in populations of rockfishes in southern california , ( particularly cowcod , which was formally declared overfished in 1999 [ 22 ] ) , the pacific fishery management council established two cowcod conservation areas ( ccas ) in 2001 . the ccas comprise a western and eastern area in the scb ( encompassing 10 878 km 2 and 260 km 2 , respectively ; figure 1 ) where cowcod were historically caught at high rates [ 22 ] . bottom - fishing deeper than 36 m is prohibited within the ccas as larger , targeted rockfishes typically reside below this depth . these areas are several times larger than most marine mpas that have been comprehensively studied thus far ( but see [ 23 ] ) and are the largest rockfish conservation areas in the world .\none difficulty in evaluating mpa effects has been a lack of robust sampling designs [ 15 , 16 ] . mpa impacts may be masked or misinterpreted if , for example , samples are collected only within mpa bounds without outside control locations . furthermore , inside and outside locations should be paired such that habitat conditions are similar inside and outside of mpas [ 5 ] . an ideal set - up will monitor both before and after mpa establishment to determine if sample ( e . g . fish abundances ) trajectories diverge inside and outside following placement of mpas [ 15 ] . finally , data should be collected on species that are and are not targeted by fishing to assess if mpas are affecting population dynamics of protected species [ 17 ] . we use a before - - after , control - impact paired series design [ 18 ] to quantify mpa effects on larval abundances of 15 rockfish species that were and were not historically targeted by fishing .\nrelatively large rockfish conservation areas ( rcas ) have also been established along the western us coast , as well as further north in canadian waters with the goal of facilitating recovery of overfished stocks . us rcas north of southern california appear to be benefitting rockfishes in addition to other demersal species as both bottom trawl [ 58 ] and hook and line surveys [ 59 ] detected significant increases in abundances since the beginning of the millennium . however , studies in canada obtained mixed results . whereas surveys in the strait of georgia indicated that these rcas positively impacted rockfishes [ 60 ] , a more comprehensive study suggested that canadian rcas have not facilitated recovery of demersal fish populations [ 61 ] . lack of compliance was a potential explanation for the canadian mpa ineffectiveness as there was no difference in fishing activity before and after establishment in most of these rcas [ 62 ] . indeed , a recent global survey found that many mpas were inadequately managed and these performed almost three times worse than equitably governed mpas [ 63 ] . it is likely that differences in management efficacy explain performance variation between the us and canadian rcas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbaja california ( mx ) to kodiak , alaska ( us ) 20 - 500m .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndig into habitat month and learn how healthy habitat depends on the power of partnerships .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies of concern are those species about which we have some concerns regarding status and threats , but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the endangered species act ( esa ) . we wish to draw proactive attention and conservation action to these species .\nspecies of concern\nstatus does not carry any procedural or substantive protections under the esa .\nfact sheets for each species are provided on the links below . note : species of concern can also be\ncandidate species\n.\natlantic - cape breton , nova scotia , to st . john ' s river , fl ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , aug 2013 , 78 fr 48943 )\nindo - pacific - red sea and east africa to the line islands and samoa ; north to yaeyama , south to the great barrier reef and new caledonia ; paulau , caroline , mariana in micronesia ; in u . s . it occurs in guam , american samoa , cnmi and the pacific remote island areas ( wake islands ) . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , nov 2012 , 77 fr 66799 ) .\nindo - pacific - red sea to the tuamotus , north to the ryukyus , east to wake islands , south to new caledonia , throughout micronesia ; includes u . s . territories of guam and american samoa ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , sept 2014 , 79 fr 57875 )\npacific - sitka island , alaska to baja california , mexico . ( not warranted for listing 12 - month finding , dec 2014 , 79 fr 77998 ) .\n* nmfs reviewed the status of this species as a result of a petition to list it under the endangered species act . while esa listing was determined to not be warranted , nmfs retained this species on the species of concern list .\nthe following species were removed from species of concern list because they were either listed under the endangered species act ( esa ) or concerned about their status were removed because of new information and completion of a species of concern status report .\nthe proactive species conservation grant program supports voluntary conservation efforts designed to conserve marine and anadromous species before listing under the endangered species act ( esa ) becomes necessary . through this grant program , nmfs will provide federal assistance , in the form of grants or cooperative agreements , to support conservation efforts for species it has identified as species of concern ( soc ) .\na list of previously funded projects can be found in the proactive species conservation grants archive .\ninformation on other grant opportunities offered by office of protected resources is also available .\nbody color : olive - brown dorsally becoming pink to red ventrally ; specimens less than 10 inches ( 25 cm ) w / small brown spots on sides .\n- anus midway between pelvic - fin base and anal - fin origin ; maxilla extends to midorbit ; head spine count differs ; maximum length 32 cm .\n- maxilla extends to midorbit , symphyseal knob present ; body red w / whitish belly ; head spine count differs .\nthis species is under consideration for listing as endangered under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available on the species at risk public registry . additionally , fisheries protection and pollution prevention provisions of the fisheries act provide protection to this species ."]}
{"id": 744, "summary": [{"text": "nessaea batesii , the bates olivewing , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in eastern venezuela , the guianas and the lower amazon in brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the wings is 29 \u2013 36 mm for males and 32 \u2013 40 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the upperside of adult males is dark brown , with bright sky-blue diagonal bands on the forewings and orange patches on the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the females have plain brown hindwings , blue diagonal bands across the forewings , and elongated reddish spots within the discal cell of the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "nessaea batesii", "paragraphs": ["nessaea obrinus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = papilio obrinus linnaeus , 1758 = nessaea ancaeus = nessaea obrina = nessaea lesoudieri le moult 1933 .\nnessaea batesii ( c . felder & r . felder , 1860 ) - bates ' olivewing\nnessaea , namely aglaura , batesii , hewitsonii and obrinus , all of which are confined to the neotropical region .\nthe bates olivewing ( nessaea batesii ) is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it is found in eastern venezuela , the guianas and the lower amazon in brazil .\nnessaea hewitsoni is found throughout eastern andes from colombia and venezuela to bolivia , and across the western amazonas of brazil .\nall of the species have similar undersides . the uppersides of nessaea males are very dark brown , with bright sky blue diagonal bands on the forewings . the male of hewitsonii also has blue markings on the hindwings , but the remaining species including batesii have orange patches on the hindwings instead . the females of all species have plain brown hindwings , blue diagonal bands across the forewings , and elongated reddish spots within the discal cell of the forewings .\nare usually seen singly , and breed in wet primary rainforest at altitudes between 0 - 800m . they are not usually encountered in secondary forest , and it is very unusual for them to be seen in open sunny areas , although i have observed males of nessaea aglaura in forest edge habitats and degraded forest in ecuador .\nid : 11901 original name : nessaea ancaeus 01 ( c ) v . moty\u010dka . jpg size 750x566 - 73759 bytes image manager : vladim\u00edr moty\u010dka directory : 2135 created : 2005 - 12 - 16 18 : 45 : 10 - user ond\u0159ej zicha last change : 2015 - 07 - 18 11 : 01 : 20 - user francesco vitali url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 11901 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 11901 ] ] ( thumbnail )\nall nessaea species are fast flyers . when at rest they are very alert to movement . if alarmed they fly off very rapidly and with great agility . they usually resettle a short distance away but invariably return to the original spot within a few minutes . normally they settle on foliage about 1 - 3m above the ground , and close their wings immediately upon landing . they then wait motionless for a few minutes , and if undisturbed they will slowly open their wings to bask .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }\nmix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a licence is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndetermination author : r . i . vane - wright [ determination history and verification ]\nnote : if not otherwise indicated image is property of its author and cannot be used without his permission .\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na small neotropical forest genus . the green ventral color of the wings is quite unusual among nymphalidae .\nlamas , g . ( ed . ) 2004 atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville : scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthe larva when fully grown is jade green . each body segment adorned with enormous whorled spikes which are amber in colour . the head is bluish and armed with a pair of long head horns . the larva adopts the usual biblidini resting posture with it ' s body arched and it ' s face appressed to the substrate so that the spines are directed upward . if it is molested the larva twitches violently , swinging it ' s head from side to side . the pupa is dark green , and is attached by the cremaster from the upperside of a leaf , projecting horizontally .\nthe butterflies are usually found as singletons , but it is not unusual to see several males and one or two females during an hour long walk along a narrow forest track in suitable habitat .\nfeed at fallen fruit , and can be baited with plantain . they are also attracted to mammal dung and urine on forest tracks , but unlike many other members of the biblidini they are not attracted to sunny river beaches or other open areas .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nspecies catonephele salambria ( c . felder & r . felder , 1861 ) - salambria banner"]}
{"id": 746, "summary": [{"text": "the dotted tanager ( tangara varia ) is a species of bird in the family thraupidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in brazil , french guiana , suriname , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "dotted tanager", "paragraphs": ["the dotted tanager is uncommon in a very restricted range in san martin and the cordillera azul at elevations ranging between 500 - 1100 m . it also occurs\n. the dotted tanager has green head and underparts . the breast and shows faint specks . the upper mantle , wings , and tail are opalescent blue . it generally forages in stunted forest and scrub - like vegetation in pairs and in the company on mixed species flocks . it is similar to the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon and patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 10 . 1 - 11 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 15 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara varia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nan adult male bring some fruits ( ? ) to chiks in the nest . in the canopy at 35 m high .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 170 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ntake a look at what you can get upgrading to our premium dictionary for a very low fee . click here for premium dictionary preview\nthis word is part of our premium dictionary version contents . these contents include thousands of difficult , technical , and special - use words and word phrases , including their translations , synonyms and definitions .\nfor a very low fee , gain access to these contents and to the vast lexicon of word magic software , completely ad - free .\nword usage ( idiomatic , slang , colloquial , figurative , formal , etc . . )\nthank you for subscribing to the free trial . please check your email and click on the confirmation link to start your trial .\nthere was an error when trying to login . please be sure to have an active account with us .\nthe email entered is not valid . please enter a valid format email like [ email protected ]\nwelcome to the trial version of our premium online dictionary . you have now limited access to our vast dictionary - engine . enjoy it and make the best use of it ! for full dictionary feature use , register to our premium online dictionary .\nwe must explain that this free online bilingual dictionary includes all : word magic dictionary & tools professional ( general reference english - spanish bilingual dictionary ) , our unabridged medical dictionary , the law dictionary , the business & finance dictionary and the computer & it dictionary . you can purchase these separately to install in your pc and also as add - ons for your microsoft word and excel . click here to purchase our general dictionary pack , which includes images , definitions and usage examples .\nthe online bilingual dictionary application here provided is a free service of word magic software inc . you will find that it is the most complete online bilingual and bidirectional english - spanish dictionary on the web , showing not only direct translations but synonyms , complete definitions , set phrases , idioms , proverbs , usage examples , famous quotes and compound entries as well , all related to your entry word . on top of that , it offers english and spanish pronunciation , separation into syllables and grammar attributes . it also accepts conjugated verbs and spanish feminine and plural forms as valid entries .\nthe advantage of acquiring them as your personal software is that you will enjoy a better , even friendlier interface with many , many more features including word tagging , bilingual verb conjugation , double - window synonyms , idiom search facilities plus a unique collection of 40 , 000 color pictures associated with noun entries .\nenter conjugated entries , even spanish enclitic verb conjugations ( i . e . hazlo ; c\u00f3metelo , etc . )\nwe offer you several types of english - spanish translators , the best of which combine automatic , context - sensitive translation plus interactive , user - guided translation . our top version , the translator professional plus 5 , comprises the following features : images for easier meaning selection , a translation options module using a multiple - choice wizard that lets you choose among all possible variations for your translation , voice recognition for dictation capabilities and voice commands that allow you to call out the tasks you need without using mouse or keyboard . download a test trial version below !\n* english definitions from : wordnet 2 . 0 copyright 2003 by princeton university . all rights reserved .\nif you need english to spanish or spanish to english translation software , dictionaries or professional translation services , you ' ve come to the right place .\nbut is distinguished by being a mostly green without large dusky specks . there is no known overlap with the also similar\n: tup\u00ed name , tangara = dancer , one who turns and skips , originally used for the manakins , but subsequently ( marcgrave 1648 ) transferred to other bright finch - like birds .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation ."]}
{"id": 747, "summary": [{"text": "aristotelia monilella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by barnes and busck in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , kentucky , north carolina and florida .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12-13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light golden brown , at the basal fourth with an outwardly oblique white transverse streak , attenuated towards the dorsum and not quite reaching the dorsal edge .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an equilateral triangular white spot on the middle of the costa and at apical fourth an inwardly directed triangular white spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "all of these white spots are marginal and continued across the wing by black and metallic blue scales and terminate on the dorsal edge in small white spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apical and terminal edges are broadly velvety black with conspicuous tufts of metallic blue scales around the margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "aristotelia monilella", "paragraphs": ["the pink - washed aristotelia , clover aristotelia moth or garden webworm ( aristotelia roseosuffusella ) is a moth in the gelechiidae family .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 748, "summary": [{"text": "retusa obtusa , common name the \" arctic barrel-bubble \" , is a species of very small head-shield sea snail or bubble shell , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family retusidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species occurs widely in the northern parts of the atlantic ocean , occurring in both the eastern atlantic and western atlantic .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it has also been reported from north carolina , and from alaska in the pacific ocean .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the shell reaches a maximum size of 3 mm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "retusa obtusa", "paragraphs": ["variety retusa obtusa var . turrita ( m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) accepted as retusa obtusa ( montagu , 1803 )\nvariety retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 accepted as retusa obtusa ( montagu , 1803 ) ( misidentification )\nretusa obtusata [ sic ] ( misspelling of obtusa ( montagu . 1803 ) )\n( of retusa obtusa var . turrita ( m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]\n( of retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) bodc . ( 2009 ) . species list from the british oceanographic data centre . [ details ]\nberry a . j . ( 1994 ) . foraminiferan prey in the annual life cycle of the predatory opisthobranch gastropod retusa obtusa ( montagu ) . estuarine coastal and shelf science 38 ( 6 ) : 603 - 612 [ details ]\n( of bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 4 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym retusa turrita m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 28 publications ) ( from synonym retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 43 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) to clemam ( from synonym bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) to clemam ( from synonym bulla turrita m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) to clemam ( from synonym utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) to encyclopedia of life to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) to pesi ( from synonym bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) to pesi ( from synonym retusa obtusa var . turrita ( m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) to pesi ( from synonym utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym bulla turrita m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis\n( of retusa pertenuis ( mighels , 1843 ) ) kantor , y . i . & sysoev , a . v . ( eds ) , 2005 . catalogue of molluscs of russia and adjacent countries . moscow [ details ]\n( of retusa obtusa var . lajonkaireana ( basterot , 1825 ) , sensu jeffreys , 1867 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 4 p . 424 [ details ]\n( of bulla obtusa montagu , 1803 ) montagu , george . ( 1803 ) . testacea britannica or natural history of british shells , marine , land , and fresh - water , including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures . j . white , london , vol . 1 , xxxvii + 291 pp . and vol . 2 , 293\u2013606 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 [ details ]\nmontagu , george . ( 1803 ) . testacea britannica or natural history of british shells , marine , land , and fresh - water , including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures . j . white , london , vol . 1 , xxxvii + 291 pp . and vol . 2 , 293\u2013606 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bulla turrita m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) m\u00f6ller h . p . c . ( 1842 ) . index molluscorum groenlandiae . naturhistorisk tidsskrift [ copenhagen ] 4 : 76 - 97 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 223 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nabbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of utriculus obtusus ( montagu , 1803 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of utriculus obtusus var . semistriata jeffreys , 1869 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bulla turrita m\u00f8ller , 1842 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of bulla plicata brown , 1827 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgi\u00eb [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgi\u00eb [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of bulla pertenuis mighels , 1843 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmaris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar \u201cecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index\u201d . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nm . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne\nup to 10 mm . total length ( including animal ) up to 15 mm .\nhayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .\npoppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .\nseaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .\nthompson , t . e . , 1988 . molluscs : benthic opisthobranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 8 : 1 - 356 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nturgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndana campbell marked\nfile : illustrated index of british shells plate 20 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nspirula spirula ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis web site was created within distributed biological observatory ( dbo ) project and was financially supported by polish national science centre ( project number : dec - 2013 / 08 / m / nz8 / 00592 ) .\nsize shell up to 10 mm . color translucent white . habitat on mud or muddy sand , living below the surface in the first few centimeters . depth occurs from lower shore to 300 m . feeding carnivore . distribution arctic .\nwe use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website . if you click ' continue ' we ' ll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies and you won ' t see this message again . click ' find out more ' for information on how to change your cookie settings .\n\u00a9 2018 nuffield dept . of women ' s & reproductive health , university of oxford , \u200b level 3 , women ' s centre , john radcliffe hospital , oxford , ox3 9du\u200b ."]}
{"id": 749, "summary": [{"text": "rectiostoma thiobasis is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by w. donald duckworth in 1971 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are yellow suffused with pale green basally , concolorous , and continuous with the thorax and tegulae .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are a few brown scales in the anal area and the distal margin of the yellow area is bordered by a dark brown line immediately paralleled by a broad , transverse band of iridescent blue violet .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apical portion of the forewing is dark brown , irregularly patterned with iridescent blue violet .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark brown with a white patch on the anterior margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "rectiostoma thiobasis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for thiobasis definition . you find here thiobasis meaning , synonyms of thiobasis and images for thiobasis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word thiobasis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word thiobasis and , of course , thiobasis synonyms and on the right images related to the word thiobasis .\nrectiostoma becker in heppner , [ 1982 ]\nat markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms .\nsetiostoma thiobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : santa catharina , brazil\nsetiostoma argyrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 25 ; tl : rancho grande , araua , venezuela\nsetiostoma callidora meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : bolivia , songo\nsetiostoma chrysabasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : nova teutonia , santa catherina , brazil , 500m\nsetiostoma cirrhobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 24 ; tl : 13 km n of san salvador , el salvador\nsetiostoma cnecobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia\nsetiostoma earobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 18 ; tl : yungas de la paz , bolivia\nsetiostoma eusema walsingham , 1914 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 303 , pl . 9 , f . 12 ; tl : guatemala , sacatepequez , capetillo\nsetiostoma fernaldella riley , 1889 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 1 ( 3 ) : 155 ; tl : los angeles co . , california\nlarva on quercus agrifolia , quercus wislizenii , q . dumosa , q . dumosax engelmanni , q . lobata , q . suber , w . chrysolepis , q . dunii , lithocarpus densiflorus , chrysolepis chrysophylla , c . semipervirens duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 14\nsetiostoma flaviceps felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 1 ; tl : amazonas\nsetiostoma flinti duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 23 ; tl : 4 mi s of tamazunchale , san luis potosi , mexico\ncolombia , w . venezuela , costa rica , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]\nsetiostoma leuconympha meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nsetiostoma ochrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia\nsetiostoma silvibasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 19 ; tl : ranch grande , aragua , venezuela , 1100m\ns . massachusetss , new jersey , maryland , north carolina , na . georgia , illinois , missouri , arkansas , texas . see [ maps ]\nsetiostoma xanthobasis zeller , 1875 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 325 , pl . 9 , f . 42 ; tl : texas\nlarva on quercus nigra , q . stellata duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 13\nsetiostoma xuthobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 21 ; tl : colombia\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nzeller , 1875 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 3 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 207 - 360 , pl . 8 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 17 february 2018 , at 14 : 09 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 750, "summary": [{"text": "the coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) is a species of phrynosomatid lizard which can be found in baja california sur .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the old classification included all three current species p. blainvillii , p. cerroense , and p. coronatum as a single species ( p. coronatum ) ranging from baja california north to california 's sacramento valley .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was previously considered to be a widely divergent species with over 6 subspecies in their relatively small range but is now classified as three distinct species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "as a defense the lizard can shoot high pressure streams of blood out of its eyes if threatened . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "coast horned lizard", "paragraphs": ["montanucci presented evidence in 2004 that the group of horned lizards formerly known as phrynosoma coronatum ( coast horned lizard ) comprised four separate species . this evidence was accepted by the ssar names book that i follow on this site .\ncaitanya tells us about a horned lizard she found then lets it go . \u00a9 robert de vico\nthe horned lizard eats arthropods , including ants , beetles , and spiders . ants seem to be their favorites . they usually are observed in close proximity to ant hills . many non native ant species have moved into their habitats displacing or eradicating the native ant species that the coast horned lizard feeds on .\nthere is , however , some conjecture about the taxonomy of the baja horned lizards starting with the ones found directly south of the san diego subspecies , and they may actually be one or more different species / subspecies related to the coast horned lizard .\ni returned a week later with my horned - lizard - loving friends jackson and fred , and their horned - lizard - admiring wives mela and angie , to see if we could repeat my luck . a horned lizard bonanza ensued . note that ol ' curly horn from the previous week put in another appearance .\nwe saw another horned lizard a little while later , which had one of its head horns curled back .\nhabitat , riverside county . the bare spot in the foreground is the entrance to a nest of harvester ants , a primary food source for coast horned lizards .\nthe coast horned lizard ( phrynosoma coronatum ) , which is found in coastal and cismontane california , crosses to the east side of the baja peninsula , actually making contact with the desert horned lizard in the vicinity of bah\u00eda de los angeles . the two live sympatrically for a distance along the east coast . as the coastal form has taken over the balance of the peninsula , it could also be considered a desert form since it does live in the deserts of baja right down to cabo san lucas .\nthe most common horned lizard in the western deserts is aptly named the desert horned lizard ( phrynosoma platyrhinos ) consisting of two subspecies : the northern ( p . p . platyrhinos ) which inhabits the great basin desert , and the southern ( p . p . calidiarum ) which inhabits the sonoran and mojave deserts including a finger of the east coast of northern baja california .\nsome do diverge from the ant diet at certain times of the year such as the regal horned lizard , which gorges itself on tiny beetles and eschews ants altogether when the beetles are abundant . also , the coast horned lizard can survive on inverts other than ants . but the flattail and shorthorned , as well as the desert horned lizards , are closely tied to ants and will die if those are not supplied in quantity .\nthe coast horned lizard is presently listed as a federal special concern species ( fsc ) and a california special concern species ( dfg - csc ) . so don ' t collect them ! they are much happier outside than in a terrarium in your living room .\nthe short - horned lizard is a one - reptile wrecking crew with a bizarre self - defense strategy . when defending its own life , this lizard squirts blood from the thin blood vessels around its eyes that rupture under pressure .\nharvester ants are a primary source of food for blainville ' s horned lizards and other species of horned lizards .\nthe horned lizard is an odd looking lizard . its body is covered in horny scales the longest being around its head . it is often called a horned toad because of its squat toad like appearance . of coarse , these guys can tolerate much hotter and drier environments than any bufo boreas .\nat pinnacles national monument , i finally found success in a rocky riverbed . the first horned lizard of the day was mildly agitated by our insistent photography and jumped up onto a rock in a feeble , horned - lizard - style attempt to get away . the rock was previously occupied by a\nthe short - horned lizard is often referred to as a \u201chorned toad\u201d or \u201chorny toad\u201d because its squat , flattened shape and short , blunt snout give it a toad - ish look . there are over a dozen recognized horned - lizard species found in the deserts and semi - arid environments of north and central america , from southern canada to guatemala .\ncomments : in california , this species formerly was known as the coast horned lizard , phrynosoma coronatum . populations south of northern baja california are now recognized as one or two distinct species , whereas the northern segment of the former p . coronatum is now p . blainvillii ( see leach\u00e9 et al . 2009 ) .\n, who seemed to take some offense at this incursion and , rather than giving ground immediately , initiated a head - bobbing display . the horned lizard responded with head - bobbing of its own . this is the first time i ' ve seen such obvious inter - species communication in lizards . after a brief but no doubt tense standoff , the horned lizard moved forward a little and the side - blotched lizard raced off .\ncoast horned lizard traditional bath goats feast in puerto de la cruz cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . cow walking on the sand on colva beach in south goa . sculpture of deer on the riverside volga\nthe coast horned lizard is now absent from much of its former southern californian range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) . in baja california , the expansion of intensive agriculture is also a threat , in particular in the vizca\u00edno desert , the magdalena plain , and the isthmus of la paz .\ntwo different blainville ' s horned lizards are shown running quickly for a short distance then stopping to hide by blending in with the background , typical behavior for this type of lizard .\nhorned lizards are found only in the western portions of the united states and mexico . there are 14 recognized species . they range from arkansas to the pacific coast , and from british columbia south to guatemala . these lizards are creatures of hot , dry , sandy environments .\nrange and habitat : texas horned lizards occur naturally range from louisiana to arizona , but were once commonly sold as pets and have been introduced in several locations in the southeast . most established populations in south carolina and georgia are near the coast where sand dunes mimic their natural desert habitat .\nprey : horned lizards prey almost exclusively on ants but may eat other small insects .\ni had searched for phrynosoma blainvillii at pinnacles national monument , in the ventana wilderness , and at fort ord public lands at least 10 times in the past two years with nary a horned lizard sighting to show for it . finally , after a friendly bureau of land management ranger told me where he had seen them , i came across these two youngsters on a sandy trail . there ' s nothing cuter than a pouty little horned lizard , i say .\nblainville ' s horned lizards are covered with small granular scales interspersed with larger pointed scales .\ndesert horned lizards have only 1 row of slightly enlarged scales on each side of the throat .\ncomments : this lizard is now absent from much of its former southern california range due to urbanization , agricultural development , and over - collecting ( jennings 1987 , 1988 ) . in some areas , the non - native argentine ant is displacing native ant species upon which this lizard feeds ( stebbins 2003 ) .\neric pianka and wendy hodge ' s excellent article on horned lizards , from the university of texas .\naccording to dumas ( 1964 ) the lower limit of p . douglassi is set in part by predation by the leopard lizard and the whiptail . wherever these potential predators of p . douglassi are found , the short - horned lizard itself is scarce or , more often , absent . p . platyrhinos is apparently to much for the leopard lizard or the whiptail because of its larger spines and overall larger size . in field and laboratory experiments by dumas ( 1964 ) , adult p . douglassi were quickly eaten by leopard lizards and whiptails in areas where leopard lizards , whiptails , and desert horned lizards were abundant . both leopard lizards and whiptails released p . platyrhinos individuals without permanent injury .\nat long last an adult blainville ' s horned lizard put in an appearance for me , along the same trail where i had seen youngsters several times . the top photo here is in fact another youngster , but that second one is a full - grown adult .\nadult , santa cruz mountains \u00a9 jackson shedd this lizard squirted blood from its eyes just before the photographs were made , which explains the reddish coloring on its head .\ni arrived at about 9 am to discover that this was to be a blisteringly hot day ; it was already at least 90 degrees . i searched carefully for horned lizards for an hour or so with no luck . i didn ' t even see any ( very recognizable ) horned lizard poops , which was making me worry that this population had died out . but my worries were dispelled when this half - sized lizard dashed across the trail in front of me . did i say\ndashed\n? i meant\nwaddled determinedly\n.\nmore very young horned lizards awaited me on a return trip to the same site more than four months later . i was surprised to still discover no adults , but this time i saw five youngsters . the second one pictured above is the smallest horned lizard i ' ve ever seen , no more than an inch long from its pouty little snout to the tip of its tail .\nblainsville ' s horned lizards have 2 or 3 rows of enlarged pointed scales on each side of the throat .\nsherbrooke , wade c . horned lizards , unique reptiles of western north america . southwest parks and monuments association , 1981 . sherbrooke , wade c . introduction to horned lizards of north america . university of california press , 2003 .\nto the uninitiated , their dragon - like appearance is quite formidable . the squat form and head armor has given rise to the name\nhorny toad ,\nhorned toad\nand\nhorned lizards .\nhowever , since there is a true toad with horns , it is best that we speak of this genus as the\nhorned lizards .\nhabitat destruction and ant destruction have placed several species of horned lizards in danger . after all , the first thing people do when they move into the desert is kill the pesky ants , thereby depriving horned lizards of their only dependable diet .\nthe horned lizard needs bare soil ; they cannot tolerate weeds at all ( yellow star thistle , bromus and other nasties ) . it is very hard for them to move around in this stuff , probably because of their width , and they need clean loose soil to lay their eggs and to hide in .\nblainville ' s horned lizards have 2 rows of pointed fringe scales on the lower part of each side of the body .\nover recent decades short - horn lizard populations have been in decline throughout their range . destruction of their native habitat , efforts to eradicate ants\u2014their staple food\u2014and the pet trade have all contributed to this .\nlike all lizards , phrynosoma are able to lose their tails . as mentioned earlier , they have few land predators and because of this it is rare to find a horned lizard with a broken tail . in studies done by pianka and parker ( 1975 ) only about 5 % of phrynosoma had tails which had been broken .\nhorned lizards are the most fearsome - looking and distinctive by virtue of the pointed , protruding\nhorns\nabove their eyes .\nto ensure that i wouldn ' t wait four years between visits to pinnacles , i headed back three weeks later , this time with my friend andrew . andrew hadn ' t seen a horned lizard in thirteen or fourteen years , and so was rightfully delighted when he flushed this well - camouflaged fellow out of its plain - sight hiding place .\nmy periodic phrynosoma pilgrimage to pinnacles was particularly successful . i found four of these little beauties in an hour or so . note that the last picture shows some dried blood below the eye . this lizard must have recently tried to scare off a predator by squirting blood from its eye , as several species of horned lizards are wont to do .\nthe day was considerably less hot than july 3 had been , and we found three horned lizard poops fairly quickly before finding this guy . so now i ' m thinking that the local population is probably just fine , thankyouverymuch , and my difficulty in finding any sign of phrynosoma on july 3 had been primarily due to that day ' s blistering heat .\ndescription : 2 . 5 - 4 in ( 6 . 5 - 10 cm ) . horned lizards or\nhorny toads\nare small lizards with bodies so flattened that they are almost circular in shape . true to their name , horned lizards also have a row of enlarged scales around their head that resemble horns . generally brownish or sandy in coloration , horned lizards often have darker spots or mottling that helps them to blend into their environment .\nhabits : horned lizards are always found on the ground are fond of hot , sandy habitats . they often sit close to anthills and pick off each ant as it walks by . horned lizards are masters of camouflage , generally relying on their coloration for protection and sometimes even partially burying themselves in sand . if their camouflage fails , horned lizards have a final defense ; they can squirt droplets of blood from their eyes , potentially confusing a predator and allowing them to escape .\nsherbrooke , w . c . , 1995 . collecting and feeding harvester ants to captive horned lizards . herpetelogical review 26 ( 1 ) : 25 - 26 .\nthe horned lizard escapes predation by staying still and blending into their back ground . they look just like decomposed granite ! when a predator is too close they will run very fast and then abruptly stop and stand still . when they are threatened , they are able to squirt blood from their eyes ( at most only a few feet , usually not even that ) . this has a tendency to distract predators especially squeamish humans .\nthreatened and eliminated from many areas due to habitat destruction from human development and agriculture , and the spread of nonnative ants , such as argentine ants ( ridomyrmex humilis ) which displace the native ant food source . before commercial collecting was banned in 1981 , this lizard was extensively exploited by the pet trade and the curio trade . ( at the turn of the century , horned lizards were coated with varnish and sold to tourists . )\ncalifa and caitanya de vico ( aka gypsettwins ) show off some of the horned lizards they saw on a fun spring hike in the los angeles county hills . \u00a9 robert de vico\ntaken from their native surroundings and offered an improper diet and an inadequate place to live , horned lizards soon die . consequently , the department of fish and game has been given the authority to limit the take and possession of horned lizards . it is best to simply examine one carefully , then release it where found , for that is where it rightfully belongs .\npianka e . r . and w . s . parker , 1975 . ecology of horned lizards : a review with special reference to phrynosoma platyrhinos . copeia 1975 ( 1 ) : 141 - 162 .\nheath , j . e . , 1965 . temperature regulation and diurnal activity in horned lizards . university of california publications in zoology . university of california press 64 ( 3 ) : 97 - 136 .\npowell , g . l . and a . p . russell , 1991 . partuition and clutch characteristics of short - horned lizards from alberta . canadian journal of zoology 69 ( 11 ) : 2759 - 2764 .\nmontanucci , r . r . , 1987 . a phylogenetic study of the horned lizards , genus phrynosoma , based on skeletal and external morphology . contributions in science : natural history museum of los angeles county 18 dec . ( 390 ) .\nthis is a pair of mating blainville ' s horned lizards in los angeles county . it ' s interesting that they are belly to belly . with all those horns and spines , it ' s probably safer that way . \u00a9 huck triggs\nhistorically found in california along the pacific coast from the baja california border west of the deserts and the sierra nevada , north to the bay area , and inland as far north as shasta reservoir , and south into baja california . ranges up onto the kern plateau east of the crest of the sierra nevada . the range has now been severely fragmented due to land alteration . some sources still mention the range extending to grasshopper flats in siskiyou county , but this was listed as dubious in rober stebbins ' 1985 field guide , and dropped from his 2003 field guide . the record farthest north at kennett is from a location that was flooded with the construction of shasta dam and shasta reservoir .\nthis injured adult from a backyard in san luis obispo county shows blood above one eye . when threatened , horned lizards will often spurt blood from a pore near the eyelid to deter the attacker , in this case , a dog . \u00a9 martha lindl\nwe chose to visit , and then hike at , la purisima mission state historic park due to its dog - friendly nature . the scrubby chaparral reminded monica of fort ord , and she speculated that perhaps there would be horned lizards . a few minutes later this charming fellow waddled across the trail in front of me , as if on cue . it ' s missing the tip of its tail . unlike many types of lizards , horned lizards don ' t regenerate their tails , so this guy will be stubby - tailed for the rest of its days .\ndespite their spiky features , short - horned lizards are preyed upon by a number of creatures , including hawks , roadrunners , snakes , lizards , dogs , wolves , and coyotes . consequently , beyond their natural camouflage , they have adapted a pair of remarkable talents . in order to ward off hungry predators , short - horned lizards are capable of inflating their bodies up to twice their size , resembling a spiny balloon . and if this proves insufficient , some species employ one of the animal kingdom\u2019s most bizarre defensive mechanisms : they shoot blood from their eyes .\ni hadn ' t spent much time herping locally this year , and so was really looking forward to spending a day at pinnacles . i chose to start in the same area where i had seen a number of horned lizards four years earlier ( four years ! i haven ' t been to pinnacles in\nbecause they are so fearsome in appearance , yet quite harmless , desert visitors tend to collect them to show the folks back home . horned lizards are neat creatures but hard to keep because most of them are obligate ant eaters and , at that , eat a very limited number of species of ants .\nin early april of 2007 , becky trask sent me these pictures of breeding adult horned lizards found at 5 , 200 ft . in los angeles county . in mid april of 2008 she discovered a juvenile at the same location ( shown below ) which could be the result of the previous year ' s breeding . \u00a9 becky trask\na flat - bodied lizard with a wide oval - shaped body , scattered enlarged pointed scales on the upper body and tail , and a large crown of horns or spines on the head . the two center horns are the longest . males have enlarged postanal scales and a swollen tail base during the breeding season . each side of the body has two rows of pointed fringe scales . ( stebbins , 2003 ) each side of the throat has two or three rows of enlarged pointed scales . ( stebbins , 2003 )\ni spotted my first , second , and third mexican horned lizards as lorrie smith , matt cage , and i drove up the dirt road leading to the mellifluously - named parque nacional constituci\u00f3n de 1857 . the second one evaded us , but the first one ( large adult ) and second one ( youngster ) were reasonably willing to pose .\nthe upper limit ( both elevation and latitude ) to both species of phrynosoma is temperature . the body temperature at which normal activity takes place is the same for both lizards , however p . platyrhinos takes twice as long to\nwarm - up\nbecause of its much larger body size ( dumas , 1964 ) . in order for any lizard to feed normally it must reach an optimal body temperature for a certain amount of time . in mountainous regions p . douglassi is able to do this while p . platyrhinos cannot . more detailed coverage on this topic in included under thermoregulation .\nthis lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( united states ) as well as most of baja california ( mexico ) ( except the northeastern portion ) . in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 m ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .\ncomments : this lizard occurs in a variety of habitats , including scrubland , grassland , coniferous woods , and broadleaf woodlands ; typically it is found in areas with sandy soil , scattered shrubs , and ant colonies , such as along the edges of arroyo bottoms or dirt roads ( grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . in southern california , it was most common in areas with native ants and few or no argentine ants , in areas with native chaparral vegetation , and in sites with porous soils relatively free of organic debris ( fisher et al . 2002 ) . individuals bury themselves in loose soil . eggs are laid in a nest dug in the soil or in a burrow .\nglobal range : this lizard ranges throughout most of west - central and southwestern california ( west of the cascade - sierra nevada highlands and southeastern desert ) as well as northwestern baja california ( leache et al . 2009 ) ; in california , it ranges north to shasta county , though a disjunct population occurs farther north at grasshopper flat , siskiyou county , california ( jennings 1988 , grismer 2002 , stebbins 2003 ) . the elevational range extends from near sea level to around 2 , 438 meters ( 8 , 000 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) . attempted introductions at yosemite valley and san clemente island ( california ) , and in hawaii , colombia , and guatemala have failed ( jennings 1988 ) .\nreproductive tactics of horned lizards are , like many of their characteristics , somewhat unusual among lizards . they have a very high reproductive potential , expending large amounts of matter and energy on their clutch or litter ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . phrynosoma produce large numbers of eggs or offspring in order to compensate for a relatively high mortality of the young ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . as adults however , survivorship is very high ( powell and russell , 1991 ) .\nthe numerous species of horned lizards , all members of the genus phrynosoma , have very wide , flattened , toad - like bodies . the tail is short but broad at the base . in most species , the back of the head and temples are crowned with a prominent row of sharp , pointed horns . the tail and sides are fringed with sharp spines . on some species the sides are adorned with a double fringe of spines . on the back , there are rows of short conical spines .\nalthough many of the defenses to predation have been touched on previously , there are some that have not been discussed or not been discussed with any detail . it has been noted that the main defense against predation for phrynosoma is it ' s near perfect camouflage and subsequent reluctance to move ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . if spotted by a possible land predator , such as another lizard or a snake , the horns of phrynosoma often prove to be too much , except of course in the case of p . douglassi which has much smaller horns but very few land predators ( dumas , 1964 ) . the only predators phrynosoma really need to be wary of are birds ( pianka and parker , 1975 ) . sometimes the camouflage isn ' t enough , and since phrynosoma are reluctant to move and often out in the open they are an easy target from the air when spotted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome checklist range maps student projects field trip gallery about dr . titus informational links\nbreeding characteristics also allow for p . douglassi to live at higher elevations . p . douglassi is ovoviviparous which is characteristic of reptiles living in cold or wet conditions . p . platyrhinos is oviparous and because of this would not be a very successful breeder in the harsher conditions in the range of p . douglassi . more detailed coverage of breeding of the two lizards can be found further , under reproduction .\ncooling in these two species also takes place at a different rate . p . douglassi cools much more slowly than p . platyrhinos , again , because of the smaller body size of p . douglassi ( dumas , 1964 ) . a more compact body reduces surface area for radiation of heat ( dumas , 1964 ) . the ability of p . douglassi to warm up more quickly and cool down more slowly could be a limiting factor to its distribution in the hotter regions inhabited by p . platyrhinos . the opposite pattern of temperature regulation and related distribution seems to be true for p . platyrhinos .\ndumas , p . c . , 1964 . species - pair allopatry in the genera rana and phrynosoma . ecology 45 ( 1 ) : 178 - 181 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult male , 3 , 000 ft . , san gabriel mountains , los angeles county\nadult male , from coastal dunes , san luis obispo county , partially buried in loose sand on the right . ( the two slo dunes lizards shown here both have nice bright white side fringe and markings on the back . )\nadult with a patternless pale ground color that matches the sand on the beach where it was found in san diego county . \u00a9 john andermann\nnewly - hatched juvenile next to u . s . quarter to show how small it is , contra costa county . \u00a9 jerry l . boyer\nthis san diego county juvenile shows how easily it can blend into the background to avoid detection . \u00a9 tim valentine\nthis riverside county adult is covered with blood after using its blood - squirting defense behavior . \u00a9 curtis croulet\na pair of mating adults , los angeles county \u00a9 huck triggs ( a short video of them . )\nadults are 2 . 5 - 4 . 5 inches long from snout to vent ( 6 . 3 - 11 . 4 cm )\ncolor is reddish , brown , yellow , or gray , with dark blotches on the back and large dark spots on the sides of the neck . the belly is cream , beige , or yellow , usually with dark spots , and the belly scales are smooth .\ndiurnal . active during periods of warm weather , retreating underground and becoming inactive during extended periods of low temperatures or extreme heat .\nknown to live up to 10 years in captivity , but captive animals normally do not live very long at all due to the difficulties of feeding them a proper diet .\neats mainly ants , especially harvester ants , but also consumes other small invertebrates such as spiders , beetles , termites , flies , honeybees , moth larvae , and grasshoppers .\nlays 6 - 21 eggs ( averaging around 12 ) from may to june . eggs hatch from august to september . some females may lay two clutches of eggs in a year .\ninhabits open areas of sandy soil and low vegetation in valleys , foothills and semiarid mountains . found in grasslands , coniferous forests , woodlands , and chaparral , with open areas and patches of loose soil . often found in lowlands along sandy washes with scattered shrubs and along dirt roads , and frequently found near ant hills .\nfound at elevations from sea level to 8 , 000 ft . ( 2 , 438 m ) .\nphrynosoma coronatum - ( blainville , 1835 ) - nouv . ann . mus . hist . nat . paris , vol . 4 , p . 284 , pl . 25 , fig . 1 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america \u00a9 ellin beltz\nphrynosoma - greek - phrynos - toad and soma - body - refers to the squat , toad - like appearance coronatum - latin - crowned - ref . joining of two large occipital plates from scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of north america - explained \u00a9 ellin beltz\npowell , robert . , joseph t . collins , and errol d . hooper jr .\nthe following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife . if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings . check here to see the most current complete lists .\nthis website is dedicated to bert wilson . his genius continues to inspire us .\nthey are very hard to see as they blend into the soil so well . they are able to change color to match the surrounding environment ( cryptic coloration ) . they usually are only visible when they move ( when you almost step on them ) .\nwhen temperatures get too hot ( the middle of the day ) they will burrow into loose soil or sand to escape the heat . in the winter they will hibernate under rocks or logs or in someone else ' s abandoned hole .\nthey like clean chaparral ( uninfected with european weeds ) with loose areas of soil . they also burrow in loose soil .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and well over 100 in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations . the total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 . the species is common in parts of baja california ( grismer 2002 ) . the area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california but much less so in baja california . its area of occupancy and population size are probably still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .\nit is presumably present in a number of protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii . further research employing genetic methods is needed to determine the taxonomic status of the named subspecies . then further consideration should be given to the conservation status of the identified valid taxa . the impact of collecting for the pet trade needs to be assessed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ni still haven ' t seen an adult , but i found four more of the cute little tykes on the first hot day of spring . the one in front was a feisty little critter . it puffed up with air and kept its back held toward me to look as big as possible ( which isn ' t very big when your total length is a maybe two and a half inches ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntheir colors are pleasing . the back and head are soft desert gray . the markings are in pastel shades of tan , brown , red or yellow . the underparts are pale , yellowish gray . the overall colors are generally close to the predominant color of the soil . color changes from light to dark ( or reverse ) can occur within a few minutes .\nsome of the species inhabit the deserts proper where the sun , beating on the arid landscape , produces ground heat that is almost unbearable to humans . others enter mountainous areas and are found as high as 10 , 000 feet .\nregardless of where they occur , there is a similarity in their habits . in the fall , they hibernate by burying themselves in the sand . they emerge in the spring when the sun ' s rays have reached a certain temperature . the first few hours of the day are spent basking , usually flattened against a rock or on slanting soil , so their back is exposed to the sun . at times , while warming up , they may flatten and tilt their bodies toward the sun to obtain maximum radiation .\nas soon as their body temperature rises to a specific degree , they begin foraging for food . as the heat of the day increases , they become more active . they feed on slow - moving , ground - dwelling insects , spiders , sow bugs , an occasional tick and even items as large as the butterfly and sphynx moth larvae .\nants seem to be their major food source . they do not pursue their victim hastily , like some lizards , but poise over it and methodically take it , in toad - like fashion , with a flick of their long , sticky tongue . the toad - like action ceases if disturbed , for they will flee as rapidly as a startled mouse .\nafter feeding , when ground temperature becomes too hot , they seek the shade of a shrub , partially concealing themselves . there they spend the remainder of the day . in the evening , while it is still warm , they\ndig in\nfor the night .\nthis is a curious process . they stick their nose in the sand like the blade of a plow and wriggle forward to create a short furrow . after flattening the body , they use the spiny border of the sides in a shovel - like fashion to scoop and dig their way into the sand . sometimes they bury themselves 3 or 4 inches deep , and other times they just leave the top of the head and eyes exposed .\ntheir coloration is such that they blend readily into their surroundings , making them difficult to find . however , when found partially covered with sand , they are rather easily captured . their defense mechanisms are quite limited . when caught by hand , they may distend their bodies by filling their lungs with air and twist their head in a futile attempt to scratch you with their horns . on occasion they spurt blood from the corners of their eyes , which is startling , to say the least .\nmating occurs in late april , peaks in june and stops abruptly in july . egg laying starts a few weeks later , usually in late july and early august . the farther north , the later the eggs are laid . in some species the eggs are retained , and the young are hatched just before , during or shortly after laying . other species bury their eggs in the sand where they require several weeks for further development before the eggs hatch . the egg shells are white and flexible and average about one - half inch in diameter . the number of eggs varies with the species . some have from 10 to 30 eggs , with an average of about 15 .\nt he young are called hatchlings . they are about 7 / 8 to 1 - 1 / 8 inches long , snout to vent . the young have been observed to bury themselves in the sand immediately upon hatching . the babies receive no parental care , so when they emerge , they start to hunt for food . the young are cute , the horns on their head are apparent , although the rest of their skin , while well marked , is relatively smooth .\nthey grow most rapidly in late summer and early spring when there is an abundance of food . there is no evidence that they reproduce the first year , but they are classed as young adults by the end of the second summer and probably reach full growth in three years . some species reach a snout - to - vent length of 6 inches . most species are less than 5 inches in length . they have a life expectancy of from 5 to 8 years in the deserts of north america .\n- - george seymour & a . r . royo - - additional material provided by jerrold j . feldne r\ndesertusa newsletter - - we send articles on hiking , camping and places to explore , as well as animals , wildflower reports , plant information and much more . sign up below or read more about the desertusa newsletter here . ( it ' s free . )\ncopyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken and digital west media , inc . - -\ncontinent : middle - america north - america distribution : usa ( california ) , mexico ( baja california ) type locality : \u201ccalifornia\u201d . restricted to cape san lucas , baja california by smith & taylor 1950 .\ndiffers from p . platyrhinos in having a more pointed snout , longer head spines and body spines , more than 1 row of well - developed fringe scales on each side of the body , and more than one row of enlarged scales on each side of the throat ( stebbins 1985 ) .\nnon - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments : ants comprise a large portion of its diet ; also eats other insect prey ( e . g . , wasps , beetles , grasshoppers , flies , caterpillars ) .\nnote : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments : this species is known from hundreds of collection sites in california and additional sites in baja california ( jennings 1988 ) , but many of these sites no longer support substantial populations .\ncomments : total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds 10 , 000 and may exceed 100 , 000 .\nrangewide , eggs are laid late april - june . clutch size 6 - 21 ( average about 11 - 13 . some females possibly may produce 2 clutches per year . earliest hatchlings appear in early august ( goldberg 1983 ) . the wide latitudinal range of this species suggests that there is more variation than indicated by the foregoing information .\ncomments : area of occupancy and population size likely are still declining , but the rate of decline is unknown ( probably it is substantially less than 30 % over the past three generations ) .\ncomments : area of occupancy and population size appear to have declined significantly in california .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nspecies are distinguishable by the formidable crown of horns adorning their head and the numerous spines across their back . their coloring can be yellowish , gray , or reddish - brown depending on the environment they inhabit , and , combined with their shape , affords them considerable camouflage on the surface . they feed primarily on ants , waiting for one to unsuspectingly crawl by before snapping it in and swallowing it whole . they are also known to eat grasshoppers , beetles , and spiders .\nthe ominous squirting blood emanates from ducts in the corners of their eyes and can travel a distance of up to three feet . it\u2019s meant to confuse would - be predators , but also contains a chemical that is noxious to dogs , wolves , and coyotes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nreproduction : although the reproduction of this species in our area is unknown , females in western populations generally lay 14 - 37 eggs in the spring .\nabundance : only a few established populations of this species are known in the southeast . these populations are small and very isolated .\nnotes : although several breeding populations of this species are known , they do not seem to be spreading and it seems unlikely that this species will become invasive .\nto provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data , we ' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service . please review these pages now , as they apply to your continued use of our website ."]}
{"id": 752, "summary": [{"text": "paragnorima fuscescens is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1893 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india , nepal , china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , vietnam , thailand and burma .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 40 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dull brown suffused with fuscous and with traces of numerous waved dark lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a pale speck below the median nervure near the base and an indistinct dark spot on the discocellulars , as well as a pale patch at the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale fuscous with an indistinct paler band just beyond the middle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "paragnorima fuscescens", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for paragnorima definition . you find here paragnorima meaning , synonyms of paragnorima and images for paragnorima copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\npalimpsestis brunnea leech , 1900 syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )\nhaplothyatira unipunctata dubitatrix bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paragnorima . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paragnorima and , of course , paragnorima synonyms and on the right images related to the word paragnorima .\nparagnorima fuscescens is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by hampson in 1893 . it is found in india , nepal , china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , vietnam , thailand and burma .\nfigures 73 \u2013 79 . genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan . 82 \u2013 85 . male ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 77 , 78 , 79 . female , ventral view . 73 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , holotype ; 74 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype ; 75 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 76 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 77 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 ; 78 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 79 . isopsestis meyi l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 .\nfigures 32 \u2013 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis . . .\nfigures 32 \u2013 42 . adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 32 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , holotype , male ; 33 . parapsestis tomponis almasderes l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , male ; 34 . paragnorima fuscescens hampson , [ 1893 ] , male ; 35 . gaurena margaritha werny , 1966 , female ; 36 . macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 ) , female ; 37 . isopsestis meyi l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 38 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) , female ; 39 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 , female ; 40 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype , female ; 41 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype , female ; 42 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) , female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru & wang , min , 2017 , taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china , zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) , pp . 451 - 477 : 463\n, [ 1893 ] , the fauna of british india , moths 1 : 182 ( tl : naga hills , india , [ bmnh ] ) .\n, transactions of the entomological society of london 1900 : 18 ( tl : pu - tsu - fong , china [ bmnh ] ) .\n, in oberth\u00fcr , \u00e9tudes de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9rologie compar\u00e9e 18 ( 2 ) : 115 , pl . 488 , fig . 4010 ( tl : lachin lachoong , sikkim , india [ bmnh ] ) .\n, arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 34a : 13 , pl . 2 , fig . 25 ( tl : kambaiti , burma [ = myanmar ] [ nrs\nmaterial examined . 1 male , 27 . vii . 2013 , alt . 2 , 340 m , midu , yunnan , leg . hailing zhuang , slide no . scau - thy048 .\ndistribution . china ( sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) , india , nepal , myanmar , vietnam , thailand .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthis dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article zhuang , hailing , yago , masaya , owada , mamoru , wang , min ( 2017 ) : taxonomic review of the moth family thyatiridae ( lepidoptera ) from yunnan province , china . zootaxa 4306 ( 4 ) : 451 - 477 , doi : urltoken\nfigures 85 \u2013 93 . adults and genitalia of toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 . 85 , 86 . male , upperside , hubei ; 87 . ditto , hunan ; 88 . female , upperside , yunnan ; 89 , 90 . male genitalia , hubei ; 91 . ditto , hunan ; 92 . female genitalia , hunan ; 93 . ditto , yunnan . 87 , 91 , 92 . after jiang et al . ( 2015 ) .\nfigures 80 \u2013 84 . female genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan , ventral view . 80 . psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] ) ; 81 . mimopsestis basalis sinensis l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 82 . parapsestis naxii sp . n . , paratype ; 83 . parapsestis tachengensis sp . n . , paratype ; 84 . betapsestis brevis ( leech , 1900 ) .\nfigures 63 \u2013 72 . male genitalia of thyatiridae ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 63 . psidopala opalescens ( alph\u00e9raky , 1897 ) ; 64 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 65 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 66 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 67 . habrosyne indica indica moore , 1867 ; 68 . habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ] ; 69 . hiroshia albinigra l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay & ronkay , 2001 ; 70 . parapsestis argenteopicta nepalina l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 71 . parapsestis lichenea splendida l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , . . .\nfigures 53 \u2013 62 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 53 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 54 . tethea ( tethea ) subampliata ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 55 . toxoides sichuanensis zhuang , owada & wang , 2014 ; 56 . euparyphasma albibasis guankaiyuni l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 57 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 58 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 59 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 60 . horipsestis kisvaczak l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 61 . horipsestis minutus . . .\nfigures 43 \u2013 52 . male genitalia of thyatiridae from yunnan ( left : posterior view ; right : phallus , lateral view ) . 43 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 44 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 45 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 46 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 47 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 48 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 49 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 50 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 51 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 52 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) .\nfigures 15 \u2013 31 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 15 . euparyphasma obscura ( sick , 1941 ) ; 16 . neotogaria hoenei ( sick , 1941 ) ; 17 . horipsestis aenea minor ( sick , 1941 ) ; 18 . horipsestis kisvaczak l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , ronkay , ronkay & witt , 2007 ; 19 . horipsestis minutus ( forbes , 1936 ) ; 20 . isopsestis poculiformis zhuang , owada & wang , 2015 ; 21 . psidopala opalescens ( alph\u00e9raky , 1897 ) ; 22 . psidopala ornata ( leech , 1900 ) ; 23 . habrosyne dentata werny , 1966 ; 24 . habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912 ; 25 . habrosyne indica indica moore , . . .\nfigures 1 \u2013 14 . male adults of thyatiridae from yunnan , upperside . 1 . thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966 ; 2 . horithyatira decorata decorata ( moore , 1881 ) ; 3 . gaurena florens walker , 1865 ; 4 . gaurena gemella leech , 1900 ; 5 . gaurena pretiosa werny , 1966 ; 6 . macrothyatira arizana diminuta ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 7 . macrothyatira subaureata ( sick , 1941 ) ; 8 . tethea ( saronaga ) consimilis aurisigna ( bryk , 1943 ) ; 9 . tethea ( tethea ) fusca werny , 1966 ; 10 . tethea ( saronaga ) oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; 11 . tethea ( tethea ) punctorenalia ( houlbert , 1921 ) ; . . .\ndie zahlreichen expeditionen ungarischer forscherteams , die ende des 20 . jahrhunderts in die himalayaregion zu allen jahreszeiten unternommen wurden brachten aus den bisher kaum erforschten wintermonaten neben noctuidae und geometridae auch eine unerwartete f\u00fclle von material der familie thyatiridae . diese familie hat neben noctuidae und geometridae als einzige weitere heterocera - familie einen schwerpunkt des erscheinens zu dieser jahreszeit , wodurch das interesse der noctuidae - spezialisten l . und g . ronkay sowie des geometridae - spezialisten g . m . l\u00e1szl\u00f3 geweckt wurde , dieses material , das gem\u00e4\u00df getroffener vereinbarungen geschlossen ans museum witt gelangte , auch zu bearbeiten . die dort bereits vorhandenen materialeing\u00e4nge aus angrenzenden regionen zeigten sehr schnell da\u00df eine ersch\u00f6pfende bearbeitung nur im rahmen einer gesamtrevision der familie mit typenstudium durchgef\u00fchrt werden konnte , also einem vorhaben das genau den forschungszielen von thomas witt entsprach . nach etwa 10 - j\u00e4hriger bearbeitungszeit erscheint nun 2007 in der buchreihe esperiana ( band 13 ) diese revision mit dem titel \u201ethe thyatiridae of eurasia including the sundaland and new guinea ( lepidoptera ) \u201d aus der feder des autorenteams gyula m . l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , g\u00e1bor ronkay , l\u00e1szl\u00f3 ronkay und thomas witt . grundlage und dokumentation dieser bearbeitung bildet die sammlung im museum witt , deren bedeutung am besten im vorwort / preface zu dieser revision geschildert wird .\nthe present work is a result of an almost ten - years long study of the authors having rather different former interest in the lepidopterology . only one of us had previous experience on the taxonomy and systematics of the wide sense \u201ebombycoid\u201d families since the three hungarian authors worked with different geometridae and noctuidae groups . but the \u201efalse owlet moths\u201d display a great number of noctuoid features which make this very fascinating lepidopteran family even more interesting for the noctuid workers .\nthe final impetus was given during the intensive studies of the \u201ewinter moth fauna\u201d of the himalayan region : to our great surprise , it was found that the macrolepidoptera fauna of the cold aspects has not been restricted to the \u201eordinary\u201d noctuidae and geometridae but a diverse thyatiridae assemblage is present in practically all winter aspects . moreover , it is proved that thyatiridae is the only large heterocera group which shares this long and still rather poorly explored period with the noctuidae and geometridae in the wide sense himalayan region . the best marker of the richness of this fauna is the fact that the hnhm budapest has become the second largest european thyatiridae collection in the mirror of the species numbers within six years !\noriginally we thought to deal with the winter genera and species and the first discoveries were published in separate papers but the need of the full revision of the family became obvious even in the early period of the studies . we had to face unsolved problems not only in the treatment of the highly specialised and partly newly discovered himalayan - sino - pacific groups but even in such well - known , partly european genera like habrosyne and thyatira ( and horithyatira , macrothyatira , gaurena etc . ) . it should be stated that the lack of the proper investigations of an amazingly large portion of the type specimens led to several mistakes in the former and the rather recent monographic works as well .\nthe elaboration of the monograph was unexpectedly lengthy , mostly due to the detailed examination and documentation of the type material and , the continuous discoveries of new species . a propitious moment in this long process that the technical conditions of the digital photography became increasingly better during this period , therefore the quality of our colour images and microscopic photographs could also be remarkably improved and we are able to provide impressive illustrations about these really beautiful animals . it is our pleasure to present this book to all lepidopterists , hoping that the readers will read and use it with joy and success .\ngyula m . l\u00e1szl\u00f3 , g\u00e1bor ronkay , l\u00e1szl\u00f3 ronkay and thomas j . witt\nlaszlo , gy . m . , g . ronkay , l . ronkay and t . witt\nesperiana buchreihe zur entomologie 13 : 1 - 683 , 42 farbtafeln . schwanfeld , 18 . juli 2007 , isbn 3 - 938249 - 06 - 4 .\nrevised status , stat . rev . , status nova , stat . n . , bona species , bona sp . raised to species\nmicrothyatira werny , 1966 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]\ntogaria matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]\nasphalia nigrofascicula graeser , 1888 , syn . n . of neoploca arctipennis ( butler , 1878 )\ncymatophora intermedia houlbert , 1921 , syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )\ncymotrix decora gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona brunnea bethune - baker , 1908\ncymotrix submarginalis gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona concinna warren , 1915\ngaurena trimacula gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona marmorata warren , 1915\nhorithyatira assamensis werny , 1966 , syn . n . of horithyatira diehli werny , 1966\nmimopsestis determinata bryk , 1943 syn . n . of parapsestis pseudomaculata ( houlbert , 1921 )\npsidopala ebba bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )\npsidopala pseudoornata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )\nspilobasis curvata sick , 1941 syn . n . of neotogaria flammifera ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntogaria suzukiana matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota tancrei ( graeser , 1888 )\nachlya flavicornis finmarchica sch\u00f6yen , 1881 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nachlya flavicornis meridionalis wolfsberger , 1968 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nachlya longipennis inokoi inoue , 1982 syn . n . of achlya tateyamai inoue , 1982\nepipsestis perornata sicki yoshimoto , 1988 syn . n of epipsestis nigropunctata nigropunctata ( sick , 1941 )\ngaurena albifasciata likiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena margaritha werny , 1966\ngaurena albifasciata nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena albifasciata gaede , 1930\ngaurena argentisparsa eberti werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena argentisparsa hampson , 1896\ngaurena aurofasciata bryki werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena aurofasciata hampson , [ 1893 ]\ngaurena florens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865\ngaurena florens oliva werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865\ngaurena florens yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865\ngaurena florescens albomaculata werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865\ngaurena florescens burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865\ngaurena gemella flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865\nhabrosyne albipuncta szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne albipuncta angulifera ( gaede , 1930 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta chinensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta nigricans werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta pallescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )\nhabrosyne argenteipuncta szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]\nhabrosyne aurorina moellendorfi ( fixsen , 1887 ) syn . n . of habrosyne aurorina aurorina ( butler , 1881 )\nhabrosyne conscripta nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912\nhabrosyne dieckmanni urupina bryk , 1941 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )\nhabrosyne dieckmanni roseola matsumura , 1909 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )\nhabrosyne fraterna chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne fraterna japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica aurata werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica grisea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne indica malaisei bryk , 1943 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )\nhabrosyne petrographa ( sic ! ) tapaischana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pterographa ( poujade , 1887 )\nhabrosyne pyritoides ochracea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pyritoides derasoides ( butler , 1878 )\nmacrothyatira fasciata shansiensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 )\npalimpsestis duplaris kamschadalis sheljuzhko , 1926 syn . n . of ochropacha duplaris ( linnaeus , 1767 )\npalimpsestis fluctosa isshikii matsumura , 1921 , syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1803 ] )\npsidopala ornata yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )\npsidopala pseudoornata indecorata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )\npsidopala tenuis falkneri werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala tenuis ( hampson , 1896 )\nstenopsestis alternata bryki yoshimoto , 1993 syn . n . of stenopsestis alternata ( moore , 1881 )\ntethea akanensis koreibia bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )\ntethea albicosta birmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicosta ( moore , 1867 )\ntethea albicostata contrastata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea albicostata japonibia werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea albicostata koreonaga bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea albicostata montana werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )\ntethea ampliata griseofasciata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ampliata shansiensis werny , 1966\ntethea ampliata var . askoldensis ( houlbert , 1921 ) syn . n . of tethea ampliata ampliata ( butler , 1878 )\ntethea angustata staudinger , 1885 syn . n . of tethea octogesima octogesima ( butler , 1878 )\ntethea consimilis birohoensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea consimilis flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea consimilis hoenei werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea consimilis szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis commifera ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea oberthueri chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri fukienensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri monticola bryk , 1943 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea oberthueri occidentalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )\ntethea octogesima var . caucasica krulikowsky , 1901 , syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )\ntethea ocularis caucasica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )\ntethea ocularis kosswigi werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )\ntethea ocularis orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis osthelderi ( bytinski - salz & brandt , 1937 )\ntethea ocularis tsinlingensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis amurensis ( warren , 1912 )\ntethea or nigrescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea or or ( [ denis & schifferm\u00fcller ] , 1775 )\ntetheella fluctuosa isshikii ( matsumura , 1921 ) syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1803 ] )\nthyatira batis japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nthyatira batis mandschurica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nthyatira hedemanni elbursina werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira hedemanni christoph , 1885\nthyatira rubrescens assamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens kwangtungensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens tienmushana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\nthyatira rubrescens vietnamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966\n. this doi represents all versions , and will always resolve to the latest one ."]}
{"id": 753, "summary": [{"text": "stomphastis conflua is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from cyprus , the caucasus , israel , the palestinian territory , saudi arabia , jordan , egypt , zimbabwe , nigeria , sudan , mozambique and south africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the larvae feed on ricinus communis .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of an upper-surface , initially gently curving gallery , that widens abruptly into a blotch .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place within the mine , in a white , oval cocoon .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "generally , there are a number of mines in a single leaf . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "stomphastis conflua", "paragraphs": ["2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by prof . jaroslaw buszko\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsouth africa , natal [ kwazulu - natal ] , camperdown district , drummond .\nv\u00e1ri l . 1961 . south african lepidoptera . i . lithocolletidae . - transvaal museum memoir 12 : 1\u2013238 , pls . 1\u2013112 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 758, "summary": [{"text": "parastenolechia suriensis is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in southern and central korea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13 \u2013 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are creamy white , densely irrorated with fuscous scales throughout and with dark brown trapezoidal patches overlaid with raised scales , as well as four to five small blackish patches beyond the last trapezoidal patch on the costa and a large blackish discal spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "parastenolechia suriensis", "paragraphs": ["figure 1 . adult of parastenolechia suriensis , sp . nov . ( paratype ) .\nparastenolechia suriensis , sp . nov . , is described and illustrated , and p . asymmetrica kanazawa is reported from korea for the first time . a check list of the species of the genus is given .\na new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list o . . .\nfigures 2\u20134 . male and female genitalia of parastenolechia suriensis , sp . nov . 2 , male genitalia ( holotype , gen . prep . no . 5147 ) ; 2a , lateral view of aedeagus ( paratype , gen . prep . no . 5186 ; 2b , latero - dorsal view of tegumen , uncus , and gnathos ( gen . prep . no . 5186 ) ; 3 , variation of eighth sternite of abdomen ( 3a , gen . slide no . 5147 ; 3b , gen . slide no . 5186 ; 3c , gen . slide no . 5187 ) ; 4 , female genitalia .\npark , kyu - tek & ponomarenko , margarita g . , 2006 , a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus , zootaxa 1338 , pp . 49 - 55 : 52\npark , kyu - tek & ponomarenko , margarita g . , 2006 , a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus , zootaxa 1338 , pp . 49 - 55 : 53\npark , kyu - tek & ponomarenko , margarita g . , 2006 , a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus , zootaxa 1338 , pp . 49 - 55 : 54\npark , kyu - tek & ponomarenko , margarita g . , 2006 , a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus , zootaxa 1338 , pp . 49 - 55 : 53 - 54\nliu , linjie & li , houhun , 2016 , taxonomic review of the genus parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae , litini ) from mainland china , with descriptions of six new species , zootaxa 4178 ( 1 ) , pp . - 1 - - 1 : - 1\npark , kyu - tek , ponomarenko , margarita g . ( 2006 ) : a new species of parastenolechia kanazawa ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) from korea , with a check list of the genus . zootaxa 1338 : 49 - 55 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 273588\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ntwo new species of gelechiidae , teleiopsis motleella , sp . nov . , and sitotroga pseudopsacasta , sp . nov . , are described from korea . illustrations of adults and male genitalia are provided . scrobipalpa spumata ( povoln\u00fd , 2001 ) , comb , n . , is newly recorded from korea . it was described from the female , and the male genitalia are described and illustrated for the first time .\n. . . with regard to taxonomic perspective , the nymphalidae along with other butterflies occurring in south korea were further welllisted by several important earlier studies since the beginning work by foreign scientists ( see kim , 2012 ) . the subsequent majority of nymphalidae research in south korea has focused on introduction of individual species in illustrated books ( e . g . , kim , 2002 ) , finding and listing new species through morphological analysis ( e . g . , joo et al . , 1997 ; lee and takakura , 1981 ; park , 1987 ) , and ecological investigation of a limited number of species ( e . g . , kim , 2012 ) . . . .\ntwo new species of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) from korea , with notes on the taxonomic status of telph . . .\ntwo new species of the family gelechiidae , concubina trigonalis park and ponomarenko , n . sp . and teleiodes gangwonensis park and ponomarenko , n . sp . are described from korea . telphusa euryzeucta meyrick , 1922 , is transferred to concubina : concubina euryzeucta ( meyrick 1922 ) , n . comb . concubina subita n . omelko and m . omelko , 2004 is considered a new junior synonym of c . euryzeucta .\nsix species of the genus anarsia zeller were recognized from siberia and far east . two of the species are described as new to science ( anarsia gajiensis sp . n . and a . sibirica sp . n . ) , and a . bipinnata meyrick is reported from the primorye territory ( russian far east ) for the first time . key to the species is given .\nnew faunistic data for the family gelechiidae in the korean peninsula and ne china ( lepidoptera : gel . . .\nfrom the result of identification of gelechiids collected in the korean peninsula or mt . changbai - shan , ne china and preserved in the center for insect systematics , korea , 25 species of the family gelechiidae are reported for the first time from korea and three species of them are first known from china . a new synonymy of teleiodes sattler , 1960 ( = dubitationis m . omelko & n . omelko , 1998 , . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new subfamily crocanthinae of lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera ) for the genus crocanthes meyrick and it . . .\na new subfamily , crocanthinae n . subf . , is proposed for crocanthes meyrick and its allies , which have been considered as a monophyletic group with a unique genital character\u2014an absent or remarkably reduced gnathos in the male genitalia . the subfamily includes aprosoesta turner , lamprista park , pacificulla park , hannara park , and gonaepa walker . aprosoesta turner st . rev . is resurrected as a . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\nlee , sangmi & brown , richard l . , 2008 , revision of holarctic teleiodini ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) , zootaxa 1818 , pp . 1 - 55 : 28 - 29\nproline accumulation was induced in detached tomato pera leaves in the absence of any saline or osmotic stress .\neffects of phlorizin and p - chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid on sucrose and proline accumulation in detached tomato leaves submitted to naci and osmotic stresses . journal of plant physiology 145 ( 3 ) : 367 - 373 , 1994\nsucrose and proline accumulation and sugar efflux in tomato leaf discs affected by nacl and polyethylene glycol 6000 iso - osmotic stresses . plant science ( limerick ) 107 ( 1 ) : 9 - 15 , 1995\nchanges in polyamine titers associated with the proline response and osmotic adjustment of rape leaf discs submitted to osmotic stresses . plant science ( shannon ) 112 ( 2 ) : 175 - 186 , 1995\nthe relation between accumulation of abscisic acid and proline in detached rice leaves . biologia plantarum 43 ( 2 ) : 301 - 304 , 2000\ncharacteristics of the induction of the accumulation of proline by abscisic acid and isobutyric acid in detached rice leaves . plant & cell physiology 32 ( 2 ) : 269 - 272 , 1991\neffects of osmotic - and high - light stresses on psii efficiency of attached and detached leaves of three tree species adapted to different water regimes . photosynthetica 49 ( 4 ) : 555 - 563 , 2011\neffect of abscisic acid and fusicoccin on nacl - induced proline accumulation in pea leaves . comptes rendus de l & apos ; academie bulgare des sciences 46 ( 8 ) : 77 - 80 , 1993\neffects of nacl and mannitol iso - osmotic stresses on the free polyamine levels in leaf discs of tomato species differing in salt tolerance . journal of plant physiology 151 ( 6 ) : 754 - 758 , dec , 1997\nproline accumulation in leaves of nacl - sensitive and nacl - tolerant tomatoes . biologia plantarum 40 ( 4 ) : 623 - 628 , 1998\neffect of nacl and mannitol iso - osmotic stresses on proline and free polyamine levels in embryogenic fraxinus angustifolia callus . journal of plant physiology 161 ( 6 ) : 701 - 708 , 2004\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 760, "summary": [{"text": "sir bevys ( 1876 \u2013 1896 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from 1878 to 1879 he ran six times and won two races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his most important success came in the 1879 epsom derby : his only other win was in a selling race .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at the end of the 1879 season he was retired to stud where he had little success . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "sir bevys", "paragraphs": ["we have found 10 property sales in sir bevys close since the beginning of 1995 .\nsir bevys investments limited . free business summary taken from official companies house information . free alerts . registered as 01557110\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .\nsir bevys close in oxford is in the south east region of england . the postcode is within the cumnor ward / electoral division , which is in the constituency of oxford west and abingdon . this page combines information for the address sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn ,\nsir bevys has been described as \u201cvery moderate\u201d , [ 2 ] and as possibwy \u201cde worst ever\u201d winner of de derby . [ 10 ]\nlisted here are the 10 closest opticians to sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn . the nearest is ideal eyes , approximately 650 yards away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest primary schools to sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn . the nearest is botley school , approximately 640 yards away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest hospitals to sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn . the nearest is warneford hospital , approximately 3 . 6 miles away .\nlisted here are the 15 closest railway stations to sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn . the nearest railway station is oxford , approximately 1 . 6 miles away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest secondary schools to sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn . the nearest is matthew arnold school , approximately 0 . 7 miles away .\nthe half - serious suspicion by bevys ' s fellows of what his accounts clerk might be up to .\nsir bevys ( gb ) br . h , 1876 { 10 - a } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nour information is available for almost all uk postcodes . why not take a look at some of these other postcodes in the immediate vicinity of sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn :\nsir bevys was a dark brown\nawmost bwack\ncowt standing 15 . 2 hands high [ 1 ] bred at wydam , oxfordshire by lord norreys . he was sowd to lionew de rodschiwd , who used de name \u201cmr acton\u201d for his racing interests . sir bevys was sent into training wif rodschiwd\u2019s private trainer joseph hayhoe at de pawace house stabwe at newmarket , suffowk . [ 2 ]\ncorey , sir william , of trebigh , cornwall , letter of , 190 .\nsir bevys\u2019s sire , favonius , a mawe - wine descendant of de byerwey turk , had won de derby for meyer de rodschiwd in 1871 , but sired few oder notabwe horses . his dam , lady langden , was an unraced hawf sister to de st leger winner cawwer ou . apart from sir bevys , she was notabwe for producing hampton , an outstanding stayer who became a successfuw and infwuentiaw sire . [ 3 ]\nsir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn is within the abingdon outer policing neighbourhood , under the thames valley police force area . for non - urgent queries , contact 101 . for emergency assistance , please contact 999 .\nsir bevys retired to stud at a modest fee of 10 guineas . the best of his offspring was probabwy de bwack cowt morgway , who won de ascot derby and de queen ' s vase at royaw ascot in 1889 , awdough his biggest winner was de fiwwy primrose day who won de cesarewitch handicap in de same year . sir bevys died in march 1896 fowwowing a\ngeneraw break - up of his system .\n[ 15 ]\nthe average price for property in sir bevys close stood at \u00a3428 , 389 in july 2018 . this is a fall of 0 . 00 % in the last three months ( since april 2018 ) and fall of 4 . 11 % since 12 months ago . in terms of property types , flats in sir bevys close sold for an average of \u00a3383 , 826 and terraced houses for \u00a3344 , 402 . this is according to the current zoopla estimates .\nbamfylde or bamfeild : - , sir amias , letter of , 84 . - , j . , letter of , 27 . - , sir richard , death of , 231 , 232 .\nbernard : - , christopher , letter of , 230 . - , sir john , 173 .\nedgcumb ( eggecomb ) , sir richard , knight , comptroller of the royal household , 19 .\nthis address ( sir bevys close , oxford ) can be considered less ethnically diverse than the uk average . as whole , the uk population claims itself as approximately 86 % white , with residents of this area being 95 % so .\nlisted here are the 10 closest dentists to sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn . the nearest is clinic 95 , approximately 560 yards away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .\ncompton , sir william , master general of his majesty ' s ordnance , order of , 216 .\ndavenport , sir humphrey , knight , lord chief baron of the exchequer , letter to , 196 .\ninscription : printed text at upper left : kinney bro ' s . / high class cigarettes / sir bevys , derby winner / rider - geo . fordham . 1879 . [ verso of card not visible as card is mounted on original album page ]\nthe area containing sir bevys close , oxford consists predominantly of detached housing , a strong indicator of affluence . please note that the figures may include adjacent streets - see the summary tab for an explanation and map of the area that these figures cover .\nlisted here are the 10 closest gps ( general practitioners ) to sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn . the nearest is botley medical centre , approximately 540 yards away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .\ncottington [ cockkington ] , sir francis , going to spain , 191 . - , departure of , 192 .\nfavonius was retired to his owner\u2019s mentmore stud . he stood for only four seasons before his death from a form of\ntyphoid fever\nin august 1877 when he was valued at \u00a312 , 000 . his most notable offspring was sir bevys , who won the derby in 1879 .\ncheyne , [ sir ] t [ homas ] , lord of the council , signature of , 25 , 366 .\nin de st leger at doncaster on 10 september sir bevys started 3 / 1 joint favourite wif rayon d ' or . ridden by tom cannon , he settwed towards de middwe of de seventeen horse fiewd but made no progress in de water stages and finished a remote eighf behind rayon d ' or . [ 12 ] the fact dat bof pawmbearer and visconti were awso unpwaced convinced some observers dat de derby form was virtuawwy wordwess . [ 13 ] by wate autumn sir bevys had devewoped respiratory probwems ( a\nroaring aiwment\n) and was retired from racing . [ 14 ]\nto the fury of rival colleagues a junior official , hastings clive macaulay bevys , graced with the names of earlier great men , is brilliaintly successful . in his office he has an assistant , concepcion gabral , a shadowy figure , ill favoured and of mixed race . no - one is quite sure what he does , other than assisting bevys .\nfavonius was retired to his owner\u2019s mentmore stud . he stood for only four seasons before his death from a form of\ntyphoid fever\nin august 1877 when he was valued at \u00a312 , 000 . [ 21 ] his most notable offspring was sir bevys , who won the derby in 1879 .\ndam of sir gallahad , bull dog , admiral drake , and bois roussel . grand dam of hostility ( f ) .\nneither sir bevys nor palmbearer ran at ascot , so that the truth of the derby running could not be corroborated . lord falmouth ' s silvio , winner of the derby and st . leger of 1877 , and jeannette , winner o\u00a3 the oaks and st . leger of 1878 , were both defeated at ascot .\nchichester : - , lady frances , surrender of lease by , 70 . - , sir john , information to be given to , 39 .\ndam of scattered , squared away , speedwell . grand dam of here and there , disperse , sir gaylord , queen ' s double , secretariat .\nchampernon , champernowne , sir arthur , letter to , 367 . - , vice - admiral of the county of devon , letter of , 376 .\ncoke , christopher , letter of , 230 . - , sir john , secretary , commission read to , 191 . - , signature of , 17 .\nsir bevys appeared in de betting wists for de derby in apriw , when he was offered at odds of 50 / 1 . [ 5 ] he was backed down to 25 / 1 , but drifted out again after appearing to wack de\ndash\nof a derby winner , awdough in may beww ' s life reported dat his performances in training had improved . [ 6 ]\nkieren fallon was back on top in 2003 and rode the sir michael stoute colt kris kin to victory , just denying pat eddery and the great gatsby a famous success on his final derby mount . fallon was back in the winners\u2019 circle again the following year aboard north light who gave sir michael stoute his fourth derby victory .\ncordell , sir william , master of the rolls , bill committed to , 51 . - , ( wrongly printed cecil ) , executor of a will , 319 .\nsir bevys won one race from four starts as a two - year - owd . he began his career by running unpwaced in de fernhiww stakes at ascot and a minor race newmarket in summer . in autumn , he returned to newmarket and ran twice in two days . on 1 october he won a \u00a3187 sewwing race and on de fowwowing day he finished second to out of bounds in de ditch miwe nursery handicap . [ 4 ]\nhowever , when bevys is promoted to distant posts , he proves spectacularly incompetent , and is eventually sacked . the clue to the mystery , known to the poet , is that it was the unimpressive but able gabral who had really been doing the good work .\nfor the st . leger , at latest dates , wheel of fortune was first favourite at the short odds of 6to 4 j sir bevy ' s coming next at 4 to 1 .\nconway , sir edward , secretary of state , his man , 11 . - , fee to , 92 . - , made a privy councillor , 129 . - , conference with , 191 .\ndenham , john and sir john , knight , baron of the exchequer , letter of , 56 . - , letter to , 196 . - , business of the sequestration referred to , 132 .\ndoncaster august sale 2007 lot 273 ( property of mrs . p . e . w . nicholson ) 3yo chf sir harry lewis - vedra ( carlingford castle ) 16 , 000gns ( p . peare )\nelliott , sir george augustus , k . b . , lieut . - general , to be presented with the freedom of the city of exeter , 252 . - , his successful service in gibraltar , 252 .\ndiomed was owned by sir charles bunbury , who collected prize money of \u00a31 , 065 15s . the race was held at the oaks estate and named after its host , the 12th earl of derby . the first four runnings of the derby were over 1 mile , but this was amended to the current distance of 1\u00bd miles in 1784 . lord derby first won the race in 1787 , with a horse called sir peter teazle .\nanother legendary trainer finally added his name to the derby roll of honour in 1985 , as sir henry cecil\u2019s slip anchor , under an inspired front - running ride by popular american jockey steve cauthen , routed his rivals .\ncolleton : - , sir john , letter of , 75 . - , john , desires to make stairs near the quay of exeter , 324 . - , - , receiver of exeter , dismissal of , 325 .\nsir george ohetwynd intends moving at the next meeting of the jockey club that two year - olds shall not run more than sis furlodg rao . # a before july ' lab , nor less than five furlong races after that date .\nthe 20 th century closed with oath winning a fourth derby for sir henry cecil and a first for the leading jockey of the time kieren fallon . oath was subsequently injured but tasted epsom success at the expense of the outstanding dubai millennium .\ntulyar was a famous winner in 1952 and the following year the legendary jockey sir gordon richards finally won the derby at the 28 th attempt , having announced 1953 would be his final season riding . he famously beat the queen\u2019s runner aureole in coronation year !\ncaesar , dr . julius , cause to be shown before , 72 . - , as sir julius , letter of , 73 . - , - , chancellor of the exchequer , letter to , 86 . - , - , letter of , 86 .\ncoventry [ warwicks ] , sir thomas white ' s estate in or near , 232 . - , how it might profit by trade with guinea , 243 . - , bishop of , roger ( n . d , ) , charter of , 345 .\nin 1993 sir hendry cecil trained his third winner as commander in chief gave dancing brave a derby winner . unraced at two , commander in chief gained valuable experience that spring and defeated his stable mate tenby , who had been the hot favourite for the race .\ndata on sold house prices , such as the results above for sir bevys close oxford ox2 , is supplied to us via monthly updates from the land registry for england and wales and from the registers of scotland for scotland . there may be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is actually sold to when it becomes officially recorded with land registry and / or registers of scotland . we provide data on house prices for information only , on an ' as is ' basis as supplied to us and accept no liability for any errors or omissions . if you have identified any incorrect information in , please report an error .\nameredeth , sir ames , baronet , conveyance for the sale of the chamber ' s lands in ireland to , 329 , 330 . - , his bonds unto the chamber of exeter , 335 . - , a release under the common seal sealed to , 336 .\nchudleigh : - , sir george , letter of , 11 . - , - , to receive the loan money collected in exeter , 11 , 175 , 176 . - , hugh , letter of , 221 . - , richard , appointed commissioner for exeter , 260 .\ndenys : - , elizabeth , lease to , 26 . - , richard , farmer of the mansion house of exeter castle , 199 . - , robert , note by , 374 . - , sir robert , knight , son of sir thomas , letter of , 44 . - , - , thomas , letter of , 44 . - , - , farmer of the mansion house of exeter castle , 199 . - , - , lease to , 70 . - , - , commission addressed to , 309 . - , sir robert , recorder of exeter , receipt from , 55 . - , - , to be asked to resign , 317 - , - , to provide lodging for the earls of essex and huntingdon and sir francis knolles , 317 . - , - , to receive a gift , 318 . - , - , resigns the recordership , 318 . - , sir thomas , - , - , knight , recorder of exeter , letter to , 14 . fee for , 56 . - , - , j . p . for devn , letter of , 288 . - , - , appointed commissioner for exeter , 260 . - , - , sheriff , burns thomas benet for heresy , 361 . - , - , letter to , 366 . - , - , john aclande hopes to confer with , at exeter , 67 .\nleo inherited palace house in newmarket which became his spiritual home . here the prince of wales often stayed with him during race meetings , together with many prominent figures of the day . leo also took over the running of his father\u2019s stud at gunnersbury before moving it to his own estate at ascott . it became the southcourt stud farm , from where he bred many winners . in 1879 leo registered the rothschild colours in his name and had his first victory when a previously unknown horse , sir bevys , won the epsom derby . it transpired that the owner , a \u2018mr acton\u2019 , was actually leopold de rothschild who had entered his late father\u2019s horse into the race .\nthe very first derby was actually run on thursday 4 may 1780 and went to diomed , ironically owned by sir charles bunbury , who collected prize money of \u00a31 , 065 15s . iomed is to this day commemorated in the diomed stakes , raced at epsom on derby day .\nbluet ( bluett , blewet ) : - , john , property granted to , 279 . - , sir roger , knight , letter to , 22 . - , - , appointment of , 21 . - , - , one of the king ' s commissioners , 262 .\nthe identity of\nmr acton\n, de winning owner , was not entirewy cwear : it was known dat he was a member of de rodschiwd famiwy , but many seemed to bewieve\nmr acton\nwas in fact lionew ' s son , leopowd de rodschiwd , who was known to have won severaw very warge bets on de race . [ 11 ] subseqwent events made de issue wess cwear : de deaf of lionew de rodschiwd on 3 june 1879 , was reported to have made aww of sir bevys ' s entries void , preventing him from running in de grand prix de paris on 8 june , [ 6 ] but de cowt ' s entry for de st leger was apparentwy unaffected .\nthe derby originated at a celebration following the first running of the oaks stakes in 1779 . a new race was planned , and it was decided that it should be named after either the host of the party , the 12th earl of derby , or one of his guests , sir charles bunbury .\nthen in 1968 lester piggott and dr vincent o\u2019brien combined to create an irresistible force which would last a decade . their opening epsom salvo came with the brilliant burst of speed from sir ivor who won major races in four countries including the 2 , 000 guineas , derby and washington dc international stakes .\nsir ivor won major races in four countries : the national stakes in ireland , the grand criterium in france , the 2000 guineas and the epsom derby in england and the washington , d . c . international in the united states . he was retired to stud at the end of the 1968 season and became a successful stallion .\nthe information on housing , people , culture , employment and education that is displayed about sir bevys close , oxford , ox2 9rn is based on the last census performed in the uk in 2011 . they are performed once every 10 years . please note : census information may include figures for adjacent streets and postcodes . the figures are therefore representative of the local area , not a specific street address or row of houses . the census collection is designed so that each group of postcodes should contain at least 100 people ( 50 in scotland ) . this is done to preserve the anonymity of the people in that area , as some postcodes cover a very small area , sometimes a single building . you can see the area covered by the census statistics by clicking\nshow census area covered\nbelow the map above .\nin 1954 richards\u2019 successor won the first of an unprecedented nine derbies as lester piggott rode never say die to glory . crepello gave piggott a second victory in 1957 and was trained by the great sir noel murless . the horse had tendon problems which limited him to two runs that year \u2013 and he won both the guineas and the derby .\nacland , ackland : - , sir hugh , baronet , attestation by , 220 . - , john , alderman of exeter , signature of , 150 , 151 . - , - , perryman ' s admission to , 157 . - , - , makes contribution towards the city plate , 322 . - , - , and see exeter , mayor of . john or sir john , knighted 1604 , letters of , 66 , 83 , 84 . - , - , request to , 73 . - , - , his liberality to exeter college cited , 100 , 102 . - , - , message to , 192 . - , - , grant from , 323 , 324 .\nedmondes , edmunds : - , sir clement , 109 . - , sir thomas , clerk of the crown , present at council debate , 108 . - , - , copy of the exeter charter presented to , 115 . - , - , orders to , 117 , 118 , 119 , 121 . - , - , his opinion concerning the bishop of exeter ' s suit , 118 . - , - , opinion of , concerning the charter , 123 . - , - , receives no definite instructions concerning the commission for the bishop , 124 . - , - , instructed to draw up a new commission for the bishop , 128 . - , - , going as ambassador to france , 190 .\nthe 2006 epsom derby had a pulsating finish and a four - way photo but sir percy , the guineas runner - up prevailed . the ever - popular frankie dettori finally broke his derby curse in 2007 at the 15 th attempt , when authorised burst clear of his field also giving trainer peter chapple - hyam a second success following dr devious in 1992 .\nlarkspur , who kept his feet while seven rivals fell on the descent to tattenham corner , provides the first of six derby winners for perhaps the greatest trainer ever , vincent o\u2019brien , who also sent out sir ivor ( 1968 ) , nijinsky ( 1970 ) , roberto ( 1972 ) , the minstrel ( 1977 ) and golden fleece ( 1982 ) to victory .\ndrake : - , augustyn , signature of , 145 . - , sir francis , ships for , 63n . - , - , ships under the command of , 312 . - , gilbert , of lytelham , lease to , 289 . - , john , of exmouth , lease to , 289 . - , john , receiver of exeter , a gown for , 306 .\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\ncarew : - , gawen , letter of , 49 . - , - , hooker ' s notice of , 351 . - , sir gawen , receipt from , 49 . - , - , letter to , 367 . - , - , ( carye ) , george , baron , at council debate , 108 . - , - , humphrey , lease granted by , 159 , 266 . - , - , john , conveyance by , 266 . - , - , sir john , knight , 361 . - , - , peter , son of humphrey , lease granted by , 159 , 266 . - , - , sir peter , knight , appointment of ( 1549 ) , 21 . appointment of ( 1552 ) , 260 . letters of , 24 . hooker ' s notice of , 351 . letter to , 367 . - , - , richard , attestation of , 220 . - , - , thomas , of bickleigh , st . john ' s hospital passes to , 266 . - , - , thomas , baron ( 1415 ) , appointed to remain in harfleur , 352 . - , - , widow named , letter to , 21 .\nin 1779 , the sport of horseracing was governed by a man named sir charles bunbury . at that time no races were run over a distance of less than two miles . also , racing was for horses aged four or older so the decision to permit three - year - old racing , and at distances shorter than two miles , paved the way for a new era in the sport .\nberkeley : - , gilbert , bishop of bath and wells , charter of , 346 . - , sir john , knight , governor of exeter , commission to , 13 . - , - , intimation by , 98 . - , - , certificate from , 209 . - , - , gift to be presented to , 325 . - , - , note of letter from , 325 .\nsainfoin was sired by springfield out of the mare sanda and was foaled at hampton court stud , owned by queen victoria , in 1887 . most of the yearlings produced by hampton court stud were underfed and skinny , which resulted in little interest in sainfoin as a racing prospect . he was sold as a yearling for 500 guineas to horse trainer john porter and sir robert jardine . [ 1 ]\nhugh , 12th earl of devonshire , petition against , 228 . - , infringes on the rights of the city of exeter , 391 , 392 . - , hugh , - , - , knight , mawte widow of , bequest of , 267 . will of , 282 . her gift to grendon ' s almhouses , 292 . - , hugh , monument of , 351 . - , katharine , wife of william , earl of devon , grant to , 404 . - , pierse , appointment of , 21 . - , thomas , 13th earl of devonshire , the mediation of , 360 . - , - , copy grant of the conservancy of the exe to , 404 , 429 . - , sir william ( 1585 ) , knight , commission addressed to , 309 . - , sir william ( 1662 ) , letter of , 98 .\nfordham was devoted to his family . he was never known to give a vote for a parliamentary candidate in his life . he was extremely reticent on horse - racing , had a deep aversion to gambling of all kinds , and ever showed the greatest anxiety to keep his son from being in any way associated with the turf . his own career was scrupulously honourable . he did , however , perform somewhat below his best on one occasion . riding for sir john astley at lewes , he was beaten a head in a close finish by a horse belonging to mrs drewitt the widow of his old master . afterwards he confessed to sir john ' well , you know , mrs drewitt has not been able to pay her rent , and all through the race i could not help thinking of that damned rent , and , you know , i ought just to have won ' .\nbonvile ( bonvyle , & c . ) : - , john , letters of , 209 . - , john , will of , 360 . - , william , the mediation of , 360 . - , sir william , the conservatorship of the exe granted , to , 430 . - , - , his almshouses , papers concerning , 7374 , 425 . or charity , charter of , 6 , 372 . grant of , 430 . other mention of , 277 , 348 .\ncalvert , sir george , secretary of state , receives instructions from james i , 17 . - , letter delivered to , 109 , 110 . - , interview with , 110 , 126 . - , his attitude towards the bp . of exeter ' s suit , 122 . - , suit from the chamber of exeter to be presented to , 125 . - , progress of the suit from exeter with , 128 . - , the lord lieut . for devon and exeter dealing with , 132 .\nryan moore lands a first investec derby victory on workforce a day after clinching an initial british classic success aboard snow fairy in the investec oaks . he was the 32nd jockey to win both epsom downs classics in the same year . workforce , the first derby winner to have been beaten in the dante stakes , breaks the epsom downs\u2019 track record set by lammtarra in 1995 with a time of 2m 31 . 33s and gives trainer sir michael stoute his fifth success , making him the most successful current trainer .\nall the brothers found hunting an irresistible pastime , particularly lionel ( 1808 - 1879 ) who set up his own kennels at hastoe in the woods above tring . over the next few decades , the rothschilds bought adjoining estates and properties in the area : aston clinton , mentmore , halton , ascott and tring . one early commentator on the rothschilds - sir thomas fowell buxton - wrote that nathan mayer approved of his sons ' hobby , indulging their interests and whetting their appetites for fine arab horses which he was happy to purchase for them .\nsea the stars never won his races by far but was always on top . in 2010 there was a derby of a very different vintage as the lightly - raced workforce won the derby on just his third start , delivering a fifth win in the race for trainer sir michael stoute and a first derby for champion jockey ryan moore . the colt also ended the curse of beaten horses from the dante , for workforce had finished second at york to cape blanco but physically blossomed thereafter and won his derby by 7 lengths in a course record time .\ncecil : - , robert , son of william , lord burghley , signature of , 66 . - , robert , viscount cranbourne , signature of , 74 . - , - , earl of salisbury , high steward of exeter , lord high treasurer , letters of , 40 , 41 . receipt of , 75 . - , - , complaint to , 73 . - , - , letter not sent to , 75 . - , - , letter to be written to , 321 . - , thomas , 2nd lord burghley , signature of , 74 . - , sir william , and as lord burghley , secretary of state and lord high treasurer , petition addressed to , 29 . - , - , blake roll left in the custody of , 33 . - , - , fee of , 52 . - , - , receipt of , 55 . - , - , signature of , 66 , 366 . - , - , letters to be sent to , 312 . - , - , allusion to letter to , 365 . - , - , master of the rolls [ ? sir wm . cordell ] , executor of a will , 319 .\nin 1890 , he made his first appearance in the esher stakes , a handicap race at sandown . after the race , porter felt that the colt would have little chance in the derby , and accepted an offer of \u00a36 , 000 for the colt from sir james miller , an officer in the 14th king ' s hussars . [ 3 ] the sale contract however , contained a clause which stated that if sainfoin won the derby , his previous owners would receive half the prize money . on 8 may , sainfoin won a two runner race for the dee stakes at chester .\nblakeney stayed in training as a four year old and met the 1970 derby winner but was comprehensively beaten ; little wonder as that colt was the imperious nijinsky . as brilliant as sir ivor had been , nijinsky was a hard act to top . unbeaten going into the 2 , 000 guineas , dr vincent o\u2019brien\u2019s colt sauntered to victory and at epsom lester piggott was able to quicken when he wanted with explosive effect . nijinsky went on to land the irish derby and then recorded his facile victory over blakeney , before winning the st leger to become the first triple crown winner in 35 years . no colt has achieved this feat since .\nhampton had three other good sons who were good racers , and also very good sires - - royal hampton and bay ronald , the latter of whom perpetuated the hampton male line well into the twentieth century . the third , sheen , lived to a great age , siring foals to the end of his life . royal hampton was produced from the king tom mare princess , and bred by famed breeder william blenkiron . royal hampton suffered a serious foot injury as a foal in which his foot became lodged in a stall door , the effects of which stayed with him throughout his life , as he was a very unsound horse . nevertheless , sir blundell maple liked the colt and purchased him for his stable .\ncoventry : - , henry , secretary of state , 218 . - , - , letter to , 41 . - , - , letter for , 219 . - , - , [ sir thomas ] , attorney general , order to , 121 . promise of , 122 . allusion to conference between the council for exeter and , 123 . - , - , commission referred to , 124 . - , - , warrant from the king drawn up and delivered to , 127 . - , - , william prous ' interview with , 127 , 134 . - , - , his opinion touching the exeter charter , 128 . - , - , his opinion probably to be sought by the king , 130 .\nroyal hampton ran ten times during his career and only won twice - - on his debut in the national breeders produce stakes at two and in his last race , the city and suburban handicap at four . in the latter race , the colt ' s fragile legs gave way , but he still managed to win the race on heart . in between , royal hampton secured placings in a host of important races - - the woodcote stakes , champagne stakes , middle park plate , the derby , prince of wales stakes , and sussex stakes . only once was royal hampton unplaced . he was a courageous and honest campaigner , and after his career - ending injury , he was retired to sir maple ' s childwick bury stud .\n* bred in france , t bred in gormany . { bred in america . phafton . geualdine races . [ by telegraph . \u2014press association . ] timaku , thursday . the first day ' s racing of the geraldine autumn meeting took place to - day . the following are the results : \u2014 handicap hurdles , oosovb . borderman , 1 ; master agnes , 2 ; secretary , 3 . novel hurdles , sosovs . \u2014bagshofc , 1 ; sir williams , 2 ; milo , 3 . autumn handicap , 75sovs . \u2014mr . hobbs ' jack , 1 ; mr . higgott ' s patrician , 2 . stkkplkchase , loosovb . \u2014 victor , 1 ; canard , 2 ; marmion , 3 . the selling race was won by conundrum , and the hurry scurry by bagshot . acceptances and general entries in connection with the otahuhu racing club ' s . meeting are due to - night at eight o ' clock .\nbristol ( bristowe ) , will not allow exeter free with them for custom , 33 . - , soldiers home from , 38 . - , cited as example , 53 . - , procedure at , 69 . - , protest of , 89 . - , two public free grammar schools in , 154 . - , letters directed to , 169 . - , proposition relating to , 203 . - , serjeant - major borthwick to sail from , 203 . - , letter dated at , 203 . - , sir thomas white ' s estate in , 232 . - , court of conscience in , 234 . - , traders from , 240 . - , how it might profit by trade with guinea , 242 . - , gifts from exeter for the royalist army in , 325 . - , the quay at , 426 . - , merchants of , summoned to appear before the house of lords , 138 . - , mayor of ( 1629 ) , information to be sent to , 190 . - , bishop of . see thornborough .\nlot 74 ( property of grange farm ) bc kheleyf - la belle katherine ( lyphard ) . 1 / 2 brother to 5w / 6r / 6rao inc stevedore ( won 7 ) . dam is 1 / 2 sister to 3 winners inc rainbow crown ( won 3 ) . 2nd dam won 2 and is 1 / 2 sister to 7 winners inc balarat ( leader of the band h l , eight thirty h l ) and sir moon dancer ( won 5 , 2nd . red earth derby l , 3rd . lawton s ) and to the dam of majestic dream . 3rd dam rio rita won 4 , 3rd . miss woodford s and is 1 / 2 sister to 5 winners inc loose cannon and thundering force and to the dams of memories of silver ( queen elizabeth ii challenge cup s g1 , beverly d s g1 ) , memories ( dam of russian revival ) , naskra ' s return , moon up t c , too cool to fool , misty hour ( dam of india ) and merit wings . 27 , 000gns ( j . c . fretwell )\na 25 mile match for 800 soys . came off at longchampa on juna lofch between the racer triboulet and the trotter tambour - battant , and tho thoroughbred won by nearly five miles . itilian horses will soon be competing on the english turf , sigaor e . ginistrelli having sent to newmarket to be trained the twoyear old good luck and the three - year - old sweetheart , both by the defunct bire heir - at - law . herr blascoyitz ' s celebrated hungarian mare kincsam won two races at vienna in may \u2014 making 48 races that bhe has oarrled off . by the victory of nubienne in the grand prix de paris , her owner , m . blanc , won 34 , 000 francs in addition to the stake . sir e . deas thompson , who died at sydney on the 16th ultimo , was for many years president of the australian jockey olub , and always took great interest in turf matters . he waa upwarda of 80 years of age . the tasmanian racing olub has a balance of \u00a31173 in hand after last season , and there is avery prospect of good meetings being held next year . the added money to the hobart town cup is to be 400 soys , the weights will not be declared till after the geelong meeting , and a 14 lb penalty will be incurred by winning the lauflcestou cup . a tasmanian derby will also , probably , be instituted .\ncary ( carey , & c . ) : - , george , of buckington , devon , executor of a will , 319 . - , - , bearer of a letter from the queen , 370 . - , james , mention of his election as bishop ( ? ) , 351 . - , sir robert , receipts from , 56 . - , - , letter of , 98 . - , valentine , bishop of exeter , his petition to the king , 17 . - , - , his claim to be made a j . p . within the county and city of exeter , 46 . - , - , his suit for the same , papers concerning , 11531 . - , - , allusion to his suit , 77 . - , - , his possible opposition to the charter of 1627 to the city , 91 . - , - , leaves two remembrancers to attend the lord keeper during his absence , 118 . - , - , returns to london , 119 . - , - , not to remain long at exeter , 121 . - , - , his proposed return to exeter , 124 . - , - , intention of , 128 . - , - , has an interview with the lord keeper , 128 . - , - , his attitude with regard to perryman and the free school of exeter , 13444 , 150 , 154 . - , - , indisposition of , 142 . - , - , his narration of the difference between perryman and the city of exeter , 14244 . - , - , letter to , 134 . - , - , has no temporal jurisdiction in the city , 135 . - , mr . , excepted from paying taxes , 161 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbay colt , 1872 - 1897 by lord clifden - lady langden by kettledrum . darley arabian sire line : newminster branch . family 10 - a\nhampton was a horse with a high class pedigree and a poor race record , until he finally matured into a solid winning stayer with great weight - carrying ability . he became a stallion of significant influence and a source of stamina , siring numerous classic champions and founding a powerful branch of the stockwell male line . hampton was bred by lord norreys , later created lord abington , and was foaled at his breeder ' s farm , tetsworth , near the ancient university town of oxford , in 1872 .\nhampton was by lord clifden , a son of newminster from the melbourne mare the slave . lord clifden had been a winner of the classic st . leger , as had his sire , newminster . the latter was an impeccably bred individual , being by touchstone , another st . leger champion and the pre - eminent stallion of his era . dam of newminster was the celebrated racemare beeswing . lord clifden continued the impeccable siring record of his male line , as during his stud career he sired four classic winners , all of whom numbered the st . leger among their triumphs - - hawthornden and wenlock , winners of the st . leger ; petrarch , winner of the two thousand guineas , st . leger and ascot gold cup ; and jannette , winner of the oaks and st . leger .\nmerry hampton , out of doll tearsheet , by broomielaw , has sometimes been criticized as one of the worst winners of the derby . his only victory came in the derby , though he did finish second in the st . leger . he might have won that classic , too , had he not been boxed in badly , for when free , he ran the winner kilwarlin to within half a length . the harsh assessment of merry hampton as a racer in some quarters is not quite fair , for he had talent . merry hampton was an unsound colt , which made him difficult to train . in fact , the derby was the first race of his abbreviated career , which was hampered by his delicate legs .\nas a sire of racehorses , merry hampton was a failure . he got only one decent runner , the colt pride , who raced just as a four - year - old and gained distinction by defeating the star french runner omnium in the alexandra plate . merry hampton ' s daughter , merry wife , became the dam of 1901 ascot gold cup winner santoi . another daughter , merry token , was exported to america by august belmont , assuring her sire some measure of immortality , for through her , he became the broodmare sire of mahubah , the rock sand filly destined to become the dam of the incomparable man o ' war and ancestress of american triple crown champion assault .\nayrshire , out of atalanta , by galopin , was bred and raced by the duke of portland . ayrshire was a top performer all three seasons he ran , winning many important races , including the champagne stakes at two , the two thousand guineas and derby at three , and the eclipse stakes at four . at stud , ayrshire was noted for the quality of his fillies over his colts . his two classic winners were fillies - - oaks winners airs and graces and our lassie . daughters of ayrshire made wonderful producers . daughter gas produced derby champion cicero ; glare produced one thousand guineas heroine flair and also became the second dam of prince palatine ; cannie lassie produced one thousand guineas winner witch elm . st . leger winner night hawk and one thousand guineas winner roseway were also products of ayrshire mares . ayrshire ' s best son was robert le diable , winner of several races , including the city and suburban handicap and doncaster cup . robert le diable sired wrack , a stallion who did well in the united states as the sire of thirty stakes winners .\nladas , out of illuminata , by rosicrucian , was a lovely animal with a superb pedigree . third dam paradigm was a half sister to the dam of bend or . his dam illuminata would later produce one thousand guineas winner chelandry as well as gas , dam of the aforementioned derby winner cicero . bred and raced by archibald philip primrose , 5th earl of rosebery , ladas was unbeaten at age two , winning the woodcote stakes , coventry stakes , champagne stakes , and the middle park plate . at three , ladas captured both the two thousand guineas and derby and placed in the eclipse stakes , princess of wales ' s stakes , and the st . leger . at stud , ladas was somewhat disappointing , as he did not yield a son which carried his line forward . but he did get epsom lad , winner of the eclipse stakes ; gorgos , winner of the two thousand guineas and july stakes ; and troutbeck , winner of ten races including the st . leger . none of these became very notable sires . montem was a speedy daughter of ladas which captured the new stakes at ascot and the july stakes . baroness la fleche , another filly by ladas , was exquisitely bred , being from st . simon ' s classic - winning daughter la fleche . she won the acorn stakes at epsom , but was more noted as a broodmare , as she produced cinna , a polymelus filly who won the one thousand guineas and placed second to charlebelle in the oaks . cinna became the dam of beau pere , a leading sire in new zealand and the united states .\nother good running sons sired by hampton included ladislas , who was the top of his generation , winning the dewhurst stakes , the king edward vii stakes and the jockey club cup ; duke of richmond , who won the richmond stakes ; grandison , winner of the champagne stakes and the windsor castle stakes ; gay hampton , winner of the craven stakes ; lord lorne , a great stayer , who won the ascot stakes twice ; fitz hampton , another good stayer , who , in italy , won a number of races , including el premio presidente de la republica over 2 , 400 meters , and the gran premio de milan ; balmoral , winner of the manchester cup ; bushey park , winner of the queen alexandra stakes , phocion , who won the st . james palace stakes and the kind edward vii stakes ; troon , another st . james palace stakes winner ; speed , winner of the july stakes .\nanother son of hampton , gotten , like bay ronald , when his sire was in his advanced years , was star ruby . he was foaled in 1892 , out of the bend or mare ornament . the colt was sold to american horseman green morris and sent to america . he was a useful runner , but more successful as a stallion . purchased by james ben ali haggin , star ruby stood at stud in california . he got two american classic winners , cairngorm , a winner of the preakness , and africander , a winner of the belmont stakes , suburban handicap , saratoga cup , and the lawrence realization . star ruby ' s son rubio was a chestnut colt sent to race in england , where in 1908 , he became the first american - bred to capture the grand national steeplechase at aintree . star ruby ' s daughter , ruby nethersole , became the second dam of questionnaire .\nhampton ' s daughters hampton ' s best running daughter was reve d ' or , out of queen of the roses , by sundeelah . she was kept in training an unusually long time for a classic winning filly , for she raced until she was seven . as a juvenile , she captured the dewhurst plate . at three , reve d ' or was a dual classic champion , for she won both the one thousand guineas and the oaks , as well as the yorkshire oaks . during her career , she won eleven other races , including the sussex stakes , jockey club cup , and the city and suburban handicap . as a broodmare , reve d ' or failed to come up with anything remotely like herself . she spent her producing career in france , and one of her daughters , oussouri , became the dam of a good performer named opott ii , winner of several stakes races in france and placed in the grand prix prix de paris . opott ii went on to sire l ' olivete , dam of mieuxce .\nother good hampton daughters on the turf included rookery , from an oxford mare , who won the windsor castle stakes ; belinda , a great staying mare who won the park hill stakes and the ascot stakes over 4 , 023 meters ; maize , a sister of st . florian , out of palmflower , won the nassau stakes ; butterfly , whose dam was merry duchess by speculum , won the nassau stakes and the coronation stakes and ran third in the doncaster st . leger , among her other placings ; rambling katie , from the galliard daughter barmaid , won the 2 , 414 meter manchester cup ; hawamdieh , out of the galopin daughter boyne water , won the 2 , 200 meter prix de la rochette .\nas a sire of broodmares , hampton boasted some impressive representatives , including perdita ii and maid marian . perdita ii , out of hermione , by young melbourne , was a temperamental mare , and transmitted her nervous energy to her offspring . she was a moderately successful race mare of staying class , winning the ayr gold cup , the liverpool cup , and the great cheshire stakes ( twice ) . purchased by albert edward , prince of wales ( afterward king edward vii ) for 900 guineas , perdita ii went on to become the jewel of the prince ' s broodmare band . to the cover of st . simon , she produced three extraordinary full brothers - - persimmon , florizel ii , and diamond jubilee . all three were top racehorses , and good sires . persimmon sired five classic winners and was twice leading broodmare sire in england . florizel ii was among the leading sires seven times in england , and also was a good broodmare sire ; he got three classic winners . diamond jubilee won the english triple crown , and after export to argentina became the leading sire there four times .\nhampton ' s daughter maid marian , foaled in 1886 , became the dam of one the most influential british stallions of the twentieth century - - polymelus . out of the toxophilite mare quiver , maid marian was bred by queen victoria and was a product of the hampton court stud . as a racehorse , maid marian proved useless , as she started only as a two - year - old , running seven times without notching a single victory . maid marian ' s value as a broodmare went up considerably due to the exploits of her younger half sisters - - memoir and la fleche - - classic winning daughters of st . simon . maid marian was owned by the earl of crewe when she was covered by cyllene in 1901 and foaled the bay colt polymelus the following spring ."]}
{"id": 761, "summary": [{"text": "gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cerithiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "there is one variety : gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum var .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "argutum ( monterosato , 1911 ) the subspecies gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum barashi nordsieck , 1974 is a synonym of cerithium scabridum philippi , 1848", "topic": 21}], "title": "gourmya argutum", "paragraphs": ["there is one variety : gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum var . argutum ( monterosato , 1911 )\nsubspecies gourmya argutum barashi nordsieck , 1972 accepted as cerithium scabridum philippi , 1848 ( dubious syn . )\nspecies gourmya argutum ( monterosato , 1910 ) accepted as cerithium protractum bivona ant . in bivona and . , 1838\ngourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum ( monterosato , 1911 ) . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 8 february 2011 .\n\u00bb species gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum ( monterosato , 1910 ) accepted as cerithium protractum bivona ant . in bivona and . , 1838\n( of gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum barashi nordsieck , 1974 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gourmya argutum barashi nordsieck , 1972 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gourmya argutum ( monterosato , 1910 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrelevant synonyms gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum barashi nordsieck , 1972 [ haifa bay , israel ] cerithium scabridum var . hispida pallary , 1938 [ syria ] cerithium yerburyi smith , 1891\n( of gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum ( monterosato , 1910 ) ) nordsieck f . ( 1974 ) . il genere thericium monterosato nei mari d ' europa . la conchiglia 59 : 3 - 12 [ details ]\n( of drillocerithium argutum monterosato , 1910 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gourmya argutum barashi nordsieck , 1972 ) nordsieck , f . ( 1972 ) . marine gastropoden aus der shiqmona - bucht in isra\u00ebl . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft . 102 ( 4 - 6 ) : 227 - 245 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym cerithium stenodeum locard , 1886 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym cerithium haustellum monterosato in crema , 1903 ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium stenodeum locard , 1886 ) to clemam ( from synonym drillocerithium argutum monterosato , 1910 ) to clemam ( from synonym drillocerithium delphinum monterosato , 1910 ) to clemam ( from synonym drillocerithium marosticum monterosato , 1910 ) to clemam ( from synonym gourmya argutum ( monterosato , 1910 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium vulgatum var . gracilis philippi , 1836 ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium vulgatum var . angustissima weinkauff , 1868 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym gourmya ( gladiocerithium ) argutum ( monterosato , 1910 ) ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym cerithium haustellum monterosato in crema , 1903 ) to pesi ( from synonym drillocerithium marosticum monterosato , 1910 ) to pesi ( from synonym drillocerithium delphinum monterosato , 1910 ) to pesi ( from synonym drillocerithium argutum monterosato , 1910 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium stenodeum locard , 1886 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium vulgatum var . angustissima weinkauff , 1868 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium vulgatum var . gracilis philippi , 1836 ) to pesi ( from synonym gourmya argutum ( monterosato , 1910 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\n( of drillocerithium argutum monterosato , 1910 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1910 ) . nota su taluni generi e specie della famiglia cerithiidae . giornale di scienze naturali ed economiche di palermo , 28 : 65 - 76 , pl . i , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndelivering alien invasive species inventories for europe ( daisie ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym cerithium nigropunctatum g . b . sowerby ii , 1855 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 46 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) ( from synonym cerithium yerburyi e . a . smith , 1891 ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium nigropunctatum g . b . sowerby ii , 1855 ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium yerburyi e . a . smith , 1891 ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium scabridum var . hispida pallary , 1938 ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium levantinum smith e . a . in hart , 1891 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym cerithium adenense g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 ) to clemam ( from synonym gourmya argutum barashi nordsieck , 1972 ) to clemam ( from synonym cerithium yerburyi var . djiboutiensis fischer & vignal in fischer h . , 1901 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym cerithium adenense g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium nigropunctatum g . b . sowerby ii , 1855 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium levantinum smith e . a . in hart , 1891 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium scabridum var . hispida pallary , 1938 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium yerburyi e . a . smith , 1891 ) to pesi ( from synonym cerithium yerburyi var . djiboutiensis fischer & vignal in fischer h . , 1901 ) to pesi ( from synonym gourmya argutum barashi nordsieck , 1972 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection\nnordsieck f . ( 1974 ) . il genere thericium monterosato nei mari d ' europa . la conchiglia 59 : 3 - 12 [ details ]\ncheck list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfischer p . ( 1880 - 1887 ) . manuel de conchyliologie et de pal\u00e9ontologie conchyliologique . paris , savy pp . xxiv + 1369 + pl . 23 . fasc . 1 : pp . 1 - 112 [ 21 . 9 . 1880 ] . fasc . 2 : pp . 113 - 192 [ 16 . 3 . 1881 ] . fasc . 3 : pp . 193 - 304 [ 28 . 7 . 1881 ] . fasc . 4 : pp . 305 - 416 [ 5 . 5 . 1882 ] . fasc . 5 : pp . 417 - 512 [ 21 . 2 . 1883 ] . fasc . 6 : pp . 513 - 608 [ 20 . 12 . 1883 ] . fasc . 7 : pp . 609 - 688 [ 30 . 6 . 1884 ] . fasc . 8 : pp . 689 - 784 [ 29 . 1 . 1885 ] . fasc . 9 : pp . 785 - 896 [ 31 . 8 . 1885 ] . fasc . 10 : pp . 897 - 1008 [ 30 . 4 . 1886 ] . fasc . 11 : pp . 1009 - 1369 [ 15 . 6 . 1887 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 680 [ details ]\nworms - world register of marine species - cerithium protractum bivona ant . in bivona and . , 1838\nbivona - bernardi and . , 1838 . generi e specie di molluschi descritti dal barone antonio bivona e bernardi . lavori postumi pubblicati dal figlio andrea dottore in medicina con note ed aggiunte . giornale di scienze lettere e arti per la sicilia 61 : 211 - 227 [ stated date march 1838 ] ; 63 : 319 - 324 [ stated date september 1838 ] [ also as reprint , 16 pp , 1 pl . , tipografia del giornale letterario , palermo ] , available online at urltoken ; : pa215 page ( s ) : 321 - 322 [ 15 - 16 in reprint ] [ details ]\nbivona ant . in bivona and . , 1838 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 139063 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of cerithium stenodeum locard , 1886 ) locard a . ( 1886 ) . prodrome de malacologie fran\u00e7aise . catalogue g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des mollusques vivants de france . mollusque marins . lyon , h . georg & paris , bailli\u00e8re : pp . x + 778 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 180 - 181 , 564 - 565 [ details ]\n( of drillocerithium delphinum monterosato , 1910 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1910 ) . nota su taluni generi e specie della famiglia cerithiidae . giornale di scienze naturali ed economiche di palermo , 28 : 65 - 76 , pl . i , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of drillocerithium marosticum monterosato , 1910 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1910 ) . nota su taluni generi e specie della famiglia cerithiidae . giornale di scienze naturali ed economiche di palermo , 28 : 65 - 76 , pl . i , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium vulgatum var . gracilis philippi , 1836 ) philippi r . a . ( 1836 ) . enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium , quae in itinere suo observavit . vol . 1 . schropp , berlin [ berolini ] : xiv + 267 p . , pl . 1 - 12 , available online at urltoken ; = article & id ; = 355 & itemid ; = 167 page ( s ) : 193 [ details ]\n( of cerithium vulgatum var . angustissima weinkauff , 1868 ) weinkauff h . c . ( 1867 - 1868 ) . die conchylien des mittelmeeres , ihre geographische und geologisches verbreitung . t . fischer , cassel vol . 1 : pp . xix + 307 [ 1867 ] . vol . 2 : pp . vi + 512 . [ 1868 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium elegantulum coen , 1925 ) coen , g . ( 1925 ) . nota su alcune conchiglie di libia . bollettino del reale comitato talassografico italiano , venezia . 13 ( 81 - 86 ) , 51 - 55 , 1 pl . [ reprint paginated 3 - 7 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cerithium vulgatum var . angustissima weinkauff , 1868 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of drillocerithium marosticum monterosato , 1910 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of drillocerithium delphinum monterosato , 1910 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium haustellum monterosato in crema , 1903 ) oliverio , marco ( 2006 ) . gastropoda prosobranchia caenogastropoda , in : revisione della checklist della fauna marina italiana . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium stenodeum locard , 1886 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncerithium yerburyi var . djiboutiensis fischer & vignal in fischer h . , 1901 ( synonym )\nsubspecies cerithium scabridum rufonodulosum e . a . smith , 1901 \u2020 represented as cerithium rufonodulosum e . a . smith , 1901 \u2020\nvariety cerithium scabridum var . djiboutiensis h . fischer & vignal in fischer , 1901 accepted as cerithium scabridum philippi , 1848\nvariety cerithium scabridum var . hispida pallary , 1938 accepted as cerithium scabridum philippi , 1848\nphilippi r . a . ( 1847 - 1848 ) . testaceorum novorum centuria . zeitschrift f\u00fcr malakozoologie , 4 : 71 - 77 , 84 - 96 , 113 - 128 [ 1847 ] , 5 : 13 - 16 , 17 - 27 [ 1848 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 23 [ details ]\n( of cerithium yerburyi e . a . smith , 1891 ) smith e . a . ( 1891 ) . on a collection of marine shells from aden , with sorne remarks upon the relationship of the molluscan fauna of the red sea and the mediterranean . proceedings of the zoological society of london . ( 1891 ) : 390 - 436 , pl . 33 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 417 , pl . 33 fig . 4 [ details ]\n( of cerithium scabridum var . hispida pallary , 1938 ) pallary p . 1938 . les mollusques marins de la syrie . journal de conchyliologie , 82 : 5 - 58 , pl . 1 - 2 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium levantinum smith e . a . in hart , 1891 ) hart h . c . ( 1891 ) . some account of the fauna and flora of sinai , petra , and w\u00e2dy ' arabah . published for the committee of palestine exploration fund by a . p . watt , 255 p . page ( s ) : 196 [ details ]\nobis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . , m . e . \u00e7inar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nocchipinti - ambrogi , a . ; marchini , a . ; cantone , g . ; castelli , a . ; chimenz , c . ; cormaci , m . ; froglia , c . ; furnari , g . ; gambi , m . c . ; giaccone , g . ; giangrande , a . ; gravili , c . ; mastrototaro , f . ; mazziotti , c . ; orsi - relini , l . ; piraino , s . ( 2010 ) . alien species along the italian coasts : an overview . biological invasions . 13 ( 1 ) : 215 - 237 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nzenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union\u2019s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngalil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium adenense g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium adenense g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cerithium carnaticum melvill & standen , 1898 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium nigropunctatum g . b . sowerby ii , 1855 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium nigropunctatum g . b . sowerby ii , 1855 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cerithium ( thericium ) scabridum philippi , 1848 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium yerburyi e . a . smith , 1891 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium levantinum smith e . a . in hart , 1891 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium ( thericium ) yerburyi e . a . smith , 1891 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium scabridum albida dautzenberg & bouge , 1933 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium scabridum var . djiboutiensis h . fischer & vignal in fischer , 1901 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium scabridum var . hispida pallary , 1938 ) obis indo - pacific molluscan database . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cerithium yerburyi var . djiboutiensis fischer & vignal in fischer h . , 1901 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkatsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis section is empty . you can help by adding to it . ( may 2010 )\ncerithium protractum bivona ant . in bivona and . , 1838 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 17 may 2010 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npallary p . , 1938 . les mollusques marins de la syrie . journal de conchyliologie , 82 : 5 - 57 . , ( emedsyrlev - l720 )\nalbano , p . g . & trono , d . , 2008 . record of the alien species cerithium scabridum philippi , 1848 ( gastropoda : cerithiidae ) from otranto , southern adriatic sea . bollettino malacologico , in press . , ( adriitaadr - l715 )\ndi natale a . , 1978 . note sur la presence et la repartition de cerithium scabridum philippi , 1849 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) sur les cotes siciliennes . bulletin de l ' office national des peches de tunisie 2 ( 1 - 2 ) : 193 - 198 . , ( cmeditaion - l716 )\nmifsud , c . & sammut , p . , 2006 . cerithium scabridum philippi , 1848 ( gastropoda : cerithiidae ) , a new invader to the maltese islands . novapex , 7 ( 4 ) : 115 - 116 . , ( cmedmltunk - l719 )\nenzenross l . & enzenross r . , 2001 . untersuchungen uber das vorkommen mariner mollusken in tunesichen gewassern . schriften fur malakozoologie , 17 : 45 - 62 . , ( cmedtununk - l721 )\nfischer , w . , 1993 . beitraege zur kenntnis der rezenten und fossilen marinen molluskenfauna zyperns ( ii ) . die mollusken des kap drepanum ( peyia , paphos ) . club conchylia information , 15 ( 2 ) : 147 - 152 . , ( emedcyplev - l711 )\nkeller c . , 1883 . die fauna im suez kanal . und die diffusion der mediterranen und erythraischen thierwelt . eine thiergeographische untersuchung . neue denkschriften der allgemeinen schweizerischen gesellschaft fur die gesammten naturwissenschaften , t . 28 ( 3 ) , ( emedegylev - l712 )\nhart , h . c . , 1891 , some accounts of the fauna and flora of sinai , petra and wadi arabah . palestine exploration fund , london . , ( emedisrlev - l714 )\nbogi c . and khairallah n . h . , 1987 . nota su alcuni molluschi de provenienza indo - pacifica raccolti nella baia di jounieh ( libano ) - contributo i . notiziario del cisma , 10 : 54 - 60 . , ( emedlbnlev - l718 )\nalbayrak s . , 2001 . prosobranch gastropods of the imbros island ( ne aegean sea ) . acta adriatica , 42 : 35 - 42 , ( emedturaeg - l722 )\naartsen , j . j . van & kinzelbach , r . , 1990 . marine molluscs from the iztuzu beach near dalyan ( mediterranean coast of turkey ) . zoology in the middle east , 4 : 103 - 112 . , ( emedturlev - l723 )\nmienis h . k . , 1985c . an old record of cerithium scabridum from the gulf of naples ? . levantina : journal of malacology , kfar saba , 55 : 626 . , ( wmeditatyr - l717 )\nmarine mediterranean invasive alien species database since 2012 . the database includes among alien species , cryptogenic ones . tropical atlantic species , which have expanded their geographic distribution in the mediterranean , are noted as range expansion , or vagrant . the database includes also species that have been occasionally reported as alien but were subsequently excluded from lists , along with the reasoning of their exclusion .\nboulevard du leader yasser arafat b . p . 337 - 1080 tunis cedex - la charguia - tunis tunisia\nbivona - bernardi and . , 1838 . generi e specie di molluschi descritti dal barone antonio bivona e bernardi . lavori postumi pubblicati dal figlio andrea dottore in medicina con note ed aggiunte . giornale di scienze lettere e arti per la sicilia 61 : 211 - 227 [ stated date march 1838 ] ; 63 : 319 - 324 [ stated date september 1838 ] [ also as reprint , 16 pp , 1 pl . , tipografia del giornale letterario , palermo ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213\nbivona ant . in bivona and . , 1838 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nphilippi r . a . ( 1847 - 1848 ) . testaceorum novorum centuria . zeitschrift f\u00fcr malakozoologie , 4 : 71 - 77 , 84 - 96 , 113 - 128 [ 1847 ] , 5 : 13 - 16 , 17 - 27 [ 1848 ]\nstreftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453\ngofas , s . ( 2014 ) . cerithium scabridum . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nshort description shell high - spired , about three times as long as wide , of 9 - 10 whorls . sculpture on spire whorls of 3 strong , raised spiral cords with interspaces as broad as the cords , and weak axial folds which determine strong knobs at their intersection with the cords . some weak varixes on the spire . body whorl slightly expanded with respect to the spire whorls , externally with 7 - 8 cords , internally with a smooth outer lip and a short , small siphonal canal .\ncolor : brownish , with a contrasting pattern of white and dark brown mottles on the cords .\ndistinguishing characteristics c . scabridum is distinguished from any other native or introduced species of cerithium by the markedly raised shape of the spiral cords , separated by rather broad interspaces .\nbiology / ecology egg masses in the form of coiled gelatinous , transparent strings packed with small eggs ( barash and danin , 1973 ) . this species has been taken as a possible model for the genetics of invasive marine species , and as such has been investigated by lavie and nevo ( 1986 ) who found a high level of genetic variability , not less considerable in mediterranean than in red sea populations . this species has been shown to have a quite long planktotrophic larval phase , which lasts 45 to 60 days , and has been calculated to have a life span of two years ( ayal and safriel , 1982 ) .\nhabitat : intertidal or shallow water zone , on a variety of substrates including sandy mud with cymodocea nodosa or zostera nana , rock pools in sheltered places , and lagoons .\n1st mediterranean record port said , egypt , 1883 [ no collecting date ] .\ndistribution worldwide : red sea , persian gulf , western and southern india ( houbrick , 1992 ) ; found in the suez canal ( keller , 1883 ) . mediterranean : recorded first from port said , egypt ( keller , 1883 ) ; successively from israel ( haas , 1937 ) ; syria ( pallary , 1938 ) ; lebanon ( pallary , 1938 ) ; italy : sicily ( di natale , 1978a ) , naples ( mienis , 1985 ) ; southern turkey ( enzenross et al . , 1990 ) ; north cyprus ( cecalupo and quadri , 1996 ) , southern tunisia ( enzenross and enzenross , 2001 ) ; imbros island , ne aegean ( albayrak , 2001 ) . the species from cyprus illustrated as c . scabridum by tornaritis ( 1987 ) is however the native c . lividulum risso , 1826 .\nestablishment success this is one of the earliest recorded and most successful of the lessepsian migrants , which now constitutes large , stable populations . it is locally invasive , for example in the gulf of gab\u00e8s .\nspeculated reasons for success : the larval dispersal via a planktonic stage , the unspecialized feeding habits and unusually high levels of genetic vairability may be key characters for success .\nmode of introduction via the suez canal into the levantine sea ; probably by shipping from there to porto megarese , sicily , where it spread along the sicilian east coast and later to tunisia .\nalbayrak s . , 2001 . prosobranch gastropods of the imbros island ( ne aegean sea ) .\nenzenross l . , r . enzenross and h . j . niederh\u00f6fer , 1990 . wissenschaflich interssante funde aus der sammlung enzenross ( marine invertebraten ) .\nenzenross l . and enzenross r . , 2001 . untersuchungen \u00fcber das vorkommen mariner mollusken in tunesichen gew\u00e4ssern . schriften f\u00fcr malakozoologie , 17 : 45 - 62 .\nkeller c . , 1883 . die fauna im suez kanal . und diediffusion dermediterranen und erythraischen thierwelt . eine thiergeographische untersuchung . neue denkschriften der allgemeinen schweizerischen gesellschaft f\u00fcr die gesammten naturwissenschaften , z\u00fcrich , 28 ( 3 ) : 1 - 39 , pl . 1 - 2 . basel .\nlavie b . and nevo e . , 1986 . genetic diversity of marine gastropods : contrasting strategies of cerithium rupestre and c . scabridum in the mediterranean sea . marine ecology progress series , 28 : 99 - 103 ."]}
{"id": 762, "summary": [{"text": "bulweria is a genus of seabirds in the family procellariidae named after english naturalist james bulwer .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus has two extant species , bulwer 's petrel ( b. bulwerii ) and jouanin 's petrel ( b. fallax ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a third species , the olson 's petrel ( bulweria bifax ) , became extinct in the early 16th century ; it is known only from skeletal remains .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "bulwer 's petrel ranges in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans , whereas joaunin 's petrel is confined to the northwestern indian ocean .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "olson 's petrel is known from the atlantic .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "bulweria petrels have long been considered related to the gadfly petrels in the genus pterodroma , but recent mtdna cytochrome b sequence analysis has proven them to be closely related to the shearwaters in the genus puffinus and especially the procellaria petrels . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "bulweria", "paragraphs": ["migrating to google cloud platform in phases over three months allowed bulweria to test and optimise its new platform while minimising disruption to its existing users . bulweria redesigned cup around kubernetes and google kubernetes engine to deploy cup in new territories with speed and stability . with google cloud load balancing automatically distributing resources as needed , bulweria ensured powerful , fast performance at all times . google\u2019s suite of big data and machine learning products provide bulweria with the opportunity to integrate cup\u2019s user data with their vehicles to create a smart mobility system . with google cloud speech api and google cloud natural language , the company can enhance user engagement with voice - based interactivity .\nbulweria works directly with its customers r & d departments , developing in many cases unique solutions . we provide creativity in technology in solving problems and complex situations .\nbulweria ' s cup allowed for car sharing to arrive in moscow . it is able to manage big data in a very easy way and it also supports integration with other mobility services .\nwith its new gcp - based infrastructure , bulweria increased its capability from handling hundreds to millions of vehicles in only three months . cup is now a highly scalable , reliable platform that takes more than a thousand measurements every second on each of its cars , generating terabytes of data a day without compromising on performance while the speed of the migration gave bulweria a competitive advantage in a fast - moving market . over the past year , bulweria has signed agreements across the globe with car - sharing operators , vehicle manufacturers , and even municipal administrations who are looking to integrate cup with their public transport systems .\nbased in the uk , bulweria is an it company that develops and sells highly advanced and innovative technological solutions across the globe . in 2015 , bulweria developed cup - the car - sharing universal platform . managing the systems of car - sharing in free - floating , point - to - point and mixed modes , cup is an innovative , resilient cloud platform with the ability to manage millions of vehicles across the globe . to learn more , visit\nleveraging its expertise in big data analytics , uk - based it solutions company bulweria has rolled out its car sharing universal platform ( cup ) across more than 25 countries . integrating vehicle measurements , user data , and transport systems worldwide , the car sharing platform handles billions of data points every day for thousands of cars . with more than a million vehicles set to be involved over the next year alone , they needed to be able to scale at rapid speed . to do this , bulweria built cup on google cloud platform .\nwe were looking for a platform to set up a car - sharing service at european scale . it needed to be reliable , scalable and flexible , so to support an ever increasing number of vehicles , users and countries . we are extremely satisfied with the results of bulweria .\n\u201cgoogle cloud offered the best solution in terms of scalability and cost . kubernetes was the only solution that could match our solutions , and cloud load balancer was the best product we found on the market . we love it ! \u201d - alessandro arciero , chief information officer , bulweria ltd\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : bulweria bulwerii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nbulweria is an it company that develops and sells highly advanced and innovative technological solutions for applications worldwide . global economy has a vital need of new business , based on a particular innovative technological content . to achieve this , it\u2019s essential to provide the new business ideas of adequate technological creativity , in partnership with a project team .\n\u201cwhat started as a general car - sharing platform is now shifting into an integrated mobility system . we will continue to evolve our platform to be at the forefront of modern technological standards . google is the only partner who can provide the services we need to do that . \u201d - emanuele pistone , chief executive officer , bulweria ltd\na successful mobility platform has to generate , store , and analyse huge amounts of data with minimal disruption to its end users . within one year of its creation , cup ' s projected network had grown from a few hundred cars to orders of magnitude more . its existing infrastructure would have struggled to handle such a workload , so bulweria looked to rebuild cup around the core objectives of rapid scalability and reliability .\n\u201cthe sharing mobility market exploded . in a very short space of time , the demand for more and more cars accelerated . the existing technological platforms were not able to deal with that . it is not possible to manage that many vehicles without a cloud infrastructure . for every $ 1 , 000 we spend with google cloud platform , we would have spent $ 100 , 000 on old platforms . \u201d - domenico mangiacapra , business development executive , bulweria ltd .\nemerging sharing economy and related social behaviours are creating novel , virtuous lifestyles . fostering them is our goal . we design , develop and deliver car sharing systems , integrated mobility platforms and other solutions for modern transportation needs .\nwe build and deploy continuously evolving car sharing platforms , to cope with emerging partner demands and evolving customer habits .\nthe more systems connect to a network , the more advantages individuals and companies derive from it . we enable such benefits in transportation .\nwe shape new transportation paradigms for people and goods , allowing seamless information exchange before , during and after trips .\ncup\u00a9 is an innovative , integrated car sharing platform for free floating , point - to - point and mixed operational modes .\nwe deliver free floating , point - to - point and mixed mode shared mobility platforms , for both public and enterprise contexts . we have been working with cars , bikes and other transportation means , enabling seamless transportation experiences , improving people ' s life quality and company efficiency . our expertise with hardware and software allows us to build custom products and quickly integrate existing systems and devices with our cup platform or custom solutions we build .\nour solutions are built with scalability in mind . infrastructures grow alongside with customer businesses , so to support peaks , accomodate growth and meet new demands . our cloud oriented approach allows system expansion without interruptions as new servers are added on the fly . our experience with distributed systems and high loads allows us to tame big data produced by users , vehicles and all other connected systems .\nonce you hit the road , you don ' t want to step into a breakdown . reliability is one of the ingredients which makes our cup platform a wise choice for your service and a service provider favourite . our experience with mission critical , cloud based systems , allows us to create decoupled , robust and resilient software architectures . these constitute the solid foundations of our reliable products .\ntechnologies . we also give support 24 / 24 and 365 / 365 to all of our customers .\nour goal is to set new standards of cooperation with our customers and provide innovative companies . we strive to create an open dialogue aimed at encouraging people to work together and to deliver superior products to customers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\nashpole , j , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , ekstrom , j . , newton , p .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species is pantropical , being found in all three oceans outside the breeding season . breeding sites include the eastern atlantic from the azores ,\ncape verde ; china ; french guiana ; french polynesia ; indonesia ; japan ; kiribati ; malaysia ; marshall islands ; mauritania ; micronesia , federated states of ; morocco ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; portugal ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; senegal ; spain ( canary is . ) ; taiwan , province of china ; timor - leste ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands\nbrooke ( 2004 ) estimated the global population to number c . 500 , 000 - 1 , 000 , 000 individuals , while national population estimates include : c . 100 - 10 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 50 - 1 , 000 individuals on migration in china ; < c . 100 breeding pairs and c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals on migration in taiwan and c . 100 - 10 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 50 - 1 , 000 individuals on migration in japan ( brazil 2009 ) . the european population is estimated at 6 , 100 pairs , which equates to 12 , 100 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats . the european population trend is unknown ( birdlife international 2015 ) .\nthis species is marine and higly pelagic , usually being found far from land except during the breeding season . its diet comprises mainly of fish and squid , with minor proportions of crustaceans and sea - striders , feeding largely at night by surface - seizing . the breeding season begins in april or may , with individuals forming colonies in a wide variety of habitats on offshore islands . nests can be burrows , crevices , cracks or caves , under debris or vegetation cover ( del hoyo\nthe following information refers to the species ' s european range only : predation by cats , rats and endemic invertebrates occurs at breeding colonies in the north east atlantic ( cabral et al . 2005 , matias et al 2009 ) . a large colony in desertas island ( madeira ) suffers intense human exploitation for food or fish bait , which also occurs in other north east atlantic sites although not in the salvage islands ( madeira ) , since the declaration of the islands as a national park ( carboneras et al . 2014 ) . light pollution at night might be important cause of mortality in some areas . habitat loss at colony sites is also considered a threat to this species in the canary islands , madeira and azores ( carboneras et al . 2014 ) . the species is vulnerable to oil spills and marine pollution . it is at risk of being caught as bycatch in fishing gear including pelagic longlines ( waugh et al . 2012 ) .\nconservation actions underway the species is listed under appendix ii of the bern convention , and under annex i of the eu birds directive . in europe it is currently listed as occurring in 26 marine important bird areas . in the eu it is listed within 23 special protection areas . conservation actions proposed the following information refers to the species ' s european range only : ongoing management and eradication of invasive predators at breeding colonies ; enforcement and regulation of human exploitation ; mitigation and reduction of light pollution from shipping and human settlements ; bycatch monitoring on board vessels and reduction and mitigation on fishing vessels where appropriate .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22698132a110670540 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nan informative website about birdwatching and madeira wildlife developed by wind birds naturalists and tour leaders to madeira visitors .\na small petrel with slim body , large wingspan proportionally to body , pointed wings and long tail . there is no clear sexual dimorphism , despite bill and tarsus being longer in males .\nbulwer\u2019s petrel flight is usually not high from seawater , especially on strong winds and it flies alone or in pairs . it is not commonly seen in feeding frenzies with cetaceans though it is normally attracted to chum .\nthis seabird is a species of tropical and subtropical waters , ranging from 10\u00ba s to 40\u00ba n , in northeast atlantic , pacific and indian oceans . in the atlantic it breeds on the canary islands , all madeira archipelago islands and on some islets of cape verde and azores .\nas normally there is no other all - dark petrel or shearwater in the north atlantic , the only species it might be confused with is the rarely seen swinhoe\u2019s storm petrel though bulwer\u2019s petrel is almost twice its size and with a long and not forked tail .\nseasonality in madeira : from mid april to end of september breeding : nests are usually natural holes in the ground or cliffs , not excavated where 1 egg is laid between late may and mid june with fledging occurring in september . diet : they feed on small fish on the surface\nmadeira local status by romano et al , 2010 : very common breeding bird madeira local status by zino et al , 1995 : very common breeding bird conservation status by the iucn red list categories , 2013 : least concern ver 3 . 1\njoin madeira wildlife monthly newsletter . all the updates on your email every month .\n\u00a9 2004 - 2018 wind birds , lda . contact faq privacy terms \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 wind birds\u2122 is a trademark of wind birds , lda cc by - nc - nd 4 . 0\nits contact call resembling a barking dog . bulwer ' s nests much closer to the shore than for example the shearwaters .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhas a wide distribution , encompassing subtropical and tropical waters of the atlantic and pacific oceans . in ne atlantic , they nest in the azores , madeira , canaries and cape verde islands . at selvagens and particularly at desertas they are extremely abundant , but little is known on their ecology .\nas far as it is known , bulwer\u2019s petrels feed mostly on mesopelagic fish ( particularly sternoptychids and myctophids ) and squid , but no detailed studies have been carried out in the atlantic . their foraging and migratory movements are completely unknown .\ntaking advantage of recent technological developments , this project aims to carry out the first detailed ecological study ( with an emphasis on foraging ecology ) of this species .\n\u00a9 copyright 2023 my site name . no animals were harmed in the making . click me to edit me ."]}
{"id": 763, "summary": [{"text": "the sharpsnout stingray or wingfin stingray ( dasyatis geijskesi ) is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae , found from off venezuela to northern brazil .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it inhabits shallow , brackish water , shifting towards the coast in the dry season and away from it in the rainy season .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "typically measuring 70 cm ( 28 in ) across , this dark brown ray is easily identifiable by its long , projecting snout and elongated , acutely pointed pelvic fins .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its diet consists of bottom-dwelling invertebrates .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "reproduction is aplacental viviparous , with females bearing one to three pups annually .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "naturally uncommon and slow-reproducing , the sharpnose stingray is under pressure by both artisanal and commercial fisheries , leading the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) to assess it as near threatened . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "sharpsnout stingray", "paragraphs": ["wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nsharpsnout stingray\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - sharpsnout stingray facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\n; the roughtail stingray , d . centroura ( mitchill , 1815 ) ; the wingfin stingray , d . geijskesi boeseman , 1948\nfacts summary : the sharpsnout stingray ( dasyatis geijskesi ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nfishes\nand found in the following area ( s ) : brazil , french guiana , guyana , senegal , trinidad and tobago , venezuela . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : wingfin stingray .\ndasyatis guttata bloch & j . g . schneider , 1801 ( longnose stingray )\ndasyatis margaritella compagno & t . r . roberts , 1984 ( pearl stingray )\nbennett ' s stingray , dasyatis bennetti ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) .\npale - edged stingray , dasyatis zugei ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) .\n; the longnose stingray d . guttata ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ; the brazilian large - eyed stingray , d . marianae gomes , rosa & gadig , 2000\ndasyatis parvonigra last & w . t . white , 2008 ( dwarf black stingray )\nshort - tail stingray or bull ray , dasyatis brevicaudata ( hutton , 1875 ) .\nround stingray , taeniura grabata ( \u00e9 . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1817 ) .\nstingray city in grand cayman allows swimmers , snorkelers , and divers to swim with and feed the stingrays .\nhistorical and anecdotal evidence strongly suggest that the once - abundant estuary stingray has declined substantially across its range .\nmeyer , p . 1997 . stingray injuries . wilderness environ med 8 ( 1 ) : 24 - 8 .\nrequirements of the estuary stingray appear to be rather stringent , as significant numbers are only found at particular locations .\na stingray buried in the sand in saba . stingrays can be hard to see when they cover themselves with substrate .\n^ estuary stingray ( 31 august 2007 ) . queensland department of environment and resource management . retrieved 6 november 2011 .\nhave been reported for the southwestern atlantic ( in brazilian waters ) : the southern stingray , d . americana hildebrand & schroeder , 1928\nthe queensland government has listed the estuary stingray on the back on track species prioritisation framework , to facilitate the development of conservation measures .\na stingray in dark waters . stingrays are dangerous for humans because it is hard to see them when they ' re in dark waters .\nwhile not independently valuable as a food source , the stingray ' s capacity to damage shell fishing grounds can lead to bounties being placed on their removal .\nmartin , r . a . 2008 . biology of sharks and rays : stingray city limits . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\npassarelli , n . , and a . piercy . 2008 . atlantic stingray . florida museum of natural history , ichthyology department . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nhabitat degradation is another major threat to the estuary stingray , especially given its habitat specificity . its range encompasses some of the most urbanized areas in australia , where there is extensive\ndasyatis ( greek\ndasys\nmeaning rough or dense and\nbatus\nmeaning skate ) is a genus of stingray . the members of the genus neotrygon were formerly included in dasyatis .\n, and the bluntnose stingray , d . say ( lesueur , 1817 ) . the other dasyatid stingrays known from brazil are : the pelagic stingray , pteroplatytrygon violacea ( bonaparte , 1832 ) and the chupare stingray , himantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 ) ( dasyatidae ) ( ribeiro , 1907 , 1923 ; figueiredo , 1977 ; charvet - almeida et . al . , 2000 , gomes & gadig , 2003 ) . the atlantic stingray d . sabina ( lesueur , 1824 ) , according to garman ( 1913 ) , has been recorded from north carolina ( usa ) to brazil . bigelow & schroeder ( 1953 : 376 ) , cited the brazilian record of this species , referring to it as\n. . . probably not on good evidence\n. herein we describe a new species of dasyatis\n\u2191 t . r . roberts , makararaja chindwinensis , a new genus and species of freshwater dasyatidid stingray from upper myanmar , the natural history bulletin of the siam society 54 ( 2006 ) : 285\u2013293 .\nflint , d . , and w . sugrue . 1999 . stingray injuries : a lesson in debridement . new zealand med j 112 ( 1086 ) : 137 - 8 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nalthough edible , stingrays are not a dietary staple and are not considered a high - quality food . however , they are consumed , including fresh , dried , and salted ( mceachran 2004 ) . stingray recipes abound throughout the world , with dried forms of the wings being most common . for example , in singapore and malaysia , stingray is commonly barbecued over charcoal , then served with spicy sambal sauce . generally , the most prized parts of the stingray are the wings , the\ncheek\n( the area surrounding the eyes ) , and the liver . the rest of the ray is considered too rubbery to have any culinary uses .\nthe estuary stingray ( dasyatis fluviorum ) , also called the estuary stingaree or brown stingray , is a species of stingray in the family dasyatidae . endemic to eastern australia , it typically inhabits shallow , mangrove - lined tidal rivers , estuaries , and bays in southern queensland and new south wales . this yellow - brown to olive ray grows to at least 93 cm ( 37 in ) across . it has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc and a mostly smooth , whip - like tail bearing both dorsal and ventral fin folds . it can additionally be identified by its long , narrow nostrils and the row of thorns along the midline of its back .\nthe estuary stingray has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc about as wide as long , with gently convex anterior margins and broadly rounded outer corners . the snout is wide and triangular , and tapers to a point . the small , widely spaced eyes are immediately followed by the\nhugo ricardo secioso santos , ulisses leite gomes , patricia charvet - almeida ( 2004 ) : a new species of whiptail stingray of the genus dasyatis rafinesque , 1810 from the southwestern atlantic ocean ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) . zootaxa 492 , 1 - 12 : 1 - 1 , urltoken\nin the cayman islands , there are several dive sites called stingray city , grand cayman , where divers and snorkelers can swim with large southern stingrays ( dasyatis americana ) and feed them by hand . there is also a\nstingray city\nin the sea surrounding the caribbean island of antigua . it consists of a large , shallow reserve where the rays live , and snorkeling is possible . in belize , off the island of ambergris caye there is a popular marine sanctuary called hol chan . here divers and snorkelers often gather to watch stingrays and nurse sharks that are drawn to the area by tour operators who feed the animals .\n\u2191 p . r . last , b . m . manjaji , and g . k . yearsley , pastinachus solocirostris sp . nov . , a new species of stingray ( elasmobranchii : myliobatiformes ) from the indo - malay archipelago , zootaxa 1040 ( 2005 ) : 1 - 16 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nsantos , h . r . s . and m . r . de carvalho . 2004 . description of a new species of whiptailed stingray from the southwestern atlantic ocean ( chondrichthyes , myliobatiformes , dasyatidae ) . boletim do museu nacional do rio de janeiro , nova s\u00e9rie . zoologia no . 516 : 1 - 24 .\nstingray is the common name for any of the various cartilaginous fish comprising the family dasyatidae , characterized by enlarged and flat pectoral fins continuous with the side of the head , no caudal fin , eyes on the dorsal surface , and narrow , long , and whip - like tail , typically with one or more venomous spines . marine , brackish water , and freshwater species are known .\nstingrays are popular targets of ecotourism . dasyatids are not normally visible to swimmers , but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow sandy waters . usually very docile , their usual reaction being to flee any disturbance . nevertheless , certain larger species may be more aggressive and should only be approached with caution by humans , as the stingray ' s defensive reflex may result in serious injury or even death .\ndasyatids generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves . when threatened , their primary reaction is to swim away . however , when attacked by predators or stepped on , the barbed stinger in their tail is whipped up . this attack is normally ineffective against their main predator , sharks . the breaking of the stinger in defense is non - fatal to the stingray , as it will be regrown .\nsome adult rays may be no larger than a human palm , while other species , like the short - tail stingray , may have a body of six feet in diameter , and an overall length , including their tail , of fourteen feet . stingrays can vary from gray to bright red in color and be plain or patterned . dasyatids are propelled by motion of their large pectoral fin ( commonly mistaken as\nwings\n) .\ndepending on the size of the stingray , humans are usually stung in the foot region . surfers or those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays have learned to slide their feet through the sand rather than stepping , as the rays detect this and swim away . stamping hard on the bottom as one treads through murky water will also cause them to swim away . humans who harass stingrays have been known to be stung elsewhere , sometimes leading to fatalities . contact with the stinger causes local trauma ( from the cut itself ) , pain and , swelling from the venom , and possible later infection from bacteria . immediate injuries to humans include , but are not limited to , poisoning , punctures , severed arteries , and possibly death . fatal stings are very rare . on september 4 , 2006 , australian wildlife expert and television personality steve irwin was pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while snorkeling in australia and died shortly after .\nwhile the estuary stingray has gained infamy for consuming farmed shellfish such as oysters , it mainly feeds on crustaceans and polychaete worms . it is aplacental viviparous , with the unborn young sustained to term by maternal histotroph (\nuterine milk\n) . once common , this species has apparently declined across much of its range , likely from a combination of habitat degradation , mortality from commercial and recreational fishing , and persecution by shellfish farmers . as a result , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has assessed it as vulnerable .\nthis stingray is caught as a bycatch ( hooking , netting and entanglement ) in artisanal and industrial fisheries aimed at large catfish that are present in the amazon estuary . this species is also taken regionally as a secondary option subsistence food source . fishery industries tend to show an interest in large dasyatids as a source of minced fish products , implying that exploitation pressure and population depletion may increase in the future . intrinsic factors probably also represent a threat for this species as to most other elasmobranchs species ( camhi et al . 1998 ) , particularly given this species ' large size and low fecundity .\njustification : this is an amended version of the 2006 assessment to accommodate the change in genus name . a large , relatively uncommon , stingray that is found on the northern coast of south america in the western central and southwest atlantic , mainly in estuarine and coastal areas near the amazon river mouth . very limited data are available about the habitat and ecology of this species . pregnant females are observed with only one to three pups per litter . population trends and dynamics are completely unknown . the species is taken as bycatch by both artisanal and industrial fisheries , which continue to be unregulated . it is used regionally as a subsistence food source but as a secondary option due to its dark ( reddish ) coloured flesh . fishery industries tend to show an interest in large dasyatids as a source of minced fish products , implying that exploitation pressure and population depletion may increase in the future . base - line studies and fishery monitoring are required for this species , but given its inshore occurrence in fished regions , relatively restricted range and habitat , biology and apparent interest to industrial fisheries , the species is assessed as near threatened .\ntreatment for stings includes application of near - scalding water , which helps ease pain by denaturing the complex venom protein , and antibiotics . immediate injection of local anesthetic in and around the wound is very helpful , as is the use of opiates such as intramuscular pethidine . local anesthetic brings almost instant relief for several hours . any warm to hot fluid , including urine , may provide some relief . vinegar and papain are ineffective . ( urine is a folk remedy for box jellyfish stings but is ineffective for such , whereas vinegar is effective for box jellyfish stings . ) pain normally lasts up to 48 hours , but is most severe in the first 30\u201360 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea , fatigue , headaches , fever , and chills . all stingray injuries should be medically assessed ; the wound needs to be thoroughly cleaned , and surgical exploration is often required to remove any barb fragments remaining in the wound . following cleaning , an ultrasound is helpful to confirm removal of all the fragments ( flint and sugrue 1999 ) . not all remnants are radio - opaque ; but x - ray radiography imaging may be helpful where ultrasound is not available .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 september 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 29 september 2016 ) .\nlast et al . ( 2016 ) placed dasyatis colarensis , d . garouaensis , d . geijskesi , d . margarita , d . margaritella , and urogymnus ukpan within their newly described genus fontitrygon . the two western atlantic species ( f . colarensis and f . geijskesi ) differ significantly from the other taxa in this genus and may prove to be non - congeneric with the four species from western african ( last et al . 2016 ) .\nthis species has a relatively restricted geographic range ( northern atlantic coast of south america ) , ranging from northern brazil to the venezuelan coast , including french guiana , guyana , suriname and trinidad and tobago ( cervig\u00f3n et al . 1992 , uyeno et al . 1983 ) . it is found mainly in the region of influence of the amazon river discharge . during the dry season it is found closer to the shore and is present in the maraj\u00f3 bay region ( authors ' observations ) .\nthis species is not very common as other dasyatid species throughout its distribution range . population size , trends and dynamics remain unknown for this species .\nresearch actions are required for this species . preliminary base - line studies are in progress to obtain further data on the biology , ecology , uses and fishery data of this species . captures should also be monitored to observe if they are within a sustainable range and to verify if there are tendencies of increase . industries that recently began processing minced fish products are very likely to show an interest for this species as for other dasyatids . habitat maintenance and conservation are desired for most coastal species that are likely to be susceptible to environmental changes . education and public awareness could also contribute to the understanding that future increases in catches should be carefully studied and monitored . the development and implementation of management plans ( national and / or regional e . g . , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa - sharks ) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region . see anon . ( 2004 ) for an update of progress made by nations in the range of f . geijskesi .\ncharvet - almeida , p . & de almeida , m . p . 2016 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 80 m ( ref . 114953 ) , usually 5 - 25 m ( ref . 5217 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; common length : 70 . 0 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\ndisc is narrowly projecting to snout , pelvic fins with long anterior margins . narrowly pointed falcate outer corners . upper surface dark brown , lower surface pale with darker margins and teeth as yellowish white ( ref . 6902 ) .\nfound in shallow waters on sandy bottoms generally between 5 and 25 m depth . reported from a depth of 810 m ( ref . 13608 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , r . cipriani , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , m . hendrickx , a . j . lemus , r . m\u00e1rquez , j . m . poutiers , g . robaina and b . rodriguez , 1992 . fichas fao de identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . gu\u00eda de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur am\u00e9rica . fao , rome . 513 p . preparado con el financiamento de la comisi\u00f3n de comunidades europeas y de norad . ( ref . 5217 )\n) : 27 - 28 . 3 , mean 27 . 6 ( based on 302 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00646 ( 0 . 00274 - 0 . 01522 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 3 . species management - > 3 . 1 . species management - > 3 . 1 . 1 . harvest management 3 . species management - > 3 . 1 . species management - > 3 . 1 . 2 . trade management 4 . education & awareness - > 4 . 1 . formal education 4 . education & awareness - > 4 . 3 . awareness & communications\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ] \u2666 timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ] \u2666 timing : ongoing\n0 . root - > 100 . 1 . old 1 . 1 . 1 - policy - base actions - > management plans - > development 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends\nanonymous . 1979 . groot surinaams kookboek met exotische creoolse , hindoestaanse , indonesische , chinese en europese recepten . stichting eerste surinaamse huishoud en nijverheidsschool te paramaribo .\nanonymous . 2004 . report on the implementation of the un fao international plan of action for sharks ( ipoa\u2013sharks ) . ac20 inf . 5 . twentieth meeting of the cites animals committee , johannesburg ( south africa ) , 29 march\u20132 april 2004 .\nboesman , m . 1948 . some preliminary notes on surinam sting rays , including the description of a new species . zoologische mededeelingen 31\u201347 .\nbor , p . h . f . 2002 . nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . urltoken\ncamhi , m . , fowler , s . , musick , j . br\u00e4utigam , a . and fordham , s . 1998 . sharks and their relatives : ecology and conservation . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission 20 .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . and claro , r . 1994 . caracter\u00edsticas generales de la ictiofauna . in : r . claro ( ed . ) ecolog\u00eda de los peces marinos de cuba . pp : 55\u201370 . instituto de oceanolog\u00eda de la academia de ciencias de cuba y centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . , m\u00e1rquez , r . , poutiers , j . m . , robaina , g . and rodriguez , b . 1992 . fichas fao de identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . gu\u00eda de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur am\u00e9rica . preparado con el financiamento de la comisi\u00f3n de comunidades europeas y de norad . food and agricultural organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy .\ncharvet - almeida , p . 2001 . ocorr\u00eancia , biologia e uso das raias de \u00e1gua doce na ba\u00eda de maraj\u00f3 ( par\u00e1 , brasil ) , com \u00eanfase na biologia de plesiotrygon iwamae ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) . masters dissertation . bel\u00e9m , museu paraense em\u00edlio goeldi & universidade federal do par\u00e1 .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 1999 . checklist of living elasmobranchs . in : w . c . hamlett ( ed . ) sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . john hopkins university press , maryland . p . 471 - 498 .\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\niucn ssc shark specialist group . specialist group website . available at : urltoken .\nlast , p . r . , naylor , g . j . p . and manjaji - matsumoto , b . m . 2016 . a revised classification of the family dasyatidae ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) based on new morphological and molecular insights . zootaxa 4139 ( 3 ) : 345 - 368 . urltoken\nuyeno , t . , matsuura k . and fujii , e . ( eds ) 1983 . fishes trawled off suriname and french guiana . japan marine fishery resource research center , tokyo , japan .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nthe tasmanian devil is endemic to australia . although this species is called tiger ( named for its stripes ) and wolf ( due to its canid - like appearance ) , it is not a member of the cat or wolf family . it is a member of the marsupial family . other members of this family include kangaroos and koala bears .\nthe last known tasmanian tiger died in a zoo in hobart , tasmania in 1936 , but there have been hundreds of unconfirmed sightings , and a reserve has been set up in southwestern tasmania in the hopes that possible surviving individuals can have adequate habitat .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are around 69 species in this family . most species are found in shallow tropical and subtropical oceans around the world , although some species in africa and south america are found in rivers and lakes .\nthey have rounded or oval shaped pectoral fins and long , whip - like tails with one or more poisonous barbed spines on the near the base of their tails . they have small mouths , no anal fin , and no caudal fin .\nmost of the species in this family spend their time partially buried under the sand or mud on the ocean floor . they use their pectoral fins to stir up worms , crustaceans , and mollusks . they are viviparous . that means they give birth to live young .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\ndisc very thin , rhomboidal , about as wide as long , angular at front , outer and rear corners abruptly rounded or angular ; snout long , protruding beyond front margin of disc , its length > 4 times distance between eyes ; pelvic fins very wide and pointed laterally ; nostrils with a large fringed curtain between them and the mouth ; floor of the mouth has fleshy papillae ; teeth with low oval or angular crowns ; tail long and slender , ending in a point ; tail base broad , depressed ; 1 large , serrated , venomous spine on top of tail ; no tail fin or dorsal fins , tail without dorsal keel behind the spine and with a ventral fleshy ridge , height of the ventral ridge \u00bd that of height of the tail above it ; a single row of tubercles along the midline of the back from the nape to the tail base .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nvolume 107 , number 1 , pages 19 - 30 , doi : 10 . 3354 / dao02661\naccess to full text articles is controlled by ip number or by user password .\nif you have a user - id and password , please enter them above .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthis study proved the illegal commercialization of pristis perotteti , a critically endangered sawfish species in brazil .\ndna sequences of two mitochondrial genes were highly effective to discriminate 12 ray and eight shark species .\nthis molecular approach can be used in authenticity and forensics of food products derived from this fish group .\npristis perotteti , the largetooth sawfish , is one of most endangered elasmobranchs because of fisheries and habitat degradation . its commercialization in brazil is prohibited , but fresh or salted fillets of this fish can be found in markets , labeled as \u201csharks\u201d . in this study we performed genetic analyses on \u201cshark\u201d samples from two important fishery - trading ports in northern brazil ( vigia and bragan\u00e7a ) . based on partial dna sequences of the mitochondrial 16s and cyt b genes , 24 ( 55 % ) out of 44 samples were unequivocally identified as p . perotteti while the others comprised eight species of the families carcharhinidae and ginglymostomatidae . these results show that fishing surveillance and monitoring have not been effective to prohibit the commercialization of this highly endangered species .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ncomprises 37 species and occurs worldwide ( compagno , 1999a , b and gomes et al . 2000 ) . six species of dasyatis\ndepth range based on 2708 specimens in 28 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 963 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 479 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 7 . 337 - 28 . 215 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 072 - 19 . 966 salinity ( pps ) : 31 . 668 - 37 . 612 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 746 - 6 . 538 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 047 - 1 . 601 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 35 . 349 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 479 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 7 . 337 - 28 . 215 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 072 - 19 . 966 salinity ( pps ) : 31 . 668 - 37 . 612 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 746 - 6 . 538 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 047 - 1 . 601 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 35 . 349 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 4 - 4 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nsepkoski , jack ( 2002 ) .\na compendium of fossil marine animal genera ( chondrichthyes entry )\n. bulletins of american paleontology 364 : 560 .\nfroese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) . species of dasyatis in fishbase . august 2013 version .\nlast , p . r . & white , w . t . ( 2013 ) : two new stingrays ( chondrichthyes : dasyatidae ) from the eastern indonesian archipelago . zootaxa , 3722 ( 1 ) : 1\u201321 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 27 - 28 . 3 , mean 27 . 6 ( based on 302 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00646 ( 0 . 00274 - 0 . 01522 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .\nsome preliminary notes on surinam sting rays , including the description of a new species .\n( boeseman , 1948 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\ndisc is narrowly projecting to snout , pelvic fins with long anterior margins . narrowly pointed falcate outer corners . upper surface dark brown , lower surface pale with darker margins and teeth as yellowish white\ndemersal ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 5 - 25 m ( ref .\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\necologically , stingrays are important components of aquatic food chains , consuming mollusks , crustaceans , tube anemones , amphipods , and small fish , while being preyed upon by a multitude of sharks , such as the white , tiger , and bull sharks , and even alligators in the case of freshwater species ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) . while they provide some culinary value for humans , one of their chief values may be more internal\u2014the wonder and beauty provided by their unique form , swimming behavior , and colors .\nstingrays are members of the chondrichthyes or\ncartilaginous fishes ,\na major class of jawed fish that includes the sharks , rays , and skates . members of chondrichthyes are characterized by skeletons made of rubbery cartilage rather than bone , as in the bony fishes . the chondrichthyans have jaws , paired fins , paired nostrils , scales , and two - chambered hearts . two subclasses of chondrichthyes are recognized , elasmobranchii ( sharks , rays , and skates ) and holocephali ( chimaera , sometimes called ghost sharks ) .\ntaxonomy for levels between elasmobranchii and genera is unsettled , with diverse taxonomies . for example , some classifications consider the sharks a sister group with the rays and skates , placing these two groups into different superorders , while other classifications place the rays and skates as a subsection of the sharks ( mceachran 2004 ) . that is , some view sharks and rays together forming a monophyletic group , and sharks without rays a paraphyletic group , while others see sharks sharing a common ancestor with rays and skates as sister groups ( nelson 2004 ) .\nthe same taxonomic diversity is apparent at the level of the family dasyatidae . dasyatidae is variously placed in the order rajiformes ( agbayani 2004 ) , or in the order myliobatiformes ( passarelli and piercy , 2008 ) . this is because in some classifications the order rajiformes is split into two or three orders , with myliobatiformes being an extra order and including the traditional rajiformes families of dasyatidae ( stingrays ) , gymnuridae ( butterfly rays ) , mobulidae ( manta rays ) , myliobatidae ( eagle rays ) , and others ( itis 2004 ) .\nfurthermore , what genera and families are included in dasyatidae vary with taxonomic scheme . nelson ( 1994 ) recognizes two subfamilies , dasyatinae ( stingrays or whiprays ) and potamotrygoninae ( river sitngrays ) , and he recognizes nine genera , as does agbayani ( 2004 ) . itis ( 2004 ) elevates the second subfamily of river stingrays ( which are the freshwater rays in south america ) to the family level as potamotrygonidae , recognizing six genera .\nunless otherwise stated , this article will follow the narrower view of dasyatidae of itis ( 2004 ) , which will be equivalent to subfamily dasyatinae of nelson ( 1994 ) .\nin stingrays , as with all rays in the traditional order rajiformes , the anterior edge of the pectoral fin , which is greatly enlarged , is attached to the side of the head anterior to the gill openings ( nelson 1994 ) . they also have ventral gill openings , and the eyes and spiracles are on the dorsal surface ( nelson 1994 ) . in addition , they lack an anal fin and lack a nictitating membrane with the cornea attached directly to the skin around the eyes ( nelson 1994 ) .\nin members of dasyatidae\u2014subfamily dasyatinae , in nelson 1994\u2014the disc is less than 1 . 3 times as broad as it is long ( nelson 1994 ) . they lack a caudal fin and the tail is long , with the distance from the cloaca to the tip much longer than the breadth of the disc ( nelson 1994 ) .\ndasyatids are common in tropical coastal waters throughout the world , and there are fresh water species in asia ( himantura sp . ) , africa , and florida ( dasyatis sabina ) . nelson ( 1994 ) reports that several tropical species of dasyatidae ( subfamily dasyatinae ) are known only from freshwater , and some marine species are found in brackish and freshwater on occasion .\ntheir stinger is a razor - sharp , barbed , or serrated cartilaginous spine , which grows from the ray ' s whip - like tail ( like a fingernail ) , and can grow as long as 37 centimeters ( about 14 . 6 inches ) . on the underside of the spine are two grooves containing venom - secreting glandular tissue . the entire spine is covered with a thin layer of skin called the integumentary sheath , in which venom is concentrated ( meyer 1997 ) . the venom contains the enzymes 5 - nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase , which breakdown and kill cells ; and the neurotransmitter serotonin , which provokes smooth - muscle contractions ( layton 2008 ) . this venomous spine gives them their common name of stingrays ( a compound of\nsting\nand\nray\n) , but the name can also be used to refer to any poisonous ray .\nstingrays may also be called the\nwhip - tailed rays ,\nthough this usage is much less common .\na group or collection of stingrays is commonly referred to as a\nfever\nof stingrays .\nthe flattened bodies of stingrays allow them effective concealment in sand . smell and electro - receptors are used to locate prey , similar to those of sharks . some sting rays ' mouths contain two powerful , shell - crushing plates , while some species only have sucking mouth parts . rays settle on the bottom while feeding , sometimes leaving only their eyes and tail visible . coral reefs are favored feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide .\nmating season occurs in the winter . when a male is courting a female , he will follow her closely , biting at her pectoral disc . during mating , the male will go on top of the female ( his belly on her back ) and put one of his two claspers into her vent ( martin 2008 ) .\nmost rays are ovoviviparous , bearing live young in\nlitters\nof five to ten . the female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta . instead , the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac , and after the sac is depleted , the mother provides uterine milk ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) .\nin addition to their ecological role in aquatic food chains , stingrays offer a number of values to humans , in terms of food , various products , and ecotourism .\nthe skin of the ray is rough and can be used as leather ( mceachran 2004 ) . the skin is used as an underlayer for the cord or leather wrap ( ito ) on japanese swords ( katanas ) due to its hard , rough texture that keeps the braided wrap from sliding on the handle during use . native american indians used the spines of stingrays for arrowheads , while groups in the indo - west pacific used them as war clubs ( mceachran 2004 ) .\nmany tahitian island resorts regularly offer guests the chance to\nfeed the stingrays and sharks .\nthis consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs then standing in waist - high water while habituated stingrays swarm around , pressing right up against a person seeking food .\nwhile most dasyatids are relatively widespread and unlikely to be threatened , there are several species ( for example , taeniura meyeni , dasyatis colarensis , d . garouaensis , and d . laosensis ) where the conservation status is more problematic , leading to them being listed as vulnerable or endangered by iucn . the status of several other species are poorly known , leading to them being listed as data deficient .\nhimantura hortlei last , manjaji - matsumoto & kailola , 2006 . [ 1 ]\npacific chupare , himantura pacifica ( beebe & tee - van , 1941 ) .\nwhite - edge freshwater whip ray , himantura signifer ( compagno & roberts , 1982 ) .\npastinachus solocirostris ( last , manjaji & yearsley , 2005 ) . [ 4 ]\n\u2191 p . r . last , m . manjaji - matsumoto , and p . j . kailola , himantura hortlei n . sp . , a new species of whipray ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) from irian jaya , indonesia , zootaxa 1239 ( 2006 ) : 19 - 34 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\n\u2191 m . manjaji - matsumoto and p . j . last , himantura lobistoma , a new whipray ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) from borneo , with comments on the status of dasyatis microphthalmus , ichthyological research 53 ( 3 ) ( 2006 ) : 291ff . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nagbayani , e . 2004 . family dasyatidae : stingrays . in r . froese and d . pauly ( eds . ) , fishbase . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003a . dasyatidae jordan , 1888 . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160946 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003b . rajiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160806 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2004 . myliobatiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 649685 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nlayton , j . 2008 . how do stingrays kill ? how stuff works . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nmceashran , j . d . 2004 . rajiformes . in b . grzimek , s . f . craig , d . a . thoney , n . schlager , and m . hutchins . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd edition . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657786 .\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 3 june 2008 , at 13 : 34 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\na long - snouted species of dasyatis with a broad , almost rounded disk . eyes and spiracle relatively small . tips of pectoral fins bluntly rounded . pre - orbital length much longer than distance between the spiracles ( > 35 % sl ) , with pronounced concave margins of snout . snout pointed and very long . the dorsal surface has a broad patch of medial denticles and a medial line of tubercles . additional denticles on the interorbital space are often present . pelvic fins very short but extremely broad in width , often extending beyond lateral disk margins . ventral finflap low but much more pronounced than dorsal finflap .\nlast , p . r . , naylor , g . j . p . , & manjaji - matsumoto , b . m . 2016 . a revised classification of the family dasyatidae ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) based on new morphological and molecular insights . zootaxa , 4139 ( 3 ) : 345 - 368 .\nprovisionally placed in the genus fontitrygon by last et al . ( 2016 ) with other large atlantic estuarine rays .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n. between the long and narrow nostrils , there is a short and broad\nskirt\nof skin with a weakly fringed posterior margin . the small , bow - shaped mouth is surrounded by deep furrows and contains a row of five papillae across the floor , with the outermost pair tiny and set apart from the others . the teeth are small and arranged into pavement - like surfaces . there are five pairs of\nthe tail measures twice as long as the disc , and is broad and flattened at the base . on its upper surface is at least one , often two serrated stinging spines . past the spines , the tail quickly tapers to become whip - like and bears a well - developed keel above and a long , low fin fold beneath . there are wide patches of small\nwith flattened crowns between the eyes and over the middle of the back , along with a midline row of enlarged thorns that become progressively longer until they reach the base of the sting . aside from the thorns at the base , the tail is smooth . this species is yellowish to greenish brown above , lightening towards the disc margins and darkening past the tail spine , and white below . it grows to at least 93 cm ( 37 in ) across , and possibly reaches a width of 1 . 2 m ( 3 . 9 ft ) .\nbut recent observations have shown this is not the case . additional species records from the\nand have sandy to muddy bottoms . this species is rarely found outside these sheltered areas , though it has been recorded to a depth of 28 m ( 92 ft ) in offshore waters . it inhabits marine and\nas well as it has been known to swim upriver beyond the limit of high tide . surface water temperatures within its range vary from 24\u201329 \u00b0c ( 75\u201384 \u00b0f ) in the north to 17\u201323 \u00b0c ( 63\u201373 \u00b0f ) in the south .\nsustained initially by yolk and later by histotroph (\nuterine milk\n) produced by the mother . females probably produce offspring every year .\nthe newborns measure around 11 cm ( 4 . 3 in ) across and 35 cm ( 14 in ) long .\nand in hays inlet ; such fresh or brackish environments may serve as nurseries .\nmales mature at around 41 cm ( 16 in ) across and seven years of age , and females mature at around 63 cm ( 25 in ) across and 13 years of age .\nthis disparity in maturation size between the sexes is among the widest known for stingrays .\nthe maximum lifespan is estimated to be 16 years for males and 23 years for females .\nalthough it is not commercially utilized , it faces a number of other threats . this species is captured incidentally by commercial bottom trawl and\nmortality is exacerbated by the practice of\nspiking\n, in which the ray ' s cranium is pierced with a metal bar or sharpened stick so as to move it . it is also readily caught , and often killed , by\nsurveys in moreton bay have found fishing - related effects , such as embedded hooks and mutilated tails , in over 10 % of the population .\nfinally , this ray ' s reputation for damaging shellfish has led to persecution by commercial shellfish farmers .\n( mpas ) are located within its range , but at present they lack adequate protection from fishing . as this ray remains locally abundant in hervey bay and parts of moreton bay , these areas may become important centers for preserving the species .\nlast , p . r . ; stevens , j . d . ( 2009 ) . sharks and rays of australia ( second ed . ) . harvard university press . pp . 435\u2013436 . isbn 0674034112 .\nlast , p . r . ( 2002 ) .\nfreshwater and estuarine elasmobranchs of australia\n. in fowler , s . l . , t . m . reed and f . a . dipper . elasmobranch biodiversity , conservation and management . iucn . pp . 185\u2013193 . isbn 2831706505 .\nogilby , j . d . ( 25 august 1908 ) .\non new genera and species of fishes\n. proceedings of the royal society of queensland 21 : 1\u201326 .\n^ froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2010 ) .\ndasyatis fluviorum\nin fishbase . january 2010 version .\npierce , s . j . ; scott - holland , t . b . ; bennett , m . b . ( april 2011 ) .\nreexamination of the trypanorhynch cestode collections of a . e . shipley , j . hornell and t . southwell , with the erection of a new genus ,\n\u2014 conservation status data deficient ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 1 ] \u2026\n\u2014 conservation status near threatened ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 1 ] \u2026"]}
{"id": 765, "summary": [{"text": "pasiphila excisa is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by butler in 1878 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in russia , japan and korea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the flowers of rhododendron species and eurya japonica . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pasiphila excisa", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for pasiphila excisa yet . learn how to contribute .\npasiphila excisa is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in russia , japan and korea .\nthe green pug ( pasiphila rectangulata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .\nthe sloe pug ( pasiphila chloerata ) is a species of moth of the family geometridae .\npasiphila debiliata , the bilberry pug , is a species of moth of the geometridae family .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\np . talyshensis ( nomen nudum ) - p . hyrcanica ( viidalepp & mironov , 2006 )\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 766, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia pantellata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in spain , portugal , sicily and north africa and the canary islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 16 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "eupithecia pantellata", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nborboleta / / moth ( eupithecia pantellata )\nas trusted on the\neupithecia pantellata\npage .\nthis is the place for pantellata definition . you find here pantellata meaning , synonyms of pantellata and images for pantellata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pantellata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pantellata and , of course , pantellata synonyms and on the right images related to the word pantellata .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nbaez , m . - mariposas de canarias . in editorial rueda , alcorcon ( madrid ) , 216 pp . 1998\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken"]}
{"id": 767, "summary": [{"text": "the tongaland cannibal snail , scientific name natalina wesseliana , is a species of medium-sized predatory air-breathing land snail , carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to south africa and is named after the natural region of tongaland .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "its natural habitat is temperate forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tongaland cannibal snail", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about tongaland cannibal snail ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tongaland cannibal snail ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\ntongaland cannibal snail\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - tongaland cannibal snail facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nfacts summary : the tongaland cannibal snail ( natalina wesseliana ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nsnails\nand found in the following area ( s ) : south africa .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - maputaland cannibal snail ( natalina wesseliana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - maputaland cannibal snail ( natalina wesseliana )\ntitle =\narkive species - maputaland cannibal snail ( natalina wesseliana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnamed for their snail - eating habits ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , cannibal snails ( rhytididae ) feed using a rasping tongue - like structure known as a radula , which bears long , curved teeth , a specialisation for their carnivorous diet ( 4 ) . the orange - brown body of the maputaland cannibal snail is large and broad , and carries a thin brown shell with rapidly expanding whorls and a large opening ( 2 ) .\nnamed for their snail - eating habits ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , cannibal snails ( rhytididae ) feed using a rasping tongue - like structure known as a radula , which bears long , curved teeth , a specialisation for their carnivorous diet ( 4 ) . the orange - brown body of the maputaland cannibal snail is large and broad , and carries a thin brown shell with rapidly expanding whorls and a large opening ( 2 ) .\nvery little has been documented on this snail\u2019s biology and behaviour , which remain poorly understood . like other cannibal snails , this species is carnivorous , feeding on other molluscs and probably also earthworms ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nthis species is endemic to south africa and is named after the natural region of tongaland . its natural habitat is temperate forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nvery little has been documented on this snail ' s biology and behaviour , which remain poorly understood . like other cannibal snails , this species is carnivorous , feeding on other molluscs and probably also earthworms ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\ncarnivore flesh - eating . radula a flexible tongue - like organ in certain molluscs that has rows of horny teeth on the surface and is used to rasp at food . whorls in molluscs , the spiral coils of the shell of a snail .\nthe maputaland cannibal is threatened by ongoing habitat loss and degradation as a result of conversion to agricultural land , wood plantations and mining ( 2 ) , as well as ever increasing pressure from local communities on the few remaining pristine habitats ( 5 ) .\nthe maputaland cannibal is threatened by ongoing habitat loss and degradation as a result of conversion to agricultural land , wood plantations and mining ( 2 ) , as well as ever increasing pressure from local communities on the few remaining pristine habitats ( 5 ) .\nherbert , d . g . & moussalli a . 2010 . revision of the larger cannibal snails ( natalina s . l . ) of southern africa - natalina s . s . , afrorhytida and capitina ( mollusca : gastropoda : rhytididae ) . african invertebrates 51 ( 1 ) : 1 - 132 . [ 1 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nranges from central zululand north to maputo in southern mozambique , primarily near the coast ( 2 ) .\nthis species is known from dune , coastal lowland and scarp forest , but probably also occurs in other wooded habitats ( 2 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nthere are currently no conservation measures specifically targeting this species , although it is known to occur in conservation areas ( hluhluwe - imfolosi game reserve and the greater st lucia wetland park ) ( 5 ) .\nherbert , d . g . & kilburn , r . n . ( 2004 ) field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . 340pp . natal museum , pietermaritzburg .\nauthenticated ( 13 / 07 / 2006 ) by dr . dai g . herbert , chief curator : mollusca , natal museum , and member of the iucn / ssc southern african invertebrate , and mollusc specialist groups . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\noccurs in south africa on the coastal plain of north zululand and south mozambique ( st . lucia - maputo ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nfor the first time in history , a captive cheetah has successfully given birth to eight healthy cubs . it is said that only around 10 , 000 cheetahs remain in the wild in africa along with 100 or fewer in iran .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nranges from central zululand north to maputo in southern mozambique , primarily near the coast ( 2 ) .\nthis species is known from dune , coastal lowland and scarp forest , but probably also occurs in other wooded habitats ( 2 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nthere are currently no conservation measures specifically targeting this species , although it is known to occur in conservation areas ( hluhluwe - imfolosi game reserve and the greater st lucia wetland park ) ( 5 ) .\nherbert d . g . ( 2000 ) . natalina wesseliana . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 771, "summary": [{"text": "the horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) is an auk , similar in appearance to the atlantic puffin .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is a pelagic seabird that feeds primarily by diving for fish .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it nests in colonies , often with other auks . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "horned puffin", "paragraphs": ["description : the horned puffin is very similar to the atlantic puffin , but it has larger bill and size .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the horned puffin in north america and easternmost asia .\n) . the diet of the horned puffin during winter is not well studied . puffin chicks are fed mostly raw fish .\nhorned puffin , adult returning to colony with fish , gambell , ak ; august .\natlantic puffin ( a . k . a . the common puffin ) ( fratercula arctica )\ntufted puffin ( a . k . a . the crested puffin ) ( fratercula cirrhata )\nunlike other puffins , which nest in burrows , the horned puffin typically nests in rock crevices and cliffs .\nthe horned puffin can fly , but it spends more time in the water as it is a better swimmer .\n. nevertheless , predation does not substantially affect horned puffin populations because of their hard - to - reach nesting sites .\nthe horned puffin uses its large bill to catch fish and marine invertebrates . it can dive up to depths of 80 feet to catch its prey . the horned puffin can carry more than one fish in its mouth at a time .\nthe puffin can fly , but it is a better swimmer . in order to get airborne , the puffin must run on the surface of the water for a long distance . the horned puffin also dives off cliffs to take flight .\nthe puffin can fly , but it is a better swimmers . in order to get airborne , the puffin must run on the surface of the water for a long distance . the horned puffin will also will dive off cliffs to take flight .\ngolubova , e . , m . nazarkin . 2009 . feeding ecology of the tufted puffin ( lunda cirrhata ) and the horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) in the northern sea of okhotsk .\na ) atlantic puffin : the atlantic puffin ( formerly common puffin ) lives in the north atlantic . it is the smallest of the puffins and is readily separated from the similar horned puffin by the steel - blue triangle at the base of its beak . range : see answer to question # 3 , below .\nthe horned puffin is currently rated as least concern . this bird species has a range and population that are sufficient and stable enough at this point for there to be no concern regarding possible decline . the horned puffin is native to japan , canada , russia and the united states . the range of the horned puffin is estimated to be as much as 1 million square kilometers while the population of this bird species is around 800 , 000 individuals . the prior rating for the horned puffin was lower risk , which was downgraded to least concern in 2004 .\nrhinoceros auklet ( a . k . a . rhino auklet , horn - billed puffin , unicorn puffin ) ( cerorhinca monocerata )\nthe horned puffin carries small fish crosswise in its bill and delivers them to its nestlings . one individual was observed carrying 65 fish at once .\nhorned puffins take advantage of the sea ' s bounty . while nesting and raising their chicks , horned puffins eat mostly fish , bringing back beakfuls of sand lance and capelin to their young . horned puffins can dive up to 80 feet to catch prey .\nhorned puffins are nomadic and move from breeding grounds when they are too iced over .\nthe horned puffin uses its large bill to catch fish and marine invertebrates . it can dive up to depths of 80 feet to catch its prey . the puffin can carry more than one fish in its mouth at a time .\nhorned puffin : tufted puffin has dark underparts and in breeding plumage has pale yellow plumes on head . common and thick - billed murres have entirely dark head , small , dark bill , and white trailing margin on inner wing .\nthe horned puffin is pelagic . a pelagic animal lives on the open sea . in breeding season , it is found on sea cliffs or on rocky islets .\nwehle , d . h . s . 1980 . the breeding biology of the puffins : tufted puffin ( lunda cirrhata ) , horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) , common puffin ( f . arctica ) , and rhinoceros auklet ( cerorhinca monocerata ) . phd thesis , univ . of alaska , fairbanks . close\nthe densities of horned puffin colonies are determined by nest site availability . the higher the breeding site above the water , the less favorable it is considered to be .\nthe tufted puffin is the largest puffin and is characterized by long , straw - colored feathers that extend back from its crown during the mating season .\nthe greatest natural predator of the puffin is the great black - backed gull . this gull can catch adult puffins in mid - air . the great black - backed gull will circle high above a puffin colony and pick out a solitary puffin and catch it from behind by dive bombing the unwary puffin .\na striking seabird , the horned puffin nests in colonies on islands and coastlines of alaska . it spends most of the year on the high seas of the northern pacific .\nprotection / threats / status : the horned puffin has large populations , although some declines or fluctuations can be reported . but currently , the species is not globally threatened .\nhatch , s . 2002 . activity patterns and monitoring numbers of horned puffins and parakeet auklets .\ntocidlowski , m . , t . cornish , m . loomis , m . stoskopf . 1997 . mortality in captive wild - caught horned puffin chicks ( fratercula corniculata ) .\ntufted puffin \u2013 north pacific . winters as far south as california or honshu .\nand is useful because the colony is very crowded and a puffin is often crossing another puffin\u2019s territory as it walks . the puffins that are guarding burrows usually assume a\ndiet : the horned puffin feeds primarily on numerous fish species . it also takes squid , crustaceans and marine worms . it performs pursuit - diving and can reach about 40 metres depth .\nhorned puffin : eats small fish and invertebrates . forages by diving from the surface and swimming underwater ; spines on tongue and in mouth act as hooks , better enabling capture of fish .\nhorned puffin : one white egg with small dark spots is laid in a crevice or deep hole among boulders . incubation ranges from 40 to 42 days and is carried out by both parents .\nin captivity the horned puffin does not do well , especially when taken as a chick . a chick ' s diet must be supplemented with vitamins or it dies quickly due to malnourishment and bacterial infections .\namaral , m . j . 1977 . a comparative breeding biology of the tufted and horned puffin in the barren islands , alaska . master ' s thesis , univ . of washington , seattle . close\nthe flight of the horned puffin is characterized by a quick take - off . after taking flight these birds beat their wings in a rapid yet shallow pattern . they fly at least thirty meters above the sea .\nthe horned puffin breeds from northern alaska to british columbia in canada . it winters in the ocean off the coast from alaska to washington . occasionally , stragglers make their way down as far south as southern california .\nthe horned puffin breeds from northern alaska to british columbia in canada . it winters in the ocean off the coast from alaska to washington . occasionally , stragglers will make their way down as far south as southern california .\nthe horned puffin ' s legs are set well back on their bodies and it is not very graceful on land , but it is a very good swimmer . it uses its wings to propel themselves and its legs to maneuver .\na puffin can fly 48 to 55 mph ( 77 to 88 km / hr ) . the puffin beats its wings rapidly to achieve this speed reaching up to 400 beats a minute . the wings can move so fast that they become a blur , giving a flying puffin the appearance of a black and white football .\natlantic puffin \u2013 north atlantic shorelines , moves as far south as morocco and new york in the winter .\na puffin also communicates information in its manner of walking . if the puffin is walking rapidly with its head lowered it is saying ,\ni am just passing through and don\u2019t mean any trouble .\nthis is called a\npuffins live for about 20 years in the wild . the oldest known puffin lived to be 36 years old .\nthe horned puffin ' s legs are set well back on its body , and it is not very graceful on land , but it is a very good swimmer . it uses its wings to propel itself in the water and its legs to maneuver .\nresponsible stewardship of puffin colonies also benefits other seabirds such as terns and storm - petrels , which nest compatibly on the same islands . techniques developed to restore the puffin are also useful in managing endangered seabirds such as roseate terns .\nsealy , s . g . 1973b . breeding biology of the horned puffin on st . lawrence island , bering sea , with zoogeographical notes on the north pacific puffins . pac . sci . no . 27 ( 2 ) : 99 - 119 . close\nmore than 40 seabird species in at least 12 countries have benefitted from the seabird restoration techniques developed by project puffin .\nhorned puffins are migratory seabirds of open ocean waters in the winter and coastal islands and rocky cliffs in the summer breeding season . the \u2018horned\u2019 part of their common name is derived from the small , dark , fleshy , horn - like projection above the eye that is present in breeding season .\nflight : the horned puffin can fly but it is better swimmer than flier . it runs briefly over the water surface while beating its wings before to take off . the flight is rather laboured but strong , with rapid wingbeats . it flies high above the water .\nthat has the puffin stand stiffly erect with its beak next to its body and using slow exaggerated foot movements . this makes the puffin look like a soldier on guard duty , which is just what it is doing by guarding the burrow .\npredators of puffins depend on the puffins as food to feed their own young . although the sight of gulls eating a puffin is not pleasant , predation at large colonies does not hurt the puffin colony because the majority of the puffins survive .\nwhile there is little information on the life span of this species , there have been reports that some horned puffins have lived as long as twenty years .\npiatt , john f . and alexander s . kitaysky . 2002 . horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\n) conducted graduate studies on horned and tufted puffins , adding a wealth of new information on breeding biology , behavior , chick growth , diets , and habitat use in the gulf of alaska and the aleutians islands . since then , only a few studies have added substantially to our knowledge of horned puffins ( hatch and hatch\nhabitat : the horned puffin spends the winter at sea , mainly offshore , within the open water areas of the breeding range to the edge of the continental shelf . during the breeding season , it breeds on rocky offshore islands , rocky cliffs , boulder areas and slopes , rarely in burrows .\nrange : the horned puffin breeds off the coasts of siberia , alaska and british columbia . it winters at sea but infrequently in open ocean and rarely beyond the northern half of the boreal zone . its winter range is closely related to sea surface temperatures and food availability , mainly pelagic fish .\na puffin can dive for up to a minute but most dives usually last 20 to 30 seconds . while underwater , the puffin swims by using its wings to push it along under the water almost as if it were flying , while using its feet as a rudder .\nthe horned puffin winters offshore in adjacent areas to breeding grounds , in open waters . dispersions occur after the breeding season in september - october . the northern populations from bering sea move southwards at least to aleutians . the southern populations appear more sedentary with some s movements , even to oregon and california .\nhorned puffin : found along the pacific coast of north america . breeds from northern alaska south to the british columbia border . spends winters at sea south to washington and oregon ; rarely to california . preferred habitats include cold ocean waters , sea cliffs , and rocky or grass - covered islets and rocks .\nharding , a . m . a . 2001 . the breeding ecology of horned puffins fratercula corniculata in alaska . master ' s thesis , univ . of durham , england . close\ndonations and puffin adoptions are tax - deductible . your tax - deductible donation will help us protect important nesting islands for puffins and other rare seabirds in maine .\nhorned puffins live primarily on the open ocean , but return to coastal nesting grounds in summer , where they mate and raise their chicks . they nest in crevices on cliffs and rocky islands , often in dense , large , mixed colonies with other puffins and auks . unlike tufted puffins that nest in burrows , horned puffins seek our rocky crevices and outcroppings for their nests , though some nest in burrows .\nthe puffin\u2019s scientific name , fratercula arctica dates back to the last half of the 1800 ' s . this name means\nlittle brother of the north\nin latin . little brother alludes to ' little friar ' referring to the puffin ' s black and white plumage which is reminiscent of a friar ' s robes . a second connotation of little friar may be drawn from the puffin ' s sometime habit of holding it ' s feet together when taking off , suggestive of hands clasped together in prayer .\nthe open ocean is the winter habitat for horned puffins . in the breeding season , they seek out coastal islands and rocky cliffs . juveniles spend one to two years at sea before coming to land to molt\n. this involves a puffin puffing up their body to look bigger and opening their wings and beak slightly . the wider the beak is opened the more upset the puffin . the puffin may also stomp its foot in place to show its displeasure . the bright colors of the feet and beak help illustrate these motions . if the aggressive encounter escalates into a full - scale brawl the puffins will lock beaks . they will then attempt to topple each other in a wrestling match by using their feet and wings in a flurry of action . a fight may gather a crowd of 10 or more puffin spectators . the combatants may become so involved in the fight they end up rolling off their rocky perch .\nadopt now and receive : a certificate of adoption , a biography of\nyour\npuffin , and the book how we brought puffins back to egg rock by stephen kress .\nhorned puffins nest in bluffs of fractured rock or crevices in cliff faces near the shoreline . they may also create burrows in upland areas . in the semidi islands , they occur in the same habitat as parakeet auklets (\nthe estimated breeding population for horned puffins today is 1 . 2 million birds , with most breeding on islands off the coast of alaska . the largest breeding populations are in the semidi islands with 350 , 000 breeders .\nwehle , d . h . s . 1976 . summer food and feeding ecology of tufted and horned puffins on buldir island , alaska - 1975 . master ' s thesis , univ . of alaska , fairbanks . close\nrange : this species of puffin breeds from northwestern alaska south along coast to central california , and winters at sea throughout the north pacific . also , on northern coast of asia .\npuffins can carry several fish back to their nest at a time . the average catch is around 10 fish per trip but the record in britain is a whopping 62 fish at once ! the puffin\u2019s beak is specialized to hold all these fish . the puffin\u2019s raspy tongue holds fish against spines on the palate , while it opens its beak to catch more fish .\npetersen , m . r . 1983a .\nhorned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) .\nin the breeding biology and feeding ecology of marine birds in the gulf of alaska . , edited by p . a . baird and p . j . gould , 401 - 426 . natl . ocean . atmos . admin . , ocseap final rep . 45 : u . s . dep . commer . close\nin the summer breeding season , horned puffins have characteristic white\ncheeks .\n\u009d during winter , the white patch becomes darker and the\nhorn\n\u009d above each eye disappears . the bill becomes smaller and duller .\nhorned puffins prey on fish , squid , and marine worms , but the overall impact of this predation on prey populations is unknown . they have little impact on other auks because of the isolated nesting grounds this species prefers .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the horned puffin appears mostly silent outside the breeding season . however , it can become more vocal at the breeding colony , performing some vocal displays associated with threat and defence behaviour , but also as part of courtship and communication between parents and chicks . during the disputes between two males , we can hear some growling \u201carrr\u201d . but usually , puffins are less vocal than other alcidae species .\npuffins are usually 10 inches tall ( 18 cm ) , which is about the height of a quart jug of milk . the puffin weighs about 500 grams , similar to a can of soda\nreproduction : the horned puffin usually reoccupies the colonies between mid - may and early june . the peak of laying occurs from mid - june to mid - july . fledging takes place in september . this species breeds in small to large colonies . the nest is placed in rock crevice or crack in rock substrate , on cliff face , in cavities under boulders or talus slopes . it nests less commonly in burrows excavated in grassy island slopes .\na mating pair produces one egg , which is oval in shape . if the egg is lost it is replaced in 10 to 21 days . the egg itself is gray with purple dots , a type of spotting that suggests an ancestral habit of laying eggs out in the open . horned puffin eggs quickly become covered in guano and other debris . they incubate for around 41 days , and both males and females participate in caring for and incubating eggs .\nthe horned puffin is a small , pigeon - sized bird with black uppersides and a white chest and undersides . it has a white face and cheeks with a small black\nhorn\nabove its eyes and a thin , dark line that runs from its eyes to the nape of its neck . it has a large , triangular orange bill with a red tip . it has bright orange legs and webbed feet with claws on the ends of them .\nthe horned puffin is a small , pigeon - sized bird with black uppersides and a white chest and undersides . it has a white face and cheeks with a small black\nhorn\nabove its eyes and a thin , dark line that runs from from its eyes to the nape of its neck . it has a large , triangular orange bill with a red tip . it has bright orange legs and webbed feet with claws on the ends of them .\nalaskan natives used horned puffins as food and clothing . parkas are made from the tough skin of this auk and the feathers provide the natives with further insulation . the eggs are still collected as food in the bering straight region with minimal effect on the populations .\npuffins make loud growling calls usually from underground which sounds like a muffled chainsaw . the chicks\npeep\nfor food from parents . choose a call from the list below to hear what a puffin sounds like .\npuffins can also help tourism . communities benefit from having a healthy puffin colony to share with tourists who contribute to the local economy when paying to see the birds , stay in hotels , and dine in restaurants .\nnettleship , d . n . , garcia , e . f . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . horned puffin ( fratercula corniculata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncleptoparasites are birds that steal a puffin\u2019s food . herring gulls often wait for puffins returning from sea with a beakload of fish , pursue them and steal the fish . they also will pull puffin eggs or chicks from their nest . puffins avoid cleptoparasites by dashing for the safety of the burrow entrance to deliver fish and to avoid gulls . puffins often circle past their burrow a dozen times or more waiting for a chance to safely deliver food .\n, horned puffins , is widespread in the pacific and low arctic . it breeds along the coast of british columbia , on some islands and peninsulas around alaska , and along the bering sea coast of russia . it winters off shore , mainly in the north pacific . the species is commonly found on russian islands but can also be seen off the coast of japan and british columbia , rarely as far south as southern california . horned puffins tend to stay in their breeding grounds during the winter as long as the grounds are not iced over .\nthe horned puffin can be found in the northern pacific ocean , from the coast of japan and south - west canada in the south , up to and including the chukchi sea in the north . it breeds on most of the islands and coasts in this area , up to the north of its range on wrangel island , russia , but can only be found breeding as far south as the queen charlotte islands ( canada ) and sakhalinsk ( russia ) ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nhorned puffins forage off shore close to their breeding colonies , spending most of the year in coastal waters . they show no preference with respect to water temperature or salinity . they winter off - shore , preferring open water areas with large populations of the pelagic fish on which they feed .\nwhile humans have hurt puffin numbers in the past , we also have the ability to restore and protect colonies . we need to reduce pollution of our coasts and do a much better job managing our fisheries . this benefits seabirds and people .\nthe fact that horned puffins are crevice nesting birds has made studying them and monitoring their populations quite difficult . the nesting sites are hard to locate and it may be impractical to count all individuals . instead , counting of individuals must be done by monitoring bird counts at peak season or by counting birds that have been rafted offshore .\nthe most common time for mating is either morning or evening . birds indicate readiness by head flicking , which may be done either on land or in water . during this display , the bill may be open or closed . members of a pair may mutually bow or put their bills side by side . horned puffins form monogamous pairs .\nthe word puffin is thought to be derived from the word \u2018puff\u2019 which refers to swollen . and it is the puffin chick that contributes best to this name because of its round , puffed look resulting from its dense cover of down feathers - an adaptation for retaining body heat while the parent is off fishing . indeed , they resemble little puff balls with beak and feet . puffins have also been called\nclown of the ocean\nand\nsea parrot\nbecause of their clown - like facial markings and colorful beak ( more like that of toucans ) .\nmembers of the alcidae are known for their penguin - like appearance despite being unrelated to the penguin family . alcids are also known for their habit of nesting in dense colonies . to the people of iceland and the faroe islands , the atlantic puffin and their eggs are also known as food .\nmost puffins do not breed until they are 5 years old . the earliest a puffin may breed is at age 3 but this is only known from zoos . puffins live a long time and use their pre - breeding years to learn about feeding places , choosing a mate and nest sites .\noil spilled by tankers and drilling operations can destroy the waterproofing on puffin\u2019s feathers causing them to die of exposure to cold temperatures . also , they become sick when they swallow oil while attempting to clean their feathers . chemicals from farming that flow from farm to river to ocean can also make puffins sick .\npuffins can carry more than one fish at a time in their beaks . the average is about 10 fish per catch , but one was recorded with 62 fish in its mouth ! a puffin ' s raspy tongue holds fish against spines on the palate , while it opens its beak to catch more fish .\nthe great black - backed gull is the greatest predator puffins face in the natural world . the gulls are big enough to pick puffins out of the air or their burrows . fox and rats are further threats from nature . herring gulls don\u2019t hurt the adult puffins themselves , but will often steal their food , sometimes right out of their beaks . humans have had a great impact on various puffin colonies through the years . puffins were ( and still are ) a source of food , and their skins , with feathers intact , were traditionally sewn together to make a waterproof cloak or coat . overfishing and pollution have also taken their toll on puffin colonies .\nuncontrolled tourism can be harmful to puffin colonies because they need solitude to breed . people who get too close may scare off parents from their duties of feeding their chick . as long as tourists stay on boats at a safe distance and do not disturb the puffins , they can easily enjoy watching a colony during the nesting season .\nfights take place frequently , even on rocky slopes , usually when another puffin is perceived to be invading the occupant\u2019s territory . the intruder is threatened with an open bill that exposes the brightly colored mouth lining , head shaking and flicking ( head jerked upward and bent toward the back ) , and side - to - side body rocking .\nhumans have had a very negative effect on puffins in the past . today , there are threats on land and at sea . for example , over - fishing has caused a disaster for the colony on rost island in norway . in recent years puffin parents have not caught enough fish to feed their chicks . thousands of chicks have starved . this happened because people drastically depleted the herring stocks .\npuffins often live 20 years or more . the oldest known puffin lived to be 36 years . maximum age is difficult to determine because while researchers are able to band birds , puffins abrade these bands by nesting among boulders as well as spending the majority of their lives in the open ocean , which causes leg bands to corrode over time . both these mechanisms cause bands to become too worn to read .\nduring winter , the bills and feet of puffins fade to dull shades of their summer colors . every spring their beaks and feet turn a colorful orange in preparation for the breeding season . the beaks and feet of puffins become brightly colored and the beak increases in size as the bird matures . the size and color of puffin beaks may serve as badges of experience and help birds assess the \u2018quality\u2019 of potential mates .\nafter the egg is hatched , parental care continues for 6 days . feeding of a chick is done during the day by both parents . the chick becomes able to manage its own body temperature between 5 and 6 days after hatching . after this and for the next 35 days , the chick is left alone in the nest while both parents bring it food . there is no evidence of post - fledging care and the chicks depart at night by themselves . horned puffins reach reproductive maturity between 3 and 5 years of age .\nfemale horned puffins lay a single egg in the spring , which is incubated by both parents for 41 days . after the egg hatches , the parents tend the chick closely for the next week . the chick is born altricial , but is able to thermoregulate a little over a week after hatching . after that , the chick is left alone in the nest for the next 37 to 46 days while being attended by the parents only for feeding . pairs defend their nests and males defend their mates . males show a threat display and fight if provoked .\nboth parents incubate the egg . they place the egg under a wing and then lean their body against the egg . the egg hatches in about 40 days and both parents feed and protect the chick . when the chick fledges in 40 days , the parents leave the chick and return to the open ocean . the chick then goes out to the open ocean waters and remains there for at least two years . puffins breed in large colonies with the tufted puffin .\nhorned puffins nest in rock cervices in fragments of rocks at the base of a cliff ( talus or scree ) , among beach boulders , and in cracks and crevices in cliff faces . on a few alaskan islands , they also nest in earthen burrows . they excavate and clean their burrows or crevices using their feet , and occasionally the bill . nesting materials include grass , twigs , feathers , and even materials picked up at sea such as floating algae and plastic fishing line and nets . it is not known whether the male , female , or both prepare the nest .\nthese medium sized sea birds have a stout body , short wings , and feet placed far back on the body . breeding ( alternate ) : . adult horned puffins are black with a large white patch on each side of the face and white underparts from the breast to under the tail feathers . they have a large , parrot - like , oversized bright yellow to reddish - orange bill , the end third of which is red . their legs are yellowish - orange to reddish . their eyelids are red . there is a small leathery \u2018horn\u2019 extending upward from above each eye .\nadult puffins mostly eat small fish , such as sand eels , herring , hake and capelin . puffin diets vary from colony to colony because of the variety of fish around the breeding islands . during winter puffins may also eat crustaceans , but their preferred food is fish . the young puffins are usually fed fish by their parents . parents carry fish in their bills and either drop them on the burrow floor or pass them to the chick . parents usually feed the chick several times each day .\npuffins can serve as food for people . locals of the faroe islands , norway and iceland have hunted puffins for centuries . the lofoten people ( norway ) use special puffin dogs to dig birds from burrows among narrow rocks . the iceland and faroe island locals use a fleyg , which looks like a 4 - meter long lacrosse pole , to catch puffins in flight . hunters who do this require great skill and take pride in only taking puffins that are not bringing back food to their young . this reduces the take of breeders , if successful .\npuffins preen on land and in the water . they rub the side of the bill repeatedly on their oil gland and then smear the secretion over the body feathers to waterproof them . wing - flapping is a common behavior in which the puffin lies to one side on the water so that one wing is under - water while the other is held in the air vertical to the water and flapped three to four times in the air . satisfied that one side is clean ; the bird turns onto its other side and repeats the wing - flapping . these behaviors can be watched at the aquarium\u2019s diving bird habitat in the northern pacific gallery .\npuffin chicks leave a colony when they fledge and head off to the ocean without their parents . they remain in the open ocean until they are 2 - 3 years old . then they return to the vicinity of the colony where they hatched and may nest near the burrow where they hatched . scientists are unsure how puffins find their way home and are still learning how birds migrate . the puffins may make a mental map of their birthplace and use this to return later . they may use stars , the earth\u2019s magnetic field , sounds , smells and the visual cues of the ocean to help them make this map . while the ocean appears uniform to us , to seabirds it holds vast amounts of information we can\u2019t sense . we still have much to learn from the migrations of seabirds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nthe global population is estimated to number > c . 1 , 200 , 000 individuals ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) , while the population in russia has been estimated at c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 50 - 10 , 000 wintering individuals ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to predation by invasive species and ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nstill abundant in alaska , but undoubtedly has declined on some islands where foxes or rats have been introduced . puffins are considered especially vulnerable to effects of oil spills .\nocean , nesting colonially in burrows or crevices on sea cliffs . during summer usually on ocean waters fairly close to shore of nesting islands ; at other seasons may be very far offshore . nests mainly on rocky islands .\nforages while swimming underwater . swims rapidly through schools of small fish , catching them in bill .\none . dull white , usually with faint spots of gray , lavender , brown . incubation is by both sexes , 38 - 43 days . young : both parents feed nestling , carrying fish in bill and dropping them in nest or near entrance . adults generally forage in waters close to colony , may make more frequent feeding visits than tufted puffins . young depart from nest at about 38 - 44 days ; unable to fly well at departure , they flutter or tumble down to water and swim out to sea , apparently independent from then on .\nboth parents feed nestling , carrying fish in bill and dropping them in nest or near entrance . adults generally forage in waters close to colony , may make more frequent feeding visits than tufted puffins . young depart from nest at about 38 - 44 days ; unable to fly well at departure , they flutter or tumble down to water and swim out to sea , apparently independent from then on .\nmostly fish . favors small fish , especially sand lance and capelin , also sticklebacks , smelt , and others . food brought to young almost entirely fish . adults also eat many squid , marine worms , and crustaceans .\nbreeds in colonies on islands , usually with other species of auks . nest site is in burrow in ground , 1 - 3 ' or longer , perhaps sometimes with two entrances ; also in natural crevice in cliff or among boulders . burrow ( apparently excavated by both sexes ) may be re - used in following years . nest chamber may by lined with grasses or may be bare .\npoorly known . departs from vicinity of northern colonies in winter ( when surrounding waters frozen solid ) . some reportedly winter near aleutians , others may be far out at sea . in some years , numbers found off california in spring , suggesting that they may have wintered very far offshore ( perhaps hundreds of miles ) and come closer to coast on northward migration . an\ninvasion\nonce reached the northwestern hawaiian islands .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nas temperatures rise and sea ice melts , our intrepid correspondent heads north to watch scientists test technologies to better understand the arctic .\njoel sartore wants a close - up of every captive species on earth\u2014as many as 12 , 000 animals\u2014before it ' s too late .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na pelagic animal lives on the open sea . in breeding season it can be found on sea cliffs or on rocky islets .\nin the summer , puffins come in from the open ocean to mate . puffins form pairs that mate for life . a pair usually builds a nest in a crevice in a cliff or in a hole between boulders . the female lays only one egg a year .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful , please consider supporting seattle audubon . donate\nthis is a large and highly varied group of birds that do not have many outward similarities . most are water birds that feed on invertebrates or small aquatic creatures . the order is well represented in washington , with seven families :\nwrangel i , heard i and coasts of chukotskiy peninsula s through kamchatka and commander is to sea of okhotsk , sakhalin and n kuril is , and n & w alaska ( near barrow ; cape lisburne and diomede is ) s through bering sea to aleutians and e through gulf of alaska s to british columbia ( queen charlotte is ) . chiefly pelagic in winter , dispersing over a large area of the central north pacific .\n36\u201341 cm ; 612 g ; wingspan 56\u201358 cm . large , triangular red - tipped yellow bill , laterally compressed , with orangy rictal rosette at gape , yellowish mouth and tongue . . .\ngenerally silent at sea . at breeding colonies , a low - pitched mooing growl usually comprising a few . . .\nmarine , occurring along sea coasts on rocky cliffs and offshore islands . breeds mainly on rocky . . .\npredominantly an inshore feeder during the breeding season , usually within 1\u20132 km from shore , but sometimes 16 km or more out . . . .\nspring arrival and start of breeding variable , with major movement through bering sea during may and reoccupation of colonies usually mid - . . .\nwinters over a broad area of the central north pacific , generally over deep oceanic waters . it is . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . the global population is not known precisely , in part because many of the colonies are remote and the birds nest in rock crevices , . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthe lights in our diving birds habitat are operated by a computer program that changes the amount of light in the exhibit to match that in their far north natural environment where the summer days of the breeding season are long and the winter at sea days very short . during the winter the habitat becomes dark at about 4 pm .\nsummer : gulf of alaska , aleutian islands , bering and chukchi seas , sea of okhotak , kuril islands , rarely british columbia . winter offshore in the central and north pacific ocean . rarely in southern california in late spring .\nnon - breeding ( basic ) : the white face patches become a smoky grayish - brown in front and silver gray in back . the bill is smaller , duller , and the plate that makes up the outer bill covering is lost . the horn is also absent and feet become a pale fleshy color . body plumage becomes blackish - gray above and brownish - gray below .\njuveniles have coloration similar to that of adults in basic plumage ; however , their face patch is smoky black , their bill is shorter , narrower , and entirely grayish - brown , and their upper body plumage is a dull blackish - brown with the underparts dirty white washed with a brownish - gray color .\nadults are 35 . 6 to 38 . 1 cm ( 14 to 15 in ) long and weigh 400 to 600 g ( 14 . 1 to 21 . 1 oz ) .\npuffins breed in colonies . socially monogamous , they form pair bonds that often last for many years . they arrive at the breeding grounds either in pairs or form pairs shortly after arrival . courtship usually takes place on the water and begins with the male lifting his bill straight up , opening and closing his mouth , and jerking his head while the female hutches over low to the water keeping her head and neck close to her body . these actions are followed by billing in which the two birds face each other , waggle their heads , and touch bills repeatedly while opening and closing their mouths .\nthey walk on rocky surfaces in an upright poison clinging to the uneven path with the clawed feet that they also use in nest preparation .\npuffins are well - suited to life at sea . their feathers are waterproof to keep out the cold water in which they dive to feed . their short , stiff wings help them to \u201cfly\u201d underwater in search of prey . their bones are very strong to withstand the pressure underwater . they can store oxygen in their body tissues and also use anaerobic respiration to enable them to make long dives .\nhistorically , puffins were used for food and clothing by some alaskan and canadian native people such as the aleuts and the inuits . reversible parkas made from the skins of about forty - five puffins were worn feathers outside in rainy weather and feathers inside in cold dry weather . bills were used as ornaments on clothing , in children\u2019s rattles , and on mittens worn in ceremonial dances .\nour puffins eat capelin , squid , krill and silversides , and like to be hand - fed . most come right over for their three daily feedings .\nthey know i ' m the guy with the food ,\n\u009d says aviculturist eric miller .\nmost are quite polite .\n\u009d\nhand - feeding is a form of\nenrichment\n\u009d that keeps our birds happy and stimulated , but it also has practical benefits . by using food as reinforcement , eric hopes to be able to train the birds to step on a scale or undergo medical exams .\ntoday tons of plastic trash swirls on ocean currents and seabirds looking for flashing fishes frequently mistake shiny plastic debris for food . with their stomachs full of plastic instead of fish , many oceanic birds risk starvation . you can help : less plastic on land means less plastic in the sea .\nwhile puffins do fly , they mostly swim while at sea . their legs are set far back on their bodies , which means they ' re not very graceful on land , but they ' re very good swimmers .\npuffins use counter - shading to hide from hungry predators . a dark color on top makes it hard for predators above to see they blend with the dark water . the light color on the underside helps them hide from predators swimming below .\nthe mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .\nin alaska , 50 % percent of all individuals live ninety kilometers from the mainland of the west coast , on the semidi islands .\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; harrison , 1983 ; hatch , 1983a )\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hatch , 1983a )\n( gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hoyo , et al . , 1996 )\nmales may perform a swim display in which they raise themselves from the water and extend their necks upwards . then they flick their heads , and at this time mounting is often observed . mating takes place mostly in water with some rare cases on land .\n(\nalaska seabird information series\n, 2006 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 )\nnot much is known about the molting process besides that it takes place in autumn to winter , and bill ornaments are dropped at the end of caring for the chick .\nlike some other marine birds , females have sperm storage glands . it is not known if they are functional .\n( freethy , 1987 ; gatson , et al . , 1998 ; hatch , 1983b )\nis not well studied . some estimates are that it can survive 20 years or more .\nthese birds are usually not vocal but become so when they are threatened . they are diurnal , and peak time for them to be on land is between 8am and 12pm . they do not interact with other auks in their colonies .\nwinters close to the breeding grounds and individuals are interspersed at low densities . over - wintering locations and patterns , however , are poorly known ."]}
{"id": 772, "summary": [{"text": "the springer 's sawtail catshark ( galeus springeri ) is a little-known species of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae , found in waters 457 \u2013 699 m ( 1,499 \u2013 2,293 ft ) deep off the islands of the antilles , from cuba to the leewards .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a small , slim-bodied species reaching a length of 48 cm ( 19 in ) , the springer 's sawtail catshark can be identified by its color pattern of horizontal dark stripes in front of the first dorsal fin , and dark dorsal saddles behind .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is additionally characterized by the presence of saw-toothed crests , made of enlarged dermal denticles along both the dorsal and the ventral edges of the caudal fin .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the springer 's sawtail catshark is oviparous .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) presently lacks the information to assess its conservation status . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "springer ' s sawtail catshark", "paragraphs": ["springer ' s sawtail catshark [ galeus springeri ] meaning , s . . . | english cobuild dictionary\n\u201cthe particular highlight for me was in fact the smallest shark we captured , a springer\u2019s sawtail catshark .\nsearch springer ' s sawtail catshark [ galeus springeri ] and thousands of other words in english cobuild dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of springer ' s sawtail catshark [ galeus springeri ] given by the english cobuild dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\nlittle is known of the natural history of the longfin sawtail catshark . reproduction is\ndr . dean grubbs studies one of the most exciting discoveries so far in the project , a 47cm long springer ' s sawtail catshark , a species which is very new to science , having only been described in 1998 .\nvirtually nothing is known of the natural history of the longnose sawtail catshark . males and females\nthe atlantic sawtail catshark reaches a maximum known length of 45 cm ( 18 in ) .\nthe atlantic sawtail catshark is rarer than the blackmouth catshark , which shares its range . its natural history is poorly understood . reproduction is\n, a new species of sawtail catshark from the caribbean sea ( chondrichthys , scyliorhinidae )\n.\nfigaro striatus gledhill , last & w . t . white , 2008 ( northern sawtail catshark )\nthe largest known specimen of the southern sawtail catshark measured 43 cm ( 17 in ) long .\nclose - up of the denticle crest along the dorsal caudal fin margin of the longfin sawtail catshark .\nspringer , s . ( 1966 ) .\na review of western atlantic cat sharks , scyliorhinidae , with descriptions of a new genus and five new species\n.\nspringer ' s sawtail catshark is found in the western central atlantic from lesser antilles , puerto rico , northern hispaniola , and cuba . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe lined catshark or banded catshark ( halaelurus lineatus ) is a species of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae . it is found in the waters off the coasts of beira , mozambique to east london , and south africa between latitudes 19\u00b0 s and 31\u00b0 s , from the surface to 290 m . it can grow up to 56 cm in length .\nnakaya , k . , s . tanaka , and c . mccormack ( 2008 ) .\nbozzanao , a . , r . murgia , s . vallerga , j . hirano and s . archer ( 2001 ) .\nthe photoreceptor system in the retinae of two dogfishes ,\nrenowned shark expert stewart springer described the longfin sawtail catshark in a 1966 issue of the united states fish and wildlife service fishery bulletin , based on a 31 cm ( 12 in ) long female collected off panama on may 30 , 1962 . he named the species after french zoologist jean cadenat , who described the similar african sawtail catshark ( g . polli ) . springer and other authors would subsequently come to regard g . cadenati as a subspecies of the roughtail catshark ( g . arae ) . in 1998 and 2000 , hera konstantinou and colleagues published revisions of the g . arae species complex in which they elevated g . a . cadenati back to the rank of full species , along with the other subspecies g . a . antillensis .\nafter a polynesian word for\nshark\n. however , lesson ' s description and name were forgotten .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , m . dando and s . fowler ( 2005 ) .\nsp . nov . , a new species of sawtail catsharks ( charcharhiniformes : scyliorhinidae ) from new caledonia\n.\none of the key characteristics of figaro , the ventral crest of denticles on the caudal fin , is also present in several species of the genus parmaturus , as well as the springer ' s sawtail catshark ( g . springeri ) and the mouse catshark ( g . murinus ) . [ 6 ] figaro also closely resembles the genus asymbolus in several morphological characters , including the fusion of the pelvic fin inner margins in adult males . more research is required to elucidate the relationships between figaro , galeus , asymbolus , and parmaturus . [ 4 ]\nstafford - deitsch , jeremy ( 1988 ) . shark : a photographer ' s story . sierra club books .\nragonese , s . , g . nardone , d . ottonello , s . gancitano , g . b . giusto , and g . sinacori ( 2009 ) . in the strait of sicily ( central mediterranean sea )\nhorie , t . and s . tanaka ( 2000 ) .\nreproduction and food habits of two species of sawtail catsharks , galeus eastmani and g . nipponensis , in suruga bay , japan\n. fisheries science 6 : 812\u2013825 .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\nvirtually nothing is known of the natural history of the longnose sawtail catshark . males and females mature sexually at around 66\u201371 cm ( 26\u201328 in ) and 68\u201378 cm ( 27\u201331 in ) long respectively .\nwhile specific data is lacking , the longnose sawtail catshark is likely taken as bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed it under data deficient .\nall package plans include unlimited data transfer , ip switches , and simultaneous connections . it ' s 13 times faster than vpn .\nto the tiger catshark , until it was described as a separate species in 1975 .\nthe blackmouth catshark has well - developed eyes and ampullae of lorenzini for finding prey .\ntachikawa , h . and t . taniuchi ( february 20 , 1987 ) .\ngaleus longirostris , a new species of the sawtail catshark from japan\n. japanese journal of ichthyology 33 ( 4 ) : 352\u2013359 .\n[ uk ] ; [ slang ] refers to the dog ' s habit of licking its testicles . by extension ( and not without humor ) the latter probably taste good ! ex : among their albums ,\nmaster of puppets\nis likely the dog ' s bullocks !\nrichard h . backus , stewart springer and edgar l . arnold , jr . a contribution to the natural history of the white - tip shark , pterolamiops longimanus ( poey ) , 1956 , deep - sea research vol . 3\nsoto , j . m . r . ( 2001 ) .\ngaleus mincaronei sp . nov . ( carcharhiniformes , scyliorhinidae ) , a new species of sawtail catshark from southern brazil\n. mare magnum 1 ( 1 ) : 11\u201318 .\nthe longfin sawtail catshark ( galeus cadenati ) is a rare , little - known species of catshark , part of the family scyliorhinidae . once thought to be a subspecies of the roughtail catshark ( g . arae ) along with the antilles catshark ( g . antillensis ) , it inhabits deep water off the caribbean coasts of panama and colombia . this slim - bodied species has a marbled dorsal color pattern and a prominent crest of enlarged dermal denticles along the dorsal edge of its caudal fin . it can be distinguished from similar species by its relatively longer anal fin and small adult length of under 35 cm ( 14 in ) . the longfin sawtail catshark is oviparous . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) currently lacks the data to assess its conservation status .\nalso known as an atlantic false catshark , the false catshark is the only member of the genus pseudotriakis . this species is found nearly globally , in deepwater habitats up 6 , 200 feet .\nour product my ip hide is much faster than web proxies and it ' s compatible with all the websites . it can save your precious time .\nfsucml is a research and educational facility on a relatively pristine stretch of florida\u2019s gulf coast approximately 100 km south of the fsu main campus in tallahassee .\nkonstantinou , h . and j . r . cozzi , 1998 . galeus springeri , a new species of sawtail catshark from the caribbean sea ( chondrichthyes , scyliorhinidae ) . copeia 1998 ( 1 ) : 151 - 158 . ( ref . 28030 )\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nthe dwarf sawtail catshark has a slim , firm body and a distinctively short , rounded snout . the nostrils are divided by triangular flaps of skin on their anterior rims . the horizontally oval eyes are placed somewhat high on the head , and equipped with rudimentary\nthe australian spotted catshark is endemic to the coastal waters of australia , at depths up to 575 feet . resting motionless among coral reefs , this species of catshark exhibits a capacity for camouflage during the daylight hours .\n. the fins are significantly larger than most other shark species , and are conspicuously rounded . the shark ' s nose is rounded and its eyes are circular , with\nalso known as s green - eye spurdog , this species is distributed throughout temperate and subtropical waters globally , typically at depths between 13 and 3 , 130 feet .\nthe longnose sawtail catshark has been recorded from south of japan , off the islands of amami oshima , ogasawara , and izu . this demersal species inhabits upper insular slopes at a depth of 350\u2013550 m ( 1 , 150\u20131 , 800 ft ) , and is reportedly rather common .\nkonstantinou , h . ; j . r . cozzi ( 1998 ) .\ngaleus springeri , a new species of sawtail catshark from the caribbean sea ( chondrichthys , scyliorhinidae )\n. copeia . 1998 ( 1 ) : 151\u2013158 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1447711 .\nthe first known specimen of the longnose sawtail catshark was hooked on a bottom longline off the ogasawara islands in 1983 . the new species was described by hiroyuki tachikawa and toru taniuchi in a 1987 issue of the japanese journal of ichthyology , and given the specific epithet longirostris from the latin longus (\nlong\n) , and rostrum (\nsnout\n) . a 68 cm ( 27 in ) long female caught off amami oshima was designated as the type specimen . within the genus , this species most closely resembles the broadfin sawtail catshark ( g . nipponensis ) .\nthe longfin sawtail catshark may be caught incidentally in bottom trawls meant for shrimp , though no specific information is available . its small range potentially renders it susceptible to overfishing . given a lack of information , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species as data deficient .\nthe international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) does not have enough specific data on the broadfin sawtail catshark to assess it beyond data deficient . it is caught incidentally to an unknown degree in bottom trawls operated by commercial deepwater fisheries off japan and in the east china sea . [ 1 ]\nthe southern sawtail catshark ( galeus mincaronei ) is a species of catshark , part of the family scyliorhinidae , endemic to southern brazil . it inhabits deepwater reefs on the upper continental slope at a depth of 236\u2013600 m ( 774\u20131 , 969 ft ) . reaching at least 43 cm ( 17 in ) in length , this slim - bodied species closely resembles the antilles catshark ( g . antillensis ) . it has a prominent crest of enlarged dermal denticles along the dorsal edge of the caudal fin , as well as a distinctive color pattern of dark oval blotches , outlined in white , along its back . the southern sawtail catshark is oviparous , with females producing reddish egg capsules . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has assessed it as vulnerable ; it is often taken as bycatch and may be threatened by intensifying squid fishing .\nthe broadfin sawtail catshark has a slim , firm body and a head comprises less than one - fifth of the total length . the snout is rather long , flattened , and pointed , with large nostrils that bear triangular skin flaps on their anterior rims . the sizable eyes are horizontally oval and equipped with rudimentary\nthis page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article broadfin sawtail catshark ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa\nthe biology of hasselt ' s bamboo shark is poorly known . the species is a common bottom dweller , endemic to the indo - west pacific , specifically around thailand , malaysia and indonesia .\nthis exciting new direction of shark research will continue to investigate and explore the deep - water inhabitants of the bahamas and provide much needed information on this minimally studied area of the world\u2019s oceans .\nthe australian sawtail catshark is a common , yet poorly known species , endemic to australian waters . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\ncompagno , l . j . v . ; dando , m . ; fowler , s . ( 2005 ) . sharks of the world . princeton university press . pp . 233\u2013234 . isbn .\nigl\u00e9sias , s . p . , g . lecointre and d . y . sellos ( 2005 ) .\nextensive paraphylies within sharks of the order carcharhiniformes inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes\n.\nalso known as owston ' s dogfish , the roughskin dogfish is a virtually unknown deepwater species . its range lies within tropical , subtropical , and temperate waters at depths up 4 , 920 feet .\nthe broadfin sawtail catshark is endemic to the northwest pacific from japan and the kyushu - palau ridge . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe northern sawtail catshark is an undescribed species found only around northeast australia off the coast of queensland . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe blacktip sawtail catshark is endemic to the western pacific , more specifically japan , taiwan and the philippines . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe dwarf sawtail catshark , one of the smallest sharks , is found only off luzon in the philippines . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nalso known as plunket ' s shark , this uncommon shark remains virtually unknown . its geographic range is limited to southeastern australia , and new zealand , at depths between 720 and 5 , 085 feet .\nalong with the velvet lanternshark , this shark is one of the world ' s smallest shark species . the lower portion of its body is luminescent , which helps to protect its from lurking predators below .\nalso known as the chilean catshark , the redspotted catshark is commonly found in the coastal waters of the southeastern pacific , from central peru to southern chile . this nocturnal species is typically solitary , residing in caves and crevices during the day and emerging at night to feed\nthe longnose sawtail catshark is found only within the northwest pacific islands of amami - oshima , ogasawara and izu . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe slender sawtail catshark is found only from northern australia , at depths between 950 and 1 , 540 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe southern sawtail catshark is endemic to the western central atlantic , at depths up to 2 , 460 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; cuba ; dominican republic ; guadeloupe ; haiti ; jamaica ; montserrat ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthe longfin sawtail catshark is a rare species found in the western central atlantic , from panama and colombia , venezuela . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe african sawtail catshark is found from southern morocco to namibia , at depths of between 650 and 2 , 360 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nigl\u00e9sias , s . p . ; m . h . du buit & k . nakaya ( 2002 ) .\negg capsules of deep - sea catsharks from eastern north atlantic , with first descriptions of the capsule of\nthe atlantic sawtail catshark is known only from a holotype found off cape spartel , on the northwest coast of morocco , at 1 , 770 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nfederov ' s catshark is a deepwater species , found only on the tohoku slope , japan , at depths between 320 and 4 , 920 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthis article is part of project scyliorhinidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each catshark , including made - up species .\nthe graceful catshark is an uncommon and poorly known bottom - dwelling shark found in the western pacific ocean , from japan to vietnam and northwestern java .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\nrafinesque likely intended g . mustelus to be the type species for galeus , but of his listed species he furnished a description only for g . melastomus . therefore , in 1908 henry weed fowler designated g . melastomus as the type species of galeus , establishing the genus to contain the sawtail catsharks . [ 5 ] pristiurus became a junior synonym , though it continued to appear in scientific literature for some time after . fowler ' s definition of galeus gained widespread acceptance after henry bryant bigelow and william charles schroeder ' s 1948 taxonomic review . [ 3 ] [ 6 ] in 1952 , philip orkin advocated that pristiurus take precedence over galeus , based on david starr jordan and barton warren evermann ' s ( possibly questionable ) designation of g . mustelus as a type species for galeus in 1896 . [ 7 ] leonard compagno and most other recent authors have not upheld his proposal , in the interests of taxonomic stability . [ 3 ]\ncompagno , l . j . v . , m . dando and s . fowler ( 2005 ) . sharks of the world . princeton university press . p . 224 . isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 12072 - 0 .\nrinelli , p . , t . bottari , g . florio , t . romeo , d . giordano , and s . greco ( 2005 ) . ( chondrichthyes , scyliorhinidae ) in the southern tyrrhenian sea ( central mediterranean )\ncompagno , l . j . v . , m . dando and s . fowler ( 2005 ) . sharks of the world . princeton university press . pp . 227\u2013228 . isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 12072 - 0 .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , m . dando and s . fowler ( 2005 ) . sharks of the world . princeton university press . pp . 228\u2013229 . isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 12072 - 0 .\nfanelli , e . , j . rey , p . torres , and l . gil de sola ( 2009 ) .\nfeeding habits of blackmouth catshark\ntursi , a . , g . d\u2019onghia , a . matarrese , and g . piscitelli ( 1993 ) .\nobservations on population biology of the blackmouth catshark\nthe broadfin sawtail catshark is an opportunistic predator known to consume a wide variety of bony fishes ( including sardinops melanostictus , glossandon semifasciatus , chlorophthalmus albatrossis and lanternfishes ) , cephalopods ( including sepiolid and enoploteuthid squid ) , and crustaceans ( including isopods , krill , and decapods ) . young sharks exhibit greater variation in diet across seasons than immature and mature sharks , which consistently feed predominantly on fish . the dietary composition of young sharks in suruga bay differs from that of the co - occurring gecko catshark ( g . eastmani ) , perhaps to reduce interspecific competition . [ 5 ]\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world library are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe southern african ' s appearance greatly resembles the frilled shark , save for a more elongated head and a shorter body . several collected specimens in its range have yielded little information regarding its biology , other than it has remained virtually unchanged over time .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from icloud ebook library are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe longfin sawtail catshark does not co - occur with either g . arae or g . antillensis . it has only been found in the caribbean sea off panama and colombia , though confusion with its sister species could have obscured the full extent of its distribution . demersal in nature , it is a rare inhabitant of the upper continental slope , at depths of 431 to 549 m ( 1 , 414 to 1 , 801 ft ) .\ndeep - sea chondrichthyans , like many deep - water fishes , are very poorly understood at the most fundamental biological , ecological and taxonomic levels . our study represents the first ecological investigation of deep - water elasmobranch assemblages in the bahamas , and the first assessment of species - specific resilience to capture for all of the species captured . standardised deep - water longline surveys ( n = 69 ) were conducted september to december 2010 and 2011 between 472 m and 1024 m deep , resulting in the capture of 144 sharks from 8 different species . these included the cuban dogfish , squalus cubensis , the bigeye sixgill shark , hexanchus nakamurai , the bluntnose sixgill shark , hexanchus griseus , the smooth dogfish , mustelus canis insularis , the roughskin dogfish , centroscymnus owstoni , springer ' s sawtail catshark , galeus springeri and the false catshark , pseudotriakis microdon . preliminary genetic analysis indicated two or more species of gulper sharks , centrophorus spp . ; however , for the present study they were treated as a single species complex . water depth and distance from the rocky structure of the exuma sound wall were inversely correlated with species richness , whereas seabed temperature was directly correlated with species richness . these variables also had a significant influence on the abundance and distribution of many species . expanded depth ranges were established for s . cubensis and h . nakamurai , which , in the case of s . cubensis , is thought to be driven by thermal preferences . at - vessel mortality rates increased significantly with depth , and post - release mortality was thought to be high for some species , in part due to high post - release predation . this study highlights the importance of utilising strategic geographic locations that provide easy access to deep water , in combination with traditional expedition - based deep - ocean science , to accelerate the acquisition of fundamental ecological and biological insights into deep - sea elasmobranchs .\ndeep - sea chondrichthyans , like many deep - water fishes , are very poorly understood at the most fundamental biological , ecological and taxonomic levels . our study represents the first ecological investigation of deep - water elasmobranch assemblages in the bahamas , and the first assessment of species - specific resilience to capture for all of the species captured . standardised deep - water longline surveys ( n = 69 ) were conducted september to december 2010 and 2011 between 472 . m and 1024 . m deep , resulting in the capture of 144 sharks from 8 different species . these included the cuban dogfish , squalus cubensis , the bigeye sixgill shark , hexanchus nakamurai , the bluntnose sixgill shark , hexanchus griseus , the smooth dogfish , mustelus canis insularis , the roughskin dogfish , centroscymnus owstoni , springer [ u + 05f3 ] s sawtail catshark , galeus springeri and the false catshark , pseudotriakis microdon . preliminary genetic analysis indicated two or more species of gulper sharks , centrophorus spp . ; however , for the present study they were treated as a single species complex . water depth and distance from the rocky structure of the exuma sound wall were inversely correlated with species richness , whereas seabed temperature was directly correlated with species richness . these variables also had a significant influence on the abundance and distribution of many species . expanded depth ranges were established for s . cubensis and h . nakamurai , which , in the case of s . cubensis , is thought to be driven by thermal preferences . at - vessel mortality rates increased significantly with depth , and post - release mortality was thought to be high for some species , in part due to high post - release predation . this study highlights the importance of utilising strategic geographic locations that provide easy access to deep water , in combination with traditional expedition - based deep - ocean science , to accelerate the acquisition of fundamental ecological and biological insights into deep - sea elasmobranchs .\nreproduction in the atlantic sawtail catshark is oviparous , with females carrying multiple maturing eggs at once . mating and spawning occur year - round . this species is caught incidentally by commercial deepwater fisheries throughout its range , but the impact of fishing pressure on its population is uncertain as it is not recorded separately from g . melastomus . given its restricted distribution , it has been assessed as near threatened by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .\nthe greenland shark lives further north than any other species . this skin of this species contains the toxin trimethylamine oxide , which upon digestion produces effects similar to extreme intoxication . greenland sharks are immune to each other ' s toxic flesh , and therefore have been known be cannibalistic .\nalso known as baxter ' s dogfish , this species is a moderately common deepwater shark . this species is found only around new zealand , between 2 , 800 and 4 , 680 feet . laternsharks possess luminescent organs , which many of the species utilize to attract their deepwater prey .\nthe dwarf sawtail catshark ( galeus schultzi ) is a little - known species of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae , found exclusively in the deep waters off luzon in the philippines . unlike other members of its genus , this slender , diminutive shark has a short , rounded snout and very short furrows at the corners of its jaws . it has indistinct darker saddles beneath each dorsal fin and two dark bands on the caudal fin , as well as a prominent crest of enlarged dermal denticles along the upper caudal fin margin . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) does not currently have sufficient information to assess the conservation status of this species .\nthe african ribbontail catshark is a poorly known species found in the western indian ocean , from tanzania , south africa , and mozambique , at depths between 180 and 1 , 575 feet .\nstanton , doug ( 2003 ) . in harm ' s way : the sinking of the uss indianapolis and the extraordinary story of its survivors ( 1st owl books ed . ed . ) . new york : h . holt . isbn 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7366 - 9 .\nthis exciting new direction of shark research will continue to investigate and explore the deep - water inhabitants of the bahamas and provide much needed information on this minimally studied area of the world ' s oceans . the complete press release , with additional photos , can be found at the bahamas weekly .\nan arched , mallet - shaped head distinguishes the scoophead shark from other hammerheads . its distribution is limited to the eastern atlantic , from panama to southern brazil ; and the eastern pacific , from the gulf of california to ecuador and peru . little is known of the scoophead ' s biology .\nthese students are incredibly lucky as there are very few people who have ever seen most of the species they will be working with this semester - it\u2019s a truly unique opportunity for them , \u201d said edd brooks , program manager of the shark research and conservation program at the cape eleuthera institute .\nthe atlantic sawtail catshark ( galeus atlanticus ) is a little - known species of catshark , part of the family scyliorhinidae , found in a small area of the northeastern atlantic ocean , centered on the strait of gibraltar and the albor\u00e1n sea . it is found on or close to the bottom over the continental slope , mostly at depths of 400\u2013600 m ( 1 , 300\u20132 , 000 ft ) . this shark closely resembles , and was once thought to be the same species as , the blackmouth catshark ( g . melastomus ) ; both are slender with a series of dark saddles and blotches along the back and tail , and a prominent crest of enlarged dermal denticles along the dorsal edge of the caudal fin . it differs subtly from g . melastomus in characters including snout length , caudal peduncle depth , and the color of the furrows at the corner of its mouth .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\npascal , l . , l . daniel , and s . bernard ( 2000 ) . observations of chondrichthyan fishes ( sharks , rays and chimaeras ) in the bay of biscay ( north - eastern atlantic ) from submersibles . proceedings of the 3rd european elasmobranch association meeting , boulogne - sur - mer , 1999 .\nalso known as a carter gilbert ' s lanternshark , this rare deepwater species remains virtually unknown . its range is thought to be limited to the caribbean coast of colombia , in depths between 900 and 1 , 150 feet . laternsharks possess luminescent organs , which many of the species utilize to attract their deepwater prey .\nthe harlequin catshark is the only member of the genus ctenacis , and is known only from the holotype . the species is found in the western indian ocean off somalia , at depths between 230 and 560 feet .\nalso known as a dusky smoothhound , this species is one of the most abundant sharks on the east coast of the u . s . this species has also been observed in freshwater , however its biology is unequipped to survive this environment for extended periods of time . the smoothhound is a migratory species , traveling seasonally in the spring and autumn months .\nthe striped catshark is endemic to the southeast atlantic , exclusively south africa , at depths up to 330 feet . this nocturnal species is typically solitary , residing in caves and crevices during the day and emerging at night to feed .\ngaleus is a genus of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae , commonly known as sawtail catsharks in reference to a distinctive saw - toothed crest of enlarged dermal denticles , found along the upper edges of their caudal fins . [ 3 ] they are found in the atlantic , the western and central pacific , and the gulf of california , inhabiting deep waters at or close to the sea floor . members of this genus are rather small , slim sharks with firm bodies and thick , rough skin . their heads are usually fairly long and pointed , and have large mouths with well - developed furrows at the corners . they have large pectoral and anal fins , and two similar dorsal fins placed well back . many species are ornately patterned with dark saddles and / or blotches . sawtail catsharks feed on various invertebrates and fishes , and may be either egg - laying or live - bearing . these harmless sharks are sometimes caught as bycatch but are of minimal commercial value .\nmcmillan ' s cat shark is a small , rare and poorly known deepwater shark . its distribution is limited to madagascar and new zealand . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe longhead catshark is endemic to the indo - west pacific from seychelles , japan , east china sea , philippines , australia , new caledonia , and mozambique . the longhead is also the first cartilaginous fish species on record bearing rudimentary hermaphroditism .\nil s ' agit en 3 minutes de trouver le plus grand nombre de mots possibles de trois lettres et plus dans une grille de 16 lettres . il est aussi possible de jouer avec la grille de 25 cases . les lettres doivent \u00eatre adjacentes et les mots les plus longs sont les meilleurs . participer au concours et enregistrer votre nom dans la liste de meilleurs joueurs ! jouer\nrafinesque , c . s . ( 1810 ) . caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali e piante della sicilia , con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi . ( part 1 involves fishes , pp . [ i - iv ] 3 - 69 , part 2 with slightly different title , pp . ia - iva + 71 - 105 ) . pls . 1 - 20 .\nthe biology of the antilles catshark is virtually unknown . its distribution is limited to the western central atlantic , from the northern slopes of cuba , hispaniola , puerto rico , jamaica , and the caribbean , at depths between 490 and 2 , 295 feet .\nthe chain catshark is a nocturnal species , often observed resting at the bottom during the daylight hours . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\ncastilho , r . , m . freitas , g . silva , j . fernandez - carvalho , and r . coelho ( 2007 ) .\nmorphological and mitochondrial dna divergence validates blackmouth , galeus melastomus , and atlantic sawtail catsharks , galeus atlanticus , as separate species\n. journal of fish biology 70 : 346\u2013358 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 2007 . 01455 . x .\nthe tiger catshark ( halaelurus natalensis ) is a species of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae . it is found over sandy areas and near reef peripheries off south africa and perhaps mozambique , from close to shore to usually no deeper than 100 m ( 330 ft ) . reaching a length of 50 cm ( 20 in ) , this small , slim shark has a broad , flattened head with an upturned snout tip . it can additionally be identified by its dorsal colour pattern of ten dark brown saddles on a yellowish brown background .\nthe onefin catshark is the only member of the genus pentanchus , and also the only shark with 5 pairs of gill slits and one dorsal fin . the only known specimen , and the holotype , was found in the western central pacific ocean from the mindanao sea in the philippines .\nthe pygmy ribbontail catshark is one of the two smallest living sharks . its range is limited to the indo - pacific oceans , from tanzania , the gulf of aden , india , the andaman islands , vietnam , and the philippines , at depths between 230 and 2 , 460 feet .\nthe whitebodied catshark is endemic to the western pacific , from southern new caledonia to the seamounts of the norfolk and lord howe ridges . catsharks are a relatively unknown group of sharks , often recognized for their slender bodies and flattened snout , as well as cat - like slits for eyes .\nthe african spotted catshark is endemic to the western indian ocean off natal , south africa , southern mozambique , madagascar , kenya and tanzania . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nwhen foraging , the blackmouth catshark swings its head from side to side to employ its senses more effectively . it likely relies mainly on vision and ampullae of lorenzini that are evenly arranged , which enhances spatial resolution and is best suited for localizing fast - moving prey . [ 27 ] [ 28 ]\nthe flaccid catshark is a deepwater species , found only around new zealand . this species is so named for its flaccid , seemingly bloodless body . catsharks are a relatively unknown group of sharks , often recognized for their slender bodies and flattened snout , as well as cat - like slits for eyes .\nrincon , g . and c . m . vooren ( 2006 ) .\ntaxonomic and biological records on the south atlantic marbled catshark , galeus mincaronei soto , ( elasmobranchii : scyliorhinidae ) off the southern brazilian coast\n. pan - american journal of aquatic sciences 1 ( 1 ) : 1\u20137 .\nlittle is known of the natural history of the longfin sawtail catshark . reproduction is oviparous ; mature females have a single functional ovary , on the right , and two functional oviducts . a single egg matures within each oviduct at a time . the egg is enclosed within a flask - shaped capsule roughly 4 . 9\u20135 . 1 cm ( 1 . 9\u20132 . 0 in ) long , 1 . 2\u20131 . 4 cm ( 0 . 47\u20130 . 55 in ) across the top , and 1 . 6 cm ( 0 . 63 in ) across the bottom ; there are coiled tendrils at the upper two corners . females mature at about 29\u201334 cm ( 11\u201313 in ) long ; adult males are unknown and the largest known immature male measured 29 cm ( 11 in ) long .\nthe australian blackspotted catshark is endemic to western australia in the eastern indian ocean . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe spatulasnout catshark is a deepwater species endemic to the western pacific , from the philippines , east and south china seas , to suruga bay , japan . catsharks are a relatively unknown group of sharks , often recognized for their slender bodies and flattened snout , as well as cat - like slits for eyes .\nbottom - dwelling and inactive , the tiger catshark feeds on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates from on or near the sea floor . an oviparous species , the female retains her eggs internally until the embryos are at an advanced state of development , resulting in a relatively short hatching time after laying . between 12 and 22 encapsulated eggs are produced at a time , which the female attaches to the bottom . the tiger catshark is caught incidentally by commercial and recreational fishers but has no economic value . it has been listed as data deficient by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , pending more information .\nthe narrowmouthed catshark is endemic to central chile around the straits of magellan to argentina . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe polkadot catshark is endemic to the waters around northern uruguay in the southwest atlantic . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe deepwater catshark is endemic to the western and eastern atlantic from morocco and northwest africa . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe iceland catshark is a deepwater species endemic to the western atlantic and eastern atlantic oceans . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe gecko catshark is a poorly known , yet common shark , endemic to the western pacific . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe longfin catshark is a deepwater species , found in the western pacific from japan , the philippines , east and south china seas , and the kyushu - palau ridge . catsharks are a relatively unknown group of sharks , often recognized for their slender bodies and flattened snout , as well as cat - like slits for eyes .\nthe panama ghost catshark is a deepwater species endemic to the eastern central pacific , exclusively panama . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\none of the larger members of the genus , the longnose sawtail catshark grows to at least 80 cm ( 31 in ) long . this species has a rather stout body and a flattened head . the snout is notably long , with a rounded tip . the nostrils are large and divided by triangular skin flaps on their anterior rims . the large , horizontally oval eyes are equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) and have thin ridges underneath . there is a medium - sized spiracle behind each eye . the mouth forms a wide arch and bears well - developed furrows around the corners . the tooth rows number 60\u201370 in either jaw ; each tooth is small , with a narrow central cusp and 3\u20136 smaller lateral cusplets . the five pairs of gill slits are short , with the fifth pair over the pectoral fin bases .\nthe australian marbled catshark is endemic to western australia , in very shallow waters up to 13 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe blackmouth catshark is endemic to the northeast atlantic , at depths up to 6 , 145 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe brownbanded catshark is a rare and poorly known species , endemic to the indo - west pacific . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe coral catshark is a common inshore shark found on coral reefs within the indo - west pacific . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe gulf catshark is endemic to the waters around southwestern australia , at depths up to 650 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nsawtail catsharks pose no danger to humans and have little economic value , though varying numbers are caught incidentally by deepwater commercial fisheries . some of the larger species , such as g . melastomus and g . polli , are occasionally utilized for meat , fishmeal , and / or leather . [ 12 ] the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed g . atlanticus and g . mincaronei , both of which have very restricted distributions , as near threatened and vulnerable respectively . [ 17 ] [ 18 ]\nthe cloudy catshark is found only off the izu peninsula of japan , at depths up to 330 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe lizard catshark is found off southern brazil , at depths of between 400 and 1 , 430 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe longnose catshark is a deepwater species endemic to the eastern central pacific , from central and southern california to the gulf of california , at depths up to 6 , 200 feet . catsharks are a relatively unknown group of sharks , often recognized for their slender bodies and flattened snout , as well as cat - like slits for eyes .\nthe smallfin catshark is a deepwater species , endemic to the western atlantic from the gulf of mexico off florida , gulf of campeche , panama , colombia , and off french guiana . catsharks are a relatively unknown group of sharks , often recognized for their slender bodies and flattened snout ; as well as cat - like sits for eyes .\nthe tiger catshark is endemic to the southeast atlantic , from cape agulhas to east london in south africa . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe western spotted catshark is endemic to southwestern australia , at depths between 328 and 1 , 310 feet . catsharks are so named for their slender bodies and cat - like eyes . despite being the largest family of sharks , catsharks are relatively unknown . this may be attributed to a combination of both their nocturnal lifestyle and deepwater habitat .\nthe longfin sawtail catshark reaches a maximum known length of 35 cm ( 14 in ) , smaller than g . antillensis and comparable to g . arae . this species is slender , with a broad head and a moderately long , pointed snout . the large eyes are horizontally oval , equipped with rudimentary nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) , and lack prominent ridges underneath . a modest spiracle is located behind each eye . the nostrils are large and partially covered by anterior triangular flaps of skin . the mouth is wide and curved , with fairly long furrows around the corners . the teeth have a long central cusp flanked on either side by one or two pairs of lateral cusplets . the upper jaw of the type specimen contained 62 tooth rows . the five pairs of gill slits are small , with the fourth and fifth pairs located over the pectoral fin bases ."]}
{"id": 773, "summary": [{"text": "scrobipalpa pseudolutea is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by piskunov in 1990 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( ningxia ) and mongolia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scrobipalpa pseudolutea", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 774, "summary": [{"text": "grammodes congenita is a moth of the family noctuidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in africa , including south africa , swaziland and madagascar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "foodplants of the larvae of this species are cistus salvifolius , rubus sp. , smilax sp. and polygonum sp. .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "this species also figures on a $ 100 stamp of cabo verde from 1999 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "grammodes congenita", "paragraphs": ["children grammodes afroculta , grammodes afrocculta , grammodes species no . 1 , grammodes stupida , grammodes bifasciata , grammodes chalciptera , grammodes curvilinea , grammodes congenita , grammodes cingularis , grammodes stolida , grammodes microgonia , grammodes euclidioides subsp . euclidioides , grammodes exclusiva , grammodes monodonta subsp . monodonta , grammodes linearis , grammodes parallelaris , grammodes parallela , grammodes dubitans , grammodes monodonta subsp . somaliensis , grammodes euclidioides subsp . postfumida\nvalter jacinto marked\nborboleta nocturna / / moth ( grammodes bifasciata )\nas trusted on the\ngrammodes bifasciata\npage .\ngrammodes - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ne is a wetland habitat specialist and lays eggs on the marsh grass leersia hexandra ."]}
{"id": 775, "summary": [{"text": "lyclene uncalis is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by kirti and gill in 2009 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( karnataka , tamil nadu , kerala ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 20 mm for males and 22 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is reddish orange .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the base of the costa is black and there is a black basal spot and black bands .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are yellowish orange , irrorated with pink scales . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "lyclene uncalis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for uncalis definition . you find here uncalis meaning , synonyms of uncalis and images for uncalis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word uncalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word uncalis and , of course , uncalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word uncalis .\nlyclene uncalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene uncalis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : india , karnataka , medikeri , 1100m\nlyclene cumseriata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene labyrintha bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene lineidistincta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene malayproducta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene pectena bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene pingera bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene fruhstorferi aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 172 ; tl : java\nlyclene undulata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene valdenigra bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene venustula bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene biseriata ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 154 , 169\nlyclene circumdata ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 163 , 168\nlyclene cuneigera ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 181 , 184\nlyclene peloa ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 204 , 207\nlyclene xanthopera ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 156 , 170\nlyclene x - linea bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene cuneifera ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 4a , 188 , 209\nlyclene\nsynestramena ; [ mob7 ] : 357 , pl . 4 , f . 192 , 195\nlyclene ( nudariina ) ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288\nlyclene asaphes ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ( note )\nlyclene cylletona ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ( note )\nlyclene arcuata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene congerens ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene conjunctana ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene dasara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene goaensis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene hollowai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene kishidai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene lutara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene metamelas ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene nebulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene nubilalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene toxodes ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene undulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene atrigutta walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 116 ; tl : sarawak\nlyclene classeigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 183 ; tl : sarawak , kuching , semongok\nlyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nlyclene distributa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nlyclene distributa ; [ mob18 ] , 45 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 202 , 215\nlyclene angulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 206 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene apiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 153 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene peloa swinhoe , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 84 ) : 420 ; tl : padang , sumatra\nlyclene postseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 158 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene radians moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : calcutta\nlyclene unguifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 193 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , 5500ft\nlyclene obtusilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 174 , 179 ; tl : brunei , 1670m , bukit pagon\nlyclene puncakica dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ; tl : sulawesi selat , puncak , 27km w palopo\nlyclene acutiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 161 , 166 ; tl : brunei , pengkalan batu agr . stn\nlyclene angulifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 187 , 210 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene excaviseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 155 , 165 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene fusciramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 194 , 197 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene multiramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 354 , pl . 4 , f . 191 , 196 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene pseudobunda holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 171 , 182 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene areolifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 189 , 211 ; tl : n . borneo , mt . kina balu\nlyclene goaensis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 117 ; tl : india , goa , keri , 90m\nlyclene hollowai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 112 ; tl : india , gurajat , saputara , 970m\nlyclene kishidai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 110 ; tl : india , kerala , chendruni , 70m\nlyclene obscurilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 173 , 176 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m\nlyclene poring holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 160 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene ashleigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 180 , 185 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene diehli dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ; tl : nort sumatra , sindar raya , 98\u00b057 ' e , 3\u00b009 ' n\nlyclene falciseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 159 , 164 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene kepica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 6 ; tl : cambodia , kep , 10 . 494\u00b0n , 104 . 296\u00b0e , 51m\nlyclene mesilaulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 175 , 177 , 270 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m\nlyclene quadrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 162 , 167 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene pudibunda ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 172 , 186 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene kosterini dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 5 ; tl : cambodia , kampot , boko hill staion , 1030m , 10\u00b037 ' 37\nn 104\u00b001 ' 33\ne\nlyclene kontumica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum prov , 14\u00b045 ' - 15\u00b015 ' n ; 107\u00b021 ' - 108\u00b020 ' e\nlyclene semifascia ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 63 , pl . 103 , f . 7 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene zinchenkoi dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 4 ; tl : thailand , phisanulok , 18km n nakhon , tail vil . , 426m , 17\u00b015 , 7 ' n , ; 100\u00b051 , 4 ' e\nlyclene weidenhofferi cern\u00fd , 2012 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 121 ; tl : n . thailand , chiang mai , fang , doi ang khang , 1425m , 29\u00b054 ' 10\nn , 99\u00b02 ' 28\ne\nlyclene humilis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 32 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene linga ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 40 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene radians ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 37 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene spilosomoides ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene strigipennis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene dharma ; [ mob7 ] : 344 ( note ) ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene calamaria ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 203 , 214 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene obsoleta ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 190 , 198 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nasura acteola swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 501 ; tl : siam , muok - lek\nasura intermedia marumo , 1923 ; j . coll . agric . imp . univ . tokyo , 8 ( 2 ) : 138 , pl . 3 , f . 2\nindia ( manipur , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttaranchal ) , ceylon , java , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nasura asaphes hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 451 , pl . 31 , f . 31 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nasura biseriata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 458 , pl . 31 , f . 27 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nasura strigipennis ; barlow , 1982 , intr . moths of south east asia : 71\nmiltochrisa tibeta clara daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 312 ; tl : likiang\nlarva on artocarpus incisa moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30\nindia ( sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland ) , bhutan . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854\nasura creatina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 454 ; [ nhm card ]\nnw . himalays , sikkim , assam , nilgiris , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]\nmiltochrista gilva daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 316 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang\nindia ( punjab , sikkim , nagas , nilgiris , moulmein ) , burma , java . see [ maps ]\nmiltochrista ila ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45\nlarva on solanum indicum hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 431\nnudaria ? marginata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 274 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nsetina nebulosa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 35 ; tl : darjiling\nmiltochrista nubilalis hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 115 ; tl : ganjam\nasura sp . 3 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : ( part ) 3 , f . 13 , pl . 1 , f . 13\nsikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , himachal pradesh , calcutta . see [ maps ]\nceylon , burma , sikkim , assam , s . india . see [ maps ]\nsikkim , assam , china ( chekiang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]\nchina ( shanghai , chekiang ) , formosa , sikkim , assam , sumatra ? , java . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855\nasura synestramena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 429 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nmiltochrista tibeta daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 311 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : tibet , batang\nasura toxodes hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : andamans\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 856\nasura sp . 1 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3\ntricholepis xanthopera hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : singapore\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iv . teil : nachtr\u00e4ge\nnew lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia\nstudien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon\non the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i\nnew species of heterocerous lepidoptera of the tribe bombyces , collected by mr . w . b . pryer chiefly in the district of shanghai\ndescriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera heterocera collected by rev . j . h . hocking , chiefly in the kangra district , n . w . himalaya\ndie gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes . 2 . die palaearktischen spinner & schw\u00e4rmer\nlepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten\nnatuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 776, "summary": [{"text": "memnon ( foaled 1822 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic st leger stakes in 1825 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from 1824 until 1828 he ran fifteen times and won nine races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "bred and originally trained in yorkshire , he was unbeaten in two races as two-year-old in 1824 , including the champagne stakes and won the york version of the st leger the following spring .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the st leger at doncaster in september 1825 , he was successful as the heavily backed favourite in a record field of thirty runners .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "memnon was later trained at newmarket and recorded his most important subsequent victory when winning the ascot gold cup as a five-year-old in 1827 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after standing as a breeding stallion for five years in england with moderate results , he was sold and exported to russia . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "memnon ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for prince memnon . prince memnon is a gelding born in 2012 august 30 by shaft out of allates\nprince memnon ( g . by shaft ) . 3 wins . see below .\n' arrows ; and memnon was aiming his strong spear . [ 35 ] the old man of\nprince memnon has managed to win 3 races in his career so far . on 4th jul 2016 at kembla grange , prince memnon scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the\nhe has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed prince memnon throughout his career you ' d have achieved a 38 % return on investment .\npythian 7 for megacles of athens four - horse chariot race 486 b . c .\nhis defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential\nhorse of the century\nhe was now seen as simply\na good horse .\nthe\nmemnon\nis one of only a handful of surviving original locomotives from the 1840s . it is also the sole surviving newcastle locomotive . the coal - burning\nmemnon\nis one of the least altered locomotives in the b & o railroad museum ' s collection . it has blind ( flangeless ) center drivers . in 1853 , the\nmemnon\nwas rebuilt and in 1884 , it was renumbered as the no . 13 , the\nmemnon\nwas withdrawn from service in 1892 and restored for the world ' s columbian exposition .\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nhis defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential\nhorse of the century\nhe was now seen as simply\na good horse .\n[ 23 ]\nking of the ethiopians who came with a great force to defend troy . memnon is son of tithonus 1 and eos . the father of tithonus 1 is laomedon 1 , who is also father of priam 1 . after his death , memnon was made immortal by zeus at his mother ' s request .\nbe the first to review \u201cwest bank valley of the kings incl . camel or horse ride\u201d cancel reply\nfor a 2000 guinea match race between their horse and barefoot , but the offer was not accepted .\nthe horse was then off the course for four months before his final race in at newmarket in october . by this time , lonsdale , finding himself in financial difficulties , had sold the horse for \u00a33 , 000 to\nduring the 2003 roundhouse roof collapse at the b & o railroad museum , the\nmemnon\nwas severely damaged . its restoration from this event was completed in february 2008 .\nmemnon ( gb ) b . h , 1822 { 11 - g } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\npetrarch was a difficult horse to bring to peak condition , as he suffered throughout his racing career from intermittent kidney trouble .\nwest bank valley of the kings incl . camel or horse ride \u00bb guided tours of luxor , egypt \u2013 eye of horus tours\npetrarch earned prize money of \u00a311 , 700 in 1876 , making him the most financially successful horse of the year in britain .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nbizarre became the first horse to retain the title winning in 1824 and 1825 and by that time trainer william chifney was well on the way to training his five winners of the race , accomplished thanks to : anticipation ( 1816 ) , belville ( 1818 ) , marcellus ( 1823 ) , memnon ( 1827 ) and zinganee ( 1829 ) .\nin the lower middle panel , the left image , which is partially obscured in this photograph , shows achilles dragging the body of hector behind his horse , while priam is labelled in the background ( 483 - 7 ) . in the iliad , this is a long poignant scene ; vergil devotes 5 lines to the full episode , with the first two lines devoted to achilles dragging hector and the last line describing priam ' s humiliating attempt to gain back his son ' s body . on the right , memnon [ mennon ] , the king of ethiopia , lies dead on a funeral bed with birds above him , a reference to a story told in book 13 of ovid ' s metamorphoses in which zeus turns the smoke from memnon ' s funeral pyre into smoke to appease memnon ' s mother . memnon is mentioned in line 489 , but vergil has him alive with masses of troops . the scene portrayed here comes from the iliad , rather than the aeneid .\nin september at doncaster orville won the two mile free handicap sweepstakes and a four mile match race against mr mellish ' s horse stockton .\nenjoy this private guided tour to see the highlights of the ancient west bank monuments in luxor . these highlights include valley of the kings ( necropolis of thebes ) , temple of queen hatshepsut , the only woman ever to reign over egypt as pharaoh , and the colossi of memnon . you also have the option of taking 2 - hour camel or horse ride .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\ntips identifying patterns in a horse ' s form can lead to value - priced winners and there is a good example at goulburn on monday .\non 3 december 2009 conduit was awarded the roa / sportingbet . com outstanding older horse for 2009 by british racehorse owners ' association . [ 36 ]\n, john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s .\nmemnon ( 1822 ) was a product of richard watt ' s bishop burton stud in yorkshire , from whence issued three doncaster st . leger winners , an oaks winner , and many great distance runners in the first decades of the nineteenth century . memnon ' s dam , manuella ( 1809 ) , by dick andrews , was a bishop burton product who ran for two years , her best win the epsom oaks ; she raced for w . n . w . hewitt , and returned to bishop burton when her career on the turf was done . she was out of watt ' s exceptional broodmare , mandane , also the dam of st . leger winner altisidora , the great stayer lottery and brutandorf . manuella was also the dam of memnon ' s sisters nitocris and margellina ( see below ) .\nin 1844 , the b & o began using 0 - 8 - 0 type locomotive . one of the b & o ' s primary locomotive builders , ross winans used this wheel arrangement because it produced maximum tractive effort by evenly distributing all of the locomotive ' s weight on its drivers . in 1848 , the b & o purchased six 0 - 8 - 0 locomotives from outside manufacturers for its freight service . the\nmemnon\nwas built by the newcastle manufacturing company in delaware . during the civil war , the\nmemnon\nwas used as a freight engine to haul troops and supplies for the union army . since the civil war , it has been given the nickname\nold war horse .\n. these correspond to the first three letters of horse names that exist in our database . click on on of the letter combinations to get a detailed list of horses .\n. he had legitimate excuses however , as the contest was run at a\nmuddling pace\nand he came back from the race a sick horse , with a high temperature .\nconduit was awarded the eclipse award as american champion male turf horse for 2008 [ 34 ] and finished runner - up to gio ponti for the same award in 2009 . [ 35 ]\nthere are more than one million horses in our database . to search through and find a horse by name , first click on the first letter of the horses name from the list below .\nthe final and decisive action was , though , the idea of the wooden horse . odysseus , inspired by athena , thought up the ruse to get a body of men inside the walls of troy . first , the greeks all sailed off into the sunset leaving a mysterious offering to the trojans of a gigantic wooden horse which in reality concealed a group of warriors within . just to make sure the trojans took the horse within the city , sinon was chosen to stay behind and tell a cock and bull story about the greeks having given up and left a nice present . the trojans did take the horse inside the city walls but whilst they were enjoying a drunken celebration of their victory , the greeks climbed out of the horse , opened the city walls for the returning greek army , and the city was sacked and the population slaughtered or enslaved . helen was taken back to argos and of the trojan heroes only aeneas escaped to eventually set up a new home in italy .\n. in a racing career which lasted from august 1801 until october 1807 the horse ran thirty - four times and won twenty races . in his early career he was based in yorkshire and won the\nin their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s . [ 24 ]\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\n, created a controversy when he refused to pay the \u00a39 , 000 he had lost by wagering on petrarch in his ascot defeats , claiming that the horse had not been allowed to run on its merits .\na year later fame and glory\u2019s run came to an end as the grey horse colour vision gave frankie dettori another gold cup victory , leading home a godolphin one - two ahead of the luckless opinion poll .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for montana warrior . montana warrior is a gelding born in 2011 august 26 by flying spur out of rose of montana\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for stroke of eight . stroke of eight is a gelding born in 2010 november 5 by valixir out of october miss\nhawkesbury rc brook group h . , a $ 27 , 000 , 1300m , time 1 : 18 . 13 . track soft ( 5 ) . carried 59 . 00kg . prince memnon was 1st and uratta belle 2nd and magic panther 3rd . trainer : g l frazer . owner : k w bastian . jockey : t angland .\ngoulburn drc weddings on track maiden h . , a $ 20 , 000 , 1300m , time 1 : 17 . 95 . track good ( 4 ) . carried 59 . 00kg . prince memnon was 1st and crown me jacko 2nd and millster 3rd . trainer : s i singleton . owner : t p j conn & d skelly . jockey : b el - issa .\n, one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event for three - year - old colts and fillies , it is run annually in september at\nin the 2008 world thoroughbred racehorse rankings , conduit was ranked the sixth best horse in the world with a rating of 126 . [ 32 ] in the 2009 rankings , he was assigned a mark of 125 , placing him seventh in the world . [ 33 ]\nas at epsom and ascot , there were rumours that the race had not been entirely fair : it was reported that petrarch had been heavily backed to win by kisber ' s owners , the baltazzi brothers , who therefore stood to profit from the poor running of their own horse .\ncoronach was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he was a champion two - year - old who went on to become only the third horse to complete the derby , eclipse stakes and st leger treble ( tulyar , in 1952 , become the most recent and fourth horse to equal the feat ) [ 2 ] as a three - year - old in 1926 , a year in which he also won the st . james ' s palace stakes . he won the coronation cup at four , but was beaten in his two remaining starts by his long - standing rival colorado\nin april however , he took part in a public trial race in which he was beaten by lord dupplin ' s other classic entry kaleidoscope . although dawson had warned the owner that petrarch was not fully fit , the trial convinced dupplin that kaleidoscope was the better horse and he wagered accordingly .\nthe war itself does not end with hector\u2019s funeral , and virgil continues the account . hector is replaced by prince memnon of ethiopia , a great warrior , and the trojans have the upper hand for a time . but achilles soon kills memnon as well , driving the trojans back to the scaean gates . there , however , paris kills achilles with apollo\u2019s help : paris shoots an arrow and the god guides it to achilles\u2019 heel , his one vulnerable spot . ( thetis tried to make the infant achilles invulnerable by dunking his body in the mystical river styx but forgot to submerge the heel by which she held him . ) the greeks decide achilles\u2019 divine armor should be given to either odysseus or ajax , the two greatest greek warriors remaining . when odysseus is chosen , ajax plots revenge , but athena makes him go crazy . ajax massacres some cattle , then comes to his senses and , mortified , kills himself .\n. you keep it on your right hand and [ 20 ] uphold the commandment , one of the precepts which they say once in the mountains the son of philyra enjoined on the powerful son of peleus , when he was separated from his parents : first of the gods , worship the son of cronus , the loud - voiced ruler of lightning and thunder ; [ 25 ] and never deprive your parents of such honor during their allotted lifetime . long ago , too , powerful antilochus showed that he had this way of thinking ; [ 30 ] he died for his father ' s sake , by awaiting the man - slaying commander of the ethiopians , memnon . for the horse kept nestor ' s chariot from moving , since it had been wounded by\ntriple crown , in british horse racing , championship attributed to a colt or filly that in a single season wins the races known as the two thousand guineas , the derby , and the saint leger . in britain the term triple crown is also applied\u2014though far less commonly\u2014to a filly that in a single season\u2026\norville failed to win in three starts in 1803 . at york in may he finished second to lennox in a two mile sweepstakes . at the same course in august he finished second to duxbury in a four mile race and second again when beaten by mr mellish ' s horse stockton four days later .\ngainsborough , ( foaled 1915 ) , english racehorse ( thoroughbred ) who won the british triple crown , consisting of the two thousand guineas at newmarket , the derby at epsom downs , and the saint leger at doncaster in 1918 . the horse later became a stud of worldwide importance , being the sire of the\u2026\norville began his five - year - old season by winning a two mile sweepstakes at york on 29 may . he returned to york in august when he finished last of the five runners behind haphazard in a four mile subscription race and second to r garfoth ' s horse by traveller in a similar event two days later .\ncharles the twelfth was a\nvery fine and racing - like\ndark brown horse standing sixteen hands high [ 1 ] bred by major nicholas yarburgh of heslington hallin north yorkshire . [ 2 ] yarburgh sent the colt into training with john scott who trained forty classic winners at his base at whitewall stables , malton , north yorkshire .\nfor although you have been taught by me thus gently the art of horsemanship , and are suited to such a horse as i , some day you shall ride on xanthus and balius ; and you shall take many cities and slay many men .\n( the centaur chiron to young achilles . philostratus , imagines 2 . 2 ) .\nin 2016 the cream very much rose to the top as order of st george showed a terrific turn of foot to win most impressively . the aidan o\u2019brien trained four year old evoked memories of ardross , such was his class \u2013 and like that horse before him , went on to place in the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe later in the year .\nbut more drama awaited in 1988 . the horse first past the post was the much - travelled ex - spanish and now french - trained royal gait , who won the race decisively , running away from his rivals in the final furlong under american jockey cash asmussen . however , in the home straight , as the front running el conquistador dropped back , rolling against the rails , royal gait made contact and the tired horse stumbled and unseated his rider tony clark . royal gait proceeded to romp away from sadeem , the stable mate of el conquistador , eventually finished five lengths to the good . but the stewards saw a problem and sensationally disqualified royal gait despite the fact he was clearly the best horse in the race . furthermore it seemed a matter of conjecture as to whether he was fully to blame for the el conquistador incident . but the decision was made and sadeem won the race . royal gait later won a champion hurdle but his life ended tragically short as he collapsed and died after finishing fourth in a race at leopardstown . sadeem meanwhile , made good use of his luck and landed a second gold cup in 1989 .\ndespite the race\u2019s long and illustrious history , some of the most momentous gold cups have taken place in recent years . yeats became the most successful horse in gold cup history when he won his fourth consecutive renewal in 2009 . then in 2013 estimate won the race marking the first time in 207 years of the gold cup that the race had been won by the reigning monarch .\nin the top right panel , troilus , the youngest son of priam , hangs upside down , holding onto his chariot with his knees and holding onto the reins in an attempt to regain control of his horse ( 475 - 8 ) . achilles in his own chariot stabs him in the neck with a sword , a reference to the full event which is commonly found in archaic art ( ocd ) . the crown of troilus is shown under the horse of achilles . with such a limited space , the arrangement of key elements is a bit awkward and forced , but brant does manage to fit in most of the important details ; he does not show troilus ' s javelin dragging on the ground , which would be extremely difficult to show with the cramped arrangement .\nindeed , my dreaded master , we will once more bring you safely home today . yet the hour of your death is drawing near ; and it is not we who will be the cause of it , but a great god and the strong hand of destiny .\n( xanthus 1 , achilles ' horse , to its master . homer , iliad 19 . 408 ) .\nwhen le moss retired at the end of 1980 , charles st george , one of the dominant owners of the era , purchased ardross and sent him to henry cecil . the horse struck up an immediate partnership with lester piggott and was a quite brilliant winner of the gold cup in 1981 and again in 1982 , ending his career with an agonising defeat by inches in the arc de triomphe .\nin the morning , you will be picked up from your hotel in central luxor or harbor by an air - conditioned vehicle for a full guided trip of about 5 hours . first , you will be transported to the necropolis of thebes also known as the valley of the kings on the west bank of luxor . this ancient necropolis is a must - see for luxor travelers . there , you will visit 3 ancient and mysterious tombs . your egyptologist tour guide will be on hand to advise you as to which tombs to visit . after visiting the tombs , you will be transported to the temple of queen hatshepsut , the only woman ever to reign over egypt as pharaoh . afterwards , you will be taken to see the colossi of memnon , the two largest ancient statues in egypt which date back to the era of king amenhotep iii . once you are finished , you will be taken for a camel or horse ride for an additional 2 hours . upon completion of the experience , your guide will take you back to your luxor accommodation .\ncolour vision was back to defend his title in 2013 but the race held more sensation as her majesty the queen watched her own horse estimate \u2013 trained by michael stoute \u2013 now a knight , who had won the race way back in 1978 with shangamuzo . estimate beat simenon by a dramatic neck after such a long contest but the winning margin was irrelevant given the scenes of frivolity that greeted the royal winner .\nhis sire , blacklock , was a great stayer with a huge stride . he had a deep shoulder and girth , and a muscular neck , vertical pasterns , and an unattractive head with a roman nose , all traits which he passed on to many of his offspring . his sire , whitelock , was a fair stayer and winner of four and two mile heats , but had an indifferent race record and was used as a country stallion after he was retired from the turf . blacklock ' s dam , a mare by coriander , had been purchased for \u00a33 by francis moss at the york horse market , and her foal , blacklock , was sold to a yorkshire horse dealer , thomas kirby , for \u00a340 when a yearling , who sold him at age two to richard watt of bishop burton , near beverley , yorkshire . blacklock ' s dam later produced the st . leger winner theodore ( 1819 ) .\n1 . achilles is killed by paris and apollo , as hector 1 foretells in hom . il . 22 . 359 , and also the immortal horse ( xanthus 1 ) says\nby a god and a mortal\nin 19 . 416 . yet we also learn that thetis had foretold achilles that he would die by the arrows of apollo ( hom . il . 21 . 275ff . ) , a prophecy that quintus smyrnaeus evokes in fall of troy 3 . 95 .\nconduit was then aimed the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot and was made 13 / 8 favourite . conduit ' s preparation for the race was highly unusual . the ballymacoll stud received a series of messages threatening to kill the horse if he ran in the race . the police were alerted , and the british horseracing authority arranged extra security for conduit on his journey to ascot . a man was later arrested and convicted of\nthreatening to damage property\n. [ 22 ]\nairborne was a tall , rangy grey horse bred at castletown geoghegan , county westmeath , [ 3 ] in ireland by harold boyd - rochfort , the brother of the successful trainer cecil boyd - rochfort . as a yearling he was sent to the sales where he was bought for 3 , 900 guineas [ 4 ] by the british plastics manufacturer and racehorse - breeder john ferguson . ferguson sent the colt to be trained by the former jockey richard \u201cdick\u201d perryman [ 5 ] at his beaufort house stables at newmarket , suffolk .\nairborne was not a success as a stallion . the best of his runners on the flat was the filly silken glider who finished second in the oaks and won the irish oaks in 1957 . the best horse he sired however , was the irish - trained jumper flyingbolt . airborne ' s progeny had won approximately \u00a325 , 000 in stakes up until the end of 1955 . [ 17 ] his last recorded foals were conceived in 1961 . [ 18 ] he died on 11 september 1962 of heart failure . [ 19 ]\nin europe , he won the st . leger stakes in 2008 and britain ' s most prestigious [ 1 ] weight - for - age race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes in 2009 . he is known internationally for being the only horse to record two outright wins in the breeders ' cup turf . in each of his breeders ' cup wins , he ran under 2 : 24 . 00 , recording the two fastest times in the race ' s history up to that time . conduit is currently standing at stud in hokkaido , japan .\nmandane ( 1800 ) won one small match at brighton for her owner and breeder , thomas panton and was sold to yorkshire breeder and sportsman richard watt and was installed at his bishop burton stud , where she became one of the best broodmares of the early nineteenth century , producing manuella ( oaks winner , later dam of st . leger winner memnon and other good winners ) , altisidora ( st . leger winner ) , lottery ( doncaster cup and other distance races , sire of st . leger winner chorister ) , who continued the tramp sire line , and brutandorf ( chester cup , influential sire ) . other pot - 8 - os daughters included the ancestress ( 1796 ) of the 1834 racehorse cardinal puff ; radish ( 1787 ) , the grandam of the good race filly whizgig ( 1825 ) , and the grandam ( 1792 ) of american eclipse ( 1814 ) . - - patricia erigero\nthe war involved several more exciting episodes including achilles\u2019 fight with and killing of the ethiopian king memnon and the amazon penthesilea who both came to the aid of the trojans . achilles was even said to have fallen in love with the beautiful amazon just at the moment he killed her with his spear . achilles himself met his destiny and was killed by an arrow to his only weak spot , his ankle , shot by paris and guided by apollo . odysseus and ajax squabbled over the hero\u2019s magnificent armour and ajax went mad with disappointment when he lost out on the prize . slaughtering a herd of sheep he thought were greeks , he fell on his sword in a messy and pointless suicide . philokteles got revenge for his father , achilles , by fatally shooting paris with the legendary bow of hercules . finally , odysseus even managed to get into the city in disguise and steal the sacred palladion statue of athena .\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]\nin november , despite press rumours that suggested he would bypass the race , [ 26 ] conduit traveled back to america for the breeders ' cup , run for the second successive year at santa anita . he was made odds - on favourite against six opponents for the turf . the american gelding presious passion led from the start and ran the first half mile in 45 . 14 , opening up a lead of at least eight lengths . conduit was held up before moving into second at the start of the straight , although he stumbled after colliding with the filly dar re mi . conduit ' s\nrelentless charge\n[ 27 ] took him past presious passion a furlong and a half out , and although the gelding rallied\ngamely\n, the colt won by half a length . [ 28 ] the winning time of 2 : 23 . 75 was the second fastest recorded in the race , behind only conduit ' s 2008 win . the normally taciturn [ 29 ] moore said of conduit ,\nhe ' s very game . he ' s a great horse - a once in a lifetime horse\n. [ 30 ] his record of two wins in the race had previously been achieved by high chaparral , although high chaparral ' s second win was achieved in a dead heat with johar .\nmandane ' s sire was pot - 8 - os , a top racehorse and significant influence on thoroughbred breeding after he retired to stud at richard ( 1st earl ) grosvenor ' s oxcroft stud in cambridgeshire . among his sons were waxy , who won the derby in 1793 , and later became the principal conduit of the eclipse sire line , and champion , the first horse to win both the derby and the st . leger . pot - 8 - os was also a good broodmare sire ; among his many good daughters was parasol ( 1800 , from prunella ) , who won 31 races and then produced two classic winners and the influential sire partisan .\nthe brown laurel ( 1824 ) was born at heslington hall , near york , bred by major nicholas yarburgh from wagtail , who was also bred by the major . wagtail was by prime minister , a half - sister to tranby . laurel was a brother to belinda , who ran second in the doncaster st . leger , and a half - brother to st . leger winner charles xii . he became a great cup horse , and ran until to the age of seven . he ran twice at the age of three , not placing in the york st . leger , and running\na bad third\nto matilda in the doncaster st . leger .\ncoronach , a big , handsome chestnut horse standing 16 . 2 hands high [ 3 ] with a white blaze , white socks on his hind feet and a light - coloured mane and tail , was bred by his owner lord woolavington . [ 4 ] he was sired by the unbeaten champion , hurry on , making him a representative of the godolphin arabian sire line . [ 5 ] apart from coronach , hurry on sired the winners of seven classics including the derby winners captain cuttle and call boy . his most influential son was the ascot gold cup winner precipitation , who sired four classic winners . coronach was the fifth foal of the mare wet kiss who finished fourth in the 1916 oaks .\nbrutandorf was sold to john clifton of lytham hall , lancashire , a long - time supporter of the northern turf . he won the sapling stakes at age three , and second to canteen in the gascoigne stakes . he ran unplaced in the 1824 doncaster st . leger , won by jerry , and the doncaster cup of that same year . in 1826 , age five , he had some success , winning the chester cup , beating nine horses , and two days later winning the stand cup there , beating the good horse longwaist by a short neck in an exciting race in which longwaist ' s owner , jack mytton , lost \u00a315 , 000 . he also won the tradesmen ' s cup that year .\nbred and raced by ballymacoll stud of county meath , conduit was sired by 2003 european horse of the year dalakhani out of the mare , well head , a daughter of fourteen - time champion sire sadler ' s wells . [ 2 ] dalakhani has proved to be a successful sire , especially of middle and long distance performers . apart from conduit , his best runners have included reliable man ( prix du jockey club ) , duncan ( irish st . leger ) , moonstone ( irish oaks ) and integral ( falmouth stakes ) . [ 3 ] well head was unraced half sister to the champion stakes winner spectrum . apart from conduit , her best foal was the great voltigeur stakes winner , hard top .\nlottery , by tramp , was born in 1820 . he was an attractive 16 hand high horse with a dubious temperament , aggravated by mismanagement . he won eleven races in his four seasons on the turf , and ran second seven times . he was a great stayer who won at distances up to four miles , his triumphs included the doncaster cup , lincoln cup and york cup . many considered him the best of his generation . retired to stud in yorkshire , he became a source of stamina : he got one classic winner , chorister , who won the st . leger . his son sheet anchor , who continued the tramp branch of the eclipse sire line , had a brief career on the turf and at stud produced some good horses , mostly stayers .\nthe iliad concludes with the burial of patroclus and the funeral games established in his honor , the restoration of hector ' s corpse to priam , and the burial of hector , for which achilles allows an armistice of eleven days . immediately after the death of hector the later legends bring the amazons to the help of the trojans , and their queen penthesilea is slain by achilles . then appears memnon at the head of an ethiopian contingent . he slays antilochus son of nestor , but is himself slain by achilles . and now comes the fulfillment of the oracle given to agamemnon at delphi ; for at a sacrificial banquet a violent quarrel arises between achilles and odysseus , the latter declaring craft and not valour to be the only means of capturing troy . soon after , in an attempt to force a way into the hostile town through the scaean gate , achilles falls , slain by the arrow of paris , directed by the god . after his burial , thetis offers the arms of her son as a prize for the bravest of the greek heroes , which provokes a fight among the greeks for the title and the arms . odysseus wins , and his main competition , the telamonian ajax , kills himself .\nwhisker ' s daughter , catherina ( 1830 , family 6 - b ) , owned by her breeder , mr . barrow , ran 171 races between her first start in the oaks of 1833 and her last run at hednesford in 1841 , and won seventy - five of them , many over a distance , including the manchester cup and heaton park ' s king ' s cup . after her lengthy career on the turf , she went on to produce nine foals , her last at age twenty - seven . her daughter , sweetheart ( 1847 , by touchstone ) won the july stakes , and her son , phaeton ( 1851 , by phlegon ) , was a good race horse that won the criterion stakes and king edward stakes . her female line petered out after a few generations .\nreference point ( 26 february 1984\u2013 december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .\nthrough brutandorf ( by blacklock ) , mandane was second dam of the half - bred gaylad , who won the grand national in 1842 . brutandorf ' s son , physician , sired the 1845 grand national winner cure - all , and through his son the cure , was grandsire of jealousy , another mare who won the grand national , this time in 1861 . brutandorf ' s son , the stayer hetman platoff , sired the cossack , who in turn sired the french - bred 1865 grand national winner alcibiade ; hetman platoff ' s daughter , rackety girl , who was sold to france , was grandam of the french - bred reugny , who won the grand national in 1874 . mandane ' s daughter , oaks winner manuella ( by dick andrews ) , produced , in addition to st . leger winner memnon , belzoni , who became a good hunter sire , and who got the half - bred vanguard , winner of the 1843 grand national . the ascetic son , irish - bred cloister , who ran second twice in the grand national before winning in 1893 , had two lines to mandane through his dam ; he descended tail - female from manuella via her daughter margelina , and he also descended from brutandorf ' s daughter , siberia . - - by patricia erigero\nvenice beach ( aus ) ( bay 2005 - stud 2010 ) . unraced . out of a half - sister to sw northerly ( australian horse of the year in 2003 . mvrc ws cox p . , gr . 1 ) , sw north boy ( vrc ascot vale s . , gr . 2 ) and sw northern song ( vrc chairman\u2019s club s . , gr . 3 ) . grandson of a half - sister to sw canon song ( vatc merson cooper s . , gr . 3 ) , sw duchess katrin ( vrc beck\u2019s bier s . , l ) and sp japaco . sire of 12 rnrs , 5 wnrs , inc . bay truffle , turkey beach , just two vees , night time lover , pride of venice and of the placegetters por una cabeza , ellie beach , giddy up venice , oz picasso , etc .\nthe top central panel has two images . the left side shows automedon , achilles ' charioteer , on horseback , in the midst of soldiers , stabbing someone in the back with his sword . this is odd because neither the iliad nor the aeneid has him doing much of the combat fighting , and it does not make sense to show him on a horse . it would make more sense to show achilles , rather than his charioteer . the right side shows diomedes killing rhesus ( 469 - 73 ) , with ulysses leading the horses of rhesus to the greek camp . ulysses ( odysseus ) is not included in vergil ' s description , though he led the attack on the camp of rhesus with diomedes . here , brant lets his knowledge of the iliad and other external sources influence his illustration ; the attack on rhesus takes place in book 10 of the iliad .\nlottery ' s daughter , rebecca , became the dam of the great racemare , alice hawthorn , who was the dam of derby winner thormanby , and who became the tail - female ancestress of many top stakes winners . two of his daughters , heads or tails and frolicsome fanny , the dam of the good racemare nina ( dam of planet ) , became influential in american pedigrees . lottery was sold to france in 1834 , where he got some good winners , and where his son alteruter , also became a good sire after his exportation to france . lottery also had an influence on steeplechasing bloodlines in england , france and ireland . mandane ' s son , brutandorf , was a bay colt of 1821 . he was in the first crop by blacklock , who had been purchased as a yearling by watt , and who ran him exclusively in the north of england ; blacklock was the first horse watt actually retained as a stallion for his stud .\nthe colonel , a blaze - faced chestnut bred at the wyvill constable burton stud , yorkshire , in 1825 , was out of a mare called my lady ' s dam , by delpini . a successful family descends from gascoigne stakes winner my lady ( 1818 , by comus , family 8 - k ) , with stakes winners all over the world ; delphine , by whisker ( see below ) was a daughter of my lady . the colonel was purchased by edward petre as a yearling , and was sold , after his st . leger win , to king george iv for \u00a34 , 000 . he was a small , speedy horse ,\nhigh and fighting\nin his action , and even as an aging stallion was called\nthe beau - ideal of an english thoroughbred .\nhe was in - bred 4 x 4 to eclipse , 4 x 4 to herod , 3 x 4 to highflyer , 4 x 5 to blank , 5 x 5 to snap .\n, his mind reeling , shouted to his son ; the cry he hurled did not fall to the ground ; his god - like son stayed on the spot and paid for his father ' s rescue with his own life , [ 40 ] and because he accomplished this tremendous deed he seemed to the younger men to be the greatest man of his time in excellence towards his parents . these things are past . of men alive today , thrasybulus [ 45 ] more than anyone has approached his father ' s standard , and he rivals his father ' s brother in every splendor . he manages his wealth with intelligence , reaping not an unjust or arrogant youth , but the wisdom found in the quiet haunts of the pierian muses . [ 50 ] earth - shaking poseidon , he is devoted to you , who rule over horse - races , and his thoughts are pleasing to you . his sweet temperament , when he associates with his drinking companions , surpasses even the bee ' s intricate honeycomb .\nthe trojans are overjoyed and celebrate their victory and the departure of the greeks . sinon in the night opens the door of the horse . the heroes descend , and light the flames that give to the greek fleet the agreed - upon signal for its return . thus troy is captured ; all the inhabitants are either slain or carried into slavery , and the city is destroyed . the only survivors of the royal house are helenus , aeneas , hector ' s wife andromache , and cassandra , who is taken as a war prize by agamemnon . the greeks run riot in the conquered city and their offenses set off divine outrage . for many of the greeks , their sufferings are far from over . their voyages home , in greek nostoi , are fraught with troubles . only nestor , diomedes , neoptolemus , philoctetes , and idomeneus reach home in safety ; while menelaus and odysseus first have to undergo wanderings for years . the locrian ajax is killed at sea , and agamemnon immediately after his arrival home .\nstoute had originally planned to rest the colt after the st leger , but conduit came out of the race exceptionally well [ 18 ] and was brought back to a mile and a half and fast ground for the breeders ' cup turf at santa anita park . moore held up conduit in the early stages before moving the colt up into a challenging position entering the straight . having been switched to the outside , conduit produced a strong late run to catch eagle mountain inside the final furlong and win by one and a half lengths . his winning time of 2 : 23 . 42 was the fastest recorded in the twenty - five runnings of the race , although , as the breeders ' cup has been run on many different tracks , times are not directly comparable . [ 19 ] after the race , stoute praised the colt and suggested that he could improve further , saying ,\nhe\u2019s a beautifully balanced horse with a good turn of foot , and he keeps getting better .\n[ 18 ]\ncoronach made his debut in july when he won a maiden race at salisbury . he then won the rous memorial stakes at goodwood in\neffortless\nstyle , leading the sporting life to describe him as\none of the best two - year - olds in england\n. [ 8 ] coronach completed his hat - trick in the champagne stakes at doncaster , leading from the start and beating lex by four lengths without being seriously challenged . [ 9 ] coronach was coughing after his doncaster win but appeared to have made a full recovery by october . [ 10 ] on his final start he was beaten a neck by lex in the middle park stakes at newmarket . he had legitimate excuses however , as the contest was run at a\nmuddling pace\nand he came back from the race a sick horse , with a high temperature . [ 11 ] despite his defeat he was rated the equal best two - year - old ( with legatee ) in the free handicap on a mark of 126 lbs . [ 12 ]\nemancipation ( f bletchingly ) champion 3yo & 4yo & aust horse of the year . 19 wins from 1200m to 1750m , a $ 544 , 760 , ajc doncaster h . , gr . 1 , george main s . , gr . 1 , all - aged s . , gr . 1 , stc rosemount wines classic , gr . 1 , george ryder s . , gr . 1 - twice , ajc apollo s . , gr . 2 , chipping norton s . , gr . 2 , 1600m - in track record time , vrc edward manifold s . , gr . 2 , nsw tatt ' s rc chelmsford s . , gr . 2 , stc hill s . , gr . 2 , canterbury s . , gr . 2 , premiere s . , gr . 3 , ajc light fingers s . , l , vrc carbine club s . , l , stc tea rose s . , l , carnivale ' 82 h . , 2d ajc expressway s . , gr . 2 . dam of 3 winners -\nthe decision was made to aim reference point for both the st leger and the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . in his prep race he ran in the great voltigeur stakes at york in august . he won comfortably at odds of 1 / 10 , but sustained a minor injury when slipping on the heavily - watered ground . [ 12 ] only six horses opposed him in the st leger at doncaster in september . he started the 4 / 11 favourite and won by one and a half lengths from mountain kingdom . the win took his earnings to \u00a3774 , 275 , a record for a horse racing exclusively in britain . [ 13 ] on his final start , reference point started odds - on favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . as usual , he led from the start , but in the straight he weakened abruptly and finished eighth behind trempolino . [ 14 ] he returned from the race lame , and was found to be suffering from an abscess in his foot . [ 15 ] reference did not race again and was retired to stud .\nif you are not a member of a partner institution , whole book download is not available . ( why not ? )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbay colt , 1812 . by waxy - penelope by trumpator darley arabian sire line : whalebone branch . family 1 - o\nemma ( 1824 ) was bred by the earl ' s trustees , and later sold , or more likely leased , by coal magnate and banker william russell who , in 1796 , had purchased brancepeth castle , about four miles south of durham . she was a modesty successful runner , winning three of her four juvenile races , including a 500 sovereign match against sharpshooter at doncaster , and place din four of her six races at age three , including third in doncaster ' s gascoigne stakes to two colts . retired to john bowes ' streatlam stud , she produced seventeen foals , including two derby winners - - mundig and cotherstone - - trustee , an influential sire in america , and mowerina , the dam of english triple crown winner west australian and other good winners .\nthe liver chestnut maid of lune ( 1831 ) was one of the first horses to run , in york , in the colors of john bowes after he reached his majority . retired to stud in 1835 , her first foal was mickleton maid ( 1836 ) , by the good two - miler velocipede . she won the park hill stakes , and went on to produce some daughters whose descendants were successful and numerous enough to propel maid of lune to head her own branch of family 7 ( family 7 - b ) , including some english classic winners and a great many successful horses in japan . another daughter of maid of lune , heather bell ( 1842 , by bay middleton ) , was an important tail - female ancestress of top winners in south africa . maid of lune remained in the streatlam stud until her death in 1853 , having produced fifteen foals for bowes ."]}
{"id": 777, "summary": [{"text": "arachnogyaritus celestini is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the type species of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by gouverneur and vitali in 2016 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is known from laos . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "arachnogyaritus celestini", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\n166 . 31 kb from laos , mt . phu pane . size : 6 mm\nthank you xavier ! ! one of your species ! ! i doubted between this and elegantogyaritus wakaharai .\nurltoken is a brazilian scientific electronic library ( iheringia , revista brasileira de entomologia , zoologia . . . )\nto sign my photos of flat - faced longhorned beetles . of course , it is possible for any site to create a link towards any page of urltoken or for any publication to cite a resource without express authorization . for any question about rights of reproduction and use , contact me ! how to quote this website ?\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nlongicornia malayana ; or , a descriptive catalogue of the species of the three longicorn families lamiid\u00e6 , cerambycid\u00e6and prionid\u00e6 , collected by mr . a . r . wallace in the malay archipelago .\nbase des \u00e9lytres avec une s\u00e9rie de tubercules ( sri lanka ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ceylania n . gen . - base des \u00e9lytres avec une \u00e9pine discale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10\ndan heffern , houston ( usa ) pour nous avoir transmis ses clich\u00e9s photographiques d ' holotypes de gyaritini .\nbreuning ( s . ) , 1956 . \u2013 die ostasien - cerambyciden im museum a . koenig , bonn . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge , 7 ( 1 - 3 ) : 229 - 236 .\n1872 . \u2013 histoire naturelle des insectes genera des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res ou expos\u00e9 m\u00e9thodique et critique de tous les genres propos\u00e9s jusqu ' ici dans cet ordre d ' insectes . famille lxviii . longicornes . ( suite ) . sous - famille iii\nlacordaire ( t . ) , 1872 . \u2013 histoire naturelle des insectes . genera des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res ou expos\u00e9 m\u00e9thodique et critique de tous les genres propos\u00e9s jusqu ' ici dans cet ordre d ' insectes . famille lxviii . longicornes . ( suite ) . sous - famille iii . lamiides . librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , 9 ( 2 ) : 411 - 930 .\npart iii . the transactions of the entomological society of london , ( 2 ) 4 ( 6 ) : 236\u2013266 .\nwallace in the malay archipelago . ( part i ) . the transactions of the entomological society of london , 3 ( 3 ) 1 : 1 - 96 .\nthough very popular among entomologists , cerambycids are not very common as fossils . the description of extinct taxa implies a knowledge of the group at a worldwide level since tribes and genera c\u2026\n[ more ]\ninventory of the collections , description of the history of this collections , description of the donations and biography of the donators , description of the major samples . . . and publications of dat\u2026\n[ more ]\nthree new species of cerambycinae from laos , comusia atricornis n . sp . , demonax vitalii n . sp . and perissus octopunctatus n . sp . are described .\nnemophas thomson , 1864 , iothocera thomson , 1864 and dolichoprosopus ritsema , 1881 are compared and revised with emphasis on the genital morphology . nemophas is recognised as older synonym of iothocera n . syn . consequently , apriona tomentosa bouquet , 1859 is transferred to the genus nemophas as follows : nemophas tomentosus ( bouquet , 1859 ) n . comb . dolichoprosopus incensus pascoe , 1866 and . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncompl\u00e9ments \u00e0 la r\u00e9vision de la tribu des gyaritini breuning , 1956 et description d\u2019un nouveau genre . . .\nle genre retilla lacordaire , 1872 est transf\u00e9r\u00e9 dans la tribu des desmiphorini thomson , 1860 . protogyaritus griseofasciatus n . gen . , n . sp . est d\u00e9crit du nord - est laos ( houa phan ) . ce nouveau taxon est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par les yeux r\u00e9niformes , le pronotum avec des tubercules discaux tr\u00e8s r\u00e9duits , les \u00e9lytres parall\u00e8les et les ailes membraneuses normalement d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es , caract\u00e8res qui le . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntwo new laotian species , sinomimovelleda chemini n . sp . and aconodes guerardi n . sp . are described . aconodes breuningi n . nom . is proposed for aconodes submontanus breuning , 1975 nec breuning , 1949 ( secondary homonymy ) . deux nouvelles esp\u00e8ces du laos , sinomimovelleda chemini n . sp . et aconodes guerardi n . sp . sont d\u00e9crites . aconodes breuningi n . nom . est propos\u00e9 pour aconodes submontanus . . . [ show full abstract ]\nworkers of the leptogenys chalybaea species group are swarm raiders that primarily prey on large millipedes . the ants attack and immobilize these relatively large prey and can then form chains of workers to drag their newly acquired trove of nutrients back to the nest ( peeters & de greef 2015 ) . the leptogenys chalybaea species pages includes a youtube video of this behavior that has been viewed more than 7 million times !\nthe big and the small . a discothyrea sexarticulata worker placed on dinoponera australis . photo by guilherme ide ( mzusp ) .\nmyrmoteras worker from danum valley , sabah , malaysia . the trigger hair , used to release the mandibles from their open to closed position when prey is encountered , can be seen between the mandibles . photo by steve shattuck .\na formica comata worker defending her nest , ready to bite and spray the invader with formic acid ( ch 2 o 2 ) . photo by gary alpert .\na stigmatomma minutum worker from kerala , india ( photo by kalesh sadasivan ) . stigmatomma has received considerable attention lately , with a phylogeny of the subfamily amblyoponinae ( ward & fisher , 2016 ) transfering a number of species from stigmatomma to the newly revived genus fulakora and the malagasy species being revised ( esteves & fisher , 2016 ) .\nit turns out some early ants were absolutely amazing . perrichot , wang & engel ( 2016 ) report on a 99 - million - year - old ant from myanmar amber that had a bulbous horn bursting from the top of its head and elongate trap jaw mandibles with \u201ctrigger\u201d hairs . clearly there were some highly specialized ants even at this early stage of their history .\nfrom missouri ( approximately 38 . 7n 90 . 2w ) are well advanced in developing their sexual brood for the coming summer . being opportunistic nesters , this colony was found in a curled leaf among lawn grass .\nit ' s not an ant , but it would really like to be . a cerambycid beetle , from laos , pretending to be a polyrhachis to avoid its predators .\n, photographed using an electron microscope . one of the reasons ants are so successful is because of their great morphological diversity . this diversity also extends to their life history and ecology . these two species differ so greatly that they would likely not even recognise each other when they meet in northern queensland , australia , where they both occur . they would pass by without a second thought and certainly wouldn ' t realise that they are cousins !\n, the latest addition to the ant family . containing two newly described species from the\na lego pinned insect manipulator ! this shows that lego ' s can be important in serious research , and that some scientists are still kids at heart . it also shows what happens when you think outside the box . see dupont s , price b , blagoderov v ( 2015 ) for full details .\nqueen , major worker and minor worker . workers are polymorphic in size and this is associated with differences in ovariole numbers . queens are not much larger than the major workers , but have disproportionately more ovarioles and a 10 - fold higher egg - laying rate .\ncorrie moreau has a video discussing a few of her current research projects . she says\nwe are all just walking rainforests ! humans and ants ( and almost all of life ) are ecosystems in themselves . always great fun to share my research with the brain scoop ! \ufeff\nwell worth a look .\nthis odontoponera worker found an earthworm while foraging on the rainforest floor in borneo . she spent several minutes attempting to capture it but to no avail . in the end she retreated for easier prey , the earthworm having defended itself by smearing the ant with sticky mucus that was too much for her to handle . photo by : steve shattuck during a recent ant course .\npolyrhachis is known from over 750 species which occur from africa east through india and into australia . they are especially abundant and incredibly diverse in the rainforests of southeast asia , where this species and over 100 others are found . they forage singly or in groups on low vegetation and the ground during the day , making them easy to find and observe . they are also very patient , sitting quietly while they have their portraits taken . the subgenus polyrhachis , to which this species belongs , is readily recognised by the elongate spines on the dorsum of the petiole ( the left - most pair in this photo taken in borneo during a recent ant course ) . these really are exceptional ants . photo by : steve shattuck .\ndavid general and perry buenavente recently published a paper describing a new species of romblonella , romblonella coryae , from the philippines . this is only the ninth known species of this small , asian genus . photo by : dave general\nthis wide - spread introduced species has a new name . previously known as monomorium destructor , ward et al . ( 2015 ) recognised that this species and its close relatives were not related to other monomorium species , but belonged to the genus trichomyrmex . this resulted in a name change to trichomyrmex destructor . photo by : april nobile / antweb\na member of the newly resurrected genus syllophopsis . photo by : april nobile / antweb\nthis page was last modified on 23 may 2015 , at 17 : 05 .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nmy machine specs are : xeon e5 - 2687 3 . 10 ghz ( 2 processors ) 64 gb ram nvidia quadro 6000 softwares used : zbrush , maya , arnold renderer , nuke by ramteen ahmadi\nphylogeny of the coleoptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae john f . l awrence\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 779, "summary": [{"text": "the ash meadows killifish ( empetrichthys merriami ) was first documented by c. h. gilbert in 1893 and historically occupied numerous springs near ash meadows , nye county , nevada , united states .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species was last seen in 1948 and is believed to have gone extinct in the early 1950s , likely as a result of habitat alteration and competition with and predation by introduced crayfish procambarus clarkii , mosquitofish ( gambusia affinis ) , black mollies ( poecilia sphenops ) , and bullfrogs ( rana catesbeiana ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the common name of the genus empetrichthys has since been changed from killifish to poolfish . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ash meadows killifish", "paragraphs": ["the common name of the genus empetrichthys has since been changed from killifish to poolfish .\nsprings at ash meadows , nevada , u . s . a . [ extinct ] .\nthe holotype comes from kings spring , ash meadows , amargosa desert , on the boundary between california and nevada , nye county , nevada , usa .\nin 1984 , much too late for empetrichthys merriami , the ash meadows national wildlife refuge was established to protect the endangered plant and animal species of this area . four species of plants and animals are endemic , including the endangered pupfishes cyprinodon diabolis , cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes , cyprinodon nevadensis pectoralis and the ash meadows speckled dace , rhinichthys osculus nevadensis .\nhistorically occurred in five springs at ash meadows , nevada ; extinct in late 1940s or early 1950s , apparently as a result of habitat alterations and predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish .\nreasons : historically occurred in five springs at ash meadows , nevada ; extinct in late 1940s or early 1950s , apparently as a result of habitat alterations and predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish .\nrange included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\nits range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\n( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\nthis species was endemic to springs in ash meadows , nye county , nevada , usa . at this location , over a length of 12 miles many springs are spread out on the valley ground . empetrichthys merriami cannot be found there anymore and is likely extinct .\nglobal range : ( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) range included ash meadows , amargosa desert , nye county , nevada , near the nevada / california border . this species was known only from five separated springs ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\ncotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46102 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nevada , nevada , united states , north america\ncotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46102 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nev . , nevada , united states , north america\nc . h . merriam and v . bailey collected this species - at least they thought to have collected only one species - in several specimens in the ash meadows spring and one specimen in the pahrump valley . this one fish from pahrump belonged to another species , the later described empetrichthys latos .\ncotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46101 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes preparation : illustration collector ( s ) : a . fisher year collected : 1891 locality : ash meadows , nev . , nevada , united states , north america\nthe species of crenichthys and empetrichthys were removed from the family cyprinodontidae ( order atheriniformes ) and placed in the family goodeidae ( order cyprinodontiformes ) by parenti ( 1986 ) . crenichthys and empetrichthys were assigned to the family empetrichthyidae by miller and smith ( 1986 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) retained these genera in the cyprinodontidae , pending confirmatory evidence for change based on additional character suites . mtdna data of grant and riddle ( 1995 ) indicate that the phylogenetic affinity of crenichthys and empetrichthys is with the family goodeidae rather than with the representative fundulines , poeciliids , or cyprinodontines . formerly known as the ash meadows killifish .\ncomments : the species of crenichthys and empetrichthys were removed from the family cyprinodontidae ( order atheriniformes ) and placed in the family goodeidae ( order cyprinodontiformes ) by parenti ( 1986 ) . crenichthys and empetrichthys were assigned to the family empetrichthyidae by miller and smith ( 1986 ) . the 1991 afs checklist ( robins et al . 1991 ) retained these genera in the cyprinodontidae , pending confirmatory evidence for change based on additional character suites . mtdna data of grant and riddle ( 1995 ) indicate that the phylogenetic affinity of crenichthys and empetrichthys is with the family goodeidae rather than with the representative fundulines , poeciliids , or cyprinodontines . formerly known as the ash meadows killifish .\nash meadows encompasses a number of springfed ponds and wetlands at the edge of the mojave desert . the springs ' s temperatures range from 21 to 33\u00b0c , though annual fluctuations of temperature are only 2 - 7\u00b0c within each spring . the submerge vegetation consists of stoneworts of the genus chara and filamentous algae . most of the pools are lined with emergent cattails ( typha spp . )\ntype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 131151 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : nevada : ( king ' s spring = point of rocks spring . ) ash meadows , nye county , nye county , nevada , united states , north america\ntype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 131151 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : t . palmer year collected : 1891 locality : nevada : ( king ' s spr . = point of rocks spr . ) ash meadows , nye co . , nye county , nevada , united states , north america\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as extinct because no individuals have been found in more than 50 years , despite intensive surveys .\nthis species is extinct . formerly it occurred in 5 springs in nevada ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\nthis species went extinct in the late 1940s or early 1950s as a result of severe habitat alterations , possibly exacerbated by predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish ( miller et al . 1989 ) .\nthis species is extinct , so it does not require additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ngilbert , c . h . ( 1893 ) : report on the fishes of the death valley expedition collected in southern california and nevada in 1891 , with descriptions of new species . north american fauna nr . 7 , part ii , washington : pp 229 - 384\nthis species is named in honour of one of the collectors , c . h . merriam .\ncollection - number : united states national museum , cat . no . usnm - 131151 .\nthe holotype is an adult female of 67mm sl . numbers of paratypes are : su 766 ( 2 ) , usnm 46101 - 03 ( 3 , 2 , 1 ) . the types (\nseveral specimens\n) have been sampled by c . h . merriam and v . bailey in 05 . 1891 .\nempetrichthys latos gilbert , 1893 ( one specimen of the types of merriami referred to e . latos , but has not been recognized by gilbert )\nthe karyotype describes the number and appearance of chromosomes during the phase of condensation , classified by the position of the centromere ( levan et al . , 1964 ) .\nempetrichthys merriami preffered deeper pools ( ~ 2m ) and was rarely seen in shallower areas .\nthere is no description of the colouration of live animals known . gilbert wrote 1893 :\nin spirits the color is dark brown above , sides and below lighter , often irregularly blotched with brown and white . the belly often appears checkered , having centers of scales brown and margins white , or the reverse . fins all dusky , the basal portions of dorsal and caudal with elongated brown spots on the interradial membranes .\nregarding the habitat and the feeding habits of related inhabitants of thermal springs , empetrichthys merriami probably had been an opportunistic omnivore , feeding on algae and invertebrates . taking in consideration a relatively short intestine ( about 1 1 / 2 times of tl ) , the biserial conical teeth with the outer series enlarged , this species seems to had been rather carnivorous .\nspecies of the subfamily empetrichthyinae are oviparous fishes . parenti ( 1981 ) proposed this subfamily as sister group to the goodeinae and used the family name goodeidae to encompass the two subfamilies . this narrow relationship has been supported by several studies since the 1980 ' s ( webb , dominguez ) .\n5 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27139 ) )\ncotype for empetrichthys merriami catalog number : usnm 46103 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : e . nelson year collected : 1891 locality : papump val . , nev . , nevada , united states , north america\ncomments : this fish inhabited deeper holes in springs ( la rivers 1962 ) .\nnon - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments : apparently omnivorous , based on an examination of a single stomach , the structure of the teeth , and the length of the intestines ( la rivers 1962 ) .\nnote : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments : this species is extinct . formerly it occurred in 5 springs in nevada ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\nlittle information reported ( lee et al . 1980 ) . occurred historically with cyprinodon nevadensis mionectes and rhinichthys osculus nevadensis .\nthis species is listed as extinct because no individuals have been found in more than 50 years , despite intensive surveys .\ncomments : this species went extinct in the late 1940s or early 1950s as a result of severe habitat alterations , possibly exacerbated by predation from exotic bullfrogs and crayfish ( miller et al . 1989 ) .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2012 ) .\nempetrichthys merriami\nin fishbase . august 2012 version .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history , vol . 168 , pt . 4\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\napparently omnivorous , based on an examination of a single stomach , the structure of the teeth , and the length of the intestines ( la rivers 1962 ) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .\neach spring system that is undivided by a barrier constitutes a single distinct occurrence . otherwise , use a separation distance of 10 km for any type of aquatic habitat .\nseparation distance is arbitrary . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ngrant , e . c . , and b . r . riddle . 1995 . are the endangered springfish ( crenichthys hubbs ) and poolfish ( empetrichthys gilbert ) fundulines or goodeids ? : a mitochondrial dna assessment . copeia 1995 : 209 - 212 .\njelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . d\u00edaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .\nla rivers , i . 1962 . fishes and fisheries of nevada . nevada state fish and game commission , carson city , nevada . 782 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nmiller , r . r . , j . d . williams , and j . e . williams . 1989 . extinctions of north american fishes during the past century . fisheries 14 ( 6 ) : 22 - 38 .\nmiller , r . r . , and m . l . smith . 1986 . origin and geography of fishes on central mexico . pages 487 - 517 in c . h . hocutt and e . o . wiley , editors . the zoogeography of north american freshwater fishes . john wiley and sons , new york , new york . xiii + 866 pp .\nminckley , w . l . , g . k . meffe , and d . l . soltz . 1991a . conservation and management of short - lived fishes : the cyprinodontoids . pages 247 - 82 in w . l . minckley and j . e . deacon ( editors ) . battle against extinction : native fish management in the american west . university of arizona press , tucson , arizona .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\nparenti , l . r . 1981 . a phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of cyprinodontiform fishes ( teleostei , atherinomorpha ) . bulletin of the american museum natural history 168 : 335 - 557 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? 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{"id": 781, "summary": [{"text": "assert ( 17 april 1979 \u2013 1995 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "as a two-year-old he was beaten by golden fleece on his debut but went on to win the beresford stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he was again beaten by golden fleece in a trial race but went on to win four group one races : the prix du jockey club , irish derby , benson & hedges gold cup and joe mcgrath memorial stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was rated the best middle-distance horse in europe in 1982 by timeform .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud at the end of his three-year-old season and became a successful sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "assert ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["virtually all newer modems allowing the behavior of the dcd signal to be configured . typical options available include\nalways assert dcd\n,\nassert dcd only when connected\n, and\nalways assert dcd except immediately after sensing a disconnect\n.\nhis horse is too clever for his own good . love seeing horses assert their intelligence in the faces of those who think horses are not\u2026\n2nd dam : sommes sound by assert . winner at 3 . dam of 9 winners :\ncats are always on their high horse . get it ? cats ? high horse ? only this horse is lying down , but i guess\ncats are always on\u2026\nnearco was inbred 4 \u00d7 4 to assert , meaning that this stallion appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .\nhorse are blessings beyond counting every day , not just on thanksgiving . when i count my blessings , i count my horse twice .\nthe american paint horse is a color breed unlike the pinto which it resembles . the primary difference between the paint and the pinto is the stipulation that to be registered as a paint , the horse must be either a quarter horse or thoroughbred . the paint horse is generally found with a stock horse build , although some are used for racing .\ntom fool - - born in 1949 , purchased by mrs . harry payne whitney , greentree stable . trained by john m . gaver , second horse in history to win the handicap triple crown . horse of the year and handicap horse of 1953 .\nc : hoppel ' s horse & cattle co . b : george strawbridge jr .\nassert began his three - year - old season in the nijinsky stakes over ten furlongs in may in which he again finished second to golden fleece . two weeks later , assert was moved up in distance for the gallinule stakes over one and a half miles at the curragh and recorded a wide - margin victory over rivellino .\nassert began his three - year - old season in the nijinsky stakes over ten furlongs in may in which he again finished second to golden fleece . two weeks later , assert was moved up in distance for the gallinule stakes over one and a half miles at the curragh and recorded a wide - margin victory over rivellino . [ 4 ]\nbecause of this , in many instances it is not possible to determine whether a horse is gaited when it is standing still . movement is necessary to tell if a horse is gaited .\ngolden fleece was sangster ' s representative in the epsom derby and so assert was sent to contest the french equivalent , the prix du jockey club over 2400m at chantilly racecourse four days later . starting the 2 . 2 / 1 favourite he took the lead from real shadai in the straight and pulled clear to win by three lengths . he was the first foreign trained - horse to win the race since its inception in 1836 . three weeks later , assert started 4 / 7 favourite for the irish derby at the curragh , with the american - bred , british - trained silver hawk appearing to provide his only serious opposition . assert took the lead and quickly went clear of the field to win very easily from silver hawk by a margin officially recorded as eight lengths ( timeform made it ten lengths ) . assert became the first horse to win both the prix du jockey club and irish derby .\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nthe concept of leadership as advocated in many training manuals proves to be unreliable in the horse .\ngolden fleece was sangster ' s representative in the epsom derby and so assert was sent to contest the french equivalent , the prix du jockey club over 2400m at chantilly racecourse four days later . starting the 2 . 2 / 1 favourite he took the lead from real shadai in the straight and pulled clear to win by three lengths . he was the first foreign trained - horse to win the race since its inception in 1836 . [ 5 ] three weeks later , assert started 4 / 7 favourite for the irish derby at the curragh , with the american - bred , british - trained silver hawk appearing to provide his only serious opposition . assert took the lead and quickly went clear of the field to win very easily from silver hawk by a margin officially recorded as eight lengths ( timeform made it ten lengths ) . [ 4 ] assert became the first horse to win both the prix du jockey club and irish derby . [ 6 ]\nthe quarter horse is truly an american breed of horse . it was created to compete in quarter racing , one of the earliest forms of horse racing in america . the founding stallion was a thoroughbred named janus , imported to america in 1756 . he was a famous sire of great racers in colonial america . the quarter horse proved capable of many tasks besides racing . when the pioneers moved westward , the quarter horse found a new role on the cattle range where its explosive speed and intelligence proved ideal for herding cattle . the quarter horse became a choice mount for rodeo riders . today the breed is also used for show jumping and combined training . the quarter horse is one of the most versatile horses .\nthe standardbred horse is considered to be the fastest harness horse in the world . harness racing has been a passion in the united states since the early 1800s . then , the morgan horse reigned as the supreme harness horse . but an event occurring in 1849 ended the morgan dynasty . this event was the foaling of a horse named hambletonian\u00eds 10 , the foundation sire of the standardbred horse . the breed gains its name from the fact that a horse must meet a certain\nstandard\nof either timed speed at the mile or breeding in order to be properly registered . the increased brilliance of the standardbred breed itself has reduced times for the mile by a minute - down 30 percent from the original record .\ncoolmore manager christy grassick said :\nwe all feel privileged to have been involved with such a special horse .\nfor more details on the entire 12 - horse field , see the free arkansas derby pps courtesy of brisnet .\nfrom the time of julius caesar ' s occupation of what is now belgium , the belgian horse has enjoyed a great reputation as a powerful and versatile horse . the belgian draft horse is called the brabant horse in europe , and in america it is called the belgian . the belgian is the descendant of the type of horse used by knights as war horses . richard the lionhearted imported many belgians to england . when the mounted knight became obsolete , the belgian ' s strength was utilized in agriculture . the belgian has been exported throughout the world to improve local stock . it has greatly influenced the shire , clydesdale , and suffolk punch of britain , and the rheinesh horse of germany .\ngeneral george washington ( riding white horse ) and his staff welcoming a provision train of supplies for the continental army .\nassert was a bay horse with a white blaze and three socks bred in ireland by the moyglare stud . he was from the first crop of foals sired by be my guest , an american - bred stallion who won the waterford crystal mile when trained in ireland by vincent o ' brien . be my guest ' s other offspring included on the house , pentire go and go and luth enchantee . assert ' s dam irish bird , was a half - sister of irish ball , a colt who finished third in the epsom derby before winning the irish derby in 1971 . a year before foaling assert , irish bird had produced bikala , who won the prix du jockey - club 1981 . another of her foals was eurobird , a filly who won the irish st leger .\nassert was a bay horse with a white blaze and three socks bred in ireland by the moyglare stud . he was from the first crop of foals sired by be my guest , an american - bred stallion who won the waterford crystal mile when trained in ireland by vincent o ' brien . be my guest ' s other offspring included on the house , pentire go and go and luth enchantee . assert ' s dam irish bird , was a half - sister of irish ball , a colt who finished third in the epsom derby before winning the irish derby in 1971 . a year before foaling assert , irish bird had produced bikala , who won the prix du jockey - club 1981 . another of her foals was eurobird , a filly who won the irish st leger . [ 2 ]\n. street cry , though , proved much his best sire - son , to the extent that one can confidently assert that he proved himself a significantly better sire than his father had been . and that is very high praise indeed .\nlonhro has been able to assert his dominance in an era increasingly bereft , with the exception perhaps of defier , of genuine wfa competition , which is also a reflection of how well hawkes has placed the five - year - old .\nou know you are a horse lover when you see a golf course and think about how it would make a great pasture .\nas a yearling assert was sent to the ales in france and was bought for 160 , 000 francs ( approximately \u00a316 , 000 ) and entered the ownership of robert sangster . he was trained throughout his racing career by david o ' brien .\nbe my guest , also a member of the 1974 foal crop was purchased privately and he won the desmond stakes and the waterford crystal mile in 1977 . he went on to sire belmont stakes winner go and go and irish derby winner assert .\nthe creation of the american paint horse association was due in part to the fact that horses of paint coloring were discriminated against by other associations . for instance , the american quarter horse association will not register a spotted horse regardless of its breeding , however excellent or pure . many owners of spotted horses feel their horses receive poor marks from show judges due to color . in fact , in some shows judges have been known to refuse the entries of spotted horses . therefore , there are now a considerable number of shows restricted to spotted horses . ironically , in the old west , cowhands would pay considerably more for a spotted horse than a horse of conventional coloring .\nwhat an amazing , amazing horse . sad to learn . god speed . . . . . . . . . . . .\na fabulous horse , who enjoyed a very long and productive life . the world was blessed to have witnessed such an incredible animal .\nthe minstrel was named horse of the year in both ireland and england . he went on to sire breeders\u2019 cup mile winner opening verse , but his greatest claim to fame in the breeding shed is through his grandson , american horse of the year cigar by palace music .\nthe ancestor of the hanoverian horse was the german\nwar horse\nof the middle ages . with the passing of the armored knight , the hanoverian was bred with spanish and oriental horses to change its conformation for use as a cavalry horse . this new hanoverian horse was capable of working under saddle , in harness on the farm or drawing carriages . in 1735 , king george ii of england ( a german ) founded the famous landgestiit celle which is to this day the official stud and training facility with over 200 stallions . today the hanoverian has been crossed with more thoroughbred blood , as well as , trakehner . it proves a superlative hunter , dressage and show jumping horse .\nit is the most phenomenal record for any horse to be champion sire 14 times - a record that is likely to remain unequalled .\nkingston town , like lonhro a handsome , near - black individual , was the first australian horse to win more than $ 1 million .\nas a yearling assert was sent to the ales in france and was bought for 160 , 000 francs ( approximately \u00a316 , 000 ) and entered the ownership of robert sangster . he was trained throughout his racing career by david o ' brien . [ 3 ]\nin 1981 , assert was given a rating of 113 by the independent timeform organisation , nineteen pounds below their top - rated two - year - old colt wind and wuthering . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds behind the top - rated green forest . in the following season he was rated the second - best three - year - old in europe ( and the joint - second - best horse of any age ) behind golden fleece . timeform rated him on 134 , a pound ahead of golden fleece and level with ardross and green forest as the best horse of the year . he was also named the year ' s best middle - distance horse by timeform .\na 1937 exhibition of appaloosas in art and an article on the breed in the western horseman magazine created a new interest in the indian ' s spotted horse . the result was the incorporation of the appaloosa horse club in 1938 . it barely stayed alive through world war ii , but new research on the spotted horse in the old world interested more people in the breed . the first all - appaloosa show was held at lewiston , idaho , in 1948 . in 1950 , the appaloosa horse club was recognized by the national association of stallion registration boards . canada and england also formed appaloosa horse clubs and many regional clubs were formed within the u . s . the modern appaloosa is a fast - growing and popular breed .\nthe morgan breed was founded by a horse foaled in 1789 in west springfield , massachusetts . as a young horse , he was called figure . according to the new england custom at the time , he was named after his owner , justin morgan . when morgan died , the horse was sold . justin morgan proved to be a proponent sire that produced a breed which could haul logs one day and win an important race the next .\nin 1981 , assert was given a rating of 113 by the independent timeform organisation , nineteen pounds below their top - rated two - year - old colt wind and wuthering . in the official international classification he was rated thirteen pounds behind the top - rated green forest . [ 3 ] in the following season he was rated the second - best three - year - old in europe ( and the joint - second - best horse of any age ) behind golden fleece . timeform rated him on 134 , a pound ahead of golden fleece and level with ardross and green forest as the best horse of the year . he was also named the year ' s best middle - distance horse by timeform . [ 4 ]\nveuvelicious ( 11f , medicean , assert ) . 2 wins at 2 , a $ 174 , 100 , atc fernhill h . , l , mrc sensational springvale 2yo p . , 3d atc schweppervescence h . , gr . 3 , mrc say it with flowers 2yo h .\nthe pinto horse is a color breed in contrast to most other breeds which are defined by their genetic ancestry . in america , the pinto is regarded as a proper breed . pintos have a dark background coloring and upon this color random patches of white . the pinto coloration may occur in any breed or specific conformation . however , the pinto horse association of america does not accept horses with appaloosa , draft , or mule breeding or characteristics . in the american west , the pinto has traditionally been regarded as a horse the american indian favored as a war horse since its coloring provided a natural camouflage .\nin 1982 dr o\u2019brien\u2019s son maintained the family stranglehold on the joe mcgrath memorial as his outstanding 3 year old colt assert \u2013 a dual derby winner and most recently the winner of the benson and hedges gold cup , routed his rivals , with kind of hush best of the rest .\nobviously , the most outstanding feature of the miniature is its size . it stands up to 34 inches . other than height , standards require the horse to be of good conformation , looking much like a horse of larger proportions . it is known for its intelligence and alertness . it appears in any color .\nsince 1942 , hundreds of thousands of horses have already suffered and died to support the premarin drug industry .\nwhat no horse said ever . someday i\u2026\nthe precise origins of the quarter horse have been argued incessantly and vigorously , almost from its very beginning . we know with certainty that the most important influence on the quarter horse came from the thoroughbred horse , janus , imported as a ten - year - old to america in 1756 . janus stood at stud for 24 years , but the origin of the mares he was bred with is the subject of dispute . historians variously maintain that the ancestors were spanish horses , chickasaws , galloway \u00eds , hobbies and so on . the characteristics of the quarter horse , then , are due to a host of influences from different breeds .\nmyth # 2 : gaited horses require special tack tradition is important in all breeds , but in particular the ones from south and central america . while traditional saddles and tack are used on some horse in the show ring , these horses may be ridden in any saddle or bridle that you or i may choose for a \u201cregular\u201d horse . the main thing to keep in mind is that many gaited horses have long sloping shoulders and shorter backs ( but this is true of many breeds ) . the key with gaited horses , as with all other breeds , is to ensure that the saddle allows the shoulder to move forward freely and that the saddle does not interfere with the hip . . myth # 3 : gaited horse require special shoeing once again a gaited horse is a horse first . some gaited horse breeders expand the mystique that special farriers and special shoes and angles are necessary \u201cto get the gait\u201d or \u201cto hit a lick . \u201d such statements disregard the fact that every horse is an individual and should be trimmed and shod in accordance with their conformation . many gaited horses are even shown barefoot .\nthe pinto does not have consistent conformation since it is bred for color . when the darker color is black , the horse is often described as piebald . when the darker color is anything but black , the horse is described as skewbald . pintos may be from a variety of breeds , ranging from thoroughbred to miniatures .\nafter many years of careless breeding and little attention , the paso fino found favor in puerto rico as a unique breed . in 1943 , the federacion del deporte de caballos de silla de puerto rico was formed in an effort to improve the horse . the improvements manifested quickly , making an elegant and calm - natured horse .\nassert ( ire ) b . h , 1979 { 8 - c } dp = 10 - 2 - 10 - 8 - 0 ( 30 ) di = 1 . 31 cd = 0 . 47 - 11 starts , 6 wins , 3 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 612 , 317\nthis horse is found in any solid color with white markings permissible on the legs and face . the head is large and refined , with intelligent eyes . the long neck is heavy but not overly so . the morab is a muscular horse with long sloping shoulders and a deep chest . the back is relatively short and strong .\nsoft - gaited horses exist because they can transport people in comfort . as long as there has been recorded history of horses , there have been records of gaited horses . in fact , historically , the term \u201csaddle horse\u201d referred to a gaited horse . after all , if the horse was the only mode of transportation , does it not make sense to have one that was as comfortable as possible ? today , people still appreciate the soft gaits of these horses . what makes gaited horses unique ?\nthe most important thing to remember is that gaiting requires participation of the horse\u2019s whole body . the combination of conformation , brain , nervous system and muscles impacts movement .\narabians are found in a wide variety of uses , including hunting , jumping , endurance , dressage , trail riding and work on ranches . the first horse show devoted exclusively to the arabian was held in california in 1945 . by 1949 , the a . h . s . a . had established a separate arabian division . arabian horse races were first held at laurel , maryland in 1959 . at the other extreme of competition , the arabian international cutting horse jubilee began at filter , idaho in 1970 .\nthe belgian draft horse is descended from the war horse of the middle ages . its location of origin is brabant , in what is now belgium . belgians , as the breed is known in america , differ slightly from its european ancestor the brabant . american dealers imported mostly sorrel stock , and these colors were passed on through subsequent generations .\nthe first belgian was imported to america by dr . a . g . van hoorebeck of illinois in 1866 . the belgian is the most popular work horse in america .\nvoice 1 : bob brown has thrown down the gauntlet to the greens nsw . he obviously wants to force through changes to turn the greens into an electoral machine . i think he overestimates his cache among greens nsw members . more than ever we need to assert our right to run this organisation as we see fit .\nin addition to its elegant conformation , the american saddle horse is an outstanding performer . there are three types of saddle horse : the harness type , and the three and five - gaited types . the harness type is shown in light harness put to a light , four - wheeled vehicle . it performs the walk and the park trot . the three - gaited saddle horse works at the walk , trot and canter . the five - gaited saddle horse works at the latter gaits as well as the slow - gait and the rack . the slow - gait is a four - beat gait with remarkable action . the rack resembles the slow - gait although it is done at a much higher speed .\nthe acknowledged foundation sire of the tennessee walking horse is allan f - 1 ( also called black allan ) who was foaled in kentucky in 1886 . his sire was a standardbred ( allendorf ) and his dam a morgan ( maggie marshall ) . the breed became officially registered in 1935 with the founding of the tennessee walking horse breeders ' and exhibitors ' association . the breed was originally a type of horse used by farmers and plantation owners for use as a mount in the field where its gait and endurance were highly valued .\nmy own horse , charlie , definitely brings out the best in me . he is sweet , loving , forgiving , curious , and always greets me enthusiastically . i think that\u2026\nalthough they perform the \u201cgaits\u201d naturally , it must be recognized that the horse\u2019s balance is affected when carrying the weight of the rider . many gaited horses are \u201cwired\u201d to perform many gaits and when the balance of the load is changed , the horse changes the gait . while it is wonderful to praise the athleticism of the gaited horse , changing gaits with every shift in the riders balance is not necessarily fun , but it is challenging and intriguing . it is up to the rider to determine which gait he or she wants and to work with the horse to achieve that gait . the gait is inherited , but degree of training affects the natural or inherited ability . this fact is true of all horses .\nassert was then matched against older horses for the first time in britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot racecourse on 24 july . he started the 10 / 11 favourite ahead of his half - brother bikala who had beaten a strong field in the prix ganay on his previous start . the other main contenders were kalaglow , height of fashion and glint of gold . assert went past bikala on the turn into the straight and held off a strong challenge from glint of gold , but was caught inside the final furlong and beaten a neck by kalaglow . on 17 august assert was ridden by pat eddery in the eleventh running of the benson and hedges gold cup over ten and a half furlongs at york racecourse . starting the 4 / 5 favourite against six british - trained opponents , he took the lead from the start and pulled clear in the straight vo win easily by six lengths from norwick . a month later , assert started the 1 / 4 favourite for the joe mcgrath memorial stakes over ten furlongs . with roche back in the saddle , he went eight lengths clear in the straight before being eased down to win by three lengths from kind of hush . timeform described the race as being\nlittle more than an exercise gallop\nfor the winner . on 3 october , assert started 5 / 2 favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe on very soft ground at longchamp racecourse . he was well - positioned turning into the straight but dropped away in the closing stage and finished eleventh of the seventeen runners behind akiyda .\nassert was then matched against older horses for the first time in britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot racecourse on 24 july . he started the 10 / 11 favourite ahead of his half - brother bikala who had beaten a strong field in the prix ganay on his previous start . the other main contenders were kalaglow , height of fashion and glint of gold . assert went past bikala on the turn into the straight and held off a strong challenge from glint of gold , but was caught inside the final furlong and beaten a neck by kalaglow . on 17 august assert was ridden by pat eddery in the eleventh running of the benson and hedges gold cup over ten and a half furlongs at york racecourse . starting the 4 / 5 favourite against six british - trained opponents , he took the lead from the start and pulled clear in the straight vo win easily by six lengths from norwick . a month later , assert started the 1 / 4 favourite for the joe mcgrath memorial stakes over ten furlongs . with roche back in the saddle , he went eight lengths clear in the straight before being eased down to win by three lengths from kind of hush . timeform described the race as being\nlittle more than an exercise gallop\nfor the winner . [ 4 ] on 3 october , assert started 5 / 2 favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe on very soft ground at longchamp racecourse . he was well - positioned turning into the straight but dropped away in the closing stage and finished eleventh of the seventeen runners behind akiyda .\nthere are few breeds which can match the gracefulness of the american saddle horse in the show ring . however , this breed has a rich history far removed from the show world . the breed was originally known as the kentucky saddle horse . it was created to serve the needs of farmers and planters who often have to remain in the saddle from dawn until dusk supervising work in the fields . the horse bred for this role needed an even gait which would provide a smooth ride , and the stamina to work long hours . sometimes the horse would also have to work in harness . in addition to the breed ' s celebrated role as a showman , it is also successful in trail riding , show jumping and dressage .\nmyth # 7 : gaited horse are only for the elderly or for inexperienced riders it is a compliment that gaited horses work for people who are elderly , handicapped or inexperienced riders . however , you need not be frail or incompetent to be attracted to gaited horses . there is nothing wrong with liking a smooth comfortable ride on a sensible and good tempered horse .\nassert made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over one mile at leopardstown racecourse in september . he showed his inexperience ( ran\nvery green\n) but finished second behind the impressive winner golden fleece . three weeks later he was ( theoretically at least ) moved up in class for the group three beresford stakes over a mile at the curragh . ridden by christy roche , he took the lead early in the straight and won easily by four lengths from the odds - on favourite longleat . on his final appearance of the year , assert was sent to england for the group one william hill futurity at doncaster racecourse . he started third favourite but finished eighth of the thirteen runners behind count pahlen .\nthe paso fino is said to be a direct ancestor of the imported spanish horses of the 16th century with the only variations being those that helped suit the horse to the new climate . the horse is known primarily for its unique step for which it is named . in addition to the paso fino , the horse also exhibits two other natural four - beat gaits : the paso corto and the paso largo . the paso fino is a slow and collected gait , the paso corto covers long distances at a steady gait , and the paso largo is a faster four beat .\nrespected turf historian bill whittaker considers lonhro to be the best wfa horse since kingston town who , between 1979 and 1982 , won 30 of his 41 starts and was only four times unplaced .\nassert made his racecourse debut in a maiden race over one mile at leopardstown racecourse in september . he showed his inexperience ( ran\nvery green\n) but finished second behind the impressive winner golden fleece . three weeks later he was ( theoretically at least ) moved up in class for the group three beresford stakes over a mile at the curragh . ridden by christy roche , he took the lead early in the straight and won easily by four lengths from the odds - on favourite longleat . on his final appearance of the year , assert was sent to england for the group one william hill futurity at doncaster racecourse . he started third favourite but finished eighth of the thirteen runners behind count pahlen . [ 3 ]\nin response to this abuse , friends of sound horse was formed in 1997 . fosh is a national leader in the promotion of natural , sound gaited horses and in the fight against the abuse and soring of tennessee walking horses . fosh has three main areas of focus : \u2022 teaching sound training principals for gaited horses , \u2022 sanctioning sound gaited horse shows and events \u2022 working to end soring .\ndominance hierarchies in horses primarily influence priority access to limited resources of any kind , resulting in predictable contest outcomes that potentially minimize aggressive encounters and associated risk of injury . levels of aggression in group - kept horses under domestic conditions have been reported to be higher than in their feral counterparts but can often be attributed to suboptimal management . horse owners often express concerns about the risk of injuries occurring in group - kept horses , but these concerns have not been substantiated by empirical investigations . what has not yet been sufficiently addressed are human safety aspects related to approaching and handling group - kept horses . given horse ' s natural tendency to synchronize activity to promote group cohesion , questions remain about how group dynamics influence human\u2013horse interactions . group dynamics influence a variety of management scenarios , ranging from taking a horse out of its social group to the prospect of humans mimicking the horse ' s social system by taking a putative leadership role and seeking after an alpha position in the dominance hierarchy to achieve compliance . yet , there is considerable debate about whether the roles horses attain in their social group are of any relevance in their reactions to humans . this article reviews the empirical data on social dynamics in horses , focusing on dominance and leadership theories and the merits of incorporating those concepts into the human\u2013horse context . this will provide a constructive framework for informed debate and valuable guidance for owners managing group - kept horses and for optimizing human\u2013horse interactions .\nthe arabian is one of the most popular breeds of horse in america . the arabian horse registry of america , inc . ( which was originally called the arabian horse club of america ) was founded in 1908 . the following year , the first stud book was published and listed 71 purebred arabs in american held by 11 owners . by 1978 , a total of 167 , 501 arabians had been registered and the number of registered owners was 53 , 872 , including canada and mexico . the highest ( non - syndicated ) price paid for an arabian as of this writing was $ 350 , 000 paid for a stallion , cometego , in 1977 .\nclassic empire has a newfound zest for the job , however , after moving to the bucolic environs of winding oaks farm near ocala . if his four works there are any indication , the pioneerof the nile colt may be ready to re - assert himself as the leader of his generation . and he\u2019s fired fresh in the past , although arguing a potentially swift pace from post 2 leaves him no margin for error .\n. h . lawrence\u2019s \u201cthe horse dealer\u2019s daughter\u201d is about a woman , mabel pervin , who suffers with depression after the death of her father . with her mother dying when she was fourteen , her siblings and her father with his business as a horse dealer were all she knew . when her father passes away , all she is left with is her father\u2019s debt and her three brothers who treat her with little respect , if any at all . a series of events leads her to a revelation of herself that revitalizes her being , allowing her to love and be loved . \u201cthe horse dealer\u2019s daughter\u201d demonstrates a woman\u2019s movement from feeling insignificant and unappreciated to empowered and cared for .\na few years back . i ' ve come across these story - based debunking attempts many times . these types strenuously assert to maintain in the public mind that human cf creation is still a strong possibility where in reality it is not unless the design is small and simple . i for one will investigate any such story and relate my findings to readers on this site , elsewhere and in the field . please take cf\nit\u2019s a long way from tipperary to the tracks that host classics and their biggest fear was that the horse would not be able to fly and complete in races in england and france or worse yet injure himself or his handlers severely .\ninclude betty 12 , f ( eltish , assert ) : $ 752 , 280 , 5 wins , mother goose [ g1 ] , fantasy s . [ g3 ] , remington park oaks [ l ] , suncoast s [ l ] , 2nd black - eyed susan [ g2 ] , pin oak valley view s . [ l ] , 3rd coaching club american oaks [ g1 ] , heavenly prize invitational s . [ l ] .\nthe tennessee walking horse ' s most distinguishing characteristic is its gait , the\nrunning walk .\nthis gait was not developed merely for show purposes , but was created to carry the rider in a smooth , comfortable fashion . the running walk allows the rider to retain a secure seat involving little exertion or movement . as a result of careful selective breeding of the tennessee walker , the running walk is now inherited . this breed also has an even temperament with an excellent disposition . the tennessee walking horse was first bred by farm owners as a strong , comfortable mount on which they could supervise the work in the fields . now the breed is a distinguished horse more often found in the show ring .\ndianne little is a native calgarian who was introduced to gaited horses in 1981 . she has been a director for the alberta walking horse assoc and the canadian registry of the tennessee walking horse , and is vice - president of friends of sound horses , a leader in the promotion of natural , sound , gaited horses . dianne is also director of judges for the independent judges association , a training and licensing body for sound , natural and ethical judging of all gaited breeds .\nthe pony of the americas breed was founded in 1954 in iowa . the foundation sire was black hand # 1 . among the breeds influencing the poa are the arab , thoroughbred , quarter horse , appaloosa , welsh pony and shetland pony .\nexterminator - - born in 1915 , purchased in 1918 as a work horse for sun beau , the derby favorite . when sun beau broke down before the race , exterminator , raced at thirty to one odds , was the surprise winner .\ndespite the number of gaited breeds and their growing popularity , there is no doubt that gaited horses and gaited horse owners are a minority in the horse industry in alberta , and throughout much of north america . we \u201cgaited horse people\u201d are sometimes seen as not being part of the horse world . that is not true - we are just different . in order to be part of the majority i would have to move to such places as tennessee , kentucky , peru , columbia , or puerto rico . i have no desire to do that , so i will remain part of the minority , celebrate the uniqueness of gaited horses and show you why a journey with gaited horses may be in your future . what is a gaited horse ? this is a challenging question to answer . the webster dictionary defines gait as \u201cany of the various foot movements of a horse , as a walk , single - foot , rack , amble , trot , pace , canter or gallop\u201d and as \u201ca style of foot movement said of horses . \u201d in everyday speech , however , i think we all know that the term \u201cgaited horses\u201d is not used to describe all horses . the more common definition ( and the one i will use ) is that gaited horses are a subset of horses of various breeds where the intermediate gait is a gait without suspension \u2013 the intermediate gait is not the trot . gaited horses are frequently referred to as \u201csoft - gaited\u201d .\n- 2016 - 0104 - ea , page 35 , line 132 and 133 , stated the wild horse population on the range was less than in holding ( 47 , 403 in holding ) , according to blm officials in january of 2016 .\nthe precise origins of the welsh cob are unknown . it can be said , however , that much of the cob ' s character comes from the welsh mountain pony . during the 11th and 12th centuries the pony was crossed with spanish horses to create a larger horse , the powys cob and the welsh cart horse . with the mix of the norfolk roadsters and yorkshire coach horse , including a touch of arabian in the 18th and 19th centuries , the modern welsh cob was produced . there are four stallions in particular that have influenced the welsh cob : trotting comet , foaled in 1836 , cymro llwyd , a dun foaled in 1850 , alonzo the brave , foaled in 1866 , and true briton , foaled in 1830 .\njustin morgan ' s most important sons - those which carried on the best morgan qualities - were sherman , woodbury , bulrush , and revenge . perhaps the most famous morgan in harness racing was the great ethan allen . in 1867 at the age of 18 , he won a match race with hambletonian ' s famous son dexter , the supreme trotter of that time . the morgan became a popular mount in the american west after the civil war . it remained the favored horse for carriage work until the automobile superseded horse - drawn vehicles . besides justin morgan , one of the most famous morgan horses was black hawk . he was sired by sherman morgan and out of an unknown mare . it is said she was a from canadian breed stock . black hawk was foaled in new hampshire in 1833 . he was not an attractive horse and was high - strung in his youth . his owner nearly had him gelded . he became a pre - eminent sire and his get were at one time considered a separate breed of horse :\nblack hawks ,\nnot morgan\u00eds . he was the first stallion in american to receive a stud fee of $ 100 , a considerable sum for the 1800 ' s . among his many offspring was the famous trotter ethan allen . although black hawk died in 1856 , he was still considered the second greatest morgan sire in 1900 . the standardbred owes its greatest characteristic - namely speed - to hambletonian\u00eds , who proved to be history ' s greatest progenitor of both gait and speed . but the morgan greatly influenced the standardbred ' s stamina and conformation . some 90 percent of modern american saddlehorses such as wing commander and rex peavine trace to peavine , a great - grandson of black hawk . allen f - 1 , the founding sire of the tennessee walking horse was a descendent of black hawk on his dam ' s side . some authorities assert that steel dust , foaled about 1845 and one of the greatest sired in the history of the quarter horse , was a morgan .\nthe morgan horse is a native american breed with an outstanding reputation for its elegance and versatility . while many breeds have found greatness due to their brilliance at a certain task , the morgan ' s greatness is based on its versatility . it is used in carriage harness , under saddle , in the show ring , sport events , and in many general purpose activities and tasks . the foundation sire , justin morgan , was foaled in massachusetts in 1789 . he was a proponent sire and an extraordinary worker for his size . for many years , the morgan horse was the fastest horse for harness racing . it also earned a great reputation as a cavalry mount in the civil war . the morgan is the only breed accepted as the basis for the cavalry remount service .\nwhittaker went a step further with his assessment and said lonhro had the best finishing sprint at distances from 1400 to 2000 metres of any horse he had seen in the past 60 years , including bernborough , shannon , tulloch , kingston town and super impose .\nhorsemen the world over hold strong views on how best to breed a decent horse , and while the traditional need for a good individual will rank high on the list , the one indispensable ingredient at the top of most people ' s lists , is pedigree .\nin the official international classification for 1981 , wind and wuthering was rated the second best two - year - old in europe , three pounds behind the french - trained colt green forest . the independent timeform organisation , however , named wind and wuthering their best two - year - old with a rating of 132 , two pounds ahead of green forest . timeform argued that although green forest had won more major races , the form of wind and wuthering ' s dewhurst win was clearly superior to anything achieved by the french colt . in 1982 , wind and wuthering was rated 127 by timeform , seven pounds behind the top - rated three - year - olds assert and green forest . in the international classification he was rated twelve pounds below the top - rated horse golden fleece .\nbret hanover - - foaled in 1962 , the\nbig bum\nas he is known , won 62 of 68 career races , and was voted horse of the year for three consecutive years , 1964 - 1966 . he now stands at stud at castleton farm in kentucky .\nmovement several different styles of movement are associated with gaited horses , but they all yield an efficient and comfortable to ride gait . all styles can be summarized as : \u2022 the convex or dorsal flex is roundly collected - the neck is arched , the body is rounded and the head is carried in a vertical position . found most often in the missouri fox trotter , mountain horse or paso fino \u2022 the concave or ventral flex is strung out \u2013 travels with a hollow back and a neck that is not overly flexed the hind end on this animal tends to be behind the horse . to facilitate the pace and the stepping pace . \u2022 the combination of the convex and concave allows the horse to travel with characteristics of both types . \u2022 a level back \u2013 middle or square gaits as the paso llano and the running walk .\nthere wasn\u2019t a horse that they wanted they could not or would not buy . at least for now . that would become increasingly more difficult in years to follow when other players entered the market on the same premise , but not yet , the bloodstock world was their oyster .\nsome trainers have said the one - to two - mile gallops often given to modern - day horses are just as important as breezes or timed workouts used to be . i don ' t know if they ' re right or wrong . you ' d have to ask the horse .\nmain sunday ( 10f , qui danzig , sovereign dancer ) . 4 wins from 1450m to 2400m , r276 , 200 , turffontein picnic sites at the emerald cup h . , 2d turffontein betting world international h . , 3d turffontein owa ceiling system p . , world horse welfare h .\nit is said that the paso fino descends directly from horses brought to the caribbean islands in the early 1500s . the islands ' hilly and rocky terrain negated the use of fast horses . over time this spanish stock , mainly jennet , was selected for a slow , steady , collected gait . existing in such isolated environments some inbreeding took place and the horses declined in size and naturally passed on the unique gaits required to traverse the island terrain . after time , mainly to increase size , these horses were crossed by breeders with arabian , american saddle horse , tennessee walking horse and morgan . only the morgan seemed to improve the breed without nullifying the gaits of the native horses . the horse is now becoming popular in the u . s . ; strains that were developed separately in puerto rico , peru , and colombia are now being merged into a single strain .\nunfortunately , money , power and ego are precursors to abuse , and one unfortunate by product of the gaited horse industry is the abuse to which some breeds are subjected . the most blatant abuse is suffered by the tennessee walking horse , my breed of choice . the horse protection act ( hpa ) was passed to stop the abuse of all horses in the show ring , but the only horses named specifically in the act are tennessee walking horses , spotted saddle horses and racking horses . these were and continue to be the worst - abused animals . the abuse to which they are exposed spans the gamut from chemical soring to pressure shoeing and everything in between . under the hpa , the legs of horses from these breeds must not have evidence of any foreign substances on them , they must not have scars on their pasterns , and they must not be sore . they must be examined for soundness prior to showing . examination of these horses now includes the same sniffers that are used for national security . this tests for any chemicals used on the legs . starting this year , thermography will be used to detect inflammation from pressure shoeing . this sounds very scientific and positive , but there are never enough funds to enforce the rules at every show . although it is a federal offense to contravene the horse protection act , few charges are laid . while the abuse of the twh is the most evident , all breeds of horse are subjected to abuse ."]}
{"id": 785, "summary": [{"text": "constantia elegans is a species of sea snails in the family vanikoridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is the type species of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in japan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "constantia elegans", "paragraphs": ["constantia adams , a . , 1860 type species : constantia elegans adams , a . , 1860\nadams , a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 [ april 1860 ] ; 405 - 413 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 300 [ details ]\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 1988 ) a new species of vanikoridae from the western mediterranean , with remarks on the northeast atlantic species of the family . bollettino malacologico 24 ( 5 - 8 ) : 73 - 100 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 023 seconds . )\nbarbosa rodrigues , jo\u00e3o . 1877 . genera et species orchidearum novarum 1 : 78 .\nforzza , r . c . 2010 . lista de esp\u00e9cies flora do brasil urltoken . jardim bot\u00e2nico do rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro\nberg pana , h . 2005 . handbuch der orchideen - namen . dictionary of orchid names . dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee . ulmer , stuttgart\nadams a . ( 1860 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from japan . annals and magazine of natural history ( 3 ) 5 : 299 - 303 405 - 413\nwar\u00e9n a . & bouchet p . ( 1988 ) a new species of vanikoridae from the western mediterranean , with remarks on the northeast atlantic species of the family . bollettino malacologico 24 ( 5 - 8 ) : 73 - 100 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies macromphalina dipsycha h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina equatorialis h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina hancocki a . m . strong & j . g . hertlein , 1939\nspecies macromphalina hypernotia h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1952\nspecies macromphalina immersiceps h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina peruvianus h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina philippii h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina recticeps h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies macromphalina symmetrica h . a . pilsbry & a . a . olsson , 1945\nspecies vanikoro galapagana j . g . hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951\nspecies zeradina parva g . t . poppe , s . p . tagaro & p . stahlschmidt , 2015\nspecies zeradina translucida g . t . poppe , s . p . tagaro & p . stahlschmidt , 2015\nnumber of selected records is too high and function could slow down server . only 5000 of total 7236 records will be displayed ( unsorted ) . for displaying more records you have to be logged in .\nspecies crepidula capensis j . r . c . quoy & j . p . gaimard , 1835\nspecies calyptraea radians g . p . deshayes in j . b . lamarck , 1836\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nepitonium r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) scalare scalare linnaeus , c . , 1758\nepitonium ( epitonium ) r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) scalare scalare linnaeus , c . , 1758\nepitonium ( asperiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( asperiscala ) bellastriatum carpenter , p . p . , 1864\nepitonium ( avalitiscala ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : epitonium ( avalitiscala ) avalites jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\nepitonium ( connexiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( connexiscala ) connexum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( eburniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( eburniscala ) venosum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( foliaceiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1912 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) dubium r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798\nepitonium ( fragiliscala ) azuma , m . , 1962 type species : epitonium ( fragiliscala ) tosaense azuma , m . , 1962\nepitonium ( fusicoscala ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : epitonium ( fusicoscala ) turtonis turton , 1819\nepitonium ( graciliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : unknowngenustype\nepitonium ( gradatiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( gradatiscala ) gradata\nhinds , r . b .\nsowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( hirtoscala ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) cantrainei weinkauff , h . c . , 1866\nepitonium ( hyaloscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) clathratulum kanmacher in adams , j . , 1798\nepitonium ( labeoscala ) jousseaume , f . p . , 1798 type species : epitonium ( labeoscala ) labeo jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\nepitonium ( laeviscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( laeviscala ) subauriculatum souverbie , s . m . in souverbie , s . m . & r . p . montrouzier , 1866\nepitonium ( lamelliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( lamelliscala ) fasciatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1844\nepitonium ( librariscala ) r\u00f6ding , p . f . , 1798 type species : unknowngenustype\nepitonium ( limiscala ) dollfus , g . f . , 1913 type species : epitonium ( foliaceiscala ) lyra sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( mazescala ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : epitonium ( mazescala ) thrasys iredale , t . , 1936\nepitonium ( nipponoscala ) masahito , p . & t . habe , 1973 type species : epitonium ( nipponoscala ) aureomaculatum masahito , p . & t . habe , 1973\nepitonium ( nitidiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( nitidiscala ) unifasciatum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nepitonium ( papyriscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( papyriscala ) latifasciatum sowerby , g . b . ii , 1874\nepitonium ( pupiscala ) masahito , p . , t . kuroda & t . habe , 1971 type species : epitonium ( pupiscala ) pupiforme masahito , p . , t . kuroda & t . habe , 1971\nepitonium ( tenuiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : unknowngenustype\nepitonium ( turbiniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( turbiniscala ) souverbiei boury , e . a . de , 1909\nepitonium ( viciniscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( viciniscala ) pallasi pallasi kiener , l . c . , 1838\nglobiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : globiscala bullata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\naciculoscala sohl , n . f . , 1963 type species : aciculoscala acuta sohl , n . f . , 1963\nacrilloscala sacco , f . , 1891 type species : acrilloscala geniculata brocchi , g . b . , 1814\nacrilloscala ( bifidoscala ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1888 type species : unknowngenustype\nalexania strand , 1928 type species : alexania natalensis tomlin , j . r . le b . , 1926\nalora adams , h . g . , 1861 type species : alora gouldii adams , a . , 1857\namaea adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( amaea ) magnifica sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\namaea ( amaea ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( amaea ) magnifica sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\namaea ( acrilla ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : amaea ( acrilla ) acuminata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\namaea ( clathroscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : amaea ( clathroscala ) cancellata brocchi , g . b . , 1814\namaea ( elegantiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : amaea ( elegantiscala ) elegantissima deshayes , g . p . , 1861\namaea ( filiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : amaea ( filiscala ) martinii wood , w . , 1828\namaea ( firmiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) multicostatum sowerby , g . b . i , 1844\nbelliscala stephenson , l . w . , 1941 type species : belliscala rockensis stephenson , l . w . , 1941\nboreoscala kobelt , w . , 1902 type species : boreoscala greenlandica perry , g . , 1811\ncamposcala bandel , k . , 1992 type species : camposcala bisertus munster , 1841\ncerithiscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : cerithiscala primula deshayes , g . p . , 1861\nchuniscala thiele , j . , 1928 type species : chuniscala agulhasensis thiele , j . , 1925\ncingulacirsa higo , s . & y . goto , 1993 type species : unknowngenustype\ncirsotrema m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : cirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) varicosum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\ncirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : cirsotrema ( cirsotrema ) varicosum lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\ncirsotrema ( dannevigena ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : cirsotrema ( dannevigena ) martyr iredale , t . , 1936\ncirsotrema ( propescala ) cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1931 type species : cirsotrema ( propescala ) translucida gatliff , j . h . , 1906\ncirsotrema ( rectacirsa ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : cirsotrema ( rectacirsa ) fregata iredale , t . , 1936\nclathrus oken , l . , 1815 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) clathrus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nconfusiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : confusiscala dupiniana orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1842\ncoroniscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : pictoscala lineata unknown author\ncrebriscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : crebriscala crebrilamellata mayer - eymar , 1900\ncrisposcala boury , e . a . de , 1886 type species : crisposcala crispa sacchi , 1844\ncycloscala dall , w . h . , 1889 type species : scala dunkeriana dall , w . h . , 1889\ncylindriscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scala fulgens boury , e . a . de , 1909\ndauciscala boury , e . a . de , 1917 type species : dauciscala boriesi doncieux , l .\ndepressiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scalaria aurita sowerby , g . b . i , 1844\ndiscoscala sacco , f . , 1891 type species : discoscala scaberrima michelotti , o . g . , 1840\neccliseogyra dall , w . h . , 1862 type species : eccliseogyra nitida verrill , a . e . & s . i . smith , 1885\neccliseogyra ( foratiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : unknowngenustype\neglisia gray , j . e . , 1840 type species : eglisia spirata sowerby , g . b . i , 1825\namaea ( fragilopalia ) azuma , m . , 1972 type species : amaea ( fragilopalia ) nebulodermata azuma , m . , 1972\nfuniscala boury , e . a . de , 1891 type species : funiscala speyeri sacco , f .\ngoniscala marwick , j . , 1943 type species : goniscala diurna marwick , j . , 1943\ngregorioiscala cossmann , a . e . m . , 1912 type species : gregorioiscala romettensis gregorio , a . de , 1889\ngyroscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : scalaria commutata monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1877\ninnesiscala jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : innesiscala innesi jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\nitiscala maxwell , p . a . , 1992 type species : itiscala exilis maxwell , p . a . , 1992\nkurodacirsa masahito , p . & t . habe , 1975 type species : kurodacirsa lotus masahito , p . & t . habe , 1975\nlittoriniscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : littoriniscala lapparenti boury , e . a . de , 1887\nminabescala nakayama , t . , 1994 type species : minabescala littorinoides nakayama , t . , 1994\nmurdochella finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : murdochella levifoliata murdoch , r . & h . h . suter , 1906\nnarrimania taviani , m . , 1984 type species : narrimania concinna sykes , e . r . , 1925\nnarvaliscala iredale , t . , 1936 type species : narvaliscala dorysa iredale , t . , 1936\nobstopalia iredale , t . , 1936 type species : obstopalia lixa iredale , t . , 1956\nopalia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : opalia ( opalia ) australis lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nopalia ( opalia ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : opalia ( opalia ) australis lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822\nopalia ( claviscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : opalia ( claviscala ) richardi dautzenberg , ph . & e . a . de boury , 1897\nopalia ( dentiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1886 type species : cycloscala crenulata crenulata linnaeus , c . , 1758\nopalia ( granuliscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : unknowngenustype\nopalia ( nodiscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : opalia ( nodiscala ) bicarinata sowerby , g . b . ii , 1844\nopalia ( pliciscala ) boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : opalia ( pliciscala ) gouldi deshayes , g . p .\nopaliopsis thiele , j . , 1928 type species : opaliopsis elata thiele , j . , 1925\npapuliscala boury , e . a . de , 1911 type species : papuliscala praelonga jeffreys , j . g . , 1877\nparascala cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1931 type species : parascala minutula unknown author\nparviscala boury , e . a . de , 1887 type species : epitonium ( epitonium ) algerianum weinkauff , h . c . , 1866\nperiapta bouchet , ph . & a . war\u00e9n , 1986 type species : periapta polygyrella fischer , p . in locard , e . a . a . , 1897\nperlucidiscala jousseaume , f . p . , 1912 type species : perlucidiscala perlucida jousseaume , f . p . , 1912\npictoscala dall , w . h . , 1917 type species : pictoscala lineata unknown author\nplastiscala iredale , t . , 1936 type species : plastiscala morchi angas , g . f . , 1871\nproblitora wenz , w . , 1939 type species : alexania moerchi adams , a . & g . f . angas , 1864\npunctiscala boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : punctiscala plicosa philippi , r . a . , 1844\nrutelliscala kilburn , r . n . , 1985 type species : rutelliscala bombyx kilburn , r . n . , 1985\nscalina conrad , t . a . , 1865 type species : scalina staminea conrad , t . a . , 1865\nsodaliscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : epitonium ( asperiscala ) multistriatum say , t . , 1826\nspiniscala boury , e . a . de , 1910 type species : spiniscala frondiculoides boury , e . a . de , 1910\nspringvaleia rutsch , r . f . , 1943 type species : springvaleia leroyae guppy , r . j . l . , 1867\nsthenorytis conrad , t . a . , 1862 type species : sthenorytis expansa conrad , t . a . , 1842\nstriaticostatum sohl , n . f . , 1963 type species : striaticostatum harbisonae sohl , n . f . , 1963\nsubuliscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : subuliscala banoni tournou\u00ebr , r . in bouill\u00e9 , r . de , 1874\ntasmalira dall , w . h . , 1956 type species : tasmalira wellingtonensis dell , r . k . , 1956\nturriscala boury , e . a . de , 1889 type species : turriscala torulosa brocchi , g . b . , 1814\nundiscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : undiscala undosa sowerby , j . de c . , 1827\nvariciscala boury , e . a . de , 1909 type species : scalaria raricostata carpenter , p . p . , 1857\nepidendrium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : epidendrium sordidum gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005\nepifungium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : epifungium ulu pilsbry , h . a . , 1921\nsurrepifungium gittenberger , e . & a . gittenberger , 2005 type species : surrepifungium ingridae gittenberger , a . in gittenberger , a . & j . goud , 2000\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies ."]}
{"id": 786, "summary": [{"text": "chamaesphecia proximata is a moth of the sesiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in serbia and montenegro , bulgaria , the republic of macedonia , albania , greece , cyprus , asia minor , armenia , lebanon and iraq .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on salvia sclarea . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chamaesphecia proximata", "paragraphs": ["sesia proximata var . fallax staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 244 ; tl : beirut\nchamaesphecia spuler , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 311 ; ts : sphinx empiformis esper\nchamaesphecia anthrax le cerf , 1920 ; in oberth\u00fcr , etud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 17 : 528\nchamaesphecia festai turati , 1925 ; boll . mus . zool . torino 39 ( 7 ) : 5\nchamaesphecia crassicornis bartel , 1912 ; gross - schmett . erde 2 : 409 ; tl : kazakhstan , uralsk\nchamaesphecia anatolica schwingenschuss , 1938 ; ent . rdsch . 55 : 175 ; tl : turkey , konya , aksehir\nchamaesphecia micra le cerf , 1916 ; \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 11 : 15 ; tl : algeria , lamb\u00e8se\nchamaesphecia doryliformis [ lep . : sesiidae ] , a second root borer for the control of rumex spp . [ polygonaceae ] in australia\nchamaesphecia stelidiformis f . amygdaloidis schleppnik , 1933 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 18 : 24 ; tl : austria , hochkar mts .\nchamaesphecia maurusia p\u00fcngeler , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 2 : 412 ; tl : algeria , teniet - el - had\nchamaesphecia doryliformis [ lep . : sesiidae ] , a second root borer for the control of rumex spp . [ polygonaceae ] in australia | springerlink\nchamaesphecia thracica lastuvka , 1983 ; acta univ . agric . ( brno ) 31 ( 1 / 2 ) : 207 ; tl : bulgaria , micurin\nchamaesphecia guenter herrmann & hofmann , 1997 ; [ bsw4 ] , 267 ; tl : morocco , middle atlas , tizi - n - iar , ca . 1600m\nchamaesphecia palustris kautz , 1927 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 77 : 2 ; tl : austria , bruck a . d . leitha , wilfleinsdorf\nchamaesphecia hungarica ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 141 ( note ) , pl . xxii , f . 15 ; de freina , 1997 , [ bsw4 ] , 218\nbartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler , 1910 in marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 2 ) , 85 - 93 .\nchamaesphecia rondouana le cerf , 1922 ; in oberth\u00fcr , \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 19 ( 2 ) : 32 , pl . 540 , f . 4535 - 4536 ; tl : g\u00e8dre ; gavarnie , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es\nchamaesphecia anthrax ; le cerf , 1922 , \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 19 ( 1 ) : 131 , ( 2 ) pl . 540 , f . 4541 ; de freina , 1997 , [ bsw4 ] , 234\nbartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : chamaesphecia cilicia sp . nov . aus dem taurus gebirge , t\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 2 ) , 89 - 91 .\nniculescu , e . v . ( 1960 ) : contributions morphologiques \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) pal\u00e9arctiques . i ) chamaesphecia minianiformis frr . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de mulhouse 1 , 1 - 5 .\nchamaesphecia kistenjovi gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 137 , f . 23 - 27 , pl . xxii , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : georgia , borzhomi , 41\u00b055 ' n , 43\u00b018 ' n\nchamaesphecia ophimontana gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 140 , pl . xxii , f . 16 ; tl : transcaucasus , nakhichevan , daralagez mt . range , ~ 3km n buzgov , 39\u00b032 ' n , 45\u00b024 ' e\nchamaesphecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nchamaesphecia guriensis ; bartel , 1912 , gross - schmett . erde 2 : 407 , pl . 52 c ; dalla torre & strand , 1925 , lepidopterorum catalogus 31 : 94 ; heppner & duckworth , 1981 , smiths . contr . zool . 314 : 36 ; gorbunov , 1986 , trudy vsesojuznogo entomologiceskogo obscestva 67 : 8 ; lastuvka , 1989 , acta univ . agric . ( brno ) 37 : f . 27 ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 135 , f . 19 - 22 , pl . xxii , f . 9 - 12\nla biologie et la sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 de chamaesphecia doryliformis ( ochsenheimer ) [ lep . : sesiidae ] sont d\u00e9crites , et l ' efficacit\u00e9 potentielle de cet insecte en tant qu ' agent de lutte biologique contre les mauvaises herbes du genre rumex ( polygonaceae ) en australie est discut\u00e9e . l ' insecte est localis\u00e9 dans la partie occidentale du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en , principalement en afrique dunord . les adultes apparaissent et pondent au printemps . les larves se d\u00e9veloppent \u00e0 l ' int\u00e9rieur des racines des plantes ayant d\u00e9j\u00e0 fleuri . les plantes attaqu\u00e9es appartiennent aux sous - genres rumex et acetosa . au cours de tests de sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 avec des larves du 1 er stade , seules des plantes de la famille des polygonaceae furent l ' objet de d\u00e9g\u00e2ts . l ' insecte fut jug\u00e9 apte \u00e0 \u00eatre introduit en australie apr\u00e8s que l ' \u00e9tude de sa biologie et de sa sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 eut d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les polygonaceae end\u00e9miques ne seraient pas menac\u00e9es .\np\u00fchringer , f . & kallies , a . ( 2004 ) : provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4 , 1 - 85 ; updated by f . p\u00fchringer .\n, a - 4817 st . konrad , austria ; \u00a9 dr . axel kallies , the walter and eliza hall institute , 1g royal parade , parkville , victoria 3050 , australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b : 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ] ; unavailable ( art . 29 . 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874 : 9 , pl . 82 ) , trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ] : pl . 84 : fig . 3 ) ,\n( esper 1800 : 29 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758 : 493 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900 : 34 ) , sesia ; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f . uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var . lucida ( lederer 1853 ) , nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp . ( never assigned to sesiidae , but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ] : 95 , 152 ( index ) , pl . 61 , fig . c ) ,\nagassiz , j . l . r . ( [ 1847 ] ) : nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis . \u2013 nomenclator zoologicus 2 ( 12 ) ( 1846 ) , 393 pp . ( 319 )\nalpheraky , s . n . ( 1882 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ii\u00e8me partie . heterocera . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17 , 15 - 103 , pls 1 - 3 . ( 18 - 22 , pl . 1 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1933 ) : die lepidopteren pal\u00e4stinas . eine zoogeographisch - \u00f6kologisch - faunistische studie . \u2013 zoogeographica 2 , 1 - 146 . ( 25 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1935 ) : neue pal\u00e4stinensische lepidopteren . \u2013 mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20 , 271 - 319 . ( 277 - 278 )\narita , y . ( 1989 ) : two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 microlepidoptera of thailand 2 , 9 - 14 .\n( moore ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 43 ( 3 ) , 221 - 224 .\ndehne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 2 ) , 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from yakushima island , japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 44 ( 2 ) , 77 - 80 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995a ) : sesiidae of nepal . in haruta , t . ( ed . ) : moths of nepal . \u2013 tinea 14 ( suppl . 2 ) , 194 - 206 , pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson , [ 1893 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 103 - 111 .\ntypes ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) kept in the hope entomological collections , oxford university , uk . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 4 ) , 185 - 205 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995d ) : a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , osminiini ) . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 131 - 141 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 ( 3 ) , 157 - 173 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . , ( 1996b ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . i . the genus\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 ( 2 ) , 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from kyushu , japan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 ( 1 ) , 33 - 38 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . iii . the genus\nle cerf , 1916 in the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 ( 1 ) , 19 - 29 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998b ) : a revision of embrik strand ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 chinese journal of entomology 18 ( 3 ) , 141 - 165 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000a ) : on the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 tinea 16 ( 4 ) , 252 - 291 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000b ) : notes on the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from vietnam , with descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 1 ) , 49 - 74 .\nle cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , osminiini ) of vietnam and adjacent countries . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 3 ) , 205 - 214 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2001 ) : sesiidae of taiwan . i . the tribes tinthiini , similipepsini , paraglosseciini , pennisetiini , paranthrenini and cissuvorini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 ( 2 ) , 131 - 188 .\nhampson ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 ( 4 ) , 241 - 244 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2002b ) : sesiidae of taiwan . ii . the tribes osminiini , melittiini and sesiini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 ( 2 ) , 199 - 241 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003a ) : new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , similipepsini ) from vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 1 ) , 11 - 19 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003b ) : in arita , y . , gorbunov , o . g . & mohamed , m . : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the maliau basin , sabah , borneo . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 2 ) , 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from north vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\narita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2003 ) : a new species of the genus trilochana moore , 1879 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from sulawesi . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 4 ) , 229 - 232 . arita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2005 ) : see kallies , a . & arita , y . ( 2005 ) .\narita , y . & kimura , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . , kallies , a . , hsu , y . - f . , liang , j . - y . , lai , b . - c . , yang , m . - m . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : polymorphism of nokona pilamicola ( strand , [ 1916 ] ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in taiwan .\narita , y . , kimura , m . & owada , m . ( 2009 ) : two new species of the clearwing moth ( sesiidae ) from okinawa - jima , the ryukyus . \u2013\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 ( 3 ) , 189 - 192 .\narita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in the ryukyus , japan . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 4 ) , 184 - 198 . arita , y . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\nkallies & arita , 1998 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) from south - east asia , with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988 . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 3 ) , 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 57 ( 1 ) , 61 - 66 .\narita , y . & tosevski , i . ( 1992 ) : in tosevski , i . & arita , y . : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the ryukyus . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 3 ) , 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 tinea 12 ( suppl . ) , 158 - 167 .\narita , y . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994a ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : a new\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing , china . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 61 - 64 .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994b ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa , tibet ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 193 - 199 .\nassmann , a . ( 1845 ) : schw\u00e4rmer oder d\u00e4mmerungsschmetterlinge ( sphinges ) . \u2013 abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2 , 48 pp , 26 pls . ( 17 - 26 , 45 - 47 , pls 5 - 7 , 24 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1879 ) : lepidoptera damarensia . f\u00f6rteckning pa fj\u00e4rilar insamlade i damaralandet af g . de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning \u00f6fver f\u00f6rut ok\u00e4nda arter . \u2013 \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 36 ( 7 ) , 39 - 69 . ( 47 - 48 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1905 ) : lieutnant a . schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 2 ( 12 ) , 1 - 47 , 5 pls . ( 43 - 46 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1909 ) : lepidoptera , rhopalocera und heterocera ( pars i ) von madagaskar , den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas . in voeltzkow , a . : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 , [ 309 ] - 348 , 19 pls . ( 342 , pl . 19 )\nbakowski , m . , bartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiini ) . \u2013 annales zoologici 58 ( 4 ) , 785 - 797 .\nbarnes , w . & benjamin , f . h . ( 1925 ) : change of a preoccupied name ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 ( 1 ) , 14 .\nbarnes , w . & lindsey , a . w . ( 1922 ) : descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae ( lep . ) . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 18 ( 4 ) , 122 - 123 .\nbarnes , w . & mcdunnough , j . h . ( 1918 ) : notes and new species . \u2013 contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 ( 2 ) , 61 - 208 . ( 178 )\nbartel , m . ( 1902 ) : die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . zweiter band : nachtfalter . i . abteilung , 239 - 384 . \u2013 leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift ( guben ) 19 , 190 - 191 .\nbartel , m . ( 1912 ) : 24 . familie : aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 2 , 375 - 416 , pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2003 ) : beitrag zur glasfl\u00fcglerfauna von nepal ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 145 , 149 - 151 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2004 ) : die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte \u00fcbersicht ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 2 ) , 80 - 86 .\nbettag , 1997 aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 5 ) , 211 - 215 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson , 1919 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 5 ) , 221 - 224 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 6 ) , 265 - 280 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2009 ) : melittosesia , a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval , 1828 in madagascar ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 119 ( 1 ) , 9 - 16 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson , 1896 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2618 , 36 - 46 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2012 ) : revision of types of several species of bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) , 125 - 133 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2013 ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of new species .\nbartsch , d . ( 2015 ) : new taxa of southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016a ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016b ) : melittia fiebigi spec . nov . and afromelittia caerulea spec . nov . , two new melittiini from southern africa ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 , 109 - 115 .\nbartsch , d . & berg , j . ( 2012 ) : new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand , 1914 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : synanthedonini ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3181 , 28 - 46 .\nspec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 29 - 40 .\nbartsch , d . , bettag , e . , bl\u00e4sius , r . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2006 ) : zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme ( ochsenheimer , 1808 ) , pyropteron biedermanni le cerf , 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme ( lucas , 1849 ) stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 1 ) , 3 - 10 .\nbartsch , d . & p\u00fchringer , f . ( 2005 ) : die glasfl\u00fcgler kretas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 3 ) , 131 - 139 .\nsp . nov . aus der s\u00fcdt\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 3 ) , 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasfl\u00fcgler arten aus afghanistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 6 ) , 243 - 248 .\nbecker , v . o . ( 1984 ) : 29 . gelechiidae . \u2013 in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 1 . micropterigoidea - immoidea 1 , 1 - 112 . ( 44 - 53 )\nbehrens , j . ( 1889 ) : in french , g . h . : some texas , arizona and california moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 21 ( 9 ) , 161 - 163 . ( 163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie , j . b . e . ( 1860 ) : observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) 8 ( 3 ) , 667 - 713 , pl . 12 . ( 681 - 684 )\nbertaccini , e . & fiumi , g . ( 2002 ) : bombici e sfingi d ' italia ( lepidoptera sesioidea ) 4 , 181 pp , 8 pls . ( 32 - 181 , pls 1 - 8 )\nsp . n . , ein neuer glasfl\u00fcgler aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 23 - 27 .\nbettag , e & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1998 ) : eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 26 ( 2 ) , 71 - 75 .\nbettag , e . & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1999 ) : \u00fcber den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var . tunetana ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 27 ( 3 ) , 93 - 101 .\n- art aus s\u00fcdspanien . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de synanthedon du sud de l ' espagne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 revue de l ' association roussillonnaise d ' entomologie 11 ( 1 ) , 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher , b . c . r . ( 1983 ) : redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 ciencia forestal 8 ( 43 ) , 24 - 32 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1893 ) : notes on some north american moths , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 , 19 - 26 . ( 22 - 26 )\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894a ) : studies of some species of north american aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 87 - 98 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894b ) : on north american moths , with the description of a new species of triprocris . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 365 - 368 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1896 ) : critical review of the sesiidae found in america , north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8 , 111 - 148 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1897 ) : notes on north american sesiidae , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9 , 213 - 216 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1898 ) : three new species of sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 6 ( 4 ) , 240 - 241 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899a ) : new african sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 , 170 - 172 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899b ) : descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 4 ) , 254 - 256 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900a ) : synopsis of the species of melittia of america , north of mexico , with description of a new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 149 - 151 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900b ) : on some species of north american lepidoptera . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 157 - 160 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900d ) : two new sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 8 , 254 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1901 ) : monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . \u2013 memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) , 217 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\n. \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 10 ( 2 ) , 126 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1909 ) : descriptions of three new sesiidae . \u2013 entomological news 20 , 82 - 84 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1916 ) : description of a new sesiid . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 48 ( 11 ) , 372 .\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1828 ) : europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1 , 103 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 29 - 31 )\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1829 - 1844 ) : dixi\u00e8me ordre : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . in gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9n\u00e9ville , f . e . : iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apres nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , vol . 2 and 3 , 576 pp , 104 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . 84 , [ 1832 ] ;\n( 1870 [ 1867 ] ) : lepidoptera eversmanniana . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4 , 6 .\nbrethes , j . ( 1920 ) : insectos \u00fatiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata . \u2013 anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54 , 281 - 290 , 307 - 308 . ( 284 )\n( sesiidae ) , from florida . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 39 ( 4 ) , 262 - 265 .\nedwards ( lepidoptera aegeriidae ) . \u2013 notas del museo de la plata 6 ( 48 ) , 157 - 163 , pls i - ii .\nbryk , f . ( 1947 ) : neue ostasiatische aegeriiden ( lep . ) . \u2013 opuscula entomologica 12 , 96 - 109 .\nbryk , f . ( 1953 ) : lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 5 ( 1 - 3 ) , 1 - 268 . ( 262 - 266 )\nburmeister , h . ( 1878 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 description physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine , d ' apres des observations personelles et \u00e9trang\u00e8res 5 ( 1 ) , vi + 526 pp , 24 pls . ( 359 - 362 )\nbusck , a . ( 1909 ) : notes on the family aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) , with a synoptic table of the north american genera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 3 ) , 115 - 118 .\nbusck , a . ( 1910 ) : list of trinidad microlepidoptera , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 bulletin of the department of agriculture 9 , 241 - 245 . ( 242 - 243 )\nbusck , a . ( 1913a ) : new microlepidoptera from british guiana . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1 , 88 - 92 .\nbusck , a . ( 1913b ) : two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 ( 3 ) , 102 - 104 .\nbusck , a . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 ( 4 ) , 143 - 150 , pls vii - viii . ( 143 - 144 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915a ) : descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 ( 2 ) , 79 - 94 . ( 80 - 81 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915b ) : new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2043 ) ( 1914 ) , 1 - 67 . ( 61 )\nbusck , a . ( 1920 ) : descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 ( 4 - 6 ) , 83 - 95 . ( 83 )\nbusck , a . ( 1929 ) : a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 ( 7 ) , 134 - 137 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1874 ) : notes on the aegeriidae , with descriptions of new genera and species . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fourth series ) 14 , 407 - 411 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1876 ) : descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut . howland roberts . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 308 - 310 . ( 309 , pl . xxii )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1878 ) : illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2 , 62 pp , pls 21 - 40 - london . ( 59 - 61 , pl . 40 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1881 ) : descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fifth series ) 10 , 36 - 43 , 149 - 160 , 226 - 238 . ( 237 - 238 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1883 ) : heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . part iv . \u2013 pyrales and micros . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\n, n . g . in pryer , h . j . s . : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura , british north borneo . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1896 ) : on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr . richard crawshay in nyasa - land , between the months of january and april 1895 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 108 - 136 . ( 134 , pl . vi )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1902 ) : on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston , k . c . b . , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 . ( 50 , pl . 1 )\nbytinski - salz , h . ( [ 1937 ] ) : secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna . \u2013 memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 ( 2 ) ( 1936 ) , 194 - 212 . ( 198 )\ncl . \u2013 deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 ( 1889 ) , 268 - 269 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973a ) : 236 . aegeriidae . ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 reichenbachia ( zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologische taxonomie ) 14 ( 15 ) , 109 - 124 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973b ) : zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in der r . p\u00fcngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63 , 134 - 171 .\nclarke , j . f . g . ( 1962 ) : neotropical microlepidoptera . ii . a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 113 , 383 - 388 .\nclemens , b . ( 1860 ) : contributions to american lepidopterology . \u2013 no . 3 . \u2013 proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 , 4 - 15 . ( 14 - 15 )\nclerck , c . a . ( 1759 - [ 1764 ] ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . syst . nat . allegatis 1 , 21 pp , 55 pls . \u2013 stockholm . { 1759 : pls 1 - 16 ; 1764 : pls 17 - 55 } ( pl . 9 , 1759 )\ncloss , a . ( 1916 ) : einige neue sphingidenformen ( lep . ) . \u2013 entomologische mitteilungen 5 ( 5 / 8 ) , 199 - 200 . ( 200 )\ncloss , a . g . ( 1920 ) : [ contribution ] . in : berliner entomologen - bund : sitzung am 20 . m\u00e4rz 1919 . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14 , 13 .\n, spec . nov . ( lep . het . , sphingidae ) . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 ( 14 ) , 118 .\ncockayne , e . a . ( 1955 ) : aberrations of british lepidoptera . \u2013 entomologist ' s gazette 6 , 3 - 6 , pl . 1 . ( 3 )\ncockerell , t . d . a . ( 1908 ) : new sesiid moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 40 ( 9 ) , 329 - 331 .\ncosta , o . g . ( 1832 - 1836 ) : fauna del regno di napoli . . . a . lepidotteri 1 , 20 - 21 .\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 1 , 155 pp , 96 pls . \u2013 amsterdam . { 1775 : issues 1 - 7 , 1776 : issue 8 } ( 83 , pl . 52 , 1775 )\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 2 , 151 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 amsterdam . ( 73 , 80 , 151 ( index ) , pls 142 , 146 , 1777 )\ncyrillus , d . ( 1787 ) : entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum , 8 p . , 12 pls . \u2013 neapoli . ( pl . 4 )\ndalla torre , k . w . & strand , e . ( 1925 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 lepidopterorum catalogus 31 , 202 pp .\ndalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) : f\u00f6rs\u00f6k till systematisk uppst\u00e4llning af sveriges fj\u00e4rilar . \u2013 kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37 , 48 - 101 , 129 , 199 - 225 .\ndampf , a . ( 1930 ) : dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia . \u2013 mexico forestal 8 ( 8 ) , 179 - 181 .\nde freina , j . j . : see freina , j . j . de\n[ denis , m . & schifferm\u00fcller , i . ] ( 1775 ) : ank\u00fcndung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ] , 323 pp . \u2013 wien . ( 30 , 44 , 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( 1954 ) : microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archibold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv . \u2013 verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeeling natuurkunde . reeks 2 50 ( 1 ) ( 1952 - 1955 ) , 1 - 191 . ( 180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( [ 1968 ] ) : microlepidoptera of the philippine islands . \u2013 united states national museum bulletin 257 ( 1967 ) , 1 - 484 . ( 218 - 235 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1795 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states , the periods of their transformations , their food , oeconomy & c . , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4 , 96 + 6 pp , pls 109 - 144 . ( 21 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1797 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states . . . 6 , 86 + 6 pp , pls 181 - 216 . ( 35 , pl . 195 )\ndruce , h . ( 1881 - 1900 ) : lepidoptera - heterocera . \u2013 in godman , f . d . & salvin , o . ( eds . ) : biologia 39 / 1 , 490 pp ; 40 / 2 , 622 pp ; 41 / 3 , pls 1 - 101 . \u2013 london . { vol . 39 / 1 : 1 - 24 ( 1881 ) , 25 - 32 ( 1883 ) , 33 - 112 ( 1884 ) ; vol . 2 : 273 - 336 ( 1896 ) , 337 - 440 ( 1897 ) , 441 - 536 ( 1898 ) , 537 - 592 ( 1899 ) , 593 - 622 ( 1900 ) } ( 39 / 1 : 28 - 34 , 1883 - 1884 ; 40 / 2 : 321 - 326 , 1896 ; 41 / 3 : pls 5 , 68 - 69 )\ndruce , h . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae . \u2013 the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 19 , 15 - 18 . ( 15 )\ndruce , h . ( 1889 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 4 , 77 - 94 . ( 78 - 82 )\ndruce , h . ( 1892 ) : description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 9 , 275 - 279 . ( 275 - 276 )\ndruce , h . ( 1893 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 280 - 311 , [ pls xix - xxi ] . ( 280 )\ndruce , h . ( 1898 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 1 , 207 - 215 . ( 207 )\ndruce , h . ( 1899 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 4 , 200 - 205 . ( 201 - 205 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910a ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 5 , 393 - 402 . ( 401 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910b ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 6 , 168 - 183 ( 180 - 181 ) .\ndruce , h . ( 1911 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america , and two new species of geometridae from west africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 7 , 287 - 294 . ( 292 )\ndrury , d . ( 1773 ) : illustrations of natural history , wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects , according to their different genera . . . 2 , 9 + 90 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 49 )\ndrury , d . ( 1782 ) : illustrations of natural history . . . exotic insects . . . 3 , 15 + 76 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 3 , pl . 2 ) .\nduckworth , w . d . ( 1969 ) : a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects ( lepidoptera : yponomeutoidea ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 ( 4 ) , 487 - 490 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973a ) : the type - material of north american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 148 , 1 - 34 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973b ) : new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 ( 2 ) , 150 - 159 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1974 ) : clearwing moths of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 180 , 1 - 45 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1976 ) : a new species of clearwing moth ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 ( 3 ) , 304 - 308 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977a ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( sesiidae ) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 31 ( 3 ) , 191 - 196 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977b ) : a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the pan - pacific entomologist 53 ( 3 ) , 175 - 178 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977c ) : a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera , sesioidea ) . \u2013 occasional papers in entomology 26 , 1 - 54 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1978 ) : the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 261 , 1 - 28 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1983 ) : revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 361 , 1 - 15 .\ndumont , c . ( 1922 ) : diagnoses de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux du nord de l ' afrique . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 15 ) , 215 - 220 . ( 215 - 217 )\nduponchel , p . a . j . ( 1835 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 supplement a l ' histoire naturelle 2 , 197 pp , 12 pls . ( 108 , 112 - 116 , 129 , 167 , pl . 9 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of two new tineina ( lep . ) from the lagos district . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1915 ) : microlepidoptera ( pterophorina and tineina ) collected by the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea . \u2013 lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea 2 ( 15 ) , 149 - 168 . ( 166 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1919 ) : three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ] . \u2013 novitates zoologicae 26 ( 1 ) , 120 - 122 .\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1924 ) : in : examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of london ( 1923 - 1924 ) , lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar , h . g . ( [ 1903 ] ) : a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) , 1 - 723 . ( 364 - 371 )\ndyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) : additions to the list of north american lepidoptera , no . 2 . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 ( 2 ) , 103 - 119 . ( 106 )\neda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) : a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder , 1874 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from guangdong , china . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 3 ) , 128 - 130 . eda , k . & arita , y . ( 2015 ) : see eda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) .\nedwards , h . ( 1880 ) : descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 8 ) , 71 - 72 .\nedwards , h . ( 1881 ) : new genera and species of the family aegeridae . \u2013 papilio 1 ( 10 ) , 179 - 208 , pl . 4 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882a ) : notes on n . american aegeridae , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 4 ) , 52 - 57 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882b ) : further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 6 ) , 96 - 99 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882c ) : descriptions of new species of n . am . heterocera . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 8 ) , 123 - 130 . ( 123 - 124 )\nedwards , h . ( 1883 ) : new species of aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) , 155 - 157 .\nedwards , h . ( 1885 ) : new species of californian moths . \u2013 entomologica americana 1 ( 3 ) , 49 - 50 . ( 49 )\nedwards , h . ( 1887 ) : descriptions of new species of north american heterocera , with notes . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 19 ( 8 ) , 145 - 147 .\nedwards , h . ( 1888 ) : catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera , described since grote ' s\nnew check list\n( 1872 ) , with those omitted from that publication . \u2013 entomologica americana 3 ( 12 ) , 221 - 232 . ( 223 - 224 )\nedwards , h . ( 1891 ) : [ contribution ] . in lugger , o . : two new lepidopterous borers . \u2013 psyche 6 , 108 - 109 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1986 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 4 , 315 - 378 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1987 ) : three new western hemisphere clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomography 5 , 531 - 540 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1989 ) : western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 6 , 159 - 212 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1992 ) : clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) , 135 - 150 .\neichlin , t . d . ( [ 1993 ] ) : a new texas clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) , 265 - 268 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995a ) : a new panamanian clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 1 ) , 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) , 114 - 118 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995c ) : 65 . sesiidae . in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 2 . hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3 , 17 - 18 , 109 - 113 . eichlin , t . d . ( 1998 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 holarctic lepidoptera 5 ( 1 ) , 23 - 33 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2002 ) : in eichlin , t . d . & kinnee , s . a . : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universit\u00e4t des saarlandes , saarbr\u00fccken , germany ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 zootaxa 108 , 1 - 15 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003a ) : carmenta munroei , a new clearwing moth from costa rica ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 42 - 43 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003b ) : carmenta guayaba , a new clearwing moth from peru ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 44 - 45 .\neichlin , t . d . , delgado , o . s . , strathie , l . w . , zachariades , c . & clavijo , j . ( 2009 ) : carmenta chromolaenae eichlin , a new species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata ( l . ) king & robinson ( asteraceae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2288 , 42 - 50 .\neichlin , t . d . & duckworth , w . d . ( 1988 ) : the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 5 . 1 . sesioidea , sesiidae , 176 pp . \u2013 washington .\n. \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 37 ( 3 ) ( 1983 ) , 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 3 ) , 231 - 235 .\nemich von em\u00f6ke , g . ( 1872 ) : descriptions de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de transcaucasie . \u2013 revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , series 2 , 23 ( 2 ) ( 1871 - 1872 ) , 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925a ) : studies in north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . i . descriptions and corrections of species from long island , new york . ii . descriptions of two new western species . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 2 ) , 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925b ) : studies of north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 4 ) , 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1946 ) : the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 190 , iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : cheshuyekriliya ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 travels in turkestan ( fedtchenko ) 2 ( 5 ) , 128 pp . ( 26 - 27 , pl . 5 ) [ in russian ]\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : lepidopteren von turkestan . \u2013 stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 ( 10 - 12 ) , 386 - 417 . ( 393 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1778 - 1786 ) : die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 , 234 pp , pls 1 - 36 . \u2013 erlangen . { title page : 1779 ; 1778 : pls 1 - 6 ; 1779 : 1 - 80 , pls 7 - 18 ; 1780 : 81 - 196 , pls 19 - 25 ; 1782 : 197 - 212 , pls 26 - 31 ; 1783 : 213 - 228 , pls 32 - 35 ; 1786 : 229 - 234 , pl . 36 } ( 122 , 131 - 135 , 205 - 217 , 230 - 232 , 234 , pls 14 - 15 , 23 , 29 - 32 , 36 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1789 - [ 1804 ] ) : fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge . \u2013 die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 ( suppl . ) , 52 pp , pls 37 - 47 . \u2013 erlangen . { [ 1789 ] : 5 - 12 , pls [ 38 - 40 ] ; 1800 : 21 - 40 , pls 42 - 46 ; [ 1803 - 1804 ] : 41 - 52 , pl . 47 } ( 5 , 9 , 25 , 29 - 30 , 44 - 47 , pls 37 - 38 , 42 , 44 , 47 )\neversmann , e . ( 1844 ) : fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit , 633 pp . \u2013 casan . ( 100 - 105 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1775 ) : systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus , 30 + 832 pp . \u2013 flensburg u . leipzig . ( 547 - 549 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1787 ) : mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis , observationibus , descriptionibus , emendationibus 2 , 382 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 98 - 101 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1793 ) : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus 3 ( 1 ) , 4 + 487 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 379 - 385 , 404 )\n[ fabricius , j . c . ] ( 1807 ) : in illiger , j . c . : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linn\u00e9ischen gattungen\n. \u2013 magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde ( illiger ) 6 , 277 - 295 . ( 288 , 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1883 ) : caccia di lepidotteri rari . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 2 ( 11 ) , 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1890 ) : contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia . descrizione di alcune nuove specie . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 10 ( 2 - 3 ) , 25 - 31 , pl i .\nfawcett , j . m . ( 1916 ) : notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911 - 13 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 2 ) , 707 - 737 . ( 736 - 737 , pl . i )\nfelder , c . ( 1861 ) : lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre . c . felder , ii heterocera . \u2013 sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , abt . 1 , 43 ( i ) , 25 - 44 .\nfelder , r . ( 1874 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 4 ) , 10 pp , pls 75 - 107 . ( 2 - 9 , pls 75 , 82 )\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . ( 1875 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 5 ) , 20 pp , pls 108 - 140 . ( 9 )\nfilipjev , n . ( 1931 ) : lepidoptera . \u2013 trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 ( abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928 ) 8 , 143 - 174 . ( 161 - 163 )\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 5 ) , 141 - 143 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 139 - 141 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus sumatra ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 2 ) , 91 - 93 .\nsp . n . , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 27 ( 1 / 2 ) , 53 - 54 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006b ) : a new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 1 / 2 ) , 219 - 224 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006c ) : corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37 . band , heft 1 / 2 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 3 / 4 ) , 328 .\n, h . ( 2007 ) : eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art , rubukona svetlanae gen . et spec . nov . , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 atalanta 38 ( 3 / 4 ) , 361 - 364 .\nfischer , h . ( 2011 ) : adixoa pyromacula sp . n . , eine neue sesiide aus thailand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 207 - 209 . fitzsimons , v . , codd , l . e . , janse , a . j . t . , munro , h . k . , pringle , j . a . & vari , l . ( 1958 ) : a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i \u2013 zoology 1 ( 1 ) , 147 pp .\nfixsen , c . ( 1887 ) : lepidoptera aus korea . \u2013 in romanoff , n . m . ( ed . ) : m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 3 , 233 - 356 , pl . 15 . ( 323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum , kein neutrum ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 17 ( 2 ) , 190 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1929 ) : a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera . \u2013 memoirs of the department of agriculture in india , entomological series 11 , 1 - 244 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1940 ) : new generic names for microlepidoptera . \u2013 the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 52 ( 1 ) , 17 - 19 . ( 18 )\nfletcher , d . s . ( 1982 ) : in fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . : the generic names of moths of the world . volume 4 . bombycoidea , castnioidea , cossoidea , mimallonoidea . sesioidea , sphingoidea , zygaenoidea . \u2013 british museum ( natural history ) publication no . 848 , 192 pp . \u2013 london .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 1983 ) : 4 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens . neue kenntnisse \u00fcber artenspektrum , systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 ( 1982 ) , 57 - 127 . ( 72 - 76 )\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2007 ) : eine neue art der gattung melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus dem dhofar , s\u00fcdoman ( sesiidae : sesiinae : melittiini ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 30 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2008 ) : beschreibung von cabomina gen . n . , cabomina monicae sp . n . und cabomina dracomontana sp . n . aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 29 ( 3 ) , 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a ) : vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem s\u00fcdlichen afrika ( lepidoptera , sesiidae : osminiini , sesiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 211 - 218 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011b ) : noctusphecia puchneri gen . et sp . n . , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasfl\u00fcglerart aus tansania ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 48 - 50 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011c ) : neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson , 1919 aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 51 - 56 .\n( 2013 ) : synanthedon angolana sp . n . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus angola ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae , synanthedonini ) . - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 34 ( 3 ) , 125 - 126 .\nfreina , j . j . de & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2000 ) : beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und pal\u00e4stinas ( insecta , lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90 , 75 - 84 .\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1836 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2 , 162 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 140 - 142 , pl . 182 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1842 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4 , 167 pp , pls 289 - 384 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 129 - 131 , pl . 362 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1843 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5 , 166 pp , pls 385 - 480 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 35 - 36 , pl . 404 )\nfriedlander , t . p . ( 1986 ) : a new squash borer from mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 4 ) ( 1985 ) , 277 - 288 .\nnov . spec . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 ( 5 ) , 33 .\ngaede , m . ( 1929 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 14 , 515 - 538 , pl . 77 .\ngaede , m . ( 1933 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , suppl . 2 , 229 - 240 , pl . 16 .\ngarrevoet , t . , bartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2013 ) : on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov , 1992 and some related species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . - nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) , 95 - 108 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2011 ) : bembecia lingenhoelei , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 39 ( 2 ) , 73 - 79 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2016 ) : on the status of bembecia zebo \u0161patenka & gorbunov , 1992 ; bembecia pamira \u0161patenka , 1992 ; bembecia kreuzbergi \u0161patenka & bartsch , 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov , 1994 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\ngarrevoet , t . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : bembecia bartschi , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 157 - 161 .\ngarrevoet , t . , garrevoet , w . & \u00f6zbek , h . ( 2007 ) : data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in turkey . \u2013 linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 2 ) , 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy , e . l . ( 1785 ) : [ contribution ] . in fourcroy , a . f . : entomologia parisiensis ; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur . . . cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2 , 544 pp . ( 252 )\ngermadius , p . ( 1874 ) : a new aegerian maple borer . \u2013 the american naturalist 8 , 57 - 58 .\nghiliani , v . ( 1852 ) : materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi . \u2013 memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino ( serie 2 ) 14 , 20 , 85 , 131 - 247 . ( 216 )\ngiacomelli , e . ( 1911 ) : lepid\u00f3pteros riojanos nuevos \u00f3 poco conocidos . \u2013 anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72 , 19 - 40 . ( 29 - 30 )\ngmelin , j . f . ( 1790 ) : caroli a linn\u00e9 systema naturae . per regna tria naturae secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis 1 ( 5 ) ( ed . 13 ) . \u2013 leipzig . ( 2388 - 2390 )\ngodart , m . j . - b . ( 1822 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 histoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ou papillons de france 3 . ( 6 , 74 - 121 , pl . xxi )\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from azerbaijan . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 65 ( 6 ) , 938 - 940 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 3 ) , 12 - 18 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 2 ) , 14 - 20 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988a ) : a new contribution to the knowledge of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 in medvedev , l . n . & striganova , b . r . ( eds ) : fauna i ekologiya nasekomykh vetnama [ the fauna and ecology of insects of vietnam ] , 192 - 198 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988b ) : a new species and genus of the clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the subfamily tinthiinae from the primorsky kray ( far east ) . \u2013 biologiyeckie nauki 7 , 45 - 47 . [ in russian with english summary ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1989 ) : two new species of lepidoptera ( sesiidae ) from the kopet - dag . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 68 ( 10 ) , 141 - 145 . [ in russian with english summary ]\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from the caucasus , usssr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 20 ( 1 / 4 ) ( 1989 ) , 119 - 123 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1991a ) : six new species of the clearwing moths from the caucasus , ussr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) , 125 - 143 , 378 - 379 ."]}
{"id": 787, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia crassipalpella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by legrand in 1966 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on the seychelles ( aldabra ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "anarsia crassipalpella", "paragraphs": ["anarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkenya , rift valley , lake baringo , 1000 m , 01 . v . 2003 , leg . d . j . l . agassiz .\nbengtsson b . a . 2014 . the afrotropical scythrididae . - esperiana memoir 7 : 1\u2013361 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nwalsingham thomas de grey & hampson g . f . 1896 . on moths collected at aden and in somaliland . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1896 ( 1 ) : 257\u2013283 , pl . 10 .\nwalsingham thomas de grey 1891a . african micro - lepidoptera . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1891 ( 1 ) : 63\u2013132 , pls . 3\u20137 .\njanse a . j . t . 1963 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - \u2014 6 ( 3 ) : 241\u2013284 , pls . 130\u2013138 .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013336 .\nmeyrick e . 1920a . voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911\u20131912 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifiques . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ii . microlepidoptera . - \u2014 : 35\u2013120 .\nmeyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49\u2013148 .\njanse a . j . t . 1960 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - \u2014 6 ( 2 ) : 145\u2013240 , pls . 33\u2013129 .\nclarke j . f . g . 1955 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) , described by edward meyrick . vol . 2 . stenomidae , xylorictidae , copromorphidae . - \u2014 2 : 1\u2013531 ; pls . 1\u2013263 .\nlegrand h . 1966 . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res des \u00eeles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1\u2013210 , pls . 1\u201316 .\nagassiz d . j . l . & bidzilya o . v . 2016 . gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) bred from acacia in kenya with description of eight new species . - annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 : 116\u2013145 .\nstrand e . 1913g . katalog der \u00e4thiopischen tineina . - archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 79 ( a ) ( 2 ) : 38\u2013115 .\nmeyrick e . 1911c . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 1 ) : 63\u201383 .\nbradley j . d . 1969 . two new species of lepidoptera reared from galls on guiera senegalensis in northern nigeria . - bulletin of entomological research 59 ( 1968 ) : 77\u201380 .\nrebel h . 1907a . lepidopteren aus s\u00fcdarabien und von der insel sokotra . - denkschriften der \u00f6sterreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 71 ( 2 ) : 31\u2013130 , pl . 1 .\nviette p . 1968g . descriptions de nouvelles esp\u00e8ces de microl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de madagascar et de l ' \u00eele marion . - bulletin mensuel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 linn\u00e9enne de lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 83\u201391 .\njanse a . j . t . 1949a . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - \u2014 5 ( 1 ) : 1\u201360 , pls . 1\u201332 .\nmeyrick e . 1926a . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 23 ( 2 ) : 325\u2013351 .\nmeyrick e . 1918a . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 6 ( 2 ) : 7\u201359 .\nviette p . 1957d . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides ) . \u2013 in : la faune entomologique de l ' ile de la r\u00e9union . i . - m\u00e9moires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar ( e ) 8 : 137\u2013226 , pls 1\u20134 ."]}
{"id": 788, "summary": [{"text": "synaptula lamperti is a species of sea cucumber in the family synaptidae in the phylum echinodermata , found on coral reefs in the indo-pacific region .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the echinoderms are marine invertebrates and include the sea urchins , starfish and sea cucumbers .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are radially symmetric and have a water vascular system that operates by hydrostatic pressure , enabling them to move around by use of many suckers known as tube feet .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "sea cucumbers are usually leathery , gherkin-shaped animals with a cluster of short tentacles at one end .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they live on the sea bottom . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "synaptula lamperti", "paragraphs": ["fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : synaptula lamperti ( sea cucumber ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsynaptula lamperti heding 1928\npage .\nthis worm - like creature is actually a sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) .\nenchanted world of lyra - lampert\u2019s sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) . . . .\nhave a fact about synaptula lamperti ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for synaptula lamperti ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nnick hope added the english common name\nlampert ' s sea cucumber\nto\nsynaptula lamperti heding 1928\n.\ngiant barrel sponge , xestospongia testudinaria . the surface is covered with lampert ' s holothurians or sea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti\nsoft coral ( dendronephthya klunzingeri ) on sponge covered with synaptid sea cucumbers ( synaptula lamperti ) . papua new guinea .\nlampert\u00b4s sea cucumber ( synaptula lamperti ) on sponge , night dive , long beach dive site , manado , sulawesi , indonesia .\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : synaptula lamperi ( sea cucumber ) on plakortis sp . ( chicken liver sponge ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsynaptula lamperti heding 1928\npage .\nsynaptula lamperti is not the primary subject of the video clip ; the primary subject is xestospongia testudinaria ( barrel sponge ) . coral sea , duration 17 seconds\nsea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti on sponge , komodo archipelago islands , komodo national park , indonesia , pacific ocean date : 23 . 07 . 08 ref : zb777 _ 11\nthe striking dark - striped white body of synaptula lamperti makes an attractive picture against the colored background of the sponges on which they are exclusively found . ( photo by robert fenner )\nclose - up of the pinnate feeding tentacles of synaptula lamperti . like most of the apodid cucumbers , one of the attractions of these animals for aquarists is that these feather - like feeding tentacles are in almost constant motion . ( photo by robert fenner )\ncitation :\nlampert ' s sea cucumbers , synaptula lamperti ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 20 / 2014 3 : 15 : 15 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nfrick , j . e . 1998 . evidence of matrotrophy in the viviparous holothuroid echinoderm synaptula hydriformis . invertebrate biology 117 : 169 - 179 .\ncaption : lambert ' s worm sea cucumbers ( synaptula lamperti , white ) on a giant barrel sponge ( xestospongia testudinaria ) . this small white sea cucumber lives in groups . it is always found in association with a host sponge . it feeds by sifting organic matter from the surface of the sponge . this appears to do the sponges no harm . photographed in komodo , indonesia .\nalso known as synapta lamperti , tripang , synaptid sea cucumber , sponge synaptid , worm sea cucumber , sea worm , wormfish , sponge sea cucumber , medusa worm cucumber , pygmy snake sea cucumber , toothpaste holothurian , banded white sea cucumber .\nresearch synaptula lamperti \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nalthough most of the synaptid cucumbers occur in relatively low density around coral reefs , synaptula species can be quite dense on some sponges . this makes them easy to collect , but they are not suitable for the reef aquarium . ( photo by robert fenner )\nit is reported that , for the first time , prochloron cells were found associated with an animal other than a colonial ascidian - namely , a synaptid holothurian , snaptula lamperti . this occurance brings into question the supposedly obligate nature of the association of this problematic algae with didemnids and their allies .\n( of synaptula membrana heding , 1928 ) heding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]\n( of synaptula purpurea heding , 1928 ) heding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]\nalthough attractive to look at , you should resist any urge to purchase a species of synaptula because most feed by mopping tiny particles of organic detritus and secretions from the surface of living sponges . without the correct sponge species on which to live , they are doomed to a slow death by starvation in your aquarium . ( photo by robert fenner )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall - in - all , however , despite how fascinating these animals are , unless you are confident of the identification of the animal , can provide suitable conditions for the animal to feed , and are willing to live with the potential drawbacks of keeping one of these animals in an aquarium , they are not really recommended for keeping in any aquarium .\nwas recently asked to provide some more information about medusa worms in one of the forums , and while searching the web to provide some links , i realized that there is very little information out there about the biology and aquarium care of these fascinating animals . so , i decided that i would take this opportunity to write a column about one of my favorite critters to try to provide some information about these interesting animals .\nbohadaschia spp . live on open sandy rubble zones where it feeds on organic detritus and benthic microalgae mopped from the sediments by it ' s palmate feeding tentacles . it rarely buries itself in the sand , but occasionally collects tiny stones and pieces of algae to camouflage itself . ( photo by julian sprung )\nthe distinctive bright ocelli ( false eye spots ) covering the body of this bohadaschia spp . may serve as warning coloration to predators that these cucumbers are capable of expelling sticky defensive threads together highly toxic chemicals to protect themselves . these defensive threads , known as cuverian tubules are extruded in response to extreme stress , and although this cucumber is quite attractive , it is also one of the most toxic species that could quickly wipe out an entire aquarium if stressed . ( photo : julian sprung )\nthe primary problem with getting any of these animals , however , is that you cannot identify them by yourself , and will therefore have no idea of which species you are buying . that leaves you with no option but to trust your supplier about its care and requirements . that is easier for some people than others , and depending on how reliable and knowledgeable your supplier is you may be able to obtain a generalist detritivore that will thrive in a well - established reef aquarium . if , however , you simply purchase an animal at random , there are more specific feeders than generalists in this group . therefore , you have a fair to excellent chance that you will get a species that is a highly specific feeder , and for which you may have no way to provide food . for this reason i generally recommend that people avoid buying one of these animals unless they can first determine what they feed upon .\nthis is an important distinction , because even if you are fortunate enough to get a generalist feeder , unless you have a well established tank with plenty of fine organic detritus upon which the animal can feed , it is likely to starve to death . these animals are certainly poorly suited to non - reef aquaria or even traditional berlin - style reef tanks that are maintained with a bare or only slightly covered bottom , and from which detritus is regularly removed . like most marine invertebrates , these animals are capable of going for long periods of time without food . many marine invertebrates can withstand several months or more of starvation , during which time they slowly shrink while digesting their internal organs . depending on the species in question , its initial condition when brought into captivity , and how often it manages to locate a suitable food source within the aquarium , many marine invertebrate species could take more than a year before they succumb to starvation .\ntheir\nhalf - filled baggie\nlook is deceptive , however , because the animals are the fastest and most active of the sea cucumbers , and are capable of rapidly crawling around the aquarium , or quickly withdrawing into a crevice when disturbed . the standard feeding behavior of reef - dwelling synaptids is to anchor about 1 / 3 of the body into some secure hole , and then extend the anterior 2 / 3 of the body to feed ( they can do the water balloon trick with only part of their body if they want to ) . if something disturbs the animal , it can rapidly contract a set of muscles that run the length of the body to pull itself back into that hidey - hole and avoid being eaten . the problem , however , is that those anchor ossicles may be laying across some of your other invertebrates ( such as a coral , for example ) , and when the cucumber retracts , it simply tugs those ossicles free of whatever it was previously anchored upon - - this can dislodge and / or cause damage to the soft tissue of whatever the cuke was lying on at the time . obviously this is a potential concern to aquarists who want their corals and rock - work to remain in place and undamaged . . .\nall - in - all , however , despite how fascinating these animals are , unless you are confident of the identification of the animal , can provide suitable conditions for the animal to feed , and are willing to live with the potential drawbacks of keeping one of these animals in an aquarium , they are not really recommended for keeping in any aquarium . if you have a well - established reef tank , and you take adequate precautions to protect any pump intakes and / or overflow drains , and can locate one of the generalist detritivores that are suitable for the aquarium , i think that these animals make a fantastic addition to a reef tank , because they are both active and fascinating to watch .\nbrusca , r . c . , and g . j . brucsa . 1990 . invertebrates . sinauer associates , inc , sunderland , mass .\nchao , s . - m . , c . - p . chen , and p . s . alexander . 1995 . reproductive cycles of tropical sea cucumbers ( echinodermata : holothurioidea ) in southern taiwan . marine biology 122 : 289 - 295 .\ncunningham , p . , and p . goetz . 1996 . venomous & toxic marine life of the world . pisces books , houston , tx .\ndelbeek , j . c . , and j . sprung . 1994 . the reef aquarium , vol . 1 . ricordea publishing , coconut grove , fl .\nfenner , b . 2000 . gad - zooks cukes ! sea cucumbers : not a pretty picture . wetwebmedia . urltoken\nfrey , d . g . 1951 . the use of sea cucumbers in poisoning fishes . copeia : 175 - 176 .\nhammond , l . s . 1982a . analysis of grain - size selection by deposit - feeding holothurians and echinoids ( echinodermata ) from a shallow reef lagoon , discovery bay , jamaica . marine ecology progress series 8 : 25 - 36 .\nhammond , l . s . 1982b . patterns of feeding and activity in deposit - feeding holothurians and echinoids ( echinodermata ) from a shallow back - reef lagoon , discovery bay , jamaica . bulletin of marine science 32 : 549 - 571 .\nhammond , l . s . , and c . r . wilkinson . 1989 . exploitation of sponge exudates by coral reef holothuroids . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 94 : 1 - 10 .\nhendler , g . , j . e . miller , d . l . pawson , and m . k . porter . 1995 . sea stars , sea urchins , and allies : echinoderms of florida and the caribbean . smithsonian institution press , washington dc .\nkuznetsova , t . a . , n . i . kalinovskaya , a . i . kalinovskii , and g . b . elyakov .\nstructure of synaptogenin b , the artifact aglycone of the glycosides of the sea cucumber synapta maculata . khimiya prirodnykh soedinenii 5 : 667 - 670 .\nmart\u00ednez , m . a . 1989 . holothuroideos ( echinodermata , holothuroidea ) de la region nororiental de venezuela y algunas dependencias federales . boletin insitutto oceanografico universidad de oriente cumana 28 : 105 - 112 .\nmichael , s . undated online article . sea cucumbers . aquarium fish magazine ht urltoken\npawson , d . l . 1986 . phylum echinodermata . pp . 522 - 541 in w . sterrer , ed . marine fauna and flora of bermuda : a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley & sons , new york , ny .\nponomarenko , l . p . , a . i . kalinovsky , o . p . moiseenko , and v . a . stonik . 2001 . free sterols from the holothurians synapta maculata , cladolabes bifurcatus and cucumaria sp . comparative biochemistry and physiology part b : biochemistry & molecular biology 128b : 53 - 62 .\nruppert , e . e . , and r . d . barnes . 1994 . invertebrate zoology . saunders college publishing , harcourt brace jovanovich publishers , orlando , fl .\nruppert , e . e . , and r . fox . 1988 . seashore animals of the southeast : a guide to common shallow - water invertebrates of the southeastern atlantic coast . university of south carolina press , columbia , sc .\nsmith , g . n . , jr . 1971a . regeneration in the sea cucumber leptosynapta . i . the process of regeneration . journal of experimental zoology 177 : 319 - 330 .\nsmith , g . n . , jr . 1971b . regeneration in the sea cucumber leptosynapta . ii . the regenerative capacity . journal of experimental zoology 177 : 331 - 342 .\nsprung , j . 2001 . invertebrates : a quick reference guide . sea challengers , danville , ca .\ntoonen , r . 2002 . aquarium science : the captive breeding of tropical reef species for the aquarium trade , with specific attention to long - term planktotrophic larvae . tropical fish hobbyist # 557 : 66 - 72 .\nwilkens , p . ( translated by k . wood & d . hagner ) 1998 . death in a colorful package . aquarium frontiers online may : urltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .\nsea cucumbers , class holothuroidea : with body shapes ranging from spherical to long and worm - like , bizarre rings of tentacles circling a non - descript head - end , these slow - moving , drab to brightly colored and marked invertebrates are well - known at least by sight , by most aquarists .\nunfortunately they have a dark side . like many other spiny - skinned animals , sea cucumbers should only be tried in captivity with knowledge , trepidation and utmost vigil . the reasons for my cautioning are offered here , as well as notes on general selection and care for the still curious .\nsea cucumbers make up the class holothuroidea of the\nspiny - skinned - animal\nphylum echinodermata . other living classes comprise the familiar sea urchins , sand dollars , sea - and brittle stars and the crinoids , aka sea lilies and feather stars . holothuroids are the odd - class out in being secondarily non - radial appearing ; often looking like strange ornamental sausages , some translucent , others opaque and warty . cucumber - like !\nthere are some 900 described species , almost exclusively marine , distributed worldwide . sea cucumbers are a\ncomponent of the deep sea fauna . most are black , brown or olive in color , but many brilliant colored and patterned species are encountered . they range in size to barely over an inch ( @ 3 cm . ) end to end to over a meter in length .\ngenus actinopyga :\ntoothed sea cucumbers\n, named for the series of five teeth ringing their anus .\nactinopygia agassizii , the five - toothed sea cucumber . have five square teeth surrounding the anus . short , knobby podia on back , sides . brown to yellow on top , lighter colored sides . bahamas pic .\nactinopygia lecanora bronn 1860 , white - rumped sea cucumber . indo - west pacific . here in s . leyte 2013\nactinopyga mauritiana ( quoy & gaimard 1833 ) , the white - spotted sea cucumber , loli ( hawaiian ) . frequently found in surgy , seaward , shallow water settings , holding on firmly to the rocky substrate with their tube feet . to twelve inches . hawai ' i pic .\nastichopus multifidus , the furry sea cucumber . white to brown and white bodied numerous pointed podia , circled in white . to 16 inches in length . cozumel 2016\nbigger pix : the images in this table are linked to large ( desktop size ) copies . click on\nframed\nimages to go to the larger size .\nbohadschia argus jager 1833 , the ocellated sea cucumber . western indian ocean ; madagascar , seychelles to sri lanka . pacific ocean ; malay archipelago to south pacific islands . needs large quarters than captivity allows . to two feet in length . one in moorea , french polynesia , in fiji and n . sulawesi .\neuapta sp . family synaptidae . five rows of bulbous bumps on cylindrical translucent body . here on a sponge in mabul , malaysia\nheding , s . ( 1928 ) . papers from dr . th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 16 . xlvi . synaptidae . vidensk . medd . naturh . foren . kjob . 85 : pp . 105 - 323 . [ details ]\nkatja schulz added an association between\nvideo\nand\nxestospongia testudinaria ( lamarck , 1815 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nrowe , f . w . e . in rowe , f . w . e . & gates , j . 1995 ,\nechinodermata\n, ed . wells , a . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 33 , csiro australia , melbourne\nheding , s . g . 1928 ,\nsynaptidae\n, videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening i kj\u00f8benhavn , vol . 85 , pp . 105 - 323 figs 1 - 69 pls 2 - 3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d6d36ad4 - 20ea - 48d2 - ba82 - c7c2e9cf35b1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dc725ce0 - d808 - 4f1b - b104 - 0ae9b4d6c821\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 352328\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nrange : western pacific ocean : indonesia , papua new guinea , philippines , and micronesia .\nnatural environment : inhabits expose inner and outer slopes and feeds on diatoms and substances removed from sponges , and is seen between the depths of 3 - 65 feet ( 1 - 20 m ) .\nsticky to the touch and feeds on detritus and organic matter , which is sifted from the substrate .\neven though they do not contain any harmful toxins , they usually perish within a few months in most captive situations , as they cannot get a sufficient amount of food .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nyour browser or your browser ' s settings are not supported . to get the best experience possible , please download a compatible browser . if you know your browser is up to date , you should check to ensure that javascript is enabled .\nin its prochloron res . 8 p ( see n84 - 20113 10 - 51 )\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nkristin holds a master of science degree in aquatic tropical ecology attained at the university of bremen in germany . her main interests focus on the evaluation of coral reef ecosystems health and impact assessment for developing concepts and methodologies for the sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical aquatic ecosystems . in her master\u2019s thesis she investigated the distribution and expansion rate of corallimorpharians within the zanzibar channel in collaboration with the leibniz center for tropical marine ecology and the institute of marine sciences in tanzania . her recent work focused on modeling coral coverage within the gbr based on cyclone events and coral reef imagery annotation and assessment at the university of queensland within the catlin seaview survey project . within the global reef expedition 2014 kristin will support the benthic coral reef group in assessing coral reef health and detrimental impacts on corals within indo pacific reefs .\nthis \u2018halgerda batangas\u2019 nudibranch ( sea slug ) almost looks more like a sponge than a sea slug .\nresearcher renee carlton hard at work studying the effect of ocean acidification on corals .\nhere is one animal that we often find on our dives called the blue sea star ( linckia laevigata ) .\nthe khaled bin sultan living oceans foundation is dedicated to the conservation and restoration of living oceans and pledges to champion their preservation through research , education and a commitment to science without borders . \u00ae\nlicence fees : a licence fee will be charged for any media ( low or high resolution ) used in your project .\nyour web - browser is very outdated , and as such , this website may not display properly . please consider upgrading to a modern , faster and more secure browser . click here to do so .\nsmall , white , worm - like ( sort of why they\u2019re sometimes called medusa worm ) , and utterly cute .\n\u00a9 2012\u20132018 enchanted world of lyra .\n1000 suns\ntheme v1 . 93 . 0 by sujay . powered by tumblr .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 789, "summary": [{"text": "antaeotricha coriodes is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1915 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in guyana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16-17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , tinged in the disc with ochreous and with a broad dark bronzy-purplish fascia near the base , leaving a slender whitish basal space obscurely marked with dark grey , the outer edge of the fascia irregular , hardly oblique , but on the dorsal half followed by irregular grey suffusion extending beneath the fold to the tornus , on the dorsum suffusedly spotted with dark fuscous before and beyond the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two dark fuscous dots transversely placed on the end of the cell and there is a straight transverse grey shade at four-fifths , more or less enlarged anteriorly into a blotch on the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "some undefined grey suffusion is found before the apex and termen , preceding a white dentate marginal line with interspaces filled with dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , paler anteriorly and with the costal margin somewhat expanded to beyond the middle , with long rough projecting hairscales suffused with dark grey beneath , and a long ochrcous-white subcostal hairpencil lying beneath the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "antaeotricha coriodes", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for coriodes definition . you find here coriodes meaning , synonyms of coriodes and images for coriodes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word coriodes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word coriodes and , of course , coriodes synonyms and on the right images related to the word coriodes .\nantaeotricha coriodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; bartica\nantaeotricha coriodes is a moth in the family depressariidae . it was described by edward meyrick in 1915 . it is found in guyana . [ 1 ]\nantaeotricha suffumigata walsingham , 1897 ; 98 ; tl : mount gay est . , grenada\nantaeotricha zeller , 1854 at markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms .\nantaeotricha malachita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 404 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha parastis van gyen , 1913 ; bol . mus . nac . chile 5 : 339 ; tl : collipulli\nantaeotricha platydesma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha praerupta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha brochota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : peru , yquitos\nantaeotricha carabophanes meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 289 ; tl : colombia , san antonio\nantaeotricha epignampta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha gravescens meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , minero\nantaeotricha iras meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : peru , 12000ft\nantaeotricha isotona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : panama , trinidad river\nantaeotricha lysimeris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha nerteropa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha neurographa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 614 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo\nantaeotricha serangodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 400 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nantaeotricha arystis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 402 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha camarina meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha deltopis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha hapsicora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : brazil , sao paulo\nantaeotricha lecithaula meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha monocolona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 293 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca\nantaeotricha pactota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha paracrypta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha phaeosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha protosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 406 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha pseudochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 393 ; tl : bartica , british guiana\nantaeotricha sparganota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha thesmophora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha trochoscia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha aglypta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha amicula zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 317 , pl . 4 , f . 96\nantaeotricha capsulata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha cleopatra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha congelata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 236 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\nantaeotricha cryeropis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : mexico , guerrero\nantaeotricha eucoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nantaeotricha hydrophora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha manceps meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nantaeotricha milictis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha nimbata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha nitescens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , para\nantaeotricha orthriopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha percnogona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha plerotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha resiliens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha sana meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : colombia , sosomoko , 2650ft\nantaeotricha sarcinata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha serarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , caraca\nantaeotricha sortifera meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 557 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba\nantaeotricha stringens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 164 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha suffumigata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha superciliosa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 198 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha synercta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha tornogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha tractrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nantaeotricha xuthosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha acronephela meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nantaeotricha brachysaris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha campylodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha encyclia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 403 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha euthrinca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha exusta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha glycerostoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha helicias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha himaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha incrassata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha insimulata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6600ft\nantaeotricha staurota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha substricta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha xylocosma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ( depressariidae ) ; urra , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 102 ( note )\nantaeotricha celidotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha cycnomorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nantaeotricha fulta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550\nantaeotricha gubernatrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha gymnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos\nantaeotricha haplocentra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins\nantaeotricha melanopis meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 31 ; tl : peru , huancabamba\nantaeotricha mesostrota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : venezulea , carupano\nantaeotricha nuclearis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 181 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo\nantaeotricha phryactis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha sardania meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha sellifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos\nantaeotricha semiovata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550ft\nantaeotricha teleosema meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha tritogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 176 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha deridens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 162 ; tl : bolivia , del sara , 1500ft\nantaeotricha nitrota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ophrysta meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo\nantaeotricha albovenosa zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 321 , pl . 4 , f . 99 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha arizonensis ferris , 2010 ; zookeys 57 : 60 ; tl : arizona , cochise co . , hauchuca mts . , carr canyon , 5300 '\nantaeotricha assecta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 313 , pl . 3 , f . 94 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha cathagnista meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha christocoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 398 ; tl : peru , pacaya ; conamano , r . ucuyali\nantaeotricha generatrix meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 239 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul\nantaeotricha thammii zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 89 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha vacata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : st . george ' s , grenada\nantaeotricha albifrons zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 323 , pl . 4 , f . 100 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha amphilyta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha anaclintris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha axena meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha compsographa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha diffracta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha excisa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha manzanitae keifer , 1937 ; calif . dept . agric . bull . 26 : 334 ; tl : shingle springs , el dorado co . , california\nantaeotricha melanarma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha oxycentra meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha palaestrias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha pseudochyta ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha purulenta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 318 , pl . 4 , f . 97 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha tibialis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 307 , pl . 3 , f . 90 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha vacata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha venatum ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha amphizyga meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 234 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; tl : par\u00e1 , belem\nantaeotricha enodata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; nouveau chantier , r . maroni\nantaeotricha immota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni ; british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha orthotona meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 495 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ribbei zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 309 , pl . 3 , f . 91 ; tl : chiriqui - vulcan\nantaeotricha smileuta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , s . laurient\nantaeotricha trichonota meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; paraguay\nantaeotricha corvigera meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; peru , contamano , r . ucuyali\nantaeotricha diplophaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha laudata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean and godebert , r . maroni\nantaeotricha praecisa meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 709 ; tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o paulo\nantaeotricha demas ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha illepida ; duckworth , 1966 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 68 ( 3 ) : 196 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lampyridella ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha cyprodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; organ mtns , nova friburge\nantaeotricha floridella hayden & dickel , 2015 ; zookeys 533 : 135 ; tl : usa , florida , marion co . , ocala national forest , fr 88 , 3 . 9mi se of sr 316 , longleaf pine sandhills\nantaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41 , pl . 3 a ; tl : south fork of cave creek , chiricahua mts . , arizona\nantaeotricha utahensis ferris , 2012 ; j . lep . soc . 66 ( 3 ) : 168 ; tl : utah , san juan co . , 37\u00b044 . 90 ' n , 109\u00b024 . 75 ' w ( 2220m )\nantaeotricha humilis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1019 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha decorosella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35 , pl . 1 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1016 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha furcata ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1017 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha haesitans ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 40 , pl . 2 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1022 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha irene ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1018 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha leucillana ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32 , pl . 1 d ; [ nacl ] , # 1014 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lindseyi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 30 , pl . 1 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1012 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha manzanitae ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 43 , pl . 3 c ; [ nacl ] , # 1025 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha osseella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 34 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1015 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha schlaegeri ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 29 , pl . 1 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1011 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha thomasi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 39 , pl . 2 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1021 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha unipunctella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 31 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1013 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha vestalis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 42 , pl . 3 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1024 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\naphanoxena acrograpta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma actista meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : venezuela , palma sola ; british guiana , r . demerata\nstenoma admixta walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 170 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , dos arroyos , 1000ft\nstenoma adornata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 442 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nstenoma aequabilis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean ; godebert , r . maroni\nstenoma aggravata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma agrioschista meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 365 ; tl : texas , alpine , 5000 - 8000ft\nstenoma ammodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 176 , pl . 6 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma arachnia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ncryptolechia aratella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 724 ; tl : ega\nargocorys ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 34\naphanoxena astynoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma atmospora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 209 ; tl : colombia , minero and sosomoco , 2650ft\naphanoxena balanocentra meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nstenoma ballista meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : french guiana , . maroni\ncryptolechia basiferella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 744 ; tl : ega\nstenoma basilaris busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 45 ; tl : alphajuela , porto bello ; trinidad r . , panama\ncryptolechia basirubrella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 719 ; tl : ega\nstenoma bathrotoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 189 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nstenoma bilinguis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nbracatingae ( k\u00f6hler , 1943 ) ( stenoma ) ; rev . soc . ent . arg . 12 : 28\nstenoma caenochytis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 415 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\nalphanoxena cantharitis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 490 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma caprimulga walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 33 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyae\ncapsiformis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 25\nstenoma carabodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 435 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma carbasea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo\ncaryograpta ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26\nstenoma ceratistes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma chalastis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 413 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nchalinophanes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 42\nstenoma chilosema meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 208 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nphalaena ( tinea ) cicadella sepp , [ 1830 ] ; surinaam . vlinders 2 ( 20 ) : 183 , pl . 80\nstenoma cirrhoxantha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nstenoma cnemosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , para\nstenoma colposaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nstenoma comosa walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 161 , pl . 5 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\nstenoma compsoneura meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 217 ; tl : brazil , para ; french guiana , r . maroni\ncryptolechia confixella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 731 ; tl : ega\nstenopa coniopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nstenoma constituta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma constricta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 226 ; tl : colombia , mt . socorro , 12500ft\ncryptoleciha costatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 737 ; tl : ega\nstenoma cremastis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 194 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas ; brazil , manaos\nstenoma crypsiphaea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 190 ; tl : brazil , para\nstenoma cycnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nstenopa cymogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : peru , r . napo , iquitos\nbrachyloma decorosella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : montclair , n . j\nlarva on quercus ilicifolia , quercus marilandia duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35\nstenoma demas busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 223 ; tl : st . jean , maroni r . , french guiana\nstenoma demotica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma desecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 203 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\ncryptolechia destillata zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 283 ; tl : chiriqui\nstenoma diacta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma diplosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndirempta ( zeller , 1855 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 10 : 154 , pl . 1 , f . 4\nstenoma discalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\nstenoma discolor walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 164 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san ger\u00f3nimo\ndisjecta ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 368\nstenoma dissona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nstenoma doleropis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 421 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma dromica meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nstenoma elaeodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 , pl . 6 , f . 22 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ncryptolechia elatior felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 67 ; tl : amazonas\nepicrossa ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294\naphanoxena episimbla meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nstenoma ergates walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 185 , pl . 6 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma erotica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 534 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma exasperata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 533 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma falsidica meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : dutch guiana , berg - en - daal\nstenoma fasciatum busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 217 ; tl : cayenne , french guiana\nbritish guiana , french guiana , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]\nstenoma forreri walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 172 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , durango , presidio\nstenoma fractilinea walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 166 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma fractinubes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 32 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ncryptolechia frontalis zeller , 1855 ; linn . ent . 10 : 159 , pl . 1 , f . 7\nstenoma fumifica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 , pl . 5 , f . 31 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\nstenoma glaphyrodes meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient ; brazil [ ? ] , iquitos\nstenoma glaucescens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma gypsoterma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma habilis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 427 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naedemoses haesitans walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 154 , pl . 5 , f . 21 ; tl : presidio , durango , mexico\nlarva on pithecellobium flexicaule duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41\nstenoma hemiscia walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 163 ; tl : guatemala , san ger\u00f3nimo\nstenoma heterosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naphanoxena homologa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma horizontias meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nnorth carolina , south carolina , missouri , tennessee , virginia , illinois , maryland , texas , indiana , new jersey , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 38\nhyalophanta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294\nstenoma ianthina walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\nstenoma imminens meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo\ncryptolechia impactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 742 ; tl : ega\nstenoma impedita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : peru , pacaya\ncryptolechia indicatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 732 ; tl : ega\nstenoma infecta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 254 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nstenoma infrenata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma innexa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 190 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nstenoma insidiana meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : french guiana , , r . maroni\n= stenoma disjecta ; meyrick , 1925 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 192 ; [ nhm card ]\niopetra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295\nstenoma ioptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma irene barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 28 , f . 7 , 9 , pl . 30 , f . 1 ; tl : brownsville , texas\nlarva on sida sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37\nstenoma irenias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nstenoma isochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 420 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma isomeris meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 711 ; tl : brazil , tijuco\nstenopa isoplintha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nisoporphyra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( asapharca ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 286\nisosticta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 299\nithytona meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 514\nstenoma juvenalis meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 240 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nauxocrossa lacera zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 103\nstenoma lampyridella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 41 ; tl : cabima , panama\nstenoma lathiptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 425 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma laxa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 428 ; tl : venezuela , ciudad bolivar\nstenoma lebetias meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : french guiana , s . laurent\nstenoma lepidocarpa meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 239 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\npsephomeres leptogramma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 506\nnew hampshire , massachusetts , new york , pennsylvania , district of columbia , virginia , north carolina , na . georgia , alabama , arkansas , missouri , kansas , illinois , iowa , texas , oregon , louisiana , manitoba , nova scotia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on pyracantha crenulata , malus sp . , vaccinium corymbosum , acer sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32\nleucocryptis ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295\nstenoma lindseyi barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 29 , f . 2 ; tl : paradise ; white mts . , arizona ; fort wingate , new mexico\nstenoma lophoptycha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nstenoma lophosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nloxogrammos ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 367 , pl . 3 , f . 17\nstenoma lucrosa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins\nstenoma lunimaculata dognin , 1913 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 57 : 417 ; tl : san antonio , colombia , 2000m\nstenoma machetes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma macronota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 716 ; tl : colombia , naranjito , r . dagua , 3900ft ; dutch guiana , paramaribo\nstenoma mesosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 178 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma microtypa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma mitratella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : porto bello , panama\nstenoma modulata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma monosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 419 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ncryptolechia murinella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 743 ; tl : ega\nstenoma mustela walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 167 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\nnavicularis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 24\nstenopa neocrossa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nnephelocyma ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 27\nbritish guiana , dutch guiana , french guiana , paraguay . see [ maps ]\n: british guiana , r . demerana ; dutch guiana , paramaribo ; french guiana , st . laurient ; paraguay\ncryptolechia nitidorella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 729 ; tl : ega\nstenoma notogramma meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : breves , amazon delta\nstenoma notosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , para\ncryptolechia notosemia zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 298 , pl . 3 , f . 86 ; tl : cundai\nstenoma obtusa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nstenoma ocellifer walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 ; tl : mexico , durango ; costa rica , volcan de irazu , 6000 - 7000ft , guatemala , san ger\u00f3nimo , 2800ft\nstenoma ogmolopha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 557 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nstenoma ogmosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 415 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma orgadopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 182 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins\nnew york , new jersey , north carolina , south carolina , west virginia , maryland , district of columbia , massachusetts , pennsylvania , illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , california . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus alba , q . muehlenbergii duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 34\nstenoma ostodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 174 ; tl : guatemala , alta vera paz , panima , 1800ft\nstenoma ovulifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 182 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nstenoma oxydecta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\ncryptolechia pallicosta felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 41 ; tl : amazonas\nstenoma paracta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 425 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo and el porvenir ; colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia particularis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 293 , pl . 3 , f . 82 ; tl : chiriqui\naphanoxena pellocoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma percnocarpa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nstenoma periphrictis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 15 ) : 451 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma phaeoneura meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 187 ; tl : british guiana\nstenoma phaeoplintha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nphaselodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 39\nstenoma phaula walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 160 , pl . 5 , f . 26 ; tl : guatemala , alta vera paz , panima , 1800ft\nstenoma phollicodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 533 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nstenoma planicoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 189 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nstenoma plumosa busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 47 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\nstenoma polyglypta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 427 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma pratifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 222 ; tl : costa rica\nstenoma prosora walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 161 , pl . 5 , f . 29 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\nguatemala , panama , ecuador , west indies , british guiana . see [ maps ]\ncatarata pumilis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 36 ; tl : trinidad , panam\npyrgota ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 25\npyrobathra ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 33\nstenoma quiescens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\ncryptolechia radicalis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 286 ; tl : chiriqui\ncryptolechia reciprocella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 731 ; tl : santarem\npanama , surinam , french guiana , brazil ( amazonas , para , bahia ) , peru . see [ maps ]\nstenoma rhipidaula meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma rostriformis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 532 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nstenoma scapularis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 209 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nquebec , new york , massachusetts , pennsylvania , delaware , maryland , district of columbia , virgina , north carolina , arkansas , missouri , illinois , iowa , texas , arizona . see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia schlaegeri zeller , 1854 ; linn . ent . 9 : 372 ; tl : new york\nlarva on quercus alba duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 30\nsciospila ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 47\nstenoma segmentata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 423 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma similis busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 222 ; tl : st . jean , maroni r . , french guiana\nstenoma spermolitha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 432 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma sterrhomitra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 178 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nstenoma stigmatias walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 184 , pl . 6 , f . 29 ; tl : guatemala , alta vera paz , sabo\nstenoma stygeropa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 187 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nstenoma tectoria meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma tempestiva meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 529 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma tephrodesma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 511 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma tetrapetra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 194 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nstenoma thylacosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 419 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma thomasi barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 240 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona\nstenoma tinactis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 414 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma tribomias meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 417 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ntricapsis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26\nstenoma triplectra meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 423 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nalphanoxena triplintha meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 490 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\ncryptolechia tripustulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 733 ; tl : ega\nathleta trisecta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 155 , pl . 5 , f . 24\nstenoma tumens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 511 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nbrazil ( amazonas ) , panama , costa rica , british guiana , french guiana . see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia umbriferella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 740 ; tl : ega\nlarva on quercus sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32\nunisecta ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26\nstenoma venatum busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 217 ; tl : st . jean , maroni river , french guiana\nvenezuelensis amsel , 1956 ; boletin ent . venezolana 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 303\ntexas , florida , mississippi , south carolina , new jersey . see [ maps ]\nvenezuela , panama , trinidad , colombia , french guiana , brazil ( para , santa catharina ) , bolivia , peru . see [ maps ]\nxanthopetala ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 41\nstenoma xylurga meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 188 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo\nstenoma zanclogramma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 417 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma zelotes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgef\u00fchrt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera\ndelectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr . j . b . de spix et dr . c . f . ph . de martius\nnatuurlijke historie van surinaamsche vlinders , naar het leven geteekend . papillons de surinam dessin\u00e9s d ' apr\u00e8s nature\n( 13 ) : i - viii , 105 - 108 , pl . 49 - 50 ( [ 1843 ] ) ,\n( 25 ) : i - iv , 217 - 224 , pl . 97 - 100 ( [ 1847 ] ) ,\n( 38 ) : i - viii , 321 - 328 , pl . 149 - 152 ( [ 1852 ] )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 18 february 2018 , at 11 : 20 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors ."]}
{"id": 790, "summary": [{"text": "tischeria quercitella , the oak blotch miner moth , is a moth of the family tischeriidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has been sighted in north america in ontario , district of columbia , illinois , kentucky , massachusetts , missouri , new jersey , ohio , pennsylvania and virginia .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the larvae feed on castanea dentata , quercus alba , quercus ilicifolia , quercus prinus and quercus velutina .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine consists of a distinctive upperside blotch .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it is the only species of the oak-feeding group of north american tischeria species that constructs a nidus as a pupal chamber within the mine . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "tischeria quercitella", "paragraphs": ["figure 1 . tischeria quercitella . adult , and leaf mine on quercus sp .\nspecies tischeria quercitella - oak blotch miner - hodges # 0144 - bugguide . net\ni had four different insects emerge ( or try to emerge ) yesterday , and i think i\u2019ll just show them all here rather than make four different posts . first , to follow up on my last post , another tischeria quercitella mine yielded an \u2026\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ntischeria quercitella\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nthe image across the top of my blog is a leaf mine of tischeria quercitella ( tischeriidae ) , a moth , in an oak leaf . the whitish area is the mine , and the brownish streaks are excrement * smeared on the underside of the \u2026\n( trans . amer . ent . soc . 202 , 1882 . should refer to t . quercitella clem . saint louis - refering to\nmurtfel )\ntischeria quercitella ( fig . 1 ) makes a distinctive upperside blotch mine on oaks of the black oak group . according to braun ( 1972 ) , it is the only species of the oak - feeding group that constructs a nidus ( the circular , central part of the mine seen in fig . 1 ) as a pupal chamber within the mine . in the adult , the patch of blackish scales at the tornus of the forewing is diagnostic for t . quercitella , among fagaceae - feeding tischeriid species that occur in illinois .\nfrom urltoken found here :\ntischeria quercitella ( fig . 1 ) makes a distinctive upperside blotch mine on oaks of the black oak group . according to braun ( 1972 ) , it is the only species of the oak - feeding group that constructs a nidus ( the circular , central part of the mine seen in fig . 1 ) as a pupal chamber within the mine . in the adult , the patch of blackish scales at the tornus of the forewing is diagnostic for t . quercitella , among fagaceae - feeding tischeriid species that occur in illinois .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nseveral species of fagaceae ( oak and chestnut ) - feeding tischeriids occur in illinois . one species aligns with the genus\ncoptotriche citrinipennella ( fig . 2 ) makes a tightly - rolled mine along the margin of the leaf , on several oak species , including shingle oak , quercus imbricaria . the blackish patch at the base of each hind wing of the male ( shown ) is diagnostic for this species .\nfigure 2 . coptotriche citrinipennella . adult , and leaf mine on quercus sp .\ncoptotriche zelleriella ( fig . 3 ) feeds on several species of oak , quercus . the male adult ( shown ) is readily diagnosed by the atypical form of the hind wing , which is unusually broad and apically truncate , with some specialized scales on the anterior margin .\nfigure 3 . coptotriche zelleriella . adult , reared from oak , quercus sp .\nthe larva of coptotriche castaneaeella ( fig . 4 ) makes a trumpet mine on shingle oak , quercus imbricaria .\nfigure 4 . coptotriche castaneaeella . adult , and leaf mine on shingle oak , quercus imbricaria .\nfigure 5 . coptotriche probably badiiella . adult , and larva in leaf mine on oak , quercus sp .\n( insect life 2 : 324 , 1889 - 90 . waisinham rev . ( as t . tinctorella )\nkirkwood\n( murtfeldt ) . )\n( trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 202 , 1882 . murtfeldt ' s list as l . quercifoliella clem . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nan oak blotch miner moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 8 / 27 / 2013 ) . length 6mm . verified by roger downer / bamona . photo by timothy reichard . ( mbp list )\nan oak blotch miner moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 5 / 5 / 2010 ) . verified by terry harrison / bugguide . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )\nthe diagnostic mine of oak blotch miner moth on an oak leaf in st . mary ' s co . , maryland ( 8 / 29 / 2014 ) . photo by rick borchelt . ( mbp list )\nan oak blotch miner moth mine ( topside ) on castanea in baltimore city , maryland ( 10 / 25 / 2014 ) . verified by charley eiseman . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\nan oak blotch miner moth mine ( underside ) on castanea in baltimore city , maryland ( 10 / 25 / 2014 ) . verified by charley eiseman . photo by thomas wilson . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nif you enjoy reading this blog , please consider making a donation . i would devote all my time to natural history writing and photography if i could ! you can make a one - time donation using the yellow button above , or click the \u201cbecome a patron\u201d button to learn how you can support my work on a monthly basis , which gets you ( among other things ) monthly installments of my new leafminer book . to see other options for getting the book , click the image of its cover below .\nto order either of my books , click on the images of their covers above .\ni ' ve been uploading photos of unidentified plants from all over the us to my flickr page . i need help identifying them for my new book on leafminers . the most recently uploaded photos are displayed below , and you can see all the photos organized by state here . thanks !\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage ."]}
{"id": 792, "summary": [{"text": "bucculatrix latella is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 9.5 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , with scattered minute brown-tipped pale ocherous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white or whitish ocherous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "bucculatrix latella", "paragraphs": ["californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25608 genus : bucculatrix species : latella sex : location : loma linda county : san bernardino collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : htt . . . more\nbucculatrix kimballi is a moth in the bucculatricidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from florida and texas .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5490 genus : bucculatrix species : ceanothiella sex : location : fairmont ridge , se san leandro county : alameda collector : hsu , powell coll _ da . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25607 genus : bucculatrix species : insolita sex : location : san bernardino mts county : san bernardino collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25606 genus : bucculatrix species : micropunctata sex : location : needles county : san bernardino collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29872 genus : bucculatrix species : albaciliella sex : location : prisoner ' s harbor , sta cruz is county : santa barbara collector : j . powell co . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5486 genus : bucculatrix species : dominatrix sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 20 90 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5488 genus : bucculatrix species : taeniola sex : location : del valle lake rec area county : alameda collector : whitfield , wagner coll _ date : f . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8599 genus : bucculatrix species : ericameriae sex : location : placerville county : el dorado collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14348 genus : bucculatrix species : eurotiella sex : location : lancaster county : los angeles collector : a . koebele coll _ date : in may 1890 spe . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 23638 genus : bucculatrix species : nigripunctella sex : location : pinyon crest county : riverside collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 22 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1062 genus : bucculatrix species : tetradymiae sex : f location : oro grande wash county : san bernardino collector : not given coll _ date : apr 25 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 21135 genus : bucculatrix species : sexnotata sex : location : upper sagehen cr county : nevada collector : j . powell coll _ date : jul 15 66 speci . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6060 genus : bucculatrix species : tridenticola sex : location : carson pass county : alpine collector : coll _ date : in aug specimen _ loc : cdfa u . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5484 genus : bucculatrix species : ochristrigella sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7553 genus : bucculatrix species : columbiana sex : location : pt molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : nov 19 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7548 genus : bucculatrix species : longula sex : location : walnut creek county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 16 67 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 10977 genus : bucculatrix species : enceliae sex : location : ocotillo county : imperial collector : coll _ date : in apr specimen _ loc : cdfa url : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14351 genus : bucculatrix species : koebelella sex : location : el segundo dunes county : los angeles collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : sep . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14347 genus : bucculatrix species : seneciensis sex : location : mint cyn county : los angeles collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5491 genus : bucculatrix species : quadrigemina sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : o . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5489 genus : bucculatrix species : albertiella sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : aug 18 97 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5487 genus : bucculatrix species : separabilis sex : location : berkeley campus county : alameda collector : d . l . wagner coll _ date : apr 10 83 sp . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7555 genus : bucculatrix species : zophopasta sex : location : ygnacio valley county : contra costa collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : aug 20 68 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5485 genus : bucculatrix species : variabilis sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : may 16 967 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7552 genus : bucculatrix species : transversata ? sex : location : antioch nwr county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 15 82 s . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 12234 genus : bucculatrix species : viguierae sex : location : kernville county : kern collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : sep 15 73 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 26942 genus : bucculatrix species : franseriae sex : location : pala county : san diego collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jan 19 86 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14352 genus : bucculatrix species : leptalea sex : location : bob ' s gap , pearblossom county : los angeles collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11245 genus : bucculatrix species : evanescens sex : location : olancha county : inyo collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / / essig . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11246 genus : bucculatrix species : floccosa sex : location : olancha county : inyo collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / / essigdb . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13813 genus : bucculatrix species : seorsa sex : location : wendel county : lassen collector : coll _ date : in jun specimen _ loc : cdfa url : https : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 22035 genus : bucculatrix species : illecebrosa sex : location : colfax county : placer collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / / ess . . . more\ncompiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that state at the county level . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of california\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced\nthe wingspan is about 7 mm . the forewings are white , the markings formed by fuscous or blackish - tipped scales . the hindwings are whitish ocherous , faintly fuscous - tinged in males . adults have been recorded on wing in from april to may and in september .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe wingspan is about 7 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , sparsely dusted with pale ocherous - tipped scales . the markings are formed by groups of ocherous and black - tipped ocherous scales . the hindwings are silvery , faintly ocherous tinged .\nthe wingspan is 22\u201325 mm . the head is pale yellow - ocherous . the antennae are pale ocherous . the thorax and abdomen are pale yellowish - ocherous . the forewings are light brownish - ocherous , often more or less suffused with whitish - ocherous . the hindwings are gray .\nthe wingspan is about . the head is light yellow - ocherous sprinkled with whitish . the antennae are whitish - ocherous , with a dark fuscous line above . the thorax is brownish - ocherous sprinkled with whitish and the abdomen is whitish - ocherous , faintly streaked with brownish . the forewings are brownish - ocherous , slightly sprinkled with whitish , although the dorsal half is suffused with pale whitish - ocherous from the base to the cleft . the hindwings are ferruginous - fuscous .\nthe wingspan is 7\u20138 mm . the forewings are pale ocherous to dark brownish ocherous , with brilliant silvery marks . the hindwings are pale brownish or reddish ocherous to dark fuscous . adults have been recorded on wing from june to july .\nthe wingspan is 11 - 12 . 5 mm . the forewings are white , marked with pale ocherous to brownish ocherous . the hindwings are brownish ocherous . adults are on wing from april to august .\nthe wingspan is 5\u20136 mm . the forewings are ocherous white with brownish ocherous patches . the hindwings are grey .\nthe wingspan is 6 . 5 mm . the forewings are whitish with a slight ocherous tinge and dusted with scattered brownish ocherous scales . the hindwings are pale greyish , faintly ocherous tinged . adults have been recorded on wing in july .\nthe wingspan is about 9 mm . the forewings are pale straw - colour , the marks formed by ocherous brown - tipped scales . the hindwings are pale greyish ocherous , somewhat irrorated .\nthe wingspan is 14 mm . the forewings are white with ocherous - fuscous . the hindwings are pale brownish ocherous . adults have been recorded on wing in may .\nthe wingspan is 9 . 5\u201312 mm . the forewings are white , with scattered minute brown - tipped pale ocherous scales . the hindwings are white or whitish ocherous .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018"]}
{"id": 793, "summary": [{"text": "chloropteryx paularia is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in florida , as well as on the greater antilles .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on myrica cerifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chloropteryx paularia", "paragraphs": ["chloropteryx paularia female , reared ex ovum , parent female collected andros island , bahamas .\nabove , chloropteryx paularia , adult male , collected florida city , fl , 17 may 1938 . collection of rutgers university .\n7077 - chloropteryx paularia . this is essentially a west indies species that is also found in southern florida . i thank john gruber for identifying this photo . john has a fine website dealing with geometrine moths .\nchloropteryx ( hemitheini ) ; [ nacl ] , 99 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] , 11 , 111\nchloropteryx hulst , 1896 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 23 : 314 ; ts : nemoria tepperaria hulst\nchloropteryx paularia ; [ nacl ] , # 7077 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 113 , f . 2d , 26d , 28g - h , pl . 4 , f . 66 - 68 ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 39 , f . 186\nchloropteryx nordicaria ; [ nacl ] , # 7076 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 112 , f . 28k - l , 30d , pl . 4 , f . 73 - 75\nchloropteryx tepperaria ; [ nacl ] , # 7075 ; [ mna18 . 1 ] : 111 , f . 4b , 26c , 28i - j , 30e , pl . 4 , f . 69 - 72\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferguson , d . c . , 1985 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 18 . 1 : p . 113 ; pl . 4 . 66 - 68 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\nflorida - texas , kentucky , virginia , maryland , new jersey , mississippi , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nnemoria tepperaria hulst , 1886 ; ent . amer . 2 : 122 ; tl : north carolina\nlarva on ( reared on ) taxodium distichum , tsuga canadensis , rhus copallina [ mna18 . 1 ] , 112\ngelasma nordicaria schaus , 1901 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 27 : 253 ; tl : orizaba , mexico\nflorida , antilles , cuba , dominican republic , puerto rico , jamaica , martinique . see [ maps ]\nlarva on myrica cerifera becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 39\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwarren , 1904 new american thyrididae , uraniidae , and geometridae novit . zool . 11 : 1 - 173\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 795, "summary": [{"text": "the atlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ) is a north american member of the acipenseridae family and is among the oldest fish species in the world .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "it is one of two subspecies of a. oxyrinchus , the other being the gulf sturgeon , a. o. desotoi .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the range of the atlantic sturgeon extends from new brunswick , canada , to the eastern coast of florida , united states .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "a disjunct population occurs in the baltic region of europe ( today only through a reintroduction project ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it was in great abundance when the first european settlers came to north america , but has since declined due to overfishing and water pollution .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is considered threatened , endangered , and even locally extinct in many of its original habitats .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the fish can reach 60 years of age , 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) in length and over 800 lb ( 360 kg ) in weight . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "atlantic sturgeon", "paragraphs": ["critical habitat for the carolina and south atlantic distinct population segments of atlantic sturgeon .\n. 0151 atlantic sturgeon per hour ) sections was greater than the experimental ( 0\u20130 . 75 atlantic sturgeon per hour ,\natlantic sturgeon being measured as part of a cooperative federal / state / industry atlantic sturgeon bycatch reduction survey . photo \u00a9 asmfc .\npart of the atlantic sturgeon\u2019s scientific name , oxyrhynchus , means \u201csharp snout . \u201d\npart of the atlantic sturgeon\u2019s scientific name , oxyrhynchus , means \u201csharp snout . \u201d\natlantic sturgeon \u2013 u . s . fish & wildlife service chesapeake bay field office\nfwc ( florida fish wildlife conservation commission ) atlantic sturgeon biological status review report .\nwirgin i , grunwald c , stabile j , waldman jr . genetic evidence for mid - atlantic coast relict atlantic sturgeon stocks .\nthen in 1998 , the atlantic marine fisheries commission closed the entire coast to atlantic sturgeon fishing for the next four decades . stock assessments indicated that only remnant populations of atlantic sturgeon remain along much of the east coast .\nking ta , lubinski ba , spidle ap . microsatellite dna variation in atlantic sturgeon (\nartyukhin e , vecsei p . on the status of atlantic sturgeon : conspecificity of european\ncaron f , hatin d , fortin r . biological characteristics of adult atlantic sturgeon (\natlantic sturgeon can live up to 80 years old but generally live approximately 60 years .\natlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ) . photo credit : edith carson ( noaa )\nnoaa fisheries today designated critical habitat for atlantic sturgeon\u2014an important step to ensuring their recovery .\nsecor and niklitschek ( 2001 ) show that shortnose sturgeon are more tolerant of higher temperatures than atlantic sturgeon , thus the \u201cstressful temperature\u201d for atlantic sturgeon is considered 26 \u00b0c ( secor and gunderson , 1998 ) .\nthe national oceanic and atmospheric administration officially declared the atlantic sturgeon an endangered species in 2012 . it is illegal to fish for , catch or harvest atlantic sturgeon or their eggs .\nthe national oceanic and atmospheric administration officially declared the atlantic sturgeon an endangered species in 2012 . it is illegal to fish for , catch , or harvest atlantic sturgeon or their eggs .\n\u2018spawning atlantic sturgeon are showing up in rivers where they were never thought to exist . \u2019\nleave the fish where you found it . possession of atlantic or shortnose sturgeon is prohibited !\nthe restoration program for the baltic population of the atlantic sturgeon acipenser o . oxyrinchus in polandus\nthe atlantic states marine fisheries commission\u2019s fisheries management plan calls for rebuilding at least 20 year classes of atlantic sturgeon in order to restore the population .\nany sturgeon found in connecticut waters that is more than 4 feet long is an atlantic sturgeon . atlantic sturgeon can be distinguished from shortnose sturgeon by their relative mouth width . atlantic sturgeon have mouth widths ( inside the lips ) that measure less than 50 percent of the distance between the eyes , while shortnose sturgeon have large mouths that measure greater than 60 percent of the distance between the eyes .\nbecause atlantic sturgeon are similar to humans in life span , recovery is slow and easily unnoticed .\n) designed in hybridlab 1 . 0 clustered baltic sturgeon together with atlantic sturgeon , and produced no evidence for a historic hybrid population ( figure\nfailure to confirm previous identification of two putative museum specimens of the atlantic sturgeon , acipenser sturio , as the adriatic sturgeon , a . naccarii\nhe p , jones n . design and test of a low profile gillnet to reduce atlantic sturgeon and sea turtle bycatch in mid - atlantic monkfish fishery .\natlantic sturgeon were harvested heavily in the twentieth century , particularly for their eggs ( or roe ) used for caviar . overfishing led to a decline in abundance of atlantic sturgeon , and in 1998 the atlantic states marine fisheries commission issued a coast - wide moratorium on the harvest of atlantic sturgeon , and noaa fisheries followed with a similar moratorium in federal waters .\nkeeping atlantic sturgeon on the planet won\u2019t be easy or cheap ; but now we know it\u2019s possible .\natlantic sturgeon status review team . 2007 . status review of atlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ) . report to national marine fisheries service , northeast regional office . february 23 , 2007 . 174 pp .\ngrunwald c , maceda l , waldman j , stabile j , wirgin i . conservation of atlantic sturgeon\ngenetic protocol of atlantic sturgeon acipenser oxyrinchus ( l . ) fry for restocking the vistula river , poland\nfox dj , armstrong jl , brown lm , wark k . the influence of sink gillnet profile on bycatch of atlantic sturgeon in the mid - atlantic monkfish fishery .\nkahnle aw , hattala ka , mckown a , shirey ca , collins mr , squiers ts , savoy t . stock status of atlantic sturgeon of atlantic coast estuaries .\natlantic sturgeon have large snouts for rooting out bottom - dwelling prey . matt balazik / vcu rice rivers center\nby may 30 , 2016 . this rule proposing to designate critical habitat for the carolina and south atlantic dpss of atlantic sturgeon is complemented by a concurrent rule proposing to designate critical habitat for the gulf of maine , new york bight , and chesapeake bay dpss of atlantic sturgeon .\nthe lateral extent for all critical habitat units for the south atlantic dps of atlantic sturgeon is the ordinary high water mark on each bank of the river and shorelines . critical\natlantic sturgeon at various life stages are found within most estuarine waters of north carolina throughout the entire year . due to their highly migratory behavior , atlantic sturgeon spawned in other regions often enter north carolina waters . sturgeon from the hudson , chesapeake , carolina , and south atlantic distinct population segments have been identified in north carolina waters .\nchesapeake bay atlantic sturgeon\u2014acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus\u2014is listed as a federally endangered species , and its catch or possession is prohibited .\nthe largest atlantic sturgeon ever recorded was caught in canada . it measured 14 feet long and weighed 811 pounds .\nkolman r , kapusta a , duda a , wiszniewski g . review of the current status of the atlantic sturgeon\nbiology and conservation of the european sturgeon acipenser sturio l . 1758 . the reunion of the european and atlantic sturgeons\nnoaa fisheries designated critical habitat for atlantic sturgeon in parts of coastal rivers from maine to florida . ( noaa )\n2014 study . there were seven atlantic sturgeon detected in the cooper river that had been tagged in other systems .\nin the maritimes region , there are aboriginal food , social and ceremonial allocations for atlantic sturgeon , as well as a strict quota - controlled commercial gill - net fishery and a recreational angling fishery where most anglers employ live release . there is also an atlantic sturgeon aquaculture and processing facility in new brunswick , which operates using wild atlantic sturgeon caught via the commercial fishery . commercially , the atlantic sturgeon is valued for its flesh and caviar ( eggs ) .\nlength and cumulative frequency distribution of atlantic sturgeon encountered in albemarle sound , north carolina from april to october , 2014 .\nwhite rr , armstrong jl . survival of atlantic sturgeon captured by flounder gillnets in albemarle sound . fishery resource grant program\ncritical habitat for the gulf of maine , new york bight , and chesapeake bay distinct population segments of atlantic sturgeon .\n2013 . year three , the influence of sink gillnet profile on bycatch of atlantic sturgeon in the mid - atlantic monkfish fishery . ( ea - 133f - 12 - rq - 0697 )\natlantic sturgeon in the hudson river region - what nysdec is doing to help conserve sturgeon in the hudson river region . ( long - term monitoring and additional research ) .\nbecause of the bony plates covering its body , the atlantic sturgeon has few natural predators . human activities such as pollution , historic overfishing and damming of rivers threaten sturgeon .\natlantic sturgeon that are spawned in u . s . rivers or are captive progeny of atlantic sturgeon that were spawned in u . s . rivers are listed under the esa as five distinct population segments ( dpss ) read more . . .\nreproduction : atlantic sturgeon are anadromous , entering large freshwater river systems to spawn during the spring . only a few states still have spawning populations of the atlantic sturgeon . the hudson river in new york has the only spawning population in new england .\nthe anadromous atlantic sturgeon is among the oldest fish species in the world . this species is a north american member of the\natlantic sturgeon are opportunistic bottom feeders that prey on various types of worms , shrimps , crabs , snails and small fishes .\nfernandes sj , zydlewski g , zydlewski jd , wippelhauser gs , kinnison mt . seasonal distribution and movements of shortnose sturgeon and atlantic sturgeon in the penobscot river estuary , maine .\nthe satilla river was identified as a spawning river for atlantic sturgeon based on the capture of adults in spawning condition . ong et al . ( 1996 ) captured four reproductively mature atlantic sturgeon on spawning grounds during the spawning season in the satilla river .\n( 2014 ) indicates that atlantic sturgeon do not utilize the sampit , ashley , ashepoo , and broad - coosawhatchie rivers in south carolina . these rivers are short , coastal plains rivers that most likely do not contain suitable habitat for atlantic sturgeon . post\n( a ) the physical features essential for the conservation of atlantic sturgeon belonging to the carolina and south atlantic distinct population segments are those habitat components that support successful reproduction and recruitment . these are :\nplans to rear thousands of young sturgeon for release in bay tributaries this year were dashed as biologists failed to successfully spawn either of two\nripe\nfemale atlantic sturgeon this summer .\natlantic sturgeon , one of the most expensive and imperiled fish in the world , made it onto the endangered species list wednesday .\nthe atlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus ) is a large - bodied and late - maturing fish with distinctive features . these include :\n) near major rivers ( pasquotank , perquimans , chowan , alligator , and roanoke rivers ) to optimize the probability of encountering atlantic sturgeon . we specifically selected this location because the largest atlantic sturgeon commercial fishery once occurred in the roanoke river , north carolina (\nstein ab , friedland kb , sutherland m . atlantic sturgeon marine bycatch mortality on the continental shelf of the northeastern united states .\njune 2016 - proposed critical habitat for the gulf of maine , new york bight , and chesapeake bay dpss of atlantic sturgeon .\nthe roanoke river was identified as a spawning river for atlantic sturgeon based on the capture of juveniles , the collection of eggs , and the tracking location of adults . further , there was information indicating the historical use of the roanoke river by atlantic sturgeon .\nthis fish was an atlantic sturgeon \u2014 the largest , longest - lived creature that reproduces in north american rivers collected by the atlantic . its species is at least 70 million years senior to my own .\nhistorically , atlantic sturgeon were present in approximately 38 rivers in the united states from st . croix , maine to the saint johns river , florida . scientists identified 35 of those as spawning rivers . atlantic sturgeon are currently present in approximately 32 of these rivers , and spawning occurs in at least 20 of them . overfishing was one of the primary factors that led to the widespread decline in the abundance of atlantic sturgeon . atlantic sturgeon was valued particularly for its roe or eggs , which were in high demand as caviar .\ndesignating critical habitat for the gulf of maine , new york bight , chesapeake bay , carolina and south atlantic distinct population segments of atlantic sturgeon . the effective date of the rule is september 18 , 2017 .\n< 0 . 05 ; power > 80 % ) . the cpue for the control ( 0\u20130 . 1988 atlantic sturgeon per hour ,\nthe restoration program for the baltic population of the atlantic sturgeon acipenser o . oxyrinchus in polandus | ryszard kolman | research project on researchgate\n\u201cthis is do - or - die time for the atlantic sturgeon , \u201d mr . estrin said . \u201cthe numbers are pretty damning . \u201d\n) . a firth regression test did not find a significant interaction effect between the number of atlantic sturgeon encounters and net section , month , or water depth . the best model fit did suggest that month and depth were significant predictors of a positive outcome for atlantic sturgeon encounters .\nnumber of atlantic sturgeon incidentally encountered by mean water depth ( m ) in albemarle sound , north carolina from april to october , 2014 .\n1999 . movement , habitat selection and growth of early - life juvenile atlantic sturgeon in albemarle sound , north carolina ; p . 87 .\nvan eenennaam jp , doroshov si , moberg gp , watson jg , moore ds , linares j . reproductive conditions of the atlantic sturgeon (\n( c ) critical habitat boundaries of the carolina dps . the lateral extent for all critical habitat units for the carolina dps of atlantic sturgeon is the ordinary high water mark on each bank of the river and shorelines . critical habitat for the carolina dps of atlantic sturgeon is :\nthe atlantic sturgeon is managed and protected under a fishery management plan implemented by the atlantic states marine fisheries commission ( asmfc ) . the gulf of maine population segment is listed as threatened under the endangered species act ( esa ) . throughout the rest of its range , the atlantic sturgeon is considered endangered and is locally extirpated in some of its original habitats .\nwirgin i , grunwald c , stabile j , waldman j . genetic evidence for relict atlantic sturgeon stocks along the mid - atlantic coast of the usa . n am j fish manage . 2007 ; 27 : 1214\u201329 .\nthe genetics information for atlantic sturgeon captured in six specific areas of the marine range demonstrates that atlantic sturgeon belonging to the chesapeake bay dps were present in at least four of the sampled areas : the connecticut river , long island sound , the atlantic ocean off of rockaway , new york , and the atlantic ocean off of delaware bay . the dps comprised approximately 5 percent to 21 percent of the atlantic sturgeon sampled in these areas ( waldman et al . , 2013 ; o ' leary et al . , 2014 ; wirgin et al . , 2015a ) . the chesapeake bay dps was not detected in the relatively small number of samples collected from atlantic sturgeon captured in the winter off of north carolina ( laney et al . , 2007 ) , and comprised no more that 1 percent of atlantic sturgeon sampled in the minas basin in the summer ( wirgin et al . , 2012 ) . the results suggest that chesapeake bay dps atlantic sturgeon travel great distances , including into canadian waters , but occur most predominantly in marine waters of the new york and mid - atlantic bight .\nboth males and females may remain in the river until late fall before migrating back to the atlantic . after hatching , the young tend to remain in their natal areas up to five years before beginning their journey to the ocean . immature atlantic sturgeon may also wander in and out of the atlantic coastline .\natlantic sturgeon are managed in the u . s . through amendment 1 to the interstate fmp for atlantic sturgeon and its associated addenda i - iv . the primary goal of the amendment is to achieve stock recovery . under amendment 1 , each state and jurisdiction \u201cmust maintain complete closure , through prohibiting possession of atlantic sturgeon , and any and all parts thereof including eggs , of any directed fishery for and landings of atlantic sturgeon until the fishery management plan is modified to reopen fishing in that jurisdiction . \u201d exceptions to the moratorium on possession were approved via technical addendum # 1 ( 2000 ) for the purposes of scientific research and educational display . the amendment also addresses atlantic sturgeon mortality associated with bycatch from other fisheries .\nreason for decline : populations of atlantic sturgeon have declined due to overfishing , loss of habitat , limited access to spawning areas and water pollution .\nelvira b , almod\u00f3var a . morphology and taxonomy of the atlantic sturgeon acipenser sturio from spain . folia zool . 2000 ; 49 : 221\u201330 .\ngessner j , arndt g - m , fredrich f , ludwig a , kirschbaum f , bartel r , et al . remediation of atlantic sturgeon\n( e ) critical habitat boundaries of the chesapeake bay dps . critical habitat for the chesapeake bay dps of atlantic sturgeon is the waters of :\natlantic sturgeon utilize estuarine areas for foraging , growth , and movement . atlantic sturgeon subadults and adults in non - spawning condition use estuarine waters seasonally , presumably for foraging opportunities , although evidence in the form of stomach content collection and analysis is limited ( savoy and pacileo , 2007 ; dzaugis , 2013 ) . we considered all studies that have collected atlantic sturgeon stomach contents . all of the prey species identified are indicative of benthic foraging , but different types of prey were consumed and different substrates were identified for the areas where atlantic sturgeon were foraging ( bigelow and schroeder , 1953 ; johnson\nthe shortnose sturgeon salvage network was formed to improve documentation of endangered shortnose sturgeon found dead in the wild read more . . .\nbut the state\u2019s department of environmental conservation , which banned atlantic sturgeon fishing in 1996 , and the new york thruway authority say it is impossible to link the increase in sturgeon deaths to construction work around the bridge .\nfr ( federal register ) endangered and threatened wildlife and plants : threatened and endangered status for distinct population segments of atlantic sturgeon in the northeast region .\nthe regulatory baseline conditions , including the listing of the atlantic sturgeon , will greatly affect the number of incremental consultations . specifically , the number of incremental\nthe atlantic states marine fisheries commission manages atlantic sturgeon under a fishery management plan . in 1998 , the commission instituted a coast - wide moratorium on the harvest of atlantic sturgeon , in effect until there are at least 20 protected age classes in each spawning stock ( anticipated to take up to 40 years ) . noaa fisheries followed the commission moratorium with a similar moratorium for federal waters .\nthose life stages , and conservation objectives that can be supported by identifiable physical or biological features ( hereafter also referred to as \u201cpbfs\u201d or \u201cessential features\u201d ) . in the final rule listing the carolina and south atlantic dpss of atlantic sturgeon (\nludwig a , makoviecki d , benecke n . further evidence of trans - atlantic colonization of western europe by american atlantic sturgeons . archaeofauna . 2009 ; 18 : 185\u201392 .\nwas likely displaced by atlantic sturgeons due to the cooling during the little ice age .\nin 2009 , the atlantic sturgeon was petitioned to be listed under the esa . since 1998 , there has been a moratorium on fishing for atlantic sturgeon throughout its entire range . in addition , efforts are in place to preserve and restore habitat as well as explore breeding and stocking efforts . dam removals and water quality improvements can contribute to improved populations . research throughout its range aims to document atlantic sturgeon movements and other habits to better understand the species .\n) ; all protected species were released alive . no mortalities of atlantic sturgeon were documented in either the control or experimental sections . it should be noted that two of the atlantic sturgeon had external t - bar tags at the base of the left dorsal fin musculature ( # 49364 and # 48022 ) .\nhudson river fisheries unit , division of marine resources and other state and local agencies work cooperatively to gather information about the atlantic sturgeon through a variety of programs and surveys . to read more about long term monitoring and research being done by the nysdec to better conserve the atlantic sturgeon , visit the pages below .\n, while atlantic sturgeon have a spleen length averaging 5 . 7 % of their fork length . lesser morphological differences include relative head length , shape of dorsal\ndesse - berset n . first archaeozoological identification of atlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus mitchill 1815 ) in france . cr palevol . 2009 ; 8 : 717\u201324 .\nthe st . marys river was identified as a spawning river for atlantic sturgeon based on the capture of yoy atlantic sturgeon . atlantic sturgeon were once thought to be extirpated in the st . marys river . however , nine atlantic sturgeon were captured in sampling efforts between may 19 and june 9 , 2014 . captured fish ranged in size from 293 mm ( yoy ) to 932 mm ( subadult ) . this is a possible indication of a slow and protracted recovery in the st . marys ( d . peterson , uga , pers . comm . to j . rueter , nmfs prd , july 8 , 2015 ) .\n( c ) critical habitat boundaries for the gulf of maine dps . critical habitat for the gulf of maine dps of atlantic sturgeon is the waters of :\n( d ) critical habitat boundaries of the new york bight dps . critical habitat for the new york bight dps of atlantic sturgeon is the waters of :\nlazzari , m . a . , j . c . oherron , ii & r . w . hastings . 1986 . occurrence of juvenile atlantic sturgeon ,\nthe family acipenseridae consists of 25 anadromous and freshwater sturgeon species of circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere . unfortunately , sturgeons are seriously threatened due to overfishing , damming of rivers and pollution [ 1 \u2013 3 ] . three species lived in southwestern europe : the european sturgeon acipenser sturio , the atlantic sturgeon acipenser oxyrinchus and the adriatic sturgeon acipenser naccarii [ 4 ] .\nwirgin i , grunwald c , stabile j , waldman jr : genetic evidence for mid - atlantic coast relict atlantic sturgeon stocks . na j fish manag . 2007 , 27 : 1214 - 1229 . 10 . 1577 / m06 - 269 . 1 .\natlantic and shortnose sturgeon can be found in major rivers , estuaries , bays and coastal waters along the eastern seaboard of the united states read more . . .\n2016 ) . however , there is still a paucity of data to inform distribution of subadult and adult atlantic sturgeon within the marine environment and their habitat use .\nthe connecticut river has long been known as a seasonal aggregation area for subadult atlantic sturgeon , and both historical and contemporary records document presence of atlantic sturgeon in the river as far upstream as hadley , ma ( savoy and shake , 1993 ; savoy and pacileo , 2003 ; nmfs and usfws , 2007 ) . the enfield dam located along the fall line at enfield , ct prevented upstream passage of atlantic sturgeon from 1827 until 1977 when it was breached ( nmfs and usfws , 2007 ) . although atlantic sturgeon may generally remain below the fall line , an atlantic sturgeon was captured at the holyoke dam fish lift in 2006 , upstream of enfield ( nmfs and usfws , 2007 ) . as noted previously , the capture of juvenile atlantic sturgeon in the connecticut river in may 2014 ( t . savoy , ct deep , pers . comm . ; connecticut weekly diadromous fish report , report date may 20 , 2014 ) suggests spawning may be occurring in the river .\naddendum i ( 2001 ) exempts the state of florida from the possession moratorium in order to develop private aquaculture facilities for cultivation and propagation of the species . addendum ii ( 2005 ) exempts a private company in north carolina from the moratorium on possession , propagation , and sale of atlantic sturgeon meat and eggs , and allows a canada - based exporter to export atlantic sturgeon fry and fingerlings into north carolina . addendum iii ( 2006 ) similarly allows a private company in north carolina to import atlantic sturgeon from a canada - based exporter . addendum iv ( 2012 ) updates habitat information for atlantic sturgeon and identifies areas of concern and research needs .\nthere are two subspecies of atlantic sturgeon\u2014the gulf sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi ) and the atlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ) . historically , the gulf sturgeon occurred from the mississippi river east to tampa bay in florida . its present range extends from lake pontchartrain and the pearl river system in louisiana and mississippi east to the suwannee river in florida . the gulf sturgeon was listed as threatened under the esa in 1991 . this proposed rule addresses the atlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ) , which is distributed along the eastern coast of north america . historically , sightings of atlantic sturgeon have been reported from hamilton inlet , labrador , canada , south to the st . johns river , florida . reported occurrences south of the st . johns river , florida , have been rare but have increased recently with the evolution of acoustic telemetry coupled with increased receiver arrays .\nrange : atlantic sturgeon range along the entire east coast of north america , from the st . john river in new brunswick , canada , to the st . johns river along the east coast of florida . a separate subspecies , the gulf sturgeon , is found along the west coast of florida and throughout the gulf of mexico . atlantic sturgeon native to connecticut waters are believed to be extinct .\natlantic sturgeon are found on the east coast of north america and range from new brunswick , canada , down to the eastern coast of florida . when the first settlers came to north america , the atlantic sturgeon was in great abundance . their populations have since declined due to human factors , such as overfishing and water pollution .\ngenetic information is available for atlantic sturgeon captured in six specific areas of the marine range : minas basin , bay of fundy , canada ; the connecticut river estuary ; long island sound ; the atlantic ocean off of rockaway , new york ; the atlantic ocean off of delaware bay ; and , the atlantic ocean off of virginia / north carolina ( laney et al . , 2007 ; wirgin et al . , 2012 ; waldman et al . , 2013 ; o ' leary et al . , 2014 ; wirgin et al . , 2015a ) . atlantic sturgeon belonging to the gulf of maine dps comprised 35 percent of the minas basin , bay of fundy samples collected in the summer , suggesting this is an important foraging area for the gulf of maine dps . the dps comprised less than 2 percent to 14 . 5 percent of atlantic sturgeon sampled in the connecticut river , long island sound , the atlantic ocean off of rockaway , new york , and the atlantic ocean off of delaware bay . the dps was not detected in the sampled atlantic sturgeon incidentally captured during winter from waters off of virginia / north carolina .\nsample size ( i . e . , number of sets ) was estimated using historical atlantic sturgeon fishery interaction rates and standard power analyses procedures . to detect various corresponding reductions ( control vs experimental ) in atlantic sturgeon encounter rates ( 50\u201380 % ) , we used the mcnemar test ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 level ) ; power curves were generated to estimate the number of sets necessary to achieve optimal power ( i . e . , sample size ) according to gillnet length and historical atlantic sturgeon encounters . power curves were based on the mean annual atlantic sturgeon catch rate ( 0 . 03 sturgeon / 914 m of net / 24 h soak ) in pamlico and albemarle sounds ( ncdmf observer program ( 2001\u20132009 ) and white & armstrong ( 2000 ) ) . applying this power analyses approach , the number of sets necessary to detect an 80 % reduction in atlantic sturgeon encounters was 70 .\nthe atlantic sturgeon is protected as an endangered species by the federal endangered species act and as a federally - designated endangered species by florida\u2019s endangered and threatened species rule .\nwirgin i , breece mw , fox da , maceda l , wark kw , king t . origin of atlantic sturgeon collected off the delaware coast during spring months .\nthe atlantic sturgeon was once a major commercial fishery . this fishery was so productive that atlantic sturgeon were once referred to as\nalbany beef\nas they were a common source of protein throughout the hudson valley . unfortunately , due to overfishing and their susceptibility to getting caught as bycatch in other fisheries , their populations collapsed and have been slow to recover . the atlantic sturgeon fishery was shut down in 1998 after an unsuccessful attempt to restore the population . in 2012 , the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) ( link leaves dec ' s website ) , fisheries listed the atlantic sturgeon as endangered . even though the atlantic sturgeon is no longer fished , and possession is illegal , they are still vulnerable to many threats such as climate change , environmental events , and a variety of human activities that result in population impacts .\nhistorically , atlantic sturgeon inhabited approximately 38 rivers in the united states spanning from maine to florida . scientists identified 35 of those as spawning rivers . atlantic sturgeon can now be found in approximately 32 of these rivers , and spawn in at least 20 of them . critical habitat areas in coastal rivers were identified based on physical and biological features , such as substrate type in the river bed , water temperature and salinity , that are essential to the conservation of atlantic sturgeon , particularly for spawning and development .\nthe coastwide atlantic sturgeon population is made up of five distinct population segments : ( 1 ) gulf of maine , ( 2 ) new york bight , ( 3 ) chesapeake , ( 4 ) carolina , and ( 5 ) south atlantic . in north carolina ( carolina distinct population segment ) , sturgeon are currently included in the north carolina interjurisdictional fishery management plan , which defers to the atlantic states marine fisheries commission plan for compliance requirements . in 1990 , the atlantic states marine fisheries commission adopted a fishery management plan for atlantic sturgeon . the goal was to restore sturgeon to fishable abundance throughout its range . as of april 1998 , all atlantic coast states had implemented total closures in state waters . an amendment to the plan was passed in june 1998 . objectives of the amendment were to establish at least 20 protected year classes of females in each spawning stock . in may 1999 , the national marine fisheries service extended the ban on sturgeon fishing into federal waters . addendum i to amendment 1 of the atlantic states marine fisheries commission fishery management plan ( passed in 2001 ) allowed for the importation of non - indigenous atlantic sturgeon and to permit development of private aquaculture facilities for this species . the atlantic states marine fisheries commission has begun the initial steps of conducting a stock assessment for atlantic sturgeon with an initial projected completion date of 2015 . however , due to data constraints , the assessment has been delayed and will not be completed until the fall of 2017 .\natlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus ) are an anadromous species , which means they reside primarily in oceans as adults but migrating up rivers to spawn . the species is found from the st . john river , canada , south to the st . johns river , florida . atlantic sturgeon spend their first few years of life in their natal estuary before becoming highly migratory and travelling throughout the coastal atlantic waters and various estuaries to feed .\nnoaa fisheries is proposing to protect important river habitat for the threatened gulf of maine population segment and the endangered population segments of the new york bight , chesapeake bay , carolina and south atlantic . noaa fisheries listed the atlantic sturgeon under the endangered species act in 2012 .\natlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrhynchus ) are ancient fish dating back at least 70 million years , and can be found along the entire atlantic coast from florida to labrador , canada . they are anadromous , migrating from the ocean into coastal estuaries and rivers to spawn . atlantic sturgeon may live up to 70 years old , with females reaching sexual maturity between the ages of seven to 30 , and males between the ages of five to 24 .\nthe fishing effort was distributed relatively similar by mean depth ( 1 . 3\u20136 . 4 m ) , but more atlantic sturgeon were incidentally encountered in deeper than shallower waters (\nludwig a , gessner j . what makes the difference ? sea sturgeon on both sides of the atlantic ocean . am fish soc symp . 2007 ; 56 : 285\u2013300 .\n2013 ; wippelhauser and squiers , 2015 ) . existing and new technologies are providing additional information for the life history and distribution of the atlantic sturgeon in marine waters ( nelson\n\u201cthe proposed critical habitat identifies areas that provide important spawning and rearing grounds , plus migratory corridors for the atlantic sturgeon , \u201d added sobeck . \u201cby protecting the sturgeon\u2019s habitat , we are helping preserve this important species for future generations of americans . \u201d\nwe considered a no action ( status quo ) alternative to the proposed designation under which nmfs would not propose critical habitat for the carolina and south atlantic dpss of atlantic sturgeon . under this alternative , conservation and recovery of the listed species would depend upon the protection provided under the \u201cjeopardy\u201d provisions of section 7 of the esa . compared to the status quo , there would be no increase in the number of esa consultations or project modifications in the future that would not otherwise be required due to the listing of the carolina and south atlantic dpss of atlantic sturgeon . however , we have determined that the physical features forming the basis for our proposed critical habitat designation are essential to the conservation of the carolina and south atlantic dpss of atlantic sturgeon . thus , the lack of protection of the essential features from adverse modification and / or destruction could result in decline in abundance of the carolina and south atlantic dpss of atlantic sturgeon , and loss of associated economic and other values this species provides to society . thus , the no action alternative is not necessarily a \u201cno cost\u201d alternative for small entities .\nthe hudson river is one of the most studied areas for atlantic sturgeon . the upstream limit for atlantic sturgeon on the hudson river is the federal dam at the fall line , approximately river kilometer 246 ( dovel and berggren , 1983 ; bain , 1998 ; kahnle et al . , 1998 ; everly and boreman , 1999 ) . recent tracking data indicate atlantic sturgeon presence at this upstream limit ( d . fox , desu , pers . comm . ) . sturgeon occurring in the upstream limits of the river are suspected , but not yet confirmed , to belong to the new york bight dps .\nthe nmfs has major concerns about the project , warning that \u201cdredge gear used in the delaware is known to injure or kill atlantic sturgeon\u201d and that saltwater intrusion may inhibit reproduction .\natlantic sturgeon spawn in either fresh , or brackish waters over hard clay , rubble , gravel , or shell , usually in fast moving water in the spring or early summer .\n= 20 ) of the fishing effort . the number of atlantic sturgeon incidentally encountered was positively associated with mean water depth , and it was explained by a quadratic polynomial regression (\n2011 . gillnet configurations and their impact on atlantic sturgeon and marine mammal bycatch in the new jersey monkfish fishery : year 1 . ( ea133f - 10 - rq - 1160 )\ndadswell mj . a review of the status of atlantic sturgeon in canada , with comparisons to populations in the united states and europe . fisheries . 2006 ; 21 : 218\u201329 .\ndespite the small sample size , the data showed that most of the atlantic sturgeon incidental encounters were associated with deeper water . many incidental encounters occurred at depths between 5 . 1 and 6 . 3 m . relating the number of the atlantic sturgeon encounters to southern flounder catch by depth showed that atlantic sturgeon seemed to prefer slightly deeper waters in september ; most southern flounder ( 39 . 7 % ) were taken in water depths between 3 . 75 and 5 m . we cannot be certain given the distribution of fishing effort and annual fluctuations in water temperature , but it is probable that atlantic sturgeon prefer slightly cooler waters than southern flounder . if this is the case , then a potential best management practice to reduce interactions with atlantic sturgeon could be for fishermen targeting southern flounder in albemarle sound to set their gillnet in more shallower water ; we recommend testing this hypothesis in the future .\nfor the susquehanna and potomac rivers , the 1998 and 2007 atlantic sturgeon status reviews provided the information for presence of atlantic sturgeon in the rivers , including : ( 1 ) historical newspaper accounts of large sturgeon in the lower reaches of the susquehanna river during the period 1765 to 1895 ; ( 2 ) personal communication of a limited but more recent sturgeon fishery on the susquehanna near perryville , maryland ( r . st . pierre , usfws , personal comm . ) ; ( 3 ) several sightings of sturgeon near the susquehanna river mouth during the period 1978 to 1987 ; ( 4 ) a historical fishery for atlantic sturgeon in the potomac ; and ( 5 ) observations of a large mature female atlantic sturgeon in the potomac river in 1970 ( ( nmfs and usfws , 1998 ; nmfs and usfws , 2007 ) . since the commercial fisheries targeted spawning sturgeon , historical captures of sturgeon in the susquehanna and potomac rivers , as well as the presence of the features necessary to support reproduction and recruitment in each river , indicate that there is the potential for spawning to occur in both the susquehanna and potomac .\ncitation : elvira b , leal s , doadrio i , almod\u00f3var a ( 2015 ) current occurrence of the atlantic sturgeon acipenser oxyrinchus in northern spain : a new prospect for sturgeon conservation in western europe . plos one 10 ( 12 ) : e0145728 . urltoken\nby - catch : atlantic sturgeon are incidentally caught by fisheries operations throughout the marine range of the species and in some riverine waters as well . because atlantic sturgeon mix extensively in marine waters and may use multiple river systems for spawning , foraging , and other life functions , they are subject to being caught as fishermen target species in other fisheries throughout their range .\nin the chesapeake watershed , atlantic sturgeon runs have recently been discovered in the james , york , marshyhope , nanticoke , and rappahannock rivers . and balazik thinks they\u2019re in the potomac .\nhistorically , native american populations in the eastern united states harvested atlantic sturgeon for food using traps , weirs , snares , and spears . following european colonization , there was a commercial fishery for atlantic sturgeon in maine from the 1600s to the 1800s on the kennebec and androscoggin rivers . however , overfishing of the species caused commercial harvest to cease by the early 1900s .\nhenderson - arzapalo a , king tl . novel microsatellite markers for atlantic sturgeon ( acipenser oxyrinchus ) population delineation and broodstock management . mol ecol notes . 2002 : 2 : 437\u20139 .\nfamily , and when mature , the atlantic sturgeon travels from the ocean upstream in rivers to spawn . female sturgeon lay eggs about every six years , and can lay up to about 8 million eggs in a single year . juveniles spend their first two to six years of age in fresh and brackish water before moving to the ocean . atlantic sturgeon can reach 60 years of age , 15 feet in length , and 800 pounds in weight .\natlantic sturgeon that are spawned in u . s . rivers or are captive progeny of atlantic sturgeon that were spawned in u . s . rivers are listed under the esa as five distinct population segments ( dpss ) . as of february 6 , 2012 , the new york bight , chesapeake bay , carolina , and south atlantic dpss were listed as endangered . the gulf of maine dps was listed as threatened . the greater atlantic region of noaa fisheries service has jurisdiction for implementing the esa with respect to the gulf of maine , new york bight , and chesapeake bay dpss . noaa fisheries service , southeast region oversees implementation of the esa for the carolina and south atlantic dpss .\nwhen data were not available for certain rivers or portions of occupied rivers , we used our general knowledge of atlantic sturgeon spawning and applied river - specific information to determine the location of features essential to spawning . we considered salinity tolerance during the earliest life stages to determine appropriate habitat for larvae to develop as they mature . available telemetry data suggest that most atlantic sturgeon spawning activity in the savannah and altamaha start around river kilometer ( rkm ) 100 ( post et al . , 2014 ) . similar evidence from the edisto , neuse , and tar - pamlico rivers indicates spawning activity starts around rkm 80 . peer review comments on the draft economic and biological information to inform atlantic sturgeon critical habitat designation indicated that atlantic sturgeon spawn below the fall line , unlike shortnose sturgeon that may spawn well above the fall line .\nat the time of listing , the delaware and hudson rivers were the only known spawning rivers for the new york bight dps of atlantic sturgeon ( dovel and berggren , 1983 ; bain , 1998 ; kahnle et al . , 1998 ; nmfs and usfws , 2007 ; calvo et al . , 2010 ) . in spring 2014 , several small atlantic sturgeon were captured in the connecticut river ( t . savoy , ct deep , pers . comm . ) . we presume these to be juveniles less than a year old based on their apparent size seen in a photo provided in the connecticut weekly diadromous fish report , report date may 20 , 2014 . though it was previously thought that the atlantic sturgeon population in the connecticut had been extirpated ( savoy and pacileo , 2003 ; nmfs and usfws , 2007 ) , capture of these juvenile atlantic sturgeon strongly suggests that spawning is occurring in this river . for the housatonic river , the 1998 and 2007 status reviews for atlantic sturgeon described information for historical presence of atlantic sturgeon in that river , including whitworth ' s ( 1996 ) reference to a large fishing industry for atlantic sturgeon ( nmfs and usfws , 1998 ; nmfs and usfws , 2007 ) . since the commercial fisheries targeted spawning sturgeon , historical captures of sturgeon in the housatonic river as well as the presence of the features necessary to support reproduction and recruitment in this river indicates that there is the potential for spawning to occur in the housatonic .\nthe atlantic sturgeon salvage program is a network run by noaa to help conserve atlantic and shortnose sturgeon . in new york state , nysdec marine protected resources and hudson river fisheries unit work together to effectively protect this endangered species in both its marine and freshwater habitats . information regarding washed up sturgeons is sent to noaa , fisheries and they may provide a unique identification number for that particular sturgeon . we rely on assistance from the general public to help conserve this endangered species and encourage individuals to report any sturgeon they may come across .\na primitive fish , sturgeon has a fossil record dating back 85 million years .\ngulf sturgeon jumping near rock bluff , suwannee river , florida ; july 2007 .\ncurrent research projects on wild populations of shortnose sturgeon include read more . . .\na gill net survey for adult shortnose and juvenile atlantic sturgeon was conducted in the cape fear river drainage from 1990 to 1992 , and replicated from 1997 to 2005 . each sampling period included two overnight sets . the 1990 - 1992 survey captured 100 atlantic sturgeon below lock and dam # 1 ( rkm 95 ) . in 1997 , 16 atlantic sturgeon were captured below lock and dam # 1 , an additional 60 atlantic sturgeon were caught in the brunswick ( a tributary of the cape fear river ) , and 12 were caught in the northeast cape river ( moser et al . 1998 ) . additionally , ross et al . ( 1988 in moser and ross , 1995 ) reported the capture of a gravid female in the cape fear river .\nwirgin i , waldman jr , rosko j , gross r , collins mr , rogers sg , stabile j . genetic structure of atlantic sturgeon populations based on mitochondrial dna control region sequences .\nlassalle g , crouzet p , gessner j , rochard e . global warming impacts and conservation responses for the critically endangered european atlantic sturgeon . biol conserv . 2010 ; 143 : 2441\u201352 .\n( 2005 ) previously reviewed available information on substrate , salinity , and dissolved oxygen for the pamunkey and mattaponi rivers and concluded that atlantic sturgeon spawning habitat was likely present in each river .\ncritical habitat is designated for the carolina and south atlantic dpss of atlantic sturgeon as described in paragraphs ( a ) through ( b ) of this section . the textual descriptions in paragraphs ( c ) through ( d ) of this section are the definitive source for determining the critical habitat boundaries .\nriverkeeper attributes rising deaths of atlantic sturgeons to construction on the replacement for the tappan zee bridge , above .\nthere is a fisheries awareness programme co - ordinated between national fishermen associations in atlantic north sea and wwf .\natlantic sturgeon spawning behavior and early life history have been extensively studied and are fairly well understood , though the exact location of spawning sites on many rivers ( particularly in the southeast ) is not known , or can change from time to time as water depth and substrate availability changes . however , there is substantial information in the scientific literature indicating the physical characteristics of atlantic sturgeon spawning and early life history habitat . therefore , to evaluate potential critical habitat , we focused on identifying the physical or biological features that support atlantic sturgeon reproduction and survival of early life stages .\natlantic states marine fisheries commission ( asmfc ) ( link leaves dec ' s website ) is responsible for the cooperative interstate management of atlantic sturgeon . during 1993 through 1995 , new york regulated the atlantic sturgeon fishery with size limits , seasons , area closures , and as more data became available , it became apparent that the hudson river stock was being overfished . new york implemented a harvest moratorium in 1996 . new jersey followed with a zero quota in the same year . in 1998 , the asmfc adopted amendment 1 to the interstate fishery management plan for atlantic sturgeon . this amendment banned possession of atlantic sturgeon in all u . s . atlantic coastal states . it also recommended that states with spawning populations sample adults every five years and identify bycatch losses in state waters . in 2012 , the hudson river stock was listed as an endangered species as part of the ny bight distinct population segment . a benchmark stock assessment is scheduled to be completed in the fall of 2017 .\natlantic sturgeon are collected in various independent sampling programs conducted by the north carolina division of marine fisheries . only the albemarle sound independent gill net survey data are used in the current stock assessment . young - of - year , juvenile , and an occasional adult atlantic sturgeon are collected in this survey . the survey shows an increasing trend in abundance for juveniles ( figure 1 ) .\nfalls , the head - of - tide , is the upstream limit of atlantic sturgeon distribution in the androscoggin river . the dam is located approximately 10 kilometers upstream of the confluence of the kennebec and androscoggin rivers ( asmfc , 1998 ; nmfs and usfws , 2007 ; nmfs , 2013 ; wippelhauser and squiers , 2015 ) . the lockwood dam at river kilometer 103 is the current upstream limit for atlantic sturgeon in the kennebec river ; it is located at the site of a natural falls ( nmfs and usfws , 2007 ) . from 1837 to 1999 , the edwards dam was the upstream limit of atlantic sturgeon in the kennebec river . located near the head - of - tide , approximately 29 kilometers downstream of the lockwood dam at augusta , the edwards dam ( rkm 74 ) prevented atlantic sturgeon from accessing historical habitat . sturgeon were sighted above the former edwards dam site after removal of the dam and in june 2005 , an atlantic sturgeon was incidentally captured at river kilometer 102 ( nmfs and usfws , 2007 ; wippelhauser , 2012 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships of ancient and recent atlantic sturgeon haplotypes . median - joining network of american atlantic and baltic sturgeon haplotypes calculated in network 4 . 2 . 0 . 1 based on control region sequences . black circle white dots represent mutations and orange circle white dots represent inferred haplotypes introduced by the algorithm . dot colors for haplotypes are congruent with colors used for mitochondrial haplotypes in figure 1 ."]}
{"id": 798, "summary": [{"text": "phyllodesmium is a genus of predatory sea slugs , aeolid nudibranchs , marine gastropod molluscs in the family facelinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these nudibranchs occur in the tropical indo-pacific ocean and warm temperate waters of japan , tasmania and south africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the nudibranchs in this genus often show extraordinary mimicry , each species very closely resembling its prey species , which are octocorals , a kind of soft coral .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some of the species are also unusual in that they are able to utilize zooxanthellae from their prey , in a symbiotic relationship that provides them with extra nutrition from photosynthesis , hence they are commonly called \" solar-powered \" sea slugs ( also see the sacoglossa ) . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "phyllodesmium", "paragraphs": ["information on phyllodesmium spp . from : delisse m . ortiz , october 7 , 1999\nthis species is very similar in appearance to phyllodesmium hyalinum , another species found in association with the soft coral xenia . see phyllodesmium hyalinum , for distinguishing features of the two species .\nphyllodesmium poindimiei , from bare island , sydney from : n . missenden , september 19 , 2005\nfigure 11 : effect of phyllodesmium metabolites in different concentrations on predation by canthigaster soland . . .\nphyllodesmium poindimiei ? from sydney from : p . zylstra & h . rothenfluh , june 18 , 2000\nfigure 12 : phylogenetic tree of octocorals relevant as putative food sources for phyllodesmium spp . phylogram . . .\nphyllodesmium poindimiei is a species of sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .\nphyllodesmium briareum is a species of sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .\nphyllodesmium opalescens is a species of small sea slug , an aolid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family facelinidae .\nupper : phyllodesmium crypticum angourie , northern new south wales , australia . october 1979 . length 5cm . photo : bill rudman . lower : section through a tentacle of the soft coral xenia showing the pouches of symbiotic zooxanthellae ( stained red ) . xenia is the preferred food of phyllodesmium crypticum . photo : bill rudman .\nthe coral nudibranch , phyllodesmium horridum , is a species of sea slug , specifically an aeolid nudibranch . it is a marine gastropod mollusc in the family facelinidae .\nrudman , w . b . , 2001 ( august 9 ) phyllodesmium horridum ( macnae , 1954 ) . [ in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney .\nthe aeolid nudibranch genus phyllodesmium ( mollusca : gastropoda ) is reviewed , three new species are described and further information on the biology , anatomy and distribution on the eight previously known species is reported . the genus ennoia bergh , 1896 is considered a synonym of phyllodesmium and the type species ennoia briareus redescribed . the genus phyllodesmium is unique amongst the aeolids in feeding on octocoral cnidarians . this has led to the evolution of nudibranch - zooxanthellae symbioses , zooanthellae being obtained from the octocoral prey . the adaptations developed throughout the genus are described and possible relationships between the species proposed .\nmore information : moore , elizabeth and terrence gosliner . 2014 . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger 51 : 237 - 251 .\nas its name suggests , phyllodesmium crypticum is a very cryptic species , well - camouflaged amongst the colonies of the soft - coral xenia in which it lives and on which it feeds . this is another of the many species of aeolid which store zooxanthellae from their food , presumably obtaining nourishment when they photosynthesise . the large sacs of zooxanthellae found in the tentacles of xenia are clearly the source of phyllodesmium ' s zooxanthellae .\nrudman w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies 57 : 167 - 203\nbaba , k . ( 1991 ) taxonomical study on some species of the genus phyllodesmium from cape muroto - misaki , shikoku and okinawa province , southern japan ( nudibranchia : facelinidae ) . venus , 50 , 109\u2013123 .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia , aeolidacea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 , 167\u2013203 .\nrudman w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies 57 : 167 - 203 .\ndear ingo , sorry it has taken me a while to post this message . it is indeed a spectacular xenia mimic , perhaps not quite as good as phyllodesmium sp . 11 , but almost . best wishes , bill rudman\nmoore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger . 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 . [ details ]\nphyllodesmium briareum , like other species of phyllodesmium , feeds on soft corals and is very well camouflaged when crawling over or nestled between the polyps of the doft coral it is feeding on . it is reported to feed on a number of species of briareid soft coral including solenopodium stelleri and briareum stecheri ( sensu macfadyen , 1936 ) . it is also reported from pachyclavularia violacea a mat forming soft coral with purplish trunks and greenish brown polyps ( see rie nakano ' s message below ) .\nrudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\nrudman w . b . ( 1991 ) .\nfurther studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidacea )\n. journal of molluscan studies 57 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013203 . abstract .\nburghardt i . & goslinert . m . 2006 . phyllodesmium rudmani ( mollusca : nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) , a new solar powered species from the indo - west pacific with data on its symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zootaxa 1308 : 31 - 47 [ details ]\ngraceful\nsolar - powered\nphyllodesmium sp . nudibranch in the surge . raja ampat . these are very difficult to spot if they are not moving . it is hard to imagine how they make any forward progress . i love to watch them try !\nortiz , d . m . & gosliner , t . m . ( 2003 ) a new species of phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( mollusca , nudibranchia ) from the tropical indo - pacific . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 54 , 161\u2013168 .\nreference : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 ( 2 ) : 167 - 203 .\navila , c . , ballesteros , m . , slattery , m . & paul , v . j . ( 1998 ) phyllodesmium guamensis ( nudibranchia , aeolidoidea ) , a new species from guam ( micronesia ) . journal of molluscan studies , 64 , 147\u2013160 .\nburghardt , i . and w\u00e4gele , h . ( 2004 ) a new solar powered species of the genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( mollusca : nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) from indonesia with analysis of its photosynthetic activity and notes on biology . zootaxa , 596 : 1 - 18 .\nmoore e . & gosliner t . ( 2014 ) . additions to the genus phyllodesmium , with a phylogenetic analysis and its implications to the evolution of symbiosis . the veliger . 51 ( 4 ) : 237 - 251 . page ( s ) : 238 - 242 [ details ]\n( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\n( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) . further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies . 57 : 167 - 203 . [ details ]\nphyllodesmium jakobsenae is another species of phyllodesmium which lives in , feeds on , and mimics the soft coral xenia by the shape and colour of its cerata . it is solar - powered , retaining some of the soft corals zooxanthellae which continue to photosynthesise in the ceratal digestive gland cells . probably the most characteristic external feature of this species is the shape of the cerata , which have a basal cylindrical , stalk - like , region which becomes broader and flatter toward the tip . in this upper region there is a central pale vein - like region flanked on each side by a broad brown flattened blade . on the upper , sunlit , side of the blade are spherical structures in which the zooxanthellae are ' farmed ' . of the phyllodesmium which farm photosynthesising zooxanthellae , this is the only one we know that has no branching of the digestive gland in the body wall . it is reported to grow to 30 mm in length .\ndear bill , i would like to provide the forum some pictures and info about the new phyllodesmium species that heike w\u00e4gele and i described last year . phyllodesmium jakobsenae is a\nsolar - powered\nspecies and is very cryptic . it lives in xenia soft corals and its cerata mimic the polyps of xenia . p . jakobsenae feeds on the soft coral and retains some of the corals ' zooxanthellae photosynthetic active inside their digestive glandular cells ( for further details see our publication ) . we only found them close to bunaken island / sulawesi , but i ' ve heard that some people also found them in the philippines , so it might have a wider distribution .\nburghardt i . , schr\u00f6dl m . & w\u00e4gele h . 2008 . three new solar powered species of the genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( mollusca : nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) from the tropical indopacific with analysis of their photosynthetic activity and notes on biology . journal of molluscan studies , 74 ( 3 ) : 277 - 292 [ details ]\nthis is one of the species of phyllodesmium that does not harbour zooxanthellae in its tissues . the colour of the digestive glands ducts in the cerata is a deep pink in specimens i have observed . it has been found feeding on the telestacean soft coral carijoa . note the branching in the digestive gland ducts , a common feature in species of the genus .\ndefense strategy using sequestered soft coral metabolites has been discussed for the members of the genus phyllodesmium , however , there are only few studies supporting this hypothesis . besides our earlier study [ 12 ] reporting a feeding deterrent activity of 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) , only a study by slattery et al . [ 15 ] could show an antifeedant effect of a secondary metabolite sequestered by phyllodesmium . in the latter study , acetoxypukalide , which was sequestered by p . guamensis from its prey corals sinularia spp . , successfully deterred the omnivorous pufferfish canthigaster solandri under laboratory conditions at 0 . 5 % of dry mass in artificial food . the concentration chosen was at least an order of magnitude lower , than found in the body tissues of p . guamensis .\nas you will see from the bernard picton ' s photo on the right , p . briareum is one of the species of phyllodesmium which has a symbiotic relationship with zooxanthella . the rows of brown specks in the photo are one - celled plants [ zooxanthellae ] which are nurtured in specialised ducts of the aeolid ' s digestive gland , where they continue to grow , reproduce and photosynthesise , providing nutrients for the aeolid .\nin our former study in 2014 , relying on uplc - hrms data only , we assumed that isosarcophines 8 and 9 and sarcophytonin b ( 6 ) could be present in the p . longicirrum extract . in the current investigation we were able to isolate these metabolites and demonstrate the informative value of the preliminary uplc\u2013hrms analysis . further investigations on alcyonacean and / or phyllodesmium chemistry may thus lead to the isolation and full characterization of the putative biscembranoids .\nreferences : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1981 ) the anatomy and biology of alcyonarian feeding aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zoological journal of the linnean society , 72 : 219 - 262 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 ( 2 ) : 167 - 203 .\nwagner d . , kahng s . e . & toonen r . j . ( 2009 ) .\nobservations on the life history and feeding ecology of a specialized nudibranch predator ( phyllodesmium poindimiei ) , with implications for biocontrol of an invasive octocoral ( carijoa riisei ) in hawaii\n. journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 372 ( 1 - 2 ) : 64 - 74 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jembe . 2009 . 02 . 007 . pdf .\nfish may represent the main , however not the only potential predation threat to slugs . the omnivorous echinodermata , crustacea and cephalopoda could also consider phyllodesmium as possible prey . whether the compounds , proven defensive against fish predation in this study function as deterrents towards other organisms , has yet to be shown . even if the furanocembranoids represent the protection against omnivorous fish , it is possible that some of the numerous secondary metabolites found in this study could be useful against a wider range of predators .\nfigure 11 : effect of phyllodesmium metabolites in different concentrations on predation by canthigaster solandri ( n = 8\u201340 , depending on availability ) . experiments were repeated twice with compounds 10\u201312 in all tested concentrations , twice with 16 at 1 % and 2 % and three times at 0 . 5 % . mean values with sd are displayed . significance of deterrence was shown with fisher\u00b4s exact test ( p < 0 . 05 for 10 , 12 and 16 , calculated for each trial separately ) . control pellets were 100 % eaten for each trial .\nonly few chemical investigations were undertaken on phyllodesmium species [ 10 - 15 ] , describing mostly terpenoid secondary metabolites . indirect evidence suggests that these compounds are sequestered from the respective octocorallian prey organisms . in rare cases , the ecological function of some of these metabolites as deterrent agents was demonstrated , e . g . , acetoxypukalide from p . guamensis [ 15 ] and 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) in p . longicirrum [ 12 ] were shown to cause a significant feeding deterrence under laboratory conditions at concentration levels below natural abundance in the sea slug bodies .\nin summary , chemical investigation of a single large p . longicirrum specimen resulted in isolation of 19 secondary metabolites of terpenoid origin . taking the metabolites detected by uplc\u2013hrms analysis also into account , p . longicirrum demonstrates an unprecedented level of secondary metabolite diversity . the herein studied p . longicirrum sequesters its secondary metabolites most probably from the chemistry - rich s . glaucum species complex , in contrary to a previously reported investigated p . longicirrum . the defensive role of the major diterpenoid constituents ( 10 , 12 and 16 ) as feeding deterrent agents against tropical omnivorous fish c . solandri was shown in laboratory assays , providing further strong evidence for the use of chemical protection strategy within the scarcely investigated aeolidoidean genus phyllodesmium .\nreferences : \u2022 coll , j . c . , bowden , b . f . , tapiolas , d . m . , willis , r . h . , djura , p . . streamer , m . & trott , l . ( 1985 ) studies of australian soft corals - xxxv . the terpenoid chemistry of soft corals and its implications . tetrahedron , 41 ( 6 ) : 1085 - 1092 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1981 ) the anatomy and biology of alcyonarian feeding aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zoological journal of the linnean society , 72 : 219 - 262 . \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1991 ) further studies on the taxonomy and biology of the octocoral - feeding genus phyllodesmium ehrenberg , 1831 ( nudibranchia : aeolidoidea ) . journal of molluscan studies , 57 ( 2 ) : 167 - 203 .\nfigure 12 : phylogenetic tree of octocorals relevant as putative food sources for phyllodesmium spp . phylogram of sarcophyton and lobophytum , based on a consensus phylogram of mcfadden et al . [ 54 ] . only the sarcophyton clade with species investigated with regard to secondary metabolites are given in detail . the two other clades from the original phylogram are only indicated ; lobophytum and the mixed clade consisting of sarcophyton and lobophytum species . numbers indicate the number of specimens that represent the respective branch . note that the single specimen of s . cherbonnieri groups with 4 specimens of s . glaucum . s . glaucum is not monophyletic , but is represented with several independent clades . the dots at the terminal branches of s . glaucum in the tree indicate that secondary metabolites are described from this species , but it is not known , from which clade . species in bold indicate that secondary metabolites were described .\nphyllodesmium longicirrum is the largest aeolidoidean species known to date , and extremely rich in terpenoid chemistry . herein we report the isolation of a total of 19 secondary metabolites from a single specimen of this species , i . e . , steroids 1\u20134 , cembranoid diterpenes 5\u201313 , complex biscembranoids 14 and 15 , and the chatancin - type diterpenes 16\u201319 . these compounds resemble those from soft corals of the genus sarcophyton , of which to date , however , only s . trocheliophorum is described as a food source for p . longicirrum . fish feeding deterrent activity was determined using the tropical puffer fish canthigaster solandri , and showed activity for ( 2 s ) - isosarcophytoxide ( 10 ) , cembranoid bisepoxide 12 and 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) . determining the metabolome of p . longicirrum and its bioactivity , makes it evident that this seemingly vulnerable soft bodied animal is well protected from fish by its chemical arsenal .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupper : the sacoglossan placida cf . dendritica showing the green network of ducts which contain the green chloroplasts from its algal food . lower : the aeolid nudibranch pteraeolidia ianthina which\nfarms\ncolonies of brown single - celled algae ( zooxanthellae ) in its body . photos : bill rudman .\nfor further information : \u2022 zooxanthellae symbiosis references . \u2022 zooxanthellae - what are they ? \u2022 zooxanthellae - in cnidarians \u2022 zooxanthellae - in nudibranchs \u2022 chloroplast symbiosis references . \u2022 aspects of coral feeding \u2022 chloroplast symbiosis research \u2022 sacoglossan feeding \u2022 feeding on palythoa\nrudman , w . b . , 1998 ( october 11 ) solar - powered sea slugs .\n' solar - powered ' sea slugs from : caroline r . cripe , september 4 , 2001\nthe solar - powered ' ruffled sea slug ' from : molly e . hagan , december 5 , 1999\nnudibranchs in symbiosis with zooxanthellae from : j . e . austin , november 9 , 1998\nyour\nsolar - powered\nsea slugs . from : amanda lindsey , october 11 , 1998\nzooxanthellae in nudibranchs from : j . e . austin , october 11 , 1998\nehrenberg c . g . ( 1828 - 1831 ) . in : f . g . hemprich & c . g . ehrenberg , symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per africam borealem et asiam occidentalem , novae aut illustrate redierunt . decas i mollusca . berlin . vol . 1 ( plates ) [ 1828 ] , vol . 2 ( text , 126 pp . ) [ 1831 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : folio h [ page 3 ] [ details ]\n( of ennoia bergh , 1896 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1896 ) . eolidiens d ' amboine . revue suisse de zoologie . 4 ( 2 ) : 385 - 394 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 392 [ details ]\n( of myrrhine bergh , 1905 ) bergh , l . s . r . ( 1905 ) . die opisthobranchiata der siboga - expedition . siboga - expeditie . 50 : 1 - 248 , pls 1 - 20 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 226 [ details ]\nit seems javascript is either disabled or not supported by your browser . to view this site , enable javascript by changing your browser options and try again .\nexplore an aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nthe academy\u2019s institute for biodiversity science and sustainability is at the forefront of efforts to understand two of the most important topics of our time : the nature and future of life on earth .\nbased in san francisco , the institute for biodiversity science and sustainability is home to more than 100 research scientists and nearly 46 million scientific specimens from around the world\u201438 , 000 of which are alive and on display in the academy\u2019s steinhart aquarium . the institute also leverages the expertise and efforts of the academy ' s aquarium biologists and more than 100 international research and field associates and 450 distinguished fellows .\nthrough expeditions around the globe , captive breeding programs , and investigations in the lab , the institute\u2019s scientists strive to understand the evolution and interconnectedness of life . through these same efforts , as well as through partnerships , community outreach , and public engagement initiatives , the institute aims to guide critical conservation decisions and address the challenge of sustainability .\nwith nearly 46 million scientific specimens from around the world , the academy\u2019s research collections provide one of the best records of life on earth , both now and in the past . this vast library of life\u2014available to scientists around the world , both in person and online\u2014helps us track the spread of disease , predict the impact of climate change , and much more .\ndespite intensive efforts to document life on earth , scientists estimate that more than 90 percent of the species on our planet have yet to be discovered . academy scientists are racing to discover new species and determine their place on the tree of life\u2014with the ultimate goal of protecting them before they disappear .\nto provide the best conservation recommendations , we must understand not only what lives where , but also how species reproduce , interact with one another and respond to threats . to address this need , academy scientists map species distributions , analyze reproductive strategies , study food web and other ecosystem interactions , and more .\ndetailed knowledge about the evolution , distribution , and interconnectedness of life on earth allows academy scientists to make thoughtful conservation recommendations and participate in critical discussions about sustainability challenges . through partnerships with governments and conservation organizations , community outreach , captive breeding programs , and public engagement initiatives , academy scientists are helping to shape a sustainable future for our planet .\naccess our online collections or set up an in - person visit . anthropology botany entomology herpetology ichthyology invertebrate zoology & geology ornithology & mammalogy\na governing group of approximately 450 distinguished scientists , academy fellows have made notable contributions to one or more of the natural sciences and help further the reach of our research and education initiatives through individual and collaborative efforts with academy researchers . nominated by their colleagues and selected by the board of trustees , academy fellows remain members of the fellowship for life .\nfor more than 160 years , academy scientists have been working to discover and document biodiversity around the world\u2014from the tops of the highest mountains to the depths of the oceans .\nacademy scientists study an unusual adaptation in a number of new guinea bird species : toxic skin and feathers .\nscientists use advanced rebreather technology for deep dives into unexplored areas of the ocean .\nour scientists study the rich diversity of marine invertebrates , including corals , mollusks , urchins , and more .\nwe believe discovery is just the first step in our work\u2014sharing our findings with community leaders , governments , and science enthusiasts of all ages is a critical part of our mission .\nresearchers , using the academy ' s collections , have discovered when avian pox arrived on the galapagos islands .\ntake a virtual expedition with us to investigate the amazing diversity of life on this planet .\npeter roopnarine discusses his work with fossils and his adventure with a six - foot squid .\nby working with partners and the general public , developing captive breeding programs , and training the next generation of scientists , we are tackling some of today\u2019s biggest sustainability challenges .\nacademy researchers are among the first to study\u2014and breed in captivity\u2014tiny , fascinating pygmy seahorses .\nscience - based solutions for a better future\u2014now on exhibit at the academy and at planetvision . com .\nlearn more about the academy ' s citizen science program , and join an upcoming bioblitz or biodiversity survey .\nsnapshot cal coast is a citizen science effort across california to document our coastal biodiversity .\nthe california academy of sciences is a renowned scientific and educational institution dedicated to exploring , explaining , and sustaining life on earth . based in san francisco\u2019s golden gate park , it is home to a world - class aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nstay curious\u2014every thursday at nightlife . sign up for event updates and exciting announcements .\nsign up for the academy\u2019s monthly newsletter and get a promo code for 10 % off at our online retail store .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nupper : southern end of sek island , madang , march 1987 . [ 20mm long preserved - wam391 - 87 ] . photo : f . e . wells , lower : closeup of animals showing the development of ducts in the body wall and cerata to nurture zooxanthellae , which can be seen as lines of brown specks . animal 25mm long alive , tambuli beach , mactan is , cebu , 20m , march 1983 , on solenopodium stelleri ( fam : briareidae ) philippines , march 1983 . photo : b . e . picton\nthe name briareus was apparently given to it by bergh because of its association with the soft coral briareum .\nknown from tropical eastern australia , but possibly more widely spread in the western pacific .\nreference : \u2022 rudman , w . b . ( 1981 ) the anatomy and biology of alcyonarian - feeding aeolid opisthobranch molluscs and their development of symbiosis with zooxanthellae . zoological journal of the linnean society 72 : 219 - 262 .\nhow it made the top 10 : for this sea slug , the top 10 competition was more than a beauty contest . it is a \u201cmissing link\u201d between sea slugs that feed on hydroids and those specializing on corals . gastropods do not get more photogenic than sea slugs whose graceful lines and vivid coloration make them beauties of the deep . this new species , which photographs in shades of blue , red and gold , also contributed to a better understanding of the origin of an unusual symbiosis in other species of the genus . related sea slugs have multi - branched guts in which algae called zooanthellae live . these algae have a primary symbiotic relationship with the corals on which the sea slugs feed . once sequestered in the gut , the photosynthetic algae produce nutrients of benefit to the host . the newly identified species is an inch long , more or less ( 17 - 28 mm ) , and resides in the japanese islands .\netymology : the name refers to the spiny appearance of papillae on the surface of the rhinophores or paired smelling organs at front end of body .\nesf is committed to the accessibilty of all online materials . if you have any issues , contact web @ urltoken for a prompt solution .\nburn , r . f . ( 2006 ) . a checklist and bibliography of the opisthobranchia ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of victoria and the bass strait area , south - eastern australia . museum victoria science reports . 10 : 1\u201342 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )\nright : animal ( 10cm long ) crawling over porites colony . indonesia . lower left : ceras showing the white ducts of the digestive gland radiating out to the brown\ngardens\nof symbiotic zooxanthellae . photo : bill rudman . lower right : section through the a ceras showing the ducts leading to the zooxanthellae\ngardens\nat the surface of the ceras . ( zooxanthellae stained red . ) photo : bill rudman .\nbunaken island , north sulawesi , indonesia . intertidal . length : up to 30 mm . 12 july 2003 . intertifal coral reef with patches of sea grass . lower photo showing animal nestling in xenia colony . photographer : michael schr\u00f6dl\nla perouse , sydney , new south wales , australia , august 1979 . photo : john fields .\nthis article is part of the thematic series\nlipids : fatty acids and derivatives , polyketides and isoprenoids\n.\nmarine gastropods , of which approximately 150 . 000 are known , mostly are protected by a shell . however , shell reduction or even loss is common within several marine heterobranchia clades , which were united under the name opisthobranchia in former times [ 1 ] . to compensate this lack of physical protection , alternative defensive strategies , such as the production of calcareous needles or acidic sulfates , and sequestration or de novo synthesis of toxic metabolites emerged within the opisthobranch taxa [ 2 - 5 ] . adaptations and mimicry , which help to hide in habitats is frequent in marine gastropods , as obvious from very diverse and spectacular phenotypes [ 1 , 6 ] .\nherein we report on the secondary metabolome of a single specimen of p . longicirrum , including the structure elucidation of the new metabolites 1 , 5 , 9 , 14 and 15 , and show the fish feeding deterrent activity of the major metabolites 10 and 12 .\nfrom the ethanolic extract of p . longicirrum the ethyl acetate - soluble organic compounds were analyzed . a first fractionation was achieved by vacuum liquid chromatography ( vlc ) on reversed - phase material yielding 11 fractions . 1 h nmr analysis of these indicated the presence of chemically diverse secondary metabolites in the major fractions 3\u20138 , whereas the hydrophilic fractions 1 and 2 merely contained sugars and the lipophilic ones , i . e . , 9\u201311 simple lipids .\ndetailed uplc\u2013hrms investigation was thus performed with the vlc fractions 3\u20138 . the resulting uplc chromatograms ( supporting information file 1 , figures s47\u201352 ) were extremely complex and gave an impression on the multi - faceted metabolome of this animal . the majority ( except 4 and 17 ) of the subsequently isolated and characterized secondary metabolites ( 1 \u2013 19 , figure 1 ) could be assigned to the detected m / z values ( supporting information file 1 , table s7a ) , e . g . , prominent ms data were associated with the presence of metabolites with a molecular weight of 362 da , relating to 4 - oxochatancin ( 16 ) or 1 - oxo - 9 - hydroisochatancin ( 18 ) . peaks with retention times around 14 min in the chromatograms of vlc 5 and 6 contained a metabolite showing an m / z of 319 . 23 ( m + h ) and 341 . 21 ( m + na ) , which indicated the presence of bisepoxide 12 , having a molecular weight of 318 . 45 da . a mass charge ratio of 475 . 39 ( m + h \u2212 h 2 o ) and 493 . 39 ( m + h ) , found for the peak with a retention time of 14 . 7 min of the uplc - chromatogram of vlc fraction 7 , is characteristic for the secosteroid 1 or the polyhydroxylated steroid 4 , both with a molecular weight of 492 da .\nmore importantly , uplc\u2013hrms investigations produced also some peaks with m / z values that cannot be linked to isolated compounds 1 \u2013 19 . thus , in vlc fraction 7 and 8 an m / z value of 287 . 24 ( m + h ) indicates most probably the presence of the instable sarcophytonin a with a molecular weight of 286 . 23 da [ 16 ] . vlc fractions 7 and 8 also contain m / z values characteristic for steroid constituents of sarcophyton soft corals that could not be isolated in the current study , e . g . , m / z 397 . 35 ( m + h ) suggests the presence of a steroid compound reported by kobayashi et al . from sarcophyton glaucum [ 17 ] with a molecular mass of 396 da as outlined in table s7b ( supporting information file 1 ) . detailed analysis of the uplc\u2013hrms data also revealed the presence of m / z 711 . 39 ( m + h ) and 669 . 44 ( m + h ) in vlc fractions 6 and 7 . these values would fit to not yet reported biscembranoids , containing compound 5 as a possible biogenetic precursor , with a suggested molecular mass of 710 and 668 da ( see supporting information file 1 , table s7b ) .\nnotable is the occurrence of numerous peaks containing m / z values attributable to isomers of the isolated metabolites . besides the isosarcophines 8 and 9 with a molecular weight of 316 da , m / z values 317 . 21 ( m + h ) were also detected in the chromatograms of the fractions vlc 6 and 7 in different chromatographic peaks ( t r : 12 . 0 , 12 . 7 , 14 . 0 , 15 . 9 min ) indicating the presence of further possible cembranoid isomers as shown in table s7a ( supporting information file 1 ) . the m / z values ( m + h , 739 . 44 ) attributable to the isobisglaucumlides b ( 14 ) and c ( 15 ) are also found at four different retention times of the uplc chromatograms , suggesting the presence of the further isomeric metabolites . these findings highlight the amazingly complex and diverse metabolome of p . longicirrum .\nregarding the reported secondary metabolites of p . longicirrum 20\u201322 , figure 2 by coll et al . [ 13 ] , only compound 22 with a molecular weight of 304 da resulting in an m / z of 305 . 25 ( m + h ) may be present in vlc 8 ( see supporting information file 1 , figure s7b ) . however , there are about 20 further cembranoids described from sarcophyton spp . with a molecular weight of 304 da , making this assessment very tentative . it can , however be stated that the p . longicirrum specimen investigated in this study either belongs to a different chemotype or has different food preference than the one investigated by coll and co - workers [ 13 ] .\nfigure 2 : structures of secondary metabolites from p . longicirrum as described by coll et al . in 1985 [ 13 ] .\nfigure 2 : structures of secondary metabolites from p . longicirrum as described by coll et al . in 1985 [ 13 ] .\ndetailed chemical investigation of p . longicirrum including structure elucidation of the new metabolites 1 , 5 , 9 , 14 , 15 and stereochemical assignment of 12\nrepeated fractionation of vlc fractions 5\u20138 resulted in the isolation of a range of secondary metabolites , i . e . , four steroids 1\u20134 , nine cembranoid diterpenes 5\u201313 and two biscembranoids 14 and 15 , as well as four polycyclic diterpenes of the chatancin type 16\u201319 [ 12 ] . compounds 1 and 5 are new chemical structures . the same applies to the biscembranoids 14 and 15 , which however show close resemblance to bisglaucumlides b and c [ 18 ] , but differ in their stereochemistry from the latter . since no studies regarding the stereochemical features of the cembranoid bisepoxide 12 were published to date , we propose here its relative configuration . figure 1 summarizes all metabolites found during this investigation . it is noteworthy , that the previously reported cembranoid diterpenes ( see figure 2 , compounds 20\u201322 ) from p . longicirrum by coll et al . [ 13 ] were not isolated from the complex secondary metabolome of the investigated specimen , although the uplc\u2013hrms data ( see above ) suggest that cembranoid alcohol 22 may be present .\ncompound 1 was isolated as amorphous white solid . the specific optical rotation was measured in chloroform ( c 0 . 1 ) , giving [ \u03b1 ] d 20 \u221221 . 0 . the molecular formula c 30 h 52 o 5 was established by a hrms measurement , which yielded m / z 515 . 3694 [ m + na ] for the molecular ion . the ring double bond equivalent ( rde ) was calculated to be five . the ir spectrum revealed the presence of hydroxy groups ( broad band at 3360 cm \u22121 ) and a keto function ( sharp band at 1697 cm \u22121 ) .\nthe planar structure of 1 was established by extensive nmr experiments ( 1 h , 13 c nmr , cosy , dept , hsqc and hmbc ( see supporting information file 1 , table s1 ) . the 13 c nmr spectrum showed 30 resonances attributable to 7 methyl , 9 methylene and 8 methine groups . a 13 c nmr resonance at 218 . 4 ppm confirmed the keto group ( c - 9 ) , whereas a primary alcohol moiety was evident from a 13 c nmr resonance at \u03b4 c 59 . 1 ( c - 11 ) . further oxygenated carbons , i . e . , c - 3 , c - 5 and c - 6 gave rise to 13 c nmr resonances at \u03b4 c 68 . 0 , 80 . 7 and 75 . 7 , respectively . proton carbon assignments were done according to correlations obtained in a hsqc experiment . the absence of 13 c nmr resonances for sp 2 hybridized carbons for c = c bonds , together with a rde of five indicated the presence of several rings in 1 , likely of steroid origin . the latter is supported by characteristically shielded 1 h nmr resonances at \u03b4 h 0 . 54 and \u03b4 h \u22120 . 05 ( both dd , h 2 - 30 ) as well as a multiplet at \u03b4 h 0 . 32 ( h - 22 ) for a cyclopropyl group , as typically found in gorgosterols [ 19 , 20 ] .\na 1 h , 1 h cosy experiment led to partial structures which could be combined using hmbc correlations . spin system a included h 2 - 1 to h 2 - 4 , whereas h - 6 through to h - 30 formed spin system b ( see figure 3 ) . the connection of partial structures a and b was established from hmbc correlations , i . e . , from the resonances of h - 4 to c - 5 and c - 6 , as well as h - 6 to c - 5 . the position of the c - 9 ketone function was established due to hmbc correlations from resonances of h 2 - 7 and h - 8 to c - 9 . the decaline system was finally confirmed by the heteronuclear long range correlations of the resonances from h 3 - 19 . of the five degrees of unsaturation one is ascribed to a keto function , another one to the cyclopropane ring in the side chain , and two further ones to the decaline ring , thus requiring a further ring in 1 . considering this , a secosterol backbone was likely . also , the 13 c nmr resonance of the oxygenated methylene at \u03b4 c 59 . 1 ( c - 11 ) is characteristic for marine - derived secosterols [ 21 ] . the 1 h - 1 h spin system c only including h 2 - 11 and h 2 - 12 was connected to the partial structure b via long range correlations from h 3 - 18 to c - 12 , c - 13 , c - 14 and c - 17 . this also established the still required ring d . finally , the complete gorgosterol side chain could be elucidated by connection of the 1 h , 1 h spin system d with b using hmbc correlations from h 3 - 28 to c - 23 and from h 3 - 29 to c - 22 , c - 23 , c - 24 and c - 30 ( see figure 3 ) .\nfigure 3 : significant 1 h , 1 h cosy correlations as found in compound 1 .\nthe nmr data ( supporting information file 1 , table s1 ) of compound 1 resembled most closely those of epoxy - secosterols isolated from the gorgonian pseudopterogorgia americana [ 22 ] and from the soft coral pachyclavularia violacea ( now briareum violaceum [ 23 ] ) by anta et al . ( [ 24 ] , figure 4 ) . however , the 13 c nmr chemical shifts of c - 5 and c - 6 in compound 1 ( \u03b4 c 80 . 7 and \u03b4 c 75 . 7 , respectively ) differ from shifts for the equivalent carbons in epoxy - secogorgosterol reported by naz et al . ( \u03b4 c 61 . 0 and \u03b4 c 60 . 4 , respectively ; [ 22 ] ) and from those of the epoxy - secosterol reported by anta et al . ( \u03b4 c 65 . 5 and \u03b4 c 58 . 1 , respectively ; [ 24 ] ) . the downfield shift , observed for these carbons in 1 , results from the cleavage of the epoxide ring , and 13 c values around \u03b4 c 70\u201380 as observed for 1 are characteristic for hydroxylated carbons .\nfigure 4 : secosterols [ 22 , 24 ] related to 3\u03b2 , 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b2 - trihydroxy - 9 - oxo - 9 , 11 - secogorgostan - 11 - ol ( 1 ) from p . longicirrum .\nthe relative stereochemistry of the secogorgosterol 1 was established by analysis of 1 h , 1 h coupling constants , noesy data , and comparison of nmr spectral data with those of similar compounds [ 22 , 24 ] . an equatorial orientation of the oh - group at c - 3 was evident , since h - 3 displayed 1 h , 1 h coupling constants to the vicinal axial h - 2\u03b2 and h - 4\u03b2 of 12 hz and to the equatorial h - 2\u03b1 and h - 4\u03b1 of 6 hz . noe correlations of h - 3 to h - 1\u03b1 , h - 2\u03b1 and h - 4\u03b1 indicate thus an \u03b1 - orientation of axial h - 3 and a \u03b2 - orientation of the equatorial hydroxy group at c - 3 . the identical 13 c nmr shift of c - 3 ( \u03b4 c 68 . 0 ) with the reported value [ 24 ] supports this orientation .\n1 h nmr measurements in pyridine - d 5 led to a further downfield shift of the deshielded h - 3 resonance to \u03b4 h 4 . 81 ( compared with \u03b4 h 4 . 00 in meoh - d 4 ) . this shift is explained by a 1 , 3 axial\u2013axial interaction with the 5\u03b1 hydroxy group [ 25 , 26 ] , demonstrating the \u03b1 - orientation of the substituent at the bridge head carbon c - 5 . noes between the resonances for h - 2\u03b2 as well as h - 1\u03b2 to h 3 - 19 showed the latter to be \u03b2 - orientated , and thus the trans configuration of the decaline system . the 1 h nmr signal at \u03b4 h 3 . 66 for h - 6 exhibited noe correlation with h - 4\u03b1 ( \u03b4 h 1 . 70 , m ) indicating \u03b2 - orientation of the equatorial oh - group at c - 6 . contrary to the reported epoxy - secosteroid by naz et al . [ 22 ] , no noe was observed between the resonances of h - 6 and \u03b2 - oriented h 3 - 19 confirming the \u03b2 - orientation of the hydroxy group at c - 6 ( see figure 5 ) .\nfigure 5 : conformational structure of 1 ( key noesy correlations are indicated with blue arrows ; coupling constants crucial for the determination of the orientation of the 3 - oh group are shown ) .\nfigure 5 : conformational structure of 1 ( key noesy correlations are indicated with blue arrows ; coupling cons . . .\nnoe correlations between h 3 - 19 and h - 8 , as well as between h - 8 and h 3 - 18 showed the \u03b2 - orientation of the methyl groups ch 3 - 18 , ch 3 - 19 and of the proton at c - 8 , which is in accordance with reported stereochemistry for the related metabolites of this compound - class [ 21 , 22 ] . free rotation along the bond between c - 8 and c - 14 is unlikely because of the bulky substituents on ring d . noe correlations were observed between \u03b1 - oriented h - 14 and h - 17 demonstrating \u03b2 - orientation of the gorgosterol side chain . 13 c nmr shifts for the carbons of the side chain ( c - 20 to c - 30 : \u03b4 c 36 . 3 , 21 . 4 , 33 . 3 , 26 . 9 , 52 . 2 , 33 . 4 , 22 . 7 , 21 . 9 , 15 . 8 , 14 . 7 , 22 . 2 ) were almost identical with those reported by naz et al . ( c - 20 to c - 30 : \u03b4 c 34 . 9 , 20 . 8 , 31 . 9 , 25 . 9 , 50 . 5 , 31 . 4 , 22 . 3 , 21 . 5 , 15 . 2 , 14 . 2 , 21 . 2 ) [ 22 ] . the relative stereochemistry of the gorgosterol side chain was thus suggested to be the same . for the compound 1 we propose the name 3\u03b2 , 5\u03b1 , 6\u03b2 - trihydroxy - 9 - oxo - 9 , 11 - secogorgostan - 11 - ol .\nchemical structures of the polyhydroxylated steroids 2 \u2013 4 were established by comparison of the nmr and ms data obtained in our laboratory ( supporting information file 1 , figures s6\u201311 ) with the reported values [ 27 , 28 ] .\ncompound 5 was isolated as colorless oil ( 1 . 5 mg ) . the specific optical rotation was measured in chloroform ( c 0 . 09 ) , and yielded [ \u03b1 ] d 20 + 3 . 5 . the molecular formula of compound 5 was deduced by hrms\u2013esi ( m + na 355 . 2244 da ) to be c 21 h 32 o 3 . ring double bond equivalents ( rde ) were calculated to be six . the ir spectrum of compound 5 showed absorptions for carbonyl bonds at 1700 cm \u22121 and 1679 cm \u22121 , indicating the presence of ketone and / or ester functions .\nextensive nmr measurements ( 1 h , 13 c nmr , cosy , dept , hsqc and hmbc , see supporting information file 1 , table s2 ) revealed the presence of a methoxy group ( \u03b4 h 3 . 71 3h , \u03b4 c 52 . 1 ) , an ester carbonyl ( \u03b4 c 170 . 0 , c - 18 ) and a keto group ( \u03b4 c 211 . 3 , c - 2 ) . the 13 c nmr spectrum of compound 5 contained a total of 21 resonances attributable to 5 methyl , 6 methylene , 5 methine and 5 quaternary carbons as indicated by a dept 135 experiment . six characteristic shifts in the 13 c nmr spectrum at \u03b4 c 130 . 5 ( c - 4 ) and 142 . 8 ( c - 5 ) , 121 . 6 ( c - 7 ) and 136 . 9 ( c - 8 ) , 127 . 0 ( c - 11 ) and 135 . 4 ( c - 12 ) pointed towards three carbon\u2013carbon double bonds . together with two carbonyls ( at c - 2 and c - 18 ) one rde accountable to a ring remained , and suggested a cembrane - class diterpene .\nthe proton resonances could be unambiguously assigned to those of directly attached carbons by a hsqc measurement , and afterwards the fragments of the molecule were elucidated using a cosy experiment . thus , the cosy data showed correlations of the resonances h 3 - 16 , h 3 - 17 and h - 1 to h - 15 , forming an isopropyl moiety . together with cosy correlations from h - 1 over h 2 - 14 to h 2 - 13 spin system a was established . two further smaller fragments were established via cosy correlations from h - 5 to h - 7 ( b ) , and from h - 9 to h - 11 ( c ) . these subunits could be assigned to a 14 - membered cembrane skeleton according to couplings detected in the hmbc experiment . key heteronuclear long range correlations for assembling the complete structure were from h 3 - 20 to c - 11 , c - 12 and c - 13 connecting fragments a and c . the fragments b and c were then connected according to hmbc cross peaks of the methyl group resonance h 3 - 19 with quaternary c - 8 and with c - 7 and c - 9 ( see figure 6 ) .\nfigure 6 : structure of cembranoid 5 . 1 h , 1 h spin systems ( a , b and c ) are indicated in bold , arrows show key hmbc correlations .\nfigure 6 : structure of cembranoid 5 . 1 h , 1 h spin systems ( a , b and c ) are indicated in bold , arrows show key h . . .\nthe absence of a further 1 h , 1 h spin system required heteronuclear long range correlations for the elucidation of the remaining structural features and the closure of the cembrane ring . methylene group ch 2 - 3 exhibited hmbc correlations with resonances of the keto at c - 2 , sp 2 quaternary carbon c - 4 and tertiary carbon c - 5 and with the ester carbonyl c - 18 . due to the deshielded nature and large 1 h - coupling constant ( signals of both protons appear as doublets , j = 17 . 7 hz at \u03b4 h 3 . 49 and 3 . 64 ) of the 1 h nmr resonance of the h 2 - 3 , the position of the methylene group between keto carbonyl c - 2 and the quaternary sp 2 carbon c - 4 was very likely . the methyl ester moiety could be localized at c - 4 due to long range correlation of the - och 3 resonance with ester carbonyl c - 18 and quaternary c - 4 . a hmbc cross peak between the resonances of h - 1 and c - 2 established the 14 - membered cembranoid ring .\nthe e - geometries at olefinic double bonds \u03b4 7 , 8 and \u03b4 11 , 12 were easily deduced from the 13 c nmr upfield shifts of the methyl group resonances ch 3 - 19 ( \u03b4 c 16 . 0 ) and ch 3 - 20 ( \u03b4 c 15 . 2 ) . the deshielded resonance of h - 5 ( \u03b4 h 7 . 08 ) indicated e - geometry of the olefinic double bond \u03b4 4 , 5 [ 29 ] .\nfigure 7 : compound 5 and the most closely related cembranoids from soft corals .\nknown compounds 6\u20138 , 10 , 11 and 13 were unambiguously identified comparing the obtained 1 h and 13 c nmr spectral data with the literature reports [ 31 - 36 ] .\nrepeated hplc separation of vlc fraction 7 firstly led to two metabolites , which could not be structurally analyzed due to their instability . it was noted however , that two stable degradation products resulted and could be isolated , i . e . , compounds 8 and 9 . the planar structure of 8 and 9 was established as that of isosarcophine by 1d and 2d nmr data ( 1 h , 13 c , cosy , hsqc and hmbc ) . specific optical rotation measurements in chloroform ( c 0 . 1 each substance ) yielded [ \u03b1 ] d 20 values of + 92 . 0 for 8 and \u221238 . 0 for 9 . due to the close similarity of the 1 h and 13 c nmr data ( supporting information file 1 , table s3 ) compounds 8 and 9 were supposed to be stereoisomers . nmr spectral data of compound 8 were identical with those of ( + ) - isosarcophine ( [ \u03b1 ] d 20 + 235 . 3 ) reported by kusumi et al . [ 32 ] , so 8 is established as ( + ) - isosarcophine . the configuration at c - 2 for 8 and 9 was established with the help of cd experiments ( supporting information file 1 , figures s22 and s27 ) . according to kobayashi et al . [ 31 ] ( s ) configuration at c - 2 in furanocembranoids causes a negative cotton effect at 246 nm like we obtained for compound 8 , which is thus ( 2 s ) - isosarcophine . the cd spectrum of 9 was the inverse of 8 and displayed a positive cotton effect at 246 nm demonstrating that 8 and 9 are diastereomers . thus , compound 9 is 2 r - isosarcophine ."]}
{"id": 801, "summary": [{"text": "brachmia fuscogramma is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by janse in 1960 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "brachmia fuscogramma", "paragraphs": ["brachmia fuscogramma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 209\nbrachmia infixa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia leucopla meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 16\nbrachmia leucospora meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia neuroplecta meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 17\nbrachmia insuavis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 51 ; tl : kankau\nbrachmia tholeromicta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nbrachmia circumfusa ; [ nhm , [ ref . on card incorrect ] card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nbrachmia antichroa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 156 ; tl : ceylon , kandy\nbrachmia brunneolineata legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 81\nbrachmia ioplaca meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453 ; tl : taiwan , alikano\nbrachmia obfuscata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nbrachmia obtrectata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia perumbrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nbrachmia resoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 113 ; tl : bengla , pusa\nbrachmia tepidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : china , shanghai\nbrachmia autonoma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 369 ; tl : chagos islands\nbrachmia circumfusa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : french guinea , konakri\nbrachmia liberta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo\nbrachmia ( cladodes ) procursella rebel , 1903 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 53 : 97\nbrachmia velitaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton\nbrachmia deltopis meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 79\nbrachmia ditemenitis meyrick , 1934 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 14 ( 82 ) : 408\nbrachmia infuscatella rebel , 1940 ; soc . sci . fenn . , comm . biol . 8 ( 1 ) : 38\nbrachmia melicephala meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : burma , lashio , 3000ft\nbrachmia strigosa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 450 ; tl : borneo , kuching\nbrachmia torva meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 278 ; tl : nyassland , mt mlanje\nbrachmia craterospila meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong\nbrachmia syntonopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 48 ; tl : bombay , belgaum\nbrachmia apricata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 295 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nbrachmia cenchritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 721 ; tl : khasis\nbrachmia hedemanni caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 112 ; tl : darjeeling\nbrachmia ptochodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nbrachmia custos meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 725 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft\nbrachmia robustella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 , f . 1 ; tl : herzegovina\nbrachmia amphisticta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : portuguese east africa , e of mt . chiperone\nbrachmia sigillatrix meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : ernaculam , cochin state , malabar coast ; karwar , kanara\nbrachmia vecors meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 112 ; tl : s . india , palnis and gooty , madura , hampsagaram\nbrachmia insuavis ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 232 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ioplaca ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 233 ( unrecognized )\nbrachmia ( dichomeridinae ) ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nanacampsis anisopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 140 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6000ft\nballotellus ( amsel , 1935 ) ( hypsolophus ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 298\napethistis carphodes meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 459 ; tl : khasi hills\naulacomima ceramochroa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 150 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndilutiterminella ( gerasimov , 1930 ) ( cladodes ) ; ann . mus . zool . acad . sci . leningr . 31 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 7 , f . 3\ndryotyphla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ngelechia inornatella douglas , 1850 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 65 ; tl : charlton\ngelechia ( ceratophora ? ) japonicella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 365 , pl . 5 , f . 124\ndichomeris japonicella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonotona caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 420\nmurinula turati , 1930 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 80\nopaca meyrick , 1927 ; bull . acad . ( 3 ) 4 : 421 [ ? ] 9\northomastix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nphilochersa meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514\nphilodema meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 7\nceratophora radiosella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 115\nstactopis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 84\nsubsignata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 61\nlecithocera triophthalma meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 220 ; tl : tenmalai , w . ghats , travancore\naulacomima trinervis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nxeronoma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 591\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nzur lepidopteren - fauna mittel - asiens . 1 . microheterocera aus dem distrikt kaschka - darja ( so - buchara )\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nthe percy sladen and godman trusts expedition to the islands in the gulf of guinea , october 1932 march 1933 . iii . micro - lepidoptera\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\njanse a . j . t . 1960 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae . - \u2014 6 ( 2 ) : 145\u2014240 , pls . 33\u2014129 .\nbippus m . 2016a . notes on lepidoptera from the seychelles . - phelsuma 24 ( 1 ) : 35\u201471 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 803, "summary": [{"text": "the bamenda apalis ( apalis bamendae ) is a species of bird in the cisticolidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to cameroon .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and dry savanna .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "bamenda apalis", "paragraphs": ["apalis du bamenda : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nryan , p . ( 2018 ) . bamenda apalis ( apalis bamendae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nsw & c cameroon ( bamenda highlands s of 6\u00b0 n , adamawa plateau ) and se nigeria ( ngel nyaki forest reserve # r ) ; probably also extreme w central african republic ( yade hills ) .\n12 - 13 cm small grey , white and pale rufous forest warbler . upperparts greyish with darker wings and tail . underparts pale rufous on face and throat with remainder greyish , slightly paler than upperparts . similar spp . the only dark grey apalis within its range to have rufous on throat . differs from buff - throated apalis by being darker and lacking any white in tail . however , their ranges do not overlap . voice fast and tuneless ` chwee pipi chwee pipi ' and more rapid and rattling variation . hints most reliable place in recent times is the forests surrounding the bali safari lodge in the bamenda highlands , cameroon .\n12 cm . a dark grey apalis with chestnut throat and fairly short , dark tail . has frons and face washed chestnut , dark grey crown and upperparts washed olive - brown ; upperwing . . .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : apalis bamendae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon or rare ( urban et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is unlikely to be declining at the present time since it is able to adapt well to degraded habitats including plantations and farmland ( bobo et al . in prep . ) .\nthe species is found from 750 - 2 , 050 m ( bobo et al . 2001 ) , where its preferred habitat is gallery forest , typically narrow belts of 10 - 15 m high trees . it is also found in secondary growth and isolated trees near forest , riverine thickets and forest relicts in farmland ( urban et al . 1997 ) , and in degraded habitat , including farmland dominated by eucalyptus , avocado and mango trees with maize cultivated beneath ( bobo et al . 2001 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nalthough this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhas sometimes been considered conspecific with a . sharpii and a . goslingi . apparently closely related to a . rufogularis ; the two have largely non - overlapping ranges , replacing each other within 1\u20132 km . monotypic .\nmale song a series of notes starting with deeper , descending note , \u201cchew chit chit chit chit\u2026\u201d , . . .\nconfined to gallery forest in savanna woodland on adamawa plateau ; occupies wider range of habitats . . .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in cameroon mountains eba . total range covers no more than c . 80 , 000 km\u00b2 . locally common throughout its range . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nto date , sampling insufficiently dense # r # r to provide a genetic perspective on many long - standing issues of specific and subspecific taxonomy . many relationships postulated here remain to be tested by molecular data , and further examples of polyphyly may emerge once more extensive sampling has been possible # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\nin english scientific usage , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\nen fran\u00e7ais , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage ."]}
{"id": 804, "summary": [{"text": "racekiela ryderi is a species of freshwater demosponge in the family spongillidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was first described by edward potts in 1882 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was collected on sable island in 1899 by john macoun , a biologist with the geological survey of canada , and given the name heteromeyenia macouni by a.h. mackay in 1900 , is now considered to be racekiela ryderi . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "racekiela ryderi", "paragraphs": ["( of heteromeyenia ryderii potts , 1882 ) arndt , w . 1928c . der s\u00fcsswasserschwamm heteromeyenia ryderi potts auf den far \u00f6ern . zoologischer anzeiger 77 : 156 - 166 . [ details ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) \u00f8kland , k . a . ; \u00f8kland , j . 1989 . the amphiatlantic freshwater sponge anheteromeyenia ryderi ( porifera : spongillidae ) : taxonomic - geographic implications of records from norway . hydrobiologia 171 : 177 - 188 . 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\u00f7\u00e2\u00a7\u00f2 ? d \u0002\u00e6 \u0096\u00fa\u00f2 _ 4\u00e5\u008e\n\u000f\u00e9\u00b7t2 : \u00b2\u00ff\u0000y _ \u00e6\u00ae\u00fe\u00fb\u00e0\u00fc ) \u009f\u00b4\u00eb\u001a\u00ec\u00ea @ \u0001m\u00f3\u00e6 \u000f\u00f6m\u00bc\u0081\u00ff\u0000 } u\u00f8 > \u0012hh\u00a5g\u0017w \u00e4\u00e5\u00e6\u00bb\u00b8v > \u00fb\u00bc\u00ea\u00b1c\u00f0\u00b7\u00e3va\u00f6 ; $ u\u0093\u001b\u0084\u00ec\u00f2\u0083\u00b4\u00ee ^ . \u001a ^ \u0086\u00b9\u000f\u008b\u00bf\u0005\u00af\npotts , e . 1882a . three more fresh - water sponges . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1882 ( 1 ) : 12 - 14 . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii potts , 1882 ) potts , e . 1882a . three more fresh - water sponges . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1882 ( 1 ) : 12 - 14 . [ details ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) potts , e . 1882a . three more fresh - water sponges . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 1882 ( 1 ) : 12 - 14 . [ details ]\nvan soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; r\u00fctzler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; sch\u00f6nberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; d\u00edaz , m . - c . ; c\u00e1rdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; r\u00edos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii var . baleni potts , 1888 ) potts , e . 1888 [ 1887 ] . contributions towards a synopsis of the american forms of fresh - water sponges with descriptions of those named by other authors and from all parts of the world . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 39 ( 1887 ) : 158 - 279 , pls v - xii . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii var . walshii potts , 1887 ) potts , e . 1888 [ 1887 ] . contributions towards a synopsis of the american forms of fresh - water sponges with descriptions of those named by other authors and from all parts of the world . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 39 ( 1887 ) : 158 - 279 , pls v - xii . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia conigera old , 1931 ) old , m . 1931 . a new species of freshwater sponge . transactions of the american microscopical society 50 ( 4 ) : 298 - 301 . [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia macouni mackay , 1900 ) mackay , a . h . 1900 . a freshwater sponge from sable island . proceedings and transactions nova scotia institute of natural sciences 10 : 319 - 322 . [ details ]\nbass , d . ; volkmer - ribeiro , c . ( 1998 ) . radiospongilla crateriformis ( porifera , spongillidae ) in the west indies and taxonomic notes . iheringia . s\u00e9rie zoologia . 85 : 123 - 128 . [ details ]\npronzato , r . ; manconi , r . ( 2001 ) . atlas of european freshwater sponges . annali museo civico storia naturale ferrara . 4 : 3 - 64 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) penney , j . t . ; racek , a . a . 1968 . comprehensive revision of a worldwide collection of freshwater sponges ( porifera : spongillidae ) . bulletin of the united states national museum 272 : 1 - 184 . page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]\n( of heteromeyenia ryderii potts , 1882 ) stephens , j . 1920 . the freshwater sponges of ireland . proceedings of the royal irish academy 35 ( b ) : 205 - 254 . page ( s ) : 237 - 248 [ details ]\n( of anheteromeyenia ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) \u00f8kland , k . a . ; \u00f8kland , j . 1996 . freshwater sponges ( porifera : spongillidae ) of norway : distribution and ecology . hydrobiologia 330 : 1 - 30 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of acanthodiscus ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) bass , d . ; volkmer - ribeiro , c . ( 1998 ) . radiospongilla crateriformis ( porifera , spongillidae ) in the west indies and taxonomic notes . iheringia . s\u00e9rie zoologia . 85 : 123 - 128 . page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]\n( of acanthodiscus ryderii ( potts , 1882 ) ) volkmer - ribeiro , c . ( 1996 ) . acanthodiscus new genus and genus anheteromeyenia redefined ( porifera , spongillidae ) . iheringia . s\u00e9rie zoologia . 81 : 31 - 43 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis is a short preview of the document . your library or institution may give you access to the complete full text for this document in proquest .\nmicroscopy and microanalysis , suppl . s3 ; cambridge vol . 20 , ( aug 2014 ) : 1294 - 1295 ."]}
{"id": 805, "summary": [{"text": "the african dormice , genus graphiurus , are dormice that live throughout sub-saharan africa in a variety of habitats .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "they are very agile climbers and have bushy tails .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they eat invertebrates and small vertebrates . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "graphiurus", "paragraphs": ["species graphiurus monardi ( st . leger , 1936 ) - monard ' s dormouse\nwhittington - jones , c . , c . brown . 1999 . thermoregulatory capabilities of the woodland dormouse , graphiurus murinus .\nfood preferences of glis glis ( l . ) , dryomys nitedula ( pallas ) , and graphiurus murinus ( smuts ) kept in captivity\nellison , g . , j . skinner . 1991 . thermoregulation and torpor in african woodland dormice , graphiurus murinus , following cold acclimation .\nholden , m . , r . levine . 2009 . systematic revision of sub - saharan african dormice ( rodentia : gliridae : graphiurus ) part ll : description of a new speices of graphiurus from the central congo basin , including morphological and ecological niche comparisons with g . crassicaudatus and g . lorraineus .\nhaberl , w . 1999 .\nthe dormouse hollow : graphiurus\n( on - line ) . the dormouse hollow . accessed july 30 , 2010 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : lodel , j . 2011 .\ngraphiurus murinus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nas the first description of optimization of housing and production of graphiurus kelleni , this report illustrates many of the considerations that arise when seeking to adapt a novel research species to a defined laboratory environment .\nmadikiza , z . , s . bertolino , r . baxter , e . san . 2010 . nest box use by woodland dormice ( graphiurus murinus ) : the influence of life cycle and nest box placement .\nnowakowski , w . , m . remisiewicz , j . kosowska . 2006 . food preferences of glis glis ( l . ) , dryomys nitedula ( pallas ) , and graphiurus murinus ( smuts ) kept in captivity .\nafrican dormice ( graphiurus spp . ) are small nocturnal rodents . much of the current research involving dormice revolves around field studies and the ongoing taxonomic characterization of the family . 2 , 3 , 5 - 7 , 9 because visual speciation of graphiurus is difficult , speciation usually is accomplished by using karyotypic and anatomic variation . 5 african dormice are the only members of the gliridae family that are located solely in subsaharan africa . 5 the other members of the gliridae family , the glirinae and leithiinae , are widely distributed geographically and more commonly used in research . 7 , 9\nnone of the localities from which this species has been recorded are within protected areas . additional studies are needed to determine the taxonomic relationship between this species in and graphiurus rupicola . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , ecology , and threats to this poorly - known species .\nthis report is the first description of optimization of housing and production of graphiurus kelleni . the husbandry we provided for african dormice initially was based on what was feasible within the parameters of the animal facility . this plan was refined as we learned more about the requirements for captive gliridae from the scientific literature and websites describing the care of pet dormice .\nthis species has been recorded from liberia , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ( in mount nimba reserve ) , ghana , togo , nigeria and cameroon ; it was mentioned from bioko island by rosevear ( 1969 ) . it has yet to be recorded from sierra leone . there is an unidentified specimen of graphiurus in the british museum from southern democratic republic of the congo that is often thought to be this species , but likely represents a distinct species ( p . grubb pers . comm ) .\ncomments : subgenus graphiurus . the synonyms included here under g . murinus represent populations inhabiting forests ( predominantly on plateaus and mountains ) in c , e and southern africa . as with the g . microtis group , significant variation in pelage color and skull morphology exists among populations of the g . murinus group , and it is likely that more than one species comprises this group . the selindensis and collaris populations are distinctive , as are populations from rwanda and burundi , and severa . . .\nthe revision of graphiurus by genest - villard ( 1978 ) , based mostly on size grades , underestimated species diversity , particularly in the g . murinus group . subsequently , species limits were defined in reports covering different african regions ( e . g . , ansell and dowsett , 1988 ; holden , 1996 b ; robbins and schlitter , 1981 ) the species recognized below reflect information in the literature , as well as myexamination of museum specimens and preliminary , mostly unpublished multivariate analyses of cranial and dental measurements .\ngraphiurus spp . imported from ghana were associated with the human monkeypox outbreak in 2003 . eight of the 40 african dormice from this shipment had infectious virus in visceral tissues and other indications of a productive viremia . 4 apart from the spontaneous fatality of several infected animals , the dormice did not display clinical signs or lesions indicative of monkeypox . 4 to minimize the potential for human disease from infected african dormice , the centers for disease control and prevention has banned the importation of african dormice . 1 dormice are being used currently to study monkeypox virus . 11\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ng . angolensis is considered as a valid species and distinct from g . platyops and g . rupicola ( holden 2013 ) . the relationship between g . angolensi s and g . microtis is not clear ( monadjem et al . 2015 ) .\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic status , extent of occurrence , natural history , threats and conservation status .\nthis little - known species has been recorded from seven localities in the escarpment zone of central and northern angola and from western zambia . it has been found from 1 , 000 to 2 , 000 m asl .\nthis species is generally associated with woodland savanna , with collecting sites in angola in or near wetter miombo woodland and sites in zambia in zambezian dry evergreen forest ( holden 2013 ) . it has also been captured in human dwellings ( holden 2013 ) . there is little additional information available on the species ' natural history .\nthe threats to this species are not known and it is possible that there are no major threats to this species within its known range . in angola there has been an increase in agriculture and deforestation of miombo ( schneibel et al . 2016 ; cabral et al . 2010 ) and savanization of the landscape ( cabral et al . 2010 ) . bodart et al . ( 2013 ) note forest loss in zambezian region has been high , with large areas of loss in angola and zambia due to agriculture expansion and fuel wood extraction . forests of kabompo district remain relatively intact , they are under increasing pressure ( chomba et al . 2012 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is widely distributed in much of east africa and southern africa . it ranges from ethiopia , through much of east africa ( and marginally in western central africa ) to south africa ( reaching as far west as the western cape ) and lesotho .\ndensities have been estimated at about 10 animals per hectare , especially in riverine forest ( where they can be the dominant small mammal ) ( r . baxter pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is found in woodland , savanna , grassland and rocky areas ( skinner and chimimba 2005 ) . in parts of its range it is foun in either afromontane forest or riverine forest dominated by combretum . the can persist in secondary habitats , and are sometimes found in various types of buildings .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t9487a115093727 .\nwoodland dormice occur throughout ethiopian region . they are widely distributed throughout africa , from the southern edge of the sahara desert to cape province , south africa .\nwoodland dormice are generalists and can be found in a broad range of habitats . although they commonly nest in acacia trees , their nests can also be found in tree hollows , rock crevices , on tree branches , in shrubs and even in abandoned bird nests and bee hives .\n( fitzherbert , et al . , 2006 ; skinner and chimimba , 2005 ; webb and skinner , 1994 )\nlimited information is available on the mating system of woodland dormice . at the onset of breeding season , however , males are very territorial and aggressive towards one another , suggesting polygyny . once they emerge from their hibernacula , many species of dormice call out to alert potential mates of their presence . once mated , males are likely to leave prior mates to search for additional estrous females .\nalthough most breeding occurs during the summer ( october through february ) , woodland dormice commonly breed throughout the year ( i . e . , seasonal polyestry ) . females have 1 to 2 litters per year . gestation is thought to last for approximately 24 days , resulting in 3 to 4 altricial pups per litter ; however , as many as 6 pups per litter may be possible . pups weigh approximately 3 . 5 g at birth , and they are not reproductively mature until the summer after their first hibernation .\nlittle information is available on the parental investments of woodland dormice . however , newborns are altricial and independence from the mother most likely occurs between 4 and 6 weeks of age . mothers provide protection , grooming , and nourishment ( e . g . , nursing ) until pups reach independence . pups are cared for in nests lined with moss , which are often found in tree hollows , rock crevices , on tree branches , in shrubs and even in abandoned bird nests and bee hives . detailed information on paternal investment has not been reported .\nwoodland dormice live for approximately 5 . 5 years in the wild and may live 5 to 6 years in captivity .\nwoodland dormice are nocturnal and highly arboreal . they forage alone at night , mostly for insects and vegetation . in the fall , woodland dormice increase fat reserves by eating nuts and seeds prior to hibernating . during winter ( may to august ) , when temperatures drop considerably , woodland dormice hibernate . during hibernation , they experience significant decreases in body temperature and mass . their thermal neutral zone is between 29 and 35 \u00b0c , and they begin hibernating at an ambient temperature of about 15 \u00b0c . in the summer , woodland dormice may enter torpor during periods of decreased food abundance or when low or erratic temperatures occur . woodland dormice are unique within their genus (\n) , as they are the only african dormouse species to hibernate during the winter .\nduring periods of inactivity , african dormice spend time in their nests , which are typically made of plant material and found in tree cavities , shrubs , and rock crevices . to prevent heat loss , they curl themselves into a ball and wrap their tails around their bodies . males , females , and juveniles may occupy an individual nest , and as many as 11 adults , consisting of both genders , have been found to occupy a single nest . african dormice use nests year round ; however , nest type changes in relation to season . during the winter , they use nests that are better insulated and closer to the ground , than those used during the summer .\n( grizmek , 2004 ; haberl , 1999 ; madikiza , et al . , 2010 ; skinner and chimimba , 2005 ; webb and skinner , 1994 )\nmales are territorial during the breeding season and establish a social hierarchy once they emerge from hibernation . males scent mark and make warning vocalizations to demarcate and defend nesting territories , respectively . although females scent mark territorial boundaries , they do not make warning vocalizations to ward off members of opposing groups .\n) , has an average home - range size of 13 . 9 ha for males and 8 . 5 ha for females . generally , there are about 10 woodland dormice per ha .\nwoodland dormice make a variety of vocalizations including mating calls , territorial calls , alarm squeaks , and twittering sounds , for which the meaning is unknown . in addition , woodland dormice are likely to use visual , haptic ( e . g . , sense of touch ) , and olfactory cues to communicate with one another . scent marking is likely used to establish territories and find mates , whereas vocalizations are probably used to find and defend mates , and defend territories .\nwoodland dormice are omnivores , with dietary composition changing in relation to season . during spring , they eat primarily buds and insects , but occasionally eat small rodents and the eggs and young of small birds . in summer and fall , they eat fruit , seeds , and nuts to increase fat reserves for hibernation , and when food abundance is low , they may also eat bark and twigs .\n( grizmek , 2004 ; nowakowski , et al . , 2006 ; webb and skinner , 1994 ; wirminghaus and perrin , 1992 )\n) in east africa . because they are both arboreal and nocturnal , woodland dormice have few predators .\nwoodland dormice may play a role in the population dynamics of arthropods , which constitutes a significant proportion of their diet . because they forage on various types of fruits and nuts , they may also be important seed dispersers . finally , they are an important prey species for owls .\nafrican dormice have no documented economic effect on humans . however , due to their high fat content , they are a preferred source of protein in some cultures . human consumption of dormice is a well documented global phenomenon .\nwoodland dormice are sometimes thought of as nuisances , as they occasionally make their nests in old furniture , roofs , electrical switch boxes , water pumps , and transformers . they can cause agricultural damage by raiding poultry farms and foraging on crops .\nwoodland dormice are potential vectors for bubonic plague and monkeypox . a 2007 study in northern tanzania found woodland dormice that were positive for\nwoodland dormice exhibit stable population trends and currently , there are no major threats to this species . the iucn lists woodland dormice as a species of\nleast concern\n.\njeanna lodel ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , stefanie stainton ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , christopher yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , john berini ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n2010 .\ninternational union for conservation of nature and natural resources ( iucn )\n( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species ( on - line ) . accessed july 27 , 2010 at urltoken .\nfitzherbert , e . , t . gardner , t . caro , p . jenkins . 2006 . habitat preferences of small mammals in the katavi ecosystem of western tanzania .\nmakundi , r . 2008 . potential mammalian reservoirs in a bubonic plague outbreak focus in mbulu district , northern tanzania , in 2007 .\nrodel , h . , w . scholze , d . kock . 2002 . diet of mackinder ' s eagle owl bubo capensis mackinderi in the alpine zone of mount kenya .\nwebb , p . , j . skinner . 1994 . the dormice ( myoxidae ) of southern africa .\nwirminghaus , c . , m . perrin . 1993 . seasonal changes in density , demography , and body composition of small mammals in a southern temperate forest .\nwirminghaus , j . , m . perrin . 1992 . diets of small mammals in a southern african temperate forest .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nnational institutes of health , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases , comparative medicine branch . bethesda , maryland\nreceived 2009 aug 17 ; revised 2009 oct 2 ; accepted 2009 oct 12 .\n) to be used for research on orthopoxviruses . here we describe the housing and breeding of\nat our institution and discuss health and welfare concerns of this unique species . although our emphasis was on adapting our experience with\nspp . to this novel species rather than preference testing for optimization , we have produced a viable colony that is capable of reproduction . in addition , we conducted a study identifying a selection of highly palatable , high - protein foods with which to supplement the dormice ' s standard diet .\ndormice used for breeding were initially established as permanent pairs or trios of 2 female and 1 male animals . dormice were mated by using animals that were at least 4 mo old without a history of aggression or obesity . offspring were weaned at least 28 d after birth . weaned offspring were housed as littermates until they were sexed at 4 to 8 wk of age , at which point they were housed in unisex groups of 5 or fewer dormice per cage . litters of 1 or 2 dormice or small dormice were kept in the breeder cage until they were able to be sexed .\nisoflurane anesthesia was administered at 3 % in an induction chamber . dormice were transferred to a nose cone for anesthesia maintenance ( 1 . 5 % to 2 . 5 % isoflurane ) once they had begun to close their eyes and lose the toe - pinch reflex .\nall blood collections were performed in isoflurane - anesthetized dormice . mandibular blood collection was performed by using a 23 - gauge needle to pierce the skin approximately 0 . 5 to 1 cm ventral from the ear base . additional collection attempts were made when blood was not obtained or the site clotted .\n) . food was aliquoted at 2 g protein per dormouse per cage , placed on culture dishes , distributed to experimental animals in the late afternoon , and weighed after the completion of a single light : dark cycle . food remained in the cage for less than 16 h . this process was repeated 4 times with a maximum of 3 trials per week . cages contained 2 to 5 dormice with an even gender distribution . rodent diet pellets and water were available ad libitum . standard enrichment was suspended during the trials .\nto evaluate the suitability of each food option as means of protein enrichment , we adapted a published preference score system . 8 suitability was measured on a 5 - point scale ( 0 to 4 , least to most preferable ) determined by the percentage of an item that was consumed during the 16 - h feeding period . results were analyzed by using a 2 - tailed t test and a general linear model ( sas version 9 . 1 , sas institute , cary , nc ) . once a clear preference was evident , the top 5 items were retested in a series of comparison trials during which the dormice were presented with 2 food options per cage . the 10 pairings were offered to 6 cages each for a feeding period of one light - cycle .\nthe average daily census was 400 dormice . the weight of mature dormice ranged from 15 to 42 g , with an average weight of 24 . 4 g . cyclical vaginal swellings occurred in group - housed females ( at least 3 dormice per cage ) that were at least 5 mo old (\nfighting occurred in all the breeder trios ( 2 female mice with 1 male ) , with the subsequent removal of 1 female mouse and establishment of a permanent pair . of the 70 mating pairs that were established , 44 pairs ( 63 % ) weaned at least one litter . the average litter size was 3 pups born and 2 pups weaned . sexing was performed by palpation of the os penis : if a penis was not palpable by 8 wk after birth , the dormouse was considered female . the female breeder was 16 to 19 mo old when her first litter was weaned and the male breeder was 8 to 11 mo of age . although dormice were included as part of the routine sentinel program , no murine pathogens have been detected .\nthe most palatable foods identified in the diet trial were wax worm larvae , cottage cheese , soy nuts , and chicken . of the 11 food options offered , wax worm larvae proved significantly (\n) . all food options with a score of 3 or 4 were consumed in entirety within 48 h , unlike hard - boiled eggs , tofu , parmesan cheese , sunflower seeds , pistachio nuts , peanut butter , and black walnuts . direct comparison trials demonstrated that \u2018unsuitable\u2019 food items ( score , 0 to 2 ) were less palatable than items with a score of 3 or 4 (\n< 0 . 005 ) more palatable than canned chicken , soy beans , and tofu . both fat and fiber were significant (\n< 0 . 0001 ) predictors of consumption . lowfat foods ( less than 0 . 2 g fat / g ) were highly preferable . as fat content increased , there was a significant (\n< 0 . 0001 ) decline in preference . however , high - fat foods ( 0 . 5 to 0 . 7 g fat / g ) gained preference when accompanied by an increase in fiber content .\ncomparison trials between food options . dark bar , consumption of first item listed ; light bar , consumption of second item listed .\nof a total colony of 700 dormice , 122 ( fewer than 20 % of the colony ) dormice presented with clinical problems over a period of nearly 2 y , 77 ( 63 % ) of the cases were traumatic injuries in group - housed animals . the remaining 46 dormice displayed either lethargy or dehydration . dehydrated dormice tended to be younger than 3 mo ( 43 % ) , and no sex predilection was noted . treatment for dehydration consisted of twice - daily administration of subcutaneous warm lactated ringers solution ( 1 ml / 10 g ) and feed supplementation on the cage floor ; 37 of the 46 dormice responded to the treatment . the nonresponsive animals were euthanized for failure to respond to the initial treatment or for a relapse after successfully responding to treatments given for the first 24 to 48 h .\nwe would like to thank dr gerald shea for statistical analysis and the staff of the comparative medicine branch for their care of the animals . this research was supported by the intramural research program of the nih , national institute for allergy and infectious diseases .\nafrican rodents and other animals that may carry the monkeypox virus . 2003 . 42 cfr \u00a771 . 56 .\nhutson cl , lee kn , abel j , carroll ds , montgomery jm , olson va , li y , davidson w , hughes c , dillon m , spurlock p , kazmierczak jj , austin c , miser l , sorhage fe , howell j , davis jp , reynolds mg , braden z , karem kl , damon ik , regnery rl . 2007 .\nnunome m , yasuda sp , sato jj , vogel p , suzuki h . 2007 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its extent of occurrence , natural history , threats and conservation status . whilst it appears to have a wide distribution , more research is required to confirm this .\nit is generally associated with lowland tropical moist forest , but may also enter cultivated areas and buildings , as reported by rosevear ( 1969 ) who summarises the little information available on this species .\nthe threats to this species are not well known . it is possibly threatened by ongoing deforestation within its range , however , it has seemingly been recorded from modified habitats such as agricultural land . in benin ( where the species is not recorded from the wild ) , this species has reportedly been found on sale in markets for medicinal purposes , but this requires confirmation .\nrecorded at least from mount nimba forest reserve in c\u00f4te d ' ivoire and okajakrom forest reserve in ghana . further field surveys are needed to better determine the distribution , natural history and possible threats to this little known species .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t9481a115093196 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org ."]}
{"id": 806, "summary": [{"text": "madrepora oculata , also called zigzag coral , is a scleractinia ( stony coral ) that is found worldwide outside of the polar regions , growing in deep water at depths of 80 \u2013 1500 meters .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it was first described by linnaeus in 1758 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is one of only 12 species of coral that are found worldwide , including in subantarctic oceans .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in some areas , such as in the mediterranean sea and the north-east atlantic ocean , it dominates communities of coral . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "madrepora oculata", "paragraphs": ["? madrepora vitiae squires and keyes , 1967 , p . 22 , pi . 1 , figs . 4 - 8 .\namphihelia oculata ; milne edwards and haime , 1857 , p . 119 . \u2014von marenzeller , 1904a , p . 308 , pi . 14 , figs . 1 , lb .\ndistribution . according to zibrowius ( 1974a , p . 776 ) , distribution of m . oculata worldwide outside of polar seas . three of above - mentioned records extend the southernmost distribution of m . oculata to subantarctic waters : hjort seamount , a seamount in the subantarctic south pacific , and a seamount in the drake passage ( map 2 ) . worldwide depth range : 80 - 1500 m ; subantarctic records : 549 - 833 m .\ncairns , 1982 p . 15 , plate 3 , figs . 4 - 6 .\n( of madrepora kauaiensis vaughan , 1907 ) cairns , s . d . , 1984 . new records of ahermatypic corals ( scleractinia ) from the hawaiian and line islands . occasional papers of the bishop musem , 25 ( 10 ) : 1 - 30 . [ details ]\n( of madrepora kauaiensis vaughan , 1907 ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmadrepora oculata linnaeus , 1758 , p . 798 . \u2014von marenzeller , 1904b , p . 79 . \u2014eguchi , 1968 , p . c - 29 , pi . c - 8 , figs . 1 - 9 . \u2014zibrowius , 1974a , pp . 762 - 766 , pi . 2 , figs . 2 - 5 ; 1980 , pp . 36 - 40 , pi . 13 , figs . a - p . \u2014cairns , 1979 , pp . 39 - 42 , pi . 3 , fig . 2 , pi . 4 , fig . 5 , pi . 5 , figs . 1 - 3 .\n( of madrepora kauaiensis vaughan , 1907 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora alcocki faustino , 1927 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntypes . the types of m . oculata are lost . typelocality : off sicily and tyrrhenian sea , mediterranean . syntypes of l . candida are deposited at the british museum ( 1880 . 11 . 25 . 95 ) . type - locality : off sombrero island , lesser antilles ; 823 m . the holotype of m . vitiae is deposited at the new zealand oceanographic institute ( 17 ) . typelocality : off cape farewell , new zealand ; 230 - 251 m .\n( of madrepora candida ( moseley , 1881 ) ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora vitiae squires & keyes , 1967 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of madrepora venusta milne edwards & haime , 1850 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\ncairns , s . d . , hoeksema , b . w . , and j . van der land , 2001 . scleractinia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 109 - 110 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1984 . new records of ahermatypic corals ( scleractinia ) from the hawaiian and line islands . occasional papers of the bishop musem , 25 ( 10 ) : 1 - 30 . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , and keller , n . b . , 1993 . new taxa and distributional records of azooxanthellate scleractinia from the tropical south - west indian ocean , with comments on their zoogeography and ecology . ann . s . afr . mus . 103 ( 5 ) : 213 - 292 , 13 pls . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333\u2013347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1998 . azooxanthellate scleractinia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) of western australia . rec . of west . austr . mus . 18 ( 4 ) : 361 - 417 , 9 pls . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ncairns , s . d . , 2004 . azooxanthellate scleractinia of australia . rec . australian mus . , 56 ( 3 ) : 259 - 329 , 12 pls . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ( 1999 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : deep - water azooxanthellate scleractinia from vanuatu , and wallis and futuna islands . in : crosnier , a . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 20 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 180 : 31 - 167 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1995 . the marine fauna of new zealand : scleractinia ( cnidaria : anthozoa ) . n . z . oceanographic mem , 103 : 210 pp . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1991 . a revision of the ahermatypic scleractinia of the gal\u00e1pagos and cocos islands . smith . cont . zool . 504 : 32 pp . , 12 pls . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ; zibrowius , h . ( 1997 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : azooxanthellate scleractinia from the philippine and indonesian regions . in : crosnier , a . et al . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 16 . campagne franco - indon\u00e9sienne karubar . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 172 : 27 - 244 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzibrowius , h . ( 1980 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et de l ' atlantique nord - oriental . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique , monaco , 11 . mus\u00e9e oc\u00e9anographique de monaco : monaco . 3 volumes , including bibliography and taxonomic index pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1982 . antarctic and subantarctic scleractinia . antarctic research series 34 : 1 - 74 . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1979 . the deep - water scleractinia of the caribbean and adjacent waters . stud . fauna curacao , 57 ( 180 ) : 341 pp . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 1994 . scleractinia of the temperate north pacific . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 557 : 150 pp . , 42 plates , 3 figs . [ details ]\nroberts , j . m . , a . wheeler , a . freiwald , and s . d . cairns , 2009 . cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . 334 pp . [ details ]\n( of cyathohelia formosa alcock , 1898 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyathohelia formosa alcock , 1898 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lophohelia investigatoris alcock , 1898 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lophohelia tenuis moseley , 1881 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\namphihelia ramea ; duncan , 1873 , p . 326 , pi . 44 , figs . 1 - 3 , pi . 45 , figs . 4 - 6 , pi . 46 , figs . 1 - 19 .\nlophohelia candida moseley , 1881 , pp . 179 , 180 , pi . 9 , figs . 6 - 13 .\ndescription . colony bushy or flabellate , formed by extratentacular budding . end branches having sympodial arrangement of corallites , measuring between 2 . 3 and 4 . 0 mm in diameter ; diameter of attached base up to 2 cm . calices round , 2 . 4 - 3 . 8 mm in diameter , exsert on end branches , recessed or flush with coenosteum toward base . coenosteum smooth , extremely finely granulated ; costae and coenosteal striae rare . septa hexamerally arranged in three cycles . sl equal to or larger than s2 ; s3 much smaller , sometimes rudimentary . inner edges of septa straight , sometimes thickened near columella . septal faces covered by granules , sometimes twice as high as septal thickness . fossa variable in depth , usually dependent on age of corallite , older corallites having shallower fossae . columella variable , usually papillose , sometimes absent .\nmaterial . eltanin sta . 254 , usnm 47500 ; sta . 1346 , usnm 47499 ; sta . 1403 , usnm . 47501 ; sta . 1416 , usnm 47665 ; sta . 1422 , usnm 47497 ; sta . 1814 , usnm 47502 ; sta . 1816 , usnm 47498 ; sta . 1818 , usnm 47504 . nzoi sta . c - 642 , usnm 47514 ; sta . d - 6 , usnm 47503 . specimens listed by cairns ( 1979 ) , usnm ; topotypic specimens of m . vitiae from nzoi sta . b - 314 , type lot , usnm 47515 . syntypes of l . candida .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nlinnaeus , 1758 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 135209 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\ncairns , s . d . , hoeksema , b . w . , and j . van der land , 2001 . scleractinia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 109 - 110 ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ( 1999 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : deep - water azooxanthellate scleractinia from vanuatu , and wallis and futuna islands . in : crosnier , a . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 20 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 180 : 31 - 167 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ] available for editors\ncairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors\ncairns , s . d . ; zibrowius , h . ( 1997 ) . cnidaria anthozoa : azooxanthellate scleractinia from the philippine and indonesian regions . in : crosnier , a . et al . ( ed . ) r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom 16 . campagne franco - indon\u00e9sienne karubar . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . s\u00e9rie a , zoologie . 172 : 27 - 244 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nzibrowius , h . ( 1980 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et de l ' atlantique nord - oriental . m\u00e9moires de l ' institut oc\u00e9anographique , monaco , 11 . mus\u00e9e oc\u00e9anographique de monaco : monaco . 3 volumes , including bibliography and taxonomic index pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nnagornov , konstantin o . ; kozhinov , anton n . ; tsybin , yury o .\nms ) at the cyclotron frequency instead of the reduced cyclotron frequency has been experimentally demonstrated using narrow aperture detection electrode ( nadel ) icr cells . here , based on the results of simion simulations , we provide the initial mechanistic insights into the cyclotron frequency regime generation in\npotential as realized in nadel icr cells . during ion detection , ions of the same m / z move in phase for cyclotron ion motion but out of phase for magnetron ( drift ) ion motion destroying signals at the fundamental and high order harmonics that comprise reduced cyclotron frequency components . after an initial magnetron motion period , ion clouds distribute into a novel type of structures - ion slabs , elliptical cylinders , or star - like structures . these structures rotate at the larmor ( half - cyclotron ) frequency on a plane orthogonal to the magnetic field , inducing signals at the true cyclotron frequency on each of the narrow aperture detection electrodes . to eliminate the reduced cyclotron frequency peak upon dipolar ion detection , a number of slabs or elliptical cylinders organizing a star - like configuration are formed . in a nadel icr cell with quadrupolar ion detection , a single slab or an elliptical cylinder is sufficient to minimize the intensity of the reduced cyclotron frequency components , particularly the second harmonic . [ figure not available : see fulltext .\nlaboratory simulations have been carried out to model chemical reactions that possibly take place in the stratosphere of saturn ' s moon , titan . the aerosol products of these reactions ( tholin samples ) have been systematically analyzed by mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization ( esi ) and laser desorption ( ld ) . a wide variety of ions with a general formula c ( x ) h ( y ) n ( z ) detected by ultrahigh resolution and accurate mass measurements in a fourier transform / ion cyclotron resonance (\n) cell reflect the complexity of these polymeric products , both in chemical compositions and isomeric distributions . as a common feature , however , tandem mass spectral ( ms / ms ) data and h / d exchange products in the solution phase support the presence of amino and nitrile functionalities in these ( highly unsaturated )\ntholin\ncompounds . the present work demonstrates that esi - ms coupled with\nis a suitable and\nintact\nmethod to analyze tholin components formed under anaerobic conditions ; only species with c ( x ) h ( y ) n ( z ) are detected for freshly prepared and harvested samples . however , when intentionally exposed to water , oxygen - containing compounds are unambiguously detected .\nmass spectrometry on short - lived radionuclides . owed to the ability of revealing all nucleonic interactions , mass measurements far off the line of { beta } - stability are expected to bring new insight to the current knowledge of nuclear properties and serve to test the predictive power of mass models and formulas . in nuclear astrophysics , atomic masses are fundamental parameters for the understanding of the synthesis of nuclei in the stellar environments . this thesis presents ten mass values of radionuclides around a = 90 interspersed in the predicted rp - process pathway . six of them have been experimentally determined for the first time . the measurements have been carried out at the\nmass spectrometer shiptrap using the destructive time - of - flight ion - cyclotron - resonance ( tof - icr ) detection technique . given the limited performance of the tof - icr detection when trying to investigate heavy / superheavy species with small production cross sections ( { sigma } < 1 { mu } b ) , a new detection system is found to be necessary . thus , the second part of this thesis deals with the commissioning of a cryogenic double -\nion will provide the required information to determine its mass . first off - line tests of a new detector system based on a channeltron with an attached conversion dynode , of a cryogenic pumping barrier , to guarantee ultra - high vacuum conditions during mass determination , and of the detection electronics for the required single - ion sensitivity are reported . ( orig . )\nare derived as eigenstates of the appropriate annihilation operators . they are compared with those obtained through the displacement operator method .\ncoherent states are derived as eigenstates of the appropriate annihilation operators . these states are compared with those obtained through the displacement operator . the associated wavefunctions and mean values for some relevant operators in these states are also evaluated . it turns out that the\nbecause of the increasing importance of heavy and unconventional crude oil as an energy source , there is a growing need for petroleomics : the pursuit of more complete and detailed knowledge of the chemical compositions of crude oil . crude oil has an extremely complex nature ; hence , techniques with ultra - high resolving capabilities , such as fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (\nms has been successfully applied to the study of heavy and unconventional crude oils such as bitumen and shale oil . however , the analysis of crude oil with\nms is not trivial , and it has pushed analysis to the limits of instrumental and methodological capabilities . for example , high - resolution mass spectra of crude oils may contain over 100 , 000 peaks that require interpretation . to visualize large data sets more effectively , data processing methods such as kendrick mass defect analysis and statistical analyses have been developed . the successful application of\nms instrumentation and data processing methods . this review offers an introduction to the basic principles ,\nms instrumentation development , ionization techniques , and data interpretation methods for petroleomics and is intended for readers having no prior experience in this field of study . \u00e2\u00a9 2014 wiley periodicals , inc .\nand related experimental techniques . it serves both as a primer for those entering the field , and as a quick reference for those working in it . the book is motivated by the observation that often a vast number of different resources have to be explored to gain a good overview of\nprinciples . this is especially true for students who experience additional difficulty due to the different styles of presentation and notation . this volume provides a broad introductory overview in unified notation .\nplasma , including the effect of the finite length and end curvature of the plasma column . a new cylindrical pic code , called kandinsky , has been implemented by using a new interpolation scheme . the principal idea is to calculate the volume of each cell from a particle volume , in the same manner as it is done for the cell charge . with this new method , the density is conserved along streamlines and artificial sources of compressibility are avoided . the code has been validated with a reference eulerian fluid code . we compare the dynamics of three different models : a model with compression effects , the standard euler model and a geophysical fluid dynamics model . the results of our investigation prove that\nringle , r . ; bollen , g . ; schury , p . ; sun , t . [ national superconducting cyclotron laboratory , east lansing , mi ( united states ) ; michigan state university , department of physics and astronomy , east lansing , mi ( united states ) ; lawton , d . ; schwarz , s . [ national superconducting cyclotron laboratory , east lansing , mi ( united states )\nmass measurements of rare isotopes , delivered by the coupled cyclotron facility ( ccf ) of the nscl . the lebit\nsystem has been optimized for high - accuracy mass measurements of very short - lived isotopes . ( orig . )\nmass spectrometer shiptrap at gsi darmstadt allows accurate mass measurements of radionuclides , produced in fusion - evaporation reactions and separated by the velocity filter ship from the primary beam . recently , the masses of the three nobelium isotopes 252 - 254 no were determined . these are the first direct mass measurements of transuranium elements , which provide new anchor points in this region . the heavy nuclides were produced in cold - fusion reactions by irradiating a pbs target with a 48 ca beam , resulting in production rates of the nuclei of interest of about one atom per second . in combination with data from decay spectroscopy our results are used to perform a new atomic - mass evaluation in this region .\nat 4 k , open the way toward the production and study of cold antihydrogen . we have begun experimentally investigating the possibility to recombine cold positrons and antiprotons within nested\nelectrons . electrons , protons and ions are counted by ejecting them to a cold channel plate and by nondestructive radiofrequency techniques . the effect of the space charge of one\nthe synthetic cannabinoids ( scs ) represent the most recent advent of the new psychotropic substances ( nps ) and has become popularly known to mitigate the effects of the \u00ee\u0094 ( 9 ) - thc . the scs are dissolved in organic solvents and sprayed in a dry herbal blend . however , little information is reported on active ingredients of scs as well as the excipients or diluents added to the herbal blend . in this work , the direct infusion electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry technique ( esi -\nms ) was applied to explore the chemical composition of nine samples of herbal extract blends , where a total of 11 scs ( ur - 144 , jwh - 073 , xlr - 11 , jwh - 250 , jwh - 122 , am - 2201 , akb48 , jwh - 210 , jwh - 081 , mam - 2201 and 5f - akb48 ) were identified in the positive ionization mode , esi ( + ) , and other 44 chemical species ( saturated and unsaturated fatty acids , sugars , flavonoids , etc . ) were detected in the negative ionization mode , esi ( - ) . additionally , cid experiments were performed , and fragmentation pathways were proposed to identify the connectivity of scs . thus , the direct infusion esi -\nms technique is a powerful tool in forensic chemistry that enables the rapid and unequivocal way for the determination of molecular formula , the degree of unsaturation ( dbe - double bond equivalent ) and exact mass ( < 1ppm ) of a total of 55 chemical species without the prior separation step . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2016 elsevier ireland ltd . all rights reserved .\ndissolved organic nitrogen is an often overlooked but potentially significant bioavailable component of dissolved organic matter . studies of bulk don turnover have been reported , but the compositions of the reactive and refractory components of don are largely unknown . here we show the unique ability of atmospheric pressure photoionization ( appi ) coupled to ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry to identify the reactive and refractory components of don . figure 1 is an isolated 0 . 30 m / z window from an ultrahigh resolution appi\nmass spectrum of don in surface waters draining an agricultural area in south florida . using this optimized , negative - ion appi strategy we have been able to identify the reactive and refractory components of don in these nitrogen - rich waters . similar results were observed with samples from soil porewaters in sedge - dominated fens and sphagnum - dominated bogs within the glacial lake agassiz peatlands ( glap ) of northern minnesota . surprisingly , microbes appear to initially use similar enzymatic pathways to degrade don and doc , often with little release of nitrogen . figure 1 . isolated 0 . 30 m / z window at nominal mass 432 from negative - ion appi\nmass spectrum of dom from waters draining an agricultural area in south florida . peaks marked contain nitrogen .\nporobi\u00e4\u0087 , t . ; beck , m . ; breitenfeldt , m . ; couratin , c . ; finlay , p . ; knecht , a . ; fabian , x . ; friedag , p . ; fl\u00e3\u00a9chard , x . ; li\u00e3\u00a9nard , e . ; ban , g . ; z\u00e3\u00a1kouck\u00e3\u00bd , d . ; soti , g . ; van gorp , s . ; weinheimer , ch . ; wursten , e . ; severijns , n .\nof the witch retardation spectrometer - based setup at isolde / cern were performed . experimental ion cyclotron resonances were compared with ab initio coulomb simulations and found to be in agreement . as an important systematic effect of the witch experiment , the magnetron eigenfrequency of the ion cloud was studied under increasing space - charge conditions . finally , the helium buffer gas pressure in the\nms ) allows data - independent fragmentation of all ions in a sample and correlation of fragment ions to their precursors through the modulation of precursor ion cyclotron radii prior to fragmentation . previous results show that implementation of 2d\nms with infrared multi - photon dissociation ( irmpd ) and electron capture dissociation ( ecd ) has turned this method into a useful analytical tool . in this work , irmpd tandem mass spectrometry of calmodulin ( cam ) has been performed both in one - dimensional and two - dimensional\nms is used to achieve extensive inter - residue bond cleavage and assignment for cam , using its unique features for fragment identification in a less time - and sample - consuming experiment than doing the same thing using sequential ms / ms experiments . graphical abstract \u00e1 \u009f .\n. the demonstrated interaction of electrons and protons at very low relative velocities , where recombination is predicted to be most rapid , indicates that this may be a route towards the study of low temperature recombination . the production of cold antihydrogen is of particular interest , and electron cooling of highly stripped ions may also be possible . copyright 1996 the american physical society\nfacility designed to combine several novel technologies to decelerate , charge breed , cool , bunch and purify the reaction products and perform high - accuracy nuclear and atomic mass measurements . it is now in the commissioning phase , achieving a mass - resolving power of about 10 5 in the purification\nszerypo , j . ; kolhinen , v . s . ; gartzke , e . ; habs , d . ; neumayr , j . ; schuermann , c . ; sewtz , m . ; thirolf , p . g . [ university of munich ( lmu ) and maier - leibnitz - laboratory ( mll ) , faculty of physics , garching ( germany ) ; bussmann , m . ; schramm , u . [ university of munich ( lmu ) and maier - leibnitz - laboratory ( mll ) , faculty of physics , garching ( germany ) ; forschungszentrum dresden - rossendorf , dresden ( germany )\nfacility designed to combine several novel technologies to decelerate , charge breed , cool , bunch and purify the reaction products and perform high - accuracy nuclear and atomic mass measurements . it is now in the commissioning phase , achieving a mass - resolving power of about 10 { sup 5 } in the purification\nporobic , t . ; beck , m . ; breitenfeldt , m . ; couratin , c . ; finlay , p . ; knecht , a . ; fabian , x . ; friedag , p . ; flechard , x . ; lienard , e . ; ban , g . ; z\u00e3\u00a1kouck\u00e3\u00bd , dalibor ; soti , g . ; van gorp , s . ; weinheimer , c . ; wursten , e . ; severijns , n .\n* buffer gas cooling * ion cyclotron resonance subject riv : bg - nuclear , atomic and molecular physics , colliders impact factor : 1 . 200 , year : 2015\n) that will focus on measurements with long - lived radioactive isotopes . chip -\nin a 12 t magnetic field . ions will be produced by external ion sources , including a laser ablation source , and transported to the capture\nat low energies enabling ions of a given m / q ratio to be selected via their time - of - flight . in the capture\nhas been installed and successfully commissioned at the maier - leibnitz laboratory in garching . this\nsystem has been designed to isobarically purify low energy ion beams and perform highly accurate mass measurements . an electrostatic quadrupole deflector has been designed and installed at the injection line of the\nsystem enabling a simultaneous use of an online ion beam with reference ions from an offline ion source . alternatively two offline sources can be used concurrently e . g . an { alpha } recoil sources providing heavy radioactive species ( e . g { sup 240 } u ) together with reference mass ions ( which in the future will be e . g . a carbon cluster ion source ) . the bender has been designed for beam energies up to 1 kev with q / a ratios 1 / 1 - 1 / 250 . this presentation shows the technical design and the operating parameters of the quadrupole beam bender and its implementation at the mlltrap system .\n) mass spectrometry analysis of eight snow samples from moscow city allowed us to identify more than 2000 various elemental compositions corresponding to regional air pollutants . the hierarchical cluster analysis ( hca ) of the data showed good concordance of three main groups of samples with the main wind directions . the north - west group ( a1 ) is represented by several homologous chos series of aliphatic organic aerosols . they may form as a result of enhanced photochemical reactions including oxidation of hydrocarbons with sulfonations due to higher amount of so2 emissions in the atmosphere in this region . group a2 , corresponding to the south - east part of moscow , contains large amount of oxidized hydrocarbons of different sources that may form during oxidation in atmosphere . these hydrocarbons appear correlated to emissions from traffic , neighboring oil refinery , and power plants . another family of compounds specific for this region involves chno substances formed during oxidation processes including nox and no3 radical since emissions of nox are higher in this part of the city . group a3 is rich in cho type of compounds with high h / c and low o / c ratios , which is characteristic of oxidized hydrocarbon - like organic aerosol . chno types of compounds in a3 group are probably nitro derivatives of condensed hydrocarbons such as pah . this non - targeted profiling revealed site specific distribution of pollutants and gives a chance to develop new strategies in air quality control and further studies of moscow environment . copyright \u00e2\u00a9 2016 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .\njarvis , jacqueline m . ; billing , justin m . ; corilo , yuri e . ; schmidt , andrew j . ; hallen , richard t . ; schaub , tanner m .\nms ) is utilized for direct comparison of the chemical composition of biocrudes generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of 100 % pine , 100 % algae , 75 : 25 pine : algae , and 50 : 50 pine : algae feedstocks . this analysis reveals that the of the 72 : 25 and 50 : 50 pine : algal htl biocrudes is essentially a composite of the two parent feeds ( i . e . , pine and algae ) with a lower relative abundance of ox species and a higher relative abundance of nitrogen - containing species than the pine htl biocrude . alternatively , the biocrude blends have a lower relative abundance of nitrogen - containing species where n > 2 than the algal htl biocrude . the 75 : 25 pine : algal htl biocrude has more elemental formulae in common with the pine htl biocrude than the 50 : 50 blend ; however , both blends have more elemental formulae in common with the algal htl biocrude . interestingly , > 20 % of the elemental formulae assigned to monoisotopic peaks within the 75 : 25 and 50 : 50 biocrude blends are species not present in either the pine or algal htl biocrudes . the highest relative abundance of these new species belong to the n2o4 - 6 classes , which correspond to heteroatom classes with a moderate number of nitrogen atoms and higher number of oxygen atoms per molecules than the species within the pure algal htl biocrude . compositionally , the novel species have the same structural motif but are of higher dbe and carbon numbers than the species within the algal htl biocrude . these original species are most likely generated from reactions between molecules from both feeds , which results in compounds wotj higher oxygen content than typically seen in the algal htl biocrude but also higher nitrogen contents than observed in the pine htl biocrude .\nsmith , donald f . ; schulz , carl ; konijnenburg , marco ; kilic , mehmet ; heeren , ronald m .\n) mass spectrometry imaging enables the spatial mapping and identification of biomolecules from complex surfaces . the need for long time - domain transients , and thus large raw file sizes , results in a large amount of raw data ( \u00e2\u0080\u009cbig data\u00e2\u0080\u009d ) that must be processed efficiently and rapidly . this can be compounded by largearea imaging and / or high spatial resolution imaging . for\n, data processing and data reduction must not compromise the high mass resolution afforded by the mass spectrometer . the continuous mode \u00e2\u0080\u009cmosaic datacube\u00e2\u0080\u009d approach allows high mass resolution visualization ( 0 . 001 da ) of mass spectrometry imaging data , but requires additional processing as compared to featurebased processing . we describe the use of distributed computing for processing of\nms imaging datasets with generation of continuous mode mosaic datacubes for high mass resolution visualization . an eight - fold improvement in processing time is demonstrated using a dutch nationally available cloud service .\nfull text available highly - ionized atoms with special properties have been proposed for interesting applications , including potential candidates for a new generation of optical atomic clocks at the one part in 1019 level of precision , quantum information processing and tests of fundamental theory . the proposed atomic systems are largely unexplored . recent developments at nist are described , including the isolation of highly - ionized atoms at low energy in unitary\nfor the precise measurement of radiative decay lifetimes ( demonstrated with a forbidden transition in kr17 + , as well as for studying electron capture processes .\nitteera , janvin ; singh , kumud ; teotia , vikas ; ukarde , priti ; malhotra , sanjay ; taly , y . k . ; joshi , manoj ; rao , pushpa\n) facility is being developed at barc for spectroscopy studies . this requires the design of an iron core electromagnet capable of generating high magnetic fields ( \u00e2\u0088\u00bc1 . 7t ) at the centre of an 88 mm long air gap . this electromagnet provides the requisite dipole magnetic field which when superimposed on the electrostatic quadrupoles ensures a stable\nzone ) . various pole shoe profiles were studied and modelled , fem simulation of the same were conducted to compute the magnetic field intensity and field uniformity . owing to the large air gap and requirement of high field intensity in the gfr , the exciting coils need to handle high current densities , which require water cooled systems . double pan - cake coil design is selected for powering the magnet . electrical , thermal and hydraulic designs of the coils are completed and a prototype double pancake coil was fabricated and tested for verifying the electrical and thermal parameter . the spatial field homogeneity is achieved by shimming the pole tip . temporal stability of magnet requires a highly stable power supply for exciting the coils and its stability class is derived from fem simulations . this paper discusses the electromagnetic design and development of the\nms ) is unsurpassed in its ability to characterize complex mixtures at the level of elemental composition assignment . only\nmass spectrometry can routinely achieve the required minimum resolving power necessary to elucidate molecular - level characterization of crude oil . conversely , the spectral complexity of petroleum facilitates identification of systematic errors in the accumulation , transfer , excitation , and detection\nsystem has been installed and commissioned at the maier - leibnitz - laboratory ( mll ) in garching . this\nsystem has been designed to isobarically purify low - energy ion beams and perform highly accurate mass measurements . technical details of the device and the first results of the commissioning measurements will be presented . the mass resolving power achieved in the first\nfor 85 rb ions is r = 139 ( 2 ) x10 3 , while a relative mass uncertainty of \u00ee\u00b4m / m = 2 . 9x10 - 8 was reached with the second\n( no analysis of systematic uncertainties included ) when using 87 rb as a reference ion for 85 rb .\nkolhinen , v . s . [ fakultaet fuer physik , lmu muenchen and maier - leibnitz laboratory , am coulombwall 1 , 85748 garching ( germany ) ] , e - mail : veli . kolhinen @ physik . uni - muenchen . de ; bussmann , m . [ fakultaet fuer physik , lmu muenchen and maier - leibnitz laboratory , am coulombwall 1 , 85748 garching ( germany ) ; forschungszentrum dresden - rossendorf , 01314 dresden ( germany ) ; gartzke , e . ; habs , d . ; neumayr , j . b . ; schuermann , c . ; szerypo , j . ; thirolf , p . g . [ fakultaet fuer physik , lmu muenchen and maier - leibnitz laboratory , am coulombwall 1 , 85748 garching ( germany )\nfor { sup 85 } rb ions is r = 139 ( 2 ) x10 { sup 3 } , while a relative mass uncertainty of { delta } m / m = 2 . 9x10 { sup - 8 } was reached with the second\n( no analysis of systematic uncertainties included ) when using { sup 87 } rb as a reference ion for { sup 85 } rb .\nsystem used by base . the experiment receives antiprotons from cern ' s ad ; negative hydrogen ions are formed during injection into the apparatus . the set - up works with only a pair of particles at a time , while a cloud of a few hundred others are held in the reservoir\n, while the negative hydyrogen ion is in held by the downstream park electrode . when the antiproton has been measured , it is moved to the upstream park electrode and the hydrogen ion is brought in to the measurement\n. this is repeated thousands of times , enabling a high - precision comparison of the charge - to - mass ratios of the two particles .\nthere is an increasing interest in the comprehensive study of heavy fuel oil ( hfo ) due to its growing use in furnaces , boilers , marines , and recently in gas turbines . in this work , the thermal combustion characteristics and chemical composition of hfo were investigated using a range of techniques . thermogravimetric analysis ( tga ) was conducted to study the nonisothermal hfo combustion behavior . chemical characterization of hfo was accomplished using various standard methods in addition to direct infusion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry ( apci - fticr ms ) , high resolution 1h nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) , 13c nmr , and two - dimensional heteronuclear multiple bond correlation ( hmbc ) spectroscopy . by analyzing thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry ( tg / dtg ) results , three different reaction regions were identified in the combustion of hfo with air , specifically , low temperature oxidation region ( lto ) , fuel deposition ( fd ) , and high temperature oxidation ( hto ) region . at the high end of the lto region , a mass transfer resistance ( skin effect ) was evident . kinetic analysis in lto and hto regions was conducted using two different kinetic models to calculate the apparent activation energy . in both models , hto activation energies are higher than those for lto . the\nms technique resolved thousands of aromatic and sulfur containing compounds in the hfo sample and provided compositional details for individual molecules of three major class species . the major classes of compounds included species with one sulfur atom ( s1 ) , with two sulfur atoms ( s2 ) , and purely hydrocarbons ( hc ) . the dbe ( double bond equivalent ) abundance plots established for s1 and hc provided additional information on their distributions in the hfo sample . the 1h nmr and 13c nmr results revealed that nearly 59 % of the 1h nuclei were distributed as paraffinic ch2 and 5 % were in aromatic groups . nearly 21 % of 13c nuclei were\nas a high purity source of low - charge - state ions is studied . for the configuration considered , a relatively dense ion plasma is confined by a three - dimensional electric potential well . the three - dimensional well is produced by the electric field generated by both the\nelectron plasma . the ion and electron plasmas are each considered to have maxwellian velocity distributions . however , it is shown that the electron plasma must have a temperature that is higher than that of the ion plasma when the ions have low charge states . the work reported includes a self - consistent prediction of a possible plasma equilibrium\n- ms ) , equipped with an esi source and a 7 t supra - conducting magnet ( ltq - ft ultra , thermofisher scientific ) . this technique is the key technique for complex natural systems attributed by their outstanding mass resolution ( used 400 . 000 at m / z 400 da ) and mass accuracy ( \u00e2\u0089\u00a4 1ppm ) by simultaneously providing molecular level details of thousands of compounds and was successful applied for the investigations of natural organic matter ( nom ) different sources like marine and surface water , soil , sediment , bog and crude oil\nordonez , c . a . ; dolliver , d . d . ; chang yongbin ; correa , j . r .\nand a magnetic well . the work reported consists of a review , an extension , and applications of the relevant knowledge base . a nested\nproduces a magnetic field , which provides plasma confinement perpendicular to the magnetic field , and an electric field associated with a nested - well potential profile . the nested - well potential profile provides plasma confinement parallel to the magnetic field for oppositely signed plasma species that can have overlapping confinement regions . a configuration is considered in which the electric field is applied in two regions of uniform magnetic field that reside on opposite sides of a magnetic well region . the electric field confines overlapping positron and antiproton plasmas , which thread the magnetic well region . the magnetic well region would serve to\na fraction of any antihydrogen atoms that are formed . two different methods are considered for achieving overlap of positron and antiproton plasmas . for each , a set of conditions is predicted for achieving antihydrogen recombination and\n, much of the information presented is also relevant to the prospect of merging other pairs of oppositely signed plasmas ( e . g . , electron and positron plasmas )\nneutral antimatter in the form of antihydrogen for scientific study . one method that is being developed for\nserves to mix positrons and antiprotons so as to produce low energy antihydrogen atoms . mixing is achieved when the confinement volumes of the two species overlap one another . in the work presented here , a theoretical understanding of the mixing process is developed by analyzing a mixing scheme that was recently reported [ g . gabrielse et al . , phys . rev . lett . 100 , 113001 ( 2008 ) ] . the results indicate that positron space charge or collisions among antiprotons may substantially reduce the fraction of antiprotons that have an energy suitable for antihydrogen\nhas been observed and identified using a recent theoretical model . the detection of these modes is accomplished using electronic techniques which could apply to any ion species . the modes are observed in the low - density , low - rotation limit of the cloud where the cloud approaches a two - dimensional charged disk . we observe both axially symmetric and asymmetric drumhead modes . the shape , rotation frequency , and density of the cloud are found in a real - time nondestructive manner by measuring the frequency of these modes . in addition , it is found that radio - frequency sideband cooling compresses the cloud , increasing its density . the ability to measure and control the density of a\nhas gained increasing importance after the installation of several new on - line facilities at accelerator labs . these setups combine unique production possibilities for rare isotopes with elaborate ion - capture and manipulation techniques . since the final commissioning of the jyfltrap setup at the igisol facility in jyvaeskylae , the masses of more than 200 short - lived nuclides have been measured . their knowledge applies to studies on nuclear structure , the modeling of nucleosynthesis processes , tests of the conserved vector current ( cvc ) hypothesis and the unitarity of the ckm matrix , and furthermore , can help to assist in ongoing searches of neutrinoless double - beta decays . this presentation focuses on recent highlights studied at jyfltrap .\nthis work is the completion of the installation of the witch set - up and the first tests and commissioning of it . the first goal of the witch experiment is to improve the present limit on a scalar interaction in nuclear $ \\ \\ beta $ - decay by determining the $ \\ \\ beta $ - neutrino angular correlation parameter $ a $ via a precise measurement of the shape of the energy spectrum of the recoil ions . the development of the witch set - up and its installation at isolde ( cern ) were recently completed . the principle of witch is based on a combination of a\n. extensive computer simulations show that for a reasonable measurement time a precision on the $ a $ - parameter of 0 . 5 % can be achieved . this corresponds to an upper limit for the scalar interaction constant cs / cv < 9 % at 95 % c . l . designing and constructing a set - up as large and complex as the witch set - up takes time , several y . . .\nelectrospray ionization ( esi ) of uranyl nitrate solutions generates a wide variety of positively and negatively charged ions , including complex adducts of uranyl ions with methoxy , hydroxy , and nitrate ligands . in the positive ion mode , ions detected by fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (\ntime . positive ions correspond to oligomeric uranyl nitrate species that can be characterized as having a general formula of [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( n ) ( a ) ( m ) ( ch ( 3 ) oh ) ( s ) ] ( + ) or [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( n ) ( o ) ( a ) ( m ) ( ch ( 3 ) oh ) ( s ) ] ( + ) with n = 1 - 4 , m = 1 - 7 , s = 0 or 1 , and a = oh , no ( 3 ) , ch ( 3 ) o or a combination of these , although the formation of no ( 3 ) - containing species is preferred . in the negative ion mode , complexes of the form [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( no ( 3 ) ) ( m ) ] ( - ) ( m = 1 - 3 ) are detected , although the formation of the oxo - containing ions [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( o ) ( n ) ( no ( 3 ) ) ( m ) ] ( - ) ( n = 1 - 2 , m = 1 - 2 ) and the hydroxy - containing ions [ ( uo ( 2 ) ) ( oh ) ( n ) ( no ( 3 ) ) ( m ) ] ( - ) ( n = 1 - 2 , m = 0 - 1 ) are also observed . the extent of coordinative unsaturation of both positive and negative ions can be determined by ligand association / exchange and h / d exchange experiments using d ( 2 ) o and cd ( 3 ) od as neutral reaction partners in the gas - phase . positive ions are of varying stability and reactivity and may fragment extensively upon collision with d ( 2 ) o , cd ( 3 ) od and n ( 2 ) in sustained off - resonance irradiation / collision - induced dissociation ( sori - cid ) experiments . electron - transfer reactions , presumably occurring during electrospray ionization but also in sori - cid , can result in reduction of u ( vi ) to u ( v ) and perhaps even u ( iv ) .\nthe success of many measurements in analytical mass spectrometry as well as in precision mass determinations for atomic and nuclear physics is handicapped when the ion sources deliver ` ` contaminations ' ' , i . e . , unwanted ions of masses similar to those of the ions of interest . in particular , in ion -\ndevices , large amounts of contaminant ions result in significant systematic errors - if the measurements are possible at all . we present a solution for such cases : the ions from a quasi - continuous source are bunched in a linear radio - frequency - quadrupole ion\nfor a stacking of mass - selected ion bunches . proof - of - principle demonstrations have been performed with the isoltrap setup at isolde / cern , both with cs - 133 ( + ) ions from an off - line ion source and by applicati . . .\nkr\u00e3\u00a1sn\u00e3\u00bd , luk\u00e3\u00a1\u00e5\u00a1 ; hoffmann , f . ; ernst , g . ; trede , d . ; alexandrov , t . ; havl\u00e3\u00ad\u00e4\u008dek , vladim\u00e3\u00adr ; guntinas - lichius , o . ; von eggeling , f . ; crecelius , a . c .\nsubject riv : ce - biochemistry impact factor : 3 . 031 , year : 2015\nfull text available abstract reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc interfaced to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry ( ms / ms is commonly used for the identification of peptides from proteolytically cleaved proteins embedded in a polyacrylamide gel matrix as well as for metabolomics screening . hplc separations are time consuming ( 30 - 60 min average , costly ( columns and mobile phase reagents , and carry the risk of column carry over between samples . the use of a chip - based nano - esi platform ( advion nanomate based on replaceable nano - tips for sample introduction eliminates sample cross - contamination , provides unchanging sample matrix , and enhances spray stability with attendant increases in reproducibility . recent papers have established direct infusion nano - esi - ms / ms utilizing the nanomate for protein identification of gel spots based on full range ms scans with data dependent ms / ms . in a full range scan , discontinuous ion suppression due to sample matrix can impair identification of putative mass features of interest in both the proteomic and metabolomic workflows . in the current study , an extension of an established direct inject nano - esi - ms / ms method is described that utilizes the mass filtering capability of an ion -"]}
{"id": 807, "summary": [{"text": "dendropoma corallinaceus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family vermetidae , the worm snails or worm shells .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a colonial species and forms aggregations on the lower shore near low-water mark .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is native to south africa . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "dendropoma corallinaceum", "paragraphs": ["vermetidae \u00bb dendropoma corallinaceum , id : 135477 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nspecies dendropoma annulatus auct . accepted as dendropoma corrodens ( d ' orbigny , 1841 ) ( misidentification )\nspecies dendropoma gregaria [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma gregarium hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma psarocephala [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma psarocephalum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma rhyssoconcha [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma rhyssoconchum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma krypta [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma kryptum s . m . gardner , 1989 accepted as cupolaconcha krypta ( s . m . gardner , 1989 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nspecies dendropoma meroclista [ sic ] accepted as dendropoma meroclistum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 accepted as cupolaconcha meroclista ( hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ) ( incorrect gender ending )\nreproductive biology of vermetus sp . and dendropoma corrodens ( orbigny , 1842 ) : two vermetid gastropods from the southern caribbean\nspecies dendropoma kryptum s . m . gardner , 1989 accepted as cupolaconcha krypta ( s . m . gardner , 1989 )\nspecies dendropoma maximum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) accepted as ceraesignum maximum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )\npercentage of females of dendropoma maximum in each size class that contained egg capsules . data were pooled over sites and months ( n = 18\u201348 in each size class ) .\ndendropoma maximum larva with velar lobes extended ( a ) and showing the protoconch with what may be yolk stores visible ( b ) . scale bars = 0 . 5 mm .\nspecies dendropoma meroclistum hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 accepted as cupolaconcha meroclista ( hadfield & kay in hadfield et al . , 1972 ) ( original combination )\ncalvo m . , templado j . & penchaszadeh p . e . ( 1998 ) . reproductive biology of the gregarious mediterranean vermetid gastropod dendropoma petraeum . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 78 : 525 - 549 [ details ]\nnicole e . phillips , jeffrey s . shima ; reproduction of the vermetid gastropod dendropoma maximum ( sowerby , 1825 ) in moorea , french polynesia , journal of molluscan studies , volume 76 , issue 2 , 1 may 2010 , pages 133\u2013137 , urltoken\nphillips , nicole e . and shima , jeffrey s . 2010 . reproduction of the vermetid gastropod dendropoma maximum ( sowerby , 1825 ) in moorea , french polynesia . journal of molluscan studies , vol . 76 , issue . 2 , p . 133 .\nusvyatsov , sima and galil , bella s . 2011 . comparison of reproductive characteristics among populations of dendropoma petraeum - complex ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) , an endemic mediterranean reef - building vermetid . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , p . 1 .\nmiloslavich , patricia klein , eduardo and penchaszadeh , pablo 2010 . gametogenic cycle of the tropical vermetids eualetes tulipa and dendropoma corrodens ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 90 , issue . 03 , p . 509 .\nla marca , emanuela claudia catania , valentina quatrini , paola milazzo , marco and chemello , renato 2018 . settlement performance of the mediterranean reef - builders dendropoma cristatum ( biondi 1859 ) in response to natural bacterial films . marine environmental research , vol . 137 , issue . , p . 149 .\ncalvo , marta alda , fernando oliverio , marco templado , jos\u00e9 and machordom , annie 2015 . surviving the messinian salinity crisis ? divergence patterns in the genus dendropoma ( gastropoda : vermetidae ) in the mediterranean sea . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 91 , issue . , p . 17 .\nvizzini , salvatrice colombo , francesca costa , valentina and mazzola , antonio 2012 . contribution of planktonic and benthic food sources to the diet of the reef - forming vermetid gastropod dendropoma petraeum in the western mediterranean . estuarine , coastal and shelf science , vol . 96 , issue . , p . 262 .\ncalvo , marta templado , jos\u00e9 oliverio , marco and machordom , annie 2009 . hidden mediterranean biodiversity : molecular evidence for a cryptic species complex within the reef building vermetid gastropod dendropoma petraeum ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . biological journal of the linnean society , vol . 96 , issue . 4 , p . 898 .\nspotorno - oliveira , paula figueiredo , marcia a . o . and t\u00e2mega , frederico t . s . 2015 . coralline algae enhance the settlement of the vermetid gastropod dendropoma irregulare ( d ' orbigny , 1842 ) in the southwestern atlantic . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 471 , issue . , p . 137 .\nstrong relationships between ( a ) body length and ( b ) shell aperture diameter and body weight of dendropoma maximum . note the log scales of the axes . data were pooled across sexes and sites and , for a only , months . data in b were only collected in april . for a n = 337 , for b n = 110 .\ngolding , r . e . ; bieler , r . ; rawlings , t . a . ; collins 2014 , t . m . ( 2014 ) . deconstructing dendropoma : a systematic revision of a world - wide worm - snail group with descriptions of new genera ( caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . malacologia . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 - 97 . page ( s ) : 17 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nindividual dendropoma maximum were haphazardly collected from seven sites within the lagoon on the northeast shore of moorea , french polynesia ( 149\u00b050\u2032w , 17\u00b030\u2032s ) . several vermetid species , including d . maximum , are common within this lagoon ( n . e . p . , j . s . s . & c . w . osenberg , unpubl . ) . surveyed sites ranged from c . 1 . 5 to 2 . 5 m in depth . sampling occurred in april and september 2008 ( n = 6\u201328 individuals per site in april , n = 27\u201349 in september ) . dendropoma maximum were collected from different patch reefs across each site , and sampling targeted a representative range of sizes within each site . however , the largest individuals at a site were rarely collected because they were often embedded deep within the middle of a head of the large coral porites sp . or were otherwise inaccessible .\na positive linear relationship between body weight of female dendropoma maximum and the number of egg capsules she was brooding ( n = 84 ) ( a ) , capsule size for mid - to late - stage embryos ( n = 35 ) ( b ) and number of embryos per capsule ( n = 44 ) ( c ) ; whereas capsule size had a positive relationship with number of embryos per capsule ( n = 41 ) ( d ) .\n( of veristoa iredale , 1937 ) golding , r . e . ; bieler , r . ; rawlings , t . a . ; collins 2014 , t . m . ( 2014 ) . deconstructing dendropoma : a systematic revision of a world - wide worm - snail group with descriptions of new genera ( caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . malacologia . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 - 97 . page ( s ) : 17 , 42 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthere was a strong linear relationship between log length and log body weight of dendropoma maximum ( y = 2 . 3698 x \u2212 3 . 6506 , r 2 = 0 . 89 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 1 a ) . there was no difference between males and females ( effect of sex : f ( 1 , 333 ) = 0 . 0195 , p = 0 . 889 ) and the relationship with length did not vary with sex ( interaction between sex and log length : f ( 1 , 333 ) = 0 . 008 , p = 0 . 930 ) . log shell aperture diameter predicted 75 % of variation in log body weight ( y = 2 . 9802 x \u2212 2 . 9199 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 1 b ) . this relationship was not dependent on sex ( effect of sex : f ( 1 , 106 ) = 0 . 001 , p = 0 . 973 ; interaction of between sex and log shell diameter : f ( 1 , 106 ) = 0 . 285 , p = 0 . 594 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nsouth africa . jeffrey ' s bay , cape . washed ashore during rough seas . ex - coll . d . & m . meyer . 1980 .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 001 seconds . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nhere we report a study of d . maximum in moorea , french polynesia , where it is common and abundant ( augustin , richard & salvat 1999 ; j . s . s . & c . w . osenberg , unpubl . ) . our aims are ( 1 ) to derive relationships among morphological traits ( length , weight and shell aperture diameter ) ; ( 2 ) to investigate brooding and fecundity ( numbers of egg capsules and embryos per capsule ) ; and ( 3 ) to determine if females release planktonic larvae or crawl - away juveniles .\nwe examined how sex and log body length influenced the dependent variable log body weight of d . maximum using ancova . because we were most interested in overall morphological relationships and how these varied among sexes , we pooled data across sites and sample dates for these analyses . we conducted a similar ancova using log shell aperture diameter as the covariate and sex as a fixed factor ; these data were only collected in april so we pooled across sites .\nusing a generalized linear model , we conducted a logistic regression with binomial errors , and a logit link function to examine the frequency of brooding as a function of female weight , a continuous variable . we examined the fit of the logistic curve to the data using graphical tests ( crawley , 2007 ) , and found this model to be a good fit to the data .\nwe used regression analyses to examine the relationship between female body weight and number of capsules per female , number of embryos per capsule and capsule size , as well as between capsule size and number of embryos per capsule .\nthe sex ratio became increasingly dominated by females with increasing body size . only 34 % of small animals ( < 2 g body weight ) were female , but 63 % of medium - sized animals ( 2\u20134 g ) were female , and 75 % of the large animals sampled ( > 4 g ) . in addition , no males were found over 7 . 1 g in body weight , but we sampled 11 females with body weights 7 . 1\u201317 . 9 g .\nbrooding frequency was dependent on female body weight ( p = 0 . 0004 ) . the minimum size for brooding was c . 1 g . approximately 40 % of small females ( 1\u20132 g ) were likely to be brooding , whereas 60\u201380 % of medium to large females ( > 2 g ) were likely to be brooding ( fig . 2 ) .\nthe number of capsules per female ranged from 1 to 58 . female body weight was the only significant factor in a model examining number of capsules per female ( f ( 1 , 77 ) = 10 . 43 , p = 0 . 002 ) . neither month nor the interaction in the model was significant ( p > 0 . 29 in both cases ) . although bigger females tended to have more egg capsules , the relationship was relatively weak ( y = 1 . 4092 x + 10 . 345 , r 2 = 0 . 10 , p = 0 . 004 ; fig . 3 a ) .\nsimilar to those described by hughes & lewis ( 1974 ) , capsules were ovoid and attached to the inner wall of the tube by a short stalk ( mean stalk length = 0 . 486 mm , sd = 0 . 154 mm , n = 10 ) in multiple rows . it was common for females to brood egg capsules at different stages of development simultaneously , and capsule size varied with stage of development ( f ( 2 , 324 ) = 34 . 798 , p < 0 . 0001 , n = 327 ) . capsules with embryos at earliest stages of development ( mean length = 3 . 05 mm , sd = 0 . 60 mm , n = 244 ) were smaller than those with mid - ( mean length = 3 . 93 mm , sd = 1 . 40 mm , n = 40 ) to late - stage larvae ( mean length = 4 . 08 mm , sd = 1 . 57 mm , n = 43 ) ( tukey hsd , p < 0 . 0001 ) . capsules appeared to swell over time and take up fluid . for capsules with mid - to late - stage veligers , there were significant , positive , linear relationships between female size and capsule size ( y = 0 . 4854 x + 2 . 5113 , r 2 = 0 . 47 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 3 b ) and number of embryos per capsule ( y = 36 . 819 x + 115 . 06 , r 2 = 0 . 49 , p < 0 . 0001 ; fig . 3 c ) . additionally , larger capsules housed larger numbers of embryos ( y = 59 . 275 x \u2212 9 . 1007 , r 2 = 0 . 69 ; fig . 3 d ) . overall , the number of embryos per capsule ranged from 73 to 571 .\na maximum of 58 capsules was found in a single d . maximum female . this is a much greater number than for other species in this genus , in which a maximum of 15 capsules per female has been reported ( miloslavich & penchaszadeh , 1992 : table 3 ) . the exception is d . petraeum from spain , where females brooded a large number of capsules ( up to 86 , with a mean of 25 ) , but in that case each capsule only contained a single embryo ( calvo et al . , 1998 ) . in the red sea hughes & lewis ( 1974 ) were able to extract a single female d . maximum ( opercular diameter 15 . 5 mm ) with 11 egg capsules . these capsules were on average 6 mm long ( sample size of 3 ) and contained roughly 335 embryos per capsule . these values for capsule size , number and numbers of embryos per capsule are consistent with our results for similar sized , relatively large , females ( equivalent weight of c . 7 g ) .\nthe reproductive biology of the california vermetid gastropods serpulorbis squamigeros ( carpenter , 1857 ) and petaloconchus monteryensis dall , 1919 .\nreproductive cycle and maternal effects on offspring size and number in the neogastropod buccinum undatum ( l . )\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\n152 , 260 species and infraspecific names are in the database , 20 , 704 images , 58 , 813 bibliographic items , 390 , 023 distributional records .\nplease note that there have been many changes within algaebase - there will be a number of links that may have changed .\nsite \u00a9 1996 - 2018 m . d . guiry . all rights reserved .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nabbot rt ( 1974 ) american seashells . van nostrand reinhold company , new york , pp 99\u2013100\nallendorf fw , luikart g ( 2007 ) conservation and the genetics of populations . blackwell , usa\nazzopardi l , schembri pj ( 1997 ) vermetid crusts from the maltese islands ( central mediterranean ) . mar life 7 : 7\u201316\nbieler r ( 1989 ) marine \u201cwormsnails\u201d : a phylogenetic approach . 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water environments ( 0 to 60 meters ) off the northeast yucatan coast , mexico . bull mar sci 24 : 638\u2013668\nelgar ma ( 1990 ) evolutionary compromise between a few large and many small eggs : comparative evidence in teleost fish . oikos 59 : 283\u2013287\nfaucci a , hadfield mg ( 2003 ) influence of larval mode on dispersal and genetic population structure of hawaiian vermetids ( vermetidae : gastropoda ) . annual meeting of the society for integrative and comparative biology , san diego 43 ( 6 ) : 936\nfaucci a , toonen rj , hadfield mg ( 2007 ) phylogeography and population connectivity of vermetid gastropods in the hawaiian island . third international biogeography society conference , tenerife\nflores - rodriguez p , flores - garza r , garc\u00eda ib\u00e1\u00f1ez s , valdez - gonz\u00e1les a ( 2007 ) variation in the diversity of mollusks from the rocky intertidal of playa troncones , la uni\u00f3n , guerrero , mexico . revista mexicana de biodiversidad 78 : 335\u2013405\nfolmer o , black m , hoeh w , lutz r , vrijenhoek r ( 1994 ) dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates . mol mar biol biotechnol 3 : 294\u2013299\ngilg mr , hilbish tj ( 2003 ) the geography of marine larval dispersal : coupling genetics with fine - scale physical oceanography . ecology 84 : 2989\u20132998\n, a new pliocene subspecies of vermetid gastropods lacking its defining generic character , with comments on vermetid systematics in general . j paleontol 68 : 1025\u20131036\ngrantham ba , eckert gl , shanks al ( 2003 ) dispersal potential of marine invertebrates in diverse habitat . ecol appl 13 : s108\u2013s116\ngrosberg rk , cunningham cw ( 2001 ) genetic structure in the sea : from populations to communities . in : bertness md , gaines s , hay me ( eds ) marine community ecology . sinauer associates , sunderland , pp 61\u201384\nhaase m , misof b , wirth t , baminger h , baur b ( 2003 ) mitochondrial differentiation in a polymorphic land snail : evidence for pleistocene survival within the boundaries of permafrost . j evol biol 16 : 415\u2013428\nhadfield mg ( 1989 ) latitudinal effects on juvenile size and fecundity in petaloconchus ( gastropoda ) . bull mar sci 45 ( 2 ) : 369\u2013375\nhadfield mg , iaea dk ( 1989 ) velum of encapsulated veligers of petaloconchus ( gastropoda ) , and the problem of re - evolution of planktotrophic larvae . bull mar sci 45 : 377\u2013386\nhadfield mg , kay ea , gillete mu , lloyd mc ( 1972 ) the vermetidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of the hawaiian islands . mar biol 12 : 81\u201398\nand its relevance to the systematic position of the vermetidae . j moll stud 54 : 295\u2013308\nhuelsenbeck jp ( 2000 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogeny . university of rochester , department of biology , rochester\nhuelsenbeck jp , ronquist f ( 2001 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogeny . bioinformatics 17 : 754\u2013755\nhughes rn ( 1983 ) the vermetid gastropod of hong kong . in : morton je ( ed ) proceedings of the second international workshop on the malacofauna of hong kong and southern china , hong kong , pp 127\u2013138\nhughes rn ( 1993 ) the vermetid gastropods of rottnest island , western australia . in : wells fe , walker di , kirkman h , lethbridge r ( eds ) the marine flora and fauna of rottnest island , western australia , vol 1 . western australia museum , perth , pp 193\u2013205\nhulbert sh ( 1984 ) pseudoreplication and the design of ecological field experiments . ecol monogr 54 : 187\u2013211\n, an indo - pacific vetigastropod with limited dispersal capacity . mol ecology 16 : 289\u2013304\njablonski d , lutz rl ( 1983 ) larval ecology of marine benthic invertebrates : paleo - biological implications . biol rev 58 : 21\u201389\njones b , hunter ig ( 1995 ) vermetid buildups from grand cayman , british west indies . j coast res 11 ( 4 ) : 973\u2013983\nkeen am ( 1961 ) a proposed reclassification of the gastropod family vermetidae . bull brit mus ( nat hist zool ) 7 : 183\u2013214 pls . 54\u201355\nlockwood jl , hoopes mf , marchetti mp ( 2008 ) invasion ecology . blackwell publishing , usa\nlosada f , mart\u00edn a , feragotto w , alamo c ( 1988 ) interacciones biol\u00f3gicas en el canal de toma de la planta termoel\u00e9ctrica del centro punta mor\u00f3n , venezuela . ecotropicos 1 : 55\u201370\nlydeard c , holznagel we , glaubrecht m , ponder wf ( 2002 ) molecular phylogeny of a circum - global , diverse gastropod superfamily ( cerithioidea : mollusca : caenogastropoda ) : pushing the deepest phylogenetic limits of mitochondrial lsu rdna sequences . mol phylogenet evol 22 : 399\u2013406\nmachordom a , araujo r , erpenbeck d , ramos ma ( 2003 ) phylogeography and conservation genetics of endangered european margaritiferidae ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . biol j linn soc 78 : 235\u2013252\nmiller kj , ayre dj ( 2008 ) population structure is not a simple function of reproductive mode and larval type : insights from tropical corals . j anim ecol 77 : 713\u2013724\n, dos especies pertenecientes a la familia vermetidae . bachelor dissertation , sim\u00f3n bol\u00edvar university\nmiloslavich pa ( 1996 ) nurse egg feeding prosobranchs : a comparative biochemical and electrophoretic analysis of eggs and hatchlings . am malacol bull 13 : 37\u201346\nmiloslavich pa ( 2002 ) balance de prote\u00ednas en los embriones de caenogaster\u00f3podos durante su desarrollo intracapsular . v congreso latinoamericano de malacolog\u00eda , sao paulo , brazil , p 28\n( orbigny , 1842 ) : two vermetid gastropods from the southern caribbean . veliger 35 : 78\u201388\nreeve , 1859 ( caenogastropoda ) from morrocoy and la restinga lagoon , venezuela . naut 117 : 121\u2013134\n( mollusca : caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . j mar biol ass uk ( in press )\nmolnar jl , gamboa rl , revenga c , spalding md ( 2008 ) assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity . front ecol environ 6 : 485\u2013492\nmorton je ( 1965 ) form and function in the evolution of the vermetidae . bull brit mus ( nat hist ) 11 : 585\u2013630\n( prosobranchia , vermetidae ) . sci rep tokyo kyoiku daigaku ( sec . b ) 14 ( 208 ) : 69\u201378\nolsson aa , harbison a ( 1953 ) pliocene mollusca of southern florida , with special reference to those from north saint petersburg . mon acad nat sci phil 8 : vii + 459 , 65 pls\nolsson aa , mcginty tl ( 1958 ) recent marine mullusks from the caribbean coast of panama with the description of some new genera and species . bull am paleont 39 ( 327 )\npalumbi sr ( 1995 ) using genetics as an indirect estimator of larval dispersal . in : mcedward l ( ed ) ecology of marine invertebrate larvae . crc press , new york , pp 369\u2013387\npalumbi sr ( 1996a ) nucleic acids ii : the polymerase chain reaction . in : molecular systematics . hillis dm , moritz c , mable bk ( eds ) sinauer associates , sunderland , pp 205\u2013248\npalumbi sr ( 1996b ) macrospatial genetic structure and speciation in marine taxa with high dispersal abilities . in : ferraris jd , palumbi sr ( eds ) molecular zoology : advances , strategies and protocols . wiley - liss john wiley & sons , inc , usa , pp 101\u2013117\nponder wf , lindberg dr ( 1997 ) towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . zool j linn soc 9 : 83\u2013265\nposada d , crandall ka ( 1998 ) modeltest : testing the model of dna substitution . bioinf 1 : 817\u2013818\nr development core team ( 2008 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing vienna , austria , isbn 3 - 90005107 - 0 .\nradwin ge ( 1969 ) a recent molluscan fauna from the caribbean coast of southeastern panam\u00e1 . trans san diego soc nat hist 15 ( 14 ) : 229\u2013236\nrawlings ta , collins tm , bieler r ( 2001 ) major mitochondrial gene rearrangement among closely related species . mol biol evol 18 : 1604\u20131609\nrosenberg g ( 2005 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 0 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . www database ( version 4 . 1 . 0 ) . available via dialog .\nroughgarden j ( 1996 ) theory of population genetics and evolutionary ecology : an introduction . prentice hall , usa\nschiaparelli s ( 1995 ) contribution to the knowledge of vermetidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the ligurian sea . boll malacolog 31 : 267\u2013276\nschiaparelli s , cattaneo - vietti r ( 1999 ) functional morphology of vermetid feeding - tubes . lethaia 32 : 41\u201346\nschiaparelli s , m\u00e9tivier b ( 2000 ) on the identity of \u201cvermetus\u201d roussaei vaillant , 1871 ( mollusca , caenogastropoda , vermetidae ) , with the description of a new species . zoosyst 22 ( 4 ) : 677\u2013687\nschiaparelli s , guidetti p , cattaneo - vietti r ( 2003 ) can mineralogical features affect the distribution patterns of sessile gastropods ? the vermetidae case in the mediterranean sea . j mar biol assoc uk 83 : 1267\u20131268\nschiaparelli s , albertelli g , cattaneo - vietti r ( 2006 ) phenotypic plasticity of vermetidae suspension feeding : a potential bias in their use as biological sea - level indicators . mar ecol 27 : 44\u201353\nstatsoft inc ( 2003 ) statistica ( data analysis software system ) . version 6 .\nstrathmann r ( 1974 ) the spread of sibling larvae of sedentary marine invertebrates . am nat 108 : 29\u201344\nstrathmann mf , strathmann rr ( 2006 ) a vermetid with complex intracapsular cannibalism of nurse eggs and sibling larvae and a high potential for invasion . pac sci 60 : 97\u2013108\nswofford dl ( 2003 ) paup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 beta 10 . sinauer associates , massachusetts\ntello j ( 1975 ) cat\u00e1logo de la fauna venezolana . viii . mollusca , arte , caracas\nunderwood aj , chapman mg , richards sa , sage mb ( 1997 ) gmav5 for windows . institute of marine ecology , university of sydney , sydney\nwarmke gl , abbot rt ( 1961 ) caribbean seashells . livingston , col narberth\nwarmke gc , abbot rt ( 1962 ) caribbean seashells : a guide to the marine mollusks of puerto rico and other west indian islands , bermuda and the lower florida keys . livingston , wynnewood , p 346\nweir bs ( 1996 ) intraspecific differentiation . in : hillis dm , moritz c , mable bk ( eds ) molecular systematics . sinauer associates inc . publishers , usa , pp 385\u2013406\nnomenclature genus name placed on the official list in opinion 1425 ( i . c . z . n . 1987 )\nnomenclature genus name placed on the official list in opinion 1425 ( i . c . z . n . 1987 ) [ details ]\n( of veristoa iredale , 1937 ) iredale t . ( 1937 ) . mollusca . in : whitley , g . p . ( ed ) . middleton and elizabeth reefs , south pacific ocean . australian zoologist . 8 ( 4 ) : 232 - 261 , pls 15 - 17 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 254 [ details ]\nspencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]\niczn . ( 1987 ) . opinion 1425 . suppressed : spiroglyphus daudin , 1800 and stoa de serres , mollusca , gastropoda ) and specific names published in combination with them . bulletin of zoological nomenclature . 44 ( 1 ) : 57 - 58 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkeen m . ( 1961 ) . a proposed reclassification of the gastropod family vermetidae . bulletin of the british museum , natural history ( zoology ) , 7 ( 3 ) : 183 - 213 , pls . 54 - 55 . [ february ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 189 [ details ]\n( of veristoa iredale , 1937 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 21 [ details ]\n( of siphonium gray , 1850 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1923 ) . liste pr\u00e9liminaire des mollusques marins de madagascar et description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles . j . conchyliol . 68 : 21 - 74 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of siphonium gray , 1850 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]\n( of siphonium gray , 1850 ) keen , a . m . ( 1980 ) . siphonium , an over - used name in mollusca . the festivus , 12 ( 10 ) : 125\u2013126 . [ details ]\n( of bivonia gray , 1842 ) bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of bivonia gray , 1842 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 13 [ details ]\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbreves , andr\u00e9 sz\u00e9chy , maria teresa m . de lavrado , helena p . and junqueira , andrea o . r . 2017 . abundance of the reef - building petaloconchus varians ( gastropoda : vermetidae ) on intertidal rocky shores at ilha grande bay , southeastern brazil . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias , vol . 89 , issue . 2 , p . 907 .\nmilazzo , marco fine , maoz la marca , emanuela claudia alessi , cinzia and chemello , renato 2017 . marine animal forests . p . 345 .\ncribb , thomas h . crespo - picazo , jose l . cutmore , scott c . stacy , brian a . chapman , phoebe a . and garc\u00eda - p\u00e1rraga , daniel 2017 . elucidation of the first definitively identified life cycle for a marine turtle blood fluke ( trematoda : spirorchiidae ) enables informed control . international journal for parasitology , vol . 47 , issue . 1 , p . 61 .\nmilazzo , marco fine , maoz la marca , emanuela claudia alessi , cinzia and chemello , renato 2016 . marine animal forests . p . 1 .\nfine , maoz tsadok , rami meron , dalit cohen , stephanie and milazzo , marco 2016 . environmental sensitivity ofneogoniolithon brassica - floridaassociated with vermetid reefs in the mediterranean sea . ices journal of marine science : journal du conseil , p . fsw167 .\nfranzitta , g . capruzzi , e . la marca , e . c . milazzo , m . and chemello , r . 2016 . recruitment patterns in an intertidal species with low dispersal ability : the reef - buildingdendropoma cristatum ( biondi , 1859 ) ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . italian journal of zoology , vol . 83 , issue . 3 , p . 400 .\nmilazzo , marco rodolfo - metalpa , riccardo chan , vera bin san fine , maoz alessi , cinzia thiyagarajan , vengatesen hall - spencer , jason m . and chemello , renato 2015 . ocean acidification impairs vermetid reef recruitment . scientific reports , vol . 4 , issue . 1 ,\ngolding , rosemary e . bieler , r\u00fcdiger rawlings , timothy a . and collins , timothy m . 2014 . deconstructingdendropoma : a systematic revision of a world - wide worm - snail group , with descriptions of new genera ( caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) . malacologia , vol . 57 , issue . 1 , p . 1 .\ncolombo , francesca costa , valentina dubois , stanislas f . gianguzza , paola mazzola , antonio and vizzini , salvatrice 2013 . trophic structure of vermetid reef community : high trophic diversity at small spatial scales . journal of sea research , vol . 77 , issue . , p . 93 .\ngalil , bella s . 2013 . going going gone : the loss of a reef building gastropod ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : vermetidae ) in the southeast mediterranean sea . zoology in the middle east , vol . 59 , issue . 2 , p . 179 .\ndi franco , antonio graziano , mariagrazia franzitta , giulio felline , serena chemello , renato and milazzo , marco 2011 . do small marinas drive habitat specific impacts ? a case study from mediterranean sea . marine pollution bulletin , vol . 62 , issue . 5 , p . 926 .\nstrong , ellen e . colgan , donald j . healy , john m . lydeard , charles ponder , winston f . and glaubrecht , matthias 2011 . phylogeny of the gastropod superfamily cerithioidea using morphology and molecules . zoological journal of the linnean society , vol . 162 , issue . 1 , p . 43 .\nmuseo nacional de ciencias naturales ( csic ) , jos\u00e9 guti\u00e9rrez abascal 2 , 28006 madrid , spain .\n( mollusca : gastropoda ) has been studied in the south - eastern coast of spain . it apparently is a gonochorisric species with the sex ratio biased toward females ( 71 % ) . a broad peak of more intense reproductive activity occurs in spring months and an inactive reproductive period during winter . the gonad of the males develops about two months before those of females , and storage of sperm by females has been observed . internal fertilization takes place after the capture of pelagic spermatophores .\nthe egg capsules lie free within the female mantle cavity , and females brood up to 86 capsules simultaneously ( the highest number reported for any vermetid gastropod ) . the size of the capsules is somewhat variable and increases slightly from those containing first stages of development ( mean = 678\u00d7579 \u03bcm ) to those containing late stages ( mean = 996\u00d7693 \u03bcm ) . each egg capsule usually contains a single large egg or embryo , but sometimes two ( 8 . 2 % of the capsules ) or rarely three ( 0 . 24 % ) . production of egg capsules by females seems to be continuous throughout the reproductive period ( from march to october ) .\nthe unsegmented eggs measure from 440 to 507 \u03bcm in diameter ( mean = 482 ) and are the largest reported for any vermetid gastropod . nurse eggs are not present , and therefore most of the intracapsular nutrition comes from the internal yolk of the embryo .\ndevelopment is lecithotrophic without a pelagic larval phase . the late intracapsular veliger stage metamorphoses within the capsule and hatching occurs at a crawling juvenile stage .\n. vermerid gastropods from s\u00e3o miguel , azores : comparative anatomy , systematic position and biogeographic affiliation .\n. the ecology and reproductive biology of some hawaiian vermetid gastropods . phd thesis ,\nm\u00e9moire sur l ' anatomie et l ' embryog\u00e9nie des vermets ( vermetus triqueter et v . semisurrectus phil . )\n. contribution a l ' \u00e9tude des mollusqus opisthobranches de la c\u00f4te proven\u00e7ale . phd thesis ,\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 808, "summary": [{"text": "momphidae ( mompha moths ) is a family of moths with some 115 described species .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "these tend to be rather small moths with a wingspan of up to 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the wings are held folded over the body at rest .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the larvae are concealed feeders , either as leaf miners or within seeds or stems . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "momphidae", "paragraphs": ["( 1937 ) placed it in momphidae . later the genus was transferred to oecophoridae ( riedl\n( lepidoptera ) collected on the maltese islands is provided . sixteen species are recorded ( 1 momphidae ,\nfrom california ( 8 ; lepidoptera : momphidae ( 9 ; . journal of the new york entomological society 100 : 203\u2013208 .\nworms ( 2018 ) . momphidae herrich schaffer , 1857 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 989030 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nriedl , t . 1969 . mat\u00e9riaux pour la connaissance des momphidae pal\u00e9arctiques ( 8 ; lepidoptera ( 9 ; . part ix . revue des momphidae europ\u00e9enes et compris quelques esp\u00e9ces d ( 7 ; afrique du nord et du proche - orient . polski pismo entomologica 39 : 635\u2013919 .\nheppner j . b . ( 2004 ) mompha moths ( 8 ; lepidoptera : momphidae ( 9 ; . in : encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht\ni am working on the momphidae from south and central america . the fauna on this family is very rich over there , but need to be revised .\nluz fa , gon\u00e7alves gl , moreira grp , becker vo ( 2014 ) three new cecidogenous species of palaeomystella fletcher ( lepidoptera , momphidae ) from the brazilian atlantic rain forest . zookeys 433 : 97\u2013127 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 433 . 7379\nriedl , t . , and a . popescu - gorj . 1974 . catalogue of the momphidae ( 8 ; lepidoptera - gelechioidea ( 9 ; from the collections of the natural history museum \u201cgrigore antipa\u201d of bucharest . travaux du mus\u00e9um d ( 7 ; histoire naturelle \u201cgrigore antipa\u201d 14 : 273\u2013298 .\nan annotated list of momphidae , batrachedridae , stathmopodidae and cosmopterigidae ( lepidoptera ) collected on the maltese islands is provided . sixteen species are recorded ( 1 momphidae , 1 batrachedridae , 1 stathmopodidae , 13 cosmopterigidae ) , one of them is new to the maltese islands and europe : bifascioides leucomelanellus ( rebel , 1917 ) and three of them are new to the maltese islands : mompha subbistrigella ( haworth , 1828 ) , anatrachyntis badia ( hodges , 1962 ) , and ascalenia echidnias ( meyrick , 1891 ) . mompha subbistrigella ( haworth , 1828 ) and eteobalea serratella ( treitschke , 1833 ) are mentioned as new for sardinia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly considered a subfamily of coleophoridae ; treated as a full family by heikkil\u00e4 et al . ( 2013 )\nheikkil\u00e4 , m . , mutanen , m . , kekkonen , m . and kaila , l . 2013 . morphology reinforces proposed molecular phylogenetic affinities : a revised classification for gelechioidea ( lepidoptera ) . cladistics 1 - 27 . ( abstract )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe momphid moths are small to very small in size , with a wingspan of 0 . 8 - 1 . 6 cm . they are very similar in appearance to blastobasid moths and elachistid moths . little is known about many of these species . in species for which life histories are known , momphid caterpillars feed in buds and seed capsules of evening - primroses and related plants . alternatively , blastobasid larva feed on dead leaves or fallen nuts , and elachistid larvae mine leaves of grasses and sedges .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 22 : 39 : 08 page render time : 0 . 3740s total w / procache : 0 . 4193s\nhuebner , ( 8 ; lepidoptera : lavernidae ( 9 ; . entomologists ( 7 ; gazette 2 : 173\u2013182 , pl . 5 .\nmonarch butterfly , danaus plexippus l . ( 8 ; lepidoptera : danaidae ( 9 ;\nthe larva of mompha terminella ( fig . 1 ) makes a full - depth blotch mine in the leaf of enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) . active mines can be found from early june through late july ; this may indicate two generations per year . the larva leaves the mine to pupate , which it does in a cocoon of white silk . the coloration of the adult ( orange and black with metallic markings ) is seen in several additional species of nearctic mompha , but the species with this coloration do not form a monophyletic group . mompha terminella also occurs in europe .\nfigure 1 . mompha terminella . left , adult ; right , larva in leaf mine on enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) .\nmompha luciferella ( fig . 2 ) has not been reared . in central illinois , adults have been collected at light in early july , in deciduous forest near large populations of enchanter ' s nightshade , circaea lutetiana ( onagraceae ) , which likely is the larval foodplant of m . luciferella . if so , then mature larvae most probably would be found by searching c . lutetiana during the second week of june .\nmompha circumscriptella ( fig . 3 ) is one of several eastern - nearctic mompha species that feed on evening primroses , oenothera spp . ( onagraceae ) . the larva of m . circumscriptella is a borer in the fruit of its host , with pupation occurring inside the fruit . the infested fruit does not show any externally - visible evidence to indicate the presence of the m . circumscriptella larva , and the best strategy for rearing is simply to collect and cage entire clusters of fruits .\nconsiderable variation in size of the adult moth and in ground color of the forewing can occur in m . circumscriptella , depending upon the particular species of oenothera from which the moth is reared ( see photo caption ) . genital morphology of all of these different entities is identical , so that , on basis of morphology , all appear to represent a single species , with the observed variation being non - genetic and determined by the larval foodplant . molecular studies might be warranted here , to shed more light on the exact relationships of these moths .\nfigure 3 . mompha circumscriptella . moths reared from two different species of evening primrose , oenothera ( onagraceae ) . left , small , cinnamon - brown form reared from o . laciniata , which has a relatively small , narrow fruit ; right , large , chocolate - brown form reared from o . biennis , which has a relatively large , massive fruit .\nthe larva of mompha murtfeldtella ( fig . 4 ) also feeds on the reproductive tissue of evening primroses , oenothera spp . the adult is somewhat similar to that of m . circumscriptella , but the white patch on the posterior margin of the basal half of the forewing is much less extensive in m . murtfeldtella than in that species , and the forewing ground color , which consists of a rather mottled amalgam of grayish brown , rust , and white , with small dashes of black , is less uniform than in m . circumscriptella .\nmompha brevivittella ( fig . 5 ) is another species that feeds as a larva in the capsule of evening primroses , oenothera spp . , most frequently o . biennis .\nfigure 5 . mompha brevivittella . adult , reared from seed capsule of evening primrose , oenothera biennis ( onagraceae ) .\nmompha eloisella ( fig . 6 ) is a stem borer in evening primroses , oenothera spp . , including o . biennis . it also has been reared from stem - boring larvae in an alien plant , purple loosestrife , lythrum salicaria ( lythraceae ) . pupation takes place inside the stem . the adult is easily recognized by its distinctive coloring and pattern . remarkable size variation is seen in the adult of this moth , but genital morphology argues that only one species is represented .\nfigure 7 . mompha stellella . top : adult , reared from flower - boring larva on evening primrose , oenothera biennis ( onagraceae ) ; bottom : left , o . biennis showing a normal , uninfested flower ( on left - hand side of stem ) and a flower infested by the larva of m . stellella ( on right - hand side of stem ) ; right , mature larva of m . stellella , exposed by opening the infested flower that is shown in the left - hand panel .\nfigure 8 . mompha rufocristatella . top : adult , reared from gall on flower stem of biennial gaura , gaura biennis ( onagraceae ) ; unspread individual , right - lateral aspect , showing the raised tufts of reddish scales on the forewing ; center left : spread adult ; bottom left : gall ( rotated 90 degrees from\nupright\norientation seen in right - hand panel ) , dissected to reveal cocoon of m . rufocristatella , the head ( right - hand in this photo ) end of which is seen to be continuous with the emergence window prepared by the larva ; right : gall induced by larva of m . rufocristatella on flower stem of g . biennis , with emergence window visible as a round whitish spot near the apex of the gall .\nthere are found in illinois several small\nblack and white\nmompha species ( fig . 9 ) . hodges ( 1992 ) reported that at least 12 such species exist in the usa ; most of them remain undescribed . one of these species was reared by annette braun in ohio , from blue waxweed , cuphea viscosissima ( lythraceae ) . this perhaps is not surprising , as an association with cuphea spp . has been reported for mompha in the neotropical region as well ( graham 1995 ) .\nfigure 9 . mompha spp . of the\nblack and white\ncolor group . adults , collected at light .\nfigure 10 . mompha argentimaculella . adult , collected at light in northern indiana . specimen courtesy of james vargo .\nthe larva of mompha passerella ( fig . 11 ) ( = m . nuptialis ) feeds in the seed capsule of helianthemum and lechea spp . ( cistaceae ) . an externally - similar species , m . bottimeri , likewise feeds in capsules of helianthemum , but m . bottimeri is consistently slightly larger than m . passerella , and the two species are very different on genital morphology .\nmompha capella ( fig . 12 ) likewise feeds as a larva in the seed capsule of helianthemum and lechea spp . ( cistaceae ) ; mature larvae occur in late june and early july , with adults emerging during the latter month . in the eastern usa , there are a number of additional , undescribed mompha species that are externally similar to m . capella . those that have been reared also feed on helianthemum spp .\nfigure 12 . mompha capella . adult , reared from seed capsule of helianthemum canadense ( cistaceae ) . specimen courtesy of dr . george balogh , who reared the moth in michigan .\nfigure 13 . mompha cephalonthiella . adult , reared from leaf mine on cephalanthus occidentalis ( rubiaceae ) .\nuntil the work of harrison revealed extensive differences in genital morphology of reared moths of both genders . until then , most series of\n, as it is by far the more common of the two species within the state . this moth was formally described and named by\n. it is named for dr . james solomon , who first noted the shoot - boring habit of the initial generation of the year .\nfigure 14 . mompha solomoni . adult , reared from leaf mine on cephalanthus occidentalis ( rubiaceae ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmaintenance on this system will make it temporarily unavailable for short periods of time between 8 : 00 and 10 : 00 am edt this saturday , 06 june .\nthe u . s . national entomological collection ( usnm ) traces its origins in part to the acquisition of the u . s . department of agriculture collection of 138 , 000 specimens donated in 1885 . these specimens became the foundation of one of the world\u2019s largest and most important accessible entomological collections , with over 33 million specimens taken care of by the combined staff of three government agencies : the smithsonian institution ; the systematic entomology laboratory ( agricultural research service , united states department of agriculture ) ; and the walter reed biosystematics unit ( walter reed army institute of research ) .\napproximately 450 , 000 records are currently available in this online catalog , including genetic samples , and the primary type , specimen , and species inventories . also available are the illustration archive records that include images and data about published scientific illustrations .\nwe recommend using search by field ( scientific name or precise locality ) for best results , but you can also search by keywords . you may also restrict your search to genetic samples , primary type specimens , species inventory , specimen inventory , records with images , records with geo - referenced localities , or illustrations .\nsearch results are sorted by taxonomic group and limited to 5 , 000 records . if you need to retrieve a larger record set , please contact the department of entomology\u2019s collection information manager . you can also customize the sort and fields to be seen in the results .\nsee the help tab to learn more about searching and then exploring your returned results ( sorting , exporting , etc . ) .\nuse the by field search to find specimen data that match values in specific database fields . enter a value or choose one from the dropdown lists . use the illustration archive , types , specimen and species inventory searches to narrow the results to those specific catalogs .\nsome lists are linked , so for example , choosing a country narrows the choices for province / state / territory , and district / county . dropdown choices also narrow as you type , for example , typing coen in the family field might narrow the choice to coenagrionidae .\ncheck only records with images if you want to restrict the search to records with multimedia content .\nyou can force an exact search by surrounding your search text in double - quotes . exact means exact , the search is case - sensitive and must match the value of the entire field . an exact search will also take much longer to complete .\nyou will receive a warning when you enter invalid information in the text fields . for example , catalog numbers are composed strictly of letters and numbers ; other characters raise a warning .\nenter your keywords separated by spaces and click search . records that match your search terms will be returned .\nyou can join terms with or to match any , e . g . chihuahua or sonora\nyou can include the terms image ( s ) or type ( s ) to find records that have images or that are type specimens .\nto search for catalog numbers , replace spaces with dashes , e . g . instead of abc 12345 , use abc - 12345 . do not include any other terms .\nnote that searching for common ( vernacular ) names may not yield the expected results . associating common names with specimen records is a work in progress .\nthe results of your searches can be displayed in grid ( a sortable , customizable table ) or gallery view ( best for reviewing images ) . use the switch button to cycle between these views .\nyou can choose whether to display 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , or 100 records at a time .\nyou can choose the columns to display from any column ' s dropdown menu ( mouse into a column header and click the dropdown icon ) . under columns , click the name to display or hide the field ( you do not need to click the checkbox specifically ) .\nyou can drag a column header to change its order of appearance in the grid .\nyou can also drag the edge of a column to make it wider or narrower .\nsee exporting results for information on downloading results to , for example , excel .\nopen the full collection record by clicking the expansion button ( ) in grid view , or anywhere within the image frame in gallery view . inverse expansion buttons ( ) indicate records with multimedia ( typically , images ) .\nin the record window , metadata for the multimedia content is available when you mouseover the thumbnail .\nsort results in grid view by clicking the column header ( or by choosing sort from the column ' s dropdown menu ) .\nsort on multiple columns by consecutively sorting columns in reverse order . for example , to view results sorted by country and province / state , first sort by province / state and then sort again by country .\nexport all or selected results by clicking the export results as csv button in the bottom toolbar in grid or gallery view .\nselect individual records for export by checking the export selection box ( along the left edge of the grid view grid ) .\nresults are exported as comma - separated - values , one record per line , which can be saved to disk or opened directly with applications such as microsoft excel .\nquery results are limited to 5000 records . avoid very general queries that return very large numbers of records , e . g . searching for hymenoptera .\nyou can choose which columns to display in the grid view of your search results . move your pointer to any column header and click on the dropdown arrow . scroll to columns and then check or uncheck column names to show or hide those columns in the grid .\na general query , searching on any combination of : name ( qn ) , order ( or ) , family ( fm ) , type status ( ts ) , collector ( cr ) , catalog ( ct ) , genetic sample ( gs ) , or with images only ( io ) , e . g . :\nto open the collections search to a specific search tab , e . g .\nit is best to use only letters , numbers , pluses ( + ) , dashes ( - ) , and commas in your querystrings , and to avoid other characters .\nplease use the feedback page to report problems you find with the data , or with using these search pages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe family contains only the genus mompha of which more than 100 species have been described . most species occur in north america . no representatives are known from asia , the orient , and australia ( scoble 1992 : 248 ) . identification : bradley 1951 , gozm\u00e1ny 1958 , koster 2002c , koster & sinev 2003 , opheim 1971 , riedl 1969 , 1984 , wakely 1945 , zagulyaev & sinev 1990a . nomenclature according to fauna europaea . species in belgium : 16 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfernando a . luz , 1 gislene l . gon\u00e7alves , 2 , 3 gilson r . p . moreira , 4 and vitor o . becker 5\n1 ppg ecologia , departamento de ecologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gon\u00e7alves 9500 , porto alegre , rs , 91501 - 970 , brazil\n2 ppg biologia animal , departamento de zoologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gon\u00e7alves , 9500 , porto alegre , rs 91501 - 970 , brazil\n4 departamento de zoologia , instituto de bioci\u00eancias , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , av . bento gon\u00e7alves 9500 , porto alegre , rs , 91501 - 970 , brazil\n5 reserva serra bonita , p . o . box 001 , camacan , ba 45880 - 970 , brazil\ncorresponding author : gilson r . p . moreira ( rb . sgrfu @ arierom . noslig )\ncopyright fernando a . luz , gislene l . gon\u00e7alves , gilson r . p . moreira , vitor o . becker\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nin the course of an ongoing survey on the diversity of microlepidopterans in the atlantic rain forest , brazil , three momphid species associated with galls induced on three different species of tibouchina were found recently : one morphotype in bahia and two others in rio grande do sul . a comparison between their inducers and type material not only revealed the generic affinity of these microlepidopterans with palaeomystella , but also indicated that they have diagnosable , stable , distinctive characters . therefore , three new species are proposed here ; their last larval instar , pupal and adult stages are described and illustrated , and their life history , including a general description of their galls , is characterized . a preliminary phylogenetic inference based on mitochondrial dna sequences , including additional members of the genus , is also presented .\n) solution and mounted on slides with either glycerin jelly or canada balsam . observations were made with the aid of a leica\u00ae m125 stereomicroscope . structures selected to be drawn were previously photographed with an attached sony\u00ae cyber - shot dsc - h10 digital camera . then , vectorized line drawings were made with the software corelphotopaint\u00ae x4 , using the corresponding digitalized images as a guide . at least five specimens were used for the descriptions of each life stage . measurements were made with an attached ocular micrometer ; values are presented as mean \u00b1 standard deviation unless noted otherwise .\nspecimens used in scanning electron microscope ( sem ) analyses were dehydrated in a bal - tec\u00ae cpd030 critical - point dryer , mounted with double - sided tape on metal stubs , and coated with gold in a bal - tec\u00ae scd050 sputter coater . they were examined and photographed in a jeol\u00ae jsm5800 scanning electron microscope at centro de microscopia eletr\u00f4nica ( cme ) of ufrgs .\n. pcr products were treated with exonuclease i and fastap\u2122 thermosensitive alkaline phosphatase ( thermo scientific ) , sequenced using the bigdye\u00ae chemistry , and analyzed on an abi3730xl dna analyzer ( applied biosystems inc . ) at macrogen ( seoul , republic of korea ) . sequences were aligned and visually inspected using the algorithm clustal x in mega 5 (\n) running in full mode with no manual adjustment . all data generated in this study were deposited in genbank under the accession numbers\nof brazil\n( mombr001 - 14 to 014 - 14 ) . a phylogenetic tree was reconstructed in order to test the proposed hypothesis of monophyletic status for the three members of\nand with other species were also investigated . the single currently recognized and named taxon (\nsp . 2 ) were used in order to cover the widest possible diversity of the genus . accordingly , variants that match exactly the previously sequenced region in a representative taxon of the sister group of\nspecimens used in this study to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the new species of paleomystella , based on cytochrome oxidase subunit i sequences .\ndzup coll . padre jesus s . moure , departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , curitiba , paran\u00e1 .\nlmci laborat\u00f3rio de morfologia e comportamento de insetos , universidade federal do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rio grande do sul .\nmctp museu de ci\u00eancias e tecnologia da pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rio grande do sul .\nvob coll . vitor o . becker , reserva serra bonita , camacan , bahia .\nspread right wings ( left column ) , head and thorax in detail ( right column ) of pinned palaeomystella species , dorsal view : a\u2013b palaeomystella fernandesi c\u2013d palaeomystella rosaemariae e\u2013f palaeomystella tavaresi . scale bars = 2 , 0 . 5 , 2 , 0 . 5 , 2 and 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella fernandesi adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral e ventral spines of the valva upper section in detail ( rectangular area shown in b ) , mesolateral view f male genitalia , lateral view g aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illutrated ) j female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 200 , 100 , 50 , 200 , 200 , 200 and 250\u00b5m ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella fernandesi last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 \u00b5m , 1 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella fernandesi pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .\nscanning electron micrographs of palaeomystella species pupal cremaster , in dorsal view ( left column ) , apical process in detail ( central column ) and lateral view ( right column ) : a\u2013b palaeomystella fernandesi c\u2013d palaeomystella rosaemariae ; e\u2013f palaeomystella tavaresi . scale bars = 100 , 20 , 200 , 100 , 20 , 200 , 100 , 20 , 200 \u00b5m , respectively .\ngalls induced by palaeomystella species : a\u2013c palaeomystella fernandesi d \u2013 f palaeomystella rosaemariae g \u2013 i palaeomystella tavaresi a on tibouchina sellowiana , general view b operculum made by last - instar larva on gall surface before pupation ; c pupal cocoon in a dissected gall ( arrow indicates the operculum shown in b ) d on tibouchina asperior , general view e exit hole made by last larval instar on gall surface f pupal cocoon constructed between two leaves , uncovered by pulling them apart ( direction indicated by arrows ) g on tibouchina fissinervia , general view h longitudinally dissected gall , showing gall chamber ( arrow indicates position of exit orifice on cocoon ) i internal chamber in detail , showing the exit orifice on cocoon ( asterisk ) . scale bars = 10 , 2 , 4 , 10 , 5 , 4 , 10 , 10 , 2 mm , respectively .\nalthough showing congeneric affinity , palaeomystella fernandesi has morphological features that in conjunction distinguish it from all known palaeomystella species , as follows : 1 ) male genitalia with upper section of valve narrowing distally , forming a single process that bends medially ; 2 ) pupa with cremaster short and apically rounded , with four pairs of setae ; 3 ) galls of fusiform type , external surface without conspicuous ornament , bearing a few longitudinal carinae , induced on stem of tibouchina sellowiana apical branches .\n) . sexes similar in size and color ; forewing length 4 . 68 to 6 . 11 mm ( n = 7 ) .\n) : frons and vertex creamy white ; labial palpus mostly dark brown , basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; antennae dark brown ; proboscis yellowish brown .\n: tegula and mesonotum whitish creamy white with pale - brown scales ; legs dark brown . forewing (\n) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 5 . 1 ; dorsally covered mostly by dark - brown scales ; with three interconnected white areas that form a longitudinal s - like band ; one proximal , rounded , in the anal area , made of pale - creamy white scales , followed by a short stripe aligned in the cubital area , made of creamy white scales , and a third , also rounded and faint , in the cell , made of pale - creamy white scales ; a tenuous , u - shaped band of pale - gray scales following the contours of the tornus ; three raised tufts of pale - gray scales , located posteriorly to cubitus , in anal area , in line with mid - cell , and near tornal area respectively ; fringes dark brown ; ventrally mostly covered by dark - brown scales ; retinaculum subcostal ; discal cell closed , ~ 0 . 8\u00d7 length of forewing , ending near 1 / 5 of wing margin ; sc ending ca . middle of anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r\nstalked ca . 1 / 2 distance from the cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with well - developed 1a + 2a extending more than 1 / 2 posterior margin . hindwing (\n) : strongly lanceolate , with nine veins ; l / w index ~ 7 . 2 , ~ 0 . 8 forewing in length ; scales dark brown on both sides ; fringes dark brown ; frenulum a single acanthus in male , with two distally directed acanthi in female ; sc + r\nending ca . 1 / 2 anterior margin ; rs ending ca . 1 / 5 anterior margin ; m 3 - branched , m\n) anteriorly expanded medially into a short lobe , associated with a subtriangular sternite .\n) . papillae anales connected dorsally , narrowed distally , setose ; anterior apophyses with arms slightly curved , similar in length to posterior apophyses ; sterigma divided into a bandlike tergum and a distally bilobed sternum , shallowly and widely emarginate medially ; ostium bursae small , wider than long ; ductus bursae membranous , shorter than corpus bursae ; ductus seminalis inserted distally ; corpus bursae an elongate sac , with no sclerotizations on inner wall .\nholotype \u2642 brazil : centro de pesquisas e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da natureza pr\u00f3 - mata ( cpcn pr\u00f3 - mata ; 29\u00b029 ' 16\ns , 50\u00b010 ' 60\nw ; 925 m ) , s\u00e3o francisco de paula , rs , brazil . dry preserved pinned adults , reared from galls induced on tibouchina sellowiana ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , lmci 210 - 56 , 7\u20139 . iii . 2013 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and l . t . pereira , donated to dzup ( 29 . 409 ) . paratypes : same data , 26 . iii . 2012 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and p . pollo ; 2\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 161 and 162 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 410 and 29 . 411 ) ; 1\u2642 ( lmci 174 - 157 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 51 ) and 1\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 158 ) , donated to mctp ( 36 . 225 and 36 . 226 , respectively ) .\nwith the same collection data , deposited in lmci . adults , dried and pinned : 2\u2642 ( lmci 174 - 159 and 210 - 49 ) , 1\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 160 ) , 1\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 163 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 52 ) . adults , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 1\u2642 ( lmci 174 - 165 ) , 3\u2640 ( lmci 174 - 164 , 166 and 167 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : genitalia , 3\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 29 , 47 and 48 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 28 ) ; wings , 2 \u2642 ( grpm 50 - 45 and 50 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 46 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 49 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 8 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 174 - 52 ) ; 7 pupae ( lmci 174 - 168 , 169 and 223 ; and 210 - 16 ) ; 10 galls ( lmci 174 - 47 to 49 , 174 - 217 to 222 , and 210 - 15 ) . in tissue collection , 9 larvae ( lmci 174 - 50 and 56 ) fixed and preserved in 100 % etoh , at - 20\u00b0c .\n) , 3 . 51 to 7 . 01 mm ( n = 6 ) . cecidogenous , endophyllous , semiprognathous , and tissue - feeder . body with setae well developed .\n) : brown , with two paler mid - dorsal areas ; smooth , with shallow ridges ; labrum shallowly notched ; frons higher than wide , extending ca . 3 / 4 epicranial notch ; six stemmata arranged in c - shape . chaetotaxy (\n) : a - group trisetose ; l - group unisetose ; p - group bisetose ; md trisetose ; c - group bisetose ; f - group unisetose ; af - group bisetose ; s - group trisetose ; ss - group trisetose . a1 , a3 , p1 and s2 about equal in length , longest setae on head ; c1 , c2 , f1 , a2 , af2 , l1 intermediate in length ; af1 shorter ; md1\u20133 very reduced and aligned with each other . antenna two - segmented . mandibles broad with four teeth , and one seta on outer surface ; labium broad , with two - segmented palpus and spinneret parallel - sided ; maxilla prominent .\n) : prothoracic shield light brown , divided longitudinally by indistinctly marked , unpigmented area ; anal fig brown . thoracic legs slightly pigmented . prolegs on a3\u2013a6 and a10 of equal size ; crochets in a circle , uniserial and uniordinal . thorax chaetotaxy : t1 with d - group bisetose , both located on the dorsal shield , d1 shorter than d2 ; xd - group bisetose , setae similar in length and both on the dorsal shield ; sd bisetose , laterally on the dorsal shield ; l - group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 ; sv - group bisetose , posteroventral to l2 , sv1 slightly longer than sv2 ; v - group unisetose . t2 and t3 with d - and sd - groups bisetose , median - transversely aligned ; d2 and sd1 similar in length , and longer than d1 and sd2 respectively ; l trisetose , l3 posterior to l1\u2013l2 , similar in length to l1 ; sv unisetose ; v unisetose . abdomen chaetotaxy : d - group bisetose ; a1\u20139 with d2 slightly longer than d1 , and a10 with d1 longer than d2 ; sd - group bisetose , a1\u20137 with sd1 slightly longer than sd2 and a10 with sd2 longer than sd1 , sd2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with l - group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 , l2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with sv - group bisetose , sv1 slightly shorter than sv2 , sv1 absent in a9 ; v - group unisetose .\n) , 4 . 42 to 6 . 11 mm long ( n = 5 ) . body elongate - oval in dorsal and ventral views , widest and dorsally raised in mesothoracic region . integument weakly melanized , mostly smooth , with a few scattered microsetae dorsally . frontoclypeal suture not evident . labrum u - shaped . labial palpi long ; antennae arched anteriorly and separate , approximate and parallel posteriorly to distal margins of maxillae , surpassing apical margin of forewings ; maxillae extending distally between sclerites of mid - legs ; femora of midleg not fused distally ; femora of foreleg extending beyond widest part of labial palpi . cremaster (\n) short and apically rounded , with four pairs of setae ; one latero - basally , another latero - dorsally and two latero - distally .\nknown only from the type locality , in the dense umbrophilous forest ( = brazilian atlantic rain forest sensu stricto ) portions of the cpcn pr\u00f3 - mata , s\u00e3o francisco de paula , rs , brazil .\ntibouchina sellowiana ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) . a small tree ( 3 to 6 m ) , endemic to the coastal montane forests of southern brazil , ranging from minas gerais to rio grande do sul , usually flowering in april\u2013may ( souza 1986 , guimar\u00e3es 2014 ) .\nat the type locality , during spring ( october ) and summer ( february ) . they are prosoplasmatic histioid ( k\u00fcster , in\n) ; without conspicuous projections , bearing a few longitudinal carinae on surface and changing gradually from green to violet as ages ; fleshy , without uniformly defined internal chamber ; unilocular , unilarval . most of them house a specialized kleptoparasitic gelechiid moth , whose complex natural history is described in detail elsewhere (\n) . those that are free from the kleptoparasite fall to the ground in late larval ontogeny and larva complete development on the ground . pupation occurs inside the gall , within a cylindrical , longitudinally arranged cocoon made of woven white silk (\nnamed in honor of prof . dr . geraldo wilson fernandes , departamento de biologia geral , instituto de ci\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas , universidade federal de minas gerais , for his great contributions to the development of cecidology in the neotropics .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral ; e aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) f male genitalia , lateral view g signum , internal view h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illustrated ) j female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 200 and 250 \u00b5m ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 \u00b5m , 1 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .\n) . sexes similar , forewing length 4 . 81 to 5 . 59 mm ( n = 5 ) .\n) : frons pale brown ; vertex and labial palpus and antenna with pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown ; labial palpus with basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; proboscis yellowish brown .\n: tegula and mesonotum with pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown , posterior scales having more pale brown ; fore and midlegs dark brown ; hindlegs pale brown , tibia and tarsus with intermixed dark - brown scales . forewing (\n) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 4 . 5 ; dorsally covered by pale - brown scales intermixed with scattered , pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown , and with longitudinally aligned groups of brown scales ; a narrow , ill - defined , dark - brown streak bisecting the wing longitudinally from base to tornus ; 3 raised scale tufts located posterior to cubitus , including 1 wider tuft in anal area , 1 in line with midcell , and 1 near tornal area ; fringes pale brown , interspersed with a few pale - brown scales tipped with dark brown ; tornal area with two bands of pale - brown scales tipped with blackish brown ; ventrally , mostly uniformly covered with dark - brown scales ; retinaculum subcostal ; discal cell closed , ~ 2 / 3 length of forewing ; ending near 1 / 5 of wing margin ; sc ending ca . middle of anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r\nstalked ca . 1 / 4 distance from the cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with 1a + 2a that is well developed , extending more than half length of posterior margin . hindwing (\n) strongly lanceolate , with 9 veins ; l / w index ~ 6 . 4 , ~ 0 . 8 forewing in length ; scales pale brown on both sides ; fringes pale brown ; frenulum with a single acanthus in male , and with two acanthi in female , proximal acanthus anteriorly divergent , and distal acanthus parallel to wing anterior margin ; sc + r\nending at ca . 1 / 2 anterior margin ; rs ending at ca . 1 / 5 anterior margin ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched , with cua\nstalked to m3 ; cup weakly sclerotized , ending at 1 / 3 posterior margin ; 1a + 2a well developed , ending near basis of posterior margin .\n) anteriorly expanded medially into a slender , sharply pointed lobe , associated with a subtrapezoidal sternite .\n) covered with several long setae , divided near 1 / 3 from base , with flat , broad sacculus tapering distad , and long , spatulate costa , rounded distally and gradually constricted toward base .\nholotype \u2642 : brazil : private farm belonging to antonio malta , coxilha das lombas , 30\u00b002 ' 13\ns , 50\u00b036 ' 30\nw , 17 m , santo ant\u00f4nio da patrulha , rs , brazil . dry preserved pinned adults , reared from galls induced on tibouchina asperior ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , lmci 211 , 12 . iii . 2013 , by g . r . p . moreira , f . a . luz and s . bordignon , ( lmci 211 - 12 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 412 ) . paratypes : same data , 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 ( lmci 211 - 14 and 06 ) with genitalia in glycerin ( grpm 50 - 43 and 44 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 413 and 29 . 414 , respectively ) .\ndry preserved pinned adults , with the same collection data , deposited in lmci under the following accession numbers : 2\u2642 ( lmci 211 - 07 and 10 ) ; 1\u2640 ( lmci 211 - 11 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : genitalia , 2\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 38 and 39 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 40 ) ; wings , 1\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 36 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 37 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 41 and 42 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 6 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 211 - 17 to 22 ) ; 3 pupae ( lmci 211 - 5 , 9 and 26 ) ; 6 mature , intact galls ( lmci 211 - 25 ) . in tissue collection , 6 larvae ( lmci 211 - 8 ) , fixed and preserved in 100 % ethanol , at - 20\u00b0c .\n) , 4 . 94 to 9 . 88 mm long ( n = 5 ) . cecidogenous , endophyllous except prior to pupation , semiprognathous and tissue - feeder . body subcylindrical , creamy white , changing to red when mature prior to exit the gall ; with setae well developed .\n) : pale brown , interspersed with two pairs of darker mid - dorsal areas ; smooth , with shallow ridges ; labrum shallowly notched ; frons higher than wide , extending ca . 3 / 4 epicranial notch ; six stemmata arranged in c - shaped configuration . chaetotaxy (\n) : a - group trisetose ; l - group unisetose ; p group bisetose ; md trisetose ; c group bisetose ; f group unisetose ; af group bisetose ; s group trisetose ; ss group trisetose . a1 , a3 , p1 and s2 about equal in length , longest setae on head ; c1 , c2 , f1 , a2 , af2 , l1 intermediate in length ; af1 absent ; md1\u20133 very reduced and aligned with each other . antenna two - segmented . mandibles broad with four teeth , and one seta on the outer surface ; labium broad , with two - segmented palpus , the distal segment minute ; spinneret parallel - sided ; maxilla prominent .\n) : prothoracic shield and anal fig slightly marked by irregularly shaped , small light - brown blots . thoracic legs also scarcely pigmented . prolegs on a3 - a6 and a10 of equal size ; crochets in a semicircle , uniserial and uniordinal . thorax chaetotaxy : t1 with d group bisetose , both located on dorsal shield , d1 shorter than d2 ; xd group bisetose , similar in length and both on the dorsal shield ; sd bisetose , laterally on the dorsal shield ; l group bisetose , l1 longer than l2 ; sv group bisetose , posteroventral to l2 , sv1 slightly longer than sv2 ; v group unisetose . t2 and t3 with d and sd groups bisetose , median - transversely aligned ; d2 and sd1 similar in length , and longer than d1 and sd2 respectively ; l trisetose , l3 posteriorly , similar in length to l1 ; sv unisetose ; v unisetose . abdomen chaetotaxy : d group bisetose ; a1\u20139 with d2 slightly longer than d1 , and a10 with d1 longer than d2 ; sd group bisetose , a1\u20137 with sd1 slightly longer than sd2 and a10 with sd2 longer than sd1 , sd2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with l group trisetose , l1 longer than l2 , l1 and l2 absent in a9 ; a1\u20138 with sv group trisetose , sv3 absent in a7\u20139 ; v group unisetose .\n) , 5 . 59 to 6 . 76 mm long ( n = 3 ) , elongate in dorsal and ventral views , slightly wider in thoracic region . integument light amber - colored , mostly smooth , with a few scattered microsetae dorsally . frontoclypeal suture not evident . labrum u - shaped . labial palpi long ; antennae arched anteriorly and separate , approximate and parallel posteriorly to distal margins of maxillae , reaching apical margin of forewings ; maxillae extending distally between sclerites of midlegs ; femora of midleg not fused distally ; femora of foreleg extending beyond widest part of labial palpi . cremaster (\n) long , tubular , dorsally directed , bearing latero - apically a pair of distally conspicuous , anteriorly curved spines .\npalaeomystella rosaemariae is known only from the type locality , the fragments of lowland dense umbrophilous atlantic forest of coxilha das lombas , santo ant\u00f4nio da patrulha , rs , brazil .\ntibouchina asperior ( cham . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) , a shrub ( 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 m ) , in humid grassland areas , endemic to santa catarina and rio grande do sul ( souza 1986 , guimar\u00e3es 2014 ) . at coxilha das lombas , where the southernmost portions of lowland dense umbrophilous atlantic forest occurs , these shrubs are common along the borders of forest fragments located in poorly drained , swampy areas , associated with the formation of lagoons and also influenced by sand dunes .\nare located at distal axillary buds of the host . at the type locality , they occur in low numbers per plant . galls are prosoplasmatic histioid ( k\u00fcster , in\n) ; small , delicate , globoid ( 5 . 2 to 7 . 28 mm long ; n = 7 ) , green to reddish , covered with several short spine - like projections (\n) . unilocular , unilarval , pupates away from the gall . little is known about the life history of this species . in laboratory , mature last instar larva invariably made a lateral orifice by chewing the gall wall (\n) and moved directly to the bottom of the plastic pot . there , they promptly began to construct a cocoon by tying together small pieces of dried leaves with silk , where the pupation occurred (\n) . the adult emerged through a slit made at the terminal end of the cocoon . specimens that pupated in the laboratory during the summer emerged as adults in the following autumn ( may ) .\nnamed in honor of prof . dr . rosy mary dos santos isaias , an anatomist of the departamento de bot\u00e2nica , instituto de ci\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas , universidade federal de minas gerais , for her great contributions to the development of cecidology in the neotropics .\npalaeomystella tavaresi adult morphology : a wings b male valva , mesolateral view c male eighth sternum , ventral view d juxta , ventral ; e aedeagus , lateral view ( asterisk indicates attached juxta - lobes ) f male genitalia , lateral view g signum , internal view h male genitalia , ventral view ( transtilla , aedeagus and juxta not illustrated ) i female genitalia , ventral view ( corpus bursae not illustrated ) h female genitalia , lateral view . scale bars = 1 mm ; 200 , 250 , 50 , 200 , 100 , 200 , 200 and 250 \u00b5m ; 0 . 5 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella tavaresi last larval instar : a cephalic chaetotaxy , frontal view b thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy , lateral view c head and prothoracic shield in detail , dorsal view d body , lateral view . scale bars = 50 \u00b5m , 1 mm , respectively .\npalaeomystella tavaresi pupa , in dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) and lateral ( c ) views , respectively . scale bar = 1 mm .\nwalshia sp . lima 1945 : 303\u2013305 , figs 180 , 183 , 184 , misidentification .\n) . sexes similar , forewing length 7 . 02 to 9 . 23 mm ( n = 8 ) .\n) ; labial palpus pale brown , basal segments angled laterally , terminal segment slightly angled upward ; antennae brown ; proboscis yellowish brown .\n) with brown scales tipped with dark brown , posterior scales paler brown ; fore and midlegs dark brown ; hindlegs pale brown , tibia and tarsus with intermixed dark - brown scales . forewings (\n) : lanceolate , with 13 veins ; l / w index ~ 4 . 4 ; dorsally covered with brown scales , intermixed with dark - brown scales tipped with black , and pale - brown scales ; a narrow , ill - defined , dark - brown streak bisects the wing longitudinally from base to a brown , subapical , crescentic marking , edged distally with dark - gray scales ; 3 raised scale tufts located posterior to cubitus , in anal area , in line with midcell , and near tornal area , respectively ; fringes pale brown ; ventral side most uniformly covered with dark - brown scales ; discal cell closed , ~ 0 . 7\u00d7 length of forewing ; ending near 1 / 5 wing margin ; sc ending ca . 1 / 3 anterior margin ; r 5 - branched ; r\nstalked ca . 1 / 2 distance from cell apex ; m 3 - branched ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weak proximally and not stalked , with 1a + 2a that is well developed , extending more than half length of posterior margin . hindwing (\n) : strongly lanceolate , with 9 veins ; l / w index ~ 5 . 4 , ~ 0 . 84 forewing in length ; scales light brown on both sides ; fringes pale brown ; frenulum a single acanthus on male , with two parallel - sided acanthi in female . sc + r\nstalked near rs ; cua 2 - branched ; cup weakly sclerotized , ending at 1 / 2 posterior margin ; 1a + 2a well developed , ending near basis of posterior margin .\n( not illustrated ) : scales pale brown intermixed with gray scales , with transverse irregular rows of spiniform setae on terga 2\u20137 in both sexes . eighth sternum (\n) expanded anteromedially into a stout , rounded lobe , associated with a subtrapezoidal sternite .\n) covered by several long setae , divided near 1 / 3 from the basis , with sacculus spatulate , tapering distad , and costa long , palmate , gradually constricted basad .\nholotype \u2642 : brazil : reserva serra bonita , 15\u00b023 ' 30\ns , 39\u00b033 ' 57\nw , 832 m , camacan , ba , brazil . adults preserved dried and pinned , reared from galls induced on tibouchina fissinervia ( schrank & mart . ex dc . ) cogn . ( melastomataceae ) by g . r . p . moreira , 15\u201321 . x . 2013 , lmci 230 - 05 , donated to dzup ( 29 . 415 ) . paratypes : same data , 17\u201323 . ii . 2013 , lmci 209 ; 1\u2642 ( lmci 209 - 31 ) , 1\u2640 ( lmci 230 - 20 ) , donated to dzup ( 29 . 416 and 29 . 417 , respectively ) ; 1\u2642 ( lmci 230 - 06 ) , 2\u2640 ( lmci 230 - 09 and 22 ) donated to vob .\nadults dried and pinned , collected in light traps at the type locality , deposited in vob : 1\u2642 ( vob 144730 ) , - . viii . 2009 , by f . l . santos ; 1\u2642 ( vob 146783 , with genitalia mounted on slide ) , - . ix . 2010 , by v . o . becker . additional specimens , with the same collection data as the type material , deposited in lmci : adults dried and pinned , 6\u2642 ( lmci 230 - 07 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 21 ; lmci 230 - 08 , with genitalia in glycerin grpm 50 - 57 ) and 6\u2640 ( lmci 230 - 10 , 11 , 12 , 18 and 19 ; lmci 230 - 23 , with genitalia in glycerin grpm 50 - 58 ) . slide preparations , mounted in canada balsam : adults , 1\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 54 ) , 1\u2640 ( grpm 50 - 55 ) ; wings , 1\u2642 ( grpm 50 - 53 ) ; larvae , 2 last instars ( grpm 50 - 56 ) . immature stages , fixed in kahle - dietrich\u2019s fluid and preserved in 70 % etoh : 5 last - instar larvae ( lcmi 209 - 13 and 14 , and 230 - 2 ) ; 6 pupae ( lmci 209 - 7 , 11 , 18 , and 230 - 1 ) ; 12 dissected galls ( lmci 209 - 21 and 22 , 230 - 3 and 4 ) . in tissue collection , 6 larvae ( lmci 209 - 06 ) fixed and preserved in 100 % etoh , at - 20\u00b0c ."]}
{"id": 809, "summary": [{"text": "the northern rocky mountain wolf ( canis lupus irremotus ) is a subspecies of gray wolf native to the northern rocky mountains in northwestern wyoming northward through western montana and eastern idaho at least to lethbridge in southern alberta .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is a light-colored , medium to large-sized subspecies with a narrow , flattened frontal bone .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the subspecies was initially listed as endangered on march 9 , 1978 , but had the classification removed in the year 2000 due to the effects of the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "on august 6 , 2010 , the northern rocky mountain wolf was ordered to be returned under endangered species act protections by u.s. district judge donald molloy in a decision overturning a previous ruling by the u.s. fish and wildlife service .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "they were later removed on august 31 , 2012 from the list because of idaho , montana , and wyoming meeting the population quotas for the species to be considered stable .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "as of 2005 , it is considered a valid subspecies by msw3 , though it is classed as a synonym of c. l. nubilus by the united states fish and wildlife service . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "northern rocky mountain wolf", "paragraphs": ["northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . 1980 . northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan interagency report . 67 pp .\nfish & wildlife serv . & n . rocky mountain wolf recovery team , northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan\npercentage of wolf mortalities in the northern rocky mountains attributable to human causes ( 2000\u20132009 ) .\nx - canis lupus youngi the southern rocky mountain wolf ; extinct by 1935 ; light buff color .\nthe bill requires the interior secretary to reissue the\n2009 rule\nwhich removed esa protections for all northern rocky mountain wolves , except those in wyoming .\nin the northern rocky mountains , wolf numbers are too low and populations too fragmented to ensure long - term survival , robinson says .\nfood habits and spatial relations of coyotes and one lone wolf in the rocky mountains .\nusfws , nez perce tribe , national park service , and usda wildlife services . rocky mountain wolf recovery 2001 annual report . usfws , helena , mt .\nusfws , nez perce tribe , national park service , and usda wildlife services . rocky mountain wolf recovery 2002 annual report . usfws , helena , mt .\ntwo previous attempts to remove protections from the wolves in the northern rocky mountains have been struck down by federal courts .\ncanis lupus irremotus a medium - sized , light - coloured wolf from the rocky mountains .\nminta , s . c . , comp . 1990 . annotated wolf bibliography for the northern rocky mountains . usda forest service and northern rockies conservation cooperative . flathead national forest , kalispell . 465 pp .\nparadoxically , the legal battle surrounding gray wolves in the northern rocky mountains began where it might once have ended : at extinction .\nmartinka , c . j . 1976 . planning guidelines for the conservation of northern rocky mountain wolves in glacier national park . unpubl . rep . , usdi national park service , glacier national park . 3 pp .\nhowever , fws issued another final rule , the 2009 rule , delisting wolves in the northern rocky mountains - - this time excluding wyoming .\nhutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .\ncanis lupus hudsonicus a light - coloured wolf found in northern manitoba and the northwest territories .\nalthough the section 10 ( j ) compromise certainly cleared the regulatory thicket for gray wolf reintroduction in the northern rocky mountains , it hardly plucked any of the political thorns .\nin 1980 , the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team completed a plan which would guide wolf recovery efforts for a future wolf population in the northern rockies of montana , idaho , and wyoming . the recovery plan was revised in 1987 . the plan designated three recovery areas - northwestern montana , central idaho , and the greater yellowstone - each of which included some portion of montana .\ngray wolf in the northern rockies ( photo courtesy u . s . fish and wildlife service )\nprey use strategies of sympatric wolves and coyotes in riding mountain national park , manitoba .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 2012 . northern rocky mountain wolf recovery program 2011 interagency annual report . m . d . jimenez and s . a . becker , eds . usfws , ecological services , 585 shepard way , helena , montana , 59601 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1988 . interim wolf control plan , northern rocky mountains of montana and wyoming . fish and wildlife enhancement office , helena . 29 pp .\n. in 2006 , censuses counted 22 breeding pairs and 283 wolves in montana , 42 breeding pairs and 650 wolves in idaho , and 25 breeding pairs and 310 wolves in wyoming , for a total of 1243 wolves in the northern rocky mountain region .\nadams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .\nbalser , d . s . , r . evans , d . l . flath , d . mcintoch , m . m . meagher , n . r . miner , k . norrie , r . r . ream , and r . k . turner , 1980 , northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan\nfollowing an absence of more than 70 years , wolves once again run beneath the ample skies of yellowstone national park . northern rocky mountain wolves , a subspecies of the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , were native to yellowstone when the park was established in 1872 . predator control was practiced in the park . . .\nmattson , u . , and r . r . ream . 1978 . current status of the gray wolf ( canis lupis ) in the rocky mountain front , july , 1978 . unpubl . rep . , wolf ecology project , university of montana , missoula . 18 pp .\ndiamond , s . j . , and p . finnegan . 1991 . wolf movements and food habits on the rocky mountain front : annual report 1991 . usda for . serv . , lewis and clark national forest , great falls . 17 pp .\ndiamond , s . j . , and p . finnegan . 1992 . wolf movements and food habits on the rocky mountain front : 1992 annual report . usda for . serv . , lewis and clark national forest , great falls . 10 pp .\nnorthern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . idaho . department of fish and game . montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . national audubon society . u . s . fish and wildlife service . united states . bureau of land management . united states . forest service . united states . national park service . university of montana .\nfor some in the west , however , the idea of peaceful wolf - human existence remains a pipe dream . \u201cnatural balance is a walt disney movie \u2013 it isn\u2019t real , \u201d david allen , president of the rocky mountain elk foundation , said recently .\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) listed the eastern timber wolf ( canis lupus lycaon ) as endangered in 1967 , and the northern rocky mountain subspecies ( canis lupus irremotus ) as endangered in 1973 . in 1978 , the legal status of the gray wolf in north america was clarified by listing the minnesota wolf population as threatened and all other members of the species canis lupus south of canada as endangered .\nfws issues a proposed rule to delist northern rockies gray wolves from the endangered species list .\ntilt , w . , r . norris and a . s . eno . 1987 . wolf recovery in the northern rocky mountains . publ . booklet , national audubon society , national fish and wildlife foundation , washington , dc . 31 pp .\nthe approval of all three state management plans paved the path for fws to publish a final rule ( \u201c2008 rule\u201d ) delisting wolves in the northern mountain rocky mountain region from esa protections and transferring absolute authority for wolf management to the three individual states . [ fn39 ] the ink was barely dry on the 2008 rule before a coalition of environmental groups filed suit challenging the rule . [ fn40 ] in july 2008 , in defenders of wildlife v . hall , the u . s . district court for the district of montana issued a preliminary injunction enjoining the service from delisting the gray wolf and restoring esa protections in the northern rocky mountain region pending final resolution , [ fn41 ] two months later , the court granted fws ' s procedural motion to enter a vacatur of the 2008 rule and remand to the agency for further consideration . [ fn42 ]\nday , gary l . 1981 . the status and distribution of wolves in the northern rocky mountains of the united states . m . s . thesis . univ . of montana , missoula . 130 pp .\nty - book ti - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / ur - urltoken pb - the team ] , cy - [ bozeman , mont . : py - 1980 n1 -\nmay 28 1980 .\nau - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . au - idaho . department of fish and game . au - montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . au - national audubon society . au - u . s . fish and wildlife service . au - united states . bureau of land management . au - united states . forest service . au - united states . national park service . au - university of montana . kw - endangered species kw - united states kw - wildlife management kw - wolves er - ty - book ti - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / vl - 1980 ur - urltoken pb - the team ] , cy - [ bozeman , mont . : py - 1980 n1 -\nmay 28 1980 .\nau - northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . au - idaho . department of fish and game . au - montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . au - national audubon society . au - u . s . fish and wildlife service . au - united states . bureau of land management . au - united states . forest service . au - united states . national park service . au - university of montana . kw - endangered species kw - united states kw - wildlife management kw - wolves er -\n79 ( 2004 ) . other big game animals in montana include elk , moose , black bears , and mountain lions .\nrange and habitat : the northwestern wolf , more commonly known as the rocky mountain wolf inhabits parts of the western united states , western canada , and alaska , including unimak island of the aleutians , and is the sub - species that was reintroduced into yellowstone national park ( ynp ) and central idaho in 1995 - 6 .\n. final rule to identify the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and to revise the list of endangered and threatened wild - life , 74 fed . reg . 15 , 123 , 15 , 125 ( apr . 2 , 2009 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2009 rule ] .\nfurthermore , federal oversight of wolf management in the northern rockies is set to end in may 2016 . in january 2016 the center and allies petitioned for the service to continue monitoring northern rocky mountains gray wolves for another five years \u2014 crucial to ensure that the wolf population doesn ' t slip to dangerously low levels . we filed a notice of intent to sue in march after the agency failed to respond .\nfinal rule designating the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife , 73 fed . reg . 10 , 514 , 10 , 514 ( feb . 27 , 2008 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2008 rule ] .\ndesignating the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolf as a distinct population segment and removing this distinct population segment from the federal list of endangered and threatened wildlife , 72 fed . reg . 6106 , 6106 - 07 ( proposed feb . 8 , 2007 ) ( to be codified at 50 c . f . r . pt . 17 ) [ hereinafter 2007 rule ] ; elizabeth a . schulte ,\n, jan . 12 , 2007 . one day after ifgc announced a 2009 wolf season , otter told a reporter he would buy a wolf tag and hoped to bag one during the fall hunt . rocky barker ,\nin 1974 , the remaining gray wolves in the lower 48 states were protected under the endangered species act ( esa ) . thereafter , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fsw ) of the u . s . department of the interior appointed a wolf recovery team , which initially recommended that natural dispersal and reintroduction be used to restore wolves to the northern rocky mountain ( nrm ) region .\ngray wolves were originally listed under the esa in 1974 . currently , gray wolves are listed as endangered throughout most of the united states . the gray wolf is listed as threatened in minnesota , and as an experimental population in wyoming . the species has been delisted due to recovery in the northern rocky mountain dps , which includes montana , idaho , eastern washington , eastern oregon and north - central utah .\ncanis lupus occidentalis a large wolf from western canada , also called the mackenzie valley wolf .\nthe gray wolf is one of north america ' s most iconic native predators . the wolf ' s incredible comeback in the northern rockies is one of our country ' s greatest wildlife success stories .\ndobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .\nearthjustice files suit challenging the decision to remove endangered species act protections for gray wolves in the northern rockies .\nfederal district court judge donald molloy upholds the 2011 legislation removing esa protections for wolves in the northern rockies .\nthe northern rockies were once a gray wolf stronghold , but predator removal programs initiated in the 1880s essentially wiped wolves out in the region by the 1930s .\nforesman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .\n\u201cthe return of the wolf to the northern rocky mountains is a major success story , and reflects the remarkable work of states , tribes , and our many partners to bring this iconic species back from the brink of extinction ,\nfish and wildlife service director dan ashe said in a statement .\nthe final rule for delisting of the northern rockies population of gray wolves from the endangered species list is published .\n@ book { bhl200383 , title = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - -\nmay 28 1980 .\n} , publisher = { [ bozeman , mont . : the team ] , } , author = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . and idaho . department of fish and game . and montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . and national audubon society . and u . s . fish and wildlife service . and united states . bureau of land management . and united states . forest service . and united states . national park service . and university of montana . } , year = { } , pages = { 84 } , keywords = { endangered species | united states | wildlife management | wolves | } , } @ book { bhl137547 , title = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan / } , volume = { 1980 } , copyright = { not provided . contact contributing library to verify copyright status . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - -\nmay 28 1980 .\n} , publisher = { [ bozeman , mont . : the team ] , } , author = { northern rocky mountain wolf recovery team . and idaho . department of fish and game . and montana . department of fish , wildlife , and parks . and national audubon society . and u . s . fish and wildlife service . and united states . bureau of land management . and united states . forest service . and united states . national park service . and university of montana . } , year = { 1980 } , pages = { 84 } , keywords = { endangered species | united states | wildlife management | wolves | } , }\na federal district court issues an order finding that the delisting of wolves in the northern rockies was likely illegal , but declined to stop wolf hunts in idaho and montana .\nboyd , d . 1982 . food habits and spatial relations of coyotes and a lone wolf in the rocky mountains . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 115 pp .\nwolves were first brought back to the west in 1995 , when 66 were brought from canada to yellowstone national park and idaho . the northern rocky mountain wolf recovery plan also allowed for the natural southern dispersal of other wolf populations from canada . since then , the species has spread to montana , wyoming , washington , and oregon , and now there\u2019s even a single pack living in northern california . the population of wolves in those states is approaching 1 , 700 \u2014a huge success story for conservationists , albeit one that\u2019s still ongoing . wolves numbered 2 million on this continent just a couple hundred years ago but were killed off as modern civilization expanded westward .\nthe return of the gray wolf continues to rivet the mountain west , where some 2 million wolves roamed before settlers drove them to extinction by the 1930s . nearly 2 , 000 animals and more than 100 breeding pairs \u2013 a tiny fraction of their original numbers \u2013 now traverse the ancestral valleys and ridgelines of their northern rockies range .\nunder an exception to the endangered species act , fish and wildlife service actions have resulted in the federal killing on behalf of the livestock industry of 931 wolves in the northern rocky mountains and at least 1 , 951 wolves in the great lakes region from 1996 through 2008 .\nream , r . r . 1984 . the wolf is at our door : population recovery in the northern rockies . western wildlands 10 ( 2 ) : 2 - 7 .\noverly aggressive management by the states is consistently reducing wolf numbers and the connectivity necessary for wolves to expand into unoccupied areas in the northern rockies and neighboring states . consequently , full recovery of the wolf in the american west is threatened .\njeremy t . bruskotter , eric toman , sherry a . enzler , robert h . schmidt ; are gray wolves endangered in the northern rocky mountains ? a role for social science in listing determinations , bioscience , volume 60 , issue 11 , 1 december 2010 , pages 941\u2013948 , urltoken\n\u201cbiologists have witnessed deer move as far down as illinois and ohio because of the overcrowding population in northern michigan and wisconsin . \u201d\nthe northern rockies gray wolves are officially removed from the endangered species list . wyoming ' s contentious state management plan takes effect .\nwolf populations in yellowstone national park and central idaho grew rapidly and soon became a source for dispersers to montana . new packs formed outside the earliest core wolf areas and overall wolf distribution expanded . wolf dispersal has been documented between and among all three federal recovery areas and the states comprising the northern rockies . by the end of 2002 , the northern rockies wolf population met the biological recovery criteria of at least 30 breeding pairs in the northern rockies for three years in a row . by the end of 2004 , there was an estimated 835 wolves and 66 breeding pairs in the tri - state area . in montana , there were about 153 wolves in 15 breeding pairs .\nwolf reintroduction and recovery in the northern rocky mountains is a conservation success story . since reintroduction in 1995 , wolf populations have increased from a few dozen to 1 , 700 . the original recovery goal of 300 wolves has been sustained in the region for almost a decade . that is why the u . s . interior department agreed to return wolf management to state of montana wildlife biologists in 2003 . the interior department re - affirmed that plan in 2009 .\na member of yellowstone ' s famed druid pack , this particular wolf was unique .\nhe was a hell of a wolf ,\nrecalled one veteran wolf watcher .\nearthjustice filed suit on behalf of 12 conservation groups , challenging the decision to delist northern rockies gray wolves from endangered species act protections .\nin fact , genetic isolation threatens all gray wolves , whose three main populations \u2014 in the northern rockies , upper midwest and southwest \u2014 are small and disconnected . to spur true , nationwide gray wolf recovery , in july 2010 the center petitioned the obama administration for a national recovery plan to establish wolf populations in suitable habitat in the pacific northwest , california , great basin , southern rocky mountains , great plains and new england .\nrust , h . j . 1946 . mammals of northern idaho . j . mammal . 27 ( 4 ) : 308 - 327 .\n. although gray wolves can live up to thirteen years , the average lifespan of reintroduced wolves in the northern rockies is just four years .\nwolves in the northern rockies are again removed from the endangered species list . the delisting rule goes into effect on may 4 , 2009 .\njust 13 years after the first releases in yellowstone , the push to remove gray wolves in the northern rockies from the endangered species list began .\na more recent study\u2014not available at the time of delisting\u2014suggests attitudes toward wolves in the northern rockies may be becoming more negative . specifically , a content analysis of news media coverage indicates that public discourse about wolves in the northern rockies became increasingly negative from 1999 to 2008 ( houston 2009 ) .\nvast areas of suitable wolf habitat remain unoccupied in national forests and national parks in the former western range of the gray wolf .\nboyd , d . k . and d . h . pletscher . 1999 .\ncharacteristics of dispersal in a colonizing wolf population in the central rocky mountains\n. the journal of wildlife management . 63 ( 4 ) : 1094 - 1108 .\nwith large swaths of undeveloped land and some of america\u2019s biggest native animals , the rocky mountains and great plains provide the last best wildlife habitat in the lower 48 for many species .\nannouncing the delisting , deputy secretary of the interior lynn scarlett said the success of gray wolf recovery efforts in the northern rockies has contributed to expanding populations of wolves that no longer require the protection of the act .\ndays before leaving office , the bush administration makes a final attempt to remove endangered species protections for wolves in the northern rockies ( excluding wyoming ) .\nwolves have recovered in the great lakes and the northern rocky mountains because of the hard work , cooperation and flexibility shown by states , tribes , conservation groups , federal agencies and citizens of both regions ,\nsaid scarlett .\nwe can all be proud of our various roles in saving this icon of the american wilderness .\nofficials in alberta and british columbia offered wolves for reintroduction . the canadian source areas were situated along the rocky mountains and had similar terrain and prey to the ynp and central idaho release locations .\nwolf watch 2 . scott\u2019s group on facebook . i think they only let you join if you can prove you shot a wolf illegally .\n, 2008 rule , 73 fed . reg . at 10 , 514 . in the northern rockies , only four or five of these pups survive the winter .\nfws proposed a rule to remove the gray wolf in wyoming from the endangered species list , claiming wyoming ' s wolf population is stable , threats will be addressed , and wyoming ' s wolf management laws are adequate .\nthe order comes a week after idaho ' s wolf hunting season opened on september 1 . montana is set to begin wolf hunting on september 15 .\nread tws\u2019 fact sheet on gray wolf populations in the conterminous united states , and position statement on wolf restoration and management in the contiguous united states .\ndiet : the prey base of the northwestern wolf includes a variety of hoofed mammals and other rodents , such as moose , bison , elk , caribou , dall sheep , sitka black - tailed deer , mountain goats , beaver , salmon , vole , lemmings , ground squirrels and snowshoe hare .\nfor northern rockies wolves to recover and assume their important role in ecosystems , states must manage wolves as an accepted and valued native species\u2014like mountain lions and black bears . states must also ensure adequate connectivity between wolf populations to allow for natural recolonization in washington , oregon , utah and colorado . education and outreach efforts are also vital to foster more tolerance for wolves and to promote the use of nonlethal methods to address conflicts and to secure a future for wolves in the region .\nmiscellaneous : legal shooting and trapping of wolves occurs throughout alaska . over the past decade 11 to 20 percent of alaska ' s wolf population has been harvested each year . studies indicate that wolves could sustain an annual harvest of 30 to 40 percent without decreasing the population . the wolf population in alaska is estimated at 7 , 500 - 11 , 000 wolves . the population in the northern rocky mountains ( greater yellowstone area , nw montana , and idaho ) is estimated to be around 1200 and increasing ( 2006 usfws pop . estimate ) .\nwerner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .\nthere are an estimated 7 , 000 to 11 , 200 gray wolves in alaska , 3 , 700 in the great lakes region and 1 , 675 in the northern rockies .\non january 14 , in what conservationists view as a last - ditch effort by the bush administration to undermine environmental protections , the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced that the northern rockies gray wolf will be taken off the endangered species list .\nsafari club and the nra jointly filed a motion for reconsideration of judge molloy\u2019s previous order denying the groups intervenor status in the litigation . asking the judge to reconsider is a procedural requirement if the groups wish to appeal to a higher court the judge\u2019s refusal to grant them intervenor status . judge molloy denied that reconsideration motion . rocky mountain elk foundation asked for a stay of the wolf delisting rider litigation pending appeal of judge molloy\u2019s decision to deny their group intervenor status . judge molloy likewise denied their motion to stay the litigation .\nyeah , it\u2019s one thing to read about it , quite another to actually see it ! . i really liked what you said , about opting for the control , not necessarily liking having to kill a wolf but when faced with certain circumstances , you are for doing what needs to be done . i think it\u2019s also fascinating to see how different things are between the wolves in the great lakes region and the wolves in the rocky mountain regions . somewhere in between the extreme positions of both sides i think is the truth .\nin 1978 , fws listed the northern rocky mountain subspecies of gray wolf ( cants lupis irremotus ) as endangered . [ fn20 ] fws first approved a recovery plan in 1980 , which called for the reintroduction of 90 to 150 gray wolves from canada into the greater yellowstone national park area ( \u201cgya\u201d ) in northwestern wyoming , central idaho , and western montana . [ fn21 ] the service determined that the region in and around yel - lowstone national park ( \u201cynp\u201d ) and the vast federally protected wilderness in central idaho were best suited for reintroduction because of a minimal interface with surrounding livestock and agricultural operations , the ample availability of wild game and native prey , and the quality of the habitat . [ fn22 ]\nmontana interagency wolf working group . 1991 . 1990 annual report . 29 pp .\ncanis lupus crassodon a medium - size , greyish wolf found on vancouver island .\necology of wolf predation admits high ungulate diversity in jasper national park , alberta .\nwolf predation of nettlesome coyotes has helped resuscitate numbers of the magnificent pronghorn antelope .\nas an example , ifgc set a wolf mortality limit of 428 wolves after the 2008 delisting - - about fifty percent of the state ' s wolf population .\nthe designation applies to all remaining wolf populations in the lower - 48 states .\nthe 2011\u20132012 montana wolf hunting and idaho wolf hunting and trapping seasons begin , during which 166 wolves are killed in montana , and 379 wolves are killed in idaho .\nthe mexican gray wolf is the rarest subspecies of gray wolf in north america . once common throughout portions of the southwestern united states , the mexican wolf was all but eliminated from the wild by the 1970s due to extensive predator control initiatives . recovery efforts for the mexican wolf began when the subspecies was listed as endangered in 1976 .\nwolf territories usually vary in size from 200 to 500 square miles , but may range from as little as 18 square miles to as much as 1 , 000 square miles . one wolf per every 10 square miles is considered ideal for wolf health .\nthe red wolf is one of the world\u2019s most endangered wolf species . once common throughout the eastern and south central united states , red wolf populations were decimated by the early part of the 20th century and reduced to coastal areas of texas and louisiana .\nsinger , f . j . 1975d . the history and status of wolves in northern glacier national park , montana . glacier national park scientific paper no . 1 , west glacier , montana .\nwith that , the agency enacted a rule establishing a nonessential experimental population of gray wolves in idaho , montana , and wyoming - - finalizing the release of wolves back into the northern rockies .\ncanis lupus baileyi the smallest north american grey wolf , originally found from mexico to the south west united states ; according to many authorities , indistinguishable from canis lupus mogollonensis and canis lupus monstrabilis . the mexican wolf ' s range originally extended from northern mexico into the mountainous parts of arizona , new mexico and texas . the most endangered wolf subspecies , the mexican wolf is extinct in the wild in the united states - - and , scientists say , probably in mexico as well . a small captive population exists in the united states .\nin february 2007 , fws issued a proposed delist rule [ fn140 ] that : ( 1 ) established a northern rocky mountain distinct population segment ( \u201cnrm dps\u201d ) , including wolves in the entireties of montana , idaho , and wyoming , the eastern one - third of washington and oregon , and a sliver of north - central utah , where episodic dispersers and one or two packs have migrated ; [ fn141 ] and ( 2 ) removed gray wolves within the nrm dps from federal esa protection . [ fn142 ] the rule would grant idaho and montana absolute authority for wolf management under the framework of the plans already approved by fws . [ fn143 ] the proposed rule preserved federally protected status for wyoming wolves until the state adopted an adequate regulatory plan . [ fn144 ]\ncanis lupus griseoalbus a large wolf found in north alberta , saskatchewan , and manitoba .\ncanis lupus mackenzii the northwest territories wolf ; not recognized as a subspecies until 1943 .\nwolves in spite of numeric management commitments in the non - binding wolf management plans .\nwyo . game & fish comm ' n , final wyoming gray wolf management . plan\nthe state policies will result in wolf deaths that undermine the recovery of the species .\nit\u2019s the wolf populations reintroduced to the american west that gop policy is directly targeting .\nwhere did the shoshone aquire a mule . had the spanish been this far north or was there a spanish fort in southern idaho or northern utah . there has been much speculation over this mule .\nthe white mountain apache tribe ( wmat ) has been an active partner in mexican wolf recovery for almost 15 years . the service provides annual funding for the tribe\u2019s mexican wolf management and monitoring program , in accordance with a service - approved management plan . the tribe\u2019s support has been extremely beneficial to the service due to the geographic location of their tribal land within our experimental population area . in addition , they have demonstrated tremendous leadership communicating the benefits and impacts of tribal wolf management to other tribes in the region .\nthroughout their range , wolves are keystone predators and have a profound effect on the ecosystems they inhabit . the wide range of habitats in which wolves can thrive reflects their adaptability as a species . in his essay titled , \u201cthinking like a mountain , \u201d the great american conservationist aldo leopold described the cascading effects of losing wolves in a forested mountain ecosystem - the resulting increase of deer , followed by overgrazing , deforestation and erosion , and then the collapse of deer after having eaten themselves out of house and home .\nfws announces plans to remove gray wolves in the northern rockies ( idaho , wyoming , montana ) from the endangered species list , but only if wyoming adopts a state management plan that fws deems appropriate .\nboyd , d . k . , r . p . ream , d . h . pletscher , and m . w . fairchild . 1993 . variation in denning and parturition dates of a wild gray wolf , canis lupus , in the rocky mountains . the canadian field - naturalist . 107 ( 3 ) : 359 - 360 .\nmostly due to federal predator control and conflicts with the livestock industry , the gray wolf was extirpated from the west by 1945 . today , after centuries of fear and superstition , research has given the wolf a new image as a social creature with an indispensible role in ecosystems \u2014 and endangered species act protection gave it a new chance to thrive . unfortunately , the beautiful carnivore is still persecuted by federal predator control and poachers , and most wolves in the northern rocky mountains ( all but those in wyoming ) have been removed from the endangered species list \u2014 even though these amazing animals have a long way to go before recovery .\nvoigt and berg ( 1987 ) noted that where prey is limited in the winter sympatric species might have overlapping diets , especially when ungulates are the primary food resource . litvaitis ( 1992 ) argued that additional quantitative information through experimentation on the extent of prey overlap is needed and that wolf recolonization of the northern rocky mountains may provide such an opportunity . we examined whether resource partitioning allowed for coexistence of coyotes with wolves in an area recently recolonized by wolves . we made 3 predictions that coyotes would avoid competing with wolves for food resources by using smaller prey items , that coyotes would have a greater diversity in their diet , and that coyotes within established wolf territories would scavenge on large mammals more than coyotes outside wolf territories .\nthe forester ought to carry you past the nf boundary there at robb creek . past that , there are a couple steep rocky pitches headed up to the notch where i wouldn\u2019t take a vehicle i cared about . nice country up there , eh ?\nsime , c . 2006 . wolf conservation and management plan , final project performance report .\nvisit urltoken for a wolf pupdevelopment chart , describing how pups mature as they grow older .\nx - canis lupus beothucus the newfoundland wolf , now extinct ; reported almost pure white .\ncanis lupus columbianus a large wolf found in the yukon , british columbia , and alberta .\nthe way the $ 35m wolf tourism economic analysis should be properly is analyzed is this .\nthe effects of wolf colonization on coyote populations , movements , behaviors , and food habits .\nallowed unregulated wolf killing in over ninety percent of the state , failed to pass muster .\nreports of ghost wolf sightings trickle in from parts of wyoming , washington , and idaho .\nwolf on glacial erratic at yellowstone ' s little america flats , february 2 , 2004 .\nwildlife biologist and wolf advocate , on witnessing the return of wolves to yellowstone national park .\nbasic facts threats what we ' re doing to help fact vs . fiction what you can do gray wolves in alaska gray wolves in the northern rockies gray wolves in the great lakes get more information success stories\nafter 12 months of study , fws rejects a petition filed by the governor of wyoming and the state game & fish commission asking that gray wolves in the northern rockies be removed from the endangered species list .\n2008 : the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) removes northern rockies wolves from the endangered species list , approving management plans that allow montana , idaho and wyoming to reduce their wolf populations to 150 wolves each , slashing the regional population from nearly 1 , 800 to 450 wolves .\nthe dire wolf was a large canine that exhibited hyena - like characteristics . like the hyena , the dire wolf hunted and scavenged for food . researchers suspect that dire wolves , due to their scavenging nature , scattered the bones of animals they killed or that were killed by other prey . the dire wolf was not quite like any animal we have today . it was similar in overall size and mass to a large modern grey wolf . ( a popular misconception is that dire wolf dwarfed the modern day grey wolf ) the dire wolf was about 1 . 5 meters ( 5 feet ) long and weighed about 50 kilograms ( 110 pounds ) on average . the dire wolf looked fairly similar to the modern grey wolf ; however , there were several important differences . the dire wolf had a larger , broader head and shorter , sturdier legs than its modern relative . the teeth of the dire wolf are much larger and more massive than those of the grey wolf . the braincase of the dire wolf is also smaller than that of a similarly - sized grey wolf . the fact that the lower part of the legs of the dire wolf are proportionally shorter than those of the grey wolf , indicates that the dire wolf was probably not a good a runner as the grey wolf . many paleontologists think that the dire wolf may have used its relatively large , massive teeth to crush bone . this idea is supported by the fact that dire wolf teeth frequently have large amounts of wear on their crowns . several people have suggested that dire wolves may have made their living in similar ways to the modern hyenas . wolves and coyotes are relatively common large carnivores found in ice age sites . in fact , several thousand dire wolves have been found in the asphalt pits at rancho la brea in los angeles , ca . the coyote , grey wolf , and dire wolf have all been found in paleontological sites in the midwestern u . s . the first specimen of a dire wolf was found at near evansville , indiana . clark kimberling of the university of evansville has traced the very interesting history of this specimen . the dire wolf , canis dirus , larger and heavier than the grey wolf , evolved earlier and the two co - existed in north america for about 400 , 000 years . as prey became extinct around 16 , 000 years ago due to climatic change , the dire wolf gradually became extinct itself . around 7 , 000 years ago the grey wolf became the prime canine predator in north america .\nrecent announcements that us fish and wildlife service will delist mid - western wolf populations follow previous efforts to delist abundant wolf mid - western wolf populations through administrative processes . conservation organizations recognize that litigation and other delay tactics are likely to be used again to challenge new delisting proposals .\nfws announced it is eliminating federal protections for wyoming ' s wolves , handing wolf management over to wyoming , which will open almost all of the state to immediate , unconditional wolf killing .\nno other species , especially one with a total population of less than a few thousand , is being managed as aggressively as northern rockies wolves . people who are unwilling or unprepared to share the landscape with wolves have unduly influenced the management of these important predators . in less than two years , more than 1 , 100 wolves were killed in the northern rockies , and states seem determined to slash wolf numbers even more . the federal delisting plan offers no mechanism to prevent idaho , montana and wyoming from killing all but 150 wolves each and requires no scientific justification that 150 wolves constitute a healthy , recovered wolf population .\nbut even as the wolf hunt is set to step up in america \u2019s wildest reaches , it\u2019s also true that ranchers , who firmly opposed federal wolf reintroduction as it gained steam in the 1980s and ' 90s , have slowly come to accept the wolf\u2019s return as inevitable and permanent .\ngray wolves range in color from grizzled gray or black to all - white . as the ancestor of the domestic dog , the gray wolf resembles german shepherds or malamutes . though they once nearly disappeared from the lower 48 states , today wolves have returned to the great lakes , northern rockies and southwestern united states .\n. defenders of wildlife , comments on montana hunting and trapping regulations for wolves ( feb . 13 , 2008 ) , urltoken policy / wiid - life _ conservation / irnperiled _ species / woives / wolf _ recovery _ efforts / northern _ rockies _ wolves / management _ and _ policy / index . php .\nx - canis lupus monstrabilis a wolf found in texas and new mexico ; extinct by 1942 .\nthe government in concert with western settlers extirpated the wolf across nearly all of its historic range .\nthe ifgc , by a four - to - three margin rejected a 430 wolf mortality limit .\n. also , the article describes the twenty - one percent increase in ynp tourism directly attributed to visitors hoping to spot a wolf , while at the same time anti - wolf memorabilia like the popular \u201cwolf management team\u201d t - shirt , showing a wolf ' s head in a rifle sight , with the slogan : \u201cshoot , shovel and shut up , \u201d sold in high numbers .\nwolf conservation and management in montana will carefully balance the interests and perspectives of a diverse public .\niran : subspecies : pallipes , campestris . status : fully viable , numbering > 1000 . range occupied : 80 % . main prey : gazelle , mountain sheep , livestock , wild boar , deer , capra sp . legal status : game species . cause of decline : persecution .\n2010 : after another lawsuit , a federal court overturns the 2009 decision to delist wolves , ruling that fws can not remove protection in only a portion of the northern rockies wolf population\u2019s core range , because conditions that support the recovery of wolves must be present in a significant portion of their entire range in the region .\nthe decision friday by the us fish and wildlife service to lift endangered species protections for the gray wolf in wyoming is a testament to the success of the 20 - year federal wolf reintroduction effort .\ngo to the international wolf center site , urltoken , and access their radio telemetry data , for wolf data . a superior national forest center section map is needed to plot where the packs are .\nearthjustice asks the federal district court reviewing the delisting challenge for an emergency injunction to halt pending fall wolf hunts in idaho and montana . earthjustice sought\u2014and won\u2014a similar injunction the last time wolf hunts began .\nthe red wolf ( currently recognized as a different species than the gray wolf ) once ranged as far north as pennsylvania and as far west as central texas . because of its wide distribution , the red wolf played an important role in a variety of ecosystems , from pocosin lowlands to forested mountains .\nrodger schlickeisen , president of defenders of wildlife , said ,\nthis blatantly political maneuver is hardly surprising . the bush administration has been trying to strip endangered species act protections from the northern rockies wolf since the day it took office - no matter the dire consequences of delisting wolves prematurely and without adequate state protections in place .\nschlickeisen said ,\nif allowed to stand , this rule would mean that the northern rockies wolf population could be slashed by as much as two - thirds , placing approximately 1 , 000 of the region\u00eds roughly 1 , 450 wolves in peril . this is a loss from which they most likely would be unable to recover .\ncanis lupus arctos the white wolf of the high arctic , found from melville island to ellesmere island .\nx - canis lupus fuscus a brownish - colored wolf from the cascade mountains ; extinct by 1940 .\ncanis lupus ligoni a small , dark - colored wolf from the alexander archipelago in the arctic islands .\nthis is a space where we\u2019ll post the various documents that wolf advocates will be filing in federal district court of their challenge of the recent wolf delisting rider that was attached to the 2011 budget bill .\nin wisconsin the last year we were under the 350 wolf plan min population , wolves depredated at a rate of $ 86 per wolf per year . in 2010 the population was double the 350 wolves\u2026 that additional 350 wolves depredated at a rate of close to $ 500 . 00 per wolf per year .\nbecause the laws allow theoretically unlimited wolf mortality , enforcement of the laws would have to be vigilant .\na\nwolf - like\nanimal sighted in hayden valley , august 7 / 8 , 1992 .\nwolves are highly social animals that live in packs . a pack is an extended family group comprised of a the breeding , or \u201calpha\u201d male and female pair and some of their subordinate offspring and current pups from one or more years . the alpha wolves decide when the pack will travel and hunt , and normally are the first to eat at a kill . the pair\u2019s offspring normally disperse into adjacent or available territories at 2 to 3 years of age . for packs studied in the northern rocky mountain region , the average dispersal distance and subsequent new pack formation is about 65 miles . for highly cursorial and very mobile wolves , this is \u201cnext - door . \u201d recent satellite - collar tracking data , however has shown that some offspring and individual wolves have dispersed more than a thousand miles in three or four months !\nlike the 2008 rule , the 2009 rule simultaneously designated an area encompassing idaho , montana , wyoming and swathes of eastern washington , oregon and northern utah as the nrm dps - - and then delisted that dps in the same action .\nnote 8 , app . 9 , at 42 ( summarizing a survey of wildlife biologists who determined a viable population of wolves in the northern rockies would need to disperse over a wide geography to defeat stagnate genetic exchange and inbreeding ) .\nin response to the earthjustice lawsuit , a federal court reinstated esa protections for gray wolves in the northern rockies , just in time to keep wolves safe from fall hunts that would have been implemented in idaho , montana , and wyoming .\nwolf wars is indeed a great book for understanding the events that led to the reintroduction . i also recommend martin nie\u2019s , beyond wolves as a great read for people interested in the politics of wolf recovery .\ni believe nine mile is a creek west of missoula where one the original montana wolf packs was located .\nthe idaho department of fish & game ( \u201cidfg\u201d ) drafted idaho ' s wolf conservation and management plan .\nream , r . r . and u . i . mattson . 1982 . wolf status in the northern rockies . pp . 362 - 381 in : harrington , f . h . and p . c . paquet , ( eds . ) , wolves of the world : perspectives of behavior , ecology , and conservation . noyes publ . , nj .\na wolf\u2019s sense of smell is up to 100 , 000 times greater than humans\u2019 . under good conditions a wolf can smell something a mile or more away . scent is a very effective means of communication for wolves .\n\u201cjerry conley , former director of idaho fish and game , states : \u201ctheir solutions are to take all the money and kill the coyotes , the wolverines , the mountain lions . they haven\u2019t had a positive thought in years . in the long run , i don\u2019t think you can sustain a group just on negativity . \u201d\nconservation scientists increasingly recognize the need to incorporate the social sciences into policy decisions . in practice , however , considerable challenges to integrating the social and natural sciences remain . in this article , we review the us fish and wildlife service ' s ( fws ) 2009 decision to remove the northern rocky mountain population of gray wolves from the federal list of endangered species . we examine the fws ' s arguments concerning the threat posed by humans ' attitudes toward wolves in light of the existing social science literature . our analysis found support for only one of four arguments underlying the fws ' s assessment of public attitudes as a potential threat to wolves . although we found an extensive literature on attitudes toward wolves , the fws cited just one empirical research article . we conclude that when listing decisions rest on assumptions about society , these assumptions should be evaluated using the best available natural and social science research .\n2011 : a legislative \u201crider\u201d attached to a must - pass budget bill ends federal protection for wolves in idaho and montana , eastern oregon and washington and northern utah , the first - ever removal of a species from the endangered species list by congress . wyoming wolves remain on the list because the state still does not have an fws - approved wolf - management plan ."]}
{"id": 813, "summary": [{"text": "raffray 's bandicoot ( peroryctes raffrayana ) is a species of marsupial in the family peroryctidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "raffray ' s bandicoot", "paragraphs": ["raffray ' s bandicoot is hunted for food by local people throughout its range , but this is not seen as a major threat to the species .\naspects of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot ( echymipera kalubu ) and observations on raffray\u2019s bandicoot ( perorcytes raffrayanus ) , eastern highlands province , papua new guinea - cuthbert , r . j and denny , m . j . h\nraffray ' s bandicoots have a distinct odor similar to aged cheddar cheese . the life expectancy of\nraffray ' s bandicoots are hunted and eaten by the natives of new guinea ( lawlor , 1979 ) .\nthis paper provides the first detailed description of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot , echymipera kalubu , and observation on raffray ' s bandicoot , perorcytes raffrayanus , from a study in the eastern highlands region of papua new guinea . both are common species in png and are an important item of game for local people .\nthe raffray ' s bandicoot is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nraffray ' s bandicoot is widespread throughout the highlands of new guinea ( indonesia and papua new guinea ) , and it is also found on yapen island ( flannery 1995a , b ) . it occurs from 60 to 3 , 900 m asl , though it is most common at around 1 , 000 m asl ( flannery 1995a ) .\nwalker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 1 , 5th ed .\nraffray ' s bandicoots have a short gestation period ( about 15 days ) , and their young mature rapidly , nursing for approximately 60 days . a true chorioallantoic placenta develops , as in all peramelidae ( vaughan , 1986 ) .\nare polyestrous , and usually have a litter of between one and six young . young raffray ' s bandicoots forage with their mothers for a few nights after weaning , then separate to lead a solitary life ( stonehouse , 1977 ) .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nbuild ground nests of twigs , grass , and debris , often in thick vegetation . although most animals of the order peramelemorphia are territorial and solitary except during breeding seasons , female raffray ' s bandicoots have been observed nesting communally . males range widely over areas inhabited by several females . there is no association between the sexes until periods of estrus ( stonehouse , 1977 ) .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nraffray ' s bandicoots have an unpatterned , medium to dark brown coat and coarse fur . they are approximately 30 cm in length . their snout is long and narrow , and they have insectivore - like dentition , small ears , and a long non - prehensile tail . the hindfoot is highly specialized and elongated for running and hopping , with reduction in the number of digits in both the forefoot and hindfoot ( vaughan , 1986 ) .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthe species occurs in montane and upper montane tropical moist forests , and montane grasslands . it is rarely found in secondary or regenerating forest , preferring undisturbed forest . animals have been recorded from secondary forests , but the species is fairly intolerant of habitat disturbance . the average litter size is one or two young ( flannery 1995a ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nusually inhabit undisturbed rainforest and are commonly found in a range of elevations from 850 - 1200 m . they also sometimes are found in higher and lower areas , with the exceptions of the woodlands and savannah of southern new guinea and extreme low - lying areas ( flannery , 1996 ) .\ncan be distinguished from other species of bandicoots by their smaller size , darker coloration , and lack of a white tail tip ( flannery , 1996 ) .\nrarely ventures into new forest or regrowth areas . they are creposcular , with most feeding taking place between 7 and 9 p . m . ( flannery , 1996 ) .\nis largely insectivorous and omnivorous , sometimes eating small vertebrates , invertebrates , and vegetation . mianmin hunters observe that the fruiting fig amomeam is a favored food ( flannery , 1996 ) .\nrothschildi , has been identified in the huon peninsula of new guinea ( flannery , 1996 ) .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nislands that are not part of continental shelf areas , they are not , and have never been , connected to a continental land mass , most typically these are volcanic islands .\nflannery , t . 1996 . mammals of new guinea . robert brown and associates ptn . ltd . : carina qld , australia .\nlawlor , t . 1979 . handbook to the orders and families of living mammals . mad river press : eureka , california .\nstonehouse , b . , ed . ; gilmore , d . , ed . 1977 . the biology of maruspials . university park press : baltimore .\nto cite this page : kennedy , k . 1999 .\nperoryctes raffrayana\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30d0\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30af\u30fc\u30c8\nto\nperoryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nuudenguineanpusseli\nto\nperoryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita removed a common name in an unknown language from\nperoryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\nperoryctes raffrayana ( milne - edwards , 1878 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\n: we use the most recent data from these primary sources : who , world bank , unesco , cia and individual country databases for global health and causes of death .\nwe use the cdc , nih and individual state and county databases for verification and supplementation for usa data .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations ."]}
{"id": 815, "summary": [{"text": "drymoana blanchardi is a species of sedge moth in the genus drymoana .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by heppner in 1985 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern north america , including florida , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , new jersey , south carolina and texas", "topic": 20}], "title": "drymoana blanchardi", "paragraphs": ["drymoana blanchardi heppner , 1985 , n . sp . , fauna and flora handbook # 1 .\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb ermine moths and kin ( yponomeutoidea ) \u00bb sedge and false diamondback moths ( glyphipterigidae ) \u00bb sedge moths ( glyphipteriginae ) \u00bb drymoana \u00bb drymoana blanchardi - hodges # 2336 . 2 ( drymoana blanchardi )\ndrymoana blanchardi heppner , 1985 ; sedge moths of north america : ( ? 49 - 53 ) ; tl : texas , jackson co . , deutschburg\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nheppner , 1985 the sedge moths of north america ( handbook 1 ) . sedge moths of north america : 254pp\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 816, "summary": [{"text": "the white sucker ( catostomus commersonii ) is a freshwater cypriniform fish inhabiting the upper midwest and northeast in north america , but is also found as far south as georgia and new mexico in the south and west .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the fish is commonly known as a \" sucker \" due to its fleshy papillose lips that suck up organic matter and aufwuchs from the bottom of rivers and streams .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "other common names for the white sucker include bay fish , brook sucker , common sucker , and mullet .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the white sucker is often confused with the longnose sucker ( catostomus catostomus ) , because they look very similar . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "white sucker", "paragraphs": ["other names : sucker , common sucker , eastern sucker , mullet , brook sucker , gray sucker , mud sucker , slender sucker , mullet , whitehorse . the ojibwe name is namebin . the phrase\nnamebinikaa\nmeans\nthere are many white suckers\nin ojibwe . that ' s a phrase that good roughfishers should keep handy !\nin colorado , the white sucker is replacing native suckers in the rio grande and colorado river drainages ( walker 1993 ) . hybridization between native flannelmouth and bluehead sucker , and non - native white sucker\nyoung provide considerable forage for game species . white sucker x longnose sucker hybrids have been found in several places in montana .\nthe white sucker is best described as having a\ntorpedo shaped\nbody .\ndistribution of the white sucker in north america ( after scott & crossman 1973 ) .\nendocrine changes during natural spawning in the white sucker , catostomus commersoni . ii . steroid hormones .\nmap of white sucker distribution across the united states . ( credit : u . s . geological survey )\nin manitoba , there are 7 species of suckers , but the white sucker is by far the most common .\nendocrine changes during natural spawning in the white sucker , catostomus commersoni . ii . steroid hormones . - pubmed - ncbi\nhealth of white sucker within the st . louis river area of concern associated with habitat usage as assessed using stable isotopes\nyellow perch , rock bass , blue gill / pumpkinseed , white perch , white bass , & crappie .\nwhite suckers average about a pound but fish of up to 7 pounds have been caught . extremely large white suckers can be confused with common carp - but the white sucker has smaller scales , no barbels , and a slimmer profile .\nsaint - jacques , n . , h . harvey , d . jackson . 2000 . selective foraging in the white sucker (\nmostly eat their eggs or small white suckers up to about 203 mm long . small white suckers are also eaten by\nstate of michigan . 2013 .\nwhite sucker , catostomus commersonii ( pictured ) longnose sucker , catostomus catostomus\n( on - line ) . www . michigan . gov . accessed october 21 , 2013 at urltoken .\na doppelganger for the longnose sucker , the white sucker also mimics the longnose sucker ' s actions and habits to a tee . with a toothless smile perfect for its bottom - feeding diet , the white sucker spends most of its time in warm , shallow waters . you will find these fish near obstructions and windfalls that create divets in great lakes bays , estuaries , and tributaries , but a search in deeper lake superior waters will garner a white sucker spotting , too . as an adult predator when lake trout are scarce , sea lampreys prove a challenge to this fish ' s existence , as it has for the longnose sucker . the white sucker is no wannabe of its longnose relative , though ; it ' s its own fish , and it ' s quite happy to have it that way .\nminnesota department of natural resources . 2013 .\nwhite sucker catostomus commersonii\n( on - line ) . accessed october 20 , 2013 at urltoken .\n. the latter two primarily feed on eggs and small white suckers up to about 203 mm long . small white suckers are also eaten by\nthe white sucker is distributed throughout much of north america . it occurs almost everywhere in manitoba , except in a small region of the extreme north of the province .\nwhite suckers that are less than a year old form schools of several hundred fish . adult and juvenile white suckers feed day and night but are more active at night when they move into shallower water . white suckers coordinate their movement so they are inshore during the evening and offshore by morning . in stream habitats , large white suckers can be found in deep pools . white suckers can be very good at moving long distances , in one such case , an individual white sucker ended up 56 km away from the area it was tagged 5 years before .\nyoung white suckers less than a year old form schools of several hundred fish . adult and juvenile white suckers feed day and night but are more active at night when they move into shallower water . white suckers tend to coordinate their movement so they are inshore during the evening and offshore by morning . in stream habitats , large white suckers can be found in deep pools . white suckers are also excellent dispersers , particularly after spawning . in one such case , an individual white sucker ended up 56 km away from the area it was tagged 5 years previously .\nwhite suckers are an important food source for several fish and land animal species .\nsutton , m . 2009 . blue sucker stock characteristics in the wabash river indiana - illinois , usa .\nassembly of ribosome - depleted rna isolated from white sucker included a linear contig of 3 , 519 bp with blastx similarity to hepadnaviruses . our finished genome , 2014 wshbv rr173 ( genbank accession number\nand white suckers grow most efficiently in conditions that are 19 to 26 degrees celsius .\nbreeding season white suckers breed in the spring , usually from april to early may .\nwhite suckers are an important food source for several species of fish and land animals .\ncommonly feed on white suckers during foraging . they are also fed on by bass ,\nwhite suckers are tremendous fighters . the average sucker weighs several pounds , so be ready for battle if you tangle with one on a stream ! the fight of a sucker is usually a series of strong , determined runs , but occasionally they will surprise you by jumping and even tailwalking when hooked . the rubbery lips of the sucker hold hooks well , so be sure to bring a forceps along to disgorge hooks . and congrats , catching white suckers on flies is a challenge that few anglers pursue .\nyeager , b . , k . semmens . 1987 . early development of the blue sucker , cycleptus elongatus .\nmap of white sucker sample locations . these include the st . louis river , green bay and lower fox river , milwaukee estuary , detroit river and maumee river areas of concern , and the root river .\nmestl , g . 2009 . seasonal use distributions and migrations of blue sucker in the middle missouri river , usa .\nwhere do they live ? the white sucker is one of minnesota ' s most common fish , and it is the most widely spread distributed sucker in minnesota . it is most common in the eastern and northern portions of the state . white suckers are benthic ( bottom dwellers ) and live in all kinds of lakes and streams from clean , stream - fed brooks to slow - moving , turbid ( cloudy ) rivers .\nconservation and management the white sucker is the most common sucker in minnesota and one of the most abundant of all species . it had no special conservation status , but is considered an important forage species for many sport fish . it is also a very important bait species and is reared for that purpose , as well as commercially collected\nresearchers puzzle over precisely how teleost fishes , such as this spotted sailfin sucker catfish , evolved a dazzling array of forms .\nopisthomyzon , a 30 - million - year - old remora . white box shows suction disk .\nprevalence of core protein rna transcription in liver tissue of white sucker collected in the great lakes ( united states ) region . ( a ) absolute number of fish with detectable transcripts . ( b ) normalized copy number of transcripts .\nwhite suckers feed at night . adult diet consists of insect larvae , mollusks , and other invertebrates .\nthe white sucker is the most common species of sucker in north america . although scorned by many anglers , it is not only a fun and spunky game fish , but an ecologically important species as well . in recent years , more and more open - minded anglers have been giving this common , hard - fighting , and delicious species the recognition it deserves .\nwhite suckers could be a valuable sport fish , although they are not caught as often as some other species . these fish are caught by commercial fisheries as food for both humans and animals , including pets . white suckers are also farmed in ponds . the most important economic value of white suckers is in their use as food or bait . the bait industry for white suckers was valued at $ 300 , 000 in wisconsin in 1968 . white suckers have sweet , white flesh , although it is not as firm as some other sport fish . likewise , white suckers contain large bones between their muscle segments that can make them difficult to prepare , but they can be smoked , filleted , or ground into patties .\nburr , b . , j . garvey . 2006 . ecology of larval blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) in the mississippi river .\nthe longnose or northern sucker ( catostomus catostomus ) is also widely distributed in northern north america , and it also occurs in eastern siberia . the long - nose sucker generally inhabits cooler waters and occurs in deeper lakes and larger rivers and streams than the common sucker . this species is exploited commercially on the great lakes and elsewhere , although it is not considered to be a high - value species of fish . other species of suckers are more local in distribution , for example , the sacramento sucker ( c . occidentalis ) of northern california .\n; see also table s1 in the supplemental material ) . these samples were preserved in rnalater ( life technologies , grand island , ny ) for a transcriptome assembly project ( prjna282680 ) and quantitative gene expression analyses . a liver sample from a white sucker collected from michael brook near carmel , ny , was included for this purpose as well . tissue was not collected for dna applications from these fish . in an attempt to collect samples suitable for dna analysis , we collected white sucker (\ndaugherty , d . , t . bacula , m . sutton . 2008 . reproductive biology of blue sucker in a large midwestern river .\nalthough white suckers feed on fish eggs , this does not seen to adversely affect the populations of other fish .\nthere are over one hundred species of suckers . the common or white sucker ( catostomus commersoni ) is a widespread species throughout much of northern and central north america . this species has a round mouth , useful for feeding on its usual prey of bottom - dwelling insects , crustaceans , molluscs , and other invertebrates . the common sucker is a relatively large species , attaining a length of up to 1\u2026\nthe white sucker catostomus commersonii is a freshwater teleost that is endemic to river systems in the midwestern and northeastern united states . the widespread distribution and life history of white suckers has made them a target species in numerous contaminant - monitoring and effects studies ( 1 , \u2013 3 ) . the prevalence of tumors in white sucker is currently used as an indicator of exposure to environmental contaminants and is also a criterion used in the assessment and listing or delisting of areas of concern ( aocs ) throughout the great lakes region . fish tumors or other deformities , specifically in white sucker or brown bullhead , are listed as one of the \u201cbeneficial use\u201d impairments at great lakes aocs ( 4 ) . in 2010 , the great lakes restoration initiative specifically targeted certain priorities , one of which was the evaluation and monitoring of progress in aocs ( 5 ) . one component of this program was the assessment of wild populations present at potentially impacted sites . a suite of biomarkers ranging from the molecular to the organismal level was developed for multiple fish species ( 6 ) . during the development of a hepatic transcriptome for white sucker , we identified the presence of a novel hepatitis b - like virus .\nthese fish can be found in most every stream flowing into either lake erie or lake ontario come spring and early summer . spearing was once a legal method for taking these fish in the tributaries , but that option is no longer available to anglers . instead , try fishing with dew worms at night . a state record sucker was caught in the niagara river several years ago but it failed to make the books because of a low level of awareness . the top white sucker is five pounds , three ounces ; the record redhorse sucker is 11 pounds , 11 ounces .\neitzmann , j . , a . makinster , c . paukert . 2007 . distribution and growth of blue sucker in a great plains river , usa .\nfor invertebrate prey . removing white suckers from areas with both species causes more invertebrates and fewer zooplankton to be eat by yellow perch , which increases their growth rates . however , removing white suckers does not significantly increase the population of yellow perch .\nsnyder , d . e . , and r . t . muth . 1990 . description and identification of razorback , flannelmouth , white , utah , bluehead , and mountain sucker larvae and early juveniles . colorado division of wildlife tech . publ . no . 38 . 152 pp .\nthe recently redescribed summer sucker ( catostomus utawana ) of the adirondack region of new york formerly was included in this species ( see morse and daniels 2009 ) .\n(\nstatus report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species\n, 1993 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 )\na large group of fish , numerous species of suckers inhabit new york state ' s waters . some , such as the redhorse , are only found in a few waters in the state , while others , such as the white sucker , can be found all over new york state .\nwhite suckers are a very common and wide - ranging species with large population sizes and are considered a species of least concern .\nwhen they are younger and smaller , white suckers are preyed on by northern pike , muskellunge , bass , walleyes and atlantic salmon .\njuvenile white suckers show a more mottled coloration . they are often sold in bait shops as bait for northern pike and flathead catfish .\n, and algae . adult white suckers mostly feed on zooplankton and invertebrates , but they may also specialize in one or the other .\nwhite suckers feed on fish eggs ; however , it does not seem to have a negative impact on the populations of other fish .\nwhite suckers are an under - utilized , yet potentially valuable sport fish . they are caught using worms , spears , dip nets , wet flies , and spinning lures . commercial fisheries catch them using seines , fyke , pound nets , gill nets , and trawls . their catch is then used as food for both humans and animals , including pets . white suckers are also farmed in ponds and pursued by anglers using spears , hooks , and fishing line . the most important economic value of white suckers lies in their use as food or bait . the bait industry for white suckers was valued at $ 300 , 000 in wisconsin in 1968 . white suckers have sweet , white flesh that is not as firm as that of other sport fish . additionally , white suckers contain large bones between their muscle segments that may render them unappetizing to some . still , they can be smoked , filleted , or ground into patties to produce tasty dishes .\naccording to this hypothesis , the sucker - footed bat fossils showed up right where scientists expected to find them : at the literal and figurative base of the noctilionoidea family tree .\nwhite suckers are commonly confused with longnose suckers , which are related as bottom - feeding fish . both use fleshy lips to suck up organic material from the beds of rivers and streams as food and look very similar . the main difference between the two is that the longnose sucker has grey or dark , olive - colored sides .\ncitation hahn cm , iwanowicz lr , cornman rs , conway cm , winton jr , blazer vs . 2015 . characterization of a novel hepadnavirus in the white sucker ( catostomus commersonii ) from the great lakes region of the united states . j virol 89 : 11801\u201311811 . doi : 10 . 1128 / jvi . 01278 - 15 .\nread pairs were quality screened and adapter trimmed prior to de novo assembly into contigs with clc genomics workbench , version 7 . as part of routine efforts to screen for contaminating sequences , blastx searches identified contigs with sequence similarity to hepadnaviruses , which we then culled from our white sucker transcriptome assembly , which is to be described elsewhere .\nthe discovery also shows that , like many island - dwelling , relict species , sucker - footed bats have not always been confined to their present range\u2014they once swooped through the african skies .\nit ' s impossible to know from the fossils if the extinct species had already evolved their characteristic sucker - feet , but the teeth shed light on another aspect of bat evolution . the presence of sucker - footed bats in africa at least 37 million years ago supports the theory that this family is one of the most primitive members of a lineage that now dominates south america .\n(\nstatus report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species\n, 1993 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 ; yeager and semmens , 1987 )\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . status report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species . north dakota state office : ecological services . 1993 .\nmale and female blue suckers change coloration during the spawning season . males also develop visible bumps on their heads during this time , so visual and tactile cues are likely important in blue sucker communication .\nstudies into the fish have focused on its life cycle , including reproductive abilities , how white suckers use their habitats and what types of prey they prefer .\nfor benthic invertebrate prey . removal of white suckers from areas with both species results in higher utilization of benthic invertebrates for food and lower consumption of zooplankton by yellow perch , which in turn increases the growth rate of adults . however , removal of white suckers does not significantly increase the population of yellow perch .\nthere are over one hundred species of suckers . the common or white sucker ( catostomus commersoni ) is a widespread species throughout much of northern and central north america . this species has a round mouth , useful for feeding on its usual prey of bottom - dwelling insects , crustaceans , molluscs , and other invertebrates . the common sucker is a relatively large species , attaining a length of up to 10 in ( 45 cm ) , and a weight of 2 . 2 lb ( 1 kg ) . the common sucker is often found in lakes and ponds . these fish generally run up nearby streams to spawn in gravel beds in the springtime , but they sometimes lay their eggs in gravel along shallow lakeshores . individuals of this species can live as long as 12 years .\nwhat eats them ? white suckers are an important forage fish for several of minnesota ' s sport fishes . these include walleye , brook trout , muskellunge , northern pike , largemouth and smallmouth bass . additional predators are burbot and , in lake superior , sea lamprey . small white suckers also fall prey to fish - eating birds such as herons , loons , bald eagles , and osprey . many smaller white suckers are a much used bait in minnesota , and many are commercially harvested for that purpose .\nwhite suckers are freshwater fish native to north america . they occur all across canada , from newfoundland and labrador to british columbia , as well as in the yukon and northwest territories and in all of the great lakes . they are found in both lakes and rivers , usually in shallow water where they feed on bottom on worms , clams , insect larvae and occasionally fish eggs . white suckers are robust and adaptable fish , surviving many adverse water conditions that other fish could not tolerate . this coupled with their high abundance and widespread occurrence has lead to the use of white suckers as environmental monitors for toxic chemicals and pulp mill effects , and various diseases including papillomas and liver tumours . they are not usually fished except for bait . white sucker serve as food for pike , muskellunge , bass , walleye , burbot , atlantic salmon , brook trout and a variety of birds and mammals .\nwhite suckers occupy a wide range of habitats including streams , rivers , and lakes but are usually found in small creeks with cold , clear water and small or medium - sized rivers . white suckers are also highly tolerant of polluted , murky , and anoxic waters , as well as a wide array of stream gradients . they do not require dense vegetation and prefer temperatures between 11 . 8 and 20 . 6 degrees celsius . lethal ph for white suckers ranges from 3 . 0 to 3 . 8 .\nthe long slim body of the sharksucker is dark gray or dark brownish gray with a dark belly . there is a broad darker brown or dark gray stripe with white edges on each side that extends from the jaw to the base of the caudal fin with interruptions from the eyes and pectoral fins . the pectoral fins and ventral fins are black with or without a pale edge while the dorsal and anal fins are dark gray or black with white margins . the caudal fin is black with distinct white corners .\n(\nstatus report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species\n, 1993 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 ;\nspecies profile : minnesota department of natural resources\n, 2012 )\n(\nstatus report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species\n, 1993 ; daugherty , et al . , 2008 ;\nspecies profile : minnesota department of natural resources\n, 2012 )\nthe white sucker is quite adaptable . it has been collected from virtually all types of water in montana : muddy , clear , warm , cold , running and standing . as the position of the mouth suggests , it feeds on the bottom and eats an omnivorous diet of detritus and insects . the white sucker is distributed throughout montana ' s eastern drainage and is present in our northern watershed as well . they are most abundant in the many reservoirs of eastern montana . in montana the largest specimens have been about 5 pounds . large females can produce over 100 , 000 eggs and suckers can produce large populations in short periods of time . any type of attempted population control by man is usually a losing proposition . ( fwp ) see snyder and muth ( 1990 ) for a guide to the identification of larvae and early juveniles .\na 2010 study , overseen by the university of wyoming , found that white suckers readily hybridized with bluehead suckers and flannelmouth suckers in order to survive in a stream they weren\u2019t native to .\nwhite suckers can live in many different habitats including streams , rivers , and lakes but are mostly found in small creeks with cold , clear water and small or medium - sized rivers . white suckers are also very tolerant of polluted , murky , and oxygen poor waters . they do not need dense vegetation and prefer temperatures between 11 . 8 and 20 . 6 degrees celsius .\nresearchers at north dakota state university found in 2011 that white suckers have a size - selective approach to eating . the fish tend to pass up small organisms , instead going for larger prey .\nwhite suckers have a long , round body and grow to a length of about 241 mm and a maximum weight of about 2 . 5 kg . they are olive brown to black on their back and lighter , or white on their belly , with dusky or clear fins . breeding males have a gold coloration on their backs and red ( or less commonly cream or black ) stripes across their sides . they have a toothless , sucking mouth and their lower lip is about twice as thick as their upper lip . white suckers have a shorter snout than their close relatives ,\nwhite suckers have a long slender body and a dark back with silvery colored sides and a white belly . the dark coloration on the fish can vary - the most common color is yellowish - brown , but bright yellow , golden , and greenish variations exist . the mouth points down , allowing the fish to pick up food from the bottom . the head is rounded between the eyes .\nthe white perch is a close relative of the white bass and striped bass . the most recognizable trait of this silvery fish is its purple throat . it differs from silver bass in that it has a dark back . small worms are the best bait . they are usually found in six to eight feet of water near the bottom . the state record is three pounds , one ounce .\ncolor is dusky olive brown to nearly black above , shading to cream or white below . dorsal fin has 11 to 13 rays . scales are medium sized , 60 to 75 in lateral line .\nmost species in the sucker family occur in the americas , over a range that extends from the boreal forest of north america through much of central america . a few other species occur in eastern siberia , and there is one isolated species in eastern china .\nwhen they are spawning , male white suckers may show\nhead trembling\nbehavior , by vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side towards a nearby female or to other males in the area . males , however , do not compete with each other for mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers may also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and stick out their jaw .\nwhite sucker spawning and upstream breeding runs last for six weeks in the spring , or early summer in more northern regions . upstream breeding runs usually occur at night and spawning typically lasts from april to early may . this is timed to occur shortly after ice melts from a spawning area , the duration of spawning may be related to the water temperature . male white suckers reach the spawning area earlier than females and outnumber them . white suckers do not build nests or defend a territory . the spawning area usually has quick running water and a gravely substrate , but spawning can sometimes occur in lakes if conditions allow . males may show\nhead trembling\nbehavior ( vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side for a short time ) towards a nearby female who has come to rest at the bottom of a rapid . head trembling may also be directed at other males in the spawning area , although males do not fight for access to mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and protrude their jaw .\nfriedman\u2019s research now gives us a richer hypothesis for how the remora got its sucker . some of the remora\u2019s closest living relatives , like cobia , tag along with bigger fish to scavenge on their scraps . the ancestors of remoras may have lived a similar life .\nin the spring , adult male white suckers develop a very distinctive black horizontal stripe . the coloration above and below the stripe lightens , and they develop hard bumps called tubercules on the tail and anal fin .\nwhite suckers are highly underrated as a food fish . in the past , white suckers were passed over for other fish because of their many small , free - floating bones . but their flesh is firm and flaky , and their flavor sweet and delicious . there are several methods for getting around those bones , including grinding , canning , pickling , and scoring . check the recipes section for more info on eating suckers .\nwhite suckers can be found throughout the northeast and midwest united states . they can also be found in portions of the upper northwest . they survive in rivers , streams and most any other type of water body .\nwhite suckers are present in many habitats , from large windswept lakes to tiny , shallow streams . in small streams , white suckers are usually found in slower , deeper sections of the stream , though actively feeding fish often can be seen finning in the main channel . all good trout streams have healthy populations of white suckers - the young of which provide food for the largest trout in the stream . in larger rivers , white suckers roam the rocky flats or congregate in eddies and current breaks . in lakes , suckers often spend most of the year roaming the bottom in deep water . in the springtime , they migrate into streams connected to the lake to find spawning gravel . suckers spawn in shallow riffles . in some lakes , all the suckers in the lake may spawn on a single patch of sandy gravel where a trickle of water flows out .\nwhite suckers are a very robust , common , and wide - ranging species with large population sizes and are therefore designated as a species of least concern according to the iucn red list . in a 1958 study focusing on the removal of the species , 12 , 750 white suckers were removed from a southern wisconsin stream over a 3 - year period . afterwards , it was estimated that 7 , 411 suckers still remained in the stream .\nlittle is known about blue sucker behavior . observation in the wild is difficult due to swift currents and turbid waters that these fish inhabit . it it assumed that blue suckers hug the bottom of the main stem of river systems and wait for the current to bring food to them .\nthe adult worm - averaging 30mm in length and 13 mm in width , fasciola hepatica is one of the largest flukes in the world . the adult worm has a very characteristic leaf shape with the anterior end being broader than the posterior end and an anterior cone - shaped projection . the fluke possesses a powerful oral sucker at the end the anterior cone and a ventral sucker at the base of the cone which allow it to attach to the lining of the biliary ducts . each worm possesses ovaries and testes which are highly branched and allow for individual flukes to produce eggs independently .\nduring spawning , male white suckers may show\nhead trembling\nbehavior , vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side towards a nearby female , who rests at the bottom of a spawning area , or to other males in the spawning area . males , however , do not compete with each other for access to mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers may also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and protrude their jaw .\n, and midge larvae carried to them by currents . as white suckers mature , their mouthparts move to their underside , allowing them to bottom - feed . as adults , they feed additionally on fish , fish eggs , plants ,\n, and midge larvae carried to them by currents . as white suckers age , their mouthparts move to their underside , allowing them to bottom - feed . as adults , they also feed on fish , fish eggs , plants ,\nimportance we report the first full - length genome of a hepadnavirus from fishes . phylogenetic analysis of this genome indicates divergence from genomes of previously described hepadnaviruses from mammalian and avian hosts and supports the creation of a novel genus . the discovery of this novel virus may better our understanding of the evolutionary history of hepatitis b - like viruses of other hosts . in fishes , knowledge of this virus may provide insight regarding possible risk factors associated with hepatic neoplasia in the white sucker . this may also offer another model system for mechanistic research .\nas north american bats face a death toll approaching 7 million , university of akron scientists reveal new clues about their killer , white nose syndrome , or wns . the ua researchers reveal that the deadly wns fungus can likely . . .\n) . to avoid the inclusion of pgrna or viral mrna in the genome model , we isolated dna from an ethanol - preserved liver . resequencing was conducted on a single , pcr - positive fish collected from the root river ( white sucker hepatitis b virus [ wshbv ] rr173 ) . the dna was extracted using a dneasy kit ( qiagen , valencia , ca ) as per the manufacturer ' s protocols . primers were designed to resequence the complete genome and confirm a circular architecture . we used primer3 , version 2 . 3 . 4 (\nwhite suckers eat mostly insect larvae , just like trout do , so a wide variety of trout flies will work very well for white suckers . white suckers use their keen eyesight to hunt down free - floating prey to a greater extent than most species of suckers . but while trout sometimes feed on insects anywhere in the water column , white suckers concentrate on insects that are on , or very close to , the bottom . so let\u2019s say you\u2019ve found yourself a fine pod of large white suckers in a nice section of water , or a good pool that looks like it should hold some . what\u2019s next ? in my opinion , any rig that gets the fly down to the fish and moves it along drag - free will work . for many people , this is a shot - and - indicator rig . others forego the indicator and fish by feel . both methods will work , as long as the fly is traveling right along the bottom at the same speed as the current . my favorite tactic is to fish an indicator rig directly upstream or slightly across , allowing the offering to drift down through the school of suckers . the take of a white sucker is very subtle . if using an indicator , watch it closely . the indicator will either pause or dip for a fraction of a second before the fish spits out the fly . suckers have an amazing sense of taste and will reject a fake insect almost instantly . if not using an indicator , you\u2019ll need to develop a sixth sense to detect strikes . wait for a slight hesitation in drift , a slight increase or decrease in tension , or a small tap on the line . in either case , you must strike quickly , but softly , to avoid breaking your tippet .\nwhite suckers have a long , round body and grow to an average length of 241 mm and a maximum weight of about 2 . 5 kg . they have olive brown to black coloration on their back and a lighter colored , or white belly , with dusky or clear fins . breeding males gain gold coloration on their backs and red ( or less commonly cream or black ) stripes across their sides . they have a toothless , sucking subterminal mouth with no barbels . the mouth region is additionally characterized by thick pappilose lips , with a lower lip that is about twice as thick as the upper lip . white suckers have fewer lateral line scales ( between 55 and 58 ) and a shorter snout than their close relatives ,\nsuckers are a main food item of osprey and eagles . they are fun to fish for and although few people have tried them , they are excellent to eat . they have firm , white , light - tasting meat , especially during spring .\ntransmission electron micrographs showing both complete virions of approximately 40 nm in diameter and smaller particles assumed to be composed of self - assembled virus surface proteins . the two types of particles from gradient - purified white sucker serum have a strong resemblance to those of other hepatitis b - like viruses from mammals and birds . virus was stained using 1 % phosphotungstic acid ( a ) and 0 . 5 % uranyl acetate ( b ) . scale bar , 100 nm . images were processed using adobe photoshop and included the adjustment of brightness and contrast and application of the unsharp mask filter .\nyoung white suckers , up to about 10 cm in size , are light brown or beige coloured and have three , very distinct , dark spots on their sides : one behind the gill plate , another about mid body and the third before the tail .\nembryos of white suckers develop quicker in warmer temperatures . organs begin developing the day eggs are fertilized . soon afterwards , the embryo becomes mobile , develop a circulatory system , and grow longer . larvae hatch after about 5 to 7 days and are 21 to 25 mm in length , with slanted mouths and short intestines . when white suckers are less than 51 mm long , they feed in shallow water , 15 to 20 cm deep and along lake shores . in some populations , white suckers are mature by the time they are 2 years old , however , on average , suckers are mature by age 3 . in other populations , males mature at a faster rate ( 2 years old ) than females ( 3 years old ) but all are mature by age 4 .\nwhite suckers spawn and breed upstream for six weeks in the spring , or early summer in northern areas . upstream breeding usually happens at night and spawning usually lasts from april to early may . this happens shortly after ice melts from a spawning area , the length of spawning may be related to the water temperature . male white suckers reach the spawning area earlier than females and outnumber them . white suckers do not build nests or defend a territory . the spawning area usually has quick running water and a gravely substrate , but spawning can sometimes occur in lakes if conditions are correct . males may show\nhead trembling\nbehavior ( vibrating their heads rapidly from side to side for a short time ) towards a nearby female who has come to rest at the bottom of a rapid . head trembling may also be directed at other males in the spawning area , although males do not fight for mates . along with head trembling , male white suckers also spread their pectoral fins , extend their dorsal fin , and stick out their jaw .\nwhite suckers have long , round bodies with light - colored underbellies and darker - colored sides , usually splashed with a dark green , grey , copper or black . their fins are rayed in a similar fashion to other cypriniform fishes , like carp and chub .\ntoday , the sucker - footed bats consist of two species , myzopoda aurita and m . schliemanni , endemic to madagascar . in contrast to almost all other bats , they don ' t cling upside - down to cave ceilings or branches . sucker - footed bats roost head - up , often in the furled leaves of the traveler ' s palm , a plant in the bird - of - paradise family . to stick to such a smooth surface , the bats evolved cup - like pads on their wrists and ankles . scientists previously suspected the pads held the bats up by suction , but recent research has demonstrated the bats instead rely on wet adhesion , like a tree frog .\nassessment of the presence of wshbv dna in white sucker from the root river ( racine , wi ) via endpoint pcr identified a prevalence of 20 % among sampled fish ( n = 20 ) . the prevalence of virus was not statistically different from that observed at the geographically proximate milwaukee river site ( fisher ' s exact test , p = 0 . 3 ) . we detected viral dna in the plasma samples from the same four root river individuals that were positive by pcr ( data not shown ) . absence of amplicons from numerous individuals confirmed that this pcr primer set does not amplify an endogenous viral relic .\nhow big do they get ? how long do they live ? white suckers in minnesota normally grow to about 300 mm ( 20 in ) and weigh in at about 0 . 9 - 1 . 4 kg ( 2 - 3 lbs ) . lunkers can go 2 . 3 kg ( 5 lbs ) . minnesota ' s hook and line record for this fish is 4 . 12 kg ( 9 lbs 1 oz ) . it was caught in big fish lake in stearns county . white suckers typically live for about 10 - 12 years .\ninstead of being used as food for humans , white suckers commonly are used as bait for bigger and more prized game fish . this occurs when they are still small and appear similar to minnows . if they are eaten by humans , they are normally processed and sold as mullets .\nembryonic development of white suckers is faster in warmer temperatures . organs begin developing on the same day as fertilization , indicated by the formation of a head region . soon afterwards , the embryo becomes mobile , develops its circulatory system , and increases in length . their larvae hatch after about 5 to 7 days and are 21 to 25 mm in length , with slanted mouths and short intestines . when white suckers are less than 51 mm in length , they tend to feed in shallow water , 15 to 20 cm deep and along lake shores . in some populations , white suckers are mature by the time they are 2 years old , however , on average , suckers are mature by age 3 . in other populations , males mature at a faster rate ( 2 years old ) than females ( 3 years old ) but all are mature by age 4 .\na team of researchers described the two bat species from several sets of fossilized jawbones and teeth unearthed in the sahara . the findings , reported feb . 4 in the open - access journal plos one , represent the first formal description of the family in the fossil record and show the sucker - footed bat family to be at least 36 million years older than previously known .\nwhite suckers can be caught on just about any tackle . the most effective method is light or ultralight spinning tackle . four to six pound test monofilament should be used , along with small , sharp hooks . worms or live aquatic nymphs are the best baits for suckers . fish directly on the bottom , either with a stationary rig with a sliding sinker , or with a drifting rig that moves along the bottom with the current . white suckers can be light biters , so a sensitive rod and light line is a good choice . using a bankstick helps detect the lightest bites .\na study from the u . s . epa found that the fish\u2019s growth is affected by temperature changes of water . levels of low light are also advantageous to the fish\u2019s development , with better growth rates seen in white suckers who had been exposed to low light rather than no light at all .\n) are a highly ubiquitous species . their range is over 2 . 5 million square kilometers , stretching from east of the mackenzie river to labrador in canada , and into 40 states in the eastern and midwestern united states . white suckers are also an introduced species in the colorado river drainage basin .\n, and algae . however , their feeding pattern is nonrandom . adult white suckers feed primarily on zooplankton and benthic invertebrates with mild seasonal variation , but they may also specialize in one or the other as a form of resource partitioning , or selectively feed on the largest individuals if resources are abundant .\nthe northern redhorse or redfin sucker ( moxostoma macrolepidotum ) occurs widely in central north america . the lake or northern chub ( couesius plumbeus ) is a small minnow - sized fish that occurs widely across northern north america . this is an important forage and bait fish . the lake chubsucker ( erimyzon sucetta ) occurs in the eastern united states , including lake saint clair and lake erie .\nhepatocellular carcinoma is associated with hbv infection in humans . hepatic tumors are not uncommon in white sucker inhabiting the great lakes regions , and prevalence of this pathology is used as an indication of contaminant exposure . liver tissue preserved in z - fix ( anatech ltd . , battle creek , mi ) was therefore processed for histopathological observation via graded alcohols , paraffin infiltration , and embedding . tissues were sectioned at 5 \u03bcm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin . hepatic tumors included hcc , hepatic adenoma ( ha ) , cholangioma ( co ) , and cholangiocarcinoma ( cc ) . tumor and virus data were converted to a binary data set , and jaccard binary dichotomy coefficients were determined to evaluate dissimilarity .\ntoday , madagascar sucker - footed bats live nowhere outside their island home , but new research shows that hasn ' t always been the case . the discovery of two extinct relatives in northern egypt suggests the unusual creatures , which evolved sticky footpads to roost on slick surfaces , are primitive members of a group of bats that evolved in africa and ultimately went on to flourish in south america .\nthe fry of white suckers eat plankton and other tiny invertebrates until they are about 15 mm long . up to this size their mouths still point forward to accommodate catching food up in the water column . once they reach 15 mm , their mouths rotate downward and they switch to the adult habit of bottom feeding .\nsuckers are a family of freshwater fishes ( the catostomidae ) that includes about 65 species worldwide , with most of these in north america . they ' re all fairly robust or stout fishes , with species ranging in size from small ( about 15 cm ) to large ( up to 45 cm ) in length . nearly all species in the family have the characteristic downward - pointing\nsucker\nmouth .\nhow do they reproduce ? the spawning season in minnesota for the white sucker begins in april and goes into early may . the fish move to the shallows of the lakes or up into stream headwaters unless a barrier stops them . once there they pick spots that have a gravel or coarse sand bottom . there is no nest made and the eggs go without care from the parents . the white suckers pair up , usually two males to one female . the spawning normally takes place at night , starting at dusk . with a male on either side of her , the female begins to lay her eggs while males fertilize them . the eggs are spread out by the current and the movement of the fish . eventually they sink to the bottom . depending on her size , a female will lay 20 , 000 - 50 , 000 eggs during the complete spawning period . the embryos develop for 5 - 10 days before they hatch , depending on water temperature . it takes another 1 - 2 weeks before they leave the gravel and drift downstream .\nwhite suckers reproduce in shallow waters and are believed to be influenced by changes in water temperature to begin the process . this can be caused by runoff from early snow melt or other factors . females of the species lay near 10 , 000 eggs and it is not uncommon for them to be fertilized by multiple males .\nwhite suckers primarily spawn in the spring , usually early may to early june . adults migrate from lakes into gravelly streams , when stream temperatures reach 10 o c . spawning sites are in shallow waters with a gravel bottom adults will return to specific spawning site ; thousands may migrate to the site at a particular period .\nscientific name :\ncatostomus\nis from the greek ,\nkata\n, meaning downward , and the greek\nstoma\n, meaning mouth . so\ncatostomus\nis clearly a reference to the downward pointing mouth of a sucker . the specific name ,\ncommersonii\nis from the fish being named for an early french naturalist : philibert commerson . ( thanks go to adam labatore , for pointing this out ! )"]}
{"id": 817, "summary": [{"text": "ponticola gorlap , or the caspian bighead goby , is a species of goby , a benthic fish native to the caspian sea basin .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is widespread in lower parts of many rivers in iran , and also found in azerbaijan and turkmenistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in russia , it occurred in the lowest part of the volga river up to astrakhan until 1977 , but has thereafter spread upstream .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in 2000 it was recorded as being established in the ivankovo and rybinsk reservoirs in the moscow region , and already invaded the don drainage by way of the volga-don canal in 1972 .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species occurs in sheltered environments , such as inshore fresh or brackish waters of estuaries , lagoons , lakes and large rivers , where it prefers habitats with a well vegetated rock or firmly packed sand substrate .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) sl , and a common size is 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ponticola gorlap", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : ponticola gorlap [ orgn ] .\n( of neogobius gorlap iljin , 1949 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of neogobius kessleri gorlap iljin , 1949 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe sea breams or porgies are found in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans and comprise about 36 genera and about 130 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . some commonly enter estuaries and penetrate up rivers . maximum length is about 1 . 2 m .\nthis family is characterised by a groove in the distal end of the premaxilla which accommodates the maxilla ; the body is oblong to ovate and is compressed ; the head is large with a steep upper profile ; the preopercle margin is smooth ; scales are weakly ctenoid , moderate in size and extend on to the cheeks and operculum ; teeth are conical to incisiform and molar teeth are found in some at the rear of the jaw ; there are no teeth on the vomer , palatines or tongue ; the dorsal fin is continuous with an anterior spiny portion and a soft - rayed posterior portion about equal in size ; with 10 - 13 spines and 10 - 15 soft rays respectively ; spines fold into a groove ; the anal fin has 3 spines ( the second the largest ) and 8 - 14 soft rays ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; and lateral line not continued onto the caudal fin but with enlarged scales near the head .\nmany species in this family are hermaphrodites with male and female sex organs developing simultaneously , changing sex from male to female ( protandry ) , or from female to male ( protogyny ) . these fishes are often important as food or sought by anglers . young fish may very different in colour to adults , usually being more vividly coloured with distinctive patterns . most species are marine ( see marine list in checklists in the\n) but a few enter fresh water and penetrate a considerable distance from the sea including one species in iran .\nmembers of this genus have a compressed and moderately deep body , 4 - 6 enlarged incisiform teeth at the front of the jaws followed by 3 - 4 rows of molars , the second anal fin spine is longer than the third , there is a scaly sheath at the base of the dorsal and anal soft fins , and moderate - sized scales . iwatsuki and heemstra ( 2010 ) revised the genus in the western indian ocean .\n\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0643 ( = shanak ) , \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0632\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647 ( = shanak - e zardbaleh or yellowfin shanak ) .\n[ shanak , shaghoom , shaam , sha ' m , shaem , sheim or sha - om in arabic ; yellow - finned porgy or seabream , yellow - finned black porgy , japanese silver bream ] .\nal - hassan ( 1990 ) found differences in two meristic characters ( pectoral and dorsal fin ray counts ) but no differences in electrophoretic characters between populations from the shatt al arab and khor al zubair areas of southern iraq . he concludes that there is only one stock of this species in southern iraq as meristic variation may reflect environmental conditions .\nthis species is the only sparid member recorded from iranian freshwaters and is recognised by the dorsal fin spines alternately thick and thin and the colour pattern .\nupper profile of head steep and convex back to above the posterior eye margin . the head bulges over the eye . dorsal fin spines 11 - 13 , soft rays 9 - 13 . anal fin with 3 spines , the second much stronger and wider than the third , and 8 - 9 soft rays . pectoral fin branched rays 10 - 16 . there is a strong spine in the pelvic fin and a well - developed axillary scale . lateral line scales 41 - 46 , or 48 - 50 , or up to 55 depending probably on differing counting methods . the scales are vertical ovals with the anterior margin wavy where radii intersect . they have very fine circuli , moderate numbers of posterior radii , a subcentral posterior focus , and ctenii on the central part of the posterior margin extending inwards towards the focus . four or five series of preopercular scales . the first pelvic fin ray is elongated as a small filament . there is a strong pelvic axillary scale . there are 3 - 4 scale rows sheathing the dorsal and anal fin bases . there are 4 - 6 compressed teeth in front of each jaw followed by 3 - 5 rows of molar teeth . the chromosome number is 2n = 48 ( klinkhardt\nmeristic values for iranian specimens are : - dorsal fin spines 12 , soft rays 10 , anal fin spines 3 , soft rays 8 , pectoral fin branched rays 13 , scales mostly lost .\nthis species is a protandrous hermaphrodite , being male early in its life and then becoming female later . catches will include males , females and hermaphrodites , e . g . in abu - hakima ' s ( 1984a ) study in kuwait , there were 326 males , 343 females and 41 hermaphrodites .\noverall colour is a silvery - grey or silvery - white with the back darker and the belly yellowish . scales each have a dark , brownish to golden spot at the base which line up to form apparent stripes along the flank . there is a dark blotch at the upper corner of the gill opening , on both the body and gill cover . there is a dark band over the head between the eyes and the edge of the operculum is dark . dorsal fin spines are white and the membranes are grey , with dark margins between the spine tips . the soft dorsal fin is dark grey with a light orange tinge . there is a small back spot at the pectoral fin base and the fin is mostly hyaline with a light orange tinge . the anal and pelvic fins are a light yellowish - brown . the caudal fin is dark grey on the upper lobe and yellow on the lower with a black margin . the peritoneum is silvery brown in preserved fish with widely scattered melanophores .\nfound from the persian gulf to japan and north australia . recorded from the helleh river in bushehr province , iran ( j . hol\u010d\u00edk , pers comm . , 1995 ) , from the bahmanshir river ( marammazi , 1995 ; eskandary\nthis marine species enters rivers in southern iran and presumably freshwater stocks are maintained from this marine gene pool .\nthe usual habitat is over sand and rock bottoms in the sea down to about 50 m , but young fish may enter estuaries and may penetrate considerable distances inland , although some fish remain at sea permanently . the frequency of penetration into iranian rivers along the persian gulf coast is not known . larger specimens are known to penetrate the shatt al arab in autumn , october to december , and this water body is an important nursery for this species , found there year round as young . adults emigrate from january to march ( al - hassan , 1990 ; hussain\n. , 1987 ) . at a freshwater station on the shatt al basrah canal with salinities up to 3 . 5\u2030 , al - daham and yousif ( 1990 ) found this species to be the second most dominant after\n, comprising 7 . 1 % by number and 10 . 9 % by weight . al - daham\n. ( 1993 ) found young fish in the shatt al basrah mostly from april to october . cage - cultured fish are reared at 14 - 31\u00b0c in kuwait bay ( abou - seedo\nbut not other species which begin to spawn in april ( abou - seedo and dadzie , 2004 ) . savari\n. ( 2011 ) showed that hormones could also be used in this regard .\na fast growing and hardy fish . life in iranian fresh waters has not been studied and information is about marine or estuarine populations .\na study of fish in the shatt al basrah canal , a man - made estuary of southern iraq , was based on mostly small and immature fish ( 49 - 181 mm standard length ) caught mostly in april - october . the length - weight relationship was w = 0 . 0511 l 2 . 893 , the dominant age group was 1 + fish , the maximum age was 3 + years , fish grew to 95 , 155 and 215 mm total length in their first three years of life , and mortality ( z ) was 2 . 23 ( al - daham et al . , 1993 ) .\nin an aquaculture experiment in kuwait , fish more than doubled in weight over a 6 week period ( jafri et al . , 1981 ) . males mature at a smaller size ( 12 . 3 - 14 . 2 cm ) than females ( 24 . 3 - 26 . 2 cm ) in cage - culture in kuwait bay ( abou - seedo et al . , 2003 ) . however fish in the shatt al arab are usually less than 20 cm long and most are immature , in age groups 0 and 1 . the length - weight relationship for both sexes was w = 0 . 0916 l 2 . 6601 . the lowest condition factors were found in april and may , possibly because fish were spent after spawning or were in lower condition after the winter ( hussain et al . , 1987 ) . in kuwait , ages up to 14 years have been reported with ranges in von bertalanffy growth parameters for the years 1981 - 1985 of l ( cm ) = 38 . 3 - 52 . 29 , k = 0 . 169 - 0 . 298 , and t 0 - 0 . 213 - to - 2 . 237 . total mortality values ( z ) were 0 . 432 - 0 . 709 , this range suggesting that , even for relatively large samples ( 92 - 314 fish ) , may be too small to provide reliable estimates of z in species with a large overlap in age groups and where old fish are sampled only with difficulty . the length - weight relationship was total weight = 0 . 02874 x total length 2 . 79198 . growth and mortality estimates based on all data were l \u221e = 40 . 48 cm , k = 0 . 258 , t 0 = - 0 . 965 , t max = 14 years and z = 0 . 600 ( samuel and mathews , 1987 ) . morgan ( 1985 ) gave values of l \u221e = 43 , k = 0 . 20 and z = 0 . 97 but his study excluded fish over 30 cm and below 19 cm which accounts for the difference in mortality ; and samuel and mathews ( 1987 ) had a value about 2 . 0 for z when only fish 20 - 30 cm long were analysed .\nheydarnejad ( 2009 ) gave the length - weight relationship for an iranian sample as w = 0 . 0451tl 3 . 091 .\nfreshwater food habits not known for iran in detail but the one specimen examined contained plant fragments and scales of a cyprinid .\nin a study of the recovering hawr al hammar , diet was 60 % shrimps and 40 % insects ( hussain et al . , 2006 ) . feeds on echinoderms , worms , crustaceans , insects , bivalve molluscs and plants in the sea ( nasir , 2000 ; al - daham et al . , 1993 ) . hussain et al . ( 1987 ) found crabs and bivalves to be the most important items by percentage in the shatt al arab fish , shrimps and aquatic insects were also taken and there was significant seasonal variation , with shrimps and aquatic insects more important in december and spring . hussain et al ( 1994 ) found bivalves in 91 % of fish by number and weight in the khawr az zubayr . al - daham et al . ( 1993 ) found fish in the shatt al basrah fed on , in order of occurrence , crustaceans ( decapods , amphipods , isopods , mysids , cladocerans and cyclopoids ) , fishes ( liza spp . , barbus ( = carasobarbus ) luteus , thryssa purava , eggs and scales ) , molluscs ( corbicula , lymnaea , tryonia and sphaeriidae ) , algae ( oscillatoria , syndera , fragillaria and cladophora ) , higher plants ( vallisneria , ceratophyllum , seeds and roots ) and aquatic insects ( corixidae , hemiptera , odonata and coleoptera ) . crustaceans were most important during july and november , molluscs in may and fishes during august . hosseini ( 1998 ) examined food in coastal waters of bushehr , delvar and rostami in the northern persian gulf of iran and found 36 . 4 % to contain crabs , 34 . 0 % other fish and 13 . 4 % shrimps . snails and sea urchins were also eaten .\n. ( 1993 ) have shown for fish from the shatt al arab near basrah , iraq that haematological parameters vary with reproductive phase and between sexes . cage - reared fish in kuwait bay have a prolonged spawning season from february to april . fecundity there is up to 3 , 837 , 000 eggs . spawning in the shatt al arab estuary is reported for april ( hussain and ahmed , 1995 ) and al - daham\n. ( 1993 ) record a spawning season for the northwestern arabian ( = persian ) gulf as january to april with a peak in february and march . abu - hakima ( 1984a ) found the spawning period in kuwait waters to be january to march with fecundity up to 2 , 152 , 993 eggs . this species is a protandrous hermaphrodite with males dominating in smaller size groups ( 22 . 3 - 24 . 2 cm ) while females dominate in larger groups ( 24 . 3 - 26 . 2 cm ) ( abou - seedo\n. , 2003 ) . samuel and mathews ( 1987 ) give a spawning date of 1 december for their kuwait sample . the gonadosomatic index was highest in february - march in hosseini ' s ( 1998 ) study in coastal waters of the northern persian gulf .\nthe average absolute fecundity in coastal waters near bushehr in iran was 1 , 842 , 700 , sex ratio was 1 : 1 , and the spawning peak was january - february ( hossini and savari , 2004 ) .\na good food fish of high market value seen in bazaars along the persian gulf coast and in the shatt al arab . it was selling at u . s . $ 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 per kg in kuwait about 1980 , with 213 tons landed in 1995 for a value of u . s . $ 1 , 769 , 407 ( abou - seedo\n. , 2003 ) and this has been proposed for iranian waters in the persian gulf ( regunathan and kitto , 2005 ) . experimental culture has been tried at qeshm island where a million larvae were produced in march with 100 , 000 larvae 2 . 0 - 3 . 5 cm long surviving in may ( www . shilat . com , downloaded 7 june 2007 ) . it is caught by trawls , handlines , in hadra ( fixed stake nets ) and gargoor ( fish pots ) and in the sport fishery in the arabian ( = persian ) gulf ( samuel and mathews , 1987 ; carpenter\nthis marine species is fished commercially in the sea and populations there may be under some threat as a consequence . the status of freshwater populations is unclear as they appear quite rare and are presumably derived from marine populations at intervals .\nthe frequency of occurrence , detailed distribution and biology of this species in iranian fresh waters needs study .\niranian material : uncatalogued , 1 , 62 . 9 mm standard length , bushehr , about15 km above mouth in helleh river ( ca . 29\ncomparative material : bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1859 , 1 , 76 . 4 mm standard length , iraq , basrah ( 30\u00ba30 ' n , 47\u00ba47 ' e ) ; bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1858 , 1 , 76 . 3 mm standard length , iraq , beree ( no other locality data ) .\ncichlids are found in fresh and brackish waters of central and south america , africa , madagascar , the levant , southern india , sri lanka and southern iran . there are about 221 genera and about 1606 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) but only 1 is found in iran . maximum length is about 80 cm .\nmurray ( 2001 ) reviews the fossil record and the biogeography of the family and suggests an origin less than 65 mya in the early tertiary in contrast to other studies that give an origin over 130 million years ago . their salinity tolerance has enabled them to cross marine barriers .\nmahi - e karoo , siklid irani , siklid - e hormuz , cichlid - e hormuz .\n. , 2010 ) from northeast africa , on the basis of the low gill raker count , lower pharyngeal bone and teeth morphology , and morphometric characters such as a deep preorbital depth , long snout , head length and the small eye . trewavas ( 1983 ) places\ntrewavas , 1942 of the jordan river basin and that this requires further investigation . schwarzer\nmay be common responses to temperature and salinity extremes . in addition , trewavas ( 1983 ) suggests a possible relationship of\n( hilgendorf , 1905 ) of the african rift valley . this species too is found in waters of high temperature and mineral content . klett and meyer ( 2002 ) group this genus with\nthe type locality is the\nmehran river at 27\u00b004 ' n , 54\u00b035 ' e , hormozdgan province\n( coad , 1982a ) . the holotype , 94 . 2 mm standard length , is a female with eggs in the mouth held in the canadian museum of nature , ottawa under cmnfi 1979 - 0408a ( see figure above ) . paratypes are cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , 15 , 24 . 3 - 86 . 5 mm standard length , same locality as the holotype and cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , 35 , 29 . 6 - 95 . 2 mm standard length , stream in rasul river drainage between chahar berkeh and tang - e dalan , ca . 27\u00b025 . 5 ' n , 54\u00b059 ' e , fars - hormozgan border . paratypes were deposited in the british museum ( natural history ) , london under bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 ( 2 specimens ) , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris under mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 ( 2 ) , california academy of sciences , san francisco under cas 47324 ( 2 ) , the royal ontario museum , toronto under rom 36389 ( 1 ) and the university of british columbia , vancouver under bc 81 - 1 ( 1 ) .\nthis is the only cichlid species in iran , easily recognised by the single nostril opening on each side of the head .\nthis cichlid is uniquely characterised by a nearly circular dental field on the lower pharyngeal bone , the teeth there being of uniform size and not enlarged medially and by cheek , operculum , belly , isthmus and area between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases naked or poorly scaled . other significant characters are the posteriorly rounded dorsal and anal fins , short pectoral fins not reaching the vent , cycloid scales with granular posterior circuli bearing rounded or irregular protuberances , inferior apophyses for support of the swimbladder centred around the fourth vertebra ( figured in coad ( 1982a ) ) , mesethmoid not meeting the vomer , modal vertebral count 29 , median length of lower pharyngeal bone 31 . 8 - 40 . 9 % ( mean 35 % ) length of head , and pharyngeal blade / median length toothed area 0 . 6 - 1 . 0 , mean 0 . 8 .\nscales are regularly arranged on the flanks except that in some large specimens the regular scale rows are interspersed with irregularly distributed smaller scales , particularly on the upper flank . scales may be absent entirely from the head , sparse above the lateral line anteriorly and on the belly posterior to the pelvic fins , absent from the dorsal and anal fin bases , absent from between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases and on the belly and isthmus anterior to the pelvic fins . however , in other specimens the head may be scaled dorsally to above the eyes , with scales variably imbricate , there may be 2 - 3 rows containing 4 - 7 minimally or non - imbricate scales on the cheek which is never completely scaled . the dorsal border of the opercle may have two large scales next to each other and a single scale may be present over the centre of the subopercular bone . scales may be present on the whole belly , isthmus and between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases , but they are minute , embedded , and non - imbricate . their extent and number varies between individuals . small to minute scales , numbering up to about 20 , are present on the caudal fin base , extending distally onto the fin membranes for more than half the fin ray length in some specimens .\nflank scales below the mid - point of the spiny dorsal fin and beneath the upper lateral line are cycloid or very weakly ctenoid . the focus is central and there are 9 - 14 , mean 12 . 4 , radii on the anterior field based on 5 scales from 7 adult specimens 59 . 2 - 87 . 1 mm standard length . posterior circuli are granular so the exposed scale surface has rows of rounded or irregular protuberances .\nthe gut is a tightly coiled spiral with its apex ventral . gut length in 5 specimens ( 59 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) is 6 . 8 - 8 . 3 , mean 7 . 6 , times the standard length . gill rakers are short and rounded , reaching the adjacent raker or a little further when appressed .\ntype ( greenwood , 1978 ) . the mesethmoid does not meet the vomer , the intervening space being cartilaginous . pores at the openings of the cephalic lateral line canals on the preorbital and preoperculum are single not multiple . the inferior apophyses for support of the anterior end of the swimbladder involve vertebrae 2 to 5 , the fourth vertebra being involved in 8 out of 10 fish examined .\nteeth in the jaws are often irregularly arranged so that 4 rows are found in some places in both jaws . in some individual fish where teeth are regularly arranged there are 3 rows in the upper jaw and 4 rows in the lower jaw . number of rows decreases laterally to one at the rictus . the outer row teeth are bicuspid with the lateral cusp the smaller , while inner row teeth are tricuspid , with the central cusp the most prominent . the upper jaw has more teeth than the lower jaw .\nthe diploid chromosome number is 2n = 44 , comprising 25 submetacentic , 18 subtelocentric and 1 metacentric chromosomes with an arm number of 70 . the chromosome count may indicate a relationship to the levantine\nscales in upper lateral line 17 ( 1 ) , 18 ( 1 ) , 19 ( 2 ) , 20 ( 8 ) , 21 ( 9 ) , 22 ( 10 ) , 23 ( 7 ) , 24 ( 4 ) , 25 ( 2 ) , 26 ( 1 ) or 29 ( 1 ) ; scales in lower lateral line 9 ( 6 ) , 10 ( 17 ) , 11 ( 14 ) or 12 ( 9 ) ; total scales in lateral series 28 ( 1 ) , 29 ( 2 ) , 30 ( 4 ) , 31 ( 9 ) , 32 ( 13 ) , 33 ( 5 ) , 34 ( 4 ) , 35 ( 4 ) , 36 ( 3 ) or 40 ( 1 ) ; scales around caudal peduncle 16 ( 15 ) , 17 ( 13 ) , 18 ( 15 ) , 19 ( 2 ) or 20 ( 1 ) ; precaudal vertebrae 14 ( 2 ) , 15 ( 53 ) or 16 ( 11 ) ; caudal vertebrae 13 ( 26 ) , 14 ( 35 ) or 15 ( 5 ) ; total vertebrae 28 ( 19 ) , 29 ( 40 ) or 30 ( 7 ) .\ndorsal fin spines 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 46 ) or 16 ( 14 ) ; dorsal fin branched rays 9 ( 2 ) , 10 ( 36 ) or 11 ( 28 ) ; anal fin branched rays 6 ( 7 ) , 7 ( 20 ) , 8 ( 38 ) or 9 ( 1 ) ; pectoral fin branched rays 11 ( 42 ) or 12 ( 24 ) ; and total gill rakers 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 9 ) , 16 ( 24 ) , 17 ( 19 ) , 18 ( 6 ) or 19 ( 1 ) .\nhead length is greater in females while pelvic fin length is smaller in females compared to males . interorbital width is greater in males . dorsal and anal fins are larger in males when expressed in terms of longest ray length in head length ( coad , 1982a ) . colour differs as described below .\nlive specimens are brightly coloured in spawning condition ( based on aquarium photographs in schulz ( 2004 ) ) . the male is brick - red on the lower sides and underside of the head with black on the dorsal head surface . the underside of the head may also be black . the belly anterior to the pelvics is black . the chin is white . the sides off the head have a few , scattered white spots but the body , dorsal and caudal fins are densely covered with white spots and blotches . those on the dorsal fin are arranged in oblique rows and those on the caudal fin in bars . the anal fin has white spots also but these are not present distally . the pectoral fin has darkened rays but lacks spots . the pelvic fin has white spots proximally but less than the anal fin but is overall a dark black . other reports and photographs ( svardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) ) show dominant spawning males to be black with brilliant turquoises blotches on the body but especially so on the fins . the female has an overall silvery colour with up to 9 faint to moderate flank bars . fins are yellowish . the dorsal fin has a black tilapia - mark on the posterior dorsal fin .\noverall body colour outside the spawning season is a light lime green , with an iridescent tinge to the posterior edge of the operculum and on the back . the dorsal fin has light , lime - green , oblique bars , the last one or two black - edged and spot - like . the peritoneum is black .\npreserved specimens have the following pigmentation . young fish have a distinct tilapia - mark , a spot on the rays of the soft dorsal fin typical of these cichlid fishes . the spot is black and is surrounded by a hyaline ring . occasionally a second spot is found posterior to the first spot . the principal spot is often retained in adult fish . young also have 7 - 11 bars along the flank which are also retained by adults but are then less distinct . in adults the dorsal fin rays and membranes are covered with melanophores interspersed with hyaline spots and irregular blotches . wavy , oblique bars are found posteriorly on the soft dorsal fin in some specimens . the caudal fin has a series of about 7 narrow bars in some male specimens while females are uniformly grey . the anal fin is narrowly barred with up to 6 vertical to oblique bars in some specimens , in others uniformly pigmented grey proximally fading to hyaline distally . pectoral and pelvic fins are not barred and are lightly pigmented , the pelvics being the darker . the head and body , including the belly , are more heavily pigmented to give an overall brown colour , lightest on the belly anterior to the pelvic fins in females . scales are not pigmented on their free margins , which are pale .\nsome specimens may be quite dark , particularly the back and fins and strikingly the lips .\nattains 11 . 09 cm standard length or 12 . 95 cm total length ( esmaeili and ebrahimi , 2006 ) . lamboj\nthe cichlid is restricted to rivers draining to the straits of hormuz in southern iran ( coad , 1982a ; abdoli , 2000 ) . svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) also map this species at 27 . 770\u00b0n , 54 . 999\u00b0e , slightly to the north of samples mapped here . the distribution mapped by stiassny in keenleyside ( 1991 ) following berra ( 1981 ) is too far north . the map in berra ( 2001 ) is more accurate . abdoli ( 2000 ) records this species from the lower minab basin , lower hasan langi , middle to lower kul , gowdar and middle to lower mehran rivers .\nspecimens kindly sent to me by h . r . esmaeili in 1997 are from the dozdan river at 27\u00b026 ' n , 57\u00b010 ' e , an eastwards extension into the minab river basin . the cichlid was not collected there in the 1970s . the new record may simply be filling in a collecting gap , a natural range extension or possibly the result of an introduction .\nbleher ( 2011a ) found only 2 of the 22 sites recorded by coad ( 1982 ) to still have water , although i have observed river stretches drying up and re - connecting and not always the same stretches .\ntrewavas ( 1983 ) suggests that the ancestor of this cichlid was distributed across the arabian peninsula in the late pliocene / early pleistocene when this area was more humid . desiccation in the pleistocene and recent periods then led to the extinction of the ancestor . a miocene - oligocene fossil\n. however trewavas ( 1983 ) reports that this fossil cannot be identified as a cichlid . micklich and roscher ( 1990 ) and lippitsch and micklich ( 1998 ) also report three species of what are presumably cichlids from southwest saudi arabia in the baid formation of oligocene age at ad darb , tihamat asir . they belong to the basal grade of cichlids and to two different clades within the african assemblage . whybrow and clements ( 1999 ) record unidentified cichlidae from the early oligocene from the coastal trip of dhofar , sultanate of oman with a date of 33 mya . murray ( 2001 ) reviews these and other cichlid fossil material and the identity of omani material as cichlids appears questionable . southwest saudi arabian material is more clearly cichlid but does not point to a continuous distribution eastwards across the arabian peninsula . however , b\u0103n\u0103rescu ( 1992b ) considers that a common ancestor to\nevolved in the arabian peninsula from african forebears in the miocene , the latter lineage extending its range northwards to the levant and the former eastwards to oman and southern iran , the straits of hormuz not then being in existence . murray ( 2001 ) gives an earliest date for colonisation of\nancestors to be the middle miocene when southern iran rose above sea level . she does not consider a coastwise dispersal through brackish waters of arabia to be a possible route as cichlids are not found there today but indicates a route through the tethys sea / indian ocean could be possible .\ncould be a relict of a once wider distribution across the tigris - euphrates basin in a northern arc rather than directly across the arabian peninsula . the absence of cichlids from southern arabia today warrant this alternative hypothesis . warm streams have probably been continually present in southern arabia and support a limited fish fauna today . there is no apparent reason why cichlids should have become extinct there . murray ( 2001 ) points out that\nlives at 40 - 400 m above sea level and is limited by mountains north of the present distribution , and so it must have arrived before the mountains attained their current height , to support coad ' s hypothesis .\nthe headwaters of the tigris - euphrates basin are narrowly separated from the levant rift valley today and at times in the past may have had direct exchanges of faunas ( kosswig , 1965 ; 1973 ; krupp , 1987 ) . the modern absence of cichlids from the tigris - euphrates basin may be explained by low temperatures . the effects of low temperature on\n, which occurs naturally in the southern levant rift valley , begin to die at 11\u00b0c and cease all motion at temperatures below 10\u00b0c ( chervinski and lahav , 1976 ) . most of syria , northern iraq and the northern arabian peninsula have temperatures below 10\u00b0c in winter ( beaumont\nis found mainly in saline streams . this hypothesis can only be confirmed by fossil discoveries .\nthe streams in which this species lives are subject to desiccation with continuous flow breaking up into isolated pools . the survival of cichlid populations in these pools varies between years and some pools may be fishless in one year and populated in another .\nthe area around the straits of hormuz is rich in salt domes and consequently most surface streams are saline , up to 80 ms . cichlids are found in these streams but also in the sar khun oasis which is fresh with a conductivity of 1 . 6 ms . apparently they can be transported at 10 ms as this is less stressful . stream waters are cloudy to clear and colourless . water temperatures in winter ( november to march ) range from 15 to 33\u00b0c and would be considerably higher in summer when air temperatures reach 45\u00b0c with no riparian shade and low water levels . lamboj\n. ( 2006 ) and svardal ( 2006 ) give water temperatures of 33 - 40\u00b0c and conductivity of 45 - 75 ms .\nstreams are 1 to 50 m wide and consist of alternating riffles and pools with occasional backwaters . the bottom is pebbles , sand or mud . aquatic vegetation is restricted to encrusting algae .\nunknown . esmaeili and ebrahimi ( 2006 ) give a significant length - weight relationship based on 379 fish measuring 2 . 74 - 11 . 09 cm standard length . the\n- value > 3 indicating a fish that becomes more rotund as length increases ) .\ngut contents of 5 specimens ( 41 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) included only algae and diatoms suggesting food is scraped from rocks and from bottom deposits . this is consistent with an elongate gut and black peritoneum . aquarium specimens eat algal tabs but also appreciate insects and fish remains .\nthis species is a mouth brooder . a breeding female and a male were caught in a backwater on march 18 of the mehran river ( the type series ) . this backwater was 1 - 5 m wide , maximum depth was 40 cm over a mud bottom , the water was cloudy and highly saline ( 40ms ) and temperature ranged from 26\u00b0c at the mouth of the backwater to 33\u00b0c at its head . eggs in fish taken in november and january are small so the breeding season is deduced to be around march . five eggs ranged in length from 3 . 2 to 3 . 8 mm , mean 3 . 6 mm and in width from 2 . 4 to 2 . 7 , mean 2 . 5 mm . total number of eggs from 2 females , 59 . 0 - 59 . 2 mm standard length was 36 and 38 respectively . eggs are yellow - orange in preserved fish .\na female 116 . 9 mm standard length from the mehran river had 153 larvae in her mouth , ranging in length from 9 . 6 to 10 . 9 mm ( h . r . esmaeili , pers . comm . , 6 october 2005 ; esmaeili\n. ( 2009 ) found a sex ratio biased towards males in may and june , presumably because males were defending nests and easily caught , or possibly differential survival of the sexes . they suggest that the breeding season begins in march and lasts until the end of june with a peak in may . eggs attained 3 . 76 mm and fecundity reached 151 eggs with a relative fecundity of 5 . 4 eggs per gram body weight . esmaeili et al . ( 2010 ) detail gonad morphology and histology and confirmed peak spawning in may .\nschulz ( 2004 ) observed fish in the field and found each male occupying a territory defending a nest about 1 m from each neighbouring nest . the nests were made on light grey , fine sand and consisted of a pit approximately 15 cm in diameter . the pit was black because of anoxic conditions below the sand surface . the actual nest was about the same as the body length of the fish ( 8 - 10 cm ) and lay at the centre of the pit . the pit was surrounded by a rim about 1 . 5 cm high with an internally indented margin . simpler pits are built where building materials are unavailable . females were present in schools in deeper water in the river centre . individual females swam purposefully to the nest defended by the male . the male directed the female to the nest centre with folded up fins while the female spread her fins and showed radiating colour changes . spawning occurred immediately and neighbouring males intervened continuously at a speed that did not allow full analysis of the movements . a defending male would chase away an intruding male allowing another male into the unprotected nest to mate with the female . a clutch of eggs was always inseminated by a whole group of males .\npiscivorous birds have been observed along the streams where the cichlid is found . ansary\nsaadati ( 1977 ) suggests that this salt - tolerant species could be a valuable resource if introduced into the saline and fishless waters of internal basins . however this is not advisable since the native fauna , evolved in a fishless environment , could be devastated before it has even been documented . esmaeili\n. ( 2009 ) note that it is eaten by local people when available in large numbers in spring . it is now an aquarium fish in germany ( schulz , 2002 ; 2004a ; 2004b ; oliver lucanus , pers . comm . , 23 january 2004 ; lamboj\n. , 2006 ; svardal , 2006 ; svardal and svardal , 2006 ) and juveniles sell for about $ 80 each urltoken 21 march 2010 ) . articles in aquarium magazines give photographs in spawning condition , including mouth - brooding , and details for their maintenance , including water with a conductivity of 50 - 70ms / cm nacl or sea salt mixture , tank water changed once a week , vegetarian food tabs ( containing the blue - green alga\n) , and a temperature of 20 - 35\u00b0c , optimally 27\u00b0c . it has been noted that males , in continually defending a nest and courting ,\nwear out\nearlier than females ( thomas schulz ,\nmay well be on its way to extinction - if it is not gone already\n. bailey ( 2006 ) apparently repeats this . however its habitat is mostly saline streams which cannot readily be used for agriculture or industry . the surrounding area is not industrialised , nor likely to be , and was never a war zone so pollution is not a problem for this species .\nflash floods are probably a significant problem as water drains rapidly off vegetation barren land . the scouring action may well displace or strand cichlids . mouth brooding offers protection against floods and against associated fishes .\nsvardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) give details of capture , transport and aquarium care of this species .\nrabbaniha ( 1993a , 1993b , 1994 ) gives farsi accounts of this species and cichlids in general . the account is based principally on coad ( 1982a ) .\ntype material : see above , cmnfi 1979 - 0408a , cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 , mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 , cas 47324 , rom 36389 and bc 81 - 1 .\nintroduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive winterkill ( herzog , 1969 ) . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , however , record\n) from basrah in southern iraq and this species could easily become established in iran . no iranian record confirmed as yet . red tilapias (\nsp . ) have been studied in aquaponic systems in iran so there is a potential for an exotic release ( rafiee and saad , 2005 ) . fingerlings from indonesia have been reared using saline waters at bafgh , yazd province in 3 ton fibreglass tanks . larvae were successfully grown to 2 . 0 kg at 28\u00b11\u00bac (\nintroduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive ( job , 1967 ) . redbelly tilapias are established in the syrian euphrates ( r . beck , pers . comm . , 2000 ) and a recent report by beshar abd al - hussain al - saadi (\n. , 10 october 2006 ) of a cichlid at al musayyib on the euphrates river in iraq may well be this species . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , record this species from basrah in southern iraq and these could spread to iranian waters . no iranian record as yet . the farsi name is \u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0627 ( = tilapia ) .\nthe gobies are a world - wide family found mostly in warmer marine waters although some species enter fresh water and others live there permanently ( see also marine list in checklists in the introduction ) . the number of species is high and this may be the most speciose fish family in the world with about 248 genera and about 1630 species , perhaps more ( eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . a diversity of gobies occurs in the caspian sea basin . not all caspian gobies have valid iranian records but most will probably be found there . several gobies penetrate southern waters of iran from the persian gulf and sea of oman and are described here . others will probably be discovered when more detailed surveys are made .\ngobies are easily distinguished by their pelvic fins being united as an adhesive or sucking disk or cup . body form and coloration are diverse . the pattern of head canals , canal pores and neuromasts is distinctive and used in identifying and relating species ( except in\n( pinchuk , 1991 ) ) . however the neuromasts may be sunken in narrow furrows or pits and completely covered by epithelium so they do not preserve well and this can lead to confusion in identifications ( zambriborshch , 1968 ) . there is usually a short spiny dorsal fin ( 2 - 8 flexible spines ) separated from , but close to , a soft dorsal fin . the soft dorsal fin and anal fin are longer than the caudal peduncle . scales may be cycloid , ctenoid or rarely absent . no obvious lateral line . there are 5 branchiostegal rays . gill membranes are connected to the isthmus and gill openings are moderate to wide , or very restricted in the mudskippers . the head is usually blunt and the mouth is usually large . teeth are usually small and conical in one to several rows in both jaws . miller in miller ( 2003 ) gives a suite of osteological characters defining the family .\nmost gobies are quite small ( 5 - 10 cm ) and they are often very abundant . maximum size is about 50 cm . some of the world ' s smallest vertebrates are gobies from the indian ocean , mature at 8 mm . others , however , are large and form part of fisheries in both the caspian sea and the indian ocean . they are not significant food fishes in iran . gobies tend to rest on the bottom and move in sudden , characteristic dashes . the male goby guards a nest . food is crustaceans , worms , molluscs and small fishes . many gobies are important in the aquarium trade since they are beautifully coloured , small and tough .\nthey are known generally as gav mahi ( = cow fish ) or sag mahi ( = dog fish ) or contain the word gel ( = mud ) in iran . a general review in farsi of the caspian gobies is given by aslaanparviz ( 1991 ) .\nthe males of some caspian species become black during the spawning season , their fins elongate , head shape alters and some even become naked . loss of tubercles in adult male gobies of the genus\nmakes it possible to identify only juveniles and females . the males build nests and guard the eggs . life span of certain caspian species is said to be as short as one year , e . g . some species of\n, as much as 10 - 15 % of total biomass in some areas ( mamedov , 2006 ) .\nthe black and caspian sea basins contain an endemic sarmatian fauna of gobies . there are two main clades , the gobiine - benthophilines ( or transverse gobiids ) and the pomatoschistines ( or sand gobies ) , that have probably been distinct for at least 40 million years . miller ( 2001 ) and miller in miller ( 2003 ) reviews the evolutionary history of these two clades and their anatomical differences based on head papillae and osteology . the transverse gobiids include\n. the sarmatian fauna was separated from the atlantic - mediterranean fauna with the isolation of the paratethys during the late miocene messinian salinity crisis as the mediterranean dried . partial flooding of the mediterranean from the paratethys in the early pliocene allowed sarmatian gobies to spread westwards . within the ponto - caspian basin , evolution of species flocks was favoured by basin sub - divisions and rejoinings . the benthophilines may be a monophyletic group from these events .\nahnelt and duchkowitsch ( 2004 ) give information on the neogobiine stock . about 12 - 13 million years ago in the middle miocene , the ponto - caspian endemic and ancestral neogobiine stock may have differentiated from an atlantic - mediterranean gobiine stock . at this time the paratethys was a sea with reduced salinity and a high level of endemism . the\nstock that invaded the mediterranean basin after that sea was restored about 5 million years ago in the late miocene .\nranges from 4 . 29 to 6 . 25 mya and the paper gives divergence times for major lineages in relation to geological events in the ponto - caspian . these events include connections with , and isolation from , the world ocean and salinity changes in a range of 1 - 30 p . p . t . over the last 5 million years . most genera diversified about 5 mya when the black and caspian seas separated .\nthe principal recent works on the systematics of caspian gobies are by v . i . pinchuk , d . b . ragimov , ye . d . vasil ' yeva , h . ahnelt and p . j . miller . earlier works are by b . s . iljin ( also spelled il ' in or ilyin ) . later molecular studies are cited above .\nother gobies in iran are the familiar tropical mudskippers which can move quickly over land , using the muscular - based paired fins to row across mud , and some can even clasp and climb mangroves . they can live out of water because the gill openings are small to prevent desiccation of the gills , oxygen can be taken into the chamber and absorbed through the gills and chamber wall , and they can also absorb oxygen through their skin . they often rest with the tail immersed in water for this purpose or roll around in shallow water to moisten themselves . they may live entirely in water , or will come onto land even when there is enough oxygen in the water . their eyes are high on the head , protruding and able to revolve independently , and have a movable lower lid . the eyes are retracted periodically into small cups below the head to moisten them . such eyes are very effective as a means to watch for potential enemies on land but their vision under water is blurred . mudskippers have elaborate reproductive behaviour which involves tail standing , flip - flops , and fin displays . they are very territorial and defend their territory against other mudskippers and crabs . they can deliver a skin - breaking bite to humans even though they are only about 15 cm long !\nthis genus comprises only a single species and so its characters are those of the species . the snout is very distinctive and details of neuromasts are not given here as they are not needed in identification , although of importance in relating the genus . the genus is closely related to the tadpole goby clade comprising\nand details are give in miller in miller ( 2004 ) . this author also gives an alternative terminology for the arrangement of neuromasts than that of ahnelt\neichwald , 1831 by berg ( 1927 ) but later iljin ( 1930 ) erected a new genus because of its unusual and distinctive morphology . the type locality is the caspian sea at 37\u00b058 ' n , 52\u00b022 ' e at a depth of 294 m ( but see below ) .\n. ( 2000 ) although berg ( 1927 ) mentions 15 fish in his description . ragimov ( 1985 ) states that berg described this species from a single young specimen and also visually observed 15 others for a total of 16 in the type series .\nthe duckbill tadpole goby is characterised by the elongate and flattened head which is similar to a duck ' s bill . unlike gobies of the genus\nfirst dorsal fin with 3 - 4 spines , usually 4 , second dorsal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 , usually 10 , soft rays . anal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 soft rays . pectoral fin rays 14 - 16 . gill rakers on the posterior part of the arch are very short and anteriorly are minute . pit organs on the side of the head are papilliform and clearly visible with the naked eye . further details of anatomy are given by ahnelt\niranian specimens had the following meristics : - first dorsal fin with 4 ( 4 ) spines ; second dorsal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 10 ( 4 ) soft rays ; pectoral fin rays 14 ( 1 ) , 15 ( 2 ) or 16 ( 1 ) ; anal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 11 ( 4 ) soft rays ; and total vertebrae 29 ( 4 ) .\noverall , colour is a light grey or pale fawn fading to a whitish grey on the belly . various speckles and melanophores are found on the back and upper flank . the dorsal , caudal and pectoral fins have dark grey speckles . the head sides from the snout to the cheek are dark with transversal suborbital papillae series whitish giving the impression of narrow light stripes below the eye and on the cheek . the peritoneum is black or densely covered in fine speckles .\nreaches 11 . 2 cm , or 13 cm total length ( jolodar and abdoli , 2004 ) . females may be larger than males ( mean total length 84 mm versus 77 mm ) .\nknown only from the caspian sea and one of the endemic sarmatian fauna ( see family account ) .\nfound to a depth of 294 m on white silt bottoms according to berg ( 1927 ) but the data in zisp states 244 sazhems ( = 446 . 5 m ) . recent iranian material is from 45 - 80 m , at 9 . 7 - 16 . 4\u00b0c at 50 m ( ahnelt\n. , 2000 ) and jolodar and abdoli ( 2004 ) state it lives mainly at 50 - 100 m depths in the south caspian sea ."]}
{"id": 818, "summary": [{"text": "hampala dispar is a southeast asian species of cyprinid , endemic to the basin of the mekong .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is found in thailand , laos and cambodia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "individuals may reach a length of 35 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "hampala dispar", "paragraphs": ["y . taki and a . kawamoto , 1977 - japanese journal of icthyology 24 ( 1 ) : 61 - 65 differentiation of the cyprinids , hampala macrolepidota and h . dispar .\nthe mun river at ubon ratchathani , eastern thailand , type locality of h . dispar .\ndispar : from the latin dispar , meaning \u2018unlike , dissimilar\u2019 , in reference to the differences in colour pattern and morphology which separate it from h . macrolepidota , the type species of this genus .\nalthough it needs plenty of space h . dispar makes a more suitable aquarium resident than the more commonly - traded congener h . macrolepidota due to its significantly smaller adult size .\ndoi , a . and y . taki , 1994 - japanese journal of ichthyology 40 ( 4 ) : 405 - 412 a new cyprinid fish , hampala salweenensis , from the mae pai river system , salween basin , thailand .\nj . r . ryan and y . b . esa , 2006 - zoological science 23 ( 10 ) : 893 - 901 phylogenetic analysis of hampala fishes ( subfamily cyprininae ) in malaysia inferred from partial mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequences .\njuveniles of the two species can appear very similar as the body blotch is extended vertically in young h . dispar , plus both display a broadish dark band across the caudal peduncle , a second , thinner band across the base of the caudal - fin , and a small blotch above the anal - fin . all of these markings are less intense in h . dispar while in h . macrolepidota there is additional dark patterning above and below the eye and running downwards from the nape to the pelvic fins .\nit is worth noting that the body markings tend to fade in very large specimens of all hampala spp . , and it\u2019s possible that additional species will be described in the future as a phylogenetic study published in 2006 concluded that the form of h . bimaculata from central and southern parts of the malaysian state of sarawak , borneo ought to be considered distinct , for example .\nhampala spp . are voracious feeders especially when maintained in numbers . some aquarists have observed that the \u2018alpha\u2019 individual in a group will lead the others in a pack - style behaviour , and anglers\u2019 reports state that the water surface will literally boil when a shoal is feeding . so enthusiastically does it attack food that it\u2019s sometimes recommended as a useful tankmate for fastidious or newly - introduced fishes that are refusing to eat .\nh . macrolepidota is easy to identify by colour pattern , which comprises a dark vertical band originating anterior to the dorsal - fin and extending below the lateral line , plus the presence of black marginal stripes in both lobes of the caudal - fin . h . dispar possesses only a single dark blotch - like marking on the body and has less well - defined marginal stripes on the caudal lobes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : the species is endemic to the mekong basin in thailand , lao pdr , and cambodia . it is adaptable to a range of habitats and is considered least concern at present .\ndescribed from the mun river at udon , thailand . endemic to the mekong basin in thailand , lao pdr , and cambodia ( mekong , tributaries and the tonle sap lake ) .\npredominantly a riverine fish , preferring clear , well - oxygenated , running water with substrates of sand , gravel , rock or mud . an adaptable species , it can also be found in both upland and lowland waters . during the rainy season it migrates into areas of inundated forest to feed and spawn .\nrainboth 1996 ) , and in swamps , marshes and slow - flowing waters ( m . kottelat pers . comm . 2011 ) it is now also found inhabiting many stiller and / or permanent bodies of water as a result of human activity including agriculture and damming of river channels . anecdotal accounts from aquarists suggest that it feed chiefly on crabs , shrimp and insects but also smaller fishes .\nlikely to be impacted in parts of its range by overfishing and perhaps habitat degradation .\nresearch is required on the species distribution , population trends , threats , and habitat and ecology .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 )\nhas a round midlateral blotch under the dorsal - fin origin in adults and a plain grey caudal fin ( ref . 27732 ) ; juveniles lack black teardrop - shaped marking on cheek ; barbel always shorter than eye width ( ref . 12693 ) .\noccurs in slowly moving or standing water habitats ( ref . 12693 ) . encountered also in rapid - running mountain streams of the middle mekong ( ref . 12975 ) . common in impoundments , with small individuals frequenting areas of dense vegetation . feeds mainly on prawns , crabs , and shrimps , along with some insect larvae and some fish as well . breeds at the start of the rainy season and the young are found in seasonally flooded habitats in june . marketed fresh ( ref . 12693 ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00519 - 0 . 01756 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 61 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconsidered endemic to the section of the mekong river basin which flows through northern laos before forming the border with thailand and eventually entering cambodia just below the khone pha pheng falls . it\u2019s distribution thus overlaps that of its widespread congener h . macrolepidota .\ntype locality is \u2018monam mun at udon , thailand\u2019 , which appears to correspond to the lower section of the mun river , a tributary which joins the mekong in ubon ratchathani province , eastern thailand .\npredominantly a riverine fish preferring clear , well - oxygenated , running water with substrates of sand , gravel , rock or mud although it is adaptable and can be found in both upland and lowland , standing or flowing waters .\nduring the rainy season it is known to migrate into areas of inundated forest to feed and spawn , and can now be found in many impounded water bodies as a result of human activity such as agriculture and damming of river channels .\nchoice of d\u00e9cor is not as critical as water quality and the amount of open swimming - space provided . however should you possess the means to both provide and decorate a sufficiently - sized aquarium this species a set - up designed to resemble a flowing river with a substrate of variably - sized rocks and gravel , some large water - worn boulders and perhaps a couple of driftwood branches is recommended .\nlike many fishes that naturally inhabit running waters it\u2019s intolerant to the accumulation of organic wastes and requires spotless water at all times in order to thrive . it also does best if there is a high level of dissolved oxygen and a decent level of water movement in the tank so external filters , powerheads , etc . , should be employed in order to obtain the desired effect .\nbe sure to fit the aquarium with a heavy , tightly - fitting cover as larger cyprinids can be quite skittish at times and usually possess a powerful leap .\npredatory with a capacious mouth . stomach analyses of wild specimens from cambodia have shown it to feed chiefly on crabs , shrimp and insects with some smaller fish also taken . in the aquarium it will accept dried foods but should not be fed these exclusively with daily meals of live and frozen foods key to keeping it in the best of health .\nsmaller specimens can be offered bloodworm , small earthworms , chopped prawn and suchlike while adults will take whole prawns , larger earthworms , mussels , whitebait , etc . take care not to overfeed as it will gorge itself given the opportunity .\nit should not be fed large amounts of mammalian / avian meat such as beef heart or chicken . some of the lipids contained in these meats cannot be properly metabolised by the fish and can cause excess deposits of fat and even organ degeneration . similarly there is no benefit in the use of \u2018feeder\u2019 fish such as livebearers or small goldfish which carry with them associated risks such as the introduction of parasites or disease .\ncaptures its prey using suction rather than aggressively biting and otherwise peaceful with anything it can\u2019t swallow , although its speed of movement and feeding habits suggest that slow - moving or timid tankmates would probably be out competed . smaller specimens are easy to maintain alongside other species but as they grow become increasingly powerful and domineering when food is available meaning companions must be chosen with care .\nsimilarly - sized cyprinids , characids , catfishes and larger botiid loaches perhaps constitute the best choices . a large mekong - themed community could be an interesting project with options including barbonymus , cyclocheilichthys , osteochilus , and hypsibarbus wetmorei species among many others .\nthough gregarious by nature it is a shoaling rather than schooling species which develops a distinct pecking order and therefore should always be maintained in a group of five or more . if only two or three are present the subdominant fish may be subjected to excessive antagonism whereas solitary specimens tend to act rather nervously .\nh . sabana also has a single body marking but a higher count of circumpeduncular scales ( 30 - 32 ) and relatively few lateral line scales ( 12 - 15 ) compared to its congeners . h . ampalong , h . bimaculata and h . salweenensis can be trickier to separate since they all have two body blotches . h . ampalong possesses more lateral line scales than h . salweenensis ( 28 - 31 vs . 26 - 27 ) whereas in h . bimaculata the body markings are saddle - shaped and the anterior blotch is positioned underneath the posterior half of the dorsal - fin ( below the dorsal - fin origin in the other two ) .\nsmith , h . m . , 1934 - journal of the siam society , natural history supplement 9 ( 3 ) : 287 - 325 contributions to the ichthyology of siam . ix - xix .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\nsmith , h . m . , 1934 - journal of the siam society , natural history supplement v . 9 ( no . 3 ) : 287 - 325 contributions to the ichthyology of siam . ix - xix .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\noccurs in slowly moving or standing water habitats ( ref . 12693 ) . encountered also in rapid - running mountain streams of the middle mekong ( ref . 12975 ) . common in impoundments , with small individuals frequenting areas of dense vegetation . feeds mainly on prawns , crabs , and shrimps , along with some insect larvae and some fish as well . breeds at the start of the rainy season and the young are found in seasonally flooded habitats in june . marketed fresh ( ref . 12693 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical , preferred ?"]}
{"id": 821, "summary": [{"text": "apistogramma nijsseni is a species of cichlid fish , endemic to highly restricted local black water habitats in the quebrada carahuayte , a small stream in the ucayali river drainage , southern peru .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the male reaches a maximum length of 8 cm ( 3 in ) , the female remaining somewhat smaller .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "apistogramma brooding females assume a bright yellow and black aposematic coloring : in a. nijsseni , unusually , a healthy , unstressed female retains this coloring .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species is popular aquarium fish amongst dwarf cichlid hobbyists , though it does not often appear in the general pet fish market .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species is named after the dutch ichthyologist han nijssen", "topic": 25}], "title": "apistogramma nijsseni", "paragraphs": ["robert hole , jr marked\nfile : apistogramma nijsseni ( m ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\napistogramma nijsseni kullander , 1979\npage .\nrobert hole , jr marked\nfile : apistogramma nijsseni ( f ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\napistogramma nijsseni kullander , 1979\npage .\na male of apistogramma nijsseni , in the aquarium of max gallad\u00e9 , usa . photo by max gallad\u00e9 .\na female of apistogramma nijsseni , in the aquarium of max gallad\u00e9 , usa . photo by max gallad\u00e9 .\napistogramma nijsseni , generalised colour pattern of females in the type series . note large dark blotches , not present in the male . drawing s . o . kullander .\ngallad\u00e9 , max . ( march 19 , 2006 ) .\nspawning apistogramma nijsseni\n. cichlid room companion . retrieved on july 09 , 2018 , from : urltoken\nnijsseni , for han nijssen , ichthyologist , curator of fishes in the zo\u00f6logisch museum , university of amsterdam .\nthe top image is not a male a . nijsseni . it is not even a member of the nijsseni - group of apistos . the one in the back of the female image is what males should look like .\napistogramma nijsseni kullander , 1979 . revue suisse zool . 86 , p . 938 , fig . 1 ( per\u00fa ( loreto ) , r . ucayali system , jenaro herrera , r . copal ,\nmarigots des tupacs\n) .\napistogramma nijsseni , nrm 18078 , adult male , 32 . 6 mm sl , just collected from the wild near jenaro herrera , c . 15 km on road jenaro herrera - colonia angamos . 1 september 1981 ( sok 043 ) . photo \u00a9 s . o . kullander .\nkullander , s . o . 1979 . description of a new species of apistogramma from peru . revue suisse de zoologie , 86 : 937 - 945 . kullander , s . o . 1986 . cichlid fishes of the amazon river drainage of peru . swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , 431pp . de rham , p . & s . o . kullander . 1983 . apistogramma nijsseni kullander un nouveau cichlid\u00e9 nain pour l ' aquarium . revue fran\u00e7aise d ' aquariologie , 9 : 97 - 104 .\ni waited til the end of the quarantine and took a trio of apistogramma norberti , the a . nijsseni male , and a a . cacatuoides male home . i scattered the fish throughout our tanks . the a . nijsseni male went into our ~ 280 lt ( 75 g ) that already housed two pairs of apistos . note : this tank was specifically set up for apistos only . densely planted with hiding places , driftwood , clay saucers throughout the tank , a few dither fish like nannobryconun ifasciatus , corydoras pigmaeus / hasborus , some common tetras and your necessary algae eating crew .\none morning , to our surprise , the second female was guarding tiny little fry around her corner of the tank as well , which was completely unexpected . our male didn ' t help her at all with rearing her babys , and she was completely alone guarding her young ones . we really fell in love with our apistogramma nijsseni trio and this species will always be kept in one of our tanks .\ncaptive - raised fish are the recommended choice for the community aquarium . wild examples are best maintained alone or with small \u2018dither\u2019 fishes such as nannostomus spp . , and ideally should not be mixed with other apistogramma .\ndid we mention that our male lost his aggressive behavior almost completely towards other apistogramma in the tank since the introduction of the females ? except for when they get too close to his kids ; watch out he packs quite a punch .\nacarichthyini \u2013 acarichthys and guianacara . crenicaratini \u2013 biotoecus , crenicara , dicrossus and mazarunia . geophagini \u2013 geophagus , mikrogeophagus , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 brasiliensis group , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 steindachneri group , gymnogeophagus , satanoperca , biotodoma , apistogramma , apistogrammoides and taeniacara .\nonly once in a while , the male left the female and her fry and scooted over to the other female which took up quarters in the left corner of the tank . those visits only lasted a few seconds . this was new male apisto behavior to us . all the other apistogramma species that we bred went by the same routine of males guarding outer perimeters of the spawning area , and the females guarding their fry . the a . nijsseni pair even teamed up on intruders . we used to keep a trio of larger cory cats in that tank but the cory ' s quickly found out that most baby brine shrimp was fed in the nijsseni ' s breeding territory . we saw mom and pop many times attacking the cory cats side by side when they got to close to the young ones .\nmy wife and i were looking for a pair of a . nijsseni for a long time and couldn ' t find them anywhere . we once kept a very small female , but she didn ' t last long , and we were unable to find a mate for her . 2001 fish odyssey usually quarantines new arrivals for at least a week before selling them . that gave me enough time to go back and check the fish out after they had settled in for a while , and to get my first pick . unfortunately , only a lonely adult male a . nijsseni survived the trip , but he looked very healthy . the a . norberti looked pretty good , too . the a . cacatuoides turned out to be males only .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is a small colorful fish with a bit thicker and bulkier body than other members of the apistogramma genus . the males are the larger sex , growing to 3\n( 7 . 5 cm ) in length , while females only reach about 1 . 75\n( 4 . 5 cm ) . they can live about 2 - 5 years .\n\u2013 a weakly - supported sister group relationship between acarichthys and guianacara . \u2013 a well - supported \u201c satanoperca clade \u201d comprising satanoperca , apistogramma , apistogrammoides and taeniacara . \u2013 a \u201cbig clade \u201d with geophagus , mikrogeophagus , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 brasiliensis group , \u2018 geophagus \u2018 steindachneri group , gymnogeophagus , biotodoma , crenicara and dicrossus . \u2013 a \u201ccrenicarine clade \u201d with biotoecus and crenicichla .\nthe genus apistogramma is among the most speciose of south american cichlid genera with around 70 species valid at present but many more awaiting description . in addition many species exist in two or more geographical colour forms which may or may not turn out to be distinct in the future . hobbyists tend to label these with collection data if available in order to avoid mixing them and the potential of hybridisation .\nmember species have also been organised into a series of species lineages , complexes and groups by authors in order to better separate them . such lists have been augmented by fish that have appeared in the aquarium trade and are in a state of near - constant flux . for example the a . nijsseni group is contained within the a . trifasciata sublineage of the larger a . trifasciata lineage alongside a . arua plus the a . brevis , a . cacatuoides , a . atahualpa and a . trifasciata groups .\nthe a . nijsseni was quite aggressive towards everything that moved and took over the whole tank real fast . we thought it would be easy to find some females for him . boy , were we wrong . we couldn ' t find any females locally or per mail - order for weeks . we were ready to give up on him and move him to one of our lonely heart ' s club tanks ( most of our single specimens go into those tanks until we find a partner or new home for them . )\nit all began a few months ago ( 2000 ) with one of my weekly lunch break trips to our local fish store :\n2001 , a fish odyssey\nin timonium , md . mike and the owner kurt had just started unpacking a shipment of new arrivals when i got there . mike told me he had ordered some mixed apistos for the store ( ah , for himself and me ) and they were all in that shipment . mixed apistos in this case means you never know what you are going to get , and they are all wild caught . this time , it looked like we got lucky . after peeking in some of the bags i managed to identify some apistogramma norbertis , a . cacatuoides ( note : i thought at first that these were a . cacatuoides , but i found out much later that they were in fact a . juruensis ) and two pairs of a . nijsseni . these fish were caught in sidestreams of the lower rio ucajali , peru ( see linke & staeck ' s book south american cichlids 1 - dwarf cichlids for more info on the localities . )\nhe started to be a real nuisance for all our other apistos , that lived happily together before he arrived . then in august of last year , julio melgar announced on his website that he collected a . nijsseni on his annual trip to peru . we just had to wait to the end of his quarantine period before we could order some of them . he was kind enough to sell us two females instead of a pair . we hated to do that to him , but we were in need of females and we didn ' t need another trouble maker in our large tank .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid tends to be a bit thicker and bulkier in the body than most other dwarf , or apistogramma , cichlids . still they are very small cichlids , with the males reaching less than 3 ' ( 7 . 5 cm ) in length and the females only about 1 . 75\n( 4 . 5 cm ) . with a pair of these attractive cichlids you also get that cool cichlid personality , only in a small package . watching them share the raising of their fry is quite a sight and their small size makes them more manageable than many of the other cichlid species .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is a community fish that can be kept with non - cichlids . fish that are not large and aggressive and swim primarily close to the surface will make the best tank mates . they can also be kept with other apistogramma dwarf cichlids and will be peaceful if the male has females to tend to , though solitary males have a tendency to become aggressive . they are best kept in harem situations with one male leading a pack of 3 or 4 females . more than one male may be kept in a single aquarium as long as the aquarium is large and the males are each apportioned their own group of females .\napistogramma nijsseni is a moderately deep - bodied species with pronounced sexual dichromatism . males reach 39 . 2 mm , and females 30 . 7 mm sl in the wild . males may reach 52 mm sl in aquaria , however . both sexes have short dorsal - fin lappets and clearly rounded caudal fin . there is no evidence of a lateral band at any size , but roundish lateral and caudal spots are well evident . in females the suborbital stripe , lateral spot , and caudal spot are greatly expanded ; the suborbital stripe may cover all of the cheek and gill - cover . living males are blue on the sides . lateral and caudal spots show only faintly . dorsal and caudal fins have bright red margins . living females are yellowish with deep black suborbital stripe , lateral spot and caudal spot . cephalic lateralis pores as in a . cacatuoides , with 3 infraorbital and 5 dentary pores . anteroventral half of cheek naked . simple ( anteriorly ) and bicuspid ( posteriorly ) lower pharyngeal teeth . counts : d . xv . 7 - 8 , xvi . 6 - 7 , xvii . 6 , usually xvi . 7 ; a . iii . 6 - 7 , usually iii . 7 ; e1 row scales 22 ( rarely 23 ) ; cheek scale series 2 - 4 ; gill - rakers 1 - 2 ( de rham & kullander , 1983 ; kullander , 1986 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe original description ( kullander , 1979 ) was based on females only , showing characteristic black blotches on the sides of the head , midbody and caudal fin base . males were first reported by de rham & kullander ( 1983 ) .\nmhng 1595 . 82 . adult female , 30 . 7 mm sl . per\u00fa ( loreto ) , r . ucayali system , jenaro herrera , r . copal ,\nmarigots des tupacs\n. 18 october 1977 . p . de rham .\nrestricted to the quebrada carahuayte , a left bank tributary of the ucayali river in peru . it is known only from small streams ( quebraditas ) along the road from jenaro herrera towards colonia angamos , starting at the km 13 mark and extending to the quebrada carahuayte . lifemapper map\nthe natural habitats were described and discussed at length by de rham & kullander ( 1983 ) . the species occurs in small , shaded streams with clear , tea - brown water . recorded water data are : ph 5 . 0 - 5 . 6 , hardness less than 1 \u00b0dgh , temperatures 24 . 5 - 27 . 5 \u00b0c , conductivity 3 - 14 \u03bcs . oxygen readings gave 0 2 saturation 39 % ( after rain ) in one site , 79 . 5 % in another site . associated species occasionally included the congeneric species a . agassizii or a . eunotus\nknown only from tributaries of the r\u00edo ucayali in loreto region , northern peru including the r\u00edo carahuayte and r\u00edo yavar\u00ed .\ninhabits slow - moving blackwater streams , creeks and tributaries , as well as smaller rivers . the water these contain is typically stained dark brown with humic acids and other chemicals released by decaying organic material . this results in a negligible dissolved mineral content , and the ph can drop as low as 4 . 0 or 5 . 0 . the dense rainforest canopy above means that very little light penetrates the water surface , and the substrate is normally littered with fallen tree branches and a deep layer of rotting leaves .\nprovided adequate cover and structure is available this species is unfussy with regards to d\u00e9cor with ceramic flowerpots , lengths of plastic piping and other artificial materials all useful additions . a more natural - looking arrangement might consist of a soft , sandy substrate with wood roots and branches placed such a way that plenty of shady spots and caves are formed .\nthe addition of dried leaf litter ( beech , oak or ketapang almond leaves are all suitable ) would further emphasise the natural feel and with it bring the growth of beneficial microbe colonies as decomposition occurs . these can provide a valuable secondary food source for fry , whilst most populations will appreciate the tannins and other chemicals released by the decaying leaves . leaves can be left in the tank to break down fully or removed and replaced every few weeks . if maintaining a blackwater population a net bag filled with aquarium - safe peat can also be added to the filter or suspended over the edge of the tank .\nfairly dim lighting is recommended and plant species from genera such as microsorum , taxiphyllum , cryptocoryne and anubias are best since they will grow under such conditions . a few patches of floating vegetation to diffuse the light even further may also prove effective . filtration , or at least water flow , should not be very strong and very large water changes are best avoided with 10 - 15 % weekly adequate provided the tank is lightly - stocked .\nprimarily carnivorous and apparently feeds mostly on benthic invertebrates in nature . in the aquarium live and frozen foods such as artemia , daphnia and chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) should be offered regularly although most specimens will also learn to accept dried alternatives with pelleted products generally preferred to flake .\nsubstrate spawner which normally lays its eggs in crevices or cavities among the d\u00e9cor . the female is responsible for post - spawning care of eggs and fry and in smaller aquaria the male may need to be removed as she may become hyper - aggressive .\nthis species is assigned the code a180 under the datz system and has been available under a handful of trade names including \u2018panda dwarf cichlid\u2019 and \u2018nijssen\u2019s dwarf cichlid\u2019 .\nlater molecular studies by farias et al . ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) resulted in the additions of crenicichla and teleocichla to the geophaginae , a result supported by l\u00f3pez - fern\u00e1ndez et al . ( 2005 ) who conducted the most detailed molecular analysis of the grouping to date including 16 of the 18 genera and 30 species . however their conclusions regarding interrelationships between genera did vary somewhat from previous hypotheses and can be summarised by the following loosely - defined groups :\nno representatives of teleocichla or mazarunia were included in the study but the former is well - established as sister to crenicichla while the latter has grouped closely with dicrossus and crenicara in earlier works . the other main conclusions of the paper are confirmation that geophaginae is a monophyletic group exhibiting strong signs of having undergone rapid adaptive radiation ( diversification of a species or single ancestral type into several forms that are each adaptively specialised to a specific environmental niche ) .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nfish information for african cichlids - lake malawi , lake tanganyika , lake victoria , west african cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases .\nfish information and habitats for dwarf cichlid aquariums , includes types of cichlids like the ram cichlids , kribensis and more .\nfish information on habitats and keeping african cichlid tanks for lake victoria cichlids , mbipi rock - dwelling cichlids , east and west african cichlids , and african dwarf cichlids .\nfish information and habitats for large cichlid aquariums , types of cichlids like the parrot cichlid , firemouth cichlid , green terror , oscar , texas cichlid and more .\nfish information on the lake malawi cichlids known as the\nhaps\n, haplochromis group habitats and cichlids tanks for free - swimming types of cichlids , including the utaka .\nfish information on peacock cichlids , aulonocara types of cichlids from lake malawi , their habitats and keeping african cichlids tanks .\nfish information for south american cichlids , central american cichlids , and dwarf cichlids including cichlid care , cichlid breeding , and fish diseases for south american cichlid aquariums .\nfish information on the types of cichlids from lake tanganyika , tropheus cichlids , frontosa , goby cichlids , shelldwellers and more , habitats and cichlids tanks for tanganyika cichlids .\nlake malawi cichlids known as zebra cichlids . fish information on the mbuna cichlids , habitats , and cichlids tanks for these rock - dwelling types of cichlids .\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\n( named after the female ' s presentation of black blotches ) is one of the newer arrivals to the fish keeping hobby and as a scientifically recognized species . also known as nijssen ' s dwarf cichlid , these fish were only described as recently as 1979 by kullander and have quickly become a welcome and popular addition to many community tanks !\none notable feature of this fish is how differently colored and patterned the males are compared to the females . this is notable mostly because it is only the females of this species who sport the eponymous ' panda bear ' patterning , while the males display a broad array of colors . in addition , these cichlids are known for being excellent parents and one of the easier species of cichlids to breed . these interesting features coupled with their small size and peaceful nature make them a great choice for an advanced aquarist looking to keep a smaller community tank .\nthese fish can be kept in a community tank with non - cichlids and even with smaller fish . the best tankmates for the panda dwarf will be peaceful fish around the same size , or slightly smaller , who tend to stick to swimming towards the top of the tank . this will include many types of hatchetfish , neon tetras , zebra danios , and many others . provide a substrate of small dark gravel along with rocks and pots to create plenty of caves , one for each female ' s territory . they do enjoy densely planted aquariums and floating plants will help to diffuse the lighting . make areas for them to\ndefend\nby having natural divisions in the aquascaping .\nthis colorful dwarf is moderate to difficult to care for since water changes must be performed frequently . it does well in acidic water , needs the nitrate levels low , and the ph level must be kept within the correct parameters . a wild panda dwarf cichlid is more sensitive than a tank bred specimen and breeding wild caught specimens with captive bred helps to keep the lines healthier and the fish more hardy . if water quality is ignored , as with all cichlids , disease and death can occur . just a little dedication will reap pleasurable results from this little fish .\nnice short video showcasing a large group of both male and female panda dwarfs . they seem to be eating something on the bottom of the tank and are grouped up , giving the viewer many opportunities to compare the two sexes and see many up close views of both .\nwas described by kullander in 1979 . they are found in the amazon river basin in south america . they are only known from northern peru in the carahuayte and yavar\u00ed river drainage areas that are tributaries to the ucayali river . this species is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names they are known by are nijssen ' s dwarf cichlid and dwarf panda cichlid .\nthey live among vegetation in creeks , tributaries , backwaters and smaller rivers where they apparently feed mostly on benthic invertebrates . these black - water habitats are created by fallen tree branches and leaf litter under a forest canopy that allows little direct sunlight . these cichlids are polygamous and form harems of a dominant male and multiple females .\nthe male sports an array of colors . the basic coloration is a blue through the center area and near the dorsal fin . along the back are several black\nbackground\nblotches that extend from the head to the tail fin , with one dot right in the middle of the caudal area . they have a silvery blue sheen in between the blotches that extends down below the midline of the body in some areas . the belly is yellow as is the anal fin and most of the tail fin . the tail fin presents a progression of colors beginning with yellow , turning to a blue , then black , and ending with a red edging of the fin .\nthe females are mostly yellow with several black blotches on the body that give them the\npanda\nname . one black blotch is under her eye and extends to the lower end of the gill covering . another is in the middle front and a third at the caudal fin area in the middle , but leeching into the tail fin . the dorsal fin has a black blotch on the first several rays and the pelvic fin has black as well . her tail fin is a drab yellow / gray color with the edge trimmed in an orange / yellow color .\nall cichlids , along with some saltwater fish such as wrasses and parrotfish , share a common trait of a a well - developed pharyngeal set of teeth located in the throat , along with their regular teeth . cichlids have spiny rays in the back parts of the anal , dorsal , pectoral , and pelvic fins to help discourage predators . the front part of these fins are soft and perfect for precise positions and effortless movements in the water as opposed to fast swimming .\ncichlids have one nostril on each side while other fish have 2 sets . to sense\nsmells\nin the water , they suck water in and expel the water right back out after being\nsampled\nfor a short or longer time , depending on how much the cichlid needs to\nsmell\nthe water . this feature is shared by saltwater damselfish and cichlids are thought to be closely related .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is not a beginner fish and should should only be kept by experienced aquarists who are well versed in the issues of water chemistry . these fish are very susceptible to sudden changes as well as improper levels in the ph , hardness , and temperature of the water , they are frequent victims to disease and death brought on by changes in these water parameters . thus , it is best for their keeper be experienced in maintaining stability when performing water changes and in understanding how different aspects of the water chemistry will interact with each other . also , panda dwarf cichlids tend to be picky and uncompromising eaters . they may require spending substantial amounts of time and money simply figuring out how and when to feed them .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is a carnivore that can be fed newly hatched baby brine , frozen brine shrimp , crustaceans , insects , insect larvae , and some may eat flakes and pelleted foods . feed 2 to 5 small pinches of food a day in smaller amounts rather than a large quantity once a day . this will keep the water quality higher over a longer time . all fish benefit from vitamins and supplements added to their foods .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid needs a strict maintenance schedule to ensure survival and optimum health . water changes should be performed once a week and should only replace about 10 - 15 % of the water as large water changes are not good for this fish . before changing the water make sure to clear all viewing panes of algae and the substrate thoroughly once the algae has settled upon it . be sure to remove as much of the old organic and decomposing matter from the substrate as you can during this process .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid needs to be housed in at least a 20 gallon tank . they will only feel safe when provided with plenty of hiding places and areas where they are not visible to tank observers . this can be acheived in a number of ways , including forming caves out of rock , flowerpots , plastic tubing , and sunken driftwood , as well as keeping some floating plants for them to swim among . the substrate should be made up of a soft sand / gravel mix with hand fulls of dried leaves to give a natural feel . the leaves will help provide a comforting\nblack - water\nfeel to the tank by releasing a tea - stained coloration and will also help provide a breeding ground for beneficial microbiobial colonies . be sure to remove and replace these leaves every few days . alternatively , you can add a bag of aquarium safe peat to the filter to help simulate the\nblack - water\nenvironment without the mess of the leaves , but also without the benefit of the microbes . this peat should be removed and replace about once a week .\nthe filtration should be efficient but not powerful enough to create more than a moderate amount of water movement . the panda prefers moderate lighting preferably diffused by floating plants . plants like taxiphyllum , anubias and microsorum will grow best in that environment . patches of plants make for great areas of shade and hiding places for this little cichlid .\nsouth american cichlids tend to be less aggressive than their african cousins , but it is recommended to only keep them with other fish in a large aquarium . some acceptable tank mates are ; characin species like the cardinal tetras and the three - line pencilfish , otocinclus catfish and corydoras like the julii cory , glowlight rasbora ( hengel ' s ) , dwarf gourami , kuhli loach , and dwarf ( neon ) rainbowfish . do not keep coryadoras catfish with breeding pairs , since they will eat the fry .\nmales are larger and have more of a blue sheen to their body , with some reds and a yellow belly . the smaller females are yellow with black blotches .\nthe panda dwarf cichlids are cave spawners . they appreciate upturned flowerpots , fake\ncoconut caves ,\nbogwood , and broad leafed plants for cover and as spawning sites . they require breeding conditions of a ph of 6 . 0 to 6 . 5 , a water hardness of 5 - 8 dh , and a temperature of 79\u00b0 to 84\u00b0 f ( 26\u00b0 - 29\u00b0 c ) with frequent water changes .\nthey should be kept in a harem of one male to at least 3 females . the female will approach the male , curve her body , and display to catch his attention . when he sees her , he will then\ndance\nby flashing his fins . the female will lay oval eggs on the roof surface of her cave . the male will fertilize them and then promptly leave the cave to patrol on the outside .\nthe female and male will care for the eggs which will hatch in for 3 to 4 days , depending on water temperature . the fry are free swimming a few days after hatching . both parents will guard the fry together and watch over them carefully . after a month the female will chase them out of her territory . the male will continue to watch them for one more week and then they are on their own . if there are several females , the male may fertilize another female ' s eggs and let her care for them on her own . this depends also on the males personality , as to which batch of fry he will tend to . note : do not keep the fry in the same aquarium with corydoras as they tend to eat live fry during the night .\nthe fry can be fed liquid foods and rotifers once they are free swimming and then fed artemia anuplii or live freshly hatched baby brine shrimp after about a week or two . the fry should be fed around 3 times a day . sexing the fry is pretty easy since males have the red in their tail fin and the females are yellow .\nif you are interested in obtaining more of one sex than the other , a system that works for the cockatoo cichlid may work for the panda dwarf cichlid as well . it has been stated that for the cockatoo cichlid if the water temperature is low ( 68\u00b0 f or 20\u00b0 c ) most of the fry will be females , while with higher temperatures ( 86\u00b0 f or 30\u00b0 c ) the fry will mostly be male . ph also plays a role in the sex of the fry , but to a much lesser extent . these conditions must also be kept constant for the first 3 weeks to be effective . see more about cichlid breeding in : breeding freshwater fish : cichlids .\nthe panda dwarf cichlids are susceptible to typical fish ailments , especially if water is stale and of poor quality and oxygenation . be aware of the following diseases that are found in the amazon ( per fishbase . org ) : parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) including white spot disease known as ich ( ichthyobodo infection ) , costia disease , flatworms ( metacercaria infection ) , cestoda infestation ( tapeworms ) , metacercaria infection ( flatworms ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , bacterial diseases , and turbidity of the skin ( freshwater fish ) . one common problem is ich . it can be treated with the elevation of the tank temperature to 86\u00b0 f ( 30\u00b0 c ) for 3 days .\nas with most fish the nijssen ' s dwarf cichlids are prone to skin flukes and other parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , fungal infections , and bacterial infections . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nanything that is added to the tank can introduce harmful bacteria or chemicals to the system . thus , it is recommended that whenever you add anything to the tank , you should take steps to first either quarantine or clean the new addition .\nthe panda dwarf cichlid is often available online and is moderately expensive , with a pair being more . they are a rare find in fish stores , but can usually be special ordered if you are willing to wait .\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 2 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1993\njorg vierke , dwarf cichlids , t . f . h publications , inc . , 1979\nglen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , neal pronek , encyclopedia of exotic tropical fishes for freshwater aquariums , tfh publications , 2005\nrichard f . stratton , the guide to owning cichlids , t . f . h . publications , inc . , 2002\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nthe males are larger and have greyish blue coloured body with red edged tail . the females are smaller with yellow body with black spots and red edged tail .\npanda dwarf cichlids are cave breeders that are best bred in a ph of 5 . 5 , at higher ph ' s eggs are unlikely to hatch and there will be a low survival rate . it is said that warmer temperatures over 26\u00b0c ( 78 . 8\u00b0f ) will give more males than females . they make excellent parents towards their eggs and fry .\nthese dwarf cichlids are best kept in either a male / female pair or one male with several females . more than one male may fight over territory . they are generally peaceful towards other tank mates , although very small fish and other species fry are likely to be eaten . do not keep with very boisterous fish nor with fin - nippers .\nand / or rocks with many hiding places . dark sand or gravel could be used as substrate . leaf litter is advisable . dim lighting and / or floating plants (\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 01 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as data deficient because it is known only from the type locality and there are no data on population size and trends .\nthis species is endemic to peru , where its type locality is the copal river , in jenaro herrera , ucayali river system , loreto ( kullander 1979 ) . the elevation is 130 m .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for this species . it is not present in protected areas . research is needed to better determine its distribution and population size and trends and the threats that may be affecting it .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the\ncomment form . this profile was written by rookiefishkeepers active contributors to the site .\na peaceful dwarf cichlid that prefers planted tanks with some driftwood . water quality is paramount as this species requires very good filtration and quality environment . not an\neasy\nfish to keep .\nsouth america : amazon river basin , in the carahuayte river drainage , a tributary to the ucayali river .\nmales are larger with blue coloration on their flanks and a red - tipped caudal fin . females have a more panda - like color scheme , showing yellow as the base color with large blotches of black in a ' camouflage ' style pattern . females have a lighter red - tipped caudal .\nthis is one of the more difficult to keep of the apistos . they have very demanding water qualities that must be met , otherwise the fish will not fair well . prefers a tank with lots of plants and bogwood . rock formations will provide extra cover and may serve as a spawning site for mature fish . this species does not fare well in dirty water , so frequent water changes and good filtration are necessary for survival ! more peaceful than the larger components of their cichlidae family , but may exhibit cichlid - like aggression when breeding .\nomnivorous . will likely take dry foods , in which case a good quality cichlid pellet should be fed as staple . feed live or frozen foods regularly , too . variety is vital , as is dietary balance - vegetable foods should be fed occasionally too ( vegetable or spirulina flakes , or small pieces of cucumber ) .\ncave spawner , soft , acidic water is vital for breeding the panda dwarf cichlid . keep one male with a harem of females ( a trio is ideal in smaller tanks ) . females will hold their own small territories , whilst male ' s territory is the entire tank ( or at least 24\nif more than one male is kept in a larger tank ) . female will guard fry whilst male defends his larger territory .\nprivacy policy | contact badman ' s tropical fish copyright \u00a9 all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is forbidden without written permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin black - water creeks among vegetation ( ref . 42573 ) . female guards eggs in nest ; male and female guard larvae ( ref . 42573 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\njulio sent us two beautiful juvenile females in september . they were added to the tank and we were anxious to see how our male would react . we hoped that the presence of females would help calm his aggression towards the other fish .\nthe females settled in nicely and eagerly ate the offerings of live baby brine shrimp and various frozen foods . the male didn ' t even noticed them at first and went strictly about his business of harassing everybody .\nthen , one morning we noticed that our male changed his body color from a muddy brown tone to a light brown bluish with a bronze belly . the bigger of the two females also showed signs of breeding coloration : a bright yellow body color with intense dark black markings . she was swimming around the male , bit him once or twice in the flank , bending her body in a u - shape and turned her belly towards him . this behavior didn ' t last very long til both disappeared in the thick plant cover in the middle of the tank .\nthe pair totally disappeared for days , which the other inhabitants didn ' t mind at all . the only sightings of them was during feedings . they darted out of the plants for a quick bite , and went straight back . we knew something was going on , but we didn ' t expect too much from this since it would have been the females first spawn .\nthen , one sunday morning i heard my wife yell\ni see babies , come look .\ni ran downstairs to the tank and she pointed to a little peephole in the plants . yeeha , there were at least twenty fry swimming around the male and female . our first successful spawn of a . nijssenni .\nwe quickly squirted some live baby brine shrimp into the area and watched the fry bellies become bright orange , while mom and pop kept a watchful eye on them . the amazing thing , was that the male stayed with the female and her fry the whole time and she didn ' t made any attempts of chasing him away .\nunfortunately , those cats liked to munch on the fry too , and were traded in for pencil fish . we learned that lesson the hard way . a month later another amazing thing happened , the female chased all the fry out of her territory and the male ( ! ) started to take care of the fry . he kept them together in the front of the tank and would not let anybody near them . any fry that swam back to the female was chased away by her . the males guarding behavior lasted only for a week , and then the juveniles were on their own . we were finally able to count our juveniles , there were 9 - males and 4 females that had survived the cory attacks . the male went back into the plants with the female , and it only took another week until we saw a new batch of fry being guarded by mom and pop again .\n: aquaclear 500 with sponge and peat filled filter bag . note : i no longer use chemical filtration in any of my tanks . water changes do the trick for me : 25 % biweekly for my community tank . 50 % biweekly for my breeding and growout tanks . i use aged and peat filtered md tapwater . emperor 400 w . 0 . 5l siporax , sponge and two bio wheels .\nco2 injection : 10 lbs co2 bottle with dupla regulator , needle valve , timer , controlled solenoid valve . monster marine atomizer j 30 ( the highest quality we ' ve seen in co2 diffusers )"]}
{"id": 822, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris enoptrias is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( assam ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are bronzy-fuscous with a very broad leaden-metallic streak along the costa from the base to one-third , and one less broad along the dorsum from the base to near the middle , confluent at the base , and with their posterior extremities connected by an angulated bar .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a broad slightly curved leaden-metallic fascia from the middle of costa to two-thirds of the dorsum , as well as an oblique white strigula on the costa at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a broad leaden-metallic terminal fascia is narrowed to the tornus , marked with a whitish-ochreous dash from the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous , more blackish-fuscous posteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris enoptrias", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for enoptrias definition . you find here enoptrias meaning , synonyms of enoptrias and images for enoptrias copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhow can i put and write and define dichomeris enoptrias in a sentence and how is the word dichomeris enoptrias used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528dichomeris enoptrias\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528dichomeris enoptrias\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528dichomeris enoptrias\u9020\u53e5 , dichomeris enoptrias meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word enoptrias . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word enoptrias and , of course , enoptrias synonyms and on the right images related to the word enoptrias .\nhow can i put and write and define dichomeris derasella in a sentence and how is the word dichomeris derasella used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528dichomeris derasella\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528dichomeris derasella\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528dichomeris derasella\u9020\u53e5 , dichomeris derasella meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nadults are similar to\ndichomeris enoptrias\n, but the forewings are shining metallic leaden - blue with well - developed broad longitudinal streaks running obliquely from the anterior margin at one - third to the tornus .\nadults are similar to\ndichomeris derasella\n, but the forewings are broader and slightly dilated distally , there is also a dark brown fascia along the termen and the discal stigmata is more distinct , often irregularly suffused with dark brown scales .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 823, "summary": [{"text": "the riverine rabbit ( bunolagus monticularis ) , also known as the bushman rabbit or bushman hare , is one of the most endangered mammals in the world , with only around 250 living adults .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "this rabbit has an extremely limited distribution area , found only in the central and southern regions of the karoo desert of south africa 's northern cape province .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is the only member of the genus bunolagus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "riverine rabbit", "paragraphs": ["pictures : riverine rabbit # 1 ( 21 kb jpeg ) and riverine rabbit # 2 ( 24 kb jpeg ) ( riverine rabbit cons . proj . ) ; riverine rabbit # 3 ( 19 kb jpeg ) ; riverine rabbit # 4 ( 37 kb ) ( spec . cons . found . )\nconservation the endangered wildlife trust has established a riverine rabbit programme to manage and coordinate the riverine rabbit conservation project , to maintain close relations with landowners and conservation authorities and to ensure the survival of the riverine rabbit and its habitat .\n* * * the riverine rabbit is one of the world ' s rarest mammals .\nthe riverine rabbit ( bunolagus monticularis ) is the 13th most endangered mammal . . .\nthey captured a young riverine rabbit \u2013 proof it is successfully reproducing in this area . after taking genetic samples , the rabbit was released .\nthe fragmentation and degradation of the riverine rabbit ' s habitat due to agricultural development . ( b147 )\na newborn riverine rabbit is altricial . it is reared in a fur - and grass - lined burrow .\nthe riverine rabbit is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) .\nin some parts of the world , declining rabbit populations have strained natural food chains . the european rabbit (\nauthenticated ( 11 / 06 / 07 ) by dr vicky ahlmann , riverine rabbit working group , endangered wildlife trust . urltoken\na riverine rabbit awareness programme has been instituted among the farmers of the central karoo . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthe riverine rabbit weighs 1 . 4 - 1 . 9 kg ( 3 . 1 - 4 . 2 lb ) .\nmammalmap added text to\nthe riverine rabbit according to mammalmap\non\nbunolagus monticularis ( thomas , 1903 )\n.\nthe riverine rabbit produces two types of droppings . at night , when the rabbit is active , hard pellets are deposited . during the day , droppings are soft and are reingested by the rabbit . in this way the riverine rabbit obtains vitamin b , produced by bacteria in its hind gut , and minerals such as calcium and phosphorus are recycled . ( collins 2001 )\npondhaas\n, during the 1940s the curator of the kaffrarian museum offered a pound for each riverine rabbit brought to him .\nin terms of cranial morphology , the riverine rabbit resembles the lepus capensis - cape hare . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthe riverine rabbit is one of the species that live in the cape floristic region biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .\nmost people won\u2019t have an easy time trying to identify one type of rabbit from the other however the riverine rabbit is easily recognizable by the long brown stripes in its facial fur that run from its mouth right round to the back of its ears . among the features that define the riverine rabbit include big flexible ears and large lumpy hind feet , the fur of the riverine rabbit is mostly light brown with the exception of the belly and neck which is usually a creamy colored fur . the female riverine rabbit is the bigger of the species , weighing at around 1 . 8kg typically and most riverine rabbits are approximately 340 \u2013 470mm long .\nthe riverine rabbit acts as an indicator species for these river zones as its extinction in many areas of its former natural distribution range indicates the degradation , fragmentation and loss of riverine vegetation . it is also a karoo flagship species and all efforts to conserve the riverine rabbit will be beneficial to other plants and animals in this ecoregion .\n\u201cwith only around 400 individuals left in the wild , the riverine rabbit qualifies as one of the rarest mammals in southern africa . \u201d\na cape provincial nature conservation ordinance protects the riverine rabbit by banning either its hunting or capture . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\n* * * the riverine rabbit has an unusually low ( for rabbits ) breeding rate of only 1 - 2 young / year .\nthe riverine rabbit is nocturnal , feeding at night and resting during the day in forms , which it scrapes out under a bush .\nin addition to the volcano rabbit of mexico , pygmy rabbits are the only north american rabbit that dig their own burrows .\nhas a limited ecosystem role . the riverine vegetation it feeds on is known to bind soil and regenerates as the rabbit feeds on it . this means that the riverine rabbit ' s feeding habbits indirectly prevents the soil from being washed away in floods ( duthie , 1987 ) .\nthe recent discovery of the riverine rabbit in the sanbona wildlife reserve and vaalkloof private nature reserve are positive signs for the survival of this species .\nthe riverine rabbit creates a subterranean shelter for its offspring ; it is the only species of the african rabbits to do so . ( b147 )\n* * * a riverine rabbit awareness program among the farmers of the central karoo has been instituted . since the rabbit is found only on privately owned farms , its survival depends on the willingness of landowners to adopt farming methods to reduce over - grazing and other harmful practices in the sensitive riverine habitat . some karoo farmers have declared their farms natural heritage sites to protect the riverine habitat and rabbit . ( collins 2001 , yeld 1999 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - riverine rabbit ( bunolagus monticularis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - riverine rabbit ( bunolagus monticularis )\ntitle =\narkive species - riverine rabbit ( bunolagus monticularis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nendemic to south africa , the riverine rabbit is found in the semi - arid central , upper , ceres , and klein karoo regions ( 2 ) .\nthe riverine rabbit is predated upon by the african wild cat ( felis libyca , felis - ( genus ) ) . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthis rabbit requires dense riverine vegetation and soft , deep alluvial soils stable enough for it to construct stable breeding burrows . ( n32 . 8 . w1 )\nthe riverine rabbit has a well - defined parietal bone ; this is one feature which distinguishes it from pronolagus , as the latter does not . ( b147 )\nthe riverine rabbit is predominantly a browser , eating flowers and leaves from shrubs . grasses are included in the diet when these are available in the wet season .\nthe most serious threat to the survival of the riverine rabbit is the fragmentation and loss of its unique habitat type . the destruction and modification of the karoo\u2019s unique riverine habitats due to overgrazing and other agricultural practices has had a significant impact on the rabbit\u2019s population over the past century . fertile riverine soil is preferred for cultivation . upwards of 65 % of the original riparian vegetation has been lost due to cultivation .\nthe endangered wildlife trust ' s riverine rabbit project is forging ahead with exciting rabbit research ,\nsays christy bragg , the manager of the conservation programme .\nwe are using mobile camera traps to detect and count these rare critters .\nas the riverine rabbits depend on burrows for protection from predators the soil of their habitat has to be perfect and that is why the riverine rabbits are limited to the central and and southern border of the karoo desert . the foliage that is found in these areas of the karoo desert is excellent for the riverine rabbit\u2019s needs but is subject to seasonal crop .\nthe riverine rabbit has more than its fair share : doekvoet , pondhaas , bushman\u2019s hare , deelfontein hare , boshaas and vlei haas . and for science \u2013 bunolagus monticularis .\nthreats not long after its discovery in 1902 , the riverine rabbit was known as the \u2018pondhaas\u2019 because captain g . c . shortridge , the curator of the kaffrarian museum in king william\u2019s town , offered a pound for each rabbit brought to him . there is no state - owned land protecting the riverine rabbit and its habitat and already two - thirds of its original habitat has been destroyed . most known habitat occurs on private land .\nthe riverine rabbit lives only in dense riverine scrub in the alluvial floodplains of the seasonal rivers in the central karoo desert . it is restricted to riverine scrub of 0 . 5 - 1 m ( 1 . 6 - 3 . 2 ' ) in height and to areas with soil types that allow stable burrows to be constructed . ( avery 1988 , stuart & stuart 1996 )\nthe riverine rabbits are slow breeders and when breeding season comes they may only produce one or two offspring , this is a very low amount considering that the riverine rabbits only live for around three years .\nthe riverine rabbit is native to the karoo desert in south africa and is classed as critically endangered due to loss of habitat from farming and agriculture . there is estimated to be only around 250 of this rabbits left in existence and coupled with the fact that these rabbits are very slow breeders compared to other types of rabbit ( the riverine rabbit only has around 3 - 4 offspring in a lifetime ) means that they are under a very real threat of extinction .\nthis rabbit was snapped in january this year . researchers are hoping camera traps will help them answer a crucial question : just how many riverine rabbits are out there ? image : drylands conservation programme\nriverine rabbits , like other rabbits and hares , are often run over on roads . they also easily become prey to traps that are indiscriminately laid . stray dogs , hunters and the making of firewood along the riverbeds , which destroys the riverine rabbit\u2019s natural habitat , threaten the survival of this small mammal .\nmost closely related to pentalagus furnessi ( amami rabbit ) , caprolagus hispidus ( hispid hare ) and the domestic rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus ) . ( n32 . 8 . w1 )\nthe film titled riverine rabbit was done by ogilvy cape town advertising agency for product : the sunday times newspaper ( brand : sunday times ) in south africa . it was released in jun 2008 .\nthe rabbit kitten weighs about 40 g at birth . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\npygmy rabbits are on average the smallest rabbit , with large individuals weighing about 1 pound .\nthe chances of survival for south africa\u2019s most endangered mammal , the riverine rabbit , looks even more desperate than has commonly been feared . the conservation status of this karoo rabbit has , according to the latest iucn 2002 red data list for endangered species , been raised from endangered to critically endangered .\nthe riverine rabbit , an inhabitant of the central karoo , lives in the ganna bush of the seasonal riverbeds of the districts of beaufort west , loxton , carnarvon , calvinia , sutherland , victoria west and fraserburg . contrary to what is commonly believed about rabbits , riverine rabbits breed very slowly . this rabbit is often confused with the shrub hare , rock rabbits and the cape hare that also live in the central karoo . the riverine rabbit , however , has distinctive long ears , a black - brown stripe on its lower jaw , and a dark fluffy tail , which is visible when it bounces away .\nwith the unpredictable rainfall pattern of the karoo , the condition of vegetation is most likely to play the dominant role in stimulating reproduction in the riverine rabbit .\n( n32 . 8 . w1 )\nriverine rabbits have a polygamous mating system . ( b605 . 8 . w8 , n32 . 8 . w1 )\nis to protect its natural habitat . the dept . of environment and cultural affairs has started a project which encourages farmers to form conservancies for this rabbit . some karoo farmers have taken this step and declared their farms natural heritage sites to protect the riverine habitat and rabbit ( duthie , 1987 ) .\nalthough the ongers river supports roughly 21 % of the remaining suitable habitat for this species , so far no evidence exists that the riverine rabbit is found in that area . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthe riverine rabbit distribution range is roughly surrounded by the towns beaufort west in the south , brandvlei and williston in the north , touwsrivier and calvinia in the west and victoria west in the east .\n* * * rabbits have traditionally not received much attention in africa . the riverine rabbit has been a notable exception . conservation efforts by the wildlife society of southern africa and the south african nature foundation , in concert with research activities , have done much to draw attention to its plight . a number of governmental and non - governmental organizations have joined together in the riverine rabbit conservation project to carry out important conservation work .\ndid you know ? that conversion of habitat for agriculture has been the major threat to the riverine rabbit ? more than 60 % of the original riparian vegetation where this species is found has been converted to cultivation .\nit is ironic that rabbits are a symbol of fertility throughout the world . recent estimates suggest that 25 % of rabbit species worldwide are declining or endangered . examples of declining rabbit species include :\nnot all rabbit populations are under threat - - some threaten other species . read more here .\nthis most beloved creature is the poster bunny for conservation . experts say there may be no more than a few hundred left . not only is the riverine rabbit critically endangered , it is found only in the karoo .\nthe survival of the riverine rabbit now depends on the co - operation among the conservation organizations that are involved with the national riverine rabbit co - ordination committee , landowners , and the general public . a conservation plan of cape nature conservation and the northern cape nature conservation services , which is funded by wwf sa , focuses on the identification of all the areas where the rabbit and its optimal habitat may be found . appropriate management principles are also being laid down for these areas , and a comprehensive awareness campaign is part of the plan .\nthere are currently no riverine rabbits kept by zoos . several zoos support however an in situ conservation project for the species .\nother threats to the rabbit ' s habitat include fragmentation of riverine vegetation through impoundments in river channels , weirs , cultivated and historic lands and habitat destruction due to firewood collecting .\n( n32 . 8 . w1 )\nhelps humans in farming and can only be sustained if this rabbit continues to feed on this vegetation .\nso what went wrong for the riverine rabbit ? over the past 70 years , more than two - thirds of its habitat has been swallowed up by agriculture or ruined by overgrazing . as its name suggests , the riverine rabbit ' s favoured haunts are the fertile floodplains of the karoo ' s seasonal rivers . . . the very same areas that have historically been most in demand for agriculture . with its riverine habitat ploughed over , the rabbit ' s numbers plummeted , an estimated decline of around 60 % over those decades . remaining populations clung to survival mostly on fragments of farmland , outside of protected areas and therefore vulnerable and difficult for conservationists to monitor . things were not looking good for bunolagus monticularis .\n90 % of the rabbit ' s diet consists of karoo shrubs and the remaining 10 % of grasses .\nthe riverine rabbit has a dark brown stripe which runs\nalong the lower margins of the jaw towards the base of the ear .\nno other lagomorph species in the southern african subregion share this characteristic . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthe riverine rabbit is solitary with a polygamous mating system . males and females each maintain home ranges which are exclusive with regard to members of their own sex , with a male ' s home range overlapping with the home ranges of several females .\ncape town - the critically endangered riverine rabbit \u2013 one of south africa\u2019s 10 most endangered mammals \u2013 has taken a short hop away from the precipice of extinction , following the recent discovery of a new population in capenature\u2019s anysberg nature reserve near laingsburg .\nhabitat riverine rabbits are very habitat - specific and are found in dense patches of riverine bush along seasonal rivers of the semi - arid central karoo . they are the only indigenous burrowing rabbit in africa and are dependent on deep and soft alluvial soils . to the south of the escarpment they are found in areas with sparse vegetation near seasonal rivers in both succulent karoo and renosterveld vegetation .\nthe drive started at 9pm and just after 11pm the young rabbit was found , and was caught by hand .\nthe riverine rabbit is a nocturnal species ; during the day it can be found resting under the shade of a bush , within a hollow excavation . ( b147 , b285 . w5c , b605 . 8 . w8 , n32 . 8 . w1 )\nlives in dense riverine scrub along the seasonal rivers in the central karoo desert in the cape province of south africa ( mills , 1997 ) .\nalmost 68 % of the remaining riverine rabbit vegetation is found to be associated with an interconnected network of rivers .\nthese rivers include the sak , klein sak and riet , klein riet located within the central karoo . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nirresponsible application of leghold traps ( steel - jawed gin traps ) and snares poses another significant threat to the riverine rabbit even though these devices are only aimed at problem animals such as the blackbacked jackal and caracal .\n( n32 . 8 . w1 )\ndistribution map # 1 ( 14 kb gif ) ( african mammals databank 2004 ) distribution map # 2 ( 25 kb jpeg ) ( spec . cons . found . ) distribution map # 3 ( 60 kb jpeg ) ( riverine rabbit cons . proj . )\nbeloved , cute and rare , this rabbit has faced a constellation of challenges ever since agriculture started in the karoo .\nthe unique life history and specialized habitat requirements of this species have made conserving and restoring this small rabbit especially challenging .\nthe riverine rabbit\u2019s range has been found to stretch far further south , in recent years , than its \u2018traditional\u2019 range around williston , fraserburg , carnarvon , victoria west and loxton . isolated populations have been detected around montagu , klaarstroom , touwsrivier , barrydale and prince albert .\nthis species is superficially similar to the lepus capensis - cape hare in terms of both external and cranial morphology . however , whereas the cape hare has a black and white tail , the riverine rabbit has a uniformly brown tail . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthe endangered wildlife trust has set up the drylands conservation programme in nearby loxton which coordinates efforts to save this charming rabbit .\nafter some genetic samples were taken , the young rabbit caught at anysberg nature reserve was safely released . image : nkosinathi moyo\nthe riverine rabbit weighs up to 1 . 9 kg ( 4 . 2 lb ) . distinguishing marks include a distinctive white ring around each eye and a black stripe running from the corner of its mouth over its cheek . found in dense riverine scrub along the seasonal rivers in the central karoo desert in the cape province of south africa , its diet mainly consists of flowers and leaves ; grasses are included in the wet season . these rabbits are nocturnal and solitary , with a polygamous mating system and an unusually low breeding rate ( for a rabbit ) .\n\u201cthe survival of the riverine rabbit as a unique species truly lies in the hands of our farming community , \u201d says kleynhans . conservancies are areas that are established through voluntary agreements among a number of landowners , most of whose farms border on each other , to manage their environment .\nchocolate bunnies may be abundant this easter season , but some real - life rabbit species around the world are becoming increasingly rare .\nit is thought that riverine rabbit young spend relatively long periods of time within the breeding stop before venturing out to forage independently ; such assumptions have been made based upon data collected on the weights of young wild juveniles ( 500 - 600 g ) . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nsince 2004 , more riverine rabbit populations have been discovered in the western cape in areas where the species\u2019 occurrence wasn\u2019t known . the newly discovered area stretches from klaarstrom ( southeastern central karoo ) to montagu and barrydale ( klein karoo ) as well as the ceres karoo . the habitat differs significantly from the typical riverine habitat which is found in the central and upper karoo above the escarpment and is very much dominated by renosterveld . ( v . 142 )\nwith so few riverine rabbits , years can pass before fieldworkers actually catch a glimpse of one , so it\u2019s difficult to build up a picture of their habits .\nnowak , r . 1997 .\nbushman rabbit\n( on - line ) . accessed nov . 18 , 2001 at urltoken .\nfarmers in the northern cape will soon follow this example and establish successful conservancies . landowners who want to get involved in the establishment of a riverine rabbit conservancy can contact chrizette kleynhans ( cnc ) at ( 044 ) 279 1739 or leon muller ( ncncs ) at ( 027 ) 341 - 1779 .\n) which lives in seasonal riverbeds . the species is distinguished by its long ears , a black - brown stripe on its lower jaw , and a dark fluffy tail . unlike most rabbits , the riverine rabbit produces just one offspring per year and an estimated total of four offspring during its lifetime .\nin addition , most remaining pygmy rabbit habitat\u2014throughout its range\u2014is currently grazed by livestock , which may reduce habitat quality for pygmy rabbits . in some areas , wildfires have destroyed remaining pockets of pygmy rabbit habitats . the temperature and frequency of these fires may increase by the invasion of the exotic annual grass , cheatgrass ; thus , it is more likely to destroy sagebrush stands . coyotes\u2014important rabbit predators\u2014have increased in number over the last few decades , presumably because of habitat changes . in addition , diseases like tularemia and sylvatic plague can decimate rabbit populations periodically .\nthis differs slightly in pentalagus furnessi - amami rabbit , with the molars sometimes being 2 / 3 . ( b147 , b623 . w3 )\n) as a threatened or endangered species throughout its range . the rabbit is already listed as endangered in the columbia basin of washington state .\nthe riverine rabbits is a habitat specialist that occupies a very restricted and specialised niche : the discontinuous and dense vegetation on soft and nutrient - rich alluvial soils associated with the seasonal rivers of the karoo . riverine rabbits therefore function as a biological indicator for the river zones in the karoo , which are of enormous economical value for farmers . the extinction of riverine rabbits in many areas of its former distribution range in the northern and western cape is therefore indicative of the severe destruction , fragmentation and loss of this habitat .\nthe riverine rabbit has a typical rabbit shape but the body is more elongated and the ears are longer and more hare - like . distinguishing facial marks include a distinctive white eye ring around each eye and a black brown stripe along the sides of the lower jaw . the tail is uniformly brown and resembles a \u201cpom - pom\u201d . the coat colour is variable but is a reddish - brown shade grizzled with black , the underparts are a drab gray .\nhowever , additionally : s ince 2004 more riverine rabbit populations have been discovered in the western cape in areas where the species\u2019 occurrence wasn\u2019t known . the newly discovered area stretches from klaarstrom ( southeastern central karoo ) to montagu and barrydale ( klein karoo ) as well as the ceres karoo . ( v . 142 )\nsansinena m . j . , owiny d . , denniston r . s . , salamone d . , barry d . ( 2007 ) 52 initiation of pregnancies in south african riverine rabbit ( bunolagus monticulares ) by interspecies nuclear transfer using adipose - derived somatic cells . reproduction , fertility and development 20 , 106 - 107 .\nthe primary food source of the riverine rabbit are wild flowers and leaves of the karoo desert foliage that is common along the seasonal rivers however they have been known to feed on grass when the opportunity presents itself which is limited to the karoo desert\u2019s wet season . the riverine rabbits are nocturnal and live a lonesome life only interacting in the breeding season and even though they live along they live in areas common to their kind and always exclusively of the same gender with borders on the opposite gender only slightly over lapping .\nan endangered columbia basin pygmy rabbit juvenile born at the captive breeding facility at washington state university , pullman , washington , usa . photo : tara davila\nstudies on vegetation composition ( in terms of percentage cover , occurrence and plant heights and widths ) suggest that salsola glabrescens and lycium species are the dominant plants within the riverine rabbit ' s habitat , whilst other species including pteronia erythrocaetha , osteospermum spinescens , kochia pubescens and galenia procumbens are significant contributors . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthe wildlife breeding and research centre in johannesburg supports the project by transporting for free all possible fresh material that can be collected from riverine rabbits , and keeping it in their genetic database .\nbut the technology doesn ' t come cheap . despite receiving some funding to help with its much - needed conservation work , the programme still needs financial help .\nwe are still in desperate need for funds for additional cameras ,\nsays bragg .\nideally , we need to have several batches of cameras working simultaneously throughout riverine rabbit habitat .\n\u201cpeople who are aware of such offences must report it as soon as possible , \u201d says kleynhans . the riverine rabbit\u2019s natural habitat does not lie protected within formal conservation areas like nature reserves , but on the huge sheep farms in the karoo . that is why conservationists believe that the key to its survival lies in a network of conservancies supported by farmers .\nit is the only african rabbit where the female prepares an underground burrow for her young . this nest is lined with grass and fur . ( nowak 1999 )\nsome camera traps were placed at the privately - owned sanbona wildlife reserve , only three hours\u2019 drive from cape town . to everyone\u2019s surprise , this 54 000 hectare reserve is home to several riverine rabbits .\n\u201cit is important to us to gather as much genetic material as possible , so that research can be done on specific genetic populations , diseases and the general condition of riverine rabbits , \u201d says kleynhans .\n\u00bb hays , d . 2001 . 2001 addendum : washington state recovery plan for the pygmy rabbit . washington department of fish and wildlife olympia , washington . 24pp .\nthe riverine rabbit is one of southern africa\u2019s most endangered mammals . its endangered status was first recognised in 1981 . during 2002 its conservation status upgraded to critically endangered . with an estimated 250 or less mature individuals in the wild today ( with less than 1500 in total ) the species is at an extremely high risk of extinction . the following factors have contributed to population reduction .\nsome rabbit species around the world are being squeezed out by known factors such as development and agricultural pressures . others are so little known that their conservation status is uncertain .\nthe riverine rabbit reaches a head - body length of 34 - 48 cm . the tail measures 7 - 11 cm . males weigh about 1 . 5 kg , females up to 1 . 9 kg . this rabbit has very long ears , a soft and silky coat and a light brown woolly tail with a black tip . distinguishing marks include a distinctive white ring around each eye and a black stripe running from the corner of its mouth over its cheek . the belly and throat are cream in colour and the short limbs have particularly thick fur .\nprovides many benefits for farmers . the riverine vegetation that the rabbit feeds on , causing this vegetation to regenerate , binds the soil and prevents it from being washed away in floods . also , this vegetation promotes filtration of rainwater to groundwater , which is a benefit for the farmer who uses windmills to draw up water for his livestock ( burton , 1987 ) . indirectly , the habitat of\nthis means that , according to all indications , there are no more than 250 adult riverine rabbits left , and that the population is showing a continued drop in numbers . according to these criteria there is also not a satellite population of more than 50 adults in existence . this estimate is very conservative measured against the estimate of 500 riverine rabbits world wide , which is generally accepted by conservationists who are actively involved in their protection .\n\u00bb mcallister , k . r . 1995 . washington state recovery plan for the pygmy rabbit . wildlife management program , washington department of fish and wildlife , olympia , wa .\na network of conservancies for the riverine rabbit could create an extensive informal conservation area to protect remaining populations and potential habitat . as such a chain of neighbouring lands also protect ecosystems such as rivers , it could lead to an increase in other wildlife . the use of environmentally friendly farming methods is also encouraged , such as not sowing along the riverbeds , and using snares for problem animals selectively .\nthe home ranges of male riverine rabbits overlap with several female ranges , and cover an area of roughly 21 ha . female home ranges are smaller ( roughly 13 ha . ) and do not overlap . ( b147 )\nin addition to monitoring the ' farmland ' populations , conservation groups now had new rabbit territory to keep an eye on , and lots of research to carry out to determine how the new population differs from riverine rabbits elsewhere . tracking small animals that are rare , elusive , well camouflaged and predominantly nocturnal is no easy task . . . which is why conservationists turned to technology to help them out .\ndistribution most of their distribution range falls outside the western cape province above the escarpment of the nuweveld mountains in the semi - arid central karoo . more populations of riverine rabbit have recently been discovered south of the escarpment in the districts of touwsriver , montagu and barrydale , as well as at klaarstroom , immediately north of meiringspoort . ( records from friedmann and daly ( 2004 ) and the capenature biodiversity database ) .\nhigh - pitched distress squeals are emitted by leporids when captured by a predator , and specific alarm calls are produced in five rabbit species . ( b285 . w5b , b430 . w2 )\ndiffering from the usual rapid breeding of most rabbit species , the riverine rabbit produces just one kitten a year . in a polygynous mating system , males make use of their large home ranges to mate with every female in their territory ( 2 ) . between august and may ( 3 ) , the females will make a nest in a burrow lined with grass and fur , and blocked with soil and twigs ( 4 ) . they give birth to a helpless , blind and hairless kitten 35 days after mating ( 5 ) . this underdeveloped offspring will remain will its mother for some time before dispersing ( 2 ) .\nthis 2012 clio awards silver winning entry titled & apos ; riverine rabbit & apos ; was entered by tbwa \\ hunt \\ lascaris , johannesburg . the piece was submitted to the medium : out of home within the entry type : n / a and the category : poster . it consists of 1 image . this piece is part of a campaign called & apos ; the last ones left & apos ; that consists of 6 elements .\na pygmy rabbit hops out of its artificial burrow during a pilot reintroduction experiment conducted by washington state university designed to develop methods suitable for restoring extirpated populations . photo : rodney sayler , washington state university\n\u00bb hays , d . , and k . warheit . 2004 . columbia basin pygmy rabbit captive breeding and genetic management plan . washington department of fish and wildlife . olympia , washington . 29pp .\nin washington , management efforts by a number of agencies have included acquiring and restoring potential habitat for the endangered columbia basin pygmy rabbit\u2014a slow and expensive task . because some pygmy rabbit habitat is contained within private lands , agencies have attempted to work with local ranchers and farmers to develop mutually beneficial resource management plans and safe harbor agreements . many private landowners are wary of having endangered species on their land and mistrust state and federal natural resource agencies , however , so this work has been sensitive and arduous . as a parallel course of action , and perhaps the last chance for saving the columbia basin pygmy rabbit 4 , washington department of fish and wildlife initiated a program in 2001 for captive breeding and restoration of pygmy rabbits , which is now a key component of the federal recovery plan for the columbia basin pygmy rabbit .\nis an endangered species . the most devastating threat to the riverine rabbit is the loss of its habitat . this habitat is limited to the alluvial floodplains of seasonal rivers in the central karoo . these flood plains , only 100 - 200 m wide , are formed when the rivers overflow during floods , and deposit silt on their banks ( duthie , 1987 ) . this soil is very good for cultivation compared with other soils found in the dry karoo . over the past 50 years , more than two - thirds of its habitat has been ploughed over for this purpose . other threats to its survival include overgrazing and hunting . overgrazing of riverine habitat opens up cover that it needs for shelter and to escape predation .\nis the only african rabbit that prepares an underground shelter for its young . this nest is 10 - 15 cm in diameter , 25 cm long , and lined with grass and fur ( nowak , 1997 ) .\nthis species resides in dense riparian vegetation along seasonal rivers ( b605 . 8 . w8 ) ; dense riverine bush / scrub . ( b147 , b285 . w5c , n32 . 8 . w1 ) in the central karoo region . ( n32 . 8 . w1 )\nsome rabbit species thump the ground with their hind feet when faced with danger ( b285 . w5b , b430 . w2 ) ; this reaction is thought to be a warning to nestlings underground . ( b285 . w5b )\n) , for example , is a staple in the spanish lynx ' s diet . but a pox virus , myxomatosis , has raced through rabbit populations on the iberian peninsula , making them so rare that spanish lynx (\nelsewhere , disappearing rabbits can signal declining health of grassland and sagebrush ecosystems . in the united states , a coalition of conservation groups is petitioning the u . s . government to list the palm - sized pygmy rabbit (\n\u00bb federal register . may 20 , 2005 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants : 90 - day finding on petition to list the pygmy rabbit as threatened and endangered . federal register 70 : 29 , 253\u201329 , 265 .\n\u201cfor practical reasons it is not always possible to obtain bits of skin or blood from live rabbits , and we are dependent on the public who can supply or report any potential material , \u201d explains kleynhans . she therefore calls on anyone who comes across a dead riverine rabbit or some of its remains , even if it is only a small heap of bones , to contact her ( 044 - 279 - 1739 ) or dr vicky ahlmann ( 053 - 381 - 3107 ) , a german researcher in loxton .\n\u00bb gahr , m . l . 1993 . natural history , burrow habitat use , and home range of the pygmy rabbit of sagebrush flats , washington . m . s . thesis , university of washington , seattle , washington .\ni live outside montagu . we have two riverine rabbits who appear early morning to drink from the water containers we leave for other wild animals eg meerkatte , porcupines , steenbokkies , mountain tortoises etc . with the drought , our \u201cwater holes \u201d have become a gathering place for wild life .\nas of 2001 , it was thought to occur in river catchments in the semi - arid south central karoo between beaufort west and williston , and sutherland and victoria west . it is found only on private farmland in riverine vegetation along seasonal river courses . ( ahlmann 2001 , cape nature conservation )\nmotion - activated camera traps are a great tool for determining the density of populations , in addition to providing important information about rabbit behaviour and habits . knowing more about the species is essential for developing effective conservation strategies . previous trials using camera traps have already shown success , and the technology is now being tested out on a larger scale . a new study launched at the start of this month involves camera traps set up in a specialised grid system to cover large swathes of rabbit territory .\npygmy rabbits are fed commercial and custom rabbit pellets consisting of grains , alfalfa , grass hay , vitamins , and minerals . each breeding facility grows fresh grasses and greens , and rabbits are provided with greenhouse - grown or wild - cut sagebrush ;\nuntil recently , the status of pygmy rabbit populations in the u . s has received little attention . their range consists of the great basin and surrounding intermountain regions , including montana , idaho , wyoming , utah , nevada , northern california , oregon , and washington . there is one exception\u2014the columbia basin pygmy rabbit . it was extirpated from the wild in washington by 2004 , and this genetically distinct population was listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service as an endangered distinct population .\n\u00bb federal register . march 5 , 2003 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; final rule to list the columbia basin distinct population segment of the pygmy rabbit ( brachylagus idahoensis ) as endangered . federal register 68 : 10 , 388\u201310 , 409 .\nthe riverine rabbit is a solitary , nocturnal animal and rests during the heat of the day in shallow depressions scraped out under shrubs . the breeding rate is unusually low . breeding occurs between august and may . females dig stable burrows in the soft and deep soils in which they raise , after a pregnancy period of 35 days , one ( rarely two ) offspring per breeding season . the newborn rabbits are blind , hairless and completely dependent on their mother , whereas hare leverets can see and have fur at birth . the live span in the wild hardly exceeds 4 years .\nafrican mammals databank 2004 , ahlmann 2001 , ahlmann 2002 , avery 1988 , burton & pearson 1987 , chapman & flux 1990 , collins 2001 , collins et al . / iucn 2003a , flux 2005 , iucn 2004 , cons . intl . , focus 1995b , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , kingdon 1997 , macdonald 1984 , macdonald 2001 , nowak 1999 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , riverine rabbit cons . proj . , silva & downing 1994 , spec . cons . found . , stuart & stuart 1996 , wwf wild world , yeld 1999\nit has been reported that due to cultivation , the natural vegetation along nearly half of the rivers within the rabbit ' s range has been destroyed . the extent of the riparian habitat loss has exceeded 60 % . ( b147 , b605 . 8 . w8 )\nthe riverine rabbit is nocturnal , spending the night feeding on flowers , leaves and grasses , and the day in shallow depressions under bushes , hiding from predators such as black eagles . at night the droppings are firm , but during the day they are soft and are immediately eaten after deposition . this behaviour is known as coprophagia and occurs in rabbits as their digestive system is basic , and re - ingestion allows further extraction of calcium and phosphorous , as well as the absorption of vitamin b that is produced by the bacteria of the hind gut during the initial ingestion ( 2 ) .\n\u201che was just a few kilometres from a private farm where we\u2019ve been aware of a population for the past two or three years . he appeared to have been following the ( dry ) river course from this farm , so that also opens up a whole lot of other opportunities ( to find other riverine rabbits ) . \u201d\nthere may be just a few hundred and none are in protected areas , all are on private land ,\nsaid smith . conservationists are working with landowners to develop protection plans for the rabbit , which the conservationists say will also help protect south africa ' s riverside ecosystems .\n\u00bb shipley , l . . a . , t . b . davila , n . j . thines , and b . a . elias . 2006 . nutritional requirements and diet choices of the pygmy rabbit ( brachylagus idahoensis ) : a sagebrush specialist . journal of chemical ecology 32 : 2455\u20132474 .\n\u00bb u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2007 . draft recovery plan for the columbia basin distinct population segment of the pygmy rabbit ( brachylagus idahoensis ) . portland , oregon . 118 . pp , urltoken ( accessed 1 / 10 / 08 ; updated 6 / 29 / 10 ) .\nmy name is cronje and i farm in the central karoo region in south - africa . over the last couple of years i have seen numerous riverine rabbits ( oewer koenyn , in afrikaans ) . i\u2019m happy to report that the creatures are doing very well and i believe that their numbers are increasing . i\u2019ll try and take a snap shot the next time i see one . . : )\nthis is a dark , grizzled grey rabbit , tinged rufous , with a contrasting deep rich rufous nape patch ( b147 ) and a dark brown stripe running along the lower margins of the jaw towards the ear base ( no other lagomorph species in the southern african subregion share this characteristic ) . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nidentification the riverine rabbit can reach approximately 52 cm in size and has large ears . it has a distinguishing dark brown band running along the side of the lower jaw upwards to the bottom of the ears . the upper parts are a grizzled drab grey while the sides are slightly darker and rufous where it blends with the dense grey hair on the underside . the eyes are encircled with white rings with dark elongated patches above these . the fringed inner margins of the long ears are covered with white hair , the outer margins with short buffy hair and the tips are covered with short black hair . the hair on the nape of the neck is slightly shorter and is a rich rufous colour . the grey - brown tail is short and fluffy , but darker towards the tip .\nfemales give birth to their young into breeding stops which have been lined with grass and fur . ( b605 . 8 . w8 , n32 . 8 . w1 ) . the construction of these breeding stops is thought to be similar to those of oryctolagus cuniculus - european rabbit and ( sylvilagus transitionalis - new england cottontail . ( b605 . 8 . w8 )\nlisa shipley , ph . d . , is a wildlife ecologist and associate professor in the department of natural resource sciences at washington state university . her research focuses on foraging behavior , nutrition , and habitat requirements of wildlife . she directs the pygmy rabbit captive breeding program at washington state university and is a member of the usfws recovery team for pygmy rabbits . urltoken\n# gonehome campaign : a film by rabbit king . 3rd year students in vcd ( visual communication design ) made a series of short stop - motion animations as part of an integrated print , video and online environmental awareness campaign for the endangered wildlife trust , south africa . by : elza grobler , silvie van onselen , robin jones , jenna antrobus , simeon willemse , lila huyzers .\nloss and degradation of habitat are the main threats to the species . over the last century , 50 - 80 % of habitat has been lost as a result of cultivation ( mostly in the past ) and livestock farming ( ongoing ) . other threats to the species include hunting ( the rabbit is hunted for sport and by farm workers ) , and accidental mortality in traps set for pest animals on farmlands .\nthis re - evaluation was done in march in johannesburg at a workshop of the conservation breeding specialist group , a partner of the endangered wildlife trust , during which the conservation status of 300 of southern africa\u2019s mammal species was investigated . ten southern african mammal species are regarded as critically endangered . this includes the black rhinoceros , four kinds of mole , and two bat species . the populations of riverine rabbits and red bush squirrels are , however , the only southern african mammal species that are in such extremely dire straits world wide .\nis easily identified by the black stripe running from the corner of its mouth over its cheek , a brown woolly tail , cream - colored fur on its belly and throat , and a broad , club - like hind foot . its tail is pale brown with a tinge of black toward the tip . its coat is soft and silky and its limbs are short and heavily furred ( nowak , 1997 ) . male riverine rabbits weigh approximately 1 . 5 kg while females weigh about 1 . 8 kg ( duthie , 1987 ) .\nthis elegant rabbit is one of the most endangered terrestrial mammals in southern africa . it has very long ears , a soft and silky coat and a uniformly brown , woolly tail . a distinctive black stripe runs from the corner of the mouth over the cheeks ( 2 ) , and it has white rings around the eyes ( 3 ) . the belly and throat are cream in colour and the short limbs have particularly thick fur ( 2 ) .\npygmy rabbits in washington state , however , have been particularly vulnerable . this population was separated from those in other parts of their range as sagebrush communities receded with climate changes . analysis of the rabbit\u2019s genome suggests that the divergence of the washington population occurred between 15 , 000 and 115 , 000 years ago . because of long - term geographic isolation and local habitat fragmentation , the washington population exhibits significantly lower genetic diversity than the populations in neighboring states .\ndifferences in pregnancy rate between columbia basin and idaho pygmy rabbits , and the extremely low genetic diversity of the columbia basin rabbits , suggested that inbreeding depression might have played an important role in low pregnancy rates . therefore , our second strategy was to begin a process of genetic rescue , where the columbia basin pygmy rabbits were intercrossed with idaho rabbits , aiming for creating and maintaining a captive and release population of greater than 75 % columbia basin genes . intercrossing required maintaining a balance between preserving the unique genetic profile of the columbia basin pygmy rabbit , while increasing the genetic diversity overall . rabbits from the two populations mated readily , and the intercross rabbits had higher pregnancy and siring rates ; thus , they produced more kits per adult than the pure columbia basin pygmy rabbits .\nand then , late last year , an unexpected dose of good news . a new population of the rabbits popped up in a very different part of the karoo \u2013 and this time , the animals were hopping about on protected land , within the 81 , 000 - hectare anysberg nature reserve in south africa ' s western cape province . the species had been spotted in this part of the karoo before ( back in 2003 ) , but this was the first sign of the rabbits in a formally protected area anywhere in the country ( it ' s likely the rabbits had migrated there from a nearby farm ) . a night survey was set up to confirm the sightings and a young rabbit was caught , proving the animals were also doing what rabbits are supposed to do best : breeding ."]}
{"id": 824, "summary": [{"text": "isodemis brevicera is a moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is cream , sparsely dotted and suffused with brownish especially at the base of the wing and along the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are brownish with dark brown parts .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale brown grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "isodemis brevicera", "paragraphs": ["the distribution of isodemis diakonoff in china . \u25cf ( red ) isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) \u25b2 ( green ) isodemis stenotera diakonoff \u25cf ( yellow ) isodemis proxima razowski \u25cf ( black ) isodemis serpentinana ( walker ) \u25a0 ( red ) isodemis quadrata sp . n . \u25b2 ( blue ) isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . \u25a0 ( magenta ) isodemis hainanensis sp . n .\nadults of isodemis spp . 1 isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) , \u2642 2\u20133 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , \u2642 ( showing variation of markings ) 4 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , \u2640 5 isodemis proxima razowski , \u2642 6 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , holotype , \u2642 7 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , paratype , \u2640 8 isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . ( male ) 9 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , holotype , \u2642 10 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , paratype , \u2640 .\nmale genitalia of isodemis spp . 11\u201312 isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick ) : 11 slide no . syh10014 12 slide no . syh10002 ( showing variation of genitalia ) 13 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , slide no . syh09017 14 isodemis proxima razowski , slide no . syh10015 15 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , holotype , slide no . wxp03332 .\nthe genus isodemis diakonoff , 1952 in china is reviewed , with seven species recognized . three new species are described : isodemis quadrata sp . n . , isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . and isodemis hainanensis sp . n . the female of isodemis stenotera diakonoff , 1983 is described for the first time . variation within isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick , 1918 ) and isodemis stenotera is briefly discussed . images of the adults and genitalia are provided , along with a key to the described species .\ngenitalia of isodemis spp . 16\u201317 . \u2642 : 16 isodemis guangxiensis sp . n . , paratype , slide no . syh10010 17 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . , holotype , slide no . syh09042 18\u201320 . \u2640 : 18 isodemis stenotera diakonoff , slide no . syh10005 19 isodemis quadrata sp . n . , paratype , slide no . syh10003 20 isodemis hainanensis sp . n . paratype , slide no . syh09043 .\nmost species of this genus show a stong sexual dimorphism , which makes species identification difficult . of the seven previously described species , isodemis longicera razowski , 2009 and isodemis brevicera razowski , 2009 were described from the males , while isodemis ngoclinha razowski , 2009 was described from females . currently , no additional knowledge has been added to these three species . therefore , we have excluded isodemis ngoclinha from the key based on forewing patterns and male genitalia .\nisodemis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae . the genus was erected by diakonoff in 1952 for the type species batodes serpentinana . diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis to isodemis and described isodemis stenotera from sumatra . razowski ( 2000 , 2009 ) described isodemis proxima from . . .\nbased on the description of isodemis serpentinana and the illustration of its male genitalia provided by diakonoff ( 1941 ) , this species is distinguished by the phallus bearing two unequal cornuti with the longer one undulate in the male genitalia . when diakonoff ( 1983 ) described isodemis stenotera , hepointed out that isodemis stenotera was very similar to isodemis serpentinana superficially , but could be separated by the male genitalia having two cornuti equal in length . by checking the holotype deposited in the natural history museum , london , we also found that the subapical blotch in isodemis serpentinana is subtriangular , while it is narrowly semioval in isodemis stenotera . more differences of the two species are stated under isodemis stenotera .\nhave a fact about isodemis quadrata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for isodemis quadrata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthis species is superficially very similar to isodemis longicera and isodemis brevicera , but it can be separated by the uncus being slightly narrowed in the distal 2 / 5 and rounded apically , the spine - shaped terminal process of the sacculus not reaching plica and the phallus bearing eight cornuti . in isodemis longicera , the uncus is slightly concave at middle on posterior margin , the terminal process of the sacculus reaches the plica and the phallus bears twelve cornuti ; in isodemis brevicera , the uncus broadens from base to apex , the terminal process of the sacculus is nearly triangular , and the phallus has ten cornuti . female genitalia resemble those of isodemis ngoclinha , but can be distinguished by the anterior portion of the papilla analis not being inflated and the sterigma extending posteriorly uniformly in width to both sides ; whereas in isodemis ngoclinha , the basal 2 / 3 of papilla analis is inflated , and the sterigma widens from the inception of ductus bursae to the lateral side .\nisodemis diakonoff 1952 : 147 . type species : batodes serpentinana walker , 1863 ( original designation ) .\n. . . diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis meyrick , 1918 to isodemis and described i . stenotera from sumatra . razowski ( 2000 razowski ( , 2009a razowski ( , 2009b ) described i . proxima razowski , 2000 from chinese taiwan , and i . brevicera razowski , 2009 , i . longicera razowski , 2009 and i . ngoclinha razowski , 2009 from vietnam . currently , isodemis consists of seven species , mainly distributed in southeast asia . . . .\nthis species is similar to isodemis illiberalis both in appearance and in male genitalia , but can be separated by the median fascia extending from the costal margin to the dorsum , the subapical blotch reaching across 1 / 3 width of wing and the phallus having eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous cornuti . in isodemis illiberalis , the median fascia extends from below the costal fold to the dorsum , the subapical blotch reaches the tornus and the phallus has eight to twenty - three deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus . isodemis guangxiensis is superficially also similar to isodemis quadrata , the differences between them are as follows : in isodemis guangxiensis , the uncus broadens from the basal 1 / 4 to the apex and the phallus bears eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous cornuti , whereas in isodemis quadrata , the uncus is quadrate and the phallus has ten deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus .\nthis species is very similar to the type species isodemis serpentinana both in appearance and in the genitalia , but can be distinguished by the male genitalia having two nearly straight cornuti that are equal in length , and the female genitalia having the ductus bursae about the same length as the corpus bursae and broadening slightly from the inception of the ductus seminalis to the corpus bursae . in isodemis serpentinana , the male genitalia have a phallus bearing two cornuti that are unequal in length with the longer one undulate , and the female genitalia have a ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times the length of the corpus bursae and slightly broader from middle of the ductus seminalis to corpus bursae ( diakonoff 1948 : 511 , fig . 37 ) .\nisodemis is characterized by the labial palpus obliquely uprising almost as high as upper edge of eye ; the forewing dominantly yellowish brown or ochreous brown ; the median fascia interrupted or indistinct near costal margin ; male genitalia with gnathos hooked , valva with a c - shaped plica , with numerous fine wrinkles between plica and costa , and the sacculus with terminal process ; female genitalia with the ductus bursae usually with cestum , and the single dentate signum with a conspicuous globular process placed posteriorly in the corpus bursae .\nthis paper is a continuation of the study on the tribe archipini from vietnam . it includes the data on 15 genera and 37 species of which one genus and 15 species are described as new ( electraglaia nigrapex razowski , sp . n . , archips silvicolanus razowski , sp . n . , a . subgyraleus razowski , sp . n . , a . bulbosus razowski , sp . n . , a . brunneatus razowski , sp . n . , a . bachmanus razowski , sp . n . , chirapsina razowski , gen . n . , dynatocephala altivola razowski , sp . n . , neocalyptis magnilabis razowski , sp . n . , n . fortis razowski , sp . n . , diplocalyptis ferruginimixta razowski , sp . n . , d . triangulifera razowski , sp . n . , daemilus rufus razowski , sp . n . , d . rufapex razowski , sp . n . , adoxophyes afonini razowski , sp . n . , borneogena siniaevi razowski , sp . n . , isodemis ngoclinha razowski , sp . n . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncollege of life sciences , nankai university , tianjin 300071 , p . r . china\ncorresponding author : houhun li ( nc . ude . iaknan @ nuhuohil ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nin china and to describe three new species . a key is provided on a worldwide basis based on the forewing patterns and the male genitalia except\nrazowski , 2009 whose male remains unknown . a map is provided to show the distribution of\nexamined specimens were collected by light traps . terminology follows diakonoff ( 1948 ) and razowski ( 2009a , b ) in descriptions of forewing pattern and genitalia . genitalia dissection and slide mounting methods follow li ( 2002 ) . the examined specimens , including the types of the new species , are deposited in the insect collection , college of life sciences , nankai university , tianjin , china .\nchina , vietnam , thailand , indonesia , nepal , india and sri lanka .\n1 \u2642 , china , guangxi zhuang autonomous region : milv village , nanping town , shangsi county ( 22\u00b009 ' n , 107\u00b058 ' e ) , 770 m , 3 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 \u2642 , mt . pinglong , shangsi county ( 22\u00b009 ' n , 107\u00b058 ' e ) , 510 m , 6 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 \u2642 , mt . villa huawang , jinxiu yao autonomous county ( 24\u00b008 ' n , 110\u00b011 ' e ) , 550 m , 14 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 8 \u2642\u2642 , grand canyon laohutiao , napo county ( 23\u00b044 ' n , 106\u00b048 ' e ) , 30 . vii . 2008 , coll . liusheng chen and guoyi wu ; 1 \u2642 , china , yunnan province : tengchong county ( 25\u00b001 ' n , 98\u00b030 ' e ) , 1950 m , 28 . ix . 2002 , coll . huaijun xue ; 2 \u2642\u2642 , xiaoheishan nature reserves ( 24\u00b035 ' n , 98\u00b041 ' e ) , 2300 m , 10 . viii . 2005 , coll . yingdang ren .\n) ; in the female genitalia by the sterigma deeply v - shaped , the ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times the corpus bursae , and the globular process almost 1 / 2 length of the signum (\n: 40 , fig . 5 ) . it can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the median fascia extending from below distal half of the costal fold to the dorsum and the subapical blotch reaching the tornus .\nchina ( guangdong , guangxi , yunnan ) , vietnam , thailand , india , nepal .\n) . papilla analis long and narrow , distal 2 / 5 slightly expanded . apophysis anterioris about 1 . 3 times length of apophysis posterioris . sterigma nearly band - shaped , protrudent backward posterolaterally . antrum short , with inner sclerite anteriorly ; ductus seminalis from posterior 1 / 5 of ductus bursae ; ductus bursae about same length as corpus bursae , broadened slightly from inception of ductus seminalis to corpus bursae ; cestum absent . corpus bursae rounded ; signum horn - shaped , with tiny spines on ventral surface , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 4 length of signum .\nchina ( hunan , guangxi , hainan , tibet , yunnan ) , indonesia ( sumatra ) .\n) ; the vinculum has a tiny spine at middle on the anterior margin in the male genitalia .\n1 \u2642 , china , guangxi province : mt . pinglong , shangsi county ( 22\u00b009 ' n , 107\u00b058 ' e ) , 250 m , 7 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 1 \u2642 , dongzhong woodfarm , fangchenggang city ( 21\u00b037 ' n , 108\u00b020 ' e ) , 370 m , 9 . iv . 2002 , coll . shulian hao and huaijun xue ; 3 \u2642\u2642 , china , hainan province : shuiman town , mt . wuzhi ( 18\u00b052 ' n , 109\u00b040 ' e ) , 650 m , 15\u201317 . v . 2007 , coll . zhiwei zhang and weichun li ; 4 \u2642\u2642 , shuiman town , mt . wuzhi ( 18\u00b052 ' n , 109\u00b040 ' e ) , 630\u2013740 m , 13\u201317 . iv . 2009 , coll . qing jin and bingbing hu .\n) ; and the ductus bursae about 1 . 5 times length of the corpus bursae in female genitalia (\n, the forewing is mainly ochreous brown ; the uncus is broadenedbasally and the phallus bears two cornuti ; and the ductus bursae ia about the same length as the corpus bursae .\n( tortrix ? ) sulana walker 1866 : 1784 . type locality : new guinea .\nchina ( hainan , yunnan , taiwan ) ; india , indonesia ( borneo , java , sumatra ) , new guinea , philippine , sri lanka , tailand .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 8bbc12c8 - 21e6 - 4349 - 9ea1 - d0254a20e481\nholotype \u2642 \u2013 china , xizang ( tibet ) autonomous region : hanmi , medog county ( 29\u00b013 ' n , 95\u00b018 ' e ) , 2380 m , 9 . viii . 2003 , coll . xinpu wang and huaijun xue , genitalia slide no . wxp03332 . paratypes : 1 \u2642 , 2 \u2640\u2640 , same data as for holotype .\n) . tegumen developed . uncus nearly quadrate , straight on posterior margin . gnathos arm slender and long ; terminal plate nearly triangular , about 1 / 3 length of arm . valva with length about 1 . 5 times width , rounded terminally ; transtilla spine - shaped , disconnected medially . sacculus weakly sclerotized ; terminal process nearly thumblike , reaching plica . vinculum somewhat concave at middle on anterior margin , with two small spines near middle of anterior margin . juxta approximately oval , slightly concave at middle anteriorly . phallus slightly longer than length of valva , straight , dilated basally , with ten deciduous cornuti and a single non - deciduous cornutus that is about 1 / 3 length of phallus .\n) . papilla analis narrow and long . apophysis anterioris slightly longer than apophysis posterioris . sterigma inverted subtriangular . antrum short , with inner sclerite anteriorly ; ductus seminalis coming from anterior margin of antrum ; ductus bursae longer than corpus bursae , curved perpendicularly at posterior 1 / 3 ; cestum placed between posterior 1 / 3 of ductus bursae and anterior margin of antrum . corpus bursae rounded ; signum horn - shaped , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 3 length of signum .\nthe specific name is from the latin quadratus ( = square ) , referring to the rectangular uncus in the male genitalia .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f2e5b790 - 7f5b - 46f6 - 813d - f1cc182ad4e6\nholotype \u2642 \u2013 china , guangxi zhuang autonomous reging : rongshui miao autonomous county ( 25\u00b004 ' n , 109\u00b013 ' e ) , 31 . vii . 2003 , genitalia slide no . syh09041 . paratype : 1 \u2642 , huaping nature reserves ( 23\u00b039 ' n , 109\u00b055 ' e ) , 1300 m , 1 . viii . 2006 , coll . weichun li .\n) . uncus nearly rectangular in basal 1 / 4 , then broadened slightly to rounded apex , densely setose in distal half . gnathos arm slender and long ; terminal plate triangular , about 2 / 3 length of arm . valva slightly widened distally , length about 2 times of width , rounded terminally ; transtilla irregularly round , with pointed apical process . sacculus weakly sclerotized , protruding ventrally at middle ; terminal process nearly triangular , rounded at apex , reaching plica . vinculum somewhat concave at middle on anterior margin . juxta large and broad , straight on anterior margin ; posterior margin concave and arched , protruding posterolaterally . phallus slightly shorter than length of valva , slightly curved and dilated in basal 2 / 5 , with eight deciduous cornuti and two non - deciduous unequal cornuti that are about 1 / 3 length of phallus .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 0bdc5a29 - 95b3 - 43ac - a8b3 - 77c9bdc4da8f\nholotype \u2642 \u2212 china , hainan province : mt . wuzhi nature reserves ( 18\u00b052 ' n , 109\u00b040 ' e ) , 740 m , 15 . iv . 2009 , coll . qing jin and bingbing hu , genitalia slide no . syh09042 . paratype : 1 \u2640 , jianfengling ( 18\u00b044 ' n , 109\u00b010 ' e ) , 800\u2013900 m , 6 . xii . 2009 , coll . zhaohui du .\n) wingspan 22 . 0 mm . as in male except with small , brownish black basal fascia near base ; costal margin more arched basallythan in male ; subapical blotch from middle of costal margin to apex , narrow , reaching across 1 / 5 width of wing ; stripe along anal vein to beyond mid - length of wing .\n) . tegumen with a small triangular process at posterior 1 / 4 medially . uncus nearly rectangular , slightly narrowed in distal 2 / 5 , sparsely setose in distal half , rounded at apex . gnathos arm tapering to distal end , with distinct lateral prominence that bears many tiny spines ; terminal plate short , about 1 / 2 length of arm . valva length about two times width , rounded terminally ; plica extremely thin , straight ; small sclerotized projection at basal 1 / 3 between plica and ventral margin . transtilla irregularly oval , with pointed and curved apical process . sacculus sclerotized ; terminal process a long spine , not reaching plica . vinculum sclerotized anteriorly . juxta approximately semioval , slightly concave at middle on posterior margin . phallus about 2 / 3 length of valva , pistol - shaped , basal 1 / 3 dilated ; cornuti composed of one deciduous cornutus and seven non - deciduous cornuti , each about 1 / 4 length of phallus .\n) . papilla analis broad . apophysis anterioris about 1 . 3 times length of apophysis posterioris . sterigma narrow and long transversely , weakly notched at middle posteriorly . antrum long , about 1 / 4 length of ductus bursae , anterior 1 / 3 sclerotized ; ductus bursae slightly longer than corpus bursae , wrinkled ; ductus seminalis from middle of ductus bursae ; cestum absent . corpus bursae oval , posterior half wrinkled ; signum large spine - shaped , dentate marginally , its globular process about 1 / 6 length of signum .\nthe corresponding author is deeply grateful to mr . kevin r . tuck for his kind assistance provided when checking the specimens in the natural history museum , london . we express our cordial thanks to the reviewers for their kind suggestions and comments , and to those who participated in the field collection . this study was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . j0930005 ) .\nnew asiatic and papuan tortricidae with records of other species ( 3rd communication on indo - malayan and papuan microlepidoptera ) .\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der sumba - expedition des museums f\u00fcr v\u00f6lkerkunde und des naturhistorischen museums in basel , 1949 . microlepidoptera . part 1\nin : wagner ( ed ) lepidopterorum catalogus . pars 10 . 8 : pp .\ntortricidae ( lepidoptera ) collected in taiwan with description of one new genus and eight new species , and a comparison with some regional faunas .\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini .\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 7 . some additional data ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . ) . in the year of 2009 , he described one new genus , chirapsina razowski , 20 new species , besides 41 known species were recorded ( razowski , 2009a , 2009b ) . in the present study , five new recorded species , . . .\nsex pheromones of three citrus leafrollers , archips atrolucens , adoxophyes privatana , and homona sp . , inhabiting the mekong delta of vietnam\ntortricidae from the tervuren museum , 6 : clepsis guenee , 1845 and orilesa razowski , 2006 ( lepidopter . . .\n19 archipinae species belonging to clepsis guenee , 1845 and orilesa razowski , 2006 are discussed . 12 species ( clepsis ocladia razowski , sp . n . , c . enarga razowski , sp . n . , c . lusingae razowski , sp . n . , c . oidema razowsld , sp . n . , c . gongyla razowsld , sp . n . , c . barbellata razowski , sp . n . , c . humilaria razowski , sp . n . , c . letheana razowski , sp . n . , orilesa legitimana razowski , sp . n . , o . . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 6 . olethreutinae ( lepidoptera : tort . . .\n53 species of olethreutinae are recorded ; three genera ( fansipania razowski gen . n . , dacgleia razowski , gen . n . , ustrilapex razowski , gen . n . ) and 25 species ( sorolopha brunnorbis razowski , sp . n . , phaecasiophora astrata razowski , sp . n . , p . rufata razowski , sp . n . , sycacantha pararufata razowski , sp . n . , s . ngoclinhana razowski , sp . n . , s . montana razowski , sp . n . , neostatherotis pallidtornus . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntortricinae and chlidanotinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) collected by b . landry in ecuador\nof thirteen species listed one genus , three euliini species ( pseudomeritastis emphanes , netechmodes landryi , thalleulia gracilescens ) , three species of archipini ( clepsis parva , c . parassensus , c . assensiodes ) , two species of atteriini ( sisurcana leptina , anacrusis rubida ) and one of chlidanotini ( monortha procera ) are described as new . female of henricus metalliferus razowski & pelz is described .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nwhat is organa genitalia ? meaning of organa genitalia medical term . what does organa genitalia mean ? . . . looking for online definition of organa genitalia in the medical dictionary ? organa genitalia explanation free . . . . genitalia . ( redirected from organa genitalia ) . also found in : dictionary , thesaurus , encyclopedia . gen\u00b7i\u00b7ta\u00b7li\u00b7a . ( jen - i - t\u0101 ' l\u0113 - . . . genitalia . / gen\u00b7i\u00b7ta\u00b7lia / ( jen\u2033\u012d - t\u0101l\u00b4e - ah ) [ l . ] the reproductive organs . . ambiguous genitalia genital organs with . . .\nmale genitals pictures - genital warts pictures . we provides discount revitol stretch mark removal and prevention product made . . . what are the definitions of genitals and genitalia terms ? learn about the anatomy and physiology of genitals and genitalia in . . . what are the definitions of genitals and genitalia terms ? learn about the anatomy and physiology of genitals and genitalia in . . . view the 920253 best male dog genitalia photos , male dog genitalia images , male dog genitalia pictures . download photos or . . .\na taxonomic revision of the askoldella species - group of the genus nemophora hoffmannsegg ( lepidoptera : adelidae ) \u00bb brill . . .\n. . . adults and male genitalia are described and illustrated . . . . keys to species based on external characters and male genitalia . . . keys to species based on external characters and male genitalia are provided ; adults and male genitalia are described and . . . homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in diptera - eremoneura * authors : jeffrey m . cumming ; bradley j . . . .\na study finds male genitalia are shrinking because of environmental factors . limbaugh says it has to be the ' feminazis ' and ' . . . rush limbaugh : male genitalia are shrinking because of ' feminazis ' a study finds male genitalia are shrinking because of . . . in a study looking at changes in male genitalia over the past 50 years , italian researchers found that penises were around 10 . . .\nlearn about ambiguous genitalia symptoms and causes from experts at boston children ' s , ranked best children ' s hospital by us . . . what causes ambiguous genitalia ? . the sexual organs of males and females develop from the same fetal tissue . the same tissue . . . what are ambiguous genitalia ? at conception , a fetus ' s gender is already determined based on the 23rd pair chromosome it . . . characteristics of ambiguous genitalia in genetic females include : . * an enlarged clitoris , or what appears to be a small penis . . .\nincludes : 1 pediatric male genitalia , 1 pediatric female genitalia , 6 urinary / anal valve connectors and 2 clamps . . . pediatric male and female genitalia set with urinary / anal connector valves to be used with manikin ' s abdominal plate and . . .\nthe geografted genitals have never been intentionally made as a selling point , even for daz users , which is why they ' re only . . . there is a problem in carrara with the male genitals . if you load the figure by itself and apply a texture map , it looks fine . . . . i assume it ' s the male genitals you are trying to use on michael 5 , despite the thread title ? some more information on how they . . . i assume it ' s the male genitals you are trying to use on michael 5 , despite the thread title ? some more information on how they . . .\nhelp please - - buzzing , burning and numbness genitalia area . . . . - multiple sclerosis - medhelp\ntoday , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . . . . . . . today , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . it seems every spring . . . today , i am having a burning , numbness , vibrating in my genitalia area . this i have never had before . it seems every spring . . . help please - - buzzing , burning and numbness genitalia area . . . . . i ' ve had several posts the last week or so with vibrating , . . .\nwhile itching all over the body can be a sign of cancer , it would be very unusual for itching specifically in the vaginal and anal areas to be a sign of cancer .\nare you sure your patient has ambiguous genitalia ? what are the typical findings for this disease ? . ambiguous genitalia refers . . . therefore , while all infants with ambiguous genitalia have a dsd , not all patients with dsds have ambiguous genitalia . . . . ambiguous genitalia is considered an emergency from a medical as well as a psychological standpoint . medically , the rationale . . . the birth of an infant with ambiguous genitalia is typically extremely distressful for parents . adding to this is the fact that . . .\ng2f genitalia morphs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - effect of the morph the g2f genitalia morphs provides to show and morph the hidden . . . the g2f genitalia morphs provides to show and morph the hidden ( daz hidden : - ( ) geometries in the g2f genitalia - like in the . . . i ' ve provided an addon here at sharecg that gives the g2f genitalia more \u2026thanks for these . not sure what you meant in the . . . victoria 4 for g2f comes with v4 uvs for the genitalia as well so v4 textures will work with it . i ' ve provided an addon here at . . .\nnavy acknowledges pilot drew male genitalia in the sky . posted 11 : 13 am , november 17 , 2017 , by tribune media . . . krem 2 in spokane says they received multiple pictures and phone calls showing male genitalia drawn in the sky . . . .\n. . . females prefer males with asymmetric genitalia - perhaps because decoupling of left and right sides of the genitalia allows a . . . 2015 asymmetry in genitalia does not increase the rate of their evolution . mol . phyl . evol . 93 , 180 - 187 . ( doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . . . . 2007 the evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects . biol . rev . 82 , 647 - 698 . ( doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 185x . 2007 . 00029 . . . . the cholevine male genitalia consist of three chief components : ( i ) the two lateral , whip or drumstick - like parameres ; the . . .\nit might seem that langerhans has exhausted the questions there are to ask about mosquitofish genitals . but he says that ' s not . . . yet langerhans says the shape ( not size ) of female genitalia , which is somewhat more elongated in predator - free populations , . . . the history of bahamas mosquitofish is written in their genitals . though you ' d have a hard time locating a female fish ' s . . . the new study suggests that the smaller female openings haven ' t exactly evolved in response to the changing male genitalia , but . . .\nfemale genitalia definition : additional female sex organs ; additional feminine intercourse body organs ; outside feminine sex . . . how would you define female genitalia ? . all the definitions on azdictionary were written by people just like you . now ' s your . . . urban dictionary for & quot ; female genitalia & quot ; * its a womans exclusive part . . . the\u2026 . . . medical dictionary for & quot ; female genitalia & quot ; * the genital organs for the feminine . \u2026 . . .\nthe solicitation included a photo of robert george roe ' s genitalia . . a detective posing as a 16 - year - old girl responded to the . . . man who posted genitalia online , arrested for sex crime . march 5 , 2015 . . .\nmay be a repost , but it ' s so good it ' s worth one . . urltoken and the continuation : . urltoken love this shit , been singing it for 2 days . . . . .\ngrammys dress code - - celebrities warned . . . keep your genitals covered ! ! ! | urltoken\n. . . and no boobs or genitals either . . . this according to a warning the\u2026 . . . cbs doesn ' t want to see a single celebrity butt crack at the grammys on sunday . . . and no boobs or genitals either . . . this . . .\nwu - tang corp . is the only official website for the multi - platinum rap group wu - tang clan and all its members and affiliates . we offer loads of audio and video downloads , other goodies , an extensive discography , an active community with thousands and thousands of members .\n. . . by dressing as women ' s genitals and expressing ' unfocused rage ' at democrat hillary clinton ' s election loss . . . . mike huckabee on women ' s march : dressing as genitals achieves nothing . by stoyan zaimov jan 24 , 2017 , 11 : 09 am . . . . lastly , he blasted what he called\nsexist / racist\nbeliefs that project that people vote on their skin color or genitals , rather . . . by dressing as women ' s genitals and expressing\nunfocused rage\nat democrat hillary clinton ' s election loss . . . .\nusing genital deodorants or douches or other harsh chemicals on your genitals is a bad idea . that ' s a really good way to get . . . after i ' ve washed , my genitals are odor free but only for a few hours . i ' m not sporty , so why is this ? . . . just like your underarms , your genitals will sweat even during regular activities . you ' ve also got various other bodily fluids . . .\nan alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . escort charged with attempted murder for biting man ' s genitals , deputies say . officials : victim suffered serious lacerations to . . . escort charged with attempted murder for biting man ' s genitals , deputies say . officials : victim suffered serious lacerations to . . .\nan alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . . an alleged escort was arrested and charged with attempted murder for biting a man ' s genitals in an orange county hotel room , . . .\nthe uniqueness of genitalia of a species led to the use of the morphological study of genitalia as one of the most important . . . genitalia in male and female of any particular lepidopteran species are adapted to fit each other like a lock ( female ) and key . . . the genitalia are attached onto the tenth or most distal segment of the abdomen . lepidoptera have some of the most complex . . . the genitalia are complex and provide the basis for species discrimination in most families and also in family identification . . . .\nmutilated genitals is a promotional ep by dog fashion disco released in 2001 . it has since been deleted and is quite rare , but . . . urltoken genitals urltoken genitals / . . .\n,\ndon ' t fall asleep or we ' ll mutilate your genitals\n. the versions of tracks 4 and 5 are re - recordings ; they would appear on . . ."]}
{"id": 826, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia kuni is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to vietnam .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 21 \u2013 21.5 millimetres ( 0.83 \u2013 0.85 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are uniform pale fawn and the hindwings are paler . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia kuni", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world ebook fair are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word kudoi . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word kudoi and , of course , kudoi synonyms and on the right images related to the word kudoi .\n( \u304f\u3069\u3044 ) june 28 , 2015 14\nit ' s not a date !\ndeito de wa nai !\n( \u30c7\u30fc\u30c8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff01 ) . . .\nthis is the place for kudoi definition . you find here kudoi meaning , synonyms of kudoi and images for kudoi copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 827, "summary": [{"text": "pelophylax fukienensis is a species of frog in the ranidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in fujian ( formerly romanized as \" fukien \" , hence the name ) , zhejiang , and jiangxi provinces of china as well as in taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , swamps , freshwater marshes , rural gardens , heavily degraded former forest , water storage areas , ponds , irrigated land , seasonally flooded agricultural land , and canals and ditches .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is not considered threatened by the iucn , though the taiwanese populations have strongly declined .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "pelophylax fukienensis is a medium to large-sized frog , with males reaching 47 mm ( 1.9 in ) and females 65 mm ( 2.6 in ) length . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "pelophylax fukienensis", "paragraphs": ["rana ( pelophylax ) fukienensis \u2014 dubois and ohler , 1996\n1994\n, zool . polon . , 39 : 174 .\nthe pelophylax fukienensis is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nregion of reverse phase hplc chromatogram of pelophylax plancyi fukienensis skin secretion indicating elution position / retention time of the peak of absorbance corresponding to bradykinin inhibitory activity ( arrow ) .\nranakinestatin - ppf from the skin secretion of the fukien gold - striped pond frog , pelophylax plancyi fukienensis : a prototype of a novel class of br . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nranakinestatin - ppf from the skin secretion of the fukien gold - striped pond frog , pelophylax plancyi fukienensis : a prototype of a novel class of bradykinin b2 receptor antagonist peptide from ranid frogs .\npelophylax plancyi fukienensis \u2014 fei , ye , and huang , 1990 , key to chinese amph . : 134 ; ye , fei , and hu , 1993 , rare and economic amph . china : 227 ; fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 160 .\nfukien gold - striped pond frog ( rana plancyi fukienensis : fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 160 ) .\nrana ( rana ) fukienensis \u2014 dubois , 1987\n1986\n, alytes , 5 : 41 - 42 , by implication .\nnucleotide and translated open - reading frame amino acid sequence of cloned pelophylax plancyi fukienensis skin secretion - derived cdna encoding the biosynthetic precursor of the bradykinin inhibitory peptide , named ranakinestatin - ppf . the putative signal peptide id double - underlined , the mature peptide is single - underlined and the stop codon is indicated with an asterisk .\nclosely related to pelophylax nigromaculatus and pelophylax plancyi ( as rana ) , according to the original publication . see account by ting , 1951 , copeia , 1951 : 120 - 126 . removed from the synonymy of pelophylax plancyi by kuramoto , 1983 , sci . rep . lab . amph . biol . hiroshima univ . , 6 : 253 - 267 . see comments under pelophylax plancyi and pelophylax chosenicus . dubois and ohler , 1996\n1994\n, zool . polon . , 39 : 167 , noted that all comparisons of pelophylax fukienensis with possible conspecifics had been made with specimens from taiwan , rather than the mainland population in which the type locality lies ; that mutual status of the two populations remains arguable . see accounts by ye , fei , and hu , 1993 , rare and economic amph . china : 227 - 229 ; and fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 160 - 161 . liu and hu , 1961 , tailless amph . china : 166 , had considered both rana lighti taylor , 1934 , and rana fukienensis pope , 1929 , to be synonyms of pelophylax plancyi ( lataste ) . in the pelophylax plancyi group of fei , ye , huang , jiang , and xie , 2005 , in fei et al . ( eds . ) , illust . key chinese amph . : 110 . lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 78 - 79 , provided a brief account ( as rana plancyi ) for taiwan . fei , hu , ye , and huang , 2009 , fauna sinica , amph . 3 : 1049 - 1056 , provided an account , figures , and map for china and included it in their pelophylax plancyi group . fei , ye , and jiang , 2010 , colored atlas of chinese amph . : 282 , provided a brief account including photographs . fei , ye , and jiang , 2012 , colored atlas chinese amph . distr . : 319 , provided an account , photographs , and a range map for china .\npelophylaxins : novel antimicrobial peptide homologs from the skin secretion of the fukien gold - striped pond frog , pelophylax plancyi fukienensis : identification by ' shotgun ' cdna cloning and sequence analysis .\nzhou m . , chen t . , walker b . , shaw c . peptides 27 : 36 - 41 ( 2006 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]\nhylarana fukienensis \u2014 chen , murphy , lathrop , ngo , orlov , ho , and somorjai , 2005 , herpetol . j . , 15 : 237 , by implication .\nrana fukienensis pope , 1929 , am . mus . novit . , 352 : 4 . holotype : amnh 29182 , by original designation . type locality :\nfutsing hsien [ = fuqing county ] , northeastern fukien [ = fujian ] province , china\n.\npelophylax fukienensis \u2014 fei , ye , huang , jiang , and xie , 2005 , in fei et al . ( eds . ) , illust . key chinese amph . : 110 . frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de s\u00e1 , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 369 ; che , pang , zhao , wu , zhao , and zhang , 2007 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 43 : 1 - 13 ; by implication .\nrana fukienensis \u2014 kuramoto , 1983 , sci . rep . lab . amph . biol . hiroshima univ . , 6 : 264 - 266 ; kawamura , 1985 , saishu to shiku , 47 : 259 ; dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 332 .\nrana plancyi fukienensis \u2014 boring , 1938\n1938\u20131939\n, peking nat . hist . bull . , 13 : 102 ; kashiwagi , 1994 , sci . rep . lab . amph . biol . hiroshima univ . , 13 : 245 ; zhao and adler , 1993 , herpetol . china : 146 - 147 .\nbioinformatic analysis of the ranakinestatin - ppf biosynthetic precursor with homologs reported from other amphibian sources . accession numbers for cited sequences are pelophylax plancyi fukienensis ranakinestatin - ppf ( hg518554 ) , amolops mantzorum antimicrobial peptide mantzorumin - b 1 ( adm34242 ) , odorrana grahami odorranaopin ( adp37000 ) , odorrana schmackeri ranakinestatin - os ( hg518555 ) , and bombina maxima skin kininogen - 2 ( p83055 ) . ( a ) comparison of putative n - terminal signal peptide domains of respective biosynthetic precursors . sites of amino acid differences are indicated with asterisks ( 6 / 22 ) . ( b ) comparison of acid spacer peptide domains of respective biosynthetic precursors . sites of amino acid differences are indicated with asterisks ( 4 / 20 ) . note that this domain terminates in the conserved basic amino acid residue doublet ( - kr - ) ( indicated in italics and underlined ) that represents the site of propeptide convertase cleavage generating the mature peptide . ( c ) comparison of mature ( ranakinestatin ) peptide domains of respective biosynthetic precursors . sites of amino acid differences are indicated with asterisks ( 4 / 17 ) . ( d ) the full - length sequence of bombina maxima skin kininogen - 2 indicating domains containing ( 1 ) the fully conserved ranakinestatin residues 1\u20139 , ( 2 ) the bradykinin receptor agonist peptide , maximakinin ( syn . bombinakinin m ) , and ( 3 ) the bradykinin b 2 - receptor antagonist peptide , kinestatin .\nthe defensive skin secretions of many amphibians are a rich source of bradykinins and bradykinin - related peptides ( brps ) . members of this peptide group are also common components of reptile and arthropod venoms due to their multiple biological functions that include induction of pain , effects on many smooth muscle types , and lowering systemic blood pressure . while most brps are bradykinin receptor agonists , some have curiously been found to be exquisite antagonists , such as the maximakinin gene - related peptide , kinestatin - a specific bradykinin b2 - receptor antagonist from the skin of the giant fire - bellied toad , bombina maxima . here , we describe the identification , structural and functional characterization of a heptadecapeptide ( dytirtrlhqglsrkiv ) , named ranakinestatin - ppf , from the skin of the chinese ranid frog , pelophylax plancyi fukienensis , representing a prototype of a novel class of bradykinin b2 - receptor specific antagonist . using a preconstricted preparation of rat tail arterial smooth muscle , a single dose of 10 ( - 6 ) m of the peptide effectively inhibited the dose - dependent relaxation effect of bradykinin between 10 ( - 11 ) m and 10 ( - 5 ) m and subsequently , this effect was pharmacologically - characterized using specific bradykinin b1 - ( desarg - hoe140 ) and b2 - receptor ( hoe140 ) antagonists ; the data from which demonstrated that the antagonism of the novel peptide was mediated through b2 - receptors . ranakinestatin - ppf - thus represents a prototype of an amphibian skin peptide family that functions as a bradykinin b2 - receptor antagonist herein demonstrated using mammalian vascular smooth muscle .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from zhejiang , jiangxi and fujian provinces in central china and taiwan , province of china . it has been recorded below 1 , 200m asl .\nthe population in taiwan , province of china , is declining , but the population in mainland china appears to be stable .\nit inhabits paddy fields , lotus ponds , ponds , marshes and ditches . it breeds in still water .\nhabitat destruction and degradation are major threats to this species , in particular infrastructure development and water pollution . it is also consumed locally .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nrana lighti taylor , 1934 , lingnan sci . j . , canton , 13 : 306 . holotype : eht - hms 29836 ( formerly eht 1044 ) , by original designation ; now uimnh 25051 according to xxx . type locality :\namoy , fukien [ = fujian ]\n, china . synonymy by liu and hu , 1961 , tailless amph . china : 166 ; dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 332 ; zhao and adler , 1993 , herpetol . china : 369 .\nfutsing hsien frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 107 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information which has been propagated from a related experimentally characterized protein . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000250\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information that is based on statements in scientific articles for which there is no experimental support . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000303\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually validated information which has been imported from another database . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000312\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manual validated information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000255\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000269\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > inferred from direct assay < / p > < p > used to indicate a direct assay for the function , process or component indicated by the go term . < / p > < p > more information in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> go evidence code guide < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > manually curated information which has been inferred by a curator based on his / her scientific knowledge or on the scientific content of an article . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000305\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the position and length of an active peptide in the mature protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / peptide ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing\n: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . < p > < a href = ' / help / expression _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018expression\u2019 section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . by default , the information is derived from experiments at the mrna level , unless specified \u2018at protein level\u2019 . < br > < / br > examples : < a href =\nurltoken\n> p92958 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> q8tdn4 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> o14734 < / a > < p > < a href = ' / help / tissue _ specificity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section reports information derived from mass spectrometry experiments done on the entire protein or on biologically active derived peptide ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / mass _ spectrometry ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn\u2019t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href = ' / help / miscellaneous _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nma j 1 , luo y 1 , ge l 1 , wang l 1 , zhou m 1 , zhang y 2 , duan j 3 , chen t 1 , shaw c 1 .\nnatural drug discovery group , school of pharmacy , queen ' s university , belfast bt9 7bl , uk .\njiangsu key laboratory for traditional chinese medicine ( tcm ) formulae research , nanjing university of chinese medicine , nanjing , china .\npmid : 25161395 pmcid : pmc4000668 doi : 10 . 1155 / 2014 / 564839\n( a ) electrospray ms spectrum of a sample from reverse phase hplc fraction # 100 that contained bradykinin inhibitory activity . the doubly charged ion ( m / z 1029 . 30 ) , triply charged ion ( m / z 686 . 99 ) , and quadruply charged ion ( m / z 515 . 59 ) of a peptide with a parent mass of 2056 . 4 da were detected . ( b ) ms / ms fragmentation spectrum of the doubly charged ion at m / z 1029 . 30 . ( c ) theoretical singly and doubly charged b - and y - ion series arising from ms / ms fragmentation of the bradykinin inhibitory peptide with observed ions indicated in bold typeface and underlined .\n( a ) bradykinin dose - response curves using rat arterial smooth muscle in the absence ( \u25a0 ) and presence ( \u25cf ) of ranakinestatin - ppf ( generic name qub2056 ) at a single dose of 10 \u22126 m . ( b ) relaxation effect of bradykinin on rat arterial smooth muscle at a single dose of 10 \u22126 m and the effect of pretreatment with ranakinestatin - ppf ( qub 2056 ) at 10 \u22126 m ( p < 0 . 001 ) , the bradykinin b 2 - receptor antagonist , hoe140 ( 3 \u00d7 10 \u22127 m ) ( p < 0 . 05 ) , and the bradykinin - b 1 - antagonist , desarg - hoe - 140 ( 3 \u00d7 10 \u22127 m ) ( ns\u2014not significant ) . all data points represent the mean \u00b1 sem of seven applications .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 829, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia amplexata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china , russia and japan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 \u2013 20 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "eupithecia amplexata", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder eupithecia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av eupithecia sj\u00e4lv\neupithecia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ing\u00e5r i familjen m\u00e4tare .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nhave a fact about eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 832, "summary": [{"text": "locusta migratoria migratorioides , commonly known as the african migratory locust , is a subspecies of the migratory locust ( l. migratoria ) in the family acrididae .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it occurs in most of africa south of the sahara desert , but its main breeding ground , and the original source of most plagues , is on the floodplains of the niger river in west africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "much of the time this locust adopts a solitary lifestyle , but under certain conditions it becomes gregarious ; the young nymphs , known as hoppers , form bands that move together and the adult insects form swarms that may reach plague proportions .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "plagues of this locust took place from 1891 to 1903 and again from 1928 to 1941 .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "after many years without outbreaks of the insects , further plagues occurred in the last two decades of the twentieth century . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "african migratory locust", "paragraphs": ["3 . taxonomy scientific name migratory locust : locusta migratoria tree locust : anacridium melanorhodon family : acrididae order : orthoptera 2 . tree locust1 . migratory locust tree locust migratory locust\nobjectives : to maintain on an international basis the preventive control of the african migratory locust and to extend such control to other species of migratory acrididae .\nin 1988 , african migratory locusts crossed the atlantic ocean and reached the american continent . but unlike migratory birds , which are capable of active navigation , the migratory locusts are mainly drifted by the wind .\nthe responses of the african migratory locust locusta migratoria migratorioides r . & f . to the chemical composition of the soil at oviposition .\nfig . 2 . distribution range of african migratory locust : outbreak area = red , invasion area = blue ; distribution range of tree locust = yellow .\n2 ) the organisation shall undertake research on the african migratory locust in order to determine the ecological factors involved in its multiplication and behaviour .\nspread of a migratory locust plague in madagascar . pp . 242 . in :\nplague and recession periods of the desert locust and of the malagasy migratory locust , 1880 - 2000 .\nprice re & brown hd ( 1992 ) . incubation and overwintering in the egg stage of the african migratory locust on the highveld of south africa .\nthe responses of the african migratory locust locusta migratoria migratorioides r . & f . to the chemical composition of the soil at oviposition . - pubmed - ncbi\nmigratory locust is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .\nrecent progress in desert and migratory locust management in africa . are preventative actions possible ?\n5 ) the organisation may , subject to prior approval by the council , extend its operations to any other outbreak areas of the african migratory locust that may be recognized .\n( c ) investigation of the conditions of life and of the habits of the african migratory locust , in order to define the factors determining the multiplication and phase transformations .\nare preventive actions possible ? recent progress in desert and migratory locust management in africa . . .\n, the most important and widely distributed sub - species of migratory locust in caucasus and central asia .\n( pdf ) recent progress in desert and migratory locust management in africa . are preventative actions possible ?\n( 1 ) the council shall undertake research on the african migratory locust and determine adequate methods for its control ; for these purposes it may employ such persons or organizations as it may choose .\neconomic importance : at low population densities , the migratory locust is a minor pest . although permanently solitariform in the eastern mediterranean , the behavior of occasional crowded populations is reminiscent of its gregariform subspecies , the african migratory locust , locusta migratoria migratorioides ( reiche and fairmaire ) , with which it can hybridize .\ndescamps , m . , mezzadri , d . : preliminary study of a focus of gregarization of the african migratory locust in the sudan area ( sikasso region , mali ) [ in french ] . locusta\nconvention regarding the supervision and preventive control of the african migratory locust , paris , may 15 , 1952 . cmd . 8820 . ( london : h . m . s . o . , 1952 . )\n1 ) an international administrative council for the surveillance and preventive control of the african migratory locust ( hereinafter referred to as the\ncouncil\n) is hereby established consisting of representatives designated by the contracting governments .\nthe convention on migratory species ( the bonn convention ) which provides for agreements between states to co - operate on the protection of species such as migratory raptors and waterbirds .\n3 . east african region\u2014ethiopia , djibouti , somali republic , sudan , kenya , tanzania and uganda .\na service provided by the locust and other migratory pests group to monitor the world - wide locust situation and keep affected countries and donors informed of expected developments .\n1 ) the organisation shall exercise continuous surveillance and preventive control of the african migratory locust in the outbreak area already recognized on the niger . such control operations shall include in particular the destruction of all concentrations of this locust which threaten to develop into incipient bands and swarms .\nour research group uses two different species of migratory locusts : the european migratory locust locusta migratoria and the african schistocerca gregaria . both are quite big animals with easily accessible neuromuscular structures . they are simple to handle and to breed and can be easily stimulated to move . due to the animals ' size their observation does not require considerable implementations .\npredation impact of cattle egret ( bubulcus ibis ) on migratory locust ( locusta migratoria capito ) and red locust ( nomadacris septemfasciata ) in south and southwest regions of madagascar .\n( 1 ) an international administrative council for the supervision and preventive control of the african migratory locust ( hereinafter referred to as the\ncouncil\n) is hereby established consisting of representatives designated by the contracting governments or the participating authorities , or both .\nsummary of provisions : ( a ) an international african locust organization ( art . 1 ) and an international administrative council for the surveillance and preventive control of the african migratory locust established ( art . 2 ) ; ( b ) the organization to maintain constant surveillance and control in the recognized outbreak area on the niger , to undertake research into the ecology of the locust and to develop the most economical methods of control ( art . 3 ) .\nby this convention there is established an organisation called \u201cthe international african locust organisation\nor in french\nl ' organisation internationale contre le criquet migrateur africain\n.\nproceedings of the 10th sarccus subcommittee for migratory pest control , windhoek , namibia 2 - 6 june 1997 .\nthis presentation about wild locust ( migratory locust ) . this ppt discuss the topic about taxonomy , life stages , life history , damage and controls contact email : mzeeshan _ 93 @ urltoken\n( 3 ) at the request of any participating authority whose territory is affected by the spreading beyond the outbreak areas of an invasion of the african migratory locust , the council shall assist in any measures that may become necessary for the destruction of swarms at the earliest possible stage .\n. some pictures of the recent migratory locust invasion in madagascar . swarms : a , b , c d , f ( photos m . lecoq ) and\nproceedings of the 7th sarccus subcommitteee for migratory pest control , mbabane , swaziland . 6 - 9th june , 1994 .\n. nationality , south african . schooling , durban and pretoria , qualifications : b . sc ( hons ) degree , rhodes university , grahamstown ( 1955 ) ; d . sc degree , university of stellenbosch ( 1964 ) . lifelong career as entomologist , specialising in locust and grasshopper research . internationally known acridologist specialising in southern african and madagascar locust management problems .\n5 . west african region\u2014chad , dahomey , cameroun , gambia , ivory coast , mali , mauritania , niger , senegal and upper volta .\nnative to australia , the migratory locust is a large , heavily built insect . its colour ranges from green or brown when solitary to straw - coloured when swarming .\nbarnes , o . l . : effects of food plants on the lesser migratory grasshopper . j . econ . ent .\nthere are three other plague species of locust in africa south of the sahara : the african migratory locust , the red locust and the brown locust . all these species have one important difference in common from the desert locust . whereas the desert locust can form large populations leading to plagues in several geographically separate parts of its distribution , the other african species have been shown to have more restricted outbreak areas . this knowledge has been used to prevent further plagues in the first two species by siting control organisations in or near the outbreak areas . these organisations have kept populations small and restricted . figure 7 compares the annual fluctuations in the number of countries infested from 18871 970 .\n( 2 ) the council shall exercise supervision and preventive control in outbreak areas already recognized or which will be recognized ; for this purpose one or more international services for the control of the african migratory locust ( hereinafter referred to as the\nservices\n) shall be created under the direction of the council .\nmigratory locusts are the world\u2019s most widespread locust species , and are found throughout africa , asia and australia . in australia , they are found primarily in queensland\u2019s central highlands , though smaller populations are found as far south as northern new south wales . swarms of migratory locusts damage pasture and crops .\nowing to the seasonal nature of locust outbreaks , control is undertaken by temporary staff . the low human population density , unoccupied farms and a vast breeding area of a quarter million square kilometres contribute to the fact that locusts can breed and mature unnoticed . furthermore , the development of irrigation areas close to the traditional breeding grounds of the brown locust and the african migratory locust has created a situation in which crop farmers also have problems with locust swarms .\nthe migratory locust is the most widespread locust species . they use to be common in europe but have died out and are currently found in africa , asia and australia . migratory locusts go through two phases : the solitary phase and the migratory phase . solitary larvae are green or brown and adults are brown with green markings , depending on the vegetation it feeds on . its wings are completely transparent . they often seek heated areas and colonize in steppes and savannahs with little or no tree cover . when stimulated , they change to the migratory phase . gregarious ( or migratory ) larvae are yellow with orange colors on their body covered by black spots . as adults they are brownish with yellow markings and are smaller than the solitary adults .\nalthough the desert locust is considered to be the most important species of locust due to its ability to migrate over large distances and rapidly increase its numbers , there are several other important species of locusts throughout the world : \u25e6 african migratory locust ( locusta migratoria migratorioides ) - africa ; \u25e6 oriental migratory locust ( locusta migratoria manilensis ) - south - east asia ; \u25e6 red locust ( nomadacris septemfasciata ) - eastern africa ; \u25e6 brown locust ( locustana pardalina ) - southern africa ; \u25e6 italian locust ( calliptamus italicus ) , from western europe to central asia ; \u25e6 moroccan locust ( dociostaurus maroccanus ) - north - west africa to asia ; \u25e6 bombay locust ( nomadacris succincta ) - south - west to south - east asia ; \u25e6 australian plague locust ( chortoicetes terminifera ) - australia ; \u25e6 tree locusts ( anacridium sp . ) - africa , mediterranean , near east .\nthere are 7 permanent habitat areas of migratory locust in the russian federation and in central asia countries , and the most active are balkhash - alakol lakes , amu darya river and , more recently northern caspian and dagestan regions . the migratory locust is a rather strict oligophagous , preferring wild grasses ( e . g . reed , couch - grass ) .\nserved as founder member on the southern african migratory pest control subcommittee of sadc / sarccus ( 1970 - 1997 ) . associate member transvaal museum ( 1987 - ) . since 1995 serving on fao pesticide referee group meetings in rome . technical advisor on locust trial protocols to the registrar of agricultural remedies ( act 36 / 1947 ) and scientific advisor on locust policy committee to the south african and mozambican national departments of agriculture and fisheries . invited guest speaker on numerous occasions at congresses , seminars and regional organisations like sadc / sarccus .\nthe main migrant pests which threaten food crops , are three species of locusts ( brown locust , african migratory locust , and red locust ) , a moth caterpillar - the african armyworm , and red - billed quelea birds . control of these pests before they become a serious problem is the major management strategy . another is to establish the current distribution and pest status , especially in the case of armyworm where the sudden appearance , rapid development and disappearance of the insect calls for quick action , so that the necessary preventive action can be taken immediately . effective cross - border communication is vital to containing outbreaks .\nkrall s ( 1994 ) importance of locusts and grasshoppers for african agriculture and methods for determining crop losses . in krall s , wilps h ( eds ) new trends in locust control . ro\u00dfdorf : tz - verl - ges\nwaloff z ( 1976 ) some temporal characteristics of desert locust plagues . anti - locust memoir no . 13 . anti - locust research centre , london , uk .\nbullen ft ( 1969 ) the distnbution of the damage potential of the desert locust ( schistocerca gregaria forsk ) j . anti - locust memoir 10 , anti - locust research centre , london\nthe israeli migratory locust population is similar to another population that is established in irrigated localities in central arabia . solitariform l . migratoria may occur in low numbers on field crops and grasses during summer and autumn in israel , disappearing in winter .\nwaloff , z . : the upsurges and recessions of the desert locust plague : an historical survey . anti - locust mem .\nwaloff z ( 1966 ) the upsurges and recessions of the desert locust plague : an historical survey . anti - locust memoir no . 8 . anti - locust research centre , london , uk .\nsouth africa ' s international obligations stem , in the first instance , from its responsibility to neighbouring states . swarms of migratory locusts , particularly the brown locust , are endemic to the arid regions of south africa and could cause crop and pasture losses in neighbouring states . should such a situation occur , south africa would have no alternative but to take preventative measures in the interest of maintaining its relations and fostering economic co - operation with other southern african countries .\nfew studies have examined the impacts of anti - locust insecticides on the african environment . however , it has been ascertained through studies in mali , sudan , morocco , and senegal that have determined that terrestrial and aquatic life could , depending on the insecticide , be adversely affected .\nprovincial conservation authorities and departments of agriculture must assist with the management of the locust problem by monitoring and reporting locust outbreaks within their regions .\nkrall s . , herok c . ( 1997 ) economics of desert locust control . in : new strategies in locust control . birkh\u00e4user basel\n( en ) since 1997 , madagascar suffers from a major invasion of the migratory locust that developed from the outbreak area located in the southwest of the country . significant outbreaks of the red locust also required many control measures . since 1998 the responsibility of the control operations was transferred from the department of plant protection to the\nnational committee for locust control\n. . . [ show full abstract ]\nnorth african winter . a cold 1988 - 1989 winter in north africa stopped the expected eastward movement of swarms along the mediterranean coast before they could turn south with northerly spring winds to the breeding areas of the northern sahel .\nlocust control in africa has been the focus of considerable controversy over the last 15 yean . many aspects were called into question following the last large plagues of 1987 - 88 ( desert locust ) and 1996 - 2000 ( malagasy migratory locust ) , starting with the hitherto recommended preventive strategy , along with the environmental impact of insecticides used , and even the real socioeconomic . . . [ show full abstract ]\nmigratory locust is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 . however , by law , everyone has a general biosecurity obligation ( gbo ) to take reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risks associated with invasive plants and animals under their control .\nshowler , a . t . 1995a . desert locust control , public health , and environmental sustainability in north africa , pp . 217 - 239 . in w . d . swearingen & a . bencherifa [ eds . ] , the north african environment at risk . westview press , boulder , co .\nthe group termed\nmigratory locusts\nconsists of only about 10 species within the 20000 species of locusts worldwide . so they comprise only a small minority of locusts , but of course an important one .\nthe term\nmigratory locust\ndoes not indicate a systematic but a biological description . consequently , a great variety of more or less related species were labelled with this term . the common denominator of these species is their ability to form large swarms and to override large distances .\n4 ) the organisation may also be entrusted with surveillance , research and preventive control relating to all other species of migratory acrididae of which bands or swarms may be formed in the outbreak area on the niger .\nheifetz , y . , applebaum , s . w . , and popov , g . b . 1994 . phase characteristics of the israeli population of the migratory locust , locusta migratoria ( l . ) ( orthoptera : acrididae ) . journal of orthoptera research 2 : 15 - 20 .\ntable 2 : year wise locust upsurge data of india from 1963 to 2012 .\naccepted scientific research methodology must be adhered to in locust - control research programmes .\nmonitoring of the locust situation should be done by all states within the sadc .\nbrown hd & kieser me ( 1997 ) . locust control with deltamethrin . in\ndiallo d . ( eds ) . new strategies in locust control . birkh\u00e4user ,\njoffe s . 1995 . desert locust management : a time for change . world\npeveling r . , ba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust\npopov g . b . 1997 . atlas of desert locust breeding habitats . food\nba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust control . birkh\u00e4user ,\n( serville ) , in tanganyika and northern rhodesia . anti - locust bull .\nthe discovery of \u2018outbreak areas\u2019 of several species of locusts , and the influence of these discoveries on the setting up and organization of preventive control , have been described by uvarov 1 . for the african migratory locust , locusta migratoria migratorioides ( r . and f . ) , the outbreak area , first indicated by lean 2 , was defined in detail at the fifth international anti - locust conference 3 in 1938 . it has since been assumed that outbreaks of this species originate in this circumscribed area in which both population - increases and phase - transformation occur . on the basis of this information , a permanent international preventive control organization was formed 4 .\nknown for introducing innovative field management technologies for locust control in southern africa , compatible with global priorities . has field experience with 5 locusts ( ie . brown locust ,\nlocust survey and control are primarily the responsibility of the ministry of agriculture in locust affected countries and are operations undertaken by national locust units . there are also several regional locust organizations that assist with survey and control operations . during times of outbreaks and plagues , external assistance from the donor community and other international organizations is usually required .\nsolitarious adult occur at low density or individually , starts flying after dusk on warm evening and can migrate long distances during night . during day time they fly or flush only when disturbed and fly low , settle quickly , eats it own weight of food per day ( about 2 . 5 gm ) and are generally bigger than its gregarious counterparts . the desert locust has no fixed or static outbreak area where a swarming population can be observed and controlled , as in the case of the red locust and the african migratory locust . on the contrary , the desert locust is able to breed , when suitable conditions prevail , in any part of its distribution area . the desert locust is one of the most difficult insects to control on a national basis due to the vastness of its distribution area , pronounced adaptability to utilize wide range of environmental conditions , migratory nature and the potential ability of swarms to fly thousands of kilometers , and the speed at which they can move from one part to another . thus the presence of swarms in any country is a threat to other countries , even though these countries may be thousands of kilometers away from the source of invasion . this fact calls for the importance of international cooperation in desert locust control .\nregular outbreaks of migrant pests annually threaten the food security of the member countries of the southern african development community ( sadc ) , such as angola , botswana , drc , lesotho , namibia , malawi , mozambique , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia and zimbabwe .\na gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust schistocerca gregaria .\ndesert locust threat in the sahel 2012 - informal donors ' meeting presentatio . . .\nparties involved in locust control can be held liable for damage caused by control operations .\nsteedman a ( ed ) ( 1990 ) locust handbook . chatham : natural resources institute\nfao . 1994 . desert locust guidelines ( five volumes ) . rome : fao .\nferent from that of the desert locust ( fig . 2 ) ( see lecoq 1995\nkrall s . , wilps h . 1994 . new trends in locust control . deutsche\nroffey , j . : the build up of the present desert locust plague . pans\nthe desert locust remains a major threat for food safety and social stability , in particular for many rural populations living from an agriculture at high climatic risk . to control the invasions represents a high cost for the affected countries , the international community and a threat for the environment . fao and its locust and others migratory pests group play , at the international level , an . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhas worked in the field in 13 different african countries and additionally in madagascar . 40 publications to date , encompassing taxonomy , biology , ecology , chemical control , product evaluation , alternative control strategies ( baiting & use of bio - insecticides ) , mapping and forecasting locust outbreaks . technology transfer and dissemination of locust management information carried out on behalf of fao , sadc / sarccus , usaid , gtz and danida international organisations , serving as training facilitator in botswana , mozambique and namibia . has carried out consultancies for botswana , namibia , south african and malagasy governments together with numerous multi - national chemical companies . earlier experience for doctoral project included biological control and integrated pest management of wheat aphids in cereal crops in the free state province .\ncompeting pressures . outbreaks of the senegalese grasshopper across the sahel compounded the challenges posed by the desert locust plague . the sahel is periodically threatened by drought and pests , and conservation of its subsistence agriculture was imperative . similarly , north african national economies depend heavily on agricultural production ; the locust plague placed their subsistence and valuable export crops at risk . also , because north africa did not harbor major breeding areas , efforts were aimed at crop protection there .\ncontrol in north africa . swarms were controlled in north africa before they could breed and move on to the sahel . north african countries had more resources for locust control than most other locust affected countries and did not experience simultaneous grasshopper outbreaks . in the fall of 1988 alone , about one million ha were sprayed in morocco ; by november up to 81 , 0000 ha were being treated per day . algerian and tunisian control operations eliminated those swarms that escaped .\nlocust swarm in southern spain , autumn 2004 . picture provided by alvaro molina , spain .\nsymmons p ( 1992 ) strategies to combat the desert locust . crop protection 11 : 206\u2013212\nfao 1968 . desert locust project . final report . report no . fao / sf :\nherok c . a . , krall s . 1995 . economics of desert locust control .\nmanagement of the desert locust . pp . 19 . in : aaai ( ed . )\nstrategy for the control of the desert locust . pp . 467 - 473 . in :\n( 2 ) the authorities of any other territory in africa affected by the african migratory locust may be invited jointly by the signatory governments to become a participating authority by an invitation addressed through the diplomatic channel to the government responsible for the international relations of the said territory . if the said government accepts the invitation , it shall accede to the present convention so far as concerns the aforesaid territory by means of a notification addressed to the government of the french republic and the said government shall become a party to the present convention and the appropriate authorities of the aforementioned territory shall become a participating authority as from the date of receipt of that notification .\na pronounced desert locust outbreak began in late 1992 along the red sea coastal plains of sudan and eritrea following several years of drought . swarms that escaped control moved across the red sea to the tihama region of yemen and saudi arabia where breeding conditions also were favorable . during the next three months , desert locust populations increased on both sides of the red sea coast and swarms then moved to southeastern egypt . swarms from the red sea coastal lowlands moved to and bred in saudi arabia ' s interior . in may and june , 1993 , locust populations in eritrea , sudan , and yemen developed into a serious outbreak , and swarms from sudan ' s coast moved to the interior of that country where breeding continued . to complicate matters , there were concurrent outbreaks of african migratory locusts in ethiopia and northern somalia , and tree locusts in sudan and eritrea .\nprice re & brown hd ( 1997 ) . locust control by means of selective baiting . in\nbrown hd ( 1997 ) . the reappearance of the red locust in southern africa during 1996 .\nthere are basically four approaches to locust control , not all of which are desirable or practical .\nin : krall s . , wilps h . ( eds ) new trends in locust control :\nkrall s . , herok c . , 1997 . economics of desert locust control . pp .\nkrall s . , peveling r . , ba diallo d . 1997 . new strategies in locust\ns . , peveling r . , ba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust\nsymmons p . 1997 . desert locust control strategies . pp . 445 - 452 . in :\nrainey rc ( 1963 ) meteorology and the migration of desert locusts . applications of synoptic meteorology in locust control . anti - locust memoir no . 7 . anti - locust research centre , london , uk , and wmo technical note . no . 54 . world meteorological organization , geneva , switzerland .\nfigure 1 : the invasion and recession areas of the desert locust ( after waloff , 1966 ) .\nkrall s . , peveling r . , ba diallo d . ( eds ) new strategies in locust\ndesert locust threat to agricultural development and food security and fao / international role in its . . .\nuvarov bp ( 1937 ) biological and ecological basis of locust phases and their practical application . proceedings 4th international locust conference , cairo , 1936 , appendix 7 . government press , bul\u00e2q , cairo , egypt .\n2 . 6 any person who executes locust control must be in possession of a certificate issued by the national department of agriculture , which certifies that he / she has successfully completed a course in locust control .\nlocust swarms can vary from less than one square kilometre to several hundred square kilometres . there can be at least 40 million and sometimes as many as 80 million locust adults in each square kilometre of swarm .\nthe migratory locust is mainly graminivorous , occupying the grass cover near the ground . river , lake and sea banks with plantings of reeds and sedges , particularly phragmites communis , form its main habitat . such regions are often surrounded by steppe and desert areas . most outbreak areas are in the deltas of rivers flowing into the black , caspian and aral seas and into lake balkash , the danube delta being the most westerly one for this sub - species . it is known to fly at night . most migratory flights are local and oviposition takes place in same general area but occasionally , depending on weather conditions , massive movement of swarms occurs , spreading over hundreds of kilometres into the surrounding territories .\ntsyplenkov e . p . 1970 . locust pests in the ussr . leningrad : kolos . 272 pp .\nlocust control should support sustainable agriculture and therefore take into account the environment , human resources and economic constraints .\ndecisions on locust - management procedures must be made as close as possible to the beneficiaries and affected parties .\nfig . 1 . distribution range of desert locust : green = recession area , yellow = outbreak area .\nstudies on insect growth regulators for locust control , especially diflubenzuron ( dimilin ) , are being carried out .\ngunn , d . l . : the biological background of locust control . ann . rev . ent .\nvesey - fitzgerald , d . f . : the vegetation of the outbreak areas of the red locust ,\nthere have been attempts to characterize crop losses due to locusts on national or regional levels based upon hard cash harvest profits , then to arrive at the conclusion that losses are not important enough to warrant control operations . analysis of cash economics , however , is incomplete without reflecting upon the inestimable value of the subsistence farmer and the subsistence agrarian society , ramifications of damage to pastureland and fodder ( e . g . , defoliation of fodder trees ) , and the expense of additional food aid from the international donor community . care must also be taken to avoid separating the cost of locust damage from other factors that are often associated with , or even linked to , locust inflicted injury . such factors ( e . g . , drought , striga , stalkborers , grasshoppers , concurrent outbreaks of other locusts [ e . g . , african migratory , tree , and moroccan locusts ] , armyworm , and quelea birds ) compound or are compounded by locust damage ( showler 1995c ) .\na general descriptive chronology of locust movements is presented ( it is too cumbersome to provide such a chronology for the 1986 - 1989 plague ) in the following paragraphs to illustrate some ways in which locust population dynamics work .\naccording to article 8 of the agricultural pests act of 1983 ( act no . 36 of 1983 ) , the minister of agriculture can , with funding provided by parliament , adopt certain measures to control migratory locusts , hoppers and eggs . the minister delegated these functions to officials in his department in 1985 .\nthe agricultural pests act , 1983 ( act no . 36 of 1983 ) should be reviewed and amended in order to facilitate the implementation of the proposed policy , enable the publication of control measures ( annexure a ) , and incorporate the control of other migratory pests to give protection to all relevant parties .\ncontrolling desert locust outbreaks and plagues with insecticides can , of course , pose environmental hazards . in particular , reactive campaigns are neither economically desirable nor environmentally advisable . insecticide applications occur throughout a gradient of ecosystems : xeric desert , lush coastal hills , fertile mediterranean flatlands , wetlands , islands , mountains , steppes , wadis ( riverbeds ) , and oases . habitat destruction for african flora and fauna from overgrazing , deforestation , and other unsustainable practices has caused ecological disruption that could be compounded by massive emergency insecticide applications . some environments are particularly vulnerable to the introduction of toxins , especially coastal wetlands , wadis , and oases which provide critical habitats for migratory avian species in addition to more stationary indigenous species . wildlife is at risk because it cannot be excluded from sprayed areas .\n11 . it may also be noted that after the upsurge of 1978 the frequency of upsurges is declining and the period when the desert locust population did not increase to such level as to warrant any control increasing from 1 year to seven years . the upsurges during 1986 to 1990 , 1993 and in 1997 may have developed from swarm incursion from the west when the desert locust infestations were present in middle east and african countries and that india lies on the last lag of eastern breeding ground . these upsurges were promptly controlled by using organo - chlorine and organo - phosphate insecticides .\naelga ' s regional training courses generally involve an appropriate mixture of foreign ( non - african instructors ) and african experts to teach trainees from a variety of countries in a particular region . for example , in the fall of 1995 , aelga held a regional training with the international center for insect physiology and ecology ( icipe ) in nairobi , kenya , for two scientists from each of the following countries : egypt , tanzania , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , somalia , uganda , yemen , and sudan . the course , on how to explore for , isolate , characterize , rear , formulate , and develop regulations for biological control agents , involved trainers from canada , the usa , kenya , and icipe .\na gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust schistocerca gregaria . | journal of experimental biology\nmanagement of the locust problem must be transparent and the parties involved in the management process must be held accountable .\ndriver supervisors must attend the official training programme before they may be employed for the locust - control programme . only pesticides registered under act no . 36 of 1947 and approved application equipment are used for locust - control operations .\nthe commando or a similar system must be maintained and upgraded according to policy guidelines for controlling the locust problem .\nregional depots should be autonomous regarding the technology and administration at their disposal to implement effective locust - control measures .\ndesert locust forecasting . pp . 27 - 36 . in : krall s . , peveling r . , ba\nill - defined responsibilities . some sahelian countries showed little capacity for intervening in their remote northern breeding areas , arguing that breeding did not immediately threaten their own crops . such breeding , however , did pose an immediate threat to neighboring countries . adjacent countries , however , usually were not allowed to conduct cross - border survey and control operations . in particular , north african concerns for their high value cash crops arose from vulnerability to locust invasions emanating from breeding areas in the sahel .\nthe current role of organised agriculture is limited to the nomination of three individuals in a locust district , of whom one is appointed by the executive officer as district locust control officer ( dlco ) for a period of three years .\nthe national monitoring system and database regarding the occurrence of locusts and size of swarms in south africa are managed by the district locust - control officers . the information collected is analysed in south africa by the plant protection research institute of the agricultural research council and sent to neighbouring states within the southern african development community ( sadc ) . an early warning system is being developed jointly by the university of the witwatersrand and the institute for climate , soil and water of the agricultural research council .\nas a rule , the migration of l . migratoria is more limited than that of the desert locust , schistocerca gregaria ( forskal ) . isolated migratory locusts fly at night , whereas crowded adults fly mainly by day . isolated locusts have 1 - 2 more larval instars than individuals in crowded populations , but this does not prolong their development , which is more rapid than when crowded . in consequence locusts in crowded populations raise fewer generations .\n- food security program in madagascar ) . this map of the southern part of the island depicts areas that received locust\nnymph bands are the best targets for ground spraying using agricultural chemicals . migratory locusts readily form nymph bands , which can best be seen early morning and late afternoon from the air or from raised areas . large nymph bands can be sprayed with boom sprays . isolated and small areas can be sprayed using misting machines or knapsack sprayers .\none of the two major forms of migratory locusts . the swarms can only form into a swarm when the animals are in their\ngregarious\nphase . normally , the locusts live\nsolitarily\nand only meet by accident or when searching a mate . but certain conditions lead to an outbreak and a formation of such large swa\nother countries do not pass on timely information about locust activities . in most cases , cross border operations are not permitted . for example , it is very unlikely that mali or niger would allow the crop protection service of algeria to operate within their border ( though this has occurred nonetheless when algeria conducted control operations just inside the malian border during the 1986 - 1989 plague . one the other hand , regional locust survey and control organizations are allowed to operate wherever they are invited ( within their mandate countries ) . the force maghrebine , composed of north african and mauritanian teams , has carried out survey and control in mali .\none of the mandates of the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) of the united nations is to provide information on the general locust situation to all interested countries and to give timely warnings and forecasts to those countries in danger of invasion . therefore , fao operates a centralized desert locust information service within the locust group at fao headquarters , rome , italy . all locust affected countries transmit locust data to fao who in turn analyze this information in conjunction with weather and habitat data and satellite imagery in order to assess the current locust situation , provide forecasts up to six weeks in advance and issue warnings on an ad - hoc basis . fao prepares monthly bulletins and periodic updates summarizing the locust situation and forecasting migration and breeding on a country by country basis . these are distributed by email , fax , and post . all locust information is archived at fao headquarters and some of this is available on the internet . furthermore , fao provides training and prepares publications on various aspects of locusts . fao undertakes field assessment missions and coordinates survey and control operations as well as assistance during locust plagues .\nthe sterile insect technique has successfully eradicated tse - tse fly from zanzibar and successfully applied against a number of other fruit fly , moth and screwworm pests . this technology could not be applied for desert locust control due to the life cycle of the desert locust , its vast breeding ground areas and its ability to migrate long distances . the biopesticide developed from entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium acridum used for desert locust particularly hopper control in africa and australia has not been used in india for locust control .\nyou are going to email the following a gregarizing factor present in the egg pod foam of the desert locust schistocerca gregaria .\nb ) to invite any individual or representative of an anti - locust research organisation to attend its meetings as a consultant .\nmagor ji , ceccato p , dobson h . m , pender j , ritchie l et al . ( 2007 ) preparedness to prevent desert locust plagues in the central region : an historical review . desert locust technical series , no . 35 .\nlocust outbreaks must be reported in accordance with the agricultural pests act , 1983 ( act no . 36 of 1983 ) .\nalthough the national department of agriculture has a responsibility in terms of locust control , it remains the responsibility of the land user to report locust concentrations and to be of assistance during control operations , as stipulated by act no . 36 of 1983 .\nall parties must participate in controlling the locust problem to avoid conflict between agriculturists and the general public or the conservation community .\ngunn , d . l . , symmons , p . m . : forcasting locust outbreaks . nature ( lond . )\nwith or without national or regional control organizations , outbreaks became less frequent in many regions or disappeared altogether , because agricultural development destroyed the locusts ' breeding habitats . in china , this breeding habitat was eliminated after a massive engineering scheme to reclaim the flood plain between the yellow and yangtze rivers for irrigated cropping ( chen et al . , 1981 ; farrow , 1984 ) . however , routine monitoring of this region for migratory locust is still carried out . in southern mindanao , transmigration and the development of multi - cropping systems also led to the demise of the grassland habitats of migratory locust in cotobato ( roffey , 1972 ; farrow , 1974a ) . similar developments occurred in other areas , like the central niger flood plain and the deltas of the volga and danube rivers . nevertheless , outbreaks of l . migratoria have continued to arise unpredictably at widely separated locations as a result of other human activities that encourage the formation of grasslands .\nplagues of desert locust , schistocerca gregaria ( f\u00f6rskal ) , have been recognized as a threat to agricultural production in africa and western asia for thousands of years . locust scourges are referred to in the christian bible and the islamic koran , and in some places , locust plagues have been held responsible for epidemics of human pathogens , such as cholera ( this is because of the massive quantities of decomposing locust cadavers that would accumulate on beaches after swarms flew out to sea and drowned ) . published accounts of locust invasions in north africa date back to about ad 811 , but more precise records were apparently not kept until the twentieth century ( showler 1993 ) . since then , it is known that desert locust plagues have occurred sporadically up until the present .\n. . . most recent largescale outbreaks of it occurred in 1986 - 1989 and in 2003 - 2005 , mostly on the african continent [ 4 ] . current locust control operations are mainly based on organophosphorus pesticides as a result of the banning of organochlorines [ 5 ] . the widespread use of such synthetic pesticides has considerable drawbacks , such as the development of insect resistance to insecticides , increased costs , handling hazards , concerns about insecticide residues , and great threats to both human and environmental health [ 6 ] . . . .\na locust outbreak or upsurge is the vaguely defined transition from the innocuous solitary phase to the plague stage which can be localized or cross - regional . during plagues , locust swarms and bands are found on an interregional scale and originate from a number of breeding areas as part of a widespread but interrelated locust breeding and migrating dynamic that can continue for years ( showler 1995b ) .\n5 . information on desert locust migration was not made available to neighboring countries as most of them were not on good terms .\nthis document should be used by all interested parties as the accepted policy for the management of the locust problem in south africa .\nherok c . krall s ( 1995 ) economics of desert locust control . ro\u00dfdorf : tz - verl - ges , 70 pp\na - countries where locust survey and / or control were limited by armed conflict . b - some areas inaccessible because of land mines . c - eritrea was not independent from ethiopia in the 1980s . d - locust invasions occurred but were not sprayed .\nchitin is the most important constituent of the cuticle or exoskeleton of the desert locust . the production of chitin is a continuous process and increases throughout the life of a desert locust , varying from about 1 . 7 % ( of fresh weight of a locust ) during the hopper stage to 2 . 2 % in the young adult and 4 % in a two month old adult .\nthe red locust is found in the sahara desert in africa . they are also known as the ' criquet nomade ' because of its seasonal movement and called the red locust because of the color of its hind wings . the overall color of the red locust is beige and brown . they are never green . red locusts have several clear brown bands on its body . often mistaken for the bird locust , they seek moisture rich environments in seasonal flood plains and grassy lowlands . during swarming , they slowly fly with the wind during daylight hours . the female red locust can produce 70 - 90 eggs that are laid at night in sandy soil .\nduring pre - independence days , each of the princely states and provinces in india had a different administrative set up of its own and it was not possible to put up a common front against locust . there was no coordinated policy or a central coordination organization to destroy locusts , though sporadic attempts were made in restricted areas in a few states or provinces . there was no joint or concerted anti - locust action by all concerned and heavy losses to crops and other vegetation , leading or contributing to serious famines resulted . following the desert locust plague of 1926 - 31 the imperial council of agricultural research sponsored a scheme of research on the desert locust in 1931 . after the termination of the locust scheme in 1939 , the govt . of india established a permanent locust warning organisation with a nucleus staff under the supervision of the then imperial entomologist to the govt . of india . the main functions of the then locust warning organisation were to survey the locust habitats in the desert , issue warning to the states likely to be affected by locusts and to assist them in carrying out control operation in the event of the locust attack . locust control at that time was entirely the responsibility of the local governments even in the desert areas . in october 1946 , with the establishment of the directorate of plant protection , quarantine and storage under the ministry of agriculture , government of india , at new delhi , the locust warning organization was strengthened .\nupsurges are periods in which a widespread and very large increase in locust numbers initiates contemporaneous outbreaks followed by two or more successive seasons of transiens - to - gregarious breeding that occupies an expanding area in complementary breeding areas in the same or neighbouring desert locust regions .\nthe cycles in which locust swarms occur in pest proportions vary between seven and 11 years ( average eight years ) . swarm - free seasons may , however , occur during this period . during the dormant periods , locust populations may , however , erupt sporadically .\nthe policy committee realises that locust control in south africa must be executed cost effectively , with dedication and in an environmentally responsible way .\nlea , a . : natural regulation and artificical control of brown locust numbers . j . ent . soc . s . afr .\npedgley , d . e . , symmons , p . m . : weather and the locust upsurge . weather ( lond . )\nsimpson sj ( 1999 ) a behavioural analysis of phase change in the desert locust . biol rev camb philos soc 74 : 461 - 480\nfao ( 2001d ) appendices by k cressman & hm dobson . desert locust guidelines , vol . 7 . fao , rome , italy .\nvan huis a ( 1994 ) can we combat the desert locust successfully0 proc seminar wageningen , netherlands , 6 - 11 dec 1993 . 11\u201317\npedgley , d . ( ed ) . 1981 . desert locust forecasting manual . london : centre for overseas pest research . 268 pp .\nsteedman , a . ( ed ) . 1990 . locust handbook ( 3rd edition ) . chatham : natural resources institute . 204 pp .\nglobally , about 64 countries representing 20 % of land surface ( approximately 30 million square kilometers ) is subject to ravages of the desert locust during plague period . during recession when desert locust population occurs at low densities infestation is confined to 16 million square kilometers arid areas in 30 countries of north africa , middle east and northwest india . these countries were subjected to periodical invasions of locust swarms which attacked almost all varieties of natural and cultivated vegetation often resulting in famines and immense economic losses . locust invasions are dramatic , sudden , cover large areas in a short period and almost all green in their path is destroyed . it is the destructive potential which is dreaded as locusts come so suddenly in such large numbers and swarm across international boundaries and due to this reason locust invasion attract so much public attention and cause international concern . locusts are invertebrate animals with highly migratory habits , marked polymorphism and voracious feeding behavior . they are able to take rapid advantage of the climate and geography can survive in temperature range from 0 degree to 60 degree and can speed up or slow down their life cycle .\na service provided by the plant production and protection division ( agp ) to monitor locust situations in caucasus and central asia and keep partners informed .\na desert locust swarm can be 460 square miles in size and pack between 40 and 80 million locusts into less than half a square mile ."]}
{"id": 833, "summary": [{"text": "protohippus is an extinct three-toed genus of horse .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was roughly the size of a modern donkey .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "fossil evidence suggests that it lived during the late miocene and early pliocene , from about 14 ma to 6 ma .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "analysis of protohippus '' skull and teeth suggests that it is most closely related to the genus calippus .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "species include : p. vetus p. perditus p. supremus ( also p. simus ) p. gidleyi", "topic": 10}], "title": "protohippus", "paragraphs": ["are we missing a good definition for protohippus ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .\nwhat made you want to look up protohippus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nlate 19th century ; earliest use found in proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . from scientific latin protohippus from proto - + ancient greek \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 horse .\na genus of three - toed quadrupeds related to the ancestors of the modern horse , known from north american fossil remains of the late miocene and early pliocene epochs ; ( also protohippus ) an animal of this genus .\nhey folks ! continuing the series of prehistoric critter short videos , today we have the small , multi - toed horse protohippus . if you ' d like to follow kentrosaur creations elsewhere on the internet , i ' ve got you covered . on youtube you can see time lapse drawings , tutorials and other shenanigans . on instagram and twitter , there ' s progress photos of current work and photos of my cats , on tumblr there will be scans of drawings and news and on facebook there ' ll be a bit of everything . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken music is from the free music archive - urltoken\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y pliometanastes sp .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 , calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) y dinohippus mexicanus ( lance , 1950 ) .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y el xenarthra , megalonychidae , pliometanastes cf .\ngidleyi hulbert , 1988 y calippus hondurensis ( olson & mcgrew , 1941 ) ( valerio , 2010 ; laurito & valerio , 2010 ) y los xenarthra , pampatheriidae , scirrohterium sp .\n( mammalia , perissodacfyla , equidae ) from the miocene ( barstovian - early hemphillian ) of the gulf coastal plain .\nprimer registro fosil de pliometanastes sp . ( mammalia , xenarthra , megalonychidae ) para el mioceno superior de costa rica , america central . una nueva pista en la comprension del pre - gabi\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\nthis page was last edited on 22 january 2016 , at 05 : 15 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . leidy . 1858 . notice of remains of extinct vertebrata , from the valley of the niobrara river , collected during the exploring expedition of 1857 , in nebraska , under the command of lieut . g . k . warren , u . s . top . eng . , by dr . f . v . hayden , geologist to the expedition . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 10 : 15 - 89\na genus of fossil horses from the lower pliocene . they had three toes on each foot , the lateral ones being small"]}
{"id": 835, "summary": [{"text": "the dsinezumi shrew ( crocidura dsinezumi ) , also known as the japanese white-toothed shrew , is a species of musk shrew found in japan and on korea 's jeju island .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is widespread , and considered to be of \" least concern \" by the iucn .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "there has been a successful effort to breed c. dsinezumi as a laboratory animal . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "dsinezumi shrew", "paragraphs": ["the domestication of crocidura dsinezumi as a new laboratory animal . - pubmed - ncbi\nmanuel ruedi , tiziano maddalena , peter vogel , y . obara ; systematic and biogeographic relationships of the japanese white - toothed shrew ( crocidura dsinezumi ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 74 , issue 3 , 20 august 1993 , pages 535\u2013543 , urltoken\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ndsinezumi shrew\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nthe dsinezumi shrew ( crocidura dsinezumi ) , a small insectivore , has been bred for the first time as a laboratory animal . the original animals were captured using sherman ' s live traps and transferred into wooden cages . after several generations they were housed in plastic cages . their diet consisted of trout pellets , cat food , and water provided ad libitum . monogamous pairs were housed together for 2 - 3 weeks for mating , and the male was separated from the female during delivery and nursing . in captivity , the reproductive activity was observed throughout the year and the gestation period was estimated at 28 - 30 days with a litter size of between 1 and 4 pups . pups grew very rapidly , and reached adult body size ( mean : male , 9 . 7 g ; female , 8 . 3 g ) and sexual maturation at 6 - 8 weeks of age . the reproductive life was estimated at one and a half years , while the longevity was approximately 2 years .\ncomments : the spelling of the name was clarified by corbet ( 1978b ) and motokawa ( 1999 ) ; dsinezumi was placed on the official list of specific names ; see the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( 1983 ) . includes chisai , but not quelpartis and orii ; see corbet ( 1978c ) and iwasa et al . ( 2001 ) . the taxon hosletti described by jameson and jones ( 1977 ) from taiwan is now included in c . shantungensis ( see jiang and hoffmann , 2001 ) . geographic variation of japanese populations studied by motok . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern as the species is common and widespread , and there are no major threats .\nthis species is endemic to japan . it is found on honshu , shikoku , kyushu , mishima island , oki islands , sado island , izu islands , tane island , yaku island , nakanoshima island ( tokara islands ) , okinoshima island ( fukuoka prefecture ) and other small islands in japan . populations on hokkaido and cheju island ( republic of korea ) are introduced from northern honshu and northern kyushu , respectively ( ohdachi et al . 2004 ) . it occurs from sea level up to less than 1 , 000 m asl .\nit is found along river banks , waterfronts , and in bushes around cultivated lands at low - lying elevations ( abe et al . 2005 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t40627a115176222 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\njapan . honshu , shikoku , kyushu and several adjacent islands : sadogashima , awashima , oki islands , izu islands ( toshima , niijima , and shikinejima is . ) , mishima , goto islands , osumi islands ( yakushima , tanegashima , and kuchinoerabujima is . ) , tokara islands ( kuchinoshima and nakanoshima is .\nriver banks , bushes around cultivated fields in lowland and low montane regions ( < 1780m alt . )\ncheju is . ( south korea ) . dna sequence data suggested that the origin of the cheju population is somewhere in western japan .\nohdachi et al . ( eds ) ( 2009 ) the wild mammals of japan . shokado , kyoto .\nohdachi et a . ( 2004 ) molecular phylogenetics of crocidura shrews ( insectivora ) in east and central asia . j mammal . 85 , 396 - 403 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nohno k 1 , niwa y , kato s , koyasu k , oda s , kondo k .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 836, "summary": [{"text": "acanthophila silvania is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in russia , where it is known only from the southern part of primorsky krai .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11.5-12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark grey with a light grey oblique line at three-fourths of the wing length and four blackish spots , found at the middle and end of the cell , at one-fourth and at the middle of the anal fold .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are also three spots at the middle of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "these are edged by light scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apex and termen are outlined by blackish scales at first , and by whitish scales further on .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "acanthophila silvania", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for silvania definition . you find here silvania meaning , synonyms of silvania and images for silvania copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word silvania . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word silvania and , of course , silvania synonyms and on the right images related to the word silvania .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nsacullus with lobe on ventral margin at the middle . aedeagus with 3 cornuti : o\napices of right and left dorsal cornuti are level with one another ( figs 3 , 4 ) . .\neuparal , m . ponomarenko ) , same locality , 15 , 21 . vii 1990\non the upper margin ; third segment with narrow whitish stroke on the upper margin .\nthe base of right cornuti . pair of right cornuti with common base , arising from near\nix and viii segments almost 2 times longer than length of papillae anales . papillae\nvinculum , and by aedeagus with four cornuti in male genitalia . in female genitalia\nshorter , needle - like and straight . lateral left cornutus slightly sinuous , thicker and\ngrey on outer and inner sides without whitish scales at the top of every segment .\n[ tibet ] ) ; li , 2002 : 378 , fig . 429 ; pl\nupper margin ; third segment dark grey basally only and whitish distally . thorax and\ntrudy an lithuanian ssr 2 ( 74 ) : 77 - 86 . ( in\n, emel & apos ; yanov , i . m . 1984 . [ rev\nin : karsholt , o . & razowski , j . ( eds ) .\nin : wytsman , p . ( ed . ) . genera insectorum . bruxelles , 184 :\nin : lerh , p . a . ( ed . ) . opredelitel\u2019 nasekom\nnauka publ . leningrad 4 ( 2 ) : 659 - 748 ( in russian ) .\n. . . diagnosis . the wingspan 14 - 16 mm ; the forewing grey with longitudinal dark - grey strokes ; right cucullus with the strong sclerotized processes , arising from its outer 2 surface , and uncus evenly narrowed distally in the male genitalia ( figs 1 , 2 ) ; ovipositor short , viii sternite sclerotized beyond the ostium and signum emarginated on the anterior and posterior margins in the female genitalia ( figs 3 , 4 ) ( ponomarenko , 1989 ; 1999 ) . material . . . .\ngelechiid fauna of baengnyeongdo , daecheongdo , and yeonpyeongdo in the west sea near north korea , wi . . .\nin the faunistic survey on three islands ( baengnyeongdo , decheongdo , and yeonpyeongdo ) in the northern west sea of the korean peninsula , 37 species of gelechiidae ( gelechioidea ) are recognized . of them , anarsia asymmetrodes park , sp . nov . and aristotelia nesiotatos park , sp . nov . are described as new to science and stenolechia kodamai okada is reported for the first time in korea .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou are currently seeing a feature reduced version of this site , please use a javascript enabled browser for full functionality to be unlocked .\nion contains the organism names related data gathered from the scientific literature for clarivate analytics ' zoological record \u00ae database . viruses , bacteria and plant names will be added from other clarivate databases such as biosis previews \u00ae .\nplease use words like\nwho , what , where , when , why , how , etc . . .\nin your question .\nnothing to ask ? click here for a random , un - answered question .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 838, "summary": [{"text": "the tacarcuna wood quail ( odontophorus dialeucos ) is a species of bird in the family odontophoridae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in colombia and panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tacarcuna wood quail", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for tacarcuna wood - quail ( odontophorus dialeucos ) yet .\n1994 ) . however , these threats are probably not yet factors within this species ' s altitudinal range . completion of the pan - american highway link through dari\u00e9n could lead to severe , long - term damage to forest on the tacarcuna ridge\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n24 cm . plump , brown - and - white forest partridge . brown upperparts vermiculated black . more buffy on hindneck . black crown and crest lightly spotted white . white supercilium , throat and chest with black band on lower throat . rest of underparts buff - brown mottled black .\nthe very small range of this species renders it susceptible to stochastic events and human activities , and hence the species qualifies as vulnerable .\nthe population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : hunting and habitat loss and fragmentation are not yet major issues in this species ' s altitudinal range ; therefore it is suspected that the population is stable within its small range .\nmap remaining habitat and assess the extent and rate of encroaching habitat loss . when the security situation permits , conduct a complete population and distributional survey to assess its status . study the species ' s habitat preferences . assess the impact of completion of the pan - american highway . improve active protection of dari\u00e9n national park . protect occupied habitat in colombia .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : odontophorus dialeucos . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 238 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican ornithologists ' union ' s\nlist of the 2 , 037 bird species ( with scientific and english names ) known from the a . o . u . check - list area\n( aou check - list , 7th edition , updated with supplements 42 - 46 ) , maintained at urltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2005 . 05 . 23 , website ( version 23 - may - 05 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 839, "summary": [{"text": "the pincushion ray or thorny freshwater stingray ( dasyatis ukpam ) is a little-known species of stingray in the family dasyatidae , found in the rivers and lakes of west and middle africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "a heavy-bodied ray measuring up to 1.2 m ( 4 ft ) across , this species can be distinguished by its rounded pectoral fin disk , reduced or absent stinging tail spine , and \u2014 in adults \u2014 numerous stout thorns covering its back and tail .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "in lieu of a long tail spine as in other stingrays , the pincushion ray employs these thorny denticles in defense .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "seldom encountered since it was originally described , this species has been assessed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pincushion ray", "paragraphs": ["distortion correction , e . g . for pincushion distortion correction , s - correction\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\npincushion ray\n.\na warm day , a mass of blooming pincushion daisy exudes a pleasant aroma . the pompom\ndistortion correction , e . g . for pincushion distortion correction , s - correction using active elements\na principal object of the invention is to provide a novel top / bottom pincushion correction circuit .\nautomated and accurate assessment of the distribution , magnitude , and direction of pincushion distortion in angiographic images .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - pincushion ray facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\ngamma - ray photon interacts and deposits energy . when a gamma - ray interacts in a material , there are two principal possible interactions as depicted in\nthe pincushion ray or thorny freshwater stingray ( dasyatis ukpam ) is a little - known species of stingray in the family dasyatidae , found in the rivers and lakes of west africa .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , pincushion ray or thorny freshwater stingray urogymnus ukpam ( smith , 1863 ) . pp . 353 - 354 , tab . 8 . 101 .\nnotes on a movement of young banded stilts . ray garstone and brian jefferies .\nthis invention relates to a beam deflector for use with a cathode ray tube .\n) that typical gamma - ray interactions generate a large number of charge carriers .\nmeng lj . an intensified emccd camera for low energy gamma ray imaging applications .\npincushion distortion as used herein refers to the inward bowing of a rectangular display on the fluorescent screen of the cathode ray tube including such distortion of the horizontal trace lines due to nonuniform vertical deflection .\nmehta d , chand b , singh s , garg m , singh n , cheema t , trehan p . x - ray and gamma - ray intensity measurements in\nanother object of the present invention is to provide an improved cathode ray tube apparatus having two electron beam deflection systems in which pincushion distortion is eliminated from the beam displays in a simple and inexpensive manner .\nanger ho . use of a gamma - ray pinhole camera for in vivo studies .\nautomated and accurate assessment of the distribution , magnitude , and direction of pincushion distortion in angiographic images . - pubmed - ncbi\npincushion millipedes ( diplopoda : polyxenida ) : their aggregations and identity in western australia . by l . e . koch .\nit is a further object of this invention to more efficiently deflect an electron beam while , simultaneously , overcoming pincushion distortion .\nwith the above - described arrangement , separate controls control the three characteristics of the pincushion correction signals applied to multiplier 66 , that is , the amplitude , phase and tilt of the ramp and separate pincushion correction signals are available for independent top and bottom correction . since the controls are not interactive , fast and accurate correction of top and bottom pincushion raster distortion are possible .\nnotes on nesting of gull - billed terns ( gelochelidon nilotica ) . by ray garstone .\nluke pn , eissler ee . performance of cdznte coplanar - grid gamma - ray detectors .\nfacts summary : the pincushion ray ( urogymnus ukpam ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nfishes\nand found in the following area ( s ) : gabon , nigeria , republic of congo .\npetals on pincushion daisy are small and inconspicuous , but what the blooms lack in body , they make up for in fragrance .\nanother object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for independently correcting a raster for top and bottom pincushion distortion .\nmarshall f - h , coltman jw , hunter lp . the photomultiplier x - ray detector .\nwith modern . compact , cathode ray tubes having large deflection angles , a problem of pincushion distortion has been encountered in attempts to accurately display information on the cathode ray tube . this problem has been substantialy lessened by the addition of capacitance in the deflection winding circuit to alter the substantially linear ramp of current into an s shape .\npincushion distortion continues to be a potential problem for the accurate assessment of arterial and catheter dimensions from x - ray angiograms . the authors investigate whether the distortion of state - of - the - art intensifiers is yet small enough to be neglected , and whether the rotation / angulation of the x - ray system plays a significant role .\nsaid deflection winding being positioned in spaced relation to said cathode ray tube for deflecting said electron beam .\nshows the flood histogram of one lyso crystal array of the module . all 64 crystals are clearly identifiable . a pincushion effect is evident from the figure , which is due to nonlinearity caused by the resistive sheet in the psapd . a correction method for this pincushion effect has been proposed in\na further object of the invention is to provide an improved cathode ray tube having two pairs of vertical deflection plates in which an auxiliary deflection plate is employed between the two pairs of plates forwardly of their output ends in order to correct pincushion distortion .\ngiven the aforementioned facts , we ignore insignificant sources of distortion and assume that the uneven gantry sag between the frontal x - ray system and the lateral x - ray system is the only reason accounting for the isocenter offset . by this assumption , we define the imaging geometry as one x - ray system in fixed position with a shift equal to the amount of the isocenter offset in the other x - ray system . figure\naugustine fl . multiplexed readout electronics for imaging spectroscopy of high - energy x - ray and gamma photons .\nbarrett hh , eskin jd , barber hb . charge transport in arrays of semiconductor gamma - ray detectors .\nbell ro , entine g , serreze hb . time - dependent polarization of cdte gamma - ray detectors .\npatt be , beyerle ag , dolin rc , ortale c . developments in mercuric iodide gamma ray imaging .\nas shown in fig . 5a , a rectangular display produced by the upper electron beam passing through vertical deflection plates 30 may be formed with pincushion distortion 94 in its top edge as well as pincushion distortion 96 in its bottom edge due to the nonuniform vertical deflection of the electron beam at the outer extremities of the horizontal sweep . by properly adjusting the voltage on the wallband electrode 88 with variable resistor 92 , the pincushion distortion on the upper edge 94 of such display may be corrected to a straight line 94 ' as shown in fig . 5b . in a single beam cathode ray tube this would also correct the pincushion distortion 96 at the bottom of the display . however in a cathode ray tube having two separate deflection systems as shown on fig . 1 , the wallband electrode pincushion correction does not compensate for the pincushion distortion 96 at the bottom of the display formed by such upper beam . thus as shown in fig . 5b , the pincushion distortion 96 still exists in the bottom edge of the display and there is also some slight distortion 98 in the centerline of the display . the auxiliary deflection plate 44 corrects the pincushion distortions 96 and 98 and results in a final display in which the bottom edge 96 ' and the centerline 98 ' are both straight horizontal lines so that such display is entirely free of pincushion distortion as shown in fig . 5c . it should be noted that the vertical deflection systems are so designed that each deflects its electron beam over the full vertical height of the screen . therefore a similar display to figs . 5a , 5b and 5c is produced by the lower beam except that the pincushion distortion 96 and 98 corrected by the auxiliary deflection plate in this case is reversed and produced on the upper half of the trace while the pincushion distortion 94 corrected by the wallband is on the bottom of the trace .\na further object of the invention is to provide an improved top / bottom pincushion correction circuit that enables rapid and accurate raster correction on the crt .\ncathode - ray oscilloscopes ; oscilloscopes using other screens than crt ' s , e . g . lcd ' s\n2 . the electromagnetic deflection system of claim 1 , further comprising : a cathode ray tube for generating said electron beam ; said deflection winding being positioned in spaced relation to said cathode ray tube for deflecting said electron beam .\ndespite all of the above mentioned solutions in the field of gamma - ray detection as discussed above , there is a strong need for increasing the read - out frequency of the measured scintillations in order to be able to use similar techniques in dr and ct and other applications with rapid arrival of x - ray or gamma - ray photons . advances in systems are therefore strongly desired requiring high - speed and highly - sensitive x - ray detectors .\n] . due to the absence of pincushion distortion in modern x - ray image intensifiers , each projection point should intersect with its corresponding epipolar line , when no system distortion is present . however , due to the presence of the isocenter offset , the projection of reference point\nswitch means for selectively activating said adjustment means for independently controlling pincushion correction of the top and bottom portions of said raster with said two correction signals , respectively .\nthe rusty - tailed flyeater , a new species from queensland . by ray garstone and r . e . johnstone .\nfurenlid lr , clarkson e , marks dg , barrett hh . spatial pileup considerations for pixellated gamma - ray detectors .\nthe distortion is highly dependent upon the actual spatial position of the image intensifier , and correcting for pincushion distortion may therefore introduce larger errors than leaving the measurements uncorrected .\nyellow pincushion . chaenactis glabriuscula dc . var . tenuifolia ( nutt . ) hall ; c . tenuifolia nutt . \u2022 ma . wool waste , roadsides , fields .\narrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the ray or beam , e . g . electron - optical arrangement\nwhen pincushion distortion occurs in cathode ray tubes having large deflection angles , the amplitude of the sinusoidal current flowing in the deflection winding is adjusted and coordinated with the trace portion of the current waveform so that the current waveform flowing in the deflection winding during the trace period is substantially s shaped .\nmagnetic deflection is normally used in cathode ray tubes such as television picture tubes or the like having an electric gun provided to emit electrons toward a fluorescent screen . it is the common practice to deflect an electron beam in a cathode ray tube by a deflection yoke provided around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube . the deflection yoke has a coil portion wound to have a uniform thickness so as to produce a uniform magnetic field deflecting the electron beam in the cathode ray tube . the uniform magnetic field provides a good beam - focusing performance ; however , it tends to cause picture distortion at and near the edges of the screen of the cathode ray tube . in order to correct the picture distortion , the deflection yoke has another coil portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field for deflecting the electron beam in the cathode ray tube . however , the pincushion magnetic field tends to degrade the beam - focusing performance . therefore , the conventional beam deflector cannot correct the picture distortion to a sufficient degree without the significant sacrifice of the beam - focusing performance .\nstill another object of the present invention is to provide an improved cathode ray tube apparatus of the type described above in which the auxiliary deflection plate is connected to a control circuit which produces a correction signal in response to the horizontal sweep signal of such tube in order to automatically correct for pincushion distortion .\nin cathode ray tubes having a single electron beam , it is conventional to correct pincushion distortion by varying the voltage on a wallband electrode coated on the inner surface of the tube envelope and positioned between the output ends of the vertical deflection plates and the fluorescent screen . however in cathode ray tubes having two beams and associated deflection systems , conventional correction of pincushion distortion isnot effective with respect to the bottom portion of the upper beam trace or the top portion of the lower beam trace . this lack of effectiveness is due to the orientation of the two beams as they pass through the field formed by the wallband electrode .\nszeles c , soldner sa , vydrin s , graves j , bale ds . cdznte semiconductor detectors for spectroscopic x - ray imaging .\nbackground of invention the subject matter of the present invention relates generally to electron beam tubes having two beams and associated deflection systems , and in particular to cathode ray tubes having two deflection systems in which an auxiliary deflection plate is positioned between the two pairs of vertical deflection plates at their outputs in order to correct pincushion distortion .\npebble pincushion is a common component of desert vegetation communities in washes and other gravelly and rocky soils . around las vegas , look for this species in washes at lake mead and death valley .\nhunter w , barrett hh , furenlid lr . calibration method for ml estimation of 3d interaction position in a thick gamma - ray detector .\nshah ks , farrell r , grazioso r , harmon es , karplus e . position - sensitive avalanche photodiodes for gamma - ray imaging .\nflowers : flowers in heads at the tip of flower stalks ; white , disk flowers only ( no ray flowers ) ; blooms during spring .\nmeng lj , tan jw , spartiotis k , schulman t . preliminary evaluation of a novel energy - resolved photon - counting gamma ray detector .\ncompagno , l . j . v . 1988 . the birth of a manta ray ? underwater 1988 ( 2nd quarter ) : 19 , ill .\nyellow pincushion is a native of chaparral and woodlands of the peninsular ranges of baja california , mexico . surprisingly , it is known in new england from collections in massachusetts , where it is unlikely to persist .\nhe z , li w , knoll gf , wehe dk , berry j , stahle cm . 3 - d position sensitive cdznte gamma - ray spectrometers .\nschmid gj , beckedahl da , kammeraad je , blair jj , vetter k , kuhn a . gamma - ray compton camera imaging with a segmented hpge .\nthe location and degree of distortion from x - ray images of a centimeter grid , which is positioned against the input screen of the image intensifier , are assessed automatically using image processing techniques . a value for the maximum amount of change in the distortion vector field is derived that allows the estimation of the maximum relative error associated with a diameter measurement uncorrected for pincushion distortion .\nswitch means for selectively activating both said first and said third adjustment means , and both said second and said fourth adjustment means , respectively , for independently controlling pincushion correction of the top and bottom portions of said raster .\nfiorini c , longoni a , perotti f . new detectors for [ gamma ] - ray spectroscopy and imaging , based on scintillators coupled to silicon drift detectors .\nthere is provided , in accordance with the invention , a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen and a neck portion positioned in rear of the screen . the beam deflector comprises a deflection coil provided around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube for producing a deflecting magnetic field . the deflection coil has a front end close to the screen , a first portion wound except for the front end to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion wound at the front end to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nblank - unblank means for allowing said electron beam to reach the face of said cathode ray tube during a substantially s shaped portion of the waveform of said sinusoidal current and inhibiting the electron beam from reaching the face of said cathode ray tube during another portion . of the waveform of said sinusoidal current flowing in said deflection winding .\nbaciak je , he z , devito rp . electron trapping variations in single - crystal pixelated hgi < sub > 2 < / sub > gamma - ray spectrometers .\nbarrett hh , hunter wcj , miller bw , moore sk , chen y , furenlid lr . maximum - likelihood methods for processing signals from gamma - ray detectors .\nnagarkar vv , gupta tk , miller sr , klugerman y , squillante mr , entine g . structured csi ( tl ) scintillators for x - ray imaging applications .\nmoreover , background x - ray scintillation detectors respond to the total amount of light collected on each pixel during a exposure time which may be very long , around 0 . 1 s . this causes several problems . first , there is a randomness , called swank noise , due to the variable amount of light , arising in large part from the random x - ray energy . second , there is a loss of spatial resolution because the light from one x - ray photon can spread to multiple pixels . third , x - ray photons of different energy are attenuated differently as they pass through the patient ' s body , leading to image defects in ct referred to as beam - hardening artifacts . therefore , with the background art it is not possible to take advantage of the information provided by the x - ray photons for optimal diagnosis .\nthese and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawing , the single figure of which is a combined block and schematic diagram of the pincushion correction circuit of the invention .\nas is well - known in the television art , the raster or deflection pattern produced on a spherical face of a cathode ray tube ( crt ) suffers pincushion distortion as the center of deflection of the electron beam deviates from the center of curvature of the screen . with non - spherically faced crt ' s , the effect of pincushion distortion is more pronounced . trapezoidal and other types of distortion are also introduced if the yoke ( deflection winding structure ) is not accurately positioned on the neck of the crt . compounding the problem , is the multi - gun shadow mask type of crt which requires that the plural beams from the electron guns converge at the phosphor target for color purity . the distortion correction circuits of the prior art add appropriate currents to the deflection yokes for straightening the top / bottom , and left and right sides of the scanned raster . as will be apparent to those skilled in the art , the yoke structure itself may be designed to compensate for a portion of the pincushion error . it is common to incorporate a combination of mechanical correction in the yoke with electrical pincushion correction circuitry .\na cathode ray tube having two electron beams and associated deflection systems is described in which an auxiliary deflection plate is employed between two pairs of vertical deflection plates at their outputs to correct pincushion distortion . a correction signal is produced by a control circuit and applied to the auxiliary deflection plate in response to a ramp voltage input corresponding to the horizontal sweep signal . the correction signal is a positive going peak shaped voltage so that the auxiliary deflection plate tends to vertically deflect the beams away from such plate at both the start and end of the horizontal sweep signal to correct pincushion distortion while not deflecting such beam appreciatively at the center of such sweep signal .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , porcupine ray urogymnus asperrimus ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) . pp . 352 - 353 , tab . 8 . 100 .\n) . however , the intrinsic resolution can be improved significantly when operating in a \u201cphoton - counting\u201d mode in which each frame is processed to identify signal clusters arising from individual gamma - ray / x - ray interactions and to estimate the centroids of these clusters . this approach has been demonstrated to yield intrinsic spatial resolutions down to ~ 50 \u03bcm fwhm (\ngeneral : pebble pincushion ( chaenactis carphoclinia ) is an annual forb with with highly dissected basal leaves and several flowering stalks . there may be several white flowers on each stalk . flowers are\nsunflower - type without petals\n( rayless ) .\n, photoelectric absorption and compton scatter . in photoelectric absorption , the gamma - ray photon excites a core electron of one of the atomic constituents of the detector material with the gamma - ray energy dividing between the binding energy of the core electron before excitation and its kinetic energy as it propagates after excitation . the gamma - ray energy lost to the binding energy is left in the form of an empty core hole that relaxes and contributes to the signal via the emission ( and reabsorption ) of a secondary x - ray , a cascade of auger electrons , excitation of vibrations , or combinations thereof . in compton scatter , the gamma - ray interacts with a loosely bound electron and deflects from its original path , in the process conveying some of its energy and momentum to the electron . both the compton - scattered photon and resulting electron continue to propagate and undergo further interactions in the converter material .\nif the energy of the gamma - ray photon is above 1 . 1 mev , which is rare for spect , a third interaction becomes possible , namely the conversion of the photon into an electron and positron in a process known as pair production . within the 30 kev \u2013 250 kev energy range of most spect studies , the energy deposition generally occurs in a cascade with zero , one , or two compton scatters followed by one terminal photoelectric absorption . however , there are a number of mechanisms by which less than the total gamma - ray energy can be deposited in the converter . among the most common are compton - escape , where either the scattered gamma ray or the compton electron leaves the converter material , or escape of the secondary x - ray following photoelectric absorption . these losses are more likely to occur when the gamma - ray interacts close to one of the faces of the detector material .\nit is apparent from the foregoing that the beam deflector of the invention includes a deflection coil 25 which produces a deflecting magnetic field to deflect the electron beam in the cathode ray tube . the deflection coil has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness substantially over the full length of the deflection coil so as to produce a uniform magnetic field when energized and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness only at the front end of the deflection coil so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field . thus , the electron beam emitted from the electron gun toward the screen is subject first to the influence of the uniform magnetic field produced by the first portion of the deflection coil and then to the influence of the pincushion magnetic field produced by the second portion of the deflection coil . under the influence of the uniform magnetic field , the electron beam is deflected without any shape deformation . the pincushion magnetic field is effective to correct the picture distortion caused by the influence of the uniform magnetic field . the pincushion magnetic field tends to deform the shape of the electron beam . the degree to which the electron beam is deformed is dependent on the distance of the screen from the position at which the electron beam is subject to the influence of the pincushion magnetic field . since the second portion is positioned only at the front end of the deflection coil , that is , at a position as close to the screen of the cathode ray tube as possible , the deflection coil of the invention is effective to correct the picture distortion to a sufficient extent and maintain the beam - focusing performance without significant in focusing sacrifice .\na ) schematic representation of the compton - scatter interaction in which a gamma - ray photon transfers part of its energy to an a outer - shell electron ( e \u03b3 > e \u03b3 \u2019 ) . b ) schematic representation of a photoelectric interaction in which a gamma ray transfers all of its energy to the binding energy and residual kinetic energy of a core electron .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , ribbontailed stingray , bluespotted ribbontail or fantail ray taeniura lymma ( forsskael , 1775 ) . p . 352 , tab . 8 . 99 .\nmiller bw , barrett hh , furenlid lr , barber hb , hunter rj . recent advances in bazookaspect : real - time data processing and the development of a gamma - ray microscope .\nzentai g , schieber m , partain l , pavlyuchkova r , proano c . large area mercuric iodide and lead iodide x - ray detectors for medical and non - destructive industrial imaging .\nfig . 4 shows a diagram representing the steps of a method to calculate or estimate positions and the energy of an x - ray interaction according to another aspect of the present invention .\nthe horizontal deflection coil 13 has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness on the cylindrical rear portion , as shown in fig . 7 . this first portion will produce a uniform magnetic field in the cathode ray tube , as shown in fig . 9 . although such a uniform magnetic field is effective to provide a good beam - focusing performance , it will cause picture distortion on and near the edge of the screen of the cathode ray tube . in order to correct the picture distortion , the horizontal deflection coil 13 has a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness on the diverging front portion , as shown in fig . 8 . this second portion will produce a pincushion magnetic field in the cathode ray tube , as shown in fig . 10 . however , the pincushion magnetic field will produce forces to deform the electron beam into a squeezed shape so as to degrade the beam - focusing performance . for this reason , the prior art deflection yoke cannot correct the picture distortion to a sufficient degree without the significant sacrifice of the beam - focusing performance .\nthis invention is related to application ser . no . 001 , 060 , filed 1 / 6 / 87 ( d5585 ) , entitled error signal cancellation for top / bottom pincushion correction circuit , in the name of kirk oliver and assigned to zenith electronics corporation .\nrobins cr , ray gc , and j douglas . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes . the peterson field guide series . houghton mifflin co . , boston . 354 p .\nan individual x - ray or gamma - ray interacting within the scintillator gives rise to many optical photons emitted isotropically , resulting in signals in multiple pixels . despite this signal spread , ccd - and cmos - based detector systems can offer excellent intrinsic spatial resolution ( ~ 250 \u03bcm ) even in integrating mode where the projection image is formed by simply summing the signals from individual frames (\nshah ks , glodo j , klugerman m , moses ww , derenzo se , weber mj . labr < sub > 3 < / sub > : ce scintillators for gamma - ray spectroscopy .\nglobal energy spectrum for both arrays used in the analysis . the asymmetry in the photopeak is due to x - ray escape . a gaussian was fit to the right side of the photopeak .\n1 . a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen , a neck portion positioned at a rear of said screen , and a divergent , transition portion between said neck portion and said screen , said beam deflector comprising a deflection coil provided around said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube for producing a deflecting magnetic field , said deflection coil having a first portion of uniform thickness wound on said neck portion and on said transition portion to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion of non - uniform thickness wound at front end of said deflection coil close to said screen to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nbutler aph , anderson ng , tipples r , cook n , watts r , meyer j , bell aj , melzer tr , butler ph . bio - medical x - ray imaging with spectroscopic pixel detectors .\n3 . a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen , a neck portion positioned behind said screen , and a divergent transition portion between said neck portion and said screen , said beam deflector comprising a deflection yoke mounted around said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube , said deflection yoke including a bobbin having a deflection coil wound thereon for producing a deflecting magnetic field in said neck portion and said transition portion , said bobbin having a front end close to said screen and a front flange formed at said front end of said bobbin , said deflection coil having a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness on said bobbin at said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness on said front flange close to said screen so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nunited states patent hawes 1 june 13 , 1972 [ 54 ] cathode ray tube having 3 , 416 , 731 12 / 1968 matzen . . 315 / 13 c0 auxiliary deflection plate to 3 , 023 , 336 2 / 1962 frenkel . . 315 / 276 1 ) correct pincushion distortion foreign patents or appllcatlqns [ 72 ] lnventor : james d . l - lawes , portland , greg . 1 023 887 3 / 1966 great britain [ 73 ] assignee : tektronix , lnc . , beaverton , oreg .\nhannah enjoyed being in the field early on in her career , conducting research on hermit , horseshoe and blue crabs , pincushion sea stars , abalone , invasive mussels , and shyshark parasites . she gained experience collecting data at sea , monitoring the health of marine resources with noaa\u2019s spring bottom trawl survey .\nbiplane cineradiography is a potentially powerful tool for precise measurement of intracardiac dimensions . the most systematic approach to these measurements is the creation of a three - dimensional coordinate system within the x - ray field . using this system , interpoint distances , such as between radiopaque clips or coronary artery bifurcations , can be calculated by use of the pythagoras theorem . alternatively , calibration factors can be calculated in order to determine the absolute dimensions of a structure , such as a ventricle or coronary artery . however , cineradiography has two problems that have precluded widespread use of the system . these problems are pincushion distortion and variable image magnification . in this paper , methodology to quantitate and compensate for these variables is presented . the method uses radiopaque beads permanently mounted in the x - ray field . the position of the bead images on the x - ray film determine the compensation factors . using this system , measurements are made with a standard deviation of approximately 1 % of the true value .\n) . these detectors consist of needle - like crystals that are grown together . the small size of the individual crystals ( down to ~ 10 \u03bcm ) can provide good intrinsic spatial resolution , as they provide a natural means of channeling the scintillation light , but the thickness of such arrays has been limited ( \u22643 mm ) , such that to date they have found use primarily in low - energy gamma - ray and x - ray applications .\nother critical factors characterizing scintillator performance are proportionality and the timing characteristics of the scintillation light output . in principle , the mean number of scintillation photons should be strictly proportional to the energy of the absorbed gamma ray , and deviation from this ideal relationship is termed non - proportionality . recent advances in understanding this phenomenon focus on variations in the local exciton density , as caused by a material - specific secondary ionization pattern as a function of primary electron energy , and thereby a varying probability of exciton - exciton annihilation ( cherepy et al . , 2009 ; payne et al . , 2009 ) . a consequence is that an event in which an incident gamma ray undergoes a photoelectric interaction immediately will result in a different amount of light than one in which the gamma ray first undergoes a compton scattering and then a photoelectric interaction of the secondary photon , even if the total gamma ray energy deposited is the same .\ncarini ga , wei c , de geronimo g , gaskin ja , keister jw , zheng l , ramsey bd , rehak p , siddons dp . performance of a thin - window silicon drift detector x - ray fluorescence spectrometer .\nas shown in f ig . 7 the input ramp voltage 70 varies linearly from + 2 . 5 volts to 2 . 5 volts maximum negative peak value while the peaked correction signal 72 changes from a starting voltage of + 70 volts up a positive slope to a positive peak voltage of + 120 volts at the center of the ramp voltage 70 and then returns down a negative slope to + 70 volts . as a result , maximum pincushion correction deflection of the beam away from the auxiliary deflection plate takes place at most negative correction voltage adjacent the opposite ends of the horizontal sweep whereas the minimum or zero correction deflection takes place at the center of such sweep . this is proper because as shown in fig . 58 , maximum pincushion distortion occurs at the opposite ends of the horizontal sweep while the minimum pincushion distortion occurs in the center of the horizontal sweep as shown by the downward bowing of the bottom edge 96 of the trace . it should be noted that the auxiliary deflection plate correction of the present invention is self compensating in that the amount of deflection correction due to the repelling of the electron beam is inversely proportional to the distance of the beam from the auxiliary deflection plate . thus there is very little if any deflection correction when the beam is away from the auxiliary deflection electrode which corresponds to the top of the upper beam trace and the bottom of the lower beam trace . this is desirable since the conventional pincushion correction effected by the wallband coating compensates for pincushion distortion at the top of the upper beam trace and at the bottom of the lower beam trace as stated previously .\n4 . a cathode ray tube display system comprising : a voltage supply means having positive and negative terminals ; a pair of switching means each of said switcing means having at least two terminals , one of said terminals of each of said switching means being connected to one of said terminals of said voltage supply means ; a resonant tank circuit including a deflection winding , said resonant tank circuit being connected between another terminal of said switching means and the other terminal of said voltage supply means , said resonant tank circuit providing a steady state sinusoidal current flow through said deflection winding when said resonant tank circuit is energized by periodically closing and opening said switching means ; said deflection winding being positioned relative to said cathode ray tube for deflecting an electron beam generated in said cathode ray tube when said sinusoidal current is flowing in said deflection winding ; blank - unblank means for allowing said electron beam to reach the face of said cathode ray tube during a substantially s shaped portion of the waveform of said sinusoidal current and inhibiting the electron beam from reaching the face of said cathode ray tube during another portion of the waveform of said sinusoidal current flowing in said deflection winding .\na deflection yoke for a cathode ray tube is provided with two separated winding portions , a first portion provided around the neck portion and the tapered portion from the neck to the screen of the cathode ray tube has a uniform and circular winding distribution and a second portion close to the screen of the picture tube has a non - uniform winding distribution and is elongated in the x - axis direction to provide a pin cushion magnetic field without adversely affecting the focus .\nan x - ray detection device including a scintillator configured to convert gamma rays or x - rays into optical radiation , an optical image intensifier configured to intensify the optical radiation to generate intensified optical radiation , an optical coupling system configured to guide the intensified optical radiation , and a solid state detector configured to detect the intensified optical radiation to generate an interaction image representing an x - ray energy emission and to perform photon counting based on data of the interaction image .\njanssen jp , koning g , de koning pjh , tuinenburg jc , reiber jhc ( 2002 ) a novel approach for the detection of pathlines in x - ray angiograms : the wave propagation algorithm . int j cardiovasc imaging 18 : 317\u2013324\nburger a , chattopadhyay k , chen h , ma x , ndap jo , schieber m , schlesinger te , yao hw , erickson j , james rb . defects in czt crystals and their relationship to gamma - ray detector performance .\nin practice all estimation schemes based on linear combinations of signals exhibit bias , i . e . errors in the event positioning , that can be seen as clustering of events preferentially under the footprints of the individual pmts with fewer events in the regions between the pmts . these spatial distortions , which have a characteristic pincushion shape visible in\npani r , bennati p , betti m , cinti mn , pellegrini r , mattioli m , cencelli v orsolini , navarria f , bollini d , moschini g , garibaldi f , de notaristefani f . lanthanum scintillation crystals for gamma ray imaging .\nin addition , the detector 100 can be used for spect imaging , where radioactive isotopes are used and are introduced to a patient , that can label a biologically active molecule . these biologically active molecules can be in form of a tumor that can be exposed to gamma - ray radiation . the resulting tomographic images can display in three dimensions the distribution of this molecule within the patient ' s body . in each radioactive decay , a single gamma - ray photon can be produced , that will traverse the scintillator 120 and will be emitted therefrom as optical radiation . an advantage of apparatus 100 used with gamma - ray radiation is to substantially increase the detector area , and can thereby provide a much larger field of view or higher spatial resolution .\non the latest episode of \u201cfreakshow\u201d murrugan the human pincushion decides to try a new , dangerous feat that could have ended up killing himself . on march 8 huffington post reported that not only did murrugan succeed at his dangerous accomplishment , but he also shocked doctors that told him it would be nearly impossible to move his organs to accomplish the trick .\nin another aspect of the invention , the beam deflector comprises a deflection yoke mounted around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube . the deflection yoke has a front end close to the screen and includes horizontal and vertical deflection coils . at least one of said horizontal and vertical deflection coils has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness substantially over the full length of the deflection yoke so as to produce a uniform deflecting magnetic field in the neck portion and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness at the front end so as to produce a pincushion deflecting magnetic field .\npangaud p , basolo s , boudet n , berar j - f , chantepie b , delpierre p , dinkespiler b , hustache s , menouni m , morel c . xpad3 : a new photon counting chip for x - ray ct - scanner .\nin order to assess the x - ray escape energy , a double gaussian was fit to the spectrum ( not shown in the figure ) using the roofit ( verkerke and kirkby 2003 ) package . when forcing both gaussians to have the same width , an x - ray escape energy of 457 . 9 \u00b1 0 . 2 kev and 455 . 8 \u00b1 0 . 3 kev was obtained for the left and right spectrum , respectively . when the width of both gaussians were allowed to be different , 456 . 0 \u00b1 0 . 8 kev and 459 . 7 \u00b1 0 . 6 was obtained . according to mehta et al ( 1987 ) , the k\u03b1 1 x - ray ( corresponding to l 3 \u2192 k transitions ) is at 56 kev for lu , and has a relative probability of about 50 % , and the k\u03b1 2 x - ray at 55 kev ( l 2 \u2192 k ) , has a probability of about 29 % . the k\u03b2 1 , 3 and k\u03b2 2 ( m \u2192 k ) at 63 kev and 65 kev , respectively , have probabilities of about 16 % and 4 % . therefore , we expect a dominant x - ray escape peak at around 454 kev , in good agreement with the fit results .\noperation of multiplier 66 in developing the bow tie pincushion correction signal is conventional . the vertical rate ramp applied to the modulator input of multiplier 66 goes through a zero transition at q , corresponding to the center of the crt raster . the carrier input of multiplier 66 is supplied with a horizontal rate ramp with horizontal rate pulses ( of either polarity ) and variable amplitude . the input signals are multiplied to develop the bow tie top / bottom pincushion correction signal . since flip - flop 26 selectively couples separate correction signals , via cmos switches 40 , to the carrier input of multiplier 66 , the two halves of the bow tie correction signal may be independently controlled and thus permitting independent top / bottom correction .\na novel 3d qca system based on x - ray angiograms has been achieved by introducing a highly reproducible vessel centerline reconstruction . the validation study by using wire phantoms showed a high degree of accuracy and precision on the assessments of segment length and optimal viewing angle .\nalexander , r . l . 1995 . evidence of a counter - current heat exchanger in the ray , mobula tarapacana ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii : batoidea : myliobatiformes ) . journal of zoology london , 237 , 377 - 384 , pl . 1 - 3 .\n2 . a beam deflector for deflecting an electron beam in a cathode ray tube having a screen , a neck portion positioned at a rear of said screen , and a divergent transition portion between said neck portion and said screen , said beam deflector comprising a deflection yoke mounted around said neck portion and said transition portion of said cathode ray tube , said deflection yoke having a front end close to said screen , said deflection yoke including horizontal and vertical deflection coils , at least one of said horizontal and vertical deflection coils having a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness substantially over a full length of said deflection yoke so as to produce a uniform deflecting magnetic field in said neck portion and said transition portion and a second portion would to have a non - uniform thickness at said front end of said deflection yoke close to said screen so as to produce a pincushion deflecting magnetic field .\na capacitor and a deflection winding form a parallel resonant tank circuit for providing a steady state sinusoidal current flow in the deflection winding . when used for deflection of the electron beam of a cathode ray tube , a substantially linear portion of the waveform of the sinusoidal current flowing in the deflection winding may be used to move the electron beam from left to right across the screen during the ' ' ' ' trace ' ' ' ' interval . the remainder of the waveform of the sinusoidal current may be used for ' ' ' ' retrace . ' ' ' ' since the tank circuit requires only periodic energization to sustain steady state sinusoidal current flow , current consumption is held to a minimum . an s portion of the waveform of the sinusoidal current may be used during the trace interval to correct for the pincushion distortion that would otherwise occur when cathode ray tubes having large deflection angles are used .\nconventional biplane angiographic equipment consists of a frontal x - ray system and a lateral x - ray system , with a common coordinate system . in theory , the frontal projection axis ( central beam ) intersects with the lateral projection axis into the so - called isocenter , and the whole x - ray system rotates around the isocenter . however , due to the system distortion caused by the gravity and mechanical influence , the isocenter could hardly be observed as a stable point [ 2 ] . therefore , we define two isocenters , a frontal isocenter and a lateral isocenter , to explicitly model the biplane angiogram under that specific acquisition . when no system distortion is present , these two isocenters will coincide with each other . otherwise , an isocenter offset is expected and this offset should be eliminated before the reconstruction of vascular centerlines .\nthe principal ccd / cmos spect camera geometries employing columnar scintillators and capable of photon counting : a ) direct lens - coupled ( or fiber - optics - taper - coupled ) emccd system ; b ) demagnifying tube and fiber - optic - coupled emccd ; and c ) image - intensified and lens - coupled conventional ccd or cmos camera . d ) a single frame from an emccd showing a primary gamma - ray interaction along with a reabsorbed secondary x - ray ( courtesy of b . w . miller , univ . of arizona ) .\nthe striped burrfish , chilomycterus schoepfii , a member of the family diodontidae , is striking in its appearance . the body is light tan to yellow - brown above and white to yellowish and sometimes blackish below , and is covered with fixed and erect spines that give the animal a pincushion appearance as well as the name burrfish . dark , wavy and roughly parallel lines cover the sides of the body . most specimens also have large dark spots above and behind the pectoral fins and at the base of the dorsal fin . ray counts are as follows : dorsal = 12 ; anal = 10 ( hoese and moore 1977 , robbins et al . 1986 ) .\nin still another aspect of the invention , the beam deflector comprises a deflection yoke mounted around the neck portion of the cathode ray tube . the deflection yoke includes a bobbin having a deflection coil wound thereon for producing a deflecting magnetic field in the neck portion . the bobbin has a front end close to the screen and a front flange formed at the front end of the bobbin . the deflection coil has a first portion wound to have a uniform thickness on the bobbin except for the front flange so as to produce a uniform magnetic field and a second portion wound to have a non - uniform thickness on the front flange so as to produce a pincushion magnetic field .\nperfumeballs or rayless gaillardia is a slender , upright , clumped perennial , to 24 in . tall , often forming dense stands . fragrant , solitary flowers are terminal on leafless stalks . rays are few , yellow to orange or red , very short , and soon falling off . reddish - brown disk flowers are numerous , forming a rounded , pincushion - like head . leaves are all basal .\nthe circuits of the prior art develop pincushion correction signals that generate parabolic yoke currents , with controllable phase , amplitude and tilt characteristics , for affecting both the top and the bottom of the raster in substantially the same way . these circuits have been generally satisfactory for use with less stringent television displays , but require excessive setup time ( including careful yoke positioning adjustments ) to meet the more exacting standards for crt raster displays in monitors . further , the problem is exacerbated with color tubes of the flat tension mask variety which have a flat faceplate and an in - line gun structure and wherein yoke construction and positioning may be compromised to enhance beam convergence throughout the raster . it would be extremely beneficial to provide pincushion circuitry having independent control effects at the top and the bottom of the raster ."]}
{"id": 841, "summary": [{"text": "the corsican giant shrew ( asoriculus corsicanus ) is an extinct shrew from the island of corsica .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is only known from fossil remains such as the ones from \" teppa di lupino \" in north corsica .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the reasons for the extinction for this poorly known species remain unknown , but competition with other shrews , as well as introduced goats might have played a role .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it died out sometime between 2.5 and 6 thousand years ago .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the corsican giant shrew was initially described by dorothea bate as nesiotites corsicanus in 1945 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "in 1999 , zoologist jan van der made from the museo nacional de ciencias naturales , spain assigned it to the genus asoriculus . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "corsican giant shrew", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about corsican giant shrew ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for corsican giant shrew ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\ncorsican giant shrew\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nthe corsican giant shrew ( asoriculus corsicanus ) is an extinct shrew from the island of corsica . it is only known from fossil remains from ` teppa di lupino ` in north corsica . the reasons for the extinction for this poorly known species remain unknown , but competition with other shrews , as well as introduced goats might have played a role . it die . . . . .\nis simply a giant list of emojis that can be used on facebook . it is also searchable , so you can quickly find what you ' re looking for .\n\u0092\u00fbi\u00feu\u00e3n\u00bf\u00e5 = \u00f8 _ \u00ff ) \u00ea _ \u00fd\u00ea { \u00f7\u00ef s\u00f8\u007f\u00fb\u00ff\u00dfi\u00f2\u00f6\u00ef\u00ff\u00efl\u00a7\u00fe\u00eb\u00ee\u00bb } \u00fa\u00ea\u00fa ] \u00ff\u00af\u00ffk\u00be\u00fd\u007f\u00ff\u00bf\u00ff\u00f6\u00bd\u00a5\u00bf\u00f6\u00bb\u00ff\u00f6\u00bf\u00efd\u00e2\u00ff\u00b4\u00bb\u00ff\u00be\u00d7\u00af\u00ef\u00d7\u00fd $ \u00fe\u00fd\u007f\u00ff\u00ef\u00fd . \u00eb\u00f5\u00ff\u00d7 ( 0k\u00a80km6\u0018 % \u0084\u0013ia \u00b0\u00bf\u00b0 ` \u00b7\u00fd\u00ec0\u0097i\u0013\u008d\u00b5\u00fd\u00f8a . \u00eb\u00ed ] \u00b4\u00fb m \u00b7\u00fd\u00b0\u0097\u00e9\u007fi\u007fnf\u00fb ^ \u00fd\u00b0\u00bba / \u00f5m ' \u00b5\u00f7\u00e1\u00a5\u00fd\u00ff\u00bf\u00ed\u00fe\u0095io\u00fbe ' z\u00ff\u00b6\u00b6\u00b6\u00f2b\u00ad\u00f8\u00ae\u0018 @ \u00f8\u00a4\u00e1 & \u00e9\u008a\u0086\u0017 ^ + \u00f3\u0095 \u008aw\u00a4\u00ec % \u00fdh = \u00ae\u00fd\u00b0e = ; oa\u0082 [ % \u00ff\u00e3 o\u00a5\u00a7l0\u0096\u00bat\u0010l0\u00ba\u00fd\u00a5\u00fa\u00eb\u00b7\u00b0\u00e2m\u007f\u00fe\u00f8k\u00f6\u00f2\u00b7\u00b7\u00fc7\u00af\u0090f\u0091 \u009b\u00a4\u009biv\u00e2 } \u00ff\u00fe\u00e3k * zi6\u00e2 } \u0082 \u00f2\u00a6 / \u00bbk [ [ \u0004\u00eb\u00a7\u00fbi6\u00f2\u00fd\u00f8\u00af\u00ef as\u009d\u0084\u000e > * \u00f5\u00f6 \u008e\u0012\u00f2u\u00b5\u00e1 \u00b5\u00ffl - \u00af\u00b0\u00e2v\u00e3 m\u00abwa / _ \u00b5\u00b5\u00f5 ^ \u00bf\u00ed { \u00dfi2v\u00a9\u00eb\u00fd - \u00a5\u00eb\u007fm\u00f6\u00b8 \u00f2 \u00fa\b\u001b\u0014\u00e2\u0004 ( 0 ` \u0090j\u00e14\u00e2m & \u0083b\u0098\u008bi\u0006\u00e3 lr\u00a6\u009d4\u009c0\u0092q\u00b1 \u00be \u008d \u009bv\u0012a\u00a6\u009cu\u00e83\u0080\u00e4h ? 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\u00ed\u00fd\u00aa\u00b6\u00af\u00e6\u00fa\u00fd\u009c\u00ffb\u0097\u00fe\u00e9s\u00b6\u0093v\u00ba\u007f\u00b6\u00b0\u00e2\u00fd\u00d7 fxa ' \u00ae\u00fd & \u001al\u001a [ z\u00be\u00b5\u00ff\u00aec : f \u00b7l0 ^ \u0093\u00be\u0018j\u00fd ? \u00b4\u00ffo\u00b0\u009b\u00f5\u0084\u00eb\u00a5\u00f6\u00f8\u00a4\u009bb\u00a2\u00ad + oz\u00ec & _ \u00e2\u00aa\u009am % \u00bc ' \u00fa\u00b5\u00a7\u00f6\u00e9\u00ea \u0012\u00f9\u0002 - \u00f9\u00e7\u00ecbb\u00bd\u00b5\u00f8\u00a6 \u00b8 [ k\u00f6\u00f2b\u00a3\u00e2\u00af\u00ef\u0089\u0002 ; \u00ad\u0084\u0093\u0090\u00ecn ! \u00b6\u0095\u0084 \u00ff\u00e7\u00e4\u0086 | \u00ab\u0006\b\u0086\u00eb { \u0012\u0019\u00fb\u0012\u001a * o\u0011\u007fi\u00f2\u00b7ok\u0014\u009ba .\n\u00f3i\u00fd\u00a6\u00f2\u00f64\u00fb\u00fe\u00b7kn\u00e5\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nthis tool helps you find words that are related to a specific word or phrase . also check out urltoken and urltoken .\nour algorithm is scanning multiple databases for related words . please be patient ! : )\n. you can click words for definitions . sorry if there ' s a few unusual suggestions ! the algorithm isn ' t perfect , but it does a pretty good job for common - ish words . here ' s the list of words that are related to\np . s . there are some problems that i ' m aware of , but can ' t currently fix ( because they are out of the scope of this project ) . the main one is that individual words can have many different senses ( meanings ) , so when you search for a word like\nmay be a bit ambiguous to the engine in that sense , and the related terms that are returned may reflect this . you might also be wondering :\nrelated words runs on several different algorithms which compete to get their results higher in the list . one such algorithm uses word embedding to convert words into many dimensional vectors which represent their meanings . the vectors of the words in your query are compared to a huge database of of pre - computed vectors to find similar words . another algorithm crawls through concept net to find words which have some meaningful relationship with your query . these algorithms , and several more , are what allows related words to give you . . . related words - rather than just direct synonyms .\nas well as finding words related to other words , you can enter phrases and it should give you related words and phrases , so long as the phrase / sentence you entered isn ' t too long . you will probably get some weird results every now and then - that ' s just the nature of the engine in its current state .\nthere is still lots of work to be done to get this to give consistently good results , but i think it ' s at the stage where it could be useful to people , which is why i released it .\nis a website that allows you to find words based on their definition . in other words , it turns sentences ( or phrases ) into words .\nhelps you find similar words . give the engine a seed word and it will find a huge list of related words . it allows you to do a broader search than a thesaurus allows .\nallows you to find adjectives or describing phrases and words for a particular noun or noun phrase . it helps you find inspiration for describing things .\nis an aggregation of many lists of new songs from around the internet . it inclides lists of new songs from all major genres from hip - hop to classical and everything in between .\nis a thesaurus for slang words . if you ' re looking for synonyms of a slang word , this website will help you out .\nis a simple tool to query the part - of - speech of a word .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 842, "summary": [{"text": "graphania petrograpta is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1929 from a specimen collected by george hudson near lake wakatipu in january .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is endemic to new zealand . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "graphania petrograpta", "paragraphs": ["graphania petrograpta is a moth of the noctuidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1929 . it is found in new zealand .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 28th august , 1929 ; received by the editor , 9th september , 1929 ; issued separately , 30th november , 1929 . ]\nagain indebted to my esteemed correspondent , mr . g . v . hudson , for supplying me with the interesting material for the following notes and descriptions of new species . they include the record of a tasmanian monotypic genus from new zealand for the first time , a sufficiently rare occurrence ; the only other case in the micro - lepidoptera is\n\u2642 \u2640 . 36\u201337 mm . head , palpi brown . antennae \u2642 dentate , moderately fasciculate - ciliated . thorax whitish - ochreous , suffused brown anteriorly , with a bent anterior white bar edged dark fuscous in front . forewings elongate - triangular , termen obliquely rounded ; pale ochreous ; veins finely brownish , posteriorly more or less sprinkled dark fuscous or blackish ; slender whitish streaks along upper and lower margins of cell ; a fine brownish streak above lower of these from before middle of wing expanded to fill space between veins 4 and 5 to termen ; in \u2642 wedge - shaped brownish spots resting on termen between veins 5\u20138 , in \u2642 more faintly indicated ; a narrow brownish streak between veins 3 and 4 from near origin to termen , some whitish suffusion before base of this ; a narrow reddish - brown streak somewhat sprinkled dark fuscous along fold from base to middle , continued by broader but lighter brownish suffusion above fold to termen ; no black dots ; cilia pale ochreous , \u2640 tinged brownish . hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia ochreous - grey - whitish .\nwaiouru ( towards mt . ruapehu ) , december , at sugar ( hudson ) ; 2 ex . mr . hudson has other examples . allied to sulcana and stulta , but quite distinct from either .\n\u2642 . 33\u201335 mm . head , palpi , thorax light brown slightly speckled whitish , palpi sprinkled blackish on outer side of joint , thorax anteriorly with fine blackish bar edged whitish speckling posteriorly . antennae flatly dentate , very shortly ciliated . forewings light brown , slightly reddish - tinged ; veins finely grey , upper and lower margins of cell tinged whitish ; a white dot following lower angle of cell ; second line represented by a curved series of blackish dots on veins , first also by two or three dots : cilia light reddish - brown . hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia pale reddish - brown , outer half whitish .\nwellington , december ( o ' connor ) ; 2 ex . i believe this to be the other sex of micrastra , which was described from the female only ; the\nblackish dots on veins ( not mentioned in my description ) are indistinctly indicated in the female also , and accompanied with minute white specks ; the female differs otherwise by more reddish colouring , and development of white speckling .\n\u2642 . 37 mm . head , palpi reddish - brown . thorax reddish - brown , mixed whitish on dorsum , inner edge of tegulae sprinkled white . antennae dentate , moderately fasciculate - ciliated . forewings rather short - triangular , broader than in micrastra , termen rather obliquely rounded , crenulate ; dull reddish - brown ; veins ( except towards costa ) mixed dark fuscous and slightly sprinkled white ; first and second lines indicated by obscure grey - whitish dots on veins ; orbicular and claviform indicated by faint greyish suffusion ; distinct white dots on each side of lower end of transverse vein ; three or four indistinct whitish dots on costa posteriorly ; terminal edge blackish , with minute white dots on veins : cilia light red - brownish , tips grey - whitish . hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia ochreous - whitish , suffused light ochreoua towards base .\nwaiouru , december , at sugar ( hudson ) ; 1 ex . much like micrastra , and also resembles leucania phaula , but obviously distinct from both by shorter and broader wings .\n\u2640 . 42 mm . head , palpi , thorax fuscous mixed whitish and blackish . forewings elongate - triangular , termen obliquely rounded , waved ; grey , irrorated blackish and whitish ; a small white spot in middle of base ; lines white , blackish - edged , waved , subbasal curved , first rather irregular , slightly bent on fold , second sinuate , subterminal parallel to termen , slightly indented near extremities ; median band darker grey irrorated blackish , without white irroration , median shade obscurely blackish , dentate ; spots outlined white and then blackish , claviform small , wedge - shaped , resting on first line , orbicular rather oblique , oval , reniform narrow , slightly bent in middle : cilia grey narrowly barred white . hindwings grey ; cilia light grey , slenderly barred whitish , outer half whitish .\nlake wakatipu , at sugar , january ( hudson ) ; 1 ex . not very near any other known to me .\nthis , of which i am indebted to mr . philpot for examples , is a good species ; it is superficially distinguishable from mutans by the absence of the two strong dentations of subterminal line found in that insect .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 39\u201340 mm . head , palpi , thorax whitish - ochreous , partially tinged or mixed brown ( more strongly in \u2642 ) and slightly sprinkled blackish . antennae \u2642 filiform , ciliated ( \u00be ) . forewings distinctly narrower posteriorly than in pascoi , termen somewhat more oblique , crenate ; pale ochreous , scattered black scales ; subbasal , first , and\nsecond lines indicated by brown margins , only distinct on costa , elsewhere irregularly and acutely dentate , faint , especially in \u2640 ; cell tinged brownish ; orbicular roundish , outlined brown , claviform obsolete , reniform rather narrow , curved transverse , partially ( \u2642 ) or almost wholly ( \u2640 ) dark fuscous , posteriorly pale - edged ; an elongate patch of grey or fuscous suffusion , in \u2640 partially suffused blackish , occupying submedian area from near base to subterminal line ; subterminal line nearly straight , dentate , with two much stronger teeth on veins 3 and 4 , ochreous - whitish , on lower \u2154 strongly edged anteriorly dark brown in \u2642 , blackish in \u2640 , and followed in middle and at lower end by similar blotches or suffusion : cilia \u2640 brown , \u2642 brownish - ochreous , with pale ochreous bars . hindwings dark grey ; cilia light reddish - brown , tips tinged whitish .\narthur ' s pass , bred from larvae feeding on nothofagus , january ( hudson ) ; 2 ex . closely allied to pascoi , but distinct .\nwellington , during winter ( hudson ) ; 1 ex . mr . hudson has other specimens . allied to insignis , but with the antennal pectinations longer ( insignis a 3 , b 2 ) , basal dash of forewings dark red - brown instead of black , both dentations of subterminal line reaching termen , and otherwise very distinct .\nnot reaching dorsum ochreous - yellow ; broad irregular basal and ante - median white fasciae , and a nearly straight transverse white median streak , these all disappearing on yellow areas ; curved entire post - median and subterminal white streaks , latter sometimes partly macular . hindwings beneath blackish ; veins , broad suffusions along upper and lower margins of cell and dorsum , and praesubterminal and terminal fasciae ochreous - yellow ; broad subbasal fascia and straight transverse antemedian streak white , disappearing on yellow areas ; curved postmedian and subterminal entire white streaks .\nmt . arthur tableland ( 4 , 500 feet ) , arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 500 feet ) , and otira gorge . the description of the undersurface is not given in my original description ; it affords an easy distinction from the following species .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 16 - 19 mm . head , palpi black , \u2640 mixed white . thorax black , hairs somewhat mixed yellow - whitish , especially in \u2640 , front and tegulae \u2642 sprinkled white scales . abdomen black , segmental margins more or less irrorated white , more strongly beneath . forewings triangular , termen rounded , rather oblique ; dark fuscous , slightly and irregularly sprinkled whitish ; subbasal , first , median , second , and subterminal white or whitish lines or slender streaks , first two rather curved , median somewhat irregular or slightly angulated in middle , second more or less obtusely angulated in middle , subterminal irregular , usually macular or sometimes almost obsolete : cilia white barred grey . hindwings dark grey ; a somewhat obtusely angulated whitish or yellow - whitish postmedian line ; in \u2640 also an oblique yellow - whitish antemedian shade or streak , and macular subterminal line ; cilia white , indistinctly barred grey . forewings beneath dark fuscous with five yellowish - white fasciae , first two broad and confluent , occupying basal \u2156 of wing , third moderate , straight or rather angulated , fourth moderate , angulated , fifth narrow , mostly macular . hindwings beneath blackish , \u2642 with broad oblique ante - median and curved postmedian yellow - whitish fasciae and some irregular irroration , \u2640 also with broad subbasal fascia , and posterior fascia confluent with a subterminal fascia nearly extending to termen .\narthur ' s pass , 5 , 000 feet ( hudson ) ; 7 ex . ( 3 \u2642 , 4 \u2640 ) . has been confused with the preceding , from which it is readily distinguished by the small size , different undersurface , absence of yellow on abdomen , etc .\nhaving received from mr . hudson a specimen certified by mr . philpott himself as regilla philp . ( trans . n . z . inst . 58 , 360 ) , i must express my decided opinion that it is not specifically distinguishable from the common and variable perornata , with which it is stated to have been \u201cconfused . \u201d\n\u2640 . 34 mm . head whitish - fuscous , a blotch of dark fuscous suffusion on crown . palpi second joint dark fuscous with whitish - fus -\ncous hairs beneath , terminal joint white . antennae with obliquely projecting teeth ( nearly 1 ) . thorax whity - brownish , an antemedian brown and purplish band . abdomen brown irrorated white , a dorsal series of small dark brown spots , undersurface white . forewings elongate - triangular , costa rather sinuate , termen rather obliquely rounded , waved , more strongly on 6 ; grey , with strong raised transverse dark fuscous strigulae , partly tinged ferruginous ; a pinkish - white basal patch , edge strongly convex , extending to \u00bc of disc , a small linear black mark within it in middle ; second line well - marked , slender , dark fuscous , from \u00be of costa to dorsum before tornus , with strong acute indentation above middle and stronger one on fold , preceded by slight whitish tinge , especially on upper third and widening towards costa ; a terminal fascia of white suffusion , with some fine fuscous strigulation : cilia whitish mixed ferruginous - fuscous with darker lines , especially a dark fuscous basal line , and finely barred white . hindwings and cilia uniform whitish .\n\u2642 . 22\u201325 mm . head , thorax brown . palpi brown , white towards base beneath . forewings very elongate - triangular , termen rather oblique ; brown , with slight ferruginous tinge ; first and second lines fine , whitish , first slightly bent , second excurved in disc , indented on fold ; claviform forming a small round white spot ; anterior and lower edge of discal forming an inverted ? - shaped whitish mark ; an irregular terminal fascia of whitish irroration ; a terminal series of white dots : cilia light brownish . hindwings whitish - grey , greyer posteriorly ; a grey mark on transverse vein ; a curved whitish shade at \u00be ; terminal edge white with some dark grey dots ; cilia whitish , a fine light grey subbasal line .\nwaitati , november ( clarke ) ; 2 ex . apparently allied to phalerias .\nan example from tararua range , 4 , 000 feet ( hudson ) has the ground - colour immediately beneath the white costal streak suffused darker grey .\n\u2640 . 23 mm . forewings more pointed than \u2642 , costa more arched , termen more oblique ( thus , with smaller size , showing some tendency to reduction ) . hindwings rather dark grey ( in \u2642 whitish ) .\narthur ' s pass , january ( hudson ) . the species was described from a single male taken in the same locality , and appears to be rare , though other males have been recorded .\n\u2640 . 19 mm . head , thorax grey . palpi dark grey , slightly speckled white . forewings rather elongate , costa gently arched , apex pointed , termen very obliquely rounded ; glossy bluish - grey ; extreme costal edge dark grey on basal \u00bc , then finely whitish to near apex ; plical stigma rather elongate , blackish ; a fine indistinct whitish inwards - oblique line from dorsum before tornus reaching half across wing , beyond this some obscure fuscous irroration crossing wing obliquely : cilia grey - whitish irrorated fuscous . hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia grey , darker within a faint slender whitish subbasal line .\nflora creek , january ( hudson ) ; 1 ex . inconspicuous but distinct , perhaps allied to nycteris .\n\u2642 . 15 mm . head whitish . palpi whitish , second joint irrorated dark grey except apex . thorax grey - whitish , posteriorly tinged pale fulvous on margins . forewings elongate , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen rounded , rather strongly oblique ; ochreous - whitish , becoming pale ochreous - yellowish posteriorly and towards dorsum anteriorly ; a very oblique fascia of grey suffusion from base of costa to middle of dorsum ; costal spots of grey irroration at \u2153 and \u2157 ; a subtriangular blackish blotch on dorsum about \u00be , surrounded by broad\nlight fulvous irroration or suffusion extending to tornus and \u00be across wing : cilia whitish - ochreous . hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey .\nwellington , november ( hudson ) ; 1 ex . a distinct and ornamental form ; may be placed near plagiatella .\nhead with appressed scales ; tongue developed . antennae \u00be , \u2642 strongly ciliated , scape moderate , with pecten . labial palpi moderately long , recurved , second joint not reaching base of antennae , with appressed scales , terminal joint nearly as long as second , slender , acute . posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above . forewings 2 from near angle , 7 absent , 11 from middle . hindwings 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia \u00be 3 and 4 connate , 5\u20137 nearly parallel .\n\u2642 . 12 mm . head , palpi brownish . antennal ciliations 3 . thorax fuscous . forewings elongate , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse - pointed , termen very obliquely rounded ; fuscous ; stigmata obscure , dark grey , plical rather obliquely beyond first discal , an obscure ochreous - whitish dot beneath second discal : cilia light fuscous . hindwings rather dark grey ; cilia light grey , with darker subbasal shade .\n\u2642 . 16\u201317 mm . head light ochreous - brownish . palpi whitish , anterior edge blackish , second joint laterally brownish except a white line adjoining black edge . thorax fuscous . forewings elongate , rather dilated , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse - pointed , termen sinuate , rather oblique ; ochreous - fuscous ; stigmata forming small obscurely darker spots , plical somewhat before first discal , second discal forming a transverse sometimes interrupted mark ; an angulated fascia of darker suffusion beyond this faintly perceptible , and some towards termen : cilia grey . hindwings light grey , a grey discal dot ; cilia whitish - grey , a greyish subbasal line . apex of valva rather obtuse ( in hamatella rather acute ) .\nwellington , march ( hudson ) ; christchurch , january ; 2 ex . allied to hamatella , of which i formerly regarded it as a grey form .\n\u2642 . 17 mm . head , thorax white mixed grey . palpi white , second joint mixed dark grey , terminal joint with blackish median band and subbasal ring , anterior edge dark grey towards tip . forewings elongate , slightly dilated , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen obliquely rounded ; grey - whitish irrorated grey ; an irregular grey streak mixed blackish from base of costa above fold to elongate black plical stigma ; light grey suffusion with irregularly scattered black scales extends also to dorsum at base , over posterior part of cell , above fold to extremity , and forms an irregular excurved fascia at \u2154 , a terminal fascia confluent with this beneath , and spots on costa at \u2153 and \u2158 ; an elongate blackish mark representing second discal stigma beneath this a spot of ochreous - whitish suffusion : cilia whitish mixed grey and blackish - grey except towards base . hindwings light grey ; cilia whitish , a light grey subbasal line .\na curious variety taken by mr . hudson at wellington has the veins of forewings marked with suffused white lines .\nphotographer : birgit e . rhode ( or ber ) unless otherwise specified in the body of the image . images on this page are published under the cc - by 4 . 0 international licence unless otherwise specified .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 845, "summary": [{"text": "cephonodes janus is a moth of the sphingidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from queensland , flores and new caledonia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 50 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "this species has a very narrow opaque margin around the wings , and a uniformly brown abdomen . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "cephonodes janus", "paragraphs": ["cephonodes janus ( miskin , 1891 ) = hemaris janus miskin , 1891 = cunninghami ( schaufuss , 1870 ) .\ncephonodes janus simplex , female , upperside . new caledonia , loyalty islands , lifou\ncephonodes janus simplex , female , underside . new caledonia , loyalty islands , lifou\nhome \u00bb cephonodes janus simplex , female , upperside . new caledonia , loyalty islands , lifou\ncephonodes janus simplex , female , upperside . new caledonia , loyalty islands , lifou | sphingidae taxonomic inventory\nsynonymized with cephonodes janus as a subspecies by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 465\nthe adult moths in this genus soon lose the scales from the wings , leaving them transparent . the moths then resemble bumble bees , hence the name ' bee hawks ' for the moths in\n. this species has a very narrow opaque margin around the wings , and a uniformly brown abdomen . the moth has a wingspan of about 5 cms .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\n: angiospermivora regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\n: euheteroneura regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nrothschild , l . w . 1896 ,\nsome undescribed lepidoptera\n, novitates zoologicae , vol . 3 , pp . 231 - 232\nrothschild , l . w . 1894 ,\nnotes on sphingidae , with descriptions of new species\n, novitates zoologicae , vol . 1 , pp . 65 - 98 pls 5 - 7\nmiskin , w . h . 1891 ,\na revision of the australian sphingidae\n, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 8 , pp . 1 - 28\nrothschild , l . w . & jordan , k . 1903 ,\na revision of the lepidopterous family sphingidae\n, novitates zoologicae , ser . supplement , vol . 9 , pp . i - cxxxv , 1 - 972 , pls 1 - 67\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 666afd75 - f983 - 48c3 - 88d9 - 8afa57928324\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a5fb5f86 - 9f97 - 40b6 - 8d06 - a2543a29184e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0964c714 - 99ef - 456b - bb87 - bbba04bafc16\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 309562\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 846, "summary": [{"text": "catocala distorta is a moth in the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by butler in 1889 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( himachal pradesh ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species is 52 millimetres ( 2.0 in ) long and is different from catocala nymphaea by being more brown and having much duller thorax and forewing . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "catocala distorta", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about catocala distorta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for catocala distorta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ncatocala staudingeri beutenm\u00fcller , 1907 ; ( repl . catocala aspasia staudinger , 1897 )\neine neue catocala - art aus dem ussurigebiete . catocala kotshubeji ( spec . nov . )\ncatocala fraxini yunnanensis mell , 1936 ; ; tl : nw . yunnan , likian\ncatocala tapestrina forresti mell , 1939 ; ; tl : w . yunnan , likiang\ncatocala timur richteri wiltshire , 1961 ; ; tl : s . iran , transhahar\ncatocala pataloides mell , 1931 ; ; tl : n . kwangtung , lung tao shan\ncatocala permanans hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 50\n= catocala delilah desdemona h . edwards , 1882 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835a\ncatocala blandula hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 35\ncatocala xarippe butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 243 ; tl : japan , hakodate\ncatocala szechuena hampson , 1913 ; ; tl : w . china , ta - chien - lu\ndescription d ' une nouvelle sous - esp\u00e8ce fran\u00e7aise de catocala conjuncta esper ( lep . noctuidae )\ncatocala adultera m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1856 ; etud . ent . 5 : 47 ; tl : st . petersburg\ncatocala deuteronympha kuangtungensis mell , 1931 ; ; tl : china , n . kwangtung , tsha yuen shan\ncatocala badia grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 22\ncatocala jair strecker , 1897 ; ent . news 8 ( 5 ) : 116 ; tl : florida\nnotes and additions to barnes ' and mcdunnough ' s illustrations of n . a . species of catocala\ncatocala zalmunna butler , 1877 ; cistula ent . 2 : 241 ; tl : japan , yokohama , hakodate\ncatocala jezoensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 775 ; tl : japan\ncatocala nupta obscurata oberth\u00fcr , 1880 ; \u00e9tud . d ' ent . 5 : 86 ; tl : askold\ncatocala texanae french , 1902 ; can . ent . 34 ( 4 ) : 98 ; tl : texas\ncatocala sinuosa grote , 1879 ; can . ent . 11 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : florida\ncatocala mira grote , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 12 ) : 230 ; tl : usa\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur fauna sinica . xi . zur biologie und systematik der chinesischen catocala ( lep . heter . )\ncatocala pacta deserta kozhanchikov , 1925 ; jb . martjanov staatmus . minussinsk , 6 : 81 ; tl : minusinsk\ncatocala vestalis boisduval , 1829 ; eur . lepid . index meth . : errata et addena , p . 7\ncatocala ulalume strecker , 1878 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 14 ) : 132 ; tl : texas\ncatocala frederici grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas\ncatocala herodias strecker , 1876 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 121 ; tl : texas\ncatocala orba kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 166 , f . 2 ; tl : texas\ncatocala manitoba beutenm\u00fcller , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 2 ) : 54 ; tl : manitoba , cartwright\ncatocala nupta japonica mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 67 ; tl : japan ?\ncatocala piatrix dionyza h . edwards , 1884 ; papilio 4 ( 7 / 8 ) : 124 ; tl : arizona\ncatocala badia coelebs ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245\ncatocala elda behrens , 1887 ; can . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 199 ; tl : oregon , portland\ncatocala dotata walker , [ 1858 ] ; ( preocc . herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1851 ) ; tl : n . hindostan\ncatocala lupina kastshenkoi sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : transcaucasia , jelisavetpol\ncatocala dejecta strecker , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 97 ; tl : [ north america ]\ncatocala elizabeth cassino , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 7 ) : 53 , f . 4 ; tl : california , truckee\ncatocala abbreviatella grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 14 ; tl : texas , usa\ncatocala adultera ; [ ne10 ] : 97 , pl . 6 , f . 4 - 5 , gen . 49 , 147\ncatocala conjuncta perrettei seyer , 1976 ; bull . soc . ent . mulhouse , 1976 : 24 ; tl : france , donzere\ncatocala conversa ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 3 , gen . 42 , 140\ncatocala lupina detrita warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 311 , pl . 56 e ; tl : uralsk\ncatocala detrita ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 17 - 19 , gen . 61 , 159\ncatocala deuteronympha tschiliensis bang - haas , 1927 ; ; tl : [ china ] chingan mts . , lin si hein , tschili\ncatocala dilecta ; [ ne10 ] : 104 , pl . 7 , f . 7 - 8 , gen . 58 , 156\ncatocala disjuncta ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 45 - 48 , gen . 40 , 138\ncatocala diversa ; [ ne10 ] : 93 , pl . 5 , f . 15 - 18 , gen . 45 , 144\ncatocala electa ; [ ne10 ] : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 8 - 9 , gen . 52 , 150\ncatocala elocata ; [ ne10 ] : 100 , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 11 , gen . 53 , 151\ncatocala eutychea ; [ ne10 ] : 87 , pl . 4 , f . 37 - 40 , gen . 38 , 136\ncatocala fraxini ; [ ne10 ] : 95 , pl . 5 , f . 23 - 26 , gen . 48 , 146\ncatocala fulminea ; [ ne10 ] : 85 , pl . 4 , f . 31 - 33 , gen . 36 , 134\ncatocala hymenaea ; [ ne10 ] : 94 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 22 , gen . 47 , 145\ncatocala kotschubeyi sheljuzhko , 1927 ; lep . rdsch . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : s . ussuri , shutshan\ncatocala lupina ; [ ne10 ] : 107 , pl . 7 , f . 14 - 16 , gen . 60 , 158\ncatocala mariana ; [ ne10 ] : 88 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 44 , gen . 39 , 137\ncatocala neonympha ; [ ne10 ] : 90 , pl . 5 , f . 4 - 6 , gen . 43 , 141\ncatocala nupta clara osthelder , 1933 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 23 : 93 ; tl : turkey , marasch\ncatocala nymphaea ; [ ne10 ] : 86 , pl . 4 , f . 34 - 36 , gen . 37 , 137\ncatocala nymphagoga ; [ ne10 ] : 91 , pl . 5 , f . 7 - 10 , gen . 44 , 142\ncatocala nymphagoga albimixta warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 312 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia\ncatocala nymphagoga grisea warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 313 , pl . 57 f ; tl : tunisia\ncatocala oberthueri ; [ ne10 ] : 101 , pl . 6 , f . 12 - 13 , gen . 54 , 152\ncatocala optata ; [ ne10 ] : 109 , pl . 7 , f . 23 - 25 , gen . 63 , 161\ncatocala pacta ; [ ne10 ] : 108 , pl . 7 , f . 20 - 22 , gen . 62 , 160\ncatocala promissa ; [ ne10 ] : 106 , pl . 7 , f . 11 - 13 , gen . 64 , 162\ncatocala proxeneta sutschana sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 60 ; tl : ussuri region , sutshan\ncatocala sponsa ; [ ne10 ] : 105 , pl . 7 , f . 9 - 10 , gen . 59 , 157\ncatocala piatrix grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 88 ; tl : new york , usa\ncatocala serena edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 510 ; tl : philadelphia\ncatocala beutenmuelleri barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 7 ) : 251 ; tl : utah , provo\ncatocala miranda h . edwards , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 7 ) : 118 ; tl : washington , d . c .\ncatocala fraxini var . latefasciata warnecke , 1919 ; int . ent . z . 13 : 25 ; tl : amur region , ussuri\ncatocala mariana rambur , 1858 ; cat . syst . l\u00e9pid . andalousie : pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : spain\ncatocala nupta likiangensis mell , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 69 ; tl : nw . yunnan , likiang\ncatocala disjuncta var . fumigata kuznezov , 1903 ; revue russe ent . 3 : 76 ( repl . disjuncta var . luctuosa staudinger )\ncatocala retecta grote , 1872 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 4 : 4 ; tl : middle states [ usa ]\ncatocala luctuosa hulst , 1884 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 7 : 53 ; tl :\nmiddle and western states\ncatocala chelidonia grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 9 ) : 159 ; tl : prescott , [ yavapai co . ] , arizona\ncatocala clintoni grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 89 ; tl : eastern states [ usa ]\ncatocala lineella ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3f\ncatocala caerulea beutenm\u00fcller , 1907 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 23 ( 36 ) : 938 ; tl : oregon\ncatocala stretchii var . margherita beutenm\u00fcller , 1918 ; lepidopterist 2 ( 9 - 10 ) : 65 ; tl : california , mendocino co .\ncatocala praeclara grote & robinson , 1866 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 6 : 25 ; tl : new york , usa\ncatocala grisatra brower , 1936 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 31 : 96 , f . 1 ; tl : georgia , athens\ncatocala dilecta laetita schawerda , 1931 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 16 ( fortsetzung ) : 35 ; tl : corsica , vizzavona , evisa\ncatocala fraxini legionensis g\u00f3mez bustillo & vega escandon , 1975 ; shilap rev . lepid . 3 : 224 ; tl : leon , villanueva de carrizo\ncatocala nupta alticola mell , 1942 ; mitt . dt . ent . ges . 11 : 55 ; tl : batang , atuntse [ china ]\ncatocala lincolnana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 3 ; tl : lincoln co . , arkansas\ncatocala dulciola grote , 1881 ; papilio 1 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : vicinity of dayton , [ montgomery co . ] , ohio\nthe reason why catocala eggs are occasionally deposited on plants upon which the larva cannot survive ; and a new variation ( lepid . , noctuidae )\ncatocala flebilis ; [ nacl ] , # 8782 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246\ncatocala vidua ; guen\u00e9e , 1852 , hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 7 ( noct . 3 ) : 94\ncatocala minerva cassino , 1917 ; lepidopterist 1 ( 8 ) : 63 , pl . f . ; tl : utah , provo canyon , deer creek\ncatocala jessica h . edwards , 1877 ; proc . cal . acad . sc . : 1 ; tl : california , kern co . , havilah\ncatocala messalina ; [ nacl ] , # 8845 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260\ncatocala clintoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8872 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245\ncatocala consors ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8772\ncatocala epione ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8773\ncatocala antinympha ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8775\ncatocala judith ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8781\ncatocala obscura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8784\ncatocala sappho ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8786\ncatocala agrippina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8787\ncatocala dejecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8790\ncatocala vidua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8792\ncatocala neogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8798\ncatocala aholibah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8800\ncatocala ilia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801\ncatocala relicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8803\ncatocala unijuga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8805\ncatocala irene ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807\ncatocala luciana ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8808\ncatocala faustina ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8811\ncatocala hermia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8812\ncatocala pura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8819\ncatocala hippolyta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8823\ncatocala babayaga ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8824\ncatocala jessica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8825\ncatocala junctura ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8829\ncatocala texanae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8830\ncatocala concumbens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8833\ncatocala delilah ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8835\ncatocala andromache ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8836\ncatocala andromache wellsi johnson , 1981 ; j . research lepid . 20 : 245 , f . 1 ; tl : california , amador co . , jackson\ncatocala illecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8840\ncatocala nuptialis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8842\ncatocala amestris ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8844\ncatocala gerhardi barnes & benjamin , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 8 ; tl : n [ ew ] , j [ ersey ] , lakehurst\ncatocala violenta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8853\ncatocala verrilliana var . ophelia h . edwards , 1880 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 2 : 95 ; tl : california , mendocino co .\ncatocala ultronia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8857\ncatocala crataegi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8858\ncatocala johnsoniana brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 34 , f . 6 ; tl : kernville , kern co . , california\ncatocala grynea ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8864\ncatocala titania ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8868\ncatocala olivia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8870\ncatocala amica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8878\ncatocala jair ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8879\ncatocala brandtii hacker & kaut , 1999 ; esperiana 7 : 430 - 431 , pl . 23 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : iran , esfahan\ncatocala unicuba walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan\ncatocala concubia walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 13 : 1210 ; tl : india , n . hindostan\ncatocala nozawae matsumura , 1911 ; thous . ins . japan ( suppl . ) 3 : 88 , pl . 37 , f . 1 ; tl : japan\ncatocala puerpera ; [ ne10 ] : 103 , pl . 7 , f . 1 - 4 , gen . 56 , 154 ; [ ne12 ] , 234\ncatocala residua grote , 1874 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 16 : 242 ; tl :\nwest farms / new york city\n?\ncatocala retecta luctuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788a\ncatocala ilia zoe ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8801a\ncatocala marmorata edwards , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 ( 4 ) : 508 ; tl : ? [ error yreka , california ]\ncatocala irene valeria ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8807a\ncatocala cara carissima ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832a\ncatocala andromache r . benjaminii brower , 1937 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 32 ( 5 ) : 185 ; tl : arizona , mojave co .\ncatocala californiensis brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 5 ; tl : valyermo , los angeles co . , california\ncatocala jansseni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 453 , pl . 22 , f . 2 ; tl : china , ichang\ncatocala consors sorsconi barnes & benjamin , 1924 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 5 ( 3 ) : 174 ; tl : maine\ncatocala deducta ; [ ne10 ] : 102 , pl . 6 , f . 14 - 15 , pl . 11 , f . 32 , gen . 32 , 153\ncatocala elocata var . locata staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 327 ; tl : uzbek , taschkend , margelan\ncatocala nupta kansuensis o . bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 88 ; tl : w . liang - tschou , ricthofen mts , kansu\ncatocala robinsoni ; [ nacl ] , # 8780 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4d\ncatocala erichi brower , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 : 36 , f . 4 ; tl : green valley creek , san bernardino mts . , california\ncatocala sordida ; [ nacl ] , # 8846 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5c\ncatocala andromedae ; [ nacl ] , # 8849 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 256 , f . 6a\ncatocala verrilliana ; [ nacl ] , # 8852 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 5d\ncatocala mira ; [ nacl ] , # 8863 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3g\ncatocala micronympha ; [ nacl ] , # 8876 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6g\ncatocala connubialis ; [ nacl ] , # 8877 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 258 , f . 6c\ncatocala remissa staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : ashabad\ncatocala thomsoni prout , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 452 , pl . 22 , f . 1 ; tl : n . china , tientsin\ncatocala alabamae grote , 1875 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 427 ; tl : demopolis [ marengo co . ] , ala [ bama ]\ncatocala shirozui sugi , 1982 ; ty\u00f4 to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 155 , f . 14 - 15 ; tl : taiwan , lishan , nantou - hsien\ncatocala nupta ; [ ne10 ] : 98 , pl . 6 , f . 6 - 7 , pl . 11 , f . 29 - 31 , gen . 50 , 148\ncatocala atocala brou , 1985 ; proc . entomol . soc . wash . 87 ( 4 ) : 889 - 892 ; tl : edgard , st . john the baptist parish , louisiana\ncatocala optata atlantica le cerf , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 ( 11 ) : 164 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas , oed beni bou n ' sor\ncatocala puerpera centralasiae sheljuzhko , 1943 ; dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 56 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : trans - caspia , kyzl - anvat\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8864 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6h ( = catocala alabamae ? )\ncatocala ixion druce , 1890 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 360 , 3 pl . 31 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , xucumanatlan\ncatocala aestimabilis staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 330 , pl . 4 , f . 12 ; tl : xinjiang , kaschgar , kysil jart\ncatocala sultana a . bang - haas , 1910 ; dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 3 ) : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : tunis , ain draham\ncatocala contemnenda staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 329 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : [ xinjiang ] kashgar , kysil jart\ncatocala atocala ; gall , peacock & slotten , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4 , f . 1a - b ( larva ) , c ( ova )\ncatocala callinympha duponchel , [ 1842 ] ; in godart , hist . nat . l\u00e9pid . fr . ( suppl . ) 3 : 546 , pl . 46 , f . 4 ; tl : provence and dalmatia\n? catocala nagansi sugi , 1982 ; ty\u00f4 to ga , 32 ( 3 , 4 ) : 150 , f . 5 - 6 , gen . 12 ; tl : taiwan , between tachi and wenshan , taoyuan hsien\ncatocala lupina herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1851 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 2 ( 47 ) : 409 , ( 19 ) ( ix ) pl . 46 , f . 234 - 235 ; tl : sarepta\ncatocala nupta nuptialis staudinger , 1901 ; in staudinger & rebel , cat . lepid . palaearct . faunengeb . , 1 : 248 ( preocc . walker , [ 1858 ) ) ; tl : altai , ala tau , ili , issyk kul\ncatocala innubens ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala muliercula ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8774 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260\ncatocala serena ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8779 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\ncatocala angusi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8783 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244\ncatocala insolabilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8791 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala lacrymosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8794 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259\ncatocala nebulosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8796 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\ncatocala marmorata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8804 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239\ncatocala cara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8832 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257\ncatocala whitneyi ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8843 ; metzler , 1987 , j . lep . soc . 41 ( 4 ) : 212 - 213\ncatocala similis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8873 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\ncatocala coccinata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245 , 2e\ncatocala briseis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8817 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 235 , f 1a\ncatocala piatrix ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 228 ; [ nacl ] , # 8771 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3j\ncatocala badia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8777 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2d\ncatocala habilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8778 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3d\ncatocala residua ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8785 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4b\ncatocala retecta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 224 ; [ nacl ] , # 8788 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4c\ncatocala palaeogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8795 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 260 , f . 6i\ncatocala subnata ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8797 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 252 , f . 5b\ncatocala umbrosa ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 48 - 50 ) ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : 3 , insert c ; brou , 2002 , south . lep . news 24 : ( 85 - 86 )\ncatocala cerogama ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8802 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257 , f . 6d\ncatocala parta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8806 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 261 , f . 6j\ncatocala californica ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 225 ; [ nacl ] , # 8814 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1b\ncatocala semirelicta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8821 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4f\ncatocala meskei ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 226 ; [ nacl ] , # 8822 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3e\ncatocala frederici ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 229 ; [ nacl ] , # 8837 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3b\ncatocala chelidonia ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8838 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2f\ncatocala abbreviatella ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 230 ; [ nacl ] , # 8841 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 243 , f . 2a\ncatocala gracilis ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8847 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1c\ncatocala praeclara ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8865 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 3h\ncatocala dulciola ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8871 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 2g\ncatocala minuta ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8874 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239 , f . 1d\ncatocala coccinata sinuosa ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 227 ; [ nacl ] , # 8851a ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4h\ncatocala alabamae ; dyar , [ 1903 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 231 ; [ nacl ] , # 8869 ; brou , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 117 , f . 3 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2b\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nandreusia hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 12 : 206 ( emend . andrewsia grote )\nneu , siberia - far easts , altai , mongolia , ussuri , amurland . see [ maps ]\n1400x915 ( ~ 229kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 3 . 8 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nnoctua agamos h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 122 , f . 525 ; tl : europe\n900x564 ( ~ 83kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 11 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1400x1006 ( ~ 219kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 28 . 6 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1400x928 ( ~ 237kb ) female greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1400m , n 39\u00b046 ' 15\n, e 20\u00b048 ' 20\n) , 8 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1400x996 ( ~ 233kb ) male greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , 7 . 7 . 2005 , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1000x574 ( ~ 81kb ) northern greece , axios delta , june 1995 , photo \u00a9 dylan lloyd leg .\n1100x834 ( ~ 118kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1100x834 ( ~ 121kb ) underside hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 14 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1200x695 ( ~ 178kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 30 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nnoctua disjuncta geyer , [ 1828 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 159 , f . 741 - 742 ; tl : europe , fiume [ rijeka ]\nceu , seu , s . siberia - korea , n . china , japan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua electa vieweg , 1790 ; tabl . verz . brand . schmett . 2 : 33 ; tl : brandenburg region\n900x564 ( ~ 86kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 12 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1200x787 ( ~ 190kb ) italy : canero , 12 . 8 . 1986 e . o , mayr leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nceu , seu , kazakhstan , n . africa , asia minor - uzbekistan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua nurus h\u00fcbner , [ 1822 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 143 , f . 655 - 656 ; tl : europe\n1100x834 ( ~ 116kb ) hungary , hajd\u00fa - bihar county , debrecen , belter\u00fclet , poroszlay \u00fat 103 , 02 . viii . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n1100x646 ( ~ 148kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 9 . 7 . 1984 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1300x793 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\n1300x893 ( ~ 185kb ) greece : epirus , mitsikeli mt . bei ioannina ( 1170m , n 39\u00b045 ' 45\n, e 20\u00b049 ' 00\n) , mayr toni leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\neu - kazakhstan , siberia - far east , japan . see [ maps ]\n900x438 ( ~ 117kb ) russia : moscow area , september , 2000 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n1100x833 ( ~ 134kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , bask\u00f3 , belter\u00fclet , 13 . viii . 1999 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n1011x721 ( ~ 139kb ) upperside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b023 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n974x540 ( ~ 108kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 11 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b023 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nlarva on populus tremula , betula sp . , fraxinus excelsior [ sprk ] , fraxinus , quercus , q . robur , tilia cordata , fagus , alnus , acer , ulmus , salix [ ne10 ] , 96 ( beck , anikin et al . )\nseu , ceu , siberia - far east , korea , n . china . see [ maps ]\nphalaena paranympha linnaeus , 1767 ; syst . nat . ( edn 12 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 842 ; tl : germany\n1000x650 ( ~ 78kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , bask\u00f3 , belter\u00fclet , 04 . vii . 1999 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n932x669 ( ~ 117kb ) russia , moscow area , 24 . 7 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nlarva on prunus spinosa , p . domestica , p . padus , crataegus monogyna , quercus [ ne10 ] , 86\nephesia fulminea chekiangensis mell , 1933 ; mitt . dt . ent . ges . , e . v . 4 : 64 ; tl : w . tienmoshan\nseeu - s . urals , asia minor , altai mts . . see [ maps ]\n900x564 ( ~ 77kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 11 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n900x564 ( ~ 71kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 20 . vii . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .\nephesia largeteaui yunnana mell , 1936 ; ; tl : nw . yunnan , likiang\nsw . russia , kazakhstan , e . turkey , iraq , armenia , kurdistan , afghanistan , altai mts . , s . siberia . see [ maps ]\nphalaena neonympha esper , 1805 ; die schmett . , th . iv , bd . 2 ( abs . 2 ) ( 53 ) : 75 , ( abs . 1 ) ( 54 ) pl . 198 ( noct . 199 ) , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : sarepta region\nmormonia neonympha variegata warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 303 , pl . 54 c ; tl : central asia\nmormonia neonympha syriaca osthelder , 1933 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 23 : 93 ( preocc . ) ; tl : turkey , marasch\n900x564 ( ~ 86kb ) hungary , gyqr - sopron county , sopron , k\u00f6ves - \u00e1rok , 06 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , szabolcs s\u00e1fi\u00e1n , andr\u00e1s ambrus leg . ( on bait )\n1007x713 ( ~ 113kb ) russia , moscow area , 4 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n1300x801 ( ~ 231kb ) austria : vorarlberg , oombirn , achm\u00e4ander , a14 , 420m , 7 . 8 . 2006 , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nlarva on populus , p . nigra , populus x _ _ canadensis , salix , s . fragilis [ ne10 ] , 99\nsweu - s . france , italy - greece , corsica , sicily , crete , n . africa , asia minor - afghanistan , kashmir . see [ maps ]\n1200x763 ( ~ 176kb ) sardinia : soleminis , ca 250m , 4 . 7 . 1985 , siegel leg . , photo \u00a9 christian siegel\nephesia nymphaea kashmirica warren , 1913 ; gross - schmett . erde 3 : 316 , pl . 57 b ; tl : india , kashmir\nephasia [ sic ] nymphaea kabuli o . bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 90 , pl . 11 , f . 8 ; tl : afghanistan , paghman mts .\nephesia nymphaea parigilensis kardakoff , 1937 ; arb . morphol . taxonom . ent . 4 : 191 ; tl :\nhindukusch , parigil\n900x564 ( ~ 71kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , aggtelek , b\u00e9ke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .\n900x564 ( ~ 73kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , aggtelek , b\u00e9ke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .\n900x564 ( ~ 72kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , aggtelek , b\u00e9ke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg .\n900x564 ( ~ 67kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , aggtelek , b\u00e9ke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi , j\u00e1nos dobos , g\u00e1bor szer\u00e9nyi leg .\n900x564 ( ~ 72kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , aggtelek , b\u00e9ke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi , j\u00e1nos dobos , g\u00e1bor szer\u00e9nyi leg .\nneu - siberia - amurland , tibet , germany , poland . see [ maps ]\nnoctua pacta var . suecica esper , 1787 ; die schmett . , th . iv , bd . 1 ( 47 ) : 365 , ( 41 ) pl . 99b ( noct . 20b ) , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : stockholm\nlarva on salix , s . caprea , s . cinerea # , [ ne10 ] , 109\n1000x684 ( ~ 141kb ) northern greece , axios delta , july 1995 , photo \u00a9 dylan lloyd leg .\n900x564 ( ~ 83kb ) hungary , hajd\u00fa - bihar county , hortob\u00e1gy , pente - zug , 14 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi leg .\n900x564 ( ~ 85kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , aggtelek , b\u00e9ke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi , j\u00e1nos dobos , g\u00e1bor szer\u00e9nyi leg .\n900x564 ( ~ 87kb ) hungary , borsod - aba\u00faj - zempl\u00e9n county , aggtelek , b\u00e9ke - barlang , 28 . vi . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi , j\u00e1nos dobos , g\u00e1bor szer\u00e9nyi leg .\n952x655 ( ~ 119kb ) russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 20 . 07 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n1024x565 ( ~ 126kb ) upperside russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 21 . 07 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n902x504 ( ~ 94kb ) underside russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 21 . 07 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nseu , n . africa , asia minor , tibet , altai , china , kazakhstan , s . urals . see [ maps ]\n900x564 ( ~ 80kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( ny\u00fal - m\u00e1ly ) , 23 . vii . 2002 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , szabolcs sum leg .\ngreece , macedonia , bulgaria , s . turkey , levante . see [ maps ]\ncatoala separata ; [ ne10 ] : 89 , pl . 4 , f . 49 - 52 , gen . 41 , 139\n1100x834 ( ~ 125kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 16 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1100x834 ( ~ 105kb ) underside hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 16 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n1100x834 ( ~ 114kb ) hungary , heves county , gy\u00f6ngy\u00f6s , s\u00e1r - hegy ( erd\u00e9szh\u00e1z ) , 15 . vii . 2003 , photo \u00a9 tam\u00e1s baranyi , vilmos polonyi leg . ( on bait )\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 ( aberr . )\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8770 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4e\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8775 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259 , f . 6f\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8778 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8781 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 247 , f . 3c\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8784 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 4g\nlarva on juglans nigra , j . cinerea , ( in lab . ) gall , peacock & slotten , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 1 - 4\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8792 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 259 , f . 6e\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8793 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8795 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 248 , f . 3i\n= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 251 , f . 5a\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8796 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 249 , f . 4a\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8798 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 245 , f . 2i\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8801 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 262\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8802 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253\nnova scoita , e . usa , oregon , colorado . see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix exigua , populus deltoides peacock & gall , 2001 , j . lep . soc . 54 ( 4 ) : 109 ( in laboratory )\n: hudson ' s bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls\n: lake tahoe , sierra nevada ; sissons , shasta co . , california , new westminster , b . c .\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8822 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244\narizona , s . illinois , colorado , texas , e . usa . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8829 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240 , f . 1h\n= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244\n: center , [ albany co . ] , n [ ew ] y [ ork , usa ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8833 ( ab . ) ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 ( ab . )\n= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 239\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8835 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244\ncatolala mcdunnoughi browerarum johnson , 1981 ; j . research lepid . 20 : 247 , f . 2 ; tl : california , amador co .\nnebraska , kansas , kentucky , illinois , s . manitoba . see [ maps ]\nlarva on amorpha fruticosa dodge , 1925 , entomol . news 36 : 267 - 268 , amorpha canescens ? metzler , 1987 , j . lep . soc . 41 ( 4 ) : 212 - 213\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8844 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 244 , f . 2c\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8844 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 253 , f . 5e\n: centre , [ albany co . ] , n [ ew ] y [ ork , usa ]\n= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240 , f . 1g\ncatocla charlottae brou , 1988 ; j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 116 , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 6 ; tl : 4 . 2mi ne abita springs , st . tammany parish , louisiana\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8873 ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 2h\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 8874 ( form ) ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 240\n= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 246 , f . 3a\nna . georgia , new york , texas , florida . see [ maps ]\n= ; gall & hawks , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 4 ) : 257 , f . 6b\n[ dylan lloyd ] hafanedd , deiniol rd . , bangor , wales , u . k . , ll57 2up\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome septi\u00e9me . noctu\u00e9lites . tome 3\nhistoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8rs ou papillons de france - supplement . nocturnes in godart ,\npacific coast lepidoptera , no . 15 . - description of a new species of\nh . edwards , 1880 ; hulst in h . edwards , 1880 ; hulst , 1880 in h . edwards , 1880 ; meyer in h . edwards , 1880 ; strecker in h . edwards , 1880\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil iv . die eulenphalenen\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 81 - 100 )\n. iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote and achille guen\u00e9e\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\non the noctuidae of north america 6th ann . rep . peabody acad . sci .\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schw\u00e4rmer , spinner und eulen , ( 1843 - ) 1845 ( - 1855 )\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\ncatalogue des l\u00e9pidopteres qui composent la colletction de feu mr . franck , [ 1825 ]\nforsetzung der tabelle von de nachtvogein . iv . fortsetzung der dierten tabelle von de insecten , besonders von denen so genannten nacheulen als der zwoten klasse . der nachv\u00f6gel hiesiger gegend\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .\nscientific results of the second yarkand mission ; based upon the collections and notes of the late ferdinand stoliczka , phd . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 848, "summary": [{"text": "the black drum ( pogonias cromis ) , also known as \" blue drum \" for its dark and hint of blue color , is a saltwater fish similar to its cousin , the red drum .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus pogonias .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "though most specimens are generally found in the 5-30 lb ( 2 \u2013 14 kg ) range , the black drum is well known as the largest of all the drum family with some specimens reaching excesses of 90 lb ( 40 kg ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the world record black drum was just over 113 lb ( 51 kg ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are often black and/or gray in color with juvenile fish having distinctive dark stripes over a gray body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "their teeth are rounded and they have powerful jaws capable of crushing oysters and other shellfish .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is recommended those over 15 lb pounds ( 7 kg ) should be released .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "black drum are capable of producing tones between 100 hz and 500 hz when performing mating calls . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "black drum", "paragraphs": ["common name : black drum , sea drum , gray drum , striped drum , banded drum , oyster cracker .\nblack drum can be distinguished from the red drum by the presence of barbels . photo \u00a9 richard bejarano\nblack drum find clams and crabs by sweeping the bottom with their chin barbels .\nthe internet has many recipes and helpful hints on preparation for both black and red drum . information adapted from a brochure , black drum in texas , by joe breuer .\nevery spring , schools of black drum enter the delaware bay to feed and spawn .\nin bermitz\u2019s experience , the docks normally hold pairs and smaller groups of black drum .\nblack drum are very similar in all aspects to their cousin , the red fish .\nwe show you how to catch black drum easy on this video . we show how to put a rigg together to catch black drum step by step . and we show you whats the best bait to use to catch these black drums .\nthe black drum is one of the largest fish in the bay . young black drums that weigh less than 8 pounds are also known as puppy drums .\npredators : juvenile black drum are preyed upon by a variety of larger fishes such as seatrout and jacks . larger black drum are likely to be preyed upon by sharks ( murphy and muller 1995 )\nreaching weights of 110 pounds , black drum are one of the largest inshore species in new jersey .\nigure 2 . total black drum dollar value and percentage by county for the years 1987 - 2001 .\ntable 1 . total dollar value of irl black drum , pogonias cromis , between 1987 - 2001 .\nsharks likely feed on black drum . juveniles are preyed upon by seatrouts , jacks and other large fish .\nthe chesapeake bay record black drum , caught in 1973 off cape charles , virginia , weighed 111 pounds .\nbottom - feeders , black drum prey upon mollusks and crustaceans such as clams , oysters and crabs . black drum use their chin barbels to sense for prey and use their strong teeth plates to crush the hard shells open .\nasmfc approves first step in black drum interstate management . public input sought on new plan development ( may 2012 )\nthe black drum uses the barbels under its chin to locate food along the mud bottom of the delaware bay .\nfigure 4 . summary of the black drum recreational harvest and percentage of total by area from 1997 - 2004 .\ndrum , sea drum , common drum , banded drum , butterfly drum , gray drum , striped drum , oyster drum , oyster cracker ; french : grand tambour ; japanese : guchi , ishimochi , nibe ; portuguese : corvina ; spanish : corvin\u00f3n negro , corbina , corvina negro , corvina , roncador .\ntable 2 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the black drum harvest for the years 1987 - 2001 .\nas of 2005 , fishing regulations in florida state that black drum must be no less than 14 inches tl , but not more than 24 inches tl to be of legal size ; however , one black drum larger than 24 inches tl may be kept . a bag limit of 5 legal - sized black drum per person per day is in effect .\nthere is no evidence of sex - specific differences in growth rates of black drum ( beckman et al . 1990 ) .\ntable 3 . by - county cumulative dollar value and percentage of total for the black drum harvest from 1987 - 2001 .\na popular sport fish , the best time to catch a black drum is during a full moon using soft crab as bait .\nblack drum average around 2 - 5 pounds , 10 - 20 pound fish are not uncommon and the largest exceed 100 pounds .\nblack drum from 1 to 10 pounds are very common and often referred to as\npuppy drum .\nlarger fish , called\nbull drum\n, are not uncommon to 40 pounds and are occasionally even larger .\nblack drum tastes really similar to redfish and their fillets look just like redfish also . they are both part of the drum family so that is why they are so similar .\ni had heard that the bigger black drum have worms in them and are not good to eat . i was watching the weekend fisherman this morning and the show was on black drum . they were catching black drum and several times captain herb gordon said that the fish they were catching were good eating , and the fish when he was saying that seemed to be in the lower 40\nrange . i have always released black drum in the past . wondering what size anyone has tried and was it any good . thanks wes\nfigure 1 . annual dollar value of the commercial catch of black drum to the 5 - county area of the indian river lagoon .\nfigure 3 . survey data for the black drum recreational fishery showing the number of fishes harvested in east florida waters from 1997 - 2004 .\nthen again , on a blustery , cool day , open - minded anglers like capt . al bermitz are quick to praise black drum .\ndude ! that\u2019s a pair of boss black drum , and the kind of prespawn school at right is a stunning sight on some florida inshore waters . most anglers release these bigger drum .\nthe old timers say , \u201cthe drum bite begins as the dogwood blooms . \u201d they\u2019re right . the dogwoods are in full bloom , and the black drum are in delaware bay\u2014and they\u2019re hungry .\nthe black drum , pogonias cromis . illustration by diana rome peebles 1998 . courtesy of florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . used with permission .\nblack drum are not an important commercial species in florida , but are considered important recreationally . between 1987 - 2001 , the total commercial harvest of\nblack drum adults form schools and migrate in the spring to bay and river mouths for the spawning season ; in the gulf of mexico this is from february to may . larval black drum remain in shallow muddy waters until they are 4 to 5 inches long ; then they move near shore .\ntrophic mode : black drum are primarily bottom feeders , though they have been occasionally observed feeding near the surface on small finfishes such as menhaden ( ackerman 1951 ) . pearson ( 1929 ) reported black drum bottom feeding in a vertical position in waters so shallow , their tails protruded from the water .\nirl distribution : black drum are common throughout the indian river lagoon and have notably large populations in volusia and martin counties ( murphy and taylor 1995 ) .\nadults sometimes move onto near - shelf waters , but are primarily estuarine - dwelling and show little migratory behavior . simmons and breuer ( 1962 ) reported that tagged black drum in texas generally moved less than 5 miles from where they were tagged . beaumarriage ( 1969 ) reported similar results in florida black drum .\nthe most anticipated large fish of the virginia springtime fishery is the docile black drum . now is the time to try your luck for a gentle giant .\nosburn and matlock ( 1984 ) examined movements of black drum in texas , reporting that black drum less than 3 years of age showed limited movement from bay systems into the gulf of mexico . older fishes were more commonly taken in deeper waters of the gulf , leading the authors to hypothesize that permanent movement of black drum to deeper gulf waters occurs in fishes older than 4 years of age ; with bays and estuaries thus supplying young fishes to spawning stocks of older fishes .\nif you are currently without a vessel , you can still clean up on black drum at your local inlet , if there is suitable access . many anglers enjoy pulling drum up over the rails of the jetties .\nthe first coastwide benchmark stock assessment for black drum was performed in 2014 and approved for management use in 2015 . based onassessment results , black drum is not overfished and not experiencing overfishing . the median biomass is estimated to be declining slowly , though it is still estimated to be well above that necessary to produce maximum sustainable yield .\nfor those unable to catch their own , black drum are harvested commercially from texas bays throughout the year . these drum can be purchased in stores and fish markets for about half the cost of the\nchoice\nfish .\nblack drum are heavy - bodied fish with large heads . fish up to about 15 pounds have 4 or 5 wide vertical black bars set on a silver - gray body . the bars fade as the fish grow larger , eventually disappearing . all sizes of black drum can be identified by the whisker - like barbels under their chin . black drum have large heavy pharyngeal teeth in the back of their throat that they use to crush mollusk shells . young black drum under 8 inches long feed mostly on marine worms and small fish . after 8 inches , they switch their diet to mollusks such as oysters , clams , and mussels . research has shown that drum captured from oyster reef areas prefer to eat oysters over clams and mussels . research has also shown that black drum can average eating one oyster per pound of body weight per day . feeding black drum swim with their heads slightly lowered , drifting their barbels ( chin whiskers ) over possible food items . when the barbels touch a food item , the drum stops swimming and inhales in the food item by creating a suction with its gill covers and mouth . the drum slowly swims forward while crushing the food item with its massive pharyngeal teeth . as the food item is crushed , small shell particles fall from the drum ' s gills . after finishing , the drum ejects the rest of the shell from its mouth . black drum can break apart and crush oyster clusters , but seem to select singles for ease of feeding . they feed both during daylight hours and at night , but feeding is less intensive during early morning hours . while feeding , schools of black drum often dredge up the bottom , creating muddy plumes in the water which can be easily seen from the air .\ntable fare : although some anglers will eat black drum , the flesh of these fish tends to be course , and most are infested with large , long parasitic tapeworms .\ncompetitors : black drum likely compete with other drums , especially the red drum for benthic food resources , but because of their strong pharyngeal teeth , probably do not experience much competition for mollusks ( sutter et al . 1986 ) .\nlive or dead shrimp are primarily used . anglers using sandfleas and fresh clams catch drum and pompano . black drum have a habit of picking up the bait and running toward you , producing slack in the line . \u201cthat\u2019s when you know you have a drum on , \u201d says ricciardi .\nblack drum are primarily bottom feeders . young black drum feed on small fish and invertebrates , such as copepods , annelids , and amphipods . the eggs and larvae of this species were shown to be subject to high predation . as juveniles , they are prey to a wide range of estuarine fish species , such as spotted seatrout and crevalle jack .\nrecreational fishery : the black drum , especially at larger size , is not generally considered a high - quality food fish due to commonly being infested with cestodes ( spaghetti worms ) ( simmons and breuer 1962 ; etzolt and christmas 1979 ) . however , black drum measuring less than 20 inches are valued in the recreational fishery ( silverman 1979 ) .\nblack drum are found in the western atlantic ocean , from massachusetts to southern florida and across the gulf of mexico to northern mexico . they rarely occur north of new jersey .\nthe black drum is one of the most popular inshore fish for food . they are rather good up to 24\n, after which the meat looses flavor and become coarse .\n1 ) out of all the species in the drum / croaker family\u2014red drum , spotted seatrout , weakfish , whiting , spot , croaker\u2014the black drum is the only species where females and males both produce calls . the other major difference recently determined by a usf grad student , now ph . d . , jim locasio , is that the volume and intensity of sound coming from a group of black drum does not necessarily mean more eggs in the water column , as it does for species like spotted seatrout and weakfish . black drum are more complex , or\u2026um\u2026either she or he has a headache more often , wanting to put off spawning until another evening !\nthe black drum is a silvery - gray , bottom - dwelling fish that visits the chesapeake bay from spring through autumn . it is one of the largest fish in the bay .\nmike ricciardi , a sebastian inlet regular who has caught numerous black drum there , prefers the outgoing tide for black drum . \u201ci fish the surf side , and also at the end of the jetty sometimes . the incoming tide is okay , but it rips around the end of the jetty so strong you really can\u2019t keep a weight on bottom , \u201d he said .\nthe board approved addendum i to the black drum fmp in may 2018 . the addendum allows maryland to reopen its black drum commercial fishery in the chesapeake bay with a daily vessel limit of up to 10 fish and a 28 - inch minimum size . over the next year , maryland will develop a management program for the commercial fishery with implementation by april 1 , 2019 .\nmurphy , m . d . ; adams , d . h . ; tremain , d . m . ; winner , b . l . 1998 . direct validation of ages determined for adult black drum , pogonias cromis , in east - central florida with notes on black drum migration . fish . bull . ( us ) 96 ( 2 ) : 382 - 387 .\nblack drum can mature to near 100 - pounds . the virginia saltwater fishing tournament issues citations for catches of 80 pounds or more , or a release citation for 46 inches or more .\npart of the black drum ' s scientific name , pogonias , means \u201cbearded . \u201d this refers to the fish\u2019s chin barbels , which look like a beard . cromis means \u201cto croak . \u201d\nrecreational landings of black drum are significantly larger than commercial landings in all states within their range . for example , in 2003 , 757 , 867 pounds of black drum were landed in florida by commercial and recreational interests . of the total harvest , 98 % of landings were made by recreational anglers rather than by commercial fishers , with 72 % of landings occurring on the atlantic coast .\ntable 5 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the black drum harvest for the years 1997 - 2001 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .\nmeans eye - like spots referring to black spots on the tail . the sciaenidae family has approximately 275 species within 70 genera .\npogonias cromis aka : drum description : black drum have short , deep bodies ( less than three times as long as deep ) with high - arched backs and flattish bellies . they have conspicuous chin barbells and make a loud grunting noise when excited . adults have dusky to black fins and are silver with a brassy luster when alive , but change to a dark gray after death . young drum possess four to six black vertical bars . size : black drum grow to 5 feet and 146 pounds . citations are given for fish weighing 35 pounds or more and for the live release of fish measuring 40 inches or longer . sometimes confused with : sheepshead , spadefish habitat : black drum are found from southern new england to mexico but are more commonly caught from new jersey southward . they prefer coastal waters of the bays , sounds and inlets , with a range of salinities . eating habits : black drum feed on the bottom and use their chin barbels to search for food . they have strong throat teeth that allow them to eat clams , mussels , oysters and crabs . they also eat worms and some fish . life cycle : black drum reach sexual maturity by age 3 . adults form schools and , in the spring , migrate to spawning grounds at sea near mouths of rivers and bays . newly hatched drum reside in estuaries for the first year of their lives , then move offshore . fishing tips : black drum are rarely caught with artificial lures since feeding is through feel and smell . anglers more commonly use conventional bottom rigs with sinkers or one or more drops with single hooks and no sinker . fishermen catch black drum fishing from banks , in the surf or from anchored boats using cut mullet , menhaden , shrimp and blood worms . larger fish are often taken on clams or pieces of crab .\nthe black drum also has the honor of being the most highly evolved , recently evolved species in our local group ( of sciaenids ) based on a variety of independent analyses , dna analyses , air bladder configurations , ear stone morphology and osteology ( skeletal characters ) . black drum live long , and carry on very loud conversations at night mostly in late fall , winter and early spring .\nthe black drum has a dark , silvery - gray body with a brassy sheen . it grows 40 to 60 inches in length and weighs between 50 to 100 pounds . it has a grayish belly , black fins and a high , rounded back . many small barbels appear on its lower chin , and it has cobblestone - like teeth plates . a deep notch appears in its dorsal fin . juveniles have four to five black vertical bars on their sides .\nmurphy , m . d . ; muller , r . g . 1995 . stock assessment of black drum pogonias cromis in florida . fmri , in - house report series ihr 1995 - 005 .\nblack drum can be caught on just about any rig . for fish intended for the table spinning or bait casting gear works well . for the larger fish heavy spinning and ocean gear is best .\ngood , especially smaller fish . the flesh of large black drum tends to be coarse . black drum , especially larger ones , often have had infestations of a larval tapeworm in their flesh . often called a\nspaghetti worm ,\nit is really a parasitic tapeworm of sharks and is using the drum as an intermediate host . if the drum is eaten by a shark , the larval worm becomes a reproducing adult in the shark . while they may look unappetizing , they are harmless to humans , even if eaten raw .\nnice day on the water in bonaparte creek , sunset beach , nc . 12 keepers on the day ! 10 black drum , 1 specked trout , 1 spot and 1 likely red drum that got away . thanks for watching and as always be sure to subscribe !\ngrowth information for black drum is relatively scarce , but some rate estimates have been produced . simmons and breuer ( 1962 ) used length - frequency analysis and tag return data to estimate growth rates in black drum , finding that black drum in texas measured approximately 160 mm ( 6 . 3 inches ) standard length ( sl ) , at the end of the first year , 310 mm ( 12 . 2 inches ) at the end of the second year , and 415 mm ( 16 . 3 inches ) by the end of the third year . older drum in their study had growth rates of approximately 50 mm ( 1 . 97 inches ) sl per year .\ntable 6 . summary of the black drum recreational harvest and percentage of total fish captured in each area from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .\noyster bars in al\u2019s experience , there\u2019s a rhythm to the bite . schools of juvenile black drum will feed in an area for around an hour , at which time they can be caught in numbers .\nblack drum sometimes grab artificial lures , and you can up the attraction by fishing scented baits such as the soft shrimp at right . bounce a lure like this around bridge or dock pilings in winter .\nspaghetti worms are common parasites of saltwater fish in the drum family , which include speckled and white trout , black drum , redfish , and croakers . while they look alike to most fishermen , several different worms use these fish as hosts . most common in sea trout is poecilancistrium caryophyllum . worms found in black drum are most often pseudogrillotia pieistacantha . for ease of discussion , we will dispose of these tongue - twisting latin names and refer to them all as spaghetti worms .\naverage small drum weigh 5 to 10 pounds ; large specimens commonly weigh 20 to 40 pounds . in delaware bay , fish from 40 to 70 pounds are fairly common in the spring . the all - tackle record is 113 pounds . black drum live up to 35 years .\nthe black drum , the largest species in the drum family , is both a fine eating fish and excellent sport fish , depending on the size of fish targeted . these large fish are commonly 20 - to - 50 pounds , and reach over 100 pounds when fully grown .\ntable 4 . summary data for recreational fishery in eastern florida waters for the black drum , pogonias cromis , from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .\nosburn , h . r . , and g . c . matlock . 1984 . black drum movement in texas bays . n . am . j . fish . manage . 4 : 523 - 530 .\nrichards , c . e . , 1973 age , growth and distribution of the black drum ( pogonias cromis ) . trans . am . fish . soc . 102 ( 3 ) : 584 - 590 .\nas one of the largest fish inhabiting the inshore waters of new jersey , the black drum is a popular target when their spring spawning migration brings them into the delaware bay . their scientific name , pogonias cromis , literally means \u201cbearded grunters , \u201d referring to the drum\u2019s whisker - like barbels and ability to create a croaking sound using its air bladder . understanding more about the black drum\u2019s habits and the bay where they live will help you find and catch more of these big booming gamefish .\nbody color in adults is a silver to black base color , highlighted with a with a coppery or brassy sheen . fins are dusky to black in color . young typically have 4 - 6 vertical black bars along their sides . coloration may change depending on habitat or age of the fish ( simmons and breuer 1962 ) . in the gulf of mexico , black drum are nearly uniformly silver in color , their vertical crossbars disappearing very early in life . fishes inhabiting bays and lagoons tend to be darker in color , typically with a bronze dorsal surface and gray - white sides ( simmons and breuer 1962 ; johnson 1978 ) .\nthis common fish is found gulfwide , from brackish estuarine waters out to nearshore offshore waters . black drum are found on mud , sand and shell bottoms and medium to large specimens are very common on oyster reefs .\nblack drum ( pogonias cromis ) can be found in nearshore waters along the atlantic coast from the gulf of maine to florida and as far south as argentina . atlantic coast black drum migrate inshore to the north in the spring , and to the south in the fall . fish can reach over 46\n, 120 pounds and 60 years of age . they grow rapidly until the age of 15 , at which time growth slows .\nlarge , captive drum were capable of feeding on more than 2 commercial - sized oysters per kilogram of body weight daily ( cave and cake 1980 ) . black drum are known to damage commercial stocks of oysters on seed reefs in lease areas in gulf of mexico waters ( benson 1982 ) .\nyoung red drum prey upon small crustaceans and marine worms . as the drum reaches lengths above 200mm , the diet shifts to incorporate small bony fishes including\nsomewhat similar to the redfish in shape , but usually distinguishable by color , and always by the fact that the drum has barbels , or feelers on the underside of the lower jaw . juvenile drum have black vertical stripes on dusky white sides . the stripes fade with age and adult drum are usually blackish above and white below , although some develop a decidedly bronze hue .\nross , j . f . , j . s . pavela , and m . e . chittenden , jr . 1983 . seasonal occurrence of black drum , pogonias cromis , and red drum , sciaenops ocellatus , off texas . northeast gulf sci . 6 ( 1 ) : 67 - 70 .\nmurphy , m . d . ; taylor , r . g . 1989 . reproduction and growth of black drum , pogonias cromis , in northeast florida . northeast gulf sci . 10 ( 2 ) : 127 - 137 .\nsilverman , m . j . 1979 . biological and fisheries data on black drum , pogonias cromis ( linnaeus ) . northeast fish . nt . sandy hook lab . tech . ser . rep . 22 . 35 pp .\nweird chin whiskers , faded stripes , utter disregard for topwater baits . for anglers in search of redfish , black drum are often regardedas a lowly consolation prize . an oddity , at best , compared to the sleek reds .\nsimmons eg ; breuer jp , 1962 . a study of redfish , sciaenops ocellata linnaeus , and black drum , pogonias cromis linnaeus . publ . inst . mar . sci . , university of texas 8 : 184 - 211 .\nadult black drum feed on crustaceans and mollusks , with a preference for blue crabs , shedder crabs , shrimp , oysters , and squid . they locate food with their chin barbels and crush and grind shells with their pharyngeal teeth .\nalthough similar in fundamental frequency and waveform , the advertisement calls of male black drum in uruguay have shorter durations than calls from the same species in the northern hemisphere . the florida black drum population has durations that are over three fold longer . to our knowledge , the history of separation between these two groups is unknown . if shorter calls evolved first , the ability to produce longer calls in florida may have been selected by females as an index of male quality .\nthe black drum , a mainstay in the commercial fishery , has never been fully accepted as game fish by sport anglers . annual harvest of black drum along the texas coast is usually more than 1 . 3 million pounds by the commercial fishery and approximately three quarters of a million pounds by the sport fishery . while some prefer flounder , red drum , snapper , or some more glamorous fish , many anglers maintain that black drum less than five pounds , cleaned and prepared properly , may be better than many of these so - called\nchoice\nfish . many coastal restaurants noted for their seafood serve drum extensively . fish taken in cold weather before spawning tend to be fatter and in better condition than those caught in summer after spawning . drum weighing more than five pounds usually have coarse flesh ; the larger the fish , the coarser the flesh . rather than eating these larger drum , anglers are encouraged to release them to spawn and fight another day .\nspaghetti worms\ncommon in spotted seatrout are present in larger drum and , while unappetizing , they are not harmful to humans .\nblack drum are sensory - oriented fish , relying more on their sense of smell and taste from their chin barbels than on sight . because of this , natural bait and cut bait are much better than artificial bait for catching drums .\nthe black drum is the largest member of the sciaenidae family ( drum and croaker ) . the common term \u201cdrum\u201d refers to the loud and distinctive \u201cdrumming\u201d noise that occurs when the fish raps a muscle against the swim bladder . this voluntary noise is assumed to be associated with locating and attracting mates , and it can sometimes be heard from a good distance , even by people above the water .\nearly june is generally the best time for drum fishing in the delaware bay .\nbermitz , who guides and fishes for sport on the indianriver lagoon near palm bay , knows that a little bait - dunking in the right spot can be just plain fun . especially when there\u2019s a school of feisty , good - eating drum passing through . so here\u2019s a basic primer on black drum fishing in florida .\nleard , r . , and ten co - authors . 1993 . the black drum fishery of the gulf of mexico , united states : a regional management plan . gulf states marine fisheries commission , number 28 , ocean springs , ms .\nblack drum are multiple spawners with continuous oocyte recruitment throughout the spawning season ( fitzhugh 1993 ) , and are capable of spawning approximately every 3 days . pearson ( 1929 ) estimated that a ripe female black drum measuring 1 . 1 m ( 43 . 3 inches ) total length ( tl ) would produce approximately 6 million eggs annually . in a more recent study , fitzhugh et al . ( 1993 ) estimated fecundity of average sized females weighing 13 . 4 pounds at 32 million eggs annually .\njoseph , e . b . , w . h . massmann , and j . j . norcross . 1964 . the pelagic eggs and early larval states of the black drum from chesapeake bay . copeia 1964 ( 2 ) : 425 - 434 .\nall the drum species are in our waters all times of the year . black drum are around all year , although they are found in different places at different times of the year , and their sizes can vary considerably . you will catch them on grass flats , in residential canals , and in deeper channels around the big bridges .\nthis fish is a member of the croaker family and is related to the atlantic croaker , red drum , and spotted seatrout . a characteristic of this family of fish is the ability to produce croaking or drumming sounds with the air bladder , which is the reason for the common names croaker and drum . this ability is most developed in the black drum and anglers can sometime hear sounds from schools passing near their boats .\na school of drum feeds like a herd of cows\u2014heads down , moving slowly and grazing along the bottom . drum move between established feeding stations scattered throughout the delaware bay .\nspawning in many species occurs around periods of maximum current flow during spring tides that best disperse the fertilized eggs . most black drum spawning occurs around the big full moon tides , with some spawning occurring during the new moon as well . drum are serial spawners , meaning that they will spawn multiple times during their stay in the delaware bay .\nthe main predator of the red drum is humans . other predators include birds of prey including ospreys , as well as larger fishes . the black tail spot is thought to be used as mechanism to confuse predators into attacking the tail instead of the head .\ni love black drum and i have eaten fish up to 80 lbs . those that are or might be\ngrossed out\nby the parasite in the fish shouldn ' t watch the cleaning as they are there but were gone when it hit theplate .\nfirst things first . about those photos of giant , breeding - size drum you begin to see this time of year in magazines and newspapers : starting in february and running through april , there are anglers who target spawning drum in deep ocean or gulf passes , usually far north florida , but sometimes tampa bay and charlotte harbor . prespawn aggregations of black drum at nearby bridges also stoke fires . big chunks of blue crab , clam and shrimp soaked on bottom attract humongous drum , some weighing close to 100 pounds .\nblack drum are a prolific species , with females producing 11 - 60 million eggs each over a 14 - week spawning season . generally , spawning takes place in or near passes , as well as in channels in open water in depths between 10 and 165 feet . the locations change with seasons and environmental conditions . black drum spawn between january and april . spawning activity takes place between 7 p . m . and 10 p . m . and at water temperatures of 59 to 75\u00b0f . black drum spawning sites are closely tied to the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water , with the more oxygen the better . during this period , each female spawns 20 to 30 times . spawning peaks seem to occur at new and full moon phases and spawning takes place in the early evening , one to two hours after sunset . after being spawned , the eggs are carried seaward by currents until they hatch . larval ( baby ) and small black drum then tend to travel inland with incoming tides where they settle out in marshes to grow . at 24 to 26 inches and 4 to 5 years of age , they become sexually mature and begin to spawn . mature black drum form large schools before the beginning of spawning season . often 20 , 000 - 60 , 000 pounds of fish will be in one of these offshore schools , frequently mixed with cownose rays and occasionally with crevalle jacks and red drum . after spawning season , these schools seem to disperse . black drum are long - lived fish , with most studies indicating a maximum age of over 40 years and one study in florida estimating a maximum of 58 years of age .\ndrum also love to feed in algae beds laden with crabs , clams , razor clams and oysters . algae can only grow in depths that receive sufficient sunlight . in the often turbid waters of the delaware bay , this usually means depths less than 45 feet . black drum will occasionally feed in water so shallow their tails wag in the air .\nthe best drum fishing takes place around the full moon . even though the drum do not feed while spawning , they will feed before and after . finding a large spawning congregation of drum could lead to fast fishing after they have completed the circle of life .\nan inshore bottom fish , the black drum prefers sandy bottoms in salt or brackish waters near jetties , breakwaters , bridge and pier pilings , clam and oyster beds , channels , estuaries , bays , high marsh areas , and shorelines . larger fish often favor shoal areas and channels . black drum can survive wide ranges of salinity and temperature . the small fish inhabit brackish and freshwater habitats ; the adults usually prefer estuaries in which salinity ranges from 9 to 26 parts per thousand and the temperature ranges from 53\u00b0 to 91\u00b0f .\nsimmons , e . g . , and j . p . breuer . 1962 . a study of redfish , sciaenops ocellata linnaeus , and black drum , pogonias cromis linnaeus . publ . inst . mar . univ . tex . 8 : 184 - 211 .\ns . ocellatus is the second largest member of the drum family in the western atlantic and gulf of mexico , reaching a maximum length of 1 . 5 m . the world record s . ocellatus weighs 42 . 7 kg . only the black dru . . .\nred drum coloration ranges from a deep cooper to an almost silvery sheen . photo courtesy fda\nlarvae feed primarily on zooplankton ( benson 1982 ) . juveniles feed on annelids , soft crustaceans , amphipods , and small fishes ( simmons and breuer 1962 ; peters and mcmichael 1990 ) . in texas , approximately 33 % of the diet in black drum measuring 21 - 50 cm ( 8 . 3 - 19 . 7 inches ) or more in length consisted of the surfclam ( mulinia sp . ) . larger drum consume mostly mollusks and crabs , while the largest specimens consumed mollusks and shrimp ( simmons and breuer 1962 ) . miles ( 1949 ) reported that black drum in texas fed primarily on shrimp , mollusks , and vegetation .\npeters , k . m . ; mcmichael , r . h . , jr . 1990 . early life history of the black drum pogonias cromis ( pisces : sciaenidae ) in tampa bay , florida . northeast gulf sci . 11 ( 1 ) : 39 - 58 .\nilar to recent years at about 1 . 3 million pounds , landed fish constituted only 27 % of all black drum caught by the fishery . the other 73 % of recreationally caught fish were released alive , making 2016 the third highest year for releases in number of fish a\ntemperature : black drum prefer waters where temperatures range from 12 - 33\u00b0c ( mcilwain 1978 ) . sudden temperature drops during the winter months cause them to migrate to deeper waters . mass mortality is somewhat common when sudden , sustained temperature drops occur ( simmons and breuer 1962 ) .\nfitzhugh , g . r . , b . a . thompson and t . g . snider iii , 1993 ovarian development , fecundity , and spawning frequency of black drum pogonias cromis in louisiana . fish . bull . , u . s . 91 : 244 - 253 .\ndrum , like many other fish , don\u2019t feed while spawning . drum seem to spawn as the sun sets , the process lasting maybe an hour or so . a congregation of spawning drum is given away by the telltale drumming sound that can be heard coming from under the boat .\nblack drum are rarely taken on artificial baits since most feeding is done by feel and smell . cut fish , squid and shrimp are used , with peeled shrimp tails ( preferably ripe and smelly ) the most popular . since feeding is done on the bottom , the basic technique is simple - put a baited hook on the bottom and wait for the drum to swallow it .\nthe black drum is a chunky , high - backed fish with many barbels or whiskers under the lower jaw . younger fish have four or five dark vertical bars on their sides but these disappear with age . the bellies of older fish are white but coloration of backs and sides can vary greatly . fish from gulf waters frequently lack color and are light gray or silvery . those living in muddy bay waters have dark gray or bronze - colored backs and sides . some are solid silvery gray or jet black . a length of six inches is reached in the first year , 12 inches the second and 16 inches the third . increases of about two inches per year occur after that . the largest black drum on record weighed 146 pounds . the texas record taken by a sport angler is 78 pounds but most bull drum caught weigh 30 to 40 pounds .\na large bodied fish of the drum family . shorter and stockier than their cousin the redfish .\ndelaware bay water is often turbid , forcing drum to rely on scent to find their food .\nthe big black drum in the channels will be oriented facing the incoming water on moving tides . make sure your baits move with the same direction as the natural flow of water with those moving tides , or else your bait will be moving toward the fish\u2019s tails instead of their mouths .\nthe reel should be loaded with 50lb braid . since braided lines have a thinner diameter and less water resistance , they provide an added advantage and allow the angler to hold bottom with lighter sinkers . the lack of stretch transmits even the softest of black drum hits back to the angler .\nwhile some prefer flounder , red drum , snapper , or some more glamorous fish , many anglers maintain that black drum less than five pounds , cleaned and prepared properly , may be better than many of these so - called\nchoice\nfish . many coastal restaurants noted for their seafood serve drum extensively . fish taken in cold weather before spawning tend to be fatter and in better condition than those caught in summer after spawning . drum weighing more than five pounds usually have coarse flesh ; the larger the fish , the coarser the flesh . rather than eating these larger drum , anglers are encouraged to release them to spawn and fight another day .\nspaghetti worms\ncommon in spotted seatrout are present in larger drum and , while unappetizing , they are not harmful to humans .\nblack drum aren\u2019t sleek , beautiful fish , and they\u2019ll probably never have the kind of following of the bronzed , spot - tail redfish . but they have mystique , and they pull hard when hooked . add great tablefare to their list of attributes and you\u2019ve got a fine catch . \u2013 fs\na day later , bermitz called to inform me that he\u2019d caught two large catch - and - release fish at the same place we had fished\u2014a 38 - inch snook and a hefty goliath grouper ! talk about great bycatch ! oh yeah , a 26 - inch black drum came aboard as well .\nrather than scale your drum , skin it . the skin contains most of the\nfishy taste ,\nso why save it ? besides , the scales of drum are tough and not easily removed .\nas stated previously above , excellent eating . they do get\nwormy\nat 25 inches plus , but so do big specks . i tend to throw them back at the 30 inch or larger range not because of the worms , but because i usually end up having to use a damn hacksaw to get through that stiff bone in filleting . in fact , though , there was a stink around la a year or so ago when it was revealed that some restaurants were serving black drum but advertising as redfish . i know this for quite some time , but i say who gives a shite . while a redfish is a beautiful , gold and at times tealish mixed in color , and a black drum is plain ugly , black drum is a very pretty white meat , while redfish is bloodier . in other words , deep fry or marinate with lemon , red pepper and salt and cook on grill . enjoy !\nbeckman , d . w . , a . l . stanley , j . h . render and c . a . wilson , 1990 age and growth of black drum in louisiana waters of the gulf of mexico . trans . am . fish . soc . 119 ( 3 ) : 537 - 544 .\nanother friend of mine , tammy burgess , has had success with black drum fishing along mangrove banks with quick dropoffs . the areas are near channels , so the trick is to go when boat traffic is light . it can be hard to entice a bite when there is a steady stream of boat noise .\n2 ) both sexes of black drum emit a disturbance call , but advertisement calls are emitted only by males . the disturbance call is a series of short pulses , typical of many sciaenid species . the long - duration advertisement call is unique among known sciaenids and is relatively rare among sonic fishes in general .\nthe black drum is found along the atlantic coast from new york south through the gulf states to mexico . it is most abundant in texas and is found in all bay and inshore waters and offshore in gulf waters . the area of greatest abundance in texas is from corpus christi to brownsville on the lower coast .\ngoodyear cp , 1989 . status of the red drum stocks of the gulf of mexico report for 1989 .\nmatlock gc , 1990 . the life history of red drum . in : red drum aquaculture , texas a & m ; university sea grant college program , college station , texas , pp . 1 - 21 .\ncody , t . j . , k . w . rice , and c . e . bryan . 1985 . distribution and gonadal development of black drum in texas gulf waters . tex . pks . wildl . dep . , coast fish . branch , manage . data ser . no . 72 . 16 pp .\nin florida totaled 1 . 6 million pounds , and was valued at $ 679 , 928 . approximately 69 . 7 % of black drum landings occurred on florida ' s west coast . east coast landings totaled approximately 484 , 600 pounds , and were valued at $ 290 , 466 . of this , the 5 county area encompassing the irl ( volusia , brevard , indian river , st . lucie and martin counties ) accounted for 94 % of east coast landings ( 272 , 514 pounds ) , and was valued at $ 131 , 995 . this ranks the black drum sixty - ninth in commercial value and fifty - ninth in pounds harvested .\nunlike spotted seatrout that spawns only in the bays , and red drum that spawns only in the gulf , black drum will spawn in either bay or gulf or in the connecting passes . free spawning ( random release of eggs ) occurs mostly in february , march , and april with some later spawning occurring in june and july . larval drum are found in the surf and along bay shorelines in march and april , and by early summer one - half to one - inch juveniles are common in shallow , muddy creeks , sloughs and boat basins .\nin general , the smaller fish taste very similar to a redfish , while the larger fish do not taste as well . black drum are a rather simple fish , but still take some time and patience to learn the tricks of the trade . here , we present the top 10 tips and tricks for catching these big drums .\nin shallow water , it may be hard to see the drum on your fish - finder . instead , use the unit to locate structure that is likely to harbor a mussel or razor clam community . besides looking for areas where drum will stop to feed , captains also look for the telltale marks of big drum on the fish - finder . experienced captains will idle around an area , keeping their distance from other boats , looking for drum marks on the fish - finder . some days the fish will be found over sandy bottoms when they are moving from one feeding area to another . they may also be found over sandy bottoms as they aggregate to spawn . however , for the greatest likelihood of finding black drum , the feeding areas should be your primary target zone .\nyoung drums feed on maritime worms , small shrimp , and crabs and small fish . larger drum eat small crabs , worms , algae , small fish and mollusks . barbels ( or whiskers ) are used to find food by feel and smell . drum often dig or root out buried mollusks and worms while feeding in a head - down position . this process is called\ntailing\nand creates small craters in the bottom which anglers call\ndrum noodles .\nexperienced anglers can detect the recent passage of a school of drum by the presence of many\nnoodles .\nthe black drum has no canine teeth like those of the spotted seatrout , but does have highly developed pharyngeal teeth ( in the pharynx or throat ) which are used to crush mollusks and crabs before swallowing .\nnatural baits are by far the best method for catching black drum . good baits include blue crabs , shrimp , clams , mussels , and anything else that puts off a good odor and taste . one trick if you\u2019re not getting bites is to break open or pinch the baits , allowing more scent to be released into the water .\ncoloration the red drum is usually a copper reddish color . coloration can also range from a deep dark copper to an almost silvery sheen . the ventral side is usually a lighter color to almost white . red drums have a distinctive black spot near the base of the tail . one spot is most common however some individuals exhibit several spots .\nholt j , 1990 . growth and development of red drum eggs and larvae . in : red drum aquaculture , texas a & m ; university sea grant college program , college station , texas , pp . 46 - 50 .\nblack drum fishing can be enjoyed by anyone at almost any time . it is a relaxing outing compared with other types of fishing which require experience , expensive tackle , boats and related equipment . anyone can catch a drum , whatever their skills or finances . tackle can be rod and reel , trotline , hand line or cane pole , and bait is inexpensive . fishing can be done from piers or from the bank and the entire family can join in ."]}
{"id": 849, "summary": [{"text": "aethes mymara , the dark-spotted aethes , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was named by razowski in 1997 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from south-eastern canada and the north-eastern united states , including connecticut , indiana , massachusetts , north carolina , ontario , tennessee and washington .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 millimetres ( 0.63 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing between may and august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "aethes mymara", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about aethes mymara ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for aethes mymara ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\naethes mymara razowski , 1997 n . sp . , acta . zool . cracov . 40 : 126 .\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb tortricid moths ( tortricoidea ) \u00bb tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) \u00bb tortricinae \u00bb cochylini \u00bb aethes \u00bb aethes mymara - hodges # 3758 . 2 ( aethes mymara )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\npeterson field guide to moths of northeastern north america david beadle and seabrooke leckie . 2012 . houghton mifflin .\ncochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of canada razowski , j . 1997 . acta zoologica cracoviensia . 40 ( 1 ) : 107 - 163 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\n3721 dscf3326 . jpg wingspan ~ 14mm f # 3721 rwwa - 3721 bold dna : species level made with six 98 . 7 - 100 % matches . no other genus or species close . locality : coastal sw washington state at the edge of willapa bay geo : lat = 46 37 . 273 geo : lon = - 123 56 . 814 urltoken\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 851, "summary": [{"text": "steganocerus multipunctatus thunberg 1783 , or ladybird bug is a sub-saharan african member of the hemiptera with a strong resemblance to a ladybird .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is normally black with bright orange spots , but is quite variable in colour and may be brown without spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "it shares m\u00fcllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle chiridopsis suffriani , and a spider paraplectana thorntoni .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "s. multipunctatus is one of the rhynchota whose presence has been recorded on a wide range of indigenous plants and cultivated crops such as cotton . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "steganocerus multipunctatus", "paragraphs": ["a shield - backed bug / ladybird bug ( steganocerus multipunctatus ) , a warningly coloured , polychromic species , south africa .\nladybird bug shield - backed bug ( steganocerus multipunctatus : scutelleridae ) , a warningly coloured , polychromic species , in savannah , south africa . exhibits m\u00fcllerian mimicry with the tortoise beetle chiridopsis suffriani\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password ."]}
{"id": 852, "summary": [{"text": "the delicate slender opossum ( marmosops parvidens ) is a small pouchless marsupial of the family didelphidae that occurs in french guiana , guyana , suriname , and adjacent venezuela and brazil .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "marmosops pinheiroi , marmosops bishopi and marmosops juninensis had long been considered to represent the same species , until parvidens and pinheiroi were found in sympatry in french guiana .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this species is found in moist primary tropical rainforest at elevations up to 2000 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is nocturnal and partially arboreal , and feeds on insects and fruit . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "delicate slender opossum", "paragraphs": ["a young / baby of a delicate slender mouse opossum is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nguyana , east demerara - west coast berbice ,\nhyde park , 30 miles [ 48 km ] up the demerara river .\nvoss et al . ( 2001 ) considered pine\u2019s ( 1981 ) five subspecies to represent four species . the name parvidentata tate , 1933 , is an incorrect subsequent spelling of parvidens ( tate ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nc\u00e1ceres , n . , astua de moraes , d . , brito , d . , catzeflis , f . & silva , c .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthe species occurs across the guiana shield in venezuela , guyana , suriname , french guiana and south through northern brazil ( voss et al . 2001 , gardner and creighton 2008 , but see also garc\u00eda et al . 2014 , ast\u00faa 2015 ) .\nusually uncommon to rare , but occasionally locally common ( emmons and feer 1997 ) . several recent taxonomic changes in the genus marmosops require a reassessment of the information on population for this and several other species .\nthe species occurs in several protected areas throughout its range , and has a broad distribution .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsirohiiriopossumi\nto\nmarmosops parvidens ( tate , 1931 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ncomments : voss et al . ( 2001 ) considered pine ' s ( 1981 ) five subspecies to represent four species\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 860, "summary": [{"text": "aequidens is a genus of fish in the family cichlidae found in south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "formerly a wastebasket genus , as presently defined aequidens is largely restricted to the amazon basin , orinoco basin and river basins in the guianas .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the only exceptions are a. plagiozonatus which also occurs in the paran\u00e1 basin , and a. tetramerus which also occurs in the parna\u00edba river . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "aequidens", "paragraphs": ["aequidens plagiozonatus , live specimen collected near cuiab\u00e1 , brazil . photo : a . kullander\nmatt clarke on aequidens patricki , a beautifully marked and rarely seen south american cichlid .\nmorphological aspects of henneguya aequidens n . sp . ( myxozoa : myxobolidae ) in aequidens plagiozonatus kullander , 1984 ( teleostei : cichlidae ) in the amazon region , brazil .\naequidens is a genus of the subfamily cichlasomatinae , tribe cichlasomatini , most similar to cichlasoma .\nmorphological aspects of henneguya aequidens n . sp . ( myxozoa : myxobolidae ) in aequidens plagiozonatus kullander , 1984 ( teleostei : cichlidae ) in the . . . - pubmed - ncbi\na new species of tripartiella ( ciliophora : trichodinidae ) from aequidens tetramerus ( perciformes : cichlidae ) in north brazil .\na new species of tripartiella ( ciliophora : trichodinidae ) from aequidens tetramerus ( perciformes : cichlidae ) in north brazil . - pubmed - ncbi\naequidens was long a catch - all group for south american cichlids with three anal fin spines and lacking conspicuous characters . the genus was reviewed by kullander ( 1983 ) , who distinguished a number of species groups . most of these species groups have since been recognized as genera : bujurquina , tahuantinsuyoa and laetacara in kullander ( 1986 ) , and krobia and cleithracara in kullander & nijssen ( 1989 ) . also guianacara species have traditionally been included in aequidens . nonetheless , aequidens ' sensu stricto ' , remains vaguely diagnosed .\ndespite this considerable splitting aequidens as currently recognised continues to present taxonomical problems , with recent phylogenetic analyses failing to agree on how best to resolve them . musilov\u00e1 et al . ( 2009 ) recovered the a . tetramerus group as sister to cichlasoma with the a . didema group sister to that clade and recommended synonymising aequidens with cichlasoma while moving two species , a . potaroensis and a . paloemeuensis , into krobia .\navailability : this aequidens is very rarely seen in the aquarium trade . these ones were imported by maidenhead aquatics @ iver . captive bred fish are sometimes available from europe , but they are normally wild caught .\n( of otolithus aequidens cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ni hadn ' t heard of ' ae . ' sapayensis before , so my first step was to pull out my copy of die buntbarsche der neuen welt : s\u00fcdamerika . sure enough , there they were , in the chapter entitled\nder buntbarsche der . . aequidens\n- pulcher - gruppe .\nthere was a page of text , and pair of pictures , no less . all this told me three things : ( 1 ) sapayensis is valid species , ( 2 ) they are ' aequidens ' sapayensis until they are assigned to some genus ( as aequidens has been restricted to exclude this group of species ) , and ( 3 ) my fish resembling blue acaras as they did , stood a chance of being ' ae . ' sapayensis .\naquarium : i \\ ' ve never kept patricki , but if it \\ ' s anything like its close relatives in the aequidens genus , it could get a little feisty as it matures . most are pretty simple to keep , but should only be mixed with fish of equal size or larger who are capable of sticking up for themselves . many of the similar - looking aequidens can also be wife - beaters , so make sure you provide plenty of hiding places , or consider bringing the female into condition and then reintroducing the male to her tank using a divider .\neigenmann , c . h . & w . l . bray . 1894 . a revision of the american cichlidae . ann . n . y . acad . sci . 7 : 607 - 624 . kullander , s . o . 1986 . cichlid fishes of the amazon river drainage of peru . swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , 431 pp . kullander , s . o . 1995 . three new cichlid species from southern amazonia : aequidens gerciliae , a . epae and a . michaeli . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 6 : 149 - 170 . kullander , s . o . & e . j . g . ferreira . 1991 . a new aequidens species from the rio trombetas , brasil , and redescription of aequidens pallidus . zool . scr . 19 : 425 - 433 . kullander , s . o . & h . nijssen . 1989 . the cichlids of surinam . e . j . brill , leiden and other cities , xxxiii + 256 pp .\nthe genus aequidens itself also has a complex history , having previously comprised a much larger grouping which contained members of the currently valid genera andinoacara , bujurquina , krobia , cleithracara and laetacara . all of these are usually placed within the subfamily cichlasomatinae alongside members of cichlasoma , ivanacara , nannacara , tahuantinsuyoa and acaronia following kullander ( 1998 ) and subsequent works .\nfurther , the published meristics for the various species are quite similar ; the dorsal and anal fm spine / ray counts of ' ae . ' ; coeruleopunctatus and ' ae . ' sapayensis overlap entirely . ( see table . ) the case is probably even worse than suggested by the numbers in the original descriptions . now that many more specimens are generally examined when describing a species , it is recognized that spine and ray counts can vary widely within a species . in the recently described ' ae . ' patricki , to chose an example from the true aequidens , specimens are recorded with dorsal counts of 14 - 18 hard spines and 10 - 12 soft rays . 2 if these sorts of variances are found in species of ' aequidens ' as well , it might well be impossible to assign an individual fish to any of these species on the basis of spine and ray counts alone .\nthis is the type species of the genus aequidens and has the widest distribution of any member species . it exists in various colour forms depending on locality with variants from ecuador and peru being particularly sought after since they develop striking red ( ecuador ) or orange ( peru ) colouration on the lower part of the jaw , head and anterior portion of the belly whereas those from brazil tend to have an overall grey / blue / green colouration , for example .\nnonetheless , i examined photos of two specimens of gold acaras ( a female from the original purchase and a male from two generations later ) to obtain dorsal and anal counts . the counts of these two fish agreed with each other ( not surprisingly ) but do not match those from the descriptions of any similar ' aequidens ' species . ( see table . ) they are closest to those of ' ae . ' latifrons but ( as per the discussion above ) this may well be insignificant .\na new species of tripartiella is described from the gills of the wild saddle cichlid aequidens tetramerus in north brazil . wet smears of skin and gills of examined fish were air - dried at room temperature and impregnated with klein ' s dry silver method for examination of the adhesive disc ' s structures and denticles . total prevalence of parasitism was 65 % . this ciliate is characterized as a small - sized trichodinid , body diameter 37 . 03 \u00b1 4 . 9 \u03bcm , adhesive disc 30 . 50 \u00b1 2 . 71 \u03bcm , denticulate ring 13 . 28 \u00b1 0 . 8 \u03bcm and 24 \u00b1 2 . 0 denticles . taxonomic and morphometric data for the new species are discussed .\nthe auctioneer took my bid , looked for another , and sold me the fish . i don ' t remember exactly how much i paid , but i thought they were quite the bargain . they could have been $ 200 . 00 , for all i knew when i bid on them , but fortunately they weren ' t . they were more along the lines of what you might pay for blue acaras in a store . interestingly enough , that ' s just what they looked like : three young blue acaras . ( blue acaras are supposedly ' aequidens ' pulcher , but they have been bred commercially for so long that it is difficult to ascertain what wild stock they might have originated from . ) hmmn .\naequidens sapayensis . probable trio ,\nthe bag read . well , one was larger than the other two , but it seemed a bit premature to be sexing them at 1\nlong . still , if these really were what they were said to be , i hoped that the size difference really did reflect a sex difference as well . the auction was in chicago , so it was late the next evening before they were placed in a tank at my home in minneapolis . i had changed some of their water at the hotel the evening of the auction and again the next morning , but the water looked rather foul in their bag when i got them home . the seemed to adjust well to their new tank , however .\nno change in behavior was noted when the divider was removed , but a couple of weeks later the male was found dead . i imagine that he was killed by the female , but this is only speculation . in any case , this ended my attempts at spawning ' aequidens ' sapayensis , for the time being . i still have the female and the one of her offspring that grew up beside her . the remaining fry were all sold or given away to friends , local aquarists , or those attending the 1994 aca convention . i know that at least one aquarist has bred the gold acaras he got from me ( vinny kutty , pers . comm . ) and now has fry from them . also , considering the information provided by dr . wayne leibel ( above ) , it might be worthwhile to look for\ngreen terrors\nthat really aren ' t .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nlatin , aequus , equal , equally + latin , dens , dentis = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 4 . 9 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 1 - 13 . 5 . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nsouth america : widely distributed in the amazon river basin in peru , colombia , ecuador , brazil and bolivia . also in the tocantins and parna\u00edba rivers , french guiana , suriname , guyana , and in the orinoco river basin of venezuela and colombia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )\none of the most colorful species of the genus , especially during its reproductive period . frequently occurs in zones with little current and over a substrate covered with vegetal debris ( ref . 27188 ) . caught frequently but not abundantly in most varied biotopes - in small creeks and flooded zones with clear , shallow and slow flowing water . feeds primarily on insects , secondarily on fishes and plants . very territorial . during reproduction , males attain a deeper coloration . about 1 , 000 eggs are released during spawning . spawning takes place on stone or wood . parents take care of juveniles ( ref . 35237 ) . maximum length 25 cm tl ( ref . 1672 ) .\nkullander , s . o . and h . nijssen , 1989 . the cichlids of surinam : teleostei , labroidei . e . j . brill , leiden , the netherlands . 256 p . ( ref . 26372 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01622 ( 0 . 00890 - 0 . 02956 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec = 1 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nin naked dorsal and anal fins and long caudal peduncle including 2 - 3 vertebrae instead of none .\nthe type species , a . tetramerus , which attains 160 mm sl , is one of the most widespread south american cichlids , and is recorded from most of the amazon , tocantins , and orinoco basins , and guianan rivers . it was recently redescribed by kullander ( 1986 ) on the basis of western amazonian material , by kullander & nijssen ( 1989 ) on surinamese material , and by kullander ( 1995 ) on specimens from the aripuan\u00e3 drainage . the other species reach 100 - 120 mm sl and are much more limited in distribution .\nthere is no published key available . please refer to kullander ( 1986 ) , kullander & nijssen ( 1989 ) , kullander & ferreira ( 1991 ) , and kullander ( 1995 ) for identification guides . more than half a dozen undescribed species are known from museum material .\ntropical cis - andean south america , including the guianas , the orinoco drainage , the tocantins drainage , the parna\u00edba drainage , the amazon drainage and the uppermost paraguay drainage .\ndescribed from the rio branco in northern brazil but as currently recognised is widely - distributed throughout much of northern south america including the amazon system in peru , colombia , ecuador , brazil ( where it\u2019s also been recorded from the rio tocantins and rio parnaiba ) and bolivia , plus various drainages in french guiana , suriname and guyana , and the rio orinoco basin in venezuela and colombia .\nthis species is essentially a habitat generalist exhibiting a preference for biotopes containing slow - moving or still water with well - structured substrates including submerged tree roots , branches , leaf litter , etc . like many species it often moves into flooded zones during periods of high water and can also be found in flood plain lakes and oxbows . it\u2019s more frequently recorded in quieter tributary drainages than major river channels and at some localities aquatic plants grow thickly . the water itself may be black , clear or white though the former pair are apparently favoured .\nin the belmont stream , a tributary of the lower rio madeira in rond\u00f4nia state , western brazil a . tetramerus has been recorded to occur sympatrically alongside numerous other fish species including laemolyta taeniata , leporinus fasciatus , triportheus angulatus , tetragonopterus argenteus , mylossoma aureum , semaprochilodus taeniurus , biotodoma cupido , cichla monoculus , crenicichla johanna , centromochlus heckelii , hypoptopoma gulare , peckoltia bachi , squaliforma emarginata , sorubim lima and leiarius pictus .\na tank with base dimensions of 120 cm x 45 cm should be the smallest considered and something significantly larger is likely to be required should you wish to maintain more than a single pair .\nideally a soft , sandy substrate should be employed though it is not essential . additional furnishings are as much a case of personal taste as anything else but the most favoured set - ups tend to feature relatively dim lighting plus some chunks of driftwood and scattered roots / branches . one or two flattish , water - worn rocks can also be included to provide potential spawning sites if you wish .\nwater quality is of the utmost importance since these cichlids are susceptible to deteriorating water quality and should never be introduced to a biologically immature aquarium . the best way to achieve the desired stability is to over - filter the tank using a combination of external canister filters and / or a sump system and perform minimum weekly water changes of 50 - 70 % . if the maintenance regime and / or diet is insufficient individuals may develop health problems such as head and lateral line erosion or exhibit stunted growth . mechanical filtration should be tailored to trap small particles stirred up by the fish as sand can cause blockages / wearing issues with filter mechanisms if allowed to continually run through the system . high flow rates should be avoided so position filter returns accordingly .\nph : 4 . 5 \u2013 7 . 5 depending on collection locality . wild specimens collected from black water regions may require acidic water on a mandatory basis .\nomnivorous but the diet of wild specimens is apparently dominated by invertebrates . in the aquarium offer good quality , sinking dry foods as staple alongside regular meals of live or frozen bloodworm , artemia , etc .\nmales are territorial , particularly when spawning , while very small tankmates may be predated upon . can be maintained alongside other cichlids provided there is sufficient space available .\nmales grow larger than females and usually develop extensions to the unpaired fins as they mature . when in spawning condition they are also much the more colourful gender .\nbiparental substrate spawner and relatively simple to breed . the most proven method is to buy a group of 6 or more young specimens to be grown on together , removing the excess once pairs begin to form .\ndespite its type status it\u2019s long been hypothesised that a . tetramerus as currently recognised is likely to represent a group of related fishes rather than a single taxon , meaning if a detailed analysis were to be conducted some of the populations may be described as distinct species .\nthese conclusions have not achieved general acceptance to date with the results of subsequent molecular research by h . l\u00f3pez - fern\u00e1ndez et al . suggesting that the a . diadema and a . tetramerus groups in fact form a putatively monophyletic groupings . both sets of authors agree that additional research is required in order to diagnose which species belong where .\nkullander , s . o . 1986 - department of vertebrate zoology , research division , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden , 394 p . cichlid fishes of the amazon river drainage of peru .\nkullander , s . o . and h . nijssen . 1989 - e . j . brill , leiden , the netherlands . 256 p . the cichlids of surinam : teleostei , labroidei .\nl\u00f3pez - fern\u00e1ndez , h . , k . o . winemiller and r . l . honeycutt . 2010 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 1070\u20131086 multilocus phylogeny and rapid radiations in neotropical cichlid fishes ( perciformes : cichlidae : cichlinae ) .\nmusilov\u00e1 , z . , o . \u0159\u00ed\u010dan and j . nov\u00e1k . 2009 - journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 47 ( 3 ) : 234 - 247 phylogeny of the neotropical cichlid fish tribe cichlasomatini ( teleostei : cichlidae ) based on morphological and molecular data , with the description of a new genus .\norigin : this species is only known from a couple of river systems in peru - the rio aguaytia and rio pachitea .\nsize : males can reach around 12cm / 5 \\\n, but females are a little smaller .\nwater : i \\ ' ve heard of these being kept in hard water without problems , but if you want to get them looking at their best , soft and slightly acidic water is best . i \\ ' d keep them warm at about 27 - 29c .\nidentification : according to sven kullander , who described it , a . patricki is a member of the \\\ntrue acaras \\\ngroup . a few other representatives such as diadema , tetramerus , metae and pallidus also enter the trade , but there are about another seven or eight rarer species , and several that haven \\ ' t been described yet .\nnotes : this species is named after patrick de rham , a swiss fishkeeper who is perhaps best known for his work on malagasy cichlids .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . 2013 . catalog of fishes . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 9 sep 2013 ) .\nthis species is recorded from arguin bank ( mauritania ) and from the gulf of guinea southwards to cape agulhas ( south africa ) , and eastward to southern mozambique and the gulf of aden . in the western pacific ocean , it occurs off the coasts of new south wales and southern queensland , australia ( griffiths and hecht 1995 ) . the distribution of this species is very disjunct occurring in three oceans and two continents ( sasaki 2001 , hoese et al . 2006 , scandol et al . 2008 ) .\nboth south african and australian stocks are significantly depleted ( hutton et al . 2001 , scandol et al . 2008 ) . in south africa the spawning component of the stock has been reduced by approximately 95 % from pristine levels . catch per boat / year in the 1980s had declined to approximately 3 % of the catches ( of equivalent unit ) in the 1900s ( hutton et al . 2001 ) . total catch along the south african coastline for the period 1985 - 1997 reported total catch landings of 500 t . however , it does not indicate the current status of the stock ( hutton et al . 2001 ) . in australia , annual commercial catches have been moderate and sporadic , but have declined ( e . g . from over 200 t in the 1950s to 35 t in 1989 - 90 ) and the recreational catch is significant ( annual harvest in nsw alone is of 70 - 110 tonnes ) ( kailola et al . 1993 , scandol et al . 2008 ) . historical data are lacking . this species status of exploitation is considered ' depleted ' by the fao review of the state of world marine fishery resources .\nthis species is an important food fish throughout most of its distributional range . in south africa , it is considered a premier commercial and recreational linefish species along the entire east coast ( cape point to natal ; grififths and hecht 1995 ) . it is ranked as the sixth most important in the linefishery of south africa since it was started in the 1800s ( hutton et al . 2001 ) .\nin south africa , current catch restrictions include bag limits of 10 fish day for recreational anglers ( introduced in 1984 ) and a minimum size limit ( 60cm tl ) for both recreational and commercial fishers ( hutton et al . 2001 ) . a recent analysis of trends in cpue of linefish species in south africa indicated that many were severely overexploited during the 20th century . in order to address this and to allow the depleted stocks to recover , south africa is aiming to achieve a 70 % reduction in commercial effort in the linefishery , accompanied by stringent regulations to recreational fishing ( fao 2005 ) . in australia , with the purchase of a license , there is a minimum bag limit of five fish and a minimum legal length of 38 cm tl ( nsw dpi 2006 / 2007 ) . also this species distribution overlaps several marine reserves within its australian range ( wood 2007 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ni wasn ' t paying much attention to the auction , like most cichlid auctions , this one was dominated by overpriced african , rift - lake cichlids . the few\nsouth american\ncichlids being sold were mostly discus and angels , which had been selectively bred for many generations so that they would not resemble their beautiful ancestors . so , i was talking quietly with a friend sitting beside me while the auctioneer ran through the fish .\ntwo days later i found one of the smaller fish dead . i couldn ' t tell if the stress of the trip or one of its siblings killed it , but my probable trio was now a probable pair . i kept the label from the bag , which listed the seller ' s name and phone number , in case my probable pair turned into a definite loner .\nthat was pretty much where i let matters sit until i decided to write this article . two years had past , the fish had bred successfully ( see keeping and breeding , below ) , and i had accepted that my fish were , indeed . ' ae . ' sapayensis . as adults they still resembled blue acaras quite strongly , although they had horizontal rows of golden dots instead of the bluish dots of blue acaras . i had taken to referring to them as my\ngold acaras ,\nas i prepared to write this article , however , i became curious as to how the seller in chicago had identified his fish . while there are a few small differences between these gold acaras and the blue acaras of the aquarium hobby , these differences are assuredly not striking . i doubt that i would notice anything unusual if i came across these fish while perusing sellers ' tanks for rare fish . i doubted even more that most importers , wholesalers , or retailers would have noticed anything either .\nfortunately . i had kept the seller ' s tag from the auction , although i hadn ' t had to call him for more fish . mike brousil , the seller , told me that he got his fish from steve covolo . he also told me that steve had either received his fish from , or at least had them identified by dr . wayne leibel .\nwayne was unsure of the details ( it had been four or five years now since his role in this saga ) , but was able to confirm that he had probably identified the ancestors of my fish somewhere along the route . he told me that ' ae . ' sapayensis were sometimes found in pet shops at small sizes being sold as green terrors , having been brought in from the wild misidentified . he said that based on the fact that they were found in green terror territory and that they matched closely with good color photos published in the german aquarium literature , he was convinced they were ' ae . ' sapayensis .\ngood photos and collecting data probably provide as accurate an identification as can be reasonably had with these fish . the description of ' ae . ' sapayensis was done ninety years ago and the descriptions of the species most likely to be confused with ' ae . ' sapayensis ( which are ' ae . ' pulcher . ' ae . ' coeruleopunctatas , and ' ae . ' latifrons ) were made twenty - five to fifty years before that . as was the general case for descriptions of the time , these descriptions are brief and are made from a small number of specimens ( one in the case of ' ae . ' sapayensis ) . all but one of them lacks drawings and , of course , all of them lack photographs .\ntable . spine and ray counts from the original descriptions of ' ae . ' pulcher , ' ae . ' coeruleopunctatus . ' ae . ' latifrons , and ' ae . ' sapayensis and from two\ngold acaras .\none might tend to wonder given the similarity of meristics and general overall appearance , whether or not the species mentioned above are all valid species . this is a question that i am not qualified to answer and will not attempt to . perhaps the best that we aquarists can do is wait for a modern review of these species by an ichthyologist .\ngold acaras resemble blue acaras not only in appearance , but also in behavior and in their requirements for successful keeping and breeding . like most acaras ( but notably unlike the sympatric green terrors ) , gold acaras have a moderate temperament for a cichlid .\nmike brousil reports ( pers comm . ) that his pair were quite timid and would not spawn if there were other fish in the tank . if isolated , however , they would spawn , at which point they would become very aggressive towards ( ie : kill ) any new fish introduced into their aquarium .\nmy own pair held their own in a tank with south american cichlids such as acarichthys heckelii and cichlasoma taenia which were at the time of similar size . when they matured they were placed alone in a thirty gallon aquarium with an undergravel filter which had been \u0093cichlid proofed\nby placing a piece of plastic window screen on top of the bottom two inches of gravel . several rocks , pieces of driftwood and bark , and some homemade , plastic plants were present in the tank for hiding places and / or spawning sites . the tank was lit only by the ambient room light . a rather defective heater varied the water temperature between 70\u00b0 and 85\u00b0 f . the water was very soft ( approx . 3 dh ) , and the ph ranged from about 7 down to nearly 4 . no attempt was made to record the temperature and ph fluctuations and correlate them with behavior .\nthe larger of the fish staked out a territory at one end of the tank and the smaller fish spent most of its time hiding near the other end . the fish were fed primarily doro - min with a supplement of frozen blood worms . the larger fish ate greedily , but the smaller only caught an occasional food stick that floated near its hiding place or ventured cautiously forth after blood worms . both fish grew at about the same pace , but the larger fish grew much more robust , even fat . then one day the larger fish showed a female breeding tube .\ni was a bit surprised to see that the probable male of my probable pair was actually a female . i began to worry that i either did not have a pair ( as i thought that the smaller fish was unlikely to be a male ) or if idid have a pair , that they wouldn ' t successfully spawn ( as i doubted that such a timid male would leave hiding long enough to fertilize the eggs ) . so , i wasn ' t all that excited when i finally saw eggs . many captive female cichlids will lay eggs by themselves if a suitable mate is not available .\nthe eggs were laid on a nearly vertical piece of rock at the female ' s end of the tank . the spawning was not observed , but the behavior of the other fish on the day the eggs were found did not differ from its previous behavior . it continued to hide on the far end of the tank from the larger fish ; this helped to convince me that i did not have a breeding pair of fish .\ni was surprised then when the eggs , roughly 100 in number , did not fungus on the following days . after 3 days they hatched , but the fry soon disappeared , never to be seen again . still , i now knew i had a pair and i began to condition them with more feedings of blood worms in hopes of another spawn .\non the next spawning , there were approximately 300 eggs laid in the same location as before . this time , after the eggs hatched , the number of fry began to dwindle and the male became increasingly beaten - up . i suspected that the male was eating the fry and being attacked by the female as she attempted to defend them . i siphoned a couple of dozen fry out of the tank and set them up in a ten gallon aquarium with a sponge filter in order to raise them away from the parents . i also separated the male from the female using a piece of\neggcrate\nlight grating placed in the middle of the tank .\nthe fry in the thirty gallon with the parents grew much more quickly than those in the ten gallon tank , but their numbers continued to dwindle , although at a much slower rate than before . my guess is that now and then one of the fry in the parents ' tank would find its way to the male ' s side of the tank and be eaten by him , but i never actually witnessed this . the presence of the divider did not significantly change the general behavior of either adult fish ; the male continued to spend most of his time in hiding even though he was separated from the more outgoing female .\ni decided to remove the remaining fry ( now down to about a dozen ) from the parents ' tank . they were too big to place in with the fry previously removed from the thirty gallon , so i put them in a ten gallon tank of their own . a couple of days later i observed that there was still one young fish in the parents ' tank , but i decided to leave it there .\nin the next couple of weeks the growth of the single juvenile remaining in the parents ' tank greatly outpaced those of its siblings in the fry tanks . i decided that it could probably fend for itself with the barrier removed and i was anxious to have the adults spawn again , so i took out the egg - crate divider .\nconkel , d . 1990 .\nfishes of the balboan jungle .\ntropical fish hobbyist , 38 ( 8 ) : 74ff .\ngill , t . 1858 .\nsynopsis of the fresh water fishes of the western portion of the island of trinidad . w . r .\nannals of the lycewnofnaturalhistory of new york . 6 : 363 - 430 .\nkner . r . and f . steindachner . 1866 .\nneue gattungen und arten von fischen aus centralamertka .\nabhandlungen der mathematisch - phy sikalischen classe der koniglichbayerischen akademie der wissenschaften . 10 : 1 - 61 .\nregan . c . 1903 .\ndescrtptions of new south amertcan fishes in the collection of the british museum .\nannals and magazine of natural history . ser . 7 . vol . 12 : 621 - 630 .\nstawikowski . r . and u . werner , 1988 . die buntbarsche der neuen welt : siidamertka . essen , west germany .\nsteindachner . f . 1878 .\nzur fisch - fauna des magdalenenstromes . . . denkschriften der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften . mathematischnaturwissenschajtliche classe . wien . 39 : 19 - 78\nu . s . office of geography , department of interior . 1957 gazetteer no . 36 : ecuador . washington , d . c .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nvideira m 1 , velasco m , azevedo r , silva r , gon\u00e7alves e , matos p , matos e .\nlaborat\u00f3rio de morfofisiologia e sanidade animal , universidade do estado do amap\u00e1 ( ueap ) , macap\u00e1 , ap , brazil .\ndescription found in coastal waters , over sandy and sandy mud bottom . juveniles enter estuaries . adults feed on pelagic fishes at . . .\ndescription found in coastal waters , over sandy and sandy mud bottom . juveniles enter estuaries . adults feed on pelagic fishes at night . often caught with @ umbrina canariensis @ . marketed fresh and is considered an important foodfish ( ref . 9772 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus atelodus g\u00fcnther , 1867 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of otolithus teraglin macleay , 1880 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of atractoscion stelodus ( g\u00fcnther , 1867 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\ninhabit streams . is rare in the aquarium trade but has been imported on occasion ( ref . 12251 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe largest specimen collected was less than 15 cm long ( ref . 12251 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , b , robertson , r . , dominici - arosemena , a . , molina , h . , salas , e . & guzman - mora , a . g .\njustification : this deep - water species is widespread in the eastern pacific . it is not targeted by fisheries due to its small size . there are no major threats known to this species , and no indication of widespread population decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from southern california and the western gulf of california to western panama , including the galapagos and cocos island .\nthis demersal species lives on soft substrata at depths of 75 to 265m . it feeds on mobile benthic crustaceans , octupus , squid , cuttlefishes , and bony fishes .\nthere are no known species specific conservation measures . however , this species ' distribution includes a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region .\nsmith - vaniz , b , robertson , r . , dominici - arosemena , a . , molina , h . , salas , e . & guzman - mora , a . g . 2010 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nmartins ml 1 , marchiori n 2 , bittencourt ls 3 , tavares - dias m 3 .\ndepartamento de aquicultura , universidade federal de santa catarina , florian\u00f3polis , sc , brazil .\nempresa de pesquisa agropecu\u00e1ria e extens\u00e3o rural de santa catarina , campo experimental de piscicultura de cambori\u00fa , cambori\u00fa , sc , brazil .\nlaborat\u00f3rio de aquicultura e pesca , embrapa amap\u00e1 , macap\u00e1 , ap , brazil .\nortega torres , h . , correa , e . & chuctaya , j .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because its population is presumed to be stable and there are no known major threats affecting it .\nthis species is known from the peruvian amazon ( ortega et al . 2012 ) , and its type locality is a small brook from a drying pool , tributary of the aguaytia river ( 9\u00b002 ' s , 75\u00b031 ' w ) , in the coronel portillo province , peru ( kullander 1984 ) . the elevation range is between 190 and 600 m ( quezada - garcia 2009 ) .\nthis species inhabits slow to moderate streams of clear and white waters with sand , gravel or rocky bottoms ( quezada - garcia 2009 ) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for this species . it is not present in protected areas .\nortega torres , h . , correa , e . & chuctaya , j . 2016 ."]}
{"id": 863, "summary": [{"text": "trichomycterus is a genus of pencil catfish , the largest genus of the family trichomycteridae with over 160 species currently described .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this genus is native to freshwater habitats in central and south america .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "these fish are generally small , usually about 5 to 15 cm ( 2 \u2013 6 in ) sl , although the largest , t. rivulatus , can reach more than twice this size .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "species differ from one another primarily in body proportions , fin ray counts , and colouration .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "despite their relatively small size , some , such as t. punctulatus , support fisheries and are important in the local cuisine . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "trichomycterus", "paragraphs": ["de novo assembly and analysis of the chilean pencil catfish trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome . - pubmed - ncbi\ntype locality of trichomycterus ytororo ; tabay waterfalls , tabay stream , jard\u00edn am\u00e9rica , misiones , argentina .\ncomparative characters among the species assigned to the trichomycterus stawiarski group and its possible sister taxon t . perkos .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus balios . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus diatropoporos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus poikilos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\nmorphometric data for holotype and paratypes of trichomycterus brachykechenos . sd = standard deviation ; n = number of specimens .\na new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann )\na new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann )\neukaryotic orthologous groups ( kog ) characterization of trichomycterus areolatus transcripts . putative transcript functions were assessed and transcriptome completeness was evaluated using kog analysis . the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome and mrna nucleotide entries from ncbi of cyprinus carpio , salmo salar , and danio rerio were assigned kog terms . the three transcriptomes have similar distributions , supporting the completeness of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome .\ntrichomycterus sp . 2 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .\ntrichomycterus sp . 1 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .\ntrichomycterus sp . 3 . becker et al . ( 2013 : table 1 , listed , taquari - antas river basin ) .\nabout bullockia gen . nov . , trichomycterus mendozensis n . sp . and revision of the family trichomycteridae ( pisces , siluriformes )\nseven new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from southeastern brazil and redescription of t . brasiliensis\nthis study revealed an astonishing undescribed diversity of trichomycterus in a relatively small region with four undescribed species , along with one species recently described in 2011 . we expect that the revision of other understudied basins in southern brazil will reveal new and undescribed species of trichomycterus .\na new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from south brazil and redescription of t . iheringi ( eigenmann ) | wosiacki | zootaxa\ntrichomycterus maracaya , a new catfish from the upper r\u00edo paran\u00e1 , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , with notes on the t . brasiliensis species\u2013complex\nin the present study the trichomycterus in the laguna dos patos system are reviewed through an extensive analysis of large collections of specimens . four new species are recognized in addition to t . tropeiro . comments on distributions and an identification key are given for the species of trichomycterus from the laguna dos patos system .\nparatypes of trichomycterus poikilos ( ufrgs 14992 , 40 . 5 - 92 . 5 mm sl ) with ontogenetic variation in coloration . specimens represented in scale .\n1 . pelvic fins absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus tropeiro\ntrichomycterus ytororo , holotype , ci\u2013fml 7240 , 94 . 2 mm sl ; argentina , misiones province , jard\u00edn am\u00e9rica , tabay stream , paran\u00e1 river basin .\ntrichomycterus anhanga , a new species of miniature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil\nsix troglobitic species are in the genus trichomycterus : t . chaberti , t . itacarambiensis , t . santanderensis , t . spelaeus and t . uisae .\ntrichomycterus brachykechenos , holotype , mcn 18929 , 61 . 1 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of cara\u00e1 , rio do sinos .\ntrichomycterus diatropoporos , holotype , mcp 46947 , 58 . 8 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of nova prata , rio da prata at passo do despraiado .\nautopalatine of trichomycterus brachykechenos , paratype , ufrgs 16245 , 41 . 9 mm sl , dorsal view . arrow indicates the concavity of mesial margin . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .\ntrichomycterus balios , holotype , ufrgs 16229 , 82 . 0 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of s\u00e3o francisco de paula , rio santa cruz , rio ca\u00ed basin .\no g\u00eanero trichomycterus \u00e9 revisado no sistema da laguna dos patos e cinco esp\u00e9cies s\u00e3o reconhecidas . trichomycterus tropeiro ferrer & malabarba tem distribui\u00e7\u00e3o restrita , ocorrendo somente na por\u00e7\u00e3o mais superior do rio das antas . trichomycterus balios , sp . n . , distribui - se na por\u00e7\u00e3o superior das bacias dos rios das antas e ca\u00ed . trichomycterus diatropoporos , sp . n . , \u00e9 end\u00eamica da bacia do rio da prata , tribut\u00e1rio do rio das antas . trichomycterus poikilos , sp . n . , \u00e9 amplamente distribu\u00edda nos cursos superiores da bacia do rio jacu\u00ed e tribut\u00e1rios dos rios taquari - antas . trichomycterus brachykechenos , sp . n . , \u00e9 end\u00eamica do curso superior do rio dos sinos . as esp\u00e9cies novas distinguem - se de grande parte de seus cong\u00eaneres pelo baixo n\u00famero de raios na nadadeira peitoral ( i + 5 - 6 ) e o primeiro raio da nadadeira peitoral n\u00e3o prolongado como filamento , exceto de t . davisi , t . mboycy , t . naipi , t . papilliferus , t . payaya , t . perkos , t . plumbeus e t . tropeiro , distinguindo - se destas por outros caracteres . a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o do g\u00eanero no sistema da laguna dos patos \u00e9 discutida e uma chave taxon\u00f4mica \u00e9 fornecida\ncastellanos - morales , c . a . 2007 . trichomycterus santanderensis : a new species of troglomorphic catfish ( siluriformes , trichomycteridae ) from colombia . zootaxa , 1541 : 49 - 55 . [ links ]\nrepresentative photo of organism - trichomycterus areolatus organism photos of unspecified sex taken from two different locations in chile , the maule river ( top ) and pangue river ( bottom ) . trichomycterus areolatus displays intimate contact with both sediment and the water column . morphology and behavior is typical of fish who dwell in fast - moving streams . photos were provided by courtesy of pablo reyes , fundaci\u00f3n ictiol\u00f3gica ( chile ) .\ngeographic distribution . the review of a large number of lots of the trichomycteridae collected in practically all portions of laguna dos patos system revealed that trichomycterus is restricted to the northern portion of that basin along the middle and upper stretches of the rio jacu\u00ed and middle and upper stretches of its large tributaries , the rio do sinos , rio ca\u00ed , rio taquari - antas , and rio pardo ( fig . 8 ) . the few lots of trichomycterus listed in fish collections as having originated in the southern portion of the laguna dos patos system proved to be ituglanis , a genus which has an external morphology very similar to trichomycterus .\narratia , g . 1998 . silvinichthys , a new genus of trichomycterid catfishes from the argentinian andes , with redescription of trichomycterus nigricans . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 9 : 347 - 370 . [ links ]\nspecies of trichomycterus inhabit a diversity of habitats throughout south and central america from costa rica in the north to patagonia in the south and from lowland atlantic rainforest in the east to andean streams in the west . a number of species of trichomycterus are known from various mid - to high - elevation localities in western argentina ; in these upland regions the species of trichomycterus are among the few , or sometimes only , fishes occupying water bodies at middle to higher elevations . about 60 nominal species are endemic to the river basins draining the andes and hills of the guianan shield and about 30 species are endemic to river basins draining the brazilian shield .\nthe species of the genus trichomycterus inhabiting the laguna dos patos system are reviewed and five species are recognized . trichomycterus tropeiro ferrer & malabarba has a restricted range and is endemic to the uppermost portion of the rio das antas . trichomycterus balios , n . sp . , is distributed in the upper portion of the rio das antas and rio ca\u00ed basins . trichomycterus diatropoporos , n . sp . , is endemic to the rio da prata basin , a tributary of the rio das antas . trichomycterus poikilos , n . sp . , is widely distributed in the upper portion of the rio jacu\u00ed basin and tributaries of the rio taquari - antas . trichomycterus brachykechenos , n . sp . , is endemic to the upper portion of the rio dos sinos . the new species are distinguishable from most congeners , except for t . davisi , t . mboycy , t . naipi , t . payaya , t . papilliferus , t . perkos , t . plumbeus , and t . tropeiro by the lower number of pectoral - fin rays ( i + 5 - 6 ) and by the first pectoral - fin ray not prolonged as a filament . other characters distinguish the new taxa from these eight species . the distribution of the genus in the laguna dos patos system is discussed and a taxonomic key is provided .\nardila rodr\u00edguez , c . a . 2008 . trichomycterus cachiraensis ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , nueva especie del r\u00edo cachira , cuencia del r\u00edo magdalena , colombia . dahlia , 10 : 33 - 41 . [ links ]\ncastellanos - morales , c . a . 2010 . trichomycterus sketi : a new species of subterranean catfish ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the andean cordillera of colombia . biota colombiana 11 : 33 - 41 . [ links ]\ncosta , w . j . e . m . ( 1992 ) description de huit nouvelles espe\u0300ces du genre trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , du bre\u0301sil oriental . revue franc\u0327aise d ' aquariologie et herpe\u0301tologie , 18 , 101\u2013110 .\nfern\u00e1ndez , l . & vari , r . p . ( 2000 ) new species of trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) lacking a pelvic fin and girdle from the andes of argentina , copeia , 4 , 990\u2013996 .\nferrer , j . & malabarba , l . r . ( 2011 ) a new trichomycterus lacking pelvic fins and pelvic girdle with a very restricted range in southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 2912 , 59\u201367 .\ntrichomycterus poikilos , holotype , ufrgs 16239 , 63 . 3 mm sl , brazil , rio grande do sul state , municipality of j\u00falio de castilhos , arroio passo dos buracos or tipiaia on road br - 158 , upper rio jacu\u00ed basin .\ngarcia - melo lj , villa - navarro fa , donascimiento c . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the upper r\u00edo magdalena basin , colombia . zootaxa . 2016 . 4117 ( 2 ) , 226 . pmid : 27395171\ntrichomycterus brachykechenos is apparently endemic to the upper course of the rio do sinos . one sample tentatively identified as t . poikilos was found in other stretch of the upper basin of the rio dos sinos , but not syntopic with t . brachykechenos .\ntrichomycterus ytororo is so far known only from its type locality , the tabay waterfalls in the tabay stream ( fig 5 ) , a tributary of the left bank of the paran\u00e1 river , province of misiones , northeast of argentina ( fig 4 ) .\ncosta , w . j . e . m . 1992 . description de huit nouvelles esp\u00e8ces du genre trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , du br\u00e9sil oriental . revue fran\u00e7aise d ' aquariologie et herp\u00e9tologie , 18 : 101 - 110 . [ links ]\nferrer , j . & l . r . malabarba . 2011 . a new trichomycterus lacking pelvic fins and pelvic girdle with a very restricted range in southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 2912 : 59 - 67 . [ links ]\nde pinna , m . c . c . 1992b . trichomycterus castroi , a new species of trichomycterid catfish from the rio igua\u00e7u of southeastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 3 : 89 - 95 . [ links ]\na new species of the genus trichomycterus is described from the rio uruguai drainage , rio grande do sol state , brazil , with a single paratype from the rio paranapanema basin , s\u00e3o paulo state . both rivers are tributaries within the rio paran\u00e1 watershed .\nthe non - monophyletic nature of the group and the long and complicated taxonomic history has placed trichomycterus the most formidable problem in the systematics of the tricomycteridae [ 3 ] . many species of trichomycterus have uninformative descriptions and are associated to old type material , limiting the applicability of the name only to the types [ 24 ] . currently , the genus contains over 170 species [ 6 ] , however , its known diversity remains increasing along the recent years . even with these obstacles , species groups within trichomycterus were defined based on morphological characteristics [ 11 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ] , some of them constantly redefined and re - diagnosed , such as the trichomycterus brasiliensis species complex [ 14 , 32 , 33 ] , which , to date , its monophyly could not be consistently assessed [ 34 ] . besides , these characters and all species included on these groups were not placed into a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis , therefore with the possibility of representing artificial groups due to possible parallelisms .\nbarbosa , m . a . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2003a ) trichomycterus potschi ( siluriformes : loricarioidei ) : a new trichomycterid catfish from coastal streams of southeastern brazil . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 14 , 281\u2013287 .\ngeographic distribution of species of trichomycterus in the laguna dos patos system . some symbols represent more than one collection locality . stars represent type localities . trichomycterus balios ( green symbols ) , t . brachykechenos ( red symbols ) , t . diatropoporos ( brown symbols ) , t . poikilos ( yellow symbols ) , trichomycterus cf . poikilos ( yellow lozenge ) and t . tropeiro ( blue symbols ) , abbreviations : 1 , rio dos sinos ; 2 , rio ca\u00ed ; 3 , rio das antas ; 3 ' , rio taquari - antas ; 4 , rio da prata ; 5 , rio carreiro ; 6 , rio guapor\u00e9 ; 7 , rio forqueta ; 8 , rio pardo ; 9 , rio jacu\u00ed ; 10 , laguna dos patos ; and 11 , rio mampituba basin .\nfern\u00e1ndez , l . & r . q . chuquihuaman\u00ed . 2007 . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the andean cordillera of peru , with comments on relationships within the genus . zootaxa , 1545 : 49 - 57 . [ links ]\nfern\u00e1ndez , l . & k . osinaga . ( 2006 ) a new trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from aguarague national park of the bolivian preandean region , with comments on relationships within of the genus . environmental biology of fishes , 75 , 385\u2013393 . urltoken\ntrichomycterus cachiraensis possess the posterior cranial fontanel reduced to a small round opening restricted to the parieto - supraoccipital - condition identical to that reported for ituglanis ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ) - and the anterior cranial fontanel variable ( ardila rodr\u00edguez , 2008 : fig . 4 ) . trichomycterus sketi has three openings with triangle shape : the anterior cranial fontanel between frontals , and the posterior cranial fontanel divided in one orifice between frontals and the other in the parieto - supraoccipital ( castellanos - morales , 2010 : fig . 3 ) .\nlima , s . m . q . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2004 ) trichomycterus giganteus ( siluriformes : loricarioidea : trichomycteridae ) : a new catfish from the rio guandu basin , southeastern brazil . zootaxa , 761 , 1\u20136 .\ncomparative material examined . nematogenyidae : nematogenys inermis ; 1 ( c & s ) ufrgs 3955 . trichomycteridae . copionodontinae : copionodon pecten , 6 ( c & s ) mzusp 42462 . trichogeninae : trichogenes longipinnis , 3 ( c & s ) mzusp 63478 . trichomycterinae : eremophilus mutisii , 1 ( c & s ) mzusp 35409 - 1 ( c & s ) amnh 56092 ; e . candidus ( paratypes ) , 5 ( 2 c & s ) mzusp 11762 ; trichomycterus n . sp . a , 7 ( c & s ) mzusp 25022 ; trichomycterus n . sp . b , 2 mzusp uncat . ; trichomycterus naipi mpeg 6699 ( holotype ) ; ( paratypes ) , 2 mzusp 38788 - trichomycterus papilliferus mpeg 6692 ( holotype ) ; trichomycterus mboycy ( holotype ) mpeg 6695 ; trichomycterus taroba mpeg 6689 ( holotype ) ; trichomycterus plumbeus mpeg 6686 ( holotype ) ; t . nigricans , 1 ( c & s ) mcp 10649 ; t . castroi , 1 ( c & s ) mhnci 7881 - 1 mhnci 7643 ; t . iheringi , 8 ( 1c & s ) mhnci 7916 ; t . davisi , 2 ( c & s ) mcp 10646 - 34 mzusp 38783 ; t . brasiliensis , 15 ( 2c & s ) mzusp uncat . ; t . mimonha , 4 mzusp 34344 - 5 mcp 18021 ; t . stawiarski , 44 ( 3c & s ) mzusp uncat . ; t . rivulatus , 6 ( 1c & s ) rom 403409 ; bullockia maldonadoi , 1 ( c & s ) mzusp 36958 ; hatcheria macraei , 2 ( c & s ) mzusp 35687 ; scleronema minutum , 13 ( c & s ) mcp 11169 ; s . operculatum , 1 ( c & s ) mcp 9315 ; ituglanis sp . , 13 ( 5 c & s ) mnrj 11489 ; ituglanis proops , 7 mzusp 36502 - 2 muzsp 46902 - 2 mzusp 39027 .\n3 . maxillary barbel extending beyond posterior margin of interopercular patch of odontodes , usually reaching or extending beyond posterior margin of the pectoral - fin insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus brachykechenos\nbarbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2003 . trichomycterus potschi ( siluriformes : loricarioidei ) a new trichomycterid catfish from coastal streams of southeastern brazil . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 14 : 281 - 287 . [ links ]\nwosiacki , w . b . & j . c . garavello . 2004 . five new species of trichomycterus from the rio igua\u00e7u ( paran\u00e1 basin ) , southern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 15 : 1 - 16 . [ links ]\nwosiacki , w . b . & de pinna , m . c . c . ( 2008 ) trichomycterus igobi , a new catfish species from the rio igua\u00e7u drainage : the largest head in trichomycteridae ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 6 , 17\u201323 . urltoken\nalencar , a . r . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2006 . trichomycterus pauciradiatus , a new catfish species from the upper rio paran\u00e1 basin , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 1269 : 43 - 49 . [ links ]\nwosiacki , w . b . & m . c . c . de pinna . 2008 . trichomycterus igobi , a new catfish species from the rio igua\u00e7u drainage : the largest head in trichomycteridae ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 6 : 17 - 23 . [ links ]\ndatovo , a . , carvalho , m . & ferrer , j . ( 2012 ) a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 3327 , 33\u201344 .\ngarcia - melo , l . j . , villa - navarro , f . a . & donascimiento , c . ( 2016 ) a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the upper r\u00edo magdalena basin , colombia . zootaxa , 4117 ( 2 ) , 226\u201340 . urltoken\ncitation : ter\u00e1n ge , ferrer j , benitez m , alonso f , aguilera g , mirande jm ( 2017 ) living in the waterfalls : a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from tabay stream , misiones , argentina . plos one 12 ( 6 ) : e0179594 . urltoken\nlima , s . m . q . , h . lazzarotto & w . j . e . m . costa . 2008 . a new species of trichomycterus ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from lagoa feia drainage , southeastern brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 6 : 315 - 322 . [ links ]\nthis genus is defined by the lack of specializations found in other trichomycterids and is certainly polyphyletic . although known to contain many species , trichomycterus is poorly known with many of the known species based on brief descriptions . many species have been described recently and many more are waiting to be described .\nseveral species of trichomycterus have the deeper skin layer ( = inner skin layer ) usually composed of larger blotches and spots , formed by densely grouped chromatophores ( bockmann & sazima , 2004 ) . among the species from laguna dos patos system , trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . tropeiro share this pattern of the inner skin layer . both t . balios and t . tropeiro possess black circular blotches variable in size on the dorsal and lateral surface of body over a lighter background , while t . diatropoporos has black blotches variable in size and shape coalescent dorsally on a lighter background .\nbockmann , f . a . & i . sazima . 2004 . trichomycterus maracaya , a new catfish from the upper rio paran\u00e1 , southeastern brazil ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) , with notes on the t . brasiliensis species - complex . neotropical ichthyology , 2 : 61 - 74 . [ links ]\nbarbosa , m . a . & costa , w . j . e . m . ( 2010 ) seven news species of catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) : from southeastern brazil and re - description of t . brasiliensis . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 , 97\u2013122 .\ndatovo , a . , m . carvalho & j . ferrer . 2012 . a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa , 3327 : 33 - 44 . [ links ]\nbarbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2010 . seven new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from southeastern brazil and redescription of t . brasiliensis . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 : 97 - 122 . [ links ]\npelvic girdle of trichomycterus diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl , dorsal view . abbreviations : bs , basipterygium ; ep , external process ; ip , internal process ; mp , medial process ; pr , pelvic - fin rays ; ps , pelvic splint . scale bar = 1 mm .\nin this paper , we present a new species assignable to the genus trichomycterus which is markedly distinct from all other forms so far described . a number of conspicuous morphological characteristics set it apart from all others species as yet known in the genus . for instance , its very large head distinguishes it at once from all other species so far known in trichomycterus , and in fact from all other trichomycterid . other characters of external and internal morphology also unambiguously support its specific distinctiveness . the new form is the tenth species of trichomycterus described from the rio igua\u00e7u , a drainage that contains an impressive radiation of the genus , which only recently received attention from fish systematics ( wosiacki & garavello , 2004 ; wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) . character evidence indicates that the new species is closely related to t . stawiarski and to a second new species , t . sp . c ( wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) , also from the rio igua\u00e7u .\n4 ' . lateral surface of body mottled or with stripes , i + 5 pectoral - fin rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus poikilos\ncolor pattern . trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos shares the two distinct layers of pigmentation in the skin of large specimens as reported for t . castroi by de pinna ( 1992b ) , t . brasiliensis , t . iheringi , t . maracaya , t . mimonha , t . potschi , and undescribed species of the t . brasiliensis complex by bockmann & sazima ( 2004 ) , and t . crassicaudatus , t . diabolus , t . giganteus , t . igobi , t . perkos , t . stawiarski , and t . tropeiro by datovo et al . ( 2012 ) . among the species from laguna dos patos system , only trichomycterus brachykechenos lacks the two distinct layers . the distribution of these patterns across trichomycterus species , however , is mostly unknown because it is missing in most species descriptions or because it is difficult to recognize the two skin layers in specimens preserved for a long period of time ( datovo et al . , 2012 ) .\narratia , g . , a . chang , s . menu - marque & g . rojas . 1978 . about bullockia gen . nov . , trichomycterus mendozensis n . sp . and revision of the family trichomycteridae ( pisces , siluriformes ) . studies on neotropical fauna and environment , 13 : 157 - 194 . [ links ]\nthe cranial fontanel of trichomycterus megantoni is illustrated and described as\nreduced between frontals and supraoccipital\n( fern\u00e1ndez & chuquihuaman\u00ed , 2007 : fig . 3 ) , a shape very similar to t . brachykechenos , which is absent or restricted to a very small opening anteriorly and elongate and restricted to the parieto - supraoccipital posteriorly ( fig . 2d ) . fern\u00e1ndez & chuquihuaman\u00ed ( 2007 ) stated that the peculiar cranial fontanel of trichomycterus megantoni is probably an autopomorphy , but cannot be ascertained as unique in trichomycterinae because some species are rare or do not have their anatomy examined . indeed , the discovery of t . brachykechenos confirms that the condition is not unique in the subfamily trichomycterinae .\ndutra , g . m . , wosiacki , w . b . & de pinna , m . c . c . ( 2012 ) trichomycterus anhanga , a new species of miniature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 10 , 225\u2013231 . urltoken\nthere is little doubt that closest relatives of t . igobi are to be found among other taxa now included in trichomycterus . the new species shares all synapomorphies for the clade including all trichomycterids except copionodontinae and trichogeninae , while lacking those that support the distal group composed of glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , tridentinae , stegophilinae and vandelliinae ( de pinna , 1998 ) . taxa that fit neither of those clades are currently allocated in the trichomycterinae , demonstrably non - monophyletic ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ; wosiacki , 2002 ) . within that subfamily , t . igobi lacks the known synapomorphies for each of bullockia , eremophilus , hacheria , rhizosomichthys , and scleronema ( arratia , 1990 ) , ituglanis ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ) , and silvinichthys ( arratia , 1998 ; fern\u00e1ndez & de pinna , 2005 ) . that leaves the genus trichomycterus as a default alternative for the inclusion of the new species . that genus is currently undiagnosable by synapomorphies and is the one that includes the majority of trichomycterine species . despite that , we consider that the inclusion of the new species in trichomycterus is the most reasonable course of action . we would not defend a new genus for t . igobi unless srictly required by phylogenetic criteria , which is not presently the case . inclusion in trichomycterus is further strengthened by evidence indicating that t . igobi is related to a subgroup of species currently allocated in that genus .\n4 . lateral surface of body with blotches , i + 6 pectoral - fin rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus diatropoporos\ndutra , g . m . , w . b . wosiacki & m . c . c . de pinna . 2012 . trichomycterus anhanga , a new species of minature catfish related to t . hasemani and t . johnsoni ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from the amazon basin , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 10 : 225 - 231 . [ links ]\ntrichomycteridae is a monophyletic group comprising seven monophyletic subfamilies ( copionodontinae , glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , stegophilinae , trichogeninae , tridentinae , and vandelliinae ) and the recognized non\u2013monophyletic subfamily trichomycterinae as presently conceived [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] . among the eight genera of trichomycterinae , bullockia arratia , chang , menu - marque & rojas , eremophilus humboldt , hatcheria eigenmann , and rhizosomichthys miles , are monotypic based on autapomorphies ; scleronema eigenmann is a monophyletic group including three psamophyly species ; ituglanis costa & bockmann and silvinichthys arratia were proposed to allocate species previously included in trichomycterus valenciennes ; and lastly , trichomycterus lacks any diagnostic character being demonstrably non - monophyletic assemblage of species [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] .\na new species assigned to the genus trichomycterus from the area of the waterfalls of tabay stream , paran\u00e1 river basin , misiones , argentina , is described . trichomycterus ytororo sp . nov . is distinguished from all other species in the genus by the presence of 31\u201335 dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays and the combination of some external characters such as : coloration , number of pectoral\u2013fin rays and pores of the laterosensory canals . the new taxon belongs to a presumably monophyletic group of species composed of t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski based on the presence of 24 or more thickly ossified and rigid procurrent caudal - fin rays with a slender distal tip extending along the tips of at least ten neural spines .\nfor further information see the paper : datovo , a . , m . carvalho , and j . ferrer . 2012 . a new species of the catfish genus trichomycterus from the la plata river basin , southern brazil , with comments on its putative phylogenetic position ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) . zootaxa 3327 : 33 - 44 , of which the abstract is available here .\ntranscript coverage of two model organisms . coverage of salmo salar and danio rerio predicted proteins by trichomycterus areolatus predicted proteins . predicted polypeptide sequences produced in this study were blasted against publically available non - redundant salmo salar proteins ( count = 112 , 089 ) and danio rerio proteins ( count = 81 , 931 ) . the length of the local alignment region reported by the blastp algorithm was subsequently divided by the length of the query sequence . compilation of these results indicated that a vast majority of trichomycterus areolatus predicted protein sequences exhibited greater than 90 % coverage of both danio rerio ( 64 . 7 % ) and salmo salar ( 68 . 9 % ) protein sequences , suggesting that the assembly produced a high degree of full - length transcripts .\nduring recent samplings in northeastern argentina we collected specimens of a remarkable new species of trichomycterus from waterfalls in the paran\u00e1 river basin , which are described herein as a new species . the new taxon exhibits conspicuous characters that indicate a close relationship with t . crassicaudatus wosiacki & de pinna , t . igobi wosiacki & de pinna , and t . stawiarski ( miranda ribeiro ) .\nbarbosa , m . a . & w . j . e . m . costa . 2008 . description of a new species of catfish from the upper rio para\u00edba do sul basin , south - eastern brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) and re - description of trichomycterus itatiayae . aqua , international journal of ichthyology , 14 : 175 - 186 . [ links ]\nkyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes ( kegg ) transcriptomic analysis . kegg analysis was performed to functionally describe transcript functions and evaluate transcriptome completeness . to serve as comparisons mrna sequences for danio rerio , salmo salar , and cyprinus carpio were retrieved from ncbi and characterized into kegg pathways . the percent distribution shows a similar proportion among compared species indicating a complete transcriptome for trichomycterus areolatus .\nthe analysis of comparative material from adjacent drainages to the north and northeast of laguna dos patos system ( rio uruguay , rio tramanda\u00ed , and rio mampituba basins ) allow us to propose that three among the four new species are endemic to the laguna dos patos system , excepting t . balios , which occurs also in the headwaters of rio mampituba . however , their degree of endemism is variable . trichomycterus balios is distributed in the upper courses of rio das antas , rio ca\u00ed , and rio mampituba basins ; t . poikilos is widely distributed in the upper courses of the rio jacu\u00ed basin and tributaries of the rio the taquari - antas ; t . brachykechenos and t . diatropoporos are known only from few localities in the rio dos sinos and the rio da prata basin respectively . trichomycterus tropeiro is also endemic to the laguna dos patos drainage and has a very restricted range , occurring only in headwaters of rio das antas ( ferrer & malabarba , 2011 ) . endemism and restricted ranges seem typical among species of trichomycterus , which is the dominant genus in the compilation of species with restricted - ranges in nogueira et al . ( 2010 ) , with 45 species .\nright lower jaw of ( a ) trichomycterus diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl in lateral view and ( b ) t . poikilos , paratype , mcp 22699 , 79 . 0 mm sl , in medial view . abbreviations : ar , anguloarticular ; cp , coronoid process ; de , dentary ; mc , meckel ' s cartilage . scale bar = 1 mm .\nnevertheless , the several differences between the two species ( see diagnosis ) lead us to believe that they are not closely related and that this reduction is homoplastic among the two species . it reinforces the assumption of fern\u00e1ndez & chuquihuaman\u00ed ( 2007 ) that cranial fontanel reduction must be interpreted as homoplastic among trichomycterus species , ituglanis , glanapterygines and stegophilines , according to the current understanding of the trichomycterid phylogeny .\n2 . lateral surface of body with circular black blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . trichomycterus balios\ndiagnosis . trichomycterus igobi is distinguishable from all other species currently in trichomycterus by its large head ( 23 . 8 - 26 . 8 % sl ) , which is proportionally the largest head in any trichomycteridae . other diagnostic features that distinguish the new species from most or all of its congeners include an almost entirely cartilaginous second hypobranchial ( with only vestigial ossification ) ; a mesially expanded palatine ossification ; a narrow cleithrum , falciform in shape ; and the lack of a proximal posterior concavity on the third ceratobranchial . the rigid spine - like morphology of individual procurrent rays of the caudal fin , the extension of the dorsal caudal - fin procurrent ray series ( extending for ten neural spine tips ) , and the presence of ten or eleven branchiostegal rays each distinguish t . igobi from all congeners except t . stawiarski and t . sp . c ( see discussion ) . other characters shared with various other species of trichomycterus yet useful for identification include a dorsal fin located on a concavity on dorsal profile of trunk ; the short caudal peduncle ( 15 . 4 - 19 . 7 % sl ) ; and the first anal - fin ray base posterior to the vertical through the base of the last dorsal - fin ray .\numa nova esp\u00e9cie de trichomycterus \u00e9 descrita para a bacia do rio igua\u00e7u , sul do brasil . trichomycterus igobi , nova esp\u00e9cie , \u00e9 facilmente distinguida das outras esp\u00e9cies atualmente no g\u00eanero por sua cabe\u00e7a extremamente grande ( 23 . 8 - 26 . 8 % sl ) , que \u00e9 proporcionalmente a maior em trichomycterinae e talvez em trichomycteridae . esta caracter\u00edstica , em combina\u00e7\u00e3o com o corpo relativamente alto , resulta em um aspecto geral atacarracado que \u00e9 o mais extremo no g\u00eanero trichomycterus . outras caracter\u00edsticas que distinguem a nova esp\u00e9cie da maioria ou todas as outras esp\u00e9cies do g\u00eanero incluem o curto ped\u00fanculo caudal ( 15 . 4 - 19 . 7 % sl ) ; segundo hipo - branquial quase inteiramente cartilaginoso ( somente com ossifica\u00e7\u00e3o vestigial ) ; palatino expandido medialmente ; cleitro estreito , de formato falciforme ; e aus\u00eancia de uma concavidade posterior no terceiro ceratobranquial . a nova esp\u00e9cie parece formar um grupo monofil\u00e9tico com t . stawiarski e outra esp\u00e9cie n\u00e3o descrita ( t . sp . c ) , tamb\u00e9m end\u00eamicas do rio igua\u00e7u . como potenciais sinapomorfias , as tr\u00eas esp\u00e9cies compartilham uma morfologia r\u00edgida dos raios procurrentes caudais , que s\u00e3o semelhantes a espinhos ; \u00e1rea estendida de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de raios procurrentes caudais dorsais ; e raios branquiost\u00e9gios numerosos ( 10 ou 11 ) .\na new species of trichomycterid catfish , trichomycterus pascuali , is described from paranapanema basin and is distinguished from all congeners by the possession of five pectoral - fin rays and the absence of pelvic fin , girdle , and muscles . additional features further differentiate the new species from the other congeners lacking pelvic fins , t . candidus , t . catamarcensis , and t . tropeiro . the identification of t . pascuali is additionally corroborated by genetic divergence based on dna - barcode analysis . osteological and myological data unequivocally support the inclusion of the new species in the trichomycterinae and molecular analyses justify its allocation to the genus trichomycterus rather than eremophilus , a trichomycterine taxon traditionally diagnosed by the lack of pelvic fins . our genetic analysis further indicates that pelvic fins were independently lost in e . mutisii , t . candidus , and t . pascuali .\nthe monophyly of trichomycterinae was proposed by arratia ( 1990 ) based on four putative synapomorphies , but these were demonstrated invalid by datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) , even with the exclusion of trichomycterus hasemani ( eigenmann , 1914 ) , and t . johnsoni ( fowler , 1932 ) . these two species , along with t . anhanga , are more closely related to other subfamilies of trichomycteridae ( de pinna , 1989 ; wosiacki , 2002 ; dutra et al . , 2012 ) . the new species , however , lack the diagnostic features of the subfamilies tridentinae , stegophilinae , vandelliinae , sarcoglanidinae , and glanapteryginae ( so - called tsvsg clade by costa & bockmann , 1993 ; de pinna , 1998 , datovo & bockmann , 2010 ) and the trichomycterine genera bullockia , eremophilus , hatcheria , rhizosomichthys , scleronema , and silvinichthys ( cf . eigenmann , 1918 ; arratia et al . , 1978 ; arratia , 1990 , 1998 ; wosiacki , 2002 ) . the new species also lack the three synapomorphies proposed by costa & bockmann ( 1993 ) for the genus ituglanis - except trichomycterus brachykechenos ( discussed below ) - which leads us to include them in the non - monophyletic genus trichomycterus ( de pinna , 1989 , 1998 ; datovo & bockmann , 2010 ) .\nbockmann & sazima ( 2004 ) cited for t . brasiliensis species complex the superficial skin layer ( = outer skin layer ) formed by chromatophores gradually denser and organized in well - defined patches in progressively larger specimens , sometimes covering so intensely that hides the deeper skin layer ( bockmann & sazima , 2004 : fig . 11b ) . this superficial pigmentation in the largest specimens is distinct from that observed in trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos , which is composed by small spots and similar to the\nfreckled\npattern reported to trichomycterus perkos in datovo et al . ( 2012 ) , as well as for t . brasiliensis , t . castroi , t . crassicaudatus , t . diabolus , t . giganteus , t . igobi , t . maracaya , t . mimonha , t . stawiarski , and t . tropeiro .\ntrichomycterus areolatus is an endemic species of pencil catfish that inhabits the riffles and rapids of many freshwater ecosystems of chile . despite its unique adaptation to chile ' s high gradient watersheds and therefore potential application in the investigation of ecosystem integrity and environmental contamination , relatively little is known regarding the molecular biology of this environmental sentinel . here , we detail the assembly of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome , a molecular resource for the study of this organism and its molecular response to the environment . rna - seq reads were obtained by next - generation sequencing with an illumina\u00ae platform and processed using prinseq . the transcriptome assembly was performed using trinity assembler . transcriptome validation was performed by functional characterization with kog , kegg , and go analyses . additionally , differential expression analysis highlights sex - specific expression patterns , and a list of endocrine and oxidative stress related transcripts are included .\ndespite the broad distribution of the genus , most species have limited distributions and usually are restricted to only one river . wide - ranging species are most likely complexes of species that are difficult to differentiate , such as the t . brasiliensis species - complex . trichomycterus gorgona , from a small stream on gorgona island located west of the pacific coast of colombia , is the first known trichomycterid to be endemic to an offshore island .\nda silva , c . c . f . , s . l . s . f . da matta , a . w . s . hilsdorf , f . langeani & a . p . marceniuk . 2010 . color pattern variation in trichomycterus iheringi ( eigenmann , 1917 ) ( siluriformes : trichomycteridae ) from rio itatinga and rio claro , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 8 : 49 - 56 . [ links ]\nthe tabay stream basin through 192 km from its headwaters at campo viera to its mouth on the paran\u00e1 river , at jard\u00edn am\u00e9rica ( fig 4 ) . the stream bed is mainly composed of basaltic bedrock , in which sections with waterfalls and pools alternates all along its run . at the type locality ( tabay waterfall ; fig 5 ) , the stream is surrounded by remnants of the paranaense riparian forest , with its left margin degraded due to a camping site . this waterfall consists of three consecutive falls , the main one is 10m high and 20\u201350m wide , which drains into a narrow gorge . all specimens of trichomycterus ytororo were captured above the waterfalls at shallow areas ( about 1 meter depth or less ) or in rapids witha predominantly rocky bottom and strong current . trichomycterus davisi was the single congener recorded at the type locality , which was not collected syntopically with t . ytororo .\ndespite the high number of described species within trichomycterus , ferrer & malabarba ( 2011 ) highlighted the lack of taxonomic studies of this genus in the laguna dos patos and uruguay basins in southern brazil . notwithstanding the common occurrence of the genus in these basins , t . tropeiro ferrer & malabarba , 2011 endemic to the headwaters of rio das antas in laguna dos patos system is so far the only member of the genus recognized for that drainage .\ntrichomycterus crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t stawiarski are endemic to the iguaz\u00fa ( or igua\u00e7u , in brazil ) river basin , a left bank tributary of the paran\u00e1 river , while t . ytororo inhabits a downstream section of the same basin ( fig 5 ) . curiously , all these species are known from few collecting sites or only from their type localities ( as t . ytororo ) , possibly indicating some ecological constraints in their distributions .\ndorsal view of urohyal of ( a ) trichomycterus balios , paratype , ufrgs 6831 , 81 . 7 mm sl ; ( b ) t . diatropoporos , paratype , ufrgs 16237 , 57 . 8 mm sl ; ( c ) t . poikilos , paratype , mcp 22699 , 79 . 0 mm sl ; and ( d ) t . brachykechenos , paratype , ufrgs 16245 , 41 . 9 mm sl . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .\neven so , the aforementioned presumably derived character states shared by the species herein proposed as belonging to the trichomycterus stawiarski group ( table 1 ) suggest their close relationship and the reduced number of branchiostegal rays in t . ytororo could be interpreted as a homoplastic feature . however , a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus is still needed to assess if those character states are more parsimoniously attributed to common ancestry or parallelisms and to test the monophyly of this putative clade .\ngene ontology ( go ) analysis of the trichomycterus areolatus transcriptome . go functional analysis was performed on assigned proteins in order to evaluate transcript function and the overall completeness of the isolated transcriptome . go terms were given for each of the t . areolatus predicted proteins as well as the proteomes of salmo salar , cyprinus carpio , and danio rerio ( retrieved from ncbi ) . the distribution of protein functions closely match one another , suggesting the assembled transcriptome is complete .\nmorphological data for species are based on literature , personal observations and photographs from image database of the all catfishes species inventory ( morris et al . , 2006 ) , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle urltoken and california academy of sciences urltoken trichomycterus santaeritae ( eigenmann , 1918 ) and the species from t . hasemani group were not included in comparisons due to their reported relationship with non - trichomycterine taxa ( de pinna , 1989 ; dutra et al . , 2012 ) .\nthe new species proposed herein is allocated in the genus trichomycterus ( subfamily trichomycterinae ) due to the presence of all the synapomorphies for the clade that includes all the trichomycterids excepting the copionodontinae and trichogeninae and lacks those derived characters that support the clade comprising the subfamilies glanapteryginae , sarcoglanidinae , stegophilinae , tridentinae , and vandelliinae [ 3 ] . the presence of the levator internus 4 muscle originating from the neurocranial floor and the dorsal face of the posttemporo - supracleithrum , a synapomorphy for trichomycterinae latu sensu [ 13 ] , in the new taxon also supports its inclusion in the subfamily . among the trichomycterinae , the new taxon also lacks the diagnostic characters of bullockia , eremophilus , hatcheria , ituglanis , rhizosomichthys , scleronema , and silvinichthys [ 3 , 4 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ] . in view of these facts , the inclusion of the new species in the genus trichomycterus is the most plausible action for the moment .\nbesides both t . balios and t . poikilos occur in the rio taquari - antas drainage , they also show disjoint distributions . trichomycterus balios occurs to the east , in the rio da prata , a tributary in the right margin of the rio das antas , and tributaries of the rio das antas above the mouth of the rio da prata in both right and left margins . trichomycterus poikilos occurs to the west in the rio carreiro , rio guapor\u00e9 and rio forqueta , all right margin tributaries of the rio taquari - antas , below the rio da prata , but is also widely distributed in the upper tributaries of the rio jacu\u00ed basin that are geographically close to the rio taquari - antas tributaries ( fig . 8 ) . the occurrence of t . poikilos in close proximity in the upper portions of the tributaries of two sub - drainages ( rio taquari - antas and upper rio jacu\u00ed ) may indicate headwater capture events among these small tributaries .\ntrichomycterus ytororo is distinguishable from all congeners by the presence of 31\u201335 dorsal caudal procurrent rays ( fig 3 ; vs . 29 or less ) . in addition , trichomycterus ytororo exhibits two characters shared only by three congeners ( table 1 ; t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski ) : the procurrent caudal - fin rays thickly ossified and rigid with a slender distal tip and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending along the tips of 10\u201313 neural spines ( fig 3 ; vs . procurrent caudal - fin rays thin and flexible with the dorsal ones extending for less than eight neural spines tips ) . trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t . crassicaudatus , t . igobi , and t . stawiarski by the number of branchiostegal rays ( 9 vs . 10\u201311 ) . trichomycterus ytororo can be further distinguished from t . igobi by the smaller head length ( 19 . 7\u201322 . 5 % vs . 23 . 8\u201326 . 8 % of sl ) , longest caudal peduncle ( 20 . 3\u201323 . 4 % vs . 15 . 4\u201319 . 7 % of sl ) and 4\u20137 pores in the trunk canal of the laterosensory system ( vs . two pores ) ; from t . crassicaudatus by the caudal - fin distal margin rounded in adults ( vs . forked ) , higher number of vertebrae ( 37\u201338 vs . 35\u201336 ) , lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays ( 13 vs . 17\u201318 ) , and the dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 13 neural spines ( vs . dorsal procurrent caudal - fin rays extending over the tips of 12 neural spines ) ; and from t . stawiarski by the lower number of ventral procurrent caudal - fin rays ( 13 vs . 17 ) , the higher number of pectoral - fin rays ( i , 7 vs . i , 6 ) , and lower number of vertebrae ( 37\u201338 vs . 39 ) .\ncosta & bockmann ( 1993 ) suggest that ituglanis and scleronema are closely related to tsvsg clade based in two synapomorphies ( reduction of the interopercular patch of odontodes and urohyal thin and elongate ) , and de pinna ( 1998 ) reinforced the monophyly of this clade based on shared three or fewer abdominal vertebrae by its members . however , datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) listed a unique derived character shared by at least five genera of the subfamily trichomycterinae ( bullockia , hatcheria , ituglanis , scleronema and trichomycterus ) , the posterior portion of the levator internus 4 originating from the dorsal face of the posttemporo - supracleithrum , and contested the utility of the characters that corroborated the monophyly of the clade scleronema + ituglanis + tsvsg ( costa & bockmann , 1993 ; de pinna , 1998 ) . according to datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) , the reduction of the interopercular patch of odontodes and the thinness and elongation of urohyal lateral processes is present in many other trichomycterines ( e . g . , trichomycterus stawiarski and silvinichthys bortayro fern\u00e1ndez & de pinna , 2005 ) and seem to be developed to varying degrees with a continuum of intermediate states between the more extreme conditions . trichomycterus balios , t . diatropoporos , and t . poikilos present the urohyal with lateral processes with wide bases and decreasing in width distally with rounded tips , but t . brachykechenos possesses the lateral processes of urohyal thin and elongate with pointed tips ( fig . 5 ) , corroborating the statements of datovo & bockmann ( 2010 ) .\nin the trichomycterus species the cranial fontanel is normally divided in two openings separated by epiphyseal bar : the anterior fontanel which is a small rounded opening situated between frontals , and the posterior fontanel which is long and narrow extending from posterior portion of frontals to parieto - supraoccipital . a reduced cranial fontanel is present in at least other three species of the genus : t . cachiraensis ardila rodr\u00edguez , 2008 , t . sketi castellanos - morales , 2011 from colombia , and t . megantoni from peru .\necological data . specimens of trichomycterus igobi were collected in the same general locality as t . sp . c in the rio jord\u00e3o , and presumably occupy the same kind of fast water , rocky - substrate environment reported for that species ( cf . wosiacki & de pinna , in press ) . the details of its microhabitat , however , are as yet unknown . the stomach of the cleared and stained specimen contained larvae of diptera ( simulidae ) , ephemeroptera , and trichoptera , indicating benthic feeding habits .\nupper caudal plates of trichomycterus balios , lateral view , anterior to left . ( a ) = paratype , mcp 41292 , 64 . 7 mm sl ; ( b ) paratype , mcp 41292 , 72 . 3 mm sl . abbreviations : hu3 , hypural 3 ; hu4 + hu5 , complex plate formed by co - ossification of hypurals 4 and 5 ; hu3 + hu4 + hu5 , complex plate formed by co - ossification of hypurals 3 , 4 and 5 . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm ."]}
{"id": 865, "summary": [{"text": "mango mealybug ( drosicha mangiferae ) , is a pest of mango crops in asia .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the nymphs and females suck plant sap from inflorescences , tender leaves , shoots and fruit peduncles .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "as a result , the infested inflorescences dry up , affects the fruit set , causing fruit drop .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "these bugs also exude honey dew over the mango tree leaves , on which sooty mold fungus develops reducing the photosynthetic efficiency of the tree .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is a polyphagous pest and is found on over 60 other plant species", "topic": 12}], "title": "mango mealybug", "paragraphs": ["the mango mealybug . first instars were less often encountered and were seldom parasitized . first\ndue to environmental pollution considerations , chemical control of mango mealybug , may be undertaken judiciously with care .\ninfested mango trees having indigenous predators declined from 42 . 3 % to 20 . 9 % . average mealybug\nin this episode of annadata , viewers will get to know about the measures to control mealybug in mango crop .\ninsects suck the sap of infested plants . mealybug infestations , together with sooty mold , seriously\nmango mealybug , an exotic pest of mango , was first observed in benin in 1986 . in a biological control programme , natural enemies were successfully released in the following years . the present study is the first attempt to measure the impact of the biological control of mango mealybug over a large area , through a survey of mango producers . most producers attributed the observed improvement of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nables , the duration of the parasitoid\u2019s presence proved to be a major factor . it influenced mealybug\nhussain si , saleem ma and freed s ( 2012 ) .\ntoxicity of some intsecticides to control mango mealybug , drosicha mangiferae , a serious pest of mango in pakistan\n. pakistan journal of zoology 44 ( 2 ) : 353\u2013359 .\nmealybug was assessed at 72 % . from the first survey year to the third , the percentage of infested\nganta , r . allomasso , and i . okon . 1990 . biological control of the cassava mealybug ,\nbokonon - ganta a , de groote h , neuenschwander p ( 2002 ) socio - economic impact of biological control of mango mealybug in benin . agric ecosyst environ 93 : 367\u2013378\nafrica was insignificant ( butani , 1975 ; laroussihle , 1980 ) . in 1986 , however , a mealybug\u2013later de -\n341 _ 37 epiphytic survival of xanthomonas campestris pv . mangiferaeindicae on mango buds .\nbanda , a . chalabesa , t . bird , and t . haug . 1994 . biological control of the cassava mealybug ,\noriental region to west africa and causing damage to mango , citrus and other trees .\n341 _ 39 pectic zymogram analysis for characterizing genetic diversity of the mango anthracnose pathogen .\n341 _ 54 effect of ethephon on mango ( mangifera indica l . ) fruit quality\nveys across different ecological zones of benin . the overall yield loss due to infestations by mango\n341 _ 16 physiology of saline stress in one mango ( mangifera indica l . ) rootstock\n341 _ 20 chemical pruning and induction of panicles in mango ( mangifera indica l . )\n341 _ 31 effect of bottom heat temperatures on rooting of mango cuttings of different cultivars .\nmango mealybug , an exotic pest of mango , was first observed in benin in 1986 . in a biological control programme , natural enemies were successfully released in the following years . the present study is the first attempt to measure the impact of the biological control of mango mealybug over a large area , through a survey of mango producers . most producers attributed the observed improvement of mango production to the success of biological control . based on production estimates by producers , the negative impact of the pest on plant production and the positive impact of the introduced natural enemy were demonstrated . interviewed mango producers gained on average us $ 328 per year by the biological control programme . extrapolated to all producers of benin , a yearly gain of us $ 50 million in mango production can be estimated . the present value of accrued benefits is estimated at us $ 531 million over a period of 20 years . the total cost of the biological control of mango mealybug is estimated at us $ 3 . 66 million , which includes initial costs in other african countries and the introduction of the natural enemy from india , resulting in a benefit\u2013cost ratio of 145 : 1 for benefits in benin alone .\nmango mealy bugs . ( photo by dr . sandeep singh , pau , ludhiana via nbaii )\nneuenschwander , 1995 ) to fruit production . each mango farmer gained on average $ 328 per year\nof energy and nutrients . mango is also a valuable ornamental shade tree and contributes to the protec -\ntion of soil against erosion . until recently , damage to mango trees by insect pests and diseases in\nagounk\u00e9 , d . and fischer , h . u . ( 1993 ) . biological control of the mango mealybug ( rastrococcus invadens ) in togo . acta hortic . 341 , 441 - 451 doi : 10 . 17660 / actahortic . 1993 . 341 . 49 urltoken\n341 _ 23 influence of paclobutrazol on growth and leaf nutrient content of mango ( cv . blanco ) .\n341 _ 26 comparison of manual and ethephon - induced deblossoming of mango cv . keitt in the canary islands\n341 _ 27 vegetative growth analysis of mango ' manila ' trees grafted onto several interstock / rootstock combinations .\n341 _ 32 mulching and irrigation effects on growth , cropping and fruit quality of the mango cv . sensation\nmango mealybug is one of the most important insect pests of mango . the mealybug feeds on the tree , and produces droppings which make the leaves black and sticky . this lowers the strength of the tree , and its production of mangoes . during heavy attack , a whole part of the tree looks blackish in colour . this insect pest lowers the yield and quality of the mango and can go from one tree to another , if the trees are touching . young mealybugs are brown in colour . females are about half the size of your small nail , do not have wings and are covered with white wax . male adults are brick red , winged and smaller than the wingless female .\ncultivation for over 6000 years ( hill , 1952 ) . today , mango is a fruit of great importance throughout\n341 _ 12 mango ( mangifera indica l . ) introduction and evaluation in florida and its impact on the world industry\n341 _ 21 control of vegetative growth and inductive of regular and early cropping in ' alphonso ' mango with paclobutrazol .\nkarar h , sayyed ah , arif mj , ashfaq m and aslam m ( 2010 ) .\nintegration of cultural and mechanical practices fro management of the mango mealybug drosicha mangiferae\n. phytoparasitica 38 ( 3 ) : 223\u2013229 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s12600 - 010 - 0094 - 8 .\ndensities declined steadily from 9 . 7 females per sampling unit in 1989 , with 3 . 2 % of all mango trees\nnymphs to crawl up the stem of mango trees , by wrapping plastic sheets innovatively around the tree stem , ahead of attack .\nmango trees declined from 31 . 0 % in 1989 to 17 . 5 % . during the same period , the mean percentage of\ntwo specific endophagous parasitoids gyranusoidea tebygi and anagyrus mangicola , of indian origin , were mass\u2010reared at the international institute of tropical agriculture in cotonou and released against the mango mealybug rastrococcus invadens , in collaboration with national biological control programmes . g . tebygi was released in the following countries : benin , gabon , ghana , nigeria , sierra . . . [ show full abstract ]\n341 _ 25 effect of growth regulator and media on in vitro shoot tip culture of different cultivars of mango ( mangifera indica l . ) rootstocks\nin 1986 , it was described as rastrococcus invadens williams ( hemiptera : pseudoccocidae ) from india , where several cryptic species of rastrococcus infest mango , a native of this sub - . . .\nyoung insects and adult females suck the sap from twigs , leaves , flowers and fruit from january to june . a single female mealybug will go from the tree to the soil and will lay many eggs in the soil , about as deep as your little finger under the tree canopy near the trunk during july to august . they hatch during december and january and then go to feed on the weeds . they can travel up the mango tree either via the trunk or using branches touching the ground .\nwilliams dj ( 1986 ) rastrococcus invadens sp . n . ( homoptera pseudococcidae ) introduced from the oriental region to west africa and causing damage to mango , citrus , and other trees . bullet entomol res 76 : 695\u2013699\nthis is one of many insects that came to the attention of science only after it had been inadvertently transported and established on a new continent , where it became an important pest . to date , most field data concerning this species are therefore from west africa . in the 1980s , mealybug infestations suddenly devastated mango , but also many ornamental and shade trees , around lom\u00e9 , togo , and cotonou , b\u00e9nin . from there , this new plague rapidly spread along the coast , west to ghana and c\u00f4te d\u2019 ivoire and east to nigeria . at the turn of the millennium , it had invaded most of west and central africa ( from senegal to r . d . congo ) . in benin , for instance , it was observed most often in and around large cities , being less abundant in commercial orchards and even less so on local mango varieties in farmers\u2019 fields .\nmealy bugs are sucking insects , soft bodied , oval shape and cottony in appearance . mealy bugs are found on leaves , stems , roots and fruits which are covered like whitish powder . this condition is very difficult to eradicate the mealy bugs . the mango mealy bugs suck a large amount of sap from all parts of the tree . recently in pakistan the mango fruit in punjab districts like multan , bahawalpur , muzzaffargarh , rahim yar khan is being seriously infested with mango mealy bugs . mealy bugs are found in moist warm climate and also act as a vector for several plant diseases . they attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer used for protection while they suck the plant juices . some species of mealy bug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in the quantities of 50 - 100 ; other species are born directly from the female .\nhas a total lifecycle of 78\u2013135 days . between april and may , purple - colored eggs are laid in egg - sacs comprising mass of wax threads , in the loose soil around ( within 2\u20133 m radius ) the infested mango trees . eggs hatch in december\u2013january and nymphs start ascending the trees to succulent shoots and base of fruiting parts . nymphs go through stages of 1st instar ( 45\u201371 days ) , 2nd instar ( 18\u201338 days ) and 3rd instar ( 15\u201326 days ) . female and male appearance starts during march\u2013april . males are winged and short - lived after mating , and do not cause damage to the trees .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nactive during spring and monsoon season i . e . feb - april & june \u2013august .\ncause damage by sucking cell sap & by egg laying in the inflorescence and young leaves by injecting ovipositor .\nboth nymphs and adult damage the plant , but nymphs are more harmful due to voracious feeding .\nspraying with confidor 200 sl @ 30 - 50 ml / 100 lit . of water\nmale - - winged while female - - wingless , flattened body with white powder .\nlay eggs in clusters in fruit skin with its sharp ovipositor at the start of ripening .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nput slippery , 1 foot wide bands of polyethylene around the trunk , 3 feet above the ground . apply grease or any other sticky material on the band for better control of insects\ncheck 100 leaves on 5 different trees in an acre . if mealybugs are found on 5 of the 100 leaves checked , chemical control should be applied : spray only the affected tree using pressure sprayers with carbosulfan and imidacloprid at the recommended dose\nnote : imidacloprid can have non - target effects . use protective clothing , goggles , mask and gumboots during the pesticide spray . do not eat and smoke during the spray . wash hands , eyes and exposed parts of the body after the spray .\nwhen using a pesticide , always wear protective clothing and follow the instructions on the product label , such as dosage , timing of application , and pre - harvest interval .\njuvenile mealy bugs can crawl from an infected plant to non - infected plant . the other mode of transfer is the small \u2018crawlers\u2019 are transferred by wind , rains , birds , ants , clothing and vehicles and settled on new plants . the wax which sticks to each egg also facilitates passive transport by equipments , animals or people . the female mealy bug is unable to fly and not active . in fact , humans are great friends helping in transport of mealy bug . as the infested plant back the colonies of mealy bugs migrate from shoot tips to twigs , branches and finally down the trunk . ants attracted by the honeydew , have been seen carrying mealy bugs from plant to plant .\nheavy clustering of mealy bugs can be seen under leaf surface giving the appearance of thick mat with waxy secretion .\nthey excrete copious amount of honeydew that attracts ants and help in development of black sooty mould which inhibits the plants ability to manufacture food .\nnymphs and adults suck the plant sap and reduce the vigour of the plant which also causes the withering and yellowing of the leaves .\nfruit may drop prematurely on crop plants . heavy infestation can cause defoliation and even death of the plant .\nthey infest the plant during flowering season and if the control measures are not taken timely , the crop may be destroyed completely .\nexcessive and continuous draining of plant sap causes wilting and finally drying of infested tissue .\npolythene ( 400 gauges ) bands of 25 cm width fastened around the tree trunk have been found affective barrier to stop the ascent of nymphs to the tree . the band should be fastened well in advance before hatching of eggs , i . e . around november - december . all crop residues in previously infested fields should be removed and burnt . fields borders should be free from weeds and debris that may support mealy bugs between planting . apply sticky bands like \u2018track - trap\u2019 on main stem to prevent crawlers of mealy bugs reaching the bunch .\nmonochillus sexmaculatus , rodolia fumida and suminius renardi are important predators in controlling the nymphs . the entomogenous fungus beauveria bassiana is found to be an effective bioagent in controlling the nymphs of the mealy bug . foliar spray of verticillium lecanii or beauveria bassiana 5g / ml per liter of water is effective during high humid months in reducing the population of mealy bugs .\napplication of 250 g per tree of methyl parathion dust 2 percent or aldrin dust 10 percent in the soil around the trunk kills the newly hatched nymphs which come in contact with the chemical . spraying of 0 . 05 percent monocrotophos or 0 . 2 percent carbaryl or 0 . 05 percent methyl parathion have been found useful in controlling early instar nymphs of the mealy bug .\nthe ipm schedule of mealy bug is very important and useful if timely operations are done . flooding of orchards with water in the month of october kills the eggs . ploughing the orchards in the month of november exposes the eggs to sun\u2019s heat . in the middle of december , 400 gauges alkathene sheet of 25 cm width may be fastened to the tree trunk besides raking the soil around the tree trunk and mixing of 2 percent methyl parathion dust . the dust may also be sprinkled below the alkathene band on the tree . the congregated nymphs below the band may be killed by any of the suggested insecticides . the above ipm schedule holds promise to control the mealy bug but spraying of neem product and the spores of the fungus beauveria bassiana will further ensure the reduction of the pest population .\nthis post is published by agrihunt staff member . if you believe it should have your name please contact md @ urltoken\nkhan : this is an excellent article . i liked it . i think , instead of keeping chicks for . . .\nrehematull baloch : sir kindly tell mn the students of molecular biology are eligible for this inter . . .\nsyed mustafa sabir : assalam o alaikum , i am writing from peshawar and i want to grow mushrooms of di . . .\nshahnawaz mumtaz : salam sir , this is good information for beginner , thanks you very much for share . . .\nsubscribe to our newsletter so we can keep you updated with latest news and information .\nwe are using cookies to give you the best experience on our site . by continuing to use our website without changing the settings , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . more info\nhow to grow a pineapple plant on your first try . works every time !\nprotect your orchids from mealy bug , spider mites , slugs , snails . . . etc . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nanterior ostioles absent ; cerarii with more than 5 truncate setae ; cerarii on anterior thorax and head separate ; without long dorsal setae adjacent to anal ring ; quinquelocular pores present on venter ; large - sized quinqueloculars present n marginal band on venter , about 1 pore wide ; multilocular pores restricted to abdomen , absent from lateral areas ; antennae 9 - segmented ; denticle on claw .\nupdated on 10 / 21 / 2011 9 : 42 : 51 am available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe tropics ( laroussihle , 1980 ) . it is sold at local markets in africa and constitutes an important source\naffect plant growth , flowering , and fruiting of attacked trees . chemical and mechanical ( i . e . , trim -\ndecisionmakers in towns became concerned . as chemical and mechanical control , together with local\nthe origin of the pest was considered to achieve a long - term control .\nchanical and chemical measures were adopted to control the pest , but appeared ineffective . it was then\nremained the only important host ( bokonon - ganta and neuenschwander , 1995 ) . similar observa -\nby narasimham and chacko ( 1988 ) , but also on third instars . in this study , sex ratios were highly\nbugs than in smaller ones , and were always larger than males from the same host instar .\ninstars were , however , preferred for host feeding . handling time per host decreased with increasing\nthem , did not oviposit into them . the sex ratio of emerging parasitoids , expressed as proportion of\ndecreasing host size , from young adult females to first instars . female wasps emerging from any size\nof host were always larger than the corresponding males . male size increased with that of the host ,\ninto hosts , unparasitized , or previously parasitized by the other species . this suggests that neither\nspecies discriminates against each other . the total number of parasitoids of either species emerging\nferrero ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) ( herren and neuenschwander , 1991 ) . the later - attacking\nhaving densities above 100 mealybugs , to 6 . 4 in 1991 , with 1 . 3 % of all trees having densities above 100\n( table 1 ) ( bokonon - ganta and neuenschwander , 1995 ) . similar multiple regression analyses have\nthrough this biological control program . including operational costs , the present value of iita\u2019s in -\nvolvement was estimated at $ u . s . 1 . 75 million . other organizations provided additional support ( gtz ,\nfao , cab international , and the benin plant protection service ) . the total depreciated cost of bio -\nto $ u . s . 3 . 66 million . compared with the benefit of $ u . s . 531 million , the benefit - cost ratio was\nport . the contribution of profs . j . j . m . van alphen and m . w . sabelis to some of the findings in this\nagounk\u00e9 , d . , u . agricola , and h . a . bokonon - ganta . 1988 .\n( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , a serious pest of fruit trees and other plants in west africa .\nagricola , u . , d . agounk\u00e9 , h . u . fischer , and d . moore . 1989 . the control of\nbaumg\u00e4rtner , j . , u . regev , n . rahalivavololona , b . graf , p . zahner and v . delucchi . 1990 . rice\nboavida , c . , p . neuenschwander , and f . schulthess . 1992 . spatial distribution of\nwilliams , populations . ( data obtained in b\u00e9nin , from 1989 to 1991 ) .\nboavida , c . , p . neuenschwander , and h . r . herren . 1995 . experimental assessment of the impact\nboavida , c . , m . ahounou , m . vos , p . neuenschwander , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1995 . host stage\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . and p . neuenschwander . 1995 . the impact of the biological control agent\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . , h . de groote , and p . neuenschwander . 2002 .\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . , p . neuenschwander , j . j . m . van alphen , and m . vos . 1995 . host stage\nbokonon - ganta , a . h . , j . j . m . van alphen , and p . neuenschwander . 1996 . competition between\nbutani dhamo , k . 1975 . parasites et maladies du manguier en inde .\nadjakloe , k . k . antwi , and i . olaleye . 1994 . stem and ear borers of maize in ghana , plant\ngutierrez , a . p . , p . neuenschwander , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1993 . factors affecting biological\nherren , h . r . and p . , neuenschwander . 1991 . biological control of cassava pests in africa .\nmatokot , l . , g . reyd , p . malonga , and b . le ru . 1992 . dynamique des populations de\nwaijnberg , e . , j . k . scott , and p . c . quimby ( eds ) .\nneuenschwander , p . , r . borowka , g . phiri , h . hammans , s . nyirenda , e . h . kapeya , and a .\nneuenschwander , p . , c . boavida , a . h . bokonon - ganta , a . gado , and h . r . herren . 1994 . estab -\npijls , j . w . a . m . , k . d . hofker , m . j . van staalduinen , and j . j . m . van alphen . 1990 . interspecific\nestablishment and spread of gyranusoidea tebygi noyes and anagyrus mangicola noyes ( hymenoptera : enc . . .\nwilliams ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) , a serious exotic pest of fruit trees and other plants in west africa . bull entomol res 78 : 695\u2013702\nneuenschwander p ( 1996 ) evaluating the efficacy of biological control of three exotic homopteran pests in tropical africa . entomophaga 41 : 405\u2013424\nwilliams ( homoptera : pseudococcidae ) in africa . biol control sci technol 4 : 61\u201369\nwilliams ( hemiptera : pseudococcidae ) . in : capinera j . l . ( eds ) encyclopedia of entomology . springer , dordrecht\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\n341 _ 30 production efficiency of compact ' manila ' mangos grafted onto different interstock - rootstock combinations .\n341 _ 59 impact of current u . s . pesticide issues on availability of pesticides for tropical fruits"]}
{"id": 866, "summary": [{"text": "danio dangila , the moustached danio , is a freshwater fish , and is the largest of the true danio species at up to ( 6 in ) long .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "its name is from its particularly long barbels .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is sometimes kept in aquariums . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "danio dangila", "paragraphs": ["danio dangila \u2013 moustached danio ( danio meghalayensis , danio deyi ) . ( n . d . ) . retrieved march 13 , 2017 , from urltoken\nthe redfin danio resembles a zebra danio with blood - red fins . it may be a colour morph of the orange - finned zebra danio , danio kyathit\ndanio rerio ( f . hamilton , 1822 ) ( zebrafish or zebra danio )\ndangila : appears to be derived from a local vernacular name for the species .\nwith a maximum length of 15cm ( 5 . 9 inch ) , danio dangila is a rather large danio species . its beautiful colors make it worthwhile to keep them in your aquarium .\ndanio margaritatus ( t . r . roberts , 2007 ) ( celestial pearl danio or galaxy rasbora )\ndanio dangila can be found in india , nepal and bangladesh . here it can be found in the ganga , brahmaputra and meghna basins .\narmi , t . g . ( n . d . ) . danio dangila summary page . retrieved march 13 , 2017 , from urltoken\nthe danio genus comprises many of the species of danionins familiar to aquarists . the common name\ndanio\nis used for members of the genera danio and devario .\nthis fish was first collected in 2009 and appears to be a form of d . dangila .\ndanio dangila was first described by hamilton in 1822 . after several years it received the name perilampus reticulatus as well . the latter is currently seen as a synonym .\nsystematic position phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) order : cypriniformes ( carps ) family : cyprinidae ( carps and minnows ) genus : danio species : d . dangila\ndanio dangila is a peaceful specie . it won\u2019t bother other species and are not aggressive to other mustached danios . although , it should not be placed in a tank with fish that suffer quickly from stress . danio dangila is a rather active fish . additionally , the fish needs to be placed in a school . if the amount of mustached danios is too low , the fish might suffer from stress and it will not show its best colors .\ndanio dangila is a relatively large sized danio . it has a yellow base color with a complex dark green pattern over its body . the dorsal - , tail - and anal fins show the dark green coloration as well . all the other fins are completely transparent . this specie can easily be recognized by its long barbels . the common name : mustached danio , refers to these long barbels .\ndanio : from dhani , a bengalese vernacular term for small , minnow - like cyprinids .\ndespite living in hillstream areas , these fish don\u2019t prefer extreme strong currents like some other hillstream fishes . a moderately strong current is sufficient for these fish . however , do make sure that the water is clean and well oxygenated as danio dangila is intolerant to pollution .\nknown as the moustached danio because of its two pairs of extended barbels , one pair being particularly long .\nbeing carnivores , danio dangila should not be fed with herbivore foods . algae wafers are therefore not appropriate for these fish . they will accept all types of food including factory foods . however , to keep the fish in the best shape , life and frozen foods should be offered on occasion as well .\nthe care of members of the genus danio is rather similar and easily generalized . they are easy to keep .\nhybrids between some danio species have been bred ; the young can be raised to maturity , but are sterile .\ndanio dangila isn\u2019t the easiest fish to breed . it is know that the eggs are scattered between small leaved plants . when the eggs are spawned , they will hatch after 48 hours . 2 days later , the fry will be able to swim freely . that is your cue to start feeding them artemia nauplia .\nthe hikari danio is a new species of danio recently discovered in burma , and first exported in 2002 / 2003 . it is still awaiting a scientific name , and is temporarily referred to as danio sp .\nhikari\n. it has blue and yellow varieties with the yellow being male and the blue female . it appears to be closely related to danio kerri . it may be a subspecies of this fish , but this does not seem to be the case .\nthe genus danio contains only the type species , d . dangila , separated on the basis of its larger size and the shape of the caudal - fin , which in adults is only slightly emarginate or even truncate in shape , a feature it shares only with tinca tinca ( the common tench ) among other cyprinids .\nthe meghalaya population was described as d . meghalayensis sen & dey 1985 , but having been revalidated by fang ( 2004 ) this name is once again considered to be a synonym of d . dangila following kottelat ( 2013 ) . it has a predominantly striped , as opposed to spotted , patterning on the body and a greater proportion of red colouration in the fins than the majority of other d . dangila populations .\ndanio quangbinhensis ( t . t . nguyen , v . t . le & x . k . nguy\u1ec5n , 1999 )\nthey have two pairs of long barbels , and are generally characterised by horizontal stripes ( with the exception of the glowlight danio , panther danio and black barred danio which have vertical bars ) . they range from 4\u201315 cm ( 1 . 75\u20136 in ) in length . they generally do not live for more than two to three years , and are probably annual fish in the wild .\nfroese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) . species of danio in fishbase . june 2012 version .\nknown as the moustached danio because of its two pairs of extended barbels on its top lip , one pair being particularly long .\nsome species of danio , such as the zebra danio , are among the easiest aquarium fish to breed . other species , such as danio kyathit , are far harder to spawn . all scatter their eggs over the substrate . the eggs are not adhesive , and hatch within two or three days . eggs will be eaten enthusiastically unless protected by a layer of marbles or heavy substrate planting .\nthe burma zebra danio or kp01 danio is a tropical fish belonging to the minnow family ( cyprinidae ) . it is believed to originate in myanmar . this fish was discovered in 2006 and is believed to be a separate species from the zebra danio ( which occurs many miles away in india ) to which it has a close resemblance . however , it is more likely to be closely related to the yoma danio ( also from myanmar ) , and is believed to be a similar size , 6 - 9 cm , to the latter .\nthe genus name devario was suggested for the larger species with danio being applied only to the smaller fish ( with the exception of the type species , d . dangila which can grow to around 89 mm sl ) . recent molecular studies by mayden et al . ( 2007 ) and fang et al . ( 2009 ) resulted in further changes , with the latter study considering the genus danio to be composed of three subclades . these were subsequently split into distinct genera by kottelat ( 2013 ) , as follows :\nconway , k . w . , w . - j . chen and r . l . mayden , 2008 - zootaxa 1686 : 1 - 28 the ' celestial pearl danio ' is a miniature danio ( s . s ) ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) : evidence from morphology and molecules .\nfang , f . , 2003 - copeia 2003 ( 4 ) : 714 - 728 phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) .\nessentially a large , gold spotted danio . a distinguishing feature of this species are its large barbels . it dwells in mountain streams and prefers water slightly cooler than the average tropical fish . at the least , keep in a tank that is not overstocked and has good filtration and plenty of oxygen . some authors consider danio meghalayensis to be a geographical variant of this species .\nin the wild , the burma zebra danio is likely found in rivers in a tropical climate and prefer water with a 6 . 5 - 7 . 0 ph , a water hardness of 5 . 0 - 12 . 0 dgh , and an ideal temperature range of 75 - 82\u00b0f ( 24 - 28\u00b0c ) . the burma zebra danio is oviparous ( an egg layer ) .\nfollowing fang ( 2003 ) danio spp . are characterised by the presence of an a stripe on the anal - fin and two or more p stripes on the caudal , plus some internal characteristics such as enlarged nasal lamellae .\nsen n and dey sc . 1985 . two new fish species of the genus danio hamilton ( pisces : cyprinidae ) from meghalaya , india . journal assam scientific society v . 27 ( no . 2 ) : 60 - 68 .\nkullander , s . o . ( 2015 ) . taxonomy of chain danio , an indo - myanmar species assemblage , with descriptions of four new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 25 ( 4 ) , 357 - 380 .\nolder , molecular , phylogenies tended to agree that it represented a monophyletic group consisting of two major clades ; the \u2018 danio devario \u2018 group containing the larger , deeper - bodied species and the \u2018 d . rerio \u2018 clade comprising the smaller , slimmer fish .\nkullander , s . o . , 2015 . taxonomy of chain danio , an indo - myanmar species assemblage , with description of four new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 25 ( 4 ) : 357 - 380 . ( ref . 101154 )\nkullander , s . o . ( 2012 ) : description of danio flagrans , and redescription of d . choprae , two closely related species from the ayeyarwaddy river drainage in northern myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 23 ( 3 ) : 245 - 262 .\nhowever in 2003 fang conducted a more detailed study based on morphological characters which included members of other related genera , and the results suggested for the first time that the genus danio as previously considered represents a polyphyletic grouping , i . e . , not all members derived from a single common ancestor .\nfang , f . , m . nor\u00e9n , t . y . liao , m . k\u00e4llersj\u00f6 and s . o . kullander , 2009 - zoologica scripta 38 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south asian cyprinid genera danio , devario and microrasbora ( teleostei , cyprinidae , danioninae ) .\nfang , fang ; douglas , m . e . ( 2003 ) . douglas , m . e . , ed .\nphylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei , cyprinidae )\n. copeia 2003 ( 4 ) : 714\u2013728 . doi : 10 . 1643 / ia03 - 131 . 1 .\nspence , rowena and gabriele gerlach , christian lawrence and carl smith ( 2007 ) .\nthe behaviour and ecology of the zebrafish , danio rerio\n( pdf ) . biological reviews for the cambridge philosophical society 83 ( 1 ) : 13\u201334 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 185x . 2007 . 00030 . x . pmid 18093234 .\nnguyen , v . h . , nguyen , t . h . & mua , b . c . ( 2010 ) : a new fish species of the danio hamilton , 1822 that was found in the ky son district , the northern central province of nghe an , vietnam . vietnam journal of biology , 32 ( 4 ) : 62 - 68 .\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 19 ; vertebrae : 34 - 38 . danio dangila can be distinguished from all congeners except d . assamila , d . catenatus , d . concatenatus , and d . sysphigmatus by produced first ray in pectoral and pelvic fins , large cleithral spot , and pattern of dark rings enclosing light interspaces on the side . it differs from those species by having vertically extended cleithral spot ( vs . round in all other species ) , absence of complete anterior interstripe ia ( vs . present in d . assamila and d . concatenatus ) , round rings in series along side , width of dark perimeter of about same width as diameter of light centre ( vs . elongate in d . assamila and d . sysphigmatus , with narrower perimeter in d . sysphigmatus ) , ring pattern usually extending onto caudal peduncle ( present on part of caudal peduncle in d . catenatus and d . concatenatus , absent in d . assamila and d . sysphigmatus ) , and 32 - 34 lateral line scales ( vs . 35 - 38 in d . sysphigmatus ) ( ref . 101154 ) .\ndanio dangilla is assessed as least concern since it has a wide distribution . although there is reduction in the population due to exploitation from nature for ornamental trade , it has been successfully bred in icar ( indian council of agricultural research ) research stations of assam and meghalaya . fish farmers have also learnt the technique . trends in wild populations must be monitored and if the captive breeding does not sustain the ornamental trade , the species has to be reassessed .\nmayden , r . l . , k . l . tang , k . w . conway , j . freyhof , s . chamberlain , m . haskins , l . schneider , m . sudkamp , r . m . wood , m . agnew , a . bufalino , z . sulaiman , m . miya , k . saitoh , s . he , 2007 - journal of experimental zoology , molecular development and evolution 308b : 642\u2013654 phylogenetic relationships of danio within the order cypriniformes : a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species .\nasia : india , bangladesh , nepal and myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) . reported from bhutan ( ref . 40882 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 85009 )\nlives in mountain streams . reaches to about 15 cm ( ref . 4832 ) ; reported to attain up to 8 . 3 cm sl ( ref . 41236 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 01618 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njuffe bignoli , d . , chaudhry , s . , barbhuiya , a . h . & dahanukar , n .\nis known from mountain streams belonging to ganga - brahmaputra drainage of bihar , northern bengal , northeastern india , and nepal . it was also reported from umroi stream and rheophilic torrent near barapani , khasi hills meghalaya , india .\nrecent field surveys show that population in the wild might be reducing due to ornamental fish trade ( w . vishwanath pers . comm . 2010 )\nmost of the specimens were collected from the rocks and stones which compose the bottom of several clear mountain streams .\nthis is a beautiful species which attains a length of about 15 cm . it is of no use as food . it is highly exploited for ornamental fish .\nfurther survey work is needed to determine whether or not this species is experiencing a decline , or is undergoing extreme population fluctuations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfemales of the meghalaya population are noticeably deeper - bodied and less colourful than males .\nat 90 days of age , colour pattern of the young fish strongly resembles that of the adults .\nsaid to be found throughout the ganges river basin although most records we\u2019ve been able to find correspond to nepal and the brahmaputra drainage in india and bangladesh .\nthe type specimens were apparently collected from the district of munger , bihar state , india through which the main ganges channel flows , although all have since been lost .\nit\u2019s also been reported from tributaries of the brahmaputra in bhutan , and , more recently , from myanmar where it appears to be quite widely distributed as some collections occurred as far south as the state of mon .\nbased on images it seems the fish can vary considerably in patterning depending on locality ; the populations formerly referred to as d . meghalayensis ( see \u2018notes\u2019 ) are known only from the known from the east khasi hills district of meghalaya state , north - east india , for example .\nthe type series was collected from \u2018mountain streams\u2019 but the species has been collected from sluggish , swampy environments with dense marginal vegetation .\ngiven its extensive natural range it would seem this species is adaptable and able to colonise various habitat types at varying altitudes .\nin the barak river drainage , which flows through the north - east indian states of nagaland and assam before bifurcating at the bangladesh border , symaptric species include barilius barna , b . bendelisis , b . dogarsinghi , laubuca laubuca , esomus danricus , devario aequipinnatus , d . annandalei , d . devario , rasbora daniconius , r . rasbora , crossocheilus latius , garra gotyla , g . lissorhynchus , g . nasuta , balitora brucei , acanthocobitis botia , botia rostrata and lepidocephalichthys guntea .\nnot difficult to keep in a well - maintained set - up though we recommend aquascaping the tank to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .\nthis can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches , and while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the d\u00e9cor should you wish .\nsince it naturally occurs in pristine habitats it\u2019s intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires spotless water in order to thrive .\nthough torrent - like conditions are unnecessary it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and decent water movement so a good - sized external filter or powerhead ( s ) should be employed as necessary and weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % aquarium volume considered routine .\nph : weakly acidic to neutral water within the range 6 . 5 \u2013 7 . 5 is usually recommended .\nprobably preys on insects and their larvae in nature . in the aquarium it\u2019s a largely unfussy feeder and will accept most foods .\na good quality dried product can be used as the staple diet but this should be supplemented with regular meals of small live and frozen fare such as chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , daphnia , artemia , etc . , for the best colouration and conditioning .\nnot an aggressive fish but may upset very slow - moving or timid tankmates with its constant activity and vigorous feeding behaviour so can only be considered appropriate for larger tanks containing robust , similarly - sized fishes .\nthere are plenty of suitable choices including many cyprinids , loaches , cichlids , catfishes and characins although as always when selecting a compatible community of fish proper research is essential .\na community based around one of its native countries or river basins would also make a worthwhile project with some interesting alternatives ( see \u2018habitat\u2019 ) .\nit\u2019s a schooling species by nature and ideally should be kept in a group of at least 8 - 10 specimens .\nmaintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less prone to bouts of skittishness but will result in a more effective , natural looking display while any aggressive behaviour will normally be contained as the fish concentrate on maintaining their hierarchical position within the group .\nsexually mature females are usually rounder - bellied and exhibit a white stripe towards the distal edge of the anal - fin which is red in males .\nthe differences are especially clear when the fish are in spawning condition as the males intensify in colour and the females fill with eggs .\nlike many cyprinids this species is an egg - scatterer that exhibits no parental care .\nif the fish are in good condition they should spawn often , and in a densely - planted , mature aquarium it\u2019s possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention .\nin general , however , d . devario has proven tricker than other danios with the usual methods tending not to yield results .\nwhen only a single pair is used the larger females tends to chase the male incessantly , for example , and the only successful report we know of is that of u . s . aquarist dennis ball whose group of 8 adult fish of the meghalaya population spawned during a thunder storm following a period of being conditioned with live foods .\nalthough a clump of taxiphylum was present in the aquarium the fish chose to spawn within the coarse gravel substrate with the females leading and males behind .\nthe first fry were observed approximately 48 hours after the spawning event and became free - swimming after a further 48 hours .\nfrom this point onwards they were offered artemia nauplii and branded fry foods , and grew very quickly reaching 12 - 15 mm within 30 days .\nthe vernacular name refers to the fact this species possesses exceptionally long barbels . considering its apparent abundance in nature it remains uncommon in the hobby and little is written regarding its captive care .\n\u2013 p stripe : or \u201cpigment stripe\u201d is the central , dark , lateral stripe on the body which extends into the caudal - fin in some species . stripes above it are numbered p + 1 , p + 2 , etc . and those beneath p - 1 , p - 2 , p - 3 . \u2013 a stripe : the central stripe on the anal - fin ; the proximal stripe ( above it ) is a + 1 and the distal stripe ( beneath ) a - 1 . \u2013 d stripe : the submarginal dorsal - fin stripe .\nthe genus has undergone some significant taxonomic reshuffling in recent years following the publication of a series of phylogenetic studies .\nthe former species d . erythromicron , d . margaritatus , d . choprae and d . flagrans are grouped together in the revalidated genus celestichthys roberts , 2007 . these exhibit unique body patterning consisting of vertical bars ( c . erythromicron , c . choprae , c . flagrans ) or light spots ( c . margaritatus ) and possess either very short barbels or none at all .\nthe remaining species , of which b . rerio is thought to be the most ancient , are included in the revalidated genus brachydanio weber & de beaufort , 1916 .\nhamilton , f . , 1822 - edinburgh & london : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches .\ngurung , d . b . , s . dorji , u . tshering and j . t . wangyal , 2013 - journal of threatened taxa 5 ( 14 ) : 4880 - 4886 an annotated checklist of fishes from bhutan .\nkar , d . and n . sen , 2007 - zoo ' s print journal 22 ( 3 ) : 2599 - 2607 systematic list and distribution of fishes in mizoram , tripura and barak drainage of northeastern india .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\n132 dead fish ! \ud83d\ude29imported fish unboxing . freshwater pom pom crabs , zebra danios , platies , tetras\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\ndistribution : bangladesh , india , myanmar and nepal ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .\nmorphology : body elongate and laterally compressed . abdominal profile more convex than that of dorsal . oblique mouth consists of two pairs of barbells ( maxillary and rostral ) . caudal fin slightly emarginated . lateral line concave and complete with 36 - 40 scales . rahman ( 1989 and 2005 ) reported that there are 38 scales in lateral line .\nolive in the back , sides and abdomen silvery with several blue lines . anal fin with two or three stripes . head 5 . 0 , height 3 . 5 - 4 . 0 in total length , eye 3 . 0 in head , snout 0 . 8 ( rahman , 1989 ) .\nfin formula : d ii 9 - 11 ; a ii - iii 12 - 15 ; p i 11 - 12 ; v i 7 ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) d . 11 - 13 ( 2 / 9\u201411 ) ; p 1 . 13 ; p 2 . 7 - 8 ; a . 16 - 18 ( 3 / 13 - 15 ) ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 )\nhabitat : rahman ( 1989 ) collected several specimens from streams near cox\u2019s bazar ( bangladesh ) . inhibits mountain streams ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .\nimportance : of no interest to fisheries ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .\nhamilton f . 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 .\nmcclelland j . 1839 . indian cyprinidae . asiatic researches v . 19 ( pt 2 ) : 217 - 471 , pls . 37 - 61\nrahman aka . 1989 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 103 - 104 .\nrahman aka . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 2 nd edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 120 - 121 .\ntalwar pk and jhingran ag . 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , vol . i , oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi - calcutta , pp . 366 - 257 .\nstudent , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nlicense . you may use any content ( of this site ) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution . | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish . |\n( icv - poland ) impact value : 76 . 37 e - issn : 2347 - 5129 , p - issn : 2394 - 0506\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 - 2018 . all rights reserved . international journal of fisheries and aquatic studies\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nlives in mountain streams . reaches to about 15 cm ( ref . 4832 ) ; reported to attain up to 8 . 3 cm sl ( ref . 41236 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe use cookies to personalise content and ads , to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic . we also share information about your use of our site with our social media , advertising and analytics partners who may combine it with other information you\u2019ve provided to them or they\u2019ve collected from your use of their services\nsexing can be done by looking at the analfins of the fish . females have a white border while males show a red border . in addition females are fuller bodied than males .\nresearch showed a rather broad range of body length of these fish . records vary between 6 ( 2 . 3 inch ) cm to 15 cm ( 5 . 9 inch ) . as a consequence , the fish can become rather sizable .\nresearch in the rivers : siang , siyom , sonkosh and charju showed that this specie lives in areas we consider hillstream biotopes . these streams often provide clear , cool water that is fast flowing .\nduring research in the river siang , the water parameters were measured during summer and winter . these measurements show that they differ between seasons . during the summer the temperatures are between 20 and 26 \u00b0c ( 68 - 79\u00b0f ) . furthermore , ph was found to range between 6 . 5 and 7 . 5 . the winters are considerably colder with temperatures dropping to : 9\u00b0c to 11\u00b0c ( 48 - 52\u00b0f ) . the ph , however , is relatively constant and ranging from 6 to 7 . 5 . despite the differences in temperature between winter and summer , it is recommended to keep the aquarium temperature at 16\u00b0c to 24\u00b0c ( 16 - 75\u00b0f ) .\nin order to let the aquarium be a resemblance to its natural habitat , decorations should consist of rocks and driftwood . the substrate can consist of gravel or sand . in order to bring some plants to the tank , microsorum sp . or anubias sp . could be attached to the decorations .\nbagra , k . , & das , d . n . ( 2010 ) . fish diversity of river siyom of arunachal pradesh india : a case study . our nature , 8 ( 1 ) , 164 - 169 .\nbaro , d . c . , sharma , s . , & baishya , r . a . ( 2014 ) . status of ornamental fish diversity of sonkosh river , bodoland territorial council , assam , india . science vision , 14 ( 1 ) , 28 - 33 .\ndas , b . k . , boruah , p . , & kar , d . fish diversity and habitat mapping of river siang in arunachal pradesh using remote sensing and gis . innovative energy technology systems and environmental concerns : a sustainable approach , research india publications , new delhi , india , 2014b , 13 - 20 .\ntesia , c . , & bordoloi , s . ( 2012 ) . ichthyofaunal diversity of charju river , tirap district , arunachal pradesh , india . asian journal of experimental biological science , 3 ( 1 ) , 82 - 86 .\nchanna burmanica is a relatively small snakehead species endemic to area ' s in northern myanmar . because of it ' s remote area of distribution it is not found in the trade often . experiences show that this species is relatively peaceful . it should be kept in lower tropical watertempatures\nchanna bankanensis is a small snakehead species from indonesia that requires tropical water temperature and very soft water . very intolerant to conspecifics\nchanna stewartii is a relative small snakehead species . in general it tends to be very intolerant towards conspecifics and other fishspecies . best is to keep solitary or as a formed couple . requires a seasonal drop in watertemperature below tropical levels\naborichthys elongatus is an active hillstream fish from india and can be a great addition to your hillstream aquarium .\nchanna punctata is a relatively small snakehead species ( maximun 35 cm ) , that is not overly aggressive . depending on area of captivity subtropical or tropical temperatures are required\nchanna orientalis or ceylon dwarf snakehead grows maximum 10 cm and is due to its mild temperament and ability to withstand constant tropical temperatures one of the species that is most suitable for keeping in the aquarium . since it is endemic to only a smart part of sri lanka , it is very rare in the aquarium trade\namong specialist aquarists there is large demand for channa aurantimaculata resulting in high prices . it is a medium sized and colourful snakehead species , than is intolerant to conspecifics but combines well with other robust fish . these must be able to stand the necessary seasonal drop in temperature during below tropical levels .\nchanna cyanospilos grows maximum 22 cm and is a small snakehead species that is closely related to channa melasoma . it is reportedly intolerant to conspecifics and other fish species . it is rare in the aquarium trade .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file\n, meaning\nof the rice field\n. the native bangla name for the fish is\nwas first described in the early 19th century by francis hamilton , a surgeon working for the british east india company . about a century later ( 1916 ) , the genus was split ; the larger species into\nthese varieties are recognized in the aquarium trade , but are not considered valid species .\nthey are native to the fresh water rivers and streams of southeast asia , but many species are brightly colored , and are available as aquarium fish worldwide . a number of the species , only recently discovered in remote inland areas of myanmar , do not yet have scientific names .\nin the wild , these fish consume various small aquatic insects , crustaceans , and worms , as well as plankton in the case of fry .\nall of these fish are primarily surface feeders . they are omnivorous in the aquarium and will accept a wide variety of foods , though flake food is appropriate . living in aquaria , live / frozen flaked foods are suitable , especially brine shrimp and sinking tablets . danios are voracious eaters ; timid feeders may starve in community tanks with danios . when conditioning danios for breeding , it is advisable to feed them plenty of fresh foods .\nalthough boisterous and liable to chase each other and other fish , they are good community fish and will not generally attack each other or other fish , although they occasionally nip fins , more by accident than design ; like most fish , they will eat eggs and any fish small enough to fit into their mouths .\nthey are best kept in a tank long enough for their active swimming , preferably with a current from a power filter ( or at least airstone ) as they often live in fast - flowing streams in the wild . generally , this also results in them being subtropical with cooler temperatures . they are good jumpers , so a tight - fitting lid is recommended .\nas a schooling fish , they prefer to be in groups of six or more . danios prefer water with a ph between 6 . 0 and 8 . 0 , hardness no more than 19 . 0 dgh , a carbon hardness of 8 to 12 kh , and a temperature range of 68\u201380\u00b0f ( 20\u201326\u00b0c ) ; the lower end of the temperature range is ideal .\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 25 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32a6d6f3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nasia : india , bangladesh , nepal and myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) . reported from bhutan ( ref . 40882 ) .\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75d37d2f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nback olive , abdomen silvery , sides with several narrow blue lines , which in the anterior half or two - third of the body from a beautiful network . a dark spot behind the gill covers . anal fin with two or three blue stripes .\ni am manabendra nath , proprietor of the asian aqua farm , office come residential address is village - bhatenda ( east ) , p . o . & p . s . - rajarhat , kolkata - 700135 , west bengal , india . my occupation is ornamental fish export and import . i had been started from my business the year 1998 .\ni am now busy with selling imported ornamental fish to all over india and export indian wild collection of ornamental fish . my import export code no . is 0209021616 , issued by the joint director general of foreign trade , kolkata . my export permit no . is wb1 / of / 294 / 12 issued by the marine products export development authority and import permit no . is 0250000270 / 4 / 14 / 00 issued by the director general of foreign trade , government of india and animal husbandry dairying and fisheries , ministry of agriculture .\nmy company always maintain the guideline of animal quarantine department of india and selling out disease free , good quality live ornamental fish . i can supply good quality my own farm breed angel fish all over year .\ntropical fish urltoken - the ultimate uk fish keeping resource for all types of tropical and marine fish , including fish books , articles , fish shops , fish clubs and more .\nour rating is shown below based on tff user reviews of our shop and ordering service .\nsome of the above images have been provided by tropicalfishfinder . please be aware that variations within species mean that the fish you are sent may not be identical to the fish in the photographs .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 01618 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in"]}
{"id": 869, "summary": [{"text": "hypolycaena condamini , the senegal hairstreak , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal and guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of guinea savanna . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "hypolycaena condamini", "paragraphs": ["hypolycaena is a butterfly genus in the family lycaenidae . hypolycaena species are found in the australasian ecozone , the indomalaya ecozone and the afrotropic ecozone .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\na widespread paleotropical genus , ranging from west africa to australia . there is some question ( e . g . , parsons 1999 ) regarding the monophyly of this genus : there are species groups with significant morphological and behavioral differences .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\ncorbet , a . s . , pendlebury , h . m . & eliot , j . n . 1992 the butterflies of the malay peninsula . kuala lumpur : malayan nature society .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\nparsons , m . 1999 the butterflies of papua new guinea : their systematics and biology . san diego : academic press .\nvane - wright , r . i . & de jong , r . 2003 the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen 343 , 1 - 267 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 870, "summary": [{"text": "the noble snipe ( gallinago nobilis ) is a small stocky wader .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it breeds in the andes of colombia , ecuador , peru and venezuela above or just below the treeline .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is entirely sedentary . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "noble snipe", "paragraphs": ["noble snipe ( gallinago nobilis ) is a species of bird in the scolopacidae family .\na 300 page book that summarises the available literature on the biology and demography of the 3 snipe species ( common snipe , great snipe , and jack snipe ) and the management techniques for their habitats .\nfluctuations of common snipe , jack snipe and golden plover in tiree , argyllshire - j . morton boyd\ngiant snipe can be distinguished from sympatric common and magellan snipe by its huge size and rounded wings . the other large species , andean , fuegian and imperial snipe , are upland species which lack the well - defined upperpart markings and white belly shown by giant snipe . noble snipe is more similar to giant , but obviously smaller - bodied .\nunstoppable noble train . creating operations , where first nuke land at 100ms , second nuke at 120ms , third nuke at 140ms , fourth nuke at 160ms , first noble at 200ms , second noble at 220ms , third noble at 240ms and fourth noble at 260ms , is very easy . 20ms timespan can be lowered to 0ms for nukes and nobles , but timespan between last nuke and first noble should be at least 10ms - for safety purposes . take a quick look at my screenshot on the right with accurately executed attacks as planned .\n\u00a91997 - 2018 barnes & noble booksellers , inc . 122 fifth avenue , new york , ny 10011\nyou can with easy send army tasks to backtime other players . i like to snipe every incoming attack - thanks to attacks detection system i know which incoming attacks has a nobleman . players couldn ' t believe their eyes , when i snipe noble attacks between 100ms each .\nthree different calls . birds not seen but earlier in the afternoon two birds were flushed here , see photo . the birds here are known to be south american snipe but i found only noble . i have still to see convincing evidence that sa snipe has ever occurred here .\nsame bird ( s ) as xc77712 . birds not seen but earlier in the afternoon two birds were flushed here , see photo . the birds here are known to be south american snipe but i found only noble . i have still to see convincing evidence that sa snipe has ever occurred here .\nyea this is what i usually tell people to do until they learn how to snipe properly .\nthis volume contains 16 papers covering topics such as breeding biology , ecology , behaviour , population dynamics , monitoring and hunting bags . the papers focus on woodcock ( scolopax rusticola ) common snipe ( gallinago gallinago ) , great snipe ( gallinago media ) , jack snipe ( lymnocryptes minimus ) and african snipe ( gallinago nigripennis ) . a general paper describes the conservation status of the world ' s woodcocks and snipes .\nyeah well that ' s mostly the best method of killing a good timed - noble train , congratz for posting it mellow .\nhabitat use and diet of common snipe gallinago gallinago breeding on moorland in northern england : c . . .\nthis is a bit different than normal noble trains , in normal noble trains you aim to launch as fast as possible , in sniping trains you aim to launch as regularily as possible , this is because by doing so you increase the chances of landing one between clearing and nobles .\nthe noble snipe is rare is and appears to be local in elfin forest bogs at or near treeline . it ranges at elevations of about 3300 m and is restricted to extreme northern peru only on the north and west side of the mara\u00f1on river . it also occurs in\n. the noble snipe has a patterned head and rest of the upperparts . the back shows conspicuous pale or buff stripes . the neck , breast , and sides are barred with a pale unbarred center of belly . it is secretive in marshy and muddy habitats . it is very similar to the\nthe giant snipe has a kek - kek call when flushed , and a rasping trisyllabic call is given in its nocturnal display flight .\nwhen i first read this guide i thought of it as new way to overcome very tight noble train . when you got 5second lag between first noble and the last , its easy to snip with one shot but what if your opponents send very tight train ? the only way to do it is mass snipping attempts as explained in the guide .\nno plumage differences related to age or sex are known , but in other snipe the sexes are similar and immature birds differ only in showing pale fringes on the wing coverts .\n30\u201333 cm ; 188\u2013197 g . medium - sized , bulky snipe with disproportionately long , two - toned bill ; underwing relatively dark ; wings rather broad and rounded ; tail . . .\nin the future , more functions like\ndetection of village owner change ( village was nobled ) in 30 range from my villages\nwill be added . in this case you will be able to very fast village re - noble .\nthe puna snipe is a small snipe of high elevation bogs and stream margins , fairly common in moist areas of puna from 3 , 000 to 4 , 600m . it ranges from northern peru into bolivia and northern chile and argentina . a miniature version of the south american snipe ( and sometimes considered a subspecies thereof ) , the puna snipe has a shorter bill and bright yellow legs . it can be distinguished by an unmarked , white belly , a nearly white underwing , and a thin white trailing edge to the wings . in flight , it displays a web of narrow white markings on the upperside , the result of a white tips on the wing coverts , white edges of the tail , and distinct pale stripes along the mantle . flushes with vertical flight followed by \u201cjumps\u201d .\ncapsule : moorland breeding birds were associated with marshy grassland , acid flush and unimproved acid grassland , where their diet was dominated by earthworms and tipulid larvae . aims : to quantify breeding snipe densities in upland habitats and to examine diet and the structural characteristics of feeding areas . methods : snipe were surveyed on four areas ( total 44 km 2 ) near otterburn , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nvan gils , j . , wiersma , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . noble snipe ( gallinago nobilis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe great snipe gallinago media is considered to be an endangered species . this paper examines its food and habitat use on a sub - alpine / low - alpine breeding area in central norway . it was estimated that earthworms constitute more than 90 % of great snipe food ( by weight ) . feeding birds selected the low herb willow scrub vegetation community and to a lesser degree eutrophic fen . birds did not . . . [ show full abstract ]\ni created noble train example video on youtube . this is the proof of perfectly synchronized 3 nukes and 4 nobles from 4 different villages . first attack land at 91ms and the last one at 130ms . there is this video . you can watch it to see how it is done .\napproximately 900 separate vocalisations from 240 species including vocalisations from distinct subspecies . includes : puna , noble , andean , and imperial snipe ; 29 species of hummingbird ; greater scythebill , jocotoco and crescent - faced antpitta ; 6 species of tapaculo , tufted , agile , and black - crested tit - tyrant ; 7 species of chat - tyrant including jelski ' s ; chestnut - crested cotinga . ; giant conebill ; tit - like dacnis ; 5 species of flowerpiercer and mountain - tanager ; masked saltator , 6 species of brush - finch and many others .\nthis species is rarely seen on the ground , and its habitat , reluctance to flush until almost trodden on , cryptic plumage , and nocturnal feeding mean its habits are almost unknown . its diet apparently includes frogs . the giant snipe is usually seen alone when flushed .\nthe giant snipe has a stocky body and relatively short legs for a wader . it has broad rounded wings like a woodcock and a very long bill . its upperparts , head and neck are streaked and patterned with black and brown , and chestnut edges to the feathers form distinct lines down its back . the belly is white with brown barring on the flanks . the flight feathers are barred , a feature unique to this snipe . the horn - coloured bill is very long and straight . the legs and feet are greyish - green .\nthis is the largest snipe at 40\u201343 . 5 cm in length . g . u . gigantea , as its name suggests , is larger than the nominate subspecies with little overlap in size ; for example , its bill length is usually more than 12 . 0 cm , whereas g . u . undulata is usually less than 11 . 5 cm .\nthe giant snipe is hunted through most of its range , its large size making it easier to shoot than other snipes . habitat loss is also a threat , at least in part of its range . it is nowhere common , and is local and uncommon in colombia and venezuela , but its nocturnal habits and extremely secretive behaviour might exaggerate its apparent scarcity , and it is currently not thought to be threatened .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . puna snipe ( gallinago andina ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\naccepting the requirement for accurate information regarding the status of common and jack snipe populations in great britain , and the problems associated with conventional survey methods for secretive , largely nocturnal or crepuscular , rarely aggregating species with a preference for little observed habitat , this report presents and discusses a range of alternative survey methodologies taken from the literature . survey methods discussed are : simple transects , nets and ringing , nocturnal surveys , calls and playback . each alternative approach is discussed in relation to likely effectiveness and feasibility in relation to : time constraints , habitat characteristics , locating the birds and welfare issues .\n. . . recent initiatives such as the push to develop markets for wood fuel ( anonymous , 2007 ) offer the possibility of providing financial incentives to bring woodlands into active management . from the perspective of woodland bird conservation , the recent declines are well documented ( fuller et al . , 2005 ; amar et al . , 2006 ; hewson et al . , 2007 ; hewson and noble , 2009 ) and our knowledge of habitat requirements of woodland birds continues to increase ( fuller , 1995 ; hinsley et al . , 2007 hinsley et al . , , 2009 hoodless and hirons , 2007 ; lewis et al . , 2009 ) . opportunities should now be taken to establish long - term monitoring of habitat structure and biodiversity in broadleaved woodlands where active management is being reinstated . . . .\nfrom the preface :\nthis little book is not intended as an exhaustive book of instruction either scientific or sporting . it is merely a reprint , with additions , of sundry papers jotted down in the rare idle hours of a busy life . these papers having , i am told , amused many in the pages of ' maga , ' may perhaps amuse more when collected in booklet form . if they should do for the reader the kindness which they performed for the writer - namely , that of bringing a whiff from the snipe - haunted marshes into the stuffy prison of everyday life in parlour and street - scolopax will feel that he has at any rate done some one a good turn , and nobody any harm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nthis species is classified as near threatened as there is evidence that hunting and the loss and degradation of its habitats are likely to be driving an on - going and moderately rapid decline in its population . if evidence were to suggest a more rapid decline in its population , it might be eligible for a higher threat category .\n. 1996 ) . localised declines have been noted in recent years , for example at la mica lagoon in ecuador ( cisneros - heredia 2006 ) .\nno population estimates of this species are available , but it is described as fairly common .\nthis species is suspected to be experiencing a moderately rapid population decline owing to the on - going threats of localised over - hunting and habitat conversion and degradation ( ridgely and greenfield 2001 , cisneros - heredia 2006 ) .\n. 1996 ) . it is usually found at 2 , 500 - 3 , 900 m , but may range from 2 , 000 to 4 , 000 m . it breeds from march to september , probably laying a clutch of only two eggs ( del hoyo\nthe species is targeted by both indigenous people and sports - hunters and is threatened by localised over - hunting , as well as the desiccation , transformation and degradation of its habitats ( ridgely and greenfield 2001 , cisneros - heredia 2006 , d . cisneros - heredia\n2011 ) . suitable habitat is converted for agriculture and degraded by fires ( cisneros - heredia 2006 , d . cisneros - heredia\ncarry out surveys in order to estimate the total population size and rate of decline . implement an outreach and education campaign to reduce hunting pressure . increase the area of suitable habitat that receives protection .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nover open pasture near humid forest . reference : lxb 122 - 163 marantz counter ( galnob10 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\ncall from ground . p\u00e1ramo marsh . reference : ilb 3 - 40 ( galnob8 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nfrom ground ? p\u00e1ramo marsh . reference : xviia 63 - 64 ( galnob6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\np\u00e1ramo marsh . reference : xviia 34 - 34 ( galnob5 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\np\u00e1ramo marsh . reference : xvib 412 - 414 , 436 - 451 ( galnob3 - 4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\ncollected ( mecn 553 ) . p\u00e1ramo marsh . reference : xia 422 - 423 ( galnob2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nrush bed in shallow lake on pumice flat . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nref : tape ohm065b 1204 . frightened by my presence . bird in groun along the stream . natural vocalization . 10m to mic .\nat least 4 displayed and called between 5 : 35 and 5 : 45 . my mic is very sensitive to wind so most of the display is ruined , also some traffic on the road . the display was nice though .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nn andes from extreme nw venezuela ( s t\u00e1chira ) through c colombia and ecuador to nw peru ( piura , n cajamarca ) .\ndisplay flight by male is given at dawn and dusk , or for most of the night if moonlit , is typically . . .\nmontane grassy wetlands , swamps and bogs , wet savannas , rushy pasture and reedy marsh adjoining . . .\nseason mar\u2013sept , probably mainly during wet season , with eggs collected in jul ( venezuela ) and sept ( colombia ) and a pullus also in . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . no population estimates available ; locally fairly common in colombia . very poorly known ; research required . . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsequence of species in this family is based largely on findings of a recent phylogenetic study # r .\nformerly referred to as capella , because this name was erroneously thought to pre - date gallinago .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\n, but is distinguished by having an unbarred and pale center of belly and by preferring bogs in elfin forests . it is larger than the\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nok im celebrating my return to tribalwars by releasing a secret i promised myself i would never release , sniping has really been left to the last resort way of defending due to its innacuracy , you basically have 1 shot to put defence between nobles , that is till now . . . . .\n2 . jot down support times to each village with train incomings from each available defence village from the longest to shortest time . work out a brief plan of order , if you are sniping from a defence village with train incomings make sure it snipes another train before it is hit .\ninstead of preping a timed launch of support , open opera and prep up a train , if you have a defence village with 10k / 10k in it load 10 tabs and put 1k / 1k in each , aim this support for the village you are sniping the trains from .\nfactor in lag + 1 second or so to be on the safe side and launch lag + 1 seconds before the support time matches the incoming time on the targetted village .\n4 . clear the misses , the other great advantage of this tactic is that you can clear all the support that lands outside the train and then reuse the village to support another village .\ni ' ve mentioned this before , although i ' ve only actually used it in one instance ( successfully though ) .\ni think i mentioned it in mimelim ' s defense strat guide somewhere , but it could have been somewhere else . there are a lot of similar threads .\nactually , not alot of guides i have seen explained it with such simplicity .\nit ' s been released . . . a lot of times . . . . besides which anyone who knows about backtiming out to know about this .\ni think i heard about this somewhere . i believe there was a guide on the forums of one of the tribes i was on , but this one was much simpler and easier to understand what you were actually trying to say .\ni have used this quite a bit , it ' s not so secret .\ncommon but not put explicitly in a guide till now i think . i was actually planning on making a guide of how to do this for my w26 tribe , with more visuals . beat me to it .\n> _ > . don ' t bother , there ' s something else you ought to teach them instead of this .\ni thought i was really clever when i figured this one out all by myself , then realised that other people had been doing it since before i even started playing tw . . . then i felt stupid : icon _ redface :\nnice quide but as everyone has been saying , it ' s a well known idea . i kinda figured it out playing speed since i have never needed it in a slow world due to no attackers having any skill or timing ability .\nsw . venezuela ( tachira ) , c . and e . colombia and n . ecuador .\nclements , james f . birds of the world : a checklist . vista , ca : ibis publishing company , 2000 .\nif there is no family list to the left , you may have arrived at this page from a direct link . please select\nmangoverde world bird guide\nto view the entire bird site .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nyl\u00e4nk\u00f6kurppa\nfrom\ngallinago nobilis p . l . sclater , 1856\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nspreads are indicated by surrounding icons representing items on the same ( double page ) spread in a grey box .\nthe species list above is in systematic order , the taxonomy and nomenclature of which generally follows the wells world birds list on birder ' s diary v3 . 0 ( courtesy of thayer software : urltoken ) , with adaptations by wildsounds . the wells world birds list is based on a classification created by mic wells . please note that the above list may not be in the same order or be a full and accurate representation of the species on the title concerned . we take due care to ensure the accuracy of the list , but should you find any errors , please notify us .\n\u00a9wildsounds 2009 . no portion of this page ( including sounds , images , style - sheets and code ) may be copied or used without the express permission of wildsounds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nla florida park is a maze of wetlands just outside bogota near the international airport .\nall content and design \u00a9 2004 - 2017 by exotic birding , llc . original banner photo \u00a9 laura l fellows . all rights reserved . no photos , descriptions , or other content may be copied or disseminated on any media without prior written permission . checklists may be copied or printed for personal use only but not for commercial purposes of any kind . website designed and produced by jim wittenberger and laura l fellows . photography by laura l fellows and jim wittenberger .\nauto suggestions are available once you type at least 3 letters . use up arrow ( for mozilla firefox browser alt + up arrow ) and down arrow ( for mozilla firefox browser alt + down arrow ) to review and enter to select .\npack your beach blanket for a bittersweet tale of love and summer ' s magic .\nlimited - time only : buy a season 1 colleggtible & get 50 % off a second .\nsave on classic and contemporary films online and in store through 8 / 6 .\nuh - oh , it looks like your internet explorer is out of date . for a better shopping experience , please upgrade now .\njavascript is not enabled in your browser . enabling javascript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site . learn how to enable javascript on your browser\nisbn - 10 : 0323047211 isbn - 13 : 9780323047210 pub . date : 05 / 22 / 2008 publisher : elsevier health sciences\ncurrent price is $ 33 . 25 , original price is $ 36 . 95 . you save 10 % .\nreinforce your comprehension of pharmacologic concepts with this hands - on workbook . specially designed to parallel the material in pharmacology for pharmacy technicians , 3 rd edition , this workbook provides in - depth study and review of the terminology , principles , and applications of pharmacology needed for certification and practice as a pharmacy technician . its user - friendly format and engaging learning exercises include vocabulary quizzes , review questions , critical thinking exercises , research activities , and new case applications to help you build a solid foundation for pharmacy practice !\n\u2022 new ! case scenarios and questions promote real - world application of text content . \u2022 improved ! new and revised review questions offer a mix of recall , comprehension , and application for progressive learning \u2022 new ! coverage of advancements in the areas of vaccines , hiv / aids , cancer , and diabetes provide students with the latest information for these chronic conditions . \u2022 new ! additional artwork supports foundational and body - system pharmacology content .\nunit i : introduction to pharmacology 1 . fundamentals of pharmacology 2 . principles of pharmacology 3 . pharmacodynamics 4 . drug interactions and medication errors\nunit ii : drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system and central nervous system 5 . treatment of anxiety 6 . treatment of depression 7 . treatment of schizophrenia and psychoses 8 . treatment of alzheimer\u2019s , huntington\u2019s and parkinson\u2019s disease 9 . treatment of seizure disorders 10 . treatment of pain and migraine headache 11 . treatment of sleep disorders and attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder\nunit iii : drugs affecting the musculoskeletal system 12 . neuromuscular blockade and muscle spasms 13 . treatment of gout , osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis 14 . treatment of osteoporosis and paget\u2019s disease of the bone\nunit iv : drugs affecting the ophthalmic and otic systems 15 . treatment of diseases of the eye 16 . treatment of disorders of the ear\nunit v : drugs affecting the cardiovascular system 17 . treatment of angina 18 . treatment of hypertension 19 . treatment of heart disease and stroke 20 . treatment of arrhythmia\nunit vi : drugs affecting the gastrointestinal system 21 . treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease , laryngopharyngeal reflux , and peptic ulcer disease 22 . treatment of irritable bowel syndrome , ulcerative colitis , and crohn\u2019s disease\nunit vii : drugs affecting the respiratory system 23 . treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 24 . treatment of allergies\nunit viii : drugs affecting the endocrine system 25 . treatment of thyroid disorders 26 . treatment of diabetes mellitus\nunit ix : drugs affecting the reproductive system 27 . drugs that affect the reproductive system 28 . treatment of prostate disease and erectile dysfunction\nunit x : drugs affecting the immune system 29 . treatment of bacterial infections 30 . treatment of viral infections 31 . treatment of cancers 32 . vaccines and immunomodulators\nunit xi : drugs affecting the integumentary system 33 . treatment of fungal infections 34 . treatment of pressure injuries and burns 35 . treatment of acne 36 . treatment of eczema and psoriasis 37 . treatment of lice & scabies\nbrecknock birds sightings are now available via a rss feed . the link is : urltoken\nbelow are all sightings recorded on this website . the newest sighting is displayed first , there are ten sightings per page . we would love to hear your bird sightings - whether common or more unusual - click here to add a sighting . you can also search all sightings - click here .\nplease neter the os grid referance . whilst this is optional , it allows for the sighting to be accurately mapped . please use discretion if the sighting is of a sensitive nature .\nsighting location : craig y cilau nnr . sighting date : 22 / 03 / 08\nsighting location : talybont reservoir . sighting date : 21 . 3 . 08 - 12 . 45\n6 goldeneye , 1 tufted , 8 mallard , 2 gc grebe , 1 l grebe , 5 coot and 2 mute swan .\nsighting location : roman road and usk reservoir area . sighting date : 21st march 2008\n12 lapwing and a single curlew at the roman road . a pair of shellduck ( still present at 12 : 40 , record shots available to be uploaded ) , drake goldeneye , 5 cormorant at the usk reservoir ( willow tit calling near water tower on carms bank ) . little grebe on graiggoch pool near r usk .\nsighting location : cantref reservoir . sighting date : thursday 20 / 03 / 08\nlate news from thursday , osprey at cantref reservoir most of morning , observed by 2 anglers flyfishing . bird seen taking a fish , eating and resting before flying north at approximately 12 : 00 . ( i arrived at 12 : 30 )\nsighting location : sn8941 and sn911441 . sighting date : 19 . 3 . 08\nmale wheatear sighted near ' g ' range , and c . 1000 starlings ground feeding nr . penlanwen . 25 siskin and 2 redpoll on birdfeeders on tuesday .\nsighting location : mynydd aberyscir . sighting date : 18 / 3 / 08 - 8 . 45\nsighting location : pontfaen , brecon . sighting date : 16 / 13 / 08\nnot a sighting by me but by a workmate that lives near pontfaen . he observed an adult hobby from his conservatory perched in a large pine not 30 metres away . it flew off when he got up to get his camera ( typical ! ) .\nsong from ground comprises a fast - paced but mellow - sounding \u201ctip - tip - tip - tip . . . \u201d , \u201ccut - cut - cut - cut . . .\ninhabits boggy rivers high in puna zone of andes , between 3000 m and 4600 m in peru , at 2000\u20135000 m . . .\nvery poorly known ; season mainly oct\u2013dec in c peru , sept in n chile . downy young similar to that of\nnominate race at least locally moves to lower altitudes during austral winter , e . g . reaching . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . no population estimates available . range large and relatively little impacted by human activities over much of it . nominate race . . .\nultimate tribal wars bot can work all the time - 24 / 7 thanks to captcha recognition system . bot has also features like farming villages , construct buildings , recruit army , minting a gold coins , balancing resources between villages , detection of incoming attacks , interactive map and much more . utwb is still under development and will do whatever you want it to do - make an proposal and see it done . features are being added all the time so you can check home page for the latest release informations .\nbuilding system enables you to set static and dynamic queue . once you set building target level , let ' s say - wall 20 level , and this building will be destroyed by incoming attacks , it will be immediately queued to build . the same apply for rally point and other buildings .\nthere are also options like\nif storage is full , build storage first\n,\nconstruct building requirements first\n,\nbuild farm if free space is lower than 5 - 30 %\n.\nyou can set number of maximum queued building positions in headquarters . if you have premium account it will be helpful , because premium account allows you to queue more building positions in headquarters at once .\ninteractive map helps you to control farmed villages , creating attacks or selecting all villages of player / s . management of tribes relations is also available . village menu under right mouse click behaves the same like menu on the normal tribal wars map .\nyou can look into village details by double click on village . village details includes history of village points , history of owner ( player ) and your notes . if you have something important you can make a memo for each village , which help you in the future during your conquers .\ntime synchronization with high precision ( + / - 10ms ) . check image proof on the right and test this capabilities by yourself . before you start you need to properly configure time synchronization settings - tutorial .\nsynchronization of multiple attacks is very powerful . you can synchronize many attacks from many of your villages to other village or villages . basically you can synchronize and send : one to one ( 1 : 1 ) , one to many ( 1 : * ) , many to one ( * : 1 ) and many to many ( * : * ) attacks .\njust imagine 6 full trains ( 4 nobleman attacks for each ) with 20 full nukes and subsequent 20 supports . all are synchronized to land between 100ms and 300ms . all hit many oponent villages and are sent from many of your villages . that kind of waves are beautiful .\nrecruit army system will save you a lot of time . you don ' t need to worry that barracks or stable are on idle . once you set target count of specified unit , bot will recruit until that amount is reached .\nthis feature is very helpful when you send troops as support and some of them die . in this case utwb immediately start troops recruitment in villages where it is needed . you can configure ratio for specified units in order to create optimal recruitment troops package . along with ratio , you should also remember about maximal queue time , which is configurable too .\nyou can also recruit noblemen . i didn ' t forget about gold coins minting and resources storing . for that you should only specify amount of resources above which gold coins will be minted or resources will be stored .\nsending army is practically essence of ultimate tribal wars bot . on this registry you can create and manage previously created send army tasks .\nthere is a lot of informations at a glance . you see if options like\nsend accurately in time\n,\ntroops must be at home between specified time\nare enabled . you know if send army task has specified random interval or contains one or more target villages .\nattack or support , troops count , description , send time , land time , return time , travel time , target village name , target village owner name and much more informations are available to you .\nin short cut , it would be enough . there is a lot more functions , which you would want to use - all are listed below on the right . notice that you can use utwb for free ! read this tutorial to see how it is possible with referential system .\nupdate to version 2 . 021 . added 35 days of service to all ultimate tribal wars bot accounts .\nupdate to version 2 . 016 . added 4 days of service to all ultimate tribal wars bot accounts .\nupdate to version 2 . 015 . added 2 days of service to all ultimate tribal wars bot accounts .\nfixed issues related to sending army , ifarmer and time sync because of the game update .\nupdate to version 2 . 013 . bot cost 1\u00a3 more because of captcha solving .\nupdate to version 2 . 012 . captcha solving works again . added 11 days to all bot accounts .\nadded in sendingarmy view , on right click menu - > set the same - > target village - works only for tasks with one target village .\nadded to time synchronization - > minimal sync unit count . on some world it ' s impossible to send 1 unit in attack , so you can configure it now .\nadded to map - > select village by radius from ( open / exclusive ) - to ( close / inclusive ) .\nchanged option\nbarb to player\nto\nownership change\n. so each time village will change player ownership it will be disabled and bot message will be generated .\nfixed disabling village in ifarmer for all cities on red or red - blue report .\nchanged in map - > right click - > remove from all attacks . by default all attacks for selected villages will be removed . when holding ctrl key , only attacks for village under mouse pointer will be removed .\nfixed on map when mouse over village , village info control was in wrong place , now it works properly .\nupdate to version 2 . 008 . bot is now fully functional , all functions work fine .\ncefcache with cookies is stored in bot directory . cookies file is a sqllite db file so you can read it using any sqllite engine or sqlitebrowser .\nupdate to version 2 . 007 . 30 days has been added to each bot account .\nwhen google captcha appears , bot send email according to your settings - > mailing configuration , bot play captcha _ sound . wav ( you can replace it with your own . wav sound file ) and bot stops .\nupdate to version 2 . 002 . added 7 days of service to each bot account .\nbot is safe to use again . to all accounts 45days service have been added .\nupdate to version 1 . 094 . please use this version because previous versions have a major bug .\nupdate to version 1 . 091 . sorry for delays - busy life . main problem with starting bot is fixed . 3 days has been added to each bot account .\nmap missing scenery bug fix ( to reload scenery you need close bot , remove map . bin and run bot again ) .\nadded time synchronization on / off toggle . in some worlds , like w115 on\nthere is new tw feature - to each attack , 1 second is randomly added or substracted to landing time - hence time sync in this situation is pointless .\nadded max ongoing attacks for rams and cats ( building destruction logic ) . max ongoing attacks are splitted to two separated registers . first one is farming and ram attacks . second one is cats attacks .\nfarmed village history is wiped - villageid is not reliable ( it is changing for the same xy of the village ) , it has been changed to xyid . if you want to have village history again , please remove gamereports . bin file and allow bot to read reports again .\nchanges to reports reading . old reports will not have info about village , new reports works properly . if you want bot to read reports again please remove gamereports . bin file ( it will take few moments to read all reports ) .\nadded to ifarmer option to set custom interval for farmed village - two places , per city and per farmed village .\nadded to ifarmer option to set limit of max total ongoing attacks from all cities to one farmed village .\nfarmed village will be disabled also on red - blue report , previously was disabled only on red report .\nfixed reading population issue caused by tribal wars update 8 . 33 . 2 . resources balancer , recruit army and all building features works properly now .\nbot is now build for anycpu - so one . exe serves x86 and x64 machines .\ntime sync precision changed from 0 . 1 seconds to 0 . 001 - please check if time sync is working properly for you .\nchanged villages selection radius in map , was square ( taxicab geometry ) - now is circle radius .\nupdate to version 1 . 082 . ifarmer is about to come . . . - i ' m working on it . please remember to do backup of\nuserdata\nfolder !\nadded\nselect village\noption in map view - > mouse right menu .\nchanged behaviour of selected village dropdown in map view . on my village change map is not centered . to center map new button has been added .\nupdate to version 1 . 081 . if you want to see intelligent farming draft , please visit\nupdate to version 1 . 078 . please use\nautomatically set units speed\nfunction in settings to correct units speed . time synchronization should works good now .\ngroup selection - in sending army tasks view - works good now . only attacks from selected group will be listed .\nadded mint coins / store resources if\nany / all\nare over\nn\n, in recruit army ( beside recruit nobleman ) .\nadded possibility to assign many groups for city . ( please watch tutorial above )\nwhen you run utwb first time , you will have to choose main page again , but only first time .\nadded sorting , on column header click for task targets in send army task form .\nlowered minimal time span between attacks from 5 to 1 . was 1 - 5 , now it is 1 - 2 . it gives you possibility to send ~ 3600 farm attacks / h ( excluding\nsend accurately in time\nsait attacks )\nyou can add cities in other overviews for premium account . combined , production , troops , buildings , technology , groups view - all are working fine now .\nadded option to disable logs ( settings - > general ) . it will improve performance for users with many villages .\nthe species has been found in tall vegetation in swamps and flooded grasslands , and occasionally in dry savannas ( hayman et al . 1986 ) , from the tropical zone locally up to 2 , 200 m ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) . it apparently also occurs in degraded habitat following forest clearance ( j . mazar barnett verbally 1998 ) . its diet apparently includes frogs and it may feed only at night ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) . in brazil , nests have been found in september and from november to early january ; nests are generally placed on a small hillock between swamps , and 2 - 4 eggs are laid ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) . the movements of this species are very poorly understood , and it appears to arrive seasonally at some sites , apparently after rain ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 3 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is regarded as local and uncommon in colombia , and is nowhere common , but its nocturnal habits and extremely secretive behaviour might exaggerate the impression of its scarcity ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nit occurs in tall vegetation in swamps and flooded grasslands , and occasionally in dry savannah . it ranges from the lowlands up to 2 , 200 m altitude .\nit seems to arrive in some areas after rain , but its seasonal movements are very poorly understood .\nnests of the southern race have been found in brazil in september and from november to early january . they are placed on a hillock between swamps , and 2\u20134 eggs are laid . no nests of the nominate subspecies have been found .\nother gallinago snipes have an aerial display , which involves flying high in circles , followed by a powerful stoop during which the bird makes a drumming sound , caused by vibrations of modified outer tail feathers . this species displays at night , but it is not known whether it drums .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . this study confirms that woodcock wintering in britain are frequently parasitized by cestodes , and suggests that the intensity of parasitization may be determined by the body condition of the host , as those birds with higher fresh weight and pectoral mass showed higher cestode burdens . given the fact that earthworms are intermediate hosts for several cestode species found in woodcock ( bondarenko & kontrimavichus , 2006 ) , and that earthworms are one of the woodcock ' s main prey items ( granval , 1987 ; hoodless & hirons , 2007 ) , the high prevalence found in all regions was not surprising . our results agree with an earlier suggestion of high prevalence levels ( shorten , 1974 ) and the prevalence in our sample was similar to that found by reguera et al . ( 1991 ) for woodcock harvested in spain ( 89 % ) , and to that found by paoletti et al . ( 2016 ) in italy ( 93 . 2 % ) . . . .\n. . . the intensity of cestodiasis in woodcock may be affected by differences in feeding patterns and earthworm availability in each region . earthworm availability and subsequent woodcock diet composition vary among different regions , as demonstrated by hoodless & hirons ( 2007 ) in spring , and by granval ( 1987 ) in autumn and winter . it may be , then , that those birds feeding more efficiently in each region were more prone to cestodiasis . . . .\n. . . moreover , unlike many woodland specialists , woodcock do not rely on mature forest and appear to require areas with at least some young growth or clearings . perhaps habitat complementarity is a more important consideration ( dunning et al . 1992 ) as radio - tracking studies suggest that habitats associated with nesting and chick - rearing differ ( hirons 1988 , hoodless & hirons 2007 . it may be that larger woods usually offer a greater diversity of stand type and ages as well as a more diverse range of micro - climates , ensuring the availability of wet feeding areas throughout the summer . . . .\n. . . the great disadvantage would be that these activities might require far more effort with less chance of success . the technique which is suitable for conditions in spring or in autumn might not be efficient in summer , when woodcocks may spend less time in open fields at night ( hoodless & hirons 2007 ) . the recovery rate \u2013 which is linked mainly to hunting \u2013 can be considered high . . . .\n. . . diet ) , as well as a number of bird species including thrushes ( gruar et al . 2003 ) and some predatory birds ( hounsome et al . 2004 ; schipper et al . 2012 ) are only facultative earthworm predators , consuming earthworms only at certain times , such as when they are present on the soil surface ( e . g . , during wet periods ) . other species , such as the european mole ( talpa europaea ) and birds like the american woodcock ( the eco\u2010ssl receptor ) feed predominantly on earthworms , with earthworms constituting greater than 75 % of the diet ( hoodless and hirons 2007 ) . prey selection can also represent an important exposure estimation variable for carnivores . . . .\n. . . the same phenomenon seems to occur at larger spatial scales both in britain ( hoodles et al . 2009 ) and in france ( ferrand et al . 2008 ) , where breeding woodcock are particularly scarce in the locations where they tend to be most abundant in winter . the seasonal change in altitudinal distribution is coupled with a seasonal change in activity patterns : in summer , woodcocks are almost continuously active over a 24 hour period but are more active during the day and in the forest ( hoodless & hirons 2007 , this study ) whereas during the winter their activity and feeding take place mainly at night and in the fields ( duriez et al . 2005a , b , bra\u00f1a et al . 2010 ) . change in earthworm availability could be the key factor in explaining this seasonal shift in habitat use and time schedule , as summer soil dryness prevents woodcock probing for food . . . ."]}
{"id": 874, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia choana is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by park in 1995 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in taiwan and japan ( ryukyus ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 4.5 \u2013 4.7 millimetres ( 0.18 \u2013 0.19 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the forewings are creamy white , speckled with pale brownish grey and scattered with blackish scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a blackish dot on the extreme base of the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale brownish grey , hyaline on the basal half and with the veins darker . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anarsia choana", "paragraphs": ["anarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nfigures 52 \u2013 55 . male genitalia : 52 , a . similicampa park , sp . nov . , 52 a , close - up uncus ; 53 , a . choana park ; 53 a , left valva + tegumen of the same species ; 53 b , tegumen + right valva of the same species ; 53 c , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 54 , a . kepensis park , sp . nov . , left valva ; 54 a , ditto , right valva + tegumen ; 54 b , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 55 , a . didymopa meyrick .\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia kepensis bae , shin , na & park , 2016 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nfigures 22 \u2013 40 . labial palpus of male and female : 22 , anarsia trichornis meyrick ; 22 a , ditto , female ; 23 , a . isogona meyrick ; 24 , a . paraisogona park ; 25 , a . incerta ueda ; 26 , a . deuterodes park , sp . nov . ; 27 , a . phortica meyrick ; 28 , a . diversiola park , sp . nov . ; 29 , a . porthmista park , sp . nov . ; 29 a , ditto , female ; 30 . a . acerata meyrick , female ; 31 , a . gryphodes park , sp . nov . ; 32 , a . campestra park , sp . nov . ; 33 , a . similicampa park , sp . nov . , 34 , a . choana park ; 35 , a . kepensis park , sp . nov . ; 36 . a . melanodes park , sp . nov . ; 37 , a . didymopa meyrick ; 38 , a . pusillidia park , sp . nov . ; 39 , a . patulella ( walker ) ; 39 a , ditto , female ; 40 , a . houhunlii park , sp . nov .\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nfigures 1 \u2013 21 . adults and venations . 1 , anarsia trichornis meyrick , female ; 2 , a . isogona meyrick , male ; 3 , a . paraisogona park , male ; 4 , a . incerta ueda , male ; 5 , a . deuterodes park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 6 . a . photica meyrick , male ; 7 , a . diversiola park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 8 , a . porthmista park , sp . nov . , female , paratype ; 9 , a . acerata meyrick , male ; 10 , a . gryphodes park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 10 a , ditto , hair pencil on underside of forewing , 11 , a . campestra park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 12 , a . similicampa park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 13 , a . choana park , male ; 14 , a . kepensis park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 15 , a . melanodes park , sp . nov . , male . holotype ; 15 a , ditto , hair pencil on underside of hindwing ; 15 b . ditto , female . 16 , a . didymopa meyrick , male ; 17 , a . pusillidia park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 18 , a . patulella ( walker ) , male ; 19 , a . houhunlii park , sp . nov . , male , holotype ; 19 a , ditto , hair pencil on underside of forewing ; 20 , hindwing venation of a . patulella walker ; 21 , hindwing venation of a . porthmista park , sp . nov . .\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nbae , yang - seop , shin , young - min , na , sol - moon & park , kyu - tek , 2016 , the genus anarsia in cambodia and the northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , with descriptions of ten new species and a catalogue of the genus in the central - east asia , zootaxa 4061 ( 3 ) , pp . 227 - 252 : 232\nbae , yang - seop , shin , young - min , na , sol - moon & park , kyu - tek , 2016 , the genus anarsia in cambodia and the northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , with descriptions of ten new species and a catalogue of the genus in the central - east asia , zootaxa 4061 ( 3 ) , pp . 227 - 252 : 230\nbae , yang - seop , shin , young - min , na , sol - moon & park , kyu - tek , 2016 , the genus anarsia in cambodia and the northern vietnam ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) , with descriptions of ten new species and a catalogue of the genus in the central - east asia , zootaxa 4061 ( 3 ) , pp . 227 - 252 : 237 - 238\nfigures 41 \u2013 43 a . male genitalia ( phl : phallus ) : 41 , anarsia trichornis meyrick ; 41 a , ditto , that of the same species ; 41 b , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 42 , a . isogona meyrick ; 42 a , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 42 b , ditto , left valve of a taiwanese specimen ; 43 , a . paraisogona park ; 43 a , ditto , that of the same species .\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan . ( journal , magazine , 1995 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan . publisher : osaka , japan : lepidopterological society of japan , [ 1995 - 2010 ] oclc : 32651726\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan . / nihon rinshi gakkai . ; ; osaka , japan : lepidopterological society of japan , [ 1995 - 2010 ]\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\n; clarke , 1969 : 246 ; park and ponomarenko , 1996 : 41 .\n; ponomarenko , 1997 : 53 , 2009 : 342 . tl : maskeliya , sri lanka . the type in bmnh .\n) : wingspan , 13 . 0 mm . the species is characterized by the extremely large trapezoidal costal patch occupying 1 / 3 the length of costa , with the length of the lower margin nearly same as the upper margin , and an expansible blackish long hairpencil near base on underside of forewing well developed ; the second segment of labial palpus in male ( fig . 27\n) quadrate , upturned , strongly angled near base . the forewing is broad , with obtuse apex ; the ground color is grayish , with brownish scales sparsely scattered in basal 1 / 3 , densely covered with brownish scales in middle , then grayish white mottled with dark brown scales in distal part of wing . the hindwing has a broadly developed anterior expansion , abruptly oblique beyond middle . the female is unknown .\na ) : uncus more or less triangular , curved apically , with antero - lateral process , apex pointed . tegumen short , shorter than valvae . left valva roundly expanded in basal 1 / 3 on ventral margin , with slender , heavily sclerotized , s - shaped process , extending to 2 / 3 of valva ; costa slightly concave beyond middle . right valva with a large spatulate lobe on ventral margin near base ; zone with palmately modified scales in distal end . phallus strongly curved before middle , then s - shaped .\nmaterial examined . vietnam : 2 \u2642 , bac khan prov . , ba be nat . park , 26\u201328 vii 2006 ( park , chae , & cuong ) , gen . slide no . cis - 6425 .\ndistribution . vietnam ( new record , vinh phuc prov . ) , n india , sri lanka , thailand ( n & w ) , malaysian borneo ( kutching ) .\nfigures 44 \u2013 47 a . male genitalia : 44 , a . incerta ueda ; 44 a , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 45 , a . deuterodes park , sp . nov . , left and right valva ; 45 a , ditto , tegumen + uncus ; 45 b , ditto , abdominal sternite viii ; 46 . a . phortica meyrick ; 46 a , ditto , phallus ; 47 , a . diversiola park , sp . nov . ; 47 a , ditto , different view of the same species .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nholotype : \u2642 , cambodia , kep , 11 xi 2011 ( ys bae et al . ) , gen slide no . cis - 6437 .\ndiagnosis . this new species is easily distinguished from its allies by having very characterized the male labial palpus which is shortly developed and visible , while the third segment atrophied in most known species , and the second segment with an additional , upturned scale tuft arising from base of inner surface .\n) . wingspan , 11 mm . head pale brownish gray on dorsal surface , blackish on face , with brownish scales laterally . flagellum of antenna with indistinct brownish annulations . second segment of labial palpus in male ( fig . 35\n) very large , quadrate , with scale tuft antero - ventrally , longer than width of head , densely covered with dark brown scales on outer surface ; inner surface black , shiny , except median white zone beyond middle , with an additional upturned scale tuft arising from base , upturned ; third segment shortly developed , visible . tegula covered with blackish scales on anterior half , brownish scales on posterior half . thorax brownish dorsally . forewing elongate ; ground color brownish orange , mottled with dark brown scales ; a small black streak near base of cell ; a longitudinal long blackish streak near base to 2 / 5 along plical line , discal streak black , as long as 1 / 5 the length of forewing , and another blackish streak from end of cell toward costa before apex ; costa nearly straight ; costal patch elongate preceded by the similar , smaller dots and followed by three smaller ones on costa ; long whitish hair pencil on the underside of the forewing absent ; apex more or less obtuse ; termen oblique ; fringe grayish . hindwing elongate , grayish white , hyaline before middle , brownish scales along veins ; broad anterior expansion on costa extended to middle , then oblique ; apex acute .\na\u2013b ) : abdominal sternite viii convex on caudal margin , with pocket - like lateral sacs on anterior margin ( fig . 54\nb ) . uncus short , with acute apex , downward apically ; socius elongate . tegumen as long as valve , with almost parallel sides . valvae asymmetrical , but more or less similar ; left valva large , elongate , with a protrusion near basal 1 / 3 on dorsal margin ; ventral margin convex beyond middle , without sclerotized basal process ; patch of modified scales in distal 1 / 6 . right valve slender , narrower beyond 2 / 3 ; patch of modified scales as in left valva . phallus taenioid , terminated with sclerotized spine - like process apically , about 2 / 3 the length of valva .\n; meyrick , 1925 : 153 ; caradja & meyrick , 1935 : 69 ; clark , 1969 : 245 ; park , 1995 : 60 ; ueda , 1997 : 79 .\n; ponomarenko , 1997 : 52 , 2009 : 341 . tl : india , nilgiris . the holotype in bmnh .\n, with the elongated forewing and having a large subtriangular costal patch medially , but can be distinguished by the lack of a long hair pencil on the underside of the forewing . the hindwing is grayish with the anterior expansion developed to beyond middle , and the venation with m 2 close to m 3 basally , m 3 and cua 1 connate and with acute apex . the male genitalia also have quite different characteristics : such as different shapes of valvae , especially the long - stalked , palmately modified scales\na ) : abdominal sternite viii rounded on caudal margin , with long hair pencils laterally . uncus rather short ; socius semiovate . tegumen about as long as valva , slightly expanded laterally beyond middle . left valve broad in basal 3 / 5 , outer margin abruptly truncated , then very narrowed , tapered ; basal process slender , curved , tapered , acute apically ; patch of long - stalked palmately modified scales occupying in distal half . right valve more or less similar to left one , but ventral margin gently rounded , with a very small basal process . phallus slender , tapered , about 2 / 3 the length of left valva .\nmaterial examined . vietnam : 1 \u2642 , vinh phuc prov . , tam dao nat . park , 750m , 30 vii 2006 ( park , chae , & cuong ) , gen . slide no . cis - 6434 ; 1 \u2642 , same locality , 450 m , 15 viii 2006 ( kt park , my kim , & my chae ) .\ndistribution . india , china ( taiwan : taoyuan co . ) vietnam ( new record ; vinh phuc prov . ) , japan .\nremarks . slight morphological differences in male genitalia are found between taiwan ( fig . 42\nb ) and japan specimens : vietnam specimen has the ventral margin of valva strongly angled beyond middle and the abdominal sternite viii rounded on caudal margin , not concave at middle . the vietnam specimens are tentatively treated as conspecific in this paper . however , these differences should be re - examined in detail when additional material is available .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 876, "summary": [{"text": "scotinomys is a genus of rodent , the singing mice , in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "together with baiomys , it forms the tribe baiomyini .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it contains the following species : alston 's brown mouse ( scotinomys teguina ) chiriqui brown mouse ( scotinomys xerampelinus ) they are found in mountainous areas in central america , at altitudes of 1000 m to at least 3500 m .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "as their common name indicates , they are notable for their acoustic communication .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they are insectivorous .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the two species show substantial divergence in behaviour and reproduction , with s. xerampelinus generally dominant over s. teguina where the species occur together . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "scotinomys", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nguatemalanruskohiiru\nto\nscotinomys teguina ( alston , 1877 )\n.\nreproduction , growth and development in two contiguously allopatric rodent species , genus scotinomys . misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . mich\ncitation : campbell p , pasch b , warren al , phelps sm ( 2014 ) vocal ontogeny in neotropical singing mice ( scotinomys ) . plos one 9 ( 12 ) : e113628 . urltoken\nneotropical singing mice ( scotinomys ) are diurnal , insectivorous rodents that inhabit the cloud - cloaked mountains of middle america . males commonly emit elaborate vocalizations to attract mates & repel rivals . please visit urltoken for more information on current research\ndimitri v . blondel , jorge pino , steven m . phelps ; space use and social structure of long - tailed singing mice ( scotinomys xerampelinus ) , journal of mammalogy , volume 90 , issue 3 , 2 june 2009 , pages 715\u2013723 , urltoken\ncomparisons of mean home - range sizes of scotinomys xerampelinus across seasons for a , c ) 85 % minimum convex polygon and b , d ) 100 % minimum convex polygon . data shown are means \u00b1 1 se . all comparisons are not statistically significant ( p > 0 . 05 ) .\nhome ranges for individual scotinomys xerampelinus located ( captured or fixed via telemetry ) on the study grid \u22654 times for ( a ) 2003 , 85 % mcp home ranges , ( b ) 2003 , 100 % mcp home ranges , ( c ) 2004 , 85 % mcp home ranges , and ( d ) 2004 , 100 % mcp home ranges . home ranges are calculated using the arithmetic mean method . home ranges for males ( solid lines ) and females ( dashed lines ) are shown ; 10 - m scale lines are indicated .\nhere , we characterize the vocal development of two sister species of neotropical mice in which vocal communication plays a major role in adult social behavior . commonly referred to as singing mice , scotinomys teguina and s . xerampelinus are small ( 10\u201315 g ) diurnal , insectivorous muroid rodents . both species are restricted to cool , montane habitats in middle america ; s . teguina ranges from southern m\u00e9xico to panam\u00e1 at 1000\u20132930 m , whereas s . xerampelinus occurs only in costa rica and panam\u00e1 where it replaces s . teguina at altitudes between 2200 and 2900 m [ 31 ] .\ncomparison of expected versus observed areas of home - range overlap of scotinomys xerampelinus . analyses are based on 85 % minimum convex polygons calculated with the arithmetic mean method . comparisons of expected and observed values were according to batzli and henttonen ( 1993 ) . obs . overlap = observed home - range overlap on the study grid . exp . overlap = expected area of home - range overlap based on random placement of home ranges on the study grid . means are given \u00b1 1 se . \u2642\u2642 = males overlapped by males ; \u2642\u2640 = males overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2640 = females overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2642 = females overlapped by males .\nmean \u00b1 1 se expected ( random ) and observed areas of home - range overlap of scotinomys xerampelinus . analyses are based on 85 % minimum convex polygons ; data from 2003 and 2004 were pooled . observed = observed average area of home - range overlap on the study grid . expected = average area of home - range overlap predicted from random placement of home ranges on the study grid . an asterisk ( * ) indicates p < 0 . 05 , wilcoxon sign rank comparisons of observed and expected areas of overlap . n = 10 males and 10 females . \u2642\u2642 = males overlapped by males ; \u2642\u2640 = males overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2640 = females overlapped by females ; \u2640\u2642 = females overlapped by males .\nduring the 1st field season , both livetrapping ( \u201ctrapping localities\u201d ) and radiotracking ( \u201cfixes\u201d ) data were used to characterize individual home ranges . these data were collected over a period of 18 days , from 19 august to 5 september 2003 . because of technical problems , including receiver failure , we were unable to collect telemetry data during the 2nd field season , which continued over a period of 35 days , from 24 may to 27 june 2004 . thus , only livetrapping data were used for the 2nd field season . this difference in data sets should not have affected our statistical comparisons of home - range attributes , because our method of overlap analysis generated both expected and observed values from the same data set ( 2003 : livetrapping and radiotelemetry ; 2004 : livetrapping only ) . although our data collection was limited to may , june , august , and september , the mountainous regions of western panama have consistently wet weather throughout the year and scotinomys reproduces aseasonally ( hooper and carleton 1976 ) , suggesting that space use by members of the study population should not vary greatly over the course of the year .\nstudy population attributes . \u2014in 2003 , 24 adults ( 9 males and 15 females , sex ratio = 0 . 6 : 1 ) were trapped on the study grid . in 2004 , 20 adults ( 9 males and 11 females , sex ratio = 0 . 8 : 1 ) were trapped on the study grid . the density of residents ( i . e . , animals captured \u22654 times on the study grid ) in 2003 , when vegetation was overgrown , was 62 mice / ha ; in 2004 , when vegetation was grazed , density was 28 mice / ha . females were found to be pregnant or lactating or both from june to september 2003 and may to august 2004 ; this represents the entire study period as well as some pre - and poststudy trapping of animals on the site . this finding is consistent with the data of hooper and carleton ' s ( 1976 ) indicating that reproduction by scotinomys is aseasonal . the ratio of scrotal males to perforate , pregnant , or lactating females was 9 to 13 ( 0 . 7 : 1 ) in 2003 and 8 to 10 ( 0 . 8 : 1 ) in 2004 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbaiomyini . until diagnosed by thomas , species associated here had been affiliated with akodon ( e . g . , bangs , 1902 ) and later the genus with akodontines ( vorontsov , 1959 ) . common ancestry with baiomys inferred on the basis of shared morphological traits ( carleton , 1980 ; carleton et al . , 1975 ; hooper , 1960 ; hooper and musser , 1964 b ) and phylogenetic evaluation of mitochondrial and nuclear genes ( d\u2019el\u00eda , 2003 ; engel et al . , 1998 ) , a relationship weakened by karyological banding data ( rogers and heske , 1984 ) . also see comments under baiomys . revised by hooper ( 1972 ) ; for other aspects of biology and systematics , see carleton et al . ( 1975 ) , hooper and carleton ( 1976 ) , and rogers and heske ( 1984 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\neditor : brenton g . cooper , texas christian university , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 campbell et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : the research was funded by grants from the national science foundation to smp ( ios 0548404 , career 0845455 ) . pc was supported by a national institutes of health nrsa fellowship from the national institute on deafness and other communication disorders ( f32 dc008269 ) . bp was supported by a national science foundation ddig ( 0909769 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\noffspring - to - parent signaling is among the most fundamental forms of communication [ 1 ] . for nocturnal mammals with altricial young ( e . g . , rodents , bats ) , acoustic signals produced by neonates ( isolation calls ) are integral to maternal localization and retrieval [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , and can promote maternal behaviors such as grooming and nursing . thus , across distantly related mammalian orders , both the intended receiver and the function of isolation calls seem to be conserved , and are unique to the period of maternal dependence . while vocal communication remains important to the adult social behavior of many species , the receivers and functions of acoustic signals are diverse and context - dependent , ranging from alarm calling , territorial advertisement and mate attraction , to courtship songs that encode individual identity [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . the functional disconnect between neonate and adult vocal behavior raises several interesting questions . for example , are the acoustic properties of isolation calls unique or are elements retained as the animal matures and the social context and function of vocal behavior changes ? conversely , what is the developmental time course of adult vocal communication ? are adult vocalizations produced de novo post - weaning or can the trajectory of vocal development be traced back to isolation calls ?\nbreeding pairs were housed in polycarbonate cages bedded with wood chips . the mice were provided with sphagnum moss and a pvc tunnel for nesting ; water and food ( kitten chow , seeds , dried beans and peanuts ) were given ad lib . pups were housed with both parents until weaning and litter sizes were not manipulated . a total of 30 s . teguina from 27 litters were recorded for this study ; 16 of these were the offspring of wild - caught parents , captured in cartago , costa rica , and 14 were the progeny of either first generation or wild - caught individuals from boquete , panam\u00e1 . s . xerampelinus ( n = 15 pups , 9 litters ) were the offspring of first , second or third generation lab - reared individuals , derived from mice captured in parque internacional la amistad , panam\u00e1 . all mice were housed in the same room . all animal protocols were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at university of florida ( no . e436 ) .\nmice were recorded between 9 : 00 am and 6 : 00 pm in a room acoustically isolated from the rest of the colony . the recording chamber was a polycarbonate cage bedded with clean wood chips inside a 42\u00d742\u00d739 cm opaque plexiglas cube lined with anechoic foam . one side of the cube was left open to allow behavioral observations and a microphone was fitted through a small opening in the ceiling , 25 cm above the cage floor . calls were sampled at a rate of 195 khz , 16 bits with an aco pacific microphone and tucker - davis hardware . file sizes were set to 15 s . fifteen seconds is > 2\u00d7 the average duration of adult advertisement songs [ 29 ] , and reliably captured pup calling bouts in preliminary recording trials .\nspecies , sex ( f / m ) and population means ( sd ) for litter size and developmental landmarks in singing mice .\nwe use \u201cisolation call\u201d to refer to any vocalization produced by a pre - weaning pup that does not comprise the rapidly articulated series of fm sweeps characteristic of the adult advertisement song . we delineated the end of the isolation calling period for each individual as the last day on which an isolation call was produced . we define a note as a continuous sound , and a calling bout as a series of three or more notes occurring with an inter - note interval of less than 2 s . notes were classified manually according to quantitative differences in duration , bandwidth , number of changes in direction of frequency ( 0 , 1 or \u22672 ) , and the presence / absence of nonlinear elements ( e . g . , deterministic chaos and bifurcations ; [ 37 ] ) .\nall measurements were made in raven pro 1 . 3 ( bioacoustics research program 2008 ) . we analyzed a maximum of three files / individual / day and took the average of all variables . when more than three files were available we used the first three good quality files ( i . e . , high signal : noise ) from that recording session . in each 15 s file we measured overall maximum , minimum and dominant frequency , and bandwidth . when harmonics were present , maximum and minimum frequency were always measured from the fundamental frequency ( i . e . , the lowest frequency in the harmonic series ) . we manually counted the total number of notes in each file , the number of notes in the first calling bout , and the number of notes of each type . in addition , note duration , bandwidth , and maximum , minimum and dominant frequency were measured for each of three notes in the first calling bout in the file . to avoid bias in note choice we measured bout duration , divided by three , and took measurements from notes that fell in the middle of each third ( i . e . , for a 6 s bout we measured the notes closest to 1 . 5 , 3 . 5 and 5 . 5 s ) . internote interval was measured from end of each focal note to the beginning of the next note in the file .\nprinciple components analysis ( pca ) was used to visualize the distribution of age - and species - specific vocal parameters in acoustic space . because the same mice were recorded at multiple ages , call data for a given individual were statistically non - independent . we controlled for non - independence in several ways . to test for age - specific differences within and between species , we binned recordings into age classes ( postnatal days 1\u20133 , 4\u20136 , 7\u20139 , 10\u201312 , 13\u201315 , 30 + ) , and analyzed vocalizations from a single recording session for each individual within each age class . for the three - day age classes , we retained data for all individuals that were recorded in the middle of each age range ( e . g . , day 2 for days 1\u20133 ) , and otherwise picked one representative day / individual / age class at random . adult songs were analyzed from a single recording session / individual ( mean age , sd : 40 . 2 , 6 . 1 days ) .\nrepeated measures analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to test the effect of age on vocal development over time . in this case , only individuals that were represented in each age class were included in the analysis . to test for correlations between body mass and frequency measures from birth to maturity , we randomly assigned each individual to a focal age , such that total age range was maximized and each individual was used only once in the analysis .\nwe used the coefficient of variation ( defined as the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean ) to describe change in vocal stereotypy across age classes . within each age class we took the average of the coefficient of variation for seven descriptors of frequency and timing ( maximum , minimum and dominant frequency , number of notes / bout , bout duration , note duration for a randomly selected note in the middle third of a bout , and internote interval to the next note ) from three different call files recorded from the same individual during a maximum time interval of three days ( birth to 15 days ) or 5 days ( > 30 days ) . in most cases , we were able to use calls captured during the same recording session . we used one - way anovas to test for species and sex differences in the coefficient of variation within each age class . the \u03b1 value for all statistical analyses was set to 0 . 05 , with correction for multiple testing as appropriate .\nin most individuals of both species , vocal behavior was developmentally disjunct with a non - vocal period separating the last recorded isolation call and the first production of the adult advertisement song ( table 1 ) . of the 30 s . teguina pups recorded in this study , 27 produced isolation calls when removed from the nest . the three pups that never called were males derived from the boquete population and were all from single pup litters . all 23 s . teguina that were recorded from birth to maturity produced adult songs , including the three males that did not call at earlier stages . of the 15 s . xerampelinus pups used in the study , one female from a single pup litter did not produce isolation calls . of the 11 individuals ( 5 females , 6 males ) recorded to maturity , three females and one male were never observed singing as adults .\nunexpectedly , the largest differences in the duration of isolation calling and the timing of first adult song production were within s . teguina . on average , pups derived from the cartago population stopped producing isolation calls almost a week later than those from boquete ( mean , sd : 13 . 0 , 2 . 3 days vs . 7 . 5 , 1 . 7 days ; f 1 , 23 35 . 5 , p < 0 . 0001 ) and produced their first adult song over a week later than boquete mice ( 35 . 5 , 6 . 2 days vs . 26 . 7 , 9 . 7 days ; f 1 , 21 6 . 7 , p = 0 . 02 ) , whereas the duration of the non - vocal period did not differ between populations ( 22 . 1 , 6 . 5 days vs . 21 . 5 , 9 . 0 days ; f 1 , 18 0 . 03 , p = 0 . 9 ) ( table 1 ) . we asked whether these population differences in vocal development might be a secondary consequence of different rates of growth and development , or an artifact of social or sex - specific biases in our sample .\nboquete litter sizes were smaller ( f 1 , 26 21 . 6 , p < 0 . 0001 ) and boquete pups ' eyes opened earlier ( f 1 , 39 167 . 0 , p < 0 . 0001 ) ( table 1 ) . therefore , between - population differences in vocal behavior could be explained by overall slower development in cartago mice due to proportionally less maternal resource allocation / pup . however , there was no effect of population on body mass for any age class ( all p \u22670 . 2 ) . likewise , the end of isolation calling was three days prior to when boquete pups opened their eyes , whereas these events were approximately coincident in cartago pups ( table 1 ) . we also considered that there might be an effect of litter size on motivation to vocalize ; pups in this study that did not vocalize had no siblings and a similar relationship between small litter size and low isolation call production was reported in microtus [ 22 ] . we could not test this hypothesis statistically since only one cartago single - pup litter was included in the study . however , this female produced isolation calls , albeit for a period less than the population mean ( 8 vs . 13 . 0 days ) . finally , the boquete sample was strongly female - biased for all pup age classes . therefore , if female s . teguina stop producing isolation calls earlier and start producing adult song later than males , population effects on vocal behavior might be an artifact of sex differences . within the cartago sample , however , there was no sex difference in the duration of the isolation calling period or age at first adult song production ( both p > 0 . 1 ) .\nthese results , together with population differentiation in acoustic properties of vocalizations ( [ 29 ] ; described below ) , suggest that this bimodal pattern of vocal behavior within s . teguina reflects population differences in nature , which persist across several generations of lab - rearing in a common environment . to avoid confounding intraspecific variation with interspecific divergence , we carried out between - species analyses both with and without the boquete samples . we report results for the full dataset unless exclusion of boquete mice changed significance .\nthere was no difference between s . xerampelinus and s . teguina in the duration of the isolation calling period ( f 1 , 37 2 . 4 , p = 0 . 1 ) , the duration of the non - vocal period ( f 1 , 25 0 . 9 , p = 0 . 4 ) , or the age at which the first adult song was recorded ( f 1 , 28 0 . 4 , p = 0 . 6 ) ( table 1 ) . with the boquete samples excluded , however , the isolation calling period was significantly longer in s . teguina ( f 1 , 30 9 . 4 , p = 0 . 005 ) .\nadult s . teguina sing longer songs and are typically more vocal than adult s . xerampelinus , and males of both species sing longer songs and sing more often than females [ 32 ] , [ 35 ] . therefore , we asked whether species and sex differences in vocal production are established at earlier stages . s . teguina pups that produced isolation calls did so on a significantly higher proportion of days than s . xerampelinus pups ( f 1 , 36 12 . 0 , p = 0 . 001 ) ( table 1 ) . there was no species difference in bout length for any pup age class ( all p \u22670 . 3 ) , but 1\u20133 day old s . teguina pups from cartago tended to produce more notes / 15 s than age - matched s . xerampelinus ( f 1 , 22 4 . 0 , p = 0 . 06 ) .\nwithin s . xerampelinus , there was no sex difference in pup vocal production ( proportion of days with isolation calls , bout length , note rate , all p \u22670 . 1 ) , but male pups stopped producing isolation calls significantly later than females ( f 1 , 13 13 . 9 , p = 0 . 003 ; table 1 ) . the small sample size for adult s . xerampelinus females that sang precluded tests for sex differences in the duration of the non - vocal period , or the first production of adult song . while there was no effect of sex on the proportion of days that s . teguina pups produced isolation calls , 4\u20136 and 7\u20139 day old s . teguina males produced more notes / 15 s ( f 1 , 18 4 . 5 , p = 0 . 05 and f 1 , 18 5 . 6 , p = 0 . 004 , respectively ) and produced longer bouts ( f 1 , 18 4 . 4 , p = 0 . 051 and f 1 , 18 8 . 9 , p = 0 . 008 , respectively ) .\nwe identified six distinct note types . representative spectrograms of isolation calling bouts are shown in figure 2 ; the five most common note types are shown in figure 3 .\nnotes a - e are indicated to the right of the first note of that type in each spectrogram .\nchange in the proportional abundances of common notes types during vocal development in singing mice .\nrepresentative examples of notes a\u2013e ( dominant frequency only ; see fig . 2 for harmonics ) are shown on the x - axis . black ( s . teguina ) and white ( s . xerampelinus ) bars are species means for notes in each age class . error bars are + 1 se . sample sizes by age class are 20 ( 1\u20133 and 30 + days ) , 19 ( 4\u20136 and 7\u20139 days ) and 13 ( 10\u201312 days ) for s . teguina , and 9 ( 1\u20133 days ) , 11 ( 4\u20136 days ) , 7 ( 7\u20139 days ) , 4 ( 10\u201312 days ) and 8 ( 30 + days ) for s . xerampelinus . species differences in the proportional abundances of note types within age class were tested with one - way anova , * p < 0 . 05 , * * p < 0 . 01 .\na . long fm downward sweep with harmonics and \u226710 khz bandwidth . note a is the main component of the adult advertisement song of both species .\nb . short fm downward sweep with < 10 khz bandwidth and no harmonics .\nc . notes with nonlinear components , typically an fm downward sweep combined with one or more complex elements , all with multiple harmonics and deterministic chaos .\nd . complex fm warble with harmonics and two or more directional changes in frequency \u22672 khz .\ne . complex fm with harmonics and one directional change in frequency \u22672 khz .\nwe used pca to visualize age , species and population differences in frequency and timing . variables and loadings for the first two components are provided in table s2 , mean scores are plotted in figure 4 , species means for selected variables are in table s1 . all measures of frequency loaded strongly on the first axis , which accounted for 34 . 5 % of the total variance . this axis provided strong separation between s . teguina and s . xerampelinus , and between younger pup age classes within species , with positive scores for higher frequencies . there was a clear reduction in frequency with age in both species , with the largest change over time in s . xerampelinus , and a striking convergence in 10\u201312 day old pups of both species . this axis also provided minor separation between age - matched boquete - and cartago - derived s . teguina , with higher frequencies in boquete pups , but lower frequencies in boquete adults . the second axis ( 19 . 6 % total variance ) defined differences in bandwidth and note duration with positive scores reflecting larger bandwidth and longer notes . s . xerampelinus age classes were largely indistinguishable along this axis , whereas there was strong separation between boquete and cartago s . teguina , with cartago pups falling closer to age - matched s . xerampelinus than to boquete conspecifics . strikingly , while bandwidth and note duration in cartago mice increased from 4\u20136 day old pups to adults , boquete mice exhibited the opposite pattern , with a sharp decrease between 7\u20139 day old pups and adults . the third axis ( 8 . 2 % total variance , data not shown ) described among individual differences in timing and did not provide separation between species , populations or age classes .\nplot of mean scores from the first ( pc1 ) and second ( pc2 ) principle components axes for age classes in s . xerampelinus ( white ) , and in s . teguina split by population ( cartago , black ; boquete , gray ) . age classes are indicated next to each point . pc1 explains 35 % of the total variance with higher scores corresponding to higher frequency . pc2 explains 20 % of the total variance with higher scores corresponding to larger bandwidth and longer notes . error bars are + / \u22121 se .\nblack ( s . teguina ) and white ( s . xerampelinus ) circles are species means for maximum ( max , dashes ) , dominant ( dom , dots ) , and minimum ( min , dots and dashes ) frequency in each age class . error bars are + / \u22121 se . sample size for s . teguina in the 13\u201315 day age class is 9 ; no calls were recorded for s . xerampelinus in this age class . see figure 3 caption for all other sample sizes .\ninterspecific differences in frequency across vocal development were generally larger than population differences within s . teguina . with boquete mice excluded , s . xerampelinus pup dominant and maximum frequencies were marginally higher at days 4\u20136 ( p = 0 . 03 ) and 7\u20139 ( p = 0 . 02 ) , respectively , but overall patterns were unchanged .\nthere were several marginal age - specific differences between s . teguina males and females ( table s3 ) , but these were not consistent either within or across age groups . this general lack of sex differences in spectral measures of pup isolation calls is consistent with the sexually monomorphic spectral features of adult song in both species . however , we cannot exclude the possibility of detecting sex differences with larger sample sizes , particularly for s . xerampelinus .\nin both species , there was a significant negative relationship between body mass and all whole call frequency measures ( fig . s1 ) . in s . teguina ( n = 24 ) , the effect of body mass on dominant frequency was marginal ( f 1 , 23 4 . 7 , p = 0 . 04 ) , but highly significant for minimum frequency ( f 1 , 23 37 . 1 , p < 0 . 0001 ) and maximum frequency ( f 1 , 23 16 . 3 , p = 0 . 0006 ) . similarly , in s . xerampelinus ( n = 13 ) , the negative effect of body mass was weaker for dominant frequency ( f 1 , 12 6 . 3 , p = 0 . 03 ) than for minimum or maximum frequency ( f 1 , 12 15 . 5 , p = 0 . 002 and f 1 , 12 16 . 0 , p = 0 . 002 , respectively ) .\nthe advertisement songs of adult singing mice are highly stereotyped . therefore , we were interested in whether stereotypy increases with age as pups acquire greater motor control , or whether stereotypy is a unique feature of the adult song . for each age class , we used the coefficient of variation ( cv ) to summarize the within - individual repeatability of seven descriptors of frequency and timing . species means for each age class are shown in figure 6 . because the composition of pup vocal repertoires was heterogeneous relative to that of adults , our analysis was biased toward detecting lower stereotypy ( higher cv ) in pups vs . adults . nonetheless , if increase in stereotypy were an important component of pup vocal development , we would expect to observe a reduction in intra - individual variation across pup age classes .\nblack ( s . teguina ) and white ( s . xerampelinus ) cicles are species means for the coefficient of variation in each age class . error bars are + / \u22121 se . sample sizes by age class are 15 ( 1\u20133 days ) , 16 ( 4\u20136 days ) , 14 ( 7\u20139 days ) , 11 ( 10\u201312 days ) , 6 ( 13\u201315 days ) and 18 ( 30 + days ) for s . teguina , and 7 ( 1\u20133 days ) , 8 ( 4\u20136 days ) , 5 ( 7\u20139 days ) and 6 ( 30 + days ) for s . xerampelinus . there were insufficient data for s . xerampelinus in the 10\u201312 age class and no calls were recorded for the 13\u201315 age class .\ncontrary to this expectation , intra - individual variation increased from birth to the end of the isolation calling period in both species . however , the reduction in stereotypy with age was minor in s . teguina but pronounced in s . xerampelinus . the stereotypical properties of the adult song , evidenced by low cv , were present from the first song recorded in young adult mice ( fig . 6 , 30 + days ) . in the subset of individuals for which we had a second series of adult songs , captured at least 10 days after the first songs we recorded , there was no evidence for an increase in stereotypy with age ( n = 7 , paired t - test , p = 0 . 3 ) . there were no species differences in adult vocal stereotypy .\nthere was no effect of sex on stereotypy for any age class in either species . there was , however a species difference in age - matched pups , with higher repeatability in s . teguina . this difference was significant for age classes 1\u20133 ( f 1 , 21 8 . 01 , p = 0 . 01 ) and 7\u20139 ( f 1 , 18 22 . 01 , p = 0 . 0002 ) .\nthe survival of altricial neonates that are displaced from their nest depends on rapid maternal retrieval . therefore , selection should favor isolation calls that are localizable and readily detected by adult females . in general , frequency modulated sounds are easier to localize than constant frequency sounds : directional changes in frequency enhance detectability [ 38 ] , [ 39 ] , and nonlinearities ( e . g . , noise or biphonation ) are thought to prevent receiver habituation [ 37 ] , [ 40 ] . in keeping with these signal design rules , most singing mouse pup vocalizations are frequency modulated and , while the unidirectional fm sweep is the most common note type in both pup isolation calls and adult advertisement song , the vocal repertoire of pups includes notes with multiple directional changes in frequency and notes with nonlinear elements , which are rare or absent in adult songs .\nsinging mice are unusual among muroid rodents in that long distance acoustic communication is an important modulator of adult social interactions . this motivated our focus on the ontogeny of the spectral and stereotypic properties of the adult advertisement song . however , like many species of social mammals , including other rodents , adult singing mice vocalize during close - range interactions [ 32 ] . interestingly , complex fm warbles that resemble an elaborated version of notes d and e in young pups are the most common note type produced by adult s . teguina in close - range social interactions ( warren , campbell , pasch and phelps unpublished data ) . this suggests that the distinct vocal repertoires used by adults in long - distance vs . close - range communication arise from the same source during early development . similar patterns of vocal development , in which the heterogeneous repertoire of dependent young is modified and used in discrete contexts by adults , are reported in shrews , echolocating bats , and lab mice [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] .\nfemale s . teguina produced their first advertisement song ( 34 . 3\u00b18 . 2 d ) coincident with the onset of sexual receptivity indicated by vulval opening ( 33 . 8 d ; range 28\u201339 d ; [ 31 ] ) . this pattern suggests that steroid hormones associated with the estrous cycle activate female vocalizations . androgen manipulations indicate that dht , which cannot be aromatized to estrogen , is sufficient to activate male s . teguina vocalizations , suggesting that estrogens are not necessary for song production . interestingly , the minority of males who continued to sing following castration were those castrates with the highest levels of circulating testosterone , indicating that extra - gonadal androgens may influence song output [ 33 ] . periovulatory androgen release from the adrenals is associated with female sexual behavior in several mammalian species [ 43 ] , and may activate female vocal behavior [ 44 ] .\nfrom an ultimate perspective , the non - vocal period corresponds to the span of time when pups of both species become ambulatory , are weaned , and initiate dispersal [ 31 ] . initially , silence reflects emancipation from immobility and the ability to actively suckle by day 12 [ 31 ] . subsequent silence in subadults likely facilitates competitor avoidance as individuals disperse in search of unoccupied habitat . because adult vocalizations advertise signaler presence to potential rivals , remaining silent reduces the probability of escalation of costly antagonistic encounters [ 35 ] . indeed , immigrant s . teguina males ( who were smaller and younger ) counter - sang less in response to playback of a conspecific male song compared to larger and older residents ( pasch and phelps , unpublished data ) . together , the data suggest that the emergence of adult vocalizations represents a compromise between proximate mechanisms that promote advertisement of the onset of sexual maturity , and selection that suppresses advertisement until the social environment is opportune .\nthe capacity for vocal learning is rare in non - human mammals . traditionally , rodents are classified as vocal non - learners , and recent studies using approaches such as deafening and cross - fostering indicate that the courtship songs of adult male lab mice require no auditory input for normal development and are invariant relative to the vocal environment in which animals are reared [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] , [ 47 ] . however , patterns of forebrain activation associated with lab mouse courtship song production , pitch convergence in songs of co - housed males from vocally distinct strains , and song degradation following deafening , suggest that the basic neural substrates and the capacity for vocal imitation ( plasticity ) may be present in some rodents ( [ 48 ] ; see also ref . 12 ) . arriaga and jarvis [ 49 ] proposed that these conflicting results could be reconciled if vocal learning is treated as a continuum , placing taxa like mice with a modest capacity for vocal plasticity at one end of the spectrum , and taxa like humans and song birds with the capacity to learn and subsequently modify complex vocal output at the other .\ntaken together , these observations suggest that singing mouse advertisement songs do not require extensive learning . testing this hypothesis awaits manipulation of early acoustic environments or auditory function . finally , given the evidence for pitch convergence in the close - range courtship songs of adult male lab mice [ 48 ] , it will be of particular interest to determine whether the close - range vocal repertoires of adult singing mice are similarly sensitive to auditory feedback .\nthe results of this study demonstrate that vocal development in sister species of singing mice follows the same basic trajectory as that described in other mammalian orders ( i . e . , chiroptera and soricomorpha ; [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] ) , and in laboratory mice [ 12 ] . while the acoustic structure , mechanistic basis , and social context of singing mouse vocalizations all undergo major shifts in the transition from isolation calls to adult advertisement songs , the basic elements of adult song are present from birth . likewise , spectral components of isolation calls that are rare or absent in adult long distance signals are common in adult close - range interactions . this suggests that the acoustic signals of need produced by altricial mammalian neonates provide the raw material for diverse forms of adult vocal behavior and communication .\nthe relationship between body mass and maximum ( black triangles ) , dominant ( open diamonds ) , and minimum ( gray squares ) frequency in a ) s . teguina , and b ) s . xerampelinus .\nage - specific means ( sd ) for selected measures of frequency , timing , and vocal behavior in s . teguina ( st ) and s . xerampelinus ( sx ) .\nprinciple component ( pc ) axis loadings for 25 acoustic variables measured from the isolation calls and adult songs of singing mice .\nwe are very grateful to amanda arner and molly phillips for their assistance with data collection ; we thank andreas george for his help with animal care . an earlier version of the manuscript was improved by comments from monica guerra .\nconceived and designed the experiments : pc bp smp . performed the experiments : pc bp alw . analyzed the data : pc alw . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : smp . wrote the paper : pc bp .\nhaak b , markl h , ehret g ( 1983 ) sound communication between parents and offspring . in : willot jfeditor . the auditory psychobiology of the mouse . springfield : c . thomas . pp . 57\u201397 .\nsmith jc ( 1976 ) responses of adult mice to models of infant calls . j . comp . physiol . psychol 90 : 1105\u20131115 .\ngaub s , ehret g ( 2005 ) grouping in auditory temporal perception and vocal production is mutually adapted : the case of wriggling calls of mice . journal of comparative physiology 191 : 1131\u20131135 .\nblumstein dt , armitage kb ( 1997 ) does sociality drive the evolution of communicative complexity ? a comparative test with ground - dwelling sciurid alarm calls . american naturalist 150 : 179\u2013200 .\nhoffmann f , musolf k , penn dj ( 2012 ) spectrographic analyses reveal signals of individuality and kinship in the ultrasonic courtship vocalizations of wild house mice . physiology and behavior 105 : 266\u2013771 .\nsuggests that the male courtship call develops from the caravanning call of the young . acta theriologica 59 : 149\u2013164 .\ngrimsley jms , monaghan jjm , wenstrup jj ( 2011 ) development of social vocalizations in mice . plos one 6 : e17460 .\ney e , torquet n , le sourd am , leblond cs , boeckers tm , et al . ( 2013 ) the autism\nmouse model displays quantitative and structural abnormalities in ultrasonic vocalizations . behavioural brain research 256 : 677\u2013689 .\nhoffmann f , musolf k , penn dj ( 2012 ) ultrasonic courtship vocalizations in wild house mice : spectrographic analyses . journal of ethology 30 : 173\u2013180 .\nbranchi i , santucci d , vitale a , alleva e ( 1998 ) ultrasonic vocalizations by infant laboratory mice : a preliminary spectrographic characterization under different conditions . developmental psychobiology 33 : 249\u2013256 .\nbranchi i , santucci d , vitale a , alleva e ( 2001 ) ultrasonic vocalisation emitted by infant rodents : a tool for the assessment of neurobehavioural development . behavioural brain research 125 : 49\u201356 .\nbrudzynski sm , kehoe p , callahan m ( 1999 ) sonographic structure of isolation - induced ultrasonic calls of rat pus . developmental psychobiology 34 : 95\u2013204 .\nehret g ( 2005 ) infant rodent ultrasounds\u2014a gate to the understanding of sound communication . behavior genetics 35 : 19\u201329 .\nblake bh ( 1992 ) ultrasonic vocalization and body temperature maintenance in infant voles of three species ( rodentia : arvicolidae ) . developmental psychobiology 25 : 581\u2013596 .\nslobodchikoff cn , ackers sh , van ert m ( 1998 ) geographic variation in alarm calls of gunnison ' s prairie dogs . journal of mammalogy 79 : 1265\u20131272 .\nholy te , guo z ( 2005 ) ultrasonic songs of male mice . plos biology 3 : e386 .\ncampbell p , pasch b , pino jl , crino ol , phillips m , et al . ( 2010 ) geographic variation in the songs of neotropical singing mice : testing the relative importance of drift and local adaptation . evolution 64 : 1955\u20131972 .\nmiller jr , engstrom md ( 2007 ) vocal stereotypy and singing behavior in baiomyine mice . journal of mammalogy 88 : 1447\u20131465 .\npasch b , george as , hamlin hj , guillette lj jr , phelps sm ( 2011 ) androgens modulate song effort and aggression in neotropical singing mice . hormones and behavior 59 : 90\u201397 .\npasch b , george as , campbell p , phelps sm ( 2011 ) androgen - dependent male vocal performance influences female preference in neotropical singing mice . animal behaviour 82 : 177\u2013183 .\npasch b , bolker bm , phelps sm ( 2013 ) interspecific dominance via vocal interactions mediates altitudinal zonation in neotropical singing mice . american naturalist 182 : e161\u2013173 .\nfitch wt , neubauer j , herzel h ( 2002 ) calls out of chaos : the adaptive significance of nonlinear phenomena in mammalian vocal production . animal behavior 63 : 407\u2013418 .\nbradbury jw , vehrencamp sl ( 1998 ) principles of animal communication . sunderland : sinauer associates , inc . 882 p .\nbrudzynski sm ( 2005 ) principles of rat communication : quantitative parameters of ultrasonic calls in rats . behavior genetics 25 : 85\u201392 .\nblumstein dt , r\u00e9capet c ( 2009 ) the sound of arousal : the addition of novel non - linearities increases responsiveness in marmot alarm calls . ethology 115 : 1074\u20131081 .\nbadyaev av , ghalambor ck ( 2001 ) evolution of life histories along elevational gradients : trade - off between parental care and fecundity . ecology 82 : 2948\u20132960 .\nsnell - rood ec , badyaev av ( 2008 ) ecological gradient of sexual selection : elevation and song elaboration in finches . oecologia 157 : 545\u2013551 .\nsen a , prizant h , light a , biswas a , hayes e , et al . ( 2014 ) androgens regulate ovarian follicular development by increasing follicle stimulating hormone receptor and\nexpression . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 111 : 3008\u20133013 .\nkikusui t , nakanishi k , nakagawa r , nagasawa m , mogi k , et al . ( 2011 ) cross fostering experiments suggest that mice songs are innate . plos one 6 : e17721 .\nhammerschmidt k , reisinger e , westekemper k , ehrenreich l , strenzke n , et al . ( 2012 ) mice do not require auditory input for the normal development of their ultrasonic vocalizations . bmc neuroscience 13 : 40 .\nmahrt ej , perkel dj , tong l , rubel ew , portfors cv ( 2013 ) engineered deafness reveals that mouse courtship vocalizations do not require auditory experience . journal of neuroscience 33 : 5573\u20135583 .\narriaga g , zhou ep , jarvis ed ( 2012 ) of mice , birds , and men : the mouse ultrasonic song system has some features similar to humans and song - learning birds . plos one 7 : e46610 .\narriaga g , jarvis ed ( 2012 ) mouse vocal communication system : are ultrasounds learned or innate ? brain and language 124 : 96\u2013116 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\neagle rescue 101 . . . . the basics . . . . thumbs and all . . . \u00e1guila de rescate 101 / sauvetage aigle 101\nfrontal view , showing head and feet , july 15 , 2010 . n ordonez - garza\ndistribution : intermediate elevations of middle america from e oaxaca , m\u00e9xico , to w panam\u00e1 .\nthis species occurs in intermediate elevations from eastern oaxaca , mxico to western panam ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it occurs from 900 to 2 , 900 m ( reid 1997 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : level of differentiation and status of populations north ( teguina ) and south ( irazu ) of the nicaraguan depression merit reconsideration . hooper ( 1972 ) recognized four subspecies\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe spatial distribution of individuals may be strongly influenced by social processes and thus patterns of space use are often used to infer the mating and social systems of a population ( gaulin and fitzgerald 1988 ; shier and randall 2004 ; steinmann et al . 2005 ) . in particular , sex - specific differences in home - range use can yield insights into the mating system and can improve understanding of the behavior of little - studied species ( reviewed in clutton - brock 1989 , 1991 ; gaulin and fitzgerald 1988 ; heske and ostfeld 1990 ; ostfeld 1985 ; reichard 2003 ; schradin and pillay 2005 ; shier and randall 2004 ; steinmann et al . 2005 ) . for example , in polygynous mating systems , home ranges of males tend to overlap less than those of females , and a given female typically overlaps with only 1 male . in contrast , in promiscuous mating systems , home - range use by males and females is expected to be more equitable , with each individual ' s home range overlapping those of several members of the opposite sex . finally , socially monogamous systems should be characterized by exclusive ( nonoverlapping ) home ranges , each of which is shared by a male\u2013female pair ( clutton - brock 1989 ; ophir et al . 2008 ; ostfeld 1985 ; shier and randall 2004 ) ."]}
{"id": 878, "summary": [{"text": "calliprora sexstrigella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california , new mexico and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark grey , the basal third light grey and a rather oblique white spot from the middle of the costa , triangularly expanded beneath , sending from the posterior angle a brown subcostal streak to join the next marking , beneath this spot an elongate white mark in the middle of the disc .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an angulated white streak from the costa at three-fourths to the tornus , brown on the median third , the lower portion ochreous-tinged and confluent with extremities of a v-shaped white mark preceding it , preceded also by a small whitish dorsal spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a sinuate brown line from the costa at four-fifths to the apex , and a brown terminal line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "beyond this two pairs of small white black-edged wedge-shaped costal spots mostly in the cilia , the costal cilia otherwise pale grey , at the apex with a black projecting hook , on the termen with dark fuscous subbasal line and suffused dark fuscous on the outer half .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , with a streak of pale suffusion in the middle of the disc . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "calliprora sexstrigella", "paragraphs": ["this is the same as a moth identified as calliprora sp . ( gelechiidae ) by sangmi lee , here ( additional photos of it appear on the bugguide page for c . sexstrigella here ) . i don ' t believe that it is the same as the moth identified ( correctly , i believe , in that it agrees with chambers ' s description ) as c . sexstrigella here .\ncalliprora meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 242 ; ts : calliprora pentagramma meyrick\ncalliprora centrocrossa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 67 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ncalliprora clistogramma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : brazil , sao paulo\ncalliprora erethistis meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 70 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\ncalliprora eurydelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 69 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\ncalliprora peritura meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 70 ; tl : brazil , para\ncalliprora tetraplecta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 68 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ncalliprora trigramma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 243 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ncalliprora platyxipha meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 69 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins\ncalliprora rhodogramma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 67 ; tl : brazil , manaos , teff\u00e9\ncalliprora pentagramma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 243 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nchambers , v . t . 1874 . tineina from texas . the canadian entomologist 6 ( 12 ) : 248\nbold - barcode of life data systems - species account with collection map and photos of pinned adults .\ndictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthe gelechiid moths are one of the major families of micromoths , especially in the temperate latitudes . more than 4 , 500 species have been named and placed in more than 500 genera , and unknown numbers of undescribed species exist . members of the superfamily gelechioidea , these moths are tiny to small ( wingspan 0 . 7 - 2 . 5 cm , mostly 1 - 2 cm ) , mostly nocturnal , somber colored , brown , gray or black , but some are colorfully patterned , especially in tropical regions . hindwings of most species are trapezoidal in shape , with the outer margin concave below the apex . larvae are concealed feeders , usually leaf tiers , forming shelters in new growing tips of trees and shrubs , but many are leaf miners or stem , root , or seed borers ."]}
{"id": 881, "summary": [{"text": "protopelicanus cuvierii is a putative fossil waterbird of uncertain affinities .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was briefly described and figured by georges cuvier in 1822 from late eocene material from montmartre , france , though not formally described and named until 1852 by german botanist and ornithologist ludwig reichenbach as an early pelecanid .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the original material comprised the cranial part of a left scapula and a nearly complete left femur .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the lectotype femur was thought by michel brunet in 1970 to be typical of a pelican .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "however , colin harrison in 1979 considered that it belonged to the sulidae , and storrs olson in 1995 thought it might be a pelagornithid .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the femur is held by the mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle in paris ( no. 7978 ) ; the location of the scapular fragment is unknown . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "protopelicanus", "paragraphs": ["from the fossil record , it is known that pelicans have been around for over 40 million years , the earliest fossil pelecanus being found in early miocene deposits in france . prehistoric genera have been named protopelicanus and miopelecanus . the supposed miocene pelican liptornis from argentina is a nomen dubium , being based on hitherto indeterminable fragments .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nwhere : ile - de - france region , france ( 48 . 9\u00b0 n , 2 . 3\u00b0 e : paleocoordinates 47 . 4\u00b0 n , 1 . 6\u00b0 w )\nwhen : montmartre reference level zone , priabonian ( 38 . 0 - 33 . 9 ma )\nprimary reference : g . cuvier . 1804 . memoire sur le squelette presque entier d ' un petit quadrupede du genre des sarigues , trouv\u00e9 dans la pierre a platre des environs de paris .\npaleodb collection 31739 : authorized by emmanuel fara , entered by emmanuel fara on 24 . 05 . 2003 , edited by john alroy , mark uhen , patricia holroyd , philip mannion , matthew carrano and evangelos vlachos\npage 73 and 74 : ^ ^ 2 stores l . olson ( 1983b ) include\npage 77 and 78 : 156 storrs l . olson ( 1978 ) have rec\npage 87 and 88 : 166 stoers l . olson ( ypresian ) of e\npage 89 and 90 : 1 ^ ^ storrs l . olson miocene ( probab\npage 137 and 138 : 2 . the fossil record of birds j . sp\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nfeduccia , a . , 1980 : the age of birds . \u2013harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts & london , england , 1980 , ix - 196\nfeduccia , a . , 1997 : the origin and evolution of birds . \u2013yale university press , new haven , 1996 , x - 420\nolson , s . l . , 1975 : paleornithology of st . helena island , south atlantic ocean . \u2013smithsonian contributions to baleobiology : vol . 23 , pp . iv - 49\nolson , s . l . , 1985 : the fossil record of birds . 79 - 239 . in farner , d . , king , j . & parkes , k . ( eds . ) , 1985 : avian biology . vol viii . \u2013academic press , new york . 1985 .\nolson , s . l . & rasmussen , p . d . , 2001 : miocene and pliocene birds from the lee creek mine , north carolina . 233 - 365 in ray , c . e . & bohaska , d . j . , ( eds . ) 2001 : geology and paleontology of the lee creek mine , north carolina , iii . \u2013smithsonian contributions to paleobiology : nr . 90 , iii - 365\nsibley , c . g . & monroe , j . b . l . , 1990 : distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . \u2013yale university press , new haven & london , 1990 . xxiv - 1111 .\npeterson , a . p . , 2002 - 2004 : zoonomen nomenclatural data of birds . ( updated : 2004 - 12 - 24 ) \u2013inet : zoonomen nomenclatural data : urltoken ; [ visited : 2005 - 01 - 21 ]\nsibley , c . g . & monroe , b . l . , 1990 : distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . \u2013yale university press , new haven & london , 1990 . xxiv - 1111 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\na pelican is any of several very large water bird s with a distinctive pouch under the beak belonging to the bird family pelecanidae .\nalong with the darter s , cormorant s , gannet s , boobie s , frigatebird s , and tropicbird s , pelicans make up the order pelecaniformes . modern pelicans are found on all continents except antarctica . they occur mostly in warm regions , though breeding ranges reach 45\u00b0 south ( australian pelican , p . conspicillatus ) and 60\u00b0 north ( american white pelican s , p . erythrorhynchos , in western canada ) . birds of inland and coastal waters , they are absent from polar regions , the deep ocean , oceanic islands , and inland south america .\n( p . occidentalis ) , small individuals of which can be as little as 2 . 75 kg ( 6 lb ) , 106 cm ( 42 in ) long and can have a wingspan of as little as 1 . 83 m ( 6 ft ) . the largest is believed to be the\n( p . crispus ) , at up to 15 kg ( 33 lb ) , 183 cm ( 72 in ) long , with a maximum wingspan of nearly 3 . 5 m ( 11 . 5 ft ) . the australian pelican has the longest bill of any bird they often catch fish by expanding the throat pouch . then they must drain the pouch above the surface before they can swallow . this operation takes up to a minute , during which time other seabirds are particularly likely to\nthe fish . pelicans in their turn sometimes pirate prey from other seabirds . and that of the latter at 13 , 000 to 18 , 000 . the most common is believed to be the australian pelican ( though some estimates have placed the white pelican at a higher population ) .\n, the pelican was thought to be particularly attentive to her young , to the point of providing her own blood when no other food was available . as a result , the pelican became a symbol of the\n(\na pelican in her piety\nor\na pelican vulning ( wounding ) herself\n) . another version of this is that the pelican used to kill its young and then resurrect them with its blood , this being analogous to the sacrifice of jesus . thus the symbol of the\n( ibts ) is a pelican , and for most of its existence the headquarters of the service was located at pelican house in dublin , ireland .\nfor example , the emblems of both corpus christi college , cambridge and corpus christi college , oxford are pelicans , showing its use as a medieval christian symbol ( ' corpus christi ' means ' body of christ ' ) .\nlikewise a folktale from india says that a pelican killed her young by rough treatment but was then so contrite that she resurrected them with her own blood . they placed emphasis on animals and often depicted pelicans in their art .\nin october 2006 . according to tourists watching , the pelican strolled to the pigeon and grabbed it into its beak , a 20 minute struggle ensued , which ended with pigeon being swallowed\nhead first down while flapping all the way down\n.\nin may 2008 , a woman bore 20 stitches after a pelican rammed into her face and died . the pelican was believed to be diving for fish in the sea off florida .\nprivacy policy , about us , terms and conditions , contact us permission is granted to copy , distribute and / or modify this document under the terms of the gnu free documentation license , version 1 . 2 material from wikipedia , wiktionary , dict valid html 4 . 01 strict , valid css level 2 . 1"]}
{"id": 882, "summary": [{"text": "the lamniformes ( from the greek word , lamna \" fish of prey \" ) are an order of sharks commonly known as mackerel sharks ( which may also refer specifically to the family lamnidae ) .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it includes some of the most familiar species of sharks , such as the great white shark and extinct megalodon , as well as more unusual representatives , such as the goblin shark and the megamouth shark .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "members of the order are distinguished by possessing two dorsal fins , an anal fin , five gill slits , eyes without nictitating membranes , and a mouth extending behind the eyes .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "also , unlike other sharks , they maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "lamniformes", "paragraphs": ["( lamniformes : cretoxyrhinidae ) from the niobrara chalk of kansas . bulletin of the new mexico museum of natural history 35 : 185\u2013192 .\nfao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 . hexanchiformes to lamniformes\nthe vertebrae had stacks of lines called lamellae around the outside , suggesting the bones once belonged to a broad scientific classification of sharks called lamniformes that includes sand tiger sharks , great white sharks , goblin sharks and others , frederickson said .\ncompagno , l j . v . 2001 . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date , volume 2 ; bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao . rome , italy .\nhansen bb , cuny g , rasmussen bw , shimada k , jacobs p , heilmann - clausen c ( 2013 ) associated skeletal and dental remains of a fossil odontaspidid shark ( elasmobranchii : lamniformes ) from the middle eocene lilleb\u00e6lt clay formation in denmark . bulletin of the geological society of denmark 61 : 37\u201346 .\nlamniformes have two dorsal fins , neither of which is spined . they also have an anal fin , five gill slits and small spiracles ( in most species ) , which are situated behind the eyes . the eyes have no nictitating membrane , and usually roll back in the case of frontal impact in order to protect them .\nlamniformes mackerel sharks most mackerel sharks have long snouts and mouths that stretch behind the eyes . they also feature two dorsal fins and an anal fin . these species range from intertidal areas to open ocean at depths of nearly 4 , 000 ft . embryos of these sharks dine on their younger siblings and fertilized eggs in the womb .\ninterestingly , lamniformes have a special adaptation . this involves their circulatory system and allows them to retain heat generated by cellular metabolic processes . this is in contrast to other cold - blooded sharks and fish and allows them to spend energy on hunting and travelling rather than on trying to maintain a beable body temperature as the water temperature around them cools .\nlamniformes are ovoviviparous . eggs are fertilised and hatched internally . however , this group also displays a phenomenon known as oophagy , which dictates that the first pup to hatch in the oviduct should devour the other unfertilised eggs in the oviduct . this pup is born strong , beable and with trained killer instincts in preparation for its independent life in the open waters .\ncompagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 1 - hexanchiformes to lamniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 1 ) : 1 - 249 . rome , fao . ( ref . 247 )\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 2001 ) . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . volume 2 . bullhead , mackerel and carpet sharks ( heterodontiformes , lamniformes and orectolobiformes ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 1 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . 269p . [ details ]\nlamniformes , also known as mackerel sharks , is one of the most well - known groups as it includes famous species and feared hunters , like the great white shark , basking shark , mako ( shortfin and longfin ) and megamouth . this group has a particularly large mouth , ideal for seizing and immobilising large prey as well as for tearing off chunks of meat from hapless victims . the megalodon , now extinct , was also part of this fascinating group . other members include the goblin and thresher sharks .\nlamniformes only live in saltwater , and cannot survive in freshwater rivers or lakes . different species are able to live in the shallower , warmer coastal areas or the deeper , colder waters of the open seas . they also withstand varying temperatures to make them one of the most prolific and abundant known shark groups . the smallest lamnoid is the crocodile shark , which reaches about 1 . 1 metres in length . the largest is the basking shark , growing to an impressive length of approximately 9 . 8 metres .\nwhether or not omnh 68860 belongs to leptostyrax remains unclear ; however , the unique vertebral morphology and gigantic size indicate the presence of a very large shark during the mid - cretaceous of north america . the mid - cretaceous is increasingly being recognized as an important time in shark evolutionary history , as the fossil record improves and increasingly reveals previously unknown diversity . although lamniformes likely evolved in the jurassic , it is not until the aptian when multiple genera appear together in a single assemblage . similarly , size increased for the entire order , with multiple families containing relatively large species by the late cretaceous [ 29 ] . this increase in size and diversity was likely influenced by the warming trend beginning in the mid - cretaceous ; where midocean temperatures at 30\u201335\u00b0n paleolatitude rise from 13\u201314\u00b0c in the early albian to 28\u201329\u00b0c in the cenomanian [ 30 ] . however , more research is needed to determine the cause of gigantism in lamniform sharks .\ndespite their rows of ragged teeth and vicious appearance , sand tiger sharks are actually rather docile , usually attacking humans only in self - defense .\nsand tiger sharks , also known as gray nurse sharks , have a deceivingly ferocious look . they are large - bodied and display a mouthful of sharp teeth that protrude in all directions , even when the mouth is shut . despite this , they are a docile , non - aggressive species , known to attack humans only when bothered first .\nsand tiger sharks are brownish - gray with rust - colored spots on top and white underneath . they have a flattened , cone - shaped snout and a distinctive , oblong tail with a notched , upper lobe that is significantly longer than the lobe below . individuals range in size from 6 . 5 to 10 . 5 feet in length .\ntheir name comes from their tendency toward shoreline habitats , and they are often seen trolling the ocean floor in the surf zone , very close to shore . they are found in warm or temperate waters throughout the world ' s oceans , except the eastern pacific .\nsand tigers are the only shark known to come to the surface and gulp air . they store the air in their stomachs , which allows them to float motionless in the water , seeking prey . they are voracious predators , feeding at night and generally staying close to the bottom . their staple is small fish , but they will eat crustaceans and squid as well . they occasionally hunt in groups , and have even been known to attack full fishing nets .\nalthough this species is widespread and is not widely fished for food , it has one of the lowest reproduction rates of all sharks and is susceptible to even minimal population pressure . for this reason , it is listed as vulnerable and is protected in much of its range .\nafter keigo mitsukuri ; he worked in zoological names with y . iwasaki , 1896 ; imperial university\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 30 - 1300 m ( ref . 43278 ) , usually 270 - 960 m ( ref . 43278 ) . deep - water ; 48\u00b0n - 55\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\nwestern atlantic : guyana ( ref . 6871 ) , suriname ( ref . 13608 , 11228 ) and french guiana . eastern atlantic : france ( bay of biscay ) , madeira , portugal , and south africa . western indian ocean : off south africa . western pacific : japan , australia ( south australia , new south wales ) , new zealand ( ref . 26346 ) . eastern pacific : usa ( southern california ) ( ref . 43278 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 264 - 322 cm max length : 617 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 83323 ) ; common length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 0 . flat , bladelike , elongated snout , tiny eyes without nictitating eyelids , soft , flabby body , slender , very long cusped teeth in long , protrusible jaws , long caudal fin without a ventral lobe ( ref . 247 ) . pinkish - white with bluish fins , becoming brownish grey after death ( ref . 5578 , 11228 ) .\nfound on outer continental shelves and upper slopes , but rarely in shallow water close inshore ( ref . 247 , 43278 ) . jaws are highly specialized for rapid projection from the head to snap up small animals ( ref . 247 ) . feeds on jacopever , pelagic octopus and crabs ( ref . 5578 ) . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) . probably slow - moving and neutrally buoyant ( ref . 6871 ) . utilized dried salted ( ref . 247 )\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding on other ova produced by the mother ( oophagy ) after the yolk sac is absorbed ( ref . 247 , 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\n) : 3 . 8 - 13 . 7 , mean 8 . 3 ( based on 1037 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 \u00b10 . 62 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 10 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nthree large lamniform shark vertebrae are described from the lower cretaceous of texas . we interpret these fossils as belonging to a single individual with a calculated total body length of 6 . 3 m . this large individual compares favorably to another shark specimen from the roughly contemporaneous kiowa shale of kansas . neither specimen was recovered with associated teeth , making confident identification of the species impossible . however , both formations share a similar shark fauna , with leptostyrax macrorhiza being the largest of the common lamniform sharks . regardless of its actual identification , this new specimen provides further evidence that large - bodied lamniform sharks had evolved prior to the late cretaceous .\ncitation : frederickson ja , schaefer sn , doucette - frederickson ja ( 2015 ) a gigantic shark from the lower cretaceous duck creek formation of texas . plos one 10 ( 6 ) : e0127162 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 frederickson et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability : site data for omnh v1727 are available by request from the department of vert . paleontology at the ( sn ) omnh .\nfunding : this paper received funding from the open access fund from the university of oklahoma libraries . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe specimens described herein , omnh 68860 , were collected in the duck creek formation of tarrant county , texas ( fig 1 ) . the duck creek is the second lowest formation of the lower cretaceous washita group ( albian ) [ 3 ] . underlying the duck creek is the basal kiamichi formation , which shares a contact with the duck creek defined lithologically by a transition from pebble - conglomerates and breccias to limestone , and faunally by a sharp decrease in gryphaea and schloenbachia [ 4 , 5 ] . the duck creek is conformably overlain by the fort worth formation ; the intervening contact is lithologically inconspicuous but is instead marked biostratigraphically by the appearance of holaster simplex , hemiaster elegans , and exogyra americana [ 5 ] .\na map of albian - age rocks in tarrant county , texas , showing the approximate location of omnh v1727 .\nwithin tarrant county , the duck creek formation is approximately 13 m thick and is comprised of limestone , marl , and chalky marl deposits exposed in the western half of the county ( fig 1 ) [ 4 ] . the duck creek formation is subdivided into two primary units based on lithology , and four primary zones based on fauna . lithologically , the first 7 m above the base of the duck creek are dominated by limestone . above 7 m , limestone beds become increasingly indurated , decrease in thickness , and are further interlaminated by marl or marly limestone [ 4 , 6 ] . biostratigraphic zones consist of three ammonoid faunas including the basal desmoceras zone , followed by the schloenbachia zone and a scaphites zone ; the uppermost faunal zone is marked by the appearance of the brachiopod genus kingena [ 4 ] .\nthe base of a measured section at v1727 begins within the duck creek formation and correlates both lithologically and faunally with the ammonoid - rich limestone beds as described by winton and adkins [ 4 ] ( fig 2 ) . limestone dominates the measured section from the base to 6 m , where the first thinly - bedded marl deposits occur . despite significant portions of the section being covered by talus , the lithological transition to marl - dominated strata above 6 m is clearly defined and further supported by the appearance of kingena among the talus . the uppermost strata of the measured section consist of weathered , kingena - bearing marl with various echinoid fragments belonging to holaster simplex . these taxa imply the transition to the overlying fort worth formation ; however , no in situ bedforms were observed ; thus , at present , the contact can be inferred but not directly observed .\ninitially , the three vertebrae discussed herein were collected from a displaced block of limestone resting among marl debris situated above the lower limestone strata of the duck creek formation . further specimens bearing similar dimensions , taphonomic characteristics , and proximity to omnh 68860 were recovered in situ by a private collector within the indurated limestone beds lying just below the kingena - bearing marls approximately 11 . 5 m above the base of section ( fig 3 ; l . hall , personal communication ) . the lithology of the strata containing the shark vertebrae found in situ matches the remaining matrix from omnh 68860 . furthermore , taphonomic similarities shared among all vertebrae indicated that the specimens recovered by the private collector must indeed represent one individual ( discussed below ) . the stratigraphic origin of the shark vertebrae can therefore be confidently placed below the lower kingena - bearing marl and within the indurated limestone of the upper duck creek formation , approximately 10 . 5 m above the base of the section .\nthe surrounding lithology correlates with the indurated limestone bedforms 10 . 5 m above the base of the measured section ( photo courtesy of l . hall , 2013 ) .\nin order to estimate the total body lengths from individual vertebra , we made comparisons with cretaceous sharks that possess a more robust postcranial fossil record . as it is impossible to determine vertebral position in a shark based on isolated vertebrae alone [ 1 ] , we conservatively regard the vertebra with the maximum centrum diameter as the largest vertebra in the entire individual . this ensures that the estimates achieved represent the smallest hypothetical length possible for this specimen . additionally , we assume that the relationship between vertebral size and total body length is consistent between well - represented species and omnh 68860 . this assumption is reasonable because most pelagic sharks have a consistent body form [ 2 ] .\nsimilarly , gottfried et al . [ 7 ] used a different formula to calculate the total body length of individual vertebra in carcharocles megalodon using carcharodon carcharias as a proxy .\nno permits were required for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .\nomnh 68860 ; three vertebral centra , discovered by members of the paleontology club of the university of wisconsin - milwaukee , and prepared and curated at the sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history in norman , oklahoma . specimens were prepared by k . davies at snomnh using a 10 % buffered acetic acid bath for two of the three specimens . additional vertebrae have also been recovered from the same site , but these specimens were not collected by the authors and are currently in a private collection .\nindurated limestone interval of the duck creek formation ( lower cretaceous : washita group ) of north - central texas .\nthe vertebrae were recovered at omnh locality v1727 , northwest of fort worth , tarrant county , texas ( fig 1 ) . locality data are on file at omnh and are available upon request from qualified investigators .\nwhen discovered , all three vertebrae were disarticulated and were separated by a thin layer of limestone . the centra were recovered in a single vertical stack , with one vertebra situated perpendicular to the other two . all three are approximately the same size and proportions , implying that they represent vertebrae from the same area of the body . the largest , most - rostral vertebra measures approximately 110 mm in diameter , with a width of 34 mm ( fig 4 ) . all three are rostrocaudally biconcave ( amphicoelous ) and roughly spherical in outline , with little to no deformation as a result of crushing . both of the articular surfaces possess well - marked concentric lamellae on each vertebra . as in other lamniform sharks , all three vertebrae have multiple thin , radial lamellae circumventing at high densities around the outer surface of each centra . these lamellae measure up to 1 . 3 mm in diameter and run rostrocaudally with occasional bifurcations ( fig 4 right and left lateral view ) . both articular surfaces possess a well - developed corpus calcareum , with a thickness measuring approximately 6 mm each .\nomnh 68860 in ( descending order ) rostral , caudal , ventral , right lateral , dorsal , and left lateral views .\neach vertebra possesses readily distinguishable cartilage foramina on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces . the dorsal surface was identified using techniques described by shimada et al . [ 11 ] , where the midline foramina with the smallest inter - pit distance in each centrum are designated the basidorsal cartilage foramina . surprisingly , each of the two prepared vertebrae has multiple dorsal and ventral foramina ( five ventrals , seven dorsals each ) . the two foramina on the midline are generally the largest ; however , most do not extend to contact the corpus calcareum . all foramina are generally square with rounded corners and have a relatively smooth septum traveling into the vertebra . the additional foramina on the dorsal and ventral surface range in size , from 5 . 2\u201316 . 0 mm wide .\nthere were no other shark fossils associated with omnh 68860 . however , all three possessed traces of encrusting ostreids on the articular surfaces , indicating that these vertebrae were exposed at the surface for some period of time . further , pyrite has developed near the center of both articular surfaces on the largest vertebra . the smallest of the three vertebrae retains a cast of the next vertebra\u2019s corresponding articular surface , giving this specimen a concavo - convex appearance in lateral view . the three centra also possess a single radial fracture ( 37 mm long in each vertebra ) . the common location of this fracture indicates that breakage occurred prior to the rearrangement of the vertebrae . although it cannot be completely determined whether omnh 68860 represents reworked material , abrasion is minimal , indicating that transportation was not extensive .\nusing the formulas of shimada [ 2 ] and gottfried et al . [ 7 ] , and the maximum vertebral diameter of 110 mm , the minimum total length of the individual represented by omnh 68860 is calculated to be 6 . 3 and 6 . 6 m respectively . according to these calculations , omnh 68860 would rival the largest cretoxyrhina mantelli specimens ( 6\u20137 m ) [ 2 ] in total length and approximately equal the length of the largest documented extant great white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ) ( 6 . 4 m ) [ 12 ] .\nboth omnh 68860 and kuvp 16343 represent relatively large mesozoic lamniform sharks ; however neither specimen would be considered extraordinary compared to some cenozoic species . for example , an associated specimen of carcharocles angustidens from the late oligocene has an estimated total body length of 6 . 6 \u2013 9 . 3 m [ 16 ] ; roughly matching that omnh 68860 and kuvp 16343 . neither species , however , comes close to the maximum length estimates for the largest lamniform shark , carcharocles megalodon . total length estimates for this species vary depending on the method , but multiple techniques yield a gigantic size ranging from 9 . 2\u201316 m [ 3 ] .\nmorphological similarities between the kiowa and the duck creek sharks are further supported by the age of their respective assemblages . resemblances between the early cretaceous marine faunas of texas and kansas have long been recognized [ 17 ] , and more recent studies have indicated that the kiowa fauna correlates with that of the uppermost fredericksburg group and the lower washita group of texas [ 18 ] . the index fossil inoceramus comancheanus is found in the lower duck creek formation and the middle kiowa shale , demonstrating that at least some of the kiowa shale is equivalent in age to the duck creek formation . based on their stratigraphy , the kiowa shale and duck creek have both been placed in the upper albian stage of the lower cretaceous [ 19 ] .\nof the two lamniform species found in both formations , leptostyrax macrorhiza tend to be larger . in fact , teeth of this species represent some of the largest known shark fossils from the albian of texas , making it the most appealing suspect for the identification of omnh 68860 . however , these teeth are still generally smaller than those of the late cretaceous cretoxyrhina mantelli , a species with known vertebral proportions similar to those of omnh 68860 [ 15 , 20 ] . however , biostratigraphic evidence suggests that the texas vertebrae are not from c . mantelli , as teeth from this species do not appear in texas until the cenomanian [ 15 ] . further comparisons of omnh 68860 to those vertebrae of c . mantelli from the niobrara formation demonstrate stark differences .\nunlike most sharks , c . mantelli has a surprisingly complete fossil record , with multiple specimens preserving both teeth and postcranial material . vertebrae from this species tend to be large , exhibiting typical lamnoid - type centra , with a pair of cartilage foramina for both the neural and haemal arches ( personal observation ) . numerous radiating lamellae are also present that progressively decrease in number caudally down the vertebral column . these vertebrae differ from omnh 68860 in size , shape , and number of the cartilage foramina . specifically these foramina in omnh 68860 do not contact the corpus calcareum , are squarer , and are more numerous than in any published specimens of c . mantelli [ 11 , 20 ] .\nanother late cretaceous lamniform shark with known postcranial material is cardabiodon ricki . c . ricki was first described based on teeth and vertebrae from the cenomanian of australia [ 21 ] . subsequently , teeth were also described from the cenomanian of kansas [ 22 ] and the turonian of central montana [ 23 ] . superficially , vertebrae from c . ricki are more comparable to the texas specimens than any of c . mantelli ; for example , the vertebrae are more elongate , have a thick corpus calcareum , and small cartilage foramina . however , omnh 68860 can be differentiated in that they have thinner and less densely spaced radial lamellae , square cartilage foramina , and concentric lamellae . these features , plus the absence of cardabiodon teeth from the albian of north america , make it unlikely that the texas specimen belongs to this genus .\naside from leptostyrax macrorhiza , the only other lamniform shark known from both the kiowa shale and the duck creek formation is cretalamna appendiculata . the genus has a relatively long temporal range throughout the cretaceous , with a worldwide distribution [ 24 , 25 ] . in texas , there is an apparent size shift in teeth of c . appendiculata through the early to late cretaceous , where albian teeth tend to be relatively small , but gradually increase until reaching their largest sizes ( up to 30 mm ) in the maastrichtian . these larger late cretaceous specimens are considerably abundant in marine fossil sites [ 15 ] .\nreconstruction of the large lamniform sharks from the duck creek formation and kiowa shale .\nkuvp 16343 and omnh 68860 are both reconstructed as leptostyrax macrorhiza and modeled after an odontaspidid . this reconstruction was based on dental similarities shared between eoptolamnidae and odontaspididae [ 14 ] . both specimens represent the smallest calculated estimate based on the formula of shimada [ 2 ] . cretalamna appendiculata is reconstructed as a classic lamnid shark based on shared dental patterns between this genus and members of the family lamnidae [ 26 ] .\nalternatively , a third lamniform species is recognized in the albian of texas and kansas . carcharias amonensis , an odontaspidid , has been reported from the upper albian paw paw formation and the lower kiowa shale [ 15 , 27 ] . although this species is not known from associated vertebral material , known teeth are relatively small ( 11 mm in maximum height [ 15 ] ) , making this species an unlikely candidate for the vertebrae . given the absolute size and distinct morphology of omnh 68860 , it is highly unlikely that these vertebrae belong to any commonly known shark from the duck creek formation , except possibly leptostyrax macrorhiza .\nthis discovery has further implications on the ecology of mesozoic oceans . in modern oceans , many large lamniform sharks are apex pelagic predators of marine and nearshore ecosystems . chondrichthyans the size of omnh 68860 would be among the largest predatory animals of the albian oceans , dwarfed only by some of the contemporaneous pliosaurs [ 31 , 32 ] . fossil tooth marks on dinosaurs [ 33 ] , mosasaurs [ 34 ] , plesiosaurs [ 35 ] , teleost fishes [ 36 ] , and turtles [ 37 ] , indicate that large lamniform sharks of the late cretaceous occupied the ecological position of generalist predator and scavenger , much as they do today . the discovery of omnh 68860 highlights an important ecological transition during the albian , where lamniform sharks begin to take on the massive sizes and trophic abilities seen most predominately in later occurring species . further , both omnh 68860 and kuvp 16343 represent albian species with minimum total lengths between 6 . 3\u20138 . 3 m . this suggests that the late early cretaceous was home to some of the largest mesozoic lamniform sharks of north america .\nlarge shark vertebrae were recovered from the lower cretaceous duck creek formation of texas . these vertebrae represent a single animal of approximately 6 . 3 m in minimum total length , making this individual one of the largest documented sharks from the early cretaceous of n . america .\nthis specimen has unique morphology undocumented in any other cretaceous shark from north america , but shares large size with a contemporaneous vertebra from the kiowa shale of kansas .\nwe hypothesize that these vertebrae belong to leptostyrax macrorhiza based on their size and co - occurrence in both the duck creek formation and kiowa shale . however , without associated teeth , this identification cannot be confirmed .\nthe albian oceans contained some of the largest lamniform sharks of the mesozoic , which hypothetically represented an ecological precursor to the large sharks of the late cretaceous and cenozoic .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jaf sns jad - f . analyzed the data : jaf sns . wrote the paper : jaf sns .\nbecker ma , chamberlain rb , chamberlain ja ( 2008 ) large carcharhinoid - type shark vertebrae in the upper cretaceous of new jersey : evidence for an anacoracid origin . northeastern geology and environmental sciences 30 : 118\u2013129 .\n, based on the vertebral growth increments . journal of vertebrate paleontology 28 : 21\u201333 .\nscott rw , benson dg , morin rw , schaffer bl , oboh - ikuenobe fe ( 2002 ) integrated albian - lower cenomanian chronostratigraphy standard , trinity river section , texas . us gulf coast cretaceous stratigraphy and paleoecology perkins memorial volume : 277\u2013344 .\nwinton wm , adkins ws ( 1919 ) the geology of tarrant county . university of texas bulletin 1931 : 1\u2013122 .\nbullard fm ( 1931 ) the geology of grayson county , texas . university of texas bulletin 3125 : 1\u201371 .\nperkins bf , albritton cc jr . ( 1955 ) the washita group in the valley of the trinity river , texas . fondren science series 5 : 1\u201327 .\n. in : klimley ap , ainley dg , editors . great white sharks : the biology of\nhuxley th ( 1880 ) on the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the vertebrata and more particularly of the mammalia . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1880 : 649\u2013662 .\nbonaparte cljl ( 1838 ) selachorum tabula analytica . nuovi annali della scienze naturali , bologna ( 1 ) 2 : 195\u2013214\nberg ls ( 1958 ) system der rezenten und fossilen fischartigen und fische . berlin : deutscher verlag wissenschaften . 310 p .\nshimada k ( 1997 ) gigantic lamnoid shark vertebra from the lower cretaceous kiowa shale of kansas . journal of paleontology 71 : 522\u2013524 .\nkriwet j , klug s , canudo ji , cuenca\u2010bescos g ( 2008 ) . a new early cretaceous lamniform shark ( chondrichthyes , neoselachii ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 154 : 278\u2013290 .\nwelton bj , farish rf ( 1993 ) the collector\u2019s guide to fossil sharks and rays from the cretaceous of texas . lewisville , texas : before time . 204 p .\nst . john op ( 1887 ) notes on the geology of southwest kansas : kansas state board of agriculture , 5th biennial report : 132\u2013152 .\ncobban wa , reeside jb jr . ( 1952 ) correlation of the cretaceous formations of the western interior of the united states : geological society of america , bulletin , 63 : 1011\u20131044 .\nscott rw ( 1970 ) paleoecology and paleontology of the lower cretaceous kiowa formation , kansas . the university of kansas paleontological contributions 52 : 5\u201394 .\nfrom the niobrara chalk in kansas . journal of vertebrate paleontology 17 : 642\u2013652 .\nsiverson m ( 1999 ) . a new large lamniform shark from the uppermost gearle siltstone ( cenomanian , late cretaceous ) of western australia . transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : earth sciences 90 : 49\u201366 .\ndickerson aa , shimada k , reilly b , rigsby ck ( 2013 ) . new data on the late cretaceous\nlamniform shark based on an associated specimen from kansas . transactions of the kansas academy of science 115 : 125\u2013133 .\ncappetta h ( 1987 ) handbook of palaeoichthyology . volume 3b . mesozoic and cenozoic elasmobranchii : chondrichthyes . stuttgart ; new york : gustav fisher verlag . 193 p .\nsiverson m , lindgren j , newbrey mg , cederstr\u00f6m p , cook td ( 2013 ) . late cretaceous ( cenomanian\u2013campanian ) mid - palaeolatitude sharks of\n, from upper cretaceous niobrara chalk of kansas . journal of vertebrate paleontology 27 : 584\u2013602 .\neverhart mj ( 2009 ) first occurrence of marine vertebrates in the early cretaceous of kansas : champion shell bed , basal kiowa formation . transactions of the kansas academy of science 112 : 201\u2013210 .\nunderwood cj ( 2006 ) diversification of the neoselachii ( chondrichthyes ) during the jurassic and cretaceous . paleobiology 32 : 215\u2013235 .\npuc\u00e9at e , l\u00e9cuyer c , sheppard sm , dromart g , reboulet s , grandjean p ( 2003 ) thermal evolution of cretaceous tethyan marine waters inferred from oxygen isotope composition of fish tooth enamels . paleoceanography 18 : 1\u201312 .\n. a gigantic cretaceous pliosaur . memoirs of the queensland museum 10 : 1\u20137 .\nkear bp ( 2003 ) cretaceous marine reptiles of australia : a review of taxonomy and distribution . cretaceous research 24 : 277\u2013303 .\neverhart mj , hamm sa ( 2005 ) a new nodosaur specimen ( dinosauria : nodosauridae ) from the smoky hill chalk ( upper cretaceous ) of western kansas . transactions of the kansas academy of science 108 : 15\u201321 .\neverhart mj ( 2004 ) late cretaceous interaction between predators and prey . evidence of feeding by two species of shark on a mosasaur . palarch , vertebrate palaeontology series 1 : 1\u20137 .\n( teleostei : ichthyodectiformes ) from the niobrara chalk ( upper cretaceous ) of kansas . mosasaur 7 : 35\u201339 .\nshimada k , hooks ge iii ( 2004 ) shark - bitten protostegid turtles from the upper cretaceous mooreville formation of alabama . journal of paleontology 78 : 205\u2013210 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : marine ; all oceans . upper lobe of caudal fin greatly elongate , caudal fin almost one - half of total length ; third to fifth gill openings over origin of pectoral fin . ovoviviparous , embryos feeding on yolk sac and other ova produced by the mother ( ref . 50449 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n) , about 40 inches long , cape cod ; and upper and lower teeth from front part of mouth of a larger specimen from new jersey , about natural size . from bigelow and schroeder . drawings by e . n . fischer .\nthe large size of the second dorsal fin , and of the anal as well ( which is about equal to the first dorsal instead of much smaller ) is of itself enough to distinguish this species from all other gulf of maine sharks . the fact that the first dorsal fin is located but little in front of the pelvics , and that the trunk seems crowded with fins of equal size , is a useful field mark . we may also point out that the pectoral fins are not much larger than the other fins\u2014triangular rather than sickle - shaped ; that the upper lobe of the tail is nearly one - third as long as head and body together and notched near its tip , with the lower lobe about one - third as long as the upper lobe ; and that the head is flat above , the snout short , conical with rather sharp tip . the teeth also ( alike in the two jaws ) are diagnostic , being long , narrow , sharp - pointed , and smooth - edged , with one ( rarely two ) small spurs (\ndenticles\n) on either side near the base .\nmost of the sand sharks that are caught in the northern part of their american range , from delaware bay to cape cod , are immature , of perhaps 4 to 6 feet . but adults up to 8 or 9 feet long are reported there from time to time , especially from the vicinity of nantucket , where a commercial shark fishery yielded many of them in\nthe early 1920 ' s . and large ones , alone , have been reported from north carolina , southward . the greatest recorded length is 10 feet 5 inches , from southwestern florida . and the sand shark does not mature sexually until perhaps 7 feet long , or more . a weight of 250 pounds is recorded for one 8 feet 10 inches long , showing how much lighter a fish this is , length for length , than various other sharks .\nlight gray - brown above , darkest along back , snout , and upper sides of pectorals , paling on the sides to grayish white on lower surface ; sides of trunk rearward from pectorals variously marked with roundish to oval spots , of which there may be upwards of 100 , varying in color from yellowish brown to ocher yellow . the rear margins of the fins are edged with black on some specimens , but not on others .\nthe eggs of the sand shark are hatched within the parent and are retained there until the resultant young are ready for independent existence , but there is no placental connection between mother and developing embryo . it has recently been discovered that while a ripe female contains a large number of eggs , only two embryos develop as a rule , one in each oviduct ; they are nourished ( at least largely ) by swallowing the unfertilized eggs [ 30 ] with which the stomach of the embryo becomes greatly distended . females with large embryos have so far been reported only from florida and from louisiana , whereas others taken near woods hole have contained eggs only , making it likely that the small specimens that are so common along southern new england have come from a more southerly birthplace .\ncoastal waters on both sides of the atlantic ; maine to florida and brazil in the west ; mediterranean , tropical west africa , canaries , and cape verdes in the east ; also south africa ; represented in argentine waters and in the indo - pacific by close relatives .\nin august 1947 we saw a large one at the surface pursuing a striped bass , that was being hauled aboard a fishing boat on a hand line , in the eastern side of cape cod bay , where fishermen tell us that this is not an unusual happening . but this appears to be the northern boundary to their occurrence in any numbers , or with regularity . true , they are recorded at cohasset , on the southern shore of massachusetts bay , where we caught one about 4 feet long , years ago in boston bay , and at lynn , mass . but so rarely does it stray north of cape ann that it has been reported only\ntwice from casco bay , and once from st . andrews , new brunswick , near the mouth of the bay of fundy , its most northerly known outpost , where one was taken in a weir in 1913 .\nin new england waters the sand shark occurs only as a summer visitor . the winter home of those that summer along the northeastern united states is not known , nor has any increase been noted in florida waters ( where they are taken at all times of year ) coincident with their winter disappearance from the northern part of their range . like various bony fishes they may move offshore , and perhaps southward , to escape winter chilling .\nthere were commercial fisheries for the sand shark around nantucket during the first quarter of the present century , but these were short lived , reputedly because of exhaustion of the local stock . and the sand shark is of no commercial importance on the new england coast at present . westward from cape cod it is of some interest to anglers , who catch considerable numbers , both as objects of special pursuit , for it takes almost any natural bait readily , or incidentally while surf casting for better fish . but it is not plentiful enough in the gulf of maine to be worth fishing for .\nthere is no record of attacks by sand sharks on human beings in north american waters , though bathers often come close to them . our own experience bears this out ; in fact , it is looked upon as a harmless nuisance on the new england coast wherever it is plentiful enough to be familiar . but its relative ( or relatives ) of east indian waters have a more sinister reputation .\n[ 30 ] for an account of the embryos , see springer , copeia , 1948 , no . 3 , pp . 153 - 156 .\ntwo dorsal fins , without spines ; anal fin present ; five gill slits , last two may be above pectoral fin ; spiracles usually present , small and behind eyes ; eyes without nictitating membrane ; mouth extending well behind eyes .\ngreek eulanein , elasmos = metal beaten out + greek brangchia = gills . ref . 45335 .\ngreek , lamna , - es = shark + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\nfrickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas \u2013 fishes . \u2013mergus \u2013 publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088 .\nlong , d . j . , 1992 : sharks from the la meseta formation ( eocene ) , seymour island , antarctic peninsula . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 12 , # 1 , pp . 11 - 32\nlong , j . a . , 1995 : the rise of fishes : 500 million years of evolution . \u2013johns hopkins university press , baltimore & london , pp . 1 - 223\nmould , b . , 1995 - 1997 : the nomenclature and distribution of the recent elasmobranchii . \u2013inet : urltoken\nnelson , j . s . , 1994 : fishes of the world . \u2013john wiley & sons inc . , new york , 1994 , xx - 600\nwilliams , g . s . , 1999 : a listing of fossil sharks and rays of the world . \u2013inet : gainesville ' s creek fossils : urltoken\nnew fossils unearthed in texas suggests that sharks during the early cretaceous were much larger than previously thought . the top image shows the estimated body size of a shark fossil found in a 100 - million - year - old deposit in kansas . the middle shark ' s size . the bottom shark is another known shark species that trawled the ancient oceans .\na giant shark the size of a two - story building prowled the shallow seas 100 million years ago , new fossils reveal .\nthe massive fish , leptostyrax macrorhiza , would have been one of the largest predators of its day , and may push back scientists ' estimates of when such gigantic predatory sharks evolved , said study co - author joseph frederickson , a doctoral candidate in ecology and evolutionary biology at the university of oklahoma .\nthe ancient sea monster was discovered by accident . frederickson , who was then an undergraduate at the university of wisconsin - milwaukee , had started an amateur paleontology club to study novel fossil deposits . in 2009 , the club took a trip to the duck creek formation , just outside fort worth , texas , which contains myriad marine invertebrate fossils , such as the extinct squidlike creatures known as ammonites . about 100 million years ago the area was part of a shallow sea known as the western interior seaway that split north america in two and spanned from the gulf of mexico to the arctic , frederickson said .\nwhile walking in the formation , frederickson ' s then - girlfriend ( now wife ) , university of oklahoma anthropology doctoral candidate janessa doucette - frederickson , tripped over a boulder and noticed a large vertebra sticking out of the ground . eventually , the team dug out three large vertebrae , each about 4 . 5 inches ( 11 . 4 centimeters ) in diameter . [ see images of ancient monsters of the sea ]\nyou can hold one in your hand ,\nbut then nothing else will fit , frederickson told live science .\nafter poring over the literature , frederickson found a description of a similar shark vertebra that was unearthed in 1997 in the kiowa shale in kansas , which also dates to about 100 million years ago . that vertebra came from a shark that was up to 32 feet ( 9 . 8 meters ) long .\nby comparing the new vertebra with the one from kansas , the team concluded the texas shark was likely the same species as the kansas specimen . the texan could have been at least 20 . 3 feet ( 6 . 2 m ) long , though that is a conservative estimate , frederickson said . ( still , the texas shark would have been no match for the biggest shark that ever lived , the 60 - foot - long , or 18 m , megalodon . )\nby analyzing similar ecosystems from the mesozoic era , the team concluded the sharks in both texas and kansas were probably leptostyrax macrorhiza . previously , the only fossils from leptostyrax thatpaleontologists had found were teeth , making it hard to gauge the shark ' s true size . the new study , which was published today ( june 3 ) in the journal plos one , suggests this creature was much bigger than previously thought , frederickson said .\nstill , it ' s not certain the new vertebrae belonged to leptostyrax , said kenshu shimada , a paleobiologist at depaul university in chicago , who unearthed the 1997 shark vertebra .\nit is also entirely possible that they may belong to an extinct shark with very small teeth so far not recognized in the present fossil record ,\nshimada , who was not involved in the current study , told live science .\nfor example , some of the largest modern - day sharks are plankton - feeding forms with minute teeth , such as the whale shark , basking shark and megamouth shark .\neither way , the new finds change the picture of the early cretaceous seas .\npreviously , researchers thought the only truly massive predators of the day were the fearsome pliosaurs , long - necked , long - snouted relatives to modern - day lizards that could grow to nearly 40 feet ( 12 m ) in length . now , it seems the oceans were teeming with enough life to support at least two top predators , frederickson said .\nas for the ancient shark ' s feeding habits , they might resemble those of modern great white sharks , who\neat whatever fits in their mouth ,\nfrederickson said . if these ancient sea monsters were similar , they might have fed on large fish , baby pliosaurs , marine reptiles and even full - grown pliosaurs that they scavenged , frederickson said .\nfollow tia ghose on twitter and google + . follow live science @ livescience , facebook & google + . originally published on live science ."]}
{"id": 884, "summary": [{"text": "the black-crested coquette ( lophornis helenae ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in belize , costa rica , guatemala , honduras , mexico , and nicaragua .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "black - crested coquette", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for black - crested coquette ( lophornis helenae ) yet .\nthe black - crested coquette is sedentary in its range . some irregular seasonal altitudinal movements can be observed .\nrange : the black - crested coquette is found in s mexico and s to e costa rica , but also in belize , guatemala , honduras and nicaragua .\nthe black - crested coquette ( lophornis helenae ) is a central american hummingbird that occurs naturally in southern mexico ( veracruz , oaxaca , chiapas ) south to eastern costa rica .\ndiet : the black - crested coquette feeds on nectar from several flowers such as clusia , cordia , dipterix , hampea and others . it also consumes arthropods gleaned from foliage and twigs .\nthe black - crested coquette has a very short red bill with a black tip . the back is glossy green ; the rump is blackish - and a white band separates the green back from the black rump . the under plumage is greenish bronze spotted . its most distinctive feature is the white rump band .\nbehaviour : the black - crested coquette usually forages at canopy level . it feeds on nectar from flowers of several plant species . it also gleans arthropods from the vegetation , foliage and tiny branches .\nhabitat : the black - crested coquette frequents semi - open habitats . it also can be seen at forest edges , in second growth and plantations . this species occurs between 100 and 1200 metres of elevation .\nthe black - crested coquette adult male has bronze - green upperparts and white band across the rump , whereas the uppertail coverts are black . wings are dark olive - green . tail is slightly forked , with dark green central rectrices and other tail feathers are rufous with dusky green edges .\nflight : the black - crested coquette performs active hovering to feed on nectar from flowers . it is able to fly forwards and backwards , and the wings draw flattened \u201c8\u201d . such active flight requires energy , and according to the temperature , the frequency of wing - beats changes , involving energy conservation .\nthe adult male has a long black and green crest . the throat is sparkling green with showy black - and - buff throat ( gorget ) feathers extending from his lower throat .\n6\u00b74\u20137 cm ; male and female 2\u00b76\u20132\u00b78 g . male has short straight bill , red , tipped black ; crown iridescent green , wispy crest hair - like , black , . . .\nprotection / threats / statuts : the black - crested coquette is uncommon , but the species is not threatened at this moment . this species frequents man - made habitats such as plantations , and the numbers of mature birds are relatively stable , in spite of some declines ( about 10 % ) in the last ten years .\nreproduction : the nesting behaviour of the black - crested coquette is poorly known . nest has been found in march , placed at the end of a twig , at about 8 metres above the ground . the tiny nest is cup - shaped and made with fine plant materials . the nest - site is probably near the feeding areas .\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nas other hummingbirds from small to large species , the black - crested coquette defends its feeding territory against intruders . even if many species are trap - line feeders on nectar sources too scattered to be defended , and do not establish true feeding territories , some intimidation behaviour occurs if two birds feed in close vicinity . they are mainly non - territorial but with limits , according to the situation .\ndescription : all members of genus lophornis have a conspicuous crest often raised during the displays . the hummingbirds named \u201ccoquette\u201d are among the tiniest birds .\nz\u00fcchner , t . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black - crested coquette ( lophornis helenae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the black - crested coquette , as other trochilid species , utters high - pitched , short calls . these unmelodious sounds are heard when the birds are feeding \u201cteek\u201d , or as advertising calls when they defend a rich food source . but usually , singing activity is closely associated to breeding season during which they utter a repeated upslurred \u201ctsuwee\u201d , and also to defence behaviour . when fighting , they give a high - pitched twittering .\nthe female black - crested coquette is responsible for building the cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location in a shrub , bush or tree . she lines the nest with soft plant fibers , animal hair and feather down , and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material , giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room . the nest is typically found on a low , skinny horizontal branch .\non the underparts , the throat is glossy green and the breast is black , bordered by bronze breast band . belly is white and shows conspicuous iridescent golden - bronze rounded spots . vent is white . undertail coverts are rufous .\nthe black - crested coquettes primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , herbs , shrubs and epiphytes . they favor flowers with the highest sugar content ( often red - colored and tubular - shaped ) and seek out , and aggressively protect , those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar . they use their long , extendible , straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .\non the head , the crown is iridescent green and shows a wispy crest made with some elongated dark feathers . face is darker , rather glossy blackish - green according to the lighting . we can see some other elongated lateral feathers on the throat sides . these feathers are black , with pale buff inner web .\nthe thin , straight bill is red with black tip . eyes are dark brown . short legs and feet are pinkish - grey . feet are reduced because the hummingbirds do not use them for hopping , walking or climbing as numerous other birds\u2019 species do . this criterion is common to all hummingbirds which spend most of the day hovering . such flight requires a lot of energy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nauthors : mar\u00eea del coro arizmendi , claudia i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , carlos a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , guy m . kirwan , and thomas s . schulenberg\narizmendi , m . d . c . , c . i . rodr\u00edguez - flores , c . a . soberanes - gonz\u00e1lez , g . m . kirwan , and t . s . schulenberg ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmartin flack , claude king , jacqueserard , joseph c . boone , marc fasol , holger teichmann , david lingard , beat . r , ken havard , tadeusz rosinski , dusan m . brinkhuizen .\nformerly placed , together with its sister - species l . adorabilis , in a separate genus , paphosia . monotypic .\ns mexico ( veracruz , n oaxaca , chiapas ) s to ec costa rica .\nmostly silent . presumed song a repeated clear , upslurred \u201ctsuwee\u201d . calls include a quiet , metallic . . .\nsemi - open habitats , forest edge , second growth , gaps and plantations at 100\u20131200 m . forages . . .\nnest found in mar ; small , cup - shaped at end of twig 8 m above ground . no further information available .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . generally uncommon . may accept man - made habitats like plantations to some extent . species has been recorded in sierra de los tuxtlas ( . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent molecular analysis found that most genera in the following linear sequence , from heliangelus to metallura , are members of a monophyletic group # r ; authors of that study also proposed that polyonymus , sappho and taphrolesbia ( not sampled in their analysis ) be included in same group .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 664 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\na guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124\nl\u2019encyclopedie mondiale des oiseaux - dr christopher m . perrins - bordas - isbn : 2040185607\nfemale has whitish throat flecked dark . she has shorter crest , and the feathers of the throat sides are absent . tail is rounded . bill is blackish on the upper mandible .\nimmature male resembles female and shows vestige of crest . throat is whitish and upper breast is blackish .\nthis species feeds by \u201ctrap - lining\u201d technique , as several species do according to the bill - shape . the members of genus lophornis take advantage of their very small size , resembling large insects , and do not hesitate to feed in areas within a territory which is not directly visible or guarded by the owner . they forage in trap - line , following a repeated foraging circuit .\nduring the courtship displays , the male expose its glossy plumage . the crest is also displayed , as the elongated feathers of the throat sides . displays are accompanied by vocalizations . the white rump is probably exposed too , the male raising the back feathers to show off the white area . males are usually polygamous .\ntheir preferred habitats include subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests or moist montanes , as well as heavily degraded former forest .\njuveniles and adult females lack the crest and throat patch of the adult male . he plumage is more brownish and generally duller .\nhummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding ; and the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female . they neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species . males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them . he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .\nthe average clutch consists of two white eggs , which she incubates alone , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on . the young are born blind , immobile and without any down .\nthe female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . the female pushes the food down the chicks ' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .\nas is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 20 days old .\nmany native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .\nthey may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .\nthey also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .\nmales establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nnatural vocalization ; calls and wing noise from a male bird visiting some porterweed at very close range . surrounding habitat was dense primary foothill forest . the bird was calling consistently , but this was all i could get due to very heavy traffic nearby .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nbirding costa rica provides tour services with the highest levels of customer satisfaction . johan fernandez will share the beauty of nature and birds on costa rica and help those birdwatchers from different parts of the world who want to visit costa rica and do birdwatching , so he is ready to respond those questions to make your trip more successful .\ncontacted johan thru other tripadvisor reports , and we were not disappointed . he organised all hotel , dining and local travel arrangements . he is a\nhawk eye\nwhen it comes to tracking and spotting birds . very knowledgeable . our 10 day trip covered a good variety of local terrain types with a wide range of species seen and photographed . good company also . would . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 886, "summary": [{"text": "melanothrix nymphaliaria is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1866 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on java , sumatra and borneo and possibly also in the philippines .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adult males have an almost triangular white patch on the forewing costa postmedially with a straight exterior margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "females have a basal black patch on the forewings with a central extension that almost reaches the marginal black area . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "melanothrix nymphaliaria", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb animalia - animals \u00bb lepidoptera - butterflies and moths \u00bb eupterotidae \u00bb melanothrix nymphaliaria albidior \u00bb 5 - 000 - 000 - 009 - 605 . jpg\nselect a genus & species eupterote hubner - eupterote multiarcuata holloway - eupterote naessigi sp . n . - eupterote obsolete talbot - eupterote niassana rothschild - eupterote asclepiades felder comb . n . - eupterote muluana sp . n . - eupterote harmani sp . n . ganisa walker - ganisa plana walker - ganisa similis moore pseudojana hampson - pseudojana perspicuifascia - pseudojana obscura sp . n . melanothrix felder - melanothrix nymphaliaria walker - melanothrix latevittata grunberg - melanothrix fumosa swinhoe - melanothrix alternans pagenstecher\nmelanothrix ( eupterotini ) ; forbes , 1955 , tijdschr . ent . 98 : 129\nmelanothrix felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 94 , f . 2 ; ts : melanothrix pulchricolor felder\ngnophos nymphaliaria walker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . , 35 : 1598 melanothrix pulchricolor felder , 1874 , in felder & rogenhofer , reise oest . fregatte novara ( zool . ) 2 ( abt . 2 ) , p . 194 : 2 euterote coryna swinhoe , 1893 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) , 12 : 211 . melanothrix albidior rothschild , 1910 melanothrix radiata grunberg , 1914 , ent . rundschau 31 : 21 , syn . n . melanothrix leucotrigona sundaensis holloway , 1976 : 54 , syn . n .\ngnophos nymphaliaria waker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . , 35 : 1598 . melanothrix pulchricolor felder , 1874 , in felder & rogenhofer , reise oest . fregatte novara ( zool . ) 2 ( abt . 2 ) , p . 194 : 2 . euterote ( sic ) coryna swinhoe , 1893 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) , 12 : 211 . melanothrix atropurpurea aurivillius , 1894 , ent . tidskr . 15 : 172 . ssp . albidior rothschild . melanothrix albidior rothschild , 1910 , novit . zool . 17 : 463 . melanothrix radiata grunberg , 1914 , ent . rundschau 31 : 21 , syn . n . melanthrix leucotrigona sundaensis holloway , 1976 : 54 , syn . n .\nmelanothrix pulchricolor felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 94 , f . 2 , ( 5 ) ( erkl\u00e4rung ) 6 ; tl : java ; philippines\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nassociation of males and females still unreconfirmed to wait for the barcode data ( w . f . nassig )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nwalker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndo you know what is on photography ? add determination commentary near this photos .\npod\u00edvejte se na meloidae namibie bologna . 2018 m\u011bl by to b\u00fdt hycleus brinski kaszab 1956 . tak\u00e9 jsem ho m\u011bl za\u0159azen\u00fd u rodu ceroctis .\nto me this looks like a typical specimen of kuschelina bergi ( harold , 1881 ) ."]}
{"id": 887, "summary": [{"text": "dibbler is the common name for parantechinus apicalis , an endangered species of marsupial .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is an inhabitant of the southwest mainland of western australia and some offshore islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is a member of the order dasyuromorphia , and the only member of the genus , parantechinus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the dibbler is a small , nocturnal carnivore with speckled fur that is white around the eyes . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "dibbler", "paragraphs": ["dibbler / server - client - classification . conf at master \u00b7 tomaszmrugalski / dibbler \u00b7 github\ndibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) recovery plan ( pdf - 281 . 81 kb )\n2011 - 05 - 11 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 0 has been released . that is a new release after long time . dibbler development just resumed .\ndibbler uses poslib library to communicate with dns servers ( dns update mechanism ) .\ntoplis and dibbler , publishers of artistic and educative works for the discerning connisseur .\nyou selected southern dibbler ( english ) . this is a common name for :\nperth zoo breeds dibblers for release into the wild as part of the dibbler recovery plan . for more information , on the dibbler recovery plan 2003 \u2013 2013 see urltoken\nthe wizard rincewind had a theory that equivalents of dibbler are everywhere . this theory is borne out by the appearance of several versions of dibbler throughout the discworld series :\nyou can also browse source directly with your web browser : dibbler sources at github .\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - addrparams . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - auth . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - autodetect . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - custom . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - fqdn . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - stateless . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - ta . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / relay - 1interface . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - 3classes . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - addrparams . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - auth . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - extraopts . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - fqdn . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - leasequery . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - relay . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - route . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - script . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - stateless . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - subnet . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - ta . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / scripts / bison - sanitizer . py\nto generate windows installer , a cool inno setup tool was used . dibbler user ' s guide was written in latex , dibbler developer ' s guide was generated using doxygen .\n2011 - 09 - 05 : dibbler source has been moved to git repository at github .\nall these dibbler - variants appear to be based at the same address in monkey street .\nconduct fox control , and if appropriate , feral cat control , to protect mainland dibbler populations .\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / client - prefix - delegation . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / relay - echo - remoteid . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - bulk - lq . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - client - classification . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - guess - mode . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - per - client . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - prefix - delegation . conf\n/ usr / share / licenses / dibbler - docs - 1 . 0 . 1 / license\ncommunity participation is strongly recommended for recovery activities , including monitoring existing and reintroduced populations , habitat protection , promoting public awareness of the dibbler and its threatened status and canvassing communities for dibbler sighting reports .\nfair go dibbler sold the archetypal pie floaters on the lost continent of fourecks ( the last continent ) .\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / examples / server - relay - interface - id . conf\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / scripts / notify - scripts / server - notify . sh\nthe dibbler ( parantichinus apicalis ) recovery plan ( 2004 ) ( friend 2004 ) provides detailed management documentation for the dibbler , as does the action plan for australian marsupials and monotremes ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\npoint - me - own - bone dibjla , an aboriginal dibbler from fourecks in the discworld 2 pc game .\ndibbler 0 . 4 . 0 is available in the pld linux distribution , which supports various non - x86 architectures .\n/ usr / share / doc / dibbler / scripts / notify - scripts / client - notify - linux . sh\nthe term dibbleganger has been coined by an unsung genius to describe the many morphic resonances of dibbler around the disc .\ndibbler himself has also used various extremely flimsy alternative names to lend credence to his various business ventures . these include :\nsee changelog for a complete list of changes . if you find bugs , please report them on dibbler bugzilla . if you need help or want to share your thoughts , take a look at one of two mailing lists : dibbler or dibbler - devel . please do not contact author directly , unless you want to report security issues or discuss confidential matters .\ndibbler is a portable dhcpv6 implementation . it supports stateful ( i . e . ipv6 address granting and ipv6 prefix delegation ) as well as stateless ( i . e . option granting ) autoconfiguration for ipv6 . this package contains dibbler documentation .\nif you use dibbler and live in a country not listed above , let me know so i can update this list .\nthe dibbler recovery plan 2003 \u2013 2013 includes actions to protect and monitor existing populations , maintain a captive breeding colony to provide animals for translocations , establish new populations through translocations , encourage community involvement in dibbler recovery and improve our knowledge of the species .\ndibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) recovery plan 2003 - 2013 ( friend , t . , 2004a ) [ state recovery plan ] .\ndickman , c . r . ( 1986 ) . return of the phantom dibbler . australian natural history . 22 : 33 .\nif you are thinking about joining or contributing to the dibbler project , you may want to see this developer ' s todo list .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis )\ntitle =\narkive species - dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nif you have successfuly run dibbler on onther architectures or systems , let me know so i can update this list . if you would like to have dibbler running on some other architecture not mentioned above , and you are ready to provide me access to such hardware , let me know .\nhere ' s newest stable version . if you need , for some reason , older releases , you can find them in the dibbler directory .\nmills , h . , b . spencer . 2003 . polymorphic microsatellites identified in an endangered dasyurid marsupial , the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) .\ndiet : the dibbler is a carnivore and feeds mostly on ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates but also eats small lizards , birds and mammals .\nwolfe , k . , h . robertson , r . bencini . 2000 . the mating behavior of the dibbler , parantechinus apicalis , in captivity .\nthis is an article about dibbler . it was published on the contel ' 05 conference , held in zagreb , croatia . my presentation is also included .\nother names : southern dibbler the dibbler was first described as phascogale apicalis by grey ( 1842 ) but was reassigned soon afterwards to the antechinus genus . the antechinus was later reassessed and split into two , resulting in the dibbler being placed in the newly created parantechinus genus ( tate 1947 , in friend 2004 ) . no subspecies have been described although mainland specimens are significantly larger than island animals and genetic studies suggest genetic differentiation between mainland and island populations ( friend 2004 ; woolley 1991 ) .\nanother issue that i have encountered is a lack of access to non - x86 architectures . i would like to develop dibbler versions for other architectures , eg . 64 - bit or mac . so , if you are a well prospering company and you find dibbler useful , consider supporting open source development and donating some of your equipment .\nall versions are stored in the / dhcpv6 / dibbler / directory . take note that they are kept for archeological / sentimental purposes only . please use latest version only .\nfauna species profiles - dibbler parantechinus apicalis ( gray , 1842 ) ( western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) , 2010g ) [ information sheet ] .\nthis project was started in 2003 as master thesis by tomasz mrugalski and marek senderski of computer science faculty on gdansk university of technology . this project is named dibbler ( after famous cmot dibbler from fantastic discworld series by terry pratchett ) . if you are interested in porting it to other systems / architectures , contact tomasz mrugalski for info and guidelines .\ntime zone - to avoid time - related ambiguation , each host should have timezone set properly . dibbler is able to pass this parameter to all clients , who request it .\nmoro , d . ( 1999 ) . our island home : dibbler recovery on islands off western australia . in : newsletter of the australian mammal society . november : 42 .\nthreats : the dibbler is threatened by loss of habitat caused by land clearing , die - back disease and wildfires . introduced predators such as foxes and cats also prey on them .\nthere are reports that dibbler has problems on ubuntu 14 . 04 . that was traced to a linux kernel issue and is fixed in 3 . 15 . 2 . see bug # 302 .\nmorcombe , m . k . ( 1967 ) . the rediscovery after 83 years of the dibbler antechinus apicalis ( marsupialia , dasyuridae ) . western australian naturalist . 10 : 102 - 111 .\nusers : mailing list was created to support dibbler users . feel free to discuss any topic related to dibbler or dhcpv6 in general . you can also ask for help here . if you want to subscribe , please send mail with subject\nsubscribe\nto urltoken . you will receive confirmation request shortly . you can also subscribe to mailing list using www browser . there are list archives available .\nthe dibbler was thought to be extinct by the early 1900s ! in 1967 a pair was collected by chance from cheyne beach on the south coast of western australia . since then , only small numbers have been found in two isolated locations . the dibbler used to be widespread throughout near - coastal areas across much of south - west western australia and also on the eyre peninsula in south australia .\nsurveys were carried out in the fitzgerald river national park for dibblers , and found that the dibbler population in the park has increased in number since the application of fox control ( script 2006 ) .\nmiller , s . , r . bencini , h . mills , d . moro . 2003 . food availability for the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on boullanger and whitlock islands , western australia .\nmuir , b . g . ( 1985 ) . the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis : dasyuridae ) found in fitzgerald river national park , western australia . western australian naturalist . 16 : 48 - 51 .\nin the compleat ankh - morpork , it is revealed that dibbler is one half of a publishing house based on monkey street called toplis & dibbler . the identity of the mysterious mr toplis , if he exists , is not yet known . but this publishing firm is responsible for the magazines back street pins and girls , giggles and garters . top - quality works for the discerning connoisseur of art , naturally .\ndibbler client now configures received prefix with / 128 , not / 64 . this will likely raise some eyebrows , but that how dhcpv6 is supposed to work . please see bug # 222 for extra details .\nanother article about dibbler . this one describes dns update issues and some authentication related topics . it was published on the it ' 2008 conference , held in gdansk , poland . my presentation is also included .\nwoolley , p . a . ( 1977 ) . in search of the dibbler , antechinus apicalis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) . journal of the royal society of western australia . 59 : 111 - 117 .\nbencini , r . , c . mcculloch , h . mills , a . start . 2001 . habitat and diet of the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on two islands in jurien bay , western australia .\nfuller , p . j & burbidge , a . a . ( 1987 ) . discovery of the dibbler , parantechinus apicalis , on islands at jurien bay . western australian naturalist . 16 : 177 - 181 .\nferal predators introduced predators , such as foxes , prey on dibblers . for instance , a radio - tracking study found the remains of a radio - collared dibbler in fox scat in the fitzgerald river national park in 2001 ( friend 2004 ) . the arrival of foxes in nsw in the 1920s coincides with the decline of dibblers over much of their historical range . likewise , cats are known to take dibblers and are present throughout their mainland range ( woolley 1977 ) . while feral cats and foxes are absent on the islands inhabited by the dibbler , the possibility of their introduction poses a serious potential threat to the dibbler ( friend 2004 ) .\nthe dibbler occurs within a number of reserves : fitzgerald river , torndirrup , peniup and waychinicup national parks . in addition , boullanger , whitlock and escape islands are designated class a nature reserves under western australian environmental protection legislation .\nbaczocha , n . & a . n . start ( 1996 ) . status and ecology of the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) in western australia . half - yearly report . department of conservation and land management , perth .\nwoolley , p . a . ( 1971 ) . observations on the reproductive biology of the dibbler , antechinus apicalis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) . journal of the royal society of western australia . 54 : 99 - 102 .\nntp servers - to prevent clock misconfiguration and drift , ntp protocol can be used to synchronize clocks . however , to successful use it , location of near ntp servers must be known . dibbler is able to configure this information .\ndibbler 0 . 7 . 1 has been ported to embedded devices , e . g . wireless router linksys wrt54g . currently there is an ongoing work to update openwrt ' s repositories with updated 0 . 7 . 1 version .\ndibbler ' s nickname was inadvertently suggested to him in night watch by the transported samuel vimes , who instantly rued it . this in itself is a time paradox ( which was of course evened out by the history monks ) .\ndibbler appeared in the cosgrove hall animations of soul music and ( despite not being in the book ) wyrd sisters , in which his appearance seemed to be modelled on private joe walker , the spiv in dad ' s army .\nthe dibbler ' s status as\nendangered\non the iucn red list of threatened species was based on an inferred , observed , or projected continuing decline in the number of mature individuals in the population ( ammsg 1996 ) .\nmiller , susan , roberta bencini , harriet mills & dorian moro ( 2003 ) . food availability for the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on boullanger and whitlock islands , western australia . wildlife research . 30 : 649 - 654 .\nwoolley , p . a . ( 1995b ) . southern dibbler , parantechinus apicalis . in : strahan , r . , ed . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 72 - 73 . reed books , sydney .\ncut - me - own - throat dibbler appears in the discworld computer game . he also appears in discworld 2 , along with many of the other dibblers , including d ' blah and point - me - own - bone dibjla ( who is exclusive to the game ) . additionally , in discworld noir , cmot dibbler is mentioned in the game on an octarine parrot bill and is said to be the one who gave lewton his imp - powered coffee machine .\n2011 - 11 - 13 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 1 release candidate 1 is released . this release introduces number of useful additions , new features and the usual bug fixes . in particular , the highlights of this release are :\nit was on this day in 1936 that australia said farewell to the very last tasmanian tiger . behind the scenes of perth zoo a new generation of joeys is bringing hope for preventing the endangered numbat and dibbler from facing the same fate .\nconcern that mus was depressing dibbler numbers led to their introduction to escape island ( moro 2003 ) . a study of the feasibility of eradicating the mice has been carried out ( friend et al . 2009 ) and the dibbler recovery team is overseeing a project aimed at carrying out the eradication ( j . friend pers . comm . ) . mills et al . ( 2006 ) found that the boullanger and whitlock island subpopulations had low levels of heterozygosity and high levels of inbreeding compared with mainland populations . the whitlock island dibbler subpopulation appears to have been founded by animals from boullanger island , but founder effects and isolation have resulted in two genetically distinct subpopulations . there is evidence of some genetic exchange , but only as a rare event .\nnormal and temporary addresses - depending on its purpose , client can be configured to ask for normal ( ia na option ) or temporary ( ia ta option ) . although use of temporary addresses is rather uncommon , both dibbler server and client support it .\nthe male dibbler can grow to 14 cm long ( between head and body ) and its tail can grow to 11 . 5 cm long . males weigh up to 100 g while the slightly smaller female weighs up to 75 g ( strahan 2004 ) .\ntrapping surveys found that the dibbler uses all habitats on boullanger island yet , on whitlock island , significantly greater trapping success rates were recorded in the dunal scrubland dominated by nitraria billardierei and foredune heath than in succulent heath ( bencini et al . 2001 ) .\nthe original article was at cut - me - own - throat dibbler . the list of authors can be seen in the page history . as with the discworld wiki , the text of wikipedia : wikipedia is available under the wikipedia : gnu free documentation license .\ngiven the very small size of boullanger and whitlock islands ( 25 ha and 5 . 2 ha respectively ) it is possible that a particularly severe storm , cyclone or drought could wipe out dibbler populations on one or both of the islands ( friend 2004 ) .\nwoolley , p . a . & valente , a . ( 1982 ) . the dibbler , parantechinus apicalis ( marsupialia : dasyuridae ) : failure to locate populations in four regions in the south of western australia . australian mammalogy . 5 : 241 - 245 .\nbencini , r . , c . mcculloch , h . r . mills & a . start ( 2001 ) . habitat and diet of the dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) on two islands in jurien bay , western australia . wildlife research . 28 : 465 - 468 .\n2011 - 02 - 11 : i ' m happy to announce that my 7 year struggle to complete my ph . d . is finally over . it appears that i will finally have some time to reinvigorate dibbler . there are many things happening lately in dhcp world , so it seems i ' ll be busy in the near future . in the mean time , dibbler became quite outdated . please send a note to the mailing list regarding missing features that you find the most urgent to develop . cheers , tomasz mrugalski , ph . d .\ndibbler is a portable dhcpv6 implementation . it supports stateful ( i . e . ipv6 address granting and ipv6 prefix delegation ) as well as stateless ( i . e . option granting ) autoconfiguration for ipv6 . currently linux 2 . 4 or later and windows xp or later are supported . it features easy to use install packages ( clickable windows installer and rpm and deb packages for linux ) and extensive documentation ( both for users as well as developers ) . dibbler is developed under gnu gpl licence . it means that it is free for all , including commercial usage .\nall areas where dibblers are known to occur are conservation reserves managed by the western australian department of environment and conservation , which conducts ongoing research and management of the dibbler . in areas occupied by dibblers , management focuses on maintaining significant areas of long - unburnt habitat and preventing the spread of\n2013 - 07 - 30 : dibbler 1 . 0 . 0 release candidate 1 has been released ! this version is being released today to celebrate 10th anniversary of the dhcpv6 protocol . the rfc3315 that defines it was published exactly 10 years ago - on 30th july of 2003 . according to the author ' s knowledge , dibbler is currently the only implementation that implements every feature mentioned in the rfc3315 . please note that feature complete does not mean bug free ; - ) this release brings in all outstanding rfc3315 features that used to be missing in previous releases . in particular :\nwhen dibbler ' s business plans fail , he falls back to selling ( mostly ) ' pies with personality ' and ' pig ' sausages - in - buns on the streets of ankh - morpork . he has been accused of ' not being able to make both ends meat . '\nseabirds the importance of seabirds and seabird burrows to the dibbler is currently being investigated . it appears that a complex set of interactions between seabirds and dibblers affect the reproductive success of the dibbler and influences the rate of facultative male die - off by increasing the level of resources available to dibblers ( wolfe et al . 2004 ) . seabirds can significantly increase the availability of resources by increasing the concentration of nutrients in the soil , ultimately leading to an increase in the abundance of primary ( plants ) and secondary ( plant eaters ) consumers ( wolfe et al . 2004 ) .\nthe dibbler ' s need for long - unburnt vegetation may be related to high invertebrate density in thick leaf litter accumulations or to the cover afforded by dense vegetation which protects against predators , including birds of prey and , at mainland sites , the introduced fox and feral cat ( friend 2004 ) . in the absence of foxes , the dibbler may occupy vegetation at an earlier stage of recovery after fire ( friend 2004 ) . dibblers on boullanger and whitlock islands often enter seabird burrows , although it is unclear whether this is for refuge , foraging or rest ( friend 2004 ) .\n2015 - 08 - 09 : dibbler 1 . 0 . 1 has been released . it contains a number of bug fixes that were already released in the 1 . 0 . 1 release candidate 1 and several new fixes . one of them may have security implications , so upgrade is strongly encouraged .\nthe dibbler is a carnivorous marsupial which is brownish - grey above , freckled with white , and greyish - white tinged with yellow below . dibblers are readily distinguished by the white rings around their eyes , a tapering , hairy tail , and the freckled appearance of its fur ( strahan 2004 ) .\nhabitat modification the distribution of the dibbler declined dramatically following european settlement , with population numbers falling so low that it was considered extinct by 1904 ( bencini et al . 2001 ) . much of the distributional decline was probably due to extensive land clearing and modification of heathland habitat for farming and grazing .\ndescription : the dibbler is a small marsupial with coarse brownish grey fur , speckled with white . it has distinctive white eye - rings and a tapering hairy tail . they are very agile animals and , despite spending much of their time on the ground , often climb bushes to lick the nectar from flowers .\ncommon name : dibbler scientific name : parantechinus apicalis habitat : it lives in low banksia heath on sand in the sout west of western australia . diet : eats a variety of small invertebrates and also nectar from flowers . size : it grows to a maximum of 145mm plus a tail of 115mm . it weighs about 100grams .\nduring dibbler development , i have encountered several problems with equipment availability . this project has no budget and i develop everything in my home . i have several computers , so i can build basic configuration . however , i don ' t have any fancy hardware , so i can ' t verify any of the more advanced setups .\nthe dibbler is a small brownish - grey animal with flecks of white through its coat . the underside is greyish - white tinged with yellow . it has a tapering hairy tail and distinctive white rings around each eye . males are significantly larger than females , with some reaching up to 120 g and females reaching about 80 g .\nanalysis of dibbler scats from boullanger and whitlock islands showed that the diet is dominated by arthropods ( 65 % ) with some vegetable ( 25 % ) matter ( bencini et al . 2001 ) . scat analysis has identified beetles , cockroaches , grasshoppers , termites , ants and spiders in the diet of the dibbler , as well as the remains of feathers and lizard scales ( bencini et al . 2001 ; fuller & burbidge 1987 ) . dibblers are also reported to feed on house mice ( mus musculus ) , which are abundant on boullanger and whitlock islands , as well as vegetable material ( dickman 1986 ) . plant matter was identified from approximately 25 % of scats from boullanger and whitlock islands , and it has been suggested that the proportion of plant matter eaten may vary seasonally or be dependent on the availability of other prey . plant matter may also represent a source of water for the dibbler as there are no free water sources on the islands ( bencini et al . 2001 ) .\nother dibbler equivalents include ratonasticthenes from ephebe , mentioned in the science of discworld . it was previously thought they might all be related , but the discworld companion explains that this is parallel evolution . ' wherever people are prepared to eat terrible food , ' it says , ' there will be someone there to sell it to them . '\nfriend , t . ( 2004 ) . non - current dibbler ( parantechinus apicalis ) recovery plan 2003 - 2013 . department of conservation and land management . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 18 - aug - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2015 .\nfire the majority of dibblers have been found in areas free from fire for 10 years or longer . the boullanger and whitlock islands , for example , have not been burnt in recent times ( friend 2004 ) . it is possible that the presence of long - unburnt habitat becomes even more important to the dibbler when predators , such as raptors , foxes and cats , are present , as such vegetation can provide dense cover and protection from predators . high intensity wildfires in heathland habitats remove all vegetation and restoration of dense cover following a wildfire can take decades in drought affected areas . frequent or extensive fire in the range of the dibbler must therefore be considered a threat ( friend 2004 ) .\nestablish a captive breeding program and translocate captive - bred individuals to suitable secure locations ( three additional mainland locations are recommended ) . when considering future sites for translocation of the dibbler , invertebrate surveys should be conducted to determine whether an area had sufficient diversity and number of invertebrates to support a population of dibblers ( miller et al . 2003 ) .\ndibbler authentication - it is a rewritten mechanism used in earlier versions . it has number of advantages compared to delayed authentication , but has a number of advantages over it . first , it secures the whole transmission , including initial solicit message . second , it offers much stronger digests : hmac - md5 , hmac - sha1 , hmac - sha224 , hmac - sha256 , hmac - sha384 and hmac - sha512 . as this is dibbler specific extension , it is not expected to inter - operate with any other implementations . third , it does not require to maintain strict client duid - key - id bindings on the server side , as clients send id of the key they used to protect their transmissions .\nthere are a number of threatening processes operating in the range of the dibbler , many of which are likely to be affecting its survival . these include predation , fire , habitat degradation and destruction , diseases affecting food plants , competition with introduced mice and activities that might cause seabirds to abandon islands ( friend 2004 ; wolfe et al . 2004 ) .\nin ankh - morpork , dibbler ' s nickname cmot comes from his claims along the lines of\nselling this at such a low price that it ' s cutting me own throat\n. the omnian dhblah makes a similar claim earning him the nickname cut - me - own - hand - off . not all dibblers make claims about the pricing aspect . the agatean dibhala says\nmay i disembowel meself honourably !\nwhen customers complain about the low quality of his merchandise ( in interesting times ) . no dibblers have been found in \u00fcberwald as of yet , but since the local lore strictly prohibits the purveyance of dodgy sausages , locating a dibbler there may require a closer inspection of the local gibbets .\npopulation numbers in many of australia ' s small carnivorous marsupials ( dasyurids ) are affected by annual die - off of males , leading to extreme natural fluctuations in population numbers . however , the rate of die - off in dibbler males , and thus the intensity of natural fluctuations , also fluctuates from year to year and between locations in response to resource availability .\nfollowing european settlement , the distribution of the dibbler declined and it became confined to the western and southern coasts of western australia . while specimens were collected during the 1800s , by the late 19th century it was considered rare . while a specimen was collected in 1904 ( bencini et al 2001 ) , it was in 1967 that the dibbler was re - discovered in a survey at cheyne beach , western australia ( morcombe 1967 ) . in 1985 dibblers were found in fitzgerald river national park and two further populations were found on the boullanger and whitlock islands off the western australian coast ( dickman 1986 ; fuller & burbidge 1987 ) . its current distribution represents a decline of around 90 % of its former range ( moro 2003 ) .\ndevelopers : second list is dedicated to free exchange of thoughts between people engaged in the dibbler development . sadly , this list will be even more desolated then the previous one . if you want to subscribe , please send mail with subject\nsubscribe\nto urltoken . you will receive confirmation request shortly . you can also subscribe to mailing list using www browser . there are list archives .\na character named c ! mot is briefly mentioned in the also people , a doctor who virgin new adventures novel by ben aaronovitch , running a t - shirt stall in the marketplace of whynot . aaronovitch has confirmed that c ! mot is intended as a parallel dibbler , although how similar he is to the original ( since the people have an entirely non - capitalist society ) is unknown .\nrelay support - in a larger network , which contains several ethernet segments and / or wireless areas , sometimes centrally located dhcpv6 server might not be directly reachable . in such cace , additional proxies , so called relays , might be deployed to relay communication between clients and a remote server . dibbler server supports indirect communication with clients via relays . standalone , lightweight relay implementation is also available . clients are capable of talking to the server directly or via relays .\ntrapping is the primary method used to survey dibbler populations . the escape island translocated population was surveyed using up to 100 elliott aluminium folding traps ( 320 x 900 x 1 000 mm ) spaced at approximately 20 m intervals . traps were set along three rows that extended the entire length of the island . trapping was conducted over three to four nights at key times of the year : pre and post breeding ( february - april ) and pre and post dispersal ( september - november ) ( moro 2003 ) .\nthe dibbler has a very small area of occupation of substantially less than 500 km 2 . on the mainland there are few , small , fragmented subpopulations that are inferred to be declining and require management to survive . an ongoing continuing decline is demonstrated by the recent loss of several subpopulations . it occurs naturally on two very small islands and , on the mainland , it survives naturally only in fitzgerald river national park . it has been introduced ( assisted colonisation ) to another small island , and has been reintroduced to one mainland location .\na reassessment of standard morphological characters within the carnivorous marsupials led tate ( 1947 ) to suggest splitting antechinus into four smaller genera , placing the dibbler in the new genus parantechinus as the type - species . subsequent studies supported this concept , including the work of woolley ( 1982 ) using penis morphology . there are , however , various views amongst morphologists on the inclusion of other species within the genus . molecular systematics has also supported a variety of arrangements within this section of the dasyuridae , and generic groupings are far from settled ( krajewski and westerman 2003 ) .\nthe dibbler once occurred widely with subfossil records suggesting a range from dirk hartog island ( shark bay ) and the zuytdorp cliffs north of geraldton , near jurien , to peak charles ( 130 km north east of esperance ) and east to the eyre peninsula , south australia . early specimens , all from western australia , came from moore river ( near today\u2019s new norcia ) , wanneroo , near kojonup , king george sound ( albany ) and \u2018salt river\u2019 ( pallinup river , 100 km north east of albany ) ( ride 1970 ; maxwell et al . 1996 ; friend 2004 ) .\nphytophthora dieback disease in native plants caused by phytophthora cinnamomi can extensively alter the structure and floristic composition of heath and mallee - heath communities ( friend 2004 ) . the mainland habitats inhabited by dibblers , particularly on the south coast , contain very susceptible plant species . the alteration of dibbler heathland habitat by plant diseases must be considered a potential threat . on the islands , however , the highly calcareous soils and different plant communities make the introduction of p . cinnamomi less likely . regardless , the transport of p . cinnamomi to islands should be minimised through rigorous application of simple hygiene measures ( friend 2004 ) .\nhouse mice mice ( mus musculus ) are abundant on boullanger and whitlock islands and have probably co - existed with dibblers for many years . mice were first recorded on boullanger island in 1959\u00961961 and on whitlock in 1985 ( ford 1963 ; fuller & burbidge 1987 ) . while dibblers are known to occasionally eat mice ( dickman 1986 ) the interactions between the two are unknown . mice may compete for resources ( food and space ) with dibblers and increase the risk of disease transmission and , as such , must be considered a potential threat to the long - term viability of the dibbler ( friend 2004 ) .\nthis implementation is developed using tools listed below . it may , of course , work with newer / older versions . even with other compilers . marek senderski developed winxp version using microsoft visual c + + 2003 , 2005 and 2008 editions . bison + + has been merged into cvs , so there should be no more problems with obtaining bison + + . note that bison + + is available in debian gnu / linux distribution . in parenthesis is version which has been used to develop dibbler . it will work for sure , but there ' s pretty good chance that other versions will work , too . here ' s the list :\n2013 - 04 - 27 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 4 release candidate 1 has been released . there is no single major new feature , just a lot of bug fixes . in particular , relay support has been rewritten . it is now possible to select subnet based on interface - id or value of linkaddr field set by the relay . client classification has been improved and now can be used to differentiate between 2 or more classes , e . g . docsis3 . 0 and erouter in cable networks . confirm support has been cleaned . daemon mode no longer has issues when reading from socket descriptor 0 . see changelog for a complete list of changes .\nthe dibbler was formerly widely distributed throughout south - western australia ( woolley 1995b ) , with subfossil records from zuytdorp cliffs and dirk hartog island in shark bay , south to yanchep , and from albany east to the eyre peninsula in south australia . the most inland record ( subfossil ) is from peak charles , about 150 km north of esperance ( maxwell et al 1996 ) . historical collections have been mainly confined to western australia , from the moore river area around perth , king george sound ( albany ) and the pallinup river ( formerly salt river ) east of albany . some collections may have also been made from an unknown location in south australia ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) .\n2014 - 07 - 13 : the second release candidate for dibbler 1 . 0 . 0 has been released . due to other obligations , 1 . 0 . 0rc1 was available for a very long time and i never had a chance to release 1 . 0 . 0 final . in the mean time , quite a few of fixes and small features were added ( changelog mentions 35 items , but i ' m sure some of them were not listed ) . so formally this is a second rc , but it contains unexpectedly large changes for an rc . keep that in mind . this time i expect the delay between rc and final to be much shorter ( couple weeks ) . couple changes worth mentioning :\nthe total population size of the dibbler is unknown . there is no information on the number of individuals inhabiting the mainland sites though some population estimates have been made for the three small offshore islands . it was estimated that 300 individuals inhabited boullanger and whitlock islands in 1990 ( flannery 1990a ) although by 1998 this estimate had dropped to 180 ( friend 2004 ) . at least 131 individuals in the translocated population on escape island were known to be alive in 2000 though this dropped to 67 the following year ( moro 2003 ) . of these 67 individuals known to be alive in 2001 , 63 were born on escape island , suggesting that the translocated population had bred successfully and that , as such , the population would increase ( moro 2003 ) .\n2015 - 04 - 07 - ihar hrachyshka < ihrachys @ redhat . com > - 1 . 0 . 1 - 0 . rc1 . 2 - package examples and scripts directories into - docs package . 2015 - 04 - 02 - ihar hrachyshka < ihrachys @ redhat . com > - 1 . 0 . 1 - 0 . rc1 . 1 - removed dibbler - common package , instead put _ sharedstatedir in each package that needs it . - added check section ( disabled for now due to upstream bug ) . - cleaned up scripts and examples for non - linux platforms . - removed group tags . - build - docs package as noarch . - preserve timestamps for files installed with ` install ` and ` cp ` . 2015 - 03 - 26 - ihar hrachyshka < ihrachys @ redhat . com > - 1 . 0 . 1 - 0 . rc1 - initial package build .\n2013 - 01 - 20 : dibbler 0 . 8 . 3 has been released . the biggest feature is a rewritten address and prefix allocation engine . both follow the same algorithm now . it is possible to reserve specific address and / or prefix for a given host . the host can be referenced by duid , remote - id or link - local address . both in - pool and out - of - pool reservations are now supported . support for ddns is now significantly improved . secure dns updates using tsig are now supported . many , many bugs were fixed and the fqdn handling code is now much more robust . the code now compiles on solaris 11 . it is not yet fully usable , and there are outstanding problems with link - layer address detection , but it is better than nothing . script execution is now improved as well . it is called when receiving stateless configuration ( after receiving reply to inf - request ) and extra options ( like fqdn and vendor - specific info ) are now properly passed . see changelog for a complete list of changes .\nj . a . friend wildlife management program no . 38 department of conservation and land management , july 2003\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nendangered b2ab ( i , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1\nintroduced foxes and cats are known to prey on this species , and are found throughout its known mainland range , though they are not present on the islands . the plant disease phytophthora cinnamomi is a threat to dibblers , as it adversely alters their habitat . introduced mice are also a potential threat on boullanger and whitlock islands , due to competition ( friend 2004 ) . because this species is dependent on habitat that has not been recently burned , frequent and intense fire is a major threat .\n\u00b7 carry out genetic monitoring and management of reintroduced populations . this has not commenced yet due to lack of funding\nsince rediscovery in 1967 , there have been numerous searches for dibblers on the mainland , often without success , even at locations where specimens had been obtained opportunistically ( e . g . woolley and valente 1982 ) . discovery of relatively abundant island subpopulations in 1985 led to several studies on the species\u2019 biology and ecology , captive breeding ( lambert and mills 2006 ) and an introduction to escape island , which is free from introduced mammals . discovery in fitzgerald river national park in 1984 led to further studies , captive breeding and translocations .\ndieback . volunteers are involved in translocations and monitoring . current management aligns to actions in the recovery plan ( friend 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ndibblers are most active at dawn and dusk . they feed on ground - dwelling insects and other invertebrates but will also eat small lizards , small birds and small mammals . they are well adapted carnivores , with strong jaws and tiny sharp teeth , and are also incredibly agile and able to run through seemingly impenetrable undergrowth with ease . not only are they well equipped for foraging in the undergrowth , but they can also run up trees and rocks . their broad feet have claws on the toes , and grooves running along the feet pads which act as suckers ( 4 ) .\nfemales have one oestrous cycle per year , and mating occurs in march or april ( 2 ) . following a gestation period of 44 days , the female gives birth to 8 young . the infants live and nurse in their mother ' s pouch for several weeks before growing too large ( 2 ) .\nthis species is restricted to two small islands ( boullanger and whitlock ) off the southwest western australian coast . it also occurs on the australian mainland in three widely separated areas ( 4 ) .\ninhabits dense heath habitat and appears to prefer sites with sandy soils ( 4 ) .\nclassified as endangered ( en b1 + 2ce ) on the iucn red list 2003 ( 1 ) .\nthis species has been lost from 90 % of its former range in australia ( 4 ) . it is not known why this marsupial is so rare , although surveys suggest various factors . land clearing and habitat fragmentation are thought to be significant causes of its decline . in addition , the frequent burning of heathland and litter may reduce the availability of invertebrates in the area . predation by introduced mammals such as foxes and cats are also considered a threat to this species ( 4 ) .\nfor further information on this species and latest news see : perth zoo wildlife and conservation projects . urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nmarsupial a diverse group of mammals characterised by their reproduction . the embryo is born 11 - 35 days after conception . the tiny newborn crawls into the marsupium ( pouch ) and attaches to a teat where it stays for a variable amount of time . they also differ from placental mammals in their dentition . oestrous the time of ovulation ( release of an egg from the ovary ) in female mammals , when the female becomes receptive to males , also known as \u2018heat\u2019 .\nmacdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .\nkennedy , m . ( 1992 ) australian marsupials and monotremes . an action plan for their conservation . iucn , gland , switzerland .\nauscape international po box 1024 , bowral nsw 25a76 australia tel : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2245 fax : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2715 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nplease do not contact author directly and instead use mailing lists for discussion or bugzilla for bug reports . contact author directly only if discussing security issues or other confidential matters .\nexperimental support means that this architecture lacks confirmation by users that everything is fully functional or there are known deficiencies .\nthere are reports that reconfigure messages are sent to the wrong address if the client connected via relays . see bug # 303 .\nissue tracker on github has been disabled . it was awkward to use both bugzilla and github .\nreconfigure support . server is now able to load database , check it against existing configuration and send reconfigure to clients that have configuration out of date . clients are able to accept incoming reconfigure messages and initiate reconfiguration .\nreconfigure - key authentication . server is now able to generate reconfigure - key when responding to clients and later use that key to sign reconfigure messages . clients are able to store received key and later confirm that incoming reconfigure message is properly signed .\ndelayed authentication - clients and server are able to leverage pre - configured keys to sign later parts of the messages exchange .\nreplay detection - both client and server can now detect whether receiving message is a new one or it is replayed by attacker .\nclient is now able to act according to received m ( managed ) and o ( other configuration options ) in router advertisements , if configured to do so .\nserver and client now checks database against changes in the network interfaces and tries to update it if possible . that should be helpful if you happen to lost and recreated an interface ( e . g . broken ppp connection ) .\nsupport for routing configuration was added . yes , you read that correctly . recent draft draft - ietf - mif - dhcpv6 - route - option defines provisioning mechanism that delivers routing information over dhcpv6 . although this implementation is not entirely complete ( there are certain limitations , see user ' s guide ) , it is very usable . this feature was tested with excellent isc dhcp implementation and is interoperable . you may want to read routing configuration over dhcpv6 for additional information ."]}
{"id": 891, "summary": [{"text": "gelophaula trisulca is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 29 \u2013 31 mm for males and about 33 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings of the males are deep ochreous yellow with a broad pale ochreous-yellowish median streak , suffused beneath and posteriorly .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal area above the streak is deep red brown , the costal edge suffused with dark leaden grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the dorsal third of the wing is suffused with ferruginous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey , tinged with blackish towards the apex and termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "females have pale ochreous-yellowish forewings with two dark-fuscous dots in the disc .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale whitish yellowish sprinkled with grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "gelophaula trisulca", "paragraphs": ["gelophaula trisulca ( meyr . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 48 , 44 .\ngenus : gelophaula meyrick , 1923 . trans . n . z . inst . 54 : 163 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : harmologa trisulca meyrick , 1916 . trans . n . z . inst . 48 : 414 . [ bhl ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1915 . [ electronic resource ]\n\u2642 21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax light grey , palpi moderate , ascending . antennal ciliations 1 . abdomen pale ochreous - grey , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , costa moderately arched , without fold , apex tolerably pointed , termen nearly straight , rather strongly oblique , pale grey , with scattered black scales tending to form rows ; costa rather broadly suffused with whitish , a conspicuous black dot m disc at \u00be : cilia whitish - grey . hindwings light grey : cilia whitish - grey .\narthur ' s pass , 3 , 000 ft , m december ( hudson ) ; one specimen . allied to indigestana .\n\u2640 33 m . head and palpi pale ochreous , palpi 4 . thorax with pale - ochreous hairs , blackish - scaled beneath . abdomen whitish - ochreous forewings elongate , moderate , slightly dilated , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen faintly sinuate , little oblique , pale ochreous - yellowish ; two dark - fuscous dots in disc before and beyond middle , just below upper margin of cell . cilia whitish , basal third pale - yellowish . hindwings pale whitish - yellowish sprinkled with grey , dorsal \u2156 suffused with grey : cilia yellow - whitish .\narthur ' s pass , 3 , 500 ft . , m december ( hudson ) , four specimens . the \u2642 is much like siraea , but a larger and finer insect , more brightly coloured , the costal area of forewings very much darker than dorsal , the head and thorax without grey suffusion , whilst in siraea the costal and dorsal areas are nearly the same in colour , the costal edge distinctly whitish , and the median streak forms a distinct projection along fold ; the \u2640 , however , are entirely different , siraea having grey - whitish forewings and white hindwings , whilst this species is much more like aenea . a \u2642 sent by mr hudson from the hunter mountains is true siraea .\nmount arthur , 4 , 500 ft , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . formerly identified by me incorrectly as siraea , of which my series was taken by myself in the same locality ( broadly speaking ) ; i now see that it must be regarded as quite distinct . there is evidently a not inconsiderable group of allied species , and other mountains should be searched for them . as the sexes are always very dissimilar , both should be obtained from the same locality if possible .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nt @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )\nby gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neurythecta eremana ( meyr . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 17 , 144 .\nseveral bred from larvae found feeding on phyllocladus alpinus . the moths emerged early in february ( lindsay ) .\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need ."]}
{"id": 893, "summary": [{"text": "neotogaria galema is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in bangladesh .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 48 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are pale brown , the forewings with a subbasal dark line which is highly angled below the median nervure .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an antemedial double obliquely curved line slightly widening and filled in with dark brown towards the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the area between it and the subbasal line is darker than the ground colour , with an indistinct waved line on it .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a small dark round spot at the middle of the cell , with an indistinct highly crenulate medial line curving round it .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a slightly sinuous curved double postmedial line dilated and filled in with dark brown at the costa and there are two indistinct waved submarginal lines , as well as an oblique bent black streak from the apex and a fine dentate black marginal line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are fuscous brown , with a dark line through the cilia . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "neotogaria galema", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for neotogaria definition . you find here neotogaria meaning , synonyms of neotogaria and images for neotogaria copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word neotogaria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word neotogaria and , of course , neotogaria synonyms and on the right images related to the word neotogaria .\nneotogaria thomaswitti ( laszlo , g . ronkay & l . ronkay , 2007 )\nneotogaria baenzigeri ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nthe term\ngalema\nis composed of 6 letters . in alphabetical order , these 6 letters are :\ngalema has been found in our term list . if you need a definition or a context on the term , you will find a list of external links below .\nthe word\ngalema\nis a word starting by\ng\n. there are many other words starts\ng\nand if it is the only letter that you have to solve your game , you can take a look at the list of words starting in g .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhere are some links that can help you understand the meaning of the term . please take into account that each corpus is different . some results may be empty .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndemopsestis yoshimotoi ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nepipsestis wernyi ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nepipsestis witti ( laszlo , g . ronkay & l . ronkay , 2007 )\nhoripsestis kisvaczak ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis cinerea ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis dabashana ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis hausmanni ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis implicata ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis wernyaminta ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\n( guangdong , yunnan ) and thailand . beccaloni , george ; et al . , eds . ( february . . .\n[ verification needed ] nephoploca [ verification needed ] nidara [ verification . . ."]}
{"id": 900, "summary": [{"text": "the northern slimy salamander ( plethodon glutinosus ) is a species of terrestrial plethodontid salamander found through much of the eastern two-thirds of the united states , from new york , west to illinois , south to texas , and east to florida , with isolated populations in southern new hampshire and northwestern connecticut .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is one of 55 species in the genus plethodon and one of the first of its cogeners to be described .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the salamander is called \" slimy \" because it is capable of excreting a sticky , glue-like substance from its skin .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is also sometimes referred to as the viscid salamander , grey-spotted salamander , slippery salamander , or sticky salamander , depending on which source is consulted .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "due to its large geographic range , some taxonomic researchers have suggested splitting p. glutinosus into several distinct species , but this is not widely accepted . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "northern slimy salamander", "paragraphs": ["an adult northern slimy salamander . note the lack of white spots on this individuals regenerated tail .\noccurs in the eastern two - thirds of the state . white - spotted slimy , mississippi slimy , and northern slimy salamanders are virtually indistinguishable , and make up the slimy salamander complex .\nnorthern slimy salamander - this image , taken by todd pierson , is under an attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 generic license .\n( bruce , et al . , 2000 ; hickman jr . , et al . , 2009 ;\nnorthern slimy salamander\n, 2007 )\nhighton , r . 1962 . geographic variation in the life history of the slimy salamander .\nslimy salamander - chattahoochee river national recreation area ( u . s . national park service )\nthe northern slimy salamander is a member of the lungless salamander family . adult salamanders in this family do not have lungs but take in oxygen through their skin . northern slimy salamanders are smooth - skinned and are black with white or cream marbling or speckles . they can be 7 - 8 inches long .\na large female northern slimy salamander ( 65 mm svl ) was captured with the tail of a juvenile northern slimy salamander ( 27 . 5 mm svl ) protruding from its mouth ( powders , 1973 ) . o . predators . undocumented , but likely to include forest snakes , birds , and small mammals .\nenature . com . 2007 .\nnorthern slimy salamander\n( on - line ) . enature . com . accessed february 22 , 2010 at urltoken .\nnorthern slimy salamanders were found with southern zigzag salamanders ( p . ventralis ) , eastern newt efts , and northern dusky salamanders in knox county , tennessee ( powders , 1973 ) .\ndavidson , j . 1956 . notes on the food habits of the slimy salamander _ plethodon glutinosus _ .\ng . territories . northern slimy salamanders and members of their complex aggressively defend territories ( thurow , 1976 ) .\nbackground : the northern slimy salamander is a medium - large sized member of the \u201clungless\u201d salamander family ( plethodontidae ) . this salamander gets its name from a glue - like secretion it emits from glands in its skin as a defense against predetors or when disturbed . the substance is difficult to remove from hands or clothing .\nnorthern slimy salamanders are found in association with wehrle\u2019s salamanders throughout the entire range of wehrle\u2019s salamanders ( highton , 1972 ) .\nhighton , r . 1956 . the life history of the slimy salamander , _ plethodon glutinosus _ , in florida .\nj . torpor ( hibernation ) . bishop ( 1941b ) reports finding northern slimy salamanders far below the surface during the winter .\nbreeds in fall in northern areas and spring to summer in southern regions of range .\nnorthern slimy salamanders in cleburne county , alabama , are found beneath logs , rocks and occasionally beneath leaf litter ( rubenstein , 1969 ) .\ndistinguished from identical white - spotted slimy and mississippi slimy salamanders by range and genetic analysis . tellico salamander has a separate range and cumberland plateau salamanders are smaller and have a light chin . southern appalachian salamander usually has fewer and smaller white spots on back and sides .\ncompetition at the range boundary in the slimy salamander : using reciprocal transplants for studies on the role of biotic interactions in spatial distributions .\nnorthern slimy salamanders and chattahoochee slimy salamanders contact at the western edge of the blue ridge province in georgia ; there is no published information on their interactions ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\nk . interspecific associations / exclusions . in a series of laboratory experiments with northern slimy salamanders and cumberland plateau salamanders , there was not a significant difference in frequency of occurrences for initiator , aggressor , escaper , and biter behaviors , but northern slimy salamanders were defenders significantly more often than were cumberland plateau salamanders . cumberland plateau salamanders were appeasers and intruders significantly more often than northern slimy salamanders ( bailey , 1992 ) . cumberland plateau salamanders show an increase in territorial behavior relative to shelter availability and population density when involved in interactions with northern slimy salamanders ( marvin , 1998 ) .\nif you locate a slimy salamander , please contact the deep wildlife division at 860 - 424 - 3011 or deep . ctwildlife @ urltoken .\ndlia / atbi . 2010 .\nplethodon glutinosus ( green ) , northern slimy salamander - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park\n( on - line ) . discover life in america . accessed april 01 , 2010 at urltoken .\nthe six isolates of northern gray - cheeked salamanders ( p . montanus ) in the valley and ridge province are widely sympatric with northern slimy salamanders . the two species also are sympatric in a small section of the roan isolate of northern gray - cheeked salamanders . there is evidence of occasional hybridization ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\nthe range of the northern slimy salamander is in the eastern us from southern new york and pennsylvania to northern florida . there are some isolated populations in new hampshire , louisisana and texas . they only exist on the western edge of connecticut in northwestern fairfield county . they are very rare and are listed as a threatened species in connecticut .\nnorthern slimy salamanders are reported from caves in dekalb , jackson , and marshall counties , alabama , and monroe county , illinois ( peck , 1974 ) .\nnorthern slimy salamanders are found occasionally with northern zigzag salamanders ( p . dorsalis ) , cave salamanders ( eurycea lucifuga ) , and long - tailed salamanders on rock faces in the unglaciated sections of indiana ( d . a . b . , personal observations ) .\norgan , j . 1960 . the courtship and spermatophore of the salamander _ plethodon glutinosus _ .\nnorthern slimy salamanders get their name from their defense system . a threatened salamander exudes a glue - like substance that sticks to hands or predator mouths . while the predator is trying to remove the sticky stuff , which can collect leaves and debris to make quite an annoying mess , the salamander can escape . the goo is hard to wash off of hands .\nm . longevity . northern slimy salamanders in frederick county , maryland , and bedford county , pennsylvania , live in excess of 5 yr ( semlitsch , 1980b ) .\ncompetition at the range boundary in the slimy salamander : using reciprocal transplants for studies on the role of biotic interactions in spatial d . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ninteresting facts : this nocturnal salamander emerges from its burrow at dusk and retreats at dawn . it is occasionally active on rainy days . during a drought , the slimy salamander can be found deep underground or under rotting logs . the species hibernates underground from november to march .\nif you happen to find a slimy salamander , leave it where you found it and only take photographs . you take the risk of getting\nslimed\nif you handle a slimy salamander , and the slime is difficult to remove . salamanders should never be collected from the wild . collection or removal of any slimy salamander is strictly prohibited by the connecticut endangered and threatened species act . if you lift any logs or rocks while rummaging through forests , remember to place them back exactly how you found them .\nnorthern slimy salamanders are relatively resilient to disturbances , such as those associated with timbering operations , and are found frequently in second - growth forests and relatively small , fragmented woodlots . in indiana , northern slimy salamanders are widespread and abundant in areas that had up to 99 % surface erosion 100 yr ago ( d . a . b . , personal observations ) .\naccording to the u . s . fisheries and wildlife service , the slimy salamander is considered neither a threatened nor endangered species throughout its range . however , some species within the\nhabitat and diet : the slimy salamander is restricted to old second growth deciduous or hemlock forests with steep , rocky slopes . it hides under rotten logs and thick duff layers on the forest floor . slimy salamanders require wet or moist areas for breeding purposes .\nconservation : slimy salamanders are tied to forest habitats . destruction of these habitats is the greatest threat to populations . logging of forests causes an increase in temperature and the rate of evaporation and possibly also impacts the salamander\u2019s food source . like all lungless salamanders , pollutants , including herbicides and pesticides , are easily absorbed through their porous skin and are toxic to the slimy salamander .\n873 - brodie , w . e . , g . gunter , 1958 , egg clutches and prehensilism in the slimy salamander , herpetology , vol . 13 , pg . 279 - 280\n887 - davidson , j . a . , 1956 , notes on the food habits of the slimy salamander plethodon glutinosus glutinosus , herpetology , vol . 12 , pg . 129 - 131\njuvenile northern slimy salamanders and juvenile eastern red - backed salamanders ( plethodon cinereus ) compete reciprocally when resources are limiting . interactions between adults are more obscure , but northern slimy salamanders may have reduced growth when eastern red - backed salamanders are present . in competition between these two species for territories , it appears that body size is the primary factor dictating territory ownership ( price and shield , 2002 ) .\nhighton and his colleagues ( highton , 1989 ; highton and peabody , 2000 ) recognize 16 species in the p . glutinosus complex as follows : western slimy salamanders ( p . albagula ) , tellico salamanders ( p . aureolus ) , chattahoochee slimy salamanders ( p . chattahoochee ) , atlantic coast slimy salamanders ( p . chlorobryonis ) , white - spotted slimy salamanders ( p . cylindraceus ) , northern slimy salamanders ( p . glutinosus ) , southeastern slimy salamanders ( p . grobmani ) , cumberland plateau salamanders ( p . kentucki ) , kiamichi slimy salamanders ( p . kiamichi ) , louisiana slimy salamanders ( p . kisatchie ) , mississippi slimy salamanders ( p . mississippi ) , ocmulgee slimy salamanders ( p . ocmulgee ) , savannah slimy salamanders ( p . savannah ) , sequoyah slimy salamanders ( p . sequoyah ) , southern appalachian salamanders ( p . teyahalee ) , and south carolina slimy salamanders ( p . variolatus ) . information gathered on these species has been published under the name\np . glutinosus\n( indeed , petranka [ 1998 ] recognizes only tellico salamanders , northern slimy salamanders , cumberland plateau salamanders , and southern appalachian salamanders ) . because of this , the literature on\np . glutinosus\nmust be interpreted carefully and with a consideration of locality data .\ntaggart , t . 2010 .\nwhite - spotted slimy salamander\n( on - line ) . cnah - the center for north american herpetology . accessed february 22 , 2010 at urltoken .\ngenus produce noxious skin secretions as predator defense . white - spotted slimy salamanders produce copious amounts of slime which often gum up a predator ' s mouth , giving the salamander a chance to escape .\nnorthern slimy salamanders have a largely parapatric range with tellico salamanders . they have been taken together at one site in polk county , tennessee , without any evidence of hybridization ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\nnorthern slimy salamanders are sympatric throughout the known range of pigeon mountain salamanders . there is some evidence that indicates hybridization may rarely take place ( wynn et al . , 1988 ; highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\nin ohio , the following species are associated with northern slimy salamanders : eastern newts ( notophthalmus viridescens ) , jefferson\u2019s salamanders ( ambystoma jeffersonianum ) , spotted salamanders ( a . maculatum ) , small - mouthed salamanders ( a . texanum ) , marbled salamanders ( a . opacum ) , mountain dusky salamanders ( desmognathus ochrophaeus ) , northern dusky salamanders ( d . fuscus ) , northern two - lined salamanders ( eurycea bislineata ) , southern two - lined salamanders , long - tailed salamanders ( e . longicauda ) , northern ravine salamanders ( p . electromorphus ) , and red - backed salamanders ( pfingsten , 1989d ) .\nthe subspecies is at its northernmost range in connecticut , with only a few populations in western fairfield and litchfield counties . with such few populations , the slimy salamander is listed as a threatened species in connecticut .\nrange and habitat : slimy salamanders are found throughout eastern north america , except for southern florida , including all of south carolina and georgia . this salamander lives in moist , undisturbed woodlands and moist wooded ravines .\n4 . conservation . northern slimy salamanders are listed as threatened in connecticut ( http : / / dep . state . ct . us ) and protected in new jersey , but are not listed in any of the other states within their range . among members of the p . glutinosus complex , northern slimy salamanders have the widest distribution . within this range , there are many federal and state properties that contain suitable habitat for these salamanders .\ndescription : a large ( up to 9\u201d ) , black colored salamander with numerous silvery white flecks on the body , tail , and head . the underside is black , but slightly lighter than the dorsum . the white sticky secretions that this species emits from its glands ( especially along the tail ) when disturbed further helps to identify the slimy salamander .\nnorthern slimy salamanders are sympatric with yonahlossee salamanders ( p . yonahlossee ) only in the vicinity of skulls gap , smyth county , virginia . a probable f1 hybrid was found at this location ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\nnorthern slimy salamanders occur within 0 . 4 km of jordan ' s salamanders ( p . jordani ) on parsons bald , swain county , north carolina . there is no evidence of hybridization ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\nii . breeding habitat . the courtship of a pair of northern slimy salamanders in giles county , virginia , was observed on the bank of a road within a bare area of about 0 . 3 m2 ( pope , 1950 ) .\nawareness and education of the slimy salamander ' s life history and habitats are invaluable tools for conservation . consider the preservation of important mature growth forests . not only are salamanders important , but their presence indicates a healthy habitat .\nat a site in randolph county , west virginia , the following salamanders have been found in close association with northern slimy salamanders : wehrle\u2019s salamanders ( p . wehrlei ) , red - backed salamanders , northern dusky salamanders , mountain dusky salamanders , spring salamanders , four - toed salamanders ( hemidactylium scutatum ) , and spotted salamanders ( d . a . b . , personal observations ) .\nh . aestivation / avoiding dessication . in new york , northern slimy salamanders disappear from their usual haunts and may be found only by digging deeply into the soil or following the crevices that extend far into banks ( bishop , 1941b ) .\nwells , kentwood d . ; wells , roger a . ; 1976 , patterns of movement in a population of the slimy salamander , plethodon glutinosus , with observations on aggregations , herpetologica , 32 ( 2 ) : 156 - 162\nvirginia department of game and inland fisheries . 2010 .\nwhite - spotted slimy salamander ( plethodon cylindraceus )\n( on - line ) . virginia department of game and inland fisheries . accessed april 01 , 2010 at urltoken .\nthe slimy salamander has an extensive range throughout the eastern and central united states . starting in central new york and the southern tip of wisconsin , the range covers much of the eastern seaboard , moving southward to central florida and the gulf coast and westward to parts of east texas and oklahoma . it is notably absent from the lower mississippi valley , presumably because flooding causes frequent disturbance to the preferred habitat of the slimy salamander in that region ( grobman 1944 ) .\nadult northern slimy salamanders are terrestial and prefer mature forest with alot of ground debris and cover . they live under leaf litter and logs . they may come to the surface to hunt when it rains . they are nocturnal . adults overwinter underground .\nnorthern slimy salamanders have a long contact with white - spotted slimy salamanders from maryland south through west virginia , virginia , and tennessee , from the potomac river to the french broad river . hybrid populations are known from washington county , maryland , and highland , washington , and smyth counties , virginia ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\nmembers of the plethodon glutinosus complex frequently become immobile when initially contacted . northern slimy salamanders were included in a field study on immobility ; however , it is not possible to separate their behavior from the other members of this complex in this published data set . immobility may increase survival by making the salamander less likely to be detected , especially by visually oriented predators ( dodd , 1989 ) .\njaeger , robert g . ; gabor , caitlin r . ; 1999 , salamander social behavior , reptiles magazine 7 ( 7 ) : 32 - 47\nvess , tomalei j . ; harris , reid n . ; 1997 , artificial brooding of salamander eggs , herpetological review 28 ( 2 ) : 80\nwhen threatened , the slimy salamander will lash out with its tail , secreting a sticky , gluey substance . potential predators that come into contact with this substance may experience mastication ( sticky jaw binding ) , thus reducing the movement of the jaws .\ne . adult habitat . northern slimy salamanders are 8\u201312 times denser in mature hardwood forests than in young pine monocultures ( bennett et al . , 1980 ) , and denser in old pine stands than younger pine stands ( grant et al . , 1994 ) .\nr . parasites . northern slimy salamanders are sometimes infected by the astomatous ciliate , cepedietta michiganensis ( powders , 1970 ) . for a considered list of the parasites of north carolina animals now considered to be in the glutinosus complex , see rankin ( 1937 ) .\nnorthern slimy salamanders are found with pigeon mountain salamanders ( p . petraeus ) , southern zigzag salamanders , green salamanders , long - tailed salamanders , cave salamanders , and spring salamanders on pigeon mountain , walker county , georgia ( wynn et al . , 1988 ) .\n3827 - wells , k . d . , wells , r . a . , 1976 , patterns of movement in a population of the slimy salamander , plethodon glutinosus , with observations of aggregations , herpetologica , vol . 32 , pg . 156 - 162\nconservation concerns : the major threat facing the slimy salamander is the loss of undisturbed mature forests in southwestern connecticut to urban and suburban development , road fragmentation , and habitat degradation . preservation of these habitats is crucial for the survival of this species in our state .\nthe slimy salamander is vulnerable to parasitism by some nematode worms , particularly when guarding an egg clutch , due to poor nutrition . the small activity range of the species also makes it a victim of predation by a number of snakes that occur in the geographical range or\nan unusual association consisting of three members of the plethodon glutinosus complex occurs at a site in polk county , tennessee . here , southern appalachian salamanders , tellico salamanders , and northern slimy salamanders occur sympatrically . there is no evidence of hybridization at this location ( highton , 1984 ) .\nconservation status : slimy salamanders are common throughout their range and are not protected in our region or federally .\n952 - organ , j . a . , 1960 , the courtship and spermatophore of the salamander plethodon glutinosus , copeia , vol . 1960 , pg . 34 - 40\nsever , david m . ; morphology and seasonal variation of the mental glands of the dwarf salamander , eurycea quadridigitata , herpetologica , 31 ( 3 ) : 241 - 251\nin new york , bishop ( 1941b ) reports northern slimy salamanders as commonly being found beneath logs and stones in woods , in the crevices of shale banks , and along the sides of gullies and ravines . he also reports them from under moist humus and leaf mold or in manure piles .\nmale green salamanders ( aneides aeneus ) exhibit aggressive behavior towards northern slimy salamanders ( canterbury and pauley , 1991 ) . other interactions between these two salamanders likely include competition for space , nesting sites , and food ( bailey , 1992 ; marvin , 1998 ) . green salamanders are found frequently to occupy higher crevices in rock faces than are northern slimy salamanders ( baltar , 1983 ; cliburn and porter , 1987 ; waldron , 2000 ) . this stratification may be due to superior climbing abilities of green salamanders ( cliburn and porter , 1986 ) or to competition ( canterbury and pauley , 1991 ) .\nas with all species of plethodon , northern slimy salamanders do not migrate to breeding grounds , and they do not have large home ranges . thus , they can exist in habitats of smaller size than many other amphibian species . conservation activities that promote mature closed - canopy forests should benefit this species .\n, lack the grooves running from nostrils down to lip that slimy salamanders have . there are several species in the\nnorthern slimy salamanders are sympatric throughout most of the range of cumberland plateau salamanders in the cumberland plateau of eastern kentucky and western west virginia and in areas in adjacent tennessee and virginia . there is evidence that the two species occasionally hybridize ( highton and macgregor , 1983 ; highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\ndescription : slimy salamanders were once considered one species ( p . glutinosus ) but have recently been split into 13 separate species . they all look similar and are best differentiated by range . slimy salamanders are large salamanders , reaching 6 . 75 in ( 17 cm ) , with blackish - blue color and scattered silvery - white or gold spots all over their body . its tail is round and its venter is grayish black or slightly lighter than the dorsum . the slimy salamander gets its name from the slimy secretions it produces when threatened , which stick like glue and are hard to get off . they have approximately 16 costal grooves .\nthe slimy salamander complex can be found inhabiting most of the eastern united states from connecticut south to florida and west to oklahoma and missouri . the actual locations may somewhat disjunct due to available habitat . the preferred habitat of the slimy salamander complex is moist undisturbed woodlands and moist wooded ravines . during the day , the salamanders will be located under logs , stones , and other forest floor debris , as well as in burrows . at night , after rains , or during humid moist weather , the slimy salamanders can be located while foraging for food above ground . during hot and dry weather , the salamanders will seek shelter underground in burrows , caves , in or under fallen logs , and in rock crevices .\nthe slimy salamander has mainly black skin , covered by abundant silver - white or brassy specks , or both ; the ventrum has variable shades but is generally lighter than the dorsum . the organism is distinguished from other dark salamanders in its range by the presence of a nasolabial groove . more noticeably ,\ndepending on the latitude of origin , female slimy salamanders may breed either annually or biennially , with the more southern populations breeding annually . sexual maturity is also linked to latitude , with the southern populations maturing faster . this may be due to the ability of the salamander to remain active longer and thus have a longer growing season . in southern populations , males may become sexually mature in one to two years as compared to four years in northern populations . most individuals breed the year following sexual maturity . the majority of females in the southern populations reach sexual maturity at two years and lay eggs for the first time at three years , as compared to four years for maturity and five years to oviposition in northern populations . there are also differences in size at sexual maturity between the populations . the southern populations mature at a smaller size compared to the northern populations . for example , southern males are typically 1 . 6 - 2 . 1 inches ( 40 - 53 mm ) snout to vent , while northern males are typically 2 . 1 - 2 . 8 inches ( 53 - 70 mm ) . depending upon the latitude , the timing of egg deposition can vary from late spring and early summer in the northern portions of the range to late summer and early fall in southern populations ( petranka , 1998 ) . however , courtship in the northern portions of the range can take place in the previous fall , with egg deposition taking place the following spring ( organ , 1968 ) .\nnorthern slimy salamanders from somerset county , new jersey , courted in september and october . the early stages of courtship were not observed , but the tail - straddling stage was similar to that described for white - spotted slimy salamanders from whitetop mountain , virginia ( organ , 1960a , 1968 ) . a female collected in southern illinois on 27 april had a spermatophore in her cloaca when she was preserved on 9 may ( highton , 1962b ) .\ndescription : the slimy salamander is mostly black with white flecks and blotches along the sides and top portion ( dorsum ) of the body . the belly is typically lighter in base color than the rest of the body . the slimy has 15 to 17 ( typically 16 ) costal grooves ( vertical flanks along a salamander\u2019s sides ) . the tail accounts for half or more of the total body length , which ranges between 4 . 5 to 6 . 5 inches . the tail also is cylindrical ( distinguishing it from the laterally flattened tail of the similar - looking jefferson and blue - spotted salamanders ) . juveniles look similar to adults .\na . breeding . reproduction is terrestrial . females from populations in alabama had sperm present within the spermatheca in the spring ( trauth , 1984 ; note the species identities of the specimens in this study cannot be precisely determined , as exact locality data is unknown , although it is likely that at least some were northern slimy salamanders ) .\nthe following food items were reported for northern slimy salamanders from knox county , tennessee : annelida , gastropoda , diplopoda , chilopoda , isopoda , phalangidea , pseudoscorpionida , aranae , acarina , collembola , homoptera , hemiptera , coleoptera , diptera , formicidae , and non - formicid hymenopteran and other insect larvae ( powders and tietjen , 1974 ) .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\n1 . historical versus current distribution . northern slimy salamanders ( plethodon glutinosus ) are present throughout kentucky , west virginia , and pennsylvania , extending northwest into southern illinois , southern and western indiana , and eastern ohio , south through tennessee into northeastern alabama , northern georgia , and extreme southwestern north carolina , east into western virginia , maryland , and new jersey , and northeast into southwestern connecticut and southern new york , with a disjunct population in southern new hampshire . populations range in elevation from sea level to about 1 , 500 m ( petranka , 1998 ) .\n962 - pope , c . h . , 1950 , a statistical and ecological study of the salamander plethodon yonahlossee , bull . chicago acad . sci . , vol . 9 , pg . 79 - 106\nslimy salamanders are only occasionally available through the pet trade . additionally , slimy salamanders purchased through the pet trade may also lack the requisite locality data to ensure that hybrids are not produced . if salamanders of unknown genetic background are produced then they should be labeled as potential hybrids to prevent accidental escape and interbreeding . collecting slimy salamanders should only be accomplished after a through review of the regulations in the relevant state .\njaeger , robert g . , joseph , raymond g . , barnard , debra e . 1981 . foraging tactics of a terrestrial salamander : sustained yields in territories . animal behavior 29 ( 4 ) : 1100 - 1105\nselby , michelle f . ; winkel , scott c . ; petranka , james w . ; 1996 , geographic uniformity in agonistic behaviors of jordon ' s salamander , herpetologica , 52 ( 1 ) : 108 - 115\nnorthern slimy salamanders contact southern appalachian salamanders on the western side of the blue ridge mountains in tennessee , southwest of the french broad river . at one site in polk county , tennessee , they occur sympatrically and probably do not hybridize . however , at two other transects in monroe and sevier counties , tennessee , there are narrow hybrid zones ( highton and peabody , 2000 ) .\na large salamander ( 4 . 5 to 8 . 0 inches in length ) having black dorsum with small , white or silver spots scattered over the body . belly is lighter than the back and the tail is round .\njaeger , robert g . ; joseph , raymond g . ; barnard , debra e . ; 1981 , foraging tactics of a terrestrial salamander : sustained yields in territories , animal behavior , 29 ( 4 ) : 1100 - 1105\nmales collected in october from rochester and ithaca , new york , had vas deferens packed with sperm ( bishop , 1941b ) . the vasa deferentia from northern slimy salamanders collected in bedford county , pennsylvania , and frederick county , maryland , were enlarged during september\u2013october . one male collected in october and all those collected in march in southern illinois had large vasa deferentia . ( highton , 1962b ) .\nintensive harvest of mature forest greatly reduces salamander density in the logged area ; population recovery occurs slowly ( herbeck and larsen 1999 ) . however , logging is not considered to constitute a major threat to the security of the global population .\nthe slimy salamander complex is a group of large eastern woodland salamanders , with adults commonly reaching lengths of up to 6 . 75 inches ( 17 cm ) . depending on the author , there may be as few as three species ( petranka , 1998 ) or as many as thirteen different species ( conant and collins , 1991 ) . however , the species are generally indistinguishable in the field . the only way to tell the species apart ( except for chromosomal analysis ) is to know the locality origin of each salamander . for the purpose of this article , the different species can all be treated as the same species .\njaeger , robert g . ; fortune , deborah ; hill , gary ; palen , amy ; risher , george ; 1993 , salamander homing behavior and territorial pheromones : alternative hypotheses , journal of herpetology 27 ( 2 ) : 236 - 239\nthe slimy salamander is a territorial species , like most plethodontids . individuals , both male and female , can become very aggressive in competition for space toward members of both their own species and competitor species ( marvin 1998 ) . females fiercely guard their clutches , in some instances neglecting to forage for food , and may abandon eggs if they discover any tampering at the nest site ( highton 1956 ) .\nthe following diagram shows the approximate ranges of the species of slimy salamanders . for precise range information , please consult current published guidebooks or information available locally .\n1 . determining the factors that influence the distribution of species has been a longstanding goal in the field of ecology . new techniques such as ecological niche modelling have the potential to aid in addressing many broad questions in ecology , evolutionary biology , and behavioural ecology . 2 . this study combines broad - scale ecological niche models with fine - scaled studies of biotic interactions to examine how abiotic and biotic interactions affect the spatial distribution of the terrestrial salamander species plethodon glutinosus ( northern slimy salamander ) , in a potential contact zone shared with plethodon mississippi ( mississippi slimy salamander ) . 3 . the core habitat in the interior portion of the range of p . glutinosus and the contact zone are distributed in unique environmental niche space . 4 . the form of competition , inter - or intraspecific , significantly affected mass loss of adult salamanders . salamanders lost more mass when interacting with a heterospecific . 5 . abiotic conditions strongly influenced the impact of competition on salamanders . under stressful environmental conditions at the field site located in the contact zone , salamanders lost more mass than at the field site located in the interior of the range . 6 . furthermore , adult salamanders from range - edge populations and core populations ( from the interior of the range ) differed in their respective abilities to compete under the abiotic conditions in the contact zone .\n10812 - organ , j . a . , 1990 , salamander survey section one 1990 , prepared for the mount rogers national recreation area , jefferson national forest , 40 pgs . , dept . of bio . of the city college of new york , new york\nnorthern slimy salamanders are believed to breed in the spring and again in the fall . 4 to 12 eggs are laid under rocks , logs or in burrows . the female guards her clutch until hatching which takes about 3 months . the spring - laid eggs hatch around august . the larval stage of these salamanders occurs inside the eggs . there is no aquatic stage , the salamanders hatch out as miniature adults that will mature in 3 to 5 years .\np . anti - predator mechanisms . nocturnal . secretive . northern slimy salamanders and members of their complex produce large amounts of skin secretions that have an adhesive component ( brodie et al . , 1979 ) . these adhesives bind to potential predators and can compromise both mastication and locomotion . individuals will body flip and lash their tails when attacked by shrews ( brodie et al . , 1979 ) . they will vocalize when physically disturbed ( mansueti , 1941 ) .\nthe following salamanders were collected along with northern slimy salamanders on mount cheaha , cleburne county , alabama : spotted dusky salamanders ( desmognathus conanti ) , seepage salamanders ( d . aeneus ) , seal salamanders ( d . monticola ) , southern two - lined salamanders ( eurycea cirrigera ) , three - lined salamanders ( e . guttolineata ) , spring salamanders ( gyrinophilus porphyriticus ) , red salamanders ( pseudotriton ruber ) , and webster\u2019s salamanders ( p . websteri ; rubenstein , 1969 ) .\nhighton , r . , g . maha , l . maxson . 1989 . biochemical evolution in the slimy salamanders of the _ plethodon glutinosus _ complex in the eastern united states .\noccurs in the southern appalachian and piedmont regions of the appalachian highlands , as well as the southern coastal plain . it is found in the blue ridge and piedmont physiographic provinces of virginia and north carolina , west to the french broad river and south to the northern piedmont of south carolina . outside of that area ,\nslimy salamanders to me are somewhat misnamed , as a better name would have been sticky salamanders . the first time you try to restrain one with your bare hands is a memorable experience . the salamander will coat your hand in a seemingly never - ending supply of thick , sticky mucous that is very difficult to remove by washing . my first attempt to catch one by hand resulted in my having to spend about 10 minutes scrubbing the mucous off with sand in a nearby stream .\nhouk , lynne d . ; bell , alison m ; reagen - wallin , nancy ; feldhoff , richard c . ; 1998 , effects of experimental delivery of male courtship pheromones on the timing of courtship in a terrestrial salamander , plethodon jordani ( caudata : plethodontidae ) , copeia 1 : 214 - 219\nsexually mature slimy salamanders are easy to differentiate as the males have a large readily visible mental gland on the chin during the breeding season . additionally , male slimy salamanders have papillose cloacal glands , but this is only readily visible under a magnifying lens . in plethodontid salamanders , the mental gland secretes hormones that increase receptivity for courtship in the female salamander ( houk et al . , 1998 ) . the hormones are transferred to the females by rubbing the mental gland and its secretions on the female ' s body , head , and nasolabial grooves . adult females can be identified by the observance of eggs through the wall of the abdomen , or by the lack of a mental gland during the breeding season .\nthe slimy salamander is commonly found beneath stones and decaying logs in wooded areas and alongside streams , as well as in the crevices of shale banks and along the sides of gullies and ravines ( davidson 1956 ; grobman 1944 ) . it generally moves about underground using animal and insect burrows ( cowley 1999 ) . mean home - range area is 3 . 01 + / - . 613 sq . meters for adults and 3 . 46 + / - 1 . 851 sq . meters for juveniles ( marvin 1998 ) .\nimpact their communities with their burrowing by contributing to the dynamics of the soil . they dig and break up the soil to increase aeration . white - spotted slimy salamanders also are host to many internal parasites including :\nwhite - spotted slimy salamanders are generally solitary , but will congregate under optimal cover objects to avoid dessication during dry periods . females and juveniles are much more likely to share a cover object than multiple , territorial males .\nrange : there are at least 16 subspecies of slimy salamanders which look the same but are genetically variable . overall , this species ranges from texas to florida , north into missouri and illinois and northeast into new york and connecticut .\nthis species can be found in the usa . the complex covers southern new hampshire ( disjunctive ) , western connecticut , and new york south to central florida , west to missouri , eastern oklahoma , and south - central texas ( disjunctive ) ( petranka 1998 ) . according to highton et al . ( 1989 ) , plethodon glutinosus covers northeastern usa to central illinois , south to central alabama , central georgia , western virginia , northern maryland , and central new jersey .\nhabits : slimy salamanders prefer to stay under logs , stones , debris , or in burrows during the day and come out on moist nights forage for invertebrate prey . during the breeding season male adult slimy salamanders , unlike females , have a large mental gland on the chin , which they use to stimulate the female . they breed annually , depositing about 6 - 36 eggs under logs or dirt in the summer or early fall . these eggs will usually hatch around october and young do not have an aquatic larval stage . they mature in about 3 years .\ngravid females will retain the eggs unless a suitable nesting site and medium are provided . in the wild slimy salamanders nest underground in burrows or in rotted logs . a loose deep substrate can be provided to allow the females to dig an appropriate nesting chamber . as an alternative , small burrows can be created from small diameter pvc and buried in the substrate . if the female salamander is frequently disturbed , the eggs may be retained indefinitely or laid and then abandoned . if the female retains the eggs , egg deposition can be hormonally induced . however , hormonally induced females rarely brood the eggs . rearing of plethodontid eggs is a labor - intensive task with a high failure rate unless specialized equipment can be purchased . ( bernardo and arnold , 1999 ) .\ntakes place at the beginning of april and eggs are deposited anytime from late spring in the northern part of the range to very late summer at the range ' s southern tip . eggs are laid in moist areas such as caves or under the bark of rotting trees . clutch size ranges from 4 to 12 eggs . hatchlings emerge close to three months after eggs are deposited ( highton 1956 ) . juveniles have no aquatic stage and develop directly to adulthood , as the species is entirely terrestrial ( feder 1983 ) .\nbegins courtship and mating in the spring and fall . white spotted slimy salamanders lay six to thirty six eggs in an underground retreat such as underneath or within a log , or in a moist crevasse during late spring . the female is tasked with guarding the nest and her eggs hatch after 2 to 3 months .\nis a terrestrial species and completes its entire life cycle on land . it is also a lungless species and breaths through its skin and membranes of the mouth and throat . white - spotted slimy salamanders are named for their spotted appearance and defensive strategy of secreting a very sticky substance from its skin glands that is extremely difficult to remove .\nlife history : slimy salamanders are late spring - time breeders , much like many other connecticut amphibians . not much is known about the breeding activities of slimy salamanders . it is suspected that they are sexually mature at 5 years of age and that the females only breed every other year . unlike most other salamanders , open water is not needed for the laying of eggs . instead , the 13 to 34 eggs ( average 16 - 17 ) are usually deposited in decaying logs or attached underneath rocks . all development takes place within the eggs , including metamorphosis , so that the emerging juvenile salamanders appear as smaller versions of the adults . the juveniles may have just as many , if not more , white flecks on their bodies .\nfemale slimy salamanders do not sexually mature until they are two years old , and cannot lay eggs until approaching age three . the same is true for most males , although some have been found capable of breeding at two years of age . in regions where the growing season is short , a wait of three years is almost certain before sexual maturity is reached ( highton 1962 ) .\nlife history : reproduction occurs in the summer , with eggs being attached to the roof of an underground cavity or rock crevice . the larval stage is completed within the egg , and hatching occurs 2 - 3 months after the eggs are deposited . newly hatched slimy salamanders apparently do not emerge from their hidden retreats until the following spring . sexual maturity is reached in 3 - 5 years .\nslimy salamanders can be easily maintained in plastic shoeboxes or sweater boxes lined with moistened unbleached paper towels . the shoebox or sweater box should have several crumpled paper towels , in addition to the ones lining the bottom , for the salamanders to use as shelter . this will help alleviate any stress the animal may be undergoing . unbleached paper towels have several advantages for use besides ease of cleaning . they serve as a suitable parasite and pathogen free substrate for animals undergoing a quarantine period . additionally , the towels serve as an excellent substrate for monitoring the success of courtship by allowing the easy detection of spermatophores . the paper towels should be changed at least once a week and preferably no more than twice a week , as cleaning too frequently may stress the salamanders and depress feeding activities ( jaeger et al . , 1981 ) . care must be taken to prevent the escape of the salamander , so tight fitting lids are required . several small holes can be drilled at each corner of either the lid or shoebox to facilitate air exchange . for long - term maintenance , the salamanders can also be set up in terrariums .\nthis species is one of a group of slimy salamanders referred to as the plethodon glutinosus complex . their appearances are similar and may be impossible to distinguish in the field ; there are 13 genetically distinct species in this group . short of genetically testing animals using laboratory techniques the best way to distinguish among these species is from their distribution maps . the list of these species and their common names as noted by the peterson reptiles and amphibians field guide is as follows :\nbody usually shiny black with well scattered spots . spots may be larger or small , white , gray or yellow on sides and silvery , white or brassy flecks on head back and tail . dark colored throat . slate colored belly generally noticeably lighter than dorsal color . skin will create a sticky or slimy secretion when animal is handled . nasolabial grooves present . 16 costal grooves , although may range from 15 to 17 . the tail is round in cross - section .\nthis is a large salamander that produces sticky secretions from the tail when handled . the entire ventral surface is slate - colored ; the back and sides are darker and sprinkled with silvery - white or metallic gold markings . the total length is 11 . 5 - 20 . 5 cm . the average egg is 5 . 5 mm in diameter , creamy white , and are often suspended from the ceiling of a cavity , such as a crevice of a shale bank , but may be deposited under rotten logs or moss . in the coastal plain , the eggs are laid annually in the late summer or fall . in the mountains , the eggs are laid every other spring . this species may be found under rocks or logs during the day , or wandering the forest floor at night .\nwhite - spotted slimy salamanders may be active during the day or night , but are most active during rain events and at night . little is known regarding migratory movements , but studies have shown that individuals move no more than 90 meters . distance moved seems to correlate with age and more specifically , reproductive maturity . juveniles move less than 6 m , whereas salamanders between 55 and 65 svl moved the most . this length is most seen in individuals that have recently reached reproductive maturity and are likely moving in search of mates .\nis defined by a slimy , glue - like secretion released from its skin glands . it has 16 costal grooves , on rare occurrences 15 or 17 , and generally ranges from 4 . 75 to 6 . 75 inches in length ( conant and collins 1998 ) . hatchlings are born with only slight dark coloration on the dorsum and none on the ventrum ; melanin for the specks begins to appear on the dorsum after three days . adult females exhibit slightly larger snout - to - vent lengths than adult males , but are otherwise similar in appearance ( highton 1956 ) .\nslimy salamanders should be kept in a cool area such as a temperature - controlled room or a basement . the temperature should not be allowed to rise above 76\u00b0f ( 24 . 4\u00b0c ) as stress and potential death can result . if possible , the salamanders should be kept at a cooler temperature as opposed to a warmer temperature , as there is some evidence that salamanders kept at cooler temperatures are better able to resist sudden increases in temperature ( sealander and west , 1969 ) . cycling of the temperatures for breeding should be accomplished slowly , preferably not varying the temperature more than one degree per day .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\nhighton et al . ( 1989 ) recognized many species in this complex , but petranka ( 1998 ) regarded recognition of these as premature and referred to all of them as plethodon glutinosus . a more recent study revealed that nominal p . glutinosus is not only a species complex , but also that it is not monophyletic in nature ( fisher - reid and wiens 2011 ) . for the purposes of this assessment , all of the biological populations treated as nominal p . glutinosus are considered in the assessment until such time as there is formal taxonomic resolution to the species identities involved .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthe total adult population size is unknown , but it probably exceeds 100 , 000 . there are hundreds of occurrences . in the southern appalachians , populations fluctuated over a 20 - year period ( early 1970s to early 1990s ) , with no apparent long - term trend ( hairston and wiley 1993 ) .\nthere are wooded slopes , ravines , floodplains , shalebanks , and cave entrances ; most often in hardwood forest , sometimes in pinelands . it is generally under or in rotting logs , stumps , or leaf - litter , or under rocks , during the day . goes underground during dry or freezing weather . eggs are laid in rotting logs , underground , or in rock crevices , where they develop directly without a larval stage .\nmaintenance of mature hardwood forest habitat is key to the long - term persistence of viable populations of this species ( petranka 1998 ) . further research on the taxonomy of this species complex is required to clarify the biological identities of the taxa involved .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis amphibian feeds at night on a variety of invertebrates , such as earthworms , snails , slugs , spiders , centipedes , and millipedes , as well as larval and adult insects .\navoid the use of fertilizers , herbicides , and insecticides in your yard . if you need to use these products , purchase ones that are natural and organic .\nstate of connecticut disclaimer , privacy policy , and web site accessibility policy . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 state of connecticut .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\npertinent references : petranka , james w . 1998 . salamanders of the united states and canada . smithsonian institute press , washington .\naccount author : anna tarter , university of georgia - revised by j . d . willson"]}
{"id": 901, "summary": [{"text": "kleskunsaurus is an extinct genus of scincomorph lizard from the late cretaceous of alberta , canada .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first named by paleontologists randall l. nydam , michael w. caldwell , and federico fanti in 2010 , and the type species is kleskunsaurus grandeprairiensis .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the genus is named after kleskun hill park , located east of grande prairie in peace river country .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "fossils have been found from the park in a bentonitic paleosol that is part of the campanian wapiti formation . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "kleskunsaurus", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define kleskunsaurus in a sentence and how is the word kleskunsaurus used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528kleskunsaurus\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528kleskunsaurus\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528kleskunsaurus\u9020\u53e5 , kleskunsaurus meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\n\n' kleskunsaurus\n' is an extinct genus of scincomorph lizard from the late cretaceous of alberta , canada .\nkleskunsaurus is an extinct genus of scincomorph lizard from the late cretaceous of alberta , canada . it was first named by paleontologists randall l .\nit was first named by paleontologists randall l . nydam , michael w . caldwell , and federico fanti in 2010 , and the type species is\nkleskunsaurus grandeprairiensis\n.\ngenus : kleskunsaurus nydam , caldwell , & fanti , 2010etymology : in reference to kleskun hill park , where the type and only specimen was found , and greek , sauros , ' lizard ' .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfurther reading - \u202d \u202cborioteiioidean lizard skulls from kleskun hil\u202d ( \u202cwapiti formation\u202d ; \u202cupper campanian\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cwest - central alberta , \u202d \u202ccanada . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cjournal of vertebrate paleontology\u202d \u202c30\u202d ( \u202c4\u202d ) \u202c : 1090 - 1099 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cr . \u202d \u202cl . \u202d \u202cnydam , \u202d \u202cm . \u202d \u202cw . \u202d \u202ccaldwell\u202d & \u202cf . \u202d \u202cfanti\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c2010 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such it is best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nsize does not always matter , said kat ormay , paleontology program manager for grande prairie regional college .\na recently named 2007 microfossil discovery from the kleskun hills area is only millimetres across - the width a pinky fingertip , if even - but it might be one of the most significant discoveries made in that area .\nit ' s a brand - new genus and species of fossil lizard from the cretaceous ,\nsaid the college paleontology education liaison , michael burns .\nthis is the first time any fossil lizard from the cretaceous in north america has been found that actually has multiple skull bones preserved . so this actually has quite a broad significance even beyond just the fossil locality at kleskun itself .\neverybody that studies fossil reptiles is going to look at this thing and they ' re going to know that there ' s something special going on up here - there ' s something significant coming out of the fossil localities in the grande prairie area , starting to garner more and more global scientific attention .\nour dot on the map is getting more and more substantial ,\nagreed ormay .\nit was named in this month ' s edition of the journal of vertebrate paleontology by randall nydam of midwestern university ' s department of anatomy in arizona , michael caldwell of the university of alberta ' s department of biological sciences and department of earth and atmosphere sciences and federico fanti of the university of bologna ' s ( italy ) department of earth and geo - environmental sciences .\nbut before their involvement , it was a summertime expedition that led to finding the skull in the first place , and quite by accident .\nall of a sudden tetsuto ( miyashita ) says ' i think i found a skull ' and he holds up his palm with something in it , and actually it was a lizard skull - a right lower and upper jaw - with 21 teeth in it ,\nsaid ormay .\nthat was a socognathus unicuspis skull - a species of lizard first discovered in southeastern alberta in 1996 , though not in nearly as complete condition as this example was .\nwe were down there looking at microfossils and something shiny kind of gleamed in the sun . i had a magnifying glass and i saw these things - teeth - and i didn ' t really know what it was but i knew it wasn ' t a rock . i knew it was some sort of fossil . i gave it over to federico and he jumped up and down with joy ,\nsaid graber .\ni had no idea - i just saw a shiny thing in the field .\nthese discoveries have led to further searching of the kleskun hills area , with more expected to come .\nburns said it brings attention for an area of research the everyman does not necessarily think of .\na lot of the public outreach has to do with dinosaurs because they ' ve been popularized over the years . . . but from a scientific standpoint we want to look at everything . just a dinosaur is kind of like a character in a book - like harry potter without the rest of the story , the characters and background , setting and plot . it ' s kind of exciting but not all that enthralling ,\nhe said .\nwhat we ' re looking for is not only the animal but the story surrounding the animal .\nchoose among a variety of subscription packages and stay up to date with convenient home delivery and our on the go digital e - edition .\n\u00a9 2018 daily herald tribune . all rights reserved . a member of sun media community newspapers part of postmedia network .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : r . l . nydam , m . w . caldwell , and f . fanti . 2010 . borioteiioidean lizard skulls from kleskun hil ( wapiti formation ; upper campanian ) , west - central alberta , canada . journal of vertebrate paleontology 30 ( 4 ) : 1090 - 1099\nparent taxon : scincomorpha according to r . l . nydam et al . 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\netymology : in reference to the town of grande prairie , alberta , located near the type locality .\nlocality : kleskin hill park locality , approximately 25 km northeast of grande prairie , grande prairie county , alberta province , canada .\nage : late campanian stage , upper senonian subepoch , upper gulf epoch , late cretaceous .\nmaterial : incomplete skull preserving the partial remains of the bones bordering the left orbit , portions of the right and left maxillae , and right and left dentaries .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nepub free chicago bank of commerce , petitioner , v . charles mc pherson and ewald j . pfeiffer , as executors and trustees , etc . , of charles f . ruggles , deceased . u . s . supreme court transcript of record with supporting pleadings ibook 9781270244189"]}
{"id": 903, "summary": [{"text": "microcolona porota is a moth in the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in india ( assam ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10-12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brown with a tuft of scales mixed with dark fuscous and blackish towards the dorsum at two-fifths and another in the disc at three-fourths .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an indistinct spot of dark fuscous irroration towards the costa at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an elongate mark of dark fuscous irroration on the costa at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are a few scattered blackish scales in the disc and towards the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "microcolona porota", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for porota definition . you find here porota meaning , synonyms of porota and images for porota copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word porota . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word porota and , of course , porota synonyms and on the right images related to the word porota .\nmicrocolona porota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : assam , khasis\nmicrocolona tumulifera meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 169 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nmicrocolona emporica meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nmicrocolona aurantiella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197\nmicrocolona leucosticta meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : madras , coonoor\nmicrocolona phalarota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 335 ; tl : assam , khasis\nmicrocolona spaniospila turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 75\nmicrocolona technographa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : bihar , pusa\nmicrocolona pantomima meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : french congo , fort crampel\nmicrocolona aurantiella sinev , 1988 ; vestn . zool . 1988 ( 5 ) : 19 ; tl : primory area , khasan , andreyevka\nmicrocolona omphalias meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 309 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\nmicrocolona polygethes turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 81 ; tl : tasmania , tasman peninsula\nmicrocolona eriptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 334 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys , 4500ft\nmicrocolona autotypa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nmicrocolona citroplecta meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 49 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; bengal , pusa\nmicrocolona cricota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; assam , khasis\nmicrocolona pycnitis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 334 ; tl : ceylon , markeliya and namunukuli ( 6000ft )\nmicrocolona transennata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : brazil , para , santarem ; peru , jurimaguas\nmicrocolona celaenospila turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 255 ; tl : ebor scrub\nmicrocolona embolopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 372 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nmicrocolona leptopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 374 ; tl : albany , west australia\nmicrocolona limodes meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 372 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nmicrocolona ponophora meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 375 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nmicrocolona thymopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 375 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nmicrocolona crypsicasis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 373 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania\nmicrocolona epixutha meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 376 ; tl : sydnaey and blackheath ( 3500ft ) , new south wales\nmicrocolona sollennis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 377 ; tl : sydney and blackheath ( 3500ft ) , new south wales\nmicrocolona transennata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1997 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 99 ( 2 ) : 275 ( list ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nmicrocolona arizela meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 378 ; tl : bathurst ( 2000ft ) , new south wales ; hobart , tasmania\nmicrocolona leucochtha meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 377 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; adelaide and port lincoln , south australia\nmicrocolona nodata meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 373 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania ; albany , weswt australia\nmicrocolona trigonospila meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 376 ; tl : glen innes ( 3000ft ) , new south wales ; mount macedon , victoria\nmicrocolona characta meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 374 ; tl : sydney and blackheat ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; nelson , new zealand\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nelachista toropis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 336 ; tl : albany , west australia\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nphylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea )\nnew taxa of the blastodacninae moth subfamily ( lepidoptera , momphidae s . l . ) of the ussr [ in russian ]\na third contribution to a knowledge of the lepidopterous fauna of ebor scrub , n . s . w .\nturner , 1939 a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 57 - 115\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word sollenni . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word sollenni and , of course , sollenni synonyms and on the right images related to the word sollenni .\nthis is the place for sollenni definition . you find here sollenni meaning , synonyms of sollenni and images for sollenni copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word polygethes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word polygethes and , of course , polygethes synonyms and on the right images related to the word polygethes .\nthis is the place for polygethes definition . you find here polygethes meaning , synonyms of polygethes and images for polygethes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 905, "summary": [{"text": "the singing honeyeater ( gavicalis virescens ) is a small bird found in australia , and is part of the honeyeater family , meliphagidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the bird lives in a wide range of shrub-land , wood-land and coastal habitat .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is relatively common and is widespread right across australia west of the great dividing range , through to the west coast and on western australian coastal islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it does not occur in other countries . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "singing honeyeater", "paragraphs": ["black - faced honeyeater , forrest\u2019s honeyeater , large - striped honeyeater , singing honey - eater .\nthere are 66 species of honeyeater in australia that rely on feeding on nectar from the cups of flowering plants . the little & red wattlebird , noisy miner , singing honeyeater , white - plumed honeyeater , new holland honeyeater , white - naped honeyeater , crescent honeyeater and eastern spinebill are frequent sightings across kangaroo island , the great ocean road and gippsland , whilst kakadu & arnhem land provides opportunity to see the red - headed honeyeater , helmeted friarbird and blue - faced honeyeater . tasmania is home to four endemic species , including the black - headed honeyeater , yellow - throated honeyeater and yellow wattlebird .\nfiji wattled honeyeater is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater ( andersen et al . 2014 , pratt ms )\nthe singing honeyeater is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nsinging honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\nsinging honeyeater at lajamanu an aboriginal settlement on the northern edge of the tanami desert . northern territory , australia .\na black band running from the bill through the eye and down the neck gives the singing honeyeater a masked appearance .\nlateral view of a singing honeyeater ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ cook , sa , june 2016 ]\nsinging honeyeater scavenging food from humans ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ shark bay , wa , may 2018 ]\nthere are four subspecies of singing honeyeater , each found in different ranges , and differing slightly in terms of colour and size .\npicture of the singing honeyeater has been licensed under a creative commons attribution . original source : picasa web albums author : wampycamera location\nthe singing honeyeater has a pleasant voice , and is one of the first birds to sing in the morning in its native australia .\nnear - frontal view of a singing honeyeater ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ shark bay , wa , may 2018 ]\nnear - lateral view of a singing honeyeater ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ shark bay , wa , may 2018 ]\nsinging honeyeater drinking water from a shallow puddle ( photo courtesy of m . mearns ) [ currawinya np , qld , october 2008 ]\nbelow a recording of three different species of honeyeaters competing for territorial supremacy : first to call is a singing honeyeater , with answers from a spiny - cheeked honeyeater and then also a pair of striped honeyeaters .\nthe singing honeyeater may breed in all months of the year , although most breeding occurs between mid - august and late november ( 2 ) , particularly in coastal areas ( 5 ) . a monogamous species , the singing honeyeater sometimes forms long - term bonds with its partner ( 3 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus virescens )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus virescens )\ntitle =\narkive species - singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus virescens )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are four recognised subspecies of singing honeyeater , each with a different range , although these ranges are known to overlap in places ( 2 ) .\nas it is a very widespread species with an extremely large range ( 7 ) ( 9 ) , the singing honeyeater is not considered to be globally threatened ( 2 ) . although some declines have been reported in certain parts of its range , the singing honeyeater is increasing in other areas ( 2 ) .\nthe singing honeyeater is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\ngilbert ' s [ previously swan river ] honeyeater is split from ( paraphyletic ) white - naped honeyeater ( toon et al . 2010 , dolman & joseph 2015 ) .\nthe singing honeyeater , lichenostomus virescens is a small bird found in australia , and is part of the honeyeater family . although it is common there , it is not very well known in other places . singing honeyeaters are commonly found in western australia , mainly past the great dividing range and on western australian coastal islands . they can also be spotted in city parks , gardens and in bushlands . the singing honeyeater can vary in length from 18 - 22 cm long . more\nfrontal view of an adult singing honeyeater in a grevillea ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ the granites gold mine , inland nt , june 2015 ]\nwithin its habitat , the singing honeyeater may be mistaken for the purple - gaped honeyeater , l . cratitius , or the grey - headed honeyeater , l . keartlandi . it differs from the former by having a longer black face streak , white on its throat and chest , and streaked underparts . it differs from the latter by being larger and having white on its face and no obvious yellow plume at the end of its face mask . two other species that share the singing honeyeater ' s black , yellow and white face markings do not share its habitat or range : the mangrove honeyeater , l . fasciogularis , and the varied honeyeater , l . versicolor .\navoid planting weeds such as bridal creeper or african boxthorn , as birds like the singing honeyeater eat the berries and spread these invasive plants into other areas where they can take over and become a huge problem for other australian animals and their habitats . spreading native seeds , however , is a beneficial habit of the singing honeyeater .\ngiven the right conditions , singing honeyeaters can breed any time of the year .\nwhen singing honeyeaters mate , they stay together for a long time . singing honeyeaters live in noisy families of five or six birds , though they often feed alone .\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) / suitability\nin western australia it can be common to have a male singing honeyeater every 50 m along a suburban street , with each male ' s territory centred around a flowering food source .\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) / occurrences\nsinging honeyeaters were in the area where this call was recorded but i didn ' t see the birds calling . spiny - cheeked honeyeaters were also in the general area . this call was originally uploaded to xeno - canto as a mystery , til it was identified as singing honeyeater\nsinging honeyeater - video footage captured by our team of bird watchers at www . ej - birdwatching . com . learn from the pro ' s and start ticking off that list of lifers .\nthese striking little birds are hard to miss but they are easy to confuse with another bird . the white - cheeked honeyeater is about the same size and has similar colouring to the new holland honeyeater . the way to tell them apart is in their eyes . white eyes = new holland honeyeater and b . .\nmale singing honeyeaters have a melodious ' prrip , prrip ' call . they call regularly to signal their territory , which usually includes a flowering food source . listen out for singing honeyeaters in the early morning , when they will be one of the very first birds singing .\nif you ' re fond of a coffee on the balcony in the early morning , don ' t be surprised if a singing honeyeater wants to join you . some singing honeyeaters in victoria have discovered that the dregs of a camper ' s coffee cup may also contain a sweet drink .\nthe singing honeyeater has a varied diet , primarily feeding on nectar , but also eating fruit and various insects and spiders . impressively , it has also been known to take finch eggs and nestlings .\nlateral view of a fledgling singing honeyeater , left , with one of its parents on the right ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ boolardy station , murchison , wa , august 2016 ]\nthe call of the singing honeyeater varies according to where it lives . scientists have found that singing honeyeaters from mainland australia did not respond to the songs of singing honeyeaters from an island off australia ' s west coast . this study showed that the songs of the birds on the island were smaller , had less song types , syllable types , and fewer syllables and notes per song .\n( after kimberley honeyeater ) , noting gender agreement ( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 )\nthe singing honeyeater feeds on nectar , insects and fruit . it forages in low shrubs or on the ground , usually alone , but sometimes in loose flocks . it feeds at lower levels than most other honeyeaters\nfollowing white - plumed honeyeater ( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )\nknown for its pleasant voice ( 3 ) , the singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus virescens ) is one of the first birds to call in the morning , with the male bird singing from its roost 20 to 30 minutes before dawn ( 2 ) . while its common name is derived from its vocal capabilities , the singing honeyeater\u2019s scientific name is presumably related to its plumage colour . the name of this species , virescens , means \u2018greenish\u2019 ( 4 ) and relates to the faint olive tint throughout the bird\u2019s deep greyish - brown upperparts ( 2 ) .\nsinging honeyeater size : 17 - 22cm habitat : found west of the great dividing range , this honeyeater prefers shrubland , woodlands and suburbia . feeds on nectar , seeds and native fruits . notes : grey / brown bird with black stripe through eye and down neck , yellow stripe under eye . green / yellow on wings , belly pale with grey streaks . breeds winter - spring - summer . for more information on singing honeyeater see references . images have been uploaded in low resolution for storage efficiency , ( they do not reflect the true image quality ) . more\nthe singing honeyeater may have benefited from land - clearing and fragmentation in southern western australia and is readily able to fly over open agricultural lands . it has been implicated in the spread of the noxious weed bridal creeper , asparagus medeoloides .\nsinging honeyeater found right throughout australia except for the east coast and cape york . inhabits woodlands , various drier inland scrublands , mangroves and town gardens . near an overflowing cattle trough by the gibb river road , kimberley , western australia .\none of first birds to call in morning , male singing from roost 30\u201320 minutes before dawn . . . .\nmale and female singing honeyeaters are similar in appearance ( 2 ) . although the juveniles look much like the adults , they tend to have paler upperparts , particularly on the forehead and crown , as well as a narrower , duller face mask ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the pale buffish - brown underparts of the juvenile singing honeyeater also tend to be mottled rather than streaked ( 2 ) . there are some differences in size and colouration between the various subspecies of singing honeyeater , with northern populations tending to be smaller than more southern populations ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . interestingly , the singing honeyeaters on rottnest island have been found to be 25 percent larger than those on the mainland ( 7 ) .\nsinging honeyeaters , race\nsonorus\n, are regularly seen and heard by a . lines at ashley , nsw .\nsinging honeyeater , lichenostomus virescens , is a medium sized honeyeater , with a size of 18 - 22cm . a thick black stripe runs through the eye and part way down the neck . a thin yellow line is underneath the eye . the dark bill is slightly curved . the body is off - white with dark streaking . has a loud whistling call and can be quite aggressive towards other species .\na relatively versatile feeder ( 12 ) , the singing honeyeater primarily feeds on nectar ( 5 ) , but also eats fruit and a range of invertebrates ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 12 ) , including insects , spiders and molluscs ( 2 ) . interestingly , this species is known to rub bees against a hard surface before swallowing them , although the reasons for this are unclear . on occasion , the singing honeyeater has been recorded taking the eggs and nestlings of certain taeniopygia finches ( 2 ) .\nthis dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) .\nthere are no known targeted conservation measures currently in place for the singing honeyeater . however , it is thought to be benefitting from ongoing habitat degradation , which is creating new areas of suitable habitat and leading to a population increase in this species ( 3 ) ( 9 ) .\nsinging honeyeaters , race\nsonorus\n, were also spotted by us in flinders ranges np , sa , in march 2008 .\nthe female singing honeyeater lays a clutch of between one and three eggs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , although two is most common , and the eggs are thought to be incubated by the female alone ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the eggs are a pallid , pinky - yellow colour marked with rusty spots ( 5 ) , and are incubated for a period of between 12 and 14 days ( 2 ) , with the chicks remaining in the nest for a further 13 days or so ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . while the male singing honeyeater is not involved in the incubation of the eggs , it does assist with feeding and raising the young ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . singing honeyeater nests are often parasitised by the pallid cuckoo ( cuculus pallidus ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nfrom macgregor ' s lappetface to macgregor ' s honeyeater ; it is a honeyeater ( cracraft and feinstein 2000 ) . letters to de vis confirm that the english name should be\nmacgregor ' s\nwith capital\ng\ncontra previous change ( a knox , b . beehler oct 2015 ) .\nsinging honeyeaters , lichenostomus virescens , are one of australia ' s most widespread species of honeyeater , preferring open shrub lands and low woodlands , especially where acacias are abundant . it also lives in swamplands , along creeks and drainage channels , in urban parks and gardens and around farms .\nm . mearns reports spotting singing honeyeaters , race\nsonorus\n, at currawinya np , southern inland qld , in october 2008 .\nthe singing honeyeater is a habitat generalist ( 11 ) , and is found in most open wooded areas across the australian outback ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 10 ) , particularly those dominated by acacia trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . it also occurs in open shrublands , on plains , or around swamps and other wetlands , as well as in parks , gardens , farmland and towns ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the singing honeyeater is occasionally seen in mangroves ( 2 ) ( 10 ) and along small creeks ( 2 ) .\nsince we arrived in 2007 , singing honeyeaters , race\nsonorus\nare permanent residents at eulah creek , 20 km east of narrabri , in the foothills of the nandewar range . together with a strong contingency of spiny - cheeked honeyeaters , they are the dominant species of honeyeater in the area .\nthis dataset includes observations of singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus ( gavicalis ) virescens ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :\nsinging honeyeaters , nominate race\nvirescens\n, were spotted by j . greaves at dianella , perth , wa , in december 2014 .\nsinging honeyeaterthe singing honeyeater ( lichenostomus virescens ) is a regular resident to city parks , gardens and bushland . they associate with brown honeyeaters and red wattlebirds , feeding on nectar , grubs , insects and berries . they will forage on the ground or in grass for insects . breeding birds can be very territorial and aggressive , and won ' t hesitate to attack much larger animals . they can be fairly aggressive with members of their own species also . more\nsinging honeyeaters are pollinators of several species of plants , particularly grevilleas and hakeas , and unfortunately also help spread bridal creeper , a noxious weed .\nresident year - round throughout its range , the singing honeyeater is only thought to make local movements ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . however , this species is known to be a vagrant in certain areas at the edges of or beyond its normal range , including on kangaroo island , south australia ( 2 ) .\nkikau is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater ( andersen et al . 2014 , pratt ms ) ; accept proposed use of local name kikau ( pratt , watling )\nprovide a bird bath or dish of water for birds like the singing honeyeater to drink from and bathe in . keep the water fresh and clean , and don ' t let it dry out for long periods of time . once birds find that your garden is a reliable place for a drink , they will visit often .\nat the two places where we live ( d ) , we observe ( d ) an anti - coincidence of singing honeyeaters and white - plumed honeyeaters .\nthe birds have a soft metallic song and have been known to mimic other birds such as wattlebirds and friarbirds . when singing , they bob their heads .\nwhile breeding , singing honeyeaters may form a mob to aggressively drive away or attack other birds or even larger animals , as they fight to defend their territory .\nsinging honeyeaters , race\nsonorus\n, were a rare sight at the place where we lived in 2003 - 2006 , 20 km south of narrabri , nsw .\ncompared with varied honeyeaters , singing honeyeaters are much less yellow down their front . compared with mangrove honeyeaters , they are much less grey and lighter of colour down their front .\nthe singing honeyeater has a plain grey - brown body with a distinctive black streak through the eye from the bill to the neck . the black streak is bordered by a yellow streak below the eye . they also have a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , usually hidden by yellow feathers over the ears . they build a delicate nest among the foliage of the shrubs they live in .\nthe singing honeyeater is faintly streaked with darker brown on the top of its head ( 2 ) , and has a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , which is usually covered over by yellow ear - coverts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this species sports a black mask which extends from the bill through the eye and to the neck . the striking mask is bordered below by a yellow stripe under the eye , which fades into the whitish or grey underparts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) , giving the throat a yellowish wash ( 2 ) . heavy , dense grey - brown streaks pepper the singing honeyeater\u2019s pale breast , flanks and upper belly ( 2 ) , while fainter , paler streaks mark the rest of the underparts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe singing honeyeater is a common species in suitable habitat throughout much of australia . it tends to be absent only from the eastern coastal areas , most of victoria ( except the south coast ) , and the far north of queensland and the northern territory . it\u2019s preferred habitats include mallee scrubs , mulga , roadside vegetation , orchards , vineyards and gardens . it tends to be rather solitary in habit . more\non our trip to the west in 1990 we saw singing honeyeaters virtually everywhere from the little desert in victoria to shark bay in wa . they were eating berries wherever we saw them .\nsinging honeyeaters are commonly found in western australia , mainly past the great dividing range and on western australian coastal islands . they can also be spotted in city parks , gardens and in bushlands .\nthe singing honeyeater is found mostly in open shrublands and low woodlands , especially dominated by acacias . it is also be found in swamplands , along creeks and drainage channels . it is often seen in urban parks and gardens and around farmyards , particularly in south - west western australia . it is also found in partly cleared lands with remnant woodlands and has been seen in plantations and in african boxthorn thickets or isolated shrubs .\nthis active and conspicuous species usually forages alone ( 2 ) , but may sometimes feed in pairs or in loose flocks of four to six individuals ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . such flocks usually contain family members ( 2 ) . feeding at lower levels than most other honeyeater species ( 3 ) , the singing honeyeater generally feeds in low shrubs or on the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , probing at flowers for nectar ( 2 ) . its invertebrate prey is usually gleaned from foliage , branches and tree trunks ( 2 ) ( 12 ) , or caught by flying out from a perch to catch it in the air or on the ground ( 2 ) .\nyellow - olive outer edges are present on some of the greyish - brown to brown uppertail and upperwing feathers , creating a conspicuous panel on the folded wing . the underwing is creamy with a brown trailing edge and tip and an orange - buff wash on the coverts ( 2 ) . the singing honeyeater has a black bill and dark brown or black - brown eyes , while its legs are dark grey ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nresident breeding species the singing honeyeater is a resident breeding species in our garden . their numbers never seem to go over about four or five on our 2 hectare ( 5 acre ) block of land . the dominant plant species is mallee scrub ( click here for a photo ) . they were perhaps more numerous more than ten years ago , but in recent times the new holland honeyeaters have become the dominant \u2013 and very bossy \u2013 species .\nhiggins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . singing honeyeater ( gavicalis virescens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nj . greaves reports spotting singing honeyeaters , race\nforresti\n, at the granites gold mine , inland nt , in june 2015 , and at boolardy station , murchison , wa , in august 2016 .\nfrom mid year to the end of summer , you may find a singing honeyeater searching for a mate in your garden , park or local bushland . they breed from july to february each year , in flimsy open nests built from grasses and often lined with hair or root fibres . their nests are a target of the pallid cuckoo , who like almost all cuckoos , looks for an existing nest to lay their eggs in instead of building their own .\nthe singing honeyeater has a plain grey - brown upperbody , a distinctive black streak through the eye from the bill to the neck , bordered by a yellow streak below the eye grading into a white throat , and a white to grey underbody streaked dark grey - brown . there is a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , usually hidden by the yellow ear coverts ( feathers ) . the bill is black and the eye is dark brown . more\nthe singing honeyeater is an australian species ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) , and is very widespread across the mainland ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species tends to be absent from the forested coastal areas ( 5 ) ( 10 ) , as well as from the east and far north of the country ( 7 ) ( 10 ) , including upper queensland , and tasmania ( 5 ) .\nthe springtime brings out beautiful flowering eucalypts , with honeyeaters abundant at this time including red and little wattlebirds , eastern spinebills , new holland , yellow - faced , tawny - crowned and white - plumed honeyaters . other sightings that are possible include the black - chinned , white - naped , spiny - cheeked , yellow - tufted , fuscous and singing honeyeater . lorikeets often accompany the honeyeaters feeding on the nectar including the rainbow , musk and purple - crowned species .\nthe singing honeyeater forms monogamous pairs , with some long - term bonds . the open , often flimsy cup - nest is formed from matted grasses and lined with roots , wool or other mammal hairs . it has once been observed nesting in the top ' false nest ' cup of a yellow - rumped thornbill nest while the lower nest chamber was occupied . the female incubates the eggs alone but both adults feed the young . this species is parasitised by the pallid cuckoo .\nsinging honeyeaters are a resident breeding species in our garden in murray bridge . we see several of them every day , usually when they come to one of our bird baths . we often hear their beautiful \u2018preet preet preet\u2019 call . singing honeyeaters are found throughout mainland australia with the exception of the east coast . they are not found in tasmania . one of their preferred habitats is mallee scrubland , of which we have plenty around here . more\nsinging honeyeaters , nominate race\nvirescens\n, were also found by j . greaves at cook , sa , on the edge of the nullarbor , in june 2016 , and at shark bay , wa , in may 2018 .\nother bushbirds that are typically active include laughing kookaburras , superb fairy - wrens , white - winged choughs , singing , new holland & white - plumed honeyeaters , australian magpies , magpie - larks , common bronzewing and crested pigeons .\nsinging honeyeaters can usually be found in low shrubs and trees , both in the interior and along the coastline . they have a preference for eremophilas , grevilleas and bottlebrushes , where present . they are normally not found in dense forest .\nsinging honeyeaters will eat a variety of foods . this includes nectar , small insects , fruits , grubs , and berries . this makes them omnivorous creatures . the singing honeyeaters breed between july and february . they are capable of forming long time relationships with partners . when they are breeding , they show aggressive actions . also they don\u2019t have any particular color for their eggs , they all are different colors . their nest is a cup of grass , plant stems , and spider webs . more\nthe singing honeyeater is widespread on mainland australia . it is found west of the great dividing range from queensland through to new south wales , but is rare around canberra or on the eastern slopes of new south wales . it is widespread in western victoria and in all regions of south australia , except the mt lofty ranges . widespread in western australia except for the extreme south - west or northern kimberley region , and not common in the top end but otherwise widespread in the northern territory . also found on groote eylandt and sir edward pellew islands in the gulf of carpentaria .\nin victoria the singing honeyeater is a bird of the coastal scrub west of western port bay and the drier mallee area in the north west of the state . it is often heard calling \u201cprtt prtt prtt\u201d from the top of a tall bush or tree on the bluff or along the dune system of 13th beach . this bird also utter a peevish \u201cscree\u201d . it feeds on insects , nectar and fruit . its preferred food is the berries of local shrubs , but it also feeds on nectar . some innovative birds have discovered that the dregs of a camper\u2019s coffee cup may also contain a sweet drink .\nlike many other bird species , in particular those that are being predated on , singing honeyeaters keep their nest clean ; after feeding a chick , the parent bird sticks around to see whether a back side is being lifted . . . [ eulah creek , nsw , january 2016 ]\nlike many other honeyeaters , singing honeyeaters do not exclusively feed on nectar , but take insects too . while previously we had seen them looking for insects in trees and bushes only , the photo below shows a bird foraging on our lawn - behaviour we do not regularly observe from honeyeaters .\nthis species performs a lively range of loud , high and clear musical phrases consisting of double or multiple notes ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , with the most common call being a repeated , drawn - out \u2018 preet \u2019 , \u2018 queek \u2019 or \u2018 sheek \u2019 . loud , sharp rippling or trilling whistles signal alarm , while continuous chirping and intense chattering and bill snapping usually accompanies territory defence ( 2 ) . the singing honeyeater\u2019s song is known to vary geographically ( 2 ) ( 8 ) , with individuals on islands using fewer syllables and having fewer song - types . however , island populations have also been found to use some unique syllables ( 8 ) .\nthe singing honeyeater has a plain grey - brown upperbody , a distinctive black streak through the eye from the bill to the neck , bordered by a yellow streak below the eye grading into a white throat , and a white to grey underbody streaked dark grey - brown . there is a small , inconspicuous white ear - tuft , usually hidden by the yellow ear coverts ( feathers ) . the bill is black and the eye is dark brown . young birds are similar to adults , with a lighter forehead and crown and a narrower , duller face marking . this widely - distributed species is known for its pleasant voice and is usually seen in small noisy groups of five or six birds .\nsinging honeyeaters were a rare sight at the place where we lived in 2003 - 2006 , 20 km south of narrabri , nsw . first spotted in december of 2005 , then again in april of 2006 in the area of bohena , 15 km west of narrabri and later in august and september in both areas . more\nthe nest is an open cup created from woven grasses and leaves , occasionally with additional flowers and bark ( 2 ) , and bound with wool or spider web ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is usually lined with wool , roots , fur ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) and occasionally with plant down or fine grasses ( 2 ) . oddly , the singing honeyeater\u2019s nest tends to be a flimsy structure in the eastern parts of its range , but quite substantial in the more western regions . the nest is usually suspended from a fork in a tree or from small twigs in a low , thorny shrub , at an average of two metres above the ground ( 2 ) .\nwhile feeding in eucalypts , honeyeaters often stay high up in the crowns of trees and are therefore hard to spot . but many species , including singing honeyeaters , will also visit lower plants to feed on nectar in gardens , such as e . g . eremophila , banksia , grevillea or callistemon . there they are much easier to spot .\nsuperb fairy - wrens are a common site across the south - east corner of australia including tasmania , with males singing long choruses to stake their territory . splendid fairy - wren males during breeding season are even more striking with shades of violet - blue , turquoise and pale - blue and are found in the interior of the country , especially around uluru .\nto attract singing honeyeaters to your garden , plant acacias and insect - attracting plants and avoid pesticides , as these birds will happily eat up small insects , beetles , moths , flies , spiders , caterpillars and grubs . they are omnivores , so they will also sip nectar , and eat fruits and berries . they will also take finch eggs and nestlings given the opportunity .\nat this time of year it is normal to hear the lyrebird\u2019s perfectly - imitated calls from yellow - tailed black cockatoos , crimson rosellas , golden whistlers , pied currawongs , eastern whipbirds and laughing kookaburras , all coming from the same location on the ground . patience and a quiet approach will usually reveal a singing , dancing male lyrebird with it\u2019s remarkable lyre - shaped tail feathers .\none of the world\u2019s most amazing songbirds , the superb lyrebird , is in full voice at this time . these birds reside in east gippsland year round but early breeding season brings out their best . during may , males can be heard singing loudly from specially - constructed dancing mounds used to attract females . males with complex songs featuring the largest number of mimicked sounds are successful breeders .\nrainbow bee - eaters and red - capped robins are an opportune sighting with the beautiful bee - eaters arriving around august from their northern migration . a host of bush birds can be seen across the mulga , grasslands , rocky terrains and spinifex and including crested pigeons , mudlarks , butcherbirds , fairy martins , yellow - throated miners , crested bellbirds , chiming wedgebills , grey shrike thrush and grey - headed honeyeater and occasionally the spinifex pigeon and major mitchell cockatoo .\nthe endemic and rare forty - spotted pardalote can be seen living in community groups in creek gullies and amongst the upper foliage of flowering white gums forests . these patches are some of the last remaining sanctuaries for this attractive and active tree dweller . all of tasmania\u2019s eight honeyeaters can be found feeding on nectar around the island including the raucous yellow wattlebird , which is the largest honeyeater in the world . black - headed and strong - billed honeyeaters prefer to feed on the browntop stringybarks scattered around the island .\nwith its prettily patterned breast , the regent honeyeater is striking and distinctive . its head is black with a cream eye - patch , the upper breast is black , flowing to speckled black , and its lower breast is pale lemon . wings and tail feathers are tipped with bright yellow . the birds grow to about 20cm long with a wingspan of 30cm . females are similar to males , though slightly smaller . in the past , flocks of several hundred were common , but now flock numbers are typically less than 20 .\neremophila glabra the resident singing honeyeaters are regular visitors to our bird baths . i don\u2019t think i\u2019ve seen them actually bathing in the water ; they just tend to come for a drink . next to the bird bath is a sprawling bush called eremophila glabra . in the photo this plant has the bright red tube - shaped flowers . ( click on the photo to enlarge ) . the honeyeaters frequently stay for five minutes or more feeding on these flowers . a quick return trip to the water for a drink and then they are off to feed elsewhere .\nsinging honeyeaters are small to medium - sized nectar - eating birds . their most prominent feature are conspicuous black eye stripes above a narrow yellow line and a white line on each side of the head . they have a white front from throat to undertail coverts , with the chest and part of the belly streaked with yellow and grey feathers . the back , from the crown to the tail , is mostly grey . only the flight feathers have olive - green leading edges . the undertail is light - grey . the irises are dark - brown . the slightly down - curved bill is dark - grey , while the legs and feet are grey .\noriginally described as meliphaga virescens lipferti mathews 1942 now lichenostomus virescens ( vieillot 1817 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\n( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )\nas masculine . ( christidis & boles 2008 , schodde in litt . see also lecroy 2011 . contra higgins et al 2008 , dickinson & christidis 2014 )\ndistinct ssp ( reddish myzomela ) ; detailed review with vocalizations needed ( gregory , in litt . )\nto papuan black myzomela to conform to ioc modifier rules and local use ( gregory in litt . )\nnew guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea ) , yapen i . and louisiade arch . ( off se new guinea )\nnew species described on the basis of morphology and vocalizations ( eaton et al 2016 , prawiradilaga et al . 2017 )\nn , c and se sulawesi , sula is . ( e of sulawesi )\ntorres is . ( vanuatu ) and santa cruz is . ( e solomons )\nto simpler black - bellied myzomela in current use ( gregory in litt . )\n( nyari and joseph 2011 ; cf driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )\ntrobriand is . and d ' entrecasteaux arch . ( off se new guinea )\ndubious and awaits results of new studies in progress . may be endemic ne au species or more likely conspecific with new guinea / helmeted friarbird complex ( sibley and monroe 1990 , christidis and boles 2008 ) . h & m4 lump\nbatanta and waigeo is . ( west papuan islands ) , yapen i . and nc new guinea\nsalawati and misool is . ( west papuan islands ) , w , s and e new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea )\nrecognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed , stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm . traditionally placed within\n. beehler & pratt 2016 . ( see mayr & gilliard , 1952 ) .\nrecognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed , stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm . lecroy 2011 , beehler & pratt 2016 . ( see mayr & gilliard , 1952 ) .\ns new guinea , aru is . , islands in the torres strait and cape york pen . ( ne australia )\n( norman et al . 2007 , christidis and boles 2008 ) . treat as monotypic . includes\n( norman et al . 2007 , christidis and boles 2008 , miller & wagner 2015 )\nau : west papuan islands , new guinea , aru i . and d ' entrecasteaux arch .\ngiant\nhoneyeaters on viti levu i differ in behavior , vocals , and genetics ( andersen et al . 2014 ; watling , pratt ms ) . english name options under discussion\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\na large range of clear , noisy calls , usually lively and melodious : ' prrip , prrip ' . dawn choruses may last for an hour , starting before sunrise .\nhandbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 5 { ( tyrant - flycatchers } to chats ) .\nformerly considered conspecific with g . versicolor . races intergrade where they meet : cooperi with forresti in n northern territory ; forresti with sonorus in narrow band from n queensland ( e drainage of gulf of carpentaria ) s through c cooper creek drainage to n flinders ranges and gawler ranges ( south australia ) , and with nominate from w western australia ( between north west cape and shark bay ) e to w eyre peninsula ( south australia ) ; in s south australia , nominate , forresti and sonorus overlap in three - way melange sw of gawler ranges . proposed race insularis ( rottnest i , in western australia ) is indistinguishable from nominate , and westwoodia ( westwood , in s queensland ) synonymized with sonoru s . four subspecies recognized .\n( mathews , 1912 ) \u2013 tiwi is ( bathurst i , melville i ) and n northern territory ( s to victoria r and sw gulf of carpentaria , including groote eylandt and sir edward pellew is ) , in n australia .\n( c . ingram , 1906 ) \u2013 western australia from kimberley division s to shark bay and wheatbelt , e to se gulf of carpentaria and nc queensland , south australia ( n eyre peninsula and n flinders ranges ) and nw new south wales .\n( gould , 1841 ) \u2013 cn queensland ( burdekin\u2013flinders rivers to dawson\u2013mackenzie basin ) s , w of great divide , to se south australia ( e from eyre peninsula ) and w victoria ( w of westernport bay ) .\n( vieillot , 1817 ) \u2013 coastal and subcoastal sw & s western australia from carnarvon\u2013shark bay s ( including rottnest i ) to sw capes ( absent from wetter far sw ) , inland to wheatbelt , and e to sc south australia ( e to w eyre peninsula ) .\nopen wooded habitats . primarily open shrublands and low open woodlands , frequently dominated by . . .\ndiet includes nectar , invertebrates ( mainly insects , also spiders and molluscs ) and fruit ; ratio of nectar to invertebrates estimated at 26 . . .\nbreeds in all months ; of 219 clutches , most ( 72\u00b76 % ) mid - aug to late nov . nest an open cup , typically substantial ( at least in w of . . .\nresident , usually with some local movements or fluctuation in numbers at specific locations . at . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally common ; recorded densities of up to 4\u00b733 birds / ha and 1\u00b73 breeding pairs / ha . declines reported in some areas but may have . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ninternal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .\npreviously treated as a subgenus within lichenostomus , but molecular data # r support treatment as a full genus . sister to ptilotula . see also manorina ( below ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . a . ( 2008 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 13 : penduline - tits to shrikes . lynx edicions , barcelona .\njobling , j . a . ( 2009 ) helm dictionary of scientific bird names . a & c black publishers , london .\nwaybill , s . ( 2007 ) our australian feathered friends . lulu . com .\nschodde , r . and mason , i . j . ( 1999 ) directory of australian birds : passerines . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\nthomas , r . , thomas , s . , andrew , d . and mcbride , a . ( 2011 ) the complete guide to finding the birds of australia . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\navital , e . and jablonka , e . ( 2000 ) animal traditions : behavioural inheritance in evolution . cambridge university press , cambridge .\nsibley , c . g . and monroe jr , b . ( 1991 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , connecticut .\nwiens , j . a . ( 1995 ) habitat fragmentation : island v landscape perspectives on bird conservation . ibis , 137 ( 1 ) : 97 - 104 .\nwiens , j . a . ( 1992 ) the ecology of bird communities . volume 1 . cambridge university press , cambridge .\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsongs at dawn from a bird perched high in a small tree in fairly open mulga . different individual than in xc328822 .\nsongs at dawn from a bird perched high in a small tree , part of a copse of trees around a small pond surrounded by an open , barren area .\nseveral song types ( or some calls ? ) from the same bird as in xc328819 , in response to playback .\none song from a bird ( part of a pair ) moving at mid - height at the edge of tall mulga .\nsame bird as xc 107797 . recording equipment : telinga pro 7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\na blue bird ( western scrub jay ) sings outside my window . . .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\ngavicalis virescens cooperi : n australia ( arnhem land , melville i . , groote eylandt )\ngavicalis virescens sonorus : cent . queensland and nsw to s victoria and se south australia\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 658 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhome | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common ( morcombe 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( higgins et al . 2001 ) ."]}
{"id": 906, "summary": [{"text": "galerida is a genus of birds in the family alaudidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the current scientific name is derived from latin .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "galerida was the name for a lark with a crest , from galerum , \" cap \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the name galerida is synonymous with the earlier genus names calendula , heliocorys and ptilocorys . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "galerida", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\ngalerida cristata\nas hidden on the\ngalerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\ngalerida theklae huei : s - c ethiopia ( bale mts . , arussi )\nvalter jacinto marked\nfile : galerida cristata ( crested lark ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ngalerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\npage .\ngalerida cristata caucasica : e aegean is . , n turkey , s caucasus and w transcaucasia\ngalerida theklae theresae : sw morocco ( s from anti - atlas mts . ) and western sahara\ngalerida cristata kleinschmidti : nw morocco ( e to rif mts . and s to middle atlas )\ngalerida theklae theklae : e and s portugal , spain , balearic is . , and extreme s france\ngalerida cristata cinnamomina : w lebanon ( w from beirut ) and nw israel ( mt . carmel and haifa )\nvalter jacinto marked\nn52 _ w1150\nas hidden on the\ngalerida cristata\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\njennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import , clements checklist resource , clements checklist resource , and clements checklist resource from galerida cristata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : galerida theklae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nryan , p . ( 2018 ) . large - billed lark ( galerida magnirostris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nmove nicator species from incertae sedis to nicatoridae , which aligns with alaudidae and panuridae to form a basal trichotomy that is sister of the rest of the sylvioids ( beresford et al . 2005 , johansson et al . 2008 )\nbearded reedling is not related to parrotbills , but is sister to the larks ( alaudidae ) and in turn to the rest of the sylvioidea ( ericson and johansson 2003 ; alstr\u00f6m et al . 2006 ; fuchs et al . 2006 ; alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\n( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\ndesert lark comprises at least 4 divergent mtdna lineages that require study and revision ( alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\na . c . arenicolor may comprise two divergent taxa ( alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\ne sudan to somalia , arabia , s iraq , socotra i . , iran an pakistan\ntreat as monotypic . spottiswoode et al . 2013 , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 .\naf : sw zambia , n , ec namibia , botswana , c and e south africa .\n( sinclair & ryan 2003 , hockey , dean & ryan eds 2005 , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\nto cape clapper lark and range to\nsw namibia , w , sc , s . africa\nwith split of\nc myanmar to s china , c , sc thailand , cambodia , c , s vietnam .\n( de juana et al . 2004 , hockey , dean & ryan 2005 )\ns sakhalin i . , s kuril is . , japan and ryukyu is .\nthekla lark comprises several possible species , e . g . east african populations (\n) exhibit deep genetic divergences among themselves and from mediterranean populations ( guillaumet et al . 2008 ) . correct english name to thekla ' s lark which refers to the daughter of the german ornithologist brehm ( hbw alive )\nis split from crested lark ( guillaumet et al . 2006 , 2008 ; alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 ) . correct species name is\ntreat erlanger ' s lark as a subspecies of blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al . 2016 )\naccept recommendation by redman et al . to use shorter name of blanford ' s lark for\nis a proposed split from blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al 2016 ) . includes\neu : wc turkey to s kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , ne iran and n afghanistan . also n israel , lebanon and w syria and n iraq .\ns europe and nw africa to turkey ( except sc and se ) , transcaucasia and nw iran .\nmorocco to nw egypt , s turkey to the sinai pen . and e iraq\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\npareja en su zona de nidificaci\u00f3n . grabado en una zona de estepa llana con hierba y matorral ralos donde existe una gran concentraci\u00f3n de al\u00e1udidos .\nel ecosistema es una zona de peque\u00f1as parcelas cultivadas de modo tradicional y casi sin productos fitosanitarios . all\u00ed se alternan plantaciones de tomate , alfalfa , cereal , calabaza , calabac\u00edn , jud\u00edas , y las lindes entre campos son de ca\u00f1as y alg\u00fan que otro arbusto de ricino .\nzona de cultivos tradicionales en regad\u00edo con poco tratamiento de productos fitosanitarios donde se alternan peque\u00f1as parcelas de alfalfa , calabac\u00edn , calabaza , nabo , tomate y cereal . las lindes entre campos est\u00e1n constitu\u00eddas por ca\u00f1as y alg\u00fan arbusto de ricino .\nun macho posado en el suelo canta realizando diversas imitaciones . grabado por audiotrampeo en una tabla de cristalizaci\u00f3n de salinas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nin europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 17 , 700 , 000 - 24 , 500 , 000 pairs , which equates to 35 , 300 , 000 - 49 , 000 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 20 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 176 , 500 , 000 - 245 , 000 , 000 mature individuals , placed here in the range of 175 , 000 , 000 - 249 , 999 , 999 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : the population is estimated to be in decline following regional declines in recent decades , probably owing to habitat loss and degradation ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) . in europe , trends between 1982 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a steep decline ( ebcc 2015 ) . the european population decline is estimated to be less than 25 % in 11 . 4 years ( three generations ) ( birdlife international 2015 ) .\nthis species is threatened by agricultural intensification and over fertilization which results in overgrown vegetation in wastelands and road margins ( de juana and su\u00e1rez 2004 ) . in addition the use of pesticides has also negatively affected populations ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . changes in urbanization practices , such as new housing or industrial areas being rapidly forested along with afforestation schemes and possibly , climatic change are also threats ( de juana and su\u00e1rez 2004 ) .\nconservation actions underway there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within europe . conservation actions proposed wide scale conservation measures are required for this species including the maintenance of traditional low - intensity farming practices . management should include the maintenance of mosaics of non - irrigated cereal crops , including short - term set - aside lands , arable lands and wide margins between crops without any chemical treatments . in addition research should focus on the biological processes affecting the distribution and abundance of this species ( tucker and heath 1994 ) .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22717383a111109755 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 809 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 264 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing therefore the species is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhas sometimes been placed in monospecific calendula . see g . modesta . geographical variation largely clinal , with clines of increasing body size and decreasing bill size from w to e . birds from lesotho sometimes separated as race montivaga , but probably better merged with harei . three subspecies recognized .\nclancey , 1993 \u2013 karoo areas of extreme sw namibia and w south africa ( e to griqualand west ) .\n18 cm ; 35\u201348 g . large , heavily built , straw - coloured lark with robust bill . nominate race has fairly prominent creamy - buff to whitish supercilium , narrow dark eyestripe . . .\ntypical song , in flight or from ground or perch , a fast , stereotyped , slightly wheezy \u201ctit - it . . .\nsemi - arid grassland and dwarf shrubland , open coastal scrub , and fields . most abundant in cereal . . .\nseeds of grasses , sedges , various forbs and legumes ; also insects , including beetles ( coleoptera ) , caterpillars , cockroaches ( blattodea ) , . . .\nbreeds chiefly during spring months aug\u2013nov , occasionally later ( in summer ) . monogamous and territorial ; pair - members remain together . . .\nlargely resident ; has been suggested that it undertakes some altitudinal movements in e of range , . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally common to very common . has benefited from agriculture ; abundant in cereal croplands in western cape . also benefits from poor agricultural . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent molecular phylogeny of this family # r \u2014the most comprehensive attempted to date\u2014has recommended novel arrangements for several species and genera , including the resurrection of a number of abandoned genus - group names .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by valter jacinto - see more .\nvalter jacinto marked\nn52 _ w1150\nas hidden on the\nalauda cristata\npage . reasons to hide : low quality\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nprovoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , \u2192isbn\nthis page was last edited on 13 october 2017 , at 01 : 32 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy ."]}
{"id": 907, "summary": [{"text": "chersadaula ochrogastra is a moth of the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1923 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 mm for males and 16 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light-brownish , irregularly tinged with rosy-pink , and sprinkled with grey-whitish and dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey , but lighter towards the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "larvae have been found under stones . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "chersadaula ochrogastra", "paragraphs": ["monotypic and endemic . the \u2642 genitalia show affinity with the chloradelpha group of borkhausenia , the chief difference being that in c . ochrogastra meyr . the harpes are clothed outwardly with long hair - scales .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhead loosely haired ; ocelli posterior ; tongue developed . antennae \u00be , in \u2642 evenly ciliated , basal joint moderate , without pecten . labial palpi rather long , recurved , second joint thickened with appressed scales , terminal joint about half second , slender , acute . maxillary palpi very short , filiform . posterior tibiae rough - scaled above . forewings 1 b furcate , 2 and 3 stalked from angle , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to costa , 11 from middle ; in \u2640 half - aborted , pointed . hindwings in \u2642 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia \u00be ; 3 and 4 connate , 5\u20137 nearly parallel ; in \u2640 half - aborted , very short , lanceolate .\n\u2640 16 mm . abdomen yellow - ochreous , grey on sides and praeanal segment , anal segment whitish . forewings broad - lanceolate , apex strongly and narrowly produced , pointed ; colour and markings nearly as in \u2642 , but basal third more whitish , angularly prominent in disc , a stronger blackish mark between second discal and tornus . hindwings rather broad - lanceolate , less than half length of forewings and about half as broad : cilia grey - whitish .\nbreaker bay , wellington ; bred in november from larvae found under stones on the coast in september ; two examples . the female must be incapable of flight\u2014probably an adaptation to a shelterless and windy coast .\n\u2642 26 mm . head and thorax grey suffused with white except shoulders . palpi white , second joint sprinkled with blackish , and with a black subapical\nring , terminal joint with black median band . abdomen grey , segmental margins whitish , anal tuft ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , posteriorly rather dilated , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , termen nearly straight , oblique ; grey suffusedly irrorated with white , tinged here and there with ochreous ; a small grey basal patch , edge sprinkled with blackish , acutely angulated on fold ; small blackish spots on costa at \u2153 and \u2157 ; stigmata blackish , plical beneath first discal , second discal represented by a small transverse spot from which a blackish streak runs nearly to first , a blackish dot between and above first and second discal ; an obscure angulated subterminal shade of whitish suffusion ; a marginal series of small blackish - grey spots round posterior part of costa and termen : cilia whitish with two grey shades . hindwings grey ; cilia as in forewings .\nben lomond , lake wakatipu , in forest at 2 , 000 ft . , january ; one example .\n\u2642 19 mm . head and thorax rosy - fuscous . palpi light rosy partially suffused with fuscous . abdomen pale - greyish tinged laterally with rosy , anal tuft whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate , moderate , costa moderately arched , apex obtuse , termen slightly rounded , somewhat oblique ; 2\u20134 approximated , 7 to apex ; rosy - lilac - brownish , costal edge ferruginous ; stigmata small , indistinct , dark fuscous , plical beneath first discal ; an obtusely angulated subterminal series of indistinct short interneural dark - fuscous dashes : cilia rosy mixed with light grey . hindwings light grey ; cilia light rosy .\ntakapuna , auckland , january ; one example . next to liochroa , which , however , has ochreous - whitish hindwings .\n[ read before the nelson philosophical society , 30th june , 1926 ; received by editor , 2nd july , 1926 ; issued separately , 10th august , 1927 . ]\nfamily oecophoridae is numerically a very important one among new zealand micro - lepidoptera , its members comprising about one - third of the whole of the tineoidea . this predominence is chiefly due to the large genus\nwhich , in turn , accounts for nearly forty per cent . of the oecophoridae . other fairly large genera are\n( 19 species ) , which has several representatives in australia . the remaining forms are divided among about twenty genera and constitute either small endemic groups or are outliers of genera more common elsewhere . at least two species ,\nstt . , are semi - domestic in habits and have undoubtedly been accidentally introduced by man .\nthe male genitalia of the family have been dealt with , in part , in previous publications . these are as follows : \u2014\n\u201clist of new zealand species of borkhausenia ( oecophoridae : lepidoptera ) , including new species . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 399 . this article figures the male genitalia of 47 species of the genus .\n\u201cnew zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 56 , p . 387 . gives figures of the male genitaia of borkhausenia affinis philp . , b . terrena philp . , euchersadaula tristis philp . , e . lathriopa ( meyr . ) , leptocroca scholaea ( meyr . ) , l . asphaltis ( meyr . ) , l . variabilis philp . , l . vacua philp . and barea ambigua philp .\n\u201cthe genitalia of the genus gymnobathra . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . vol . 57 , p . 716 . figures the male genitalia of all species except g . philadelpha meyr . , g . thetodes meyr . and g . sarcoxantha meyr .\n\u201cnew zealand lepidoptera : notes and descriptions . \u201d trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 57 , p . 703 . figures the male genitalia of borkhausenia marcida philp . and b . paula philp .\na general description of the male genitalia in each genus follows , with keys to the species in the larger groups . these keys , with\nthe figures , will probably be found sufficient for species determination without detailed descriptions . from want of material the genera aochleta ( one species ) and philobota ( two species ) have had to be omitted .\nonly a single straggler , s . orthophanes meyr . , is found in new zealand . the male genitalia are of fairly normal oecophorid type , the chief modification being the long narrow basally - projecting process ( saccus ) of the vinculum . the uncus is of moderate length and is opposed by a normal gnathos , the apical projection of which is directed caudally . the harpes are irregularly oblong and divided into a cucullus and sacculus , the latter being the more strongly chitinised and having its apex overlapping the former .\nthe world - wide house - frequenting species , s . lacteella schiff . is the only form found in new zealand . the tegumen , with its uncus and gnathos , resembles that of the preceding species . the harpes are of simple leaf - like type , with the ventral margin forming apically a free curved lobe . it is doubtful if such a lobe , which occurs frequently among the oecophoridae , can be regarded as the homologue of the sacculus , a part which rather seems to be the result of an apical splitting of the harpe . as in the preceding species , the vinculum is produced in a cephalic direction , but is here very broad and scoop - like . the juxta consists of two long tapering lobes springing from the basal plate . the unusual development of the vinculum and juxta is probably related to the corresponding development of the aedeagus , which is both stout and long , reaching almost from the base of the vinculum to the apex of the harpe .\nmontotypic and endemic . the genitalia resemble those of some species of gymnobathra ; barea dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . also exhibit the same type . the uncus is apically dilated and bears some spiny areas near its abruptly truncate apex .\nthe genus is characterised by the feeble development of the tegumen and uncus , the anal tube frequently projecting beyond the apex of the latter . the gnathos is absent . the harpes , in a few instances , are divided into sacculus and cucullus , but in outline do not depart much from the oecophorid type . on the inner side near the base is a process which takes a variety of forms in the different species . it is probably a development of the editum , which in borkhausenia and other related genera consists only of a slight fold\n( lettering : a , male genitalia , lateral view ; b , harpe\u2014inner view ; c , aedeagus\u2014in some instances the juxta is included ; d , juxta , ventral view ; e , vinculum ; f , uncus , in some instances showing the gnathos also ; g , tegumen , dorsal view ; h , transtilla ; i , apex of gnathos . )\nclothed with a few short hairs . the juxta invariably mainly consists of a pair of processes , which may range from a blunt protuberance , as in i . epiphanes meyr . to a long and irregular cone , as in i . peroneanella walk . the aedeagus , in most instances , has an elaborate armature of spines , which may be short or long , single or arranged in rows or groups . in view of the specialisation of the other parts the absence of the gnathos and the weakness of the uncus may be considered to be also the result of specialisation .\nthe male genitalia of i . acmonias philp . differ little , if at all , from those of i . picarella walk . and the former species may be only a large race of the latter . i have not found , however , any intermediate\nmeyr . i , seventh segment , showing pouch containing brush of long hair - scales ; j , dorsal view of paired pouches on seventh segment ; k , a pouch everted , forming a finger - like process carrying a brush of radiating hairs .\nindividuals and it is advisable , for the present , to recognise the two species . of i . manubriata meyr . , i . planetella huds . and i . copiosella walk . i have not been able to obtain material for dissection .\nthe single new zealand representative ( l . vagata meyr . ) of this genus is remarkable for the reduction of the tegumen , which is very small in comparison with the normal sized harpes . the gnathos is present , but is very weakly chitinised . a \u22a5 - shaped transtilla connects the upper basal angles of the harpes , an organ not usually present in the family . a structure on the seventh tergite probably has relation to the genitalia . it is a paired organ , situated caudally on the dorso - lateral region , and is in the form of a pouch filled with long hair - scales . this pouch can be everted , when it becomes a truncate finger - like process with the long hairs standing out in all directions , though most numerous round the apex . the eighth segment is largely membranous , there being only a narrow chitinised strip in a median position on the sternite .\nthis genus closely approaches borkhausenia in genitalia characters . the gnathos is strongly developed , the uncus finger - like from a lateral view and the harpes with both cucullus and sacculus , or cucullus only . the aedeagus is a simple tubular organ , enclosing a slender spine - like penis and supported beneath by a small shield - shaped or rounded concave juxta .\nsix of the eighteen species have not been available for dissection and t . phaeoptila meyr . proves , on examination , to belong to izatha .\nonly one species , e . chloratma meyr . , of this small australian genus is known from new zealand . the genitalia of the male approach those of trachypepla .\nthe male genitalia in atomotricha display , in some cases , very striking specific differences . in others , however , the differences are not of sufficient importance to warrant specific distinction . it is possible that a . versuta meyr . , a . chloronota meyr . and a . sordida butl . may be only forms of one widely spread species ; they cannot be separated by definite genitalia characters . a . exsomnis , meyr . , though nearer than any of the other species examined to this group , is at once distinguished by the broad uncus and altogether differently shaped gnathos . so far there is no departure from the more simple oecophorid types , but the remaining two forms , which are all i have been able to examine , are extremely specialised . in a . isogama meyr . the uncus is divided into two elongate paddle - shaped blades , from near the base of each of which a long process projects above the gnathos . the gnathos is strongly developed and the front of the ring is curved prominently upward . the harpes are much narrowed apically where they are cleft into two portions . a . ommatias meyr . is somewhat of the same type , but the uncus is divided into two depressed rounded flat oblique plates , the lateral arms being\nsmaller and nearer the gnathos than in a . isogama ; the frontal process of the gnathos is also much shorter . the apical fissure of the harpes in a . isogama is here represented by a wide indentation .\nthere being considerable doubt as to the validity of several of the species , no key is at present attempted .\nof the three new zealand species of this genus , two , b . dinocosma meyr . and b . ambigua philp . , have genitalia of the gymnobathra type ; the remaining species , b . confusella walk . , approaches more nearly to some forms of borkhausenia . the harpes , however , exhibit a character not found in the latter genus , the ventral fold being free at its apex and developing into a pointed process . there is also a somewhat similar process beyond , arising from the dorsal area and projecting slightly over the ventral margin .\nthe single new zealand species , e . zophoessa meyr . , of this extensive genus shows the normal characters of the family , with the exception that a fairly well - developed a - shaped transtilla is present .\nthis australian genus has one representative , o . austrina meyr . in new zealand . the uncus and gnathos are of normal type , but the harpes exhibit some unusual features . the ventral margin is very strongly chitinised and the fold within , in addition to a free apical lobe , has a pointed process at about \u2153 from base . the aedeagus is dilated at its apex and obliquely truncate ; basally it passes imperceptibly into the ductus ejaculatorius .\nthe only new zealand representative of this large australian genus is p . acroxantha meyr . , a comparatively recent addition to our lepidopterous fauna . the male genitalia of this species do not differ greatly from those of gymnobathra as far as the vinculum , tegumen and harpes go , but the rounded gnathos and peculiar juxta are distinctive .\na monotypic and endemic genus . the uncus has almost disappeared and consists only of a rounded prominence behind the base of the gnathos . the gnathos itself is highly specialised , the frontal plate taking the form of a scoop - like expansion , outwardly thickly covered with backwardly directed short spines . the harpes are broad , apically truncate , and with a small thumb - like projection beyond the middle of the ventral margin . the aedeagus is rather short and stout .\na small endemic genus containing three species . the uncus and gnathos are of the same type as those of the preceding genus , but the harpes are more normal in shape . reference to the figures will show the very distinctive characters of the aedeagus and juxta . no difficulty will be found in separating p . profunda meyr . and p . carnifex butl . , but a male of p . clarkei philp . has not been available for dissection .\nthe single new zealand species , c . bifasciella walk . , of this south american genus is characterised by the peculiar bifid and laterally expanded uncus . the gnathos is rather weak with the frontal plate upcurved ; the harpes are of simple leaf - like type .\nthe outstanding feature of the male genitalia of the two new zealand species of this genus is the complete absence of the uncus , the long anal tube being protected by a tuft of hair springing from the dorsal surface of the tegumen . the gnathos is very highly specialised . from near the apex of each lateral arm arises a racket - shaped organ of the same nature as the single structure of proteodes . the harpes are simple in type and the cephalic margin of the vinculum is deeply and widely excised .\nof the six new zealand species of cryptolechia two have not been available for examination . of the remaining four , three , c . apocrypta meyr . , c . compsotypa meyr . and c . liochroa meyr . form a related group , but the fourth , c . semnodes meyr . differs very considerably . the group just referred to is characterised by the absence of the gnathos , the development of processes on the inner surface of the harpes , the reduction of the vinculum to a narrow band and the strongly curved aedeagus . in c . liochroa the curving of the aedeagus is carried so far that the base and apex almost meet .\nin c . semnodes the harpes are simple , but the gnathos is present ; it consists of a pair of thin lateral arms and a broad flat frontal plate covered with minute spines .\nmonotypic and endemic . the genitalia of l . leucocentra meyr . approach nearer to the type of barea dinocosma meyr . than to any of the new zealand representative of the oecophoridae .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about cherson\u0113sos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cherson\u0113sos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about chersiphron ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for chersiphron ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about cherskiy ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cherskiy ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 912, "summary": [{"text": "turbinaria patula , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is native to the indo-pacific region , being found in the eastern indian ocean , northern australia , the south china sea and the western pacific ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is an uncommon species and the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has rated it as a \" vulnerable \" species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "turbinaria patula", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is turbinaria patula ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the turbinaria patula species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of turbinaria patula species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species turbinaria patula .\nhow to identify turbinaria patula marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria patula . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria patula are marked in green .\nturbinaria patula . great barrier reef , australia . showing colony overgrowing t . mesenterina .\ninformation on turbinaria patula is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nwhere is turbinaria patula found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species turbinaria patula can be found .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria patula )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria patula )\ntitle =\narkive species - turbinaria coral ( turbinaria patula )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nturbinaria patula . great barrier reef , australia . colony with polyps extended . . mary stafford - smith .\nturbinaria patula . norfolk island , coral sea . a large colony where the characters of the species are well developed . charlie veron .\nwhich taxonomic groups does the genus turbinaria belong to and what are the different turbinaria species ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the genus turbinaria belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different species .\nwhich are the most common photographed turbinaria species ? below , you will find the list of species commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\n( of turbinaria robusta bernard , 1896 ) bernard h ( 1896 ) . the genus turbinaria , the genus astraeopora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 2 : 1 - 106 , pls . 1 - 33 . [ details ]\na new patch coral area has been recorded first time during a recent survey by suganthi devadason marine research insti - tute ( sdmri ) reef research team ( rrt ) in the northern region of palk bay near thamodharanpattinam fishing village which is about 70 km away from pamban . among the four species recorded in the patch coral area , turbinaria patula is a new record for the palk bay and has been listed as vulnerable in iucn red list . the current findings provide an insight in to more new coral patches and probably new species in palk bay which are to be explored yet .\n( of turbinaria cupula ehrenberg , 1834 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\n( of turbinaria fungiformis michelin , 1841 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\n( of turbinaria bankae giebel , 1861 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\n( of gemmipora patula dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]\n( of gemmipora patula dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]\n( of turbinaria cupula ehrenberg , 1834 ) ehrenberg , c . g . ( 1834 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur physiologischen kenntniss der corallenthiere im allgemeinen , und besonders des rothen meeres , nebst einem versuche zur physiologischen systematik derselben . abhandlungen der k\u00f6niglichen akademie der wissenschaften , berlin . 1 : 225 - 380 . , available online at urltoken ; : int = 00000243 [ details ]\n( of turbinaria robusta bernard , 1896 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]\ndana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\ncairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]\nveron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia \u2013 part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]\nveron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the central indo - pacific , tropical and sub - tropical australia , south china sea , and the oceanic west pacific .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nit is found on inshore reefs and shallow rocky foreshores of subtropical locations . they form plates of over 1 m in diameter . this species is found from 7 - 20 m .\nall corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species\u2019 range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncolonies are usually irregularly folded , unifacial , upright fronds with long tubular corallites strongly inclined towards the colony margins . corallites have elliptical openings , and average 5 millimetres diameter .\ntaxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) . additional identification guide : veron ( 1986 ) .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ncharlie ( j . e . n ) veron j . veron @ urltoken urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif this is your first visit , welcome to reef frontiers . we have left open the door for you to browse around and check out the site , but we would realy love you to register with us and join in our community , its all free and we have the largest database on the internet to help you be successful . once you have completed your registration please come on in and introduce your self in our introduction forum . before you can post : click the register link above to proceed . to start viewing messages , select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .\nhello , i have a pagoda cup coral . it appears to be doing well since i bought it 4 mo . ago . i have it under 260 total watts . in moderate crosswise flow . i spot feed it once a week and add a\nreef stew\n( abundant with life ~ phytoplankton , brine shrimp , rotifers , copepods , nannochloropsis , tetraselmis , and isochyrsisto ) to my tank bi - weekly . it has what looks like white excrement coming from it ' s tissue . it appears in tiny white pin size dots , kinda looks like cotton . i have seen it before , but it went away . this time there is more of it . what ' s going on ? ~ tia\npagoda regularly will let off a slime coat to clean themselves . just have good flow on it to blow it off .\nyou know me , im jiddy from rapid city . thats in s . dakota , no its a state , by mn . the one with mt . rushmore ! hidden content\nwell , once again the\nstuff\nis gone . i ' m positive it ' ll show back up , i ' m just trying to figure this coral out\ni have one as well , and haven ' t ever seen what you describe . sorry i am not more helpful . i have pretty good alternating flow directed across at mine from my seaswirl , so it may be that i don ' t see it because it gets blown away . my experience with this coral is that it needs more flow and more direct feeding than i originally thought . in fact i sold the mother colony to les because it was struggling in my tank . the piece i kept was in a higher location , with more flow and easier to reach with the turkey baster , and it is super super happy now .\nthanks guys ! i ' m setting up a 115 in the next month for the inhabitants of my 55 . i am going with a closed loop powered by a super squirt and iwaki . flow is definately in the fore front of the whole project . bc , how often do you direct feed ? what are signs of this coral in stress ? other than the pin point cotton like things there is tons of new tissue and polyp growth on my pagoda .\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 4 . 2 . 3 copyright \u00a9 2018 vbulletin solutions , inc . all rights reserved .\ndepth range based on 87 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 33 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 1 - 28 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 21 . 407 - 26 . 803 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 088 - 0 . 923 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 975 - 35 . 635 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 573 - 5 . 058 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 201 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 900 - 3 . 672 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 1 - 28 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 21 . 407 - 26 . 803 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 088 - 0 . 923 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 975 - 35 . 635 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 4 . 573 - 5 . 058 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 081 - 0 . 201 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 900 - 3 . 672 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthis species is uncommon except in subtropical localities . there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future . the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years . see the supplementary materialfor further details on population decline and generation length estimates .\nall corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nyou can now access full text articles from research journals published by csir - niscair ! full text facility is provided for all eighteen research journals viz . alis , bvaap , ijbb , ijbt , ijca , ijcb , ijct , ijeb , ijems , ijftr , ijms , ijnpr , ijpap , ijrsp , ijtk , jipr , jsir & jst . nopr also hosts three popular science magazines viz . science reporter ( sr ) , vigyan pragati ( vp ) & science ki duniya ( skd ) and a natural products repository ( nparr ) .\nmathews , g . raj , k . diraviya rajesh , s . kumar , p . dinesh edward , j . k . patterson\nitems in nopr are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nwhether mature individuals of a species are colonial , solitary or either colonial or solitary ( both ) .\nthe typical local abundance of species when found on the great barrier reef , australia . data were extracted from textual descriptions in veron ( 1996 ) by diaz and madin ( 2011 ) .\nscleractinian corals collected during 1998 from dampier archipelago , western australia jane k . griffith\nnote : id to be confirmed for corals collected during da3 / 99 expedition .\nozcam ( online zoo - log - i - cal col - lec - tions of aus - tralian muse - ums ) pro - vides access to an online data - base of records aggre - gated from fau - nal col - lec - tions data - bases in aus - tralian museums .\nsupplied as\nslack - smith , s . m . & marsh , l . m .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : acd34fd5 - 6371 - 41a4 - 96ae - 8d9b4047ad28\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 05a85c13 - 2d93 - 4190 - 949a - 08760ced9628\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4647863b - 760d - 4b59 - aaa1 - 502c8cdf8d3c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3dc64238 - 278c - 40c6 - b5c9 - 5172f31f1dcb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46772087 - 1328 - 4a98 - 9769 - 423f28f75fec\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0710191f - ca8e - 4dc5 - b601 - 105da15d9adb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6726a12e - 6e01 - 4f65 - a977 - 9d4e947f4ab4\nslack - smith , s . m . & marsh , l . m .\nclick the\nconfirm\nbutton to verify that this record is correct and that the listed\nvalidation issues\nare incorrect / invalid . please provide a short comment supporting your verification .\ngo directly to a species factsheet by expanding a genus name and clicking on a species .\nalternatively use the dropdown lists from quick select above to select one or multiple species and click apply . if you are logged into the site the group can be saved and will be available for subsequent selection from the saved species list dropdown menu above .\nfrequent modifications are being made to data and content and users are advised not to include website data in publications until version 1 . 00 is released . registered users will receive updates about timing of releases . to become a registered user , and to use various features of the website not available to casual visitors , please login ( see right hand side top banner ) .\nthe authors welcome constructive comments and details of errors or omissions via the feedback form ( see the bottom banner of all pages ) .\nwhile in beta phase , the website will be taken offline periodically for modifications . wherever possible , warning will be given in advance via this notification popup .\nselect ecoregions and / or taxa from the quick select tool or expand view to explore the relationships between species and their spatial distribution . apply your selections and a variety of statistics relating to your search will appear here . ecoregions can also be selected directly from the map . investigate the map tools ( above right ) to activate other functions and layers ."]}
{"id": 916, "summary": [{"text": "the caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in the cayman islands , colombia ( san andr\u00e9s island ) , honduras ( bay islands ) , jamaica , and mexico ( yucat\u00e1n peninsula ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has been introduced to new providence in the bahamas .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "caribbean dove", "paragraphs": ["jamaican dove , violet dove , white - bellied dove , white - fronted dove .\ndove information . . . index of dove species . . . photos of the different dove species for identification\nthe caribbean dove is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe population of the caribbean dove is considered to be stable . there are no known conservation measures in place for this species ( 4 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhybrid pigeon . father : collared doves x laughing dove cock . mother : racing pigeon hen\npopulations also occur on the caribbean islands of caymans , jamaica , and turks and caicos .\nbreeding occurs from march to may when the female caribbean dove lays a clutch of two white eggs . the nest is typically a fragile platform of twigs , which is lined with rootlets and placed in a dense low tree or shrub , usually no more than three metres above the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the caribbean dove is also known to occasionally nest on the ground ( 2 ) .\nthe caribbean doves ( leptotila jamaicensis ) - also commonly referred to as violet doves , jamaican doves , white - fronted doves or white - bellied doves - are found in mexico and several caribbean islands .\ngenerally found in semi - arid habitat , the caribbean dove inhabits primary and secondary forest up to elevations of 2 , 000 metres . it typically favours lowland areas with shrub or tree cover , such as scrub or woodland . the caribbean dove is also found in the dry limestone forests and the montane forest of the blue mountains in jamaica , and is commonly observed in gardens and orchards throughout its range ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe caribbean dove feeds on seeds , small fruits , insects , larvae and small snails ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . generally , the caribbean dove is found alone or in pairs on the forest floor . it forages for prey among the leaf litter , or along the edges of woodland , and , less commonly , in more open habitats . this species shows an unusual preference for walking on the ground rather than flying , and it will typically only fly to a low perch when it is disturbed ( 3 ) .\nthey are easily identified in the caribbean region by their conspicuous iridescent purple , rosy to bronze - green feathers on the neck sides and the nape .\nconspicuous iridescent purple to bronze - green feathers on the hindneck of the caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis ) make it a fairly distinctive island inhabitant in the caribbean region . the forehead , face and throat of this species are white , becoming blue - grey on the crown and back of the neck . the sides of the neck and breast are rosy pink to pinkish - white . the upperparts are typically greyish olive - brown , contrasting with white underparts and reddish - brown underwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . there is often a bold white band on the front of the folded wing ( 2 ) . the tail of the caribbean dove has black feathers outer feathers and a white band across the bottom , which is broken in the middle by the central pair of grey - brown tail feathers . the bill is black , slightly greyer at the base , and the legs and feet are red . the caribbean dove has dull reddish - purple skin around the eyes , and the iris is white or whitish - yellow , often with a red ring ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe female caribbean dove has much duller iridescence on the back of the neck compared to the male . the juvenile is also duller and lacks the iridescence . the wing - coverts and the feathers on the shoulder of the juvenile are typically edged with red , and the neck and breast have pale reddish - brown bars ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe caribbean doves are about 11 . 5 - 13 inches ( 29 - 33 cm ) long - including the tail ; and weigh 4 . 1 - 6 . 7 oz ( 117 - 190 g ) .\nfour subspecies of the caribbean dove are recognised . leptotila jamaicensis gaumeri is slightly smaller than the other subspecies and more olive - brown , with reduced iridescence on the hindneck and darker pink on the breast . leptotila jamaicensis collaris is slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies leptotila jamaicensis jamaicensis , but is otherwise similar in appearance , while leptotila jamaicensis neoxena also has reduced iridescence on the neck and the underparts are more deeply washed with pink ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nwhite - tipped dove ( leptotila verreauxi ) from southernmost texas in the usa through mexico and central america south to western peru and central argentina ; head is vinaceous grey with paler forehead ; the chest and flanks are pale vinaceous grey turning white on the belly .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . caribbean dove ( leptotila jamaicensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe locally common and resident ( non - migratory ) caribbean doves inhabit the bahamas , yucat\u00e1n peninsula and several adjacent mexican offshore islands ( including cozumel ) and the countries of belize and honduras ( bay islands ) , and the colombian island of san andr\u00e9s off the nicaraguan coast .\ncaribbean doves feed on seeds , small fruits , insects , larvae and small snails . they readily take advantage of bird feeders in gardens or forage alone , in pairs or small family groups on the forest floor , but will also remove fruits and nuts from trees or shrubs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\npartners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1997 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 4 : sandgrouse to cuckoos . lynx edicions , barcelona .\ngibbs , d . , barnes , e . and cox , j . ( 2000 ) pigeons and doves : a guide to the pigeons and doves of the world . pica press , a & c black publishers ltd , london .\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 71 side a track 57 seq . a )\nthe recording was filtered to a frequency 8000hz so the background noise ( insects , leafs and wind ) wouldn ' t get in the way , since the song of the bird was barely audible .\nthe habitat was outside a mangrove , inside a patch of trees and bushes .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n( lawrence , 1885 ) \u2013 se mexico ( n yucat\u00e1n peninsula and islands of holbox , mujeres and cozumel ) , ne belize ( ambergris cay ) , and honduran islands of barbareta , roat\u00e1n and little hog .\n( cory , 1887 ) \u2013 san andr\u00e9s i ( off ce nicaragua ) .\n29\u201333 cm ; 117\u2013190 g . forehead , face and throat white becoming grey on hindcrown and iridescent purple on nape ; mantle and sides of neck rosy vinaceous , . . .\nsong is a rather rhythmic series of four mournful monotonous notes , with emphasis on the last one \u201c . . .\ntypically in semi - arid habitat , preferring areas with some shrub or tree cover , usually in lowlands . . .\nin jamaica , seeds identified include those of orange , naseberry and red birch ; small snails also sometimes taken . forages on the ground .\nseason mar\u2013may . nest placed in tree or shrub , seldom high above ground ; in jamaica , found in logwood trees or in low bushes ; ground . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . common to fairly common in mexican part of range ; locally common in jamaica and on w side of san andr\u00e9s i ; uncommon on grand . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nrolando chavez , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , hal and kirsten snyder , josep del hoyo , ken simonite , rich bayldon , ken havard , dave irving .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : leptotila jamaicensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nleptotila jamaicensis gaumeri : n yucat\u00e1n , mujeres , holbox , cozumel and is . off honduras\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 322 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthey are usually found on the ground in semi - arid , lowland forests up to elevations of 6 , 560 feet ( 2 , 000 meters ) . they are also common in gardens , especially with bird feeders , and orchards , where they feed on fruits .\nfound in the dry limestone and montane forest regions of jamaica . introduced to new providence in the bahamas .\nrange : southeastern mexico in the northern yucat\u00e1n peninsula , on the islands of holbox , mujeres and cozumel , northeastern belize ( ambergris cay - part of the turks and caicos islands ) , and honduran islands of barbareta , roat\u00e1n and little hog .\nid : slightly smaller ; plumage more olive - brown with reduced iridescence on the hindneck and darker pink on the chest .\nrange : western side of the san andr\u00e9s island off the central eastern coast of nicaragua .\nid : reduced iridescence on the neck ; the upper plumage is deeply washed with pink .\nthe back and wings are largely olive - brown with a grey crown and the chest is pale greyish / rosy , turning white on the abdomen and undertail feathers . the forehead , face and throat are whitish turning blue - grey on the crown and back of the neck ,\nthe irises are yellowish , often with a red ring around them . the eyes are surrounded with dull dark reddish - purple skin .\nthe bill is blackish , slightly greyer at the base . the legs and feet are red .\nsome have a white band on the front of the folded wing . the black outer tail feathers have a white band across the bottom , which is broken in the middle by the central pair of grey - brown tail feathers .\nfemales look similar to the males ; but have a duller iridescence on the back of the neck .\nimmature birds have a duller plumage and lack the iridescence of the adults . their wing - coverts ( feathers ) and the feathers on the shoulder are typically edged with red , and there are pale reddish - brown bars on the neck and chest .\nforaging is usually done on the ground among the leaf litter or along the edges of woodland .\nmost breeding occurs between march and may . pairs are monogamous . males seeking to attract females perform courtship displays during which they tilt the head and expand the feathers of the neck and chest while they softly call out to the females .\nthe nests are fairly large and generally consist of fragile platforms of fine twigs , lined with rootlets placed in a dense low tree or shrub - usually no more than 10 feet ( 3 meters ) above the ground . although , on occasion , they have nested on the ground .\nthe average clutch consists of 2 white eggs that are incubated for about 14 days .\ntheir calls are described as deep hollow ooo - wooooo - ou coo or whuhu oo ooo or hoo coo hoo - ooo vocalizations .\nchinese : ? ? ? ? ? . . . czech : holub karibsk\u00fd . . . danish : cariberjorddue . . . dutch : witbuikduif . . . estonian : kariibi manteltuvi . . . finnish : karibianjuoksukyyhky . . . french : colombe de jama\u00efque , colombe de la jama\u00efque . . . german : jamaicataube , jamaikataube . . . italian : tortora caraibica , tortora ventrebianco della giamaica . . . japanese : shiroharashakobato . . . norwegian : karibdue . . . polish : golebik duzy , go ? ? bik du ? y . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : holubec karibsk\u00fd . . . spanish : paloma caribe\u00f1a , paloma montaraz jamaicana , paloma montaraz jamaiquina , t\u00f3rtola caribe\u00f1a . . . swedish : vitbukad duva\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms ."]}
{"id": 918, "summary": [{"text": "atrichozancla cosymbota is a moth in the lecithoceridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark violet-grey , suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous and with an obscure cloudy darker spot representing the second discal stigma , edged anteriorly by a small roundish ochreous-whitish spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , darker towards the apex . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "atrichozancla cosymbota", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for cosymbota definition . you find here cosymbota meaning , synonyms of cosymbota and images for cosymbota copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word cosymbota . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word cosymbota and , of course , cosymbota synonyms and on the right images related to the word cosymbota .\natrichozancla gymnopalpa janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 246\natrichozancla janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 368 ; ts : eridachtha phaeocrossis meyrick\neridachtha cosymbota meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 285 ; tl : cape colony , oudebosh ; table mountain\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na junior subjective synonym of mompha nathrota meyrick , 1911 ; synonymized by bradley ( 1965 : 101 ) .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , western cape ] , cape colony , oudebosch , 1500 ft , i , leg . k . h . barnard .\nmeyrick e . 1920c . descriptions of south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 17 : 273\u2014318 .\neridachtha phaeocrossis meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 96\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\nedit your maps . learn and tell what a subject is about by adding or removing correlations between topics .\nknowledge gamification . play and test knowledge discovery between two topics - ( alpha version ) .\nengage your friends to explore how world knowledge is interconnected . start a map and share it with # chainletterknowledge hastag : get your friends to take the call and extend your discovery , and see where your kick - start will lead !\nengage your friends to extend your story : follow where your kick - start leads .\nenter the forbidden forest : take the challenge to find a fastest path through world knowledge ."]}
{"id": 919, "summary": [{"text": "grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch 1855 ) ; family phylloxeridae , within the order hemiptera , bugs ) ; originally described in france as phylloxera vastatrix ; equated to the previously described daktulosphaira vitifoliae , phylloxera vitifoliae ; commonly just called phylloxera ( / f\u026a\u02c8l\u0252ks\u0259r\u0259 / ; from greek \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd , leaf , and \u03be\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd , dry ) is a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide , originally native to eastern north america .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "these almost microscopic , pale yellow sap-sucking insects , related to aphids , feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines ( depending on the phylloxera genetic strain ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "on vitis vinifera l. , the resulting deformations on roots ( \" nodosities \" and \" tuberosities \" ) and secondary fungal infections can girdle roots , gradually cutting off the flow of nutrients and water to the vine .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "nymphs also form protective galls on the undersides of grapevine leaves of some vitis species and overwinter under the bark or on the vine roots ; these leaf galls are typically only found on the leaves of american vines .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "american vine species ( such as vitis labrusca ) have evolved to have several natural defenses against phylloxera .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the roots of the american vines exude a sticky sap that repels the nymph form when it tries to feed from the vine by clogging its mouth .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "if the nymph is successful in creating a feeding wound on the root , american vines respond by forming a protective layer of tissue to cover the wound and protect it from secondary bacterial or fungal infections .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "currently there is no cure for phylloxera and unlike other grape diseases such as powdery or downy mildew , there is no chemical control or response .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the only successful means of controlling phylloxera has been the grafting of phylloxera-resistant american rootstock ( usually hybrid varieties created from the vitis berlandieri , vitis riparia and vitis rupestris species ) to more susceptible european vinifera vines . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phylloxera", "paragraphs": ["phylloxera risk zone ( prz ) have an undetermined phylloxera status because they have not yet been surveyed .\nthe whole community can help prevent the spread of phylloxera by being aware of phylloxera management zones and what they mean .\nthe phenolic complex of vine roots infested by phylloxera as a factor in resistance .\nfig . 2 . phylloxera galls on the underside of grape leaves are quite conspicuous .\nwhen travelling by road , observe highway signage ( photo right ) and do not move any phylloxera host materials into the phylloxera exclusion zone ( pez ) without appropriate certification .\nlater stages of infestation with an aggressive strain of phylloxera showing weakened and dying vines .\ninteraction between vitis vinifera and grape phylloxera : changes in root tissue during nodosity formation .\nwhen visiting vineyards in a phylloxera infested zone ( piz ) observe signage regarding movement around the vineyard ( photo below ) and do not remove any phylloxera host materials from the property .\n\u00e9tude de la distribution et des causes de la resistance au phylloxera radicole chez les vitac\u00e9es .\nphylloxera feeding on grape vine roots . joachim schmid , cc by 3 . 0 de .\nan 1882 map of the spread of phylloxera throughout france . maurice girard , public domain .\nphylloxera adults , crawlers and eggs on a match head . adults are about 1mm in length .\nbiology and management of grape phylloxera . annu . rev . entomol . 46 : 387 - 412\nlucky ghislain de montgolfier , head of bollinger , in a vineyard that survived the phylloxera blight .\neffects of infestation by grape phylloxera on sugars , free amino acids , and starch of grapevine roots .\nphylloxera exclusion zone ( pez ) are areas which are declared to be free of the pest . pezs are used to improve biosecurity and market access for the industry and must be protected from the introduction of phylloxera .\nphylloxera infested zone ( piz ) are areas in which phylloxera has been detected . they are established to prevent the spread of the pest from the area . a number of pizs exist in victoria and new south wales .\nfig . 3 . phylloxera galls on the rootlets of ' concord ' and other american cultivars are not uncommon .\nfew chemicals are registered for control of foliar grape phylloxera . thiodan ( endosulfan ) is the standard for commercial growers , but no compounds are registered for homeowner use against grape phylloxera . ( endosulfan does burn some cultivars . )\n( pdf ) biology and management of grape phylloxera . annu . rev . entomol . 46 : 387 - 412\nthe work with fungal isolates suggest that strongly resistant rootstocks are not immune to damage . although strongly resistant rootstocks have not failed to grape phylloxera , our work suggests they are subject to failure if a virulent fungal isolate and an aggressive phylloxera biotype were to co - exist . our compost work demonstrates that addition of organic matter to soils will not prevent phylloxera damage . our work with the plant hormones gives us insights into the way phylloxera form feeding sites .\nphylloxera has continued to spread , infesting the majority of all grape growing areas of the world . california even the wine districts of argentina and chile , once thought to be phylloxera - free are beginning to show signs of infestation .\na number of natural enemies feed on grape phylloxera , but none are commercially available for use in biological control programs .\nlittle information on biological control of grape phylloxera is available ; environmental and root conditions are more important than natural enemies .\nfeeding by phylloxera can damage a susceptible grapevine ' s root system to such an extent that the plant may die .\n. . . grape phylloxera can also be found in geographically isolated locations in the southwestern united states . the classic life cycle of phylloxera is comprised of cyclic parthenogenesis with temporal polyphenism [ 2 , 4 ] . the mode of phylloxera reproduction in its native range is postulated to be sexual , based on the observations of different sexual forms of phylloxera in an earlier study ; however the efficacy of meiotically produced eggs is in question [ 2 , 5 ] . . . .\noccasionally , winged phylloxera are seen in v . vinifera vineyards , but they are believed to be sterile under california conditions .\ncomments : multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . soil moisture is important for effectiveness ; follow label instructions carefully .\nwed 16 may 1894 - the bendigo independent ( vic . : 1891 - 1918 ) page 2 - the phylloxera plague .\n\u2022 conclusions nodosities on v . vinifera potentially function as nutrient reservoirs , and defence responses to phylloxera attack were not detected .\nfurther evidence of phylloxera biotypes : variations in the tolerance of mature grapevine roots related to the geographical origin of the insect .\n. . . grape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ( hemiptera : phylloxeridae ) , is a serious pest of grapevines ( vitis spp . ) worldwide ( granett et al . 2001 ) . a native of eastern north america , grape phylloxera feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines , depending on the phylloxera genetic strain ( powell et al . 2013 ) . . . .\nthis study set out to investigate changes in primary root tissue following infestation by phylloxera and formation of phylloxera\u2010induced galls , or \u2018nodosities\u2019 . these nodosities are nutrient reservoirs from which grape phylloxera , obligate biotrophs of grapevines , are able to obtain all their nutritional requirements . the feeding site of phylloxera within nodosities was confirmed by observation of stylet tracks in parenchyma cells in the outer region of the root cortex . most aphids feed directly from phloem , but there are a number of aphid groups ( e . g . adelgids ) that feed from parenchyma ( reviewed by pollard , 1973 ) . phylloxera appears to fall into this category of feeders .\nthe bendigo independent ( vic . : 1891 - 1918 ) , wed 16 may 1894 , page 2 - the phylloxera plague .\n\u2022 background and aims the interaction between the gall\u2010forming grapevine parasite , phylloxera , and the susceptible grapevine species vitis vinifera was investigated .\nphylloxera , a tiny aphid , kills vines by attacking their roots . the only effective remedy is to graft grapevines onto resistant rootstock . the devastating effect of phylloxera was recently felt in california when the common rootstock axr - 1 was found to be vulnerable to a new strain of phylloxera , biotype b . as a result , there was widespread vineyard replanting in california during the 1990s .\nbut phylloxera ' s arrival should not surprise central otago grapegrowers . as philip gregan , executive officer of the wine institute of new zealand , commented ,\nas far as grapegrowers are concerned there are only three certainties : death , taxes and phylloxera .\nthis is best achieved by removing unviable , infested vineyards , replanting on rootstocks resistant to phylloxera , or preventing the spread of the pest .\na vineyard in chile - free of phylloxera , vines growing on original roots . mariano mantel , cc by - nc 2 . 0 .\na few areas managed to stay free of phylloxera ; the aphid cannot survive in very sandy soils , so the great plains of hungary , colares in portugal were immune from attack . chile , surrounded by the andes and pacific ocean has remained free of phylloxera and many other plant diseases .\ncomments : apply to soil . multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . soil moisture is important for effectiveness ; follow label instructions carefully .\n1 ) phylloxera population growth is influenced by vine phenology . we infested field vitis vinifera c . thompson seedless roots in sequential months from may - sept . and determined populations one month after each infestation . population was higher on excised roots than attached roots . three timings of harvest did not influence phylloxera populations disproving the hypothesis that harvest influences population growth . 2 ) we surveyed organic and conventionally managed vineyards over two years : phylloxera populations in conventionally managed vineyards correlated with root necrosis , a measure of damage . organic vineyards had variable phylloxera populations but root fungal necrosis was low . we need to investigate the mechanisms of this root protection . 3 ) field tests with an experimental systemic insecticide showed that root populations were decreased by drench treatments . we will replicate this work and use this tool to begin to determine what populations cause economic injury . 4 ) greenhouse tests with jasmonic acid treatment of grape vines demonstrated decreased phylloxera fecundity . 5 ) we completed a test of koch ' s postulates to demonstrate that fusarium caused root necrosis at phylloxera feeding wounds . rootstocks resistant to phylloxera also have resistance to fusarium . 6 ) rootstocks resistant to grape phylloxera include a component of antixenosis . 7 ) population dynamics of phylloxera in leaf galls of resistant cultivars was studied in hungary . populations appeared to spread from epicenters .\ndownie , d . and granett , j . 1998 . a life cycle variation in grape phylloxera daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) . southwestern entomol .\nalso boasts a half - hectare vineyard of sangiovese , with vines dating back to the mid - 1800s , which inexplicably never succumbed to phylloxera .\nfor those trying to follow along , let me briefly explain that most grapevines in the world today are grafted onto phylloxera - resistant rootstock . phylloxera is a root - sapping aphid that can be devastating to vineyards . it ' s attracted to certain grapevines ( vitis vinifera , the species of most wine grapes ) , but not other rootstocks . grafting is the method of transplanting a young vinifera vine onto a phylloxera - resistant rootstock .\nphylloxera also ravaged vineyards across europe , as either american vines , or newly - infected french vines , traveled east and south , as far as croatia and greece . australia and new zealand were eventually affected , too , though western australia and tasmania remain phylloxera free ( partially due to restrictions on the trade of grape vines ) . chile remains the sole major wine producer that has completely evaded phylloxera , perhaps because it is surrounded by mountains .\nin the hot central valley , phylloxera damage may be reduced by good water management , fertilization , and other cultural practices that help limit plant stress .\nby the time the new phylloxera ' s ruse was up , it had spread across california , decimating vineyards and requiring their reconstitution on newer phylloxera - resistant rootstocks . every vineyard had to replace every single one of its rootstocks . the cost to california ' s economy ? about $ 1 billion .\nvignoles is a french hybrid that originated in the aftermath of the great european phylloxera epidemic of the late 1800\u2019s . grafted from french grape strains from the vinus vinifera family onto american phylloxera - resistant root - stock vignoles became an early favorite of american growers and really flourishes in the missouri river valley .\ngrape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) originated on north american native vitis species . phylloxera ' s feeding and damage to wild american vitis is distinct from its feeding and damage to v . vinifera ( l . ) . its feeding on leaves of the american vitis is common and stunts cane growth , but feeding on the leaves of v . vinifera is rare . phylloxera feed on roots less than one year old of . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngranett , j . and kocsis , l . 2000 . populations of grape phylloxera gallicoles on rootstock foliage in hungary . vitis 39 : 37 - 41 .\nstarch accumulation , in the form of amyloplasts , was evident in the cortex of pas / tbo stained vwl\u20101\u2010induced nodosities adjacent to phylloxera feeding sites ( fig .\neventually , methodical experimentation in southern france produced both types of genetic cures for phylloxera . hybrids and grafted vines soon achieved a true la r\u00e9constitution , and the rest is history ; and france ' s early experience with phylloxera provided many of the solutions that would later be used in other wine - making countries .\nphylloxera vastatrix ( aka daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) is a yellow - colored species of root louse indigenous to the mississippi river valley . phylloxera feeds on vine roots and leaves , causing them to rot and the plant to die , driving the pests in search of new live hosts and spreading inexorably through entire vineyards and regions .\nto escape the threat of phylloxera , wines have been produced since 1979 on the sandy beaches of provence\u2019s bouches - du - rh\u00f4ne , which extends from the gard coast to the waterfront village of saintes maries de la mer . the sand , sun and wind in this area has been a major deterrent to phylloxera .\nthe phylloxera louse has a complex life - cycle of up to eighteen stages . many attempts have been made to interrupt this life cycle to eradicate phylloxera , but the louse has proven to be extremely adaptable , as no one stage of the life cycle is solely dependent upon another for the propagation of the species .\nkellow av . 2000 . a study of the interaction between susceptible and resistant grapevines and phylloxera . phd thesis , the university of adelaide , adelaide , australia .\nphylloxera is a nearly microscopic root louse or aphid , that primarily attacks the roots of vitis vinifera grapevines , in much the same way an aphid attacks a tomato plant & apos ; s stems and leaves , by puncturing the vessels and sucking out the plant & apos ; s sap . once infested with the phylloxera louse , the grapevine & apos ; s root system can become severely impaired , making it difficult for the plant to absorb the needed water and nutrients to sustain a vine . the final phylloxera outcome depends somewhat on \u200b the type of soil structure that the vine is growing in . have clay soil and the vine is likely toast ; sandy soil and the vine stands a chance of surviving the phylloxera invasion , because of decent drainage and an unwelcoming environment for the phylloxera bug to thrive .\nthe insects were the same , even if their predilections differed between species of vine . and the absence of phylloxera on dead roots could be explained by the insects ' feeding strategies . phylloxera used a long mouth appendage to suck sap from vine roots , exposing the roots to a toxin that would prevent the roots ' wounds from healing , eventually killing them . by the time the roots were dead , phylloxera had moved on to healthier roots . and the insects left no calling card .\ngrape vines gain and pests suffer when tobacco and sagebrush grow in the same neighborhood . for example , chinese experiments show that when tobacco roots intermingle with grape roots , vineyards soils are progressively cleansed of the dreaded soil - dwelling phylloxera aphid ; the same phylloxera aphid that almost completely destroyed french grape growing in the 1800s , before resistant rootstocks were discovered . in recent decades , the phylloxera aphid has evolved new forms that destroy formerly - resistant rootstocks . but on the positive side , the phylloxera plague in nineteenth century french vineyards was a major catalyst for innovations such as the development of modern scientific agriculture and modern methods for fumigating or disinfesting sick soils .\nsouth australia owes this extraordinary vine heritage to its isolated location and some enlightened governance . whereas most of the world suffered the ravages of phylloxera , the vine eating louse , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , south australia protected its lucrative wine industry through strict quarantine laws . it remains phylloxera free to this day .\nphylloxera crawlers can be spread on vineyard equipment . therefore , when mechanical operations are performed , equipment should not be moved from an infested block to a noninfested block .\nabstract because the grape season in now passing away , it must not be supposed that the phylloxera is passing away along with it . unfortunately it is there , and\nfeeding by root phylloxera on european grapevines , vitis vinifera l . , is potentially devastating and nearly destroyed the french wine industry in the late 1800 ' s . the epidemic was eventually brought under control by grafting v . vinifera scions onto resistant american , vitis labruscana bailey , rootstocks . a major resistance breeding program conducted in europe against grape phylloxera resulted in grape cultivars commonly referred to as french - american hybrids . french - american hybrids are important in eastern north america for wine production , but they are particularly susceptible to foliar grape phylloxera . widespread planting of french - american hybrids in eastern north america has resulted in a heightened awareness of foliar phylloxera . foliar phylloxera reduce net photosynthesis of grape leaves . leaf galling by grape phylloxera causes distortion , necrosis , and premature defoliation of french - american vines . premature defoliation may delay ripening , reduce crop quality , and predispose vines to winter injury . grapevines heavily infested with foliar phylloxera may contribute to root infestations . research indicates that high population densities of foliar phylloxera can result in a reduction in yield and quality of the crop . populations must reach very high densities before yield is affected , and in most years yield will probably not be affected . it is not known , however , what impact infestations by the insect year after year have on the overall health and vigor of the vine .\nphylloxera , small , sap - eating , greenish insect of the genus phylloxera , closely related to the aphid . phylloxeras feed on leaves and roots , and many species produce galls on deciduous trees . their life cycle is complex ; one species is known to pass through 21 different stages . most notorious of the group is the grape phylloxera , phylloxera vitifoliae , native to e north america . the species has winged and wingless generations , the former causing galls on grape leaves and the latter feeding on the roots , causing nodules and eventually killing the vine . the grape phylloxera came close to destroying the wine industry of france after its accidental introduction in about 1860 ; grafting of susceptible european vines onto resistant north american root stock saved the european vineyards . phylloxeras are classified in the phylum arthropoda , class insecta , order homoptera , family phylloxeridae .\nspain\u2019s elite ribera del duero producer vega sicilia recently released pintia , from bodegas pintia in toro , from ungrafted tinta de toro ( tempanillo ) vines . most of the vineyards here survived phylloxera thanks to a predominantly sandy soil \u2013 a natural obstacle to the parasite . \u2018we consider the wines produced with grapes from such pre - phylloxera vines as\nresistant rootstocks are the only completely effective means for phylloxera control in the most severely affected areas . a pesticide treatment will not eradicate phylloxera populations ; the chemical cannot easily penetrate the heavy soils that this pest prefers . also , effectiveness of a treatment is difficult to evaluate because although many phylloxera may be killed , populations may rebound rapidly and resume feeding on the vines . because it may take years of insecticide treatments to reverse severe damage , treatments to prevent damage may be a better strategy than curative treatments .\nwhen university of california , davis professor austin goheen dug up a vine at the disease - stricken vineyard in 1982 , it bore the classic signs of phylloxera infestation . but all grape vines in california were being grown on presumably phylloxera - resistant rootstocks , developed a century earlier to prevent just this sort of problem . [ pictured at left :\nthe phylloxera , a true gourmet , finds out the best vineyards and attaches itself to the best wines .\npunch , september 1890 , edward sambourne , public domain . ]\nprogress 01 / 01 / 93 to 12 / 30 / 93 outputs grape phylloxera : biotype b was confirmed in two additional counties , sacramentoand mendocino . we continued studying the weak strains discovered last year and collected additional ones . no rootstock allow these strains to outbreak , though they survive in immature roots . we continue providing phylloxera eggs to ma walker ( viticulture and enology ) for pcr ( dna ) analyses of biotypes and strains . we have collaborated with nasa / ames , mondavi winery and chico state to determine whether remote sensing can detect phylloxera before visual vine symptoms are seen . initial analyses suggest that leaf reflectances may presage phylloxera damage and very low populations may cause a systemic physiological plant change . a greenhouse experiment tested whether fungal infections cause the root damage associated with phylloxera populations : exclusion of fungi from phylloxera feeding sites prevents some damage associated with phylloxera . field trials of the soil insecticide enzone continued with e weber ( napa co . ) and unocal . vine damage is slowed but not to a great extent . lab screening of other chemical and biological agents against phylloxera produced no candidates for further testing . lab trials with electric shock have been negative . tests with heat and microwaves have given baseline data on lethal dosages . anagrus and grape leafhopper : field tests have been completed on the effect of prune refuges on efficiency of the parasite for controlling leafhopper populations . impacts ( n / a ) publications\ncomments : multiple applications over several years reduces phylloxera numbers . to protect honey bees , apply only during late evening , night , or early morning when bees are not present .\nknowledge of the biology of phylloxera and phylloxera damage allows us to think about new ways to control this insect . we are testing the influence of soil management practices but have not excluded chemicals ( insecticides , fungicides and inducers of plant resistance ) . these alternatives will provide back - up tools to prevent massive vineyard losses that occur when resistant rootstocks fail .\noutside north america , the effects of phylloxera were entirely unknown until 1863 , when species of native american grapevines were taken to botanical gardens in horticulture - crazed victorian england . unlike their american cousins , the euopean vinifera vines had not evolved any resistance or protection , so the stow - away phylloxera began a 30 - year rampage through the vineyards of europe .\naptly named phylloxera vastatrix or \u2018the devastator\u2019 by 19th - century french scientists , the pest was unknowingly imported into europe from america with live vines during the height of botanical imports from the new world . destroying nearly 2 . 5 million ha ( hectares ) in france alone , phylloxera raged throughout europe from the 1860s until the 1930s before being brought under control .\nprogress 01 / 01 / 84 to 12 / 30 / 84 outputs phylloxera : a strain of phylloxera ( b biotype ) was collected from napa valley and was able to survive and grow well on the resistant rootstock , ganzin i . this strain was demonstrated through life - table experiments to be different from other strains of phylloxera ( a biotype ) . the b biotype was also considerably more active on the highly resistant rootstock st . george in laboratory tests . a small field trial was established to determine activity of the b biotype on other rootstocks in the field . insecticide tests were conducted with carbofuran in the field and laboratory . in the field , carbofuran at registered rates somewhat inhibited the spread of phylloxera but did not kill existing populations . in the laboratory , bioassays were conducted to establish baseline susceptibilities with eggs and nymphs with 8 clone colonies from salinas valley . these tests will be of value should resistance to carbofuran develop . in addition , life - table experiments demonstrated that carbofuran had no effect on phylloxera fecundity at sublethal treatment concentrations . sticky panels were placed in salinas valley vineyards in june , august and october and demonstrated that first instar phylloxera appear in the windstream . it is not known whether windblown phylloxera are viable . impacts ( n / a ) publications\ngrape phylloxera : 1 ) we infested roots of mature vitis vinifera c . carignane monthly from may - sept . , and determined population after one month . infested roots were left physiologically attached to the vines and buried in place in petri dishes . controls were similarly treated excised roots . from may - aug . , the phylloxera on attached roots decreased in development and reproduction . after harvest , populations recovered . in contrast , the excised roots had stable population growth . results suggest that phylloxera compete with vine sinks for nutrients . 2 ) histology of parenchyma tissues of excised roots suggests that phylloxera activity decreases starch reserves over time , with the reserves being depleted at the feeding site first , then depleted at distances from the feeding . 3 ) studies comparing phylloxera - infested organically managed vineyards with conventionally managed vineyards found that fungal root infection ( the cause of damage ) was not correlated with phylloxera populations in the former but was in the latter . results suggest that soil components in the former suppress the damage . 4 ) with m . a . walker , we studied the dna variability of phylloxera on a transect from arizona to missouri and in a single site in new york . within - site variability was low at all sites but there were large differences between sites . these data , along with differences seen with the sexual aspect of the life cycle ( present in leaves in arizona but not elsewhere ) open the question of distinct grape phylloxera species .\nat the end of the 19th century , the phylloxera plague started to seriously damage the alsatian vineyard . joseph cattin , having studied successfully , dedicated his time fighting against this plague .\ngrape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) is a soft bodied insect that destroys vines by feeding on roots and leaves . in australia , more than 70 percent of commercial wine . . .\nfrance , though central to the story of phylloxera and the upending of traditional viticulture , was not the sole victim to the wine blight . phylloxera was found in vineyards near the city of sonoma , california in 1874 . american vintners , just like the french , dithered in a state of denial for decades , resulting in phylloxera ' s spread throughout the state by 1900 . eventually , california ' s wine industry adopted the well - honed tactics of the french to stave off the bugs , often using vinifera grafts on top of american rootstocks .\nthe discovery of phylloxera in central otago has alarmed grape growers in this new zealand region , which was believed to be free of the destructive vine louse . central otago pinot noir has recently become a hot item in export markets such as the united states , and consumers can expect shortages of these wines as vineyard owners scramble to replant with phylloxera - resistant vines .\ncommon sense of course suggests that that the vine\u2019s root should influence its fruit , but i am even more persuaded by the experience of my own tastings of wines vinified from vines never affected by phylloxera and cultivated on their own roots . most recently , at a dinner with some friends i tasted cogno\u2019s pre - phylloxera barbera , and an extraordinary experience it was .\nthese restrictions impose extra costs on the grower in addition to the loss of production caused by the pest . so it is crucial to the industry that the impacts of phylloxera are minimised .\n. . . secondary damage can also be a consequence of soil - borne pathogens entering phylloxera feeding sites and causing root necrosis , although this association of secondary damage is variable ( granett 2000 , powell et al . 2013 ) . the first visible signs of a phylloxera infestation in vineyards are usually yellowing of vines and stunted canopy growth due to reduced root function ( granett et al . 2001b ) . phylloxera is not usually diagnosed until several years after its introduction into a vineyard and when populations have built up over time causing significant root damage . . . .\nthe close proximity to the ground and the wild profusion of vines actually facilitated phylloxera\u2019s feasting frenzy in champagne , where the traditional layering technique once prevailed . virtually all its vines were annihilated .\naccording to augustin , the fruit from these three surviving plots is noticeably different : \u2018our pre - phylloxera grapes are riper , rounder and more concentrated than the grafted pinot noir grapes . \u2019\nalthough we never did find out with 100 % certainty that this was phylloxera . we showed it to a couple different professional ag people who deal with this sort of stuff and got a couple different answers . one person said yes , this definitely was phylloxera , one person said no , it wasn ' t , but couldn ' t give an answer to what it was , and one person told us that it was probably not the grape phylloxera , but another , very similar species of pest that does the same thing , but to cannabis instead of grapes .\nsevere phylloxera - caused vine damage is prevented by rootstocks . since we don ' t know how rootstocks work and have limited knowledge of the grapevine - insect interaction , we can not trouble shoot problems . this research provides a basic understanding of the nature of phylloxera damage and the plant - insect - soil microbiology interactions . this knowledge will help maintain trouble - free rootstock use .\nprogress 01 / 01 / 83 to 12 / 30 / 83 outputs phylloxera : the phylloxera work falls into 2 areas , phylloxera biology and chemical control of phylloxera . in the biology area , phylloxera population response to temperature was studied in the laboratory and complementary work was initiated in the field . in the laboratory lifetable experiments indicated that populations would grow between about 65 f and 90 f . temperatures at depths in vineyards indicate that in davis and napa there is probably a vertical movement of populations to attain these temperatures between may and october . trenches in a napa vineyard dug at different seasons so far confirm the laboratory findings . this work is continuing . work on the resistant - rootstock bioassay has been completed in the laboratory and will not be confirmed in the field . several laboratory experiments are underway with chemicals . in particular egg hatch , 1st instar establishment , and immature / adult mortality bioassays inresponse to the chemicals oxamyl and carbofuran have been conducted . confirmatory work is being done or has been done in the greenhouse and field . these experiments should indicate whether chemicals are a possible option in phylloxera management . impacts ( n / a ) publications\nsevere phylloxera - caused vine damage is prevented by rootstocks . since we do not know how rootstocks work and have limited knowledge of the grapevine - insect interaction , we can not trouble - shoot problems . the goal of this research is to understand the nature of phylloxera damage and the plant - insect - soil microbiology interactions . this knowledge will help maintain trouble - free rootstock use .\nomer , a . d . , granett , j . , downie , d . a . and walker , m . a . 1997 . population dynamics of grape phylloxera in california vineyards .\nfor the study of nodosity development , nodosities with isolate vwl\u20101 were sorted into four categories according to the developmental stages ( instars ) of the phylloxera present . stages two and four ( fig .\nin 1870 , c . v . riley , an esteemed entomologist from missouri , read planchon ' s descriptions and realized that these insects were , in fact , american phylloxera . but the phylloxera riley knew preferred to live on the leaves of american grape vines . planchon ' s suspects had been found only on european vinifera \u2013 and they had been found on the plants ' roots .\nvery good , tom , and very enlightening . i just purchased some pre - phylloxera cogno barbera d\u2019alba , available at zachy\u2019s . i\u2019ll give you a report on it when i taste one .\nomer , a . d . and granett , j . 2000 . relationship between grape phylloxera and fungal infection in grape vine roots . journal of plant diseases & protection 107 : 285 - 294 .\ngranett , j . , omer , a . d . , pessereau , p . and walker , m . a . 1998 . fungal infections of grapevine roots in phylloxera - infested vineyards . vitis\nphylloxera\u2010induced nodosities developed immediately behind the root tip , in or near the zone of elongation . examples representative of vwl\u20101\u2010induced nodosities , stages two and four , including transverse sections , are shown in fig .\nplanchon would eventually connect his observations with riley ' s when it was discovered that , in france , the phylloxera preferred the leaves of imported american vines , and the roots of local french vines .\nit took modern scientists at uc davis seven years before they determined that an evolved\nbiotype\nof phylloxera had overcome the resistance of axr # 1 , the particular rootstock that was prevalent in california . and in fact , this american rootstock had been rejected by the french during la r\u00e9constitution for its mediocre phylloxera resistance , but was nevertheless used by california growers for their vine grafts for decades .\nthe vines of bordeaux were ravaged by the phylloxera outbreak from 1865 , a decade after the famous classification of great wines in 1855 , and had to be replanted with imported grafts on remaining stems .\ngrapevine phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) is an insect that establishes populations on the root system of grapevines , causing the formation of galls on european grapevine vitis vinifera l . and ultimately resulting in plant death . as populations increase on the root system and vine health declines the chemical composition of the foliage , in the form of pigments , changes with the resulting leaf chlorosis often being the initial visual indication of phylloxera infestation . once chlorotic leaves are obvious , the infestation is already well established , and has generally spread to a broader area within the vineyard . being able to detect pre - visual phylloxera - specific chemical changes as an indicator of infestation would be a significant step in the direction of early phylloxera detection , and may aid in the containment of new infestations and minimise the potential for spread . a field trial was conducted in a newly detected phylloxera - infested vineyard in the yarra valley region of victoria , australia in 2007 . duplicate leaf samples were collected from phylloxera - infested and uninfested v . vinifera l . ' cabernet sauvignon ' and analysed using high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) for a variety of photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments . pigments quantified included neoxanthin , chlorophyll a + b , \u00df - carotene , violaxanthin ( v ) , antheraxanthin ( a ) and zeaxanthin ( z ) . statistical analysis of the results indicated changes in the ratios and the concentration of some leaf pigments appeared to be correlated with the relative abundance of phylloxera populations on the root system . in particular the proportion of the pool of xanthophyll photoprotective forms ( az / vaz ) increased exponentially as the abundance of emerging phylloxera increased . with further investigation photosynthetic pigment fingerprinting may prove to be useful for either a stand alone or an integrated ( linked to spectral analysis ) rapid , non - invasive , phylloxera detection system\nwhy should the mosel be different from anywhere else in the world ?\nasks loosen .\nour best wines come from old vines planted in the top vineyard sites that give small crops .\nhe is lucky to have inherited nearly 25 acres of riesling vines up to 100 years old , all ungrafted . ( since the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century , nearly all european vines have been grafted on phylloxera - resistant american rootstocks . but in the mosel , the slate rock that covers the slopes weathers to a sharp , sandy material in which the destructive phylloxera lice cannot live . )\nby 1865 , phylloxera had spread to vines in the rh\u00f4ne valley . over the next three decades , it inhabited and devastated nearly 70 % of the vineyards of europe . many methods were attempted to eradicate phylloxera : flooding , where possible , and injecting the soil with carbon bisulfide , had some success in checking the louse , but were costly and the pests came back as soon as the treatments stopped .\nthe bollinger champagne firm has two walled pre - phylloxera vineyards , which it uses in its rare vieilles vignes francaises . the 2000 vintage sold for 600 euro ( $ 751 . 76 ) a bottle .\nas well as being one of the rarest , most expensive champagnes available , vieilles vignes fran\u00e7aises is also an oenological phenomenon . for no obvious reason , three tiny parcels of ungrafted pinot noir escaped phylloxera .\n. . . temperature was found to influence the survivability of crawlers ( nymphs ) and asexual eggs [ 11 ] . across its native range , phylloxera feed on young leaves and root tips of american grape species [ 4 , 12 , 13 ] . the large number of genetically diverse american grape species and the highly variable environments they occupy plays an important role in the genetic diversity of phylloxera . . . .\nthe science was stacking up in favor of phylloxera being the cause of the blight . meanwhile , inadequate strategies were being devised to address the blight . some vintners discovered that flooding their vineyards could rid their vines of phylloxera , albeit at a high and unsustainable cost ; others managed to set up vineyards on mediterranean beaches , but the resulting wines were bland , and entire vineyards washed away during unusually high tides .\nthe vines are believed to be at least 190 years old and are among very few to have survived the phylloxera disease which devastated european vineyards in the late 19th century . it is thought they were saved by the sandiness of the soil in which they are planted , which kept the sap - sucking phylloxera louse at bay . they include some 20 different grape types , seven of which are unknown anywhere else .\nseverity of infestation will differ with the vigor of the grapevine as well as with soil texture and drainage . leaf - galling forms of phylloxera that are common in eastern states are extremely rare in california vineyards .\nomer , a . d . , granett , j . , shebelut , c . w . 1999 . effect of attack intensity on host utilization in grape phylloxera . crop protection 18 : 341 - 347 .\nphylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) isolate vwl\u20101 was collected from own\u2010rooted v . vinifera . \u2018cabernet sauvignon\u2019 vines at brown brother\u2019s whitlands vineyard in the king valley , victoria , then maintained on excised roots of v . vinifera using methods described by granett et al . ( 1985 ) . sru\u20101 phylloxera were collected from leaf galls on \u2018schwarzmann\u2019 ( v . riparia \u00d7 v . rupestris ) vines at campbell\u2019s vineyard , rutherglen , victoria , and applied directly to experimental ( v . vinifera ) grapevines . these two strains of phylloxera were selected as they were readily available and had both been genetically characterized ( corrie et al . , 1997 ) .\ntransverse sections through a stage four ( mature ) sru\u20101\u2010induced nodosity in gma illustrate how the stylet penetrated through the cortical cells and terminated in a single cell , from which the phylloxera was presumably feeding ( fig .\nfast - forward another hundred years and the regional roles are reversed . during the 1980s , california & apos ; s vines were under attack from the mighty phylloxera louse . knowing the rootstock solution was the only viable option , producers braced themselves for the exorbitant costs of replanting with phylloxera resistant rootstock . with over a billion dollars invested in new plantings , california producers effectively hit the reset button and planted with intention . grape varietals were now planted in climate zones and soils that were conducive to their specific growing requirements . the silver lining ? better wine , lower consumer costs , and ongoing research all due to that pesky phylloxera .\ninitial infestations of grape phylloxera appear as a few weakened vines . these insects are difficult to detect in an apparently healthy vineyard . therefore , monitor vines at harvest in an area of the vineyard that has consistently displayed weaker growth , especially vines at the edges of the weak areas . grape phylloxera are more readily identified on vines growing in poor soils because their impact is greater on these vines than on vigorously growing vines .\nnew technologies offer the potential to obtain more detailed knowledge of the interaction between phylloxera and the grapevine . the present study investigates the interaction between a susceptible grapevine , v . vinifera \u2018shiraz\u2019 , and two isolates of phylloxera , vwl\u20101 and sru\u20101 ( corrie et al . , 1997 ) . these isolates are genetically distinct , but the interaction of both with v . vinifera may be considered \u2018compatible\u2019 ( i . e . phylloxera are able to form galls and reproduce on the grapevine roots ; kellow et al . , 2002 ) . microscopic and biochemical methods were selected to investigate the role of nodosities as nutrient sinks , and the defence response , if any , of v . vinifera roots to phylloxera attack . northern blot hybridization , using a range of cdna probes , was used for preliminary screening of gene expression patterns in uninfested roots compared with nodosities .\nphylloxera is again rearing its ugly head . most recently , it has been found in the american states of california and oregon , where years of grafting vines had somehow weakened them , allowing the pest to thrive .\nt . l . roush . 2006 . genetic analysis of galling responses in vitis vinifera x v . rupestris hybrids to grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ) phd thesis , univ . of calif . davis , 90pp .\nkocsis , l . , granett , j . , and walker , m . a . 2002 . performance of hungarian phylloxera strains on vitis riparia rootstocks . journal of applied entomology . 126 : 567 - 571 .\ndownie , d . , and granett , j . 2000 . genetic divergence in geographically isolated populations of native grape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) . southwestern entomologist 25 ( 4 ) : 255 - 263 .\ndownie , d . a . and granett , j . 1999 . distribution , abundance , and short term persistence of grape phylloxera in two regions of the native range . environmental entomology 28 : 1004 - 1013 .\n\u2022 methods phylloxera and grapevines were cocultivated using both potted and micropropagated grapevines . development of nodosities on primary roots was studied by microscopy and histochemistry , and nodosities were analysed for biochemical changes and changes in gene expression .\nluckily , planchon refused to back down . he published his descriptions of the insects , suspecting that they might be related to an american species called phylloxera . to silence his critics , however , he needed confirmation .\nwe have no scientific reason that i know for why we don ' t have phylloxera ,\nmr . de montgolfier said .\nwe might not be able to produce a single bottle next year .\nour dolcetto boschi di berri is made from the fruit of vines that are immune to phylloxera , the pest that nearly destroyed european viticulture . it is an \u201cancient\u201d wine that survived a major turning point in history .\nprogress 01 / 01 / 90 to 12 / 30 / 90 outputs biotype b , the new grape phylloxera , is devastating the rootstock axr # 1 in many parts of napa and sonoma counties . survey and assays to determine the california distribution of the normal phylloxera ( biotype a ) and the new one were completed . biotype b remains limited to napa and sonoma ; biotype a is in all other california viticultural regions where phylloxera are found . phylloxera from oregon appear similar to biotype a . an analysis of the survey data indicates that there are only two biotypes in the viticultural regions and that these have low variability . assays with a series of other root cultivars indicates that within - and between - biotype variation is very low except with regard to the former on the wild grape species v . californica and the latter on axr # 1 and the wild grape . these results suggest a single lineage for all biotype b ' s in the state , that biotype b arose from a biotype a population and that biotype b is a host race . the group studying phylloxera are considering the field recommendations that arise from these interpretations . we have tested enzone , an experimental insecticide . although it is of high toxicity to grape phylloxera , field trials with furrow irrigation applications give insufficient control . we are exploring various aspects of grape phylloxera biology and interaction with hosts . i am becoming involved in cooperative grape leafhopper research looking at the efficacy and optimization of prune trees as an overwintering site for parasites . impacts ( n / a ) publications\ngrape phylloxera , daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) , is a serious pest of commercial grapevines worldwide . this tiny insect forms galls on leaves and roots of grapevines . it is believed that this insect originated in the eastern united states , where damage is now most prevalent on leaves of french - american hybrid grapevines . high populations of foliar phylloxera can result in premature defoliation , reduced shoot growth , and reduced yield and quality of the crop .\nkocsis , l . , granett , j . , and walker , m . a . 2002 . performance of hungarian phylloxera strains in bioassays of vitis riparia and rootstocks . georgikon for agriculture 13 : 1 - 15 .\nyou may feel you know just about enough regarding phylloxera to get by on . bug eats vines , vines are grafted on to american rootstock , vines recover . some mystery lingers as to whether pre - phylloxera wine tasted any different , but on the whole this is a theoretical debate - and anyway , you drink wolf blass ' s excellent cabernet - shiraz on offer at a fiver a bottle from majestic , so who really cares ?\nperhaps as close as a nineteenth century french grape grower came was bernardin casanova of corsica , france , who in 1881 patented a liquid mixture of grape distillates , corsican tobacco , spurge , laurel , grain straw , burnt cork and soap that was rubbed and poured on the base of grapevines to kill phylloxera . in california , which has native plants that are every bit as insecticidal as nicotine from tobacco , the only anti - phylloxera interplanting seems to have been new resistant rootstocks to eventually take the place of the old . in essence , a concession of failure and a starting over with new rootstock ( and pulling out the old phylloxera - infested vines ) .\nmost wine lovers also know that all european vines now grow grafted onto largely phylloxera - resistant american root stocks . that , however , is wrong : most european vines are so grafted , but not all . the spread of phylloxera through europe was gradual and uneven , and pockets of phylloxera - free vines have survived in a number of areas , notably italy and portugal . the intermittently authoritative oxford companion to wine mentions hungary ( the plain ) , listel on the french mediterranean coast , only one region of portugal , and italy not at all \u2013 that last an omission all too common in british writings on wine , and one of its most serious flaws .\nm . a . fossen . 2006 . biological constraints affecting root damage on grapevines infested with grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae ( fitch ) [ hemiptera : phylloxeridae ] phd thesis , univ of calif . davis , 64 pp .\nm . a . fossen . 2002 . resistance of grapevine rootstocks to root - pathogenic fungi vectored by grape phylloxera ( daktulosphaira vitifoliae fitch ) . ms thesis . plant protection and pest management , university of california , davis .\nlike mr . casanova in nineteenth century france , the modern chinese researchers started out with a watery solution containing tobacco ; but in a bit more scientific fashion with controlled tests of the tobacco solution on young greenhouse - grown grape vines . \u201cthe results showed that aqueous extracts of tobacco had certain alleviating effects on phylloxera infection , \u201d according to a 2014 abstract from the journal acta entomologica sinica . \u201cboth the aqueous extracts of tobacco at the concentration of 20 mg / ml and 50 mg / ml had an inhibition to phylloxera infection , \u201d with a 50 % reduction in phylloxera infection within 3 weeks ( along with a reduction of fungal invaders that kill injured grape roots ) .\neventually , it was established that the parasite had been accidentally imported from an american vine delivered to a wine merchant in roquemaure in 1862 . the solution , reached after decades of debate , was finally found to be the grafting of phylloxera - resistant american rootstock on to local vines . what could have been as dry as the dust into which the phylloxera turned the vines is rendered readable by campbell ' s keen eye for character and diverting detail .\ngrape phylloxera is the most economically destructive and geographically widespread pest species of commercial grapevines , on which it is an obligate biotroph of vitis species , occurring in almost all viticultural regions around the world ( powell , 2012 ) .\na statement from the gers government prefect ' s office said the sarragachies vineyard represented a\nremarkable example of biodiversity and genetic heritage . . . as well as ancestral cultivation methods that died out with the phylloxera crisis\n."]}
{"id": 921, "summary": [{"text": "the hornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a demersal fish that lives on soft sand and mud bottoms at depths of between 9 and 200 metres ( 30 and 656 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "its native habitat is the subtropical waters of the eastern pacific , from point reyes in california to magdalena bay in baja california , and the northern and central eastern parts of the gulf of california .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can grow up to 37 centimetres ( 15 in ) in length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "hornyhead turbot", "paragraphs": ["genomic and phenotypic response of hornyhead turbot exposed to municipal wastewater effluents . - pubmed - ncbi\na challenge in developing this platform was the scarcity of hornyhead turbot sequence data in genbank . although dna sequences have been described for the european turbot\nzeng ey , tran k . distribution of chlorinated hydrocarbons in overlying water , sediment , polychaete , and hornyhead turbot (\nthe sediment to turbot bsaf in the 7 - day study was 0 . 006 and 0 . 0028 for male hornyhead turbot fed 3g and 10g of worms exposed to pv sediment / kg turbot , respectively . accumulation of \u03c3ddt in the liver of male hornyhead turbot from ingestion of either 3 g or 10 g of pv sediment - exposed worm / kg turbot after the 7 days exposure provided a bmf from worm to turbot of 0 . 91 and 4 . 09 for turbot fed 3g and 10 g of pv sediment - exposed worm / kg turbot , respectively .\nthe hornyhead turbot can be confused with a series of other righteye flounders including the c - o sole , pleuronichthys coenosus , the diamond turbot , pleuronichthys guttulatus , the ocellated turbot , pleuronichthys ocellatus , and the spotted turbot , pleuronichthys ritteri , but none have the mottled coloration or spine in front of the eyes .\ntrophic transfer and effects of ddt in male hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) from palos verdes superfund site , ca ( usa ) and comparisons to field monitoring .\n) . an obstacle to this goal was that there are few gene sequences for hornyhead turbot in genbank . although dna sequence is available from a related demersal species (\n* data taken from lacsd ( 2014 ) . pv , palos verdes ; sd , san diego reference site ; high ddt , turbot gavaged with ddt solution equal to 30 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot body for 28 days ; low ddt , turbot gavaged 9 g of worm wet wt . / kg of turbot body wet for 28 days ; ddt 3g / kg worm , turbot fed with 3g of sediment - treated worm / kg of turbot body weight for 7 days ; ddt 10g / kg worm , turbot fed with10g of sediment - treated worm / kg turbot body weight for 7 days .\ntrophic transfer and effects of ddt in male hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) from palos verdes superfund site , ca ( usa ) and comparisons . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n. the bile extract of turbot treated with 10g of pv sediment exposed worms / kg turbot showed comparable eeq to that of bile of turbot caught from pv . in the 28 - day study , eeqs of liver extracts of fish treated with \u03c3ddt were significantly lower than that of liver extracts of turbot collected from pv (\nrempel - hester ma , hong h , wang y , deng x , armstrong j , gully j , schlenk d . site - specific effects of 17\u03b2 - estradiol in hornyhead turbot (\n) . in addition , the eeqs in bile extracts of laboratory fish were similar to values observed in fish collected from pv . the bmfs for worm to turbot for eeq ( calculated as a ratio ) was 1 . 14 and 1 . 29 for turbot fed 10 g of pv sediment - exposed worm / kg turbot and turbot collected from pv , respectively .\nin mexican waters the hornyhead turbot have a limited distribution in waters of the pacific being found from magdalena bay northward along the central and northwest coasts of baja and in the northern third of the sea of cortez .\n- ddd with 36 % of the total . the \u03c3ddt concentration in turbot gavaged with the solution of \u03c3ddt equivalent to 9g of worm / kg turbot was not significantly different from the control group (\n= 5 . 87 for o , p\u2019 - ddd to 6 . 91 for p , p\u2019 - ddt ) , there is an increased risk of bioaccumulation . lipid normalized concentrations of total ddts measured in the hornyhead turbot (\n] , which to visual inspection seem healthy , motivated these agencies to collaborate with the southern california coastal water research project ( sccwrp ) and university research groups in long beach , riverside and san diego to develop a microarray tool as a sensitive and quantitative measure of endocrine disruption in hornyhead turbot , a sentinel species collected from southern california waters . a species that has been relatively well studied in this area over the past ten years is the hornyhead turbot (\n) . available sequences from other species including medaka , stickleback and zebrafish also were used , in addition to hornyhead turbot - specific cdna sequences obtained via degenerate pcr . multiple alignments were constructed using clustal x to uncover conserved regions [\nrelationships between \u03c3ddt concentration in livers and vtg mrna in male turbot sampled from pv and sd ( a ) and in male turbot gavaged with \u03c3ddt for 28 days ( b ) , and between \u03c3ddt concentrations and er\u03b1 mrna ( c ) and er\u03b2 mrna in livers from turbot sampled from pv and sd ( d ) .\nforsgren kl , bay sm , vidal - dorsch de , deng x , lu g , armstrong j , gully jr , schlenk d . annual and seasonal evaluation of reproductive status in hornyhead turbot at municipal wastewater outfalls in the southern california bight .\n] . these data with killifish and lake trout are consistent with exposure of the field hornyhead turbots to either xenoestrogens or anti - androgens .\ndeng x , rempel ma , armstrong j , schlenk d ( 2007 ) seasonal evaluation of reproductive status and exposure to environmental estrogens in hornyhead turbot at the municipal wastewater outfall of orange county , ca . environ toxicol 22 : 464 - 471 . doi :\nthe hornyhead turbot are caught primarily as a by - catch of deep water trawlers . they are very difficult to catch via hook and line due to their small mouths . they are a poorly documented and poorly studied species that is of limited interest to most .\nhornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis . fish provided by the commercial fishermen of bah\u00eda kino , sonora , march 2015 . lengths : 20 . 0 cm ( 7 . 9 inches ) . photo courtesy of maria johnson , prescott college kino bay center , kino bay , sonora .\nforsgren kl , bay sm , vidal - dorsch de , deng x , lu g et al . ( 2012 ) annual and seasonal evaluation of reproductive status in hornyhead turbot at municipal wastewater outfalls in the southern california bight . environ toxicol chem 31 : 2701 - 2710 . doi :\nreyes ja , vidal - dorsch de , schlenk d , bay sm , armstrong jl , gully jr , cash c , baker m , stebbins td , hardiman g , kelley km . evaluation of reproductive endocrine status in hornyhead turbot sampled from southern california ' s urbanized coastal environments .\nmrna of vitellogenin and estrogen receptors in livers of turbot collected from san diego and palos verdes ( near site 8c ) ( a ) and in turbot fed 7days with worms exposed to pv sediments ( b ) and in turbot gavaged with a ddt mixture for 28 - days ( c ) . each value represents the mean of 4 - 6 animals + sd . * p < 0 . 05 .\nthe hornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis , whose common spanish name is platija cornuda is a member of the righteye flounder or pleuronectidae family , known collectively as platijas in mexico . globally , there are eight species in the genus pleuronichthys , five of which are found in mexican waters , all in the pacific .\ncitation : baker me , vidal - dorsch de , ribecco c , sprague lj , angert m , lekmine n , et al . ( 2013 ) molecular analysis of endocrine disruption in hornyhead turbot at wastewater outfalls in southern california using a second generation multi - species microarray . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e75553 . urltoken\nddt metabolite concentrations in sediment , worm , and turbot liver tissue ( ng / g ) . each value represents the mean ( \u00b1 sd ) .\naccumulation of \u03c3ddt was also observed in the liver of male hornyhead turbot gavaged with a ddt isomer mixture equal to 30g of pv - sediment treated worm / kg turbot ( 517 \u00b1152 ng / g dry weight ) after 28 days of exposure . the \u03c3ddt concentration in liver of gavaged animals was lower than liver concentrations observed in animals collected from pv as well as those treated with sediment - contaminated worms in the laboratory . in accordance with the composition of the \u03c3ddt mixture derived from worm body burdens (\na new cohort of male hornyhead turbot was collected for this project as part of a southern california collaborative marine monitoring study in may and june 2006 . table 1 shows steroids and thyroxine levels in fish collected from five field sites near outfall discharges and a reference area . chemical analysis for selected compounds detected in sediments from these areas is presented in table 2 .\nin the 28 - day study , turbot were individually weighed and then individuals were randomly divided into 8 l aquaria containing 32\u2030 artificial seawater . turbot were allowed to acclimate for one week prior to exposure and fed clean earthworms three times per week . during acclimation and exposure , 75 % water exchange occurred every - other day . for the 28 - day feeding exposure , turbot were fed clean worms three times per week in the morning and gavaged two hours later from one of the three treatments , control ( saline solution ) , ddt metabolite solution equal to 9g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot body ( low ddt ) , 30g of worm wt . / kg of turbot body wet wt . ( high ddt ) . ddt metabolite concentrations were based on initial 4 day exposures of worms in 8c sediment (\nthe rationale for use of 60 - mer oligonucleotides in the second generation platform described here is that they provide more specificity than cdna - based microarrays accommodate sequence differences and species specific codon usage [ 29 - 31 ] . the novelty of this platform is that it used highly conserved probes from several fish species , permitting application of the array to studies involving hornyhead turbot and zebrafish [ 19 ] .\n] . in this earlier study , we tested the multi - species applicability of this tool using microarray measurements of gene expression in zebrafish , which are phylogenetically distant from turbot . the effects of estradiol and the aquatic pollutant nonylphenol on liver gene expression in male zebrafish were investigated with this microarray , demonstrating its applicability for measuring endocrine responses in turbot and other fish [\nin the second study , the contribution of ddt and its metabolites were evaluated by a 28 - day gavage study . male hornyhead turbot were collected from off the coast of san diego ( sd ) ( 32 o 39 . 94\u2019 n ; 117 o 19 . 49\u2019 w ) , at the city of san diego ' s wastewater monitoring reference site , approximately 150 km south of the pv site in february / march of 2014 . based on the 7 - day study , turbot were acclimated with feeding as described above , and depurated of \u03c3ddt for one month prior to the bioaccumulation experiment . the acclimation time was less than that of oc turbot due to lower concentrations of ddts measured in fish collected from sd determined from previous studies ( maruya et al . 2012 ) .\nhornyhead turbot , pleuronichthys verticalis . fish provided by the commercial fishermen of the greater los cabos area , july 2012 . length : 21 . 5 cm ( 8 . 5 inches ) . note the significant loss of color of this long frozen fish and that the head spines have been removed . identification courtesy of h . j . walker , jr . , scripps institution of oceanography , la jolla , ca .\nin order to use q - pcr to determine if the microarray data was accurately monitoring changes in hepatic gene expression in the hornyhead turbot , we cloned , via reverse transcriptase pcr , partial fragments corresponding to highly conserved regions in 5 target genes of interest , namely vtg1 , vtg2 , cyp1a , er\u03b1 / esr1 and er\u03b2 / esr2 . identities of the fragments were confirmed by sanger dna sequencing . the primer sequences used for pcr are provided in the supporting information ( table s2 ) . the sequence data have been deposited into genbank ( accession numbers fj042791 - fj042800 ) . these short hornyhead turbot - specific sequences obtained using multi - species conserved primers were used for sybr green quantitative pcr experiments on ten individual turbot sampled from the field . after real time pcr amplification , a melt curve was carried out , in which the temperature was raised by a fraction of a degree and the change in fluorescence was measured . this revealed similar peaks in all the samples indicating that a specific dna fragment corresponding to the predicted size was detected .\nin the 7 - day study , 40 worms were transferred to a 1 - l beaker containing 40 g ( wet wt . ) sediment and 350 ml of 32\u2030 artificial seawater at 20 \u00b0c . the overlying water was aerated via continuous bubbling , and the water level maintained by adding artificial seawater as needed . at the end of a 4 - day exposure , the worms were harvested by sieving the sediment slurry through a 100 - mesh sieve . the relatively short exposure time was chosen through preliminary experiments to avoid potential toxicity effects to the test organism ( jia et al . 2014 ) . worms were then divided by wet wt . low ( 3g of worm / kg of turbot body weight ) and high ( 10g of worm / kg turbot wt . ) and fed to corresponding turbot . a subset of worms was flash frozen and stored at \u201380 \u00b0c for later extraction and chemical / bioassay analysis . turbot were individually weighed , randomly divided into 8 l aquaria containing 32\u2030 artificial seawater , and allowed to acclimate in single aquaria for one week prior to exposure . during acclimation turbot were fed earthworms three times per week . during acclimation and exposure , 75 % water exchange occurred every - other day . for the 7 - day feeding exposure , turbot were fed worms daily from one of four treatments ( 4 - 6 fish per treatment ) , 3 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . clean sediment ( control ) , 3 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . pv 8c sediment , 10 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . clean sediment ( control ) , 10 g worm wet wt . / kg of turbot wet wt . pv 8c sediment . at the end of 7 day , fish were euthanized with ms - 222 , weighed , and liver and bile were collected and flash frozen and stored at \u221280 \u00b0c for later evaluation .\ntrophic transfer of ddt - contaminated sediment to worms and fish for 7 days in the laboratory corresponded to field measurements of ddt residues in fish . \uf076 in vitro bioassay of estrogenic and ahr responses in the turbot from 7 - day laboratory treatments corresponded to those of field caught turbot from palos verdes . \uf076 in vivo ahr and er biological responses in fish exposed to . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin addition to the trend toward higher vtg mrna in turbot from the pv site , significant induction of er\u03b1 and er\u03b2 mrna in livers of male fish from pv relative to those from sd indicated a greater exposure to estrogenic compounds at the pv site . a significant correlation was found between hepatic vtg , er\u03b1 , er\u03b2 mrna and \u03c3ddts in field - collected male turbot indicated that ddt and its metabolites may contribute to the\nbuilding on this initial study , a \u201csecond generation\u201d microarray was constructed that includes additional gene targets such as zona pellucida protein ( also known as choriogenin ) , glutathione s - transferase - \u03b1 , metallothionein and heat shock protein 90 , which are diagnostics for endocrine disruption and the presence of metals and stress responses . we used this optimized tool in a new and more ambitious study to investigate endocrine disruption in hornyhead turbot ( a species which remains to have its genome sequenced ) collected near outfalls for municipal wastewater for los angeles county sanitation districts ( lacsd ) , orange county sanitation district ( ocsd ) , city of los angeles environmental monitoring division ( claemd ) , and city of san diego metropolitan wastewater department ( mwwd ) . as reported here , this multi - species microarray was able to characterize changes in gene expression in hornyhead turbot collected from wastewater outfalls for municipal wastewater in coastal waters off of southern california . we correlated gene expression data from microarray analysis and q - pcr with a series of phenotypic endpoints in fish from impacted sites . this validates our multi - species approach as a practical diagnostic screening tool to monitor responses to contaminants in hornyhead turbot collected from different sites , despite the genetic heterogeneity in wild fish , which would be expected to diminish the resolution of the microarray output . we also note that the multi - species microarray can be potentially adapted to monitoring endocrine disruption near other population centers in other fish species , for which there are few available gene sequences .\nthe q - pcr based gene expression profiling of hornyhead turbots from selected field sites is presented in figure 4 . all data are presented as gapdh - normalized fold changes of gene expression in the hornyhead turbot liver from impacted sites with respect to reference fish . the fold change data shown were derived from the mean log 2 ratio between each fish and two laboratory reference fish . the fish used as a reference for these q - pcr studies were the fish used for microarray experimentation , designated a and c as described above and previously housed in a clean - water laboratory setting for four weeks . the dynamic range of the fold changes observed with the q - pcr analysis was as anticipated much greater than with the microarray analysis . however qualitative agreement was generally observed with the direction of the fold changes . er\u03b2 / esr2 was strongly down - regulated in all samples , vtg1 and vtg2 transcripts were up - regulated in all samples , with greater than a 6 - fold induction observed in six hornyhead turbots . cyp1a was up - regulated in seven fish . thus , these q - pcr assays validate the microarray analysis for these genes in these fish .\nin the 7 - day laboratory study , 4 - 6 fish per treatment were exposed to worms that were contaminated in the lab via a 4 - day exposure in pv and reference sediments . male hornyhead turbot were collected by otter trawl at a reference site off the coast of orange county ( oc ) ( 33 o 36 . 06\u2019 n ; 118 o 05 . 20\u2019 w ) , ~ 30 km south of site 8c on the pv shelf . twenty five to thirty turbot were collected during february of 2012 and 2013 at the oc site and in february 2014 at the pv site . turbot were either sampled for blood , liver and bile or transported to the laboratory and acclimated in artificial seawater ( 32\u2030 instant ocean ) for six months to depurate potential ddt metabolites . during acclimation and depuration , each fish was individually fed live earthworms three times per week before initiating the polychaete experiment . liver tissues , blood plasma ( 3 , 000 \u00d7 g supernatant ) , and bile were frozen and stored at \u221280 \u00b0c for subsequent chemical and biological measurements .\nprevious work has quantified the bioavailability of \u03c3ddt to benthic invertebrates from several sediment samples from pv in laboratory studies ( bao et al . , 2013 ; jia et al . , 2014 ) . however , it is unclear whether laboratory exposures can mimic trophic transfer from benthic invertebrates to fish ( zeng and tran 2002 ) . the objectives of the present study were 1 ) to measure the uptake of \u03c3ddt from pv sediment to an indigenous marine polychaete worm ( neanthes arenaceodentata ) , and evaluate their transfer to hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) ; 2 ) to investigate the transfer of estrogen , aryl hydrocarbon , glucocorticoid , and anti - androgen receptor ligands from sediments to biota ; 3 ) to assess if the er related mrna responses in turbot from diet - derived or chemical - only exposures in the laboratory mimic those of turbot caught from pv ; and 4 ) to determine the contribution of \u03c3ddt to the er responses . ultimately , the results from this integrated study will help our understanding of potential bioaccumulation and effects of \u03c3ddt found in the pv superfund area on demersal fish species .\nthe hornyhead turbots are found demersal over and within sandy and muddy bottoms at depths up to 1 , 625 feet . they reach a maximum length of 37 cm ( 15 inches ) . they are opportunistic well - camouflaged ambush predators that lie in wait half - submerged on the ocean floor consuming crustaceans and small fish .\n) captured near wastewater outfalls are used for monitoring exposure to industrial and agricultural chemicals of ~ 20 million people living in coastal southern california . although analyses of hormones in blood and organ morphology and histology are useful for assessing contaminant exposure , there is a need for quantitative and sensitive molecular measurements , since contaminants of emerging concern are known to produce subtle effects . we developed a second generation multi - species microarray with expanded content and sensitivity to investigate endocrine disruption in turbot captured near wastewater outfalls in san diego , orange county and los angeles california . analysis of expression of genes involved in hormone [ e . g . , estrogen , androgen , thyroid ] responses and xenobiotic metabolism in turbot livers was correlated with a series of phenotypic end points . molecular analyses of turbot livers uncovered altered expression of vitellogenin and zona pellucida protein , indicating exposure to one or more estrogenic chemicals , as well as , alterations in cytochrome p450 ( cyp ) 1a , cyp3a and glutathione s - transferase - \u03b1 indicating induction of the detoxification response . molecular responses indicative of exposure to endocrine disruptors were observed in field - caught hornyhead turbot captured in southern california demonstrating the utility of molecular methods for monitoring environmental chemicals in wastewater outfalls . moreover , this approach can be adapted to monitor other sites for contaminants of emerging concern in other fish species for which there are few available gene sequences .\nin recent years , as more knowledge has accumulated about the effects of chemicals such as bpa , organotins and phthalates , it has become clear that endocrine disruption is complex and involves the altered expression of many genes [ 2 , 4 , 7 ] . an important advance in detecting the effects of xenobiotics was the development of high - density dna microarrays or biochips [ 23 - 25 ] . this technology provides a sensitive and comprehensive snapshot of alterations in endocrine responses in fish that may be exposed to low levels of endocrine disrupting chemicals [ 19 , 26 - 28 ] . microarrays enable analysis of complex environmental chemical mixtures by providing transcriptomic profiles or signatures based on the contaminants present . however , it is important to link the molecular responses with physiological changes to determine if the responses at the gene expression level can cause down stream biological effects . we used an optimized microarray tool to examine gene expression in hornyhead turbot , a species which has not yet had its genome sequenced and annotated . this microarray is an improvement over an earlier microarray tool , which was developed using multi - species probes and validated by studying gene expression profiles in zebrafish , a species that is phylogenetically distant from turbot . this earlier work revealed that our multi - species microarray approach was suitable for measuring endocrine responses in turbot and other fish [ 19 ] . the rationale for use of 60 - mer oligonucleotides in the second generation platform described here is that they provide more specificity than cdna - based microarrays accommodate sequence differences and species specific codon usage [ 29 - 31 ] . the novelty of this platform is that it used highly conserved probes from several fish species , permitting application of the array to studies involving hornyhead turbot and zebrafish [ 19 ] .\nwe examined hepatic rna from male fish collected from the field using the multi - species microarray . the characteristics of male hornyhead turbot sampled and the chemical analysis of sediments from the sites where the fish were captured are provided in tables 1 and 2 respectively . m - a scatter plots were used to examine differences in mrna expression levels between the indicated fish samples and a pooled reference sample , derived from three individual control fish samples a , b , and c ( figure 2 ) . this same pooled reference sample ( a + b + c ) was used for every comparison . differences in gene expression in hornyhead turbot liver relative to the reference fish were determined using a threshold of log 2 intensity ratio > 2 . the bottom row of plots in figure 2 was used to compare the pooled reference ( a + b + c ) versus the individual reference fish reference samples , a , b , and c respectively that comprised the reference . this revealed that the order in which the mixing and labeling of control rna was carried out had minimal effects on the overall performance of the pooled reference , as no differential gene expression was detected . the ma plots revealed differential gene expression profiles between the pooled reference and hornyhead turbot sampled from the five field sites in southern california . although we noted a heavy tail of outliers for the reference fish a versus the pooled reference ( second panel , bottom row ) , further analysis revealed that this resulted from an array hybridization artifact . we selected just the probes that are present in this tail ( m < - 1 . 5 ) , and plotted their row and column coordinates in a 2d plot ( figure s2 ) . the probes were concentrated along a line , evidence that this represents a microarray artifact , and that caution is warranted when performing differential expression measurements using microarrays .\nsamples of sediment from the sites where the hornyhead turbot were collected have been analyzed previously for a number of legacy and emerging chemicals [ 21 , 22 ] . a suite of 89 legacy and emerging contaminants were measured in the sediments . several contaminants were found at detectable levels amongst them legacy organochlorine pesticides and personal care compounds . many of the detected compounds such as ddts or triclosan are known to elicit endocrine and stress responses [ 21 ] . as seen in table 2 , several of the sediments contained 4 - nonylphenol , an estrogenic chemical , polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( pbdes ) , which are flame retardants , and polychlorinated biphenyls ( pcbs ) . the sediment obtained from dana point indicated that it was the least contaminated site of those examined . based on the physiochemical properties of these analytes , chemicals present in these sediments would be expected to enter the food chain of the turbot .\npereiro p , balseiro p , romero a , dios s , forn - cuni g et al . ( 2012 ) high - throughput sequence analysis of turbot ( scophthalmus maximus ) transcriptome using 454 - pyrosequencing for the discovery of antiviral immune genes . plos one 7 : e35369 . doi :\nmill\u00e1n a , g\u00f3mez - tato a , fern\u00e1ndez c , pardo bg , alvarez - dios ja et al . ( 2010 ) design and performance of a turbot ( scophthalmus maximus ) oligo - microarray based on ests from immune tissues . mar biotechnol ny 12 : 452 - 465 . doi :\nto get another metric for the presence of pollutants at the five sites in southern california , we used the multi - species microarray to investigate hepatic gene expression in these fish . the liver was our primary focus because it is the key organ involved in detoxification . the improved multi - species array contained expanded probe content ( table s1 ) including targets with defined roles in endocrine pathways and processes [ 6 , 37 - 40 ] , in addition to well - defined biomarkers for contaminant exposure [ 41 ] . microarray analysis detected differences in hepatic gene expression patterns in male hornyhead turbot from all five areas compared to laboratory reference fish . we focused on the salient changes in expression patterns below .\nthis study relates the occurrence of sediment - associated ddts to biologically meaningfully responses in a locally abundant flatfish via trophic transfer as well as through direct ddt solution exposure . analytical chemistry results indicate the bioaccumulation of ddt and metabolites from sediment to worm to fish . eeqs in bile of turbot from the 7 - day laboratory treatments corresponded to those of field caught turbot from the ddt contaminated palos verdes shelf . similarly , gr activities were higher in worms exposed to pv sediment . there was a discrepancy in er - regulated mrna expression in male hornyhead turbots between the 7 - day ( diet - derived exposure ) and 28 - day study ( gavaged \u03c3ddt solution exposure ) , indicating occurrence of anti - estrogens within sediment - exposed worms , or pharmacokinetic factors associated with dietary exposure impaired the bioavailability of \u03c3ddts . a longer duration of exposure at lower doses may be required to elicit estrogenic activities in laboratory experiments that would allow for modeling of the exposure and effects of ddt in fish from historically contaminated sites such as palos verdes .\nthe majority of the exposed turbot also exhibited down - regulation of cyp3a . we previously noted a modest repression of cyp3a in zebrafish exposed to 4 - nonylphenol and a strong repression following estradiol exposure [ 19 ] . similar results have been reported in trout [ 41 , 51 ] , suggesting an important role of sex hormones in cyp3a expression .\ntranscript abundance of er\u03b1 and er\u03b2 was significantly upregulated in male turbot collected from pv relative to fish from sd . there was a trend toward an increase in vtg mrna expression but significant increases were not observed . in laboratory studies , no significant treatment effects were observed with the transcripts , compared with controls , for male fish in the 7 - day study (\n] to design 60 - mer microarray probes . each copy of an individual gene from several fish species was subjected to a pair - wise blast comparison with the corresponding gene from other fish to insure that the dna sequence contained 80 % and 90 % identity thereby increasing the likelihood that the homologous turbot sequence would contain at least 85 % identity to one of the oligonucleotides . the gene names and corresponding gene symbols are provided in the supporting information (\nrelative turbot liver mrna transcript levels were measured by real - time quantitative rt - pcr in a lightcycler 480 as described previously [ 19 ] . rna was dnase treated and negative rt controls without reverse transcriptase addition were included . amplification and melting curves were carefully examined for all assays . we investigated gapdh and \u03b2 - actin as reference transcript for these particular studies and noted that both performed equally well in q - pcr experiments . both were detected with a cp value of approximately 26 . we opted to use gapdh to normalize all expression values , although \u03b2 - actin would have been equally suitable . each sample was run in triplicate and mean values were reported . normalized gene expression values were obtained using lightcycler relative quantification software . relative gene copy numbers were derived using the formula 2\u03b4ct where \u03b4ct is the difference in amplification cycles required to detect amplification product from equal starting concentrations of turbot liver rna .\n) . liver extracts of turbot collected from pv showed significantly higher eeq than extract of livers from fish collected from the sd reference site . ahr and gr activities measured in extracts of sediment collected from pv were significantly higher than those detected in sediments from sd . significantly higher levels of anti - ar activities were also observed in the pv sediment extracts compared to the sd sediment extracts . in each bioassay , no significant increase was observed with er or ahr activities in worms (\nother mrna targets impacted in exposed fish included the peptide hormone hepcidin ( hepc1 / hamp1 ) , metallothionein ( mt ) and glutathione s - transferase alpha ( gst\u03b1 ) . hepcidin is a peptide hormone produced by the liver [ 52 , 53 ] . hepcidin is a negative regulator of iron absorption and mobilization . thus , low levels of hepcidin promote iron absorption , and are indicative of an iron deficiency . hepcidin also serves as an antimicrobial peptide [ 54 ] . hepc1 was down - regulated strongly in all fish examined relative to the reference fish . this could be due to lower oxygen in the water in the field sites compared to the oxygen in the clean - water laboratory setting . another potential cause for lower hepcidin levels could be exposure to a xenoestrogen because robertson et al . [ 55 ] , recently demonstrated that exposure to estradiol decreased expression of hepcidin - 1 and blocked the induction of hepcidin - 2 expression by bacterial exposure in largemouth bass . this suggests that exposure of hornyhead turbot to either xenoestrogens or low oxygen levels may make fish more susceptible to disease by blocking production of hepcidin .\na : gene expression changes were investigated in male turbot liver collected from exposed fish sampled from sanitation districts in san diego , orange county , dana point , los angeles city and los angeles county in california that are considered impacted . control fish were obtained from a separate monitoring station in dana point , a relatively non - impacted area and maintained in a clean - water laboratory for four weeks . the control reference sample consisted of a pool of labeled crna from three control fish , designated a , b , and c .\ntogether , the results obtained using the multi - species microarray and q - pcr to assess the endocrine status of male hornyhead turbots in five coastal field stations indicate that these fish were exposed to a mixture of endocrine disruptors capable of interacting with the estrogen and thyroid responses . despite the genetic heterogeneity of these wild fish and differential exposure to chemicals , food and environment the multi - species microarray identified differences in gene expression among fish captured from different field sites . these results validate this tool for comparisons of endocrine - disrupting contaminants at different sites and highlight the utility of the multi - species microarray approach as a sensitive diagnostic for the presence of endocrine disruptors in the aquatic environment .\nwe amplified partial turbot transcripts using conserved sequences from other fish species to guide the choice of primer design . gene - specific primers were designed using oligowiz software [ 29 ] . all the amplicons were directly sequenced using the respective forward and reverse pcr primers . sequencing reads were subjected to a series of quality control measures , including a phred quality score > 20 , and manual trace inspection . the identity of each sequence was confirmed by blast searches . these sequences have been deposited into genbank ( accession numbers fj042791 - fj042800 ) . primer sequences are outlined in the supporting information ( table s2 ) .\nlaboratory tests with marine flatfish were conducted to investigate associations among gene expression , higher biological responses and wastewater effluent exposure . in the present study , male hornyhead turbot ( pleuronichthys verticalis ) were exposed to environmentally realistic ( 0 . 5 % ) and higher ( 5 % ) concentrations of chemically enhanced advanced - primary ( pl ) and full - secondary treated ( htp ) effluents from two southern california wastewater treatment plants ( wwtp ) . hepatic gene expression was examined using a custom low - density microarray . alterations in gene expression ( vs . controls ) were observed in fish exposed to both effluent types . fish exposed to 0 . 5 % pl effluent showed changes in genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics , steroids , and lipids , among other processes . fish exposed to 5 % pl effluent showed expression changes in genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism , stress responses , xenobiotic metabolism , and steroid synthesis , among others . exposure to 5 % htp effluent changed the expression of genes involved in lipid , glutathione and xenobiotic metabolism , as well as immune responses . although no concentration - dependent patterns of response to effluent exposure were found , significant spearman correlations were observed between the expression of 22 genes and molecular and / or higher biological responses . these results indicate that microarray gene expression data correspond to higher biological responses and should be incorporated in studies assessing fish health after exposure to complex environmental mixtures .\nbsaf values for sediment to worms were similar to those determined from bao et al . ( 2013 ) and jia et al . ( 2014 ) , who observed a linear relationship of worms , total ddt observing bsaf values of 0 . 003 - 0 . 006 . the calculated bmf and bsaf values in this study ( 4 . 09 and 0 . 007 , respectively ) were comparable to previous values determined from lacsd ( 4 . 06 and 0 . 0026 , respectively ) ( lacsd 2014 ) . the higher values of \u03c3ddts in turbot from the fish exposed in the laboratory fed sediment - contaminated worms is consistent with biomagnification studies previously reported in the pv shelf ( zeng and tran 2002 ) .\nthere was a robust correlation between expression of vtg and zp mrnas ( r = 0 . 99 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . this is reasonable because both genes are biomarkers for xenoestrogens and 4 - nonylphenol ; a plastic degradate detected in the sediments from where the turbot were collected . correlation analysis also revealed that expression of both genes showed very strong significant association with age , weight and length of the fish . furthermore , we found negative correlations of thyroid receptors and vtg / zp transcripts ( r ranged from - 0 . 5 to - 0 . 4 ; p < 0 . 05 ) , which could in part explained the lower thyroxine concentrations found in the plasma of these fish [ 46 ] .\n) . however , 7 - day trophic transfer experiments with \u03c3ddt failed to alter hepatic vtg , er\u03b1 and er\u03b2 mrna , even though body burden residues ( and biliary eeqs ) in fish were similar to those collected in the field . in the 28 - day study where fish were only treated with \u03c3ddt by gavage , vtg and er\u03b2 mrna were significantly upregulated in the liver of male turbot exposed , despite lower body burdens compared to the 7 - day food - borne fish and fish collected from pv . in addition , even though overall \u03c3ddt concentrations were lower in the 28 - day laboratory treated fish relative to pv fish , vtg mrna significantly correlated with hepatic \u03c3ddt residues in both field and the 28 day exposure .\nthe hornyhead turbots have elongated oval fusiform highly compressed bodies that are widest in the middle ; their body depth is 49 to 53 % of standard length . they are dark brown to yellowish brown with irregularly - shaped dark marbled blotches and small cream colored spots . their blind side is off - white . they have relatively large eyes on their right side with the top eye preceding the lower eye . they have a ridge between their eyes and a prominent sharp back - pointing spine at the rear end of the ridge , a key to identification . they have a small asymmetrical mouth . their anal fin has 44 to 51 rays ; their caudal fin is small and rounded with a wide base ; their dorsal fin has 65 to 75 rays ; their pectoral fin on the eye - side has 10 to 12 rays ; and their pelvic fins are symmetrical and found on both sides of the body . they have 12 to 17 gill rakers and a straight lateral line that originates above their eyes .\nmulti - species sybr green q - pcr validation of multi - species microarray for ( a ) cyp3a ( b ) vit1 ( c ) vit2 ( d ) esr1 / er\u03b1 ( e ) esr2 / er\u03b2 specific transcripts . gapdh - normalized fold changes ( based on triplicate measurements ) of gene expression in turbot liver from selected impacted sites with respect to reference fish are presented . each fold change was derived from the mean log 2 ratio between each fish and a reference derived from two control fish . vit1 and vit2 transcripts were strongly up - regulated in all fish . er\u03b1 was down - regulated in one fish and up - regulated in two others relative to control fish . er\u03b2 was down - regulated in all fish examined relative to control fish . cyp3a was up - regulated in eight and down - regulated in two fish .\nafter these initial optimization and platform comparison experiments , we assessed alterations in hepatic gene expression in male hornyhead turbots collected during a collaborative marine monitoring study in 2006 at five field stations in southern california that vary in magnitude of contaminant exposure . our objective was to use the microarray tool to assess gene expression levels for key biomarkers of endocrine disruption . levels in plasma of vitellogenin , testosterone , estradiol , cortisol and thyroxine were determined in the fish selected for microarray analysis [ table 1 ] [ 19 , 32 - 34 ] . table 1 reveals that there is substantial variation in hormone levels among the fish collected from different sites and between fish from the same site . this may be due to a combination of factors including genetic heterogeneity in wild fish , variation in the age and life histories of the fish as well as variations in exposure to chemical contaminants , diet and reproductive status [ 1 , 35 , 36 ] . this variability among the fish in levels of plasma hormone and vitellogenin levels posed a challenge for evaluating the exposure of fish from the five sites to endocrine disruptors .\nwells were coated with 100\u00b5l of 0 . 8\u00b5g / ml california halibut vtg ( provided by amanda palumbo of uc , davis ) in 50mm carbonate buffer . non - specific binding wells were coated with 1 % non - fat milk in 50 mm carbonate buffer . plates were then incubated at 37c for 2h . wells were washed three times with 10mm tris - phosphate buffer saline ( tpbs ) , then blocked with 200\u00b5l of 2 % non - fat milk in tpbs for 45min at 37c . the wells were then washed again three times with tpbs . standards ( purified halibut vtg ) and samples were diluted in tpbs . primary antibody ( rabbit anti - turbot vtg purchased from cayman chemical , ann arbor , mi ) diluted in tpbs was added to standards and samples at a ratio of 1 : 1 , for a final concentration of antibody of 1 : 1000 . these solutions were then incubated for 2h at 37c . one hundred microliters of each solution was then added in triplicate to the wells and incubated again for 2h at 37c . the wells were then washed three times with tpbs . the secondary antibody ( goat anti - rabbit labeled with alkaline phosphatase purchased from biorad in hercules , ca ) was diluted to 1 : 2000 in tpbs then added to the wells and incubated for 45 min at 37c . the wells were washed twice with tpbs and once with pbs . the substrate p - nitrophenylphosphate diluted in diethanolamine buffer was added to each well at volume of 100\u00b5l . the plate was then incubated for about 1h in dark . the absorbance was measured with a microplate reader at a wavelength of 405nm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is relatively widespread in the eastern pacific . although it is caught as by - catch in shrimp trawling , there are no major threats for this deep water species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from central california to magdalena bay , mexico and in the northern and central eastern part of the gulf of california ( cooper and chapleau , 1998 ) .\nno population information is available for this species . it is relatively common in california , usa and rare in the gulf of california .\nthis species lives in offshore areas over soft sand and sandy mud substrates to depths of 237m ( galv\u00e1n - maga\u00f1a et al . 2000 ) .\nthere are no major threats known for this species . it is sometimes caught as bycatch in shrimp and other trawling activities .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nvan der heiden , lea , b . & findley , l . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , pleura = side , ribe greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 9 - 200 m ( ref . 9331 ) . subtropical ; - 25\u00b0n\neastern pacific : point reyes in central california , usa to southern baja california , mexico ; isolated population in northern the gulf of california .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 37 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 )\neschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )\n) : 9 . 7 - 18 . 5 , mean 15 . 5 ( based on 20 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00571 - 0 . 01597 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 32 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 42 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nvidal - dorsch de 1 , bay sm , ribecco c , sprague lj , angert m , ludka c , ricciardelli e , carnevali o , greenstein dj , schlenk d , kelley km , reyes ja , snyder s , vanderford b , wiborg lc , petschauer d , sasik r , baker m , hardiman g .\nsouthern california coastal water research project , costa mesa , ca , usa . dorisv @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\ncrago j 1 , xu eg 2 , kupsco a 3 , jia f 3 , mehinto ac 4 , lao w 4 , maruya ka 4 , gan j 3 , schlenk d 3 .\nschool of freshwater sciences , university of wisconsin , milwaukee , milwaukee , wi 53204 , usa .\ndepartment of environment sciences , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa . electronic address : genboxu @ ucr . edu .\ndepartment of environment sciences , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa .\nsouthern california coastal water research project authority , 3535 harbor blvd , costa mesa , ca 92626 , usa .\npmid : 27049791 pmcid : pmc4879599 doi : 10 . 1016 / j . envpol . 2016 . 03 . 060\npalos verdes superfund site and ddts concentrations . site 8c sediment location as well as fish sampling locations , zones 1 - 3 , from are labeled . modified from figure 4 - 1 in epa ( 2009 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 baker et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported in part by a contract from the sccwrp and usc sea grant program ( noaa grant # na06oar4170012 , cfda no . 11 . 417 , project ce - 17 ) . the authors also wish to acknowledge partial financial support and assistance from the los angeles sanitation districts , orange county sanitation district , city of san diego public utilities department , wastewater branch , environmental monitoring and technical services division and the city of los angeles , environmental monitoring division . gh gratefully acknowledge support from nih grants dk063491 , ca023100 and dk080506 and uc senate grant rk126h - hardiman . c . ribecco and a . martella were recipients of training grants from \u2018the campus world program\u2019 . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript ."]}
{"id": 922, "summary": [{"text": "the golden-capped parakeet ( aratinga auricapillus ) is a species of parrot in the family psittacidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in brazil and paraguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , dry savanna , and plantations .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "golden - capped parakeet", "paragraphs": ["information on the golden - capped parakeet is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nof the sun parakeet , but most recent authorities maintain their status as separate species . alternatively , it has been suggested that the sun parakeet and the sulphur - breasted parakeet represent one species , while the jenday parakeet and golden - capped parakeet represent a second . of these , the sulphur - breasted parakeet only received widespread recognition in 2005 , having gone unnoticed at least partially due to its resemblance to certain pre - adult plumages of the sun parakeet . the sun , jandaya , and golden - capped parakeets will all\nthe gold - capped conures ( aratinga auricapillus ) - also known as golden - capped parakeets - are endemic to brazil and paraguay .\nthe golden - capped parakeet is a bird from the psittacidae family . description from focusingonwildlife . com . i searched for this on urltoken | pinterest | \u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - golden - capped parakeet ( aratinga auricapillus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - golden - capped parakeet ( aratinga auricapillus )\ntitle =\narkive species - golden - capped parakeet ( aratinga auricapillus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nhowever , gold - capped conures are prolific breeders , making them popular birds in aviculture , and hand - fed golden cap babies are generally available .\ngolden - capped conure also go through nippy stages and they require some training to stop this behavior . fortunately , they are smart and respond well to training .\ngolden - capped conures breed very well in captivity and reach sexual maturity at about two years of age . golden - cappeds are not sexually dimorphic - only a dna test , or the laying of an egg , will establish an individual ' s sex .\nin captivity ( it is likely , but unconfirmed , that the sulphur - breasted also will interbreed with these ) . in the wild , hybrids between the jandaya parakeet and golden - capped parakeet have been reported in their limited area of contact , but it has been speculated that most such individuals could be sub - adults ( which easily could be confused with hybrids ) . as far as known , the remaining\nfor ' of the summer solstice ' , hence ' sunny ' , and refers to its golden plumage .\nspecies : scientific : aratinga auricapilla aurifrons aka aratinga solstitialis aurifrons . . . english : golden - capped conure . . . dutch : goudkop aratinga . . . german : goldkappensittich . . . french : perruche \u00e0 front dor\u00e9\nthese are some keyword suggestions for the term\nplum - headed parakeet\n. description from suggestkeyword . com . i searched for this on urltoken | pinterest\u2026\nlike other members of the genus aratinga , the sun parakeet is social and typically occurs in groups of up to 30 individuals . it has been reported as nesting in palm cavities . it mainly feeds on fruits , flowers , berries , nuts , and the like . otherwise , relatively little is known about its behavior in the wild , in part due to confusion over what information refers to the sun parakeet and what refers to the sulphur - breasted parakeet . regardless , the behavior of the two is unlikely to differ to any great extent .\ncollar , n . , boesman , p . , de juana , e . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . golden - capped parakeet ( aratinga auricapillus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe golden - capped conures are cheerful , affectionate little birds , who love to cuddle . they need plenty of playtime and one - on - one attention . the gold caps are a little more mellow than some of the other smaller conure birds . they are trainable , and can learn to speak a few words .\nimmature golden - capped conures are essentially green , with some orange around the eyes , above the beak , and on the breast near the wings . some navy is mixed in with the green of the tail . the bird ' s full coloration is not seen until they are sexually mature at about two years of age .\ncites birdlife international internet bird collection parrots : a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 ml media collection catalogue 114646 , golden - capped parakeet aratinga auricapillus , remold , heinz , minas gerais , brazil , nov . 10 1998 , cornell lab of ornithology . site parrots : status survey and conservation plan 2000 - 2004 , snyder , mcgowan , gilardi and grajal , 2000 . parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1977 . 2010 edition parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 . psittacine aviculture , schubot , clubb and clubb , 1992 .\nadults have a rich yellow crown , nape , mantle , lesser wing - coverts , tips of the greater wing - coverts , chest , and underwing - coverts . the face and belly are orange with red around the ears . the base of the greater wing - coverts , tertials , and base of the primaries are green , while the secondaries , tips of the primaries , and most of the primary coverts are dark blue . the tail is olive - green with a blue tip . from below , all the flight feathers are dark greyish . the bill is black . the legs and the bare eye - ring are grey , but the latter often fades to white in captivity ( so using amount of grey or white in the eye - ring for determining\npurity\nof an individual can be misleading ) . it is easily confused with the closely related jandaya parakeet and sulphur - breasted parakeet , but the former has entirely green wing - coverts , mantle and vent , while the latter has green mottling to the mantle and less orange to the underparts . the sun parakeet is also superficially similar to the pale - billed golden parakeet .\ngold - capped conures have a loud scream and typically are noisy at dawn and at bedtimes . they will also shriek when they are scared or excited - - when you come home , for example , he or she will enthusiastically greet you .\nthe sun parakeet occurs only in a relatively small region of north - eastern south america : the north brazilian state of roraima , southern guyana , extreme southern suriname , and southern french guiana . it also occurs as a vagrant to coastal french guiana . its status in venezuela is unclear , but there are recent sightings from the south - east near santa elena de uair\u00e9n . it may occur in amap\u00e1 or far northern par\u00e1 ( regions where the avifauna generally is very poorly documented ) , but this remains to be confirmed . populations found along the amazon river in brazil are now known to belong to the sulphur - breasted parakeet .\nspecies : scientific : aratinga auricapilla auricapilla aka aratinga solstitialis auricapilla . . . english : golden - headed conure . . . dutch : goudkap aratinga . . . german : goldscheitelsittich . . . french : perruche \u00e0 capuche d ' or . . . cites ii - endangered\n30 cm . green parakeet with orange - red belly and facial markings . red frontlet , lores and area around eyes grading to bright orange in forecrown and bright yellow in mid - crown . large , dull orange - red belly patch , mottled yellow . reddish underwing - coverts . bluish primaries with green patch . dull bluish tail with green in base and red on central rectrices . feathers of lower back and rump edged reddish . blackish bill . race\nthe gold - capped conure grows to about 13 to 14 inches in length and weighs about 150 grams . their bodies are mainly green , with blackish bills , gray feet and brown irises . the forehead , the areas around the eyes and underwing coverts are usually red . the breast feathers are a red and green mix . their tail feathers are olive green with a bluish tip . the primary feathers , wing coverts , and under - wing coverts are blue .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nis deeper green with more extensive red on head , reduced patch on belly and no red on mantle .\nthis species is thought to have a moderately small population which is suspected to be declining in some areas owing primarily to habitat loss . however , it seems to cope relatively well with the alteration of its habitat . it is consequently classified as near threatened .\n. in s\u00e3o paulo and paran\u00e1 , the species has only been recorded in the humid eastern forests . it has apparently vanished from espirito santo , and has been recently recorded from single sites in rio de janeiro and paran\u00e1 . despite the loss of habitat and collecting for the pet trade , it is still locally common in goi\u00e1s , ( where it occurs over most of its former distribution ) , minas gerais and bahia . it is described as very common along the rio grande basin ( v . t . lombardi\n. 2011 ) . a recent survey in bahia found it in 18 out of 30 sites surveyed , including eight protected areas , being recorded in large groups and using secondary vegetation ( cordeiro 2002 ) . the discovery that it is still widespread and has not declined over much of its northern range ( bahia , minas gerais , goi\u00e1s ) , and its ability to cope with habitat fragmentation suggest its status is more secure than formerly thought .\nthis species ' s population size has not been formally estimated and in the absence of sufficient data it is preliminarily estimated to number more than 10 , 000 individuals , roughly equivalent to 6 , 700 mature individuals ; however , detailed research is required .\nthe species ' s population is suspected to be in decline owing to continued habitat loss and some trapping for the pet trade .\nit is found in both humid atlantic coastal forest and inland transitional forests . it is largely dependent on semi - deciduous forest , but forages and breeds in forest edge , adjacent secondary growth , agricultural areas and even urban areas ( v . t . lombardi\n, it seems to adapt well to mosaics of forest fragments , pastures and agriculture , and in goi\u00e1s and minas gerais it also uses areas of cerrado ( f . olmos\n. 2003 ) . pairs have been seen in november and dependent young in march ( l . f . silveira\n1999 ) , indicating breeding in the austral summer . it feeds on fruits ( such as mango , papaya and orange ) ( l . f . silveira\n1999 ) and seeds ( such as maize ) , and was formerly considered a serious pest .\n2000 ) . trapping for trade has probably had a significant impact since it was relatively common in illegal brazilian markets in the mid - 1980s and imported in hundreds into west germany in the early 1980s . however , the precise effect is obfuscated by high numbers of captive - bred birds , which presumably reduce pressure on remaining wild populations ( l . f . silveira\n1999 ) . despite its tendency to occasionally nest near human habitation , it is apparently not the most favoured species for the pet trade ( v . t . lombardi\n. 2011 ) . there are no records of persecution in response to crop degradation .\n( silveira 1998 ) and serra do capara\u00f3 national parks , rio doce state park and caratinga reserve .\nsurvey to locate any major new populations and define the limits of its current range . study to determine its population dynamics and dispersive capacity , and provide a detailed analysis of its habitat requirements at different sites . ensure the protection of key reserves . protect the species under brazilian law .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsometimes treated as conspecific with a . solstitialis and a . jandaya ( see a . solstitialis ) . races apparently intergrade in bahia ; aurifrons considered by some authors to be undiagnosable # r . two subspecies tentatively recognized .\n( kuhl , 1820 ) \u2013 n & c bahia , in e brazil .\n30 cm ; 130 g . area around eye onto forehead red , shading through orange on forecrown to yellow on mid - crown ; bare orbital skin dark ; head , body and wings fairly deep green , . . .\na high - pitched , shrill , screeching note repeated several times \u201ccrree crree crree\u201d , both in flight . . .\nfringes of semi - deciduous forests , being less common in second growth and pastureland with . . .\nfruits and seeds . in an anthropogenic area in nw of s\u00e3o paulo state , birds were recorded foraging on 28 plant species , 16 of them . . .\nalmost no information . nest in hole of tree . general evidence suggests breeding around oct . a well - grown chick recorded in early nov . . .\nno information available , but some movements in response to food availability seem likely .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . cites ii . in 19th century a common species ; possibly in decline for two hundred years with steady and now . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : aratinga auricapillus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\na . a . auricapillus : both adults forehead and lores to area around eyes orange / red , yellow forecrown , some birds cheeks yellow as well ; abdomen and lower breast red ; rump and low back margined red . bill black . eye ring grey , eye dull yellow . a . a . aurifrons : as in auricapillus , but sides of head , throat and upper breast darker green with no yellow ; also rump and low back red absent .\nas in adult but with less evident head markings , in particular the yellow on the forecrown ; cheeks deeper green ; almost no red on rump and low back ; red of underparts on flanks and centre of abdomen only . eye ring pale grey , eye brown .\naviary or suspended enclosure , minimum length 2 or 3m ( 6 . 5 or 9 . 8 ft ) .\nfruit such as : apple , pear , orange , cactus fruits , pomegranate , forming about 30 percent of diet ; fresh vegetables if taken , such as : carrot , celery , green beans and peas , corn on the cob , green leaves ; spray millet , small seed , complete pellet .\nprovide overhead misters or shallow water bowls for bathing ; bird - safe , unsprayed flowering , fir , pine , willow or elder branches , climbing toys ( ladders , ropes , swings ) , puzzle toys , wooden block or vegetable tanned leather chew toys .\nvertical box , 12\nx 12\nx 18\n( 30 . 5cm x 30 . 5cm x 46cm ) .\nextensive clearance for crops ( coffee , soybean and sugarcane ) and other agriculture ; trapping for trade may have had significant effect in the 1980s .\na . a . auricapillus : restricted to n and c bahia ; birds from s bahia intermediate between this subspecies and a . aurifrons . a . a . aurifrons : se brazil , from minas gerais and southern goias south to santa catarina .\noccurs in forest , forest edge and clearings , including coastal moist evergreen atlantic forest and deciduous and cerrado - type woodlands of interior . up to 2180m ( 7150 ft ) .\n3 to 5 broadly elliptical eggs , 30 . 5 x 23 . 5mm ( 1 . 2 x 0 . 9 in )\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research , seminars and podcasts , specialists to ask your toughest questions , and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member . join today > >\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\n{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }\nmix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\naratinga conure info . . . aratingas as pets . . . aratinga conure species\nconure info . . . index of conure species . . . photos of the different conure species for identification\ntheir natural habitats include subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , dry savanna , and plantations .\nthey love to\ncustomize\ntheir environment , i . e . , chew on your furniture and take things apart . providing them with lots of wooden toys and natural branches will be important to keep them occupied and , hopefully , stop them from destroying your furniture .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\ngenus : scientific : aratinga . . . english : conures . . . dutch : wigstaartparkieten . . . german : keilschwanzsittiche . . . french : aratinga\nsub - species / races including nominate : auricappila , aurifrons . . . cites ii - endangered\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\non average , sun parakeets weigh approximately 110 g ( 4 oz ) and are around 30 cm ( 12 in ) long .\nand resemble similar - aged sulphur - breasted parakeets . the distinctive yellow , orange , and reddish colouration on the back , abdomen , and head is attained with maturity .\nits exact ecological requirements remain relatively poorly known . it is widely reported as occurring in savanna and coastal forests , but recent sightings suggest it mainly occurs at the edge of humid forest growing in foothills in the guiana shield , and crosses more open habitats only when traveling between patches of forest .\nfrom the former and rare in the latter . it is very rare in french guiana , but may breed in the southern part of the country ( this remains unconfirmed ) . this species is very popular in captivity , and large numbers have been caught for the pet trade . today it is regularly bred in captivity , but the capture of wild individuals potentially remains a very serious threat . this has fueled recent discussions regarding its status , leading to it being uplisted to\nat around 2 years of age , and can live for 25 to 30 years . the hen lays a clutch of three to five eggs , with an\nthe sun conure is noted for its very loud squawking compared to its relatively small size . it is capable of mimicking humans , but not as well as some larger parrots .\nsun conures are popular as pets because of their bright coloration though they have a very limited ability to talk . due to their inquisitive temperaments , they demand a great deal of attention from their owners , and can sometimes be loud . like many parrots , they are determined chewers and require toys and treats to chew on .\nhand reared pets can be very friendly towards humans that they are familiar with , but they may be aggressive towards strangers .\nlinnaeus , c ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . ( in latin ) . holmiae . ( laurentii salvii ) . p . 824 .\nsimpson , d . p . ( 1979 ) . cassell ' s latin dictionary ( 5 ed . ) . london : cassell ltd . isbn 0 - 304 - 52257 - 0 .\narndt , t . ( 1997 ) . lexicon of parrots . arndt verlag . isbn 3 - 9805291 - 1 - 8\nsilverira , l . , de lima , f . , & h\u00f6fling , e . ( 2005 ) . a new species of aratinga conure ( psittaformes : psittacidae ) from brazil , with taxonomical remarks on the aratinga solstitialis complex . the auk 122 ( 1 ) : 292 - 305 .\nbirdlife international ( bli ) ( 2008 ) : 2008 iucn redlist status changes . retrieved 2008 - may - 23 .\nhilty , s . ( 2003 ) . birds of venezuela , 2nd edition . princeton university press , new jersey . isbn 0 - 691 - 02131 - 7\njuniper , t . , & parr , m . ( 1998 ) . a guide to the parrots of the world . pica press , east sussex - isbn 1 - 873403 - 40 - 2\njutglar , \u00e1 . ( 1997 ) . aratinga solstitialis ( sun conure ) . p . 431 in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , & sargatal , j . eds ( 1997 ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 4 . sandgrouse to cuckoos . lynx edicions , barcelona . isbn 84 - 87334 - 22 - 9\nrestall , r . , rodner , c . , & lentino , m . ( 2006 ) . birds of northern south america - an identification guide . vol . 1 : species accounts . helm , london . isbn 0 - 7136 - 7242 - 0\nsun conure ( aratinga solstitialis ) : uplist to near threatened ? birdlife international discussion board .\nmich\u0430el fr\u0430nkis set\naratinga solstitialis\nas an exemplar on\naratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nwilliam marcus added a link to\nthe sun conure as a pet\non\naratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita marked the common name\naurinkoaratti\nin an unknown language from\naratinga solstitialis ( linnaeus , 1758 )\nas trusted .\ncyndy parr marked\nn113 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\naratinga solstitialis\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 925, "summary": [{"text": "potamonautes lirrangensis , the malawi blue crab , is a species of freshwater crab in the family potamonautidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this common and widespread species is found in lake malawi , lake kivu , the upper congo river basin and malagarasi river in the democratic republic of the congo , malawi , rwanda , and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in the freshwater aquarium trade it is sometimes sold under the synonym potamonautes orbitospinus . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "potamonautes lirrangensis", "paragraphs": ["potamonautes lirrangensis by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\ncumberlidge , n . 2004 . potamonautes lirrangensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 august 2007 .\nbott ( 1955 ) treated this species as potamonautes ( lirrangopotamonautes ) lirrangensis lirrangensis . cumberlidge ( 1998 ) referred to this species as potamonautes lirrangensis . the name malawi blue crab is used only for the subpopulations of this species found in lake malawi , and not for subpopulations from other parts of the range of this species .\npotamonautes lirrangensis preys on : aufwuchs based on studies in : malawi , lake nyasa ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\npotamonautes lirrangensis is prey of : mastacembelus shiranus bathyclarias worthingtoni based on studies in : malawi , lake nyasa ( lake or pond ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\npotamonautes lirrangensis is widespread with an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of over 1 . 5 million km\u00b2 . it is found in central africa in the upper congo river basin , further downstream in the congo river in the cuvette centrale , and in a significant part of the african rift valley from lake kivu south to lake malawi , including rivers in tanzania that flow into lake tanganyika , although this species is not found in lake tanganyika itself .\njustification : potamonautes lirrangensis has been assessed as least concern . it has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of over 1 . 5 million km\u00b2 and is known from 65 localities primarily across central africa . although it is not found in any protected areas , it does not face any known threats . the fact that a lot of material has been collected in the past 10 years from different localities throughout its range suggests that the population size is large .\npotamonautes lirrangensis has a wide distribution over several countries and is well represented in museum collections . a lot of recent material has been collected in the past 10 years , suggesting that this is a widespread and abundant species . this species is the subject of a commercial fishery in malawi and has been collected in the region recently . despite this its population is estimated to be stable and there are no known long - term major threats to this species . not considered threatened at present and currently assessed as least concern .\nits population is estimated to be stable based on indirect measures such the fact that it is a common and widespread species that has been collected recently from rocky areas in lake kivu and from small fast flowing rivers , as well as from large slow flowing rivers flowing into lake tanganyika . in addition , p . lirrangensis supports a local fishery in lake malawi , and this species is well represented in museum collections .\nit is likely that the subpopulations of p . lirrangensis are large and stable , although the current subpopulation sizes of this species across its range have not yet been assessed . this statement is based on the fact that it has been collected from several new localities in the past ten years that have resulted in a significant range expansion , and it is now reasonably well represented in museum collections . the species supports a local fishery in lake malawi where large numbers of crabs are caught regularly . in addition this species is a favourite with the aquarium trade and many specimens from lake malawi are caught for export .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nreed , s . k . & cumberlidge , n . 2006 . taxonomy and biogeography of the freshwater crabs of tanzania , east africa ( brachyura : potamoidea : potamonautidae , platythelphusidae , deckeniidae ) . zootaxa 1262 : 1 - 139 .\nthis species lives in large rivers and has been collected from several different localities in the upper congo river basin in the democratic republic of the congo and rwanda . in tanzania , it is found in rivers that flow into lake tanganyika , while in malawi this species lives in lake malawi itself but not in the tributaries of the lake in malawi or in any other rivers in that country .\nthis species supports small commercial fisheries in lake malawi for human consumption and for the aquarium trade . the crabs are exported to the aquarium trade internationally to sites in europe ( germany and the uk ) , the usa ( texas and california ) , and australia .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for this species . it has not been collected from any protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nlist & earn rs . 250 * extra . available in bangalore , mumbai , chennai , hyderabad .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy unlimited free , fast delivery on eligible items , video streaming , ad - free music , exclusive access to deals & more .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nlirranga , middle congo , d . r . congo , central africa ; tanzania , west coast of lake malawi ( nyasa ) , malawi . the type locality is lirranga , at the confluence of the congo and the oubangi rivers , democratic republic of congo . this species is found in the upper reaches of the congo river , democratic republic of congo ; lake kivu , rwanda ; malagarasi river near lake tanganyika , tanzania ; lake malawi , malawi .\nin the dr congo , this species is found in large rivers in the central african rainforest , under rocks . in malawi this species is found in lake malawi .\ng . fryer , the trophic interrelationships and ecology of some littoral communities of lake nyasa , proc . london zool . soc . 132 : 153 - 281 , from p . 217 ( 1959 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\ndobson , m . ( 2004 ) . freshwater crabs of africa . freshwater forum 21 : 3 - 26 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthe nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of h2a , h2b , h3 and h4 assembled in one h3 - h4 heterotetramer and two h2a - h2b heterodimers . the octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of dna .\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 926, "summary": [{"text": "deltophora distinctella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 5.5-6.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light grey-brown with distinct dark brown markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from january to march and september to november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "deltophora distinctella", "paragraphs": ["biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate\u2013ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing\u2013coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) ."]}
{"id": 931, "summary": [{"text": "agathiopsis maculata is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea and australia ( queensland ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are green , the forewings with a ragged broad brown margin , and a similar stripe across the hindwings , which have a scalloped margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "males have darker brown stripes than females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "agathiopsis maculata", "paragraphs": ["a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe adult moths of this species are green , with a ragged broad brown margin to the forewings , and a similar stripe across each hindwing . the hindwings have a scalloped margin . the males have darker brown stripes than the females . the wingspan is about 4 cms . the males are about 10 % smaller than the females .\nnew species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epilemidae , and geometridae from papuan region , collected by mr . albert s . meek\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\npagenstecher , a . f . 1900 ,\ndie lepidopteren fauna des bismarck - archipels . mit ber\u00fcckstichtigung der thiergeographischen und biologischen verh\u00e4ltnisse systematisch dargestellt . erster theil : die tagfalter\n, zoologica ( new york ) , vol . 29 , pp . 1 - 160 pp . 2 pls\nturner , a . j . 1910 ,\nrevision of australian lepidoptera . v\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 35 , pp . 555 - 653\nprout , l . b . 1933 ,\ngeometridae\n, seitz , die gross - schmetterling der erde , vol . 12 , pp . 77 - 116\nwarren , w . 1912 ,\nnew geometridae in the tring museum from new guinea\n, novitates zoologicae , vol . 19 , pp . 68 - 85\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 88959ed7 - db75 - 4d97 - af42 - 6bbdcd0251c5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ab525af1 - 0173 - 4203 - bc4f - 41dfc8fb198f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c86d9880 - c624 - 44ee - ad91 - 2b5c67621aca\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4fb4a47d - f76f - 4b58 - 8474 - b50d22f7975f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372800\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 932, "summary": [{"text": "bermuda land snails , scientific name poecilozonites , are an endemic genus of pulmonate land snail in the family gastrodontidae ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "scientists believe that poecilozonites colonised the mid-atlantic island of bermuda at least 300,000 years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "poecilozonites makes up 95 % of bermuda 's terrestrial fossils .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "only one other large pulmonate , succinea , has been found as a fossil . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "bermuda land snail", "paragraphs": ["for decades conservationists believed bermuda\u0092s endemic land snail , poecilozonites bermudensis , was extinct .\nquensen jf , iii , woodruff ds . associations between shell morphology and land crab predation in the land snail\nwada s , chiba s . the dual protection of a micro land snail against a micro predatory snail .\nan evolutionary microcosm : pleistocene and recent history of the land snail p . ( poecilozonites ) in bermuda\nmore information about the bermuda land snail project is available from london zoo\u2019s website at www . zsl . org .\nand an extraordinary sequence of events helped conservationists find what could be the last colony of bermuda\u0092s endemic land snail , poecilozonites bermudensis .\ngoodfriend ga . variation in land - snail shell form and size and its causes : a review .\nmoreno - rueda g . disruptive selection by predation offsets stabilizing selection on shell morphology in the land snail\nthe last recorded sighting of this endemic land snail was made in the early 1970s by stephen j gould .\nhoso m . cost of autotomy drives ontogenetic switching of anti - predator mechanisms under developmental constraints in a land snail .\nliew t - s , vermeulen jj , marzuki me , schilthuizen m . a cybertaxonomic revision of the micro land snail genus\nratios ) of land snail shells has been used for estimation of paleotemperatures . some potential uses of land snail shells for paleoenvironmental reconstruction include the study of stable isotopes of h and n , periodic growth lines , and deposits of pedogenic carbonates on the shells .\n* \u201cs\u201d , snail survived after experiment ; \u201cp\u201d , snail was preyed by atopos slug in the experiment .\nthe poecilozonites family contains at least four species of snail , all of which are endemic to bermuda .\nwednesday , april 25 : the bermuda land snail was teetering on the brink of extinction when a colony of 56 of the tiny creatures was sent to the zoological society of london in february 2004 .\nhoso m , hori m . divergent shell shape as an antipredator adaptation in tropical land snails .\nfringing reefs . where platforms are continuous with the shore , separated from land by shallow water .\na snail which conservationists thought was extinct has been found living in an alley in bermuda , it ' s been reported .\npoecilozonites bermudensis is a slightly larger snail than the species above , reaching about the size of a bermuda 5 cent coin .\ndrew pettit , director of conservation services said : \u201ca survey completed in 2012 could not find any wild population of this endemic snail in bermuda .\nfossil land snail shells constitute a valuable source of paleoenvironmental information for the quaternary . they can be dated by a variety of methods , including radiocarbon , amino acid racemization and epimerization , and perhaps also\n) . here , we argue that this iterative gigantism was the result of selection pressure from vertebrate predators that colonized and evolved during glacial periods when the land area of bermuda was at its maximum .\nbarrier reefs . further offshore , separated from land by wide , deep ( more than 10 meters or 30 feet ) water .\nmr lines is one of just a handful of residents who knows what this species of snail looks like because he has been involved in conservation studies in the past looking for the snail .\nthis critically endangered endemic species of bermudian land snail was almost eradicated from its mainland range due to several accidentally introduced predatory flat worm species and the predatory rosy wolf snail . zsl was asked by bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) to establish a secure breeding population of this species and to clarify that species life history and associated care requirements as part of the government\u2019s recovery programme for this species .\npoecilozonites circumfirmatus . an indigenous snail long thought extinct until re - discovered living in july 2002 by local college student alex lines , a bermuda aquarium museum and zoo intern . in the 1970s , harvard paleontology professor stephen jay gould found one and wrote\nan evolutionary microcosm : pleistocene and recent history of the land snail poecilozonites in bermuda . at one time years ago , they could be picked up by the bucketful to be ground up and burnt for lime and mortar . nowadays ,\nin 2014 the smithsonian institution declared this species of fish was endemic to bermuda .\nlondon zoo began a bermudian land snail programme in 2004 , to help protect what was thought to be the last remaining species , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , from extinction . the poecilozonites family was once so common in bermuda that they were burned for limestone , according to the bermuda sun . in 1951 , another of the island ' s native species , the bermuda petrel , was rediscovered . until then it was thought the seabird , also known as the cahow , had become extinct in the 1600s .\nthe adaptive significance of shell anti - predation traits is better known for marine snails than for land snails ( goodfriend , 1986 ; vermeij , 1993 ) . this does not mean that land snails are less likely to be preyed upon in terrestrial ecosystems as compared to the marine ecosystems . in fact , the terrestrial ecosystem is a hostile environment to land snails , who face a taxonomically wide range of predators ( barker , 2004 and reference therein ) . the fact that molluscs have diversified to become the second largest phylum on land after the arthropods ( bieler , 1992 ; brusca & brusca , 2003 ) , suggests that land snails have evolved successful adaptations to deal with predation , and the evolution of shell morphology is likely to have played an important part .\ndr outerbridge said : \u0093we have a canadian snail expert who is coming to bermuda in the new year to help us look at the potential sites where the poecilozonites bermudensis could be translocated .\nzsl london zoo maintains the only ex situ population of this species outside of bermuda .\n, domestic and wild ( once domesticated but let free by persons leaving bermuda ) .\ndr . lane said bermuda waters offer types of seaweed not found in the caribbean .\nin late 2013 the smithsonian in washington dc declared this species was endemic to bermuda .\nthe land snail shell is a single piece of coiled exoskeleton that consists of several layers of calcium carbonate . its basic ontogeny follows a straightforward accretionary growth . shell material is secreted by the mantle , which is located around the shell aperture , and is added to the existing aperture margin . despite this general shell ontogeny that produces the basic coiled shell of all land snails , there is a great diversity of shell forms .\nfurthermore , it was discovered that the population of another smaller endemic snail , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , was rapidly declining .\na first line of defence of the plectostoma snail against the atopos slug predation is the snail\u2019s resting behaviour . when the snail is resting or disturbed , it withdraws its soft body into the shell and adheres its shell aperture firmly to the substrate . we found that the attachment of the plectostoma shell aperture to the substrate may not be strong enough to resist manipulation by atopos . the slug could remove the snail from the resting position and then approach the shell aperture . hence , the resting behaviour of the snail is not an effective anti - predation trait against shell - apertural entry .\n) , predators may evolve new adaptations for processing shells to circumvent the responses of their prey , but on bermuda the cycle of escalation was broken by habitat loss and extinction of predators during interglacials owing to loss of land area and prime habitat . the major interglacial inundations of mis 11 , 9 , 5 and 1 are all associated with extinction events on bermuda (\nand esr . the vast majority of paleoenvironmental studies based on land snail shells have examined the faunal composition of fossil assemblages , from which a variety of paleoenvironmental characteristics such as biome , temperature , and moisture conditions have been reconstructed . still , there are a number of problems involved in using this approach and these are discussed . shell morphology has occasionally been used to reconstruct such factors as rainfall and temperature . stable isotope studies on quaternary land snails include : analysis of\nplatform margin reefs . found in really deep water surrounding the outer edge of the bermuda platform .\ndr . lane is a professor of biology at the university of rhode island and has been to bermuda many times . dr . schneider has been coming to bermuda since the 1970 ' s .\ngolden coral . stenopus scutellatus . rare in bermuda waters but seen by chris flook in 2003 .\nand steps are now being taken to protect the habitat and re - establish the uniquely bermudian small snail on the island .\nin the early 1600s , uninhabited bermuda once had its own turtles but they were eaten after 1609 by colonists . today , the shallow reefs and seagrass meadows of the bermuda platform provide foraging grounds for immature hawksbill ( eretmochelys imbricata ) and green turtles ( chelonia mydas ) . the bermuda turtle project ( btp ) continues today as a joint effort between the bermuda zoological society , the bermuda aquarium museum and zoo and the caribbean conservation corporation . the project\u2019s mission is to further the understanding of the biology of highly migratory , endangered marine turtles in order to promote their conservation both in bermuda and worldwide .\nplans are now afoot to begin bringing poecilozonites circumfirmatus back to bermuda to start the population up again .\nasian gecko ( hemidactylus frenatus ) . accidentally introduced to bermuda in 2011 or thereabouts in cargo imports .\nlast updated : july 9 , 2018 multi - national \u00a9 2018 by bermuda online . all rights reserved\nliew t - s , kok acm , schilthuizen m , urdy s . on growth and form of a heteromorphic terrestrial snail :\ndewitt tj , sih a , hucko ja . trait compensation and cospecialization in a freshwater snail : size , shape and antipredator behaviour .\na survey conducted in 1988 by two us scientists in bermuda could find no living trace of poecilozonites bermudensis .\nafforded a certain amount of protection under bermuda ' s protection of birds act 1975 . overall , only 23 birds breed in bermuda , but there are over 200 different types of migrant birds that visit every year .\nnews article on the re - discovery of p . bermudensis : ' extinct ' snail is found in city alleyway . royal gazette oct 2014\n' tales from the snail trail . . . slip sliding away ' by robbie smith in envirotalk volume 78 ( 3 ) fall 2010 .\nmr lines told the royal gazette : \u0093i was in the alleyway poking around and moving some flower pots when i noticed these snail shells .\n\u0093this is a unique genus of snail , found nowhere else in the world , and for years we have thought it has been extinct .\nas a result a lifeboat project was arranged and the much smaller snail was sent to london zoo where it has been saved from extinction .\nit is the surviving member of bermuda\u2019s only endemic animal genus . two related endemic species , p . bermudensis and p . reinianus are considered to have become extinct in the 20th century . a landmark survey of the island\u2019s snails , by drs . rudiger bieler and john slapcinsky in 1998 , revealed very sparse numbers of bermuda ' s endemic snail island - wide .\nmediterranean or turkish gecko ( hemidactylus turcicus ) . accidentally introduced to bermuda in 2011 or thereabouts in cargo imports .\nto sum up , plectostoma anti - predation traits might mainly act to delay the predator , which increases the time and energy requirement for atopos to complete predation . the resistance exhibited by the snail in response to shell - drilling by the slug cannot ensure the survival of the preyed snail . our results are in accordance with the general view that snail shells usually cannot resist drilling by their predators ( vermeij , 1982 ) .\n) than in those morphs . no representative fauna from mis 10 is yet known so we do not know if larger land birds colonized and evolved during that period , but a very different predator , the tortoise\nyellow crowned night herons ( nyctanassa violacea ) , once brought in to keep down the land crab population , were re - established from 46 birds imported from florida in the 1970s . they are now native .\n\u0093but because my son had been so heavily involved with efforts to find this snail i had a good idea of what i was looking at . \u0094\nconsidered a highly prized food in the caribbean , in stew pots , but not eaten in bermuda . it is fortunate that one of its foods in the caribbean , the poisonous fruit of the manchineel tree , does not grow in bermuda .\nonce a lot more numerous than now . until the 1950s , bermuda had bermuda cedar trees galore , which cicadas loved . the sound of the cicada love song , amorous adult males to females , was for many years in bermuda the loudest and most wonderful insect song at night . bermudians referred to cicadas fondly as\nhummers .\nsome species of cicadas then known in bermuda registered over 100 decibels when singing . sadly , when most of the bermuda cedar trees were killed of by a blight in the 1950s , the cicadas that made the nights so uniquely magical and romantic in sound also largely disappeared .\nnewly discovered ( 2008 ) botryocladia flookii seaweed , a type of seaweed that had never before been studied or catalogued , was named after chris flook , the collector of specimens and the bermuda lionfish project coordinator for the bermuda aquarium museum and zoo .\nwell , it turned out that the government felt these snails were too common and may affect crops , so several predatory species of snails were introduced to the island , as well as an edible species . within just 2 decades , the bermuda land snail was nearly wiped out , and the new species dominated . currently , it is believed that three species of snails have gone completely extinct , and only one remains , poecilozontes circumfirmatus , which is now an endangered species , and may also be extinct soon .\nthe genus poecilozonites contains at least 4 species of snails , all of which are endemic to bermuda . two of them , poecilozonites nelsoni and poecilozonites reinianus are extinct . the two surviving species are poecilozonites circumfirmatus and poecilozonites bermudensis , which are rare in bermuda .\npartners : government of bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) and the bermudian aquarium , museum and zoo ( bamz ) .\nsnakes . absolutely illegal . conservationists have warned of the disastrous consequences snakes could have on bermuda\u2019s wildlife after a species of kingsnake was captured in july 2016 in sandys . the latest snake capture is believed to be the third in four years and comes after a black racer was picked up on the tucker\u2019s point golf club in 2013 was likely brought in accidentally in a visitor\u2019s golf bag . bermuda\u2019s wildlife has been innocent of snake predation . the consequences would be like having a lionfish on land .\nthere are many types of sea fish , all similar to what are found off florida and in the caribbean , but none are indigenous to bermuda . there are also blackish pond fish , killifish ( see below ) , several of which are unique to bermuda .\nzsl has successfully bred , clarified the life history and developed husbandry guidelines for this species and following liaison with the bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) , 200 snails were returned to bermuda , to establish an ex situ population at the bermuda aquarium zoo and aquarium as a prelude to field releases . we are collaborating with bdcs on the revision of the species recovery programme for this species .\ntemperature , humidity and rainfall patterns would have fluctuated to some degree between glacial and interglacial periods , but the effects of most of those variables on shell evolution in land snails are often ambiguous ( goodfriend 1986 ) . we rejected gould ' s ( 1969 ) hypothesis that reduced availability of calcium carbonate during glacial periods was a limiting factor in snail evolution on bermuda based on several different lines of evidence ( olson & hearty 2007 ) . therefore , we consider that predation was the factor most likely to have been selecting for gigantism in poecilozonites .\nmarch 9 . for decades , bermuda has been the site of a fierce \u2014 if tiny \u2014 war between rival species of ant .\nonly in all the islands of bermuda , the islands of the bahamas including harbour island and at least five places in scotland is the sand pink , but not because of the warm water corals . it is untrue to say that bermuda ' s beaches have coarser sand . in fact , the sand in bermuda is exceptionally fine . bermuda ' s coral reefs , from where the forams come , are in better condition than many bahamas reefs . many caribbean reefs have the disease known as ybd . by comparison , there has been only one recorded case of ybd in bermuda recently . local coral diseases are mostly bbd , less infected , the majority of them brain corals .\nlike in marine predator - snail interactions , where predators tend to drill a hole at less - ornamented positions of the prey shell ( kelley & hansen , 2003 ) we may expect atopos to drill its holes preferentially between shell ribs , rather than through them . conversely , if snail shell ribs are adaptive traits in the context of the slug\u2019s shell - drilling behaviour , we would expect the snail shell to have evolved more densely - placed , thicker , and more protruded ribs to defend themselves against shell drilling predators .\nhe added : \u0093it\u0092s certainly lucky because i\u0092m probably one of only five people in bermuda that would have known what they were looking at .\n\u0093he came down here as a deckhand on a ship originally and was fascinated by the evolution that had happened to these snails in bermuda .\none particularly interesting live shell is the atlantic trumpet triton found in local waters . a bermuda 40c stamp was issued to note it in philately\n\u0093dr gould put it down to the introduction of predatorial snails that were deliberately brought to bermuda to control the edible garden snail \u0097 another introduction that was proving a pest . one of the sad sides to this story is that dr gould is not alive now to hear that this animal still remains in the wild .\nmanipulation of carcasses of modern birds with analogues in the fossil record of bermuda to show potential swallowing ability of shells of poecilozonites . ( a ) clapper rail rallus longirostris with shell of poecilozonites zonatus ( zona ) nearly at the point of ingestion . ( b ) black duck anas rubripes ditto . ( c ) whooping crane grus americana , a species larger than the extinct endemic crane of bermuda , with shell of poecilozonites nelsoni ( nel4 ) . the very large size of the snail would not have permitted intact ingestion by any bird known from the quaternary of bermuda . scale bar , 2 cm .\ninterestingly enough , i have recently discovered that land snails were also a favorite topic of my great great grandfather , olof p . nylander . olof was swedish immigrant , who became a well known naturalist in northern maine , and later founded the nylander museum in caribou , maine , which is still in existence today . in fact , he also studied and had a group of land snails named after him \u2014 the vertigo nylanderis . new species are still discovered all the time , and old species once thought extinct can sometimes pop up where you least expect it . it is thought that one extinct group of bermuda land snails may have been recently found , though it\u2019s not verified yet . so , be sure to get out there and look on the ground , in the plants , and keep exploring \u2013 there is a possibility you can make another big find , or have a species named after you too .\nthey fly over the sea but return to bermuda to begin courtship activities in late october . they mate for life and produce only one egg each year . the female lays a single white egg in january and in early march a chick covered in dense grey down emerges . young chicks leave bermuda in late may or early june and spend their first eight years of life on the open ocean before returning as adults to breed . like most petrels , cahows are nocturnal and land only to breed . they nest in a soil burrow the bird excavates .\nand his son , alex , was heavily involved in helping to save a very similar but smaller snail , poecilozonites circumfirmatus , from extinction through a lifeboat project with the london zoo .\nschilthuizen m , van til a , salverda m , liew t - s , james ss , elahan bb , vermeulen jj . microgeographic evolution of snail shell shape and predator behavior .\nargopecten gibbus . the atlantic calico scallop is a species of medium - sized edible saltwater clam , specifically a scallop , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family pectinidae . sometimes known as zigzag scallops , featured on a recent 45 cent bermuda stamp , once reared in harrington sound , in a bermuda government project . they have been a protected species since 1978 in bermuda but are eaten readily in other places such as florida where they are common .\nintroduced in the 1950s . an invasive which feeds on the fruits of the hugely invasive indian laurel tree and spreads even more invasive seeds throughout bermuda .\n) . in this situation , the slug uses shell - drilling to make a new opening directly on the part of the shell whorls where the snail is hiding ( e . g . ,\nspecies recovery plans have been developed for several of bermuda ' s protected species . these plans outline the actions necessary to recovery and protect a specific listed species .\nbulletin of marine science . bermuda natural history museum . the issue prior to july 14 , 2000 had an inventory by dr . wolfgang sterrer on the number of species ( at least 8 , 299 ) of flora and fauna then in bermuda , of which 4 , 597 are marine and 3 , 702 are terrestrial .\nthis species was almost eradicated from its mainland range due to several accidentally introduced predatory flat worm species and the predatory rosy wolf snail . zsl was asked by bermuda\u2019s department of conservation services ( bdcs ) to establish a secure breeding population of this species and to clarify that species life history and associated care requirements as part of the government\u2019s recovery programme for this species .\nanagenetic procession of snails ( subgenus poecilozonites ) and their predators on bermuda during the mid to late quaternary stratigraphic order . green on the left shows relative percentage of exposed land area of the bermuda platform , with known vertebrate predators being associated with glacial lowstand periods . the central column shows the morphotypes of poecilozonites associated with glacial and interglacial cycles ( after hearty & olson in press ) . the right column identifies mis events and various sea - level cycles during the quaternary . gigantism is expressed in glacial - age snails when vertebrate predators are present . the predators became extinct through reduction in habitat with interglacial flooding of the platform .\nbut when he returned to bermuda in the early 1990s their numbers appeared to have taken a dramatic plunge , to the point that he could no longer find one .\ncardisoma guanhumi . an illusive and rare species in bermuda . the female can be nearly a foot long in width . one this size was caught in october 2001 .\nodontomachus insularis . an indigenous ant long thought extinct until re - discovered living in july 2002 by local college student alex lines , a bermuda aquarium museum and zoo intern .\nits habitat in bermuda ( where it has been seen in the mangrove swamp area of hungry bay , paget , is somewhat different to that of say , northern florida .\n) , is known from the same basal mis 9 sediments as call . the only period when such a tortoise could have colonized and evolved on bermuda was during mis 10 (\nnot to be confused with scallops , these were once reared in harrington sound , in a bermuda government project . a protected species since 1978 . they are under the sand .\nonce , particularly when bermuda cedar trees were common ( until the 1950s ) , there were other spiders including very small black and white ones with a hard shell . the silk spider\npresent in bermuda . ( aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus - including those potentially liable to catch west nile virus ) and which caused outbreaks of dengue fever in bermuda in the 1940s . but roofs are not sprayed for fear of what the spray or fogging could do to harm drinking water and roof catchments . instead , other parts of the home and gardens are .\ncopyright \u00a9 2005 - 2018 bermuda sun ltd . all rights reserved . for more information see our terms of service . software copyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 1up ! software , all rights reserved\nbermuda is a sanctuary for whales - humpback , blue , northern - and dolphins in its 200 mile exclusive economic zone under the fisheries ( protected species ) order of the fisheries act .\nthe largest and most complete collection of bermuda shells to be found anywhere in the world was donated in october 2001 to the natural history museum at the bermuda aquarium , museum and zoo . they were collected by retired banker jack lightbourn and his late colleague and friend arthur guest since 1965 . there are about 7 , 700 species in all in the collection , with several endemic .\nthree species have been recorded in bermuda , hippocampus reidi ; hippocampus erectus ; and hippocampus zosterae . not endemic , now endangered or vulnerable , on the world conservation red list of threatened animals .\nwithout knowing it beforehand , with the kiskadees bermuda allowed in a veritable bird gang of terrorists . those 200 original yellow - breasted kiskadees have become the prolific and noisy mafioso of bermuda ' s bird lands , trees , shrubs and telephone wires - and a major threat to the lives , feeding and nesting habits of bermuda ' s beautiful bluebirds and other birds as well as to soft - skinned local fruit , crabs , fish and other choice edibles . also , they were the major reason for the extinction of the endemic cicada ( known locally as singers ) by the late 1990s .\npunctuated equilibrium is a theory that says animals evolve rapidly in new environments . it\u2019s similar to the work of charles darwin ( and of course 1800\u2032s british paleontologist mary anning , who did not receive much credit for her work , described in thl\u2019s the furious case of the fraudulent fossil - link below ) , which states that animals will adapt to new conditions , based on random mutations . however , stephen jay gould believed that it could occur in much faster spurts , in geologically speaking , very short periods of time . there were periods in time , when there were large numbers of species evolving , and they were generally times after something catastrophic or significant happened . that\u2019s why you can find 15 species of bermuda land snail fossils in a relatively short geological timeframe of only a few hundred thousand years .\nhe noted that no original research had been done on the subject in more than 50 years which is why he and dr . schneider are working on cataloguing bermuda ' s various types of seaweed .\nthe bermuda cicada ( tibicen bermudiana ) , a big , black , noisy , buzzing beetle called a singer because of its distinctive buzzing - almost completely disappeared , first after the blight of cedar trees in the 1940s and 1950s and also because the kiskadee flycatcher ( see below ) fancied cicadas as food . the cicada is featured on a 1990 bermuda collector ' s coin . there are cicadas elsewhere .\narca zebra . bermuda ' s turkey - wing shaped mussels . these attractive brown and white striped shells get their name because they are shaped somewhat like a turkey wing . they are the most abundant bivalve in bermuda\u2019s waters , and are most commonly sourced in harrington sound . these animals are found along the east coast of the united states from north carolina to florida , through the caribbean and as far south as venezuela . turkey - wing mussels grow slowly to a maximum size of approximately 80 mm , and are thought to reach 10 years old ! they are the principal ingredients in a traditional bermuda mussel pie .\nthe lifeboat project was a last - ditch effort to save the species that was being driven to extinction by the introduction of the predatory snail , euglandina rosea , and argentine ants . the conservation effort to save the snails has proved to be a success .\nback when dr . gould was a young student in the late 1950\u2032s , he was a deckhand for the woods hole oceanographic institute , based in massachusetts , which ended up taking him on a research trip to bermuda . he had already done some studies on gastropods ( snails and related creatures ) , and noticed various living and fossilized snails while he was there . it turned out at that time there was a single very abundant species of snail , poecilozontes bermudensis , which could be found all over the island ( there were also other species too , including p . nelsoni and p . renianus ) . this snail was so ubiquitous , that the they were sometimes collected and burned just for their lime ( cac03 ) .\ntwo species , eleutherodactylus johnstonei and eleutherodactylus gossei ( first is shown in 1979 bermuda postage stamp graphic here ) sing loudly at night . they are one of the most characteristic night sounds of bermuda between april and november . they are not indigenous - both were introduced accidentally sometime prior to 1880 , most likely on orchids imported from the lesser antilles . they can be found elsewhere in temperate and sub - tropical regions .\nwhen a plectostoma snail withdraws into its shell , part of the lower shell whorls are left vacant . we named this vacant part the \u2018predatory path\u2019 , located between shell aperture and soft - body withdrawal terminal point ( i . e . , between the endpoint of the shell whorls and the withdrawn snail\u2019s operculum ) . in shell - apertural entry predation events , the predator\u2019s feeding apparatus would need to pass through the predatory path to reach the snail that is withdrawn deeply into the shell . hence , success of a predation event would depend on the interplay between the morphometrics of both the prey\u2019s predatory path and the predator\u2019s feeding apparatus . in this section , we quantified these morphometrics . because both prey and predator traits vary throughout their growth , we assessed variability of these morphometrics at several different growth stages .\nmany of the shell traits of land snails ( e . g . , whorl number and size , shell periphery form , umbilicus , shell coiling direction , aperture shape and size , and shell shape , thickness and size ) are adaptive responses to abiotic ecological factors ; by contrast , very few traits , viz . aperture shape and size , shell size , and shell wall thickness , are known to offer a selective advantage when faced with predation ( goodfriend , 1986 ) . since goodfriend \u2019s ( 1986 ) review , few additional studies have shown the adaptive significance of land snail shell traits under predation pressure , namely , aperture form ( gittenberger , 1996 ; quensen & woodruff , 1997 ; konumu & chiba , 2007 ; hoso & hori , 2008 ; hoso , 2012 ; wada & chiba , 2013 ) ; shell form ( quensen & woodruff , 1997 ; schilthuizen et al . , 2006 ; moreno - rueda , 2009 ; olson & hearty , 2010 ) ; shell ribs ( quensen & woodruff , 1997 ) ; and shell coiling direction ( hoso et al . , 2010 ) .\nbeautiful but potentially deadly poisonous fish . it found its way to bermuda from the pacific in 2001 and was reported in a local newspaper on december 28 , 2001 when one was caught off a local beach . it is about 12 inches long and was introduced to the atlantic . there have since been many sightings on bermuda beaches . there are lots of different species . if you get one in your swim suit , you will be stung badly .\n) . although we did not experimentally test the anti - predation role of shell thickness , we suggest that a thicker shell may not fully protect the snail from shell - drilling by the slug , because we find drill holes on the shells regardless of their shell thickness . nevertheless ,\nwe thank wolfgang sterrer and lisa green , bermuda aquarium , museum and zoo ( bamz ) for supporting our research and david b . wingate and frederick v . grady for assistance in the field . r\u00fcdiger bieler , joachim gerber , gustav paulay , gary rosenberg and geraat vermeij commented on various drafts . brian k . schmidt assisted with graphics preparation . louise roth suggested useful references . this is contribution no . 141 of the bermuda biodiversity project of the bamz .\n, scientists have recorded conflict between two invasive ant species \u2014 the african big - headed ant and the argentine ant \u2014 for more than 60 years as they battle for dominance in bermuda . while the african big - headed ant (\nbermuda ' s new protected species act 2003 became law on 1st march 2004 . endemic animals are shown below by name and description . except for birds , no prior legislation existed . the new act called for a proactive approach to the protection of local species threatened with extinction , and their habitats . protected species include 27 plants , birds , animals and marine organisms , plus 21 cave organisms , as threatened and ' listed ' according to international criteria . recovery plans for the other species include the bermuda cedar , palmetto and yellowwood , plus fern and flowering plant species . wildlife includes the cahow , longtail , white - eyed vireo , skink , turtles , whales , a species of snail , the tiny cave shrimp and other crustaceans . the bermuda protected species act 2003 allows for the listing of threatened species and recovery plans for active intervention , in order to enhance population levels . the protected species recovery plan project is funded by the uk overseas territory environmental programme ( otep ) .\nin sea fish , wahoo and yellowfin tuna are two of the most important species . they are also an important component of the offshore recreational fishery . traditionally caught during their spring and fall\nruns\n, these species pass by bermuda during annual migrations that take them throughout the central atlantic , although small individuals may remain in the area through the summer . it is thought that the bermuda seamount is an important feeding stop for these species during their long migratory journeys .\n, specimens deposited in bor 5656 ) . then , in the field , we disturbed each snail with forceps so that the animal withdrew into the shell . immediately after that , the snail was killed with and preserved in 70 % ethanol . after arriving in the laboratory , we photographed each specimen to record the withdrawal position of the animal in its translucent shell . then , we obtained 3d models ( ply format ) of these shells , based on the x - ray microtomography ( \u00b5ct ) technique as described in test 1 ( b ) , using ct analyser 1 . 12 ( \u00a9skyscan ) .\nattack by shell - apertural entry ( i . e . , predatory path distance > proboscis length & whorl radius of curvature < proboscis diameter ) . the insets show the simulation of interaction between slug proboscis and snail predatory path at three growth stages , namely , a , f and l ( see\nthe species of bermudian land snail , known as poecilozonites bermudensis , hadn ' t been seen on the island for more than 40 years . but now a colony of the creatures has been found flourishing in a\ndamp and overgrown alleyway\nin the capital city , hamilton , by a local resident , the royal gazette website reports .\nfor it to be found in hamilton is unbelievable . it ' s the last place you would imagine that a small colony of rare snails would be discovered ,\nsays dr mark outerbridge of the government ' s conservation service . it ' s thought that by choosing a concrete home , the snails were protected from the predators that wiped out the rest of their population , dr outerbridge says .\nafter the snail has been captured , the slug would attempt to reach the soft body by inserting its proboscis into the prey shell via the shell aperture ( e . g . , heude , 1882\u20131890 ; kurozumi , 1985 ; wu et al . , 2006 ; tan & chan , 2009 ) . the slug is more likely to succeed by shell - apertural entry when the prey is not yet fully - grown ( test 2c ) . all other things being equal , when using the shell - apertural entry strategy , the slug would prefer to attack immature prey over prey with a fully - grown shell ( test 2a ) . if the slug can reach the deeply - withdrawn body of the snail ( lying immediately behind the operculum ) it would be able to consume it entirely ( test 2a ) . the slug may take more than three hours to attack and consume a juvenile snail by shell - apertural entry ( test 2a ) .\nare correlated with drastic changes in island area and environmental conditions caused by eustatic sea - level changes during the pleistocene . during glacial periods , sea levels fall below the level of the bermuda platform creating a large island with an area of > 650 km\nit is worth noting that lampyridae beetle larvae also use shell - apertural entry to attack plectostoma snails . hence , the anti - predation properties of the snail tuba against atopos attack might similarly defend against the lampyrid larvae . in addition to the increased predatory path as anti - predation property , it is possible that the twisted vacant tuba whorls also help obstruct the insertion of the feeding apparatus of the slug and beetle larva if these are not flexible enough to pass through the twists of the tuba . in short , this second line of defence posed by the snail tuba could force predators to use an alternative , more costly , predatory strategy .\nvery important to the marine ecosystem . they link mangrove communities to coral reefs . the four species in bermuda are thalassia testudinum ( turtle grass ) ; syringodium ( manatee grass ) ; halodule wrightii ( shoal grass , common ) and halophila decipiens ( rare ) .\nthey usually stay beyond - not inside - the reefs but bermuda ' s history records several deaths by swimmers in the 1900s . unlike in britain , they are not protected . when caught locally , their liver often becomes shark oil in home - made barometers .\nmegachile spp . extremely rare in bermuda , known to inhabit nonsuch island . a native of the western usa . in bermuda , most are approximately the size of the common honeybee , although they are somewhat darker with light bands on the abdomen . they also have different habits . leafcutter bees are not aggressive and sting only when handled . their sting is very mild , much less painful than that of honeybees or yellow jacket wasps . leafcutter bees are solitary bees , meaning that they don ' t produce colonies as do social insects .\nvireo griseus bermudianus . known to bermudians as chick of the village in imitation of its cheery song which is sung throughout the year . an endemic sub - species characterized by shorter wings and duller plumage compared to its american first cousin . an insect - eating bird of the forest canopy , it was originally associated with bermuda\u2019s once - large , long - gone cedar and palmetto forest . the almost total destruction of the bermuda cedar tree in the 1940s and 1950s by accidentally introduced insect pests nearly caused its extinction , but it has recovered .\npredator\u2013prey interactions are among the main ecological interactions that shape the diversity of biological form . in many cases , the evolution of the mollusc shell form is presumably driven by predation . however , the adaptive significance of several uncommon , yet striking , shell traits of land snails are still poorly known . these include the distorted coiled \u201ctuba\u201d and the protruded radial ribs that can be found in micro - landsnails of the genus plectostoma . here , we experimentally tested whether these shell traits may act as defensive adaptations against predators . we characterised and quantified the possible anti - predation behaviour and shell traits of plectostoma snails both in terms of their properties and efficiencies in defending against the atopos slug predatory strategies , namely , shell - apertural entry and shell - drilling . the results showed that atopos slugs would first attack the snail by shell - apertural entry , and , should this fail , shift to the energetically more costly shell - drilling strategy . we found that the shell tuba of plectostoma snails is an effective defensive trait against shell - apertural entry attack . none of the snail traits , such as resting behaviour , shell thickness , shell tuba shape , shell rib density and intensity can fully protect the snail from the slug\u2019s shell - drilling attack . however , these traits could increase the predation costs to the slug . further analysis on the shell traits revealed that the lack of effectiveness in these anti - predation shell traits may be caused by a functional trade - off between shell traits under selection of two different predatory strategies .\na recently discovered fossil land tortoise ( testudines : testudinidae ) is described from the pleistocene of bermuda . its morphology is sufficiently well preserved to allow assignment to the extinct north american genus hesperotestudo . however , several features of this tortoise are unique and it is named hesperotestudo bermudae sp . nov . a review of the phylogenetic relationships of the better known genera of the testudinidae suggests that the affinities of hesperotestudo lie with other north american tortoises ( gopherus ) and not with geochelone or other testudinines ; thus , hesperotestudo is reassigned to the xerobatinae . this is at least the fifth documentation of a testudinid dispersing over open ocean to an oceanic island ( the first for hesperotestudo ) and it corroborates the hypothesis that members of this family are well suited to over - water dispersal .\nthere , it usually includes glass worts ( salicornia sp . ) , salt meadow hay ( spartina alterniflora ) , sweet bay , ( magnolia virginiana ) , youpon ( ilex vomitoria ) , fiddler crabs ( uca sp ) , and an occasional raccoon ( not present in bermuda ) .\nwhen a plectostoma snail is resting or is disturbed , it withdraws its soft body into the shell and adheres its shell aperture to the substrate . thus , when the snail is in this position , its aperture is not accessible to the slug , and for the slug to access the shell aperture , it would need to remove the shell from the substrate . in this test , the ability of the slug to manipulate the adherent prey shell was inferred by examining the drill hole location of the specimens used in test 1 ( b ) . we predict that the sector of the shell facing the substrate is less susceptible to drilling by the slug if it is unable remove the adherent prey shell from the substrate .\nbermuda rock lizard ( skink ) . eumeces longirostris . it is bermuda ' s only endemic , non - flying , non - swimming terrestrial vertebrate . it was described as unique to bermuda in 1860 by p . h . pope , the smithsonian herpetologist . its fossil bones , dating back 300 , 000 years or more , have been found in local limestone caves . now quite rare in most parishes , largely restricted to pockets of coast and isolated islands . an adult can grow up to seven inches long . sometimes referred to as the somerset or warwick lizard . it is a protected endangered species . it is quite different to those imported from the caribbean . people from scotland who are familiar with the national dish called cullen skink can rest assured that they are not eating a rock lizard or any other kind of skink of the type mentioned above or below .\nsialia sialis . native . once very common , it nested in hollows of cedar trees , on coastal cliffs and even under eaves of houses . as a cavity nester , it became especially vulnerable to nest site competition from the english house sparrow . with the bermuda cedar spoilage in the 1950s and its repercussions , the population declined by more than 80 % . an artificial wooden nest book program was introduced which has had limited success , but still a firm favorite among many bermudians and other residents . loves concrete bird baths with lots of water and can splash around in them for ages . this bermuda postage stamp honors them .\nbermuda does not have alligators , badgers , buffalo , chipmunks , crocodiles , deer , ferrets , giraffes , hedgehogs , lions , moles , mongooses , moose , raccoons , skunks , snakes , squirrels , stoats , tigers , weasels or zebras . a recent attempt to bring in skunks for domestic purposes was defeated .\n) . however , the operculum that had withdrawn together with the soft body into the shell remains intact and has been moved to the outside of the shell ( test 2a ) . we did not observe how the slug extracts the soft body from the shell , but we suppose the slug may secrete digestive fluid to dissolve the snail\u2019s tissues and then ingesting this with its proboscis , like other rathouisiidae (\nhere , we attempt to reconstruct the predatory strategies of one of the predators , the atopos slug , against the plectostoma snail and try to empirically unravel any anti - predation function of the unusual plectostoma shell traits through a series of experiments , and direct and indirect observations ( hereafter known as \u201ctests\u201d ) . we examined the effectiveness of several plectostoma shell traits , namely , ( 1 ) ribs on shell surface ; ( 2 ) shell whorl thickness ; ( 3 ) shell tuba ; and ( 4 ) snail resting behaviour . these three shell traits and one behavioural trait were selected because these are known in other snail taxa for having antipredation properties against shell - apertural entry and shell - drilling behaviour by other predators ( see overview in goodfriend , 1986 ; vermeij , 1993 ) . we examined the effectiveness of the first three shell traits of plectostoma against atopos slug shell - drilling ( test 1 ) ; and the effectiveness of the last two traits of plectostoma against atopos slug shell - apertural entry ( test 2 ) . additionally , we investigate possible constraints in the development of anti - predation shell traits . finally , we discuss the results of this study in the context of predator\u2013prey interactions and shell - trait evolution in general .\npterodroma cahow . a native , it was once prolific but consumed with gusto by early colonists . it was considered extinct until quite recently . it is rare and protected . it is believed to have been in bermuda for 300 , 000 years . heard only during the winter months , the cahow earned its christmas bird name from mariners who became involuntary early temporary colonists after their ships going elsewhere were damaged on the reefs . it is said that they were so frightened by the nocturnal cries of this once abundant bird that they referred to bermuda as the isles of devils . when the first settlers arrived in 1609 and 1612 , it is believed there were half a million cahows ."]}
{"id": 934, "summary": [{"text": "aroga rigidae is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from washington .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on artemisia rigida . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "aroga rigidae", "paragraphs": ["clarke ( 1942 ) stated\nthe genitalia of this species most closely resemble those of aroga rigidae .\ngelechia rigidae clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 249 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , rock lake\naroga temporariella sattler , 1960 ; rev . fr . ent . 27 : 236\naroga mesostrota ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 120\naroga argutiola hodges , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 ( 9 ) : 987 ; tl : michigan , alcona co .\naroga atraphaxi bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 301 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1100m\naroga panchuli bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1400m\naroga balcanicola huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 160 , 32 ; tl : maced . occ . drenovo bei kavadar\naroga mesostrepta ; [ nhm card ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\naroga alleriella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : alabama , mobile\naroga controvalva li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 87 , 89 ; tl : chengcheng , shaanxi , 1000m\naroga danfengensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 85 , 89 ; tl : danfeng , shaanxi , 680m\naroga gozmanyi park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 117 ; tl : mt kumgang , kangweon prov . , korea\naroga epigaeella ; [ nacl ] , # 2189 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 21\naroga flavicomella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ me3 ] , 157 , 32 ; [ fe ]\naroga websteri clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 273 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 5c , pl . 32 , f . 15 ; tl : pullman , washington\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngelechia acharnaea meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , alpine , 7000ft\nseu , turkey , urals , iran , turkmenia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302\ngelechia camptogramma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 58\ngelechia chlorocrana meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , forestburg\ngelechia eldorada keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 240\n= gelechia trialbamaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 858\ngelechia eriogonella clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 247 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , pullman\nkorea , seu , s . russia , irkutsk , buryatia , kazakhstan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . cerasus [ me3 ] , 158\ngelechia leucanieella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 180 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia morenella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 317 ; tl : morena and pine valley , san diego , california\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\ngelechia paraplutella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 181 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia paulella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona ; colorado\ngelechia trialbamaculella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 250\ngelechia unifasciella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona , williams\ngelechia xyloglypta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 22 ; tl : california , venice\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nstudien \u00fcber die lepidopterenfauna der balkanl\u00e4nder . iii . teil . sammelergebnisse aus montenegro , albanien , mazedonien und thrazien\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nclarke ( 1942 ) stated\nthis species is named in honor of my friend and former professor . dr . r . l . webster , head of the department of zoology , washington state college . :\nclarke , j . f . g . , 1942 . notes and new species of microlepidoptera from washington state . proceedings of the united states national museum 92 : 273 ; pl . 29 , figs 5 - 5c ; pl . 32 , fig . 15 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 6 april , 2014 - 8 : 43am last updated 6 april , 2014 - 10 : 43am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nsend mail to wvdvorst @ urltoken with questions or comments about this web site . copyright \u00a9 2015 urltoken lepidoptera of the world last modified : 01 - 03 - 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto see / hide the full list of values , press the very parameter name , i . e . \u201cforewing length\u201d . to clear all fields ( including hidden values ) press \u201creset\u201d button below the form .\nsubgenus or higher taxon . autofill search . you may enter only one taxon name\nif the results of the selection will seem inadequate , we recommend to read the section site help .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 937, "summary": [{"text": "chamaesphecia maurusia is a moth of the sesiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in spain and portugal and in sicily , as well as in algeria and morocco .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on marrubium species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chamaesphecia maurusia", "paragraphs": ["chamaesphecia maurusia p\u00fcngeler , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 2 : 412 ; tl : algeria , teniet - el - had\nchamaesphecia spuler , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 311 ; ts : sphinx empiformis esper\nchamaesphecia anthrax le cerf , 1920 ; in oberth\u00fcr , etud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 17 : 528\nchamaesphecia festai turati , 1925 ; boll . mus . zool . torino 39 ( 7 ) : 5\nchamaesphecia crassicornis bartel , 1912 ; gross - schmett . erde 2 : 409 ; tl : kazakhstan , uralsk\nchamaesphecia anatolica schwingenschuss , 1938 ; ent . rdsch . 55 : 175 ; tl : turkey , konya , aksehir\nchamaesphecia micra le cerf , 1916 ; \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 11 : 15 ; tl : algeria , lamb\u00e8se\nchamaesphecia stelidiformis f . amygdaloidis schleppnik , 1933 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 18 : 24 ; tl : austria , hochkar mts .\nchamaesphecia thracica lastuvka , 1983 ; acta univ . agric . ( brno ) 31 ( 1 / 2 ) : 207 ; tl : bulgaria , micurin\nchamaesphecia guenter herrmann & hofmann , 1997 ; [ bsw4 ] , 267 ; tl : morocco , middle atlas , tizi - n - iar , ca . 1600m\nchamaesphecia palustris kautz , 1927 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 77 : 2 ; tl : austria , bruck a . d . leitha , wilfleinsdorf\nchamaesphecia hungarica ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 141 ( note ) , pl . xxii , f . 15 ; de freina , 1997 , [ bsw4 ] , 218\nbartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler , 1910 in marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 2 ) , 85 - 93 .\nchamaesphecia rondouana le cerf , 1922 ; in oberth\u00fcr , \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 19 ( 2 ) : 32 , pl . 540 , f . 4535 - 4536 ; tl : g\u00e8dre ; gavarnie , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es\nchamaesphecia anthrax ; le cerf , 1922 , \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 19 ( 1 ) : 131 , ( 2 ) pl . 540 , f . 4541 ; de freina , 1997 , [ bsw4 ] , 234\nbartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : chamaesphecia cilicia sp . nov . aus dem taurus gebirge , t\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 2 ) , 89 - 91 .\nniculescu , e . v . ( 1960 ) : contributions morphologiques \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) pal\u00e9arctiques . i ) chamaesphecia minianiformis frr . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de mulhouse 1 , 1 - 5 .\nchamaesphecia kistenjovi gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 137 , f . 23 - 27 , pl . xxii , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : georgia , borzhomi , 41\u00b055 ' n , 43\u00b018 ' n\nchamaesphecia ophimontana gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 140 , pl . xxii , f . 16 ; tl : transcaucasus , nakhichevan , daralagez mt . range , ~ 3km n buzgov , 39\u00b032 ' n , 45\u00b024 ' e\nchamaesphecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nchamaesphecia guriensis ; bartel , 1912 , gross - schmett . erde 2 : 407 , pl . 52 c ; dalla torre & strand , 1925 , lepidopterorum catalogus 31 : 94 ; heppner & duckworth , 1981 , smiths . contr . zool . 314 : 36 ; gorbunov , 1986 , trudy vsesojuznogo entomologiceskogo obscestva 67 : 8 ; lastuvka , 1989 , acta univ . agric . ( brno ) 37 : f . 27 ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 135 , f . 19 - 22 , pl . xxii , f . 9 - 12\np\u00fchringer , f . & kallies , a . ( 2004 ) : provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4 , 1 - 85 ; updated by f . p\u00fchringer .\n, a - 4817 st . konrad , austria ; \u00a9 dr . axel kallies , the walter and eliza hall institute , 1g royal parade , parkville , victoria 3050 , australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b : 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ] ; unavailable ( art . 29 . 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874 : 9 , pl . 82 ) , trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ] : pl . 84 : fig . 3 ) ,\n( esper 1800 : 29 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758 : 493 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900 : 34 ) , sesia ; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f . uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var . lucida ( lederer 1853 ) , nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp . ( never assigned to sesiidae , but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ] : 95 , 152 ( index ) , pl . 61 , fig . c ) ,\nagassiz , j . l . r . ( [ 1847 ] ) : nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis . \u2013 nomenclator zoologicus 2 ( 12 ) ( 1846 ) , 393 pp . ( 319 )\nalpheraky , s . n . ( 1882 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ii\u00e8me partie . heterocera . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17 , 15 - 103 , pls 1 - 3 . ( 18 - 22 , pl . 1 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1933 ) : die lepidopteren pal\u00e4stinas . eine zoogeographisch - \u00f6kologisch - faunistische studie . \u2013 zoogeographica 2 , 1 - 146 . ( 25 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1935 ) : neue pal\u00e4stinensische lepidopteren . \u2013 mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20 , 271 - 319 . ( 277 - 278 )\narita , y . ( 1989 ) : two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 microlepidoptera of thailand 2 , 9 - 14 .\n( moore ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 43 ( 3 ) , 221 - 224 .\ndehne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 2 ) , 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from yakushima island , japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 44 ( 2 ) , 77 - 80 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995a ) : sesiidae of nepal . in haruta , t . ( ed . ) : moths of nepal . \u2013 tinea 14 ( suppl . 2 ) , 194 - 206 , pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson , [ 1893 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 103 - 111 .\ntypes ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) kept in the hope entomological collections , oxford university , uk . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 4 ) , 185 - 205 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995d ) : a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , osminiini ) . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 131 - 141 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 ( 3 ) , 157 - 173 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . , ( 1996b ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . i . the genus\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 ( 2 ) , 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from kyushu , japan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 ( 1 ) , 33 - 38 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . iii . the genus\nle cerf , 1916 in the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 ( 1 ) , 19 - 29 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998b ) : a revision of embrik strand ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 chinese journal of entomology 18 ( 3 ) , 141 - 165 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000a ) : on the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 tinea 16 ( 4 ) , 252 - 291 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000b ) : notes on the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from vietnam , with descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 1 ) , 49 - 74 .\nle cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , osminiini ) of vietnam and adjacent countries . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 3 ) , 205 - 214 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2001 ) : sesiidae of taiwan . i . the tribes tinthiini , similipepsini , paraglosseciini , pennisetiini , paranthrenini and cissuvorini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 ( 2 ) , 131 - 188 .\nhampson ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 ( 4 ) , 241 - 244 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2002b ) : sesiidae of taiwan . ii . the tribes osminiini , melittiini and sesiini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 ( 2 ) , 199 - 241 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003a ) : new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , similipepsini ) from vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 1 ) , 11 - 19 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003b ) : in arita , y . , gorbunov , o . g . & mohamed , m . : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the maliau basin , sabah , borneo . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 2 ) , 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from north vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\narita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2003 ) : a new species of the genus trilochana moore , 1879 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from sulawesi . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 4 ) , 229 - 232 . arita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2005 ) : see kallies , a . & arita , y . ( 2005 ) .\narita , y . & kimura , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . , kallies , a . , hsu , y . - f . , liang , j . - y . , lai , b . - c . , yang , m . - m . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : polymorphism of nokona pilamicola ( strand , [ 1916 ] ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in taiwan .\narita , y . , kimura , m . & owada , m . ( 2009 ) : two new species of the clearwing moth ( sesiidae ) from okinawa - jima , the ryukyus . \u2013\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 ( 3 ) , 189 - 192 .\narita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in the ryukyus , japan . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 4 ) , 184 - 198 . arita , y . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\nkallies & arita , 1998 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) from south - east asia , with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988 . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 3 ) , 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 57 ( 1 ) , 61 - 66 .\narita , y . & tosevski , i . ( 1992 ) : in tosevski , i . & arita , y . : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the ryukyus . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 3 ) , 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 tinea 12 ( suppl . ) , 158 - 167 .\narita , y . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994a ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : a new\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing , china . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 61 - 64 .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994b ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa , tibet ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 193 - 199 .\nassmann , a . ( 1845 ) : schw\u00e4rmer oder d\u00e4mmerungsschmetterlinge ( sphinges ) . \u2013 abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2 , 48 pp , 26 pls . ( 17 - 26 , 45 - 47 , pls 5 - 7 , 24 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1879 ) : lepidoptera damarensia . f\u00f6rteckning pa fj\u00e4rilar insamlade i damaralandet af g . de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning \u00f6fver f\u00f6rut ok\u00e4nda arter . \u2013 \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 36 ( 7 ) , 39 - 69 . ( 47 - 48 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1905 ) : lieutnant a . schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 2 ( 12 ) , 1 - 47 , 5 pls . ( 43 - 46 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1909 ) : lepidoptera , rhopalocera und heterocera ( pars i ) von madagaskar , den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas . in voeltzkow , a . : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 , [ 309 ] - 348 , 19 pls . ( 342 , pl . 19 )\nbakowski , m . , bartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiini ) . \u2013 annales zoologici 58 ( 4 ) , 785 - 797 .\nbarnes , w . & benjamin , f . h . ( 1925 ) : change of a preoccupied name ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 ( 1 ) , 14 .\nbarnes , w . & lindsey , a . w . ( 1922 ) : descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae ( lep . ) . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 18 ( 4 ) , 122 - 123 .\nbarnes , w . & mcdunnough , j . h . ( 1918 ) : notes and new species . \u2013 contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 ( 2 ) , 61 - 208 . ( 178 )\nbartel , m . ( 1902 ) : die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . zweiter band : nachtfalter . i . abteilung , 239 - 384 . \u2013 leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift ( guben ) 19 , 190 - 191 .\nbartel , m . ( 1912 ) : 24 . familie : aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 2 , 375 - 416 , pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2003 ) : beitrag zur glasfl\u00fcglerfauna von nepal ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 145 , 149 - 151 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2004 ) : die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte \u00fcbersicht ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 2 ) , 80 - 86 .\nbettag , 1997 aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 5 ) , 211 - 215 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson , 1919 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 5 ) , 221 - 224 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 6 ) , 265 - 280 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2009 ) : melittosesia , a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval , 1828 in madagascar ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 119 ( 1 ) , 9 - 16 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson , 1896 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2618 , 36 - 46 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2012 ) : revision of types of several species of bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) , 125 - 133 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2013 ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of new species .\nbartsch , d . ( 2015 ) : new taxa of southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016a ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016b ) : melittia fiebigi spec . nov . and afromelittia caerulea spec . nov . , two new melittiini from southern africa ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 , 109 - 115 .\nbartsch , d . & berg , j . ( 2012 ) : new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand , 1914 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : synanthedonini ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3181 , 28 - 46 .\nspec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 29 - 40 .\nbartsch , d . , bettag , e . , bl\u00e4sius , r . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2006 ) : zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme ( ochsenheimer , 1808 ) , pyropteron biedermanni le cerf , 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme ( lucas , 1849 ) stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 1 ) , 3 - 10 .\nbartsch , d . & p\u00fchringer , f . ( 2005 ) : die glasfl\u00fcgler kretas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 3 ) , 131 - 139 .\nsp . nov . aus der s\u00fcdt\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 3 ) , 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasfl\u00fcgler arten aus afghanistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 6 ) , 243 - 248 .\nbecker , v . o . ( 1984 ) : 29 . gelechiidae . \u2013 in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 1 . micropterigoidea - immoidea 1 , 1 - 112 . ( 44 - 53 )\nbehrens , j . ( 1889 ) : in french , g . h . : some texas , arizona and california moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 21 ( 9 ) , 161 - 163 . ( 163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie , j . b . e . ( 1860 ) : observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) 8 ( 3 ) , 667 - 713 , pl . 12 . ( 681 - 684 )\nbertaccini , e . & fiumi , g . ( 2002 ) : bombici e sfingi d ' italia ( lepidoptera sesioidea ) 4 , 181 pp , 8 pls . ( 32 - 181 , pls 1 - 8 )\nsp . n . , ein neuer glasfl\u00fcgler aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 23 - 27 .\nbettag , e & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1998 ) : eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 26 ( 2 ) , 71 - 75 .\nbettag , e . & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1999 ) : \u00fcber den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var . tunetana ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 27 ( 3 ) , 93 - 101 .\n- art aus s\u00fcdspanien . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de synanthedon du sud de l ' espagne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 revue de l ' association roussillonnaise d ' entomologie 11 ( 1 ) , 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher , b . c . r . ( 1983 ) : redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 ciencia forestal 8 ( 43 ) , 24 - 32 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1893 ) : notes on some north american moths , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 , 19 - 26 . ( 22 - 26 )\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894a ) : studies of some species of north american aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 87 - 98 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894b ) : on north american moths , with the description of a new species of triprocris . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 365 - 368 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1896 ) : critical review of the sesiidae found in america , north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8 , 111 - 148 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1897 ) : notes on north american sesiidae , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9 , 213 - 216 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1898 ) : three new species of sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 6 ( 4 ) , 240 - 241 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899a ) : new african sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 , 170 - 172 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899b ) : descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 4 ) , 254 - 256 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900a ) : synopsis of the species of melittia of america , north of mexico , with description of a new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 149 - 151 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900b ) : on some species of north american lepidoptera . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 157 - 160 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900d ) : two new sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 8 , 254 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1901 ) : monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . \u2013 memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) , 217 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\n. \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 10 ( 2 ) , 126 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1909 ) : descriptions of three new sesiidae . \u2013 entomological news 20 , 82 - 84 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1916 ) : description of a new sesiid . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 48 ( 11 ) , 372 .\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1828 ) : europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1 , 103 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 29 - 31 )\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1829 - 1844 ) : dixi\u00e8me ordre : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . in gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9n\u00e9ville , f . e . : iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apres nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , vol . 2 and 3 , 576 pp , 104 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . 84 , [ 1832 ] ;\n( 1870 [ 1867 ] ) : lepidoptera eversmanniana . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4 , 6 .\nbrethes , j . ( 1920 ) : insectos \u00fatiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata . \u2013 anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54 , 281 - 290 , 307 - 308 . ( 284 )\n( sesiidae ) , from florida . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 39 ( 4 ) , 262 - 265 .\nedwards ( lepidoptera aegeriidae ) . \u2013 notas del museo de la plata 6 ( 48 ) , 157 - 163 , pls i - ii .\nbryk , f . ( 1947 ) : neue ostasiatische aegeriiden ( lep . ) . \u2013 opuscula entomologica 12 , 96 - 109 .\nbryk , f . ( 1953 ) : lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 5 ( 1 - 3 ) , 1 - 268 . ( 262 - 266 )\nburmeister , h . ( 1878 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 description physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine , d ' apres des observations personelles et \u00e9trang\u00e8res 5 ( 1 ) , vi + 526 pp , 24 pls . ( 359 - 362 )\nbusck , a . ( 1909 ) : notes on the family aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) , with a synoptic table of the north american genera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 3 ) , 115 - 118 .\nbusck , a . ( 1910 ) : list of trinidad microlepidoptera , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 bulletin of the department of agriculture 9 , 241 - 245 . ( 242 - 243 )\nbusck , a . ( 1913a ) : new microlepidoptera from british guiana . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1 , 88 - 92 .\nbusck , a . ( 1913b ) : two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 ( 3 ) , 102 - 104 .\nbusck , a . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 ( 4 ) , 143 - 150 , pls vii - viii . ( 143 - 144 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915a ) : descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 ( 2 ) , 79 - 94 . ( 80 - 81 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915b ) : new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2043 ) ( 1914 ) , 1 - 67 . ( 61 )\nbusck , a . ( 1920 ) : descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 ( 4 - 6 ) , 83 - 95 . ( 83 )\nbusck , a . ( 1929 ) : a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 ( 7 ) , 134 - 137 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1874 ) : notes on the aegeriidae , with descriptions of new genera and species . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fourth series ) 14 , 407 - 411 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1876 ) : descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut . howland roberts . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 308 - 310 . ( 309 , pl . xxii )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1878 ) : illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2 , 62 pp , pls 21 - 40 - london . ( 59 - 61 , pl . 40 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1881 ) : descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fifth series ) 10 , 36 - 43 , 149 - 160 , 226 - 238 . ( 237 - 238 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1883 ) : heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . part iv . \u2013 pyrales and micros . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\n, n . g . in pryer , h . j . s . : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura , british north borneo . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1896 ) : on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr . richard crawshay in nyasa - land , between the months of january and april 1895 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 108 - 136 . ( 134 , pl . vi )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1902 ) : on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston , k . c . b . , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 . ( 50 , pl . 1 )\nbytinski - salz , h . ( [ 1937 ] ) : secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna . \u2013 memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 ( 2 ) ( 1936 ) , 194 - 212 . ( 198 )\ncl . \u2013 deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 ( 1889 ) , 268 - 269 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973a ) : 236 . aegeriidae . ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 reichenbachia ( zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologische taxonomie ) 14 ( 15 ) , 109 - 124 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973b ) : zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in der r . p\u00fcngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63 , 134 - 171 .\nclarke , j . f . g . ( 1962 ) : neotropical microlepidoptera . ii . a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 113 , 383 - 388 .\nclemens , b . ( 1860 ) : contributions to american lepidopterology . \u2013 no . 3 . \u2013 proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 , 4 - 15 . ( 14 - 15 )\nclerck , c . a . ( 1759 - [ 1764 ] ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . syst . nat . allegatis 1 , 21 pp , 55 pls . \u2013 stockholm . { 1759 : pls 1 - 16 ; 1764 : pls 17 - 55 } ( pl . 9 , 1759 )\ncloss , a . ( 1916 ) : einige neue sphingidenformen ( lep . ) . \u2013 entomologische mitteilungen 5 ( 5 / 8 ) , 199 - 200 . ( 200 )\ncloss , a . g . ( 1920 ) : [ contribution ] . in : berliner entomologen - bund : sitzung am 20 . m\u00e4rz 1919 . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14 , 13 .\n, spec . nov . ( lep . het . , sphingidae ) . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 ( 14 ) , 118 .\ncockayne , e . a . ( 1955 ) : aberrations of british lepidoptera . \u2013 entomologist ' s gazette 6 , 3 - 6 , pl . 1 . ( 3 )\ncockerell , t . d . a . ( 1908 ) : new sesiid moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 40 ( 9 ) , 329 - 331 .\ncosta , o . g . ( 1832 - 1836 ) : fauna del regno di napoli . . . a . lepidotteri 1 , 20 - 21 .\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 1 , 155 pp , 96 pls . \u2013 amsterdam . { 1775 : issues 1 - 7 , 1776 : issue 8 } ( 83 , pl . 52 , 1775 )\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 2 , 151 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 amsterdam . ( 73 , 80 , 151 ( index ) , pls 142 , 146 , 1777 )\ncyrillus , d . ( 1787 ) : entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum , 8 p . , 12 pls . \u2013 neapoli . ( pl . 4 )\ndalla torre , k . w . & strand , e . ( 1925 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 lepidopterorum catalogus 31 , 202 pp .\ndalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) : f\u00f6rs\u00f6k till systematisk uppst\u00e4llning af sveriges fj\u00e4rilar . \u2013 kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37 , 48 - 101 , 129 , 199 - 225 .\ndampf , a . ( 1930 ) : dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia . \u2013 mexico forestal 8 ( 8 ) , 179 - 181 .\nde freina , j . j . : see freina , j . j . de\n[ denis , m . & schifferm\u00fcller , i . ] ( 1775 ) : ank\u00fcndung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ] , 323 pp . \u2013 wien . ( 30 , 44 , 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( 1954 ) : microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archibold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv . \u2013 verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeeling natuurkunde . reeks 2 50 ( 1 ) ( 1952 - 1955 ) , 1 - 191 . ( 180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( [ 1968 ] ) : microlepidoptera of the philippine islands . \u2013 united states national museum bulletin 257 ( 1967 ) , 1 - 484 . ( 218 - 235 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1795 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states , the periods of their transformations , their food , oeconomy & c . , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4 , 96 + 6 pp , pls 109 - 144 . ( 21 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1797 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states . . . 6 , 86 + 6 pp , pls 181 - 216 . ( 35 , pl . 195 )\ndruce , h . ( 1881 - 1900 ) : lepidoptera - heterocera . \u2013 in godman , f . d . & salvin , o . ( eds . ) : biologia 39 / 1 , 490 pp ; 40 / 2 , 622 pp ; 41 / 3 , pls 1 - 101 . \u2013 london . { vol . 39 / 1 : 1 - 24 ( 1881 ) , 25 - 32 ( 1883 ) , 33 - 112 ( 1884 ) ; vol . 2 : 273 - 336 ( 1896 ) , 337 - 440 ( 1897 ) , 441 - 536 ( 1898 ) , 537 - 592 ( 1899 ) , 593 - 622 ( 1900 ) } ( 39 / 1 : 28 - 34 , 1883 - 1884 ; 40 / 2 : 321 - 326 , 1896 ; 41 / 3 : pls 5 , 68 - 69 )\ndruce , h . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae . \u2013 the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 19 , 15 - 18 . ( 15 )\ndruce , h . ( 1889 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 4 , 77 - 94 . ( 78 - 82 )\ndruce , h . ( 1892 ) : description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 9 , 275 - 279 . ( 275 - 276 )\ndruce , h . ( 1893 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 280 - 311 , [ pls xix - xxi ] . ( 280 )\ndruce , h . ( 1898 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 1 , 207 - 215 . ( 207 )\ndruce , h . ( 1899 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 4 , 200 - 205 . ( 201 - 205 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910a ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 5 , 393 - 402 . ( 401 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910b ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 6 , 168 - 183 ( 180 - 181 ) .\ndruce , h . ( 1911 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america , and two new species of geometridae from west africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 7 , 287 - 294 . ( 292 )\ndrury , d . ( 1773 ) : illustrations of natural history , wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects , according to their different genera . . . 2 , 9 + 90 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 49 )\ndrury , d . ( 1782 ) : illustrations of natural history . . . exotic insects . . . 3 , 15 + 76 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 3 , pl . 2 ) .\nduckworth , w . d . ( 1969 ) : a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects ( lepidoptera : yponomeutoidea ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 ( 4 ) , 487 - 490 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973a ) : the type - material of north american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 148 , 1 - 34 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973b ) : new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 ( 2 ) , 150 - 159 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1974 ) : clearwing moths of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 180 , 1 - 45 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1976 ) : a new species of clearwing moth ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 ( 3 ) , 304 - 308 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977a ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( sesiidae ) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 31 ( 3 ) , 191 - 196 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977b ) : a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the pan - pacific entomologist 53 ( 3 ) , 175 - 178 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977c ) : a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera , sesioidea ) . \u2013 occasional papers in entomology 26 , 1 - 54 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1978 ) : the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 261 , 1 - 28 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1983 ) : revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 361 , 1 - 15 .\ndumont , c . ( 1922 ) : diagnoses de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux du nord de l ' afrique . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 15 ) , 215 - 220 . ( 215 - 217 )\nduponchel , p . a . j . ( 1835 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 supplement a l ' histoire naturelle 2 , 197 pp , 12 pls . ( 108 , 112 - 116 , 129 , 167 , pl . 9 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of two new tineina ( lep . ) from the lagos district . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1915 ) : microlepidoptera ( pterophorina and tineina ) collected by the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea . \u2013 lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea 2 ( 15 ) , 149 - 168 . ( 166 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1919 ) : three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ] . \u2013 novitates zoologicae 26 ( 1 ) , 120 - 122 .\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1924 ) : in : examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of london ( 1923 - 1924 ) , lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar , h . g . ( [ 1903 ] ) : a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) , 1 - 723 . ( 364 - 371 )\ndyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) : additions to the list of north american lepidoptera , no . 2 . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 ( 2 ) , 103 - 119 . ( 106 )\neda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) : a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder , 1874 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from guangdong , china . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 3 ) , 128 - 130 . eda , k . & arita , y . ( 2015 ) : see eda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) .\nedwards , h . ( 1880 ) : descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 8 ) , 71 - 72 .\nedwards , h . ( 1881 ) : new genera and species of the family aegeridae . \u2013 papilio 1 ( 10 ) , 179 - 208 , pl . 4 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882a ) : notes on n . american aegeridae , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 4 ) , 52 - 57 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882b ) : further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 6 ) , 96 - 99 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882c ) : descriptions of new species of n . am . heterocera . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 8 ) , 123 - 130 . ( 123 - 124 )\nedwards , h . ( 1883 ) : new species of aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) , 155 - 157 .\nedwards , h . ( 1885 ) : new species of californian moths . \u2013 entomologica americana 1 ( 3 ) , 49 - 50 . ( 49 )\nedwards , h . ( 1887 ) : descriptions of new species of north american heterocera , with notes . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 19 ( 8 ) , 145 - 147 .\nedwards , h . ( 1888 ) : catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera , described since grote ' s\nnew check list\n( 1872 ) , with those omitted from that publication . \u2013 entomologica americana 3 ( 12 ) , 221 - 232 . ( 223 - 224 )\nedwards , h . ( 1891 ) : [ contribution ] . in lugger , o . : two new lepidopterous borers . \u2013 psyche 6 , 108 - 109 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1986 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 4 , 315 - 378 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1987 ) : three new western hemisphere clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomography 5 , 531 - 540 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1989 ) : western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 6 , 159 - 212 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1992 ) : clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) , 135 - 150 .\neichlin , t . d . ( [ 1993 ] ) : a new texas clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) , 265 - 268 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995a ) : a new panamanian clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 1 ) , 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) , 114 - 118 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995c ) : 65 . sesiidae . in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 2 . hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3 , 17 - 18 , 109 - 113 . eichlin , t . d . ( 1998 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 holarctic lepidoptera 5 ( 1 ) , 23 - 33 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2002 ) : in eichlin , t . d . & kinnee , s . a . : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universit\u00e4t des saarlandes , saarbr\u00fccken , germany ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 zootaxa 108 , 1 - 15 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003a ) : carmenta munroei , a new clearwing moth from costa rica ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 42 - 43 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003b ) : carmenta guayaba , a new clearwing moth from peru ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 44 - 45 .\neichlin , t . d . , delgado , o . s . , strathie , l . w . , zachariades , c . & clavijo , j . ( 2009 ) : carmenta chromolaenae eichlin , a new species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata ( l . ) king & robinson ( asteraceae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2288 , 42 - 50 .\neichlin , t . d . & duckworth , w . d . ( 1988 ) : the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 5 . 1 . sesioidea , sesiidae , 176 pp . \u2013 washington .\n. \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 37 ( 3 ) ( 1983 ) , 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 3 ) , 231 - 235 .\nemich von em\u00f6ke , g . ( 1872 ) : descriptions de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de transcaucasie . \u2013 revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , series 2 , 23 ( 2 ) ( 1871 - 1872 ) , 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925a ) : studies in north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . i . descriptions and corrections of species from long island , new york . ii . descriptions of two new western species . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 2 ) , 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925b ) : studies of north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 4 ) , 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1946 ) : the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 190 , iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : cheshuyekriliya ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 travels in turkestan ( fedtchenko ) 2 ( 5 ) , 128 pp . ( 26 - 27 , pl . 5 ) [ in russian ]\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : lepidopteren von turkestan . \u2013 stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 ( 10 - 12 ) , 386 - 417 . ( 393 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1778 - 1786 ) : die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 , 234 pp , pls 1 - 36 . \u2013 erlangen . { title page : 1779 ; 1778 : pls 1 - 6 ; 1779 : 1 - 80 , pls 7 - 18 ; 1780 : 81 - 196 , pls 19 - 25 ; 1782 : 197 - 212 , pls 26 - 31 ; 1783 : 213 - 228 , pls 32 - 35 ; 1786 : 229 - 234 , pl . 36 } ( 122 , 131 - 135 , 205 - 217 , 230 - 232 , 234 , pls 14 - 15 , 23 , 29 - 32 , 36 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1789 - [ 1804 ] ) : fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge . \u2013 die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 ( suppl . ) , 52 pp , pls 37 - 47 . \u2013 erlangen . { [ 1789 ] : 5 - 12 , pls [ 38 - 40 ] ; 1800 : 21 - 40 , pls 42 - 46 ; [ 1803 - 1804 ] : 41 - 52 , pl . 47 } ( 5 , 9 , 25 , 29 - 30 , 44 - 47 , pls 37 - 38 , 42 , 44 , 47 )\neversmann , e . ( 1844 ) : fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit , 633 pp . \u2013 casan . ( 100 - 105 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1775 ) : systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus , 30 + 832 pp . \u2013 flensburg u . leipzig . ( 547 - 549 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1787 ) : mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis , observationibus , descriptionibus , emendationibus 2 , 382 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 98 - 101 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1793 ) : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus 3 ( 1 ) , 4 + 487 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 379 - 385 , 404 )\n[ fabricius , j . c . ] ( 1807 ) : in illiger , j . c . : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linn\u00e9ischen gattungen\n. \u2013 magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde ( illiger ) 6 , 277 - 295 . ( 288 , 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1883 ) : caccia di lepidotteri rari . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 2 ( 11 ) , 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1890 ) : contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia . descrizione di alcune nuove specie . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 10 ( 2 - 3 ) , 25 - 31 , pl i .\nfawcett , j . m . ( 1916 ) : notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911 - 13 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 2 ) , 707 - 737 . ( 736 - 737 , pl . i )\nfelder , c . ( 1861 ) : lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre . c . felder , ii heterocera . \u2013 sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , abt . 1 , 43 ( i ) , 25 - 44 .\nfelder , r . ( 1874 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 4 ) , 10 pp , pls 75 - 107 . ( 2 - 9 , pls 75 , 82 )\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . ( 1875 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 5 ) , 20 pp , pls 108 - 140 . ( 9 )\nfilipjev , n . ( 1931 ) : lepidoptera . \u2013 trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 ( abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928 ) 8 , 143 - 174 . ( 161 - 163 )\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 5 ) , 141 - 143 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 139 - 141 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus sumatra ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 2 ) , 91 - 93 .\nsp . n . , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 27 ( 1 / 2 ) , 53 - 54 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006b ) : a new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 1 / 2 ) , 219 - 224 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006c ) : corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37 . band , heft 1 / 2 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 3 / 4 ) , 328 .\n, h . ( 2007 ) : eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art , rubukona svetlanae gen . et spec . nov . , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 atalanta 38 ( 3 / 4 ) , 361 - 364 .\nfischer , h . ( 2011 ) : adixoa pyromacula sp . n . , eine neue sesiide aus thailand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 207 - 209 . fitzsimons , v . , codd , l . e . , janse , a . j . t . , munro , h . k . , pringle , j . a . & vari , l . ( 1958 ) : a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i \u2013 zoology 1 ( 1 ) , 147 pp .\nfixsen , c . ( 1887 ) : lepidoptera aus korea . \u2013 in romanoff , n . m . ( ed . ) : m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 3 , 233 - 356 , pl . 15 . ( 323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum , kein neutrum ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 17 ( 2 ) , 190 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1929 ) : a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera . \u2013 memoirs of the department of agriculture in india , entomological series 11 , 1 - 244 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1940 ) : new generic names for microlepidoptera . \u2013 the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 52 ( 1 ) , 17 - 19 . ( 18 )\nfletcher , d . s . ( 1982 ) : in fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . : the generic names of moths of the world . volume 4 . bombycoidea , castnioidea , cossoidea , mimallonoidea . sesioidea , sphingoidea , zygaenoidea . \u2013 british museum ( natural history ) publication no . 848 , 192 pp . \u2013 london .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 1983 ) : 4 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens . neue kenntnisse \u00fcber artenspektrum , systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 ( 1982 ) , 57 - 127 . ( 72 - 76 )\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2007 ) : eine neue art der gattung melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus dem dhofar , s\u00fcdoman ( sesiidae : sesiinae : melittiini ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 30 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2008 ) : beschreibung von cabomina gen . n . , cabomina monicae sp . n . und cabomina dracomontana sp . n . aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 29 ( 3 ) , 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a ) : vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem s\u00fcdlichen afrika ( lepidoptera , sesiidae : osminiini , sesiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 211 - 218 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011b ) : noctusphecia puchneri gen . et sp . n . , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasfl\u00fcglerart aus tansania ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 48 - 50 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011c ) : neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson , 1919 aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 51 - 56 .\n( 2013 ) : synanthedon angolana sp . n . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus angola ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae , synanthedonini ) . - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 34 ( 3 ) , 125 - 126 .\nfreina , j . j . de & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2000 ) : beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und pal\u00e4stinas ( insecta , lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90 , 75 - 84 .\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1836 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2 , 162 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 140 - 142 , pl . 182 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1842 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4 , 167 pp , pls 289 - 384 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 129 - 131 , pl . 362 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1843 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5 , 166 pp , pls 385 - 480 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 35 - 36 , pl . 404 )\nfriedlander , t . p . ( 1986 ) : a new squash borer from mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 4 ) ( 1985 ) , 277 - 288 .\nnov . spec . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 ( 5 ) , 33 .\ngaede , m . ( 1929 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 14 , 515 - 538 , pl . 77 .\ngaede , m . ( 1933 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , suppl . 2 , 229 - 240 , pl . 16 .\ngarrevoet , t . , bartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2013 ) : on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov , 1992 and some related species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . - nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) , 95 - 108 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2011 ) : bembecia lingenhoelei , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 39 ( 2 ) , 73 - 79 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2016 ) : on the status of bembecia zebo \u0161patenka & gorbunov , 1992 ; bembecia pamira \u0161patenka , 1992 ; bembecia kreuzbergi \u0161patenka & bartsch , 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov , 1994 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\ngarrevoet , t . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : bembecia bartschi , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 157 - 161 .\ngarrevoet , t . , garrevoet , w . & \u00f6zbek , h . ( 2007 ) : data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in turkey . \u2013 linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 2 ) , 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy , e . l . ( 1785 ) : [ contribution ] . in fourcroy , a . f . : entomologia parisiensis ; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur . . . cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2 , 544 pp . ( 252 )\ngermadius , p . ( 1874 ) : a new aegerian maple borer . \u2013 the american naturalist 8 , 57 - 58 .\nghiliani , v . ( 1852 ) : materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi . \u2013 memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino ( serie 2 ) 14 , 20 , 85 , 131 - 247 . ( 216 )\ngiacomelli , e . ( 1911 ) : lepid\u00f3pteros riojanos nuevos \u00f3 poco conocidos . \u2013 anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72 , 19 - 40 . ( 29 - 30 )\ngmelin , j . f . ( 1790 ) : caroli a linn\u00e9 systema naturae . per regna tria naturae secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis 1 ( 5 ) ( ed . 13 ) . \u2013 leipzig . ( 2388 - 2390 )\ngodart , m . j . - b . ( 1822 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 histoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ou papillons de france 3 . ( 6 , 74 - 121 , pl . xxi )\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from azerbaijan . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 65 ( 6 ) , 938 - 940 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 3 ) , 12 - 18 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 2 ) , 14 - 20 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988a ) : a new contribution to the knowledge of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 in medvedev , l . n . & striganova , b . r . ( eds ) : fauna i ekologiya nasekomykh vetnama [ the fauna and ecology of insects of vietnam ] , 192 - 198 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988b ) : a new species and genus of the clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the subfamily tinthiinae from the primorsky kray ( far east ) . \u2013 biologiyeckie nauki 7 , 45 - 47 . [ in russian with english summary ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1989 ) : two new species of lepidoptera ( sesiidae ) from the kopet - dag . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 68 ( 10 ) , 141 - 145 . [ in russian with english summary ]\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from the caucasus , usssr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 20 ( 1 / 4 ) ( 1989 ) , 119 - 123 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1991a ) : six new species of the clearwing moths from the caucasus , ussr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) , 125 - 143 , 378 - 379 .\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from middle asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 23 ( 1 / 2 ) , 249 - 253 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1992b ) : revision of the types of the sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) , preserved in the collection of the zoological museum of kiev state university . \u2013 entomologitscheskoje obozrenie 71 ( 1 ) , 121 - 133 . [ in russian ] ( english translation in entomological review )\ncapuse , 1973 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from central asia . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 27 - 32 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1994b ) : new and little - known clearwing moths from central asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 157 - 168 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] from the european part of russia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) ( 1995 ) , 563 - 566 , 622 - 623 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1994d ) : in gorbunov , o . , buda , v . , mozuraitis , r . & miatleuski , j . : a new species of clearwing moth from the far east of russia and its sex attractant ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) , 307 - 311 , 442 - 443 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1995 ) : review of the clearwing moth fauna ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of turkmenistan , central asia . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 93 - 115 .\nspuler ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from central asia . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 93 - 114 .\nspuler ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from turkey . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 117 - 123 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from tadzhikistan and turkmenistan . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 125 - 134 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 2001d ) : a new genus of tinthiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the western palaearctic . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 137 - 143 ."]}
{"id": 938, "summary": [{"text": "the ball 's blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to south africa .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the wingspan is 32 \u2013 34 mm for males and 34 \u2013 36 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on the wing from late november to february .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on selago divaricata .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they burrow into the immature flower-buds of their host plant and consume the interior . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lepidochrysops balli", "paragraphs": ["the ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family . it is endemic to south africa . the wingspan is 32\u201334 mm for males and . . .\nfacts summary : lepidochrysops is a genus of insects of concern and found in the following area ( s ) : lesotho , south africa .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nlepidochrysops\n.\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - lepidochrysops spp . facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nlibert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nthe ball ' s blue is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family . it is endemic to south africa . the wingspan is 32\u201334 mm for males and 34\u201336 mm for females . adults are on the wing from late november to february .\nthis art print displays sharp , vivid images with a high degree of color accuracy on high quality canvas . a member of the versatile family of art prints , this high - quality reproduction represents the best of both worlds : quality and affordability .\ndelivery time 7 - 18 days to usa and 14 - 30 days to worldwide .\nposter is packaged in tube , this is 100 % that your poster will be in perfect condition .\ntracking number for all orders , you can check it in 24 hours on your postal service .\n2010 - 2018 \u00a9 gotposter . com . all rights reserved . privacy policy dmca\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\ncreatures with albinism and leucism are beautiful and rare animals . they have all the characteristics of others of their species except they are white in color . the lack of melanin generally results in the animal looking bleached all over , appearing white or pink . it happens in many animals ranging from squirrels to whitetail deer . here are ten incredible and rare , white - colored creatures that you ' ll probably never see in real life .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 939, "summary": [{"text": "the red hake or squirrel hake , urophycis chuss , is a phycid hake of the genus urophycis , found in the atlantic ocean at depths between 10 and 500 m .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it grows to about 30 in ( 75 cm ) and 7 lb ( 3.2 kg ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "red hake are edible , and are sought out by recreational fisherman as a gamefish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "red hake", "paragraphs": ["red hake prefer soft sand or muddy bottom , and feed primarily on crustaceans and rock crabs , as well as fish such as haddock , silver hake , sea robins , mackerel and small red hake . primary predators of red hake include spiny dogfish , cod , goosefish , and silver hake .\ntable 5 . 2 msy - based reference points for the northern red hake stock .\n) . based on this , the southern red hake stock is not in an overfished condition .\ntable 5 . 3 recreational and commercial landings of southern red hake ( thousand metric tons ) .\nbrodziak , j . 2001 . status of fisheries resources off of northeastern united states \u2013 red hake . urltoken\nred hake migrate seasonally , preferring temperatures between 5 and 12\u00b0 c ( 41 - 54\u00b0 f ) ( grosslein and azarovitz 1982 ) .\nthis reduction is required because the northern red hake fishery is projected to have reached or exceeded 37 . 9 percent of the total allowable landings .\nthe northern red hake commercial possession limit is reduced from 3 , 000 lbs per trip to 400 lbs per trip . effective immediately , federally permitted vessels may not possess on board or land more than 400 lb of northern red hake per trip for the remainder of the 2017 fishing year ( i . e . , through april 30 , 2018 ) .\n[ 47 ] landings of red hake at new bedford from the nantucket shoals region , mostly used in this way , were about 5 , 600 , 000 pounds in 1947 .\nthe red hake can be found from the gulf of st . lawrence to north carolina , and is most abundant from the western gulf of maine through southern new england waters . they are a member of the cod family and as such possess a distinctive barbel on their chin . red hake vary in color depending upon their environment , but tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath .\nred hake , urophycis chuss , is a demersal gadoid species distributed from the gulf of st . lawrence to north carolina , and is most abundant from the western gulf of maine through southern new england waters . red hake are separated into northern and southern stocks for management purposes . the northern stock is defined as the gulf of maine to northern georges bank region , while the southern stock is defined as the southern georges bank to mid - atlantic bight region ( figure 5 . 1 ) . both red hake stocks were last assessed in the fall of 1990 .\nhake is noted for its long , slender body and visible front teeth . only buy fish that are longer than 50cm with bright eyes and red gills . hake fillets should have firm white flesh with no discolouration , blemishing or bruising .\non the southwest part of georges bank , in late june 1951 , but only 51 white hake . reported landings also , in pounds , for 1945 , were about 100 times as great for red as for white hake from the nantucket grounds , whence all the little hake are brought in for the trash fish industry . and the discrepancy is greater still in numbers , for the white hake are much the heavier of the two , individually . red hake also predominate over white among the hake landed in new york and to the southward , as is illustrated by the catch statistics for 1947 .\nthe primary fishing gear used to catch red hake is the otter trawl . recreational catches , taken almost exclusively from the southern stock , have been of minor importance and have been negligible in recent years . in 2000 , the new england fisheries management council implemented amendment 12 to the northeast multispecies fishery management plan ( fmp ) , and placed red hake into the \u201csmall mesh multispecies\u201d management unit , along with silver hake and offshore hake . this amendment set retention limits based on net mesh size , adopted overfishing definitions for the northern and southern red hake stocks , identified essential fish habitat for all life stages , and set requirements for fishing gear ( nefmc 2000 ) . the survey indices used in this document differ from previous assessments in that vessel and door conversion coefficients have been incorporated ( nefsc 1991 ) .\ntend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches and becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath .\nduring the spring and summer months , red hake move into shallower waters to spawn , and during the winter months move offshore to deep waters in the gulf of maine and the edge of the continental shelf along southern new england and georges bank .\nbank . but this would give a wholly false picture of the actual situation , because most of the red hake that are caught on these grounds are thrown overboard because they are too small to be worth gutting and icing under present market conditions .\nred hake ( urophycis chuss ) these fish have a tall first dorsal fin followed by a much longer second dorsal fin , and long narrow ventral fins . they are reddish - brown on top and yellowish - white on the belly . they have a small barbel on their chin . the maximum length for red hakes is 20\n( 50 cm ) , but they commonly grow no larger than 16\n( 40 cm ) .\nit has only been since 1944 that the landings of white hake and of red ( i . e . , squirrel ) hake have been reported separately . taken at their face value , these would point to the white hake as by far the more plentiful member of the pair throughout the inner parts of the gulf as a whole , and on georges bank . in 1945 , for example ,\ndealers issued federal dealer permits for small - mesh multispecies may not purchase more than 400 lbs of northern red hake per trip from federally permitted vessels for trips started after august 7 , 2017 . federally permitted dealers must continue to report all fish purchased from any vessel .\nred hake are rarely known to attain weights exceeding 6 or 7 pounds , so this particular fish can truly be considered a monster hake . white hake on the other hand are very similar looking and known to attain weights of as much as 40 pounds . since the two species are so similar and the weight of the fish watson caught was more in the white hake range , marine fisheries biologists diligently examined the fish to confirm its identification and its world record status .\nsteiner , w . w . , j . j . luczkovich , and b . l . olla . 1982 . activity , shelter usage , growth and recruitment of juvenile red hake urophycis chuss . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 7 : 125 - 135 .\nthe 2003 - 2005 average fish weight of 0 . 068 kg was about half of the acceptable individual fish weight reference point , however the 2003 - 2005 recruitment index of 5 . 68 red hake less than 25 cm length per tow was above 4 . 07 , the median value\ndivision of fish and wildlife marine fisheries biologists first examined the fish and counted scale rows and the gill rakers on the upper portion of the first gill arch , which are both reported to be valid diagnostic characters . the initial examination showed the fish to be a red hake . the identification was then confirmed by ichthyologists at the academy of natural sciences in philadelphia who x - rayed the specimen to determine the number of abdominal vertebrae , another diagnostic character . this too identified the fish as a red hake and it has been added to the academy ' s extensive fish collection .\n, corresponding to the increase in landings by distant water fleets . during 1967 to 1983 , the survey index fluctuated without trend , and has since declined despite very low landings since the early 1980s . in 2005 , the stock biomass index for southern red hake was 0 . 78 kg per tow\nin 1998 the overfishing definition review panel ( applegate et al . 1998 ) concluded that msy and f reference points could not be determined for southern red hake because the time series of landings and survey biomass indices did not include a period of stable landings at high biomass levels . the panel noted that discarding could be significant , especially in the scallop and trawl fisheries . habitat destruction was also thought to be prohibiting stock recovery since juveniles rely on intact scallop beds for shelter . however , in recent years the scallop stock has been recovering , but red hake biomass indices have not increased .\nfew fishermen target red hake when they go fishing . they do not put up a fight when hooked , do not grow that large , and have a meat that deteriorates quickly if not properly handled . mostly , they are considered just one of the neat species that make up the\nby - catch\nwhen fishing for cod , haddock , or pollock . if you were to actively fish for red hake , you would find that they will accept many different kinds of bait . clam is probably the most popular but seaworms , shrimp , and chunks of herring or mackerel will also take them . in fact , those that fish at night ( when they feed most actively ) with chunks of herring on a simple dropper rig will find very good results . you want to fish wrecks and other areas of heavy structure with an 8 - 16 ounce lead sinker to hold bottom . due to the sloth - like nature of these fish , articial lures are pretty much useless . although possible to snag one on a jig , this is the exception , rather than the rule . when it comes to fishing for red hake , you are far better off to stick with the still - fishing bait approach . fishing for red hake is only moderately important for commercial fisherman , making up a portion of the by - catch that is typically ground up for fish meal . here on the south shore of massachusetts , a fair number of red hake are caught by charter and party boats that take passengers out on all - day cod trips . the flesh of the red hake is white , flaky , and with a delicate sweetness that loses much of its flavor when repeatedy frozen and thawed . it is often used in chowders and is best fresh . the meat is softer than cod or haddock and turns rather rubbery and tasteless if not handled properly .\nhake is particularly loved in spain , where it is often grilled or baked and served with chorizo , paprika or garlic . try geoffrey smeddle ' s roast hake with chorizo , chickpeas and coriander . in fact , each region in spain seems to have its own hake dish . in basque country , it is often partnered with clams ; in galicia with garlic , tomato and onion ; in catalunya , it is often served with potato in a stew . paul aussignac pan - fries his hake and serves it with a red pepper relish .\non the south shore , silver hake move inshore in numbers in the fall .\naffordable , versatile and very delicious , hake is a beautiful fish to cook .\ntypically , hake is sold fresh or frozen but is occasionally sold salted or smoked .\nsilver hake have an overall silver iridescent color on their sides with some light brown relections mixed in . color is slightly darker above and nearly pure white on the underside . fins are silver tinged with light brown . silver hake have two dorsal fins . the first being almost a perfect triangle , the second dorsal being about four times greater in size . athough a member of the cod family , they do not possess the distinctive barbel on their chin that is common with this family . it is more elongated than the cod , but not as eel - like in appearance as the red hake . it also does not share the red hakes long ventral fins . scales are very small and the head is relatively compressed . however , the mouth is large and filled with very sharp needle - like teeth .\n) . annual landings then declined sharply to 12 , 900 mt in 1970 , increased to 76 , 400 mt in 1972 , and then declined steadily with increased restrictions on distant - water fishing effort . prior to implementation of the magnuson fisheries conservation and management act ( mfcma ) in 1977 , distant - water fleets accounted for approximately 80 - 90 % of the total landings from both stocks . between 1977 and 1986 , landings generally declined due to restrictions placed on distant water fleets , and foreign landings ceased in 1987 ( brodziak 2001 ) . red hake landings continued to decline afterwards , and averaged only 1 , 100 mt per year during 1996 - 2005 . in 2005 , total red hake landings were a historic low of 300 mt\nfrom 2012 to 2015 , u . s . landings of silver hake decreased ~ 15 %\nno doubt the eggs of the white hake are bouyant like those of the squirrel hake ( p . 225 ) , but few wholly ripe females , no eggs naturally spawned , or young larvae have been seen yet .\nnorthern red hake landings and nefsc autumn survey biomass indices were relatively high until the mid - 1970s when the distant water fishery was at its maximum . landings have since declined to a historical low in 2005 . in 2005 , the exploitation index was well below the f msy proxy of 0 . 65 and the 3 - year average biomass index remained above the \u00bd b msy proxy , indicating that the stock is not overfished and overfishing is not occurring .\nthey may be from the same family but hake looks distinctly different to cod . hake are streamlined and fierce with distinctive ( and slightly scary ) pointed teeth and a silvery belly . despite its aggressive appearance , the flesh of the hake is a dream \u2013 firm , flaky and pale with a subtle flavour that is not dissimilar to cod .\nthe southern red hake stock is considered to be in an overfished condition when the three - year moving average weight per individual fish in the nmfs autumn survey falls below the 25th percentile of the 1963 - 1997 average of 0 . 12 kg and when the three - year moving average of the abundance of immature fish less than 25 cm in the fall survey is below the 1963 - 1997 median value of 4 . 07 immature fish per tow ( table 5 . 4 ) .\nwe were equally ignorant of the spawning and early stages of the squirrel hake up to the summer of 1912 . but we trawled squirrel hake with running spawn and milt in ipswich bay in that july , fertilized the eggs on board the\none of the reasons hake is so popular among chefs and home cooks is that it carries a subtle yet sweet flavour . hake , like most other white fish , can be paired with flavours as diverse as bacon , horseradish and coconut .\nred hake vary in color depending upon their environment but tend to be a mottled red / brown to olive / brown on their upper sides with large irregular pale light brown patches and becoming a dirty white to bright white underneath . a member of the cod family , they possess the distinctive barbel on their chin , common with this family . it is more elongated than the cod , with the first dorsal fin triangular in shape but the second dorsal and anal fins are long and continous like an eel , but not connected to the tail fin . it is best distinguished from other species by it ' s abnormally long ventral fins that begin at their throat and run half the length of their body . scales are very small , giving the fish a slippery feel similar to an eel . the head is relatively small but the mouth is compartitively large and filled with small , harmless teeth .\nwhen cooking hake whole , ensure that it has been gutted and the gills removed . roasting is a superb way to cook a whole hake but it can also be barbecued , cooked en papillote or poached . when cooked in the oven , it should be covered with either a tight - fitting lid or wrapped in foil . the flesh of hake absorbs flavours brilliantly so if you\u2019re roasting hake , add a generous amount of flavouring to the cavity and into slashed flesh before cooking to add flavour .\n, and thus identified the eggs . since then large numbers of squirrel - hake eggs have been hatched artificially at the gloucester hatchery .\navoid buying hake during the breeding season from february to july and check the latest sustainability information to avoid buying fish from depleted stocks .\nsilver hake , a . k . a .\nwhiting ,\nis one of several similar hake and whiting species that inhabit cold and temperate waters on both the northern and southern hemispheres . most species are identified by their geographic origin and quality among species varies significantly . similar to cod and haddock , silver hake has a softer flesh and less flakes . among hake and whiting species , silver hake has one of the firmer meats . raw flesh should appear a translucent white with a watery appearance and when cooked , coloration ranges from pure white to off - white . peak season for fresh silver hake is summer and fall . freshness of the fish can be determined by the durability of the fillet . avoid purchasing fillets that have a dull , brown , or dry appearance . because it spoils quickly , silver hake is often used for frozen , value - added seafood products , and properly handled fresh silver hake has a shelf - life of up to five days . the flavourful fish has a high degree of culinary versatility at a noticeably lower price point than its atlantic cod and haddock counterparts .\nsilver hake reach sexual maturity between ages two and three , and can live up to 14 years . recently , however , most silver hake observed in us waters are not much older than six . they grow up to 28 inches in length and weigh up to five pounds .\nundoubtedly were either white hake or squirrel hake . but the simple post anal pigment band , short , stocky bodies , and fan - like ventrals of the younger stages pictured by , him under this same name ( pl . 7 , figs . 1 - 4 ) suggest that they were rockling .\nremarks : the species was formerly confused with the white hake , u . tenuis , but musick ( 1973 , 1974 ) confirmed differences in morphometry , distribution , and life history of the two species . markle et al . ( 1982 ) compared other life history traits of the 2 sibling hake species .\nbivalve mollusks , and neither large mollusks nor echinoderms have ever been found in a hake , so far as we know . the stomach contents so far recorded\n[ 38 ] about 13 , 000 pounds of white hake were reported from maryland in 1947 , about 65 , 000 pounds from virginia , and about 4 , 000 pounds from north carolina , with no reds . but we suspect that reds were actually included as well as whites , and spotted hake also .\nthe ventral fins of the squirrel hake overlap the vent as a rule , whereas those of the white hake fall short of it , but this is not invariably the case , as already remarked ( p . 222 ) , for we have seen squirrel hakes in which the ventrals , did not reach to the vent . furthermore , the filamentous part of the third ray of the first dorsal fin is much longer ( if undamaged ) in the squirrel than in the white hake , i . e . , three to five times as long as the rest of the fin , and the nose is blunter . the color , too , is of some value in identifying these species , for while the squirrel hake is almost always reddish brown , the white hake has a decidedly purplish lustre when fresh caught .\nhave found little hake hiding in the mantle cavities of scallops in 20 fathoms off new york , and scallop fishermen have informed us that they often find little hake in the scallops that they dredge off the coast of maine . both of the common species of hake are known to use this curious refuge ( they do not feed on the scallops but merely use their shells as hiding places ) , but most of the specimens so taken have proved to be squirrel hake . and the latter adopts this form of commensalism so commonly that welsh records as many as 27 taken from 59 scallops in one haul of a scallop dredge , and 11 hake from 9 scallops in another haul , besides many others not counted off southern new england , new york , and new jersey during the summer and autumn of 1913 .\nthe mid - water trawls that target silver hake result in little bycatch , fishwatch reported in 2015 . silver hake are part of the small - mesh multispecies fishery in the united states , which can unintentionally catch squid , atlantic butterfish , and atlantic mackerel . overall , seafood watch called bycatch a moderate conservation concern in the fishery .\n~ 45 % of global landings of silver hake meet a seafood watch\ngood alternative ( yellow )\nrating ( ~ 99 % of u . s . landings )\nfigure 108 . \u2014young stages of either white hake of squirrel hake . a , larva , 2 . 2 mm . ; b , larva , 6 . 2 mm . c , larva , 9 mm . ; d , young fry , 40 mm . silvery still , and living at the surface of the water . specimens collected off woods hole .\nnoaa fisheries and the new england fishery management council manage the silver hake fishery in the us under the northeast multispecies fishery management plan ( fmp ) for small mesh multispecies . as vessels participating in this fishery use small mesh to target silver hake and other species , the fishery is managed as a series of exemptions under northeast multispecies fmp . the fmp establishes :\nthe localities where we have found eggs , provisionally identified as squirrel hake ( fig . 109 ) , show that it spawns all around the gulf from cape cod to nova scotia . and despite its rather deepwater habitat and preference for soft bottom , most of these egg stations have been in shoal water near the coast ; a haul in the eastern basin which yielded both squirrel hake and silver hake eggs ( p . 178 ) has been the only exception . this , of course , points to a movement from the basins into shoaler water for spawning .\nwhile often overlooked here in the uk , it is a much - loved staple on the continent . europe\u2019s biggest consumers of hake are spain \u2013 they get through around 6kg per year , per person . hake can be caught all around the world , but most commonly in the atlantic and north pacific from november to march , with the european variety being the most prized .\nthe spatial distribution of silver hake is highly correlated with the position of the gulf stream . changes in distribution are in response to changes in temperature on the continental shelf , which responds to circulation of the north / south paths of the gulf stream . silver hake shift geographically to remain within their preferred temperature range , and the alteration in global climate is showing a population shift northwards\nthe squirrel hake resembles its larger relative , the white hake ( p . 221 ) so closely that the one is often taken for the other . the number of scales affords the most reliable means of identification , those of the squirrel being much larger relatively than those of the white , and arranged in only about 100 to 110 oblique cross rows along the side from gill opening to base of caudal fin , and in about 9 longitudinal rows on the upper part of the sides between lateral line and dorsal fin , as against about 140 transverse rows and about 12 longitudinal rows in the white hake ( p . 222 ) . also , the upper jaw ( maxillary bone ) reaches back only as far as the rear edges of the pupil in the squirrel hake , but as far as the rear edge of the eye in the white hake ( p . 222 ) , and this difference can be relied upon , even for very small fish .\nslightly larger hake of both species , up to 8 to 12 inches long , are not only plentiful offshore , but are rather common close inshore in a fathom or two of water , in harbors , and even well up estuaries . the larger fish usually keep to deeper water , especially in summer , when hake of marketable sizes are most plentiful below 20 fathoms and when only a few large ones are caught in less than 10 fathoms of water . but this rule , like most others , has its exceptions . for instance , we once saw a white hake of about 8 pounds caught from a float in northeast harbor , maine , in about 10 feet of water , in july ( in 1922 ) . on the other hand , hake of both the species in question are to be caught in the deepest parts of the gulf , and white hake have been taken down to 545 fathoms at least , on the offshore slope of georges bank .\nboth the white hake and the squirrel hake are exclusively american , occurring in continental waters from the gulf of st . lawrence and the southern part of the grand bank of newfoundland southward to the middle atlantic states . the squirrel , though common as far south as chesapeake bay , has not been reported from farther south than virginia . but the white hake is known off north carolina ( we have seen a 30 inch specimen that was trawled off bodie i . , north carolina , lat . 35\u00b0 52 ' n . , long . 74\u00b0 51 ' w . in 70 fathoms by the\nsuch as alewives , butterfish , cunners , eels , flatfishes , tautog , herring , mackerel , menhaden , launce , silversides , silver hake , sculpins , sea robins , smelt , and tomcod .\nas of february 2018 , there is one fishery improvement project for silver hake in new england , with volume being ~ 85 % of u . s . landings and ~ 35 % of global landings\nsilver hake are migratory and also move up through the water column to feed . they are mainly fished using small - mesh multispecies trawlers . in some areas , fishermen use modified gear to catch silver hake , which reduces contact with the seafloor . the fish prefer resting on sandy and muddy ocean bottoms during the day , a habitat that isn\u2019t heavily impacted by bottom trawls , according to seafood watch .\nfisheries and oceans canada ( dfo ) manage the silver hake fishery in canada . dfo conducts research surveys and based on the results of those surveys , sets annual total allowable catch ( tac ) limits .\nat the present time ( as represented by 1946 and 1947 ) 4 to 5 times as much hake is marketed in maine and massachusetts in the form of fresh and frozen fillets as is marketed there salted , some are used for fish cakes , and a very small part [ 45 ] as smoked fillets . hake sounds ( swim bladders ) , especially of those that are caught off nova scotia in deep water , are also used to make isinglass , [ 46 ] and increasing amounts of small squirrel hake brought in from nantucket shoals , are utilized from year to year in the trash - fish industries . [ 47 ]\nthere are numerous ways to cook hake fillets . popular options are pan - frying in a little lemon juice and butter , braising with herbs and aromatics or poaching in fish stock , wine and lemon juice . they can be steamed or roasted too . if you have more time , try curing the hake for 1\u20132 hours in a sugar , salt , citrus and herb mix then cooking en papillote with dill and lemon .\n[ 33 ] contrib . canadian biol . , ( 1914 - 1915 ) 1916 , p . 87 . unfortunately , hake scales do not show the yearly growth zones as clearly as cod and haddock scales do .\nsilver hake are fast swimmers with large , sharp teeth . they are voracious predators , feeding on fish , crustaceans , and squid , and are important to the northwestern atlantic as both a predator and prey species .\n) are hooked on pieces of herring . but they also take clams on the hook greedily enough . in the northeastern part of the gulf of maine hake feed far enough off bottom to capture the pelagic euphausiid shrimps (\non the other hand , inquiries of fishermen , corroborated by our own experience , point to the white hake as the more plentiful of the two in the basin of our gulf at depths greater than 40 to 50 fathoms . the\n[ 26 ] the youngest stages of the two species are so much alike that in most cases we have been forced to list them simply as\nhake ,\nawaiting more critical examination than we have been able to give them .\nhake are plentiful in the so - called south channel also , and on the northwest slope of georges bank , whence about 2 , 000 , 000 pounds were landed in 1919 , about 1 , 500 , 000 pounds in 1947 . and it has long been known that there is an abundance of hake at depths greater than 60 to 70 fathoms all along the southern slope of georges bank . long - line fishermen , too , have told us that while it was unusual to hook a hake on the shoaler parts of georges , many were caught wherever the line was run off into deeper water on the northwest face of the bank ; i . e . , onto soft bottom . and this is borne out by the statistics of the catches , for the good trawling grounds on georges bank yield far fewer hake of marketable size than the inner parts of the gulf do , if the year 1945 can be taken as representative . [ 35 ]\nsundry small grounds outside the islands from penobscot bay to cape elizabeth and all along the western side of the gulf , also yield good numbers of hakes , especially near boon island ; the vicinity of the isles of shoals , a famous hake ground for small boat fishermen ; ipswich bay ; the lower slopes of jeffreys and stellwagen banks ; also the deeper parts of massachusetts bay , which yielded 750 , 000 pounds in 1919 when the demand for hake was better than it is now .\n, march 2 , 1931 , had small mackerel , flounders , crabs , and squid in their stomachs . and we have seen squirrel hake caught off northern new jersey with their bellies distended with launce , and with launce hanging from their mouths .\nhake , indeed , are so widespread on the lower slopes of all the banks and ledges in the inner parts of the gulf , as well as on the mud floors between them , that rich [ 34 ] listed 119 named grounds in the western side of the gulf as good haking bottoms . hake , with flounders , rosefish , and silver hake are practically the only commercially valuable fish one is likely to catch on the floors of the deep basins and channels of the gulf ; and a catch of 2 , 880 of them with 580 cusk , but no cod or haddock , by long - line fishing 15 miles southeast of monhegan on june 24 to 25 , 1913 , will illustrate how completely they may monopolize suitable bottoms .\nexcept for in and offshore movements , hake are resident throughout the year in the open gulf of maine wherever they are found , once they have taken to the bottom . and they appear to be much more stationary than either cod or haddock .\nbecause silver hake shift geographically , the alteration in global climate is showing a population shift northwards within their preferred temperature range . the change in temperature on the continental shelf also changes ocean circulation and overall temperatures , and ultimately the path of the gulf stream , which may further affect populations and migrations . spawning is also affected by temperature , with fluctuations influencing spawning peaks and juvenile growth . research is needed to further understand the long - term impacts of global climate change on silver hake populations .\nroughly two - thirds of the poundage of hake that is landed in maine and massachusetts are caught in otter trawls nowadays , roughly one - fifth in gill nets , and only a little more than one - eighth on long lines . [ 48 ]\nsilver hake are found in the atlantic ocean from south carolina in the united states to newfoundland in canada . they are primarily targeted in the u . s . atlantic . there are two silver hake stocks : a northern one in the gulf of maine and northern georges bank , and one in southern georges bank and the mid - atlantic bight coastal region . a seafood watch report from 2016 noted that , according to the most recent assessment , both stocks are not overfished and overfishing is not occurring .\nthe squirrel hake does not grow so large as the white hake , seldom reaching a greater length than 30 inches ( the largest of 780 bay of fundy fish measured by craigie was about 27 inches long ) , or a greater weight than 6 to 7 pounds , and the average of those caught will not run above 1 to 3 pounds . in fact , a fish as heavy as 5 pounds is exceptional . females are both longer and heavier than males of the same age ( p . 226 ) .\n[ 35 ] landings of hake in 1945 were about 414 , 000 pounds for georges bank ; about 12 , 700 , 000 pounds for the inner parts of the gulf by united states fishermen and about 9 , 140 , 000 pounds by canadian fishermen .\nsilver hake are widely distributed and are found throughout the northwest atlantic ocean from newfoundland to south carolina . two stocks have been identified in the united states \u2013 a northern stock inhabiting the waters of the gulf of maine and northern georges bank and a southern stock inhabiting the waters of southern georges bank and the mid - atlantic bight . silver hake are nocturnal predators and spend their days resting on sandy , muddy , and pebbly ocean floors . from dusk to midnight , they will move up in the water column to feed .\nboth of these hake haunt soft bottom chiefly , few being caught on the gravelly or shelly grounds that are so prolific of cod and haddock , or on rocky grounds . and it has been our experience that the whites are the more strictly mud fish of the pair .\nhake is a white fish which is rather grandly referred to as \u2018the king of the fish\u2019 by the spanish . it makes a good alternative choice to other white fish such as cod or haddock . due to its firm flesh , hake can be prepared in many ways from barbecuing whole to pan - frying the fillets . to check that it is cooked , the delicate flesh should feel firm to the touch and appear opaque . do not throw away the head and tail \u2013 these can be used as a base for a flavoursome fish stock .\n) , amphipods , and other small crustacea which they find on the bottom are their chief dependence at most times and in most places . they also feed as greedily on squid as others of the cod tribe do , and a variety of small fish have been found in hake stomachs at woods hole\nslows the growth of any fish ) probably does not take place until they have passed their third birthday . nothing definite is known of the rate of growth of the white hake , but it is fair to assume that it grows faster than the squirrel , to attain its greater length and weight .\nin the united states , silver hake are managed by noaa fisheries and the new england fishery management council under the northeast multispecies fishery management plan for small - mesh species . measures include permitting requirements , a cap on groundfish bycatch as well as seasonal and spatial limitations . seafood watch called the management effective .\nsilver hake are managed as two stocks in the northwest atlantic \u2013 a northern stock that ranges from the gulf of maine and northern georges bank and a southern stock that ranges from southern georges bank to cape hatteras . according to a 2014 stock assessment neither the northern nor southern stock are overfished nor subject to overfishing .\nprobably the explanation is that the adults , being cool water fish , are barred from the shallows in summer by high temperature along the coasts of massachusetts and of west - central maine , but that the low summer temperature of passamaquoddy bay allows large hake to summer there , as well as small . their reported withdrawal from\nthe hakes are such dull and inactive fish that they are of no special interest to the angler . but a good many fair - sized ones are caught hand - lining from party boats , for they bite readily , and small hake are caught from small boats in harbors and bays , along the maine coast especially .\n) encysted in the wall of its body cavity , having no doubt penetrated the hake ' s stomach after it had been swallowed . ( sumner , osburn , and cole , bull . u . s . bur . of fish . , vol . 31 , pt . 2 , 1913 , p . 768 ) .\nmore research is also needed in relation to silver hake migrations , biology , and population dynamics . habitat studies typically include location , depth , temperature , and sometimes salinity levels . future habitat studies should also include bottom type as a habitat consideration . food habits analysis is needed to determine predator - prey relationships , distribution , and abundance .\nherrick [ 31 ] has given an interesting account of the perceptions of squirrel hake kept in a tank at woods hole , where they proved to have keen sight ( though less so than pollock ) and usually caught bits of meat before these had sunk . but it seems that it was only while food was in motion that the fish recognized it by sight , and that they depend chiefly on the sense of touch for their livelihood . they exercised this by swimming close to bottom with the sensitive tips of the ventral fins dragging the ground . when a hake touched a fragment of clam in this way it immediately snapped it up , but not otherwise . and they paid no attention whatever to live clams in their shells , though they often brushed over them . these observations , applied to the conditions under which hake actually live , suggests that they recognize shrimps , crabs , and other foods by their ventral feelers , and that they snap up their victims as these dart ahead , when the feelers drag over them .\never since 1616 , when capt . john smith [ 30 ] wrote\nhake you may have when the cod failes in summer , if you will fish in the night ,\nit has been common knowledge that they bite best after dark , from which it is fair to assume they do most of their foraging between sunset and sunrise .\nthe newly hatched larvae have not been described . older fry ( identity established either as white hake or squirrel hake by comparison with young fry that have been reared in the hatchery by louella e . cable ) already show the long , slender ventral fins , the short first dorsal but long second dorsal , and the tapering body form , characteristic of the adults . these little hakes , greenish blue on the back , with silvery sides , are separable from rockling fry by their more slender form , and by their scattered pigment . older stages are separable from rocklings by their two well developed dorsal fins , while their silvery sides mark them at a glance from the dull colored fry of the cusk . [ 32 ]\n, for example , trawled about 700 white hake in the deep basins off cape cod , west of jeffreys ledge and off mount desert , in august 1936 , but only a scattering of squirrel hake . this appears to apply equally to the deeper holes in massachusetts bay at depths greater than 30 fathoms or so ( both storer and goode and bean spoke of the\nwhite\nas the more common of the two there ) , also to the bay of fundy region in general , including passamaquoddy bay , according to huntsman . and nearly all of the hakes that have been listed by name from the more easterly of the nova scotian banks , or from the southern part of the grand banks in the annual reports of the newfoundland department of natural resources , have been the white (\nthe hakes are soft - meated and have rather poor keeping qualities , but both the white and the squirrel hake are readily absorbed by the fish markets if they are large enough , and great numbers of small squirrel hake are now used for mink and poultry feed . a quarter of a century ago the yearly catch in the gulf ran between 20 and 35 million pounds , and it has been much the same of late years ( 1941 - 1946 ) , with yearly landings by canadian and united states fishermen of between 19 and 30 million pounds . in 1946 , which may serve as representative , canadian fishermen landed about 2 , 100 , 000 pounds in outer nova scotian ports ( cape sable to cape north ) , about 4 , 800 , 000 pounds along the southern shore of the gulf of st . lawrence .\nthe rate of growth during the first few months cannot be stated until many more young fry have been measured and identified as the one species or as the other . it is probable that two year classes are represented among the fry that are caught along shore in summer . some of the smaller ones ( 2 to 3 inches long ) may be from the earliest spawned eggs of that same season , but other squirrel hake of 2\nhake are very common fish in our gulf , where the two species , white and squirrel , are caught side by side regularly . in the bay of fundy there are so few toward the head that stragglers are caught , or none at all , but they are plentiful enough toward the mouth where , for example , about 6 , 400 , 000 pounds were landed on the nova scotian side by canadian fishermen in 1944 , and about 8 , 200 , 000 pounds in 1946 , while the yearly catch on the new brunswick side is about 500 , 000 to 600 , 000 pounds . other centers of abundance for them inshore are along the coast of maine between machias and mount desert island , in frenchman ' s bay ( formerly the site of an important hake fishery ) , the ground known locally as the\ngrumpy\nnear isle au haut , and off penobscot bay .\npassamaquoddy bay in autumn may be in avoidance of extreme winter chilling . but we should remind the reader that failure to catch fish on hook and line in the cold season of the year ( it is in this way that hakes are caught in the passamaquoddy region ) does not necessarily mean that they have departed . the hake may have stopped biting , as every fisherman knows by experience . the evidence of otter trawl catches is much more reliable in this respect , for ground fishes in general .\nthere is nothing in the statistical picture to suggest that hake of either species fluctuate very widely in abundance in our gulf from year to year , for the ups and downs in the amounts caught are not greater than can be charged to market conditions . neither has any attempt been made to estimate the periodic variations in the relative abundance of different year classes . earlier characterizations of the numbers of the two hakes in our waters have been in relative terms , ranging from\ncommon\nto\nin immense numbers .\nat the other extreme , all of the hakes living around the inner slopes of the gulf at depths less than 50 fathoms experience temperatures as low as 35\u00b0 to 37\u00b0 f . in late winter and early spring ; as low as 33\u00b0 to 34\u00b0 locally if they are living as shoal as 20 fathoms , which many of them do . but the fact that the bottom temperatures at the particular stations on the grand banks ( all on the southern part ) where white hake have been reported by the newfoundland fisheries research commission have all been between about 42\u00b0 and about 33\u00b0 f . ( 5 . 5\u00b0 c . and 0 . 6\u00b0 c . ) , and that they were not taken on other parts of the bank where the bottom is colder , suggests that they tend to avoid regions where the temperature is as low as 32\u00b0 f . or lower . and this finds some corroboration in the report ( see p . 228 ) that hake tend to withdraw in autumn from passamaquoddy bay , where the water chills at least as low as 32\u00b0 at some time during some winters .\nthe squirrel hake is reddish , muddy , or olive brown on sides and back , darkest above ; sometimes almost black , sometimes more or less mottled , and sometimes plain , with pale lateral line . the lower part of its sides usually are washed with yellowish , and sometimes marked with dusky dots . its belly and the lower parts of the sides , of its head are pure white , grayish , or yellowish ; its dorsal , caudal , and anal fins are of the same color as the back except that the anal is pale at the base . the ventral fins are very pale pinkish or yellowish .\nthe temperatures in which hakes of different ages are found cover the entire range proper to the gulf except perhaps the very lowest . at the one extreme many of the youngest fry that are seen swimming at the surface in the west central part of the gulf in summer are in water as warm as 68\u00b0 to 70\u00b0 f . , while young hake are in still higher temperatures west and south from cape cod if they are at the surface . and the somewhat larger fry found on our beaches a little below tide mark may be in water as warm as 60\u00b0 locally . but the great majority of the hakes living deeper are in water at least as cool as 50\u00b0 throughout their later lives , most of them in temperatures lower than 45\u00b0 f .\nsilver hake have been observed at temperatures ranging from 36 - 63\u00b0 f ( 2 - 17\u00b0 c ) and are commonly found between 45 - 50\u00b0 f ( 7 - 10\u00b0 c ) . they are found at depths ranging from 36 - 1 , 640 feet ( 11 - 500 meters ) with older , larger whiting preferring deeper waters . the fish will migrate in response to seasonal changes in water temperatures , moving into shallow , warmer waters in the spring where they will spawn in the late spring and early summer months . during the summer , portions of both the northern and southern stocks can be found on georges bank . as the water temperature cools in the autumn months , whiting will move offshore into deeper waters . during winter , fish in the northern stock will move to deep basins in the gulf of maine while the southern stock will move to the outer continental shelf and slope waters ."]}
{"id": 940, "summary": [{"text": "xanthotaenia is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its single species is xanthotaenia busiris , the yellow-banded nymph .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they can be identified by a yellow strip along their forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "xanthotaenia", "paragraphs": ["xanthotaenia busiris ( westwood , 1858 ) = clerome ( xanthotaenia ) busiris westwood , 1858 .\nxanthotaenia obscura butler , 1883 ; ent . mon . mag . 20 : 54 ; tl : nias\nxanthotaenia busiris is the only member of its genus . it is found in myanmar , thailand , malaysia , sumatra and borneo .\n? xanthotaenia busiris batuensis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 ( 3 ) : 300 ; tl : batu is .\nxanthotaenia westwood , 1858 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 4 ( 6 ) : 187 ; ts : clerome busiris westwood\nxanthotaenia polychroma hagen , 1898 ; ent . nachr . 24 ( 13 ) : 201 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : mentawej\nparin , n . v . , 1992 . pseudotrichonotus xanthotaenia ( pseudotrichonotidae , aulopiformes ) - - new species from the saya de malha bank . j . ichthyol . 32 ( 7 ) : 128 - 131 . ( ref . 41477 )\npenz , c . , devries , p . j . & kirton , l . 2006 early stages of xanthotaenia busiris ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) , and the first report of a larval anal comb in the nymphalidae . malayan nature journal 59 , 51 - 61 .\nresearch by pe\u0148a & wahlberg , released in 2008 , using molecular evidence to trace the butterfly ' s ancestry , implies that that the genus xanthotaenia should be placed in the ' primitive ' satyrine tribe zetherini , indicating that it is closely allied to neorina , penthema , ethope and callarge .\nxanthotaenia busiris is semi - crepuscular in behaviour , and is normally only active up until about mid - morning . it can however sometimes be disturbed later in the day - its presence being given away as it flies , by a flash of bright yellow from the bar across the upper forewings .\nxanthotaenia busiris ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 827 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 139 , f . 11 ; [ bor ] , 494 ; [ bmp ] : 126 , pl . 15 , f . 24 , pl . 63 , f . 18 - 19 ( larva ) , 20 ( pupa )\nxanthotaenia has traditionally been placed in amathusiini , but eliot ( in corbet et al . 1992 ) pointed out that the larval stages clearly place it among traditional satyrines . penz et al . ( 2006 ) published a formal description of the immature stages and corroborated this perspective . molecular evidence ( pe\u00f1a & wahlberg 2008 ; wahlberg & brower , unpubl . ) imply that the genus is allied to the basal zetherina .\nthis large forest - dwelling species was for many years considered to be a member of the former subfamily amathusiinae . that subfamily no longer exists , taxonomists having decided to relegate it to the level of a tribe of the morphinae ( now the morphini , a tribe of the satyrinae ) . eliot however was convinced that the butterfly was neither an amathusiine or a morphiine , pointing out that the larval stages had more in common with the traditional satyrinae .\nthe uncertainties were finally cleared up in 2006 , when penz et al published a formal description of the immature stages which corroborated this view . they also provided evidence that the caterpillar possesses an ' anal comb ' - a structure normally only found in the hesperiidae and certain moth families , which is used to catapult the larval droppings away from the feeding site .\nthis species is found in primary rainforest , at elevations between about 100 - 300 metres .\nthe caterpillar is smooth , green , and has head horns and a pair of caudal prongs . the foodplant is rattan palm calamus ( arecaceae ) .\nboth sexes seem to spend most of their lives skulking at ground level among the undergrowth , and are usually seen in the vicinity of stands of ginger ( zingiberaceae ) , often in company with the amathusiine faunis canens .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na monotypic genus of southeast asia . this relatively large satyrine has a conspicuous yellow band across the distal third of its forewing . adults frequent the forest floor and are often found associated with rotting fruits . larvae feed on\ncorbet as , pendlebury hm , and eliot jn . 1992 . the butterflies of the malay peninsula . malayan nature society , kuala lumpur .\npe\u00f1a , c . & wahlberg , n . 2008 prehistorical climate change increased diversification of a group of butterflies . biology letters ( royal society ) 4 , 274 - 278 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\n. yellow - banded nymph . version 10 march 2009 ( under construction ) .\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\nnotes on amathusiidae , brassolidae , morphidae , etc . , with descriptions of new forms\nwestwood , 1858 on the oriental species of butterflies related to the genus morpho trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 4 ( 5 ) : 158 - 160 ( 1857 ) , ( 6 ) : 161 - 189\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\ngreek , pseudes = false + greek , thrix , - ichos = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 33 ; anal soft rays : 13 ; vertebrae : 49 . head pointed . body beam - like . mouth small . upper jaw protrusible ; protruding slightly beyond the lower one when mouth is closed . interorbital space is very narrow ; just less than 1 / 3 of eye diameter . branchiostegal rays 6 . gill rakers spinelike , 4 + 1 + 8 . caudal fin rays 8 - 10 ( ref . 41477 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 87 - 110 m ( ref . 41477 ) . tropical , preferred ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nurltoken is a brazilian scientific electronic library ( iheringia , revista brasileira de entomologia , zoologia . . . )\nto sign my photos of flat - faced longhorned beetles . of course , it is possible for any site to create a link towards any page of urltoken or for any publication to cite a resource without express authorization . for any question about rights of reproduction and use , contact me ! how to quote this website ?\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\nviereck , h . l . 1925 . a preliminary revision of the campopleginae in the canadian national collection , ottawa . canadian entomologist . 57 : 176 - 181 , 198 - 204 , 223 - 228 , 296 - 303 .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , non - commercial , no derivative works cc by - nc - nd licence .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ntermens of both wings are prominently scalloped . the hindwing is more strongly toothed at vein 4 .\n, the wings are dark brown . on the forewing , there is a series of pale bluish submarginal spots , becoming larger in subapical area and then smaller again along the costal border . in the male , the subapical spots are closer to the apex than in the female . the hindwing is reddish brown with rather pale postdiscal spots .\nthe wings are strongly mottled brown . at the apex of the forewing , there is a ` thumb - print\u2019 ( a triangular area in a lighter shade ) of varying prominence among specimens . a white spot can be found in the centre of the costa on the hindwing , but this can be absent or inconspicuous in certain specimens .\nthe common palmfly is the most widespread species of its genus in the indo - australian region . locally , it is also a rather common species with widespread occurrence across multiple habitats . typically the adults are shade - loving , and usually sighted flying along the edge of vegetated area and in the vicinity of a clump of palm trees . the adults have the habit of puddling and visiting flowers for mineral and energy intakes .\nthe early stages of the common palmfly is polyphagous and feed on the leaves of a number of host plants in the arecaceae ( palmae ) family . thus far , four of them are fully identified and listed above .\nthe eggs of the common palmfly are laid singly on a leaf blade of the host palm tree , typically on the underside . each\negg is almost spherical with a slightly protruding top ( diameter : 1 . 3 - 1 . 4mm ) . the egg is initially white when freshly hatched but turns yellow on the following day . the surface is faintly and irregularly reticulated .\ntwo views of a mature egg of the common palmfly . note the clearly visible head and body setae of the caterpillar .\nthe egg takes about 4 days to hatch . the young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell . the rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched , which has a length of about 3mm . its cylindrical body is\npale yellowish . the large head capsule is black in color and has three pairs of prominent protuberances lining the perimeter with the apical pair being the largest and longest . each protuberance ends with a thick setae bearing a transparent droplet at its tip . rows of fine setae , also bearing terminal droplets , run along the length of the body dorso - laterally and laterally . a pair of long pale - yellow processes occur at the posterior end of the body , each of which ends with a drop - bearing black setae .\ntwo views of a newly hatched caterpillar near the empty egg shell , length : 3mm .\nonce the newly hatched moves on to feed on the young leaves , its body starts to take on a green undertone . several contrasting bands , yellow in color and of varying widths , adorn the body surface dorsally and laterally .\ntwo views of 1st instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 5 . 5mm .\na common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 2nd instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .\nthe body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is similarly marked as in the late 1st instar . the most obvious change is in the head capsule where the three pairs of protuberances becomes longer and the setae they bear shorter . the apical pair also takes on a few short side branches . small pale yellow patches appear laterally and apically on the head capsule . the pair of anal processes are longer proportionately and mostly black in coloration . numerous short fine setae cover the body surface . of the several yellowish bands running lengthwise , the dorso - lateral pair running up to the upperside of the anal processes becomes the most prominent of all . this instar lasts about 4 days with the body length reaching up to 10 . 5mm before the moult to the 3rd instar .\nhead capsules : 1st instar ( left ) and 2nd instar ( right ) .\nthe 3rd instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 2nd instar caterpillar with the only obvious change being in the appearance of the head capsule . now the ground colour of the head capsule is yellow except for two lateral reddish brown patches running vertically from the apical pair of protuberances , which are also reddish brown in color . the other protuberances turn yellowish with their short terminal setae still brown to black in color . this instar takes about 4 days to complete with body length reaching about 16 - 17mm .\na common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 3rd instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .\nretaining very much the same body features from the earlier two instars , the 4th instar caterpillar distinguishes itself in having proportionally longer apical protuberances on the head capsule and the anal processes being mostly yellowish to pinkish in coloration . this instar lasts 3 . 5 to 4 days with the body length reaching about 26mm .\na common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 4th instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .\nhead capsules : 3rd instar ( left ) and 4th instar ( right ) .\nthe 5th and final instar brings about another change in the appearance of the head capsule . now white patches cover the frontal and middle area , stretching up into the apical protuberances . the long and slender anal processes are mostly pinkish in coloration .\na common palmfly caterpillar just before its moult to the 5th instar ( top ) , and soon after the moult ( bottom ) .\nthe 5th instar lasts for 3 . 5 - 4 days , and the body length reaches up to 40mm . on the last day , the caterpillar ceases feeding , its body becomes shortened but with essentially no change in body color . it wanders around in search of a pupation site . typically it comes to a halt on the underside of leaf blade where the caterpillar spins a silk pad to which it attaches its graspers and then rests in a head - down posture .\npre - pupatory larva at three time points . left : early stage ; middle : mid - way , right : late stage with the onset of pupation only minutes away .\npupation takes place 1 day after the caterpillar assumes the haed - down posture .\nthe green pupa has yellowish strips running on the dorsum of the thorax , dorso - laterally and laterally on the abdomen and the leading edges of the wing case . these yellow strips are outlined in pink . the pupa also has a pair of short cephalic horns , and its dorsum is angled at the thorax .\nafter about 6 - 6 . 5 days of development , the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end . the pupa is mostly black at this point . the following day , the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case . it then perches on the pupal case or nearby to expand and dry its wings before taking its first flight .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula , a . s . corbet and h . m . pendlebury , 4th edition , the malayan nature society .\na photographic monograph on hong kong butterflies , volume 1 , hong kong lepidopterists\u2019 society .\nthe winds have shifted and now the prevailing winds are coming from a north - easterly direction , usually bringing heavy rains to many parts of south - east asia . the monsoon months traditionally brings closure to many activities in nature areas in malaysia , where the national parks and nature reserves are closed for the safety of visitors . i recall being shown the flood level at endau - rompin national park in malaysia , where the debris from a recent flood clearly indicated the water line before the water receded . nothing out of the ordinary , except that the debris line was about two - thirds up a line of trees that was about 15m high !\nthe 11th month of the year , november always brings happy anticipation of the christmas holiday season . indeed , cheery and glittering decorations are already up in many shopping malls in singapore . in multi - cultural singapore , november 2010 also saw the celebration of deepavali and hari raya haji by the hindu and muslim communities respectively .\n) . the english common name of the butterfly is rather curious , as \u201ctawny\u201d often refers to a \u201cwarm sandy colour\u201d which the species displays very little of . perhaps the pale buff submarginal border on the upperside of the hindwing is distinctive enough to give the butterfly a \u2018tawny\u2019 descriptor .\nanother unique feature of this species is its scientific name . it is one of only a handful of butterfly species to share the name of mammals and in this case , a specific genus of the big cats , panthera . a rather interesting reference , since the butterfly bears no resemblance in any way to the famous carnivorous and predatory cats .\nthe tawny palmfly is a forest denizen , where it skulks close to the forest floor in well - shaded localities . it is usually very skittish and flies off the moment it senses any movement towards it . the species is best observed when feeding on the ripened fruits of the singapore rhododendron ( melastoma malabathricum ) \u2013 when it is less skittish and allows an observer to move in closer to it .\nit doesn\u2019t fly rapidly but displays an erratic flight when flying around , searching for food sources or moving around its preferred habitats . very often , it stops and perches on the upper surfaces of leaves with its wings folded upright . in the field , we have , thus far , not encountered an individual sunbathing with its wings opened flat before .\nthe tawny palmfly is dark brown above and the hindwing has a pale buff border bearing a series of white - centred black submarginal spots . the underside bears the usual reddish - brown striations of the genus elymnias ( collectively called the palmflies ) which helps to camouflage the butterfly when settled amongst the forest litter .\nthe female of this species makes an interesting audible clicking sound with its hindwings when it flutters about its host plant laying eggs . the caterpillar of this species feeds on a variety of palms found in the forests .\nalthough it is a species that is primarily found in forested areas , and in particular , in habitats where various species of palmae grow , it has also been observed with regularity at urban parks and gardens as well . sometimes it flies in the company of its closely related species , the common palmfly .\n, the forewings are orangey brown with a series of white spots in a broad black apical border . the hindwings have a narrow dark border and a few black spots featured at both the cell edge and end - cell . in form\n, the hindwings are almost white throughout . the male has a subtornal brand on the hindwing just below vein 3 .\n, the wings are similarly marked as per the upperside but with apical border orangey brown on the forewing , and wing margins marked with a series of prominent and white marginal spots .\nbeing the more common of the two . this species is typically found where its host plants are cultivated . such locations include hortpark , butterfly trails , butterfly gardens in schools and housing estates and even certain park connectors . the adults typically visits flowers in the vicinity of its host plant and has a fondness for sap exuded by\na plain tiger perching on a fern frond in a closed - wing pose .\nlocal host plants for the plain tiger : giant milkweed ( left ) and blood flower ( right ) .\nthe eggs of the plain tiger are laid singly on the leaf of the host plant , typically on the underside . t\nhe milky white egg is shaped somewhat like a bullet - head ( diameter : 0 . 95mm , height : 1 . 3mm ) . the egg surface is ribbed with ridges running longitudinally . the micropyle sits atop .\nthe egg takes about 2 . 5 - 3 days to hatch . the young caterpillar emerges by eating away part of the egg shell . the rest of the egg shell becomes the first meal for the newly hatched , which has a length of about 2 . 2mm . its cylindrical body is\nmostly white with a yellowish undertone , and has a fair number of short fine setae . the large head capsule is black in color and there is a small black patch at the posterior end . a pair of short sub - dorsal protuberances can be found on each of the following four segments : 1st and 2nd thoracic segments , 2nd and 8th abdominal segments . of these , the prothoracic pair is black in color and the remaining pairs in orangey brown . the thoracic legs and prolegs are all black in color .\nonce the newly hatched moves on to feed on leaf lamina over the next few hours , its body starts to take on a green undertone . the growth is rather rapid with the body length doubling to about 4 . 5mm in 1 . 5 day , and after just 1 . 5 to 2 days from hatching , it moults to the 2nd instar .\ntowards the final hours of the 1st instar , the last three pairs of protuberances turn dark brown and pairs of oval - shaped yellow spots appear on the dorsum from the 2nd thoracic segment to the 8th abdominal segment .\ntwo views of a 1st instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 4 . 3mm .\nthe body of the 2nd instar caterpillar is whitish in ground color . one obvious change is the lengthening of those black protuberances on the 2nd thoracic segment , 2nd and 8th abdominal segments the pair of protuberances on the 1st thoracic segment remains subdued in size . a diffused yellow band runs sub - spiracularly .\nthe subdorsal paired yellow spots are embedded in dark patches which extend laterally to the subspiracular yellow band .\nnoteworthy is that there is only one ( rather than two ) elongated yellow dorsal spot on the 9th abdominal segment . the black head capsule now has a triangular white patch on the frons and a prominent white arch . this instar lasts only 1 to 1 . 5 days with the body length reaching 9mm before the moult to the 3rd instar .\ntwo views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 5 . 7mm\ntwo views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 8 . 5mm\nthe 3rd instar caterpillar is similar in appearance to the 2nd instar caterpillar , one obvious change is in the three pairs of processes which are proportionately longer . the head capsule also has an outer white arch at the rear periphery . this instar takes about 1 - 1 . 5 days to complete with body length reaching about 12mm .\nretaining very much the same body features from the previous instar , the 4th instar caterpillar distinguishes itself in having proportionately longer processes , with the mesothoracic pair the longest and having a strong tendency to flex forward . this instar lasts 2 days with the body length reaching about 21mm .\ntwo views of a 4th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 12mm .\ntwo views of a 4th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 16mm .\nthe 5th and final instar appears similar to the previous two instars but again with proportionately longer and filamentous processes , particularly so for the mesothoracic pair . all six processes now have a crimson coloration at the basal portion .\ntwo views of a 5th instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 26mm .\ntwo views of a 5th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 39mm .\nthe 5th instar lasts for 2 - 3 days , and the body length reaches up to 42mm . on the last day , the caterpillar ceases feeding , and its body becomes shortened and decolorized , most notably in the yellow and crimson coloration . it wanders around in search of a pupation site . typically it comes to a halt on a branch / stem or a leaf underside , where the caterpillar spins a silk pad from which it soon hangs vertically to take on the pre - pupatory pose .\npupation takes place about 0 . 75 days after the caterpillar assumes the hanging posture .\nthe barrel - shaped pupa suspends itself from the silk pad with no supporting silk girdle . the pupa could be green , pink even white in coloration . it has a median transverse line marked with a series of black spots and an outer series of yellow spots .\nafter about 5 days of development , the pupal skin turns translucent as the development within the pupal case comes to an end . the prominent white spots on the forewing upperside also become discernible . the following day , the adult butterfly emerges from the pupal case .\nto conservation ecologists or purist nature enthusiasts and you may get a bit more than just raised eyebrows \u2013 experience has shown that there have been passionate objections and heated arguments about this . there are , of course , valid causes for concern , but the other side of the argument also has pertinent points favouring re - introductions .\nfor those who may not be aware , re - introduction is the intentional and deliberate release of species back into the wild . these species are either bred , or captured and released from other areas where the species still exists . in various taxonomic groups , it usually involves species that are critically endangered or extinct in the wild . technically , re - introduction usually involves the returning of species into locations or regions where they were previously found or recorded with a fair measure of confidence , but are now extinct . hence some practitioners of re - introduction programmes prefer to call it \u201cre - establishment\u201d .\nre - introduction programmes have been more predominantly focused on mammals and vertebrates like birds and occasionally amphibians . there are some well - known programmes since the early 1980\u2032s where biologists have studied the impacts of re - introducing a species into the habitat it once existed in .\nhabitat and preferred localities that the butterfly can survive and thrive \u2013 those species which survive in the forested areas which are protected are more likely to be sustainable .\nlarger and more robust species that are easier to be bred and withstand environmental pollution .\nits early stages and whether the caterpillars may cause other species ( even besides butterflies ) to be affected by their presence .\nwhether the intentional cultivation of the host plant may affect the floral ecological balance .\nthere have been several successes of butterfly re - introduction programmes in the west , in particular , two examples being the karner blue ( lycaeides melissa samuelis ) in ohio , usa and the large blue ( phengaris arion ) butterfly which was declared extinct in the uk in 1979 , but has been successfully re - introduced .\nit is not known whether there have been any similar re - introduction programmes in southeast asia , nor any research papers done to document if there have been any successes . thus far , internet searches have delivered only reports of butterfly re - introductions from western countries .\nfrom those checklists , a selection of e . g . 5 - 6 species could be done , and studies conducted on populations of these species where they still exist . the nearest populations of some of these species would be a mere hour\u2019s drive up north into the malaysian state of johor .\nonce observations and reports are made of these species in their natural habitats and general behaviour and habits of the species , host plants , early stages and so on , the search for possibly similar habitats be made in singapore , where the species could be re - introduced . one premise that should be established would be the availability of the caterpillar host plant in singapore , its abundance , and extent of spread across the island . care must be taken , of course , that the host plant is already native to the singapore flora checklist and not to introduce an exotic species of plant to singapore .\nprior to the re - introduction programme , the host plant must be cultivated , perhaps under the national parks board\u2019s supervision , at locations like singapore\u2019s urban parks , gardens , park connectors and so on , where the cultivation of the plants can be supervised and observed .\nonce there is enough critical mass of the host plant ( that is , assuming that the plant is not common in the first instance ) , then the import of pupae or wild - captured males and females of the target species is released into the wild . unlike mammals , there is no need to \u2018train\u2019 the released butterflies to hunt or adapt to its new surroundings .\nit has always been a subject of debate , whether human intervention is advisable where the survival of a species is concerned . they may have gone extinct for a good reason , and bringing them back into the environment may not necessarily be a good thing . however , one can always argue that a species has gone extinct , precisely because of human intervention in the first instance ( like development , land clearing , removal of a plant species , pollution in the environment , and so on ) . hence where humans have been the cause for the extirpation of a species , it would only be right that humans make amends to bring the species back .\nthe debate will not ever end , as there will always be proponents on both sides , extolling the pros and cons of whether to re - introduce a species , or not . as a supporter of butterfly re - introduction , i would personally recommend that further observations and studies continue to be carried out before a pilot scheme for a re - introduction be attempted .\n\u2013 re - introduction case studies from around the globe : edited by pritpal s . soorae \u2013 \u00a9 2008 iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group\n\u2013 not quite yet the number of spartans who made history under king leonidas at the battle of thermopylae . but that\u2019s the number of articles on this blog with this post , chugging along with at least an article a week , sometimes more , for the past three years .\nit is now 11 nov 2010 , and this blog has soldiered on since it was set up on 16 aug 2007 and the first articles on our beloved butterflies started on 5 nov 2007 . since then , we have produced articles of interest about butterflies , ranging from behaviour and ecology , early stages , conservation , photography , travelogues and so on . in a manner of speaking , we can now celebrate our third anniversary of this butterflies of singapore blog .\ni would like to thank my fellow members at butterflycircle , many of whom had written articles for this blog , or have been willing to share their photographic works of butterflies . in particular , my sincere thanks to horace tan , who has written some of the most engaging and informative articles on the early stages of singapore\u2019s butterflies available to date \u2013 complete from egg to eclosion and many with amazing video clips of the butterflies\u2019 moulting , pupation and eclosion .\nwe hope that this blog will be able to continue in the years to come as we endeavour to share and learn more about our beloved flying jewels in singapore and beyond our shores . this is our contribution to biodiversity conservation and education in singapore and for all and sundry to learn and enjoy the articles .\nthere have been a couple of unkind individuals who have criticised and trivialised the articles and even the recent field guide that was a culmination of years of effort and the combined work of many butterflycircle members . to these unhappy individuals , we can only express our sympathy , as it merely reflects their childish behaviour and unfortunate upbringing that they seek only to destroy the work that others have done .\nwe would urge them to make peace with whatever unhappiness that they have in their lives , and channel their energies to do their own part in promoting the appreciation of butterflies and spend their time more productively , instead of making unsavoury remarks from the sidelines \u2013 which only undermines their own credibility and wins them no respect from the nature community in singapore .\nwe are , however , encouraged by the growing membership in butterflycircle , and with more mature and sincere individuals who are able to contribute productively in this hobby and past - time pursuit that has yielded happy times and pleasant memories out in the field together .\nwe also wish to thank all the guests and readers of this blog , most of whom had left complimentary comments and cheery well - wishes on the blog\u2019s articles . we are encouraged and happy to know that our efforts are not in vain , as there are many readers from singapore and all over the world who appreciate , and have benefited from our work .\nwith that , please join us in the journey ahead , as we continue to do our work in butterfly conservation , learning and sharing on this blog . for our work is never finished and there are more and more things to learn in the years to come . happy 3rd birthday to the butterflies of singapore blog !"]}
{"id": 943, "summary": [{"text": "amblyraja taaf , the whiteleg skate or thorny skate , is a little-known skate found at depths ranging from 150 to 600 meters .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the whiteleg skate has been located off crozet and kerguelen islands .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "other specimens have been found off the coast of south africa and madagascar but may be unrepresentative of the skate 's native regions .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "because of the limited knowledge of its biology and extent of capture in fisheries , this species is assessed as data deficient . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "amblyraja taaf", "paragraphs": ["citation :\nwhiteleg skates , amblyraja taaf ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 6 / 1 / 2013 11 : 47 : 00 am ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nresearch amblyraja taaf \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nthought to be widespread in the indian antarctic ocean at depths of 150 to 600 m , though may be found at greater depths ( stehmann and burkel 1990 ) . dulvy and reynolds ( 2002 ) give a minimum depth of 320 m and a maximum of 350 m , with a latitudinal range of two degrees . maximum size is reportedly 90 cm total length ( tl ) and size at birth is about 17 cm tl ( stehmann and burkel 1990 ) . diet appears to be wide ranging from polycheates and crustaceans , to teleosts ( meissner 1987 ) . amblyraja taaf is reported to display sexual dimorphism ( meissner 1987 ) , with males in general being larger than the females . fecundity is unknown for this species .\nantarctic and southern indian ocean : known from just south of the crozet and kerguelen islands and well south of south africa and madagascar ( stehmann and b\u00fcrkel 1990 , compagno and ebert 2007 ) . southeast atlantic ocean : the south african records of a . taaf may prove to be of strays from its known range in sub - antarctic seas ( compagno and ebert 2007 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnotarbartolo di sciara , g . & valenti , s . v . ( shark red list authority )\n, forms the bulk of bycatch of the patagonian toothfish fishery in the crozet islands eez . bycatch of rajids (\n) in this fishery reported to commission for the conservation of antarctic marine living resources ( ccamlr ) ranged from nothing in 1998 / 1999 , increasing to 95 to 91 t in 2002 - 2004 and to 163 t in 2005 / 2006 ( ccamlr 2006 ) .\nactual bycatch levels are likely much greater though as a result of illegal , unreported and unregulated ( iuu ) fishing for patagonian toothfish throughout the area . most iuu fishing is thought to have occurred in the indian ocean sector around crozet , heard , kerguelen and prince edward islands ( lack and sant 2001 ) . increased surveillance within the eez of these states in recent years means that iuu fishing now occurs mainly outside the eez .\nthis species probably has limiting life - history characteristics similar to other deepwater skates , making it vulnerable to population depletion . current levels of exploitation may therefore be unsustainable .\nnone in place . the ccamlr working group recommend that , where possible , all rajids should be cut from the line while still in the water , except on the request of observers , and that areas with high bycatch rates should be avoided by patagonian toothfish fisheries . information is required to better define the distribution and the impact of fisheries across the species ' entire range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\na new species of ray ( rajidae , batoidei ) from the indian ocean sector of the antarctic .\n( meissner , 1987 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\n90 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . ) )\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nview an interactive map to identify other ports managed by suffolk coastal as well as sites where philis is available .\nsuffolk coastal port health authority 70 shed , oysterbed road , the dock felixstowe , suffolk ip11 4an telephone : 01394 613330 fax : 01394 613331 email : port . health @ urltoken\noffice hours : monday to thursday 6 . 30am to 10 . 00pm , friday - 6 . 30am to 9 : 30pm , saturdays and sundays - 6 . 30am to 2 . 30pm\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license ."]}
{"id": 947, "summary": [{"text": "junius ( 15 march 1976 \u2013 1997 ) was an american-bred , irish-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after fetching a price of $ 300,000 as a yearling he was sent to race in europe where he had his greatest success as a two-year-old in 1978 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "following a narrow defeat on his debut he won twice in ireland before traveling to england and winning the group one middle park stakes in record time .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he failed on his only appearance in the following year and was retired from racing .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he stood as a breeding stallion in ireland and japan but had little impact as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "junius ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["the junius cup was the third race on day one , and creeper won it \u201cin fine style\u201d , according to the monitor of october 8 .\nthe junius cup comes from the estate of the late richard kelynack evans of rylstone , a direct descendant of the original winning owner , robert fitzgerald .\nhis millionaire father , junius , made his fortune by investing other people\u2019s money and helped found modern investment banking . when john pierpont , or jp , is a child , junius has him handle a million dollars in cash so he knows what it feels like . jp morgan is taught early to avoid risk .\n1 lithograph : color . | george washington on horse , soldiers fighting during the battle of the monongahela .\nthe junius cup has been documented in literature including \u201caustralian silver 1800 to 1900\u201d by john hawkins , the catalogue for a 1973 exhibition held by the national trust of australia . further background has been researched by rkt\u2019s jonathan alford .\nthe decision to hold the races on october 3 and 5 in 1827 , to fit in with the parramatta fair , was taken at a meeting at parramatta\u2019s woolpack inn \u2013 which still trades today . the woolpack\u2019s licensee , andrew nash , owned the original junius , which was renowned in the colony , and even issued his own pound notes featuring an image of the horse .\nafter a grim few years of economic gloom , ireland\u2019s thoroughbred horse breeders are looking forward to bright year of the horse . my friends back home tell me forget france and red wine - lots of rich chinese are coming to visit studs and other bloodstock breeding grounds in ireland .\nrelatively humble yet functional and elegant , it is 21cm high with out - turned lip and gadrooned lower section , raised on a knopped stem , the interior being gilded . it is inscribed \u201cthe junius cup , presented to robt fitzgerald , as the winner by his horse creeper . . . \u201d while the reverse bears the wording \u201cnsw , parramatta racing fund , october meeting 1827\u201d .\nthe 3 . 3 million square metre site in panzhuang , ninghe county , tianjin is designed to meet the needs of china\u2019s new horse industry .\nas rocking horse entered the 1990s , the signs of financial distress w ere alarmingly abundant . saddled with an extremely large bank loan it could not pay , rocking horse had difficulty convincing its bank to a pprove a lease on a company vehicle . the company had a negative net w orth of $ 3 . 8 million and was reeling from the effects of successi ve annual losses . after rocking horse defaulted on its loans , the acc ounting firm of coopers lybrand issued a statement based on the child - care provider ' s 1991 results , stating that it was unsure if rocking horse had the capacity to survive .\nbooth next jumped off the stage , breaking his leg in the process , but managed to make it to his getaway horse before anyone in the shocked crowd could stop him .\ntianjin has already hosted china\u2019s richest - ever race day last autumn , which included the inaugural rmb1 million tianjin national cup . tianjin has a 150 year tradition of horse racing .\njunius ( usa ) b . h , 1976 { 3 - n } dp = 14 - 6 - 6 - 2 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 4 . 60 cd = 1 . 14 - 5 starts , 3 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 64 , 664\nayr gold cup and portland handicap winner 1977 grey horse foaled : 1974 by comedy star out of romany rose jon george was another superb sprinter we trained here at sheriff hutton . foaled in 1974 he went on to complete the ayr gold cup and portland handicap at the age of three . he was a grey horse by comedy star and went on to stand as a stallion . click here for more !\na year after petrarch had won the middle park , chamant became the first horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes and the following year he also added the 2 , 000 guineas .\na bay horse , raja baba stood 15 . 3 hands . he was compact , short - legged and correct with strong forearms and extremely powerful quarters . he was said to have had a kindly temperament .\nrocking horse began modestly , with a single child - care center that re corded $ 48 , 000 in revenue during its first year of operation . roc king horse did not expand until april 1986 , but once it began develop ing into a chain of day - care centers , the company did so with fervor . by the end of 1986 , the company ' s revenue total had increased mighti ly , swelling to nearly $ 3 million as it began an aggressive acqui sition campaign . between april 1986 and october 1987 , rocking horse a cquired 31 child - care centers and constructed two new facilities , ext ending its operating territory to an eight - state area . the company ' s energetic growth , however , did not translate into profitability . rock ing horse posted a net loss of $ 3 . 2 million in 1986 , $ 300 , 000 more than it collected in revenue .\non may 10 , 1838 , john wilkes booth was born near bel air , maryland . booth was the second youngest of 10 children . his father , junius brutus booth , was a well - known actor and was eccentric , with a reputation for heavy drinking . john and his siblings were raised on a farm , which was worked by the family & apos ; s slaves .\nthree years later the great bahram gave notice of his immense talent as he won the gimcrack stakes and middle park stakes . in 1935 he was a fantastic winner of the triple crown and became the last horse to accomplish this feat before nijinsky in 1970 .\nwhen clegg joined rocking horse in may 1992 , he inherited a company t hat had lost $ 10 . 2 million during the previous two years . the los ses were out of control , delivering staggering blows to a company tha t only generated roughly $ 30 million in annual sales . clegg worke d quickly to trim the company ' s liability , reducing rocking horse ' s d ebt by nearly $ 7 million within a year . he raised money for much - needed restructuring through private placements , initially raising & #\nthough his father junius believes it a fad , electric light becomes a must have modern utility for the city\u2019s elite . against his father\u2019s advice , morgan invests everything in edison to form the edison electricity company . they create the world\u2019s first power station and soon half of manhattan\u2019s connected . but every home and business lit electrically is a lost customer to rockefeller who supplies kerosene to the oil powered lamps . so he starts planting scare stories in the press .\nin 2012 reckless abandon became the latest horse to complete the prix morny - middle park stakes double , having already won the norfolk stakes and prix robert papin . he ended the year unbeaten in 5 races but ran well without winning as a 3 year old sprinter .\nthe first winner of the race was a horse called the rake in 1866 and just five years later , the 1871 winner was called prince charlie and the following years he went on to become the first colt to land the middle park - 2 , 000 guineas double .\njingle bells\nwas written by james l . pierpont , the uncle of famed financier j . p . morgan . the song , originally titled\nthe one horse open sleigh ,\nwas actually written about thanksgiving , and was considered a failure when first published in 1857 .\ndesert star holdings chairman teo ah khing\u2019s tak design has an impressive pedigree , being responsible for the design , development and delivery of the meydan grandstand and racecourse in dubai . he is also behind the china horse club , the exclusive membership group connected to the tianjin equine culture city .\ncoolmore is helping to set up the stud farm , with broodmares from ireland . the breeding programme has already started . more than a hundred mares will be sent to china over three years . stallions will follow . coolmore is hosting china\u2019s top agriculture graduates from the inner mongolia agricultural university , so they can learn how to run the equine operation . coolmore\u2019s tom magnier said :\nthis major new chinese project is great news for the world horse racing and breeding industry ,\nadding he was very excited by the continued growth in this relationship with the china horse club .\nbold lad and petingo were smart winners of the race in the 1960s but both failed to add classic glory the following season . right tack however , won the 1968 middle park stakes and the following season became the first horse to win both the english and irish 2 , 000 guineas .\nthis is the first of its kind on the mainland and is the first international joint venture into horse racing and breeding and is designed to help china to get started at the highest level . tianjin , population 12 million and close to beijing , is opening the equine centre in phases .\nindeed , ireland\u2019s famous coolmore stud has joined forces with the china horse club and last year spent almost us $ 4 million ( hk $ 31 million ) on two blue - blooded colts , sired by fastnet rock , at the inglis australian easter yearling sale . the horses are being trained by coolmore in australia . it was the start of their joint venture , destined to set the tone for china\u2019s new racehorse and breeding industry . this partnership between the globally renowned coolmore and the chinese government backed tianjin state farms agribusiness group and desert star holdings , affiliated to the china horse club , sees the establishment of a huge breeding operation . this is part of china\u2019s new world class tianjin equine culture city project .\nrobert fitzgerald , to whom the cup is dedicated , was the son of richard fitzgerald , a convict turned rich pastoralist who became a close friend of governor macquarie and his wife . aged only 20 when his horse creeper won the cup , the son went on to become one of the colony\u2019s biggest landowners , an mlc and a director of the bank of nsw .\ndespite the loss , the company continued to expand into the late 1980s . rocking horse raised $ 5 million in a public offering of stock i n october 1987 , the capital from which was used , as its president , jo hn w . quaintance , told the philadelphia business journal in th e october 12 , 1987 , issue ,\nto continue our acquisition strategy .\nby the end of 1988 , the company operated 41 of what it called\npreschoo l learning centers .\nthere were ten each in georgia and florida , eigh t in south carolina , four each in illinois and pennsylvania , three in new jersey , and one each in maine and massachusetts . rocking horse h eld licenses to accommodate 5 , 538 children , allowing an average of 13 5 children per center . the company charged between $ 43 to $ 14 0 per week for its child - care services , the nature of which represent ed the hidden and unexploited strength of the chain . to distinguish i tself from the scores of other child - care companies in existence , roc king horse used professionally developed educational and recreational programs administered by trained supervisors and teachers . by tailor ing itself as more than a traditional day - care provider , the company ' s management hoped to attract parents and their children away from th e competition , but the strategy never worked , at least not financiall y . by the end of the decade , rocking horse was a company suffering fr om profound financial problems .\n, beaten just over two lengths . he was exactly the same distance behind cockney rebel when they were again first and fourth in the irish 2 , 000 guineas three weeks later , but he had his revenge on that horse ( and on dutch art ) when finishing second in an aidan o\u2019brien - trained trifecta in the st . james\u2019s palace stakes at royal ascot , splitting\nthe 1980 middle park went to mattaboy , a colt who was narrowly defeated by to agori mou in the 1981 2 , 000 guineas . then after cajun had won the race for sir henry cecil in 1981 , the champion trainer added a second consecutive middle park stakes in 1982 , through diesis . the son of sharpen up , racing in the apricot silks of lord howard de walden , was a fully brother to kris and then won a sensational dewhurst stakes in which the long odds - on favourite and so - called \u201cwonder horse\u201d gorytus was virtually pulled up amid allegations of doping . the headlines rather robbed diesis of his achievement in winning the double and he became the last horse to win both the middle park stakes and the dewhurst stakes , although he sadly failed to reproduce his form in 1983 .\njohn pierpont morgan was born into a distinguished new england family on april 17 , 1837 , in hartford , connecticut . one of his maternal relatives , james pierpont ( 1659 - 1714 ) , was a founder of yale university ; his paternal grandfather was a founder of the aetna insurance company ; and his father , junius spencer morgan ( 1813 - 90 ) , ran a successful hartford dry - goods company before becoming a partner in a london - based merchant banking firm . after graduating from high school in boston in 1854 , pierpont , as he was known , studied in europe , where he learned french and german , then returned to new york in 1857 to begin his finance career .\nmultiple winning sprinter and successful stallion brown horse foaled : 1969 by firestreak out of silver sand wins : 6 workboy was a magnificent looking brown horse he was bred by mrs k e cooke , by the stallion firestreak out of singing sand . a very fast horse over sprint distances , workboy was a six times winner earning black type by being placed in four group races . his list of wins included the cherkley sprint at epsom , and the zetland handicap at doncaster . he was also placed seven times including the group 3 king george stakes at goodwood , the palace house stakes , the national stakes and the group 1 kings stand stakes . his career earnings were \u00a313 , 387 when he was retired . workboy went on to stand as a stallion at easthorpe hall stud , malton and also ham house stud and norton grove stud , siring many winners both on the flat , over jumps and also point to pointers . his stud book entry described him as a\nracehorse of phenomenal speed and courage\n. workboy had a successful stud career , and offspring included spriteband , beckingham ben , peacework , contact kelvin and grange hill girl . the photo shows him winning the north cave auction plate at beverley westwood on 7th may 1971 . thank you brian bivens for the photos and information .\ncesarewitch winner , newmarket 1967 bay horse foaled : 1965 by mossborough out of branches park boismoss became one of our earliest big winners when he won the cesarewitch in 1967 ridden by ernie johnson . sent off at 13 - 1 , he saw out the marathon 2m 2f trip to win the race at the age of three . he is pictured here leading the string , ridden by jock skilling . thank you to brian bivens for the photo .\nit took roughly a decade before nobel arrived at the strategy , the co rporate structure , and the leader capable of achieving consistent suc cess . the years in between were difficult , a period when nobel operat ed under a different name and pursued a different corporate mission . nobel began operating in 1984 as rocking horse child care centers of america inc . , a cherry hill , new jersey - based operator of private chi ld - care centers .\nbahamian bounty won the 1996 middle park stakes but disappointed in the dewhurst stakes and the following year david morley was back in the winners\u2019 enclosure thanks to hayil . tragically morley passed away early the next year and the horse moved to the french yard of freddie head but never made an impression . the middle park stakes really underlined the training prowess of david morley who had successfully trained national hunt horses since the early 1970s and was a hugely popular figure .\nthe next two years proved that duke of marmalade\u2019s injury had healed very well , because through the \u201907 and \u201908 seasons he proved himself a very tough horse , as well as a very good one . he was thrown straight in at the deep end first up at three : having his first run for nearly 10 months , he was one of aidan o\u2019brien\u2019s three runners in the 2 , 000 guineas . he fared the best of this trio , finishing fourth behind\nthe third and most famous woodcut from d\u00fcrer ' s series of illustrations for the apocalypse , the four horsemen presents a dramatically distilled version of the passage from the book of revelation ( 6 : 1\u20138 ) :\nand i saw , and behold , a white horse , and its rider had a bow ; and a crown was given to him , and he went out conquering and to conquer . when he opened the second seal , i heard the second living creature say , ' come ! ' and out came another horse , bright red ; its rider was permitted to take peace from the earth , so that men should slay one another ; and he was given a great sword . when he opened the third seal , i heard the third living creature say , ' come ! ' and i saw , and behold , a black horse , and its rider had a balance in his hand ; . . . when he opened the fourth seal , i heard the voice of the fourth living creature say , ' come ! ' and i saw , and behold , a pale horse , and its rider ' s name was death , and hades followed him ; and they were given great power over a fourth of the earth ; to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by wild beasts of the earth .\ntransforming what was a relatively staid and unthreatening image in earlier illustrated bibles , d\u00fcrer injects motion and danger into this climactic moment through his subtle manipulation of the woodcut . the parallel lines across the image establish a basic middle tone against which the artist silhouettes and overlaps the powerful forms of the four horses and riders\u2014from left to right , death , famine , war , and plague ( or pestilence ) . their volume and strong diagonal motion enhance the impact of the image , offering an eloquent demonstration of the masterful visual effects d\u00fcrer was able to create in this medium .\nchestnut mare foaled : 1983 by junius ( usa ) out of restless lady wins : 14 catherine ' s well was bred foaled in 1983 , a bright chestnut filly by junius . she made her racecourse debut as a two year old and proved she had bags of speed . she won her first race at doncaster in september 1985 and the same season also won at newmarket and again at doncaster later in the year . her biggest win came at ripon in her three year old season when she won the great st wilfrid handicap , a season which also saw her win at beverley , newcastle and newmarket . catherine ' s well had won seven races when she was then retired to the paddocks but she failed to produce a winner from her first three foals . she returned to training in 1991 , but her second career didn ' t start well as she was left at the start in her first race at ripon in april 1991 . however , she soon got back into the racing game and that season she won at catterick and ripon . catherine ' s well raced for another two seasons winning again at doncaster ( twice ) , catterick , thirsk and york . in all she managed to win seven races between her first and her second retirements . returning to the paddocks , her second spell as a broodmare was a huge success and she will be remembered as a brilliant broodmare in her later career as well as a 14 times winner . she was to be the dam of many winning sprinters including williams well who also went on to win the great st wilfrid handicap in 2000 and other multiple winners including emperor ' s well and elvington boy .\n\u2019s st leger . this is clearly \u201ca stallions\u2019 family\u201d \u2013 but that , of course , is no guarantee that duke of marmalade will prove a good stallion . however , the most obvious clues are often the best ones \u2013 and in this case the most obvious clues are that duke of marmalade is a beautiful horse who proved himself to be close to the perfect racehorse in three testing seasons of racing . it would be a foolish man who wrote off his prospects at this very early stage .\ncertainly the middle park stakes does not hold the same sway it did 50 years ago , when it was a major pointer to the following year\u2019s classics . often the speedier early season type of horse competes in the race nowadays and it has perhaps more bearing on the following year\u2019s major sprints . however every so often a rodrigo de triano might come along and the race remains one of the big prizes of the year as one of only three group 1 races exclusively run for two year old colts in britain .\nduke of marmalade retired to coolmore stud in 2009 at a fee of 40 , 000 euros . the relatively quiet season enjoyed by his first juveniles last year proved a major factor in his foals selling badly last autumn ( averaging 8 , 856 gns , having been conceived in 2011 at a fee of 25 , 000 euros ) and in his fee being reduced to 12 , 500 euros for the current season . however , it would be extremely premature to write the horse off . he himself improved notably as he matured and , with\nanother brilliant colt appeared in the 1888 middle park stakes , which was won in terrific style by donovan . the colt had started off winning the brocklesby stakes at lincoln and later won at the royal meeting . after landing the middle park stakes donovan stepped up to 7 furlongs and became the latest horse to add the dewhurst stakes and by the season\u2019s end , had won 11 of his 13 races . as a 3 year old , donovan won the derby and st leger and was denied a triple crown by just a head in the 2 , 000 guineas .\nthe task of rescuing rocking horse fell to a new management team head ed by a . j .\njack\nclegg , whose arrival marked the beginning of a new and decidedly more successful era . clegg ' s professional background in cluded the 1979 founding of empery corporation , an operator of cable television and printing business . at empery , clegg served as chairman , president , and chief executive officer from 1979 to 1992 , but his d uties at empery represented only a fraction of his business backgroun d in the decade preceding his arrival at rocking horse . between 1983 and 1993 , clegg served as chairman and chief executive officer of tvc , inc . , a distributor of cable television components . during the same period he also held identical titles at design mark industries , a ma nufacturer of electronic senswitches . clegg served as chairman and ch ief executive officer of globe ticket and label company from 1984 to 1991 and was on the board of directors of ferguson international hold ings plc . in the academic world , he was a member of the advisory boar d of drexel university , an honor bestowed on the then - 50 - year - old cle gg in 1989 .\nbay gelding foaled : 1999 by bluebird out of suedoise races : 92 wins : 9 blue spinnaker arrived in 2002 after i bought him from john hammond in france . he had had problems with his legs but i knew i could fix him up and i knew he would be good once i had ! he showed lots of promise on his debut at pontefract where he was narrowly beaten by a head in a maiden race for older horses at odds of 100 / 1 . at that point i knew i had a serious horse on my hands . spinnaker went on to win the thirsk hunt cup and the zetland gold cup along with seven other races in 92 outings . he earned a total of \u00a3160 , 000 in prizemoney . blue spinnaker liked doncaster , winning there three times and he also won twice just up the road at york and twice at thirsk as well as at redcar and haydock . it was his fifth win , at york in 2006 , that got me into trouble . i was interviewed about how i bought him and i got pulled up for what i said on the telly . i had no idea it was a forbidden word that i ' d used , but i got a letter for me troubles and a slap on the hand . blue spinnaker was retired in 2011 . he is still with us here at the yard and now in his 18th year he provides a valuable role , babysitting the yearlings when they are out in the fields . it suits him y ' see , ' cos he ' s a bossy sort and he likes to put the youngsters in their place . a bargain horse that goes on to win some big races and wins twice on our home track at york , that ' s the sort of horse that gives me so much satisfaction . click here for more !\nin 1890 , morgan\u2019s father dies after a horse carriage accident . it instantly quadruples morgan\u2019s wealth . the 1893 world fair is to be held in chicago and organisers want the entire event lit with electricity . westinghouse underbids at a quarter of the cost offered by morgan . over 27 million people flock to see the 200 , 000 light bulbs that illuminate the event , powered by westinghouse generators . and in 1895 , it\u2019s the westinghouse ac electric generating plant that is built at niagara . it seems it will be him , not morgan who will light america . in 1897 , tesla tears up his patent claim on his ac design , reducing his rights to profits which immediately attracts investment into the westinghouse / tesla company .\ngimcrack stakes winner , york 1986 chestnut horse foaled : 1984 by thatching out of lustrine races : 13 wins : 5 wiganthorpe was foaled in ireland on 12th april 1984 . we purchased him for just 2 , 000gns as a yearling after he failed the veterinary checks at the sales with a wind infirmity . wiganthorpe was a striking bright chestnut with three white socks , making him very easy to spot in his races . he was a precocious individual and at the age of two he won the prestigious gimcrack stakes at york , ridden by the legendary willie carson . after several seasons at stud in the uk , wiganthorpe was exported to australia on 22nd september 1993 and went on to stand as a successful stallion in the southern hemisphere . he died at the age of 23 in november 2007 .\nwhile facts and figures of a stallion\u2019s first crop of two - year - olds make one tool which many people use to help themselves rush to judgement about whether or not a stallion is going to make the grade , another factor which people seem to consider important is whether or not the horse comes from \u201ca stallions\u2019 family\u201d . this , of course , is also nonsense , because it is not uncommon to find excellent stallions who have no other notable sires in their immediate family ; while there are likewise plenty of indifferent sires who are closely related to extremely successful stallions . duke of marmalade\u2019s pedigree provides a perfect example of the fact that hailing from \u201ca stallions\u2019 family\u201d means nothing : he is related seemingly to dozens of horses who have retired to stud over the past few decades , some of whom have done very well and some of whom proved bitterly disappointing .\nbay gelding foaled : 2004 by machiavellian out of magna graecia races : 94 wins : 7 ancient cross joined us in march 2008 after running just once for mark johnston . he was placed five times in his first season here , but did not win his first race until the age of five . ancient cross was a horse who got better with age . after many placed runs he won his first race at musselburgh in 2009 and won again a few weeks later at catterick . after winning at york in may 2011 he scored his biggest career win in the 2011 gosforth park cup at newcastle . ancient cross was again a winner at york ' s dante festival in 2013 and the following month he won the ayr silver cup under top weight . as time was catching up with him , it was decided to retire him in june 2016 . however , he went out with a bang and he became a popular winner at hamilton park when he came home in front for joanna mason , which was to be ancient cross ' s last race . click here for more !\nthirteen wins , including flat , hurdles and fences bay gelding foaled : 2006 by dansili out of bay shade races : 65 wins : 13 shadows lengthen came to the yard as a yearling having being bought at tattersalls for a mere 5 , 500 gns . and what a bargain for a horse that went on to become a 13 times winner ! running in the red and white colours of thomas frost , his two year old career started unspectacularly , finishing second last on his debut , and signing off his juvenile year at redcar where he finished 20th of 20 . gelded in the autumn of 2008 , his first win came at southwell in november , the first leg of an amazing six - timer as he won five times at southwell and once at wolverhampton in the space of just over two months . he became a certainly throughout the autumn on the all weather , twice sent off odds on in what should have been competitive handicaps . however , as always happens the handicapper was to put an end to the winning streak as shadows was put up 32 pounds in the ratings . the remainder of 2010 proved more difficult , and the beginning of 2011 saw shadows began his hurdling career , winning at catterick and doncaster . rated 120 , in december 2012 he was switched to jumping fences , and won at the second time of asking at sedgefield . further victories came at bangor , doncaster and haydock . shadows saved the best ' til last , and his final win proved to be his biggest when he came home in front at wetherby , winning the listed bet365 handicap chase in october 2014 . shadows lengthen was retired in october 2017 , a thirteen times winner and one of the toughest most genuine horses we have ever trained .\nclamart is recorded as a foal in volume 9 of the french stud book where his sire is given as saumur or soukaras , in that order . in all later editions his sire is given only as saumur .\nowner : s . fraser breeder : warner l . jones jr . state bred : ky winnings : 5 starts : 3 - 1 - 0 , $ 64 , 664 at 2 : won william hill middle park s . ( eng - g1 ) 1977 sent from us to ireland . 1984 sent from ireland to japan . ( close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nplease check the help pages if you encounter trouble with search methods or data .\nkeith hamer previews the evening cards at windsor , ripon and roscommon and has a tip for every race .\ndavid ord makes a rebecca bastiman - trained sprinter his best bet at pontefract on tuesday after he caught the eye last time .\nashley iveson fancies shenanigans to land the feature race at pontefract - and he has a tip for every race in the uk and ireland .\non april 14 , 1865 , actor john wilkes booth assassinated president abraham lincoln while he was watching our american cousin at ford theater in washington , d . c .\njohn wilkes booth was born may 10 , 1838 , near bel air , maryland . at age 17 , he made his acting debut . in the 1850s , he joined the know - nothing party . during the civil war , he was a confederate secret agent . in march of 1865 , his attempt to kidnap president abraham lincoln failed . on april 14 , 1865 , he assassinated lincoln at ford theater . booth was killed on april 26 , 1865 , in port royal , virginia .\nas a youngster , booth attended the milton boarding school for boys\u2014and later st . timothy & apos ; s hall\u2014sporadically . from a very young age , he was described as disarmingly handsome . to those who knew him , it seemed only natural that he would follow in his father & apos ; s footsteps , by gracing the stage with his charismatic presence .\nwhen he turned 17 , booth made his acting debut in baltimore , with a role in a production of shakespeare & apos ; s richard iii . his early performances were such a hit that booth was soon invited to tour all over the country with a shakespearean acting company based in richmond , virginia .\nin 1862 , booth made his new york debut , this time as the lead in richard iii . the new york herald described him as a\nveritable sensation .\nwhen describing his natural inclination for the role , booth tellingly expressed his credo with the declaration ,\ni am determined to be a villain .\nwhile on tour , he achieved national praise as an up - and - comer , but a respiratory illness in 1863 meant booth had no choice but to take temporary leave from the stage . just days prior to delivering his famed gettysburg address that same year , president abraham lincoln watched a performance by booth in a play called the marble heart at ford\u2019s theater .\nin the 1850s , booth joined the know - nothing party , which aimed to limit immigration into the united states . in 1859 , he showed his support for slavery by joining a virginia militia that aided in the capture and execution of john brown , following his raid on harpers ferry . during the civil war , booth served as a secret agent for the confederacy .\nfaced with idle time during his break from the theater , booth became involved in a conspiracy to kidnap president lincoln . the plan involved bringing lincoln to richmond and demanding either peace or the release of confederate soldiers as a ransom . booth enlisted six southern sympathizers , but their march 1865 attempt in washington , d . c . , failed when the president failed to appear where they had anticipated .\nfrustrated at seeing his plot foiled , booth resolved to go to a far greater extreme . on april 14 , 1865 , just after 10 p . m . , booth shot and killed lincoln while he was watching a performance of the play our american cousin at washington , d . c . & apos ; s ford theater . directly after the shooting , booth leaped onto the stage and yelled ,\nsic semper tyrannis ! ( thusever to tyrants ! ) the south is avenged !\nafter crossing the potomac river with some difficulty , booth and his co - conspirators arrived at richard h . garrett & apos ; s farm in port royal , virginia . investigators were in hot pursuit and on april 26 , 1865 , caught up to the criminals , who had been hiding in garrett & apos ; s barn . booth refused to surrender , which spurred his pursuers to set the barn on fire . as the blaze engulfed the barn , booth was shot by one of the investigators , thomas p .\nboston\ncorbett , a union army soldier . corbett had intended to shoot booth in the arm , but his bullet struck booth & apos ; s neck instead . the shot paralyzed him . booth was then carried from the burning barn and lay three hours on garrett & apos ; s porch before he died .\nwe strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !\nedwin booth was a 19th century shakespearean actor best known for his portrayal of hamlet and as the brother of assassin john wilkes booth .\njohn dillinger was an infamous gangster and bank robber during the great depression . he was known as\njackrabbit\nand\npublic enemy no . 1 .\njohn brown was a 19th - century militant abolitionist known for his raid on harpers ferry in 1859 .\njohn forsythe was a theater , film and tv actor . he won golden globes for playing blake carrington in aaron spelling\u2019s long - running prime - time drama dynasty .\nu . s . secretary of state john hay began his career as abraham lincoln\u2019s private secretary , and was later known for promoting an\nopen door\npolicy in china .\njohn mills was an award - winning actor , dancer and producer whose career spanned eight decades with works like great expectations and ryan\u2019s daughter .\nbritish serial killer john christie murdered at least six women , including his wife , before being arrested and hanged in 1953 .\n\u00a9 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .\nfull name : lusopakak @ urltoken user title : watcher registered since : may 20th , 2007 07 : 58 current mood : accomplished artist profile : requests : keep an eye out for such journals . however , read the journal before posting your request , alright ? trades : note me about them ! or look for trade journals commissions : 7 usd for one character , 10 for two . price may vary due to subject matter and complexity . look out for discount journals ! i have a lot of stuff in scraps as well . check that out .\n7 usd - one character , no background ( read , transparent png background ) , full color 8 usd - background added 10 usd - two characters , no background , full color 11 - background added more characters , elaborate ideas , comics are more expensive . if you want a comic / sequence , keep in mind you ' ll be paying way more . note if interested , paypal is the method of payment . ( what if you want to do art trades instead ? well here ' s the post for that !\npage generated in 0 . 025 seconds [ 31 . 6 % php , 68 . 4 % sql ] ( 23 queries )\nbig enough to bail out the us , buy in a president & build the first billion dollar company . meet jp morgan .\nmorgan escapes military service during the civil war by paying $ 300 to a substitute to fight for him . during the war he buys five thousand rifles at $ 3 . 50 each and sells them on at $ 22 apiece . the rifles are defective and some shoot off the thumbs of the soldiers firing them . later , a congressional committee notes this but a federal judge upholds the deal and morgan is exonerated .\ndominated by his father , jp is 40 before he ignores his father\u2019s business lessons . he wants to be synonymous with an industry , like rockefeller is with oil , and carnegie is with steel .\nlike the discovery of fire and the invention of the wheel , electric light will revolutionise mankind and morgan believes , make him rich , and crucially , richer than his rivals . morgan hires thomas edison , a telegraph boy turned inventor , to install electricity in his 5th avenue manhattan mansion . morgan\u2019s home becomes a lab for edison\u2019s experiments and a small generator is installed to power the home\u2019s 400 light bulbs .\nan apprentice of edison , tesla , creates alternating current , or ac , but edison believes its higher voltage unsafe , so sticks to direct current , or dc . but electrical pioneer george westinghouse invests in tesla . and to disprove suggestions that ac is dangerous , tesla stages magical light shows where electricity harmlessly crackles around him . orders for westinghouse power stations pour in . edison tries to discredit ac by using it in his new creation , the electric chair . the first execution goes horribly wrong and instead of killing the man quickly , it slowly roasts him alive . the resultant publicity damages edison , not tesla .\nthe niagara falls contract opens for bids . it could light the entire north east and the only real choice is between morgan and westinghouse . and morgan desperately wanted to replace rockefeller as the man who lit america .\nso morgan threatens westinghouse with patent infringement . few could afford to fight a lengthy lawsuit with morgan . westinghouse , stretched to breaking point is forced to sign over tesla\u2019s patents . morgan\u2019s consolidated electric company ( minus edison and operating on ac ) general electric , will become one of america\u2019s biggest corporations .\nmorgan now heads the biggest investment bank in america , and has consolidated both the electricity and rail - road industries . by 1900 , morgan controls 100 , 000 miles of railroad , half the country\u2019s mileage .\nwhen , after a two year depression , the us treasury becomes desperate , morgan , a private individual guarantees them a $ 100m ( $ 3bn today ) and bails out the federal government , effectively bailing out the country from collapse . morgan virtually single handily saves the us economy in both 1895 and 1907 .\nthe process of creating a monopoly through the elimination of competition and the maximisation of profits by slashing the workforce and reducing their wages is named after jp morgan .\nbut as profits soar , working conditions sink . pay reduces so that the average worker earns barely a dollar a day , over 90 % of americans survive on less than $ 100 per month . working hours and workplace fatalities increase .\nin a single year , more men die inside a steel mill than died at the battle of gettysburg .\nmonopolies , cartels and trusts dominate everyday life . popular disgust at such unregulated capitalism leads to the rise of politicians such as democrat williams jennings bryan . he promises an end to the excesses of big business characterising the bosses as \u2018robber barons\u2019 .\nsensing a common threat , morgan , carnegie , and rockefeller , put aside their bitter rivalry to ensure their man , william mckinley sits in the white house . bryan criss - crosses the country in the nation\u2019s first press tour giving over 500 speeches . but he can\u2019t compete against the robber barons contributions . mckinley outspends bryan by a factor of five to one .\nin the 1896 election , 90 % of the electorate vote , double today\u2019s turnouts . but back then voting was a public affair and workers know they may be fired if seen to be voting for bryan . mckinley wins . he rolls back regulations .\ncarnegie agrees to sell out to morgan for the equivalent of four hundred billion dollars nowadays ( or $ 480 back then ) . this is more than the entire budget of the us federal government . it gives carnegie the largest private fortune the world has ever seen .\nit allows morgan , in 1901 , to create us steel , the first billion dollar company in history . it will dominate the steel business for almost a hundred years . at his peak morgan will sit on the board of 48 corporations .\nbut morgan\u2019s power drew the attention of new york city police commissioner turned politician , theodore roosevelt . born into a wealthy family , roosevelt entered public life after an image makeover from new york aristocrat to man of the people . he joins the army and serves during spanish - american war . back in new york as governor , he clamps down on the abuses of big business . the robber barons hope making roosevelt into the vice president will silence him .\nthe vice presidency in those days was a place where people went to disappear . they became vice president , were never heard from again . it was almost like a modern witness protection program .\nbut in 1901 , president mckinley is shot by leon czolgosz , a factory worker who lost his job in a jp morgan takeover . czolgosz had joined the growing anarchist movement and mckinley\u2019s big business ties made him a target .\nroosevelt , impotent as mckinley\u2019s number two , now becomes president . just five months into office he targets the morgan owned railroad consortium . morgan is furious . he sees the president of the united states as just another business rival to be bested , or bought off . the government sues the rail consortium in the first antitrust case filed against a major consortium . the case goes to the supreme court . roosevelt wins and jp morgan\u2019s rail monopoly is broken .\nundaunted , morgan invests in the new canal project in panama that hopes to link the atlantic and pacific oceans . morgan acts as the middle man for the government and raises $ 40m ( $ 70billion today ) to get the project started . over 75 , 000 workers labour in brutal heat , under the threat of deadly diseases , digging a 51 mile long canal . but in 1913 , a year before it\u2019s completed , morgan dies in his sleep aged 75 . the new york stock exchange shuts down for 2 hours in remembrance ; an honour normally reserved for the passing of a president .\nset in a pawn shop in johannesburg , south africa , they receive the most unexpected items to sell .\nrick talks about keeping his promise to get to the bottom of 10 - x in this season 4 web exclusive .\nread about the tings you didn ' t know about the annual boat race .\n\u00a92018 aetn uk all rights reserved . use of this site constitutes acceptance of terms\none of the most powerful bankers of his era , j . p . ( john pierpont ) morgan ( 1837 - 1913 ) financed railroads and helped organize u . s . steel , general electric and other major corporations . the connecticut native followed his wealthy father into the banking business in the late 1850s , and in 1871 formed a partnership with philadelphia banker anthony drexel . in 1895 , their firm was reorganized as j . p . morgan & company , a predecessor of the modern - day financial giant jpmorgan chase . morgan used his influence to help stabilize american financial markets during several economic crises , including the panic of 1907 . however , he faced criticism that he had too much power and was accused of manipulating the nation\u2019s financial system for his own gain . the gilded age titan spent a significant portion of his wealth amassing a vast art collection .\nin 1861 , morgan married amelia sturges , the daughter of a wealthy new york businessman . amelia morgan died of tuberculosis four months after the couple\u2019s wedding . in 1865 , morgan married frances louisa tracy ( 1842 - 1924 ) , the daughter of a new york lawyer , and the pair eventually had four children ."]}
{"id": 949, "summary": [{"text": "trithemis annulata , known commonly as the violet dropwing , violet-marked darter , purple-blushed darter or plum-coloured dropwing , is a species of dragonfly in the family libellulidae .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "it is found in most of africa , in the middle east , in the arabian peninsula and southern europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "these insects are called dropwings because of their habit of immediately lowering their wings after landing on a perch .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "males of this species are violet-red with red veins in the wings while females are yellow and brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "both sexes have red eyes . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "trithemis annulata", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz marked\nviolet dropwing trithemis annulata quinta do lago\nas trusted on the\ntrithemis annulata\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nlibelinha / / violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) , female\nas trusted on the\ntrithemis annulata\npage .\njustification : trithemis annulata is assessed as least concern in northern africa due to its widespread presence across the region .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nrotviolette segellibelle\nto\ntrithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nvioletter sonnendeuter\nto\ntrithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nvioletter sonnenzeiger\nto\ntrithemis annulata palisot de beauvois , 1807\n.\ntrithemis annulata is not under threat at the global scale , although local declines and extinctions may occur due to habitat destruction and water pollution .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata )\ntitle =\narkive species - violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - trithemis ( trithemis nigra )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - trithemis ( trithemis nigra )\ntitle =\narkive species - trithemis ( trithemis nigra )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ninformation on trithemis nigra is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\ntrithemis nigra is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ntrithemis annulata is one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative t . aurora .\njustification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 assessment : least concern ( lc ) trithemis annulata is common in a large part of the mediterranean and showed a strong expansion northwards . its habitats are not under any specific threats and the species is therefore assessed as least concern .\ntwo recently recorded dragonfly species , orthetrum trinacria and trithemis annulata , were observed over several bodies of water in gozo . the distribution of these species is documented . moreover , it is suggested that the introduction of these species could have been favoured by changes in the climate , in the light of similar observations made throughout southern europe .\ntrithemis annulata is an opportunist and ubiquitous species which is found in any type of freshwater whether standing or running . in tunisia , imagoes have been found at brackish running waters with a salinity reaching almost 0 . 9 % but it is not known whether they reproduce there . the larval period is short so that this species is able to reproduce successfully in temporary water bodies .\npinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .\npinhey , e . 1970 . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs of the entomological society of southern africa 11 : 1 - 159 .\nauthor : pristurus license : attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : english : unidentified dragonfly ( odonata ) ( violet dropwing ? ( trithemis annulata ? ) ) at a pool in a wadi , emirate of ra\u2019s al - chaima , united arab emirates deutsch : unidentifizierte libelle ( trithemis annulata ? ) in einem wadi an restwassert\u00fcmpel , emirat ra\u2019s al - chaima , vereinigte arabische emirate . link : urltoken title : libelle4 - 2016 - 01 - 26 . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s\nabout\npage . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\nthe violet dropwing ( trithemis annulata ) is a distinctive dragonfly that is well known for its striking violet colouration , from which it gets its common name . the male of this species appears purple , but this is due to a bright red base colour on the abdomen and thorax , which is overlaid with a blue , powdery bloom ( \u2018pruinescence\u2019 ) on the surface , creating the vibrant violet colouration ( 2 ) .\ntrithemis annulata is one of the most abundant dragonflies of tropical africa . it extends into europe along the mediterranean , where it is expanding its range . the first records of the species in spain date from late 1970s , corsica in the late 1980s , and the french and italian mainland in the early 1990s ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) . in northern africa , the species is fairly widespread , but is lacking some parts of egypt and libyan arab jamahiriya .\npinhey , e . c . g . ( 1970 ) . monographic study of the genus trithemis brauer ( odonata : libellulidae ) . memoirs entomological society southern africa , 11 , 1 - 159 . [ pdf file ]\ntrithemis annulata is a wide ranging afrotropical species that has expanded its range in southwestern europe rapidly in recent decades . it expanded over the whole of the iberian peninsula from 1978 onwards and was found in southwestern france for the first time in 1994 ( ferreras romero 1981 , grand 1994 ) . it is now regularly recorded from the garonne estuary to the rh\u00f4ne delta ( grand and boudot 2006 ) . the same expansion has been noted in italy and to a lesser extent in the balkan peninsula . recently the species was found at fuerteventura , canary islands ( boudot et al . 2009 ) . climate change seems to be the main driver of this expansion .\ndamm , s . , and hadrys , h . ( 2009 ) . trithemis morrisoni sp . nov . and t . palustris sp . nov . from the okavango and upper zambezi floodplains previously hidden under t . stictica ( odonata : libellulidae ) international journal of odonatology , 12 , 131\u2013145 . [ pdf file ]\nof the 16 total odonate species noted for the maltese islands , only nine taxa were recorded within the surveyed water - bodies . two species , o . trinacria and trithemis annulata ( palisot de beauvois 1807 ) , that have only been recently recorded ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) probably have established populations ( balzan 2008b ) . these two species were found associated with different types of aquatic habitats . conversely , the lack of records of species , such as orthetrum cancellatum ( l . 1758 ) and sympetrum striolatum ( charpentier 1840 ) , previously considered as common within the maltese islands , and other less abundant species such as orthetrum brunneum ( fonscolombe 1837 ) , may suggest that populations of odonata on the islands are on the decline . similar observations have been reported for several european ( sahl\u00e9n et al . 2004 ) and mediterranean ( riservato et al . 2009 ) species .\nin contrast , the female violet dropwing is not quite as vivid as the male . instead , the female has a yellow - brown body , a large yellow patch at the base of the hindwing , and no red in the wing veins ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the female violet dropwing can be distinguished from other female trithemis species by its stouter abdomen and by the black marks on top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments . juvenile male violet dropwings first adopt a yellowish colour similar to the female , then later turn orange and red and finally the vibrant violet colour on reaching maturity ( 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlibellula haematina rambur , 1842 , described from senegal and madagascar , and claimed to be occurring in la r\u00e9union , mauritius and sicily , represents the infraspecific variability and cannot be accepted as a valid taxon despite the treatment published by ris ( 1912 ) .\njustification : this is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats and it is therefore unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category . it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ( angola ) ; bahrain ; benin ; botswana ; burkina faso ; cameroon ; cape verde ; chad ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cyprus ; egypt ( egypt ( african part ) , sinai ) ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; guinea - bissau ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jordan ; kenya ; kuwait ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; madagascar ; malawi ; mali ; malta ; mauritania ; mauritius ( mauritius ( main island ) ) ; morocco ; mozambique ; namibia ( caprivi strip , namibia ( main part ) ) ; niger ; nigeria ; oman ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; qatar ; r\u00e9union ; rwanda ; saudi arabia ; senegal ; sierra leone ; somalia ; south africa ( free state , gauteng , kwazulu - natal , limpopo province , mpumalanga , northern cape province , north - west province , western cape ) ; south sudan ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sudan ; swaziland ; syrian arab republic ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; uganda ; united arab emirates ; yemen ; zambia ; zimbabwe\nthis species is widespread and very abundant throughout its range . it is expanding its range to the north due to the present global warming .\nthis species does not need conservation actions but new information on its genetic variability and its relation to closely related taxa would be welcome .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe violet colouration of the male violet dropwing is actually caused by a bluish , powdery bloom overlaying a bright red background colour .\nlike other dropwings , the violet dropwing is named for its habit of lowering its wings when it lands .\nthe violet dropwing is one of the most abundant dragonfly species in tropical africa , and is extending its range into europe .\nthe violet dropwing is a small - to medium - sized dragonfly , and has a distinctly broad abdomen ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like many other dropwing species , the violet dropwing immediately lowers its wings on landing , a behaviour which gives this group of dragonflies their common name ( 5 ) .\nthe male violet dropwing has a distinctive bright red face , red eyes , and red wing veins , and there is an amber patch at the base of each hindwing ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the abdomen has fine purple dashes along the top , with small black stripes on the top of the eighth and ninth abdomen segments ( 4 ) .\nlike other dragonflies , the violet dropwing begins its life as an egg laid in a water body by the female . after hatching , it spends the first stages of life as an aquatic larva , or nymph , which breathes through internal gills ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the larva remains in the water as it passes through a number of developmental stages , undergoing a series of moults as it grows larger . eventually , the larva emerges from the water and moults into the adult form ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing then spends some time maturing until it is fully mature and capable of reproduction ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nin most dragonfly species , the adult male perches near the waterside waiting for a female , and may defend a territory . during mating , the male holds the female by the head using specialised appendages , known as \u2018claspers\u2019 , at the end of the abdomen . male dragonflies have secondary reproductive organs towards the front of the abdomen , from which the female receives the sperm . while being held by the male , the female dragonfly bends the tip of her abdomen forwards to receive the sperm packet , creating a shape known as a mating \u2018wheel\u2019 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nmany male dragonflies keep hold of or guard the female until the eggs are laid , to ensure no other males can mate with her ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . as in other members of the libellulidae family , the female violet dropwing is likely to scatter the eggs over the surface of the water by dipping her abdomen into the water while flying over it ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe violet dropwing larva is an opportunistic predator , catching prey by shooting out its enlarged and modified mouthparts ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , which are armed with hooks on the end ( 6 ) . the adult violet dropwing is also an opportunistic and effective predator , using its acute vision to detect prey , and its outstretched , bristly legs as a \u2018basket\u2019 to capture insects in flight ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nin the violet dropwing , adults are usually seen between november and may in south africa ( 4 ) , between may and october in parts of northern africa , and from april to october in turkey ( 2 ) . in the sahara , adults of this species may be seen year - round , and in europe they are thought to be active in all summer months ( 2 ) .\noriginally of african origin , the violet dropwing also occurs in the mediterranean region , and is expanding its range in southern europe ( 2 ) . the violet dropwing inhabits tropical africa , where it is one of the most abundant dragonfly species ( 2 ) , and is also found in the middle east , parts of southern asia , and on islands in the indian ocean ( 1 ) , including madagascar ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe violet dropwing can inhabit a range of vegetation types , as long as a suitable area of freshwater is available ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . it is typically found near still or slow - moving water , including pools , marshes and slow - moving stretches of rivers , where there are bushes or trees nearby ( 4 ) . at the edges of its range , the violet dropwing prefers warm spots such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( 2 ) .\nmale violet dropwings tend to perch prominently on twigs , reeds or rocks in the sun , close to water ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) , and then move to the trees in the evening or when the sun is hidden behind clouds ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nthe violet dropwing is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthere are not currently believed to be any significant threats to the violet dropwing , due to its widespread distribution and increasing population ( 1 ) ( 7 ) . however , this species may potentially be affected by some of the general threats faced by dragonflies , including intensive agriculture and large - scale land conversion , the destruction and modification of water bodies , over - extraction of water for irrigation , and water pollution ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . other potential threats include global warming , which may cause water bodies to dry up during increasingly hot and dry periods ( 7 ) .\nthere are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the violet dropwing . however , other conservation efforts , not directly aimed at this species , may potentially benefit its populations . for example , conservation efforts for dragonflies in europe include research , population monitoring , appropriate legislation and the protection of key habitat sites ( 7 ) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nmoore , n . w . ( 1997 ) dragonflies : status survey and conservation action plan . iucn / ssc odonata specialist group , iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nkalkman , v . j . , boudot , j - p . , bernard , r . , conze , k . j . , de knijf , g . , dyatlova , e . , ferreira , s . , jovi\u0107 , m . , ott , j . , riservato , e . and sahl\u00e9n , g . ( 2010 ) european red list of dragonflies . publications office of the european union , luxembourg . available at : urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( such as crabs ) , some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . larva stage in an animal\u2019s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . moult in insects , a stage of growth whereby the hard outer layer of the body ( the exoskeleton ) is shed and the body becomes larger . nymph stage of insect development , similar in appearance to the adult but sexually immature and without wings . the adult form is reached via a series of moults and the wings develop externally as the nymph grows . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .\ndijkstra k - d . b . ( 2006 ) field guide to the dragonflies of britain and europe . british wildlife publishing , dorset , uk .\npicker , m . , griffiths , c . and weaving , a . ( 2004 ) field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .\nsamways , m . j . ( 2008 ) dragonflies and damselflies of south africa . pensoft publishers , bulgaria .\nsilsby , j . ( 2001 ) dragonflies of the world . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\no ' toole , c . ( 2002 ) the new encyclopedia of insects and their allies . oxford university press , oxford .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascrip is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nprivacy policy | disclaimer | accessibility policy | \u00a9 university of malta , all rights reserved .\nis one of the most widespread and common species in africa , arabia and in the mediterranean countries . its eastern limit is in iran , where it begins to be replaced by its asian close relative\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe iucn red list of threatened species\u2122 map viewer will open in its own new tab / window . this may be further explored or the tab / window closed .\nan african species that has crossed into spain and has made its way up into southern france . the male is a spectacularly coloured dragonfly , similar in shape to a crocothemis erythaea ( broad scarlet ) but vividly pink - bodied and smaller , noticeable particularly when seen together as they often are . the male\u2019s pink coloration is unmistakable in the european theater but there are similarly coloured confusion species elsewhere .\ncarol spotted our first at a distance beside our favourite lake near fanjeaux in spring , 2011 , but i missed it . we did , however , see them at close quarters at lac de lenclas later that same year . we now frequently find them in spain , too . i never tire of seeing these beauties .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : privacy policy\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nno diagnosis of this species endemic to pr\u00edncipe and close to t . aconita is presently available . please refer to that species and the references provided .\nmap citation : clausnitzer , v . , k . - d . b . dijkstra , r . koch , j . - p . boudot , w . r . t . darwall , j . kipping , b . samraoui , m . j . samways , j . p . simaika & f . suhling , 2012 . focus on african freshwaters : hotspots of dragonfly diversity and conservation concern . frontiers in ecology and the environment 10 : 129 - 134 .\nlongfield , c . ( 1936 ) . studies on african odonata , with synonymy and descriptions of new species and subspecies . transactions royal entomological society london , 85 , 467 - 498 . [ pdf file ]\ncitation : dijkstra , k . - d . b ( editor ) . african dragonflies and damselflies online . urltoken [ 2018 - 07 - 09 ] .\nafrican dragonflies and damselflies online is a collaboration between consent ( stellenbosch ) and adu ( cape town ) funded by the jrs biodiversity foundation . addo brings all available knowledge together of africa ' s 770 known species of odonata . read more . . .\nby combining conservation ecology and entomology , our department at stellenbosch university brings together a considerable body of teaching and research expertise in the rapidly growing important field of conservation in agricultural and development landscapes . read more . . .\nthe adu aims to contribute to the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation . we achieve this through programmes that involve citizen scientists , long - term monitoring , research and innovative statistical modelling . read more . . .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nde palisot de beauvois , a . - m . - f . - j . ( 1805 ) insectes receuillis en afrique et en am\u00e9rique dans les royaumes d ' oware et de benin , \u00e0 saint - domingue et dans les \u00e9tats - unis , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1786 - 1797 . [ 1805 - 1821 ] : fain et compagnies , paris : 1 - 276 , excl . pl . c 100 .\nanimal demography unit ( 2018 ) . odonatamap virtual museum . accessed at urltoken on 2018 - 07 - 09\n[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 11 : 14 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .\n[ page served : july 9 , 2018 , 09 : 34 + 0200 ] animal demography unit department of biological sciences - university of cape town this work , except photographs , is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . copyright of images uploaded into the virtual museum remains with the photographers , these images are licenced under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 international license .\nschneider , w . , ferreira , s . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment workshop , oct . 2007 ) & allen , d . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit )\nany sunny water in africa , favouring warm spots in the periphery of its range , such as shallow gravel pits , open lakes or lagoons ( dijkstra and lewington 2006 ) .\nde knijf , g . , ferreira , s . & riservato , e .\ncyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; malta ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) )\nthe species is common within its range and is often abundant . its populations are increasing all over its european range .\nthe species inhabits a wide range of mostly standing and unshaded waters . it favours warm conditions and is often found in ditches , gravel pits and small lakes .\nbulletin of the entomological society of malta . 2008 , vol . 1 , p . 91 - 96\nthe copyright of this work belongs to the author ( s ) / publisher . the rights of this work are as defined by the appropriate copyright legislation or as modified by any successive legislation . users may access this work and can make use of the information contained in accordance with the copyright legislation provided that the author must be properly acknowledged . further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the prior permission of the copyright holder .\ndijkstra , k . d . & suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) .\njustification : regional assessment : the species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\neastern africa distribution : the species is common and widespread in kenya , tanzania , uganda , malawi , and assumed from burundi . global distribution : the species is widespread in africa , southern europe , middle east , southern asia , indian ocean islands .\nvarious habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current .\nkipping , j . , simaika , j . p . , samways , m . , suhling , f . ( odonata red list authority ) & pollock , c . m . ( iucn red list office )\njustification : within the southern africa region , this species has a wide distribution and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened or near threatened category . assessed as least concern in the region . its global status is also least concern .\nthis species is widespread in the southern africa region . globally , it is widespread in africa , southern europe , the middle east , southern asia , and the indian ocean islands .\nthis is a widespread species and is among the most common species found at larger perennial rivers .\noccupies a variety of habitats in bush and woodland , usually with at least a little water current . this is among the most common species at larger perennial rivers .\nno specific conservation measures are known to be in place at present or are recommended at present .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nthe aim of this study was to investigate how odonate assemblage structure and diversity are influenced by changes in habitat variables associated with the aquatic environment and the surrounding agricultural landscapes . all study sites were located in predominantly agricultural landscapes of the two main islands of the maltese archipelago , malta and gozo . this paper presents a multi - scale approach , which considers habitat variables ranging from the type of water body , to vegetation characteristics and landscape composition , in order to investigate the odonate - habitat relations within the maltese islands . dragonfly communities are increasingly threatened with habitat loss and degradation within the mediterranean region from factors such as water pollution from agricultural practices ( riservato et al . 2009 ) . within the semi - arid climate of the mediterranean , water resources may also be a key issue .\nin the long cultural history of the maltese archipelago , natural woodlands were transformed into mosaic - landscapes of agricultural and semi - natural habitats , making agriculture today the predominant land use , occupying around 46 . 8 % of the 316km\nthe types of water bodies and their distribution at the sites investigated during this study .\nthe pervasive role played by vegetation in the odonate life cycle makes it , a priori , likely that macrophytes are prominent among cues used for habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) . literature suggests that odonata assemblages are influenced by the presence of aquatic plants ( clark & samways 1996 ; stewart & samways 1998 ; schindler et al . 2003 ; samways & taylor 2004 ; hofmann & mason 2005 ) , with the structure and the \u2018architecture\u2019 of the plants , or the communities they form , likely to be important for adult habitat selection ( corbet 1999 ) .\nvegetation assessment of the sites consisted of two 10 m belt transects of 1 m width over riparian vegetation at the land - water interface of the survey sites for odonate diversity , lotic water bodies , or the long side of lentic water bodies . meanwhile , four 5 m by 1 m transects were laid perpendicular to these , with the aim to provide an indication of how vegetation changed with increasing distance from the water bodies . within these transects , plant abundance , distribution data , and physiognomic characteristics , in terms of vertical stratification and characteristic life form , were obtained from a series of contiguous quadrats laid down along a transect . a square ( 1 m \u00d7 1 m ) quadrat was used for this study . the quadrat was subdivided into a number of sectors of equal area in order to increase accuracy of recording when measuring abundance ( kent & coker 1995 ) . the abundance of each species within each quadrat was assessed by counting the number of sectors within which the species was represented , either in whole or in part . this figure was expressed as a proportion of the total number of sectors in the quadrat .\nfor each quadrat , vertical stratification ( the arrangement of phytomass into vertical layers ) was measured by counting the number of interceptions per species at each height class at the centre of the quadrat . a 20vmm diameter , 4 m height wooden pole was divided into 7 height classes ( 0\u20130 . 20 , 0 . 21\u2013 0 . 50 , 0 . 51\u201310 , 1 . 01\u20131 . 50 , 1 . 51\u20132 . 00 , 2 . 01\u20132 . 50 , 2 . 51\u20133 . 25 , 3 . 25\u20134 . 00 , > 4m ) . the height of vegetation was measured from the ground to the height of the highest vegetation shoot , with vegetation > 4m considered as canopy cover . in addition to vertical stratification , the physiognomy of the vegetation may also be profoundly affected by the life form of dominant vegetation ( kuchler 1988 ) , that is the presence of common morphological features that are usually assumed to be an adjustment to important environmetnal factors ( mueller - dombois and ellenberg 1974 ; zonneveld 1988 ) . the percentage cover of the various life forms present within the site ( graminoids , forbs , subshrubs , shrubs and trees ) , as well as details relating to species composition , were collected for each quadrat .\n) . the landscape surrounding semi - natural and freshwater bodies ( n = 6 ) was surveyed through the use of orthophotos , taken in 2004 , and having a resolution of 1 pixel : 15 cm . fiddien and qlejg\u0127a form part of the same valley system and given their physical proximity only the former site was considered . different land use and land cover categories (\n) were identified and mapped as polygons . digitized data had the same level of resolution as the ortophotos . landscape metrics were derived from patch analyst 4 , an arcgis extension which enables spatial analysis of landscape patches (\n) at the landscape level , the shannon diversity index ( sdi ) was used to quantify the diversity of the agricultural landscapes . in addition , the mean perimeterarea ratio ( mpar ) , and the number of patches for the various landscapes under study , were also obtained . at the class level , the number of patches ( np ) , the proportion of the landscape ( p\n) , the mean patch size ( mps ) , and the mpar were calculated .\ngeneral patterns for odonata . because the number of sampling occasions for the sites varied , as a result of the differential availability of water at the different study sites , the data was standardized by averaging the total number of recorded individuals for each species on ten visits for each water body . renyi diversity profiles ( t\u00f3thm\u00e9r\u00e9sz 1995 ) , which provide information on richness and evenness of study sites , were used to compare the diversity of odonates between semi - natural sites and habitat types ( kindt and coe 2005 ; oksanen et al . 2010 ) . the major advantage of r\u00e9nyi diversity profiles is that sites can easily be ordered from high to low diversity . subsequently , the shannon diversity index ( h ) was used to provide a measure of relative diversity for odonata and larvae , as well as vegetation diversity . the diversity values for odonate larvae were not normally distributed ( shapiro - wilk test , w = 0 . 7551 , p = 0 . 006 ) , and subsequent analysis with these values was non - parametric .\nmultiscale habitat variation and odonata . in order to analyze the association of different species to the environmental variables at the scales studied , a principal component analysis was carried out using the vegan package in r ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . pca is a multivariate technique based on linear assumptions , which is preferable to use when the species has low beta diversity ( lep\u0161 and smilauer 2003 ) , as was the case with the data in this study . to aid interpretation , the environmental variables were fitted onto the pca ordination plot using the vegan \u2018envfit\u2019 function ( oksanen et al . 2010 ) . on an ordination plot , this function fits a centroid of levels of a class variable , and calculates an r 2 value as a measure of separation among the different levels of that variable . additionally , a significance value for the r 2 was calculated using 1000 random permutations of the category levels . explanatory variables identified to have a p - value < were subsequently correlated with pc1 and pc2 site scores through a pearson ' s correlation ( r foundation for statistical computing 2010 ) .\ntemporal availability of water within the selected aquatic habitats varied . in one of the water bodies ( wied hesri ) , water presence was limited to the wetter months , and thus the habitat was unable to host any adult odonates . consequently , it was omitted from adult odonata monitoring . in total , 643 adult odonate individuals belonging to nine species were recorded . since water persistence varied with site , species abundance data was standardized for each water - body (\n) . these standardized data were used in subsequent data analyses , unless otherwise stated . the two sites characterised by higher salinity levels , ballut ( marsaxlokk ) marshland and ramla 1 - hamra ( gozo ) , showed the lowest level of species diversity . a comparison of the renyi profiles (\n) produced for all four types of habitats revealed that lentic and lotic semi - natural waterbodies were normally more diverse than agricultural reservoirs and semi - natural habitats with higher salinity levels . for agricultural reservoirs , two species ,\n( brull\u00e9 1832 ) , were the most abundant , with the other species only recorded on single occasions . a comparison of renyi profiles for lotic water - bodies with a perennial and ephemeral water availability did not show any difference in odonata diversity (\n) . a paired t - test , to compare the abundances of recorded odonates in both types of watercourses , suggested that they were not significantly different ( t = - 0 . 560 , p = 0 . 591 ) .\nrenyi profiles comparing adult odonata diversity of ( a ) different types of habitats , and ( b ) for the semi - natural sites of the study area . high quality figures are available online .\na comparison of the number of species and their abundance in the four different types of habitats .\nlarval sampling methodology only yielded odonates from four sites : g\u0127ajn rihana , ilfiddien , il - qattara , and ta ' sarraflu . no larval odonata were recorded along the ba\u0127rija , qlejgha , hesri , and lunzjata watercourses . similarly , larval odonata sampling in brackish waters of ballut marshland ( marsaxlokk ) and ramla 1 - \u0127amra watercourse yielded no results . higher larval diversity was not significantly associated either with higher diversity , as measured with the shannon ' s diversity index ( h ) , of the same species ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 55 , p = 0 . 12 ) , or with higher odonata assemblage species diversity for study sites ( spearman ' s rho = 0 . 58 , p = 0 . 10 ) .\na total of 49 species were recorded during the vegetation survey performed within the nine semi - natural waterbodies investigated . the most abundant species was the giant reed (\nl . ) , an archaeophyte that has become highly invasive , with its dense monospecific stands having colonized various waterbodies within the archipelago . the graminoid life form and canopy cover classes of 3 . 25\u20134 m and > 4 m categories were globally the most abundant groups within study sites . odonata and vegetation diversity (\n) , measured through the shannon diversity index , were found to be significantly correlated ( r = 0 . 795 , p = 0 . 01 ) .\nthe pca results identified clear patterns in species composition , with the first two components explaining 78 . 9 % and 13 . 2 % of the variation respectively . pc1 was negatively weighed on the population data of\n) . lentic sites were on one end of the pc1 , while brackish and lotic sites were at the other . most of the species were more strongly correlated with the lentic sites , indicating the importance of the latter for the conservation of dragonfly species of the maltese islands . variation was in turn correlated with several environmental variables . nonetheless , some of the variables show some collinearity , as may be clearly observed from\naccounted for 55 . 8 % , and individuals in height class i ( > 4m ) show some correlation with lotic sites . similarly , tree life form abundance and the height class h ( 3 . 25\u20134m ) were associated with the ta ' sarraflu freshwater pond .\nordination graph illustrating the outcome of an indirect gradient analysis ( pca ) , followed by environmental fitting of explanatory variables ( only vectors with p - value \u2264 0 . 1 are included ) for ( a ) vegetation and ( b ) landscape variables . high quality figures are available online .\n) . a high r value for a given explanatory variable may be because the variable exerts an important control on odonata assemblages , or the variable may be correlated with another variable that influences odonates . at the water - body scale ,\n, as well as canopy cover > 4m . in contrast , they showed a positive correlation with shrub and tree life - form abundances . at the landscape level , these species were positively correlated with mps ( 200 m ) and class area ( r = 500m ) , and negatively correlated to the mpar ( r500m ) , of ecologically disturbed class cover . they were also related positively to mpar of coastal areas , and the class area of marine habitat , both of which are probably the result of the main habitats for these species within the studied sites being located in the vicinity of the coast .\n, was found to be correlated to low landscape diversity , and a lack of semi - natural freshwater habitats class area , a category which mainly consists of valleys and watercourses within the surrounding landscapes at both scales ( r = 200 , 500 m ) .\ncorrelation of pc1 and pc2 from a principal component analysis of odonata abundance data with explanatory variables .\nthe permanova results suggest that odonate assemblage similarity is significantly influenced by habitat type ( p = 0 . 0004 ) and sampling period ( p = 0 . 02 ) , thus rejecting the null hypothesis . the interaction between habitat type and sampling occasion was found to be not significant (\n) . a comparison of odonata counts with sampling period suggests that different species adopt different life - history strategies .\nthe influence of time ( date of sampling occasion ) and type of habitat ( lotic and lentic ) on odonata assemblage similarity .\nwas sporadically recorded in low abundance , abundance data for this species were not considered for this part of the data analysis . given the relative importance of habitat type on dragonfly distributions , the total odonata counts from il - qattara and ta\u2019 sarraflu were used in order to investigate assemblage structure through time (\n) . a paired t - test suggested that dragonfly counts , taken on the same days , from both sites were not significantly different ( t = 0 . 10 , p = 0 . 92 ) . this result indicates the importance of including repeated measures in similar studies , including ones aimed at assessing conservation value of habitats , and the use of odonata as biological indicators .\nodonata \u2014 time relationships according to type of functional response . high quality figures are available online .\nthe outcome of a generalised linear model ( quasi - poisson , log - link function ) of species abundance data with sampling period .\nnevertheless , the reservoirs surveyed here differ from man - made habitats described in the latter studies , and typically have a small surface - area , lack macrophytes , and are likely to host predatory fish populations ( balzan 2008a ) .\n) , most of the species recorded during adult counts within the study area were found in both lotic and lentic water - bodies . only two species ,\n, were entirely confined to lentic habitats . this may suggest that the odonata fauna of malta is mainly composed of euryoecious species that are able to utilize different aquatic habitats along a flowing - standing water continuum of habitat types . this contrasts with other studies investigating the influence of habitat characteristics on odonata assemblages that have identified particular dragonfly associations to specific habitat types (\n) . habitat associations of the recorded species obtained by pca suggest that even though most of the odonate species recorded were recorded in lotic water - bodies , nearly all species were more strongly associated with the lentic habitats . records of larval odonata were mainly confined to lentic water - bodies , confirming observations made in other studies that adult sightings may not always predict larval distribution (\n) , and indicating that standing water - bodies within the study area may be particularly important for dragonfly conservation . similar observations have been made elsewhere , where it has be suggested that in rapidly changing lotic environments , which tend to dry up during the dry season and are often fast - flowing and scouring during the wet season , larval survival following oviposition is relatively lower (\nin light of the rapid changes characterizing agricultural landscapes , an important issue is the scale at which the habitat is measured . the habitat has been defined as the collection of resources and conditions required by , and accessible to , individuals of a species at a location ( dennis et al . 2003 , 2007 ) . because the habitat is necessarily the location where an organism lives out its life - cycle , a suitable habitat must meet the ecological needs of all life - stages . the terrestrial landscape is probably as important as the aquatic habitat ( corbet 1999 ) , as it provides several conditions and resources that are required by the adult phase . previous studies have indicated that responses in abundance and / or occurrence to local waterbody and landscape characteristics differ among species ( conrad et al . 1999 ) and life - history groups ( samways 1996 ; krawchuk and taylor 2003 ; kadoya et al . 2008 ) . pca results suggest that the presence of c . erythraea and i . genei were related to disturbed areas , coastal land cover , and marine habitats , all of which characterize the landscapes of il - qattara and ta ' sarraflu water - bodies in which these two species were the most abundant . o . trinacria , which has been recently recorded in the maltese islands ( ebejer et al . 2008 ) , was recorded in all lentic water - bodies , but with a relatively higher abundance at one site that is characterized by a low landscape diversity and a lack of valley systems within the landscape . conversely , o . coerulescens anceps appeared to be related to relatively heterogeneous landscapes , and the presence of associated lotic water bodies .\nthese contrasting associations for the two orthetrum spp . may be a result of the different habitat preferences of these species , with o . coerulescens anceps normally associated with small ponds and streams with a gentle current , while o . trinacria is associated with large bodies of standing water ( askew 2004 ) . the availability of suitable habitat that is likely to maintain source populations ( sensu pulliam 1988 ) , such as gently flowing streams , is likely to determine the distribution of o . coerulescens anceps within these lanscapes . the multiscale approach adopted within this study permits the identification of unique habitat characteristics for different sites , and the influence these could potentially have on odonate community structure .\n) , a factor which is clearly related to the reproductive ecology of the surveyed species .\n( selys 1840 ) was recorded only in the spring period , with their population subsequently declining to nil . populations of"]}
{"id": 950, "summary": [{"text": "euxoa nomas is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in iran and turkestan , as well as alaska and canada .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "between 1987 and 2010 , the populations of this species were considered to be two separate subspecies , euxoa nomas nomas in asia and euxoa nomas incognita in north america . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "euxoa nomas", "paragraphs": ["euxoa ( orosagrotis ) nomas nomas ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 149 ( note )\nagrotis nomas erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : cocandesi region , near karakasuk and isfairam\neuxoa nomas is found in the high coast range of western british columbia in our region and in the mountains of the far northern province near atlin . it likely occurs elsewhere in the mountains of the northern part of the province .\nadults are diurnal and probably visit flowers during the day . a mating pair of e . nomas was found on a gravel road through rocky tundra in the early evening at gott peak , british columbia . this species has not been collected at light .\neuxoa ( euxoa ) setonia ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 76 : #\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cartagensis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\neuxoa ( euxoa ) comosa ontario ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97 , 100\neuxoa ( euxoa ) auripennis arizonensis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 126 , 127\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis acornis ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 139 , 140\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis alko ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 139 , 141\neuxoa ( euxoa ) sibirica ; [ ne3 ] , 41 , f . 7 - 8\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria currens ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 ( note )\neuxoa ( euxoa ) tritici ; [ ne3 ] , 58 , f . 32 - 34\neuxoa ( euxoa ) deserta ab . obscura ; [ ne3 ] , 64 , f . 35\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta rondoui ; [ ne1 ] , 27 , pl . 1 , f . 20\neuxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis riphaea ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 22\neuxoa ( euxoa ) powelli powelli ; [ ne1 ] , 60 , pl . 6 , f . 18\neuxoa ( euxoa ) montivaga ; [ ne12 ] , 147 , pl . 9 , f . 6 - 10\neuxoa ( euxoa ) nigrofusca ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 21 - 25\neuxoa ( euxoa ) dsheiron ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 40 - 44\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria wirima ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 , 111 ; [ ne2 ] , 190\neuxoa ( euxoa ) glabella balcanica ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 32 - 35\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta vitta ; [ ne1 ] , 27 , pl . 1 , f . 17 - 19\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta hercegovinensis ; [ ne1 ] : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 22\neuxoa ( euxoa ) tritici reisseri ; [ ne1 ] : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 15 - 16\neuxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis cortii ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aquilina falleri ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 29 - 32\neuxoa ( euxoa ) hastifera pomazensis ; [ ne1 ] : 45 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora olympica ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 41 - 42\neuxoa ( euxoa ) recussa tetrastigma ; [ ne1 ] : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 24 - 25\neuxoa ( euxoa ) heringi malickyi varga , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 , 57 ; tl : greece , grete\neuxoa ( orosagrotis ) foeda ( = euxoa sabuletorum ) ; [ ne1 ] : pl . 6 , f . 34\neuxoa ( euxoa ) obelisca obelisca ; [ ne1 ] , 30 ; [ ne3 ] , 52 , f . 15 - 17\neuxoa ( euxoa ) segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 24\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora simulatrix ; [ ne1 ] : 55 , pl . 5 , f . 29 , 33 - 34\neuxoa ( euxoa ) glabella balcanica fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 48 ; tl : evro , kavisos , 100m\neuxoa ( euxoa ) ochrogaster islandica ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 112 ; [ ne1 ] , 25 ; [ ne3 ] , 43\neuxoa ( euxoa ) distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - 23 , 26 , 36\neuxoa ( euxoa ) hastifera hastifera ; [ ne1 ] , 44 , pl . 3 , f . 12 - 14 , 17 - 18\neuxoa ( euxoa ) temera ; [ ne1 ] , 43 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 11 ; [ ne3 ] , 40\neuxoa ( euxoa ) birivia ; [ ne1 ] : 58 , pl . 6 , f . 9 - 13 ; [ ne3 ] , 46\neuxoa ( euxoa ) wagneri ; [ ne1 ] : 53 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ ne3 ] , 46\neuxoa ( euxoa ) basigramma ; [ ne1 ] , 42 , pl . 2 , f . 33 - 36 ; [ ne3 ] , 62\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mustelina ; [ ne1 ] : 61 , pl . 6 , f . 19 - 21 ; [ ne3 ] , 62\neuxoa ( euxoa ) fallax ; [ ne1 ] : 59 , pl . 5 , f . 18 - 19 ; [ ne3 ] , 63\neuxoa ( euxoa ) triaena ; [ ne1 ] , 53 : pl . 5 , f . 12 - 17 ; [ ne3 ] , 64\neuxoa ( euxoa ) zernyi ; [ ne1 ] : 49 , pl . 4 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ ne3 ] , 65\neuxoa ( euxoa ) glabella glabella ; [ ne3 ] , 48 ; [ ne12 ] , 149 , pl . 9 , f . 32 - 35\neuxoa ( euxoa ) distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 24 - 25 , 27 - 35 , 37\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 13 - 27 , f . 33 - 37\neuxoa ( euxoa ) powelli persubtilis ; [ ne1 ] : 60 , pl . 6 , f . 16 - 17 ; [ ne3 ] , 64\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora decora ; [ ne1 ] : 55 , pl . 5 , f . 30 - 32 ; [ ne3 ] , 66\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora macedonica ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 39 - 40 ; [ ne3 ] , 66\neuxoa ( euxoa ) recussa recussa ; [ ne1 ] : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ ne3 ] , 67\neuxoa ( euxoa ) ochrogaster rossica ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 112 ; [ ne1 ] , 25 ; [ ne3 ] , 43 , f . 9\neuxoa cabara swinhoe , 1918 ; 66 ; tl : w . sumatra , padang\neuxoa ( euxoa ) canariensis mauretanica ; [ ne3 ] , 47 ( note ) ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 75 - 78\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora splendida ; [ ne1 ] : 56 , pl . 5 , f . 35 - 38 ; [ ne2 ] : 191 ( corrigenda )\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) scortea ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) sorella ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) vallus luteosita ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 48 , 49\neuxoa glabella ; [ ne1 ] , pl . 4 , f . 38 - 40\neuxoa ( orosagrotis ) fauna ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 16 ( note )\nthe moths of america north of mexico . noctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , euxoa\neuxoa ( euxoa ) phantoma ; [ ne3 ] , 44 , f . 10 - 12 ; [ ne12 ] , 146 , pl . 8 , f . 88 - 92\neuxoa ( euxoa ) eruta ; [ ne3 ] , 55 , f . 24 - 31 ; [ ne12 ] , 148 , pl . 9 , f . 11 - 15\neuxoa ( euxoa ) foeda ; [ ne3 ] , 69 , f . 36 - 39 ; [ ne12 ] , 150 , pl . 9 , f . 46 - 50\neuxoa ( euxoa ) sabuletorum ; [ ne3 ] , 72 , f . 40 - 42 ; [ ne12 ] , 150 , pl . 9 , f . 41 - 45\neuxoa ( euxoa ) montivaga fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 52 , f . 18 - 23 ; tl : greece , drama , mt . phalakron , 1700m\neuxoa dallolmoi berio , 1972 ; 177 , f . 19 ; tl : tanzania , ikonda\neuxoa ( euxoa ) cursoria ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 110 ; [ ne1 ] , 26 , pl . 5 , f . 3 - 11 ; [ ne3 ] , 45\neuxoa ( euxoa ) baja lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 86 , pl . 4 , f . 16 ; tl : long beach , california\nlongivesica ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 37\n= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 3\n= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 4\n= euxoa haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 5\n= euxoa distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 26\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta burmanni fibiger , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 15 - 16 ; tl : austria , n . tirol , fliess\n= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 6\n= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 5\n= euxoa tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] , 32 , pl . 2 , f . 9\n= euxoa segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . 2 , f . 21\n= euxoa segnilis cortii ; [ ne1 ] , 39 , pl . 2 , f . 25\neuxoa ( euxoa ) nigricans ; [ ne1 ] , 41 , pl . 2 , f . 28 - 32 ; [ ne2 ] , 191 ( corrigenda ) ; [ ne3 ] , 60\neuxoa ( euxoa ) pallidimacula lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 77 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; tl : eureka , utah\npresence en auvergne d ' euxoa distinguenda led . et description d ' une sous - esp\u00e9ce nouvella\neuxoa ( euxoa ) hardwicki lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 26 - 27 ; tl : walla walla , washington\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mojave lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 77 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : apple valley , california\neuxoa ( euxoa ) vitta elmquisti fibiger & moberg , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 23 - 25 ; tl : sweden , gotland , muskmyr , sundre\n= euxoa crypta ; [ ne1 ] , 37 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 14\neuxoa ( euxoa ) pareruta fibiger , gyulai , zilli , yela & ronkay , 2010 ; noct . eur . 12 : 147 , pl . 10 , f . 30 - 35 ; tl : greece\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mendelis ; [ ne1 ] : 50 , pl . 4 , f . 5 - 12 , 28 ; [ ne2 ] : 191 ( corrigenda ) ; [ ne3 ] , 65\n= euxoa comosa ontario ; [ nacl ] , # 10780d ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97\neuxoa clausa mcdunnough , 1923 ; can . ent . 55 : 163 ; tl : alberta , lethbridge\neuxoa dodi mcdunnough , 1923 ; can . ent . 55 : 163 ; tl : alberta , lethbridge\neuxoa kotzschi draudt , 1937 ; 268 , pl . 24 i ; tl : badachshan , sebak valley\neuxoa lugubris brandt , 1941 ; 839 , f . 5 ; tl : iran , kouh i taftan\neuxoa praestigiosa brandt , 1941 ; 838 , f . 2 ; tl : iran , kouh i taftan\neuxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) rasilis corti , 1932 ; 42 , pl . 5 e ; tl : aksu\neuxoa xanthosemata hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 110 ; tl : russia , caucasus\n= euxoa segnilis segnilis ; [ ne1 ] , 38 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24\neuxoa ( euxoa ) decora hackeri fibiger & moberg , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 57 , pl . 5 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : greece , drama , mt . phalakron above volas\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 23 - 24\neuxoa spumata mcdunnough , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 : 192 ; tl : montana , three forks\neuxoa castanea lafontaine , 1981 ; 19 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : british columbia , golden\neuxoa ( euxoa ) aequalis yukonensis lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 139 , 141 , pl . 7 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : yukon 2km n carcross\neuxoa heinrichi laporte , 1979 ; 106 , f . 2 ; tl : tanzania , usambara berge , malindi\neuxoa waltharii corti , 1931 ; 25 , pl . 3 e ; tl : turkestan , naryn ; kuldja\neuxoa ( euxoa ) tritici tritici ; [ ne1 ] : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 38 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 12 , pl . 16 . f . 1 - 4 #\neuxoa ( euxoa ) subandera lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 94 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; tl : la tuna canyon , los angeles co . , california\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) penelope ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 59 - 63\neuxoa altens mcdunnough , 1946 ; can . ent . 78 : 30 ; tl : oregon , mt . hood\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 21 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 17 ( form )\n= euxoa rufula basiflava ; [ nacl ] , # 10750a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 68 , 69\n= euxoa comosa lutulenta ; [ nacl ] , # 10780a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 97 , 99\n= euxoa comosa lutulenta ; [ nacl ] , # 10780a ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 98 , 99\neuxoa lillooet mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 195 ; tl : british columbia , seton lake\neuxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) determinata corti , 1932 ; 41 , pl . 5 d ; tl : tien - shan\neuxoa filipjevi kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 193 , pl . 25 , f . 49 ; tl : altai , shelseinska\neuxoa goetria kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 166 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : semipalatinsk gouv .\neuxoa monotona kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 171 , pl . 16 , f . 30 ; tl : semiretschje , naryn\neuxoa scurrilis draudt , 1937 ; 268 , pl . 26 d ; tl : persia , elburz , kendevan pass\neuxoa uncarpa kozhanchikov , 1929 ; 188 , pl . 26 , f . 40 ; tl : caucasus , kurusch\neuxoa urbanoides kozhanchikov , 1937 ; 560 , pl . 12 , f . 7 ; tl : pamir , chorog\neuxoa ( euxoa ) christophi ; [ ne1 ] : 49 , pl . 3 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ ne3 ] , 51 ; [ ne12 ] , 147 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 4\neuxoa ( euxoa ) coconino lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 92 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : kaibab national forest , coconino plateau , coconino co . , arizona\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) lidia lidia ; [ ne1 ] , 22 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) haverkampfi haverkampfi ; [ ne1 ] : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 5\neuxoa macleani mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 195 ; tl : british columbia , mt . mclean\neuxoa levisi hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 278 ( emend . )\neuxoa ( euxoa ) mobergi fibiger , 1990 ; noct . eur 1 : 197 , pl . 4 , f . 3 ; tl : turkey , nevsehir , 38\u00b041 ' n 34\u00b054 ' e , ' g\u00f6reme - tal ' , 1200m\neuxoa dacota hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 244 ( emend . )\neuxoa tronellus smith , 1903 ; can . ent . 35 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : utah , stockton\neuxoa murdoci hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 247 ( emend . )\neuxoa perolivalis var . manitobana mcdunnough , 1925 ; can . ent . 57 : 242 ; tl : manitoba , miniota\neuxoa vilsoni hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 204 ( emend . )\nagrotis ( euxoa ) acronycta rebel , 1907 ; 55 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; tl : sokotra\neuxoa rubrior pinker , 1980 ; 66 , pl . 1 , f . a2 ; tl : asia minor , g\u00fcr\u00fcn\neuxoa ( euxoa ) diaphora ; [ ne1 ] , 40 , pl . 1 , f . 37 , 40 , pl . 2 , f . 27 , pl . 5 , f . 27 - 28 ; [ ne3 ] , 59\n= euxoa distinguenda distinguenda ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 22 - 23 ( form )\n= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 24 - 25 ( form )\n= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 35 ( form )\n= euxoa distinguenda distincta ; [ ne1 ] : 47 , pl . 3 , f . 27 - 28 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 18 , 27 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 26 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 35 , 37 ( form )\neuxoa dsheiron brandt , 1938 ; ent . rdsch . 55 : 499 , f . 81 ; tl : iran , keredj\nagrotis ( euxoa ) beatissima rebel , 1913 ; 59 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : canary islands , tenerife\neuxoa dodolaense laporte , 1984 ; 20 , pl . 5 , f . 60 ; tl : ethiopia , route to dodola\neuxoa fraudulenta corti , 1928 ; 320 , pl . 9 , f . 6 ; tl : tibet , kuku - noor\neuxoa hyperythra boursin , 1964 ; 9 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : nepal , naurgaon , manangbhot\neuxoa plumbescens kozhanchikov , 1937 ; 543 , pl . 11 , f . 15 ; tl : pamir , wachan ; ljangar\neuxoa sayvana ronkay , varga & hreblay , 1998 ; acta zool . hung . 44 ( 3 ) : ( ? )\neuxoa vinirufa draudt , 1936 ; 460 , pl . 5 , f . a5 ; tl : anatolia , ak - sehir\neuxoa waliarum rougeot & laporte , 1983 ; 227 , f . 7 , 8 ; tl : ethiopia , semyen , sankabar\neuxoa zugmayeri boursin , 1948 ; 98 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : west tibet , near ladak\neuxoa biformata smith , 1910 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 36 : 261 ; tl : california , sierra nevada\neuxoa obelisca var . corsicola corti , 1928 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 112 ; tl : corsia , evisa\neuxoa simulata mcdunnough , 1946 ; can . ent . 78 : 28 ; tl : california , plumas co . , nelson creek\neuxoa xasta barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 7 ) : 249 ; tl : texas , kerrville\neuxoa inscripta lafontaine , 1981 ; quaestiones entomologicae , 17 : 38 , f . 53 - 54 ; tl : colorado , craig\norosagrotis ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 155 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 147 ; [ ne3 ] , 73\neuxoa achyricola corti , 1931 ; 32 ; tl : pl . 4 d ;\nnorthern syria\n, marash [ turkey ]\neuxoa ? sublata corti , 1931 ; 31 , pl . 4 c ; tl : altyn - tag ; alexander mts ; aksu\neine neue euxoa hb . aus spanien . ( beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der\nnoctuidae - trifinae\n, xcviii / 98 . )\neine neue form von euxoa ( chorizagrotis ) drewseni stgr . ( beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der\nnoctuidae - trifinae\n101 . )\neuxoa condita lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 163 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : quebec , forestville\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 33 - 34 , 36 ( form )\n= euxoa aquilina aquilina ; [ ne1 ] : 51 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 20 , 22 ( form )\nagrotis ( euxoa ) ligula bang - haas , 1910 ; 35 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : juldus region\neuxoa triumregium varga , 1979 ; 4 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : afghanistan , band - i - amir\neuxoa intermontana lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 157 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : california , lee vining\neuxoa ( euxoa ) franclemonti lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 72 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi eese flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\neuxoa ( euxoa ) absona lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 73 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : angel creek , 7000 ' , e humboldt mts , ssw of wells , elko co . , nevada\neuxoa birena berio , 1962 ; ann . mus . nat . giacomo doria 73 : 203 ; tl : lulua - kapanga [ zaire ]\neuxoa hendersoni pinhey , 1986 ; 9 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : rhodesia , 30mil s west henderson\neuxoa nomima dognin , 1916 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 11 : 10 ; tl : volcan irazu , 2500m , costa rica\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) nevadensis ; [ ne1 ] , 65 , pl . 6 , f . 14 - 15 ; [ ne3 ] , 38\n484x722 ( ~ 79kb ) russia , moscow area , 8 . 8 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov euxoa nigricans det . jaakko kullberg\neuxoa inyoca benjamin , 1936 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 34 : 199 ; tl : california , inyo co .\neuxoa ( orosagrotis ) tristis ; [ ne1 ] : 69 , pl . 6 , f . 37 - 39 ; [ ne3 ] , 73\neuxoa aberrans mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 231 , f . 2 \u2642 gen ; tl : montana , jefferson co .\neuxoa cymograpta hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 109 ; tl : br . e . africa , eb urru [ kenya ]\neuxoa eremorealis varga , 1975 ; 1 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : afghanistan , dasht - i - nawar , hokak\neuxoa vitta rondoui boursin , 1935 ; cat . l\u00e9p . france & belgique , 1 : 718 ; tl : france , hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9s , h\u00e9as\neuxoa zernyi boursin , 1944 ; revue fr . ent . 10 : 159 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : orenburg\neuxoa rockburnei hardwick , 1973 ; can . ent . 105 : 497 , f . 8 , 14 \u2642 gen . ; tl : california , truckee\neuxoa melura mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 231 , f . 1 ( m . gen ) ; tl : utah , eureka\neuxoa vertenteni hulstaert , 1923 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 11 : 189 ; tl : okaba [ new guinea ]\ndrei f\u00fcr die europ\u00e4ische fauna neue noctuidenarten aus griechenland und spanien , sowie eine neue unterart von euxoa inclusa corti , 1931 ( lep . : noctuidae )\neuxoa sinelinea hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 824 , f . 13 - 14 , 6 - 10 ; tl : labrador , goose bay\npleonectopoda ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 40 ; [ ne1 ] , 64 ; [ ne3 ] , 38\neuxoa hilaris derrae hacker , 1985 ; neue ent . nachr . 14 : ( 21 - 31 ) ; tl : greece , drama , phalakron oros , chionotrypa\nnoctua ( euxoa ) obelisca ; [ ne1 ] : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 33 ; [ ne2 ] : 190 ( note )\neuxoa scholastica mcdunnough , 1920 ; can . ent . 52 ( 6 ) : 161 , f . 3 \u2642 gen . ; tl : quebec , meach lake\neuxoa scotogrammoides mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 233 , f . 3 ( m . gen ) ; tl : montana , jefferson co .\neuxoa ( mesoeuxoa ) difficillima draudt , 1937 ; 243 , pl . 26 h ; tl : elburz mtns , kendevan pass ; tacht i suleiman [ iran ]\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) adumbrata ; [ ne3 ] , 35 , f . 4 ; [ ne12 ] , 145 , pl . 8 , f . 64 - 73\neuxoa nevadensis corti , 1928 ; ent . mitt . 17 ( 1 ) : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : spain , sierra nevada\neuxoa austrina hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 270 , f . 4 ; tl : california , los angeles co . , san gabriel mts .\neuxoa guadalupensis lafontaine & byers , 1982 ; can . ent . 114 : 581 , f . 27 - 28 ; tl : texas , guadalupe mtns , bear canyon\nchorizagrotis ( euxoa ) ; [ nacl ] , 153 ; [ mna27 . 2 ] , 28 ; [ ne1 ] , 22 ; [ ne3 ] , 30 , 34\neuxoa chimoensis hardwick , 1966 ; can . ent . 98 : 766 , f . 12 , 6 - 8 ( gen ) ; tl : quebec , ft . chimo\neuxoa unica mcdunnough , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 : 192 , pl . 13 , f . 1 ( m . gen ) ; tl : saskatchewan , saskatoon\neuxoa albiorbis hampson , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 368 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury [ zimbabwe ]\neuxoa amorpha boursin , 1964 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . staatssamml . munchen 8 : 10 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : nepal , naurgaon , manangbhot\neuxoa polytela boursin , 1940 ; 304 , pl . 10 , f . 1 , 3 ; tl : w . kan - sou , liang - tschou , richthofen mts\neuxoa pronycta hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 324 , pl . 67 , f . 14 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury\neuxoa flavogrisea corti , 1932 ; gross - schmett . erde ( suppl . 3 ) : 37 , pl . 4 k ; tl : kara - murun ; choton ; aksu\neuxoa ( agrotis ) canariensis rebel , 1902 ; ann . k . k . natur . hist hofmus . wien , 17 ( notizen ) : 59 ; tl : canary islands\neuxoa pimensis barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 18 : 150 ; tl : arizona , pima co . , babaquivera mts .\neuxoa occidentalis lafontaine & byers , 1982 ; can . ent . 114 : 587 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : oregon , 28 mi w of baker , sumpter\neuxoa nyctina hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 336 , pl . 67 , f . 29 ; tl : kumaon , ralam valley\neuxoa xanthiodes hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 315 , pl . 67 , f . 7 ; tl : kashmir , barra larcha\neuxoa nigrata matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 121 , pl . 11 , f . 1 \u2642 ; tl : sakhalin\neuxoa shasta lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 163 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : mt . shasta , mcbride springs , siskiyou co . , california\neuxoa ( chorizagrotis ) penelope fibiger , 1997 ; noct . eur . 3 : 36 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : greece , paraskevei near konitsa , ioannina , 750m\neuxoa lecerfi zerny , 1934 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 19 ( fortsetzung ) : 44 , pl . 6 , f . 22 - 23 ; tl : morocco , tachdirt\neuxoa auripennis lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 412 , f . 5 , 10 \u2642 gen . , 12 \u2640 gen . ; tl : british columbia , cranbrook\neuxoa wirima hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 674 , f . 15 - 18 , 6 - 10 \u2640\u2642 gen ; tl : canada , northwest territories , fort smith\neuxoa cincta barnes & benjamin , 1924 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 5 ( 3 ) : 108 ; tl : arizona , cochise co . , paradise\neuxoa vernalis lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 1276 , f . 3 - 4 , f . 8 \u2642 gen . ; tl : arizona , cocolino co . , fort valley\neuxoa cryptica hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 268 , f . 1 , 5 - 6 \u2642 gen ; tl : california , 20 mi . w of bishop , mosquito flat\n700x443 ( ~ 57kb ) larva finland : n : espoo , tapiola 667 : 37 , 3 . 9 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela euxoa sp . / tritici group ? det . kimmo silvonen\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) vallus bivittata lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 50 ; tl : 7 mi wsw lee vining , california\neuxoa ustulata lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 10 , f . 3 - 4 , 6 ( m . gen ) , 8 ( f . gen ) ; tl : california , cedarville\neuxoa aurantiaca lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 1236 , f . 3 - 4 , 12 \u2642 gen , 17 \u2640 gen ; tl : wyoming , 4 mi . s . of alcova\neuxoa macrodentata hardwick , 1965 ; can . ent . 97 : 1223 , f . 8 - 9 , f . 1 - 5 ( m . f . gen ) ; tl : yukon territory , whitehorse\neuxoa juliae hardwick , 1968 ; can . ent . 100 : 272 , f . 2 , 9 - 10 ( \u2642 gen ) ; tl : california , 7 mi . wsw of lee vining , tioga pass\neuxoa lucida barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 1 ( 5 ) : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : utah , eureka\neuxoa luctuosa lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 746 , f . 7 , 8 , 14 \u2642 gen . , 18 \u2640 gen . ; tl : colorado , 17mi w . of pagosa springs\neuxoa melana lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 1329 , f . 5 - 6 , 8 \u2642 gen . , 10 \u2640 gen . ; tl : texas , 6 mi . e . of canadian\neuxoa serotina lafontaine , 1975 ; can . ent . 107 : 665 , f . 5 - 6 , 9 \u2642 gen . , 12 \u2640 gen . ; tl : texas , san patricio co . , welder wildlife refuge\neuxoa oberfoelli hardwick , 1973 ; can . ent . 105 : 75 , f . 1 - 4 , f . 6 \u2642 gen . , 7 \u2640 gen . ; tl : montana , 17 mi . se fort peck\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) churchillensis alpina lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 52 - 53 ; tl : pennsylvania mtn . , park co . , colorado\neuxoa axiliodes hampson , 1903 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 4 : 308 , pl . 66 , f . 31 ; tl : br . e . africa , athi - ya - mawe [ kenya ]\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) hyperborea lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 46 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : gubik gas field , chandler river , 1 mi s colville river , alaska\neuxoa maderensis lafontaine , 1976 ; can . ent . 108 : 665 , f . 3 - 4 , 8 \u2642 gen . , 11 \u2640 gen ; tl : arizona , santa cruz co . , santa rita mts . , madera canyon\neuxoa arizonensis lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 416 , f . 6 , 11 ( m . gen ) , 13 ( f . gen ) ; tl : arizona , apache co . , white mts . , greer\neuxoa ( pleonectopoda ) leuschneri lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 52 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : barton flats , san bernardino mts , sna bernardino co . , california , 6300\neuxoa cinnabarina barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : pl . 15 , f . 1 ; tl : california , monachee meadows , s . diego co . , nellie\neuxoa piniae buckett & bauer , 1964 ; can . ent . 96 : 967 , f . 1 - 2 , 4 - 5 ( m . gen ) , 8 ( f . gen ) ; tl : california , plumas co . , johnsville\neuxoa cana lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 1236 , f . 5 - 6 , 13 ( m . gen ) , 18 ( f . gen ) ; tl : oregon , sumpter co . , 28 mi . w . baker\neuxoa antica lafontaine , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 : 651 , f . 2 , 4 ( m . gen ) , 6 ( f . gen ) ; tl : new mexico , colfax co . , sangre de cristo mts . , cimarron canyon\neuxoa is a very large genus with many similar species , many of which are also quite variable . the genus is defined by a saccular extension of the valves in males and sclerotized plates on the dorsal and ventral ductus bursae in females . the genus was revised by lafontaine ( 1987 ) in the moths of north america series and is divided into eight subgenera based on structural characters . these moths are amongst the most difficult to identify . even though the forewing color and strength of various markings can vary significantly in some of the species , the shape of the lines and spots and the color of the hindwings ( often different in the sexes ) are more constant . the habitat and flight period are also important in helping to narrow the possibilities .\nheteroeuxoa lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 12 , 34 ; ts : mamestra septentrionalis walker\n1100x786 ( ~ 128kb ) usa : colorado , clear creek co . , summit lake , mt . evans , 23 . 7 . 2012 ( 39\u00b035 ' 52\nn 105\u00b038 ' 23\nw ) , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1200x1852 ( ~ 258kb ) usa : 2 . 5 mi ne of roggen on cr # 386 on sand hills , weld co . , co , 26 . 7 . 2012 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n900x1213 ( ~ 124kb ) usa : washington , chelan co . , lepsoc 2010 moth night at eagle creek , 9 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nthe exact identification of these species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\npalaeoeuxoa lafontaine , 1987 ; moths am . n of mexico 27 . 3 : 12 , 31 ; ts : agrotis mimallonis grote\nfrom ( e . washington - w . montana , colorado ) - to ( california , arizona , n . new mexico ) . see [ maps ]\nnew york , nova scotia - s . canada , alberta , rocky mountains , wyoming , south dakota , new mexico\nphalaena ( noctua ) lidia stoll , [ 1782 ] ; in cramer , uitl . kapellen 4 ( 32 - 32 ) : 222 , pl . 396 , f . d ; tl : british guiana , berbice [ error ]\n500x522 ( ~ 43kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 22 - 28 . 8 . 1976 , f 29 - 4 . 9 . 1976 , markku savela leg .\n500x281 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , f 12 - 18 . 8 . 1995 , markku savela leg .\nseu , ceu - se . siberia , turkey , pamirs , japan . see [ maps ]\nrhyacia mansour le cerf , 1933 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 38 : 216 ; tl : morocco , moyen atlas , zarf\nfrom ( alberta , saskatchewan ) - colorado , texas , mexico , michigan , missouri . see [ maps ]\nmexico , texas , oklahoma , colorado , s . nevada , s . california , florida . see [ maps ]\nagrotis terrealis grote , 1883 ; trans . kansas acad . sci . 8 : 47 ; tl : las vegas , new mexico\nbritish columbia - colorado , arizona , washington - california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia - s . manitoba ) - to ( new mexico , arizona ) , washington , oregon , california . see [ maps ]\nlongivesica hardwick , 1970 ; mem . ent . soc . canada 67 : 44 ; ts : agrotis divergens walker\nnewfoundland , s . canada , s . alberta - arizona , virginia , massachusetts , missouri , california , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nnew york , michigan , nova scotia - ontario - british columbia - alaska , rocky mountains , colorado , arizona , new mexico , california . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - california , s . nevada , montana , utah , w . colorado . see [ maps ]\ncarneades edictalis smith , 1893 ; ent . news , 4 ( 3 ) : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : colorado\ncrassivesica hardwick , 1970 ; mem . ent . soc . canada 67 : 156 ; ts : agrotis bochus morrison\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - to ( california , arizona , new mexico ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis bochus morrison , 1874 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 163 ; tl : nebraska\npleonectopoda grote , 1873 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 1 : 136 ; ts : pleonectopoda lewisi grote\nagrotis haverkampfi standfuss , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 : 359 ; tl : corsica\nturkey , bulgaria , turkmenia , caucasus , armenia , turkey , lebanon , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]\ns . greenland , labrador , northwest territories , yukon , alberta . see [ maps ]\nagrotiphila churchillensis mcdunnough , 1932 ; can . ent . 64 : 105 ; tl : manitoba , ft . churchill\nnewfoundland , labrador , n . quebec , northwest territories , new hampshire , new england . see [ maps ]\nquebec , maine , newfoundland , ontario , s . yukon , alberta , rocky mountains , colorado , oregon . see [ maps ]\nnewfoundland , nova scotia - massachusetts , s . onterio - s . alberta , montana , wyoming , utah , california , missouri , new york , colorado . see [ maps ]\nontario - alberta , illinois , nebraska , colorado , arizona , washington . see [ maps ]\ncarneades vallus smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 430 ; tl : british columbia\ncarneades luteosita smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 433 ; tl : colorado , hall valley\nagrotis trifasciata smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 460 ; tl : oregon , mt . hood\ncascades ( s . british columbia - california ) , idaho , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]\nn . minnesota , manitoba - british columbia - california , alberta - arizona , nova scotia , quebec , maine . see [ maps ]\ns . canada , massachusetts , washington , idaho - to ( new mexico , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\nmanitoba , saskatchewan , alberta , w . montana , wyoming , colorado . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - colorado , utah , nevada , california , washington , wyoming , oregon . see [ maps ]\nparagrotis dyar , [ 1903 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 140 ( repl . carneades grote , 1883 ) ; ts : carneades moerens grote\nceu , seu , naf , caucasus , armenia , c . asia , turkey , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]\nw . siberia - amur , kurile is . , sakhalin , mongolia , w . china , tibet , afghanistan , nepal , india , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\nnoctua ochrogaster guen\u00e9e , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 327 ; tl : north america\nagrotis islandica staudinger , 1857 ; stettin ent . ztg 18 ( 7 - 9 ) : 232 ; tl : iceland , iyjofj\u00f6dr , fredrickgafa [ ? ] and greenland\n: pamir , chorog ; pamir - darja ; agatsh kurgan at kudara ; semirtsche , naryn ; s . siberia , barnaul\nfrom ( s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - to ( colorado , utah , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis nostra smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 55 ; tl : california , sierra nevada\nagrotis phantoma kozhanchikov , 1928 ; ent . mitt . 17 ( 3 ) : 201 ; tl : siberia , minussinsk\nphalaena cursoria hufnagel , 1766 ; berlin . magazin . 3 ( 4 ) : 416 ; tl : berlin region\n500x517 ( ~ 40kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 14 - 20 . 8 . 1982 , f 6 - 11 . 8 . 1994 , markku savela leg .\n500x572 ( ~ 39kb ) finland : n : helsinki , m 9 . 8 . 1972 , ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , f 7 - 13 . 8 . 1982 , markku savela leg .\nlarva on ( mostly roots of ) elymus arenarius , rumex sp . , atriplex littoralis , minuartia pebloides , cakile maritima , lathyrus maritimus [ sprk ] , asparagus [ ne1 ]\nf . nigrovittata ( hanel , 1920 ) ; int . ent . zs . 13 : 185 ; tl : germany\nceu , caucasus , armenia , c . asia , ili , issyk - kul , turkey , iran . see [ maps ]\nsweu , libya , tunisia , algeria , morocco , jordan , sicily . see [ maps ]\nsteppes of ( s . russia ) , w . turkestan , s . ferghana , altai , sarepta . see [ maps ]\neu - c . asia , n . africa , middle east . see [ maps ]\n500x461 ( ~ 34kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 22 - 28 . 8 . 1976 , f 19 - 25 . 8 . 1978 , markku savela leg .\neu , turkey , siberia , c . asia - altai . see [ maps ]\nnoctua eruta h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 136 , f . 623 ; tl : europe\n500x513 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 23 - 30 . 7 . 1982 , f 31 - 6 . 8 . 1982 , markku savela leg .\n500x508 ( ~ 37kb ) finland : ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , m 25 - 28 . 7 . 1996 , f 1 - 7 . 9 . 1996 , markku savela leg .\ngreat confusion of how names should be distributed between e . tritici ( previosly e . crypta ) , and e . nigrofusca ( previously e . tritici ) , change due type specimen tritici being same ascrypta ! see [ ne12 ] , 149 .\nthe photos are placed here , but i have no sure way of knowing which of the\ntritici\ngroup species is really shown here .\nagrotis segnilis duponchel , 1837 ; in godart , hist . nat . l\u00e9pid . fr . ( suppl . ) 3 : 649 ; tl : balkan mts .\n502x666 ( ~ 96kb ) russia , moscow area , 2 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9\n500x518 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 12 - 18 . 8 . 1995 , f 19 - 25 . 8 . 1995 , markku savela leg .\nlarva on gramineae , allium fistulosum , polygonum aviculare , brassica napus v . napobrassica\nseu , tunisia , algeria , turkey , syria , iraq , iran , armenia , w . turkestan , ferghana , issyk - kul . see [ maps ]\nbang - haas , 1922 ; 36 , pl . 11 , f . 18 - 19 ;\nturkey , iran , armenia , turkmenia , issyk - kul , ili , saisan , altai , w . siberia . see [ maps ]\nsarepta , kasakhstan , turkmenia , uzbekistan , kirghizia , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nturkmenia , w . siberia , armenia , turkey , iran . see [ maps ]\nn . africa , iraq , yemen , arabia , turkmenistan , afghanistan , pakistan , . . .\nsteppes of ( s . russia , n . kazakhstan ) . see [ maps ]\nseu , ceu , morocco , algeria , caucasus , armenia , issyk - kul , turkey , iran , iraq . see [ maps ]\n? agrotis decora olympica toulechkoff , 1951 ; izv . zool . inst . sof . 1 : 327\neu , turkey , w . siberia , altai , ala tau , issyk - kul , alexander mts . , ili , amurland . see [ maps ]\nnoctua recussa h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : pl . 138 , f . 630 ; tl : europe [ alpes - maritimes ]\n500x575 ( ~ 42kb ) finland : om : perho , j\u00e4nk\u00e4 , 7020 : 376 , m 3 . 8 . 1971 , f 8 . 8 . 1971 , markku savela leg .\narmenia , turkey , lebanon , syria , iraq , iran . see [ maps ]\nhadena acuminifera eversmann , 1854 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 27 ( 3 ) : 188 ; tl : kirghizia , southern steppe\nse . ukraine , s . russia ( steppe ) , turkey , iran , iraq , transcaucasia , caucasus , c . asia . see [ maps ]\nagrotis ? anarmodia staudinger , 1897 ; dt . ent . z . iris 10 : 170 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : syria ; haifa\nagrotis bostoniensis grote , 1874 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 1874 : 203 ; tl : massachusetts , newtonville\nfrom ( s . manitoba , wisconsin ) - s . alberta - california , texas , colorado , arizona , mexico . see [ maps ]\nw . montana - washington - arizona , california , colorado . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - california , n . michigan . see [ maps ]\ntexas , new mexico , mexico , guatemala , . . . . see [ maps ]\nagrotis rufula smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 461 ; tl : new mexico\nw . ontario - british columbia , montana , utah , new mexico , california , oregon , washington . see [ maps ]\nagrotis annulipes smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 48 ; tl : oregon\nquebec , ontario , e . north dakota , pennsylvania , n . illinois , e . nebraska , kentucky , north carolina . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , s . alberta - utah , nevada , california , washington . see [ maps ]\ns . montana - wyoming - colorado - new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - oregon , california , montana - utah , colorado . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - to ( new mexico , utah , california ) , nevada . see [ maps ]\nagrotis pluralis grote , 1878 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 4 : 174 ; tl : nevada\noregon , washington , utah , new mexico , nevada . see [ maps ]\nbritish columbia , alberta , washington , idaho , arizona , new mexico , south dakota , wyoming . see [ maps ]\nnorth carolina , quebec - ontario - alberta - british columbia - alaska , minnesota , s . alberta - new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\nnewfoundland , s . canada , british columbia alaska , new england , rocky mountains , new mexico , arizona , utah , kentucky . see [ maps ]\nagrotis campestris grote , 1875 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 423 ; tl : orillia , ontario\ncolorado , utah , new mexico , arizona , mexico . see [ maps ]\ns . washington - w . colorado , arizona , california , nevada , montana , s . alberta . see [ maps ]\nagrotis silens grote , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 4 ) : 67 ; tl : nevada\ncolorado , s . california , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]\ns . michigan - w . montana , tennessee , n . arkansas , texas . see [ maps ]\nwashington , utah , w . new mexico , s . california . see [ maps ]\ncascases ( s . british columbia - california ) , montana , utah , colorado . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( w . montana , wyoming ) - nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nfeltia stygialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 1 ( 5 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : arizona , santa catalina mts .\ncolorado - california , new mexico , arizona , south dakota , se . montana . see [ maps ]\ncarneades stigmatalis smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 425 ; tl : colorado , glenwood springs\ns . saskatschewan , s . albertal , north dakota , montana . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , s . saskatchewan - colorado , washington , oregon , california , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nmassachusetts , north carolina , kansas , nova scotia , s . canada , alberta , british columbia , yukon , alaska , new york , colorado , california , south dakota , new mexico , arizona , washington . see [ maps ]\nth rep . nox . and other ins . state of n . y : 237 ;\ns . saskatchewan - s . british columbia - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis plagigera morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 163 ; tl : colorado\ncalifornia , colorado , manitoba , alberta , saskatchewan , utah , south dakota , . . . . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia - new mexico , california , arizona , e . montana , ne . wyoming . see [ maps ]\ns . nevada , utah , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia - s . saskatchwan ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california , w . kansas . see [ maps ]\nagrotis comosa morrison , 1876 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 18 : 238 ; tl : colorado\nw . montana , n . utah , california , arizona , colado . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , washington , oregon , california . see [ maps ]\nprince edward i . - s . manitoba , montana , wyoming , n . kansas , w . north carolina , new york . see [ maps ]\nagrotis velleripennis grote , 1874 ; 6th ann . rep . peabody acad . sci . 1873 : 25 ; tl : new york\nfrom ( s . british columbia - s . saskatchewan ) - california , south dakota , utah , nevada . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - colorado , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . british columbia , ne . wyoming ) - to ( new mexico , arizona , california ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis satiens smith , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 45 ; tl : nw british columbia\nagrotis violaris grote & robinson , 1868 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 353 , pl . 7 , f . 59 ; tl : atlantic district\nfrom ( alberta , s . yukon ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( manitoba , british columbia ) - to ( colorado , kansas , california , new mexico , arizona ) , s . canada , quebec , n . pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\ne . south dakota , e . north dakota , s . saskatchewan , montana , kansas , new mexico , nebraska . see [ maps ]\nbritish columbia - e . washington - utah - new mexico , w . south dakota . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( saskatchewan , alberta ) - to ( north dakota , south dakota , colorado ) , new mexico , arizona , nevada , oregon . see [ maps ]\nagrotis basalis grote , 1879 ; north amer . ent . 1 ( 5 ) : 38 ; tl : colorado\nagrotis costata grote , 1876 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 3 : 80 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : vancouver island\nbritish columbia - manitoba , n . idaho , rocky mountains , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]\ncarneades foeminalis smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 454 ; tl : colorado , garfield co .\nse . saskatchewan - south dakota , alaska , idaho , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\nnova scotia - british columbia , s . yukon , massachusetts , new york , michigan , south dakota , colorado , new mexico , arizona , utah . see [ maps ]\nnova scotia - virginia , massachusetts , ontario - s . saskatchewan , montan , w . wyoming , missouri . see [ maps ]\nagrotis redimicula morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 17 : 165 ; tl : massachusetts\nyukon , from ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , montana , new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\noregon - california , colorado , idaho , s . montana , utah , nevada . see [ maps ]\nagrotis agema strecker , 1899 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 2 : 5 ; tl : colorado\ns . saskatchewan - s . british columbia , south dakota , montana , new mexico , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis oblongistigma smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 454 ; tl : montana\ns . washington - califorina , wyoming , colorado , new mexico , north dakota , s . alberta . see [ maps ]\ns . saskatchewan , s . alberta , south dakota , wyoming , utah . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( new mexico , texas , arizona , nevada ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( saskatchewan , s . british columbia ) - to ( south dakota , colorado , arizona , n . baja california , mexico ) , oregon . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( colorado , oregon ) , arizona , nevada . see [ maps ]\ncascades ( washington - california ) , n . baja california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis latro barnes & benjamin , 1926 ; can . ent . 58 : 305 ; tl : california , truckee\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - to ( colorado , utah , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( south dakota , new mexico , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . manitoba - s . british columbia ) - to ( south dakota , new mexico , arizona , nevada , california ) . see [ maps ]\nagrotis infracta morrison , 1875 ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 18 : 115 ; tl : colorado\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , utah , nevada , montana , california . see [ maps ]\nagrotis quadridentata grote & robinson , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 4 : 491 , pl . 3 , f . 2 - 3 ; tl : colorado territory\nrocky mountains , e . british columbia , w . montana , colorado , wyoming , e . nevada , arizona\ncascades , s . british columbia , w . idaho , e . nevada , california\ns . montana - colorado , utah , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( texas , new mexico , arizona ) , south dakota , michigan . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . manitoba - s . british columbia ) - nebraska , idaho , south dakota , colorado , oregon , new mexico , . see [ maps ]\nnewfoundland - northwest territories , alberta , south carolina , n . missouri , kansas , colorado . see [ maps ]\ncharaeas ? detersa walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 9 : 212 ; tl : nova scotia\nfrom ( saskatchewan - s . british columbia ) - colorado , california , new mexico , utah , texas . see [ maps ]\noregon - california , nevada , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nagrotis recula harvey , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : oregon\nagrotis aequalis harvey , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 36 ; tl : california\nkansas , colorado , new mexico , arizona , n . texas . see [ maps ]\ncarneades conjuncta smith , 1890 ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 38 : 221 ; tl : new mexico , las vegas\noregon , utah , colorado , idaho , california , montana , w . north dakota . see [ maps ]\ns . northwest territories , s . yukon , se . alaska , manitoba , montana , colorado , utah , california . see [ maps ]\nsw . saskatchewan , washington , montana , colorado , utah , nevada , arizona , texas , california . see [ maps ]\ns . british columbia , w . north dakota , montana , colorado , new mexico , nevada , arizona . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta , s . british columbia ) - to ( nevada , utah , new mexico , arizona , california ) . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( texas , new mexico , utah ) , s . british columbia - to ( nevada , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\ncarneades cinereopallidus smith , 1903 ; can . ent . 35 ( 1 ) : 10 ; tl : utah , stockton\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan - s . alberta ) - to ( new mexico , mexico ) , s . british columbia - to ( utah , nevada ) , colorado . see [ maps ]\ncolorado , w . texas , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]\nturkmenia , c . asia , w . siberia , mongolia , china . see [ maps ]\nagrotiphila incognita smith , 1894 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 21 : 52 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : british columbia , laggan\nfrom ( s . british columbia , s . alberta ) - montana , washington , s . manitoba , n . michigan . see [ maps ]\ns . northwest territories , s . yukon , alberta , saskatchewan , s . british columbia - colorado , washington , utah . see [ maps ]\nrhizagrotis perolivalis smith , 1905 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 13 : 194 ; tl : alberta , calgary\nmaine , newfoundland - british columbia , montana , south dakota . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( s . saskatchewan , s . alberta ) - to ( nebraska , colorado ) , idaho , nevada , montana . see [ maps ]\nnorthwest territories - north dakota , colorado , utah , washington , montana . see [ maps ]\nagrotis flavicollis smith , 1888 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 10 : 456 ; tl : montana\nyukon , s . northwest territories - british columbia , north dakota , montana , colorado , utah , new mexico , arizona . see [ maps ]"]}
{"id": 956, "summary": [{"text": "synchirus gilli , the manacled sculpin , is a species of sculpin native to the eastern pacific ocean where it occurs along the coast from alaska to southern california .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "synchirus gilli", "paragraphs": ["greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , cheir = hand ( ref . 45335 )\nnamed after theodore gill , u . s . ichthyologist ( ref . 6885 )\neastern pacific : sitka , alaska to san miguel island , southern california , usa .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 5 - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 21 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . caudal fin rounded . pelvic fins small .\nfound in bays , tide pools and among kelp ( ref . 2850 ) . previously thought as rare species , but relatively common in some areas , especially kelp beds ( ref . 2850 ) . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . can cling to bottoms or pilings with its pectoral and pelvic fins ( ref . 2850 ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )\n) : 6 . 4 - 12 . 8 , mean 9 . 3 ( based on 242 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00295 - 0 . 01699 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 34 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfound in bays , tide pools and among kelp ( ref . 2850 ) . previously thought as rare species , but relatively common in some areas , especially kelp beds ( ref . 2850 ) . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . can cling to bottoms or pilings with its pectoral and pelvic fins ( ref . 2850 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\neastern north pacific : unalaska island and gulf of alaska to southern california , u . s . a .\n7 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 ) )\nenvironmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 8 - 8 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nutilizing double quotes for exact terms can narrow your search results . ex . a common name search of northwestern sedge matches ' northwestern sedge ' and ' northwestern showy sedge ' . typing\nnorthwestern sedge\nreturn only ' northwestern sedge ' .\n\u00a9 2012 - 2018 . encyclopedia of puget sound is published by the puget sound institute at the uw tacoma center for urban waters .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 21 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . caudal fin rounded . pelvic fins small .\nsource : fishbase . eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h hammann . 1983 . ( ref . 2850 )\nfound in bays , tide pools and among kelp ( ref . 2850 ) . previously thought as rare species , but relatively common in some areas , especially kelp beds ( ref . 2850 ) . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . can cling to bottoms or pilings with its pectoral and pelvic fins ( ref . 2850 ) . environment : demersal ; marine . climate : temperate ; 59\u00b0n - 32\u00b0n\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 957, "summary": [{"text": "garrha brachytricha is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by turner in 1927 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous-pink , inclining to pale brick-red . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "garrha brachytricha", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for brachytricha definition . you find here brachytricha meaning , synonyms of brachytricha and images for brachytricha copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word brachytricha . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word brachytricha and , of course , brachytricha synonyms and on the right images related to the word brachytricha .\nhave a fact about garrha pyrrhopasta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for garrha pyrrhopasta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nmachimia brachytricha turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 147\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nturner , a . j . 1927 ,\nnew and little known tasmanian lepidoptera . part ii\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1926 , pp . 119 - 164\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 134a1467 - 090a - 49ed - 8b2c - be56f7cb116e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 904134ab - c62d - 4a02 - 8abb - c7948b287a0c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 38dd9672 - b7c5 - 4b8a - 9c3c - a76eb14a7b7f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 361141\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nheliocausta achroa turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4\nheliocausta acosmeta turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4\nmachimia agglomerata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375\nmachimia alma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : victoria , gisborne\nmachimia amata meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 175 ; tl : west australia , waroona\nheliocausta arrhodea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113\nhoplitica atripunctatella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7\naustralia ( victoria , s . australia , e . australia ) . see [ maps ]\nhoplitica cholodella meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 507\nmachimia coccinea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 59\nhoplitica costimacula meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 502\nmachimia cylicotypa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111\nmachimia defessa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376\neuryplaca demotica meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 489\nhoplitica eugramma lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 93\ncryptopeges icasta turner , 1941 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 66 : 406\nheliocausta idiosema turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113\nmachimia interjecta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116\nhoplitica leucerythra meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 501\nheliocausta limbata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 471\nmachimia mesogaea turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371\nhoplitica metriopis meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 941\nmachimia micromita turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 107\nmachimia mitescens meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : queensland , townsville\neuryplaca ocellifera meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 488\nmachimia ochra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 109\ncoesyra paraderces meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1659\nmachimia phaeoporphyra turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge\nmachimia phoenopis turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; queensland , brisbane ; mt tambourine ; toowoomba\nmachimia platyporphyra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111 ( emend . )\nhoplitica pseudota lower , 1901 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 25 ( 2 ) : 85\nmachimia pyrrhopasta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 114\nmachimia rubella turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge\nhoplitica rufa meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 504\nmachimia rufescens turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\nhoplitica rufimaculella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7\nhoplitica sericata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 497\nheliocausta spatiosa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 387\nmachimia submissa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\nmachimia umbratica turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\ncoesyra zonostola meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 772\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ndescriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . xi & xii . oecophoridae - ( continued )\nzeller , 1855 nachtrag zu den im 9ten bande bescriebenen arten ds genus cryptolechia linn . ent . 10 : 145 - 168\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\n( w . t . wang & d . y . chen ) r . b . mao & yin z . wang\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 958, "summary": [{"text": "takapsestis orbicularis is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 42 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dull cinereous , speckled with blackish , most thickly in the terminal area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a blackish spot at the base on the submedian fold .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the inner line is black , before one-third , evenly outcurved and sinuate on vein 1 , preceded by two indistinct dark parallel lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the basal area is limited by a thicker curved wavy line and the outer line is black , concave outwards from the costa to vein 4 , on which it is bent , then oblique inwards to the submedian fold , and vertically sinuous to the inner margin , followed immediately by a dark parallel line and at a distance by a dark wavy line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the subterminal line is pale grey between blackish shades , met by a curved black streak from the apex and there is a black terminal festoon .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is pale with black outlines and the orbicular is large and rounded , while the reniform is narrow , inwardly oblique and with a dark linear centre .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the orbicular is filled up with dull yellowish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are fuscous with darker veins . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "takapsestis orbicularis", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define takapsestis orbicularis in a sentence and how is the word takapsestis orbicularis used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528takapsestis orbicularis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528takapsestis orbicularis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528takapsestis orbicularis\u9020\u53e5 , takapsestis orbicularis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nadults are similar to\ntakapsestis orbicularis\n, but the double antemedial lines of the forewings are straighter and the double postmedial lines are highly angled outwards beyond the cell .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )\ndescription : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nacta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 47 ( 1 ) , pp . 1\u009613 , 2001\nsp . n . ; the new species are related to their nearest allies . the majority of the known species are new to the fauna of korea . with 42 original figures .\nacta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 47 ( 1 ) , pp . 15\u009625 , 2001\nplant protection institute , hungarian academy of sciences , h - 1525 budapest p . o . box 102 , hungary , e - mail : h2405koz @ urltoken\nspecies of the world increases to 23 . distribution records and zoogeographical considerations are given . the new species represent a link between the palaearctic , oriental and ethiopian regions . the records gave a new insight into the species richness of this genus in the world .\nacta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 47 ( 1 ) , pp . 27\u009685 , 2001\nl\u00e1szl\u00f3 , gy . m . , g . ronkay * and l . ronkay * *\n* h - 1137 budapest , szt . istv\u00e1n krt 4 , hungary , e - mail : gronkay @ urltoken\n* * department of zoology , hungarian natural history museum , h - 1088 budapest , baross u . 13 , hungary , e - mail : ronkay @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndemopsestis yoshimotoi ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nepipsestis wernyi ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nepipsestis witti ( laszlo , g . ronkay & l . ronkay , 2007 )\nhoripsestis kisvaczak ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nneotogaria baenzigeri ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nneotogaria thomaswitti ( laszlo , g . ronkay & l . ronkay , 2007 )\nparapsestis cinerea ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis dabashana ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis hausmanni ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis implicata ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis wernyaminta ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )"]}
{"id": 959, "summary": [{"text": "ansonia penangensis is a species of toad in the family bufonidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to penang island , malaysia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "records from elsewhere represent other species ; the mainland records are referable to ansonia malayana and ansonia jeetsukumarani .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "its natural habitats are rocky streams in rainforests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "ansonia penangensis", "paragraphs": ["information on the penang stream toad ( ansonia penangensis ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nfigure 1 . ( e ) natural habitat of ansonia penangensis ( photo : evan quah s . h . ) .\nfigure 1 . ( a ) ansonia penangensis ( usmhc 0001 ) from penang hill , penang , west malaysia ( b ) ventral view of a . penangensis ( usmhc 0001 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - penang stream toad ( ansonia penangensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - penang stream toad ( ansonia penangensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - penang stream toad ( ansonia penangensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nansonia penangensis \u2014 inger , 1954 , fieldiana , zool . , 33 : 239 . inger , 1960 , fieldiana , zool . , 39 : 476 .\nansonia penangensis is a species of toad in the family bufonidae . it is endemic to malaysia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers .\nbufo ( ansonia ) penangensis \u2014 mocquard , 1890 , nouv . arch . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 3 , 2 : 160 .\n( c ) tadpole of a . penangensis clinging onto rock in stream of fast flowing stream\npeter paul van dijk , jeet sukumaran , indraneil das , norsham yaakob , leong tzi ming , yodchaiy chuaynkern 2004 . ansonia penangensis . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t164782a115305123 . urltoken\n( d ) partially metamorphosed froglet of a . penangensis ( all photos : evan quah s . h . ) .\nvan dijk , p . p . , sukumaran , j . , das , i . , yaakob , n . , tzi ming , l . & chuaynkern , y . 2004 . ansonia penangensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 21 july 2007 .\nbufo penangensis \u2014 boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 287 .\nthere is much confusion surrounding the status of this species relative to ansonia malayana . populations that have been assigned to this species on the isthmus of kra and from fraser ' s hill in malaysia are considered here to refer to a . malayana , a position which is supported by grismer ( 2006 ) ( who treats a . penangensis as endemic to penang island ) . however , it is not clear that these two species are distinct from each other , and further taxonomic work is needed . records of a . penangensis from sumatra , indonesia , are now assigned to a . glandulosa .\nsimilar to other species of ansonia that show very limited and specific ranges ( grismer 2006a , b ; wood et al . 2008 , matsui et al . 2009 ) , a . penangensis is endemic only to penang island . earlier reports by berry , 1975 of this species occurring sympatrically with a . malayana is erroneous . berry , 1975 never listed any vouchered specimens that were deposited at any museums or institutions . exhaustive searches have not yielded any evidence of the presence of a . malayana on penang island .\nansonia penangensis stoliczka , 1870 , j . asiat . soc . bengal , 39 : 152 . syntypes : location not designated ; zsic 2717 - 18 , 3585 - 86 considered syntypes by chanda , das , and dubois , 2001\n2000\n, hamadryad , 25 : 102 - 103 , who discussed them . sclater , 1892 , list batr . indian mus . : 27 , listed only 3585 - 86 and questioned whether they were actually syntypes . type locality :\non penang , two near the great water - fall ( above alexandra bath ) , and two in a narrow gorge about half way up the penang hill\n, malaysia .\nnatural history : all individuals were collected between 1900 - 2100 h , following periods of afternoon precipitation . all specimens were found on the ground amongst leaf litter near a trail in evergreen forest with a thin canopy and gaps in the canopy , approximately 300 m from a river ( figure 1e ; n 05 . 44\u00ba , e 100 . 28\u00ba , 263 m elevation ) . tadpoles were found , clinging onto the rocks in fast flowing portions of the river ( figure 1c ) . these observations are similar to the remarks made by boulenger ( 1912 ) and flower ( 1899 ) who noted the tadpoles of a . penangensis can be found in swift - flowing hill - streams . a partially metamorphosed froglet was also observed ( figure 1d ) . the tadpole and the partially metamorphosed froglet were not collected , but these findings indicate breeding by a . penangensis in this river .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as vulnerable because it is known from only a single location .\nthis species is known only from penang island , malaysia . its altitudinal range is not known .\nthere is very little information . the collection of tadpoles on penang hill in 2004 represents the first records of the species in over 100 years ; this absence of records might be a reflection of inadequate surveying effort .\nthe forest habitat at the type locality is well protected ; other potential threats are presently unknown .\nthe hill forests on penang hill are currently protected as a catchment area for georgetown , and the lower reaches are within the penang botanical gardens . nonetheless , the population status of this species requires careful monitoring , given that it is known only from a single location .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\npeter paul van dijk , jeet sukumaran , indraneil das , norsham yaakob , leong tzi ming , yodchaiy chuaynkern . 2004 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t164782a115305123 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nas endemic to penang island ) . however , it is not clear that these two species are distinct from each other , and further taxonomic work is needed . records of\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\npenang stream toad ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 39 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\n\u0e1b\u0e49\u0e32\u0e22\u0e01\u0e33\u0e01\u0e31\u0e1a : 2011 , amphibia - caudata , anura - frog , author : l . l . grismer , bufonidae , herpetology - frog ; reptile snake , malaysia , redescription , rediscovery , zootaxa\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 2011 ] myron karnsi & m . resetari \u2022 . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 2011 ] a reptile survey in a dry dec . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 1995 ] 6 new brookesia | b . ambreens . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 2006 ] 3 new rhampholeon | r . beradu . . .\n[ herpetology \u2022 2002 ] lipinia nitens ( peters , 1871 ) . . .\n[ ichthyology \u2022 2008 ] 5 new puntius ( teleostei : cyp . . .\n[ ichthyology \u2022 2005 ] puntius tiantian & p . didi \u2022 . . .\n[ ichthyology \u2022 2008 ] puntius reval \u2022 a new barb ( t . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 15 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 962, "summary": [{"text": "the streak-breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is found from far southeastern bangladesh to central may peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "streak - breasted woodpecker", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for streak - breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) yet .\nthe streak - breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) is a species of bird in the picidae family .\nwinkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . streak - breasted woodpecker ( picus viridanus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon and locally fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the species is suspected to be in decline within its restricted range owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclosest relatives appear to be p . rabieri , p . xanthopygaeus and p . vittatus # r . often considered conspecific with last of those , but appears to be separated by habitat , although some possible overlap in this respect ; further study needed . birds from malay peninsula described as race weberi , being slightly smaller and darker , but differences insignificant and probably due to clinal variation . monotypic .\nsw bangladesh , sw & se myanmar and sw thailand s to extreme nw peninsular malaysia # r # r .\n30\u201333 cm ; c . 90\u2013120 g . male has red forehead to nape and slight crest , black base of forehead , upper lores and narrow line bordering crown ; thin white supercilium . . .\nants . commonly forages on the ground ; also on moss - covered trees and boulders .\nfeb\u2013apr . nest - hole excavated in tree . clutch 4 eggs . no other information .\nnot globally threatened . uncommon , locally fairly common ; possibly overlooked . occurs in kaeng krachan national park and khao nor chuchi reserve ( thailand ) . has a very small . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included chrysophlegma , which was found in recent molecular analyses to represent a clearly divergent , separate clade # r ( see above ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na female drinking on a watering point and flying off ( lesser necklaced laughingthrush and racquet - tailed treepies bathing . . .\na male on a big trunk adopting different postures , including upside down , for feeding .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\npicus viridanus : lowlands of myanmar and sw thailand to extreme nw malay pen .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 248 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : picus viridanus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nit is found in malaysia , myanmar , thailand and perhaps bangladesh . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nour search server encountered a problem during your search . please copy this error code { { spperror _ message } }\nmore in { { topic . val } } ( { { topic . numarticles - topic . articles . length } } )\nthe cornell lab will send you updates about birds , birding , and opportunities to help bird conservation . you can unsubscribe at any time . we will never sell or give your email address to others .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers"]}
{"id": 963, "summary": [{"text": "the puerto rican sharp-shinned hawk , ( accipiter striatus venator ) , falc\u00f3n de sierra or gavil\u00e1n pecho rufo in spanish , is an endemic subspecies of the north american sharp-shinned hawk , occurring only in puerto rico .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "discovered in 1912 and described as a distinct sub-species , it has been placed on the united states fish and wildlife service list of endangered species because of its rapidly dwindling population in puerto rico .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it can be found in the toro negro state forest . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk", "paragraphs": ["no critical habitat rules have been published for the puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk .\nother names : cuban sharp - shinned hawk ( fringilloides ) , eastern sharp - shinned hawk ( velox ) , haitian sharp - shinned hawk ( striatus ) , mexican sharp - shinned hawk ( suttoni ) , pacific sharp - shinned hawk ( perobscurus ) , puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk ( venator ) , sharpshin .\nlittle information but it is likely that the puerto rican subspecies of sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus venator ) is a common predator . the stomach contents of a single sharp - shinned hawk contained the remains of a puerto rican vireo ( wetmore 1916 ) .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1997 .\npuerto rican broad - winged hawk and puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk recovery plan .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta , georgia .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 9 sept . 1994 .\nendangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status for the puerto rican broad - winged hawk and the puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk .\nfederal register urltoken\npuerto rican sharp - shinned hawk .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nfigure 1 . distribution of the sharp - shinned hawk in north and middle america .\nthe iucn 3 . 1 has listed sharp shinned hawk as \u201cleast concern\u201d . but , the subspecies puerto rican sharp - shinned hawks or accipiter striatus venator are termed as \u201cendangered\u201d by the \u201cus fish and wildlife service\u201d list of threatened or endangered species .\npuerto rican sharp - shinned hawk .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\ndelannoy , c . a . and a . cruz . 1988 . breeding biology of the puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus venator ) . auk no . 105 : 649 - 662 . close\npuerto rican broad - winged hawk .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nthe puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus venator ) - - a nother subspecies of the sharp - shinned hawk - - is a small forest hawk . currently it is restricted to five isolated mountain - forest areas . primarily it feeds on small birds . if you are fortunate you may see one streak by in the forest . nest failures , deforestation , and habitat loss due to construction have played a significant role in the decline of this species .\n. . . the widespread habitat loss likely limits options for territory switching , and it is not unexpected that ridgway ' s hawk would have a high re - occupancy rate . high re - occupancy rates were also documented in the endangered puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk accipiter striatus venator ( delannoy and cruz 1988 ) and the puerto rican broad - winged hawk buteo platypterus brunnescens ( hengstenberg and vilella 2005 ) . nesting trees of ridgway ' s hawk were predominantly hispaniola royal palms , with much less frequent use of emergent native hardwoods . . . .\npuerto rican broad - winged hawk .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nthe sharp shinned hawk is known to have some predators including the peregrine falcons , red - tailed hawks , cooper\u2019s hawks ( resemble sharp shin in coloration and plumage ) , and the marsh hawks .\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : sharp - shinned hawk accipiter striatus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\nsharp shins get their name from the occurrence of laterally compressed , sharp keels on their long legs .\n. . . the broad - winged hawk and sharp - shinned hawk of puerto rico were found to have 50 % and 29 % nest success , respectively . puerto rican sharp - shinned hawks suffered not only from high nestling mortality , but also desertion of clutches ( delannoy and cruz 1988 ) , which was not seen to be a factor in ridgway ' s hawk nest failures . ridgway ' s hawks produced only one brood per season , similar to other tropical buteo species , with an annual fledging rate of 0 . 64 fledglings ( table 3 ) . . . .\ntook a video of sharp shinned hawk hunting in the wood pile . taken with phone from approximately 25ft . , little shaky . would you like to see ?\nthe southern population of sharp shinned hawk is sometimes categorized into three different species \u2013 the rufous - thighed hawk ( a . erythronemius ) , plain - breasted hawk ( a . ventralis ) , and white - breasted hawk ( a . chionogaster ) . the species as a whole can also be classified into the following subspecies :\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service published a recovery plan for the puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk in 1997 . it only survives in the maricao , toro negro , guilarte , and carite commonwealth forests ( managed by the commonwealth of puerto rico ) , and in the caribbean national forest ( u . s . forest service ) . its survival is absolutely dependent on the protection of its habitat in these areas of remnant forest . this can be accomplished by conserving these forests against destructive uses in forestry , road - building , and other threatening developments . in addition , the endangered hawk must be strictly protected against any shooting . the populations of the puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk should be monitored , and research undertaken into its biology and habitat needs .\ndistribution of the sharp - shinned hawk in north and middle america and the western caribbean . this species also breeds in puerto rico and south america . in north america , breeding occurs very locally west to the dashed line . see text for details .\nin maricao state forest , puerto rican vireos join mixed foraging flocks consisting of puerto rican tody ( todus mexicanus ) , puerto rican tanager ( nesospingus speculiferus ) , elfin - woods warbler ( setophaga angelae ) , and other wintering wood - warblers such as northern parula ( setophaga americana ) , american redstart ( setophaga ruticilla ) , and black - and - white warbler ( mniotilta varia ) ( willis 1973 ) . mixed flocks have not been observed in the dry forest of gu\u00e1nica ( j . faaborg , personal communication ) .\nthe puerto rican broad - winged hawk was first reported in puerto rico in 1878 . he reported this species as\ncommon\nin the\ninterior\nof puerto rico , and in 1883 it was reported as\ntransient\n. in the first half of the 20th century , the species was not observed , and in 1927 it was believed to have become extinct . a specimen was collected in 1935 in luquillo ( caribbean national forest ) and described it as a distinct resident subspecies , the puerto rican broad - winged hawk ( buteo platypterus brunnescens ) . sightings were reported again in 1936 and 1963 from the luquillo , utuado and maricao forests .\nconservation : common in north america , but the west indian island endemic populations are threatened or endangered . the puerto rican race is endangered , and the population was recently estimated at only 154 birds ( goodrich 2006 ) . as a species , the sharp - shinned hawk is categorized as a species of\nleast concern\nby birdlife international ( 2007 ) . more . . . .\nstudies on breeding and nesting habitat of this species , in 1986 discovered that the sharp - shinned hawk population in maricao nests in both natural and modified calophyllum plantation habitats . plantation nest sites tended to have large canopy trees and fewer understory than natural forest nest sites . sharp - shinned hawks appear to select plantation and natural forest nest sites with similar vegetative structure and topography . results suggested that vegetation structural requirements ( closed canopies and dense stands ) are sought by the puerto rican sharp - shinned hawks in the selection of nest sites in maricao and apparently in other parts of its range in puerto rico . furthermore , these authors reported low reproductive success , high desertion of eggs , and high nestling mortality due to parasitism by the warble fly philornis spp .\ncommon names include \u201csharp - shin , \u201d \u201csharpie , \u201d \u201cblue darter , \u201d \u201clittle blue darter , \u201d and \u201cbird hawk . \u201d\nmurray , jr . , b . g . 1964 . a review of sharp - shinned hawk migration along the northeastern coast of the united states . wilson bull . no . 76 : 257 - 264 . close\nsize : height of sharp shin hawks varies significantly . a male sharp shin hawk measures about 9 . 1 - 11 . 8 inches ( 23 - 30cm ) in length . its wingspan is about 17 - 23 inches ( 42 - 58cm ) . the female sharp - shinned hawk measures about 11 - 15 inches ( 29 - 37cm ) in length . it has the wingspan of about 23 - 27 inches ( 58 - 68cm ) .\nmueller , h . c . and d . d . berger . 1970 . prey preferences in the sharp - shinned hawk : the roles of sex , experience , and motivation . auk no . 87 : 452 - 457 .\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service published a recovery plan for the puerto rican broad - winged hawk in 1997 . it only survives in the rio abajo and carite commonwealth forests ( managed by the commonwealth of puerto rico ) , and in the caribbean national forest ( u . s . forest service ) . its survival is absolutely dependent on the protection of its habitat in these areas of remnant montane forest . this can be accomplished by conserving these forests against destructive uses in forestry , road - building , and other threatening developments . in addition , the endangered hawk must be strictly protected against any shooting . the populations of the puerto rican broad - winged hawk should be monitored , and research undertaken into its biology and habitat needs .\nthe puerto rican broad - winged hawk ( buteo platypterus brunnescens ) is a subspecies of the broad - winged hawk and is found in isolated mountain areas preferring to hunt from lofty perches . this hawk\u2019s prey consists of frogs , lizards , other birds and insects . as of 1992 its population on the island was estimated at approximately 124 individuals . the cause of its decline has been due to forest destruction and habitat loss due to construction .\npredators likely include sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus ) , red - tailed hawk ( buteo jamaicensis ) , barn owl ( tyto alba ) , pearly - eyed thrasher ( margarops fuscatus ) , and indian mongooses ( herpestes mungo , mustelidae ) ( waide 1996 ) . additionally , adult diptera and nematodes likely feed on puerto rican tody ( waide , 1996 ) . mongooses prey on puerto rican tody and its nestlings , especially if nest burrows are below 0 . 8 m above the ground ( kepler 1972 ) . several animal species may cause a nesting pair of todies to abandon their nest , even if the animal does not harm the eggs , including frogs , lizards , scorpions , stinging ants , snakes , whipscorpions , snake - like lizards , and tarantulas ( kepler 1972 ) .\neyes : the eye color of sharp shins is generally deep red with yellow borders .\nkerlinger , p . 1984 . flight behaviour of sharp - shinned hawks during migration ii : over water . anim . behav . no . 32 : 1029 - 1034 . close\nbackyard bird feeders do attract sharp - shinned hawks from time to time . most bird watchers prefer to discourage this behavior , although studies indicate that feeders don\u2019t greatly increase a bird\u2019s chances of being taken by a sharp - shinned hawk\u2014the hawks get the great majority of their diet elsewhere . if a hawk starts hunting regularly in your yard , the best thing to do is to take down your feeders for a couple of weeks . the hawk will move on and the songbirds will return when you put your feeders back up . here\u2019s more about how to cope with predators and pests in your yard .\nthe puerto rican broad - winged hawk populations are extremely small and limited to only three montane forests . significant adverse effects to this species or its habitat could drive it to extinction . the potential for illegal shooting , increased human disturbance and loss of prime habitat in the forests constitute serious threats to the continued survival of the species .\n) , the sharp - shinned hawk is a small , slender , feisty accipiter , with short , rounded wings and a long , narrow tail . although small mammals and even insects appear in its diet , this forest - dwelling predator feeds almost entirely on small birds .\nmueller , h . c . and d . d . berger . 1967a . fall migration of sharp - shinned hawks . wilson bull . no . 79 : 397 - 314 . close\nthe buteo platypterus brunnescens ( puerto rican broad - winged hawk ) is a dark chocolate brown , small - size hawk that measures approximately 15 . 5 in ( 39 cm ) . it is smaller than the buteo platypterus platypterus but larger than the lesser antillean sub - species . this is the darkest subspecies of the broad - winged hawk . in adults , the tail , broadly banded with black and white , and the rufous breast are characteristic . immature birds have dark bars on the breast and lack the distinctive tail bands of the adult . broadwings flap more than the similar but larger red - tailed hawk .\nmany coraciiformes roost huddled in groups or in cavities to conserve energy required for thermoregulation , but puerto rican tody roosts singly in trees ( kepler 1972 , merola - zwartjes and ligon 2000 ) . females , but not males , sometimes enter torpor when ambient air temperatures are low ( merola - zwartjes and ligon 2000 ) . the basal metabolic rate of puerto rican tody varies throughout the year , and their body temperatures are consistently lower than expected for their mass ( oniki 1975 , merola - zwartjes and ligon 2000 ) .\na hawk has started hunting the feeder birds in my yard . what can i do ?\nmeyer , k . d . 1987 . sexual size dimorphism and the behavioral ecology of breeding and wintering sharp - shinned hawks . phd thesis , univ . of north carolina , chapel hill . close\nbildstein , keith l . and kenneth d . meyer . 2000 . sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nplatt , j . b . 1973 . habitat and time utilization of a pair of nesting sharp - shinned hawks - a telemetry study . master ' s thesis , brigham young univ . , provo . close\nas is true of many members of the genus , the sharp - shinned hawk has especially long middle toes and large eyes , useful attributes for catching highly mobile prey . the species is the most sexually dimorphic of all north american raptors , with males averaging only 57 % of the body mass of females (\nextant breeding populations of the puerto rican sharp - shinned hawk were located in the mountain forest of the maricao commonwealth forest , toro negro commonwealth forest , guilarte commonwealth forest , carite commonwealth forest and caribbean national forest . sixty individuals were counted in island - wide surveys conducted in 1983 and a breeding density of 1 . 9 hawks per sq mi , 0 . 73 hawks per sq km , was estimated . in 1985 , 72 individuals were counted and a breeding population of 2 hawks per sq mi , 0 . 76 hawks per sq km , ( 230 - 250 island - wide ) were estimated in island - wide surveys . in 1992 , 110 sq mi ( 285 . 6 sq km ) censuses yielded 82 sharp - shinned hawks ; 40 in maricao , 30 in toro negro , 10 in carite and two in caribbean national forest . an overall population of 129 individuals has been estimated for these forests in 1992 . although the guilarte forest population was not censured in 1992 , a population of 25 individuals was estimated for the forest in 1985 . although the sharp - shinned hawk was previously known from the karst region of rio abajo and guajataca commonwealth forests in 1986 , there was no evidence of its presence in these areas . fossil evidence indicates that the species was once more widespread in the karst region . in 1986 sharp - shinned hawks were searched for but not sighted in cambalache , vega , susua , and guanica forests . 1994 observations indicate the hawk does exist in and around the susua forest .\ntheir diet mainly consists of small birds like thrushes , sparrows , warblers , and american robins . the sharp shins can eat woodpeckers , swifts , doves , shorebirds , quails , and even the falcons . occasionally sharp - shinned hawks prey on grasshoppers , moths , and small rodents like voles and mice . the fledglings and nestlings of other birds constitute their babies\u2019 diet .\nthe puerto rican boa ( epicrates inornatus ) is found throughout the island , and lives in el yunque below an elevation of 1200 feet ( 365 meters ) . although the recovery plan for the boa was approved in 1986 , its ecology is only now being understood through research conducted by the usda forest service international institute of tropical forestry .\nfeathers and color : the birds have a \u201chooded\u201d appearance since the feathers at the back of their neck and on the crown are dark . the adults have slaty blue - gray hue above . on the breast , they have straight , narrow red - orange bars . the juvenile sharp shinned hawk is predominantly brownish and has coarse vertical marks on top of white underparts .\nit has been recorded that sharp shinned hawks live for about 3 years on an average . however , certain individuals may live for over 10 years . usually the fledgling and nestling mortality rates are quite high , especially during the first winter and fall after hatching .\nin flight , the sharp shinned hawk has great agility , being able to speed through the dense forests for surprising its prey , especially the songbirds . they don\u2019t stoop on their prey from an overhead position . they have the ability to pounce on their prey from low perches . in the open spaces , the hawks usually adopt a unique flap - and - glide style of flying .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service boqueron ecological service field office p . o . box 491 boqueron , puerto rico 00622 telephone : ( 809 ) 851 - 7297\nu . s . fish and wildlife service boqueron ecological services field office p . o . box 491 boqueron , puerto rico 00622 telephone : ( 809 ) 851 - 7297\nthe brownish dorsal coloration and yellow eye safely age the bird as a juvenile . note the narrow pencil thin legs typical of sharp - shinned hawk , and the long toes used for capturing birds on the wing . all three accipiters can have bold white superciliums in their first year , contrary to some field guides which consider this a diagnostic character of northern goshawk . ; photographer jerry and sherry liguori\nthe puerto rican parrot ( amazona vittata ) is one of the ten rarest birds in the world and is only found on the island of puerto rico . the island parrot population was estimated to number in the hundreds of thousands when first encountered during columbus ' second voyage of discovery . it dropped to a low of 13 birds in 1975 . after this date the population reached an estimated 47 birds in the wild , declining again to 23 birds after hurricane hugo in 1989 . currently the wild flock is climbing but challenges are many and its future still hangs in the balance . there are a total of 79 adult birds in captivity in the aviaries of the el yunque national forest and rio abajo state reserve . the remaining parrots and their nesting habitat are constantly monitored and managed through a cooperative effort between the forest service , the u . s . fish and wildlife service , and the puerto rican department of natural resources .\nknowledge of the biology of the puerto rican broad - winged hawk is limited . food - habit studies were conducted on one of the three nests found in the caribbean national forest in 1976 and one nest found in rio abajo in 1978 . the prey types taken included centipedes , frogs , lizards , mice , rats , and birds ( as large as 7 oz or 200 g ) . studies of breeding biology , habitat requirements and other aspects of this species ' biology are not available in the literature .\nviverette , c . b . , s . struve , l . j . goodrich and k . l . bildstein . 1996 . decreases in migrating sharp - shinned hawks at traditional raptor - migration watchsites in eastern north america . auk no . 113 : 32 - 40 . close\nsharp - shinned hawks historically have been described as vicious bird killers\u2014even by many ornithologists . in the first few decades of the twentieth century , gunners shot thousands of this species at cape may point , nj ; hawk mountain , eastern pennsylvania ; and other sites along important eastern migration corridors . even so , the species is known for hunting songbirds in parks and near houses , and is often seen taking prey at bird feeders (\nthe center of sharp - shinned hawk courtship and territorial activities in maricao forest was located in the north - central and eastern parts , within the sub - tropical lower montane wet forest and subtropical wet forest life zones . in the carite forest , territorial and courtship activities occurred in the northeastern and north - central parts , within the caimitillo - granadillo forest types . in toro negro , these activities took place in the elfin woodland , sierra palm , caimitillo - granadillo and tabonuco forest types . in the caribbean national forest , the only two sharp - shinned hawks sighted ( a solitary territorial pair ) were detected in the south - central part of the forest , confined to the palo colorado forest type of the lower montane forest life zone .\nsongbirds make up about 90 percent of the sharp - shinned hawk\u2019s diet . birds the size of american robins or smaller ( especially warblers , sparrows , and thrushes ) are the most frequent prey ; bigger birds are at less risk , though they\u2019re not completely safe . studies report quail , shorebirds , doves , swifts , woodpeckers , and even falcons as prey . sharp - shins also eat small rodents , such as mice and voles , and an occasional moth or grasshopper . while nesting , much of the food for their babies is the nestlings and fledglings of other birds . back to top\nsharp - shinned hawks are birds of the forest and forest edge , and are not found where trees are scarce or scattered , except on migration . they require dense forest , ideally with a closed canopy , for breeding . while favoring forests that contain conifers , they also nest in stands of aspen in colorado , oak - hickory forest in missouri , and the hardwood forests of the east . they occupy a wide range of elevations , from sea level to near treeline . in the winter season , look for sharp - shinned hawks at forest edges , in somewhat more open habitats than the dense forests they breed in , as well as in suburban areas with bird feeders . back to top\nthroughout their range , sharp - shinned hawks favor conifer trees ( pine , spruce , or fir ) as nesting sites , but may also use aspens and hardwood trees . the nest is always placed under dense forest cover , usually toward the top of a tall tree , but well under the canopy . most nests are anchored between horizontal limbs and the tree trunk .\nimportant references : bent , a . c . 1937 . life histories of north american birds of prey . order falconiformes ( part 1 ) . u . s . national museum bulletin 167 . bildstein , k . l . , and k . meyer . 2000 . sharp - shinned hawk ( accipiter striatus ) . in a . poole and f . gill ( eds . ) , the birds of north america no . 482 . the birds of north america , philadelphia , pa . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .\ntodies are very tolerant of other species and rarely pursue them , reserving territorial defense primarily for conspecifics ( kepler 1972 ) . todies have been observed in territorial defense against black - throated blue warblers ( setophaga caerulescens ) , pearly - eyed thrashers ( margarops fuscatus ) , puerto rican emeralds ( chlorostilbon maugaeus ) , black - whiskered vireos ( vireo altiloquus ) , bananaquits ( coereba flaveola ) , american redstarts ( setophaga ruticilla ) , indian mongooses ( herpestes mungo ) , and a cow ( bos taurus ) with calf ( kepler 1972 ) .\ncoqui frogs are plentiful and considered a national treasure on the forest . there are currently 13 species of coquis . these tree frogs are endemic ( only found ) in puerto rico . a satellite population of coquis has recently been discovered in hawaii possibly transported there in plants .\nholthuijzen , a . m . a . , l . oosterhuis and m . r . fuller . 1985 .\nhabitat used by migrating sharp - shinned hawks at cape may point , new jersey , usa .\nin conservation studies of raptors . , edited by i . newton and r . d . chancellor , 317 - 327 . cambridge , ma : i . c . b . p . tech . publ . 5 . close\nvery little is known about the rio abajo and carite forest populations . however , it appears that the existence of the rio abajo population was known in 1936 and 1963 . in 1987 it was believed that the rio abajo forest sustained not more than 50 individuals . in 1992 , 26 broad - winged hawks , or an estimated population of 52 individuals , were reported in the rio abajo forest . the puerto rican broad - winged hawk was unknown from the carite forest until 1980 , when the existence of a resident population present year - round was reported . in 1992 , 20 broad - winged hawks were censused in the carite forest and a population of 22 individuals was estimated . in the carite forest the species has been reported from the elfin , caimitillo , granadillo , tabonuco , and slope forest types .\nsharp - shinned hawks are \u201cpursuit hunters\u201d , often surprising their prey on the wing by bursting out from a hidden perch with a rush of speed . they are versatile : small birds may be taken in the air or on the ground ; they may pounce from perches as little as 3 feet above the ground to catch rodents ; and they catch some insects on the wing . sharp - shins make great use of cover and stealth to get close to their prey , surprising it at close range rather than diving from great heights . they are agile and acrobatic fliers , navigating dense woods at high speeds by using their long tail as a rudder . in open areas they sometimes fly very low , hugging ground contours to remain hidden to prey until the last moment . during their breeding season , sharp - shinned hawks are quiet , elusive , and nest in solitary pairs under deep forest cover ; this may be to avoid their own predation at the claws of the similar but much larger northern goshawk . sharp - shins get a bit more gregarious at migration , sometimes traveling in small groups at that time ; they are typically the most numerous birds seen at hawk watches . this species and other accipiters fly with a characteristic \u201cflap - flap - glide\u201d pattern : typically 3 to 6 shallow wingbeats followed by a short glide . they also take advantage of thermals and updrafts to save energy by soaring , but rarely flap steadily except when in hot pursuit of prey . adults feed their young for several weeks after the young can fly , as the fledglings gain hunting skills . back to top\nthey are quite widespread in the greater antilles , south america , central america , and north america . the a . s . striatus occurs in north america , including the forested areas of canada and usa . the resident populations are found in temperate regions of puerto rico , hispaniola , cuba , mexico , canada , and the us . the white - breasted hawk is found in highlands that include nicaragua , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , and southern mexico . plain - breasted hawks are found in central bolivia , peru , ecuador , colombia , western venezuela , and in coastal mountains of colombia and northern venezuela . rufous - thighed hawk predominantly occurs in southern and eastern brazil , southeastern bolivia , northeastern argentina , paraguay , and uruguay .\ndistribution : nearctic / neotropical . breeds from western and central alaska east through canada to newfoundland , south locally to central california , northern texas , and south carolina , and in the highlands of mexico to oaxaca ; endemic populations on cuba , hispaniola , and puerto rico ; winters from southern canada to panama and bahamas . more . . . .\npuerto rican vireos forage at all forest levels but are most frequently seen closer to the ground in the shrub and subcanopy layer ( raffaele 1989 , woodworth , unpublished data ) . they primarily glean insects from foliage , but are also reported to sally - hover ( cruz 1984 ) . like many vireo species , they are most often detected first by their loud and repetitive vocalizations while remaining out of sight in thick vegetation ( raffaele 1989 , usda forest service 2010 ) . they seem to be intolerant of intruders near the nest site or young , and actively scold and even attack potential predators ( spaulding 1937 ) . their scolding , shrad call elicits responses from other species including bananaquits ( coereba flaveola ) , tanagers , and grassquits ( raffaele 1989 ) .\nsharp - shinned hawks are widely dispersed and seldom - seen nesters that breed mainly in large stands of deciduous , coniferous , and mixed pine - hardwood forests and pine plantations . in temperate areas , nesting coincides with the annual peak in songbird abundance . the species ' secretive nature and the dense vegetation of its nesting habitat make it difficult to find and study during the breeding season . the early stages of nesting , in particular , are little studied . the bird is best seen , and most frequently studied , on migration , when large numbers of individuals concentrate along major migratory corridors and bottlenecks , particularly in the east .\nallen , p . e . , l . j . goodrich and k . l . bildstein . 1996 . within - and among - year effects of cold fronts on migrating raptors at hawk mountain , pennsylvania , 1934 - 1991 . auk no . 113 ( 2 ) : 329 - 338 . close\nbednarz , j . c . , jr . klem , d . , l . j . goodrich and s . e . senner . 1990b . migration counts of raptors at hawk mountain , pennsylvania , as indicators of population trends , 1934 - 1986 . auk no . 107 : 96 - 109 . close\nmueller , h . c . , n . s . mueller , d . d . berger , g . allez , w . r . robichaud and j . l . kaspar . 1997 . the phenology of autumnal hawk migration at cedar grove , wisconsin . passenger pigeon no . 59 : 207 - 218 . close\n. . . it is also likely that red - tail populations have been little affected by the island ' s past forest loss because they use edge habitats of forest fragments in suburban and agricultural areas ( santana c . et al . , 1986 ; nimitz , 2005 ) . in contrast to red - tailed hawks , both sharp - shinned and broadwinged hawks require extensive forest ( raffaele , 1989 ) and are believed to have declined island wide , due to forest loss and hunting ( rivera and cott\u00e9 - santana , 1977 ; wiley , 1985 ; delannoy and cruz , 1988 ) , as well as recently in the lef ( see below ) . the recent rarity of the two species in the lef , however , has made it difficult to study them there . . . .\n. . . it is also likely that red - tail populations have been little affected by the island ' s past forest loss because they use edge habitats of forest fragments in suburban and agricultural areas ( santana c . et al . , 1986 ; nimitz , 2005 ) . in contrast to red - tailed hawks , both sharp - shinned and broadwinged hawks require extensive forest ( raffaele , 1989 ) and are believed to have declined island wide , due to forest loss and hunting ( p\u00e9rez rivera and cott\u00e9 - santana , 1977 ; wiley , 1985 ; delannoy and cruz , 1988 ) , as well as recently in the lef ( see below ) . the recent rarity of the two species in the lef , however , has made it difficult to study them there . . . .\n) , also called gavilan pajarero ( spanish ) and epervier brun ( french ) , is the small hawk originated from hispaniola . they are the smallest among the 3 kinds of north american accipiters . the female raptors are bigger than the male . these birds frequent domestic backyards in urban areas during winter and burst out from bushes to snatch small birds off the branch .\nsharp shinned hawks\u2019 breeding ranges are completely allopatric , i . e . they occur in non - overlapping or separate geographic locations . their nests comprise of flat and broad mass of twigs , especially the conifer twigs . the nests are bounded with chips of bark . although both the sexes equally bring nesting materials , the female takes active part in the construction . these hawks usually favor the conifer trees like fir , spruce , and pine as the nesting sites . sometimes they may also utilize the hardwood trees and aspens . the breeding pairs generally defend their breeding territory vigorously . the breeding age for the species is 2 years . the territory is displayed and the females are attracted by the males . the breeding behaviors comprise circular flights as well as side - by - side perching together with \u201cpeeping\u201d vocalization .\nlittle study has focused solely on aspects of territory in puerto rican vireo . tossas ( 2002 ) found a mean territory size of 0 . 86 + 0 . 20 ha while another study found an average territory size close to 5 ha ( woodworth 1995 ) . like most tropical resident species , breeding pairs ( and presumably unmated males ) are territorial throughout the year and exhibit high site fidelity between seasons ( woodworth 1995 ) . a study of color - banded males ( n = 26 ) showed that 23 individuals remained in the same territory for each breeding season they were resighted ( 2 - 4 years ) . the other 3 individuals moved to adjacent territories only after the disappearance of a neighbor ( woodworth 1995 ) . females appear to be highly site faithful as well . of 3 color - banded females , 1 remained in her territory for 3 years while 2 were resident for 4 ( woodworth 1995 ) . also of note , there were 4 cases of a banded female staying on territory and pairing with a new male after the disappearance of her original mate ( woodworth 1995 ) .\nthese hawks inhabit various kinds of forests and woodlands dominated by broad - leaved trees ( such as oaks ) and conifers . the temperate forests include the biggest populations of these hawks and during winter , they migrate farther south . the subspecies ventralis , chionogaster , madrensis , and suttoni are generally found in temperate or upper tropical highlands at altitudes of 980 ft to 9840 ft . however , the rufous - thighed hawk or a . s . erythronemius occurs in the subtropical and tropical regions .\nthe female lays about 3 - 6 eggs and there is an interval of 2 days between each egg . the eggs usually have greenish , purple , or bluish - white hue . incubation starts after the hawk lays the third egg and it persists for nearly 30 days . although both the sexes can participate in incubation , the female hawks do the larger share of the task . the time taken by the nestlings to fledge is 21 - 25 days . after fledging , the nestlings remain with their adults for over a month .\nincreased pressure for new right - of - way access to farms through the carite forest land and the establishment of new communication facilities could also destroy prime habitat or bring human activities too close to broad - winged hawks , as with the destruction of substantial caimitillo - granadillo habitat occurred in the right - of - way - access through camino el seis in the north - central part of the carite forest . a new communication facilities along an access road through sector farallon in the northwestern part of the forest is located where the highest broad - winged hawk densities have been reported .\na 1992 census of 80 sq mi three forests ( rio abajo , carite and caribbean national forest ) yielded 58 broad - winged hawks or an estimated population of 124 individuals . sightings of the broad - winged hawk have been reported from other areas , such as cayey ( next to the carite forest ) , utuado , jayuya , adjuntas , villalba , and the maricao and toro negro but it has been established that the maricao and toro negro forests do not have resident populations . broad - winged hawks have been searched for , but not sighted , in upland forested habitats in utuado , jayuya , adjuntas , orocovis , and barranquitas as of 1992 .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthe nest is a broad , flat mass of dead twigs , usually conifer twigs , sometimes lined with flakes of bark . both members of the pair bring nesting material to the site , but the female does most or all of the construction . the shallow , platform - like nest is usually 1\u20132 feet in diameter and 4\u20136 inches deep . the eggs and young often sit more on than in this wide , open - topped nest .\ndull - white or pale - blue splotched with brown , violet , red , or hazel .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .\npeterson , r . t . 1990d . a field guide to western birds . boston , ma : houghton mifflin co .\nsauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966\u20132015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 1875 century blvd . , suite 200 atlanta , georgia 30345 urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ntaxonomy : probably closely related to the eurasian sparrowhawk , a . nisus . formerly considered to include several neotropical populations , including chionogaster of middle america , ventralis of the andes , and erythronemius of lowland southern south america ( stresemann and amadon 1979 , amadon and bull 1988 , aou 1998 ) , but these forms were treated as four separate species by sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) , thiollay ( 1994 ) , and ridgway and greenfield ( 2001 ) . earlier , pinto ( 1938 ) and hellmayr and conover ( 1949 ) treated a . erythronemius as a full species , and friedmann ( 1950 ) and stiles and skutch ( 1989 ) considered a . chionogaster and a . erythronemius as separate species from a . striatus . however , there are apparently no published data to support this split ( remsen et al . 2008 ) , and ferguson - lees and christie ( 2001 ) provided arguments against it . the american ornithologists ' union south american classification committee urltoken is soliciting proposals on this matter .\nmovements : partial migrant and altitudinal migrant in some areas ( bildstein 2006 ) . northern populations of striatus are largely long - distance migrants , but the west indies and mexican subspecies are sedentary . more . . . .\nhabitat and habits : occurs in lowlands to montane levels . in many portions of temperate north america , this species tends to prefer coniferous forewsts , whereas cooper ' s hawks are found in hardwood stands . in tropical areas , it prefers scrubby second growth , hedgerows , agricultural land with scattered trees , coffee plantations , and suburban areas ( stiles and skutch 1989 ) . the cuban form fringilloides occurs in forests at moderate to high elevations ( garrido and kirkconnell 2000 ) , and the hispaniolan race inhabits mature forests in interior hills and mountains , most often in pine , shade coffee and broadleafed forest ( latta et al . 2006 ) . may soar to moderate heights , but not for detecting prey . more . . . .\nfood and feeding behavior : feeds mainly on birds , but also takes small mammals . hunts from a concealed perch , or catches prey at the end of a long , furtive , low - flying approach . more . . . .\nbreeding : builds a stick nest located high in a tree , usually in dense vegetation . clutch size is 2 - 5 eggs , usually 4 , which are white with bold brown blotches and spots .\na . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds . ) , handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 .\nresearchers : bildstein , keith crocoll , scott enderson , james gallardo del angel , julio cesar goodrich , laurie kennedy , pat rodr\u00edguez santana , freddy smith , keith b . smith , brian smith , jeff speiser , robert\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nweight : these hawks usually weigh around 87 - 218 g ( 3 . 1 - 7 . 7 oz ) . since these female accipiters are bigger , they have a 50 percent weight advantage over the males .\ntail : these hawks have tails with prominent corners with a square , narrow white tip . the external tail feathers are typically the largest .\nbeak : their hooked beaks are well suited for tearing flesh of its prey .\nfeet : these hawks have yellow feet and legs . the legs are pencil - like and thin which make them look long .\nthese hawks can migrate over long - distances ; however , the populations in western mountains and the appalachians may stay there year - round . the birds that breed in canada and the northern u . s . usually leave their breeding place and migrate to southern central america or winter in continental united states .\nthe females and males communicate with each other with a series of kik - kik - kik calls or a melancholic squeal . these calls are made during courtship . the males usually have louder voices since they\u2019re smaller than females . mated pairs generally call each other at the time of reproduction , making the nesting period the noisiest . brooding females and nestlings usually produce a high - pitched , thin call to ask for food when the prey is brought to the nest by the males .\ntheir excellent eyesight and long middle toes help them in capturing the agile , small birds that constitute their diet . many ornithologists also think that the notable size difference between females and males is the adaptation that reduces competition for food between the sexes . the female hawks hunt preys that are large enough for the males to tackle .\nduring migration , the birds usually gather in specific areas as they have the ability to follow identical landscape features .\nthe adult keeps on feeding the offspring even when they\u2019ve fledged . in the beginning , the adults usually drop the dead prey for the offspring to consume . when the fledglings become experienced and skilled , the parents pass the prey to the youngsters in flight .\nthey do not swallow the feathers of their prey . instead , they carry it to a low branch or stump and pluck the feathers prior to eating them .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\n\u00a9 2018 ( animal spot ) . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\nin the mid 1980s , the population in the caribbean national forest was estimated to be 40 - 60 individuals and 15 - 20 breeding pairs . the broad - winged hawks were more often seen in the eastern side of the caribbean national forest , and the tabonuco and palo colorado forest types were reported to be the preferred habitats for the species . in 1992 , 12 broad - winged hawks were sighted in the caribbean national forest and the population was estimated at 22 individuals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species has a large , discontinuous range in the americas . it occurs from alaska ( usa ) and canada south to panama , and populations are also found in the west indies , in hills and mountains from venezuala and colombia through ecuador and peru to western bolivia , and from southern brazil through uruguay and paraguay to south - east bolivia and northern argentina .\n( rich et al . 2004 ) trend justification : this species has undergone a large and statistically significant increase over the last 40 years in north america ( 226 % increase over 40 years , equating to a 34 . 3 % increase per decade ; data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) . note , however , that these surveys cover less than 50 % of the species ' s range in north america .\nthe species inhabits a wide variety of habitats , depending on the region , including boreal coniferous forests , temperate deciduous woodland , tropical and subtropical cloud forest , gallery forest and semi - open savanna woodland , from sea level to 2 , 700 m . outside the breeding season , north american birds can be found in almost any terrain , including urban areas with trees .\nhabitat alteration , especially removal of forest , is thought to affect some populations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nnatureserve explorer species reports \u2014 natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports \u2014 itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library \u2014 the u . s . fish and wildlife service\u2019s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthe introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library\u2019s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species ."]}
{"id": 964, "summary": [{"text": "the ring-necked dove ( streptopelia capicola ) , also known as the cape turtle dove or half-collared dove , is a widespread and often abundant dove species in east and southern africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a mostly sedentary bird , found in a catholic variety of open habitats .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "within range , its penetrating and rhythmic , three-syllabled crooning is a familiar sound at any time of the year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "its name is derived from the semi-collar of black feathers on the lower nape , a feature shared with a number of streptopelia species .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "like all doves they depend on surface water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they congregate in large flocks at waterholes in dry regions to drink and bathe . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "ring - necked dove", "paragraphs": ["ring - necked dove personality , food & care | pet birds by lafeber co .\nin a more elaborate study , swedish scientists studied wild ring - necked pheasants .\nand the introduced species : chukar , gray partridge , ring - necked pheasant , green pheasant , kalij pheasant , chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , eurasian collared dove , ring - necked dove , lace - necked dove , zebra dove , spotted dove , rock dove , japanese quail , gray francolin , black francolin , erckel\u2019s francolin .\nthese general facts about pigeons are certainly interesting , but not specific to the ring - necked dove . the most interesting thing i know about ring - necked doves in particular , is that in some areas of uganda\nthe five golden rings in the song refer not to jewelry , but to ring - necked pheasants .\nthis species is very similar to the damara ring - necked dove , streptopelia capicola , but can be distinguished by its red orbital ring , which is clearly visible in the photograph above .\nso , hope that ' s something interesting about ring - necked doves . baglafecht weavers are next . . .\nhonolulu zoo , 2002 .\nring - necked or barbary dove\n( on - line ) . accessed july 30 , 2002 at urltoken .\nthe ringneck dove is only found in captivity , but is believed to be a descendant of the african ring dove .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwhat do ring - necked doves love to eat ?\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nlike the canada goose and ring - necked parakeet , it is an alien invader , albeit one of a much earlier vintage .\n2 . there are several species of african doves that look very similar to the collared dove , including the ring - necked , red - eyed and african mourning doves .\nring - necked doves ( streptopelia risoria ) are domesticated birds that originally hail from arid and grassy areas in africa . many ring - necked doves reside in captive settings , where they often feed on diets centered around pellets . they ' re also commonly referred to as barbary doves .\nthis is rocky a ring necked dove at the willowbrook wildlife center . it ' s been a while since i last visited willowbrook and it seems that rocky is welcoming me back .\ndove fanciers around the world commonly keep the\nringneck dove\n. the\nring neck dove\nwas first described in 1758 . it is also known as the barbary dove , java or sacred white dove ( white color phase ) and laughing dove . in the circle of dove / pigeon fanciers when the term\nring neck\nis used , most know which specie is being referred to .\nwhen you first bring a ring - necked dove into your life , make sure not to transition him into any new food abruptly . speak to the breeder from which you acquired the dove and begin by feeding the same meals that are familiar to your new pet . when you introduce new sustenance to your ring - necked dove , go about it in a slow and measured manner . ring - necked doves often thrive on diets that are based on either pellets or seeds . speak to an avian veterinarian regarding selecting pellets or seeds that are designed specifically for dove consumption . never feed your dove any foods that are tailored to other types of birds .\nring - necked doves are about 12 inches in length and are a soft fawn color with a distinctive black ring around the back of the neck . the feet are pinkish - red , and the beak and eye are brown .\nthis is an african mourning dove , streptopelia decipiens , a widespread and common species in arid and semi - arid regions of southern africa . this species is very similar to the damara ring - necked dove , streptopelia capicola , but can be distinguished by its red orbital ring , which is clearly visible in the photograph above .\nthe ring - necked dove is great for someone who wants a bird but has fussy neighbors who won\u2019t accept a parrot screeching all day . ring - necked doves sound similar to pigeons in their cooing , and though they are not loud , they can be persistent . some people find the noise soothing , while others will be annoyed at their cooing diligence \u2014 they rarely cease .\nthe ring - necked dove is widespread and common throughout its large range in sub - saharan africa and there are no immediate threats to the species . it is listed as least concern on the iucn red list .\nafrican mourning dove , streptopelia decipiens , also known as the mourning collared - dove , mourning dove , angola collared - dove , and simply as the collared dove , photographed at tarangire national park , tanzania , africa .\ni had a shetland pony named dapple , an english setter named freckles , a siamese cat named d . c . and at one time , up to 25 ring - necked doves .\nother synonyms afrikaans : gewone tortelduif catalan : t\u00f3rtora del cap czech : hrdlicka damarsk\u00e1 , hrdli\u010dka damarsk\u00e1 danish : savanneskoggerdue german : gurrtaube , kapturteltaube english : cape collared - dove , cape ring dove , cape turtle dove , cape turtle - dove , damara dove , dark - eyed rink dove , ring necked dove , ring - necked dove , ring - necked turtle - dove english ( kenya ) : ring - necked dove english ( south africa ) : cape turtle - dove spanish : t\u00f3rtola de el cabo spanish ( spain ) : t\u00f3rtola del cabo estonian : savanni - turteltuvi finnish : arotunturikyyhky , aroturturikyyhky french : tourterelle du cap , tourterelle vineuse hungarian : fokf\u00f6ldi gerle italian : tortora dal collare del capo , tortora del capo japanese : afurikajuzukakebato japanese : \u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u30b8\u30e5\u30ba\u30ab\u30b1\u30d0\u30c8 kwangali : haikonda latin : columbam vinaceam var . capicolam [ sic ] , streptopelia capicola , streptopelia capicola capicola lithuanian : kapinis purplelis dutch : kaapse tortel norwegian : savannedue sotho , northern : leaba kgorwana polish : synogarlica popielata portuguese : rola do cabo , rola do cabo . , rola - do - cabo , rola - do - cabo . russian : \u044e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 slovak : hrdli\u010dka hrk\u00fatav\u00e1 shona : njiva siswant : lituba sotho , southern : leebana - khoroana swedish : kapturturduva swahili : hua koge , tetere tswana : leeba tsonga : tuva xhosa : ihobe chinese : \u73af\u9888\u6591\u9e20 chinese ( traditional ) : \u74b0\u9838\u6591\u9ce9 zulu : ihophe\na large dove , larger and heftier than a mourning dove but smaller than a rock pigeon .\nthe white dove , sacred white dove , or java dove are a white mutation of the ringneck dove . like the other ringnecks , they are only known to exist as a domesticated bird .\nas with most pets , occasional treats can sometimes be good for ring - necked doves . ring - necked doves adore eating some foods that are made for people . it ' s crucial to only give people foods once in a while , in moderation , however . if you put the food in a spoon , it should usually be an appropriate amount . get your vet ' s approval before feeding your dove any treats made for people . some of their loved\npeople treats\nare steamed rice , sweet potatoes , sliced veggies such as carrots , cottage cheese and hard - boiled eggs . not all of these things are instant successes with ring - necked doves , but the birds usually rapidly develop tastes for them . outside of people food , ring - necked doves also often are fond of munching on mealworms .\nwhat country has no native dove species ? all countries and continents have dove species except the antarctic .\nthis species is named for the faint hint of red on its belly that has got to be one of the most obscure field marks ever used to name a bird i also have same complaint about the ring - necked duck , whose neck - ring is only visible to those with x - ray vision .\nthis dove is especially tame and well - liked by aviculturalists . this dove does not adversely affect humans .\nde kort , s . r . , den hartog , p . m . & ten cate , c . ( 2002b ) . vocal signals , isolation and hybridization in the vinaceous dove ( streptopelia vinacea ) and the ring - necked dove ( s - capicola ) . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 51 , 378 - 385 .\nlike the ring - necked members of the karen tribe when trotted out for tourists , the women must know their appearance will invite as much horror as fascination , but their sacrifice helps save others from a similar fate .\nseveral on this list\u2014green pheasant , kalij pheasant , chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , lace - necked dove , zebra dove , japanese quail , gray francolin , black francolin , erckel\u2019s francolin\u2014might be met with a huh ? from wingshooters .\nde kort , s . r . , den hartog , p . m . & ten cate , c . ( 2002a ) . diverge or merge ? the effect of sympatric occurrence on the territorial vocalizations of the vinaceous dove streptopelia vinacea and the ring - necked dove s . capicola . journal of avian biology 33 , 150 - 158 .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\neven konrad lorenz was appalled when , hoping to breed a cross between a turtledove and a ring - necked dove , he put these two symbols of peace together in a spacious cage , only to find two days later that the female had flayed the male within an inch of his life .\nthere can be no confusion between the two species , s decaocto and s . semitorquata , they are totally different looking from each other ( specie comparison ) . size is also quite different , with the half - collared / red - eyed dove being the largest of all the\nring - necked species\n. the s . decaocto also has a unique voice and calls ;\nspikes\non the underside of the tail ; these two facets are not found in any other ring - necked dove species . click the link for a pic of tail spikes unique to s . decaocto .\nmillburn , naomi .\nwhat do ring - necked doves love to eat ?\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / ringnecked - doves - love - eat - 11063 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nin the days of pigeon / dove expert c . o . whitman ( 1832 - 1910 ) the\nblond ring neck\nand\nwhite ring neck\nwere thought to be two different species / races of dove . they were even given separate latin names ; the\nblond\nwas streptopelia risoria and the\nwhite\nwas streptopelia alba .\nwhen you think of the term ' dove ' you think of the white dove . the white dove has been one of the most universal symbols of love and peace throughout history !\nthese doves are also known as barbary doves , java doves , or eurasian collard - doves to some , although these , like the name\nringed turtle - dove\nare misnomers ( goodwin 1983 ) . some aviculturalists simply refer to these doves as ring - necked doves ( honolulu zoo 2002 ) .\nmillburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . what do ring - necked doves love to eat ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / ringnecked - doves - love - eat - 11063 . html\nthe collared dove is small , slim dove with quite a long tail - it is much smaller than a wood pigeon .\nthe ring - necked dove is the most commonly kept companion bird of the dove family , and can be found easily due to their prolific breeding . in fact , you might have a hard time keeping them from breeding . because they are so hardy , they make a good choice for someone who doesn\u2019t have the time to devote to a more attention - demanding bird .\nmiller , w . j . ; miller , l . s . 1958 . synopsis of behaviour traits of the ring neck dove . animal behaviour 6 : 3 - 8 . urltoken\nthe white dove , sacred white dove , or java dove is the most historically described dove from noah through today . we often see it used today as an emblem in peace negotiations . we also commonly see it used in weddings to symbolize love .\n8 ) shutt , george j . , dove talk , 1993 , pp . 18 ( available through the american dove association )\ndecaocto ) and ring - necked dove s ( s . capicola ) . these slim - bodied , fast - flying gamebirds are found throughout the temperate and tropical old world . the ringed turtledove , or ringdove , is a domestic variant of s . turtur that now has feral new world populations in california and florida ; it is sometimes given species\u2026\nwhat\u0092s the difference between a dove and a pigeon ? the term \u0093dove\u0094 and \u0093pigeon\u0094 are one and the same and are used interchangeably . the word pigeon usually denotes a larger bird and dove a smaller bird .\nwhat is a mule dove ? a mule dove is the offspring of parents from different species . these doves are sterile ( mules ) .\nwhat are turtle doves ? turtle doves belong to a large group of doves so designated by a ring or collar around the neck . most turtle doves belong to the family streptopelia ( not all ) . the common domestic ringnecked or barbary dove belongs to the turtle dove family .\n( 6 ) lockhard , bob , ringneck dove colors , 1999 , second edition , pp . 22 , ( available through the american dove association )\nthe ring - necked dove or cape turtle dove ( streptopelia capicola ) is a common and widespread species of dove in sub - saharan africa . colors are dull brown to grey , with the upperparts darker than the rest of the body . underparts are paler and turns whitish on the belly . it is similar to many related species with half - collars on the neck , but can be distinguished from other species from its tell - tale call often heard early in the morning in many african reserves as a repeated \u201c kuk - coorrrr - uk \u201c , often interpreted to sound like \u201cwork harder\u201d or \u201chow\u2019s father\u201d . shares much of its range with the larger red - eyed dove ( streptopelia semitorquata ) , and can be separated by the size difference , as well as having a lighter coloration and no red eye . the ring - necked dove grows to lengths around 25\u201326 . 5 cm ( 9 . 8\u201310 . 4 in ) and weighs 92\u2013188 g ( 3 . 2\u20136 . 6 oz ) .\nin the 1800 ' s & early 1900 ' s the ringneck dove and the white dove were considered to be two different species / races of dove due to the difference in their coloration . they were labeled the\nblond ringneck\n) and it ' s actually this distinctive song that is the easiest way to identify the species from among a number of confusingly similar species . the ring - necked dove is a medium sized , grey dove . it has a black collar around the back of its neck and is a paler grey white below , with pale edges to its tail . unfortunately , that description is would cover just about any of the close relatives of this species , and ( as well as listening to the calls ) you need to look rather closer to identify the species correctly . firstly , look at the eye : if it is dark and not obviously surrounded by bare skin , you ' re probably looking at a ring - necked dove . white ( not grey ) edges to the tail and a generally pale grey would confirm the identity in eastern and southern africa . if the eye is pale yellowish , with a red ring around it and there ' s a warmer brownish wash to the back and neck that contrasts with a grey head , you ' re probably looking at an african mourning dove (\nthe ring - necked pheasant was introduced into north america ( california ) from asia in 1857 and quickly became a popular game bird . the ring - necked pheasant is resident on most mid - latitude agricultural lands from british columbia and california to new jersey and nova scotia . also introduced into hawaii and every continent except antarctica . pheasants practice\nharem - defense polygyny\nwhere one male keeps other males away from a small group of females during the breeding season . across the native range , about 34 races of the species are recognized . the green pheasant race is sometimes considered a different species . multiple introductions of different races have been made in north america .\nthe much larger population of ring - necked parakeets \u2013 a familiar sight in south - west london and found as far north as the clyde \u2013 is harder to control , since it is so well - established , though the gb non - native species secretariat a sort of biological border patrol advocates limiting its numbers and is investigating chemical sterilisation .\nwhat\u0092s a dove hybrid ? hybrids are young of parents from two different species ( i . e . a ringneck dove ( streptopelia risoria ) and a european turtle dove ( streptopelia turtur ) ; they are different species , but belong to the same genus .\nalso known as the barbary or laughing dove , ringneck doves can usually be identified by the distinctive black ring around the neck . paloma , sharon audubon centers resident ringneck dove , is an albino and therefore has no coloring . until the 1950 ' s only two colors of ringneck doves were available in the united states , a blond or fawn color and white . today the ringneck dove comes in over 40 color variations .\nstrong , r . m . ( 1912 ) . results of hybridizing ring - doves , including sex - linked inheritance . biological bulletin 23 , 293 - 320 .\ngibbs , barnes , and cox , in their book pigeons and doves of the world ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) , did not describe the barbary dove . they only included the african collared dove and in their description made no reference to the domesticated dove .\nwhile dietary staples and once - in - a - while snacks are often wonderful for ring - necked doves , it ' s vital to never forget one of the most crucial things their bodies need , and that ' s water . fresh and clean water is a requirement for pet doves of all varieties , 24 hours a day , seven days a week .\nhybrid pigeon . father : collared doves x laughing dove cock . mother : racing pigeon hen\nwhat is the smallest dove ? the pygmy ground dove ( columbina minuta ) is the smallest . this diminutive dove is greyish brown , with upper parts that are gray with steel - blue marks . the tail is short and rounded . the hen is plain gray - olive , with whitish under parts . this tiny dove is fairly common in mexico and south america .\nring - necked doves are ready to breed by 12 months of age or earlier , and lay two eggs per clutch . they make great parents , and are a good choice for beginning breeders who want some quick success in the hobby . these birds are good for children , provided the children understand the sensitive nature of birds , and are gentle and calm around the animal .\nhaving this interest in the different wild ring - necked species for over 25 years , combined with these points and many more i have observed of the differences between the two species ( decaocto & risoria ) leads me to believe the specie s . rosegriesea as the bird bred to the common ringneck in the 1950 ' s and 1960 ' s . it was the specie imported .\nthe question was if she was a pure white eurasian collared dove or a hybrid from the mating of a ringneck dove and the eurasian collared dove . i am guessing that someone who was breeding white ringnecks for wedding releases took in some ecds and ended up with some white ecds .\ncan catching doves injure them ? yes , be careful netting doves ; many doves are severely injured or killed by the ring or handle of the net , or die of stress .\nringneck dove nest box ( 2 . 5 x 4 . 0 x 6 . 0 inches )\nball , g . f . ; silver , r . 1983 . timing of incubation bouts by ring doves ( streptopelia risoria ) . journal of comparative psychology 97 : 213 - 225 .\nare there clubs or organizations for doves ? the american dove association caters to domestic ringneck dove and diamond dove breeders and fanciers . foreign ( exotic ) doves are also gaining popularity and are a focus of this organization . the american dove association provides six doveline newsletters a year , a membership and breeders directory which lists species and colors kept by members , provides networking of members around the world , and sponsors a national young bird show each year . the canadian dove association\u0092s membership is also open to united states dove fanciers . it caters to mostly foreign doves , as well as domestics .\nthe hybrid zone between vinaceous dove ( streptopelia vinacea ) and ring - necked dove ( s . capicola ) in uganda has received particular attention ( den hartog , den boer - visser & ten cate , 2010 ) . the majority of research on these species looked at the vocal characteristics of both species and their hybrids ( de kort , den hartog & ten cate , 2002a ) and reactions to heterospecific and conspecific calls ( de kort , den hartog & ten cate , 2002b ; den hartog , de kort & ten cate , 2007 ; den hartog , slabbekoorn & ten cate , 2008 ) .\nthe\nringneck\nwas only known in the fawn and white colors up until the introduction of the african collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea ) . once the african collared dove ' s wild coloration was introduced into the\ndomestic ringneck\nmany new color mutations began to appear . there are 40 plus known color mutations or patterns in the ringneck dove which are now know or accepted by the dove associations .\n20 . the collared dove is an eastern european species that was unknown in britain 60 years ago .\nit should be noted that the ringneck dove is often confused with the eurasian collared dove which has taken up residence throughout florida since the 1980 ' s . however this dove is usually larger than the ringneck , has a different call , and has dark primary flight feathers , while the ringneck usually has light primaries . to further confuse the issue , members of feral ringneck populations have often mated with the european collared dove\ndoves are gentle birds , and will not bite or attack the way some parrot species will . ring - necked doves can be easily hand - tamed , though most owners do not interact with them in this way . these birds love to be in pairs , and will breed easily . they aren\u2019t picky about their nesting site , and will even have young in the feeding bowl or on the bottom of an aviary .\nfairly large dove with pale underparts , gray undertail coverts , and broad white band at tip of tail .\nthe white dove is a color mutation of the african collared dove / barbareydove that has been around for perhaps a thousand years . they have been bred in cages since biblical times . the albino ringneck dove was imported from japan in 1967 . these birds are pure white and are reported to be without neck rings . see the photo of the bird below . however if one adjust the brightness and contrast settings on a photograph we found that the normally invisible neck ring can be made to appear . see the second photo below .\nring - necked doves are found in many habitats and will only shy away from dense forests and desert sand dune habitats without water . it is commonly found in open woodlands , grasslands and savannah , and is often found in farmlands , parks , and gardens in suburban and urban areas . the diet consists predominantly of seeds , with fruits , berries and invertebrates eaten on occasion . much of its foraging is done on the ground .\ni believe the\nring neck\nis the long domesticated form , some 2000 - 3000 years , of the african collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea * ) . the original ancestor is unknown . most books and articles , which deal with wild dove / pigeon species , give the\nringneck\nspecific status under the name\nrisoria\nin the genus\nstreptopelia\n. thus it is listed as : streptopelia risoria .\nadult african collared doves ' coloration of the upper parts is a pale grayish fawn with blue gray along the wing edge . there is a black neck ring extending half way around the neck on the back of the neck . chin , belly , and under wing are whitish in color . the orbital skin a narrow white ring , and the iris dark red . the bill is black and the feet are red .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . ring - necked dove ( streptopelia capicola ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nderek goodwin provided separate descriptions for the barbary dove and the african collared dove in his book pigeons and doves of the world ( 4 ) . for the barbary dove he used the scientific name streptopelia risoria ; and for the african collared dove he used the commonly accepted name of streptopelia rosegrisea . he explained that it had been customary to give the barbary dove a separate species name even though taxonomists considered this incorrect . he justified the use of this name because this species had been subject to so many observations and experiments throughout the world in the past .\nthis dove is a domesticated form of streptopelia roseogrisea found in aviaries . therefore , conservation status is not applicable .\nthe spotted dove is common around human habitation and can easily be seen in parks , gardens and agricultural areas .\nwhy are doves banded ? banding tells the year the dove was hatched . bands are excellent for record keeping .\nbarbary dove . adult male displaying . kerikeri , northland , september 2013 . image \u00a9 les feasey by les feasey\nwill dove species interbreed ? no , unless forced to by isolating them . cross - species breeding is exceedingly rare .\nringneck doves have two common calls , the gentle cooing ( similar to the mourning dove ) and a distinctive \u201claughing . \u201d\nthis dove may be found in aviaries and has been bred in captivity for many years ( harper 1986 ) . in fact , this dove is considered to be exceptionally tame ( goodwin 1983 ) . they are also commonly used in scientific research .\nwhy are some dove species so active ? some species are just more hyper . bleeding hearts are always on the move .\ndoves , unlike parrots , need grit in their diet because they eat their seeds whole . provide several types of grit , as well as a calcium supplement , especially during breeding . though it is tempting to breed these birds year - round , doing so will leave the birds in an exhausted and weakened state . most aviculturists advise resting them for a few months after every two or three clutches . when well cared - for , ring - necked doves can live for more than 10 years .\nthere is another , closely related dove that has been introduced to australia - the laughing dove , s . senegalensis , found in the south - western corner of western australia . it is slightly smaller , measuring around 25 cm - 27 cm . the laughing dove also lacks the black and white collar , instead having a black and copper - brown patch on the base of the throat .\nthe barbary dove is the domesticated form of the african collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea ) , a native of the sahel , ethiopia and the arabian peninsula . it has been domesticated for many hundreds of years , something that is reflected in its confiding and gentle nature . because of its long dependence on people , it seems less able than other dove species to survive for long in the wild .\nthe barbary dove is usually somewhat larger and has a longer tail than the african collared dove . this may have resulted as some cross breeding with the eurasian collared dove , streptopelia decaocto ( 4 ) . the coloration is a warm , creamy buff shading to near white on the chin , belly , and under tail coverts . there is a black , white edged collar on the back of the neck\npire , j . 2000 .\nthe dove page\n( on - line ) . accessed july 30 , 2002 at urltoken .\nexcerpt : british birds , number 5 , vol . xlvi , may 1953 ; james fisher - author . collared turtle dove in europe\nthe ring - necked doves that live out in the wild consume a wide array of foods . some of the things that these doves feed on include insects , snails , grains , green vegetation , berries and seeds . they ' re often even considered to be nuisances by people due to their penchants for dining on cereal crops . when they live in cities alongside humans , they often enthusiastically look for findings in trash , as well . since these birds are domesticated , free roaming specimens usually are those that somehow made their way out of aviaries .\nseveral on this list\u2014green pheasant , kalij pheasant , chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , lace - necked dove , zebra dove , japanese quail , gray francolin , black francolin , erckel\u2019s francolin\u2014might be met with a huh ? from wingshooters . all these species can be found on the parker ranch in hawaii . it took me two trips to get them all . these aren\u2019t pen - raised released birds . all have been established for many years , and are totally wild . days spent on the vast ranch are more than excellent , and certainly worth the substantial expense involved to shoot there .\nyoung doves that are scalped or killed wander into the territory of another dove . shrubbery provides hiding places for young doves from more aggressive adults .\nsmall aviary a small aviary is usually only suitable for the smallest of doves . most of the larger dove species will not do well at all in small aviaries except for the domesticated ringneck dove . a small flight could measure something like : width : 3\u2019 length : 4\u2019 height : 6\u2019\nbrown reports the length of the barbary dove is between 300 and 310 mm . and the weight is between 150 and 200 grams . ( 1 )\npersonal thoughts from the author ( j pire ) on the acceptance of which species was imported into the us and bred to the domestic ringneck dove .\nthe ring - necked dove is often found alone or in pairs . it is sometimes found in larger flocks around roosts , and in areas with abundant food and water . it is a monogamous and territorial breeder , and egg - laying season is year - round . nests are often made in the fork of a tree with dense vegetation cover . the nest is made out of twigs , grass , roots and sometimes pine needles . sometimes similar nests made by other bird species are used . one to two ( rarely four ) eggs are laid and incubated for 13 - 16 days by both parents . after chicks are hatched they are fed by both parents and will leave the nest after 16 - 17 days . they reach independence after another 12 days .\nfairly large dove with small head and long , square - tipped tail . upperparts mostly sandy brown with a black crescent on the back of the neck .\nfairly large dove with small head and thin , dark bill . head and underparts are pale , almost frosty brown . black collar on back of neck .\n( 7 ) modler , art , ringneck doves , their care and enjoyment , pp . 8 , no date ( available through the american dove association )\nis a valid taxonomic name . however , many ornithologists do not subscribe to species status for this dove ( e . g . , goodwin 1983 ) .\n7 . unlike the closely related wood pigeon , the collared dove isn\u2019t regarded as an agricultural pest , though it can be a nuisance in the garden .\nthe colonisation of britain by the collared dove is a remarkable story - no collared doves bred in britain before 1955 - and so no conservation measures are necessary .\nfrost , p . g . h . 2013 . barbary dove . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nwhat are some of the most common signs that a dove is ill ? appearing fluffed up or droopy , having watery green droppings are some common signs of illness . upon seeing a dove that looks and acts sick , isolate it and put it under a heat source ( 40 watt bulb ) . heat is vital for a sick dove . if it is not eating , feed it hand - feeding formula ( exact pretty bird , etc . ) , and take it to an avian veterinarian .\nangie nicol of illinois sent me the photo above of her pet ringneck , eve . she purchased this dove more than 28 years ago in a dime store in vienna , il . the last anniversary of the dove ' s purchase was on december 16 , 2005 angie told me that she thought the bird was a year old when she obtained her which would make her around 28 years old as of december 2005 . i have lost contact with angie so i do not know if this dove is still living\ngibbs , barnes , and cox report the african collared dove has an overall length ranges from 260 to 270 mm . and weight ranges from 150 to 160 grams . ( 3 )\ndove and pigeon care has bird information for pet pigeons and types of doves . bird care covers bird cages , bird seed , and bird health care for pigeon breeds and pet doves\nlike the ringneck dove they are quite hardy . if they are kept outdoors and are accustomed to cold weather , they can take below freezing temperatures for a short period of time .\n21 . the spread of this dove across europe is well documented . they first bred in hungary in 1932 , austria in 1938 , germany in 1943 and the netherlands in 1947 .\n( 9 ) smith , p . william ( 1987 ) .\nthe eurasian collared - dove arrives in the americas\n. american birds 41 ( 5 ) , 1370 - 1379 .\nthe collared dove feeds mainly on cereal grain and small seeds on the ground , but will also eat berries in the autumn and , more rarely , caterpillars and aphids in the spring .\nmy personal experience is only related to two birds , a single male ringneck dove i purchased for my niece in the fall of 1990 from a hub cap dealer and a young white albino ringneck dove given to me by a bird rehabilitator in 2006 . thus this page is based upon the experience i have had with these two birds and information from the few books i have listed as references .\nthis is the oldest dove we have precise records of on this web site . he almost lived a full 30 years but this past summer he had a stroke and finally passed away on october 5th\nwhat species of doves are suited for the novice ? dove species that are especially recommended for the novice are common ringneck or barbary doves ( streptopelia risoria ) and diamond doves ( geopelia cuneata ) .\nwhat causes a seemingly healthy dove to suddenly die ? unless you have the bird posted , it\u0092s anyone\u0092s guess . sudden heart failure , becoming frightened and hitting the wall could be some possible reasons .\nsince there are so many dove species available it is often hard to resist keeping and enjoying all of them . one of the biggest mistakes a beginning dove fancier makes is putting too many birds in a single aviary . the amount of room needed per pair of doves depends totally on the kind of dove you plan to keep . most doves require a large aviary and all doves prefer a large aviary . there are only a few species which will thrive in small cages . below are examples of a modular aviary design that can be built with any desired dimensions ( see sizes mentioned below ) .\nupdate : june 2007 : our white dove turned out not to be a ringneck dove after all . after we had her a year we discovered that she was actually an eurasian collared dove . this was determine by her call and occasional scream . i was not familiar with the ecd ' s call although i have heard the call around town and in other locations . i thought the birds i was looking at were ringnecks . but many people had been writing in about the ecds and dr . wilmer j . milier , the ringnck dove expert , told me about the call and scream and also told me i could identify the ecd by dark spikes on the underside of the outer feathers . since this bird was white it has only the faintest dark spikes on the underside of the outer tail feathers .\n< prev 1 . table of contents 2 . dove care basics 3 . history of doves 4 . nutrition for doves 5 . breeding doves 6 . recipies and care sheet 7 . egg experiment next >\nthe 2004\u20132005 audubon christmas bird count showed dramatic evidence of the eurasian collared - dove\u2019s explosive expansion across the continent in a quarter century . the species was listed in 32 states and 4 canadian provinces ( british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , and ontario ) . small numbers present in some areas may have escaped or been released from captivity by dove breeders , but most birds are thought to represent genuinely wild colonizers .\n( 5 ) gos , michael w . ,\nringneck dove ,\ndoves . neptune city , nj : t . f . h . publications , inc . , 1989 , pp . 76 - 80\na medium - sized creamy grey - brown dove with a black half - collar on the back of the neck bordered with white above . the bill is grey - black , eyes red and legs crimson .\n( 4b ) goodwin , derek ,\nafrican collared dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea )\npigeons and doves of the world , london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) , 1967 , pp . 131 - 132\nsimilar species : spotted dove is larger , darker grey - brown above , pink - brown below , with a white - spotted black patch on the sides and back of the neck rather than a black half - collar .\n( 4a ) goodwin , derek ,\nbarbary dove ( streptopelia\nrisoria\n)\npigeons and doves of the world , london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) , 1967 , pp . 129 - 130\nthe monotonous , loud cooing song of the collared dove sounds like\ncoo - coo - coo\n, but is perhaps best remembered as either\nu - nit - ed\nor\ni don ' t know\n.\nin the domestic world of doves and pigeons , the term\ndomestic pigeon\nis given to all of the many genetically selected breeds of birds which descend from the rock dove . these are actually related to the common pigeons you see in your city picking up bread crumbs and pebbles . this web site does not address these birds but there is a section on the dove links page that lists a number of sites to visit regarding such\ndomestic pigeons .\nringed turtle - doves are slightly larger than african collared doves ( goodwin 1983 ) . their length is approximately 305 mm ( honolulu zoo 2002 ) . their tail is shorter than that for the african collared dove ( goodwin 1983 ) .\nboth the male and female will incubate the clutch . in captivity , female doves kept together will share incubation duties of a clutch of eggs . however , one female will adopt the hatchlings and feed them regurgitated\ndove milk .\ncan i keep foreign doves in a bird cage ? no , foreign doves are wild creatures , and a bird cage is too small to make the dove feel safe and secure . wild , foreign doves should be kept in spacious aviaries .\n( 1 ) brown , danny ,\nbarbary dove streptopelia\nrisoria\n, a guide to pigeons , doves & quail , their management , care & breeding , south tweeds heads , australia : australian birdkeeper 1995 , pp . 122 - 125\nthe plumage of this elegant dove is mostly a pale brown - grey but the breast is a pinkish buff colour . adults can be distinguished from juveniles by the narrow black and white band round the back of the neck ( which juveniles lack ) .\nhow can i save abandoned foreign dove babies ? hand - feeding formulas are available from pet shops , feed stores , etc . small feeding syringes are available from veterinarians . young doves should be placed in a box with a light bulb for heat .\nshould i bathe my doves ? doves bathe naturally in the rain or enjoy a fine mist of water from a hose . most doves , unlike pigeons , will not bathe in a water - filled container . some ground - dove species enjoy dust baths .\nringed turtle - doves make a nest of sticks arranged in a somewhat haphazard pattern . both the male and female will incubate the clutch of two white eggs . in captivity , female doves kept together will share incubation duties of a clutch of eggs . however , one female will adopt the hatchlings and feed them regurgitated\ndove milk .\nringed turtle - doves will also care for other species of doves . females have been used to rear mourning dove , zenaida macroura , chicks ( pappas , personal observation ) .\n( 3 ) gibbs , david ; barnes , eustace ; cox , john ,\nafrican collared dove , streptopelia roseogrisea\npigeons and doves , a guide to pigeons and doves of the world , london : yale university press 2001 , pp . 260 - 261\ndoves are susceptible to red mites , which hide during the day and come out at night to feed on the bird\u2019s blood , and doves housed outdoors are susceptible to roundworms , tapeworms and other worm species . canker , a respiratory disease that shows as a swelling in the dove\u2019s throat and a cheesy looking growth around the mouth , can be fatal if not treated . those who keep pigeons should wash their hands after handling , feeding or cleaning the dove\u2019s housing because doves can transfer chlamydia and salmonella ( bacterial infections ) to people .\nwhat are ground doves ? species included under the ground dove heading are by nature terrestrial , in that , they spend most of each day running about on the ground . this is not a scientific grouping . ground doves are fascinating to watch on the aviary floor .\npage contents origins of the ringneck dove common names scientific names size description distribution and habitat nesting about white doves care of ringneck doves cages perches seed . water , and grit containers feed nest boxes and nesting material emergency care and feeding of abandoned babies personality taming ringneck doves longevity\nthough it is very popular to use white doves for what are called ' wedding releases ' , it is actually white homing pigeons that are used . white homing pigeons are very strong flyers , have a well developed homing instinct , and will return to their dovecote . the white dove is not the same bird as the white homing pigeon . though they are both white , the white dove is a smaller bird . it does not fly straight for long distances but rather flutters about , and it does not have a highly developed homing instinct .\nwhite doves are very popular and an excellent bird for a beginner they are actually a white variety of the ringneck dove though a bit more expensive , and they have all the good points of the ringneck doves . they are very easy to care for and have a very sweet gentle nature . they will do well in either a cage or in an aviary and can be kept as a single bird or as a pair . once a white dove is comfortable with its home and its family , it can be handled by adults and children alike .\nfor those who are interested in seeing a list of the different color variations click on the link ( left side menu ) to the dove page prepared by wade oliver and go to the ringneck species . mr . oliver has a complete illustrated display of the known color variations .\n( 10 ) vriends , matthew m . , phd . ,\nbarbary dove ( streptopelia roseogrisea var . risoria ) ,\ndoves , a complete pet owner ' s manual . happauge , ny : barrons educational series , inc . , 1994 , pp . 65 - 87\nthe spotted dove is native to eastern asia . it was introduced into australia in the mid - 1800s and early 1900s and quickly became established . it is now a common sight throughout eastern australia , and around the major towns and cities in southern and south - western australia .\nwhat is the largest dove ? victoria crowned pigeons ( goura vistoria ) are the giants of the dove world . distinguished by a large , striking crest , this is an absolutely imposing bird ! over 2 1 / 2 feet long , it is the size of a hen turkey . it is bluish gray , with a broad grayish - white apical band , and a black band that runs from the lores to the postocular region . wing coverts are a dark chestnut , with bright red eyes . this elegant pigeon inhabits northwest new guinea and the wester islands .\nthe natural range of the african collared dove is in the savannah lands south of the sahara desert in africa from senegal and mauritania in the west across the continent to sudan and ethiopia in the east . they are also located along the red sea coast in arabia and in yemen .\ni have a beautiful cali white that we inherited from an elderly lady we cared for . we gave it a treat of pancake and now it is obsessed with pancakes ! is this ok ? it still eats its diet of dove food . thanks ! its over twenty years old !\nsharon o ' connell of chicago , illinois was given her white ringneck dove by friends while she was a senior at southern illinois university at carbondale . her friends owned the dove ' s parents . sharon named her ringneck opal . sharon thought he was a female but in time his bow coos dispelled that idea . the baby hatched out on november 25 , 1983 making him 27 years old on thanksgiving day 2010 . the photo below was taken at opal ' s 27th birthday party . sharon says she has feed him 1 / 3 canary seed and 2 / 3 finch seed all his life .\neurasian collared - doves have plump bodies , small heads , and long tails . they\u2019re larger than mourning doves but slimmer and longer - tailed than a rock pigeon . the wings are broad and slightly rounded . the broad tail is squared off at the tip , rather than pointed like a mourning dove\u2019s .\nhistory : paloma is not a wild dove , but the type of dove used in magic shows and commonly kept as pets . this type of dove has been bred for so long and kept in captivity , it is practically a domesticated animal . paloma was most likely released at some type of event , such as a wedding or funeral , and , unfortunately , ringneck doves do not have a well developed homing instinct . as a result , she could not find her way home , did not know what to eat or where to find food and was not afraid of potential predators because she was hand - raised . she was brought to sharon audubon ' s wildlife rehabilitation clinic with major bruising on both wings , missing tail feathers , and a scalped head . she has fully recovered from her injuries and now resides in an aviary in the exhibit room . you can often hear her sweet , gentle\nlaugh\nwhen you visit the center .\nthe spotted dove was first introduced to melbourne in the 1860s and there have been several subsequent releases to other australian cities . it readily consumes bird seed and bread , as well as feeding on the seeds of weeds . the species has not spread far from urban areas , probably because of a lack of suitable food .\nmany people ask me about methods they might use to tame ringneck doves . as a result i have written a short article in the methods that i have used in the past . while this article is about taming a variety of dove species , it should be useful for those who have recently acquired ringnecks . link to taming doves\nmany people write with questions about how long ringneck doves will live . while the usual life span of a ringneck dove is around 15 years or so , i have heard that some people ' s pet ringnecks have lived into their mid thirties . here is an accounting of four ringnecks that i know of that have lived more than 20 years ."]}
{"id": 965, "summary": [{"text": "onebala iridosoma is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1918 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11-12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark fuscous with three irregular pale blue-metallic transverse streaks , obtusely angulated and interrupted above the middle , the first from near the base of the costa to one-third of the dorsum , the second from one-third of the costa to beyond the middle of the dorsum , the third from three-fifth of the costa to two-third of the dorsum , the two latter with white on the costal edge .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is some brownish-ochreous suffusion between these on the subdorsal area , as well as a curved brownish-ochreous line from above the middle of the third streak to four-fifths of the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a violet-silvery metallic subterminal streak , angulated above the middle and indented between this and the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apical and terminal area beyond this brownish-ochreous , with four blackish longitudinal marks , and a black marginal line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are blackish-grey , lighter anteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "onebala iridosoma", "paragraphs": ["helcystogramma iridosoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 144\nthis is the place for onebala definition . you find here onebala meaning , synonyms of onebala and images for onebala copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word onebala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word onebala and , of course , onebala synonyms and on the right images related to the word onebala .\nonebala semiluna janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 393\nonebala probolaspis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 508 ; tl : transvaal , slypsteendrift\nonebala brunneotincta janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 393 ; tl : s . africa\nonebala obsoleta janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 392 ; tl : s . africa\nonebala blandiella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 792 ; tl : ceylon\ndectobathra amethystina meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 299 [ key ] , 300 ; tl : toowomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\ndectobathra choristis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 299 [ key ] , 300 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; bull , new south wales ; albany , west australia\nhelcystogramma euargyra turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 120\nhelcystogramma zapyrodes turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 119\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nwalsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\nbo\u011fazi\u00e7i hava ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ( bht , bosphorus air transport ) , named after bo\u011fazi\u00e7i ( turkish for bosphorus ) , was a turkish charter cargo / passenger airline that operated for two years starting in 1987 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 966, "summary": [{"text": "the kirikuchi char , salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus , is a freshwater fish in the salmonidae family .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is endemic to the kii peninsula of central honshu in japan .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is the southernmost population of the char genus salvelinus and is considered a relict in its region .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is usually considered a subspecies of the whitespotted char salvelinus leucomaenis but was listed as a separate species in the iucn red list ( 1996 ) .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "other subspecies of the whitespotted char s. leucomaenis have , however , been introduced in the area of the kirikuchi char , which has led to extensive hybridization .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "kirikuchi char remain in two separate headwater streams of the totsu river system , and they retain little genetic variation . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "kirikuchi char", "paragraphs": ["kirikuchi char - urdu meaning and translation of kirikuchi char , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of kirikuchi char and more .\nthe kirikuchi char , salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus , is a freshwater fish in the salmonidae family . content licensed under creative commons attribution . source : urltoken\nin its region . other fish of the same genus have , however , been introduced in the area , and the kirikuchi char is hybridizing with them extensively .\nthe kirikuchi char , salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus , is a freshwater fish in the salmonidae family . it is endemic to the kii peninsula of central honshu in japan .\noccurrence of deformed fish and their fitness - related traits in kirikuchi charr , salvelinus leucomae . . .\nloss of genetic variation and effective population size of kirikuchi charr : implications for the man . . .\nsato t ; demise t ; kubota h ; nagoshi m ; watanabe k ( 2010 ) hybridization , isolation , and low genetic diversity of kirikuchi char , the southernmost populations of the genus salvelinus transactions of the american fisheries society 39 2010 , 1758 - 1774 .\n. . . the kirikuchi char salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus , the southernmost nonanadromous population of the genus salvelinus , is endemic to the kii peninsula , central honshu , japan , and is a genetically and morphologically distinct local population of s . leucomaenis ( hosoya 2000 ; yamamoto et al . 2004 ; see also sato 2007 ) . this char is now categorized as endangered on the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list ( iucn 2008 ) and as a threatened local population in the japanese ministry of the environment ' s red data book ( tanaka 2003 ) . . . .\nkirikuchi charr , salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus , is the southernmost population of the genus salvelinus . it is endemic to the kii peninsula , central honshu island , japan . as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbances , a few populations of kirikuchi charr with low genetic diversity now survive only in small , isolated habitats . this study investigated the occurrence of deformed individuals . . . [ show full abstract ]\nkirikuchi char ( salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus ) in part of a tributary of the kiso river in nagano prefecture , japan . video credit : bys488 license : cc by 3 . 0 : urltoken details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s\nabout\npage . link to this video\u2019s license : urltoken in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\n. . . in the past , kirikuchi charr populations persisted as a large metapopulation in the drainage . however , their habitats have recently been reduced and fragmented by human - induced factors , such as the construction of erosion - control dams and stocking of non - native salmonids ( sato , 2007 ) . consequently , the two kirikuchi charr populations would persist in unnatural , above - waterfall habitats through the stocking of some individuals by local fishermen , indicating that the time since the fragmentation of the two populations is relatively short , probably several decades to 100 years . . . .\n. . . japanese fi sheries biologists are making a dedicated effort to protect the kirikuchi charr ( a trout ) , salvelinus leucomaenis japonicas ( fig . 9 . 1 ) . threatened by over - fi shing and habitat destruction , the charr occurs in a few remaining watersheds ( sato 2007 ) . to understand how to save the charr , biologists track tagged fi sh , monitoring their diet and growth rate . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nkottelat , m . 1996 . salvelinus japonicus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 5 august 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndramatic decline in population abundance of salvelinus leucomaenis after a severe flood and debris f . . .\na dramatic change in population abundance of salvelinus leucomaenis following a catastrophic flood event was investigated . population density declined by c . 98 % after the flood in a river section affected by debris flow . the isolation of the affected population and habitat change caused by flooding may have impeded population recovery .\nthis study explored the risk of predation by trout ( non - host predator ) on adult hairworms gordionus chinensis . ten percent of trout ( 18 out of 187 trout ) ingested adult hairworms in a japanese headwater stream of the totsu river . all hairworms were ingested by trout that had also ingested their insect definitive hosts ( camel crickets : tachycines elegantissima and t . asynamorus ) . trout had . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe present study examined fish assemblages in ten tributaries with different environmental characteristics in the upper drainages of the agano river system , northern honshu , japan . seven fish species ( five families ) were found in the 10 tributaries examined . white - spotted charr salvelinus leucomaenis and sculpin cottus pollux were common in almost all tributaries . masu salmon onchorhynchus . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsmall , isolated populations may face extinction due to a combination of inbreeding depression and other threats . effective population size ( ne ) is one comprehensive measure that allows us to evaluate the genetic status of a population , and to make management decisions regarding genetic viability . we simulated loss of genetic variation and estimated ne for two small , isolated populations of . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 967, "summary": [{"text": "aroga compositella , the six-spotted aroga moth , is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from alabama , colorado , florida , georgia , louisiana , maine , massachusetts , mississippi , new hampshire , north carolina , oklahoma , south carolina , tennessee , texas and wisconsin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are deep purplish black with five pure white markings , namely , an outwardly oblique costal white streak near the base , reaching the fold .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "an elliptical white spot is found on the middle of the wing and there is an angulate white costal spot at the beginning of the cilia , as well as an opposite small dorsal white spot and a small white dot on the fold , below and forward of the central spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "just before the apex a few single white scales are found .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "aroga compositella", "paragraphs": ["aroga compositella ( walker , 1864 ) replaces aroga coloradensis ( busck 1903 ) .\nspecies aroga compositella - six - spotted aroga - hodges # 2187 - bugguide . net\nmoved from aroga coloradensis . aroga coloradensis ( busck , 1903 ) is a synonym for aroga compositella ( walker 1864 )\naroga temporariella sattler , 1960 ; rev . fr . ent . 27 : 236\naroga mesostrota ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 120\naroga argutiola hodges , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 ( 9 ) : 987 ; tl : michigan , alcona co .\naroga atraphaxi bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 301 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1100m\naroga panchuli bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1400m\naroga balcanicola huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 160 , 32 ; tl : maced . occ . drenovo bei kavadar\naroga mesostrepta ; [ nhm card ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\naroga alleriella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : alabama , mobile\naroga controvalva li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 87 , 89 ; tl : chengcheng , shaanxi , 1000m\naroga danfengensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 85 , 89 ; tl : danfeng , shaanxi , 680m\naroga gozmanyi park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 117 ; tl : mt kumgang , kangweon prov . , korea\naroga epigaeella ; [ nacl ] , # 2189 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 21\naroga flavicomella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ me3 ] , 157 , 32 ; [ fe ]\naroga websteri clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 273 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 5c , pl . 32 , f . 15 ; tl : pullman , washington\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngelechia acharnaea meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , alpine , 7000ft\nseu , turkey , urals , iran , turkmenia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302\ngelechia camptogramma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 58\ngelechia chlorocrana meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , forestburg\ngelechia eldorada keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 240\n= gelechia trialbamaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 858\ngelechia eriogonella clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 247 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , pullman\nkorea , seu , s . russia , irkutsk , buryatia , kazakhstan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . cerasus [ me3 ] , 158\ngelechia leucanieella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 180 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia morenella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 317 ; tl : morena and pine valley , san diego , california\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\ngelechia paraplutella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 181 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia paulella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona ; colorado\ngelechia rigidae clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 249 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , rock lake\ngelechia trialbamaculella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 250\ngelechia unifasciella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona , williams\ngelechia xyloglypta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 22 ; tl : california , venice\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nstudien \u00fcber die lepidopterenfauna der balkanl\u00e4nder . iii . teil . sammelergebnisse aus montenegro , albanien , mazedonien und thrazien\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n. . . . vargo ' s specimen at mpg spread to 19mm ( your moth is a little smaller but sizes vary a lot ) and the moth does appear on heppner ' s list for florida species .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 970, "summary": [{"text": "the grey-eyed greenlet ( hylophilus amaurocephalus ) is a species of bird in the family vireonidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia and brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "grey - eyed greenlet", "paragraphs": ["gray - eyed greenlet ( hylophilus amaurocephalus ) , photographed in afonso cl\u00e1udio , esp\u00edrito santo - southeast of brazil . atlantic forest biome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\nmap edited : shaded the two disyunct populations in beni ( bolivia ) and w mato grosso ( brazil ) . eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705276a118694105 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hylophilus amaurocephalus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\n' vite - vite - de - olho - cinza ( hylophilus amaurocephalus ) fotografado em afonso claudio , esp\u00edrito santo - sudeste do brasil . bioma mata atl\u00e2ntica . registr"]}
{"id": 971, "summary": [{"text": "the siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus ) , also known as the siberian white crane or the snow crane , is a bird of the family gruidae , the cranes .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "they are distinctive among the cranes , adults are nearly all snowy white , except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight and with two breeding populations in the arctic tundra of western and eastern russia .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the eastern populations migrate during winter to china while the western population winters in iran and formerly , in india and nepal .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "among the cranes , they make the longest distance migrations .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "their populations , particularly those in the western range , have declined drastically in the 20th century due to hunting along their migration routes and habitat degradation .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the world population was estimated in 2010 at about 3,200 birds , mostly belonging to the eastern population with about 95 % of them wintering in the poyang lake basin in china , a habitat that may be altered by the three gorges dam .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in western siberia there are only around ten of these cranes in the wild . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "siberian crane", "paragraphs": ["international crane foundation ( icf ) . 2007 . siberian crane . retrieved july 28 , 2007 .\nkashentseva , tatiana . 2008 . siberian crane propagation in oka crane breeding center in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 11 ( in russian and english ) .\nthe crane to live the longest was a siberian crane with the name wolf . it lived for 83 years .\nkashentseva , tatiana . 2008 . siberian crane propagation in oka crane breeding center , russia , in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 23 ( in russian and english ) .\nenglish : great white crane , siberian white crane , asiatic white crane ; french : grue de sib\u00e9rie ; german : schneekranich ; spanish : grulla siberiana .\nthe oldest documented crane in the world was a siberian crane named wolf , who died at the age of 83 at the international crane center in wisconsin .\nbelyalova , l . , and s . fundikchiev . 2007 . siberian crane sighting in samarkand region , uzbekistan . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 6\nfazeli , azin . 2007 . siberian crane national stamp published in iran . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 14 ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmydag , n . 2007 . siberian crane records in mongolia in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 4 ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmydag , n . 2008 . siberian crane records in mongolia in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 10 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 1989 . migratory behavior of the siberian crane in iran . \u2013 the palearctic crane workshop .\nmarkin , yuri . 2008 . the siberian crane banding in yakutia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 16 - 17 ( in russian and english ) .\nthe range , status and winter ecology of the siberian crane ( gus leucogenanus ) .\nshilina , a . p . 2001 . siberian crane 2001 . siberian crane release in armizon , south of the western siberia . crane working group of eurasia newsletter 3 : 30 ( in russian and english . )\nburnham , james , and li fengshan . 2009 . the siberian crane capture in china . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 22 ( in russian and english )\nhornskov , jesper . 2008 . sighting of the siberian crane near beijing , china . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 12 ( in russian and english ) .\nparmasto , e . 1989 . palearctic crane workshop . \u2013 palearctic crane workshop .\nfor many years a single siberian crane has returned to its wintering grounds in . . .\nrusanov , german . 2002 . siberian crane wintering and spring migration . western population . russia . siberian crane flyway news . no 2 : 5 ( in russian and english ) .\nshilina , anastasia . 2008 . sightings of the siberian crane in west siberia in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 10 ( in russian and english ) .\nsome breeding observations on the siberian white crane grus leucogeranus in the kolyma lowlands . bird conserv\nthe siberian crane makes more musical sounds than other cranes , mostly flute - like calls .\nprentice , crawford . 2007 . siberian crane wetland project steering committee meeting , bangkok , thailand . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 19 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . 2001 . siberian crane 2001 . siberian crane release in astrakhan reserve , south of the european part of russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 3 : 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nsebastian , sunny . 1993 . the crane saga \u2013 experiments with siberian visitors . \u2013 conservation .\nvardhan , harsh . 2002a . siberian crane wintering and spring migration . central population . india . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 2 : 5 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nvladimirtseva , m . 2008 . the siberian crane fall migration in okhotsky perevoz , yakutia , russia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 13 . ( in russian and english ) .\nburnham , james , andjeb barzen . 2007 . siberian crane wetland project : regional programme report . internatioanl crane foundation . baraboo , 42 p .\nlandfried , s . e . 1984 . saving the siberian crane . \u2013lawrencetoday : 4 - 9 .\nosipov , igor . 2007 . spring migration of the siberian crane in northeast yakutia , russia , in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 7 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh . 2007 . siberian crane release on the wintering grounds in iran in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 11 - 12 ( in russian and english ) .\nleo shapiro selected\nsiberian crane\nto show in overview on\ngrus leucogeranus pallas 1773\n.\nkruskal - wallis test of the effects of development stage and habitat type on siberian crane activity time .\nthus , the eastern population of the siberian crane is not specialized for foraging in the taiga wetlands .\nmian , afsar . 1989 . crane migration through western baluchistan . \u2013 asia crane congress .\nshilina , anastasia . 2007 . sightings of the siberian crane in west siberia , russia , during fall migration 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 5 ( in russian and english ) .\npanchenko , v . g . 1996 . international studbook : siberian crane . oka biosphere state nature reserve .\nrusanov , german . 2007 . sighting of the siberian crane in astrakhannature reserve , russia , in the fall of 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 7 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh , and yuri markin . 2002 . siberian crane wintering and spring migration . western population . iran . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 2 : 4 ( in russian and english ) .\nsemenov a . , and e . kolodeznykh . 2008 . siberian crane sightings in the lena river lowland in yakutia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 9 . ( in russian and english ) .\nstrelnikova , olga . 2008 . sightings of the siberian crane in khanty - mansi autonomous region , west siberia , russia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 11 ( in russian and english ) .\nsummary of the collected time budget data ( mean ) of siberian crane in different habitats by development stages .\nthe oldest documented crane was a siberian crane named wolf , who died at the age of 83 . wolf is in the guinness book of world records .\nmoore , sara gavney . 2009 . siberian crane migration study . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 13 : 1 ( in chinese and english ) .\nupon confirmation of the fact of the nesting of siberian cranes in the delta of the ob river , 7 eggs of the wild siberian crane were taken and transferred from that area into the oka breeding center from 1981 to 1996 . in total , the \u201csiberian crane\u201d project used 43 siberian crane eggs and 36 eurasian crane eggs from nature . forty siberian crane eggs were transported from icf \u2013 they were laid by the first yakutian birds which started breeding in the usa . most of the birds raised from those eggs were released back into nature .\ninternational crane foundation . 2002 . siberian crane news updates . hang - glider assisted migration takes off . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 16 : 16 - 17 .\nensure healthy populations of siberian crane populations in the amur - heilong basin of russia and china . we are :\nrecording contain 5 chirp calls of 30 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( male ) .\nrecording contain 4 chirp calls of 164 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( female ) .\nrecording contain 5 chirp calls of 37 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( female ) .\nrecording contain 4 chirp calls of 145 - days - old human - raised siberian crane chick ( male ) .\nanonymous . 1993 . siberian crane reintroduction attempt unsuccessful . \u2013 oriental bird club bulletin . no 17 : 12 .\nsprouts were the primary forage for siberian crane at salt lick stopovers because they were readily extracted from the substratum .\nqian fawen . 2003 . wintering siberian crane counted atpoyanglakein 2003 . \u2013 crane working group ofeurasianewsletter . no 6 : 6 - 7 ( in russian and english ) .\nstishov , mikhail , and iinga bysykatova . 2008 . monitoring of the siberian crane breeding sites in kytalyk , yakutia , russia . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 4 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nanonymous . 1976 . siberian crane season . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 3 ( 1 ) : 1 .\ndavis , malcolm . 1969 . siberian crane longevity . \u2013 auk . vol . 86 ( 2 ) : 347 .\njiang hongxing , and qian fawen . 2007 . summary of the meeting on monitoring the migration of the siberian crane in chinain 2006 / 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 21 ( in russian and english ) .\nresearch on optimal nesting sites of the eastern population of siberian crane in the tundra ( the indigirka river basin ) .\ndense siberian crane and elk footprints , while fragments of green sprouts were observed on the exposed peat and peat mud .\ndegtyaryev , andrey , and maria vladimirtseva . 2007 . crane art in yakutsk . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 15 ( in russian and english ) .\nli fengshan . 2003 . siberian crane gef project . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 7 ( 1 ) : 6 - 7 ( in chinese and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2002 . success of siberian crane breeding in captivity . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century : abstracts of international crane workshop . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 19 - 20 .\nof the 15 species of cranes , only the sandhill crane ( grus canadensis ) , brolga crane ( grus rubicunda ) , demoiselle crane ( anthropoides virgo ) , eurasia crane or common crane ( grus grus ) , and gray crowned crane ( balearica regulorum ) are not listed as vulnerable , endangered , or critically endangered .\nharris , james . 2009 . safe flyways for the siberian crane . a flyway approach conserves some of asia\u2019s most beautiful wetands and waterbirds . international crane foundation . 99 p .\nliu z , chen b ( 1991 ) the wintering ecology of the siberian crane . proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . beijing : china forestry press . pp . 109\u2013112 .\nmarkin , yuri , and sergei sleptsov . 2008 . survey of the siberian crane breeding area in kytalyk , yakutia , russia , in 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 8 - 9 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh , and azin fazeli . 2008 . the siberian crane wintering in iran in winter 2007 / 2008 and 2008 / 2009 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 14 - 15 ( in russian and english ) .\nvinogradov , v . v . 1982 . siberian white crane . \u2013 boolket . astrakhan . p . 1 - 6 .\nshilina , a . p . 2003 . release of isolation reared siberian crane chicks at common crane staging areas . \u2013 acten - proceedings 4th european crane workshop 2000 . ed . alain salvi . fenetrange - france . p . 250 .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 1991 . the siberian crane in iran . \u2013 proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 341 - 347 .\nmarkin , yu . m . , and a . a . kashin . 2001 . siberian crane . release of siberian cranes in astrakhannature reserve . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 3 : 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nprentice , crawford , and milhail stishov . 2007 . avisit to the siberian crane staging areas in the aldan and maya river valleys of southern yakutiain 2006 . siberian crane flyway news . no 8 : 17 - 18 ( in russian and english ) .\ndevarshi , dhirendra . 2002 . siberian crane . central flyway . india . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 3 : 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . , and r . belterman . 2001 . international studbook : siberian crane grus leucogeranus . russia : oka crane breeding center . p . 1 - 37\nmoermond t . 2007 . sixth meeting of range states to siberian crane mou . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter 10 : 106 - 108 ( in russian and english ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - siberian crane\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - siberian crane\ntitle =\narkive video - siberian crane\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nosipova , m . a . 1996 . the siberian crane in the eastern part of the range . \u2013 third european crane workshop : european crane working group at \u201cprojekt kranichschutz deutschland\u201d . straslund : wwf / / nabu . p . 42 .\ngoroshko , oleg . 2007 . sightings of siberian cranes on the daurian steppe , russia , in 2007 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 5 ( in russian and english ) .\nhykle , douglas . 1993 . bonn convention actions for the siberian crane . \u2013 iwrb news . vol . 10 : 13 .\nkumar , p . 1994a . vanishing visitors : the great white siberian crane . \u2013 frontline . p . 63 - 74 .\nmarkin , yuri , svetlana bobkova , pavel rozhkov , vladimir drobyshevsky , and yuri zatsepin . 2005 . siberian crane reintroduction at belozersky wildlife refuge in 2004 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 6 : 5 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nsince its first epic flight for warmer climes , the male siberian crane has clocked up enough miles to circumnavigate the earth twice .\nlanovenko , e . 2002 . siberian crane spring migration 2002 . central flyway . uzbekistan . crane working group of eurasianewsletter , 4 - 5 : 27 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . , a . kovshar , and a . shilina . 2001 . a record of a common crane pair with siberian crane chick . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . no 2 : 32 ( in russian and english ) .\ntian xiuhua , and zhao guangying . 1997 . preliminary study on hematological indices of the hooded crane , red - crowned crane and siberian crane . \u2013 journal of bird world . vol . 23 : 38 - 41 . ( in chinese ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , sadegh , azin fazeli , and kirill postelnykh . 2008 . release of the siberian crane on the wintering grounds in iran in autumn of 2008 . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 23 - 24 ( in russian and english ) .\npokrovskaya , i . 2007 . the first finding of the siberian crane breeding site in west siberia . crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 10 : 84 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuasalo - tavakoli , e . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 29 ( in russian and english ) .\nanonymous . 1980 . wwf supports siberian crane at icf . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 6 ( 2 ) : 4 .\narchibald , george w . 1993b . the siberian crane : a status report . \u2013 cms bulletin no . 4 ( unpaginated ) .\nlandfried , s . e . 1982 . pakistan : new siberian crane data . \u2013 iucn bulletin . july / august / september .\nsackl , peter . 2003 . siberian white crane . \u2013 british birds . vol . 96 ( 9 ) : 449 - 453 .\nsinha , vivek . 2000 . unusual behaviour of a siberian crane . \u2013 hornbill ( july - september ) : 28 - 29 .\nsudilovskaya , a . m . 1948 . siberian crane and its distribution . \u2013 nature protection . no 13 ( in russian ) .\nwill the three gorges dam affect the underwater light climate of vallisneria spiralis l . and food habitat of siberian crane in poyang lake ?\ngree , n . gist , lacy i . moffett , and g . d . wilder . 1926 . atentative list of chinese birds . part 1 . bulletin no . 1 of the peking society of natural history . p . 1 - 370 . ( distribution of eurasian crane , red - crowned crane , hooded crane , black - necked crane , white - naped crane , siberian crane and demoiselle crane in china , see pp . 62 - 64 ) ( in english and chinese ) .\nhorwich , robert h . 1992 . isolated - rearing of siberian crane chicks in the international crane foundation . \u2013 proceedings , 1988 north american crane workshop , 22 - 24 february 1988 . eds : don a . wood . p . 244 - 248 .\nbragin , e . a . 2001 . siberian crane - 2001 . kazakhstan . observations of the siberian cranes ( grus leucogeranus pall . ) at naurzum in 2001 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 3 : 27 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nbelterman , r . 2005 . siberian crane propagation in western europein 2004 and 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 9 : 69 - 70 ( in russian and english ) .\nbragin , e . a . siberian crane records in kazakhstan from 2007 to 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 50 - 51 ( in russian and english ) .\nrozenfeld , s . b . a siberian crane sighting in azerbaijan in january 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 74 ( in russian and english ) .\nshevchenko , e . p . 2011 . siberian crane record in chaunskaya gulf , chukotka . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 53 . ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmyadag , n . 2011 . siberian crane records in mongolia from 2007 to 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 53 - 55 ( in russian and english ) .\nzou changlin . 2009 . migration status of siberian crane in momoge nr in spring 2009 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 13 ( 1 ) : 3 ( in chinese and english ) .\nthe united nations environment program ( unep ) and the international crane foundation conducted the unep / gef siberian crane wetland project from 2003 to 2009 to protect and manage a network of sites across asia .\nsiberian cranes are the only crane species with serrated edges on their beaks . the serrations make gripping slippery prey , such as fish and frogs , much easier . siberian cranes also eat roots , berries and seeds .\nenglish : japanese crane , manchurian crane ; french : grue du japon ; german : mandschurenkranich ; spanish : grulla manch\u00fc .\ndong lingli . 2003 . siberian white crane studbook ( grus leucogeranus ) 2002 . beijing , china : beijing zoological gardens . 34 pp .\nfreeman , scott . 1984 . chinaestablishes refuge for siberian crane . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 10 ( 1 ) : 1 .\nfutehally , z . 1992 . the siberian crane . \u2013 newsletter for birdwatchers . vol . 32 ( 9 & 10 ) : 2 .\nunep , and cms , ed . 1996 . siberian crane memorandum of understanding . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 5 , 6 : 5 .\nunep , and cms , ed . 2001 . siberian crane wetlands gef meeting . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 13 . p . 18 .\ndavidson , neil . a possible hybrid common crane ( gg ) x siberian white crane ( gl ) inturkey . \u2013 bulletin ornithological society , middle east . vol . 15 ( 1 ) : 3 .\nkashentseva , t . , and r . belterman . 2007 . the international siberian crane studbook . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 10 : 51 - 53 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen . 2004 . the 2nd guilding committee meeting of \u201csiberian crane gef project\u201d was held inbeijing . china crane news . vol . 8 ( 1 ) : 39 ( in chinese and english ) .\ntseveenmydag , n . 2005 . summer sightings of the siberian crane in mongolia in 2004 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 9 : 22 - 23 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 2011 . siberian crane wintering in iran in 2010 / 11 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 11 : 74 - 75 ( in russian and english ) .\nzhou jingying . 2003 . spring migration of siberian crane at tumuji national nature reserve , 2003 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 7 ( 2 ) : 9 ( in chinese and english ) .\nthe international crane foundation ( icf ) is a cms partner organization that provides the technical coordination of the mou through the position of the siberian crane flyway coordinator , which is co - funded by cms .\nshaw tsen - hwang . 1936 . the birds of hopei province . \u2013 zoologia sinica . series b . the vertebrates of china . vol . 15 . fan memorial institute of biology , peiping ( peking ) china . p . 1 - 974 . ( description and distribution of common crane , hooded crane , red - crowned crane , white - naped crane , siberian crane and demoiselle crane in china \u2013 see pp . 319 - 328 . ) .\nbysykatova i . p . , m . v . vladimirtseva , and s . m . sleptsov . 2010 . spring migrations of the siberian crane in yakutia . \u2013 siberian ecological journal . novosibirsk ( in russian ) .\nsmirenski , sergei . 2008 . the sightings of siberian cranes in muraviovka park , amur region , during spring migration 2008 . siberian crane flyway news . no 10 : 12 - 13 ( in russian and english ) .\nthese crane species occur as two distinct populations , arctic east siberian ( between the yana and the alazeya rivers in yakutia ) group and west siberian ( the river basins of the ob , konda and sossva ) group .\nliu zhiyong , and chen bin . 1991 . the wintering ecology of the siberian crane . \u2013 proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . ( chapter 3 ) : 109 - 112 .\nenglish : little brown crane , canadian crane ; french : grue du canada ; german : kanadakranich ; spanish : grulla canadiense .\ntokarskaya , olga n . , et al . 1996 . analysis of relatedness and genetic diversity in the siberian crane by dna fingerprinting . \u2013 3rd european crane workshop : european crane working group at \u201cproject kranichschutz deutschland\u201d . stralsund : wwf / / nabu . p . 52 .\nwu zhigang , han xiaodong , and wang li . 1987 . observations of migratory siberian crane at momoge nature reserve . \u2013 proceedings 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 135 - 138 .\narchibald , george w . 1996 . conservation of siberian cranes inwest asia . \u2013 3rd european crane workshop : european crane working group at \u201cprojekt kranichschutz deutschland\u201d . stralsund : wwf / nabu . p . 19 .\ngoroshko , o . s . 2002 . siberian crane . eastern flyway . russia . dauria . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 3 : 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nilyashenko , e . i . 2003 . siberian crane migration according to ptt data . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no . 6 : 14 - 15 ( in russian and english ) .\nsmirenski , s . 2007 . sighting of the siberian crane in amur region in 2006 . - crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no . 10 : 38 ( in russian and english ) .\nwang hui . 2007 . sighting of the siberian crane in yancheng nnr , china , in 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia . moscow . no 10 : 44 ( in russian and english ) .\nyang zhaofeng ( translator ) . 1999 . research information of central population of siberian crane . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 3 ( 2 ) : 22 - 23 ( in chinese and english ) .\nyang zhaofeng ( translator ) . 2002 . results of the 4th meeting of siberian crane range states . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 6 ( 1 ) : 41 ( in chinese and english ) .\nnagendran , meenakshi . 1995 . crane conservation efforts : siberian , sandhill and whooping cranes , with emphasis on the siberian crane . \u2013 the proceedings of the fourth annual international crane symposium : \u201cpeople , water and wildlife : human population impacts on cranes\u201d . ed . tim wohlgenant . boulder , colorado : national audubon society . p . 11 - 15 .\nbhatnagar , r . 1980 . acase of tumour in siberian crane . \u2013 newsletter for birdwatchers . vol . 20 ( 4 ) : 16 .\nbrar , arvinder s . 1994 . land of the siberian crane . \u2013 sanctuary . vol . 14 ( 4 ) : 14 - 21 .\nsauey , ronald t . 1981 . saving the siberian crane . an international effort . \u2013 span , 22 ( 5 ) : 21 - 25\nvorobjev , k . a . 1965 . siberian crane in yakutia . \u2013 nature . no 4 : 88 - 90 ( in russian ) .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the siberian crane utters more musical sounds than the other cranes , usually flute - like calls .\n) . siberian cranes were observed foraging in the shallow water during the whole winter , and we did not find a single crane on grasslands .\nproceedings of the project completion workshop of the unep / gef siberian crane wetland project , 14 - 15 october , 2009 , harbin , china .\none of these was reportedly a regular stopover location for several hundred siberian cranes .\nin the early 1970s , there were fewer than 10 siberian cranes in captivity worldwide . they had never reproduced in captivity . adopting a different approach , captive populations of siberian cranes were established from eggs collected from wild siberian cranes in eastern siberia through collaboration between the international crane foundation ( icf ) in the usa and oka state nature reserve in russia . the first captive breeding was achieved at icf in 1981 with the birth of siberian crane , \u00abdushenka\u00bb .\ngermogenov , nikolai , sergei sleptsov , inga bysykatova , and maria vladimirtseva . 2007 . russian - chinese joint field work on research of the siberian crane eastern population in momoge nnr , china . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 9 : 8 - 9 ( in russian and english ) .\nnaumov , p . p . 1979 . siberian crane in kirenga . \u2013 migration and ecology of birds in siberia . yakutsk : yakutian branch of siberian division , ussracademyof sciences . p . 97 . ( in russian ) . .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus )\ntitle =\narkive species - siberian crane ( leucogeranus leucogeranus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbragin , e . a . 2007 . the siberian crane sightings in kazakhstanduring migrations 2006 and 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 10 : 26 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nparilov , m . 2007 . the siberian crane sighting in ganukan wildlife refuge in 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 38 - 39 ( in russian and english ) .\nprentice , crawford . 2003 . unep / gef siberian crane wetlands project meeting in moscowand tehran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 6 : 33 - 34 ( in russian and english ) .\nsu liying . 2011 . some stopover records for the siberian crane in 2010 and 2011 in china . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 60 - 62 ( in russian and english ) .\narchibald , george w . 1981c . a siberian crane chick ! \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 7 ( 3 ) : 1 , 3 .\nlandfried , s . e . 1983 . saving the siberian crane : another step . \u2013 wwf - pakistan newsletter . vol . 2 ( 1 )\nmaguire , kelly . 1999 . project sterkh : summary of siberian crane reintroduction program 1983 - 1998 . \u2013 conservation measures for the siberian crane : cms technical series publication no . 1 . eds . unep / cms . bonn , germany : unep / cms secretariat . p . 153 - 173 .\nscheiffer , h . 1985 . to siberian crane protection . \u2013 unsere jagd . vol . 35 ( 2 ) : 62 ( in german ) .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated these siberian crane species and has listed them as\ncritically endangered\n.\nthe historic breeding area of the siberian crane extended from the ural mountains south to the ishim and tobol rivers , and east to the kolyma region .\npotapov e ( 1992 ) some breeding observations on the siberian white crane grus leucogeranus in the kolyma lowlands . bird conserv . internatn 2 : 149\u2013156 .\nelk activity led to areas of peat exposure in bogs where the availability of edible grass rhizomes and readily extractable sprouts were increased for the siberian crane .\nsoviet working group for crane research . 1995 . siberian crane project : a five - year plan . - crane research and protection in europe . a . proceedings of the palaearctic crane workshop in tallinn , estonia , 1989 . ed . hartwig prange . halle - wittenberg : martin - luther - universitaat / / lufthansa . p . 305 - 307 .\nandronov , v . a . 2002 . siberian crane . eastern flyway . russia . jewish autonomous region . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 3 : 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nilyashenko , e . ( author - compiler ) . 2010 . atlas for the siberian crane and other waterbirds in western / central asia . international crane foundation , baraboo , usa , 130 p . ( russian version )\nlanovenko , e . 2004 . geography and phenology of siberian crane sightings in uzbekistan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 66 - 68 ( in russian and english ) .\nmajin , ch . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . azerbaijan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 7 - 8 : 61 , 63 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen . 2005 . report on monitoring the migration of siberian crane inchina , 2004 - 2005 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 9 ( 2 ) : 24 - 25 ( in chinese and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2003 . siberian crane spring migration 2003 . western flyway . russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 6 : 12 - 13 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2011 . sighting of the siberian crane in astrakhannature reserve in the fall of 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 52 ( in russian and english ) .\nmaksudov , g . , and t . kashentseva . 2002 . sperm storage and sperm competition in artificially inseminated siberian cranes . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century . abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 20 - 21 .\nsorokin , a . g . , a . p . shilina , yu . m . markin . 2002 . ten years of siberian crane introduction in west siberia : results and perspectives . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century , abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol . 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 38 - 39 .\nsiberian cranes sometimes cause root damage to crops as they feed on roots and shoots .\nsiberian cranes migrate to the arctic tundra to breed in late april and early may .\nthis is exemplified by data obtained on the fat reserves of three migrating siberian cranes .\nthe siberian crane flyway coordination enhances communication among the large network of scientists , governmental agencies , biologists , private organizations , and citizens involved with siberian crane conservation . since 2002 , dr . george archibald has traveled yearly to afghanistan and pakistan to augment awareness programs that contribute to safer migrations for siberian cranes . he also works with the united arab emirates to support migration corridor conservation in western asia .\narchibald , george w . 1981a . last call for the siberian crane . \u2013 natural history . vol . 90 ( 3 ) : 58 - 61 .\narchibald , george w . 1983 . siberian crane eggs fly east . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 9 ( 3 ) : 1 , 3 .\nharrap , s . 1987 . comments on historical records of the siberian white crane in turkey . \u2013 ocme bull . no 19 : 18 - 19 .\nlandfried , s . e . 1982 . siberian crane stamp soon a reality . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 8 ( 4 ) : 4 .\nmirande , claire m . 2003 . my life with siberian crane . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 29 ( 3 ) : 6 - 7 .\nshiirevdamba , ts . , ed . 1997 . siberian crane . \u2013 mongolian red book . ulaanbaatar . p . 115 ( in mongolian and russian ) .\nsinha , v . r . 1991 . arequiem for the siberian crane . \u2013 sanctuary asia . vol . xi ( 1 ) : 26 - 35 .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 1989 . conservation policy for siberian cranes in iran . \u2013 asia crane congress . typescript . p . 1 - 7 .\nbragin , e . a . 2003 . the siberian crane spring migration 2003 . western flyway . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 6 : 12 - 13 ( in russian and english ) .\nlanovenko , e . 2005 . winter ecology of the eurasian cranein uzbekistan : existing conditions for the siberian crane reintroduction . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 9 : 52 - 54 ( in russian and english ) .\nliu yunzheng , and jia daojing . 2004 . observation on the feeding behavior of wintering siberian crane inpoyanglake . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 8 ( 1 ) : 7 - 8 ( in chinese and english ) .\nmarkin , yuri , and sadegh sadeghi zadegan . 2007 . the siberian crane release in iranin winter 2006 / 2007 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 10 : 54 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen , and simba chan . 2007 . sighting of a banded siberian crane in yellow river delta , china . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia . moscow . no 10 : 61 ( in russian and english ) .\ntseveenmyadag , n . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . eastern flyway . mongolia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 29 - 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nvardhan , harsh . 2002b . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . central flyway . india . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 29 - 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nvladimirtseva , m . v . 2011 . the siberian crane fall migration in okhotsky perevoz , yakutia , in 2008 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 58 . ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 2003 . siberian crane spring migration 2003 . western flyway . iran . crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 6 : 12 , 13 . ( in russian and english ) .\nzhang enquan , and zhang jing . 2005 . siberian crane propagation at beijing zoo , china , in 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 71 ( in russian and english ) .\nashtiani , mohammad ali . 1987 . siberian crane as a wintering bird iniran . \u2013 proceedings of the 1983 international crane workshop , bharatpur , india . eds . george w . archibald and r . f . pasquier . baraboo , wisconsin : international crane foundation . p . 135 - 137 .\nenglish : blue - necked crane , royal crane ; french : grue royale ; german : s\u00fcdafrikanischer kronenkranich ; spanish : grulla coronada cuelligr\u00eds .\nscience expeditions sponsored by the all - russia research institute for nature protection and preserves in 1977 - 1978 collected 12 eggs of siberian crane of the eastern population and sent them to the international crane foundation . in 1979 17 more eggs were transported from yakutia to the ocbc and the bird park walsrode in germany . such was the beginning of the first population of siberian crane in captivity .\nwu jiandong . 2002 . study on the behavior of siberian cranes in wintering period . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century , abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol . 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 69 , 29 - 30 ( in chinese and english ) .\nrustamov , a . k . 1999 . white crane , or siberian crane . \u2013 red data book of turkmenistan . vol . 1 . invertebrate and vertebrate animals . ashgabat , turkmenistan , 256 - 257 ( in russian ) .\nsleptsov , s . 2007 . siberian crane breeding in kytalyk resource reserve , yakutia , russia , in 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow , 10 : 16 - 17 ( in russian and english ) .\nstrelnikova , o . g . 2011 . siberian crane sightings in khanty - mansi autonomous region in 2008 and 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 47 - 49 ( in russian and english ) .\narchibald , george w . 1994 . the fading call of the siberian crane . \u2013 national geographic . vol . 185 ( 5 ) : 125 - 136 .\nkashkarov , d . yu . 1988 . siberian crane . \u2013 red data book of the uzbekskaya ssr . p . 92 - 93 ( in russian ) .\nlandfried , s . e . 1981 . first rare siberian crane hatches in captivity . \u2013 wwf news . vol . 13 . july / aug : 3 .\nmirande , claire m . 2003 . siberian crane wetlands project : on the staging ground and ready to fly . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 18 : 16 .\ntarunin , m . 1928 . on siberian crane in tobolsk region . \u2013 \u201cural\u2019skiy okhotnik\u201d ( ural hunter ) . vol . 5 ( 3 ) : 5 .\nxu jie , and jiang zingzing . 1985 . endangered species \u2013 siberian crane . \u2013 chinese wildlife . vol . 3 : 30 - 40 ( in chinese )\nthe main breeding grounds cover 82 , 000 km2 in the yakutia region of northeastern siberia , south of the east siberian sea between the yana and kolyma rivers . kytalyk republic resource reserve is a site of breeding grounds with the highest siberian crane densities .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . endangered species - 2001 . the siberian crane - 2001 . western flyway . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 3 : 30 ( in russian and english ) .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . the siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 26 , 27 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nchan , simba . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . eastern flyway . hong - kong . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 28 , 30 ( in russian and english ) .\ngoroshko , o . a . 2011 . siberian crane sightings in dauria ( transbaikalia ) from 2007 to 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 56 - 57 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . , and r . belterman . 2002 . siberian crane in captivity . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 52 - 53 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2002 . siberian crane spring migration 2002 . western flyway . russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 25 , 26 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2002 . siberian crane autumn migration 2002 . western flyway . russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 26 - 28 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan s . 2005 . the siberian crane wintering in iran in 2004 / 2005 and 2005 / 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 50 - 51 ( in russian and english ) .\nsun xiaowei , zhen haishen , yu baijiang . 2002 . migration trend of siberian crane at momoge in spring 2002 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 18 ( in chinese and english ) .\ntseveenmyadag , n . 2001 . endangered species - 2001 . siberian crane - 2001 . eastern flyway . mongolia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 3 : 29 , 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nvuosalo - tavakoli , ellen . 2002 . siberian crane spring migration 2002 . western flyway . iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 25 , 26 ( in russian and english ) .\nyang yan . 2007 . record number of the siberian crane in liaoning province , china , in autumn 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 41 - 42 ( in russian and english ) .\nzhou haixiang . 2006 . the finding and protection of siberian crane and other waterfowls in key migratory sites in liaoning . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 10 ( 1 ) : 32 - 34 ( in chinese and english ) .\nanonymous . 1996 . sos for siberian cranes . \u2013 hornbill . no 3 : 27 .\nadequate forage for siberian cranes in the marshes included the roots of hydrophilic sedges and horsetails .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2007 . crane propagation at oka crane breeding center in 2006 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 45 - 48 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2011 . crane propagation in oka crane breeding center in 2010 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 82 - 86 ( in russian and english ) .\naccording to the iucn red list , the total population size of the siberian crane is 3 , 500 - 4 , 000 individuals . siberian cranes\u2019 numbers are decreasing today and they are classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the list of threatened species .\nthe following habitats are found across the siberian crane distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\ndessauer hc , gee gf , rogers js ( 1992 ) allozyme evidence for crane systematics and polymorphisms within populations of sandhill , sarus , siberian , and whooping cranes .\nanonymous . 1975 . the siberian crane icf\u2019s target species for 1975 - 76 . \u2013 the brolga bugle . vol . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 , 3 .\nbabenko , v . g . 2000 . siberian crane . \u2013 birds of lower priamuriye . moscow : \u201cprometei\u201d publishing house . p . 204 ( in russian ) .\ndey , s . c . 1993 . siberian crane \u2013 status report and indian situation . indian forester . vol . 119 ( 10 ) : 783 - 792 .\nmalik , d . 1991a . the siberian crane in the littlerann of kutch . \u2013 newsletter for birdwatchers . vol . 31 ( 1 / 2 ) : 13 .\nmoriguchi , kazuaki . 1978 . arecord of the siberian white crane grus leucogeranus found in hokkaido , japan . \u2013 tori . vol . 27 : 37 - 38 .\nrogacheva , e . v . 1980 . siberian crane . \u2013 animals of krasnoyarsk territory . krasnoyarsk : krasnoyarsk book publishers . p . 90 ( in russian ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2007 . siberian crane ( grus leucogeranus ) . \u2013 astrakhan encyclopaedia . astrakhan . p . 377 - 378 ( in russian ) .\nsharma , v . d . , and s . sharma . 1991 . the vanishing siberian crane . \u2013 indian forester . vol . 117 : 850 - 855 .\nvinogradov , v . v . 1977 . protect the siberian crane . \u2013 \u201cokhota i okhotnichiye khozyaistvo\u201d ( hunting and hunting economy ) . no . 7 : 5 .\nthe siberian crane mou was the first one to be developed under the auspices of cms . it was concluded on 1 july 1993 and revised on 1 january 1999 .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . the siberian crane spring migration 2002 . western flyway . kazakhstan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 25 , 26 ( in russian and english ) .\nkashentseva , t . , and r . belterman . 2011 . the fifth issue of the international siberian crane studbook . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 89 - 92 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . m . , sleptsov , s . m . the siberian crane banding in yakutia in 2008 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 11 : 106 - 107 ( in russian and english ) .\nmirande , claire . 2007 . safeguarding a chain of important wetlands \u2013 the midterm review for our siberian crane wetland project . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 11 ( 1 ) : 21 - 22 ( in chinese and english ) .\nprentice , crawford . 2007 . the unep / gef siberian crane wetlands project \u2013 status at the end of phase 1 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 10 : 63 - 66 ( in russian and english ) .\nqian fawen , and jiang hongxing . 2006 . summery of monitoring the migration of siberian crane in chinain 2005 - 2006 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 10 ( 1 ) : 35 - 36 ( in chinese and english ) .\nthough it is easy to distinguish this species of crane from others , it is really difficult to distinguish a male from a female siberian crane . both are of almost the same size and have similar features ; it is just that the female crane is a little smaller in size and has a little shorter beak .\nchan , simba . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . eastern flyway . japan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia . moscow . no 4 - 5 : 62 , 64 ( in russian and english ) .\nilyashenko , v . yu . 2005 . on the history of discovery and origination of name \u201csterkh\u201d ( siberian crane ) . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no . 9 : 122 - 125 ( in russian and english ) .\nliu yunzheng , and jia daojing . 2000 . report on the distribution of siberian crane at poyang lake in november , 1999 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 4 ( 2 ) : 4 - 5 ( in chinese and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . , and s . sadeghi zadegan . 2004 . siberian crane reintroduction in islamic republic of iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 36 - 37 ( in russian and english ) .\nsorokin , a . g . 2003 . the siberian crane in the european part of russia . historical and recent data . \u2013 acten - proceedings 4th european crane workshop 2000 . ed . alain salvi . fenetrange - france . p . 249 .\nvladimirtseva , m . , and s . sleptsov . 2005 . observation on nest building activity of the siberian crane . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 29 - 31 . ( in russian and english ) .\nbirdlife international . 2003 .\nsiberian crane\n( on - line ) . red data book : threatened birds of asia . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\ndey , s . c . 1994 . siberian crane : status report and indian situation . \u2013 environ magazine . vol . 11 ( 1 ) : 57 - 61 .\nmaranko , m . 1989 . wintering behaviour of the siberian crane in keoladeo national park , bharatpur during 1988 - 89 . m . phil . thesis , bharathidasan university .\nmercier , mary . 2007 . siberian crane range states meet to protect the \u201clily of birds\u201d . \u2013 the icf bugle . vol . 33 ( 3 ) : 4 .\nostapenko , m . m . 1987 . gruiformes . siberian crane . \u2013 the birds of uzbekistan . tashkent : \u201cfan\u201d publ . house . p . 274 - 275 .\nsludski , a . a . 1959 . siberian crane distribution and biology . \u2013 ornithology . moscow . vol . 2 : 159 - 162 . ( in russian ) .\nunep , and cms , ed . 2001 . results of the fourth meeting of the siberian crane range states . \u2013 cms bulletin . no 14 : 8 - 9 .\nushakov , v . e . 1925 . about siberian white crane and owls . \u2013 \u201cural\u2019skiy okhotnik\u201d ( ural hunter ) . vol . 2 ( 3 ) : 39 .\nsimple procedures aimed at exposing peat formation in bogs along the siberian crane migration routes might facilitate the passage for weaker cranes ( in the worst - case conservation scenario ) .\nthe last remaining western siberian crane has returned to its winter home in iran for the seventh consecutive year - having clocked up an incredible 78 , 000km in the process .\nkashentseva , t . a . 2005 . crane propagation at oka crane breeding center in 2004 and 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 60 - 64 ( in russian and english ) .\nwu zhigang , han xiaodong , and wang li . 1987 . observations of the siberian white crane ( grus leucogeranus ) migrating to the momoge nature reserve . \u2013 abstracts 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 38 ( in chinese abstracts ) .\nthese siberian cranes were frightened off three times by motorboats passing at 15 to 20 min intervals .\nconsequently , siberian cranes did not encounter their habitual foraging conditions while migrating across the taiga zone .\nmarkin , yu . m . , and s . sadeghi zadegan . 2003 . siberian crane wintering in iranin 2002 / 03 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 6 : 4 - 6 ( in russian and english ) .\nwang qishan , and james t . harris , eds . 2002 . crane research : status and direction for the 21st century , abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol 6 ( supplement ) . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 1 - 80 .\nthe siberian crane can be found in a number of locations including : arctic , asia , china , russia . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nbragin , e . a . 2002 . red data book . the siberian crane . \u2013 kazakhstan ornithological newsletter . almaty : \u201ctethys\u201d . p . 73 ( in russian ) .\nroschevsky , yu . k . 1973 . on breeding of siberian crane in priyanskaya tundra . \u2013 animals of volgariver basin . p . 34 - 38 ( in russian ) .\nbog areas that were difficult for humans to access tended to retain a high local density of elk , which had very important effects on the foraging conditions for the siberian crane .\nli jinlu , and feng kemin . 1991 . overwintering of red - crowned and siberian cranes in china . \u2013 proceedings of 1987 international crane workshop . ed . james t . harris . baraboo , wis . : international crane foundation . p . 191 .\nmarkin , yu . , a . ermakov , and yu . zatsepin . 2004 . siberian crane reintroduction in kunovatriver basinin 2003 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 33 - 36 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , s . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . the western flyway . i . r . iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter , 7 - 8 : 63 ( in russian and english ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , s . and a . fazeli . 2011 . the siberian crane wintering in iran in 2007 / 2008 and 2008 / 2009 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . no 11 : 72 - 73 ( in russian and english ) .\nchan , simba . 2005 . data on crane sightings . japan . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia , 9 : 49 ( in russian and english ) .\nnesterenko , o . n . 2002 . use of genetic methods for sexing cranes captive breeding programs . \u2013 crane research : status and direction for the 21st century . abstracts of international crane workshop . china crane news . vol 6 supplement . beijing , china : china ornithological society , international crane foundation . p . 43\nnagendran , meenakshi , and robert h . horwich . 1992 . isolation - rearing of siberian crane chicks at the international crane foundation . \u2013 proceedings , 1988 north american crane workshop : nongame wildlife program technical report . don a . wood . [ tallahassee , florida ] : floridagame and fresh water fish commission . p . 245 - 248 .\njiang hongxing , and qian fawen . 2007 . summary of the meeting on monitoring the migration of the siberian crane in chinain 2006 / 2007 . \u2013 china crane news . vol . 11 ( 1 ) : 21 - 23 ( in chinese and english ) .\nmarkin , yuri , and sadegh sadeghi zadegan . 2004 . search for alternative siberian crane wintering grounds in i . r . iran . \u2013 crane working group of eurasianewsletter . moscow . no 7 - 8 : 68 - 69 ( in russian and english ) .\nmarkin , yu . , g . rusanov , and a . kashin . 2005 . siberian crane reintroduction in astrakhan nature reserve in 2004 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 76 - 79 ( in russian and english ) .\nrusanov , g . m . 2004 . brief information on the fall migration of the siberian crane . the western flyway . russia . \u2013 newsletter of the crane working group of eurasia . moscow . vol . 7 - 8 : 63 ( in russian ) .\nsadeghi zadegan , s . , and g . archibald . 2005 . the siberian crane reintroduction in fereydoon kenar , iran , in 2005 . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 9 : 80 - 81 ( in russian and english ) .\nvladimirtseva , m . , and e . ilyashenko e . 2007 . the siberian crane migration in indigirka river valley , yakutia , russia . \u2013 crane working group of eurasia newsletter . moscow . no 10 : 29 - 31 ( in russian and english ) .\nche guicui , and ben yahua . 2000 . cure of fracture of a siberian crane . \u2013heilongjiang animal science and veterinary medicine . vol . 1 : 27 ( in chinese ) .\nfriedman , judy . 1992 . operation siberian crane : the story behind the international effort to save an amazing bird . new york : dillon press . p . 1 - 96 .\ngermogenov , n . i . ( ed . ) . 1999 . siberian crane ecology and migration . research report . yakutsk . p . 1 - 25 ( in russian ) .\nkasparek , max . 1987 . historical records of the siberian white crane in turkey . \u2013 bull . ornithol . soc . middle east . vol . 18 : 4 - 6 .\nlanovenko , eugenia . 2003 . summering and autumn migration 2003 . central population . uzbekistan . \u2013 siberian crane flyway news . no 5 : 10 ( in russian and english ) ."]}
{"id": 973, "summary": [{"text": "lamprologus signatus is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it prefers deep waters over muddy substrates .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species is a shell dweller .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 5.5 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lamprologus signatus", "paragraphs": ["a little research ( actually a lot of it ) led me to consider various species . i wanted something with a little color but also with some distinctive markings . i considered some ' lamprologus ' brevis , but had heard that they weren ' t always active or even visible . i settled on a species that is not very common in the hobby , lamprologus signatus . it took me a while to track them down but i was finally able to obtain a group of 6 juveniles .\njust one more tank . . .\nl . multifasciatus , n . signatus , n . similis , l . gold occelatus\nlamprologus signatus has a more elongated body shape compared to other shell dwellers . another difference is that the male and female have their own distinct patter / coloration . most other species of shelldwellers , with a few exceptions , share the same color patterns in both males and females . usually the only difference between the sexes is size .\ni was always told that you appreciate things more when they cost you something , when you\u0092ve got something personally invested in them . i\u0092ve usually found this to be true . my lamprologus signatus have made themselves a definite exception to the rule . they\u0092ve got the big shelldweller personality with uncommon good looks to boot , making themselves one of my favorites , and i didn\u0092t pay a dime for them !\ni\u0092ve very much enjoyed having these guys and continue to watch their interactions with fascination . i\u0092m content just to watch them glide about and show off their rainbow colors . lamprologus signatus has proven itself to me to be a very interesting and slightly more unique member of a personable little group of fish . even though they didn\u0092t cost me anything , i hold them as a valued part of my collection .\nafter not having a lake tanganyika shelldweller for some time , i got an itch for them again . something about how they change their environment by digging and / or burying their shells makes them extremely amusing and addictive . for such little fish , they pack a ton of personality . the question was which shell dweller to choose ? in the past i had kept ' lamprologus ' multifasciatus and ' lamprologus ' ocellatus\ngold\n. i decided i wanted to try something different for a newly vacant 29gal tank .\nhello all ! i am setting up a 60\nr . half with stacked rock for calvus ; half open with shells ; cyp leptosoma swimming above . how compatible are signatus with this setup ? . . . . . 1m / 3f ' s ? . . . . . . i have 12 shells . . . . . too many ? . . . . space shells out evenly - - or in groups of 3 - 4 ? . . . . . . will signatus defend poorly or too violently against the calvus ? . . . .\nhey mr . limpit , my signatus are still very young and they are alone in a 10 gallon right now so i am not sure how aggressive / defensive they would be with other fish . i think you can group the shells how every you want . i have 6 shells for the two of them and they are kind of spread out . it shouldn ' t matter too much because in nature the signatus species actually prefers digging out under rocks but in captivity they use shells if they are available . i have a central rock structure that has a few carved caves and then some slate rock . hope this helps somewhat .\nsince i became interested in the shelldwelling cichlids of the african rift lake , tanganyika , i\u0092ve had the opportunity to try out the majority of the species . they all display pretty similar behavioral patterns and many have a very similar appearance as well . they are interesting and charming little fish , but once you\u0092ve kept one , you\u0092ve pretty much kept them all . not so with l . signatus .\n* * help * * my signatus pair have pretty much stopped eating in the past week . has anybody else struck this problem and what are you feeding them ? i have tried flake ( which they pick at ) , crumbles ( nls and redsea - they mouth then spit these out ) , frozen brine / mysis / bloodworm ( not much interest at all , mouth then spit out the ones they do attack ) , live mosquito larvae ( just attack out of territorial aggression then spit out ) . i dont have access to other live foods . any help appreciated . cheers steve\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it is restricted to the central shores of the lake .\nthe habitat is reported to be deep water on soft , mud substrates . feeds on small shrimp . the maximum size of collected specimens was 53 mm at which size the fish were mature . nothing else is known of this species other than it belongs to the shell - dweller group .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nendemic to lake tanganyika . it occurs around the central part of the lake on the zambian side , around the capes of kabwe ngosye and nundo .\nit inhabits fairly deep water around the shoreline in areas with a soft substrate , where the empty shells of snails collect .\n18\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 45cm x 30cm x 30cm ) \u2013 40 litres for a pair or trio . a larger tank is required for a colony .\nthe aquarium should have large open areas of sandy substrate to which should be added a good number of empty snail shells ( see breeding section below ) . more shells should be provided than there are individual fish . the substrate should be at least 2\u2033 deep as this species likes to dig . the water must be hard and alkaline .\nlive and frozen varieties should form the bulk of the diet , although dried foods are usually accepted .\na territorial species that will defend its shell and the small territory around it vigorously . it can be combined with species that inhabit other areas of the aquarium . good tankmate choices include rockdwellers such as neolamprologus brichardi or smaller species of julidochromis and open water species such as cyprichromis sp . only one male should be kept unless the aquarium is large as males are very aggressive towards conspecifics .\nmales grow larger than females and have distinct vertical barring on the flanks , which is lacking in females .\npossible . shell brooder . it may breed in a community situation but if you want to raise a full brood of these a species tank is best . set up the aquarium as suggested above . provide plenty of snail shells as the females will lay their eggs in these . escargot shells are a good choice and can be obtained from most decent delicatessens . each female will require 4 - 5 shells . water should be hard and alkaline with a ph of around 8 . 0 - 8 . 5 and a temperature of 77 - 80\u00b0f .\nthe species is most easily bred in a harem situation within which spawning pairs will form weak bonds until their broods are large enough to fend for themselves . the bond is not monogamous and both fish may go on to spawn with other individuals . it\u2019s best to keep several females with a single male for breeding purposes . condition the fish well on a good diet of live and frozen foods .\nthe females will attempt to catch the attention of the male by displaying at the entrance of their chosen shells . when the male is sufficiently interested , the female swims into the shell where she deposits her eggs . she then leaves the shell and the male enters , where he fertilises the eggs .\nboth parents assist in broodcare , and they will regularly move the entire brood between different shells . the fry are big enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii or microworm once they become free swimming . it is probably better to remove them to a separate rearing tank at this stage to ensure the best survival rate , although the parents do not usually harm them .\nas they grew , i became disappointed with the make - up of the group . a group of 4 males and 2 females is not ideal for pairing . fortunately each of the females picked out a male of their own and the two extra males were removed . the tank was set up with a sand substrate and divided into 3 separate areas by 2 pieces of holey rock . each of the three areas had an abundant amount of shells . the pairs took up residence on opposite sides of the tank , leaving the middle area as a no - man ' s land . i hoped that as their fry got larger , they would migrate to the\nundeveloped\nsection of the tank .\nsetting up a new african cichlid tank ( decorating )\ntank talk 9 / 10 / 13 pres . by kgtropicals\nahh ! its great to see another shellie fan on ace ! yes i remember you , how are the callipterus coming along ? i ' m picking my sigs up from anthony today , will let you know how they go . pm sent .\nthanks jac . i may select either brevis or occies , since the shells will be on the opposite end of the tank vs the rock structure .\nany updates on these fish , i ' m so excited . someone locally is selling only a pair and hopefully i can get my hands on them . are they as easy as multies ? dumb question but . . . i ' m just sooooo excited ! hopefully i can get them\nhey miles44 , no they haven ' t spawned yet . i hope they spawn for me soon . cross my fingers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 978, "summary": [{"text": "hagnagora mirandahenrichae is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is only known from the sectors santa maria and pitilla from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste , province guanacaste in north-western costa rica .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "adults are easily distinguished from hagnagora croceitincta by its wing patterns .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the yellow ground colour of mirandahenrichae is slightly more intensive than in hagnagora clustimena . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "hagnagora mirandahenrichae", "paragraphs": ["three new geometer moths : hagnagora richardi , h . hedwigae , h . mirandahenrichae\non average smaller than hagnagora croceitincta and slightly larger than hagnagora mirandahenrichae ( see hagnagora croceitincta ) . the white transversal blotch on the forewing stretches to the costal margin and the apical dark - brown area reaches vein cua 2 , as also observed in mirandahenrichae . hagnagora clustimena is slightly paler than hagnagora mirandahenrichae . the male genitalia of both species are similar , but the valves are broader and differently shaped to mirandahenrichae . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora mirandahenrichae ) is 4 . 6 % .\none species a day : three new geometer moths : hagnagora richardi , h . hedwigae , h . mirandahenrichae\nhagnagora clustimena was originally assigned by druce to heterusia and then transferred to hagnagora by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . hagnagora clustimena and hagnagora croceitincta appear to occur allopatrically .\nhagnagora elianne was described and illustrated by sullivan ( 2011 ) . the species closely resembles the other species in the hagnagora anicata clade , particularly hagnagora unnia .\nresembles most closely hagnagora anicata and hagnagora richardi , but is larger than hagnagora anicata , and the signum of the bursa copulatrix is more complex than in hagnagora richardi . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora anicata ) is 3 . 1 % .\nthree new hagnagora druce species ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are described : hagnagora richardi brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , hagnagora hedwigae brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , and hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm , sp . n . from costa rica . a checklist of taxa assigned to hagnagora is provided . hagnagora is provisionally divided into six clades : the anicata clade ( 6 species ) , the buckleyi clade ( 3 species ) , the croceitincta clade ( 3 species ) , the ephestris clade ( 3 species ) , the mortipax clade ( 4 species ) and hagnagora subrosea ( 1 species ) . two taxa are revived from synonymy : hagnagora catagrammina druce , stat . rev . and hagnagora luteoradiata thierry - mieg , stat . rev . two taxa are reinstated from subspecies to species level : hagnagora acothysta schaus , stat . rev . and hagnagora jamaicensis schaus , stat . rev . four taxa are provisionally removed from hagnagora :\nhagnagora\nignipennis ,\nhagnagora\nmesenata ,\nhagnagora\nvittata , and\nhagnagora\nceraria . after these changes , the genus hagnagora now comprises 20 valid species .\nthree new hagnagora druce species ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are described : hagnagora richardi brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , hagnagora hedwigae brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , and hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm , sp . n . from costa rica . a checklist of taxa assigned to hagnagora is provided . hagnagora is provisionally divided into six clades : the anicata clade ( 6 species ) , the buckleyi clade ( 3 species ) , the croceitincta clade ( 3 species ) , the ephestris clade ( 3 species ) , the mortipax clade ( 4 species ) and hagnagora subrosea ( 1 species ) . two taxa are revived from synonymy : hagnagora catagrammina druce , stat . rev . and hagnagora luteoradiata thierry - mieg , stat . rev . two taxa are reinstated from subspecies to species level : hagnagora acothysta schaus , stat . rev . and hagnagora jamaicensis schaus , stat . rev . four taxa are provisionally removed from hagnagora : \u201c hagnagora \u201d ignipennis , \u201c hagnagora \u201d mesenata , \u201c hagnagora \u201d vittata , and \u201c hagnagora \u201d ceraria . after these changes , the genus hagnagora now comprises 20 valid species .\nhagnagora lex was described by druce ( 1885a ) together with hagnagora buckleyi . while buckleyi was collected on the western slopes of the andes , hagnagora lex originates from the amazon slopes of the eastern andes .\nclosely resembles other species of the hagnagora anicata clade . on average significantly larger than hagnagora anicata , but the female has about the same size as hagnagora hedwigae . the uncus of the male is larger and broader than in hagnagora anicata . the signum of the bursa copulatrix is less complex than in hagnagora anicata and hagnagora hedwigae . easily distinguishable from hagnagora marionae by the cream - white colour of the blotches on the forewing . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora marionae ) is 6 . 6 % .\n15 hagnagora croceitincta ( dognin ) female , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 16 hagnagora epimena ( bastelberger ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 17 hagnagora croceitincta male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 18 hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 19 hagnagora clustimena female from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) 20 hagnagora clustimena male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 21 hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm sp . n . male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 22 hagnagora mirandahenrichae female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .\n15 hagnagora croceitincta ( dognin ) female , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 16 hagnagora epimena ( bastelberger ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 17 hagnagora croceitincta male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 18 hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 19 hagnagora clustimena female from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) 20 hagnagora clustimena male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 21 hagnagora mirandahenrichae brehm sp . n . male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 22 hagnagora mirandahenrichae female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .\nmost species of the hagnagora anicata clade are very similar , and the most reliable current method for diagnosis is the coi barcode . hagnagora anicata tends to be smaller than the other species occurring sympatrically , namely hagnagora richardi and hagnagora hedwigae : the wing length of the male ( holotype ) is only 17 . 5 mm in comparison to 19 mm in the male holotype of hagnagora richardi . the structures of the female signum are also more complex than in hagnagora richardi , but similar to those in hagnagora hedwigae . the uncus of the male is smaller and shorter than in hagnagora richardi . aedeagi of the known males are ( hagnagora anicata and hagnagora richardi ) similar . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumbably most closely related species ( hagnagora hedwigae ) is 3 . 1 % .\n2 hagnagora buckleyi druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 3 hagnagora buckleyi female , paralectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 4 hagnagora lex druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 5 hagnagora catagrammina druce male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 6 hagnagora catagrammina druce female , paralectotype ( paralt ) a dorsal view b ventral view .\nhagnagora subrosea has a unique combination of a pale brown wing colour with two white transversal bands on the forewings not found in any other species of hagnagora .\nthe species closely resembles other species of the hagnagora anicata clade , particularly hagnagora elianne ; see there for a diagnosis . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora elianne ) is 5 . 0 % .\nsmaller than hagnagora buckleyi and of similar size to hagnagora catagrammina . the extension of the blue blotches is significantly smaller than in hagnagora buckleyi . the form of the transversal band on the forewing is similar to that in hagnagora buckleyi , but the band does not stretch as far towards the wing margins . hagnagora lex is the species with the smallest extensions of metallic blue blotches on the underside , with the upperside completely devoit of these blotches .\nthe oldest described hagnagora species , assigned by guen\u00e9e to scordylia gn ( = heterusia ) .\ntwo new species of the hagnagora anicata clade ( geometridae , larentiinae ) from costa rica .\n23 hagnagora moripax ( druce ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 24 hagnagora mortipax male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 25 hagnagora mortipax male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 26 hagnagora flavipectus ( warren ) male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 27 hagnagora mortipax jamaicensis ( schaus ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 28 hagnagora mortipax acothysta ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 29 hagnagora guatica ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) .\n23 hagnagora moripax ( druce ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 24 hagnagora mortipax male from costa rica as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 25 hagnagora mortipax male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 26 hagnagora flavipectus ( warren ) male , holotype a dorsal view b ventral view 27 hagnagora mortipax jamaicensis ( schaus ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 28 hagnagora mortipax acothysta ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) 29 hagnagora guatica ( schaus ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo usnm ) .\nmales are on average slightly larger than males in hagnagora unnia and can be distinguished from hagnagora anicata by a swollen as opposed to a gently tapered distal half of the uncus and by the absence of a moderately large , upcurved spine at the end of the costa in hagnagora elianne ( sullivan 2011 ) . females may be distinguished from females of hagnagora unnia by their longer , more complex signum . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora unnia ) is 5 . 0 % .\n7 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 8 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 9 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , male holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 10 hagnagora unnia sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view 11 hagnagora marionae brehm & sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view .\n7 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 8 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 9 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , male holotype a dorsal view b ventral view c valvae d aedeagus 10 hagnagora unnia sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view 11 hagnagora marionae brehm & sullivan , male a dorsal view b ventral view .\nunusual flight activity of a new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from costa rica .\n30 hagnagora ephestris ( f & r ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 31 hagnagora discordata male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 32 hagnagora discordata male ( zsm lep 44128 ) from brazil as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) ( photo zsm ) 33 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 34 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from costa rica ( cr ) as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 35 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view .\n30 hagnagora ephestris ( f & r ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 31 hagnagora discordata male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 32 hagnagora discordata male ( zsm lep 44128 ) from brazil as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) ( photo zsm ) 33 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 34 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from costa rica ( cr ) as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view 35 hagnagora luteoradiata ( t - m ) male from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view .\non average larger than the closely related species hagnagora clustimena and hagnagora mirandahenrichae : forewing length of the female holotype reaches 23 mm in comparison to about 20 mm in the other species . on the forewing , the white transversal blotch does not stretch to the costal margin as seen in the other two species , and the apical , dark - brown area reaches beyond veins 1a + 2a . the species is also generally more vividly coloured than the other species in this clade , with white spots on the forewing between veins cua 2 and 1a + 2a and around m 3 on the upperside of the hindwing . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora mirandahenrichae ) is 7 . 1 % .\n12 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , female from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 13 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 14 hagnagora hedwigae sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .\n12 hagnagora anicata ( f & r ) , female from ecuador as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 13 hagnagora richardi sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia 14 hagnagora hedwigae sp . n . , female , paratype a dorsal view b ventral view c genitalia .\n36 hagnagora subrosea ( warren ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 37 \u201chagnagora\u201d ignipennis ( dognin ) male , lectotype dorsal view 38 \u201chagnagora\u201d mesenata ( f & r ) male , lectotype ( lt ) a dorsal view b ventral view 39 \u201chagnagora\u201d mesenata male ( ayk - 04 - 0533 - 2 ) from chile as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo k mitter ) 40 \u201chagnagora\u201d vittata ( philippi ) male ( m ) ( bc lp 0092 ) from chile as reference specimen with 380 bp coi fragment , dorsal view ( photo le parra ) .\nhagnagora mirandahenrichae is named in honour of ms . miranda henrich of california in recognition of her and her mother\u2019s critical support for understanding the taxonomy and biodiversity development of the \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste ( acg ) in northwestern costa rica , where this species has been found by the acg caterpillar inventory ( janzen et al . 2014 ) .\n36 hagnagora subrosea ( warren ) female , lectotype a dorsal view b ventral view 37 \u201c hagnagora \u201d ignipennis ( dognin ) male , lectotype dorsal view 38 \u201c hagnagora \u201d mesenata ( f & r ) male , lectotype ( lt ) a dorsal view b ventral view 39 \u201c hagnagora \u201d mesenata male ( ayk - 04 - 0533 - 2 ) from chile as reference specimen with barcode index number ( bin ) a dorsal view b ventral view ( photo k mitter ) 40 \u201c hagnagora \u201d vittata ( philippi ) male ( m ) ( bc lp 0092 ) from chile as reference specimen with 380 bp coi fragment , dorsal view ( photo le parra ) .\nboth discordata and ephestris show a pronounced yellow blotch on the hindwings that is absent in luteoradiata . the yellow transversal band on the forewing is narrower than in ephestris , and it does not reach the outer margin of the wing . the yellow blotch on the hindwing is much broader than in hagnagora discordata . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance of brazilian hagnagora discordata is 2 . 3 % to hagnagora luteoradiata from costa rica and 2 . 6 % to hagnagora luteoradiata from ecuador . these short distances suggest a relatively young split within this species clade .\nsummary tree of the available molecular genetic data based on genetic coi \u2018barcodes\u2019 using the kimura 2 parameter implemented in bold systems . four out of six clades are represented by the barcode data ; no data were available for the buckleyi clade and for hagnagora subrosea . \u201chagnagora\u201d mesenata groups outside hagnagora sensu stricto . the species name is followed by the individual identification number and the barcode index number ( bin ) . ht : holotype , pt : paratype .\nthree new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus .\nhagnagora living specimens 41 hagnagora anicata ( ? ) , ecuador , zamora chinchipe , estaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica san francisco , 22 november 2008 in typical resting habitus , but alert because of disturbance by the photographer . the tympanal organ at the base of the abdomen is well visible 42 hagnagora luteoradiata from costa rica a young caterpillar ( 09 - srnp - 31840 - dhj458869 ) b caterpillar in last instar ( 09 - srnp - 31840 - dhj458860 ) 43 hagnagora mortipax caterpillar from costa rica a dorsal view ( 14 - srnp - 3240 - dhj487561 ) b lateral view ( 14 - srnp - 3240 - dhj487557 ) .\nsummary tree of the available molecular genetic data based on genetic coi \u2018barcodes\u2019 using the kimura 2 parameter implemented in bold systems . four out of six clades are represented by the barcode data ; no data were available for the buckleyi clade and for hagnagora subrosea . \u201c hagnagora \u201d mesenata groups outside hagnagora sensu stricto . the species name is followed by the individual identification number and the barcode index number ( bin ) . ht : holotype , pt : paratype .\nthe species resembles the other species of the hagnagora anicata clade , but is easily distinguished by large orange - yellow blotches on the forewing . males have a spatula - shaped uncus . coi barcode : the minimum observed distance to the presumably most closely related species ( hagnagora richardi ) is 6 . 6 % .\nby far the smallest hagnagora species . the species lacks the typical striation on the underside of the hindwing found in all other members of the mortipax clade .\nhagnagora richardi is named in honour of richard philipp from jena , germany , in recognition of his and his parents\u2019 support for the taxonomy of neotropical geometrid moths .\noverview of taxa assigned to hagnagora and excluded from the genus , sorted according to six provisional clades , ordered alphabetically . lt lectotype , ht holotype , st syntypes .\nthree new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus . - pubmed - ncbi\ncontribution to an understanding of the biology and the morphology of the early stages of a neotropical larentiine : hagnagora vittata philippi , 1859 in chile ( insecta : lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\ndruce ( 1885b ) described catagrammina in the same year , but separately from hagnagora buckleyi and hagnagora lex . the taxon was put in synonymy with buckleyi by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . as noted by druce , catagrammina is closely related to the other two species of the clade and particularly similar to hagnagora buckleyi . in agreement with druces\u2019 original description of the three taxa , i revive the species from synonymy with hagnagora buckleyi due to small but overall significant differences of the wing patterns . the morphological differences hint to different species , particularly given the experience from many other species complexes of neotropical geometridae in which often more subtle differences \u2013 ideally combined with results from genitalia morphology and barcoding \u2013 can be observed in different species .\ngiven as valpara\u00edso , [ chile ] , requires confirmation . the cool - dry climate of this chilean lowland region differs strongly from the wet montane habitats where other hagnagora species are typically found .\napart from its colombian type locality , hagnagora anicata has recently been collected and barcoded from sites in southern ecuador to central bolivia at elevations ranging from 2000 to 2920 m a . s . l .\nonly a single female is known from hagnagora hedwigae collected in southern ecuador ( 2677 m ) . the wing length of the holotype ( female ) is 21 mm ( same size as richardi ) .\nhagnagora mortipax is one of the earliest described species in the genus and among the smallest hagnagora species . together with hagnagora luteoradiata it also has the largest known geographical range . the taxon flavipectus remains in synonymy because it falls within the confirmed geographical range of mortipax and shows no significant deviations from the type specimen of mortipax . in comparison to the type specimen , the extension of the large white blotch on the forewing is smaller in ecuadorian specimens , where it does not reach the costal margin . since the barcode sequences of costa rican and ecuadorian populations are nearly identical , all respective specimens are treated as members of the same species , and slight differences in wing patterns are regarded as geographical variability .\ndruce ( 1885a ) described hagnagora buckleyi and hagnagora lex . the upper - and undersides of the wings in hagnagora buckleyi are very similar , with the colour of the hindwings generally being paler . the forewings feature a deep orange transversal band on a dark brown background , and the hindwings show metallic blue fields between the veins , with three located on the upperside between m 3 and cua 2 and one in the cell , and eight between all veins on the underside . the pattern of the female is similar , with the blue fields extending further on the forewing , including the blotch between veins cua 2 and a . in the female , metallic blue scales are also present at the base of the forewing at both the wing upper - and underside .\nbrehm g ( 2015 ) three new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus . zookeys 537 : 131\u2013156 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 537 . 6090\nfelder & rogenhofer described this species from colombia . it closely resembles hagnagora discordata and hagnagora luteoradiata . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) put luteoradiata in synonymy with ephestris , but freshly collected material from costa rica and ecuador shows that luteoradiata consistently lacks yellow blotches on the hindwing . it appears therefore to be more likely that ephestris is a junior synonym of discordata , and an increased knowledge of coi sequences could help to solve this question . given the current state of knowledge , it appears to be the most appropriate solution to revive luteoradiata from synonymy and to treat the other two taxa as full species .\nonly known from sectors santa maria and pitilla from \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste , province guanacaste , nw costa rica , at elevations ranging from 675\u2013920 m a . s . l . , and therefore with a lower elevational range than hagnagora clustimena ( observed : 850\u20131550 m a . s . l . ) .\nboth ephestris and discordata show a pronounced yellow blotch on the hindwings that is absent in luteoradiata . different from discordata , the yellow transversal band on the forewing of hagnagora ephestris reaches the outer margin of the wing . moreover , the band is broader than in discordata , whereas the yellow field of the hindwing is narrower , particularly in the proximate half of the wing .\nhagnagora hedwigae is named in memory of hedwig seppelt ( * 1919 in baumgarten , silesia ; \u2020 2013 in korschenbroich , germany ) . mrs seppelt loved nature , and she took care that birds , small animals and insects found a habitat in her garden . the name is given in recognition of support for the taxonomy of neotropical geometrid moths provided by her daughter - in - law irmgard and her son winfried seppelt .\nwarren originally assigned subrosea to cophocerotis warren , but the genus - defining type species , cophocerotis jaspeata ( dognin ) , does not show the two prominent white transversal bands of the forewing present in subrosea . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) transferred the species to hagnagora . barcoding and genitalia dissections of fresh specimens from this species are required , but judging from the two transversal bands , subrosea might indeed be associated with the croceitincta clade .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ninstitut f\u00fcr spezielle zoologie und evolutionsbiologie mit phyletischem museum , vor dem neutor 1 , 07743 jena , germany .\npmid : 26798242 pmcid : pmc4714052 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 537 . 6090\ncorresponding author : gunnar brehm ( ed . anej - inu @ mherb . rannug )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nto accelarate the taxonomic progress and following a recently reached consensus amongst geometrid taxonomists ( forum herbulot 2014 ) , this study focuses not on extensive species descriptions , but on diagnostic characters and the synthesis of illustrated external characters , genitalia structures and coi barcodes .\nmoths were pinned and dissected following established techniques ( lafontaine 2004 , h\u00fcnefeld et al . 2011 ) . genitalia slides were embedded in euparal , stained with chlorazol black , and digitised using an olympus dotslide system with 10x magnification . adult moths were photographed in raw format using a 60 mm nikkor macro lens mounted on a nikon d700 camera . photos were adjusted and colour plates were mounted using photoshop and indesign software ( adobe systems , san jos\u00e9 , usa ) .\nsequencing of the barcode fragment of the coi gene was carried out at the canadian center for dna barcoding in guelph , ontario . barcode sequences were compared by nearest neighbour analyses ( kimura 2 parameter ) , as implemented on the barcode of life data systems website (\n) . the resulting trees represent preliminary hypotheses of taxa groupings and can form the basis of future phylogenetic work . fig .\nshows a summary tree of all available taxa with barcode data . it visualizes similarities and differences in the coi gene between the different taxa and it was instrumental in differentiating four of the six provisional larger clades indentified within\nusnm national museum of natural history [ formerly united states national museum ] , washington d . c . , usa\nwere described from a wide range of central and south american countries ranging from mexico and jamaica ( 17\u201318\u00b0 n ) to chile ( valdivia province , ca . 39\u00b0 s ) . table\n, but this record needs confirmation . judging from their type localities , most species have a predominantly montane distribution . this includes the three recently described costa rican species (\n) , as well as species described from the colombian , ecuadorian , peruvian and chilean andes and mountains in se brazil .\nimagines mandatorily fold their wings vertically while resting in the same way as most butterflies ( fig .\n( druce , 1885 ) due to differences in the wing shape . the colourful\n) : the forewings have an orange transversal band , and the hindwings display fields of metallic blue between the veins . notably ,\n) . parsons et al . ( 1999 ) , following the card index of the natural history museum , transferred several species previously assigned to\nin this revision share distinct wing patterns including a conspicuous white or yellow transversal band or blotch on the forewing . in addition , members of the clades\nclade display distinctly different hindwing patterns . molecular genetic data are available for all groups , but unfortunately with the exception of the\n) . this strongly suggests that at least these four clades form a monophyletic group ( see also fig .\nclade to test whether the entire group represents a monophyletic taxon or possibly consists of two distinct lineages .\nvoucher specimens ( types and reference specimens for barcode index numbers ( bins ) with identification numbers , genbank accession numbers and bins .\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\nam051082 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n110648728\n} }\nthe largest species of the clade . the extension of the blue fields is significantly larger than in\nnicaragua : chontales ; panama : volc\u00e1n de chiriqui ; bugaba , 800\u20131500 ft .\nwas re - described with a description also of the male genitalia , by sullivan ( 2013 ) . the lectotype is illustrated in fig .\n. a series of specimens collected in southern ecuador ( 1999\u20132013 ) ( fig .\n) is larger than the male . a living specimen is shown in fig .\nthe species has recently been collected and barcoded in honduras ( cortes province ) and in several provinces of costa rica at elevations ranging from 1480 to 2840 m a . s . l .\n( holotype ) : costa rica , cartago province , tapant\u00ed national park , 1275 m .\nthe species is known from several provinces in costa rica at elevations ranging from 587 to 2840 m a . s . l .\ncosta rica , heredia province , braulio carrillo national park , volc\u00e1n barva , 2730 m a . s . l .\nthe species has been collected only at two high mountain areas in costa rica at elevations > 2500 m a . s . l .\n, 2916 m , 20 november 2008 , g . brehm leg . ( id 18080 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ( pmj ) .\n: ( deposited in cisec , pmj , rcgb , zsm ) 4 males , 2 females . 1 female : same as holotype but\n, 2897 m , f . bodner leg . ( id 15855 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 female ( fig .\n, 2180 m , 16 november 2008 , f . bodner leg . ( id 16285 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 male same as previous but 28 october 1999 , d . s\u00fc\u00dfenbach leg . ( bc zsm lep 04774 , barcode sequence 529 bp ) ; 1 male : same as previous but\n, 2677 m , 18 november 2008 ( id 16119 , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ; 1 male as previous but 25 november 2008 ( id 17863 , barcode sequence 621 bp ) .\n. the wing length of the holotype ( male ) is 19 mm . the wing length of a female paratype ( fig .\nonly known from a small region around podocarpus national park , provinces zamora - chinchipe and loja , ecuador , with an observed elevational range of 2180\u20133021 m a . s . l . apart from the\nand nearby sites , specimens were collected at elevations at ca . 3000 m at cerro toledo in the same national park ( 04\u00b023 ' s , 79\u00b007 ' w ) . however , this record is not fully reliable because genitalia preparation or barcoding was not conducted for these specimens .\n, 2677 m , 25 november 2008 , g . brehm leg . ( id 17397 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 595 bp ) ( pmj ) .\nepimena ( bastelberger , 1908 ) : type locality . peru ( east ) , cuschi [ cushi ]\nspecies , it is conspicuously coloured , with orange , dark brown and white patterns . the taxon\nrecently collected and barcoded specimens were sampled from central colombia to southeastern peru at elevations between 1750 and 2540 m a . s . l .\nbesides the type specimens described by druce from mexico and panama , recently collected and barcoded specimens were sampled in honduras and costa rica between 850 and 1550 m a . s . l .\n, 920 m a . s . l . , 20 june 2012 , s . rios & r . franco leg . ( voucher 12 - srnp - 103819 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) ( pmj ) .\n: ( deposited in pmj , usnm ) 5 males , 1 female . costa rica , guanacaste province , \u00e1rea de conservaci\u00f3n guanacaste , sector pitilla , estacion pitilla ,\n) 16 may 2007 , f . quesada & r . franco leg . ( voucher 07 - srnp - 103401 , genitalia preparation , barcode sequence 658 bp ) , 1 male same as previous but 17 may 2007 ( voucher 07 - srnp - 103498 ) , 2 males , 02 apr 2011 , h . cambronero & s . rios leg . ( vouchers 11 - srnp - 102035 and 11 - srnp - 102036 , barcode sequences 658 bp ) , 1 male 12 november 2012 , r . franco & h . cambronero leg . ( voucher 12 - srnp - 105462 ) .\nflavipectus ( warren , 1897 ) : type locality . [ colombia ] , bogot\u00e1 .\n) , from elevations ranging from 540\u20132180 m a . s . l . , and additional material from ecuador falls within the same elevational range (\nhas a dark brown base colour with a large cream - white blotch on the forewing . this blotch almost reaches the outer margin , also either reaching the costal margin ( costa rican specimens ) , or scantily not ( ecuadorian specimens ) . the white blotch is narrower in\noriginally described as a heterusia species by schaus ( 1901 ) , this taxon was down - ranked as a subspecies of mortipax by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . in my view , the significantly different wing pattern in jamaicensis justifies schaus\u2019 original species rank , but further evidence from barcoding is desirable in order to consolidate its species status .\nin contrast to the other taxa in the mortipax clade , this species displays a very narrow , cream - white transversal band on the forewings . the striation on the underside of the hindwing is reduced in comparison to mortipax and acothysta .\ntogether with jamaicensis , schaus ( 1901 ) originally placed this species in the genus heterusia . it was then ranked down as a subspecies of mortipax by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) . the major characteristic of acothysta is the reduction of the white transversal band ( found both in mortipax and jamaicensis ) to a smaller blotch that reaches about half the area found in mortipax . as in jamaicensis , further evidence from barcoding is desirable for the consolidation of the species status .\nunlike mortipax and jamaicensis , this species shows no white transversal band on the forewing , but rather a reduced blotch that reaches only about 50 % of the size observed in mortipax .\nschaus described guatica as belonging to scordylia gn ( a junior synonym of heterusia ) . the wing pattern of guatica strongly resembles that of other members in the mortipax clade , but the species lacks the typical striation on the underside of the hindwing . further evidence from barcoding and the study of the genitalia will help to better understand the relationships of this species with other species of the mortipax clade .\napart from the doubtful type locality in chile , recently collected specimens were sampled in santa catarina , brazil ( 27\u00b0s ) , at elevations of 1300 m a . s . l .\n) are genetically very similar ( distance only ca . 1 . 1 % ) and , together with the highly similar appearance , are therefore regarded as conspecific . the\nspecimens , but shows a different wing pattern , i . e . a prominent yellow blotch on the hindwing and a different shape of the blotch of the forewing . the taxon\ncosta rica to ecuador . observed elevational range in ecuador 1800\u20132890 m and 560\u20131480 m in costa rica .\nthe most prominent difference is the absence of any yellow blotches on the hindwing that are present both in ephestris and discordata . the transversal yellow band on the forewing is broader than in discordata , and has a different shape than in ephestris .\nand set in quotation marks , following the convention applied by parsons et al . ( 1999 ) .\nbrehm g , bodner f , strutzenberger p , h\u00fcnefeld f , fiedler k . ( 2011 )\nneotropical eois ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) : checklist , biogeography , diversity , and description patterns .\na simple \u201chands - off\u201d apparatus to inflate eversible soft parts of the genitalia of small insect specimens .\na dna - based registry for all animal species : the barcode index number ( bin ) system .\nsihvonen p , mutanen m , kaila l , brehm g , hausmann a , staude hs . ( 2011 )\ncomprehensive molecular sampling yields a robust phylogeny for geometrid moths ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\ndna barcode sequencing from old type specimens as a tool in taxonomy : a case study in the diverse genus eois ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nevery day scientists discover and describe new species . this blog introduces at least one each day .\nmany of the caterpillars of the geometridae pull their bodies into loops as they move . these caterpillars lack the first two or three pairs of prolegs , so that looping is their best means of progression . it is this movement that gave them their name which is latin and means\nearth measurer\n. they are also very often called inch worms because they measure off one inch at a time as they progress . this method of progression has been suggested as being specially suitable for moving over rough terrain .\nthe three new species were found in ecuador and costa rica and named after several sponsors ( mr richard philipp , mrs hedwig seppelt , ms . miranda henrich ) , of the taxonomic research on geometrids .\nmeet the domesticated silkmoth ( bombyx mori ) better known in its caterpillar state in which it is called silkworm though it\u2019s not a wor . . .\nisopods are an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their relatives . isopods can be found in the sea , in fresh water , or on la . . .\nblister beetles are phytophagous ( plant - eating ) , feeding on a variety of plants including cultivated crops like potatoes and tomatoes . th . . .\nlichens are fascinating organisms . in fact they are composite organisms build by algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multipl . . .\npsoralea is a genus with its own family . most species are actually poisonous , but the starchy roots of two species , p . esculenta ( pr . . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about hagnos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hagnos ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n; > 90 percent ) are found in the tidal salt marshes of the northern san francisco bay region , primarily in san pablo and suisun bays ( manolis 1978 , evens et al . 1991 ) . smaller populations occur in san francisco bay , the outer coast of marin county , freshwater marshes in the foothills of . . .\ncorturniculus ) : science foundation chapter 5 , appendix 5 . 1 in the baylands and climate change : what can we do ?\nthe black rail is the smallest member of the avian family rallidae and has a wide - ranging but highly scattered distribution throughout the new world . of five subspecies , two occur in north america\u00e2\u0080\u0094the eastern black rail ( l . j .\n) . throughout its range , the black rail is a secretive inhabitant of tidal and freshwater wetlands and rarely ventures out from the cover of dense marsh vegetation . it is more likely to be heard than seen ; spontaneous vocalizations tend to be concentrated in the nesting season and are much less common during the rest of the year .\n) offers an example of the way that the social ecological systems ( ses ) framework can be used to analyze a natural resource problem . at the outset , it was . . .\nhull , joshua m . ; mindell , david p . ; mccormick , c . r . ; kay , emily h . ; hoekstra , hopi e . ; ernest , holly b .\nthese data suggest recent interbreeding and gene flow between\u00e2 b . j . harlani\u00e2 and the other\u00e2 b .\n\u00e2 subspecies examined , providing no support for the historical designation of\u00e2 b . j . harlani\u00e2 as a distinct species .\n) soaring low ( ca 15 m ) over the grass - covered slopes of the galiuro mountains in southern arizona . the bird had , probably just moments before , captured a ca i m snake ( probably a glossy snake , arizona elegans , judging by size , shape and color ) . when the hawk passed near us , it was holding the snake by both feet near the snake ' s midpoint . with head elevated and mouth open , the snake appeared intent upon biting the hawk . when the hawk was ca 100 m distant from us , it made several shallow stoops over a scattered group of large boulders . on some ( and perhaps all ) passes , the bird swept sharply upward as it passed over and nearly collided with a boulder . the centrifugal force associated with this change in direction caused the snake to pendulate below the hawk ' s talons and strike the boulder . during one pass , we observed the snake ' s head and tail flipping up behind the hawk after slapping the boulder . not all swoops were over the same boulder , but one particularly obtrusive ( ca 1 m tall ) boulder was used at least\n) . although first collected in 1859 or before and reported in 1874 ( ridgway 1874 ) , its life history , distribution , and status have remained so obscure that even a sight record of the bird is deemed worthy of a report in some ornithological publications . because degradation and loss of freshwater and saltwater marshlands in california may be detrimentally affecting the black rail , both the u . s . bureau of sport fisheries and wildlife ( 1973 ) and the california department of fish and game ( 1972 ) have classified it as rare and worthy of further study . \u00e2 the 84 papers and notes both summarized in this report and included in its bibliography include essentially all that is currently known about the california black rail . only 11 of these papers consider the life history of this rail in any detail . the rest are distribution notes and some of the more important papers on the closely related eastern black rail ( l . j .\n) . the latter are included for comparative purposes , or because they may lend clues to currently unknown facets of the life history of the western race .\ntributyltin oxide ( tbto ) is the main constituent of tin - based antifouling marine paint used on the hulls of ships to prevent the growth of fouling organisms . tbto was shown to be hazardous to nontarget organisms . the stingray , urolophus\n, may represent the ideal study organism for the adverse effects of tbto to elasmobranches . this study investigated the toxicity and accumulation of tin in the gill tissue of the stingray u .\nafter acute exposure to tbto . this work demonstrates the alterations in the morphological architecture of the gill using electron and light microscopy , the induction of stress proteins , and peroxidative damage in response to tributyltin ( tbt ) exposure . a captured population of u . jamaicencis was housed in isolated , static tank systems . after a minimum 30 - d acclimation period , the animals were exposed to one of 5 experimental doses of tbto ( 4 microg / l , 2 microg / l , 1 microg / l , 0 . 5 microg / l , or 0 . 05 microg / l ) . a sixth group served as a control population . at 3h following treatment , animals were sacrificed and gill tissue was extracted , processed , and stored for analysis . results indicate that u .\nis hypersensitive to tbt exposure . the elasmobranch gill showed a distorted , swollen epithelium with exfoliation following acute exposure to as little as 0 . 05 microg / l tbto for 3 h . graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy ( gfaas ) results indicate that tissues of treated animals contained a significantly increased tin concentration as compared to controls . western blot analysis demonstrated the induction of the stress proteins hsp 70 and ho1 . 4 - hydroxynonenol ( 4hne ) adduct formation determined by western blot analysis provides further evidence that observed membrane degradation is a result of lipid peroxidation .\nbats constitute one of the most numerous mammalian species . bats have a wide range of dietary habits and include carnivorous , haematophagous , insectivorous , frugivorous and nectivorous species . the salivary glands of these species have been of particular research interest due to their structural variability among chiropterans with different types of diets . myoepithelial cells ( mecs ) , which support and facilitate the expulsion of saliva from the secretory portions of salivary glands , are very important for their function ; however , this cell type has not been extensively studied in the salivary glands of bats . in this study , we characterized the mecs in the major salivary glands of the fruit bat artibeus\n. herein , we describe the morphology of the parotid , submandibular and sublingual glands of a . \u00e2\nat the light - and electro - microscopic level and the distribution of mecs in these glands , as defined by their expression of smooth - muscle markers such as \u00ee\u00b1 - smooth muscle actin ( sma\u00ee\u00b1 ) and desmin , and of epithelial cell markers , such as krt14 . we found that the anatomical locations of the major salivary glands in this bat species are similar to those of humans , except that the bat sublingual gland appears to be unique , extending to join the contralateral homologous gland . morphologically , the parotid gland has the characteristics of a mixed - secretory gland , whereas the submandibular and sublingual glands were identified as mucous - secretory glands . mecs positive for sma\u00ee\u00b1 , krt14 and desmin were found in all of the structural components of the three glands , except in their excretory ducts . desmin is expressed at a lower level in the parotid gland than in the other glands . our results suggest that the major salivary glands of a . \u00e2\n, although anatomically and structurally similar to those of humans , play different physiological roles that can be attributed to the dietary habits of this species . \u00e2\u00a9 2016 anatomical society .\n) definitive host and ifn - \u00ee\u00b3 gene knockout mice as experimental intermediate host .\nsperm capacitation occurs during the passage of sperm through the female reproductive tract . once the sperm binds to the pellucid zone , the acrosome reaction to enable penetration of the oocyte is completed . in this study , sperm of artibeus\nbat sperm cells are able to be capacitated in a period from 6 to 8\u00e2 h and to carry out the acrosome reaction .\nnetted , because it is abundant ( 2 / 3 of the total catch of bats on bci ) , easily captured by conventional means ( mist nets set at ground level ) , and responds well to handling and marking . an average artibeus\nis a 45 g frugivore that eats roughly its weight in fruit every night . these bats prefer figs and often seek them out even when other types of fruit they might eat are far more abundant . they commute several hundred meters to feeding trees on the average , feeding on fruit from one to four trees each night , and returning to a single fruiting tree an average of four nights in succession . the bats tend to fly farther when fewer fig trees are bearing ripe fruit , and they feed from fewer trees , on the average , when the moon is nearly full . these bats , like their congeners , do not feed in the fruiting tree itself . instead , they select a fruit and\nonce thought to be uniquely human , prosocial behavior has been observed in a number of species , including vampire bats that engage in costly food - sharing . another social chiropteran , jamaican fruit bats ( artibeus\nit is well established that elasmobranchs can detect dipole electric fields . however , it is unclear whether they can discriminate between the anode and cathode . to investigate this subject , we employed a behavioral assay to determine the discriminatory ability of the yellow stingray , urobatis\n. we conditioned stingrays with food rewards to bite either the anode ( n = 5 ) or the cathode ( n = 6 ) of a direct - current dipole located on the floor of an experimental tank . all individuals successfully performed the task after 18 to 22 days . stingrays were then tested in experimental sessions when they were rewarded only after they identified the correct pole . stingrays successfully discriminated between the poles at a rate greater than chance , ranging among individuals from a mean of 66 % to 93 % correct . during experimental sessions , stingrays conditioned to distinguish the anode performed similarly to those conditioned to distinguish the cathode . we hypothesize that the ability to discriminate anode from cathode is physiologically encoded , but its utility in providing spatial information under natural conditions remains to be demonstrated . the ability to discriminate polarity may eliminate ambiguity in induction - based magnetoreception and facilitate navigation with respect to the geomagnetic field ."]}
{"id": 979, "summary": [{"text": "bucculatrix parvinotata is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with black scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are ocherous tinged .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "bucculatrix parvinotata", "paragraphs": ["bucculatrix brunnella sp . n . ( lepidoptera , bucculatricidae ) from sicily and sardinia\nbucculatrix mirnae ( h . a . vargas & g . r . p . moreira , 2012 )\nmost authors recognize just a single large genus , bucculatrix , although two australian species , cryphioxena notosema and the scribbly gum moth ( ogmograptis scribula ) are sometimes placed in this family rather than in elachistidae .\nmost authors recognize just a single large genus , bucculatrix , although two australian species , cryphioxena notosema and the scribbly gum moth ( ogmograptis scribula ) are sometimes placed in this family rather than in elachistidae .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nbucculatricidae or ( bucculatrigidae ) is a family of moths . this small family has representatives in all parts of the world . some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family lyonetiidae .\nadults of this family are easily overlooked , being very small with narrow wings wrapped around the body at rest . when small , the larvae are leaf - miners , forming distinctive brown blotches on leaves . when larger , they usually feed on the leaves externally . many species have specific host plants . the pupal cases have distinctive longitudinal ridges , leading to members of the family commonly being called ribbed cocoon makers .\nbucculatricidae or ( bucculatrigidae ) is a family of moths . this small family has representatives in all parts of the world . some authors place the group as a subfamily of the family lyonetiidae .\nadults of this family are easily overlooked , being very small with narrow wings wrapped around the body at rest . when small , the larvae are leaf - miners , forming distinctive brown blotches on leaves . when larger , they usually feed on the leaves externally . many species have specific host plants . the pupal cases have distinctive longitudinal ridges , leading to members of the family commonly being called ribbed cocoon makers .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 980, "summary": [{"text": "the tufted capuchin ( sapajus apella ) , also known as brown capuchin , black-capped capuchin , or pin monkey is a new world primate from south america .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "as traditionally defined , it is one of the most widespread primates in the neotropics , but it has recently been recommended considering the black-striped , black and golden-bellied capuchins as separate species in a new genus , thereby effectively limiting the tufted capuchin to the amazon basin and nearby regions .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the tufted capuchin is an omnivorous animal , mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates , although it sometimes feeds on small vertebrates ( e.g. lizards and bird chicks ) and other plant parts .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it can be found in many different kinds of environment , including moist tropical and subtropical forest , dry forest , and disturbed or secondary forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "like other capuchins , it is a social animal , forming groups of 8 to 15 individuals that are led by an alpha or dominant male . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "tufted capuchin", "paragraphs": ["the oldest tufted capuchin was held in captivity and survived for a whopping 45 years .\nthis entry was posted in primate biography and tagged ant312 , biography , capuchin , cebus apella , pixie , primate , tufted capuchin . bookmark the permalink .\nspinozzi g , castorina m , truppa v . hand preferences in unimanual and coordinated bimanual tasks by tufted capuchin monkeys (\ncebus apella of the cebidae family is better known as the tufted capuchin . the tufted capuchin is a new world primate located in south america . tufted capuchins spend most of their time within the mid - canopy of rain - forests ; however they do sometimes move to the ground to play and forage .\nthe black capuchin monkey ( cebus nigritus ) , is a capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil and argentina . the robust tufted capuchin ( cebus nigritus robustus ) , is a subspecies of the black capuchin endemic to brazil . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\ncooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism .\nother names : black - capped capuchin , brown capuchin , guianan brown capuchin , tufted capuchin ; gekuifde kapucijnaap ( dutch ) ; sajon apelle ( french ) ; macaco prego ( spanish ) ; tjockhuvudtamarin , brun kapucin , gulbr\u00f6stad kapucin , m\u00f6sskapucin ( swedish ) ; c . a . apella : mono capuchin pardo ( spanish ) .\ntufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) wash their feet and hands in urine to get comfort or sex , research now suggests .\nanalysis of tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) courtship and sexual behavior repertoire : changes throughout the female cycle and female interindividual differences .\nrylands ab , kierulff mcm , mittermeier ra ( 2005 ) . notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys (\nlinomgelli l , sonetti mg , visalberghi e . hand preference of tufted capuchins (\ncooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism . - pubmed - ncbi\nspinozzi , g . , and cacchiarelli , b . ( 2000 ) . manual laterality in haptic and visual reaching tasks by tufted capuchin monkeys (\nif a baby capuchin monkey is separated from its mother , other capuchin monkeys will respond and care for the infant monkey .\nwestergaard gc , byrne g , suomi sj . early lateral bias in tufted capuchins (\nwestergaard gc , suomi s . hand preference for a bimanual task in tufted capuchins (\nthe large - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus apella macrocephalus ) , is a subspecies of the tufted capuchin from south america . it is found in brazil , colombia , ecuador and peru . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nanalysis of tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) courtship and sexual behavior repertoire : changes throughout the female cycle and female interindividual . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe tufted capuchin has been observed using containers to hold water , using sponges to absorb juice , and using stones as hammers and chisels to penetrate barriers .\nthe tufted capuchin gets its name from the tufts of dark hair that form above its ears , that makes it appear as if it is wearing a cap ( or mickey mouse ears ) . tufted capuchins are sexually dimorphic , with the average weight of the male being 34 % larger than that of the female . wild male tufted capuchins have an average weight of 8 lbs , and the average female weighs 5 . 5 lbs ; though captive capuchins can grow larger . tufted capuchins move quadrupedally , and have strong prehensile tails . however , tufted capuchins are the only species of capuchin that carries its tail in a tight coil . a tufted capuchin rarely uses its tail while traveling , but uses it for balance while it is feeding .\nfragaszy , d . m . , and visalberghi , e . ( 1989 ) . social influences on the acquisition of tool - using behaviors in tufted capuchin monkeys\nthe tufted capuchin monkey ( cebus apella ) , also known as brown capuchin or black - capped capuchin is a new world primate from south america . it is one of the more widespread species of primates in the neotropics . tufted capuchins are omnivorous animals , mostly feeding on fruits and invertebrates , although they sometimes feed on small vertebrates ( lizards and bird chicks ) and other plant parts .\nexplorers named the capuchin monkey after a group of friars known as the order of friars minor capuchin . these monks wear large brown robes and brown hoods that resemble the color scheme of the capuchin monkey . some female capuchins have been observed throwing rocks at males in order to garner their attention for intimacy . tufted capuchin monkeys skillfully use tools to crack open hard nuts .\nthe tufted capuchin can be found in a number of locations including : amazon rainforest , south america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nthe following habitats are found across the tufted capuchin distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\ncite this page as : gron kj . 2009 april 17 . primate factsheets : tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) conservation . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .\ncite this page as : gron kj . 2009 april 17 . primate factsheets : tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .\nthe tufted capuchin is arboreal , but it often forages on the ground to search for food or to walk longer distances between trees that are too far apart to jump .\ntufted capuchins look for food in groups ; a trait that is unique compared to most other species .\nhunting for food and as a crop pest of the tufted capuchin is also a significant threat to its numbers . fragmentation of tufted capuchin habitat also serves to bring the species into further contact with people causing crop - raiding conflict as well as facilitating hunting access ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . in one instance , a village of indigenous brazilians killed and consumed over two hundred tufted capuchins in under a year ( nascimento & peres cited in chapman & peres 2001 ) .\nthe capuchin ' s range includes central america ( honduras ) and middle south america ( brazil , eastern peru and paraguay ) . the white faced capuchin is native to central america and the other capuchin species are native to south america .\nspinozzi , g . , castorina , m . g . , and truppa , v . ( 1998 ) . hand preferences in unimanual and coordinated - bimanual tasks by tufted capuchin monkeys (\ncooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism . | center for academic research and training in anthropogeny ( carta )\ntufted capuchin by frans de waal . powell k : economy of the mind . plos biol 1 / 3 / 2003 : e77 . url : urltoken ( accessed on 1 april 2010 )\nphylogenetic relationships : a preliminary reassessment of the diversity of the untufted capuchin monkeys .\nphylogenetic relationships : a preliminary reassessment of the diversity of the untufted capuchin monkeys .\ncapuchin monkey ,\nmindy ' s memory primate sanctuary website , 2007 .\nthe capuchin monkeys are the group of new world monkeys classified as genus cebus .\nfragaszy , d . m . , visalberghi , e . , and galloway , a . ( 1997a ) . infant tufted capuchin monkeys ' behaviour with novel foods : opportunism , not selectivity .\nstructural analysis of tool - use by tufted capuchins ( cebus apella ) and chimpanzees ( pan troglodyt . . .\nthe black - striped capuchin monkey ( cebus libidinosus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , argentina and paraguay .\ncite this page as : gron kj . 2009 april 17 . primate factsheets : tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .\nthe tufted capuchin ( sapajus apella ) , also known as the brown capuchin , black - capped capuchin , or pin monkey , is a new world monkey in the cebidae family of monkeys and is found in the northern rainforests of guyana , venezuela , and brazil . the tufted capuchin is stronger and more durably built than other capuchins ; with brownish gray fur and black hands and feet . they are notable for the tuft of hair on their heads that can be raised like a wig , with the movie \u201cthe hangover 2\u201d making the tufted capuchin\u2019s \u201chairstyle\u201d iconic . many people believe that their hair resembles that of elvis presley , but it is actually an adaptation that allows them to remain camouflaged as they hunt for insects that make up a significant portion of their diet .\nprimatologist kimran miller at the university of northern iowa in cedar falls and her colleagues focused on tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) for 10 months at the national institutes of health animal center in maryland .\nsampaio dt , ferrari sf . ( 2005 ) . predation of an infant titi monkey ( callicebus moloch ) by a tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) . folia primatol , 76 , 113 - 115 .\nblond capuchin , cebus queirozi ( new species , mendes pontes et al . 2006 )\nbearded capuchin monkeys , sapajus libidinosus , belong to the tufted group of capuchin monkey species ( rylands et al . 2000 ; silva j\u00fanior 2001 ) . it occurs in the central portion of the tufted species geographic distribution , in areas of the atlantic , caatinga , and cerrado domains ( silva j\u00fanior 2001 ) . the colour varies from light brown to yellow ; the cap is brown , short with two tufts .\nspinozzi , g . , and truppa , v . ( 1999 ) . hand preferences in different tasks by tufted capuchins (\ngalloway , a . t . , fragaszy , d . m . , mccabe , a . m . , and visalberghi , e . ( submitted ) . differences in food neophobia between groups of tufted capuchin monkeys\nis the only species of capuchin monkey known to carry its tail in a tight coil .\ncapuchin monkeys belong to the cebidae family with the marmosets , tamarins , and squirrel monkeys .\nphotograph showing a capuchin monkey using her left hand while engaged in the tool use task .\nthe mtcoii sequence alignments were carried out manually and with the dna alignment program ( fluxus technology ltd . ) , and to reconstruct the possible phylogeography and the phylogeny of the tufted capuchins , several analyses were undertaken . the findmodel program was applied to determine which among 28 different evolutionary nucleotide models was the most probable for the tufted capuchin sequence set .\nthe tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) is a new world primate commonly found in south and latin america . they have the largest brain relatively to their size among all the other species of monkey . this gives them the intelligences , unheard of in the wild . the tufted capuchin is an omnivorous animal feeding mainly on fruits , nuts , insects and small vertebrates . they are well known for astonishing problem solving abilities to help them forage for food .\na capuchin troop catch punar\u00e3\u00a9 rats that have been flushed from the rocks by a rat snake .\nthe age of weaning for the capuchin monkey is estimated for the first 13 - 14 months .\nthe range of the capuchin monkeys includes central america ( honduras ) and middle south america ( middle brazil , eastern peru , paraguay ) . capuchin monkeys generally resemble the friars of their namesake .\nadams - curtis , l . e . ( 1990 ) . conceptual learning in capuchin monkeys .\nphillips ka , sherwood cc . primary motor cortex asymmetry is correlated with handedness in capuchin monkeys (\nthe kaapori capuchin monkey ( cebus kaapori ) is a capuchin monkey endemic to brazil . this species is found in the brazilian states of para and maranhao . formerly considered a subspecies of the weeper capuchin ( cebus olivaceus ) , it was recently elevated to species status . conservation status \u2013 vulnerable .\nlisted as least concern on the iucn\u2019s red list of threatened species and appendix ii of convention of international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , the tufted capuchin currently has no major threats that could result in a drastic population loss .\ntufted capuchin social organization is characterized by discrete hierarchies of rank between both sexes and different age classes ( izawa 1980 ) . both male and female rank hierarchies are correlated with age , with the older individuals typically being higher ranked than younger individuals ( izawa 1980 ) . tufted capuchin groups are often small , numbering in the teens or lower twenties with only one to several adult males and around the same number of adult females ( izawa 1980 ; defler 1982 ) . it is suggested that when troop size approaches around twenty individuals , the chances of group fission increase and such fission limits group size ( izawa 1994 ) . there is some evidence that tufted capuchin society might be matrilineal , as matrilines remain together when group fission occurs ( izawa 1994 ) . tufted capuchin group home ranges can overlap , often with the ranges of more than two groups overlapping the same area ( spironello 2001 ) . this common territory is the result of the lack of territorial defense by a single tufted capuchin group ( defler 1982 ) . when different groups encounter one another , interactions range from peaceful curiosity and tolerance of the other group to active chasing away by adult males ( defler 1982 ; spironello 2001 ) .\nwestergaard , g . c . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1994b ) . the use of probing tools by tufted capuchins\nmitra , d . , fragaszy , d . m . , feuerstein , j . , and toll , l . ( 1993 ) . sometimes you feel like a nut : the social context of resource exploitation by juvenile tufted capuchin monkeys (\ndi bitetti , m . s . ( 2001 ) . home - range use by the tufted capuchin monkey ( cebus apella nigritus ) in a subtropical rainforest of argentina . j . zool . lond . , 253 , 33 - 45 .\ndi bitteti , m . s . 2001 . home - range use by the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella nigritus ) in a subtropical rainforest of argentina . journal of zoology ( london ) 253 : 33 - 45 . [ links ]\ncapuchin monkeys wash their feet and hands in urine to get comfort or sex , research now suggests .\ncapuchin monkeys are able to be transferred from group to group between ages 2 - 5 years old .\nbaby capuchin monkeys learn many of their behaviors from observing their mother and other members of their community .\nfragaszy dm , mitchell sr . hand preference and performance on unimanual and bimanual tasks in capuchin monkeys (\nbecause of their intelligence , tufted capuchins are popular pets to have across the world . they are also heavily hunted by humans . despite this , tufted capuchins are not endangered , and their status is classified as \u201cof least concern . \u201d tufted capuchins can be found at the san diego zoo where there is a group of 6 males and 9 females . these capuchins were previously used in behavioral studies at the yerkes national primate research center .\noliveira mm , langguth a ( 2006 ) . rediscovery of marcgrave\u2019s capuchin monkey and designation of a neotype for\na major component of the capuchin monkey is their communication . they use vocalization to hold together group dynamics .\nalso the female capuchin monkey may follow a male monkey yelling or hollering to communicate their readiness to mate .\nthe weeper capuchin monkey ( cebus olivaceus ) , is a new world capuchin monkey from south america . it is found in brazil , guyana , french guiana , suriname and venezuela . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nhandedness distribution and central sulcus asymmetry quotient ( aq ) for capuchin monkeys on a dipping tool use task .\ngeographic distribution and habitat also known as the brown capuchin and black - capped capuchin , the tufted capuchin is a new world primate that is only found in south america , in countries such as ecuador , colombia , brazil , bolivia , french guiana , guiana , suriname , peru , and venezuela . they inhabit almost every kind of forest in the neotropics\u2014including tropical lowlands , submontane , montane , savanna forests , and mangroves\u2014and are found predominantly in the lower and middle canopies .\nmolecular relationships and classification of several tufted capuchin lineages ( cebus apella , cebus xanthosternos and cebus nigritus , cebidae ) , by means of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequences - fulltext - folia primatologica 2012 , vol . 83 , no . 2 - karger publishers\nrylands , a . b . , kierulff , m . c . m . , & mittermeier , r . a . ( 2005 ) . some notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus , cebidae ) of south america .\ntufted capuchins exhibit some odd behaviors that make them fascinating to learn about . they often cover their hands and feet in their own urine to attract mates ( and possibly to reduce stress ) . tufted capuchins also exhibit extensive tool use . they will use rocks to dig holes to reach tubers . in captivity , they will eat fruit over sponges so they can later drink from the sponges . they use containers to hold water . some captive tufted capuchins have even been observed manufacturing tools out of stone , producing simple flakes and cores . not all tufted capuchins use tools however . some primatologists suggest tool use manifests only when these capuchin groups lack food sources and thus spend lots of time on the ground .\nthe main activity of tufted capuchins over the course of the daily activity period is feeding ( izawa 1980 ) . on a daily basis , the diurnal tufted capuchin will divide its time into 12 % rest , 21 % travel and 66 % feeding ( terborgh 1983 ) . time spent in different daily activities varies with the seasons and locality and foraging time can range between january and may from 2 % of daily activity to 37 . 1 % . movement can range from 35 . 2 % to 23 . 6 % of time spent daily ( zhang 1995a ) . tufted capuchins rest more and travel less with a greater availability of fruits and other food resources in the wet season . tufted capuchin foraging for insects increases in the dry season , presumably due to the lack of available fruit resources ( terborgh 1983 ) .\nthe margarita island tufted capuchin , in addition to facing the same threats as the mainland populations , has far fewer numbers and is critically endangered . recently , an additional threat to its numbers has been identified in escaped or released pet wedge - capped capuchins ( cebus olivaceus ) which have the potential to establish feral populations which compete for the same resources as the tufted capuchins ( martinez et al . 2000 ) .\nmendes pontes ar , malta a , asfora ph ( 2006 ) . a new species of capuchin monkey , genus\nthe diet of the capuchin monkey is more varied than other monkeys in the family cebidae . capuchin monkeys are omnivores , eating not only fruits , nuts , seeds and buds , but also insects , spiders , bird eggs and small vertebrates . capuchin monkeys living near water will also eat crabs and shellfish by cracking their shells with stones .\ncarosi , m . , & visalberghi , e . ( 2002 ) . analysis of tufted capuchin ( cebus apella ) courtship and sexual behavior repertoire : changes throughout the female cycle and female interindividual differences . american journal of physical anthropology , 118 , 11 - 24 .\ncarosi , m . , heistermann , m . & visalberghi , e . ( 1999 ) . the display of proceptive behaviors in relation to urinary and fecal progestin levels over the ovarian cycle in female tufted capuchin monkeys . horm behav , 36 , 252 - 265 .\nbesides tufted capuchin , there are other groups of animals that have displaced sense of fairness . some examples include wolves , coyotes , elephants , rodents , bats and whales . if you are interested in the detailed write up for the examples , you can visit urltoken .\nfor the overall set of tufted capuchins studied , 19 haplotypes were found with s = 78 , \u03c0 = 0 . 0123 and k = 7 . 224 .\nluckily , due to widespread occurrence , the tufted capuchin still maintains an extensive distribution and habitat . as with other primates , the biggest threat to the tufted capuchin is habitat loss and fragmentation . it is estimated that more than a fifth of the entire amazonian forest , the habitat of the tufted capuchin , has been destroyed ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . reasons for destruction of the forest are varied , but include logging , agriculture and flooding for hydroelectric power generation ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . it is estimated that the minimum contiguous forest area required to sustain a group of tufted capuchins is around 100 ha but ideally the minimum is 1000 ha ( gilbert & setz 2001 ) . this area is likely larger in poorer soil areas of the central amazon and the minimum required habitat size in the central amazonian terra firma forests is likely around 23000 ha ( spironello 2001 ) . recently , infrastructure development and road building plans in the amazon have further expanded the potential for deforestation in some areas of the tufted capuchin range as access will increase and economic development will expand ( da silva et al . 2005 ) . a regional system of protected areas is needed in amazonia if unfettered development is to be checked ( da silva et al . 2005 ) .\n5 . y . hattori , h . kuroshima and k . fujita , cooperative problem solving by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) : spontaneous division of labor , communication , and reciprocal altruism , j . comp . psychol . 119 ( 2005 ) , pp . 335\u2013342 .\nmoura a , lee pc ( 2004 ) capuchin stone tool use in caatinga dry forest . science 306 : 1909 .\nunlike other primates , wild capuchin monkeys use stones , not just sticks , to dig for edible roots and tubers .\nvisalberghi , e . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1995 ) . the behaviour of capuchin monkeys ,\nanderson , j . r . ( 1990 ) . use of objects as hammers to open nuts by capuchin monkeys .\nphillips ka , sherwood cs , lilak al . corpus callosum morphology in capuchin monkeys is influenced by sex and handedness .\nrylands , a . b , kierulff , m . c . m . and mittermeier , r . a . 2005 . some notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus , cebidae ) of south america . lundiana 6 ( supl . ) : 97\u2013110 .\na characteristic display of the tufted capuchin is the male reunion display . when separated for a time , males will approach one another quickly , embrace , and loudly vocalize ( matheson et al . 1996 ; phillips et al . 2005 ) . this behavior is not observed in females nor is it aggressive in nature ( matheson et al . 1996 ) . such reunion displays have been observed between adult males and between adult males and infant males and serve to reinforce affinitive relations and bonds between tufted capuchin males ( matheson et al . 1996 ; phillips et al . 2005 ) . other displays include the oblique head tilt in which a capuchin will move its head side - to - side to gain the attention of another capuchin and the penile display where a male will stand bipedally in front of a female and display his genitals ( weigel 1979 ) . both sexes of brown capuchin will wag their tails when extremely excited ( dobroruka 1972 ) .\ntufted capuchin monkeys are robust , medium - size neotropical primates , with a relatively short and semi - prehensile tail . they are found east of the andes from colombia and venezuela to paraguay and northern argentina . the fur colour and tuft shape vary locally ( torres de assump\u00e7\u00e3o 1983 ) .\nanother interesting fact about tufted capuchins is that that search for food in groups ; something very unique compared to other capuchin species . when one individual has located food , they will signal the other members using a whistling sound that varies depending on the quantity of food that has been discovered .\ndi bitteti , m . s . ; e . m . l . vidal ; m . c . baldovino & v . benesovsky . 2000 . sleeping site preferences in tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella nigritus ) . american journal of primatology 50 : 257 - 274 . [ links ]\nkuroshima , h . , k . fujita , a . fuyuki , and t . masuda . 2002 . understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) . animal cognition 5 ( 1 ) : 41 - 48 . retrieved december 11 , 2007 .\ntufted capuchins make up a significant portion of their diet with nuts ; utilizing the use of stones to act as hammers to smash the hard shells . they then leave the nuts to dry for approximately a week before they are ready to eat . besides nuts , the tufted capuchin also eats fruit , insects , eggs , young birds , frogs , lizards , and bats . their healthy balance between fruit , nuts , and small animal prey makes them omnivores .\nottoni eb , izar p ( 2008 ) capuchin monkey tool use : overview and implications . evolutionary anthropology 17 : 171\u2013178 .\nsilva , j . s . , jr . ( 2002 ) . taxonomy of capuchin monkeys , cebus erxleben , 1777 .\nas a single group for analysis . similarly , capuchin monkeys have recently been suggested to be taxonomically divided into two genera ,\nthe mothers are close with baby capuchin monkeys as they care for the infants and nurture them for the first few months .\nlilak al , phillips ka . consistency of hand preference across low - level and high - level tasks in capuchin monkeys (\nlike other capuchins , these are social animals , forming groups of 8 to 15 individuals , and are led by an alpha or dominant male . the tufted capuchin is more powerfully built than the other capuchins , with rougher fur and a short , thick tail . conservation status \u2013 least concern .\nthe tufted capuchin is only found in south america , in the countries of colombia , ecuador , peru , bolivia , brazil , french guiana , suriname , guiana , and venezuela ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . the margarita island tufted capuchin ( c . a . margaritae ) is isolated from the rest of the population off of the north coast of venezuela and is separated from the nearest mainland population by around 800 km ( groves 2001 ; reviewed in fragaszy et al . 2004 ) . this population presumably has been on the island since the pre - columbian era but , ultimately , its origin is unknown ( groves 2001 ) . the heart of the range of the tufted capuchin is the northwestern half of brazil and the amazon basin . it is found in western amazonia , and in the middle and lower rio amazonas and the guianas . its northern limit extends up to venezuela as far as the federal territory of amazonas and is limited by savannahs . the west of the tufted capuchin range extends into the columbian amazon and as far as the eastern foothills of the andes mountain chain south into peru . the southern limit in brazil appears to be limited by the bush savannah of central brazil . eastern extremes of the range may extend past the rio xingu but there is some dispute as to the limits of the range ( rylands et al . 2005 ) . the tufted capuchin has the largest range of all of the new world primates ( freese & oppenheimer 1981 ) .\nresende , b . d . greco , v . l . g . , ottoni , e . b . , izar , p . ( 2002 ) . some observations on the predation of small mammals by tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) . neotropical primates , 11 , 103 - 104 .\nrylands , a . b . ; m . c . m . kierulff & r . a . mittermeier . 2005 . notes on the taxonomy and distributions of the tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus , cebidae ) of south america . lundiana 6 ( suppl . ) : 97 - 110 . [ links ]\nbrown capuchin monkeys are important predators on small animals and may disperse the seeds of some forest plants when they eat the fruit .\ngarber pa ( 2012 ) . introduction to special issue on capuchin evolution : comparing behavior , morphology , and genetics across species .\nizawa , k . , and mizuno , a . ( 1977 ) . palm - fruit cracking of wild black - capped capuchin\nanderson jr , degiorgio c , lamarque c , fagot j . a multi - task assessment of hand lateralization in capuchin monkeys (\nwestergaard & fragaszy 1987 , the manufacture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys , jcp , 101 , 159 - 168 . pdf\nthe white - headed capuchin monkey ( cebus capucinus ) , also known as the white - faced capuchin or white - throated capuchin , is a small new world monkey of the family cebidae . native to the forests of south and central america , white - throated capuchins are important to rainforest ecology by their role in dispersing seeds and pollen . like other monkeys in the genus cebus , white - headed capuchins are named after the order of capuchin friars : the cowls worn by these friars closely resemble the monkeys head colouration .\nfragaszy , d . m . , mitra , d . , and feuerstein , j . m . ( 1997b ) . transfers of food from adults to infants in tufted capuchins (\nsp . ) . usually the squirrel monkeys initiate the mixed group interaction , probably in order to find food more efficiently . squirrel monkeys follow brown capuchin monkeys to new food sources , which saves them foraging time . the association does not seem to benefit capuchin monkeys .\ntufted capuchins were studied for over ten years at la macarena , colombia by kosei izawa starting in 1986 ( izawa 1988 ) . other prominent studies include those in peru by charles janson .\nwestergaard , g . c . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1996 ) . hand preference for a bimanual task in tufted capuchins ( cebus apella ) and rhesus macaques (\ntufted capuchins are notably heavier in captivity versus in the wild , with males averaging 13 lbs ( 6 . 1 kg ) and females averaging 7 lbs ( 3 . 19 kg ) .\nduring the mosquito season , capuchin monkeys crush up millipedes and rub the remains on their backs . this acts as a natural insect repellent .\nvisalberghi , e . , and trinca , l . ( 1989 ) . tool use in capuchin monkeys : distinguishing between performing and understanding .\nbrown capuchin monkeys vary in color from light brown to mustard yellow to black . the shoulders and underbelly are lighter than the rest of the body . there is a patch of coarse black fur on the crown of the head , sometimes referred to as a cap . above the ears the black hairs form tufts of fur giving the species one of its common names , tufted capuchin monkey . facial patterns are variable among individuals , but black sideburns extending from the cap are characteristic of\naverage home range size of the tufted capuchin can reach as high as 8 - 9 km\u00b2 ( 3 . 1 - 3 . 5 mi\u00b2 ) ( spironello 2001 ) . like other aspects of capuchin ecology however , this value can vary significantly with habitat , with some groups elsewhere having a home range of significantly smaller at around 2 . 6 km\u00b2 ( 1 mi\u00b2 ) to1 . 25 km\u00b2 ( . 48 mi\u00b2 ) , and can be as low as to . 5 km\u00b2 to . 7 km\u00b2 ( . 19 to . 27 mi\u00b2 ) ( izawa 1980 ; terborgh & janson 1983 ; janson in prep . cited in robinson & janson 1986 ) . average daily path for a tufted capuchin is around 2 . 1 km ( 1 . 3 mi ) ( janson in prep . cited in robinson & janson 1986 ) .\ntaylor , a . b . , & vinyard , c . j . ( 2009 ) . jaw - muscle fiber architecture in tufted capuchins favors generating relatively large muscle forces without compromising jaw gape .\nperry , s . , and rose , l . ( 1994 ) . begging and transfer of coati meat by white - faced capuchin monkeys ,\nwestergaard , g . c . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1987 ) . the manufacture and use of tools by capuchin monkeys\nwild tufted capuchins are capable of using tools to open up otherwise inaccessible fruits , the husks of which it cannot open in its teeth or jaws . it opens fruits by smashing them on tree surfaces or by using baton - like branch pieces to open the fruit . immature tufted capuchins have been observed attempting to mimic the behavior of adults but they often fail ( boinski et al . 2000 ) .\nthe tufted capuchin can be primarily found in northern amazon rainforest of the guyana , venezuela and brazil , but can also be found as far north as the orinoco in venezuela . however , it has also been found in eastern colombia , ecuador , and peru , which gives this species a rather large range compared to many other primates in the region . the tufted capuchin can be found in many different kinds of environments including moist tropical and subtropical forest regions , dry forest regions , and even disturbed or secondary forest ; though it typically prefers the most tropical regions of the forest . furthermore , their range and habitat overlaps with several other species of capuchins such as the white - fronted capuchins .\nlocomotion is principally quadrupedal and while traveling , the prehensile tail is not typically used and is curved down behind the body . the tail is mainly used during feeding and foraging and serves as a brake while descending ( youlatos 1999 ) . the tail helps to control risky movements , assist in changes in direction and to stabilize the capuchin while feeding in its characteristic seated posture . the tufted capuchin normally moves on branches and twigs and suspensory postures are rare ( fleagle & mittermeier 1980 ; youlatos 1999 ) .\nbonnie ke , de waal fbm ( 2007 ) copying without rewards : socially influenced foraging decisions among brown capuchin monkeys . animal cognition 10 : 283\u2013292 .\ngarber , p . a . , and paciulli , l . ( 1997 ) . experimental field study of spatial memory and learning in wild capuchin monkeys\nvisalberghi , e . , and limongelli , l . ( 1994 ) . lack of comprehension of cause - effect relationships in tool - using capuchin monkeys\nwestergaard , g . c . , kuhn , h . e . , lundquist , a . l . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1997b ) . posture and reaching in tufted capuchins (\nwestergaard , g . c . ( 1995 ) . the stone tool technology of capuchin monkeys : possible implications for the evolution of symbolic communication in hominids .\nwestergaard , g . c . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1985 ) . effects of manipulatable objects on the activity of captive capuchin monkeys\ntufted capuchin monkeys are extremely intelligent and have been recorded using tools , as seen in the video above . they use rocks to crack nuts open , carefully selecting rocks that are appropriate for the task . they consider size , weight , and shape . the rock often weighs nearly as much as the monkey . this indicates basic understanding of the physics of the two objects .\nthe altitude at which tufted capuchins are found also can vary considerably with the species having been seen as high as 2350 m ( 7709 . 97 ft ) in the peruvian highlands ( butchart et al . 1995 ) .\nhowever , given that sapajus has yet to gain widespread acceptance and further evidence is required before we feel confident adopting this taxonomic scheme , in this paper , we continue to assign the tufted capuchins to the genus cebus .\nwestergaard , g . c . , lundquist , a . l . , kuhn , h . e . , and suomi , s . j . ( 1997 ) . ant - gathering with tools by captive tufted capuchins\nthe main predator of the tufted capuchin is the harpy eagle ( harpia harpyja ) , which has been seen attacking capuchins in several locales ( rettig 1978 ; terborgh 1983 ; van schaik & van noordwijk 1989 ) . other potential predators include jaguars , pumas , jaguarundis , coyotes , tayras , snakes and crocodiles , although these are not confirmed ( fragaszy et al . 2004 ) .\nnear the eastern end of the tufted capuchin range in french guiana , the climate has an annual dry season from august to november and a long rainy season punctuated in february and march by a short dry spell . annual precipitation averages 3000 mm ( 118 . 11 in ) and temperatures range from 22 . 0\u00b0c ( 71 . 6\u00b0f ) to 31 . 2\u00b0c ( 88 . 16\u00b0f ) ( zhang 1995a ) . in the middle of the tufted capuchin range , near manaus , brazil in dense terra firma forest , mean average rainfall is 2 , 673 mm ( 105 . 24 in ) . this area exhibits a wet season from december to may and a dry season during the rest of the year . temperatures can range from 21\u00b0c ( 69 . 8\u00b0f ) to 33 . 5\u00b0c ( 92 . 3\u00b0f ) at this locale ( spironello 2001 ) . near the western extreme of the tufted capuchin range in moist tropical forest in southeastern peru , the dry season ranges from june to october and rainfall averages around 2000 mm ( 78 . 74 in ) with an average temperature of 24 . 1\u00b0c ( 75 . 38\u00b0f ) ( janson 1985 ) .\ntufted capuchin females mostly mate with the dominant male . the dominant male rarely strays away from the group during the last few days of the females estrus cycle ; the entire cycle lasts for 21 days . the pregnancy lasts for five months and the birth of twins is extremely rare . females raise the young and the infants cling to the mother\u2019s back . if an infant does become separated from its mother , other tufted capuchins will respond the the infants distress calls . males will leave their group at maturity ( 7 years ) ; whereas females stay within the group and are considered mature at 4 years of age .\nvisalberghi , e . , and addessi , e . ( 2000 ) . seeing group members eating a familiar food enhances the acceptance of novel foods in capuchin monkeys .\ngalleti , m . ( 1990 ) . predation on the squirrel , sciurus aestuanus by capuchin monkeys , and cebus apella . mammalia , 54 , 152 - 154 .\nwhen presented with a reflection , capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self .\nin this paper we have the following specific aims : ( 1 ) to determine how many tufted capuchin molecular lineages are found in the northern amazon ; ( 2 ) to determine how many molecular lineages are currently present in the peruvian amazon , and to assess the correspondence between the subspecies indicated by morphological studies ( c . a . maranonis , c . a . macrocephalus , c . a . peruanus , c . a . pallidus , and possibly a fifth unnamed subspecies ) and the molecular lineages ; ( 3 ) to determine if the 4 morphological species described by groves [ 2001 ] or the 7 morphological species described by silva jr . [ 2001 ] correspond to the tufted capuchin molecular lineages ; ( 4 ) to determine the temporal splits among these cebus taxa for the mtcoii gene .\ndi bitteti , m . s . & c . h . janson . 2001 . reproductive socioecology of tufted capuchins ( cebus apella nigritus ) in northeastern argentina . international journal of primatology 22 : 127 - 142 . [ links ]\ntufted capuchins hunt for food in groups . if one of the capuchins finds a food source ( and there is enough for more than just one individual ) the capuchin will give a whistling call to alert the others so the food can be shared . the omnivorous capuchins diet can consist of nuts , insects , fruits , flowers , seeds , leaves , and sometimes even frogs . tufted capuchins famously use stones to crack open nuts . capuchins strip the outer fiber of the nut with their teeth , and will place the nut out in the sun to dry . capuchins will then use a stone to repeatedly hammer the nut until it cracks .\nvisalberghi , e . , valente , m . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1998 ) . social context and consumption of unfamiliar food by capuchin monkeys (\nadams - curtis , l . e . , and fragaszy , d . m . ( 1994 ) . development of manipulation in capuchin monkeys during the first 6 months .\nthe dominant male protects his troop from predators by sounding alarm calls . this draws attention to himself so that his troop can escape . capuchin monkeys are very wary of predators .\nflannery , s . march 26 , 2000 .\nblack - capped capuchin , primate info net\n( on - line ) . accessed may 2 , 2001 at urltoken .\nlynch , j . w . ( 2001 ) . male behavior and endocrinology in wild capuchin monkeys , cebus apella nigritus . unpublished doctoral thesis . university of wisconsin , madison .\ncapuchins ( cebus ) consist of four species : c . apella ( brown or tufted ) , c . albifrons ( brown pale fronted ) , c . olivaceus ( weeping or wedge capped ) and c . capuchinus ( white faced capuchins ) .\nlynch - alfaro jw , de souza e , silva j jr , rylands ab ( 2012 ) . how different are robust and gracile capuchin monkeys ? an argument for the use of\n\u201cnew world monkeys 1 : squirrel monkeys and capuchin . \u201d grzimek\u2019s animal life encyclopedia . ed . melissa c . mcdade . 2nd ed . 2004 . 101 - 12 . print .\nperes , c . a . 1991 . seed predation of cariniana micrantha ( lecythidaceae ) by brown capuchin monkeys in central amaz\u00f4nia . biotropica 23 : 262 - 270 . [ links ]\nthe blond capuchin monkey ( cebus queirozi ) is a claimed new capuchin monkey species that was discovered in early 2006 by zoology researchers from the federal university in pernambuco , near recife , northeastern brazil . pontes said that \u2018as soon as i saw the monkey with its golden - yellow hair and the white tiara on its head , i knew it was a new species\u2019 .\nthe aim of this study was to evaluate simple behavioral enrichment procedures for a captive group of tufted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella ) . we examined the effects of providing a manipulatable substrate ( straw ) and a variety of portable objects in the monkeys ' home cage . the animals were observed across three conditions in two replications : 1 ) no portable objects were present ; 2 ) a set of six . . . [ show full abstract ]\nurine washing and chest rubbing are several types of olfactory communication exhibited by the tufted capuchin . both of these behaviors could be scent - marking behaviors . urine - washing consists of an individual urinating upon its extremities and rubbing them against one another . there is no evidence of urine - washing serving any purpose in reproductive communication ( carosi et al . 2005 ) . however , tufted capuchins can discriminate between groups and recognize their species versus another based on the differential odor created by urine - washing ( ueno 1991 ; 1994 ) . this , coupled with evidence of differential responses to scent by sex , indicates that there is some sort of socially communicative role played by urine - washing ( ueno 1994 ) .\nfruits are a large part of brown capuchin monkey ' s diet . this species can eat larger fruits than other species of capuchin monkey because of their robust jaws . vegetation , seeds , pith , eggs , insects , reptiles , birds , and small mammals ( such as mouse opossums ) are also included in their diet . during the dry season , when food is scarce ,\nkierulff mcm , dos santos gr , canale g , guidorizzi ce , cassano c ( 2004 ) . the use of camera - traps in a survey of the buff - headed capuchin monkey ,\nthe capuchins are a group of new world monkeys . they are classified as the genus\ncebus\n. their name\ncapuchin\ncomes form their coloration , which resembles the cowls worn by the capuchin order of roman catholic monks . cebus is the only genus in the subfamily ,\ncebinae\n. cebinae includes squirrel monkeys , spider monkeys , wooley monkeys and wooley spider monkeys .\nthere is a gland on the chest of the male tufted capuchin which plays a role in scent - marking ( epple & lorenz 1967 ) . the dominant captive male is observed to use this gland , rubbing it on a substrate to scent - mark it while other age and sex classes rarely , if ever , show this behavior . urine marking is also seen in captivity in which males and females mark specific surfaces in their cages ( dobroruka 1972 ) .\nthe brown or tufted capuchin is recognized by its characteristic head coloration , a black or dark brown cap with dark sideburns . on either side of the dark cap on the head there are tufts of dark fur above the ears . the shoulders are paler than the back which ranges from shades of yellow to red - brown , darkest in the middle of the back . its legs , hands , and tail are darker than the rest of its pelage . the face can range from brown to pink ( groves 2001 ) . there is significant variation in face color among even members of the same group but adult males tend to be darker in color than females ( emmons & freer 1997 ) . sexual dimorphism is seen in the wild tufted capuchin with males averaging 3 . 650 kg ( 8 . 05 lb ) and females averaging 2 . 520 kg ( 5 . 56 lb ) ( fleagle 1999 ) . sexual dimorphism is also exhibited in canine size with males possessing larger canines than females ( kay et al 1988 ; masterson 2003 ) . in captivity , tufted capuchins are significantly heavier , with males averaging 6 . 089 kg ( 13 . 42 lb ) and females averaging 3 . 19 kg ( 7 . 03 lb ) in an extreme example ( leigh 1994 ) . head and body length is 444 mm ( 17 . 48 in ) for males and 390 mm ( 15 . 35 in ) for females . the tail is about as long as the rest of the body ( napier 1976 ) . in a captive case of extreme longevity , a tufted capuchin male lived until he was at least 45 years old ( hakeem et al . 1996 ) .\nruiz - garc\u00eda m , castillo mi , v\u00e1squez c , rodr\u00edguez k , pinedo m , shostell j , leguizamon n ( 2010a ) . molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of the white - fronted capuchin (\noliveira m . m . de and langguth , a . 2006 . the rediscovery of marcgrave\u2019s capuchin monkey and a neotype for simia flavia schreber , 1774 ( primates , cebidae ) . in press .\nagile and lean , capuchin monkeys weigh only 3 - 9 pounds ( 1 . 36 - 4 . 9 kilograms ) . the fur of the capuchin monkey varies , but is most commonly seen with cream or light tan coloring around the face , neck and shoulders . the rest of its coat is dark brown . the hair is shorter and darker on the capuchin ' s back than on other parts of its body . the face of this cute monkey will range from white to pink in color . the tail is long , covered in hair and is partially able to wrap around branches .\njanson , c . h . ( 1990 a ) . social correlates of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys , cebus apella . animal behaviour , 40 , 910 - 921 .\njanson , c . h . ( 1990 b ) . ecological consequences of individual spatial choice in foraging groups of brown capuchin monkeys , cebus apella . animal behaviour , 40 , 922 - 934 .\nlike most new world monkeys , capuchin monkeys are diurnal and arboreal . with the exception of a midday nap , they spend their entire day searching for food . at night they sleep in the trees , wedged between branches . capuchin monkeys are undemanding regarding their habitat and can therefore be found in many differing areas . among the natural enemies of the capuchins are large falcons , cats and snakes .\ngolden - bellied capuchin monkeys are restricted to the atlantic forest of southern bahia , brazil , due to high degrees of interference from man . only 300 individuals survive . conservation status \u2013 critically endangered .\ndaily movements and activities of tufted capuchin groups are dictated by the alpha male . they are diurnal , and their days are spent feeding ( 66 % of the time ) , traveling ( 21 % ) and resting ( 12 % ) . during the wet season , they tend to rest more and travel around less when there is a greater abundance of fruit and other resources . since dry season produces far less fruit , time spent foraging the forest for insects increases drastically .\njanson , c . h . ( 1984 ) . female choice and mating system of the brown capuchin monkey cebus apella ( primates : cebidae ) . z . tierpsycol , 65 , 177 - 200 .\nanderson , j . r . , degiorgio , c . , lamarque , c . , and fagot , j . ( 1996 ) . a multi - task assessment of hand lateralization in capuchin monkeys (\nthe tufted capuchin monkey , scientific name cebus apella [ 1 ] , is a mammal and a primate that can be found in the atlantic forest biome , which is also known as a lowland equatorial evergreen rainforest [ 8 ] . this biome characterizes itself with its moist climate and warm weather . it can only be found in the tropical forests of south america , such as the amazon rainforest and the antlantic rainforest [ 9 ] . the tufted capuchin monkey needs sunlight in order to hunt , so it lives during day ( diurnal ) . it lives in the tops of the trees and in groups that range from two to twenty members . a group usually has a male , and the other group members that are closed to him have privilege when there is only a bit of food . moreover , the male has preference when he wants a female of the group . they do not have a specific area to live , so they usually encounter other groups . [ 1 ]"]}
{"id": 981, "summary": [{"text": "thambotricha is a monotypic genus of moths in the epermeniidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its sole known species , thambotricha vates , which is also known by the vernacular name wonder-haired prophet , was described by meyrick in 1922 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13-15 mm for males and 12.5-13 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brassy purplish with a short diagonal white or yellowish fleck at the dorsal angle of the discal cell and an irregular yellow-brown triangular patch on the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pallid . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "thambotricha", "paragraphs": ["below is the elusive thambotricha vates . . . - manaaki whenua - landcare research | facebook\nlindeman road\u2019s wonder - haired prophet \u2013 or the thambotricha vates . photos : bryce mcquillan .\nthe thambotricha vates moth , or wonder - haired prophet , found in katikati . photo / bryce mcquillan\nthe thambotricha vates hoare found was a female . the male is distinctive as it has very long hairs on its antenna .\nthe thambotricha vates hoare found is a female . the male is distinctive as it has very long hairs on its antenna .\na wonder - haired prophet , or thambotricha vates , was recently found in native bush in the bay of plenty town near lindeman road .\nlandcare research scientist robert hoare often uses a light trap to catch moths at night . however , the elusive thambotricha vates was caught during the day with a net .\ndaylight catch : robert hoare often uses a light trap to catch moths at night . however , the elusive thambotricha vates was caught during the day by using a net . photo / bryce mcquillan\nthere is no common name for the thambotricha vates moth yet , but mr hoare has named the rare species wonder - haired prophet , which is a translation from the moth ' s latin name .\nlandcare research scientist robert hoare was\nsweeping\na butterfly net through bush when he discovered the elusive thambotricha vates moth , which was last caught by his predecessor , john dugdale , in taranaki in 1996 .\nlandcare research scientist robert hoare recently discovered the thambotricha vates , which translates to wonder - haired prophet , in katikati , bay of plenty , while taking a day walk through a native forest track off lindemann road .\nalthough the native moth had not been spotted for 20 years , it did not mean the species was close to extinction .\nwe never thought it was extinct , it ' s just one of those things that ' s just really , really elusive and hard to come across .\nhe said . only about 15 thambotricha vates moths have been caught since it was discovered in 1922 in wellington .\nlandcare research is the custodian of a number of nationally significant biological and resource collections and databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nan elusive species of moth that has not been seen in new zealand for almost 20 years has been found .\nup until then the moth , a native species , hadn ' t been seen since 1996 when hoare ' s predecessor john dugdale caught one in taranaki . only about 15 have ever been caught since it was first discovered in wellington in 1922 .\nit took me about half a second to realise what it was . i was delighted . it was a rather long time since i ' d found anything particularly wonderful ,\nhe said .\ni ' ve been in new zealand 17 years and that was the first time i ' ve ever found that moth . having light trapped for years and years and years , i never found it by the normal technique .\nhoare believes the moth was not drawn to strong lights as other species were .\ndespite the lack of sightings , hoare believed there was no reason to think the moth was rare or endangered .\nhoare hoped the dna from the moth may reveal some clues about its host plant . little is known about the\nmysterious\nmoth aside from the fact that it lives in native forest , hoare said .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntegumen large , fused with small vinculum . gnathos elaborate , tongue - like , a pair of curved prongs directed caudally and the body\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view .\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , genitalia , lateral view , eighth segment removed .\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , tegumen , ventral view . d , aedeagus .\nphilp , a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view . d , aedeagus . e , juxta .\nmeyr . a , male genitalia , lateral view . b , harpe , inner view . c , uncus , dorsal view . d , aedeagus .\nof the organ sweeping in the opposite direction to end in a broad recurved plate between the harpes . aedeagus short , sinuate , bent . juxta a plain cap - like structure embracing the aedeagus . harpes long , narrow , entire , with long finger - like lobe arising from upper basal angle within .\ntegumen narrow with moderately long angled spatulate uncus . vinculum imperfectly fused with tegumen , with thin arms and moderate saccus . gnathos without armature , forming a plain ring upturned at apex . aedeagus short and thick . harpes large , weak , entire , with a broad flap on lower margin within at about half and a fold on upper basal angle . between the bases is a pair of short horn - like lobes ; these are fused with the harpes but appear to be the modified juxta .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\non the go and no time to finish that story right now ? your news is the place for you to save content to read later from any device . register with us and content you save will appear here so you can access them to read later .\nwhether you\u2019re looking to buy or rent , urltoken has everything you need to find your dream home .\na rare species of native moth not seen in new zealand for almost 20 years has been found in katikati .\ni was quite excited ,\nsaid mr hoare , an auckland - based arthropod scientist .\ni looked in the net to see what was there and i saw this sort of , bright , bright brownish moth at the bottom of the net , and because of it ' s unusual shape i was able to recognise it pretty much immediately .\nthe\nwonder - haired\nname stems from the unusually long hairs at the end of the moth ' s feelers .\nthe moth was small , measuring about 1 . 5cm across the wings , he said .\nthere ' s a lot of things we haven ' t seen for many , many years , but because there ' s so few people out there looking , especially the smaller insects in new zealand , there are lots of those things that remain very mysterious .\nsaid mr hoare .\nthis specific moth would only be found in\nfairly good\nnative bush .\nunlike the traditional method of attracting moths by light , the sweeping method mr hoare employed had enabled him to scoop the insect in daylight .\nthis specific moth is at least somewhat active in the day , mainly nocturnal but it would be perhaps sitting amongst vegetation by day but we don ' t really know just yet and that ' s the thing .\nthe moth has now been collected as a voucher specimen and is stored under the new zealand arthropod collection .\nmr hoare said studies about the moth can now be done which will hopefully give more insight into other related moth species , it ' s life history and habits .\nafter finding that one species in a katikati forest , it showed the bay of plenty was a\nfantastic\narea for small native insects , he said .\ni think the bay of plenty should be proud that they ' ve managed to preserve these things . this is a good moment of saying , ' well , this little thing has survived ' , and probably goes to show that that forest , from an insect ' s point of view , is in pretty good condition .\ni felt my arm being pulled into the machine and my immediate reaction was to pull back .\nitalian movie - lovers are in for a treat with the arrival of the cinema italiano festival .\nhtml public\n- / / wapforum / / dtd xhtml mobile 1 . 2 / / en\nurltoken\nan elusive species of native moth unseen in new zealand for almost 20 years has surfaced in katikati .\nand according to landcare research scientist robert hoare , the insect\u2019s disappearing act may simply be down to the fact that unlike other moths , they are not attracted to bright lights .\nthe rarely seen moth was caught in a net in broad daylight , while robert does most of his trapping at night using a bright light .\n\u201ci\u2019ve been in new zealand for 17 years and that was the first time i\u2019ve ever found that moth , \u201d says robert .\n\u201chaving light - trapped for years and years and years , i never found it by the normal technique . \u201d\nhe believes this indicates the moth is not drawn to strong lights as opposed to other species .\nthe discovery came as an \u201camazing surprise\u201d says robert , and he admits he hardly expected to find anything as he made his way through native forest along a track off lindemann road .\ndespite the lack of sightings , he believes there\u2019s no reason to think the moth is rare or endangered . \u201cit is a positive sign that the sightings are so widespread from northland to nelson , \u201d says robert .\nanother one was found a couple of weeks later by photographer bryce mcquillan , who photographed robert\u2019s discovery .\nthe moth hasn\u2019t been seen since robert\u2019s predecessor john dugdale caught one in taranaki in 1996 . only 15 or so have ever been caught since it was first discovered in wellington in 1922 .\n\u201cit took me about half a second to realise what it was , \u201d he says . \u201ci was delighted . it was a rather long time since i\u2019d found anything particularly wonderful . \u201d\nit\u2019s hoped the moth\u2019s dna may reveal clues about its host plant . little is known about the mysterious moth aside from the fact that it lives in native forest .\n\u201cthe caterpillar has a specific host plant it feeds on , \u201d ads robert . \u201cdiscovering that host will give us the most important piece of information needed to preserve the species . \u201d"]}
{"id": 983, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes dryobathra is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in colombia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark fuscous with a brown basal patch occupying about one-fourth of the wing , the edge irregularly curved or bent .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are blackish , approximated , with the plical somewhat obliquely before the first discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a small pale brownish spot on the costa at three-fourths .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "chionodes dryobathra", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for dryobathra definition . you find here dryobathra meaning , synonyms of dryobathra and images for dryobathra copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dryobathra . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dryobathra and , of course , dryobathra synonyms and on the right images related to the word dryobathra .\ngelechia dryobathra meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 49 ; tl : colombia , la crumber , 6600ft\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae . it is distributed throughout much of the world . the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331\nnova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\nnova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]"]}
{"id": 984, "summary": [{"text": "dendrochirus biocellatus , known commonly as the twospot turkeyfish or ocellated lionfish among other vernacular names , is a species of marine fish in the family scorpaenidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the twospot turkeyfish is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific region , and it grows up to 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "in the wild , the species eats small fish as well as shrimp .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "in captivity , the fish is somewhat shy .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "furthermore , it may hide in crevices during daylight .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the species has successfully bred in an aquarium . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "dendrochirus biocellatus", "paragraphs": ["cyndy parr marked\nimage of dendrochirus biocellatus\nas trusted on the\ndendrochirus biocellatus\npage .\ncyndy parr set\nfile : dendrochirus biocellatus . jpg\nas an exemplar on\ndendrochirus biocellatus ( fowler , 1938 )\n.\ncyndy parr marked\nfile : dendrochirus biocellatus1 . jpg\nas trusted on the\ndendrochirus biocellatus\npage .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : dendrochirus biocellatus . jpg\n.\ncyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : dendrochirus biocellatus1 . jpg\n.\na twinspot lionfish , dendrochirus biocellatus , at bunaken island , manado , north sulawesi , indonesia , november 2011 . source : rob , bbm explorer / flickr / urltoken license : cc by attribution - noderivatives\nlionfish of this species , dendrochirus , are allowed to be shipped into the state of florida . only species of the genus pterois are banned .\ni have been fortunate enough to keep all the species of lionfish available in the trade . of these , my favorite is still the twinspot lionfish , dendrochirus biocellatus . this member of the subfamily is a unique species that is less frequently seen in aquarium stores than many of its kin .\nthis species is not uncommon throughout its range , but is rarely observed ( h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) . little is known regarding its population status . there are 109 museum records of dendrochirus biocellatus ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , urltoken , 2015 - 04 ) .\nauthor : frank vincentz license : attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported ( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : twospot turkeyfish ( dendrochirus biocellatus ) in the zoo of wuppertal , germany . link : urltoken title : wuppertal - zoo - dendrochirus biocellatus 01 ( 0 ) ies . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s\nabout\npage . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\nthere are no species specific conservation efforts in place . the distribution of d . biocellatus may overlap with some marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\ndendrochirus biocellatus is a reef associated species commonly found at depths of 1 to 40 m ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . it reaches a maximum standard length of 12 cm ( poss 1999 ) . this species is very secretive , and has been found in clear waters with a high concentration of corals . it spends its days hiding in caves and sponges , and only comes out at night to feed ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .\nlionfishes are members of the family scorpaenidae ( scorpionfishes ) and the subfamily pteroinae . there are six genera in this subfamily and approximately 22 species . the two genera that you most often see in the aquarium trade belong to the genera dendrochirus and pterois . members of these two genera are easily separated by the form of their pectoral fins . in dendrochirus spp . the pectoral fin rays do not reach the base of the caudal fin , they are branched and are connected by a membrane over much of their length .\n( of nemapterois biocellatus fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification : dendrochirus biocellatus is widespread in the indo - west pacific and not uncommon . little is known regarding its population status , and it is rarely observed in nature . although it is associated with coral reefs , which have been declining in geographic area and quality in parts of its range , it is unknown how this might be impacting the population globally . given this species ' wide distribution , it is listed as least concern ; however , additional research on its population trend is necessary .\ndendrochirus biocellatus has a broad distribution in the indo - west pacific ( poss 1999 ) . this species ranges from the western mascaranes , maldives and sri lanka , east to the mariana and tuamotu islands , north to southern japan , south to the timor sea reefs off northwestern australia , new caledonia , and tonga ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . it is found in shallow waters less than 40 m deep ( allen and erdmann 2012 , h . motomura pers . comm . 2015 ) .\ndespite being quite diminutive as lionfish go , d . biocellatus still possesses venomous dorsal spines that can deliver a severe sting to unwary aquarists . so , don\u2019t assume you can let down your guard when transferring these little lions or working in a tank containing one .\nnemapterois biocellatus fowler 1938 , proc . u . s . natl mus . 85 ( 3032 ) : 81 , fig . 36 . type locality : albatross station d . 15136 , off jolo light , philippines , 22 fathoms [ 6\u00b004\u00b420\nn , 120\u00b059\u00b420\ne ] .\nthe twinspot lionfish is considered to be the most difficult member of the subfamily to maintain . this is due to the fact that they can be reluctant to eat anything but live food . the best diet you can provide for d . biocellatus are ghost shrimp . you should gut pack these ( feed them a nutritious flake or frozen food ) before you feed them to you twinspot lionfish . i have yet to have an individual that would not eat these crustaceans . however , i have not had much success getting d . biocellatus to accept nonliving foods , including bits of food on the end of a feeding stick . so before you purchase a d . biocellatus , make sure you have access to ghost shrimp . juvenile twinspot lionfish will also eat live brine shrimp . you should feed your twinspot lionfish several of these shrimp every other day .\nd . biocellatus can be considered reef safe , as it will not nip at or consume sessile invertebrates . however , keep in mind that ornamental crustaceans will not be safe , and specimens may come to rest upon corals , potentially irritating them and causing them to remain in a contracted state .\nin terms of its ease of care , i would characterize d . biocellatus species as moderately difficult . so , it\u2019s not a great choice for beginners , but if you have a few years of successful fishkeeping experience under your belt and are willing to give it the specialized care it requires , you won\u2019t be disappointed !\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . eye - like spots in the soft dorsal fin and feeler - like tentacles in front of the mouth ( ref . 48635 ) . mid - dorsal spines shorter than body depth . the only species of dendrochirus with a pair of distinct ocelli on the soft - rayed dorsal fin ( ref . 37816 ) .\ndendrochirus biocellatus is thought to feed mostly on crustaceans , although food habit data is lacking for this species . it exhibits an unusual behavior when it feeds . it will snap its dorsal spines and shake its head from side - to - side as it approaches its prey . this behavior may serve to distract , or possibly attract , the prey item . thaler ( 2004 ) has suggested that the fleshy barbels that extend from the upper jaw may act to attract fish into striking distance . it often stalks its quarry by slinking along the bottom or around reef structure like a cat , and moves forward , either by\nhopping\non its pelvic fins or by undulating its caudal fin . when it is about one - half a body length away from its prey , it lunges forward with amazing speed to ingest it .\nfeeding a twinspot lionfish in an aquarium that contains other aggressive feeders can be a problem . therefore , potential competitors , like groupers , soapfishes , snappers and triggerfishes do not make good d . biocellatus tankmates . this lionfish may have difficulty getting anything to eat with these more aggressive gluttons . you may have to present ghost shrimp to the twinspot lionfish in a fine meshed fish net . place the shrimp in the net and move it slowly toward the area where the lionfish is hiding . with time , this lionfish can usually be trained to swim to the net opening and snap up the shrimp inside . this method is also effective for feeding this fish in a reef aquarium . large angelfishes , triggerfishes , pufferfishes and porcupinefishes can also cause problems when kept with d . biocellatus . they have been known to nip the fins of this fish .\nd . biocellatus reaches only about 5 inches in total length and is mottled with various shades of orange , brown , black , and white . its pectoral fins are large and fan - like , and it sports two prominent ocelli , or eyespots , on the posterior of the dorsal fin . this species\u2019 other notable feature are the two elongated appendages extending from the corners of the mouth , somewhat resembling a long , droopy moustache\u2014thus the \u201cfu manchu\u201d appellation .\nthis is where the \u201cpotentially picky\u201d part comes in . one of the chief frustrations among hobbyists who keep this species is that it can be very difficult to get it to accept standard aquarium fare . in nature , d . biocellatus feeds primarily on small fish and crustaceans , and in many instances , captive specimens resist making the switch to non - living fare for prolonged periods . in these situations , items such as live ghost shrimp may be necessary to initiate a feeding response . some specimens simply refuse to eat altogether , so it\u2019s important to see a potential purchase fed before you acquire it .\nlike all the lionfishes , d . biocellatus is suitable for a reef tank if you are not interested in keeping shrimp and smaller fishes , especially benthic species like gobies and blennies . this lionfish is less of threat to more active fish species than its relatives due to its slightly smaller mouth and unique hunting behavior . do not expect to see your twinspot lionfish much if your aquarium is replete with live rock . smaller specimens tend to be more secretive than adults are and some larger individuals will come out into the open as they become more accustomed to aquarium life . the best way to view these fish in a reef aquarium is to place a red fluorescent or incandescent bulb over the tank at night .\nyou have to strike a delicate balance in choosing tankmates for d . biocellatus . on the one hand , you have to be careful to avoid aggressive predators and species prone to nipping fins / appendages , as either type of tankmate will stress the lion , outcompete it at feeding time , and likely keep it in hiding . on the other hand , you have to avoid introducing any fish small enough to be perceived as potential prey by this stealthy hunter . also , conspecifics will often squabble , so it\u2019s best to keep this species one to a tank . apart from those considerations , any peaceful , keep - to - themselves species that are at least as large as the lion should be acceptable as tankmates .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 12 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by cgarilao , 13 / 05 / 08\ngreek , dendron = tree + greek , cheir = hands ; with tree like marks ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 40 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 32\u00b0n - 18\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : mauritius , reunion , maldives and sri lanka ( ref . 33390 ) to the society islands , north to southern japan , south to scott reef .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )\nan uncommon inhabitant of clear waters rich in corals to depths of 40 m or more . feeds on small fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 89972 ) . secretive and usually observed at night . during the day in caves and sponges , and usually well out of sight ( ref . 48635 ) . venomous spines .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 26 . 6 - 28 . 9 , mean 28 ( based on 432 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01148 ( 0 . 00449 - 0 . 02935 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhave long been a fan of lionfishes . in fact , these fishes were partially responsible for baptism into the marine aquarium hobby over 30 years ago . i have been fortunate enough to keep all the species available in the trade . of these , my favorite is still\n. this member of the subfamily , which is referred to commonly as the twinspot , ocellated or fu manchu lionfish , is a unique species that is less frequently seen in aquarium stores than many of its kin . the two barbels on the upper jaw and pair of ocelli on the soft dorsal fin set\napart from all of its relatives . in this article , i would like to share some of my musings , and the observations of others , on this unusual scorpaenid .\na twinspot lionfish ( a . k . a . fu manchu lionfish ) showing the characteristic moustache .\nthe two ocelli on each side of the dorsal fin can change color depending on the lionfish ' s mood or social status .\na twinspot lionfish off batangas , philippines hanging upside down under a patch reef overhang . this is the darker color form .\na beautiful twinspot lionfish in the field . this is a reclusive species that is rarely seen in the open during the day .\nthe twinspot lionfish is known from mauritius to the society islands , north to japan and south to australia . it has been reported at depths of 1 to 40 m ( 3 . 3 to 132 ft . ) in lagoons , on coastal fringing reefs and on patch reefs . it is also found on outer reef faces and slopes . it tends to prefer microhabitats with rich stony and / or soft coral growth . it is a secretive species that spends the daytime hours hanging upside down in deeper crevices and caves . a diver might occasionally catch a glimpse of one of these fish moving from one crevice to another during the day . however , it is most readily observed during night dives , at which time it comes out to hunt .\nthe ocelli on the soft portion of the dorsal fin may serve a communicative function . they can change from black to a faded gray . this color change often occurs during aggressive interactions and courtship . in agonistic interactions the ocelli will typically fade in the dominant individual , while during courtship the spots fade in males . thaler ( 2004 ) reports that the ocelli can take on a turquoise color and that the eyespot adopts this color when the fish is excited ( whether by food , a mate or a competitor ) .\nthis lionfish will do better in a smaller tank where they are kept on their own than in a larger community tank where feeding them can be difficult . adult twinspot lionfish can be kept in tanks as small as 20 gallons . it is imperative to provide this secretive fish with caves , crevices and overhangs in order for it to properly acclimate . i have had even had specimens hang upside down under the heads of large leather corals .\nadult twinspot lionfish will eat smaller members of their own species and larger specimens ( presumably males ) will behave aggressively toward conspecifics . when displaying the fan - like pectoral fins are extended forward , the dorsal spines are erected and the body quivers . smaller individuals will usually flee when a larger individual display , but threats may escalate into fighting if both fish are similar in size and one specimen does not back down . in this case biting and dorsal fin jabbing may occur , which can result in torn fins , scale loss , damaged eyes and even death if the fish are not separated . if you keep more than one twinspot lionfish in a larger aquarium ( e . g . , 70 gallons or more ) they will usually avoid each other , but in smaller aquaria dominant specimens often stalk and injure subordinate conspecifics .\nall the lionfishes are venomous . an injection of venom from the fin spines can cause intense pain and swelling . for this reason , it is important to be very careful when ever you place your hands in your aquarium . make sure you know where your lionfish is before moving aquarium decor or equipment . if you are stung by your twinspot lionfish , immediately immerse the wound in hot , nonscalding water ( from 43 . 3 to 45 \u00bac , or 110 to 113 \u00baf , for 30 or 40 minutes or until pain has diminished ) or heat it with a hair dryer . the heat will denature the protein that constitutes the venom and prevent it from spreading through your body .\nalthough the twinspot lionfish is more demanding than some of its relatives , this fish can make a fascinating addition to the species tank or reef aquarium . happy fish - watching !\nmichael , s . w . 1998 . reef fishes . volume 1 . microcosm , shelburne , vt . 624 pp .\nthaler , e . 2004 . lionfishes - personal observations on their behaviors and suggestions for aquarium care . coral 1 ( 4 ) : 36 - 40 .\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .\namerican samoa ; australia ; china ; christmas island ; comoros ; cook islands ; disputed territory ( spratly is . ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kiribati ( gilbert is . , kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; r\u00e9union ; samoa ; solomon islands ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , us line is . ) ; vanuatu ; wallis and futuna\n. 2008 ) . of 704 zooxanthellate reef - building coral species which were assessed by using the iucn red list criteria , 32 . 8 % are in categories with elevated risk of extinction ( carpenter\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthat are small and retiring enough to be kept successfully in fairly modest - sized quarters . among these is the subject of today\u2019s post :\n, the fu manchu lionfish , also known as the twinspot lionfish , ocellated lionfish , or twospot turkeyfish .\nwith patience and persistence , though , it\u2019s often possible to train these little lions to accept non - living meaty items , such as shrimp , silversides , clam meat , and the like . the best way to achieve this is to present the item on a feeding stick or section of rigid airline tubing and give it a little jiggle so it appears lifelike .\nbecause this species is small , very shy , secretive , and typically found resting on or hopping / scooting / fluttering around the rockwork , it doesn\u2019t demand much in the way of open swimming space . it does , however , need lots of caves and hidey holes in which to refuge , so the aquarium should be large enough to allow appropriate aquascaping . i would consider 30 gallons a good minimum tank size .\nif you enjoyed this post , subscribe to get our new posts in your email .\njeff kurtz is the co - founder / editor of saltwater smarts , former senior consulting editor for tropical fish hobbyist magazine , and the aquarist formerly known as \u201cthe salt creep . \u201d he has been an aquarium hobbyist for over 30 years and is an avid scuba diver .\nsaltwater smarts is a unique online resource created to inspire and entertain a new generation of marine aquarium hobbyists while helping them succeed with a saltwater system . learn more\nsaltwater smarts is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program , an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon . com . to learn more , please check out our disclosure page .\nan uncommon inhabitant of clear waters rich in corals to depths of 40 m or more . feeds on small fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 89972 ) . secretive and usually observed at night . during the day in caves and sponges , and usually well out of sight ( ref . 48635 ) . venomous spines .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe fu manchu lionfish gets it\u2019s name from the long mustache appendages on the front of it\u2019s mouth . this dwarf species is one of the more difficult of the lionfish to maintain as it is often difficult to adapt to a captive diet . keep with lesser aggressive tankmates . males , often noted as larger specimens , can often be aggressive toward other fu manchu lionfish and may eat them . lionfish will eat smaller fishes , ornamental shrimps and crabs . this species is venomous . the pelvic , pectoral and dorsal fins of this animal can cause extreme pain . if allergic , severe reactions can occur . if stung soak injured area in hot water and seek medical attention immediately . smaller specimens will adapt to captivity and accept captive diets more easily . lionfish will likely remain hidden in brightly lit aquariums as it prefers dimmer lighting .\nfu manchu lionfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5\n, indo pacific\nfu manchu lionfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5\n, indo pacific\nfu manchu lionfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5\n, indo pacific\ndue to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of nemapterois biocellata fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\na reddish - brown lionfish with a pair ( sometimes three ) of large black ocelli on the soft dorsal fin , three pink to yellowish bars on sides , pale and brown bands on pectoral fins , and a very long tentacle in front of the eye .\nscott reef , western australia , ashmore and hibernia reefs , timor sea , and christmas island , indian ocean . inhabits areas of rich coral growth on clear reefs , usually sheltering in caves and on ledges during the day .\ndorsal fin xiii , 9 ; anal fin iii , 5 ; pectoral fin 20 - 21 ; longitudinal scale series 48 - 51 . membranes of spinous dorsal fin deeply incised ; pectoral fins large , wing - like , upper rays fully connected by membranes , lower rays unbranched and free of membranes distally . lachrimal tentacle elongate , more than twice eye diameter .\n. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .\nfowler , h . w . 1938 . descriptions of new fishes obtained by the united states bureau of fisheries steamer albatross , chiefly in philippine seas and adjacent waters .\nfricke , r . , kulbicki , m . & wantiez , l . 2011 . checklist of the fishes of new caledonia , and their distribution in the southwest pacific ocean ( pisces ) .\nmicronesian reef fishes : a comprehensive guide to the coral reef fishes of micronesia .\nposs , s . g . 1999 . families scorpaenidae , caracanthidae , aploactinidae . pp . 2291 - 2358 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes"]}
{"id": 985, "summary": [{"text": "scincella is a genus of lizards in the skink family , scincidae , commonly referred to as ground skinks .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the exact number of species in the genus is unclear , as taxonomic reclassification is ongoing , and sources vary widely .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "scincella species primarily range throughout the temperate regions of the world and are typically small , fossorial lizards , which consume a wide variety of arthropods . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "scincella", "paragraphs": ["leiolopisma caudaequinae smith 1951 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 greer 1974 : 32 scincella silvicola caudaequinae \u2014 liner 1994 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella syvicola caudaequinae \u2014 lazcano villarreal & dixon 2002 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 garcia - v\u00e1zquez & feria - ortiz 2006 scincella silvicola caudaequinae \u2014 garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez et al . 2010 scincella caudaequinae \u2014 linkem et al . 2011 scincella silvicola caudaequinae \u2014 lazcano et al . 2017\ndana campbell marked\nimage of scincella lateralis\nas hidden on the\nscincella lateralis\npage .\nleiolopisma forbesorum taylor 1937 leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 smith 1951 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 159 scincella forbesora \u2014 greer 1974 : 33 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 liner 1994 scincella forbesorum \u2014 shea & greer 2002 : 156 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella gemmingeri forbesorum \u2014 garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez et al . 2010 scincella forbesora \u2014 linkem et al . 2011\nscincella kikaapoa garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez , canseco - m\u00e1rquez & nieto - montes de oca 2010 scincella kikaapoa \u2014 linkem et al . 2011 scincella kikaapoda \u2014 wilson et al . 2013 ( in error ) scincella kikaapoa \u2014 johnson et al . 2017\ndana campbell marked\nimage of scincella lateralis\nas untrusted on the\nscincella lateralis\npage . reasons to untrust : misidentified\ndana campbell added text to\nbrief summary\non\nscincella lateralis say 1823\n.\nthe ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and . . .\ndana campbell selected\nbrief summary\nto show in overview on\nscincella lateralis say 1823\n.\nmocoa cherriei cope 1893 : 339 lygosoma assatum var . brevis werner 1903 lygosoma assatum cherriei \u2014 stuart 1940 : 13 lygosoma cherriei cherriei \u2014 smith 1941 : 181 leiolopisma cherriei cherriei \u2014 smith 1946 scincella cherriei cherriei \u2014 mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei cherriei \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 157 lygosoma cherriei cherriei \u2014 mertens 1952 : 57 leiolopisma cherriei \u2014 peters & donoso - barros 1970 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 greer 1974 : 34 scincella cherriei \u2014 scott 1976 : 45 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 liner 1994 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2000 : 93 scincella cherriei \u2014 honda et al . 2003 scincella cherriei \u2014 garcia - v\u00e1zquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei cherriei \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei \u2014 linkem , diesmos & brown 2011 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2013 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 mata - silva et al . 2015 sphenomorphus cherriei \u2014 johnson et al . 2015 scincella cherriei ixbaac ( stuart 1940 ) lygosoma assatum ixbaac stuart 1940 : 8 leiolopisma cherriei ixbaac \u2014 smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei ixbaac \u2014 mittleman 1950 : 20 scincella cherriei ixbaac \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 158 sphenomorphus cherriei ixbaac \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008 scincella cherriei stuarti ( smith 1941 ) leiolopisma cherriei \u2014 smith 1939 : 191 lygosoma cherriei stuarti smith 1941 : 81 leiolopisma cherriei stuarti \u2014 smith 1946 : 111 scincella cherriei stuarti \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 : 158 scincella stuarti \u2014 garcia - v\u00e1zquez & feria - ortiz 2006 sphenomorphus cherriei stuarti \u2014 liner & casas - andreu 2008\ncomparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico\nscincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( sauria : scincidae ) , male , 41 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32463 collected 5 august 2012 .\ndana campbell marked\nhabitat\nas hidden on the\nscincella lateralis ( say in james , 1823 )\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nauth , d . l . et al . 1999 . geographic distribution : scincella gemmingeri gemmingeri . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 234 - get paper here\ncomparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico | castiglia | acta herpetologica\ngoldberg , stephen r . 2013 . notes on reproduction of the skink scincella melanosticta ( squamata : scincidae ) from thailand . hamadryad 36 ( 2 ) : 180 - 182\nground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 182 ) 3 ( sauria : scincidae ) , adult male , 43 mm svl , symbiotype asumz 32297 collected 13 april 2012 .\natkinson ct , ayala sc . isospora manchacensis n . sp . , an intranuclear coccidian from the louisiana ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) ( lacertilia : scincidae ) .\nsynonymy after smith & taylor 1950 . leiolopisma gemmingeri forbesorum is considered as valid species . oligosoma gemmingeri cope 1864 has been synonymized with scincus lateralis say 1823 by g\u00fcnther 1885 . see also scincella lateralis .\nouboter p e 1986 . a revision of the genus scincella ( reptilia : sauria : scincidae ) of asia , with some notes on its evolution . zoologische verhandelingen ( 229 ) : 1 - 66 - get paper here\nsynonymy mostly after ouboter ( 1986 ) . shea & greer 2002 list scincella rupicola as valid species . the species livoromica bacboensis was described based on a specimen collected by darevsky in 1986 ( zisp 20006 ) in vietnam , bac can province , village dong - luong ( = type locality ) and listed before as scincella melanosticta ( darevsky et al . , 1986 ) [ v . bobrov , pers . comm . 9 . 9 . 04 ]\nmcallister ct , bursey cr , connior mb , durden la , robison hw . helminth and arthropod parasites of the ground skink , scincella lateralis ( sauria : scincidae ) , from arkansas and oklahoma , u . s . a .\nluna - reyes , r . , u . o . garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez and a . a . mendoza - hern\u00e1ndez . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for chiapas . ] herpetological review 38 ( 3 ) : 353\ngarc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez , canseco - m\u00e1rquez & nieto - montes de oca , 2010 . a new species of scincella ( squamata : scincidae ) from the cuatro ci\u00e9negas basin , coahuila , mexico . copeia 2010 ( 3 ) : 373 - 381 - get paper here\neremchenko , v . k 2003 . generic and specific redefinition and redescription of the north - vietnam skink ( scincella melanosticta ( boulenger , 1887 ) . izvestiya vuzov ( = proceedings of universitities and institutes ) , bishkek , ( 1 - 2 ) : 20 - 28\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . scincella macrotis ( steindachner , 1867 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nvaldenegro - brito , a . e . , d . garc\u00eda - morales , j . c . s\u00e1nchez - garc\u00eda and u . o . garc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez 2016 . geographic distribution : scincella cherriei ( brown forest skink ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 424 - 425 .\ngarc\u00eda - v\u00e1zquez , u . o . and a . a . mendoza - hern\u00e1ndez . 2007 . scincella gemmingeri . geographic distribution . [ first record for the municipality of caderayta de montes , quer\u00e9taro and second record for the state . ] herpetological review 38 ( 2 ) : 219 - 220\nthe ground skink , scincella lateralis ( say , 1823 ) is a small brownish lizard that ranges from southern new jersey , south to the florida keys , and westward to eastern kansas , and westcentral texas , usa ; isolated geographic distribution records are from central illinois , northeastern missouri , usa , and coahuila , mexico ( conant & collins , 1998 ) . scincella lateralis occurs statewide in arkansas , usa ( trauth et al . , 2004 ) . this skink is commonly found in leaf litter on the forest floor but can also be found in trash piles and dumps where it searches for arthropods .\nneang , thy ; somaly chan , nikolay a . poyarkov , jr . . 2018 . a new species of smooth skink ( squamata : scincidae : scincella ) from cambodia . zoological research , doi : 10 . 24272 / j . issn . 2095 - 8137 . 2018 . 008 - get paper here\ncastiglia , riccardo , alexandra maria ramos bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio mu\u00f1oz and ekaterina gornung . 2013 . comparative cytogenetics of two species of ground skinks : scincella assata and s . cherriei ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) from chiapas , mexico . acta herpetologica 8 ( 1 ) : 69 - 73\na new species of scincella , previously confused with s . laterals , is described from the cuatro cienegas basin , coahuila , mexico . the new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species )\nthe ground skink ( scincella lateralis ) , also called little brown skink and brown bark skink , is a small , diurnal ( active by day ) lizard common in a broad diversity of habitats across the southeastern united states . this species ranges from southern new jersey south to the florida keys and west to eastern kansas and central texas . small isolated populations are also found in illinois , northeastern missouri , and in coahuila , mexico .\nthe previous use of a specific or subspecific name in combination with the same generic name has relation only to the original designation of a species or subspecies described as new , not to combinations of names resulting from the reference of species or subspecies to some other genus than the one to which it was originally referred\n. the species was transferred to several genera ( tiliqua , lygosoma , mocoa , oligosoma , leiolopisma before mittleman ( 1950 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 20 ) placed in it scincella .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada , draft ( 2004 )\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ntype locality : mexico , coahuila , 4 km se cuatro ci\u00e9negas , poza el mojarral , 26\u00b055\u201911 . 9\u2019\u2019n , 100\u00b006\u201953 . 2\u2019\u2019w , 739 m elevation .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : mzfc 17667 , adult male , 6 july 2005 , a . contreras . paratypes . \u2014all ( n 5 14 ) from mexico , coahuila , cuatro cie \u0301negas basin : mzfc 17668 , same locality as the holotype ; mzfc 17664\u201317666 , 13 km s cuatro cie \u0301negas , poza azul ; mzfc 2012 , ku 47088\u201347089 , 12 . 5 km se cuatro cie \u0301negas , poza churince ; uimnh 43231\u201343236 , 48328 , 9 . 17 km se cuatro cie \u0301negas .\nthe new species differs from all congeners in north and middle america by possessing two dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side ( vs . dark , narrow ventrolateral stripes on each side absent in the other species ) ; from all congeners in north and middle america , except s . lateralis , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species ) ; and from s . lateralis by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1\u201315 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30\u20130 . 42 , x = 0 . 36 ; vs . limbs separated by 2\u201323 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24\u20130 . 37 , x = 0 . 30 , in s . lateralis ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28\u201330 , x = 29 . 0 , n = 15 ; vs . 24\u201329 , x = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . lateralis ) . similar species : s . lateralis .\netymology . \u2014the specific name kikaapoa is an indeclinable word from the language of the kikapue , the native people that inhabits the center of coahuila , that means \u2018\u2018those who walk on the land . \u2019\u2019\njohnson , j . d . , l . d . wilson , v . mata - silva , e . garci\u0301a - padilla , and d . l . desantis . 2017 . the endemic herpetofauna of mexico : organisms of global significance in severe peril . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 544\u2013620\nlinkem , charles w . ; arvin c . diesmos , rafe m . brown 2011 . molecular systematics of the philippine forest skinks ( squamata : scincidae : sphenomorphus ) : testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships . zoological journal of the linnean society 163 : 1217\u20131243\nwilson , larry david ; vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson 2013 . a conservation reassessment of the reptiles of mexico based on the evs measure . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 1\u201347 - get paper here\ntype locality : salto cola de caballo , 25 miles south of monterrey , nuevo le\u00f3n .\nholotype : uimnh 10131 = univ . illinois mus . nat . hist . , paratypes : usnm ( from 10 miles west of naranjo , san luis potosi )\ndistribution : not listed for san luis potos\u00ed by lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ; not listed for nuevo le\u00f3n by lemos - espinal et al . 2016 ( who consider caudaequinae as a subspecies of s . silvicola , lemos - espinal , pers . comm . 5 june 2016 ) .\ngarcia - v\u00e1zquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . skinks of mexico . reptilia ( gb ) ( 49 ) : 74 - 79 - get paper here\ngarcia - v\u00e1zquez , u . & feria - ortiz , m . 2006 . scincidos de m\u00e9xico . reptilia ( spain ) ( 62 ) : 78 - 83\ngreer , a . e . 1974 . the generic relationships of the scincid lizard genus leiolopisma and its relatives . australian journal of zoology 31 : 1 - 67 . - get paper here\nlazcano villarreal , david & dixon , j . r . 2002 . lista preliminar de la herpetofauna del estado de nuevo le\u00f3n . urltoken - get paper here\nlazcano , d . , r . quirino - olvera , m . nev\u00e1rez de los reyes and j . banda - leal 2017 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 29 : association of herpetofauna with sotols and beargrasses in the state of nuevo le\u00f3n , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 52 : 17 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1951 . a new species of leiolopisma ( reptilia : sauria ) from mexico . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 3 ) : 195 - 200 - get paper here\nsmith , h . m . & taylor , e . h . 1950 . an annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of mexico exclusive of the snakes . bull . us natl . mus . 199 : 1 - 253 - get paper here\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nbocourt , m . e . 1873 . in : a . dum\u00e9ril , m . f . bocourt , and f . mocquard , ( 1870 - 1909 ) , etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv ; in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' am\u00e9rique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' am\u00e9rique ce imprimerie imp\u00e9riale , paris , livr . 2 - 15 , pp . 33 - 860 . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) iii . lacertidae , gerrhosauridae , scincidae , anelytropsidae , dibamidae , chamaeleontidae . london : 575pp . - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1888 . on the affinity of the north - american lizard fauna . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 : 107 - 109 - get paper here\nbrattstrom , baynard h . ; adis , nelly b . 1952 . notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from oaxaca , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 59 - 60 - get paper here\ncalzada - arciniega , rafael alejandro ; ernesto recuero , mirna grisel garcia - castillo , gabriela parra - olea 2017 . new records and an updated list of herpetofauna from cerro piedra larga , an isolated mountain massif in oaxaca , mexico herpetology notes 10 : 651 - 658 - get paper here\ncamarillo , r . j . l . 1995 . distribution records for some amphibians and reptiles from mexico . bull . maryland herp . soc . 31 ( 4 ) : 195 - 197 - get paper here\ncanseco - marquez , l . ; gutierrez - mayen , g . & salazar - arenas , j . 2000 . new records and range extensions for amphibians and reptiles from puebla , m\u00e9xico . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 259 - 263 - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncope , e . d . 1864 . contributions to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 16 : 166 - 181 . - get paper here\nfern\u00e1ndez - badillo , leonardo , david r . aguill\u00f3n - guti\u00e9rrez , sharon yedid valdez - renter\u00eda , juan alfonso hern\u00e1ndez - melo , cristian ra\u00f9l olvera olvera , francisco javier callejas - jim\u00e9nez , melisa hern\u00e1ndez - ramos , jos\u00e9 carlos iturbe - morgado , ferdinand torres - 2016 . first records for amphibians and reptiles from the municipality of atotonilco el grande , hidalgo , m\u00e9xico . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 91 - 93\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2000 . reptilien und amphibien mittelamerikas , bd 1 : krokodile , schildkr\u00f6ten , echsen . herpeton verlag , offenbach , 158 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nsmith , h . m . 1949 . miscellaneous notes on mexican lizards . j . washington acad . sci . 39 : 34 - 43 .\ntaylor , edward h . 1937 . two new lizards of the genus leiolopisma from mexico , with comments on another mexican species . copeia 1937 ( 1 ) : 5 - 11 - get paper here\nwerning , h . 2017 . der gro\u00dfe treck \u2013 teil 5 . don\u2019t mess with texas . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 22 ( 128 ) : 68 - 79 - get paper here\nwoolrich - pi\u00f1a , g . a . , e . garc\u00eda - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791\u2013884\ncherriei : tabasco and n chiapas on atlantic slopes , costa rica on pacific slopes , eastward to panama . type locality : palmar , costa rica .\nixbaac : peninsula of yucat\u00e1n , southward as far as campeche and n pet\u00e9n , guatemala . type locality : chichen itz\u00e1 , yucat\u00e1n .\nstuarti : c veracruz , in foothills , southward to the isthmus of tehuantepec ; oaxaca . type locality : potrero viejo , veracruz .\nholotype : amnh 9531 ( collected by george k . cherrie ) holotype : ummz 80820 ( ixbaac ) holotype : usnm 115174 ( stuarti ) holotype : zsm 824 / 0 ( lost ) , adult ? [ brevis ]\nsynonymy , subspecies , and distribution mainly after smith & taylor 1950 , peters & donoso - barros ( 1986 ) . not listed for el salvador by k\u00f6hler ( 2000 ) . relative abundance in honduras : common\nalvarez del toro , m . 1982 . los reptiles de chiapas . 3rd ed . m\u00e9xico : tuxtla guti\u00e9rrez , 248 pp .\n\u00e1lvarez del toro , m . , & smith , h . m . 1956 . notulae herpetologicae chiapasiae . i . herpetologica 12 : 3 - 17 - get paper here\narias , erick ; federico bola\u00f1os 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncooper jr . , w . e . 2005 . duration of movement as a lizard foraging movement variable . herpetologica 61 ( 4 ) : 363 - 372 - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1893 . second addition to the knowledge of the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica . proc . amer . philos . soc . 31 : 333 - 347 - get paper here\nduellman , w . e . 1963 . amphibians and reptiles of the rainforest of southern el peten , guatemala . univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . 15 : 205 - 49 . - get paper here\nespinal , mario ; jos\u00e9 mario sol\u00eds , carlos o\u2019reilly , and rony valle 2014 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from the department of choluteca , honduras . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 298 - get paper here\ngonz\u00e1lez - s\u00e1nchez , v . h . , j . d . johnson , e . garc\u00eda - padilla , v . mata - silva , d . l . desantis and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of the mexican yucatan peninsula : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 2 ) : 264\u2013380 - get paper here\nhonda , m . ; ota , h . ; kohler , g . ; ineich , i . ; chirio , l . ; chen , s . - l . ; hikida , t . 2003 . phylogeny of the lizard subfamily lygosominae ( reptilia : scincidae ) , with special reference to the origin of the new world taxa . genes and genetic systems 78 ( 1 ) : 71 - 80 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , gunther , joseph vargas , johannes j . k\u00f6hler and milan vesel\u00b4y . 2013 . noteworthy distributional records of amphibians and reptiles from costa rica . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 280 - 283\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nmccranie , j . & casta\u00f1eda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1952 . die amphibien und reptilien von el salvador . abh . senckenb . naturf . ges . ( frankfurt ) ( no . 487 ) : 120 pp .\nmittleman , m . b . 1950 . the generic status of scincus lateralis say , 1823 . herpetologica 6 ( 2 ) : 17 - 24 - get paper here\nmyers , c w . donnelly m a . 1991 . the lizard genus sphenomorphus ( scincidae ) in panama with description of a new species . american museum novitates ( 3027 ) : 1 - 12 . - get paper here\nnicholson , kirsten e . , james r . mccranie and gunther k\u00f6hler 2000 . herpetofaunal expedition to parque nacional patuca : a newly established park in honduras . herpetological bulletin ( 72 ) : 26 - 31 . - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nscott , n . j . 1976 . the abundance and diversity of the herpetofaunas of tropical forest litter . biotropica 8 ( 1 ) : 41 - 58\nsmith , hobart m . 1939 . mexican herpetological novelties . proc . biol . soc . washington 52 : 187 - 196 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1941 . a new race of lygosoma from mexico . proc . biol . soc . washington 54 : 181 - 182 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1946 . notes on central american leiolopisma . herpetologica 3 : 110 - 111 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1948 . the amphibians and reptiles of alta verapaz guatamala . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 69 : 1 - 109 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1940 . notes on the lampropholis group of middle american lygosoma ( scincidae ) with descriptions of two new forms . occ . pap . mus . zool . univ . michigan 421 : 1 - 16\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1956 . a review of the lizards of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( part 1 ) : 3 - 322 - get paper here\ntownsend , j . h . , l . d . wilson , m . medina - flores , e . aguilar - urbina , b . k . atkinson et al . 2012 . a premontane hotspot for herpetological endemism on the windward side of refugio de vida silvestre tex\u00edguat , honduras . salamandra 48 ( 2 ) : 92 - 114 - get paper here\nurbina - cardona , j . nicol\u00e1s ; mario olivares - p\u00e9rez , v\u00edctor hugo reynoso 2006 . herpetofauna diversity and microenvironment correlates across a pasture\u2013edge\u2013interior ecotone in tropical rainforest fragments in the los tuxtlas biosphere reserve of veracruz , mexico . biological conservation 132 : 61\u201375\nwilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 2003 . the herpetofauna of the cloud forests of honduras . amphibian & reptile conservation 3 ( 1 ) : 34 - 48 - get paper here\nwilson , l . d . & mccranie , j . r . 1994 . comments on the occurrence of a salamander and three lizard species in honduras . amphibia - reptilia 15 : 416 - 421 - get paper here\ntype locality : la placita , hidalgo , 8 miles south of jacala , elevation 7 , 000 feet .\nshea , glenn m . and allen e . greer 2002 . from sphenomorphus to lipinia : generic reassignment of two poorly known new guinea skinks . journal of herpetology 36 ( 2 ) : 148 - 156 - get paper here\ntype locality : plapoo , 6 miles w . of mt . mooleyit , myanmar ( = burma ) , n . tenasserim .\nsyntype : msng 27853 holotype + paratypes : usnm 72282 - 84 [ kohtaoensis ] holotype : bmnh 1946 . 8 . 16 . 77 [ rupicola ] bacboensis : zisp 20006 . 1 ( holotype ) , zisp 20006 . 2\u201320006 . 4 ( paratypes ) .\nbobrov v . v . , semenov d . v . 2008 . lizards of vietnam [ in russian ] . moscow , 236 pp .\nboulenger , g . a . 1887 . an account of the reptiles and batrachians obtained in tenasserim by m . l . fea , of the genova civic museum . ann . mus . civ . stor . nat . genova , 2 . ser . 5 : 474 - 486 - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . taylor & francis , london , xviii , 541 pp . - get paper here\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\ncochran , d . m . 1927 . new reptiles and batrachians collected by dr . hugh m . smith in siam . proc . biol . soc . washington 40 : 179 - 192 . - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; thy neang , thou chav , perry l . wood , jr . , jamie r . oaks , jeremy holden , jesse l . grismer , thomas r . szutz and timothy m . youmans 2008 . additional amphibians and reptiles from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary in northwestern cardamom mountains , cambodia , with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species . raffles bulletin of zoology 56 ( 1 ) : 161 - 175 - get paper here\ngrismer , l . l . et al . 2007 . the herpetofauna of the phnom aural wildlife sanctuary and checklist of the herpetofauna of the cardamom mountains , cambodia . hamadryad 31 ( 2 ) : 216 \u2013 241\ngrismer , l . l . , neang , t . , chav , t . & grismer , j . l . 2008 . checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the cardamom region of southwestern cambodia . cambodian journal of natural history 2008 ( 1 ) : 12\u201328 - get paper here\nhartmann , timo ; flora ihlow , sarah edwards , sovath sothanin , markus handschuh and wolfgang b\u00f6hme 2013 . a preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary in northern cambodia . asian herpetological research 4 ( 1 ) : 36\u201355 - get paper here\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nnabhitabhata , j . , t . chan - ard and y . chuaynkern 2000 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles in thailand . office of environmental policy and planning , bankok . 152pp .\nnguyen , truong quang ; andreas schmitz , tao thien nguyen , nikolai l . orlov , wolfgang b\u00f6hme , and thomas ziegler 2011 . review of the genus sphenomorphus fitzinger , 1843 ( squamata : sauria : scincidae ) in vietnam , with description of a new species from northern vietnam and southern china and the first record of sphenomorphus mimicus taylor , 1962 from vietnam . journal of herpetology 45 ( 2 ) : 145 - 154 . - get paper here\nsang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .\nsmith , m . a . 1916 . description of three new lizards and a new snake from siam . j . nat . hist . soc . siam 2 ( 1 ) : 44 - 47 . - get paper here\nsmith , m . a . 1935 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptiles and amphibia , vol . ii . sauria . taylor and francis , london , 440 pp .\nstuart , b . l . & emmett , d . a . 2006 . a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the cardamom mountains , southwestern cambodia . fieldiana zool . n . s . ( 109 ) : 1 - 27 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1963 . the lizards of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 44 : 687 - 1077 . - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . & elbel , robert e . 1958 . contribution to the herpetology of thailand . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( 13 ) : 1033 - 1189 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\ndescription : 3 - 5 . 5 in ( 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ) . ground skinks are small , slender lizards with long tails and short legs . they range from golden brown to almost black in coloration but are most often coppery brown with a darker stripe running along each side of the body . the belly is white or yellowish .\nrange and habitat : ground skinks range throughout georgia and south carolina and are abundant in all but the wettest habitats . they prefer areas with loose soil and abundant leaf litter and are often found beneath logs , boards , and other cover objects .\nhabits : unlike many other lizards in our region , ground skinks virtually never climb . rather than running on their tiny legs , ground skinks use their slender bodies to wriggle or\nswim\nthrough leaf litter or loose soil , often disappearing in a flash as soon as they are discovered . like other lizards , ground skinks will break off their tail to confuse a potential predator .\nprey : ground skinks prey on tiny insects , spiders , and other invertebrates .\nreproduction : female ground skinks lay clutches of several eggs in moist soil or rotten logs during the summer . it is suspected that ground skinks may lay several clutches per season .\nabundance : ground skinks are abundant in most habitats , particularly open woodlands with abundant leaf litter .\nlike most skinks , ground skinks have short legs relative to their body length . they have a smooth dorsal surface that varies in color from gold to brown and a pair of dark brown stripes down their back . their cryptic coloration often blends into the environment around them , making them difficult to see . their underside is creamy to yellowish white . ground skinks are one of the smallest reptiles in north america . including the tail , adults measure 7 . 5 - 14 . 5 cm ( 3 - 3 . 5 inches ) .\nshy critters , ground skinks are ground dwellers found under the cover of grass , leaves , rocks , and logs . they inhabit the floor of many types of forests , hunting insects , spiders , worms and other invertebrate prey in rotting wood , detritus , and leaf litter . ground skinks also can be found in disturbed areas , such as in gardens of urban areas , especially in warm southern states where they are active year round . further north , ground skinks hibernate underground during the coldest months .\nas small , easy prey , ground skinks have numerous predators including snakes , other species of lizards , many types of birds , wolf spiders , cats , shrews , skunks , and armadillos . while ground skinks might swim to escape a predator , they do not climb . their first response to disturbance is to seek shelter . another defense strategy for these lizards is their ability to release their tail . after falling off , the tail thrashes conspicuously , distracting the predator long enough to allow the skink to escape . in comparison to other lizard species ( e . g . anolis carolinensis , which often lives alongside the ground skink ) , the tail released from s . lateralis thrashes faster , and appears to improve the lizard\u2019s escape rate .\nground skinks are vectors for a number of trematodes , cestodes , nematodes , and a tick species . the tick is a the main lyme disease agent , suggesting that more study of ground skink parasites may be epidemically important .\n( becker and paulissen 2012 ; franklin 2016 ; hammerson 2007 ; mcallister et al . 2014a ; mcallister et al . 2014b ; missouri department of conservation 2016 ; smith 1997 ; wikipedia 2015 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis is a species complex that is currently under revision ( l . canseco pers . comm . ) .\njustification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , common , adaptable and does not appear to be declining fast enough to be listed in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from disjunct localities in coastal veracruz and neighbouring states in mexico . it occurs from 200 to 2 , 000 m asl .\nit occurs in tropical evergreen forest , oak forest , cloud forest and rainforest , as well as secondary and degraded forest . it also occurs in pasturelands .\nits range includes at least two protected areas . no direct conservation measures are needed for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the large and probably relatively stable extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size . no major threats are known .\nthe large range of this united states species extends from new jersey to southern florida , west to kansas , texas , and north to southern illinois , southern indiana , and southern ohio , and south to the gulf coast ( brooks 1975 , conant and collins 1991 ) . it is not currently known to occur with certainty in mexico .\nthis species is represented by thousands of occurrences or subpopulations . the total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100 , 000 and probably exceeds 1 , 000 , 000 . this is a very common lizard in many areas . the extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are large and probably relatively stable .\nthis species occurs in a wide variety of habitats ; generally it occurs in areas with ground cover ( grass , leaf litter , forest floor debris , rocks , etc . ) , including dry upland woodlands as well as stream and pond edges ( bartlett and bartlett 1999 ) ; often it can be found under ground surface cover . it goes underground in cold weather and may seek cover in water when pursued . eggs are laid in moist humus , logs , rotting vegetation , or under rocks ( ashton and ashton 1985 , minton 1972 ) .\nthis lizard occurs in many parks and other protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nhas been assessed as near threatened . although this species has a wide distribution in southern china and northern viet nam it occurs in small isolated populations in less than ten localities , and is threatened by ongoing habitat degradation due to shifting agriculture , infrastructure and development . further information is needed on population numbers , distribution , and ecology .\nthis species is found in southern china and northern viet nam , and is known from only five localities .\npopulations are small ( with only a few specimens ) , and isolated in both china and viet nam .\nthis species inhabits high altitude grassland and secondary forest , up to 1 , 520 m a . s . l . in viet nam and up to 13 , 000 ft in china ( schmidt 1927 , walters 2008 , nguyen et al . 2010b ) .\nthis species is at risk from habitat degradation and loss due to : shifting agriculture , infrastructure , and development .\nthis species has been found in pia oac nature reserve , cao bang province in viet nam . further research into population numbers , distribution , and ecology are needed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfrom all congeners in north and middle america , except s . laterals , by having three or more pairs of nuchal scales ( vs . fewer than three pairs of nuchals in the other species ) and the first nuchal in contact with the tertiary temporal row ( vs . first nuchal usually in contact with the upper secondary temporal in the other species )\nand from s . laterals by having longer limbs ( limbs overlapping by 1 - 15 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 30 - 0 . 42 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 36\nvs . limbs separated by 2 - 23 scales when adpressed against body , hindlimb length / svl ratio 0 . 24 - 0 . 37 , ( x ) over bar = 0 . 30 , in s . laterals ) and usually more scales around midbody ( 28 - 30 , ( x ) over bar = 29 . 0 , n = 15\nvs . 24 - 29 , ( x ) over bar = 26 . 4 , n = 28 , in s . laterals ) . the new species is geographically closest , and morphologically most similar , to s . lateralis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nriccardo castiglia , alexandra m . r . bezerra , oscar flores - villela , flavia annesi , antonio mu\u00f1oz , ekaterina gornung\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ( cc - by - 4 . 0 )\nvia cittadella , 7 - 50144 firenze tel . ( 0039 ) 055 2757700 fax ( 0039 ) 055 2757712 e - mail : info @ urltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nchris t . mcallister , r . scott seville , matthew b . connior , stanley e . trauth , and henry w . robison\nscience and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc\nscience and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc ;\na great deal of information is available on the natural history and ecology of this common skink ( brooks , 1975 ) as well as its helminth parasites ( see mcallister et al . , 2014a ) ; however , less is known about its coccidian parasites . atkinson and ayala ( 1987 ) provided a description of an isosporan from s . lateralis in louisiana , and telford ( 1997 ) and telford and bursey ( 2003 ) described an eimerian and isosporan from florida specimens , respectively . however , nothing , to our knowledge , has been published on coccidia of s . lateralis from arkansas . here , we describe a new species of choleoeimeria and isospora from ground skinks of the state .\ntwo ( 3 % ) and 11 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis was found to be passing o\u00f6cysts of two new species of coccidia , which are described below .\npoison spring battlefield historic monument off st . hwy 76 , ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( 33 . 63759\u00b0n , 92 . 987573\u00b0w ) .\n2 of 75 ( 3 % ) overall ; 2 of 6 ( 33 % ) ouachita county .\nexogenous . all o\u00f6cysts were passed in feces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23\u00b0c .\nunknown . o\u00f6cysts were passed in faeces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .\nthe specific epithet is given for ouachita county , arkansas , usa ( from \u2013ensis ) where the host was collected . the county was formed on 29 november 1842 , and named for the ouachita river .\nnomarski interference - contrast photomicrographs of sporulated o\u00f6cysts of choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . and isospora koberi n . sp . 1 o\u00f6cyst of c . ouachitensis showing polar granule ( pg ) and sporozoite ( sz ) ; 2 o\u00f6cyst of c . ouachitensis showing sporocyst residuum ( sr ) in sporozoite and collapsed sporocyst wall at suture ( su ) ; 3 o\u00f6cyst of isospora koberi showing stieda body ( sb ) and substieda body ( ssb ) ; 4 o\u00f6cyst of isospora koberi showing bi - layered oocyst wall ( ow ) . scale bars 15 \u03bcm .\ncomposite line drawings of o\u00f6cysts of 5 choleoeimeria ouachitensis n . sp . ; 6 isospora koberi n . sp .\no\u00f6cyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ellipsoidal to cylindroidal ; 27 . 2 \u00d7 15 . 6 ( 26\u201328 \u00d7 15\u201317 ) , length / width ( l / w ) ratio 1 . 7 ( 1 . 6\u20131 . 8 ) . wall bi\u2013layered , c . 1 . 0 , inner c . 0 . 4 , outer c . 0 . 6 . micropyle absent , oocyst residuum absent , 1 - 2 polar granule ( s ) present .\nsporocysts ( n = 20 ) four , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 8 . 9 \u00d7 6 . 8 ( 8\u201310 \u00d7 6\u20138 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2\u20131 . 5 ) ; wall single - layered c . 0 . 5 with two valves joined by longitudinal sutures . stieda body , sub - stieda body , and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of dispersed granules between sporozoite .\nsporozoites two , banana\u2013shaped , pointed at 1 end , c . 10\u201313 long in situ ; with single ellipsoidal posterior refractile body and spheroidal anterior refractile body , with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .\ncholeoeimeria ouachitensis is most similar to two other coccidians described from north american skinks as follows : choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) egregia telford , 1997 from the peninsula mole skink , plestiodon egregius onocrepis ( cope , 1871 ) from florida possesses wider o\u00f6cysts ( 17 \u03bcm ) and larger sporocysts ( 10 \u00d7 8 \u03bcm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) ; choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) scincellae telford , 1997 described from s . lateralis from florida possesses larger o\u00f6cysts ( 30 \u00d7 16 \u03bcm ) and sporocysts ( 11 \u00d7 8 \u03bcm ) without a polar granule ( telford , 1997 ) . in addition , the only eimerian previously described from arkansas skinks ( pleistiodon fasciatus ) is choleoeimeria ( = eimeria ) fasciatus upton , mcallister , and trauth , 1991 ( upton et al . , 1991 ) . however , o\u00f6cysts of c . fasciatus are considerably larger ( 34 . 9 \u00d7 16 . 2 \u03bcm vs . 27 . 2 \u00d7 15 . 6 \u03bcm ) than the new species .\nmull , marion county , arkansas , usa ( 36\u00b004\u201920 . 1\u201dn , 92\u00b035\u201959 . 6\u201dw ) .\n10 s . lateralis ; 1 female , 35 mm svl , collected 5 october 2012 from 3 km n of calion , calhoun county ( 33\u00b022\u201937 . 1\u201dn , 92\u00b030\u201923 . 7\u201dw ) ; 1 male , 33 mm svl , collected 11 january 2013 from harrell , calhoun county ( 33\u00b030\u201936 . 4\u201dn , 92\u00b030\u201955 . 5\u201dw ) and 1 male , 47 mm svl collected 3 august 2012 from mull , marion county ( 36\u00b004\u201920 . 1\u201dn , 92\u00b035\u201959 . 6\u201dw ) ; 1 male , 44 mm svl , collected 26 october 2012 from 6 . 5 km se of bluff city at holeman cemetery , ouachita county ( 33\u00b040\u201910 . 9\u201dn , 93\u00b005\u201946 . 4\u201dw ) ; 5 males , 30 , 32 , 39 , 43 , 46 mm svl and 1 female 27 mm svl collected september 2012 - january 2013 from grady bell road , el dorado , union county ( 33\u00b012\u201948 . 7\u201dn , 92\u00b035\u20199 . 5\u201dw ) .\n11 of 75 ( 15 % ) s . lateralis overall ; 2 of 5 ( 20 % ) calhoun county ; 2 of 2 ( 100 % ) marion county ; 1 of 6 ( 17 % ) ouachita county ; 6 of 29 ( 21 % ) union county .\nexogenous . all oocysts were passed in faeces unsporulated or partially sporulated and fully sporulated within 5 days at c . 23\u00b0c .\nunknown . o\u00f6cysts were passed in feces and host tissues were not collected or preserved for histological sectioning .\nthe specific epithet is given in honor of christian albert kober ( 1901\u20131968 ) , who accompanied his maternal grandson ( ctm ) on many memorable occasions in the field and who first taught him to appreciate the fauna of arkansas .\no\u00f6cyst ( n = 20 ) colourless , smooth , ovoidal ; 25 . 1 \u00d7 20 . 5 ( 20\u201326 \u00d7 19\u201321 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 2 ( 1 . 1\u2013 1 . 2 ) . wall bilayered , c . 1 . 2 , outer c . 0 . 7 , inner c . 0 . 5 ; micropyle absent , o\u00f6cyst residuum absent ; single polar granule present ( rarely ) .\nsporocysts ( n = 20 ) two , colourless , smooth , ovoidal , 11 . 4 \u00d7 8 . 6 ( 10\u201312 \u00d7 8\u20139 ) ; l / w ratio 1 . 3 ( 1 . 2\u20131 . 4 ) ; wall single - layered wall c . 0 . 4 . prominent nipple\u2013like stieda body present , sub - stieda body present and para - stieda body absent ; sporocyst residuum consists of condensed granules dispersed between sporozoite .\nsporozoites ( not measured ) four , sausage\u2013shaped ; with single with spheroidal anterior refractile body and single posterior refractile body with nucleus slightly posterior to midpoint .\nare larger ( 26 . 5 \u00d7 24 . 3 \u03bcm and 14 . 9 \u00d7 10 . 4 \u03bcm ) than the new species . given these differences when compared to three other described isosporans from north american skinks , we feel confident that we are describing a new species .\n) . of the 13 species of north american skinks , coccidians have now been reported from five ( 38 % ) species .\n\u2020 originally described as eimeria spp . ( see modr\u00fd and jirk\u016f , 2006 , for taxonomic changes of new combinations ) .\n\u2021 an undescribed eimerian reported from gall bladder epithelium and most likely a choleoeimeria sp .\nmcallister et al . ( 1994 ) previously examined a sample of 26 s . lateralis from arkansas , oklahoma , and texas and did not find any to be passing coccidia . in addition , their survey included 20 other non - infected skinks , including two southern coal skinks , plestiodon anthracinus pluvialis ( cope , 1880 ) from arkansas , and two great plains skinks , plestiodon obsoletus baird & girard , 1852 , eight southern prairie skinks , plestiodon septentrionalis obtusirostris ( bocourt , 1879 ) and eight four - lined skinks , plestiodon tetragrammus baird , 1859 from texas . in addition , none of the 20 s . lateralis we examined in the present survey from oklahoma was found to be passing coccidia . it appears that prevalence of coccidia among north american skinks is low and finding infected hosts outside of species already reported herein ( particularly those which range into the more arid western us states ) may be challenging .\nwe thank patricia a . pilitt ( usnpc ) for her expert curatorial assistance . the arkansas game & fish commission issued scientific collecting permits to ctm and mbc . this study was funded , in part , by grants from the national center for research resources ( p20rr016474 ) and the national institute of general medical sciences ( p20gm103432 ) from the national institutes of health to rss . the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the national institutes of health .\nscience and mathematics division eastern oklahoma state college idabel , oklahoma 74745 , usa ude . es @ retsillacmc .\ndepartment of zoology and physiology university of wyoming casper , wyoming 82601 , usa .\nhealth and natural sciences south arkansas community college el dorado , arkansas 71730 , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences arkansas state university state university , arkansas 72467 , usa .\n3rd ed . ( expanded ) . houghton mifflin ; boston : 1998 . p . 616 .\njirk\u016f m , modr\u00fd d , \u0161lapeta jr , koudela b , lukes j . the phylogeny of goussia and choleoeimeria ( apicomplexa : eimeriorina ) and the evolution of excystation structures in coccidian .\nmcallister ct , duszynski dw , fisher rn , austin cc . a new species of eimeria schneider , 1875 ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the solomon ground skink , sphenomorphus solomonis ( sauria : scincidae ) from papua new guinea ."]}
{"id": 986, "summary": [{"text": "bicyclus lamani is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in gabon , northern angola and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of open grassy woodland at altitudes between 700 and 1,500 meters . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bicyclus lamani", "paragraphs": ["bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79\nbicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101\nbicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902\nbicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788\nbicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104\nbicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071\nbicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791\nbicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908\nbicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783\nbicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068\nbicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164\nbicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440\nbicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442\nbicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103\nbicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445\nbicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447\nbicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108\nbicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796\nbicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073\nbicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076\n= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )\nbicyclus is a butterfly genus from the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae . the species are found in the afrotropical ecozone .\nbicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629\nbicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166\nbicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85\nbicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja\nbicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]\ndicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson\nw . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]\nhewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550\nephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099\nmycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256\ns . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando p\u00f3o ( mac\u00edas nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]\nidiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast\nkenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]\nmesogena mesogenina gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 \u00b2 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509\nmycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon\nc . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8\nsenegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]\ngambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis tolosa pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria\nburundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po\nzululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]\nrhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )\ne . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34\nmycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32\nmycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228\nmycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes\nw . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake\nbrunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97\nw . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii\nmycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po\nsmithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906\nmycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon\ne . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2\nmycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast\nmycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28\nmycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar\nmycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348\nghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4\nzaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]\nburundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )\nmycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi\nrhodesia , mo\u00e7ambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]\nkenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .\nanynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603\nmycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara\nsw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]\nn . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]\nsenegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]\nw . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia\nmycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile\nmycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia\nfunebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50\nguinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni\nmycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe\nnigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar\nguinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m\nmycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde\nmycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons\nmycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake\nmycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110\nmycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo\nmycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari\nmycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nic\u00e9ville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo\nmycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa\nmycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8\nmycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon\nmycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo\nmycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen\nmycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun\nmycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nverzeichniss einer von dem herren mission\u00e4ren e . laman und w . sj\u00f6holm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung\nzoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1\nresults from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\ndescription d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au lib\u00e9ria , 1948 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndescriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\na list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnotes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\ninsekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff\ndie insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\ndescriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa\na list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,\nneue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopaloc\u00e8res )\nweymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 988, "summary": [{"text": "synodontis woleuensis is a species of upside-down catfish native to equatorial guinea and gabon .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was first described in 2008 by american zoologists john p. friel and john p. sullivan .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the original holotypes were collected in the woleu-ntem province , gabon .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the specific name \" woleuensis \" is derived from the woleu river , where the specimens were originally collected . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "synodontis woleuensis", "paragraphs": ["fuente : wikipedia . paginas : 26 . capitulos : synodontis njassae , synodontis multipunctata , synodontis nigriventris , synodontis eupterus , synodontis nigromaculata , synodontis membranaceus , synodontis resupinatus , synodontis nebulosus , synodontis woosnami , synodontis nigrita , synodontis dorsomaculatus , synodontis leopardina , synodontis flavitaeniatus , synodontis petricola , synodontis filamentosa , synodontis clarias , synodontis afrofischeri , synodontis macrops , synodontis macrostigma , synodontis obesus , synodontis angelica , synodontis khartoumensis , synodontis ruandae , synodontis thamalakanensis , synodontis violacea , synodontis vanderwaali , synodontis fuelleborni , synodontis rufigiensis , synodontis zambezensis , synodontis victoriae , synodontis multimaculatus , synodontis ocellifer , synodontis camelopardalis , synodontis waterloti , synodontis schall , synodontis ricardoae , synodontis rukwaensis , synodontis bastiani , synodontis schoutedeni , synodontis steindachneri , synodontis ornatipinnis , synodontis annectens , synodontis longirostris , synodontis matthesi , synodontis macrophthalmus , synodontis batesii , synodontis manni , synodontis albolineata , synodontis longispinis , synodontis tanganyicae , synodontis acanthomias , synodontis acanthoperca , synodontis macrostoma , synodontis ansorgii , synodontis dhonti , synodontis punctifer , synodontis pardalis , synodontis robbianus , synodontis polystigma , synodontis centralis , synodontis polli , synodontis arnoulti , synodontis robertsi , synodontis gobroni , synodontis greshoffi , synodontis velifer , synodontis brichardi , synodontis unicolor , synodontis lufirae , synodontis pleurops , synodontis budgetti , synodontis ouemeensis , synodontis nummifer , synodontis tessmanni , synodontis pulcher , synodontis woleuensis , synodontis katangae , synodontis koensis , synodontis iturii , synodontis alberti , synodontis depauwi , synodontis dekimpei , synodontis polyodon , synodontis soloni , synodontis laessoei , synodontis thysi , synodontis kogonensis , synodontis cou . . .\nthe following term was not found in genome : synodontis woleuensis [ orgn ] .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2014 ) .\nsynodontis woleuensis\nin fishbase . may 2014 version .\nsynodontis woleuensis , a new species of mochokid catfish , is described from the woleu / mbini / uoro and ntem basins of gabon and equatorial guinea .\nlateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . \u00a9\nsynodontis woleuensis has previously been misidentified in the literature and museum collections as s . batesii , a closely related species also known from the lower guinea ichthyofaunal region , as well as the congo basin .\nsynodontis woleuensis differs markedly in its pigmentation from the two other species of synodontis in west central africa that possess an anteriorly serrated dorsal spine : s . batesii boulenger 1907 and s . albolineata pellegrin 1924 . in these species , pigmentation on the ventral surface is as dark or darker than the sides and dorsal surface of the body , not lighter as in s . woleuensis . synodontis albolineata has a prominent white band overlaying the lateral line and head and flanks are characterized by irregular small dark brown spots and blotches over a lighter brown background . synodontis batesii in contrast has three broad , irregular dark brown bands along its flanks : the first below the dorsal fin , the second below the adipose fin and the third in advance of the caudal fin and elsewhere irregular dark brown blotches superimposed over a light brown background . synodontis batesii and s . albolineata have neither the spotted pattern of s . woleuensis , nor the depigmented curved band at the anterior margin of the caudal fin .\nfriel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 3\u009612 .\nfriel , j . p . and j . p . sullivan , 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 157 ( 1 ) : 3 - 12 . ( ref . 78430 )\ndistribution map for synodontis woleuensis with the type locality indicated by a star symbol . note two points within equatorial guinea are estimated from records with incomplete locality data ( i . e . , mrac 173144 from the kye\u0301 river , and uncataloged specimens cited by roman ( 1971 ) from the kye\u0301 and bolo rivers ) . from friel & sullivan 2008 .\nsynodontis woleuensis has a relatively restricted distribution , and is known only from the woleu river of gabon ( in equatorial guinea called the mbini or uoro river on modern maps , or the benito river on older maps ) and the ky\u00e9 ( kie ) river , a tributary of the ntem river , that runs along the border between equatorial guinea and gabon .\ndiagnosis . \u2014 synodontis woleuensis can be distinguished from all congeners by the combination of well developed serrations on the anterior margin of the dorsal spine and a distinctive pigmentation pattern . its unique pigmentation is characterized by : 1 ) a variable pattern and number of light , cream colored spots\u2014irregular in size and shape , but always smaller than the orbit diameter\u2014distributed over a largely uniform dark brown upper body and over a more lightly pigmented ventral surface , and 2 ) a narrow , depigmented , curved band along the entire anterior margin of the caudal fin . while the position and number of light spots on the body is variable , one spot always occurs on the dorsum at the origin of the adipose fin and another at the terminus of this fin . synodontis woleuensis differs markedly in its pigmentation from the two other species of synodontis in west central africa that possess an anteriorly serrated dorsal spine : s . batesii boulenger 1907 and s . albolineata pellegrin 1924 . in these species , pigmentation on the ventral surface is as dark or darker than the sides and dorsal surface of the body , not lighter as in s . woleuensis . synodontis albolineata has a prominent white band overlaying the lateral line and head and flanks are characterized by irregular small dark brown spots and blotches over a lighter brown background . synodontis batesii in contrast has three broad , irregular dark brown bands along its flanks : the first below the dorsal fin , the second below the adipose fin and the third in advance of the caudal fin and elsewhere irregular dark brown blotches superimposed over a light brown background . synodontis batesii and s . albolineata have neither the spotted pattern of s . woleuensis , nor the depigmented curved band at the anterior margin of the caudal fin .\nmusschoot , t . , and p . lal\u00e8y\u00e8 . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1303\u00961331 .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .\nfossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\n6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a\u2013b ) \u2026 synodontis\nday , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548\u0096552 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193\u0096202 .\nsanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 89\u009699 .\nsynodontis woleuensis has a relatively restricted distribution , and is known only from the woleu river of gabon ( in equatorial guinea called the mbini or uoro river on modern maps , or the benito river on older maps ) and the ky ( kie ) river , a tributary of the ntem river , that runs along the border between equatorial guinea and gabon . the species has only recently been described ( 2008 ) and may be more widespread than currently known . father investigation is needed before a compete red list assessment can be made .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 85\u009697 .\njustification : synodontis woleuensis has a relatively restricted distribution , and is known only from the woleu river of gabon ( in equatorial guinea called the mbini or uoro river on modern maps , or the benito river on older maps ) and the ky\u00e9 ( kie ) river , a tributary of the ntem river , that runs along the border between equatorial guinea and gabon . the species has only recently been described ( 2008 ) and may be more widespread than currently known . father investigation is needed before a compete red list assessment can be made .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98\u0096113 .\nthirteen papers on the taxonomy and systematics of catfishes from africa , asia and south america , including descriptions of one new tribe , one new genus , and 13 new species , and phylogenetic studies of the families mochokidae and amblycipitidae . contents : new species : \u201csynodontis woleuensis\u201d ; \u201catopodontus adriaensi\u201d ; \u201cchrysichthys\u201d ; \u201cliobagrus\u201d ; geographic variation in \u201cparauchenoglanis ngamensis\u201d ; \u201cnanobagrus\u201d ; \u201cglyptothorax plectilis\u201d ; \u201cpimelodus pintado\u201d ; the venezuelan species of \u201cphenacorhamdia\u201d , with the description of two new species and a new tooth morphology for siluriforms ; \u201cgelanoglanis\u201d ; taxonomic revision of extant \u201cdoras\u201d lacepede , 1803 with descriptions of 3 new species .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99\u0096154 .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294\u0096300 .\nkoblm\u00fcller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 45\u009656 .\nde weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngouni\u00e9 and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121\u0096128 .\nnine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .\neven more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water\u2019s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . in honour of the german researcher dr . g . a . fischer , who collected the first species of fishes known to science from lake victoria and some other places within east africa .\nbeyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . the species is named for the collector of the holotype , dr . ben van der waal , in recognition of his donations of fish collections from northern nanibian rivers to the j . l . b . smith institute of icthyology and the albany museum .\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . \u00a9\nlittle is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . it is very similar in colour pattern to the more commonly encountered synodontis nigriventris . the main differences being that s . contracta has a bigger head , broader mouth and far larger eye .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as \u2018squeakers\u2019 and \u2018upside - down catfishes . \u2019 these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a \u2018stick\u2019 by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nthe specific name is in reference to the woleu river of gabon , the type locality for this new species ( ref . 78430 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 1 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 78430 ) ; 6 . 5 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 1 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 34 - 36 . this species has well - developed serrations on the anterior margin of the dorsal spine and a distinctive pigmentation pattern : a variable pattern and number of light , cream colored spots distributed over a largely uniform dark brown upper body and over a more lightly pigmented ventral surface , and a narrow , depigmented , curved band along the entireanterior margin of the caudal fin ( ref . 78430 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01380 ( 0 . 00613 - 0 . 03110 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npan - africa freshwater assessment references . currently , full citations for references used in the pan - africa biodiversity assessments are unavailable on the red list web site . these will be added to the site in 2011 . we apologise for any inconvenience this causes .\niucn . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2010 . 3 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 2 september 2010 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . \u00a9\nvigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .\n1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2\n1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5\n2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e\u2013f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) \u2026 chiloglanis\n2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3\n3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) \u2026 atopodontus\n3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4\n4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae \u2026 atopochilus\n4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 euchilichthys\n5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c\u2013f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6\n5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7\n6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) \u2026 microsynodontis\n7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 acanthocliethron\n7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8\nchapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130\u0096135 .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1\u0096628 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 13\u009623 .\njubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .\nng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 1\u009613 .\notero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141\u0096169 .\nroberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151\u0096178 .\nsato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 58\u009659 .\nseegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . mus\u00e9e royal de l\u0092afrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1\u0096407 .\nseegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .\nstewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177\u0096230\nvigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73\u0096136 .\nwinemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 1043\u00961061 .\nwisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 45\u009670 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to john p . friel at and thomas r . vigliotta at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\n. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthe following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .\nferraris , carl j . , jr . , and m\u00e1rio c . c . de pinna . 1999 . higher - level names for catfishes ( actinopterygii : ostariophysi : siluriformes ) . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , vol . 51 , no . 1 . 1 - 17\nnelson , joseph s . 1994 . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600\nannales du musee royal de l ' afrique centrale serie 8 zoologie . 1 - 497 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nplusieurs esp\u00e8ces de la famille mochokidae sont import\u00e9es pour les aquariums , mais peu se reproduisent r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement en captivit\u00e9 . de nouvelles et rares esp\u00e8ces de la famille mochokidae sont fr\u00e9quemment introduites sur le march\u00e9 .\ndistribution : l\u2019afrique . nageoire adipeuse g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement tr\u00e8s grande ; anale \u00e0 moins de 10 rayons ; les \u00e9pines des nageoires dorsale et pectorale sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement forte , trois paires de barbillons sensitifs tactiles , barbeaux nasales barbillons absents et le mandibulaire peut avoir de nombreuses branches , d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces poss\u00e8dent des l\u00e8vres et une partie de barbillons modifi\u00e9 dans une ventouse orale ( atopochilus , chiloglanis et euchilichthys ) , longueur maximale 72 cm .\n209 esp\u00e8ces dans la famille mochokidae . liste nominale des esp\u00e8ces appartenant \u00e0 la famille mochokidae\n177mm or 7\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .\nrarely grows to lengths greater than 15 cm sl . in the piti river specimens at two occasions were caught between dense vegetation near the river banks . this species has adapted to a wide variety of habitats and thrives equally as well in the hard , alkaline waters of lake victoria as in the soft , acidic waters of swamps .\nafrica : lake victoria , lake nabugabo , victoria nile , lake kyoga , kagera river , ihema lake , kingani river , malagarasi ( nile basin ) .\nhistorically ( until the 1960s ) this species was found throughout the lake victoria basin in a wide variety of habitats . today , due to predation by the nile perch , they are primarily restricted to heavily vegetated swamps and feeder rivers that nile perch can not enter , as well as thick strands of reeds or hippo grass on the lake ' s margins . in captivity they will thrive in set ups as diverse as a rock habitat for victorian haplochromids to a victorian papyrus swamp populated with ctenopoma and larger killie fishes .\na peaceful fish , but should not be kept with very small fishes which it may mistake for food .\nchapman , kaufman , and chapman ( 1994 ) why swim upside down ? a comparative study of two mochokid catfishes . copeia . 1994 ( 1 ) pp 130 - 135 . references that some of the s . afrofischeri used in their study were specimens obtained from a captive spawning in the lake victoria exhibit at the franklin park zoo in boston . no further details are given . is thought to spawn in the piti river or the rungwa drainage at the beginning of the rains in november / december .\nsitzungsber . ges . naturf . freunde berlin1888 - pp77 the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage , seegers pg . 236\n( 1 ) corybreed , ( 2 ) synodont _ fan , ( 3 ) photizo379 ( p : 2 ) . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\n60mm or 2 . 4\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nunknown , hard to tell differences in genital papillae in such a small species .\nlive foods , frozen foods , tablet , granulated and flake foods . the species is fond of snails and some vegetable matter should be included in the diet .\nwell planted tank would best suit this fish as it lives in this type of habitat in the wild over muddy substrate .\nmost small to medium sized community fishes . african tetras would be the most appropriate . this species is found in large shoals in the wild and should be kept in a group of at least 3 or 4 individuals preferably more .\nalthough not hatched , at least one aquarium spawning has been encountered . a small group produced one batch of thirty , large ( 3 . 0 mm diameter ) bright orange eggs , these were hidden away at the back of the tank .\nann . mus . civ . stor . nat . ` giacomo doria ' v . 53 - pp24 [ 20 ] - pl . 1\n( 1 ) synoguy ( k : 4 ) , ( 2 ) ak viking , ( 3 ) jools ( k : 6 ) , ( 4 ) synodont _ fan , ( 5 ) robdoran1 , ( 6 ) jeox , ( 7 ) richard b , ( 8 ) reginator ( k : 2 ) , ( 9 ) jippo ( k : 6 ) , ( 10 ) fuzzytigerbird , ( 11 ) matsp ( k : 9 ) , ( 12 ) corybreed ( k : 10 ) , ( 13 ) long barbels , ( 14 ) johanwre , ( 15 ) protopterus , ( 16 ) caninesrock , ( 17 ) catfishchaos , who also notes :\nvery secretive only coming out when food is added . remained hidden at lfs for at least 3 months before being discovered .\n. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\n156mm or 6 . 1\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\noccurs in the kwando river ( upper zambezi ) , okavango river and delta and the cunene river .\nskelton [ p . h . ] & white [ p . n . ] 1990 : 284 , figs . 5 ( a - b ) [ ichthyological exploration of freshwaters v . 1 ( no . 3 ) . skelton , p ( 2001 ) a guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa . struik , pg256 . seegers , ( 2008 ) the catfishes of africa pg . 503 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ndescription . \u2014small species with a maximum standard length < 70 mm . body compressed . predorsal profile gently convex ; postdorsal body sloping gently ventrally . preanal profile horizontal . anus and urogenital opening located slightly anterior to vertical though origin of adipose fin . skin on body smooth without any enlarged tubercles , lateral line complete and midlateral along entire side of body . head depressed and broad , obtusely pointed when viewed laterally with a slightly pointed margin when viewed dorsally . gill opening restricted to lateral aspect of head from level of the base of pectoral spine dorsally to level of the ventral margin of the eye . gill membranes broadly united to , and attached across the isthmus , supported by 6 branchiostegal rays . bony elements of skull roof with superficial , granular ornamentation . skin covering skull\nroof with a few small unculiferous tubercles . occipital - nuchal shield large , without prominent sutures , terminat - ing posteriorly with two rounded processes on each side of dorsal fin .\nbarbels in three pairs . maxillary barbel long , slend - er and unbranched , extending well beyond base of last pectoral - fin ray when intact . no basal membrane present on maxillary barbel . mandibular barbels originate immed - iately posterior to lower lip in a transverse row . lateral mandibular barbels long , reaching just beyond pectoral fin insertion , with 5 or 6 primary , unpaired , simple branches . medial mandibular barbels , somewhat less than 2 / 3rds the length of the lateral barbels , with 3 or 4 paired proximal branches with secondary ramifications , and 2 or 3 more distal , unpaired branches .\neyes relatively small , slightly ovoid ; horizontal diam - eter approximately half orbital interspace . orbit with a free margin . anterior nares slightly closer together than poste - rior nares . anterior nares tubular with a short raised rim . posterior nares with elevated flaps along anterior margin .\nmouth inferior and crescent shaped ; lips plicate . all teeth unicuspid . primary , secondary and tertiary premaxil - lary teeth discrete . primary teeth robust and conical , 25\u201340 . secondary teeth , shorter and conical , 22\u201350 . tertiary teeth slender and elongate , 40\u201365 . mandibular teeth 26\u201341 ; concentrated in a clump at jaw symphysis ; individual teeth\ndorsal fin located at anterior third of body . dorsal fin with spinelet , spine and 7 rays ; fin membrane not adnate with body . dorsal - fin spine long and straight ; with 14\u201319 well - developed serrations along proximal 2 / 3rd of anterior margin ; a few weakly developed serrations on distal 1 / 3rd of posterior margin . adipose fin well developed ; margin convex . caudal fin forked , count i , 7 , 8 , i . procurrent caudal - fin rays symmetrical and extend only slightly anterior to fin base . anal - fin base located ventral to adipose fin ; margin convex . anal - fin count usually iii , 8 . pelvic - fin origin slight - ly behind vertical from posterior end of dorsal fin base . pelvic - fin margins convex , tip of appressed fin just reaches anal - fin origin . pelvic - fin count i , 6 . pectoral - fin count i , 7 . pectoral fin with straight , stout spine bearing 19\u201327 large , distally directed serrations on anterior margin and 10\u201315 large , proximally directed serrations on posterior margin . cleithral process with a distinct lateral ridge , elongated and narrow with concave dorsal profile and terminating in a sharp point just beyond vertical from terminus of nuchal\nno apparent sexual dimorphism in shape or size of fins , body ornamentation , or tuberculation of skin . dimorphism in body size present : largest specimens in all samples examined are females .\nappear uniformly medium to dark brown with numerous , small , irregular , light spots . spots on flanks often bear raised neuromasts near their centers . all specimens with a light spot at both anterior and posterior margins of adipose fin . commonly specimens also bear a light spot at posterior margin of dorsal fin\n5 . 1 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 78430 ) ) ; 6 . 47 cm sl ( female )\nthis species has well - developed serrations on the anterior margin of the dorsal spine and a distinctive pigmentation pattern : a variable pattern and number of light , cream colored spots distributed over a largely uniform dark brown upper body and over a more lightly pigmented ventral surface , and a narrow , depigmented , curved band along the entireanterior margin of the caudal fin ( ref . 78430 ) .\nwhere it is known only from the woleu river , after which it was named , and the ky\u00e9 river .\nthis species grows to a length of 6 . 5 centimetres ( 2 . 6 in )\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\na lavishly and profusely illustrated treatise on the plant - life resources of spanish continental guinea and neighboring territories in central africa .\nunderstanding the impact of hunting on wildlife populations is crucial to achieving sustainability and requires knowledge of prey abundance responses to different levels of exploitation . while the abundance of primates has been shown to respond independently to hunting and habitat , habitat is rarely considered simultaneously when evaluating the impacts of hunting . furthermore , the importance of these two factors in determining the abundance of other species has not been well investigated . we evaluate the independent effects of hunting and habitat on the abundance of a diverse assemblage of species , using a series of predictions and data from a study in equatorial guinea .\nhabitat preference of the russet - eared guenon was analyzed on bioko island , republic of equatorial guinea . almost all the island is inhabited by this primate , that is able to live near human settlements . ecological plasticity and adaptability are shown to be the main characters of this guenon on bioko island .\nhabitat preference of the spot - nosed guenon and the crowned guenon was analysed on bioko island , republic of equatorial guinea .\na census was made of gorilla populations throughout the rio muni region in equatorial guinea between july 1989 and december 1990 . the aim of the census was to estimate the total numbers of this species in relation with its distribution on rio muni region . the estimated size of the gorilla population in rio muni stands between 1000 and 2000 individuals ."]}
{"id": 989, "summary": [{"text": "fascioloides magna , also known as giant liver fluke , large american liver fluke or deer fluke , is trematode parasite that occurs in wild and domestic ruminants in north america and europe .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "adult flukes occur in the liver of the definitive host and feed on blood .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "mature flukes measure 4 to 10 cm in length \u00d7 2 to 3.5 cm in width , and have an oval dorso-ventrally flattened body with oral and ventral sucker .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the flukes are reddish-brown in colour and are covered by tegument .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "as with other digenean trematodes , the life cycle includes intramolluscan phase in snails .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the parasite is currently distributed in wild ruminants in north america and europe , including austria , canada , czechia , croatia , germany , hungary , italy , poland , serbia , slovakia , and usa . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "fascioloides magna", "paragraphs": ["giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) , an important liver parasite of ruminants .\nforeyt wj , leathers cw . experimental infection of domestic goats with fascioloides magna .\ndistribution of potential intermediate hosts for fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna in montana , usa .\nsusceptibility of bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) to experimentally - induced fascioloides magna infections .\nexperimental infection of lymnaeid snails in wisconsin with miracidia of fascioloides magna and fasciola hepatica .\nefficacy of triclabendazole against natural infections of fascioloides magna in wapiti . - pubmed - ncbi\npredilection site of fascioloides magna is the liver , occasionally the lungs and the intestine .\nlife history and biology of fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) and its native and exotic hosts .\ndescribe the pathophysiology of fascioloides magna ( the large american liver fluke ) infections in cattle .\na natural infection of fascioloides magna in a llama ( lama glama ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nfascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) in feral swine from southern texas . - pubmed - ncbi\nsequences of primers used to amplify fragments of fascioloides magna mitochondrial genome . ( docx 13 kb )\nmolecular characterization of fascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) from south - western poland . . .\nadult stage of the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna . the photo was taken by martin ka\u0161n\u00fd .\nkennedy mj , acorn rc . moraiko dt . survey of fascioloides magna in farmed wapiti in alberta .\nsummary of statistical parameters for 11 microsatellite loci of fascioloides magna from europe . ( docx 26 kb )\nwherefrom and whereabouts of an alien : the american liver fluke fascioloides magna in austria : an overview .\ndistribution of potential intermediate hosts for fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna in montana , usa . - pubmed - ncbi\nsusceptibility of bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) to experimentally - induced fascioloides magna infections . - pubmed - ncbi\nexperimental infection of lymnaeid snails in wisconsin with miracidia of fascioloides magna and fasciola hepatica . - pubmed - ncbi\nsummary of statistical parameters for 11 microsatellite loci of fascioloides magna from north america . ( docx 31 kb )\nrecovery of fascioloides magna ( digenea ) population in spite of treatment programme ? screening of ga . . .\nprevalence of fascioloides magna in galba truncatula in the danube backwater area east of vienna , au . . .\nlankester mw . parelaphostrongylus tenuis ( nematoda ) and fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) in moose of southeastern manitoba .\nmule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) and elk ( cervus elaphus ) as experimental definitive hosts for fascioloides magna .\nfascioloides magna ( a , a ) and fasciola hepatica ( b , b ) , adults and eggs .\ndiagnosis and therapy of liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) infection in fallow deer ( dama dama ) in serbia .\neffect of fascioloides magna ( digenea ) on fecundity , shell height , and survival rate of pseudosuccin . . .\nthe origin of the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) from croatia determ . . .\nimpact of the giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) on elk and other ungulates in banff and kootney national parks .\nfascioloides magna , the giant liver fluke , parasite of cattle , sheep and other livestock . biology , prevention and control\nfascioloides magna - the giant liver fluke - parasite of cattle , sheep and other livestock . biology , prevention and control\ndutson vj , shaw jn , knapp se . epizootiologic factors of fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) in oregon and southern washington .\nwherefrom and whereabouts of an alien : the american liver fluke fascioloides magna in austria : an overview . - pubmed - ncbi\nforeyt wj . hunter rl . clinical fascioloides magna infection in sheep in oregon on pasture shared by columbian white - tailed deer .\nmule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ) and elk ( cervus elaphus ) as experimental definitive hosts for fascioloides magna . - pubmed - ncbi\ndiagnosis and therapy of liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) infection in fallow deer ( dama dama ) in serbia . - pubmed - ncbi\npursglove sr , prestwood ak , ridgeway tr , hayes fa . fascioloides magna infection in white - tailed deer of southeastern united states .\n. in : the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna : past , present and future research . springerbriefs in animal sciences . springer , cham\nand figure s2 . models of historical gene flow of fascioloides magna populations tested in migrate and estimates of relative population sizes . ( docx 218 kb )\nforeyt wj , todd ac . development of the large american liver fluke , fascioloides magna , in white - tailed deer , cattle , and sheep .\nerhardov\u00e1 - kotrl\u00e1 b : the occurence of fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) in czechoslovakia . prague : academia ; 1971 : 1 - 124 .\nprimer pairs and multiplex panels for 11 microsatellite loci applied in fascioloides magna genotyping ( modified according to min\u00e1rik et al . 2014 ) . ( docx 19 kb )\nprevalence of fascioloides magna in red deer in southwestern slovakia in the respective years during the period of 2005\u20132015 . n \u2013 number of examined red deer , np \u2013 number of red deer infected with f . magna , % \u2013 prevalence of fascioloidosis\nto cite this page : nguyen , s . 2011 .\nfascioloides magna\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nactive ingredients with efficacy against flukes are usually called flukicides or fasciolicides . the following anthelmintics have reported efficacy against fascioloides magna in livestock ( mainly cattle , sheep , goats ) :\ncomparison of a + t content of mitochondrial genomes of fascioloides magna ( fm ) , fasciola hepatica ( fh ) and fasciola gigantica ( fg ) . ( docx 20 kb )\ninfection with fascioloides magna ( digenea ) causes serious damage to liver tissue in definitive hosts represented by ruminants , especially cervids . the distribution of f . magna includes the indigenous areas in north america , and the areas to which f . magna was introduced - central europe , southeast europe , and italy . the north american intermediate host of f . magna , the freshwater snail . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndistribution of intermediate hosts of fascioloides magna based on baker ' s ( 1911 ) division of north american regions embracing natural drainage areas , and after dunkel et al . ( 1996 )\nfalt\u00fdnkov\u00e1 a , hor\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 e , hirtov\u00e1 l , novobilsk\u00fd a , modr\u00fd d . scholz t . is radix peregra a new intermediate host of fascioloides magna ( trematoda ) in europe ?\na young , female llama ( lama glama ) was euthanized following the onset of hindleg paresis and paralysis . live trematodes , identified as fascioloides magna , were identified from the liver of this animal . this represents the first report of f . magna in a llama .\n\u0161pakulov\u00e1 m , rajsk\u00fd d , vod\u0148ansk\u00fd j , sokol j : giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) , an important liver parasite of ruminants . bratislava : parpress ; 2003 : 61 .\npopulation structure and genetic interrelationships of giant liver fluke fascioloides magna from all enzootic north american regions were revealed in close relation with geographical distribution of its obligate definitive cervid hosts for the first time .\ncomparative analysis among mt genomes of f . magna , fa . hepatica and fa . gigantica\nexamination of definitive hosts and determination of f . magna / f . hepatica adults / eggs\nanalyses of population size changes . wilcoxon sign - rank tests for heterozygosity excess in native and introduced areas of fascioloides magna under a two - phase model ( tpm ) and stepwise mutation model ( smm ) from bottleneck and coalescent estimates of theta ( \u03b8 ) for source and introduced f . magna populations\nin last few years , a great effort has been made to understand genetic interrelationships of european and north american populations of giant liver fluke fascioloides magna ( trematoda , fasciolidae ) . in europe , spatial distribution of this parasite is evidently dynamic and ongoing process since new f . magna populations have constantly been emerging . most recently , occurrence of f . magna in red . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfor the first time , radix labiata was confirmed as the snail host for f . magna under natural conditions and , together with the finding of f . magna infection in cattle , we can expect further transmission of f . magna from wildlife to livestock in localities shared by these hosts .\nfor dead - end hosts such as cattle or horses , most infections with fascioloides magna remain without clinical symptoms . the massive cysts in the liver tissue can impair the liver function . and the livers are condemned at slaughter .\nthe large american liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is an economically relevant parasite of both domestic and wild ungulates . f . magna was repeatedly introduced into europe , for the first time already in the 19th century . in austria , a stable population of f . magna has established in the danube floodplain forests southeast of vienna . the aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe complete f . magna mt genome sequence is 14 , 047 bp . the gene content and arrangement of the f . magna mt genome is similar to those of fasciola spp . , except that trn e is located between trn g and the only non - coding region in f . magna mt genome . phylogenetic relationships of f . magna with selected trematodes using bayesian inference ( bi ) was reconstructed based on the concatenated amino acid sequences for 12 protein - coding genes , which confirmed that the genus fascioloides is closely related to the genus fasciola ; the intergeneric differences of amino acid composition between the genera fascioloides and fasciola ranged 17 . 97\u201318 . 24 % .\norganization of the mitochondrial genome of fascioloides magna . the scales are approximate . all genes are transcribed in the clockwise direction , using standard nomenclature . \u201cncr\u201d refers to the only non - coding region in f . magna data . the a + t content is shown for each gene or region of the mt genome and represented by colour\nn a number of f . magna specimens from the respective usa state or canadian ( ca ) province\nschematic presentation of the most possible scenarios of migration routes of f . magna on both continents using migrate\nmarinkovic d . nesic v . 2008 . zlatibor , serbia , and changes on the liver of fallow deer ( dama dama ) caused by american giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) infection . the proceedings of savetovanje veterinara srbije , 20 .\nthe first preventative measure against fascioloides magna is is to keep livestock from sharing pastures with deer . if this is not possible , in endemic regions keeping the pastures dry will reduce the suitable habitats for infected snails , e . g . :\nchoquette lp , gibson gg , simard b . fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) ward , 1917 ( trematoda ) in woodland caribou , rangifer tarandus caribou ( gmelin ) , of northeastern quebec , and its distribution in wild ungulates in canada .\nfascioloides magna is a flatworm parasite native to north america . its final hosts are deer , moose , and related cervids , but it can infect cattle , sheep , goats , horses , buffaloes , etc . if they share the pastures with wild cervids .\nphylogenetic relationships of fascioloides magna and other trematodes . tree inferred from the concatenated amino acid sequence dataset for 12 protein - coding genes from 19 trematodes was performed by bayesian inference ( bi ) . gyrodactylus derjavinoides ( nc _ 010976 ) was chosen as the outgroup\njuh\u00e1sov\u00e1 \u013e , bazsalovicsov\u00e1 e , kr\u00e1lov\u00e1 - hromadov\u00e1 i , karamon j . a genetic structure of novel population of fascioloides magna from poland , podkarpackie province , indicates an expanding second european natural focus of fascioloidosis . acta parasitol . 2016 ; 61 : 790\u20135 .\ndunkel , a . m . , rognlie , m . c . , johnson , g . r . , & knapp , s . e . ( 1996 ) . distribution of potential intermediate hosts for fasciola hepatica and fascioloides magna in montana , usa .\nrepresentatives of the trematode family fasciolidae are responsible for major socio - economic losses worldwide . fascioloides magna is an important pathogenic liver fluke of wild and domestic ungulates . to date , only a limited number of studies concerning the molecular biology of f . magna exist . therefore , the objective of the present study was to determine the complete mitochondrial ( mt ) genome sequence of f . magna , and assess the phylogenetic relationships of this fluke with other trematodes based on the mtdna dataset .\nno . if livestock is infected with stomach flukes , they are not contagious for humans , neither through contact , nor after consuming meat , milk or blood of contaminated animals , nor through the feces . the reason is that fascioloides magna is not parasitic for humans .\nfor aberrant hosts such as sheep and goats , infection with fascioloides magna is mostly fatal , usually about 6 months after infection , often without previous clinical signs . excessive fluke migration leads to strong bleeding and peritonitis , heavy damage to the liver tissue and subsequent fibrosis .\nfor the natural definitive hosts , i . e . various deer species , infections with fascioloides magna are mostly benign , without clinical symptoms , although the animals may be weakened ( weight loss , lethargy , depression , etc . ) . nevertheless , massive infections can be fatal .\nrehbein s , hamel d , reindl h , visser m , pfister k . fascioloides magna and ashworthius sidemi \u2013 two new parasites in wild ungulates in germany . in : program & abstracts of european multicolloquium of parasitology xi . cluj - napoca , romania . 2012 . p . 565 .\nfascioloides magna is a parasitic flatworm found within the livers of infected deer and other ruminants . adult liver flukes are flat , oval , purple - gray in color , and up to 8 cm ( 3 . 15 in ) long and 3 cm ( 1 . 2 in ) wide .\nthe high - resolution melting ( hrm ) method , recently optimized as a reliable technique for population study of the european fascioloides magna populations , was applied to determine an origin of f . magna individuals from croatia . the structure and frequency of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( 439 bp ; cox1 ) haplotypes of 200 croatian flukes coming from 19 red deer ( cervus elaphus . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfascioloides magna is a pathogenic fluke introduced to europe ca 140 years ago . as it is spreading over the continent , new intermediate and definitive hosts might be involved in transmission of the parasite . in europe , several studies reported potential new intermediate snail hosts ( radix spp . ) for f . magna , and also several cases of fascioloidosis of wild and domestic animals were published . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis means that if a flukicide fails to achieve the expected efficacy , chance is very high that it is not due to resistance but either the product was used incorrectly , or it was unsuited for the control of fascioloides magna . incorrect use is the most frequent cause for failure of antiparasitic drugs .\nduring the past decade , fascioloides magna , the large american liver fluke , has spread within free - living deer in wetlands of the danube in lower austria . the aim of this study was to determine the current infection rates with f . magna and other digenean parasites in the intermediate host snail galba truncatula from risk areas in lower austria . a total of 3444 g . truncatula were collected and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfascioloides magna is a pathogenic fluke introduced to europe ca 140 years ago . as it is spreading over the continent , new intermediate and definitive hosts might be involved in transmission of the parasite . in europe , several studies reported potential new intermediate snail hosts ( radix spp . ) for f . magna , and also several cases of fascioloidosis of wild and domestic animals were published . however , the data based on molecular and histological analyses confirming these findings remained unreported . this study aims to refer to unique findings of f . magna in european snails and domestic animals ( the first observation in the czech republic in the last 30 years ) and demonstrate the use of molecular techniques in determination of f . magna .\nfascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) is an important liver parasite of a wide range of free - living and domestic ruminants ; it represents a remarkable species due to its large spatial distribution , invasive character , and potential to colonize new territories . the present study provides patterns of population genetic structure and admixture in f . magna across all enzootic regions in north america and natural foci in europe , and infers migratory routes of the parasite on both continents .\nthe giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is a possible contributing factor to moose ( alces alces ) declines in north america , but evidence linking f . magna infection directly to moose mortality is scarce . this review identifies knowledge gaps about the transmission and impact of f . magna infection on moose and proposes new directions for research and management of this parasite . we suggest that the importance of intermediate snail hosts has been largely neglected in current management discussions and warrants greater emphasis . the intermediate hosts responsible for f . magna transmission likely vary by region and recent genetic evidence suggests that f . magna was restricted to several isolated refugia during cervid extirpation events in north america . this distributional history represents several coevolutionary and pathological implications for definitive hosts of f . magna . we suggest that f . magna infections are most ecologically significant as they relate to sublethal impacts and multiple parasitic infections . in assessing infection risk on landscapes , most models rely heavily on monitoring white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) , but this approach only measures risk indirectly . the reliability and accuracy of models would probably improve if snail habitat in ephemeral wetlands was included as a predictor variable .\ndevelopment of the deer liver fluke , fascioloides magna , was studied in seven domestic goats , each experimentally inoculated with 250 metacercariae . six infected goats died between 89 and 195 days ( mean 139 ) after inoculation . infection did not develop in the seventh goat . mortality was the result of unrestricted fluke migration before maturation or encapsulation of the flukes . a total of 144 f magna ( mean intensity of 24 . 0 ) were recovered from inoculated goats , representing 8 . 2 % of the metacercariae administered . growth rate of f magna in goats was similar to that in cattle , white - tailed deer , and sheep .\ninfection with fascioloides magna ( digenea ) causes serious damage to liver tissue in definitive hosts represented by ruminants , especially cervids . the distribution of f . magna includes the indigenous areas in north america , and the areas to which f . magna was introduced\u2014central europe , southeast europe , and italy . the north american intermediate host of f . magna , the freshwater snail pseudosuccinea columella ( lymnaeidae ) , is an invasive species recorded in south america , the caribbean , africa , australia , and west and southeast europe . in europe , galba truncatula is the snail serving for transmission , but p . columella has potential to become here a new intermediate host of f . magna . little is known about interactions between f . magna and p . columella . in this study , the susceptibility of p . columella ( oregon , usa ) to the infection by a single miracidium of the czech strain of f . magna and the influence of f . magna on snail fecundity , shell height , and survival were evaluated . the data show that the oregon strain of p . columella is a highly suitable host for the czech strain of f . magna , with the infection rate of 74 % . in addition , a negative effect on survival rate of infected snails was recorded only in the late phase of infection . the infection was accompanied by a major reduction in egg mass production and by a decrease in the number of eggs per egg mass . the shell height of infected snails did not significantly differ from that in unexposed controls .\nfascioloides magna is up to 100 mm long , 2\u20134 . 5 mm thick , 11\u201326 mm wide , and oval ; it is distinguished from fasciola spp by its large size and lack of an anterior projecting cone . it is found in domestic and wild ruminants ; deer are the reservoir host . the life cycle resembles that of fasciola spp .\nnucleotide differences were also found in ribosomal rna genes : between f . magna and fa . hepatica ( rrn l , 18 . 3 % ; rrn s , 22 . 2 % ) and between f . magna and fa . gigantica ( rrn l , 16 . 6 % ; rrn s , 21 . 4 % ) as well as in trna genes ( 16 . 3 % between f . magna and fa . hepatica and 16 . 0 % between f . magna and fa . gigantica ) . meaningful sequence comparisons of ncrs in mt genomes of the three fasciolid trematodes is not possible , because there is only one ncr present in f . magna mt genome , while in both fa . hepatica and fa . gigantica there are two ncrs .\nthis monograph presents complex data on fascioloides magna from all aspects of its research ( general information , distribution , spectrum of hosts ) and summarizes the latest information on molecular structure of informative genes which were recently applied in resolving taxonomy and biogeography of this veterinary important parasite . the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is important liver parasite of free - living and domestic ruminants . due to its biology , distribution , medical impact , and invasive character , this liver fluke attracts attention of wide spectrum of specialists \u2013 veterinary doctors , hunters and farmers , as well as scientists . the parasite utilizes wide range of free living and domestic ruminants as definitive hosts , with various pathological impacts ranging from moderate infections towards lethal effects . fascioloides magna is of north american origin where it occurs in five enzootic regions . it was introduced to europe along with its deer hosts in 19th century and it has established three permanent natural foci . the giant liver fluke represents an outstanding model for studying the origin , spatial distribution , migratory routs , and invasion processes of introduced species .\ninfection with fascioloides magna , the large american liver fluke , was diagnosed in two moose ( alces alces ) and six wapiti ( cervus elaphus ) from central saskatchewan . this is believed to be the first record of the parasite in the province . fecal samples collected from wild wapiti at five sites in the commercial forest zone in saskatchewan contained eggs believed to be those of f . magna . trematode eggs were not found in feces from five captive herds of wapiti in the province , nor in samples from wild wapiti in moose mountain provincial park . operculate eggs were found in feces of wild wapiti from cypress hills , but these were believed to be from trematodes other than f . magna . the distribution and significance of f . magna in canada , based partially on responses to a mail questionnaire , are reviewed .\nexperimental infections of two different populations of lymnaea fuscus in france and sweden , with a czech isolate of fascioloides magna were carried out to determine if this lymnaeid species enables parasite larval development . species identification of both snail populations was performed using the morphology of the copulatory organ , and also confirmed by sequencing of the internal . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe present study determined the complete mt genome sequence of the pathogenic liver fluke f . magna and revealed its close relationship with the species of fasciola . the complete mt genome data of f . magna provides a resource for further investigations of the phylogeny , epidemiology , biology and population genetics of the family fasciolidae and other trematodes .\nthe infected bulls came from a south bohemian biofarm with restricted therapeutic intervention and ideal natural condition for transmission of f . magna , e . g . , wet pastures , natural streamlet and no effective fences . erhardov\u00e1 - kotrl\u00e1 [ 1 ] carried out detailed research in the same locality and marked this locality as f . magna free after 6 cattle postmortem examinations and 282 examinations of the red deer faecal samples . therefore , our results indicate that f . magna can spread in the czech republic .\nin this paper two unique field findings of f . magna are described : larval stages of f . magna in the intermediate host r . labiata , and adult worms in the \u201cnon - specific definitive host\u201d bos primigenius f . taurus ( highland cattle ) ; the latter case is the first report of fascioloidosis in the czech republic in the last 30 years . moreover , we refer to a unique case of co - infection of the same individual definitive host by f . magna and f . hepatica .\nhowever , commercial anthelmintic products may not include label claim against fascioloides magna in some countries . as for other fluke species , migrating immatures are the most harmful ; therefore efficacy against these stages is essential . products without efficacy against immature flukes will not protect livestock from migrating flukes and need to be administered more frequently . triclabendazole is the active ingredient with the highest efficacy against immature stages .\ntwo unique records of snail intermediate hosts ( r . labiata ) and mammalian definitive hosts ( bulls of highland cattle ) naturally infected with f . magna are reported in our study . molecular techniques were used to confirm host / parasite determination ; on this basis the adults of f . magna were discriminated from f . hepatica presented in the same liver . in addition , species identity of the morphologically uniform fasciolid eggs was proved . the prevalence of f . magna in r . labiata was comparable to some findings of f . magna in g . truncatula and , therefore , r . labiata might represent a potential vector of f . magna in localities ecologically unsuitable for g . truncatula ( e . g . localities with acid soils ) . ability of the parasite to be transmitted from wildlife to livestock represents a serious risk , especially for farmers breeding the animals less tolerant to f . magna infection ( e . g . , goats and sheep ) , and those animals whose are for some reason ( e . g . ecological farming ) under restrictions in terms of anthelmintic treatment . therefore , the danger of f . magna transmission should be taken into account in farm management .\nthe giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna , is a veterinary important liver parasite of free living and domestic ruminants . this originally north american parasite was introduced along with its cervid hosts to europe where it has established three permanent natural foci - in northern italy , central and southern parts of the czech republic and the danube floodplain forests . the first record on . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . it may parasitize various wild and domestic herbivores . in the area of central europe this fluke can be found mainly in cervids - like red deer ( cervus elaphus ) and fallow deer ( dama dama ) ( kasny et al . , 2012 ) . fascioloides magna originated from north america , where it occurs in five major enzootic regions ( pybus , 2001 ) . . . .\n. . . as noticed above , goats are aberrant hosts in which f . magna infection is lethal within 6 months , and it is not patent ( foreyt and leathers 1980 ; foreyt and todd 1976 ) . however , few authors rarely observed adult flukes of f . magna , including the presence of the eggs in the feces , in sheep ( foreyt 1990 ; swales 1935 ) . in our study , the appearance of f . magna eggs in the feces of one goat confirmed these former results . . . .\nfascioloides magna is a digenean parasite of various wild ruminants . it was originally introduced to europe from north america in the 19th century and first recorded in the wild in austria in 2000 at fischamend , southeast of vienna . later , several cases were detected in the danube backwater region between vienna and bratislava . the lymnaeid snail galba truncatula is known to act as . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfascioloides magna parasitizes in a broad spectrum of final hosts , mainly free living and domestic ruminants . final hosts of giant liver fluke are divided into three types ( definitive , dead - end and aberrant ) according to interrelationships between the parasite and the host , the ability of fluke to reach maturity and produce eggs , pathological changes within the host organism , and the potential . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) is a liver parasite which infects a variety of wild and domestic ruminants in north america and europe ( swales , 1935 ; erhardov\u00e1 - kotrl\u00e1 , 1971 ) . on this last continent , fascioloidosis occurs currently in austria , croatia , the czech republic , hungary , italy , serbia and slovakia ( kr\u00e1lov\u00e1hromadov\u00e1 et al . , 2011 ) . . . .\ntwo snails of r . labiata naturally infected with f . magna were found ; mature cercariae and daughter rediae were observed . maturity of cercariae was checked by histological methods , however , their ability to encyst was not confirmed . co - infection of f . magna and fasciola hepatica in the liver of two highland cattle bulls was proved . adult fasciolid flukes producing eggs were found in the liver pseudocysts ( f . magna ) and the bile ducts ( f . hepatica ) . identification of intermediate hosts , intramolluscan stages , adult flukes and eggs was performed by sequencing the its2 region . connection of f . magna pseudocysts with the gut ( via the bile ducts ) was not confirmed by means of histological and coprological examinations .\nfascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) ( fasciolidae ; digenea ; trematoda ) is a large visceral parasite of ruminants originating from north america . due to the international wild animal trade , f . magna was introduced to europe in the later half of the 19 th century , probably with the white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) [ 1 ] and wapiti ( cervus elaphus canadensis ) [ 2 ] ; the parasite adapted to the local hosts ( e . g . red deer , fallow deer ) and started to spread . recent reports from at least six countries in central europe can be found [ 3 - 9 ] .\na diagnosis can be made at necropsy by identifying f . magna within the liver of an infected animal . deer liver fluke infections can also be diagnosed by identifying fluke eggs within the feces .\nthe present study revealed a complex picture of the population genetic structure and interrelationships of north american and european populations , global distribution and migratory routes of f . magna and an origin of european foci .\nsection of radix labiata hepatopancreas with fascioloides magna rediae and immature ( a ) , mature ( b ) cercariae . stained with hematoxylin and eosin . hp , hepatopancreas tissue ; c , cercaria ; r , redia ; t , tegument of redia ; a , acetabulum ; os , oral sucker ; tc , tail of cercaria ; cgp , cystogenous gland products . white arrowheads point to cercarialcystogenous glands . black arrowheads point to cercarial cystogenous products released from the glands .\nbetween 1971 and 1975 , fascioloides magna was found in 46 of 67 ( 69 % ) feral swine ( sus scrofa ) in southern texas . flukes were recovered from swine in areas where f . magna commonly has been recovered from white - tailed deer and cattle . one to 12 flukes were recovered from each infected animal . their presence was indicated by black hematin pigment on the liver and various other internal organs . eggs were not detected in the gallbladder or feces of infected animals although mature flukes and eggs were recovered in the livers suggesting that , like cattle , feral swine can be infected but are aberrant hosts for the parasite and do not disseminate eggs .\nthe determination of f . magna mt genome sequence provides a valuable resource for further investigations of the phylogeny of the family fasciolidae and other trematodes , and represents a useful platform for designing appropriate molecular markers .\nthe presence of american liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) in croatian wild ruminant species was detected for the first time in january 2000 . at the same time , the problem of adequate parasitological monitoring and treatment appeared in the captive deer population . quarantine and health screening protocols , as well as migration and transportation influence had to be evaluated in red deer husbandry . non - invasive methods were introduced to estimate the prevalence of f . magna in the semi - farm rearing system . coprological analysis has been performed on 264 faecal samples . the most effective antiparasitic treatment was implemented on herd and individual treatment . treatment was extended to the free - ranging population of deer in the same region .\nthe datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files . the complete mt genome sequence of f . magna is deposited in the genbank database under the accession number kr006934 .\nfascioloidosis of wild and domestic ruminants is caused by giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna ( trematoda ; fasciolidae ) . in slovakia , the parasite is present in the danube floodplain forests permanent focus for almost 30 years . here we provide data on 11 - year survey of f . magna acquired from 137 red deer ( cervus elaphus ) hunted in the southwestern hunting grounds ( districts kom\u00e1rno and dunajsk\u00e1 streda ) . almost 47 % of all examined deer , including males , females and fawns , were infected with f . magna . during the studied period , the prevalence ranged between 33 . 3 % ( 2009 ) and 63 . 6 % ( 2007 ) . prevalence of fascioloidosis varied between sexes and age categories ; while the lowest overall prevalence was detected in females ( 33 . 3 % ) , higher values were documented for red deer males ( 50 . 6 % ) and fawns ( 43 . 3 % ) . a presence of giant liver fluke in studied regions of southwestern slovakia deserves future attention and ongoing monitoring due to a possible threat of f . magna infection of domestic ruminants in overlapping regions .\n. . . the giant liver fluke , fascioloides magna ( bassi , 1875 ) , introduced to europe in the 19th century from north america , is an important parasite of wild and domestic ruminants ( swales 1935 , erhardov\u00e1 1961 , erhardov\u00e1 - kotrl\u00e1 1971 ) . red deer ( cervus elaphus ) , fallow deer ( dama dama ) and roe deer ( capreolus capreolus ) are common european definitive hosts of the fluke ( erhardov\u00e1 1961 , erhardov\u00e1 - kotrl\u00e1 1971 ) . . . .\nthe veterinary important parasite of ruminants , giant liver fluke fascioloides magna ( trematoda : fasciolidae ) , isolated from liver of farmed fallow deer ( dama dama ) from podkarpackie province ( southeastern poland ) was genotypized by mitochon - drial cytochrome c oxidase ( cox1 ) and nicotinamide dehydrogenase ( nad1 ) markers . the data on this newly emerged population were compared with mitochondrial haplotypes of recently detected polish population of f . magna from lower silesian wilderness ( southwestern poland ) and with european populations of the parasite from all three natural foci ; northern italy , czech republic and the danube floodplain forests . the flukes from podkarpackie province were found to be genetically identical with flukes from czech republic and lower silesian wilderness in poland . it is evident that central and southwestern czech republic , recognized as one of the endemic area of f . magna in europe , has been enlarging and parasite has been invading several novel localities in poland .\npathological changes in bovine liver caused by f . magna infection . a , macroscopic photo of dissected liver tissue ; b , microscopic photo \u2013 section of lesion with eggs and inflammatory infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes , stained with hematoxylin and eosin ; c , microscopic photo \u2013 section of fibrotic portobiliar space and adjacent liver parenchyma , stained with green gomori trichrome . p , pseudocyst ; lp , liver parenchyma ; e , egg of f . magna ; ipmn , infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes ; isl , inner space of lesion ; mr , migratory route through parenchyma with pigment deposits caused by f . magna juvenile worms ; flt , fibrotic liver tissue .\nb metacercariae of f . magna were found on the wall of petri dish after dissection of experimentally infected r . labiata ( pankr\u00e1c 2013 , unpublished ) , but experimental infection of a definitive host was not performed .\ngiant liver fluke has established permanent natural foci on two continents . north america represents the original continent of the parasite occurrence , while europe is the continent where f . magna was introduced along with its cervid hosts . in north america , f . magna occurs in five enzootic regions across the united states and southern canada : ( 1 ) the northern pacific coast ; ( 2 ) the rocky . . . [ show full abstract ]\nin august 1992 , six mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus hemionus ) fawns and four elk ( cervus elaphus ) calves ( n = 2 ) or yearlings ( n = 2 ) each were inoculated orally with 50 , 250 , or 2 , 000 metacercariae of the liver fluke fascioloides magna to evaluate their potential to serve as definitive hosts . animals were maintained for up to 403 days . three mule deer each inoculated with 50 metacercariae survived the infection and shed eggs in feces ; thus mule deer can function as definitive hosts for f . magna . the other three mule deer inoculated with 50 ( n = 1 ) or 250 ( n = 2 ) metacercariae died from fluke infection on days 91 , 150 , and 162 days postinoculation , respectively , and only immature f . magna were recovered . one elk calf inoculated with 2 , 000 metacercariae died from fluke infection 44 days after inoculation . the remaining three elk , each inoculated with 250 metacercariae , survived infection , and two of the three shed eggs in feces . the third elk contained only one immature f . magna at necropsy . the prepatent period in mule deer and elk was approximately 6 to 7 months .\nthree captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis canadensis ) , consisting of a female lamb , a yearling ram , and a 2 1 / 2 - yr - old castrated ram were inoculated orally with 50 ( n = 1 ) or 100 ( n = 2 ) metacercariae of fascioloides magna in november 1991 . all three sheep died from fluke infection on post - inoculation days 104 , 140 , and 197 , respectively . numbers of f . magna recovered were 3 ( 3 % ) , 18 ( 36 % ) , and 21 ( 21 % ) . all dukes were immature and were recovered from liver ( n = 36 ) , lungs ( n = 2 ) , or peritoneal spaces ( n = 4 ) . two white - tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus ) , each were inoculated orally with 100 metacercariae at the same time as the bighorn sheep . eggs of f . magna were detected in the feces of the deer on postinoculation days 199 and 211 , respectively . both deer remained healthy for the year - long experiment . thus , bighorn sheep are susceptible to infection with f . magna and are likely to die within approximately 6 months of exposure .\ndiscussion : fascioloides magna , the large american liver fluke or deer liver fluke , is a common parasite of elk . the flukes are usually confined to the fibrotic cysts in the liver and , except for causing some liver damage , are of little clinical consequence . in this case , aberrant migration of the immature flukes was observed in the spinal cord and was considered a likely cause of the reported hind limb paralysis prior to death . the emaciation of this animal was considered to be due to marked gastrointestinal parasitism .\n. . . several studies on susceptibility of stagnicolid species to f . magna have already been reported . in north america , both s . palustris and s . palustris nuttuliana were shown as suitable intermediate hosts of f . magna ( swales , 1935 ; griffiths , 1962 ) . however , l . palustris has also been synonymised with nearctic stagnicolid species such as hinkleyia ( stagnicola ) elodes ( burch , 1989 ) in the past . . . .\nat the nucleotide level , sequence differences in protein - coding genes ranged from 13 . 1 to 24 . 2 % ( between f . magna and fa . hepatica ) and from 12 . 8 to 26 . 2 % ( between f . magna and fa . gigantica ) , with cox 1 , nad 1 , nad 4l and cyt b being the most conserved genes , and nad 6 , nad 5 and nad 2 being the least conserved genes among those three species . at the amino acid level , sequence differences ranged from 9 . 2 to 25 . 4 % between f . magna and fa . hepatica , and from 8 . 4 to 27 . 8 % between f . magna and fa . gigantica : cox 1 , cyt b , nad 4l and nad 1 were the most conserved protein - coding genes , while nad 6 , nad 2 and nad 5 were the least conserved .\nthe complexity of the life cycle of fascioloides magna and its ability to invade new region is ensured by the presence of suitable intermediate hosts , in particular aquatic pulmonate mollusks , in which larval development of the parasite takes place . this chapter summarizes intermediate snail hosts of giant liver fluke specific in north america and europe . in north america , six species of the family lymnaeidae were found to be naturally infected with f . magna ( lymnaea caperata , lymnaea modicella , stagnicola palustris nuttalliana , pseudosuccinea columella , galba bulimoides techella and fossaria parva ) . in europe , galba ( syn . lymnaea ) truncatula , radix labiata and radix peregra were found to be naturally infected . besides natural infections , number of snail species were experimentally infected with f . magna in order to determine their potential to serve as the intermediate hosts of giant liver fluke . the mature cercariae able to develop into infective metacercariae stages , were detected in snails of the genera lymnaea and pseudosuccinea ( family lymnaeidae ) in north america and in lymnaeid genera galba , lymnaea , omphiscola , pseudosuccinea and stagnicola in europe . it is evident , that broader spectrum of aquatic mollusks is susceptible to f . magna infection and may serve as its potential intermediate hosts .\n. . . later , ka\u0161n\u00fd et al . ( 2012 ) provided an extensive monitoring of fascioloidosis in the czech republic , which showed a regular occurrence of the parasite in the south - western part of the country . besides , f . magna was detected also close to the german and polish border in the western and northern part of the czech republic that more strongly supported the assumption of a high risk of spread of f . magna to the neighbouring european countries ( ka\u0161n\u00fd et al . 2012 ) . the presented result on close genetic interrelationships between f . magna from poland and the czech republic indicate that the czech focus of fascioloidosis has probably been much larger that previously expected . . . .\nwhile the eggs of f magna resemble those of fasciola hepatica , this is of limited use ; eggs usually are not passed by cattle and sheep and probably not by alpacas and llamas . recovery of the parasites at necropsy as well as differentiation of f hepatica is necessary for definitive diagnosis . when domestic ruminants and deer share the same grazing , the presence of disease due to f magna should be kept in mind . mixed infections with f hepatica are seen in cattle .\nthe prevalence of f . magna - infected r . labiata in sedli\u0161t\u011b was 0 . 18 % ( similarly low prevalence from the same locality has been reported by falt\u00fdnkov\u00e1 et al . [ 16 ] ) , and the prevalence of infected g . truncatula snails was 64 % ( 100 % in 2011 ) ; such prevalence rate is quite unusual ( e . g . [ 14 ] ) and it indicates a high contamination of the locality by f . magna eggs .\n. . . fascioloides magna , known as the large american liver fluke , giant liver fluke or deer fluke , is an important digenetic trematode of the family fasciolidae [ 3 , 4 ] . this species , which is of north america origin [ 5 , 6 ] and invasive in european countries [ 7 ] , has high potential to colonize new geographic territories ( a variety of wild and domestic ungulates [ 3 , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] ) , and can establish expanding populations from a natural epidemic focus through translocated hosts [ 5 , 6 , 11 ] . migration of f . magna immature flukes within the host body often leads to profound damage to the liver and other organ tissues [ 8 , 12 ] , causing economic losses worldwide [ 13 ] . . . .\n. . . a wide spectrum of mammals can be infected with f . magna ; these animals can generally be divided into three groups with respect to compatibility of the host and the parasite , and pathological impact of the fluke [ 11 , 23 , 24 ] . successful completion of the f . magna life cycle with eggs released via bile ducts to the host intestine is enabled in\nspecific definitive hosts\nsuch as red deer ( cervus elaphus ) , fallow deer ( dama dama ) and roe deer ( capreolus capreolus ) [ 1 , 11 ] . infection with f . magna is tolerated by red deer and fallow deer which can survive , usually with hardly distinguishable symptoms , severe infection by hundreds of flukes . . . .\n( bassi , 1875 ) , the large liver fluke of ruminants in canada with observations on the bionomics of the larval stages and the intermediate hosts , pathology of fascioloidiasis magna , and control measures . can j res 1935 , 12 , 177\u2013215 .\n. . . since p . columella is a common snail in european greenhouses adapting to the central european climatic conditions [ 22 ] , potential risk of f . magna transmission via this snail can not be excluded [ 20 ] . a wide spectrum of mammals can be infected with f . magna ; these animals can generally be divided into three groups with respect to compatibility of the host and the parasite , and pathological impact of the fluke [ 11 , 23 , 24 ] . successful completion of the f . magna life cycle with eggs released via bile ducts to the host intestine is enabled in\nspecific definitive hosts\nsuch as red deer ( cervus elaphus ) , fallow deer ( dama dama ) and roe deer ( capreolus capreolus ) [ 1 , 11 ] . . . .\nliver flukes are parasites . parasites are organisms that live on or in another organism for survival purposes and contribute nothing or harm the organisms they parasitize . effective control of any parasite requires some knowledge about them , including what they are , where they come from and how they live . the fluke we are concerned about on canadian elk farms is the giant liver fluke ( fascioloides magna ) . it is a very large parasitic flat worm which lives as an adult in a thick - walled cyst within the liver of elk and deer . the adult liver fluke averages about 2 inches long and 1 inch wide .\nfourteen free - ranging adult wapiti ( cervus elaphus nelsoni ) were captured in banff national park , alberta ( canada ) and held in captivity near edmonton . a 24 % suspension of triclabendazole at doses of 30 to 100 mg / kg body weight was drenched into the rumen of eight females and four males . two male wapiti were used as untreated controls . animals were killed and examined at 4 ( n = 3 ) , 6 ( n = 4 ) , or 8 ( n = 4 ) wk after treatment . efficacy was 90 % against immature fascioloides magna collected 4 wk after treatment and 98 % against adult flukes collected 4 , 6 or 8 wk after treatment . all 32 flukes recovered from control wapiti were active and apparently healthy . treatment at 50 to 60 mg / kg is recommended against f . magna in wapiti . a protocol for treating infected wapiti is outlined .\n. . . the czech focus of fascioloidosis was restricted to the above mentioned regions of the country until the finding of novobilsk\u00fd et al . ( 2007 ) who reported the presence of f . magna in the south - western border of the czech republic indicating a threat of its possible spread into germany . later , ka\u0161n\u00fd et al . ( 2012 ) provided an extensive monitoring of fascioloidosis in the czech republic , which showed a regular occurrence of the parasite in the south - western part of the country . besides , f . magna was detected also close to the german and polish border in the western and northern part of the czech republic that more strongly supported the assumption of a high risk of spread of f . magna to the neighbouring european countries ( ka\u0161n\u00fd et al . 2012 ) . . . .\ngeographic origin of fascioloides magna from southwestern slovakia analyzed in current study . 1 \u2013 vojka nad dunajom , 2 \u2013 bod\u00edky , 3 \u2013 \u010d\u00ed\u010dov , 4 \u2013 tr\u00e1vnik , 5 \u2013 kl\u00ed\u017esk\u00e1 nem\u00e1 , 6 \u2013 holiare , 7 \u2013 t\u00f4\u0148 , 8 \u2013 zemianska ol\u010da , 9 \u2013 vel\u2019k\u00e9 kosihy , 10 \u2013 okolicn\u00e1 na ostrove , 11 \u2013 zlatn\u00e1 na ostrove , 12 \u2013 calovec , 13 \u2013 chot\u00edn , 14 \u2013 sv\u00e4t\u00fd peter , 15 \u2013 modrany , 16 \u2013 b\u00e1torov\u00e9 kosihy , 17 \u2013 b\u00fa\u010d , 18 \u2013 kravany nad dunajom , 19 \u2013 sv\u00e4t\u00fd juraj , pere\u0161 . the respective localities were visualized using the diva - gis available from urltoken"]}
{"id": 990, "summary": [{"text": "epipristis oxyodonta is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia ( western australia , the northern territory and queensland ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are pale grey with a scalloped dark submarginal line on each wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the underside of the wings is pale grey with a broad dark band along the margin , and a central dark spot . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "epipristis oxyodonta", "paragraphs": ["epipristis nelearia ( guen\u00e9e , 1857 ) = hypochroma nelearia guen\u00e9e , 1857 = epipristis nelearia accessa prout , 1937 .\nepipristis truncataria ; [ mob9 ] : 205 , f . 124 - 125 , pl . 5\nepipristis nelearia ; [ mob9 ] : 205 , f . 122 , 126 , pl . 5\nthe adult moths of this species are pale grey with a scalloped dark submarginal line on each wing . underneath , each wing is pale grey with a broad dark band along the margin , and a dark spot in the middle .\nstuttgart : alfred kernen verlag , part 12 ( 1934 ) , p . 138 .\nacidalia truncataria walker , 1861 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 23 : 774\npingarmia transiens sterneck , 1927 ; dt . ent . z . iris 41 : 148\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . volume 9 . uranides et phal\u00e9nites\n( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,\n( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .\nwalker , 1861 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 20 : 1 - 276 ( 1860 ) , 21 : 277 - 498 ( 1860 ) , 22 : 499 - 755 ( 1861 ) , 23 : 757 - 1020 ( 1861 ) , 24 : 1021 - 1280 ( 1862 ) , 25 : 1281 - 1477 ( 1862 ) , 26 : 1479 - 1796 ( [ 1863 ] )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsend mail to wvdvorst @ urltoken with questions or comments about this web site . copyright \u00a9 2015 urltoken lepidoptera of the world last modified : 01 - 03 - 15\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 991, "summary": [{"text": "bettonolithus is a genus of trilobites of the order asaphida .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is in the family trinucleidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "fossil specimens have been found in the lower ordovician rocks of gilwern hill in powys , wales .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "anatomical evidence suggests this trilobite sifted organic matter on the seabed . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "bettonolithus", "paragraphs": ["bettonolithus chamberlaini - british ordovician trilobi . . . bettonolithus chamberlaini - british ordovician trilobi . . .\na relatively common species at gilwern , the trinucleid bettonolithus chamberlaini . pete lawrance collection .\nfamily : trilobite species : bettonolithus chamberlaini geological age : lower ordovician , llanvirnian stage , approx 480 to 470 million years ago . location : gilwern hill , powys , wales , uk .\nogyginus corndensis with bettonolithus chamberlaini lower ordovician , llanvirn series upper gilwern hill , builth wells , powys , wales this is a very strange find , the trinuclid must have washed within the shell of the ogyginus during deposition and no sediment or matrix was between the two shells . when i split the matrix the bettonolithus split around from the axis of the ogyginus . a very interesting specimen . the matrix measures 6 . 0cm x 5 . 7cm ' s .\nthis is a . 32\nlong example of the welsh trilobite bettonolithus chamberlaini . it ' s lower ordovician in age or approximately 480 million years old . it ' s missing it ' s tail but otherwise has very nice preservation for the location .\nthis is a fantastic trinucleid trilobite . it is a bettonolithus chamberlaini from the ordovician of wales . this wonderfully articulated specimen is quite 3 - dimensional and exhibits great detail . the large , inflated glabella is easily seen and the pitted cephalic rim is beautifully preserved . the individual thoracic segments are clearly defined and the broad , triangular pygidium is intact . the trilobite has great color and contrast and is almost perfectly centered on the plate of shale . this is a top - quality specimen of bettonolithus that will never have to be upgraded .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndescription : well - preserved example of a trinucleid trilobite known as bettonolthus . the trilobite presumably hovered at the seafloor , using its legs to kick up particulates which then passed through the cephalic ring . overall , a fine example of the taxon .\nwhere to find fossils and what to find . uk fossils features hundreds of fossil collecting locations in the uk , with geological guides , and advice .\non the edge of the brecon beacons , upper gilwern hill is a site long known for its well - preserved and complete trilobites . the hill is made up of rocks from the lower and middle ordovician , and the privately owned quarry is accessible to parties staying at the onsite shepherd\u2019s hut self catering accommodation . the trilobite fossils here are plentiful and the chances of \ufb01nding a good number is very high .\nbegin typing your search above and press return to search . press esc to cancel .\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nuse spaces to separate tags . use single quotes ( ' ) for phrases .\n\u00a9 2016 geology superstore . all rights reserved . geology superstore and urltoken are trading names of northern geological supplies ltd . registered office : 66 gas street , bolton , united kingdom , bl1 4tg | company registration no : 4969405 vat registration no : 572 - 3610 - 51 | tel : 0800 112 3115\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntrilobite taken in optimal conservation of \u00b1 1cms , unretouched ; complete with their mark .\nfossils ( from classical latin fossilis , literally\nobtained by di . . .\namphibians , the familiar frogs , toads , and salamanders have been p . . .\ncrustaceans ( crustacea ) form a very large group of arthropods , us . . .\ndinosaurs are a diverse group of animals of the clade dinosauria . . . .\nthe first fishes appeared in the cambrian . these were also the fi . . .\nen un mineral es un s\u00f3lido inorg\u00e1nico natural que posee una est . . .\nminerales de espa\u00f1a ; fluoritas de berbes , calcitas de asturias , c . . .\ntektites ( from greek tektos , molten ) are natural glass objects , a . . .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the delivery service selected , the seller ' s delivery history and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* you\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item . find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nsculpted stone - the best of the best | extinctions . com | fossil . net museum"]}
{"id": 992, "summary": [{"text": "squalius is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae found in europe and asia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "hybridization is not rare in the cyprinidae , including this genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "s. alburnoides is known to be of ancient hybrid origin , with the paternal lineage deriving from a prehistoric species related to anaecypris ; the latter mated with ancestral s. pyrenaicus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "present-day s. alburnoides mates with sympatric congeners of other species . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "squalius", "paragraphs": ["evolutionary and biogeographical patterns within iberian populations of the genus squalius inferred from molecular data .\nthe group is thought to have arisen from hybridisation between females of one species , squalius pyrenaicus , and males of another species , now extinct , that belonged to a group of fish called anaecypris . to sustain its population , squalius alburnoides mates with several other closely related species belonging to the squalius lineage .\nevolutionary and biogeographical patterns within iberian populations of the genus squalius inferred from molecular data . - pubmed - ncbi\nrecent change of genus from leuciscus to squalius ( zardoya and doadrio 1999 , sanjur et al . 2003 ) .\nsqualius alburnoides males circumvent this problem by producing sperm cells that do not divide and therefore contain more than one chromosome set . this is important because most animals , squalius alburnoides included , need at least two chromosome sets to survive .\nmr . morgado - santos\u2019 group found this instance of androgenesis by accident , while studying the mating patterns of squalius alburnoides . the researchers put male and female squalius alburnoides with males and females of another squalius species in an artificial pond , let the fish reproduce and then genetically analysed 100 randomly selected offspring . one of these offspring had only paternal chromosomes .\nmulti - locus species tree of the chub genus squalius ( leuciscinae : cyprinidae ) from western iberia : new insights into its evolutionary history .\nmulti - locus species tree of the chub genus squalius ( leuciscinae : cyprinidae ) from western iberia : new insights into its evolutionary history . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe possibility of androgenesis is just one of many mysteries about squalius alburnoides . it\u2019s not a species in the usual sense but rather something called a hybrid complex , a group of organisms with multiple parental combinations that can mate with one another .\neurope : ebro to port bou drainages in spain ; tech and agly drainages in france ( ref . 75108 ) , possibly also aude ( languedoc - roussillon ) ; possible introgression with squalius cephalus in southern garonne tributaries and adour drainage ( ref . 59043 ) .\nmostly , animals have sex cells containing only one chromosome set , which means the egg and sperm are both required for reproduction . but in squalius alburnoides , sperm with multiple chromosome sets can provide all the nuclear genetic material needed for a viable offspring \u2014 paving the way for androgenesis .\nalthough he acknowledges 1 in 100 fish is a rare occurrence , mr . morgado - santos thinks this instance of androgenesis could represent a \u201csnapshot\u201d of a population moving toward becoming its own species . put another way , androgenesis may help this fish become independent from the other squalius species it relies on to reproduce .\ndoadrio , i . , m . kottelat and a . de sostoa , 2007 . squalius laietanus , a new species of cyprinid fish from north - eastern spain and southern france ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 18 ( 3 ) : 247 - 256 . ( ref . 75108 )\nthe details in squalius alburnoides are still unknown but in general androgenesis is thought to occur in a couple of ways , said miguel morgado - santos , a graduate student at the university of lisbon and an author of the study : sperm could fertilize an egg that contains no chromosomes , or it could destroy the genetic content from the nucleus of the egg after fertilisation .\nscientists have discovered a fish carrying genes only from its father in the nucleus of its cells . found in a type of fish called squalius alburnoides , which normally inhabits rivers in portugal or spain , this is the first documented instance in vertebrates of a father producing a near clone of itself through sexual reproduction \u2014 a rare phenomenon called androgenesis , the researchers reported in the journal royal society open science .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto by bogutskaya , n . g . / zupan ? i ? , p .\nphoto by vardakas l . , tachos v . , zogaris s . and economou a .\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnorth , baltic , northern black , white , barents and caspian sea basins , atlantic basin southward to adour drainage ( france ) , great britain north to 56\u00b0n , scandinavia : southern finland , sweden north to about stockholm . mediterranean basin from var to h\u00e9rault ( possibly aude ) ( france ) drainages . introduced elsewhere . naturally absent from italy and adriatic basin .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : only known from the maritza drainage ( extent of occurrence estimated at around 53 , 000 km\u00b2 ) where the population is reasonably safe as there is a number of populations , however some of these are threatened by water abstraction in dry season .\nhabitat : streams to rivers , stretches with moderate current . biology : omnivorous ; feeds mainly on insects and aquatic invertebrates . spawns in april - june in shallow areas with gravel bottom .\nthat it can reproduce at all is unusual enough . most hybrids , like mules , are sterile because the chromosomes from their parents of different species have trouble combining , swapping dna and dividing \u2014 steps required for egg or sperm production .\n\u201cwe weren\u2019t expecting to find that , \u201d mr . morgado - santos said , adding that at first he and his collaborators thought they had made a mistake .\nif androgenesis turns out to be a regular feature in this population , mr . morgado - santos\u2019 group might be catching the \u201cvery early stages\u201d of a new reproductive mode for the fish , which would be exciting , said tanja schwander , a professor of ecology and evolution at the university of lausanne in switzerland who did not participate in this research .\nbut for now , she added , the researchers cannot rule out the possibility that this one instance is a random exception ( perhaps the fish\u2019s mother accidentally produced an egg that contained no chromosomes , for instance ) .\naccident or not , it happened and shows that reproduction can vary in all sorts of \u201cweird and wonderful\u201d ways across the natural world , said benjamin oldroyd , a professor of genetics at the university of sydney who was not involved in this study .\n\u201cit may not add up to a hill of beans other than realising that the world is much more complicated than we assume , \u201d he said . \u201cbut it\u2019s part of what life is , as a curious human , to understand these things . \u201d\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nnamed after the laietani , a bronze - age tribe inhabiting an area partly corresponding to present catalonia , and later lalatania , a roman province .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 75108 ) ; 20 . 1 cm sl ( female )\noccurs in streams with clear water , gravel bottom and prefers moderate flowing stretches ( ref . 75108 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00415 - 0 . 01744 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 37 of 100 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nmrakovcic , m . & freyhof , j . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\njustification : l . microlepis is restricted to three locations in the neretva river basin . one small population is in a karstic stream in livanjsko polje and the main population is in two lakes , buska and mandecko lakes near livno . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) is estimated to be around 10 km\u00b2 , and there is continuing decline in aoo and quality of habitat due to habitat destruction , pollution and water extraction .\nit is restricted to the neretva river basin in croatia and bosnia - hercegovina . karstic streams in livanjsko polje , buska and mandecko lakes near livno . introduced ( possibly ) to the blidinje lake more than 100 years ago , and prolosko & ricice lakes near imotski , matica drainage near vrgorac ( croatia ) , tihaljina and possibly trebizat ( a neretva tributary ) drainages ( bosnia - hertzagovina ) .\ndeclining . the subpopulation in the small stream is very restricted ; the main population is in three lakes ( two native and one introduced ) ( mrakovcic , m . and freyhof , j . pers . comm ) .\nformerly known as leuciscus prepensis , it is also considered by some authors as a subspecies leuciscus cepahlus prespensis fowler , 1977 .\nbarbieri , r . , kottelat , m . & bianco , g . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\njustification : although the range of this species is relatively restricted , it is abundant , and the population is thought to have increased over the past ten years . the prespa lakes are not treated as a single location in this case as there is no major threats thought likely to impact on the entire population . this species is not thought to be at significant risk from the introduction of invasive species .\nrestricted to the prespa lakes in northern greece , albania and the former yugoslav republic of macedonia ( fyrom ) .\nit is a large lacustrine species that completes its full life cycle within the lakes .\noverfishing , water extraction and pollution . water levels are vulnerable to decline due to the karstic nature of these lakes .\njustification : l . svallize is only found at one location in the neretva and trebisnjica drainage . the main threats of introduced species and water pollution can impact across its whole range .\nit is found in the neretva and trebisnjica drainage in bosnia herzegovina and croatia ( mrakovcic , m . pers comm ) .\ncentro de biologia ambiental , faculdade de ci\u00eancias , universidade de lisboa , campo grande , 1749 - 016 lisbon , portugal . silkewaap @ urltoken\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1004, "summary": [{"text": "mylothris sulphurea , the sulphur dotted border , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in eastern nigeria and western cameroon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of dense forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on santalales species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "mylothris sulphurea", "paragraphs": ["confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\nvane - wright , r . i . , liseki , s . d . 2011 . on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter , a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 44 , 85 - 93 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nhave a question about this project ? sign up for a free github account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community .\nby clicking \u201csign up for github\u201d , you agree to our terms of service and privacy statement . we\u2019ll occasionally send you account related emails .\nin recent eol - globi normalization runs , some source / predator taxa names didn ' t match against an external taxonomy . kindly go over the attached list and provide names that do match in form of csv / excel sheet with fields like :\njim provided a list of corrections and they were incorporated on the taxon normalization algorithm .\nsign up for free to join this conversation on github . already have an account ? sign in to comment\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1005, "summary": [{"text": "ogdoconta moreno is a moth in the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is only known from southern arizona , although its distribution likely extends into mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 10 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults vary from brown to gray .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "both the reniform and orbicular spots of the forewing are represented by contrasting light patches devoid of any defining lines or spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the orbicular spot touches the antemedial line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the antemedial line is angled with the outward apex occurring just below the orbicular spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the inner side of the antemedial line is a light band followed by a darker brown line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the postmedial line is an almost straight , light line , followed by a light tan or gray region of the subterminal area , which gradually becomes darker in the subterminal area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of both the male and female are whitish , suffused with dull gray brown , more heavily in the female than the male .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in july , august and september . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "ogdoconta moreno", "paragraphs": ["ogdoconta butler , 1891 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 462 ; ts : placodes cinereola guen\u00e9e\nmetzler , e . h . , e . c . knudson , r . w . poole , j . d . lafontaine , m . g . pogue , 2013 . a review of the genus ogdoconta butler ( lepidoptera noctuidae , condicinae , condicini from north america north of mexico with description of three new species . . zookeys , 264 : 165\u2013191 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nforewing light grayish - brown with paler shading in subterminal and antemedial areas , which makes the median area appear darker by comparison ; reniform and orbicular spots diffuse , indistinct , barely paler than ground color ; am line curved in a shallow arc ; pm line has slight bend but is almost straight ; hindwing brownish - gray with pale fringe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndistribution : this species is known only from southern arizona . there does not appear to be any significant variation in the species . adults have been collected in july , august , and september .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n\u00a9 eric h . metzler , edward c . knudson , robert w . poole , j . donald lafontaine , michael g . pogue\nthis species is known only from southern arizona , although its distribution likely extends into mexico . the larva and its food plants are unknown . adults were collected in july , august , and september .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\n[ mna26 . 1 ] ; poole , 1995 the moths of america north of mexico . noctuoidae , noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , striinae , psaphidinae moths am . n of mexico 26 . 1 : 1 - 249\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 1006, "summary": [{"text": "hemiscyllium halmahera or halmahera epaulette shark is a species of bamboo shark from indonesia .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species is described from two specimens collected near ternate island in 2013 , off the coast of larger halmahera island .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species is most similar to hemiscyllium galei , found in west papua , but looks strikingly different in its pattern of spots .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "while h. galei has seven large , dark spots on each side of its body , h. halmahera has a brown color with clusters of brown or white spots in polygon configurations all over its body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these small sharks are like other bamboo sharks , in that they use their pectoral fins to \" walk \" along the ocean floor . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "hemiscyllium halmahera", "paragraphs": ["according to the ichthyologists , hemiscyllium halmahera is most similar in general appearance to hemiscyllium galei from cenderawasih bay , west papua .\ndr allen\u2019s team caught two specimens of hemiscyllium halmahera near the island ternate , the maluku islands , indonesia .\nit was found off the remote eastern island of halmahera , one of the maluku islands .\nthe brown spotted fish , called hemiscyllium halmahera , is a species of bamboo shark that can grow to 27 inches in length and lives on the seabed where is hunts marine invertebrates and small fish .\nthey are relatively small , with the largest species measuring about 48 inches ( 1 . 22 m ) . the newly discovered species , called hemiscyllium halmahera , reaches 28 inches ( 70 cm ) in length .\nbibliographic information : allen gr et al . 2013 . hemiscyllium halmahera , a new species of bamboo shark ( hemiscylliidae ) from indonesia . aqua , international journal of ichthyology , 19 ( 3 ) : 123 - 136\nallen , g . r . , m . v . erdmann and c . l . dudgeon , 2013 . hemiscyllium halmahera , a new species of bamboo shark ( hemiscylliidae ) from indonesia . aqua , international journal 19 ( 3 ) : 123 - 136 . ( ref . 94061 )\na species of shark that uses its fins to\nwalk\nalong the bottom of the ocean floor has been discovered off the coast of indonesia . the shark , hemiscyllium halmahera , uses its fins to wiggle along the seabed and forage for small fish and crustaceans , scientists from conservation international said on friday .\ndr gerald allen , a research associate at the western australian museum , and his colleagues from australia have described a new species of shark from eastern indonesian waters .\n\u2018walking\u2019 sharks , also known as bamboo sharks or longtail carpet sharks , belong to the family hemiscylliidae in the shark order orectolobiformes .\nrather than swim , these slender - bodied sharks \u2018walk\u2019 by wriggling their bodies and pushing with their pectoral and pelvic fins .\n\u201cits features include a general brown coloration with numerous clusters of mainly 2 - 3 dark polygonal spots , widely scattered white spots in the matrix between dark clusters , relatively few ( less than 10 ) , large dark spots on the interorbital - snout region , a pair of large dark marks on the ventral surface of the head , and a fragmented post - cephalic mark consisting of a large u - shaped dark spot with a more or less continuous white margin on the lower half , followed by a vertical row of three , smaller clusters of 2 - 3 polygonal dark marks , \u201d dr allen and his colleagues wrote in a paper published in the aqua , international journal of ichthyology .\n\u201cit differs in having 7 - 8 large , horizontally elongate dark spots on the lower side between the abdomen and caudal - fin base , a cluster of solid dark post - cephalic spots , and usually about 25 dark spots on the upper surface of the head , \u201d they wrote .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\ngreek , hemi = half + greek , skylla = a kind of shark ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 5 - 10 m ( ref . 106604 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 68 . 1 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 94061 )\nthis species is distinguished by its colour pattern , generally brown with numerous clusters of mainly 2 - 3 dark polygonal spots ; widely scattered white spots in the matrix between dark clusters ; less than 10 large dark spots on the interorbital / snout region ; a pair of large dark marks on the ventral surface of the head ; a fragmented post - cephalic mark consisting of a large u - shaped dark spot with a more or less continuous white margin on the lower half , followed by a vertical row of 3 , smaller clusters of 2 - 3 polygonal dark marks ( ref . 94061 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00355 ( 0 . 00143 - 0 . 00879 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nwe ' re proud to be recognized as a financially accountable and transparent organization .\nthe shark , which has wide horizontal stripes , grows to a maximum length of just 30in and is harmless to humans .\nthe conservation group said it hoped the discovery would once again demonstrate that most sharks pose no threat to humans .\nthe find also highlights the extraordinary marine diversity in indonesia whose chain of islands is home to at least 218 species of sharks and rays , and the country ' s recent efforts to protect species under threat of extinction , conservation international said .\nonce a leading source of dried shark fin and other shark products , indonesia over the last six months had dedicated new marine preserves to sharks and rays , ci said .\nindonesian scientists working with the conservation group said they hoped the new shark find would help that effort , by deepening interest in marine tourism .\nthis is the third walking shark species to be described from eastern indonesia in the past six years , which highlights our tremendous shark and ray biodiversity ,\nsaid fahmi , a shark expert at the indonesian institute of sciences .\nwe now know that six of the nine known walking shark species occur in indonesian waters , and these animals are divers ' favourites , with excellent potential to help grow our marine tourism industry .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\na new species of shark has been discovered by scientists in the eastern indonesian waters that can ' walk ' along the ocean floor .\ntwo specimens of the shy fish were discovered in the indonesian archipelago of muluku by biologist dr gerald allen , from conservation international , and his team .\nwriting in the international journal of ichthyology dr allen said : \u201cthe new species is clearly differentiated on the basis of colour pattern .\n\u201cits features include a general brown colouration with numerous clusters of mainly 2 - 3 dark polygonal spots , widely scattered white spots in the matrix between dark clusters . \u201d\nthe shark ' s strange walking motion may help provide clues about how early ancestors of the first animals to walk on land began evolving .\nfifa world cup andrej kramaric plots england payback with croatia in world cup 2018 semi - final after leicester city nightmare kramaric became leicester ' s record signing when he joined them for \u00a39 . 7million in january 2015 , but struggled to make an impact\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1008, "summary": [{"text": "the southern yellow grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) , also known as golden-bellied grosbeak or golden grosbeak , is a species of grosbeaks in the cardinalidae family .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is very similar to , and has sometimes been considered conspecific with , the mexican yellow grosbeak .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the southern yellow grosbeak is found in colombia , ecuador , peru , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "southern yellow grosbeak", "paragraphs": ["golden grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) female of southern yellow grosbeak . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive\nthe southern yellow grosbeak , or golden bellied grosbeak is found in south america . it is a member of the cardinal species . this one was found in the dry forest of chaparri ecological reserve in peru .\nthe southern yellow grosbeak is stable in population . it is found in the tropical forests of brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , panama , and venezuela .\n21\u00b75 cm ; 54\u201359\u00b77 g ( peru ) . male nominate race has head and nape deep yellow with orange tinge , back black , rump yellow , uppertail - coverts black with white tips ; upperwing . . .\nbrewer , d . ( 2018 ) . golden grosbeak ( pheucticus chrysogaster ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhas been treated as conspecific with p . chrysopeplus and p . tibialis , but molecular studies suggest that present species is paraphyletic with respect to p . aureoventris # r . vocal differences are small , but on average laubmanni has a greater number of simple notes in every song phrase , while nominate typically lacks such notes # r ; the two also show consistent plumage differences . two subspecies recognized .\n\u2013 n colombia ( santa marta mts ) , sierra de perij\u00e1 , and n venezuela ( discontinuously in lara , aragua , distrito federal and miranda ; also s sucre and n monagas ) .\n\u2013 andes from sw colombia ( nari\u00f1o ) to s peru ( arequipa and puno ) ; also coastal n & c peru .\nopen woodland , forest edge , areas of scattered trees , brushland ; mostly fairly arid habitats , but . . .\nfew published data . stomach contents \u201cpurplish berries\u201d and \u201cinsects and seeds\u201d . arthropod prey taken from foliage .\nbreeds during rainy season , feb\u2013may , in arid w ecuador , and birds in breeding condition in apr\u2013jul in n colombia ( santa marta and perij\u00e1 ) ; . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in a much broader emberizidae . limits and composition redrawn in recent years , based on extensive molecular work # r # r . as compared to hbw : granatellus is imported from parulidae , amaurospiza from passerellidae ( part of emberizidae in hbw ) , and habia ( now including chlorothraupis ) and piranga from thraupidae ; at the same time , saltator and parkerthraustes have been removed to thraupidae .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\n\u2190 click inside , copy the code and then paste it into your web page code .\n1 . forest - > 1 . 5 . forest - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 7 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 5 . artificial / terrestrial - urban areas suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 6 . artificial / terrestrial - subtropical / tropical heavily degraded former forest suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .\nstotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . 1996 . neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password ."]}
{"id": 1009, "summary": [{"text": "stictane filiformis is a moth in the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by holloway in 2001 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of primary dipterocarp forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 5 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "stictane filiformis", "paragraphs": ["13stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 borneo , peninsular stictane filiformis holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 438 , figs . 9 c , 424 . tl : sabah . malaysia\nstictane filiformis is a moth in the arctiidae family . it was described by holloway in 2001 . it is found on borneo .\nstictane filiformis ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane filiformis holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 436 , f . 9c , 424 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu\nstictane umbrata van eecke : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 .\nstictane elegans bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nstictane gemina bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nstictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nstictane mlcochi bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nstictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nstictane rectilinea snellen : fang , 1982 , icon . het . sin . : 194 , fig . 1393 .\nstictane fractilinea snellen : fang , 1982 , icon . het . sin . : 194 , fig . 1392 .\nselect a genera blavia walker - blavia caliginosia walker chrysoscota hampson - chrysoscota brunnea swinhoe - chrysoscota cotriangulata sp . n . stictane hampson gen . rev . - stictane serrata sp . n . - stictane parvipectinata sp . n . - stictane ciliata sp . n . - stictane filiformis sp . n . - stictane pectinata sp . n . - stictane muara sp . n . narosodes moore - narosodes punctana walker - narosodes hampsoni draudt tampea snellen - tampea reversa walker - tampea accepta butler comb . n . - tampea nodosa sp . n . - tampea sp . 2053 neoduma hampson - neoduma ectozona hampson tospitis walker - tospitis nulliferana walker darantasia walker - darantasia cuneiplena walker - darantasia seria sp . n . heliosia hampson - heliosia monosticta hampson stictosia hampson - stictosia flexilisana walker - stictosia flava van eecke comb . n . - stictosia crocea sp . n . - stictosia decubitana walker stat . rev . eurosia hampson - eurosia melanopera hampson diduga moore - diduga annulata hampson - diduga pectinifer hampson - diduga trichophora hampson - diduga dorsolobata sp . n . - diduga ciliata sp . n . - diduga barlowi sp . n . hemonia walker - hemonia orbiferana walker - hemonia rotundata snellen\nstictane rectilinea snellen : hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 258 .\nstictane fractilinea snellen : hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 259 .\nstictane chinesica draudt : dubatolov , kishida and wang , 2012 , tinea22 ( 1 ) : 49 , fig . 52 .\nbayarsaikhan , ulziijargal & bae , yang - seop , 2015 , three new species of stictane hampson , 1900 ( erebidae , arctiinae ) from cambodia , with checklist of stictane , zootaxa 3981 ( 2 ) , pp . 241 - 252 : 250 - 252\nstictane ciliata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane elegans ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane gemina ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane kualabohi ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane mlcochi ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane muara ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane parvipectinata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane pectenicorniculum ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane pectinata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane serrata ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane costinotata wileman & south : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 . 6stictane bipunctulata ( van eecke , 1927 ) indonesia\nstictane pectinata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 436 , f . 9e , 428 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nstictane obscura inoue : kishida , 2011 , the standard of moths in japan ii : 154 , pl . 2 - 021 : 15 , 16 .\nstictane ciliata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 435 , f . 9b , 419 , 427 ; tl : brunei , 30 - 60m , labi\nstictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phal . br . mus . , 2 : 258 , pl . 25 : 5 . tl : sri\n12stictane pectinata holloway , 2001cambodia , borneo stictane pectinata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 436 , figs . 9 e , 428 . tl : sarawak .\n14stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 borneo stictane ciliata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 435 , figs . 9 b , 419 , 427 . tl : brunei .\n15stictane parvipectinata holloway , 2001 borneo stictane muara holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 435 , figs . 9 d , 421 , 429 . tl : sarawak .\nstictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 258 , pl . 25 , f . 5 ; tl : ceylon , hambantota\nstictane serrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 433 , f . 9f , 420 , 425 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu\nstictane parvipectinata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 435 , pl . 8 , f . 9d , 421 , 429 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nstictane bipunctulata ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane obliquilinea ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\nstictane umbrata ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\n10stictane serrata holloway , 2001 borneo , peninsular stictane serrata holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 433 , figs . 9 f , 420 , 425 . tl : borneo \u2013 malaysia sabah .\n11stictane muara holloway , 2001 borneo stictane muara holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo7 : 438 , figs . 8 d , e , 9 h , i , 418 . tl : brunei .\nstictane muara holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 438 , f . 8d - e , 9h - i , 418 ; tl : brunei , 1m , 3km wsw of muara , kampong kapok\nstictane chinesica ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 49 , f . 52 ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 2 ( list )\n18stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012cambodia , peninsular stictane pectenicorniculum bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malaysiamalay peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 239 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .\n20stictane mlcochi bucsek , 2012cambodia , peninsular stictane mlchochi bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay malaysiapeninsula - malaysia : 97 , pl . 16 : 241 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .\n22 sticyane fuscus bucsek , 2014cambodia , peninsular stictane fuscus bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 54 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .\nstictane fractilinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 259 , f . 174 ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 50 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 3 , 2 ( list ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 54\nstictane rectilinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 258 ; [ mob7 ] , 433 ( note ) ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 50 ( note ) ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 5 , 2 ( list ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 54\n5mm . the antennae are filiform . the forewing facies is distinctive , with the medial fascia relatively basal , an angled fascia through the discal dot and no submarginal row of dots . there are three dots on the margin distal to the discal dot and one near the tornus with a distinct gap of paler colour in between . in the genitalia the valves are shorter than in the three species just described , with only sparse setation distally . the saccular process is a short , triangular flap . there is a prominent furca , like the tongue of a reptile , extending dorsally from between the valve bases . the aedeagus vesica has several narrow diverticula , and three robust cornuti in its central portion .\nholotype . sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) , bm arctiid slide 4920 .\nthe single specimen was taken in primary dipterocarp forest at 600m on the eastern slopes of g . kinabalu .\n, 5mm . the male antennae are serrate to narrowly bipectinate with dense ciliae , but the facies is otherwise much as in ciliata except the medial fascia has a fainter second fascia just distad and parallel . the male genitalia are distinctive in having a marginal , straight , subapical spine distally to the more sinuous saccular one , flanking the densely setose cucullus . the aedeagus vesica ( not everted ) has numerous cornuti . the female genitalia have a broad corpus bursae and a long , reflexed appendix bursae . there are fields of long spines in the basal , slightly sclerotised part of the appendix , and a few also in the neck of the ductus . there is a finer scobination of shorter spines in the distal part of the corpus bursae .\nholotype . brunei : 1m , 3km wsw of muara , kampong kapok , edge of mangrove forest , i - ii . 1992 ( e . w . classey ) , bm arctiid slide 5473 .\n1 as holotype , 1 ( slide 4923 ) sabah : 5m . s . mt . trus madi , 1800 ft . 18 - 28 . viii . 1977 ; 1 ( slide 4928 ) brunei : seria , 2\u00ba forest , 30m . iv . 1981 ( i . gauld ) .\nall males are from near mangrove on the coast . single females were taken at the type locality , at 30m in disturbed forest at seria near the brunei coast ( slide 4928 ) , and in primary forest at 600m on g . trus madi in sabah ( slide 4923 ) . the forewings of these last two females are illustrated in figs9h , i , that from seria having more typical facies .\n= manoba ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 558 ; [ nhm card ]\nmicrotane hampson , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 ; ts : microtane fusca hampson\nmanoba bipunctulata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 117 , ( 9 : pl . 4 , f . 15 ) ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock\nchina ( shanghai , guangdong , fujian , guangxi ) . see [ maps ]\nsikkim , sumatra , ceylon , java , thailand , china . see [ maps ]\n= ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 259 ; [ nhm card ] ; kirti , joshi & singh , 2013 , acta zool . cracov . 56 ( 1 ) : 3\nmicrotane fusca hampson , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 ; tl : ceylon , matel\u00e9\nmanoba munda de joannis , 1928 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 97 : 258 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : cho ganh\nmanoba paucilinea de joannis , 1928 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 97 : 259 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : cho ganh\npitane rectilinea snellen , 1879 ; tijdschr . ent . 22 : 91 , pl . 10 , f . 7 ; tl : celebes\nmanoba umbrata van eecke , 1927 ; zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 , ( 9 : pl . 4 , f . 16 ) ; tl : sumatra , fort de kock\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nnew records of lichenmoths from the nanling mts . , guangdong , south china , with description of new genera and species ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae )\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon\nlepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten\nnatuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nmanoba umbrimedia de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .\noriginal description ( de joannis , 1928 , in french ) . wingspan 14 mm . female : forewing pale gray , slightly dusted with dark ; antemedial series of dark spots barely visible , regularly curved ; median band dark , curved medially outwards , followed by a broad dark shadow ; two dark discoidal spots ; postmedian series of dark spots ; with dark patch before apex ; subterminal series of dark spots , first one strong ; terminal series of dark spots ; fringe gray ; hindwing gray .\npitane rectilinea snellen , 1879 , tijd . v . ent . , 22 : 91 , pl . 10 : 7 . tl : indonesia ( sulawesi ) . indonesia , thailand\nhemonia rectilinea snellen : kirby , 1892 , cat . het . 1892 : 364 .\nmanoba rectilinea snellen : fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae : 187 , pl . 5 : 26 . 2stictane fractilinea ( snellen , 1880 ) china , india , java , sri\npitane fractilinea snellen , 1880 , midd - sum . lep . , 4 ( 2 ) : 38 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . lanka , sumatra , thailand\nhemonia fractilinea snellen : kirby , 1892 , cat . het . 1892 : 364 .\neugoa multipuncta hampson , 1893 , ill . het . br . mus . , 9 : 81 , pl . 158 : 3 . sri lanka\nmanoba fractilinea snellen : draudt , 1914 , macrolep . world10 : 196 , pl . 16 : a .\nmanoba fractilinea snellen : fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae : 187 , pl . 5 : 25 . 3stictane obliquilinea hampson , 1900sri lanka\nmicrotane fusca hampson , 1901 , ann . mag . hat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 183 . tl : sri lanka\neurosia costinotata wileman & south , 1919 , entomologist52 ( 670 ) : 50 . tl : philippines\nmanoba bipunctulata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . 7stictane umbrata ( van eecke , 1927 ) peninsular malaysia ,\nmanoba umbrata van eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . indonesia\nmanoba rectilinear form chinesica draudt , 1931 , macrolep . world2 ( suppl . ) : 69 . tl :\nmanoba rectilinea [ ssp . ] chinesica inoue , 1976 , bull . fac . domest . sci . otsuma wom .\nmanoba rectilinea draudt : fang , 2000 , fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . , arctiidae :\n9stictane obscura ( inoue , 1976 ) japanmanoba obscura inoue , 1976 , bull . fac . sci . otsuma women\u2019s university12 : 1 - 12 . tl : japan ( honshu ) .\nmanoba obscura inoue : inoue , 1982 , moths of japan i : 645 , ii : pl . 156 : 28 , 29 , pl . 348 : 3 , 4 .\n16stictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 peninsular malaysiastictane kualabohi bucsek , 2012 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 236 . tl : malaysia ( kampung kuala boh vill . ) .\npeninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 238 . tl : malaysia ( tanah rata env . )\npeninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 240 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .\n21stictane argenteus bucsek , 2014 peninsular malaysiastictane argenteus bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 55 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .\n23stictane uniformis bucsek , 2014 peninsular malaysiastictane uniformis bucsek , 2014 , erebidae , arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini ) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 56 . tl : malaysia ( negeri sembilan ) .\n24stictane munda ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba munda de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .\n25stictane paucilinea ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba munda de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 259 , pl . 2 : 8 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .\n26stictane umbrimedia ( de joannis , 1928 ) comb . nov . vietnammanoba umbrimedia de joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .\nde joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 257 , pl . 2 : 2 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .\noriginal description ( de joannis , 1928 , in french ) . wingspan 14 mm . female : forewing pale gray , slightly dusted with dark ; antemedial series of dark spots barely visible , regularly curved ; median band dark , curved medially outwards , followed by a broad dark shadow ; two dark discoidal spots ; postmedian series of dark spots ; with dark patch before apex ; subterminal series of dark spots , first one strong ; terminal series of dark spots ; fringe gray ; hindwing gray .\n, tijd . v . ent . , 22 : 91 , pl . 10 : 7 . tl : indonesia ( sulawesi ) . indonesia , thailand\n: fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . ,\n, midd - sum . lep . , 4 ( 2 ) : 38 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . lanka , sumatra , thailand\n& south : holloway , 2001 , moths of borneo 7 : 433 . 6\nvan eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . 7\nvan eecke , 1927 , zool . meded . 10 ( 8 ) : 118 . tl : indonesia ( sumatra ) . indonesia\n: fang , 2000 , fang , 2000 , fauna sin . , ins . 19 , lep . ,\n, bull . fac . sci . otsuma women\u2019s university 12 : 1 - 12 . tl : japan ( honshu ) .\n, moths of japan i : 645 , ii : pl . 156 : 28 , 29 , pl . 348 : 3 , 4 .\n: kishida , 2011 , the standard of moths in japan ii : 154 , pl . 2 - 021 : 15 , 16 .\n, moths of borneo 7 : 433 , figs . 9 f , 420 , 425 . tl : borneo \u2013 malaysia sabah .\n, moths of borneo 7 : 438 , figs . 8 d , e , 9 h , i , 418 . tl : brunei .\n, moths of borneo 7 : 436 , figs . 9 e , 428 . tl : sarawak .\n, moths of borneo 7 : 438 , figs . 9 c , 424 . tl : sabah . malaysia\n, moths of borneo 7 : 435 , figs . 9 b , 419 , 427 . tl : brunei .\n, moths of borneo 7 : 435 , figs . 9 d , 421 , 429 . tl : sarawak .\n) of malay peninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 236 . tl : malaysia ( kampung kuala boh vill . ) .\npeninsula - malaysia : 95 , pl . 16 : 238 . tl : malaysia ( tanah rata env . )\n) of malaysia malay peninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 239 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .\npeninsula - malaysia : 96 , pl . 16 : 240 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .\n) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia : 97 , pl . 16 : 241 . tl : malaysia ( endau rompin state park ) .\n) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 55 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .\n) of malay malaysia peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 54 . tl : malaysia ( pahang distr . ) .\n) of malay peninsula - malaysia ( supplementum ) : pl . 4 , fig . 56 . tl : malaysia ( negeri sembilan ) .\nde joannis , 1928 , ann . soc . ent . france , 97 : 259 , pl . 2 : 8 . tl : vietnam ( tonkin ) .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1010, "summary": [{"text": "idiophantis spectrata is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on the seychelles , where it has been recorded from mah\u00e9 .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light fuscous with a white stria from the costa to the tornus , rounded-angulated in the middle , edged with dark grey and on the lower half suffused with grey , margined anteriorly by an orange-ochreous stria , and posteriorly on the upper half by a similar stria terminated beneath by a black dot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an orange streak in the apical prominence .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey , the lower margin of the cell somewhat darker-suffused , on the lower surface with a fringe of hairs along it . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "idiophantis spectrata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for spectrata definition . you find here spectrata meaning , synonyms of spectrata and images for spectrata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word spectrata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word spectrata and , of course , spectrata synonyms and on the right images related to the word spectrata .\nidiophantis spectrata meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 272 ; tl : mah\u00e9 , cascade estate\nidiophantis eugeniae bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 2 ) : 351\nidiophantis croconota meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 129 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo\nidiophantis chiridota meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nidiophantis paraptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 566 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nidiophantis anisosticta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 566 ; tl : ceylon , colombo , diyatalawa\nidiophantis disparata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : fiji , labasa\nidiophantis melanosacta ; moriuti , 1993 , jpn . j . ent . 61 ( 3 ) : 621 ; [ nhm card ]\nidiophantis chalcura meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : khasi hills\nidiophantis hemiphaea meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : khasi hills\nidiophantis discura meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nidiophantis melanosacta meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : n . coorg\nidiophantis soreuta meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 139 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nidiophantis stoica meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 272 ; tl : palni hils , gooty\nidiophantis carpotoma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , pykara , 7000ft\nidiophantis chiridota ; [ nhm card ] ; moriuti , 1993 , jpn . j . ent . 61 ( 3 ) : 619 ; [ aucl ]\nidiophantis habrias meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 298 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nidiophantis maelamunensis moriuti , 1993 ; jpn . j . ent . 61 ( 3 ) : 622 ; tl : thailand , kanchanaburi , mae la mun , ca . 400m\nidiophantis pandata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nidiophantis lomatographa bradley , 1962 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h ) ( ent ) 12 ( 5 ) : 257 ; tl : new hebrides , aneityum , red crest , 1200ft\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , mpumalanga ] , barberton , xii , leg . a . j . t . janse .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013336 .\nbidzilya o . v . 2007 . gelechiidae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . - esperiana memoir 4 : 91\u2013118 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nmeyrick e . 1911d . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905 . - transactions of the linnean society of london ( 2 ) 14 ( 3 ) : 263\u2014307 .\nacanthopa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 64\ncolobodes insomnis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiopeda meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera from the new hebrides . records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected on the island of aneityum by miss evelyn cheesman , o . b . e .\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nsattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1012, "summary": [{"text": "sigilliclystis kendricki is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in hong kong and probably inland china .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 9 mm for males and 10 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have a grey-brown ground colour with a light suffusion of red scales at the base of the forewing and costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "both the fore - and hindwings are lightly dusted with brown scales . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "sigilliclystis kendricki", "paragraphs": ["sigilliclystis kendricki - urdu meaning and translation of sigilliclystis kendricki , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of sigilliclystis kendricki and more .\nsigilliclystis kendricki is a moth in the geometridae family . it is found in hong kong and probably inland china .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n( c ) roger c . kendrick , some rights reserved ( cc by - nc - nd ) , uploaded by roger kendrick , urltoken\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nroger kendrick stated : the raised scales are groups of androconial scales - scent patches to you and me ! they only occur on the male in this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nguest passes let you share your photos that aren ' t public . anyone can see your public photos anytime , whether they ' re a flickr member or not . but ! if you want to share photos marked as friends , family or private , use a guest pass . if you ' re sharing photos from a set , you can create a guest pass that includes any of your photos marked as friends , family , or private . if you ' re sharing your entire photostream , you can create a guest pass that includes photos marked as friends or family ( but not your private photos ) . learn more about guest passes !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfor a list of species first described from hong kong with many endemic species indicated see ( wikipedia ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1013, "summary": [{"text": "limbatochlamys parvisis is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( yunnan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 25 mm for males and 29 mm for females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "limbatochlamys parvisis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for parvisis definition . you find here parvisis meaning , synonyms of parvisis and images for parvisis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word parvisis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word parvisis and , of course , parvisis synonyms and on the right images related to the word parvisis .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ncrypsiphona occultaria , the red - lined looper moth or red - lined geometer , is a moth of the geometridae family .\naplasta ononaria , the rest harrow , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .\npingasa chlora , the white looper moth or flower - eating caterpillar , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1015, "summary": [{"text": "arctozenus risso , the spotted barracudina or ribbon barracudina , is a species of barracudina found in oceans worldwide in the meso - and bathypelagic zone down to abound 2,200 metres ( 7,200 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is an important forage species for many pelagic predators , such as cephalopods , common dolphins , and albacore . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "spotted barracudina", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npublished in meps vol . 250 . online publication date : march 26 , 2003 print issn : 0171 - 8630 ; online issn : 1616 - 1599 copyright \u00a9 2003 inter - research .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmoore , j . , polanco fernandez , a . , russell , b . , mceachran , j . d . , poss , s . , nunoo , f . & bannermann , p .\nis a wide - ranging species , is not utilized and has no known major threats . therefore ,\nthis species occurs from the arctic to antarctic . in the northeastern pacific , it is found from british columbia , canada south to guadalupe island , mexico . in the southeastern pacific , it occurs in chile . in the western atlantic , it occurs from newfoundland and labrador , canada south to georgia , florida , the bahamas , and the lesser antilles ( richards 2006 ) . specifically in the greater caribbean , it occurs from southeastern florida , northwest providence channel ( the bahamas ) and the lesser antilles . in the eastern atlantic , it is known from norway to portugal . in the northwestern pacific , it occurs in iwate , japan south to the philippines . in the southwestern pacific , it is known from new south wales , australia to tasmania ( distribution inferred from records of a . risso on fishnet2 . net , 2012 ) . it is found at depths between zero to 2 , 000 m ( richards 2006 ) .\narctozenus risso is oceanic , epipelagic to bathypelagic , and feeds on fishes and shrimps . it occurs singly or in small schools ( post 1984 ) . it is hermaphroditic and oviparous with planktonic larvae ( richards 2006 ) . it spawns at continental slopes and oceanic banks ( cherel and duhamel 2003 ) . the maximum total length ( tl ) is 31 cm ( thompson 2002 ) .\nthere are no known major threats to arctozenus risso . however , it is caught as bycatch in deep - water fisheries in some areas .\nmoore , j . , polanco fernandez , a . , russell , b . , mceachran , j . d . , poss , s . , nunoo , f . & bannermann , p . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2200 m ( ref . 50610 ) . deep - water ; 71\u00b0n - 55\u00b0s , 180\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e\nworldwide distribution from the arctic to antarctic . eastern pacific : british columbia ( 55\u00b0n ) to at least north central baja california ( 28\u00b0n ) ( ref . 35950 ) . northwest pacific : bering sea , kamchatka , kuril islands ( ref . 41668 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4473 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 13 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 28 - 34 ; vertebrae : 72 - 86 . bright silvery in color ( ref . 6885 ) . branchiostegal rays : 8 ( ref . 35950 ) .\npseudoceanic and mesopelagic , occurring singly or in small schools ( ref . 5759 ) , primarily at 200 - 1000 ( ref . 58302 ) . feed mainly on fishes and shrimps ( ref . 5759 ) . spawn in continental slopes and in oceanic banks from northern through tropical to southern temperate waters . oviparous , with planktonic larvae ( ref . 35950 ) .\npost , a . , 1990 . paralepididae . p . 373 - 384 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4473 )\n) : 0 . 8 - 10 . 8 , mean 4 . 1 ( based on 2120 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00324 ( 0 . 00121 - 0 . 00866 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nit\u2019s halloween . that time of year when the pumpkin rears its orange head and the streets are filled with zombies , witches and donald trump costumes . if like me , you always struggle for costume inspiration , i\u2019ve put together some of the scariest faces you\u2019ll find in the deep - sea sea . you\u2019re welcome\nturns out the underside of many deep - sea shark heads look like demonic monsters . hella scary for any shrimp or squid that were to bump into the business end of these guys . not to worry though guys , all of these sharks ( and fish ) are under a metre in length and found well below 500m . no threat to you next time you paddle in the shallows .\nstill very much an understudied group of sharks . i think it\u2019s quite clear why the demon catsharks get their name but we still know nothing about this group . ( \u2026well not nothing , but it\u2019s not much )\neasily identified by the jet black coloration in its mouth . this species can be found through europe from 55m to 1200m .\nthe birdbeak dogfish has a remarkably longnose that is covered in electro - sensory organs called ampullae of lorenzini , which it uses to detect fish and squid in the dark depths of the ocean .\nthe jaws of the portuguese dogfish are perfectly designed for grasping and then tearing through chunks of dead whales .\nanother member of the demon catshark family . this species is typically found between 1000 - 1500m and is believed to specialise on deep - sea shrimp .\ni mean , just look at it ! terrifying ! although it only reaches a max size of about 30cm , so kind of cute really .\nso when you\u2019re thinking of what to go as to this years halloween party , consider going as a \u201cdemon catshark\u201d or a \u201ccan - opener smoothdream\u201d .\nphd candidate researching the tropho - spatial ecology of deep sea sharks . interested in stable isotopes , behavioural ecology , satellite telemetry , paleobiology , fisheries & conservation\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nprepelvic distance 66 - 70 % sl . pelvic fin origin behind dorsal fin origin . two rows of teeth with ~ 25 canines . palatine with 3 - 6 depressible , elongate canines and many tiny fixed teeth .\nbody silvery with a darker dorsum . many spots on the rear of the body . base of anal fin with dark pigment .\nthe subtropical and boreal north atlantic , from greenland to off the carolinas . also in the southern hemisphere in the subtropical convergence with strays to the falklands .\npost , a . 1985 . paralepididae . in : fischer , w . and hureau , j - c . ( eds . )\nspecies identification sheets for fishery purposes . southern ocean ( fishing areas 48 , 58 and 88 ) . food and agriculture organisation of the united nations , rome .\nrofen , r . r . in : anderson , w . w . , r . h . gibbs , f . h . berry , w . a . gosline , j . e . bohlke , n . b . marshall , r . l . bolin , g . w . mead , j . w . gehringer , r . r . rofen , and n . j . wilimovsky . 1966 . fishes of the western north atlantic . part 5 . iniomi and lyomeri . memoir no . 1 . sears foundation for marine research ; yale university , new haven , ct . 647 pp . , 220 plates .\nthere are approximately 450 species of vertebrate wildlife which can be found within the garden state , along with 85 freshwater fish . our bays , estuaries and marine waters can be home to 28 marine mammals and 336 marine finfish at some point during the year . this is an exceptional number of species for a state as small as new jersey .\ncitation : able , k . w . 1992 . checklist of new jersey saltwater fishes . bull . n . j . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11\nsome files on this site require adobe acrobat pdf reader to view . download the free pdf reader\ncopyright \u00a9 state of new jersey , 1996 - 2006 department of environmental protection p . o . box 402 trenton , nj 08625 - 0402 last updated : february 14 , 2006"]}
{"id": 1016, "summary": [{"text": "corydoras seussi is a south american catfish , family callichthyidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was named after german ichthyologist dr werner seuss .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it quite strongly resembles the corydoras gossei .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "however , it can be differentiated by its longer snout ; nonetheless , it is not a ' true ' longnose corydoras in the manner of , for example , corydoras septentrionalis .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the captive spawning of this catfish has not been documented . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "corydoras seussi", "paragraphs": ["orydoras seussi has been available to the hobbyist for a few years now , and shares a similar colour pattern with corydoras gossei , which has a rounded snout . before being described scientifically as corydoras seussi this magnificent catfish was referred to as c27 .\ncorydoras seussi belongs to the family callichthyidae from brazil ; namely the rio poranga a tributary of the upper rio negro and the mamore river basin .\nas with all the other corydoras that i have had the pleasure to keep over the years , corydoras seussi readily accepts a mixed and varied diet . i personally feed all of my corydoras on sinking pellets , good quality flake foods , granular foods , cultured whiteworm and frozen foods such as bloodworm to name but a few .\nthere are no reported cases of this species of corydoras breeding in the aquarium .\ncorydoras on fine sand instead of gravel . great for loaches and apistogrammas as well .\nalways use fine gravel or sand for the tank substrate to prevent the barbels on this fish being damaged . corydoras seussi should be kept in groups of at least 5 fish and add hiding places to the tank . always keep these fish with other peaceful species .\nno captive breeding information is available , but it can probably be bred in a similar fashion to many other corydoras species .\nthese catfish are very peaceful towards their own kind and indeed other species of corydoras . these catfish are ideally suited to being kept in a community aquarium environment with other non - aggressive species of fish such as tetras and dwarf cichlids . whilst corydoras seussi are not cheap to purchase , wherever possible i would recommend that you purchase a minimum of six specimens , as they are naturally found in the wild in large shoals .\nlike most corys , c . seussi is most easily sexed when viewed from above . females are noticeably rounder and broader - bodied than females , especially when full of eggs .\nvery similar in appearance to c . gossei , seussi can be distinguished by its less rounded snout . it may also be referred to by its c - number , c027 .\nwhilst this is a species of corydoras that i am fortunate to have kept in recent years i was unable to persuade the fish to breed . whilst there are documented records for spawning the similar coloured corydoras gossei , i am not personally aware of any successful accounts for spawning corydoras seussi to date . i would however , envisage that when breeding these catfish would adopt the typical corydoras \u201ct\u201d clinch when mating , which involves the female transferring sperm from the male to her eggs held in her ventral fins prior to them being laid carefully on a chosen surface . it is documented and observed that the female takes the sperm from the male into her mouth which is then passed out of her vent and on to the eggs which she holds in small numbers between her ventral fins .\ncorydoras are identified by their twin rows of armour plates along the flanks and by having fewer than 10 dorsal fin rays . they are most commonly confused with the other genera in the sub - family , namely brochis , scleromystax and aspidoras . shares a similar colour pattern with corydoras gossei , which has a rounded snout .\ncorydoras seussi prefer to be kept in water which has a ph in the range of 6 . 5 - 7 . 2 ( although it has been known for this species to tolerate a much wider range of ph 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ) , and hardness in the range of 2 . 0 - 25 . 0 dgh . this catfish is ideally suited to temperatures in the range of 22 - 26\u00bac .\nthese fish are armoured , not scaled , catfish . they have two rows of overlapping bony plates running down each side and large plates covering their head . indeed , the name corydoras is derived from the greek kory ( helmet ) and doras ( skin ) .\nthese fish are incredibly docile , very peaceful and are a wonderfully easy fish to own . however it is a remarkably little known fact that corydoras species have a very sharp barb just under each eye , one in the adipose fin , and a large one in the front of their dorsal fin .\nthe corydoras group of fish frequently gulps air . this is normal and is not a cause for concern . if too little room is available between the water surface and the hood ( < 2\n) the fish may hit the hood . they hold the air in their stomach and the thin lining dissipates the oxygen .\nvery peaceful and suitable for many community tanks . don\u2019t keep it with anything very large or aggressive . good tankmates include small characins , cyprinids , anabantoids , dwarf cichlids and other peaceful catfish . always try to maintain corydoras in groups as they\u2019re far more confident and active in the presence of conspecifics . a group of at least 6 individuals is suggested .\nwhat is also little known is that most species of corydoras have a poison gland in their barbs which causes fish which try to eat them to get stung . this causes the attacking fish to suffer a lot of pain rather like a jellyfish sting . needless to say this causes an annoying , but harmless , irritant to aquarists skin if they get stung also .\nsmall side stream of rio pacas - novos , side branch of rio mimor\u00e9 , near guajar - mirim , rond\u00f4ndia , brazil .\ncory = helmet , doras = skin . in this case it was incorrectly used to mean armour ( cuirasse ) instead of skin in allusion to the dual rows of plates that run along the flanks of this genus . this catfish was specifically named after ( dedicated to ) mr . werner seuss , a well known german aquarist and author .\n70mm or 2 . 8\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nthe males tend to be slightly smaller and more slender than the females . the dorsal and pectoral fins of the males tend to be more pointed than those of the females . sexing of these catfish is easier when being viewed from above .\nrio poranga a tributary of the upper rio negro and the mamore river basin .\nsuggested foods are high quality flake foods , sinking wafers , frozen blood worms , grindal worms , tubificid worms .\nsandy bottom with an open swimming space lined with bogwood and plants to retreat into .\n( 1 ) coryologist ( k : 12 ) , ( 2 ) coryman , ( 3 ) yan , ( 4 ) philtre , ( 5 ) angjo , ( 6 ) jollysue , ( 7 ) gem400 ( k : 4 ) , ( 8 ) corries , ( 9 ) reticulata , ( 10 ) bamboosticks ( k : 4 ) , who also notes :\nbig and confident fish .\n, ( 11 ) tony57 , ( 12 ) jpod , ( 13 ) mark roesner , ( 14 ) gossei ( k : 5 ) , ( 15 ) aspidoras ( k : 7 ) , ( 16 ) valb68 ( k : 8 ) , ( 17 ) lee meadows , ( 18 ) sean b , ( 19 ) kamas88 ( k : 5 ) , ( 20 ) charliem9 , ( 21 ) amli , ( 22 ) krawallo ( k : 27 ) , who also notes :\nhomemade photos follow\n, ( 23 ) per jensen , ( 24 ) matte s , ( 25 ) evojoey , ( 26 ) coolcorycats , ( 27 ) don kinyon ( k : 10 ) , ( 28 ) protopterus , ( 29 ) mexnotex . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n24\u2033 x 15\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) \u2013 71 litres .\nuse a substrate of fine sand and provide shelter in the form of smooth rocks and chunks of bogwood . areas of thick planting are also appreciated , as is the provision of some floating cover . also provide some surface turbulence and flow , as it prefers well - oxygenated water . as with all corys , don\u2019t use undergravel filtration , and ensure the substrate is kept scrupulously clean , as these catfish are sensitive to poorly - maintained or dirty substrates and can lose their barbels if kept in poor conditions .\nwill accept most sinking dried foods , as well as small live and frozen varieties such as bloodworm , brine shrimp and chopped earthworm . feeding a varied diet will ensure the fish are in the best condition .\nset up the breeding tank ( 18\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 or similar is a good size ) , with either a bare bottom , sand or fine gravel substrate . use air - powered sponge or box - type filtration as fry won\u2019t be sucked into these and provide some clumps of vegetation such as java moss . a temperature of around 75\u00b0f and a ph of 7 should be fine . it\u2019s always better to have a higher ratio of males to females when breeding corys and 2 males per female is recommended . condition the group on a varied diet of live , frozen and dried foods . when the females are visibly full of eggs perform a large ( 50 - 70 % ) water change with cooler water , and increase oxygenation and flow in the tank . repeat this daily until the fish spawn .\nit\u2019s worth observing a couple of notes on general cory breeding at this point . many species are seasonal spawners , breeding during the wet season in their native countries . this occurs at the same time of year as the uk winter , so if summer breeding attempts are failing , it may be worth waiting until winter before trying again . also , some species can take several years to become sexually mature , so be patient . finally some species simply require different tactics , including timing of water changes , oxygenation levels etc . if you aren\u2019t having any luck , don\u2019t be afraid of trying different approaches .\nif the fish decide to spawn , they will usually lay their eggs on the tank glass , often in an area where water flow is quite high . spawning behaviour is characterised by an initial increase in activity and excitement , before males begin to actively pursue females . a receptive female will allow a male to caress her with his barbels , before the pair take up the classic \u201ct - position\u201d , in which the male grasps the females barbels between his pectoral fin and body . he then releases some sperm and it\u2019s thought that this passes through the mouth and gills of the female , being directed towards her pelvic fins . these she uses to form a \u2018basket\u2019 , into which she deposits a single egg ( although up to 4 may be released ) . once this is fertilised , she swims away to find a suitable place to deposit the egg , before the cycle is repeated . if you spawn the fish in a group situation , you will often see multiple males chasing a female as she goes to deposit an egg , in an effort to be the next chosen to fertilise eggs .\nthe adults will eat their spawn given the opportunity , so once spawning is complete you have 2 choices . either remove the adults and raise the brood in the same tank , or move the eggs and raise the fry elsewhere . if you decide to move the eggs , you\u2019ll find they\u2019re quite robust , and can usually be gently rolled up the glass with a finger . the new container should contain the same water as the spawning tank and be similarly well - oxygenated . wherever you decide to hatch the eggs , it\u2019s always best to add a few drops of methylene blue to the water to prevent fungussing . even then some eggs will probably fungus , and these should be removed as soon as they\u2019re spotted in order to prevent the fungus spreading .\nthe eggs hatch in 3 - 4 days and once the fry have used up their yolk sacs , they will accept microworm and brine shrimp nauplii as first foods . the fry seem to be less susceptible to disease when kept over a thin layer of sand , as opposed to in a bare - bottomed setup .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe last month of 2006 brings another factsheet from our resident\nguru\nchris ralph and a look at a relatively new cory which has only been in the hobby for the last 10 years , and is coincidental in that scotcat will be celebrating 10 years next month also , so i will hand you over to chris to guide you along .\ni would suggest a minimum size of 24\u201d x 15\u201d x 12\u201d for a shoal of these fascinating catfish . the preferred substrate for keeping these catfish should be good quality aquarium sand such as bd aquarium sand , or very smooth rounded gravel in order to prevent their barbels from being damaged . the aquarium should provide some shelter in the form of rocks , bogwood and aquatic plants . as with all other species of fish , water quality and general husbandry is very important , and i would recommend that the aquarist undertake a minimum of 25 % water change on a fortnightly basis .\nthe base colour of the body is tan overlapped by a much darker coloured pigment which is slate grey / blue . the dorsolateral scutes are much darker exhibiting the slate grey / blue colour than the ventrolateral scutes which are tan coloured . the head region is overlaid with an orange to almost gold colour , which in natural sunlight is truly magnificent . the head area around the barbels and eyes is also overlaid with light coloured spots . the first rays of the dorsal , pectoral and ventral fins are orange in colour interspersed with some slate grey / blue colouration . the soft rays of the pectoral and ventral fins are orange in colour , whilst the remaining fins ( dorsal , anal , adipose and caudal ) are light ( white ) coloured with slate grey to black coloured almost stripy markings . the caudal fin has 5 - 6 distinct vertical black bands / stripes . in bright sunlight there is a green sheen which can be seen over the top half of the body of this catfish .\ncory = helmet , doras = skin . this catfish was specifically named after ( dedicated to ) mr . werner seuss who is a well known german aquarist and author .\nchris ralph ; 19 / 04 / 05 first published in tropical fish magazine june 2005 .\ndorsolateral refers to the area above the lateral line and below the dorsal fin . ventrolateral refers to the area below the lateral line and above the ventral fins .\n70mm s . l . - 7cm , - 2\u00beins . ( standard length \u2013 this is the measurement of the fish from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal peduncle ) .\nif you found this page helpful you can help keep scotcat running by making a small donation , thanks .\ngreek , kory = helmet + greek , doras = skin ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 2 - 25 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 13371 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37395 )\nreis , r . e . , 2003 . callichthyidae ( armored catfishes ) . p . 291 - 309 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 37395 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01660 ( 0 . 00670 - 0 . 04111 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 73 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nusually when properly conditioned , the difference between the male and female corydora becomes quite evident . females have a larger underbelly , when viewed from the top will look a lot wider than a male . males are smaller in length than females also .\nvery peaceful community fish . will not intentionally bother tank inhabitants , however their bumbling about the tank may bother more delicate fish or other bottom dwellers . are best kept in groups of 5 - 6 or more .\n, these fish will eat most food which sinks to the bottom of the tank . sinking\n. vegetable - based foods offer little nutrition to them . they will also eat any dead , dying , or even injured fish , that sit on the substrate too long . they ' re very opportunistic !\nthese fish are most active at night , so feeding once before lights out is typically enough . though they can easily be persuaded to feed during the day . since they are slower eaters they should be allowed at least 30 minutes to consume their food .\nrequires a sand or small gravel substrate and prefers a planted tank . keeping a\n, as with other scaleless fish , adding salt to the tank will cause them harm .\nthis fish likes the company of its own kind . it is recommended to keep at least 2 , or better yet , several of the same species . the more you have , the more secure they are and the more you will see them .\nthey are known to ' blink ' their eyes to the amazement of onlookers . the cory has the ability to tilt its eye down to examine the nearby substrate .\ntypical corydora in shape . this corydora has a cream belly with dark iridescent flanks . the caudal fin has dark bars .\nthe fish uses these barbs to protect itself from being swallowed by a larger fish . therefore when using a net to catch these fish , be prepared for the cory to become caught up in the mesh of the net . also , ensure you don ' t try to catch this fish in your hand !\nthe cory has a sensitive sense of smell and its barbels allow it to taste food hidden in the substrate .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 16 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nunfortunately questions regarding fish , plants , diseases or tank setup will be ignored if submitted via the form below ! in order to ask such a question , please click this link ! the form below shall be used to ask about the website , functionality , issues or to give feedback . thanks a lot !\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling javascript in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling cookies in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nusual size in fish tanks : 5 - 7 cm ( 1 . 97 - 2 . 76 inch )\nrecommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 5 - 24\u00b0n ( 89 . 29 - 428 . 57ppm )\nfeed seuss\u2019 corys with a quality flake or sinking pellets . algae wafers will be beneficial to these fish as are treats of brine shrimp and blood worms . always ensure these fish get there fair share of the food .\nsouth america ; seuss\u2019 corys are to be found in the waterways of brazil .\nwhen viewed from above , the female will be slightly larger with a plumper body shape .\nnetting a fish pond will keep cats and birds away and your fish will be safe .\nall comments must be submitted by registered members . please , click this link to login or register !\nplease , verify whether your login and password are valid . if you don ' t have an account here , register one free of charge , please .\nunfortunately this page doesn ' t allow discussion . please , find any other page that fits your area of interest as over 99 % of our pages allow discussion . the reason why no discussion is allowed here is this page is too general . thanks a lot for understanding ! click here to search , please !"]}
{"id": 1020, "summary": [{"text": "the egyptian mouthbrooder ( pseudocrenilabrus multicolor ) is a species of cichlid .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this small mouthbrooder reaches about 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) in length , and is found in rivers , lakes , and other freshwater habitats in eastern africa from egypt and as far south as tanzania .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the common name egyptian mouthbrooder is often limited to its northern nominate subspecies , in which case the southern p. m. victoriae is called the dwarf victoria mouthbrooder .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the exact distribution limit between the two subspecies is unknown . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "egyptian mouthbrooder", "paragraphs": ["the egyptian mouthbrooder ( pseudocrenilabrus multicolor ) is unique in that it is the female that does the mouthbrooding .\nthe egyptian mouthbrooder is native to north - east africa and is widespread in this area . it was first imported to europe in 1902 . this species is also known as\ndwarf victoria mouthbrooder\n. the name multicolor means \u201cmany colors\u201d .\ncommon name : egyptian mouthbrooder , dwarf victoria mouthbrooder scientific name : pseudocrenilabrus multicolour synonyms : paratilapia multicolor , haplochromis multicolor , hemihaplochromis multicolor max size : 3 . 2 inch / 8 cm temperatur : 68 - 75\u02daf / 20 - 24\u02dac ph : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5\nwelcomme , r . l . 1973 .\nobservations on hemihaplochromis multicolor , the egyptian mouthbrooder\n. buntbarsche bulletin . ( n . 37 ) , pp . 17 - 19 ( crc01542 )\none thing is certain , you must make sure you get the dwarf egyptian mouthbrooder , or they may list it mouthbreeder , the one with the mature size of 3 \u2013 3 . 5 inches .\nin summary , the egyptian mouthbrooder is probably the hardiest and most easily bred member of the entire genus pseudocrenilabrus . the ugandan mouthbrooder is somewhat more demanding , given its sensitivity to tank fouling and susceptibility to stress - induced systemic bacterial diseases . its brilliant coloration makes it well worth a little additional effort however . hopefully tank - reared fish will prove somewhat hardier than their wild progenitors , for this lovely little cichlid deserves the same wide popularity among hobbyists that its egyptian counterpart has always enjoyed .\nthe egyptian mouthbrooder , which originates from the nile river , will grow to 2 . 5 inches in length and is well suited for most community tanks . this small cichlid is very peaceful as long as its companions are too large for it to swallow .\nfor many decades , mouthbrooding in tropical fish was a limited and unique method of spawning . many thought only a few fish spawned in this manner . however , that was before the east african invasion of the 1960s and \u201870s , when the multitude of malawian mouthbrooders came into the hobby . now , when one mentions \u201ccichlid , \u201d many people think of mouthbrooders . before the 1960s , when hobbyists mentioned \u201cmouthbrooder , \u201d the little egyptian mouthbrooder ( pseudocrenilabrus multicolor ) or its close , brightly colored cousin , the southern egyptian mouthbrooder ( p . multicolor victoriae ) were the fish they were talking about . no other fishes with this behavior were commonly known to hobbyists .\nthe egyptian mouthbrooder it is also referred to as the haplochromis multicolor mouthbreeder . however , even though the descriptions of the fish are almost identical and i believe them to be the same fish , depending on the source you research , and how old that source is both names are correct .\nall other varieties are huge 14 - 24 inches full grown and will absolutely destroy your aquarium ! the beauty of breeding the dwarf egyptian mouthbrooder is just how simple it can be to breed and keep this fish compared to just about any other egg laying fish that will care for its young .\nthe egyptian mouthbrooder will accept almost all food and can be feed flake food . you should strive to give them a varied diet . they do well on a base diet of flake food but i highly recommend complementing the diet with frozen food . these fishes really appreciate live food every now and then .\nfeeding : as a rule , the egyptian mouthbrooder eats anything it is given , they can live happy healthy lives even on straight flake food . however for best results breeding , feed insect larvae such as mosquito larva , red worm , daphnia , white worms or brine shrimp to condition this feeding should be frequent and heavy to encourage breeding activity .\nthe egyptian mouthbrooder is hardy little cichlid that is very suitable for beginners . it is easy to keep and breed . this cichlid used to be very common a few decades ago but have become increasingly rare over the year . you can still find it in stores from time to time but is not a part of the standard stock in most fish stores .\negyptian mouthbrooders can be kept in relatively small aquariums and a group can be kept in a 20 gallon / 90l tank . the aquarium should be decorated with densely planted areas as well as open areas , and the fish should be provided with plenty of suitably sized caves . at least one cave per fish is required . small split clay post and coconuts make good caves . it is a good idea to create natural territorial borders since some fish can be quite aggressive and natural territorial borders can help defuse this aggressiveness . egyptian mouthbrooders are suitable for community tanks with similarly sized fish that are though enough to tolerate the temperament if the egyptian mouth brooder . do not keep egyptian mouthbrooders with timid fish .\nbehavior : surprisingly peaceful for a cichlid . the dwarf egyptian mouthbrooder can be kept in a community aquarium with fish its own size , much like angel fish , another semi - peaceful cichlid . however like all cichlids , this fish becomes territorial and aggressive at breeding time , will damage or kill its own kind if more than its mate is in the aquarium when breeding commences .\nit\u2019s surprising that you don\u2019t see the southern egyptian mouthbrooder for sale very often , considering their bright colors , peaceful demeanor and ease of spawning . if you come across this diminutive beauty , don\u2019t hesitate to pick up a small group of them to add to a planted community tank . with proper care , you\u2019ll be able to say that you\u2019ve completed another successful adventure in fish breeding .\nthe egyptian mouthbrooder has been a staple of the aquarium hobby ever since its introduction by schoeller . until quite recently it was believed that the ugandan populations of p . multicolor were identical to those native to egypt and the sudan . in the spring of 1972 , ugandan fish were imported into the united states in quantity . they had been brought in sporadically somewhat earlier by german importers and distributed under the trade names\nhaplochromis kiravira\nor\nhaplochromis kirawira .\nas reference to the accompanying illustrations will indicate , the ugandan fish differ markedly in color pattern from the egyptian fish previously available to aquarists .\ndecades before there were african cichlids clubs , websites , and stores that specialize in all things african cichlid , there was only one , the egyptian mouthbreeder . well , there were others from the congo river , but the egyptian was the first of the class that would become african cichlids . you see they actually came from the part of the lakes famous for all the fish we classify as african cichlids today .\nthe egyptian mouthbrooder can tolerate temperatures as low as 13\u00b0 c for short periods of time , while prolonged exposure to 16\u00b0 c appears to do it no harm . since this cichlid ranges as far north as the nile delta , this is hardly surprising . data are lacking on tolerable minimum temperatures for the ugandan mouthbrooder . given its exclusively tropical distribution , it seems imprudent to expect a tolerance for temperatures lower than 18\u00b0 c . both populations of p . multicolor can tolerate briefly temperatures as high as 32\u00b0 c , but a range of 24\u00b0 - 29\u00b0 c is more appropriate for their aquarium maintenance . like other haplochromines , all pseudocrenilabrus eat more heavily , behave more aggressively and have a shorter developmental interval at the upper end of their preferred temperature range .\none of my small egyptian mouthbrooders with her few days old fry . she will guard and protect them with her life , well at least for a couple of days , and on the the third day she will eat them : - )\nthe status of these distinctive populations remains to be determined . for the present , i would suggest retaining the traditional egyptian mouthbrooder as a designation for the nilotic populations and utilizing the designation of ugandan mouthbrooder for those occurring south of murchison falls and the semliki rapids . the latter have been available through commercial channels under the trade names given earlier , as well as under the very misleading name of haplochromis fasciatus , which is properly that of a morphologically distinctive haplochromine native to the lower reaches of the congo river , many thousands of miles to the west of uganda . in several recent german publications ( mayland , 1978 ; richter , 1980 ) this fish has also been discussed under the name pseudocrenilabrus philander dispersus , a very different congener native to southern africa that will be discussed in the second portion of this article .\nsoon at about 3\u20134 weeks from when the eggs were first laid , the fry will venture off into the plants throughout the breeding tank . at this point , the female should be feed back to normal size and ready to go back into your community tank or where ever you keep the rest of your egyptian\u2019s . use the breeding tank to raise the fry , 3\u20134 months later , you should have 30 or so very healthy 1 and 1 / 2 egyptian mouthbrooders ready to sell , or give to friends , and let them enjoy this wonder of nature !\nwelcomme ( 1973 ) reported that in nature , the number of free - swimming fry released by females of the ugandan mouthbrooder ranges from 17 for females in the 3 . 0 cm - 3 . 5 cm size range to 63 for females in the 5 . 6 cm - 6 . 0 cm range , a considerably smaller number than would be expected given the number of eggs typically spawned by females in these size classes . the same pattern is characteristic of the egyptian mouthbrooder in captivity . welcomme ascribes the discrepancy to wastage generated by relatively inefficient mechanisms of fertilization and brooding . insofar as partial cannibalism of her brood during incubation by an ovigerous female can be described as inefficient , i would concur with the latter hypothesis , but i consider it very unlikely that any eggs manage to escape fertilization given the combination of extra - and intra - buccal fertilization practiced by members of this genus .\nhi kfenk , i saw your post and was just wondering how you went getting your egyptian mouthbrooders ? i ' ve recently acquired a pair and am raising my first brood . i ' m not sure how well they would travel , but id be happy to send some your way .\nthe 2 - inch female is the claim to fame for the southern egyptian mouthbrooder . this plain silvery fish with no other finery takes the eggs into her mouth upon completion of the spawning act and broods them in an area of specially modified throat tissue , known as a buccal pouch , until they hatch and for a while after . this brooding period can last two weeks or even longer , during which time she does not eat . this is probably an instinctual response to her brooding , so she won\u2019t eat her own fry . her body slowly wastes away , while the growing fry in her mouth make her head look larger in proportion to her diminishing body . during the last stages of their development , the fry have grown large enough that the skin of the buccal pouch is stretched so thin and taut that you can make out the individual fry . you can see 100 small eyes looking back at you as the day of release draws close .\nthis species is very easy to breed and a perfect choice for anyone who want to breed their first cichlid or their first mouth brooder . condition the fish by giving them a good varied diet . increasing the temperature can help trigger spawning . they dig a hole in the sand where they spawn . the female will then take the eggs into her mouth where she will keep eggs and fry for about 10 days . once the fry is released they will retreat into the mothers mouth at night or when in danger during the next week or so . the female becomes very aggressive after spawning and if kept in a small aquarium the male has to be removed after spawning or the female might kill him . in larger aquariums , the male can stay but he will need good hiding places . each spawning only results in a small number of fry ; usually below 40 but in rare cases a spawning can result in up to 80 fry . egyptian mouthbrooder fry can be fed newly hatch brine shrimp from day 1 .\nthe southern egyptian mouthbrooders are diminutive cichlids that come to us from the upper reaches of the nile river and several vegetation - choked backwaters of its tributary streams just north of lake victoria . they spend their entire lives there among the stems of water lilies and other aquatic plants in shallow , slow - flowing or stagnant waters ; they are not found in open waters . keep this in mind when setting up an aquarium for them . they make excellent , colorful additions to the lower regions of a planted community tank .\nat a maximum size of about 2 . 5 inches , this fish certainly qualifies as a dwarf cichlid . however , members of the genus pseudocrenilabrus are unique among dwarf cichlids , in that they are all maternal mouthbrooders . with a few exceptions , most other known dwarf cichlids are cave spawners . the colors of the male southern egyptian mouthbrooders are very bright and have made this fish popular for many decades . reminding the observer of a brightly colored bird , the male is lemon yellow , with bright blue lips and blue dots covering the rear half of his body and into his fins . his anal fin is often bright red , even from a young age when the other colors are still developing .\nboth forms of p . multicolor are in the hobby at present , though the ugandan mouthbrooder tends to be of sporadic and often very localized availability . interestingly , there tends to be a great preponderance of males among imported ugandan fish . as is typically the case with haplochromines , the males are by far the more colorful sex . the unbalanced sex ratios of imported ugandan mouthbrooders may reflect either ignorance of the true appearance of the female or alternatively , a reluctance to ship dull colored specimens that may not sell well . such a state of affairs is not unfamiliar to hobbyists who work with the endemic haplochromines of lake malawi . whatever its cause , it greatly hinders efforts to establish tank - reared populations of these cichlids , a fact which in my more cynical moments offers itself as another plausible explanation for the occurrence of such imbalances .\nthe slender fry of both populations can take the smallest artemia nauplii , micro - worms and finely powered prepared foods for their initial meal . they will not tolerate dirty or crowded tanks , but are otherwise easily reared . growth is relatively slow . welcomme reports that in nature , the ugandan mouthbrooder does not attain sexual maturity until the seventh month post - release , as 2 . 8 cm sl for males , 2 . 6 cm sl for females . in captivity , secondary sexual coloration becomes evident in males of both populations at c . 1 . 8 cm sl , a point in growth generally attained between the eighth and tenth week post - release . sexual maturity is attained between fourteen and sixteen weeks post - release , at lengths of 2 . 5 cm sl and 2 . 0 cm sl for males and females respectively .\nwithin its chosen habitat , p . multicolor / uganda occurs over a wide range of substrata , ranging from sand and clay through mud with a very high content of organic matter . while emergent and floating aquatic plants are abundant in such habitats , submerged plants are not . blooms of green and blue - green algae are not uncommon , and the stems and leaves of aquatic plants generally support a rich diatom flora . the ugandan mouthbrooder forages for its food over the bottom and among the leaves and stems of aquatic plants . aquatic insect larvae appear to be staple items , but quantities of diatoms are also eaten . this may explain the intense golden yellow coloration seen in freshly imported specimens of p . multicolor / uganda . such coloration certainly seems to be strongly influenced by diet , for specimens i captured for photographic purposes during a visit to jinja , uganda in the spring of 1971 faded markedly within 24 hours of being placed in a holding tank .\nlike all their congeners , both populations of this species are tolerant of a wide range of water conditions . in nature , they typically occur in moderately hard , slightly alkaline water , but as long as he avoids extremes of either ph or hardness , the aquarist need not concern himself greatly about these aspects of water chemistry . stress induced by build - up of nitrogen cycle by - products is a more serious problem . the ugandan mouthbrooder is particularly sensitive to such pollution and must have good tank maintenance and a program of regular partial water changes if it is to prosper in captivity . both forms devour with gusto any of the usually available live and prepared foods . the golden yellow and red coloration of these cichlids is very sensitive to dietary influences . to maintain it at its fullest , the prudent aquarist will offer his specimens a diet rich in the appropriate precursor substances . the easiest way to get such supplements into these distinctly carnivorous little cichlids is to use one of the commercially available color enhancing foods .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nkraiem , m . , smith , k . & el gamal , a . r .\njustification : this subspecies is only certainly known from egypt , where it is now regionally extinct . there is some taxonomic confusion over the correct subspecies for records from sudan , and it is therefore assessed as data deficient .\nthe subspecies is only positively known from the lower nile ( cloffa 1991 ) , however there have been no recent records and it is likely that this subspecies is now regionally extinct . there are records from the upper white nile , but whether these records belong to this subspecies or p . multicolor victoriae is not clear .\nthis fish probably occurs among submerged plants and in open water zones enclosed by papyrus swamps . it inhabits streams and ponds . it feeds on worms , crustaceans , insects , algae , vegetable fragments and small fish .\nthis subspecies is part of the aquarium trade . the level of captive breeding is unknown .\nno information available . more research is needed into this subspecies ' population numbers and range , biology and ecology , habitat status and threats , as well as monitoring and potential conservation measures .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nrt fry in mouth , background proper breeding tank bottom set up , ct 10 gl tank , tr fry returning to mouth , bl fry exiting mouth , br thin mother after fry leave mouth .\nwhen you see one today , you may wonder what all the fuss is about , the colors of the male , even at breeding time is not all that bright compared to the dullest of what we refer to as african\u2019s today .\nit is also the only fish that looked like this , and even though dull by today\u2019s standards , the fish that inspired generations of aquarists\u2019 to explore and breed and grow a whole genre of the freshwater aquarium hobby , the african cichlids of the great lakes of africa . quite a mighty little fish when you look at it that way !\nsexual differences : males are larger and more colorful ; females are smaller and paler , with dark markings . males have red on the end of the anal fin and rainbow like colors on their bodies in full breeding mode .\nwater : 72 f \u2013 81 f ph 7 ; 10 \u2013 15 dh , however , these fish are not very picky when it comes right down to it and not much special attention must be taken to reach exact water conditions for successful breeding activities .\ntank set up : keep in a relatively small tank , as small as 5 \u2013 10 gallons for a breeding tank . use a sand bottom with live aquarium plants around the outer rim ( sides and the back leaving the middle and front of the tank open and clear ) . have a rock formation that creates an arch or cave that the pair can swim through . for best results introduce 2 well - fed females and 1 well - fed male . remove the male and the female that does not have a full mouth after breeding takes place .\nnote : this is the extreme of what is needed , these fish are so prolific , they often breed in the fish store , with 30 fish crowded into a 10 gallon tank , hundreds of people walking past tapping on the tank , and a bare bottom , but do the above for best and 100 % assured results .\nwater conditions are not critical , the temperature is best at what is always best for most tropical fish , 78f .\na small private tank is best , i suggest a 10 gallon ( not that they need that much space to breed , but the fry will need the space to grow up ) . these fish will actually start breeding when they are as small as 1 and \u00bd inches long , so no matter how small they are when you get them , they are probably ready to breed .\nthe first step is to feed them heavily on frozen blood worms , brine shrimp and if you can find it , daphnia . this is necessary to fatten up the female so she does not starve during the mouthbrooding period , remember she will not eat as much as a scrap for at least 3 weeks ; it is also to mature the eggs and sperm within the male and female before breeding .\nthe live or frozen food feeding also will \u201ccolor up\u201d the males , so you can tell males from females , remember the male will be much more colorful than the plane female , and have red on its tale , if you have several males the dominate male will always be the most colorful , the best female being the fattest ( most full of row ) . you really do not have to do anything with these fish at this point , nature will take its course , their instincts are strong to reproduce , and they do it whenever they can . think guppy of the egg layer world .\n50 to 100 eggs are deposited in a shallow pit in the sand in the open area on the bottom of the tank , 5 - to 10 at a time . after each batch is deposited the male fertilizes them and the female scoops them up in her mouth , and deposits 5 - 10 more , and repeat . as soon as you can see that all spawning activity is finished , all fish except the female with the full jaw should be removed from the breeding tank .\nthe mouth of the female is enlarged , stretched , and the mouth walls are thin so that the eggs can actually be seen in the mouth through the skin of the sides of her mouth . you will see her constantly \u201cchewing\u201d , she does this to keep the eggs aerated , and free of debris and fungus . her mouth gets bigger and bigger and her body shrinks for 2 - 3 weeks .\nthe fry will return to mom\u2019s mouth frequently , this is normal , at first all the time , later just when startled , or always at night . do not think she is about to eat them , this is the part of nature you are getting the rare chance to glimpse , not many people get to see this first hand , enjoy it , video it , put it on youtube for others to enjoy . today it is a rare treat to see these fish in action .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis species can be kept in pairs or in harems with one male and 3 - 4 females .\nthis species is hardy but it is still important to keep the water quality as high as possible . the ph should be kept around 7 ( 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ) and the temperature in the 68 - 75\u02daf / 20 - 24\u02dac range . soft to medium hard water is to be preferred .\nthis species is very easy to sex . males are larger and much more colorful . females are smaller and colorless , one might even say dull . the males have red spots on the caudal fin which are not present on females .\nunlike the better - known female mouthbrooding cichlids of lake malawi , which release their fry in the shallows and then move on , this tiny mother will continue to protect her fry for several days after release . she provides them a shelter at night and whenever danger threatens . after a couple of days , it is almost comical to see the nearly 100 juveniles try to dash back to their mother\u2019s mouth when you walk up to the tank . i\u2019ve seen so many juveniles that outgrew their mother\u2019s mouth still trying so hard to get in that there were tails sticking out of her mouth and heads protruding from her gills \u2013 with even more trying to get in . this is why , for the mother\u2019s health , it\u2019s best to remove her as soon as she releases the fry and give her a couple days to recover before moving her back to the main tank .\ncaring for these unique dwarf cichlids is straightforward . they are undemanding about water parameters , and will live and breed under most aquarium conditions , as long as the water is clean ( low dissolved organics , low nitrates , and no ammonia or nitrites ) . in other words , do those water changes regularly . they don\u2019t seem to require a specific temperature , so aim for somewhere in the mid - to upper - 70 degrees fahrenheit , without worrying about being too exact . they are not aggressive with other fishes , but males may fight amongst themselves . you can maintain a group of one or two males and several females in a planted community tank , where they will happily go about their business without bothering other fish or digging up the plants .\nthere is no need to set up a special spawning tank for them . if they are well - fed and happy in the community tank , they will spawn regularly among the other fish . for spawning , the males only require an area of open gravel or sand about 3 inches in diameter . here , they will excavate a shallow , round pit and court the females . the male will put on his brightest colors and swim up to the females , doing a little dance and trying to entice them back to his pit . he flicks his fins and arches his back while shivering and shaking . if the dance impresses the female and she follows him back to his pit , he begins circling the pit , shaking and dragging his bright red anal fin on the bottom .\na receptive female will then enter the dance in the pit . she will begin to follow in the circling behavior , nipping at the male\u2019s side near his bright red anal fin . after a few minutes , she begins laying a few eggs , picking them up in her mouth and biting at the red anal fin of the male . he releases his milt and fertilizes the eggs in her mouth . this process is repeated until the female lays about 80 to 100 eggs . the female then moves off to quietly begin her brooding period as described above . the male will head off , looking for other females . no pair bond is formed .\nif possible , gently remove the female to her own 5 - to 10 - gallon tank to brood her young in peace . a couple of females can share a brooding tank as long as each has her own cave to hide in when needed .\nfeeding is also fairly straightforward . both the adults and the fry appear to be omnivores and will eat just about anything you offer . remember that their mouths are small , so provide appropriately sized foods . after release , the young will grow quickly on a mixed diet of newly hatched brine shrimp and finely crushed flake foods . at about 6 months of age , they will have reached adult size , and within a year , they will be spawning on their own . you should move females that have just released their fry to a separate container for a few days to recuperate . feed them things like worms and protein - rich food , so they can quickly regain their weight \u2014 as soon as you return them to the main tank , the males will likely begin courting again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit is found in streams , ponds and lake tributaries . the water is usually slow - moving or completely still , and the fish are commonly found around the stems of aquatic plants or under cover of floating vegetation .\n24\u2033 x 15\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 60cm x 37 . 5cm x 30cm ) \u2013 71 litres is suitable for a pair . a larger tank is needed for a harem .\nthe tank should contain plenty of hiding places . clay pot caves , roots and pieces of driftwood can all be used . plants are not essential but the fish will appreciate the additional cover . a sand or fine gravel substrate is best as the male will dig when spawning .\nwill accept most foods . a good quality cichlid pellet can be fed as staple , but ensure the diet is varied with regular feedings of live and frozen foods .\ncan be aggressive towards other species inhabiting the lower reaches of the aquarium . if you wish to keep it with other dwarf cichlids , catfish , loaches etc . you will need a large tank . in smaller aquaria good tankmates include african tetras and small surface dwelling species such as hatchetfish . male fish are very aggressive towards one another and only one should be kept in a harem situation with several females .\nmales tend to be a little larger than females and are more colourful , especially when breeding .\nquite easy . maternal mouth - brooder . the breeding aquarium should be set up as suggested above . the fish will breed over a fairly wide range of water parameters . aim for a ph of around 7 . 0 and a temperature of 75\u00b0f and you should be fine . try and purchase a single male fish and 3 - 4 females . if this is not possible get a group of 6 - 8 young fish and allow things to develop naturally . if the fish are conditioned on a high quality diet of frozen and live foods they should come into breeding condition quite quickly .\nwhen in condition the male will excavate a shallow pit in the substrate . from here he will display to females , attempting to entice them to spawn with him . the male can be quite forceful in his seduction attempts and this is why it is preferable to spawn this species in a harem situation as the male\u2019s attention is divided .\nwhen a female is willing she will follow the male to his pit , where spawning occurs . the act itself is preceded by a display of circling by both fish . the male will nuzzle the vent of the female , and it may be this that triggers her to release the eggs . as the eggs are laid the female immediately picks them up with her mouth and then mouths the vent of the male , who releases some milt directly into the mouth of the female . sometimes fertilisation occurs before the female picks up the eggs as the fish circle quite quickly . the male has an orange spot on his anal fin and it has been hypothesised that this may act as a kind of \u2018dummy egg \u2018 to attract the female to his vent . however if the fish are watched closely it appears this may not be the case , as the vent of the male is not actually very close to the \u2018 egg spot \u2018 , and the female tends to mouth the vent itself . this sequence is repeated until the female is holding 5 - 100 eggs in her buccal cavity .\nthe female will hold the brood for around 10 days , at which point the free swimming fry are released . they can be fed brine shrimp nauplii , microworm and powdered dried foods from this point .\nthis species was one of the first cichlid species to be spawned in captivity and has been in the hobby for over a century . it is less popular than it once was but remains a good choice for the beginner as it is tolerant of a wide range of water conditions and is easily bred .\nthere currently exist 2 subspecies , pseudocrenilabrus multicolor multicolor and p . m . victoriae . these are quite distinct in terms of colouration and patterning and exist as separate populations in nature . both subspecies are available in the hobby , though p . m . victoriae is less common . they should not be kept together in aquaria in order to prevent hybridisation .\nif this is your first visit , be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above . you may have to register before you can post : click the register link above to proceed . to start viewing messages , select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .\niv started to grow quite an interest in these fish as of late but have come to a sort of brick wall . is it true that they were around in abundance some time ago ? because now ( well in sa that is ) they have completely disappeared . no one i know here in sa has seen them in quite a long time . i would like to find out more info on the little beauties as i am interested in breeding them . so if anyone can share experiences with breeding them and if someone could kindly point me in the right direction to find some it would be much appreciated im not trying to post this thread as a wtb , just wanting to find out more about them .\ni bred several hundred and sold them to bayfish . they were at a recent cichlid society auction , so they are around . they will breed in the bag on the way from the lfs so dont present any difficuly in breeding , they are a nice fish . sorry i dont have them any more\nthanks for the info . hmmmm too bad you dont have them anymore , they look to be a great fish . i guess the search continues !\nthey are a nice fish but fell out with hobbyists when imports from malawi and tanganyika began . when i was a kid , they were extremely interesting since they were the first mouthbrooding fish i had seen for sale . other fish that are hardly mentioned these days are nanacara transvestitus , moonlight gouramies , paradise fish , medakas [ killifish ] , ruby barbs , splash tetras and many more , still around but never ' pushed ' by retailers . a pair of blue gouramies , placed in an outdoor tub or pond and left to their own devices , can produce hundreds of fish by the end of summer . albino paradisefish can be kept without filtration or heat and are amazingly beautiful when hit by a ray of sunlight . i placed a pair of ruby barbs in a vase 40cm high and 20cm diameter with a clump of java moss . they spawned next morning so i removed them . a month or so later , the cylinder was literally filled with barbs . . . . no filter or any help except powdered flake food . when you see ruby barbs in the shop they look so ordinary it ' s hard to believe the intense colour they turn when happy in a planted tank , yet we never hear about anyone keeping them on this forum . ; (\nwow that ' s a lot of nice fish . you just made me to give google a good old thrashing lol . but yeah iv had a long conversation with an old lfs owner and its amazing how many fish are now lost to the hobby . it seems the lake tanganyikan cichlids are the new\nin\nfish at the moment . i wonder what other fish people miss from their childhood days . hmmm would make an interesting thread . . . .\ni have always wanted to get these guys and much to my surprise i scored 1 . 3 from my local fish shop for a very reasonable price , mrs also got herself an african butterfly fish ( she loves oddball fish ) so when they settle in a west african tank is in order\ni would be very interested in these fish as well . i just did a bit of online research & they sound wonderful . if anyone knows of any in brisbane i ' d be very interested . thanks\ncan ' t remember now sorry , was a few years ago and had quite a few tank setups since then . . .\ncoburg had them in stock recently according to their online shop . i came across it when contemplating a group - order buy - in . they must have sold out now as i can ' t find it ( it was about 2 weeks ago ) so i guess they are out there somewhere .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nlakes albert , victoria , kyoga , george , nabugabo , and the swamp lakes kachira , kijanebola and nakavali which lie between lakes edward and victoria ( skelton in daget et . al . 1991 ) .\nprobably occurs among submerged plants and in open water zones enclosed by papyrus swamps .\nconversion of swamps for various purposes might endanger members of the species in those habitats . agriculture may lead to erosion and increase water turbidity . no serous threats identified in the lake habitats .\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\n( this article was originally published in freshwater and marine aquarium magazine , jan 1982 ; pp . 30 - 35 , 59 - 63 . it is here reproduced with the permission of author dr . paul v . loiselle ) .\nuntil very recently , the species of this genus were placed in the genera haplochromis or hemihaplochromis . while contemporary ichthyologists accept the conclusion of wickler ( 1963 ) that these cichlids are generically distinct from haplochromis , they are barred by the provisions of the international code of zoological nomenclature from utilizing the name he proposed for this assemblage of haplochromines . trewavas ( 1973 ) has established the synonymy of the genera pseudocrenilabrus fowler 1934 and hemihaplochromis wickler 1963 , and under the rule of priority , the older published name is the scientifically correct one for the genus . though some recent reference works ( goldstein , 1973 ; mayland , 1978 ; staeck , 1975 , 1977 ) have incorporated the new nomenclature in their treatment of these cichlids , for many readers this essay will be in large measure a review of some familiar fishes sporting an unfamiliar generic name . for the benefit of those aquarists inclined to fume about\narbitrary\nchanges in the scientific names of fishes , i will attempt to present the history of the events leading up to the present situation . this will , hopefully , provide a useful example of how such taxonomic problems arise and are resolved .\nin 1934 , the late henry w . fowler published a report on a series of marine and fresh - water fishes from natal and zululand in south africa . in this paper , he described a new genus of wrasse , pseudocrenilabrus , based upon a single specimen . here matters rested until 1963 , when dr . james boehlke of the philadelphia academy of science informed dr . ethelwyn trewavas , then on a visit to the united states , that he believed the holotype of this wrasse to be a cichlid . his suspicions were confirmed when trewavas examined the entity in question and found it to be a specimen of the fish originally described by the german ichthyologist weber in 1897 as chromis philander and widely referred to in the subsequent literature as haplochromis philander . in charity let us assume that in this instance fowler was aided in his confusion of the families cichlidae and labridae by a faulty locality label !\nthe genus comprises three nominal species , though its actual taxonomic situation is considerably more complex than this would , on the surface , suggest . one species , pseudocrenilabrus philander , comprises a complex of distinctive , geographically separate populations , all enjoying some degree of reproductive isolation . another , p . multicolor , consists of two highly distinctive , quite possibly specifically distinct populations . whether such populations are best treated as species , subspecies or simply left without formal taxonomic designation is a question only further research can satisfactorily resolve . but , as several of them have been introduced as aquarium fish , aquarists must confront a highly plastic and potentially confusing situation . killifish fanciers have learned to live with comparable situations as a matter of course and i think that cichlid enthusiasts working with pseudocrenilabrus would do well to borrow a few points of procedure from them .\nthough these are small cichlids , rarely exceeding 10 . 0 cm sl in nature , sexually active males display a level of aggressiveness quite out of proportion to their size . a male 4 . 0 cm sl is easily capable of totally monopolizing an area 60 cm square , to the extreme discomfiture of any fish daring to venture into the lower half of the water column . in practical terms , this translates into one male / 80 1 aquarium at any stocking density under a single fish / liter of tank volume . at lower densities , a linear dominance hierarchy will emerge among males , with the dominant fish eventually liquidating those beneath him in the peck order . yet this belligerence cannot entirely cancel out the fact that these fish , while falling outside of my definition of a dwarf cichlid on behavioral grounds ( loiselle , 1979 , 1980 ) , do fall into the dwarf category with regard to size . taken with the apparent inability of males to exercise any discernible degree of discretion in their choice of targets , this sharply limits the selection of possible tank - mates for any pseudocrenilabrus species .\nmany aquarists make the error of trying to keep pseudocrenilabrus in the company of haplochromis species or even of mbuna . the consequences are invariably disastrous . both sexes of the smaller pseudocrenilabrus tend to be out - competed at feeding , while females come in for a great deal of general harassment at all times . efforts by males to hold a territory bring them into conflict with haplochromis males that are both absolutely larger and whose jaws are disproportionately bigger in the bargain . those males pseudocrenilabrus that are not seriously injured in outright conflicts lose condition in the face of continued aggression by their larger relatives , eventually to fall prey to stress induced systematic bacterial infections . given that their habitat preferences rarely bring them into association with sympatrically occurring haplochromis species in nature , such an outcome is not surprising . yet , when the sorry progress has run its full course , the culpable aquarist typically blames the pseudocrenilabrus for lack of hardiness , condemns the genus to perdition , and resolves to steer clear of its species in the future . in reality , his unfortunate experiences are the fault of his own ignorance of the behavioral limitations of these cichlids and could have been easily prevented .\nthe spawning behavior of pseudocrenilabrus multicolor from egypt . the male actively displays to passing females from a previously excavated pit ( 1 ) . a ripe female eventually responds to his displays by following him into its confines ( 2 ) . the pair then begins a period of reciprocal circling ( 3 - 5 ) , which is accompanied by mutual vent nudging . the gentle butting of the female ' s vent by the male ( 6 ) seems to trigger oviposition . the female picks up the eggs immediately ( 7 ) , then turns to follow the male ( 8 & 9 ) . as she does so , she nudges his vent ( 10 ) . fertilization appears to occur at this point . note that her mouth is oriented towards the male ' s vent , not towards the orange - red spot on the tip of his anal fin ( 11 ) . this sequence is repeated ( 12 - 15 ) until the bulging jaw of the female ( 16 ) indicates that she is spent .\nthe olive to beige , somewhat pyriform ova measure c . 2 . 5 mm along with their major axis . they can number from 6 to over 100 , depending upon the size and condition of the female . the developmental interval for these fish is 10 days at 29\u00b0 c . ovigerous females are exemplary mothers and will carry to full term even in a community situation . however , if the objective is to save any fry , the hobbyist should move such females into a separate nursery tank , set up in the manner indicated for ovigerous female haplochromis ( loiselle , 1978 ) . the fry measure 6 . 5 mm - 7 . 5 mm sl upon release . while the female will continue to protect her offspring for several days following their initial release , such efforts are invariably futile in a community setting and superfluous in the privacy of a nursery tank ."]}
{"id": 1021, "summary": [{"text": "the striped stingaree ( trygonoptera ovalis ) is a common but little-known species of stingray in the family urolophidae , endemic to shallow , inshore waters off southwestern australia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "reaching 61 cm ( 24 in ) long , this species is characterized by an oval , grayish to brownish disc with darker mask-like markings around the eyes and paired blotches at the center of the disc that are extended posteriorly into horizontal lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "its nostrils have enlarged lobes on the outer margins and a skirt-shaped curtain of skin with a deeply fringed trailing margin in between .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its tail terminates in a relatively large leaf-shaped caudal fin , and bears a small dorsal fin just before the stinging spine .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the rounded , flexible disc of the striped stingaree enable it to maneuver through the rocks , reefs , and seagrass that comprise its favored habitats .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this species under least concern ; it is seldom caught by fisheries due to its habitat preferences . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "striped stingaree", "paragraphs": ["striped stingaree pictures - trygonoptera ovalis images striped stingray / striped stingaree file size 6 megapixels . more\nview more striped stingaree pictures in the shark pictures database common names : striped stingaree , bight stingaree . latin name : trygonoptera ovalis family : urolophidae identification : disc oval without pointed snout . more\nstriped stingray / striped stingaree images are available for commercial reproduction . please contact elasmodiver for information on licensing fees .\n* striped stingaree , trygonoptera ovalis last & gomon , 1987 . * masked stingaree , trygonoptera personata last & gomon , 1987 . * common stingaree , trygonoptera testacea m\ufffdller & henle , 1841 . more\nstriped stingaree , trygonoptera ovalis . source : rudie h . kuiter / aquatic photographics . license : all rights reserved\nthis eastern shovelnose stingaree was once unheard of in northern tasmania . now it is abundant .\npicture of the striped stingaree has been licensed under a creative commons attribution . original source : ray author cookie monster from australia = = author : cookie monster from australia = = licen\nother common names : sting ray , eagle ray , batfish , stingaree , bat sting ray .\nthe striped stingaree ( trygonoptera ovalis ) is a species of fish in the urolophidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitats are open seas , shallow seas , subtidal aquatic beds , and coral reefs . more\nother common names : skippies , oceanic bonito , striped tuna , arctic bonito , watermelon , victor fish .\nother common names : bonehead , laguna tuna , magneto , striped tuna , california bonito , ocean bonito .\nthe small litter is likely due to the relatively large size of stingaree pups , which measure around half the maximum size at birth .\ndescription : the body of the striped bass is elongate and slightly compressed . the head is a narrow , cone - shape , and the mouth is large . the color is greenish above , silvery on the sides , and white below . there are six to nine horizontal blackish stripes on the side . in southern california , the much smaller salema occasionally is mistaken for young striped bass ; the salema , however , has orange - brown stripes and larger eyes than those of striped bass .\nmask around each eye and paired dark stripes that run back from behind the head to the tail . it is the most common stingaree seen on inshore reefs off the southern west coast .\ndescription : the body of the striped marlin is elongate and compressed . the upper jaw is much extended , forming a rounded spear . the color is dark blue above becoming silver below , with light blue bars or vertical spots on the sides . of the billfishes that occur in california waters , the striped marlin is difficult to confuse with the others . marlin have scales , fins on the belly , and a rounded spear which set them apart from swordfish which have no scales or ventral fins and have bills that are flat . sailfish have an extremely high dorsal fin not found among the marlins , and shortnose spearfish do not have the long spear on the upper jaw nor the body weight of the marlin . the striped marlin normally develops conspicuous stripes along the sides of its body after death . this feature is unique to striped marlin .\nnatural history : the barred sand bass diet includes crabs , octopus , squid , and small fishes . the adults aggregate and spawn during warmer months . the eggs are free floating . the striped young appear in southern california nearshore areas and eelgrass beds during fall and winter .\nfishing information : most striped marlin are taken by trolling artificial lures in areas they are known to inhabit . blind strikes are generally the rule , but one can occasionally tempt a \u201cfinner\u201d or \u201csleeper\u201d ( marlin swimming along the surface ) to strike if lures are trolled past the fish . live bait also works well but requires more effort since the fish must usually be first spotted visually . once a striped marlin is located , the angler should cast a bait in front of and past the fish so it can be reeled back towards the animal . strikes usually result from properly presented live bait . most striped marlin anglers prefer pacific mackerel as bait . the best california fishing locality is in a belt of water which extends from the east end of santa catalina island offshore to san clemente island and southward in the direction of the los coronados islands .\nrange : striped bass were brought to california from new jersey in 1879 . they now are found from northern baja california to barkley sound , british columbia . in california , they most commonly are found in the sacramento - san joaquin delta , san francisco bay and adjacent ocean areas .\nrange : striped marlin occur in tropical and warm temperature waters of the indian and pacific oceans . on the west coast of the united states they range as far north as oregon , but are most common south of point conception , california . they usually appear off california in july and remain until late october .\nnatural history : the food of striped marlin is predominately fishes , squid , crabs and shrimp . the latter three make up lesser portions of the diet than do fish . the spear of the marlin is sometimes used both as a weapon for defense and as an aid in capturing food . wooden boats frequently have been rammed by billfish , and in one instance the spear penetrated 18 . 5 inches of hardwood 14 . 5 inches of which was oak . when it uses its bill in capturing food , the striped marlin sometimes stuns its prey by slashing sideways with the spear rather than impaling its victim , as some believe .\na greyish to greyish - brown stingaree with dark markings below , in front of , and between the eyes and often a dark stripe on the snout ( obvious on juveniles ) , a pair of sometimes indistinct dark patches on the disc extending as stripes along the disc and tail , a pale midline pale , and a greyish to black caudal fin . the underside is white to yellow with dark margins on the disc and pelvic fins .\nfishing information : the pacific staghorn sculpin is attracted to a variety of baits , preferably small invertebrates . it is not highly prized as a food or sport fish . on the other hand , it is a popular bait fish for the san francisco bay delta striped bass sport fishery . caution is recommended when handling this species because the spines located on the gill cover can leave nasty cuts if the fish thrashes around in your hands .\njustification : a small to medium sized eastern indian endemic stingaree from southwestern australia ( the state of western australia ) common in shallow water in depths to 43 m . trygonoptera ovalis forms an insignificant component to the bycatch of the scallop and prawn trawl fisheries that operate within its range . this species typically occurs over rocky and reefy areas and is rarely caught by commercial fisheries operating within the area . since there is a large amount of this habitat within its range , this species is not of any great concern from a conservation point of view .\nnatural history : examination of stomach contents indicate sargo are bottom feeders , eating different small shrimps , crabs , clams , and sea snails . sargo spawn when they are about 7 inches long and 2 years old . spawning occurs in late spring and early summer . the 1 inch young appear in late summer and fall in shallow water , schooling loosely with young salema and black croaker . at a length of 5 inches , when they are about 1 year old , they join adult sargo schools . all through their life they are capable of displaying the striped pattern characteristic of juveniles .\nfishing information : by far the largest part of the striped bass catch is made in san francisco bay and the delta . good fishing occurs during late summer , but is best in the fall . stripers occur along the coast only during late spring and summer at which time surf fishermen get a chance at them . a variety of artificial lures and chunks or strips of standard bait fish will attract stripers . the beaches immediately adjacent to the golden gate are generally the best coastal spots , but occasional good runs are encountered as far south as monterey and as far north as bodega bay . in san francisco bay , trolling with live bait is popular , with common catches under 10 pounds .\nnatural history : examination of stomach contents show that shrimp and anchovies are most important during the summer and fall while a variety of small fishes are eaten during the winter . females usually mature at 5 years of age when about 24 inches long and many males mature at age 2 when about 11 inches long . a 5 pound fish may spawn as many as 25 , 000 eggs in one season ; while a 12 pounder will spawn 1 , 250 , 000 eggs . a 75 pound striper produces as many as 10 , 000 , 000 eggs . striped bass are believed to spawn only in fresh water in which there is an appreciable current . in california , they spawn from march to july with a peak in april and may .\ngreek , trygon = a sting ray + greek , pteron = wing , fin ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 4 - 43 m ( ref . 12951 ) . subtropical ; 26\u00b0s - 36\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? , range 35 - ? cm max length : 61 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6871 )\nfound near reefs , sea grass beds , and sandy beaches ( ref . 12951 ) .\nlast , p . r . and j . d . stevens , 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . csiro , australia . 513 p . ( ref . 6871 )\n) : 16 . 8 - 20 . 9 , mean 18 . 2 ( based on 44 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ntrygonoptera ovalis needs to be compared carefully wih the undescribed trygonoptera spp . ( a and b [ in last and stevens 1994 ] ) to determine relationships between these forms .\nendemic to the eastern indian off southwestern australia : found only off the southwestern coast of australia from eucla ( 128\u00b053 ' e ) to the abrolhos islands , western australia ( 28\u00b043 ' s ) ( last and stevens 1994 ) .\ntrygonoptera ovalis is a common species found over rocky and reefy areas and some seagrass beds in depths of 1 to 43 m ( last and stevens 1994 , w . white pers . obs ) . aplacental viviparous species . attains 61 cm tl and males mature at 35 cm tl ( last and stevens 1994 ) . dietary composition has not yet been examined for this species . life history parameters age at maturity ( years ) : unknown ( both male and female ) . size at maturity ( total length ) : unknown ( female ) ; 35 cm tl ( male ) ( last and stevens 1994 ) . longevity ( years ) : unknown . maximum size ( total length ) : 61 cm tl ( last and stevens 1994 ) . size at birth ( cm ) : unknown . average reproductive age ( years ) : unknown . gestation time ( months ) : unknown . reproductive periodicity : unknown . average annual fecundity or litter size : unknown . annual rate of population increase : unknown . natural mortality : unknown .\nvery few threats . only a negligible component of prawn and scallop trawl bycatch , for which there is only a small number of boats operating within this fishery . not known to be caught by other fisheries within its range . preference of this species for rocky and reefy areas provides refuge from trawling activities .\nnone in place . the effective implementation of the australian national plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks ( shark advisory group and lack 2004 ) ( under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa - sharks ) will help to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in australia .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nendemic to western australia , from east of low point , great australian bight to the houtman abrolhos .\ndisc almost oval , slightly longer than wide ; broadest part 1 to 3 eye diameters behind level of spiracles ; anterior profile obtuse . snout fleshy , tip not extended . eye of moderate size , 17 - 22 % preocular snout length . posterior margin of spiracle rounded or angular . mouth small ; about 4 minute papillae on floor . internasal flap skirt - shaped , posterior angle not extended into distinct lobe . posterolateral border of nostril forming a broad flattened and fleshy lobe . tail broad , rounded in cross - section ; of moderate length , 75 - 100 % disc length ; lateral cutaneous folds absent ; dorsal fin small ; caudal fin relatively large , lanceolate .\ndorsal surface greyish to greyish - brown ; dark markings below , in front of and between eyes ; often with a dark stripe extending to snout tip ( obvious on juveniles ) ; paired dark patches near centre of disc extending as stripes posteriorly along disc and tail , sometimes darkish areas obscure ; pale along midline . caudal fin greyish or black . ventral surface white or yellow ; tail and margins of disc and pelvic fins mostly dark .\nthe specific name is from the latin ovalis ( oval ) , in reference to the distinctive shape of the disc .\ntrygonoptera ovalis last & gomon 1987 , memoirs of museum victoria 48 ( 1 ) : 63 , fig . 1 . type locality : south of red rocks point , great australian bight , wa [ 32\u00b024\u00b4s , 127\u00b030\u00b4e ] .\ngomon , m . f . , yearsley , g . k . & last , p . r . 2008 . family urolophidae . 125 - 137 pp . in gomon , m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) .\n. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .\nlast , p . r & gomon , m . f . 1987 . new australian fishes . part 15 . new species of\nlast , p . r . & gomon , m . f . 1994 . family urolophidae . pp . 172 - 181 figs 150 - 159 in gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) .\n. collingwood : csiro publishing australia 2 , 550 pp . last , p . r . , yearsley , g . k . & white , w . t . 2016 . family urolophidae pp . 676 - 705 . in : last , p . r . , white , w . t . , de carvalho , m . r . , s\u00e9ret , b . , stehmann , m . f . w . & & naylor , g . j . p . ( eds )\n: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based\nto help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .\nthere are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :\ndorsum mid brown with two , sometimes indistinct , dark patches near midline of back , thinning and extending along tail . smaller dark patches below eyes . small dorsal fin in front of tail spine but no tail folds .\nany area with rocky reefs ( especially adjacent to sand ) would be a good place to start . i encountered this ray while diving with dive albany .\nsharks and rays - elasmobranch guide of the world . ralf m . hennemann . ikan .\np . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada\nfound near reefs , sea grass beds , and sandy beaches ( ref . 12951 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\njuovakiekkorausku\nto\ntrygonoptera ovalis last and gomon , 1987\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 329959a5 - bce3 - 4fe2 - 906d - 93f6e3a03cd8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ccd1335f - 90cd - 480f - 9fca - 45a88a3a4889\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 371784\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe family urolophidae , also known as stingarees , consists of two genera and about 35 species . they are bottom - dwelling rays in warm seas , usually lying partially buried under the sand . their rounded pectoral discs are colored to blend in with the sand , mud , or rocks on which they live . urolophids are relatively small rays , and feed on a variety of invertebrates , small fishes , and crustaceans . their tails , distinguished by the presence of a well - developed caudal fin , are equipped with one or more serrated stinging spines . like other rays they are viviparous ; urolophids give birth to between two and four young each year , or in some cases , every two years . because of their low birth rates and sometimes restricted range , urolophids are susceptible to human activity , although only one species is currently known to be threatened .\nb\u00f6hlke , j . , c . chaplin . 1968 . fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . wynnewood , pa : published for the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia by livingston .\ncompagno , l . 1999 . systematics and body form . pp . 1 - 42 in w hamlett , ed . sharks , skates , and rays . baltimore , md : the johns hopkins university press .\nhamlett , w . , t . koob . 1999 . female reproductive system . pp . 398 - 443 in w hamlett , ed . sharks , skates , and rays . baltimore , md : the johns hopkins university press .\nlast , p . , j . stevens . 1994 . sharks and rays of australia . australia : csiro .\nmoyle , p . , j . cech . 2000 . fishes : an introduction to ichthyology \u2013 fourth edition . upper saddle river , nj : prentice - hall .\nnelson , j . 1994 . fishes of the world \u2013 third edition . new york , ny : john wiley and sons .\nthe world conservation union , 2002 .\niucn 2002\n( on - line ) . 2002 iucn red list of threatened species . accessed december 03 , 2003 at urltoken .\nwheeler , a . 1985 . the world encyclopedia of fishes . london : macdonald .\nwourms , j . , l . demski . 1993 . the reproduction and development of sharks , skates , rays , and ratfishes : introduction , history , overview , and future prospects . pp . 7 - 19 in l demski , j wourms , eds . the reproduction and development of sharks , skates , rays , and ratfishes . dordrecht , the netherlands : kluwer academic publishers .\nurolophids can be found in the eastern indian ocean , the western pacific , the eastern pacific from california to chile , and the western atlantic , including the caribbean . they are not known in the western indian ocean , the mediterranean , or the eastern atlantic .\nurolophids , or stingarees , are rays with a rounded , oval , or rhomboidal disc created by the pectoral fins . the disc is less than 1 . 3 times as broad as it is long . their snouts are confluent with the rest of the disc . from the side they appear relatively flat , with the head not elevated . the spiracles ( respiratory openings ) are close behind the eyes , which are dorsolateral ( above and to either side ) on the head . the mouth is small and located on the underside of the snout , and often has several papillae on its floor . teeth are small and do not form flat crushing plates as in some other rays . there are five pairs of small gill openings , and the internal gill arches do not have filter plates or ridges . some stingarees lack a dorsal fin ; in others the fin is small , located just in front of the sting and behind the pelvic fins . the serrated stinging spine , located about halfway down the tail , is large and functional . a distinguishing feature of these rays is the presence of a moderately large , elongated caudal fin that extends to the tip of the tail . in the genus\n. in coloration stingarees range from uniform grayish , yellowish , or brownish , to patterns of spots , reticulations , or dark mask - like bands . their discs may be smooth or covered with small denticles . these rays tend to be small , not more than 76 cm in length .\nurolophidae is a marine family , although some members enter estuaries . restricted to tropical and warm temperate waters , urolophids are bottom - dwellers along coastlines and along the continental shelf . most live in relatively shallow water but some occupy depths of at least 700 m down the continental slope . they generally prefer sandy bottoms in which they can bury themselves , but a few species live on rocky substrates ( bottoms ) or in association with sea vegetation such as kelp . urolophids tend to have patterns and coloring that blend in with their environment .\nmany stingarees feed on fishes , worms , shrimps , and other small organisms they uncover when they flap their pectoral fins along the bottom . some are able to eat hard - shelled mollusks and crustaceans .\nin their benthic ( on the bottom ) , warm , usually shallow - water habitat , stingarees affect the populations of prey animals such as invertebrates and small fishes . they in turn are eaten by larger fish and humans .\nray spines , some of them likely belonging to urolophids , have been found embedded in the mouths of many sharks . the great hammerhead\n, in particular , appears to specialize in eating stingrays . they use their hammer - shaped heads to knock a ray to the bottom , and then pin the ray , once again with its head , pivoting around to bite the ray\u2019s disc until the ray succumbs and can be eaten . in addition to their defensive venomous sting , most stingarees have cryptic coloring that blends in with the sandy or rocky bottom . some researchers describe stingarees as almost impossible to find unless they move .\nurolophidae is prey of : chondrichthyes this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed february 16 , 2011 at urltoken . urltoken\nurolophidae preys on : non - insect arthropods this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nrays perceive and interact with their environment using sensory channels common to many vertebrates : sight , hearing , smell , taste and touch . rays also belong to a group of fishes , the elasmobranchs , whose electrical sensitivity seems to exceed that of all other animals . elasmobranch fishes are equipped with ampullae of lorenzini , electroreceptor organs that contain receptor cells and canals leading to pores in the animal\u2019s skin . sharks and rays can detect the electrical patterns created by nerve conduction , muscular contraction , and even the ionic difference between a body ( i . e . of prey ) and water . in lab experiments , members of the family urolophidae changed their feeding location according to artificially induced changes in the electrical field around them . other experiments have demonstrated that cartilaginous fishes use electrosensory information not only to locate prey , but also for orientation and navigation based on the electrical fields created by the interaction between water currents and the earth\u2019s magnetic field . although some rays can produce an electric shock to defend themselves or stun prey , members of the family urolophidae cannot . they are able , however , to inflict a venomous sting with their tail spine in defense .\nbleckmann , h . , m . hofmann . 1999 . special senses . pp . 300 - 328 in w hamlett , ed . sharks , skates , and rays . baltimore , md : the johns hopkins university press .\nmembers of the family urolophidae , like other rays and their shark relatives , employ a reproductive strategy that involves investing large amounts of energy into relatively few young over a lifetime . once sexually mature , stingarees have only one litter per year , usually bearing two to four young . since few young are produced , it is important that they survive , and to this end rays are born at a large size , able to feed and fend for themselves much like an adult . rays develop from egg to juvenile inside the mother\u2019s uterus , sometimes to almost half their adult size . in this system , called aplacental uterine viviparity , developing embryos receive most of their nutriment from a milky , organically rich substance secreted by the mother\u2019s uterine lining . an embryo absorbs this substance , called histotroph , by ingestion , or through its skin or other specialized structures . researchers have found that in some rays , the stomach and spiral intestine are among the first organs to develop and function , so that the embryo can digest the uterine \u201cmilk . \u201d rays\u2019 eggs are small and insufficient to support the embryos until they are born , although the first stage of development does happen inside tertiary egg envelopes that enclose each egg along with egg jelly . the embryo eventually absorbs the yolk sac and stalk and the histotroph provides it with nutrition . development in the uterus usually takes about three months .\nlittle specific information regarding lifespans in urolophidae was found , but in general rays , like their relatives the sharks , grow and mature slowly and are long - lived .\nonly a few species of elasmobranchs have been observed during courtship and mating . however , stingarees have a system that involves internal fertilization , so it can logically be inferred that mating communication between male and female must happen to an extent that allows the male to insert at least one of his two claspers ( male reproductive organs that are modifications of the pelvic fins ) into the female\u2019s cloaca to deposit sperm . elasmobranch fishes have relatively complex endocrine ( hormonal ) systems ; based on knowledge of other vertebrates with similar systems , it is likely that females signal to males through chemical or behavioral cues to indicate when their hormonal state is appropriate for mating . in\nresearchers found that gland secretions seal the open groove on males\u2019 claspers into a closed tube that protects semen from being diluted before it passes into the female . these secretions coagulate on contact with sea water , help transport sperm into the female , and provide lubrication for clasper insertion .\npregnancy in at least some urolophids lasts about three months , generally spanning some period in the spring , summer , and fall . it may take up to two years , however , for the egg follicle to accumulate enough yolk for ovulation ( release of an egg to be fertilized ) as in the case of\n. this means that at least some stingarees may have litters only once every two years , but it is likely that other groups within the family give birth on a yearly cycle . within any given group of rays , individuals appear to go through mating , gestation , and parturition ( birth ) at the same time as all the other females in the group . stingarees usually bear between two and four young at a time , after nourishing the embryos with milky fluid ( histotroph ) secreted by the uterus ( see development for a description of this system , called aplacental uterine viviparity ) . in some groups the epithelium , or wall , of the uterus is modified to form trophonemata , elongated villi that extend into the uterine cavity to provide greater surface area for respiratory exchange and histotroph excretion . this advanced system of nourishing young inside the uterus can produce offspring that are relatively large at birth ( see development ) . according to one investigator , a young ray is rolled up like a cigar during birth , which , along with the lubricating histotroph , facilitates the birth of such proportionally large young . the young ray then unrolls and swims away . likewise , sting - bearing young are able to pass out of the mother\u2019s body without stinging her because their stings are encased in a pliable sheath that sloughs off after birth .\nno reported evidence of post - birth parental care in urolophidae was found . after such extended nurturing inside their mothers\u2019 bodies , young rays come into the sea quite able to feed and fend for themselves ( see development and reproduction ) .\nallen , t . 1996 . shadows in the sea : the sharks , skates , and rays . new york , ny : lyons and buford .\nhamlett , w . 1999 . male reproductive system . pp . 444 - 470 in w hamlett , ed . sharks , skates , and rays . baltimore , md : the johns hopkins university press .\nhelfman , g . , b . collete , d . facey . 1997 . the diversity of fishes . malden , ma : blackwell .\nis listed as near threatened . it lives in an area of intense fishing pressure , and females often abort embryos when captured . these factors , along with low fecundity ( they bear only two young at a time ) , making it vulnerable to human activity . other urolophids , sharing these characteristics , may become threatened in the future .\nstingarees can cause serious wounds with their tail spines . the serrated spine tip can be difficult to remove without surgery if it breaks off in the wound . because they tend to occupy shallow water and are often colored to blend in with the bottom , they are a hazard to waders . some fishermen walk with a \u201cstingray shuffle\u201d to make the rays swim away without stepping on them and getting stung .\nstingarees are seldom used commercially even though large numbers are frequently caught in nets , but several species have edible flesh . some are reported to be \u201cchewy unless prepared properly . \u201d native peoples in many parts of the family\u2019s range have used ray spines for spear tips , daggers , or whips .\nthe urolophidae are a family of rays in the order myliobatiformes , commonly known as stingarees or round stingrays ; this family formerly included the genera urobatis and urotrygon of the americas , which are presently recognized as forming their own family urotrygonidae . stingarees are found in the indo - pacific region , with the greatest diversity off australia . they are sluggish , bottom - dwelling fish that have been recorded from shallow waters close to shore to deep waters over the upper continental slope . measuring between 15 and 80 cm ( 5 . 9 and 31 . 5 in ) long , these rays have oval to diamond - shaped pectoral fin discs and relatively short tails that terminate in leaf - shaped caudal fins , and may also have small dorsal fins and lateral skin folds . most are smooth - skinned , and some have ornate dorsal color patterns .\nstingarees feed on or near the sea floor , consuming small invertebrates and occasionally bony fishes . they are aplacental viviparous , meaning their embryos emerge from eggs inside the uterus , and are sustained to term first by yolk and later by maternally produced histotroph (\nuterine milk\n) . as far is known , the gestation period lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small . stingarees have one or two relatively large , venomous stinging spines on their tail for defense , with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans . generally , stingarees have no economic value . some species form a substantial component of the bycatch of commercial trawl fisheries .\n) , which has a rounded disc and no dorsal fin or lateral skin folds on its tail .\nstingarees are modestly sized , ranging from 30 to 80 cm ( 12 to 31 in ) long . they have greatly enlarged\nin shape . the snout is usually short and does not protrude much from the disc . the eyes are placed atop the disc and usually fairly large ; immediately posterior are teardrop - shaped\nopenings ) . there is a curtain of skin between the nostrils , formed from the fusion of the anterior nasal flaps , that reaches the mouth . there are varying numbers of papillae ( nipple - like structures ) on the floor of the mouth and sometimes also on the outside of the lower jaw . the teeth in both jaws are small , with rhomboid bases and blunt to pointed crowns ; they are arranged with a\npattern and number less than 50 rows in either jaw . the five pairs of\nare found on males . the tail is shorter than to about equal to the disc , either flattened or thickly oval in cross - section , and ends in a leaf - shaped , symmetrical\n. one or two relatively large , serrated stinging spines are placed atop the tail about halfway along its length . some species have a small\nimmediately before the spine , and / or lateral skin folds running along either side of the tail .\nstingarees are generally shades of yellow , green , brown or gray above and pale below ; some species are plain , while others are adorned with spots , rings , blotches , lines , or more complex patterns .\nstudies have shown that stingarees that overlap in range differ in their diet composition , which likely serves to reduce competition . for example , off southwestern australia the\nlasts 10\u201312 months and the litter size is small , no more than one or two in some cases .\nstingarees caught from shallow water likely have relatively high chances of survival , but of concern is their tendency to abort any gestating young when captured and handled .\nm\u00fcller , j . and f . g . j . henle ( 1837 ) .\ngattungen der haifische und rochen nach einer von ihm mit hrn . henle unternommenen gemeinschaftlichen arbeit \u00fcber die naturgeschichte der knorpelfische\n. bericht akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin 1837 : 111\u2013118 .\nm\u00fcller , j . and f . g . j . henle ( 1838\u20131841 ) . systematische beschreibung der plagiostomen . veit und comp . p . 173\u2013174 .\nmceachran , j . d . , k . a . dunn , and t . miyake ( 1996 ) .\ninterrelationships of the batoid fishes ( chondrichthyes : batoidea )\n. in stiassny , m . l . j . , l . r . parenti , and g . d . johnson . interrelationships of fishes . academic press . pp . 63\u201384 . isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 670950 - 6 .\nnelson , j . s . ( 2006 ) . fishes of the world ( fourth ed . ) . john wiley . pp . 69\u201382 . isbn 0 - 471 - 25031 - 7 .\nmceachran , j . d . and n . aschliman ( 2004 ) .\nphylogeny of batoidea\n. in carrier , j . c . , j . a . musick , and m . r . heithaus . biology of sharks and their relatives . crc press . pp . 79\u2013114 .\ns\u00e9ret , b . and p . r . last ( 2003 ) .\ndescription of four new stingarees of the genus urolophus ( batoidea : urolophidae ) from the coral sea , south - west pacific\n. cybium 27 ( 4 ) : 307\u2013320 .\nlast , p . r . and j . d . stevens ( 2009 ) . sharks and rays of australia ( second ed . ) . harvard university press . p . 398\u2013428 . isbn 0 - 674 - 03411 - 2 .\nlast , p . r . and l . j . v . compagno ( 1999 ) .\nmyliobatiformes : urolophidae\n. in carpenter , k . e . and v . h . niem . fao identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific . food and agricultural organization of the united nations . pp . 1469\u20131476 . isbn 92 - 5 - 104302 - 7 .\nplatell , m . e . , i . c . potter , and k . r . clarke ( 1998 ) .\nresource partitioning by four species of elasmobranchs ( batoidea : urolophidae ) in coastal waters of temperate australia\n. marine biology 131 : 719\u2013734 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s002270050363 .\nfowler , h . w . ( 1941 ) .\ncontributions to the biology of the philippine archipelago and adjacent regions\n. bulletin of the united states national museum 100 ( 13 ) : 1\u2013879 .\nwhite , w . t . and i . c . potter ( 2005 ) .\nreproductive biology , size and age compositions and growth of the batoid urolophus paucimaculatus , including comparisons with other species of the urolophidae\n. marine and freshwater research 56 ( 1 ) : 101\u2013110 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mf04225 .\nmichael , s . w . ( 1993 ) . reef sharks & rays of the world . sea challengers . p . 91 . isbn 0 - 930118 - 18 - 9 .\ntrinnie , f . i . , w . t . white , and t . i . walker ( 2006 ) .\nphoto and id by belinda forbes . so well camouflaged ( and the juveniles in the seagrass even more so ) that belinda forgot it was even in the photo until i asked her about it the next day : )\nup to a hundred per school . photos by belinda forbes . just one of the 50 - odd fish species at the groyne this day .\nphoto and id by belinda forbes . in water a few meters deep at the n . cottlesloe . reef\nandrew tobin receives funding from the australian government via the fisheries research & development corporation .\napril reside does not work for , consult , own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article , and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment .\nrepublish our articles for free , online or in print , under creative commons license .\nwe know that climate change is driving changes in the world\u2019s oceans . currents are shifting , temperatures are climbing and the availability and dynamics of nutrient upwelling is changing .\nthe coastal waters of south - eastern australia are a climate change hotspot , warming at a rate three to four times the global average . this is in part due to an increase in the strength and southward penetration of the east australian current ( eac ) , which carries warm water from the tropics down australia\u2019s east coast .\nin response , numerous marine species have been documented extending their distributions polewards , affecting the functioning of coastal and marine ecosystems in south - eastern australia . this will have knock on effects for local communities and fisheries , many of which are not well prepared .\nwith so many species on the move and changes happening so quickly , scientists have enlisted the help of citizen scientists \u2013 such as recreational scuba divers and fishers \u2013 to help record when , where and how often species are sighted . initiatives such as redmap have helped scientists identify many tropical species shifting their ranges south .\nanother successful example of citizen science is the new south wales state government\u2019s gamefish tagging program . this world - leading gamefish tagging program , established in 1974 , asks recreational anglers to tag and release gamefish and provide information on the species , size , and release location which is sent back to the department of primary industries ( dpi ) .\nmore than 400 , 000 fish from at least 20 different species have been tagged , and more than 7 , 000 recaptures recorded .\nall black marlin tag release locations recorded in the nsw dpi tagging program within the south - west pacific ocean .\nthis has enabled us to investigate whether there had been any geographical shifts in suitable habitat for the highly - mobile black marlin ( istiopmax indica ) in the previous 16 years .\nthe black marlin is one of the most keenly sought gamefish species targeted by recreational anglers in australia , with more than 54 , 000 records of tagged black marlin within the nsw dpi\u2019s database .\nan annual aggregation of large adults , some weighing more than 500kg , occurs off the northern great barrier reef each spring , forming the basis of a charter fishery that will celebrate its 50th year of operation in 2016 .\nat the other end of the spectrum , juvenile black marlin from 15kg to 40kg undertake an annual migration southward along the east coast in association with the eac .\nanglers target these juveniles off cairns and townsville in late winter , south - east queensland in late spring , and port stephens , nsw , in late summer . depending on the behaviour of the eac , juvenile black marlin may even extend as far south as bermagui , nsw , in some years .\nbut our research , published in october in global change biology , aims to identify any changes in the distribution of marlin habitat through time . we used the release positions of black marlin in the nsw dpi database and satellite - derived data such as sea surface temperature and current velocity .\nthe extensive spatial and temporal coverage of the tagging data allowed us to model the geographic distribution of black marlin habitat in the south - west pacific for 192 consecutive months from 1998 to 2013 .\nwe found variability in the location of suitable black marlin habitat across months and years .\non an annual basis , conditions favoured by black marlin occurred off north queensland at the start of spring and gradually shifted south along australia\u2019s east coast from october to april . this coincided with the peak availability of black marlin to recreational anglers and also to a seasonal pulse in the eac .\nfrom may to august , suitable habitat retreats back towards the equator as cold water currents push north over winter . we also identified a strong effect of el ni\u00f1o southern oscillation ( enso ) , with black marlin habitat extending up to 300km further south during la ni\u00f1a phases .\nin addition to the large variability on shorter timescales , we also found that suitable marlin habitat has shifted south at a rate of about 88km per decade across all seasons , independently of the influence of enso .\nwe found that habitat is shifting faster during summer months ( 111km per decade ) in contrast to the rest of the year ( 77km per decade ) . this suggests that suitable habitat is extending south quicker than it is contracting at its northern edge .\npoleward shift in the distribution of suitable black marlin habitat across all three seasons from 1998 - 2013 .\nthis result adds to the growing body of evidence showing that many species\u2019 habitat is shifting polewards in response to climate change .\nconsidering that all highly mobile tuna and billfish species respond to a similar suite of environmental factors , numerous species are likely responding to climate change .\nwhat does this mean for australian fishers , black marlin and similar pelagic species ? these are questions that still need answering .\nwhat is clear from this study is that mobile fish species are not immune from the impacts of climate change , and that long term data sets from recreational fishers are valuable tools in discerning such changes .\nthis article was co - authored by dr julian pepperell , a marine biologist and an external co - supervisor of honours and phd students , and his jcu honours student nick hill .\nlittle penguins are among a number of species that are threatened by climate change .\nmarlin and dory plan to hitch a ride to sydney on the east australian current in finding nemo .\nwe estimate china only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone \u2013 and that\u2019s why trump\u2019s trade war is futile\nwrite an article and join a growing community of more than 69 , 600 academics and researchers from 2 , 408 institutions .\nstay informed and subscribe to our free daily newsletter and get the latest analysis and commentary directly in your inbox .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncumberland island an ecological survey of the coastal region of georgia nps scientific monograph no . 3\nthe following list includes those species of fish that are known from or likely to occur in estuarine and marine waters along the georgia coast seaward to a depth of 10 fathoms . this encompasses waters of the estuary , beach , and\ncoastal habitat .\nin the text the term coastal habitat refers to that region from the ocean beaches to a depth of 10 fathoms as in struhsaker ( 1969 ) . species listed are based primarily on my own records from georgia inshore waters , from south carolina by bearden ( 1961a , 1965 ) , and from the coastal habitat by struhsaker ( 1969 ) . for the benefit of sport fishermen , the common offshore sport fishes are also included . this list is extracted from my manuscript , a field guide to georgia coastal fishes . this manuscript and the paper by struhsaker ( 1969 ) report a large number of additional species that are restricted to deeper waters of the continental shelf ; most of these species occur primarily on reefs .\nseasonal records in the text are based on inshore collections , i . e . , beach and estuarine waters .\n1 present address : c . w . rice div . , nus corp . , pittsburgh .\nthe common sharks that occur inshore on the georgia coast are not restricted to well - defined habitats . they may be collected in shallow beach waters as well as deeper waters of the sounds and offshore . most of the sharks considered below prefer warmer waters and leave inshore waters of georgia in the winter . one exception is the spiny dogfish , a northern species that migrates southward to georgia in the winter .\nreported from south carolina but not georgia . mainly pelagic but sometimes found inshore .\nyoung are often collected on the south carolina coast in spring and summer and they probably occur on the georgia coast .\nstingrays are collected by hook , seine , and trawls in shallow beach waters and deeper estuarine waters .\nthe range of the devil ray , mobula hypostoma , includes the georgia coast , but it has not been reported from georgia or south carolina .\nlarge specimens are occasionally seen jumping in georgia coastal waters and one reported to weigh 2500 pounds was caught in a shrimp trawl .\nprimarily found in tidal waters but enters ocean . commonly caught in gill nets in the altamaha river .\nanadromous . commonly caught in gill nets in the altamaha river by shad fishermen .\nprimarily a freshwater species but often encountered in salt water on the georgia coast .\nsmall individuals are often collected in tidal pools and canals and occasionally along the beach , high marsh , and upper reaches , from may to november .\nlarge tarpon are commonly caught in warmer months on georgia beaches and in the lower altamaha river . juveniles occur in tidal pools and creeks in low - to high - salinities from july to november ."]}
{"id": 1022, "summary": [{"text": "hiemalora is a fossil of the ediacaran biota , reaching around 3 cm in diameter , which superficially resembles a sea anemone .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the genus has a sack-like body with faint radiating lines originally interpreted as tentacles , but discovery of a frond-like structure seemingly attached to some heimalora has added weight to a competing interpretation : that it represents the holdfast of a larger organism .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this interpretation would stand against its original classification in the medusoid cnidaria ; it would also consign a once-popular hypothesis placing hiemalora in the chondrophores , on the basis of its tentacle structure , to the dustbin .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "studies testing the feasibility of hypothesis investigated the possibilities that such fragile tentacles could be preserved , and concluded that it would be very improbable \u2014 especially as many hiemalora bearing beds also contain such fossils as cyclomedusa , but do not preserve the tentacles on these organisms .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "heimalora has been identified in a wide range of facies and locations globally . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "hiemalora", "paragraphs": ["hiemalora cf . stellaris fedonkin , 1984 , pl . 5 , fig . 5 .\nhiemalora pleiomorpha dzik , 2003 , p . 124 , fig . 10b ( only ) .\nhiemalora stellaris fedonkin , 1984 , p . 42 - 43 , pl . 5 , fig . 3 .\nhiemalora stellaris gureev , 1988 , p . 69 , pl . 13 , figs . 2 , 3 .\nhiemalora pleiomorphus runnegar and fedonkin , 1992 , p . 387 , fig . 7 . 7 . 5c .\nhiemalora aff . h . pleiomorphus narbonne , 1994 , p . 412 , fig . 3 . 1 .\nhiemalora stellaris sokolov , 1997 , p . 134 - 135 , pl . 18 , fig . 3 .\nhiemalora narbonne , dalrymple , and gehling , 2001 , p . 33 , 60 , 65 , 67 .\ntentaculate discs with possible affinities to hiemalora , o\u2019brien and king , 2004a , p . 209 - 210 , pl . 5b .\nhiemalora martin , grazhdankin , bowring , evans , fedonkin , and kirschvink , 2000 , p . 843 - 844 , fig . 4d .\n? hiemalora sp . farmer , vidal , moczydlowska , strauss , ahlberg , and siedlecka , 1992 , p . 189 , fig . 5a - b .\nhiemalora fedonkin , 1982 is based on cosmopolitan fossils of the late vendian ( ediacaran ) neoproterozoic sequences . there is no consensus on the nature and systematic position of these organisms . taphonomic and morphological observations of extensive collections of hiemalora pleiomorphus from khatyspyt formation ( arctic siberia ) indicate that this fossil is just a part of an unknown organism . most probably hiemalora represents a form with a thick - walled body , possessing a cone - like attachment bearing radial processes that resemble sponge root offshoots or algal rhizoids . originally these structures penetrated the soft sediment and served as anchors as well as a source of symbiotic nutrition . various imprints of hiemalora could represent different sections of conic - shaped bodies . probably , there were several organisms referred to as hiemalora that had a similar substrate attachment organ .\nhiemalora stellaris fedonkin in sokolov and ivanowskiy , 1990 , v . 1 , p . 90 - 91 , pl . 7 , figs . 1 , 6 .\nfigure 11 - reported world occurrences of hiemalora . 1 , sekwi brook ; 2 , avalon ; 3 , bonavista ; 4 , wales ; 5 , tanafjord ; 6 , white sea ; 7 , podolia ; 8 , olenek uplift ; 9 , ediacara ; 10 , questionable hiemalora in vindhyan supergroup . for references , see synonymy .\nhiemalora stellaris fedonkin in sokolov and ivanovskiy , 1985 , v . 1 , p . 84 , pl . 7 , figs . 1 , 6 , fig . 7a .\ndiscussion . - hiemalora has not previously been reported as having an attached frond . we here recognize a new genus that is distinct from hiemalora only by the presence of an attached stem and frondose superstructure . the situation is analogous to the practice of regarding aspidella and charniodiscus as separate taxa , depending on the basis of the presence or absence of an identifiable frond , as the genus of frond cannot be guessed from the preservation of only the holdfast ; both aspidella and hiemalora are viewed as form or organ taxa .\nthe one below it was thought to possibly be a member of the cnidaria by virtue of its tentacle - like structures . given that cyclomedsa is not found with preserved tentacles , hiemalora is now thought to be the anchor of some larger , as yet unknown creature .\nlastly , de ( 2003 ) reported on two questionable hiemalora specimens from the upper vindhyan bhander group northwest of satna , central india . the illustrated specimens are not distinct enough to have confidence in their attribution to this genus , and they are not included in the synonymy .\nall fossils come with a free certificate of authentication name : hiemalora stellaris age : mt . simon complex , lower uppe , cambrian location : marathon county , wisconsin , united states this specimen is sold loose . this fossil would make an ideal display piece . a rare collectible specimen .\nmaterial from the catalina area illustrated in this paper contributes new information on two aspects of the hiemalora enigma : function and original morphology . it bears on the long - standing question of whether the radiating structures are tentacles , roots , or traces . at least two specimens on the same bedding plane in the mistaken point formation at locality 5 , and another two in the fermeuse formation at localities 21 and 26 , show a tripartite arrangement ( fig . 12 ) : a disc with radial appendages that is indistinguishable from hiemalora , with an attached stalk , which in turn merges distally with an abraded , partially preserved frond . unfortunately , the detail of the fronds is insufficient to allow their attribution to any of the frondose forms known from newfoundland or elsewhere . these candelabra - like fossils with a hiemalora base are next described separately under primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp .\nmartin et al . ( 2000 , fig . 4d ) illustrated a specimen of hiemalora from the white sea coast that very clearly portrays multiple branching , with one or more short branches diverging at angles of 300 - 60 [ degrees ] from the main strand . as already stated , the form was interpreted as a trace fossil .\nit should be noted that hiemalora individuals without fronds in the catalina area are , in places , closely associated with , and seem to intergrade with , identical discs that are relatively quite smooth and that bear only a few faint , or no , ray - like radial markings ( fig . 7 . 4 ) . these structures could be regarded as simple , atypical , unornamented aspidella .\nfarmer et al . ( 1992 , fig . 5a , 5b ) illustrated , along with other body fossils , some low epireliefs from the stappogiedde formation in finnmark , northern norway , and attributed them to hiemalora sp . , but provided no further description . the specimens have a poorly defined central disc ~ 1 cm across , surrounded by a dense fringe of somewhat ragged - looking , radial appendages .\nfigure 10 - morphometry data of retrodeformed specimens of hiemalora in catalina area . 1 , scatter plot of mean ray length ( d ) vs . disc diameter ( d ) , and selected ratios of d / d . 2 , scatter plot of number of rays vs . disc diameter . 3 , frequency histogram of d / d ratio ; compare with fig . 5 of serezhnikova ( 2005 ) .\ndiscussion . - the morphology of the basal disc with radiating processes coincides with that of hiemalora , and the two would be indistinguishable were it not for the presence of an attached stem and frond . the candelabra - like form with the radiating processes on the basal disc thus may have an important bearing on the interpretation of hiemalora insofar as the radiating appendages in the latter have been explained alternatively as tentacles and as rooting structures . the new bonavista material supports the case for the latter interpretation , if , indeed the two taxa represent different degrees of preservation of one type of organism . if so , one should look for evidence for the presence of an attached stem in specimens previously referred to hiemalora . on the other hand , the two taxa may be distinct despite the morphologic resemblance of the ray - bearing discs . the candelabra - like organisms were attached to the seafloor , and were felled in the same direction as nearby charnia and charniodiscus specimens . as with specimens of uiese latter frondose genera on the avalon peninsula , preservation quality is best for the basal disc and progressively deteriorates towards the distal portion , a taphonomic effect due to diachronous burial of an erect frondose organism ( laflamme et al . , 2004 , p . 829 ) .\nwe here provide an interim overview of 40 localities while more detailed studies are continuing . the fossils comprise more than a dozen taxa , most of which are also represented on the avalon peninsula . the most common and longest - ranging is aspidella terranovica . other long - ranging and widespread forms are bradgatia boynton and ford , 1995 , charnia ford , 1958 , charniodiscus ford , 1958 , hiemalora fedonkin , 1982 , and ivesheadia boynton and ford , 1996 , all of which ( excepting hiemalora ) are also characteristic of the charnwood forest area in england , from where , in fact , they were first described . fractofusus is rare in the mistaken point and fermeuse formations , but abundant at some levels in the trepassey formation , and unknown in the renews head formation and in the charnian of england . fossils not previously encountered are also described and assigned to four new species and genera .\nnarbonne ( 1994 , fig . 3 . 1 ) classified a solitary , fragmentary specimen from the sheepbed formation in nw canada as hiemalora aff . h . pleiomorpha . the specimen is relatively large , has somewhat more relief than typical h . pleiomorpha , has densely packed appendages , some fine striations of uncertain significance on one edge of the central disc , and is preserved in positive hyporelief in turbiditic siliciclastics . it was interpreted as a semiinfaunal polyp impression .\nfossils attributed to either species with different degrees of certainty are now known from the ediacaran in other parts of the world ( e . g . , ukraine , norway , nw and e canada , australia ; refer to synonymy ) ( fig . 11 ) . an early illustration of a disc with branching processes that has caused some workers to compare it to hiemalora is \u201cmedusina filamentus\u201d from the rawnsley quartzite ( sprigg , 1949 , p . 90 , pi . 30 , fig . 1 , text - fig . 7d ) . sprigg interpreted the form as a medusoid . the illustration of the holotype shows a partial narrow concentric rim surrounding the central disc and the field with the radial processes , at a distance of about 3vi times the radius of the central disc . this is unlike hiemalora . the specimen was subsequently ascribed to pseudorhizostomites sprigg , 1949 , to which it is connected by transitional forms , according to glaessner and wade ( 1966 , p . 605 ) .\npreservation of local detail in the frond of one specimen , more clearly seen in the latex mold than the specimen in outcrop , shows several oblique divisions spaced equally about 4 mm apart ( fig . 12 . 3 ) . the pattern is reminiscent of secondary branches in charnia and charniodiscus . the shape of the preserved frond portion of this specimen also resembles a stalked specimen of bradgatia from the trepassey formation , but which is without a clearly recognizable hiemalora - like base ( see fig . 19 . 4 under bradgatia ) .\nthe assemblage includes aspidella , blackbrookia , bradgatia , charnia , charniodiscus , fractofusus , hiemalora , and ivesheadia . these occur throughout the succession , with aspidella being the most common genus , followed by charnia and charniodiscus . four new taxa are described , with candelabra - like fossils with a hiemalora - like base referred to primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp . , bush - like fossils to parviscopa bonavistensis n . gen . and sp . , ladder - like fossils to hadryniscala avalonica n . gen . and sp . , and string - like fossils with basal disc to hadrynichorde catalinensis n . gen . and sp . the remains also include dubiofossils . the stratigraphic ranges of some taxa on the bonavista peninsula are longer than previously reported from the avalon peninsula , with fractofusus spindles present in the trepassey formation , bradgatia , charnia , charniodiscus , and ivesheadia reaching as high as the fermeuse formation , and aspidella extending into the middle of the renews head formation . the spindles in the trepassey formation are comparable to those found mainly in the stratigraphically older briscal formation on the avalon peninsula .\nfigure 12 - outcrop views of primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp . ( 1 - 4 ) and primocandelabrum sp . ( 5 ) . all photos retrodeformed ; bar scale divisions in cm . 1 , partial frond with well developed rays on basal disc . mistaken point formation , level f7 at locality 5 at 37 . 5 m e ( see fig . 3 . 2 ) . holotype nfm f - 484 . 2 , large partial specimen . fermeuse formation , locality 26 . lighting from right paratype nfm f - 485 . 3 , detail view of latex mold made from frond of specimen of primocandelabrum hiemaloranum n . gen . and sp . in part 2 , showing rhythmically spaced transverse markings , probably representing secondary branches . photo is printed as mirror image to show same orientation as in part 2 . paratype nfm f - 485 . 4 , abraded frond with faint hiemalora - like base . fermeuse formation , locality 21 . lighting from right paratype nfm f - 486 . 5 , partial frond with aspidella - like base . trepassey formation , locality 20 .\ndescription : this spectacular death assemblage predates the cambrian explosion by tens of millions of years . many early attempts at diversity were present during this time , both here and in the ediacara fauna of the flinders ranges of australia . many strange forms were present , some of which still do not have any parallels in modern times . these jellyfish - like examples are one that is relatively easy to attribute to descendants alive today . the incredible soft - bodied preservation is believed to be the result of impressions made in a microbial mat contained within the sand . there is debate about the true nature of both these examples . cyclomedusa was initially thought to be a pelagic jellyfish , but is now more likely a benthic organism much like a sea anemone .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n\u2013 gsl fellows : log in with your lyell username and password . ( please check your access entitlements at urltoken )\n\u2013 other users : log in with the username and password you created when you registered . help for other users is at urltoken\nyou may purchase access to this article . this will require you to create an account if you don ' t already have one .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution . contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\nif your organization uses openathens , you can log in using your openathens username and password .\nnote : we request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article , and that it is not junk mail . we do not retain these email addresses .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would be interested in this article in geological society , london , special publications .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\n( a\u2013b ; nigp159077 ) , ( c\u2013d ; nigp159078 ) , and ( e\u2013f ; nigp159079 ) three pairs of part and counterpart , showing densely arranged appendages . scale bars 20 mm . photographs taken by authors .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nread the license : nomination file ( non exclusive cession of rights : yes ) condition of use : re - users must attribute the work to the copyright holder when they use it . 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used when browsing the site . this is an essential part of our website security , the data is only stored on our web server and only used if we need to investigate suspicious website activity .\nwe use google analytics for statistical purposes , this includes storing your ip address and tracking info on google\u2019s servers .\nabstract - newly found fossils in the conception and st . john\u2019s groups of the bonavista peninsula considerably extend the known geographic distribution of the ediacaran fossils in newfoundland . they occur in deepwater sediments and are preserved as epireliefs , forming census populations underneath volcanic ash layers throughout a more than 1 km thick turbiditic sequence . the exposed fossiliferous units comprise the mistaken point , trepassey , fermeuse , and renews head formations . the remains are tectonically deformed , with long axes of elliptical discs aligned parallel to cleavage strike ; shortening of originally circular bedding surface features is on the order of 30 - 50 % ( averaging ~ 35 % ) .\nthe distinctive and problematic ediacaran fossils of soft - bodied organisms constitute a prominent marker in the history of the proterozoic biosphere , and a substantial biologic enigma as well . there is no unanimity as to their affinities . early interpretations placed forms like those found in newfoundland in the kingdom animalia , principally in the phylum cnidaria ( e . g . , glaessner , 1959 , 1984 ; anderson , 1978 ; fedonkin , 1981 ) , others have presented different interpretations . included among these are attributions to a separate extinct kingdom , vendozoa ( seilacher , 1989 ; later vendobionta , seilacher , 1992 ) , xenophyophorean protists ( zhuravlev , 1993 , seilacher et al . , 2003 ) , lichens ( retallack , 1994 ) , photosynthetic \u201cmetacellular\u201d organisms ( mcmenamin , 1998 ) , colonies of prokaryota ( steiner and reitner , 2001 ) , and fungus - like organisms ( peterson et al . , 2003 ) . ediacaran fossils are now thought to be mostly metazoans . for a comprehensive recent review , see narbonne ( 2005 ) .\nthe assemblages in the different areas are characterized by disparate sedimentary environments and different preservation styles , as well as distinctive biotic compositions ( e . g . , narbonne , 1998 ; waggoner , 1999 ; grazhdankin , 2004 ) . ediacaran megafossils in northwestern canada , australia , and eastern europe occur typically as hyporeliefs in shallow water siliciclastics , whereas those in newfoundland , england , and finnmark are preserved as epireliefs in deepwater sediments , and those in namibia commonly are transported entities preserved as endoreliefs in storm - generated sandstone . some forms such as discs are cosmopolitan , whereas others of more complex morphology have more restricted distribution . for analyses of ediacaran assemblages , see the reviews by waggoner ( 1999 , 2003 ) and grazhdankin ( 2004 ) . the forms here described from the bonavista peninsula conform to what is known from the avalon peninsula - preserved on upper bedding surfaces in deep water turbiditic and shallowing - upward pro - deltaic sediments , below ashfall deposits .\nalthough the avalon assemblage has received a great deal of study in recent years ( gehling et al . , 2000 , narbonne et al . , 2001 , clapham and narbonne , 2002 ; clapham et al . , 2003 , 2004 ; narbonne and gehling , 2003 ; wood et al . , 2003 ; narbonne , 2004 , 2005 ; laflamme et al . , 2004 ; ichaso et al . , 2007 ; gehling and narbonne , 2007 ; laflamme et al . , 2007 ) , much sustained effort will be required to resolve major questions concerning the biological affinities of the elements of this biota . studies by narbonne and his associates are continuing to contribute substantially in this regard . narbonne et al . ( 2001 , p . 28 et seq . ) provide a useful summary of the history of research on the ediacaran biota in newfoundland .\nthe objectives of the present study are the description and illustration of new material from the bonavista peninsula , now the third area in newfoundland known to contain this remarkable assemblage ( o\u2019brien and king , 2004a , 2004b , 2005 ) , and , secondly , to relate these occurrences and their context to those on the avalon peninsula to the south . some of the new localities have yielded exceptionally well preserved specimens of several taxa that improve our knowledge on the distribution , environmental setting , morphology , taphonomy , and taxonomic affiliation of specific ediacaran taxa . one of the significant aspects of the ~ 570 ma avalon assemblage is that no unequivocal trace fossils have yet been recognized . although here interpreted as body fossils , two of the new taxa in the bonavista area ( parviscopa n . gen . and hadrynichorde n . gen . ) have some aspects in common with certain trace fossils normally found in rocks younger by 30 million years ; these are suitable candidates for further studies to confirm their affinities .\nthe bonavista peninsula of newfoundland lies within the appalachian avalon zone , a complex and well - preserved neoproterozoic to early paleozoic terrene that records the development of segments of a much larger precambian orogenic system accreted to the appalachians during paleozoic orogenesis ( cf . o\u2019brien et al . , 1996 ) . integral parts of this belt are ediacaran sedimentary rocks , which are spectacularly preserved along the deeply embayed coast of southeastern newfoundland\nthe murphy\u2019s cove member is dominated by medium - bedded , gray and green sandstones and gray , green , and red mudstones . variegated structureless and laminated mudstones are present at the top of the member and may correlate with the hibbs cove member , uppermost mistaken point formation , at its type locality on the avalon peninsula ( king , 1990 ) . fine - grained , white , gray to light brown tuff forms thin beds and laminae throughout the member and commonly preserve ediacaran fossils underneath .\nconception group strata in the core of the catalina dome pass conformably into fossiliferous marine mudrocks and interbedded sandstones of the st . john\u2019s group ( williams and king , 1979 ) , which consists of , in ascending stratigraphic order , the trepassey , fermeuse , and renews head formations . these sediments formed initially in a deep basinal slope environment , which , in response to a combination of sea - level changes and to seaward advances of a large prograding delta , shallowed over time and in two major cycles ( king , 1980 , 1990 ; o\u2019brien and king , 2005 ) .\nfigure 1 - geologic map of catalina area , with fossil localities ( after o\u2019brien and king , 2005 ) . locality 32 is outside map area , near maberly , 7 km nne of northeast corner of area , at 48 . 608 [ degrees ] n 53 . 009 [ degrees ] w . shg = signal hill group .\nlarge - scale slumps and disrupted beds are present throughout the trepassey formation , representing periodic rapid burial of the habitat that sustained the organisms in this deep - marine setting . the slumps are of the same composition as their respective members and indicate the presence of a slope on which original sediment deposits became unstable , either because of sediment load or seismic shock ; the mass movement was probably slight as the slumped material is near slump scars from which they were derived . the increasing influx up - section of laminated , fine - to medium - grained sand indicates high - energy downslope processes and may reflect shoaling of the basin or sea - level changes .\nfermeuse formation . - the black - shale - dominated fermeuse formation lies in sharp and conformable stratigraphic contact above the trepassey formation . the succession studied to date consists primarily of three principal , interbedded lithofacies . following the terminology of o\u2019brien et al . ( 2006 ) , the prominent facies ( a - f ) , seen in the lowermost part of the formation , is dark gray to black shale and mudstone with laminae , and thin to medium interbeds of gray siltstone , fine grained , brown - weathering gray sandstone , and minor tuff . impoverished current ripples and cross - lamination are locally present but are usually indistinct ; rhythmically alternating sand - mud graded units are common . a second , characteristically remobilized facies ( b - f ) consists of slumped folds of sandstone resedimented in a mud matrix that occur with debris flows . the latter consist of a mixture of sand , mud , and coarse angular to rounded cobble - size fragments of siltstone and sandstone . a third facies ( c - f ) , developed in the upper part of the succession , includes black shales with rare or widely spaced laminae or thin beds of silty sandstone . in general , the proportion of sand increases upwards through the formation . tuff beds are most common in the lower 300 m of the section and are associated with ediacaran fossils .\nthe remobilized facies ( b - f ) occurs throughout several hundred meters of stratigraphic section and contains repetitive and spectacularly preserved tabular units of synsedimentary folds and disrupted beds of sandstone , each unit commonly several meters thick , interbedded with black shale and silty sandstone . the slumped units are locally capped by sand - rich sedimentary breccias overlain by shale . thin beds of ash within the shales within facies a - f and b - f preserve a variety of ediacaran fossils at several stratigraphic levels .\nthe slumped and disrupted units are attributed to gravitational sliding of poorly consolidated beds of sand and mud on a sloping paleosurface during normal pelagic sedimentation . huge masses of mixed sand , mud , and coarse clastic debris were transported as debris and other mass flows into deeper parts of a submarine slope and basin . the presence of sharp bedding planes directly above truncated folds of sandstone and coarse breccias at the top of the disrupted unit indicate periods of erosion by intense bottom currents .\nfossil assemblage and localities . - in a 1978 reconnaissance mapping and paleontological investigation of eastern bonavista peninsula , one of the authors ( king ) noted that 1 ) the siliceous rocks of goodland point , catalina , resembled the mistaken point formation , 2 ) the mudstones of catalina were comparable with the trepassey formation , and 3 ) the shale sequence of melrose matched the fermeuse formation . at that time , only the shales were found to be fossiliferous , yielding very poorly preserved sphaeromorph acritarchs and nonseptate filamentous microfossils near port union ( hofmann et al . , 1979 ) . as a result of more recent work , ediacaran fossils were discovered in this area ( o\u2019brien and king , 2004a ) .\nthe main occurrence of the ediacaran biota on the bonavista peninsula is limited to the catalina dome ( fig . 1 ) . discoidal fossils have also been observed at english harbour , 20 km south of catalina , and at maberly , 10 km to the north . the exposed units belong to the conception and st . john\u2019s groups , with fossiliferous horizons in the mistaken point , trepassey , fermeuse , and renews head formations .\nthe general geographic and stratigraphic distributions of the fossiliferous localities were given by o\u2019brien and king ( 2004a ) , as was a summary of their morphologic diversity . the same authors have since provided a more detailed inventory of their occurrence ( o\u2019brien and king , 2005 ) , but the present paper is the first to more fully describe and illustrate the ediacaran fossils on the bonavista peninsula . figure 2 presents a graphic summary of the more than a dozen constituent elements of this assemblage .\nthe fossils are best observed on dip slopes of shoreline outcrops . the discovery site , also the one showing the greatest diversity of fossils in the new assemblage , is located in the murphy\u2019s cove member of the mistaken point formation ( locality 5 ) , and is illustrated in figure 3 . the fossils are protected under provincial legislation , but remain exposed to the elements ( wave and ice action , cliff collapse , algal and bacterial growth , human activity ) .\nlike the soft - bodied ediacaran fossils on the avalon peninsula , the impressions of the organisms are confined to turbiditic siliciclastics and are typically preserved on upper bedding surfaces of interturbidite mudstones , underneath thin water - laid tuffs ( narbonne et al . , 2001 , 2005 ) .\nfigure 2 - main components of ediacaran biota on the bonavista peninsula . basal portion of large charnia ford , 1958 is conjectural .\nall fossils show the effect of early paleozoic tectonic deformation and pervasive cleavage development related to the formation of the appalachian orogenic belt . originally circular features such as the aspidella organism were deformed into nne trending ellipses , in effect constituting built - in strain gauges that provide a quantitative measure of the amount of tectonic shortening , which is on the order of ~ 35 % on average in the study area , but can attain 50 % or slightly more locally . this allows for the retrodeformation of not only their images , but also those of associated frondose , bush - like , and other fossils , to reconstruct their morphologies and felling directions at the time of burial ( wood et al . , 2003 , fig . 5 ) . most of the illustrations in the plates of the present paper are retrodeformed images of the fossils .\nthe fossils were studied in situ during the summers of 2004 to 2006 , and photographed with digital cameras . selected important specimens were molded with low viscosity ( ~ 7000 cps ) black latex which then served to make casts using a dental stone compound , both of which aided the study in the laboratory . very few actual samples were collected to respect legislation regarding the preservation of the fossil sites . specimens and casts are deposited at the newfoundland museum ( nfm ) in st . john\u2019s , bearing consecutive numbers from nfm f - 457 to nfm f - 656 . catalogue numbers of illustrated material are cited in the captions of the respective figures .\nthe fossiliferous exposures extend stratigraphically from near the base of the mistaken point formation in the conception group to the middle of the renews head formation in the st . john\u2019s group ( fig . 4 ) , and thus the range is limited by lack of strata in the lower part of the stratigraphic section as compared to the much more completely exposed sequence on the avalon peninsula , where the section also includes the fossiliferous briscal and drook formations below the mistaken point formation . on the other hand , many of the taxa reach stratigraphic levels appreciably higher on the bonavista peninsula than on the avalon ( fig . 5 ) .\nthe frondose forms charnia and chamiodiscus show strong preferred alignment on individual bedding planes , which is attributed to downcurrent felling by bottom currents ( wood et al . , 2003 ) . an overall bimodal pattern emerges , with a main mode in a nne direction , and an opposing secondary mode ( fig . 6 ) ; the mean vector show a slight clockwise rotation in ascending the stratigraphic section . the preferred orientation and tripartite organization of basal holdfast disc , stem , and frond indicate that the organisms were erect sessile benthos anchored on the mud , rather than endobenthic ( seilacher , 1992 ) .\nvarious schemes have been devised to accommodate ediacaran fossils in a systematic way , but the goal of finding a suitable scheme acceptable to all who work with such remains is still elusive . the most comprehensive and elaborate attempt has been by fedonkin ( in sokolov and ivanovskiy , 1985 , and sokolov and iwanowski , 1990 ) , who arranged the taxa under two main headings , radialia and bilateria , with further groupings based on the underlying symmetry of the taxa . radialia encompass various classes of discoidal coelenterates , whereas the bilateria comprise various phyla of worm - and arthropod - like fossils , as well as the extinct phylum petalonamae of frondose forms , some of which , strictly speaking , are not bilateral ( e . g . , pteridinium giirich , 1933 ) . forms such as bradgatia , ivesheadia , fractofusus , and others do not readily fit into this scheme . another attempt to classify the ediacaran biota is that presented in runnegar and fedonkin ( 1992 , p . 373 ) .\ninasmuch as the systematic position and phylogeny of many of the forms still need to be worked out ( e . g . , see runnegar , 1995 for arguments generally still current ) , we here use an informal order of presentation that groups the genus - level taxa based on the following broad informal geometric categories and their postulated affinities ( table 1 ) ; one kind of dubiofossil is also described . the scheme has its drawbacks . for instance , the discoid forms have traditionally been classified as cnidarians . however , they may be holdfasts of fronds that were not preserved , and they thus could or should be classed as petalonamae .\nfigure 3 - discovery locality ( locality 5 ) in mistaken point formation . 1 , section , looking east . co - author a . king standing near origin of baseline ( 0 . 0 m ) on main fossiliferous layer ( f7 ) , which extends to white arrow at left . meter - stick near middle resting on layer f4 with numerous aspidella billings , 1872 specimens ( see fig . 7 . 5 ) . lighter layers are tuffaceous horizons . principal fossil levels indicated by f1 - f8 in drawn section at right . 2 , composite photo of main bedding surface f7 of eastern part of main ledge at locality 5 , showing location of specimens that provided latex molds . numbers represent distances in meters east of origin of baseline , and are cited in captions in relevant subsequent figures . meter scale at center graduated in decimeters . discoid forms , spriggia morphs o\u2019brien and king , 2004a , fig . 3 d , e ; pl . 3a , 3c partim .\ndescription . - centimetric elliptical discs on bedding surfaces , with several preservational morphotypes , including small concave epireliefs and larger flat discs , both with distinct narrow raised rim , and others with few to numerous concentric ridges and depressions of low to moderate relief . dimensions of 84 specimens ( long axes ) measured at various localities ranging from 0 . 48 to 12 . 5 cm ( mean 3 . 72 cm ) , with a positively skewed , polymodal pattern ( fig . 7 ) ; two main modes between 1 and 3 cm and 4 and 5 . 5 cm .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation , localities 1 - 6 , 11 , 12 , 37 , 39 ; trepassey formation , localities 10 , 15 , 20 , 33 , 37 , 40 , 41 ; fermeuse formation , localities 16 - 19 , 21 - 30 , 38 ; renews head formation , locality 32 .\nfigure 4 - simplified stratigraphic section with approximate position of fossil localities . thicknesses are dip - based estimates . full circle indicates presence of taxon ; empty circle signifies uncertain identification . shg = signal hill group . basal portion of taxon 6 ( charnia grandisl ) is conjectural .\nfigure 5 - comparison of stratigraphic ranges of major ediacaran taxa in eastern newfoundland . thicknesses of formations are not to scale . note the higher ranges on the bonavista peninsula ( rectangles ) . inset map : a - mistaken point area on avalon peninsula ; b - catalina area on bonavista peninsula .\nstar - shaped forms , anderson and conway morris , 1982 , p . 7 - 8 , text - fig . 3 .\n? medusina filamentus [ filamentis ] sprigg , 1949 , p . 90 , pi . 13 , fig . 1 , text - fig . 7d .\npinegia stellaris fedonkin , 1980 , p . 9 , pl . 1 , figs . 3 - 5 .\npinegia stellaris fedonkin , 1981 , p . 61 , pl . 30 , figs . 1 - 3 .\npinegia cf . stellaris fedonkin , 1983 , p . 129 , 134 , pl . 29 , fig . 3 .\ndescription . - discs on upper bedding surfaces , 0 . 3 - 4 . 8 cm wide ( mean = 2 . 25 cm , n = 27 ) , outlined by a distinct narrow raised rim ~ 0 . 5 - 1 mm wide surrounding a mostly flat disc with or without concentric ring . attached to rim are numerous outwardly radiating , densely packed to moderately spaced narrow rays or appendages of variable length , generally of the order of the disc diameter or less , but in some specimens attaining double that ( maximum observed length 5 . 2 cm , with average maximum of 3 . 15 cm for 27 specimens ) . rays rectilinear to slightly sinuous , usually unbranched , but bifid and occasional trifid branching observed ; rays rarely crossing over one another ; 2 mm or less in width , slightly tapering distally to a point ( as if descending obliquely into the sediment ) or to a bulbous terminus ( fig . 9 . 1 ) . in figure 9 . 6 , small specimen sitting on ray of larger specimen . in specimens illustrated in figure 9 . 1 - 9 . 3 , and 9 . 6 , rays exhibiting shallow axial trough with curved semi - elliptical cross sections between narrow , levee - like lateral ridges ; possible fusion of two filaments . central disc bearing faint round outlines 3 - 5 mm across . measurements of more complete specimens given in figure 10 .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation , localities 2 , 3 , 5 , 11 , 35 ; fermeuse formation , localities 16 - 18 , 21 , 24 , 26 , 29 ? , 38 .\ndiscussion . - inasmuch as the terms \u201ctentacles\u201d and \u201croots\u201d used in the literature for the slender radiating appendages convey quite different anatomical features and functions , depending on one\u2019s interpretation of the body , it seems more appropriate to use the more neutral descriptive labels \u201crays\u201d or \u201cappendages\u201d until meir function has been more convincingly demonstrated . while appendages in most specimens are unbranched , a few clearly exhibit branching .\nfigure 6 - circular histograms ( radius of wedge ) showing azimuths of frond alignments of charnia and chamiodiscus ford , 1958 specimens on bonavista peninsula by formation , using 30 [ degrees ] bins for retrodeformed data ; mean vector and 95 % confidence interval superimposed .\nfigure 8 - size distribution of aspidella specimens in bonavista area , based on long diameter of ellipse coincident with cleavage / bedding lineation . polymodal pattern reflects different size values for different stratigraphic levels and localities .\nspecimens of h . stellaris from siliciclastic rocks in the mogilev formation of the ukraine ( gureev , 1988 , pi . 13 , figs . 2 , 3 ) are comparable to specimens from the white sea area .\nrelatively well preserved specimens from wales ( gehling et al . , 2000 , p . 450 ; j . gehling photo , personal commun . , 2005 ) closely resemble specimens from locality 3 in the catalina area , particularly the processes with levee - like borders and the rounded outlines on the disc .\ngenus primocandelabrum new genus type species . - primocandelabrum hiemaloranum new genus and species ( by monotypy ) .\ndiagnosis . - tripartite , candelabrum - like fossils comprised of basal disc , stem , and variable and incompletely preserved bushlike frond of overall triangular shape , containing coarse , distally diverging branches .\netymology . - named for the candelabrum - like shape and its early appearance in the geologic record ; primus = l . first .\ndiagnosis . - as for genus ; basal disc with prominent external radiating processes .\ndescription . - tripartite epireliefs characterized by basal discoidal or globular structure attached to a distinct stem that develops distally into an incompletely preserved , bush - like or candelabra - like frond with a general , overall triangular shape . basal globular or discoidal structure outlined by a narrow raised marginal rim enclosing shallow depression with or without faint concentric markings ; numerous ( 8 - 30 ) narrow , straight to slightly sinuous or bent ray - like appendages radiating from disc rim . diameters of four discs observed 2 . 5 , 3 . 2 , 4 . 2 , and 7 . 8 cm , length of processes about equal to disc diameter . stem length ( distance between disc center and frond ) 3 . 7 , 5 . 3 , 6 . 0 , and 12 . 4 cm , similar to disc diameter , width uniform , respectively 0 . 5 , 1 . 6 , 0 . 8 , and 3 cm . fronds incomplete , proximal portion forming acute to approximately right angles , preserved length about double the stem length ( minima respectively 8 . 5 , 10 . 5 , 15 . 0 , and 23 . 5 cm ) , widths 4 . 7 , 7 . 0 , 7 . 2 , and 20 cm . frond with poorly defined , coarse , distally diverging ridges and intervening depressions ; two depressions in one specimen with faint transverse markings 3 mm wide ( fig . 12 . 3 ) .\ntypes . - holotype nfm f - 484 ; paratypes nfm f - 485 , nfm f - 486 .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation at locality 5 , and trepassey formation at localities 21 and 26 .\ntype locality . - trinity bay north , locality 5 , at 37 . 5 m e ( see fig . 3 . 2 ) .\ntype horizon . - lower part of murphy\u2019s cove member of mistaken point formation .\n\u201cdusters\u201d , \u201cfeather dusters\u201d , \u201ctree fronds\u201d , narbonne , dalrymple , laflamme , gehling , and boyce , 2005 , p . 58 , 60 , 65 , 68 , figs . 6 . 3 , 6 . 5 , 6 . 6 , 7 . 3 , 7 . 6 .\ndescription . - tripartite epireliefs characterized by basal discoidal structure attached to a distinct stem that develops distally into an incompletely preserved , bush - like frond with coarse , distally diverging branching ridges and intervening irregular depressions . basal disc with or without faint concentric markings . fronds with overall inverted triangular shape apparently without distinct geometric pattern . diameters of four discs observed 2 . 0 , 2 . 2 , 3 . 1 , and 5 . 0 cm . respective stem length ( distance between disc center and frond ) 1 . 9 , 2 . 7 , 2 . 7 , and 5 . 5 cm , similar to disc diameter , stem width respectively 0 . 3 , 0 . 6 , 0 . 4 , and 1 . 0 cm . fronds incomplete , proximal portion forming acute to approximately right angles , preserved length respectively 2 . 4 , 4 . 8 , 12 . 3 , and 13 cm , widths approximately 4 . 0 , 5 . 8 , 10 , and 10 . 5 cm . one specimen with faint radial markings on basal disc .\noccurrence . - mistaken point formation , localities 5 , 6 ; trepassey formation , locality 20 : fermeuse formation , localities 21 , 26 , 29 ? . also present in the mistaken point formation on the avalon peninsula .\ndiscussion . - the dimensions and the shape of the bushy superstructure are very similar to those of specimens of p . hiemaloranum , but the ratio of frond width to frond length is slightly higher for primocandelabrum sp . than for p . hiemaloranum , and the basal discs lack the diagnostic radiating appendices . if originally present , the rays were not preserved , or the attachment disc is preserved at a higher level in the sediment , in which case the form may be a taphomorph of p . hiemaloranum . the fronds of most of these structures show no clear geometric patterns that would allow them to be referred to charnia , charniodiscus , or bifoliate rangeomorphs , and thus their affinities are undetermined .\nfronds with rayless discs occur in the mistaken point formation on the avalon peninsula , where they have been variably referred to as \u201cdusters\u201d , \u201cfeather dusters\u201d , and \u201ctree - fronds . \u201d these are presently under study at queen\u2019s university .\nthe catalina area has yielded fronds of several apparently intergrading morphologic varieties equipped with a short stem emanating from an attachment disc , all broadly attributable to charnia . the frond patterns range from ones with symmetrical , alternating , acutely diverging primary branches with regular transverse secondary partitions , to ones with a rhomboidal surface pattern , to ones with more asymmetrical and more irregular branches with few or no preserved secondary divisions and presence of rangeomorph elements , allowing for the differentiation of at least 3 morphotypes .\nthe appreciable morphologic diversity in the catalina area presents somewhat of a taxonomic dilemma , that is , whether one should assign the forms to different species , or whether the variability represents taphonomic factors or different orientations during burial . for our material , we rely on the regularity of the lobe pattern and transverse divisions , as well as the smaller acute angle at which lobes diverge from the main axis , to assign specimens to c . masoni , and mis includes those with rhomboidal patterns . we distinguish these from specimens with more irregular branching and with higher divergence angles , which we ascribe to charnia antecedens . bedding surfaces with numerous individuals of either species show strong preferred orientation , indicating felling from an erect , anchored living position in response to a passing current . a fourth species chacterized by decimetric length is attributed to c . grandis ?\nthe biological affinities of these fossils are uncertain . charnia has been variously interpreted as algal ( ford , 1958 ) , an octocoral of the extinct order rangeomorpha ( jenkins , 1985 ) , a pennatulacean cnidarian ( fedonkin , 1992 ; jenkins , 1992 , 1996 ; nedin and jenkins , 1998 ) , a vendobiont ( seilacher , 1989 , 1992 ) , or a fungus ( petersen et al . , 2003 ) . our new material includes fronds with distinct rangeomorph elements within the primary branches of charnia antecedens , placing them firmly within the rangeomorpha of the extinct phylum petalonamae pflug , 1972 . glaessner ( 1979 ) erected the family charniidae based on this genus . charnia masoni ford , 1958\ncharnia masoni ford , 1958 , p . 212 , pl . 13 , fig . 1 .\ncharnia masoni fedonkin , 1981 , p . 66 , pl . 3 , figs , 5 , 6 ; pl . 29 , fig . 1 .\ncharnia masoni fedonkin , 1985 , p . 110 , pl . 12 , fig . 4 ; pl . 13 , figs . 2 - 4 .\ncharnia masoni nedin and jenkins , 1998 , p . 315 , fig . 1 .\ncharnia masoni narbonne , dalrymple , and gehling , 2001 , p . 32 , pl . 1c ."]}
{"id": 1023, "summary": [{"text": "pasiphilodes viridescens is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in malaysia , new guinea and possibly borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 millimetres ( 0.79 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are green and the hindwings are pale cinereous , with traces of three or four dusky curved fasciae .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "larvae have been recorded feeding on rhododendron species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pasiphilodes viridescens", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about pasiphilodes viridescens ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for pasiphilodes viridescens ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word subpalpata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word subpalpata and , of course , subpalpata synonyms and on the right images related to the word subpalpata .\nand borneo .\nhome of ichneumonoidea\n. taxapad . * * * * y . . .\nthis is the place for subpalpata definition . you find here subpalpata meaning , synonyms of subpalpata and images for subpalpata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1026, "summary": [{"text": "agnippe leuconota is a moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , maine , florida , texas and mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are similar to agnippe prunifoliella , but that species has a small white spot on the base of the costa of the forewings , a distinct white costal spot just before the cilia , and a white streak in the apex , all of which are absent in leuconota .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in prunifoliella , the white of the dorsal margin sends three large almost triangular projections into the brown , but in this species there are three scarcely perceptible emarginations only .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "agnippe leuconota", "paragraphs": ["i think we can just leave it and let the comments explain . maybe we ' ll make a\nleuconota or prunifoliella\nsome time in the future .\ni ' m not sure how to handle this . i trust sangmi lee to get it right but her spread specimen of prunifoliella on mpg doesn ' t have a distinct white spot . there are few examples of leuconota online but it seems that the separation between the light and dark is generally less sinuous on leuconota than it is on prunifoliella .\naccording to busck here , a . prunifoliella is separated from a . leuconota by the presence of a white costal spot . genetalia is not mentioned . yours has a few white scales forming a faint coastal spot but it seems no more obvious than for examples at bold in bold : aag0028 , the bin holding samples of leuconota . the examples at bold for prunifoliella are mostly in bold : aac3010 and they all have a much larger white costal spot . these two bins are not close and there are couple more with examples that seem intermediate . one of those bins is close to bold : aac3010 and has examples with a reduced coastal spot . perhaps all examples that don ' t have an obvious coastal spot should be placed in a no taxon\nleuconota or prunifoliella\n.\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nbusck , a . , 1903 . a revision of the american moths of the family gelechiidae , with descriptions of new species .\nchambers , v . t . , 1877 . tineina from texas . the canadian entomologist . , 23 .\nchecklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in america north of mexico lee s . , hodges r . w . , brown r . l . 2009 . zootaxa 2231 : 1\u201339 .\na revision of the american moths of the family gelechiidae , with descriptions of new species august busck . 1903 . proceedings of the united states national museum 25 : 767 - 938 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 6 november , 2013 - 9 : 56pm additional contributions by steve nanz last updated 14 december , 2015 - 5 : 58am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes ."]}
{"id": 1027, "summary": [{"text": "doryrhamphus is a genus of pipefishes , one of the two genera colloquially known as flagtail pipefishes and are popular in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the members of this genus are native to the indian and pacific oceans where they inhabit reef environments .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species in this genus have a maximum length of 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) or less , with d. janssi being the only species that surpasses 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "most species have a horizontal blue line along their body , and all have a whitish-edged tail that is marked contrastingly with black , red or yellow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "doryrhamphus", "paragraphs": ["dianne j . bray & vanessa j . thompson , doryrhamphus negrosensis in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\ndoryrhamphus negrosensis herre 1934 , herre philipp . exped . : 28 , tide pool near dumaguete , oriental negros , philippines .\nmore to pipes than just pvc : the genus doryrhamphus , and other pipefish paracanthurus hepatus by henry c . schultz iii - urltoken\nthicker blue band running the length of the body than most doryrhamphus species . numerous , well - defined yellow spots on caudal fin .\nhome \u00bb doryrhamphus excisus ssp . excisus ( black - sided pipefish , bluestripe pipefish , fantail pipefish , pacific blue - stripe pipefish )\nherre described doryrhamphus negrosensis ( = doryrhamphus negrosensis negrosensis ) in 1934 from specimens collected at negros i . ( philippines ) in 1931 ( dawson 1981 ) . whitley described choeroichthys suillus malus ( = doryrhamphus negrosensis malus ) in 1954 from specimens collected at masthead i . ( qld ) in c . 1905 ( dawson 1981 ) . dawson ( 1981 , 1985 ) noted that there were two subspecies of doryrhamphus negrosensis , namely doryrhamphus negrosensis malus ( known from qld ) and doryrhamphus negrosensis negrosensis ( known from the w . pacific ocean southwards to png and vanuatu , and also occurring at rowley shoals in wa waters ) . d . negrosensis malus attains a standard length of 62 mm and d . negrosensis negrosensis attains a standard length of 47 mm ( dawson 1981 ) . kuiter ( 2000 ) noted that records from the e indian ocean and vanuatu need further investigation .\ndoryrhamphus aurolineatus is known from two specimens collected on one occasion from a depth of 11 m from masirah island , oman ( randall and earle 1994 ) .\ndoryrhamphus is from the greek , dory meaning lance and the greek , rhamphos for bill , beak . named negrosensis after the type locality , negros island .\nnarrow blue stripe running the length of the body when compared to most doryrhamphus species . stripe always outlined by black border . caudal fin with 3 distinct spots .\nto date there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for doryrhamphus janssi . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance for this species .\na pair of flagtail pipefish , doryrhamphus negrosensis , in indonesia - note the eggs on the abdomen of the male . source : silke baron / wikimedia commons . license : cc by attribution\ndoryrhamphus jannsi is the largest of the pipefish that is normally imported for the aquarium trade . seen here is a pair with a natural host client , a neopomacentrus anabatoides . photo courtesy of rudie h . kuiter .\na wonderful photograph of doryrhamphus melanopleura . the broad blue band without a dark border and larger , elongated caudal spot located at the posterior , make identification easy . photo courtesy of greg rothschild of mother nature ' s creations .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . doryrhamphus negrosensis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 46 : 41 + 1000 .\ndunkerocampus , much like doryrhamphus , is one of the few genera of free - swimming pipefish . like all free - swimming pipefish , dunkerocampus males keep the eggs in a pouch under the trunk . this pouch does not close , and subsequently the eggs are not covered while the male carries them . previously known as acanthognathus , dunkerocampus has also been regarded as a subgenus of doryrhamphus , but today maintains generic status and maintains no less than eight species from the indo - west pacific .\ndoryrhamphus janssi is distributed from the andaman sea to the solomon islands and micronesia , north to taiwan , and south to queensland ( herald and randall 1972 ; dawson 1981 , 1985 ; kuiter 2000 ; shao et al . 2008 ; lim et al . 2011 ) .\ndunckerocampus dactyliophorus is a regular import for the hobby , but it is usually sold under the incorrect name doryrhamphus dactyliophorus . bottom photo : a fantastic photo of a male dunckerocampus dactyliophorus with a brood pouch filled with eggs . photos courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nmost of the doryrhamphus species are fairly similar , with only slight color differences of the caudal fin and geographical locations setting them apart . therefore , getting an exact identification on this genus is extremely difficult , if not impossible . following the chart below will give you your best chance at proper identification .\npipefishes generally feed on small living crustaceans that drift by or reside in the coral branches or algal mats ( gronell 1983 ) . many doryrhamphus species are known to be active cleaners , picking tiny parasitic crustaceans from other fishes , and adults work mostly in pairs ( gronell 1983 ; kuiter 2000 ) .\ndawson , c . e . , 1981 review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies . ichthyol . bull . j . l . b . smith inst . ichthyol . ( 44 ) : 27 p .\nthe final member of doryrhamphus is d . janssi , or commonly called janssi ' s or jan ' s pipefish . whereas most other doryrhamphus barely reach three inches in length , d . janssi will reach over five inches in total length . in the wild jan ' s is reported to be an exclusive cleaner for cheilodipterus ( cardinalfish ) and neopomacentrus ( damsel ) species ( michael , 1998 ) . it has perhaps the largest distribution of all pipefish , covering most of the west pacific from 3 to 120 feet of depth . like d . melanpleura , it spends much of its lifetime swimming upside - down .\ndawson , c . e . ( 1981 ) . review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies . ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology . 44 : jan - 27 .\ndawson , c . e . 1981 . review of the indo - pacific pipefish genus doryrhamphus kaup ( pisces : syngnathidae ) , with descriptions of a new species and a new subspecies , ichthyol . bull . j . l . b . smith inst . 44 : 1 - 27 , figs . 1 - 17 .\ndoryrhamphus consists of 11 species , though the taxonomy is incredibly incomplete and lacking . many localized color forms are present , and most specimens are lumped together as a single species , a result of inconclusive research from preserved specimens . once further research is put forth , it is likely the number of species will rise ( kuiter , 2000 ) .\nthe two type specimens of doryrhamphus aurolineatus were found in a cave at 11 metres depths on rocky substrate ( randall and earle 1994 ) . aside from this no further habitat information is known for this species . in other species in the genus doryrhamphus , males brood the eggs semi - exposed beneath the tail , and broods range from about 80 - 150 eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . many of the species also feed by cleaning small parasites from other fish species . the genus is known for having a very brief or even non - existent juvenile pelagic phase , and is limited in its dispersal capabilities . as a result many species exhibit a small range size ( kuiter 2000 ) .\njustification : doryrhamphus aurolineatus is listed as data deficient based on a lack of information about population levels , life history , and threats . the species is known from two type specimens , no dedicated surveys for it have been undertaken , and little is known about its range or threats to its habitat . further research is needed in order to carry out a proper red list assessment for the species .\nmost members of the genus doryrhamphus have been noted as\ncleaner fish\n( see to clean or not to clean : gobiosoma species for more information on\ncleaner fish\n) . however , unlike typical\ncleaners ,\nthe pipefish do not setup highly visible\ncleaning stations .\ndoryrhamphus species are noted to clean the cryptic clients , those such as moray eels , groupers , and cardinalfish ( michael , 1998 ) . this makes up a small portion of their diet . the majority of their diet is comprised of the tiny crustaceans that swim near the substrate , though just about any larva that fits into their mouth is consumed . foods that are not able to fit into their fixed jaws are often\nde - gutted ,\nthat is , they suck the abdomen out of the food item , and let the skeleton go without further attention .\nmales of d . n . malus may be brooding at 43 mm standard length , while the brood pouch of males of d . n . negrosensis is developing at 22 mm standard length and are usually fully developed at 30 - 35 mm standard length ( dawson 1981 ) . male doryrhamphus brood eggs semi - exposed under the trunk , and sometimes have a thin skin covering over the sides of the brood ( kuiter 2000 ) . brood size for doryrhamphus pipefishes varies from 80 - 150 eggs , depending on age or species ( kuiter 2000 ) . as tiny juveniles can be found on reefs , it seems that the pelagic stage is either short or absent ( kuiter 2000 ) . kuiter ( 2000 ) noted that it was difficult to determine the sex for most doryrhamphinae species , especially when the male incubated a brood , but adults usually occur in pairs with one male and one female .\nthough the majority of pipefish that appear in our hobby are from the subfamily doryrhamphinae , with doryrhamphus and dunkerocampus accounting for the largest percentage of the subfamily within the hobby , a large percentage does show up from syngnathinae , or the subfamily commonly called pipefish . for the most part , this is a highly unorganized subfamily that is likely to be split into their separate taxon once additional research is put forth . for now , 42 genera are recognized , though only corythoichthys is likely to be found at your local fish store with any regularity .\njustification : doryrhamphus janssi is a marine coastal pipefish species that inhabits coral reefs and caves to depths of 35 m throughout much of the indo - west pacific . the species may be declining as a result of coral reef habitat degradation , and unknown numbers are taken for use in the aquarium trade and possibly for traditional medicines . further research on how these threats are affecting wild populations . they are however able to utilize other habitat types such as tidal pools , and coral declines are not occurring at high rates across the range . therefore this species is listed as least concern .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for doryrhamphus janssi , however its distribution may coincide with a number of marine protected areas , including australia ' s great barrier reef marine park . it is listed along with all other syngnathids as a protected species under australia ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1998 ) . it is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . further research is needed in order to determine how the threats listed above are affecting population size and trends in abundance . this species would likely benefit from international measures to mitigate anthropogenic climate change .\ndoryrhamphus janssi is threatened by coral reef habitat loss due to coastal development and pollution , destructive fishing practices such as dynamite fishing and trawling , and the effects of climate change including ocean acidification and rising sea surface temperatures ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 , de ' ath et al . 2012 , normile 2016 ) . the species is also present in the aquarium trade , but levels of offtake from the wild are unknown , as is their status as a captive - bred species . it may also be caught as bycatch in trawl fisheries and subsequently traded for use in traditional medicines ( vincent et al . 2011 ) . further research is needed in order to determine how these threats are affecting wild populations of the species .\nthe care of corythoichthys is similar to that of any other pipefish . the main points of consideration would be the temperature that the particular species originated from , as well as the type of bottom cover it preferred . all corythoichthys are found along the substrate , unlike doryrhamphus and dunkerocampus species . some members prefer muck bottoms , while others prefer rock rubble and algae . the pipefish that prefer to swim along the substrate have a differently designed brood pouch than do their free - swimming cousins . this brood pouch is designed to enclose the eggs , and in these enclosed pouches the embryos are attached to highly vascularized placenta - like tissue , which seals the pouch folds from inside during incubation ( watanabe et al , 1999 ) . it would seem , therefore , that the embryos of the substrate dwelling pipefish are considerably more protected than those of the free - swimming pipefish . twenty - three species are currently described members of corythoichthys , with many more un - described members awaiting entrance .\nlastly , tank design is significant . this aspect isn ' t nearly as important as the three previously discussed requirements , but nonetheless , these minimal requirements should not be considered voluntary . an active , healthy sandbed should be required . if possible , sand from several different sources should be acquired to ensure as much diversity as possible . this sandbed will supply a large percentage of the naturally occurring foods for the pipefish . likewise , good quantities of porous live rock are desirable . as mentioned above , various colonies of algae are also prime locations of microfaunal colonization , and thus should be considered mandatory in the pipefish aquarium . caves and overhangs are a wise idea , both as a comfort factor for your pipefish , and for the viewing pleasure of the hobbyists . in most cases , you can design your rockwork to feature overhangs in prime locations for your viewing , and your doryrhamphus sp . will immediately take to this overhang . without these overhangs , the pipefish is likely to take up residence somewhere buried behind the rockwork , much to the disappointment of all intending on viewing these fish .\ndoryrhamphus species are free - swimming benthic fishes found in various reef habitats in coastal to outer reefs , and usually stay close to small caves or narrow crevices into which they retreat when threatened ( gronell 1983 ; kuiter 2000 ) . d . negrosensis malus has been recorded from a depth range of 0 - 6 m ( dawson 1981 ) in association with rubble reef ( kuiter 1992 ) , sheltered reef flats , under large pieces of coral rubble and lagoons in inner reefs and islands inside the great barrier reef ( kuiter 2000 ) . d . negrosensis negrosensis has been recorded from a depth range of 0 - 9 m ( dawson 1981 ) in association with sheltered rocky reefs and lagoons , usually in narrow crevices with long - spined urchins ( kuiter 2000 ) . specimens of d . negrosensis malus in aust . fish collections were collected in association with coral reefs , reef platforms , reef crests , gutters , live corals , dead corals , coral knolls , lagoons , bomboras , rocks , sand rubble , pools and sand in depths of 0 - 6 m , using ichthyocides . specimens of d . negrosensis negrosensis in aust . fish collections were collected in association with coral reefs , live corals , dead coral knolls , lagoons , coral rubble and sand in depths of 0 . 1 - 10 m , using ichthyocides ( australian fish collection records ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\ngreek , dory = lance + greek , rhamphos = bill , beak ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 35 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 19\u00b0n - 29\u00b0s\nwestern central pacific : gulf of thailand to the solomon islands , north to the philippines , south to queensland ; belau and truk in micronesia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48635 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 - 25 ; anal soft rays : 4 . superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous ; inferior trunk ridge ending on anal ring ; lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; body rings 16 ; tail rings 21 - 23 .\nfound in tide pools and reef crevices . also found in sheltered inner reefs , usually in caves with sponges and below large plate corals . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) . very active cleaner and has cleaning station that is visited by apogonids and damsels where adults work in pairs ( ref . 48635 ) . minimum depth from ref . 58018 . solitary or in pairs ( ref 90102 ) .\nmyers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )\n) : 25 . 9 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 7 ( based on 2406 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 50 m ( ref . 30874 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 32\u00b0s\nindo - pacific and eastern pacific : persian gulf and east africa to the west coast of the americas . it was noted by dawson ( ref . 5316 ) that there is a clinal increase in the number of total rings and dorsal rays for the 3 subspecies ( red sea , d . e . abbreviatus and eastern pacific d . e . paulus ; more study is needed ( ref . 86689 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 29 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 4 . superior trunk and tail ridges discontinuous ; inferior trunk ridge ending on anal ring ; lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; body rings 17 - 19 ; tail rings 13 - 17 . also ref . 4281 .\nuncommon , cryptic species ( ref . 5227 ) , prefers crevices in rocks and corals and areas beneath ledges ( ref . 28023 ) . occurs in lagoon and seaward reefs to a depth of 45 m or more ( ref . 9710 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . often seen in pairs . uses its tubelike snout to ingest small crustaceans and plankton ( ref . 28023 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\nmonogamous mating is observed as both obligate and genetic ( ref . 52884 ) . male carries the eggs in a brood pouch ( ref . 205 ) .\ndawson , c . e . , 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 5316 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 800 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00069 ( 0 . 00036 - 0 . 00134 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 44 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nherald , e . s . and randall , j . e . 1972 . five new indo - pacific pipefishes . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 39 ( 11 ) : 121 - 140 .\naustralia ; christmas island ; india ( andaman is . ) ; indonesia ; micronesia , federated states of ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; solomon islands ; taiwan , province of china ( taiwan , province of china ( main island ) ) ; thailand ; viet nam\nis found in tidal pools and sheltered inner reefs , usually in caves with sponges and below large coral plates .\nfeeds as an active parasite cleaner and has a cleaning station that is regularly visited by apogonids and damselfishes where adults work in pairs ( kuiter 2000 ) . they are ovoviviparous , and males carry eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the trunk ( dawson 1981 ) . species of\ntypically brood 80 - 150 eggs ( kuiter 2000 ) . males begin brooding at around 8 cm ( dawson 1985 ) .\nthis species is commercially harvested for the aquarium trade . they may also be caught as bycatch and / or targeted for use as curios and traditional medicines ( vincent et al . 2011 ) . the level of offtake is not known .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 23 july 2014 . available at : urltoken .\nthere are no population estimates available for this species , as it is only known from type specimens . no dedicated surveys for this species have been undertaken .\nthis species has not been documented in trade thus far . other species of pipefish are often harvested for the aquarium and traditional medicine trades ( vincent et al . 2011 ) .\nthere are no current data on the threats to the species or its habitat . further research is needed in this area .\nthere are no known conservation actions in place for this species . waters surrounding the type locality are not currently protected .\ndescription inhabits recesses of caves and crevices . occurs on lagoon and seaward reefs in the depth range of 0 to at least 45 m ( ref . . . .\ndescription inhabits recesses of caves and crevices . occurs on lagoon and seaward reefs in the depth range of 0 to at least 45 m ( ref . 1602 ) . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfourmanoir , p . ( 1961 ) . liste complementaire des poissons du canal de mozambique . memoires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar serie f ( oceanographie ) 4 : 83 - 166 [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of doryhamphus excises ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 30 m ( ref . 90102 ) . temperate\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 23 ; anal soft rays : 4 . body orange yellow when fresh . trunk rings 20 , tail rings 15 . lateral trunk ridge continuous with inferior tail ridge ; superior trunk and tail ridges extending forward over 4 trunk rings . three serrated ridges dorsally on snout , the median ridge heavily serrated . body ridges illustrating single spine except anterior six of superior trunk ridge and 3 lateral trunk ridge which has double spines . no ventrolateral projection on the snout .\ninhabits small caves in sublittoral rocky reefs . reported from tide pools to depths of at least 25 m offshore , but mostly seen in shallow depths ( ref . 48635 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) . spawns from the end of may to september . an active cleaner that shares crevices with shrimps , large mud crabs and sometimes moray eels ( ref . 48635 ) . solitary or in pairs near sponges and diadema sea urchins ( ref 90102 ) .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\n) : 20 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 1159 cells ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\noften times when hobbyists are considering a species - dedicated aquarium , the idea of a tank full of seahorses is the first species of choice . for those interested in the\ncommon\nanimals of the exotics , seahorses can be a fulfilling experience . they will certainly entertain your guests . however , there are those that prefer something less mainstream , an\nuncommon\nexotic , if you will . for those individuals i present the april ' fish tales ' on pipefish .\nmost likely a color variation of corythoichthys insularis , here a female poses for a snapshot . males will have three additional white bands near the trunk . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\npipefish are a small group of fish from within the family syngnathidae , meaning ' jaw fused . ' although the syngnathidae is commonly called the pipefish family , the most notable fish of this family are in the subfamily hippocampinae , the seahorses . in total , the pipefish family contains four subfamilies , 55 genera , and over 320 species ( kuiter , 2000 ) . at one point the animals in this family were thought to be insects ( rafinesque , 1810 ; michael , 1998 ) , but it is now clearly known these animals are actually fish , even if they are strange - looking fish .\nall syngnathids possess an elongated semi - flexible body with armored , bony plates . they do not possess scales . gill openings are usually reduced to a small round pore , and the head is generally long and tubular . the jaws are fused , resulting in a structure without a hinge to open and close . all fins are soft - rayed , with most species having one dorsal fin , and pectoral fins . some species may have caudal fins , while yet other species are entirely fin - less . ventral and second dorsal fins are absent in all syngnathids . another factoid worth mentioning about syngnathids is their reproductive habit : the males are the ones that become pregnant ! in all species the male carries the eggs during the incubation period . more on this shortly .\nthe subfamily doryrhamphinae , known commonly as flagtail pipefish , contains four genera and 22 species . unlike the vast majority of syngnathids , the subfamily doryrhamphinae swims above the substrate , and is never in contact with the substrate ( except for maroubra ) . likewise , it does not maintain a grip on sea grasses , gorgonians , or any other steadfast . this subfamily features an abnormally large ( for syngnathids ) caudal fin . these indo - west pacific specimens all carry the eggs of the young under the trunk of the male ( kuiter , 2000 ) .\ndunckerocampus pessuliferus is a regular import for the aquarium trade . it prefers calm water , and tends to be fairly outgoing and an active cleaner fish . photo courtesy of rudie h . kuiter .\ncorythoichthys polynotatus is usually only found in shallow waters . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\na strange color variant of trachyrhampus bicoarctatus . kuiter commented ( per comm ) that this color variant was unknown to him . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\na corythoichthys species , most likely c . ocellatus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nprobably corythoichthys schultzi . many color variaitons are possible within this species . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\npipefish , like all syngnathids , are secretive fish and are highly localized and restricted in their distribution . you are more likely to locate them in bays and lagoons then you would be on the fore - reef . depths range from 5m to 30m of depth in subtropical regions , usually associating with overhangs or crevices within the rockwork , which supply a place to retreat . this quick retreat is basically their only means of defense . their bony plates offer little protection against predators that are likely to swallow them whole . rarely will they leave the comfort and protection of their overhangs or crevices .\nanother photo of what appears to be corythoichthys sp . 3 . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\na corythoichthys species . most likely the corythoichthys that kuiter ( 2000 ) refers to as corythoichthys sp . 3 . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nduring feeding , the\nwhere\nseems to be unimportant for them , as pipefish will feed from the substrate , or they will also feed on passing - by foods in the water column . the\nwhen\nand\nhow often ,\nhowever , is extremely important . to begin with , they are diurnal . therefore , they will only eat during the day . second , due to the lack of a stomach , and a largely inefficient intestine , pipefish will continue to search for food the entire day .\nadults are always located in pairs , though these pairs are not necessarily maintained monogamous . the pair will greet each other every morning , just minutes prior to sunrise . this greeting consists of the beginning stages of the mating ritual ( gronell , 1984 ) . it is not known what purpose this morning greeting serves , but it has been speculated that it could increase spawning synchrony between the mates , keep the pair bound during non - reproductive periods , or even alert the pair to a missing mate ( michael , 1998 ) .\na pair of corythoichthys species , possibly c . haematopterus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nreproduction of pipefish is a long process , usually consisting of over two hours of a predictable mating ritual ( see below ) . once near completion , the female will deposit her eggs into the male ' s pouch . the number of eggs can vary from 30 - 1000 depending on the species and age of the animals participating ( kuiter , 2000 ) , though most species have egg counts numbering closer to 100 - 200 . the female will transfer all of the eggs in 4 - 7 seconds ( michael , 1998 ) . the fry are well developed at hatching , but have a short pelagic stage . due to the advanced adaptation to specific localized conditions within the species of the family syngnathidae , it is believed dispersal from the pelagic stage is minimal .\nthe male moves his brood pouch below the female\u2019s ovipositor ; she deposits the eggs .\nmost likely a color variation of corythoichthys insularis . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nthe unusual brooding habits of syngnathidae have brought upon another interesting sexually characteristic among pipefish : sex - role reversal . because the male syngnathids carry the eggs to full term , the males are now in the driver ' s seat when it comes to choosing which female to breed with . in other words , the females compete for the males . females are forced to compete with other females to garner the attention of the males . to help the male choose the healthiest female pipefish , females have a couple of ways of displaying health . first , the overall size of the female is important . berglund et al ( 1986a ) showed larger females produced more numerous and larger eggs which consequently gives way to larger and healthier fry ( ahnesjo , 1992a , b ) . secondly , females compete with each other by developing higher degrees of contrast in coloration , often called ornamentation . these colors are not directed towards the male , though the males obviously choose females based on the brighter colors . instead , the females flash the color ornaments towards competing females . brighter , more colorful females dance and copulate sooner , copulate more often , and transfer more eggs when compared to the more dully - colored specimens ( gasparini and teixeira , 1999 ) .\ndunckerocampus dactyliophorus can be found in small groups as juveniles . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nalthough pipefish have been described as monogamous in the past , this is simply not true . by definition , monogamous indicates an eternal life partner . instead , male pipefish form\npair - bonds\nwhich usually last at least one season . it is believed they can remember which female they were most impressed with , and thus continually mate with her . however , some pipefish , notably the females , move beyond this\npair - bond\n( vincent et al , 1994 ) . females are able to produce an endless supply of hydrated eggs thanks to an ovary unique to pipefish ( begovac and wallace , 1987 ; 1988 ) . therefore , the female is always ready to mate with additional males , should she be able to convince them into mating with her . in addition , females play absolutely no part in the brood care or raising of the fry ( berglund et al , 1986b ) once the eggs have been passed to the male , and thus can easily move from one male to the next .\nmost likely corythoichthys insularis , but it could easily be c . nigripectus or c . sp . 12 . the location of the where the photograph was taken would assist in correct identification . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nprovided the needs of the pipefish are met , these fish can live many years within the confines of a home aquarium . lifespan is currently considered 5 to 10 years in an aquarium . the correct water parameters , tank mates , food options , and tank design are all of importance , and can each lead to success or failure .\nstarting with water parameters , like any saltwater fish , the hobbyist should strive for tank conditions as near to natural saltwater conditions ( nsw ) as possible . unlike most other fish , the calcium level in the aquarium is important to pipefish . their bony exoskeleton depends on the calcium to maintain its strength . calcium levels from 350ppm and up should be sufficient . remembering most pipefish are subtropical , aquarium temperatures should range from 72 to 80 degrees fahrenheit .\nfellow tank mates are a paramount consideration in a pipefish tank , and often is the difference between success and failure . as a whole , pipefish will not pester any fish . they are , for the most part , oblivious to anything else in the tank that does not fit into their tiny mouths . this general rule can be extended from fish to corals , and mobile invertebrates . however , in that same regard , if it can fit into their mouth , it likely will be consumed . this would include all micro fauna in the aquarium , as well as fish and shrimp fry . despite the low - key personality of pipefish , their tank mates often pester them . all but the smallest , most peaceful fish should be eliminated from a pipefish aquarium . suitable tank mates would include most gobies , dragonettes , other seahorses , and shrimpfish . any fast - swimming fish is likely to agitate the pipefish and keep them in hiding . fish that are aggressive feeders are likely to do the same . any fish that tends to be\ncurious\nis likely to annoy the pipefish . this would include wrasses , blennies , and dwarf angels . naturally , predatory fish often times make a quick snack out of pipefish . large predatory mobile invertebrates such as certain starfish species , lobsters , and hermit crabs should be avoided , as well as any potentially strong - venom corals such as any lps corals and anemones .\nwill likely pester until death ensues , though some smaller members would be good choices .\nsome pipefish are known to\nclean\nmembers of this family , though it is best to avoid them sharing the same aquarium .\npipefish , you should research each fish individually before adding it to your aquarium . some of the fish mentioned are better left in the ocean , or for advanced aquarists .\nensuring the proper size food , and that enough of it reaches the pipefish is another major concern . thankfully , hobbyists are becoming more informed on this important detail , and as such many ill - prepared hobbyists have rightfully avoided this family . food items would include any of the naturally growing microfaunal animals found in our aquariums , including copepods , amphipods , and mysid shrimp . therefore , the hobbyist would be smart to encourage the natural growths of these animals . a dedicated refugium for a pipefish tank is a wise idea , or a large refugium can make a perfect pipefish aquarium itself . pipefish are regularly found searching algae beds for food in the wild . these algae beds encourage the colonization by microfauna , and therefore colonies of macro algae like various caulerpa species are important additions into any pipefish aquarium . when additional foods are required , the best substitutes are live foods . hatching brine shrimp , mosquito larvae , or even daphnia at home can prove to be a successful means of food supplementation , or a welcome treat for pipefish that normally do not need an additional food source . in many situations , pipefish are not willing to accept frozen / thawed prepared foods . in time some individuals may begin to accept prepared adult brine shrimp , mysis shrimp , or any number of commercially available foods . most specimens , however , will never accept prepared foods . be prepared to supply live foods for the lifespan of your pipefish should you consider obtaining these fish . most importantly , due to the lack of stomach and inefficient intestines , the hobbyist must be prepared to provide large amounts of these foods . if you are counting on the bulk of the pipefish diet to be supplied by yourself , consider that three feedings per day is the minimum necessary .\npossibly corythoichthys intestinalis , or even c . flavofasciatus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nrefugiums with thick algal growths are optimum breeding grounds for two of the pipefish ' s favorite foods . photos by henry schultz .\nspawning and rearing of pipefish in the home aquarium is entirely possible , provided the hobbyist wishes to give the extra effort . once the pair has successfully mated and the males begin to carry the eggs , hatching is merely days to weeks away . the hatch time varies depending on species , as well as water temperature , where a 1 degree celsius temperature change could mean an increase ( or theoretically decrease ) in the brooding period by as much as two days ( michael , 1998 ) . newly hatched pipefish are free - swimming and fully developed ; though a short pelagic stage does occur . color pigmentation usually takes place once the juveniles begin to settle to the substrate . rotifers are required as first - foods for the pipefish fry , and will be required until the fry are large enough to consume newly hatched brine shrimp .\ntwo large tail spots on the top and bottom , with a single small tail spot at the very end of the caudal fin .\ncaudal fin highly variable . usually with large dark spot in the center with minimal orange highlights and white border . usually swims upside - down .\nno distinguishing caudal fin marks , however , a white stripe is present on the topside of the snout .\ncaudal fin mostly orange with white trim . dark spot in center usually shaped like a \u2018c\u2019 .\ndunckerocampus dactyliophorus in the wild . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nseveral members of dunkerocampus have become regular imports for the marine fish hobby ; d . dactyliophorus is one of them . it is a west pacific native that spends a majority of its time in shallow water where it spends a large portion of the day\ncleaning\nmoray eels . they readily make the transition to home aquariums provided the above listed criteria are met . juveniles will stay in small groups , but adults are always found in pairs .\nthe other popular dunkerocampus that regularly shows up in the trade is the yellow banded pipefish , or d . pessuliferus . it is often confused with d . multiannulatus due to similar coloration . this species is most often located near deep mud flats and drop - offs searching for food or even a\nclient\nfish . it is not shy in the wild or in the home aquarium - possibly the most outgoing syngnathidae .\na corythoichthys species , possibly c . waitei , slinks across the algae covered rocks . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nmost of us will never be lucky enough to witness one these beauties outside the pages of books or internet websites . the majority of people that get to see these fish in person usually are located within a public aquarium . fewer still will have an opportunity to dive with these gems . almost no one will have the chance to attempt to maintain one in a home aquarium .\nnote the unique jaw structure of solenotomus species . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nalthough referred to commonly as ghost pipefish , these majestic animals are not from the family syngnathidae . they are close cousins , however , and are presently placed in the family solenostomidae , which has only one genus , solenostomus , and roughly six species ( see below ) . a few characteristics create the need for a family separate from syngnathidae . first , solenostomus species have ventral fins , a second dorsal fin , and all fins are well developed . another important difference is the male does not brood - care for the eggs , the female does . members of this family are well spread out geographically , most likely due to the extended pelagic stage ( when compared to syngnathidae ) . however , it appears they have a relatively short lifespan . should you come across one of these rarities of the hobby , you can be assured that care is similar to that of the members of the family syngnathidae .\na fantastic photo of solenostomus paradoxus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\ntwo distinctive color variants of solenostomus paegnius . photos courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nsolenostomus paradoxus , also called the ornate pipefish , is highly variable in coloration and is widespread throughout the tropical indo - west pacific . they enjoy brisk currents over open sand beds littered with gorgonians . at four inches in length , it is a moderately sized ghost pipefish .\nanother pair of solenostomus paradoxus on the left , with a solenostomus paegnius on the right . photos courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nsolenostomus cyanopterus , or the robust pipefish , can be located throughout the western pacific and also throughout the indian ocean . again , color is variable , but not necessarily the rainbow of colors as seen in s . paradoxus . this fish associates with sea grasses and algae in back bays and protected fringing reefs . like other members of solenostomus , the robust pipefish generally hangs vertically in the water column , with its face looking towards the substrate . as the name implies , this member is the largest ghost pipefish .\nsolenostomus paradoxus tries to blend with its surroundings . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\na halloween coloration from solenostomus paradoxus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nsolenostoma cyanopterus mimics the vegetation it is found inhabiting within . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\na dark color variant of the robust pipefish , solenostomus cyanopterus . photo courtesy of fredy j . brauchli , switzerland of sub aqua pictures .\nsolenostomus paegnius , or as some may call it , the rough - snout pipefish , is another widespread tropical indo - west pacific native . this species is closely related to s . cyanopterus , except the caudal peduncle is considerably shorter and , as the common name implies , has many hairy or bushy appendages growing from its snout . like all ghost pipefish , this member settles from the pelagic stage at nearly full adult size , and is a fully functional reproductive adult .\nabove : a pair of solenostomus paradoxus . the female , seen here on the right , is considerably larger than males . below : solenostomus paradoxus is nearly transparent during the post - pelagic stage , but eventually takes on a large assortment of colors including red , black , yellow , blue , orange , and various shades therein . photos courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nsometimes hobbyists begin searching for a new challenge , or a new family of fish featuring interesting behaviors . when the desire to take the hobby to the next level strikes , pipefish are there . undoubtedly , pipefish are among the more exotic fish that show into our local fish stores .\ncare of pipefish is rather simple . when researched and assembled correctly , a pipefish aquarium can be remarkably fulfilling with little additional effort from the hobbyist . much like the dragonette fish family , pipefish truly are a fish that do not need any additional labor on the part of the hobbyist to thrive . a well planned and thought out aquarium most often affords the pipefish with everything they need . when designed poorly , a pipefish aquarium can become a daily chore that quickly tires the fish keeper , or worse yet , leads to the untimely death of the pipefish .\nnext time you consider adding fish into a large refugium , or consider setting up a species designed aquarium , consider the choice of a pair of pipefish .\nan amazing color morph of solenostomus cyanopterus . photo courtesy of linda cline of dancing fish .\nif you have any questions about this article , please visit my author forum on reef central .\nahnesjo , i . 1992a . consequences of male brood care ; weight and number of newborn in a sex - role reversed pipefish . funct . ecol . 6 : 274 - 281 .\nahnesjo , i . 1992b . fewer newborn result in superior juveniles in the paternally brooding syngnathus typhle . j . fish biol . 41b : 53 - 63 .\nbegovac , p . c . and wallace , r . a . , 1987 , ovary of the pipefish syngnathus scovelli . jour . morph . , 193 : 117 - 133 .\nbegovac , p . c . and wallace , r . a . , 1988 , stages of oocyte development in the pipefish syngnathus scovelli . jour . morph . 197 : 353 - 369 .\nberglund , a . , g . rosenqvist , and i . svensson . 1986a . reversed sex roles and parental energy investment in zygotes of two pipefish ( syngnathidae ) species . mar . ecol . ( progr . ser . ) 29 : 209 - 215 .\nberglund , a . , rosenqvist , g . , and svensson , i . 1986b . mate choice , fecundity and sexual dimorphism in two pipefish species ( synganthidae ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 19 : 301 - 307 .\nberglund , a . , rosenqvist , g . and bernet , p . 1997 . ornamentation predicts reproductive success in female pipefish . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 40 : 140 - 145 .\nberglund , a . 2000 . sex role reversal in a pipefish : female ornaments as amplifying handicaps . ann . zool . fennici 37 : 1 - 13 ."]}
{"id": 1030, "summary": [{"text": "hexabothriidae is a family of monogenean parasites .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the family name was proposed by emmett w. price in 1942 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the family includes 14-16 genera according to authors and about 60 species ; all are parasitic on the gills of chondrichthyan fishes ( rays , sharks and chimaeras ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hexabothriidae", "paragraphs": ["hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) du requin marteau ( sphyrna mokarran ) de la mer rouge . description d ' une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce ,\neuzet , l . , & maillard , c . ( 1974 ) . les monog\u00e8nes hexabothriidae price , 1942 . historique , syst\u00e9matique , phylogen\u00e8se .\neuzet , l . , & maillard , c . ( 1976 ) . the mechanism of attachment of some hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) to a host .\nsuriano & incorvaia , 1982 ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) re - visited , with the preliminary evaluation of novel parameters for measuring haptoral armature of hexabothriids\n.\n[ hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) from selachii ( sphyrna mokarran ) in the red sea . description of a new species erpocotyle septistoma ( author ' s transl ) ] .\nbranchotenthes octohamatus sp . n . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray , trygonorrhina fasciata ( rhinobatidae ) in . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nstudies on phylogeny of monogeneans based on morphology , [ 5 ] molecules [ 6 ] or spermatozoa [ 7 ] suggest that the hexabothriidae are a basal group within the polyopisthocotylea .\nboeger , w . a . , & kritsky , d . c . ( 1989 ) . phylogeny , coevolution , and revision of the hexabothriidae price , 1942 ( monogenea ) .\nbranchotenthes octohamatus sp . n . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from the gills of the southern fiddler ray , trygonorrhina fasciata ( rhinobatidae ) in south australia : description of adult and larva .\n[ hexabothriidae ( monogenea ) from selachii ( sphyrna mokarran ) in the red sea . description of a new species erpocotyle septistoma ( author ' s transl ) ] . - pubmed - ncbi\nprice , e . w . 1942 : north american monogenetic trematodes . v . the family hexabothriidae n . n . ( polystomatoidea ) . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington , 9 , 39 - 56 .\neuzet , louis & maillard , claude , 1974 : les monog\u00e8nes hexabothriidae price , 1942 . historique , syst\u00e9matique , phylogen\u00e8se . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 3\u00b0 s\u00e9rie , 206 , zoologie 136 , 113 - 141 .\nthe study of the hexabothriidae , from selachii in the red sea reveals two different species in the hammerhead shark sphyrna mokarran ( r\u00fcppel , 1835 ) : erpocotyle sphyrna ( maccallum , 1931 ) et erpocotyle septistoma n . sp . the host specificity and the geographical distribution of e . shyrna are discussed .\nktari , mohammed hedi & maillard , claude , 1972 . neonchocotyle pastinacae n . g . n . sp . ( monogenea hexabothriidae ) parasite de dasyatis pastinaca dans le golfe de tunis : description de l ' adulte et de la larve . annales de parasitologie humaine et compar\u00e9e , 47 ( 2 ) : 181 - 191 .\nchero , j . d . ; cruces , c . l . ; s\u00e1ez , g . ; camargo , a . c . a . ; santos , c . p . ; luque , j . l . ( 2018 ) . hypanocotyle bullardi n . gen . n . sp . ( monogenea : hexabothriidae ) from gill of the diamond stingray hypanus dipterurus ( jordan et gilbert ) ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) in the southeastern pacific ocean off peru . parasitology international . 67 ( 4 ) : 425 - 430 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nparasitology . supplement . ( journal , magazine , 1962 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : parasitology . supplement . publisher : cambridge ; new york : cambridge university press , 1962 - oclc : 15290306\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\neach issue has also distinctive title . issued as pt . 4 of every other volume of parasitology .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nparasitology . supplement . / british society for parasitology . ; ; cambridge ; new york : cambridge university press , 1962 -\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nbray , r . a . ( 2001 ) . monogenea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 142 - 146 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhelminths from elasmobranchs in central american fresh waters\nby donald e . watson and thomas b . thorson\ndonald e . watson , university of lagos thomas b . thorson , university of nebraska - lincoln\npublished in investigations of the ichthyofauna of nicaraguan lakes , ed . thomas b . thorson ( university of nebraska - lincoln , 1976 ) . copyright \u00a9 1976 school of life sciences , university of nebraska - lincoln .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfolia parasitol ( praha ) . 2005 sep ; 52 ( 3 ) : 223 - 30 .\nmarine parasitology laboratory , school of earth and environmental sciences , the university of adelaide , north terrace , south australia , australia . vanessa . glennon @ urltoken\nann parasitol hum comp . 1978 sep - oct ; 53 ( 5 ) : 487 - 94 .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ncallorhynchocotyle hydrolagi n . sp . is proposed for hexabothriids found on the gills of the ghost shark , hydrolagus ogilbyi , taken off the coast of southeastern australia . the species is distinguished from the three previously described species of the genus in that the sclerites and the points of the sclerites of the three sucker pairs are all of similar size . the greater thickness of the sucker sclerites , the hamuli with inflated , almost spherical terminations of the roots , and the robust male copulatory complex also serve to differentiate c . hydrolagi .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nroff , j . c . & hopcroft , r . r . ( 1986 ) high precision microcomputer based measuring system for ecological research .\n( linne , 1758 ) garman , 1904 ( pisces : holocephali ) de la region costera de mar del plata .\nbeverley - burton , m . & chisholm , l . a . syst parasitol ( 1990 ) 16 : 241 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\npatella , raquel ; bullard , stephen a . ( 2013 ) .\nhexabothriids of devil rays ( mobulidae ) : new genus and species from gill of\nboeger , w . a . , & kritsky , d . c . ( 2001 ) . phylogenetic relationships of the monogenoidea . in d . t . j . littlewood & r . a . bray ( eds . ) , interrelationships of the platyhelminthes ( pp . 92 - 102 ) . london & new york : taylor and francis\njovelin , richard ; justine , jean - lou ( 2001 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships within the polyopisthocotylean monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) inferred from partial 28s rdna sequences\n.\njustine , jean - lou ; poddubnaya , larisa g . ( 2018 ) .\nbullard , stephen a . ; dippenaar , susan m . ( 2003 ) .\nsuriano , d . m . & incorvaia , i . s . 1982 : sistematica y biologia de callorhynchocotyle marplatensis gen . et sp . nov ( monogenea : polyopisthocotylea ) parasita de las branquias de callorhynchus callorhynchus ( linn\u00e9 , 1758 ) garman , 1904 ( pisces : holocephali ) de la region costera de mar del plata . comunicaciones del museo argentino de ciencias naturales\nbernardino rivadavia\ne instituto nacional de investigacion de las ciencias naturales - parasitologia ( buenos aires ) , 2 , 19 - 32 .\nhargis , w . j . jr , 1955 : monogenetic trematodes of gulf of mexico fishes , part vi . the superfamilies polystomatoidea price , 1936 , and diclidophoroidea price , 1936 . transactions of the american microscopical society , 74 , 361 - 377 .\nvan beneden , pierre - joseph & hesse , c . e . 1863 : recherches sur les bdellodes ou hirudin\u00e9es et les tr\u00e9matodes marins . m\u00e9moires de l ' acad\u00e9mie royale de belgique , t . 34 . bruxelles : m . hayez . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 11767 bhl pdf ( erpocotyle laevis : pages 87 - 89 )\nbrooks , g . l . ( 1934 ) .\nsome new ectoparasitic trematodes ( onchocotylinae ) from the gills of american sharks\n.\nvon nordmann , alexander 1840 les vers ( vermes ) . in : j . - b . de lamarck , histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . . . paris , 2 ed . , iii : 542 - 686 .\nmayes , monte a ; brooks , daniel r ; thorson , thomas b ( 1981 ) .\nwatson , d . e . & thorson , thomas b . 1976 : helminths from elasmobranchs in central american fresh waters . investigations of the ichthyofauna of nicaraguan lakes , paper 52 , 629 - 640 .\nbrinkmann , a . jr . 1952 . fish trematodes from norwegian waters . i . the history of fish trematode investigations in norway and the norwegian species of the order monogenea . universitetet i bergen , \u00e5rbok . naturvitenskapelig rekke ( 1 ) , 1 - 134 .\ncerfontaine , paul . 1899 : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des octocotylid\u00e9s . v . les onchocotylinae . archives de biologie , 16 , 345 - 478 + plates 18 - 21 .\ndoran , david j . ( 1953 ) .\nnew monogenetic trematodes from the shovelnose guitarfish ,\nkheddam , houda ; justine , jean - lou ; tazerouti , fadila ( 2016 ) .\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2018 , at 16 : 07 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nacta parasitologica , vol . 43 , no . 1 , 1998 , 4 - 10\npage compiled by aleksander h . kedra . last modification : 15 - 07 - 1998\nprotocotyle euzetmaillardi n . sp . , des branchies du requin hexanchidae hexanchus nakamurai teng p\u00each\u00e9 en mer profonde au large de la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie , pacifique sud , est d\u00e9crit . la nouvelle esp\u00e8ce est compar\u00e9e aux deux autres esp\u00e8ces du genre ( toutes deux de la seule autre esp\u00e8ce de ce genre de requin , h . griseu s ( bonn . ) ) , p . grisea ( cerfontaine , 1899 ) euzet & maillard , 1974 , red\u00e9crit \u00e0 partir de vouchers , and p . taschenbergi ( maillard & oliver , 1966 ) euzet & maillard , 1974 , red\u00e9crit \u00e0 partir des sp\u00e9cimens types . l\u2019anatomie de l\u2019appareil reproducteur est d\u00e9taill\u00e9e ; les trois esp\u00e8ces ont un ootype caract\u00e9ristique avec des cellules longitudinales ( \u00ab ootype c\u00f4tel\u00e9 \u00bb de euzet & maillard ) . la combinaison suivante de caract\u00e8res , unique , diff\u00e9rencie la nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de ses cong\u00e9n\u00e8res : lobe post\u00e9rieur de la v\u00e9sicule s\u00e9minale absent , diverticule de l\u2019oviducte pr\u00e9sent , petit taille corporelle . son ovaire tubulaire ne comprend pas de partie avec sperme , qui est pr\u00e9sente chez les deux autres esp\u00e8ces . ses \u0153ufs ont un seul filament , alors que les \u0153ufs dans l\u2019ut\u00e9rus en ont un ou deux chez p . grisea , et un seul chez p . taschenbergi . ceci diff\u00e8re des pr\u00e9c\u00e9dents diagnostics g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de protocotyle , dans lesquels les \u0153ufs avec deux filaments et la pr\u00e9sence d\u2019un ovaire tubulaire dilat\u00e9 avec sperme \u00e9taient des caract\u00e9ristiques cl\u00e9s .\ncyndie dupoux and sophie olivier participated in the fishing expedition and parasitological survey . the two uninfected sharks were collected during the 2002 chondrical cruise ( head : bernard s\u00e9ret ) and by the aquarium des lagons , noum\u00e9a . bernard s\u00e9ret ( mnhn , ird , paris ) identified the sharks from photographs .\n( campbell & beveridge , 1993 ) n . comb . ( cestoda , trypanorhyncha ) from hexanchid and carcharhinid sharks off new caledonia .\n, 115\u2013122 [ published in russian with english abstract ; original french text communicated by the authors ] .\njustine , j . - l . ( 2010 ) . parasites of coral reef fish : how much do we know ? with a bibliography of fish parasites in new caledonia .\ntaschenberg , o . ( 1879 ) . weitere beitr\u00e4zur kenntniss ectoparasitischer mariner trematoden .\nfestschrift zur feier des hundertj\u00e4rigen bestehens der naturforschenden gesellschaft in halle a / s .\ntrilles , j . p . , & justine , j . - l . ( 2004 ) . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de cymothoidae et trois aegidae ( crustacea , isopoda ) r\u00e9colt\u00e9s sur des poissons de mer profonde au large de la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ."]}
{"id": 1031, "summary": [{"text": "the italian cave salamander ( speleomantes italicus ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "endemic to italy , its natural habitats are temperate forests , rocky areas , caves , and subterranean habitats ( other than caves ) .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "italian cave salamander", "paragraphs": ["vignoli l , caldera f , bologna ma . spatial niche of the italian cave salamander ,\ninformation on the italian cave salamander is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthis is an informational website on the species commonly known as the north - west italian cave salamander or in scientific language , speleomantes strinatii ! other common names for this species are the french cave salamander or strinati ' s cave salamander .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - italian cave salamander on cave wall\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - italian cave salamander on cave wall\ntitle =\narkive photo - italian cave salamander on cave wall\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnorth - west italian cave salamander statusclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - italian cave salamander\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - italian cave salamander\ntitle =\narkive photo - italian cave salamander\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfacts summary : the french cave salamander ( speleomantes strinatii ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\namphibians\nand found in the following area ( s ) : france , italy . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : north - west italian cave salamander , strinati ' s cave salamander .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - italian cave salamander ( speleomantes italicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - italian cave salamander ( speleomantes italicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - italian cave salamander ( speleomantes italicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe iitalian cave salamander is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nviolin plots representing humidity in cave sectors available ( white ) and occupied by cave salamanders ( grey ) , during three months .\npaper relating case of leucism and albinism in italian amphibians . during my research i found leucistic individuals in two species of sardinian cave salamanders : hydromantes supramontis and h . flavus\ncamp cd , wooten ja , jensen jb , bartek df . role of temperature in determining relative abundance in cave twilight zones by two species of lungless salamander ( family plethodontidae )\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - french cave salamander facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nvignoli l , caldera f , bologna ma . trophic niche of cave populations of\nhans - martin braun added the italian common name\ngeotritone italico\nto\nspeleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the italian common name\ngeotritone italiano\nto\nspeleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )\n.\nwe hope you enjoy learning about this fastinating organism . if you are interested in visiting other informational websites regarding different species , visit a database called urltoken . the database includes informative pages on other salamanders such as the spotted salamander and the tiger salamander .\njung re , droege s , sauer jr , landy rb . evaluation of terrestrial and streamside salamander monitoring techniques at shenandoh national park .\nannual variation of the coefficients of regressions between presence / absence of cave salamanders , temperature and humidity .\nficetola gf , pennati r , manenti r . do cave salamanders occur randomly in cavities ? an analysis with\nlunghi e , manenti r , ficetola gf . do cave features affect underground habitat exploitation by non - troglobite species ?\nlunghi e , manenti r , manca s , mulargia m , pennati r , ficetola gf . nesting of cave salamanders (\nficetola gf , pennati r , manenti r . spatial segregation among age classes in cave salamanders : habitat selection or social interactions ?\n( aellen , 1958 ) . in : sindaco r , doria g , razzetti e , bernini f ( eds ) atlas of italian amphibians and reptiles . polistampa , firenze , pp 258\u2013261\nmanenti r , lunghi e , ficetola gf . the distribution of cave twilight - zone spiders depends on microclimatic features and trophic supply .\n) . therefore , in the following winter , acquiring energy is a major priority for juveniles . the most superficial cave sectors are the ones with driest microclimate (\nhills n , hose gc , cantlay aj , murray br ( 2008 ) cave invertebrate assemblages differ between native and exotic leaf litter . austral ecol 33 : 271\u2013277\nschneider k , christman mc , fagan wf ( 2011 ) the influence of resource subsidies on cave invertebrates : results from an ecosystem - level manipulation experiment . ecology 92 : 765\u2013776\n) . cave salamanders are able to exploit the whole cave ; therefore , if salamanders just require optimal abiotic conditions they can remain in farthest sectors where suitable microclimate is more stable . conversely , in this study , salamanders during summer were associated to more humid sectors than in winter . this suggests a higher tolerance for dry sectors during winter , and supports the selection change hypothesis . multiple , non - exclusive explanations are possible for such selection change . first , newborns\n) . the deepest sectors showed high stability of humidity through time , while fluctuations due to external variation were evident in sectors nearby the cave entrance . external humidity was particularly high in autumn and spring , determining an increase of humidity in the first sector of caves (\n) , but their features and the distribution of their inhabitants shows strong fluctuations through the year , particularly in the superficial sectors . no doubt , the strong seasonal variation of salamander distribution was mostly dictated by the fluctuations of microhabitats . nevertheless , habitat preferences and requirements may change across seasons , as in the case of juveniles that select microhabitats with slightly different conditions in different times (\n) . furthermore , all cave abiotic features ( temperature , humidity and light ) followed the variation of external conditions , which indeed were the major cause of fluctuations of internal microhabitats . while this influence was strongest in the first meters of the caves , it remained clearly detectable at depths > 20 m (\ncave depth represented the major gradient along with microhabitat features varied : as expected , humidity always increased and light decreased in the deepest sectors . the relationship between temperature and depth was more complex . during winter a positive relationship between temperature and depth was observed , while the relationship became negative during the warm months (\nthe area of violin plots represents the distribution of cave sectors according to microclimate feature . width of plots is proportional to the number of sectors showing such microclimate condition . the black points represent the medians , the grey boxes represent the second and third quartiles . the violin plots for temperature are available in fig . s2 .\nthe dependent variables were three major features of cave microclimate : ( a ) internal temperature , ( b ) internal humidity and ( c ) illuminance . independent variables were : month of survey , depth of sector , temp . ext ( external temperature ) , hum . ext ( external humidity ) , time ( hour of survey ) .\nis a northern and central alpinnine endemic , ranging from the provinces of reggio emilia ( emillia - romagna ) and lucca ( tuscany ) southwards to the province of pescara inclusive ( abruzzi ) . specimens from pian di mugnone , just n of florence , were introduced in 1983 naturalized in the cave\nbuca del nebbia\n. 11\u00ba14 ' 11\ne - 43\u00ba20 ' 09\nn , 310m a . s . l . , on the southern slope of monte maggio , near monteriggioni , province of siena ( tuscany ) . the altitudinal distribution ranges from 80 m a . s . l . in garfagnana ( near anchiano , province of lucca ) up to 1594 m on mount corchia ( apuan alps , province of lucca ) ( gasc 1997 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global amphibian assessment )\njustification : listed as near threatened since although its extent of occurrence is probably less than 20 , 000 km2 and its habitat might be declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable , it probably occurs in more than ten locations , and its range is probably not severely fragmented .\nthis species is a northern and central apennine endemic , ranging from the provinces of reggio emilia ( emilia - romagna ) and lucca ( tuscany ) southwards to the province of pescara ( abruzzi ) inclusive ( lanza et al . 2007 ; sindaco et al . 2006 ) . it occurs from 80 to 1 , 600 m asl .\nit is common over much of its range , although it is considered to be less abundant in the southernmost part of its range . there is no evidence of any population decline taking place .\nthis species is known from humid rocky outcrops , caves , crevices , and forested areas in the vicinity of streams , often in limestone areas . it reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs .\nthere are no major threats identified other than some localized habitat loss and illegal collection .\nthis species is present in some protected areas ( natura 2000 sites and regional and national parks ) . it is listed on appendix ii of the bern convention and on annex iv of the eu habitats directive .\nfranco andreone , paul edgar , claudia corti , roberto sindaco , antonio romano . 2009 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\n[ 0485 ] andrew snider and j . bowler ( 1992 ) , longevity of reptiles and amphibians in north american collections , second edition\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\ntotal length of males up to 112 mm , for females up to 120 mm . adult males have a mental gland on the chin , which becomes more evident in mating season . tail oval in cross section and slightly less than half the total length . trunk on cross section square . limbs well developed and hind legs slightly longer than front legs . front feet with 4 , hind feet with 5 flattened digits . coloration as in other\n. a clutch contains 6 - 14 eggs of 5 - 6 mm in diameter . the females seem to keep in contact with their eggs . the eggs undergo direct development . after 5 months , the egg starts to swell due to increased water uptake . after 8 months , the egg has reached a diameter of 10mm . the egg then contracts until hatching after 10 months ( all at 12\u00ba c ) . the young are 22 - 24 mm in length upon hatching . development to sexual maturity takes 3 to 4 years . direct observation in captivity has shown that this species may live up to six years .\nseems to be an opportunistic hunter with a wide range of invertebrate prey ( boehme et al 1999 ) .\nthe mediterranean region is subject to increasing human habitation causing pollution , deforestation , fires , loss of surface waters and introduction of exotic species . despite these factors ,\nis not endangered . this is mainly due to its relatively large distribution and its water - independent biology ( boehme et al 1999 ) .\nis abundant in its range and should not be considered an endangered species . it is , however , less abundant or even relatively uncommon only in the province of pescara , i . e . in the southernmost portion of its range ( gasc 1997 ) .\nhuman activity has provided suitable habitats for this species in regions that are not so naturally rich in caves as the karst area . exploitation of\npietra serena\nhas yielded mounds of rocks near quarries and these and the rock walls used in traditional agriculture are now inhabited by the species .\nboehme , w . , grossenbacher , k . , and thiesmeier , b . ( 1999 ) .\nhandbuch der reptilien und amphibien europas , band 4 / i : schwanzlurche ( urodela ) .\narie van der meijden ( amphibia at arievandermeijden . nl ) , research associate , museum of vertebrate zoology , uc berkeley\nedited by david b . wake ( jan . , 2000 ) ( 2002 - 05 - 25 )\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n, it can be found in italy . you can see 13 photos of this amphibian .\nmobile version - juza . ea @ urltoken - terms of use and privacy - p . iva 01501900334 - rea 167997 - pec juzaphoto @ urltoken\n: we use the most recent data from these primary sources : who , world bank , unesco , cia and individual country databases for global health and causes of death .\nwe use the cdc , nih and individual state and county databases for verification and supplementation for usa data .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you are searching for this slimy organism , you should start looking at entrances of caves in northwestern italy as well as southeastern france . you can find more information about their exact locations on our habitat and geography page .\nspeleomantes strinatii is one of seven species of the genus , speleomantes , residing in caves in europe . ancestors of these species are located in california . you can find more information about their history on our classification page .\ngo to our next page to learn how our organism is classified ! website was last updated on 24 april 2014 .\ncopyright template design \u00a9 2007 travel portal . all rights reserved . designed by free css templates .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nitalienischer h\u00f6hlensalamander\nto\nspeleomantes italicus ( dunn , 1923 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis species is restricted to south - eastern france and north - western italy , from 80 to 2 , 400 m asl .\nalthough there is little available information on the population status of this species , it is not considered to be declining in italy . in some parts of its range it is a common species .\nit is found in the vicinity of streams and seepages , and amongst rocky outcrops and caves in mountainous areas . it reproduces through the direct development of a few terrestrial eggs .\nthere are no major threats identified other than localized loss of habitat and illegal collection .\nthe species is present in some protected areas . prior to being considered a separate species speleomantes strinatii was listed on both appendix ii of the bern convention , and on annex iv of the eu habitats directive , under s . italicus . although this species is not considered to be declining in italy , further information is needed on the status of the populations in france .\nfranco andreone , paul edgar , claudia corti , marc cheylan , roberto sindaco , antonio romano . 2009 .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nall applicable institutional and / or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed . the study was conducted under authorization of apuan alps regional park ( no 5 , 4 / 04 / 2013 ) , district of prato ( no 448 , 2013 ) , district of pistoia ( no 0022597 / 2013 / p ) and district of lucca ( no 731 , 21 / 02 / 2013 ) .\nwe used visual encounter surveys to assess the presence / absence of h . italicus and m . menardi spiders in each sector . this standardized technique allows to verify the presence of species in an area during a defined time ( crump & scott jr , 1994 ; jung et al . , 2000 ) . if possible , salamanders were measured . salamanders showing total length > 6 . 5cm or with male secondary characters were considered adults ( lanza et al . , 2006 ) , the remaining salamanders were considered juveniles . all individuals were immediately released at the collection point .\ninternal variables are ( a ) temperature , ( b ) humidity and ( c ) illuminance ( lux ) . in each graph , colored plots represent sectors located at different distance from the entrance ( from 3 to 21 m ) . these sectors represent the area in which microclimate variability is higher ; at 21 m illuminance was constantly 0 lux . error bars are standard errors . for temperature and humidity , the trend of the respective external feature is also shown , represented by a continuous red line .\nwe considered as dependent variables inner abiotic features of caves : ( a ) temperature , ( b ) humidity and ( c ) illuminance . we used as independent variables : month of survey , time in which the survey began , depth of sector , external temperature , external humidity and interaction between month and depth ( prof : m ) . for each continuous variable , the regression coefficient is reported if the variable is included into a given model . for both categorical variables and interactions , + indicates their presence into the model . for each independent variable , we report the first five best models .\nparameters related to microclimatic change of caves through the year : best - aicc models .\npresence of h . italicus was strongly related to month , and was generally associated with sectors characterized by high humidity , low light and abundant m . menardi spiders ( tables 3a and 4a ) . furthermore , significant interactions between month and temperature and between month and humidity indicated different microhabitat selection patterns among months ( table 4a ) . specifically , in winter periods salamanders were associated with warmest sectors , while in summer periods they were associated with coldest and most humid sectors ( figs . 2a and 2b ) .\n( a ) \u2013 ( b ) : results of regression models analyzing all individuals encountered ; ( c ) \u2013 ( d ) results of models analyzing adults only ( e ) \u2013 ( f ) results of models analyzing juveniles only . results for december were not reported due to small sample size .\nwe considered as dependent variable the presence of ( a ) the species , ( b ) presence of adults and ( c ) presence of juveniles . we used as independent variables : internal humidity ( humid ) , month of survey , illuminance ( lux ) , meta spiders abundance and internal temperature ( temp ) . furthermore , we also used as independent variables interaction between month and internal humidity ( hum : m ) , month and illuminance ( lux : m ) , month and meta spiders ( meta : m ) and month and internal temperature ( temp : m ) . for each continuous variable , the regression coefficient is reported if the variable is included into a given model . for categorical variables and interactions , + indicates that the variable or the interaction is included into the model .\nthe dependent variables were the presence of ( a ) species , ( b ) adults only and ( c ) juveniles only . see table 1 for explanation of variable names . only the best - aicc models are shown .\nthe microhabitat selection pattern was similar if adults only were considered . adults were more abundant in sectors with low light and abundant m . menardi ( tables 3b and 4b ) . furthermore , differences among months were strong , and the interactions between month and both humidity and temperature were significant . adults were associated with relatively cold sectors during summer , while in winter they were associated with warmer sectors ( fig . 2c ) . in summer , adults were associated with the most humid sectors ; however , they showed a clear preference for the most humid sectors also in february ( fig . 2d ) .\njuveniles were more frequent in sectors with high humidity and abundant m . menardi spiders ; furthermore the effect of month , and the interactions humidity - month and temperature - month were significant ( tables 3c and 4c ) . juveniles were associated with the coldest sectors during winter and with warmer sectors during spring ( fig . 2e ) . from late winter until spring , juveniles were associated with sectors characterized by lower humidity , while during summer this apparent preference shifted in favor of most humid sectors ( fig . 2f ) .\nmost of equivalency tests were not significant , suggesting that habitat selection pattern was consistent through months ( table 5 ) . however , in the analyses of humidity considering all individuals and juveniles only , niche equivalency was significantly lower than expected by chance between february and june , and between february and july . salamanders were more tolerant for low - humidity habitats than during winter ( fig . 3 ) . conversely , if adults only were analyzed , none of similarity tests were rejected ( table 5 ) .\nequivalency of species - habitat relationships ( measured as shoener\u2019s d ) observed in different months .\npairs of months for which the species - habitat relationships were not equivalent ( after bonferroni\u2019s correction : \u03b1 \u2032 = 0 . 0083 ) are in bold .\nmost of variation in species - habitat relationships was likely caused by the seasonal variation of temperature and humidity . nevertheless , particularly in the analysis of humidity with juveniles , tests of niche equivalency between late winter and summer months were consistently rejected (\n) , but show the highest abundance of prey . actually , in our study caves , the potential prey richness ( calculated as the summed n of species of araneae ( excluding\n) . efficient exploitation of seasonal peaks of food resources may be a key of fast development during the first years . furthermore , the negative consequences of low humidity may be stronger in summer . low environmental temperature reduces metabolism in ectotherms , which limits oxygen needs . as lungless salamanders exchange gasses mainly through their skin , and the efficiency of this skin function increases with high level of moisture (\n) , during the cold season the individuals could be more tolerant to low humidity because of their lower respiration needs .\nwe thank two reviewers for constructive comments on a previous version of this manuscript . gff belongs to the laboratoire d\u2019ecologie alpine , which is part of labex osug @ 2020 .\nthe authors declare there are no competing interests . enrico lunghi is representing the association natural oasis as president .\nenrico lunghi conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nraoul manenti conceived and designed the experiments , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , reviewed drafts of the paper .\ngentile francesco ficetola conceived and designed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :\nuniversity of florence approved the project by regular department\u2019s application and we followed our institutional guidelines .\nthe following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :\ngff was funded by labex osug @ 2020 ( investissements d\u2019avenir\u2014anr10 labx56 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nour promise peerj promises to address all issues as quickly and professionally as possible . we thank you in advance for your patience and understanding .\nfollowing\nis like subscribing to any updates related to a publication . these updates will appear in your home dashboard each time you visit peerj .\nyou can also choose to receive updates via daily or weekly email digests . if you are following multiple publications then we will send you no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences .\nnote : you are now also subscribed to the subject areas of this publication and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on . you can add specific subject areas through your profile settings .\npeerj feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj computer science feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj preprint feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json archives - peerj | peerj computer science | peerj preprints\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n) . humidity inside caves was strongly related to external humidity , month , depth and to the time of survey . furthermore , the significant interaction between month and depth indicated that the humidity gradient was not constant through the year (\n) . the deepest sectors always showed lower light than the superficial ones . however , incident light increased in summer and during periods characterized by low humidity (\nthe dependent variables were the presence of ( a ) species , ( b ) adults only and ( c ) juveniles only . see\nfor explanation of variable names . only the best - aicc models are shown .\nthe microhabitat selection pattern was similar if adults only were considered . adults were more abundant in sectors with low light and abundant\n) . furthermore , differences among months were strong , and the interactions between month and both humidity and temperature were significant . adults were associated with relatively cold sectors during summer , while in winter they were associated with warmer sectors (\n) . however , in the analyses of humidity considering all individuals and juveniles only , niche equivalency was significantly lower than expected by chance between february and june , and between february and july . salamanders were more tolerant for low - humidity habitats than during winter (\nour data mostly support the environmental change hypothesis . first , the temperature gradient showed a clear inversion through the seasons (\nara\u00fajo cs , candido dm , ara\u00fajo hfp , dias sc , vasconcellos a . seasonal variations in scorpion activities ( arachnida : scorpiones ) in an area of caatinga vegetation in northeastern brazil .\nbanks - leite c , pardini r , boscolo d , righetto cassano c , p\u00fcttker t , santos barros c , barlow j . assessing the utility of statistical adjustments for imperfect detection in tropical conservation science .\nbogaerts s , sparreboom m , pasmans f , almasri a , beukema w , shehab a , amr zs . distribution , ecology and conservation of\nbrambilla m , saporetti f . modelling distribution of habitats required for different uses by the same species : implications for conservation at the regional scale .\nbriggler jt , prather jw . seasonal use and selection of caves by plethodontid salamanders in a karst area of arkansas .\nbroennimann o , fitzpatrick mc , pearman pb , petitpierre b , pellissier l , yoccoz ng , thuiller w , fortin m - j , randin c , zimmermann ne , graham ch , guisan a . measuring ecological niche overlap from occurrence and spatial environmental data .\ncamp cd , jensen jb . use of twilight zones of caves by plethodontid salamanders .\ncox dtc , cresswell w . mass gained during breeding positively correlates with adult survival because both reflect life history adaptation to seasonal food availability .\ncrovetto f , romano a , salvidio s . comparison of two non - lethal methods for dietary studies in terrestrial salamanders .\ncrump ml , scott nj . , jr . visual encounter surveys . in : heyer wr , donnelly ma , mcdiarmid rw , hayek lc , foster ms , editors .\nwashington , d . c . : smithsonian institution press ; 1994 . pp . 84\u201392 .\ndail d , madsen l . models for estimating abundance from repeated counts of an open metapopulation .\ndittmar em , cimprich da , sperry jh , weatherhead pj . habitat selection by juvenile black - capped vireos following independence from parental care .\ndom\u00edguez - vega h , monroy - vilchis o , balderas - valdivia cj , gienger cm , ariano - s\u00e1nchez d . predicting the potential distribution of the beaded lizard and identification of priority areas for conservation .\nelith j , kearney m , phillips s . the art of modelling range - shifting species .\nfiske ij , chandler rb . unmarked : an r package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance .\nfredericksen ts . thermal regulation and habitat use of the eastern box turtle in southwestern virginia .\ngodsoe w . i can\u2019t define the niche but i know it when i see it : a formal link between statistical theory and the ecological niche .\nguisan a , thuiller w . predicting species distribution : offering more than simple habitat models .\nkearney m , porter w . mechanistic niche modelling : combining physiological and spatial data to predict species ranges .\nkearney mr , simpson sj , raubenheimer d , kooijman salm . balancing heat , water and nutrients under environmental change : a thermodynamic niche framework .\nlanza b , pastorelli c , laghi p , cimmaruta r . a review of systematics , taxonomy , genetics , biogeography and natural history of the genus\nmackenzie di , kendall wl . how should detection probability be incorporated into estimates of relative abundance ?\nmackenzie di , nichols jd , royle ja , pollock kh , bailey ll , hines je .\nwaltham : academic press ; 2006 . occupancy estimation and modeling . p 324 .\npeterson at , sober\u00f3n j , pearson rg , anderson rp , mart\u00ednez - meyer e , nakamura m , ara\u00fajo mb .\nrandin cf , dirnbock t , dullinger s , zimmermann ne , zappa m , guisan a . are niche - based species distribution models transferable in space ?\nrichards sa , whittingham mj , stephens pa . model selection and model averaging in behavioural ecology : the utility of the it - aic framework .\nsalvidio s , lattes a , tavano m , melodia f , pastorino mv . ecology of a\nsaupe ee , hendricks jr , portell rw , dowsett hj , haywood a , hunter sj , lieberman bs . macroevolutionary consequences of profound climate change on niche evolution in marine molluscs over the past three million years .\nseebacher f , alford ra . movement and microhabitat use of a terrestrial amphibian (\nsewell d , beebee tj , griffiths ra . optimising biodiversity assessments by volunteers : the application of occupancy modelling to large - scale amphibian surveys .\nsoberon j , nakamura m . niches and distributional areas : concepts , methods , and assumptions .\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america pnas .\nspotila jr . role of temperature and water in the ecology of lungless salamanders .\nstein a , gerstner k , kreft h . environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa , biomes and spatial scales .\nstephens pa , buskirk sw , hayward gd , del rio cm . a call for statistical pluralism answered .\nstigall al . using ecological niche modelling to evaluate niche stability in deep time .\n( dunn , 1923 ) ( plethodontidae , amphibia ) , in a subterranean system of central italy .\nvlachos cg , bakaloudis de , kitikidou k , goutner v , bontzorlos v , papakosta ma , chatzinikos e . home range and foraging habitat selection by breeding lesser kestrels ( falco naumanni ) in greece .\nwarren dl , glor re , turelli m . environmental niche equivalency vs . conservatism : quantitative approaches to niche evolution .\nwebb le , engel b , berends h , van reenena cg , gerrits wjj , de boer ijm , bokkers eam . what do calves choose to eat and how do preferences affect behaviour ?\nwong jwy , k\u00f6lliker m . effects of food restriction across stages of juvenile and early adult development on body weight , survival and adult life history .\nzurell d , elith j , schroder b . predicting to new environments : tools for visualizing model behaviour and impacts on mapped distributions .\nbates d , maechler m ( 2010 ) lme4 : linear mixed - effects models using s4 classes . r package version 0 . 999375 - 37 .\nbjorneraas k , herfindal i , solberg ej , sther be , van moorter b , rolandsen cm ( 2012 ) habitat quality influences population distribution , individual space use and functional responses in habitat selection by a large herbivore . oecologia 168 : 231\u2013243\nbonenfant c , gaillard jm , dray s , loison a , royer m , chessel d ( 2007 ) testing sexual segregation and aggregation : old ways are best . ecology 88 : 3202\u20133208\nbowyer rt , stewart km , wolfe sa , blundell gm , lehmkuhl kl , joy pj , mcdonough tj , kie jg ( 2002 ) assessing sexual segregation in deer . j wildl manage 66 : 536\u2013544\nbriggler jt , prather jw ( 2006 ) seasonal use and selection of caves by plethodontid salamanders in a karst area of arkansas . am midl nat 155 : 136\u2013148\nburnham kp , anderson dr ( 1998 ) model selection and inference . springer , new york\ncamp cd , jensen jb ( 2007 ) use of twilight zones of caves by plethodontid salamanders . copeia 2007 : 594\u2013604\ncimmaruta r , forti g , nascetti g , bullini l ( 1999 ) spatial distribution and competition in two parapatric sibling species of european plethodontid salamanders . ethol ecol evol 11 : 383\u2013398\ncrump ml , scott nj ( 1994 ) visual encounter surveys . in : heyer wr , donnelly ma , mcdiarmid rw , hayek lc , foster ms ( eds ) measuring and monitoring biological diversity : standard methods for amphibians . smithsonian institution press , washington , pp 84\u201392\nculver dc , pipan t ( 2009 ) the biology of caves and other subterranean habitats . oxford university press , oxford\ndarmon g , calenge c , loison a , jullien j - m , maillard d , lopez j - f ( 2012 ) spatial distribution and habitat selection in coexisting species of mountain ungulates . ecography 35 : 44\u201353\ndochtermann na , jenkins sh ( 2011 ) developing multiple hypotheses in behavioral ecology . behav ecol sociobiol 65 : 37\u201345\n: comparing the hypotheses using an information - theoretic approach . global ecol biogeogr 19 : 485\u2013495\nfirth lb , crowe tp ( 2010 ) competition and habitat suitability : small - scale segregation underpins large - scale coexistence of key species on temperate rocky shores . oecologia 162 : 163\u2013174\nformica va , gosner ra , ramsay s , tuttle em ( 2004 ) spatial dynamics of alternative reproductive strategies : the role of neighbors . ecology 85 : 1125\u20131136\ngalvan i ( 2004 ) age - related spatial segregation of great cormorants in a roost . waterbirds 27 : 377\u2013381\ngautier p , l\u00e9na jp , miaud c ( 2004 ) responses to conspecific scent marks and the ontogeny of territorial marking in immature terrestrial salamanders . behav ecol sociobiol 55 : 447\u2013453\nhadfield jd ( 2010 ) mcmc methods for multi - response generalized linear mixed models : the mcmcglmm r package . j stat softw 33 : 1\u201322\nharvey v , cote sd , hammill mo ( 2008 ) the ecology of 3 - d space use in a sexually dimorphic mammal . ecography 31 : 371\u2013380\nhillman ss , whiters pc , drewes rc , hillyard sd ( 2009 ) ecological and environmental physiology of amphibians . oxford university press , new york\nistock ca ( 1966 ) the evolution of complex life cycle phenomena : an ecological perspective . evolution 21 : 592\u2013605\nlab\u00e9e - lund jh , langeland a , jonsson b , ugedal o ( 1993 ) spatial segregation by age and size in arctic charr\u2014a trade - off between feeding possibility and risk of predation . j anim ecol 62 : 160\u2013168\ndubois , 1984 ( amphibia caudata plethodontidae ) . atti mus civ st nat trieste 52 ( suppl ) : 5\u2013135\nlukacs pm , thompson wl , kendall wl , gould wr , doherty pf , burnham kp , anderson dr ( 2007 ) concerns regarding a call for pluralism of information theory and hypothesis testing . j appl ecol 44 : 456\u2013460\nmain mb ( 2008 ) reconciling competing ecological explanations for sexual segregation in ungulates . ecology 89 : 693\u2013704\nmain mb , coblentz be ( 1996 ) sexual segregation in rocky mountain mule deer . j wildl manage 60 : 497\u2013507\n: habitat selection , larval development and conservation issues . north west j zool 7 : 304\u2013309\nmcintire ejb , fajardo a ( 2009 ) beyond description : the active and effective way to infer processes from spatial patterns . ecology 90 : 46\u201356\nmoran na ( 1994 ) adaptation and constraint in the complex life cycle of animals . annu rev ecol syst 25 : 573\u2013600\n( arachnida : araneae : metidae ) . in : bologna ma , capula m , carpaneto gm , luiselli l , marangoni c , venchi a ( eds ) atti del 6 congresso nazionale societas herpetologica italica , belvedere , latina , pp 45\u201348\n( dunn , 1923 ) : application of a geographic information system ( g . i . s . ) ( amphibia , plethodontidae ) . in : salvidio s , poggi r , doria g , pastorino mv ( eds ) atti del primo convegno nazionale biologia dei geotritoni europei genere speleomantes , annali del museo civico di storia naturale \u201cg . doria\u201d , genova , 97 , pp 169\u2013177\npinheiro p , bates d ( 2000 ) mixed - effect models in s and s - plus . springer , new york 528 pp\npinheiro p , bates d , debroy s , sarkar d ( 2010 ) linear and nonlinear mixed effects models . r package version 3 . 1 - 97 .\nr development core team ( 2010 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna .\nrochette r , grand tc ( 2004 ) mechanisms of species coexistence : a field test of theoretical models using intertidal snails . oikos 105 : 512\u2013524\nruckstuhl ke ( 2007 ) sexual segregation in vertebrates : proximate and ultimate causes . integr comp biol 47 : 245\u2013257\nruckstuhl ke , festa - bianchet m ( 2001 ) group choice by subadult bighorn rams : trade - offs between foraging effciency and predator avoidance . ethology 107 : 161\u2013172\nsingh nj , bonenfant c , yoccoz ng , cote sd ( 2010 ) sexual segregation in eurasian wild sheep . behav ecol 21 : 410\u2013418\n( latreille 1804 ) ( araneae , tetragnathidae ) . j arachnol 33 : 243\u2013246\nspiegelhalter dj , best ng , carlin br , van der linde a ( 2002 ) bayesian measures of model complexity and fit . j r stat soc ser b stat methodol 64 : 583\u2013616\nspiegelhalter d , thomas a , best n , lunn d ( 2008 ) winbugs 1 . 4 . 3 . imperial college and mrc , uk .\nspotila jr ( 1972 ) role of temperature and water in the ecology of lungless salamanders . ecol monogr 42 : 95\u2013125\nstephens pa , buskirk sw , hayward gd , del rio cm ( 2007 ) a call for statistical pluralism answered . j appl ecol 44 : 461\u2013463\nsymonds mre , moussalli a ( 2011 ) a brief guide to model selection , multimodel inference and model averaging in behavioural ecology using akaike\u2019s information criterion . behav ecol sociobiol 65 : 13\u201321\nvan toor ml , jaberg c , safi k ( 2011 ) integrating sex - specific habitat use for conservation using habitat suitability models . anim conserv 14 : 512\u2013520\n( dunn , 1923 ) ( plethodontidae , amphibia ) , in a subterranean system of central italy . ital j zool 75 : 59\u201365\nwilbur hm ( 1980 ) complex life cycles . annu rev ecol syst 11 : 67\u201393\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nenrico lunghi univeristy of trier v . r . luti 17 prato prato 59100 italy tel : + 393391604627 mob : + 393391604627\nthe text and images for this case study are uploaded by the grant recipient to raise awareness of the conservation work being done . through its website the fund provides the platform , but is not responsible for text or image content of case studies .\n\u00a9 mohamed bin zayed species conservation fund 2013 , all rights reserved . website by intex digital\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nconservation status assesses every six years and for each biogeographical region the condition of habitats and species compared to the favourable status as described in the habitats directive . the map shows the 2007 - 2012 assessments as reported by eu member state . assessments are further detailed in the summary document available behind the link below .\n: the species is viable and maintaining itself on a long - term basis , its natural range is not reduced , and it has a sufficient large habitat .\n: the species is not as critical as being unfavourable - bad , but still requires significant conservation and restoration measure to make it viable in the long - term , or to enlarged its current range , or to improve the quality and availability of its habitat .\n: the species is either not maintaining itself on a long - term basis and is not viable , or its natural range as been or is being drastically reduced , or its habitat is largely insufficient ; the species requires major conservation and restoration measures .\n: the information available for the species is scarce and does not allow a proper assessment of its conservation status .\nannex iv : animal and plant species of community interest in need of strict protection .\nnumber of individuals licensed unknown . licensed 200 individuals for the period 2012 - 2014 .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nspeleomantes strinatii\n.\ncreatures with albinism and leucism are beautiful and rare animals . they have all the characteristics of others of their species except they are white in color . the lack of melanin generally results in the animal looking bleached all over , appearing white or pink . it happens in many animals ranging from squirrels to whitetail deer . here are ten incredible and rare , white - 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{"id": 1032, "summary": [{"text": "hottentotta is a genus of scorpion belonging to the family buthidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is distributed widely across africa .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "species also occur in the middle east , the arabian peninsula , southeastern turkey , iraq , iran , afghanistan , pakistan , india , nepal , cape verde islands , slovenia ( rarely ) and sri lanka ( introduced ) . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "hottentotta", "paragraphs": ["development of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody .\nhottentotta hottentotta are parthenogenetic . that means that a female of this species can produce off springs without ever mating with a male . gestastion period every 3 - 4 months .\narachnoboards - here are some very neat scorpion photos featuring parabuthus leiosoma and hottentotta trilineatus .\ni also feed them 2x a week . hottentotta hottentotta are very aggressive scorpion . the venom level is a 3 - 3 . 5 out of 5 and able to take down bigger prey .\ntrancriptomic approach reveals the molecular diversity of hottentotta conspersus ( buthidae ) venom . - pubmed - ncbi\narachnoboards - here are some great photos documenting the development of a brood of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions .\ndevelopment of protective agent against hottentotta saulcyi venom using camelid single - domain antibody . - pubmed - ncbi\narachnoboards - see photos of three species of hottentotta scorpion moms with broods of babies on their backs .\nfirst report on hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) from sri lanka , and its medical importanc . . .\na revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones : buthidae ) .\nhottentotta songi : teruel & rein , 2010 : 7 ; sun et al . , 2010 : 40\u201312 , figs 25\u201329 .\nadult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; . . . | download scientific diagram\nkovarik ( 2007 ) has published a revision of the genus hottentotta . note that the medical important mesobuthus tamulus and two other asian mesobuthus have been transfered to hottentotta . kovarik ' s revision can be downloaded here ( browse down to issue 58 ) .\nxe\nhottentotta minox : scorpions , taxonomy\nare often found under the bark of acacia trees . the sting is painful .\na total of 373 scorpions including hottentotta rugiscutis , hottentotta tamulus , lychas tricarinatus and heterometrus swammerdami were collected , identified and maintained successfully , achieving a 97 % survival rate . hottentotta rugiscutis yielded 6 . 0 ml of venom by electrical stimulation . the ld 50 of h . rugiscutis venom was estimated to be 3 . 02 mg / kg of body weight in female swiss albino mice .\ni hadn ' t heard that on the hottentotta species until just a few minutes ago reading some stuff on wikipedia . . .\narachnoboards - check out these great photos of some hottentotta gentili scorpions , including a female with a big brood on her back .\nmap of karnataka showing the locations of different scorpion species . at the bottom : a hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) ; b hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ; c lychas tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) , d heterometrus swammerdami ( simon , 1872 )\narachnoboards - a member shares photos of a beautiful group of hottentotta franzwerneri scorpions that were collected in morocco and are now reproducing in captivity .\nhottentotta : fet and lowe , 2000 : 134\u2013135 ; kova\u0159\u00edk , 2007 : 2\u20133 , 8\u201310 . sun et al . , 2010 : 40 .\nextraction of venom by electrical stimulation method . setup for milking of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis by the electrical stimulation method using step - down transformer and restrainer\nphoto of parabuthus leiosoma ( left ) by jan ove rein ( c ) photo of hottentotta sp . ( right ) by jan ove rein ( c )\ni know soils and eco earth is a good substrate , but with the small size of h . h . and hiding all the time . i was wondering if i could have a pretty setup . i wanted to mix black and purple calcium carbonate sand for a pure sand substrate . is this ok for hottentotta hottentotta ?\nhottentotta and tityus are both\nhot\n; i ' m not sure which species in particular , but if you want a bark scorpion that ' s not as hot you could try centruroides vitattus or margaritatus . i ' m not sure what is a good replacement for hottentotta though . maybe scorpio maurus or some other desert species ? urltoken\nwell i didn ' t mean to spark any controversy . as far as blanket statements are concerned i am interested in tarantulas and scorpions because they are beautiful interesting animals to keep and observe but basically if it can kill me . . . even is the chance is only 1 in 100000 . . . i don ' t want it in my home . hence the reason for this thread . i will get the list of species that the guy was selling and edit this post again so maybe the advice can be more specific . i appreciate the time you guys are taking in giving the advice . the specific species being offered are : hottentotta eminii hottentotta franzwerneri gentili hottentotta polysticus hottentotta tamulus sindicus sincere thanks .\ni heard coconut fiber stuff is best for the little hottentotta juves . thats what i use and hes doing good . ( i mixed some exoterra black sand with it also ) for desert feel\nkova\u0159\u00edk , f . 2007 . a revision of the genus hottentotta birula , 1908 , with descriptions of four new species ( scorpiones , buthidae ) . euscorpius , no . 58 : 1 - 107 .\nfoden , w . & potter , l . 2005 . polygala hottentotta c . presl . national assessment : red list of south african plants version 2017 . 1 . accessed on 2018 / 07 / 09\na new species of hottentotta birula , 1908 from afghanistan , with a note on the generic position of mesobuthus songi louren\u00e7o , qi et zhu , 2005 ( scorpiones : buthidae ) . euscorpius 94 : 1\u22128 .\nall androctonus spp should be up there imo since they push out a ton of venom each sting . and no hottentotta spp has a venom rating of more than 4 , maybe 4 . 5 is pushing it .\nscorpions were successfully maintained for 18 months . herein we have also documented a simple , cost - effective method of venom extraction by electrical stimulation using a modified restrainer . furthermore , hottentotta rugiscutis was reported for the first time in karnataka .\nseveral species in this family are highly toxic , but fewer than 20 can be lethal to man . the most notorious species are found in the genus androctonus , centruroides , hottentotta , leiurus , parabuthus and tityus . see scorpions of medical importance page for further information .\nfour different scorpion species were collected , among which three species were maintained in the laboratory in containers that mimic their natural habitat . venom was extracted from hottentotta rugiscutis by electrical stimulation at 8 v for 18 months and ld 50 was estimated by the graphic method of miller and tainter .\ni ' ve scratched the hottentotta from my collection list lol thanks for all the advice and information . the fellow selling the scorpions is very well regarded and he told me they were not very dangerous . i will excercise more caution when dealing with him in the future . take care guys .\nthis species is incredibly easy if you follow my example , and i hope you enjoy them ! hottentotta caboverdensis can be kept the same ways . they love their moisture , but need it to evaporate quickly and not to have that high of humidity . jacksoni and junceus are the same way . it ' s tricky ! theyre truely a beautiful species , and i hope to have a large communal of adults in a year or more .\na scorpion species proved to be lethal to humans was recently recorded from jaffna peninsula ( 9\u00b040 ' 0 ' ' n 80\u00b00 ' 0 ' ' e , mean annual temperature 26 . 2\u00b0c ) , in the northern dry zone of sri lanka . this species is morphologically different from all other known scorpions in sri lanka . the species was identified as hottentotta tamulus ( scorpiones : buthidae ) , which is commonly found in maharashtra , india , . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . hottentotta tamulus stings observed in the jaffna peninsula were associated with clinical features of autonomic nervous system overactivity such as changes in pulse rate and blood pressure , sweating , diaphoresis and pulmonary oedema . myocardial injury with elevated cardiac biomarkers has not been reported in sri lanka , although it is a known complication after the ' red scorpion ' stings in india [ 1 , 2 ] . scorpion venom contains a mixture of several low molecular weight basic proteins , neurotoxins , . . .\nhowever , their size and color do not tell us much about their danger or the level of toxicity of the poison they produce . some believe that the large and black species are the most deadly , but curiously the small red or yellow are the ones that often cause the greatest health problems in humans . the indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) , the arizona bark scorpion ( centruroides sculpturatus ) or the deathstalker ( leiurus quinquestriatus ) , are examples of scorpions that you should avoid .\nfigure 2 : adult female holotype of hottentotta flavidulus sp . n . : ( a ) carapace ; ( b ) tergites ; ( c ) left pedipalp , dorsal view ; ( d ) left movable finger , dorsal view ; ( e ) sternopectinal region ; ( f ) metasomal segments i\u2013ii , lateral view ; ( g ) metasomal segments iii\u2013iv , lateral view ; ( h ) metasomal segment v and telson , lateral view ; ( i ) metasomal segment v and telson , ventral view .\nin the world , the 7 genera found in xizang were recorded distributing to the south of xizang . modern species of genera chaerilus , euscorpiops and scorpiops are limited to tropical areas of south asia and southeast asia , although they reached considerable altitudes in kashmir , nepal , and tibet ( kova\u0159\u00edk , 2000a , 2000b ) . the distribution of the species of genera hottentotta , isometrus , heterometrus and the close related genera of tibetiomachus also suggest the scorpion fauna of xizang is close to south asia and southeast asia .\nand as telow pointed out for most scorpions it ' s only sick , infants or old people that dies ( mostly ) . . . therefor how\ndeadly\na scorpion is ( most casualties ) could easily be coupled with where in the world the scorpion is ( foreksample : do the native have bad health due to starvation , deceases or anything else and how is the medical care in the area where the scorpion comes from ? ) and i think that is why i read that hottentotta tamulus was\nas shown by an internal survey , hottentotta rugiscutis ( pocock , 1897 ) scorpions are prevalent , live alongside the human habitat in the chirathagundu village ( karnataka , india ) and are known to cause considerable public health problems due to envenomations compared to three other regions \u2013 namely hiriyuru , nandihalli and hindaskatte \u2013 where human activity is limited . as there is hardly any data on the lethality of h . rugiscutis venom , it is important to research these scorpions and to find out their effects on the local population .\n. . . in sri lanka 18 species of scorpion are known [ 14 ] , the commonly encountered species is the black scorpion ( heterometrus species ) ( figure 1 ) and none of these species caused fatal stings . however , in recent past , fatal envenom - ing of indian red scorpion ( hottentotta tamulus ) occurred in jaffna peninsula of sri lanka and believe that the species were moved to peninsula while transporting the goods for indian peacekeeping forces between 1987 and 1990 [ 7 , 9 ] . . . .\nscorpions are arthropods belonging to the class arachnida and order scorpiones . globally , 1988 species are known , among which 113 species from 25 genera belonging to six families have been recorded in india [ 1 ] . scorpions of the family buthidae are of prime importance due to the lethality of their venom to humans , especially to children in many tropical regions [ 2 ] . a buthidae family scorpion , hottentotta tamulus ( fabricius , 1798 ) , is widely distributed throughout the deccan plateau of southern india [ 3 , 4 ] .\na study of 74 patients from allahabad , india , documents a mortality rate following scorpion stings of almost 10 % ( singhal et al . 2009 ) . unfortunately this study also fails to give details regarding morphological identification of the scorpions , but mesobuthus tamulus ( = hottentotta tamulus ) and palamneus swammerdami were held to be responsible for the serious cases . a dramatic increase in the incidence of stings was observed during the hot summer months . over 60 % of those stung were male , and almost 95 % of the patients came from rural areas , where it is common for people to work in sugar cane , coconut or banana plantations . these are the habitats of these scorpions .\ntoxicity of venom from hottentotta rugiscutis of chirathagundu region was studied by estimating the ld 50 value under in vivo conditions . five different doses covering the range of mortality from 0 to 100 % were tested . the test group mice were subcutaneously injected with one of five concentrations ( 2 . 60 , 2 . 80 , 3 . 02 , 3 . 26 , 3 . 52 mg / kg b . w . ) of venom dissolved in 0 . 2 ml of phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ) . control group was injected with equivalent volume of pbs only . the animals were monitored for 24 hours and the ld 50 was calculated by the graphical method of miller and tainter [ 18 ] .\ni got stung by a 5i h . hottentotta a few months ago , but the experience is still as transparent in my mind as the day i got stung . it was the single most agonizing pain i ' ve ever felt in all of my life . nothing i ' ve experienced can compare to the searing hot pain , but i can best describe it as : take an iron skillet put it on a gas stove on high for 15 minutes , then take your middle finger and press down in the middle of the skillet and keep it there for 6 hours without your nerves ever dying . and as much as i wish i was exaggerating , that ' s the closest accurate description i can give that doesn ' t sound completely inconceivable .\nso ive got back up on the horse so to speak with a pair of hottentotta trilineatus on there way from tarantula canada ! although they are wild caught i have high hopes for a male female pair and will hopefully be bringing them into canada as captive bred . i know its unlikely to get 1 . 1 but if not ill order more : biggrin : . any ways i have constructed two rubbermaid enclosures measuring 9 inches long , 6 inches wide and 2 inches tall . is this sufficient for adults of this species as they rarely go over 2 inches ? any way i ' ll post some pics , tell me what you think ! the substrate is 50 % sand 50 % eco - earth and 10 % aquarium gravel ( washed in water ) .\nheterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami and h . bengalensis habitat in simlipal national park , majurbanj district , orissa ( india ) . photo : thorsten kroes ( c ) ( permission through carlos turiel ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) heterometrus swammerdami habitat in eastern india . photo : manish ranjan ( c ) ( permission through george carnell ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( hottentotta judaicus and scorpio maurus fuscus were also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo hierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo h ierochonticus habitat in israel ( compsobuthus sp . was also collected in the area ) . photo : liron samuels ( c ) nebo omanensis habitat in united arab emirates . photo : gunther witt ( c )\nwow then i was kinda off there i guess huh ? hahaha on a healthy adult human it would not be as bad as thought i know that the deaths caused by any of these are because lack of proper medical procedure for this kind of thing or it is a younger person or older person or they have allergic reactions and realy the worst thing believe it or not in alot envenomations can be shock . like in the us its quite rare you would die from an envenomation because of the amount of medical procedures taken with something like that even when it comes to the venomous snakes theres more chance of you living than dieing if you are in medical care in the reigh amount of time bla bla bla haha hottentotta tamulus gangeticus i have had like this guy haha but i dont think they are realy that dangerous it would most defenitly cause alot of pain but on a healthy adult it would cause something like this pain at the sting site localized swelling tingling some muscle spasms and maybe a little brusing and tenderness to the gerenal sting area but if you had an allergic reaction or you were elderly or realy young or went into shcok that where i see the possablity of death with hotentotta tamulus but generly they are not that dangerous ( just my personal thoughts on them ) odontobuthus odonturus i always wondered about those haha now im gonna have to get some somehow and some odontobuthus doriae just to lad mice test the venom on yeah ok i feel like im rambling now hahaha\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n, this family is the largest of the scorpion families . this family is widespread around the world ( not found in antarctica and new zealand ) , and are found in tropical , subtropical and partly in temperate habitats .\nvolschenk , mattoni & prendini ( 2008 ) has synonymized the family microcharmidae lourenco , 1996 with buthidae . the two genera ( microcharmus and neoprotobuthus ) and 15 species are all transfered to buthidae . information about the old family microcharmidae .\nparaorthochirus has been synonymized with orthochirus by navidpour et al . , 2008 ) .\nthe members of this family are small and medium sized scorpions with a triangular sternum ( some genera have a more pentagonal sternum ) . in many genera ( e . g . , androctonus , apistobuthus , parabuthus , and other old world genera ) the cauda is usually strong and powerful and the pedipalps are often very slender whereas other genera have elongate appendages , especially the males ( e . g . , centruroides , lychas , isometrus and related genera ) . many species are yellow or brown ( or variations of these colors ) , but black forms are also present . some species have quite intricate and attractive patterns ( e . g . , lychas and isometrus ) and colours ( e . g . , centruroides and uroplectes ) . sizes range from about 20 mm ( like microtityus and microbuthus ) to over 120 mm ( as in androctonus , some centruroides , apistobuthus and others ) .\nan indentification key to the genus compsobuthus was published by kovarik ( 2012 ) [ free full text ] .\nunlike most other scorpion families , the buthidae are of both scientific and public interest due to their medical importance in many parts of the world . several species have also made their way into the hobby . many of these are safe to be kept by experienced collectors , but the most dangerous species should be avoided .\nspecies files : this list of genera and species is based on fet et al . ( 2000 ) . subfamilies and subspecies is not included in the list . i try to update the list as additions and changes are published . * denotes changes after fet et al . ( 2000 ) . i will be grateful for information about new development in the taxonomy of this family . for information about synonyms and bibliographies , see fet et al . ( 2000 )\nakentrobuthus lamoral , 1976 ( 2 ) a . atakora vignoli & prendini , 2008 * a . leleupi lamoral , 1976\nalayotityus armas , 1973 ( 8 ) a . delacruzi armas , 1973 * a . feti teruel , 2004 * a . granma armas , 1984 a . juraguaensis armas , 1973 a . lapidicola teruel , 2002 * a . nanus armas , 1973 a . pallidus teruel , 2002 * a . sierramaestrae armas , 1973\nandroctonus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 29 ) a . aeneas c . l . koch , 1839 * a . afghanus louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 * a . aleksandrplotkini louren\u00e7o & qi , 2007 * a . amoreuxi ( audouin , 1826 ) a . australis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) a . baluchicus ( pocock , 1900 ) * a . barbouri ( werner , 1932 ) * a . bicolor ehrenberg , 1828 a . cholistanus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . crassicauda ( olivier , 1807 ) a . dekeyseri louren\u00e7o , 2005 * a . donairei rossi , 2015 * a . eburneus ( pallary , 1928 ) * a . finitimus ( pocock , 1897 ) a . gonneti vachon , 1948 * a . hoggarensis ( pallary , 1929 ) a . liouvillei ( pallary , 1924 ) * a . maelfaiti louren\u00e7o , 2005 * a . mauritanicus ( pocock , 1902 ) a . maroccanus louren\u00e7o , ythier & leguin , 2009 * a . pallidus louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * a . robustus kovarik & ahmed , 2013 * a . santi louren\u00e7o , 2015 * a . sergenti vachon , 1948 a . simonettai rossi , 2015 * a . tenuissimus teruel , kovarik & turiel , 2013 * a . tigrai louren\u00e7o , rossi & sadine 2015 * a . togolensis louren\u00e7o , 2008 * a . tropeai rossi , 2015 *\nanomalobuthus kraepelin , 1900 ( 2 ) a . rickmersi kraepelin , 1900 a . talebii teruel , kovar\u00edk , navidpour & fet , 2014 *\napistobuthus finnegan , 1932 ( 2 ) a . pterygocercus finnegan , 1932 a . susanae louren\u00e7o , 1998\nbabycurus karsch , 1886 ( 22 ) b . ansorgei hirst , 1911 b . brignolii louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2017 * b . buettneri karsch , 1886 b . centrurimorphus karsch , 1886 * b . dunlopi kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . exquisitus lowe , 2000 * b . gigas kraepelin , 1896 b . jacksoni ( pocock , 1890 ) b . kirki ( pocock , 1890 ) * b . melanicus kovarik , 2000 * b . multisubaculeatus kovarik , 2000 * b . ornatus werner , 1936 b . pictus pocock , 1896 * b . prudenti louren\u00e7o , 2013 * b . solegladi louren\u00e7o , 2005 * b . somalicus hirst , 1907 b . sofomarensis kovarik , lowe , seiter , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2015 * b . subpunctatus borelli , 1925 b . taramassoi borelli , 1919 * b . ugartei kovarik , 2000 * b . wituensis kraepelin , 1913 b . zambonellii borelli , 1902\nbirulatus vachon , 1974 ( 3 ) b . astartiae stathi & louren\u00e7o , 2003 * b . haasi vachon , 1974 b . israelensis louren\u00e7o , 2002 *\nbuthacus birula , 1908 ( 26 ) b . agarwali zambre & louren\u00e7o , 2010 * b . ahaggar louren\u00e7o , kourim & sadine , 2017 * b . arenicola ( simon , 1885 ) b . armasi louren\u00e7o , 2013 * b . birulai louren\u00e7o , 2006 * b . buettikeri hendrixson , 2006 * b . clevai louren\u00e7o , 2001 * b . elmenia louren\u00e7o & sadine , 2017 * b . foleyi vachon , 1948 b . frontalis werner , 1936 ( nomen dubium ) b . golovatchi louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . leptochelys ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) b . macrocentrus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * b . maliensis louren\u00e7o & qi , 2007 * b . nigerianus louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 * b . nigroaculeatus levy et al . , 1973 * b . occidentalis louren\u00e7o , 2000 * b . pakistanensis louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 * b . samiae louren\u00e7o & sadine , 2015 * b . spinatus louren\u00e7o , bissati & sadine , 2016 * b . stockmanni kovraik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * b . striffleri louren\u00e7o , 2004 * b . tadmorensis ( simon , 1892 ) * b . villiersi vachon , 1949 b . willamsi louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2009 * b . ziegleri louren\u00e7o , 2000 *\nbutheoloides hirst , 1925 ( 19 ) b . annieae louren\u00e7o , 1986 b . aymerichi louren\u00e7o , 2002 * b . charlotteae louren\u00e7o , 2000 * b . cimrmani kovarik , 2003 * b . granulatus louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * b . grosseri kovarik , 2016 * b . hirsti louren\u00e7o , 1996 b . littoralis louren\u00e7o , touloun & boumezzough , 2011 * b . maroccanus hirst , 1925 b . milloti vachon , 1948 b . monodi vachon , 1950 b . nuer kovarik , 2015 * b . occidentalis louren\u00e7o , slimani & berahou , 2003 * b . polisi louren\u00e7o , 1996 b . savanicola louren\u00e7o , 2013 * b . schwendingeri louren\u00e7o , 2002 * b . slimanii louren\u00e7o , 2010 * b . vanderberghi louren\u00e7o , 2015 * b . wilsoni louren\u00e7o , 1995\nbutheolus simon , 1882 ( 6 ) b . andersoni ( pocock , 1895 ) * b . gallagheri vachon , 1980 b . hallani louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2017 * b . harrisoni lowe , 2018 * b . thalassinus simon , 1882 b . villosus hendrixson , 2006 *\nbuthoscorpio werner , 1936 ( 5 ) b . chinnarensis aswathi , sureshan & louren\u00e7o , 2015 * b . indicus louren\u00e7o , 2012 * b . politus ( pocock , 1899 ) b . rayalensis javed , rao , mirza , sanap & tampal , 2010 * b . sarasinorum ( karsch , 1891 ) nb ! b . jinnahii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * and b . rahmatii amir , kamaluddin & jabbar , 2005 * was described in the non - valid genus stenochirus by the authors . i have placed them in buthoscorpio , which is the valid name for stenochirus , but formally this has to be done in a scientific journal before it is valid . javed et al . , 2010 have studied the descriptions of these two species and concluded that they do not belong to the genus buthoscorpio . this decsision was also supported by lourenco , 2012 . the two taxa are now buthidae incertae sedis and are not included in the total number species in buthidae .\ncentruroides marx , 1890 ( 91 ) c . alayoni armas , 1999 * c . altagraciae teruel , de armas & kovarik , 2015 * c . anchorellus armas , 1976 c . arctimanus ( armas , 1976 ) c . baergi hoffmann , 1932 * c . balsasensis ponce & francke , 2004 * c . bani armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 c . baracoae armas , 1976 * c . barbudensis ( pocock , 1898 ) c . bertholdii ( thorell , 1876 ) c . bicolor ( pocock , 1898 )\ncharmus karsch , 1879 ( 5 ) c . brignolii louren\u00e7o , 2000 * c . indicus hirst , 1915 c . laneus karsch , 1879 c . saradieli kovarik , loewe , ranawana , hoferek & jayarathne 2016 * c . sinhagadensis tikader & bastawade , 1983\nchaneke francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * ( 4 ) c . aliciae ( armas & frias , 1998 ) * c . baldazoi kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 * c . fogoso francke , teruel & santibanez - lopez , 2014 * c . hofereki kovarik , teruel & lowe , 2016 *\ncicileiurus teruel , 2007 * ( 1 ) c . monticola teruel , 2007 *\ncicileus vachon , 1948 ( 5 ) c . exilis ( pallary , 1928 ) c . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o , 1999 * c . hoggarensis louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2015 * c . latellai louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2015 * c . montanus louren\u00e7o & rossi , 2015 *\nfemtobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 1 ) f . shutuae lowe , 2010 *\ngint kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * ( 10 ) g . amoudensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . calviceps ( pocock , 1900 ) g . dabakalo kovarik & mazuch , 2015 * g . gaitako kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2013 * g . gubanensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . insolitus ( borelli , 1925 ) * ( nomen dubium ) g . maidensis kovarik , lowe , just , awale , elmi & stahlavsky , 2018 * g . marialuisae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . monicae rossi , 2015 * ( nomen dubium ) g . puntlandus kovarik & mazuch , 2015 *\ngrosphus simon , 1880 ( 31 ) g . ankarafantsika louren\u00e7o , 2003 * g . ankarana louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2003 * g . annulatus fage , 1929 g . bicolor louren\u00e7o , 2012 * g . bistriatus kraepelin , 1900 g . darainensis louren\u00e7o , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . eliseanneae louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2016 * g . feti louren\u00e7o , 1996 g . flavopiceus kraepelin , 1900 g . ganzhorni louren\u00e7o , wilme & waeber , 2016 * g . garciai louren\u00e7o , 2001 * g . goudoti louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2006 * g . grandidieri kraepelin , 1900 g . halleuxi louren\u00e7o , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . hirtus kraepelin , 1900 g . intertidalis louren\u00e7o , 1999 * g . limbatus ( pocock , 1889 ) g . madagascariensis ( gervais , 1843 ) g . magalieae louren\u00e7o , 2014 * g . makay louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2015 * g . mandena louren\u00e7o , 2005 * g . mahafaliensis louren\u00e7o , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . mayottensis louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2009 * g . olgae louren\u00e7o , 2004 * g . polskyi louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2007 * g . rakotoariveloi louren\u00e7o , wilme , soarimalala & waeber , 2017 * g . rossii louren\u00e7o , 2013 * g . sabineae louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2016 * g . simoni louren\u00e7o , goodman & ramilijaona , 2004 * g . voahangyae louren\u00e7o & wilme 2015 * g . waeberi louren\u00e7o & wilme , 2016 *\nhemibuthus pocock , 1900 ( 2 ) h . crassimanus ( pocock , 1897 ) h . umarii amir , kamaluddin & khan , 2004 *\nhemilychas hirst , 1911 ( 1 ) h . alexandrinus ( hirst , 1911 )\nheteroctenus pocock , 1893 * ( 9 ) h . abudi ( armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 ) * h . aridicola ( teruel et armas , 2012 ) * h . bonettii ( armas 1999 ) * h . garridoi ( armas , 1974 ) * h . gibarae ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . granulimanus ( teruel , 2006 ) * h . junceus ( herbst , 1800 ) * h . melloleitaoi ( teruel et armas , 2006 ) * h . princeps ( karsch , 1879 ) *\nischnotelson esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 2 ) i . guanambiensis ( lenarducci , pinto - da - rocha & lucas , 2005 ) * i . peruassu esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *\nisometroides keyserling , 1885 ( 1 ) i . vescus ( karsch , 1880 )\nisometrus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 7 ) i . atherii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . formosus pocock , 1894 i . isadensis tikander & bastawade , 1983 * i . liaqatii amir & kamaluddin , 2008 * i . maculatus ( degeer , 1778 ) i . thurstoni pocock , 1893 i . thwaitesi pocock , 1897\njaguajir esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 ( 3 ) j . agamemmon ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) * j . pintoi ( mello - leit\u00e3o , 1932 ) * j . rochae ( borelli , 1910 ) *\nkraepelinia vachon , 1974 ( 1 ) k . palpator ( birula , 1903 )\nlanzatus kovarik , 2001 * ( 2 ) l . somalicus kovarik , 2001 * l . somalilandus kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 *\nleiurus ehrenberg , 1828 ( 12 ) l . abdullahbayrami yagmur , koc & kunt , 2009 * l . arabicus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . brachycentrus ( ehrenberg , 1829 ) * l . haenggii lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . heberti lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . hebraeus ( birula , 1908 ) * l . hoggarensis louren\u00e7o , kourim & sadine , 2018 * l . jordanensis louren\u00e7o , modry & amr , 2002 * l . macroctenus lowe , yagmur & kovarik , 2014 * l . quinquestriatus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) l . savanicola louren\u00e7o , qi & cloudsley - thompson , 2006 * l . somalicus louren\u00e7o , & rossi , 2016 *\nlissothus vachon , 1948 ( 3 ) l . bernardi vachon , 1948 l . chaambi louren\u00e7o & sadine , 2014 * l . occidentalis vachon , 1950\nlychas c . l . koch , 1845 ( 43 ) l . aareyensis mirza & sanap , 2010 * l . aberlenci louren\u00e7o , 2013 * l . albimanus henderson , 1919 l . armasi kovar\u00edk , 2013 * l . armillatus ( gervais , 1841 ) * l . asper ( pocock , 1891 ) l . biharensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . braueri ( kraepelin , 1986 ) l . brehieri louren\u00e7o , 2017 * l . buchardi kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . burdoi ( simon , 1882 ) l . cernickai kovar\u00edk , 2013 * l . farkasi kovarik , 1997 l . flavimanus ( thorell , 1888 ) l . gravelyi henderson , 1913 l . hendersoni ( pocock , 1897 ) l . heurtaultae kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . hillyardi kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . hosei ( pocock , 1891 ) l . inexpectatus louren\u00e7o , 2011 * l . kaimana louren\u00e7o , 2011 * ( nomen dubium ) l . kamshetensis tikader & bastawade , 1983 l . kharpadi bastawade , 1986 l . krali kovar\u00edk , 1995 l . laevifrons pocock , 1897 l . louren\u00e7oi kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . marmoreus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) l . mjobergi kraepelin , 1916 l . mucronatus ( fabricius . 1798 ) l . nigristernis ( pocock , 1899 ) l . obsti kraepelin , 1913 l . perfidus ( keyserling , 1885 ) l . rackae kovar\u00edk , 1997 l . rugosus ( pocock , 1897 ) l . santoensis louren\u00e7o , 2009 * l . scaber ( pocock , 1893 ) l . scutilus c . l . koch , 1845 l . serratus ( pocock , 1891 ) l . shelfordi ( borelli , 1904 ) l . shoplandi ( oates , 1888 ) l . srilankensis lorenco , 1997 l . tricarinatus ( simon , 1884 ) l . variatus ( thorell , 1876 )\nmauritanobuthus qi & louren\u00e7o , 2007 * ( 1 ) m . geniezi qi & louren\u00e7o , 2007 *\nmesobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 25 ) m . agnetis ( werner , 1936 ) m . bolensis sun , zhu & louren\u00e7o , 2010 * m . brutus fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . caucasicus ( nordmann , 1840 ) m . cyprius gantenbein & kropf , 2000 * m . elenae fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . eupeus ( c . l . koch , 1839 ) m . extremus ( werner , 1936 ) m . fuscus ( birula , 1897 ) * m . gallianoi ythier , 2018 * m . gibbosus ( brulli , 1832 ) m . gorelovi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . intermedius ( birula , 1897 ) * m . karshius sun & sun , 2011 * m . kaznakovi ( birula , 1904 ) * m . kreuzbergi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . longichelus sun & zhu , 2010 * m . macmahoni ( pocock , 1900 ) m . martensii ( karsch , 1879 ) m . mischi fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nenilini fet , kovarik , gantenbein , kaiser , stewart & graham , 2018 * m . nigrocinctus ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) * m . parthorum ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . phillipsi ( pocock , 1889 ) * m . vesiculatus ( pocock , 1899 )\nmesotityus gonzalez - sponga , 1981 ( 1 ) m . vondangeli gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 1981\nmicrobuthus kraepelin , 1898 ( 7 ) m . fagei vachon , 1949 m . flavorufus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2007 * m . gardneri lowe , 2010 * m . kristensenorum lowe , 2010 * m . litoralis ( pavesi , 1885 ) m . maroccanus louren\u00e7o , 2002 * m . satyrus lowe , kovarik , stockmann & stahlavsky , 2018 *\nmicrocharmus louren\u00e7o , 1995 ( 38 ) m . bemaraha louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o , 1995 m . confluenciatus louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . duhemi louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . fisheri louren\u00e7o , 1998 m . hauseri louren\u00e7o , 1996 m . jussarae louren\u00e7o , 1996 * m . maculatus louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . madagascariensis louren\u00e7o , 1999 * m . pauliani ( louren\u00e7o , 2004 ) * m . sabineae louren\u00e7o , 1996 m . variegatus louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 * m . violaceous louren\u00e7o , goodman & fisher , 2006 *\nmicrotityus kjellesvig - waering , 1966 ( 38 ) m . angelaerrosae gonz\u00e1les - sponga , 2001 * m . barahona armas & teruel , 2012 * m . biordi gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 1970 m . bivicentorum botero - trujillo , erazo - moreno & perez , 2009 * m . borincanus teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . capayaensis gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . consuelo armas & marcano fondeur , 1987 m . desuzeae gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . difficilis teruel & armas , 2006 * m . dominicanensis santiago - blay , 1985 m . farleyi teruel , 2000 * m . flavescens teruel , 2001 * m . franckei botero - trujillo & noriega , 2008 * m . fundorai armas , 1974 m . guantanamo armas , 1984 m . iviei armas , 1999 * m . jaumei armas , 1974 m . joseantonioi gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 1981 m . kovariki teruel & infante , 2007 * m . lantiguai armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . litoralensis gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . lourencoi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . minimus kovarik & teruel , 2014 * m . paucidentatus armas & marcano fondeur , 1992 m . prendini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . pusillus teruel & kovarik , 2012 * m . reini armas & teruel , 2012 * m . rickyi kjellesvig - waering , 1966 m . santosi teruel , rivera & sanchez , 2014 * m . sevciki gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 * m . solegladi armas & teruel , 2012 * m . starri louren\u00e7o & huber , 1999 * m . trinitensis armas , 1974 m . vanzolinii lorenco & eickstedt , 1983 m . vieques teruel , rivera & santos , 2015 * m . virginiae armas , 1999 * m . waeringi francke & sissom , 1980 m . yaracuyanus gonz\u00e1lez - sponga , 2001 *\nneobuthus hirst , 1911 ( 7 ) n . awashensis kovarik & lowe , 2012 * n . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o , 2001 * n . berberensis ( hirst , 1911 ) n . eritreaensis lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . ferrugineus ( kraepelin , 1898 ) * n . kutcheri lowe & kovarik , 2016 * n . sudanensis louren\u00e7o , 2005 *\nneogrosphus louren\u00e7o , 1995 ( 3 ) n . andrafiabe louren\u00e7o , wilme & waeber 2015 * n . blanci louren\u00e7o , 1996 n . griveaudi ( vachon , 1969 )\nodontobuthus vachon , 1950 ( 6 ) o . bidentatus ( louren\u00e7o & pezier , 2002 ) * o . brevidigitus lowe , 2010 * o . doriae ( thorell , 1876 ) o . odonturus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . tavighiae navidpour , soleglad , fet & kovarik , 2013 * o . tirgari mirshamsi , azghadi , navidpour , aliabadian & kovarik , 2013 *\northochiroides kovar\u00edk , 1998 ( 3 ) o . insularis ( pocock , 1889 ) * o . socotrensis kovar\u00edk , 2004 * o . vachoni kovar\u00edk , 1998\northochirus karsch , 1891 ( 36 ) o . afar kovarik , lowe & stahlavsky , 2016 * o . afghanus kovarik , 2004 * o . aristidis ( simon , 1882 ) o . atarensis louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . bastawadei zambre , mirza , sanap , upadhye & javed , 2011 * o . bicolor ( pocock , 1897 ) o . blandini ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . cloudsleythompsoni louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . danielleae ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . erardi ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . farzanpayi ( vachon & farzanpay , 1987 ) * o . feti kovarik , 2004 * o . flavescens ( pocock , 1897 ) o . fuscipes ( pocock , 1900 ) o . glabrifrons ( kraepelin , 1903 ) * o . gromovi kovarik , 2004 * o . gruberi kovarik & fet , 2006 * o . heratensis kovarik , 2004 * o . innesi simon , 1910 o . iranus kovarik , 2004 * o . iraqus kovarik , 2004 * o . jalalabadensis kovarik , 2004 * o . kaspareki ( louren\u00e7o & huber , 2000 ) * o . kinzelbachi ( louren\u00e7o & huber , 2000 ) * o . krishnai tikader & bastawade , 1983 o . maroccanus louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . minor louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . monodi ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1997 ) * o . pallidus ( pocock , 1897 ) o . samrchelsis kovarik , 2004 * o . scrobiculosus ( grube , 1873 ) o . stockwelli ( louren\u00e7o & vachon , 1995 ) * o . tassili louren\u00e7o & leguin , 2011 * o . tibesti louren\u00e7o , duhem & cloudsley - thompson , 2012 * o . varius kovarik , 2004 * o . zagrosensis kovarik , 2004 *\npantobuthus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) p . complicatus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 *\nparabuthus pocock , 1890 ( 33 ) p . abyssinicus ( pocock , 1901 ) * p . brevimanus ( thorell , 1876 ) p . calvus purcell , 1898 p . capensis ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . cimrmani kovarik , 2004 * p . distridor lamoral , 1980 p . eritreaensis kovarik , 2003 * p . glabrimanus prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . gracilis lamoral , 1979 p . granimanus pocock , 1895 p . granulatus ( ehrenberg , 1831 ) p . hamar kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . heterurus pocock , 1899 p . hunteri pocock , 1895 p . kajibu kovarik , lowe , pliskova & stahlavsky , 2016 * p . kalaharicus lamoral , 1977 p . kraepelini werner , 1902 p . kuanyamarum monrad , 1937 p . laevifrons ( simon , 1888 ) p . liosoma ( ehrenberg , 1828 ) p . maximus werner , 1913 p . mossambicensis ( peters , 1861 ) p . muelleri prendini , 2000 * p . namibensis lamoral , 1979 p . nanus lamoral , 1979 p . pallidus pocock , 1895 p . planicauda ( pocock , 1889 ) p . raudus ( simon , 1888 ) p . schlechteri purcell , 1899 p . setiventer prendini & esposito , 2010 * p . stridulus hewitt , 1913 p . transvaalicus purcell , 1899 p . villosus ( peters , 1862 )\npectinibuthus fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984 ( 1 ) p . birulai fet in orlov & vasilyev , 1984\nphysoctonus mello - leitao , 1934 * ( 3 ) p . amazonicus louren\u00e7o , 2017 * p . debilis ( c . l . koch , 1840 ) * p . striatus esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *\npicobuthus lowe , 2010 * ( 2 ) p . dundoni lowe , 2010 * p . wahibaensis lowe , 2010 *\npolisius fet , capes & sissom , 2001 * ( 1 ) p . persicus fet , capes & sissom , 2001 *\npseudolychas kraepelin , 1911 ( 3 ) p . ochraceus ( hirst , 1911 ) p . pegleri ( purcell , 1901 ) p . transvaalicus lawrence , 1961\npseudouroplectes louren\u00e7o , 1995 ( 5 ) p . betschi louren\u00e7o , 1995 p . lalyae louren\u00e7o & ythier , 2010 * p . maculatus louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2006 * p . pidgeoni louren\u00e7o & goodman , 1999 * p . tsingy louren\u00e7o , wilme & waeber , 2016 *\nrazianus farzanpay , 1987 ( 4 ) r . birulai tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . farzanpayi tahir , navidpour & prendini , 2014 * r . xinjianganus lourenco , sun & zhu , 2010 * r . zarudnyi ( birula , 1903 )\nreddyanus vachon , 1972 * ( 27 ) r . acanthurus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . assamensis ( oates , 1888 ) * r . basilicusi ( karsch , 1879 ) * r . besucheti ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . bilyi ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . brachycentrus ( pocock , 1899 ) * r . ceylonensis kovarik , lowe , ranawana , hoferek , jayarathne & stahlavsky , 2016 * r . corbeti ( tikander & batawade , 1983 ) * r . deharvengi ( louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2010 ) * r . feti ( kovar\u00edk , 2013 ) * r . heimi ( vachon , 1976 ) * r . jayarathnei kovarik , 2016 * r . jendeki ( kovar\u00edk , 2013 ) * r . khammamensis ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . krasenskyi ( kovar\u00edk , 1998 ) * r . kurkai ( kovar\u00edk , 1997 ) * r . loebli ( vachon , 1982 ) * r . melanodactylus ( l . koch , 1867 ) * r . navaiae ( kovar\u00edk , 1998 ) * r . neradi ( kovar\u00edk , 2013 ) * r . petrzelkai ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . problematicus ( kovar\u00edk , 2003 ) * r . ranawanai kovarik , 2016 * r . rigidulus ( pocock , 1897 ) * r . tibetanus ( louren\u00e7o & zhu , 2008 ) * r . vittatus ( pocock , 1900 ) r . zideki ( kovar\u00edk , 1994 ) *\nrhopalurus thorell , 1876 ( 3 ) r . caribensis teruel & roncallo , 2008 * r . laticauda thorell , 1876 r . ochoai esposito , yamaguti , souza , pinto da roacha & prendini , 2017 *\nsaharobuthus louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 * ( 1 ) s . elegans louren\u00e7o & duhem , 2009 *\nsassandiothus farzanpay , 1987 ( 2 ) s . gracilis ( birula , 1900 ) * s . zarudnyi ( birula , 1900 )\nthaicharmus kovar\u00edk , 1995 ( 4 ) t . guptai mirza , sanap & kunte , 2016 * t . indicus kovar\u00edk , 1995 t . lowei kovar\u00edk , soleglad & fet , 2007 * t . mahunkai kovar\u00edk , 1995\ntityobuthus pocock , 1893 ( 19 ) t . antsingy louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2004 * t . baroni ( pocock , 1890 ) t . betschi louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . chelbergorum louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . darainensis louren\u00e7o & goodman , 2002 * t . dastychi louren\u00e7o , 1997 t . griswoldi louren\u00e7o , 2000 * t . guillaumeti louren\u00e7o , 1995 t . ivohibe louren\u00e7o & goodman , 1999 * t . judsoni louren\u00e7o , 1996 t . lokobe louren\u00e7o , waeber & wilme , 2016 * t . manonae louren\u00e7o , 2000 * t . mccarteri louren\u00e7o , qi & goodman , 2008 * t . monodi louren\u00e7o , 2000 * t . pallidus louren\u00e7o , 2004 * t . parrilloi louren\u00e7o , 1996 t . petrae louren\u00e7o , 1996 t . pococki louren\u00e7o , 1995 t . rakotondravonyi louren\u00e7o , 2003 *\ntityopsis armas , 1974 ( 2 ) t . inaequalis ( armas , 1974 ) t . inexpectata ( moreno , 1940 )\nuroplectes peters , 1861 ( 34 ) u . ansiedippenaarae prendini , 2015 * u . carinatus ( pocock , 1890 ) u . chubbi hirst , 1911 u . emiliae ( werner , 1916 ) u . fischeri ( karsch , 1879 ) u . flavoviridis peters , 1861 u . formosus pocock , 1890 u . gracilior hewitt , 1914 u . insignis pocock , 1890 u . katangensis prendini , 2015 * u . lineatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . longimanus werner , 1936 u . machadoi louren\u00e7o , 2000 * u . malawicus prendini , 2015 * u . marlothi purcell , 1901 u . ngangelarum monard , 1930 u . occidentalis simon , 1876 u . olivaceus pocock , 1896 u . otjimbinguensis ( karsch , 1879 ) u . pardalis werner , 1913 u . pardii kovarik , 2003 * u . pictus werner , 1913 u . pilosus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . planimanus ( karsch , 1879 ) u . schlechteri purcell , 1901 u . schubotzi kraepelin , 1929 u . silvestrii borelli , 1913 u . teretipes lawrence , 1966 u . triangulifer ( thorell , 1876 ) u . tumidimanus lamoral , 1979 u . variegatus ( c . l . koch , 1844 ) u . vittatus ( thorell , 1876 ) u . xanthogrammus pocock , 1897 u . zambezicus prendini , 2015 *\nvachoniolus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 ( 4 ) v . batinahensis lowe , 2010 * v . gallagheri lowe , 2010 * v . globimanus levy , amitai & shulov , 1973 v . iranus navidpour , kovarik , soleglad & fet , 2008 *\nvachonus tikader & bastawade , 1983 ( 4 ) v . asiyaae amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . inexpectatus louren\u00e7o , 2015 * v . iqbali amir & kamaluddin , 2009 * [ nomina dubia ] v . rajasthanicus tikader & bastawade , 1983\nxenobuthus lowe , 2018 * ( 3 ) x . anthracinus ( pocock , 1895 ) * x . arabicus ( louren\u00e7o & qi , 2006 ) * x . xanthus lowe , 2018 *\nzabius thorell , 1893 ( 3 ) z . birabeni mello - laeit\u00e3o , 1938 z . fuscus ( thorell , 1876 ) z . gaucho acosta , candido , buckup & brescovit , 2008 *\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\ni ' m going to quote figures straight from articles ( some require some calculations to give the same ld50 reference ) so draw your own conclusions . please read the section on ' other points to note ' to help you interpret the results . from this table alone , much can be learnt .\nthis list of scorpion ld50 is , by far , the longest i know on the net .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmanagement of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmanagement of the cardiovascular manifestations of poisoning by the indian red scorpion ( mesobuthus tamulus ) .\nthe efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .\n62 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nthe combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nnifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .\nby continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies . find out more here\nobjective \u2014the efficacy of nifedipine and prazosin in combination or alone in the management of cardiovascular manifestations caused to mesobuthus tamulus poisoning was investigated .\nsubjects \u201462 patients who had been stung by a red scorpion were admitted from january to december 1990 : 18 with hypertension , 15 with supraventricular tachycardia , 11 with pulmonary oedema , and 18 with local pain at the site of sting but no systemic involvement . two patients with massive life - threatening pulmonary oedema were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nresults \u2014the combination of nifedipine and prazosin was more successful in preventing myocardial damage in 16 patients with hypertension than was nifedipine alone in two other patients with hypertension . prazosin alone helped to alleviate the cardiovascular manifestations in eight patients with pulmonary oedema and 15 with supraventricular tachycardia . one patient with pulmonary oedema died and two recovered after they were given intravenous sodium nitroprusside .\nconclusion \u2014nifedipine alone did not prevent myocardial damage unless the peripheral action of venom was blocked by prazosin .\nif you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the copyright clearance center\u2019s rightslink service . you will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 bmj publishing group ltd & british cardiovascular society . all rights reserved .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use this site , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . learn more .\ni know there are tons of care sheets already here , but still there are couple or so inquiries on how i keep mine . a friend suggested to post it here .\ntemperature : average 29 - 32c at day and 27 - 28 at night .\nbasically i use coco husk or coco dust for substrate and misting 2x a week . remember not to mist directly at the scorpion .\ni started with one female and ended up with more then i can handle . so better think about taking of more 1 - 2 , cause when they start popping there ' s no stopping them : razz :\nto all people who have availed our free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion .\nthats not even the whole collection of hh its only partial . < edit > hehehehe !\nto all people who have availed my free hh . this caresheet is all base from our own experience . this by far is the best in my own humble opinion . very very detailed ! the best ! this is very highly recommended ! kudos to you my friend ryan88 !\nwhat ever the sex of hh you get you ' ll end up getting slings .\ntheyre 2i so i hope its a female : / i heard theres rare cases of males . how many have you gotten ?\nout of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating . i think this is the only photo or record of hh mating . again we might not be sure if theres any record of hh mating but this could be the first one .\nthou both male and female produces slings . female gives more slings than males .\noriginally posted by vixvy out of 3 broods of 30 ' s we got 5 - 6pcs of male only . i asked my friend ryan88 to post some photos of hh mating .\nsorry bro , relayed you the wrong information . out of 30 females 5 - 6 males were produce from their brood .\nhere ' s a couple of photos taken while mating . this was taken 3 years back . it was by accident when i about to make a communal set up for adults .\nmating was succesful , however no brood was produce . still don ' t know why ? both are now deceased .\nso far i haven ' t use any hides for them from slings to adults , no problem so far . 78f ( that ' s 25 . 5c ) that seems to be too cold for them . their methabolism will go slower and will refuse to eat .\nso far no data yet . both never poduced any brood , the male died after 2 months and the female died 3 months after mating . probably from old age"]}
{"id": 1035, "summary": [{"text": "peloridium hammoniorum is a species of moss bug from southern south america , and is the only known species in the genus peloridium .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was first described in 1897 by gustav breddin from a specimen found at puerto toro on navarin island in tierra del fuego .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "a swedish expedition collected a second specimen in a forest on the brunswick peninsula near punta arenas , chile , and haglund unknowingly described it as a new genus and species ( nordenskjoldiella insignis ) , but it later proved to be a sub-brachypterous female corresponding with the macropterous male described by breddin .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "peloridium hammoniorum is the only peloridiidae that has both a flying and a flightless form , all others have only flightless forms . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "peloridium hammoniorum", "paragraphs": ["breddin . 1897 . in michaelsen [ ed . ] . ergebnisse der hamburger magalhaensischen sammelreise , 1892 / 93 , 2 . 10 > > note : original description > > peloridium hammoniorum urn : lsid : coleorrhyncha . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 132\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncoleorrhyncha species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npohlia cruda ( hedw . ) lindb . ( bryaceae ) according to burckhardt ( 2009 ) [ confirmed ]\npolytrichum strictum menzies ex brid . ( polytrichaceae ) according to burckhardt ( 2009 ) [ confirmed ]\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 1037, "summary": [{"text": "the long-toed skink , oligosoma longipes , is a species of skink of the family scincidae , endemic to new zealand .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it was first described by geoff patterson in 1997 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is only known from a few sites in the south island of new zealand and little is known of its habits .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it seems to prefer dry , rocky habitats , usually eroding stream terraces or scree slopes .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is diurnal and heliothermic .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "maximum snout-vent length is about 70 mm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "long - toed skink", "paragraphs": ["rangitata skink : discovered in canterbury early this year during a doc survey . much larger relative of the long - toed skink . chestnut brown with very prominent pale stripes . indications are it is a distinct species that does not interbreed with the long - toed skink despite occupying same habitat .\nfrom latin \u201clongus\u201d ( = long ) and latin \u201cpes\u201d ( = foot ) , referring to the long toes .\nlong - toed skink . it is only been found in a few sites in the south island of new zealand and little is known of its habits . it seems to prefer dry , \u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nthe long - toed skink ( oligosoma longipes ) is a small to medium endemic skink that grows up to 67mm long its dorsal ( back ) is grey - brown , with distinctive paler and dark spots and flecks and rudimentary darker strip down the middle of its back . the sides have a broad dark - coloured stripe edged with pale , notched stripes . the belly is grey with dark speckles . its most distinctive feature is exceptionally long toes and tail .\nwhile five species had improved their threat status in the past five years , the mackenzie basin and long - toed skink ' s status increased due to potential threats from rabbit - driven predator irruptions as well as the new threat of dairy conversion destroying habitat .\nlong - toed skink , oligosoma longipes patterson , 1997 , collected 08 feb 1972 , alma river , 3 miles e of tarndale , new zealand . gift of landcare research \u2013 manaaki whenua , 2012 . cc by - nc - nd licence . te papa ( re . 004973 )\n. . . several smaller skink species ( southern grass skink o . aff . polychroma clade 5 ( formerly called common skink ) , mccann ' s skink o . maccanni and cryptic skink o . inconspicuum ; nomenclature based on hitchmough et al . ( 2013 ) and bell ( 2014 ) ) are common in this region . in 2006 , we used artificial retreats ( also known as cover boards or artificial cover objects ) to sample these small skinks in three different predator management treatments at macraes flat ( wilson et al . 2007 ) . . . .\nwhirinaki skink : discovered last year in a forest clearing in whirinaki and still known only from video footage . appears to be different from all known species . it has a distinct colour pattern ( brown with indistinct long stripes ) , head shape and scale count .\nsinbad valley skink : discovered in march in the mountains of fiordland during a survey for geckos . large , spectacularly coloured and unlike any other known species \u2013 black with green spots on the back and salmon - pink spots on the sides . unusually long toes and tail .\nnew zealand has a diverse , endemic skink fauna , which is recognised as the most species rich skink assemblage of any cool temperate region on earth . all native new zealand skink species are assigned to a single genus , oligosoma girard . a new species of oligosoma is described from screes in montane tussock grassland in the mid - canterbury high country , new zealand , where it is currently known . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthey were hopeful they would be able to fulfil their long - term goal of re - establishing populations in the wild but in the meantime they need protection from predators , prof burns said .\nsince the recovery programme had been in place , skink numbers had improved in managed situations such as within enclosures and areas were predators numbers were controlled .\namong those were skink populations in the west of the south island which while the same species were genetically different , but not much was known about their status or range .\nthe purpose of this application , under article 75 . 6 of the code , is to conserve the specific name of the name oligosoma aeneum ( girard , 1857 ) , widely used for a species of new zealand skink , commonly known as the copper skink . we have found tiliqua ornata gray , 1843 ( currently oligosoma ornatum ) to be a senior subjective synonym and the oldest available name for this species . the name . . . [ show full abstract ]\nte kakahu skink : discovered in 2002 on an island in fiordland . so far has only be found in one small area of low , open vegetation at the top of a cliff . has distinct colour pattern differences to other species , and different scale counts .\ngrand and otago skink recovery programme chairwoman prof carolyn burns , of the university of otago , said she thoroughly agreed with the classification which considered the population had not yet progressed far enough to off - set the declines in other parts of the species ' ranges .\nwe have at least 80 species and subspecies of lizard that we know of and we are still finding more . in the past two and a half years , we believe four new species of skink and three new species of gecko have been discovered . two of these species were spotted for the first time this year .\n. . . gemmeus ; mccann 1955 ) is a moderate - sized ( total length up to 160 mm ) , diurnal , cryptic , arboreal lizard , only found in the southeast of the south island , new zealand ( jewell & mcqueen , 2007 ) . it is one of nine species of the endemic genus naultinus and is ranked ' at risk , declining ' according to the threat classification system of the new zealand department of conservation ( doc ; hitchmough et al . , 2013 ) . jewelled geckos are long - lived , viviparous geckos and produce a maximum of two offspring per year ( cree , 1994 ) . . . .\nbeing cold - blooded , it needs warmth to digest food and is commonly seen basking in the sun on warm rocks . as it was only discovered in 1997 , little is known about it .\ncommonly found in the stomach contents predators . any conservation work to reduce the number of pest mammals is likely to benefit them\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nseven entirely new species of lizard have been discovered in new zealand in the past two and a half years .\nthe discoveries made in both the north and south islands were announced today by conservation minister chris carter to kick off this year ' s conservation week ( august 2 - 7 ) .\nfew people realise that in addition to our unique native bird life , weta and giant snails , new zealand is home to a wider variety of lizards than almost any other temperate country in the world . this is a consequence of our environment being isolated from other land masses for 85 million years ,\nmr carter said .\nthe fact we continue to discover so many new species demonstrates how much we still have to learn about what lives around us , and our impact upon them ,\nmr carter said .\nmount benson gecko / split rostral gecko : these probable new species were found in the kahurangi national park , the first in 2002 , and the other in 2003 . they appear to be quite different from other species , and each other . the split rostral species differs from all other geckos in the world , not just new zealand , because the scale at the tip of its nose is divided in two . genetic studies are now being made of these species .\nmoke valley gecko : discovered in the south island high country during tenure review in 2002 . a large robust gecko , which genetic tests have established is different from a similar gecko species discovered near wanaka in 1997 .\ntype locality : alma river , 5 km east of tarndale , marlborough , 173\u00b0 05\u2019 e , 42\u00b0 10\u2019 s .\nhitchmough , rodney a . ; geoffrey b . patterson , and david g . chapple 2016 . putting a name to diversity : taxonomy of the new zealand lizard fauna in : chapple , d . g . ( ed ) . new zealand lizards . springer , pp . 87 - 108 - get paper here\npatterson , g . b . 1997 . south island skinks of the genus oligosoma : description of o . longipes n . sp . with redescription of o . otagense ( mccann ) and o . waimatense ( mccann ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 27 ( 4 ) : 439 - 450 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nyou are not permitted to download , save or email this image . visit image gallery to purchase the image .\na revision of the threat status of new zealand ' s reptiles has shown otago and grand skinks have recovered dramatically in managed areas at macraes flat , while other populations continue to decline .\nhowever , the recovery did not yet meet the threshold for their threat classification to change , a study in the new zealand journal of zoology says .\nthe two species were among the six assessed as being at greatest risk of extinction ( nationally critical ) and all were from the south island , in the study led by the department of conservation .\nwe ' re optimistic . it ' s good news they are showing a response .\nthe status of the population as a whole , particularly those which were not within those controlled areas remained in the high risk categories , she said .\nmanaging the populations was slow and expensive work due to the skinks slow reproductive rate .\nthe study said despite considering public submissions on otago peninsula ' s jewelled gecko suggesting it was taxonomically distinct , it listed as at risk - declining due to numerous records of the skinks in canterbury and western otago .\n( pdf ) conservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 2\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nconservation status of new zealand reptiles , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 2\nthe conservation status of all known new zealand reptile taxa was reassessed using the new zealand threat classification system ( nztcs ) . a full list is presented , along with a statistical summary and brief notes on the most important changes . this list replaces all previous nztcs lists for reptiles .\nassessed in 2009 ( hitchmough et al . 2010 ) and 2012 ( this document ) .\nable 3 . statistical summary of status changes of reptiles between 2009 ( hitchmough et al . 2010 ) and 2012\n. . . not dependent on alpine habitat ( facultative user ) . only three species are obligate users of the alpine zone ( i . e . restricted to it for at least part of their life history ) : hutton ' s shearwaters ( puffinus huttoni ) , takah\u0113 ( porphyrio hochstetteri ) and rock wrens ( xenicus gilviventris ) . hutton ' s shearwaters goodman et al . 2013 ; robertson et al . 2013 ; hitchmough et al . 2016 . 2 . dependence on alpine zone : obligate = restricted to the alpine zone for at least part of its life history ; primary = lives in a range of lowland , montane and alpine habitats but the alpine zone is an important habitat ; facultative = can occur incidentally or locally in the alpine zone but is not dependent on it . 3 . use code : f = feed , . . .\n. . . about 75 % of alpine lizards are threatened or at risk ( table 1 ; hitchmough et al . 2016 ) but as with other alpine species groups , there are few data on impacts of predators on alpine lizards . there is a perception that high altitude lizard sites are rarely visited by mammalian predators ( patterson & bell 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . recaptured animals were released quickly after recording their toe - code . otago skinks , which are nationally endangered ( hitchmough et al . 2013 ) , were released promptly with no marking or measuring . . . .\n. . . furthermore , some species statuses have improved over time with conservation management that has included , but has not been restricted to , fenced subpopulations ( gummer et al . , 2015 ) . for example , the conservation status of otago oligisoma otagense and grand skinks o . grande improved from nationally critical to nationally endangered between 2009 and 2012 as a result of successful conservation management that included protecting some populations within pest - proof fenced areas and others in areas subject to landscape - scale predator control networks ( reardon et al . , 2012 ; hitchmough et al . , 2013 ) , although the former remains endangered on the iucn red list ( chapple , 2010 ) and the latter ' s assessment is out of date . hitchmough ( 2013 ) solid lines indicate causal relationships and / or feedbacks while dotted lines indicate actions . . . .\n. . . data ) implying that no males remained in the release area or were available for mating , we suspect that the likelihood and / or speed of population growth and establishment may be hampered when a pen is not used for naultinus gecko translocations . a secondary advantage of penning is that it assists monitoring of the translocated population during the initial stages of population establishment and can provide invaluable information on poorly known taxa ( which is the case for many new zealand lizards ; hare et al . , 2007 ; hitchmough et al . , 2013 ) . little is published on the movement patterns of either natural or translocated populations of naultinus geckos , but available information suggests substantial variability among species and populations . . . .\n. . . they are therefore a difficult taxonomic group for which to obtain data on distribution and population size . as such , 41 % of new zealand ' s lizards are considered ' data poor ' and 4 % are so rarely encountered that their conservation status cannot be determined and they are considered ' data deficient ' ( townsend et al . 2008 ; hitchmough et al . 2013 ) . lizards have traditionally been surveyed and / or monitored by active searches ( whitaker 1967 ; todd 2005 ) , pitfall trapping ( whitaker 1982 ) and , more recently , the use of artificial retreats ( lettink & cree 2007 ; wilson et al . 2007 ) and funnel traps ( barr 2009 ; gebauer 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . once widespread in central otago ( south island , new zealand ) , these skinks have declined dramatically over the past century and now occupy only 8\u201310 % of their former range ( whitaker & loh 1995 ) . the species is now classified as ' nationally endangered ' ( hitchmough et al . 2013 ) . the only extant populations are present near the boundaries of their former range in the macraes flat and lindis / hawea districts ( whitaker & loh 1995 ) . . . .\n. . . granulatus ' southern forest ' , and toropuku aff . stephensi ' coromandel ' ) ( hitchmough et al . 2013 ) . . . .\na new species of scincid lizard in the genus oligosoma ( reptilia : scincidae ) from the mid - canterbury . . .\ncase 3510 cyclodina aenea girard , 1857 ( currently oligosoma aeneum ; reptilia , squamata , scincidae ) : . . .\nnew zealand ' s diverse lizard fauna is under threat , particularly from predation by invasive mammals and ongoing habitat destruction . advances in genetic techniques have greatly enhanced our understanding of the lizard fauna . previously sparse island populations of species have recovered strongly following eradication of pest mammals and translocations of lizards to newly mammal - free islands . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 1039, "summary": [{"text": "the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a bird species in the family thamnophilidae .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is found in roraima .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is severely threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it was listed as near threatened on the iucn red list in 2008 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in 2012 , it was assessed as critically endangered by birdlife international , which says the species likely to go extinct in twenty years if deforestation continues at its current pace . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "rio branco antbird", "paragraphs": ["rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family .\nthe rio branco antbird is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria )\ntitle =\narkive species - rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrio branco antbird the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family . it is found in brazil and guyana . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . it is threatened by habitat loss . see more at wikipedia . org . . . more\nthe rio branco antbird is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .\nphoto 1 : the critically endangered rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) \u00a9 mikael bauer . photo 2 : the rarotonga monarch ( pomarea dimidiata ) \u00a9 hugh robertson . both courtesy of iucn\nthe rio branco antbird was for long considered a brazilian endemic , where it is restricted to the middle rio branco and its tributaries , in the northernmost state of roraima , but it has very recently also been found to marginally range into adjacent southwest guyana , along the ireng river . the species was formerly considered to globally threatened ( vulnerable ) , but has relatively recently been re - listed as near threatened , based on a better knowledge of its distribution , which has also proved to be more widespread within brazil in the last decade . like several other cercomacra , the rio branco antbird prefers very dense , vine - laden gallery forests , as well as those on river islands , and is usually observed in pairs . its plumage ( black in males ) suggests that it forms a species group with the jet antbird ( cercomacra nigricans ) , mato grosso antbird ( cercomacra melanaria ) and the bananal antbird ( cercomacra ferdinandi ) .\namong the species at risk in the amazon are the now - critically endangered rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) , which was listed as\nnear threatened\njust four years ago . according to birdlife , the species has a very small range in brazil and guyana . the construction of new roads in the antbird ' s habitat has made it easier to clear land for cattle ranching and soy production . according to current projections , the antbird ' s habitat will disappear completely in 20 years .\nbirdlife also downgraded the hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) from the same rio branco region of brazil and guyana from\nendangered\nto\ncritically endangered .\nthe organization says the bird has just 206 square kilometers of suitable habitat , which could shrink 83 . 5 percent in the next 11 years .\npossible relationships of the rio branco antbird to other species in the genus . received 15 aug . 1996 , accepted 20 feb . 1996 . = as currently recognized , the genus cercomacra consists of 12 species ( sibley and monroe 1993 , bierregaard et al . 1997 , graves 1997 ) of me - dium - sized antbirds . the genus is poorly known , as evidenced by the discovery of two new species of cercomacra and the elevation of another subspecies to species in the last decade ( fitzpatrick and willard 1990 , bierregaard et al 1997 , graves 1997 ) . more\ndeforestation in the amazon has put nearly 100 bird species at greater risk of extinction , the international union for conservation of nature announced ( iucn ) on thursday . the news comes in conjunction with the release of the 2012 update on the world ' s bird species for the iucn red list of threatened species , data for which is compiled and updated every four years by conservation group birdlife international .\nin a prepared release about the red list update , birdlife blamed brazil ' s recently weakened forest code for increasing the rate of deforestation in that country . the new laws , a portion of which brazil president dilma rousseff vetoed in may , lowered the amount of forested land that farmers and ranchers are required to keep on their properties . leon bennun , birdlife director of science , policy and information , warned :\nwe have previously underestimated the risk of extinction that many of amazonia ' s bird species are facing .\nhe also said ,\nthe situation may be even worse than recent studies have predicted .\nthe 2012 red list update covers more than 10 , 000 bird species , 197 of which are listed as\ncritically endangered .\nan additional 389 species are listed as\nendangered ,\n727 as\nvulnerable ,\nand 880 as\nnear threatened .\nonly two species had their red list categories improved in this update . one of them , the rarotonga monarch ( pomarea dimidiata ) , has been upgraded from\nendangered\nto\nvulnerable .\nendemic to the cook islands in the south pacific , the monarch was down to its last 35 to 50 birds in 1983 . conservation efforts including a captive breeding program and the removal of alien predators such as black rats from the islands have increased the species ' s population to around 380 individuals .\nthe other species with a category improvement was the ua pou monarch ( pomarea mira ) of french polynesia . last officially recorded in 1985 , the bird was listed as extinct in 2006 . after an unconfirmed sighting in 2010 , the monarch is now listed by the iucn as\ncritically endangered ( possibly extinct ) .\nthat ' s not much of an improvement , but at least it is hope .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\njohn r . platt is the editor of the revelator . an award - winning environmental journalist , his work has appeared in scientific american , audubon , motherboard , and numerous other magazines and publications . his\nextinction countdown\ncolumn has run continuously since 2004 and has covered news and science related to more than 1 , 000 endangered species . john lives on the outskirts of portland , ore . , where he finds himself surrounded by animals and cartoonists .\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nlike most websites we use cookies . if you\u2019re happy with that , just carry on as normal ( close this bar ) - otherwise click here to find out more .\nspoon - billed sandpiper eurynorhynchus pygmeus was uplisted to critically endangered in birdlife ' s 2008 update to the iucn red list . photo : choi soon kyoo\none in eight of the world\u2019s bird species is globally threatened , and the fortunes of some 200 critically endangered species are now so perilous that they are at risk of imminent extinction . birdlife aims to improve the conservation status of all the world ' s birds , and hence species are often the starting point for our scientific research .\nthe birdlife secretariat is the red list authority for birds on the iucn red list , coordinating the process of evaluating all of the world\u2019s c . 10 , 000 bird species against the red list categories and criteria in order to assess their extinction risk .\nour detailed information on the threats to species and actions required helps to shape the conservation action implemented by the birdlife partnership through its preventing extinction programme , as well as by other organisations and initiatives including the alliance for zero extinction .\nvideo story : step into a desert island wilderness , where conservation work for turtles and birds is delivering heartening , long lasting , results : \u201cnow the fishermen work with us , they help us count the birds instead of killing them . they even adopt turtle nests . it is a big , big change . \u201d\nnew analysis reveals key factors that could help make or break a conservation project , and practitioners in africa and around the world can all benefit from their hard - won lessons .\nsince the seventies , millions of north american birds have disappeared and a third of species are now of conservation concern , a new report reveals .\nscientists and ngos are calling for a ban on veterinary diclofenac after finding it could kill as many as 6 , 000 vultures per year in spain , home to 95 % of the griffon vulture population .\ndeforestation since the turn of the century has driven at least 500 species of mammals , birds and amphibians closer to extinction , according to a new scientific study published in conservation biology journal .\nthis species , which has a small range and moderately small population , has been uplisted to critically endangered because a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin predicts that its population will decline extremely rapidly over the next three generations as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production , facilitated by expansion of the road network .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cercomacra carbonaria . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na male responding to tape , at eyelevel in it ' s favoured riverside thicket .\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of bird photos and video from around the world , or upload your own .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . it is becoming rare due to habitat loss .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 1040, "summary": [{"text": "glyphipterix codonias is a species of sedge moths in the genus glyphipterix .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1909 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "glyphipterix codonias", "paragraphs": ["glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by h\u00fcbner in 1825 .\nglyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by h\u00fcbner in 1825 .\nlandcare research is the custodian of a number of nationally significant biological and resource collections and databases .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6d9bc114 - c981 - 4fec - be34 - fc9fcf67cd2f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a48701b9 - 4bc9 - 4538 - 869b - bf4298f2d589\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6906e5a2 - 25bf - 4840 - 8e1a - 6aeb0f2a6656\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 486817\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . glyp 2 . glyph 3 . glyph bitmap distribution format 4 . glyph code 5 . glyph comic awards 6 . glyph comics awards 7 . glyph identifier 8 . glyph image 9 . glyph metrics 10 . glypha 11 . glyphe 12 . glyphea 13 . glypheidae 14 . glypheidea 15 . glypheoidea 16 . glypher 17 . glyphic 18 . glyphidocera alexandrae 19 . glyphidocera burpurae 20 . glyphidocera castanella 21 . glyphidocera cotis 22 . glyphidocera diciae 23 . glyphidocera fidem 24 . glyphidocera guaroa 25 . glyphidocera olivae\n76 . glyphographical 77 . glyphographs 78 . glyphography 79 . glypholecia 80 . glyphonycteris 81 . glyphopeltis 82 . glyphorynchus 83 . glyphosate 84 . glyphosate cas # 1071 - 83 - 6 85 . glyphosate cas # 1071 83 6 86 . glyphosate trimesium cas # 81591 - 81 - 3 87 . glyphosate trimesium cas # 81591 81 3 88 . glyphosates 89 . glyphosine 90 . glyphosine cas # 2439 - 99 - 8 91 . glyphosine cas # 2439 99 8 92 . glyphosphate 93 . glyphostoma 94 . glyphostoma gratula 95 . glyphostoma neglecta 96 . glyphostoma otohimeae 97 . glyphostoma rostrata 98 . glyphostylus 99 . glyphotes 100 . glyphoturris"]}
{"id": 1042, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia peregovitsi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to vietnam .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 \u2013 26 millimetres ( 0.98 \u2013 1.02 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale brown and the hindwings are white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia peregovitsi", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nmontgomery , sl 1983 . carnivorous caterpillars : the behavior , biogeography and conservation of eupithecia ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) in the hawaiian islands . geojournal 7 ( 6 ) : 549 - 556 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00218529\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawai ' ian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawai ' i ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawai ' i ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbiston mediolata ( n . jiang , d . y . xue & h . x . han , 2011 )\nnote : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles ."]}
{"id": 1043, "summary": [{"text": "pseudoeurycea mystax is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to mexico and only known from the area of its type locality near ayutla , oaxaca .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "its common name is mustache false brook salamander or mustached false brook salamander .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the specific name refers to the whitish protuberances on the lips that resemble a mustache in the frontal view of the male holotype . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "pseudoeurycea mystax", "paragraphs": ["pseudoeurycea mystax is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae . it is endemic to mexico .\npseudoeurycea mystax is a species of salamander in the plethodontidae family . it is endemic to mexico .\npseudoeurycea ( pseudoeurycea ) lineola \u2014 dubois and raffa\u00eblli , 2012 , alytes , 28 : 77 - 161 .\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . pseudoeurycea mystax . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t59388a53983330 . urltoken\nparra olea , g . & wake , d . 2004 . pseudoeurycea mystax . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .\npseudoeurycea unguidentis is a species of salamander in the plethodontidae family . it is endemic to mexico .\nnew salamanders of the plethodontid genus pseudoeurycea from the sierra madre del sur of mexico . american museum novitates ; no . 2314\nparra olea , g . & wake , d . 2004 . pseudoeurycea unguidentis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .\nreviewed by tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1\u20135 ( as lineatriton lineolus prior to the naming of lineatriton orchimelas and lineatriton orchileucos ) . parra - olea and wake , 2001 , proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 98 : 7888\u20137891 , suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that\nlineatriton\nlineolus is composed of at least two species , one more closely related to pseudoeurycea werleri and pseudoeurycea mystax and another , most closely related to pseudoeurycea leprosa . see comment under pseudoeurycea . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status ( as lineatriton lineolus ) in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 577 . raffa\u00eblli , 2013 , urodeles du monde , 2nd ed . : 270\u2013271 , provided a brief account , photograph , and map .\nreviewed by tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1 - 5 ( as lineatriton lineolus prior to the naming of lineatriton orchimelas and lineatriton orchileucos ) . parra - olea and wake , 2001 , proc . natl . acad . sci . usa , 98 : 7888 - 7891 , suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that\nlineatriton\nlineolus is composed of at least two species , one more closely related to pseudoeurycea werleri and pseudoeurycea mystax and another , most closely related to pseudoeurycea leprosa . see comment under pseudoeurycea . raffa\u017elli , 2007 , les urod\u0165les du monde : 223 - 224 , provided a brief account ( as lineatriton lineolus ) , photograph , and map . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status ( as lineatriton lineolus ) in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 577 .\npseudoeurycea lineola \u2014 frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de s\u00e1 , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 359 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 13 km 2 , it occurs in a single threat - defined location , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthis species is known only from near ayutla , east - central oaxaca , mexico , at 2 , 100 m asl . it is only known from one threat - defined location and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 13 km 2 .\nit is an uncommon species , having last been seen in 1999 ( lamoreux et al . 2015 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nthis species is a terrestrial inhabitant of pine - oak forest and madro\u00f1o ( arbutus forest ) . it can tolerate some habitat disturbance , as evidenced by the fact that a handful of small subpopulations survive in several tiny fragments of remaining habitat . it breeds by direct development and is not dependent upon water .\nthe major threat to this species is the extensive loss of habitat ( only small fragments of original habitat remain ) that has taken place due to agriculture ( including slash and burn practices ) , logging and human settlement .\nconservation actions this species has not been recorded in any protected areas . it is listed as\nthreatened\n( amenazada ) by mexican law . conservation needed there is an urgent need for the protection of forested areas near ayutla . research needed research is needed on its population size and distribution and to monitor its population trends .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is known only from near ayutla , east - central oaxaca , mexico , at 2 , 100 m asl . it is only known from one threat - defined location and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 13 km\n. 2015 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nthis species has not been recorded in any protected areas . it is listed as\nthreatened\n( amenazada ) by mexican law .\nresearch is needed on its population size and distribution and to monitor its population trends .\n, it occurs in a single threat - defined location , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nits natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 10 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nspelerpes lineolus cope , 1865 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 17 : 197 . holotype : not designated ; ansp 735 , according to dunn , 1926 , salamanders fam . plethodontidae : 423 , and malnate , 1971 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 123 : 348 . type locality :\ntable land , mexico\n; probably eastern central veracruz , mexico , according to smith and taylor , 1948 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 194 : 21 . restricted to\nmetlac\n, veracruz , mexico by smith and taylor , 1950 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 33 : 349 .\nopheobatrachus lineolus \u2014 cope , 1869 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 21 : 101 .\nspelerpes ( oedipus ) infuscatus peters , 1879 , monatsber . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin , 1879 : 778 . holotype : zmb 6556 according to bauer , g\u00fcnther , and klipfel , 1995 , in bauer et al . ( eds . ) , herpetol . contr . w . c . h . peters : 40 . type locality :\nhayti [ = haiti ] ; in error according to dunn , 1923 , proc . new england zool . club , 8 : 39 - 40 , who also made the synonymy ( but see wake , 1993 , herpetologica , 49 : 229 - 237 ) . type locality restricted to\nmetlac\n, veracruz , mexico by smith and taylor , 1950 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 33 : 349 .\ngeotriton lineolus \u2014 garman , 1884 , bull . essex inst . , 16 : 39 .\noedipina lineolus \u2014 cope , 1887 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 32 : 8 .\noedipina lineola \u2014 cope , 1896 , am . nat . , 30 : 1022 .\noedipus lineolus \u2014 fowler and dunn , 1917 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 69 : 21 . dunn , 1926 , salamanders fam . plethodontidae : 422 .\nlineatriton lineola \u2014 tanner , 1950 , great basin nat . , 10 : 39 .\nlineatriton lineolus \u2014 brodie , mendelson , and campbell , 2002 , herpetologica , 58 : 194 .\nveracruz worm salamander ( liner , 1994 , herpetol . circ . , 23 : 12 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 32 ; liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 33 ) .\nmexican slender salamander ( tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1\u20134 ) .\nknown only from a small area of pine - oak forest in the sierra madre oriental of veracruz , mexico , in the vicinity of cuautlapan , nearby barranca metlac , and jalapa , 800\u20131250 m elevation .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nthis species occurs in cerro san felipe / cerro san luis ( the type locality ) in north - central oaxaca , mexico . elevation 2 , 600 - 2 , 800 m asl . taxonomic status of specimens provisionally assigned to this species found in llano de las flores and cerro machin remain to be validated .\nparatype : taylor , e . h . 1941 . herpetologica . 2 ( 3 ) : 57 .\nthis taxon is found in the sierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests , an ecoregion of northern oaxaca , mexico exhibiting a large number of endangered species , so that the conservation value is outstanding in terms of uniqueness of the habitat . the sierra madre de oaxaca pine - oak forests is within the tropical and subtropical conifer forests biome , and the ecoregion is known for elevated plant endemism , especially within the sierra de juarez montane forests .\nthis ecoregion is located in northern oaxaca state , and is delineated by the sierra norte de oaxaca mountains , which have characteristically abrupt and rugged topography . its tallest peak is zempoaltepetl ( 3400 metres ) , and most of the terrain in this area is above 1000 metres . three mountain chains or sierras constitute the sierra madre de oaxaca : juarez , aloapaneca and zempoaltepec . the climate is temperate and humid with annual temperatures ranging from 16\u00b0c to 20\u00b0c . the annual mean precipitation varies greatly from 700 millimetres ( mm ) to as great as 4000 mm .\nthe sierra juarez spiny lizard ( sceloporus cryptus ) is endemic to the ecoregion , and limited in range to drier parts of the sierra de juarez , in northeastern oaxaca . there are a number of threatened reptilian taxa in the ecoregion including the ribbon graceful brown snake ( rhadinaea fulvivittis vu ) , a limited distribution snake endemic to southern mexico .\navian taxa found here include the dwarf jay ( cyanolyca nana en ) , bearded tree quail ( dendrortyx barbatus cr ) , tamaulipas pygmy - owl ( glaucidium sanchezi ) and grey - barred wren ( campylorhynchus megalopterus ) as restricted - range bird species , which includes this ecoregion . the oaxaca sparrow ( aimophila notosticta nt ) , golden - cheeked warbler ( dendroica chrysoparia en ) , russet nightingale - thrush ( catharus occidentalis ) , hooded yellowthroat ( geothlypis nelsoni ) , and collared towhee ( pipilo ocai ) are also species which thrive in the habitats offered by this mountainous ecoregion .\nthis ecoregion presents a mosaic of vegetatative associations , due to the varied climate and topography . these formations include tropical evergreen forest , montane cloud forest , pine forest , pine - oak forest , and oak forest . the pine forests , at elevations between 1600 and 2600 metres ( m ) , include trees that are 25 to 40 m tall . dominant pine species are mexican white pine ( pinus ayacahuite ) ; lawson ' s pine ( p . lawsonii ) , a mexican endemic ; chiapas white pine ( p . strobus var . chiapensischiapensis ) ; michoacan pine ( p . devoniana lr / lc ) and smooth - barked mexican pine ( p . pseudostrobus ) . these pine forests have a robust understory and an herbacious layer dominated by numerous species of the ericaceae family .\nthis is a semi - arboreal species that inhabits pine - oak and fir forests , and has commonly been found under logs . it can live in somewhat disturbed forest . it reproduces by direct development .\nlisted as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 km , all individuals are known with certainty only from a single location , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat , and in the number of mature individuals , in oaxaca , mexico .\nformerly common , this species was not found in the 1960s and the early 1970s , and , although it was recorded briefly , there have been no records since 1976 at the type locality .\nthe cause for declines remain a mystery . it is probably being negatively impacted by agricultural expansion , human settlements , and logging , all of which are taking place extensively within its range . however , these threats do not explain the level of decline that has been observed , because the habitat is still in quite good condition in some places . possible explanations include climate change , and disease ( such as chytridiomycosis ) .\nit occurs in parque nacional benito juarez . there is a need for further research to establish the cause of the declines observed in this species in suitable habitat . this species is listed as\nthreatened\n( amenazada ) by the mexican government .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n` \u00e1\u0003\n\u00e8\u0084h0\u0083\bn\u00904\u00f3\u00edl \u00f0a0\u0084d\u0092\u00b1 # \bn\u00ac\u0019\u00f68v\u009ai\u00a2\u00ab\u0091\u00ec\u00ea\u00144\u001aa20\u00b0\u0083\b0l ! \u0011\u0013\u00e6\n4\u0018a\u0084\u0018a \u0086\u0099 [ \u00ad\u0006\u0014\u009a a\u0084\u0018 ! \u0013\u00b3 \\ e\u00b1\u0010\u00e2 ! \u0010\u00880 @ \u00e2\u0011 \u0013\u0005\u0093\u00bcdddd ` \u00ec\u00f3\u00f6\n\n\u00e2\n8\u00f1\u00eba3 ) \u00e4\u00ff\u00bf\u00f4\u009f\u00fa\u00bf\u00fa\u00ff\u00af\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00f7\u00ff\u00fa _ \u00fa\u00fa\u00b6\u00bd\u00f6\u0018 $ \u009a\u00e2\u0006\u00e3 \u0016 @ p \u0011\u0006\u001a\b\b9\u0007 kpb\u0017w . \u00ac \u00e2\u0011\u0088\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff - \u00b34y\u00a9\u00ec\u009b\u00a9\u00b3\u00ba\u00e2l < \u00b5s\u0081\u0082\ber\u00e1\u0084 \u00ec\u00e8\u008bw\bwa\u009d\u00f0\nd\u00fc\u00ac9\u00fc\u00e3\u00a7 , \u00a2\u00e1\u009c\u0083 \u0006d\u0081\u000e\u00fc : d ! \\ * gd\u00a1\u00f3\u00b4\u00f3 ] \u00f6\u00a1 ? m4\u00f5so\u00d7\u00fe\u00ad / \u00ef\u0084e\u0080\u00f3w\u000fa\u00be\u00e6ba\u0087\u00f7\u000f\u00e2 | 8 ; 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[ \u00a5 _ | b\u00ff\u00d7\u00fd [ \u00ff\u00fe\u00fd _ \u00ee ! z\u00fb\u00ff } ~ \u0081z\u00ee\u00be\u00bdhw\u00ad\u00fd\u00a5\u00ff\u00a5\u00a5 xc\u00fa\u00fa\u00fb } \u00e1\u007fu\u00eb\u00d7\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff\u00ff \u00f5\u00ffw\u00f3ka { \u00fa\u00f9 \u0007r ( \u00eb\u00eb\u0005\u00fb ~ \u00df\u00d7\u00ff\u00b0\u00e1\u00fe\u0017\u00eb\u00ff\u0005\u00feb $ \u00f2 \u00d7\u00f5\u00ff\u00ff\u00fe\u00bf\u0005\u00ff\u00ff\u00ead\u0012\u00f4\u0088u\u00ff\u0091\nsmith and taylor , 1948 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 194\nsmith and taylor , 1950 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 33\nfowler and dunn , 1917 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 69\nfrost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de s\u0161 , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297\nmexican slender salamander ( tanner and dundee , 2000 , cat . am . amph . rept . , 705 : 1 - 4 ) .\nknown only from a small area of pine - oak forest in the sierra madre oriental of veracruz , mexico , in the vicinity of cuautlapan , nearby barranca metlac , and jalapa , 800 - 1250 m elevation .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nparra olea , g . & wake , d . 2004 . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 23 july 2007 .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 1045, "summary": [{"text": "herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its name means \" herrera 's lizard \" , after the rancher who discovered the first specimen .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231.4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "for many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a member of the herrerasauridae , a family of similar genera that were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "herrerasaurus", "paragraphs": ["herrerasaurus | description herrerasaurus img 9435 . jpg | dinosauria 1 : herrerasaurus | pinterest\nschleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . . schleich world of history herrerasaurus dinosaur figure . . .\nherrerasaurus was in the jurassic park brochure , as an attraction for phase i .\nimage - juvi herrerasaurus . png | the isle wikia | fandom powered by wikia\non the video of herrerasaurus seen on the tour the island website there is a scene comparing the herrerasaurus seen in jurassic park : the game to the actual size of herrerasaurus and it is stated that they can reach 20 ft in length like the real dinosaur .\nbefore 1988 , herrerasaurus \u2014like many prehistoric creatures\u2014was exclusively known from a smattering of very incomplete specimens . thankfully , an american team dug up a reasonably complete herrerasaurus skeleton that year .\nread about herrerasaurus and the triassic world in lecture notes by paul olsen at columbia university .\nthe isle - herrerasaurus gameplay ( 0 . 1 . 0 . 1343 ; dev branch )\nthe herrerasaurus was bigger . he could grow to be about 20 feet long , and weighed over 700 pounds . the herrerasaurus was a hunter\u2026 so watch out if you ever see one !\nthe first herrerasaurus fossil was found in 1958 by don victorino herrera , a local rancher . three partial skeletons have been found . the first herrerasaurus skull wasn ' t found until 1988 .\nthe model used for the herrerasaurus is one of vlad ' s ( swordlord3d ) older models .\nherrerasaurus was one of the top predators of its age \u2013 surpassed only by large rauisuchians such as saurosuchus and prestosuchus . a recently discovered herrerasaurus skull had puncture wounds thought to be from saurosuchus .\nhelpful joints allowed herrerasaurus\u2019 lower jawbones to flex about considerably for added leverage while ensnaring its quarrelsome prey .\nherrerasaurus is listed on the isla sorna map seen in the game , but does not physically appear .\ngerry harding claims the cloned herrerasaurus are classed as early theropods . however , a study by barron , norman and barrett has found that herrerasaurus was more closely related to sauropodomorphs like brachiosaurus . [ 10 ]\nthe computer screens in the film don ' t show a\nherrerasaurus paddock\n( see image ) .\nwhen herrerasaurus lived , dinosaurs were actually quite rare . they had yet to become dominant creatures . close relatives of herrerasaurus lived in north america during the late triassic , but these primitive dinosaurs went extinct by the jurassic .\nthe lower jaw was lined with large , inwardly curving teeth so that herrerasaurus could hold its prey more efficiently .\none specimen of herrerasaurus exhibits unusual pitting in the skull bones . this has been attributed to an infected head injury that later healed . it is likely that these injuries were obtained during a fight with another herrerasaurus . [ 11 ]\nherrerasaurus was bipedal and carnivorous . it would have been one of the very first dinosaurs ever to walk the planet .\na herrerasaurus figure will be featured in a toy - line for jurassic world : fallen kingdom . this has been the first time herrerasaurus has ever physically appeared in a toy set . the toy varsity resemblance to the jp : tg version .\nherrerasaurus was a carnivore , and likely preyed on smaller animals . coprolites found in the ischigualasto formation have been assigned as belonging to herrerasaurus , and if this identification is correct it is evidence that the dinosaur could digest bone . [ 10 ]\naccording to the dinosaur protection group , herrerasaurus is one of the 12 dinosaur species extinct by the setting of the film .\nherrerasaurus ' forelimbs were less than half the length of its hindlimbs but were much longer than those of t . rex .\nherrerasaurus , from the triassic era . now that we ' ve bred them we can easily classify them as early theropod .\nbizarrely , the herrerasaurus sounds in jurassic park : the game seem to be a slowed - down version of the velociraptor calls .\nat the time of the isla nublar incident of 1993 , the herrerasaurus living in jurassic park were not fully grown . [ 8 ]\nthe valley of the moon in argentina , where herrerasaurus was found , is one of the world ' s richest triassic fossil sites .\nthe next significant discovery of herrerasaurus fossils was in 1988 , when a complete skull was discovered by paul sereno and colleagues . [ 7 ]\nherrerasaurus had very little involvement in the incident and farthest they were known to go outside of their paddock was the nearby bone shaker roller coaster .\nchildren become independent from their mothers at about 3 years old ( 0 . 6 ) . most creatures should disregard herrerasaurus unless they lack food . herrerasaurus are extremely vocal , unless they feel they are in immediate danger , in which they will flee . this dinosaur is classified as a scavenger .\nherrerasaurus is one of the best known early dinosaurs . this ferocious predator was named after the farmer who discovered it , victorino herrera , in argentina .\nherrerasaurus was a carnivore . it lived in the triassic period and inhabited south america . its fossils have been found in places such as argentina and argentina .\nherrerasaurus is the oldest and one of the most primitive dinosaurs ever discovered . herrerasaurus was probably not the actual ancestor of all other dinosaurian species , but it is the closest candidate yet discovered to an ancestor , so it gives us a glimpse of what the ancestral dinosaur may have looked like . this makes herrerasaurus one of the most exciting dinosaurs yet discovered . among researchers , there is controversy over how herrerasaurus is related to other dinosaurs . by running this skull through ut\u2019s high - resolution x - ray ct scanner , they can now study internal structures such as its braincase and reconstruct what its brain looked like . with this new information , researchers may now have the evidence they need to solve the problem of where herrerasaurus fits on the family tree of dinosaurs . from the shape of the cavity that once held its brain , they are also forming a picture of its intelligence and behavior . see a full description of the herrerasaurus scan project .\nyou probably think of dinosaurs as giants , but the first dinos were pretty small . some of the earliest ones we know about were called herrerasaurus and eoraptor .\nherrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . it walked on two long legs and had sharp teeth . the arms were short and the fingers had sharp claws .\nwhen dennis nedry disabled jurassic park ' s security , herrerasaurus , along with many other dinosaurs , were able to freely go outside of their paddocks . [ 9 ]\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .\nherrerasaurus is a genus of basal theropod from the carnian age of the late triassic period , around 231 million years ago . it contains one species , h . ischigulastensis .\nreig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian .\nherrerasaurus likely preyed on small - to - medium sized animals , such as the small ornithschian pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . it was likely preyed upon by saurosuchus ; puncture wounds matching the large crocodylomorph were found in a herrerasaurus skull . a pit in a skull bone of a specimen was attributed to intraspecific fighting .\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the name of the rancher who discovered the first fossil of the animal ) was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known specimens of this carnivore have been discovered in rocks of early carnian age ( late triassic , around 228 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 [ 1 ] and is the only species assigned to the genus . the names ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonymous with herrerasaurus .\nheight : 1m ( 3 . 28ft ) length : 4m ( 13 . 12ft ) weight : 210 . 01kg ( 463lbs ) top speed : 40kph ( 24 . 85mph ) vision : as a predator , herrerasaurus would have had binocular vision so that it could judge distances and time to attack . skin : there is a possibility that herrerasaurus sported simple feathers , because so many other theropods did . brain : herrerasaurus had a simple , tubular brain , which would have been at the other end of the spectrum from the enlarged and complex brain of the birds . herrerasaurus was no bird brain \u2013 it was much dumber ! prey : herrerasaurus ' forelimbs were equipped with three large , recurved claws for grasping and raking . it even had a semi - opposable thumb to help capture prey . it fed on small and medium - sized herbivores such as pisanosaurus , rhyncosaurs and synapsids . bite : herrerasaurus had a dual - hinged jaw so that it could hold prey more tightly . once a victim had been caught , there would have been no escape .\nmeaning - herrerasaurus means\nherrera ' s lizard\nnamed for don victorino herrera pronounced - her - air - a - sawr - us named by - osvaldo a . reig\nthe upper cladogram presented here follows one proposed analysis by m . d . ezcurra in 2010 . in this review , herrerasaurus is a primitive saurischian , but not a theropod . [ 13 ] the lower cladogram is based on an analysis by m . j . benton , in 2004 . this review indicated herrerasaurus was a basal theropod . [ 14 ]\nherrerasaurus was a dinosaur which lived approximately 231 million years ago\u2014making it one of the earliest dinosaurs to have ever walked the earth that have been found so far . it was first discovered in 1959 by a goat herder named victorino herrera who happened on it by accident . it would be named herrerasaurus in his honor in 1963 . its name literally means \u201c\u201dherrera\u2019s lizard\u201d .\nthe unearthing of a complete skull and skeleton of the early dinosaur herrerasaurus ischigualastensis sheds light on the early evolution of dinosaurs . discovered in the upper triassic ischigualasto formation of argentina , the fossils show that herrerasaurus , a primitive theropod , was an agile , bipedal predator with a short forelimb specialized for grasping and raking . the fossils clarify anatomical features of the common ancestor of all dinosaurs . herrerasaurus and younger dinosaurs from upper triassic beds in argentina suggest that the dinosaurian radiation was well under way before dinosaurs dominated terrestrial vertebrate communities in taxonomic diversity and abundance .\nthe teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull .\nthe environment herrerasaurus lived in was a volcanically active floodplain , which was covered by forests and had strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , although subject to seasonal variation .\nherrerasaurus was first discovered in 1958 by victorino herrera , a local andean farmer , after whom the animal is named . that skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 by palaeontologist paul sereno provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction . herrerasaurus is important because it shows palaeontologists what dinosaurs were like just after or at the time they first evolved .\nalso in the middle to late triassic of south america , other dinosaur relatives have been found which may be closely related to herrerasaurus . these include the incompletely known staurikosaurus pricei from southern brazil and northwestern argentina and ischisaurus cattoi , which is very similar to herrerasaurus and may even be the same species . the north american chindesaurus briansmalli , from the chinle formation , may also be related .\nsouth america may very well be the place where dinosaurs made their grand debut . herrerasaurus , eoraptor , and panphagia \u2014which rank among the earliest dinos yet unearthed\u2014emerged there roughly 231 million years ago .\nit is believed that herrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . its body shape suggests that this dinosaur was a very fast hunter , and that it could turn quickly from side to side .\nnotes : found in northwest argentina , herrerasaurus is one of the earliest known dinosaurs , a primitive carnivore . herrerasaurus had four - toed feet and hip bones with both saurischian and ornithischian features . its jaws were double - hinged to allow it to scoop large chunks of meat from its prey . its skeleton was discovered headless and it was 30 years before a skull specimen was found .\ndinosaurs are often said to have \u201cruled\u201d the earth throughout their tenure upon it . yet , as we\u2019ll see , the boxy - headed herrerasaurus hailed from a time in which dinos were hardly dominant .\nfor several years , scientists couldn\u2019t agree about how to classify this odd - looking critter . some felt that herrerasaurus was closely akin to the gigantic , long - necked herbivores known as sauropods . others felt the animal couldn\u2019t even be considered a proper dinosaur at all , but was instead a humble precursor . today\u2019s general consensus , however , cites herrerasaurus as a basal theropod ( or \u201cmeat - eating\u201d dino ) .\nherrerasaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs . all known fossils of this carnivore have been discovered in upper triassic strata dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ( mya ) in northwestern argentina . [ 1 ]\nincomplete remains of herrerasaurus were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of argentina , and named in 1963 by paleontologist osvaldo reig after the rancher who first noticed the fossils . [ 5 ] it was first believed that the remains were from an early type of carnosaur , but over the following years herrerasaurus was classified on separate occasions as a theropod , a prosauropod , an indeterminate saurischian , and non - dinosaurian . [ 6 ]\nherrerasaurus \u2019 wrist and lower arm look fairly unusual for a reptile from its period , yet they do crudely resemble those of 21st - century avians . herrerasaurus forelimbs utilized a similar range of motion , folded up like a modern pigeon\u2019s , and may have even been decorated with lengthy feathers . what we\u2019re almost certainly seeing here , therefore , is an early step down the evolutionary path to bird wings and , eventually , flight .\nat least four herrerasaurus were created was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna and shipped to isla nublar where they lived in their own paddock , but the animal was never seen on - screen . [ 1 ] on the map , herrerasaurus \u2018 enclosure is located at the far northwestern end of the island where the tourist route does not connect . this population went extinct between the 1993 incident and the 1994 cleanup .\nsome theropods survived the great flood . few brave ( or foolish ) souls have managed to subdue them into being mounts , though a temporary role , as the herrerasaurus often turns against its master on a whim .\nreig believed herrerasaurus was an early example of a carnosaur , [ 1 ] but this was the subject of much debate over the next 30 years , and the genus was variously classified during that time . in 1970 , steel classified herrerasaurus as a prosauropod . [ 26 ] in 1972 , peter galton classified the genus as not diagnosable beyond saurischia . [ 27 ] later , using cladistic analysis , some researchers put herrerasaurus and staurikosaurus at the base of the dinosaur tree before the separation between ornithischians and saurischians . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] several researchers classified the remains as non - dinosaurian . [ 30 ]\nspecifically , i ' m interested in learning more about the _ herrerasaurus _ skin impressions he mentions . has anyone seen the dinosaur discoveries article ralph tentatively cites ? is it very easy to get a hold of ?\nherrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , but this species too is now thought to be a synonym .\nherrerasaurus was found in the ischigulasto formation of argentina , and was around 6 meters long . it ' s legs were strong , with a short thigh and a rather long foot , indicating it was probably a fairly swift runner .\nseveral of the world ' s most famous dinosaurs are featured attractions of digital morphology . on the following pages you can see the two oldest known dinosaurs , herrerasaurus and eoraptor , along with their younger relatives , syntarsus and allosaurus .\nfragmentary fossil remains of herrerasaurus were first discovered in the early 1960s , but it was not until 1988 , when several skeletons were discovered in the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , that researchers could complete the first picture of the animal .\nsereno , p . c . ( 1993 ) .\nthe pectoral girdle and forelimb of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 425\u2013450 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011524 .\nanother archosaur , at one time considered a dinosaur , was herrerasaurus , from the triassic of argentina . this animal marked the transition between the archosaur stem group and the derived dinosaurs . in all but a few characteristics herrerasaurus is a dinosaur , although a smallish one of 3 - 4 meters in length and a body weight estimated at around 300 kg . . eoraptor , from the same age and area , was another archosaur with a mosaic of dinosaurian and nondinosaurian characteristics .\nalthough herrerasaurus shared the basic body design of future rulers of the earth ( like allosaurus , giganotosaurus , and tyrannosaurus ) , it lived during the triassic period - a time when the dinosaurs were not the most powerful animals on earth . herrerasaurus would have had to run away from the much larger saurosuchus , a giant land - dwelling crocodile relative , and the even larger fasolasuchus tenax , which was the largest meat - eater in argentina during the beginning of the mesozoic era .\ndetails : probably the earliest known theropod , herrerasaurus was much more primitive than later predators . the largest of the early meat - eating dinosaurs , it may have weighed about 400 pounds ( 181 kilograms ) . double - hinged jaws allowed herrerasaurus to grip its prey and to swallow huge chunks of meat . serrated teeth helped it slice the flesh from a fresh kill . evidence of its primitive nature includes such anatomical features as the rectangular shape of its nearly complete skull fossil .\nthe study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies .\na complete herrerasaurus skull was not found until 1988 , by a team of paleontologists led by paul sereno . based on the new fossils , authors such as thomas holtz and jose bonaparte classified herrerasaurus at the base of the saurischian tree before the divergence between prosauropods and theropods . however , sereno favored classifying herrerasaurus ( and the herrerasauridae ) as primitive theropods . these two classifications have become the most persistent , with rauhut ( 2003 ) and bittencourt and kellner ( 2004 ) favoring the early theropod hypothesis , and max langer ( 2004 ) , langer and benton ( 2006 ) , and randall irmis and his coauthors ( 2007 ) favoring the basal saurischian hypothesis . if herrerasaurus were indeed a theropod , it would indicate that theropods , sauropodomorphs , and ornithischians diverged even earlier than herrerasaurids , before the middle carnian , and that\nall three lineages independently evolved several dinosaurian features , such as a more advanced ankle joint or an open acetabulum\n. this view is further supported by ichnological records showing large tridactyl ( three - toed ) footprints that can be attributed only to a theropod dinosaur . these footprints date from the ladinian ( middle triassic ) of the los rastros formation in argentina and predate herrerasaurus by 3 to 5 million years .\ncoprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone .\n[ 7 ] [ 8 ] an artist ' s impression ; feeding on a small synapsid the teeth of herrerasaurus indicate that it was a carnivore ; its size indicates it would have preyed upon small and medium - sized plant eaters . these might have included other dinosaurs , such as pisanosaurus , as well as the more plentiful rhynchosaurs and synapsids . [ 50 ] herrerasaurus itself may have been preyed upon by giant rauisuchids like saurosuchus ; puncture wounds were found in one skull . [ 8 ]\nalso due to this basal status , herrerasaurus ' placement in the dinosaur tree has been rather variable , due to it ' s combination of basal and derived traits . initially described as an early carnosaur , it was then hypothesized to be a prosauropod , a basal saurischian , a basal dinosaur and even outside of dinosauria . currently , there are two hypothesis on the placement of herrerasaurus ; some believe it to be a basal member of saurischia , others believe it to be a basal member of theropoda .\nherrerasaurus ( meaning\nherrera ' s lizard\n, after the rancher who discovered the first specimen ) , was one of the oldest and most primitive theropod . all known fossils of this dinosaur have been discovered in rocks of carnian age ( late triassic according to the ics , dated to 231 . 4 million years ago ) in northwestern argentina . the type species , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis , was described by osvaldo reig in 1963 and is the only species assigned to the genus . ischisaurus and frenguellisaurus are synonyms .\nherrerasaurus is estimated to have measured 3 meters or more in length and up to 350 kilograms in weight . [ 1 ] it had a fairly typical theropod body plan , but its skull more resembled those of earlier and more primitive archosaurs . [ 2 ]\nherrerasaurus was named by paleontologist osvaldo reig after victorino herrera , an andean goatherd who first noticed its fossils in outcrops near the city of san juan in 1959 . [ 1 ] these rocks , which later yielded eoraptor , [ 23 ] are part of the ischigualasto formation and date from the late ladinian to early carnian stages of the late triassic period . [ 24 ] reig named a second dinosaur from these rocks in the same publication as herrerasaurus ; [ 1 ] this dinosaur , ischisaurus cattoi , is now considered a junior synonym and a juvenile of herrerasaurus . [ 11 ] two other partial skeletons , with skull material , were named frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis by fernando novas in 1986 , [ 25 ] but this species too is now thought to be a synonym . [ 11 ]\nthere is no evidence that mosquitoes existed during the triassic period . however , scientists have found amber from that period , meaning that herrerasaurus must have been created using dna from drops of blood or pieces of flesh preserved in amber ( see dna in amber ) .\ncoprolites ( fossilized dung ) containing small bones but no trace of plant fragments , discovered in the ischigualasto formation , have been assigned to herrerasaurus based on fossil abundance . mineralogical and chemical analysis of these coprolites indicates that this carnivore could digest bone . [ 51 ]\nherrerasaurus (\n[ victorino ] herrera ' s lizard\n) was one of the oldest and most primitive theropods , or meat - eating dinosaurs , though in its day it was relatively hyper - advanced . its body displayed many of the same features of the later theropods . it walked on its hind legs and its arms ended in powerful clawed hands for grasping prey . its teeth - like those of most theropods - were shaped like blades and had knife - like serrations running up the front and down the back . its lower jaw had a special hinge about halfway along its length . this joint would have helped herrerasaurus to better hold on to struggling victims . many later theropods also had this hinge . some scientists consider the herrerasaurus to be more carnivorous primitive member of the prosauropoda family .\nthe study of early dinosaurs such as herrerasaurus and eoraptor therefore has important implications for the concept of dinosaurs as a monophyletic group ( a group descended from a common ancestor ) . the monophyly of dinosaurs was explicitly proposed in the 1970s by galton and robert t . bakker , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] who compiled a list of cranial and postcranial synapomorphies ( common anatomical traits derived from the common ancestor ) . later authors proposed additional synapomorphies . [ 15 ] [ 21 ] an extensive study of herrerasaurus by sereno in 1992 suggested that of these proposed synapomorphies , only one cranial and seven postcranial features were actually derived from a common ancestor , and that the others were attributable to convergent evolution . sereno ' s analysis of herrerasaurus also led him to propose several new dinosaurian synapomorphies . [ 3 ]\nan interesting fact about herrerasaurus is that paleontologists have concluded that this dinosaur was a carnivore , but it was probably not the apex predator of its ecosystem . in fact , while it may have lived off of animals such as hyperodapedon and ischigualastia , it may have indeed been hunted itself by some of the top predators of that era\u2014reptiles ! ! yes , reptiles during the triassic were the top predator and there were many that were large enough to give herrerasaurus a hard time . these included postosuchus and saurosuchus , as well as many others .\nthe herrerasaurus was small compared with the giganotosaurus and spinosaurus , who lived much later on . it was only 10 - 13 feet long , however its legs were very strong , and it could sprint about as fast as a 100 - meter runner . for a dinosaur , the herrerasaurus had an unusual flexible - jointed lower jaw which it could slide back and forth . this allowed it to better grasp its prey . it was named after the argentinian goatherd victorino herrera who chanced upon its skeleton in 1959 . hand painted and highly detailed .\nsereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) .\nthe skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 : 451\u2013476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear because it was known from very fragmentary remains . it was hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all but another type of archosaur . however , with the discovery of an almost complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution , with many researchers treating it at least tentatively as the most primitive member of theropoda .\nduring the late fifties , when very little was known about this animal , a partial herrerasaurus skull and skeleton were found by harvard paleontologist alfred romer . unfortunately , these remains were confiscated by the local authorities and held in their custody for two years until romer\u2019s institution finally claimed them .\neoraptor is only slightly younger than herrerasaurus , yet it already shows specialized features indicating that it lies several branches up from the base of the dinosaurian family tree . it is one of the most primitive members of the great lineage theropoda - the theropod dinosaurs - which includes such celebrities as tyrannosaurus rex , allosaurus , deinonychus , and velociraptor . some of these became huge , although most remained small , like eoraptor and herrerasaurus . and it is among these small theropod dinosaurs that we can now trace the ancestry of living birds . see a full description of the eoraptor scan project .\nsereno , p . c . ; and novas , f . e . ( 1993 ) .\nthe skull and neck of the basal theropod herrerasaurus ischigualastensis\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 451\u2013476 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011525 .\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation .\nherrerasaurus lived in these jungles alongside a smaller dinosaur , the one metre long eoraptor , as well as saurosuchus , [ 9 ] a huge quadrupedal archosaur . there were also a number of therapsid and reptilian herbivores . the dinosaurs had not yet taken control of the land environments as they did later .\nthis is a history of herrerasaurus before the mankind era and just to give some historical theories and historical description of the small mighty dinosaurs ! support the groovy and subscribe i hope you all have enjoyed stay groovy . my channel : urltoken follow me : urltoken check out my groovy historical blog : urltoken\nherrerasaurus and its closest relatives form the family herrerasauridae . however , where the herrerasaurs fit in the early evolutionary tree of dinosaurs is unclear . most studies have found them to be basal theropods , although it is possible that they are basal saurischians or even non - dinosaurian archosaurs . [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\nbut them being posted elsewhere in great quantity will divert people from going to paleofile in the first place , this forum is fairly popular , search\nherrerasaurus ischigualastensis\non google images and the 21th result is hartman ' s skeletal posted here , the quantity of carnivoraforum post appearing only increases if you have visited the site before , people that do not know about paleofile will probably find the images here first and never go to paleofile , specially if you don ' t mention that they come from there , at least update your post to say from where they come from and a link to the herrerasaurus profile on paleofile .\nget ready to meet some distant relatives , folks ! mammals are the last surviving members of a larger group known as the \u201ctherapsids . \u201d though non - mammalian species were largely on the decline when herrerasaurus came along , fossils from a few varieties have been found in the same deposits as this south american dino .\nfound in the late triassic of the ischigualasto formation of northwestern argentina , herrerasaurus ischigualastensis is an early archosaur and on the verge of being a dinosaur proper . the first specimen was found in 1958 by victorino herrera , for whom the fossil was named . this skeleton was incomplete , but the discovery of a complete skull in 1988 and additional fragments have provided enough information to make a complete reconstruction ; this has also permitted paul sereno at the university of chicago to redescribe herrerasaurus properly in a series of papers published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology . material found thus far suggests that it was a large carnivore about three to four meters long .\nlike all of ingen ' s cloned theropods herrerasaur clones had pronated hands . the herrerasaurus clones had a bright red body with dark red stripes , and white underbelly and some yellow patches . they roamed in packs [ 6 ] and their willingness to pursue their prey over long distances made them highly dangerous . [ 5 ]\nfor many years , the classification of herrerasaurus was unclear , as the animal was initially known from very fragmentary remains ; it has been hypothesized to be a basal theropod , a basal sauropodomorph , a basal saurischian , or not a dinosaur at all . however , with the discovery of a mostly complete skeleton and skull in 1988 , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] herrerasaurus has been classified as either an early theropod or an early saurischian in at least five recent reviews of theropod evolution . it was a member of the herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]\nthe forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws .\nherrerasaurus was somewhere in the ballpark of 12 feet long , yet it would\u2019ve been dwarfed by such non - dinosaurian predators as the 20 - foot quadruped saurosuchus , which also inhabited its territory . carnivorous dinos wouldn\u2019t start topping food chains until the stage was set by a mass extinction that wiped out these competitors 201 million years ago .\nnovas , f . e . ( 1994 ) .\nnew information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of herrerasaurus ischigualastensis ( theropoda : herrerasauridae ) from the ischigualasto formation ( upper triassic ) of argentina\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 13 ( 4 ) : 400\u2013423 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1994 . 10011523 .\nherrerasaurus pronunciation : her - rare - uh - sawr - us translation : herrera lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : ceratosauria family : herrerasauridae height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 15 feet ( 4 . 6 meters ) weight : period : late triassic\nherrerasaurus has all but a few of the characters which define the dinosaurs , lacking only certain features of the hip and leg bones . the pelvic structure is similar to saurichian dinosaurs , which had previously led to herrerasuarus being classified in that group . this arrangement of hip bones , however , is ancestral in the archosaurs and not uniquely derived .\nthe holotype of herrerasaurus ( pvl 2566 ) was discovered in the cancha de bochas member of the ischigualasto formation in san juan , argentina . it was collected in 1961 by victorino herrera , in sediments that were deposited in the carnian stage of the triassic period , approximately 235 to 221 million years ago . herrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . adults had skulls up to 56 cm ( 22 in ) long and were up to 6 metres ( 20 ft ) in total length and roughly 350 kg ( 770 lb ) in weight . smaller specimens were half the size , with skulls only about 30 cm ( 12 in ) long .\nherrerasaurus and eoraptor both date back some 232 million years , to the middle of the triassic . herrerasaurus is the older of the two , but eoraptor is younger by only a split geological second . by comparison , fossils of our own species date back only about 400 , 000 years , so these oldest dinosaurs are more than a thousand times older than the oldest human fossils . while this may seem almost unbelievably ancient by human standards , from a geological perspective dinosaurs are comparatively young . current evidence indicates that the earth is about 4 . 7 billion years old , and that life itself originated more than 4 billion years ago . dinosaurs thus originated after more than 90 % of life ' s history had already passed .\nsystematic relationships of herrerasaurus and its relatives are far from certain . while some analyses suggest they are sister to the dinosaurs , others consider them saurischian or even theropods . the importance of this group is that they give us some idea of the time at which dinosaurs evolved ( towards the end of the triassic ) and what the earliest dinosaurs would have looked like .\nherrerasaurus possesses a long , narrow skull that lacked nearly all the specializations that characterized later dinosaurs , and more closely resembled those of more primitive archosaurs such as euparkeria ( a primitive dinosaurian predecessor from the earlier triassic ) . it had five pairs of fenestrae ( skull openings ) in its skull , two pairs of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between the eyes and the nostrils were two antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , 1 - centimeter - long ( 0 . 4 in ) slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae . marked supratemporal depressions for jaw adductor musculature on the skull roof and a well - developed , sliding intra - mandibular joint suggest that herrerasaurus ischigualastensis was an a active predator within its habitat .\nherrerasaurus was a bipedal carnivore that was approximately 20 feet long , 3 feet high at the hip and probably weighed around 700 pounds . it also had an elongated narrow skull that was filled with dozens of serrated teeth for cutting and tearing the flesh of its prey . this dinosaur also had a small front arms that were about half the length of its back legs .\ndue to it ' s basal status , herrerasaurus ' skull was more similar to more basal archosaurs like euparkeria then to more derived theropods ; it had five pairs of fenestrae in it ' s skull , two of which were for the eyes and nostrils . between them was two pairs of antorbital fenestrae and a pair of tiny , slit - like holes called promaxillary fenestrae .\nhumeral robustness as a function of humeral length . select taxa labeled in gray . cera . = cerasinops , gypo . = \u201dgyposaurus\u201d , herr . = herrerasaurus , igua . = iguanodon , mono . = mononykus , post . = postosuchus , psit . = psittacosaurus , scut . = scutellosaurus , stego . = stegosaurus , thec . = thecodontosaurus , tric . = triceratops .\nherrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible .\nherrerasaurus was a lightly built bipedal carnivore with a long tail and a relatively small head . its length is estimated at 3 to 6 meters ( 10 to 20 ft ) , [ 4 ] and its hip height at more than 1 . 1 meters ( 3 . 3 ft ) . [ 5 ] it may have weighed around 210\u2013350 kilograms ( 463\u2013772 lb ) . [ 5 ]\nherrerasaurus was created by ingen inside their compound on isla sorna [ 3 ] where they were taken care of by the workers there at a young age . [ 4 ] dr . laura sorkin believed that they were created to be a\nsafe\nalternative to velociraptor , since the raptors proved to be too difficult to handle and were said not to be as intelligent . [ 5 ]\nherrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals .\nherrerasaurus fossils have been found in the ischigualasto formation of north - western argentina . today this landscape is known as the valley of the moon because of its eerie , moon - like geology . here , palaeontologists have also found eoraptor , another early dinosaur . the ischigualasto landscape was a floodplain dominated by rivers and studded with volcanic activity 230 million years ago . today , it is an arid , barren landscape .\nit is believed that the ischigualasto formation was a volcanically active floodplain during the middle and late triassic period when herrerasaurus lived . the climate was typically warm and moist , although the area experienced seasons throughout the year . [ 8 ] ferns and conifers were likely the dominant vegetation , forming high - altitude forests . [ 9 ] it coexisted with the early dinosaur eoraptor , which was also found in the ischigualasto formation .\nherrerasaurus ' small size means it is easy for it to hide from potential predators or prey in bushes and tall grass . it ' s vocalizations are loud and deep , similar to those of a crocodile . one good strategy to survive is to follow some carnivore / herbivore packs and wait that they kill someone or that someone dies , then go and eat the corpse . just make sure that no one sees you .\nother members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria .\nherrerasaurus gives its name to its family , herrerasauridae , a group of similar animals from the late triassic which were among the earliest of the dinosaurian evolutionary radiation . where it and its close relatives lie on the early dinosaur evolutionary tree is unclear . they are possibly basal theropods or basal saurischians but may in fact predate the saurischian - ornithischian split . [ 15 ] some analyses , such as nesbitt et al . 2009 , have found herrerasaurus and its relatives in herrerasauridae to be very basal theropods , [ 4 ] while others ( such as ezcurra 2010 ) have found them to be basal to the clade eusaurischia , that is , closer to the base of the saurischian tree than either theropods or sauropodomorphs , but not true members of either . [ 13 ] the situation is further complicated by uncertainties in correlating the ages of late triassic beds bearing land animals . [ 7 ]\nboth of these precious specimens were collected from middle triassic rocks in the ischigualasto basin of argentina . very slightly younger ( late triassic ) dinosaurs have been found in texas , arizona , and new mexico . the ischigualasto region , set aside as a natural preserve , is an area rich in natural beauty and fossils . dr . oscar alcober of the museo de ciencias naturales , san juan , argentina brought herrerasaurus and eoraptor to utct for scanning .\nherrerasaurus had a flexible joint in the lower jaw , allowing it to slide back and forth to deliver a grasping bite . [ 8 ] this cranial specialization is unusual among the dinosaurs but has evolved independently in some lizards . [ 10 ] the rear of the lower jaw also had fenestrae . the jaws were equipped with large serrated teeth for biting and eating flesh , and the neck was slender and flexible . [ 8 ] [ 11 ]\nherrerasaurus is a small animal that can be easily killed by larger creatures , and so it is recommended that you use stealth to ambush prey similar in size to or smaller than you , such as dryosaurus and psittacosaurus . hunting these animals involves taking as many bites as possible and building up the prey animal ' s bleeding level ; eventually forcing them to either sit and heal , leaving themselves open to even more bites , or keep moving and die from blood loss .\nthe paleoenvironment of the ischigualasto formation ( where it was found ) was a volcanically active floodplain covered by forests with strong seasonal rainfall . the climate was moist and warm , [ 7 ] with seasonal variations . [ 8 ] vegetation consisted of ferns ( cladophlebis ) , horsetails , and giant conifers ( protojuniperoxylon ) . these plants formed lowland forests along the banks of rivers . [ 4 ] herrerasaurus remains appear to have been the most common among the carnivores of the ischigualasto formation .\nother members of the clade may include eoraptor from the same ischigualasto formation of argentina as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus from the santa maria formation of southern brazil , [ 16 ] chindesaurus from the upper petrified forest ( chinle formation ) of arizona , [ 17 ] and possibly caseosaurus from the dockum formation of texas , [ 18 ] although the relationships of these animals are not fully understood , and not all paleontologists agree . other possible basal theropods , alwalkeria from the late triassic maleri formation of india , [ 19 ] and teyuwasu , known from very fragmentary remains from the late triassic of brazil , might be related . [ 20 ] novas ( 1992 ) defined herrerasauridae as herrerasaurus , staurikosaurus , and their most recent common ancestor . [ 21 ] sereno ( 1998 ) defined the group as the most inclusive clade including h . ischigualastensis but not passer domesticus . [ 22 ] langer ( 2004 ) provided first phylogenetic definition of a higher level taxon , infraorder herrerasauria . [ 7 ]\n[ 3 ] [ 4 ] skeleton cast shown alongside the smaller skeleton of eoraptor and a plateosaurus skull , north american museum of ancient life the forelimbs of herrerasaurus were less than half the length of its hind limbs . the upper arm and forearm were rather short , while the manus ( hand ) was elongated . the first two fingers and the thumb ended in curved , sharp claws for grasping prey . its fourth and fifth digits were small stubs without claws . [ 3 ] [ 12 ]"]}
{"id": 1046, "summary": [{"text": "archips nigricaudanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( liaoning ) , korea , japan and russia ( ussuri , sakhalin , siberia ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 22 mm for males and 22 \u2013 23 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to june in china .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on diospyros , malus , morus , pyrus and quercus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "archips nigricaudanus", "paragraphs": ["archips ( archips ) nigricaudanus ( walsingham , 1900 ) = archips nigricaudana walsingham 1900 .\narchips subrufanus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in china ( heilongjiang , jilin ) , korea , japan and russia ( primorye ) .\nthis study was carried out to clarify the fauna of the tribe archipini , which belongs to the family tortricidae in northeast china . in the present study , fifty - four species of the tribe were recognized and enumerated . based on the present study , two species , archips viola falkovitsh and choristoneura evanidana ( kennel ) , are reported for the first time from china . also five species , archips dichotomus falkovitsh , archips similis ( butler ) , argyrotaenia angustilineata ( walsingham ) , choristoneura longicellana ( walsingham ) , and gnorismoneura orientis ( filipjev ) , are newly recorded from northeast china . all available information , including host plant , distributional range , and biological information , are listed .\nfoundation item : this study was support by kosef ( korea science & engineering foundation ) with the program of \u201ckorea and china young scientist exchange program\u201d ( 2002\u20132003 ) .\nbiography : * byun bong - kyu ( 1963 - ) , male , ph . d . , researcher in korea national rrboretum , korea\n( clerk ) in korea [ j ] . korean j . appl . entomol . ,\nbyun , b . k . , bae , y . s . , park , k . t . 1998 . illustrated catalogue of tortricidae in korea ( lepidoptera ) [ r ] . insects of korea , vol . 2 , pp 317 .\nbyun , b . k . , k . t . park and b . y . lee . 1996 . five species of tortricinae new to korea [ j ] . korean j . entomol . ,\nfalkovitsh , m . i . 1965 . new eastern - asiatic species of leaf rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\njaros j . , spitzer , k . , havelka , j . and park k . t . 1992 . synecological and biogeographical outlines of lepidoptera communities in north korea [ j ] . insects of koreana ,\nkawabe , a . 1982 . tortricidae and cochylidae [ c ] . in : h . inoue , s . sugi , h . kuroko , s . moriuti , a . kawabe ( eds ) moths of japan , vol . 1 : 62\u2013258 , vol . 2 : 158\u2013183 , pls . 14\u201331 , 227 , 279\u2013295 .\nkuznetsov , v . i . 1973 . leaf - rollers ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) of the southern part of the soviet far east and their seasonal cycles [ j ] . ent . obozr . ,\nliu youqiao . 1983a . cochylidae and tortricidae [ c ] . in : animal research institute of chinese academy sciences ( ed ) iconographia heterocerorum sinicorum ( 1 ) beijing : science press , p 28\u201356 , pls . : 6\u20138 . ( in chinese )\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) [ j ] . zool . res . ,\nliu youqiao , bai jiuwei . 1977 . lepidoptera , tortricidae , part 1 [ c ] . in : economic insect fauna of china ( vol . 11 ) . beijing : science press : p 1\u201393 , 24 pls .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of two new species [ j ] . acta zool . sinica ,\nliu youqiao , li guangwu . 2002 . insecta , lepidoptera , tortricidae . [ c ] in : editorial committee of fauna sinica , chinese academy sciences ( ed ) fauna sinica ( vol . 27 ) . beijing : science press , pp . 463 , plates . 1\u2013136 , colour plates 1\u20132 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) [ j ] . acta zool . cracov . ,\nyasuda , t . 1972 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . part i [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nyasuda , t . 1975 . the tortricinae and sparganothinae of japan ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . part ii [ j ] . bull . univ . osaka prefect . series b ,\nbong - kyu , b . , shan - chun , y . & cheng - de , l . journal of forestry research ( 2003 ) 14 : 93 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ndownload ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .\nyour document ' korean pear ( pyrus pyrifolia ) from the republic of korea - fresh fruit / vegetables - import health standard ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .\nthe wingspan is about 11 mm . adults are on wing from july to mid - september .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1048, "summary": [{"text": "sloggett 's vlei rat or ice rat ( otomys sloggetti ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in southern lesotho and south africa where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , swamps , and rocky areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "its name commemorates col. arthur sloggett who served in south africa and collected at deelfontein in 1902 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this is a common species and the international union for conservation of nature has rated it as being of \" least concern \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "sloggett ' s vlei rat", "paragraphs": ["minden pictures stock photos - sloggett & apos ; s vlei rat ( otomys sloggetti ) adult , sitting on rock , sani pass , drakensberg mountains , lesotho , septembe . . .\nminden pictures stock photos - sloggett & apos ; s vlei rat ( otomys sloggetti ) skull , adult , showing deeply grooved front incisors , drakensberg , kwazulu - n . . .\nthe sloggett ' s vlei rat is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nsloggett ' s vlei rat or ice rat ( otomys sloggetti or myotomys sloggetti ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found in southern lesotho and south africa . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , swamps , and rocky areas .\nits name commemorates col . a . t . sloggett who collected at deelfontein in 1902 .\nhinze , a . , pillay , n . and grab , s . 2006 . the burrow system of the african ice rat otomys sloggetti robertsi . mammalian biology 71 : 356\u2013365 .\na young / baby of a sloggett is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a sloggett group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nwillan , k . 1990 . reproductive biology of the southern african ice rat . acta theriologica 35 : 39\u201351 .\nsloggett ' s vlei rat is found at high elevations ( > 2 , 000 m ) in the drakensberg mountains of the eastern cape and kwazulu - natal provinces of south africa as well as lesotho ( lynch 1994 , monadjem et al . 2015 ) , with isolated subpopulations from mountains in the karoo , such as in the sneeuberg mountain complex ( kok et al . 2012 ) , or in dry , semi - desert habitats around inselbergs and mountain ranges at > 1 , 500 m asl . in the drakensberg range , o . angoniensis occurs on the lower slopes in savannah habitats , o . auratus and o . laminatus at mid - elevation in grasslands and o . sloggetti at the highest elevations in alpine heath habitats ( monadjem et al . 2015 ) .\nschwaibold , u . and pillay , n . 2010 . habitat use in the ice rat otomys slogetti robertsi . south african journal of wildlife research 40 : 64\u201372 .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nhinze a . 2005 . social behaviour and activity patterns of the african ice rat otomys skiggetti robertsi . faculty of science , school of biology , university of the witwatersrand .\nhinze , a . , rymer , t . and pillay , n . 2013 . spatial dichotomy of sociality in the african ice rat . journal of zoology 290 : 208\u2013214 .\nmokotjomela , t . , schwaibold , u . and pillay , n . 2009 . does the ice rat otomys sloggetti robertsi contribute to habitat change in lesotho ? acta oecologica 35 : 437\u2013443 .\nmokotjomela , t . , schwaibold , u . and pillay , n . 2010 . population surveys of the ice rat otomys sloggetti robertsi in the lesotho drakensberg . african zoology 45 : 225\u2013232 .\ngrab , s . w . and deschamps , c . l . 2004 . geomorphological and geoecological controls and processes following gully development in alpine mires , lesotho . arctic , antarctic , and alpine research 36 : 49\u201358 .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nit may be an important prey species for predators occurring at high - altitudes . their extensive burrow systems s contributes to soil turnover and aeration . however , when burrows collapse , the resulting gullies alter water flow , contributing to erosion ( grab and deschamps 2004 ) .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nalthough otomys sloggetti is considered to be defined by primitive dental characters , its position on the phylogeny of otomyinae remains unresolved ( taylor et al . 2004 ) .\nthis high - altitude endemic is listed as least concern because it has a relatively wide distribution within the assessment region , occurs in several protected areas , including the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier conservation area , and because it generally occurs in inaccessible habitats unlikely to be transformed . there are no known threats that could cause rapid population decline . climate change is not suspected to be an emerging threat . conversely , density has been estimated to have increased threefold in the lesotho drakensberg between 1994 and 2006 possibly due to warmer temperatures . thus , we list as least concern . however , continuing habitat degradation from overgrazing , as well as any other identified minor threats , must be monitored .\noccurs in montane grasslands on xeric or mesic soils , either dry or wet typically amidst piles of loose stones or boulders , both natural and man - made ( for example , stone walls ) . it does not occur in modified habitats , but will sometimes nest in crevices in rock foundations of roads ( willan 1990 ) . they are diurnal and feed on stems , leaves and floral parts of green plants . in the sani valley , o . sloggetti feeds on wetland grasses , sedges and herbaceous vegetation but avoid helichrysum spp . ( schwaibold and pillay 2010 ) .\nit lives in colonies consisting of at least 4 - 16 individuals and the breeding season occurs between october and march ( hinze 2005 ) . for example , in the sani valley , o . sloggettii lives in mixed - sex colonies of up to 17 individuals ( hinze et al . 2013 ) , which construct an intricate underground burrow system in organic and mineral soils ( hinze et al . 2006 ) . plants taken below ground are used for nesting and there is no evidence of food hoarding ( hinze et al . 2006 ) . suitable wetland sites in the sani valley are home to several colonies and competition for preferred food plants leads to solitary feeding and avoidance between individuals of the same and different colonies ( hinze et al . 2013 ) . rocky surfaces and boggy soil limits dispersal ( mokotjomela et al . 2010 ) .\nthere is anecdotal information of herdsman in lesotho hunting o . sloggetti . however , this threat remains to be quantified .\nit occurs in many protected areas across its range such as the maloti - drakensberg transfrontier conservation area ( monadjem et al . 2015 ) and mountain zebra national park ( kok et al . 2012 ) . although no specific interventions are necessary at present , wetland conservation and restoration is likely to benefit this species . recommendations for land managers and practitioners :\nland managers should maintain a vegetation buffer around wetlands to reduce impacts of land - use practices .\nland managers should practice holistic management of ranchlands , including de - stocking and rotational grazing .\nfurther long - term , systematic monitoring is needed to establish subpopulation trends and threat levels .\nreport sightings on virtual museum platforms ( for example , ispot and mammalmap ) , especially outside protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\n4 . grassland - > 4 . 7 . grassland - subtropical / tropical high altitude suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 4 . wetlands ( inland ) - bogs , marshes , swamps , fens , peatlands suitability : suitable 0 . root - > 6 . rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) suitability : suitable\n2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration\n1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas \u2666 timing : ongoing 2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 2 . small - holder farming \u2666 timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 1 . hunting & trapping terrestrial animals - > 5 . 1 . 1 . intentional use ( species is the target ) \u2666 timing : ongoing\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology\niucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 14 september 2017 ) .\nkok , a . d . , parker , d . m . and barker , n . p . 2012 . life on high : the diversity of small mammals at high altitude in south africa . biodiversity and conservation 21 : 2823\u20132843 .\nlynch , c . d . 1994 . the mammals of lesotho . navorsinge van die nasionale museum bloemfontein 10 ( 4 ) : 177 - 241 .\nmonadjem , a . , taylor , p . j . , denys , c . and cotterill , f . p . d . 2015 . rodents of sub - saharan africa - a biogeographic and taxonomic synthesis . de gruyter , berlin / munich / boston .\npacifici , m . , santini , l . , di marco , m . , baisero , d . , francucci , l . , grottolo marasini , g . , visconti , p . and rondinini , c . 2013 . generation length for mammals . nature conservation 5 : 87\u201394 .\ntaylor , p . j . , denys , c . and mukerjee , m . 2004 . phylogeny of the african murid tribe otomyini ( rodentia ) , based on morphological and allozyme evidence . zoologica scripta 33 : 389\u2013402 .\ntaylor , p . j . , nengovhela , a . , linden , j . and baxter , r . m . 2016 . past , present , and future distribution of afromontane rodents ( muridae : otomys ) reflect climate - change predicted biome changes . mammalia 80 : 359\u2013375 .\nthis species is known from central and eastern south africa and from across lesotho . it occurs above 2 , 000 m asl , but is usually found higher than 2 , 600 m asl . there are historical records from inselbergs in the karoo at 1 , 500 m asl .\nkatja schulz set\nfile : otomys sloggetti . png\nas an exemplar on\notomys\n.\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : otomys sloggetti . png\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nnatalinkorvarotta\nto\notomys sloggetti thomas , 1902\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution . original source : chown sl , sinclair bj , leinaas hp , gaston kj : hemispheric asymmetries in biodiversity\u2014a serious matter for ecology . plos biol 2 / 11 / 2004 : e406 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pbio . 0020406 author : brent j . sinclair\nright now the scientific names on some species do not show on the site - we are working to fix this problem which should be solved after the back - up this morning .\nupload tip : if your photo does not get uploaded properly , try to resize it to less than 3 mb .\nwould you like to see your friends photos in the igoterra gallery ? invite them and get 2 months free subcription extension for every new friend who joins . click here to get to the invitation page\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright\nit is a diurnal inhabitant of montane and alpine grassland on both dry or wet bog soils with or without rocky outcrops . the species does not occur in modified habitats .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern because it has a relatively wide distribution including several protected areas , a presumed large population , and its population is not believed to be in decline at present .\nthere have been estimates of the population at over 100 individuals / ha in suitable rocky habitats ( willan 1990 ) .\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894\u20131531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\ntaylor , p . j . & monadjem , a . 2008 . otomys sloggetti . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 1 . otomys sloggetti . downloaded on 18 july 2011 .\nsmithers , reay h . n . the mammals of the southern african subregion - university of pretoria ( 1983 )"]}
{"id": 1051, "summary": [{"text": "protorthodes mexicana is a moth in the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in mexico ( jalapa ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale whitish buff brown with a dusting of pale-brown scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the subbasal , antemedial and postmedial lines are very faint and indicated by paler lines bordered on each side by scattered pale-brown scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the subterminal line is more distinct because of darker shading in the terminal area and the outer part of the subterminal area adjacent to it .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the reniform and orbicular spots are slightly darker than the ground color and are outlined in white .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the terminal area is darker than the remainder of the forewing because of more numerous grey-brown scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white with a trace of darker scaling on the veins and the wing margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in late april . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "protorthodes mexicana", "paragraphs": ["protorthodes ustulata looks like a dark burnt - orange form of protorthodes perforata . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzookeys is a peer - reviewed , open - access , rapidly produced journal launched to support free exchange of ideas and information in systematic zoology .\nall papers in zookeys are published under a creative commons license and can be freely copied , downloaded , printed and distributed at no charge for the reader , provided that the original source is credited .\npapers are published both online and in the traditional printed format , in full compliance with the current requirements of the international code for zoological nomenclature .\nzookeys is published by pensoft publishers ( 13a geo milev str . , 1111 sofia , bulgaria ) .\nzookeys is the first journal to routinely provide its contents to the eol on the day of publication .\nmeasurements ( n = 1 ) : hw 2 . 09 , hl 1 . 78 , sl 0 . 82 , mdl 0 . 94 , el . . .\nmeasurements ( n = 4 ) : hw 1 . 09\u20131 . 13 ( 1 . 12 ) , hl 1 . 19\u20131 . 28 ( 1 . 23 ) , sl 0 . 52\u20130 . 54 ( 0 . 53 ) , . . .\n( figs 33 , 60 ) . habitus : ( fig . 33 ) . size : [ see also table 5 ] . . .\na euchroina genus of beetles that are medium - sized ( 8 . 2 - 10 mm ) , black . . .\nisrael : - northern district : 1 \u2642 , \u201cpalestine . \u2026galilee xii . 1924 o . theodor . \u201d . . .\nisrael : northern district : 2 \u2642\u2642 , 2 \u2640\u2640 , upper galilee , nahal kziv , . . .\nholotype \u2642 , tibet : linzhi sejila mountain kouxi , alt . 3780m , 2012 . viii . . . .\nantenna brown ; first flagellomere subtriangular , about as long as wide ; acr . . .\nholotype \u2642 , tibet : motuo county , alt . 1100m , 2012 . vii . 26 , leg . . . .\nantenna blackish ; first flagellomere rather short , about 0 . 4 times as long . . .\nholotype \u2642 , tibet : linzhi , 2012 . ix . 2\u201312 ( m ) . paratypes , 32\u2642\u2642 14\u2640\u2640 , same . . .\nantenna whole brown ; acr 5\u20136 irregular pairs ; abdomen whole brilliant metallic . . .\nholotype \u2642 , tibet : motuo county , alt . 1100m , 2012 . viii . 26 , leg . xuankun li . . . .\ntype holotype , \u2642 , tibet : linzhi , alt . 3050m , 1978 . vi . 1 - 3 , leg . fasheng li . . . .\ntype holotype , \u2642 , tibet : bomi , alt . 3050m , 1978 . vii . 16 , leg . fasheng li . . . .\ntype holotype , \u2642 , tibet : bomi , alt . 3700m , 1978 . viii . 12 , leg . fasheng li . . . .\nht \u2642 . length 9 . 6 mm ; width 4 . 6 mm . body black ; elytra . . .\nnudorthodes molino can be recognized by the diffuse dark - brown band across . . .\nthe genus nudorthodes differs from other genera in the hadenini : eriopygina . . .\nadult male . ( female unknown ) . forewing length : 12 mm . head \u2013 male . . .\n\u00a9 university of florida george a . smathers libraries . all rights reserved . terms of use for electronic resources and copyright information powered by sobekcm"]}
{"id": 1052, "summary": [{"text": "leucogoniella distincta is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by keifer in 1935 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7.5-9 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are rather shining grey , tending to blackish apically , especially beyond the fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the plical stigma are faintly darker at one-third .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a short white outward dash on the costa at halfway , preceded and followed by blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an antapical white fascia from the costa to the tornus , more or less bent outwardly in the center but not angulate .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "some white spots are found around the apical margins , including one on the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are lighter grey than the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "leucogoniella distincta", "paragraphs": ["californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6075 genus : leucogoniella species : distincta sex : location : woodfords county : alpine collector : coll _ date : in jul specimen _ loc : cdfa url : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34917 genus : leucogoniella species : distincta sex : location : red bluff county : tehama collector : coll _ date : in may specimen _ loc : cdfa url . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34916 genus : leucogoniella species : californica sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ da . . . more\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\ncompiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6079 genus : keiferia species : altisolani sex : location : ebbetts pass county : alpine collector : h . h . keifer coll _ date : aug 20 36 specimen _ l . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6080 genus : aroga species : paulella sex : location : markleeville county : alpine collector : not given coll _ date : jun 17 58 specimen _ loc : ucb . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6081 genus : aroga species : unifasciella sex : location : woods lake county : alpine collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : jul 8 - 10 2004 specimen _ l . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 35 genus : chionodes species : trichostola sex : f location : utica reserve county : alpine collector : d . viers coll _ date : jun 30 - jul 7 71 speci . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1909 genus : chionodes species : popa sex : m location : ebbetts pass county : alpine collector : j . powell coll _ date : jul 18 67 specimen _ loc : uc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6078 genus : gelechia species : dyariella sex : location : 3 mi w monitor pass county : alpine collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 22 62 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6077 genus : prolita species : jubata sex : location : markleeville county : alpine collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : cdfa url : https : / / ess . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6076 genus : telphusa species : sedulitella sex : location : woods lake cg county : alpine collector : f . sperling coll _ date : aug 21 98 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6082 genus : anacampsis species : niveopulvella sex : location : 15 mi sw woodford county : alpine collector : d . rubinoff coll _ date : jul 28 90 s . . . more\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 45 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of alpine\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34921 genus : euscrobipalpa species : obsoletella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ da . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34920 genus : gnorimoschema species : saphirinella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ d . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34925 genus : chionodes species : trichostola sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34922 genus : chionodes species : braunella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : in . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34924 genus : chionodes species : ochreostrigella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ da . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34923 genus : chionodes species : chrysopyla ? sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5042 genus : chionodes species : retiniella sex : m location : mill creek county : tehama collector : opler , powell coll _ date : jul 6 70 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34926 genus : filatima species : demissae sex : location : deer cr , hwy 32 county : tehama collector : l . crabtree coll _ date : em jun 26 99 speci . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34927 genus : filatima species : saliciphaga ? sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34919 genus : rifseria species : fuscotaeniaella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ dat . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34915 genus : coleotechnites species : coniferella complex sex : location : hill cr county : tehama collector : dietz , rude coll _ date : jul 6 70 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34918 genus : telphusa species : sedulitella sex : location : 21 mi e redding county : tehama collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : apr 20 68 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34928 genus : anarsia species : lineatella sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : in . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34913 genus : aristotelia species : argentifera sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34912 genus : aristotelia species : adenostomae sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34914 genus : aristotelia species : eldorada sex : location : child ' s mdw county : tehama collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 12 66 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34929 genus : platyedra species : subcinerea sex : location : los molinos , milll cr at sac . r county : tehama collector : j . dittes coll _ date : i . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 34911 genus : walshia species : miscecolorella sex : location : mill cr county : tehama collector : dietz , rude coll _ date : jul 6 70 specimen _ loc . . . more\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 27 40 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of tehama\n."]}
{"id": 1053, "summary": [{"text": "teenoso ( 7 april 1980 \u2013 october 4 , 1999 ) was an american-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after showing moderate form as a two-year-old he improved in the spring of 1983 to win the group three lingfield derby trial and then won the classic epsom derby , giving lester piggott a record ninth win in the race .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "teenoso was beaten in his two remaining races that year but showed his best form as a four-year-old , winning the ormonde stakes , the grand prix de saint-cloud and , on his final appearance , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he proved to be a disappointment at stud . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "teenoso", "paragraphs": ["\u201cthe way he continually produced his champions like teenoso , pentire and marling was exemplary .\nsatisfy due diligence requirments on teenoso property company unlimited company in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of teenoso property company unlimited company and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on teenoso property company unlimited company\nteenoso was sent into training with harry wragg at his abington place stables in newmarket , suffolk .\nin autumn 1999 , teenoso developed thrombosis and was euthanized on october 4 at pitts farm stud .\nwragg saddled jockey lester piggott ' s ninth winner of the epsom classic , teenoso , in 1983 .\nbrian comer is a company director of teenoso property company unlimited company since 2013 and a listed director of 26 other companies .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for teenoso property company unlimited company ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on teenoso property company unlimited company or click join - up to get started .\ngeoff wragg , perhaps best remembered for training teenoso to win the derby , passed away at the age of 87 on friday , in newmarket .\n\u201cteenoso might not have been my classiest derby winner , but he was certainly my easiest , \u201d wrote piggott in his beautifully published book lester\u2019s derbys .\nwragg trained almost 700 winners before his retirement in 2008 . he landed the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes with teenoso in 1984 and pentire in 1996 .\nteenoso , the favorite ridden by the british jockey lester piggott , scored an impressive three - length victory on a rain - drenched course in the epsom derby today .\nhe\u2019s had a fair few go in the derby , lee , since winning it with teenoso ( i remember this one being excoriated by just about every pundit imaginable . i\u2019d just started punting and every word i read was naturally gospel . yet now , i look at teenoso and he wasn\u2019t a bad horse at all ! ) .\nlester piggott on teenoso wins the derby in 1983 . the horse was trained by geoff wragg , who has died at the age of 87 . photograph : tony duffy / getty images\nteenoso \u2013 owned by hong kong - based shipping and insurance broker eric moller \u2013 was backed into 9 - 2 favouritism for the 23 - runner race because of piggott\u2019s status as the \u2018housewives\u2019 favourite\u2019 .\nnewmarket - based wragg won the 1983 derby with teenoso in his first season after taking over the licence at abington place from his father harry , whom he had assisted for the previous 28 years .\nas a two - year - old , teenoso\u2019s record was modest . unplaced on his debut , and also in doncaster\u2019s ribero stakes , he then finished fourth on his final outing of an unpromising 1982 campaign .\nof those to have remained in training high - rise , quest for fame and slip anchor failed to enhance their reputation but 1983 epsom scorer teenoso boosted his record by returning to land the king george the following year .\nthe victory , aboard the under - rated teenoso in 1983 , came 30 years after the iconic sir gordon richards had finally won his first derby at the 28th attempt on pinza , denying the queen\u2019s aureole in coronation week .\npiggott , who won his first derby on never say in 1954 a year after the emotion of the richards victory , quietly ruled out several well - fancied mounts before teenoso impressed him sufficiently during one of those early morning gallops .\n\u201conce we straightened up , i knew there was no point in hanging around . teenoso would stay all day and would gallop all the way to the line , so i just let him go and set sail for home . \u201d\nin the official international classification for 1983 , tolomeo was given a rating of 87 , making him the fifth - best three - year - old colt in europe behind shareef dancer , caerleon , l ' emigrant and teenoso . he was rated on 87 again in the following season , making him the fourth best older male behind teenoso , sagace and morcon . the independent timeform organisation gave him a rating of 127 in both years . [ 2 ] [ 4 ]\nthe 2006 vodafone derby hero , sir percy , is also entered and he could bid to follow in the footsteps of royal palace ( 1968 ) and teenoso ( 1984 ) who both won at ascot the year after their derby success .\nteenoso revelled in softer ground and failed to replicate his epsom form again at three , but the following season proved an outstanding colt , winning the grand prix de saint - cloud and a vintage renewal of the king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond stakes .\nin between there were several group 1 successes , including in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes with teenoso and pentire \u2013 who both ran in the famous mollers racing colours \u2013 as well as big - race victories around the world in a career that spanned 26 years .\nsadler ' s wells was given a rating of 90 by the international classification , making him the sixth best horse of the year in europe behind el gran senor ( 98 ) , teenoso ( 95 ) , sagace ( 93 ) , chief singer ( 92 ) and darshaan ( 91 ) .\nteenoso property company unlimited company was set up on tuesday the 29th of january 2013 . their current address is co . kildare , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors barry comer , luke comer and brian comer have been the director of 108 other irish companies between them .\nteenoso ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1980 { 3 - c } dp = 4 - 5 - 9 - 8 - 0 ( 26 ) di = 1 . 08 cd = 0 . 19 - 13 starts , 6 wins , 1 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 647 , 148\n\u201cat this point , teenoso was going so easily that i was able to take a look over my right shoulder to see if anything was likely to come from off the pace \u2013 always a difficult proposition in such heavy going \u2013 and was reassured by what i saw . they were pretty well all flat to the boards .\nteenoso was a dark - coated bay horse with a small white star and a white sock on his left hind leg , bred in kentucky by ralph\nbudgie\nmoller and his brother , eric , who owned the colt during his racing career . he was described as a bay when racing , but when standing at stud he was described as being\ndark bay or brown\n. teenoso was the best horse sired by youth , the winner of the prix du jockey club washington d . c . international in 1976 . his dam , furioso , who finished second in the 1974 epsom oaks , also produced the racemare topsy , who finished second in the 1000 guineas and won both the sun chariot stakes and the prix d ' astarte in 1979 . furioso and teenoso were two of many successful racehorses descended from the mollers ' broodmare horama . others included lacquer ( irish 1000 guineas , cambridgeshire handicap ) , favoletta ( irish 1000 guineas ) , sovereign ( coronation stakes ) and violetta ( cambridgeshire ) .\nwragg enjoyed classic success in his very first season as a trainer when teenoso won the derby under lester piggott in 1983 . however , the closest wragg would come to replicating teenoso ' s win would be some 23 years later when the unconsidered 66 / 1 chance dragon dancer came within a short head of causing one of the biggest upsets in the race ' s history in a four - way go to the line , narrowly losing out to sir percy . rather ironically , wragg had trained the temperamental dam of the winner and both he and his father also trained several of the extended family , the most notable member being teenoso . his 2001 contender , asian heights , well fancied after his last - to - first win in the predominate stakes at goodwood , was cruelly robbed of his chance of running in the classic after splitting a pastern with just over a week to go before the big race . he recovered to win at group 3 / listed level , but injuries continued to blight him and his career somewhat fizzled out .\nwragg won britain ' s most important classic with lester piggott - ridden teenoso in 1983 , shortly after taking over in charge of the newmarket stable previously run by his illustrous father harry , who himself had trained derby winner psidium ( 1961 ) as well as riding the winner three times on felstead ( 1928 ) , blenheim ( 1930 ) and watling street ( 1942 ) .\n1983 . breakfast television started on bbc1 , margaret thatcher won a second general election and seatbelts for drivers became compulsory . in the smaller world of racing , lester piggott landed his ninth and final derby on teenoso , a two - year - old colt called sadler\u2019s wells made a winning debut at leopardstown , and touching wood stood his first season at dalham hall stud for 7 , 000 guineas .\nteenoso began his stud career at the highclere stud but struggled to attract high - quality mares and was not considered a success as a stallion . the best of his progeny was probably young buster , who won seven races including the group three september stakes . other successful flat racers included carlton ( hansa - preis ) and starlet ( team trophy der volksbanken und raiffeisenbanken ) . teenoso was later moved to the shade oak stud in shropshire and then to the pitts farm stud at sherborne in dorset . towards the end of his stud career he was standing at a fee of \u00a31 , 000 and was mainly being used as a national hunt stallion . the best of his steeplechase performers were young spartacus ( mildmay of flete handicap chase , racing post chase ) and horus ( vodafone gold cup ) .\nbut it was with a colt , in that very first season in the job , that wragg quickly established himself . during as wet a spring as many could remember , he oversaw enormous improvement from the maiden teenoso , who had shown very little as a juvenile , to land first the lingfield derby trial and then the epsom derby , under lester piggott . hot touch was another smart early performer .\nduring his first season after taking over the licence from his father , harry , wragg provided lester piggott with his ninth derby success when saddling teenoso to win the 1983 renewal of the epsom showpiece . twenty - three years later wragg memorably came close to causing one of the biggest upsets in derby history when his 66 - 1 shot dragon dancer was beaten a short head into second place by sir percy .\nred glow was a pig ~ he ended up running ( and getting stuffed in ) selling hurdles in australia of all places . i second all the other stuff especially about teenoso who showed he was a proper derby winner by beating sadler\u2019s wells in the following year\u2019s king george . everyone thought he was a decent plodder who got lucky in a heavy ground derby but he showed them , with a little help from lester .\nas for teenoso , the derby form did not look rock solid initially \u2013 he was beaten in the irish derby on unsuitably fast ground before finishing third in the great voltigeur stakes at york . as a four - year - old , however , he won the valuable grand prix de saint - cloud in france before beating champions of all ages in an epic running of the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . it was his last race .\nteenoso , who went off at odds of 9 - 2 in a field of 21 3 - year - olds , finished in 2 : 49 7 / 10 . the time was the slowest for the derby since 1891 , reflecting the soggy conditions . carlingford castle , a 14 - 1 shot , was second , and shearwalk and salmon leap , both owned by the breeder robert sangster , finished third and fourth , respectively , in a close finish .\npiggott was unperturbed when he heard afterwards that carlingford castle and shearwalk , back in third under walter swinburn , had both encountered difficulty negotiating tattenham corner \u2013 he pointed to the emphatic nature of the three - length winning margin . of his nine derby victories , only st paddy ( 1960 ) , empery ( 1976 ) and teenoso had won with so much in hand . not even icons like nijinsky , sir ivor and the minstrel had prevailed with such ease .\nwragg ' s father , harry , was an extremely successful jockey and trainer , and the pair would be renowned for being the first to trial electronic timing equipment on the gallops as well as weighing their horses . his riding career was littered with success , winning all five domestic classics - almost repeating the feat as a trainer with only the oaks eluding him ( trained the runner - up in 1974 , ironically with the future dam of teenoso , furioso ) . harry retired in 1982 , leaving geoff to train teenoso to classic glory at epsom the following june . harry ' s brothers were jockeys arthur jr and sam . geoff had two siblings : brother peter was a successful bloodstock until his death in february 2004 , and sister susan was married to top jockey manny mercer until his untimely and tragic death in september 1959 . geoff ' s retirement in 2008 brought to an end a long and hugely successful association with the wragg name in horse racing .\ngeoff wragg ( 9 january 1930 \u2013 15 september 2017 ) was a thoroughbred horse trainer who trained champion horses such as teenoso and pentire . he was the son of former jockey and trainer harry wragg , from whom he took over the licence at abington place , newmarket in 1983 upon his father ' s retirement . wragg retired in 2008 after 25 years of training and sold abington place to sheikh mohammed bin khalifa al maktoum the following spring . he relocated to yorkshire , the birthplace of his late father , harry wragg . he died in 2017 .\nwas not , of course , trained in ballydoyle , nor was he owned by the coolmore team . initially under the care of guy harwood , he was one of england\u2019s best three - year - old colts of 1983 , when he finished among the also - rans in teenoso\u2019s derby after having taken the feilden stakes at newmarket . he did even better from john gosden\u2019s barn in california , landing several graded stakes including three grade ones . arguably his best win came when he set a new track record ( of 2 : 24 . 8 ) in the hollywood turf cup , but his defeat of the previous year\u2019s kentucky derby winner ferdinand in the 1987 san luis rey stakes was equally good . he then proved a success at stud , coming up with several good horses at segenhoe stud in new south wales including the frank cleary - trained clan o\u2019sullivan , who was only caught by burst in the shadows of the post in the golden slipper in 1992 .\nas a four - year - old , tolomeo continued to produce good performances but was less consistent and timeform commented that he appeared to have become\nsomething of a character\n. on his first appearance of the year he finished fourth when carrying top weight in the prince of wales ' s stakes ( then a group two race ) and then finished seventh behind sadler ' s wells in the eclipse stakes . in july he was moved up in distance to one and a half miles for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot . ridden by his regular work - rider rae guest , tolomeo produced one of his best efforts as he finished third behind teenoso and sadler ' s wells . in august he finished second in the benson and hedges gold cup at york , beaten two and a half lengths by cormorant wood . his form declined in the autumn and he finished unplaced in the phoenix champion stakes and the champion stakes . [ 4 ]\nafter finishing fourth in the craven stakes on his debut as a three - year - old , tolomeo contested the classic 2000 guineas over newmarket ' s rowley mile course on 30 april . ridden by the italian jockey gianfranco dettori he started at odds of 18 / 1 against fifteen opponents . he was restrained in last place for most of the way before making rapid progress in the last quarter mile to finish second to the irish - trained lomond . dettori was criticised for giving the colt too much ground to make up , but cumani defended his jockey , insisting that he was riding according to instructions . tolomeo next ran in the derby over one and a half miles on soft ground , finishing ninth of the twenty - one runners , more than twenty lengths behind the winner teenoso . following the derby , tolomeo returned to shorter distances and produced three good performances without winning . he finished second by a head to horage in the st james ' s palace stakes , third in a blanket finish for the eclipse stakes and second to the five - year - old noalcoholic in the sussex stakes . [ 2 ]\nthe one mile st . james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot was named as the colt ' s next target , but instead he was moved up in distance for the prix du jockey club , a race which o ' brien had won the previous year with caerleon . sadler ' s wells took the lead in the straight but was overtaken in the closing stages and beaten one and a half lengths by darshaan , with rainbow quest in third . in july , sadler ' s wells was the only three - year - old in a field of nine runners for the eclipse stakes at sandown park . the irish colt took the lead in the straight and held off the challenge of the mare time charter to win by a neck . the race was a rough and unsatisfactory one , but the winner was praised for his\nbattling\nand\ndetermined\nperformance against more experienced rivals . later that month , sadler ' s wells ran second to teenoso in a strong field for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot , finishing ahead of tolomeo , time charter , sun princess and darshaan .\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .\nthere were at least two familiar elements in the result of the mile - and - a - half event , one of europe ' s most important thoroughbred races .\npiggott added to his derby record by winning for the ninth time , and this was the 17th time in the last 21 years that the favorite or the second choice had triumphed .\nslewpy , the american colt flown here especially for the derby , began well but soon tired and finished 18th . the veteran american jockey bill shoemaker finished 16th aboard lomond , the winner of the two thousand guineas .\nwe are continually improving the quality of our text archives . please send feedback , error reports , and suggestions to archive _ feedback @ nytimes . com .\naccessibility concerns ? email us at accessibility @ urltoken . we would love to hear from you .\nthe mtdna haplotype reported by bower et al . 2012 in samples from family 3c was not the haplotype expected for family 3 .\nand he nearly caused a derby shock 23 years later when his 66 - 1 shot dragon dancer was second to winner sir percy .\nwragg , who also trained the 1996 king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes winner pentire , was described as\nthe father figure of newmarket trainers\nby the town ' s former mayor john berry .\nberry , himself a trainer , told at the races :\ngeoff dying really is the end of an era .\nformer jockey michael hills , who partnered pentire to all but one of his eight career victories , said :\nhe was a fantastic trainer and a great man who was always an absolute pleasure to ride for .\nwragg also enjoyed classic success in ireland , with marling landing the 1992 irish 1 , 000 guineas at the curragh under walter swinburn .\nhow to get into horse racing , whether you want to work with horses at the stables or become a fully fledged jockey .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n1st derby s . gr . 1 ( gb ) , grand prix de saint - cloud gr . 1 ( fr ) , king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . gr . 1 ( gb ) , ormonde s . gr . 3 ( gb ) , lingfield derby trial gr . 3 ( gb ) ,\n3rd irish derby gr . 1 ( ire ) , great voltigeur s . gr . 2 ( gb ) , john porter s . gr . 3 ( gb ) .\neuthanized oct 4 , 1999 at pitts farm stud in dorset , england . rip . ( close )\nunlimited companies are not required to file financial accounts . therefore this report is based on judgment searches for the company , and extensive background checks of each of its directors based on name , date of birth ( if available ) and town / county .\npurchase either the standard company report or a credit report to view details on the directors of this company .\ndiscover poor payment histories of any company by searching our judgment database , for court actions brought against a company for non - payment of a debt . plus get free judgment monitoring alerts on this company for the next 12 months .\nthis photograph is emblematic of epsom on derby day \u2013 crowds cascading down from tattenham corner as the incomparable lester piggott passes the winning post to win racing\u2019s blue riband race for a record ninth time .\nthe geoff wragg - trained horse only came to wider prominence when winning the april maiden stakes at newmarket under steve cauthen , the top american jockey who had made such a successful transition to british racing . the same partnership then franked the form in the lingfield derby trial on a course comparable to the undulations of epsom downs .\nwith piggott\u2019s then trainer sir henry cecil having no derby runner in 1983 , the build - up to the race was dominated by the annual speculation over the identity of the legendary jockey\u2019s epsom mount \u2013 and whether the race would go ahead after an unseasonably wet may prompted fears about the track being unraceable because of waterlogging .\nhe would use these gallops , always shrouded in secrecy to the chagrin of the racing press , to test the stamina of his possible derby contenders to the limit ahead of the mile - and - a - half epsom race , and often to the annoyance of trainers like vincent o\u2019brien , who wanted their thoroughbreds ridden with restraint .\nwith the 1983 general election days away , comedian eric morecambe captured the country\u2019s mood when proclaiming : \u201cin a recent opinion poll , lester piggott came out top as the person most people would like to see at no 10 . it\u2019s what is known as a gallop poll . \u201d\nthe jockey takes up the story . \u201cknowing that stamina was his forte , i had him out of the starting stalls quickly , and got him to settle in about third place , \u201d he said . \u201cgoing down to tattenham corner , we were still travelling easily in third , one horse off the rails , behind the outsiders .\nthe winning time \u2013 two minutes , 49 . 07 seconds \u2013 was testament to the heavy going and the slowest since common prevailed in 1891 . back in second was carlingford castle . he had been a first derby ride for a young mick kinane , who would go on to win the race on three occasions , most famously with sea the stars in 2009 .\nthe maestro\u2019s 36th and final derby ride came in 1994 when khamaseen was fifth behind erhaab . however , piggott\u2019s record of nine wins and four seconds will never be equalled .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nfoden receives a big hug from pep as laporte joins in first day of pre - season at city . . . but sane has been given an extra week off despite germany world cup snub\nmurray ' s back ! british star to make return to wimbledon . . as he agrees to be bbc pundit and commentator\nhamilton is a fabulous driver but a sore loser . . . he will regret ' interesting tactics ' jibe at ferrari after british gp\nengland ' s last world cup semi - final was 28 years ago at italia 90 . . . but how do gazza , lineker and shilton compare to today ' s bunch of stars ?\nitalia 90 v russia 18 : when england were last in the world cup semi - finals a beer cost \u00a31 . 23 , the nation was gripped by neighbours . . . but world in motion was not no 1 in the charts !\nwant to see england ' s world cup semi - final with croatia ? fly to moscow ( via rome and riga ) for just \u00a3476 . . . but be prepared to pay \u00a3560 a ticket and don ' t forget your fan id !\ntottenham dominate world cup semi - finals and have more players left in the tournament than the bundesliga . . . but how do the final four break down ?\na yoga session ( and a round of applause for the instructor ) before a trip to the shops . . . behind the scenes with england\nhe won the 1994 ascot gold cup with arcadian heights and guided the brilliant filly marling to successe in the 1991 cheveley park stakes before landing the irish 1 , 000 guineas , coronation and sussex stakes the following year .\nnewmarket trainer and former mayor of the town , john berry , hailed wragg as the ' father figure of newmarket trainers ' .\n' geoff dying really is the end of an era , ' berry told at the races .\n' harry trained two derby winners and was at the top of the training tree . geoff took over from him in 1983 and it was a seamless transition .\n' for the next 30 years , virtually , he was as successful as his father had been . he always had a top horse and you could pretty much set your clock by him having something for royal ascot every year .\n' he ' s been in very poor health and it was going to happen at some point , but it ' s a very sad day and it leaves a big hole in the community . '\nmichael hills , who partnered pentire to all but one of his eight career victories , said : ' i worked for geoff for six years and we had the most amazing time .\n' there was pentire winning all those races , arcadian heights winning the gold cup , nicolotte winning the queen anne , first island winning the prince of wales ' s and rebecca sharp in the coronation stakes . i must have ridden about 10 group one winners during that time .\n' he was a fantastic trainer and a great man who was always an absolute pleasure to ride for . '\n' i think it ' s a great marker for the club ' : wolves . . .\nitalia 90 v russia 18 : when england were last in the . . .\n' when he ' s at his best , you have a 95 % chance to win ' : . . .\n' he ' s a bit of a messi type ' : former arsenal manager . . .\ntransfer news live : all the latest from premier league and europe as cristiano ronaldo edges towards juventus , and more . . . .\nengland ' s last world cup semi - final was 28 years ago at italia ' 90 . . .\nmanchester city agree \u00a360m deal with leicester for mahrez . . . with winger set for medical in next 48 hours\nwhere is everybody ? tottenham stars return for pre - season . . . with nine players still away at the world cup\nbeat sweden , have a sauna . . . kane can handle the heat while england team - mates make a splash during recovery sessions\n' she knows we ain ' t going home because it ' s . . . ' england star lingard joined by his mum to celebrate world cup quarter - final victory\n' it took them 15 years but finally i allowed them to follow me . . . ' : fabregas takes cheeky dig at europa league ' s twitter account\n' the car is destroyed . . . i ' m very , very sorry guys ' : grosjean crashes into barriers in practice after failing to deactivate drs\nmbappe is much more talented than me , admits pogba : ' he has so much speed . . . we can ' t be compared '\nantonio conte takes charge of chelsea pre - season training with 32 days until premier league season begins . . .\n' this feels special ' : jack wilshere poses with shirt of his boyhood club west ham after signing three - year . . .\ncristiano ronaldo could be in for huge tax dividend if he moves to juventus as new law will allow him to pay . . .\n' if you cry like a girl when you lose , do ballet ' : lewis hamilton faces withering criticism from kimi . . .\n' when he ' s at his best , you have a 95 % chance to win ' : eden hazard says n ' golo kante is the leading . . .\nphil foden receives a big hug from pep guardiola as aymeric laporte joins in first day of pre - season . . .\nserena williams eases her way into quarter - finals of wimbledon with dominant straight - sets victory over . . .\nlewis hamilton is a fabulous driver but a sore loser . . . he will regret ' interesting tactics ' jibe at ferrari . . .\nengland ' s last world cup semi - final appearance came 28 years ago at italia ' 90 . . . but how do gary lineker , . . .\nbirthday boy ashley young believes england have a ' great chance ' of winning world cup as oldest player . . .\nitalia 90 v russia 18 : when england were last in the world cup semi - finals a beer cost \u00a31 . 23 , the nation was . . .\ncroatia dealt injury blow as sime vrsaljko is ruled out of semi - final against england with vedran corluka . . .\nwant to see england ' s world cup semi - final with croatia in the flesh ? fly to moscow ( via rome and riga ) for . . .\ntottenham dominate world cup semi - finals and have more players left in the tournament than the bundesliga . . . . . .\nengland stars skipping their way into world cup semi - finals as gareth southgate ' s boys continue preparations . . .\nif you think it ' s easy to score one - on - one with a goalkeeper , read this . . . raheem sterling will cash in for england at this world cup\ntransfer news recap : all the latest from premier league and europe as cristiano ronaldo edges towards juventus , and more . . .\nengland used to bumble along . were they kicking it ? passing it ? under gareth southgate , they\u2019ve finally got\u2026 identity\nengland ' s last world cup semi - final appearance came 28 years ago at italia ' 90 . . . but how do gary lineker , peter shilton and gazza compare to gareth southgate ' s current stars ?\nlewis hamilton is a fabulous driver but a sore loser . . . he will regret ' interesting tactics ' jibe at ferrari after british gp\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nthink the damp holds made this much harder . interesting moves for vs with a horrible top out .\nclimbed in much better style by emma than me ! great climb . worth visiting the buttress for just this and bewsey crack .\nadvertising on ukclimbing | about ukclimbing | ukc on facebook | ukc on twitter | terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookies | contact us copyright \u00a9 ukclimbing limited . last updated june 21 2018 .\nhorses and chalk have geographical and nutritional connections . chalk is a soft , white , porous sedimentary carbonate rock , a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite which is calcium carbonate . a downland is an area of open chalk hills . this term is especially used to describe the chalk countryside in southern england . areas of downland are often referred to as downs , deriving from a celtic word for \u201chills\u201d .\nthe downs close to epsom have always been one of the green lungs of the greater london area . 1618 , there even became something of a spa with the discovery of epsom salts . the popularity of epsom spring water lasted for a couple of decades . but even with a regular stream of weekend ramblers from the city , the downs basically remained a quiet place out in the middle of nowhere . then , the sole reason to became an attraction there was horse racing .\norganised racing was held on a regular basis and was so popular that it found its way into documentations . 1648 - 05 - 18 , a meeting of the royalists was held on banstead downs under the pretence of a horse race , and six hundred horse s were collected and marched to reigate . 1663 - 05 - 27 , \u201cthis day there was great thronging to banstead downs , upon a great horse - race and foot - race . i am sorry i could not go thither . \u201d was written on samuel pepys\u2019 diary . 1663 - 07 - 25 , \u201chaving intended this day to go to banstead downs to see a famous race , i sent will to get himself ready to go with me ( \u2026 ) and so by boat to white hall , where i hear that the race is put off , because the lords do sit in parliament to - day . \u201d was also written on samuel pepys\u2019 diary . within the proximity of 5 miles , those were the most classical venues of thoroughbred horse racing up to the modern time .\nderby ( uk / \u02c8d\u0251\u02d0b\u026a / dah - bee or us / \u02c8d\u025c\u02d0rb\u026a / dur - bee ) 1779 - 05 - 14 friday , the derby originated at a celebration following the first running of the oaks stakes for three - year - old fillies . the oak , named after lord derby \u2019s country house in woodmansterne , was run over a mile and a half ( 8st 4lb ) , at 50 guineas each . there were 12 runners and appropriately , it was won by lord derby \u2019s bridget , the 5 - 2 favourite . a new race for the three - year - old was planned , and it was decided that it should be named after either the host of the party , the 12th earl of derby , or one of his guests , sir charles bunbury . according to legend the decision was made by the toss of a coin , but it is probable that bunbury , the steward of the jockey club , deferred to his host . 1780 - 05 - 04 thursday , the inaugural running of the derby was won by diomed , a colt owned by sir charles bunbury , who collected prize money of \u00a31 , 065 15s . traditionally , the term \u201cderby\u201d is used strictly to refer to races restricted to three - year - olds . the most notable exceptions to this rule are the hong kong derby and singapore derby , restricted to four - year - old thoroughbred s .\nright after the legendary events \u2013 the first few \u201c epsom derby \u201d though only on a distance of a mile \u2013 met with instant success . 1784 , the course was extended to its current distance of a mile and a half , and tattenham corner was introduced . 1820s , crowds of up to 80 , 000 were reported by the newspapers . 1850s , attendance at the derby was around 500 , 000 , including the royal family and members of parliament . it is therefore hardly surprising that right from the beginning , derby races have been seen as an important historical record . epsom derby has been named as the blue riband and regarded as one of the british classics . they are the five long - standing group 1 horse races , st . leger ( 1776 ) , oaks ( 1779 ) , derby ( 1780 ) , 2 , 000 guineas ( 1809 ) , and 1 , 000 guineas ( 1814 ) .\nthe charisma of british epsom derby was quickly spread all over the world . macao , peking , shanghai , tientsin , hankow , amoy racecourses held their derby sooner or later with characteristics of china races . 1873 - 02 - 21 _ 3 , hong kong inaugurated a derby . for all china ponies , bond fide griffins at date of entry . 10st . 7lbs . 1 - 1 / 2 miles . nothing specially or properly mentioned but just as running one of the very ordinary races . then , the runnings of hong kong derby remained a routine until the wwii . until the end of the 20th century , hk derby varied upon the date , distance , entry , gender and weight . finally it settled down to be a race for 4 year olds only .\nthe site requires users to be logged in before able to vote for this post .\nalternatively , if you do not have an account yet you can create one here .\nthoroughbred s are noted for their tremendous speed and athleticism while racing long distance s . the word \u201c thoroughbred \u201d is often used to refer to any selectively bred horse , but the term actually refers to the english breed developed in the 18th and 19 centuries .\nall modern thoroughbred s can trace their pedigrees to three stallions originally imported from the middle east into england in the 17th century and 18th century . three foundation sires were byerley turk ( 1680 ) , darley arabian ( 1700 ) , and godolphin arabian ( 1729 ) . darley arabian 11 % and godolphin arabian 24 % were once being estimated in pedigree analysis for all thoroughbred s . besides those three of that period , there were other stallions imported from the east , traceable in the dame line . in terms of appearance , the thoroughbred resembles its arabian ancestors . their distinguishing traits are refined head ; long neck ; sloping shoulders ; deep body ; fine long legs ; strong muscular hindquarters .\nthe quadrupeds at the beginning of hong kong \u2019s racing formed a mixed mob , ranging from big english thoroughbred s down to australian waler s , arabs and small ponies from several sources . except for an occasional unpremeditated contribution , when a mare has arrived here in foal , hong kong has never bred its own horse s . it has bought where it could ; and over many years the local patron of the turf has backed his fancy among blue - blooded english thoroughbred s , horse s from overseas . in the past , their dominance was not so prominent as peking writer , mr collins , devoted a chapter to the china pony . to quote : \u201cif the mongol pony is a midget he is an amazingly sturdy midget . he runs distance s on the flat which average out to about the same as the english classics . . . but has to carry gentleman - jockey weights ranging from 145 lbs , to 160 lbs . , as against the 126 lbs . carried by full - sized english thoroughbred s in the derby . \u201d\nthoroughbred s from england and south africa were categorized in entries of races , though described as \u2018 horse s\u2019 differentiating with \u2018 ponies \u2018 , from the eras of racing marked by the army and civil officers , the dent s and jardines and later by the local and expatriate wealthy businessmen , thoroughbred s played a more and more important roles in china and not just in hong kong . books and notes by writer henry ching , austin coates , governor henry may and even overseas newspapers in singapore and australia reported as such . several famous thoroughbred s being raced in happy valley were tartar , goldfinder , kathleen , sir williams , etc .\naustralian thoroughbred dominated the early races in hong kong . 1788 , the first horse s , of mainly spanish blood , reached australia with the first fleet . 1799 , rockingham , the first english thoroughbred stallion , was shipped from south africa by a young naval officer named henry waterhouse . 1820 , the influence was mainly from england , and each fresh arrival played his or her part in the steady improvement of the australian stock . 1840s the australian horse had made its mark at the races as far afield as calcutta , madras , colombo , singapore and batavia . for nearly a hundred years in happy valley racecourse , australian waler s , was gradually and eventually superseded by australian thoroughbred s . australian thoroughbred s dominated the hongkong races after wwii , was little short of phenomenal .\njapanese thoroughbred , as steward and official col . dowbiggin added : \u201c thoroughbred ponies had been bred in japan for some years for racing there . the japanese brought in a rule that no pony could race there after winning ten races . it was discovered that some of these ponies were being shipped across to manchuria and after a short time there sold at ridiculously high prices to owner s in hong kong as \u2018griffins\u2019 . it was proved to the stewards that in one year over $ 300 , 000 had been paid out by hong kong for such animals , which in many cases broke down very soon here . \u201d\nsince 1971 - 1972 , only thoroughbred s have been allowed to race , and these are of a high standard . youngsters imported have included the progeny of such internationally renowned sires . no matter a horse \u2019s potential on breeding , however , nor what it may have achieved on other racecourses in the past , what counts in hongkong is its performance in hongkong . on that score two horse s have stood out since professional racing started . piccadilly lane ( irish ) gelding super win , which won 18 races between 1974 - 1977 . town crier ( english ) grey gelding silver lining ( raced in australia as vintage moon ) which , racing between 1978 - 1982 , became the first horse to win over a million hongkong dollars .\naccording to mr greenstreet kan\u300arecords after racing professionalization 1971 - 1997\u300b : 1970s , many trophy winners were horse s imported before \u201c thoroughbred era\u201d .\nmost horse breeds tend to live between 25 and 30 years . not surprisingly , the thoroughbred has a life expectancy in line with other horse s .\ngenerate a b2b marketing list with ease and grow your business . identify key decision makers and pre - qualified new prospects for your sales and business development teams .\nview cro company documents and company reports any irish company or business with ease .\nbackground check companies , sole traders or individuals and minimise your spend with more efficient anti - money laundering checks and reports .\nmore people choose vision - net over any other search service . . . ask us why ?\n2017 was a record year for company start - ups in ireland while insolvencies went through a levelling off period .\nwe are in acceleration mode and ireland has taken its place as europe ' s fastest growing economy . many aspects of that recovery are demonstrated in our 2017 annual review .\nyankee white . . . yankee white is an administrative nickname for a background check given in the united states of america for department of defense personnel and contractor . . . obtaining such clearance requires , in part , a single scope background investigation ( ssbi ) which is conducted under the manuals of the u . s . . . individuals having yankee white clearances undergo extensive background investigation . . .\n44 liquormart , inc . v . rhode island - background . . . in 1985 , a liquormart brought a suit against the liquor control commissioner , arguing , among other things , that the first regulation , which prevented the liquormart from advertising its prices , was unconstitutional . . . the rhode island supreme court , however , held that the regulation did not violate the first amendment , the commerce clause , the equal protection clause , or the sherman anti - trust act . . .\neddie chapman - background . . . well along into his criminal career he was arrested in scotland and charged with blowing up the safe of the headquarters of the edinburgh co - operative society . . . let out on bail , he fled to jersey in the channel islands where he attempted unsuccessfully to continue his crooked ways . . .\nyoung , gifted and black - personnel . . . electric piano billy preston - organ sammy turner - background vocals hubert laws - alto flute chuck rainey - bass j . r . . . bailey - background vocals carolyn franklin - background vocals erma franklin - background vocals the memphis horns - ensemble the sweet inspirations . . . clark - background vocals cornell dupree - guitar jimmy douglass - engineer tom dowd - arranger , producer chuck kirkpatrick - engineer eric gale - bass lewis hahn - engineer dan hersch - remastering . . .\nturbografx - 16 - technical specifications - display - color 512 colors onscreen maximum of 482 ( 241 background , 241 sprite ) palettes maximum of 32 ( 16 for background tiles , 16 for sprites ) colors per palette 16 per . . .\n. he was a great public hero , and anything i did that someone didn\u0092t approve of , they would always feel that president kennedy wouldn\u0092t have done that .\nthey were more than hostile . in the first place , i was a south georgian and i was looked upon as a fiscal conservative , and the atlanta newspapers quite erroneously , because they didn\u0092t know anything about me or my\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis article is about the racehorse . for the shipping term , see chartering ( shipping ) .\nwho won several major middle - distance races between 1982 and 1984 . after winning twice as a two - year - old in 1981 , she developed into a top - class racemare in the following year , finishing second in the\nand was retired from racing at the end of the year having won nine of her twenty races . she later became a very successful broodmare .\nbred in ireland and owned throughout her career by the barnett family . her sire saritamer was an american - bred , irish - trained sprinter who won the\n) , centroline ( jockey club cup ) and tale quale ( jockey club cup ) .\nshe was ridden in most of her races by william\nbilly\nnewnes .\ntwo furlongs from the finish . she stayed on strongly in the closing stages to finish second , two and a half lengths behind on the house and three lengths clear of dione in third .\non 5 june time charter was one of thirteen fillies to contest the 204th running of the oaks stakes ( known for sponsorship reasons as the gold seal oaks ) . despite her performance in the 1000 guineas , she was not among the favourites and started at odds of 12 / 1 , probably because , as the daughter of a sprinter , she was thought unlikely to be effective over one and a half miles . billy newnes ( who was still an apprentice jockey at the time ) restrained time charter at the back of the field before moving up on the outside in the straight . she took the lead inside the final furlong and won by a length from slightly dangerous , with last feather third ,\nfifth . her winning time of 2 : 34 . 21 was a record for the race and was faster than that recorded by\nin late july . as a group one winner she carried a seven pound weight penalty and finished second , beaten two lengths by dancing rocks .\nbut was sidelined by a respiratory infection , described as\na dirty nose\n. she eventually returned for the sun chariot stakes , a group two race over ten furlongs at newmarket in october , in which she was again asked to concede weight to her rivals .\nwinner buzzard ' s bay . newnes settled time charter towards the rear of the field before moving forward along the rails three and a half furlongs from the finish . the filly was initially unable to obtain a clear run and newnes had to force her through a gap between montekin and the tiring kalaglow , appearing to bump the latter . once in the clear , time charter quickly took the lead and accelerated away from the field to win impressively by seven lengths , the biggest margin in the history of the race . it had been intended to retire the filly at the end of the season and have her covered by"]}
{"id": 1055, "summary": [{"text": "the dysderoidea are a clade or superfamily of araneomorph spiders .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the monophyly of the group , initially consisting of the four families dysderidae , oonopidae , orsolobidae and segestriidae , has consistently been recovered in phylogenetic studies .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in 2014 , a new family , trogloraptoridae , was created for a recently discovered species trogloraptor marchingtoni .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it was suggested that trogloraptoridae may be the most basal member of the dysderoidea clade .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , a later study found that trogloraptoridae was placed outside the dysderoidea and concluded that it was not part of this clade . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "dysderoidea", "paragraphs": ["on the first african spiders of the family orsolobidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2892\na new genus of the spider family orsolobidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) from brazil . american museum novitates ; no . 3112\non melchisedec , a new genus of the spider family oonopidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) . ( american museum novitates , no . 3702 )\ndetails - on the first african spiders of the family orsolobidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2892 - biodiversity heritage library\nfannes , w . ( 2010 ) on melchisedec , a new genus of the spider family oonopidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) . american museum novitates , 3702 , 1\u201328 . urltoken\nty - book ti - on the first african spiders of the family orsolobidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2892 ur - urltoken py - 1987 au - griswold , charles e . au - platnick , norman i . er -\nthe superfamily dysderoidea , a species - rich clade of haplogyne araneomorph spiders encompassing members that are all expected to exhibit holokinetic chromosome structure , is cytogenetically explored for this thesis . holokinetic chromosomes lack primary constriction and centromere . in contrast to standard chromosomes , kinetochore covers most of chromosome surface of the holokinetic chromosomes . holokinetic chromosomes arose multiple times from standard chromosomes during evolution of animals , plants , and protists . due to specific structure , they are extremely tolerant towards chromosomal fusions and fissions . this has major implication on karyotype evolution of dysderoidea and diverse diploid numbers are seen in the superfamily . species . . .\n@ book { bhl171089 , title = { on the first african spiders of the family orsolobidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2892 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { griswold , charles e . and platnick , norman i . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > on the first african spiders of the family orsolobidae ( araneae , dysderoidea ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2892 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > griswold , charles e . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > platnick , norman i . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1987 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ndetailed review of the present knowledge of the male reproductive system and spermatozoa of spiders .\nconceptualization of characters based on data from 154 species of 56 families representing all main spider clades .\ndetailed discussion on the evolutionary implications especially with regard to post - copulatory sexual selection .\nwe dedicate this work to prof . dr . dr . h . c . gerd alberti for his numerous influential contributions to the comparative spermatology of arachnids . morphologia necesse est !\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\na new genus , melchisedec , is established for two new afrotropical species , m . thevenot ( type species ) and m . birni . these spiders are unique among oonopids in having a crest on the ventral pedicel sclerite , and in having very short , scepterlike setae on the distal metatarsi i and ii . the male of m . thevenot has a long , inward - curved embolus - conductor complex and a sternal pouch . the embolus - conductor complex resembles that of the australian genus grymeus harvey , but differs in important details . the genital system of the female is highly complex , and includes two uterine sclerites , two winglike lateral apodemes and a receptaculum with a globular appendix . the receptaculum is much larger than in most other oonopidae and has an unusual , strongly folded surface .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : haplogynae according to j . a . dunlop et al . 2013\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30a8\u30f3\u30de\u30b0\u30e2\u5c5e\nto\nsegestria\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30df\u30e4\u30b0\u30e2\u5c5e\nto\nariadna\n.\nmaggie whitson selected\nsegestria senoculata\nto show in overview on\nsegestria senoculata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nsegestria senoculata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nsnake - back spider\nto\nsegestria senoculata ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\narthropod systematics & philogeny\n- vol . 72 , no . 2 , p . 177 - 192 ( 214 )\nde busschere , charlotte ; fannes , wouter ; henrard , arnaud ; gaublomme , eva ; jocqu\u00e9 , rudy ; et . al . unravelling the goblin spiders puzzle : rdna phylogeny of the family oonopidae ( araneae ) . in : arthropod systematics & philogeny , vol . 72 , no . 2 , p . 177 - 192 ( 214 )\ntwo new species of the goblin spider genus antoonops are described , bringing the total number of species to six . antoonops kamieli sp . nov . is described from two males and one female collected in bouak\u00e9 , ivory coast . the species can be easily distinguished from congeners by its large eyes . in addition , the males are characterized by a distinct depression on the ventral abdomen . antoonops sarae sp . nov . is described from four females collected in tchabal mbabo , cameroon . the species is unusual in having a long postepigastric scutum and a genital duct with finger - like protrusions . a key to the species of antoonops is provided .\nfannes , w . ( 2013 ) the goblin spider genus zyngoonops ( araneae , oonopidae ) , with notes on related taxa . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 379 , 1\u2013117 . urltoken\nfannes , w . & jocqu\u00e9 , r . ( 2008 ) ultrastructure of antoonops , a new , ant - mimicking genus of afrotropical oonopidae ( araneae ) with complex internal genitalia . american museum novitates , 3614 , 1\u201330 . urltoken\nfrick , h . , nentwig , w . & kropf , c . ( 2010 ) progress in erigonine spider phylogeny\u2013the savignia - group is not monophyletic ( araneae : linyphiidae ) . organisms , diversity & evolution , 10 , 297\u2013310 . urltoken\nplatnick , n . i . , dup\u00e9rr\u00e9 , n . , ubick , d . & fannes , w . ( 2012 ) got males ? : the enigmatic goblin spider genus triaeris ( araneae , oonopidae ) . american museum novitates , 3756 , 1\u201336 . urltoken\nshorthouse , d . p . ( 2010 ) simplemappr , an online tool to produce publication - quality point maps . available from : urltoken ( accessed 19 mar . 2013 )"]}
{"id": 1056, "summary": [{"text": "deanolis iriocapna is a species of moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on java .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are pale yellow , with a yellowish costa , a dark spot in both outer edges of the cell , and a reddish undulating margin along the termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are of the same pale yellow ground colour , and the anterior half of the termen exhibits a similar margin as found in the fore wings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "deanolis iriocapna", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 32cfcc6d - 0a8e - 4bd1 - 8a9a - b3aab549471e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6ef51a3 - 5f5b - 4dce - 9c9f - 5ed71f46deab\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b67a1c9c - 2402 - 4be9 - bcdc - 9f7ad571bf05\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 377220\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\noverview of barcoded specimensdata from : discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . - dryad\noverview of barcoded specimensdata from : discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nmally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) . zookeys 472 : 117 - 162 . urltoken\nmally r , korycinska a , agassiz djl , hall j , hodgetts j , nuss m ( 2015 ) data from : discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) .\ndata from : discovery of an unknown diversity of leucinodes species damaging solanaceae fruits in sub - saharan africa and moving in trade ( insecta , lepidoptera , pyraloidea ) .\ncontent in the dryad digital repository is offered\nas is .\nby downloading files , you agree to the dryad terms of service . to the extent possible under law , the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data .\ndryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .\nlatest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about deanonymize ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for deanonymize ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about deanonymization ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for deanonymization ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndavid agassiz | ph . d . | natural history museum , london , london | department of life sciences | researchgate\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\na new genus , osmanthedon kallies gen . nov . , in the tribe synanthedonini and a new species , osmanthedon domaticola agassiz & kallies spec . nov . , are described . this is the first record of a sesiid species associated with ant galls ( domatia ) found on whistling thorn acacia , vachellia drepanolobium ( harms ex sj\u00f6stedt ) p . j . h . hurter ( fabaceae ) , in east africa .\nin the hind wings of yponomeuta and related genera there are transparent patches without scales ; within these are arrays of ridges and it is suggested these may be used to produce sounds , with the adjacent membrane acting as a resonator . avenues for further research are explored , together with potential taxonomic implications .\nwater ferns azolla spp . ( azollaceae ) as new host plants for the small china - mark moth , cataclysta lemnata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( lepidoptera , crambidae , acentropinae )\ntwo specimens of euzophera costivittella ragonot , 1887 , were found in the british and irish collection in the natural history museum , london . their possible origin is discussed .\nlopez vaamonde et al . 2010 lepidoptera biorisk complete with appendices in roques and lees 2010\nnew diagnosis of the genus aphanostola is provided , and its position within gelechiidae is briefly discussed . 19 species are described from south africa , namibia , botswana , zimbabwe , tanzania , kenya and ethiopia : a . acaciae bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . morogorensis bidzilya , sp . n . , a . calderae bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . kenyella bidzilya & agassiz , sp . n . , a . kruegeri bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . alternella bidzilya & agassiz , sp . n . , a . antennata bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . rooiklipella bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . griseella bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . centripunctella bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . joannoui bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . namibiensis bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . brandbergensis bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . aarviki bidzilya , sp . n . , a . africanella bidzilya , agassiz , & mey , sp . n . , a . emarginata bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . melliferae bidzilya , agassiz & mey , sp . n . , a . maxima bidzilya & mey , sp . n . , a . longicornuta bidzilya , agassiz & mey , sp . n . a key to the species is given based on external characters and the genitalia of both sexes . adults and genitalia of all species are illustrated .\ndescription of nemophora acaciae sp . nov . ( lepidoptera : adelidae ) from kenya\nnemophora acaciae sp . nov . is described from kenya on the basis of a large series bred from flowers of acacia seyal and a . lahai . the new species differs from all afrotropical nemophora species by its dark brown forewing fascia with white medial stripe near the costal margin of forewing . the key to the afrotropical nemophora species is provided .\noverview of specimens intercepted in great britain by the food and environment research agency ( fera ) .\nspecies of tortricidae whose larvae feed on acacia are listed , including five new species : hystrichophora bussei agassiz , endotera cyaneana agassiz , paraeccopsis variegana agassiz & aarvik , coniostola flavitinctana agassiz & aarvik , and c . rufitinctana agassiz & aarvik . six additional species related to the aforementioned , whose life histories are not known , also are described : paraeccopsis tanzanica aarvik , p . addis aarvik , p . turi aarvik , p . botswanae aarvik , p . pseudoinsellata aarvik , and coniostola laikipiana agassiz & aarvik . endotera nodi agassiz is synonymised with endotera cyphospila ( meyrick ) , comb . n . ; and coniostola omistus diakonoff is synonymised with coniostola stereoma ( meyrick ) . paraeccopsis inflicta ( meyrick ) and paraeccopsis atricapsis ( meyrick ) are removed from the synonymy of paraeccopsis insellata ( meyrick ) . eucosma pharangodes meyrick is transferred to eucosmocydia diakonoff . age onychistica diakonoff is recorded from africa for the first time .\nthe species of nymphicula occurring in australia and south pacific islands are described and illustrated . 22 new species are described : n . adelphalis , n . christinae , n . conjunctalis , n . edwardsi , n . hampsoni , n . ochrepunctalis , n . torresalis , n . beni , n . irianalis , n . michaeli , n . monticola , n . nokensis , n . plumbilinealis , n . submarginalis , n . susannae , n . tariensis , n . xanthocostalis , n . fionae , n . insulalis , n . lactealis , n . lifuensis , n . cheesmanae . a replacement name is proposed for cataclysta dialitha tams : nymphicula samoensis .\nrevision of african neaspasia diakonoff , 1989 and the related conaspasia , n . gen . ( lepidoptera , tortricidae )\nthe six species of neaspasia diakonoff present in mainland africa are described and illustrated . niphadophylax albonigra razowski & wojtusiak and n . sophrona razowski & wojtusiak are transferred to conaspasia , new genus . four new species are described : neaspasia coronana aarvik , new species , n . karischi aarvik , new species , n . malamigambo aarvik , new species , and conaspasia congolana aarvik , new species . argyroploce orthacta meyrick , argyroploce brevisecta meyrick , and penthina brevibasana walsingham are transferred to neaspasia . neaspasia rhodesiae razowski & brown is a junior synonym of neaspasia orthacta ( meyrick ) , new combination . genetancylis homalota razowski and rhopobota cornuta razowski , both described from oman , are transferred to neaspasia . genetancylis razowski is synonymised with neaspasia .\nthe species of acentropinae recorded from africa are listed and described with illustrations of the adults and genitalia . ten new synonymies are established . the following species are described new to science : parapoynx zambiensis , argyrophorodes angolensis , a . suttoni , elophila acornutus , e . ealensis , e . minima , nymphicula hexaxantha , eoophyla belladotae , e . cameroonensis , e . carcassoni , e . citrialis , e . dentisigna , e . euprepialis , e . grandifuscalis , e . interopalis , e . kingstoni , e . munroei , e . piscatorum , e . platyxantha , e . principensis , e . ruwenzoriensis , e . stepheni , e . tanzanica . e . nyasalis kenyalis is described as a new subspecies .\nthe contents of swollen - thorn domatia of three acacia species are given . lepidoptera bred from swollen thorns of acacia are listed ; two new genera , endotera gen . nov . and kenyatta gen . nov . , and six new species : phthoropoea chalcomochla sp . nov . , endotera nodi sp . nov . , hystrichophora vittana sp . nov . , hystrichophora griseana sp . nov . , hystrichophora bopprei sp . nov . and kenyatta iodes sp . nov . , are described .\ncnephasia pumicana ( zeller , 1847 ) ( lep . : tortricidae ) stat . rev . newly recognised as british\ncnephasia pumicana ( zeller , 1847 ) stat . rev . is distinguished from c . pasiuana ( h\u00fcbner , 1796 - 99 ) , differences in the male and female genitalia are described and illustrated and the occurrence of c . pumicana in britain is discussed .\na new species of anthophila haworth , 1811 ( choreutidae ) is described from east africa which shows remarkable similarity to the palaearctic anthophila fabriciana ( linnaeus , 1767 ) . the life history is described and comparisons are drawn between the species .\nthe discovery by leraut ( 2003 ) of the existence of a species closely related to acleris emargana ( fabricius , 1775 ) is confirmed . it is shown that this was already known to lepidopterists in the first half of the 19th century , but like many acleris names later regarded as only a form , the name acleris effractana ( h\u00fcbner , 1799 ) is the oldest name for the species . a neotype for a . effractana is designated . a . effractana is shown to have a holarctic distribution , with occurrence only in the northern part of europe . a . emargana blackmorei obraztsov , 1963 ( syn . n . ) and acleris stettinensis leraut , 2003 ( syn . n . ) are synonyms of a . effractana ( h\u00fcbner ) . a . effractana is compared with a . emargana ( fabricius , 1775 ) . details of the variation in adults , biology and distribution of these two species are presented , and adults and genitalia are illustrated .\nthe eucosma hohenwartiana group of species is reviewed to take account of constant struc - tural differences in the ovipositor of the females . two taxa whose status has been in doubt are removed from synonymy with e . hohenwartiana ( ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) , 1775 ) and restored to full species rank : e . fulvana ( stephens , 1834 ) sp . rev . and e . parvulana ( wilkinson , 1859 ) sp . rev . ( = scutana ( constant , 1893 ) syn . n . ) . their respective host plants are given . lectotypes of e . fulvana and e . parvulana are designated . zusammenfassung . die arten der eucosma hohenwartiana gruppe werden revidiert und zwei taxa von unsicherem status werden auf grund konstanter unterschiede in der struktur des ovipositors der weibchen von e . hohenwartiana ( ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) , 1775 ) getrennt und zu vollen arten erhoben : e . fulvana ( stephens , 1834 ) sp . rev . und e . parvulana ( wilkinson , 1859 ) sp . rev . ( = scutana ( constant , 1893 ) syn . n . ) . ihre nahrungspflanzen werden angegeben und lectotypen werden f\u00fcr e . fulvana und e . parvulana festgelegt . r\u00e9sum\u00e9 . ayant trouv\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rences constantes dans la structure de l ' ovipositeur des femelles , les auteurs analyse le groupe d ' esp\u00e8ces d ' eucosma hohenwartiana ( ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) , 1775 ) . deux taxons , dont le statut \u00e9tait douteux , sont de nouveau reconnus comme valides : e . fulvana ( stephens , 1834 ) sp . rev . et e . parvulana ( wilkinson , 1859 ) sp . rev . ( = scutana ( constant , 1893 ) syn . n . ) . on men - tionne leurs plantes - h\u00f4tes respectives et on d\u00e9signe lectotypes pour e . fulvana et e . parvulana .\nthe small acontiine moth araeopteron ecphaea ( hampson , 1914 ) is recorded new to the west palaearctic from greece , turkey , spain ( including mallorca ) , and is further reported from additional countries in the afrotropical region . the species is redescribed and the genitalia of both sexes are figured for the first time . the worldwide distribution of the known species of the genus araeopteron hampson , 1893 is given .\ninsect migration : tracking resources through space and time . edited by v . a . drake & a . g . gatehouse"]}
{"id": 1057, "summary": [{"text": "gavialiceps taiwanensis is an eel in the family muraenesocidae ( pike congers ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by johnson t. f. chen and herman ting-chen weng in 1967 , originally under the genus chlopsis .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a marine , deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the northwestern pacific ocean , including taiwan ( from which its species epithet is derived ) and okinawa , japan .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it dwells at a depth range of 600 to 750 metres ( 1,970 to 2,460 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "males can reach a maximum total length of 75.7 centimetres ( 29.8 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "gavialiceps taiwanensis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about gavialiceps taiwanensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gavialiceps taiwanensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ngavialiceps arabicus gavialiceps arabicus is found in the western indian ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ef\u30bf\u30af\u30ba\u30cf\u30e2\u5c5e\nto\ngavialiceps\n.\nkarmovskaya , e . s . 1994 . systematics and distribution of the eel genus gavialiceps ( congridae ) in the indo - west pacific . journal of ichthyology , 34 ( 3 ) , 73 - 89 .\nkarmovskaya , e . s . , 1994 . systematics and distribution of the eel genus gavialiceps ( congridae ) in the indo - west pacific . j . ichthyol . 34 ( 3 ) : 73 - 89 . ( ref . 44791 )\n\u81fa\u7063\u9b5a\u985e\u8a8c ( \u6c88\u7b49 , 1993 ) \uff1bchen , j . t . f . and h . t . c . weng ( 1967 ) a review of the apodal fishes of taiwan . biological bulletin tunghai university ichthyology series number 6 no . 32 : 1 - 86\uff1bkarmovskaya , e . s . 1994 . systematics and distribution of the eel genus gavialiceps ( congridae ) in the indo - west pacific . journal of ichthyology , 34 ( 3 ) , 73 - 89 . chen , j . t . f . etc . 1967 \u6c88\u4e16\u5091 \u7de8 shih - chieh shen ed . 1993\nhindi , ghariyal = gavial , saurian of ganges , 1825 + greek , kephale = head ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 600 - 750 m ( ref . 44791 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 75 . 7 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44791 )\ncolor is bright brown , the upper part of the head and back are darker than the belly . the peritoneum , gill and mouth cavities are dark , visible through the skin . the stomach is long , extends slightly behind the anus ; 2 . 5 times the length of the head ( ref . 44791 ) .\n) : 5 . 7 - 7 . 8 , mean 7 . 1 ( based on 6 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5313 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00132 ( 0 . 00056 - 0 . 00309 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 72 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 50 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nchen , j . t . f . and h . t . c . weng ( 1967 ) a review of the apodal fishes of taiwan . biological bulletin tunghai university ichthyology series number 6 no . 32 : 1 - 86\nbd . 34 - 38 , hl . 11 - 13 in tl . eye 15 - 17 , snout 2 . 1 , gape 1 . 7 in hl . tail about 0 . 45 in length of head and trunk . body very elongate , tail tapering . mouth corner extending to behind eyes . lips without folds . jaws projected , lower jaw shorter than upper where intermaxillary teeth exposed . snout pointed , depressed , a notch behind intermaxillary teeth . anterior nostrils slits , in middle of snout . posterior nostrilsslits , wider than anterior one , in front of eyes . tongue fixed . teeth small , pointed . jaws teeth in 3 rows , middle row little longer than other 2 rows , teeth of anterior part of lower jaw rather long . vomer with a row of 9 rather larger canines , 2 - 3 small ones between each two . premaxillary teeth a bunch of small canines . gill openings small . ventral . pectoral fin absent . dorsal and anal fin elevated , confluent with caudal fin . lateral lines present . color is bright brown , the upper part of the head and back are darker than the belly . the peritoneum , gill and mouth cavities are dark , visible through the skin . the stomach is long , extends slightly behind the anus ; 2 . 5 times the length of the head .\n) : 5 . 7 - 7 . 8 , mean 7 . 1 ( based on 6 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00132 ( 0 . 00056 - 0 . 00309 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 72 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\na tree for site navigation will open here if you enable javascript in your browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthere are around 15 species in this family of eels . they are found in tropical and subtropical waters in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . they have larges eyes and strong teeth . they can range in size from two to eight feet in length .\nstatus and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .\nthreatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .\nthe daggertooth pike - conger is native to the indian and west pacific oceans . it has also made its way to the mediterranean sea by way of the suez canal . it is found in marine , brackish and freshwater environments . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe common pike - conger is native to the indian and west pacific oceans .\nguinean pike - conger - cynoponticus ferox the guinean pike - conger is found from gibraltar to angola . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nred pike - conger - cynoponticus coniceps the red pike - conger is found from mexico to ecuador . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no guayana pike - conger - cynoponticus savanna the guayana pike - conger is foound from the caribbean though central america to brazil . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe shorttail pike - conger is foound from taiwan and japan to western australia and new south wales .\nthe yellow pike - conger is found from sri lanka and the bay of bengal to indonesia .\nthe indian pike - conger is found in the indian and west pacific oceans ."]}
{"id": 1059, "summary": [{"text": "cancer is a genus of marine crabs in the family cancridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it includes eight extant species and three extinct species , including familiar crabs of the littoral zone , such as the european edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) , the jonah crab ( cancer borealis ) and the red rock crab ( cancer productus ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is thought to have evolved from related genera in the pacific ocean in the miocene . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "cancer ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["and subdivided that genus into four subgenera : cancer ( cancer ) linnaeus , 1758 ; c .\ngenus oncology discovers and commercializes new anti - cancer agents that target the mucin 1 oncoprotein .\nare we missing a good definition for genus cancer ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .\nthe genus cancer used to consists of species of crabs and most large crustaceans . it now consists of 8 extant and 3 extinct species\nphylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the shrimp genus penaeus s . l . derived from mitochondrial dna\nin vitro antibiotic susceptibility of pseudomonads other than pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from cancer patients .\nthe species cancer productus ( a . k . a . red rock crab ) can be identified from other species in the genus cancer by the distinct black tips of their claws . the other large , common cancer crab species is c . magister which does not have a dark tip on its claws . c . antennarius has red spots its underside .\nphylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the shrimp genus penaeus s . l . derived from mitochondrial dna | request pdf\npopulation assessment of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) fishery off southwest england .\npopulation and catch structure of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) in the english channel .\nrefuting the six - genus classification of penaeus s . l . ( dendrobranchiata , penaeidae ) : a combined anal . . .\nforaging behaviour of juvenile carcinus maenus ( l . ) and cancer pagurus ( l . ) .\nthe distribution and behaviour of ovigerous edible crabs ( cancer pagurus ) , and consequent sampling bias .\ncancer pagurus is not known to compete with or be affected by any non - native species .\na role for the beta genus hpvs in keratinocyte carcinoma ( kc ) remains to be established . in this article we examine the potential role of the beta hpvs in cancer revealed by the epidemiology associating these viruses with kc and supported by oncogenic properties of the beta hpv proteins . unlike the cancer associated alpha genus hpvs , in which transcriptionally active viral genomes are invariably found associated with the cancers , that is not the case for the beta genus hpvs and keratinocyte carcinomas . thus a role for the beta hpvs in kc would necessarily be in the carcinogenesis initiation and not in the maintenance of the tumor .\neffect of air exposure on ammonia excretion and ammonia content of branchial water of the crab cancer pagurus .\ncancer mediterraneus herbst , 1794 : 150 , tab . 37 , fig . 2 [ 67 ] .\n) . two other members of the subfamily ebaliinae were selected as outgroups based on their phylogenetic proximity to the genus and availability of data .\nfactors in the life history of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) that influence modelling and management .\npatterns of recolonisation and the importance of pit - digging by the crab cancer pagurus in a subtidal sand habitat .\nbasic movement pattern and chemo - oriented search towards baited pots in edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) .\ncancer pagurus occurs in extremely wave sheltered loughs . decreased wave exposure likelihood of displacement ( a favourable effect ) and increase food supply but may increase siltation . overall , cancer pagurus is probably tolerant to a decrease in wave exposure .\nto deal with this dilemma , the society of zoological nomenclature officially designated the holotype of gelasimus platydactylus as a neotype of cancer vocans major ( holthuis 1979 ; iczn 1983 ) . the result of this decision is that we retain the names u . major for the american species and u . tangeri for the west african / european species . it also means that although u . tangeri is technically the species upon which the genus is named , u . major ( cancer vocans major ) is still the official type species of the genus uca .\noxygen uptake of developing eggs of cancer pagurus ( crustacea : decapoda : cancridae ) and consequent behaviour of ovigerous females .\nestimation of the spatial distribution of spawning crabs ( cancer pagurus l . ) using larval surveys of the english channel .\nmany of the prey items of cancer pagurus are also commercially exploited especially large bivalves . if populations of prey items were overexploited it is likely that the populations of cancer pagurus would either decrease or growth would be slower leading to later maturation .\nforaging behaviour of the crab cancer pagurus feeding on the gastropods nucella lapillus and littorina littorea : comparisons with optimal foraging theory .\ncancer ( three thorned crab ) browne , 1756 : 422 [ 156 ] , pl . 42 , fig . 3 .\nfigure 3 : radial tree - grishin ( protein ) model - showing phylogeny of genus naja with the help of rendering tree . radial tree is unrooted tree shape .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\nkhodarev n , pitroda s , beckett m , macdermed d , huang l , kufe d , and weichselbaum r , muc1 - induced transcriptional programs associated with tumorigenesis predict outcome in breast and lung cancer . cancer res , 2009 . 69 : 2833 - 7 .\na number of authors subsequently used this same picture as a basis for naming the species ( manning & holthuis 1981 ) . cancer vocans major herbst , 1782 ; ocypode heterochelos lamarck , 1801 ; cancer uka shaw and nodder , 1802 ; and uca una leach , 1814 , are all objective synonyms , because they are all based on the picture and description from seba . because of this , the official type specimen of the genus uca is cancer vocans major . the earliest description of this species based on actual specimens and not on seba ' s drawing was gelasimus platydactylus milne - edwards , 1837 .\nproduction , drift and mortality of the planktonic larvae of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) off the north - east coast of england .\nadult cancer pagurus are not dependent in any way on water - borne particles and are unlikely to be affected by a decrease in turbidity .\n) , conventional and modern spectrum techniques were employed , encompassing morphology , ultrastructure , physiology , and molecular biology . as a result , the genus included seven species , the three former taxa\ncancer pagurus will not feed between 0 and 5\u00b0c ( karlsson & christiansen , 1996 ) and embryos will not develop below 8\u00b0c ( thompson et al . , 1995 ) . therefore if an acute decrease in temperature took the absolute temperature below 5\u00b0c , productivity of cancer pagurus might be affected although mortality is unlikely . a chronic decrease in temperature is unlikely to affect cancer pagurus at the benchmark level and tolerant has been recorded .\ncancer pagurus is not reliant on suspended sediment , therefore is unlikely to be affected by a decrease in suspended sediment and tolerant has been recorded .\ncancer pagurus is an osmoconformer ( wanson et al . , 1983 ) and is probably tolerant to slight increases in salinity but may be affected by acute increases . however , no information has been found on the effect of hypersaline conditions on cancer pagurus and therefore no assessment has been made .\nfigure 2 : slanted tree - grishin ( protein ) model - phylogenetic study of genus naja with the help of rendering tree . slanted tree is similar to rectangle , but with triangular tree shape .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - edible crab ( cancer pagurus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - edible crab ( cancer pagurus )\ntitle =\narkive species - edible crab ( cancer pagurus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwallach v , wuster w , broadley dg ( 2009 ) . in praise of subgenera : taxonomic status of cobras of the genus naja laurenti ( serpentes : elapidae ) . zootaxa . 2236 : 2636 .\nthirteen sepcies has taken from genus naja of elapidae family , in which targeted neurotoxins protein data were used to observe molecular resemble of related protein by phylogenic analysis ( table 1 ) [ 16 , 17 ] .\nshelton ( 1973 ) reported that cancer pagurus avoided areas of spoil dumping and suggested this may be due suspended sediment or due to decreased macrofauna . cancer pagurus relies on visual acuity to find prey so although mortality due to an increase in suspended sediment is unlikely , some perturbation is expected and low has been recorded .\ncancer pagurus responds to hypoxia by increasing the efficiency of oxygen extraction from the water by its gills ( aldrich & regnault , 1992 ; spicer & weber , 1992 ) . cancer pagurus can survive for at least 18 hours in oxygen - depleted conditions ( spicer & weber , 1992 ) and can probably survive longer .\na decrease in water movement probably would not affect cancer pagurus as it does not rely on water movement for feeding or gas exchange and tolerant has been recorded .\ncancer punctatus linnaeus , 1758 : 630 [ 78 ] . \u2015herbst , 1794 : 89 [ 67 ] , pl . 11 , figs . 15 , 16 .\nkufe d , muc1 - c oncoprotein as a target in breast cancer : activation of signaling pathways and therapeutic approaches . oncogene 2013 . 32 : 1073 - 81 .\nlawton , p . , 1989 . predatory interaction between the brachyuran crab cancer pagurus and decapod crustacean prey . marine ecology progress series , 52 , 169 - 179 .\nregnault , m . , 1992 . effect of air exposure on nitrogen metabolism in the crab cancer pagurus . journal of experimental zoology , 264 , 372 - 380 .\ncancer pagurus accumulates technetium , a radionuclide of anthropogenic origin , in the hepatopancreas bound by metallothionein ( knowles et al . , 1998 ) . accumulated metal can be excreted once exposure has ceased and experimental cancer pagurus cleared half of the accumulated technetium in about 100 days ( smith et al . , 1998 ) . due to the detoxification of metal by binding it to metallothioneins , cancer pagurus may be tolerant but the effect of radiation during decay of radionuclides is unknown . therefore no assessment of intolerance has been made .\nthe earliest description of the type species of uca is from a drawing in seba ( 1758 ) , which he called cancer uka una , brasiliensibus ( shown below ) .\nngoc - ho , n . & de saint laurent . ( 2009 ) . the genus thalassina latreille , 1806 ( crustacea : thalassinidea : thalassinidae . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement . 20 : 121 - 158 . [ details ]\nfigure 4 : force tree - grishin ( protein ) model - showing phylogeny of genus naja with the help of rendering tree . force tree is similar to radial , where nodes are pushed away from one another for better presentation .\ncitation : sherkhane as , gomase vs ( 2014 ) evolutionary distance and conserved domain analysis of divergent phylogenetic lineages from genus naja . j data mining genomics proteomics 5 : 156 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2153 - 0602 . 1000156\ngenus oncology was formed in 2007 with a mission of discovering , developing , and commercializing new anti - cancer agents that target the mucin 1 ( muc1 ) oncoprotein . the incidence of overexpressed muc1 in a wide array of carcinomas and hematologic malignancies has been known by researchers for many years . until now , no viable approach existed to selectively target and block the function of muc1 that leads to the formation of tumors .\nfigure 1 : rectangle tree - fast minimum evolution algorithm - phylogenetic study of genus naja with the help of rendering tree showing the evolutionary difference with n . naja in the rectangular shaped rooted tree , root is places in the longest edge .\nin an experiment on blood chemistry of emersed crabs , 60 cancer pagurus survived exposure to air but under wet seaweed for 24 hours ( regnault , 1992 ) . however , increased emergence will probably cause them to migrate down shore during a following period of immersion . an increase in emergence is unlikely to cause mortality or perturbation to cancer pagurus and tolerant has been recorded .\nwanson , s . , pequeux , a . & giles , r . , 1983 . osmoregulation in the stone crab cancer pagurus . marine biology letters , 4 , 321 - 330 .\nadult cancer pagurus are osmoconformers , meaning that they maintain the ionic balance of the haemolymph at a similar concentration to the surrounding water but they are intolerant of salinities below 17 psu . juveniles ( 5 - 10 cm cw ) are mainly intertidal and are tolerant of low salinities ( wanson et al . , 1983 ) . cancer pagurus loses osmoregulatory ability when it moves from the intertidal to the subtidal at about 3 years of age ( regnault , 1992 ) . intertidal populations of cancer pagurus are probably tolerant of decreases in salinity . however , subtidal adults are likely to be adversely affected by low salinities e . g . from hyposaline effluents . cancer pagurus is a very mobile species and would probably avoid hyposaline water and therefore an intolerance of low has been recorded .\nhoward , a . e . , 1982 . the distribution and behaviour of ovigerous edible crabs ( cancer pagurus ) , and consequent sampling bias . journal du conseil , 40 , 259 - 261 .\nregnault , m . , 1994 . effect of air exposure on ammonia excretion and ammonia content of branchial water of the crab cancer pagurus . journal of experimental zoology , 268 , 208 - 217 .\nmascaro , m . & seed , r . , 2001 . foraging behaviour of juvenile carcinus maenus ( l . ) and cancer pagurus ( l . ) . marine biology , 139 , 1135 - 1145 .\nfigs , the genus ficus brings together those histories , ancient and modern , to present an extraordinary profile of an extraordinary plant with an abundance of medical uses and a reputation as both a delicacy and a diet staple in some regions of the world . several chapters within the book are devoted to intensive study of different parts of the tree : fruits , leaves , bark and stem , roots , and latex . these chapters discuss the ficus genus as a whole , including the botany of the most important species that have been related to that particular part pharmacologically .\ncancer can live up to 20yrs & is relatively slow growing taking 6 - 10yrs to reach sexual maturity . it produces a large number of eggs that are fertilised internally & brooded by the female before being released as planktotrophic zoea larvae between april - august . these spend about 30 days in the plankton before developing into the megalopa stage & settling to the seabed . larval dispersal potential is therefore high , but the very slow growth rate & the substrate requirements for this genus suggest that recoverability may be low .\nbennett , d . b . , 1995 . factors in the life history of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) that influence modelling and management . ices marine science symposia , 199 , 89 - 98 .\nthere have been two major proposals for splitting up the genus , one by bott ( 1973 ) and the other by crane ( 1975 ) . neither is based on a numerical phylogeny . crane ' s descriptions are very complete . bott ' s descriptions are poor , but have priority . for a long time , scientists actively ignored both subdivisions and when there was a reference in the literature , it almost always used crane ' s names and not bott ' s . bott also split the genus into multiple genera rather than subgenera , an unnecessary complication in most researcher ' s minds .\novernell , j . , 1984 . the partition of copper and cadmium between different charge - forms of metallothionein in the digestive tubules of the crab , cancer pagurus . comparative biochemistry and physiology , 77c , 237 - 243 .\nwilson , e . ( 1999 ) cancer pagurus . edible crab . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom : urltoken\nbrown , c . g . & bennett , d . b . , 1980 . population and catch structure of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) in the english channel . journal du conseil , 39 , 88 - 100 .\nlaw , t . , 1982 . the uptake , distribution and biochemical effects of cadmium in the edible crab cancer pagurus . ( m . phil . thesis ) , m . phil . thesis , bristol polytechnic , science department .\nbennett , d . b . & brown , c . g . , 1983 . crab ( cancer pagurus ) migrations in the english channel . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 63 , 371 - 398 .\nlike in laboratory mice ( mus musculus ) , the major cause of death in rats is cancer , though there is variation between strains . various degenerative conditions have been observed in aged rats , including several kidney diseases [ 0981 ] .\nthe above synonymization of i . hancocki does not affect the taxonomic status of the genus iliacantha . there are five more species within iliacantha for which we do not have genetic data to assess the validities of the two genera . however , we are able to separate both genera based on morphology of the cheliped alone .\nin our analysis , the separation of p . subovata and \u201c i . hancocki \u201d cannot be supported . the genetic divergence value obtained with coi was only 0 . 3 % , clearly within the range of intraspecific genetic variation , placing \u201c i . hancocki \u201d and equivalent to other existing species in the genus persephona .\naldrich , j . c . & regnault , m . , 1990 . individual variations in the response to hypoxia in cancer pagurus ( l . ) measured at the excited rate . marine behaviour and physiology , 16 , 225 - 235 .\nas the majority of cases were reported prior to the implementation of the new taxonomy for malassezia yeasts , the genus name malassezia sp . will be used in order to address cases of lipophilic yeast systemic isolates characterized as m . furfur ( sensu lato ) or pityrosporum ovale , while m . pachydermatis will be used for nonobligatory lipophilic isolates .\nkarlsson , k . & christiansen , m . e . , 1996 . occurrence and population composition of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) on rocky shores of an islet on the south coast of norway . sarsia , 81 , 307 - 314 .\nwilson , e . ( 1999 ) cancer pagurus . edible crab . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . ( november , 2003 ) urltoken\nsubstrate removal is likely to remove a proportion of cancer pagurus although some will escape . those that escape undamaged will quickly recolonize whatever seabed remains and migrate to new habitats if necessary . therefore an intolerance of intermediate and a recoverability of moderate have been recorded .\nlawton , p . & hughes , r . n . , 1985 . foraging behaviour of the crab cancer pagurus feeding on the gastropods nucella lapillus and littorina littorea : comparisons with optimal foraging theory . marine ecology progress series , 27 , 147 - 154 .\nbennett , d . b . , 1979 . population assessment of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) fishery off southwest england . rapports et proces - verbaux des reunions . conseil international pour l ' exploration de la mer , 175 , 229 - 235 .\novernell , j . , 1982 . copper metabolism in crabs and metallothionein : in vivo effects of copper ( ii ) on soluble hepatopancreas metal binding components of the crab cancer pagurus containing varying amounts of cadmium . comparative biochemistry and physiology , 73b , 555 - 564 .\nfigs , the genus ficus is a book in the crc press series , traditional herbal medicines for modern times , edited by roland hardman . each volume in this series provides academia , health sciences , and the herbal medicines industry with in - depth coverage of the herbal remedies for infectious diseases , certain medical conditions , or the plant medicines of a particular country .\nall around britain and ireland there are substantial fisheries for cancer pagurus ( bennett 1979 ; 1995 ; brown & bennett , 1980 ; eaton et al . , 2001 ; fahy , et al . , 2002 ; howard , 1982 ) , which although causing significant mortality , are regulated by minimum landing sizes introduced in the 19th century . also the biology of cancer pagurus protects the sustainability of the fishery as berried females do not feed and are rarely caught in baited pots ( howard , 1982 ) . therefore an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded .\nphylogenetic relationships within metapenaeopsis remain largely unknown . the modern revision of the genus suggests that the shape of the petasma , followed by the presence of a stridulating organ , are the most important distinguishing taxonomic features . in the present study , phylogenetic relationships were studied among seven metapenaeopsis species from the indo - west pacific based on partial . . . [ show full abstract ]\nadult cancer pagurus are very unlikely to be subject to desiccation because they are subtidal but are likely to survive at the benchmark level as they can survive up to 24 hours in moist air ( regnault , 1992 ) . the juveniles in the intertidal seek shelter in moist microhabitats under rocks and seaweed ( lawton , 1989 ) and are likely to survive extended exposure in the short term and will migrate downshore upon emersion on the next high tide . cancer pagurus survive for long periods in fish boxes waiting to be sold , therefore tolerant has been recorded .\nmuc1 is overexpressed in ~ 90 % of human breast cancers , including those of the triple - negative subtype . the findings that overexpression of muc1 in breast cancer is associated with decreased progression - free and overall survival have emphasized the potential importance of muc1 as a therapeutic target .\nfahy , e . , carroll , j . & stokes , d . , 2002 . the inshore pot fishery for brown crab ( cancer pagurus ) , landing into south east ireland : estimate of yield and assessment of status . irish fisheries investigations , 11 , 26 p .\nicz is known as a product of indole - 3 - carbinol ( i3c ) condensation in the acidic stomach environment after the ingestion of plants belonging to the genus brassica ( cruciferae ) , such as cabbage and broccoli , etc . ( 248 ) . i3c is a product of glucobrassicin catabolism , a natural ingredient of the above - mentioned foods ( 188 , 336 ) .\ncancer ( the edible or brown crab ) is a large , mobile crab which is known to undergo significant migrations . it is likely to be vulnerable to dredging , but is sufficiently active to avoid the effects of deposition of sediment mobilised by the dredging process . however it is dependent on the presence of suitable boulders or crevices hollowed out of the deposits for survival & is hence susceptible to habitat modification if large quantities of sand overlay the substratum . there is some anecdotal evidence that significant alterations to the sediment type may cause cancer to move out of an area . there are some stages in the breeding cycle when cancer may be particularly vulnerable to sedimentation . when the females are \u201cberried\u201d , brooding their eggs , they hide in pits or under rocks & do not feed for 6 - 9 months & are likely to be vulnerable to disturbance .\nspicer , j . i . & weber , r . e . , 1992 . respiratory impairment by water - borne copper and zinc in the edible crab cancer pagurus ( l . ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) during hypoxic exposure . marine biology , 112 , 429 - 435 .\ndiverse sites of infection by p aeruginosa . this opportunistic pathogen may infect virtually any tissue . infection is facilitated by the presence of underlying disease ( e . g . , cancer , cystic fibrosis ) or by a breakdown in nonspecific host defenses ( as ( more . . . )\nthe prey of cancer pagurus includes various filter feeding bivalves ( hall et al . , 1991 ; mascaro & seed , 2001 ) and filter feeding crabs ( lawton , 1989 ) . the productivity of these prey items is likely to be increased by increased turbidity and thus improve the ratio of effort / predation success by cancer pagurus and thus improve their productivity as well . an increase in suspended matter may reduce predation from visual predators such as seals and fish but is unlikely to affect the foraging of the crab as this is mainly chemosensory and tolerant * has been recorded .\nany effect from an increase in temperature would depend on the time of year . adult cancer pagurus are not tolerant of temperatures over 20\u00b0c ( karlsson & christiansen , 1996 ) and if an acute change of temperature occurred in summer when sea temperatures are already high , some mortality could occur . however , if an acute rise in temperature occurred in winter the only effect would be an increase in activity associated with a rise in metabolic rate . a chronic increase in temperature is unlikely to affect cancer pagurus . an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded to account for the worst case scenario .\nskajaa , k . , ferno , a . , lokkeborg , s . & haugland , e . k . , 1998 . basic movement pattern and chemo - oriented search towards baited pots in edible crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) . hydrobiologia , 371 / 372 , 143 - 153 .\nthis study reports a primer set for amplifying a partial fragment of about 610 bp in the fast mutating mitochondrial control region in shrimps of the genus penaeus ( decapoda : penaeidae ) . the utility of this amplified fragment for studying population differentiation and structuring , compared with more conservative mitochondrial genes ( 16s rrna and coi ) , was explored in p . merguiensis . . . [ show full abstract ]\nkhodarev n , ahmad r , rajabi h , pitroda s , kufe t , mcclary c , joshi md , macdermed d , weichselbaum r , and kufe d , cooperativity of the muc1 oncoprotein and stat1 pathway in poor prognosis human breast cancer . oncogene , 2010 . 29 : 920 - 9 .\nadult cancer pagurus are subtidal and are unlikely to be affected by a decrease in emergence . juveniles less than 3 years of age are mainly intertidal ( regnault , 1994 ) and a decrease in emergence is likely to be beneficial as it would increase foraging time . therefore tolerant * has been recorded .\nthompson , b . m . , lawler , a . r . & bennett , d . b . , 1995 . estimation of the spatial distribution of spawning crabs ( cancer pagurus l . ) using larval surveys of the english channel . ices marine science symposia , 199 , 139 - 150 .\nknowles , j . f . , smith , d . l . & winpenny , k . , 1998 . a comparative study of the uptake , clearance and metabolism of technetium in lobster ( homarus gammarus ) and edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) . radiation protection dosimetry , 75 , 125 - 129 .\n) are considerably different . nonetheless , these two species are the members of the genus in which the carpus and merus of the cheliped share the character of bearing tufts of setae on the inner margins . this appears to represent yet another example among marine decapod crustaceans of a species pair diverging from a common ancestor after gene flow was interrupted by closing of the isthmus of panama ( ~ 3 . 5 mybp [\nnichols , j . h . , thompson , b . m . & cryer , m . 1982 . production , drift and mortality of the planktonic larvae of the edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) off the north - east coast of england . netherlands journal of sea research , 16 , 173 - 184 .\nvogan , c . l . , llewellyn , p . j . & rowley , a . f . , 1999 . epidemiology and dynamics of shell disease of the edible crab cancer pagurus : a preliminary study of langland bay , swansea , uk . diseases of aquatic organisms , 35 , 81 - 87 .\naccording to current taxonomy , six species of persephona are known to occur in the western atlantic [ p . aquilonaris rathbun , 1933 ; p . crinita rathbun , 1931 ; p . finneganae rathbun , 1933 ; p . lichtensteinii leach , 1817 ; p . mediterranea ( herbst , 1794 ) , and p . punctata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ] and four in the eastern pacific [ p . edwardsii bell , 1855 ; p . orbicularis bell , 1855 ; p . subovata ( rathbun , 1893 ) , and p . townsendi ( rathbun , 1893 ) ] [ 1 ] ) . however , this number is somewhat uncertain given the questionable status of several species in the genus . applying the briggs and bowen [ 5 ] scheme of american zoogeographic subdivisions , representative members of the genus persephona are absent from only the eastern pacific juan fernandez province .\nthe galatheid genus raymunida macpherson and machordom , 2000 , is reported for the first time from taiwan , and the species collected is also new to science . the new species is most closely related to r . confundens macpherson and machordom , 2001 , but differs in having a more robust cheliped and walking legs covered with distinct squammae . the coloration of the new species is probably unique in . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsmith , d . l . , knowles , j . f . & winpenny , k . , 1998 . the accumulation , retention and distribution of 95mtc in crab ( cancer pagurus l . ) and lobster ( homarus gammarus l . ) . a comparative study . journal of environmental radioactivity , 40 , 113 - 135 .\nnaylor , j . k . , taylor , e . w . & bennett , d . b . , 1999 . oxygen uptake of developing eggs of cancer pagurus ( crustacea : decapoda : cancridae ) and consequent behaviour of ovigerous females . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 79 , 305 - 315 .\nchapter 1 . introduction references chapter 2 . overview of ficus genus references chapter 3 . fruits summary references chapter 4 . leaves . alkaloids coumarins flavonoids terpenoids , sterols peptides and proteins . nociception . inflammation osteoporosis , viruses , parasites toxicology historical uses summary references . chapter 5 . latex historical uses of ficus latex chemistry and pharmacology of fig latex hypertension signal transduction modulation blood coagulation chitinase - related activities viii contents warts cancer psoriasis . hepatotoxicity allergy for the plant references chapter 6 . bark , wood , and stems chemistry references chapter 7 . roots ( including aerial roots and root bark ) historical uses references chapter 8 . fig wasps . references chapter 9 . figs and humans terradiagnostics terratherapeutics ecology , nutrition , and novel applications figs and medicine . references chapter 10 . ficus post - script references index\n. . . haplotypes . since the genus also occurs in the pacific ocean , we included in the analysis four sequences of xiphopenaeus riveti , obtained from specimens coming from panama ( 8 53 0 ne79 35 0 w ) ( accession numbers : dq084377edq084380dq084377dq84378dq84379dq84380 ; gusm\u00e3o et al . , 2006 ) , as well as one metapenaeus ensis sequence , that was used as the outgroup ( access number af279830 ; lavery et al . , 2004 ) . . . .\neaton , d . r . , brown , j . , addison , j . t . , milligan , s . p . & fernand , l . j . , 2003 . edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) larvae surveys off the east coast of england : implications for stock structure . fisheries research , 65 , 191 - 199 .\n( of cancer mantis linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cancer mantis linnaeus , 1758 ) schram , f . r . ; m\u00fcller , h . - g . ( 2004 ) . catalog and bibliography of the fossil and recent stomatopoda . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 5782 - 144 - 3 . 264 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngenus beta type - specific dna loads in plucked eyebrow hairs of controls and scc cases who were concordant for a single hpv type in their eyebrow hair and tumor tissue . controls had a single hpv type in their eyebrow hair that was the same detected in the scc cases . fully colored bars show the result of quantitative pcr . partially colored bars represent quantitative pcr negative but qualitative pcr positive samples with the height giving the threshold of detection of quantitative pcr ( ) .\nneutropenia in cancer patients and others receiving immunosuppressive drugs contributes to infection . pseudomonas aeruginosa has several virulence factors , but their roles in pathogenesis are unclear . an alginate is antiphagocytic , and most strains isolated produce toxin a , a diphtheria - toxin - like exotoxin . all strains have endotoxin , which is a major virulence factor in bacteremia and septic shock .\nhall , s . j . , basford , d . j . , robertson , m . r . , raffaelli , d . g . & tuck , i . , 1991 . patterns of recolonisation and the importance of pit - digging by the crab cancer pagurus in a subtidal sand habitat . marine ecology progress series , 72 , 93 - 102 .\ncancer pagurus is tolerant of being hauled into boats in crab pots and returned to the sea , with an increase in metabolic rate the only effect ( aldrich & regnault , 1990 ) . it also survives well when caught in pots and taken to laboratories and so is tolerant of being displaced within the marine environment ( regnault , 1992 ; overnell , 1984 ) .\nlinnaeus , c . , 1758 . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ( ed . 10 ) , 1 ( 2 ) : i - iii , 1 - 823 ( animalia ) ( 625 - 634 for cancer ) , 825 - 1384 ( vegitabilia ) holmiae .\nnaja naja is one of the poisonous snakes in the genus naja of elapids family and commonly called indian cobras and are mostly found in asia and africa [ 1 ] . elapidae family approximately consists of 300 venomous snakes in 62 genera [ 2 ] . the genus naja consists of currently 26 species of cobra of which 11 inhabit asia and 15 occur in africa [ 3 , 4 ] . proteins from naja naja are potent postsynaptic neurotoxins [ 5 ] . neurotoxins that acts by binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane of skeletal muscles [ 6 ] causing severe local pain , swelling immediately after bite ; dark discoloration , necrosis , paralysis and even death [ 7 - 10 ] . in this research work , we study the origin and evolution of neurotoxin from n . naja by multiple sequence alignments that provide the functional information of conserved sequence regions of neurotoxin from naja naja , phylogenetic analysis shows taxonomical classification , identifying and naming new members of protein families that derived from a common ancestor [ 11 - 15 ] .\nstentiford , g . d , green , m . , bateman , k . , small , h . j . , neil , d . m . & feist , s . w . , 2002 . infection by a hematodinium - like parasitic dinoflagellate causes pink crab disease ( pcd ) in the edible crab cancer pagurus . journal of invertebrate pathology , 79 , 179 - 191 .\nneal , k . j . & wilson , e . 2008 . cancer pagurus edible crab . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\neaton , d . r . , addison , j . t . , milligan , s . p . , brown , j . & fernand , l . j . , 2001 . larvae surveys of edible crab ( cancer pagurus ) off the east coast of england : implications for stock structure and management . ices council meeting papers , c . m . j : 14 10 p .\nin addition to cyp1a1 , icz also affects another protein , breast cancer resistance protein ( bcrp ) , probably through ahr activation . experiments with caco - 2 cells have shown that icz ( 2 . 5 \u03bcm ) can increase significantly the mrna expression level of bcrp after 8 or 24 h ( 90 ) . furthermore , icz presented antiestrogenic activity in mcf - 7 cells ( 201 ) .\nma , k . y . , chan , t . - y & chu , k . h . ( 2011 ) . refuting the six - genus classification of penaeus s . l . ( dendrobranchiata , penaeidae ) : a combined analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes . \u2014zoologica scripta , 40 , 498\u2013508 . the taxonomic revision in 1997 of the shrimps formerly classified in penaeus s . l . has been one of the most controversial issues on systematics of the decapods in recent years . . . . [ show full abstract ]\npseudomonas aeruginosa and p maltophilia account for 80 percent of opportunistic infections by pseudomonads . pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is a serious problem in patients hospitalized with cancer , cystic fibrosis , and burns ; the case fatality is 50 percent . other infections caused by pseudomonas species include endocarditis , pneumonia , and infections of the urinary tract , central nervous system , wounds , eyes , ears , skin , and musculoskeletal system .\nfor about 60 years , the genus was known as gelasimus , until rathbun ( 1897 ) showed that the abandonment of the older name uca did not conform to zoological naming conventions . the type species of uca was known as both uca heterochelos and u . platydactylus , until rathbun ( 1918 ) suggested the adoption of u . heterochelos as the valid name . almost 50 years later , holthuis ( 1962 ) pointed out that u . heterochelos was an objective junior synonym of u . major , thus the type species has been referred to as u . major ever since .\n( of cancer luederwaldti rathbun , 1930 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of cancer fimbriatus olivi , 1792 ) adema , j . p . h . m . ( 1991 ) . de krabben van nederland en belgie ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) [ the crabs of the netherlands and belgium ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) ] . nationaal natuurhistorisch museum : leiden , the netherlands . isbn 90 - 73239 - 02 - 8 . 244 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n. . . morphological traits including the diagnostic pouch - like thelycum and characteristic features ( such as its movable spines in the telson ) are effective characters to identify the species . this species is currently described by two scientific names p . japonicus and marsupenaeus japonicus due to the controversy of the status of the genus penaeus fabricius , 1798 ( see p\u00e9rez farfante and kensley 1997 ; lavery et al . 2004 ; flegel 2007flegel , 2008mclaughlin et al . 2008 ; ma et al . 2011 ) . these names are independently used by various organizations and databases , e . g . . . .\ncancer pagurus is nocturnal and has reasonably good eyesight , any lights that are present in the water are likely to affect their activity patterns . since they are predated upon by seals ( skajaa et al . , 1998 ) , large objects in the water such as divers may cause active crabs to seek refuge and inactive ones to remain so . an intolerance of low has been recorded because visual presence is unlikely to cause mortality but will probably alter its behaviour .\nfigure 5 : multiple sequence alignment by cobalt of genus naja . here columns with no gaps are colored in blue or red . the red color cys ( c ) , thr ( t ) , asn ( n ) hydrophilic polar , phe ( f ) , gly ( g ) , ala ( a ) , pro ( p ) hydrophobic nonpolar , lys ( k ) , arg ( r ) , positive charged , asp ( d ) , nagative charge indicates highly conserved columns and blue indicates less conserved ones . the conservation setting can be used to select a threshold for determining , which columns are colored in red .\nfigs , the ficus trees , are an understudied genus in modern pharmacognosy . this book present a multidisciplinary approach to the botany , chemistry , and pharmacology of fig trees and figs of the ficus species , including the fig of commerce , ficus carica , the rubber tree , ficus elastic , and the bo tree , ficus religiosa . traditional and current uses of figs in medicine are discussed in detail . the book also explores how figs and fig tree parts are processed , and the pharmacological basis underlying the potential efficacy of preparations is investigated in relation to their chemical composition . the book moves seamlessly from mythology to botany to ethnomedicine to pharmacology to phytochemistry .\nbased on molecular and morphological analyses , we propose substantial modifications to the current taxonomy of the genus persephona . we restrict the distribution of p . crinita to the gulf of mexico ; we synonymize p . finneganae under p . lichtensteinii ; we confirm that p . mediterranea and p . aquilonaris are both valid species , the first occurring in part of southern florida , the caribbean and south america , the second restricted to the gulf of mexico and eastern north america . we also show that p . townsendi is a junior synonymy of p . orbicularis , and that iliacantha hancocki is a junior synonym of p . subovata . following this revision , there are eight valid species of persephona .\nshih et al . ( 2016 ) published a paper which uses a phylogenetic tree showing ghost crabs as a subgroup of fiddler crabs to justify splitting fiddler crabs into eleven different genera ( essentially , raising the subgenera listed below to genera , except for australuca which they find to be a subset of tubuca ) . while one can argue whether differences among the subgroups warrant being considered genera or subgenera , i do not believe the phylogenetic tree which they use to justify this change is correct and for now am sticking with the more traditional approach of keeping all fiddler crabs within a single genus on this website . i will update this site to match their classification if additional data and future analyses continue to support their result .\nmultiple sequence alignment [ msa ] is conducted by cobalt , which aligns thirteen neurotoxin protein sequences of similar naja genus using a combination of distance matrix and approximate parsimony methods . numerical setting method is used to study the relative entropy threshold , in bits , that must be met for an alignment column to be displayed in red . a larger number indicates higher degree of conservation . the relative entropy is computed as : \u03c3 i f i log2 ( f i / p i ) , where i is residue type , fi is residue frequency observed in the multiple alignment column , and pi is the background residue frequency . identity setting used for only columns with one residue type will be colored in red [ 18 ] .\nthe authors , dr . ephraim lansky md , highly respected as one of the world\u2019s only physician pharmcognocists and dr . helena paavilainen , a renowned researcher of natural products , go on to consider the chemistry and pharmacology of each part in selected ficus species , and modern , medieval , and ancient methods for obtaining and preparing the beneficial components from that plant part for medicinal use . special attention is paid to the plants ' propensity for fighting inflammation , including cancer . figs\u2019 future potential is considered in a number of treatments , as are future areas of research .\nmalassezia yeasts are unique under the view that they comprise almost exclusively the single eukaryotic member of the microbial flora of the skin . however , the complexity of the interaction of a unicellular eukaryotic organism ( malassezia ) with a tissue of a multicellular organism ( skin ) makes understanding the interactions and development of disease a complex process . this is easily understood by the fact that once a revision of the genus malassezia was described in a seminal publication by gu\u00e9ho et al . in 1996 ( 129 ) , in addition to studying the epidemiology of this yeast in healthy and diseased skin , the need to repeat the already inconclusive experiments in relation to malassezia immunology surfaced ( 14 ) . furthermore , the expansion of our knowledge on the complex homeostatic mechanisms of the skin increases the candidate targets of interactions between this yeast and skin cells .\nindirubin and its analogues exhibit inhibitory activities against cell proliferation as well as cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in human cancer cell lines , and its identification in m . furfur extracts ( 120 ) expands the spectrum of the interactions of this yeast with the skin . the interest in indirubin and its derivatives has increased significantly in the last years , after the discovery of its inhibitory activity against cyclin - dependent kinases ( cdks ) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 ( gsk3 ) . additionally , indirubin has been found to be one of the most active agonists of the ahr and was also proposed to be the natural ligand of this receptor . in order to clarify the role of kinase inhibition and ahr activation by indirubin in cell proliferation , a study of synthetic derivatives with selective activity proved that ahr activation is responsible for the observed cytostatic effects , while the inhibition of cdks or gsk3 is responsible for its cytotoxicity ( 182 ) .\nioannis d . bassukas , m . d . , ph . d . , studied medicine and specialized in dermatology - venereology and allergiology . he graduated from the university of athens ( greece ) and received his postgraduate degrees from the university of w\u00fcrzburg ( germany ) . he joined brigitte maurer - schultze at the institute of medical radiation and cell research ( university of w\u00fcrzburg ) as a research fellow and worked on the effects of antineoplastic modalities on growth and cell kinetics of normal and malignant tissues . he trained as a resident at the departments of pathology ( bonn ) and dermatology ( erlangen ) and served as attending physician at the departments of dermatology , fachklinik hornheide university of m\u00fcnster and university of l\u00fcbeck ( germany ) , and as vice director of the department of dermatology and venereology , academic hospital neuk\u00f6lln , berlin , germany . he is now associate professor of dermatology and director of the department of skin and venereal diseases , university of ioannina ( greece ) . his main research interests are skin - focusing human commensal\u2013pathogen interactions and nonsurgical treatment modalities for skin cancer .\nold animals suffer from various age - related diseases common in humans , including heart disease and cancer ; amyloidosis , diabetes and , in females , endometriosis have also been reported [ 0981 ] . chinese rhesus macaques have demonstrated noticeable age - related changes in both t and b cell subsets , comparable to those found during human ageing . t cell ageing is slower in female chinese rhesus macaques than in males , giving males a more severe immune risk profile [ 1183 ] . there have been conflicting reports on the effects of caloric restriction in rhesus macaques . one ongoing study first reported in 2009 that caloric restriction can lower the incidence of ageing - related deaths [ 0873 ] , a second ongoing study reported in 2012 that caloric restriction did not improve survival even if beneficial health effects were observed [ 1074 ] . the former ongoing study reported again in 2014 that caloric restriction reduces age - related and all - cause mortality [ 1184 ] . a comprehensive assessment of longitudinal data from both sites concluded that caloric restriction does improve health and survival of rhesus monkeys [ 1257 ] .\nmaterial examined . \u2015photograph of lectotype ( by c . o . coleman ) . \u2015mediterranean sea ( error ) , 1 \u2642 of cancer mediterraneus ( cw 29 . 0mm ) , zmb 0756 . \u2015photograph of type ( by h . taylor ) . \u2015west indies , 1 \u2640 of persephona latreillei ( cw 42 . 0mm ) , nhmuk white 1 96 . d ( sloane 2048 ) . \u2015photograph of syntype ( by m . carnall ) . \u2015antilles islands , 1 \u2642 of persephona guaia ( cw 45 . 0mm ) , oumnh 13775 . other specimens . \u2015united states : florida , tampa ufmnh 6579 ( 1 \u2640 ) . belize : twin cays ullz 15385 ( 1 juvenile ) . brazil : esp\u00edrito santo mnrj 23309 ( 1 \u2640ov reported as p . punctata punctata ) . rio de janeiro , cabo frio mnrj 3900 ( 1 \u2642 , 1 \u2640 ) . arraial do cabo mnrj 3899 ( 1 juvenile reported as p . punctata punctata ) . rio de janeiro mnrj 333 ( 3 \u2642 reported as p . punctata punctata ) , 334 ( 2 \u2640 reported as p . punctata punctata ) , 346 ( 1 \u2642 , 1 \u2640ov reported as p . punctata punctata ) , 712 ( 1 \u2642 reported as p . punctata punctata ) . guaratiba mnrj 342 ( 1 \u2642 reported as p . punctata punctata ) . angra dos reis mnrj 3897 ( 1 \u2642 reported as p . punctata punctata ) , 3898 ( 1 \u2642 , 3 \u2640 ) , 4462 ( 1 \u2642 ) . ilha grande mnrj 4463 ( 3 \u2642 , 2 \u2640 reported as p . punctata punctata ) . s\u00e3o paulo , canan\u00e9ia mzusp 33205 ( 1 \u2642 ) . caraguatatuba ccdb 758 ( 1 \u2642 ) . ubatuba ccdb 1539 ( 2 \u2640 , 2 juveniles ) , 2836 ( 1 \u2642 ) , 3881 ( 1 \u2642 ) . santos mnrj 23308 ( 2 \u2642 , 1 \u2640 reported as p . punctata punctata ) . santa catarina , s\u00e3o francisco do sul cepesul 113 ( 1 \u2642 ) .\nbroadly oval , about 1 . 2 - 1 . 4 times as broad as long , widest at level of seventh or eighth\nmoderately projecting , tri - lobed , lateral lobes broad , medial lobe on a lower level , projecting upwards ; antero - lateral and postero - lateral borders not meeting at a distinct angle ; antero - lateral margins strongly convex , cut into 10 teeth , first 9 of similar shape and size , tenth smaller .\nbalss , h . , 1922c . \u00f6stasiatische decapoden . iv . die brachyrhynchen ( cancridea ) . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , 88a ( 11 ) : 94 - 166 , figs 1 - 2 , pls 1 - 2 ."]}
{"id": 1061, "summary": [{"text": "the sable ( martes zibellina ) is a marten species , a small carnivorous mammal inhabiting forest environments , primarily in russia from the ural mountains throughout siberia , northern mongolia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its habitat also leans the borders of eastern kazakhstan , china , north and south korea and hokkaid\u014d in japan .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "its range in the wild originally extended through european russia to poland and scandinavia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it has historically been hunted for its highly valued dark brown or black fur , which remains a luxury good to this day .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "while hunting of wild animals is still common in russia , most fur in the market is now commercially farmed . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "sable", "paragraphs": ["the term sable also has become a generic description for some dark - furred animal breeds , such as sable cats or rabbits .\nmiddle english : from old french ( as a heraldic term ) , generally taken to be identical with sable , although sable fur is dark brown .\nsierra club and anglers of au sable win nine - year battle to protect the mason tract of the au sable river from oil and gas drilling threat .\na sable cloud floated in the sky , and at its back . . .\nstay in the loop with updates and news about au sable and our community .\na british collectors ' name of certain pyralid moths . botys nigrata is the wavy - barred sable , and b , lingulata is the silver - barred sable .\nas a token that thou wilt forget it , accept this cloak of sable .\nsable as the black clouds , thy face is beautiful as that of sankarshana .\nsable dens are usually found on the ground under rocks , logs and roots .\nnicknames for sable . add your names , share with friends . click to copy\ndense wooded savanna and tall grass , are the ideal sable ' s habitat .\n\u2018the family arms were ; \u2018argent , a fess between six crosslets fitchee sable . \u2019\u2019\n\u2018if you have brown eyes , stick with taupe , sable and mocha hues . \u2019\n\u2018lions are about the only predators strong enough to bring down a healthy sable . \u2019\n( fur of ) a small carnivore . xv \u2014 of . sable sable fur \u2014 medl . sabelum ; ult . of balto - sl . orig . ( cf .\nhe seemed to hear the sable angel ' s wing - beats over the house .\nhunting both during the day and at night , the sable feeds mainly on rodents .\n407407 , gold series red sable no . 24 , # 5 - service reproduction company\n\u2018adele stopped reading and met dana ' s sable eyes with her own lavender ones . \u2019\n\u2018although her intended audience is not black , she still refers to \u2018our sable race . \u2019\u2019\n\u2018the peculiar thing was that sable curtains blocked the inside of the store from view . \u2019\n\u2018i also noticed she had tattooed - on eyebrows in a lovely shade of sable . \u2019\nall this flashed into his sight , etched against the sable night as if in flame .\na fine paint - brush or pencil made of hair from the tail of the sable .\nat the same time i had a present from his daughter of a handsome sable muff .\nsee special : whatlinkshere / etymology : sable for a list of articles using this term .\nsable litters can contain up to five young which are weaned at around seven weeks old .\non this page you can find the nickname generator and random username picker based on the name sable . it can help you create a login for a website account or a nickname for sable with a few mouse clicks . cute couple nicknames and many other nicknames like sable .\n[ the role of ' ' pseudoheat ' ' in sable reproduction ] . [ russian ]\nsanjay sable , an indian contemporary artists from south india , presents his collect bright times .\n\u201c sable \u201d in dicionario de dicionarios da lingua galega , sli - ilga 2006 - 2013 .\n\u2018he pulled rochelle ' s sable ringlets away from her neck and began to kiss it . \u2019\n\u2018he would have liked to have seen her sable colored hair in a less formal style . \u2019\nthe sable accelerator connects entrepreneurial organizations with highly qualified , highly connected south africans in silicon valley .\nthe average lifespan of the sable antelope is 16 years in wild and 19 years in captivity .\nsable is hunted heavily and , nowadays , sustainably across much of its range as a valued furbearer .\n\u2018servants in their traditional livery continued about their tasks , sable bands about their arms in honor . \u2019\n\u2018the pants were plain enough , tight , but of a good silk in a rich sable . \u2019\n\u2018also present are elephant , sable antelope , reedbuck , common duiker , blue and vervet monkeys . \u2019\nalong the north shore and from yarmouth to cape sable , over a hard bottom , cod abound .\nthe sable is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\n[ the role of ' ' pseudoheat ' ' in sable reproduction ] . [ russian ]\nthe sable antelope has a compact and robust build , characterised by a thick neck and tough skin .\nthe isolated and protected population of feral horses on sable island , nova scotia , canada ( fig .\nbecause of its great expense , sable fur is typically integrated into various clothes fashions , such as to decorate collars , sleeves , hems , and hats . the so - called kolinsky sable - hair brushes used for watercolor or oil painting are not manufactured from sable hair , but from that of the siberian weasel .\n\u2018they say he ' s tall and handsome , and that his hair is as black as sable . \u2019\n\u2018i grew up with impala and sable antelope , burnt - amber kudu , zebra and wiry wildebeest . \u2019\n\u00a9 2018 sable industries inc . all rights reserved . web design and content management by rem web solutions .\ninformation on the sable ( martes zibellina ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nsable antelope are found in parks all across eastern and southern africa offering an attraction to the ecotourism industry . sable antelope are prized trophy animals to many big - game hunters and some are willing to spend thousands of dollars to hunt them . however , declining sable antelope numbers calls into question the advisability of hunting them .\n[ the role of ' ' pseudoheat ' ' in sable reproduction ] . [ russian ] [ 1988 ]\nclassified as lower risk / conservation dependent ( lr / cd ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) . four subspecies of sable antelope are currently recognised : hippotragus niger kirkii ( zambian sable ) , h . n . niger ( common or southern sable ) , h . n . roosevelti ( eastern sable ) , and h . n . variani ( giant or angolan sable ) ( 3 ) . of these , the giant sable antelope ( h . n . variani ) is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) , and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 4 ) .\n\u201c sable \u201d in le tr\u00e9sor de la langue fran\u00e7aise informatis\u00e9 ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .\n\u2018colours are orchestrated in dark tones , such as sable , olive and black accented with flashes of ultramarine . \u2019\nof the color of the sable ' s fur ; dark ; black ; - - used chiefly in poetry .\nthe pines stand in black platoons upon the hillsides , with a tinge of red or orange on their sable .\npublicis ' murray heads to young & rubicam hire is sable ' s biggest since becoming ceo by andrew mcmains .\nsable antelope in the wild can live up to 16 years and over 19 years in captivity ( urltoken ) .\nsable antelope help to cycle grass / plant nutrients into other areas and the young are prey for large predators .\na band of feral horses on sable island , nova scotia , canada . photo \u00a9 philip d . mcloughlin .\nsable is a friendly gal who loves to ride in the car , go on walks and be with her family .\nwith its new sable kitchen & bar , kimpton hotels & restaurants hopes to broaden the concept of gastropubs beyond beer .\nthe pelt of the sable is very valuable , and sables have been hunted for their fur for hundreds of years .\nsable employees have more than 25 years experience in the warehousing and distribution industry giving them a level of expertise not seen within their competitors . sable is also known for its accuracy in inventory handling , order picking and reliable freight delivery .\nlate middle english : from old french , in the sense \u2018sable fur\u2019 , from medieval latin sabelum , of slavic origin .\n\u2018as expected , the door opened to reveal aunt demeter ' s porcelain , rose - accented features and sable hair . \u2019\n\u2018jane is a black / sable / tan medium - sized cross breed , approx . 8 - 10 years old . \u2019\nto make like sable in color ; darken ; blacken ; hence , figuratively , to make sad or dismal ; sadden .\nhis horse was a white one , and his comrade ' s was sable satan , and to the latter he ran .\n\u2018two thirds of it was lined with sable bookcases , all stuffed to the gills with heavyweight texts on every subject conceivable . \u2019\n\u2018the grazers are mainly antelope , wildebeest , hartebeest , oribi , impala , gazelle , reedbuck , roan and sable antelope . \u2019\nshe held out the sable and vernon laid it on the couch when he had held it to his face for a moment .\nwilson , d . , s . hirst . 1977 . ecology and factors limiting roan and sable antelope populations in south africa .\n\u2018the chinese caravans traded silk , porcelain and tea for furs of black fox and sable , and ivory tusks from frozen mammoths . \u2019\n\u2018but it was the tzar\u0092s luxurious fur coat made of sable and decorated with gold and silver thread that impressed them the most . \u2019\n\u2018sauron has accepted victory , and the sable banners of the lidless eye will be hoisted over the walls of the captured city . \u2019\n\u2018as he left , he did not notice the hateful eyes of the sable raven , watching calanthas go , from a windowsill . \u2019\nau sable forks \u2014 shortly after mourners had left to attend a funeral , the zaumetzer - sprague funeral home was engulfed in flames .\nsable warehousing began operations in 1998 providing warehousing and distribution services from the port of halifax throughout north america . conveniently located near the port of halifax , which is the deepest port on the eastern seaboard , sable provides a variety of services to its worldwide group of customers .\n\u2018mink is america ' s favorite fur , according to the fur information council of america , followed by sable , fox and beaver . \u2019\n\u2018her own sable tresses fell into her eyes and she carelessly brushed them away , deeper things on her mind than her chosen body . \u2019\nfrom market entries to licensing , distribution , or technology commercialization strategies , sable experts can assist at any stage , from launch to exit .\nsable martin\n) , in reference to the mammal or its fur , borrowed in old french from germanic ( cf . middle dutch\nthe labrador marten , or\nsable ,\nis a sub - species , generally distributed in the forested parts , like the weasel .\nin this image taken on monday , nov 5 , 2012 , chocolate black pepper sable cookies are shown in concord , n . h .\ndetroit ( ap ) \u2014 federal safety regulators are investigating some older - model ford taurus and mercury sable sedans because the throttles can stick .\nthe sable antelope ' s spoor is very much similar to the roan antelope ' s . it is smaller , though , and narrower .\nthe sable antelope ( hippotragus niger ) is an antelope which inhabits wooded savannah in east africa south of kenya , and in southern africa .\nwere both passive and active . the passive approach involved setting traps while the active approach involved the use of hunting dogs and bows and arrows . occasionally , hunters also followed sable tracks to their burrows , around which they placed nets , and waited for the sable to emerge .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - sable ( martes zibellina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - sable ( martes zibellina )\ntitle =\narkive species - sable ( martes zibellina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n\u201c sable \u201d in santamarina , ant\u00f3n ( coord . ) : tesouro informatizado da lingua galega . santiago de compostela : instituto da lingua galega .\n\u2018according to old accounts , at that time , one good pelt of sable could bring enough money to buy a 50 - acre farm . \u2019\n\u2018he had the palest skin she had ever seen , milky white , and he was topped with a neatly cropped head of sable hair . \u2019\n\u2018unlike the dragon so pictured , its sable scales shimmered with an inner light , a fire , a pulse , and seemed almost transparent . \u2019\nwhat made you want to look up sable ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\n) for sable island horses . ( a ) 2009\u20132010 , ( b ) 2010\u20132011 , ( c ) 2011\u20132012 , and ( d ) 2012\u20132013 .\nsable systems international is the world leader for precision metabolic measurement , providing the tools , the expertise and the training that enable scientific discovery ; true scientific discovery that not only creates data , but creates understanding . by scientists , for scientists , sable enables results that impact research and industry breakthroughs .\n\u2018the area ' s vast reserves protect animals both rare ( barguzin sable , baikal seal ) and abundant ( brown bear , forest reindeer ) . \u2019\n\u2018as though in a trance they stood , staring at that white mask with its black eyes and frame of sable hair , paralyzed by hesitation . \u2019\n\u2018antelopes are well represented here , particularly the sable antelope which shows off their extravagant horns as they proudly march between stands of miombo woodland trees . \u2019\n\u2018it is therefore , common to find different species of grazers co - existing with zebra , buffalo , sable , roan , hartebeest and wildebeest . \u2019\nsable industries is a canadian manufacturer and wholesale distributor of dental handpiece parts , high speed and slow speed handpieces , small dental equipment and parts , and bio - pure evacuation system cleaner . sable has always been dealer / distributor focused ; and we are positioned as the premium aftermarket solution with features , benefits , and warranties that match and / or exceed the market leaders . sable is a certified iso facility with full fda and health canada approvals .\nthe third - generation deli man sifted through the fresh delivery of nova salmon , sable and whitefish , flown in weekly from his supplier in brooklyn .\nsable\nis an adjective commonly used to describe the black fur of animals . it is also used in heraldry to denote\nblack .\ntable s1 . model selection for the analysis of variation in annual probability of survival for sable island horses , 2009\u20132013 ( top ten models only ) .\n\u2018on more practical ground , ferr\u00e8 also delivered a few totally tempting scarves with cashmere rib - knit on one side , and sable on the other . \u2019\n\u2018the carriage door swung open , revealing a tall woman with sable hair and dressed in an azure gown , bringing out her gray - blue eyes . \u2019\n\u2018other sources indicate the irish setter was used in early breeding - the collie ' s sable color may be the indirect result of such a cross . \u2019\n\u2018the selous has huge herds of sable antelope and estimated 10 , 000 of them although they are rare in the tourist parts of this huge reserve . \u2019\nnight , sable goddess ! from her ebon throne , in rayless majesty , now stretches forth her leaden scepter o ' er a slumbering world .\non that occasion thou wilt have a sight of him , clad in a sable deerskin , and wearing his hair in the form of a matted mass .\nhipotrachus niger variani the giant sable antelope or royal sable is so named because the horns of both sexes are recognisably longer . found only in a few remaining localities in central angola . it is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list , and is listed on appendix i of cites .\nhorse surveys on sable island allowed us to obtain a time series of near perfect estimates of demographic parameters from 2009 to 2013 ; as we were able to identify each horse on the island , we do not account for sampling error in our analyses . our life cycle graph for sable island horses ( fig .\n\u2018russia ' s first strict nature reserve - barguzinsky zapovednik - was founded in 1916 on the eastern shore of lake baikal to protect the endangered barguzin sable . \u2019\n\u2018the handsome sable antelope of eastern and southern africa belongs to a group called sabre - horned antelopes , because of their long , scimitar - shaped horns . \u2019\ndescription of critical habitat of roseate tern in sable island bird sanctuary\n( 2007 - 01 - 20 ) ( pdf format , 13 . 29 kb )\nnumbers of males and female horses observed on sable island , canada , from 2009 to 2013 . total number of individual life histories in the sample is 701 horses\nis regarded as the \u2018typical ' sable as it was the first to be described and named in 1838 . often referred to as the black sable because it tends to have the darkest coat , this subspecies occurs south of the zambezi river , particularly in northern botswana and large numbers in the matsetsi valley of zimbabwe but is also found in southern africa . in south africa most of the commercial sable farmers crossed their matsetsi sables ( indeginous to south africa ) with western zambian sables in the hope to move nearer to the nearly extinct giant sable ( that was larger with bigger horns . ) currently the believe is that there are only about 15 % pure matsesti sables in south africa . the matsetsi sable population in zimbabwe is only 450 . ( was 24 , 000 in 1994 ) . the sable population in south africa is about 7000 ( commercial and in reserves ) . therefore it can be concluded that the matsesti sable population is less than 1500 and declining daily . fortunately most of the sables in the reserves are pure matsetsi sables . anglo - american recently started a program of breeding pure matsetsi sables commercially and keeping them pure .\nfur or pelt of the european sable\n( martes zibellina ) , early 15c . , from middle french sable ( also martre sable\nsable martin\n) , in reference to the mammal or its fur , borrowed in old french from germanic ( cf . middle dutch sabel , middle low german sabel , middle high german zobel ) , ultimately from a slavic source ( cf . russian , czech sobol , polish sob\u00f3l , the name of the animal ) ,\nwhich itself is borrowed from an east - asiatic language\n[ klein ] , but russian sources ( e . g . vasmer ) find none of the proposed candidates satisfactory .\n\u2018the relocation is the first phase of a resettlement programme of several wildlife species , including giant sable and red buffalo , to kissama over the next five years . \u2019\n\u2018shar - pei come in just about every colour there is - black , red , red - fawn , fawn , black - pointed cream , sable and blue . \u2019\nstanding before the long mirror , laura looked with a frown at the sable coat , which gave her , as gerty had said , the air of a tragic actress .\nwas usually a fixed number of sable pelts that was required of every male tribe member who was at least fifteen years old to be given to russian officials . officials enforced\n\u2018while assembling my belongings , i came across a lovely dress , a creamy chiffon , in the empress josephine style , with a bit of luxurious sable round the shoulder . \u2019\n\u2018even at its zenith in the mid - 20th century , mink had few rivals , with only sable and the pelts of big cats bestowing anywhere near the same prestige . \u2019\n\u2018throughout zimbabwe , 64 percent of kudu , 63 percent of giraffes , 56 percent of cheetahs , and 53 percent of sable antelope and impalas were on private ranch properties . \u2019\nrangy by nature , jake was a tri - color sable with a bushy dark brown tail tipped in white , matching the natural white ring of white fur around his neck .\nthe handsome sable antelope is the national animal of zimbabwe and is one of the most sought after for photographers and trophy hunters alike due to its scimitar horns . they are very\nnickle seamless ferrule \u0095 brown polished handle \u0095 pure red sable , hand cupped with a sharp point , plenty of strength and spring . finest quality artist watercolor brush . short handle\ncontasti al , van beest fm , vander wal e . mcloughlin pd . identifying hidden sinks in growing populations from individual fates and movements : the feral horses of sable island .\n\u201d in which many russians moved to siberia as independent trappers . from 1585 to 1680 , tens of thousands of sable and other valuable pelts were obtained in siberia each year .\n\u2018the law emphasizes that only those of \u2018superior degrees\u2019 are permitted to wear satin , silk , and sable or cloth made of or mixed with gold , silver , or tinsel . \u2019\nelizabeth dubben , who runs the amrose sable gallery at 306 hudson ave in albany , recently sent an e - mail telling patrons the arts space will be closing on may 24 .\ntyler , p . e . 2000 . behind the $ 100 , 000 sable coat , a siberian hunter new york times december 27 , 2000 . retrieved june 7 , 2008 .\ntable s2 . model selection for the analysis of variation in annual fecundity ( probability of presenting with a foal ) for sable island horses , 2009\u20132013 ( top ten models only ) .\nwelsh da . halifax , ns : dalhousie university ; 1975 . population , behavioural and grazing ecology of the horses of sable island , nova scotia . ph . d . thesis .\nrecent studies ( borisov and lomanov 2006 , safonov et al . 2006 , sinitsyn 2012 ) have shown that earlier growth in sable numbers has continued . leading sable ecologists and researchers documented that sable harvest in russia reached 700 , 000 \u2013 750 , 000 animals in the winter 2011 / 2012 game season and the russian population is estimated at 2 . 0\u20132 . 2 million animals ( dejkin et al . 2011 , monakhov 2012a , monakhov and li 2013 ) . in the 2010s sable occupies all suitable habitats and previously not colonised territories , which allows numbers to increase in russia . sable numbers in china were estimated in 6 , 000 in the 1990s ( ma 1998 ) and 18 , 000 in the 2010s ( zhu et al . 2011 , monakhov and li 2013 ) . population of sable in mongolia were assessed at least 10 , 000 for central hentii mountain range in the 1970s ( clark et al . 2006 ) . no estimates are available for japan , korea or kazakhstan ; the occupied parts of each of these countries comprise only a small part of the species ' s global range .\nwe can think of the japanese marten and the sable as counterparts in japan : whereas the marten lives in the three main southerly islands ; the sable , or kuroten , lives only in hokkaido . also , whereas the japanese marten is a golden - brown animal with a black face , black legs and a brown tail , the sable is a pale , creamy - yellow color , almost white on the face and with black feet and lower legs and a black tail . the carnivores are similar in size , with the marten measuring 60 to 65 cm from nose - tip to tail - tip , and weighing 1 . 1 to 1 . 5 kg , while the sable measures 67 cm long and weighs in at 1 . 5 kg . but to my mind , it is the sable that smacks of wilderness , and conjures up images of the immense russian taiga forests that comprise much of its natural range .\n\u2018local tribes sometimes resisted , but in the long run were subdued and subjected to tribute , usually in the form of so many skins per year , the sable being especially sought . \u2019\n\u2018the maiden brushed a strand of sable hair behind her ear and gazed straight into the eyes of her nervous king , the emeralds set into her own face unnervingly refusing to blink . \u2019\n\u2018my wife and girls fell instantly into dreams while i navigated a causeway suspended between an indigo sky and the sable sea , two voluptuous bodies winking at each other like old lovers . \u2019\n\u2018the tonkinese occurs in four colors : natural , which is also called sable or seal ; champagne , also called chocolate ; platinum , also called lilac or frost ; and blue . \u2019\n\u2018the most frequently seen are shades of darkest red to lightest cream , some with sable accents ; but many poms occur in solid black , black and tan , and parti - colors . \u2019\noxford english dictionary . 1989 . sable , n . , etymology of the oxford english dictionary , 2nd ed . 1989 . oed online . oxford university press . retrieved february 11 , 2008 .\nthe grassland habitat of the sable is being reduced by habitat destruction for agricultural development . antelope are important to their habitats as grazers and browsers . they are also important as prey for carnivores .\nboth females and males carry horns , making the sight of a sable herd amazing ! the female\u2019s horns reach a length of 2 - 3 feet , and the bulls\u2019 can grow to between 2 , 5 - 5 , 5 feet . the skin , that can vary significantly in color , is just as impressive . a shoulder - or full mount is a must if you are ever lucky enough to get your hands on a sable trophy with the black shiny color . the medal standards for sable are as follows : bronze : 96 silver : 102\u00bd gold : 106 3 / 8 sci\nlions seldom attack adults , because of their size and the formidable fighting abilities of these antelope . humans are the only real threat to adult sable antelope and their populations ( spinage 1986 ) . young\nover the past 10 years sable has grown from a 12 person operation with 52 , 000 square feet of warehousing space to over 25 dedicated staff and over 200 , 000 square feet of warehousing .\nthere is , beside , the ' link - man ' , a lank , dark - faced , black - haired man , in a sable suit , with a link or torch in his hand .\nsable silty clay loam - nearly level in a cultivated field at an elevation of about 223 meters ( 732 feet ) above mean sea level . ( colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated . )\ntypically , sable antelope are specialized grazers feeding on foliage and herbs , especially those growing on termite mounds . during the dry season they are less reluctant to browse ( estes 1993 ) . one of the reasons for declining antelope numbers could be their very specific feeding pattern . typically they will feed on grasses ( up to ninety percent of their diet ) at heights of 40 - 140 millimeters from the ground taking only the leaf . in a savannah setting , sable antelope are the last to feed on the new grasses available during the late dry season when food availability is vital ( spinage 1986 ) . in the paddock setting , where grasses are tall ( above 140mm ) , feed is high in protein and low in fiber , and sable antelope quickly lose weight . in a particular enclosure study , sable antelope fed primarily on\nsable service : we promise responsive expert service and support , world - leading accuracy and efficient integration of instrumentation for ease of use . when we were in your position , we would have expected no less .\nthe name sable appears to be of slavic origin and to have entered western european via the early medieval fur trade ( oxford english dictionary 1989 ) . thus the russian and polish sobol became the german zobel , dutch sabel . the french zibelline spanish cibelina , cebellina , finnish soopeli , and mediaeval latin zibellina derive from the italian form . the english and medieval latin word sabellum comes from the old french sable or saible .\nfor the predatory species it just isn\u2019t an option , as they burn so many calories just staying alive that they need to regularly top - up with fuel \u2014 hence the snow - burrowing antics of the sable .\nin russia , after a critical depression in number that lasted until the 1940s , sable is protected in state nature reserves , national parks , and game reserves . outside protected areas , sable harvesting in russia is strictly regimented by hunting quotas for each region and is limited to 15 october - 29 february . the main areas where sable is protected are 41 state nature reserves with a total area of 164 , 960 km\u00b2 . mass reintroductions in the 1940s - 1960s involved about 19 , 000 animals . in china , hunting is forbidden throughout the whole 215 , 678 km\u00b2 area holding the species ( zhu et al . 2011 ) ; the species is in the first category of protection . eight national reserves totalling 8 , 122 km\u00b2 hold it ( ma and xu 1994 ) . in mongolia , it is classed as vulnerable ( clark et al . 2006 ) . in dpr korea , the sable is classified as endangered ( won and smith 1999 ) . in japan ( hokkaido ) sable has been protected since 1920 ( murakami and ohtaishi 2000 ) and is now listed as near threatened ( murakami 2009 ) .\nsable antelope are gregarious animals and congregate in herds of up to 40 individuals . like their cousins , the roan antelope , sable have a very similar social structure . there is only one adult bull in each herd , juvenile males are also evicted at the age of 3 years and form\nbachelor groups\nwhere they remain for about 2 or 3 years before they can acquire their own breeding herd , by fighting the herd bull . fights are more a display of supremacy , very seldom causing any body harm . sable will confront any predator , very often the later being gored and killed by the sable ' s formidable horns . one or two weeks before parturition , female sable will leave the herd and retreat to a secluded place , where she will give birth . for the first 2 or 3 days , the mother will stay no further than a couple of hundred meters from her calf , moving progressively further away to rejoin the herd . the calves will congregate in nursery groups , only joining the mother\nat lunch time\n. adults weigh up to 250 kg . and have a life span of about 15 years .\nsable systems international is eliminating the disconnect between scientists and the people who develop their instruments . we merge authoritative expertise in metabolic physiology and biophysics with an inventive spark to create precision tools for metabolic measurement , neurophysiology and environmental science .\n\u2018they herded reindeer , which provided meat and skins , caught and preserved the great shoals of salmon which surged up the summer rivers , and hunted the bears , foxes and sable , whose furs helped them to survive the cold . \u2019\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' sable . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\nthe sable inhabits forest environments , flatlands , and mountain ranges , including spruce and cedar forest in eastern siberia and pine and larch forests in western siberia , avoiding only mountain tops ( bates 2002 ; grzimek 1990 ; ognev 1962 ) .\nsable antelope live in savanna woodlands and grasslands during the dry season , where they eat mid - length grasses and leaves . sable antelope visit salt licks and have been known to chew bones to collect minerals . they are diurnal , but are less active during the heat of the day . they form herds of 10 to 30 females and calves led by a single male , called a bull . males fight among themselves ; they drop to their knees and use their horns .\nthese soils are in illinois , wisconsin , iowa , and indiana . sable soils are extensive , over 608 , 000 acres have been correlated in mlras 95b , 104 , 105 , 108a , 108b , 110 , 111d , and 115c .\nshe turned and waved a hand to him , she cried a word , but he didn ' t hear it , it was a lost word . a sable wraith she was in the parkland , fading away into the dolorous crypt of winter .\n\u2018for instance , the use of the word sable to describe the skin color of her race imparts a suggestion of rarity and richness that also makes affiliation with the group of which she is a part something to be desired and even sought after . \u2019\nblack\nas a heraldic color , early 14c . , commonly identified with sable ( n . 1 ) , but the animal ' s fur is brown and this may be a different word of unknown origin ; or it might reflect a medieval custom ( unattested ) of dyeing sable fur black . as an adjective from late 14c . emblematic of mourning or grief from c . 1600 ; c . 1800 as\nblack\nwith reference to africans and their descendants , often with mock dignity .\nblack\nas a heraldic color , early 14c . , commonly identified with sable ( n . 1 ) , but the animal ' s fur is brown and this may be a different word of unknown origin ; or it might reflect a medieval custom ( unattested ) of dyeing sable fur black . as an adjective from late 14c . emblematic of mourning or grief from c . 1600 ; c . 1800 as\nblack\nwith reference to africans and their descendants , often with mock dignity .\n2002 , christopher paolini , eragon , chapter 3 they wound between the wagons to a tent removed from the rest of the traders ' . it was crimson at the top and sable at the bottom , with thin triangles of colors stabbing into each other .\nonly sablehd\u2122 high definition technology gives you the truest , most data - rich study results . it\u2019s at the heart of our cutting - edge promethion metabolic and behavioral phenotyping systems . and only sable preserves all raw data for retrospective qc or re - analysis .\nlibrary learning online has self - paced training for library staff available any time they need it . formerly known as sable , library learning online is being expanded to include more topics reflecting the wide scope of skills and knowledge required in today ' s libraries .\nthe color black in a general sense , and especially as the color of mourning : so called with reference to the general dark color of the fur of the sable as compared with other furs , or from its being dyed black as sealskin is dyed .\nthe sable is found in russia from the ural mountains throughout siberia , in northern mongolia and china , and on hokkaid\u014d in japan ( harrison 2004 ) . its range in the wild originally extended through european russia to poland and scandinavia ( ognev 1962 ) .\nsable science : the spectrum of applications that can benefit from sable systems solutions is vast \u2013 from animal biology to pharmaceutical safety testing , human exercise energetics to insect metabolism , and atmospheric monitoring and control . the principles are elegantly simple : measure and control o 2 , co 2 , h 2 o , methane , pressure and temperature \u2013 and do it very well . our compact , turnkey solutions for high - resolution gas analysis and control , respirometry , indirect calorimetry and animal behavior measurement produce high - definition results .\nwhen sable antelopes are threatened by predators , including lions , they confront it , using their scimitar - shaped horns . many of these big cats have died during such fights . numbers have been reduced severely as part of regional tse - tse fly control programs .\nsummation of available population estimates gives a total population of about 54 , 000 sable , but this does not allow for undercounting bias in aerial surveys or parts of the species range for which estimates of numbers are unavailable . east ( 1999 ) estimated the total population at 75 , 000 , of which about half occurs in and around protected areas and one - quarter on private land . the population in the selous ecosystem probably represents the largest free - ranging population in africa . overall population trends are more or less stable in protected areas , increasing on private land and decreasing etsewhere ( east 1999 ) . total numbers of the giant sable surviving are estimated ( 2007 ) at 200 - 400 ( p . vaz pinto in litt to asg , 2007 ) . like other ungulates of the miombo woodlands , the sable occurs at low density in comparison with ungulate densities in semi - arid savanna . wilson and hirst ( 1977 ) estimated density at 4 / km in the matetsi area of sw zimbabwe , which they considered the best sable habitat in southern african .\nthe sable antelopes normally stay in groups with a maximum of 10 - 30 individuals , led by an old bull . they thrive in the areas where dense bush and savanna meet , and always stay close to the protective cover of the bush , and the plenty of the savanna . their need to live in these zones are what has challenged them throughout the years , as these biotopes are often being cultivated for farming cattle and chopping wood . where the sable lives to this day , you can find a highly sustainable hunt for them , playing a key factor in conserving the areas they live in . the sable is one of the shyest antelopes of all , and stalking these animals is a challenge , as they won\u2019t present you with many chances before they seek the cover of the bush .\n1742 , edward young , the complaint : or night - thoughts on life , death & immortality , night i night , sable goddess ! from her ebon throne , / in rayless majesty , now stretches forth / her leaden sceptre o ' er a slumbering world .\ngood morning america abc news\u2019 mara schiavocampo shared her experiences after spending 24 hours inside a metabolic chamber at mount sinai st . luke\u2019s hospital in new york city . the room calorimetry system being utilized to measure mara schiavocampo\u2019s metabolism was produced by sable systems international . read more\ncollection of nicknames , cool fonts , letters , symbols and tags related to sable \u2013 salf . fancy names with the copy - paste function , reputation and popularity . create unique names for games , youtube channels , instagram accounts , companies , brands or social media .\nthe sable antelope formerly occurred widely in the savanna woodlands of southern and eastern africa , with an isolated population ( giant sable ) in central angola , between the cuanza and luando rivers and immediately north of the luando . they have been eliminated from large areas of their former range by meat hunting and loss of habitat to the expansion of agricultural settlement and livestock ( east 1999 ) . this range reduction has been most marked in mozambique , where they survive only in good numbers in niassa in the north , and in the western gaza province , southeast dr congo , and north - east tanzania ( east 1999 ; estes in press ) . sable have been reintroduced to many parts of their former range , but have also been introduced to areas where they never naturally occurred , including to swaziland ( east 1999 ) .\njustification : sable is categorized as least concern because there is a large ( over two million ) population spread widely within eurasia . in most its range it is no danger of decreasing numbers , notwithstanding declines in some countries comprising in total only a small proportion of its range .\nevery quarter sable offers value driven promotions through our dealer partners , to provide dental professionals with volume discount offers and single unit savings on a variety of products . be sure to check back on a regular basis , so your team can take advantage of our continued value driven savings .\nsable ( hippotragus niger ) , because of the great variation in their skin color , are most easily recognizable by their backward curving horns , that don\u2019t look like the horns of any other antelope . the old bulls are also easy to identify due to their pitch - black skin .\nthe skin tells its own story and is light brown when the sable is born , and then turning darker and darker with age . females and young bulls are recognizable from this brownish color , especially around the legs , while a mature bull will turn completely pitch - black in time .\nsable is the common name for a carnivorous mammal , martes zibellina , of the marten genus ( martes ) and weasel family ( mustelidae ) , characterized by a slender body , short limbs , bushy tail , and sharp - clawed , five - toed feet . sables have been valued historically for their soft , thick , dark fur , which remains a luxury good to this day . the sable is found in northern asia ( siberia , northern china , japan ) ; its distribution once extended west to scandinavia , but it became extinct in the wild there ( bates 2002 ) .\nwe would like to thank inderjeet mani , wlodek zadrozny , rie kubota ando , joyce chai , and nanda kambhatla for their valuable feedback . we would also like to thank carl sable , min - yen kan , dave evans , adam budzikowski , and veronika horvath for their help with the evaluation .\nmost luxurious natural furs ( ermine , mink , sable , and otter , among others ) come from members of carnivora , as do many of the animals that attract the largest crowds at circuses and zoos . producers of livestock worldwide are concerned about possible depredations upon their herds and flocks by this group\u2026\nlisted as least concern as sable are currently estimated to number ca . 75 , 000 , and population trends are more or less stable in protected areas , increasing on private land and decreasing elsewhere ( 25 % ) . the overall conservation status is unlikely to change , since any further decrease in the free - living population may be compensated by the continued growth of its numbers on private farms and conservancies . the latter should continue in view of this spectacular antelopes aesthetic appeal and its high value as a trophy animal . nonetheless , certain subpopulations remain vulnerable , in particular that of the giant sable in angola .\n\u2026a gold cap trimmed with sable . the turks also adopted caftans , and they then brought the style to hungary and poland when they conquered those lands . subsequently , there were occasional vogues for turkish dress in italy , germany , and england , and the caftan became the model for later western garments featuring\u2026\nsuccess on a sable hunt secures you what is one of the absolute top trophies of the african continent . this legendary antelope with its majestic backward curving horns was recently threatened with extinction throughout eastern africa , but thanks to cooperation between hunters , outfitters , locals , and governments , it has now , yet again , spread across southern africa and is available from almost every outfitter organizing hunts in southern africa . hunting this shy antelope is something most hunters dream about ! the sable antelopes normally stay in groups with a maximum of 10 - 30 individuals , led by an old bull . they thrive in the areas . . .\nsable soils are on level or nearly level summits of loess - covered moraines and stream terraces . typically , they are on broad interstream divides of till plains , and less commonly on unglaciated hills and on terraces . slope gradients range from 0 to 2 percent . sable soils formed entirely in loess . mean annual temperature ranges from 7 . 8 to 12 . 2 degrees c ( 46 to 54 degrees f ) . , mean annual precipitation ranges from 760 to 1020 mm ( 30 to 40 inches ) , frost free days range from 140 to 180 days , and elevation ranges from 104 to 311 meters ( 340 to 1020 feet ) above mean sea level .\npopulation projection without density dependence for sable island horses on 20 years from observed values obtained during 4 years ( 2009\u20132013 ) . red points are observed values ; the black line is the average increasing of the population ; gray lines show variation in the size due to demographic and environmental stochasticity ( included in se of parameter estimates ) .\nfur was in great demand in western europe , especially sable and marten , since european forest resources had been over - hunted and furs were extremely scarce . fur trading allowed russia to purchase from europe goods that it lacked , like lead , tin , precious metals , textiles , firearms , and sulphur . russia also traded furs with\nthe main factor in reducing the number is winter hunting . however in russia , sable is exploited in compliance with scientifically substantiated quotas , so this hunting is not a threat to the species . some habitat is lost through clear - felling of forests , building of communications , and the development of new mines , oil and gas fields .\nclimate and density can lead to important intercohort variations and have long - term effects on life history traits in ungulates ( forchhammer et al . 2001 ) . both of our environmental variables govern the availability of energy to sable island horses . winter weather mediates the date of spring flush , quality of terrestrial forage during the winter , and accessibility of aquatic forage during the winter . high densities reduce the availability of forage through increased competition . our results suggest that for female sable island horses , high density and poor weather during the period of gestation reduced fecundity ; but , although density generally had a negative effect on survival , the same conditions also resulted in increased survival in adults .\nwe develop instrumentation for these fields and applications because they are dear to us . it is what we are born from . sable systems was founded because we ourselves couldn\u2019t find the tools that were good enough to truly fuel our scientific discovery . this is why we place an unrelenting focus on quality \u2013 one that results in data you can trust .\nsable fur has been a highly valued item in the fur trade since the early middle ages . intensified hunting in russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth century caused a severe enough decline in numbers that a five year ban on hunting was instituted in 1935 , followed by a winter - limited licensed hunt . these restrictions together with the development of sable farms have allowed to species to recolonize much of its former range and attain healthy numbers ( grzimek 1990 ) . the collapse of the soviet union led to an increase of hunting and poaching in the 1990s , in part because wild caught russian furs are considered the most luxurious and demand the highest prices on the international market ( tyler 2000 ) .\nthe sable series consists of very deep , poorly drained , moderately permeable soils formed in loess on nearly level broad summits of moraines and stream terraces . slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent . mean annual temperature is about 10 . 6 degrees c ( 51 degrees f ) . , and mean annual precipitation is about 889 mm ( 35 inches ) .\nsable antelope are most active during the early morning and late afternoon . where not persecuted , they are not excessively wary , often running a short distance when startled , then stopping and looking back . however , when closely pursued , they can run as fast as 57 kmph / 35 mph for considerable distances . when wounded or cornered , sable antelope viciously defend themselves with their saber - like horns . the\ncritical distance\n- the point at which an animal defends itself instead of fleeing - for sable antelope seems to be smaller than for comparable species . old bulls are believed to be territorial . when fighting , males males drop to their ' knees ' and engage in horn wrestling . fatalities from these combats are known , but are rare . maternal herds are led by a dominant male , who defends an area of 300 - 500 meters extending outward from the herd . recorded population densities vary between 0 . 4 and 9 . 2 per square kilometer , although the maximum sustainable density is believed to be less than 4 animals per square kilometers .\nfrom other grazers and suggests why they are habitat limited ( spingage 1986 ) . water is visited at least every other day and no sable antelope will travel more then 2 miles from a watering hole or river . salt licks are visited periodically and they will chew on bones to get trace essential elements not present in mineral - deficient soil ( estes 1993 ) ."]}
{"id": 1063, "summary": [{"text": "procometis limitata is a moth in the family autostichidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 32 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale fuscous irrorated with whitish , with scattered dark fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal edge is white from near the base to beyond the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey-whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "procometis limitata", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about procometis limitata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for procometis limitata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nprocometis limitata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : waterberg\nprocometis limitata is a moth in the family autostichidae . it was described by meyrick in 1911 . it is found in south africa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]\nprocometis melanthes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29\nprocometis phloeodes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29\nprocometis periscia lower , 1903 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 27 ( 2 ) : 200\nprocometis milvina meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 199 ; tl : white river\nprocometis ( hyostoma ) acharma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : natal\nprocometis ( hyostola ) oxypora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 730 ; tl : natal\nprocometis ochricilia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 106 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nprocometis coniochersa meyrick , 1922 ; ark . zool . 14 ( 15 ) : 10 ; tl : nw . australia , derby\nprocometis genialis meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 73 ; tl : duaringa , queensland\nprocometis trochala meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nprocometis bisulcata meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 71 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nprocometis monocalama meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nprocometis stenarga turner , 1902 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 199 ; tl : gisborne , victoria\nprocometis oxypora ; meyrick , 1909 , ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nprocometis aplegiopa turner , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 245 ; tl : q . , stradbroke is .\nprocometis ( hyostola ) terrena meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : nyassaland , mpeta , on loangwa river\nprocometis lipara meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , blackheath , 3500ft ; bathurst , 2500ft\napiletria acutipennis walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 106 ; tl : bathurst ( gambia )\ncorcyra brunnea west , 1931 ; novit . zool . 36 : 206 ; tl : formosa , kanshirei\nodites mistharma meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam ; trincomali , ceylon\nodites sphendonistis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nodites spoliatrix meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nresults of dr . e . mj\u00f6berg ' s swedish scientific expedition to australia 1910 - 1913 . microlepidoptera\nwest , 1931 descriptions of new species of japanese , formosan , and philippine pyralidae novit . zool . 36 : 206 - 219\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbutler a . g . 1880b . on a collection of lepidoptera from madagascar with descriptions of new genera and species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 5 ( 28 ) : 333\u2013344 ; ( 29 ) : 384\u2013395 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe wingspan is about 32 mm . the forewings are pale fuscous irrorated with whitish , with scattered dark fuscous scales . the costal edge is white from near the base to beyond the middle . there is a fine median streak of white suffusion from the base to two - thirds . the hindwings are grey - whitish . [ 3 ]\nann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 archived 2015 - 05 - 18 at the wayback machine .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspinitibia hodgesi ( s . m . lee & r . l . brown , 2010 )\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1066, "summary": [{"text": "catocala violenta is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from colorado to arizona , east to texas and into mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 70-80 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from july to august depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is one generation per year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the larvae feed on quercus gambeli . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "catocala violenta", "paragraphs": ["i ' m thinking this is catocala violenta , but would appreciate a confirmation . thanks\nbarnes , wm . & j . h . mcdunnough , 1918 . illustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala .\nnotes on some species of catocala . william beutenm\u00fcller . 1903 . bulletin of the amnh , 19 ( 19 ) : 505 - 510 .\nillustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala . william barnes , james halliday mcdunnough . 1918 . memoirs of the amnh 2 ( 1 ) .\nnotes upon the genus catocala , with descriptions of new varieties and species . henry edwards . 1880 . bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 7 ) : 53 - 62 .\nsystematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the . . . . lawrence gall , david hawks . 2010 . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\ngall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .\neastward probably none unless maybe extensive brightly lit urban areas . however this is not certain and some catocala do very well in cities . westward open arid habitats where daytime temperatures exceed 40 degrees c might be barriers if they are too wide to be crossed in one night , and high altitudes where evening temperatures fall rapidly below about 15 degrees c almost certainly are impassable .\ngall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 45 . 14m ; p . 262 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nspecific epithet for violeta , a ghost character from shakespeare ' s all ' s well that ends well . actor and entomologist henry edwards often named moths from shakespeare works .\ncontributed by jason d . roberts on 27 september , 2009 - 8 : 24pm additional contributions by marcie oconnor , randy hardy last updated 15 march , 2018 - 8 : 25am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nida canyon , huachuca mts . , cochise county , arizona , usa september 5 , 2010\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ncramer . the next tooth is very short . there is considerable brown shading in the forewing between the postmedial and subterminal lines . the subreniform spot is light with a light bar extending obliquely to the costa .\nin the hindwing , the inner black band is almost complete and there are considerable dark hairs along the inner margin , well onto the claret scales of the basal area . the almost straight - lined , slightly obtuse angle formed by the inner edge of the black marginal band is a consistent character . the hindwing fringe is white and heavily barred .\nflies as a single generation with moths on the wing from july into august . the\n, long park , chiricahua mountains , cochise county , arizona , july 2 , 2010 , courtesy of evan rand .\nfemales emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .\nsanta cruz co , az . aug 4 1999 , kelly richers , collector , at uv trap .\neggs are deposited on tree bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .\nlisted below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .\n. pages are on space rented from bizland . if you would like to become a\nplease send sightings / images to bill . i will do my best to respond to requests for identification help .\nto show appreciation for this site , click on the flashing butterfly to the left , a link to many worldwide insect sites .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\na forest or other appropriate habitat or cluster of such habitats where the species occurs , or recently has occurred , with sufficient suitab le foodplant oaks and other resources for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a habitat ( usually a forest ) where presence has been verified by specimens or adult photographs or by larval collections if these can be positively identified or were reared to adults . exceptionally for some taxa sight records can be accepted . note if foodplants are growing in residential neighborhoods proximate to primary habitat , these will usually be part of the occurrence . occasionally small occurrences can actually form on large urban or suburban live oaks .\ngenerally boundaries will either be well defined limits of wooded habitats or will be totally arbitrary in extensive forest . in general even for species restricted to certain oak species , these are either dominant , co - dominant tree , or at least frequent species and so do not affect mapping . see food comments fields for more information .\nin generally wooded terrain unsuitable habitat distance applies mainly to cleared lands . in wooded or partially wooded landscapes use the suitable habitat distance unless the foodplant oaks are completely absent or there is some other factor rendering the habitat unsuitable for adults over a gap of at least half the suitable habitat distance .\nfor most species larger values would be appropriate , but for some such as connubialis and in some regions sp . 1 populations can be more localized than is easily explainable based on habitat . still most occurrences are clearly several kilometers in at least one dimension . inferred extent to be conservative is all apparent habitat within 2 kilometer radius . almost always additional sampling should extend such boundaries . with forest remnants less than 100 hectares assume full occupancy .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 1068, "summary": [{"text": "sepia mestus , also known as the reaper cuttlefish or simply red cuttlefish , is a species of cuttlefish native to the southwestern pacific ocean , specifically escape reef off queensland ( 15 \u00b0 47 \u2032 s 145 \u00b0 47 \u2032 e ) to murrays beach off jervis bay ( 35 \u00b0 08 \u2032 s 150 \u00b0 46 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "reports of this species from china and vietnam are now known to be misidentifications .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "s. mestus lives at a depth of between 0 and 22 m. s. mestus exhibits sexual dimorphism .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "females grow to a mantle length ( ml ) of 124 mm , while males do not exceed 77 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected off the australian coast and is deposited at the natural history museum in london . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "sepia mestus", "paragraphs": ["while sepia mestus is capable of showing diverse colour patterns , it is often seen to turn a deep rich red colour .\nen - reaper cuttlefish , fr - seiche moisson , sp - sepia segadora .\nreid , a . l . , & lu , c . c ( 2005 ) a new cuttlefish , sepia filibrachia n . sp . , from the south china sea with a redescription of sepia mestus gray , 1849 ( cephalopoda : sepiidae ) from eastern australia , zootaxa , 911 : 1 - 22 .\nsepia mestus has a distinctive pair of oval pads of spongy tissue on the mantle . this is suspected to act as adhesion pads , assisting the animal to hold their position in turbulent water characteristic of its shallow water habitat .\ns . mestus can be identified by its typically red colour , a pair of black spots on the upper body , a yellow - orange eye socket and short arms .\nalso known as red cuttlefish . found on most coral reef habitats . they feed on small fish and crustaceans . colour / pattern can changes for camouflage . length - 7 . 5cm depth 0 - 20m widespread indo - west pacific this is the second largest cuttlefish and has one eye flap where as the larger similar species sepia apama has three eye flaps . cuttlefish possess the ability to swim in different manners , usually gently rippling their side fins . however when in danger , the cuttlefish sucks water into their body cavity and expels it through a funnel like extension on the underside of the body , causing a backward propulsion enabling the cuttlefish to escape from predators . they are also able to shoot a cloud of black ink at predators when threatened . they feed by catching their prey by two powerful tentacles which shoot out from beneath the creatures eyes . the prey is then pulled toward the animal ' s strong beak and crushed before consuming . cuttlefish gather in their hundreds of thousands to spawn . males can only produce once and the females die shortly after laying their eggs .\ncaption : a pair of juvenile cuttlefish , photographed at a depth of about 50feet .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nbody papillae present , head papillae absent , arm papillae absent . whitish mottle .\nthe cuttlebone is oval and broad , with anterior end slightly acuminate . the dorsal surface is bluish to white and convex . the ventral surface is flat with a narrow , median groove .\nthe reaper cuttlefish is found in waters off eastern australia , with a range from southern queensland to southern nsw .\nthe reaper cuttlefish is often found on shallow rocky reefs , or over kelp or sand . it is believed its depth range is between 1 and 300 m , although it is most often observed on sandy and rocky drop - offs at around 10 - 18m . in sydney harbour it can often be found under rotting wharf pilings and rock ledges during the day .\nlu , c . c ( 1998 ) a synopsis of sepiidae in australian waters ( cephalopoda : sepiodiea ) . in : voss , n . a . , vecchione , m . , toll , r . b . & sweeney , m . j ( eds ) systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian institution press , washington dc , vol . 586 , 159 - 190 .\nwatson - russell , c . ( 1983 ) cuttlefish of sydney harbour , australian natural history , 20 ( 5 ) : 159 - 164 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nn the scientific literature , it is well known to divers in australia where it is endemic . whilst occurring in shallow waters , it is not subject to artisanal fisheries and is therefore unlikely to be threatened .\nthis species is endemic to australia ( reid et al . 2005 ) . its geographic distribution ranges along the east coast from northern queensland to jervis bay in new south wales ( reid et al . 2005 ) .\nfemales ( up to 124 mm ) attain a larger body size compared to males ( up to 77 mm ) ( reid et al . 2005 ) . it occurs on rocky reefs and is typically seen under ledges ( norman 2003 ) .\nocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is potentially a threat to all cuttlefish . studies have shown that under high pco\nno conservation measures are currently needed for this species and none are in place . further research is recommended regarding the population trends , distribution , life history traits and threats impacting this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ngray , j . e . ( 1849 ) . catalogue of the mollusca in the collection of the british museum i : cephalopoda antepedia . london : british museum . 164 pages . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 108 [ details ]\n( of solitosepia liliana iredale , 1926 ) iredale , t . ( 1926 ) . the cuttlefish\nbones\nof the sydney beaches ( phylum mollusca - class cephalopoda ) . australian zoolo\u00adgist . 4 ( 3 ) : 186 - 196 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ascarosepion verreauxi rochebrune , 1884 ) rochebrune , a . t . ( 1884 ) . \u00e9tude monographique de la famille des sepiadae . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 philomathique de paris . series 7 , 8 ( 2 ) : 74 - 122 pls 3 - 6 . page ( s ) : 98 [ details ]\nreid , a . , jereb , p . & roper , c . f . e . ( 2005 ) . family sepiidae . pp . 57 - 152 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 144 [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nadam , w . ; ree , j . ( 1966 ) . a review of the cephalopod family sepiidae . the john murray expedition 1933 - 34 . scientific reports . 11 ( 1 ) : 1 - 165 . [ details ]\nlu , c . c . ( 2001 ) . cephalopoda . pp . 129 - 308 in wells , a . & houston , w . w . k . eds . zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 17 . 2 . mollusca : aplacophora , polyplacophora , scaphopoda , cephalopoda . melbourne : csiro publishing , australia xii 353 pp . [ details ]\n( of solitosepia liliana iredale , 1926 ) lu , c . c . ( 2001 ) . cephalopoda . pp . 129 - 308 in wells , a . & houston , w . w . k . eds . zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 17 . 2 . mollusca : aplacophora , polyplacophora , scaphopoda , cephalopoda . melbourne : csiro publishing , australia xii 353 pp . [ details ]\n( of ascarosepion verreauxi rochebrune , 1884 ) adam , w . ; ree , j . ( 1966 ) . a review of the cephalopod family sepiidae . the john murray expedition 1933 - 34 . scientific reports . 11 ( 1 ) : 1 - 165 . [ details ]\nlength males up to 77 mm mantle length ; females up to 124 mm mantle length . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to tonmo , the premier cephalopod enthusiast community . we have tons of searchable content and host a biennial conference . to join in on the fun , become a member for free , and become a supporter for just $ 50 / year to see less ads and enjoy other perks . follow us on facebook and twitter for more cephy goodness .\njavascript is disabled . for a better experience , please enable javascript in your browser before proceeding .\nanyone know about this species ? any chance of attaining them ? from the little i ' ve found aobut them they seem like a perfect and relatively colorful species for aquariums . just curious , not thinking about getting any more cephs right now .\nyou might pm jean to see if they keep them at the nz aquarium ( assuming they get that far south ) . she might be able to say something about how well they do but not likely any help for sourcing .\nthe cephalopod page urltoken hanlon lab at mbl , woods hole , ma california academy of sciences monterey bay aquarium mote marine labratory pharyngula octonation danna staaf , author ( web , twitter , facebook ) dr . rotman ( drpussea ) ( web , twitter ) te papa museum reef central northwestern pacific tree octopus ( heh ) follow us on facebook follow us on twitter\nthis site uses cookies to help personalise content , tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register . by continuing to use this site , you are consenting to our use of cookies ."]}
{"id": 1069, "summary": [{"text": "halysites ( meaning chain coral ) is an extinct genus of tabulate coral .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "colonies range from less than one to tens of centimeters in diameter , and they fed upon plankton .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "these tabulate corals lived from ordovician to silurian ( from 449.5 to 412.3 ma ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "fossils of halysites species have been found in the sediments of canada , united states , poland and australia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "halysites", "paragraphs": ["halysites , commonly called\nchain coral ,\nis a coral that lived from the ordovician to the silurian period . it looked like a bunch of straws or tubes linked together . from above , halysites looks like a mass of chains or a brain .\nwhat made you want to look up halysites ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nobservations on a remarkable specimen of halysites and description of a new species of the genus . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 19 , article 16 .\ncorals today prefer warm , shallow , clear seas , so tabulate corals like halysites and their relatives probably did too . so when sea levels rose in the devonian , they became rare and then died out two periods later , in the permian mass extinction .\ncorals are one of the best fossil groups for telling us about the ancient world . corals today mainly live in warm , shallow , clean seawaters where there is plenty of sunlight . this tells us that millions of years ago dudley was covered by a warm shallow tropical sea . corals like halysites have a ring of stinging tentacles around their edge that capture food swimming or floating in the seawater that washes over them . as they grow and multiply they build large limestone reef structures on the seabed .\nchain coral ( scientific name halysites ) is one of the many types of fossil coral skeleton that can be found in the limestones of dudley . it is like a series of limestone tubes or straws that are joined side - by - side . end - on these tubes look like links of chain . inside each tube lived a jelly - like coral animal ( polyp ) very much like coral animals today . the chain coral belongs to a group of animals called coelenterates . as they grew they built up the walls of the tubes ( theca ) and multiplied so adding more links to the chain .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit lived in a time that scientists call the silurian period ( which is named after a tribes of ancient britons called the siluries who lived across shropshire and into wales ) . in dudley , it is found in beds of rock called the much wenlock limestone formation . these are between 416 and 423 million years old .\nthese fossils can now sometimes be found in the limestones of dudley , west midlands where the old mines and quarries have left behind rock exposures at the surface . please note ; collecting from fallen blocks is permitted on most of these sites but hammering the rock faces is forbidden .\nthis page was last modified on 7 january 2009 , at 22 : 07 .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\nfrom the manner of growth observed in fossilized specimens ; the genus is colonial , and individual members of the colony construct an elliptical tube next to each other in the manner of chain links .\nsilurian period , in geologic time , the third period of the paleozoic era . it began 443 . 8 million years ago and ended 419 . 2 million years ago , extending from the close of the ordovician period to the beginning of the devonian period . during the silurian , continental elevations were generally much\u2026\ngibraltar remains , neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at gibraltar , on the southern tip of spain . the gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves , many of which were at times occupied by neanderthals during the late pleistocene epoch ( approximately 126 , 000 to 11 , 700 years\u2026\nfossil , remnant , impression , or trace of an animal or plant of a past geologic age that has been preserved in earth\u2019s crust . the complex of data recorded in fossils worldwide\u2014known as the fossil record\u2014is the primary source of information about the history of life on earth . only a small fraction of\u2026\nkabwe cranium , fossilized skull of an extinct human species ( genus homo ) found near the town of kabwe , zambia ( formerly broken hill , northern rhodesia ) , in 1921 . it was the first discovered remains of premodern homo in africa and until the early 1970s was considered to be 30 , 000 to 40 , 000 years\u2026\ncoral , any of a variety of invertebrate marine organisms of the class anthozoa ( phylum cnidaria ) that are characterized by skeletons\u2014external or internal\u2014of a stonelike , horny , or leathery consistency . the term coral is also applied to the skeletons of those animals , particularly to those of the\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\n( paleon . ) a genus of silurian fossil corals ; the chain corals . see chain coral , under chain .\nacross the ordovician - silurian transition at species level is summarized and briefly discussed here .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\neach individual corallite , or cell , is 2 to 6 mm in diameter . in each individual tube there was a tiny sea anemone - like animal called a polyp , similar to what you find in modern corals .\nart , just found , and bookmarked your blog . i enjoy it because it reminds me of my own little boy . when he was your age , he loved to talk to me about dinosaurs , and the planets , and all things related to science . he isn ' t so little anymore , he ' s studying at the university of missouri to become a doctor . thanks for reminding me of my son , and thanks for the great blog ! jason\ngreat blog ! i ' ll be checking your blog out frequently . it ' s interesting with this chain coral how deep the folds are . certainly seems to have more surface area than alot of living corals . in some ways the deeper folds make it look more like a sponge . do you have any specimens of the organisms you post on here ?\n@ gober i think that ' s cool that i remind you of your son . i think i ' m going to be a paleobiologist when i grow up and study unclassified animals and other cool extinct life forms .\n@ mike c i have one specimen of elrathia kingii , two specimens of orthoceras , and one fossil of greenops . and some fossils of animals i did not post because they are mesozoic or cenozoic . i can also earn 19 other elrathia kingii specimens for doing chores and being good behaved .\ni started this blog when i was seven years old and now i ' m thirteen . i retired this blog a few years ago , but i still check on it and you can still contact me . i might even post again !\nart started writing this blog at age seven and completed the majority of the work before he turned nine . he did his own research and for a long time dictated the blog entries to me , his mother . i typed exactly what he said and did my best to spell everything correctly .\nfor a glimpse into the early blogging process , check out the video below .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\na taxonomic genus within the family halysitidae \u2013 extinct tabulate corals , chain corals .\nthis page was last edited on 8 june 2017 , at 20 : 17 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011"]}
{"id": 1070, "summary": [{"text": "eulepidotis micca is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the neotropics , including panama , costa rica and ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was recorded from texas by knudson and bordelon in 2004 . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eulepidotis micca", "paragraphs": ["eulepidotis micca ( druce , 1889 ) has been reported from texas by knudson and bordelon ( 2004 ) .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from eulepidotis to their own page .\neulepidotis juliata ( stoll , 1790 ) = phalaena juliata stoll , 1790 = palindia egala walker , 1865 .\neulepidotis juncida ( guen\u00e9e , 1852 ) = palindia juncida guen\u00e9e , 1852 = palindia mabis guen\u00e9e , 1852 = palindia thecloides walker , [ 1858 ] = palindia aglaura bar , 1876 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n> stream \u0000\u0000\u0000 jp \u0087 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0018ftypjpx \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jpx jp2 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0012rreq\u0001\u0080\u0080\u0000\u0001\u0000 - \u0080\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 - jp2h\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0016ihdr\u0000\u0000\u0004l\u0000\u0000\u0002\u00b9\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0007\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u000fcolr\u0001\u0000\u0001\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0010\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000jp2c\u00ffo\u00ffq\u0000 / \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0002\u00b9\u0000\u0000\u0004l\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0002\u00b9\u0000\u0000\u0004l\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0003\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u0007\u0001\u0001\u00ff \\ \u0000 # bp\u00b7 @ w @ w @ ] 8\u00848\u00848s0\u00af0\u00af0\u00bd ) \u0019 ) \u0019 ) d \u00fb \u00fb \u00bb\u00ff ] \u0000 $ \u0001bp \\ @ @ @ \u00078 , 8 , 8\u001b0u0u0b ( \u00bb ( \u00bb ) \u0003 \u009e \u009e ` \u00ff ] \u0000 $ \u0002bq\u0098arara59 _ 9 _ 9m1\u008f1\u008f1\u009e * \u0004 * \u0004 * v ! 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\u00fb\u00e9v\u00e7 # \u0089 ` \u00ac ) \u00df\u0001q\u0095f\u00ac\u008bd ; \u00f8l\u00f4\u00e9\u00fc\u00e4t c\u00e1\u00ach\b\u0010\u00bb\u0098\u008e\u00ba ~ > = r\u00fd\u00f6sn\u00e7 & \u0087 \u008eb\u00ec4\u00d7\u00fc\u0019zm\u0017\u00b7qu\u00e8\u00e2\u0012h\u00f9\u00a5\u00165 \u00e6\u00e6 \u00f8\u00e8 _ \u00fbz\u00bdf\u00af\u0080\u00e5\u008d\u0094l ( ' \u00e4zs ( \u0001\u00eb\u00e0 \u0090 ) \u008e ^ \u008c\u00ee a\u00e6\u00efz\u00f9\u00bczx\u00bfm\u0014 # ? \u00aa\u00e93\u00e9 $ y ( x\u0011\u0099\u0081\u00d7\u0015 \u008a\u00fd\u00f5\u00af\u001ax\u00a8\u0091\u00f3d\u00b18\u00fa ud\u00e1 ] \u008f\u008bw\u00b9\u00ebp\u00042 65\u0005\u00f1\u00ed\u00ec\u0012nj \u00ffx \\ * k4 @ / . + r\n\u00b1k\u00e7\u00fb\u00fei\u0013sc\u00f6\u00ef\u00ed\u00f1\u00a1\u00a1\u0010\u00f2\u00e9k\u0004\u00b9g\u00ab\u00f8\u00e1e9p\u00e1yw xa\u0007\u007fk\u008d\u0087\u00e4 : \u00046\u00f1\u00e1l\u00e5y\u00e3t\u00e1 wj\u0087 % \u00b8\u0082 ) 5 \\ & \u0088n\u00b7\u00a69\u0003ed\u00abqbe2\u00a6x\u0019 \u00b1\u00ec4\u00bb\u00a7\u0082\u00d7p\u00ef\u0081\u00e2 | 0\u00b1\u0014r\u00b8\b ) \u00fb\u00e5\u00e5 + \u00b7 ~ \u00f1f > \u0002\u00f4\u0084dkq\u0003\u0011\u009f\u0001\u00fen\u00a9x\u00e3\u0016\u0092\u0012\u00fe\u00ef = \u00b5r5\u0011\u00f2\u00e8\u00df < \u00ea\u0006\u00ad ' \u0013w\u00fc\u00af\u00f1\u00bfs\u00be\u001a\u00fd4\b\u00f4u\u00adb\u00a7\u00f7\u0012\u00fc\u00fa\u00a8w\u009e\u00e0d\u0013\u00b5 ( : p\u0001\u00e2 : \u00adu\u00b4 [ 3 \u00eb - \u0003a\u00fef ' \u00aa\u00f2\u00e6wt *\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1071, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia julia is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western china ( sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish grey and the hindwings are also whitish grey , but paler . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia julia", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nafter a light frost the previous night , the morning was pleasantly cool and sunny as eight people contributed to this week ' s survey . ground beetles belong to the large family carabidae . they are predators , actively hunting down their prey , which they dispatch with strong jaws . the beetle shown below had little trouble catching a grasshopper too cold to jump away .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1074, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia behrensata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from california north to british columbia , alberta and saskatchewan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are large and grey brown coloured .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from march to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupithecia behrensata", "paragraphs": ["californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16614 genus : eupithecia species : behrensata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : may 1 58 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16619 genus : eupithecia species : interruptofasciata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 14 66 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 28261 genus : eupithecia species : intricata taylorata sex : location : golden gate park county : san francisco collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5869 genus : eupithecia species : macrocarpata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : in july specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 545 genus : eupithecia species : absinthiata sex : f location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : sep 19 98 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5882 genus : eupithecia species : acutipennis sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 62 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5865 genus : eupithecia species : maestosa maestosa sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3034 genus : eupithecia species : ravocostaliata sex : m location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : feb 4 95 speci . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5875 genus : eupithecia species : tripunctaria sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 12 61 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7999 genus : eupithecia species : nevadata nevadata sex : location : las trampas reg park county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16622 genus : eupithecia species : purpurissata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specime . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33651 genus : eupithecia species : agnesata sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : apr 4 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16601 genus : eupithecia species : karenae sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : wm . patterson coll _ date : oct 16 98 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7990 genus : eupithecia species : annulata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 8 96 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2067 genus : eupithecia species : bryanti sex : m location : point molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 10 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5884 genus : eupithecia species : graefii graefii sex : location : piedmont pines , ne oakland county : alameda collector : p . d . hurd coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29679 genus : eupithecia species : perfusca perfusca sex : location : costanea cg county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : sep 2 2007 s . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5883 genus : eupithecia species : subapicata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : mar 19 61 specimen _ loc : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5881 genus : eupithecia species : gilvipennata sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : ma . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5886 genus : eupithecia species : implorata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5878 genus : eupithecia species : macdunnoughi sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . a . powell coll _ date : mar 3 61 spec . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5879 genus : eupithecia species : cognizata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5867 genus : eupithecia species : longipalpata sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : oct 12 96 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7996 genus : eupithecia species : scabrogata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 97 spe . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33652 genus : eupithecia species : rindgei sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : 1989 - 9 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16623 genus : eupithecia species : mystiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : coll _ date : in may 71 specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29684 genus : eupithecia species : shirleyata sex : location : montara , mcnee ranch county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : mar 21 97 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20852 genus : eupithecia species : multiscripta sex : location : diamond mtn county : napa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 21 - 23 93 specime . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3033 genus : eupithecia species : mutata ( columbrata ) sex : m location : inverness ridge county : marin collector : c . e . griswold coll _ date : may . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16602 genus : eupithecia species : columbiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : mar 13 47 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16618 genus : eupithecia species : lachrymosa georgii sex : location : red hill county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : may 2 47 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5871 genus : eupithecia species : unicolor sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 13 62 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5877 genus : eupithecia species : sierrae sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 18 96 spec . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5876 genus : eupithecia species : rotundopuncta sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5874 genus : eupithecia species : bivittata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 4 55 specimen _ loc : u . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5866 genus : eupithecia species : subvirens sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 5 96 spe . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5868 genus : eupithecia species : sabulosata sex : location : albany county : alameda collector : r . a . belmont coll _ date : may 22 71 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16632 genus : eupithecia species : cestata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20856 genus : eupithecia species : appendiculata sex : location : spring mtn county : napa collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : aug 12 47 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5870 genus : eupithecia species : placidata sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : oct 17 45 specimen _ loc : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5880 genus : eupithecia species : segregata sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : apr . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7993 genus : eupithecia species : zelmira sex : location : clayton county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : mar 11 72 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1888 genus : eupithecia species : olivacea sex : m location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 11 63 specimen _ l . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20863 genus : eupithecia species : plumasata sex : location : spring mtn , st helena county : napa collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : dec 29 8 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16629 genus : eupithecia species : gilata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : feb 27 52 specimen _ loc : . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species . please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncompiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of san francisco bay area\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1075, "summary": [{"text": "pittieria aurantiaca is a species of predatory air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family spiraxidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was described based on only one specimen .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this specimen was collected by william more gabb ( 1839-1878 ) in costa rica , and the species was described under the name euglandina aurantiaca by george french angas in 1879 , after gabb 's death .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species was subsequently moved to the genus pittieria , which was created by eduard von martens in 1901 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this snail is carnivorous but it also eats honeydew while that substance is being produced by a species of lantern bug .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "a species of carpenter ant has been observed climbing onto the head of the snail in order to steal some of the honeydew while the snail is feeding in this way . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pittieria aurantiaca", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about pittieria aurantiaca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for pittieria aurantiaca ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define pittieria aurantiaca in a sentence and how is the word pittieria aurantiaca used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528pittieria aurantiaca\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pittieria aurantiaca\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528pittieria aurantiaca\u9020\u53e5 , pittieria aurantiaca meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nthe land snail\npittieria aurantiaca\n( previously known as\neuglandina aurantiaca\n) is a common visitor to\ne . sanguinea\n; it positions its foot above the bug ' s abdomen so that it can intercept honeydew .\n\n' pittieria aurantiaca\n' is a species of predatory air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family spiraxidae .\nan air - breathing land snail ,\npittieria aurantiaca\nfeeds on the honeydew , and this relationship is the first observed biotrophic interaction between an insects and a gastropod .\npittieria aurantiaca\nhas been observed to feed on jtl - 005 , jtl - 005 on antweb , on ants of costa rica ) positioned themselves on the head of the snail in order to\nsteal\n( kleptotrophobiosis ) honeydew from the head of the snail .\nclade euthyneura clade panpulmonata clade eupulmonata clade stylommatophora pittieria is a genus of predatory air - breathing land snails , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family spiraxidae . = = distribution = = the distribution of the genus pittieria extends from central mexico to northern panama . = = species = = species in the genus pit . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthere are no larval prey or adult - visited flower reported for . . .\ncomo otros miembros de la familia fulgoridae , colocan los huevos en . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n1839 - essai sur les fulgorelles , sous - tribu de la tribu des cicadaires , ordre des rhyngotes .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves ."]}
{"id": 1077, "summary": [{"text": "cicurina baronia is a rare species of spider in the family dictynidae known by the common name robber baron cave meshweaver .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to texas in the united states , where it is known from only one cave in bexar county .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this is one of nine invertebrates endemic to the karst caves of bexar county that were federally listed as endangered species in the year 2000 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this spider is known from robber baron cave .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the entrance to the cave is a protected area , but the land above the cave is urbanized .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this cave is also the only home for the cokendolpher cave harvestman ( texella cokendolpheri ) , another rare arachnid .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the bexar county karst cave invertebrates are troglobites , species that spend their entire lives in subterranean environments .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the current status of the invertebrates is difficult to assess because their habitats are largely inaccessible and the animals themselves are small and cryptic .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the threats to all nine species are the same : habitat loss when the caves are filled in or quarried , and habitat degradation via pollution , alterations in water flow , and direct human interference . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "cicurina baronia", "paragraphs": ["robber baron cave spider ( cicurina baronia ) on wood . photo by dr . jean krejca .\ncokendolpher , j . c . 2004 . cicurina spiders from caves in bexar county , texas ( araneae : dictynidae ) . texas memorial museum , speleological monographs 6 : 13 - 58 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ngertsch , w . j . 1992 . distribution patterns and speciation in north american cave spiders with a list of the troglobites and revision of the cicurinas of the subgenus cicurella . texas mem . mus . , speleol . monogr . 3 : 75 - 122 .\nsubgenus cicurella . previously placed in the family agelenidae . this species has been referred to by two common names , the robber baron cave spider ( usfws , 2000 ) and the robber baron cave meshweaver ( breene et al . 2003 ) . the latter name has been accepted as the official common name ( breene et al . 2003 , usfws 2003 ) .\nknown from a single locality , robber baron cave in bexar county , texas . although the cave entrance is protected as a preserve by the texas cave management association ( tcma ) , this cave is relatively large , and the land that overlies the cave is heavily urbanized . the cave has also been historically subject to extensive commercial and recreational use ( veni 1988 ) . in addition , the current gate on the cave is blocking organic material from entering and may be severely limiting food input and impacting the cave fauna ( veni and reddell , pers . comm . 2001 in cockendolpher and reddell , 2004 ) . the last collection of this species was made in 1983 , although one was seen in 2001 ( usfws , 2006 ) .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthere are nine bexar county , texas invertebrates that were listed as endangered on december 26 , 2000 . the recovery priority number for all bexar county karst invertebrates is 2c , which means that these species face a high degree of threat with a high potential for recovery and there may be conflict between species recovery and economic development .\nknown only from robber baron cave in the alamo heights karst region , bexar county , texas .\npopulation estimates are unavailable for any of the nine troglobites listed as endangered in bexar county ( usfws , 2000 ) due to lack of adequate techniques , their cryptic behavior , and inaccessibility of habitat ( usfws , 2008 ) . culver et al . ( 2000 ) states that while some troglobites are known from a few specimens , detailed studies suggest that\nas a rule\nmost troglobites\nare not numerically rare and thus are not susceptible to the problems of small populations .\nhowever , considering the lack of population estimates and limited study of these species , data are insufficient to indicate whether bexar county karst invertebrates are numerous enough to rule out small population concerns ( usfws , 2008 ) .\nbased on usfws ( 2008 ) , reduce threats to the species by securing an adequate quantity and quality of caves , including selecting caves or cave clusters that represent the range of the species and potential genetic diversity , then preserving these caves , including their drainage basins and surface communities upon which they rely . maintenance of these cave preserves involves keeping them free from contamination , excessive human visitation , and non - native fire ants by regularly tracking progress and implementing adaptive management to control these and any new threats when necessary . monitoring the population status and threats are also components of recovery . because many aspects of the population dynamics and habitat requirements of the species are poorly understood , recovery is also dependant on incorporating research findings into adaptive management actions .\n( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) known only from robber baron cave in the alamo heights karst region , bexar county , texas .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbreene , r . g . , d . a . dean , g . b . edwards , b . hebert , h . w . levi , g . manning , k . mcwest , and l . sorkin . 2003 . common names of arachnids 2003 . 5th edition . the american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids . american tarantula society .\nculver , d . c . , l . l . master , m . c . christman , and h . h . hobbs iii . 2000 . obligate cave fauna of the 48 contiguous united states . conservation biology 14 ( 2 ) : 386 - 401 .\nelliott , w . r . 2000 . conservation of the north american cave and karst biota . pages 665 - 689 in wilkens , h . , d . c . culver , and w . f . humphreys ( editors ) . subterranean ecosystems . ecosystems of the world , 30 . elsevier , amsterdam . xiv + 791 pp . corrected version online . available : urltoken\nlongacre , c . 2000 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; final rule to list nine bexar county , texas invertebrate species as endangered . u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . federal register 65 ( 248 ) .\nrappaport , c . j . 1998 . department of interior fish and wildlife service 50 cfr part 17 , rin 1018 - af33 , endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; proposal to list nine bexar county , texas invertebrate species as endangered . federal register , 63 ( 250 ) : 71855 - 71867 .\nreddell , j . r . and j . c . cokendolpher . 2004 . the cave spiders of bexar and comal counties , texas . texas memorial museum , speleological monographs 6 : 75 - 94 .\nshorthouse , d . p . , editor . 2007 . the nearctic spider database . world wide web electronic publication . http : / / canadianarachnology . webhop . net .\nstanford , r . , and a . shull . 1993 . department of interior fish and wildlife service 50 cfr part 17 ; 90 - day finding on a petition to list nine bexar county , tx , invertebrates . federal register , 58 ( 229 ) : 63328 - 63329 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1994 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; animal candidate review for listing as endangered or threatened species . federal register 59 ( 219 ) : 58982 - 59028 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2003 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; designation of critical habitat for seven bexar county , texas , invertebrate species ; final rule . federal register 68 ( 67 ) : 17156 - 17231 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2008 . draft bexar county karst invertebrate recovery plan . 125 pp .\nveni , g . 1988 . the caves of bexar county , second edition . texas memorial museum speleological monographs , 2 , studies on the cave and endogean fauna of north america iv . texas memorial museum , austin , texas . 300 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ndesignation of critical habitat for nine bexar county invertebrates : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period .\ndesignation of critical habitat for nine bexar county , tx , invertebrates final rule . and a 12 - month finding on a petition to revise critical habitat designation by removing unit 13 from designation under the act - not warranted .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld spider catalog , version 11 . 0 , website ( version 11 . 0 )\nplatnick , norman i . 2011 . the world spider catalog , v . 11 . 0 . american museum of natural history . database built by robert j . raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi : 10 . 5531 / db . iz . 0001\nbreene , r . g . , d . allen dean , g . b . edwards , blain hebert , herbert w . levi , gail manning , et al .\nthe american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids . available online at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nyour browser does not have support for cookies enabled . some features of this application will not work .\nclick this link , buy your products on amazon , and amazon will contribute 6 % or more of your purchase to the tcma . it\u2019s easy and doesn\u2019t cost you anything extra . thanks for your support !\nover 40 species of highly adapted , aquatic , subterranean species are known to live in the edwards aquifer . these include amphipod crustaceans , gastropod snails , and interesting vertebrates like blind catfish ( longley , 1986 ) . seven aquatic species are listed as endangered in the edwards aquifer system , and one is listed as threatened . the main problems for all the species are reduced springflows caused by increased pumping , elimination of habitat , and degradation of water quality caused by urban expansion .\nthe world wildlife fund has produced a must - have , authoritative reference work for anyone interested in endangered species . it describes 540 endangered or threatened species , including their habitat , behavior , and recovery . excerpts from their guide to endangered species and other sources were used to prepare this section . information on the aquatic invertebrates was prepared using the us fish and wildlife ' s published final rule on listing the species .\nin addition to the aquatic species that depend on aquifer water itself , nine cave - dwelling invertebrates that live in the aquifer ' s karst formations were listed by the us fish & wildlife service as endangered in december 2000 . there are three beetles , one daddy long - legs , and five spiders . in may of 2008 the service released a draft recovery plan ( download it ) . for a general discussion on all these creatures see the section below on the cave - dwelling invertebrates .\na blind salamander stopping for a moment on a rock underwater . these are very difficult to photograph !\nthe texas blind salamander is a sightless , cave - dwelling salamander that reaches a mature length of about 13 centimeters ( 5 inches ) . it is a slender , frail - legged amphibian , white or pinkish in color with a fringe of blood - red , external gills . the head and snout are flattened . two small black eyespots mark the location of vestigial eyes .\nthis totally aquatic species feeds on insects and other small invertebrates that live in subterranean waters and are nourished by the droppings of bats in caves . little else of its natural history is known .\nlittle is known , but gravid females have been observed throughout the year . the larvae do not transform .\nthe texas blind salamander is endemic to the underground water system of the limestone caverns of the edwards plateau . it spends its life in complete darkness . it is sensitive to changes of water quality and thus susceptible to groundwater pollutants .\nbiologists know of only one population of the texas blind salamander , which occurs in the edwards aquifer around san marcos . the current population is apparently stable , although of limited numbers . it is possible that other populations may exist in unexplored underground caverns .\nsurvival of this salamander depends upon the stability and continued purity of the edwards aquifer springflows . as with the other endangered species in the edwards region , threats are from diminished springflows and pollution of groundwater and runoff caused by increasing demand for water and burgeoning development over recharge areas .\nthe fountain darter is a reddish brown darter with an average length of 2 . 5 centimeters ( 1 inch ) . it displays a series of dark , horizontal , stitch - like lines along its sides and three dark spots at the base of the tail . dark bars appear below , behind , and in front of the eyes . breeding males develop black , red , and clear stripes along the dorsal fin .\nthe fountain darter feeds primarily in daylight on aquatic insect larvae and small crustaceans . it is a selective feeder and prefers moving prey , remaining stationary until prey passes within striking distance . the fountain darter spawns year round , with peaks in early spring and august . after attaching eggs to mosses and algae , the female abandons the site , providing no care to eggs or fry .\nthe fountain darter prefers clear , quiet backwaters with a profuse bottom growth of aquatic plants and matted algae . it is found in the san marcos and comal rivers .\nthe historic range of the fountain darter included the sources , headwaters , and sections of the san marcos and comal rivers .\nthe fountain darter is found in spring lake at the headwaters of the san marcos river , in the main channel of the river to the confluence of the blanco river , and in the comal river . the comal river population of fountain darters was completely eliminated when its habitat was reduced to isolated pools by a major drought in the 1950 ' s , but the river was restocked with 457 darters taken from the san marcos river ( usfws , 1984 ) .\nschenck and whiteside ( 1976 ) estimated the population in the san marcos river between spring lake dam and the san marcos wastewater treatment plant outfall to be 102 , 966 individuals . until recently , no population estimates had been made for the comal river . linam , mayes , and saunders ( 1993 ) conducted a study to determine habitat utilization , the amount of habitat available , and an estimate of population size . fountain darters were found in greatest densities in filamentous algae , and the mean population estimate for the comal river upstream of torrey mill dam was 168 , 078 with 95 % confidence limits of 114 , 178 and 254 , 110 .\nactions that threaten the fountain darter include the destruction of aquatic vegetation in spring lake and the san marcos river , recreational use of the san marcos river , and long - term water depletion from the edwards aquifer . swimmers and divers disturb the algae mats used by the darter for spawning . as with the san marcos gambusia , recovery is considered a remote possibility without the cooperation of all state and local agencies that manage use of the aquifer . linam , mayes , and saunders ( 1993 ) concluded that despite the successful reintroduction effort after the 1950 ' s drought , other factors might preclude it being replicated if the springs should cease to flow again . back then , enduring pools of water sustained some segments of the aquatic community , providing a base for reestablishment . however , the assumption that enduring pools will once again provide a remnant habitat for aquatic plants may no longer be valid . since the introduction of giant rams - horn snails ( marisa cornuarietis ) around 1983 , plants in many areas of landa lake have been denuded of leaves or even grazed to the bottom ( horne , et al . , 1992 ) . these snails thrive in low flow conditions , and during a drought grazing could eliminate the fountain darter habitat . in a repeat of the 1950 ' s drought , the springs are also likely to be dry for a much longer period of time , and there may be changes in water quality that could limit another successful reintroduction .\nthe gambusia has not been seen since 1982 and is believed to be already extinct .\nmost aquatic biologists feel the san marcos gambusia is very likely already extinct . it ranged in length from 2 . 5 to 4 centimeters ( 1 to 1 . 6 inches ) , had lemon yellow median fins and a diffuse midlateral stripe along the length of its body . the dark body displayed a bluish sheen , and scales tended to be strongly cross - hatched .\nthis fish was a livebearer - eggs hatched inside the female ' s body and emerge alive . the female was capable of bearing up to 60 young in a single brood . it fed on insect larvae and other invertebrates in slow - moving waters shaded by overhanging trees or bridges .\nthe san marcos gambusia preferred quiet backwaters , adjacent to the main thrust of the river current . its primary habitat requirements appeared to be clean and clear water of a constant temperature . temperatures in the river vary by only a few degrees throughout the year , averaging about 23 degrees c ( 73 f ) . the bottom is muddy but generally unsilted . this species was restricted to a limited portion of the san marcos river springrun a few kilometers below the headsprings . it was always rare , and its continued existence has not been documented .\nthe gambusia ' s entire known range was restricted to a 1 - kilometer ( 0 . 6 miles ) section of the san marcos river near the city of san marcos . most specimens were found between the interstate highway 35 crossing and thompson ' s island . this gambusia was always extremely rare as determined by surveys conducted in 1978 and 1979 in the san marcos river . biologists netted more than 20 , 000 gambusia specimens but counted only 18 san marcos gambusia among them . san marcos gambusia were captured alive and an artificial culture established in austin and in dexter , new mexico , in 1979 and 1980 , respectively . both of these cultures were contaminated by gambusia affinis in the early 1980s and the last individual taken from the wild was captured in 1982 . despite considerable efforts to secure this species since then , none have been taken .\nthe species ' very restricted known distribution in the river and its absence from the headwaters at spring lake indicate very specific habitat requirements . it was apparently extremely sensitive to any alteration of its habitat . changes in water turbidity caused by runoff from land clearing and construction , an increase in water temperatures caused by lowered water flows , and pumping of groundwater from the edwards aquifer could have easily eliminated the species . even if additional specimens are found , recovery of the san marcos gambusia is considered a remote possibility without the cooperation of all state and local agencies that manage use of the aquifer .\nthe slender - bodied san marcos salamander is about 6 centimeters ( 2 . 4 inches ) long and displays a prominent gill fringe behind the head . it is light brown above with a row of pale flecks on either side of the midline and yellowish white below . the large eyes have a dark ring around the lens . limbs are short and slender with four toes on the forefeet and five on the hind feet . at first glance , it is similar to a lizard but lacks scales and claws . the specific name nana is from the greek nanos , meaning\ndwarf .\nthis voiceless salamander is also earless . it was listed as endangered on july 14 , 1980 .\nsalamanders lay jelly - covered eggs from which tiny fishlike larvae emerge and develop in the manner of tadpoles . the san marcos salamander breeds and lays eggs in standing pools amid thick mats of aquatic vegetation . eggs hatch in about 24 days . this species is carnivorous and feeds on amphipods , midge fly larvae , and aquatic snails . it remains stationary until prey pass closely and then abruptly snaps its head , taking the prey .\nthe san marcos salamander is found in shallow alkaline springs carved out of limestone with sand and gravel substrates . pools and streambeds are often punctuated with large limestone boulders . aquatic vegetation is profuse , and the pool surfaces are covered with moss ( amblystegium riparium ) and thick mats of coarse , blue - green algae .\nthe species appears to be endemic to the sources and upper portions of the san marcos river .\nthe limited range of the san marcos salamander comprises the san marcos springs , spring lake , and a few hundred feet of the san marcos river . the most recent estimates of population size indicate there are probably around 50 , 000 individuals . tupa and davis ( 1976 ) estimated there about 23 , 000 in algal mats , and nelson ( 1993 ) estimated about 25 , 000 in rocks in spring lake and about 5 , 200 below the lake .\nalthough the population appears relatively stable for the moment , the salamander is threatened by potential degradation or modification of its very limited habitat . increasing residential and agricultural development along with rising demand for water for human and agricultural uses may cause the spring sources become dry intermittently . the key to preserving the san marcos salamander is controlling the amount of water pumped out of the edwards aquifer .\na canoer glides past submerged streamers of texas wild rice in the san marcos river .\nat left , tubers co - exist with wild rice in sewell park , just below aquarena springs . at right , drooping stalks above the surface produce grain - like seeds .\ntexas wildrice is an aquatic grass with thin , flat , elongated leaves that are typically immersed and long - streaming in river currents . leaves often grow as long as 1 . 5 meters ( 57 inches ) . flower stalks , when present , extend above the surface of the water , sometimes to a height of 1 meter ( 40 inches ) , and produce drooping heads of profuse grain - like seeds . the plant flowers and sets seed at irregular intervals from april to november . seeding plants have become increasingly rare in the wild . it was listed as federally endangered on april 26 , 1978 and state endangered on april 29 , 1983 . it was the first texas plant to be placed on the endangered species list . the leaves are linear , elongate , green , to 45 in . long , 1 / 4 to 1 in . wide . flowers are arranged in a narrow panicle , 6 - 13 in . long , 1 / 2 to 4 in . wide , spreading male branches below , tighter female branches above ; pikelet with one flower without glumes ; male spikelets 1 / 4 - 1 / 2 in . long . 1 / 16 - 1 / 8 in . wide ; female spikelets 5 / 16 - 1 / 2 in . long 1 / 16 - 1 / 8 in . wide , tipped by rough bristles 3 / 8 - 1 3 / 8 in . long ; flowering spring and autumn .\ntexas wildrice forms large clones or masses of clones that firmly root in gravel shallows near the middle of the river . this plant is adapted to fast - flowing water of high quality and constant year - round temperatures as provided by adequate spring flows . silting , disturbance of the bottom , or stagnant water will kill off plants .\nthis wildrice was once abundant in the san marcos river , in contiguous irrigation ditches with constant flows , and in spring lake at the river ' s headwaters . in the 1930 ' s it was so abundant that a local irrigation company considered it a difficult task to keep plants from clogging its ditches .\ntexas wildrice is currently distributed along the upper four miles of the river in and near the city of san marcos . in august of 2011 , the texas parks and wildlife department proposed designating this stretch of the river a state scientific area , which is allowable under state law for the purposes of education , research , and preservation of plant and animal life .\nthe major reason for decline of the san marcos river habitat has been increased pumping and diversion of edwards aquifer groundwater . decreased spring outflow lowers the water level of the river and exposes the shallows where texas wildrice typically would grow . river dredging and damming , riverside construction , and bottomland cultivation have destroyed plants , altered stream flows and temperature , or increased siltation . in the past , intensive harvesting of the seed crop inhibited successful reproduction . because most of the remaining population is in the urban area of san marcos , botanists have suggested that transplanting wildrice to some other location is the species only hope of survival . however , the fish and wildlife service stresses that every effort must be made to preserve the species in its native habitat . efforts to grow texas wildrice in cultivation and to transplant it have met with limited success . in the 1970 ' s , botanists attempted to establish a new population in salado creek with cultivated plants , but recreational activities continually disturbed transplanted clones . from 1976 to 1982 , nursery grown plants were transplanted to various sites in central texas . no new populations resulted . the fish and wildlife service recovery plan recommends that a public education program be established , aimed at minimizing recreational disturbance of wildrice in the san marcos river . ultimately , long term protection will require a management program to balance the water needs of the human population with the requirements of a healthy san marcos river ecosystem .\nthe comal springs riffle beetle is a small aquatic , surface - dwelling species in the family elmidae . adult comal springs riffle beetles are about 1 / 8 inch long , with females slightly larger than males . the closest relative of h . comalensis appears to be h . glabra , a species that occurs farther to the west in the big bend region ( bosse , et al . , 1988 ) . some riffle beetle species can fly ( brown , 1987 ) , but the hind wings of h . comalensis are short and almost certainly non - functional , making the species incapable of this mode of dispersal ( bosse , et al . , 1988 ) .\nunlike the other two aquatic invertebrate organisms listed here , the comal springs riffle beetle is not a subterranean species . it occurs in the gravel substrate and shallow riffles in spring runs . larvae have been collected with adults in the gravel substrate of the spring headwaters and not on submerged wood as is typical of most\n. usual water depth in occupied habitat is 2 to 10 centimeters ( 1 to 4 in ) although the beetle may also occur in slightly deeper areas within the spring runs . populations have been reported to reach their greatest densities from february to april\nand a single specimen was collected from san marcos springs 32 km ( 20 mi ) to the northeast .\nit was first collected by bosse in 1976 and was described by bosse , et al . , in 1988 . nothing is known about whether this species may have historically ranged in other springs that are now dry almost all the time , such as san pedro springs and san antonio springs .\nthe comal springs riffle beetle is known from comal springs and san marcos springs .\nbecause conservation and recovery of the three listed aquatic invertebrate species are very similar , they are discussed together at the end of this page .\nthe comal springs dryopid beetle is the only known subterranean member of the beetle family dryopidae . adult comal springs dryopid beetles are about 1 / 8 inch long . they have vestigial ( non - functional ) eyes , are weakly pigmented , translucent , and thin - skinned .\nelmid and dryopid beetles live primarily in flowing , uncontaminated waters . collection records for the comal springs dryopid beetle are primarily from spring run 2 at comal springs , but they have also been collected from runs 3 and 4 at comal and from fern bank springs about 20 miles to the northeast in hays county . collections have been from april through august . most of the specimens have been taken from drift nets or from inside the spring orifices . although the larvae of the comal springs dryopid beetle have been collected in drift nets positioned over the spring openings , they are presumed to be associated with air - filled voids inside the spring orifices since all other known dryopid beetle larvae are terrestrial . unlike peck ' s cave amphipod , the comal springs dryopid beetle does not swim , and it may have a smaller range within the aquifer .\nthe comal springs dryopid beetle is a recently discovered species . it was first collected in 1987 and described as a new genus and species by barr & spangler , 1992 . nothing is known about whether this species may have historically ranged in other springs that are now dry almost all the time , such as san pedro springs and san antonio springs .\nthe comal springs dryopid beetle is known from comal springs and fern bank springs ( hays county ) . the exact depth and subterranean extent of the range of the comal springs dryopid beetle is not precisely known because of a lack of methodologies available for studying karst aquifer systems and the organisms that inhabit such systems . presumably an interconnected area , the subterranean portion of this habitat , provides for feeding , growth , survival , and reproduction of the comal springs dryopid beetle . however , no specimens have appeared in collections from 22 artesian and pumped wells flowing from the edwards aquifer , suggesting this species may be confined to small areas surrounding the spring openings and is not distributed throughout the aquifer ( barr , 1993 ) . barr ( 1993 ) also surveyed nine springs in bexar , comal , and hays counties considered most likely to provide habitat for endemic invertebrates and found stygoparnus comalensis only at comal and fern bank springs .\npeck ' s cave amphipod is a subterranean , aquatic crustacean in the family crangonyctidae . like all members of the exclusively subterranean genus stygobromus , this species is eyeless and unpigmented . the fish and wildlife service has used\ncave amphipod\nas a generic common name for members of this genus , and this name was simply transliterated as\npeck ' s cave amphipod\nwithout reference to a particular cave .\nover 300 specimens of peck ' s cave amphipod have been collected since its description . most specimens were netted from crevices in rock and gravel near the three largest orifices of comal springs on the west side of landa park in comal county\n. despite extensive collecting efforts , no specimens have been found in other areas of the edwards aquifer , indicating that its primary habitat is a zone of permanent darkness in the underground aquifer feeding the springs . above ground , individuals are easy prey for predators , but they usually take shelter in the rock and gravel crevices and may succeed in reentering the spring orifice . in 1993 barr got most specimens in drift nets at spring orifices and found them less often as she moved downstream , supporting the notion they may be easy prey and do not likely survive for long outside the aquifer .\nnothing is known about whether this species may have historically ranged in other springs that are now dry almost all the time , such as san pedro springs and san antonio springs . the first recorded specimen was collected by peck at comal springs in june 1964 . reddell collected a second specimen at the same place in may 1965 . in 1967 , holsinger named the species stygonectes pecki , in peck ' s honor , selecting the 1965 specimen as the type specimen . later he included all the nominal stygonectes species in the synonymy of the large genus stygobromus .\npeck ' s cave amphipod is known from comal springs and hueco springs , both in comal county . the exact depth and subterranean extent of the ranges of this species is not precisely known because of a lack of methodologies available for studying karst aquifer systems and the organisms that inhabit such systems . presumably an interconnected area , the subterranean portion of this habitat , provides for feeding , growth , survival , and reproduction of the peck ' s cave amphipod . however , no specimens have appeared in collections from 22 artesian and pumped wells flowing from the edwards aquifer ( barr , 1993 ) , suggesting this species may be confined to small areas surrounding the spring openings and is not distributed throughout the aquifer . barr also surveyed nine springs in bexar , comal , and hays counties considered most likely to provide habitat for endemic invertebrates and found stygobromus pecki only at comal and hueco springs .\nconservation and management of the peck ' s cave amphipod , comal springs riffle beetle , and comal springs dryopid beetle are likely to involve protection and conservation of the edwards aquifer and springflow at comal , hueco , san marcos , and fern bank springs . these species ' very limited habitat is likely to be lost through drying or decreased volume of springflow during minor or severe drought . it is likely the effect of natural droughts in south central texas will increase in severity because of the large increase in human groundwater withdrawals . many possible effects of reduced springflow exist . these include changes in the chemical composition of the water in the aquifer and at the springs , a decrease in current velocity and corresponding increase in siltation , and an increase in temperature and temperature fluctuations in the aquatic habitat ( mckinney & watkins , 1993 ) .\nanother threat to the habitat of these species is the potential for groundwater contamination . pollutants of concern include those associated with human sewage , leaking underground storage tanks , animal / feedlot waste , agricultural chemicals ( especially insecticides , herbicides , and fertilizers ) and urban runoff ( including pesticides , fertilizers , and detergents ) .\npipeline , highway , and railway transportation of hydrocarbons and other potentially harmful materials in the edwards aquifer recharge zone and its watershed , with the attendant possibility of accidents , present a particular risk to water quality in comal and san marcos springs . comal and san marcos springs are both located in urbanized areas . hueco springs is located alongside river road , which is heavily traveled for recreation on the guadalupe river , and may be susceptible to road runoff and spills related to traffic . fern bank springs is in a relatively remote , rural location and its principal vulnerability is probably to contaminants associated with leaking septic tanks , animal / feedlot wastes , and agricultural chemicals .\nalthough these species are fully aquatic and two of the three require flowing water for respiration , the absolute low water limits for survival are not known . they survived the drought of the middle 1950 ' s , which resulted in cessation of flow at comal springs from june 13 through november 3 , 1956 . hueco springs is documented to have gone dry in the past\nthese invertebrates were not extirpated by the only recorded temporary cessation of springflow . however , given that they are fully aquatic and that no water was present in the springs for a period of several months , they were probably negatively impacted . these species are not likely adapted to surviving long periods of drying ( up to several years in duration ) that may occur in the absence of a water management plan for the edwards aquifer that accommodates the needs of these invertebrates .\nstagnation of water may be a limiting condition , particularly for the comal springs dryopid beetle and peck ' s cave amphipod . stagnation of water and / or drying within the spring runs and the photic ( lighted ) zone of the spring orifices would probably be limiting for the comal springs riffle beetle because natural water flow is considered important to the respiration and therefore survival of this invertebrate species . elmid and dryopid beetles have a mass of tiny , hydrophobic ( unwettable ) hairs on their underside where they maintain a thin bubble of air through which gas exchange occurs ( chapman , 1982 ) . this method of respiration loses its effectiveness as the level of dissolved oxygen in the water decreases . a number of aquatic insects that use dissolved oxygen rely on flowing water to obtain oxygen .\nat present , competition is not known to be a significant threat to these species . however , two exotic snail species , thiara granifera and thiara tuberculata , are common in the spring runs and , as grazers , may compete for food . another exotic species , the giant ramshorn snail ( marisa cornuarietis ) , is present in two of the spring runs and may colonize the other runs at low flow levels . marisa can have a tremendous impact on vegetation , that in turn may affect the habitat for surface - dwelling grazers like the riffle beetle .\nin july of 2007 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service designated about 50 acres around four edwards springs as critical habitat for aquatic invertebrate species . although they were listed in 1997 , the u . s . fish & wildlife service did not designate any critical habitat , leading to a 2003 lawsuit by the center for biological diversity . under the bush administration , fish & wildlife service officials contended that designating critical habitat has little effect on protecting species . the center for biological diversity disagreed , and the wildlife service made the designation as part of a settlement . such a designation requires federal agencies to analyze activities they undertake , fund , or permit to determine if there may be any harm to the species ' habitat . if so , they must consult with the fish & wildlife service to determine how to eliminate or reduce the impacts to an acceptable level .\nthe initial designation of 50 acres as critical habitat was deemed insufficient by scientists because it included only surface water and not the underground orifices critical to the species\u2019 survival . so the center for biological diversity and its allies filed suit again , resulting in a new proposal that was announced in october 2012 .\nthe new proposal expands the critical habitat and includes new subsurface areas for the dryopid beetle and the peck\u2019s cave amphipod . in all , 169 acres of critical habitat are being proposed . the habitat areas overlap and consist of 39 acres of surface habitat and 139 acres of subsurface habitat for the comal springs dryopid beetle ; 38 surface acres and 138 subsurface acres for the peck\u2019s cave amphipod ; and 54 acres of protected surface habitat for the comal springs riffle beetle .\nin 1992 , several local groups , ( the alamo group of the sierra club , the balcones canyonlands conservation coalition , the helotes creek association , the texas cave management association , and texas speleological association ) petitioned the us fish and wildlife service to add the nine species of karst invertebrates to the list of threatened and endangered wildlife . the nine species of invertebrates are known only from caves in the northern and northwest parts of bexar county . in december 2000 the fish and wildlife service designated the nine species as endangered under the endangered species act .\ninvertebrates are animals without internal skeletons or backbones such as butterflies , beetles , grasshoppers and spiders . the nine bexar county species listed as endangered include three beetles , five spiders , and one harvestman , a relative of the common household daddy - longlegs . although small , ranging from less than 2 millimeters to 9 millimeters long , and generally overlooked because they spend their entire lives underground , these invertebrates are biologically and ecologically unique . they resemble creatures out of tim burton ' s animation , with eyes that are either very small or entirely absent , and bodies that are long and thin , with no coloration , appearing white but actually being transparent .\nfour of the species are currently only known from one cave and three others are only known from two to eight caves . it is likely these species also exist in other caves on private property which the fish & wildlife service were not allowed to inspect . although these species are known only from caves , they may also use karst passages that are too small for people or that have no known entrance at the surface . the number of caves known to contain these species is likely to increase in the future as more caves are discovered and inspected . the listing of these species was not based on a known decline in the number of individuals or the known locations , but rather on evidence that all these species are subject to threats to their continued existence throughout all or most of their range .\nthese species are currently being threatened by the rapid pace of development around san antonio and northern bexar county . development can degrade the cave environment through increased vandalism , contamination from sewer or septic tank leaks , storm water run - off , pesticides , or chemical spills . development can also destroy the cave outright through digging or filling . these species are also threatened by the invasion of non - native fire ants which can prey upon them as well as compete with them for their limited sources of food .\na number of the caves where these species are found are located on the texas parks and wildlife department ' s government canyon state natural area and the u . s . army ' s camp bullis , both of which have developed and implemented protective management plans .\nthe invertebrates are highly adapted to their underground home , an environment which has a very stable temperature ; very high , constant humidity ; and little food . the lack of food and stability of their environment leads to an ecosystem with very few species . this makes cave environments valuable areas for ecological research . it also means that a sudden change in the environment or loss of a species could quickly wipe out the entire ecosystem .\necologically , cave invertebrates can be described as more similar to large mammals like elephants than to their invertebrate cousins which live on the surface . like elephants , they have few offspring and live relatively long lives ( for invertebrates ) , a characteristic ecologists call\nk - selected\n. this also means their populations are more sensitive to losing even fairly small numbers of individuals , and that it takes a long time for their population sizes to recover from any catastrophe .\nthe surface environment of karst areas is also an integral part of the habitat needed by the animals inhabiting the underground areas . because plants cannot grow in the blackness of caves , the cave ecosystem is entirely dependent on input from the outside . food in a cave can come either through animals that cave biologists call\ntrogloxenes\n, which roost in the cave but forage for food on the outside , like bats , mice , or cave crickets , or through organic material like leaves being washed into the cave entrance or filtered in through the ground above the cave . mammal feces provide a medium for the growth of fungi and , subsequently , localized population blooms of several species of tiny , hopping insects . these insects reproduce rapidly on rich food sources and may become prey for some predatory cave invertebrates . the nine listed invertebrates are probably predaceous and eat the eggs , larvae , or adults of other cave invertebrates ."]}
{"id": 1079, "summary": [{"text": "the chupare stingray or caribbean whiptail stingray , styracura schmardae , is a species of stingray in the family potamotrygonidae , found in the western atlantic ocean from the gulf of campeche to brazil , including the antilles .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the presence of this species in the gulf of mexico has not been confirmed .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it also occurs in the bahamas .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it usually inhabits sandy substrates , sometimes near coral reefs , and is an infrequent visitor to the amazon river estuary .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "leonard compagno doubted the taxonomic validity of this species in his 1999 checklist of living elasmobranchs . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "chupare stingray", "paragraphs": ["the chupare stingray is the only ray in the genus himantura in the caribbean .\nhowever , ( as these images indicate ) the chupare stingray also inhabits mangrove and muddy lagoons .\nthe chupare stingray has also been photographed in belize and is reportedly common off the coast of cuba .\nsimilar species : the chupare stingray is easily distinguished from other dasyatid rays by its rounded disc and tail with no finfolds . the southern stingray and atlantic stingray have distinctly romboid ( kite shaped ) discs .\npacific chupare , himantura pacifica ( beebe & tee - van , 1941 ) .\nfloating right along , the next fish i bumped into was this ray . known as either the chupare stingray or the caribbean whiptail stingray , is this an electric species of ray ?\na chupare stingray or caribbean whiptail stingray ( himantura schmardae ) swims over a shallow sand flat off of belize . this ray is not common and almost nothing is known about its biology .\nsimilar species : there are no other urolophid stingray species in the caribbean . the similarly shaped chupare stingray is easily distinguishable by its larger size , plain colouration and long whiplike tail devoid of finfolds .\na chupare stingray or caribbean whiptail stingray ( himantura schmardae ) swims over a shallow sand flat off of belize . this ray is not common and almost nothing is known about its biology . stock photo\n; the roughtail stingray , d . centroura ( mitchill , 1815 ) ; the wingfin stingray , d . geijskesi boeseman , 1948\nbennett ' s stingray , dasyatis bennetti ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) .\npale - edged stingray , dasyatis zugei ( m\u00fcller & henle , 1841 ) .\n; the longnose stingray d . guttata ( bloch & schneider , 1801 ) ; the brazilian large - eyed stingray , d . marianae gomes , rosa & gadig , 2000\nshort - tail stingray or bull ray , dasyatis brevicaudata ( hutton , 1875 ) .\nround stingray , taeniura grabata ( \u00e9 . geoffroy saint - hilaire , 1817 ) .\nstingray city in grand cayman allows swimmers , snorkelers , and divers to swim with and feed the stingrays .\nmeyer , p . 1997 . stingray injuries . wilderness environ med 8 ( 1 ) : 24 - 8 .\na stingray buried in the sand in saba . stingrays can be hard to see when they cover themselves with substrate .\nwestern tropical atlantic from gulf of campeche to suriname and northern brazil . the caribbean whiptail stingray is reportedly common around cuba .\nthe pacific chupare and the chupare stingray in the atlantic are believed to be sister species , together referred to as the\namphi - american himantura\n. the two species are morphologically similar and share four - ridged shoulder tubercles . based on the details of the mandibular musculature and articulation , the amphi - american himantura are hypothesized to be most closely related to the river stingrays in the family potamotrygonidae , rather than to indo - pacific himantura species . [ 1 ] this has given rise to the theory that both the amphi - american himantura and the river stingrays are descended from euryhaline ancestors living along the northern coast of south america prior to the formation of the isthmus of panama . this interpretation was initially disputed , as parasitological evidence suggests that the river stingrays are most closely related to pacific urobatis stingrays . [ 1 ] in 2016 , a major review of\nhimantura\nbased on morphology and molecular evidence confirmed the position of the pacific chupare , and it we moved to the genus styracura ( together with the chupare stingray ) in the family potamotrygonidae . [ 3 ] [ 7 ]\nhave been reported for the southwestern atlantic ( in brazilian waters ) : the southern stingray , d . americana hildebrand & schroeder , 1928\nphotographed specimens were found foraging for food at the edge of the mangrove during the day . other individuals were startled out of their resting places under the silt and algae . implying that chupare stingrays can be nocturnal or diurnal .\nreaction to divers : the yellow spotted stingray will allow a close approach with slow non threatening movements . this ray will bolt when disturbed .\na stingray in dark waters . stingrays are dangerous for humans because it is hard to see them when they ' re in dark waters .\n, and the bluntnose stingray , d . say ( lesueur , 1817 ) . the other dasyatid stingrays known from brazil are : the pelagic stingray , pteroplatytrygon violacea ( bonaparte , 1832 ) and the chupare stingray , himantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 ) ( dasyatidae ) ( ribeiro , 1907 , 1923 ; figueiredo , 1977 ; charvet - almeida et . al . , 2000 , gomes & gadig , 2003 ) . the atlantic stingray d . sabina ( lesueur , 1824 ) , according to garman ( 1913 ) , has been recorded from north carolina ( usa ) to brazil . bigelow & schroeder ( 1953 : 376 ) , cited the brazilian record of this species , referring to it as\n. . . probably not on good evidence\n. herein we describe a new species of dasyatis\nwhile not independently valuable as a food source , the stingray ' s capacity to damage shell fishing grounds can lead to bounties being placed on their removal .\nmartin , r . a . 2008 . biology of sharks and rays : stingray city limits . reefquest centre for shark research . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\npassarelli , n . , and a . piercy . 2008 . atlantic stingray . florida museum of natural history , ichthyology department . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\n\u2191 t . r . roberts , makararaja chindwinensis , a new genus and species of freshwater dasyatidid stingray from upper myanmar , the natural history bulletin of the siam society 54 ( 2006 ) : 285\u2013293 .\nflint , d . , and w . sugrue . 1999 . stingray injuries : a lesson in debridement . new zealand med j 112 ( 1086 ) : 137 - 8 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nalthough edible , stingrays are not a dietary staple and are not considered a high - quality food . however , they are consumed , including fresh , dried , and salted ( mceachran 2004 ) . stingray recipes abound throughout the world , with dried forms of the wings being most common . for example , in singapore and malaysia , stingray is commonly barbecued over charcoal , then served with spicy sambal sauce . generally , the most prized parts of the stingray are the wings , the\ncheek\n( the area surrounding the eyes ) , and the liver . the rest of the ray is considered too rubbery to have any culinary uses .\nin the cayman islands , there are several dive sites called stingray city , grand cayman , where divers and snorkelers can swim with large southern stingrays ( dasyatis americana ) and feed them by hand . there is also a\nstingray city\nin the sea surrounding the caribbean island of antigua . it consists of a large , shallow reserve where the rays live , and snorkeling is possible . in belize , off the island of ambergris caye there is a popular marine sanctuary called hol chan . here divers and snorkelers often gather to watch stingrays and nurse sharks that are drawn to the area by tour operators who feed the animals .\n\u2191 p . r . last , b . m . manjaji , and g . k . yearsley , pastinachus solocirostris sp . nov . , a new species of stingray ( elasmobranchii : myliobatiformes ) from the indo - malay archipelago , zootaxa 1040 ( 2005 ) : 1 - 16 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nstingray is the common name for any of the various cartilaginous fish comprising the family dasyatidae , characterized by enlarged and flat pectoral fins continuous with the side of the head , no caudal fin , eyes on the dorsal surface , and narrow , long , and whip - like tail , typically with one or more venomous spines . marine , brackish water , and freshwater species are known .\nstingrays are popular targets of ecotourism . dasyatids are not normally visible to swimmers , but divers and snorkelers may find them in shallow sandy waters . usually very docile , their usual reaction being to flee any disturbance . nevertheless , certain larger species may be more aggressive and should only be approached with caution by humans , as the stingray ' s defensive reflex may result in serious injury or even death .\ndasyatids generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves . when threatened , their primary reaction is to swim away . however , when attacked by predators or stepped on , the barbed stinger in their tail is whipped up . this attack is normally ineffective against their main predator , sharks . the breaking of the stinger in defense is non - fatal to the stingray , as it will be regrown .\nsome adult rays may be no larger than a human palm , while other species , like the short - tail stingray , may have a body of six feet in diameter , and an overall length , including their tail , of fourteen feet . stingrays can vary from gray to bright red in color and be plain or patterned . dasyatids are propelled by motion of their large pectoral fin ( commonly mistaken as\nwings\n) .\ndepending on the size of the stingray , humans are usually stung in the foot region . surfers or those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays have learned to slide their feet through the sand rather than stepping , as the rays detect this and swim away . stamping hard on the bottom as one treads through murky water will also cause them to swim away . humans who harass stingrays have been known to be stung elsewhere , sometimes leading to fatalities . contact with the stinger causes local trauma ( from the cut itself ) , pain and , swelling from the venom , and possible later infection from bacteria . immediate injuries to humans include , but are not limited to , poisoning , punctures , severed arteries , and possibly death . fatal stings are very rare . on september 4 , 2006 , australian wildlife expert and television personality steve irwin was pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while snorkeling in australia and died shortly after .\nthis stingray attains a maximum known length of 150 cm ( 59 in ) and a disk width of 60 cm ( 24 in ) . it has a rounded pectoral fin disk and a broadly angled snout with a small protuberance at the tip . the tail lacks fin folds but has a low ventral keel . the dorsal surface of the body and tail are covered with rough dermal denticles . [ 2 ] there are large tubercles with four radial ridges on the shoulder region . [ 1 ] a venomous spine is present on the tail . [ 4 ]\njustification : a large ( to 200 cm disc width ) tropical stingray that is distributed in the western central and southwest atlantic ocean from mexico to brazil including the lesser and greater antilles . almost no data is available on its habitat , biology , ecology and population trends . however , it is caught as bycatch and used as a subsistence food source . base - line studies , including taxonomic aspects , need to be elucidated for this species . given its probable inshore occurrence in fished areas its conservation status will need to be reassessed once data are collected , particularly concerning catch levels . in the first instance though , the species ' taxonomic status needs resolution .\ntreatment for stings includes application of near - scalding water , which helps ease pain by denaturing the complex venom protein , and antibiotics . immediate injection of local anesthetic in and around the wound is very helpful , as is the use of opiates such as intramuscular pethidine . local anesthetic brings almost instant relief for several hours . any warm to hot fluid , including urine , may provide some relief . vinegar and papain are ineffective . ( urine is a folk remedy for box jellyfish stings but is ineffective for such , whereas vinegar is effective for box jellyfish stings . ) pain normally lasts up to 48 hours , but is most severe in the first 30\u201360 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea , fatigue , headaches , fever , and chills . all stingray injuries should be medically assessed ; the wound needs to be thoroughly cleaned , and surgical exploration is often required to remove any barb fragments remaining in the wound . following cleaning , an ultrasound is helpful to confirm removal of all the fragments ( flint and sugrue 1999 ) . not all remnants are radio - opaque ; but x - ray radiography imaging may be helpful where ultrasound is not available .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncompagno ( 1999 ) considered this a doubtful species and more studies are required to elucidate the taxonomic aspects of this species . the phylogenetic status and affinities of tropical western atlantic and eastern pacific himantura are under review .\nthis tropical species is reportedly found on sandy bottoms and occasionally near coral reefs ( michael 1983 ) in the gulf of campeche ( mexico ) to brazil including the lesser and greater antilles ( stehmann et al . 1978 , cervig\u00f3n et al . 1992 , claro 1994 , almeida et al . in press ) . it has rarely been observed in the amazon estuary region ( almeida et al . in press ) .\nthis species is not very common within its range . population size , trends and dynamics remain unknown for this species .\nno information was found on the habitat and ecology of this species . most citations refer only to its presence in species lists . probably occurs inshore including estuarine areas . life history parameters age at maturity ( years ) : unknown . size at maturity ( total length cm ) : unknown . longevity ( years ) : unknown . maximum size ( disc width ) : 200 cm dw ( cervig\u00f3n et al . 1994 ) . size at birth ( cm ) : unknown . average reproductive age ( years ) : unknown . gestation time ( months ) : unknown . reproductive periodicity : unknown . average annual fecundity or litter size : unknown . annual rate of population increase : unknown . natural mortality : unknown .\nthis species is reportedly caught as bycatch in artisanal and industrial fisheries ( hooking and netting ) . this species is also taken as a subsistence food source . intrinsic factors probably also represent a threat for this species as to most other elasmobranchs species ( camhi et al . 1998 ) .\nresearch actions are urgently needed for this species . preliminary base - line studies are required to obtain data on the biology , ecology , uses and fishery data of this species , and in the first instance taxonomic status . captures should also be monitored to observe if they are within a sustainable range . habitat maintenance and conservation should also be considered as conservation actions for this species . the development and implementation of management plans ( national and / or regional e . g . , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa - sharks ) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region . see anon . ( 2004 ) for an update of progress made by nations in the range of h . schmardae .\ncharvet - almeida , p . & de almeida , m . p . 2006 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , iman , imantos = thong , strap + greek , oura = tail ( ref . 45335 )\nwestern central atlantic : gulf of campeche and the west indies to suriname ( ref . 3168 ) ; including brazil ( ref . 53430 ) . validity of this species questioned in compagno ' s 1999 checklist ( ref . 35766 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 200 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\ndisc ovate , broadly rounded . tails with blunt tubercles . upper surface dark brown , sooty olive . edges of disc darker . lower surface of disc and pelvic fins yellowish or cream white . teeth little darker than lower surface ( ref . 6902 ) .\nfound on sandy bottoms , occasionally near coral reefs ( ref . 12951 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . marketed salted ; also used in the preparation of gelatin and oil .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .\nstehmann , m . , j . d . mceachran and r . vergara r . , 1978 . dasyatidae . in w . fischer ( ed . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western central atlantic ( fishing area 31 ) . vol . 1 . [ pag . var . ] . fao , rome . ( ref . 3168 )\n) : 26 . 6 - 28 . 1 , mean 27 . 5 ( based on 146 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00776 ( 0 . 00306 - 0 . 01967 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming fecundity < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 90 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nanindobothrium n . gen . ( eucestoda : tetraphyllidea ) inhabiting marine and freshwater potamotrygonid stingrays . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nanindobothrium n . gen . ( eucestoda : tetraphyllidea ) inhabiting marine and freshwater potamotrygonid stingrays .\nanindobothrium n . gen . is proposed to accommodate caulobothrium anacolum inhabiting himantura schmardae from colombia , and 2 new species , one inhabiting potamotrygon orbigny in brazil and the other inhabiting paratrygon aereiba in venezuela . members of the new genus resemble members of pararhinebothroides , rhinebothroides , and anthocephalum by having bothridia with poorly differentiated apical suckers and vasa deferentia expanded into external seminal vesicles . it further resembles pararhinebothroides , rhinebothroides , and anthocephalum cairae by having vas deferens inserted near the poral rather than aporal end of the cirrus sac . the 3 species assigned to the new genus form an apparent monophyletic group , based on the possession of 3 putative synapomorphies : ( 1 ) genital pores in the anterior 1 / 4 of the proglottid , a trait that is unusual , but not unique , among phyllobothriids ; ( 2 ) anteroventral ovarian lobes converging to the center of the proglottid , a character not previously reported for phyllobothriids ; and ( 3 ) ovarian lobes comprising a loose network of digitiform processes .\n: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based\nto help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .\nthere are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :\nflattened anterior margin . dorsum covered in small but noticeable tubercles ( enlarged dermal denticles ) . dorsal coloration grey or dark / olive brown . disc darkens towards margin . ventrum yellowish or creamy white . one or two spines on tail . tail has no fin - folds . when in tact , tail is approximately twice body length .\nreaction to divers : caribbean whiptail stingrays are extremely skittish . they are very difficult to approach while on scuba or while snorkeling .\nphotographs : oyster bed lagoon , utila , honduras . these images were obtained through the cooperation and support of steve fox - owner of deep blue resort , utila .\np . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada\nfound on sandy bottoms , occasionally near coral reefs ( ref . 12951 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . marketed salted ; also used in the preparation of gelatin and oil .\ngulf of mexico western central atlantic : gulf of campeche and the west indies to suriname ( ref . 3168 ) ; including brazil ( ref . 53430 )\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\novaler stechrochen\nto\nhimantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nne jamaican coast , east of port antonio . 2 individuals feeding just outside the mouth of the\nblue lagoon ,\nabove the tiny island . depth approx 10 - 12 ft . | fishbase link : urltoken | uploaded by : steve shunk\ncomprises 37 species and occurs worldwide ( compagno , 1999a , b and gomes et al . 2000 ) . six species of dasyatis\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b7\u30ed\u30a8\u30a4\nto\ndasyatis laevigata chu , 1960\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30db\u30b7\u30a8\u30a4\nto\ndasyatis matsubarai miyosi , 1939\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30a2\u30ab\u30a8\u30a4\nto\ndasyatis akajei ( m\u00fcller and henle , 1841 )\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ba\u30b0\u30a8\u30a4\nto\ndasyatis zugei ( m\u00fcller and henle , 1841 )\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e4\u30b8\u30ea\u30a8\u30a4\nto\ndasyatis acutirostra nishida and nakaya , 1988\n.\nidentification : disc circular or slightly oval , no dorsal fin , tail shorter than disc length . dorsum pale with dark and light spots and blotches . overall appearance may be very pale or boldly patterned depending on the rays habitat .\nthe almost black underlying skin coloration with bright yellow dots in the lower image is very unusual . this ray was found in a dark muddy lagoon where a corresponding color would be appropriate . why this ray has accentuated yellow spots that make it stand out is unclear .\nhabitat : sandy areas often around coral reefs , bays , and lagoons . intertidal to 25m .\nbehavior : lies motionless often covered by sand . when searching for food ( crustaceans ) creates a depression in the sand by flapping its anterior disc margin .\ndiving logistics : this such a commonly seen species that it can be found on almost any shallow dive within its range . shore diving from the florida coast would be a good place to look . on grand cayman i found many in the lagoons inside the reefs on the north and south shores in very shallow water . inside the reef at spotts beach is a good area to snorkel . on the atlantic coast of florida i saw yellow stingrays on every shallow dive that i did during the summer .\non utila it may be possible to find this ray displaying the dark color morph in oyster bed lagoon . during a one week period while snorkeling every day i found one solitary specimen .\nwhile diving in cuba , i encountered many fish , both common and less common . see what you can find out about the fish of the caribbean sea and use the help of the photos i took .\none of the first fish i encountered while diving was this well - known predator . usually known to ambush their prey with their powerful jaws and distinctive underbite , which scaly fish did i see ?\nnear the bottom of the reef we were diving across i encountered our next specimen . called a channel clinging crab or a west indian spider crab , why is this family of crabs actually known as\nspider\ncrabs ?\nstill swimming along the bottom of the reef , i next encountered this species of moray eel . what is the specific or descriptive name for this ' freckled ' slithery fish ?\nlater on in my dive i encountered a different kind of eel , a green moray eel . despite their yellowish appearance , what is their actual skin colour ?\ni was very lucky to see the next specimen , the hawksbill sea turtle . ok , it ' s not a fish , however , why was i lucky ?\none of the stranger fish you might see while diving off of cuba is the flat needlefish . what does the needlefish lack that many other fishes have ?\nin the middle of a reef i noticed the next specimen , the longspine squirrelfish . it is a fiercely territorial fish , and will even defend its area from moray eels . how does it do that ?\nall throughout the dive we saw sharks . yes , sharks ; nurse sharks to be exact . do nurse sharks need to stay in motion in order to be able to breathe ?\nnear the end of the dive , i saw this majestic ray gliding past . known as the spotted eagle ray , why was i happy not to have actually ' bumped ' into the ray ?\nyou are viewing our newest and freshest images for your search . you can also switch to view results based on popularity or best match .\n49 chuparosa stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nan orange sulfur butterfly native to arizona feeding on the flower of a chuparosa plant .\nbaja fairyduster . a beautiful spiky red flower of the baja sonoran desert dangles near a pointy cactus grass .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nwe couldn ' t load this image at the moment . please refresh and try again .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\necologically , stingrays are important components of aquatic food chains , consuming mollusks , crustaceans , tube anemones , amphipods , and small fish , while being preyed upon by a multitude of sharks , such as the white , tiger , and bull sharks , and even alligators in the case of freshwater species ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) . while they provide some culinary value for humans , one of their chief values may be more internal\u2014the wonder and beauty provided by their unique form , swimming behavior , and colors .\nstingrays are members of the chondrichthyes or\ncartilaginous fishes ,\na major class of jawed fish that includes the sharks , rays , and skates . members of chondrichthyes are characterized by skeletons made of rubbery cartilage rather than bone , as in the bony fishes . the chondrichthyans have jaws , paired fins , paired nostrils , scales , and two - chambered hearts . two subclasses of chondrichthyes are recognized , elasmobranchii ( sharks , rays , and skates ) and holocephali ( chimaera , sometimes called ghost sharks ) .\ntaxonomy for levels between elasmobranchii and genera is unsettled , with diverse taxonomies . for example , some classifications consider the sharks a sister group with the rays and skates , placing these two groups into different superorders , while other classifications place the rays and skates as a subsection of the sharks ( mceachran 2004 ) . that is , some view sharks and rays together forming a monophyletic group , and sharks without rays a paraphyletic group , while others see sharks sharing a common ancestor with rays and skates as sister groups ( nelson 2004 ) .\nthe same taxonomic diversity is apparent at the level of the family dasyatidae . dasyatidae is variously placed in the order rajiformes ( agbayani 2004 ) , or in the order myliobatiformes ( passarelli and piercy , 2008 ) . this is because in some classifications the order rajiformes is split into two or three orders , with myliobatiformes being an extra order and including the traditional rajiformes families of dasyatidae ( stingrays ) , gymnuridae ( butterfly rays ) , mobulidae ( manta rays ) , myliobatidae ( eagle rays ) , and others ( itis 2004 ) .\nfurthermore , what genera and families are included in dasyatidae vary with taxonomic scheme . nelson ( 1994 ) recognizes two subfamilies , dasyatinae ( stingrays or whiprays ) and potamotrygoninae ( river sitngrays ) , and he recognizes nine genera , as does agbayani ( 2004 ) . itis ( 2004 ) elevates the second subfamily of river stingrays ( which are the freshwater rays in south america ) to the family level as potamotrygonidae , recognizing six genera .\nunless otherwise stated , this article will follow the narrower view of dasyatidae of itis ( 2004 ) , which will be equivalent to subfamily dasyatinae of nelson ( 1994 ) .\nin stingrays , as with all rays in the traditional order rajiformes , the anterior edge of the pectoral fin , which is greatly enlarged , is attached to the side of the head anterior to the gill openings ( nelson 1994 ) . they also have ventral gill openings , and the eyes and spiracles are on the dorsal surface ( nelson 1994 ) . in addition , they lack an anal fin and lack a nictitating membrane with the cornea attached directly to the skin around the eyes ( nelson 1994 ) .\nin members of dasyatidae\u2014subfamily dasyatinae , in nelson 1994\u2014the disc is less than 1 . 3 times as broad as it is long ( nelson 1994 ) . they lack a caudal fin and the tail is long , with the distance from the cloaca to the tip much longer than the breadth of the disc ( nelson 1994 ) .\ndasyatids are common in tropical coastal waters throughout the world , and there are fresh water species in asia ( himantura sp . ) , africa , and florida ( dasyatis sabina ) . nelson ( 1994 ) reports that several tropical species of dasyatidae ( subfamily dasyatinae ) are known only from freshwater , and some marine species are found in brackish and freshwater on occasion .\ntheir stinger is a razor - sharp , barbed , or serrated cartilaginous spine , which grows from the ray ' s whip - like tail ( like a fingernail ) , and can grow as long as 37 centimeters ( about 14 . 6 inches ) . on the underside of the spine are two grooves containing venom - secreting glandular tissue . the entire spine is covered with a thin layer of skin called the integumentary sheath , in which venom is concentrated ( meyer 1997 ) . the venom contains the enzymes 5 - nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase , which breakdown and kill cells ; and the neurotransmitter serotonin , which provokes smooth - muscle contractions ( layton 2008 ) . this venomous spine gives them their common name of stingrays ( a compound of\nsting\nand\nray\n) , but the name can also be used to refer to any poisonous ray .\nstingrays may also be called the\nwhip - tailed rays ,\nthough this usage is much less common .\na group or collection of stingrays is commonly referred to as a\nfever\nof stingrays .\nthe flattened bodies of stingrays allow them effective concealment in sand . smell and electro - receptors are used to locate prey , similar to those of sharks . some sting rays ' mouths contain two powerful , shell - crushing plates , while some species only have sucking mouth parts . rays settle on the bottom while feeding , sometimes leaving only their eyes and tail visible . coral reefs are favored feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide .\nmating season occurs in the winter . when a male is courting a female , he will follow her closely , biting at her pectoral disc . during mating , the male will go on top of the female ( his belly on her back ) and put one of his two claspers into her vent ( martin 2008 ) .\nmost rays are ovoviviparous , bearing live young in\nlitters\nof five to ten . the female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta . instead , the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac , and after the sac is depleted , the mother provides uterine milk ( passarelli and piercy 2008 ) .\nin addition to their ecological role in aquatic food chains , stingrays offer a number of values to humans , in terms of food , various products , and ecotourism .\nthe skin of the ray is rough and can be used as leather ( mceachran 2004 ) . the skin is used as an underlayer for the cord or leather wrap ( ito ) on japanese swords ( katanas ) due to its hard , rough texture that keeps the braided wrap from sliding on the handle during use . native american indians used the spines of stingrays for arrowheads , while groups in the indo - west pacific used them as war clubs ( mceachran 2004 ) .\nmany tahitian island resorts regularly offer guests the chance to\nfeed the stingrays and sharks .\nthis consists of taking a boat to the outer lagoon reefs then standing in waist - high water while habituated stingrays swarm around , pressing right up against a person seeking food .\nwhile most dasyatids are relatively widespread and unlikely to be threatened , there are several species ( for example , taeniura meyeni , dasyatis colarensis , d . garouaensis , and d . laosensis ) where the conservation status is more problematic , leading to them being listed as vulnerable or endangered by iucn . the status of several other species are poorly known , leading to them being listed as data deficient .\nhimantura hortlei last , manjaji - matsumoto & kailola , 2006 . [ 1 ]\nwhite - edge freshwater whip ray , himantura signifer ( compagno & roberts , 1982 ) .\npastinachus solocirostris ( last , manjaji & yearsley , 2005 ) . [ 4 ]\n\u2191 p . r . last , m . manjaji - matsumoto , and p . j . kailola , himantura hortlei n . sp . , a new species of whipray ( myliobatiformes : dasyatidae ) from irian jaya , indonesia , zootaxa 1239 ( 2006 ) : 19 - 34 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\n\u2191 m . manjaji - matsumoto and p . j . last , himantura lobistoma , a new whipray ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) from borneo , with comments on the status of dasyatis microphthalmus , ichthyological research 53 ( 3 ) ( 2006 ) : 291ff . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nagbayani , e . 2004 . family dasyatidae : stingrays . in r . froese and d . pauly ( eds . ) , fishbase . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003a . dasyatidae jordan , 1888 . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160946 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2003b . rajiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 160806 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2004 . myliobatiformes . itis taxonomic serial no . : 649685 . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nlayton , j . 2008 . how do stingrays kill ? how stuff works . retrieved june 2 , 2008 .\nmceashran , j . d . 2004 . rajiformes . in b . grzimek , s . f . craig , d . a . thoney , n . schlager , and m . hutchins . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd edition . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657786 .\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 3 june 2008 , at 13 : 34 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nanonymous ( 1979 ) groot surinaams kookboek met exotische creoolse , hindoestaanse , indonesische , chinese en europese recepten . : stichting eerste surinaamse huishoud - en nijverheidsschool te paramaribo .\nbor , p . h . f . ( 2002 ) nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . : world wide web electronic publication www . rajidae . tmfweb . nl , version ( 05 / 2002 ) .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , r . cipriani , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , m . hendrickx , a . j . lemus , r . m\u00e1rquez , j . m . poutiers , g . robaina and b . rodriguez ( 1992 ) fichas fao de identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . gu\u00eda de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur am\u00e9rica . : fao , rome . 513 p . preparado con el financiamento de la comisi\u00f3n de comunidades europeas y de norad .\nclaro , r . ( 1994 ) caracter\u00edsticas generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecolog\u00eda de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanolog\u00eda academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .\nclaro , r . and l . r . parenti ( 2001 ) the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . : p . 21 - 57 . in claro , r . , k . c . lindeman and l . r . parenti ( eds ) ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . smithsonian institution press , wahsington and london . 253p .\nclaro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and lynne r . parenti , 2001 : null . ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . 253 .\ncompagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed . , 1999 : checklist of living elasmobranchs . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . 471 - 498 .\ndahl , g . ( 1971 ) los peces del norte de colombia . : instituto de desarrollo de los recursos naturales renovables , bogota ( inderena ) . i - xvii , 1 - 391 p .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nlasso , c . a . , o . m . lasso - alcal\u00e1 , a . pombo and m . smith ( 2004 ) distribution of fish species among localities during the aquarap survey of the gulf of paria and orinoco delta , venezuela . : p . 315 - 319 . in rapid assessment of the biodeiversity and social aspects of the aquatic ecosystems of the orinoco delta and the gulf of paria , venezuela . rap bulletin of biological assessment 37 . conservation international . washington dc , usa . 360p .\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden and j . s . nelson ( 2013 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada and mexico , 7th edition . : bethesda , maryland : american fisheries society , special publication 34 , 384 p .\nsilva , m . ( 1994 ) especies identificadas en las pesquerias costeras artesanales del suroeste de la republica dominica . : reportes del propescar - sur : contribuciones al conocimiento de las pesquer\u00edas en la rep\u00fablica dominicana . vol . 1 , 47p .\nstehmann , m . , j . d . mceachran and r . vergara r . ( 1978 ) dasyatidae . : in w . fischer ( ed . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western central atlantic ( fishing area 31 ) . vol . 1 . [ pag . var . ] . fao , rome .\ns\u00e1nchez , a . c . ( 1997 ) listado taxonomico de las especies marinas identificadas en los oc\u00e9anos pac\u00edfico y atl\u00e1ntico ( caribe ) de nicaragua . : ministerio de econom\u00eda y desarrollo . mede pesca . managua . 28 p .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nknown parasites of this species include the nematode echinocephalus janzeni and the cestodes acanthobothroides pacificus and rhinebothrium geminum . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] reproduction is ovoviviparous . [ 4 ]\nlovejoy , n . r . ( 1996 ) .\nsystematics of myliobatoid elasmobranchs : with emphasis on the phylogeny and historical biogeography of neotropical freshwater stingrays ( potamotrygonidae : rajiformes )\n. zoological journal of the linnean society . 117 ( 3 ) : 207\u2013257 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1996 . tb02189 . x .\nallen , g . r . ; robertson , d . r . ( 1994 ) . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press . isbn 0 - 8248 - 1675 - 7 .\ncarvalho , m . r . d . ; loboda , t . s . ; silva , j . p . c . b . d . ( 2016 ) .\na new subfamily , styracurinae , and new genus , styracura , for himantura schmardae ( werner , 1904 ) and himantura pacifica ( beebe & tee - van , 1941 ) ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes )\n. zootaxa . 4075 ( 3 ) : 201\u2013221 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4175 . 3 . 1 .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .\nhimantura pacifica\nin fishbase . march 2009 version .\nhoberg , e . p . ; brooks , d . r . ; ure\u00f1a , h . m . & erbe , e . ( june 1998 ) .\nechinocephalus janzeni n . sp . ( nematoda : gnathostomatidae ) in himantura pacifica ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) from the pacific coast of costa rica and mexico , with historical biogeographic analysis of the genus\n. the journal of parasitology . 84 ( 3 ) : 571\u2013581 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 3284726 . jstor 3284726 . pmid 9645860 .\nmarques , f . ; brooks , d . r . & ure\u00f1a , h . m . ( april 1996 ) .\ntwo new species of tetraphyllidean cestodes in himantura pacifica ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes : dasyatididae ) from the northwest coast of costa rica\n. the journal of parasitology . 82 ( 2 ) : 302\u2013306 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 3284165 . jstor 3284165 . pmid 8604101 .\nlast , p . r . ; naylor , g . j . ; manjaji - matsumoto , b . m . ( 2016 ) .\na revised classification of the family dasyatidae ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes ) based on new morphological and molecular insights\n. zootaxa . 4139 ( 3 ) : 345\u2013368 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4139 . 3 . 2 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 1 . marine neritic - pelagic suitability : marginal 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 10 . marine neritic - estuaries suitability : marginal 10 . marine oceanic - > 10 . 1 . marine oceanic - epipelagic ( 0 - 200m ) suitability : suitable\n2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 3 . species management - > 3 . 1 . species management - > 3 . 1 . 1 . harvest management\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ] \u2666 timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ] \u2666 timing : ongoing 5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ] \u2666 timing : ongoing\n0 . root - > 100 . 1 . old 1 . 1 . 1 - policy - base actions - > management plans - > development 1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends 0 . root - > 4 . other\nalmeida , m . p . , charvet - almeida , p . , rinc\u00f3n , g . and barthem , r . b . in press . registro de ocorr\u00eancia de himantura schmardae ( chondrichthyes : dasyatidae ) na costa norte do brasil . boletim do museu paraense em\u00edlio goeldi , ser . zoologia .\nanonymous . 1979 . groot surinaams kookboek met exotische creoolse , hindoestaanse , indonesische , chinese en europese recepten . stichting eerste surinaamse huishoud en nijverheidsschool te paramaribo .\nanonymous . 2004 . report on the implementation of the un fao international plan of action for sharks ( ipoa\u2013sharks ) . ac20 inf . 5 . twentieth meeting of the cites animals committee , johannesburg ( south africa ) , 29 march\u20132 april 2004 .\nbor , p . h . f . 2002 . nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . urltoken\ncamhi , m . , fowler , s . , musick , j . br\u00e4utigam , a . and fordham , s . 1998 . sharks and their relatives : ecology and conservation . occasional paper of the iucn species survival commission 20 .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . and claro , r . 1994 . caracter\u00edsticas generales de la ictiofauna . in : r . claro ( ed . ) ecolog\u00eda de los peces marinos de cuba . pp : 55\u201370 . instituto de oceanolog\u00eda de la academia de ciencias de cuba y centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , cipriani , r . , fischer , w . , garibaldi , l . , hendrickx , m . , lemus , a . j . , m\u00e1rquez , r . , poutiers , j . m . , robaina , g . and rodriguez , b . 1992 . fichas fao de identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . gu\u00eda de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur am\u00e9rica . preparado con el financiamento de la comisi\u00f3n de comunidades europeas y de norad . food and agricultural organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy ."]}
{"id": 1080, "summary": [{"text": "glires ( latin gl\u012br\u0113s , dormice ) is a clade ( sometimes ranked as a grandorder ) consisting of rodents and lagomorphs ( rabbits , hares , and pikas ) .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the hypothesis that these form a monophyletic group has been long debated based on morphological evidence , although recent morphological studies strongly supports the monophyly of glires ( meng and wyss , 2001 ; meng et al. , 2003 ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in particular , the discovery of new fossil material of basal members of glires , particularly the genera mimotona , gomphos , heomys , matutinia , rhombomylus , and sinomylus , has helped to bridge the gap between more typical rodents and lagomorphs ( meng et al. , 2003 ; asher et al. , 2005 ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "data based on nuclear dna support glires as a sister of euarchonta to form euarchontoglires ( murphy et al. and madsen et al. 2001 ) , but some genetic data from both nuclear and mitochondrial dna have been less supportive ( arnason et al. 2002 ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "a study investigating retrotransposon presence/absence data unambiguously supports the glires hypothesis ( kriegs et al. 2007 ) .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "recent studies place scandentia as sister of the glires , invalidating euarchonta . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "glires", "paragraphs": ["the osteology of rhombomylus ( mammalia , glires ) : implications for phylogeny and evolution of glires . bulletin of the amnh ; no . 275\nvideo and audio broadcast and recording of the meeting of 6 . 12 . 2017 in hall of glires and multimedia\nproject management missions for the rehabilitation of the inn glires . the town - thorens - glieres . reference number : 16s0135\nwhat made you want to look up glires ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\namong the 59 quartets of species involving calibration points d 1 \u2013 d 7 , only 41 fitted the two - rates model for the concatenation of the three markers . among them , respectively , 1 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 17 , and 7 allowed to estimate the age of the split between sciuroidea and gliridae ( not shown ) , muridae and ctenohystrica ( not shown ) , rodent superfamilies , glires , laurasiatheria and euarchonta + glires , and placentals ( fig . 4 ) . our results , being based on ml estimates and several independent calibrating pairs of taxa , are congruent with paleontology about ages of rodent radiation and glires divergence . they support a rodent diversification at the transition between paleocene and eocene , 55 . 8 mya ( median of confidence intervals : 49 . 4\u201363 . 7 ; fig . 4 ) . paleontological studies place the rodent radiation at 55 mya at the paleocene - eocene boundary ( hartenberger 1998 ) . the split between rodents and lagomorphs is estimated to be 64 . 5 mya ( 57 . 3\u201373 . 3 ) , just at the cretaceous - tertiary boundary . these results indicate that rodents and lagomorphs diverged only at the beginning of the tertiary ( fig . 4 ) .\ndorothe\u0301e huchon , ole madsen , mark j . j . b . sibbald , kai ament , michael j . stanhope , franc\u0327ois catzeflis , wilfried w . de jong , emmanuel j . p . douzery ; rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of glires : evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes , molecular biology and evolution , volume 19 , issue 7 , 1 july 2002 , pages 1053\u20131065 , urltoken\nfig . 4 . \u2014maximum likelihood estimations ( black circles ) and their 95 % confidence intervals ( bars ) for the divergence times between the rodentia superfamilies , the orders lagomorpha and rodentia ( glires ) , the laurasiatheria and euarchonta - glires , and the placental orders . quartet dating results are presented in descending order , and the medians of the quartet distributions are represented by empty circles and bars , indicating the median of the 95 % confidence intervals : 55 . 8 myr ( 49 . 4\u201363 . 7 ) ; 64 . 5 myr ( 57 . 3\u201373 . 3 ) ; 83 . 2 myr ( 74 . 1\u201394 . 4 ) ; and 101 . 2 ( 88 . 5\u2013116 . 4 ) . the cretaceous - tertiary boundary ( k - t ) is indicated by a dashed line . the detail of species content and divergence date of each individual quartet is available upon request\ndivergence times were estimated using quartet dating ( rambaut and bromham 1998 ) , a method allowing each lineage to have a different rate of evolution , and implemented for nucleotide sequence analysis in the program qdate 1 . 1 . this ml method calculates the divergence date between two pairs of calibrating lineages , each one being represented by two species for which the time of divergence is known . four molecular datings were estimated : the first split within rodentia ( \u201cr\u201d in fig . 2 ) , the divergence between the two glires lineages ( \u201cg\u201d ) , the divergence between laurasiatheria and [ glires + euarchonta ] ( \u201cl / e + g\u201d ) , and the first split among placental mammals ( \u201cp\u201d ) . these molecular datings were derived from all combinations of , respectively ( 1 ) two time - calibrated pairs of rodents ( \u201c d 1 \u201c or \u201c d 2 \u201c vs . \u201c d 3 \u201c or \u201c d 4 \u201c ; fig . 2 ) , ( 2 ) one pair of rodents versus one pair of lagomorphs ( \u201c d 5 \u201c ) , ( 3 ) one pair of glires versus one pair of cetartiodactyls ( \u201c d 6 \u201c ) , and ( 4 ) one pair of paenungulates ( \u201c d 7 \u201c ) versus the remaining pairs of placentals . the seven pairs of calibrating taxa are detailed in table 1 .\nour dating results on glires agree with the hypothesis that mesozoic placental divergences only involved the first basal clades of the placental tree , whereas the diversification of extant lineages occurred after the k - t boundary ( hedges et al . 1996 ; alroy 1999 ; eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien 2001 ; madsen et al . 2001 ) . dating involving other placental clades are required to verify whether the pattern observed for rodents ( i . e . , a diversification only after the k - t boundary ) is valid for other placental orders too .\nmolecular dating indicates a late cretaceous divergence , 83 . 2 mya ( 74 . 1\u201394 . 4 ; fig . 4 ) , for the last common ancestor of glires and laurasiatheria ( represented here by cetartiodactyls ) . this date is congruent with paleontological studies : ungulates have been linked to the 85 mya zhelestids ( archibald 1996 ) , and glires have been strongly related to the zalambdalestids whose oldest fossil is estimated to be 90 mya ( archibald , averianov , and ekdale 2001 ) . this estimate also agrees with the quartet dating ( 63 . 5\u201395 . 3 myr ) of eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien ( 2001 ) using independent calibration points . first divergences within placentals seem to occur 101 . 2 mya ( 88 . 5\u2013116 . 4 ; fig . 4 ) , at the transition between early and late cretaceous , but there are huge variations between ages provided by different quartets . additional calibration points within laurasiatheria are likely to stabilize these estimates ( eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien 2001 ) . these molecular dates should also be confirmed in the future using other dating methods , such as for example the bayesian approach of thorne , kishino , and painter ( 1998 ) .\nrodentia is the largest order of placental mammals , with approximately 2 , 050 species divided into 28 families . it is also one of the most controversial with respect to its monophyly , relationships between families , and divergence dates . here , we have analyzed and compared the performance of three nuclear genes ( von willebrand factor , interphotoreceptor retinoid - binding protein , and alpha 2b adrenergic receptor ) for a large taxonomic sampling , covering the whole rodent and placental diversity . the phylogenetic results significantly support rodent monophyly , the association of rodentia with lagomorpha ( the glires clade ) , and a glires + euarchonta ( primates , dermoptera , and scandentia ) clade . the resolution of relationships among rodents is also greatly improved . the currently recognized families are divided here into seven well - defined clades ( anomaluromorpha , castoridae , ctenohystrica , geomyoidea , gliridae , myodonta , and sciuroidea ) that can be grouped into three major clades : ctenohystrica , gliridae + sciuroidea , and a mouse - related clade ( anomaluromorpha , castoridae + geomyoidea , and myodonta ) . molecular datings based on these three genes suggest that the rodent radiation took place at the transition between paleocene and eocene . the divergence between rodents and lagomorphs is placed just at the k - t boundary and the first splits among placentals in the late cretaceous . our results thus tend to reconcile molecular and morphological - paleontological insights .\nrhombomylus is a gliroid mammal endemic to several early eocene localities of central and eastern asia . it is best represented by a collection of numerous jaws and teeth , dozens of juvenile and adult skulls , and associated postcranial specimens from the early eocene yuhuangding formation at the dajian village , junxian county , hubei province , china . . . the core of the study consists of a taxonomic revision of the genus , a detailed description of the osteological morphology , extensive analyses on morphological characters , analyses on phylogeny , discussions on divergence time of the glires , and analyses on functional morphology of mastication and locomotion . in comparing all known specimens assigned to the genus , we recognize only a single species , rhombomylus turpanensis , for the genus and consider ' r . laianensis ' a junior synonym . . .\nwe analyze three nuclear genes that are not genetically linked and code for proteins that do not display any known biological interactions : the alpha 2b adrenergic receptor ( a2ab ) , the exon 1 of interphotoreceptor retinoid - binding protein ( irbp ) , and the exon 28 of von willebrand factor ( vwf ) . the choice of these nuclear markers was based on three considerations . first , all three sequences have successfully been used to reconstruct the phylogeny of eutherians at various taxonomic levels ( porter , goodman , and stanhope 1996 ; springer et al . 1997 a , 1997 b ; debry and sagel 2001 ; delsuc et al . 2001 ; madsen et al . 2001 ) . second , they display similar sizes and numbers of variable sites , which favors the comparison of their phylogenetic performance . third , nuclear genes have been suggested to perform better than mitochondrial ones ( springer et al . 2001 ) . the separate and combined phylogenetic analyses of a2ab , irbp , and vwf allow to ( 1 ) define new clades among rodents , ( 2 ) strongly confirm the monophyly of rodentia and glires , ( 3 ) evaluate the properties of independent markers for dating purposes , and ( 4 ) suggest a tertiary radiation of rodent families , a k - t split between rodents and lagomorphs , and a late cretaceous origin for placental orders .\nfig . 2 . \u2014maximum likelihood tree ( \u2212lnl = \u221226 , 567 . 53 ) reconstructed from first and second codon positions of combined a2ab , irbp , and vwf nucleotide sequences of 40 placentals and two marsupials . branch lengths were computed assuming a single ml model for the three combined genes . nucleotide substitutions were described by a hky model with parameter \u03ba = 1 . 78 and rate heterogeneity among sites described by an 8 - categories discrete gamma distribution with parameter \u03b1 = 0 . 39 . the branch leading to the marsupial outgroup has been shortened three times . ml bp derived after 100 replicates are given for each node . note that all nodes supported by more than 58 % of bootstrap in ml do have bayesian posterior probabilities ranging from 0 . 91 to 1 . 00 . the three major rodent clades are indicated : sciuroidea + gliridae ( s + g ) , the mouse - related clade ( m ) , and ctenohystrica ( c ) . black circles indicate the nodes that have been dated using the quartet dating method ( abbreviations : e , euarchonta ; g , glires ; l , laurasiatheria ; p , placentalia ; r , rodentia ; cf . fig . 4 ) , whereas the white circles indicate the calibration points that have been used ( i . e . , the time - calibrated pairs d 2 \u2013 d 7 ; cf . table 1 )\nfig . 3 . \u2014influence of gene and species choice on quartet dating results . the 11 independent quartets of species that are statistically compatible with a two - rates model for all three markers are represented . for each quartet , four dating estimates with their 95 % confidence intervals are given : white squares for a2ab , black triangles for irbp , white circles for vwf , and black diamonds for the combination . the following divergence dates were computed : mur - cte = divergence of muridae and ctenohystrica ( based on d 1 vs . d 2 comparisons : see fig . 2 ) ; rod = radiation of rodent superfamilies ( d 1 or d 2 vs . d 3 or d 4 ) ; gli = divergence of rodentia and lagomorpha ( d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , or d 4 vs . d 5 ) ; lau - eug = divergence of laurasiatheria and euarchonta + glires ( d 1 , d 2 , d 3 , d 4 , or d 5 vs . d 6 ) . note that the age of the placental radiation has not been estimated here because no quartet fitted a two - rate constrained model for each of the three genes . the dotted lines indicate boundaries between geological periods ( from bottom to top : early - late cretaceous , k - t boundary , paleocene - eocene , and eocene - oligocene ) . the detail of species content and divergence date of each individual quartet is available upon request\nbase composition homogeneity of all codon positions was evaluated at the 1 % level of chi - square tests for the five data sets , a2ab , irbp , vwf , irbp + vwf , and a2ab + irbp + vwf , by comparing the nucleotide composition of each sequence with the frequency distribution assumed in the ml model . these five data sets actually displayed a significant base compositional heterogeneity for 5 , 4 , 7 , 10 , and 13 species , respectively\u2014including 2 , 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 glires , respectively\u2014among the 42 mammals . a closer examination revealed that the base composition at third codon positions was responsible for this heterogeneity . for each codon position of the three genes , we computed the difference in gc content between the gc - richest sequence and the gc - poorest sequence . the difference in gc content ranges between 8 . 1 % and 16 . 9 % for the first codon position , 6 . 3 % and 10 . 3 % for the second codon position , and 24 . 7 % and 35 . 9 % for the third codon position , with vwf showing the most heterogeneous base composition . some sequences presented high ( e . g . , bradypus ) or low ( e . g . , mus , orycteropus , marsupialia ) gc content at third codon positions for the three genes . other sequences showed extreme gc values at third codon positions for one gene but presented average gc levels for the two other genes ( e . g . , geomyidae for vwf vs . a2ab and irbp ) . after exclusion of third codon positions , base composition became homogeneous for all placental taxa . because preliminary results indicated that ml reconstructions might be affected by the base composition heterogeneity at third codon positions , all subsequent ml nucleotide analyses were conducted on first + second codon positions only . no compositional heterogeneity was detected in the protein sequences .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\n1 department of biology , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa .\n2 department of veterinary integrative biosciences , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\n3 san diego zoo\u2019s institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .\n4 ucd school of biology and environmental science , university college dublin , belfield , dublin 4 , ireland .\n5 faculdade de bioci\u00eancias , pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rs 90619\u2013900 , brazil .\n6 institut f\u00fcr integrative biologie , eidgen\u00f6ssiche technische hochschule zurich , 8092 zurich , switzerland .\n7 department of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .\n8 division of natural science , pepperdine university , malibu , ca 90263 , usa .\n9 division of paleontology and sackler institute of comparative genomics , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\n10 richard glider graduate school , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\n11 department of computer science , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\n12 department of botany and zoology , university of stellenbosch , matieland 7602 , south africa .\n15 department of biology , washington and lee university , lexington , virginia 24450 , usa .\nscience 28 oct 2011 : vol . 334 , issue 6055 , pp . 521 - 524 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1211028\ndepartment of biology , university of california , riverside , ca 92521 , usa .\ndepartment of veterinary integrative biosciences , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\nsan diego zoo\u2019s institute for conservation research , escondido , ca 92027 , usa .\nucd school of biology and environmental science , university college dublin , belfield , dublin 4 , ireland .\nfaculdade de bioci\u00eancias , pontif\u00edcia universidade cat\u00f3lica do rio grande do sul , porto alegre , rs 90619\u2013900 , brazil .\ninstitut f\u00fcr integrative biologie , eidgen\u00f6ssiche technische hochschule zurich , 8092 zurich , switzerland .\ndepartment of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa .\ndivision of natural science , pepperdine university , malibu , ca 90263 , usa .\ndivision of paleontology and sackler institute of comparative genomics , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\nrichard glider graduate school , american museum of natural history , new york , ny 10024 , usa .\ndepartment of computer science , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 , usa .\ndepartment of botany and zoology , university of stellenbosch , matieland 7602 , south africa .\ndepartment of biology , washington and lee university , lexington , virginia 24450 , usa .\naaas login provides access to science for aaas members , and access to other journals in the science family to users who have purchased individual subscriptions .\nas a service to the community , this article is available for free . existing users log in .\ndownload and print this article for your personal scholarly , research , and educational use .\nprevious analyses of relations , divergence times , and diversification patterns among extant mammalian families have relied on supertree methods and local molecular clocks . we constructed a molecular supermatrix for mammalian families and analyzed these data with likelihood - based methods and relaxed molecular clocks . phylogenetic analyses resulted in a robust phylogeny with better resolution than phylogenies from supertree methods . relaxed clock analyses support the long - fuse model of diversification and highlight the importance of including multiple fossil calibrations that are spread across the tree . molecular time trees and diversification analyses suggest important roles for the cretaceous terrestrial revolution and cretaceous - paleogene ( kpg ) mass extinction in opening up ecospace that promoted interordinal and intraordinal diversification , respectively . by contrast , diversification analyses provide no support for the hypothesis concerning the delayed rise of present - day mammals during the eocene period .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the science web site .\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis , calibrated with fossils , resolves the time frame of the mammalian radiation .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nguide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts publisher : washington , dc : assoc . , 1992 - 1993 . isbn / issn : 0036 - 8075 oclc : 183350662\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nadd tags for\nguide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlaboratoire de pal\u00e9ontologie , phylog\u00e9nie et pal\u00e9obiologie , cc064 , institut des sciences de l ' evolution umr 5554 / cnrs , universit\u00e9 montpellier ii ; place e . bataillon , 34 095 montpellier cedex 05 , france . douzery @ urltoken\nasher rj 1 , meng j , wible jr , mckenna mc , rougier gw , dashzeveg d , novacek mj .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde , humboldt universit\u00e4t , invalidenstrasse 43 , 10115 berlin , germany . robert . asher @ urltoken\nwe describe several fossils referable to gomphos elkema from deposits close to the paleocene - eocene boundary at tsagan khushu , mongolia . gomphos shares a suite of cranioskeletal characters with extant rabbits , hares , and pikas but retains a primitive dentition and jaw compared to its modern relatives . phylogenetic analysis supports the position of gomphos as a stem lagomorph and excludes cretaceous taxa from the crown radiation of placental mammals . our results support the hypothesis that rodents and lagomorphs radiated during the cenozoic and diverged from other placental mammals close to the cretaceous - tertiary boundary .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe timing of the origin of rodents is also controversial . fossil evidence indicates a radiation of the rodents 55 mya ( hartenberger 1998 ) , whereas molecular clocks based on a few rodent species tend to support a cretaceous origin and diversification of rodents , 89\u2013125 mya for the divergence of murids or hystricognaths ( janke , xu , and arnason 1997 ; kumar and hedges 1998 ; cao et al . 2000 ) . recent analyses , including a broader rodent sampling , but based on single sequences , suggest that the radiation of rodent families is older than the k - t limit ( 75 myr ) ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 2000 ; adkins et al . 2001 ) . one should note that all molecular datings for rodents are based on different genes , different sampling , and different methods . we compare here the dating performance of three genes using quartet dating , a method to estimate molecular ages of divergence that allows for rate heterogeneity between lineages ( rambaut and bromham 1998 ) .\ntwenty - two rodent taxa were selected to cover the current diversity of the order , with at least one representative per family or superfamily ( see supplementary material at mbe web site : urltoken ) . all 10 sciurognath lineages were sampled ( muridae , dipodidae , geomyidae , heteromyidae , gliridae , sciuridae , aplodontidae , castoridae , anomaluromorpha , ctenodactylidae ) as well as the eight lineages that represent the whole hystricognath diversity ( thryonomyidae , petromuridae , bathyergidae , hystricidae , chinchilloidea , octodontoidea , cavioidea , erethizontoidea ) ( huchon and douzery 2001 ) . the vwf exon 28 ( 1236 aligned positions ) , the 5\u2032 third of the irbp exon 1 ( 1227 positions ) , and the a2ab gene ( 1170 positions ) were newly determined for five ( tachyoryctes , dipodomys , thomomys , castor , and anomalurus ) , 21 ( all but mus ) , and 18 ( all but mus , rattus , and cavia ) rodent species , respectively . additionally , the two lagomorphs lepus and ochotona were sequenced for irbp and a2ab .\ndna extractions and pcr reactions were conducted as described before ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 1999 ) , with slight modifications : 1 m betaine was included in the pcr mixture ( henke et al . 1997 ) , and annealing was performed at 50\u00b0c . the pcr primers for amplifying the a2ab , irbp , and vwf sequences have been described in stanhope et al . ( 1992 ) , springer et al . ( 1997 b ) , and huchon , catzeflis , and douzery ( 1999 , 2000 ) , respectively . when the amount of amplified dna was insufficient for direct sequencing , smaller overlapping dna fragments were obtained by reamplification of the initial pcr product and then sequenced . additional sequencing primers were designed when required . all vwf sequences , the a2ab sequences of anomalurus , aplodontia , bathyergus , castor , chinchilla , dipodomys , echimys , glis , massoutiera , petromus , thomomys , trichys , and the irbp sequences of dinomys , lepus , macropus , pedetes , and tachyoryctes were obtained manually with [ \u03b1 33 p ] ddntp . the other irbp sequences were determined using dye - terminator cycle - sequencing reactions and an applied biosystems 373a automatic sequencer . despite several attempts , it was not possible to amplify the a2ab of pedetes .\npcr amplifications of a2ab from dipus , dryomys , erethizon , lepus , marmota , tachyoryctes , and thryonomys were as previously described ( springer et al . 1997b ) , except for dryomys and lepus where 1 m betaine and 1 . 3 % dmso were added to the reaction mixture . pcr products were cloned into the pgem - t easy vector ( promega ) , and sequences were determined using the big dye - terminator cycle - sequencing kit and an abi prism 3700 dna analyser ( applied biosystems ) . clones from at least two independent pcr amplifications were sequenced to detect ambiguity caused by the pcr reaction .\naccession numbers of the newly determined sequences ( aj427226\u2013aj427270 ) are given in the supplementary material , together with those for the other species used in this study .\na2ab , irbp , and vwf sequences of 40 placentals and two marsupials were manually aligned . only few gaps had to be introduced , which were coded as missing data . a glutamic acid repeat of variable length in the a2ab gene was excluded from subsequent analyses . five nucleotide data sets were analyzed : each gene separately , vwf and irbp combined ( to assess the position of pedetidae among rodents ) , and the three genes in concatenation . one protein data set comprising the concatenation of the a2ab , irbp , and vwf amino acid sequences was also analyzed .\nthe models of sequence evolution used were hky85 for nucleotides and jtt for amino acids . the hky85 model was favored , relative to more complex models ( i . e . , gtr ) , because of computation time limitations . however , additional bayesian analyses ( data not shown ) indicated that the use of either gtr or hky85 did not have an impact on the phylogenetic conclusions . rate heterogeneity among dna and protein sites was described by a discrete gamma distribution with eight categories ( \u03b3 8 ) .\nneighbor - joining ( nj ) analyses with weighted average ( wave ) maximum likelihood distances were performed with phylip 3 . 573 ( felsenstein 1995 ) and waveboot 1 . 2 ( krajewski et al . 1999 ) . in these analyses the nucleotide data matrix was partitioned as follows : each codon position in each of the three genes was allowed to have its own rate , base frequency , and transition - to - transversion ratio .\nmaximum parsimony ( mp ) and maximum likelihood trees were inferred using paup * ( swofford 1999 ) , version 4 , releases beta 4 and 8 ; and tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 ( strimmer and von haeseler 1996 ) . mp nucleotide sequence analyses were conducted with equal or differential weighting of character state changes . in the latter case , the six possible nucleotide substitutions were weighted at each codon position for each of the three genes , according to their consistency index , excluding uninformative characters ( hassanin , lecointre , and tillier 1998 ) .\nbefore running individual and combined heuristic ml paup * searches on nucleotide sequences , the program tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 was used to estimate the transition - transversion parameter ( \u03ba ) and the parameter ( \u03b1 ) of the gamma distribution of the hky + \u03b3 8 model . for amino acid sequences , ml reconstructions under the jtt + \u03b3 8 model were obtained using the quartet - puzzling method with tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 .\nbayesian phylogenetic analyses were performed with mrbayes 2 . 1 ( huelsenbeck and ronquist 2001 ) . the metropolis - coupled markov chain monte carlo sampling approach was used to calculate posterior probabilities . prior probabilities for all trees were equal , starting trees were random , tree sampling was done every 20 generations , and burn - in values were determined empirically from the likelihood values . to check for consistency of results , four markov chains were run simultaneously , twice for 200 , 000 and twice for 500 , 000 generations .\nfor nucleotide sequence analysis , third codon positions were excluded from ml and bayesian analyses because of their base compositional heterogeneity between taxa ( as evaluated by tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 and paup * ) , whereas they were kept in nj - wave\u2014where each codon position had its own rate\u2014and mp analyses .\nrobustness of the nodes of the phylogenetic trees was assessed by bootstrap ( felsenstein 1985 ) with paup * and reliability percentages ( rp ) with tree - puzzle 4 . 0 . 2 . for nj - wave and mp analyses , 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates were computed . for ml analyses , computing time limitations forced us to estimate bootstrap percentages ( bp ) after only 100 replicates , with hky + \u03b3 8 parameters set to the values estimated for the best tree , with nj starting trees , and with 1 , 000 rearrangements of tbr branch swapping . rp were estimated after 10 , 000 puzzling steps .\nthe first step was to reconstruct alternative tree topologies . paup * heuristic searches under a single hky + \u03b3 8 model and incorporating a topological constraint were conducted in order to identify the highest - likelihood topology that satisfied a given hypothesis ( e . g . , the paraphyly of rodents ) . second , the alternative topologies previously identified were evaluated and compared relative to the best ml topology found for the nucleotide sequences . statistical comparisons were conducted with partitioned maximum likelihood on the nucleotide matrix and on the protein matrix of combined data . for the nucleotide sequences , to account for differences in evolutionary substitution processes between codon positions and between the three genetically independent nuclear markers , first and second codon positions were distinguished for a2ab , irbp , and vwf . this resulted in the definition of six partitions of sites . six independent hky + \u03b3 8 models were thus assumed for each of these six partitions . the topologies previously identified after paup * heuristic searches were evaluated and compared under the more complex 6 - partitions model with paml ( yang 1997 ) , version 3 . 0d . in the latter case , all ml parameters\u2014i . e . , 6 transition - transversion rate parameters , 6 \u03b1 parameters , and 6 \u00d7 81 branch parameters\u2014were reestimated by paml for each evaluated topology . partitioned log - likelihoods were then compared using the kishino and hasegawa ( 1989 ) test with the shimodaira and hasegawa ( 1999 ) correction .\nbecause of computation time limitations , a similar approach could not be applied for the protein sequences . a single partition was considered , and topology comparisons were done under a jtt + \u03b3 8 model assumed for the concatenated protein data set . the 81 branch parameters were reestimated by paml for each evaluated topology , and the kishino and hasegawa ( 1989 ) test with the shimodaira and hasegawa ( 1999 ) correction was performed .\nrate constancy was tested with likelihood ratio tests ( lrt ) ( felsenstein 1988 ) , and only quartets that fitted a two - rate constrained model ( i . e . , each dating pair of the quartet does have its own rate ) , relative to a free - rate model ( i . e . , each branch of the quartet has a different rate ) , were kept in the dating estimations . because rate heterogeneity between sites can affect estimation of divergence date ( rambaut and bromham 1998 ) , sequence evolution was described by the hky + \u03b3 8 model . quartet dating results were described by the median of the distribution of the quartet date estimates , and the associated lower and upper limits of the 95 % confidence interval were those of the median quartet .\nall tree - building methods either on nucleotide or on protein sequences ( nj - wave , standard and differentially weighted mp , ml , and bayesian approach ) provided the same overall phylogenies , with minor topological variations involving only weakly supported nodes . considering ml analysis on nucleotide sequences as best representing the results of the individual genes , only those results will be detailed here . for comparative purposes , quartet puzzling reliability percentage observed on protein sequences ( rp prot ) and bayesian posterior probabilities for nucleotides ( pp nuc ) and proteins ( pp prot ) are however indicated for the combined data set .\nthe trees reconstructed from first plus second codon positions of each of the three genes are given in figure 1 . all three trees suggest the monophyly of rodents and that of sciuroidea ( marmota + aplodontia ) , geomyoidea ( dipodomys + thomomys ) , hystricognathi ( bathyergus , thryonomys , petromus , trichys , cavia , chinchilla , echimys , and erethizon ) , and ctenohystrica ( massoutiera + hystricognaths ) . discrepancies between the trees always involve weakly supported nodes ( i . e . , not involving two conflicting nodes with bp ml > 50 ) , except for the position of dipodidae and the relationships among cetartiodactyla . according to a2ab and irbp , dipodidae are the sister clade of muridae ( bp ml = 67 and 74 , respectively ) , whereas vwf clusters dipodidae with geomyoidea ( bp ml = 65 ) . the grouping of dipodidae with geomyidae may be an artifact resulting from similar base compositions and rapid rates of evolution of their vwf sequences ( data not shown ) . within cetartiodactyla , a2ab and irbp place lama in the most basal position relative to other cetartiodactyls ( bp ml = 51 and 81 , respectively ) , whereas vwf clusters lama with sus ( bp ml = 66 ) .\nin spite of having similar lengths , the three nuclear genes do not contain the same phylogenetic signal . each gene strongly supports some nodes , but these nodes might be different from one gene to another , and none is able to solve the whole rodent phylogeny . for example , only a2ab provides high support for rodent monophyly ( bp ml = 83 ) , irbp for myodonta monophyly ( i . e . , muridae + dipodidae , bp ml = 74 ) , and vwf for ctenohystrica monophyly ( bp ml = 91 ) . the results also indicate that the resolving power of each gene is not restricted to a given taxonomic level . for example , a2ab , unlike vwf , is able to solve deep relationships like rodent monophyly as well as more recent relationships like sciuroidea ( bp ml = 98 ) but not intermediate clades like ctenohystrica ( bp ml = 41 ) , whereas vwf does so .\nwhen codon positions 1 and 2 of the combined a2ab + irbp + vwf genes were analyzed under a single hky + \u03b3 8 model , the log - likelihood of the best topology was lnl = \u221226 , 415 . 56 . assuming six independent hky + \u03b3 8 models for each of the six partitions yielded lnl = \u221225 , 988 . 88 and resulted in a significant increase of log - likelihood ( lrt statistics = 853 . 36 ; df = 430 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) . the ml parameters estimated for the six partitions are given in table 2 . all three genes exhibit similar base compositions , on first as well as on second codon positions . the slowest evolving partition is the second codon position of a2ab , followed by\u2014with increasing relative rate\u2014a2ab ( first codon position ) , irbp ( second ) , vwf ( second ) , irbp ( first ) , and vwf ( first ) . second codon positions are more heterogeneous than first positions in terms of substitution rates for the three markers , but they display a higher transition - transversion rate parameter for irbp and vwf .\nalthough the a2ab , irbp , and vwf trees do not show any major topological incongruences , crossed shimodaira - hasegawa tests indicate that each nucleotide data set rejects the highest - likelihood topology of the two other data sets ( table 3 ) . however , none of the three genes rejects the ml topology obtained from the combined data set . consequently , this a posteriori observation suggests that the three genes can be combined and that the combined data tree accordingly appears to be the \u201cbest provisional phylogenetic hypothesis\u201d ( adkins et al . 2001 ) . the combination of a2ab , irbp , and vwf leads to a topology that stabilizes the phylogenetic position of rodents among mammals and contributes to resolve most of the relationships between rodent families .\nphylogenetic analyses based on first plus second codon positions of the three concatenated nuclear genes all indicate the monophyly of rodents , its support being the highest under the weighted mp ( not shown ) and the maximum likelihood approaches ( bp ml = 95 : fig . 2 ; rp prot = 74 ) . maximum likelihood tests of various phylogenetic hypotheses indicate that the alternative to the monophyly of rodents is significantly less likely ( table 4 ) . the bayesian approach also provides a posterior probability of 1 . 00 for the monophyly of rodents for both nucleotide and protein sequences ( trees not shown ) . our results thus confirm statistically the monophyly of rodentia with an extended sampling of this order\u2014including all sciurognath families and hystricognath superfamilies\u2014and with representatives of all other placental orders . in fact , with the recent increase of available complete mitochondrial genomes , rodent monophyly is no longer statistically rejected either ( cao et al . 2000 ; mouchaty et al . 2001 ) . it thus appears that the paraphyly of rodents will be difficult to defend with the broader taxonomic sampling within the order and with the growing number of molecular markers supporting their monophyly .\nour results suggest the division of rodentia into three major infraordinal clades . the first one comprises squirrel - and dormouse - related animals : sciuroidea ( sciuridae [ squirrels ] + aplodontidae [ mountain beavers ] ) and gliridae ( dormice ) . the second clade contains mouse - related rodents : myodonta ( muridae [ mouse , rats ] + dipodidae [ jerboas ] ) , castoridae ( beavers ) , geomyoidea ( geomyidae [ pocket gophers ] + heteromyidae [ pocket mice ] ) , and anomaluromorpha ( anomaluridae [ scaly - tailed flying squirrels ] + pedetidae [ springhares ] ) . the third clade ( ctenohystrica sensu huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 2000 ) contains gundi and guinea pig\u2013related rodents : ctenodactylidae and hystricognathi . the interrelationships between these three clades are poorly resolved . none of the three bifurcating topologies connecting them involves significantly different log - likelihood ( 0 . 28 < p sh < 0 . 32 ) , and the results are sensitive to the method of reconstruction and the data set considered . ctenohystrica clusters with the mouse - related clade for ml and bayesian nucleotide analyses ( bp ml = 40 : fig . 2 ; pp nuc = 0 . 83 ) . however , bayesian protein analysis clusters ctenohystrica with the squirrel - and dormouse - related clade ( pp prot = 0 . 70 ) , and quartet puzzling protein analysis clusters the mouse - related clade with the squirrel - and dormouse - related clade ( rp prot = 42 ) .\nthe monophyly of sciuroidea ( sciuridae and aplodontidae ) has been supported by morphological ( e . g . , lavocat and parent 1985 ; meng 1990 ) and molecular data ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 1999 , 2000 ; adkins et al . 2001 ; debry and sagel 2001 ) . the increase in taxonomic sampling did not reduce the support for this clade ( bp ml = 100 ; rp prot = 85 ) . in agreement with debry and sagel ( 2001 ) , we observe that sciuroidea are characterized by a unique insertion of three amino acids in the irbp gene . the sister clade of sciuroidea appears to be the gliridae ( fig . 2 ) . the existence of this suprafamilial clade has been suggested by morphological ( e . g . , lavocat and parent 1985 ; meng 1990 ) and mitochondrial ( reyes et al . 2000 ) studies ; however , similar to other molecular studies ( e . g . , huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 1999 ; adkins et al . 2001 ; debry and sagel 2001 ; montgelard et al . 2002 b ) , the support here remains moderate to strong . it is noteworthy that the support is higher with protein sequences ( pp prot = 1 . 00 ; rp prot = 75 ; p sh < 0 . 05 ) than with nucleotide sequences ( pp nuc = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 58 ; p sh < 0 . 15 ) .\nthe grouping of anomaluromorpha , castoridae , geomyoidea , and myodonta ( fig . 2 ) has never been suggested by morphological and paleontological observations . castoridae has usually been related to sciuridae because both families share the sciuromorph and sciurognath states ( brandt 1855 ; tullberg 1899 ) . however , some morphological studies could not confirm this relationship ( bugge 1985 ; lavocat and parent 1985 ; meng 1990 ) , and it has even been suggested that castoridae might be more closely related to muridae than to sciuridae ( meng 1990 ) . anomaluridae and pedetidae were considered as enigmatic families , possibly related to ctenodactylidae or hystricognathi ( e . g . , luckett and hartenberger 1985 ; jaeger 1988 ) . geomyoidea has , less ambiguously , been associated with the muridae ( e . g . , wahlert 1985 ; ryan 1989 ) .\nthe mouse - related clade is moderately to strongly supported ( pp nuc and pp prot = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 65 : fig . 2 ; rp prot = 43 ) , and alternative hypotheses cannot be significantly rejected ( table 4 ) . such a molecular support and lack of morphological evidence might reflect that we are dealing with a phylogenetic artifact , but independent molecular studies identified the same node , although it was not explicitly noticed and discussed ( adkins et al . 2001 ; murphy et al . 2001 a ) . consequently , the naturalness of this new superfamilial arrangement must be seriously considered in future studies . another interesting aspect of this mouse - related clade is that it includes animals displaying different jaw patterns and having different geographical origins . myodonta has been suggested to have originated from asian hystricomorph rodents , anomaluromorpha might have originated from african hystricomorph rodents , and geomyidae and castoridae are sciuromorph rodents from north america ( e . g . , vianey - liaud 1985 ; hartenberger 1998 ) . this suggests a complicated biogeographical history and an ancient origin for this rodent clade . this group might have a paleocene or an early - eocene origin because muridae , dipodidae , anomaluridae , geomyoidea , and castoridae are rooted in\u2014or related to\u2014early - and middle - eocene families : cricetidae , zapodidae , zegdoumyidae , eomyidae , and eutypomyidae , respectively ( hartenberger 1998 ) .\nthe lack of resolution for the branching order of the three clades anomaluromorpha , castoridae + geomyidae , and myodonta is illustrated by the ml and bayesian analyses . anomalurus connects either with castor + geomyidae ( pp nuc = 0 . 56 and pp prot = 0 . 33 ; bp ml = 29 ; fig . 2 ) or with myodonta ( pp nuc = 0 . 40 and pp prot = 0 . 36 ; bp ml = 37 ) .\nthe grouping of ctenodactylidae and hystricognathi in a ctenohystrica clade has been strongly supported by the vwf gene ( huchon , catzeflis , and douzery 2000 ) and the ghr gene ( adkins et al . 2001 ) . our results confirm these observations ( pp nuc and pp prot = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 100 ; rp prot = 93 ) , and breaking the monophyly of ctenohystrica is a significantly worse alternative ( p sh < 0 . 03 ; table 4 ) , as is the case for constraining ctenodactylidae to branch with other sciurognaths ( p sh < 0 . 03 ) . among hystricognathi , the relationships obtained agree with the conclusions of huchon and douzery ( 2001 ) . hystricognathi is divided into three clades : hystricidae , phiomorpha s . s . ( i . e . , bathyergidae , thryonomyidae , and petromuridae ) and caviomorpha ( i . e . , octodontoidea , cavioidea , erethizontoidea , and chinchilloidea ) . it is interesting to note that the increase of sequence length favors a basal position of hystricidae ( pp nuc and pp prot = 1 . 00 ; bp ml = 87 ; rp prot = 74 ) , but alternative hypotheses are not significantly less likely ( p sh < 0 . 14 ; table 4 ) .\nfollowing tullberg ( 1899 ) , rodents have been divided into two suborders\u2014sciurognathi and hystricognathi . according to our molecular data , hystricognathi remains a valid clade ( bp ml = 100 ; fig . 2 , rp prot = 93 ) , but the monophyly of sciurognathi is statistically rejected ( see earlier ; table 4 ) . an alternative classification divided rodents into myomorpha , sciuromorpha , and hystricomorpha ( brandt 1855 ) . the contents of these groups changed according to the authors , and we here follow the classification of mckenna and bell ( 1997 ) . constraining the monophyly of myomorpha , i . e . , clustering muridae + dipodidae with geomyoidea and gliridae , is significantly less likely than the best ml topology with our a2ab + irbp + vwf nucleotide and protein data ( p sh < 0 . 05 ; table 4 ) . the grouping of aplodontidae , sciuridae , and castoridae into sciuromorpha is marginally rejected ( p sh < 0 . 10 ) . hystricomorpha actually corresponds to hystricognaths and thus appears monophyletic . these results suggest that the current subordinal classification of rodents should be thoroughly revised .\nthe timing of the diversification of extant placental orders is heavily debated . according to paleontology , they diverged in the paleocene , 65\u201355 mya ( e . g . , alroy 1999 ) . molecules rather suggest that placentals were already diversified in the cretaceous ( review in bromham , phillips , and penny 1999 ) . however , various molecular studies give deviating datings . their estimations are generally based on few calibration points and use either distance ( e . g . , hedges et al . 1996 ; janke , xu , and arnason 1997 ; springer et al . 1997 b ; kumar and hedges 1998 ; waddell et al . 1999 ; review in bromham , phillips , and penny 1999 ) , or bayesian ( cao et al . 2000 ) , or ml ( eizirik , murphy , and o ' brien 2001 ) approaches .\naddress for correspondence and reprints : emmanuel j . p . douzery , laboratoire de pale\u0301ontologie , pale\u0301obiologie et phyloge\u0301nie - cc064 , institut des sciences de l ' evolution umr 5554 / cnrs , universite\u0301 montpellier ii , place e . bataillon , 34 095 montpellier cedex 05 , france . douzery @ urltoken\nfig . 1 . \u2014maximum likelihood trees and corresponding bp computed from first and second codon positions of each nuclear marker . the length of the branch leading to marsupials has been reduced three times . the following ml parameters of the hky + \u03b3 8 model maximize the log - likelihood for a2ab ( \u2212lnl = 6 , 858 . 67 ) : transition - transversion parameter \u03ba = 1 . 61 , \u03b1 = 0 . 33 , for irbp ( \u2212lnl = 8 , 824 . 71 ) : \u03ba = 2 . 11 , \u03b1 = 0 . 41 , and for vwf ( \u2212lnl = 10 , 399 . 48 ) : \u03ba = 1 . 58 , \u03b1 = 0 . 52 . nodes labeled with asterisks do not occur in the bootstrap consensus tree\nthis work would not have been possible without the essential contribution of all collectors who provided mammalian tissues now housed in the collection of montpellier : marina baskevich ( for dryomys ) , dona l . dittmann ( thomomys ; collection of genetic resources , louisiana state university museum of natural sciences ) , jean - marc duplantier ( lepus ) , chris g . faulkes ( bathyergus ) , piotr gambarian ( dipus ) , laurent granjon ( thryonomys , lepus ) , jean - claude gautun ( anomalurus ) , patrick gouat ( massoutiera ) , jack hayes and marilyn banta ( dipodomys ) , robert s . hoffmann ( marmota ) , reginald hoyt and john trupkiewicz ( petromus ; zoological society of philadelphia ) , john a . w . kirsh ( erethizon ) , vincent laudet ( chinchilla ) , conrad matthee ( pedetes ) , david nolta ( aplodontia ) , e . pele\u0301 and vitaly volobouev ( tachyoryctes ) , thierry petit ( macropus ; zoo de la palmyre , france ) , philippe perret ( cavia ) , rob stuebing ( trichys ) , and the zoo du lunaret in montpellier ( castor ) .\nwe wish to thank ron debry for sharing the dipodomys spectabilis vwf sequence , christophe douady for providing the ochotona irbp sequence , jean - louis hartenberger , jean - jacques jaeger , and laurent marivaux for useful paleontological discussions and comments , jacques demaille and denis pugne\u0300re ( institut de ge\u0301ne\u0301tique humaine de montpellier , cnrs upr 1142 ) for computing facilities , and emma teeling for bench advice with regard to the automatic sequencer .\nthis work was supported by acc - sv7 ( re\u0301seau national de biosyste\u0301matique ) , acc - sv3 ( re\u0301seau coordonne\u0301 par d . mouchiroud ) , european community tmr network \u201cmammalian phylogeny\u201d fmrx - ct98 - 0221 ( to m . s . , f . c . , and w . de j . ) , and the genopole re\u0301gion montpellier languedoc - roussillon and the action inter - epst bioinformatique 2000\u20132002 ( to e . d . ) . d . h . acknowledges the financial support of a lavoisier grant from the french ministry of foreign affairs . this is contribution number 2002 - 008 of the institut des sciences de l ' evolution de montpellier ( umr 5554 - cnrs ) ."]}
{"id": 1081, "summary": [{"text": "giant african threadfin ( polydactylus quadrifilis ) is a fish species in the family polynemidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is native to coastal parts of the east atlantic from mauritania to angola , also ranging into freshwater rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this fish supports important fisheries and can reach up to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) in length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "giant african threadfin", "paragraphs": ["giant african threadfin ( polydactylus quadrifilis ) is a fish species in the family polynemidae .\nlight tackle spinning in the surf and lagoons of gabon for jacks , tarpon , giant african threadfin ( capitaine ) , and cubera snapper .\ndietary composition and biometric characteristics of the giant african threadfin , polydactylus quadrifilis ( cuvier , 1829 ) from , nigeria | t . f . | journal of biology , agriculture and healthcare\ngarth stood over the mighty threadfin to be sure the next wave didn\u2019t release him . i ran down to see my prize and was in instant awe . this giant african threadfin was a giant ! at first i could hardly handle him . his strength pushed me away twice before i finally got my hands under him enough to lift . he was easily 40lbs !\n[ \u2026 ] any fun if he didn\u2019t . i took a deep breath and went about my business . it wasn\u2019t long ago i hoisted the giant african threadfin up the beach in much more difficult conditions . this one would be easy and it [ \u2026 ]\na lure fished slowly along the bottom \u2014 often intended for threadfin \u2014 is a sure tarpon producer .\nthe mission ' s conrad botes returns to gabon today on his second trip with tourette fishing . the first one was a massive success . several guys caught huge tarpon off the beach on fly , while plenty of pitbull - sized cubera snapper , a few giant african threadfin and loads of jack crevalle ( the local ' trash fish ' ) were caught too . [ . . . ]\nwhen the rains arrive in gabon ,\nsays mark murray ,\nthe giant african threadfin come out to play .\nmurray says these exotic game fish hunt in big shoals\nright behind the shore dump , and are arguably one of the strongest - fighting fish one can encounter in the surf\nthat love eat to lures , spoons or jigs . they grow to over 100 pounds .\nthe anticipation for everyone was no less than thrilling . while i still knew i had a threadfin the south africans weren\u2019t so sure . finally , the wave i needed came just as the fish let go of bottom . i lifted and felt him give and with my rod over my shoulder pointed towards the sea i ran up the beach . the lunker of a fish rode the wave perfectly and when it receded the fish stayed on his side on the beach . a giant african threadfin on the fly off the beach !\nit was nice on the beach at the mouth of the estuary . there were a few rolling tarpon we couldn\u2019t reach and garth wellman took down this enormous longfin jack . but this brute was our only fish in daylight . things got so slow that we considered calling it an early night until mark assured us after dark is the best time for everyone\u2019s dream fish for the trip , the giant african threadfin .\nit was dark before 7 and that\u2019s when the relentless blind casting began . six of us lined the beach around a point where the water rushes past in the dropping tide . mark feels the giant african threadfin are mostly deep and far from the beach except every once in a while they move close and this is the spot . the problem is keeping a fly down deep in the zone for more than a few seconds . the tidal current rips so hard that even with my 450 grain sonar sink fly line the fly gets swung back to the surface too fast . i envision literally needing to bump a threadfin in the nose in those short seconds much like hitting the lottery .\none of the best times to fish for the fabulous threadfin is following a big storm ( note the clouds heading away , on the horizon ) .\nthe biggest threadfin in the world are found here , a fish that murrays says is unique to west africa . the aggressive predators are available in large numbers along gabon beaches .\ni\u2019d have thought differently but mark was quick to announce that threadfin are delicate and our photos session must take place fast . the last thing i wanted to do was hurt this magnificent creature any more so i lifted for a couple shots then john pulled the fly and i ran him down to the water . waves crushed me at the edge of the beach drop but i held my breath and enjoyed the power of the threadfin one last time as he yanked himself away with one swift kick of his massive tail . mission accomplished !\nif anyone were to compile a list of the world\u2019s most exciting surf - fishing spots , there can be little doubt that the west african country of gabon would be at or near the top . in recent years , its reputation among globe - trotting surf enthusiasts has been growing , and as these dramatic , brilliant images taken by mark murray of tourette fishing reveal , with good reason . adjacent to ndogo lagoon at the southern boundary of loango national park are\nsome of the longest stretches of untouched coastline left on the african continent ,\naccording to the outfitter . for more information on fishing here , visit tourette fishing ( which is based in africa but organizes trips for anglers from all over ) .\nlike tarpon , cubera snapper will nail jigs and other lures fished slowly in the surf .\nthat ' s one of the reasons fishing gabon is so exciting ,\nsays murray .\nyou can be targeting a certain species \u2014 such as threadfin , as this angler was doing \u2014 but you ' ll run into surprise catches like this .\nthere\u2019s a ton of wildlife in this area including lowland gorillas and chimpanzees . i can\u2019t tell you how cool seeing one of these primates would be . the chances are slim though because they\u2019re wild and have more jungle to hide in than anywhere . there have been lots of elephants however enjoying the estuary and we saw several on the boat ride to the fishing tonight . these are a smaller african species called the forest elephants . last night we had two walk right out on the beach while fishing .\nfurthermore , the monsters we\u2019re after aren\u2019t likely stopped on traditional leader systems of class tippet breaking strengths of 20lb . certainly not a tarpon when there\u2019s a rocky reef near . i\u2019ve learned from my african friends to fish straight 80lb flouro . this system stirs alarm with old - timers that feel the leader \u201cmust\u201d have a weaker breaking point than the fly line and backing . no doubt they\u2019re correct and i emphasized this in my saltwater fly fishing book . but times change and the modern philosophy is use heavy tippet and hold the fish close so he never reaches the backing and count on the newer stronger than ever cores of fly lines not to break .\nthere was one last stellar fish taken after the threadfin and that was a cubera snapper by conrad . the big fish for sure cruise the beach after dark . it\u2019s just that tonight there were not many and it was a lot of hard work to capture what we did . we returned to camp for a very late night of beers and dinner . we made it to bed slightly before 1 am and mark is knocking on our doors at 4 : 30 . this is going to be one of those \u201chardest core\u201d weeks that i thrive on !\nif you read this blog however , you know i\u2019m a believer and my persistence is that of an insane man . i traveled 9 , 000 miles for a threadfin and dang it i\u2019m not going home without a fight . at 9 pm , two solid hours of relentless casting in the dark began to wear on me . it was so black i simply stared at the opening of my stripping basket being sure my strips of line made it in there for a productive next cast . honestly , i was falling asleep standing up in thigh deep water .\nas the guys came around to see the fight , the fish steadily cleared my reel of fly line . i was using my scientific angler demo reel \u2013 not exactly my first choice but it was too late to second guess my decision . sa lined the attractive reel with the 450 grain sonar at the factory to help me save time packing . the run was powerful yet not speedy and my drag was tight and my backing crackled off the reel in a strange sound . undoubtedly the fish had size . by now some of the guys suggested big snapper while others a jack , both of which i am more than familiar with their fights . i kept saying , \u201cno . this is a threadfin \u201d .\ni told myself ten more casts , something i\u2019ve been doing at the end of every hard fishing day since i was a kid . on my third cast my heavy fly got hit with the strangest thump i\u2019ve ever felt from a fish in my life . so strange that at first i wasn\u2019t sure it was a fish . but after a good strip set and a lift of the rod , without any doubt it was a fish . the strange thump was followed by heavy and violent headshakes . the kind that sever a 40lb tippet . the kind of power that if you\u2019re squeezing your rod to tight the thrust could break your wrist ( very few anglers have any idea what i\u2019m talking about but i promise you it\u2019s true ) . i just knew and yelled \u201c threadfin on ! \u201d\ngreek , poly = a lot of + greek , daktylos = finger ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 15 - 55 m ( ref . 10799 ) . tropical ; 22\u00b0n - 5\u00b0s , 26\u00b0w - 13\u00b0e ( ref . 57343 )\neastern atlantic : senegal to angola ( ref . 57402 ) . also reported from mauritania ( ref . 55783 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 57402 ) ; common length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3659 ) ; max . published weight : 75 . 0 kg ( ref . 7386 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 11 - 12 . diagnosis : pectoral fin with 4 threadlike filaments ( ref . 57402 , 81658 ) . pectoral fin inserted very low on body , generally somewhat longer than upper part of fin ( ref . 57402 ) .\noccurs in shallow coastal waters , over sandy and muddy bottoms , sometimes in brackish habitats ( ref . 57343 , 81658 ) . enters estuaries ( ref . 57402 ) , occasionally caught in fresh water ( ref . 57402 , 81658 ) . very large specimens are only found in marine waters ( ref . 81658 ) . feeds on crustaceans and fishes ( ref . 10799 , 81658 ) . flesh fairly tasteful ( ref . 57402 ) .\nmotomura , h . , 2004 . threadfins of the world ( family polynemidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of polynemid species known to date . fao spec . cat . fish . purp . rome : fao . 3 : 117 p . ( ref . 57343 )\n) : 22 . 3 - 28 , mean 26 ( based on 48 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00465 - 0 . 01128 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 66 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 34 - 0 . 41 ; assuming tm = 3 - 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 69 of 100 ) .\nyour igfa account is your personal portal to member benefits , including world records , videos , photos , and the latest in game fish conservation .\nthe international game fish association is a not - for - profit organization committed to the conservation of game fish and the promotion of responsible , ethical angling practices through science , education , rule making and record keeping .\n\u00a9 2015 international game fish association , 300 gulf stream way , dania beach , fl 33004 .\nif you look at a map of gabon we\u2019re on the southern coast exactly at the border of loango national park . it\u2019s a long way from idaho and takes a few days to adjust to the time change . because of this i slept like garbage last night . it was miserable waking up at 4 : 15 am . but then i realized i was fly fishing in gabon and filled my yeti tumbler with coffee and stimulated my brain on the 20 - minute boat ride to the mouth of the estuary where we fished last night .\nit was plenty dark when we arrived . the winds were soft and the surf and waves easy to handle . today i brought my flimsy stripping basket and it made line control for casting slightly easier . the skies were full of puffy tropical clouds and moon and stars poked through every hole . by the time i got done being the weatherman john travis hooked up .\njohn got his fly on the water first and several casts in his reel started screaming and saw him against the moonlight backing up the beach . he had a tremendous fish pulling him around and things looked hectic . next we heard the splashes out in the darkness . john had a tarpon on .\nlanding a tarpon on a fly from a flats boat can be a chore for two guys working together . hooking and landing one off the beach here in gabon seems impossible especially when you consider the ripping currents and a reef not far from where we cast . but stronger than ever fly rods , reels and lines make the once impossible now possible .\ntourette fishing carefully selected the anglers for this fly fishing exploratory trip to gabon . john wasn\u2019t only fishing straight 80lb tippet but he knows all the tricks to break a tarpons spirit fast . he had his fish on the beach in a notable ten minutes . the quick battle was a sight to behold !\nthere was more action as well . as we photographed johns tarpon conrad botes hooked another but lost him after several jumps . as he was reeling in to check over the rig he hooked and landed a longfin jack and mike lasota beached a nice jack as well . as for me , i better put down the camera and get my game face on soon .\nby 7 am the tide was useless for fishing the estuary mouth . mark murray knew 7 was the end of it so he had a plan and we paired up in the boats and headed in the estuary to fish for snapper and jack . i picked up my 9 - weight jungle rod and heaved some clouser\u2019s at the mangroves from the front while mike did the same from the back .\nthere was action on almost every cast with snappers and grunter . i caught a new species called the mangrove jack . he\u2019s a snapper not a jack . what\u2019s nice about this catch for me is that i lost a huge one of these in sudan in 2014 right as i reached for him . finally , i can add one of the handsome fellas to my list .\ni also added the guinean barracuda ( sphyraena afra ) to my species list . this one\u2019s a baby but the species gets gigantic . unfortunately , the aggressive fish have made themselves too vulnerable in the area and the big boys are rare these days . i noticed the difference from other cuda species immediately with all the beautiful colors on this fishes back .\nwe packed in the morning session around 11 and headed for camp for lunch and beers . i adjusted my beach set up while mike napped and the south africans tied flies . the fun breather lasted until 4 pm when we left for the evening session during prime tide .\nmy technique was cast as long as i could which isn\u2019t far with a 450 grain from a beach at night . then mend some slack line out as the system sinks . the second i felt the current swing against my fly line i made a strip then fed it back out . then another and another but by the time there was hope for a fourth strip and feed my fly was slamming into the beach down current . you can see how short a time the fly is in the zone .\nforty feet away i could make out the silhouette of john and slightly further i could see conrad . beyond them but too dark to see was arno and garth . mike was on his own mission tonight somewhere searching for less surf to contend with . i made a deal with myself to be the last guy to call it quits but dang everyone was fishing hard . at last , i could hear john reeling in followed by conrad . their silhouettes met and up the beach they went . then arno and garth met them \u2013 the night was coming to an end .\nthe hard pulling fish never went more than about fifty feet in the backing . he fought back and forth around this distance for a good five minutes . then he started to give up . it was a huge relief when my fly line returned to the reel but it took another five minutes to get in my running line and finally see the sinking head of the line .\nten minutes in the fish had taken me a hundred yards down the beach . bad for me was here the surf was big and the beach was steep . i made my first attempt to surf him in on the beach but the lip at the sand drop was too much . the big fish , although tired now , anchored himself in the trough . each time a big wave came i timed it to lift hard and although the first few tries failed i could feel him start to budge .\nwe stayed fishing on the beach until 11 : 30 pm . while i relaxed shooting the bull with mark most of the time i did put in a few more casts that led to something quite humorous . my unlit headlamp was tight over my yeti ball cap . it was uncomfortably tight and i continued to adjust my hat . eventually i forgot the headlamp was there and ripped my hat off to shake it around to make it more comfortable and off went my headlamp out to sea . first full night \u2013 headlamp gone . not good .\na full ten minutes later i saw a red light flash off the drop - off far down the beach . it didn\u2019t register with my spinning mind at first but the second time it flashed i charged the direction . it kept going off but each flash of red i got closer till finally i lunged and dove and miraculously retrieved my lamp . i forgot to take off my hat though and in trade for the lamp i lost my yeti hat .\nwhile my dumb moves were stacking up it seemed like a good trade \u2013 the hat for a lamp ( even though it\u2019s not waterproof and may not ever work again ) . then low and behold when we finally gave it up for the night , john came up the beach with my yeti hat in hand . it washed up against his feet in the blackness of the ocean . tonight was indeed my lucky night !\ncongrats jeff \u2013 what an awesome trip . have a blast for the rest of the week !\ni started fly fishing at age 7 in the lakes and ponds of new england cutting my teeth on various sunfish , bass , crappie and stocked trout . i went to northland college in ashland , wisconsin , where i graduated with a naturalist degree while i discovered new fishing opportunities for pike , muskellunge , walleyes and various salmonids found in lake superior and its tributaries .\nfrom there i headed west to work a few years in the yellowstone region to simply work as much as most people fish and fish as much as most people work . i did just that , only it lasted over 20 years working at the jack dennis fly shop in jackson , wy where i recently departed . now it\u2019s time to work for\nthe man\n, working for myself that is .\ni plan to pursue my love to paint fish , lecture on any aspect of fly fishing you can imagine and host a few trips to some of the most exotic places you can think of . my ultimate goal is to catch as many species of fish on fly possible from freshwater to saltwater , throughout the world . i presently have taken over 325 species from over 50 countries !\ngive us your email and we ' ll notify you when jeff posts a new blog post .\nno time for starlets , autographs , glitz or glamour . . . where\u2019s the fly shop on hollywood blvd ?\nthe dot on the map shows the location of gabon ' s loango national park .\nwhen longfin and crevalle jacks move into the surf , double and triple hookups are constant .\nfishing inside the lower ndogo lagoon estuary offers great action in addition to the beaches . the igfa all - tackle world - record longfin jack ( caranx fischeri ) of 36 + pounds was caught here .\nin few places can an angler tussle with big fish under the watchful eyes of elephants . the area is known as africa ' s eden ; says murray :\nanglers can often end up sharing the beaches of gabon with forest elephants , hippos , sitatunga ( elegant , swamp - loving antelopes ) or lowland gorillas .\nthis is not a game fish on the bucket list of most guests who fish gabon with tourette fishing . their bad , says murray .\nthe guitarfish is hands down one of the most underrated species one can target here .\nthese very strong fish that share characteristics of both sharks and rays seldom touch lures ,\nbut a well - placed bait on the edge of a sandbar will get you hooked up with one of these beasts almost every time !\nmurray says .\nwhile this isn ' t actually a huge seatrout or weakfish , the resemblance is unmistakable . it ' s a senegalese kob , in fact a very close cousin of those species . kobs are a prized group of the drum / croaker family found from south africa north into the mediterranean . slow - fished bucktails jigs or soft plastics are hard to beat .\nan angler tossing a lure into the chaos of game fish tearing up the bait along these beaches is guaranteed an instant hookup .\neven smaller longfin jacks made superb targets in the estuary for fly - rodders .\nsome species of barracuda grow much larger than this handsome specimen caught from a skiff .\nre - rigging lures occupies time daily .\nthe size and power of fish off gabon beaches and in the estuaries mean they ' re really hard on tackle ,\nsays murray .\nit ' s typical for a boat to have an entire lagoon to itself .\nthe first hour of the day is always a good time for action on gabon beaches . the light tackle this angler uses makes even smaller jacks a blast to catch .\nwhile they may be caught during daylight hours , big cubera snapper become most active in the darkness .\nwhen the bite is hot , the action comes hot and heavy . here , one longfin is beached and three anglers are battling fish \u2014 likely jacks but , says murray , very possibly other species such as tarpon or cubera snapper .\nelongate , shallow - running minnow lures are particularly effective for longfin jacks in the estuary when fished fast with hard twitches .\ncatching big tarpon in the surf is what murray terms\nan exceptional experience .\nwhile this is a big fish , by gabon standards it ' s typical , since tarpon exceeding 250 pounds have been hooked off these beaches .\ncrashing surf on one side and a line of elephants ambling past on the other remind anglers that they ' re nowhere near kansas anymore .\nas popular as throwing lures may be among gabon anglers , bait accounts for some great catches . murray says circle hooks help ensure quick release . tourette guides often invert a chunk of mullet , sewing it up to keep its shape in the surf .\nif anglers tire of casting , they can toss out a live mullet on a circle hook . this huge longfin was caught that way , in the estuary .\nreal - world woes fall away for anglers casting on gabon ' s remote , peaceful beaches .\nmany products featured on this site were editorially chosen . sport fishing may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site .\nurltoken is part of the bonnier fishing group , a division of bonnier corporation .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 sport fishing magazine . a bonnier corporation company . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome > vol 6 , no 9 ( 2016 ) > t . f .\nplease add our address\ncontact @ urltoken\ninto your email contact list .\nthis journal follows iso 9001 management standard and licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 license .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 3 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 1082, "summary": [{"text": "the hainan black-crested gibbon or hainan gibbon ( nomascus hainanus ) , is a species of gibbon found only on hainan island , china .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it was formerly considered a subspecies of the eastern black crested gibbon ( nomascus nasutus ) from h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh and cao b\u1eb1ng provinces of vietnam and jingxi county in guangxi zhuang autonomous region , china .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "molecular data , like morphology and call differences , suggest it is a separate species .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "its habitat consists of broad-leaved forests and semideciduous monsoon forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it feeds on ripe , sugar-rich fruit , such as figs ( ficus spp. ) and , at times , leaves , and insects . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hainan black crested gibbon", "paragraphs": ["hainan black crested gibbon ( nomascus sp . cf . nasutus hainanus ) conservation biology status and conservation strategy\nhainan black - crested gibbons can act as seed dispersers for forest tree species . trade in live\nthe current status of the hainan black - crested gibbon nomascus sp . cf . nasutus hainanus in bawangling national nature reserve , hainan , china | oryx | cambridge core\nhaimoff , e . 1984 . the organization of song in the hainan black gibbon ( hylobates concolor hainanus ) .\nchan bpl , tan xf , tan wj ( 2008 ) . rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black - crested gibbon\nzhou j , wei fw , li m , zhang jf , wang dl , pan rl ( 2005 ) . hainan black crested gibbon is headed for extinction .\nhainan black - crested gibbons are almost exclusively frugivores . in the refuge they inhabit , the most common food sources are the fruits from\nnadler , t . 2003 . rediscovery of the eastern black crested gibbon nomascus nasutus in vietnam . the gibbon\u2019s voice 6 ( 1 ) : 1\u20133 .\nthe black - crested gibbon inhabits evergreen , semi - evergreen and deciduous forest , in subtropical and montane regions ( 1 ) .\nwestern black crested gibbon ( n . concolor ) china , laos , vietnam , ( critically endangered a2cd ver 3 . 1 )\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) . four subspecies are currently recognised , all of which are classified as critically endangered : the tonkin black - crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor concolor ) , west yunnan black - crested gibbon ( n . c . furvogaster ) , central yunnan black - crested gibbon ( n . c . jingdongensis ) , and laotian black - crested gibbon ( n . c . lu ) ( 1 ) .\ngeissmann , t . 2006 . schutz des hainan - schopfgibbons , des seltensten menschenaffen der welt : ein projektbericht [ conservation of the hainan black crested gibbon , the most endangered ape species : a project report ] . gibbon journal 2 : 11 - 13 .\nbleisch , w . and chen , n . 1991 . ecology and behavior of wild black crested gibbons\ngeissmann , t . & chan , b . 2004 : the hainan black crested gibbon : most critically endangered ape . folia primatologica 75 , supplement 1 : 116 ( abstract only ) .\nzhang , y . z . , and shreeran , l . k . ( 1994 ) . current status of the hainan black gibbon\nzhou , j . , f . wei , m . li , j . zhang , d . wang , r . pan . 2005 . hainan black - crested gibbon is headed for extinction .\nla qt , trinh dh , long b , geissmann t ( 2002 ) . status review of black crested gibbons\ngeissmann , t . and b . chan . 2004 . the hainan black crested gibbon : most critically endangered ape . folia primatol . 75 ( suppl . 1 ) : 116 . ( abstract . )\nmootnick , a . , b . chan , p . moisson , t . nadler . 2012 . the status of the hainan gibbon nomascus hainanus and the eastern black gibbon nomascus nosutus .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe black - crested gibbon is found in south east asia , and the greatly reduced and fragmented range includes vietnam , china and laos . much confusion surrounds the taxonomy of this species but at present four different subspecies are recognised ( 7 ) . the central yunnan ( nomascus concolor jingdongensis ) and the west yunnan black - crested gibbon ( n . c . furvogaster ) are both found within the yunnan province of china ( 8 ) . the laotian black - crested gibbon ( n . c . lu ) is found in laos , the tonkin black - crested gibbon ( n . c . concolor ) is found in northern vietnam ( 4 ) .\nthe future of gibbons in vietnam is uncertain , but we should not give up hope . successful gibbon conservation is possible . the hainan gibbon , a related crested gibbon species on china\u2019s hainan island , was down to 13 individuals , but after strict protection , the population has now grown to over 20 .\nhainan black - crested gibbons are one of only three gibbon species in which the female makes vocalizations during mating . there are many hypotheses concerning these soft grunts of the female but it might have be related to the social polygyny of\nhainan black - crested gibbons often perform morning duets between male and female pairs . the female usually only emits a single loud noise often referred to as a great - call . the male\u2019s song is more elaborate and has at least three distinct calls . the presence of a laryngeal sac in males may contribute to the increased complexity of vocalizations . hainan black - crested gibbons are believed to be the only gibbon species with a male dominated duet .\nliu , z . h . , yu , s . , and yuan , x . ( 1984 ) . the resource of the hainan black gibbon at its present situation .\nhainan black - crested gibbons live in tropical primary forests . it is estimated that 95 % of their original habitat has been lost . hainan black - crested gibbons require indigenous forest of hainan island and do not inhabit recently planted pine forests or rubber plantations . due to habitat loss and hunting , this species has shifted its primary habitat from lowland forest to higher mountainous forest ( with elevations ranging from 100 to 1800 m on hainan island ) . optimal habitat is hard to determine as a result of the small population size and altered environment on the entire island . however , mature , ravine tropical forests , in particular , seem to be favored . like other gibbons , hainan black - crested gibbons are specialized for living in the canopies of forests .\nhainan crested gibbon ( n . hainanus ) bawangling nature reserve on hainan island , china ( critically endangered a2acd ; b1ab ( iii , v ) + 2ab ( iii , v ) ; c2a ( ii ) ; d ver 3 . 1 )\nhabitat loss and human encroachment and activity are the main reasons for the decline in population of hainan black - crested gibbons . the species has seen a drastic reduction in range and population since the 1950s . the annual rate of habitat loss is approaching zero , although more work needs to be done concerning critical habitat conservation , but hainan black - crested gibbons are , without a doubt , on the very edge of extinction .\nthe case of the eastern black crested gibbon also shows that conservation management can stabilise wild gibbon populations . hunting for this species does not seem to be a major threat anymore due to conservation efforts , although it was in the past . but immediate and efficient conservation actions are still urgently needed . we should start protecting the gibbons now and not wait until population numbers have dropped as low as the eastern black - crested gibbon .\nwei , w . , w . xiaoming , f . claro , d . youzhong , a . souris , w . chundong , w . changhe , r . berzins . 2004 . the current status of the hainan black - crested gibbon nomascus sp . cf nasutus hainanus in bawangling national nature reserve , hainan , china .\nadult male eastern black gibbons are black and can have a slight tinge of brown hair on the chest . adult male hainan gibbons are entirely black ( geissmann et al . 2000 ; mootnick 2006 ) . adult female hainan gibbons and eastern black gibbons vary from a buffish to a beige brown and have a black cap ( geissmann et al . 2000 ; mootnick 2006 ) . the adult female hainan gibbon has a thin , white face ring that is thicker above the mouth and below the orbital ridge . the hair surrounding the face of the female hainan gibbon creates a rounded appearance encircling the face . the hair grows outwards on the side of the face and in a more downward direction as it gets closer to the chin .\nzhang , y . and sheeran , l . 1994 . current status of the hainan black gibbon ( hylobates concolor hainanus ) . asian primates 3 ( 3 - 4 ) : 3 .\nhaimoff , e . 1987 . preliminary observations of wild black - crested gibbons ( hylobates concolor concolor ) in yunnan province , people\u2019s republic of china .\nliu , z . , yu , s . and yuan , x . 1984 . the resources of the hainan black gibbon at its present situation . chinese wildlife 6 : 1 - 4 .\nspecies . due to the rarity of hainan black - crested gibbons , very few specimens have been collected and little is known of variation in size . however , within gibbons there is little variation in body size . most likely\nzhou , j . , wei , f . , li , m . , zhang , j . , wang , d . and pan , r . 2005 . hainan black - crested gibbon is headed for extinction . international journal of primatology 26 : 453 - 465 .\nmootnick ar , fan pf ( 2010 ) . a comparative study of crested gibbons\ndue to the critically endangered status of hainan black - crested gibbons , the chinese government has put a ban on all types of forestry in or around bnnr . hainan island , which is home to many introduced rubber plantations , has been forced to stop the expansion of the rubber industry in order to save\nsouthern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( n . siki ) savannakhet in southern laos , quang binh province in central vietnam ( endangered )\nhaimoff , e . , yang , x . , he , s . j . and chen , n . 1986 . census and survey of wild black crested gibbons\ngibbon species in vietnam and worldwide are becoming increasingly endangered . five of the six species in vietnam should be classified as critically endangered and the other as endangered nationally due to steep declines in populations in the country . for example , the two most threatened species in vietnam are the eastern black crested gibbon , which has a population of 110 individuals , and the western black crested gibbon , which has fewer than 80 individuals remaining in vietnam . these species were once widely distributed in vietnam .\ngeissmann , t . 2005b . auf der suche nach den letzten gibbons von hainan . gibbon journal 1 : 18 - 22 .\nzhang , y . 1992 . hainan gibbon ( hylobates concolor hainanus ) threatened . asian primates 2 ( 1 ) : 6 .\nliu , z . h . , s . m . yu and x . c . yuan 1984 . resources of the hainan black gibbon and its present situation . chinese wildlife 6 : 1\u20134 . in chinese .\nthe taxonomy of the crested black gibbons , genus nomascus is still in debate , but experts now believe there are three species : the hainan gibbon , nomascus hainanus , the most endangered of any of the gibbons and restricted to the island of hainan ( geissmann 2003 ; geissmann and chan 2004 ; wu et al . 2004 ; zhou et al . 2004 ) ; the eastern black gibbon , nomascus nasutus , occurring in northeast vietnam ( nadler 2003 ) , and adjoining guangxi zhuang autonomous region , china ( chan et al . in prep . ) ; and the western black gibbon , nomascus concolor , occurring in central yunnan , china , and indochina .\nkey words : hainan black crested gibbon , extinction , indochina in october 2003 , we carried out a large - scale survey of the remaining gibbon ( nomascus sp . ) habitat in the bawangling national nature reserve ( bawangling ) in order to determine the size of the gibbon population . up to 17 teams surveyed all suitable habitat in bawangling using a fixed listening point method specially adapted for gibbon surveys . in addition , group compositions were established through direct sightings .\ngeissmann , t . 2005 . der hainan - schopfgibbon : der bedrohteste menschenaffe der welt . gibbon journal 1 : 10 - 12 .\nzhou , j . , f . w . wei , m . li , j . f . zhang , d . l . wang and r . l . pan . 2005 . hainan black - crested gibbon is headed for extinction . int . j . primatol . 26 ( 2 ) : 453\u2013465 .\nblack - crested gibbons feed preferentially on ripe sugar rich fruit such as figs ( ficus species ) , although they also supplement their diet with leaves and insects ( 2 ) .\nhainan black - crested gibbons are found in social groups composed of females , juveniles , infants and , occasionally , males . males will also live solitarily . group size has been hard to determine due to the extremely low population size and fluctuations in behavior of\nadults weigh between 5 . 8 and 10 kg . hind limbs are 70 . 4 % the length of forelimbs , which is slightly longer than in other black - crested gibbons (\nhaimoff , e . h . , yang , x . y . , he , s . j . and chen , n . 1987 . preliminary observations on black - crested gibbons\nliu , z . h . , and tan , c . ( 1990 ) . an analysis on habitat structure of the hainan gibbon .\npocock , r . 1905 . observations upon a female specimen of the hainan gibbon ( hylobates hainanus ) now living in the society\u2019s gardens .\nhumans are the main predators of hainan black - crested gibbons . humans can benefit by selling adults into the illegal animal trade , use the meat for food , or sell the bones for use in traditional chinese medicine . mass slaughters have been recorded on numerous occasions .\nhainan black - crested gibbons have been described as an umbrella species for the local ecosystem . an umbrella species is one which indicates the overall health of an ecosystem . gibbons may also play a role in the seed dispersal of many of the fruits that they eat .\nwei , w . , wang , x . , claro , f . , ding , y . , souris , a . c . , wang , c . , wang , c . and berzins , r . 2004 . the current status of the hainan black - crested gibbon nomascus sp . cf . nasutus hainanus in bawangling national nature reserve , hainan , china . oryx 38 : 452 - 456 .\na recent study found no molecular differences between the putative subspecies of n . concolor , but significant genetic differences between the forms hainanus and nasutus ( roos et al . 2007 ) . the hainan gibbon and eastern black gibbon differ in their hair coloration ( geissmann et al . 2000 ; mootnick 2006 ) and territorial calls ( la q . trung and trinh d . hoang 2004 ) . these characteristics , in association with the newly discovered genetic differences , suggest that the hainan gibbon and eastern black gibbon be considered distinct species ( roos and nadler 2005 ; roos et al . 2007 ) .\n. a species survey of hainan island recorded 7 species of carnivorous eagles and hawks .\nwu , w . , x . m . wang , f . claro , y . z . ding , a . c . souris , c . d . wang , c . h . wang and r . berzins . 2004 . the current status of the hainan black - crested gibbon nomascus sp . cf . nasutus hainanus in bawangling national nature reserve , hainan , china . oryx 38 ( 4 ) : 452\u2013456 .\ngibbons have a hairless face with dark eyes , small nostrils , and jet - black skin .\nlan , d . and sheeran , l . k . 1995 . the status of black gibbons\nbleisch , w . v . and n . chen . 1991 . ecology and behavior of wild black - crested gibbons in china with a reconsideration of evidence of polygyny . primates 32 : 539\u2013548 .\ndepartment of forest , hainan province , haifu street no . 80 , haikou 570000 , china\nin bawanglin nature reserve , hainan , china . american journal of primatology 19 : 247\u2013254 .\nadult males and juveniles have completely black pelage while females are brownish buff with some black hairs appearing on the limbs as they age . males and females have a large black crest of fur on the top of their heads . the crest is approximately 10 by 3 cm . females also have a characteristic white face ring . infants are born tawny brown , becoming black within 5 to 6 months .\nthe world ' s final 23 hainan black - crested gibbons ( nomascus hainanus ) are making what may be their last stand in china , where their jungle habitat is being wiped out at a rate of 200 , 000 square meters a day , according to a new report from greenpeace international .\nwith only 17 hainan gibbons and 54 eastern black gibbons confirmed , each surviving in just one small forest block , the hainan gibbon and eastern black gibbon are among the most critically endangered primates in the world . it is important to gain full support from the surrounding community for conservation of the gibbons and their habitat , possibly by ensuring benefits linked to their compliance with conservation goals , and ensuring longer - term commitment from the government and outside partners . efforts are underway to contribute to the conservation of the eastern black gibbon in vietnam with the establishment of community - based protection activities . since there are unconfirmed reports of gibbon occurrences from other forests , additional surveys need to be conducted in both guangxi and hainan ( hainan daily online 2007b ) . there is an urgent need to secure and expand suitable forest for the survival of the few remaining gibbons and their habitats , which will require continued effort and cooperation among all parties .\nhaimoff , e . h . , yang , x . j . , he , s . j . , and chen , n . ( 1986 ) . census and survey of wild black - crested gibbons\nseveral projects and studies support the conservation of the crested gibbons by collecting survey data , and by involving local communities and cooperating with administrative institutions . a recent example is a tree nursery for reforestation in hainan :\nfellowes , j . r . and b . chan . 2004 . hainan gibbon : concerted action for the world\u2019s most endangered ape . living forests 7 : 22\u201324 .\ncomplete former distribution of gibbons across different administrative regions in china inferred from historical records . black areas represent regions containing gibbon populations ; white areas represent regions with no available records .\nchan , b . p . l . , x . f . tan and w . j . tan . in preparation . rediscovery of the critically endangered eastern black crested gibbon nomascus nasutus nasutus ( hylobatidae ) in china ; with preliminary notes on population size , ecology and conservation status .\nmootnick , a . , p . fan . 2011 . a comparative study of crested gibbons ( nomascus ) .\nhainan gibbons are now limited to a few isolated patches of forest in the south west of china .\nfellowes , j . and chan , b . 2003 . hainan gibbon : concerted action for the world ' s most endangered ape . living forests 7 : 22 - 24 .\nliu , z . and tan , c . 1990 . an analysis on habitat structure of the hainan gibbon . acta theriologica sinica 10 ( 3 ) : 163 - 169 .\nzhang , m . , j . fellowes , x . jiang , w . wang , b . chan , g . ren , j . zhu . 2010 . degradation of tropical forest in hainan , china , 1991 - 2008 : conservation implications for hainan gibbon ( nomascus hainanus ) .\nall six species in the genus nomascus ( crested gibbons ) are classified as endangered or even critically endangered by the iucn redlist . they are all listed on appendix i of cites . both classifications illustrate that all crested gibbons are threatened with extinction .\nthe black - crested gibbon is protected from international trade by its listing on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) . fauna and flora international ( ffi ) have been studying the species in northern vietnam since 1999 . they have also been involved in a community awareness programmes in the area and there is pressure to designate the last stronghold of the species ( the che tao forest ) as a gibbon sanctuary ( 4 ) . in china , the largest population of the central yunnan black crested gibbon subspecies occurs within the wuliang mountain national reserve ( 4 ) . it is vital that any remaining viable populations and habitats are protected or this previously successful ape is in grave danger of disappearing .\nfan p . f . , x . l . jiang , c . m . liu and w . s . luo . 2006 . polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of black crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor jingdongensis ) at dazhaizi , mt . wuliang , yunnan , china . zool . res . 27 ( 2 ) : 216\u2013220 .\nla q . trung and hoang d . trinh . 2004 . status review of the cao vit black crested gibbon ( nomascus nasutus nasutus ) in vietnam . in : conservation of primates in vietnam , t . nadler , u . streicher , and long t . ha ( eds . ) , pp . 90\u201394 . frankfurt zoological society , hanoi .\nthe hainan gibbon is such as rare species , but knowing that this species is still hanging on there gives you hope that conservation will be able to bring that population back from the brink .\nliu , z . h . and c . f . tan . 1990 . an analysis of habitat structure of the hainan gibbon . acta theriologica sinica 10 : 163\u2013169 . in chinese with english summary .\ngibbon fragmentation index and 83 % cis for initial ( pre - 1600 ) gibbon distribution across china , and over nine consecutive 50 - year time intervals ( 1600\u20132000 ) .\nmukherjee r . j . 1986 . the ecology of the hoolock gibbon , h .\nsong , x . , jiang , h . , zhang , j . , chen , q . , wang , c . , and lin , w . ( 1999 ) . a survey of the hainan gibbon\nfield study : population structure , social behaviour of the hainan gibbon . environment and peripherical anthropical activities in bawanglin nature reserve location of field site : bawanglin nature reserve , hainan island . project directors : china : pr . xiaoming wang france : dr fran\u00e7oise hergueta - claro contact person : prof . xiaoming wang e - mail : wxming @ urltoken phone : + 86 - 21 62 23 28 95 or + 86 - 21 62 57 62 17 dr fran\u00e7oise hergueta - claro e - mail : claro @ urltoken phone : + 33 - 1 44 75 20 31 fax : + 33 - 1 - 43 43 54 73 mailing address : prof . xiaoming wang department of biology east china normal university shangai 200 000 china dr fran\u00e7oise hergueta - claro mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle laboratoire de conservation des esp\u00e8ces animales 53 , avenue st maurice 75012 paris france research objectives : - study the population structure , the social behaviour of the hainan black crested gibbon in bawanglin - characterize the bawanglin nature reserve and the peripheral anthropical activities - carry out a non - invasive genetic study of the gibbon population field positions and volunteers : n / a species studied : hainan black crested gibbon ( nomascus sp . cf . nasutus hainanus ) other species found at site : rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) affiliations : mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , and east china normal university , shanghai project begin / end dates : ongoing until 2004\ngreenpeace is calling for the hainan government to enforce its laws for protecting the gibbons as well as the island ' s rainforests .\ncao - vit / eastern black crested gibbon ( n . nasutus ) formerly : most of north eastern vietnam east of red river , south eastern china . now : small area of north eastern vietnam and south eastern china northeast of red river , possibly still in hoa binh province , vietnam ( critically endangered a2acd ; c2a ( i ) ; d ver 3 . 1 )\nnorthern white - cheeked crested gibbon ( n . leucogenys ) formerly : southernmost yunnan province in china ; now only few localities in northwest and north central parts of vietnam and laos ( critically endangered a2cd + 3cd ver 3 . 1 )\nthe six species in vietnam are known as crested gibbons . these gibbons show a clear sexual dimorphism , with prominent differences in fur colour between the sexes . males are always black , sometimes with light cheeks , and have a crest on the crown whereas females are golden or buff coloured .\nmackinnon jr , mackinnon ks ( 1977 ) . the formation of a new gibbon group .\nsommer v , reichard u ( 2000 ) . rethinking monogamy : the gibbon case . in\nvietnam is home to six of the 19 gibbon species . only indonesia has more species .\nmalone , n . and oktavinalis , h . 2006 . the socioecology of the silvery gibbon\ntree selection for sleeping is an antipredator behavior for gibbons . they often sleep in the tallest trees in an area which would safeguard them from most terrestrial predators . gibbons also sleep on branches with many twigs so that the twigs , which vibrate easily , will act as an early warning system . hainan black - crested gibbons were not explicitly mentioned in a fei et al . 2012 study , but these insights into their close relatives ,\nthe iucn currently lists hainan black - crested gibbons as critically endangered . some have suggested that they are the rarest mammals in the world , with approximately 20 individuals counted in a recent survey . a major concern is that of the approximately 20 individuals left , only 4 are adult females and one of these may be post - reproductive . numbers have increased since 2003 , when it was believed that there were as few as 13 individuals .\nwas widespread on hainan island but a recent estimate put its entire geographic range as low as 14 to 16 km ^ 2 of bnnr .\nyellow / red - cheeked crested gibbon ( n . gabriellae ) north eastern cambodia south of ratanakari province , savannakhet in southern laos , southern vietnam south of bach ma , thua thien hue province in central vietnam ( endangered a2cd ver 3 . 1 )\nahsan f ( 1995 ) . fighting between two females for a male in the hoolock gibbon .\nconservation efforts are varied . technologies such as remote sensing and geographic information systems are being used to determine suitable habitats . the government is also planning on adding to the list of protected forest on hainan island . in 2003 , the hainan gibbon action plan was launched . population surveys , reforestation , and the training of staff to monitor the gibbons are all parts of the action plan .\nthis species is endemic to hainan island , china ( chan et al . 2005 ) . it is currently confined to the bawangling nature reserve on the western side of the island of hainan ( chan et al . 2005 ) . before the 1960s it was widely distributed across the island .\nvia satellite images and field work , greenpeace found that more than 72 , 000 acres of hainan rainforest have been illegally cut down since 2001 .\nwang , c . 1995 . current status of conservation of the black gibbon ( hylobates concolor hainanus ) . in : w . xia and y . zhang ( eds ) , primate research and conservation , china , forestry publishing house , beijing , china .\nfield study on habitat selection behavior and its mechanism of the hainan gibbon south china institute of endangered animals , in : bawangling nature reserve , hainan ; project director : dr . jiang haisheng ; contact person : dr . jiang haisheng , email : jianghs @ urltoken , phone : + 86 - 20 - 84 19 25 36 , fax : + 86 - 20 - 84 18 37 04\nliu , z . h . , jiang , h . , zhang , y , liu , y , chou , t . , manry , d . , and southwick , c . ( 1987 ) . field report on the hainan gibbon .\nthe black - crested gibbon is one of the world\u2019s most endangered primates and may be on the very brink of extinction ( 4 ) . males and females are strikingly different in appearance with males almost completely black , but sometimes with white or buff cheeks , and females a golden or buff colour with variable black patches , including a black streak on the head ( 2 ) . the common name of this species comes from the tuft of longer fur on the crown of the head ( 5 ) . both sexes have the characteristic slender shape of the \u2018lesser ape\u2019 with long arms and legs , grasping hands and feet , and no tail ( 6 ) . a variety of calls are produced , which are amplified with the aid of a throat sac below the chin ; males and females engage in duets , in which males grunt , squeal and whistle whilst females sing rising notes and twitter ( 2 ) .\nsince 2003 , when the first hainan gibbon action plan was launched ( chan et al . 2005 ) , several teams have continued to work roughly in line with the plan , though with limited coordination . conservation actions include surveying the distribution of the hainan gibbon , providing training of staff to monitor the gibbons , restoring the forest , and community conservation work . one team consists of the kfbg , the hainan wildlife conservation centre of the hainan provincial forestry department ( hwcc ) , and bnnr . the second ( franco - chinese ) team consists of east china normal university of shanghai ( ecnu ) , the zoological society of paris ( pzs ) , and bnnr . a third team from fauna and flora international ( ffi ) china has also conducted monitoring , training and community work in the recent past .\n, is found in the 300 km ^ 2 bawangling national nature reserve ( bnnr ) on hainan island off of the coast of china . historically ,\nfield study on the ecology and behaviour of the yellow - cheeked crested gibbon ( nomascus gabriellae ) . phd research , in : samling logging concession , southern mondulkiri province , cambodia , contact person : ben m . rawson , e - mail : ben . rawson @ urltoken\nthe researchers said a better understanding of the animals ' decline would help them to establish a conservation plan for the country ' s last few hainan gibbons .\nin laos , the nam ha ecotourism project was developed by the lao national tourism authority , which together with the wcs western black crested gibbon conservation and ecotourism project aimed to develop ecotourism in the area of the nam ha national protected area . in 2003 gibbon populations had been documented in three areas of the nam ha npa , but a survey in 2005 / 2006 showed that due to hunting and logging activities population size had decreased dramatically and the number of gibbons is now too low to maintain an ecotourism project in this area ( brown , 2009 ) .\nliu , z . , jiang , h . , zhang , y . , liu , y . , chou , t . , manry , d . and southwick , c . 1987 . field report on the hainan gibbon . primate conservation 8 : 49 - 50 .\ngeissmann , t . ( 1990 ) systematics of crested gibbons ( hylobates concolor group ) . abstracts , international symposium on primate conservation in china . kunming institute of zoology , kunming .\na some researchers recognize the white - bearded agile gibbon of borneo as a distinct species ( hylobates albibarbis ) .\nliu , z . , y . zhang , h . jiang , c . southwick . 1989 . population structure of hylobates concolor in bawangling nature reserve , hainan .\nnumber of administrative regions containing gibbon populations for complete historical gibbon distribution across china ( pre - 1600 ) and over nine consecutive 50 - year time intervals ( 1600\u20132000 ) . pale grey , regions north of the yangtze ; dark grey , regions south of the yangtze . arrow indicates temporal switch - point in the rate of gibbon population decline .\nin the 1950s there were estimates of > 2000 hainan gibbons on the island of hainan in 866 , 000 ha of forests across 12 counties ( wang and quan 1986 ) . by 1989 , the hainan gibbon population was reduced to only 21 gibbons in four groups restricted to bawangling nature reserve ( liu et al . 1989 ) . in 1998 the population was said to be 17 ( kadoorie farm & botanic garden 2001 ) . a gibbon survey in october 2003 found two groups , and two lone males , comprising a total of 13 individuals ( fellowes and chan 2004 ; geissmann and chan 2004 ; chan et al . 2005 ; zhou et al . 2005 ) ; another survey in 2001\u20132002 estimated 12\u201319 individuals in four groups ( wu et al . 2004 ) . in recent months three newborns and at least one lone female have been observed , bringing the world total to 17 individuals ( hainan daily online 2007a ) .\nfield study on the population structure , social behaviour of the hainan gibbon . environment and peripherical anthropical activities in bawanglin nature reserve , in : bawanglin nature reserve , hainan island , project directors : china : pr . xiaoming wang , france : dr fran\u00e7oise hergueta - claro ; contact person : prof . xiaoming wang , e - mail : wxming @ urltoken , phone : + 86 - 21 62 23 28 95 or + 86 - 21 62 57 62 17\nunreliable population estimates and problems with effective conservation management of crested gibbons show that multiple actions and measures are needed to prevent the extinction of these primates . these needs can be summarized as follows :\ntilsen , r . 1979 . behaviour of hoolok gibbon ( hylobates hoolok ) during different seasons in assam , india .\ngittins , s . p . 1982 . feeding and ranging in the agile gibbon . folia primatologica 38 : 39\u201371 .\nchanging distribution of gibbons across different administrative regions in china over nine consecutive 50 - year time intervals ( 1600\u20132000 ) . black areas represent regions containing gibbon populations ; grey areas represent regions where gibbons formerly occurred but have been extirpated by a given time interval ; white areas represent regions with no available records .\nle td , fan pf , yan l , le ho , josh k ( 2008 ) . the global cao vit gibbon\nzhang , y . z . , quan , g . q . , yang , d . , liu , z . , and sheeran , l . k . ( 1995 ) . population parameters of the black gibbon in china . in xia , w . , and zhang , y . ( eds . ) ,\ntoday , china has between 26 and 28 hainan gibbons left , but government records that date back to the 17th century show that gibbons were once widespread across half of the country .\nas well as body parts , can result in hefty profits from black market chinese medicine . there is no proven efficacy of these traditional\nmedicines\nand the impact on wildlife populations is devastating .\nzhang , y . , quan , g . , yang , d . , liu , z . and sheeran , l . 1995 . population parameters of the black gibbon in china . in : w . xia and y . zhang ( eds ) , primate research and conservation , forestry publishing house , beijing , china .\nchan , b . , fellowes , j . , geissmann , t . and zhang , j . 2005 . hainan gibbon status survey and conservation action plan , version 1 ( last updated november 2005 ) . kadoorie farm and botanic garden technical report no . 3 . kadoorie farm and botanic garden , hong kong .\n, which is the largest and darkest gibbon . because of the rapid deforestation of their habitats , gibbons are an endangered species .\nproject director : dr . jiang haisheng contact person : dr . jiang haisheng email : jianghs @ urltoken phone : + 86 - 20 - 84 19 25 36 fax : + 86 - 20 - 84 18 37 04 mailing address : dr . jiang haisheng ( project director ) south china institute of endangered animals 105 xingang road guangzhou , guangdong 510260 china research objectives : study the habitat structure of gibbons and the habitat values of rainforests influenced by humans in different degrees . field positions and volunteers : n / a species studied : hainan black crested gibbon ( nomascus sp . cf . nasutus hainanus ) other species found at site : rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) affiliations : south china institute of endangered animals project begin / end dates : ongoing\nesser , a . h . , deutch , r . d . and wolff , m . 1979 . social behavior adaptations of gibbon\nli , s . , f . zou , q . zhang , f . sheldon . 2013 . species richness and guild composition in rubber plantations compared to secondary forest on hainan island , china .\ndensity densities for some of the six species are tentative due to the absence of survey data for many populations , and when the status of the gibbons was assessed for iucn in 2006 / 2007 there were no population estimates available for 10 of the 16 species and subspecies ( geissmann 2007a ) . however , despite a lack of current survey data it is clear that there is a negative population trend for all crested gibbons . according to their iucn classification nomascus have suffered from a decline of 50 - 80 % in the last 50 years and are threatened with extinction in the near future ( iucn redlist 2011 . 1 ) and in fact the hainan crested gibbon ( n . hainanus ) is the most critically endangered primate species in the world ( geissmann & bleisch 2008 ) .\ngibbon populations are decreasing ; they are threatened with extinction . gibbons are losing their natural habitat because human agriculture is encroaching on it . population numbers are decreasing . there are estimated to be about 79 , 000 lar gibbons ( the white - handed or common gibbon ) .\ncomments : kadoorie farm & botanic garden , a hong kong conservation organisation , has been working with the bawangling national nature reserve management office since 2003 to support conservation of the hainan gibbon . our work has included support for monitoring by staff , reforestation , and some research . contact john fellowes ( kfjrf @ kfbg . org ) for details .\nbrockelman , w . , and srikosamatara , s . ( 1993 ) . estimation of density of gibbon groups by use of loud songs .\nthe hainan gibbon only occurs in bawangling national nature reserve on the island of hainan in china , and a survey in 2003 revealed that only 13 individuals still existed . to stop the extinction of this species an action plan was published ( chan et al . 2005 ) and a conservation project started . the china - program of the kadoorie farm & botanic garden together with the bawangling national nature reserve established two tree nurseries in the reserve , with two main objectives . firstly , trees needed to be planted in order to reconnect forest fragments , and secondly the variety and availability of gibbon fruit trees needed to be increased to facilitate gibbon survival during the dry season . so in 2005 , 16 , 000 indigenous seedlings were planted with a plan to plant a further 150 , 000 trees within the next five years ( geissmann , 2006 ) .\ngeissmann , t . 2003 . symposium on gibbon diversity and conservation : concluding resolution . asian primates 8 ( 3 / 4 ) : 28\u201329 .\nmcconkey , k . 2005 . the influence of gibbon primary seed shadows on post - dispersal seed fate in lowland dipterocarp forest in central borneo .\nrelatively few studies of the genus nomascus have been conducted ( haimoff et al . 1987 ; zhenhe et al . 1989 ; bleisch and chen 1991 ; sheeran 1993 ) , and these studies are limited to only a portion ( china ) of the entire range for the genus . species in this genus range in montane forests up to 2900 m . with the exception of the siamang , this represents the highest recorded altitude for a gibbon species ( bleisch and chen 1991 ) . the diet of the black - crested gibbon ( nomascus concolor ) has been reported to be more folivorous than those of other gibbons of similar size , and black - crested gibbons have been observed to come to the ground to forage on bamboo shoots . early reports of group structure reported one male\u2013multifemale groups of up to four females , and average group sizes of 5 . 25 individuals ( haimoff et al . 1987 ) . overall , published reports indicate that approximately 25 % of nomascus spp . groups have greater than two adults , including the observations of groups of up to ten individuals , groups with up to four adult females , and multiple females with dependent infants ( haimoff et al . 1986 ; bleisch and chen 1991 ; lan and sheeran 1995 ) .\nfellowes , j . r . , chan , b . p . l . , zhou , j . , chen , s . , yang , s . and ng , s . c . 2008 . current status of the hainan gibbon ( nomascus hainanus ) : progress of population monitoring and other priority actions . asian primates journal 1 : 2 - 9 .\nminimum adequate generalized linear model for number of years since local gibbon population extinction in relation to environmental variables . asterisks denote significance of p - values .\nahsan , m . f . 1995 . fighting between two females for a male in the hoolock gibbon . international journal of primatology 16 : 731\u2013737 .\ndeforestation has swept across south east asia at an alarming rate as trees are logged for timber or to make way for agriculture and development . gibbons throughout the region have undergone dramatic declines due principally to this habitat loss , but also as a result of hunting ( 4 ) . the fragmentation of their habitat causes groups to become separated from the remaining population ( 2 ) , and it is estimated that about 75 percent of the black crested gibbon\u2019s original habitat has already been lost ( 9 ) . the taxonomic confusion surrounding this species makes population estimates particularly difficult but at least two of the subspecies are today at critically low levels ( 1 ) .\nwe invite everybody to contribute . do you know a gibbon field site which should be included here ? please send an e - mail to the webmaster .\nconservation efforts to preserve the hainan gibbon have been slow to get off the ground . a conservation action plan ( pdf ) was established in 2003 , but according to the iucn primate specialist group , its success has been limited by lack of coordination between the eight participating government bodies , universities and organizations . most efforts to date have been restricted to surveying the apes and their habitat .\nchan , b . p . l . , j . r . fellowes , t . geissmann and j . f . zhang ( eds . ) . 2005 . hainan gibbon status survey and conservation action plan \u2013 version i ( last updated november 2005 ) . kadoorie farm and botanic garden technical report no . 3 . kfbg , hong kong sar , iii + 33 pp . .\nalthough gibbons are today restricted to 11 prefectures in a small area of southwestern china , we collected gibbon last - occurrence dates ranging from 250 ( fuling , chongqing ) to 1995 ( qiongzhong , hainan ) from a further 149 administrative regions in 19 provinces or equivalent areas distributed across much of central , southern and eastern china ( figure 1 ; electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) .\nrecently , a team of researchers from kadoorie farm & botanic garden ( kfbg ) and china confirmed 17 eastern black gibbons in three groups in the bangliang limestone forest of jingxi county in guangxi , neighboring the phong nam - ngoc khe mountains of vietnam . some of the gibbons observed in bangliang may be the same individuals counted by vietnamese counterparts as gibbon groups were seen traveling between the two countries ( people ' s daily online 2006 ; chan et al . in prep . ) . there is a rumor that there might be some eastern black gibbons in kim hy nature reserve , bac kan province , vietnam , as well as other border areas in guangxi , china .\nmootnick , a . r . 2006 . gibbon ( hylobatidae ) species identification recommended for rescue and breeding centers . primate conserv . ( 21 ) : 103\u2013138 .\n] . the number of gibbon populations that persisted after isolation from populations in all neighbouring regions , and their post - isolation survival time , was also determined .\ncheyne , s . m . and brul\u00e9 , a . 2004 . adaptation of a captive - raised gibbon to the wild . folia primatologica 75 : 37\u201339 .\nliu , z . , zhang , y . , jiang , h . and southwick , c . 1989 . population structure of hylobates concolor in bawanglin nature reserve , hainan , china . american journal of primatology 19 : 247 - 254 .\ngeissmann , t . 2002 . gibbon diversity and conservation . in xixth congress of the international primatological society , august 4\u20139 , 2002 . beijing , china , 112\u2013113 .\nxu , l . , liu , z . and yu , s . 1983 . mammalia . in : l . xu , z . liu and x . yi ( eds ) , birds and mammals of hainan island , beijing , china .\ngeissmann , t . ( 1997 ) new sounds from the crested gibbons ( hylobates concolor group ) : first results of a systematic revision . in : zissler , d . ( ed ) verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen gesellschaft : kurzpublikationen \u2013 short communications . gustav fischer verlag , stuttgart .\ngibbons generally establish long - term pair bonds , but in bawangling national nature reserve ( bnnr ) there have been repeated observations of two females in the same group both carrying offspring ( liu et al . 1989 ; bleisch and chen 1991 ; hainan daily online 2007a ) . this \u201cnon - traditional\u201d group could be the result of older offspring being unable to locate appropriate mates ( wu et al . 2004 ) , limited space to establish new groups ( liu et al . 1989 ) , or could reflect habitual bigyny as in the crested black gibbons of yunnan ( bleisch and chen 1991 ; fan et al . 2006 ) . if fresh feces could be collected from these individuals , it is possible that nuclear dna sequencing could determine the relationships and confirm if observations are being conducted on the same group in different locations .\nhainan gibbons are the world ' s rarest primates . sixty years ago they could be found all across hainan island in the south china sea . now they are limited to the 2 , 100 - hectare bawangling national nature reserve on the western side of the island . while the gibbons are legally protected , lack of enforcement has allowed illegal loggers and pulp paper plantation growers to take over 25 percent of the island ' s rainforests , including a portion of the apes ' reserve habitat , in the past 10 years .\nliu , z . h . , y . z . zhang , h . s . jiang and c . h . southwick . 1989 . population structure of hylobates concolor in bawanglin nature reserve , hainan , china . am . j . primatol . 19 : 247\u2013254 .\nmootnick , a . r . and groves , c . p . 2005 . a new generic name for the hoolock gibbon ( hylobatidae ) . international journal of primatology 26 : 971\u2013976 .\nkadoorie farm and botanic garden . 2001 . report of rapid biodiversity assessments at bawangling national nature reserve and wangxia limestone forest , western hainan , 3 to 8 april 1998 . south china forest biodiversity survey report series no . 2 . kadoorie farm and botanic garden , hong kong .\nkadoorie farm & botanic garden . 2001 . report of rapid biodiversity assessments at bawangling national nature reserve and wangxia limestone forest , western hainan , 3 to 8 april 1998 . south china forest biodiversity report series : no . 2 . kfbg , hong kong sar , ii + 33pp .\na dataset of 535 dated historical gibbon records from 420 gazetteers ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) , which provide detailed spatio - temporal coverage for china across the ming dynasty ( 1368\u20131644 ) , qing dynasty ( 1644\u20131912 ) and republican period ( 1912\u20131949 ) and with some further sampling of older jin\u2013yuan dynasty records [ 26 ] , was obtained from a geographical compendium of chinese gazetteer natural history records [ 22 ] , constituting a larger dataset compared with previous studies of historical gibbon extinction [ 39 ] . this dataset was supplemented with further data on historical ( twentieth century and older ) and current - day gibbon distributions [ 17 , 36 , 40 \u2013 42 ] in order to investigate gibbon population change through time . all chinese - language records were translated directly by the lead author .\n250 , before any local populations had been extirpated ) , and for each 50 - year interval from 1600 until the last - occurrence date for gibbons from the target region . these proportion data were then averaged across all regions that still contained gibbon populations at each chosen time interval to calculate a gibbon range fragmentation index , which is interpreted as a proxy for population fragmentation and level of isolation or connectivity of gibbon populations . levels of population fragmentation were considered significantly different between different time intervals if cis for fragmentation index values did not overlap ; 83 % cis were used for comparison because these give an approximate\ngibbons are covered with light - colored to very dark brown ( or black ) dense hair on most of their body ( except their face , fingers , palms , armpits , and bottoms of their feet ) . some species of gibbons have a white face ring , a band of white face completely surrounding their face .\nthe hoolock gibbon ( hoolock hoolock ) inhabits rainforests and semi - deciduous forests in tropical and subtropical areas of india , myanmar , china , and bangladesh . very little is known about the behavioral ecology of this genus . the hoolock gibbon is the second - largest hylobatid species and is the only gibbon species that ranges substantially outside of the tropics ( mootnick et al . 1987 ) . a predicted dietary response to a seasonal environment might include increased reliance on leaves as fruit availability decreases . however , gittins and tilson ( 1984 ) report stable consumption of fruit throughout the year at a level comparable to species of hylobates .\nvna . 2004 . endangered gibbon and rare flora species found . report on web site of sci / tech - environment , vietnam news agency ( vna ) , hanoi . . accessed : 17 november 2004 .\n) 20 million years ago . gibbon - like fossils have been found in africa ( from the oligocene and miocene ) , europe ( from the miocene ) , and asia ( from the upper pliocene and pleistocene ) .\nsommer , v . and reichard , u . 2000 . rethinking monogamy : the gibbon case . in primate males , p . m . kappeler ( ed . ) , pp . 159\u2013168 . cambridge : cambridge university press .\nthe most recent gibbon record for a given administrative unit was interpreted as a last - occurrence date for that region , with gibbons inferred to be regionally present until that date . gazetteer records of other wild animal species post - dating the latest gibbon records are also reported for most regions , indicating that later regional gibbon absence is unlikely to represent an artefact of incomplete reporting ; for example , 82 . 1 % of mainland regions with pre - twentieth century gibbon gazetteer last - occurrence records have younger gazetteer records of tiger , a species known to have survived across much of mainland china until the twentieth century [ 22 ] . nearly all ( 88 . 6 % ) historical gibbon last - occurrence records were associated with an exact calendar year , but a small number were instead only associated with a given date range ( e . g . \u2018reign of the qianlong emperor\u2019 ( 1735\u20131796 ) , \u20181950s\u2019 ) . in order to include these data in our analyses , date ranges were converted to direct calendar years by randomly selecting a year from within this range , with an equal probability of being assigned to any year within the range ."]}
{"id": 1085, "summary": [{"text": "orthogoniinae is a subfamily of ground beetles ( family carabidae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "occasionally it was treated as a tribe orthogoniini of subfamily harpalinae , particularly when this was circumscribed loosely .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it contains the following genera : actenoncus chaudoir , 1871 amorphomerus sloane , 1923 anoncopeucus chaudoir , 1871 glyptus brulle , 1835 hexachaetus chaudoir , 1871 idiomorphus chaudoir , 1846 neoglyptus basilewsky , 1953 neoorthogonius tian & deuve , 2006 nepalorthogonius habu , 1979 orthogonius macleay , 1825 perochnoristhus basilewsky , 1973 rathymus dejean , 1831 strigia brulle , 1834", "topic": 26}], "title": "orthogoniinae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for orthogoniinae definition . you find here orthogoniinae meaning , synonyms of orthogoniinae and images for orthogoniinae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word orthogoniinae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word orthogoniinae and , of course , orthogoniinae synonyms and on the right images related to the word orthogoniinae .\nhow can i put and write and define orthogoniinae in a sentence and how is the word orthogoniinae used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528orthogoniinae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528orthogoniinae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528orthogoniinae\u9020\u53e5 , orthogoniinae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\northogoniinae is a subfamily of ground beetles ( family carabidae ) . occasionally it was treated as a tribe orthogoniini of subfamily harpalinae , particularly when this was circumscribed loosely .\namong these are the dryptinae , lebiinae ( including cyclosominae , mormolycinae , odacanthinae , perigoninae ) , licininae ( including chlaeniinae , oodinae ) , orthogoniinae , panagaeinae , platyninae , pseudomorphinae , pterostichinae ( including zabrinae ) .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 24 )\nrathymus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : * rathymus carbonarius dejean , 1831 * rathymus melanarius klug , 1853 * rathymus saganicola ( g . muller , 1941 )\nperochnoristhus penrithae is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus perochnoristhus .\nneoorthogonius orientalis is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus neoorthogonius .\nnepalorthogonius monilicornis is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus nepalorthogonius .\nactenoncus ater is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus actenoncus .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1086, "summary": [{"text": "the surinam cockroach or greenhouse cockroach ( pycnoscelus surinamensis ) is a species of burrowing cockroach .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is a common plant pest endemic to the indomalayan region that has spread to tropical and into subtropical regions around the world , and in isolated populations to temperate climates where protective habitat such as greenhouses provide shelter for individuals inadvertently shipped in the soil of plants .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its populations are almost exclusively female , and it reproduces asexually , having evolved several clonal strains from its sexual progenitor p. indicus . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "surinam cockroach", "paragraphs": ["cockroaches : american cockroach , asian cockroach , australian cockroach , brown banded cockroach , cuban cockroach , florida woods cockroach , german cockroach , oriental cockroach , smoky brown cockroach , surinam cockroach and woods cockroach .\nan adult surinam cockroach measures about three - quarters to 1 inch in length .\n1 . surinam cockroach identification : call in a professional exterminator to assess suspected infestation areas thoroughly to determine which type of cockroach has invaded .\n3 . removal of surinam cockroaches : plants containing surinam cockroaches need to be removed and treated off the premises .\ncontrol experiments on the surinam cockroach ( pycnoscelus surinamensis l . ) | journal of economic entomology | oxford academic\nsome of the scientific names of the different species of cockroaches are the american cockroach ( periplaneta americana ) , the florida woods cockroach ( eurycotis floridana ) , the oriental cockroach ( blatta orientalis ) , the german cockroach ( blattella germanica ) , the asian cockroach ( blattella asahinai ) , the surinam cockroach ( pycnoscelus surinamensis ) , the brown - banded cockroach ( supella longipalpa ) , the australian cockroach ( periplaneta australasiae ) , the smoky brown cockroach ( periplaneta fuliginosa ) , the pennsylvania woods cockroach ( parcoblatta pennsylvanica ) , the brown cockroach ( periplaneta brunnea ) , and the madagascar hissing cockroach ( gromphadorhina portentosa ) .\na pest management professional has the education , equipment and skills necessary to effectively address a surinam cockroach problem . finding and treating the surinam cockroaches can be challenging , especially if their home and eggs are spread throughout your house . a cockroach management professional provides their expertise to identify the pest problem and determine the best possible solution to resolve the surinam cockroach infestation .\nkey words : oxyspirura mansoni , bird eyeworm , pycnoscelus surinamensis , surinam cockroach , free roaming hen , gallus gallus domasticus .\nthis pest hitches a ride in plant soil and infests plants inside buildings . it is not normally considered a pest , but sometimes finds its way into homes via houseplants . the female surinam cockroach does not fly . the male surinam cockroach can fly very short distances . spring , summer , and fall are the most active seasons for the surinam cockroach . people have reported seeing large populations of surinam cockroaches emerging out of the ground in places the species has not been known to inhabit .\nthe male surinam cockroach has a black head with dark brown wings and can fly a short distance . the female surinam cockroach has a black head with light brown to olive colored wings that are too small to fly . the female surinam cockroach is able to reproduce without a male . she doesn\u2019t need a nest site or place to deposit egg pods because she carries the eggs inside and gives birth to live young .\nsurinam cockroaches develop by metamorphosis\u2014ootheca , nymphal stages or instars , and adult stages .\nsurinam cockroaches are not commonly found inside homes . however , they infest greenhouses and gardens and prove destructive pests . if you suspect a surinam cockroach infestation , contact your local pest control professional to discuss treatment and prevention methods .\nunlike other new england cockroach species that invade homes to find moisture and feed on human food , surinam cockroaches prefer to eat plants . the surinam cockroach often feeds on the stems of plants rooted in the soil in which the insect lives . due to their status as herbivores and their need for warm , moist areas , surinam cockroaches can become a major problem in heated greenhouses .\nthe cockroach ' s nearest relatives include the grasshoppers , crickets and mantids . a distant cousin of the cockroach is the termite .\noxyspirura worms have an indirect life cycle . intermediate hosts are cockroaches ( e . g . pycnoscelus surinamensis , the surinam cockroach , for oxyspirura mansoni ) .\nthough not native to new england , surinam cockroaches can survive and thrive indoors upon relocation to the area . if undetected and permitted to reproduce , the surinam cockroach has the ability to create infestations capable of wreaking havoc on houseplants . on a larger scale , surinam cockroach invasions can overrun the indoor vegetation in greenhouses and shopping malls , creating unsightly landscaping and negatively impacting the commercial operations of plant retailers .\npalabras clave : oxyspirura mansoni , pycnoscelus surinamensis , cucaracha de surinam , gallus gallus domasticus .\nhabit : the surinam cockroach is an insect snoop living in the soil of houseplants , under dead leaves on the outside and sometimes in the atria or greenhouses . .\nthere are many different types of cockroaches , and some can reproduce without the male , like the surinam cockroach . this is called parthenogenisis . other creatures are : moll\ncomments - the brown - banded cockroach frequents homes , hotels , apartments and hospitals . it resembles the german cockroach but is smaller in size .\ndistinguishing characteristics - this species is a bit darker in color than the american cockroach . also , the wings of the male are not as long as the wings of the male american cockroach . the ootheca of the brown cockroach is about twice as long as the ootheca of the american cockroach .\nwhile the this cockroach can be spotted inside of homes on occasion , it\u2019s not a common household pest . even if it does get inside , the cockroach is unlikely to cause damage to your home . still , cockroaches can spread disease and bacteria , causing health complications . control the surinam cockroach population around your home by :\n2 . spread it out ! thinly spread mulch piles to make them less hospitable to surinam cockroaches .\nthe female surinam cockroach produces eggs without fertilization by a male cockroach . the female carries her egg capsule inside , until the young emerge . on average , the capsule contains 26 eggs , and the female can produce a new capsule 48 to 82 days later .\nlihoreau m , rivault c . tactile stimuli trigger group effect in cockroach aggregations .\n2 . bait and insecticide : a professional pest control expert can place large bait stations and sticky traps around the base of infested plants to catch pests as they leave . an exterminator may need to use granular cockroach baits in active surinam cockroach harborages . residual insecticides can be applied to foundations , mulches , plantings , potted plants woodpiles , and any other infested area . surinam cockroach populations can be significantly reduced by treating the barriers of the home with insecticide .\ndistinguishing characteristics - the field cockroach is smaller than its close relative , the german cockroach . the black area on the front of the head is the most distinguishing characteristic .\nparker edj , niklasson m . desiccation resistance among clones in the invading parthenogenetic cockroach ,\nlihoreau m , rivault c . kin recognition via cuticular hydrocarbons shapes cockroach social life .\ndescription : the surinam cockroach adult 18 to 25 mm long . brown , the pronotum ( thorax ) is dark brown to black . its wings are pale brown , except for the tip almost transparent .\nlinnaeus 1758 : 32 . type locality\namerica\n. restricted to surinam by o . thomas ( 1911 ) .\nthe surinam cockroach is easily recognised by its black head and pronotum , the latter of which has a yellow margin near the head . it is a good flier and can be found at lights where it occurs .\nmy cockroach looks similar to brown - hooded cockroach illustration in kaufman . however , the gulf coast is out of range . so i\u2019m thinking mine is at least in the polyphagidae family .\ncharles f . doucette , floyd f smith ; control experiments on the surinam cockroach ( pycnoscelus surinamensis l . ) , journal of economic entomology , volume 19 , issue 4 , 1 august 1926 , pages 650\u2013656 , urltoken\nbeccaloni g . w . ( 2007 - ) cockroach species file online . version 5 . 0\nit is rather slow moving and sluggish , for a cockroach , and neither sex can fly .\ncolor - the australian cockroach closely resembles the american cockroach . it is reddish - brown to dark brown . it has yellow markings on the pronotum and on the front edge of each wing .\nthere is one cockroach found in the home that will readily fly when disturbed . this is the\nizutsu m , ueda s , ishii s . aggregation effects on the growth of the german cockroach\nsurinam cockroaches found in new england are always female and only produce female offspring . classified as a parthenogenic species , surinam cockroaches do not need to mate in order to reproduce . adult females produce egg cases , or oothecae , which are between 12 and 15 millimeters long and carried internally until hatching . each case contains roughly 25 eggs that hatch into nymphs after about 35 days . the average adult female surinam cockroach lives for up to seven months and produces three egg cases in a lifetime .\nonce the nymphs hatch from the egg cases , they look like smaller versions of the adult surinam cockroach but lack fully developed wings and cannot breed at this point . the nymphs will molt 10 to 13 times in about a year .\ncolor - the brown cockroach is reddish - brown in color and has yellow margins on the pronotum .\nwharton dr , lola je , wharton ml . growth factors and population density in the american cockroach ,\nthe surinam cockroach is listed in our group of large outdoor roaches . this cockroach is usually found outdoors , though it can migrate indoors . the best method of controlling surinam cockroach infestations is to alter its outdoor habitat ( if possible ) and to treat the exterior of homes and buildings as you would for other large , outdoor roaches . this roach typically prefers to live and breed in damp areas such as mulched flower beds , piles of organic debris ; due to its fondness for humid areas , basements and crawl spaces beneath buildings are also areas where they can be found .\nsurinam cockroaches live in piles of firewood , leaves , mulch , lumber piles , and other outdoor harborages . they avoid light and like moist , dark places . surinam cockroaches hide under stones and mulch ; underneath wood ; and in barrels , holes , cracks , and crevices in building walls\u2014wherever they can conceal themselves . surinam cockroaches burrow three to four inches deep into soil . they build burrows for nymphs and incubating females .\nit has long been said that the cockroach is one of the most successful and adaptive organisms on earth .\ncomments - the brown cockroach is found in the southeastern and the southern states , from florida to california .\nthe largest species of cockroach in the u . s . that is commonly a pest in the home is\nas natives of the tropics and subtropics , surinam cockroaches can only survive in warm indoor areas when transplanted to colder regions . in new england , the surinam cockroach is almost exclusively found in greenhouses , shopping malls , restaurants , offices , and other buildings where indoor planters are common . surinam cockroaches are burrowing insects and primarily live in loose soil , compost , and mulch . during the day , the pests may also hide in crevices and holes providing ample heat and darkness . the nocturnal insects emerge at night , often en masse , to feed .\nthere are many cockroaches that can be potential pests and annoyances to homeowners . even those that are able to survive outside in the natural habitat like the oriental cockroach still venture inside for shelter and food quite often . one of the saving graces for you all is potentially the surinam cockroach , one that rarely makes its way into the human habitat , save perhaps for water .\ncomments - the cuban cockroach has been known to establish populations in parts of florida and in brownsville , texas .\nuzs\u00e1k a , schal c . differential physiological responses of the german cockroach to social interactions during the ovarian cycle .\nnishino h , yoritsune a , mizunami m . postembryonic development of sexually dimorphic glomeruli and related interneurons in the cockroach\n5 . bait them ! use granular roach bait , which is a great way to control these pests . a lot of brands are water - resistant and are useful in damp areas such as flowerbeds . use liquid insecticide to soak the soil in which surinam cockroaches have been burrowing . sun and rain will affect insecticide treatment staying power . reapply treatments and repeat the above steps to maintain a surinam cockroach - free property .\nhello admin , i have found your blog on msn and rellay love your guidelines . read my review best cockroach killer\nsurinam cockroaches prefer dark , moist areas and hide in corners and beneath objects . surinam cockroaches reproduce through parthenogenesis , allowing female specimens to produce offspring without the fertilization of males . eggs are hidden within the female\u2019s abdomen and hatch internally . females may have an average of 3 egg cases which contain an average of 24 eggs .\nof the 4 , 000 species of cockroaches in the world , the u . s . has about 55 species . this includes 49 native species and about six or seven introduced species . although a number of species may be found occasionally or accidentally in the home , there are only five species that are considered as common pests in the dwellings of man . these most common species are german cockroach , american cockroach , oriental cochroach , brown - banded cockroach and the smoky - brown cockroach .\nwharton dr , lola je , wharton ml . population density , survival , growth , and development of the american cockroach .\nsurinam cockroaches have dark brown or black bodies with shiny brown wings . males have longer wings than the females , but regardless , neither gender can fly particularly well .\nwhen fully grown , surinam cockroaches generally measure slightly less than an inch in length . dark and shiny , the bodies of surinam cockroaches are black with olive - green or dark brown wings that stretch past the abdomen and give the insects a distinctive two - tone look . developing nymphs have no wings , while adults are able to fly . in new england , only female surinam cockroaches exist . these females are able to reproduce asexually through a process termed parthenogenesis ( females lay unfertilized eggs ) .\nsurinam cockroaches have the ability to bite , but are not known to bite people . the mouthparts of these cockroaches are so small that their bites would be harmless .\nnative to the southeastern united states and other regions with warmer climates , surinam cockroaches are sometimes found in indoor settings throughout new england . the tropical insects , scientifically named pycnoscelus surinamensis , typically travel to the new england area as stowaways in potted plants , soil and mulch , and similar items imported from their native habitats . though not considered household pests in the same vein as other new england cockroach species , surinam cockroaches can still cause damage in the buildings they inhabit .\nthe amazing fact about surinam cockroaches is that they burrow and can cause lots of damage to your vegetation . they love tropic humid locations and can survive in moist dark areas on your property , including beneath objects and in corners . they reproduce parthenogenesis and this makes it possible for the females to reproduce even without male fertilizations . unlike most other cockroaches that lay eggs , the surinam female cockroach have the eggs hatch internally and it can have at least 3 egg cases .\ncorley ls , blankenship jr , moore aj , moore pj . developmental constraints on the mode of reproduction in the facultatively parthenogenetic cockroach\nsurvey - to control german cockroaches , it is important to do a thorough inspection . a cockroach survey ( trapping ) is sometimes necessary to determine the extent of an infestation , as even a thorough inspection will not reveal all cockroach harborages or foraging areas .\nthe surinam cockroach can usually be found in greenhouses , gardens and potted plants . it thrives in dense vegetation growing in warm , moist conditions and will burrow down into vegetation and destroy plants from the roots . if found in your home it may have come in on a potted plant bought from a nursery .\nkuwahara s , mori k . synthesis of ( \u2212 ) - periplanone - b , a sex pheromone component of the american cockroach .\ncomments - the asian cockroach is native to southeast asia . it is a relative of the german cockroach , but it prefers the outside . the species is now established in florida and is working its way westward . it is a strong flier and is attracted to lights .\ncomments - the german cockroach is native to europe . it is the most widely distributed and best known species in the u . s .\nonly females are found in the united states ; they reproduce by way of parthenogenesis or asexual reproduction without male fertilization . the female keeps the eggs inside and fertilizes them herself before giving birth to live nymphs . even though the female surinam cockroach can carry as many as 42 eggs , usually only 24 eggs will hatch and survive .\ncomments - the surinam cockroach is found worldwide . in the u . s . it is established in florida , louisiana and texas . this species is generally found outside under boards or litter . it is often a pest of greenhouses . in the u . s . the species is parthenogenetic , no males have ever been found .\nthe german cockroach is a widely distributed urban pest . it is also the most common cockroach species in houses , apartments , restaurants , hotels , and other institutions . this is true not only in pennsylvania but also throughout the united states and in most parts of the civilized world .\ngerman cockroaches produce odorous secretions that can affect the flavor of various foods . when cockroach populations are high , these secretions may result in a characteristic odor in the general region of the infestation . disease - producing organisms such as bacteria , protozoans , and viruses have been found on cockroach bodies .\neggs of oxyspirura mansoni , manson eyeworm , are deposited in the eye , reach the pharynx via the nasolacrimal duct , are swallowed , passed in the feces , and ingested by the surinam cockroach , pycnoscelus surinamensis . larvae reach the infective stage in the cockroach . when infected intermediate hosts are eaten , liberated larvae migrate up the esophagus to the mouth and then through the nasolacrimal duct to the eye , where the cycle is completed . other insect species may also serve as the intermediate host .\nprofessional granular roach baits scattered in mulched areas and flower beds or other landscaped areas where the surinam frequents will often control outdoor infestations . once outdoor areas are free of roaches , rarely are they found indoors . when potted plants are moved from outdoors to indoors , any of the outdoor roaches ( such as the surinam , smoky brown , etc . ) will often hitch - hike into homes .\nfirst , let ' s examine the carrier of this disease organism . the domestic chicken , turkey , peafowl , pheasant , and quail\u2014as well as numerous free - flying birds\u2014can all act as the definitive host for this worm . the surinam cockroach is the intermediate host for this worm and the main method this disease is spread , or the vector .\ncomments - the australian cockroach is probably not indigenous to australia . in the u . s . , it is found mainly in the southern states .\na female surinam cockroach is about three - fourths of an inch long , has a shiny black head and pronotum , and has light brown , dark brown , or olive green wings . the pronotum has a pale white band on the front edge by the head . surinam cockroaches have stout , broadly oval bodies with short legs adapted for burrowing in soil . adult surinam cockroaches can be winged or wingless . females without wings are black and shiny with dull and matte segments in the rear section of the abdomen . females and males with wings have forewings that are brown in color with pale edges . the thorax is black with a pale front edge . males with wings are very rare . both sexes can be found in europe and indo - malaysia .\n3 . seal it up ! fill any cracks or crevices in building foundations to keep surinam cockroaches out of your home . make sure all foundation and attic vents have tight - fitting screens over them .\nthe surinam cockroach causes extensive damage to vegetation , especially in heated greenhouses where large numbers can hide during the day , coming out at night to feed on the plants . they have the ability to destroy any vegetation , whether inside or outside your home . these cockroaches are also considered garden dwellers , specifically in gardens located in florida , louisiana or texas .\nthough surinam cockroaches are not generally considered a pest , they can end up in your home via houseplants . they are transported through plant soil and end up infesting homes and buildings the plants are brought to .\nthe shiny brown cockroaches are often confused with oriental cockroaches , but even though they appear similar , the rough abdomen of the surinam cockroach is the distinguishing feature . they also have wings that are light green or olive tinted . their mouthparts can bite , but they are not known to bite humans . the females cannot fly , but the males can fly short distances .\ncockroach . what that means in plain english is that females can reproduce without mating . males are rare and when the occur they are sexually non - functional .\ncolor - the cuban cockroach is pale green in color . its head , pronotum and the front half of the front wings are a bit lighter in color .\nnishino h , iwasaki m , mizunami m . pheromone detection by a pheromone emitter : a small sex pheromone - specific processing system in the female american cockroach .\nfang y , long c , bai x , liu w , rong m , lai r , an s . two new types of allergens from the cockroach ,\ncomments - the field cockroach is found from texas to california . it is normally found outside but will occasionally enter homes . it is somewhat active in the day .\ncomments - the smoky - brown cockroach is a very close relative of the american cockroach . it is mainly a pest in the eastern and southeastern u . s . this species is common outdoors in compost piles , woodpiles and rubbish . it is more and more becoming a pest of homes , warehouses and other man - made structures .\ndistinguishing characteristics - the american cockroach has two distinguishing characteristics . one is its size , and the other is the golden - yellow area around the outer edge of the pronotum .\nbecause of their habitat and diet , these insects are considered a destructive pest , often doing considerable damage to gardens over time . since they do not need to find a mate , and the females can reproduce on their own , this species is a quick breeder . as such just a few in your garden or greenhouse can quickly turn into an infestation and result in lots of surinam cockroach damage to your garden .\nreproduction : the surinam cockroach reproduces by parthenogenesis , ie without fertilization by a male , so the female is sufficient to carry the case . the female of this species carries her egg capsule within the body and when the embryos hatch from the eggs , the female expels the egg capsule , giving the impression of a live birth . the female may have an average of 3 egg pods containing an average of 26 eggs .\ncomments - the american cockroach is world wide ( cosmopolitan ) in distribution . it is the largest species and the second most common species found in homes in the u . s .\ncolor - the oriental cockroach is dark brown to almost black and rather uniform in color . its legs are about the same color as their body but can be slightly lighter brown .\ncolor - the american cockroach has a uniform light reddish - brown body . its yellow - brown pronotum has a golden - yellow border . its legs are also a golden - yellow .\ndistinguishing characteristics - the australian cockroach may be distinguished from its near relative , the american cockroach , by the straw - colored to yellowish streak extending about 1 / 3 of the way down the outer margin of the wings . also , by the wide yellowish area around the margin of the pronotum which leaves a\ndouble\ndark spot in the middle of the pronotum .\nsurinam cockroaches are common in the southeastern part of the united states , from north carolina to texas . they sometimes spread to other regions when they are inadvertently burrowed in the soil of tropical plants that are shipped to greenhouses and plant nurseries across the country .\nfrom an economic standpoint , that means that a single nymph can give rise to an entire population of this cockroach . so the species can be spread easily . the cockroaches are moved about in nursery stock , soil , stock feed and the like . but even though this cockroach is tropical and subtropical its its habitat requirements , it can live quite nicely in greenhouses in temperate regions .\nthese shiny brown cockroaches can grow up to an inch in length ( although most average at around \u00be of an inch ) . these are easily confused with the oriental cockroach , and do have a somewhat similar appearance . the key distinguishing features are their rough abdominal area ( compared to the smooth abdomen of the oriental cockroach ) as well as their olive / light green tinted wings .\ncolor - the field cockroach is light brown . it has a black face and two black longitudinal stripes on the pronotum . this species has been described as being olive - green in color .\none of the most common insects found in and around man - made structures is the cockroach . the cockroach is often labeled as a repulsive , filth - carrying , food - contaminating creature . controlling cockroaches in and around the home is a continuous battle . if effective , economic control is to be achieved , we must be able to positively identify the species that we are dealing with .\nabdominal aberrations of the tergites have been described in the surinam cockroach , pycnoscelus surinamensis ( l . ) ( roth and willis 1961 ) ; the german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) ( ross and cochran 1961 ) ; and blaberus giganteus ( l . ) ( fisk and brass 1961 ) . almost invariably these anomalies were restricted to the tergites only , the corresponding sternites being normal . in this note i describe an unusual specimen of p . surinamensis in which some of the abdominal segments , including internal organs , were duplicated . the female was isolated as a mature nymph from a culture of parthenogenetic p . surinamensis which originated from australia .\nsurinam cockroaches are burrowing insects that cause damage to vegetation . the species is most commonly found in humid , tropic areas such as the southeastern united states . adults are 18 to 25 mm in length . female adults have light - colored wings and black heads .\ndistinguishing characteristics - the oriental cockroach may be distinguished by its large size , robust shape and dark color . the short wings of the male and the rudimentary wings of the female are also distinguishing characters .\nthe surinam cockroach prefers dark , moist areas such as your garden . they are burrowing insects and make their homes almost exclusively in soil . they can also be found beneath rocks , rotten branches , in trash bags , compost piles , woodpiles , lawn thatches and other debris . even in houseplants . people may water their plants outside then bring the plants back in , not knowing that a roach has crawled into the soil . this is often the first point of contact .\nthe surninam cockroach is almost a perfect lab animal . it reproduces readily in captivity and is easily cared for . it does not have a disagreeable odour and females look after their young . children find them intriguing .\nroth , l . m . 1998 . the cockroach genus pycnoscelus scudder , with a description of pycnoscelus femapterus , sp . nov . ( balttaria : blaberidae ; pycnoscelinae ) . oriental insects 32 : 93 - 130 .\nthe name cockroach is thought to have been derived from the spanish name for the insect ,\ncucaracha\n. many of the most common species have an accepted common name , and some have one or more aliases .\nthis species of cockroach is well - established in virginia and along the southeast gulf coast in florida , louisiana , and texas . no males of this species are found in the united states . it is also found in australia and in humid tropics around the world . it lives mostly outdoors and does not breed inside human habitations . therefore , it is considered a nuisance insect . occasionally , it finds its way into northern states in malls and zoos , usually in atriums and potted plants imported from southern states like florida . surinam cockroaches build huge populations around landscape beds in the south in areas with thick layers of mulch , heavy ground cover , and landscape timbers . these roaches are sensitive to cold temperatures and can only survive indoors in northern regions . indoors , surinam cockroaches can be found as far north as canada .\ncolor - the smoky - brown cockroach is very uniform dark brown to black in color . if there is any differentiation in color at all , the legs and the pronotum may be slightly darker than the rest of the body .\nblack butcher - birds , craticus quoyi , learn to find surinam cockroaches all they have to do is toss leaves out of roof gutters - - ( but not thoroughly enough to be useful ! ) . the cockroahces are large enough to be worth the effort and are a good source of fat and protein .\nis latin meaning \u201chare - like\u201d presumably in reference to the hare - like cleft lip of the genus . no type specimen exists , the original description by linnaeus being based on a text written by seba ( 1734 ) . the type locality was restricted to surinam by o . thomas ( 1911 ) . the species name\ncolor - the head and thorax of the brown - banded cockroach is dark brown to almost black . its wings are also dark brown but banded with light brown . the legs are light brown and have small dark spots at the joints .\nwe evaluated the effect of ablation of primary chemosensory organs ( antennae and palps ) [ 16 ] on ootheca production , because chemosensory signals are known to be important for discrimination of the sex of cohabitants in other cockroach species [ 27 ] .\nwith the immanent publication of the guidebook to australian cockroaches , readers of this blog can expect an emphasis on cockroaches for a time . there are additional cockroach photos on the flickr site noted in the left margin for those who might be interested .\nthe current report addresses the finding of ocular filariosis in a domestic adult hen , raised in a backyard , in a community near la silla river , south nuevo leon , in mexico . the hen was submitted to a veterinary practice due to weakness and diarrhea . during necropsy , three nematodes were found underneath the nictitating membranes in both of the bird ' s eyes . the nematodes were identified as oxyspirura mansoni . the diagnostic was confirmed when the intermediate host of o . mansoni , the surinam cockroach ( pycnoscelus surinamensis ) , was found in the hen ' s living environment .\nthe biggest harm surinam cockroaches inflict on people is economic in nature . these pests will cause severe damage to expensive tropical plants in atriums , green houses , and yards by destroying plants from the roots . they have not been known to bite or harm humans in any way , are not aggressive , and stay hidden from sight .\nwhen you have the surinam cockroaches infesting your property , it would be best that you call in pest control professionals . toro pest management is a market leader in pest solutions and will easily and effectively treat the infestations and keep your garden protected from further damaging infestations . the cockroaches can be hard to control considering that they burrow and can be in large populations . only the professionals with the right education , skills and equipment will be able to address your problem effectively . remember that they could be scattered all over your garden , making treatment hard for you , but the pest experts at toro know the right approaches and techniques to get rid of the surinam cockroaches both on your outdoors and indoors .\nat the present time more than 4 , 000 species of cockroaches have been described and named . close study of fossilized cockroaches has revealed that very little change has occurred in the cockroach over time . the present day species are very much like their ancient ancestors .\nwith that good news comes some bad new unfortunately ; surinam cockroaches are extremely partial to your gardens ! it\u2019s rare to see infestations of these cockroaches inside houses , and unlike other species , actually prefers the dirt and turf outside . this does mean that they are often seen in gardens throughout the south ( most predominantly in florida , louisiana , and texas ) .\ncolor - the german cockroach is a uniform drab brown . its legs are a bit lighter in color than its body . the pronotum has two wide , black longitudinal stripes . between these longitudinal stripes there is a golden brown stripe that extends past the pronotum onto the wings .\ncomments - the oriental cockroach is worldwide in distribution . it is normally an outside species , but will move into the home during cold weather . it is commonly found in lawns , along the foundation of buildings , in water meters , in basements and in piles of rubbish .\npellens r , d\u2019haese ca , bell\u00e9s x , piulachs md , legendre f , wheeler wc , grandcolas p . the evolutionary transition from subsocial to eusocial behavior in dictyoptera : phylogenetic evidence for modification of the \u201cshift - in - dependent - care\u201d hypothesis with a new subsocial cockroach .\nyou may not have to worry about cleaning your food scraps away with these ones , but you certainly need to watch out for your plants ! surinam cockroaches are not omnivores like its other relative roaches , and instead chooses to dine on your freshly planted foliage . potted plants , flowers , tree leaves , and even weeds are all on the menu , so watch those petunias for bite marks .\ncheck under wood that is permanently outside , as it may be rotting and serving as host to these cockroaches . further try to keep a look out for any disturbances to your garden / lawn . bite - marks along the stems or leaves of plants may be a sign of just your average garden grubs , but it may just be a burrow of surinam cockroaches nearby - so don\u2019t dismiss it !\nthe route of infection in the hen was related with the presence of the burrowing cockroach . this insect belongs to the genus pycnoscelus , and is the intermediate natural host of oxyspirura mansoni . the cockroach was found in cracks , crevices , and underneath debris on the premises . the insects were identified as pycnoscelussurina mensis ( fig . 5 ) and neostylopygar hombifolia . pycnoscelus surinamensis , order orthoptera , suborder blattaria , family blattidae , is known to be the only intermediate host of o . mansoni and is widely distributed in the american continent ( jacobs et al . 2003 ; malgalhaes & caldas 2004 ) .\nthe german cockroach is the most successful of the species infesting buildings in pennsylvania . there are several reasons for this cockroach\u2019s persistence and the difficulty of controlling it . german cockroaches produce a larger number of eggs per capsule and they undergo the shortest time from hatching until sexual maturity , resulting in a rapid population growth . a greater number of nymphs hatch successfully because the female carries the egg capsule during the entire time the embryos are developing within the eggs . also , and most importantly , german cockroaches are smaller than most other cockroaches and can conceal themselves in many places inaccessible to individuals of the larger species .\ncommon names may vary from place to place and their use may be confusing . each species of cockroach has an accepted scientific name , which is composed of its generic and its species name . the scientific names of species will be given here to facilitate further study and to assure that you are studying the species with which you are concerned .\nfishing bat ( hood & knox jones jr 1984 , davis 1973 , eisenberg 1989 ) , mexican bulldog bat ( redford & eisenberg 1992 ) , bulldog fishing bat ( parera 2002 ) , large fishing bat ( fischthal & martin 1978 ) , hare - lipped bat ( gudger 1945 ) , rabbit - nosed night - flying bat ( tomes 1860 ) , fish - eating bat ( goodwin & greenhall 1961 ) , surinam fishing bat ( goodwin & greenhall 1961 ) .\nfirst and foremost , make sure that any paved areas are sealed tight and free of cracks . that small patch of dirt in your driveway may look like a mild inconvenience , but you\u2019ll hate it more when a burrow of surinam cockroaches make there way inside it and widen it up a bit . use this same mentality when examining the foundation of your home . cracks in basement cement could provide a nesting area if they are not well maintained and kept clear of vegetation / soil .\nthe nymphs go through several molts . each time they increase in size and look more like the adults . some species of cockroaches may complete a life cycle in about 60 days . other species require about three years . the number of offspring from one female cockroach , in a single year , may range from several hundred to several thousand , depending upon species .\ncockroaches are one of the most ancient of all insects . fossil evidence indicates that they have been on earth for over 300 million years . when compared to the cockroach , man has been around for only the blink of an eye . more than 200 species of fossilized cockroaches have been found in north america and europe . several species have been found in baltic amber .\nthe american cockroach , periplaneta americana ( l . ) ( insecta : blattodea : blattoidea : blattidae ) is a worldwide pest due to its euryphagous , gregarious behavioral ecologies and close association with human habitats [ 16 ] . this species is phylogenetically closer to termites ( blattodea : blattoidea ) than the members of the suborder blaberoidea , which includes n . cineria , p . surinamensis and the german cockroach blattera germanica [ 17 , 18 ] . females of p . americana show facultative parthenogenesis in the absence of males [ 19 , 20 ] . although the hatchability of eggs produced by parthenogenesis is lower than that of eggs produced by sexual reproduction [ 20 ] , the resultant female offspring have been shown to survive through at least two generations in the laboratory [ 19 ] .\nthere are no male surinam cockroaches in north america , but the species is far from extinct . in fact , the population is surviving quite well . this abundance is due to the fact that females can reproduce through parthenogenesis , which is not dependent on male participation . females produce female clone offspring and do so very quickly . this swift reproduction process means trouble \u2013 just a few of these cockroaches can rapidly turn into an infestation . and since these cockroaches feed on plants , an infestation can mean doom for your garden .\nit is hard to believe , but cockroaches have never been positively linked to the transmission of pathogenic organisms that infect man . however , the potential for cockroach transmission of certain pathogens , under specific conditions , is undeniable . cockroaches frequent many sites where they can be contaminated with disease organisms . afterward , they frequently come in contact with man and this is a potential situation where transmission of these pathogens could occur .\nthe information for roaches should help not only identify pests but also help to differentiate types of roaches that are given common or incorrect names . to many people , any large roach , roaches that live primarily outdoors or any cockroach that is not a german cockroach is considered a woods roach . the wood roach is a distinct species of roach , not a group of bugs . however , many pest control experts do consider roaches that are not german roaches to belong to a generic\nlarge roach\nor\noutdoor roach\nbecause their primary source is the outdoors .\nwater bugs\nis a term many people use to describe german cockroaches . there are no roach pests that are technically water bugs . when our customers say that water bugs are a problem in their home , we can usually assume that they have an infestation of german roaches .\npycnoscelus surinamensis l . , a tropical cockroach , has been found doing injury in a number of greenhouses in the eastern part of the united states . a study of its habits has been made and experiments conducted to determine practical control measures adaptable in commercial greenhouses . tests with poisoned baits indicate that their use over large areas would be impractical . sodium cyanide in solution when applied to the soil is the most promising control material used .\nthe only way to get control of this situation is to eliminate the cockroach as the vector . spray the coop and all pens with an insecticide designed to kill cockroaches . removal of the worms from under the nictitating membrane can be accomplished by using tweezers and picking them out , one by one . they will be about three quarters of an inch to approximately one inch in length and approximately the same diameter as a piece of thread .\nel presente trabajo reporta el hallazgo de una filariosis ocular en una gallina dom\u00e9stica adulta , criada en traspatio en una comunidad cercana al r\u00edo la silla , al sur de nuevo le\u00f3n , m\u00e9xico . la gallina fue remitida para una pr\u00e1ctica de veterinaria debido a que presentaba debilidad y diarrea . a la necropsia , fueron encontrados tres nematodos debajo de la membrana nictitante en ambos ojos . los nematodos fueron identificados como oxyspirura mansoni . el diagn\u00f3stico fue confirmado cuando el hu\u00e9sped intermediario de o . mansoni , la cucaracha de surinam ( pycnoscelus surinamensis ) , fue hallado en el lugar donde habitaba la gallina .\nchemical control - baiting is an effective method to control or eliminate german cockroaches . baits containing hydramethylnon , fipronil , sulfluramid , boric acid , or abamectin can provide a high level of control when applied to those areas where cockroaches harbor . some formulations of baits are available to the public in plastic feeding stations . professional pest control personnel also have cockroach baits in flowable granular and gel formulations . care should be taken to closely follow the label instructions for use .\ndifferent forms of gastroenteritis ( food poisoning , dysentery , diarrhea , and other illnesses ) appear to be the principal diseases transmitted by german cockroaches . the organisms causing these diseases are carried on the legs and bodies of cockroaches and are deposited on food and utensils as the cockroaches forage . cockroach excrement and cast skins also contain a number of allergens to which many people exhibit allergic responses , such as skin rashes , watery eyes and sneezing , congestion of nasal passages , and asthma .\nfacultative parthenogenesis , seen in many animal phyla , is a reproductive strategy in which females are able to generate offspring when mating partners are unavailable . in some subsocial and eusocial insects , parthenogenesis is often more prevalent than sexual reproduction . however , little is known about how social cooperation is linked to the promotion of parthenogenesis . the domiciliary cockroach periplaneta americana is well - suited to addressing this issue as this species belongs to the superfamily blattoidea , which diverged into eusocial termites and shows facultative parthenogenesis .\ngroup - housed females of the american cockroach p . americana promote asexual ootheca production compared to isolated females . a founder colony of 15 virgin females is sufficient to maintain the colony for more than four generations over a period of more than three years only by parthenogenesis . recognizing female - specific chemosensory signals via antennae is the most potent sensory cue for promoting ootheca production . the promotion of ootheca production may be an early stage of social cooperation linked to more prevalent parthenogenesis adopted by eusocial insects .\nmost cockroaches have two pair of well developed wings . the front pair of wings ( forewings ) overlaps over the back . they are narrow , thick and leathery . the hind pair of wings are membranous and are folded fan - like beneath the front pair . many cockroach species are wingless and others have only rudimentary wings . in some species , the females have wings that are shorter than the males , and they may appear so different that they can mistakenly be taken as being two different species .\nadult german cockroaches are 1 / 2 to 5 / 8 inch long and tan to light brown ( fig . 1 ) . although they have fully developed wings , they do not fly . nymphs are similar in appearance to adults except that they are smaller and lack wings . the german cockroach is best identified by its small size and by two dark parallel lines running from the back of the head to the wings . it is usually found in kitchens ( near dishwashers , stoves , and sinks ) and in bathrooms of homes .\ncockroaches are among the most common of insects . fossil evidence indicates that cockroaches have been on earth for over 300 million years . they are considered one of the most successful groups of animals . because cockroaches are so adaptable , they have successfully adjusted to living with humans . about 3 , 500 species of cockroaches exist worldwide , with 55 species found in the united states . only four species are common pests in pennsylvania structures . these are the german , brown - banded , oriental , and american cockroaches . a fifth species , the pennsylvania wood cockroach is an occasional nuisance pest in some locations .\nthe surinman cockroach . got a problem with what you have here . yes , the bug i am infested with here on big island looks exactly like your foto . and i have been researching to identify this pest . but , wikipedia when i search surinman cockroach says the female does not fly . here\u2019s by problem . please help . the bug looks like your picture . but it crawls into our house from any opening it can find . my husband has been spending weeks caulking up any openings on the bottom of the walls because that\u2019s where they come in . the wikipedia says they are plant eaters and do not fly ! . we do not have plants in the house , and we are in a clearing in the forest . of course we have something like grass , but we are on lava rock . we have been here in this house for 4 yrs . and just this winter have had the worst infestation ever . they fly in , they crawl in . when they landed on the bed linen that\u2019s when i said caulk the walls . they seem to find any opening and i have been calling them snuggle bugs because they like to crawl into the bathroom rugs . they seem to be nocturnal , but occasionally i find the coming across my floor in the day . what can we do to rid ourselves of this pest ? i would appreciate any info you have"]}
{"id": 1088, "summary": [{"text": "kurixalus idiootocus is a small species of frog in the rhacophoridae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to taiwan and is commonly known as the temple tree frog .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes and irrigated land .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is listed as being of \" least concern \" by the iucn although there may be some destruction of its habitat . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "kurixalus idiootocus", "paragraphs": ["advertisement calls of four kurixalus species from taiwan . a . kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . \u201cslow call\u201d b . kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . \u201crapid call\u201d c . kurixalus wangi sp . n . \u201cslow call\u201d d kurixalus wangi sp . n . \u201crapid call\u201d e kurixalus eiffingeri f kurixalus idiootocus .\nfour kurixalus species of taiwan . a kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( holotype , adult , dark morph ) b kurixalus wangi sp . n . ( holotype ) c kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( sub - adult ) d kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( adult , light morph ) e kurixalus eiffingeri f kurixalus idiootocus .\nkurixalus berylliniris sp . n . , kurixalus wangi sp . n . , oophagous tadpoles\nlateral view of tadpoles of three oophagus kurixalus species . a kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . b kurixalus wangi sp . n . c kurixalus eiffingeri . scale bars 1 mm .\ncomparisons of the characteristics of slow mating calls among kurixalus eiffingeri , kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . and kurixalus wangi sp . n .\ndorsal view of tadpole head region of three oophagus kurixalus species . a kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . b kurixalus wangi sp . n . c kurixalus eiffingeri . scale bars 1 mm .\ntemple tree frog ( kurixalus idiootocus ) temple tree frog stock photo , picture and royalty free image . image 56473078 .\nchirixalus idiootocus \u2014 bossuyt and dubois , 2001 , zeylanica , 6 : 57 .\nthe guts of tadpoles of the two new species contained a yellow \u2018yolky\u2019 substance . when the same characteristic was observed in kurixalus eiffingeri it was confirmed as tadpole oophagy ( ueda 1986 , liang et al . 2002 ) . therefore , it is likely that the tadpole oophagy is a synapomorphy for the two new species and kurixalus eiffingeri . interestingly , kurixalus idiootocus , as well as all known kurixalus species from mainland china and southern asia lack this particular reproductive behavior . therefore , the oophagy reproductive behavior could also support the phylogenetic positions of kurixalus eiffingeri , kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . , and kurixalus wangi sp . n . within the kurixalus genus .\nkurixalus eiffingeri , a native species in the island of taiwan , is the only rhacophorid within the genus kurixalus that has a tree - hole breeding reproductive mode and oophagous tadpoles ( ueda 1986 , lehtinen and nussbaum 2003 , wells 2007 ) . kurixalus idiootocus , a species endemic to taiwan , has a lentic feeding tadpole type , which is similar to most species in the genus kurixalus ( inger 1966 , inger et al . 1999 , kuramoto and wang 1987 ) . in previous molecular phylogenetic studies , kurixalus eiffingeri and kurixalus idiootocus have been recovered as sister taxa ( abraham et al . 2013 , yu et al 2013 , nguyen et al . 2014a , b ) . since kurixalus eiffingeri and kurixalus idiootocus are the only two species that have been described from the island of taiwan , rhacophorid frogs with similar life history to kurixalus idiootocus ( but see abraham et al 2013 ) , specifically any rhacophorid frogs with tree - hole breeding reproductive mode or lentic feeding tadpole type would be would be assigned to either of the two species .\nnesting sites of three tree - hole breeding kurixalus species ( a nest is made by the animal ) . a eggs of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . b eggs of kurixalus wangi sp . n . ; note that the parents were present with eggs c eggs of kurixalus eiffingeri .\nmolecular evidence for taxonomy of rhacophorus appendicularis and kurixalus species from northern vietnam , with comments on systematics of kurixalus and gracixalus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) .\nanalysis of covariance of morphometric characteristics of males and females among four kurixalus species .\naquixalus idiootocus \u2014 fei , hu , ye , and huang , 2009 , fauna sinica , amph . 2 : 671 .\neffects of intermittent feeding on the growth of oophagous ( chirixalus eiffingeri ) and herbivorous ( chirixalus idiootocus ) tadpoles from taiwan .\nmeasurements ( in mm ) of type series and other specimens of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . and kurixalus wangi sp . n . abbreviations as in materials and methods .\ngenetic variation of three kurixalus species from taiwan according to mtdna co1 gene partial sequence .\na new tree frog of the genus kurixalus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) from vietnam .\nmolecular evidence for taxonomy of rhacophorus appendiculatus and kurixalus species from northern vi . . .\nwe follow wilkinson et al . ( 2002 ) in transferring this species from chirixalus to kurixalus .\nfst ( above diagonal ) and nm ( below diagonal ) between three kurixalus species from taiwan .\na new cryptic tree frog species allied to kurixalus banaensis ( anura : rhacophoridae ) from vietnam .\nannandale ' s high altitude frog ( kurixalus naso ) is a rhacophorid frog that . . .\nin the latest study , a team led by zoologist yu - teh kirk lin at the national taiwan university in taipei studied kurixalus idiootocus tree frogs in a wooded suburb of taipei during the mating season , which lasts from february to september .\nsampling localities of this study . localities 1 through 22 are around taiwan island , locality 23 from iriomote isle , locality 24 from ishigaki isle . the two isles belong to the southern end of ryukyu archipelago . color refers to the geographical distribution of the three kurixalus species . red : kurixalus eiffingeri ; green : kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ( taxon 1 ) ; b : kurixalus wangi sp . n . ( taxon 2 ) . loc . 20 : ligia , type locality of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ; loc . 21 : shouka , type locality of kurixalus wangi sp . n .\ndana campbell added text to\nbrief summary\non\nkurixalus naso ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\ndana campbell added text to\ntype information\non\nkurixalus naso ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\na species boundary within the chinese kurixalus odontotarsus species group ( anura : rhacophoridae ) : n . . .\naquixalus ( aquixalus ) idiootocus \u2014 delorme , dubois , grosjean , and ohler , 2005 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 74 : 166 .\ndana campbell marked\nfile : polypedates naso . jpeg\nas trusted on the\nkurixalus naso\npage .\nthe epithet is named and dedicated to mr . ching - shong wang for his pioneering work and contributions to the herpetology of taiwan ( wang 1962 ) . mr . wang discovered two rhacophorid frogs ( rhacophorus taipeianus and kurixalus idiootocus ) ( liang and wang 1963 , kuramoto and wang 1987 ) in taiwan and suggested , in the early 1980s , that some kurixalus specimens collected near the type locality of this new species might be different from kurixalus eiffingeri ( personal communication ) . the name is used in the genitive case .\ndana campbell selected\nbrief summary\nto show in overview on\nkurixalus naso ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\nmax : maximum frequency ; min : minimum frequency ; wid : width of frequency ( max - min ) ; dur : single note duration ; int : time interval between notes ; df : dominant frequency ; all data shown are mean and standard deviation ( in parentheses ) based on 30 advertisement calls recorded in the field under natural conditions . environmental parameters : 1 ) kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . : 18 \u00b0c , 93 % rh . 2 ) kurixalus wangi sp . n . : 25 \u00b0c , 84 % rh . 3 ) kurixalus eiffingeri : 19 \u00b0c , 91 % rh . 4 ) kurixalus idiootocus : 24 \u00b0c , 80 % rh .\nphylogenetic relationships : k . idiootocus is closely related to k . eiffingeri . and has gone through several taxonomic changes . kuramoto and wang ( 1987 ) suggested these species might be related to the genus buergeria .\npca morphometric comparisons of four kurixalus species from taiwan . scatterplots of ( a ) principal components 1 and 2 , and ( b ) principal components 2 and 3 of size - adjusted morphometric data for male frogs of the four kurixalus species . the 95 % confidence ellipses for each population ( elm ) are shown .\ntwo new species of rhacophorid tree frog were identified in taiwan . in both new taxa , derived reproductive characteristics of laying eggs in tree holes and oophagous tadpoles are shared with kurixalus eiffingeri , but they are divergent from each other in molecular genetics , mating calls , and tadpole and adult morphology . the morphological characteristics and the molecular phylogenetic evidence support the hypothesis that the two new species , kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . and kurixalus wangi sp . n . , are both monophyletic lineages .\nabbreviations : k : kurixalus ; f : feihyla ; r : rhacophorus ; jp : ryukyu islands of japan ; ntw : northern taiwan ; ctw : central taiwan .\ndana campbell marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nkurixalus naso ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\n. . . in this study , we measured the body weight , body length , jump height , jump length , and climbing abilities of three species of frogs indigenous to taiwan . the results were used to design an amphibian corridor suitable for amphibian mobility . twenty specimens for each of the three species , rana adenopleura , rana latouchii , and kurixalus idiootocus , were collected for testing . their climbing ability . . .\nkurixalus idiootocus \u2014 wilkinson , drewes , and tatum , 2002 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 24 : 272 ; frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de s\u00e1 , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 245 .\nbody size variation ( svl ) in female and male kurixalus species from taiwan ( mean \u00b1 standard deviation ) . ( * * : significant level < 0 . 01 ) .\nfactor loadings of the first three principal components of 18 size - adjusted morphometric characteristics of males of four kurixalus species . absolute values of loadings greater than 0 . 50 in boldface .\nholotype of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) , and ventral view of hand ( c ) and foot ( d ) . scale bars : 10 mm .\nphylogeny of rhacophoridae is constructed using two mitochondrial ( 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) and two nuclear ( tyrosinase and rag - 1 ) genes in an attempt to test for the taxonomic status of rhacophorus appendiculatus and kurixalus species from tam dao . all phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that specimens from tam dao are nested in kurixalus bisacculus , indicating that they belong to k . bisacculus . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe notion of \u201cfrog song\u201d needs more careful consideration , we have found a similar vocalizing behavior of the human and male frogs . many people sing in the bathroom because the acoustics make them feel like the voice is stronger and richer . male mientien tree frogs kurixalus idiootocus frequently perch and call in roadside concrete drainages \u2013 miniature urban canyons . in an indoor experiment using a replica of a concrete drain , males preferred one particular type of call perch that facilitated call transmission ( tan , tsai , lin , & lin , 2014 ) .\nchirixalus idiootocus kuramoto and wang , 1987 , copeia , 1987 : 932 . holotype : ntuma 1010 , by original designation . type locality :\nin a rain pool near sanshengkong ( a temple , altitude ca . 500 m ) in the southern slope of mount mientien - shan , taipei , taiwan\n, china .\ncomparisons of measurements and ratios of tadpoles of three oophagus kurixalus species from taiwan ( anova significant level , * : 0 . 01 < p < 0 . 05 ; * * : p < 0 . 01 ) .\nfei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 252 - 253 , provided a brief account ( as philautus idootocus ) , figure , and map . bossuyt and dubois , 2001 , zeylanica , 6 : 57 - 58 , discussed with this species cannot be in philautus and , although they transferred it back to chirixalus , noted that the definition of chirixalus was so poorly resolved that this species might ultimately have to be moved to a distinct genus , a position formalized by wilkinson , drewes , and tatum , 2002 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 24 : 272 . lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 40 - 41 , provided a brief account for taiwan ( as chirixalus idiootocus ) . fei , hu , ye , and huang , 2009 , fauna sinica , amph . 2 : 671 - 676 , provided an account ( as aquixalus idiootocus ) and spot map . fei , ye , and jiang , 2010 , colored atlas of chinese amph . : 428 - 429 , provided a brief account ( as aquixalus idiootocus ) for china including photographs of specimens and habitat . fei , ye , and jiang , 2012 , colored atlas chinese amph . distr . : 498\u2013499 , provided an account ( as aquixalus idiootocus ) , photographs , and a range map for china .\ngenetic distances among kurixalus species and two outgroup taxa in co 1 gene ( above diagonal ) and 16s rrna gene ( below diagonal ) . numbers on top row refer to species shown on the left column . genetic distances are shown as percentage .\nbuergeria japonica : nchuzool : 4021 , 4825 , 4826 ( taiwan ) . buergeria robusta : nchuzool 4025 , 4027 , 4831 ( taiwan ) . kurixalus eiffingeri : ntu 927\u201328 , 931 - 32 , 939 , 1052 , 1054\u201356 , 1649 ( shitou , nantou ) ; 1058 - 67 , 1645\u201346 , 1769 ( wulai , taipei ) ; nchuzool : 2502\u201303 , 2508 , 2509 ( c / s ) , 2514\u201315 , 2517\u201319 , 2523\u201324 , 2525 ( c / s ) , 2526\u201327 , 2535 , 2536 ( c / s ) , 2537 , 2538 ( c / s ) , 2539\u201340 , 2545\u201347 , 2550\u201351 , 2829 , 2831 , 4018 ( c / s ) , 11320 , 11436\u201340 ( shindian , taipei ) ; 11333 ( shitou , nantou ) . kurixalus idiootocus : ntu 929 , 1005\u201309 , 1033 , 1035\u201337 , 1038\u201342 ( shiding , taipei ) ; 1045 ( suao , yilan ) ; 1010 ( holotype of chirixalus idiootocus ) , 1011 , 1013\u201329 , 1657 , 1695\u201396 , ( yanminshan , taipei ) ; 1658 ( shindien , taipei ) ; 1708\u201309 ( juchi , chiayi ) ; 1770 ( wulai , taipei ) ; nchuzool 1010 , 2780 , 2782 , 2784 , 2785 ( c / s ) , 2787\u201388 , 2792 , 2795 , 2796 ( c / s ) , 2805 , 2845 , 2847 , 2954 , 2956 ( c / s ) , 2959\u201363 , 3709 , 3711 ( c / s ) , 4304 ( c / s ) , 4990 , 4993 , 4995 ( c / s ) , 7402 . kurixalus wangi sp . n . : ntu 1043\u20131044 , 1046 , 1647 - 48 ( manjo , pingtung county ) .\nthe population of kurixalus naso population is thought to be small , and susceptible to deforestation . little is known about this species , and the taxonomic identities and relationships within this genus are also poorly known and not distinguishable on the basis of morphology ( tao et al . 2014 ; nguyen et al . 2012 ) . kurixalus naso occurs in several preserves including dihang - dibang biosphere reserve and mouling national park in arunachal pradesh ( dutta et al . 2004 ) . more sampling and fieldwork is necessary to understand this species , its ecology , and its conservation status .\nholotype of kurixalus wangi sp . n . dorsal ( a ) , ventral ( b ) , and ventral view of hand ( c ) and foot ( d ) . scale bars 10 mm in ( a ) and ( b ) ; 5 mm in ( c ) and ( d ) .\nannandale ' s high altitude frog ( kurixalus naso ) is a rhacophorid frog that inhabits montane forests , shrublands and grasslands of northeastern india , the eastern xizang province of china , and myanmar . in india it is recorded from altitudes between 1 , 100 and 1 , 500m asl . kurixalus naso is a small , arboreal species , that breeds in temporary water bodies ( dutta et al . 2004 ) . annandale ( 1912 ) reported the type specimen as 43 mm ( 1 . 7 in ) snout to vent length ( svl ) , with a stout body , short stout limbs , and a broad head . it is purplish - brown on its dorsal surface , with grey mottling , and has an off - white belly ( annandale 1912 ) . a cone - shaped snout distinguishes this species from others in genus kurixalus . ( annandale 1912 ; tao et al . 2014 ) . very little literature describes this species .\nphylogenetic relationship of all kurixalus species from taiwan . a phylogram showing the phylogenetic relationships of the four kurixalus species , obtained by a maximum likelihood search based on 1207 nucleotides from mtdna co1 and 16s rrna genes . feihyla palpebralis and rhacophorus moltrechti were used as outgroups . the three values on each branch are maximum likelihood ( ml ) , maximum parsimony ( mp ) , and neighbor - joining ( nj ) analyses with bootstrapping support based on 2000 replicates . bootstrapping values below 50 % are not shown . ( jp : ryukyu islands of japan ; n . tw : northern taiwan ; c . tw : central taiwan ) .\nwe would like to show our gratitude to hm huang for collecting the first specimen of kurixalus berylliniris sp . n . ; to jh chu , cc hwang , hj su and sm lin for advice on molecular analysis ; to h masaki for providing specimens of kurixalus eiffingeri from the ryukyu islands , to cy hsiao for photographs ; to yt chung for his dedicated fieldwork ; to cc wu for performing bench work ; and to cf lin for providing kurixalus eiffingeri tadpoles . thanks are extended to cj huang , ch chang , cw lin and yc liu for assistance with the fieldwork . we appreciate the help of sf chan with vocal analysis and yh chen for partial sample contribution . the map of taiwan was kindly prepared by pf lee . this study was partially supported by the council of agriculture grant ( 94\u2013admin\u20134 . 1\u2013conserv\u201303 ( 2 ) ) , by shei - pa national park , ministry of interior grant ( 094 - 301020500g1 - 005 ) , and a support from mr . cc chen . re brown greatly improved an early draft of the manuscript .\n. . . phylogenetic data support the monophyletic origin of kurixalus despite its broad distri - bution ( li et al . , 2013 ; biju et al . , 2016 ; jiang et al . , 2016 ) . however , since these frogs are similar in morphology and overlap in body size , taxonomy is difficult and mainly based on molecular analyses ( wilkinson et al . , 2002 ; li et al . , 2008 ; li et al . , 2009 ; hertwig et al . , 2013 ; yu et al . , 2013 ; nguyen et al . , 2014a ; nguyen et al . , 2014b ; wu et al . , 2016 ) . currently , 14 species are recognized in kurixalus ( frost , 2017 ) . . . .\nwu s - p , huang c - c , tsai c - l , lin t - e , jhang j - j , wu s - h ( 2016 ) systematic revision of the taiwanese genus kurixalus members with a description of two new endemic species ( anura , rhacophoridae ) . zookeys 557 : 121\u2013153 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 557 . 6131\nwe construct the phylogeny of the kurixalus odontotarsus species group using two mitochondrial ( 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) genes in an attempt to delimit species boundaries within the chinese k . odontotarsus group . with strong support values , three major clades are obtained , and all phylogenetic analyses reject monophyly of k . odontotarsus . the tibetan lineage of k . odontotarsus was clustered with . . . [ show full abstract ]\nkurixalus eiffingeri is not an endangered or protected species and thus no specific permission is needed for field studies . some bamboo forests in chitou are privately owned , and we had verbal permission from land owners ( mr . pan yeong - sung and ms chen mei - chi ) to conduct observational and field studies ( 23 o 41\u201905 . 4\u201d n 130 o 47\u201945 . 4\u201d e and 23 o 41\u201922 . 8\u201d n 130 o 47\u201922 . 5\u201d e , respectively ) .\nin this study , we used a taiwanese frog ( kurixalus eiffingeri ( anura : rhacophoridae ) ) that breeds in water - filled bamboo stumps as a model animal to study the parentage between overlapping offspring and its ecological consequence on reproductive strategy and nest site selection . specifically , we used ( 1 ) five microsatellite dna markers to analyze the parentage of adults and tadpoles and ( 2 ) paired bamboo cups with and without tadpoles to study the nest choice of frogs and to reveal the possible causes of nest reuse .\na small to moderate - sized kurixalus . females snout - vent length averaging about 34 mm ( range : 30 . 8\u201337 . 1 mm ) ; males averaging 30 mm ( range : 28 . 6\u201331 . 6 mm ) . iris golden - yellow . two anterior horns of the x - shaped marking on back extending to eyelid . webbing extensive on toes , extending to the toe disc on the inner margin of toe v . belly and throat whitish . anterior margin of tadpole dorsal fin extending to posterior body . tadpole with almost no pigment on region of tail muscle . upper lip of tadpole with shallow transverse furrow .\ndescription diagnosis : kurixalus idiooticus is a small treefrog similar to k . eiffingeri but with a smaller body size . it has a smaller and weakly developed pollex , has less rugose skin . no female anal flap is present , dorsal warts lack white spinules , its ground color is never greenish , and generally a large dark brown hourglass - like pattern on the back . males have an aggressive vocal behavior . the species has a generalized larval morphology . in contrast to all other known taiwanese rhacophorine frogs , k . idiooticus lays eggs terrestrially near the water ' s edge without constructing a foam nest ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .\n. . . recently , dubois ( 2005 ) assigned both theloderma and nyctixalus to the tribe philautini ( including also aquixalus , kurixalus , and philautus ) , whereas more recently grosjean et al . ( 2008 ) proposed separation of theloderma and nyctixalus in the new tribe nyctixalini . this assignment and distant phylogenetic position of theloderma and nyctixalus in respect to other members of the subfamily rhacophorinae was also supported by subsequent phylogenetic analyses ( li et al . , 2008 li et al . , , 2009li et al . , , 2013 pyron and wiens , 2011 ) . based on the analysis of mtdna genetic markers , li et al . ( 2008 ) showed sister clade relationships between nyctixalus ( n . . . .\na moderate - sized kurixalus . females average about 41 mm snout - vent length ( range : 27 . 6\u201346 . 3 mm ) ; males average about 35 mm ( range : 29 . 0\u201342 . 3 mm ) . iris emerald to light green . two dark brown spots on eyelids , separated from each other and from x - shaped blotch on dorsum . subarticular tubercles on foot rounded and flat . belly and throat white or faintly - speckled . prepollex in males squarish , compressed and expanded . about half - webbed between two outer toes . anterior margin of tadpole dorsal fin extending to body . tadpole heavily dark brown to black pigmented in gular region and on tail muscle . upper lip of tadpole with deep transverse furrow , and prominent ridge extending from upper lip to anterior margin of nostril ( key of tadpole , 3 ) .\n. . . three mitochondrial genes and five nuclear genes were surveyed : partial 12s rrna , trna - val , and 16s rrna genes were regarded as a single mitochondrial locus ; the other five nuclear loci included ( i ) a fragment of the brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( bdnf ) ; ( ii ) a fragment of proopiomelanocortin ( pomc ) ; ( iii ) a fragment of the recombination activating gene 1 ( rag - 1 ) ; ( iv ) a fragment of exon 1 of rhodopsin ( rhod ) , and ( v ) a fragment of exon 1 of tyrosinase ( tyr ) . mitochondrial 12s rrna , trna - val , and 16s rrna sequences of kurixalus eiffingeri from ishigaki island ( ryukyu islands ) ( see the last one in supplement table 1 for detailed information ) were newly acquired according to protocols of previous studies ( li et al . , 2008 ; li et al . , 2009 ) . sequences from mitochondrial dna and five nuclear loci were aligned with muscle 3 . 8 . 31 . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to taiwan , province of china , and occurs below 2 , 000m asl .\nit inhabits shrubland , grassland , paddy fields and nearby pools . it usually breeds in shallow , still waterbodies .\nhabitat destruction and degradation are potential threats to this species , in particular infrastructure development for human settlement .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntadpoles are pond - type ( rounded body , small mouth and sinistral spiracle with moderate tail ) . at stages 25 - 27 , body length is 1 . 4 - 1 . 5x longer than wide . body is oval and moderately depressed . eyes and nostrils are dorsolateral . dorsal fin is slightly larger than ventral fin . caudal musculature is slender and tapers gradually to the tip of the tail . papillae are marginal , small , and homogeneous in size ; they form a continuous row across the ventral lip and extend to the sides of the lips . ltrf is 2 : 1 + 1 / 3 at stages earlier than 37 and 2 : 3 + 3 / 3 or 1 : 4 + 4 / 3 at stage 37 . head and body are generally dark brown , sometimes with black spotting . caudal muscle is dark brown . fins are transparent at stage 25 . ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .\ncoloration in life : ground color of light grayish brown , brown , dark brown or yellowish brown ( never greenish ) . the dorsum is characterized by a dark brown stripe . dark brown spots and patches are on the sides of head . a brown bar extends from the nostril to edge of upper lip , and another brown bar extends from the anterior lower edge of the eye to the edge of the upper lip . the upper lip has a few narrow dark bars . an inverted y shape in brown or black extends from a dark cross band between upper eyelids to posterior part of the back . this marking can be y - shaped , h - shaped or x - shaped , or may be lacking . sides of the body have dark brown marbling with some dark spots . anterior throat has dark brown marbling and spotting , as well as some white granules . the belly is dark brown and marbled , scattered with dark spots . forearms have a dark brown cross band . thighs have numerous small dark patches on both the anterior and posterior sides . a dark knee patch is present . the sides of the anal opening are dark brown ; white granules are present on the dorsal and ventral sides of the anal opening ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .\nis widespread in taiwan ( e . g . , pinglin , mientien - shan , chutung , suao , chushan , chiahsien , anping ) at altitudes from 10 - 750 m asl ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) . it generally occurs at a lower elevation than the closely related species\n; so far the two species are known to overlap only at anping ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) . habitat includes grassland , paddy fields and shrublands or anywhere near still , shallow water bodies ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .\nthe breeding season lasts from march - june with males calling from the ground or in low shrubs , often near rain pools ( 5 - 20 cm in depth ) that are surrounded by high vegetation ( grasses or bushes ) . males form large breeding aggregations and calling males confront one another , with one male ceasing to call . calls resemble birds warbling and generally consist of a long series ( 2 - 6 seconds ) of fast , repeating pulses , but other call types include short trills with sharp pulses and short calls with a long pulse . males are aggressive and calling males approach each other , with one male then ceasing to call ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .\nlays pigmented eggs ( gray - brown animal half , light yellowish gray vegetal half ) with transparent gelatinous coats . ova measured about 1 . 95 mm in diameter and were covered with two jelly layers , with the diameter of the outermost , tough , non - sticky jelly layer about 4 . 09 mm . eggs are laid terrestrially near the water ' s edge or in depressions , with hatching triggered by rainfall , filling the depressions or washing the tadpoles into adjacent ponds and ditches . some egg masses were observed more than 50 cm in horizontal distance from the water . egg masses were often concealed under fallen leaves or other debris , in soil depressions or in crevices behind stones or openings of rat holes . the clutch size averaged 182 eggs . tadpoles of\npopulations are stable with the major threat being habitat destruction and degradation from human settlements . its range overlaps with many protected areas in taiwan ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .\nkaryotype : 2n = 26 with eight small pairs and five large pairs of chromosomes ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .\nis derived from the greek words \u201cidios , \u201d or peculiar , and\nootocos ,\nor egg - laying ( kuramoto and wang 1987 ) .\nkuramoto , m . , and wang , c . s . ( 1987 ) . ' ' a new rhacophorid treefrog from taiwan , with comparisons to\nstuart , s . , hoffmann , m . , chanson , j . , cox , n . , berridge , r . , ramani , p . , and young , b . ( eds ) ( 2008 ) .\nlynx edicions , iucn , and conservation international , barcelona , spain ; gland , switzerland ; and arlington , virginia , usa .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\ntemple treefrog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 111 ; lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 40 ) .\nmientien small treefrog ( fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 252 ) .\nmientien treefrog ( lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 40 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthe nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of h2a , h2b , h3 and h4 assembled in one h3 - h4 heterotetramer and two h2a - h2b heterodimers . the octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of dna .\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe\u2019ve updated our privacy policy to give you more control over your information and support new european data protection laws . you can review the changes here .\nfrom \u86d9\u86d9\u54c7 ! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol\u200b . \u200b1 , released january 6 , 2017\nsound artist and field recordist based in taiwan . sound designer for contemporary dance and film . audio documentaries\nproducer and electroacoustic music composer . works inspired by ethnography , amphibian conservation and marine biology . collaborates with communities and individuals in hakka and austronesian territories .\nif you like \u86d9\u86d9\u54c7 ! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol . 1 , you may also like :\nsupported by 9 fans who also own \u201c\u86d9\u86d9\u54c7 ! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol . 1\u201d\nthis is brutal . i just discovered leyland kirby , and i think he is a genius . his work does not hide behind empty , pretending stories , but seems to be heavily connected to the mind and its processes indeed . memories come to life and long lost feelings emerge - even feelings that never existed but yet feel familiar . words won ' t be able to capture what happens on your inside when you decide to let yourself be carried away by this sonical wizardry . haunting , stuck as a loop in my head .\nsupported by 4 fans who also own \u201c\u86d9\u86d9\u54c7 ! songs of the frogs of taiwan vol . 1\u201d\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 department of earth and life science , university of taipei . no . 1 , ai - guo west road , taipei , 10048 taiwan\n4 department of life sciences , national chung - hsing university , no . 250 , guo - guang road , taichung city , 40227 taiwan\ncorresponding author : shu - ping wu ( wt . ude . utn @ uwgnipuhs )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nspecies were collected by hand , euthanized using a dilute chloretone solution , and fixed in 10 % buffered formalin . frogs were later transferred to 70 % ethanol , and tadpoles were stored in 10 % buffered formalin . in addition to the type specimens described in this study , 343 samples that consisted of\nand related taxa were collected from 22 locations throughout the island of taiwan . furthermore , three specimen of\nwere collected from the type locality . one was from iriomote isle and the other two were from ishigaki isle ( fig .\nin addition , the eggs and tadpole morphometric characteristics were measured comprising total length ( tl ) , body length ( bl ) , tail length ( cl ) , tail height ( th ) , tail muscle height ( tm ) , internarial distance ( na ) , distance between eyes ( in ) , and tail muscle width ( mw ) ( altig and mcdiarmid 1999a , b ) . except for tl , bl , and cl , which were measured using dial calipers , tadpoles and eggs were measured under a dissecting microscope with a stage micrometer . developmental stages of tadpoles were as defined by gosner ( 1960 ) . drawings of the tadpoles were done by shw using a dissecting microscope with a camera lucida attachment .\nall measurements of morphometric characteristics were taken using a dial caliper under a dissecting microscope , and measurements were rounded to 0 . 1 mm . digital webbing of the adults was recorded using savage and heyer\u2019s formula ( 1997 ) .\nt - tests were used to examine whether body size varied by gender within each taxon . an analysis of covariance ( ancova ) method was used to compare the size - adjusted means of morphometric characteristics . morphometric characteristics that satisfied the normality assumption were included in a multivariate principal component analysis ( pca ) based on the correlation matrix of size - standardized measurements ( all measurements divided by svl ) . scatter plots of the scores of the first three factors of pca were used to examine the differentiation among specimens . all of these tests and analyses were applied separately to male and female specimens . the statistical analyses were performed using sigmaplot 12 ( systat software , inc . ) .\nfrog mating calls were recorded using a digital recorder ( fostex fr - 2le ) and a microphone ( sennheiser me 67 / k6 ) . calls were recorded in the native habitats of these tree frogs , and environmental parameters including temperature and humidity were also recorded . avisoft saslab pro 5 . 2 . 08 ( avisoft bioacoustics ) was used to extract the maximum and minimum frequencies , as well as the width of frequency , the single note duration , and the time interval between notes of the mating calls . a rapid call and a slow call were identified . slow mating calls were compared among the subtypes in a pair - wise manner using wilcoxon - mann - whitney odds ( wmwodds ) calculations ( divine et al . 2013 ) . a bootstrap method was used to calculate the bonferroni corrected confidence intervals of the wmwodds .\npolymerase ( super - therm ) , 0 . 5 \u03bcl of each primer ( 10 pm / \u03bb ) , 1 \u03bcl template dna and ddh\no . thermal cycling was performed on a geneamp 9700 with 5 minutes at 95 \u00b0c for pre - denaturing , 35 cycles of 1 minute at 95 \u00b0c , 1 minute at 50 \u00b0c , 1 minute at 72 \u00b0c , and a final extension for 7 minutes at 72\u00b0c for both of the co1 and the 16s rrna genes . the amplicons were examined on a 2 % agarose gel for quality and fragment size . then they were purified using a geneaid pcr extraction kit and sequenced on an abi 3730 automated sequencer . estimates of genetic divergence among taxa were calculated using the kimura two - parameter model of correction for multiple substitutions at a site (\n) . the transition / transversion ratio was set as 2 : 1 . chromatographs and sequences were examined and edited in bioedit 7 . 0 . 1 . (\n) using the branch - and - bound search algorithm with 1000 permutation replicates to generate the null distribution . the fraction of ild null replicates with a significance value greater than the significance value of the ild was recorded . the sequences of the two gene segments were combined into one data set for subsequent analyses . dnasp 5 . 10 (\n) was used to compute the population divergence conditions . tcs 1 . 21 (\n) was used to reconstruct the minimum spanning network of haplotypes from each genetic population or species . a consensus ml tree was reconstructed by mega 6 (\na general time reversible model with a proportion of invariable sites and a gamma shaped distribution of rates across sites ( gtr + i + g , i = 0 . 4402 , g = 0 . 4519 ) was determined as the best - fitting model for the aligned sequences of the combined dataset using a hierarchical likelihood ratio test performed with the program mrmodeltest 2 . 2 ( nylander 2004 ) . the selected substitution model then was adopted in the reconstruction of the phylogeny by bayesian analysis and neighbor - joining ( nj ) analysis ( saito and nei 1987 ) .\nthe bayesian tree and the posterior probability distribution were determined using the program mrbayes 3 . 1 ( huelsenbeck and ronquist 2001 , ronquist and huelsenbeck 2003 ) . two independent monte carlo markov chain ( mcmc ) analyses were run simultaneously for 200 , 000 generations and sampled every 100 generations . to summarize the parameters and trees , the first 500 ( 25 % ) parameter values and trees were discarded . the nj analysis was conducted in paup using ml distance . gaps within the alignment were considered as missing values . the mp ( maximum parsimony ) analysis was performed with a heuristic search using 10 random stepwise steps followed by tree bisection reconnection ( tbr ) branch swapping . support for nodes was evaluated by bootstrap analysis ( felsenstein 1985 ) with 1000 replicates of the nj and the mp methods .\npartial sequences of mtdna co1 gene were used as haplotypes to examine the genetic structures of the three subtypes . we calculated the fst , nm ( number of immigrants per generation , nm = ( ( 1 / fst ) - 1 ) / 4 ) , nucleotide diversity ( pi ) , and haplotype diversity ( hd ) . these calculations were made to comprehend the divergence and the intensity of gene flow among these taxa and to infer the evolutionary histories experienced by these taxa or their populations ( wright 1965 , avise 1994 ) .\n) , collected on ligia timber trail , 1250 m elevation , taitung county , taiwan ( fig .\nnchuzool 11311 - 13 collected on 2 august 2005 by hui - ming huang at the type locality ; nchuzool 11431 , asizam 0054 collected on 15 september 2005 by shu - ping wu at the type locality ; nchuzool 11442 ( eggs and tadpoles ) , collected on 7 february 2006 by shu - ping wu at the type locality ; nchuzool 11448 , collected on 16 february 2006 by shu - ping wu at 425 meters above sea level , at antong , hualien county ( fig .\nligia timber trail , 1250 meters above sea level , taitung county , taiwan , republic of china ( fig .\nthe epithet berylliniris is a compound word formed from beryllin ( l . ) , green - colored , and from iris ( l . ) , iris of the eye , and is treated as a noun in nominative singular in opposition to the generic name .\nhabitus moderately slender and somewhat flattened , size moderate ( svl 40 . 1 mm ) ; head wider than long ; tip of snout pointed ; snout obtuse in lateral view ; nostril barely visible from above ; canthus rostralis curved , prominent ; loreal region concave , oblique ; interorbital distance 1 . 5 times wider than upper eyelid width ; nostril oval , oblique , closer to tip of snout than to eye ; internarial distance slightly longer than nostril - eye distance ; eye diameter larger than nostril - eye distance ; pupil horizontal ; tympanic region oblique ; diameter of tympanum approximately half of eye diameter ; tympanum distinct , round ; tympanum to eye distance smaller than half tympanum diameter ; supratympanic fold from posterior tip of eye to base of arm ; jaw angle almost to posterior rim of tympanum ; premaxillary and maxillary teeth present ; choana exposed ; vomerine teeth present only on left side ; tooth patch oval , about half of choana diameter . vocal slits near commissure of jaw , slit - like ."]}
{"id": 1089, "summary": [{"text": "lepidochrysops skotios is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( shaba , lualaba and possibly kwango ) and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing in october and november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lepidochrysops skotios", "paragraphs": ["the patrician blue ( lepidochrysops patricia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe potchefstroom blue ( lepidochrysops procera ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops chloauges , the jade blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops solwezii , the roseate blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops longifalces , the msasa blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe highveld blue ( lepidochrysops praeterita ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops inyangae , the nyanga blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops violetta , the violet blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe southern blue ( lepidochrysops australis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe zulu blue ( lepidochrysops ignota ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe ketsi blue ( lepidochrysops ketsi ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe monkey blue ( lepidochrysops methymna ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe peninsula blue ( lepidochrysops oreas ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe koppie blue ( lepidochrysops ortygia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe mouse blue ( lepidochrysops puncticilia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe silvery blue ( lepidochrysops glauca ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops kocak , the giant blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops lukenia , the lukenia blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops peculiaris , the peculiar blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nvan son\u2019s blue ( lepidochrysops vansoni ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops elgonae , the elgon blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe swartberg blue ( lepidochrysops swartbergensis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nloewenstein\u2019s blue ( lepidochrysops loewensteini ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops polydialecta , the lilac giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops arabicus , the arabian giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops kitale , the kitale giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe free state blue ( lepidochrysops letsea ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops parsimon , the western giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe estcourt blue ( lepidochrysops pephredo ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe outeniqua blue ( lepidochrysops outeniqua ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe coastal blue ( lepidochrysops littoralis ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe wineland blue ( lepidochrysops bacchus ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe twin - spot blue ( lepidochrysops plebeja ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops quassi , the tailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nwykeham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops wykehami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\npennington ' s blue ( lepidochrysops penningtoni ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\npringle ' s blue ( lepidochrysops pringlei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nswanepoel ' s blue ( lepidochrysops swanepoeli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nquickelberge ' s blue ( lepidochrysops quickelbergei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nbadham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops badhami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae . the members ( species ) are found in the afrotropical ecozone .\nlepidochrysops hypopolia , known as morant ' s blue ( afrikaans : morant - bloutjie ) , was a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlibert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 72\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 73\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1091, "summary": [{"text": "bathynellacea is an order of crustaceans which live interstitially in groundwater .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "some species can tolerate low salt concentrations , and at least one african species is a thermophile , living in hot springs and tolerating temperatures up to 55 \u00b0c ( 131 \u00b0f ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "bathynellaceans are minute , blind , worm-like animals with short , weak legs , reaching a maximum size of 3.4 millimetres ( 0.13 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are found on every continent except antarctica , although they are missing from some islands , including fiji , new caledonia and the caribbean islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "there are two families , bathynellidae and parabathynellidae ; a third family , \" leptobathynellidae \" , is considered a synonym of parabathynellidae . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "bathynellacea", "paragraphs": ["the order bathynellacea comprises two families , 60 genera , and about 200 species . the two families are bathynellidae and parabathynellidae .\nbathynellacea ( bathynellaceans ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nbathynellacea ( bathynellaceans ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nschminke , horst kurt .\nadaptation of bathynellacea ( crustacea , syncarida ) to life in the interstitial (\nzoea theory\n) .\ninternationale revue der gesamten hydrobiologie 66 ( 1981 ) : 575\u2013637 .\nmorimoto and miura , 1957 from south korea : with a redescription of a . coreana morimoto , 1970 ( crustacea , bathynellacea , parabathynellidae ) . journal of species research . 2016 ; 5 ( 1 ) : 49\u2013156 .\ncamacho , ana i .\nhistorical biogeography of iberobathynella ( crustacea , syncarida , bathynellacea ) , an aquatic subterranean genus of parabathynellids , endemic to the iberian peninsula .\nglobal ecology & biogeography 10 ( 2001 ) : 487\u2013501 .\nbathynellacea are found in the groundwater nearly all around the globe . they are absent in the antarctic and in the northern hemisphere in those areas that had been covered by ice during the last glaciation . recolonization has been observed at a few places but has not progressed very far beyond the old ice frontier . bathynellacea are not known from central america and are also absent from volcanic islands and several islands of continental origin ( e . g . , new caledonia , fiji , caribbean islands ) .\nnot much is known about the feeding and food of bathynellacea . plant debris ( detritus ) , nematodes , and turbellarian worms have been observed from the guts of various specimens . among parabathynellidae , in particular , there is great variation in types of mouthparts , indicating specialization on different types of food . most bathynellacea may be omnivorous , but many are certainly specialized , feeding on detritus , protozoans , and / or bacteria . one species has mouthparts with setae suited for scraping off material from sand grains .\nbathynellcea have no fossil record . their closest relatives are the anaspidacea in the southern hemisphere . both groups are confined to fresh water , but have had marine ancestors . this is evidenced by their fossil relatives , the palaeocaridacea , which , during the carboniferous and permian , inhabited the littoral of the then tropical seas in the northern hemisphere . transition into fresh water was achieved independently , first by the bathynellacea and later also by the anaspidacea . unlike the anaspidacea , the bathynellacea have disappeared almost completely from surface waters today .\nthere are two hypotheses to explain the distribution of bathynellacea . both agree on marine ancestors as the starting point of the adaptational process and on plate tectonics as a major factor . the first hypothesis maintains that the ancestors of bathynellacea invaded fresh surface waters and that from their larvae the bathynellacea arose to become inhabitants exclusively of the groundwater . subsequent spread in the groundwater itself led to today ' s worldwide occurrence . according to the second hypothesis , as a first step a marine ancestor became adapted to an interstitial life in littoral sands and in a second step had to switch to freshwater conditions as a result of marine shoreline regression . multiple such invasions of the groundwater caused by repeated sea - level changes at different geological times together with plate tectonics led to the currently observed worldwide distribution .\nto establish the transcriptomic database of bathynellacea , we performed rna - seq using the subterranean crustacean allobathynella bangokensis . after trimming and assembly , a total of 63 mb including 74 , 866 contigs of a . bangokensis was obtained by illumina sequencing ( table 1 ) . the lengths of the a . bangokensis contigs ranged from 200 to 26 , 238 bp , with an average length of 843 bp , and the n50 values of those contigs were 1 , 302 bp . to our knowledge , this is the first whole transcriptome study conducted in bathynellacea .\nbathynellacea are part of a complex groundwater biocoenosis made up of bacteria , protozoans , fungi , and metazoans ( animals ) . all of these organisms act together to decompose particles washed into the groundwater from outside . these particles would otherwise clog the spaces between the sand grains , preventing groundwater from circulating freely . bigger particles are broken up by bathynellacea , and after they are passed through the gut , they are further degraded by protozoans and bacteria . thus the interstitial spaces are kept open . humans benefit from this ecological service because it helps to keep drinking water clean .\nwhen compared with adults of related crustacea taxa , bathynellacea appear very different , but they share a remarkable similarity with the larvae of these other crustacea . in fact , bathynellacea have the appearance of larvae , indicating that they have had larval - like ancestors . there is good evidence that the postembryonic development of their surface - living ancestors passed through a series of several larval stages . in the course of adaptation to life in the groundwater , abbreviation of this development caused by precocious sexual maturity at an early stage of larval development marked the beginning of the evolution of subterranean bathynellacea . today they reach adulthood at a stage that corresponds to the last larval stage of their ancestor . a morphological consequence of this adaptational process was that their body became continually smaller and its structure increasingly simpler . as a result , they finally fitted into the small spaces between sand particles of the groundwater - bearing strata . ecologically they progressed from a benthic life through a colonization of coarse substrates with large interstitial spaces to an existence in ever smaller sediments with ever narrower spaces between the particles . the ancestral form of the bathynellacea had conquered a completely new habitat and marked the beginning of an impressive radiation leading to a worldwide colonization of the groundwater .\nbathynellacea are typical inhabitants of groundwater and can be collected in wells , in sandy banks of rivers and sandy shores of lakes , in caves , and in springs . one species is known from a hot spring in africa at a temperature of 131\u00b0f ( 55\u00b0c ) . bathynellacea are absent from surface waters . only two species are known from lake baikal , where they occur on sandy patches down to 4 , 725 - ft depth ( 1 , 440 - m ) , but not in the open water . a few species have been recorded from near the seashore and tolerate brackish water conditions . only one species is polyhaline .\nin bathynellacea the sexes are separate . mating behavior has never been observed . the eggs are shed freely and singly . the egg passes through a nauplius stage . after hatching , postembryonic development passes through two phases , a larval ( parazo\u00ebal ) phase with three stages , and a juvenile ( bathynellid ) phase with a variable number of stages .\ncitation : kim b - m , kang s , ahn d - h , kim j - h , ahn i , lee c - w , et al . ( 2017 ) first insights into the subterranean crustacean bathynellacea transcriptome : transcriptionally reduced opsin repertoire and evidence of conserved homeostasis regulatory mechanisms . plos one 12 ( 1 ) : e0170424 . urltoken\nbathynellacea are elegant , persistent crawlers and ungainly , short - winded swimmers . their crawling movements are a combination of swimming and walking . as an escape reaction or when caught in blind alleys of the interstitial labyrinth , they engage in a specialized turning maneuver that consists of placing the abdomen beneath the rest of the body , sliding it along the ventral side towards the head , and turning at the same time about the longitudinal axis to return to a ventral position .\nbathynellacea are small , aquatic crustaceans that occur in ground water and among sediments and sand . they have a worm - like ( vermiform ) body and , as an adaptation to their subterranean habitats , no eyes or pigmentation . the first pair of antennae ( antennules ) are uniramous ( unbranched ) and the head of some species may have a beak - like projection ( rostrum ) . the thorax and abdomen are differentiated with the eight - segmented thorax having 7 or 8 pairs of simple biramous ( branched ) legs . the six - segmented abdomen may or may not have one or two pairs of small limbs on the end of the body called uropods that are on either side of a central projection ( telson ) . they range in size from 0 . 5 to 3 . 5 mm .\nbathynellacea ( crustacea , syncarida , parabathynellidae ) are subterranean aquatic crustaceans that typically inhabit freshwater interstitial spaces ( e . g . , groundwater ) and are occasionally found in caves and even hot springs . in this study , we sequenced the whole transcriptome of allobathynella bangokensis using rna - seq . de novo sequence assembly produced 74 , 866 contigs including 28 , 934 blast hits . overall , the gene sequences were most similar to those of the waterflea daphnia pulex . in the a . bangokensis transcriptome , no opsin or related sequences were identified , and no contig aligned to the crustacean visual opsins and non - visual opsins ( i . e . arthropsins , peropsins , and melaopsins ) , suggesting potential regressive adaptation to the dark environment . however , a . bangokensis expressed conserved gene family sets , such as heat shock proteins and those related to key innate immunity pathways and antioxidant defense systems , at the transcriptional level , suggesting that this species has evolved adaptations involving molecular mechanisms of homeostasis . the transcriptomic information of a . bangokensis will be useful for investigating molecular adaptations and response mechanisms to subterranean environmental conditions .\nbathynellacea range in length between 0 . 02 in ( 0 . 5 mm ) and 0 . 14 in ( 3 . 5 mm ) . as an adaptation to their subterranean existence , they do not have eyes and lack body pigment . the body is divided into head , thorax , and abdomen . the head carries the antennae with chemo - and mechanosensory structures as well as the mouthparts . the mandibles , used for biting , are symmetrical in structure . the thorax has seven pairs of biramous walking legs . the eighth pair is reduced in both sexes and in the male is transformed into a characteristic copulatory organ . the abdomen carries one pair of appendages on the first and last somite ( pleotelson ) . there can also be a pair of appendages on the second abdominal somite . the pair on the last somite ( uropods ) does not form a tailfan together with the pleotelson , as is the case in several related groups of crustacea . the basal segment ( sympodite ) of the uropods carries a characteristic row of spines . bathynellidae can be identified by the second antennae being directed anteriorly , by the last abdominal somite ( pleotelson ) carrying two dorsal setae , by the rim of the upper lip ( labrum ) being smooth and not serrate , by the outer branches ( exopodites ) of all seven walking legs being one - segmented , by the first abdominal appendages ( pleopods ) being two - segmented , and by the sympodite of the uropods being relatively short .\nsince stygofauna have reduced or absent eyes and have enhanced non - optic sense organs without pigmentation [ 44 , 45 ] , the absence of pigments and eyes is observed in a . bangokensis . a total of 25 and 26 eye pigmentation genes that were retrieved from drosophila melanogaster and tribolium castaneum respectively [ 46 ] , were also aligned to the entire transcripts of a . bangokensis , but there was no matched transcripts in a . bangokensis transcriptome . although mrna expression of putative opsin genes was not observed in the a . bangokensis transcriptome , it will be interesting to investigate the presence or absence of the opsin repertoire in the genome and the evolutionary development of alternative sensory organs in future studies . several previous examples showed the potential correlation between reduced or absent eyes and transcriptional expression of the opsin repertoire . no loss of gene function in opsin gene paralogs with a reduced level of gene expression was reported in the cave - adapted amphipod gammarus minus [ 36 ] . the authors suggested that loss of expression of opsin genes without loss of gene function is explained by the pleiotropic roles of opsin genes [ 36 ] . extensive transcriptomic analysis revealed that three independently evolved subterranean diving beetles lack transcripts of nearly all opsin photoreceptor genes , whereas the two surface beetles showed evidence of transcriptional expression of a full suite of insect visual and non - visual opsin genes [ 47 ] . thus , research on the absence or presence of putative opsin genes from the a . bangokensis genome will be useful to understand the regressive evolution of eye reduction in the bathynellacea lineage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmalacostracans are the most numerous and most successful of the four major classes of crustacea . their members constitute more than two - thirds of all living crustacean species . they exhibit the greatest range of size ( less than one millimetre , or 0 . 04 inch , to a limb spread of more than three metres , or 10 feet ) and the greatest diversity of body form . malacostracans are abundant in all permanent waters of the world : in the seas from the tropics to the poles and from the tidal zone to the abyss ; in surface and subterranean fresh waters of all continents except antarctica ( where they once existed ) ; and terrestrially on all continental landmasses and all tropical and temperate islands .\nthe success of malacostracans can be attributed primarily to their increased body size and to the evolution of more functional body regions and more sophisticated food - gathering appendages than possessed by their paleozoic ancestors ( 542 million to 251 million years ago ) . this evolutionary thrust has been marked by the development of ambulatory legs and specializations for benthic life and by the brooding of eggs and suppression of free - living larval development . especially significant has been a shift of food - gathering limbs from head to thorax and of swimming appendages and respiratory organs from head to thorax and finally to the abdomen . this rearward shift freed the antennae for the development of specialized organelles sensitive to odours , sounds , vibrations , and physical contact and added more appendages ( maxillipeds ) to the mouthpart field . such changes have enabled terrestrial malacostracans to utilize efficiently the new food resources that have accompanied the evolution and proliferation of vascular plants from the late paleozoic to the present .\nsome decapod crabs have leg spans of more than three metres , and others weigh more than 10 kilograms ( 22 pounds ) . some free - living members of the orders\nare lobster - sized ( 25\u201330 centimetres [ 0 . 8 to 1 inch ] ) ; most , however , are medium ( one to three centimetres ) in size . paleozoic and primitive\ntaxa seldom exceed 10 centimetres in body length , and the adult stages of some parasitic and subterranean groups are very small ( less than one millimetre ) .\n, thorax , and abdomen . in the adult the head consists of five segments , the thorax of eight , and the abdomen typically of six ( or rarely seven ) unfused segments . the head supports paired\neyes , two pairs of antennae , and three pairs of short , chewing mouthparts , each consisting of two branches . the eyes are usually pigmented and borne on movable stalks , but they are sessile on the sides of the head in isopods , amphipods , and members of some smaller groups . the first antennae (\nantennules ) usually have two branches ( three in the subclass hoplocarida ) . the outer branch of the\nsecond antennae ( antennal squame ) , which is usually flat and bladelike for elevation and swimming balance , has two segments in stomatopods and some mysids and one segment in syncarids and eucarids ; it may be small or lost entirely in amphipods , isopods , and other bottom - dwelling or subterranean taxa . the\nsecond maxillae are short , with variable numbers of inner biting plates ( endites ) and often with outer lobes ( epipodites ) , but the palps are short or lacking .\n, which in primitive forms is large and covers the thorax , leg bases , and gill chamber . it may be fused to the dorsum of the thorax , as in the euphausiids , decapods , and other members of the superorder eucarida , but it is variously reduced and fused only to the anterior thoracic segments in mysids or lost altogether in the isopods , amphipods , and syncarids .\nthoracic legs are typically biramous ( two - branched ) . one or more pairs are modified for feeding in some groups . in free - swimming species all legs are similar in shape , and both branches are slender . in bottom - dwelling species , however , the inner branch has become a stiff walking limb , and the slender multisegmented outer branch is variously reduced ( in hemicarideans ) or lost altogether ( in amphipods and isopods ) . in advanced , especially bottom - dwelling , malacostracans ( such as lobsters ) , one or more legs are pincerlike .\npereopods , or pleopods , which are primarily used in swimming . in the males of all eucaridans , hoplocarids , isopods , some hemicarids and syncarids , and rarely some amphipods , the anterior one or two pairs may be specially modified for sperm transfer . in males of most mysidaceans , the fourth and fifth pleopods ( and the first and second\nof some amphipods ) may be modified as claspers for holding the female during mating . the last abdominal segment ( of all but the leptostracans ) bears a pair of biramous uropods and a median plate , or telson . the uropods are usually setose and paddle - shaped in swimming taxa and form a broad tail fan with the telson for rapid propulsion . in benthic and subterranean species the uropods are often slender , elongate , and\nin function . the telson is bilobed in juvenile syncarids , larval eucaridans , some mysids , and most amphipods but platelike in all other malacostracans .\nthe class malacostraca contains more than 29 , 000 living species and represents about half of all known crustacean species . it is the single largest group not only of marine arthropods but also of all fully aquatic arthropod taxa . within the malacostraca ,\nis the largest order , with more than 10 , 000 described species , followed by the orders isopoda ( 10 , 000 species ) and amphipoda ( 6 , 200 species ) . the other major orders have fewer than 1 , 000 species each .\nmost malacostracans are marine . among the decapods , the ancient palinurans , their modern brachyuran ( 10 - legged crab ) derivatives , and the dendrobrachiate and stenopodid shrimps dominate in tropical and temperate marine shallows . the decapod caridean shrimps , astacidean lobsters and crayfish , and anomurans ( hermits and eight - legged crabs ) , however , dominate in cold - water and polar regions , in the deep sea , and in continental fresh waters . the amphipods and isopods are also abundant along cold - water marine shores and in the abyss and have widely penetrated fresh waters . they are also widespread in underground waters and terrestrial environments . stomatopods are largely confined to tropical marine shallows ; tanaids and cumaceans are found mainly in the colder deeps ; and mysids , though mainly marine , are also abundant in relicts of northern glacial lakes .\nmalacostracans are often predators and scavengers . they are important ecologically in ridding the sea bottom and seashores of decaying animal and plant matter and in serving as middle - level converters of organic food energy to animal protein in a form suitable for fish , sea birds , marine mammals , and ultimately humans . the decapods and euphausiids ( krill , order euphausiacea ) are the only malacostracan groups that have a major direct economic value to humans .\nthe malacostracan life cycle typically involves an egg stage ; a series of free - swimming , plankton - feeding larval stages ; a series of immature ( subadult ) growth stages ; and finally a sexually mature ( reproductive ) adult stage . hermaphroditic adults are present in a few isopods . in the primitive swarming type of reproduction the male seeks out the female in the open water , usually in synchrony with lunar periodicity , cycles of temperature , or food availability .\n( copulation ) is very brief , often completed in a few seconds and usually following the reproductive molt of the female , when her exoskeleton is still soft . the eggs are fertilized as they are extruded from the oviductal opening on the sternum of the sixth thoracic segment . in many species males do not feed , do not reproduce again , and do not live long after mating . fertilized eggs may be shed freely in the sea , where they hatch , usually into nauplius larvae . in marine groups that\nthe eggs by attaching them to the pleopods , the eggs hatch as late - stage larvae , which are often carnivorous ( e . g . , zoeae and phyllosoma larvae of decapods , antizoeae and pseudozoeae of stomatopods ) . these larvae eventually sink or swim to the bottom and pass through one or more stages prior to attaining the juvenile stage . where embryos develop within a thoracic\n, the larval stages are suppressed . the embryos typically hatch as immature forms of the adult ( e . g . , isopoda , juveniles of the orders\nand amphipoda ) , but parental brooding may be continued for a further few molts . in the deep sea and in fresh waters , whether embryos are laid freely ( superorder syncarida ) or brooded on pleopods ( decapods ) or in a thoracic pouch ( isopods and amphipods ) , they hatch as juveniles or immature adult forms .\nin the more advanced , especially bottom - dwelling , malacostracans or in those with specialized habits , mating usually takes place on or in the bottom . males may attend , guard , or carry the female for some time ( preamplexus ) prior to copulation ( amplexus ) , and mating may be prolonged for several hours ; the male usually continues to feed , molt , and mate further ( in isopods , creeping decapods , and benthic amphipods ) . where the female exoskeleton variously hardens prior to mating , the oviductal opening is often complex , and sperm transfer is assisted by correspondingly modified first and second pleopods of the male ( \u201cinternal\u201d fertilization of stomatopods , isopods , and the superorder eucarida ) . newly hatched late larvae or juveniles may be initially guarded or carried by the female ( in stomatopods and some amphipods and isopods ) .\nmalacostracans are primarily swimmers and secondarily walkers , clingers , and burrowers . swimming is accomplished primitively by coordinated , synchronous beating of the biramous head appendages in early larval stages and thoracic appendages in later larval stages and the adult stages of leptostracan shrimp , mysids , and syncardids and in\n, decapods , and other eucarid malacostracans . the swimming action characteristic of adult malacostracans is provided by abdominal pleopods . typically , each of the first five abdominal segments bears , on the ventral ( lower ) surface , a pair of pedunculate , biramous pleopods . in order to beat in unison , each pair is usually hooked together by spines on the inner margin of the peduncle ( retinacula ) or the inner ramus ( \u201cclothespin spines\u201d ) . the amphipods are unique in having only three pairs of pleopods , the last two pairs being modified as stiff , thrusting uropods . in primitive forms the pleopod rami are slender and segmented ( annulate ) , as in amphipods and procarididean decapods , all of which are primarily swimmers as adults ; however , in all the other malacostracan groups , most of which are crawlers and burrowers , the rami are broad , flaplike , and unsegmented . the pleopods are typically reduced , or even lost , in many burrowers . the swimming crabs use paddlelike fifth thoracic legs for propulsion . abrupt swimming propulsion is provided by the\ntail fan . in amphipods the tail fan ( consisting of three pairs of uropods and telson ) provides a sudden forward thrust . in eucaridans ( especially decapods ) the tail fan ( paired uropods and telson ) provides a characteristic \u201ctail - flip\u201d or sudden backward escape reaction .\nin most benthic malacostracans the hind five to seven pairs of thoracic legs have become essentially uniramous ( single - branched ) \u2014the inner branch is thickened and stiffened and adapted for walking or crawling . in amphipods the first four pairs are pointed forward and the last three backward , an adaptation for perching , clinging , climbing in \u201cinchworm\u201d fashion , or jumping .\nin burrowing malacostracans , especially decapods and stomatopods , the distal segments of some legs attain a pincerlike form that facilitates both digging and removal of the soft substratum . in many species of burrowing amphipods , the claws are reduced , but the adjacent segments are much broadened , strongly spined , and powerfully muscled . rapid leg movements , often aided by the fanning action of setose antennae and the hydraulic tunneling motion of powerful pleopods , enable these torpedo - shaped crustaceans to swim through loose sandy substrata , feeding as they go .\nmalacostracans consume virtually every available kind of organic matter , plant or animal , living or dead . the small - to medium - sized animals primarily consume detritus and plankton , and some parasitize other aquatic organisms . the larger - sized malacostracans are mainly carnivores and scavengers , preying on a wide range of small invertebrates and fishes or devouring the carcasses of whales , seals , fishes , and large invertebrates . burrowing and small groundwater malacostracans are filter feeders , consuming microorganisms and bacteria from the sediments . terrestrial isopods and amphipods consume forest leaf litter and algae at the tide lines .\nmalacostracans capture or obtain their food primarily by using their thoracic legs . in early free - swimming larvae and the adults of some filter - feeding or deposit - feeding amphipods , isopods , and hemicarideans and in large carnivorous palinuran decapods , food may be gathered ( occasionally killed ) by means of the antennae and other head appendages . in carnivorous , or raptorial , species one or more of the thoracic legs are enlarged , and the tips are pincerlike , allowing the animal to capture , kill , and initially shred its prey . in lobsters and crayfish the first walking leg ( fourth thoracic ) is fully cheliform ( pincerlike ) , and either the left or right claw is massive , with pavementlike teeth for crushing hard - shelled prey such as snails and clams . in \u201cspearer\u201d - type stomatopods the raptorial claw is toothed and spiny for stabbing soft - bodied prey . \u201csmashers\u201d have a swollen , hammerlike claw for crushing hard - bodied prey .\nmalacostracans ( except for leptostracans ) typically have one to three pairs of thoracic limbs modified as accessory mouthparts . these\n( or \u201cjaw legs\u201d ) pass food to the masticatory , or chewing , mouthparts of the head proper . the thoracic segment of the first pair of maxillipeds is usually fused to the head , forming a cephalon . in stomatopods the first five pairs are called maxillipeds , but only the first pair is functionally so and its body segment is not fused to the head . in amphipods the first two pairs of thoracic legs may also function as food - pushing limbs , but their segments are typically free . in decapods the first two or three pairs serve as maxillipeds , and their segments are fused within the cephalothorax .\nthe mouthparts generally reflect feeding habits . in flesh eaters and scavengers the mandibular incisors are typically large and the plates and palps of the maxillae and maxillipeds are armed with strong spines and cutting edges , whereas the molar is small or lacking . in those species that consume all organic material and in those that consume only plants , the molar is usually strong , with an inner grinding surface . in filter feeders the plates of the maxillules , the maxillae , or both may be enlarged and equipped with a large number of fine - filtering ( plumose ) setae . accessory ( baler ) plates , for directing feeding currents , are often well developed ( e . g . , in cumaceans and haustoriid amphipods ) .\nrelationships with other invertebrates , fishes , marine mammals , and reptiles . many decapods , especially porcellanid and xanthid crabs , live permanently in cavities among sponges , corals , and bryozoans . some amphipods live within the respiratory and feeding cavities of sponges , tunicates , and anemones . lafystiid and some lysianassid amphipods , as well as aegid , cymathoid , and immature gnathiid isopods , are external parasites of fish . cyamid amphipods occur on whales and some hyalid amphipods in the buccal cavities of marine turtles . epicaridean isopods are fully parasitic on other crustaceans , especially decapods . the body of the host may be much deformed and the body of the parasitic female very much transformed , quite unlike the small , symmetrically segmented , and otherwise normal male .\n, covering the body and limbs of malacostracans is divided into segments interconnected by strong , flexible membranes , allowing for articulation at the joints . the cuticle is usually soft and thin in small , wormlike , generally subterranean species , in parasitic species , or in the respiratory surfaces of free - living species . in large , heavy , mostly carnivorous species , the cuticle is highly mineralized or impregnated with calcium salts . such an exoskeleton provides considerable mechanical leverage and protection to the owner .\n. they shed the old cuticle , expand in size , and secrete a new cuticle that subsequently hardens . this process may require several days for completion ( in some hard - shelled bottom dwellers ) . the animals remain in sheltered locations until the new exoskeleton is hardened .\nthe malacostracan central nervous system consists , in primitive forms , of a ventral nerve cord and ganglia within each body segment . the supraesophageal ganglion innervates the eyes , antennules , and antennae , and the subesophageal ganglion innervates the mouthparts of the head region . in amphipods and anomuran decapods the ganglia of abdominal segments are variously fused . in brachyuran decapods the abdominal and thoracic ganglia are fused into a single central thoracic ganglionic centre .\nnearly all surface - dwelling members have pigmented eyes , but these are usually reduced or totally lost in underground and deep - sea species . crustacean eyes are\n( as in insects ) and may be composed of thousands of individual facets , or ommatidia . the compound eyes of most malacostracans and their advanced larval stages are located on a movable stalk . the overall image is formed by combining the images from many individual ommatidia . the compound eye is especially sensitive to movement and has a wide field of vision , often more than 180\u00b0 . this is an enormous advantage to large , predatory malacostracans .\nthe eyes of smaller , mainly benthic , nonpredatory malacostracans , such as amphipods , hemicarideans , and isopods , are located on small lobes or flat on the sides of the head . except in predatory or nocturnal amphipods , the eyes are small and consist of only a few facets . light that may strike a large patch of facets is concentrated on one ommatidium . such eyes provide poor visual acuity . compound eyes can discriminate colour , initiating changes within skin cells to match the colour of the substratum .\nolfactory hairs , or esthetascs , are used to locate food and recognize other crustaceans and their sexual states .\noccur generally over the external surfaces and appendages , especially of the antennae , food - gathering limbs , and mouthparts . tactile hairs are present in the statocysts ( organelles of balance ) located , for example , in the first peduncular segment of the antennules in amphipods and the superorder eucarida .\nsome decapods and amphipods are sensitive to pressure change . minute pit sensory organs of the general body surface are suspected receptors . many decapods and amphipods produce sound by striking ( percussion ) or rasping ( stridulating ) or by internal mechanisms . organs of\ninclude , in brachyurans , the chordotonal organs on the hinges of walking legs . highly specialized sound and vibration receptors include the antennal\ncalceoli of amphipods , the individual microstructure of which consists of receiving elements arranged serially and attached to the antennal segment by a slender stalk . in more - advanced groups the basal elements are expanded into a cuplike receptacle , and the stalk is distally expanded into a bulla , or resonator . in highly advanced predatory amphipods two types of calceoli are found : one type is used to detect mates ( found in males only ) , and the other is used to detect prey ( found in both sexes ) .\nconsists of a mouth ; an esophagus ; a two - chambered foregut ; a midgut with outpocketings called digestive glands , or hepatopancreas ; and a hindgut , or rectum . the large anterior foregut , or\ncardiac stomach , occupies much of the posterior aspect of the head and the anterior thoracic body cavity . a constriction separates it from the smaller , more ventral ,\npyloric stomach that lies in the posterior part of the thorax . lining the inside of the greatly folded and muscular stomach walls , especially the pyloric portion , are groups or rows of stiff bristles , teeth , and filtering setae known as the\n. the mill is strongly and complexly developed in large decapods , which ingest food quickly and in coarse chunks . the filtering setae are prominent in malacostracans that ingest fine materials or masticate their food thoroughly with the mouthparts . the macerated and partly digested food slowly works its way through the filtering system of the pyloric stomach into the ceca , or pouches , of the hepatopancreas . there enzyme production and the storage and absorption of food takes place . the digestive secretions depend on the species and diet and include cellulase and chitinase . in stomatopods the cardiac stomach is large enough to hold the remains of large prey ; it opens directly from the mouth without an intervening esophagus . the midgut , or main intestine , may either extend throughout the abdomen , as in lobsters , or be very short , as in crabs . fecal material is voided through the anus from the short rectum .\nnephridial glands , which are present in the body segments of the second antennae and the maxillae . the ducts open on the basal segments of those head appendages . antennal nephridial glands are present in the adult stages of eucaridans , mysidaceans , and amphipods and in the larval stages of stomatopods and hemicarideans . the antennal glands of amphipods are enlarged in freshwater forms but are small in terrestrial species . maxillary nephridial glands are typical of adult stomatopods , syncaridans , hemicaridans , and isopods . adult leptostracans have both types of glands . nephrocytes are present at the bases of thoracic legs and elsewhere in the body of mainly primitive groups . bathynellaceans have a unique uropodal gland . the sternal\nmost large malacostracans respire through gills , which develop as vascularized outgrowths of the first segment of the thoracic legs ( epipodal gills ) . the gills of decapods are in a branchial chamber beneath the carapace , and oxygenated water is funneled through them . the lining of the chamber itself may be soft and vascularized for respiration , as in mysids , thermosbaenaceans , hemicarideans , and peneid shrimps . land crabs have larger and more vascularized branchial chambers than do aquatic crabs . land crabs also possess specialized chambers for keeping the gills moist .\nthe epipodal gills in syncarids and euphausiids are unprotected , since a carapace is either lacking or does not cover the leg bases . in amphipods the gills are usually simple sacs or plates , which in the course of evolution have migrated to the inner side of the legs . the gills are fanned and oxygenated by the pleopods in the ventral tunnel formed by the coxal plates . in stomatopods and isopods gill - like outgrowths of the pleopods or invaginated pseudotracheae ( in terrestrial isopods ) are the main organs of respiration .\ngases diffuse across the respiratory surface . since the chitinous material of the body wall is relatively impermeable , special mechanisms have evolved to boost oxygen uptake . these include increased surface area ( dendritic , foliate , pleated , or \u201cdouble\u201d gills ) , rich vascularization of respiratory surfaces , ventilating mechanisms ( current - directing exopods and baler plates of the maxillae and maxillipeds ) , and presence in the blood of special respiratory pigments such as hemocyanin ( which contains copper ) .\nis enclosed in a pericardial sinus and is located dorsally , above the gut . it is elongate and tubular with several holes ( ostia ) for return flow in primitive forms ( orders leptostraca and stomatopoda and the superorder syncarida ) , but it is short and boxlike with one to two ostia and located in the thorax in advanced forms ( decapods ) . the blood , or hemolymph , is pumped to the head through an aorta and to the gills and locomotor appendages through lateral and ventral arteries . veins are lacking , and the blood returns to the heart via a series of sinuses .\n, which lies in the eyestalk or in an equivalent part of the head in which the eyes are sessile . this complex regulates maturation , dispersal of pigments in the eye and for\nchange , and some metabolic processes , including molting . the female\u2019s ovaries , the male\u2019s reproductive glands , the pericardial organs , and the maxillary y - organs of decapods also produce hormones that function in the molt and reproductive cycles .\nmalacostracans must compete for food , shelter , space , and mates . hermit crabs fight over shells to occupy , stomatopods and alpheid shrimps fight over shelters , and terrestrial crabs and tube - building amphipods contest burrows and domiciles . males of many species grow enlarged and embellished appendages at maturity for use in fighting and winning mates . fights to determine status range from highly ritualized displays to death struggles . in decapods the most aggressive fighters are aquatic species , which are well armed , meet infrequently , and compete only occasionally over patchy , ephemeral resources , including females . terrestrial species , which are more prone to injury , more social , and less limited by availability of resources , exhibit more complex , formalized interactions . male fiddler crabs attract females by waving the enlarged claw and sending sound signals . the signals establish the identity and intent of the sender . male ghost crabs build sand pyramids to attract females . numerous shrimps and some amphipods snap the movable finger of the enlarged claw against the hand as part of threat displays and courtship signals . many stomatopods have a colour - coded , species - specific eyespot on the claws , which is displayed during posturing . more aggressive species have brighter eyespots . stomatopods that fight with the same or closely related species reduce the force of their blows or engage in ritualized combat . relatively docile species are more aggressive when facing more bellicose neighbours . an elaborate set of courtship signals is needed by the male stomatopod to prevent the female from attacking him .\nmale fiddler crab ( uca perplexa ) waving an enlarged claw to attract females .\nclass malacostraca cambrian to present ; typically with compound eyes , stalked or sessile ; 8 thoracic and 6 abdominal segments , each potentially capable of bearing a pair of appendages ; about 22 , 000 species . subclass phyllocarida early cambrian to present . \u2020order archaeostraca\u2026\narthropod , any member of the phylum arthropoda , the largest phylum in the animal kingdom , which includes such familiar forms as lobsters , crabs , spiders , mites , insects , centipedes , and millipedes . about 84 percent of all known species of animals are members of this phylum . arthropods are represented in every habitat on earth\u2026\ninvertebrate , any animal that lacks a vertebral column , or backbone , in contrast to the cartilaginous or bony vertebrates . more than 90 percent of all living animal species are invertebrates . worldwide in distribution , they include animals as diverse as sea stars , sea urchins , earthworms , sponges , jellyfish , lobsters , crabs , insects , spiders , snails , \u2026\nlobster , any of numerous marine crustaceans ( phylum arthropoda , order decapoda ) constituting the families homaridae ( or nephropsidae ) , true lobsters ; palinuridae , spiny lobsters , or sea crayfish ; scyllaridae , slipper , spanish , or shovel lobsters ; and polychelidae , deep - sea lobsters . all are marine and benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) , and most are nocturnal . lobsters scavenge for dead animals but\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n. rostrum present or absent ; eyes absent ; eyes ocular scale absent ; eyes naupliar eyes absent .\n; exopod well developed , whip - like . antennae ( antenna 2 ) biramous , or uniramous ; exopod multiarticulate . mandible uniramous ; palp present . maxillipeds , absent .\n. epimera absent . pleopods present or absent , 2 pairs or 1 pair ; reduced . uropods well developed , 1 pair , positioned ventrolaterally ; rami present , exopod without diaresis ; endopod without statocyst .\n. africa , madagascar , southwestern asia , japan , australia , new zealand , south america , united states , europe .\ncite this publication as : lowry , j . k . ( 1999 onwards ) . ' crustacea , the higher taxa : description , identification , and information retrieval . ' version : 2 october 1999 . urltoken .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbathynellaceans are found on all continents except antarctica . they are not known to be from central america , from islands that are volcanic in origin , and from some other islands , such as new caledonia , fiji , and the caribbean islands .\nbathynellaceans are found mostly underground near freshwater habitats or in caves . they are sometimes collected on the surface in waters that are fed by underground water sources , such as wells , in sands along the shores of rivers and lakes , or in springs . at least one african species lives in hot springs and can tolerate temperatures up to 130\u00b0f ( 55\u00b0c ) . a few species can tolerate slightly salty water and are found near the seashore or in other brackish waters .\nbathynellaceans eat plant materials , worms , microscopic animals , and bacteria . some species may be specialists and feed on just one or two of these groups of organisms .\nphysical characteristics : males and females have a row of four spines at the base of the uropods . the spine closest to the front of the body is larger and distinctly separated from the others . the base of the seventh leg of the male has a clear , cone - shaped bump on the inside . geographic range : antrobathynella stammeri are widely distributed in europe , from ireland to romania . habitat : antrobathyn\u2026\nplease include a link to this page if you have found this material useful for research or writing a related article . content on this website is from high - quality , licensed material originally published in print form . you can always be sure you ' re reading unbiased , factual , and accurate information .\nhighlight the text below , right - click , and select \u201ccopy\u201d . paste the link into your website , email , or any other html document .\nyour email address will be altered so spam harvesting bots can ' t read it easily . hide my email completely instead ?\nmost things can be themselves carried out on their own at home , if we , to help only the right tools and equipment us . lexia 3 bmw gt1this includes to do , their own estimate made could be wrong with the car before you even went of workshops . do you know in these days , what is wrong , everything what you need carmd automotive diagnostics - tools with which the work for you and your car , you must not be on a mechanic . - - cr5\nwe were able to provide you with some of the facts above but there is still plenty more to write about in subsequent articles .\nit can be a bit painful but you have to take it none the less . it builds a strong foundation for level 2 and level 3 where it becomes greatly evolved over level one . so a lot of basics and a lot of technical jargons that the students would have to remember but valuations concepts may not be very difficult .\n\u201cto me , fearless is not the absense of fear . it ' s not being completely unafraid . to me , fearless is having fears . fearless is having doubts . lots of them . to me , fearless is living in spite of those things that scare you to death . \u201d breeches\nwell i definitely liked reading it . this information provided by you is very constructive for correct planning . i like your work for providing . [ url = urltoken\nwell i definitely liked reading it . this information provided by you is very constructive for correct planning . i like your work for providing urltoken\nwell i definitely liked reading it . this information provided by you is very constructive for correct planning . i like your work for urltoken\nbrusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmartin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbathynellaceans occur worldwide with around 150 described species . however , they are not known from antarctica , central america , from islands that are volcanic in origin , and from some other islands , such as new caledonia , fiji , and the caribbean islands . there are two families , bathynellidae and parabathynellidae , both recorded from australia , with around 10 described species and many more undescribed . many species are known to have very limited distributions .\nalthough both male and female bathynellaceans are known , their mating behavior has never been observed . unlike most crustaceans that carry their eggs or young for at least some period of time , female bathynellaceans lay 1 or 2 large eggs in the surrounding sand or sediment . larval development is anamorphic , where the napulis ( larvae ) hatches with only working antennae and mouthparts and additional appendages are added with each molt to reach adulthood . the number of molts varies among species ."]}
{"id": 1094, "summary": [{"text": "faristenia geminisignella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east , korea and japan ( honshu ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on acer mono . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "faristenia geminisignella", "paragraphs": ["faristenia geminisignella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 614 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia geminisignella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )\nfaristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 601 ; ts : faristenia omelkoi ponomarenko\nfaristenia furtumella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia jumbongae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia maritimella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia omelkoi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nfaristenia praemaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nfaristenia quercivora ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nfaristenia ussuriella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nfaristenia angustivalvata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia circulicaudata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia cornutivalvaris li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia impenicilla li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia kangxianensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia medimaculata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia pallida li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia triangula li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia wuyiensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta zootax . sinica 23 : ( 386 - 398 )\nfaristenia furtumella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nfaristenia maritimella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 613 ; tl : andreevka , primorskii krai\nfaristenia ussuriella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : gornotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nfaristenia acerella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 606 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia cornutivalvaris ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )\nfaristenia medimaculata ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125 ( note )\nfaristenia omelkoi ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 603 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia quercivora ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai\nfaristenia triangula ; ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ( note )\nfaristenia mukurossivora ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : honshu , nara\nfaristenia polemica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 336\nfaristenia nemoriella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 14 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , khasanskii distr . , 14km sw slavyanka , ryazanovka\nfaristenia hirowatarii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : [ honshu ] , mt . wasamata , nara pref .\nfaristenia kanazawai ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : daisenji , mt daisen , tottori pref , japan\nfaristenia acerella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nfaristenia atrimaculata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nfaristenia nakatanii ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 63 ( 2 ) : 68 ; tl : japan , ryukyus , okinawa pref . , kunigami vill . , yona\nueda & ponomarenko , 2000 two new species of the genus faristenia ponomarenko , 1991 ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) from japan trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 119 - 126\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nlarva on acer ginnala ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nlarva on acer mono ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 44\nlarva on sapindus mukurossi ueda & ponomarenko , 2000 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 ( 2 ) : 125\nchelaria polemica meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 589 ; tl : kalimpong , bengal\nlarva on michelia campaca ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nchelaria praemaculata meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 67 ; tl : kwanhsien , china\nlarva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 45\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1095, "summary": [{"text": "apoctena persecta is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand , where it is found only on the south island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 \u2013 19 mm for both males and females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous whitish , sprinkled with light brownish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in males the forewings are posteriorly tinged with light brownish between the veins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a distinct variety , named semicocta , which has whitish-ochreous forewings , on the costal half suffused with brownish ochreous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of this variety are also whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on coprosma species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "apoctena persecta", "paragraphs": ["apoctena taipana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae , endemic to new zealand .\nthe following form i had at first regarded as a new species , but now consider it probably only a variety of persecta , though so different in appearance as to deserve a varietal name ; the structure appears identical .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u2642 . 17 mm . head pale grey . palpi 2 , fulvous - ochreous , towards apex grey . antennal ciliations 1 . thorax grey , a small spot on shoulders and posterior crest fulvous - orange . abdomen light grey . forewings elongate , posteriorly dilated , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to \u2156 , apex obtuse - pointed , termen slightly sinuate , rather oblique ; deep fulvous - orange :\ncilia concolorous , tips grey - whitish . hindwings grey ; cilia pale grey .\nkaeo ( near whangaroa ) , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . singularly distinct .\nmr . philpott has sent me connecting varietal forms of this extraordinarily variable species , which have convinced me that tornota meyr . cannot be maintained as specifically distinct from it .\n\u2640 . 19 mm . forewings whitish - ochreous , on costal half suffused with brownish - ochreous ; outer edge of basal patch acutely angulated above middle , angle marked with blackish , with black dots above , before , and below it ; central fascia oblique , blackish and rather narrow on upper half , on lower half broader , brownish - ochreous , with several undefined black dots on its edges ; costal patch elongate , narrow , ochreous - brown mixed with dark grey ; a transverse mark of reddish - ochreous suffusion before termen towards middle , marked in middle with a small black spot , and above and beneath this with two or three minute black dots : cilia ochreous . hind - wings and cilia whitish .\nnear before termen : cilia dark purple - leaden , on termen mixed with brownish - ochreous and towards tips ochreous - whitish . hindwings dark fuscous , becoming blackish posteriorly ; cilia dark purplish - grey with blackish subbasal line , towards tips whitish on upper part of termen , and on a patch above apex .\nkaeo , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . an obscure species , probably allied to zatrophana .\nwellington , in november ( hudson ) ; one specimen . intermediate between amplexana and scoliastis .\n\u2642 . 14\u201315 mm . , \u2640 16\u201317 mm . head and thorax dark purple - fuscous . palpi in \u2642 under 2 , dark fuscous ; in \u2640 2 , whitish mixed with fuscous . antennal ciliations in \u2642 1\u00bd . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings in \u2642 elongate , rather dilated posteriorly , costa gently arched , with moderate fold from base to \u2154 , apex obtuse , termen somewhat sinuate , little oblique , in \u2640 more oblong , costa anteriorly moderately arched , then nearly straight ; dark fuscous , more or less wholly suffused with deep purple ; a patch of ochreous - whitish irroration extending along dorsum from \u00bc to \u00be , upper edge indented in middle ; in \u2642 a patch of deep - ferruginous suffusion sprinkled with yellowish on costa towards apex ; in \u2640 a semioval yellowwhitish blotch extending along costa from \u2156 to near apex ; termen slenderly suffused with deep ferruginous : cilia dark purplish - leaden , with blackish subbasal line , in \u2640 slightly mixed with whitish beneath apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia in \u2642 grey with black subbasal line , in \u2640 lighter grey , tinged with whitish beneath apex , with dark - fuscous subbasal line becoming deep ferruginous round apex .\nkarori , in garden , in december ( hudson ) ; four specimens ( 2 \u2642 2 \u2640 ) . nearest achrosta ; the difference in the sexes is very remarkable .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nasthenoptycha is a little - studied genus of moths belonging to the large family tortricidae .\nepitymbia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nmeritastis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nmimeoclysia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\ncapnoptycha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1098, "summary": [{"text": "rhyacionia insulariana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( sichuan , yunnan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on pinus yunnanensis , pinus densata , pinus kesiya var .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "langbianensis , pinus armandi and pinus massoniana . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "rhyacionia insulariana", "paragraphs": ["rhyacionia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .\nhave a fact about rhyacionia frustrana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for rhyacionia frustrana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1099, "summary": [{"text": "chasmaporthetes , also known as hunting or running hyena , is an extinct genus of hyenas distributed in eurasia , north america , and africa during the pliocene-pleistocene epochs , living from 4.9 million to 780,000 years ago , existing for about 4.12 million years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the genus probably arose from eurasian miocene hyenas such as thalassictis or lycyaena , with c. borissiaki being the oldest known representative .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the species c. ossifragus was the only hyena to cross the bering land bridge into the americas , and ranged over what is now arizona and mexico during blancan and early irvingtonian land mammal ages , between 5.0 and 1.5 million years ago .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "chasmaporthetes was one of the so-called \" dog-like \" hyenas ( of which the aardwolf is the only survivor ) , a hyaenid group which , in contrast to the now more common \" bone-crushing \" hyenas , evolved into slender-limbed , cursorial hunters like modern canids .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the genus has entered the popular culture lexicon as a result of cryptozoologic claims , having been proposed as the likely origin of the american shunka warakin and the cuitlamiztli . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "chasmaporthetes", "paragraphs": ["etiquetas : acinonyx pardinensis . , asia . , chasmaporthetes australis . , chasmaporthetes lunensis . , chasmaporthetes . , europe . , miocene , north america . , pachycrocuta brevirostris . , prehistoric animals\nlife reconstruction of a pair of chasmaporthetes gangsriensis . image credit : julie selan .\nchasmaporthetes gangsriensis is the smaller among plio - pleistocene eurasian species of the genus .\ncomparative measurements ( mm ) of african fossil chasmaporthetes and lycyaenops maxillary premolars . a\nchasmaporthetes was named by hay ( 1921 ) . its type is chasmaporthetes ossifragus . it was assigned to hyaenidae by hay ( 1921 ) , geraads ( 1997 ) and flynn ( 1998 ) .\nby the early pliocene , chasmaporthetes crossed the bering land bridge to america , where they evolved into chasmaporthetes ossifragus , becoming north america\u2019s only native hyena before being brought to extinction by the end of the ice age .\npartial left maxilla of chasmaporthetes gangsriensis . scale bar \u2013 20 mm . image credit : tseng zj et al .\nthe new fossils of chasmaporthetes , including partial lower jaws , maxillae , and toe bones , were collected from the pliocene deposits of the zanda basin in southwestern tibetan plateau in 2009 , and identified as a new species , chasmaporthetes gangsriensis .\ntooth enamel structure in the hyaenid chasmaporthetes lunensis lunensis from the late pliocene of italy , with implication on feeding behaviour .\nartist\u2019s depiction of chasmaporthetes\u2013the hunting hyena . it was a fast runner and an important carnivore on 4 continents during the pliocene .\nchasmaporthetes gangsriensis lived in what is now tibetan plateau during the middle pliocene , 4 . 9 - 4 . 1 million years ago .\n( pdf ) tooth enamel structure in the hyaenid chasmaporthetes lunensis lunensis from the late pliocene of italy , with implication on feeding behaviour .\nberta , a . 1981 . the plio - pleistocene hyaena chasmaporthetes ossifragus from florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology , 1 : 341 - 356 .\nthe limb bones of chasmaporthetes were long and slender like those of cheetahs , and its cheek teeth were slender and sharp - edged like those of a cat . it is likely that chasmaporthetes probably inhabited open ground and was a daytime hunter . in europe , the species c . lunensis competed with the\n\u201c chasmaporthetes gangsriensis is morphologically the most basal pliocene chasmaporthetes in china , and is consistent with the \u2018out of tibet\u2019 hypothesis for some pleistocene megafauna\u201d , said dr zhijie jack tseng of natural history museum of los angeles county and university of southern california , who is the lead author of a paper published in the journal of vertebrate paleontology .\nchasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632\ncursorial hyenas ( chasmaporthetes ) , also known as hunting or running hyenas , are an extinct genus of hyenas endemic to north america , africa , and asia during pliocene and pleistocene periods .\nchasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 | henry galiano - urltoken\ndetails - chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 - biodiversity heritage library\nan illustration of the skull of chasmaporthetes lunensis from spain and a full restoration of the hyena ' s dog - like head . art by mauricio ant\u00f3n and modified by ant\u00f3n et al . , 2007 .\nthe oldest representatives of chasmaporthetes appeared in the late miocene of greece , chad , and china . however , the genus was already widespread at the time of their earliest record around 7 million years ago .\nberta , a . ( 1981 ) . the plio - pleistocene hyaena chasmaporthetes ossifragus from florida journal of vertebrate paleontology , 1 ( 3 ) , 341 - 356 doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1981 . 10011905\nthis prehistoric animal is an animal very curious . due to the different characteristics was an animal uncommon , and is called chasmaporthetes , although not really a distinct species , it really is the family of a peculiar group of hyenas .\nchasmaporthetes has often been called the\nhunting hyena .\nby itself , this isn ' t a very helpful moniker . despite their reputation as scavengers , for example , spotted hyenas actually obtain much of their meat through hunting , with carrion making up as little as five percent of their diet in some populations . even so , the nickname is meant to highlight the long - legged and relatively graceful build of chasmaporthetes . this was a hyena well - adapted to running and chasing down prey .\n. . . however , a few morphological features that are preserved prompt some modification of qiu et al . ' s ( 2004 ) emended diagnosis of the genus chasmaporthetes : they indicated that the infraorbital foramen in species of chasmaporthetes is located dorsally over the p4 anterior root , or immediately dorsorostral of it ; in c . gangsriensis , the foramen is situated dorsal of the posterior p3 root , a more plesiomorphic feature in their framework ( ) . by comparison , the infraorbital foramen is situated between p3 and p4 in the complete c . lunensis skull from la puebla de valverde ( ant\u00f3nant\u00b4ant\u00f3n et al . , 2006 ) , being more posterior than c . gangsriensis ; in correspondence , the orbit is also further rostrally placed in chasmaporthetes gangsriensis , and the ventral - most rim of the orbit is just above the p4 paracone , not the p4 metastyle as in the la puebla de valverde specimen . the morphology shown in c . gangsriensis therefore expands the range of variation in relative p4 - infraorbital foramen position in chasmaporthetes . . . .\nchasmaporthetes is a genus that lived in europe , asia , africa and north america about 15 million years ago during the miocene . in short , a sort of prehistoric animal that i thought you would like to know if you love animals , prehistoric or not .\n. . . pliocene faunas of europe yield two species of hyaenids : the more common in the paleontological record pliocrocuta perrieri and the quite rare so - called hunting hyaena chasmaporthetes lunensis . chasmaporthetes apparently represented a wolf - like ecotype , although its dentition and jaws were still quite robust and well adapted to bone crushing ( galiano and frailey , 1977 ; ferretti 1999 ; anton et al . , 2006 ) . anton et al . ( 2006 ) suggested that c . lunensis was an active group hunting predator . . . .\ndiscussion . the associated dnm 3 specimens represent a partial left pes of a hyaenid that is both metrically and morphologically distinct from both crocuta and parahyaena . the metatarsal and phalanges conform to previously described morphology of chasmaporthetes elements , but are more gracile than the more robust north american taxon ( berta , 1981 ; tseng et al . , 2013 ) . at present , the drimolen makondo specimens have not been directly compared to postcranial elements associated with craniodental remains assigned to percrocuta ( adcrocuta ) australis ( l 13033 ; hendey , 1974 ; 1978 ) , reassigned to chasmaporthetes australis ( werdelin and solounias , 1990 ) , that include a third and fifth metatarsal and seven phalanges ( of undescribed position ; neither photographs nor measurements of these specimens have been published ) . at present , the known biogeography of chasmaporthetes in south africa during the terminal pliocene and early pleistocene would suggest these remains most likely represent chasmaporthetes nitidula ; it is the only currently recognised species in the genus documented in the cradle of humankind karstic deposits , and two craniodental specimens are known from the drimolen main quarry ( o\u2019regan and menter , 2009 ) . at a minimum , these specimens represent one of only two sets of chasmaporthetes postcrania in africa , the first attributed postcrania for the genus known from a cradle locality , and potentially the first c . nitidula postcrania in the record .\nwerdelin , l . , a . turner and n . solounias . 1994 . studies of fossil hyaenids : the genera hyaenictis gaudry and chasmaporthetes hay , with consideration of the hyaenidae of langabaanweg , south africa . zoological journal of the linnean society 111 : 197 - 217 .\nkurten , b . , & werdelin , l . ( 1988 ) . a review of the genus chasmaporthetes hay , 1921 ( carnivora , hyaenidae ) journal of vertebrate paleontology , 8 ( 1 ) , 46 - 66 doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1988 . 10011683\n. . . the relative gracility and less massive dentition of chasmaporthetes lunensis suggest reduced scavenging habits ( turner , 1992b ) . according to ant\u00f3n et al . ( 2006 ) , it could be a social predator , as a single individual would be unable to subdue and kill medium - and large - sized prey because of its long muzzle and relatively gracile forelimbs . however , croitor and brugal ( 2010 ) qualify chasmaporthetes as a\nwolf - like\necotype , retaining strong bone - crushing capabilities , and consider this hyaenid a solitary predator . . . .\nalthough many researchers stressed that the cheek teeth of the several chasmaporthetes species were better suited to shearing than crushing , this did not mean that the hyenas were incapable of cracking bone . after all , modern spotted hyenas are formidable hunters as well as accomplished bone - crackers , and a complete skull of the european species c . lunensis found in spain exhibited patterns of tooth wear consistent with breaking open bones . much like the modern spotted hyena , chasmaporthetes was a hunter that could make full use of a carcass , as well as scavenge when the opportunity presented itself .\n. . . < 90 ? . this morphology is characteristic of the three extant bone - cracking hyenas and the extinct pachycrocuta , clearly distinguishing the studied specimens from chasmaporthetes , which displays less steeply folded bands and more closely packed with one another ( ferretti , 1999 ) . . . .\nyet chasmaporthetes was not unique to north america . the species hay described - c . ossifragus - turned up in deposits between 3 and 1 . 5 million years old at other sites in mexico , the american southwest , and florida , but other species of the same genus were also discovered in europe , africa and asia . rather than being entirely unique to north america , chasmaporthetes had initially evolved elsewhere and eventually spread over the bering land bridge into north america . it was a long - lived variety of hyena that was just part of a radiation of now - extinct forms .\nthe left upper jaw ( maxilla ) of a chasmaporthetes found in florida ( facing left ) . the preserved teeth , from the left , are the third incisor , canine , and premolars 2 - 4 . ( the second incisor and first premolar were missing . ) from berta , 1981 .\nhunter - schreger bands ( hsb ) and the outer enamel surface of the teeth of the hunting hyena chasmaporthetes lunensis lunenesis del campana , from olivola ( late pliocene , italy ) has been analysed . as in the bone crushing hyenas ( crocuta , hyaena , and pachycrocuta ) c . i . lunensis possesses complex hsb , with both horizontal and vertical components . however the less intense folding of the hsb and the smooth outer enamel surface suggest a more primitive structure than that in the bone crushing hyenas . this is consistent with the hypothesis that chasmaporthetes was not an extremely specialized bone eater .\ntseng , j . z . , li , q . , and wang , x . 2013 . a new cursorial hyena from tibet , and analysis of biostratigraphy , paleozoogeography , and dental morphology of chasmaporthetes ( mammalia , carnivora . j ournal of vertebrate paleontology , 33 : 1457 - 1471 .\ntseng zj et al . 2013 . a new cursorial hyena from tibet , and analysis of biostratigraphy , paleozoogeography , and dental morphology of chasmaporthetes ( mammalia , carnivora ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 33 ( 6 ) : 1457 - 1471 ; doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2013 . 775142\nty - book ti - chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 ur - urltoken py - 1977 au - frailey , david . au - galiano , henry . er -\nthough the north american chasmaporthetes specimens were differentiated from other species by their relatively robust limbs , deep lower jaws , and slightly curved tooth rows , their general anatomy was consistent with finds in the old world . these hyenas were hunters that ran down their prey . this might have put them in competition with speedy cats that evolved about 1 . 8 million years ago - namely north america ' s false cheetah miracinonyx - but some researchers stressed caution in drawing conclusions about diet on the basis on anatomy alone . in a 1994 paper about chasmaporthetes and hyaenictis , paleontologists lars werdelin , alan turner , and nikos solounias wrote :\nthe scientists turned out to be wrong . based upon the computerized models created for the study , tseng and colleagues concluded that the skull of\nchasmaporthetes was just as adapted for handling stress incurred during bone - cracking behavior as the modern crocuta [ spotted hyena ] .\nyet this does not necessarily mean that the extinct hyena hunted and fed in the exact same way that spotted hyenas do . chasmaporthetes still had comparatively slender teeth better suited to cutting through fresh than breaking through bone , and so the authors of the paper suggest that the stress - absorbing features of the skull might be adaptations to withstanding forces generated by struggling prey . the way the hyenas caught prey has to be taken into account , and future studies that model stresses created by prey may help scientists identify skull characteristics related to hunting rather than fracturing bone . chasmaporthetes certainly could have been a competent bone - cracker , but whether the anatomy of its skull can be attributed to this kind of behavior is another question .\nzhijie tseng , mauricio ant\u00f3n , and manuel salesa published the results of their study in paleobiology earlier this year . like many other bone - cracking carnivorans , the skull of chasmaporthetes exhibited a mosaic of features that gave it a powerful bite - a short snout , massive premolars , a large sagittal crest on the top of the skull for muscle attachment , deep lower jaws , and teeth modified at the microscopic level to resist fracturing . these traits are present to relatively lesser or greater degrees among carnivorous mammals adapted to crack bones , but the scientists proposed that the skull of chasmaporthetes would have had suffered greater stress while breaking through bone than the skull of a modern spotted hyena .\n. . . european hyaenictis have generally been included in the hyaenid ecomorphotype 4 ( cursorial meat - and bone - eating hyenas , including among others chasmaporthetes and lycyaena ) , instead of ecomorphotype 5 ( transitional bonecracking hyenas , like belbus werdelin and solounias , 1991 , and metahyaena viranta and werdelin , 2003 ) or 6 ( fullydeveloped bone - cracking hyenas such as adcrocuta ; werdelin 1996 ; werdelin and solounias 1996 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . however , some previous studies have favored some degree of durophagy in cursorial miocene hyaenids such as chasmaporthetes , in spite of noting their lesser bone - cracking abilities compared to fully developed bone - crackers ( kurt\u00e9n and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin et al . 1994 ; ferretti 1999 ; ant\u00f3n et al . 2006 ) . this was further confirmed by a finite elements analysis of the skull of chasmaporthetes ( tseng et al . 2011 ) , according to which this taxon would have been able to the resist the masticatory stresses generated by a bone - cracking diet ( although less efficiently than crocuta ) . . . .\n. . . european hyaenictis have generally been included in the hyaenid ecomorphotype 4 ( cursorial meat - and bone - eating hyenas , including among others chasmaporthetes and lycyaena ) , instead of ecomorphotype 5 ( transitional bonecracking hyenas , like belbus werdelin and solounias , 1991 , and metahyaena viranta and werdelin , 2003 ) or 6 ( fullydeveloped bone - cracking hyenas such as adcrocuta ; werdelin 1996 ; werdelin and solounias 1996 ; turner et al . 2008 ) . however , some previous studies have favored some degree of durophagy in cursorial miocene hyaenids such as chasmaporthetes , in spite of noting their lesser bone - cracking abilities compared to fully developed bone - crackers ( kurt\u00e9n and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin et al . 1994 ; ferretti 1999 ; ant\u00f3n et al . 2006 ) . this was further confirmed by a finite elements analysis of the skull of chasmaporthetes ( tseng et al . 2011 ) , according to which this taxon would have been able to the resist the masticatory stresses generated by a bone - cracking diet ( although less efficiently than crocuta ) . . . .\ntseng , z . , ant\u00f3n , m . , & salesa , m . ( 2011 ) . the evolution of the bone - cracking model in carnivorans : cranial functional morphology of the plio - pleistocene cursorial hyaenid chasmaporthetes lunensis ( mammalia : carnivora ) paleobiology , 37 ( 1 ) , 140 - 156 doi : 10 . 1666 / 09045 . 1\nit should be noted , however , that our suggestion of adaptations towards a cursorial and active hunting mode of life for chasmaporthetes does not mean that it did not scavenge , nor that it was necessarily in competition with extremely cursorial hunters such as acinonyx [ true cheetahs ] and miracinonyx . however , relative to other hyaenas [ , ] it has clearly evolved in that direction .\nwerdelin , l . , turner , a . , & solounias , n . ( 1994 ) . studies of fossil hyaenids : the genera hyaenictis gaudry and chasmaporthetes hay , with a reconsideration of the hyaenidae of langebaanweg , south africa zoological journal of the linnean society , 111 ( 3 ) , 197 - 217 doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1994 . tb01483 . x\nfor decades , most of what was hypothesized about the north american hyena was based on chasmaporthetes specimens found elsewhere . jaw fragments and teeth were all that had been recovered in the southwest and mexico . this changed in 1981 , when annalisa berta described parts of the skull and limbs of the hyena found in florida . no single skeleton was found , but by looking at the accumulated pieces berta determined that the florida hyenas had strongly - muscled , flexible upper arms and long , slightly curved tibiaewhich indicated that the hyenas had very powerful hindlimbs . the fact that premolars of chasmaporthetes resembled the meat - slicing teeth of the spotted hyena rather than the crushers of the brown and striped hyenas was taken as an indication that it was more of a predator than a scavenger , and a fleet - footed one at that .\n@ book { bhl167948 , title = { chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { frailey , david . and galiano , henry . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\nunfortunately , no one has yet found a complete skull from an american hyena . perhaps some lucky paleontologist will , but , for now , the skull from spain provides the best available information about the possible feeding habits of these\nhunting hyenas .\ni can only imagine a pack of chasmaporthetes chasing down a prehistoric pronghorn through the grasslands - a scene that still echoes in africa , but occurred during a distant part of north america ' s prehistory .\n. . . ( turner et al . 2008 ) . thus , ips62078 differs from chasmaporthetes ( see kurt\u00e9n and werdelin 1988 ; werdelin and solounias 1991 ; werdelin and turner 1996 ; ant\u00f3n et al . 2006 ; tseng et al . 2013 ) in the presence of p1 , the relatively broader cheek teeth , the less developed accessory cusps in the premolars , the mesial and distal accessory cusps of the premolars aligned with the main cusp ( instead of lingually tilted ) , the presence of metaconid ( even if vestigial ) , the tricuspid m1 talonid ( chasmaporthetes lacks the hypoconulid and sometimes the hypoconid ) , and the presence of m2 . compared to lycyaena , the dentition of ips62078 is larger , somewhat stouter ( i . e . , it displays relatively broader cheek teeth ) , and is further characterized by smaller and more indistinct premolar accessory cusps ( werdelin 1988 ; werdelin and solounias 1991 ) . . . .\n. . . the enigmatic chasmaporthetes clusters with hyaenidae but is more distinct than the other species in its mandible shape ( fig . 7 ) . this taxon was less capable of cracking bones than the extant crocuta , hyaena , and parahyaena , which cluster with pachycrocuta and pliocrocuta , confirming previous inferences on its paleobiology ( berta , 1981 ; kurt\u00e9nkurt\u00b4kurt\u00e9n and werdelin , 1988 ; ferretti , 1999ferretti , , 2007 ant\u00f3nant\u00b4ant\u00f3n et al . , 2006 ) . . . .\n. . . the enigmatic chasmaporthetes clusters with hyaenidae but is more distinct than the other species in its mandible shape ( fig . 7 ) . this taxon was less capable of cracking bones than the extant crocuta , hyaena , and parahyaena , which cluster with pachycrocuta and pliocrocuta , confirming previous inferences on its paleobiology ( berta , 1981 ; kurt\u00e9nkurt\u00b4kurt\u00e9n and werdelin , 1988 ; ferretti , 1999 ferretti , , 2007ant\u00f3nant\u00b4ant\u00f3n et al . , 2006 ) . . . .\nhyenas diverged from the stem feliform in the oligocene and transitioned through six ecomorph groups from civet - like insectivores / omnivores through generalised jackal - like meat and small bone eaters to the fully developed modern bone crushers . 4 this middle phase is well represented by the four hyaenid species that have been described from the south african fossil site of langebaanweg ( lbw ) e quarry 14 - 17 ( figure 1 ) : chasmaporthetes australis , hyaenictitherium namaquensis , hyaenictis hendeyi and ikelohyaena abronia . 4 , 18\nacinonyx pardinensis , and may have preyed on the small bourbon gazelle ( gazella borbonica ) and the chamois antelope ( procamptoceras brivatense ) . the north american c . ossifragus was similar in build to c . lunensis , but had slightly more robust jaws and teeth . it may have preyed on the giant marmot paenemarmota , and competed with the far more numerous borophagus diversidens . a study on the genus ' premolar intercuspid notches indicate that chasmaporthetes was likely hypercarnivorous rather than durophagus as its modern cousins ( excluding the aardwolf ) are .\n. . . the same value in tasso and serengeti , because of the occurrence in the tasso assemblage of the hunting hyaena chasmaporthetes lunensis ( del campana , 1914 ) . this peculiar hyaenid was , in fact , characterized by a dental specialization to bone consumption lesser developed than in the\nhyper - scavenger\npachycrocuta , or in the extant bone - crackers hyaena and crocuta ( ferretti , 1999 ferretti , , 2007 rook et al . , 2004 ) . the same reasoning can be addressed concerning the category\ncarcasse destroyers\noffig . . . .\nthe lbw hyaenids , unlike their modern bone - cracking counterparts , were poorly adapted to bone cracking . 1 - 18 , 40 , 41 ikelohyaena abronia , which has traditionally been regarded as the most durophagous of the lbw species , 4 , 22 , 38 possessed derived features in skull stress distribution and levels of strain energy similar to those of crocuta crocuta , but importantly lacked the bite force of the extant species . 42 this fossil species belonged to a clade of early or transitional bone - cracking hyenas that also included other early genera such as palinhyaena , belbus , hyaenid sp . e and leecyaena . 4 chasmaporthetes australis and h . hendeyi on the other hand , fell within a clade of hypercarnivorous hyenas that also included the extinct genus lycyaena . the extinct lycyaena - chasmaporthetes - hyaenictis clade , which emerged as habitats opened up during the terminal miocene , was unique in that its members exhibited post - cranial adaptations indicative of advanced cursoriality . 4 , 30 hyaenictitherium namaquensis was a late - occurring member of the ictitherines , a clade of canid - like hyenas that were prominent during the middle miocene and began dying out at the end of the miocene .\nbut paleontologists have been able to do more than propose hypotheses on the gross anatomy of the chasmaporthetes bones alone . the rediscovery of the skull from spain - which had been found in the 1970 ' s and studied by dolores soria for her doctoral thesis before fading from view until 2007 - finally provided scientists with an opportunity to see what kind of stresses and strains the hyena ' s skull was capable of withstanding . paleontologists have carried out these tests for a variety of bone - crunching mammals over the years , and so there was already plenty to compare the c . lunensis skull with .\n. . . the hyaenids proteles cristata ( j050607t02 , zjt comparative collection , prepared dry skull ) , ictitherium sp . ( hmv 0163 ) , chasmaporthetes lunensis [ 55 , 72 ] , ikelohyaena abronia [ 65 ] , parahyaena brunnea ( mvz 117842 , museum of vertebrate zoology , university of california , berkeley ) , and crocuta crocuta [ 55 ] were analyzed . the fossil and modern canids analyzed included mesocyon coryphaeus , microtomarctus conferta , epicyon haydeni , borophagus secundus , and canis lupus from tseng and wang [ 52 ] , and lycaon pictus from tseng and stynder [ 65 ] . . . .\nfossil species of the family hyaenidae represent a wide range of ecomorphological diversity not observed in living representatives of this carnivoran group . among them , the cursorial meat - and - bone specialists are of particular interest not only because they were the most cursorial of the hyaenids , but also because they were the only members of this family to spread into the new world . here we conduct a functional morphological analysis of the cranium of the cursorial meat - and - bone specialist chasmaporthetes lunensis by using finite element modeling to compare it with the living crocuta crocuta , a well - known bone - cracking carnivoran .\nfor this analysis we only considered specimens preserving sufficient morphology to be identified at least to order level and are not presenting data on indeterminate mammalian elements or fragments . we have also not undertaken an analysis of the 554 primate craniodental and postcranial specimens , as this collection has recently been partially analysed ( see nieuwoudt , 2014 ) . we have also not duplicated the primary description of the main quarry carnivores of o\u2019regan & menter ( 2009 ) , but we have re - evaluated the previously published dinofelis and chasmaporthetes specimens because of their bearing on biochronological interpretations and present data on carnivore specimens catalogued since publication of that study .\nchasmaporthetes , also known as hunting or running hyena , is an extinct genus of hyena endemic to north america , africa , and asia during the pliocene - pleistocene epochs , living from 4 . 9 mya\u2014780 , 000 years ago , existing for approximately 4 . 12 million years . the genus probably arose from eurasian miocene hyenas such as thalassictis or lycyaena , with c . borissiaki being the oldest known representative . the species c . ossifragus was the only hyena to cross the bering land bridge into the americas , and ranged over what is now arizona and mexico during blancan and early irvingtonian land mammal ages , between 5 to 1 . 5 million years ago .\nin 1921 oliver hays was the curator of a museum that eventually became the smithsonian . one day , he was examining fossils that had been collected from the val verde copper mine in anita , arizona 20 years earlier . barnum brown , a world renowned fossil collector at a time when fossil hunters were celebrities , had labeled 1 specimen as \u201ccat . \u201d this curious specimen consisted of just a lower jaw . after much pain - staking comparisons with other specimens , oliver hay concluded the jaw belonged to an extinct species of hyena that he named chasmaporthetes ossifragus . the paleontological community doubted hay had correctly identified the specimen . it was nearly 50 years before enough evidence had accumulated to verify hay\u2019s conclusion that hyenas once roamed north america .\ndescription . in addition to the four indeterminate hyaenid craniodental and postcranial specimens described by o\u2019regan & menter ( 2009 ) , three further elements can be attributed to the family . the dn 2864 scapula preserves a very large infraglenoid tubercle relative to the size of the preserved glenoid fossa and is derived from hyaenid smaller than extant parahyaena brunnea thunberg , 1820 . the dn 2973 right p4 preserves the complete protocone and lingual aspect of the anterior accessory cusp and paracone with little occlusal wear . there is some buccolingual swelling on the paracone that is shared with extant p . brunnea p4s and the sk 327 p . brunnea p4 from swartkrans member 1 ( although smaller than the latter ) , and there is no evidence for buccolingual compression or a ridge leading to the trigon basin as in crocuta crocuta . this specimen , along with the dn 2321 p4 fragment described by o\u2019regan & menter ( 2009 : 344 ) , support the occurrence of a hyaenid individual distinct from lycyaenops and chasmaporthetes in the main quarry deposits . in contrast , the dn 3281 right p2 preserves the anterior margin of the crown and half of the anterior root that lacks the cingulum distinctive for p . brunnea dentition . the specimen preserves strong labial ridging and a flattened lingual aspect , and is too buccolingually expanded to represent chasmaporthetes or lycyaenops . the closest extant morphological match is crocuta crocuta ; minimally suggesting an additional hyaenid distinct from l . silberbergi , c . nitidula , and the dn 2973 / 2321 individuals .\nchasmaporthetes ossifragus , known as the hunting hyena , lived in north america from about 4 . 9 million years bp to ~ 780 , 000 bp , making it an important large carnivore of the pliocene and early pleistocene . it had long strong legs and is thought to have been an active hunting animal that chased its prey down , possibly in packs . although it possessed a powerful bite and did eat some bone , it didn\u2019t eat as much bone as the modern extant spotted hyena ( crocuta crocuta ) . it lived alongside other large predators such as the bone eating dog ( borophagus diversidens ) , the giant cheetah ( acinonyx ) , the scimitar - toothed cat ( dinobastis ) , and the dirk - toothed cat ( megantereon ) . it likely preyed upon horses , llamas , camels , peccaries , deer , pronghorn , marmots , and other small mammals .\ndescription . dnm 3 - 4 is a fourth metatarsal preserving the proximal articular surface and a small portion of the diaphysis ( fig ure 6 . 1\u20135 ) . while the articular surface is robust , the proximal end is distinctly mediolaterally compressed relative to extant hyaenids ( e . g . , crocuta and hyaena ; table 5 ) but follow the proportions and morphology of the single previously described chasmaporthetes ossifragus third metatarsal ( uf 27372 ; berta , 1981 ; table 5 ) . the medial and lateral aspects preserve the paired ( dorsal , triangular ; plantar , rectangular ) articular facets for the third and fifth metatarsals , respectively . in slight contrast to the uf 27372 specimen , the lateral dorsal articular facet is more robust and extends further towards the plantar surface on dnm 3 - 4 . this extension nearly converges with the plantar facet to close off the shallow concavity that receives the base of the fifth metatarsal .\nmost of the initial identifications brown had made in his notes turned out to be correct . the mammals appeared to represent a time in the not - too - distant past when forms still living in north america today mixed with lineages that have since been extirpated . what stood out were two parts of\ncat\njaw that didn ' t correspond to any known feline . with the exception of a tiny part of a molar , the crowns of the teeth were entirely gone , but together the two pieces comprised most of the mandible of a carnivorous mammal . though this was not much to work with , hay was able to determine that the jaw had belonged to a hyena - a type of carnivore never before found in north america - and he named it chasmaporthetes ossifragus .\nthe name of this [ genus ] makes allusion to the grand canyon ,\nhay wrote ,\nwhose beginning this animal may have witnessed .\nfossil remains of chamaporthete s have been found at 4 sites in florida , 3 sites in arizona , 2 sites in north texas , 2 sites in mexico , and 1 site in new mexico . it is the only species of hyena known to have crossed the bering landbridge to north america where it was likely more widespread than its fossil record would indicate\u2013there just aren\u2019t many pliocene - aged fossil sites in the midwest and northeast . a similar species , chasmaporthetes lunensis , lived in europe , asia , and africa during the same time period , and it may actually be the same species . this means the hunting hyena was 1 of the most wide ranging and successful large carnivores ever . the reason for its extinction is unknown , but it disappeared at a time when forests were replacing grassland and desert habitats . archaic species of wolves ecologically replaced american hyenas , but it\u2019s not known whether they outcompeted them or simply took advantage of an extinction that occurred due to other causes .\na remarkably complete , well - preserved skull of the pliocene hunting hyaena chasmaporthetes lunensis from la puebla de valverde ( teruel ) is described . this exceptional find allows us to define more clearly the cranial morphology of this taxon , and to put its morphological features into evolutionary and functional perspective . compared with the sympatric hyaenid pliocrocuta perrieri , c . iunensis has a higher and wider rostrum , cheek teeth placed more anteriorly in relation to the orbits , a lower zygoma and a dorsally concave saggital crest , all pointing to a lesser development of the muscle temporalis and a greater emphasis on canine bite over premolar crushing bite . horizontal wear on the premolars , caudal extension of the frontal sinus and other features indicate that scavenging or at least complete utilization of carcasses was a behavioural trait of the hunting hyaena . overall , the available evidence suggests that c . iunensis was an active , group hunting predator of medium - sized ungulates , able to fully utilize car - casses but less dedicated to scavenging than the contemporary species p . perrieri .\nalthough africa ' s spotted hyena is the most iconic member of the group , there are three other species of living hyena : the striped hyena , the brown hyena , and the aardwolf . they are all that ' s left of a once - more widespread and diverse lineage that traces back about 20 million years to small , civet - like forms such as plioviverrops . now , based upon appearances alone , it might seem reasonable to lump all four modern hyenas into a single evolutionary subgroup tied together by common ancestry , but this wouldn ' t be right . the aardwolf , a strange and small hyena that primarily eats termites , is actually a relatively distant cousin of other modern hyenas and represents what some of the early members of the group may have been like . likewise , the extinct giant pachycrocuta was a closer relative of the spotted hyena than the striped and brown hyenas , and there was an entire array of extinct forms with no living representatives . chasmaporthetes was among these now - extinct hyena lineages , and it was significantly different from the hyenas we know today .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > chasmaporthetes kani , new species from china : with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) . american museum novitates ; no . 2632 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > frailey , david . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > galiano , henry . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1977 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nthe carnivoran specimens provide a more constrained depositional age . remains of the genus chasmaporthetes have been recovered across african localities , with c . nitidula described from south african deposits ranging from sterkfontein jacovec cavern and members 2 and 4 ( < 2 . 46\u20132 . 01 ma ; herries et al . , 2013 ) to as late as swartkrans member 3 ( sometime between 1 . 3 and 0 . 6 ma ; herries , curnoe & adams , 2009 ) . however , lycyaenops silberbergi has been recovered from a far narrower range of terminal pliocene and early pleistocene deposits of laetoli ( as lycyaenops cf . l . silberbergi ; werdelin & dehghani , 2011 ) in east africa and sterkfontein in south africa ( \u223c3 . 8\u20132 . 02 ma ; turner , 1990 ; turner , 1997 ; werdelin & lewis , 2005 ; werdelin & peign\u00e9 , 2010 ; herries & shaw , 2011 ; herries & adams , 2013 ) . a single mandibular specimen ( sk 300 ) of lycyaenops silberbergi has been described from swartkrans member 1 ( ewer , 1955b ) , and although questions over provenience has been raised it is still considered derived from these deposits ( see discussion in turner , 1987b ) ; this effectively establishes an lad for the species within these deposits of 1 . 96 - 1 . 80 ma ( pickering et al . , 2011a ; herries & adams , 2013 ) .\nthe drimolen palaeocave system has been actively excavated since the 1990s and has produced a demographically - diverse record of paranthropus robustus , early homo , and a substantial record of early pleistocene bone tools ; all recovered from the main quarry , a single fossil bearing deposit within the system . early surveys identified an isolated solution - tube 55 m west of the main quarry filled with decalcified matrix and fossils ( the drimolen makondo ) . recent excavations into the makondo have started to address the geology , depositional history , and faunas of the deposits ; particularly whether the makondo represents a distant uneroded part of the main quarry infill , or deposits in - filled into a separate entrance within the same system . we present the first description of fossil macromammalian faunas from the makondo , excavated 2013 - 2014 . a total of 531 specimens were recovered , 268 ( 50 . 5 % ) of which are taxonomically identifiable . the resulting list is diverse given the sample size and includes primate and carnivore taxa frequently recovered at other terminal pliocene and earlier pleistocene localities , as well as more rarely encountered species and elements like the first postcranial remains of the hunting hyaenid ( chasmaporthetes ? nitidula ) from the cradle . while some of the makondo fauna overlaps with taxa recovered from the main quarry , there are key differences between the described samples that may reflect differences in the age of the deposits and / or taphonomic processes between these deposits at drimolen .\nlarge carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1\u00b77 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1\u00b76 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .\nn2 - large carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1\u00b77 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1\u00b76 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .\nab - large carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1\u00b77 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1\u00b76 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .\nabstract =\nlarge carnivores structure the character of scavenging opportunities in any environment . in pliocene and early pleistocene africa there were three large sabertooth cats sympatric with the ancestors of the modern felid community , and scavenging opportunities were presumably different from those in modern africa . an understanding of a possible scavenging niche for early hominids must articulate knowledge gained from actualistic research with detailed reconstructions of extinct carnivore paleoecology . contrasting skeletal and dental anatomy suggest that sabertooths and modern felids were ecologically distinct . evidence from functional morphology and fossil associations elucidates the distinctions . sabertooth incisor and carnassial morphology indicates extreme flesh specialisation and lack of bone - crushing ability . sabertooth cranial morphology and fossil associations suggest a specialisation upon very large prey . the post - cranial morphology of sabertooths indicates a dense woodland and forest habitat preference . this implies that two distinct large carnivore communities existed in the pliocene and early pleistocene : a mixed and open habitat community composed of the ancestors of the extant carnivore community plus chasmaporthetes , and a closed habitat community dominated by the sabertooths . scavenging opportunities in the closed habitat community would have been much better than in more open habitats . homo habilis with its inferred arboreal abilities could have passively scavenged very effectively in dense woodlands and forests . paleoenvironmental and paleontological data indicate that these closed habitats shrunk after 1\u00b77 million years ago and the sabertooths probably went extinct in sub - saharan africa . homo habilis perhaps increasingly utilised more open habitats and would have been forced to confront large predators to gain adequate scavenging returns . archaeological data of stone tool raw materials and site placement suggests that early hominids switched from an emphasis on dense woodland habitats to increased usage of more open habitats after 1\u00b76 million years ago . confrontational scavenging along with increased predation pressure may have contributed to the morphological changes associated with the shift to homo erectus .\n,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : o . p . hay . 1921 . descriptions of species of pleistocene vertebrata , types or specimens of most of which are preserved in the united states national museum . proceedings of the united states national museum 59 : 599 - 642\nparent taxon : hyaenidae according to r . a . stirton and w . g . christian 1940\nhas the earth ' s sixth mass extinction already arrived ?\nthis question - the title of a review published in last week ' s nature - immediately sparked a flurry of news reports about an impending ecological catastrophe on a scale not seen in 65 million years . we are not witnessing a die - off as severe as any of the\nbig five\nprehistoric cataclysms just yet , but the continued , gradual loss of threatened species is bringing us ever closer to the tipping point . we can either take action and stave off this large - scale disaster , or simply wait for it to happen .\nof course , extinction is the inevitable fate of every species . species do not only disappear during worldwide disasters . extinction greatly outpaces the origin of new species on a global scale during rare crises , but the character of life on earth is constantly shifting as some lineages dwindle as others speciate and continue to change .\nyou do not need to look very far back into the fossil record to appreciate the ongoing ebb and flow of life . when i traveled through utah and wyoming for the first time in the summer of 2009 , i saw the iconic elk , pronghorn , bison , and bears that symbolize the american wilderness . but these animals are only the inheritors of a landscape that has been inhabited by a changing cast of megamammals for millions of years . the great mammoths , ground sloths , deep - snouted bears , and sabercats of pleistocene north america represent a lost world that disappeared only yesterday in geological terms , but they , too , were preceded by what we might perceive as strange assemblages of creatures , including north america ' s only hyena .\nin 1901 , workmen at the val verde copper mines in anita , arizona were prospecting around an ancient limestone fissure when they discovered a cache of ancient mammal bones . the fragments were badly broken , but the bone material itself was well - preserved , and a number of specimens were soon collected by b . c . bicknell . the site also piqued the interest of globe - trotting fossil hunter barnum brown , who collected a few additional specimens in 1904 . pieces of prehistoric horses and camels were found among those of pronghorn , squirrels , groundhogs , and pocket gophers , as well as what appeared to be jaw fragments from a large cat ."]}
{"id": 1100, "summary": [{"text": "ptereleotris zebra is a species of dartfish native to the indian ocean and the western pacific ocean .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "an inhabitant of reefs , it can be found in schools at depths of from 2 to 31 metres ( 6.6 to 101.7 ft ) though usually no deeper than 4 metres ( 13 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "ptereleotris zebra", "paragraphs": ["aquarium movies urltoken description of fish ( language\uff1ajapanese ) \u30bc\u30d6\u30e9\u30cf\u30bc chinese zebra goby , zebra dartfish ( goby ) ptereleotris zebra \u30b9\u30ba\u30ad\u76ee\u30cf\u30bc\u4e9c\u76ee\u30af\u30ed\u30e6\u30ea\u30cf\u30bc\u79d1\u30af\u30ed\u30e6\u30ea\u30cf\u30bc\u5c5e \u677f\u6a4b\u533a\u7acb\u71b1\u5e2f\u74b0\u5883\u690d\u7269\u9928 itabashi botanical gardens aquarium copyright \u00a9 2014 - sasuke m tsujita all rights reserved .\nit\u2019s not when it\u2019s a shotsilk goby ! ptereleotris zebra must be one of the hobby\u2019s most under - rated little fish . also known as the chinese zebra goby , this is a kind of dartfish and so therefore a relative of \u2018true\u2019 gobies .\nthe orange - striped gudgeon ( ptereleotris grammica ) from the southern indo - pacific is a deeper water species which makes it more difficult to obtain than p . zebra , consequently commanding a correspondingly eye - wateringly price .\njustification : ptereleotris zebra is widely distributed and may be locally abundant in some areas . this is a popular species in the aquarium , but this is not considered to be a major threat on a global level . therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nptereleotris zebra is used in the aquarium trade and exported from the maldives . the free on board value of this species is $ 1 . 50 ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) . liveaquaria . com ; us $ 15 . 99 per small individual from indonesia ; us $ 26 . 99 large individuals from the maldives .\nptereleotris zebra is a schooling fish common in tropical waters around the world , except the atlantic ocean . they are usually found in less than 20 feet of water , but have been recorded as deep as 90 feet . they are generally associated with reefs and in lots of current / surge . groups generally share the same burrow , and group sizes can very from a couple individuals to dozens . they feed on plankton and other small suspended foods . the largest p . zebra recorded was almost 5 inches long .\np . zebra might be a good bet for captive breeding efforts and a few species of true goby have been successfully bred and reared in the aquarium , and they share similarities in reproductive strategy .\n( of pogonoculius zebra fowler , 1938 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrandall , j . e . and d . f . hoese , 1985 . revision of the indo - pacific dartfishes , genus ptereleotris ( perciformes : gobioidei ) . indo - pac . fish . ( 7 ) : 36 p . ( ref . 528 )\nptereleotris zebra inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water over hard bottoms and areas subjected to strong currents . it forms aggregations ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . its depth range is 0 . 5 - 40 m ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2015 - 03 ) , but usually occurs between 2 - 4 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . its maximum recorded size is 11 . 4 cm total length ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\nptereleotris zebra ranges from the red sea and islands in the western indian ocean to the line and marquesas islands , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the southern great barrier reef , the mariana and marshall islands in micronesia , french polynesia ( moorea ) , palau , fiji , and samoa ( randall and hoese 1985 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . the depth range is 0 - 40 m ( myers 1991 , accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2015 - 03 ) .\np . zebra normally spend their first few days in an aquarium hiding , but soon emerge if conditions are right . they live normally in the reef\u2019s shallow water zone in quite turbulent conditions and will similarly thrive in vigorously - moving water .\naquascaping is , however , extremely important if the shotsilks are going to not only thrive , but also display well . p . zebra relies on natural hiding places and won\u2019t construct its own , so these will need to be provided . gnarled lived rock riddled with holes is ideal .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures for p . zebra . its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) . there are limits implemented by the maldivian government on the export of reef fishes for aquaria ( edwards and shepherd 1992 ) .\ngreek , pteron = wing , fin + the name of a nile fish , eleotris ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 31 m ( ref . 1602 ) , usually 2 - 4 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 30\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s\nindo - pacific : red sea and islands in the western indin ocean ( ref . 528 ) to the line and marquesas islands , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the southern great barrier reef ; mariana and marshall islands in micronesia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48637 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 27 - 29 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 25 - 28 ; vertebrae : 26 . yellowish to greenish gray in color ; lower half of eye to ventral of chin nearly enclosed by a broad blue - edged dark red to purple area ; opercle with 2 diagonal bright blue bands ; pectoral fin base with an orange - red bar broadly bordered with bright blue . chin barbel followed by a median longitudinal fold . fins yellowish ; 2nd dorsal a median longitudinal row of blue spots .\nthis schooling species inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water , over hard bottoms . usually many individuals occupy the same refuge . found to be subjected to strong currents , where in small to large aggregations ( ref . 48637 ) . feeds on zooplanktons ( ref . 89972 ) .\n) : 25 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 2 ( based on 2283 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 45 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nurltoken scott w . michael , marine fishes , 1st ed . ( t . f . h . publications inc , new jersey , 2001 ) . rudie h kuiter & helmut debelius , world atlas of marine fishes , 1st ed . ( ikan - unterwasserarchiv 2006 ) in house resources : adam mangino , eli fleishauer\nyou may not duplicate , copy , or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission . any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nthe shotsilk goby is a stunning dartfish but , as dave wolfenden explains , you may have to minimise any stress factors to appreciate it .\nthey\u2019re not only found around china but also around a large area of the indo - pacific , red sea and great barrier reef . they are found from around 2 - 30m / 6 . 6 - 98\u2019 and will reach a 10cm / 4\u201d , looking absolutely stunning .\narguably this is the most attractive of all the dartfish ; their slender body exhibiting bright , metallic green coloration , punctuated by vertical stripes of pink with blue facial markings .\nthe name \u2018dartfish\u2019 is pretty apt . their behaviour involves hovering above the reef\u2019s substrate in groups , exhibiting a \u2018nervous\u2019 demeanour and always ready to dart to the nearest crevice . these diurnal ( daytime - active ) fish also use such crevices to sleep in .\naquarium set - up needs to take this skittish behaviour into account . shotsilk gobies are definitely not suitable for aquaria which contain boisterous and / or predatory fishes . predators , such as triggers or lionfish , will find the timid dartfish just too tempting , whereas boisterous , territorial fishes intimidate them . this renders them out of sight , and presumably stressed , for potentially long periods .\nin extreme cases , shotsilks spend so much time hiding they are unable to obtain enough food to survive \u2014 and stress also appears to take its toll .\npotentially unsuitable tank mates include many damsel species , which can be pugnacious , numerous tangs , wrasses and butterflyfish . suitable companions should include more sedate groups and dragonets , jawfish and blennies display the more peaceful attitude which helps ensure shotsilks are confident enough to look their best .\nthese are totally invertebrate - friendly fish , but some invertebrates are predatory and the \u2018gobies\u2019 can make an easy target ! seemingly all dartfish also tend to jump if startled , so open - topped tanks can be risky .\nshotsilk gobies can , due to their size and habit of hovering around a fixed spot , be kept in reasonably compact aquaria , with around 100 l / 22 gal being suitable for a pair .\nthese fish will also appreciate caves and , to spoil them , offer a fine sand substrate as they may use this as a retreat as well as any rocks and caves .\nthey can be kept individually , but never seem to look as good as pairs or small groups . best introduce any pairs or small groups at the same time to reduce the possibility of territorial squabbling .\nlike most other goby - like fish , this is pretty hardy and disease is rarely an issue if maintained in a reasonably stress - free environment .\nthey are , however , sensitive to many medications and can react to copper treatments for cryptocaryon , for example . if possible use alternatives to those with formaldehyde , copper or malachite . copper would be a no - no for the invertebrate aquarium anyway !\nfeeding is rarely a challenge provided they aren\u2019t overly hassled by other tank mates . they are planktivores and spend most of their waking hours feeding \u2014 needing regular meals preferably twice a day . however , most adapt easily to a captive diet .\nthey should accept small frozen feeds such as mysis and cyclops , as well as flakes and small pellets . in an established reef set - up , they will forage to a certain extent on natural populations of copepods , amphipods and other planktonic beasties .\nshotsilk gobies are visually difficult to sex , but not impossible \u2013 there are no obvious differences in coloration but an intimate examination might allow a view of each fishes\u2019 genital papilla just in front of the anal fin area .\nthe papilla is a tube - like structure used to deposit eggs or sperm , and in mature males , tends to be more pointed , the female\u2019s papilla having a more rounded appearance ) .\nanother tactic is to keep a group of several individuals and hope that a pair , or pairs , will naturally form . courtship has been observed in the aquarium , and characterised by the male \u2018mouthing\u2019 the female and beating his pelvic fins before embarking on a parallel swimming behaviour with her .\nthe eggs are laid in a cave and the adults guard them . the resulting fry are incredibly small and very sensitive to environmental fluctuations , which makes them so challenging to rear . i suspect , however , that it\u2019s only a matter of time before some enterprising aquarist succeeds in culturing this species .\nthere\u2019s no reason why a single specimen shouldn\u2019t survive , but an individual won\u2019t behave as naturally , or as interestingly , as a pair or group . they are very much social fish in the wild , so best keep them at least as a pair .\nthere are actually two sub - species and p . grammica grammica is more sought after than p . grammica melanota due to its more colourful appearance . this species seems to fare best in a relatively dimly - lit aquarium and should ideally be kept in pairs . care is generally quite straightforward .\nanother species occasionally offered in the trade , and considerably less expensive than the orange - striped gudgeon , is the streamer gudgeon or blue hana goby ( p . hanae ) from the western indo - pacific . this is characterised by trailing caudal fin rays and \u2018worm - like\u2019 appearance . they can be kept individually and generally adapt to aquarium life well \u2014 but very prone to jumping out !\nin the wild they are often found living in burrows with alpheus pistol shrimps . unlike the mutualistic interactions many gobies have with shrimp partners , however , the dartfish doesn\u2019t really have a \u2018relationship\u2019 with the shrimp and behaves less like a lodger and more like a squatter !\n\u2018shot silk\u2019 is the name given to the shiny silk fabric which appears as different colours , depending on the angle it\u2019s viewed from . the shotsilk goby\u2019s common name is inspired by the fabric because of the fish\u2019s reflective , iridescent and metallic coloration !\nwatch out for ominous early signs when shotsilk gobies start to get aggressive . such interactions between conspecifics are initially characterised by a subtle signal \u2014 courtesy of the normally hidden chin barbel !\nthis article was first published in the october 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine . it may not be reproduced without written permission .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\ndescription this schooling species inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water , over hard bottoms . usually many . . .\ndescription this schooling species inhabits exposed seaward reefs in relatively shallow water , over hard bottoms . usually many individuals occupy the same refuge . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 4 december 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 4 december 2014 ) .\namerican samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french polynesia ; india ; indonesia ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; myanmar ; nauru ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , us line is . ) ; yemen\nthere are 49 records in fishnet2 mostly with one to three , but some with 12 - 14 individuals per lot ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2015 - 03 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nif order under $ 350 shipping charge will be calculated base on the actual shipping weight . all livestock orders are shipped via next day air . if other shipping method is chosen we will modify the shipping method . live rock and sand are ship using 2nd day service . drygoods , aquarium supplies , and reptile supplies are ship using ground service unless specified . all livestock orders must be shipped overnight via ups or fedex priority overnight to reduce transit time . orders generally ship within 1 - 2 business shipping days . all livestock are shipped wednesday and will be deliver thursday morning . you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number when your order has shipped .\nsaturday delivery must be made by special request by email or phone . saturday delivery is an extra $ 26 charge .\nin the interest of meeting your schedule , if 70 % of your order is in stock , it will be shipped . any missing items or substitutions will be marked on your order and your total will be adjusted accordingly . if you would prefer to be contacted if we are missing items , please let us know when placing your order in the comment field . however , this may delay your order . due to the nature of our products , we cannot backorder live animals .\nif your shipping address is different from your credit card billing address , please make sure your card issuer has listed this shipping address as an\nauthorized\naddress . we verify all addresses with visa , mastercard , discover and american express .\nups generally requires a signature for delivery . you or someone authorized by you , must be present to sign for a shipment if you choose to have it delivered to your home or office .\norders not held for pick up at the fedex / ups facility when temperatures are greater than 90 degrees or lower than 40 degrees .\norders placed during extreme weather will not be cover under our alive arrive guarenteed .\nif the weather delay a flight , or closes an airport , you live stock will be delayed . fedex has no control over the weather , nor does freshmarine . com .\nif your live stock is delay , damaged , or never delivered due to severe weather condition , fedex will not honor guarantees , and therefore neither can freshmarine . com .\nurltoken only ships within the continental u . s . excludes hawaii , alaska , and puerto rico\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1102, "summary": [{"text": "the barred cuckoo-dove ( macropygia unchall ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is found in bangladesh , bhutan , cambodia , china , india , indonesia , laos , malaysia , myanmar , nepal , thailand , and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are boreal forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "barred cuckoo - dove", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 2 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 3 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 4 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 5 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 6 . barred cuckoo dove > > pair 7 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 8 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 9 . barred cuckoo dove > > juvenile 10 . barred cuckoo dove > > juvenile 11 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 12 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 13 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 14 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 15 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 16 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult male 17 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult male 18 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 19 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 20 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 21 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 22 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 23 . barred cuckoo dove 24 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 25 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult female 26 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 27 . barred cuckoo dove 28 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 29 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 30 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 31 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 32 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 33 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 34 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult male 35 . barred cuckoo dove 36 . barred cuckoo dove 37 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult female 38 . barred cuckoo dove > > male 39 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult female 40 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult male 41 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 42 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 43 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 44 . barred cuckoo dove 45 . barred cuckoo dove > > pair 46 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult 47 . barred cuckoo dove 48 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult 49 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 50 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult male 51 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult males 52 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult females 53 . barred cuckoo dove > > subadult 54 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult 55 . barred cuckoo dove > > female 56 . barred cuckoo dove 57 . barred cuckoo dove 58 . barred cuckoo dove > > adult male 59 . barred cuckoo dove > > fledgling 60 . barred cuckoo dove > > juvenile on nest 61 . barred cuckoo dove > > female on nest\nbarred cuckoo - dove ( macropygia unchall ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\na hatchling of barred cuckoo - dove ( macropygia unchall ) in the nest , under the rain .\nthese barred cuckoo - dove species have moderate forest dependence . these species normally occur in altitudes from 450 to 3000 meters .\nthe barred cuckoo - dove species are non - migratory resident birds . the populations in higher elevations may move to lower levels and plains during winter .\nthe breeding season of these barred cuckoo - dove is from march to july in india and nepal . the nesting season is from december to march in malaysia .\nthe natural ecosystems of these barred cuckoo - dove species include montane forests , boreal forests , moist lowland forests , tropical and subtropical dense evergreen forests and secondary forests .\nthe barred cuckoo - dove species are distributed in india , nepal , bhutan , bangladesh , china , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , malaysia and indonesia . these cuckoo - dove species are long tailed and have brownish plumage . these doves are polytypic species .\nthe barred cuckoo - dove species are distributed in india , nepal , bhutan , bangladesh , china , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , malaysia and indonesia .\nthe upperparts , wings and tail of the barred cuckoo - dove are dark pinkish brown . the forehead and throat are pale buff . the hinderneck has green or purplish pink iridescence .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the dove species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018not evaluated\u2019 for barred cuckoo - dove (\nthe bill is grayish black and the eyes are dark brown . the feet are pinkish gray . the barred cuckoo - doves make a repeated hooting sound .\nthe diet of the barred cuckoo - dove consists mainly of seeds . a variety of seeds , cereals , grains , buds , shoots , berries and small fruits are their primary food . these doves are mostly arboreal and occasionally they feed on the ground .\n) has not been quantified . the overall population trend of these dove species is reported to be stable .\nthese barred cuckoo - doves are monogamous . the nests are usually located on the fork of trees . the nest is a flimsy platform made of twigs , sticks and plant matter . the clutch is usually 3 - 4 eggs .\n) is a medium - sized dove , measuring 35 to 40 cm in length and weighing 150 to 180 grams .\nthe crown , ear coverts and nape are pinkish gray . the underparts are pale buff with fine dark barring . the tail is long and barred .\nhabitat degradation and fragmentation , human disturbances at the nesting sites and capture for pet trade are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these dove species .\nthis article is part of project columbiformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each pigeon and dove , including made - up species .\nbaptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . barred cuckoo - dove ( macropygia unchall ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally common to frequent , although scarce in the himalayas ( gibbs et al . 2001 ) , while the population in china has been estimated at c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n( blyth , 1843 ) \u2013 himalayas from kashmir and garhwal e to assam , sichuan and sw yunnan , and s in hills of myanmar to shan states .\nswinhoe , 1870 \u2013 mountains of se china ( fujian , guangdong , hainan ) s to c vietnam ( annam ) , laos and thailand .\n( wagler , 1827 ) \u2013 montane areas of malay peninsula , through sumatra and java to bali , lombok and flores .\n37\u201341 cm ; 153\u2013182 g . forehead and throat buff merging into pinkish grey crown , ear - coverts and nape ; green or purplish pink iridescence on hindneck ; sides of . . .\nmost common vocalization is a repeated overslurred hoot , preceeded by a soft introductory syllable . . .\ninhabits dense evergreen forest and secondary jungle at 450\u20132750 m in himalayas . in sumatra , . . .\nseeds , grain , buds , shoots , acorns , berries and small drupes constitute its diet . occasionally feeds on the ground in open glades in forest . . .\nin india and nepal , breeds at least mar\u2013jul ; nests found dec\u2013mar in malaysia ; no data on seasonality from greater or lesser . . .\nsedentary and resident throughout most of range , but himalayan birds may move down to adjacent . . .\nnot globally threatened . considered common in s vietnam and thailand . occurs throughout sumatra , java and bali where said to be common , although less so than\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosh engel , keith and lynn youngs , wahyu w . basjir , dani\u00eal jimenez .\nbiplab kr . mukhopadhyay , soumyadeep chatterjee 97 , birdpacker , bluefoot , paul van giersbergen , james eaton , jens thalund , josep del hoyo , khaleb yordan , chairunas adha putra , nikhil adhikary , arthur grosset , klaus lachenmaier , lars petersson , tomasz doro\u0144 , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , ken havard .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmacropygia unchall unchall : mts . of malay peninsula , sumatra , java , lombok and flores\nmacropygia unchall minor : mts . of se china to vietnam , laos , n thailand and hainan\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 860 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : macropygia unchall . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of bird photos and video from around the world , or upload your own .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nwelcome to bia birdimagency . we use cookies . by continuing to use our website , you consent to the use . for further information on cookies , please read our\nin india , these doves are distributed in the states of sikkim , west bengal , assam , meghalaya , arunachal pradesh , nagaland , manipur , tripura and mizoram .\nin china , these species are distributed in the provinces of yunnan , sichuan , guizhou , hubei , hunan , guangxi , hainan , guangdong , jiangxi , fujian and zhejiang .\nis distributed in montane areas of malaysia and indonesia ( sumatra and java ) .\nis distributed in southeast china ( fujian , guangdong , hainan ) , vietnam , laos , cambodia and thailand .\nis distributed in northeast india , nepal , bhutan , bangladesh , myanmar and china ( sichuan and yunnan ) .\nthe artificial ecosystems of these species include trees around agricultural fields , plantations and rural gardens .\nboth the parents incubate the eggs and take care of the nestlings . the nestlings are initially fed with regurgitated crop - milk , a secretion from the lining of the crop of parent birds .\nlater the nestlings are fed with regurgitated seeds and plant matter . the young fledge in about 15 days and become independent after 35 days .\npost breeding , the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .\nthroughout its range this species is reported to be common to rare . the generation length is 5 . 2 years . its distribution size is about 12 , 900 , 000 sq . km .\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable , either under the range size criterion , or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nwelcome to the box elder tennis association ! we hope that you enjoy browsing our website , and that you find a lot of useful information . we expect the information on this website to be of particular interest to tennis players both young and not as young , looking to help support tennis as the lifetime sport that it is . and promote health , wellness and community via the sport of tennis .\nplanning will soon take place for our exciting upcoming activities and tournaments . get out and work on your skills now ! stay in touch with the website for info !\nthe second teen fun tennis night , was held sponsored by brigham city sights & sounds and beta . follow the link below for complete article .\n\u00a9 2016 . box elder tennis association ( beta ) . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1104, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter genistella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from the iberian peninsula .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the larvae feed on genista florida .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they create an upper-surface tentiform mine . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter genistella", "paragraphs": ["phyllonorycter genistella is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from the iberian peninsula .\nlastuvka , a . & z . lastuvka - the european phyllonorycter species feeding on the plants of the tribe genisteae ( fabaceae ) , with descriptions of twelve new species ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) . in acta universitatis agriculturae et silviculturae mendelianae brunensis 54 ( 5 ) : 65 - 84 . 2006\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nthe larvae feed on genista florida . they mine the leaves of their host plant . they create an upper - surface tentiform mine . [ 2 ]\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncitation title :\nfossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf - mining moths radiated several million years after their host plants\n.\nthis study was previously identified under the legacy study id s1423 ( status : published ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by prof . jaroslaw buszko\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na local species that is restricted to the south - east of england where it has a predominantly coastal distribution .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 08 : 52 : 39 page render time : 0 . 3382s total w / procache : 0 . 4109s\nbuggallery v . 1 . 3 \u00a9 2007 - 2018 by boris loboda . php v . 5 . 3 . 3 - 7 + squeeze19 . mysql v . 5 . 5 . 44 - 0 + deb7u1 ."]}
{"id": 1105, "summary": [{"text": "bicyclus dekeyseri , the western scalloped bush brown , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in guinea , liberia , ivory coast and ghana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of deep forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bicyclus dekeyseri", "paragraphs": ["mycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348\nbicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79\nbicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101\nbicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902\nbicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788\nbicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104\nbicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071\nbicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791\nbicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908\nbicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783\nbicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068\nbicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164\nbicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440\nbicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442\nbicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103\nbicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445\nbicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447\nbicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108\nbicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796\nbicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073\nbicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076\n= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )\nbicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629\nbicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166\nbicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85\nbicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]\nbicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja\nbicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]\nbicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]\ndicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson\nw . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]\nhewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550\nephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099\nmycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256\ns . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando p\u00f3o ( mac\u00edas nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]\nidiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast\nkenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]\nmesogena mesogenina gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 \u00b2 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509\nmycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon\nc . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8\nsenegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]\ngambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis tolosa pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria\nburundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po\nzululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]\nrhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )\ne . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34\nmycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32\nmycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228\nmycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes\nw . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake\nbrunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97\nw . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii\nmycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po\nsmithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906\nmycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon\ne . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2\nmycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast\nmycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28\nmycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar\nghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4\nzaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]\nburundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )\nmycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi\nrhodesia , mo\u00e7ambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]\nkenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .\nanynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603\nmycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara\nsw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]\nn . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]\nsenegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]\nw . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia\nmycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile\nmycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia\nfunebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50\nguinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni\nmycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe\nnigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar\nguinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]\nmycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m\nmycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde\nmycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons\nmycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya\nmycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake\nmycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110\nmycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo\nmycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari\nmycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nic\u00e9ville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo\nmycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa\nmycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8\nmycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon\nmycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo\nmycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen\nmycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun\nmycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nverzeichniss einer von dem herren mission\u00e4ren e . laman und w . sj\u00f6holm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung\nzoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1\nresults from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\ndescription d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au lib\u00e9ria , 1948 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndescriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\na list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\na list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnotes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\ninsekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff\ndie insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\ndescriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa\na list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,\nneue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera\nneue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopaloc\u00e8res )\nweymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1107, "summary": [{"text": "the capuchinbird or calfbird ( perissocephalus tricolor ) is a large passerine bird of the family cotingidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is monotypic within the genus perissocephalus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in humid forests ( up to 1,400 metres ( 4,600 ft ) but mostly below 600 m ) in north-eastern south america , almost entirely north of the amazon river and east of rio negro ( colombia , venezuela , brazil and the guianas ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "capuchinbird", "paragraphs": ["capuchinbird ( perissocephalus tricolor ) is a species of bird in the cotingidae family .\nstatus : the capuchinbird is categorized as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .\neduard sol\u00e0 selected\ncapuchinbird\nto show in overview on\nperissocephalus tricolor ( statius muller , 1776 )\n.\nnotes : the bizarre call of the capuchinbird ( or calfbird ) ( perissocephalus tricolor ) in the forest of guyana . more info\nrestall ( 2006 ) et al . suggested that capuchinbird may\nrecall a small black vulture [ coragyps atratus ] with its bare head and uniform mantle\n.\nwthin its range capuchinbird is essentially unmistakable . the combination of its\ncowled\nhead , large size , and ochraceous brown coloration contribute to a strange but unique appearance .\nthe capuchinbird or calfbird ( perissocephalus tricolor ) is found in humid forests in north - eastern south america , almost entirely north of the amazon river and east of rio negro .\nthe capuchinbird ' s\nsong\nis so un - birdlike it is difficult to imagine the birds producing these sounds . this video captures one male singing \u2014 notice his stiff upright posture , his inflating and deflating body , and especially the odd tuft of feathers he is displaying near his tail . the origin of . . . read more \u00bb\ncommunication : the call of the capuchinbird is very similar to the lowing of a calf , giving them the common name of calfbird . inhaled air is stored in sacks on either side of the neck . when the bird is finished breathing in , it will lean back and \u201cmoo\u201d with feathers fluffed out around the bare head . the call is loud and carries for long distances .\ncapuchinbird is a large , odd looking bird with a short tail , bald blue gray head and a heavy bill . the plumage is mostly ochre brown , darker on the rump , and is reddish chestnut on the belly . the undertail coverts , which are orange rufous , are long and curled in the male , and are capable of being raised out like globular orangish\ntail lights\nduring lekking displays . the undertail coverts of females , however , are not lengthened . the wings and tail are blackish , with white underwing coverts .\nthe capuchinbird is a thick - set bird with a relatively heavy bill ; its plumage is overall rich brown , approaching orange on the belly and undertail coverts , and the remiges and short tail are black . the most distinctive feature is its bare , almost vulture - like head covered in dull blue skin . juveniles resemble adults , with the exception of some downy feathers on the head . they gather in leks where they\nsing\n. the\nsong\nis very odd and difficult to describe accurately , although some have compared it to the distant sound of a chainsaw or ( as indicated by its alternative name calfbird ) a cow mooing . they eat mainly fruits and insects .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\na bird in a lek , repeated in slow motion , followed by a view of the habitat with calls of this species on the background .\nfirst a dorsal , then a frontal , and then a ventral view of a bird in a lek , all of them partly concealed by vegetation .\na close - up of a bird on a branch , preening , ejecting a corn grain and eating it again .\npieter de groot boersma , david ascanio , josep del hoyo , thore noernberg .\ncarlos gussoni , anselmo d affonseca , dubi shapiro , thore noernberg , tomasz doro\u0144 , richardgreenhalgh031 , elias neideck , mark andrews .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : perissocephalus tricolor . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ncapuchbird seen a leck in the la escalara area , near las claritas , venezuela . january 2011\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 152 side a track 26 seq . b )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 152 side a track 26 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 13 side b track 4 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 13 side b track 7 seq . a )\ndistance to mic . 60m . natural vocalisations of at least three birds from group of 6 + at ' lek ' , very near start of sentier la fumee .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthe peace of the vast guyanan jungle is abruptly broken with the dawn chorus of male capuchinbirds , one of the most bizarre birds in south america . the singing male bows forward , then suddenly stretches to his full length , raising a monk - like cowl of feathers around his naked blue - gray head . the . . . read more \u00bb\nwebcams and videos are hosted by third parties . in exchange , you may periodically see 30 - second advertisements . birdnote does not endorse any of the products , services , or causes on third - party pages . all webcams have seasonal changes and may be down for hours , weeks , or months at a time . if this one is not active , please check our video or webcam gallery for more .\ncheck out this handsome fella . notice how his eyes methodically search his surroundings as he slowly moves his head . published on nov 26 , 2015 . read more \u00bb\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : capuchinbirds , also known as calfbirds ( due to the sound of their call ) have an unmistakable and odd appearance . most of the head is featherless , making the head look too small for its body . the skin on the crown and face is a pale bluish gray . the body is mainly cinnamon brown , getting brighter on the lower underparts . wings are dusky with white underwing coverts . the tail is black .\nsize : a fairly large bird , males reach around 14 inches ( 35 . 5 cm ) in length and 12 . 7 ounces ( 360 gr ) in weight ; females grow to be about 13 . 5 inches ( 34 . 5 cm ) long and 11 . 3 ounces ( 319 gr ) in weight .\nbehavior : when not in leks , capuchinbirds are quite solitary . they can be seen in various levels of the forest , although they are most commonly found in the subcanopy and middle levels . when males lek , as many as eight may gather in understory trees \u2013 usually a dominant male and his subordinates . they display by emitting a loud call . somewhat \u201csynchronized\u201d moo - calls by two males in close proximity to each other are often heard .\ndiet : their diet consists mainly of fruit , but large insects are also consumed .\nreproduction : nest is a small open cup made out of twigs . it is usually built 10 - 20 feet ( 3 - 6 m ) above ground in an understory tree . clutch size is one egg that is incubated for about 26 - 27 days . the female incubates the eggs , feeds the chicks and tends the nest .\nhabitat / range : it is found in brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , suriname , and venezuela . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .\nplease enter your e - mail address . you will receive a new password via e - mail .\na ridiculous amount of coffee was consumed in the process of building this project . please consider adding some fuel if you ' d like to keep it going !\nadult : sexes similar , although the male is larger ( see measurements ) and has longer undertail coverts . large , bulky , with short tail , heavy bill , and bare crown . upperparts generally dill cinnamon . feathers on the back of the head dense and upright standing , forming a prominent cowl , and imparting a\nhunchbacked\nappearance . uppertail coverts blackish with dull cinnamon tips . remiges blackish , outer webs of the tertials with brownish fringes . rectrices black . underparts deeper cinnamon , especially from the breast to the vent . undertail coverts of male long and orange rufous ; undertail coverts short in female . underwing coverts creamy white .\njuvenile : similar to adult , but has sparse down on the bare areas of the head .\nlittle information . molt apparently is very protracted , and may extend over as many as 220 days ( snow 1976 ) . in guyana molt is initiated in march - july , but in other regions the timing of molt is less well defined ( kirwan and green 2011 ) .\nwing length : mean 217 . 3 mm ( range 210 - 232 mm ) ; mean wing length of live individuals , 225 . 0 mm ( n = 5 )\ntail length : mean 103 . 2 mm ( range 100 - 107 mm )\ntarsus length : mean 43 . 1 mm ( range 41 - 45 mm )\nculmen length : mean 35 . 7 mm ( range 32 - 38 mm )\nwing length : mean 203 . 1 mm ( range 197 - 210 mm ) ; mean wing length of live individuals , 221 . 5 mm ( n = 6 )\ntail length : mean 100 . 2 mm ( range 96 - 104 mm )\ntarsus length : mean 40 . 0 mm ( range 38 - 42 mm )\nmass : male , mean 360 . 0 g ( range 320 - 395 g , n = 5 ; snow 1982 )\ndel hoyo , j . elliott , a . & christie , d . ( editors ) . ( 2004 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 9 : cotingas to pipits and wagtails . lynx edicions . isbn 84 - 87334 - 69 - 5\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\nocell caputx\u00ed\nto\nperissocephalus tricolor ( statius muller , 1776 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nh\u00e4rk\u00e4kotinga\nfrom\nperissocephalus tricolor ( statius muller , 1776 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project passeriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each passerine , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project cotingidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each cotinga , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nit is a thickset bird with a relatively heavy bill . the plumage is mainly a rich brown \u2013 turning orangy on the belly and undertail coverts \u2013 and the remiges ( flight feathers - typically only visible in flight ) and its short tail is black .\nits most distinctive feature is its bare , almost vulture - like head that is covered in dull blue skin .\nmales gather in leks ( competitive mating displays ) , where they\nsing\nto attract females .\ntheir song has been compared to the distant sound of a chainsaw or a cow mooing .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nplease note : the articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers . please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions . thank you .\nbeautyofbirds strives to maintain accurate and up - to - date information ; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . thank you !\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms ."]}
{"id": 1109, "summary": [{"text": "melipona scutellaris is a eusocial stingless bee species of the order hymenoptera and the genus melipona .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is considered to be the reared melipona species with the largest distribution in the north and northeast regions of brazil , with records from rio grande do norte down to bahia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its common name , uru\u00e7u , comes from the tupi \" eiru su \" , which in this indigenous language means \" big bee \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "their honey is highly desirable and the materials they create for nests have been proven to be a promising source of antibiofilm agents and to present selectivity against human cancer cell lines at low concentrations compared to normal cells . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "melipona scutellaris", "paragraphs": ["antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of stingless bee melipona scutellaris geopropolis . - pubmed - ncbi\nsexual dimorphism and phenotypic plasticity in the antennal lobe of a stingless bee , melipona scutellaris .\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication\nsexual dimorphism and phenotypic plasticity in the antennal lobe of a stingless bee , melipona scutellaris . - pubmed - ncbi\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication | apidologie\nthis study evaluated the gastroprotective activity of eegp from melipona scutellaris , as well as the possible action mechanisms involved .\nbest matched melipona scutellaris contigs from blastn analysis . the melipona contig id is the access number in genbank . only sequences that matched the insect sequence are shown .\ngeopropolis from melipona scutellaris decreases the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of il - 1\u03b2 and tnf - \u03b1 .\na \u2013sem of melipona scutellaris larvae head . b \u2013immunohistochemistry of melipona scutellaris larvae ( head circled ) , negative control ( haematoxylin & eosin staining\u2013 4x ) . c\u2014zoomed mandibular region spotted in a . d \u2013mscuobp8 was detected by specific staining of larvae tegument in the mandibular region ( 40x ) , comparatively to c . sem\u2014scanning electron microscopy ; mscuobp8 \u2013 melipona scutellaris odorant binding protein .\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication | stefan jarau - urltoken\nthe sound field generated by tethered stingless bees ( melipona scutellaris ) : inferences on its potential as a recruitment mechanism inside the hive .\nthe aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of melipona scutellaris geopropolis ( stingless bee ) using different models of nociception .\nrecruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance | apidologie\ngeopropolis from melipona scutellaris decreases the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of il - 1\u03b2 and tnf - \u03b1 . - pubmed - ncbi\na study of a brazilian species - melipona scutellaris - found that some male bees are the sons of workers , rather than the queen bee .\nthe sound field generated by tethered stingless bees ( melipona scutellaris ) : inferences on its potential as a recruitment mechanism inside the hive . - pubmed - ncbi\nm . g . da cunha , m . franchin , l . c . c . galv\u00e3o et al . , \u201capolar bioactive fraction of melipona scutellaris geopropolis on\ntranscript distribution of the best matches of the melipona scutellaris fat body cdna library . the best matches were listed based on the insect species without considering e - values .\nin this work , the ddrt - pcr technique was used to study differential gene expression profiles during post - embryonic development of melipona scutellaris . the differentially expressed cdna fragments detected were cloned , sequenced and analyzed by comparison using public databases . the results reported here are the first pieces of evidence of differential gene expression profiles in melipona scutellaris during its ontogenetic development .\nthis reproductive tug - of - war between workers and queens isn ' t unique to melipona scutellaris . a 2013 study on honeybees ( apis mellifera ) found evidence of a similar conflict .\nkey words : melipona , microsatellites , polygyny , queen number , social structure .\nkerr w . e . , rocha r . ( 1988 ) comunica\u00e7\u00e3o em melipona rufiventris e melipona compressipes , cienc . cult . 40 , 1200 - 1203 .\nthe study focused on melipona scutellaris a brazilian species of highly social stingless bees , found throughout the atlantic rainforest . colonies contain around 1 , 500 workers and are headed by one single - mated queen .\ncarvalho - zilse g and kerr we ( 2004 ) natural substitutions of queens and flight distance of males in tiuba ( melipona compressipes fasciculata smith , 1854 ) and uru\u00e7u ( melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 ) ( apidae , meliponini ) . acta amazon 34 : 649 - 652 . [ links ]\ntranscript distribution of melipona scutellaris fat body cdna library . protein functions were assigned based on homology with drosophila genes . ( a ) biological process . ( b ) molecular function . ( c ) cell component .\nalves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm et al ( 2009 ) the queen is dead\u2013long live the workers : intraspecific parasitism by workers in the stingless bee melipona scutellaris . mol ecol 18 : 4102\u20134111\noliveira mhcc , leal mca , almeida mg and coelho mp . 1986 . cria\u00e7\u00e3o e preserva\u00e7\u00e3o da abelha melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 , no nordeste brasileiro . cad omega 2 : 195 - 211 . [ links ]\nkerr we , jungnickel h , morgan ed . workers of the stingless bee melipona scutellaris are more similar to males than to queens in their cuticular compounds . apidologie . 2004 ; 35 ( 6 ) : 611\u20138 .\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication . apidologie 31 : 93 - 113\ntable s3 - monthly contribution of queens to progeny constitution in polygynous colonies of melipona bicolor .\ntherefore , in order to aggregate scientific value to the geopropolis , this study aims at evaluating the gastroprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis ( eegp ) from melipona scutellaris and at investigating the possible mechanisms of action .\ncortopassi - laurino m & montenegro - de - aquino h . 2000 . forrageamento na abelha uru\u0161u ( melipona scutellaris ) . in : anais do xii congresso brasileiro de apicultura , florian\u02c7polis . p . c - 022 .\nbiesmeijer , k . ( 1999 ) . the organization of foraging in melipona stingless bees . pegone summer : 11 - 12 [ 11 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , citation )\nalves rmo , carvalho cal and souza ba . 2005 . ninhos de melipona scutellaris l . em coqueiros na regi\u00e3o do litoral norte e metropolitana do estado da bahia . mensagem doce 83 : 10 - 13 . [ links ]\nmelipona quadrifasciata is a highly eusocial bee , making communication imperative for the survival of the colony .\nmanejo e manipula\u00e7\u00e3o artificial de col\u00f4nias de melipona quadrifasciata lep . ( apidae : meliponinae )\ntable s2 - inferred genotypes of queens and drones from monogynous and polygynous colonies of melipona bicolor .\nmelipona scutellaris is a stingless bee found in northeastern brazil . populations of this bee have decreased substantially as a consequence of human activity ( kerr et al . , 1996 ) and studies of this species are important for its maintenance .\nbee colonies are renowned for their high levels of cooperation , but a study of a brazilian species of highly social stingless bees , known as melipona scutellaris , found some male bees are the sons of workers , rather than the queen .\nkerr ; nielsen ( 1966 ) .\nevidences that genetically determined melipona queens can become workers\n.\njarau s , hrncir m , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie 31 : 81 - 91\nthe occurrence of m . scutellaris was recorded in 102 municipalities of bahia , from a total of 417 , corresponding to 24 . 5 % . the climate , elevation range and geographic coordinate data for the natural distribution of m . scutellaris in bahia are summarized in table i .\nnunes la , costa - pinto mff , carneiro pls , pereira dg and waldschmidt am . 2007 . diverg\u00eancia gen\u00e9tica em melipona scutellaris ( hymenoptera : meliponina ) com base em caracteres morfol\u00f3gicos . biosci j 23 : 1 - 9 . [ links ]\npierrot , l . m . & schlindwein , c . ( 2003 ) . variation in daily flight activity and foraging patterns of uru\u00e7u - melipona scutellaris latreille ( apidae , meliponini ) . rev . bras . zool . 20 ( 4 ) : 565 - 571 [ 569 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , flight activity , citation )\njarau , s . , hrncir , m . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2000 ) . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie 31 ( 1 ) : 81 - 91 [ 87 , 88 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , citation ; as melipona fasciata , flight range , citation )\nimperatriz - fonseca vl , cortopassi laurino m and koedam d . 2007 . a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o geogr\u00e1fica da abelha uru\u00e7u ( melipona scutellaris , latreille , 1881 ) , ( apidae - meliponinae ) . ( available at : < urltoken > [ links ] ) .\nkerr we . 1950 . genetic determination of castes in the genus melipona . genetics 35 : 143 - 152 .\nhrncir m . , jarau s . , zucchi r . , barth f . g . ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication , apidologie 31 , 93 - 113 [ edp sciences ] .\nhrncir , m . jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2000 ) . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . ii . possible mechanisms of communication . apidologie 31 : 93 - 113 [ 94 , 106 , 109 , 110 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound pulse , scent beacon , citation )\nbehavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i . : melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz\nfor a better evaluation of the model using apis mellifera in toxicology studies with insecticides , the oral acute toxicity of the insecticide fipronil against the stingless bee melipona scutellaris was determined . the results showed that fipronil was highly toxic to m . scutellaris , with a calculated lc 50 ( 48 h ) value of 0 . 011 ng a . i . / \u03bcl of sucrose solution and an estimated oral ld 50 ( 48 h ) of 0 . 6 ng a . i . / bee . our results showed that m . scutellaris bee is more sensitive to fipronil than the model specie a . mellifera .\ncitation : carvalho wjd , fujimura pt , bonetti am , goulart lr , cloonan k , da silva nm , et al . ( 2017 ) characterization of antennal sensilla , larvae morphology and olfactory genes of melipona scutellaris stingless bee . plos one 12 ( 4 ) : e0174857 . urltoken\nschwarz hf . 1932 . the genus melipona . bull am mus nat hist 63 : 402 - 403 . [ links ]\nkerr we . evolution of the mechanism of caste determination in the genus melipona . evolution . 1950 ; 1 : 7\u201313 .\nthe organization of foraging in stingless bees of genus melipona : an individual - oriented approach [ ph . d . thesis ]\nmelipona quadrifasciata is commonly used in agriculture in south america , but wild bees are feeling the effects of deforestation and pesticides .\ndifferentiation of melipona quadrifasciata l . ( hymenoptera , apidae , meliponini ) subspecies using cytochrome b pcr - rflp patterns\njarau s . , hrncir m . , zucchi r . , barth f . g . ( 2000 ) recruitment behavior in stingless bee , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance , apidologie 31 , 81 - 91 [ edp sciences ] .\ntable s1 - allelic frequencies and observed ( h o ) and expected ( h e ) heterozygosities in colonies of melipona bicolor .\nmartins scs ; albuquerque lmb ; matos jhg ; silva gc & pereira ajb . 1997 . atividade antibacteriana em m\u00e9is de abelhas africanizadas ( apis mellifica ) e nativas ( melipona scutellaris , m . subnitida e scaptotrigona bipunctata ) no estado do cear\u00e1 . higiene alimentar , v . 52 , p . 50 - 53\ntherefore , the aim of this study was to identify the differential expression of genes in pupae of white eyed workers , queens and intercastes of m . scutellaris by ddrt - pcr .\nmoure , j . s . ( 1971 ) . notas sobre algumas esp\u00e9cies duvidosas de melipona ( hymenoptera - apidae ) . arq . mus . nac . ( rio j . ) 54 : 193 - 201 [ 198 ] ( as melipona fasciata panamica , taxonomic note )\nnates - parra , g . ( 1995 ) . las abejas sin aguijon del genero melipona ( hymenoptera : meliponinae ) en colombia . bol . mus . ent . valle 3 ( 2 ) : 21 - 33 [ 24 ] ( as melipona fasciata panamica , list )\nalves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm , santos - filho ps , nogueira - neto p , billen j and wenseleers t ( 2009 ) the queen is dead - long live the workers : intraspecific parasitism by workers in the stinglees bee melipona scutellaris . mol ecol 18 : 4102 - 4111 . [ links ]\nkerr we . genetic determination of castes in the genus melipona . genetics . 1950 ; 35 ( 2 ) : 143\u201352 . pmid : 17247339\n. . . the results indicate a convergence between odour patterns in mixed - colony individuals . this may explain how intruders can stay in the invaded nest ( trigona pallens workers in trigona fulviventris nest and vice versa : caliari et al . , 2007 ; melipona rufiventris workers in a melipona scutellaris colony : pianaro et al . , 2007 ) . although stingless bees are the most diverse group of social bees , little is known about the nestmate recognition process . . . .\nstudies conducted in pernambuco showed the relationship between m . scutellaris and the humid forest whose conditions are ideal for the bees to build their nests ( lamartine 1962 , m . g . almeida , unpublished data ) . in bahia , alves et al . ( 2005 ) observed the nest building adaptation of m . scutellaris in coconut tree hollows located in the state ' s coastal region .\nnieh , j . c . ( 1998 ) . the food recruitment dance of the stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 133 - 145 [ 133 - 145 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , dance , sound )\nroubik , d . w . ( 1981 ) . a natural mixed colony of melipona ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . j . kansas entomol . soc . 54 ( 2 ) : 263 - 268 [ 263 - 268 ] ( as melipona fasciata , mixed colony , geographic record )\nwax constituents produced by worker bees and the chemistry of the nest batumen ( mixture of wax , mud , and floral materials ) in a melipona scutellaris colony changed when it was invaded by melipona rufiventris workers . gas chromatography / mass spectrometry analyses showed that after invasion , the m . scutellaris workers of the invaded colony produced waxes with higher relative abundance of triacontanyl acetate and decreased the amounts of n - alkanes and n - 9 - alkenes . on the other hand , waxes from m . rufiventris workers displayed few changes . the change in the composition of the m . scutellaris waxes chemically differentiates that species from the m . rufiventris invader workers . comparative analyses of batumens samples from pure and invaded colonies revealed greater amounts of terpenes and phenolic derivatives in the batumen from the invaded colony . this is the first report on the chemical characterization of batumens from stingless bees .\nwe have compared gene expression , using the differential display reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( ddrt - pcr ) technique , by means of mrna profile in melipona scutellaris during ontogenetic postembryonic development , in adult worker , and in both natural and juvenile hormone iii - induced adult queen . six , out of the nine ests described here , presented differentially expressed in the phases l1 or l2 , or even in both of them , suggesting that key mechanisms to the development of melipona scutellaris are regulated in these stages . the combination ht11g - ap05 revealed in l1 and l2 a product which matches to thioredoxin reductase protein domain in the clostridium sporogenes , an important protein during cellular oxidoreduction processes . this study represents the first molecular evidence of differential gene expression profiles toward a description of the genetic developmental traits in the genus melipona .\ndenise alves , dr tom wenseleers , and their co - authors carried out a genetic study of nearly 600 males from 45 colonies to discover the parentage of the worker population . their results showed that 22 . 89 % of melipona scutellaris males are sons of the workers rather than the queen , demonstrating an on - going conflict for reproduction .\nthe data obtained demonstrate a wide elevation distribution of m . scutellaris in the state , with occurrences from the sea level on the coast to the heights of chapada diamantina ( fig . 3 ) .\nnunes et al . ( 2007 ) used morphometric characters of the wings and observed the existence of phenotypic genetic variation in m . scutellaris populations at different elevations . molecular studies using the rapd technique conducted by m . f . f . costa pinto ( unpublished data ) with m . scutellaris specimens confirmed that , despite being visually different , the species found in the entire state of bahia is m . scutellaris , with the same number of chromosomes and similar genetic characteristics . however , there is the formation of distinct groups due to a lack of gene flow among all populations , thus creating genetic distances .\nstefan jarau , michael hrncir , ronaldo zucchi , friedrich barth . recruitment behavior in stingless bees , melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata . i . foraging at food sources differing in direction and distance . apidologie , springer verlag ( germany ) , 2000 , 31 ( 1 ) , pp . 81 - 91 . < 10 . 1051 / apido : 2000108 > .\nthe two stingless bee species melipona scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata recruit nestmates to a rich foraging site . we tested this with feeders up to 140 m away from the hive . foragers of m . scutellaris communicated direction ( up to 140 m ) more accurately than distance ( up to 30 m ) whereas those of m . quadrifasciata communicated direction only up to 30 m and distance up to 40 m . our data indicate that in both species recruitment is divided into two temporal phases . whereas in an initial phase alarmed nestmates search for food at random , bees leaving the hive in the following phase are obviously provided with information about its specific location . as a consequence after 35 minutes ( m . scutellaris ) and 85 minutes ( m . quadrifasciata ) , respectively , significantly more newcomers arrive at the feeder than at an identical control feeder . the differences found in the recruitment success of m . scutellaris and m . quadrifasciata are discussed in regard to the different demands of their natural habitats .\nfigure 2 : daily frequency of returning melipona asilvai foragers during the 38 days of observations . ( a ) dry season and ( b ) rainy season .\ncamargo ca ( 1972 ) mating of the social bee melipona quadrifasciata under controlled conditions . j kansas entomol soc 45 : 520 - 523 . [ links ]\nkerr w . e . ( 1994 ) communication among melipona workers ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , j . insect behav . 7 , 123 - 128 .\nschwarz , h . f . ( 1932 ) . the genus melipona the type genus of the meliponidae or stingless bees . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 63 ( 4 ) : 231 - 460 [ 381 , 392 , 393 , 395 , 396 ] ( as melipona fasciata paraensis , partim : bees from panam\u00e1 , junior synonym melipona fasciata panamica : cockerell , 1919 , 1920 , lutz & cockerell , 1920 , synonymy , notes on type )\nnieh , j . c . ( 1998 ) . the role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location by the stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 47 - 58 [ 43 - 58 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent beacon , pheromone , recruitment )\nheard , t . a . ( 1999 ) . the role of stingless bees in crop pollination . annu . rev . entomol . 44 : 183 - 206 [ 186 , 197 ] ( as melipona panamica , flight range - citation ; as melipona fasciata , pollination : gustavia superba ( lecythidaceae ) , pollen , citation )\nthis study aimed at identifying the areas of natural occurrence of m . scutellaris l . ( apidae : meliponina ) in the state of bahia , brazil , providing background information for future conservation and management strategies for the species .\nsix of the nine ests described here were differentially expressed in the phases l1 or l2 , or even in both of them , suggesting that key mechanisms to the development of m . scutellaris could be regulated in these stages .\nnieh , j . c . , contrera , f . a . l . , rangel , j . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 2003 ) . effect of food location and quality on recruitment sounds and success in two stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 55 : 87 - 94 [ 88 , 89 , 91 , 92 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , sound pulses , food source distance , citation )\nnieh j . c . , contrera f . a . l . , rangel j . , imperatriz - fonseca v . l . ( 2003c ) effect of food location and quality on recruitment sounds and success in two stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 55 , 87 - 94 .\nthe possibility of contamination with human material during sample manipulation of m . scutellaris was discarded because the technique was rigorously followed and , beyond this , of the only two m . scutellaris ests , b03 and b04 , that had similarity with the groupun . 6210 and group1 . 45 , respectively , in the apis genome assembly version 2 . 0 , the b03 ( which matched human ) showed highly conserved among bees , with e - value = 1e - 22 . melipona sequences that didn ' t have conclusive matches with the ones deposited in databases were obtained in this study and they could represent genes not yet described .\nbiesmeijer , j . c . & ermers , m . c . w . ( 1999 ) . social foraging in stingless bees : how colonies of melipona fasciata choose among nectar sources . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 46 : 129 - 140 [ 138 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , pulse sound , citation )\nnascimento m , fernandes - salom\u00e3o t , martins g . estudos moleculares e morfol\u00f3gicos em abelhas do g\u00eanero melipona ( hymenoptera ) . entomobrasilis . 2013 ; 6 : 64\u20137 .\nfigure 1 : relationship between temperature ( a ) and humidity ( b ) and the number of returning melipona asilvai bees ( \u25cf dry season ; \u25a1 rainy season ) .\nnogueira , juliano ; et al . ( 2014 ) .\nconservation study of an endangered stingless bee ( melipona capixaba\u2014hymenoptera : apidae ) with restricted distribution in brazil\n.\nmoure , j . s . & j . m . f . camargo ( 1994 ) . melipona ( michmelia ) capixaba , uma nova esp\u00e9cie de meliponinae ( hymenoptera , apidae ) do sudeste do brasil . rev . bras . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 289 - 296 [ 295 ] ( as melipona panamica , taxonomic note )\ninterestingly , topical treatment of pre - defecating larvae of the diploid male ( 2n ) of m . scutellaris with jh iii induced development of queen phenotype , i . e . , queen - like males ( qlms ) . despite their queen - like phenotype , qlm antenna resembled male antennae in having 11 flagellomeres and lacking sensilla basiconica [ 18 ] . it may suggest that either development of sensilla basiconica is not under jh iii control or these sensilla are not relevant for jh iii reception [ 48 ] . undoubtedly , m . scutellaris workers are morphologically more similar to males than to queens . additionally , m . scutellaris workers and males share similar cuticular hydrocarbon composition . these similarities are also observed in m . quadrifasciata [ 49 , 50 ] . however , we found that workers of m . scutellaris are more similar to queens in terms of antennal sensilla composition and number of flagellomeres , as previously reported for m . quadrifasciata [ 18 ] .\ninoue , t . , roubik , d . w . & suka , t . ( 1999 ) . nestmate recognition in the stingless bee melipona panamica ( apidae , meliponini ) . insectes soc . 46 : 208 - 218 [ 208 - 218 ] ( as melipona panamica , nestmate recognition , worker oviposition , labor division , guard workers behavior )\naccording to a 2009 study published in molecular ecology , worker bees within the species melipona scutellaris , a stingless brazilian bee , will reproduce behind the queen ' s back . the study , which examined the lineage of 600 males across 45 colonies , found that nearly a quarter of the bees were sons of workers rather than the queen . rather than cooperating , the workers were instead in conflict with their queen .\nnieh , j . c . , ram\u00edrez , s . & nogueira - neto , p . ( 2003 ) . multi - source odor - marking of food by a stingless bee , melipona mandacaia . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 54 : 578 - 586 [ 579 , 585 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , recruitment , anal droplet )\ndata on the preferred foraging times and identification of pollen collected by stingless bees has led to further insights into the bees\u2019 behavioral and ecological habits , thus enabling the analysis of the honey produced which in turn will facilitate quality control of this product . present study reveals the foraging times and food preferences of the stingless bee melipona scutellaris ( hymenoptera : apidae ) together with a physicochemical evaluation of the honey produced by this bee . m . scutellaris tended to be more active in the morning during the winter , visited a wide variety of plants in their search for food , and produced a good quality honey . in winter the bees showed generalist behavior foraging many different plants .\nvieira et al . ( 2006 ) have identified by ddrt - pcr technique the differential expression of genes in m . scutellaris after topical application of jh iii in larvae , demonstrating the efficacy of this technique to eval\u00faate transcriptional profiles in this species .\nflight distance data were taken from publications which used mark - recapture methods . roubik & aluja ( 1983 ) used a magnetic recapture method and through regression analysis concluded that the maximum flight distance for workers of cephalotrigona capitata was 1 , 650 m . in melipona marginata , maximum flight distance is 800 m . ( wille , 1983 ) . kerr ( 1987 ) recorded a flight distance of 2 , 000 m for melipona quadrifasciata ; 840 m for trigona spinipes ; 2 , 470 m for melipona compressipes ; and 540 m for plebeia droryana .\nmarcelo fidelis marques mendes ; et al . ( 2007 ) .\nintra - populational variability of melipona tquadrifasciata lepeletier , 1836 ( hymenoptera , meliponini ) using relative warp analysis\n.\njarau s , hrncir m , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2005 ) morphology and structure of the tarsal glands of the stingless bee melipona seminigra . naturwissenschaften 92 : 147 - 150\nnieh , j . c . & roubik , d . w . ( 1998 ) . potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee , melipona panamica . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 : 387 - 399 [ 387 - 399 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , recruitment , communication , distance , height , sound pulses )\nan est found in the fat body of m . scutellaris was similar to a putative farnesoic acid o - methyl - transferase ( famet ) . this putative enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of methylfarnesoate from farnesoic acid in the biosynthetic pathway of juvenile hormone in the corpora allata . vieira et al . ( 2008 ) found that famet of m . scutellaris ( msfamet ) has different expression levels in castes , suggesting that this enzyme may be associated with the metabolism of juvenile hormone in this stingless bee . these findings suggest either that this enzyme is ambiguous in melipona and can participate in other biochemical pathways or that it is not specific for juvenile hormone synthesis . although no ests encoding for enzymes that degrade juvenile hormone were detected in the m . scutellaris fat body , rt - pcr and qpcr detected mrnas for juvenile hormone esterase and juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase ( data not shown ) , which confirms the expression of these genes in this fat body .\naguilar , i , & brice\u00f1o , d . ( 2002 ) . sounds in melipona costaricensis ( apidae : meliponini ) : effect of sugar concentration and nectar source distance . apidologie 33 : 375 - 388 [ 376 , 378 , 382 , 384 , 385 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound , food source height , behavior , sugar concentration , citation )\naguilar , i . & sommeijer , m . ( 2001 ) . the deposition of anal excretions by melipona favosa foragers ( apidae : meliponinae ) : behavioral observations concerning the location of food sources . apidologie 32 : 37 - 48 [ 38 , 43 , 44 , 45 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent beacon , recruitment , anal excretion , citation )\nhrncir , m . , jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2004 ) . on the origin and properties of scent marks deposited at the food source by a stingless bee , melipona seminigra . apidologie 35 : 3 - 13 [ 4 , 10 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , scent marks , citation )\nthe geopropolis from melipona scutellaris bee species , popularly known as \u201curu\u00e7u\u201d and found in northeastern brazil , has been the focus of our research . studies have shown that geopropolis has antinociceptive and anti - inflammatory properties , besides antimicrobial activity against different types of bacteria . in addition , studies on the chemical profile of geopropolis revealed absence of flavonoid and phenolic acids commonly found in propolis from apis mellifera and presence of benzophenones [ 13 \u2013 16 ] .\nvan veen jw . cell provisioning and oviposition in melipona beecheii ( apidae , meliponinae ) , with a note on caste determination . apidologie . 2000 ; 31 ( 3 ) : 411\u20139 .\nrossini , as . 1989 . caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o das mudas ontogen\u00e9ticas e biometria dos corpora allata de melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides lep . ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de mestrado , ibcr - unesp .\nvelthuis hhw , de vries h and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2006 ) the polygyny of melipona bicolor : scramble competition among queens . apidologie 37 : 222 - 239 . [ links ]\nnieh j . c . ( 1998a ) the food recruitment dance of the stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 133 - 145 [ crossref ] .\nconsidering the elevation variation in localities with m . scutellaris records , three distinct groups of populations of the species can be separated in the state of bahia as proposed by m . f . f . costa pinto ( unpublished data ) ( table iii ) .\nsensilla basiconica were found in almost all female flagellomeres ( figs 1e , 1f and 2d ) , however these sensilla were not found in males of m . scutellaris ( table 1 ) , in agreement with what has been found with other tribe of bees , including meliponini [ 18 , 35 , 45 ] . in m . scutellaris , we found that sensilla basiconica was more numerous in workers than in queens ( table 2 ) , in contrast to what ravaiano and collaborators reported for m . quadrifasciata [ 18 ] . it has been reported that sensilla basiconica detect cuticular hydrocarbon in ants , thus allowing identification of individuals within the colony and food source recognition [ 34 ] . therefore , we assume that this class of sensilla plays a similar role in m . scutellaris .\nt\u00f3th , e . , queller , d . c . , dollin , a . & strassmann , j . e . ( 2004 ) . conflict over male parentage in stingless bees . insectes soc . 51 : 1 - 11 [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , partim [ citation of inoue et al . , 1999 ] , worker ovary development , male production , nest population , oviposition behavior , citation ; as melipona panamica , nest population , taxonomic note , citation ; as melipona rufiventris , note )\nramalho , m . , kleinert - giovannini , a . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 1990 ) . important bee plants for stingless bees ( melipona and trigonini ) and africanized honeybees ( apis mellifera ) in neotropical habitats : a review . apidologie 21 : 469 - 488 [ 473 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , habitat , citation )\nwe tested 18 primer combinations , an example of m . scutellaris expression profile obtained in a polyacrylamide gel is shown in figure 1 . we could verify differences of intensity in fragments during larval stages and also , bands exclusively found only in one of the samples .\nroubik d . w . , aluja m . ( 1983 ) flight ranges of melipona and trigona in tropical forest , j . kans . entomol . soc . 56 , 217 - 222 .\na abelha melipona scutellaris \u00e9 considerada a esp\u00e9cie criada de melipon\u00edneo com maior distribui\u00e7\u00e3o no norte e nordeste do brasil , com ocorr\u00eancia registradas desde o estado do grande do norte at\u00e9 o estado da bahia . considerando a import\u00e2ncia desta esp\u00e9cie na gera\u00e7\u00e3o de renda para agricultura familiar e na manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e1reas com vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o natural , este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de col\u00f4nias naturais de m . scutellaris no estado da bahia . informa\u00e7\u00f5es de literatura , entrevistas com meliponicultores e expedi\u00e7\u00f5es foram realizadas para confirmar a ocorr\u00eancia natural da esp\u00e9cie . um total de 102 munic\u00edpios apresentou registro de m . scutellaris , cuja ocorr\u00eancia foi observada em \u00e1reas desde o n\u00edvel do mar at\u00e9 1 . 200 metros de altitude . a ocorr\u00eancia desta esp\u00e9cie no estado da bahia \u00e9 considerada como restrita a munic\u00edpios da \u00e1rea costeira e da chapada diamantina , onde existem matas \u00famidas . dados de coordenadas geogr\u00e1ficas , altitude , clima e vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o foram obtidos , possibilitando elaborar o mapa da \u00e1rea de ocorr\u00eancia , subsidiando pol\u00edticas de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e manejo da esp\u00e9cie .\nfor centuries these bees have been cultivated all over the country , especially in the north and northeast that are the birthplace of the first two domestic species : melipona compressipes fasciculata and melipona scutellaris ( kerr et al . , 1996 ) . the latter popularly known as\nuru\u00e7u\nof the northeast is one the best known species biologically , especially due to its peculiar mechanism of determination of castes , as a consequence of its genetic - feeding interaction , which is different from the pattern presented by other apidae . it is found from bahia to rio grande do norte , mainly in\nzona da mata\n( forest zone ) ( carvalho , 2001 ) .\nnesse estudo n\u00f3s usamos a t\u00e9cnica de differential display reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( ddrt - pcr ) para comparamos o perfil de mrna em melipona scutellaris durante o desenvolvimento ontogen\u00e9tico p\u00f3s - embrion\u00e1rio e em oper\u00e1rias adultas , rainha natural e induzida pelo horm\u00f4nio juvenil iii . fragmentos diferencialmente expressos foram detectados usando as seguintes combina\u00e7\u00f5es de primers : ht11g - ap05 ; ht11c - ap05 ; ht11g - opf12 ; ht11g - opa16 . dos 9 ests descrito nesse trabalho , 6 tiveram express\u00e3o diferencial nas fases de larva l1 e l2 , sugerindo serem mecanismos chave no regula\u00e7\u00e3o do desenvolvimento larval em melipona . a combina\u00e7\u00e3o ht11g - ap05 revelou em l1 e l2 um produto com similaridade \u00e0 prote\u00edna tioredoxina redutase de clostridium sporogenes , uma prote\u00edna importante durante os processos de oxidoredu\u00e7\u00e3o . esse estudo representa as primeiras evid\u00eancias moleculares do perfil de express\u00e3o durante o desenvolvimento ontogen\u00e9tico em abelhas do g\u00eanero melipona .\nin queenright colonies of stingless bees of the genus melipona , workers recognize , attack , and kill young virgin queens . for melipona scutellaris , we observed that virgin queens were executed when they were between 5 and 9 days old , while newly emerged queens were not attacked . the faster movements of old virgin in relation to newly emerged might be responsible for attacks . it has been also hypothesized that cuticular hydrocarbons are the source of the signal used by workers to recognize virgin queens . we investigated whether newly emerged , 8 days old virgin and physogastric queens of m . scutellaris have different cuticular hydrocarbon profiles . cuticular hydrocarbons of three ages were compared using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry . the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles varied by reproductive status and age . changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons in virgin queens during aging suggest that these compounds , together with change in movement , may play a role in the recognition of virgin queens by workers prior to regicide .\nnieh , j . c . & roubik , d . w . ( 1995 ) . a stingless bee ( melipona panamica ) indicates food location without using a scent trail . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 37 : 63 - 70 [ 63 - 70 ] ( as melipona panamica , behavior , communication , recruitment , nest population , geographic record , altitudinal record , sound , zigzag flight )\nroubik , d . w . & aluja , m . ( 1983 ) . flight ranges of melipona and trigona in tropical forest . j . kansas entomol . soc . 56 ( 2 ) : 217 - 222 [ 217 - 222 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , geographic record , nesting site : tree cavities , behavior , flight range , nest population , foraging activity )\nwilms w . , wiechers b . ( 1997 ) floral resource partitioning between native melipona bees and the introduced africanized honey bee in the brazilian atlantic rain forest , apidologie 28 , 339 - 355 .\ngeopropolis is a type of propolis containing resin , wax , and soil , collected by threatened stingless bee species native to tropical countries and used in folk medicine . however , studies concerning the biological activity and chemical composition of geopropolis are scarce . in this study , we evaluated the antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis ( eegp ) collected by melipona scutellaris and its bioactive fraction against important clinical microorganisms as well as their in vitro cytotoxicity and chemical profile .\n. . . like other stingless bees , the cycle of melipona colonies is perennial ( michener , 2000 ) . chc profiles have been studied in m . quadrifasciata ( abdalla et al . , 2003 ) , mixed colonies of m . rufiventris and m . scutellaris ( pianaro et al . , 2007 ) , m . scutellaris ( kerr et al . , 2004 ) , and m . marginata ( ferreira - caliman et al . , 2010 ) . reports on other stingless bees demonstrated differences in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles , and the ability of guard bees to discriminate nestmates and non - nestmates ( scaptotrigona bipunctata : jungnickel et al . , 2004 ; frieseomellitta varia : nunes et al . , 2008nunes et al . , , 2011 ) . . . .\nbego lr ( 1989 ) behavioral interactions among queens of the polygynic stingless bee melipona bicolor bicolor lepeletier ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . braz j med biol res 22 : 587 - 596 . [ links ]\njarau s , van veen j , aguilar i , ayasse m ( 2009 ) virgin queen execution in the stingless bee melipona beecheii : the sign stimulus for worker attacks . apidologie 40 : 496 - 507\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2003 ) a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) uses optic flow to estimate flight distances . j comp physiol a 189 : 761 - 768\nlima - verde l and freitas bm . 2002 . occurrence and biogeographic aspects of melipona quinquefasciata in ne - brazil ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . braz j biol 62 : 479 - 486 . [ links ]\nsakagami sf , oniki y ( 1963 ) behaviour studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz j fac sci hokkaido univ ser vi zool 15 : 300\u2013318\nvelthuis hhw , roeling a and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2001 ) repartition of reproduction among queens in the polygynous stingless bee melipona bicolor . proc exp appl entomol 12 : 45 - 49 . [ links ]\nchinh tx , grob gbj , meeuwsen fjaj and sommeijer mj ( 2003 ) patterns of male production in the stingless bee melipona favosa ( apidae , meliponinae ) . apidologie 34 : 161 - 170 . [ links ]\nbiesmeijer , j . c . , nieuwstadt , m . g . l . , luk\u00e1cs , s . & sommeijer , m . j . ( 1998 ) . the role of internal and external information in foraging decisions of melipona workers ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) . behav . ecol . sociobiol . 42 : 107 - 116 [ 114 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , artificial feeding , training experiments , recruitment , citation )\nbonetti am , kerr we , matusita sh . effects of juvenile hormones i , ii and iii , in single and fractionated dosage in melipona bees . rev bras biol . 1995 ; 55 : 113\u201320 . pmid : 8729273\nsakagami , shoichi ( 1965 ) .\nbehavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . \uff1a\u2174 . melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides lepeletier ( with 7 text - figures and 1 table )\n.\nwaldschmidt am , salom\u00e3o tmf , barros eg and campos lao ( 1997 ) extraction of genomic dna from melipona quadrifasciata ( hymenoptera , apidae , meliponinae ) . braz j genet 20 : 421 - 423 . [ links ]\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . ii . dependence on sugar concentration . j comp physiol a 190 : 549 - 560\nhrncir , m . , jarau , s . , zucchi , r . & barth , f . g . ( 2004 ) . thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . i . no influence of visual flow . j . comp . physiol . a . sens . neural behav . physiol . 190 : 539 - 548 [ 547 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , sound , food source distance , citation )\nstrassmann , j . ( 2001 ) . the rarity of multiple mating by females in the social hymenoptera . insectes soc . 48 : 1 - 13 [ 7 ] ( as melipona panamica , mating frequency , citation )\nhoneybees are the most known type of bee . several species exist including ? honeybees live for ? years and have a queen . new queens are also born at specific times and can start a new colony on their own ( swarming ) , taking with them a part of the colony ' s members . stingless bees ( ie melipona beecheeii , . . . ) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] are quite similar to honeybees but differ in the structure of their hive . they also make a lot less honey ( generally > 1kg per year per hive ( and some even only a few cm\u00b3 of honey per year per hive ) , as opposed to 75kg per year per hive that honeybees produce ) . some species though still make fair amounts of honey , ie melipona scutellaris and melipona compressipes produce upto 8l of honey per year . it should also be taken into account that the honey is quite different ( called\nbush honey\n) .\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) thorax vibrations of a stingless bee ( melipona seminigra ) . i . no influence of visual flow . j comp physiol a 190 : 539 - 548\nwille , a . ( 1983 ) . biology of the stingless bees . ann . rev . entomol . 28 : 41 - 64 [ 51 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , mixed colony - citation )\ninoue t . , roubik d . w . , suka t . ( 1999 ) nestmate recognition in the stingless bee melipona panamica ( apidae , meliponini ) , insectes soc . 46 , 208 - 218 [ crossref ] .\nin conclusion , we have identified 1728 ests from the fat body of m . scutellaris . in silico analysis of these ests has provided new insights into the physiological roles of this tissue in phenomena such as innate immunity , cellular proliferation , resistance to insecticides and environmental stress , and caste differentiation in stingless bees .\na . o . fidalgo and a . m . p . kleinert , \u201cfloral preferences and climate influence in nectar and pollen foraging by melipona rufiventris lepeletier ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) in ubatuba , s\u00e3o paulo state , brazil , \u201d\nkoedam d , cepeda oi and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2007 ) egg laying and oophagy by reproductive workers in the polygynous stingless bee melipona bicolor ( hymenoptera , meliponini ) . apidologie 38 : 55 - 66 . [ links ]\nsommeijer mj , chinh tx and meeuwsen fjaj ( 1999 ) behavioral data on the production of males by workers in the stingless bee melipona favosa ( apidae , meliponinae ) . insectes soc 46 : 92 - 93 . [ links ]\nhrncir m , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2004 ) on the origin and properties of scent marks deposited at the food source by a stingless bee , melipona seminigra friese 1903 . apidologie 35 : 3 - 13\nsmith , b . h . & roubik , d . w . ( 1983 ) . mandibular glands of stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) : chemical analysis of their contents and biological function in two species of melipona . j . chem . ecol . 9 ( 11 ) : 1465 - 1472 [ 971 - 978 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , communication , alarm , recruitment , mandibular gland secretion , chemical analysis , defense behavior )\nnieh j . c . ( 1998b ) the role of a scent beacon in the communication of food location in the stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 47 - 58 [ crossref ] .\nthe aim of this study was to carry out the first formal genetic test of whether or not intraspecific queen parasitism occurs in stingless bees , and whether queens could indeed succeed in entering unrelated hives to opportunistically rear their own brood . in order to do so , we carried out a long - term genetic study on the brazilian stingless bee , melipona scutellaris , and sampled female brood before and after queen replacement events to check whether newly established queens were either the daughter of the previous queen , or instead were unrelated queens that had flown in from elsewhere .\nroubik , d . w . & buchmann , s . l . ( 1984 ) . nectar selection by melipona and apis mellifera ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of the nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest . oecologia ( berl . ) 61 : 1 - 10 [ 1 - 10 ] ( ? uncertain identity , as melipona fasciata , behavior , nectar foraging , sucrose concentration , imbibing rate , flower record : hybanthus prunifolius ( violaceae ) )\nbiesmeijer j . c . , ermers m . c . w . ( 1999 ) social foraging in stingless bees : how colonies of melipona fasciata choose among nectar sources , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 46 , 129 - 140 .\nthe species melipona scutellaris , locally known as\nuru\u00e7u do nordeste\nor\nuru\u00e7u verdadeira\n, was one of the first bee species domesticated by potiguara , kiriri , xucuru , patax\u00f3 , paiaku , tupicuruba and aymor\u00e9 indians . the portuguese colonizers , who enjoyed honey of this species , soon learned rearing techniques that led uru\u00e7u to become one of the most frequently reared species of stingless bees in the northeast and , consequently , the subject of hunting in order to extract honey ( kerr et al . 1996 , imperatriz - fonseca et al . 2007 ) .\nour results suggest that the risk of extinction is greater for smaller stingless bees . colonies of plebeia droryana would be effectively isolated if inter - fragment distances were greater than 600 m . on the other hand , larger species , such as melipona compressipes and melipona quadrifasciata , would be effectively isolated if forest fragments were greater than 2 km apart . however , larger species theoretically have a greater capacity to migrate between forest fragments , but would also depend upon larger areas to persist .\nthe limited variation in the number of queens in monogynous and polygynous colonies over a one year period agreed with the common view that queen replacement is rare in stingless bee colonies ( queen replacement was detected in only one of the 14 analyzed colonies here ) and that queens have long life spans . queens of melipona compressipes and m . scutellaris , for example , have a maximum longevity of 84 months ( 7 years ) ( carvalho - zilse and kerr , 2004 ) . this reduced turnover of queens could help to maintain the relatedness among nestmate workers stable over time .\nalonso wj , lucena t , fracasso cm , velthuis hhw and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 1998 ) do melipona bicolor ( apidae , meliponinae ) workers distinguish relatedness among different physogastric queens ? apidologie 29 : 503 - 512 . [ links ]\nboleli ic , paulino - sim\u00f5es zl and bitondi mmg ( 2000 ) regression of the lateral oviducts during larval - adult transformation of the reproductive system of melipona quadrifasciata and frieseomelitta varia . j morphol 243 : 141 - 151 . [ links ]\nkoedam d , velthuis hhw , dohmen mr and imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2001 ) the behavior of laying workers and the morphology and viability of their eggs in melipona bicolor bicolor . physiol entomol 26 : 254 - 259 . [ links ]\naguilar i . , sommeijer m . ( 2001 ) the deposition of anal excretions by melipona favosa foragers ( apidae : meliponinae ) : behavioural observations concerning the location of food sources , apidologie 32 , 37 - 48 [ edp sciences ] .\nnieh j . c . , roubik d . w . ( 1995 ) a stingless bee ( melipona panamica ) indicates food location without using a scent trail , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 37 , 63 - 70 [ crossref ] .\nnieh , j . c . , contrera , f . a . l . , ram\u00edrez , s . & imperatriz - fonseca , v . l . ( 2002 ) . variation in height communication : testing three - dimensional location communication in the stingless bees , melipona mandacaia and melipona bicolor pp . 167 - 171 in gar\u00f3falo , c . a . et al . ( ed . ) v encontro sobre abelhas : anais . ribeir\u00e3o preto : faculdade de filosofia , ci\u00eancias e letras de ribeir\u00e3o preto , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , departamento de biologia xxv + 355 pp . [ 167 , 169 , 170 ] ( as melipona panamica , communication , food sources distance , height , recruitment , behavior , sound pulse , citation )\nnieh j . c . , roubik d . w . ( 1998 ) potential mechanisms for the communication of height and distance by a stingless bee , melipona panamica , behav . ecol . sociobiol . 43 , 387 - 399 [ crossref ] .\nsakagami sf , oniki y . behavior studies of the stingless bees , with special reference to the oviposition process . i . : melipona compressipes manaosensis schwarz . journal of the faculty of science hokkaido university . 1963 ; 15 ( 2 ) : 300\u201318 .\nthe ancient maya domesticated a separate species of stingless bee . the use of stingless bees is referred to as meliponiculture , named after bees of the tribe meliponini\u2014such as melipona quadrifasciata in brazil . this variation of bee keeping still occurs around the world today .\nhrncir m , schmidt vm , schorkopf dlp , jarau s , zucchi r , barth fg ( 2006 ) vibrating the food receivers : a direct way of signal transmission in bees ( melipona seminigra ) . j comp physiol a 192 : 879 - 887\nroubik d . w . ( 1982b ) seasonality in colony food storage , brood production , and adult survivorship : studies of melipona in tropical forest ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , j . kans . entomol . soc . 55 , 789 - 800 .\nroubik d . w . , buchmann s . l . ( 1984 ) nectar selection by melipona and apis mellifera ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and the ecology of nectar intake by bee colonies in a tropical forest , oecologia 61 , 1 - 10 .\nin colonies of melipona scutellaris latreille , 1811 workers can be found with four ganglion nerve cells , a morphological characteristic of the queen . it is hypothesized that these workers , called intercastes , or phenocopies , are phenotypically - like workers , but genotypically identical to queens due to this specific trait . workers with the same number of ganglion as queens seem to be intercastes between queens and workers . our objective was to analyze the mrna pro files of workers , queens , and intercastes of m . scutellaris through ddrt - pcr . three hundred ( 300 ) pupae with white eyes were collected and externally identified according to the number of abdominal nerve ganglions : workers ( 5 ganglions ) , queens ( 4 ganglions ) and intercastes ( 4 ganglions ) . the analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts that were present only in workers , but absent in intercastes and queens , confirming the hypothesis , by demonstrating the environmental effect on the queen genotype that generated phenotype - like workers ."]}
{"id": 1111, "summary": [{"text": "parasol ( 1800 \u2013 1826 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in total she won twenty of her thirty-five races , including two newmarket first october king 's plates , the jockey-club plate and a match race against derby winner cardinal beaufort .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her only race away from newmarket was for her d\u00e9but , in the oaks stakes in 1803 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was bred and owned by augustus fitzroy , 3rd duke of grafton .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "as a broodmare she foaled the stallion partisan , 2000 guineas winner pindarrie and pastille , who won both the 2000 guineas and the oaks . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "parasol ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["nurse redheart \u2022 dr . horse \u2022 dr . fauna \u2022 doctor horse \u2022 nurse ponies\nhilaire - germain - edgar degas . lady with a parasol ( femme \u00e0 l\u2019ombrelle )\nas the ball falls , it will make the horse move towards the right .\nplace the horse sign \u2013 fire on the red plaque in the upper right .\nplace the horse sign \u2013 water on the blue plaque in the upper right .\nparasol was shot in the autumn of 1826 , having been covered that spring by sam .\nin season six , parasol appears at the beginning of the gift of the maud pie .\npick up the horse sign \u2013 water that appears in the niche above the steps .\nhilaire - germain - edgar degas . lady with a parasol ( femme \u00e0 l\u2019ombrelle ) | moma\nparasol appears in a picture with her name listed on page 175 of the wonderbolts academy handbook .\npick up the horse doll on the side of the wall after the bars have lifted .\nthe penguin steals a priceless folio of famous parasols from the gotham city library . he plans to wager the $ 10 , 000 earned from its ransom on a rigged horse race . aided by his partner - in - crime lola lasagne , he disguises the favored entry parasol as the unknown\nbumbershoot ,\nthen enters a painted glue factory horse as\nparasol\n. with everyone betting their money on the fake horse , it looks like the penguin will make a fortune when the real parasol wins the race . but he wasn ' t counting on a last - minute entry of bruce wayne ' s , the horse waynebow , ridden by none other than batgirl .\nyour goal is to unlock the door by moving the horse all the way to the right .\non 16 october , pope received 75 guineas forfeiture from mr . shakespeare ' s horse nuncio .\nthe horse moves towards the middle of the scene after the image of the arrow has been assembled .\nthe horse sign \u2013 fire will be added to your inventory after all the items have been found .\nand received 60 guineas forfeiture from lord darlington when his horse musician backed out of a match race .\nfife and drum ( 1906 ) .\nhorse pedigrees\n. natal agriculture journal . 9 : 1053 .\nthe initial idea for partypoker came from one of the company\u2019s founders , ruth parasol , an american born in san francisco .\nthis was a very lucrative business in the 1990s , giving parasol an excellent base of income to invest in her own business .\nthought that goodisson\nrode his horse with great skill and judgement\nand\ngave great satisfaction to all present .\npartisan ( gb ) b c 1811 ( walton - parasol , by pot8os ) . sire line highflyer . family 1 - e .\nas the 2000s began , online poker was starting to enter the conversation , and parasol knew she needed to be in that game .\nin his last start of the season , pope was unplaced in the tortoise stakes won by mr . shakespeare ' s horse tumbler .\nin 2000 , parasol offered shares in her company iglobalmedia to anurag dikshit , a software developer from india , in return for his development of a multiplayer poker platform . dikshit had a very successful business of his own , and he invited parasol to become a partner in his business as well .\nin september at doncaster orville won the two mile free handicap sweepstakes and a four mile match race against mr mellish ' s horse stockton .\nnow find the painting nearby that shows another woman holding a parasol and talking to a friend . this is called at the races . visiting the racetrack and watching the races were popular pastimes . can you find the horse in the background here ? it\u2019s a black shape , blurry and far away .\nbefore getting into the gaming business , parasol worked for her father\u2019s company , which had a series of 900 numbers used for psychics , weather , and porn .\n' s five - year - old horse pavilion at the houghton meeting . he ended his season by finishing unplaced in a subscription handicap on 31 october .\npope won 500 - guinea garden stakes at the houghton meeting on 30 october , beating the 6 - year - old horse cassio and the filly mirth .\nlater at the same meeting , pope finished third ( but not officially placed ) in \u00a350 subscription handicap plate , losing to the colt cambric and the horse salvator .\nparasol ( gb ) b . f , 1800 { 1 - e } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nwalton ' s only engagement in 1806 was a sweepstakes of 200 guineas each in april , but he paid a forfeit to parasol and the race never took place . [ 26 ]\norville ended his career at newmarket in autumn with two further wins beating canopus in a subscription race over the beacon course on 28 september and parasol in a similar event on 9 october .\na horse of another color\nis an episode of batman starring adam west , burt ward , and yvonne craig . the penguin steals a priceless folio of famous parasols from the gotham city library . he plans to wager the $ 10 , 000 earned from its ransom on a rigged horse race . aided by his . . . see full summary \u00bb\nparasol ran for six years winning the jockey club plate , four king ' s plates and placing third in the oaks stakes . in 1806 she beat the derby winner cardinal beaufort ( b c 1802\nthe two added two more founders to the initiative : parasol\u2019s husband russ deleon would become the coo , and vikrant bhargava would head up marketing . with that , the core of partygaming was formed .\nparasol , with orange eyes , appears next to starry eyes on page 67 of little , brown ' s my little pony friendship is magic official guidebook my little pony : the elements of harmony .\nvector parasol rain umbrella , sunshade set . red , yellow white black colored . blank classic opened round slanted mock up isolated . side view . illustration object for advertising , poster , banner design .\n) . her descendant empress ( ch f 1872 citadel ) founded a very successful family in south america that includes the famous embrujo ( ch c 1936 congreve ) . parasol was humanely destroyed in 1826 .\nparasol ( gb ) br . f , 1917 { 14 - a } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 16 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 0 . 00 cd = - 1 . 00\n. in a racing career which lasted from august 1801 until october 1807 the horse ran thirty - four times and won twenty races . in his early career he was based in yorkshire and won the\ncruiser and rarey . for an exhaustive discussion of rarey and cruiser , visit rarey , the horse ' s master and friend ,\nohio history , the journal of the ohio historical society , vol . 25\nmr . s . arthur sold cardinal beaufort after the 1806 racing season to mr . arthur shakespear . in april at newmarket , cardinal beaufort received an unspecified amount forfeiture from lord darlington ' s horse zodiac .\npelisse returned to newmarket in october where she finished fourth to canopus in the october oatlands stakes and then collected a 50 guinea forfeit when lord sackville ' s horse enchanter failed to appear for a scheduled match .\nparasol is named on a cloudsdale high\nschool spirit award\nplaque on my little pony : friends forever issue # 18 cover a . she also physically appears on my little pony : friendship is magic issue # 46 page 12 .\nparasol\u2019s bet on the poker industry could not have been better timed . poker was about to become very popular as a spectator sport with the introduction of the hole - card camera invented by steve lipscomb , founder of the world poker tour .\nthe rise of partypoker in the online gaming world was astronomic in size and impact ; the site that was started by ruth parasol , russ deleon , vikrant bhargava , and anurag dikshit would shape the online gambling landscape from many different perspectives .\nhaving died sometime between august 1808 and the beginning of the 1809 season in april . at newmarket on 17 april , general gower paid a forfeiture to lord sackville ' s horse bustard due to cardinal beaufort ' s death .\nand was relocated to ireland for use as a racehorse . lord lonsdale wrote to the marquess that\nhe [ had ] sent him the best bred horse in the world save one ,\nwith the exception being swordsman .\npope was retained by lord sligo after his racing career as a breeding stallion . pope stood under the name\nwaxy pope\nto distinguish him from another horse named pope ( sired by shuttle ) that was also standing in ireland .\nas there weren\u2019t that many online casinos in the market at that time , parasol was able to capture a significant number of real - money players to her casino brand . she opened a couple of other brands to help cross - promote to her growing database .\nin 1994 , parasol saw the potential in the internet ( many of her father\u2019s businesses were moving from telephone to online ) . in fact , one of her companies was responsible for the release of the massively in - demand tommy lee / pamela anderson sex tape .\nin season five , parasol appears at the end of the cutie map - part 2 , in apple bloom ' s dream in bloom & gloom , tanks for the memories , party pooped , amending fences , canterlot boutique , rarity investigates ! , and scare master .\nbeing in the porn business , it wasn\u2019t long before parasol made her way into the other vices ; she saw the rise of online gambling sites very early on and was able to leverage the massive databases of her and her father\u2019s companies when she launched the starluck online casino in 1997 .\ngladiator ' s sire was partisan , who was by walton , and from parasol , a well - bred mare and top race horse from the influential grafton stud . walton was a good stayer and led the sire ' s list in england twice . partisan was a fast horse on the turf , and a good sire who got a leading sire son in venison ( 1833 ) , and four classic winners - - mameluke ( 1824 , derby ) , patron ( 1826 , 2 , 000 guineas ) , cyprian ( 1833 , oaks ) and zeal ( 1818 , 1 , 000 guineas ) . in addition to venison , who sired three classic winners , partisan ' s son glaucus ( 1830 ) sired two classic winning fillies . another son , godolphin ( 1818 ) also got a classic filly in young mouse ( 1826 , 1 , 000 guineas ) .\na horse of great quality , power and endurance , many of his races were run over the beacon course , upwards of four miles . not surprisingly he was considered the best horse of his time , winning twenty - eight races over the span of seven years , including the jockey club purse three times , and the craven stakes . ( some sources say he ran more than forty times and won over thirty races ) . he was sold to richard , 1st earl grosvenor , for 1500 guineas at five years of age , after his first race in 1778 .\npair small original acrylic on canvas board signed\nnewlin\nautomobile , horse and buggy parasol woman . i do not know anything about this artist . these cute 1970 ' s acrylic paintings in the original wooden frames measure 3 - 1 / 2 inches wide and 4 - 1 / 2 inches tall . the frames measure 5 - 1 / 2 inches wide and 6 - 1 / 2 inches tall . the picture with the car has a slight wave in the canvas where the canvas has become detached from the canvas board . hardly noticeable but i want you to know what i see .\nhilaire - germain - edgar degas ( french , 1834\u20131917 ) . lady with a parasol ( femme \u00e0 l\u2019ombrelle ) . c . 1870\u201372 . oil on canvas . 29 5 / 8 \u00d7 33 7 / 16\u2033 ( 75 . 3 \u00d7 85 cm ) . the samuel courtauld trust , the courtauld gallery , london\norville failed to win in three starts in 1803 . at york in may he finished second to lennox in a two mile sweepstakes . at the same course in august he finished second to duxbury in a four mile race and second again when beaten by mr mellish ' s horse stockton four days later .\nparasol works in cloudsdale ' s weather factory in sonic rainboom , attending to all three sections of weather development . she also partakes in the best young flyer competition , albeit with her eye color switched to green . she initially wears the tag numbered\n6\n, which is swapped with rainbow dash ' s\n5\n.\norville began his five - year - old season by winning a two mile sweepstakes at york on 29 may . he returned to york in august when he finished last of the five runners behind haphazard in a four mile subscription race and second to r garfoth ' s horse by traveller in a similar event two days later .\nwhalebone was a mottled bay or brown colt that stood 15 . 2 hands high with\nshort legs , high - bred nostrils and very prominent eyes .\nhe was a\nplainish looking\nhorse with a\nturkish - pony look\nand thick neck and body that were not as well - proportioned as those of his full - brother whisker . whalebone was reportedly one of the smallest horses waxy ever produced . in the words of his groom , dryman ,\nhe was the lowest and longest , and most - double jointed horse , with the best legs\u2014eight and a half below the knee\u2014and worst feet i ever saw in my life .\nto move the horse a bit farther , you have to assemble the image of the arrow in the upper right panel . find and place the 4 picture squares to accomplish this task . when placing the squares in the panel , make sure you place your cursor ( not the square ) where you want to place the panel .\nnarrator : find the big painting of a woman on this wall . the woman carries a kind of umbrella , called a parasol , to shade herself from the bright sunlight . it\u2019s hard to see her \u2013 she is just a black silhouette . degas made this painting with black , grey , and white marks and captures the light and shadow moving across the scene .\nin season two , she appears in hearts and hooves day standing across from\nsilver script\nunderneath a parasol , blushing while apple bloom sings\nall the good ones are taken\nduring the perfect stallion . she also appears in hurricane fluttershy aiding ponyville ' s pegasi in the creation of the tornado required to lift the water into cloudsdale for the rainy season .\ntwo versions , both with different cutie marks and one with a different mane color , each appear in boast busters and magic duel . a gray - coated variant appears in winter wrap up and the super speedy cider squeezy 6000 . a pony with parasol ' s design and color scheme , but without wings or a cutie mark , appears in boast busters watching twilight move the ursa back to its cave .\nthe soldier ' s daughter ( 1836 , by doncaster st . leger winner the colonel ) , a mare bred at hampton court , produced four venison foals for the duke of richmond . the first , a filly , she killed . the next year , 1841 , she dropped red deer , the first three - year - old to win the chester cup ( 2 - 1 / 4 miles ) ; he was carrying one of the smallest , youngest , lightest jockeys ( 3 stone - 4 pounds , plus a ten pound penalty ) ever to ride such a tough race , who barely had the strength to keep red deer on course in the 25 horse field . the large , narrow , circular chester course at the time was described as\nthe equivalent to turning a horse loose in a circus ,\nand his win that year was later referred to as\nthe red deer chase\nwhen the high - strung horse plunged to the front and was never headed , winning by 12 lengths ( the great race mare alice hawthorn second ) and continuing to run well past the finish before kitchener could pull him up .\nwhisker did not run in 1817 and made his first appearance on 13 april 1818 at the craven meeting ( still listed as a five - year - old ) in the craven stakes , for which he ran unplaced in a 22 horse field . [ 11 ] at newmarket , whisker was third in the fifty pound subscription stakes , losing to the four - year - old colt skim and the horse fugitive . [ 31 ] a few days later , whisker beat lord cavendish ' s colt little dick in a 200 - guinea match race . [ 32 ] whisker received 200 guineas forfeiture from the horse cannonball on 11 may at newmarket . [ 33 ] the next day , whisker finished third in a handicap race , losing to the colt merrymaker and the filly leopoldine ( the full - sister to 1816 derby winner prince leopold ) . [ 34 ] at the same meeting , whisker beat mr . prince ' s colt manfred in a match race and a few hours later finished fifth ( unplaced ) in a 50 - guinea cup race won by the flyer . [ 35 ] in his last career start , whisker was beaten in a match race by the colt the student at the october newmarket meeting . [ 36 ] whisker was retired to stud at the end of the racing season .\n7 . parasol b f 1800 ( pot8os - prunella , by highflyer ) . sire line pot8os . family 1 - e . bred by the 3rd duke of grafton , she won thirty - one races , including the jockey club plate , four king ' s plates , and placed 3rd in the oaks stakes . she became the dam of one and two thousand guineas winner pastille ( b f 1819 rubens ) and two thousand guineas winner pindarrie ( b c 1817 phantom ) .\nas a three - year - old , gainsborough ran unplaced in a sprint race won by sicyon . but this was merely a tightener for the two thousand guineas , which he won easily by a length and a half , thereby enabling lady douglas to become the first woman to not only breed a classic winner , but to have that horse run in her own silks . joe childs , gainsborough ' s regular rider , was attached to the 4th hussars , and he donated his winnings to his regiment .\nat the craven meeting in april , whisker won the 100 - guinea port stakes , beating the colt equator . [ 24 ] at newmarket on 29 april , whisker beat lord darlington ' s colt paulus in a mile - long match race , winning 200 guineas . [ 25 ] in may at newmarket , whisker beat the colt sir joshua in a 300 - guinea match race . [ 26 ] whisker finished fourth in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race , losing to the horse bourbon and the colts sir thomas and quinola . [ 27 ] on 14 october , whisker received 70 guineas from lord darlington after his horse paulus backed out of a match race . [ 28 ] whisker was sold to lord darlington at newmarket . a few weeks later running in lord darlington ' s name , whisker was beaten in a match race by his former rival equator at the houghton meeting . [ 29 ] a few days later , whisker won the handicap sweepstakes , beating the filly duenna and the colts fandango and equator . [ 30 ]\nladbroke reportedly\ntook a dislike to whalebone\nand sold him in 1814 for 510 guineas to lord egremont . whalebone was initially thought to be a poor stud prospect due to his small stature and lord egremont put him back into training . however , the seven - year - old horse had become\ndangerous to ride ,\nhaving\nacquired the habit of rearing to an alarming extent\nand would frequently\nknock his hooves together like a pair of castanettes .\nconsequently , he was permanently retired from racing and became a breeding stallion for lord egremont in 1815 .\nthe comus son destined to continue the godolphin arabian sire line was the golden yellow bay humphrey clinker , out of clinkerina , a daughter of the very modest sir peter son , clinker , and pewet , a good race mare who had won the 1789 doncaster st . leger . he was bred by william wentworth fitzwilliam , earl fitzwilliam , who also raced him , limiting the horse ' s challenges to yorkshire venues that nonetheless included some stiff competition . humphrey clinker was described as a horse\nof immense size and power , unquestionably the largest thoroughbred ever known .\nhe also\nmade a bit of noise ,\nor as the druid put it ,\nhe did prophesy of himself pretty loudly as he came up to the cords ,\nwhich may have affected his racing career . although fast , humphrey clinker was not a top race horse . at age three he won a produce sweepstakes at pontrefact , beating two , and was second to saladin in doncaster ' s foal stakes . his best year was 1826 , when he was four . he won york ' s constitution stakes , beating lottery and three others , and the knavesmire stakes , beating two . at doncaster he won a handicap sweepstakes , beating one , and a produce sweepstakes beating escape , saladin , and one other , but could only run third in a thrilling doncaster gold cup , to the great race mare fleur - de - lis and to mulatto ( also owned by fitzwilliam ) ; the latter would win the same race the next year . in 1827 he won malton ' s craven stakes , beating five , and then was third to fleur - de - lis and jerry in york ' s constitution stakes . he won six races total during his career .\nalarm ( 1842 ) was out of a defence mare , southdown , owned by captain george delm\u00e9 of cams hall , fareham , in hampshire , not far from stockbridge . alarm had\nwonderful hips\nand a bit of a temper . he was a good stayer and had speed , but his temperament got in the way of his racing , notably when he injured himself before the start of the epsom derby after instigating a fracus by kicking out at another horse at the start , an incident that sidelined him throughout most of his three - year - old season . he died at age 20 ,\nlittle more than a splendid ruin .\nbayardo was sired by bay ronald , a good handicap performer sired by hampton . slow to come to hand as a younger horse , bay ronald eventually rounded into a decent sort , and during his career , he won the hardwicke stakes at ascot and the 1 - 1 / 4 mile city and suburban handicap . at stud , he was never considered to be a top class stallion , yet he came up with some very good stock . his daughter rondeau was a stakes winner of nine races , including the hardwicke stakes and the dullingham plate , which she won twice . as a producer , she became the dam of internationally influential stallion teddy .\nthe racing commentator\nthe druid\ndescribed whisker ' s physique\nas near perfection as a horse could be\n[ 3 ] [ 4 ] and his only fault was that he was\na little calf - kneed\nbut was\nequally likely to get a racer , hunter , machiner or a hack .\n[ 5 ] whisker has been lauded as the\nhandsomest\nof waxy ' s offspring [ 6 ] and his appearance was described more favorably than his brother whalebone , who was short and had a\nturkish pony - look .\n[ 7 ] all of waxy ' s offspring reportedly inherited\nshort legs , high - bred nostrils and very prominent eyes\n[ 8 ] with whisker inheriting his sire ' s\nbeautiful quarters .\n[ 9 ]\nwhalebone was sold by the duke of grafton in october 1812 to mr . ladbroke for 700 guineas . whalebone ' s first start under ladbroke ' s ownership was on 26 october at the houghton meeting where he won a match race against mr . lake ' s two - year - old colt turner . whalebone won an additional match race against the lord sackville ' s horse pan at the same meeting . whalebone ran three times in 1813 , winning the 100 - guinea his majesty ' s plate on 8 june at guildford against three other horses and the lewes his majesty ' s plate on 5 august . on 7 august , in what was ultimately the last start of whalebone ' s racing career , he won the 60 - guinea ladies ' plate against lord somerset ' s colt offa ' s dyke .\nwhalebone was bred by the duke of grafton in 1807 at his euston hall stud farm near newmarket . he was sired by the 1793 epsom derby winner waxy out of the mare penelope ( foaled in 1798 ) , both owned by the duke . as a racehorse , penelope was a contemporary of the 1801 derby - winning filly eleanor , beating her several times , and was half - sister to 1809 derby winner pope and the mares pope joan ( both sired by waxy ) , parasol ( partisan ' s dam ) and prudence . penelope was a prolific and influential broodmare , producing eight full - siblings to whalebone that achieved success on the turf . she produced 13 foals between 1806 and 1823 , all with names beginning with the letter w . whalebone was her second foal and his full - siblings include web , woful , wilful , wire , whisker , wildfire and windfall . penelope died in 1824 .\nwhisker was bred by the duke of grafton and was foaled in 1812 at his euston hall stud farm near newmarket . whisker was sired by the 1793 epsom derby winner waxy out of the mare penelope ( foaled in 1798 ) , both owned by the duke . as a racehorse , penelope was a contemporary of the 1801 derby - winning filly eleanor , beating her several times , and was half - sister to 1809 derby winner pope and the mares pope joan ( both sired by waxy ) , parasol ( partisan ' s dam ) and prudence . [ 1 ] penelope was a prolific and influential broodmare , producing eight full - siblings to whisker that achieved success on the turf . she produced 13 foals between 1806 and 1823 , all with names beginning with the letter w . whisker was her seventh foal and his full - siblings include whalebone ( the 1810 derby winner ) , web , woful , wilful , wire , wildfire and windfall . penelope died in 1824 . [ 2 ]\ncontinues on from last week ' s penguin / lola lasagne adventure . this episode gives less screen time to lola ( great ! ) and more time to adam west playing bruce wayne ( instead of batman ) . when the 1966 batman series ended i am told that adam west was asked to play james bond in her majesty ' s secret service ( 1969 ) . . . but west turned down the role because he felt the role should be played by a british actor . but the general suave nature of bruce wayne , seen in this episode , makes the viewer think that west would have made a really wonderful james bond . too bad he turned down the offer . . . and he later admitted to regretting the decision . but away from all this , the later sections of a horse of a different color feature some outstanding location filming where batgirl looks better than ever ! all in all , a knockout part two that is much better than part one .\njoe miller ( 1849 ) , from witticism by sultan junior , was bred at stockbridge by isaac sadler . he was very much in the venison mold , and quite small :\nin the month of july he looked more like a foal than a yearling ,\nand\nwas never fifteen hands .\nhe had , said the druid ,\na very sweet head . . . and all his limbs were most beautifully turned , and exquisitely proportioned .\nlight and wiry like his sire , he was also an excellent stayer , but he was one of the venisons with a temper - - or as the druid put it ,\nfull of fire and courage\n- - and at the end of his three - year - old season he was gelded , possibly a mistake despite his erratic performances , because although he ran for three more seasons , he won only once , took a walk - over once , and placed third once in twenty - two starts . after he was cut , the druid said ,\nhe was never the same horse .\nin the stud bayuda produced a filly by hurry on that the aga khan purchased for 4 , 000 guineas and named hajibibi . that was all . there were no more foals from bayuda . the mare had a difficult delivery and suffered internal injuries that rendered her barren . after a few failed attempts to get her in foal , she was given by lady douglas to a mr . gerald deane to use as a pleasure horse . deane toyed with the idea of returning her to training , and lady douglas gave her permission for this venture . bayuda was galloped but never did return to the races . it was a sad end for this classic - winning filly . other bayardo offspring bayardo had several other high class runners , including : manilardo , a full brother to gay crusader which captured the coronation cup ; manton , out of the le sancy mare jane grey , placed third in the st . leger and ran well in some other races , including the st . george stakes at liverpool ; he was sent to poland in 1922 , and in the late 1920s was one of the top three leading sires there , including champion sire in 1930 . mapledurham , out of montem , by ladas , placed third to bayuda in the cheveley park stakes and third to her in the oaks ; allenby , out of derby - winning filly tagalie , placed second in the two thousand guineas ; and pompadour , out of popinjay by st . frusquin , placed third in the one thousand guineas .\n8 - bit \u2022 all aboard \u2022 angel wings \u2022 blossomforth \u2022 bow hothoof \u2022 bulk biceps \u2022 chancellor puddinghead \u2022 charity sweetmint \u2022 cheerilee \u2022 cheese sandwich \u2022 cherry jubilee \u2022 claude \u2022 clear skies \u2022 cloud chaser \u2022 clover the clever \u2022 coco pommel \u2022 commander hurricane \u2022 cookie crumbles \u2022 coriander cumin \u2022 davenport \u2022 double diamond \u2022 fawn doo \u2022 feather bangs \u2022 firelight \u2022 flash sentry \u2022 flax seed \u2022 fleur de lis \u2022 flitter \u2022 fluffy clouds \u2022 gaffer \u2022 gallant true \u2022 gizmo \u2022 golden gavel \u2022 the headless horse \u2022 hondo flanks \u2022 hoofbeard \u2022 hooffield and mccolt families \u2022 inkwell \u2022 inky rose \u2022 jack pot \u2022 jet set \u2022 joe \u2022 junebug \u2022 lightning dust \u2022 lily lace \u2022 marcie pan \u2022 mare do well \u2022 mayor mare \u2022 method mares \u2022 moon dancer \u2022 mr . breezy \u2022 mr . paleo \u2022 mr . stripes \u2022 mrs . paleo \u2022 ms . harshwhinny \u2022 ms . peachbottom \u2022 mudbriar \u2022 night glider \u2022 open skies \u2022 party favor \u2022 petunia paleo \u2022 plaid stripes \u2022 pony pickers \u2022 the pony tones \u2022 ponyacci \u2022 power ponies \u2022 private pansy \u2022 quibble pants \u2022 radiant hope \u2022 randolph \u2022 roma \u2022 royal guards \u2022 saffron masala \u2022 sassy saddles \u2022 sheriff silverstar \u2022 silver frames \u2022 silver shill \u2022 sky stinger \u2022 smart cookie \u2022 spa ponies \u2022 spearhead \u2022 starstreak \u2022 steamer \u2022 stellar eclipse \u2022 stellar flare \u2022 sugar belle \u2022 sunburst \u2022 sunshower \u2022 sunspot \u2022 swan song \u2022 teddie safari \u2022 tree hugger \u2022 trouble shoes \u2022 upper crust \u2022 vapor trail \u2022 wheat grass \u2022 windy whistles\non 2 april 1804 , the first day of the season , walton finished second to aniseed in the craven stakes at newmarket . third placed eleanor was the only other of the seven other horses that could be placed by the judge . [ 11 ] on 19 april , at the first spring meeting , he beat duxbury and slapband to win the king ' s plate over the round course ( about four miles ) . [ 12 ] at guildford in may he raced against enchantress and rumbo for the king ' s plate , run in three four - mile heats . walton , who was the favourite , won the first heat , but finished second to enchantress in the second . before the third heat ( which only walton and enchantress took part in ) enchantress was the 2 / 5 favourite , but walton took the victory to win the race . [ 13 ] on 18 july at salisbury he took part in the king ' s plate in four - mile heats . walton won both heats against his only rival little chance to win the race . [ 14 ] he won another king ' s plate in august , this time beating mr . frogley ' s colt in two four - mile heats at winchester . in the next race he walked over for a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each . [ 15 ] a month later he beat a john bull filly in both of the four - mile heats to win the king ' s plate at warwick . [ 16 ] on 11 september he beat three rivals to win the lichfield king ' s plate . [ 17 ] at newmarket ' s first october meeting he finished last of the three runners in the king ' s plate , behind winner parasol and sir harry dimsdale . [ 18 ]\nwaxy pope got numerous winners in ireland , including the dandy ( 1815 , out of a drone mare and so in - bred to waxy ) , winner of five royal plates at the curragh and bellewstown and of the lord lieutenant ' s plate at the curragh and champion of his year in 1819 ; prendergast ( 1816 ) , whose wins included three royal plates at the curragh ; starch ( 1819 ) , winner of at least eight royal plates at the curragh , and of the lord lieutenant ' s plate twice , and champion in 1822 ; skylark ( 1826 ) , a winner of forty races , including 23 king ' s plates and champion horse in ireland three times , 1829 - 1831 ; sligo ( 1821 ) , who won the madrid handicap and several king ' s plates at the curragh and was champion in ireland in 1824 , and was taken to england to win newmarket ' s audley end stakes and oatland stakes and other races ; sligo ' s brother , mounteagle ( 1827 ) , a winner of several king ' s plates and the lord lieutenant ' s plate at the curragh and champion in ireland in 1832 ; canteen ( 1821 ) , who almost won the doncaster st . leger for sligo , and later won the king ' s plate at newcastle ( later sire of the grand sir hercules race mare , cruiskeen ) ; butterfly , a winner of the gold cups at both oxford and warwick ; the cardinal ( 1827 ) , whose wins in england included the leamington stakes and worcester stakes ( 1 - 1 / 4 miles beating dr . faustus and hedgford ) at warwick , and the 2 - 1 / 2 mile chester cup ; trumpeter ( 1824 ) who took newmarket ' s clearwell stakes and cheltenham ' s 2 - 1 / 2 mile glocestershire stakes , and his sister , jenny vertpre ( 1827 ) , a winner of epsom ' s shirley stakes .\nbred by willoughby bertie ( 1740 - 1799 ) , 4th earl of abingdon , pot8os was the first foal of his dam , sportsmistress ( ch f 1765 sportsman ) , who also produced the derby winner sir thomas ( ch c 1785 pontac ) along with the winners jocundo ( b c 1777 marske ) , roscius ( ch c 1781 garrick ) and sulky ( ch c 1786 garrick ) .\npotatoes acquired the peculiar spelling of his name when his lad was asked to write it on a corn bin or stall door . the lad ' s version , potoooooooo , was said to amuse his lordship enough to adopt it , and so it appears in the general stud book . later writers shortened it to pot - 8 - o ' s and similar variants .\nhe stood at oxcroft farm near balsham , cambridgeshire , for a fee of 20 guineas along with justice ( br c 1774 herod ) . he was moved to upper hare park near newmarket in 1796 . a great success in the stud , he sired 165 winners of \u00a357 , 595 and 3 cups . his best son was waxy ( ch c 1773 ) who ensured the continuance of the eclipse sire line down to the present day .\nat 4 : 2nd in a 100 guineas each sweep , plus one hogshead of claret each , at newmarket , won by lord grosvenor ' s yellow jack ( ch c 1773 dux ) , beating thirteen others over the beacon course , 2nd in a 1025 guineas sweepstake at nottingham , won by mr swinfen ' s colt ( ch c chrysolite ) , 3rd in a 100 guineas each sweep at newmarket , won by lord grosvenor ' s grey robin ( gr c 1773 gimcrack ) , beating sixteen others , 5th in the great subscription purse at york , won by sir thomas gascoigne ' s cannibal ( ch c 1773 matchem ) .\nat 5 : won 1200 guineas at newmarket , second spring , beating grey robin and lord ossory ' s titan ( b c 1773 otho ) over the beacon course , won the 140 guineas at newmarket , won \u00a350 at swaffham , walked - over for 175 guineas at ipswich , 2nd jockey club plate , won by sir thomas gascoigne ' s magog ( gr c 1773 matchem ) , 2nd in the 140 guineas at newmarket , october , won by dictator , beating dorimant , 6th and last for the oxford cup , won by dorimant ( ch c 1772 otho ) .\nat 6 : won a 50 sovereigns purse at newmarket , beating the duke of grafton ' s caractacus ( b c herod ) , won the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , second spring , beating sir j shelley ' s comet ( ch c 1774 matchem ) , won a 150 guineas sweep , beating the hon r vernon ' s pastorella ( b f 1774 otho ) and three others over the beacon course , won a 300 guineas each sweep at newmarket october , beating lord derby ' s laburnum ( br c 1774 herod ) , won the 140 guineas subcription at newmarket , october , beating the hon r vernon ' s freeholder ( b c 1772 chrysolite ) , walked - over for the clermont cup at newmarket , walked - over for the gold cup at newmarket , october .\nat 7 : won the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , second spring , beating mr o ' kelly ' s king fergus ( ch c 1775 eclipse ) and lord ossory ' s dorimant ( ch c otho ) , won the jockey club plate , beating mr shafto ' s tandem ( b c 1773 syphon ) over the beacon course , won a 500 guineas sweep at newmarket , october , beating laburnum , won 150 guineas , beating woodpecker , walked - over for the clermont cup , walked - over for the gold cup at newmarket , october , walked - over for the 140 guineas at newmarket , october , 3rd in a 1400 guineas handicap sweep at newmarket , first spring , won by sir c davers ' s woodpecker ( ch c 1773 herod ) , beating mr douglas ' s bourdeaux ( gr c 1774 herod ) .\nat 8 : won a 200 guineas each handicap sweep at newmarket , first spring , beating woodpecker and lord derby ' s guildford ( ch c 1775 herod ) and two others , won a 400 guineas sweep at newmarket , second spring , beating sir c davers ' s buccaneer ( ch c 1776 herod ) , walked - over for the jockey club plate at newmarket , second spring , was paid 85 guineas not to start at newmarket , first october , for the 140 guineas subscription , won by lord clermont ' s hollandaise ( gr f 1775 matchem ) , who had previously won the st leger for sir thomas gascoigne , with lord derby ' s bridget ( ch f 1776 herod ) , who had won the oaks , and three others in the field , 2nd for the 140 guineas , newmarket , second october , won by woodpecker .\nat 9 : won the craven stakes at newmarket , beating hollandaise , the duke of cumberland ' s io ( b f 1778 pyrrhus ) , and mr o ' kelly ' s mercury ( ch c 1778 eclipse ) , won \u00a350 at newmarket , first spring , beating two others , won the jockey club plate , beating buccaneer and mercury , won a 50 sovereigns purse , beating hollandaise and lord ossory ' s alaric ( br c paymaster ) , over the beacon course , walked - over for the clermont cup and 200 guineas , and the next day walked - over for the 140 guineas subscription purse , 2nd in the 140 guineas subscription at newmarket , first october , won by sir john lade ' s crop ( gr c 1778 turf ) , beating the duke of grafton ' s puzzle ( b f 1778 matchem ) , ran once unplaced .\nat 10 : won 200 guineas each and the whip at newmarket , second spring , beating sir j lade ' s nottingham ( br c 1776 tantrum ) , lost a 300 guineas match to lord egremont ' s derby winner assassin ( b c 1779 sweetbriar ) at newmarket , first spring , 3rd and last in a 200 guineas sweep , won by mr parker ' s anvil ( b c 1777 herod ) followed by lord egremont ' s boxer ( gr c 1776 herod ) .\n1 . co - heiress ( ch f 1786 ) , 3rd dam of the half - brothers , blacklock ( b c 1814 whitelock ) and st leger winner theodore ( b c 1819 woful ) . blacklock was a champion sire in 1829 . his best known son was voltaire ( br c 1826 ) .\n2 . dabchick ( br f 1798 ) , 2nd dam of one thousand guineas winner catgut ( br f 1816 juniper or comus ) .\n3 . sister to edwin ( b f 1794 ) , taproot mare of family 3 - i , and 4th dam of the derby and st leger winner the flying dutchman ( br c 1846 bay middleton ) .\n4 . mandane ( ch f 1800 ) , a winner of two races , she was the taproot mare of family 11 - g , the dam of the st leger winner altisidora ( ch f 1810 dick andrews ) , the oaks winner manuella ( b f 1809 dick andrews ) , and the stallions brutandorf ( b c 1821 blacklock ) and lottery ( br c 1820 tramp ) .\n5 . nightshade ( b f 1785 ) , winner of oaks stakes and 3rd dam of the ascot gold winner sir huldibrand ( br c 1818 octavius ) .\n6 . outcast ( b f 1793 ) , winner of 4 races at five years of age .\n8 . pot8os mare ( f 1793 ) , dam of the oaks winner maid of orleans ( b f 1806 sorcerer ) and the woodcote stakes winner rivulet ( ch f 1813 rubens ) . pot8os mare was also the 3rd dam of the one thousand guineas and oaks winner galata ( br f 1829 sultan ) .\n9 . pot8os mare ( b f 1796 ) , 2nd dam of the two thousand guineas winner interpreter ( b c 1815 soothsayer ) and 2nd dam of the two thousand guineas winner nectar ( b c 1813 walton ) .\n10 . sister to timidity * ( ch f 1792 ) was quite an influential matron in america where she produced cole ' s bright phoebus ( c 1804 messenger * ) , one of few who beat sir archy ( b c 1805 diomed * ) , and millers damsel ( gr f 1802 messenger * ) , the dam of american eclipse ( ch c 1814 duroc ) .\nalderman ( gb ) * ( b c 1787 ) was a stallion in america , where his daughters contributed to the build up of several native families . alderman mare ( b f 1799 ) was the 2nd dam of boston ( ch c 1833 timoleon ) who was probably the greatest american racehorse of the 19th century and also the sire of lexington ( b c 1850 ) .\nasparagus ( gb ) ( ch c 1787 ) , sire of the one thousand guineas winner rhoda ( b f 1813 ) and the stallion teddy the grinder ( b c 1798 ) .\ncoriander ( gb ) ( b c 1786 ) , sire of coriander mare ( b f 1799 ) , the grandaughter of co - heiress [ see co - heiress , above ] . coriander mare was inbred to 2x3 to pot8os , and the dam of blacklock and theodore . coriander also sired hyacinthus ( ch c 1797 ) , sire of hyacinthus mare ( ch f 1804 ) , taproot of family 2 - f , and variety ( b f 1808 ) , taproot of family 20 - a .\ntyrant ( gb ) ( b c 1799 ) , winner of the derby stakes and a 300 guineas sweepstakes against julia ( br f 1799 whiskey ) .\nvespasian ( gb ) ( b c 1793 ) , sire of pomona ( ch f 1815 ) , the dam of champagne stakes winner bud ( b c 1827 partisan ) . pomona was also the 2nd dam of the one thousand guineas and park hill stakes winner sorella ( ch f 1841 the saddler ) and the union - rennen winner my hope ( ch f 1853 birdcatcher ) .\nworthy ( gb ) ( b c 1795 ) , winner of a king ' s plate and the oxford cup .\nchampion ( gb ) b c 1797 ( pot8os - huncamunca , by highflyer ) . sire line pot8os . family 3 - b .\nwaxy ( gb ) b c 1790 ( pot8os - maria , by herod ) . sire line pot8os . family 18 .\nfinished 3rd in the oaks stakes at epsom , won by sir t gascoigne ' s theophania ( b f 1800 delpini ) with 2nd going to mr harris ' s laura [ ex - fanny ] ( ch f 1800 pegasus ) , beating 4 others . won the town plate at newmarket july , beating lord clermont ' s rumbo ( b c 1800 whiskey ) and 2 others . collected a 40gs forfeit at newmarket first october from sir frank standish ' s brother to eagle and mr howorth ' s skyscraper filly . won a \u00a3140 subscription at the same meeting , with an added town plate , beating the prince of wales ' s nitre ( gr f 1800 precipitate ) and 4 others . won a \u00a350 plate at newmarket second october , beating sir c bunbury ' s orlando ( br c 1799 whiskey ) . collected 50gs from a 100gs match at newmarket houghton against lord stawell ' s elizabeth ( br f 1800 waxy ) .\nwon the 400gs oatlands handicap at newmarket craven , beating lord g cavendish ' s lignum vitae ( b c 1797 walnut ) and 4 others . collected a 100gs forfeit at newmarket first spring from mr wyndham ' s young eclipse ( br c 1799 young eclipse ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second spring from lord sackville ' s enchanter ( ch c 1799 pot8os ) . collected 70gs forfeit at the same meeting from mr howorth ' s malta ( ch c 1798 buzzard ) . won \u00a3190 at newmarket first october , beating sir f standish ' s brother to stamford ( br c sir peter teazle ) , nitre ( gr f 1800 precipitate ) and lord grosvenor ' s baron bull ( b c 1800 john bull ) . won the king ' s plate at the same meeting , beating\neasily\nmr norton ' s sir harry dimsdale ( gr c 1800 sir peter teazle ) and sir h williamson ' s walton ( b c 1799 sir peter teazle ) . collected 40gs at the same place from lord foley ' s watery ( b c 1801 waxy ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second october from colonel mellish ' s buss ( b c 1800 john bull ) . lost a 100gs match at newmarket houghton to mr c wilson ' s lennox ( ch c 1798 delpini ) .\nfinished 3rd in the oatlands at newmarket craven to hrh the duke of york ' s giles ( b c 1798 trumpator ) and mr watson ' s duxbury ( b c sir peter teazle ) , beating 4 others . walked over for the king ' s plate at newmarket first spring . won \u00a350 at the same meeting , beating lord foley ' s hippocampus ( b c 1801 coriander ) , mr wardell ' s houghton lass ( b f 1801 sir peter teazle ) , mr ladbroke ' s sir david ( br c 1801 trumpator ) and 2 others . won the jockey club plate at newmarket second spring , beating walton and the prince of wales ' s petruchio ( ro c 1801 stride )\nin a canter\nby 6 lengths . collected 50gs at newmarket october from col mellish ' s pipylin ( br c sir peter teazle ) . walked over for 200gs and the king ' s plate at the same meeting . won 125gs at newmarket second october , beating sir harry dimsdale by a neck\nafter a most severe and punishing race\n.\ncollected a 100gs forfeit at newmarket craven from lord foley ' s hippocampus . collected a 100gs forfeit from a 200gs sweep at newmarket first spring . won the king ' s plate at the same meeting , beating mr abbey ' s margery ( ch f john bull ) by 8 lengths , and 1 other . won \u00a350 at the same place , beating mr cave - browne ' s antipater ( b c 1801 pipator )\nin a canter\n. won \u00a350 at newmarket july , beating sir c bunbury ' s lydia ( br f 1802 whiskey )\nin a canter\n. finished 2nd for a purse of 50gs at newmarket first october to orville . collected 50gs forfeit at the same meeting from colonel mellish ' s czar peter ( br c 1801 sir peter teazle ) . won a 200gs match at newmarket second october from mr arthur ' s derby winner cardinal beaufort ( b c 1802 gohanna ) . ran twice more without success ."]}
{"id": 1112, "summary": [{"text": "tomarctus is a canid genus of the extinct subfamily borophaginae which inhabited most of north america during the late early miocene to the early barstovian age of the middle miocene ( 23 \u2014 16 million years ago ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "tomarctus existed for approximately 6.83 million years .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this animal shared a period and ecology with a variety of other bear dogs like the giant mustelid genus of bone-crushing canidae , cynarctoides .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "as the bear dogs and giant mustelids became extinct , tomarctus further radiated to fill a line of dogs which filled the hyena-like fruit eating and bone-crushing niches . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "tomarctus", "paragraphs": ["another structural adaption of the tomarctus is its four - toed foot . this effectively narrowed the foot which meant the tomarctus could exert more force on the ground on a smaller surface . this would mean that the tomarctus would run faster . this is useful in catching smaller prey that are fast and more agile than the tomarctus .\ntomarctus meaning not found if you know the meaning of this word , share it .\ntomarctus translate not found if you know the translate of this word , share it .\ntomarctus sentence not found if you know the sentence of this word , share it .\ntomarctus antonyms not found if you know the antonyms of this word , share it .\ntomarctus synonyms not found if you know the synonyms of this word , share it .\nthe eurasian branch was called tomarctus and is the progenitor of wolves , dogs , and foxes .\nthe only evidence of the tomarctus is found in north america , mainly within the usa . the\nthe tomarctus probably became extinct because it evolved into better versions of itself , each being able to survive better in its given environment . the tomarctus is the ancestor of all canids ranging from the fruit eating hyena - like animals to the bone crushing canids much like the bear and the wolf . as the tomarctus radiated into different branches , the original species had to compete with the more suited species . this meant there would be an insufficient amount of food to support both species and the tomarctus eventually died out . another reason could have been the size of the tomarctus . the size of thse tomarctus did not allow for speed so as slow moving animals started to become extinct , the food chain was disrupted and the tomarctus became extinct .\nthis is useful when the tomarctus is being pursued and does not look on what it is stepping on .\non earth for around 6 . 83 millions of years , tomarctus inhabited most of the north american continent . tomarctus had long tails for balance , sharp claws to catch preys while hunting and an appearance resembling our dogs of today .\n) evolve from . it is also the starting place of the vulpes genus . there are two species of tomarctus and they are\nthe evolutionary pressure for this adaptation could perhaps have been the death of some tomarctus from infected cuts on the bottom of their feet . this caused the bottom of the tomarctus ' s feet to develop calluses which eventually turned into pads over the 7 million years of its existence .\nanother noticeable behavior of the tomarctus is that it is a carnivore . this is seen from the large canines and incisors in the tomarctus ' s mouth . this was a very good adaptation during this time as prey was abundant because of development grasslands across the great plains of north america .\nthe environmental pressure that could ' ve given rise to the size of the tomarctus could have been the need to survive in a time when everything when size dictated if you survived or not . the bigger the tomarctus the more chances it will have at surviving because of its greater strength and stamina .\none of the ways the tomarctus adapted physiologically is in its size . it was found to be massive in size , around the size of a bear . thus earning its name , tomarctus , which means\nalmost a bear\n. the size of the tomarctus served it in many ways . having such a big body would mean that it was stronger than smaller animals , thus making it able to hunt for larger prey which means more it can hunt less .\nosteoborus _ cyonoides , _ aelurodon _ taxoides , _ tomarctus _ temerarius , _ and _ cormocyon _ leptodus . jpg : ryan somma . derivative work : kevmin\ntomarctus had an incredibly strong bite force that exceeded what was required to kill a wild animal , the conclusion that streams is that tomarctus\u2019 diet was probably composed of a lot of scavenging . carcasses and bones must have been a primary source of alimentation for tomarctus as bone marrow by itself is one of the most nutritious food in the natural wild world . plus , when kept in the bone under the right conditions , it can last for years after the death of the animal . \u202d\nage of the middle minocene which is around 23 - 16 million years ago . the tomarctus is estimated to have existed for nearly 7 million years before going extinct .\nthis adaptation was probably the result of the need to catch prey . as the tomarctus preyed on small rodents , it needed to run faster in order to catch up to it . this meant that the five toes in its foot were making its foot heavier and by losing this toe , the tomarctus could catch up to its prey .\none of the behavioral adaptations that is found in the tomarctus is that unlike other canids , the tomarctus is a solitary hunter which means it only comes into contact with others of its kind only in the breeding season . this means that it can spend time fending for itself and does not have to waste time and energy defending its pack .\nthis adaptation could have arisen due to the need for more energy . the diet of the tomarctus was small rodents which would meant that sharing food would have been difficult of everyone was to be satisfied . being a solitary hunter meant that the tomarctus does not need to hunt for more than one animal and thus able to consume more energy ,\nthe period of that the tomarctus lived in was the miocene epoch of the neogene period . this was a period where the climate of the earth was slightly cooler and drier then before . this meant the grasslands that existed all over the world were expanding as forests receded , the area that the tomarctus lived in were mostly grassland with mountains forming in some parts of western north america .\ncynodictis gave rise to two branches , one leading to the modern african hunting dog ( 4 ) and one through tomarctus ( 5 ) to the wolves and domestic dogs . tomarctus ( of some 15 million years ago ) differed but little physically from the wolves and wild dogs , but doubtless had far to go in intelligence . in modern times many widely different dogs have been bred , but the intelligence and adaptability of the dog remain distinctive .\na possible pressure that caused this adaptation could have been the need for a better growth . as meat contains proteins needed to build strong muscles , the tomarctus needed to eat large amounts of it to be able to grow to its optimal size .\nlike another carnivore of the cenozoic era , cynodictis , tomarctus has long been the\ngo - to\nmammal for folks who want to identify the first true prehistoric dog . unfortunately , recent analysis has shown that tomarctus wasn ' t any more ancestral to modern dogs ( at least in a direct sense ) than any of the other hyena - like mammals of the eocene and miocene epochs . we do know that this early\ncanid ,\nwhich occupied a place on the evolutionary line that culminated in apex predators like borophagus and aelurodon , possessed powerful , bone - crushing jaws , and that it wasn ' t the only\nhyena dog\nof middle miocene north america , but other than that much about tomarctus remains a mystery .\none of the structural adaptations known about the tomarctus is common in most canids . these are pads on the bottom of their feet to protect them from sharp objects that they might step on . these include sharp rocks , oyster shells and sharp animal bones .\nwhat did dogs look like before gray wolves were domesticated into modern poodles , schnauzers and golden retrievers ? on the following slides , you ' ll find pictures and detailed profiles of a dozen prehistoric dogs of the cenozoic era , ranging from aelurodon to tomarctus .\nas the giant mustelids and bear dogs started to disappear , tomarctus further radiated to initiate a line of dogs which filled the hyena - like fruit eating and bone - crushing niches . we\u2019ve been able to find specimens in california and up to the montana / canada line . we also found fossils as low as panama . more information about the fossils discovered here .\ncynodictis was one of the first members in the mammalian predators , then much better known as\u202d \u2018\u202cbear dogs\u202d\u2019\u202c . \u202d \u202cthis was a medium - sized long mammal , with a long tail and a fairly brushy coat . over the millennia cynodictis have then given rise to two branches , one in eurasia and the other one in africa . the eurasian branch , called tomarctus , is the progenitor wolves , dogs , and foxes originated from .\nmiacis branched into a number of species by 30 to 40 million years ago , giving rise to a more recent ancestor of modern wolves . cynodicits , however , was much smaller than the wolf of today , with shortened legs and a flexible body . between 15 and 30 million years ago , cynodictis split into cynodesmus and tomarctus to give yield to wolf - like animals with longer legs , more compact feet , a shortened tail , and a smaller big toe ( mech 1972 ) .\nanother group of early canids was the borophagines , or\nbone - crushing dogs ,\nequipped with powerful jaws and teeth suitable for scavenging the carcasses of mammalian megafauna . the largest , most dangerous borophagines were the 100 - pound borophagus and the even bigger epicyon ; other genera included the earlier tomarctus and aelurodon , which were more reasonably sized . we can ' t say for sure , but there ' s some evidence that these bone - crushing dogs ( which were also restricted to north america ) hunted or scavenged in packs , like modern hyenas .\nfor a prehistoric dog , aelurodon ( greek for\ncat tooth\n) has been given a somewhat bizarre name . this\nbone - crushing\ncanid was an immediate descendant of tomarctus , and was one of a number of hyena - like proto - dogs that roamed north america during the miocene epoch . there ' s evidence that the larger species of aelurodon may have hunted ( or roamed ) the grassy plains in packs , either taking down diseased or aged prey or swarming around already - dead carcasses and cracking the bones with their powerful jaws and teeth .\nname : tomarctus \u202d ( \u202ccut bear\u202d ) \u202c . phonetic : toe - mark - tus . named by : edward drinker cope\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1873 . synonyms : aelurodon francisi , \u202d \u202caelurodon simulans . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202cmammalia , \u202d \u202ccarnivora , \u202d \u202ccanidae , \u202d \u202cborophaginae . species : t . \u202d \u202cbrevirostris\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202c t . \u202d \u202chippophaga . diet : carnivore . size : about\u202d \u202c1 . 2\u202d \u202cmeters long . known locations : across north america . time period : aquitanian through to langhian of the miocene , \u202d \u202cpossibly later into the miocene . fossil representation : multiple individuals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : e . d . cope . 1873 . third notice of extinct vertebrata from the tertiary of the plains . paleontological bulletin 16 : 1 - 8\nfull reference : w . d . matthew and h . j . cook . 1909 . a pliocene fauna from western nebraska . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 26 ( 27 ) : 361 - 414\nsee also matthew 1924 , matthew and cook 1909 , olsen 1956 , skinner et al . 1977 and vanderhoof and gregory 1940\ntype specimen : amnh 13836 , a mandible . its type locality is trojan quarry , which is in a hemingfordian terrestrial horizon in the olcott formation of nebraska .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : p4 17 . 2 x 8 . 4 , m1 12 . 7 x 15 . 3 , m2 7 . 95 x 11 . 93 , p4 11 . 2 x 6 . 2 , m1 19 . 8 x 8 . 1 , m2 10 . 5 x 6 . 8\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfurther reading - \u202d \u202cphylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae , \u202d \u202cx . \u202d \u202cwang , \u202d \u202cr . \u202d \u202ch . \u202d \u202ctedford\u202d & \u202cb . \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202ctaylor\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1999 . - \u202d \u202csmall mammal fossils from the barstow formation , \u202d \u202ccalifornia , \u202d \u202ce . \u202d \u202ch . \u202d \u202clindsay\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1972 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nis found within a range of as west as california , east as maryland , as north as montana and as far south as panama . the\nit was first discovered in nebraska and later found in california and as north as the canadian border .\nkathleen munthe ( 1989 ) . the skeleton of the borophaginae . retrieved 20th july 2010 from :\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntrue to its nickname , amphicyon , the\nbear dog ,\nlooked like a small bear with the head of a dog , and it probably pursued a bear - like lifestyle as well , feeding opportunistically on meat , carrion , fish , fruit and plants . however , it was more ancestral to dogs than to bears ! see an in - depth profile of amphicyon\nborophagus was the last of a large , populous group of north american predatory mammals informally known as the\nhyena dogs .\nclosely related to the slightly bigger epicyon , this prehistoric dog ( or\ncanid ,\nas it should technically be called ) made its living much like a modern hyena , scavenging already - dead carcasses rather than hunting live prey . borophagus possessed an unusually big , muscular head with powerful jaws , and was probably the most accomplished bone - crusher of its canid line ; its extinction two million years ago remains a bit of a mystery . ( by the way , the prehistoric dog formerly known as osteoborus has now been assigned as a species of borophagus . )\nuntil recently , it was widely believed that the late eocene cynodictis (\nin - between dog ) was the first true\ncanid ,\nand thus lay at the root of 30 million years of dog evolution . today , though , its relationship to modern dogs is subject to debate . see an in - depth profile of cynodictis\none of the apex predators of pleistocene north america , the dire wolf competed for prey with the saber - toothed tiger - - as evidenced by the fact that thousands of specimens of these predators have been dredged up from the la brea tar pits in los angeles . see 10 facts about the dire wolf\nnot only was dusicyon the only prehistoric dog to live on the falkland islands ( off the coast of argentina ) , but it was the only mammal , period - - meaning it preyed not on cats , rats and pigs , but birds , insects , and possibly even shellfish that washed up along the shore . see an in - depth profile of dusicyon\nthe largest species of epicyon weighed in the neighborhood of 200 to 300 pounds - - as much as , or more than , a full - grown human - - and possessed unusually powerful jaws and teeth , which made their heads look more like those of a big cat than a dog or wolf . see an in - depth profile of epicyon\nto simplify matters just a bit , the late miocene eucyon was the last link in the chain of prehistoric dog evolution before the appearance of canis , the single genus that encompasses all modern dogs and wolves . the three - foot - long eucyon was itself descended from an earlier , smaller genus of dog ancestor , leptocyon , and it was distinguished by the size of its frontal sinuses , an adaptation linked to its diverse diet . it ' s believed that the first species of canis evolved from a species of eucyon in late miocene north america , about 5 or 6 million years ago , though eucyon itself persisted for another few million years .\ndogs were only domesticated about 10 , 000 years ago , but their evolutionary history goes back way further than that - - as witness one of the earliest canines yet discovered , hesperocyon , which lived in north america a whopping 40 million years ago , during the late eocene epoch . as you might expect in such a distant ancestor , hesperocyon didn ' t look much like any dog breed alive today , and was more reminiscent of a giant mongoose or weasel . however , this prehistoric dog did have the beginnings of specialized , dog - like , meat - shearing teeth , as well as noticeably dog - like ears . there ' s some speculation that hesperocyon ( and other late eocene dogs ) may have led a meerkat - like existence in underground burrows , but the evidence for this is somewhat lacking .\nfor all intents and purposes , ictitherium marks the time when the first hyena - like carnivores ventured down from the trees and skittered across the vast plains of africa and eurasia ( most of these early hunters lived in north america , but ictitherium was a major exception ) . to judge by its teeth , the coyote - sized ictitherium pursued an omnivorous diet ( possibly including insects as well as small mammals and lizards ) , and the discovery of multiple remains jumbled together is a tantalizing hint that this predator may have hunted in packs . ( by the way , ictitherium wasn ' t technically a prehistoric dog , but more of a distant cousin . )\namong the earliest ancestors of modern dogs , various species of leptocyon roamed the plains and woodlands of north america for a whopping 25 million years , making this small , foxlike animal one of the most successful mammalian genera of all time . unlike larger ,\nbone - crushing\ncanid cousins like epicyon and borophagus , leptocyon subsisted on small , skittering , live prey , probably including lizards , birds , insects and other small mammals ( and one can imagine that the larger , hyena - like prehistoric dogs of the miocene epoch themselves weren ' t averse to making an occasional snack out of leptocyon ! )\nrecord in your own voice , pronunciation for this word now and play it back to check how you pronounced .\nyou are not logged in . please login / register or post pronunciation as guest\n\u00a9 urltoken , all rights reserved . privacy policy . cookies policy . disclaimer . feedback\nplan a breeding program , master canine genetics , and use the right strategies .\na kennel is promotion , networking , bookkeeping , online marketing , and more .\nall your dogs ' health , nutrition , fitness , grooming and special care .\ndogs and canines were domesticated between 10 , 000 and 35 , 000 years ago through selective breeding , suggesting the earliest dogs presumably arose once we , humans , were still searching and gathering , way before the appearance of agriculture . history did not wait for our fancy ( and amazing ) articles to understand how to breed dogs .\nthe prehistoric development of the wolf , from which the dog sprang , is typified chiefly by increase in running speed . while we are having an attempt here at climbing the domestic dog\u2019s evolution tree , it is important to remind our readers that the origin of the domestic dog , the canis lupus familiaris , is not clear as per today , 2015 . mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna evidences are not confirming each other\u2019s conclusions :\nregardless of the exact timeline and dates , it seems like domestic dogs appeared simultaneously in various areas of the world and each from their own wolf - like ancestors that were genetically similar . this is why there are a few extinct animals that are highlighted here , in this article . these have been recognised as being part of the evolution of the domestic dog , in a way or another .\nbiology & conservation of wild canids \u2013 simplified phylogenetic relationships of canids at the generic level . species ranges are indicated by individual\nbars enclosed within grey rectangles , detailed relationships among species in a genus is not shown . relationships for the hesperocyoninae is modified from wang ( 1994 , fig . 65 ) , that for the borophaginae from wang et al . ( 1999 , fig . 141 ) , and\nthe dog\u2019s ancestor cynodictis ( 2 ) of some 20 or 30 million years ago was a slender , short - legged animal perhaps no larger than a mink . this animal began a line of evolution characterized by ever - increasing leg length and the development of an almost unique ability to run down prey mile after mile and seize it . this led to important \u201csocial\u201d developments , involving group hunting . competition , in turn , stimulated the growth of intelligence , along lines quite different , for instance , from that of the solitary cat .\naccording to this reprint from the national history magazine ( 1939 ) , the dogs has evolved from the now extinct miacis , to the the gray wolf or canis lupus .\nthe miacis was a relatively mammal with a weasel - like body , five toed legs , a very long thin tail and sharp pointy ears . miacis is known as one of the first ancestors of the coyote and the great grandmother of all carnivores including hyenas , canines , felines , bears , and racoons . it appeared around 60 - 55 million years ago , at the late paleocene era . miacis lived in the north american and european continents just like coyotes today . close to the miacis are the creodonts who show similar physical features and characteristics .\ndaphoenus also belonged to the family of bear dogs , scientifically named as the amphicyonidae family . these had the size of our coyotes today and shared important similarities with today\u2019s dogs and bears . daphoenus could only perform short accelerations and sprints due to their short legs , thus daphoenus were ambushing their preys and scavenging .\nafrican wild dog or african painted dog are the two other names used to designate the lycaon pictus . member of the biological family canidae , this sub - saharan canid differs from its cousin group , canis , with a body designed for a predominantly hyper - carnivorous diet with fewer toes and dentition . still with us today , the lycaon is now an endangered species .\nafrican wild dogs have disappeared from much of their former range . their population is currently estimated at approximately 6 , 600 adults in 39 subpopulations , of which only 1 , 400 are mature individuals . population size is continuing to decline as a result of ongoing habitat fragmentation , conflict with human activities , and infectious disease .\nfrom the greek \u201cvoracious eater\u201d , the borophagus genus is the last known of the line of bone - crunching dogs\u202d , also called hyena - like dogs . measuring around 80cm in length , they are smaller than their other bone - crushing ancestors but their jaws are way more developed so we think they relied on scavenging other predators\u2019 kills more than proactively hunting new preys . because their meal was already eaten by the predators who actually killed the dead animal , they had to content themselves with the leftovers , usually the bones .\nhistorians have not yet understood why the borophagus got extinct but the prehistoric dog formerly known as osteoborus has now been assigned as a species of borophagus . based on figure 141 of wang et al . ( 1999 ) , other species within this genus are :\nborophagus diversidens existed for 2 . 5 million years ( synonymous with felis hillianus , hyaenognathus matthewi , hyaenognathus pachyodon , hyaenognathus solus , porthocyon dubius )\nborophagus hilli existed for 0 . 5 million years ( synonymous with osteoborus crassapineatus , osteoborus progressus )\nthe grey wolf is the one , the one that is the direct ancestor of our dogs , all of them , from teacup chihuahuas to great danes , from alaskan malamutes to arabian salukis .\nall that happened because , around 33 , 000 years ago , men domesticated the tamest wolves by adopting their cubs into human tribes , fed them and bred them selectively . these wolves were raised amongst people , they were given tasks that would facilitate the tribe\u2019s life such as hunting , guarding , herding , etc .\nwhile transitioning and adapting to their entirely new environment , these wolves who are used by humans to be selectively bred start to genetically change which manipulates all their offsets . over several generations , the original wild grey wolf has changed and a new species appeared that is genetically different from the founding stock that was adopted by the humans : the canis familiaris .\nnot considered wild anymore , the new species has been selected over time to be docile , tamed , and work - driven . from that point on , humans have started to use the same methods of selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics to get the dogs better at what a given tribe and environment need .\nhuskies\u2019 ancestors were bred to endure ice - cold temperatures and long , draining , races in the snow . whereas the salukis , arabian greyhounds , were bred for speed so they could hunt quarry such as gazelles and hares . this is why , today , we have over 400 dog breeds that specialise at retrieving , pointing , hunting , pulling , swimming , pulling , searching , etc .\nhow the heck did we take a wolf and come up with bulldogs , yorkshires , collies , golden retrievers , whippets , goldendoodles , and otterhounds ? designed by parisian artist alice bouchardon , the \u201cevolution of dogs\u201d tries to make sense of the complicated darwinian ( and not - so - darwinian ) machinations that have led us to the kinds of dog breeds that can be toted in paris hilton\u2019s handbag . ( credits :\nonly today , the trend shifts from breeding dogs for a given purpose to breeding dogs for looks . it leads to a lot of severe medical conditions and it should be a matter of time before the authorities and international canine organisations become stricter about breeding standards .\nto read more about the origin and evolution of the domestic dog , you should check out the wikipedia page as it has the most up - to - date dna discoveries and updates .\none - off litter or professional dog breeder ? our bestselling ebook helps you start and manage your dog breeding adventure from day one .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nbreeding business is a platform dedicated to ethical dog breeding around the world . our team provides quality posts , in - depth articles , interviews , product reviews , and more .\nwe participate in the amazon services llc associates program , an advertising and affiliate program providing a way for our company to earn fees by linking to urltoken and affiliated sites .\nproduct availability and prices for amazon products displayed on this page are updated every half an hour and are subject to change . price and availability information shown on amazon at the moment of purchase will apply .\nbreeding business , 2016 - 2017 \u00a9 all rights reserved . operated by lazhar limited , a company registered in england & wales ( company no . 09740325 )\nin many ways , the story of dog evolution follows the same plot line as the evolution of horses and elephants : a small , inoffensive , ancestral species gives rise , over the course of tens of millions of years , to the respectably sized descendants we know and love today . but there are two big differences in this case : first , dogs are carnivores , and the evolution of carnivores is a twisty , serpentine affair involving not only dogs , but prehistoric hyenas , bears , cats , and now - extinct mammals like creodonts and mesonychids . and second , of course , dog evolution took a sharp right turn about 15 , 000 years ago , when the first wolves were domesticated by early humans . ( see a gallery of prehistoric dog pictures )\nas far as paleontologists can tell , the very first carnivorous mammals evolved during the late cretaceous period , about 75 million years ago ( the half - pound cimolestes , which lived high up in trees , being the most likely candidate ) . however , it ' s more likely that every carnivorous animal alive today can trace its ancestry back to miacis , a slightly bigger , weasel - like creature that lived about 55 million years ago , or 10 million years after the dinosaurs went extinct . miacis was far from a fearsome killer , though : this tiny furball was also arboreal and feasted on insects and eggs as well as small animals .\nmodern dogs evolved from a line of carnivorous mammals called\ncanids ,\nafter the characteristic shape of their teeth . before ( and alongside ) the canids , though , there were such diverse families of predators as amphicyonids ( the\nbear dogs ,\ntypified by amphicyon , which seem to have been more closely related to bears than dogs ) , prehistoric hyenas ( ictitherium was the first of this group to live on the ground rather than in trees ) , and the\nmarsupial dogs\nof south america and australia . although vaguely dog - like in appearance and behavior , these predators weren ' t directly ancestral to modern canines .\neven more fearsome than bear dogs and marsupial dogs were mesonychids and creodonts . the most famous mesonychids were the one - ton andrewsarchus , the largest ground - dwelling carnivorous mammal that ever lived , and the smaller and more wolflike mesonyx ; oddly enough , mesonychids were ancestral not to modern dogs or cats , but to prehistoric whales . the creodonts , on the other hand , left no living descendants ; the most noteworthy members of this breed were hyaenodon and the strikingly named sarkastodon , the former of which looked ( and behaved ) like a wolf and the latter of which looked ( and behaved ) like a grizzly bear .\npaleontologists agree that the late eocene ( about 40 to 35 million years ago ) hesperocyon was directly ancestral to all later canids\u2014and thus to the genus canis , which branched off from a subfamily of canids about six million years ago . this\nwestern dog\nwas only about the size of a small fox , but its inner - ear structure was characteristic of later dogs , and there ' s some evidence that it may have lived in communities , either high up in trees or in underground burrows . hesperocyon is very well - represented in the fossil record ; in fact , this was one of the most common mammals of prehistoric north america .\nhere ' s where things get a bit confusing . shortly after the appearance of hesperocyon 40 million years ago , leptocyon arrived on the scene\u2014not a brother , but more like a second cousin once removed . leptocyon was the first true canine ( that is , it belonged to the caninae subfamily of the canidae family ) , but a small and unobtrusive one , not much bigger than hesperocyon itself . the immediate descendant of leptocyon , eucyon , had the good fortune to live at a time when both eurasia and south america were accessible from north america \u2014the first via the bering land bridge , and the second thanks to the uncovering of central america . in north america , about six million years ago , populations of eucyon evolved into the first members of the modern dog genus canis , which spread to these other continents .\nbut the tale doesn ' t end there . although canines ( including the first coyotes ) continued to live in north america during the pliocene epoch , the first plus - sized wolves evolved elsewhere , and\nre - invaded\nnorth america shortly before the ensuing pleistocene ( via that same bering land bridge ) . the most famous of these canines was the dire wolf , canis diris , which evolved from an\nold world\nwolf that colonized both north and south america ( by the way , the dire wolf competed directly for prey with smilodon , the\nsaber - toothed tiger .\n)\nthe end of the pleistocene epoch witnessed the rise of human civilization around the world . as far as we can tell , the first domestication of the gray wolf occurred somewhere in europe or asia anywhere from 30 , 000 to 15 , 000 years ago . after 40 million years of evolution , the modern dog had finally made its debut !\nrocky mountain geology ( 1965 ) 4 ( 1 ) : 21 - 25 .\nm . r . voorhies ; the carnivora of the trail creek fauna . rocky mountain geology ; 4 ( 1 ) : 21\u201325 . doi :\nthis content is pdf only . please click on the pdf icon to access .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .\nhave you ever looked around and wondered how so many different animals can all be related ? in fact , scientists believe that all animals\u2014and all forms of life\u2014share a common ancestor . gray wolves are only one out of billions of different species that live or used to live on the earth .\nalthough there are many different types of animals , most of the ones that you will be familiar with belong to the smaller group of vertebrates : animals with a true backbone .\ngray wolves are part of the order carnivora , which is grouped largely based on their predatory diet habits . carnivora consists of over 260 species , including dogs , cats , bears , foxes , skunks , and raccoons . they all have long , pointed teeth and sharp claws used to attack their prey . they are also fairly intelligent animals with highly developed brains .\nwolves belong to the family canidae and are most closely related to domestic dogs , foxes , coyotes , dingoes , lycaons , and jackals . there are 14 total living subgroups of canidae , and they are often referred to as canids . a derived trait for canids is that they have 42 teeth , although bears also share this characteristic . there are , however , other distinguishing features between canids and bears . canids tend to have long tails , walk on their toes , and have four toes to each hind foot , while bears have short tails , walk on their soles , and have 5 toes to each hind foot .\nthe gray wolf looks very similar to other canids , so differentiating species isn\u2019t always straightforward . throughout its evolution , the wolf has been increasing in size , so wolves tend to have a larger body that most other canids . furthermore , after collecting skull measurements from the wolf , scientists have found that it has a broader snout and wider nose pad than its other close relatives .\nwe believe that the some of the early ancestors of the gray wolf were a group of generalized carnivores named the creodonts that first walked the northern hemisphere of the earth between 100 and 120 million years ago . about 55 million years ago , the creodonts gave rise to the carnassials , a group of wolf - like animals that had specialized jaws for eating meat . one member of this family , miacis , is thought to be the ancestor for all present - day wolves , dogs , weasels , bears , and raccoons .\nwhen did the wolf become a wolf ? somewhere between 4 . 5 and 9 million years ago during the miocene , the recent ancestors of wolves split off from the ancestors of foxes . by 1 . 8 million years ago , wolves in north america had split from coyotes , and looked very much like they still do today . just think of this : when you look at a wolf , you are in a way looking at an animal that is 2 million years old !\nhow do we know this ? of course , there were no people alive 120 million years ago to help us out . so we use the fossil record , which means that we look for evidence of the ancestors of wolves through bones or other remains that have been preserved by the earth over time .\nfor wolves , the evidence is pretty convincing , although it is incomplete . scientists have tracked changes in skull size and shape , limb length , the evolution of sharp teeth for tearing meat , and evidence of changes in wolf population and habitat distribution over very long periods of time . in fact , researchers\u2019 use of the fossil record has led them to believe that north american wolves crossed the land bridge to eurasia and established themselves there 130 to 300 million years ago to evolve into canis lupus before returning to north america ! the wolf species that never left north america became different from those who had left and then returned ( boitani & mech 2003 ) .\nthe sheer diversity of canids is amazing . some of them are more closely related than others , but all share an amazing evolutionary history that might even make you howl !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nphylogenetic systematics of the borophaginae ( carnivora , canidae ) . bulletin of the amnh ; no . 243\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\nbulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011"]}
{"id": 1113, "summary": [{"text": "the maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) , known in the united states as the greater rice weevil , is a species of beetle in the family curculionidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world , and in the united states , and is a major pest of maize .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products , including wheat , rice , sorghum , oats , barley , rye , buckwheat , peas , and cottonseed .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the maize weevil also infests other types of stored , processed cereal products such as pasta , cassava , and various coarse , milled grains .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it has even been known to attack fruit while in storage , such as apples . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "maize weevil", "paragraphs": ["english : maize weevil , greater grain weevil , northern corn weevil , greater rice weevil .\nfactors contributing to resistance of exotic maize populations to maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais .\nrearing the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais , on an artificial maize - cassava diet .\nresistance of maize landraces to the maize weevil sitophilus zeamais motsch . ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) .\nefficacy of diatomaceous earth to control internal infestations of rice weevil and maize weevil ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) .\nmaize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) . the maize weevil is slightly larger than the rice weevil and has more distinct colored spots on the forewings . it is a stronger flier than the rice weevil . the habits and life cycle are similar to the rice weevil ( figure 3 ) .\nthe maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais . \u00a9 gary alpert , harvard university , urltoken\nthe maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais adult . \u00a9georg goergen ( source cabi cpc )\nagainst the maize weevil on three maize varieties in the laboratory . this formulation protected stored bambara groundnut against the infestation of\nancient origin and recent range expansion of the maize weevil sitophilus zeamais , and its genealogical relationship to the rice weevil s . oryzae .\npleiotropic impact of endosymbiont load and co - occurrence in the maize weevil sitophilus zeamais .\nj . a . ojo and a . a . omoloye , \u201crearing the maize weevil ,\nthe maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais adult . photo : usda , ars ( public domain )\nperiodic physical disturbance : an alternative method for controlling sitophilus zeamais ( maize weevil ) infestation .\ninsecticide resistance and size assortative mating in females of the maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) .\nrice and maize weevils are widely distributed in tropical and sub - tropical areas and will be carried to temperate areas on imported commodities . the maize weevil will breed on maize in the field\nthe maize weevil is commonly associated with feeding on corn , rice and on other raw or processed cereals .\nuse of neempro \u00ae , a neem product to control maize weevil sitophilus zeamais ( motsch . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on three maize varieties in cameroon\nemergence holes of the rice weevil are smaller than those of the granary weevil , and tend to be smooth and round .\n\u201cthere is only a shell left after a maize weevil completes development , \u201d toews said . \u201closses up to 10 percent can occur as result of maize weevils . \u201d\na comparison of two methods of assessment of maize varietal resistance to the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky , and the influence of kernel hardness and size on susceptibility .\nmaize weevil image by usda - ars - gmprc image database - license : public domain . ( view image details )\nmaize weevil pupa image by usda - ars - gmprc image database - license : public domain . ( view image details )\ndemissie g , tefera t , tadesse a . efficacy of silicosec , filter cake and wood ash against the maize weevil ,\nnukenine en , goudoungou jw , adler c , reichmuth c . efficacy of diatomaceous earth and botanical powders against the maize weevil ,\nthe origin of the maize weevil is not known but now it is found in all warm and tropical parts of the world .\nbehavioural responses of the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais , to host ( stored - grain ) and non - host plant volatiles .\nsiwale j , mbata k , mcrobert j , lungu d . comparative resistance of improved maize genotypes and landraces to maize weevil . afr crop sci j . 2009 ; 17 : 1\u201316 .\nuse of neempro\u00ae , a neem product to control maize weevil sitophilus zeamais ( motsch . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on three maize varieties in cameroon | agriculture & food security | full text\nthe maize weevil can develop on a range of cereal crops . it is a serious pest of stored maize , dried cassava roots , yam , common sorghum and wheat in the east african region .\ndetection of gamma radiation - induced dna damage in maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) assessed using the comet assay .\ndistribution of the related weevil species sitophilus oryzae and s . zeamais in brazil .\n1 / 8 - to 3 / 16 - inch long . the maize weevil is similar to the rice weevil , but larger accessed 26 september 2007 . very similar in appearance to the rice weevil with characteristics described above , except that the insects are longer , adults reaching a length of 3 - 3 . 5mm\nalso known as the greater rice weevil . maize weevils are frequently regarded as primary pests of grain since they are able to infest otherwise undamaged grain .\n\u201cthe maize weevil\u2019s entire life cycle is centered on one kernel of corn , \u201d said michael toews , the uga entomologist working to control the pest .\ndetection methods because the maize weevil larvae develop inside the grain it is difficult to detect the pest by visual inspection unless its numbers are very high .\nit is possible to confuse the maize weevil with other storage insect pests such as the larger grain borer \u2013 lgb ( prostephanus truncatus ) . the end of the body of the maize weevil is more rounded than that of the lgb , and its mouthparts are ' beak - like ' and antennae elbowed .\ngelosi a ; arcozzi l , 1983 . maize weevil ( sitophilus zea - mays motschulsky ) . informatore fitopatologico , 33 ( 12 ) : 27 - 30\nmaize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky , is a cosmopolitan pest of stored products ( longstaff 1981 ) , and prior to the introduction of the larger grain borer , prostephanus truncatus , it was reported as the most important pest on stored maize in africa . sitophilus zeamais is the dominant species on maize\nbiological pest control there have been various studies on biological control agents for the maize weevil . various parasitoids ( anisopteromalus calandrae , cephalonomia tarsalis , lariophagus distinguendus and theocolax elegans ) could be effective if introduced early in the storage period . the fungus beauveria bassiana can be used as a biological insecticide to control maize weevil in stored maize . the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis can be used on adults .\nthis weevil is a cosmopolitan pest of grain , preferring whole grain to flour or meal .\nszeoke k , 1989 . the occurrence of the maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais motsch . ) in hungary . novenyvedelem , 25 ( 4 ) : 162 - 166\ndetection of gamma radiation - induced dna damage in maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) assessed using the come . . . - pubmed - ncbi\na small weevil that lives inside corn kernels is costing georgia growers millions of dollars each year . a university of georgia scientist has teamed up with farmers and county extension agents to put a stop to the maize weevil , the no . 1 insect pest of stored corn .\non the one hand and completely hindered or significantly reduced progeny emergence on the other hand , indicating its potential use in the management of maize weevil . earlier , the same neempro\nzhang lili , 1997 . the sensitivity of various development stages of maize weevil to phosphine . acta phytophylacica sinica , 24 ( 4 ) : 347 - 350 ; 6 ref .\nj . a . ojo and a . a . omoloye , \u201clife history of the tamarind weevil ,\narnason jt ; beyssac bcde ; philogfne bjr ; bergvinson dj ; serratos ja ; mihm ja , 1997 . mechanisms of resistance in maize grain to the maize weevil and the larger grain borer . insect resistant maize : recent advances and utilization . proceedings of an international symposium held at the international maize and wheat improvement center , 27 november - 3 december 1994 . , 91 - 95 ; [ 11 ref ] .\na female maize weevil chews a hole and then lays an egg inside the kernel . she seals the egg in the kernel so that it\u2019s hidden from view , making detection difficult . when the egg hatches , the young , hungry weevil starts eating away at the valuable commodity . an adult weevil emerges at the end of the life cycle and chews its way out of the kernel .\navoiding infestation is key for corn growers to maintain grain quality , especially when dealing with the threat of the maize weevil , the most dangerous pest a corn grower faces every year .\nli ruming ; kang ms ; moreno oj ; pollak lm , 1998 . genetic variability in exotic x adapted maize ( zea mays l . ) germplasm for resistance to maize weevil . plant genetic resources newsletter , no . 114 : 22 - 25 ; 15 ref .\nemergence holes of the granary weevil are fairly large and tend to be more ragged than smooth and round .\nresembles rice weevil , only bigger and the red - brown spots on wing covers are more clearly marked .\ncultural practices the severity of a maize weevil infestation can be reduced by good store hygiene : cleaning the store between harvests , removing and burning infested residues , fumigating the store to eliminate residual infestations and the selection of only uninfested material for storage . harvesting the maize as soon as possible after it has reached maturity will reduce the chances of attack by maize weevil and other storage pests . the use of resistant cultivars may also reduce the severity of an infestation .\nnukenine en , monglo b , awasom i , tchuenguem ffn , ngassoum mb . farmers\u2019 perception on some aspects of maize production , and infestation levels of stored maize by\navoiding infestation is key for corn growers to maintain grain quality , especially when dealing with the threat of the maize weevil , the most dangerous pest a corn grower faces every year . download image\ncabi . ( 2010 ) . sitophilus zeamais ( maize weevil ) datasheet . crop protection compendium , 2010 edition . cab international publishing . wallingford , uk . urltoken accessed on 28 jan 2010 .\nthe maize weevil is found in all warm and tropical parts of the world . it is a pest of stored maize , dried cassava , yam , common sorghum and wheat . both adults and larvae feed on internally on maize grains and an infestation can start in the field ( when the cob is still on the plant ) but most damage occurs in storage .\nv . choubey , r . bhandari , and n . kulkarni , \u201clife history and morphology of seed weevil ,\nmaize weevils , for a long time were referred to as a larger strain or race of the rice weevil , but are now recognized as a distinct species . the maize weevil is slightly larger , up to one - eighth inch ( four mm ) long , and darker than the rice weevil ; the degree of variation within each species makes them difficult to tell apart . the thorax of the maize weevil is densely and uniformly pitted with round punctures . an egg hatches in a few days into a soft , white , legless , fleshy grub which feeds on the interior of the grain kernel . after the larval stages are completed the grub changes to a white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle .\ndavid e . legg , robert j . barney , philip w . tipping , j . g . rodriguez ; factors influencing the distribution of maize weevil ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) eggs on maize , environmental entomology , volume 16 , issue 3 , 1 june 1987 , pages 809\u2013813 , urltoken\nachiano ka ; giliomee jh ; pringle kl , 1999 . the use of ash from aloe marlothii berger for the control of maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , in stored maize . african entomology , 7 ( 1 ) : 169 - 172 ; 13 ref .\nuga grains agronomist dewey lee said maize weevils have been a big problem for corn growers . lee suggests that growers look for maize weevils around the edges of the field first .\nthe maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) can be separated from the granary weevil ( s . granarius ) by the presence of wings beneath the elytra ( absent in s . granarius ) and by having circular , rather than oval , punctures on the prothorax . the larvae of the two species are not easy to separate .\nadults are reddish brown beetles with a characteristic long weevil snout and have 4 yellow to red spots on the elytra .\nprotected the three maize varieties . these results corroborate earlier findings of demissie et al . [\nthe greater rice weevil is a pest of stored product . they are small brown black weevils with a long slender snout and four reddish brown spots on the wing covers ( two spots on each wing cover ) . the head and thorax are nearly as long as the wing covers . it is similar to the rice weevil ( sitophilus oryzae ) but slightly larger with more clearly marked red - brown spots on the wing covers . the greater rice weevil is a stronger flier than the rice weevil\nadults are identical in external appearance to the rice weevil ( sitophilus oryzae ) ; dissection required to distinguish between the species .\nand since maize weevils can grow from egg to egg laying adult in less than one month , they can be a formidable foe in and around the home . if you suspect you have maize weevil activity , there are several things you must do to knock out current activity and insure new populations won\u2019t quickly emerge .\nperez - mendoza j , 1999 . survey of insecticide resistance in mexican populations of maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of stored products research , 35 ( 1 ) : 107 - 115 .\nweevil - damaged grain can be readily recognised by the presence of large holes which are the exit holes of the emerging adults .\nthe weevil infests the corn in the field and continues to develop after the corn is placed in the grain bin for storage .\nthe greater rice weevil is a serious pest of stored grain and seeds . they are a primary pest of grain as they can infest undamaged grain . they feed on grain , maize , rice , peas , cottonseed and other stored products . in america , they are a major pest of corn and known as maize weevils .\n) . genetic variability for resistance to s . zeamais in domestic us maize germplasm has been identified by\nndungu mw ; chhabra sc ; lwande w , 1999 . cleome hirta essential oil as livestock tick ( rhipicephalus appendiculatus ) and maize weevil ( sitophilus zeamais ) repellent . fitoterapia , 70 ( 5 ) : 514 - 516 ; 7 ref .\nthe mechanism of resistance in maize to s . zeamais was investigated in relation to secondary chemistry and other biochemical and physical characteristics of maize genotypes . phenolic acid content was correlated strongly with hardness of the grain (\n( coleoptera : bostrichidae ) in stored maize grains . plant protect sci . 2013 ; 49 : 34\u201343 .\nthe effect of different isolates and formulations of beauveria bassiana on s . zeamais in stored maize are reported by\noliveira ee ; guedes rnc ; t\u00f3tola mr ; marco j\u00fanior pde , 2007 . competition between insecticide - susceptible and - resistant populations of the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais . chemosphere , 69 ( 1 ) : 17 - 24 . urltoken ; = 13b6470a7ee489fc35340c08d01cb34e\nmotschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on maize . jul . k\u00fchn . archiv . 2010 ; 425 : 881\u20137 .\nplus , do you want to be feeding your family something that\u2019s laced with dead maize weevils ? probably not .\nmaize damaged by sitophilus zeamais . photo : frank peairs , colorado state university , urltoken ( cc - by )\nthe deoxyribonucleic acid ( dna ) comet assay , being a quick , simple , sensitive , reliable and fairly inexpensive method for measuring dna strand breaks , has been used to assess dna damage caused by gamma radiation in developmental stages of maize weevil sitophilus zeamais motschulsky .\nadult maize weevils are 3 \u2013 3 . 5 mm long , dark brown \u2013 black in colour and shiny and pitted with numerous punctures . the punctures on the thorax are in an irregular pattern while those on the elytra ( wing cases ) are in lines . the elytra also usually have four pale reddish - brown or orange - brown oval markings . the maize weevil has the characteristic rostrum ( snout or beak ) and elbowed antennae of the family curculionidae ( weevil family ) . the antennae have eight segments and are often carried in an extended position when the insect is walking . the larvae of maize weevils are white , fleshy and legless .\nmotschulsky ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on three maize genotypes . j stored prod res . 2008 ; 44 : 227\u201331 .\nthe female lays an average of 10 eggs on a grain of maize and the hatched larvae bore into the grain .\nsitophilus zeamais is a key pest of stored maize causing serious economic damage . the predominant control of this pest is the use of synthetic residual pesticides , which have adverse effects on consumers and environment . the use of phytochemicals for controlling storage pests constitutes an attractive alternative to synthetic products , since plant may be more biodegradable and safer . the aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of neempro \u00ae against the maize weevil on three maize varieties in the laboratory and the effect of the insecticide on seed germination .\nminimum life cycle : 28 days eggs - laid in stored cereal grains and in cereals in the field by flying adults ( more prolific than granary weevil ) . larvae - feed in grain . adults - also feed ; normally cannot over winter in temperate areas unless grain heats . good flyer ; larger than rice weevil .\nfloyd eh ; newsom ld , 1959 . biological study of the rice weevil complex . annals of the entomological society of america , 52 : 687 - 695 .\nneempro \u00ae may be used as alternative to malagrain for the protection of stored maize against the infestation of s . zeamais .\n. in brazil , tests were carried out with maize cultivars to evaluate the attractiveness and oviposition preference of s . zeamais (\nukeh , d . a . , birkett , m . a . , bruce , t . j . a . , allan , e . j . , pickett , j . a . , and mordue luntz , a . j . 2010 . behavioural responses of the maize weevil ,\nprogeny were achieved at 12 g / kg . all tested concentrations completely suppressed the population increase of the weevil , had no damaged grains and recorded no weight loss .\narthur fh ; throne je ; maier de ; montross md , 1998 . feasibility of aeration for management of maize weevil populations in corn stored in the southern united states : model simulations based on recorded weather data . american entomologist , 44 ( 2 ) : 118 - 123 ; 17 ref .\nthe adult rice weevil is 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 mm long and has a slender , hard - shelled bodies that appear pitted or scarred with tiny holes .\nmaize weevil populations build up the longer the maize is kept in store so it is important to inspect the stock regularly . if the pest is found then some form of treatment will be required . synthetic pyrethroid insecticides such as permethrin and deltamethrin are not very effective against maize weevils which are more susceptible to organophosphorus insecticides such as fenitrothion and pirimiphos - methyl . fumigation with phosphine or methyl bromide is very effective in large - scale stores . also grain stocks may be fumigated with phosphine . pesticides are poisons so it is essential to follow all safety precautions on labels .\nmaier de ; adams wh ; throne je ; mason lj , 1996 . temperature management of the maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motsch . ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , in three locations in the united states . journal of stored products research , 32 ( 3 ) : 255 - 273 ; 27 ref .\nthe responses of s . zeamais to pheromone and synthetic maize volatiles as lures in crevice or flight traps have been studied in kenya (\npartridge ij , 1973 . the control of insects in stored maize . fiji agricultural journal , 35 ( 2 ) : 100 - 101\na . merville , a . vallier , s . venner et al . , \u201cdetermining the instar of a weevil larva ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) using a parsimonious method , \u201d\nhowe rw , 1952 . the biology of the rice weevil , calandra oryzae ( l . ) . annals of applied biology , 39 ( 1 ) : 68 - 180 .\nthere is generally no external evidence that the larvae have been eating and growing inside the seed until after about one month when the adult weevil chews through the seed coat and emerges .\na sterilizing dose of gamma radiation from cobalt - 60 was determined for adults of s . zeamais on rice , maize and wheat grains (\ninvestigations concerning the influence of four weevil densities , three oviposition / feeding periods , two maize genotypes ( susceptible and resistant ) , and three kernel densities on the aggregation of maize weevil ( mw ) , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky , eggs indicated that each had a significant impact on egg distribution . results showed that egg aggregation generally increased with increasing mw density and duration of oviposition / feeding period , but the specific response depended on kernel density and maize genotype . these findings serve to illustrate the influence of four environmental factors on the biology and ecology of the mw , as quantified by changes in egg distribution , and may aid in the identification of factors ( such as resistant varieties ) that can be manipulated to the detriment of the insect pest in a pest management program on stored grains .\nthe adult granary weevil is a somewhat cylindrical beetle about two - tenths of an inch ( two to three mm ) long . the head is prolonged with a distinct snout extending downward from the head for a distance of about one - fourth the length of the body . the weevil is polished red brown to black with ridged wing - covers and a well - marked thorax with oval pits . unlike the rice and maize weevils , the granery weevil cannot fly . the egg hatches in a few days into a soft , white , legless , fleshy grub which feeds on the interior of the grain kernel . the grub changes to a naked white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle .\nli zhaohui ; zheng fangqiang ; ye baohua ; liu guilin , 1998 . bionomics of lariophagus distinguendus foerster ( hym . : pteromalidae ) and its control effect on maize weevil , sitophilus zeamais motschulsky ( col . : curculionidae ) . journal of shandong agricultural university , 29 ( 4 ) : 427 - 430 ; 5 ref .\nadult granary weevil live an average of about seven to eight weeks . each female lays 50 to 200 white eggs during this period . the female uses her strong mandibles to chew a small hole in the grain kernel , where she deposits a single egg in the hole and seals it with a gelatinous fluid . in warm weather , the granary weevil can develop from egg to adult in about five weeks . cold weather prolongs development . the granary weevil cannot fly and so is most likely to be found where grain is stored , and moves with infested grain .\ne . n . nukenine , b . monglo , l . awason , l . s . t . ngamo , f . f . n . tchuenguem , and m . b . ngassoum , \u201cfarmer ' s percppection on some aspects of maize production , and infestation levels of stored maize by\n] where 30 undamaged grains of each maize variety seed in each jar were randomly selected . the number of germinated seeds was recorded after 10 days .\nto make matters worse , maize weevils can complete a new generation in just 25 days . their maximum rate of increase is a factor of 25 , meaning if there are only 25 maize weevils in january , they can reproduce to 625 by february and 15 , 625 by march , he said .\nnatural carbon dioxide production in stored maize is affected by moisture content , the amount of broken corn and foreign materials and infestation by s . zeamais (\npantenius cu , 1988 . storage losses in traditional maize granaries in togo . insect science and its application , 9 ( 6 ) : 725 - 735\nthe granary weevil is among the most destructive of all stored grain insects . the larvae develop inside kernels of whole grain in storage . this makes an infestation difficult to remove in the milling process .\ncategory : lw minimum life cycle : 28 days . distribution : tropical and temperate areas on cereal grains . biology : eggs - laid in stored cereal grains and in cereals in the field by flying adults ( more prolific than granary weevil ) . larvae - feed in grain . adults - also feed ; normally cannot overwinter in temperate areas unless grain heats . good flyer ; larger than rice weevil .\n4 ) now that you\u2019ve treated all cabinets , pantries , rooms and baseboards where adults may be hiding , install some of our maize weevil pheromone traps where you have or suspect activity . these traps use strong pheromones and sex attractants to lure adults . once they crawl or fly into the holding tray , the thick catching oil will hold them for good .\nin stored maize , heavy infestations of these pests may cause weight losses of as much as 30 - 40 % , although losses are commonly 4 - 5 % . s . zeamais has been found to be amongst the most important pests of maize in a number of studies ; in south carolina , usa , (\no . e . bailez , a . m . viana - bailez , j . o . g . de lima , and d . d . o . moreira , \u201clife - history of the guava weevil ,\n) . mortality increased with powder content and time post - exposure . at the highest dosage of 6 g / kg , 100 , 95 and 89 % adult weevil mortality was achieved in clh103 , cms8501 and shaba , respectively , within 14 days of exposure . for the same time - point and in the same order , the lowest dosage of 0 . 75 g / kg caused 43 , 18 and 10 % weevil mortality . the lc\ndescribes use of carbon dioxide - controlled atmosphere in brazil for the control of s . zeamais on maize and wheat . carbon dioxide at concentrations of 50 % and 60 % killed all life stages of the weevil after 10 days of exposure . in another study with fumigation periods of 15 and 20 days , the concentrations of 40 % , 50 % and 60 % eliminated all stages of the insects (\nas the name implies , they like maize . however , maize weevils can be found eating just about anything in the home . more common food stuff they like include seeds of all types , dried beans , cotton , nuts , cereal , any wheat product , corn , flour , pasta , bread and other grain products found in any home .\npupation takes about 1 week at which time adults will emerge . maize weevils present more of a nuisance than other pantry pests because adults feed just as much as their larva preferring a wider range of things to eat . since they fly well and are small , maize weevils can move throughout the home easily finding all kinds of things to eat .\nmohammed - dawd e ; morallo - rejesus b , 2000 . heat treatment for the control of corn weevil , sitophilus zeamais motsch . in stored corn . shashpa , 7 ( 1 ) : 57 - 62 ; 13 ref .\n\u201cfarmers should harvest the edges of their field and separate that grain from the rest to try and prevent maize weevils from infesting the rest of the crop , \u201d he said .\nrevetti lm , 1972 . irradiation of grains . i . irradiation of maize ( zea mays l . ) . agronomia tropical , 22 ( 5 ) : 497 - 507 .\nnansen c ; phillips tw ; palmer mw , 2004 . analysis of the insect community in a maize storage facility . ecological research , 19 ( 2 ) : 197 - 207 .\nvariation was observed in the developmental biology and description of sitophilus zeamais cultured on the selected cereal grains . s . zeamais has seven life stages comprising egg ( ) , four larval instars ( ) , prepupa / pupa ( ) , and adult ( ) . no significant difference ( > 0 . 05 , f = 0 . 56 , and df = 3 ; > 0 . 05 , f = 0 . 17 , and df = 3 ) were observed in maize weevil oviposition and egg incubation period across the maize , rice , sorghum , and millet tested . the oviposition period ranged from 9 to 29 d , with the lowest and highest mean oviposition period of 20 . 3 and 22 . 2 d on millet and maize , respectively ( table 1 ) . the egg incubation period ranged between 3 and 7 d ; the lowest mean was recorded on rice with 5 . 1 d and the highest was observed on millet with 5 . 4 d . total average number of eggs laid was not significantly varied ( > 0 . 05 , f = 1 . 22 , and df = 3 ) among the cereal grains , with the highest and lowest mean fecundity being found on maize ( ) and millet ( ) , respectively . also , there was significant different ( < 0 . 05 , f = 3 . 99 , and df = 3 ) adult longevity found among the cereals used ; adult maize weevil significantly lived longest on maize and millet ( and d ) than on rice and sorghum ( and . 07 days ) , respectively ( table 1 ) .\n) . however , there were slight differences of all the parameters in shaba variety . moreover , no undamaged grain was found in untreated tests and that was for the three maize varieties .\n) . from the dosages of 1 . 5 g / kg in clh103 and 3 g / kg in cms8501 , the populations of the weevil were completely suppressed as in malagrain . no alive insects were recorded after 4 months of maize storage , while with the highest content of 6 g / kg , 15 alive weevils were registered in shaba variety . in addition , there were no significant differences between the main effects of the rate , neempro\nprogeny emergence in clh103 , cms8501 and shaba , respectively . higher concentration levels roughly achieved complete suppression of progeny emergence in the three maize varieties . no progeny emergence was observed in malagrain treatments .\nthrone je . life history of immature maize weevils ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on corn stored at constant temperatures and relative humidities in the laboratory . environ entomol . 1994 ; 23 : 1459\u201371 .\nadult beetle is a pest of stored maize , but also infests other types of grain . larva bores tubular passages into the grain , typically making one main tunnel with smaller ones branching off .\nvalues of 0 . 04 and 0 . 13 g / kg , respectively . within 1 day of exposure , adult weevils exposed to malagrain were dead and that was on the three maize varieties .\nmaize weevils are a small insect , about 1 / 16 to 1 / 8 of an inch long . they are mostly brown to black in color and can have spots on their thorax and abdomen .\nthe larval feeding cause the most damage due to contamination with excrement and cocoons is immense . besides tobacco , the pest infests cocoa , nuts , dried fruits , coffee , corn maize , wheat and spice\nfound throughout the world , maize weevils are a pest which can be controlled like many other pantry pests . find the route of entry , discard infested food or belongings and treat with both residual insecticides and traps .\nthrone je , 1994 . life history of immature maize weevils ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) on corn stored at constant temperatures and relative humidities in the laboratory . environmental entomology , 23 ( 6 ) : 1459 - 1471\n) . three trap types ( probe , cone and sticky ) were used to monitor s . zeamais populations infesting shelled maize housed in galvanized steel storage bins . the results of this study were similar to those reported by\n) , and oils of coconut , sunflower , sesame and mustard , alone and in combination with eucalyptol , eugenol or camphor have been found to be toxic to s . zeamais in wheat and maize - treated grains (\n] reported similar findings where neemazal did not have negative effects on maize seed germination ( germination rates of 92 . 23 % at 3 g / kg to 97 . 77 % at 12 g / kg were recorded ) .\narbogast rt ; throne je , 1997 . insect infestation of farm - stored maize in south carolina : towards characterization of a habitat . journal of stored products research , 33 ( 3 ) : 187 - 198 ; 30 ref .\nayuk - takem ja ; chheda hr ; eckebil jp , 1982 . problems and potentials of maize research and production in cameroon ( zea mays l . ) . revue science et technique , 2 ( 4 ) : 5 - 16\nthere are many pantry pests which can infest homes and businesses . though meal moths , grain beetles and flour beetles are very common , maize weevils are just as likely to be the unwanted insect in such areas . maize weevils are small and easy to kill , but they can complete their life cycle quickly . adult females will start laying eggs almost immediately so once you have some activity in a structure , its sure to blossom into a problem which will need attention .\nhamel d , 2007 . storing maize in stores and protection from pests . ( cuvanje kukuruza u skladi ? tu i za ? tita od ? tetnika . ) glasilo biljne za ? tite , 7 ( 5 ) : 344 - 349 .\nhidalgo e ; moore d ; patourel gl , 1998 . the effect of different formulations of beauveria bassiana on sitophilus zeamais in stored maize . journal of stored products research , 34 ( 2 / 3 ) : 171 - 179 ; 21 ref .\nrichter j ; biliwa a ; henning - helbig s , 1998 . efficacy of dust formulated insecticides in traditional maize stores in west africa . journal of stored products research , 34 ( 2 / 3 ) : 181 - 187 ; 16 ref .\ndobie p , 1974 . the laboratory assessment of the inherent susceptibility of maize varieties to post - harvest infestation by sitophilus zeamais motsch . ( coleoptera , curculionidae ) . journal of stored products research , 10 ( 3 / 4 ) : 183 - 197\nmoreno - martinez e ; jim\u00e9nez s ; v\u00e1zquez me , 2000 . effect of sitophilus zeamais and aspergillus chevalieri on the oxygen level in maize stored hermetically . journal of stored products research , 36 ( 1 ) : 25 - 36 ; 33 ref .\nnow if you\u2019ve been seeing maize weevils foraging on kitchen counter tops or the floor , the xlure trap will be better suited for these \u201cout in the open\u201d placements . the xlure trap has a protective , hard plastic body to the trap and the catching gel , bait and pheromone is located safely inside out of sight . maize weevils will readily find their way inside and get caught but because of it\u2019s design , the xlure traps are best suited for trap placements that need to be done out in the open .\nbrown sl ; lee rd , 2002 . effect of planting date , variety and degree of ear maturation on the colonization of field corn by maize weevils ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of entomological science , 37 ( 2 ) : 137 - 142 .\nweevils were shown to carry significant a . flavus contamination , as well as f . moniliforme and p . islandicum and others . dry maize is not for human consumption but for animal feed and export . because of problems with aflatoxin contamination and insect infestation , recent crops have met with reduced prices maize weevils carried a great collection of other fungi including a . niger , a . glaucus , a . candidus , penicillium islandicum , p . citrinum , paecilomyces , acremonium , epicoccum , f . semitectum , yeasts and many others .\nhelbig j , 1998 . ability of naturally occurring parasitoids to suppress the introduced pest prostephanus truncatus ( horn ) ( coleoptera , bostrichidae ) in traditional maize stores in togo . journal of stored products research , 34 ( 4 ) : 287 - 295 ; 26 ref .\nsone jin , 1999 . carbon dioxide production in stored maize as affected by moisture content , level of broken corn and foreign materials and infestation by sitophilus zeamais motschulsky . journal of asia - pacific entomology , 2 ( 2 ) : 133 - 141 ; 23 ref .\noduor gi ; smith sm ; chandi ea ; karanja lw ; agano jo ; moore d , 2000 . occurrence of beauveria bassiana on insect pests of stored maize in kenya . journal of stored products research , 36 ( 2 ) : 177 - 185 ; 25 ref .\nfigure 1 : relationship between head capsule width and larval development of s . zeamais on cereals ( 24\u201330\u00b0c ; 60 \u00b1 10 % rh ; 12 h photophase ) : ( a ) maize , ( b ) rice , ( c ) sorghum , and ( d ) millet .\n) . respiration by fungi including aspergillus spp . appears to have a greater influence on carbon dioxide production in stores than the presence of insects . under sealed storage conditions in maize , insects and fungi both deplete the oxygen supply , creating an unfavourable atmosphere for their own survival (\nthe rice weevil is a small snout beetle which varies in size , but it averages about three thirty - seconds inch in length . it varies from a dull red - brown to black , and is usually marked on the back with four light red to yellow spots . the rice weevil has fully developed wings beneath its wing covers and can fly readily . the thorax is densely pitted with somewhat irregularly shaped punctures , except for a smooth narrow strip extending down the middle of the back . the larval stage of this insect is a soft , white , legless , fleshy grub which feeds on the interior of the grain kernel . when mature , the grub changes to a naked white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle .\nkossou , d . k . , and bosque - berez , n . a . 1998 . insect pests of maize in storage : biology and control , 3rd ed . iita research guide 32 . training programme . international institute of tropical agriculture ( iita ) , ibadan , nigeria .\nmaize weevils were reared on whole clean , undamaged and disinfested maize grains shaba , the composite mostly grown by adamawa farmers under ambient laboratory conditions . adult weevils were obtained from a colony kept since 2005 in the laboratory of entomology at the university of ngaoundere . maize grains were sterilised in cold chamber at \u221214 \u00b0c for 21 days to kill any incipient infestation . the sterilised grains were conditioned during 14 days prior to rearing or bioassay processes . twenty adults were released into ten glass jars ( 900 ml capacity ) containing 500 g of conditioned grains each . the adults were removed after 2 weeks and the grains were kept under ambient laboratory conditions [ temperature ( t ) = 21 . 9\u201324 . 4 \u00b0c and relative humidity ( rh ) = 75 . 3\u201378 % ] for the development of progenies . adults aged 7\u201314 days and mixed sexes were used for all bioassays .\nmaize weevils lay eggs with a glue like excretion which helps to attach them to surfaces where food is likely to be available . this helps to keep them in place so that just \u201cwiping\u201d a damp rag over the area is never enough ; vacuuming will no doubt help to remove more .\napply it with one of our pump sprayers which will allow you to get good coverage quickly . focus in on baseboards , moldings and floor joists if accessible . since rodenticide is one of their favorite foods , be sure to check any bait placements you have done in the last couple of years . attics are common areas where maize weevils thrive and then find their way inside living areas . if you have an attic with rodenticide , be sure to remove any suspected of feeding maize weevils and treat with defense to insure migrating adults won\u2019t be able to find their way inside .\nprior to filling the bins , it is essential that growers thoroughly clean out any old grain and clear vegetation around the outside of the bin where insects could be , he said . maize weevils are strong fliers and can easily move from spilled grain and residues into the newly harvested crop .\nfigure 2 : frequency distribution of the head capsule width of larval instar of s . zeamais on different cereal grains ( 24\u201330\u00b0c ; % rh ; 12 h photophase ) : ( ( a ) maize ; ( b ) rice ; ( c ) sorghum ; and ( d ) millet ) .\nestimated the toxicity of deltamethrin to a number of resistant and susceptible populations of s . zeamais in traditional maize stores in togo . in another study , a treatment with pirimiphos - methyl and deltamethrin was most effective in traditional granaries after pirimiphos - methyl , deltamethrin and permethrin were applied in various combinations (\nthe female weevil chews a hole in the grain and deposits a small oval white egg inside . the egg hatches into a white legless grub which feeds inside the grain . the larvae pupate inside the grain and emerge as adult beetles by biting a circular exit hole through the grain . a female can lay 300 - 400 eggs in her life time . adults live for five to eight months .\nif you are not sure if something has activity , store it in a plastic bag and check it every day to two . if there are any maize weevils in the food , they will try to get out within a week or two . if some are found , throw away the entire bag immediately .\nto control the pest , toews is evaluating grain protectants \u2014 insecticides that are applied at very low rates ( as low as 1 part per million ) to prevent maize weevils from eating stored corn . \u201cwe are looking at different chemistries to find solutions that are most appropriate for south georgia and alabama conditions , \u201d he said .\nadda , c . , borgemeister , c . , biliwa , a . , meikle , w . g . , markham , r . h . , and poehling , h . - m . 2002 . integrated pest management in post - harvest maize : a case study from the republic of togo ( west africa ) .\nmeikle wg ; markham rh ; holst n ; djomamou b ; schneider h ; vowotor ka , 1998 . distribution and sampling of prostephanus truncatus ( coleoptera : bostrichidae ) and sitophilus zeamais ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in maize stores in benin . journal of economic entomology , 91 ( 6 ) : 1366 - 1374 ; 41 ref .\nmeans in the same column for the same maize variety , followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p = 0 . 05 ( tukey\u2019s test ) ; number of replicates : 4 ; * * * p < 0 . 001 ; f value : a ratio of two variances\u2014the \u201cbetween group\u201d variance and the \u201cwithin - group\u201d variance\nmeans in the same column for the same maize variety , followed by the same letter do not differ significantly at p = 0 . 05 ( tukey\u2019s test ) ; number of replicates : 4 ; * * * p < 0 . 001 ; f value : a ratio of two variances\u2014the \u201cbetween group\u201d variance and the \u201cwithin - group\u201d variance\nboth s . oryzae and s . zeamais are able to develop on a wide range of cereals and also on processed cereal products such as pasta . however , food preferences of the two species are variable ; it is clear that s . zeamais is predominantly found associated with maize grain , whereas s . oryzae is associated with wheat .\nhodges rj ; hall dr ; mbugua jn ; likhayo pw , 1998 . the responses of prostephanus truncatus ( coleoptera : bostrichidae ) and sitophilus zeamais ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) to pheromone and synthetic maize volatiles as lures in crevice or flight traps . bulletin of entomological research , 88 ( 2 ) : 131 - 139 ; 29 ref .\nthe egg incubation period of five days observed among food hosts was similar to what was obtained in other related coleopterans , three to four days for s . rugicollis [ 21 ] and five days for s . oryzae when it was cultured on maize grains [ 22 ] , whereas it was three days for s . linearis cultured on tamarind [ 17 ] and four days for conotrachelus psidii [ 23 ] . there was variation in mean egg laid by mated female s . zeamais in relation to food hosts ( range between 54 and 67 eggs ) with more eggs laid on maize over a period of almost 22 days . s . zeamais could live for 117 to 126 days on cereals , with longest duration occurring on millet , maize , rice , and sorghum in that order . this variation could be a result of food hosts used and prevailing environmental conditions . the developmental biology of s . zeamais could be influenced by this moderate fecundity and oviposition , shorter larval period , and ability to breed easily on any cereal crop .\nmaize weevils start their life as a small caterpillar like larva which hatches on some type of food like a wheat grain , seed or nut . eggs will hatch within a couple of days of being laid and feed immediately . feeding will occur for 1 - 3 weeks and then larva will spin a cocoon in which they will pupate to an adult .\nrichter j ; biliwa a ; henning - helbig s , 1997 . losses and pest infestation in different maize storage systems with particular emphasis on prostephanus truncatus ( horn ) ( col . , bostrichidae ) in togo . anzeiger fu ^ umlaut ~ r scha ^ umlaut ~ dlingskunde , pflanzenschutz , umweltschutz , 70 ( 6 ) : 112 - 116 ; 21 ref .\nmaize weevils are small , fast and quick to hide when ever people are around disturbing where they have been feeding . many will go unnoticed and missed so it is best to treat every cabinet to be sure you get proper coverage . let the treatment dry for 1 hour and all dishes and food stuff can then go back away without hazard to people or pets .\ngood store hygiene plays an important role in limiting infestation by s . oryzae and s . zeamais . the removal of infested residues from last season ' s harvest is essential . the use of resistant maize varieties has also shown some potential in slowing the build - up of insect densities in stores . phenolic compounds have been associated with grain resistance to s . zeamais .\nokonkwo eu ; okoye wi , 1996 . the efficacy of four seed powders and the essential oils as protectants of cowpea and maize grains against infestation by callosobruchus maculatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : bruchidae ) and sitophilus zeamais ( motschulsky ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in nigeria . international journal of pest management , 42 ( 3 ) : 143 - 146 ; 13 ref .\nwere 0 . 75 , 1 . 5 , 3 and 6 g / kg after preliminary studies . these rates were obtained by adding 0 . 0375 , 0 . 075 , 0 . 15 and 0 . 3 g of the insecticide powder to 50 g of maize grains of each variety in a glass jar and shaken well by hands during 4 min to get uniform coating . twenty ( 7\u201314 days old ) adult weevils of mixed sexes were introduced into each jar . each treatment was repeated four times . treated and untreated controls were included . in the treated control , 0 . 025 g of malagrain was introduced in 50 g grains of each maize variety ( 0 . 5 g / kg , recommended dose ) . for untreated control , neither neempro\nthe study shows that neempro \u00ae is very effective against s . zeamais on the grains of three maize varieties ( clh103 , cms8501 and shaba ) . this insecticide , not only kills the adult weevils , but also affects their progeny production . additionally , it protects stored grains of the three varieties for 4 months without affecting the seed germination power . however , the product seems to have protected clh103 and cms8501 varieties more than shaba . therefore , neempro \u00ae can be used as post - harvest grain protectant against the infestation of the noxious s . zeamais . with this in mind , further research is needed in the future to investigate the effect of this botanical insecticide on other stored products pests and to determine the biochemical parameters of the three maize varieties .\nthe only way to control these pests is fumigation . since it is an internal pest , residual control will only kill exposed adults . to kill the internal stages ( larval and pupal ) , you must fumigate . heating grain to 60c can kill larvae , however , this may decrease germination and baking quality of flour . \u201cif you dry corn in the field , the corn will become infested with maize weevils , \u201d says extension agricultural engineer paul sumner . \u201conce a weevil feeds on an ear of corn it ' ll emit a pheromone which will attract other maize weevils to that area . they subsequently lay eggs in the mature kernels , and adult weevils emerge within 2 - 3 weeks . \u201d by delaying harvest in the field , growers allow a second infestation of weevils in the corn , says sumner . \u201cit ' s going to occur anyway in our part of the country . do you leave corn in the field and let it dry , or do you harvest it after it has field dried ? then , do you store it or sell it immediately ? \u201d if you plan on storing corn , then you ' ll have to place some insecticide on it to prevent a regular occurring infestation of weevils inside the storage bin , he says .\ns . oryzae and s . zeamais are very important pests of cereals . in maize or sorghum , attack may start in the mature crop when the moisture content of the grain has fallen to 18 - 20 % . subsequent infestations in store result from the transfer of infested grain into store or from the pest flying into storage facilities , probably attracted by the odour of the stored grain ."]}
{"id": 1114, "summary": [{"text": "telphusa amphichroma is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey irrorated with whitish and with an ochreous-brownish streak along the costa from the base , on the median third becoming an irregular patch reaching half across the wing , the apical third represented by some indefinite brownish suffusion .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a blackish-grey patch occupying the basal two-fifths of the dorsum and reaching half across the wing , where a dark grey streak extends along the dorsum to the tornus , its posterior portion enlarged as an irregular patch to meet the costal ochreous-brown patch , and terminated by some raised blackish scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the plical and first discal stigmata are cloudy , blackish , the plical slightly anterior , resting on the edge of the dorsal streak , the first discal on the edge of the costal patch .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , paler and thinly scaled anteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "telphusa amphichroma", "paragraphs": ["telphusa amphichroma meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\ntelphusa iosticta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 92\ntelphusa necromantis meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 194\ntelphusa xyloptera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 350\nhave a fact about telphusa incognitella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for telphusa incognitella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntelphusa chloroderces meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : manchuria\ntelphusa semiusta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : china , shanghai\nnuntia omelko , 1995 ; biol . issled . gornot . stants . 2 : 242 ; ts : telphusa necromantis meyrick\ntelphusa calathaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\ntelphusa conviciata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji\ntelphusa improvida meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : bombay , karwar\ntelphusa melanozona meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nlarva on ( for telphusa agrifolia ) quercus agrifolia braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 9\ntelphusa auxoptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : colombia , san antonie\ntelphusa microsperma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 69\ntelphusa phaulosema meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 70\ntelphusa delatrix meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ntelphusa nephelaspis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : kumaon , muktesar , 7000ft\ntelphusa objecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ntelphusa orgilopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 ; tl : brazil , para\ntelphusa retecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : natal , karkloof\ntelphusa smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9\n= telphusa longifasciella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 258\ntelphusa iriditis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : sw . protectorate , narugas\ntelphusa melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntelphusa obligata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : la chorrera , panama\ntelphusa nigrimaculata braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : escondido bay , california\ntelphusa medulella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : porto bello and trinidad r . , panama\ntelphusa ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ntelphusa ripula walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 57 , pl . 2 , f . 16 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\ntelphusa alexandriacella ; [ nacl ] , # 1855 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incertas sedis )\ntelphusa fasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 1856 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incerate sedis )\ntelphusa - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadrasteia alexandriacella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : alexandria , kentucky\natomatma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nlarva on prunus persica meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487\ncanary is . , morocco , sweu , s . france , s . italy , greece . see [ maps ]\nlita cistiflorella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ndistictella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 372\nadrasteia fasciella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : kentucky\nlarva on odina wodier meyrick , 1926 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276\ngelechia incognitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nnuntia incognitella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on ( mines ) euphorbia neriifolia meyrick , 1913 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65\nmelitocyela meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 65\npenetratrix meyrick , 1931 ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 279\ngelechia perspicua walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 72 ; tl : west indies , haiti\npistaciae sattler , 1982 ; ent . gaz . 33 ( 1 ) : 17\ngelechia prasinoleuca meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 161 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ngelechia quinquedentata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nlarva on ( for gelechia nigrorosea ) rhus dioica walsingham , 1904 , ent . mon . mag . 40 : 267\nsyncratopa meyrickin , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 66\ntetragrapta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 121\nbryotropha translucida walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 520 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent ; dominica\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nwalsingham , 1911 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1115, "summary": [{"text": "the mexican redknee tarantula ( brachypelma hamorii ) is a terrestrial tarantula native to the western faces of the sierra madre occidental and sierra madre del sur mountain ranges in mexico .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they are a large species , and are a popular choice for enthusiasts .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "like most tarantulas , they have a long lifespan . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "mexican redknee tarantula", "paragraphs": ["today i want to write about a scary looking spider , the mexican redknee tarantula .\nmexican redknee tarantula - buy mexican redknee tarantula by surhone , lambert m . | editorial ; tennoe , mariam t . | editorial ; henssonow , susan f . | editorial online at best prices in india - urltoken\nthis page contains mexican redknee tarantula facts for kids ( and adults ) . this animal is part of the\nredknee tarantula with previous exoskelton . click / double - click image to enlarge .\nmexican redknee tarantula ( english , paperback , lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow )\nthe mexican redknee tarantula is the most common pet tarantula in the world . in the usa , only captive - grown spiders are allowed to be sold .\nthe mexican redknee is a large and distinctive tarantula . it is one of the most common pet tarantulas and the most popular tarantula to be used in movies !\nthe mexican redknee tarantula is a native to the western faces of the sierra madre occidental and sierra madre del sur mountain ranges in mexico .\ntarantula mythbusters 2 : detailed vid of b . smithi ( mexican red knee )\nthe mexican redknee tarantula has eight eyes , and can see forwards and backwards at the same time . however , the redknee\u2019s eyesight is poor , and it relies more on its excellent sense of touch when hunting .\nthe mexican redknee tarantula has a hairy , black body . the orange - red patches on the joints of its legs give the species its name .\nalthough thought of as a powerful predator , the mexican redknee tarantula is just as likely to be preyed on by animals such as birds and lizards .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican redknee tarantula ( brachypelma smithi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mexican redknee tarantula ( brachypelma smithi )\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican redknee tarantula ( brachypelma smithi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe mexican redknee tarantula is found on the pacific coast of mexico . it mainly lives in dry areas such as deserts and mountainsides , and is also found in forests . it digs deep burrows in soil banks , which provide protection from predators . the mexican redknee tarantula is a solitary animal and lives alone .\nbrachypelma smithi , the mexican redknee tarantula in premolt . the bald patch has darkened to nearly black because of the developing pigmentation in the underlying , new bristles .\nyoung mexican redknee tarantulas eat crickets and small insects . adults eat crickets , insects , small frogs , small lizards and mice .\nbrachypelma smithi , the mexican redknee tarantula displaying the bald patch during intermolt . the tip of the arrow points to the very faint , rear end of the heart .\n, mexican redleg tarantula .\nthe duchess .\nthe date on the photo was 1975 .\nthe mexican redknee tarantula is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis particular species is the most popular captive tarantula species in the world , and prior to 1985 it was collected in thousands ( 6 ) . habitat loss is now the major threat to the mexican redknee tarantula .\nthis particular species is the most popular captive tarantula species in the world , and prior to 1985 it was collected in thousands ( 6 ) . habitat loss is now the major threat to the mexican redknee tarantula .\nmexican redknee tarantulas are classified as \u201c near threatened \u201d by the iucn , and measures are now in place to protect them in the wild .\nthe spider\u2019s natural habitat is being destroyed by local farming and climate change . mexican redknee tarantulas are also illegally captured and sold to the pet trade .\nterrifying new footage has emerged online , which shows the moment a mexican red knee tarantula sheds its entire skin .\nthe mexican redknee tarantula lives in ground burrows ( 6 ) , in rocky areas under thorny vegetation , usually in scrubland or desert , dry thorn forest or tropical deciduous forest ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe mexican redknee tarantula is generally docile , easy to handle and harmless to humans . it will only bite if threatened , but its venom is not fatal . the bite is equivalent to a bee sting .\nlike all arachnids , the mexican redknee has eight legs . the male and female are similar in appearance , but the male usually has a smaller body and longer legs .\nsensitive hairs on the mexican redknee\u2019s legs can pick up the tiniest vibrations . a small area at the end of each leg is sensitive to smell , taste and touch .\nthe mexican redknee tarantula is an ambush predator . it lies in wait in its burrow for prey to pass , before leaping out to subdue its victim with a venomous bite . the prey is then dragged back into the burrow .\nmexican redknee tarantulas are found along the central pacific coast of mexico , from southern coastal jalisco to north - western oaxaca state and inland to the states of mexico and morelos ( 5 ) .\nmexican redknee tarantulas shed their external skeleton ( hard outer skin ) in a process called molting . all tarantulas must go through the molting process a few times a year in order to grow .\nmy mex . redknee , frida has an annoying habit . please tell me if this is indicative of a problem .\nmexican red knee for sale believed to be a female . contact for pictures . locally only\ntwo days ago one of the juvenile mexican red knee tarantulas ( brachypelma smithi ) molted .\n[ \u2026 ] sunday , june 10 the smaller of the redknee tarantula juvenile siblings ( brachpelma smithi ) molted . on thursday , june 13 the larger juvenile [ \u2026 ]\n[ \u2026 ] one of several unexpected darkling beetle larvae feeding on the exuvial fluids of a molting mexican red knee tarantula ( brachypelma smithi ) . this really brought home the vulnerability of arthropods during and shortly after molting . original link \u2013 \u201credknee tarantula ( brachypelma smithi ) molt & an arthropod husbandry lesson\u201c [ \u2026 ]\nmexican red knee for sale believed to be a female . contact for pictures . locally only tranksbear\nthe tarantula , by william j baerg tarantula spiders ; tarantulas of usa and mexico , by andrew m . smith\nthe vibrations , so can your tarantula . turn your stereo down , or move the tarantula to another room .\ncan any one tell me what is the exact life span of a male mexican red leg tarantula ? ? i had heard they live longer than other male species .\nbrachypelma emilia , the mexican redleg tarantula displaying the bald patch during intermolt . the tip of the arrow points to the very faint , rear end of the heart .\nlisted on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) in 1985 , the mexican redknee tarantula can now only be traded internationally according to quotas and with trade permits ( 6 ) , and in mexico permits are required to collect or remove any spider from the theraphosid family ( 5 ) .\nmexican redknee tarantulas mate between july and october . the female makes a silk pad , onto which she lays between 200 and 400 eggs . she then covers this with a sticky substance , and wraps the whole bundle with silk , making an egg sack .\nthis is my basic care video for the brachypelma smithi - mexican red knee tarantula . if you have any special requests or feedback them drop me a message over at : urltoken\nfemale mexican red - knee tarantulas typically live 25 to 30 years while males rarely live more than 10 years .\nit ' s of a wild tarantula ( putatively grammostola rosea , the chilean rose tarantula ) taken near algarroba , chile in september 2008 .\nthe adult mexican red knee tarantulas reach a leg span of about 5 inches . the males typically live for around 10 years while females live for much longer and can live upwards of 25 to 30 years . if you are planning on having a pet mexican red knee tarantula as a pet , be aware of these lifespans , as a female pet tarantula is a serious time commitment .\nmexican redknee tarantulas don\u2019t weave webs to catch insects , but wait in their burrows for the opportunity to ambush their prey , using their powerful legs to hold down their meal while they bite them with their large venomous fangs . they eat insects , small frogs , small lizards and mice .\nthe mexican red - kneed tarantula can be bred in captivity if certain pre - mating conditions are maintained . the females seem to benefit from a cooling period of a couple of months prior to mating .\nafter a large meal , the tarantula might not eat again for a month .\nthe tarantula stops eating entirely and lays still for two weeks before it molts .\nthe tarantula stops eating entirely and lays still for two weeks before it moulted .\ntime lapse tarantula molting ! b . smithi . ( watch in hd ! )\nthe tarantula hawk , a large wasp , is one of the tarantula\u2019s deadliest enemies . some are metallic blue to green with reddish orange wings . the tarantula hawk uses its venom to paralyze the tarantula . the wasp then drags the prey back to its lair , where its immobilized body is used as an incubation site for their eggs . when the eggs hatch , they consume the tarantula\u2019s still living body .\nthe mexican red knee tarantula originates from the semi - desert scrubland of mexico and panama . its abdomen is black with a few red hairs . its legs are black striped with bands of orange , tan and red colorations .\none of the most well - known tarantulas is the brachypelma smithi , otherwise known as the mexican red knee tarantula . these tarantulas have very vibrant\nred knees\nthat contrast with their very dark body color , making them easy to distinguish from other types of tarantulas . the mexican red knee tarantula originates from the pacific coast of mexico , where its natural habitat is very dry with little to no vegetation . this the\nclassic\npet tarantula and has enjoyed tremendous popularity due to its beauty , temperament , and long lifespan .\nthe tarantula has two hollow fangs , through which it injects its prey with venom .\ntoo much of it . our tarantula is rapidly losing its slim , girlish figure .\ndistribution and natural history of mexican species of brachypelma and brachypelmides a . locht , m . yanez and i . vazquez \u2013 journal of arachnology , 1999\nmexican red - knee spiders are considered\nnear threatened\nby the iucn and are on apendex ii of cites , which limits trade of individuals between countries . it is illegal to catch and sell wild individuals . mexican red - knee spiders are at risk because of the pet trade and habitat destruction .\ntnx all for your guides . yes dear xhexdx i mean the total life span . i have a 6cm mexican red leg so i wanted to know .\nwas described by cambridge in 1897 . they originate from mexico and are found on western faces of the sierra madre occidental and sierra madre del sur mountain ranges . they are a burrowing species living in deciduous tropical forests in the hilly terrain . other common names it is known by are red - kneed tarantula and mexican red knee tarantula .\nmaintaining a consistent temperature and humidity is an important element of mexican red knee tarantula care . the recommended temperature for the terrarium is around 75 - 80 f and the humidity levels should be kept around 50 to 60 % . if you notice your tarantula constantly hiding out in a corner of the terrarium , it is probably too humid .\nthe tarantula ' s eating habits also change in the lead - up to the molting .\nthe tarantula ' s eating habits also change in the lead - up to the moulting .\nmexican red - kneed tarantulas are successfully bred in captivity . captive bred specimens are found in the united states and are imported from successful breeders in europe . the\nhunting at night by lying in ambush , the mexican redknee tarantula attacks insects , small frogs , small lizards , and mice . an area on the end of each leg is sensitive to smells , tastes and vibrations , and this is used to detect prey . the tarantula holds its prey with its pedipalps ( front limbs ) and injects it with venom delivered via two hollow fangs . this venom has a double purpose , paralysing the prey as well as beginning digestion . once the venom has acted , the tarantula is able to suck up the proteins and fats of its prey , leaving just a small ball of undigested body parts ( 4 ) .\nadult mexican red knee tarantulas will eat crickets and other large insects ( these absolutely must be pesticide free ) , the occasional pinky mouse , lizards , or even a fuzzy mouse . do not be surprised when your tarantula eats something as large as themselves .\nto do this , the tarantula must contract its abdomen , pushing fluid into the upper body .\nforce your tarantula to endure 24 / 7 / 365 darkness for the same reasons given above .\nto shed the skin , the tarantula must contract its abdomen , pushing fluid into the upper body . the fluid increases the pressure on the exoskeleton , allowing the tarantula to break through its weak spots\na . m . smith tarantula spiders \u2014 tarantulas of the u . s . a . and mexico\ntarantulas have very few natural enemies , other than humans . its only real natural enemy is an insect known as the tarantula hawk or tarantula killers ( pepsis wasps ) , it is a giant wasp .\nthe fluid increases the pressure on the exoskeleton , allowing the tarantula to break through its weak spots .\nin this episode of exotic pet facts i present you the mexican red kneed tarantula in all its pre - molting glory . if you have any questions please leave them in the comment section below . as all my exotic pet facts videos , this was shot at petcircus in ottawa .\nwhen a tarantula moults it lies on its back with its legs in the air , at this time the tarantula is very vulnerable and can be attacked and killed by the insects that it usually feeds on .\ndeep , between the spread chelicerae can be seen a small , light colored structure . this is the tarantula ' s mouth ! the actual position and structure of a tarantula ' s mouth is very rarely seen , much\nthis applies to most tarantula species with few exceptions ( the megaphobema genus is one example of an exception ) .\nif a tarantula loses a leg or other appendage before a moult , after the tarantula has moulted it may have partially or fully re - grown the missing limb , this is called regeneration . many reptiles can also do this .\ncare sheet the mexican red knee tarantula will need a five to ten gallon aquarium or terrarium tank with a locking screen top . you should line the bottom of the tank with about two inches of bed - a - beast or eco earth . the tank will also require a shallow water dish and hide area .\nim thinking of getting a mexican red knee and i was wondering what website to get it on i want a female for a not to big price . if you know any good sites please tell me\nthe real tarantula of course is , like the other spiders wrongly named after it , are not really dangerous to most humans . you may feel a little sick if you have been bitten by a tarantula , but normally that is all .\nmexican red - kneed tarantula is a stocky species . it has a striking tan and black carapace , dark abdomen and legs and red - orange patches on the joints of its legs . adult females can have a leg span reaching up to 6 inches ( 15 cm ) , with males being smaller bodied but with longer legs .\nthe wasp stings the tarantula , which paralyses it , the wasp then lays an egg on its abdomen and then buries it in the tarantulas burrow . when the egg hatches the tarantula is used as a living food source by the wasp grub .\ni had no idea that these larvae were in the inch - deep layer of substrate on the bottom of the tarantula container .\nwarm them up to the appropriate temperature and watch them . if they show signs of weakness or disorientation , placing the tarantula in an\nbrachypelma vagans \u2013 although tarantulas are not native to florida , several species have been introduced due to pet trade and importation . the most recognized species in florida is the brachypelma vagans . originally of mexican origin , these spiders are believed to have entered florida in the 1980s , although official identification did not occur until 1998 . also commonly known as mexican red rumps , these arachnids are black with red abdomens . while painful , their bites are not fatal to humans .\n) called urticating bristles . ( no old world tarantula possesses urticating bristles or displays a bald spot . ) these urticating bristles are only very loosely attached and are lost quite easily . this loss produces a bald area through which the tarantula ' s fatty tissue and even the\npredators : tarantulas have few enemies except the tarantula hawk wasps . members of this wasp family use their sting to paralyze species specific tarantulas .\nas always , if you have any questions about your pet tarantula , be sure to speak with a veterinarian that specializes in exotic pets .\nmortality / longevity : tarantulas have few enemies except tarantula hawk wasps . members of this wasp family use their sting to paralyze species specific tarantulas . the wasp lays an egg on the tarantula\u2019s abdomen and then seals the spider in its burrow . the wasp larva hatches and feeds on the immobile and doomed tarantula . males usually die shortly after maturity and mating . females can live over 20 years in the wild , perhaps significantly longer .\nabout twice a year we hear from someone who wants to know if the sound from their stereo will have an adverse effect on their tarantula .\na parallel situation exists with a tarantula kept in a busy passageway , kitchen , den , or recreation room , especially if there are a number of people living in the same home . if the tarantula hides in its burrow or cave all the time , this may be a contributing cause .\nthe real tarantula is a small slightly hairy spider ( about 2 inches ( 5cm ' s ) across ) . it is not dangerous to humans !\nthe asian ( old world ) species does not use urticating hairs , this type of tarantula tends to run away and only bite only if provoked .\na small ( 5 to 10 gallon ) tank is suitable for mexican red knee tarantulas . the width of the tank should be two to three times wider than the leg span of the spider wide and only as tall as the spider & apos ; s leg span . the substrate ( or bottom of the habitat ) should be a mix of peat moss , soil , or vermiculite . the substrate needs to be about half the height of the terrarium . this gives the tarantula plenty of space to burrow and will also make sure that any falls do not injure the tarantula . wood , cork bark , or half of a small clay flower pot can be used for a shelter / retreat for the tarantula .\nthere have been no substantiated deaths attributed to tarantula bites . indeed more people have died from bee stings and snake bites than by any type of spider .\nthe warmer the enclosure and the more often you feed , the faster the tarantula will molt and the faster it will grow , mature , and die .\nthe red - kneed tarantula will feed aggressively on large insects and large specimens can be fed an occasional pink mouse ( once every couple of months ) .\nmoments later the darkened area below the tarantula began to vibrate . a wormlike larval beetle head emerged from the substrate and the larva began to feed on the exuding liquids . it rapidly transferred its feeding activity from the substrate to the old exoskeleton of the emerging tarantula . this was clearly a dune sandworm moment .\none of the more remarkable cases of fasting concerns grammostola rosea , the chilean rose tarantula . the interested reader is referred to our webpage on that topic .\nthe first pair of legs are spread wide in a classic threat pose . the tibial hooks appear prominently , especially on the tarantula ' s left leg .\nthe name ' tarantula ' nowadays refers to the media image of large hairy spiders , most of these are only distantly related to the real tarantula , they belong to a different family of spiders , this family is know as theraphosids or mygalomorphs . spiders are members of the arachnid family , they are not insects !\ncomes from a real spider that is found in southern italy , it lives mainly in an area around the town of taranto . in fact the real tarantula (\nwest , r . c . ( 2005 ) the brachypelma of mexico . journal of the british tarantula society , 20 ( 4 ) : 108 - 119 .\nwest , r . c . ( 2005 ) the brachypelma of mexico . journal of the british tarantula society , 20 ( 4 ) : 108 - 119 .\nthe excessive heat of sunlight is a serious threat . and , the exposure often incites the tarantula to hypersensitivity and hyperactivity . yes , we are well aware of people who do this from time to time for various reasons , but the practice isn ' t needed by the tarantula , and exposes the spider to much risk .\nnowadays , all large hairy spiders have been given the name tarantula , even though many are only very distantly related to the real tarantula . tarantulas are often called bird eating spiders , very few actually eat birds , those that do usually raid nests and take the young chicks , most however , like our native spiders only eat insects .\nlocht , a . , y\u00e1\u00f1ez , m . and v\u00e1zquez , i . ( 1999 ) distribution and natural history of mexican species of brachypelma and brachypelmides ( theraphosidae , theraphosinae ) with morphological evidence to support their synonymy . the journal of arachnology , 27 ( 1 ) : 196 - 200 .\nas you can see from those figures there is no way a tarantula could survive if it escaped into our countryside ( uk ) , one sharp frost would kill it .\neurypelma californicum \u2013 this species is the most common tarantula in the u . s . and can be found in the desert areas of california , texas , and arizona .\nthese bristles are so loosely attached that almost any disturbance or physical contact will loosen them and they will waft away in local air currents . and , because the tarantula flicks these bristles into the air around it when startled , if it feels threatened , or even if it simply feels a little nervous or overwrought , many if not most such tarantulas sport such bare spots . thus , while disturbance may prompt a tarantula to flick or kick the urticating bristles into a little cloud around them , this is definitely not the only reason or way that a tarantula may lose those bristles . and most certainly their loss does not necessarily indicate that a tarantula is experiencing great or undue stress .\nlives in deep burrows along the pacific coast of mexico . a captive enclosure for the mexican red - kneed tarantula should try to mimic these conditions . in a ten - gallon enclosure , use a deep ( 6 to 8\n) substrate composed of a mixture of slightly damp sand and peat moss ( 50 / 50 ratio ) . add a cave - like shelter at one end and begin a burrow under this shelter . the spider will typically continue the excavation .\ntarantulas do not eat food like we do , when a tarantula catches an insect , it injects venom in to it . this does two things , it first paralyses the prey and then the venom breaks down the insects body tissue , so that the tarantula can suck the liquid up . this usually leaves a hollow shell that was an insect .\nthe tarantula takes between two and twelve hours on average to complete the sheding of its old exoskeleton ( its skin ) . once this has been accomplished , the tarantula will not eat for two or more days , as its fangs are still soft : the fangs are also part of the exoskeleton and are shed with the rest of the skin .\ndespite looking very scary , they are actually easy to handle which , when combined with their unique markings , makes them the most popular tarantula species to be used in movies .\na tarantula on its back is probably not sick . most tarantula species flip onto their backs during molting . though this is a very stressful and delicate time for tarantulas , if the humidity and warmth levels are correct , they will molt their exoskeleton , roll over , harden up , and within a week or two be ready for their next meals .\napart from its powerful bite , the tarantula can also brush hairs from its abdomen at its attacker . these hairs are barbed , and can cause severe irritation and even blindness .\nplace a bright light over or on your tarantula ' s cage . tarantulas neither need or enjoy the bright light nor the heat . normal room lighting is adequate , however .\nhair : they are distinguishable from other spiders by the dense body hair . this hair , which covers the entire body of the tarantula , serves as a defense mechanism against predators .\nthere is a review that the paint job on this is awful , i found no such thing , and this is a very accurate tarantula . lovely , and a reasonable price !\nthe huge spider , which is around 10cm long , with a leg span of 15cm , is shedding its skin as part of a moulting process which helps the tarantula to grow .\nthis tarantula when fully grown is known to reach a leg span of 12 inches across ! if you put it on a large dinner plate its legs would probably not touch the sides .\nthe very first thing one sees are the anterior medial eyes glowing menacingly in the late afternoon sunlight . truly , this tarantula is in its prime and more than ready for a fight !\nas one of the most popular species in captivity , the mexican red - kneed tarantulas are often available from dealers and breeders who have produced an egg sac , or purchased specimens from successful breeders in europe . this species , protected by cites , must be accompanied by paperwork and importation documentation when they are imported from outside the united states .\nthe people of the southern italian town of taranto , believed that if they were bitten by they spider that they called tarantula , if the bite was not treated quickly , that they would die .\nscary because the fool thing doesn ' t know how to do it safely ! now , the alien is learning a better way to do it , and the tarantula is getting used to it .\ntarantulas are shy creatures , if they are disturbed they will usually run away , either to their burrow or to the nearest cover . if an animal tries to attack a tarantula , it will defend itself in one of two ways : all american ( new world ) species will first kick urticating ( irritating ) hairs out of its abdomen at its attacker , this will usually drive the attacker off , the tarantula will only bite its attacker if the first step fails . the asian ( old world ) species does not use urticating hairs , this type of tarantula tends to run away and only bite if provoked .\nthis is my first lego ideas project . it is also my first major project . as the title says this here is a mexican red - knee tarantula ; i tried my best to make look good and also posable in any way you want . i built it on ldd and honestly i don\u2019t know if its legs can hold its weight . i don\u2019t have the pieces to build a real life replica but the legs should be able to hold . if anyone can in any way test it to see if the legs would hold i would greatly appreciate it .\nit is often said , mistakenly so , that a female tarantula kills and eats her mate , in fact about 60 percent of males manage a getaway without being killed , many though , do sustain wounds .\nnative to , er , mexico , this specific type of tarantula species can live for up to 30 years and is relatively docile , making it a popular pet among spider enthusiasts . also , cool colours !\nno sooner than seven days ( ten days would be better ) after receiving the tarantula , but only if it appears to be in good health , offer it one ( 1 ) cricket in the evening .\nthere have been no substantiated deaths attributed to tarantula bites . tarantulas are in fact very clean creatures , they are not known to carry any communicable diseases that can be picked up by humans or indeed any animal .\ncrickets and locusts are usually available from pet shops that sell tarantulas and reptiles and you can try other livestock which you catch yourself , such as moths and caterpillars . some will even eat earthworms . a tarantula of about 3 - 4 cm in body length will eat 8 - 10 crickets each week although it will survive on less . you can in an emergency also feed your tarantula on cubes of beef heart though this mill be lacking nutrients if it is the sole diet . like most arachnids tarantulas seem happier with a bit of variety in their diet . the prey items you feed your tarantula should be quite a bit smaller than the tarantula . small spiderlings can be fed on large aphids , flightless fruitflies and newly hatched crickets ( called pinheads in pet shops ) . as you spider moults and grows so the size of the prey it can eat will increase .\nthe arboreal tarantula rarely set foot upon the ground , eating and drinking high in the tree where it has made its home . they drink water droplets from early morning dew or rain that form on their silken homes .\nthis usually docile tarantula will kick hairs off the abdomen with its hind legs when threatened , which cause blindness if they hit the eyes of a predator and can also cause a rash on the skin ( 4 ) .\nremarks : this usually docile tarantula will kick hairs off the abdomen with its hind legs when threatened , which cause blindness if they hit the eyes of a predator and can also cause a rash on the skin . references\ni don ' t know what to do . there ' s a dead cricket in my tarantula ' s cage that i need to get out . how do i remove the cricket without stressing mephistopheles out ?\nmexican red - knee tarantulas have eight eyes located around their head so they can see both forward and backward . however , their vision is relatively poor . hairs on their legs are used to sense vibrations , and the palps on the end of their legs allow them to smell , taste , and feel . each foot has two claws , enabling the spider to climb slippery surfaces .\nexoskeleton : they have strong exteriors known as exoskeletons . the tarantula\u2019s body is comprised of two major parts : the prosoma , also known as the cephalothorax , and the abdomen , or opisthosoma . these two parts are joined by a pedicle , or pregenital somite , which is perceived to be the waist of the tarantula\u2019s body . this pedicle is crucial to the mobility and agility of these spiders , as it allows the opisthosoma a larger range of movement .\nlights are not necessary . an under tank heat pad should be supplied . the main diet for the tarantula will be gut - loaded crickets fed a couple times a week . mealworms or waxworms may also used in the diet .\ntarantulas are shy creatures , if they are disturbed they will usually run away , either to their burrow or to the nearest cover . if an animal tries to attack a tarantula , it will defend itself in one of two ways : all american ( new world ) species will first kick urticating ( irritating ) hairs out of its abdomen at its attacker , this will usually drive the attacker off . the tarantula may possibly bite its attacker if the first step fails .\nhowever , if a tarantula bites a person who is highly allergic to the venom , typical reactions to the bite may include pain , breathing difficulty , itchiness , rapid heart rate , and swelling at the site where the bite occurred .\nkeep your tarantula ' s cage on top of the stereo ' s speakers ! tarantulas possess a very keen sense of vibration . a constant barrage of vibrations from the speakers is very much the same as you living on top of a\nthe mexican red knee is a dark spider overall with a black abdomen covered with brown hairs . its characteristic legs have orange to dark red - orange\nknees\nand it commonly has some smaller patches of orange on the legs . they have a long lifespan , and slow growth is a characteristic of most long - lived species . female specimens which have been in captivity for over 25 years are common .\nmexican red knee tarantulas are generally docile and calm . however , like most tarantulas , if they are disturbed , they will likely kick urticating hairs from their abdomens and their back legs . these hairs are a natural defense mechanism and can embed in an animal & apos ; s skin or eyes , usually causing great discomfort and physical irritation . in humans , the urticating hairs may cause an allergic skin reaction which can result in inflammation , rash , and itching . the allergic reaction can last for several hours or days . once the tarantula releases the urticating hairs , there will be a noticeable bald spot on the abdomen where the hair originated from .\naphonopelma chalcodes \u2013 also known as the desert tarantula , this species is primarily found in arizona and other arid locations . desert blond tarantulas can grow up to 7 . 5 cm in length and range in color from gray to dark brown .\nthe mexican red knee is a striking spider , and its common name says it all . they have a strong contrasting coloration , a dark tan and black body with bright orange patches on the joints of the legs . they are a medium - sized terrestrial species with adult females reaching a leg span of up to 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . males are comparable , because they are smaller bodied but with longer legs .\nthe humidity in the tank should not be less than 50 - 60 % and you should buy a little humidity gauge to stick on the inside of your tank . if the humidity drops below 50 % your tarantula may die during its next moult .\nsize : they are the largest known arachnids . on average , they measure 7 to 10 cm in length . however , they are capable of exceeding 30 cm . the perceived size of specimens is oftentimes exaggerated , due to the tarantula\u2019s abundant hair .\nvery realistic , scared the bejeezus out of my son . we have an orange baboon tarantula , which is one of the not - friendly ones with an exceedingly painful bite , so when he saw this & thought it was our obt , he jumped !\nexpose your tarantula to ultraviolet ( uv ) light . while this rule may be violated for extremely brief episodes ( a matter of a few seconds ) , there is really very little reason to even do that . tarantulas do not fluoresce as scorpions and a few other arachnids do . and , since their visual , light sensitivity is most acute in the ultraviolet ( and green ) portions of the spectrum , doing so is equivalent to forcing you to live under a glaring searchlight . be kind to your tarantula .\nmale tarantulas , during the breeding season may roam many tens of miles searching for a suitable ( approachable ) mate . the male tarantula ( of most species ) can easily be sexed , because of a set of mating hooks on the first pair of legs .\nduring extended transport , the unrelenting vibrations , rolling and turning , and bouncing cause the tarantula to constantly try to maintain its equilibrium and relatively constant position . not only is this very tiring , but the frequent impacts with the walls of the container almost literally beat the tarantula up . the result is an often bruised and exhausted spider that ' s half dead before it ever gets near it ' s future home cage . we call this\nshipping shock\nand the treatment is an extended period of peace and quiet .\nw . j . baerg , ( 1977 ) the tarantula . fitzgerald publishing , london k . hancock and j . hancock , ( 1993 ) sex determination of immature theraphosid spiders from their cast skins k . hancock and j . hancock , ( 1993 ) . simply tarantulas : a guide for the beginner k . hancock and j . hancock , ( 1993 ) . tarantulas : keeping and breeding arachnids in captivity a . m . smith , ( 1995 ? ) tarantula spiders tarantulas of usa and mexico . fitzgerald publishing , london\nwater is vital to your tarantula . it can survive for weeks without food but quickly die without water . a small container such as a coffee jar lid half - filled with water and with oasis will provide drinking water for larger specimens and help keep the humidity up .\ndue to this spider\u2019s docile nature , colorful appearance , large size and long life they have become a popular type of tarantula to keep as pets . the spider requires little care and little space . it is an excellent choice of pet for with all levels of experience .\nwhen they begin to molt , they lay on their backs with their legs up in the air looking as if they are dead . be sure not to disturb your tarantula when you see this . the shedding process goes quickly and smoothly as long the environment has adequate humidity .\ndo they bite ? tarantulas have long , needle - like fangs . they rarely bite humans , but can if they are provoked or unable to defend themselves by escaping . u . s . tarantula bites are not normally serious , and the bite produces pain comparable to a honey bee sting .\nthe red - kneed tarantula is one of the most docile species available in captive collections . they may rear up when agitated and will even occasionally flick urticating hairs . after a short display , they will beat a hasty retreat or more commonly will simply walk away . these tarantulas make wonderful pets .\ngeneral characteristics : the body and legs are dark brown with orange - red leg joints . the ends of the legs can detect vibrations , smells and tastes , to help the tarantula locate prey and the opposite sex , although it also has a group of eight eyes on the top of the carapace .\nit should go without mentioning that tarantulas will suffer great physiological stress during times of extreme starvation . but , few enthusiasts appreciate the levels of starvation that these spiders can achieve and survive . for instance , the longest that any tarantula has been reported to fast and still survive seems to be slightly more than\nthe tarantula is usually very weak and dehydrated after moulting . most tarantulas , once they reach maturity only moult once a year or once every two years , depending on species . spiderlings ( baby tarantulas ) , moult up to eight times in their first year of life , each moult becoming progressively further apart .\nis a burrowning species originating in mexico . this spider has been , and is still , the most popular pet spider in the hobby . they make an excellent tarantula pet for novice keepers . they have a good temperament , are hardy and long lived , and the lifespan for females is over 25 years in captivity .\nthe red - kneed tarantula is one of the most docile species available . they may rear up when agitated and will even occasionally flick urticating hairs from their abdomen and back legs . but after a short display they will beat a hasty retreat , or more commonly will simply walk away . these tarantulas make wonderful pets .\nthe process starts well before the actual molt . for several weeks prior to shedding they will be growing a new skin under their old one . during this time it is not unusual for a tarantula to get quite lethargic and even stop eating . there may also be lots of web spinning activity as they prepare to molt .\nand , they ' re forced to live in a bland ,\napartment beige\nplace with nothing to do but sit and stare at those gross , alien things as they stare back in return . once in a while the tarantula is touched by one of those aliens , even picked up ! at first it ' s\nunder 1970 - 80 this was the most common tarantula in captivity . it was imported in thousands to the pet trade . today the entire genus brachypelma are protected by a cites ii listing and wildcaught smithi are not so common anymore in the pet trade . its bred successfully in europe and north america so spiderlings are often available .\na good habit to get into is cleaning up any uneaten prey items the day after feeding your tarantula as decaying organic matter commonly attracts mites , fungus , mold and other potentially harmful organisms into the enclosure . if your pet has recently molted , remove uneaten prey items immediately . newly molted tarantulas are vulnerable until their exoskeletons hardens .\nin retrospect , i introduced several mealworms ( tenebrio molitor ) into the tarantula\u2019s cage in december . i assumed the mealworms had been eaten , but the occurrence of two beetles in march made clear that i was wrong . i removed the beetles from the enclosure , but obviously not before adults had opportunity to mate and lay eggs .\nthere are quite a few species of tarantulas available commercially these days , between them they offer a range of difficulty in rearing and breeding . for your first tarantula you don ' t want an aggressive , difficult to keep or very expensive species . the following are all easy to keep and are therefore recommended . however , if you go to a pet shop , before you buy have a good look at the tarantula . if it has no water , then it is not well cared for , if it seems lethargic it is also quite possible maltreated and dying . in either case i would leave the shop and look elsewhere . as a general piece of advice breeders are better to buy from than mere sellers .\nappearance : said to be the third largest spider in the world , this is a large - bodied tarantula with abdomen and legs covered with sensitive , long , and partially pink or salmon - colored hairs . maximum size : body , 9 - 10 cm ( 3 . 5\u20134 in ) ; leg span , 20 - 25 cm ( 8\u201310 in ) .\nother problems are usually the result of some type of environmental stress . there may be a drop in the temperature of the enclosure , there may be parasites , or the tarantula may just not be comfortable with the depth of its hiding place . these things can be easily adjusted or changed , or you can try moving your pet to a new enclosure .\ngeneral characteristics : said to be the third largest spider in the world , this is a large - bodied tarantula with abdomen and legs covered with sensitive , long , and partially pink or salmon - colored hairs . maximum size : body , 9 - 10 cm ( 3 . 5\u20134 in ) ; leg span , 20 - 25 cm ( 8\u201310 in ) .\ndo tarantulas spin webs ? tarantulas are capable of producing silk and can use it for similar purposes , depending on species . even the burrowing terrestrial species use silk to line their burrows , and some use silk to create door - like entrances to their burrows . the tarantula\u2019s silk acts as an alarm system , alerting the arachnid to potential threats or prey outside its home .\nhowever , because these reports are unverified , anecdotal comments made on the internet , we must still retain some level of skepticism . precise dates for the last time food was accepted and the precise date on which the tarantula resumed eating would be a big boon to the argument . any who read this essay and who may be able to volunteer such data are encouraged to contact the\nhome | spiders | scorpions | snakes | snails | search | feedback | news | faq ' s | blog forums | caresheets | intro to arachnids | tarantula gallery | other spiders gallery | scorpion gallery | taxonomic gallery | snail gallery | snake gallery | cartoon gallery downloads | games , etc . | bookstore | links | message boards , etc view guest book | sign guest book\nlegs & fangs : the eight legs , pedipalps and fangs of the tarantula are also connected to the body at the prosoma . the chelicerae , or fangs , which release venom , are located below the eyes . the legs are seven - segmented and feature retractable claws , which are used for climbing . hairs present on the legs are also useful in climbing upright or slippery surfaces .\nhome | spiders | scorpions | snakes | snails | search | feedback | news | faq ' s | caresheets | intro to arachnids | blog | forums tarantula gallery | other spiders gallery | scorpion gallery | taxonomic gallery | snail gallery | snake gallery | cartoon gallery downloads | games , etc . | bookstore | links | message boards , etc | view guest book | sign guest book\nif you decide to keep more than one tarantula you may in time want to try breeding them . you really should not try this until you are quite familiar with your spider . spiders , with few exceptions are raised individually , which is how they live in the wild . so if you wish to breed you will need to introduce the adult male into the females cage and not the other way around . before hand make sure both are well fed , you can over feed a tarantula it will not eat what it doesn ' t want , then remove any live food . once you have introduced the male there is little you can do except watch in fascination . after the mating you should remove the male if he is still alive , which he may well be , especially with species like the chilean rose ."]}
{"id": 1117, "summary": [{"text": "afrixalus stuhlmanni sylvaticus is a subspecies of frog in the hyperoliidae family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "its common name is forest banana frog or forest spiny reed frog .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in kenya and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , intermittent freshwater marshes , plantations , and heavily degraded former forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "afrixalus stuhlmanni sylvaticus", "paragraphs": ["iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . afrixalus sylvaticus . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t56080a84396971 . urltoken\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . afrixalus stuhlmanni . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t56079a3034596 . urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - forest banana frog ( afrixalus sylvaticus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - forest banana frog ( afrixalus sylvaticus )\ntitle =\narkive species - forest banana frog ( afrixalus sylvaticus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nafrixalus sylvaticus \u2014 channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 142 ; poynton , 2007\n2006\n, afr . j . herpetol . , 55 : 167 .\nschi\u00f8tz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 73\u201372 , provided a brief account and map ( as afrixalus brachycnemis ) , on pp . 75\u201376 ( as afrixalus sylvaticus ) , and on pp . 83 ( as afrixalus septentrionalis ) . channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 143 - 144 , provided an account . see account \\ by pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 446 - 447 ( as afrixalus stuhlmanni sylvaticus ) . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 282 .\nthere have been considerable doubts as to the validity of this species and it was considered to be a nomen dubium by pickersgill ( 1996 ) . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2000 , 2005 ) in considering it to be a valid form . pickersgill ( 2005 ) considers afrixalus sylvaticus to be a subspecies of a . stuhlmanni , but for the time being we retain them here as separate , though closely related , species that hybridise in areas where forest has been cleared . afrixalus brachycnemis and afrixalus septentrionalis have also been synonymized with a . stuhlmanni , but for the time being we will also retain them as separate ( m . menegon pers . comm . april 2015 ) .\nafrixalus sylvaticus schi\u00f8tz , 1974 , vidensk . medd . dansk naturhist . foren . , 137 : 17 . holotype : zmuc r073862 , by original designation . type locality :\nkwale , kenya\n. synonymy by pickersgill , 2005 , steenstrupia , 29 : 17 .\nafrixalus sylvestris \u2014 poynton , 2007\n2006\n, afr . j . herpetol . , 55 : 167 . incorrect subsequent spelling .\nconservation actions it occurs in the shimba hills national park . conservation needed the maintenance and protection of tracts of lowland coastal forest habitat is essential to ensure the persistence of this species . research needed further research is required on the species ' taxonomy , population status , and life history and ecology . ongoing monitoring would help to track the impact of habitat loss and degradation on the hybridization of the species with afrixalus stuhlmanni .\npickersgill ( 2000 , 2005 ) considers this form to be a subspecies of afrixalus stuhlmanni , with which it hybridizes as forests are cleared . we follow schi\u00f8tz ( 1999 , and pers . comm . ) in considering it to be a valid species . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2005 ) and k . howell ( pers . comm . ) in considering it to occur in the coastal areas of tanzania , as well as in the shimba hills in kenya .\nthere is continuing loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to the expansion of agriculture , wood extraction , and human settlements . although it can tolerate a degree of degraded forest and secondary growth , these habitats are also known to be suitable for a . stuhlmanni with which this species hybridizes , and this is probably the most serious threat to the species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) has been estimated as 16 , 959 km 2 , the ongoing threat of habitat loss and degradation means that the species ' is thought to occur in fewer than 10 threat - defined locations .\nthis species ranges from the shimba hills in southern coastal kenya , south through the east usambara foothills in north - eastern tanzania , as far south as the kazizumbwi forest in central coastal tanzania . there is an unconfirmed record from further north along the tana river in eastern kenya . while its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 16 , 959 km 2 , it occurs only very patchily within the mapped range due to limited suitable habitat .\nit is fairly abundant where it occurs . however , due to ongoing habitat loss its population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is a species of lowland forest that can survive in secondary growth and plantations , but not in completely degraded habitats . it breeds in temporary pools and water - filled depressions in forest .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\narkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .\niucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and its presumed large population .\nthis species is traditionally known only from zanzibar island in tanzania . however , recent studies have shown that it occurs on the tanzanian mainland from amboni in the northeast , south to liwale in the southeast , and inland to the kilombero floodplain , as well as on zanzibar . it is generally found below 300m asl .\nit is a species of grassy pools and marshes in humid shrubland , mixed farmland and savannah . it breeds by larval development in marshes , shrub - dominated wetlands , and permanent pools .\noverall it is not highly threatened , and is an adaptable species , but certain populations are affected by urbanization and water pollution . it is hybridising widely with the forest species ,\nit probably occurs in several protected areas . more research is needed on its taxonomy , population status , natural history , threats and conservation actions .\nthis species ranges from the shimba hills in southern coastal kenya , south through the east usambara foothills in north - eastern tanzania , as far south as the kazizumbwi forest in central coastal tanzania . there is an unconfirmed record from further north along the tana river in eastern kenya . while its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 16 , 959 km\n, it occurs only very patchily within the mapped range due to limited suitable habitat .\nthere is continuing loss and degradation of its forest habitat due to the expansion of agriculture , wood extraction , and human settlements . although it can tolerate a degree of degraded forest and secondary growth , these habitats are also known to be suitable for\nwith which this species hybridizes , and this is probably the most serious threat to the species .\nthe maintenance and protection of tracts of lowland coastal forest habitat is essential to ensure the persistence of this species .\nfurther research is required on the species ' taxonomy , population status , and life history and ecology . ongoing monitoring would help to track the impact of habitat loss and degradation on the hybridization of the species with\n, the ongoing threat of habitat loss and degradation means that the species ' is thought to occur in fewer than 10 threat - defined locations .\n, with which it hybridizes as forests are cleared . we follow schi\u00f8tz ( 1999 , and pers . comm . ) in considering it to be a valid species . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2005 ) and k . howell ( pers . comm . ) in considering it to occur in the coastal areas of tanzania , as well as in the shimba hills in kenya .\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and its presumed large population .\nthere have been considerable doubts as to the validity of this species and it was considered to be a nomen dubium by pickersgill ( 1996 ) . however , we follow pickersgill ( 2000 , 2005 ) in considering it to be a valid form .\n, but for the time being we retain them here as separate , though closely related , species that hybridise in areas where forest has been cleared .\n, but for the time being we will also retain them as separate ( m . menegon pers . comm . april 2015 ) .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nforest banana frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 66 ) .\nforest spiny reed frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 142 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1118, "summary": [{"text": "the black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) is a species of hummingbird found only in colombia .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and urban areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it was formerly classified as an endangered species by the iucn , but new research has shown it to be not as rare as it was believed .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "consequently , it was downlisted to vulnerable in 2008 . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "black inca", "paragraphs": ["1st place adult black male huacaya , champion black huacaya male . judge : mrs . liz barlow\nbritish alpaca futurity 2013 1st place intermediate black male huacaya , champion black huacaya male judge : mrs . jill macleod\nhoniton show 2012 1st place junior black male huacaya reserve champion black male huacaya champion was his sire lillyfiled jack of spades of inca judge : mr . nick harrington - smith\nlittle is known of the life history of this rare species . the black inca is thought to breed between june and october ( 2 ) .\nthe black inca is endemic to colombia , where it is restricted to the western slopes of the east andes ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black inca ( coeligena prunellei )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black inca ( coeligena prunellei )\ntitle =\narkive species - black inca ( coeligena prunellei )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nplease note : inca flagship is now owned by alpakka bromma and alpakka sigdal in norway . please contact them for inca flagship\u2019s availability in norway .\nthe black inca is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . listed under appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nas the shang probably did in china , the black aztec and inca unwisely used their mongol subjects for low - level work and sacrifice . in the inca empire these were the\nyanaconas\n: when the spanish came , they rebelled and joined forces with the spanish to bring down the inca empire .\ninhabits humid montane forests , particularly where oaks are dominant ( 2 ) . black inca individuals have also been recorded in parkland and riverine forests ( 2 ) .\nbas national show 2014 1st place adult black male huacaya , champion black huacaya fleece . judges : mrs . jenny jackson , mr . nick harrington - smith and mr . rob bettinson\nc . 13\u00b75 cm ; 6\u00b74\u20137 g . male has long , straight , black bill , legs pale flesh - coloured ; almost entire plumage purplish - black ; throat patch small , greenish . . .\nbas national fleece show 2013 1st place juintermediate black huacaya fleece judge : mr . nick harrington - smith\ninca flagship is the culmination of 5 generations of careful selective breeding with the goal of achieving an outstanding black male . we here at inca alpaca are proud of our achievement with this male as he is the best jack of spades son that we have ever produced . inca flagship has a pedigree full of the most famous genetic lines found in australia and europe . his sire is our champion male lillyfield jack of spades of inca who is not only a champion himself but has and continues to sire the black champions of the uk show circuit . the dam of inca flagship is our own female inca anais who is not only a multi black show champion herself but she is from our strongest family line \u2013 jannarie rhanee . conformationally inca flagship shows strength , presence and perfect alignment of his limbs and jaw . he is heavy chested and exudes great capacity through his frame . the fleece on this male is where his value really becomes apparent . he is super fine , soft , bright and there is not one white fibre to be seen . each fibre is well crimped and forms a staple that is thin and perfectly aligned . the very high density and staple length this male exhibits resulted in the maximum cutting weight of all our yearling males . inca flagship is the ultimate in black males and seeing is believing . with an amazing pedigree which is full of champions and an outstanding phenotype inca flagship is the diamond standard for any discerning black alpaca breeder .\n2 ) the holy roman emperor and spanish ruler , charles v , ( carlos quinto ) was a black man .\n11 cm . dark hummingbird with long , needle - like bill . mainly black with conspicuous white patch on each side of chest and postocular spot . glittering blue shoulders . small greenish - blue throat patch . white - edged undertail - coverts . black and forked tail . long , slender , straight black bill . rosy - red legs . female slightly duller overall .\nblack inca is endemic to colombia , where it is distributed in the eastern cordillera in the departments of boyac\u00e1 , santander and cundinamarca , between 1200 and 2800 m . this species inhabits humid montane forests , primarily forests that are dominated by oak . it is a medium - sized hummingbird with a unique color pattern : purple black with a white patch on each side of the breast , shoulders contrasting with dark blue metallic . black inca currently is listed as endangered ( en ) in colombia and globally its conservation status is rated as vulnerable ( vu ) , due to drastic declines of habitat in its narrow geographic range .\nhere at inca alpaca we are committed to the long term success of the british alpaca industry . we have been breeding black and grey alpacas for over twenty years and in this time have helped many new owners establish and develop their own enterprise .\nwe will use these following two papers to try and glean an understanding of life in the inca homeland after the europeans came .\nayllu - a clan / network of families , that constituted the basic socioeconomic unit , and local government , of inca society .\nthe main threats affecting the black inca include habitat loss and degradation , largely as a result of human settlement and the clearance of the forest for wood and for agricultural land , including coffee and sugarcane plantations ( 2 ) . much of the remaining habitat is greatly fragmented and isolated ( 2 ) .\nyanaconas - in the inca empire yanacona was the name of the servants to the inca elites . it is important to note that they were not forced to work as slaves . some were born into the category of yanacona ( like many other professions , it was a hereditary one ) . they were to care for the herds of the nobles , do fishing , and were dedicated to other work , like the making of pottery , construction , and domestic service . yanaconas were sometimes given high positions in the inca government .\nthe black inca is listed under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) . it occurs within a nature sanctuary in one part of its range , and so receives a level of protection in this area . there is currently a need to carry out surveys in some parts of the range and to study the life - history and breeding behaviour of the species ( 2 ) .\nz\u00fcchner , t . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) is a dark - coloured hummingbird , which has a long straight bill ( 2 ) . the plumage is generally black , with a greenish - blue throat patch ; on each side of the chest there is a white patch , and the shoulders are iridescent blue ( 2 ) . as with most hummingbirds , the female is somewhat drab in colour compared to the male ( 4 ) . the narrow wings are adapted for hovering and the legs and feet are small and weak , a feature hinted at by the name of the order to which hummingbirds and swifts belong , \u2018apodiformes\u2019 , a term that means footless ( 4 ) .\nfrom the text above , it is clear that the inca could not possibly have been a mongol type people : simply by the mere fact that a\nfull - blooded , unmixed inca\ncould\npass\nfor a spaniard , simply by learning the language and dressing and acting the part . that simply would not be possible for a person of mongol phenotype . the corollary is that blacks were still prominent in spain at that time .\nabstract we present two nesting records ( habitat , nest , eggs and chicks ) of black inca ( coeligena prunellei ) , a threatened and ende - mic bird species , from two localities in the eastern andes of colombia . the nests were cup - shaped , constructed with scales from tree - fern fronds , fibers , moss and spiderweb . both nests were found in the understory of oak ( quercus humboldtii ) forest , indicating the possible importance of this habitat for the nesting and conservation of this species .\nmita - mita was mandatory public service in the society of the inca empire . mita was effectively a form of tribute to the inca government in the form of labor , public service was required in community - driven projects such as the building of their extensive road network and military service . all citizens who could perform labor were required to do so for a set number of days out of a year . overseers were responsible to make sure that a person after fulfilling his duty in the mita still had enough time to care for his own land and family .\nmacana - garc\u00eda , d . c . , j . e . zuluaga - bonilla , a . sua - becerra & s . chaparro - herrera . 2012 . primeros registros de anidaci\u00f3n del inca negro ( trochilidae , coeligena prunellei ) . ornitolog\u00eda colombiana 12 : 61 - 64 .\nmitimaes - i s a term commonly associated with yanaconas , but its meaning is different , as the mitimaes were used as labor for large projects . yanaconas were specifically not a part of an ayllu and were relocated individually instead of in large labor groups . an example of the differences of the classes is that mitimaes were labor that built machu piccu , but yanaconas lived and served the inca there .\nhistorians jeffrey cole and enrique tandeter testify to corrupt local officials . cole says ,\nmany of the indians who came to potosi were yanaconas - artisans , former inca retainers , and others who were not affiliated with an ayllu - men who had been displaced by the conquest . tandeter adds ,\neven more surprising is the fact that more than half of the forasteros of oruro were not exempt from the mita either . perhaps surprising , nonetheless it was common practice , especially if the spaniards wished to maintain and increase mining productivity .\ntandeter states ,\nin the area subject to the mita , the census showed a pronounced population decline of 45 percent since the toledo inspection . on the following graph cook demonstrates the total number of tributaries and mitayos in several regions encircled around the mitas .\nmany of the indians who came to potosi were yanaconas - artisans , former inca retainers , and others who were not affiliated with an ayllu - men who had been displaced by the conquest . tandeter adds ,\neven more surprising is the fact that more than half of the forasteros of oruro were not exempt from the mita either .\nonce the indios had been relocated from their native hilltop dwellings to valley reservations they were put to work and taxed . the type of work the indios were forced to do varied to some extent , but if it was not working in the mines , it was agricultural or domestic work . the produce of the work would in turn be taken by spanish officials as payment for the tribute . often after paying the tribute indios were left with very little and in some cases they could not work enough to pay the tribute . establishing the tribute and the mita was a devious plan by the spaniards , who tried to understand inca history and use it for their advantage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nvulnerable b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\nthis species has has a larger range and population than previously thought . nonetheless , its range is still highly fragmented and habitat patches are decreasing in size and quality through ongoing degradation and clearance for agriculture . it is therefore considered vulnerable .\nvelasquez - tibata et al . ( 2005 ) used a habitat model to estimate the population at 4 , 070 - 8 , 720 individuals , and so it is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the degradation of remaining habitat patches within the species ' s range continues , hence its population is suspected to be declining at a slow to moderate rate .\n2007 ) . most observations have been at 1 , 675 - 2 , 500 m , but it is known between 1 , 000 and 2 , 800 m ( schuchmann 1999 , t . z\u00fcchner\n. 1999 ) . breeding is thought to take place between june and october .\n. 1999 ) , with the significant exception of guanent\u00e1 - alto r\u00edo fonce ( wege and long 1995 ) . however , there are still extensive forests that are poorly known to ornithology in the serran\u00eda de las quinchas , west boyac\u00e1 ( stiles\n. 1999 ) . prepare a management plan for the species ( t . z\u00fcchner\n. 1999 ) . augment conservation activities in guanent\u00e1 - alto r\u00edo fonce fauna and flora sanctuary ( p . g . w . salaman\n. 1999 ) . protect areas of the favoured habitat holding significant populations ( p . g . w . salaman\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlike most websites we use cookies . if you\u2019re happy with that , just carry on as normal ( close this bar ) - otherwise click here to find out more .\nspoon - billed sandpiper eurynorhynchus pygmeus was uplisted to critically endangered in birdlife ' s 2008 update to the iucn red list . photo : choi soon kyoo\none in eight of the world\u2019s bird species is globally threatened , and the fortunes of some 200 critically endangered species are now so perilous that they are at risk of imminent extinction . birdlife aims to improve the conservation status of all the world ' s birds , and hence species are often the starting point for our scientific research .\nthe birdlife secretariat is the red list authority for birds on the iucn red list , coordinating the process of evaluating all of the world\u2019s c . 10 , 000 bird species against the red list categories and criteria in order to assess their extinction risk .\nour detailed information on the threats to species and actions required helps to shape the conservation action implemented by the birdlife partnership through its preventing extinction programme , as well as by other organisations and initiatives including the alliance for zero extinction .\nvideo story : step into a desert island wilderness , where conservation work for turtles and birds is delivering heartening , long lasting , results : \u201cnow the fishermen work with us , they help us count the birds instead of killing them . they even adopt turtle nests . it is a big , big change . \u201d\nnew analysis reveals key factors that could help make or break a conservation project , and practitioners in africa and around the world can all benefit from their hard - won lessons .\nsince the seventies , millions of north american birds have disappeared and a third of species are now of conservation concern , a new report reveals .\nscientists and ngos are calling for a ban on veterinary diclofenac after finding it could kill as many as 6 , 000 vultures per year in spain , home to 95 % of the griffon vulture population .\ndeforestation since the turn of the century has driven at least 500 species of mammals , birds and amphibians closer to extinction , according to a new scientific study published in conservation biology journal .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nbirdlife international 2003 birdlife\u2019s online world bird database : the site for bird conservation version 2 . 0 . cambridge , uk : birdlife international : urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . montane forests forest occurring in the montane zone , a zone of cool upland slopes below the tree line dominated by large evergreen trees .\nbirdlife international 2003 birdlife\u2019s online world bird database : the site for bird conservation version 2 . 0 . cambridge , uk : birdlife international . ( march , 2004 ) urltoken\nerritzoe , j . ( 1993 ) the birds of cites and how to identify them . the lutterworth press , cambridge .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coeligena prunellei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nluis eduardo urue\u00f1a , mauricio rueda , phillip edwards , dusan m . brinkhuizen , juanjaimemg , joe tobias , oswaldocortes , greg griffith , lars petersson , manakin nature tours , megan , dubi shapiro , diego calderon - colombia birding .\ngenetic data indicate that present species and c . wilsoni are sisters , together forming a sister - group to c . coeligena # r . taxonomic status of proposed form c . assimilis uncertain : could represent a valid race of present species or a variant ; further study required . described form c . purpurea ( popay\u00e1n , in sc colombia ) may be hybrid of present species and c . coeligena . monotypic .\nnc colombia on w slope of e andes ( se santander , w boyac\u00e1 , w cundinamarca ) and on both slopes of serran\u00eda de los yarigu\u00edes . specimen supposedly from c andes of quind\u00edo was incorrectly labelled # r .\nrather silent . calls include a strident single \u201ctsit\u201d or doubled \u201ctsi - tsit\u201d , often in longer series . . .\nprobably may\u2013oct , based on gonadal condition . no further data available , nest undescribed .\nvulnerable . cites ii . restricted - range species : present in colombian east andes eba . rare to locally fairly common . recent records near virol\u00edn indicate that it is . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent molecular study found that most of the genera in the following sequence , from haplophaedia to heliodoxa , formed a monophyletic group # r . present family - group name selected over docimastini by first revisers # r .\nrecent molecular studies found this genus to represent a monophyletic group , with heliodoxa as sister # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\n\u2190 click inside , copy the code and then paste it into your web page code .\nthe only time i actually heard the species , during foraging . species common here .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis is a specific subject page , dealing exclusively with , or primarily with , the subject in the title . because of need , there are many such pages at rhww : usually , but not always , linked to primary pages . for those in a hurry , they enable a quick summary of many important subjects . the menu for these pages is here :\n1 ) the incas and the peruvian rulers before them , were not mongol type people .\nthe moche ruled in peru from about 250 b . c . to 750 a . d .\nthe amerindians were later\ndouble - crossed\nby the spanish . they then tried to sue the spanish in spanish courts for redress . see :\nlitigation over the rights of \u201cnatural lords\u201d in early colonial courts in the andes\nbelow .\ncorruption , the reforms of francisco de toledo and the backlash of indio social changes in sixteenth & seventeenth spanish peru . by jeffrey benson , western oregon university ,\nin 1569 francisco de toledo was dispatched from spain by king phillip ii to assume the position of viceroy of spanish peru . toledo was expected to install political reforms that would further subordinate the natives especially in the andes , provide adequate workers for the mines , and increase the overall revenue for the royal treasury . although toledo legislated several reforms his three most influential were :\n3 ) establishing a regimen of forced labor to support the silver mines of peru and alto peru { bolivia } . the reforms were readily accepted by the local officials , but not because they wished to improve the status of the spanish crown ; rather it gave them a chance to further corrupt and reap the benefits . prior to the reforms of francisco de toledo , political and economic corruption was already in motion . after toledo ' s reforms were instituted , royal officials , clergy , entrepreneurs and even kurakas ( local native chieftains ) did what they could to take advantage of the system and profit . toledo ' s reforms permitted a larger share of spaniards to exploit the indios ( indigenous peoples ) productivity , increase their revenues and appease the crown . to some degree , both indirectly and directly , the reforms encouraged the indios to assimilate , adapt , change or hide in order to escape the obligations of the indio caste system .\nwhen the spanish conquistadors arrived in modern - day peru , the yanaconas declared themselves \u201cfriends of the spaniards\u201d , as most peasant societies are very sensitive to changes in power balances . they then assisted the spaniards to take control of the empire . after conquest , the yanacona population exploded with people leaving ayllus in correspondence with mining . spaniards favored the individual yanaconas ( as they were an alternative labor force ) instead of the ayllu - based encomienda system , so the population continued to increase .\npotosi - is a city in bolivia ; it is one of the highest cities in the world by elevation at a nominal 13 , 420 ft . and it was the location of the spanish colonial mint . potos\u00ed lies at the foot of the cerro de potos\u00ed , sometimes referred to as the cerro rico (\nrich mountain\n) . a mountain popularly conceived of as being\nmade of\nsilver ore , which has always dominated the city . the cerro rico is the reason for potos\u00ed ' s historical importance , since it was the major supply of silver for spain .\ntwo things to consider about the local officials were their capability to perform and their integrity . a . m . fuentes writes about the inefficiency of tribute collection of the yanaconas by the corregidores ( spanish mayors ) at the potosi .\nhe writes ,\nin the secular government i referred to your majesty about the sustenance and origin of these people , the very moderate tax they pay in some regions , how the corregidores and royal officals collect it , the value of yanacona tribute at potosi , and the silver which is consigned to the foot soldiers of government . the rest is of the royal treasury but of little importance owing to the poor collection , which you should rectify .\ntoledo ' s reforms for collecting tribute clarified that tributarios ( indios who held and cultivated native property / land ) from the ages of 18 to 50 were to be subjected to the tribute system .\nin rural society , toledo ' s reorganization created imposing networks of authority , formal and informal , in which the corregidores stood at the center , armed with the police powers of the colonial state with that authority and protection corregidores began to take advantage of the system . the police powers were real enough , for corregidores and other officials jailed and whipped people , and impounded their belonging , under the guise of enforcing laws and punishing criminals . the corregidores also withheld tribute monies belonging to the crown in order to finance their own local business ventures .\nin addition to intimidating royal opposition and embezzling tribute , the corregidores also took advantage of the indios ' service . spanish officials also required andeans to serve as mitayos ( conscripted laborers ) in textile mills , on coca farms , and on public works projects , despite imperial and local laws forbidding the practices . when kurakas attempted to protest or take the local magistrates to court , the corregidores and their allies among the parish priest usually conspired to intimidate , abuse , jail , or even replace the ethnic leader with a more pliable candidate .\nthe lure of riches , though , did not solely attract spaniards , but also kurakas . there is not sufficient evidence that all kurakas took advantage of the toledan system , however ; andrien offers one specific example that permits historians to identify the vast amount of wealth that a kuraka could acquire . he writes ,\nthe fabulously wealthy and powerful diego caqui , kuraka of tacna . . . when diego caqui died in 1588 , his will specified that the kuraka owned an estate worth 260 , 000 pesos , including a coastal vineyard with forty thousand plants and three ships engaged in coastal trading . the example offered by andrien demonstrates the potential for kurakas to take advantage of toledo ' s reforms . andrien does go to clarify that diego caqui used his wealth to promote festivals and distribute gifts among the indios , however ; that cannot be said of all the kurakas that took advantage of toledo ' s reforms and of their kinsmen .\njohn v . murra notes a 1559 meeting , in which settlers were asked to discover the history of the indios . murra records the instructions of a royal official to several members of his staff ,\nyou will inquire if in olden times there were corporal services and in what form so that if these had prevailed , one would understand in all fairness what they could and should pay .\nin theory , mitayos were to work for one year then be paid and return home not having to serve again for about another seven years . zulawski notes ,\neach worker was to remain for a year in potosi and be paid for his labor . after his turn in the villa imperial , he could return to his village and theoretically was not to serve again for about seven years . unfortunately , the decline of originarios and mass migration away from the mita regions caused the seven years away from the mita to become three years . tandeter comments ,\nviceroy toledo had determined that each village would send to potosi each year a fixed number of indian men between the ages of eighteen and fifty , selected from a list of villages located in sixteen provinces centered in the altiplano ( also known as andean plateau ) , but reaching to the east and north , to the dividing line between collao and cusco .\nhowever , the bulk of the pressure fell upon the kurakas and the poor mitayos . the kurakas were in charge of supplying the local officials with a yearly quota of mitayos and if they were unable to accomplish this task then they and their family would lose their social status , be imprisoned and in some cases sent fo the mines . wightman further captures the intense amount of pressure bestowed upon a kuraka ,\nas a parish priest explained in 1689 , ' there is no indian who wants to be kuraka , because of the problems to be faced in the fulfillment of the different obligations ; and the corregidores and their assistants force the richest indian to take this office , to serve as kuraka of these ayllus , even though he may not be an originario of the town .\nwightman states ,\nthe toledo reforms , however , were particularly vulnerable to manipulation because the per - capita basis for tribute and mita assessments led indian leaders to underreport their base population . however falsifying census records was extremely risky for kurakas because if caught they ' d be demoted , forced to pay a tribute and handed over to public works . in addition , for indios that were not properly recorded in the census , their houses would be demolished , they would be taken out by force , fined and handed over to public works .\nfor the few indios that did survive their turn at the mita , when they return to their homeland , often they found that their land had been occupied by another party . wightman explains ,\nindians who did return to their home communities often found that their lands had been seized by spaniards , taken by neighbors , or occupied by migrants from other communities . this unfortunate turn of events is not surprising in that the percentage of survivors was fewer than 15 % . it is likely that the spaniards or neighboring indios did not expect . the return of the majority mitayos .\ntoledo ' s reforms clarified who was exempt and who wasn ' t , but he was unable to supervise local officials , so he was helpless to fully supervise his reforms . most indians didn ' t want to participate in the mita . so great was their distaste for the mita that they desired by whatever means to escape the mita service . cole comments ,\nrather , the indians responded to the worsening situation in the mines by using every available means to evade the mita . however , were a huge mass of the work force to change their civil status , then the local officials would suffer . to avoid such cases the local officials simply ignored toledo ' s specifications .\nin addition to the mita , indios were required to pay a tribute to the royal crown and local officials . each civil status group within the indios caste system had to pay tribute with the exception of the kurakas . andrien states ,\nkurakas were exempt , but members of the community clan structure ( tributarios ) paid the largest sums . those outside the ayllu or kin structure ( yanaconas ) and recent migrants ( forasteros ) paid lesser amounts . after the collection of the tributes the kurakas would transfer the goods over to the corregidores who would then deposit the sum to various offices .\ntoledo ' s statement clearly shows that one of the spanish intentions for replacing the indios in reducciones was to christianize them and teach them of the catholic faith . whether their intentions were genuine or not is debatable , but what is noticeable is the official approval to christianize the indios and change their religious upbringings . one method of assimilating the indios into the catholic faith was rewarding them with exemption from the mita .\nthe priest could bestow exemptions from the mita upon his favored lay assistants , and heap abuses upon the troublesome by accusing them of idolatry . thus , the more assimilated an indio became , culturally , the less he / she was punished , taxed , or forced to work , technically .\nmost of the cultural changes , though , geographical , economic , horticultural , and religious were examples of forced change . indios who changed culturally were not guarantee better treatment , tax relief or mita exemption . as demonstrated earlier many forasteros and yanaconas were still being subjected to mita service even though they had changed their social economic status . that is why , as some historians have argued , the indios further changed socially in order to ascend beyond the indio caste system by establishing themselves as mestizo status .\nin order to do this the indios aimed to change every social aspect from indio to spanish . jackson argues ,\nindividuals consciously changed their behavior to be able to move to another and usually higher racial status within the caste system . indios , for example , could escape tribute obligations and service in labor drafts such as the andean mita by passing as mestizos . methods of change included clothes , language , surname , occupation , activities , architecture , religion , baptism , catholic marriage , location of home and accumulation of wealth . jackson continues ,\nindios could change their mode of dress , learn to speak spanish , move to a city or away from their place of birth , take up a profession generally not associated with the indigenous population , and be reclassified as mestizos exempt from the unique legal obligations of the indigenous population .\nhowever , once the outward appearance has changed in an attempt to climb the social ladder , there still remained the legal documentation of identification .\none method of escaping the indio caste by legal documentation was to simple state that you had some spanish background and were , thus , mestizos . this was such the case for antonio and agustin carrillo who won exemption from the mita based on their claim to spanish heritage in 1603 . many local officials advised against the judicial conclusion fearing an onslaught of social claims . stern records ,\nthe audiencia of la plata ruled in favor of the carrillos despite the objections of its fiscal , who counseled the tribunal that a ruling in favor of the brothers would open a pandora ' s box of problems for the mita , for the judicial system would soon be clogged with petitions from indians claiming some degree of spanish ancestry . jackson concurs adding this excerpt ,\nthe indians change their name , and declare themselves mestizos and yanaconas , they dress in the spanish way and work as artisans or in the convents with the intention of not complying with their obligations .\nclaims of spanish ancestry were usually accompanied with wills , marriage records , baptismal records or testimony from a known spaniard . jackson discusses baptisms by stating ,\nthis was particularly the case with parish priests who recorded the racial status of newborn children . if the parents of a newborn child were members of the catholic church they could try to claim spanish ancestry at the baptism or provide a generous bribe to the local priest so that their son or daughter could be classified as a mestizo . in some cases the priest would even baptize infant boys as girls so that they could escape the mita service . another method that didn ' t involve using the church was the testimony of a spaniard , usually a hacienda owner . a hacienda owner who employed indios had to do one of two things when it came time to pay tribute ; 1 ) pay the tribute for the indios or 2 ) permit the indios to leave for a certain duration of time so that they could earn enough money to pay the tribute . if , however , a indio suddenly changed identity to a mestizo then the hacienda owner would no longer have to burden himself with his / her tribute situation . jackson notes ,\nhacienda owners , for example , conspired to have their workers removed from the tribute rolls . in this way , the hacendados would not have to contend with paying their workers ' tribute , or allow the workers time off to work elsewhere to earn money to cover the tribute payments .\nin a 1582 manuscript from la biblioteca nacional de lima titled\nlimpieza de sangre ,\ncontains the process by which a witness might have had to justify the social identity of another . in this particular manuscript dona juana fernandez de ugarte is the person of interest , who is trying to solidify her social class standing and the witness is martin hurtado de aviento .\nthere are several questions the court asks martin and in the manuscript he provides adequate answers to assure the social identity of dona juana . provided are several of those questions along with martin ' s replies :\nquestion 1 : first to be asked if they know the parents and the francisco de yrarrazabal , so the father and mother and grandfather and parents of dona lorenza de zarate said his wife , so the father and mother contained in this memorial and if they know who is the legitimate child of such parents .\nresponse : the first question he said , who knows that don francisco de yrarrazabal , twenty - five years now , what was known in this city , and has news of dona lorenza de zarate said his wife , because although he has not seen public knows or noticeable thing is his wife , and there were , this witness had known and understood , as a country and try and recruit very familiar with many relatives of the don francisco .\nquestion 5 : and who knows if the said dona lorenza zarate woman said don francisco de yrarrazabal is legitimate daughter of these parents and that she and they and their grandparents and those from father and mother every of them have been and are christians and clean blood and clean without spot or race or indian descent , moors and converts or another sect of newly converted and that these have been incurred and taken and if it would otherwise have been known rumor or what they know or have heard about .\nresponse : to the fifth question he said , who knows what is contained in this question because it has been treated and chat for a striking thing to be clean people , old christians , gentlemen . sons , content on this question , heard or understood without knowing anything to the contrary and also knows that to be the legitimate daughter of dona lorenza said parents , who saw her as such in seville in his mother ' s house .\nresponse : in the sixth question he said , that never understood or heard anything contained in this question , if any , this witness know what you think and could not be less . the play out of the interrogation creiltes an environment of uncertainty . the questions tend to represent a common procedure , however ; the responses are not very clear and direct , but are somewhat witty and taunting in discourse . if the court is to make a decision against dona juana they must explain their reasoning with evidence , otherwise , the social status of many could be at jeopardy . to approve of the social status of dona juana , the court has to clarify that the evidence provided is not falsified and the honest testimony of the witness was absolute . the atmosphere of uncertainty was not to be impeded with one trial . if indios had more success than failure at changing their identity through the spanish courts then there was no reason to not attempt social change and escape the spanish colonial corruption .\ntoledo ' s reforms permitted a larger share of spaniards to exploit the indios productivity , increase their revenues , appease the crown to some degree and indirectly encourage the indios to assimilate , adapt , change and hide in order to escape the obligations of the indio caste system . the indios were exhausted physically and economically and they used all sorts of methods to change socially ; language , clothes , lifestyle , occupations , food , migration of forastero status , etc . they took great risk to challenge the spanish court system and justify their spanish ancestry using wills , genealogy records , baptismal records , marriage records , and testimony from known spaniards . they risked much in order to liberate themselves from the corrupted reforms of toledo , the hardships of the indio caste system and from the abusive relationships with the local and royal officials . it was these atrocities that grew with fervor with the toledo reforms that caused the indios to seek ways of socially changing their identity and become mestizos .\nin the earliest days of the european invasion , when inka resistance , potentially so threatening , turned out to be virtually absent ( lockhart 1972 ) , the pizarros acquired a steadfast ally , the wanka / ca\u00f1aris lords . it was in their territory , xauxa , that the europeans established their first capital . along with thousands of soldiers and bearers , the canaris provided the newcomers with strategic information , plus the food and weapons stored in hundreds of warehouses built by the inka and filled locally ( polo de ondegardo 1940 [ 1561 ] ) . in one region where the inka had managed to cobble together some resistance , as at hu\u00e1nuco , the europeans had to call on canaris troops to help them put down \u201cthe rebellion . \u201d all this assistance provided the europeans was recorded with care on a khipu kept by the canaris lords . this record was first described by cieza de le\u00f3n , some fifteen years after the invasion . such bookkeeping later became the subject of litigation initiated at the viceregal court , at lima , by one of the lords who in 1532 had opened the country to the troops of charles v ( murra 1975 ) . this man , don francisco cusichac , felt betrayed by the ill treatment of his people and the neglect of his own privileges .\nthe only other group to be treated so harshly by toledo were the descendants of another wing of the andean elite who also sided from the earliest days with the invaders . these were the \u201csons\u201d and heirs of pawllu thupa , the one inka \u201cprince\u201d to make peace , early and openly , with the europeans . pawllu had helped them through extreme difficulties , particularly almagro\u2019s invasion of chile . the efficiency of that thrust south was attributed by many to pawllu thupa\u2019s ability to mobilize the lords of charcas , the region known today as bolivia . for his services , pawllu had been allowed to keep \u201chis indians , \u201d coca - leaf terraces , food - producing fields , and much other inka wealth . a test came in 1550 at pawllu\u2019s death : various europeans attempted to deprive the \u201cindian\u2019s\u201d heirs of these lands and people , but the emperor\u2019s representative , bishop lagasca , resisted such claims . for the next two decades , pawllu\u2019s many sons were a distinguished and rich lineage in cuzco . they spoke spanish , invested in the long - distance coca - leaf trade to the mines at potos\u00ed , and employed europeans in their various enterprises . the main heir , don carlos , was married to a european woman . thirty - five years after the invasion , pawllu thupa\u2019s heirs were the one group of inkas at cuzco who had managed to hang on to both status and wealth ( glave 1991 ) .\nwhen toledo reached cuzco on his way to the mines at potos\u00ed , he selected pawllu\u2019s lineage for special attention . as at xauxa , the lords were ordered to these grants are transcribed from the originals in the archivo general de indias , seville : section lima , legajo 567 , lib . 8 , fols . 107v\u2013108r ; see also other grants cited by espinoza soriano ( 1972 ) . letters from francisco de toledo to philip ii , found in the biblioteca nacional , madrid . see pawllu thupa\u2019s testament published in revista del archivo hist\u00f3rico del cuzco ( 1950 : 275 , 286 ) .\nlitigation over the rights of \u201cnatural lords\u201d display the credentials testifying to their services to the spanish crown . the papers were publicly burned . don carlos and his kin were accused of maintaining illicit contacts with those inka who had taken refuge at vilcabamba , in the eastern lowlands ( kubler 1946 ) . some twenty of pawllu thupa\u2019s heirs were put on trial for subversion ; during the proceedings , which lasted many months , the princes were kept in animal corrals , exposed to the elements . the testimony was conducted in quechua even though many of the accused spoke spanish ; a mestizo , one gonzalo g\u00f3mez xim\u00e9nez , \u201cinterpreted\u201d for the only record kept of the proceedings , despite continuous protests by the accused . xim\u00e9nez\u2019s version of what they had \u201cconfessed\u201d became the official transcript . the \u201cnatural lords\u201d were sentenced by gabriel de loarte to the loss of \u201ctheir\u201d indians and of their coca - leaf fields , which were granted by toledo to loarte . some twenty inka , including aged princes , don carlos , and several children , were deported on foot to lima . from there they were supposed to be shipped into exile to mexico .\nof the twenty , seven survived . they were able to rally support from some of the judges at the audiencia who were hostile to the viceroy . toledo remained in the highlands for almost another decade , the only viceroy to devote such personal attention to the andean population . he sponsored many institutional innovations ; some of them were consistent with ideas to end the las casas \u201cbenevolent\u201d approach to indian affairs , which he brought with him from court . he tried to put an end to the influence of bishops ger\u00f3nimo de loaysa of lima and domingo de santo tom\u00e1s in charcas , men from another era , who spoke quechua and had earlier corresponded with las casas ( las casas 1892 ) .\nof the people toledo consulted , the best informed were two salamanca trained lawyers\u2014juan de matienzo and juan polo de ondegardo\u2014who gave him diametrically opposed advice . matienzo , a crown justice at the audiencia of charcas , was frequently active away from his court . even before toledo\u2019s arrival in 1569 , matienzo had argued for the \u201cextirpation\u201d of the inka lineage that had taken refuge in the forest at vilcabamba . the high court in lima was betting on a reduction policy , resulting in the conversion of the refugee princes and their resettlement at cuzco . matienzo thought such a policy was dangerous . resettlement expanded the number of \u201cnatural lords\u201dat cuzco\u2014a loss of revenues for the spanish crown and the threat implicit in an additional focus of traditional loyalty ( matienzo 1967 ) . after toledo\u2019s arrival , he and matienzo formed an intimate alliance broken only by the judge\u2019s death in 1579 ."]}
{"id": 1120, "summary": [{"text": "vietteania pinna is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in africa and its presence has been recorded in congo , eritrea , madagascar and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has a wingspan of 29 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "vietteania pinna", "paragraphs": ["vietteania griveaudi viette , 1979 ; 172 , f . 1 ; tl : grande comore , convalescence\nvietteania catadela fletcher , 1961 ; 196 , f . 24 ; tl : kenya , aberdare range , mt . kinangop\nhad been transferred to vietteania by rungs ( 1956 : 102 ) . the original \u2640 holotype was destroyed ( see viette 1961 : 38 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntanzania , tanganjika terr . , matengo - hochland , w . sw of songea , ugano , 1500\u20131700 m , 11\u201320 . xii . 1935 , leg . zerny .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide hacker 18487 , nhmw ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide hacker 18486 , nhmw .\nhacker h . h . , schreier h . - p . & goater b . 2012 . revision of the tribe nolini of africa and the western palaearctic region ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea , noctuidae , nolinae ) . - esperiana 17 : 1\u2013612 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nmadagascar central , pays betsileo , route du sud , km 302 , ambatofitorahana forest , 1600 m , 23 . iii . 1955 , leg . p . viette .\nsaalm\u00fcller m . & von heyden l . 1891 . lepidopteren von madagascar . zweite abtheilung . heterocera : noctuae , geometrae , microlepidoptera . - \u2014 : 247\u2014531 , pls . 7\u201414 .\nberio e . 1962a . diagnosi e sinonymie di noctuidae dell ' africa centrale ( hadeninae ) . - doriana 3 ( 121 ) : 1\u20146 .\nstrand e . 1915b . lepidopteren aus ober - \u00e4gypten und dem \u00e4gyptischen sudan . - archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 80 ( a ) ( 10 ) : 95\u2014112 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nborolia pyrostrota hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 255 ; tl : uganda , ruwenzori , 6000 '\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software"]}
{"id": 1121, "summary": [{"text": "cosipara delphusa is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by herbert druce in 1896 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in mexico and guatemala .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are pale greyish brown , crossed by two waved white lines edged with black on the inner side .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a dark brown spot partly crossing the wing from the costal margin towards the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are semihyaline greyish white , slightly shaded with brown near the apex . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cosipara delphusa", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for delphusa definition . you find here delphusa meaning , synonyms of delphusa and images for delphusa copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\ncosipara delphusa is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by druce in 1896 . it is found in mexico and guatemala .\nspecies : zipcodezoo has pages for 8 species and subspecies in the genus cosipara : c . chiricahuae \u00b7 c . chirricahunae \u00b7 c . delphusa \u00b7 c . flexuosa \u00b7 c . modulalis \u00b7 c . sabura \u00b7 c . smithi \u00b7 c . tricoloralis ( tricolored cosipara )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word delphusa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word delphusa and , of course , delphusa synonyms and on the right images related to the word delphusa .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe distribution map on the distribution tab comes from the global biodiversity information facility and is used with permission .\nphotographs on this page are copyrighted by individual photographers , and individual copyrights apply .\nthe technology underlying this page , including the controls behind keep exploring , is owned by the bayscience foundation . all rights are reserved .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1123, "summary": [{"text": "malacognostis termatias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus malacognostis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1926 and is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 29 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are glossy white with a terminal series of slight elongate dark grey marks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "malacognostis termatias", "paragraphs": ["malacognostis termatias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus malacognostis .\nthis is the place for malacognostis definition . you find here malacognostis meaning , synonyms of malacognostis and images for malacognostis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word malacognostis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word malacognostis and , of course , malacognostis synonyms and on the right images related to the word malacognostis .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nopisina arenosella , the coconut black - headed caterpillar , is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus opisina .\nhermogenes aliferella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hermogenes .\nhyperoptica ptilocentra is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hyperoptica .\nanoecea trigonophora is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus anoecea .\naraeostoma aenicta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus araeostoma .\narsirrhyncha fibriculata is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus arsirrhyncha .\ncallicopris cerograpta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus callicopris .\ncapnolocha praenivalis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus capnolocha .\nchironeura chrysocyma is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus chironeura .\nbida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .\nclepsigenes dissota is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus clepsigenes .\ncopidoris dimorpha is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus copidoris .\ndonacostola notabilis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus donacostola .\nepidiopteryx bipunctella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus epidiopteryx .\nexacristis euryopa is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus exacristis .\nxylodryadella cryeranthes is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xylodryadella .\nxerocrates proleuca is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xerocrates .\ngomphoscopa catoryctopsis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus gomphoscopa .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis contents list is organised alphabetically . to navigate through the index please click on the first letters :\nexcept where otherwise indicated , everything . explained . today is \u00a9 copyright 2009 - 2018 , a b cryer , all rights reserved . cookie policy ."]}
{"id": 1124, "summary": [{"text": "kassina cochranae , sometimes known as the cochran 's running frog , is a species of frog in the family hyperoliidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in southern guinea , liberia , sierra leone , western ivory coast ( the mount nimba area , possibly wider ) , and at least tentatively , southern ghana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "kassina arboricola was for a period treated as a subspecies kassina cochranae arboricola , but it is now considered a valid species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "kassina cochranae", "paragraphs": ["endangered animals of west africa , birds , reptiles , animals , ( kassina cochranae , genetta bourloni , miniopterus schreibersii ) .\nconfused with kassina maculata and kassina cochranae prior to its description . channing , r\u00f6del , and channing , 2012 , tadpoles of africa : 238 , provided information on comparative larval morphology .\nwe follow perret ( 1985 ) and r\u00f6del et al . ( 2002 ) in considering kassina arboricola to be separate from k . cochranae .\nwe follow perret ( 1985 ) and r\u00f6del et al . ( 2002 ) in considering this to be a species distinct from kassina cochranae .\nkassina cochranae is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is found in c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , guinea , liberia , and sierra leone .\nr\u00f6del , m . - o . & schi\u00f8tz , a . 2004 . kassina cochranae . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .\nkassina senegalensis tested positive for batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the eastern cape of south africa in kenton on sea in 2004 ( weldon 2005 ) .\nmark - oliver r\u00f6del , arne schi\u00f8tz 2004 . kassina arboricola . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t56225a11443348 . urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - ivory coast running frog ( kassina arboricola )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - ivory coast running frog ( kassina arboricola )\ntitle =\narkive species - ivory coast running frog ( kassina arboricola )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nk . cochranae is locally abundant and occurs in a number of protected areas . a major threat to this species is habitat loss through water drainage and afforestation ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nr\u00f6del , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . & ernst , r . , 2002 : a review of west africa spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . \u2013copeia : vol . 102 , # 3 , pp . 800 - 814\nr\u00f6del , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . ' ' copeia , 2002 ( 3 ) , 800 - 814 .\nr\u00e3\u00b6del , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted kassina , including a description of kassina schioetzi sp . nov . ( amphibia : anura : hyperoliidae ) . ' ' copeia , 2002 ( 3 ) , 800 - 814 .\nkassina schioetzi r\u00f6del , grafe , rudolf , and ernst , 2002 , copeia , 2002 : 801 . holotype : smns 09703 . 5 , by original designation . type locality :\ncomoe national park , aussichtsbergtumpel 1 , 8\u00b0 45\u2032 n , 3\u00b0 49\u2032 w , ivory coast\n.\nk . cochranae produces a characteristic odor when handled and is quite unpalatable , due to the production of defensive amines and peptides by glands in the skin ( roseghini et al . 1988 ) . in spite of these defenses , there are records of predation on this species by the yellowbilled egret egretta intermedia and the vine snake thelotornis capensis ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nthis west african species is known from the forest zone of sierra leone , liberia , southern guinea , and extreme western c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire ( where it occurs at least in the mount nimba area ) . earlier records of this species from further to the east are now separated as kassina arboricola and k . schioetzi .\nthis west african species is known from the forest zone of sierra leone , liberia , southern guinea , and extreme western cte divoire ( where it occurs at least in the mount nimba area ) . earlier records of this species from further to the east are now separated as kassina arboricola and k . schioetzi .\nthe common bubbling kassina is a very distinctive looking frog , the background is an olivegreen colour , which can look almost gold . populations from the taita hills of kenya are covered with regular black spots , each of which has a white ring around it , while other populations have stripes on the dorsum ( measey et al . 2009 , \u00a9 sanbi ) .\nin the taita hills , males have been heard calling in the height of both rainy seasons , march and november . males call from shallow water around dams or swamps hidden deep under patches of vegetation . the noise sounds like a series of bubbles rising up from the water , and this gives it the common name : bubbling kassina ( text from measey et al . 2009 , \u00a9 sanbi ) .\na medium - sized , sturdy , spotted kassina from the western part of west africa with short legs and arms . 35 - 77 large spots on flanks and dorsum . belly white to brown , sometimes with scattered small punctuations but never with large spots . none , one , or two occipital spots . throat of male most often dark , sometimes with black spots . gular strap of males narrow and straight . central part of belly smooth .\nfrom the western part of west africa with short legs and arms . 35 - 77 large spots on flanks and dorsum . belly white to brown , sometimes with scattered small punctuations but never with large spots . none , one , or two occipital spots . throat of male most often dark , sometimes with black spots . gular strap of males narrow and straight . central part of belly smooth .\nwestern west africa from sierra leone into guinea , liberia , and westernmost ivory coast . found in forest , sometimes open secondary forest , and savanna .\nthe species is arboreal , with the males calling from branches of bushes and trees 2 - 4 metres up in the forest . although apparently associated with a typical forest fauna ,\nwill often call on more exposed sites at the edges of ponds or beside roads . in sierra leone , where several treefrogs are known to behave differently from elsewhere in their range ,\nwere heard calling from the ground on several occasions . acoustically the voice is a typical\ncall , but analysis , especially at low speeds , reveals a number of pulses with a rising frequency , rather than a rising frequency modulation of a single note as is sometimes reported for this genus .\ndevelopment takes place as in other members of the genus . tadpoles reach up to 58 mm with a very high fin . tooth formula 1 / 1 + 1 , 1 .\nr\u00f6del , m . - o . , grafe , t . u . , rudolf , v . h . w . , and ernst , r . ( 2002 ) . ' ' a review of west african spotted\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as near threatened since although this species is still relatively widely distributed , it depends on forest and moist savanna wooded habitat , and so its area of occupancy is probably not much greater than 2 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .\nthere is no information on its population status , but it is probably not rare .\nit is an arboreal , forest - dwelling species , which can exist in secondary forest . there also records from moist savannah and montane savannah areas as well as montane grassland . it seems to be able to survive in habitat fragments and gallery forests , but is unlikely to tolerate complete opening up of its habitat . it presumably breeds in both temporary and permanent waterbodies , favouring large , well - vegetated pools , like other members of its genus .\ncertain populations are probably suffering as a result of severe deforestation taking place due to agricultural expansion , logging and expanding human settlements .\nit occurs in the mount nimba world heritage site ( guinea and liberia ) , and in the protected area at pic de fon ( guinea ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis account was taken from\ntreefrogs of africa\nby arne schi\u00f8tz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main . updated by a . schi\u00f8tz , 2008 .\nschi\u00f8tz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .\nschi\u00e3\u00b8tz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .\nsyntype : loveridge , a . 1941 . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 91 ( 3128 ) : 125 .\nthe species occurs throughout mozambique and the eastern lowlands of zimbabwe , malawi , tanzania and kenya . it inhabits a wide variety of bushveld vegetation types , predominantly in the savanna biome ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nthese frogs can be easily identified by their characteristic call that carries a considerable distance . bishop ( 1994 ) found that the males appear to have two distinct calling periods , one in the early evening ( 16 : 30\u201320 : 00 ) and another in the early morning peaking between 02 : 00 and 03 : 00 ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nthe breeding season usually begins in early november and continues until the end of february , depending on weather conditions ( bishop 1994 ) . the breeding habitat consists of well vegetated pans , vleis , marshes and dams . once breeding has taken place eggs are laid singly or in lines of four or five , attached to submerged vegetation ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nthe tadpoles are large and fish - like , they are up to 130 mm long with deep keel - like tails that arise from the top of the head ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nlisted as near threatened since although this species is still relatively widely distributed , it depends on forest and moist savanna wooded habitat , and so its area of occupancy is probably not much greater than 2 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat is declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nk . senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nthe dorsum is pale gray with large dark spots and a broad , dark vertebral stripe . toe and fingertips are expanded into small disks ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nk . senegalensis lacks the bright red - orange markings that are present on the thigh of k . maculata . k . senegalensis may be composed of multiple cryptic species ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nmales are 33 \u2013 40 mm in snout - vent length , and females are 33 \u2013 40 mm ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nthis species is common in savanna , grassland , and shrubland in coastal lowlands at elevations up to 2000 m . it tolerates some degree of habitat alteration and may be found in agricultural areas ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nk . senegalensis preys on a variety of arthropods , including termites , caterpillars , ants , flies and spiders ( loveridge 1936 ; inger and marx 1961 ) . the species has been observed to fall prey to the herald snake crotaphopeltis hotamboeia while approaching breeding sites ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nzimkus , breda , bergmann , travis , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk\ntadpoles hatch within 5\u20136 days and the tadpoles develop slowly and complete their development in 52\u201390 days ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nzimkus , breda , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk\nthey begin to call at dusk some distance from the water , the vocal repertoire includes an advertisement call as well as a longer , pulsed , territorial call ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\nmales call in groups of 3 - 10 from concealed positions in vegetation near , but not usually in , water . the call is a series of rising notes sounding like bubbles ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nzimkus , breda , zimkus , breda , bergmann , travis , weldo , c . , du prez , l . h . , african amphibians lifedesk\nbreeding habitat comprises both temporary and permanent water bodies , including well - vegetated shallow pans , vleis and marshes , as well as deeper dams ( r\u00f6del 2000 ) . breeding takes place from spring to late summer with amplexus usually initiated out of the water . females lay between 100 and 500 eggs singly in shallow water ( text from minter et al . , 2004 , \u00a9 si / mab biodiversity program ) .\neggs are laid in similar areas where males call in small masses ( text from measey et al . 2009 , \u00a9 sanbi ) .\nbreeding takes place in a range of temporary and aquatic habitat types , primarily pools with abundant vegetation . clutches of 260 \u2013 400 eggs are attached to submerged vegetation . tadpoles are large with high tail fins ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nthe tadpoles are also rather distinctive with a high fin ( text from measey et al . 2009 , \u00a9 sanbi ) .\nthis species ranges very widely in the savannah zone of africa from senegal , east to western ethiopia , southern somalia , and kenya , thence south to namibia , and south africa . records from eritrea refer to\n. there do not appear to be records from guinea - bissau , togo and burundi , but it presumably occurs in these countries . its distributional limits in kenya and northern tanzania with respect to\nare still poorly understood , and the distribution map should be considered provisional . it occurs up to 2 , 000 m asl in ethiopia .\nsujeevan ratnasingham , paul d . n . hebert , barcode of life data systems ( bold )\nthis account was taken from\ntreefrogs of africa\nby arne schi\u00f8tz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main .\nballetto , e . , cherchi , m . a . , and lanza , b . ( 1978 ) . ' ' on some amphibians collected by the late prof . guiseppe scortecci in somalia . ' ' monitore zoologico italiano supplemento , 11 ( 9 ) , 221 - 243 .\nlanza , b ( 1981 ) . ' ' a check - list of the somali amphibians . ' ' monitore zoologico italiano supplemento , 15 ( 10 ) , 151 - 186 .\nschi\u00e3\u00b8tz , a . ( 1975 ) . the treefrogs of eastern africa . steenstrupia , copenhagen .\nlisted as least concern in view of its very wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and its presumed large population .\ndescription : new species of animal and plant are being discovered all the time . when this happens , the new species has to be given a scientific , latin name in addition to any common , vernacular name . in either . . .\nbird conservation : global evidence for the effects of interventions . contents and sample chapter\nthis action might not be possible to undo . are you sure you want to continue ?\narkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .\niucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu b2ab ( iii ) ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nendangered animals of west africa , birds & animals , ( sterna balaenarum , cephalophus jentinki , lamprotornis cupreocauda ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , reptils & birds , ( kinixys homeana , bycanistes cylindricus , lasser kestrel ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals , ( mandrillus sphinx , ceropithecuc mitis ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( tragelaphus eurycerus ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( procolubus banius , caracal aurata , psittacus eritacuc ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals , ( tragelaphus eurycherus , loxodonia africana , gorilla gorilla ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals , ( tragelaphus eurycerus , giraffa , panthera pardus ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals , ( crocidura buettikoferi , cercopithecuc \u2026 , cephalophus jentinki ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , birds , ( trigonoceps occipitalis , picathartes gymnocephalus , ceratogymna elata ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals , ( cobus polykomos , caracsl aurata , lesser kestrel ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , reptiles & birds , ( leptopelis macrotis , limosa limosa , mecistops cataphractus ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals & reptils , ( hexaprodonton liberiensis , loxondonta africana , mecictops cataphractus ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , birds & animals , ( aguila chrysaetos , addax nasomaculatus , nanger dama ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals & birds , ( pan troglodytes erus , hyaenidae , psittacus eritacuc erithacus ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals , ( procolobus badius , hexaprotodon liberiensis ) .\nendangered animals of west africa , animals , ( cerophitecus mitis , colobus polykomos ) .\nspecial blocks russia 2013 \u2013 international philatelic exposition . ( 6 diff . s / s )\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\nfrost , d . r . , 2000 : amphibian species of the world : an online reference . \u2013inet : american museum of natural history , department of herpetology : urltoken\njustification : listed as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in cote d ' ivoire and ghana .\nthis species ranges from south - western c\u00f4te d ' ivoire to south - central ghana , though within this general range it is known only from 4 - 5 localities .\nthere have only been a few records , but it is abundant where it has been found .\nit is a species of secondary forest and forest edges , rather than undisturbed primary forest . it only occurs marginally in heavily degraded former forest ( farm bush ) . it breeds in both temporary and permanent water , favouring large , well - vegetated pools .\nit is probably suffering from severe deforestation as a result of agricultural expansion , logging , and growing human settlements .\nlisted as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in cote d ' ivoire and ghana ."]}
{"id": 1125, "summary": [{"text": "monodactylus sebae , the african moony , is a species of moonyfish native to fresh , brackish and marine waters from the eastern atlantic , ranging from the canary islands down to angola .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it inhabits mangrove swamps and estuaries and can occasionally be found in lagoons .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 25 centimetres ( 9.8 in ) tl though most do not exceed 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "monodactylus sebae", "paragraphs": ["a picture of a monodactylus sebae . brian nelson took this photo of his sebae and gave us permission to use it .\nmono sebae ( monodactylus sebae ) are collected from the mangrove swamps and estuaries of west africa , gambia , the canary islands and senegal to angola .\npalko , barbara j . , 1977 . monodactylus sebae . . . a single rearing attempt . tfh 7 / 77 .\n1970 but before 1976 we heard there was a man named wesley wey , living in los angeles , who was breeding monodactylus sebae , which was then called the finger fish .\nthe family monodactylidae are found in western africa and the indo - pacific . the two principal aquarium species , monodactylus sebae and monodactylus argenteus are wild - collected as well as tank - bred and raised at fish farms in the far east and florida ( and sporadically elsewhere ) .\nthe family of monos comprises two genera , monodactylus and schuttea of four species . the genus monodactylus sports three of the species , two being regularly offered in the trade . of the others , examples of monodactylus falciformes and schuttea can be found in axelrod , burgess and hunziker ' s atlas , volume 1 , marine fishes .\nmonodactylus sebae are usually available to tropical fish keeping enthusiasts and are moderately priced . when available for purchase they are usually juveniles at a size of 1 - 1 / 2\u2033 to 2 - 1 / 2\u2033 .\nthis page has a story about visiting mr . wesley wey and listening to his story about breeding mono sebae .\nthe body monodactylus sebae is compressed and taller than it is long . overall body coloration is silver with four dark vertical stripes strongly developed across the head ( at the eye ) and body from the tip of the dorsal fin down to the tip of the anal fin . scales cover the anal and dorsal fins . this species lacks the yellowish coloration in the caudal fin seen in other species of monodactylus ( monks 2006 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of monodactylus sebae are found here .\nthe mono sebae has a flat , diamond shaped body with a larger anal fin than it\u2019s close relative , mono argentus .\na single specimen of m onodactylus sebae was found at blue hole in the national key deer refuge , florida in june 2017 .\nthere were many hundreds of them in that aquarium , and there were lots and lots of similar aquariums full of sebae fry .\nschofield , p . j . , and m . e . brown , 2018 , monodactylus sebae ( cuvier , 1829 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 7 / 14 / 2017 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nit took a while to realize the tiny specks that looked like finely ground pepper were some sebae fry that were just a few days old .\nexcept for the fact that mono sebae are egg layers and spawn in a marine environment , little is known about the differences between sexes and their breeding habits .\nhe also said he had to increase the salinity a little bit every few days by adding aquarium salt to the water , or the sebae fry would not do well .\nmonos have strongly laterally ( side to side ) compressed bodies of a distinctive shape ; swimming in a swagging motion with their long - based , rear - oriented dorsal and anal fins . adding to their streamlined appearance , monodactylus lack pelvic fins entirely .\nmono sebae are found in fresh , brackish , and marines environments and are also known to tropical fish keeping enthusiasts as the african moony . guinean fingerfish , rambali finger fish , mono , and african mono\n( of psettus sebae cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmonodactylus sebae is primarily found in estuaries and coastal mangrove habitat , but is able to live in both freshwater and marine habitats ( schneider 1990 ) . under experimental conditions , ideal growth for eggs and larvae is approximately 6 . 5 ppt salinity indicating it probably spawns in brackish water ( akatsu et al . 1977 ) . this species has a variable clutch size from 825 \u2013 5 , 800 eggs ( akatsu et al . 1977 ) and feeds on invertebrates and fish ( longhurst 1957 ; bauchot 2003 ) .\nmr . wey said one of the tricks that he ' d learned about spawning sebaes was to be there , when they spawned , and follow the sebae females with a net to catch a bunch of her eggs .\n( of psettias sebae ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmono sebae eat fish , shrimp , zooplankton and a great deal of vegetable matter in the wild . in an aquarium environment they should be fed dried seaweed , dried spirulina , lettuce , brine shrimp and a high quality omnivore flake food .\nmono sebae grow large and as adults require an aquarium of at least 125 gallons . smaller specimens are frequently kept in freshwater , but as they grow and mature , they should gradually be converted to a higher water salinity in a larger tank .\nmono sebae are silver with a black line covering the eyes , a second line coming down from the front of the dorsal fin behind the gill plate to the front of the anal fin , and another line coming down from the tip of the dorsal fin to the rear tip of the anal fin . juveniles exhibit a tinge of yellow on the dorsal fin which fades with age .\ngreek , monos = one + greek , daktylos = finger ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 16\u00b0n - 17\u00b0s , 25\u00b0w - 14\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : west african coast , from cape verde to angola ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) , including the canary islands ( ref . 7314 , 81657 ) and senegal ( ref . 28587 , 81657 ) .\nmaturity : l m 8 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 - 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 32 - 38 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 36 - 38 . diagnosis : body very deep ( depth greater than body length ) and strongly compressed , its anterior profile very steep ; head small ; eyes large ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . mouth small , oblique ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) , maxilla extending beyond level of anterior eye ( ref . 81286 ) . jaws with villiform teeth ; granular teeth present on roof of mouth and tongue ( ref . 81286 ) . preopercle smooth or with minute serrations ; 1st gill arch with 22 - 27 / 1 / 7 - 11 ( total 31 - 37 ) gill rakers ( ref . 81657 ) . dorsal and anal fins triangular ( ref . 81657 ) , long - based and very high anteriorly ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . only tip of dorsal fin spines visible ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . pectoral fins short ; pelvic fins present in young individuals , rudimentary or absent in adults ( ref . 81286 ) . scales covering all of body , head and bases of dorsal and anal fins ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . about 50 tubed scales in lateral line ( ref . 81286 ) . caudal fin slightly emarginated ( ref . 81657 ) . coloration : silvery grey / brownish ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) , somewhat darker dorsally ( ref . 81657 ) , with 4 dark brownish - black / soot - coloured vertical bars , more distinct in young individuals ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) and already fading or almost absent at > 50 mm sl ( ref . 81657 ) , 1st at level of eye , 2nd between dorsal - and anal - fin origins , 3rd between tips of these fins , and 4th on caudal peduncle ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . in adults , dorsal and anal fin tips , basal part of dorsal and anal fins and hind caudal edge blackish ; dorsal and anal fin edge and basal part of caudal fin pale ; pectoral fins smoky grey to white or even transparent ( ref . 81657 ) .\nvery common in estuaries and lagoons ( ref . 2683 , 81286 , 81657 ) where reproduction takes place , marshes and lower courses of rivers , sometimes ascending over long distances into freshwater ( ref . 81286 , 81657 ) . also lives in the sea , mainly in shallow bays and harbour areas ( ref . 81286 ) . sometimes found in shoals composed of several hundred individuals ( ref . 81657 ) . feeds on fish , shrimps , zooplankton ( ref . 28587 , 81657 ) and various small invertebrates ( ref . 81657 ) . neither anterolateral glandular groove nor venom gland is present ( ref . 57406 ) . maximum reported standard length 200 mm ( ref . 81657 ) .\ndistinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . after a stormy courtship a female lays 15 , 000 or more eggs which hatch in 24 hours ( ref . 7020 ) .\nbauchot , m . l . , 2003 . monodactylidae . p . 512 - 513 . in d . paugy , c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque and g . g teugels ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of west africa volume 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . institut de recherche de d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , france and mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique central , tervuren , belgium , 815p . ( ref . 81286 )\n) : 24 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 27 . 2 ( based on 22 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5781 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02455 ( 0 . 01329 - 0 . 04535 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 64 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chaetodon rhombeus bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntheir coloration and general health can be maximized by gradually changing their environment from brackish to saltwater as the fish grow older .\nmonos can be kept with other brackish water fish such as puffers , scats , dragon gobies , other monos , and archer fish . the tank should dimly lit with an aragonite sand or gravel substrate , and decorated with rocks and plants ( such as mangroves ) that thrive in brackish water environments .\nminimum tank size : 125 gallons care level : moderate temperament : peaceful aquarium hardiness : moderately hardy water conditions : 75 - 82\u00b0 f , kh 8 - 12 , ph 7 . 2 - 8 . 4 salinity : 1 . 006 max . size : 10\u2033 color form : silver , black diet : omnivore compatibility : multiple species brackish water tank origin : coastal west africa family : monodactylidae life span : 7 years aquarist experience level : intermediate\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\neastern tropical atlantic ocean along the african coast from senegal to angola and the canary islands ( desoutter 1990 ) .\nakatsu , s . , y . ogasawara , and f . yasuda . 1977 . spawning behavior and development of eggs and larvae of the striped fingerfish ,\ndesoutter , m . 1990 . monodactylidae . in : check - list of fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic . qu\u00e9ro , j . c . , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post , and l . saldanha ( eds ) . unesco , portugal , 1492 pp .\nbauchot , m . l . , 2003 . monodactylidae . p . 512 - 513 . in d . paugy , c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque and g . g teugels ( eds . ) the fresh and brackish water fishes of west africa volume 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . institut de recherche de d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , france and mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique central , tervuren , belgium , 815p .\nlonghurst , a . r . 1957 . the food of the demersal fish of a west african estuary . journal of animal ecology 26 ( 2 ) : 369 - 387 .\nmonks , n . 2006 . brackish - water fishes ; an aquarist\u2019s guide to identification , care , and husbandry . t . f . h . publications . neptune city , new jersey . 383p .\nschneider , w . , 1990 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine resources of the gulf of guinea . prepared and published with the support of the fao regional office for africa . rome : fao . 268 p .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwith names like moonfish and fingerfish you know the monos have got to be some spaced - out aquarium fishes . and indeed , behaviorally and structurally they are .\nthough monos are make periodic incursions into the realm of brackish ( fresh & salt mixed waters ) in the wild , these are truly marine fishes that generally do well only when maintained in full - strength seawater or carefully maintained hard , alkaline brackish . the\nsecret\nto their optimum health in captivity are besides the aforementioned suitable , stable environment , is proper / sufficient diet .\n( linnaeus 1758 ) , the common mono , aka malayan angel fish , silver moony , is broadly equilateral triangle - shaped ; a beautiful shimmering silver fish with yellow highlighted areas immediately in front of the dorsal and anal fins . indo - pacific in distribution , including the red sea . to more than eight inches in height . these ones in the long beach aquarium of the pacific .\n, the african mono , or finger fish , is much more deep - bodied , and bears four stark black vertical bars on its body . it gets progressively taller with age , growth .\n, the african mono , or finger fish , is much more deep - bodied , and bears four stark black vertical bars on its body . it gets progressively taller with age , growth . ( cuvier 1829 ) , the african mono , or finger fish , is much more deep - bodied , and bears four stark black vertical bars on its body . it gets progressively taller with age , growth . eastern atlantic , senegal to angola coastal and canary islands distribution . to about ten inches in height . shown are tank bred and reared juvenile of one inch height and an individual of five inches .\nthe two commonly encountered species attain eight inches in height , though specimens of more than half that are rare in captivity .\nthe best small ( 1 - 2\nor less ) monos are farm - raised ; unsurprisingly , these adapt more readily to captive conditions . often , tank - bred and raised specimens are half the cost , and more than triple the survival rate of wild caught . how to tell which is which ? ask your supplier , and take a look at their stock . non - wild monos are typically uniform in size , color , behavior , compared with wild stock . a further benefit for non - marine aquarists , tank - raised specimens tend to be brackish - fresh acclimated from the get - go .\nlarger monos ( and many small ones ) are collected in seawater , or polluted fresh . some do well in acclimating to big tanks ( see below ) , many do not . take care to thoroughly discuss source and replacement matters with whoever is providing you . my advice is to wait a good week or two after arrival before making a purchase , and then to obtain a small , odd - numbered school ( these are social animals ) , and\nbatch - process\nthem , dips / quarantine / introduction to the main system , all together .\ncolor and cut marks are telling . select for specimens with good , complete silvery scaling ; and clear , shiny eyes . specimens darken for several reasons , fear , unacceptable water conditions , cover of night . . . during daytime they should be out and shiny bright .\nshould the dealers specimens be less - than exemplary , don ' t be shy about requesting that more be\nspecial ordered\n, or pass them by for later consideration .\na final word , regarding netting . how fast are these fishes ? fast . don ' t thrash the system and its occupants trying to catch them ; remove all the decor , and carefully and skillfully wield two nets , one for directing the other for scooping upwards once the fish are cornered . trust me on this .\nif not going with a totally marine set - up , watch out for the vagaries of partially concentrated seawater ; principally be wary of salinity\ndrift\nfrom evaporation and salt depositing . maybe it goes without writing that your gear must be\nrust - proof\nas well if you are adding salt .\nfor physical , chemical and biological stability ' s sake , the system should be as large as practical , at least forty gallons says i . smaller tanks are inherently too easily given to crashes , and don ' t provide cruising and growing space .\na high , and stable specific gravity should be attempted ; the osmotic shock and concomitant stress / bioadaptation to rapid changes in salinity are to be avoided . monos can / will adapt to less salty water but such changes should be\nsynthetic or natural seawater of a constant 1 . 021 - 1 . 025 specific gravity is ideal for monos . they can , and some populations do , live in more freshwater ( to feed and breed ) , but these fishes are at their best color , behavior and longevity in full - concentration seawater .\nif you ' re not going the totally saltwater route : a timely mention of the need to make sure other tank specimens can tolerate salt levels . all fishes , invertebrates and plants have ranges and rates of adaptation to osmotic pressure ; it is necessary to be aware and accommodate all that you intend to keep together .\ntemperature should range as per tropical marines , in the mid seventies to low eighties degree f . , and ph elevated , and stable in the upper sevens to low eights .\nlighting is largely a matter of personal preference , unless you ' re utilizing live rock , plants , or other photosynthetic organisms . for beauty ' s sake , brighter is better .\na simple marine\nfish - only\narrangement with an undergravel filter augmented by an outside power unit will do . better are set - ups that utilize more sophisticated modes , such as live - rock and skimmer\nberlin\nmethods , in - tank nitrate reducing contrivances . . . best is a remoted\nrefugium\nfilter / manipulation tank arrayed in tandem with the main display unit where filtration and more can be accomplished without disturbing the principal tank at all .\nbrackish and seawater holds less dissolved gas than fresh , hence a plug for the use of a redundant mechanical aerator in addition to other forms of agitation .\nthe regular , ongoing upkeep of your system is the key to your success . weekly checking and adjusting of water quality is de rigueur . get and use a good hydrometer ; the relatively non - breakable plastic box - type are my preference .\npre - mixing your make - up water in a suitable container for proper specific gravity , ph and hardness ( all automatic with a good synthetic salt mix ) is definitely a good idea . a clean , dedicated plastic trash can or alternate container located next to the system makes changes a breeze .\nunlike many other fishes promoted as\nbrackish\n, e . g . scats , datnoides , some of the puffers , targetfishes . . . , the monodactylids shy on the side of being non - quarrelsome . though not outright peaceful , most specimens will not harass other\npar\nmarine fishes or invertebrates .\nmonos can be territorially aggressive amongst themselves , particularly in small system volumes , or where a new individual is added to an established community ; therefore the suggestion of introducing all your monos in one throw and maintaining them in good sized schools if room permits . four or more individuals are preferable to a smaller number where one or more are bullied more or less constantly . observe your livestock .\nthis can be an area fraught with danger . many monos are unwittingly killed by improper or rushed acclimation . water conditions , in particular temperature , specific gravity and ph should be matched as close as practical between the source and your intermediate / holding system . the new specimens should be left in the dark for a day , and over a period of weeks brought into approximately the same water quality as the dealer / source .\nfor the most part , monodactylids leave other organisms be and are too fast and agile to be caught by any but the most determined large piscivore .\nmonos cannot be easily distinguished sexually ; they are egg dispersers with planktonic young . commercial production incorporates hormonal and / or environmental manipulation , hatching and rearing the fry in saline water fed on screened live algal and crustacean matter .\nmonos are voracious feeders that require large , frequent meaty and vegetable meals . live foods are eagerly accepted , and they are easily trained onto prepared mashes , dried and frozen foods .\nwhatever mix of foodstuffs you use , make sure your monos are getting their share ; to the point of visible fullness . most of the monos i ' ve encountered that were otherwise appropriately acquired and housed , and lost , perished due to lack of nutrition . these are immensely active , continuously curious fishes that can waste away in days if under - fed .\nmonos are remarkably tough and resistant to biological disease , when and where maintained properly . invariably infectious and parasitic problems are linked to diminished water quality . if / when you think your fishes are coming down with\nsomething\n,\ncheck ph , ammonia , nitrite , and specific gravity . . . and adjust through moderate water changes .\nthe time to observe real and potential disease problems is during feeding . watch your charges closely ; are all your monos feeding ? are they interacting\nnormally\n? a non - feeding mono is definitely cause for concern ; a food - strike should be easily turned around by an offer of live food . if not , be on the look out for bullying , and get the bullied specimen ( s ) to a neutral corner .\nand diligent brackish water aquarists . learn to pick out decent specimens and grant them the graces of a large , stable environment and plenty of food , and you ' ll enjoy them for many\nmoons\n.\nburgess , warren e . , axelrod , herbert r . & raymond e . hunziker iii , 1990 . volume 1 , marine fishes , atlas of aquarium fishes reference book . t . f . h . publications , inc . nj .\ndawes , john , 1989 . bolstering sales of brackish water fish . pets supplies marketing 7 / 89 .\ngibbs , max , 1995 . the brackish aquarium . fama 4 / 95 .\ngos , michael w . , 1977 . the brackish aquarium . tfh 10 / 77 .\ngos , michael w . , 1980 . the brackish system , parts 1 & 2 . fama 11 , 12 / 80 .\nnelson , joseph , 1994 . fishes of the world . john wiley & sons , inc . , ny .\ntaylor , edward c . , 1982 . keeping a brackish aquarium , parts i , ii . tfh 5 , 6 / 82\nvolkart , bill , 1989 . the brackish aquarium , part 3 : the fishes . tfh 8 / 89 .\ncichlids for sale south american discus fish angelfish ram fish metallic blue acara oscar fish eartheater pike cichlid green terror red terror peacock bass apistos . dwarf cichlids festivum severum\nfeatured fish 319 featured fish 318 featured fish 317 featured fish 316 . . .\nabout us our terms our disclaimer our warranty your privacy f . a . q . link to us help us improve advertise here contact us\nw e got to see his large breeder fish and lots - and - lots of babies . it was all very cool !\ni think all of l . a . had the same area code , 213 , at that time . i called information for area code 213 and got mr . wey ' s phone number , telephoned him , and asked if we could visit him . he said ok and gave me directions to his house .\n, because we were thinking about fish and how to spawn them all the time .\nhow to spawn livebearers like mollies and swordtails , killifish like aphyosemion gardneri , cynolebias nigripinnis , and nothobranchius guentheri , cichlids like angelfish and convicts , and many other types of fish interested us .\nbut brackish water fish , such as monos , really fascinated us . they were kind of like the ultimate to us , and practically no one anywhere in the world had spawned them .\nmr . wey ' s house was in a residential neighborhood that was very much like the neighborhood where we lived in our parent ' s home .\nhe opened the front door , and in a few seconds we were looking at a very large aquarium by the back of his living room near the door to the kitchen .\nin this large aquarium were 4 or 5 huge mono . sebaes . they measured at least 14\ntall , which was much bigger than any brackish water fish that we ' d ever seen .\nmr . wey explained to us about how he conditioned his sebaes to breed . first he increased the salinity of the water until the water had as high a concentration of salt as seawater .\nhe measured the salinity with a hydrometer , and he showed us his hydrometer , then he dipped the hydrometer into the aquarium water to show us how he measured the salinity of the water .\nhe kept the sebaes in sea water and fed them very well for a few weeks , and the females would fill with eggs . then each day he would remove 4 or 5 inches of water and replace it with fresh water .\nso the salinity would decrease each day , and after a few days his huge sebaes would spawn . he said they would swim in a tight circle , and he held his hands about 18\napart to show us the diameter of the circle .\naround and around they ' d go . the females releasing eggs and the males presumably fertilizing the newly released eggs .\nhe said the eggs were very very small . almost too small to be seen .\nit had to be a fine net , because the eggs were so small .\nhow many eggs do you get from a spawn , mr . wey ?\n, i asked , and he replied ,\ni don ' t know exactly , but i ' ve estimated that i get at least 50 , 000 from two or three females during each spawning . the eggs don ' t all hatch , and the ones that hatch , don ' t all survive .\nlets go out to my garage , and i ' ll show you some of the sebaes that i ' m raising now .\non the way i noticed that he had a round swimming pool filled with very dark green water like the water in a pond , which seemed strange , but there was no time to ask about that now , because we were going inside his huge garage that was filled with aquariums .\nright inside the door to the garage were two large aquariums that were side by side and full of more huge sebaes .\ni watched the sebaes swim back and forth for a while , and realized that they could swim from one aquarium into the other aquarium . how could that be ?\ni asked mr . wey , and he said that he ' d done it like thus and so , but i couldn ' t follow the details .\nmaybe it wasn ' t too complicated , but it seemed complicated , and mr . wey seemed more and more like a wizard .\ni caught up with him and my brother . they were looking at an aquarium and talking about some fry .\ni can ' t remember what he fed them , but i remember that he said he had to divide each aquarium of fry into two aquariums every three days or so , or the aquariums would become too crowded . so the baby sebaes were growing very fast .\nmy brother asked mr . wey how he ' d discovered that , and mr . wey said that he ' d been in the u . s . navy and stationed overseas in asia near a large river .\nfor a couple of years he ' d seen adult brackish water fish , such as monos and scats , swim upstream , and then weeks later small monos and scats going back downstream and out into the ocean .\nhe theorized that the the adults had gone upstream to spawn , then the eggs floated down stream , hatched into fry , and grew to be about 1\nby the time he saw them .\nas the adults swam upstream the salinity decreased , and so he tried decreasing the salinity in his aquariums to trigger the sebaes to spawn .\nbut then the fry were difficult or impossible to raise . so he visualized the fry hatching upstream , then floating or swimming back down the river with the salinity of the water steadily increasing .\nso he tried emulating that process in the aquariums with the fry by adding some aquarium salt every few days , and it also worked .\nafter hearing that explanation , i was convinced that mr . wey was for sure a wizard .\nwe went back outside his garage . it was dark by then , and i saw his swimming pool with the dark green water .\nhe went into his kitchen and came back with a big head of cabbage , that he tossed into his swimming pool .\nimmediately the head of cabbage began to bob up and down in the water , and we could see that big pieces had been bitten out of the cabbage .\nbefore long the head of cabbage was gone . eaten by whatever was in the pool .\ni bent down by one of the pool lights and saw a huge scat swim past the light . it was at least 18\nlong and about 6\nto 8\nthick from one side to the other side .\nmr . wey explained that he had quite a few big scats in the pond , and he was trying to spawn them too , but all the tricks he ' d learned about spawning the sebaes hadn ' t work on the scats .\nhe needed to think of something new , and had kind of run out of good ideas , but he was hopeful that one day he ' d think of something or just get lucky and spawn them .\nwe thanked mr . wey . we told him that we ' d really enjoyed visiting him and seeing his fish , and that he was for certain a fish wizard .\nhe just smiled and said ,\nthanks for visiting and good luck with your fish .\nthe seas of s . e . a . aquarium : the mangrove and its friends\nthe s . e . a . aquarium\u2019s laccadive sea is a zone where you can learn about the importance of mangroves . see whether you can spot the archerfish squirting water from the water surface ?\nthis species eats a great deal and demands an aquarium that can tolerate such a heavy load .\nthis species requires frequent feeding , at least a couple of times per day .\nthis species will better acclimatize to the aquarium ` s condition if introduced , when young .\nthis species can be bred in captivity , one can therefore consider asking your local fish store for a captive bred specimen .\nseveral specimen of this species can coexist in the same aquarium , provided they are introduced simultaneously .\nmoonfish ( monodactylidae ) are unique , with their special shape and that they have a reflective skin . they are seldom kept in private aquaria , but seen occasionally .\nthey normally live in brackish water , but can get used to water with a salinity of around 35 ( specific gravity 1 . 026 ) . larger individuals do better in salt water . adult fish don\u00b4t thrive when moved from their environment , this must be taken into account when these fish are acquired\nit is important to mimic their natural environment with proper hiding places , plenty of macroalgae and tree roots .\nbecause they have the the tendency to swim directly into the glass when frightened , this must be avoided . i . e . dim the light gradually and permanently have a nightlight on .\neastern atlantic : west african coast , from cape verde to angola ( ref . 81286 ) , including the canary islands ( ref . 7314 ) and senegal ( ref . 28587 ) .\nscott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . marvelous monos ; the moonfishes , finger fishes , family monodactylidae - wet web media - ( english ) wwm crew . faqs about monos or fingerfishes , family monodactylidae - wet web media - ( english )\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .\nminimum volume\nindicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .\nthis is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .\nhardiness\nindicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .\nin this case , a\nnormal\naquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26\u00b0c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .\nspecial aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .\nalways reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .\noften reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .\nreef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .\nreef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .\nnot reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .\nshould only be kept with other peaceful fish . may prey on fish able to fit into it ' s mouth .\nwill accept most foods , but cannot survive on dry foods alone . ensure to feed live or frozen foods occasionally .\nfeed on a daily basis , once a day should suffice , but twice is acceptable .\nspecies . if kept in brackish water , and sg of 1 . 002 to 1 . 007 is suggested .\na reserved species , which on occasion will move around actively , particularly at feeding time . has known to prey on smaller species .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 02 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\na stately , tall brackishwater fish from the shores of west africa , where it is commonly found in mangrove swamps and areas where freshwater flows into the sea .\nhabitat : found in brackishwater lagoons , estuaries , mangrove swamps , near coastal reefs . may enter freshwater , but is primarily a brackishwater / saltwater species .\nomnivore , but feeds primarily on zooplankton in the wild . offer meaty foods , along with herbivore rations .\npeaceful , but larger specimens have been known to ingest small fish tankmates . should be kept in schools of at least 3 - 5 fish . safe with most reef aquarium invertebrates and corals .\noften sold from freshwater display tanks , but will only thrive in brackishwater or full - salinity saltwater . newly purchased specimens can be acclimated from fresh to saltwater over a period of three days .\nurltoken | urltoken | urltoken microcosm\u2122 is a trademark of microcosm , ltd . 823 ferry road | charlotte , vt | usa 05445 | telephone 802 - 425 - 5700 ext . 19\nmicrocosm aquarium explorer is a world - class online resource devoted to the underwater worlds that are home to fishes , corals , aquatic plants and invertebrate life of special interest to aquarium keepers . the mission of microcosm aquarium explorer is to inspire and inform those with an interest in the natural world , with particular emphasis on tropical coral reef and rainforest aquatic ecosystems that are the models for aquarists creating captive microcosms in their home aquaria ."]}
{"id": 1126, "summary": [{"text": "the thrush-like antpitta ( myrmothera campanisona ) is a species of bird in the grallariidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "thrush - like antpitta", "paragraphs": ["the widely distributed , and generally fairly common , thrush - like antpitta currently includes six subspecies , but at least one of these probably merits being elevated to species level , principally based on distinct vocal differences . morphological differences between the different taxa are poorly defined . the plumage of thrush - like antpitta is brown above with lightly streaked , paler underparts , and a pale mark behind the eye . this species prefers areas of dense undergrowth within lowland terra firme forest , but is also found as high 1200 m in hilly , foothill forests . like most antpittas , its general natural history is poorly known , but thrush - like antpitta is thought to subsist primarily on invertebrates captured on the forest floor . the nest is a broad , shallow cup , comprised predominantly of sticks and leaves , and placed just above the ground . the clutch , so far as is known , consists of two subelliptical , brown spotted , blue green eggs .\nkrabbe , n . k . & schulenberg , t . s . ( 2018 ) . thrush - like antpitta ( myrmothera campanisona ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 7 . 4 - 7 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhumid primary forest . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nprobably the same bird as recorded at 06 : 10 hrs same date . humid primary forest\nhumid forest . reference : cxla 113 - 124 ( myrcam4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nhumid forest . reference : cxxxixb 651 - 660 , - 673 ( myrcam3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 546 side a track 67 seq . a )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nrace subcanescens shows marked vocal differences from other races , song being clearly higher - pitched ( 3 ) , rising towards end ( 2 ) , and reaching maximum amplitude on last or penultimate note ( ns [ 1 ] ) # r , but plumage differences from races minor and signata very slight , as indeed are differences among some other races ; further study required . six subspecies recognized .\n( p . l . sclater , 1855 ) \u2013 base of e andes of colombia ( s from meta ) .\nj . t . zimmer , 1934 \u2013 e colombia in guain\u00eda and vaup\u00e9s , adjacent s venezuela ( c & s amazonas ) and nw brazil ( from r negro s to r solim\u00f5es , apparently also s of amazon on left bank of lower r madeira ) .\n\u2013 se venezuela , the guianas , and brazil n of r amazon ( w at least from r ataban\u00ed , probably from r negro ) .\nj . t . zimmer , 1934 \u2013 e ecuador and ne peru n of r amazon .\n( taczanowski , 1882 ) \u2013 e peru ( s of r amazon ) , adjacent w brazil ( e to r purus ) and extreme nw bolivia ( pando ) .\n\u2013 brazil s of r amazon , from r madeira e to right bank of lower r tapaj\u00f3s and s to rond\u00f4nia .\n15 cm ; male 39\u00b75\u201354 g , female 42\u201364 g . adult has buffy lores , small white patch behind eye ; moustachial region mottled brown and white ; side of head and . . .\nsong 1\u00b74\u20132\u00b74 seconds long , given at intervals of 6\u201314 seconds , a slightly . . .\nforest floor amid thick undergrowth , e . g . along treefalls or streams of humid\n) , ants ( attinae , formicinae ) , grasshoppers ( acrididae ) and millipedes ( . . .\nbreeds during the wet season ( dec\u2013jan in french guiana ) . nest a shallow cup of tiny twigs , rootlets or hyphae on a platform of dead . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally fairly common ; uncommon in peru . generally widespread at low density ; distance between nests of two neighbouring pairs in french guiana was . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in formicariidae , but dna studies indicate that the four genera currently included herein form a monophyletic group , whereas current members of formicariidae may be closer to some members of rhinocryptidae # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nbird captured in mist nets during ecological research to understand the effect of different types of land use on the . . .\njoe tobias , anselmo d affonseca , andretti . tche , jmittermeier , dusan m . brinkhuizen .\npatrick . ingremeau , niels poul dreyer , joe klaiber , sclateria , josep del hoyo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmyrmothera campanisona signata : tropical e ecuador and ne peru ( north of r . amazon )\nmyrmothera campanisona subcanescens : n brazil south of r . amazon ( r . madeira to r . tapaj\u00f3s )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 261 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy"]}
{"id": 1127, "summary": [{"text": "coleotechnites starki , the northern lodgepole needle miner , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , arizona , british columbia , montana and florida .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are similar to coleotechnites milleri .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they are on wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on pinus contorta . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "coleotechnites starki", "paragraphs": ["coleotechnites starki is considered a western species but there are records from eastern states on moth photographers group .\ncame to black light trap . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) . 100 % dna match at bold to coleotechnites starki .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nthere are many publications available online that discuss the status as a forest pest .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 29 march , 2012 - 5 : 16pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 11 : 44pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\naromas , san benito county , california , usa april 21 , 2011 size : 15mm wingspan spread .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 final / / en\nsmall grey moths . when at rest the wings are folded back giving the moth a very narrow appearance .\nvary in colour from lemon yellow to reddish orange - black heads . small .\neggs are deposited in previously mined needles and near the base of new needles . larvae migrate on hatching and quickly bore into individual needles that are usually two or more years old . usually only one larva enters each needle , remains over winter . feeding is resumed in the spring and migration to new foliage begins . during a year each larva may mine at least five needles . pupae remain in last mined needles .\nlong - sustained and destructive outbreaks of this insect occur sporadically , usually in extensive stands of mature lodgepole pine . although defoliation may be severe , growth reduction is the principal effect .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1129, "summary": [{"text": "the erasa chocolate moth ( argyrostrotis erasa ) is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from north carolina south to florida and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 30 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "argyrostrotis erasa", "paragraphs": ["argyrostrotis adults 1\u20134 argyrostrotis flavistriaria 5 argyrostrotis sylvarum 6 argyrostrotis erasa 7 argyrostrotis deleta 8 , 9 argyrostrotis quadrifilaris 10 argyrostrotis anilis .\nmale genitalia of argyrostrotis 20 argyrostrotis flavistriaria 21 argyrostrotis sylvarum 22 argyrostrotis erasa 23 argyrostrotis deleta 24 argyrostrotis quadrifilaris 25 argyrostrotis anilis .\nfemale genitalia of argyrostrotis . 26 argyrostrotis flavistriaria 27 argyrostrotis sylvarum 28 argyrostrotis erasa 29 argyrostrotis deleta 30 argyrostrotis quadrifilaris 31 argyrostrotis anilis .\nlabelled \u201cjavana [ savannah ] georgia / poaphila erasa gn . / type / poaphila erasa gn . vol . 7 , 1852 p . 301 , n = 1751\u201d in the mnhn is shown in\nthree species included in argyrostrotis by poole ( 1989 ) are hereby excluded from the genus .\ntype material of argyrostrotis 11 poaphila perplexa lectotype , mnhn 12 poaphila perspicua holotype , bmnh 13 mocis ? diffundens holotype , bmnh 14 phurys glans syntype , bmnh 15 phurys carolina lectotype , amnh 16 poaphila erasa lectotype , mnhn 17 poaphila deleta lectotype , mnhn 18 poaphila placata syntype , bmnh 19 poaphila obsoleta syntype , bmnh .\nargyrostrotis quadrata dognin , 1910 is hereby transferred to the genus heterochroma guen\u00e9e as heterochroma quadrata ( dognin , 1910 ) , comb . n . [ noctuidae : amphipyrinae ] .\nargyrostrotis eurysaces schaus , 1914 is hereby transferred to the genus argyrosticta h\u00fcbner , [ 1821 ] as argyrosticta eurysaces ( schaus , 1914 ) , comb . n . [ noctuidae : bagisarinae ] . the two genera are not closely related and the association was more likely an error in confusing the two similar generic names by schaus than an intended placement in argyrostrotis .\nceliptera surrufula dyar , 1913 , included in argyrostrotis by hampson ( 1913 ) and maintained there by poole ( 1989 ) , is hereby transferred to the genus ptichodis h\u00fcbner , 1818 as ptichodis surrufula ( dyar , 1913 ) , comb . n . [ erebidae : erebinae : euclidiini ] .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n2 canadian national collection of insects , arachnids , and nematodes , biodiversity program , agriculture and agri - food canada , k . w . neatby bldg . , 960 carling ave . , ottawa , ontario , canada k1a 0c6\ncorresponding author : j . bolling sullivan ( ten . knilhtrae @ 41navillus ) , j . donald lafontaine ( ac . cg . rga @ eniatnofal . nod )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\njbs personal collection of j . bolling sullivan , beaufort , north carolina , usa\ndissection of genitalia and terms for genital structures and wing markings follow lafontaine ( 2004 ) .\ncrochiphora flavistriaria h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] : 35 , pl . [ 96 ] , figs 555 , 556 .\nis lost , but the illustrations ( h\u00fcbner , 1831 , pl . [ 96 ] , figs 555 , 556 ) are diagnostic and represent the form shown in\nin the bmnh labelled \u201ctype / grote coll . 82 - 54 . / 3129 /\nsmith % type / nth car . , august\u201d / coll . j . b . smith / lectotype by e . l . todd\u201d is shown in\nthe type material of poaphila sylvarum is lost but the original description and associated illustration are diagnostic .\nagronomia quadrifilaris h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] : 37 , pl . [ 98 ] , figs 569 , 570 .\nis lost , but the illustrations ( h\u00fcbner , 1831 , pl . [ 98 ] , figs 569 , 570 ) are diagnostic and represent the form shown in\nin the bmnh labelled \u201centerprise , florida , 12 . v . grote coll . 82 - 54 . /\nphalaena anilis drury , 1773 : 21 , pl . 12 , fig . 21 .\nagronomia sequistriaris h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] : 10 , pl . [ 73 ] , figs 419 , 420 .\nthe type specimen of phalaena anilis is lost , but the illustration in drury ( 1773 ) is diagnostic , as are those of agronomia sequistriaris in h\u00fcbner , [ 1831 ] .\nwe thank j\u00e9r\u00f4me barbut ( mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris ) , terhune dickel ( anthony , florida ) , martin honey ( natural history museum , london , uk ) , jim miller ( formerly amnh , new york ) , michael pogue ( systematic entomology laboratory , national museum of natural history , washington , dc ) for access to specimens and data . we thank jocelyn gill ( cnc , ottawa , canada ) for assistance with the preparation of the genitalia , photographs , and plates .\nillustrations of natural history \u2026 vol . 2 . b . white , london , 90 pp , 50 pl .\nvol . 7 , noctu\u00e9lites . tome 3 . in : boisduval jbad de , guen\u00e9e a ( eds ) histoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . roret , paris , 441 pp .\nbombyciae and noctuelitae ( nonfasciatae ) . reinecke and zesch , buffalo , 28 pp .\ncatalogue of the noctuidae in the collection of the british museum 13 : 1\u2013609 .\nnoctuoidea , noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae ( part \u2013 agrotini ) . in : hodges rw ( ed ) the moths of america north of mexico fasc . 27 . 1 .\nannotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico .\nlepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) . fascicle 118 noctuidae . e . j . brill , new york , 3 pts . , 1314 pp .\nthe noctuid type material of john b . smith ( lepidoptera ) . united states department of agriculture , technical bulletin 1645 . 228 pp .\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 15 . edward newman , london , 1237\u20131519 .\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 1134, "summary": [{"text": "the bronze mannikin or bronze munia ( lonchura cucullata ) is a small passerine ( i.e. perching ) bird of the afrotropics .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "this very social estrildid finch is an uncommon to locally abundant bird in much of africa south of the sahara desert , where it is resident , nomadic or irruptive in mesic savanna or forest margin habitats .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 8,100,000 km \u00b2 .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is the smallest and most widespread of four munia species on the african mainland , the other being black-and-white , red-backed and magpie mannikin .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it co-occurs with the madagascan mannikin on the comoro islands , and was introduced to puerto rico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "especially in the west africa , it is considered a pest in grain and rice fields .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is locally trapped for the pet bird trade . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "bronze mannikin", "paragraphs": ["bronze mannikin ( spermestes cucullatus fam . estrildidae ) kruger park birds & birding .\nthe bronze mannikin is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park .\nin terms of distribution of the bronze mannikin in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas . bronze mannikin : see above distribution map .\nthe bronze mannikin averages 9 - 10cm in length , including its long black tail .\nyou will normally see the bronze mannikin in pairs or flocks and not as single birds .\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of bronze mannikin were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of bronze mannikin here .\nthe bronze mannikin ( latin name spermestes cucullatus ) is described in roberts birds of southern africa , 7th edition . this bird has a unique roberts number of 857 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 1065 also a picture of the bronze mannikin on page 1057 . the bronze mannikin belongs to the family of birds classified as estrildidae . according to the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology the bronze mannikin is also known by these other names : bronzewing , bronze - winged mannikin , hooded finch .\nthe bronze mannikin is monogamous unless its mate dies . in the event of a partner dying spermestes cucullatus will seek out a new mate\nthe bronze mannikin is a tiny gregarious bird which feeds mainly on seeds . it frequents open country and cultivation , especially near water .\nthis book includes the six african species in this genus - madagascar mannikin lonchura nana , bronze mannikin l . cucullatus , black - and - white mannikin , magpie mannikin , african silverbill l . cantans and pearl - headed mannikin l . caniceps ( absent from plates at rear of book ) . the information given for these species compares favourably with the much scantier information provided within finches and sparrows ' .\nthe bronze mannikin feeds on a variety of seeds . insects may be taken during the breeding season , when their requirement for protein is higher .\nduring the breeding season in summer the bronze mannikin is often seen singly or in pairs . out of the breeding season they tend to be in flocks .\nmale and female bronze mannikins look alike . immatures are a more plain buffy brown .\n5 - inch ) bronze mannikin ( l . cucullata ) has large communal roosts in africa ; it has been introduced into puerto rico , where it is called hooded weaver . abundant in southern asia are the nutmeg mannikin ( l . punctulata ) , also called spice finch or spotted munia , and the striated mannikin ( l . \u2026\nthe nesting habit of bronze mannikin is to create the nest in branches of a tree or shrub . the bird lays eggs which are white in colour and number between 2 to 8\nadditional notes the madagascar mannikin is the only estrildid endemic to the island of madagascar .\none of the first indicators to take note of when trying to identify a bird is it relative size . for example how big is the bird compared to a well known familiar bird . the bronze mannikin is an extremely small bird about half the size of a house sparrow . the height of the bronze mannikin is about 10 cms and its weight is about 10 gms\nthe bronze mannikin ( lonchura cucullata ) is a small estrildid finch that breeds in much of africa south of the sahara desert . they are found in open country and cultivation , particularly near water .\nbronze mannikins also build communal roosting nests , which they use overnight and dismantle and rebuild the next day .\nthe bronze mannikin or bronze munia ( lonchura cucullata ) is a small passerine ( i . e . perching ) bird . this estrildid finch is an abundant resident breeding bird in much of africa south of the sahara desert of dry savanna habitats . it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 8 , 100 , 000 km\u00b2 .\nfor chestnut mannikin , see munia . for the south american manakins ( family pipridae ) , see manakin .\nbronze - winged mannikins live in flocks and family parties outside of the breeding season and may associate with other species of waxbill and mannikin . allo - preening is common among birds on friendly terms . they eat grass seeds ( from the genera\nthe bronze mannikin is 9\u201310 cm in length with a long black tail . the adult has a stubby grey bill , brown upperparts , a dark purple head and white underparts with dark flank markings . there is an iridescent green shoulder patch .\nbronze - winged mannikin , lonchura cucullata , is found in africa , south of the sahara except for the southwest . also found on the islands of fernando po , principe , sao tome\u2019 , pemba , zanzibar , mafia , comoros ; introduced to puerto rico .\ndistribution of bronze mannikin in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) .\nabove and below - bronze and red - backed mannikins are similar in looks but there are a number of differences . sometimes they may feed together and , side by side , it is quite easy to tell them apart . the bronze mannikin ( above ) is a plain brown on the back and doesn ' t have too much black on the head . it has quite a bit of barring on its white underparts . the red - backed mannikin is a more attractive and clean - cut bird . the back is a reddish brown and there is extensive black on the head . the white underparts do not have other markings .\nmunia , any of several small finchlike asian birds of the mannikin and waxbill groups ( family estrildidae , order passeriformes ) . the black - headed munia , or chestnut mannikin ( lonchura malacca , including atricapilla and ferruginosa ) , is a pest in rice fields from india to java and the philippines ; as a cage bird it is often\u2026\nhousing : the chestnut - breasted mannikin like most other mannikins are quite placid and mix well in a communal aviary . however as with most species of mannikins and munias breeding success is more likely by keeping a single pair in an aviary / cage of its own . there is also danger of hybridisation if kept with other mannikin species .\ndescription : the dusky mannikin is similar to the java mannikin but without the white on the belly . they are completely brownish black with darker tips creating a scaled look . there are variations in colour of each individual some being more scaled than others . the upper beak is black and the lower beak is a bluish grey as are the legs .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . bronze mannikin ( spermestes cucullata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe bronze mannikin is a native of sub - saharan africa , where it ranges widely from senegal in the west to ethiopia in the east , and south to south africa . in the neotropics it is more or less confined to puerto rico , where it is speculated to have arrived on spanish slave ships at some time between the early 16th and the early 19th centuries . it was abundant there by the mid 1860s and by the 20th century had spread to neighboring vieques island . on puerto rico , the bronze mannikin is rarely reported above 300 m . they are particularly fond of feeding on rice . the species was also reported on st . croix , in the virgin islands , in the late 1970s , but to date it has not been reported on any of the other islands in the greater antilles .\nbronze - winged mannikins prefer to live in groups of like species . males may become aggressive toward each other and other species during the breeding season ; fighting birds will fan out the wing that is further away from their enemy during spats .\nintroduction : bronze mannikins ( spermestes cucullata ) congregate in breeding groups of up to 30 , otherwise they can be observed in pairs or smaller family groups . evergreen woodland is favoured as well as suburban gardens . will fly into cover when disturbed\nabove and below - bronze mannikins are quick to find bird feeders in gardens . they prefer the fine ' wild bird ' seed . during winter they tend to feed in large flocks while during the summer breeding season they are often seen singly .\nbreeder ' s notes like some other small african mannikins such as the rufous - back and bronze - wing , the madagascar mannikin can be rather aggressive when breeding . they are usually not a hazard to others in a mixed colony , but can be to each other in a small flight cage . colony breeding in a large flight would probably be safe ( walk in size ) . there simply needs to be enough space for the birds that are being chased to fly and hide .\nthe line of striking black , chestnut and white munia and mannikin species perched on plant fronds against the white dust jacket of this book provides an arresting cover design , which prepares the reader well for the remainder of the book .\nhousing : the magpie mannikin quite a shy bird that will flee to dense cover if disturbed . more often found in pairs or small family groups not often seen in flocks of more than 10 unless found in where bamboo is seeding .\nhousing : the dusky mannikin is little different from other munias within its range . it is somewhat a skulking bird described as mouse like . keeping low in vegetation and feeding on the ground mostly . one of its characteristics is little fear of man .\ndistribution and habitat : there are 6 species of chestnut - breasted mannikin 2 are native to australia and 4 are native to new guinea . the nominate l . c . castaneothorax comes from australia is found in and around grassy river banks and reed beds . the more commonly kept new guinea species l . c . sharpii is a bird that prefers drier areasand prefers to not inhabit the jungle clearings of other munias / mannikins . l . c . sharpii commonly form small flocks with the grey - headed mannikin .\nhousing : the indian silverbill is not aggressive toward other species if kept in a mixed aviary . breeding success can be achieved when kept a small flock in an outside aviary . there may also be a danger of hybridisation if kept with other mannikin species .\nhousing : the white - headed nun is not aggressive toward other species if kept in a mixed aviary . breeding success can be achieved by keeping a small flock in an outside aviary dependant on size . there is a danger of hybridisation if kept with other mannikin species .\nthe 16 plates at the front of the book illustrate all of the world ' s species of munias and mannikins , and many of the races . amongst the six african species represented in the book , the only omissions are illustrations of the somali race of black - and - white mannikin lonchura bicolor minor and , perhaps rather more surprisingly , southern magpie mannikin lonchura fringilloides pica , given this subspecies ' relatively extensive distribution in southern and eastern africa . this series of plates is rather regimented and stylised , but does allow comparisons between species and subspecies .\nhousing : the black - headed nun is quite a placid bird and mixes well in a communal aviary . however breeding success is more likely by keeping a single pair in an aviary / cage of its own . there is a danger of hybridisation if kept with other mannikin species .\nmost are sensitive to cold and require warm , usually tropical , habitats , although a few , such as the eastern alpine mannikin , mountain firetail and red - browed finch , and the genus stagonopleura , have adapted to the cooler climates of southern australia and the highlands of new guinea .\ndistribution and habitat : there are 2 subspecies of the magpie mannikin spreading across from the west to east coast of africa from senegal and gambia to kenya , tanzania and natal . it is a bird seldom found far from water preferring to roost in reed beds preferring to habit near thickets of bamboo .\ndistribution and habitat : there are 3 recognised subspecies of the five - coloured mannikin finch which are found on some of the indonesian islands like timor , sumba , flores and sermata to name a few . they are found in grasslands , paddy fields , scrub even in cultivated land where cereals grow .\nhousing : the tri - coloured munia is generally considered not to be aggressive toward other species if kept in a mixed aviary . however there is little doubt that best breeding success will be achieved by keeping a small flock in an aviary of its own . there is a danger of hybridisation if kept with other mannikin species .\ndescription : head is glossy black , back is dark brown as are the wings . tail is black with white below with black and brown barring on the flanks . bill is heavy long and pointed . as with many mannikins the sexes are difficult to tell apart . juveniles are similar to bronze - winged mannikins and black & white mannikins but are distinguishable by their size .\nweaver - finch , , any of numerous songbirds belonging to the family estrildidae ( order passeriformes ) , individually called grass finch , mannikin , and waxbill ( qq . v . ) . they are finchlike old world birds . most of the 107 species are small or tiny seed - eaters with short conical bills . they occur in\u2026\nthe upper photo shows adult and immature bronze mannikins , courtesy of karine van der vurst . the middle photo ( dar es salaam , 10 - 15 ) , is courtesy of michael oates . the lower photo of an adult was taken in olasiti ( 11 - 08 ) : click it to see nine enlargements . the first four enlargements are of a nesting pair whose nest was destroyed by house crows , courtesy of andy perkin .\nbreeding : wfs records show that this species is progressively being bred each year . in its natural habitat , the nest is usually found in holes in banks , among exposed roots and in holes in trees . the dusky mannikin accepts various nesting receptacles in captivity from wicker baskets to half - open nest boxes . average clutch size is 3 to 6 and incubation is about 13 days . youngsters fledge in approximately 3 weeks .\nfor best results , keep a group ( at least 3 pairs and with equal numbers of cocks and hens ) of these birds together to allow the birds to choose their own partners . birds aged 1 to 4 years are best suited to breeding . newcomers to the flock may be attacked , intensely courted , and mounted , but are usually accepted before long . because they can become pugnacious while breeding , bronze - winged mannikins may be best kept in a group on their own while breeding . birds are most successfully bred in a community fashion in larger aviaries , though some may breed in cages in pairs with increased productivity .\nthe various phases of the reproductive behaviour of the bronze mannikin are described in detail and discussed . this species possesses rather specialised fighting patterns which are different from those of the other estrildine finches . in an all - out attack it charges in a frontal - horizontal posture like other species , but in an equally matched bout , the contestants do not adopt the typical sleeked vertical postures of most species , but instead crouch in latero - horizontal postures . when fighting in this position , the far wing is spread and raised vertically both as a balancing device and also as a display . nesting behaviour is described and the differences between breeding and sleeping nests are discussed . the process of pair - formation is mentioned and it is pointed out that in communal species such as the present one , this is in many respects a negative process ; i . e . the narrowing down of social responses from all , to one particular member of the colony . when a male and female are paired , they begin to construct a nest together and a special ceremony takes place repeatedly in the nest cavity . this has evolved from simple nesting patterns , but is now sexual in character and may lead to copulations inside the nest . the typical precopulatory patterns are analysed in detail and it is shown that they contain a number of the ritualised components of the nest ceremony . the latter therefore provides a valuable derivational clue , linking nesting proper with pre - copulatory displays . other aspects of the male courtship , such as the dancing movements of inverted curtseying and pivoting , can be derived from intention movements of fleeing\ndiet a basic finch maintenance diet will serve this rather small african mannikin well . they are hardy birds like most mannikins . a finch seed mix is fine , but these small finches will prefer the larger seeds such as large white prosso , so i actually mix 50 / 50 mix of finch mix with white prosso . in addition , they will readily eat my egg food ( roy ' s egg food ) , some gamebird crumbles and green food . soaked or sprouted paddy rice was also accepted . calcium can be provided in the form of crushed egg shell and crushed oyster shell . i have a cuttlebone available to them , but like so many mannikins , they don ' t really eat a lot of it off the bone . live food in the way of small mealworms can be offerred to the birds , but generally i like to try and raise the birds without the addition of live food whenever possible . it makes my life easier . using a few mealworms might act as a breeding trigger for these birds if they seem reluctant to start a nest .\nthe clutch size ranged from 4 to 7 eggs and the incubation period was 12 - 13 days . the tiny young hatch out with little down and are pinkish in color . ( see the gape markings ) . the parents really begin to eat the eggfood when the chicks hatch and continue this voracious eating until the chicks fledge . i would leave the young with the parents for at least 3 weeks after fledging to be certain that the young are weaned . i did not see any aggression towards the young after they fledged as is seen with the rufous - back mannikin . the young fledge with a dark brown back and tan belly . the beak is solid black and there is just a hint of the throat bib ( see below ) . the parents will quite often return to nest before the first clutch is fully weaned . the male will continue to feed while the hen starts incubating the new clutch . they can be quite prolific with repeated clutches and rather large clutches of 6 - 7 young . as is always the safe recommendation , it is best not to overtax your breeders by taking more than 2 - 4 clutches . ( depends on clutch size and condition of the parents )\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nadults and juveniles bathing in a small puddle of water , next to orange - cheeked waxbills .\njuan sanabria , josep del hoyo , greg baker , pieter de groot boersma , dani\u00eal jimenez , doug and denise norris , pascal vagner , marc de bont , yo\u00ebl jimenez , keith blomerley .\npaul van giersbergen , \u00e9ric roualet , stefan helming , lars petersson , robert erasmus , laurent demongin , holger teichmann , james kashangaki , paul a guris , markus lilje , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo , tadeusz stawarczyk , bernard . guevorts , frank sandvoss , bruno schmetz , jacek nalepa , ossewa , jmdebruyn , klaus lachenmaier , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , keithedward , ruben gaasenbeek , abe and jenny , alexander viduetsky , marco valentini , ken havard , mlanguy , dolapo805 , morten venas , rafael merchante , mattias hofstede , juan gonzalez valdivieso , buchert .\nraces intergrade in ne drcongo and uganda . proposed race tessellata , described from nampini ( middle r zambezi valley ) , in nw zimbabwe , is synonymized with scutata . two subspecies recognized .\nswainson , 1837 \u2013 senegambia , s mali , guinea - bissau and guinea , sierra leone and liberia e to nigeria , s chad , central african republic and south sudan , s to gabon , congo , and w kenya ( w of rift valley ) ; also bioko , pr\u00edncipe , s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 and annob\u00f3n , in gulf of guinea .\nheuglin , 1863 \u2013 ethiopia and kenya ( e of rift valley ) s to s drcongo , angola , namibia ( caprivi strip ) , n & e botswana , mozambique and ne & se south africa ; also islands off tanzania ( pemba , zanzibar and mafia ) , and comoro is .\n9 cm ; 7\u00b77 - 11\u00b78 g . nominate race has head and upper breast brownish - black , browner on hindneck and neck side , with variable amounts of greenish gloss on cap and . . .\ncontact and flight calls a wheezy\ntsek\nor\nchik - chik\n, twittering in flocks ; . . .\ngrassy open woodland and grassy semi - arid scrub ; areas with seeding grasses , including cultivations . . .\nseason prolonged , jan\u2013sept ( mainly beginning with mar rains ) in ghana , aug\u2013oct in ethiopia , mainly apr , may , oct and nov in . . .\nresident . some local movements in response to rains and seeding of grasses ; longest distance of . . .\nnot globally threatened . common to abundant and widespread throughout most of range ; one of the commonest avian species in africa . estimated population in s mozambique ( sul . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 256 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common and widespread ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncalls from a flock of at least 30 - 40 birds moving through open , disturbed secondary forest .\na small flock of bird seen sunning themselves in a tree in the early morning near a seed feeder in the garden .\nsmall group feeding on the ground . habitat : secondary evergreen forest , shrubland , field , papyrus swamp .\nbird seen calling from a phone wire in a suburb in the early morning .\nseveral birds moving around in some tall grass next to a restaurant . frog calling from a well .\nthese birds sat silently for a 10 - 15 minutes . i had to throw things at them to get the to make noises . this recording documents the noises that the flock of 8 made as they flew off in response to me throwing a stick in their direction .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nin africa , south of the sahara except for the southwest . also found on the islands of fernando po , principe , sao tome ' , pemba , zanzibar , mafia , comoros ; introduced to puerto rico .\nactive , vivacious , but may become sluggish if housed in a smaller enclosure . generally gregarious , but can become dominating while breeding .\nblack upper bill , silver lower bill ; brownish black head with metallic green or purplish sheen ; brownish black throat and upper breast ; brown back & wings ; shoulders sport a metallic green patch ; flanks are mottled brown & white ; black tail with brown - and - black cross - barred rump ; white belly ; dark grey or blackish legs .\nsubspecies tends to lack . juveniles have a black beak and are dark grey - brown with light grey - brown throat and breast , buff belly , brownish - buff flanks .\nsexes appear similar , though the hen may appear a little less glossy , browner above , and sport a narrower head with a beak that tapers more than the cock ' s . only the male bird appears to show a courtship display where he erects his body ( but not head or breast ) fathers , presents himself in an upright posture to the female with his head pointed downward ; he will then click his bill , open it widely , and sing , at intervals protruding and vibrating his tongue , bobbing up - and - down or pivoting side - to - side toward and away from , and sometimes in a circle around , the female , while keeping his tail pointed toward her . the female may respond by crouching and quivering her tail .\nsmall mixed millet , greens , egg food , mealworms , ant pupae , soaked seed .\nsavannahs & scrub , open woodland , forest edge , along rivers , marsh and swamp edges , cultivated areas , open clearings , farms & gardens .\n) , soft greens , & flying termites on the wing , and feed both on the ground & on plants . birds may gather at a watering hole prior to roosting for the night . individual families roost in brooding or\nslovenly\nroosting nests ( which may be dismantled and rebuilt each afternoon ) . the cock tends to collect the nesting material while the hen tends to build the nest , often near active wasp nests ( presumably for protection from predation ) . nests are rounded and constructed of grass stems and blades , lined with fine grasses , vegetable down and fiber , hair and feathers , and built in small ( 3 to 10 feet tall ) trees ( mango & orange trees ) , although some pairs may make use of abandoned weavers ' or waxbills ' nests , bushes , shrubs , and niches in buildings . families may build nests close together and share the same tree . both cock and hen share incubation duties during the day , and both sit together in the nest at night . young are reared on green ( half - ripe ) seeds , greens , and insects . after fledging , young are lead back to the nest each night to roost . an alerted or active bird may flick its tail from side - to - side and flick the wings up and down . birds may try to ' escape ' to a dark area and become motionless , attempting to hide .\npotential health problems include : overgrown toenails that require frequent trimming , obesity if given inadequate opportunity to exercise , a possibility for developing intestinal parasites due to insect - eating and ground - feeding habits , and egg - binding if suffering from nutritional deficiency or bred in cold conditions .\nmay be parasitized by the pin - tailed whydah . has produced hybrids with : spice finch (\nbreeding is restricted to the warm ( rainy / wet ) season , but may occur year - round near the equator .\nintroduce a breeding diet about one month prior to breeding . pairs may make use of semi - open nest boxes , nest baskets , or they may build their own nests in bushes using coconut fiber , leaves , grass , and feathers for padding . copulation tends to occur inside the privacy of the nest , and may be interrupted by other males if taking place outside of the nest . for rearing food , provide varied options of ample\nnest checks tend to be tolerated . parents usually cease brooding the young around 10 days of age , so it is important to ensure an adequately warm enclosure at this time .\nfledged young raise the wing furthest from the parent bird when begging for food . parents may escort fledglings back to the nest for about 2 weeks . after the young fledge , they do not need to be separated from the parents / breeding pairs , and may form a peaceful extended family from successive clutches . sometimes captive young from older clutches may try to feed their younger siblings . parent birds may drive these older juveniles out of the nest , but will often permit them to feed their younger siblings after they have fledged . if removing juveniles , wait 4 weeks until after they have fledged to ensure they are fully weaned . the spent nest can be removed so the parents build a fresh one for the next brood .\nbirds should be transitioned to an austerity diet after breeding , where soft foods , egg food , live food , and greens are limited , and ideally housed in flights or aviaries for exercise .\n: as the creator of finchinfo . com , i take no responsibility for any mishaps which you may experience in following any advice given , nor in purchasing any products suggested . i will therefore not be liable for any consequences that arise from following any advice provided in these pages .\nexternal sites open in a new browser . urltoken does not endorse external sites . urltoken is a participant in the amazon services llc associates program , an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon . com . proceeds will be used to help this site grow .\n. no part of this page ( including , but not limited to pictures , articles , advice , logo , or otherwise ) may be copied or retransmitted by any means without expressed written permission from the author / creator of this page .\nthis page is hosted by dreamhost . styles : former fic | art deco | spring | magazine\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ndiet : forages and feeds on the ground . eats mainly grass seeds , some insects , fruit and nectar .\ndescription : a blackish head ( cucullata is latin for ' hooded ' ) with violet - tinged cheeks . a grey - brown back and wing coverts with blackish - brown flight feathers .\nbreeding : both male and female build a round nest with a side entrance in around 14 days . from 2 to 8 eggs are laid from august to may and incubated for an average of 14 days .\na luxurious house boat on the chobe river which offers 2 or 3 night cruises on the chobe river . an excellent way to celebrate a special occasion or just to relax in these splendid surroundings\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\n- this is an old template for this website . please visit the home page for more : birds in sa\nfinch information . . . index of finch species . . . photos of the different finch species for identification . . . common health problems of finches . . . finch / canary diet / nutrition\nmales and females look alike . the adult has a stubby grey bill and a dark purple head . it is brown above and white below , with dark flank markings . they have iridescent green shoulder patches .\nthe nest is a large domed grass structure in a tree . the average clutch size consists of 4 - 8 white eggs .\nits varied calls , includes a rreep - rreeep in flight and a twittering made when perched .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nthe map of the kruger you see on this page shows the areas ( coloured orange ) where this bird has been identified . the basic information was provided by the avian demographic unit based at uct and i created the maps from that information . . . the green dots show the locations of the various kruger national park rest camps\nfor in - depth birding information please refer to these authoritative avian references . . .\nthe main reference source for this data was\nroberts - birds of southern africa , 7th edition\n. other references were\nnewmans birds of the kruger park\nby keith newman published circa 1980 . names in foreign languages were obtained from the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology , university of cape town website , urltoken\nhabitat : savannahs & scrub , open woodland , forest edge , along rivers , cultivated areas , open clearings , farms & gardens .\ndescription : black upper bill , silver lower bill ; brownish black head with metallic green or purplish sheen ; brownish black throat and upper breast ; brown back & wings ; shoulders sport a metallic green patch ; flanks are mottled brown & white ; black tail with brown - and - black cross - barred rump ; white belly ; dark grey or blackish legs . l . c . cucullata may also have some variable glossy green patches along the flanks which the l . c . scutata subspecies tends to lack . juveniles have a black beak and are dark grey - brown with light grey - brown throat and breast , buff belly , brownish - buff flanks . sexes appear similar , though the hen may appear a little less glossy , browner above , and sport a narrower head with a beak that tapers more than the cock\u2019s .\nbreeding : breeding is restricted to the warm ( rainy / wet ) season , but may occur year - round near the equator . they like semi - open nest boxes , nest baskets , or they may build their own nests in bushes using coconut fiber , leaves , grass , and feathers for padding . copulation tends to occur inside the privacy of the nest . for rearing food , provide varied options of ample sprouted seed , egg food , and live food . after the young fledge , they do not need to be separated from the parents / breeding pairs , and may form a peaceful extended family from successive clutches .\ndiet : paradise pet products premium finch blend , dried insect blend , greens and eggfood .\ndescription male s and females are similar in appearance . i sexed these birds by behavior . watching for pair bonding and for males to protect their females by aggressively chasing others away . otherwise , males have a nice , high pitched song with a bit of a dance . mostly just posture . i found no visual differences at all .\ni bred these birds as single pairs in my standard breeding cage with some fake plants fixed to the outside of the cage ( madigascar cage ) with one pair i used an outside nesting box of standard dimensions and in another i placed a converted milk box ( milk box nest ) they readily took to both types of boxes . i offered strands of coco fiber for them to construct their nests . small white feathers and other soft materials were offered , but for the most part the nest was a nice weave of coco fibers .\ni did successfully foster a clutch under society finches , but quite frankly , i found the madagascars to be excellent parents quite capable of rearing the young on their own .\nresting birds were housed as a colony . some feather plucking may start if crowded or the birds begin to get anxious to start breeding again , otherwise they were quite peaceful together .\nrobin restall in\nmunias and mannikins\nindicates that captive bred birds showed signs melanism and that the belly color had darker tones . thus far i have not encountered this .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nver time , these will give valuable information on population distribution , habitat requirements , trends and so on .\nif you have a lot of records and it would be very time - consuming to enter them manually you can also send us a spreadsheet with the details , and associated photos . use the contact us form to get in touch .\nadvertise your bnb , guest house , hotel , private game park or whatever on this site for only r25 . 00 per month !\nit is a small finch - like bird weighing around 10 grams . it is about 9 cm in length .\nthis is a very common species , even in urban areas , and is a familiar sight in gardens over the eastern portion of the country .\ntheir nests are a grassy structure in a tree . sometimes they nest by themselves and other times in colonies . up to 8 eggs are laid .\nyou can support the bluegnu project by buying one of our photo prints that are for sale .\ncopyright steven herbert t / a bluegnu projects , 2013 - 2018 . all rights reserved .\nintro text here . you may mention what country the species is from , its habitat , conservation status , generally what the species is like , other common names , and anything else .\nhere you can describe the species ' appearance ( colour , size , etc ) , adaptations , etc .\nlist similar articles here by entering their raw page name . example : lories - and - lorikeets\nunless otherwise stated , the content of this page is licensed under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 license\nclick here to toggle editing of individual sections of the page ( if possible ) . watch headings for an\nedit\nlink when available .\nif you want to discuss contents of this page - this is the easiest way to do it .\nchange the name ( also url address , possibly the category ) of the page .\nview / set parent page ( used for creating breadcrumbs and structured layout ) .\nurltoken terms of service - what you can , what you should not etc .\nmannikins are finchlike birds , mostly brownish and often with black throats and fine barring . large flocks occur in open country from africa to australia . many are popular cage birds . the 9 - centimetre ( 3 . 5 - inch )\n) , also called white - backed munia . the former is established in hawaii , where it is called\nmanakin , ( subfamily piprinae ) , common name given to about 60 species of small , stubby , generally short - tailed birds abundant in american tropical forests . manakins are short - billed birds that range in size from 8 . 5 to 16 cm ( 3 . 5 to 6 . 5 inches ) long and weigh a mere 10\u201340 grams ( 0 . 35\u20131 . 4 ounces ) . females and immature\u2026\nestrildidae , songbird family , order passeriformes , consisting of approximately 140 species of waxbills and other small finchlike birds of the old world , many of which are favourite cage birds . members range in size from 7 . 5 to 15 cm ( 3 to 6 inches ) long . they have short , stout bills and short legs\u2026\nsilverbill , , any of several birds named for bill colour . some finches of the genus lonchura ( see munia ) are called silverbill . lichenops ( hymenops ) perspicillata , the spectacled tyrant , or silverbill , of central south america , is a tyrant\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nwoodland kingfisher , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\nthe woodland kingfisher is common across sub - saharan africa , occupying a wide variety of woodland and savanna habitats . it is quite an adaptable hunter , feeding mainly insects but also small vertebrates , such as fish , snakes and even other birds ! it is an intra - african migrant , arriving in southern africa around september - december , breeding then leaving for central africa around march - april . it usually nests in tree cavities , either natural or excavated by barbets or woodpeckers , laying 2 - 4 eggs incubated by both sexes . the chicks grow rapidly , cared for by both parents , leaving the nest at about 18 - 24 days old . they remain dependent on their parents for about 5 more weeks after fledging , after which they usually disperse .\ncommon across sub - saharan africa , although absent from arid areas such as the deserts of somalia . in southern africa it occurs in northern namibia ( including the caprivi strip ) , northern and eastern botswana , zimbabwe , mozambique and north - eastern south africa . it is highly adaptable , occupying a wide range of woodland and savanna habitats , provided there are streams , rivers or lakes . it also occurs in man - altered areas , such as parks , gardens and farmland .\ndistribution of woodland kingfisher in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nintra - african migrant , arriving in southern africa from september - december , going through its breeding cycle before leaving for central africa in the period from march - april .\nit is quite an adaptable hunter , feeding mainly on insects , supplemented with small vertebrates , such as fish , snakes and even other birds ! it usually hunts from a perch , searching for food . once it spots prey it dives down to the ground , grabs the prey item with its bill then flies back up to its perch , where it usually beats the animal to death . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :"]}
{"id": 1135, "summary": [{"text": "issoria baumanni , baumann 's mountain fritillary , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria , cameroon , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , rwanda , burundi and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of grassland , marshy areas and forest margins at high altitudes .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on viola abyssinica . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "issoria baumanni", "paragraphs": ["baumann\u2019s mountain fritillary ( issoria baumanni ) ssp . katangae butterfly at mgahinga gorilla national park\nbaumann\u2019s mountain fritillary butterfly ( issoria baumanni ) ssp . katangae seen at mgahinga gorilla national park , 17 . 07 . 2016\nbaumann\u2019s mountain fritillary ( issoria baumanni ) ssp . katangae butterfly at mgahinga gorilla national park - by dr _ m _ z - jungledragon\nissoria baumanni , baumann\u2019s mountain fritillary , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family . it is found in nigeria , cameroon , the democratic republic of congo , uganda , rwanda , burundi and tanzania .\nissoria hanningtoni elwes , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 : 558\nissoria smaragdifera ; [ bow ] : pl . 104 , f . 15 ; [ afrl ]\nissoria lathonia attenuata de sagarra , 1926 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 6 ( 6 - 7 ) : 134\nissoria lathonia issaea [ sic , recte isaaea ] ; huang , 2001 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 80 ( note )\nissoria are represented in europe and have a closely related genus , yramea , in south america . baumann\u2019s mountain fritillary flies in high altitude grassland in rwanda and burundi ; it is fond of flowers . it is a member of the heliconiinae sub - family .\nissoria lathonia ; [ bow ] : pl . 2 , f . 19 - 20 ; [ ebw ] ; [ mrs ] , 479 ; [ bmat ] : 51 , pl . 16 , f . 17 - 21 ; [ bru2 ] : 40 , pl . 28 , f . 7 - 9 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\neu , naf , canary islands , tr , c . asia , himalaya , baluchistan , safed koh , chitral - sikkim , chin hills , w . china . see [ maps ]\n672x556 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside a road on a field surrounded by birch forests at the village klyuchi , iskitim district , novosibirsk province , west siberia , russia . 1st october 1988 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1128x684 ( ~ 103kb ) underside male female a meadow in the koyon river valley at the village morozovo , iskitim district , novosibirsk province , west siberia , russia . 25th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n600x450 ( ~ 50kb ) sweden , ekebo , julita , 17 . 9 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 leif wahlberg\n559x745 ( ~ 67kb ) upperside sweden , ekebo , julita , 17 . 9 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 leif wahlberg\n689x919 ( ~ 94kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 8 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 leif wahlberg\n800x905 ( ~ 106kb ) underside russia , tatarstan , varkljed - bodja ( 56\u00b013 ' n 52\u00b049 ' e ) , about 20km s of agriz , 8 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n998x905 ( ~ 236kb ) upperside russia , north caucasus , adygea republic , maikop , khanskaya stanitsa , khanskie ponds . 14th july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1049x864 ( ~ 174kb ) russia , north caucasus , adygea republic , maikop , khanskaya stanitsa , khanskie ponds . 14th july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on viola , v . canina [ sprk ] , v . odorata [ bmat ] , v . tricolor , v . arvensis , anchusa , rubus , onobrychis [ bru2 ] , 40\nargynnis isaeea gray , 1846 ; descr . lep . ins . nepal : 11 ( nom . nud . )\nrathora isaeae [ sic ] f . geogr . isaeoides reuss , 1925 ; iris 39 ( 4 ) : 218\nargynnis smaragdifera butler , 1895 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1895 : 629\nargynnis excelsior butler , [ 1896 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1895 : 729 , pl . 42 , f . 4 ; tl : ruwenzori\npapilio cytheris drury , [ 1773 ] ; illust . nat . hist . exot . insects 2 : index , 7 , pl . 4 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : falkland is .\nyramea cytheris siga ; [ nl4a ] , # 2290b ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & b\u00e1lint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 18 ( list )\nargynnis inca staudinger , 1894 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 1 ) : 68 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : bolivia\nyramea lathonioides ; [ nl4a ] , # 2292 ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & b\u00e1lint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 18 ( list )\nyramea modesta modesta ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & b\u00e1lint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 19 ( list )\nyramea modesta araucania benyamini , 2014 ; bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 19 ; tl : vn . laima , 1200 - 1400m , chile\nyramea sobrina ; [ nl4a ] , # 2294 ; benyamini , ugarte , shapiro , mielke , pyrcz & b\u00e1lint , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 18 ( list )\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nan updated list of the butterflies of chile ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea and hesperioidea ) including distribution , flight period and conservation status . part i , comprising the families : papilionidae , pieridae , nympalidae ( in part ) and hesperiidae . describing a new species of hypsochila ( pieridae ) and a new subspecies of yramea modesta ( nymphalidae )\non a small collection of butterflies sent by mr . richard crawshay from the country west of lake nyasa\non lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,\ndie androconien von yramea cytheris drury und n\u00e4chtststehenden analogen schuppenbildungen bei dione hbn . und brenthis hbn . ( lep . )\nweymer in weymer & maassen , 1890 lepidoptera gesammelt auf einer reise durch colombia , ecuador , peru , brasilien , argentinien und bolivien in den jahren 1868 - 1877 von alphons st\u00fcbel reisen s\u00fcd - america : 1 - 182 , pl . 1 - 9\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\naureus butterflies & insects jens jakusch ringstra\u00dfe 12 54329 konz germany phone . de : 06501 / 8098362 internatonal : + 49 6501 8098362 business hours : mo - fr 11 . 00 - 18 . 00 e - mail : aureus - butterflies @ urltoken\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njungledragon is a nature and wildlife community for photographers , travellers and anyone who loves nature . we ' re genuine , free , ad - free and beautiful .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na widespread inhabitant of the rainforest zone of africa . single individuals usually seen perching on leaves or flowers . male a brilliant greenish - blue above , female dark brown , but large silver spots of underside make it unmistakable .\nthe table mountain beauty ( aeropetes tulbaghia ) has been nominated by lepsoc to become south africa\u2019s national butterfly . it is a large and attractive butterfly , widespread throughout south africa ' s mountains and endemic to sa and zimbabwe . it is the only pollinator of many of our wild flowers including the red disa ( disa uniflora ) .\none of the most strikingly red butterflies of the south african east coast . fresh males stand out like beacons . the gregarious larvae feed on the attractive indigenous shrub / small tree , african dog - rose , xylotheca kraussiana . gardeners whose plant gets defoliated by these larvae \u2013 causing no permanent damage \u2013 will be able later on to enjoy the presence of this ' flying flower . '\nthis astonishing sphingid was found in the kibale forest of western uganda . whilst taking a break and lying on some undergrowth we spotted this moth deep in the undergrowth on some dry leaves . its resting posture is vastly different from that of set specimens .\nthe mulanje tiger moth ( callioratis grandis ) , is an extremely localised species known only from mount mulanje in malawi . it feeds solely on the mulanje cycad , encephalartos gratus , and was here raised to full species status and assessed as critically endangered using the iucn criteria .\none of several atlas moths found in africa , and of two found in south africa . they are related to the giant atlas moths of south - east asia , which are among the world ' s largest insects . atlas moths typically have large transparent ' windows ' in their wings , and a ' snake ' s - head ' pattern on the forewing tip . this species ' larvae feed on croton and zizyphus .\nafrotropical swordtails ( graphium ) species were examined and their life histories described in a metamorphosis article and some relationships were suggested . graphium leonidas zanzibaricus was reinstated as a valid taxon in the same article .\npilodeudorix baginei is a jewel of mabira forest that makes a sudden and dramatic hilltop appearance at about 5pm when many a lepidopterist has already called it a day and headed off home . they suddenly appear in fair numbers and dart around before settling with open wings right before your eyes ! but once again it\u2019s a male only party , with females being ever elusive .\nthe strange hovering behaviour of male scarce fig - tree blues ( myrina dermaptera dermaptera ) was observed and photographed for the first time by steve woodhall around a fig tree at shongweni in kzn .\nthis butterfly is found throughout most of the afrotropical region ( including arabia ) . there is a separate race ( ssp . ramonza ) in madagascar , some of the south - west seychelles islands and the comoros . in south africa , is found from about east london , north - eastwards . an energetic , territorial butterfly which is very common in northern namibia .\nthis magnificent butterfly is found across central and eastern africa . its habitat consists of forests , including riparian forests and heavy woodland . it is a mimic of day - flying moths , and glides effortlessly across the forest floor .\nthis butterfly is a well - known and widespread species , found from west africa to kenya and south to northern zambia . it prefers secondary forest and is a frequent visitor to damp , muddy places . cyrestis camillus is the only species within the cyrestinae subfamily .\niolaus aemulus is one of the epamera subgenus , many of which have gorgeously marked undersides with orange or red stripes on a pearly white ground . short - barred sapphires are seldom seen on the wing ; the best way to see one is to find a pupa and wait for it to eclose , as i did with this male .\nthe silver silk cocoons are easy to spot in the tops of the leafless marula trees during winter . the cocoons even have small holes in their sides that resemble parasite infestation , probably as a defence against parasitism . when in flying in the moonlight , the pale spatulate ends of the long tails appear as a strange flickering pulsation which makes it\u2019s flight path disorientating for the observer .\nthis critically endangered butterfly flies high in the wolkberg mountains of limpopo , and is restricted to three small localities . its larvae feed on rock lichen and are cryptic and exceptionally difficult to find . the adults are bright and colourful but have to wait until the clouds lift to fly .\nthis spectacular butterfly that is very common but seldom seen . they breed on a variety of figs and the larvae are easily found on the terminal fresh leaves . the females are often observed ovipositing by walking up and down the branches of their selected fig - tree . otherwise it is an extremely rapid flyer .\nvestal birdling is a small white moth in the family geometridae ( subfamily sterrhinae ) . like many small lepidoptera it relies on bird - dropping resemblance to a void predation . the wings are marked with tiny metallic scales , which glitter in the light .\nthese calypsos were very common last june in the mabira forest of uganda . mudpuddling in the power - line clearing was their main occupation , congregating in their hundreds in groups made up exclusively of calypsos .\nthis is a large central african rainforest butterfly that likes to perch with open wings in the sunlight , and is not averse to a slow and steady approach \u2013 which makes it every photographers dream subject ! the brilliant deep blue of the male almost matches that of the celebrated morphos of latin america .\nthis butterfly is closely related to chrysoritis dicksoni but its habitat is totally different , flying high in the drakensberg foothills in small colonies .\nhawkmoths are mostly nocturnal , whose larvae have a characteristic horn on the tail end . oleander hawk is one of the most attractive species , found almost all over africa , but also in asia and southern europe . its larva uses many other plants besides oleander ( nerium ) e . g . carissa ( num - num ) , adenia and mango .\nthis butterfly is found in central african rainforests , along paths in dense primary forest , and it appears to favour small hills and ridges within this habitat . the afriodinia genus contains most of the representatives of the riodinidae family in africa .\nwhile driving across central gabon we stopped at an informal rubbish - dump with a strong colony of mosquitoes , but also a fair colony of these amazing butterflies . their uppersides are drab - brownish and they settle on the ground with wings open , which masks their identity . closer inspection revealed their astonishing underside colours . 5 days later at the same spot they were gone .\nthose who are familiar with south africa\u2019s blue banded papilio nireus lyaeus will be astonished at the broad blue bands of this central african swallowtail . it is a common and very powerful flyer , but luckily has a weakness for mud - puddling and lantana flowers .\nrocksitters are endemic to south africa ; there are four species , of which amakosa is the most widespread with several subspecies . the adults rely on their camouflaged undersides when they sit on lichen covered rocks . they lack mouthparts , cannot feed , and are short - lived . the larvae feed on lichens and take almost a year to fully feed .\nthis beautiful moth with it\u2019s psychedelic iridescence is not uncommon in the north - western forests of madagascar . it prefers flying in the late afternoon , and luckily for the observer it frequently settles with open wings on low vegetation but always with it\u2019s hindwings pointing up . this moth will literally stop you it your tracks\u2026\nmorant\u2019s orange is the only representative of this genus found in south africa . it is widely distributed throughout much of eastern africa , but seldom common . its habitat is savanna , including brachystegia woodland ; males are regular hill - toppers . larval host plants include various combretum species .\nthis lycaenid butterfly is found in south eastern africa the habitat consists of woodland , coastal forests , grassland and grassy areas in savanna . both sexes feed from the flowers of herbaceous plants and small flowers . the larvae feed on lantana camara .\na relatively common and very striking species , whose underside resembles a dead leaf , this butterfly is widespread throughout tropical africa . subspecies rattrayi is found in western uganda , rwanda , burundi and north east tanzania .\nwelcome to the lepidopterists\u2019 society of africa ( lepsoc africa ) , a group of enthusiasts dedicated to the study and conservation of butterflies and moths in the afrotropical region . our society is a forum for individuals or societies who are interested in this field \u2013 we endeavour to publish material , circulate information among our members , participate in relevant conservation and research projects , and to coordinate public awareness of butterflies and moths within africa . by joining lepsoc africa you will be gaining access to the fascinating world of afrotropical butterflies and moths and to the equally fascinating people associated with them ! jeremy dobson\nthis software programme allows lepsoc africa members to upload their collection and observation data into a database , and to use collection curation tools such as specimen labels . lepibase combines all these records submitted by members and allows lepidoptera distribution data to be stored and analysed to produce distribution maps .\nthe corel ( custodians of rare and endangered lepidoptera ) programme was initiated by lepsoc africa in 2011 and aims to secure the survival of our threatened butterfly and moth species . it is funded by the brenton blue trust .\nthe caterpillar rearing group ( crg ) was launched in 2012 and combines the efforts of both expert lepidopterists and citizen scientists to discover the life histories of all lepidoptera ( moths and butterflies ) occurring in africa . if you\u2019ve found a strange caterpillar eating your plants and you want to know what it will become , this is the project for you . you don ' t have to be a lepsoc africa member to take part , but if the\nrearing bug\nbites you will want to meet your fellow rearers and becoming a member is the best way to do this .\nlepimap is an african lepidoptera mapping project . it is run jointly by the animal demography unit of the university of cape town ( adu ) and the lepsoc africa . the aim of the project is to determine the distribution and conservation status of butterflies and moths in africa . it combines the enthusiasm of citizen scientist ( photographers ) with the expertise of lepidopterists who can identify their pictures . you don ' t have to be a lepsoc africa member to participate .\nsalca ( southern african lepidoptera conservation assessment ) was initiated in 2015 by lepsoc africa as a response to sanbi ' s call for experts to contribute to the five year national biodiversity assessment ( nba ) programme . the project aims to assess the conservation status of southern african butterflies and moths , and is due for completion during 2017 . this is a members only project , as it requires a high degree of expertise , and is funded by sanbi .\nthis project aims to fill biodiversity information gaps , to promote better informed development decision making in the karoo , in order to conserve important biodiversity assets . the project was launched in 2016 , and is funded by sanbi . experts from thirteen\ntaxon groups\nare contributing , and lepsoc africa has been contracted to conduct butterfly surveys on 50 sites thoughout the so - called shale gas exploration area of the karoo . participants need to be members ( permits are required ) , who are expert at butterfly identification , and the project will run until december 2018 .\nthe butterfly evolutionary diversity project ( bed ) is a three - year research enterprise led by sanbi . bed project seeks to map patterns of evolutionary diversity for butterflies across south african landscapes . it aims , through collecting dna samples of all south african butterfly species , to identify areas not only of high butterfly species richness and conservation concern , but also areas of high evolutionary importance . lepsoc africa will be the main collecting agency for this project , which will also provide the phlyogenetic analyses to enable us to resolve a number of taxonomic issues .\nplease note that our secure online payment facility with payfast has been successfully launched and you can now pay your membership subscriptions via payfast or eft . thank you for your continued support .\nregister , link your card , and swipe your card at every myplanet registered store . existing card holders can support lepsoc in addition to their current beneficiary ."]}
{"id": 1136, "summary": [{"text": "parcoblatta uhleriana , the uhler 's wood cockroach , is a species of parcoblatta native to the united states and canada .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is a forest species also found in disturbed and urban environments .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the male of the species flies freely , while the female does not fly . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "parcoblatta uhleriana", "paragraphs": ["parcoblatta uhleriana . oothecae and nymphs . one l1 and the other i guess is l2 .\nblattella germanica ( linn . ) \u2013 german cockroach parcoblatta uhleriana ( saussure ) \u2013 uhler\u2019s wood roach parcoblatta pensylvanica ( de geer ) \u2013 pennsylvania wood roach parcoblatta virginica ( brunner ) \u2013 virginia wood roach\nsorry to hear what happened to uhleriana nymphs . hope the remaining oothe hatch out soon .\nparcoblatta desertae ( rehn , j . a . g . & hebard 1909 )\nparcoblatta notha ( rehn , j . a . g . & hebard 1910 )\nshape of the 10th tergum suggests that this is p . uhleriana instead of b . orientalis .\nthis is one of the easiest species of parcoblatta to identify due to its unique tergminas .\none of my unknown parcoblatta oothe hatched recently so i ' ll take some pics soon .\nthe species was treated by one source in 1910 as a southern variety of parcoblatta uhleriana , termed p . uhleriana fulvescens , as the males of the two species look very similar . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] among their differences are that p . fulvescens has a pale face , longer pronotum with less distinct disc - like impressions , narrower tegmina , and different characteristics in its cerci and its anal styles ( two threadlike processes on the terminal segment of the abdomen ) . [ 3 ] [ 7 ] in addition , pre - 1917 arizona records of uhleriana and uhleriana fuvescens refer to parcoblatta notha . [ 5 ]\nnymph : indistinguishable from other parcoblatta in early instars . older nymphs similar in coloration to other sympatric parcoblatta , but the terminal tergites may appear pink , light brown , or orange ( depending on lighting and viewing angle ) .\nparcoblatta intricata ( blatchley 1903 ) , p . lithophila ( scudder 1862 ) , p . unicolor ( scudder 1862 )\nsaussure . 1862 . rev . mag . zool . 2 ( 14 ) : 169 > > ischnoptera uhleriana urn : lsid : blattodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 4886\nlawson , fred a . ( 1967 ) .\necological and collecting notes on eight species of parcoblatta ( orthoptera : blattidae ) and certain other cockroaches\n.\nadult male p . uhleriana and p . fulvescens have a pair of structures on the median segment ( and not the first abdominal segment ) . these structures do not meet in the midline to form a ridge . the wings are markedly broader than the pronotum in p . uhleriana , and only slightly broader in p . fulvescens . the small dark structures on median segment of this cockroach can be seen :\nprincis . 1969 . in beier [ ed . ] . blattariae : subordo epilamproidea . fam . : blattellidae . orthopterorum catalogus ( 13 ) : 719 > > note : the bsf ' s record for this scientific name originated from this reference . it was digitised by g . w . beccaloni in 2005 . > > parcoblatta uhleriana urn : lsid : blattodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 4885\nparcoblatta lata , the broad wood cockroach , is a species of wood cockroach ( family ectobiidae ) native to the united states . it is one of the largest species of wood cockroaches .\nparcoblatta fulvescens , the fulvous wood cockroach , is a species of cockroach endemic to the united states and possibly canada that measures around 13 mm ( 0 . 5 in ) long . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]\noh , no i was talking about the p . bolliana not uhleriana . yes , the female cannot climb smooth surfaces . she cannot even get a grip , like my shelfordella lateralis . i do not know where i caught her . i do not remember moving shelfordella lateralis into containers like that .\nnow that you mention it , i think your female might not even be in genus parcoblatta as the 10th tergum on your specimen looks different from my specimens . try letting it climb on glass . if it does climb smooth surfaces , it will definitely be in different genus .\nin an observational study of the species , it was observed to eat cambium , flower petals , and sap . a survey of insects caught by the pitcher plant saracenia flava included male specimens of four species of parcoblatta , including p . lata , leading to speculation that the winged adults may seek nectar as a source of energy for flying .\nthat possible sub - adult female that i thought might be a caudelli i am now thinking it is something else . the maybe caudelli sub - adults had a different pattern . this possible sub - adult has a pattern like the red runner roaches . it is also bigger than the adult maybe caudelli . it might be p . lata . i have read that they are big . it is growing slowly compared to the other parcoblatta .\nthe male parcoblatta fulvescens is relatively slender , has long tegmina ( outer forewings ) , and is slightly longer than the female . [ 3 ] it is a mostly uniform pale brownish - yellow , with sometimes darker pronotum ( the plate behind the head ) and legs , and usually dark brown cerci ( the pair of appendages on its rear - most segment ) . [ 3 ] its pronotum is subelliptical ( nearly elliptical ) , is widest just behind its middle , and has weakly defined disc - like impressions . [ 3 ]\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe pdf file you selected should load here if your web browser has a pdf reader plug - in installed ( for example , a recent version of adobe acrobat reader ) .\nif you would like more information about how to print , save , and work with pdfs , highwire press provides a helpful frequently asked questions about pdfs .\nalternatively , you can download the pdf file directly to your computer , from where it can be opened using a pdf reader . to download the pdf , click the download link above .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nthis one came to the light last night . maybe related ( it also has some white spots on the face )\ncontributed by john r . maxwell on 12 august , 2013 - 4 : 12pm last updated 4 july , 2014 - 3 : 34pm\nblatta orientalis , female , possibly ; s . lateralis , female , possibly\nadult male : one pair of unfused modifications on the median segment . hindwings roughly equal to or slightly subequal to the tegmina . overall coloration saturated orange .\nadult female : tegmina brachypterous and with distinctive gap between . overall coloration typically black to dark brown ; sometimes dark red or with red markings .\nbeccaloni g . w . ( 2007 - ) cockroach species file online . version 5 . 0\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfound in the eastern u . s . in a variety of woodland habitats and near man - made structures bordering woodlands .\na male uhler ' s wood cockroach in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 9 / 2016 ) . identification verified by alan jeon / bugguide . photo by timothy reichard . ( mbp list )\na uhler ' s wood cockroach in frederick co . , maryland ( 6 / 9 / 2015 ) . determined by alan jeon / bugguide . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nan uhler ' s wood cockroach in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 1 / 2017 ) . verified by alan jeon / bugguide . photo by robert aguilar , serc . ( mbp list )\na uhler ' s wood cockroach in worcester co . , maryland ( 5 / 8 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na uhler ' s wood cockroach in frederick co . , maryland ( 6 / 9 / 2017 ) . determined by alan jeon / bugguide . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\nuhler ' s wood cockroaches in calvert co . , maryland ( 2 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by ashley bradford . ( mbp list )\na uhler ' s wood cockroach in howard co . , maryland ( 6 / 11 / 2017 ) . determined by v . belov and alan jeon via bugguide . photo by kurt schwarz . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncockroach species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nmedium sized , dark brown roach with short wings . adult female . they feed on decaying organic matter and do not thrive indoors .\nspotted on the ground at night while we were setting up camp for the weekend in june . illuminated by a flashlight .\nno problem , happy to help ! : ) btw , this individual is a mature female , not a nymph , as evidenced by the short tegmina that you can see right below her pronotum .\nmr . goldfish and hisserdude , thank you ! i think i must have missed the initial suggestion .\nthis checklist is taken from cantrall , i . j . 1943 . \u201cthe ecology of the orthoptera and dermaptera of the george reserve , michigan\u201d . univ . mich . mus . zool . misc . publ . 54 . it has been modified to reflect more recent taxonomic revisions .\nmelanoplus angustipennis ( dodge ) \u2013 narrow - winged locust melanoplus bivittatus ( say ) \u2013 two - striped locust melanoplus borealis borealis ( fieber ) \u2013 northern locust malanoplus confusus scudder \u2013 little locust melanoplus fasciatus ( f . walker ) \u2013 huckleberry locust malanoplus femurrubrum ( degeer ) \u2013 red - legged locust melanoplus islandicus blatchley \u2013 forest locust melanoplus keeleri luridus ( dodge ) \u2013 broad - necked locust melanoplus punctulatus griseus ( thomas ) melanoplus sanguinipes sanguinipes ( fabr . ) \u2013 lesser migratory locust paroxya hoosieri ( blatchley ) \u2013 hoosier locust phoetaliotes nebrascensis ( thomas ) \u2013 large - headed locust\narphia pseudonietana pseudonietana ( thomas ) \u2013 red - winged locust arphia sulphurea ( fabr . ) \u2013 spring yellow - winged locust camnula pellucida ( scudder ) \u2013 clear - winged locust chortophaga viridifasciata ( degeer ) \u2013 green - striped locust dissosteira carolina ( linn . ) \u2013 carolina locust encoptolophus sordidus sordidus ( burm . ) \u2013 dusky locust pardalophora apiculata ( harris ) \u2013 coral - winged locust pardalophora haldemanii ( scudder ) \u2013 haldeman\u2019s locust spharagemon bolli scudder \u2013 boll\u2019s locust spharagemon collare collare ( scudder ) \u2013 mottled sand locust\nallonemobius allardi ( alexander & thomas ) \u2013 allard\u2019s ground cricket allonemobius fasciatus ( de geer ) \u2013 striped ground cricket allonemobius griseus ( e . m . walker ) \u2013 gray ground cricket allonemobius tinnulus ( fulton ) \u2013 tinkling ground cricket anaxipha exigua ( say ) \u2013 say\u2019s bush cricket eunemobius carolinus ( scudder ) \u2013 carolina ground cricket gryllus pennsylvanicus burmeister \u2013 fall field cricket grylus veletis alexander & bigelow - spring field cricket neonemobius palustris palustris ( blatchley ) \u2013 marsh ground cricket oecanthus fultoni t . j . walker \u2013 snowy tree cricket oecanthus laricis t . j . walker \u2013 larch tree cricket oecanthus nigricornis f . walker \u2013 black - horned tree cricket oecanthus quadripunctatus beutenmuller \u2013 fourt - spotted tree cricket\nthe largest family of the order , with ~ 35 spp . ( incl . several adventive ) in 14 genera of 4 subfamilies in our area and ~ 2 , 300 spp . in ~ 220 genera of 7 subfamilies worldwide\nsmall to medium sized cockroaches represented in the united states by approximately 40 species belonging to 12 genera . the species depicted below should not be considered a comprehensive list of all species that occur in north america , and is based upon nomina neartica with additional species added as they are found . the name and date listed after each genus and species refers to the author that described the taxon and the year that the description was published . for those enclosed within parentheses , the species was initially described as belonging to another genus with subsequent workers moving the species to a different genus based on an improved understanding of phylogenetic relationships .\namerican insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .\narticle public\n- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en\ntax - treatment - ns0 . dtd\nlaborat\u00f3rio de biodiversidade entomol\u00f3gica , instituto oswaldo cruz , funda\u00e7\u00e3o oswaldo cruz , avenida brasil 4 . 365 , pavilh\u00e3o mourisco , sala 201 , manguinhos , 21 . 045 - 900 , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil .\ncorresponding author : sandor buys ( sbuys @ urltoken ; sandor . buys @ urltoken )\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nnesting females were found at horizontal sites , without litter or low vegetation , on unpaved roads that crossed forested areas . the nests consisted of single celled bu rrows 3\u20135cm deep ( n = 15 ) , with a narrower entrance tunnel 5\u201310mm in height ( n = 5 ) . in cross section , the cells were circular with 12\u201315mm ( n = 8 ) in diameter , and the entrance tunnels were elliptical , the major axis with 9\u201312mm ( n = 16 ) and the minor axis with 6 . 5\u20138 . 5mm ( n = 16 ) . females usually appeared on the nesting site between 8 : 00\u201310 : 00 hrs and ceased activity from 16 : 00\u201318 : 00 hrs . they commonly remained rested on the ground at sites exposed to the sun before initiating activity , presumably to warm up .\nfemales selecting a nest site initially walked on the ground antennating the soil . they initially dug in several sites , and inspected crevices and other soil irregularities with their mandibles . occasionally they entered nests of conspecific females or , more rarely , the nests of other ground - nesting wasp species . usually , the females dug a number of short burrows before digging a nest . they did not close these abandoned tentative burrows .\nwhen digging a nest a female penepodium luteipenne cut the soil with her mandibles , accumulating lumps of earth in their mouthparts . she then stepped aside about 2\u20134 cm and tossed the earth a short distance with a flip of her head . a female would dig from opposite sides on the same axis . after digging for a few minutes on one side , she turned 180\u00b0 and continued the excavation on the opposite side . the excavated earth thus formed two semi - circular mounds around the nest entrance ( fig . 1 ) . females periodically interrupted their excavations and left to gather water , which they regurgitated on the excavation site , apparently to soften the earth .\nnesting behaviour of penepodium luteipenne 1 digging of the nest , the accumulated lose earth around the nest entrance is the earth excavated from the burrow 2 stinging of the prey 3 oviposition ( setae in the wasp\u2019s front leg ) 4 placement of the prey into the nest 5 female pushing a prey stuck in the nest entrance , using both the front and mid legs , and the opened mandibles .\nfemale penepodium luteipenne commonly reused pre - existing burrows . these almost always were old nests of conspecific females . the females usually found the old nests partially filled with earth , the remains of prey , and an empty cocoon . they spent some time excavating the burrows to recondition them . although it was not possible to securely define the frequency of reuse of pre - existing burrows during this study , i estimate at least 25 % of the observed nests were reused nests of conspecifics , and quite possibly more . reused nests were recognisable because remains of cockroaches and the characteristic cocoons of penepodium luteipenne ( see buys 2001 , 2009 for cocoon morphology ) were found in the mounds of excavated earth left around the entrance .\nbrood parasitism in open nests was observed twice . in the first case the female entered the nest of another female while she was absent and found prey items . she reacted quickly , moving her body and antennae , and performed the following behavioural sequence : ( 1 ) grasped one cockroach with her mandibles , ( 2 ) pulled the cockroach outside the burrow , ( 3 ) stung it , ( 4 ) ate the egg of the host wasp , ( 5 ) laid her egg on the prey , ( 6 ) reinserted the cockroach into the nest and ( 7 ) departed . the host female later closed the nest apparently without perceiving the violation of her nest .\nin the second case , the female followed the same behavioural sequence described above , but differed in that when she checked the base of the forelegs of the prey taken from the nest she did not find an egg of the host female , she laid her own egg on the prey and departed . later the host female arrived at the nest with one more prey item and oviposited on it . the parasitized nest was thus left with two prey items bearing eggs .\nbrood parasitism in closed nests was observed three times . the cleptoparasitic females found recently closed , provisioned nests of other females . they opened the nest plug and followed the same behavioural sequence described above for brood parasitism in open nests ( inclusive of eating the host egg ) , with the additional step that the cleptoparasitic female closed the nest herself .\nthe prey items from 64 nests were collected : 31 nests with one prey item , 23 nests with two prey items , seven nests with three prey items , and three nests with four prey items . a total of 109 epilamprine cockroaches ( blattodea : blaberidae ) was collected from the nests : 19 adults of poeciloderrhis catharina ( shelford , 1910 ) ; 10 adults of poeciloderrhis basistriga ( walker , 1868 ) ; five adults of poeciloderrhis sp . ; 69 nymphs probably of poeciloderrhis catharina ; and six nymphs probably of poeciloderrhis basistriga . morphometric features taken from live prey items are summarized table 1 .\nlength , width and biomass of prey species found in nests of penepodium luteipenne ( minimum , mean and maximum in millimetre ) .\nthe duration of the effects of the wasp\u2019s venom on its prey was relatively brief as cockroaches collected from nests just after closure were able to walk . although the prey items transported by females apparently are always under the effect of its venom , suggesting that they sting the prey during the hunt , a female commonly stung again its prey at the nest site before placing it into the burrow . when stinging its prey a female grasped the pronotum of the cockroach with her mandibles , and stung the roach in different points on the ventral surface of its body ( fig . 2 ) . small prey specimens were immediately paralysed after the sting but females frequently needed to repeatedly sting larger prey items to subdue them before ovipositing on their body and placing them in the nest .\nduring nest closure a female made 10\u201313 flights ( n = 15 ) to gather water . each load of water was used to wet 4\u20138 lumps of earth ( n = 15 ) . after the nest plug became level with the surface of the ground , the females usually added smaller lumps of earth , which they did not wet , and then placed over the nest entrance fallen leaves , chips , small stones , lumps of dried earth or other debris collected near to the nest . this made the nest entrance visually indistinguishable from the surrounding soil . on one occasion , a female regurgitated a few drops of water soon after concluding the nest closure , apparently to discard excess water . females never made temporary nest closures . some nests remained open through the night despite containing prey items .\nfemales of penepodium luteipenne drove away other insects , both those walking within about 20\u201330 cm of the nests , and flies hovering over the nest entrance , throughout the nesting cycle . females with open mandibles aggressively charged small objects ( such as a stylus ) placed near open nests . however , females did not defend nests after closing them . several times nests were excavated to collect the prey items immediately after closure and the nearby female did not react .\nthe prey species and number of prey items per nest in the tribe podiini is summarized in the table ii . as a rule , podiini use cockroaches to provision their nests , but crickets ( orthoptera : gryllidae ) were reported as prey of trigonopsis grylloctonus richards , 1937 ( richards 1937 : unidentified grylids ) and trigonopsis rufiventris ( fabricius , 1804 ) ( vardy 1978 : anaxipha sp . ) ( table 2 ) . females of the genera penepodium and dynatus , in general , use larger prey species than females of the genera podium and trigonopsis ( table 2 ) .\nsummary of prey species and number of prey items per nest in species of the tribe podiini .\npenepodium luteipenne is similar to some other podiini who do not construct temporary nest plugs [ penepodium haematogastrum ( spinola , 1851 ) : williams 1928 ; podium rufipes fabricius , 1805 : krombein 1970 ] . however , some other podiini have been observed constructing temporary nest closures when nest provisioning is not completed in one day [ trigonopsis cameronii ( kohl , 1902 ) : eberhard 1974 ; podium denticulatum f . smith , 1856 : ribeiro and gar\u00f3falo 2010 ] . penepodium luteipenne leave their nests open even on occasions when provisioning is not completed in one day .\ntemporary paralysis of prey , as described here for penepodium luteipenne , has been observed in several previously studied species of the genus [ penepodium fumipenne ( taschenberg , 1869 ) : genise 1981 ; penepodium gorianum ( lepeletier de saint fargeau , 1845 ) : garcia and adis 1993 ; penepodium latro ( kohl , 1902 ) : buys 2006 ; and amazonian penepodium luteipenne : williams 1928 ] . however , species of podium and trigonopsis seem to more permanently paralyze their prey ( podium fulvipes cresson , 1865 : genaro 1994 ; podium luctuosum smith , 1856 : krombein 1967 ; podium rufipes : krombein 1967 , 1970 ; and trigonopsis cameronii : eberhard 1974 ) .\noviposition on the first prey item stored in the nest has been observed among most of the podiini studied to date ( penepodium gorianum : garcia and adis 1993 ; podium denticulatum : ribeiro and gar\u00f3falo 2010 ; podium rufipes : krombein 1970 ; and trigonospis cameronii : eberhard 1974 ) . only penepodium luteipenne , in this study , and the amazonian penepodium luteipenne studied by williams ( 1928 ) , oviposit on the last hunted prey item .\nthe stereotypic oviposition posture observed in penepodium luteipenne is similar to that of penepodium haematogastrum , as illustrated by williams ( 1928 : fig . 188 ) , and of trigonospis cameronii , as illustrated by eberhard ( 1974 : fig . 4 ) . however , the prey items used by trigonopsis cameronii are much smaller than those used by penepodium luteipenne and penepodium haematogastrum , and it uses only its front legs to hold its prey ( see eberhard 1974 : fig . 4 ) .\npenepodium luteipenne , as well as other podiini ( amazonian penepodium luteipenne : williams 1928 , trigonopsis cameronii : eberhard 1974 ) , is distinct in ovipositing on its prey outside the nest . an exception was observed by ribeiro and gar\u00f3falo ( 2010 ) who found that podium denticulatum oviposited sometimes before and sometimes after placing its prey in the nest . the behaviour of ovipositing outside the nest may be due to the lack of space inside the nest such that the female cannot assume the characteristic oviposition posture necessary for her to oviposit on a forecoxa of her prey .\nplacement of the prey headfirst into the nest as observed in penepodium luteipenne , was also found in all previously studied species of podiini ( penepodium gorianum : garcia and adis 1993 ; podium denticulatum : camillo et al . 1996 ; podium fulvipes : genaro 1994 ; podium rufipes : krombein 1970 ; podium luctuosum : krombein 1967 ; and trigonopsis cameronii : eberhard 1974 ) . in penepodium luteipenne , the position of the prey inside the nest , coupled with the elliptical shape of the nest opening tunnel , which is narrower than the cell , apparently aids in preventing the cockroaches from escaping from the open nests after waking from paralysis .\nintraspecific parasitism has been recorded for relatively few species of sphecid wasps ( review in field 1992b , see also bohart and menke 1976 ) . however , as more detailed behavioural studies are performed on sphecid wasps , including observations with individually marked females , a number of distinct types of intraspecific parasitism have been found . intraspecific parasitism may be widespread among sphecids , but it currently remains veiled by the paucity of studies . this seems to be the case for the tribe podiini , in which distinct types of intraspecific parasitism were observed in penepodium luteipenne and trigonopsis cameroni , two species with detailed studies including individually marked females .\nsphecidae wasps of the world : a generic revision . university of california press , 665 pp .\nsphecidae ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) of rio de janeiro state ( southeast brazil ) : inventory of species and notes on biology and distribution .\nintraspecific parasitism as an alternative reproductive tactic in nest - building wasps and bees .\nbehavioral and life - history notes on three floridian solitary wasp ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) .\ndie phylogenetischen beziehungen der sphecinae ( hymenoptera : apoidea : \u201csphecidae\u201d ) aufgrund morphologischer merkmale dos exosckellets .\nresults of the oxford university expedition to british guiana , 1929 . hymenoptera , sphecidae and bembecidae .\n( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) females in southwest arizona , with remarks on digger wasp territorial behaviour .\n> stream h\u0089\u0094v\u00eb\u008e\u009b @ \u0010\u00fc\u0002\u00fe\u0081c\nm\u00e8\u00bc \u00d7h\u0089\u0094\u00bb\u007f\u0000\u0001\u00e6\u00b3\u00f1\u00e2 \u00f0z7 _ \u009f\u00e1\u00f3 = \u00fe\u008ca\u00f8\u0017\u00eb\u0088\u009e\u009e\u00aa\u00ee\u00eajha\b\u00e9wu\u00f6e\u00fc\u009a\u00ef\u009e3r\u0018\u00aa\u00f3\u00fd9\u00fbf & \u00f9\u00e5m > 4\u00fbf\u0018 \\ \u0007\u0011x\u00a2\u00bd < \u00f3\u0082\u001b > \u009f \u0005\u00e5 < \u0098\u0092\u00e8 sk\n\u0089r\u0010yhb\u001b \u00f5\u0002b\u00b5 \u00a1\u00e5i : \u00f4i\u00f4\u0000\u0010\u0018 # \u0000\u009a\u0018\u00e8 \\ \u00a6pk\u00ec < \u00df } \u0081\u00eb\u00b6 @ h ) \u0001\u0084 r \u009bij\u00f6 @ p\u00a8\u0003\u0011\u001bu\u00f0d\u00fe\u0007\u0081\u0016d d\u00a6\u00e3\u009b\u00fc\u00f0\u008fi\u00e2\u00e2\u00f2\u00fcs\u0097\u00fd\u00f8e\u00fe\u00ee\u0001 ^ } \u00fe \u00fa\u008c \u00df + \u00923i \u00a9\u00fc\u00e1\u001a3\u009c3k\u00e3\u00bf\u00bf\u00f9\u00f7 _ $ \u00a74 < \u00ed3\u00ff3\u00fa ( f\u0003\u00ee\u00df\u00e9\u00bd r\u000fy\u00ee\u00a9\u00a9\u00a5\u0091\u0090\u0081\u00ee \u00fd \u00a1\u0011\u0012ke / \u00f13 ha\u00aa\u0081 } \u00f4\u0000 \u00e4\u009c\u00f2o\u00e2m\u00ba\u00aa\u0019\u00933op\u00e6 ( \u000eg\u00a80\u0090\u00be ; & \u00e1 \u00f85 + q2 , \u00b0 < \u00f7\u00e3\u009f\u0015\u00e4\u0096jdn7\u0090s } ! \u00e95\u008b7\u00e9x\u0013\u00f1\u00e1\u00eck\u00df\u00f5\u00edp\u00be \\ \u0092\u00a4\u00e2\u00baj\u008a - \u0000\u009dt\u00e5t\u001avd\u00e5 ( \u00e3 . h \u0003\u00b3 ; w\u00ec\u00e4\u008ea\u0091 * 75\u00f5\u00a2\u0006u\u00a1 1 ` \u00e0 { w\u0003z\u00bck\u00af\u00f4\u008br\u00f6\u00ab\u00b0 zd\u00afs\u00fd\u0004px\u00af\u008e\u00a7 : \u009d\u00f8p\u00fd\u00ac\u0014\u008eb\u00a4\u00f3\u00bfp\u00e8t , \u00a8m\u00e6\u0019\u0012\u0003\u00e1n\u00ed\u00fb\u00b2p\u00e7\u00ec2 * k\u00eb\u0091\u0098 @ \u0014 k\u00f66 ] 3\u0094i < \u0093\u0005\u00bd | \u00b6\u00e8y\u0088\u00eb\n\u009f\u00ed ( \u00a6\u00976\u0084\u009f\u00ba\u00e3\u00edl \\ \u008b\u00e2\u00f0zm \u00e6\u00b4\u00828\u0013\u00e4\u00e0\u00b6 \u0094z\u00f5\u00fdt\u00a6 g\u00ea\u0082\u0090h\u0015\u0086\u00b4 \\ \u00eb\u00ba5\u00ae\u0094\u00e3t3e\n\u00d7 $ \u0018g\u0090\u0099\u00eb\u0084\u0082\u00aaw\u0081\u00e4\u00bcd\u00e0\u0082\u00a9k7\u00b9th\u00bb { \u00a5 * \u00bc\u00e4\u0018\u00b7\u00fe\u00b2 \u00b2v \\ \u009a\u00eb\u00bb\u0082y\u00b1a\u00b3\u00a9e / h\u00f6\u00e6\u00fa \\ \u0083\u00b1\u00f5u\u00ff\u00f2\u00ea\u008e\u00a5 ' \u0096\u00ea\u000f\u0007v\u00e1vf\u0097\u00ef\u0097m\u009e\u0015\u00fc\u008a4 } \u00f3v\u0003\u00e6\u0003\u0091\u00fb\u00f8 : 2\u00ad\u00ea1u\u0012z\u00b15 \u00a3\u00f9\u0086\u0015\u00fb\u00b5 ` q\u00a2\u001b \u0012\u00ec\u0093b r\u00e4\u00bcw\u00e3\u00f2\u008c3\u00df\u00bc\u00e8p\u0001\u00e6\u00d7\u00b2 ] i\u00ada\u00fc\u009b\u0016\u00ef\u0082s ^ - \u00fe\u00f3uh\u00aa\u009c\u00f9\u00ff\u00b7\u00f5\u00eam\u0096\u00abxb - \u008b\u001bw\u008fd & \u00f6\u0012\u00e6 uom * \u0080\u00a7\u0087 \\ \u0098y\u00bf . sa\u00aa\u0002\u00b5u\u00bb\u00f1x\u00af\u00df\u0003\u00e4 . \u00f3\u00e2\u00e6\u0090\u0018\u00bay\u0001ni\u00fa\u00e7\u00fa\u008d\u00b35\u00b9\u00ee\u00f4\u009f\u0096\u00ad\u0092y\u00af\u00be\u00f3 @ h ! \u008c\u008d ` ` u\u009c\u000f . m\u00fe ! ~ \u00e7\u00e4\u008e\u00e4 z\u00a6 ( p\u008a ) \u00fd\u00fal\u00ee\u00ff 0\u0000\u00b7 = \u00a3 endstream endobj 26 0 obj < < / length 800 / filter / flatedecode > > stream h\u0089\u009cvm\u008f\u009b0\u0014\u00fc\u0005\u00fc\u0007\u00f4\u00f3\u00ae\u00f4\u00ba\u00fe\u0006\u00b7\u00b7v ] i\u00afu\u008e { a\u0089\u0093\u00b8 \u0090\u0002\u00e9j\u00fb\u00eb\u00eb\u00e0\u00f7\u009c\u0095 j\u00f2k\u0014 ` x\u00ec { 3 \u00fb\u00ee\u00fe\u00e7\u00ab \u0019 # \u008a\u00ea | \u00f5\u0092 } \u00842\u009a\u00af\u00ea\u00ec . \u00ec\u00a1\u00ea\u00abq\u0002\u00f8\u00fb4\u00fc\u00e6\u0017t\u00e9\u00e1\u0005\u00eetx\u00e1pmm\u0082 \u00b0\u00bcd4c , \u00ab ~ \u00a1\u00b2\u00e0\u001a + s \u00b0 [ \u00f7\u00fb\u00b6 \u009cl\u00d7\u00dfv\u00f9\u0097u & \u00f2u\u000f\u008f\u00fe\u00fe\u00f6\u00fblh\u00a24\u00ed9 + \u0088\u0094\u00fe\u00e55vx\u00e9\u008c \u00ff\u00fed h\u00eex\u00b8\u00fad\u00feg\u00e8\u00eem = & \u00dfm\u0081 & \u00d7s\u0015\u00ff @ c\u00ff\u00e3n\u00a1 # z\u00e2p\u0099p\u0001\u00bb\u00eb\u0086\u0004 <\nxa\u00fb\u008cb\u00fb { 7\u008c ) \u00fc = \u00e0\u0099\u00128 - q\u0006x\u00d7\u00ee\u0013\u00f0 + \\ \u0017t \\ \u00eby0\u008a4 \u0003\u008a\u00f5\u00b5 = \u008c\u00a9\u00e4k $ \u00e2b\u0093 % 8\u00a8\u00ad\u009aycpr\u0096\u00eajcp\u00a2u\u00ac , \u0081\u00eaq\u00b0\u00eb\u00ff\u00f5\u0083\u00f0\u00f48u\u0093 / n\u00f0\u0003\u0095a\u00ba\u0087 . \u00f90\u00f2\u00f6\u00bc\b\u00e3ez\u0080\u00e8\u00f5\u00b3\u001b\u00ffya\u00a8 \\ \u00a9\u0018 * \u00a7\u00e0\u0005g , \u0099e\u00fb\u0081 ) \u0090\u008e\u00f1k\u00f21\u008e\u00f3\u00e2\u0006\u00ec\u00f6\u00fb\u00adky\u00a3\u0091\u008b ( \u009ca ` \u00b8\u0014\u00ba\u00e1\u0016 \u00bf\u0096\u0004\u008f + \u009e \u0010\u00f8\u00b5\u0083\u00ad\u0017 \\ / l\u00119 # | \u0096\u00afg ) \u0091\u00af85z\u0082\u00be\u00ec \\ z\u0018y\u0095\u00fa \\ gy\u00bf : \u0082 \u00a7\b\u008c\u0089\u00f6w\u0083 [ \u008a @ \u00ee\u00a3\u0080\u0006\u0004 | \u00a9\u0016\u00fc\u00ae\u0003\u008d\u0013i \\ \u00f5\u009b\u00ee\u00f8\u00a6 & fo ; \u0018\u0013w \u0096 ^ z\u00f5\u0097 \u00ef\u00ec\u0094 | \u00ec (\n\u00eb\u009b \u008f\n/ 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the sides of the thorax and the front half of the wings are margined with yellow . adult males are fully winged , while females have conspicuous wing pads ( actually short wings like that of the female oriental cockroach ) , which are functionless . wings of the male are longer than its body , while wing pads of the female cover only one - third to two - thirds of the abdomen . the males fly swiftly but do not have the ability to sustain themselves in the air for long periods .\naccording to entomologist fred a . lawson , it is\noften seen on tree trunks and lower branches of oaks and elms after dark .\n. brought indoors on infested firewood , they wander about the house without congregating in any particular room . they can be especially troublesome during the mating season , which is during may and june . male wood cockroaches frequently travel in large numbers and fly considerable distances . they are attracted to lights at night and may gain entry indoors . large numbers may also be found in rain gutters of homes .\npennsylvania wood cockroaches feed primarily on decaying organic matter . both female and male pennsylvania wood cockroaches have been found under shingles and on the inside of garages . they rarely breed indoors . however , with the growing use of firewood , the popularity of cedar shake shingles , and the continual building of homes in wooded areas , problems with pennsylvania wood cockroaches will probably escalate .\nthe pennsylvania wood cockroach has three developmental stages : egg , nymph , and adult . eggs are laid in egg capsules , produced during the warm months and deposited behind the loose bark of dead trees , fallen logs , or stumps . egg capsules are yellowish brown and characteristically curved on both sides like a half moon . capsules are twice as long as wide , each containing up to 32 eggs . the egg stage lasts about 34 days at 80 \u00b0f , while the nymphal stage typically lasts 10 to 12 months but can last up to 2 years . the normal life span of the female adult is several months .\nthe distribution of the species includes southeastern canada , in the provinces of ontario and quebec , and the eastern and central united states , in alabama , the district of columbia , probably florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , iowa , kansas , louisiana , massachusetts , maine , maryland , michigan , minnesota , mississippi , missouri , nebraska , new jersey , new york , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , pennsylvania , south dakota , tennessee , texas , and wisconsin .\npennsylvania wood cockroaches are most often carried into homes under the bark of firewood . it is best to not store firewood inside the house . move woodpiles away from the house to further reduce the likelihood of cockroaches wandering in .\nhouses located within woods will sometimes have wood cockroaches crawl under siding ; especially homes with cedar shake shingles . to cockroaches , the house may represent a fallen tree and a new location for nesting . a wide lawn will inhibit cockroaches crawling from the surrounding woods to the house . the use of window screening and caulking to prevent entry is a good structural tactic .\nthe species frequently invades summer cottages , and while it is considered a nuisance , it is rarely in in enough numbers to be considered a pest .\nas breeding populations rarely become established indoors , house interiors should not be treated . treat exteriors only when wood cockroaches enter homes from the surrounding environment .\nexterior treatments to foundations , around doors and windows , porches , patios and other areas where outside lights are located will help control both the adult males ( which will fly to the lights ) and the females ( which crawl to the house in search of harborage ) .\natkinson , thomas h . ; koehler , philip g . ; patterson , richard s . ( 1990 ) .\nannotated checklist of cockroaches of florida ( dictyoptera : blattaria : blattidae , polyphagidae , blattellidae , blaberidae )\n( pdf ) . florida entomologist 73 ( 2 ) : 317 .\nblatchley , willis stanley ( 1920 ) . orthoptera of northeastern america : with especial reference to the faunas of indiana and florida . the nature publishing company . pp . 86\u201387 .\nvickery , v . r . ; kevan , d . k . mce ( 1966 ) .\nrecords of the orthopteroid insects in ontario\n. proceedings of the entomological society of ontario 97 : 18 .\nvickery , vr ; scudder , gge ( 1987 ) .\nthe canadian orthopteroid insects summarized and updated , including a tabular check - list and ecological notes\n. proceedings of the entomological society of ontario 118 : 25\u201346 . issn 0071 - 0768 .\nboth genders of p . lata are relatively large and robust for the genus . the male dorsal coloration of the species is a glossy light brown or reddish brown , while the female is a darker brown . the male ' s tegmina ( outer forewings ) extend well beyond the abdomen , and are wider than its pronotum . the female ' s short tegmina end around the second dorsal segment , and are colored slightly lighter than the rest of the body . the female is wider than the male , and has a much larger , more rounded pronotum .\nthe ootheca typically measures around 4 mm \u00d7 9 mm ( 0 . 16 in \u00d7 0 . 35 in ) , with its seam slightly curved , having a row of about 30 evenly spaced knobs .\nthe distribution of the species is the eastern united states , including alabama , the district of columbia , delaware , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , iowa , kansas , kentucky , louisiana , maryland , mississippi , missouri , north carolina , oklahoma , south carolina , tennessee , texas , and virginia .\np . lata commonly inhabit forests and grasslands . they are endemic to pine forests of the southeastern us , have been found in grassland and shrub communities in kansas , and have been found only in lowlying mesic hammocks in florida .\nthe species has been reported indoors , at lights , and under wooden signs on trees .\nit is a methanogenic ( methane - producing ) species , a trait more common in blaberidae and blattinae families of cockroaches than in the blatellidae family .\nthe species comprises more than half the biomass of the diet of the endangered red - cockaded woodpecker ( picoides borealis ) .\nthe female head and pronotum are usually a pale reddish - brown , its short tegmina are reddish brown with paler sides , its abdominal segments are a darker brown , and its legs and underside are a brownish yellow . [ 3 ]\nthe species ' ootheca ( egg case ) is bean - shaped , very dark brown , and measures about 8 . 5 mm ( 0 . 33 in ) long by 3 . 8 mm ( 0 . 15 in ) wide . [ 3 ] the edge with a seam is curved and has about 40 small crimps or folds . [ 3 ] it is similar to the ootheca of p . virginica , but is larger and has slightly narrower spacing of vertical divisions . [ 5 ]\ntwo differently colored forms of the species were regularly collected in kansas : a dark , olive gray to brown variety from riley county , kansas , and a light , golden brown to tan variety from the slopes of the flint hills pastures near manhattan , kansas . [ 6 ]\nfemale specimens of p . fulvescens can be confused with p . virginica and p . lata . [ 5 ] females of p . virginica are on average smaller and less robust , less often have wide coloration differences , normally have a supra - anal plate with straight lateral edges that converge in a more acute apex , have a less convex caudal ( rear ) edge of the sixth dorsal abdominal segment , and have fewer proximal spines of the cephalic femora . [ 5 ] females of p . lata are much larger and more robust , with a more transverse pronotum . [ 5 ]\nthe distribution of the species includes ontario , canada , [ 4 ] and the eastern united states , including alabama , arkansas , the district of columbia , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , iowa , kansas , maryland , mississippi , missouri , new jersey , new york , north carolina , south carolina , virginia , and texas . [ 8 ] it is not clear if the species is native or adventive in canada . [ 4 ]\nthe species has been found in heavy , barrier - beach forest , in pine - barrens undergrowth ( both typical or heavy and grassy ) , on the borders of pine barrens , on swamp edges , in heavy deciduous forest , and in heavy oak woods . [ 9 ] in florida it has been found in mesic hammock , xeric hammock , scrub , and sand hill habitats . [ 9 ]\nindividuals may be found under dead leaves , pine needles ( particularly beneath shortleaf pine ) , logs , beneath loose bark , or wandering at night . [ 9 ]\nblatchley , willis stanley ( 1920 ) . orthoptera of northeastern america : with especial reference to the faunas of indiana and florida . the nature publishing company . pp . 83\u201384 .\nvickery , v . r . ; kevan , d . k . mce ( 1966 ) .\nrecords of the orthopteroid insects in ontario\n. proceedings of the entomological society of ontario . 97 : 18\u201319 .\nhebard , morgan ( 1917 ) .\nthe blattidae of north america north of the mexican boundary\n. memoirs of the american entomological society . american entomological society ( 2 ) : 97 , 114\u2013115 , 118 . ( the article comprises the whole issue . )\ngordh , gordon ; headrick , david ( 2011 ) . a dictionary of entomology ( 2nd ed . ) . cabi . p . 68 . isbn 978 - 1 - 84593 - 542 - 9 .\natkinson , thomas h . ; koehler , philip g . ; patterson , richard s . ( 1990 ) .\nroth , louis m . ; willis , edwin r . ( 1960 ) .\nbiotic associations of cockroaches\n. smithsonian miscellaneous collections . washington , d . c . : the smithsonian institution . 141 : 59\u201360 .\ndrawings from a 1917 article by morgan hebard . plate iv , labeled 13 - 16 , of p . fulvescens body parts and dorsal views of two female specimens with slightly different wing shapes . key to drawings on pages 278 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\ndet . g . vogg , j . skevington . widespread in dwellings , common .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington ; nl specimens from thedford area .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in eastern north america ( north to southern ontario ) .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in eastern north america north to southern ontario ( strictly carolinian ) . nl specimen from thedford area .\ndet . r . cannings . new range extension ( previously known only as far north as walpole ) . rare in ontario , likely\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in north america .\nwalker ( this appears to have changed . it is now apparently widespread and abundant , perhaps due to the prevalence\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . specimen data : pinery park store area , 26 . vi . 1991 , in copula .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in eastern north america from south carolina north to southern ontario .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in eastern north america north to southern ontario where it is local .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in north america south to north carolina .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in eastern north america north to southern ontario .\ndet . donnelly . new for canada . two ppp specimens in cnc ( pair ) . two wp specimens in rbcm . two wp\nspecimens in ug . two ppp specimens in ic personal collection . two ppp specimens in js personal collection .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington , widespread in eastern north america from south carolina north to james bay .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in northern north america .\ndet . i . carmichael , j . skevington . widespread in north and central america .\ndet . i . carmichael and j . skevington . distributed through ne north america , common in southern ontario .\ndet . j . skevington . rare in canada , known from extreme sw ont , s . manitoba and s . british columbia . walker listsontario records for lambton co . ( st . clair river ) , simcoe co . and kenora district . specimen data : pinery , eastboundary ( on edge of oak savanna along goosemarsh line ) , 17 . vi . 1995 , pair in copula , j . skevington ."]}
{"id": 1138, "summary": [{"text": "the steppe eagle ( aquila nipalensis ) is a bird of prey .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "like all eagles , it belongs to the family accipitridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was once considered to be closely related to the non-migratory tawny eagle ( aquila rapax ) and the two forms have previously been treated as conspecific .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "they were split based on pronounced differences in morphology and anatomy ; two molecular studies , each based on a very small number of genes , indicate that the species are distinct but disagree over how closely related they are . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "steppe eagle", "paragraphs": ["the habitat for the steppe eagle must be protected . agricultural practices should respect the habitat and the conservation of steppe birds like the steppe eagle .\nthe name\nsteppe eagle\nis a parody of the desert eagle as both steppe and desert are ecological zone types .\ntags : afghanistan , birds , eagle , navy seals , sen . chuck schumer , steppe eagle\nvireo steppe eagle photos . urltoken species account , with an emphasis on european populations .\ngreen , dietmar knopp and richard j . cuthbert diclofenac is toxic to the steppe eagle\nwith witch the steppe eagle is closely related . today they are definitely regarded as seperate species .\n[ grin 2009 ] global raptor information network . 2009 . species account : steppe eagle aquila nipalensis . downloaded from\nview different nest arrangements of the steppe eagle ( karjakin , 2012 : pp . 24 - 35 ) > > >\nthere are no specific conservation programs in place for the steppe eagle , however many parts of its range are protected .\nsteppe eagle | s . t . a . l . k . e . r . wiki | fandom powered by wikia\njuvenile eagle and immature often show broad white band along the greater coverts on the underwing . plumage is paler . the young steppe eagle reaches the adult plumage at 4 - 5 years .\nthe steppe eagle is a quiet bird , only vocalising during the breeding season . their call sounds somewhat like a barking crow .\nbeside that , the large scale destruction of steppe habitat and conversion the agricultural land ( and the following reduction of prey like susliks ) is the major reason for the decline of the steppe eagle .\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : steppe eagle aquila nipalensis . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\nview the habitats of the steppe eagle in satellite images and photographs ( karyakin , 2012 : pp . 24 - 35 ) > > >\na steppe eagle named mitch was a long way off its normal migration route when it landed in norfolk , va . , last friday .\nthe steppe eagle is a large bird of prey , belonging to the aquila family , or eagle family . it was once thought to be a subspecies of the tawny eagle , but they are now known to be a distinct species . there are in fact two subspecies of the steppe eagle , aquila nipalensis nipalensis and aquila nipalensis orientalis which slightly differ in coloration and size . in general aquila nipalensis nipalensis is darker and larger .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - steppe eagle ( aquila nipalensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - steppe eagle ( aquila nipalensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - steppe eagle ( aquila nipalensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsteppe eagle arrives in march at breeding areas . both mates often arrive together . in this species , breeding season is strongly dependent on preys\u2019 availability .\nduring a dive steppe eagles can reach a speed of 300 kilometers per hour .\nstory by andrea egan , vadim kirilyuk and undp russia / photos : undp / gef steppe project team and natalia sudets for undp steppe project and undp russia .\nsimilar species within the steppe eagle\u2019s nesting sites , similar breeds of eagles exist - the white - tailed eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla ) , golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) , imperial eagle ( a . heliaca ) and greater spotted eagle ( a . nipalensis ) . all the above - listed species , as well as the lesser spotted eagle ( a . pomarina ) , which is most similar to the steppe eagle , migrate to the same areas , which makes identification of species difficult . when trying to identify eagles , attention must be turned to the colour of the underside of the wing . the young steppe eagle can be distinguished from the other eagles by the \u2018juvenile band\u2019 , formed cleanly by white lower coverts . with age the band turns black and by the age of 5 it will have almost completely disappeared . at this age the key indicators identifying the steppe eagle will be its wing and tail proportions , wing position in flight , and the length of the foot relative to the tail .\nprotection / threats / status : steppe eagle is vulnerable to persecution , changes or destruction of their habitat for agriculture , and collision with power lines . this species may be common in suitable habitat , and it is one of the most common eagles in the world . steppe eagle is not threatened at this moment .\nas the name already says , the steppe eagle is a bird of open habitat like steppes , desert , semi - desert , grasslands and even agricultural areas .\na soldier from the kazakhstan peacekeeping battalion loads a helicopter during load training at illisky training center during steppe eagle 16 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\na group of refugees clash with members of the kazakhstan peacekeeping battalion during the steppe eagle 16 , apr . 20 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\nthe steppe eagle is a unique black kite featured only in s . t . a . l . k . e . r . : call of pripyat .\nverifying the toxicity of diclofenac to steppe eagles . if such results are borne out ,\nwhile there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the steppe eagle ( 1 ) , it occurs in numerous protected areas throughout its range ( 6 ) .\nit is not known exactly when a steppe eagle reaches sexual maturity , but it is estimated at around 3 to 4 years old , when it gains its adult plumage .\na soldier from the kazakhstan peacekeeping battalion pulls security following small arms fire from the local village during the steppe eagle 16 , apr . 20 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\ndescription : steppe eagle adult has dark brown plumage overall . the body is darker than the greyish wings . flight and tail feathers are greyish , and may be barred dark grey .\na team of medics from the kazakhstan peacekeeping battalion evacuate a simulated casualty during medevac training , apr 16 , at illisky training center kazakhstan during steppe eagle 16 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\nfood : as a predator steppe eagle prefers small rodents as food , which he is able to catch . sometimes it can hunt for small chicks , eat carrion and occasionally reptiles .\nthe steppe eagle is a migratory species . most european birds and those from western asia spend the winter in eastern and southern africa . some also spend the winter on the arabian peninsula .\nhere at woburn we have one steppe eagle , goran . he is a gentle giant , with a laid back attitude to life . his call is more like a chicken than an eagle ! he was hatched in the czech republic , but has settled into life at woburn well .\nsoldiers from the kazakhstan peacekeeping battalion use their shields and gain confidence in their equipment during public order training at the illisky training center , kazakhstan during steppe eagle 16 , april 12 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\nsteppe eagles are very quiet birds and use rarely vocalization for communication , except during the breeding season .\na team of soldiers from the kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states compete against another multinational team in a tug - of - war competition during steppe eagle 16 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , u . k . and the u . s . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\n[ birdlife international 2004 ] birdlife international . 2004 . birds in europe : population estimates , trends and conservation status . birdlife interntional . cambridge , uk . ( steppe eagle species account available at :\nalthough generally considered common throughout its range , as a result of persecution , collision with power lines , and the conversion of steppe to agricultural land , the steppe eagle has disappeared from romania , moldova and ukraine ( 2 ) . nevertheless , it remains the most common eagle species of its size in the world ( 2 ) , and is therefore not considered to be threatened ( 1 ) .\na relatively large , handsome bird of prey , the steppe eagle closely resembles a number of related eagle species such as the tawny eagle , aquila rapax , that occur within its extensive range ( 2 ) . the plumage is mostly dark brown , with well - defined bars on the flight and tail feathers ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the main distinguishing features are the reddish - brown patch on the nape of the neck , the oval nostrils , and the long , wide gape . there are two recognised subspecies of steppe eagle , aquila nipalensis nipalensis and aquila nipalensis orientalis , the latter being slightly smaller , with paler plumage . the juvenile steppe eagle resembles the adult but is paler brown , with a characteristic broad white band running along the underside of the wing ( 2 ) .\n) . therefore , it is possible that minks may also prey on lesser spotted eagle eggs .\nfor many inhabitants of the steppes , the eagle is held with a reverence that borders religion .\nmeyburg , b . - u . , c . meyburg & p . paillat ( 2012 ) : steppe eagle migration strategies - revealed by satellite telemetry . brit . birds 105 : 506 - 519 .\nrange : steppe eagle breeds from romania , through the asiatic steppes to mongolia . they are migratory raptors . the european and central asian races winter in africa , whereas the eastern races winter in india .\nsgt . ana pegues , a veterinary food inspection specialist from area support group - kuwait , receives a medal and a certificate for her performance during the steppe eagle 16 sports day , apr . 17 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\n. . . steppe eagles aquila nipalensis ( sharma et al . , 2014 ) suggesting the possibility that diclofenac is toxic to other accipitrid raptors , such as the threatened spanish imperial eagle . . . .\nhabitat in most parts of its breeding range , the steppe eagle is typically an inhabitant of the open steppes and semi - desert spaces . in contrast to other eagles , it has truly mastered overland habitats , and thus a wide range of landscapes . the habitats of the steppe eagle can be categorised into the following : 1 . low steppe hills 2 . valley - beam systems in steppe zones , including in agricultural landscapes . 3 . vast , flat territories of undisturbed dry desert steppes , semi - deserts , and northern argillaceous scree deserts . 4 . steep slopes and cliff plateaus of steppe and semi - desert zones . 5 . all types of open spaces in the hills , regardless of the high - altitude zone ( steppe valleys , forest steppes around their peripheries or mountain plains , upper boundaries of forests , alpine tundras ) .\nbehaviour : steppe eagle feeds almost exclusively on several races of susliks , and especially little suslik ( citellus pygmaeus ) , small rodent related to terrestrial squirrels . it also may take other small rodents and young terrestrial birds , and occasionally crickets and reptiles . steppe eagle hunts from a hide and often pursues the prey before to catch it . this eagle may hunt by walking , or while flying , by circling and diving . it also waits at burrow entrance for rodents . it captures the preys with the talons .\nhabitat : steppe eagle frequents grassy steppes and semi - desert . the subspecies \u201cnipalensis\u201d is found in mountainous areas during the breeding season , up to 2300 metres of elevation , whereas the race \u201corientalis\u201d breeds in lowlands .\n. . . other external stressors relevant to steppe eagle mortality have recently been demonstrated as a potential threat to the species . specifically , the veterinary drug diclofenac responsible for large - scale declines in gyps vultures in south asia has recently been implicated in the death of steppe eagles ( sharma et al . , 2014 ) . the findings suggest that , as facultative scavengers potentially present in areas where diclofenac may be used as a veterinary drug , 31 steppe eagle populations may be exposed to and consequently adversely affected by diclofenac residues in carcasses . . . .\nthey collaborated on this work with a steppe eagle named cossack , whom they have studied for about 10 years . cossack wore an advanced recording device to track the details of his flight , like speed , turns and altitude .\nmaj . dave dalton , the executive officer for the 30th military engagement team - - jordan discusses troop leading procedures with the company staff from company 1 , kazakhstan peacekeeping battalion at the illisky training center , kazakhstan during steppe eagle 16 , april 12 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army phohto by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\nsgt . scott boyd , a platoon sergeant from 1st rifles battalion , 160th brigade , discusses riot control techniques with maj . chris hainge and one of the instructors from the kazakhstan peacekeeping operations training center during predeployment preparation for steppe eagle 16 , april 11 . steppe eagle is a multinational exercise with participation from servicemembers from kazakhstan , the united kingdom and the united states . ( u . s . army photo by maj . chris brautigam , usarcent public affairs )\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto steppe eagle is usually silent outside breeding season , but when displaying , it utters crow - like barking . calls are often given during some behaviour such as displays , contact , alarm and threat .\nflight : steppe eagle has long , broad wings , and flies with heavy , slow wing beats . when circling , the wings are held horizontally with slightly hanging hand . when soaring , wings are raised and bent at hand level .\n. . . pesticide poisoning has adversely impacted on the steppe eagle eastern populations in rus - sia ( karyakin et al . , 2016 ) . sharma et al . ( 2014 ) mentioned that the steppe eagle is a vulnerable to diclofenac which was inten - sively used in the species ' wintering range in pakistan and india ( birdlife international , 2016b ) . in iraq , little is known about poi - soning as a threat to birds of prey . . . .\ngo here fledglings of the steppe eagle can be distinguished easily from other eagles by its longer beak and the colour of the primaries developing from pins , tail feathers and remiges on the upper and undersides of the body . after the opening of the primaries , the juvenile can be easily distinguished from that of the golden eagle and the eastern imperial eagle : the upper coverts of the spine and shoulder are brown , and the remiges and tail feathers are ochre - coloured .\nas its name suggests , the steppe eagle mainly inhabits vast , semi - arid areas of grassland , known as steppe , although it also frequently occurs in semi - desert . during the breeding season , aquila nipalensis orientalis can be found in lowlands and low hills , whereas aquila nipalensis nipalensis occupies mountainous areas up to elevations of 2 , 300 metres ( 2 ) .\nsaryarka - steppe and lakes of northern kazakhstan protects substantial , largely undisturbed areas of central asian steppe and lakes in the korgalzhyn and naurzum state nature reserves . the property\u2019s wetland areas are of outstanding importance for migratory waterbirds , including substantial populations of globally threatened species , as they are key stopover points and crossroads on the central asian flyways . the property\u2019s steppe areas provide a valuable refuge for over half the species of the region\u2019s steppe flora , a number of threatened bird species and the critically endangered saiga antelope .\nto find food the steppe eagle flies over its territory . when it discovers prey it rushes down and kills it on the ground with its powerful claws . prey comprises predominately small mammals , especially gophers , but also small birds , insects and reptiles . the also feed on fresh carrion or steal prey from other animals . the steppe eagle has a crop in the throat which allows it to store food before it is moved to the stomach or regurgitated in order to feed its offspring .\nmitch is a steppe eagle that cannot fly . his brown wings , permanently injured , no longer soar through the air . still , mitch is about to head from afghanistan to new york , thanks to the help of a few caring soldiers .\nthus , the imperial eagle project will provide the chance to learn more about the eastern imperial eagle and improve the conservation of this bird in azerbaijan with the involvement of the media , local community stakeholders , infrastructure companies and governmental authorities .\nfederal wildlife laws recognize the importance of accommodating tribal spiritual needs by allowing exceptions for the religious purposes of indian tribes . eagle feathers are made available to tribal members every year from the fish and wildlife service ' s national eagle repository .\nthe\nsteppe eagle\n( aquila nipalensis ) ( kazakh : \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u049b\u044b\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b ) is a bird of prey . like all eagles , it belongs to the family accipitridae . cultural significance : the steppe eagle appears on the flag of kazakhstan , as the\nnational bird of kazakhstan\nrespectively . habitat and feeding : the steppe eagle breeds from romania east through the south russian and central asian steppes to mongolia . the european and central asian birds winter in africa , and the eastern birds in india . it lays 1\u20133 eggs in a stick nest in a tree . throughout its range it favours open dry habitats , such as desert , semi - desert , steppes , or savannah . it is found in south - eastern pakistan especially in karachi .\nscott hickman poses with mitch in the cage he and his colleagues built for the eagle . photo : courtesy of scott hickman\n. . . it may also be that diclofenac affects other vulture species , such as bearded gypaetus barbatus , egyptian neophron perc - nopterus and cinereous vultures aegypius monachus , and facultative avian scavengers , such as the red kite , spanish imperial eagle , golden eagle aquila chrysaetos and black kite milvus migrans . circumstantial evidence suggests that the steppe eagle which is in the same family ( accipitridae ) as vultures , kites and other eagles , may be susceptible to diclofenac ( sharma et al . 2014 ) . . . .\nresearchers find dead steppe eagles with diclofenac residues in their tissues in rajasthan ; experts say it points to alarming trend for all indian raptors .\nremarkable is the velocity that steppe eagles can achieve during their flight . they can reach up to 60 kilometer per hour and when they dive they fall with a speed up to 300 kilometer per hour . compared with other birds steppe eagles spend relatively much time on the ground .\nfor the imperial eagle in 2006 , which stated that a basic assessment of the breeding population of the species was a priority .\nwatson , j . w . 2003 . bald eagle nesting chronology in western washington . washington birds 9 : 8 - 11 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - steppe eagles in natural habitat\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - steppe eagles in natural habitat\ntitle =\narkive video - steppe eagles in natural habitat\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe steppe eagle is a large and handsome bird of prey , belonging to the aquila , or eagle , family . as its name suggests you will find it living in steppe habitats , or dry grasslands , across eastern europe . you will also find them on the national flag of kazakhstan , pictured flying beneath the sun . they are fast for their size , reaching flying speeds of up to 37mph , and incredible speeds of up to 186mph when diving . when migrating for the winter they can fly an incredible 220 miles in a day .\nwe had suspected as much from observed declines in non - gyps vultures in asia , but this study confirms our worst fears . \u201d taking from empirical evidence , experts fear that just like the steppe eagles , other species of eagle may also be affected in the same way .\ntingaya , r . e . , suredab , n . and gilbert , m . ( 2008 ) steppe eagle ( aquila nipalensis ) foraging behavior in mongolia : a combined use of diversionary and covert ambush tactics ? . journal of raptor research , 42 : 155 - 156 .\nthe eastern imperial eagle has a small global population that is declining due to habitat loss and exploitation . photo : michael ransburg / flickr\nappearance the steppe eagle ( aquila nipalensis ) is a large eagle , with broad , long wings and a short rounded tail . adult birds are brown in colour . the undersides of the wings are either the same colour as the wing coverts and belly or darker , with visible barring . there is a white patch on the upper tail coverts . the nape has either a rusty - coloured or ochre patch , which differs considerably in size across birds . in juveniles and immature birds the underside of the wing has a narrow white band , formed by the large lower wing coverts ( the so - called \u2018juvenile\u2019 band ) , which serves well to distinguish steppe eagles of this age from other eagle species .\nsteppe eagles tend to nest on the ground , or in bushes , and occasionally on electricity pylons and other artificial structures . ground nesting allows a good view of surroundings , for protection , but as habitat loss and habitat conversion to agricultural land occurs more , the steppe eagle has to use higher nest sites . the nest is made of sticks and twigs , and is lined with camel dung and old rags . it is usually around 1metre in diameter .\nthe steppe eagle will produce a pellet every day , a small package of all the parts of their food they cannot digest fully , such as the bones and fur or feathers , regurgitated . this removes the indigestible parts of food , but also cleans the digestive tract of any debris and bacteria .\nwatson , j . w . 1990 . bald eagle dies from entanglement in fish net . journal of raptor research 23 : 52 - 53 .\nshakhyru was the first event , in which the eagle trainer drags a dead ( ? ) fox behind his horse . his eagle is then released from a nearby hilltop and judged on how quickly it can descend upon the bouncing , deteriorating fox ( it\u2019s certainly dead at this point ) .\nthe current flag of kazakhstan was adopted on june 4 , 1992 , replacing the flag of the kazakh soviet socialist republic . the national flag of the republic of kazakhstan represents rectangular breadth of blue color with the sun in its center surrounded by 32 beams , and a steppe eagle flying beneath it . there is a vertical strip with national ornament near hoist . images of the sun , beams , eagle and ornament \u2014 are all gold - colored .\nthe sun represents the source of life and energy . it is also a symbol of wealth and abundance ; the sun ' s rays are like grain , which is the basis of abundance and prosperity . peoples of different kazakh tribes had the golden eagle on their flags for centuries . the eagle symbolizes the power of the state . for the modern nation of kazakhstan , the eagle is a symbol of independence , freedom and flight to future .\na violent and exciting sport to witness , kokbar was easily the most popular event at the festival and drew even larger crowds than the eagle hunting .\nadult lesser spotted eagles also are distinguished by their yellow eyes , whereas adult steppe eagles and greater spotted eagles have brown eyes . juveniles of all three species have brown eyes . the head and wings of lesser spotted eagles are a lighter shade of brown compared to the rest of its body ; in steppe eagles and greater spotted eagles , the entire body is a dark shade of brown . lesser spotted eagles also have a small head and beak for an eagle . like other eagles in the genus\nthe species suffers from declining and destruction of natural habitat . the large scale destruction of steppe habitat and conversion of steppes to agricultural land ( and the following reduction of prey like gophers ) is the major reason for the decline of the steppe eagle . especially in western ranges the number of populations is decreasing . however , at the moment the number of individuals is relatively high and the species is not seen as endangered . therefore it is qualified as least concern on the iucn red list of threatened species .\nthreats : habitat loss is the greatest threat as their natural steppe habitat is converted into agricultural lands . they are also very susceptible collisions with power lines and wind power development .\nas steppe eagles are living in areas with very few trees they often build their nests on the ground , the slope of a hill and also on bushes and power poles .\nlike kazakh music , kazakh dance is decidedly odd . the aim of the dance is to replicate the movements of all the great steppe animals ( all four of them ) .\nas the name indicates the steppe eagle prefers open and dry landscapes as semi - deserts , savannahs and grass steppes . the birds are living up to a height of 3000 meter , but can overcome heights up to 7900 meters . an average home territory comprises between 30 and 50 square kilometers but sometimes even encompass more than 100 square kilometers .\n72 - 81 cm , wingspan 160 - 200 cm . dark - brown , medium - large aquila . juvenile usually has broad whitish band along greater underwing coverts . primaries banded , iris brown ( meyburg and boesman 2013 ) . similar spp . larger than tawny eagle a . rapax and separated by width and length of gape . generally darker than lesser spotted eagle a . pomarina and paler than greater spotted eagle a . clanga and has oval nostrils rather than round as in both these species .\ndiet : steppe eagle uses wide variety of hunting techniques , and may catch preys by walking or flying . it often steals preys from other raptors when in flight . susliks are their favourite preys , but other rodents , terrestrial birds , reptiles and crickets are also taken . carrion is eaten during migration and on wintering areas , mainly by immature birds .\nbald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus ) . in e . m . larsenand n . nordstrom , editors . management recommendations for washington ' s priority species , volume iv : birds\nthere are usually 1 - 4 eggs in the steppe eagle\u2019s clutch . the laying of each subsequent egg takes place every 2 - 5 days , usually 3 - 4 days ( rarely up to 10 days ) . the incubation period begins with the first egg laid . the egg is white and freckled with ochre and light - brown spots of differing colour intensity and sizes . the shell is thick and coarse - grained . the size of the eggs are 62 . 5 \u2013 80 . 1 x 48 . 9 \u2013 60 . 5 mm , and 73 . 81 x 55 . 85 mm on average . the eggs of the steppe eagle are on average slightly smaller than that of the golden and eastern imperial eagle , but there is a strong overlap between the ranges of measurements and the classification of each species should not be determined using these dimensions . the incubation period lasts from 39 to 45 days .\nfederal wildlife laws such as the bald and golden eagle protection act generally criminalize the killing of eagles and other migratory birds and the possession or commercialization of the feathers and other parts of such birds . these important laws are enforced by the department of justice and the department of the interior and help ensure that eagle and other bird populations remain healthy and sustainable .\na research paper published on monday in the journal of the cambridge university press highlighted the threat faced by steppe eagles ( aquila nipalensis ) from veterinary diclofenac , after the corpses of two steppe eagles were found in rajasthan towards the end of 2013 and earlier this year . after these were studied over the last few months , the deadly chemical was found in their tissues , setting off alarm bells .\nthese closely related eagle species can be most readily distinguished during their juvenile stages . in each species , juvenile birds differ greatly compared to adults . for example , juvenile greater spotted (\nonce hatched , the young will stay in the nest for around 60 days . usually 2 to 3 of the young will survive to fledging . during this time the male will bring food to the female and young in the nest . the success rate of chick survival in the steppe eagle is directly linked with the population number of gophers , their main food during the breeding season .\nthe steppe eagle is a relatively large and handsome bird of prey belonging to the genus aquila . the species is divided in two subspecies : aquila nipalensis nipalensis and aquila nipalensis orientalis which slightly differ in coloration and size . in general aquila nipalensis nipalensis is darker and larger . usually steppe eagles achieve a body - length between 60 and 81 centimeters and a wingspan between 165 and 214 centimeters . the weight ranges between 2 , 4 to 3 , 8 kilogram and the female birds are slightly larger and heavier than their male con - species . the plumage is brown to dark brown and on the back of the head are sometimes yellow spots . flight feathers and tail are blackish . often the birds have a lighter or even white bond at the wings . the eyes are brown and the hooked tip is dark gray but in the beginning the bill is bright yellow colored . the tail is short and wedge - shaped . immature young birds are less contrasted and often have a white spot on the neck . in an age of 3 \u2013 4 years a steppe eagle gets the adult plumage and reaches sexual maturity . in wild the lifespan reaches 30 years in captivity steppe eagles can reach over 40 years .\nthe bird \u2014 a large , mostly brown eagle that is slightly smaller than a bald eagle \u2014 was shot in the wing by an afghan soldier at a firing range in april . an american contractor who happened to have a background in ornithology rescued the bird and took it to a u . s . army veterinarian , who was able to splint its wing and provide medication .\nelectrocution is a serious problem which causes the death of many steppe eagles . the taking of young eagles out of the nest in order to sell them to western european countries also occurs [ mebs & schmidt 2006 ] .\nthe steppe eagle is an opportunistic feeder , usually soaring above its prey , and taking steep dives , of up to 186mph towards the prey . the strong feet and talons are used to catch the prey and kill them , before either tearing them apart with the strong hooked beak , or if they are small , swallowing them whole . they will occasionally wait outside burrows of small mammals , waiting for them to emerge .\nsince november 2015 , sabuko ( society for nature conservation ) is carrying out conservation activities to improve the status of the eastern imperial eagle ( aquila heliaca ) through direct conservation measures , awareness raising and education .\nthe festival ended with the distribution of awards to the winners . if you\u2019ve already read \u201c a hitchhiker\u2019s tale from outer mongolia , \u201d you\u2019re probably expecting me to mention a certain eagle vs . wolf death match now\u2026\nmeyburg , b . - u . & c . meyburg ( 2010 ) . migration strategies of 16 steppe eagles aquila nipalensis tracked by satellite . 6th international conference on asian raptors . ulaanbaatar , mongolia , 23 - 27 june 2010 : poster\nsaryarka - steppe and lakes of northern kazakhstan comprises two protected areas : naurzum state nature reserve and korgalzhyn state nature reserve totalling 450 , 344 ha . it features wetlands of outstanding importance for migratory water birds , including globally threatened species , among them the extremely rare siberian white crane , the dalmatian pelican , pallas\u2019s fish eagle , to name but a few . these wetlands are key stopover points and crossroads on the central asian flyway of birds from africa , europe and south asia to their breeding places in western and eastern siberia . the 200 , 000 ha central asian steppe areas included in the property provide a valuable refuge for over half the species of the region\u2019s steppe flora , a number of threatened bird species and the critically endangered saiga antelope , formerly an abundant species much reduced by poaching . the property includes two groups of fresh and salt water lakes situated on a watershed between rivers flowing north to the arctic and south into the aral - irtysh basin .\nmigration the steppe eagle is a migratory bird and emigrates from its nest in winter . in recent years , there has been data about hibernating birds within the borders of the nesting sites in kazakhstan , but this remains a random phenomenon and is not the norm . wintering steppe eagles are dispersed across the tropical grassland ecosystems and deserts of the old world \u2013 africa , india , south - east asia , to the north until the arabian desert , iran , afghanistan . pakistan and south - east china ( sichuan , hubei ) . most of the global steppe eagle population seem to winter in africa ( a . n . orientalis ) and india ( a . n . nipalensis ) . birds from the population in the volga and aral - caspian regions spend winter in the persian gulf region and in various regions of africa , and those from central kazkhstan spend theirs in the persian gulf . this has been established through satellite monitoring of 16 birds which were mainly caught in saudi arabia . in particular , in the course of winter an adult female flew from ustiurt ( kazakhstan ) to botswana , south africa and zimbabwe , while another flew from ustiurt to ethiopia , chad and sudan ( meyburg et al . , 2012 ) . the general length of migration from kazakhstan can reach 17 000 km . similar data has not yet been determined for wintering steppe eagles of the eastern subspecies nesting in russia from the altai to the amura basin .\nwatson , j . w . , d . j . pierce , and b . c . cunningham . 1999 . an active bald eagle nest associated with unusually close human activity . northwestern naturalist 80 : 71 - 74 .\neagle ( burkit ) hunting is a distinguishing characteristic of kazakh culture . often these birds are raised as hatchlings , however many discerning burkit trainers insist that captivity - raised birds lack natural killer instincts . these trainers prefer to capture their eagles after they\u2019ve mature , by stealing them out of the nest . to the casual layperson such as me , stealing a full - grown , pissed - off eagle with \u201ckiller instincts\u201d from its nest seems pretty inadvisable .\nsteppe eagles arrive at their summer breeding grounds around april , at the start of spring . large nests , up to a metre wide , are constructed from twigs and lined with various materials , such as old rags and camel dung . while the nests are usually placed on the ground in a position allowing a good view of the surroundings , as a result of habitat alteration and persecution , nests are increasingly being found in trees , bushes and on artificial structures . the female lays a clutch of between one and three eggs which are incubated for 45 days , with the chicks being brooded for a further 55 to 65 days before fledging . the steppe eagle is remarkably long lived , reaching up to 41 years in captivity ( 2 ) .\nhabitat : the main habitat - the virgin steppe , foothills , semi - deserts . in the south - east of europe habitat covers an area from romania to p . urals , and in asia - east transbaikal , argun and the yellow river valley .\na denizen of the middle east and africa , the eagle got a lift on a military aircraft after being wounded in afghanistan and cared for by navy seals . it also received some valuable assistance from new york sen . chuck schumer .\nthe original distribution area of the steppe eagle ranged from eastern europe to central asia ( tibet , manchuria ) and the east asian mongolia . but in europe the species is now only found in russia north and north - west of the caspian sea . formerly steppe eagles also nested in moldova , romania and ukraine but it is long extinct in those countries . outside of europe the species is found in the steppes of central asia eastwards to mongolia , eastern kazakhstan , tibet and northeastern china . in autumn the eagles migrate to their winter territories . most european birds and those from western asia spend the winter in eastern and southern africa . some also spend the winter on the arabian peninsula . birds from farther east spend the winter in india and neighboring countries .\nthe distance between nests in concentrated nesting sites in low hills of the steppe ranges from 0 . 8 - 2 km with an average of 1 . 2 km , 2 - 6 km , usually 4 km in denser groups and 25km in less saturated groups .\nand thanks to their efforts , the eagle named mitch will finally enjoy some peace at dubacher\u2019s sanctuary , where thousands of visitors will be able to hear the story of \u201cthis very special bird and some very special guys that saved him . \u201d\ngarrett , m . g . , j . w . watson , and r . g . anthony . 1993 . bald eagle home range and habitat use in the columbia river estuary . journal of wildlife management 57 : 19 - 27 .\ni timed my visit to coincide with the nomads\u2019 burkit eagle hunting festival , a spectacular two - day pageant of kazakh culture , traditional food , equestrian sports , and giant eagles laying waste to bunnies , foxes , and one unlucky wolf .\nhere\u2019s a second example of shakhyru that didn\u2019t run quite as smoothly . i\u2019m including it because it shows the wonderfully volatile nature of the eagles . eagle hunters only use female eagles , which are larger and more aggressive than their male counterparts .\nmeyburg , b . u . , boesman , p . , marks , j . s . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . steppe eagle ( aquila nipalensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncriterion ( x ) : biological diversity and threatened species : korgalzhyn and naurzum state nature reserves protect large areas of natural steppe and lake habitats that sustain a diverse range of central asian flora and fauna and support vast numbers of migratory birds , including substantial populations of many globally threatened species . the korgalzhyn - tengiz lakes provide feeding grounds for up to 15 - 16 million birds , including flocks of up to 2 . 5 million geese . they also support up to 350 , 000 nesting waterfowl , while the naurzum lakes support up to 500 , 000 nesting waterfowl . the property\u2019s steppe areas provide a valuable refuge for over half the species of the region\u2019s steppe flora , a number of threatened bird species and the critically endangered saiga antelope , a once abundant species much reduced across its range by poaching pressure .\nwatson , j . w . , and d . j . pierce . 1998 . bald eagle ecology in western washington with an emphasis on the effects of human activity . final report . washington department of fish and wildlife , olympia . 197p .\nduring the winter months the steppe eagle will migrate to warmer climates . around autumn they will start to move from northern breeding grounds in central asia , eastern europe , and russia . they will travel to wintering grounds across the middle east , the arabian peninsula and eastern and southern africa . they have been found to fly very long distances , with some individuals travelling 220miles in a single day . they return to summer grounds at the start of the breeding season , in april and may . during migration their diet varies considerably .\nsteppe eagle resembles several other eagles\u2019 species , but the main features are the rufous patches visible on nape and neck of adults , and the large gape . numerous eagles show pale rump and white patch on back . when flying , we can see a whitish patch on the hand , and some eagles have pale inner webs on most of the primary feathers . the strong , hooked bill is dark grey with yellow cere and long gape . nostrils are oval . eyes are brown . short legs are feathered brown . talons are yellow .\nbecause of avian flu concerns , the u . s . currently bans the import of birds from a long list of countries , including afghanistan . getting the eagle out of afghanistan and into the u . s . presented something of a bureaucratic obstacle course .\nsteppe eagles are migratory birds . in their breeding territories they are specialized on hunting gophers . during winter the eagles migrate to southern regions as india and near east . old birds start their flight to the breeding sites in the middle of february while young birds start around one month later .\ntheir plumage is mostly dark brown in colour , with light barring on the flight and tail feathers . there is a patch of reddish - brown on the nape of the neck . the nostrils , or nares , are oval in shape , and the steppe eagle is the only species in aquila which the gape , or opening of the mouth , reaches beyond the eye . the beak is yellow with a dark tip . the juvenile is similar to the adult , but paler in colour , and with a broad white band on the underside of the wing .\nhabitat and habits : occurs in steppe , desert , semi - desert , open savanna , pastures , agricultural fields , paddy fields , grassland , and open woodland . it roosts on the ground , in groups in trees , or perches on power poles . steppe eagles are nearly always found in groups in winter , sometime numbering more than a hundred birds , and often in association with other raptors , especially black kites and lesser spotted eagles . this species appears sluggish , spending much of its time perched on rock piles , the ground , or telephone poles ) . more . . . .\nhickman cared for the bird for several months , enlisting a colleague to help build it a spacious cage and feeding it by hand with whole chickens he obtained from a local cook . although it began to recover , the eagle would not be able to fly . hickman sought help from agencies in the u . s . , but got nowhere . one expert at a refuge in british columbia offered advice on caring for the bird , but was skeptical , wondering if hickman could provide it with a high enough quality of life to justify keeping the eagle alive .\nthe steppe eagle is an extremely widespread species , which makes long - distance migrations between summer breeding grounds and wintering sites . subspecies aquila nipalensis orientalis breeds in extreme south - east europe , southern parts of the russian federation , and central asia as far east as eastern kazakhstan . during the winter , it migrates to the middle east , the arabian peninsula and eastern and southern africa . by contrast , aquila nipalensis nipalensis breeds from the altai mountains , south to tibet , and east as far as north - east china and eastern mongolia , and mostly winters in southern asia ( 2 ) .\nsabuko is also carrying out satellite tracking of juvenile birds with the help of mme and the vashlovani protected areas office . to raise awareness among locals , sabuko is conducting activities such as eagle watchers\u2019 training , talks and presentations in schools , and meetings with municipality representatives , farmers and landowners .\nlesser spotted eagles are medium - sized birds ( body length 54 to 65 cm ) , generally smaller than steppe eagles ( aquila nipalensis ) ( 60 to 81 cm ) and greater spotted eagles ( a . clanga ) ( 59 to 71 cm ) . the largest of these three species are steppe eagles , weighing 1 . 8 to 3 . 8 kg . thus , despite their relatively large size , lesser spotted eagles only weigh 1 . 2 to 2 . 2 kg , with an average of 1 . 6 kg . greater spotted eagles are just slightly heavier ( 1 . 4 to 3 . 2 kg ) than lesser spotted eagles .\nthe main diet of the steppe eagle during the summer consists of small mammals , especially gophers and suslik ( small squirrels ) , but also small birds , insects and reptiles . during the winter months they will rely heavily on winged harvester termites , and become more resourceful in finding food . some have been witnessed , in south africa , to ambush burrowing blind and semi - blind mole rats , by watching the soil for movement , to then plunge their feet into the ground and seize them . they will also take carrion when migrating , and have been known to steal food from other raptors , in mid - flight .\nlesser spotted eagle females lay two eggs and stay with them continuously while males forage for food . after the eggs hatch , both parents tend the helpless , altricial young until fledging occurs , typically after 8 weeks . siblicide is common in this species , thus only one offspring typically survives to fledge .\nin april 2007 , the azerbaijan ornithological society ( birdlife in azerbaijan ) started a comprehensive survey of imperial eagles in the northwestern part of azerbaijan . data collected during this survey were the first and most detailed data about the eastern imperial eagle for azerbaijan . in nine days , they covered 6 . 000sq km ( 7 % of azerbaijan territory , which is 25 % of the habitat suitable for the eastern imperial eagle ) where they found 25 breeding pairs of eastern imperial eagles and a five more active territories . it was estimated that for the studied area , the number of breeding pairs was 35 - 60 .\nthe eagle landed in virginia friday morning , and was then flown to new york by a pilot with the volunteer organization pilots n paws . it will be kept under quarantine for 30 days before inhabiting its new home at the berkshire sanctuary , where caretakers will keep it strong on chicken and \u201cratsicles . \u201d\ninteresting fact : eagle has very sharp , vision with broad coverage . each eagle eye is able to focus directly on the 2 items . visual acuity allows to see a hare at a distance of over three kilometers and a peripheral glance it can reach 270 degrees . with altitude eagle is able to see the production on the surface of 11 . 5 square kilometers . eagles effective in the hunt . they do not kill the extra animals are caught only for their own food and chicks . mainly small game hunting . eagles not only independently gather food , but also willing to engage in a frank robbery . for example , they can take away the prey from a small bird of prey on the fly . eagles excellently hunt flying birds . overtakes them unawares victim , prey to such a height that the bird does not see them . then dive with such speed that their production does not have time to notice ."]}
{"id": 1140, "summary": [{"text": "musa is one of two or three genera in the family musaceae ; it includes bananas and plantains .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "around 70 species of musa are known , with a broad variety of uses .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "though they grow as high as trees , banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent \" stem \" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "thus , they are technically gigantic herbs .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "musa species are used as food plants by the larvae of some lepidoptera species , including the giant leopard moth and other hypercompe species , including h. albescens ( only recorded on musa ) , h. eridanus , and h. icasia . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "musa ( genus )", "paragraphs": ["sister relationship , the latter genus is well supported ( bpp , 0 . 98 ) . the genus\nsectional relationships in the genus musa l . inferred from the pcr\u2010rflp of organelle dna sequences\n1 . the nomenclature of the genus musa by david constatine . retrieved 5 july 2017 .\nthe genus musa is in the family musaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .\nsectional relationships in the genus musa l . inferred from the pcr - rflp of organelle dna sequences\nalmost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata \u00d7 musa balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .\nmusa is the name of the genus to which wild and cultivated bananas belong . in the hierarchy of botanicall classification , a genus comes above species and below family . in the binomial nomenclature system created by carl linneaus , the genus name forms the first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus ( e . g . musa acuminata ) .\nalmost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata \u00d7 balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .\nalmost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species \u2013 musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata \u00d7 balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .\nalmost all modern edible parthenocarpic bananas come from the two wild species \u2013 musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . the scientific names of bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or hybrids musa acuminata \u00d7 balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . the old scientific names musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca are no longer used .\n2 . cheesman , e . e . 1947 . classification of the bananas . i . the genus ensete horan and the genus musa l . kew bulletin ( 2 ) : 97 - 117 .\n3 . cheesman , e . e . 1947 . classification of the bananas . i . the genus ensete horan and the genus musa l . kew bulletin ( 2 ) : 97 - 117 .\n4 . cheesman , e . e . 1947 . classification of the bananas . i . the genus ensete horan and the genus musa l . . kew bulletin ( 2 ) : 97 - 117 .\nthe plant list includes 203 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus musa . of these 66 are accepted species names .\nshepherd k . cytogenetics of the genus musa ( international network for the improvement of banana and plantain , montpellier ) . 1999 .\nbanana is also used to describe enset and fe ' i bananas , neither of which belong to the musa genus . enset bananas belong to the genus ensete while the taxonomy of fe ' i - type cultivars is uncertain .\nbanana is also used to describe enset and fe ' i bananas , neither of which belong to the musa genus . enset bananas belong to the genus ensete while the taxonomy of fe ' i - type cultivars is uncertain .\nnwakanma dc , pillay m , okoli be , tenkouano a . sectional relationships in the genus\nthe genus musa is divided into two sections : musa and callimusa [ 1 ] . a section is a taxonomic rank below the genus , and subgenus if present , and above the species . it is also above the series , but in the case of bananas the term series has been used interchangeably with section . in 2013 , the number of sections in the genus musa was reduced from 5 to 2 [ 1 ] .\nmusapedia pages that mention cheesman : musa sections , nomenclature of cultivated bananas , calcutta 4 , musa itinerans .\na taxonomic genus within the family musaceae \u2013 large tropical herbs , commonly known as banana plants .\nchessman also developed a coherent classification system for the musa genus , which he divided into four sections : australimusa , callimusa , eumusa and rhodochlamys [ 2 ] .\nmusa chunii h\u00e4kkinen , a new species ( musaceae ) from yunnan , china and taxonomic identity of musa rub . . .\nenter family names in full and use the wildcard character ( * ) for partial matches on genus and species .\n1 . according to article 21 . 3 , the epithet in the name of a subdivision of a genus is not to be formed from the name of the genus to which it belongs by adding the prefix eu - . moreover , the name of any subdivision of a genus that includes the type of the adopted , legitimate name of the genus to which it is assigned is to repeat that generic name unaltered , according to article 22 . 1 .\nthere are 7 species in the genus ensete , all from tropical africa and asia . they were formerly placed in the banana genus , musa . in ethiopia , in addition to being an important food crop , it is also used in traditional medicine , and the leaves are used for thatching .\ndill ( anethum graveolens ) is a short - lived perennial herb . it is the sole species of the genus anethum , though classified by some botanists in a related genus as peucedanum graveolens ( l . ) c . b . clarke .\nthe problems highlighted reveal the shortcomings of the current state of musa classification . hence , this study employs aflps in a phenetic examination of the relationships among sections musa , rhodochlamys , callimusa and australimusa of genus musa , and evaluates whether genetic differences among the sections are sufficiently significant or distinct to justify maintaining the four sections as separate groups .\nshepherd k . 1990 . observations on musa taxonomy . in : jarret rl , ed . identification of genetic diversity in the genus musa : proceedings of an international workshop held at los banos , philippines , 5\u201310 september 1988 . france : inibap , montferrier\u2010sur\u2010lez , 158\u2013165 .\ntezenas du montcel h ( 1988 ) musa acuminata subspecies banksii : status and diversity . in : identification of genetic diversity in the genus musa . proc int workshop , los banos , philippines 5 - 10 september 1988 . inibap , montpellier , france , pp : 211\u2013218 .\n, a single colonization event from northern indo\u2010burma gave rise to the african species of the genus . at the time of divergence of\n( a ) musa yunnanensis ( itc . 1573 ) ; ( b ) musa mannii ( itc . 1574 ) ; ( c ) musa rosea x siamensis ( itc . 1592 ) ; ( d ) musa campestris var . sarawakensis ( itc . 1517 ) ; ( e ) musa monticola ( itc . 1528 ) ; ( f ) musa lutea ( itc . 1515 ) . chromosomes were counterstained with dapi . bar = 5 \u03bcm .\na section is a taxonomic rank below the genus and above the species . it\u2019s typically used to highlight relationships within a genus . for bananas , the first attempt to tidy up the musa genus dates back to 1887 , when the french botanist paul sagot recognized three groups : edible bananas , ornamental bananas with upright inflorescences and brightly coloured bracts , and giant enset species , which have since been given their own genus . sagot did not give names to his sections , but a few years later the british botanist john g . baker classified them as subgenera and respectively named them eumusa , rhodochlamys and physocaulis .\nbanana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus musa and for the fruit they produce . bananas come in a variety of sizes and colors when ripe , including yellow , purple , and red .\ntaxonomy , it is challenging to infer the exact number of species within the genus . based on the study of h\u00e4kkinen & v\u00e4re (\ntypification and check\u2010list of musa l . species names ( musaceae ) with nomenclatural notes\nover the years several authors based the taxonomy of bananas on musa paradisiaca and musa sapientum . sometimes musa sapientum was treated as a subspecies of musa paradisiaca , but at other times botanical priority was ignored and musa paradisiaca was treated as a subspecies of musa sapientum . moreover , since musa paradisiaca is seedless , the subspecies seminifera was created in order to accommodate the wild seeded forms . giving a seed - bearing wild species the status of subspecies to a seedless cultivar is a good example of the stultifying effect formal nomenclature has had on the crop ' s taxonomy .\nagrobacterium - mediated transformation of musa acuminata cv . \u2018grand nain\u2019 scalps by vacuum infiltration\nfigure 3 . the erect bunch of musa maclayi a wild australimusa banana species .\nresearchers norman simmonds and ken shepherd proposed the genome - based nomenclature system in 1955 . this system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the nomenclature system of bananas based on musa sapientum and musa paradisiaca . despite this , musa paradisiaca is still recognized by some authorities today , leading to confusion . generally , modern classifications of banana cultivars follow simmonds\u2019 and shepherd\u2019s system . the accepted names for bananas are musa acuminata , musa balbisiana or musa acuminata \u00d7 balbisiana , depending on their genetic ancestry\nmolecular analysis and genomic organization of major dna satellites in banana ( musa spp . )\nfactors influencing seed set in triploid musa spp . l . and production of euploid hybrids\nfigures 7 and 8 . the wild giant banana of montane forests , musa ingens .\nrelationship between nuclear 2c dna content and 2n chromosome number in representatives of the genus musa studied in the present work ( empty circles ) and by barto\u0161 et al . [ 9 ] ( full circles ) , r = - 0 . 85 .\nshepherd k ( 1988 ) observation on mus a taxonomy . in : identification of genetic diversity in the genus musa . proc int workshop held at los banos , philippines 5 - 10 september 1988 . inibap : montpellier , france , pp 158\u2013165 .\ndaniells , j . , jenny , d . , karamura , d . and tomekpe , k . ( 2001 ) musalogue : a catalogue of musa germplasm . diversity in the genus musa . ( e . arnaud and s . sharrock , compil . ) . international network for the improvement of banana and plantain , montpellier , france .\nin 1887 , the french botanist paul sagot published an article in which he subdivided the genus into three unnamed sections : i ) the edible bananas , ii ) the ornemental bananas with upright inflorescences and brightly coloured bracts , and iii ) the giant enset species , which were later given their own genus [ 2 ] .\nisolation , characterization and chromosome localization of repetitive dna sequences in bananas ( musa spp . )\nisolation , characterization and chromosome localization of repetitive dna sequences in banana ( musa spp . )\nin view of the importance of chromosome numbers in grouping species within the genus musa , it will be of great interest to carry out a molecular study on the sole member of sect . ingentimusa that has a chromosome number of n = x = 14 .\nstarted during the late eocene ( mean age estimate , 37 . 9 ma ; 50 . 5\u201324 . 5 ma 95 % hpd ) . clade i in the genus\nthe majority of dessert bananas eaten today derive from musa acuminata and are mainly eaten raw . plantains which are more starchy and less sweet are a hybrid between musa acuminata and musa balbisiana are usually cooked and eaten as a vegetable . morphologically wild banana is very different to its cultivar .\nthe species that currently make up each section are listed in the musapedia page on musa sections .\nmusa x fennicae ( m . siamensis ( male ) x m . rosea ( female ) )\nmusa x fennicae ( m . siamensis ( male ) x m . rosea ( female ) )\nflow cytometric estimation of nuclear dna amount in diploid bananas ( musa acuminata and m . balbisiana )\ncomparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic diversity among plantain landraces ( musa spp . , aab group )\nflow cytometric estimation of nuclear dna amount in diploid bananas ( musa acuminata and m . balbisiana )\nbefore simmonds and shepherd ' s system , cultivated bananas were classified using the binomial nomenclature system developed by carl linneaus that is used to this day to name species . in fact linneaus is the one who gave the name musa paradisiaca to the banana . being the first linnean name given to a banana , musa paradisiaca is technically the\ntype species\nfor the genus musa . except that musa paradisiaca , and musa sapientum which linnaeus later added to the genus , had been modeled after a plantain and a silk cultivar , respectively , and as such did not represent species in any reasonable sense of the word . nevertheless , these names , and others that were proposed in their wake , continue to be used to designate cultivars despite the existence of the nomenclature system developed by simmonds and shepherd ( see previous section ) .\nthe plant list includes a further 181 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus musa . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .\nvisit my website at urltoken - bananas are produced by several kinds of large flowering plants in the genus musa . the banana plant itself is considered to be the largest herbaceous flowering plant . because the plants are tall and fairly sturdy , they are often mistaken for trees .\nthis study improves significantly the knowledge about the nuclear genome of wild musa species . we provide novel data on nuclear genome size and genomic distribution of ribosomal genes in 21 wild musa accessions . we revealed high variability in both characters , especially in the section callimusa . our results indicate that species of the musa genus evolved from a common ancestor by chromosome fission , which was accompanied by dna loss . cladogram based on the ssr markers together with the previously studied wild diploids showed clear clustering and significantly increased the knowledge on genetic diversity within musa genus . ssr genotyping platform enabled us to identify groups of the most related species and sub - species . apart from phylogenetic analysis , characterization of its sequences indicated that more than a half of the new itc accessions representing wild musa accessions originated from hybridization between different genotypes within a species or between putative subspecies .\nall three musaceae genera \u2013 ensete , musa and musella \u2013 originated in northern indo\u2010burma during the early eocene . musa species dispersed from \u2018northwest to southeast\u2019 into southeast asia with only few back\u2010dispersals towards northern indo\u2010burma .\nat the time of the revision , the musa section included 33 species and the callimusa one 37 .\nmusa genotyping centre was established at the institute of experimental botany in olomouc , czech republic . available :\n] in accordance to their expected classification based on plant morphology . newly introduced accessions belonging to the musa section were grouped within the cluster a comprising other species from section musa . the two accessions described as\nmusa \u00d7 paradisiaca l . subsp . sapientum ( l . ) c . e . o . kuntze\nli , l . - f . et al . 2010 . molecular phylogeny and systematics of the banana family ( musaceae ) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast dna fragments , with a special reference to the genus musa . molec . phylogenet . evol . 57 : 1 - 10 .\nabout 40 species of evergreen perennials make up this genus from india , bangladesh , asia , and australia . they are grown for their very large leaves , their colorful flowers , and their edible fruits ( including bananas and plantains ) . use musa as specimens or in a greenhouse .\nstructures of waxy and adh 1 genes in musa and the positions of each primer used in this study .\nidentification of the genomic constitution of musa l . lines ( bananas , plantains and hybrids ) using molecular cytogenetics\nde langhe , e . et al . 2005 . integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy in musa : the african plantains ( musa spp . aab group ) . pl . syst . evol . 255 : 225 - 236 .\n12 . musa sections revisited published 28 august 2013 in under the peel , the blog of the promusa community .\nmusa genotyping centre was established at the institute of experimental botany in olomouc , czech republic . available : urltoken .\nbanana is also used to describe enset and fe\u2019i bananas , neither of which belong to the aforementioned species . enset bananas belong to the genus ensete while the taxonomy of fe\u2019i - type cultivars is uncertain .\nphylogeny of banana streak virus reveals recent and repetitive endogenization in the genome of its banana host ( musa sp . )\nthe system is based on 15 characters that were chosen because they are different in musa acuminata and musa balbisiana [ 1 ] . each character is scored on a scale from one ( typical musa acuminata ) to five ( typical musa balbisiana ) . the possible total scores range from a minimum of 15 to a maximum of 75 . the expected scores are 15 for aa and aaa , 35 for aab , 45 for ab , 55 for abb and 75 for bb .\naflp has provided important information regarding the genetic relationships among taxa of sections of musa . in addition , it has generated unique molecular markers for the identification of musa species . the level of polymorphism in musa and the number of loci generated per primer pair using aflp compare favourably with other techniques . a study employing issrs in musa ( godwin et al . , 1997 ) generated 940 bands from ten primer pairs , but only 13\u00b71 % were polymorphic , while rflp analysis of musa ( gawel et al . , 1992 ) using 66 primers generated only 96 alleles , an average of two alleles per probe .\ncomparative analysis of argonaute gene sequences in bananas ( musa sp . ) shows conserved species - specific ago - 7 piwi domains\nas ernest cheesman noted in 1948 ,\nsome botanists have regarded the seedless forms as ranking with the fertile species and have bestowed latin binomials upon them . others have preferred to regard them as varieties of one mythical \u201c species\u201d ( usually called musa sapientum ) which is supposed to exist somewhere in the wild and fertile condition \u2026 such mistakes . . . are not peculiar to the genus musa , but they are unusually conspicuous in this group\n[ 3 ] .\nspecies in one of the two distinct tropical southeast asian subregions ( northern indo\u2010burma vs malesia ) is correlated with changes in extinction and speciation rate within that genus . of the eight models tested , the bisse\u2010bma analysis in b\nresults of aflp analysis showed that the 11\u2010chromosome and 10\u2010chromosome grouping are robust and justified and that the separation of musa species into different groups based on their chromosome numbers provides a reliable means for classifying musa species into sections . in contrast , the separations of sect . rhodochlamys from sect . musa , and sect . australimusa from sect . callimusa were not supported by the aflp analysis . indeed , there is more genetic variation within the two groupings , sect . musa \u2013 rhodochlamys and callimusa \u2013 australimusa , than there is between sect . musa and sect . rhodochlamys and between sect . callimusa and sect . australimusa , drawing attention to the fact that striking differences in morphological characters in musa species are not always indicative of the same degree of genetic difference .\nmost of the knowledge on nuclear genome size and genomic distribution of rdna loci in banana comes from the analysis of triploid cultivars and their wild ancestors [ 14 \u2013 16 , 17 , 18 , 46 ] . only the study of barto\u0161 et al . [ 9 ] included a wider range of musa species and provided the first complex picture of the whole genus . our study significantly expands the number of wild musa species where these key characteristics of nuclear genome are described .\nball t , vrydaghs l , van den hauwe i , manwaring j , and de langhe e . 2006 . differentiating banana phytoliths : wild and edible musa acuminata and musa balbisiana . journal of archaeological science 33 ( 9 ) : 1228 - 1236 .\nfig . 2 . dendrogram showing genetic similarities between species of musa and ensete using upgma cluster analysis . scale bar depicts gdes .\nphylogeny of banana streak virus reveals recent and repetitive endogenization in the genome of its banana host ( musa sp . ) | springerlink\nsecondary polyploids , heterosis , and evolutionary crop breeding for further improvement of the plantain and banana ( musa spp . l ) genome\nanalysis of expressed sequence tags from musa acuminata ssp . burmannicoides , var . calcutta 4 ( aa ) leaves submitted to temperature stresses\nmusa \u00d7 paradisiaca var . dacca ( p . f . horaninow ) j . g . baker ex k . m . schumann\nfor the banana cultivar previously referred to as musa sapientum , see latundan banana . [ 19 ] for bananas and plantains previously referred to as musa paradisiaca , see plantain . for a list of the cultivars classified under the new system see banana cultivar groups .\nfigures 12 and 13 . wild australimusa banana species , musa maclayi growing in sheltered gully and bunches showing differences in bract retention .\noverview : there is a huge amount of morphological variability in the cultivated banana . musa spp . which include banana and plantain , are not trees but giant herbs with a pseudostem ( formed from the bases of leaves rolled tightly around each other ) . members of this genus can grow up to 15 m tall making them the largest perennial herb in the world .\nbased on phenetic analyses , no clear distinction was apparent between species of sect . rhodochlamys and those of sect . musa . m . velutina ( sect . rhodochlamys ) was embedded within species of sect . musa , and m . laterita ( sect . rhodochlamys ) nestled within subspecies of m . acuminata . musa ornata ( sect . rhodochlamys ) also fell within the generally larger cluster of sect . musa . these results suggested that sect . rhodochlamys and sect . musa are not sufficiently distinct genetically to warrant separation into two sections . this is in agreement with the conclusions of simmonds ( 1962 ) , shepherd ( 1990 ) and jarret and gawel ( 1995 ) .\nh\u00e4kkinen , m . 2013 . reappraisal of sectional taxonomy in musa ( musaceae ) . ( taxon ) 62 : 809 - 813 .\nmusa flowers are individually not conspicuous , but the large main bracts are quite conspicuous ; the bracts curl back in turn to expose the flowers they have protected while in bud . musa species ( including cultivated bananas ) with pendulous inflorescences and dull purplish bracts have flowers with\u2026\nthe species in the old eumusa section were described by cheesman as being more than 3 meters high , having pendent or semi - pendent inflorescences , many flowers to a bract and dull - coloured bracts . the section includes musa acuminata and musa balbisiana ( photo ) .\npcr - rflp of the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacers ( its ) provides markers for the a and b genomes in musa l .\nbananas are basically giant herbs , rather than trees , and there are approximately 50 species in the musa genus , which includes the edible forms of bananas and plantains . the genus is split into four or five sections , based on the number of chromosomes in the plant , and the region where they are found . furthermore , over a thousand different types of cultivars of bananas and plantains are recognized today . the different varieties are characterized by wide differences in peel color and thickness , flavor , fruit size , and resistance to disease . the bright yellow one found most frequently in western markets is called the cavendish .\nthe first subgeneric classification of musa s . l . began with three subgenera physocaulis , eumusa and rhodochlamys ( sagot , 1887 ; baker , 1893 ) . later , cheesman ( 1947 ) laid the foundation for the grouping of banana species into four sections . he recognized subgenus physocaulis as a distinct genus , ensete with a chromosome number n = x = 9 . within musa s . s . , he redefined subgenera eumusa ( now sect . musa ) and rhodochlamys as two separate sections , and described an additional two sections , australimusa and callimusa . cheesman ( 1947 ) also redistributed the species among the four sections to produce more homogenous groups .\nin addition to m . acuminata and m . balbisiana , the genus musa contains about 70 species . based on morphology [ 5 ] and chromosome number , the genus was divided into sections eumusa ( x = 11 ) , rhodochlamys ( x = 11 ) , australimusa ( x = 10 ) and callimusa ( x = 9 , 10 ) [ 6 ] . more recently , argent [ 7 ] created a separate section ingentimusa , which contains only a single species m . ingens ( x = 7 ) . this classification has been questioned recently , and various regroupings were suggested [ 8 ] . genotyping with several types of dna markers confirmed the need for revision of the musa sections [ 9 \u2013 12 ] . based on these results , h\u00e4kkinen [ 13 ] combined the australimusa , ingentimusa and callimusa sections into section callimusa , and sections eumusa and rhodochlamys into a newly created section musa .\nthe taxonomy of the approximately 50 species within the genus musa remains poorly resolved , not least because of the widespread vegetative reproduction and natural occurrence of many hybrids . most frequently , the genus is divided into four ( sometimes five ) sections , eumusa and rhodochlamys with a basic chromosome number of x = 11 , australimusa ( x = 10 ) , and callimusa ( x = 10 or x = 9 ) ( after cheesman , 1947 ; simmonds and weatherup , 1990 ; dolezel and bartos , 2005 ) . various minor and major regroupings have been suggested ( wong et al . , 2002 ) . at the species level , the number of species and the status of subspecies has been debated ( taxonomic advisory group for musa , 2007 ) . however , from the point of view of the taxa related to crops , the morphological features are well defined ( musa germplasm information system , mgis ; ipgri\u2013inibap / cirad , 1996 ) . in the last decade , in conjunction with molecular studies of musa accessions at the dna level ( see bartos et al . , 2005 ) , aspects of the taxonomy have been clarified but a careful treatment of the complementary and contrasting data , along with judicious filling of gaps in the data , is required to resolve the relationships and phylogeny in the genus .\ncheesman ( 1947 ) noted that sect . musa and sect . rhodochlamys , although regarded as a close assemblage , were initially separated for convenience , sect . musa including the edible bananas with dull bracts while sect . rhodochlamys included the ornamental bananas with brightly coloured bracts . this view is no longer tenable in the face of genetic evidence and these two sections should be merged into a single section , sect . musa .\n13 . lamare , a . , otaghvari , a . m . and rao , s . r . 2016 . phylogenetic implications of the internal transcribed spacers of nrdna and chloroplast dna fragments of musa in deciphering the ambiguities related to the sectional classification of the genus . genetic resources and crop evolution , 11 pages . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10722 - 016 - 0433 - 9 .\ngenome groups are further divided into subgroups usually defined as a set of cultivars derived from each other through somatic mutations . on the basis of this system , cultivar names are put between inverted commas and preceded by the name of the genus and when known , the name of the group and subgroup . for example : musa ( aaa group cavendish subgroup ) ' robusta ' [ 2 ] .\nin 1976 , george argent added the section , ingentimusa for the lone species musa ingens , which has 7 pairs of chromosomes [ 5 ] .\nmolecular cytogenetics of musa species , cultivars and hybrids : location of 18s - 5 . 8s - 25s and 5s rdna and telomere - like sequences\ncentrifugation assisted agrobacterium tumefaciens - mediated transformation ( caat ) of embryogenic cell suspensions of banana ( musa spp . cavendish aaa and lady finger aab )\nconstruction and characterization of a plant transformation - competent bibac library of the black sigatoka - resistant banana musa acuminata cv . tuu gia ( aa )\nfigure 14 . articulated phytoliths from seed of musa acuminata ssp . banksii qh067962 showing distinct dorsal ridging of eumusa seed phytoliths . b : articulated phytoliths from seed of musa peekelii lh82751 with distinctive tabular dorsal surfaces found in australimusa seed phytoliths . these were not found in the kuk assemblages . c : seed phytolith from seed of musa ingens . d : dorsal and lateral views of ensete glaucum seed phytoliths qh356652 . e : fossil eumusa seed phytolith with distinct dorsal ridging found in the phytolith assemblage from kuk . f : facetted phytolith seed morphotype of musa ingens found in the phytolith assemblage from kuk . lateral view of ensete seed morphotype found sediment from kuk . h : articulated chain of musa leaf phytoliths found in sediment from kuk .\n8 . li , l - f . , h\u00e4kkinen , m . , yuan , y - m . , hao , g . and ge , x . j . 2010 . molecular phylogeny and systematics of the banana family ( musaceae ) inferred from multiple nuclear and chloroplast dna fragments , with a special reference to the genus musa . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 57 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 .\n1 . h\u00e4kkinen , m . 2013 . reappraisal of sectional taxonomy in musa ( musaceae ) . taxon 62 ( 4 ) : 809 - 813 .\nmusa puspanjaliae r . gogoi & h\u00e4kkinen , a new species of musa sect . musa , is described and illustrated from west kameng , arunachal pradesh , india based on morphological characteristics observed in the field . the new species is common in sessa , zero point to ramda on sepa road of west kameng and hazi basti , ziro of lower subansiri district in arunachal pradesh . a key to m . puspanjaliae and . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngenetic stability of three economically important micropropagated banana ( musa spp . ) cultivars of lower indo - gangetic plains , as assessed by rapd and issr markers\nthe apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree , species malus domestica in the rose family ( rosaceae ) . it is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits , and the most widely known of the many members of genus malus that are used by humans .\nthe present work is part of a continuing study to revise the old names in musa and aims to clarify the taxonomy in the sections rhodoclamys and callimusa . lectotypes are designated here for musa sect . callimusa and m . sect . rhodochlamys . these sections were first erected without the indication of a type species .\nin a broader phylogenetic view based on groupings that can be regarded as strictly monophyletic , angiosperm phylogeny group ( 2003 ) puts musa within the zingiberales , one of four sister orders in the monophyletic grouping commelinids , along with the poales ( grasses ) , commelinales and aracales . this puts musa in an important taxonomic position from the point of view of comparative genetics , since it is a sister group to the well - studied grasses . apart from the cereals , bananas are the major crop species within the commelinids . the musaceae family includes a second genus , ensete , with the ethiopian banana , used occasionally as a food in east africa . ginger , where the root is eaten , is the other significant crop in the zingiberales . there are a number of horticultural species in the genus musa , and strelitzia reginae ( bird - of - paradise ) lies in the sister familiy strelitziacea . the leaves of musa are used for their fibre content : when fresh as plates for eating or wrapping food parcels for steaming , or when dry as strips for weaving into various articles and for roofing shelters . specific names such as m . ornata and m . textilis reflect these uses .\nthe center of diversity of the genus musa ( musaceae ) is in southeast asia , a region not studied in detail and where new species and varieties continue to be reported . a new wild banana species , m . chunii h\u00e4kki - nen from yunnan , china is described and illustrated based on observed morphological characteristics in the field . this extremely rare new species was only found in tongbiguan nature . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe plant is also called head cabbage or heading cabbage , and in scotland a bowkail , from its rounded shape . the scots call its stalk a castock , and the british occasionally call its head a loaf . it is in the same genus as the turnip \u2013 brassica rapa .\nthis article examines the origin and evolution of the musaceae family with special emphasis on the tempo and timing of diversification of the genus musa in relation to its distribution range throughout tropical southeast asia . evolutionary relationships and age estimates within major musaceae clades are inferred to gain more insight into the complex processes of speciation and extinction that shaped the current banana biodiversity in tropical southeast asia . in addition , we discuss to what extent past climatic and geological events , such as the continuous sea level fluctuations during the pleistocene and the collision of the sunda and sahul shelf , influenced the radiation of musa in tropical southeast asia .\n) . in a majority of accessions from the musa section , 5s rdna sites were localized on two or three chromosome pairs . three signals were observed on chromosomes of\nbananas and plantains belong to the genus musa . it was linnaeus that first gave the scientific name musa sapientum for all sweet bananas , and the scientific name musa paradisiaca for plantains . however , linnaeus did not know that the two species he had described were in fact hybrids and not two distinct species . therefore , those two names could not be relevant in modern taxonomy . genetic studies have then demonstrated that all edible bananas and plantains come from a common ancestor , musa acuminata . plantains also carry genes from another ancestor , musa balbisiana . the genome of each ancestor could be represented respectively by the letter a and b . then , further studies showed that edible bananas are mostly triploids and their genome would be described as aaa . this means that they carry three sets of chromosomes derived from m . acuminata . different hybrid combinations have been observed , such as aab , bbb , and tetraploid groups ( aaaa ) were also described . therefore , an accurate classification for bananas seems to be a great challenge . however , one thing sure in that banana taxonomists seem to agree that there is no single scientific name that can be attributed to all edible bananas . therefore , a new type of classification was proposed by simmonds and that would abandon the latin name to use instead a group indication like this : genus ( musa ) + genome group ( e . g . aaa ) + subgroup name ( e . g . cavendish subgroup \u201cgrand nain\u201d ) . in panama , the sweet bananas come mostly from the cavendish subgroup . the plantain subgroup is also triploid but has the genome group aab .\nmusa itinerans , known also as yunnan banana , is a close relative to both banana progenitors with wide distribution across subtropical china . it is native to south - east asia and can be found in moist ravines to mountainous areas . in china , it is usually found in secondary tropical rainforests . it grows fast and can produce long rhizome with sucker emerging more than 2 meters from the mother plant , explaining its name origin . interestingly , it was shown as one of the most foc - tr4 resistant and cold tolerant species in the musa genus , providing valuable resource for the disease resistance and hardiness improvement in banan . . . [ more ]\nbetween 1925 and 1937 , cheesman worked as professor of botany at the imperial college of tropical agriculture in trinidad . after his return to england , he worked on the taxonomy of musaceae at the royal botanic gardens , in kew . as a result of his studies he revived the genus ensete [ 2 ] , first published in 1862 by paul fedorowitsch horaninow , but then not accepted . cheesman made it clear that there are no wild musa native to africa , only ensete .\nby then , it was known that the vast majority of edible bananas were derived from either musa acuminata alone or hybridized with musa balbisiana . however , their origin proved to be more complicated than mere hybridisation . whereas some cultivars were , like their wild ancestors , diploid , most edible bananas were found to be triploid , that is they had three sets of chromosomes instead of two . in some cultivars all three sets seemed to come from musa acuminata , whereas in others , sometimes one set seemed to come from musa balbisiana , sometimes two sets . this complexity made it difficult to devise a concise nomenclature system based on latin names that could cope with all possible permutations [ 4 ] .\ncultivated bananas are large , vegetatively - propagated members of the genus musa . more than 1 , 000 cultivars are grown worldwide and they are major economic and food resources in numerous developing countries . it has been suggested that cultivated bananas originated from the islands of southeast asia ( isea ) and have been developed through complex geodomestication pathways . however , the maternal and parental donors of most cultivars are unknown , and the pattern of nucleotide diversity in domesticated banana has not been fully resolved .\nthe taxon sampling represents five ensete species ( six accessions ) , 38 musa species ( 63 accessions ) and one species ( one accession ) of musella ( supporting information table s1 ) . in order to correctly estimate node ages for ensete , musa and musella , we extended the musaceae dataset with 156 zingiberales species and two outgroup taxa ( methods s1 ) .\nhybridization is known to be common between species from sect . musa and sect . rhodochlamys , producing relatively vigorous offspring . according to simmonds ( 1962 ) , m . acuminata ( sect . musa ) crosses effectively with m . laterita , m . ornata and m . velutina ( all from sect . rhodochlamys ) , while m . balbisiana ( sect . musa ) hybridizes successfully with almost all species , including m . laterita and m . velutina . the weak reproductive barrier between the two sections supports the notion that they are not distinct .\nan interesting outcome of this study is the observation of a negative correlation between the basic chromosome number ( x ) and nuclear genome size ( 1c ) , which became evident in this study after a wider range of musa species was analyzed . this trend could be explained by the evolution from a common ancestor by chromosome fission accompanied by dna loss . this hypothesis is in line with simmonds [ 49 ] , who speculated that the lower chromosome number of m . beccarii and the genus ensete reflects their ancient origin . similarly , bekele and shigeta [ 50 ] suggested that ensete glaucum and m . beccarii are ancestral forms of ensete and musa with a common ancestor that is yet to be established and the ancestral chromosomal number of both genera is x = 9 . on the other hand , if this hypothesis was true , representatives of the genera ensete and musella would be expected to have a genome size comparable to that of and other callimusa species . a more extensive study of the karyotype evolution in the family musaceae will be necessary to explain this\nthe less chromosomes , the larger genome\ntrend emerging in the genus musa , but not observed in other genera of the family .\n( itc . 1531 ) ) . four groups comprised different representatives of the section musa ( former sections eumusa and rhodochlamys ) and two groups included different species belonging to section callimusa .\ncomparison of dna marker and pedigree - based methods of genetic analysis of plantain and banana ( musa spp . ) clones . i . estimation of genetic relationships , theoretical and applied genetics\n. . . edible seedless bananas mostly grown in the backyards or home gardens whereas wild seeded bananas commonly found in the wild [ 4 ] . the genus musa are generally grouped into four sections : australimusa ( n = 10 ) , callimusa ( n = 10 ) , rhodochlamys ( n = 11 ) and eumusa ( n = 11 ) [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] . most members of callimusa and rhodoclamys are ornamentals in nature ; they originated on the asian continent . . . .\ncompared to other species discussed in this volume , banana has an unusual triploid genetic background with parthenocarpy , and the process of domestication has been largely through collection of individual varieties from spontaneous mutations in the wild . hence conventional genetics and plant breeding are relatively poorly developed . however , genomic approaches are now rapidly advancing in musa : the global musa genomics consortium was established in 2001 to assure the sustainability of banana as a staple food crop by developing an integrated genetic and genomic understanding , allowing targeted breeding , transformation and more efficient use of musa biodiversity .\nprevious studies in the fields of archaeology , genetics and linguistics have shed light upon the major stages in the domestication process of cultivated bananas [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 70 ] . in this study , we have not only confirmed the multiple intra - and inter - specific hybridization origins of cultivated banana , but also revealed that both diploid and triploid cultivars harbor high levels of nucleotide diversity . however , only a small number of musa accessions were investigated in this study , and it may therefore be insufficiently representative of the genus . it will be necessary to employ tens of nuclear genes and hundreds of musa accessions in future studies to further elucidate the domestication process undergone by cultivated banana .\ncarreel f . etude de la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique des bananiers ( genre musa ) \u00e0 l ' aide des margueurs rflp , phd thesis , institut national agronomique , paris - grignon ; 1994 .\nperrier , x . et al . 2011 . multidisciplinary perspectives on banana ( musa spp . ) domestication . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the usa 108 ( 28 ) .\nthe nomenclature system used to classify banana cultivars was developed by norman simmonds and kenneth shepherd in 1955 [ 1 ] . it classifies cultivated bananas into genome groups , according to the relative contribution of their ancestral wild species , and into subgroups , sets of closely related cultivars . this system eliminates almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of a taxonomy based on musa paradisiaca and musa sapientum .\nin 1947 , ernest cheesman divided the genus into four sections based on chromosome numbers and morphological characteristics [ 4 ] . he wrote that he deliberately called the groups sections rather than subgenera\nin an attempt to avoid the implication that they are of equal rank\n. his grouping of species proved to be useful and was widely accepted .\ncultivated bananas and plantains are giant herbaceous plants within the genus musa . they are both sterile and parthenocarpic so the fruit develops without seed . the cultivated hybrids and species are mostly triploid ( 2 n = 3 x = 33 ; a few are diploid or tetraploid ) , and most have been propagated from mutants found in the wild . with a production of 100 million tons annually , banana is a staple food across the asian , african and american tropics , with the 15 % that is exported being important to many economies .\nthen came ernest e . cheesman , the prescient british botanist who realized that the classification of banana cultivars needed a system different from the latin binomials used for wild species . in 1947 , he divided the genus musa into four sections based on the chromosome numbers and morphological characteristics of the species : those that have 11 pairs of chromosomes ( eumusa and rhodochlamys ) and those that have 10 pairs ( australimusa and callimusa ) . he said that he deliberately used the term section , rather than subgenus , to avoid the implication that the groups are of equal rank . in 1976 , another british botanist , george argent , added the section ingentimusa to accommodate a lone species , musa ingens , which has 7 pairs of chromosomes .\nthe distinct separation of the clusters comprising species with chromosome numbers n = x = 11 in sect . musa and rhodochlamys , and species with chromosome numbers n = x = 10 in sect . callimusa and australimusa , is in agreement with previous taxonomic alignment based on morphological data . cheesman ( 1947 ) noted that chromosomal differences between taxa of sect . callimusa \u2013 australimusa and sect . musa \u2013 rhodochlamys were correlated with many small differences in their habits and physiology , and regarded chromosome number as the best and safest criterion of relationships within musa . this study is in agreement with cheesman\u2019s data and also the cytogenetic evidence of simmonds ( 1962 ) and shepherd ( 1990 ) and the more recent study on species in sections musa and rhodochlamys using rflp by jarret and gawel ( 1995 ) .\nmusa balbisiana was shown to be most distant in the present analysis . it is generally considered a distinct species ( cheesman , 1948 ; simmonds , 1962 ) and other molecular studies have demonstrated its position as a species isolated within sect . musa ( simmonds and weatherup , 1990 ; gawel and jarret , 1991 ; gawel et al . , 1992 ; jarret et al . , 1992 ) .\nwong , c . et al . 2002 . assessment of the validity of the sections in musa ( musaceae ) using aflp . ann . bot . ( oxford ) 90 : 231 - 238 .\nthe musa orthologs of the waxy and adh 1 genes were identified by performing a blast homology search [ 26 ] against the musa est database at ncbi using the oryza sativa coding sequences as queries ( genbank accession numbers : waxy : nm _ 001065985 , adh 1 : ef122490 ) . the parameters for blastn ( urltoken ) were set as follows : database was expressed sequence tags ( est ) and organism name was musa . sequences that were retrieved in this way were used to design primers with the software primer premier 5 . 0 ( premier biosoft international , palo alto , ca ) . the positions of exons were determined by reference to the annotated o . sativa sequences . the homologs of matk and trnl - f in musa accessions were amplified using published universal primer sequences [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] .\nh\u00e4kkinen , m . & v\u00e4re , h . ( 2008 ) . typification and check - list of musa l . names ( musaceae ) with nomenclatural notes adansonia , iii , 30 : 63 - 112 .\nthe species in the old rhodochlamys section were described by cheesman as being less than 3 meters high , having upright inflorescences , few flowers to a bract and brightly coloured bracts . ( photo : musa velutina )\ndonohue m , and denham t . 2009 . banana ( musa spp . ) domestication in the asia - pacific region : linguistic and archaeobotanical perspectives . ethnobotany research & applications 7 : 293 - 332 . open access\nwithin the rhodochlamys and musa clusters , m . balbisiana colla formed a distinct branch , while the remaining species in the cluster were separated into two groups . the first cluster included m . ornata roxb . , the four subspecies of m . acuminata colla , m . laterita cheesman , m . velutina h . wendl & drude and m . sikkimensis , while the second cluster included m . itinerans and m . nagensium prain . species from sect . rhodochlamys , m . ornata , m . laterita and m . velutina were embedded within sect . musa , suggesting that the separation of sect . rhodochlamys from sect . musa was not clear\u2010cut ."]}
{"id": 1142, "summary": [{"text": "non-reproductive sexual behavior is sexual activities animals participate in that do not lead to the reproduction of the species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "although procreation continues to be the primary explanation for sexual behavior in animals , recent observations on animal behavior has given alternative reasons for the engagement in sexual activities by animals .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "animals have been observed to engage in sex for social interaction , demonstration of dominance , aggression relief , exchange for significant materials , and sexual stimulation .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "observed non-procreative sexual activities include non-copulatory mounting ( without penetration , or by the female ) , oral sex , genital stimulation , anal stimulation , interspecies mating , and acts of affection .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "there have also been observations of animals engaging in homosexual behaviors , as well as sex with dead animals and sex involving juveniles . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "non - reproductive sexual behavior in animals", "paragraphs": ["why have animals evolved to have sex ? the obvious answer ,\nfor reproduction\n, is at odds with the diversity of non - reproductive sexual behavior . some non - reproductive sexual behavior may exist merely by accident , but there ' s a variety of ways non - reproductive sexual behavior may otherwise benefit animals . there ' s no ready answer to the general question of why animals have sex .\nram mating behavior after long - term selection for reproductive rate in rambouillet ewes .\nresearch on masturbatory practice by non - human animals almost exclusively focuses on male masturbation .\nsexual behavior is an extremely significant aspect of the lives of all sexually reproductive animals , including humans . masturbation is an enigmatic yet highly ubiquitous practice , as it is a non - reproductive sexual behavior . understanding the origins of masturbation may shed light on its evolutionary function and its consequent conservation in human behavior , elucidating possible explanations for some of our most primal innate behaviors .\nare used strictly in the reproductive sense to refer to animals that produce sperm or eggs , respectively ) .\nwhy has natural selection allowed sexual affect and sexual behavior to flourish , particularly in humans ? the obvious answer is that sexual affect motivates sexual behavior , and sexual behavior is necessary for reproduction . but only a small subset of sexual behavior is actually capable of producing offspring . why has evolution preserved such things as masturbation , oral sex , homosexuality , and sex after menopause ?\nregarding genetic influences on behavior : a single gene usually codes for complex behavior .\nrelationship of sex and number of siblings in utero with sexual behavior of mature rams .\nin rats , a _ _ _ _ _ _ will display male sexual behavior in adulthood .\n] . female animals treated with testosterone prenatally or neonatally subsequently show increased male - typical behavior and decreased female - typical behavior . similarly , male animals that have their testes removed early in development later show increased female - typical behavior and reduced male - typical behavior . these effects have been seen for sexual behaviors and for non - reproductive behaviors that differ by sex , such as aggression and juvenile rough - and - tumble play [\nthe most parsimonious explanation is that non - reproductive sexual behavior is a spandrel . that is , natural selection created a motivation to seek genital stimulation because this motivation makes animals more likely to reproduce , and it is merely an accident of evolution that this motivation also gets animals to do useless things like masturbate .\nthough most empirical research on the subject is heavily biased toward western sexual behavior .\na . expressing whether the behavior conforms to our culture ' s sexual norms .\naltered adult sexual behavior in the male rat following chronic prenatal hypoxia . - pubmed - ncbi\nwallen k , tannenbaum pl . hormonal modulation of sexual behavior and affiliation in rhesus monkeys .\nstoinski ts , perdue bm , legg am . sexual behavior in female western lowland gorillas (\ndolphins are known to display non - reproductive sexual behavior , engaging in masturbation , stimulation of the genital area of other individuals using the rostrum or flippers , and homosexual contact . [ 48 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ]\ngordon t ( 1981 ) reproductive behavior in the rhesus monkeys : social and endocrine variables . am zool 21 : 185\u2013195\nwhich of the following phrases best defines sexual variations ? a . sexual activity that involves force or coercion b . sexual behaviors that are not socially approved c . sexual behavior that is not statistically typical d . sexual expression that is illegal\nby separating capability from interest , sexual behavior became more sensitive to social context , and sex could easily be used for other than reproductive purposes . once the capacity to engage in sex was released from hormonal control , hormonal modulation of sexual motivation became the primary regulator of sexual behavior . however , unlike the physical adaptations described earlier , which completely prevent the occurrence of sexual behavior , hormonal regulation of sexual motivation only modulates the frequency or likelihood of occurrence of sexual behavior . this less strict control exerted by sexual motivation has been the source of much misunderstanding about hormonal regulation of sexual behavior in primates , including humans .\nwallen k . desire and ability : hormones and the regulation of female sexual - behavior .\n) : insights into pseudogene formation and evidence for functional degeneracy in non - human primates .\nhomosexuality is quite common in the animal kingdom , especially among herding animals . many animals solve conflicts by practicing same gender sex .\nthe coverage of # savebenjy opens a dialogue on homosexual activity in a landscape that survives and thrives on heterosexual reproductive non - human animal activity in a male - dominated landscape .\nautoeroticism is a . sexual fantasy . b . sexual behavior with others . c . an intrapersonal activity . d . an unacceptable activity .\nthe utility of nature as a heteronormatizing force was influenced by two factors . the first was industrialization , which moved people away from nature and interactions with other animals . the second factor was that aspect of darwin\u2019s theory that emphasized animals\u2019 drive to reproduce and continue the species . this emphasis on heterosexual reproductive activity created a picture of the non - human animal as only engaging in sexual activity with the opposite sex , and inevitably has led to under - recording or - documenting of same - sex behavior in non - human animals .\ndiurnal , larger than nwp , most are partly terrestrial . non - prehensile tails\na female rate will show female sexual behavior in adulthood if it is _ _ _ _ _ _ .\nle boeuf b , mesnick s . sexual - behavior of male northern elephant seals . i .\nin his book , bagemihl describes homosexual activity in a broad spectrum of animals . he asserts that while same - sex behavior is sometimes found in captivity , it is actually seen more frequently in studies of animals in the wild .\nyou can view the lecture here . at about the 11 : 40 point the claim is made that humans are the only species that engage in non - reproductive sex .\nintracerebral infusion of an aromatase inhibitor , sexual behavior and brain estrogen receptor - like immunoreactivity in intact male rats .\nwallen k , winston la . social complexity and hormonal influences on sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys ( macaca mulatta )\ndittmann rw , kappes me , kappes mh . sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia .\neffect of vorozole , an aromatase enzyme inhibitor , on sexual behavior , aromatase activity and neural immunoreactivity .\nwallen k . influence of female hormonal state on rhesus sexual behavior varies with space for social interaction .\naccording to the text , when we label a sexual behavior natural or unnatural , we are a . expressing whether the behavior conforms to our culture ' s sexual norms . b . expressing instinctive beliefs . c . using biological criteria for our judgment . d . using universal norms for human sexual behavior .\nmany acts that are considered to be sex crimes involve parties who participate in such acts willingly . these crimes relate to issues of marriage and infidelity , non - reproductive sexual activities , prostitution and pandering , and pornography and obscenity .\nbruce bagemihl argues that any evidence of non - reproductive same - sex activity has been rationalized , in effect \u201cexplaining away\u201d ( 122 ) any same - sex behaviors . published in 1999 , bagemihl\u2019s biological exuberance offers both a \u201cwondrous bestiary\u201d ( 265 ) chronicling the myriad of same - sex activities exhibited by a wide range of species , and an exploration of how non - reproductive homosexual activity in non - human animals is treated in scientific discourse . the # savebenjy campaign was treated as an oddity , but bagemihl demonstrates that homosexuality in animals is not a new phenomenon . he finds that homosexual activity exhibited by non - human animals , unless it is explicit sexual intercourse , is either omitted from research findings or insufficiently documented , being wrongly categorized under a number of other behaviors such as affiliation or dominance ( 107 ) .\nalthough no mark and recapture techniques were applied in the present study , the seasonal distribution of svls suggests that animals were sexually mature in the first reproductive season after hatching .\ni ' ve heard this about many species , including aforementioned bonobos , dolphins and more . also homosexual behavior in animals is rather widespread , and i ' ll be damned if that ' s a reproductive sex .\nmadsen t , shine r ( 1993 ) temporal variability in sexual selection acting on reproductive tactics and body size in male snakes . american naturalist 141 : 167\u2013171 .\nthe thing that particularly fascinated me about this book was the broad array of variations in physical gender found in animals . for many animals ( e . g .\n) . i . specimens , procedures and behavioral characteristics of estrus ii . periodicity of estrus , homosexual , autoerotic , and non - conformist behavior .\nfuruichi t , connor r , hashimoto c . non - conceptive sexual interactions in monkeys , apes , and dolphins in : yamagiwa j , karczmarski l . , editors .\nthe masters and johnson ' s model of sexual response does not account for the physical changes that occur in the clitoris . role of desire in sexual arousal . physiological components of sexual arousal . role of the autonomic nervous system in sexual response .\nthe vehemence with which this prohibition [ against sex with other species ] continues to be held , its persistence while other non - reproductive sexual acts have become acceptable , suggests that there is [ a ] powerful force at work : our desire to differentiate ourselves , erotically and in every other way , from animals .\nsdn - poa volume , sexual behavior , and partner preference of male rats affected by perinatal treatment with atd .\nzhao qk ( 1993 ) sexual behavior of tibetan macaques at mt . emei , china . primates 34 : 431\u2013444\nwhile in adult females the relationship between circulating hormone levels and sexual behavior varies with social context , adolescent females could show one of two patterns . adolescent females may show a tight coupling of hormones and behavior in which adult flexibility in response to social context develops during puberty . alternatively , adolescent females may have a loose coupling between circulating hormones and sexual behavior in which social context overrides increased sexual motivation in response to circulating hormone levels . we investigated variability among adolescent females in the relationship between sexual behavior and circulating hormone levels to address these two alternatives .\nseth genuinely cares about his animals , yet he derives sexual pleasure from having sexual contact with them . seth is practicing a . klismaphilia b . bestiality c . zoophilia d . kennelism\ntan et al . ( 2009 ) observed female greater short - nosed fruit bats ( cynopterus sphinx ) licking the shaft and base of their mate ' s penis during coitus . ( so unlike the other non - reproductive sexual behaviors discussed in this chapter , this behavior occurs only in an apparently reproductive context . ) tan et al . make a similar suggestion : saliva may kill pathogens and thus reduce the spread of disease .\ninfluence of castration and estrogen replacement on sexual behavior of female - oriented , male - oriented , and asexual rams .\nbercovitch fb , strum sc . dominance rank , resource availability , and reproductive maturation in female savanna baboons .\nplenty of academic research referenced in detail at the wikipedia article on homosexual behavior in animals . roughgarden and bagemihl have done extensive research . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\nvasey pl . same - sex sexual partner preference in hormonally and neurologically unmanipulated animals . ann rev sex res . 2002 ; 13 : 141\u201379 .\nciaccio la , lisk rd , reuter la . prelordotic behavior in the hamster : a hormonally modulated transition from aggression to sexual receptivity .\ngoy , r . w . ( 1979 ) . sexual compatibility in rhesus monkeys : predicting sexual performance of oppositely sexed pairs of adults . in\n) : androgens and behavior in a confined troop . horm behav 20 : 452\u2013462\nsuch studies have nonetheless observed autoerotic behavior in a diverse array of mammalian species .\nthere * have * been studies done on the reproductive success of homosexually paired birds . . .\nbailey nw , zuk m . same - sex sexual behavior and evolution . trends in ecology and evolution . 2009 ; 24 : 439\u201346 .\ntaken together , these results suggest that in early adolescence , periovulatory increases in circulating estradiol increase female sexual initiation and female sexual motivation , as they do in adult females . in addition , these results suggest that social context can suppress female sexual behavior in early adolescent females , with one middle ranked female showing no sexual initiation at midcycle . in contrast , high social rank allows an uncoupling of circulating hormone levels and female sexual initiation behavior , since a high ranked female initiated interactions with males in the absence of periovulatory hormone levels .\nbenjy\u2019s behavior challenged cultural perceptions of non - human animals as intrinsically heterosexual . his homosexual activity eluded normative sexual categories of ordering which are defined , discrete , and biologically determined . more importantly , benjy was no longer a charolais bull who engaged in homosexual activity ; he became a symbol , a representative for the naturalness of homosexuality .\n4 . alfred c . kinsey et al . sexual behavior in the human female , w . b . saunders company , philadelphia , 1953 .\nas one example , bottlenose dolphins routinely engage in non - reproductive intercourse - this can be when females are not in estrus ( i can ' t locate the reference though ) , and there is also a lot of non - intercourse sexual behaviour between individuals , even between males ( mann , j . 2006 . sociosexual behaviour among indian ocean bottle - nose dolphins and the development of male - male bonds .\nwhile social rank affects the timing of the expression of sexual behavior within an adult female\u2019s ovarian cycle , it rarely completely suppresses female sexual behavior ( wallen , 1990 ) . finally , adult males respond differently to sexual initiation by early adolescent and adult females ( zehr , 2002 ) . the increased aggression and decreased mounting by males toward adolescents also limits adolescent sexual behavior and further illustrates the special social status that adolescent females have within the social group .\nsexual dimorphism in the coloration of the first and second rows of ventral longitudinal scales in the abdomen is probably associated with sexual maturation in males , since juveniles and females always presented white scales . feltrim ( 2002 ) suggested that sexual dimorphism in coloration could represent a social sign and could play an important role in sexual recognition .\nbeirne , p . ( in press ) . on the sexual assault of animals : a sociological view . in a . creager and b . jordan ( eds . ) ,\n\u201ca brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation . \u201d \u0097\nstudies of rhesus monkey behavioral endocrinology offer two different pictures of the role that hormones play in female sexual behavior . early studies of social groups of rhesus monkeys described discrete periods of sexual activity interspersed with longer periods of sexual inactivity ( carpenter , 1942 ) . in contrast , studies of male - female pairs of rhesus monkeys reported midcycle peaks in sexual behavior but some sexual activity throughout the female\u2019s cycle ( goy , 1979 ; michael & zumpe , 1970 ) . these markedly different patterns of sexual activity reflected the hormonal emancipation of the ability to mate combined with a sensitivity of sexual behavior to social context . subsequent studies demonstrated that the amount of space ( wallen , 1982 ) and the presence of multiple females ( wallen & winston , 1984 ) affected the extent to which the female\u2019s hormonal condition modulated the occurrence of sexual behavior .\nmany animals of the same sex touch each other in ways that are not overtly sexual ( they do not involve direct contact of the genitals ) but that do nevertheless haveclear sexual or erotic overtones . these are referred to as\nhuffman ma ( 1992 ) influence of female partner preference on potential reproductive outcome in japanese macaques . folia primatol 59 : 77\u201388\nanimals are those with two distinct sexes in which males always remain male and females always remain female .\nso , if we bread animals specifically for fucking it is o . k . ?\nmeyer - bahlburg hfl , dolezal c , baker sw , new mi . sexual orientation in women with classical or non - classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of degree of prenatal androgen excess .\ndittmann rw , kappes me , kappes mh . sexual behavior in adolescent and adult females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia . psychoneuroendocrinology . 1992 ; 17 : 153\u201370 .\na more widely known example of\nprostitution\nin animals is hunter and davis ' s ( 1998 ) observation of mated female ad\u00e9lie penguins copulating with males other than their mate in exchange for rocks on which to lay their eggs . but in this case , the harlotry could conceive , so it isn ' t a clear example of non - reproductive sex .\nalexander gm , wilcox t , farmer me . hormone - behavior associations in early infancy .\neffects of discrete lesions of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area or other medial preoptic regions on the sexual behavior of male rats .\ngiffney , noreen , and myna hird . queering the non / human . aldershot , uk : ashgate , 2008 .\nweatherhead pj , prosser mr , gibbs hl , brown gp ( 2002 ) male reproductive success and sexual selection in northern water snakes determined by microsatellite dna analysis . behavioral ecology 13 : 808\u2013815 .\non the other hand there are many ways in which we cannot help behaving just as animals do \u2014 or mammals , anyway \u2014 and sex is one of the most obvious ones . we copulate , as they do . they have penises and vaginas , as we do , and the fact that the vagina of a calf can be sexually satisfying to a man shows how similar these organs are . the taboo on sex with animals may , as i have already suggested , have originated as part of a broader rejection of non - reproductive sex . but the vehemence with which this prohibition continues to be held , its persistence while other non - reproductive sexual acts have become acceptable , suggests that there is another powerful force at work : our desire to differentiate ourselves , erotically and in every other way , from animals .\njones ba , shimell jj , watson nv . pre - and postnatal bisphenol a treatment results in persistent deficits in the sexual behavior of male rats , but not female rats , in adulthood .\nwhen non - reproductive sex is more accessible than reproductive sex , animals might pursue it for practice . li et al . ( 2007 ) noticed that during the mating season , some male macaques wouldn ' t tolerate other males copulating with females , particularly if the copulating male was adolescent or ranked below the other male . the lower stakes outside of the mating season would probably be a better time for males to practice sex .\nthe changing aspects of an individual ' s sexual attitudes , behaviors , feelings , and roles can be described by the term ? psychophysiological development . sexual life cycle . psychosexual development . sexual maturation .\n] . sexual orientation also has been reported for two male infants who were reassigned as girls because of severe penile damage in infancy . one of these individuals had primary sexual interest in women in adulthood , whereas the other had sexual interest in both women and men [\n\u201ca brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation . \u201d \u2015 publishers weekly\na brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation .\npublishers weekly\nthe dsm - 5 identifies sexual dysfunction as a . a diminution of sexual functioning in one of the four phases of sexual response . b . a pathological inability to regulate arousal states , to delay or achieve ejaculation , and / or to control orgasms . c . a disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes characterizing the sexual response cycle that causes marked distress and interpersonal difficulty . d . psychological or physical impairments to achieving sexual fulfillment .\nin order to understand queer animals , alaimo employs haraway\u2019s \u201cnaturecultures\u201d as the environment within which fluidity and plurality of sexuality can be achieved . she shows how non - human animals are cultural beings entwined in social interactions . alaimo adopts a perspective similar to bagemihl\u2019s , as she longs for a reconfiguration of the distinctions between nature and culture :\n# savebenjy , as the campaign was called , captures a marked shift in cultural attitudes towards homosexuality in ireland . this essay considers the discourse of sexuality , both in the historical and irish cultural context . foucault\u2019s the history of sexuality vol . 1 ( 1976 ) identified how sex was brought into biological discourses , where it could be studied and explained and , by the nineteenth century , how heterosexual reproductive sex was promoted as the norm . same - sex non - reproductive behavior was made \u201cdeviant\u201d with strict laws and prohibitions . in ireland , the doctrine of the catholic church emphasized chastity and restraint , and sex was confined to the married heterosexual couple , while same - sex non - reproductive activity was a criminal offence .\nlockhart ab , thrall ph , antonovics j . sexually transmitted diseases in animals : ecological and evolutionary implications .\nnadler rd . homosexual behavior in nonhuman primates in : mcwhirter dp , sanders sa , reinisch jm , editors .\nsexual differentiation of aromatase activity in the rat brain : effects of perinatal steroid exposure .\nfemale sexual initiation in early and late adolescence in three females who first ovuluted during early adolescence , illustrating that the frequency of sexual initiation increased from early to late adolescence .\nhomosexuality is a social phenomenon and is most widespread among animals with a complex herd life .\nanimals are expected to defend feeding territories when food is widely distributed . true or false .\nmanson , j . h . , perry , s . , & parish , a . r . ( 1997 ) . nonconceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins .\na brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation .\n- - publishers weekly\ntakahata y ( 1980 ) the reproductive biology of a free - ranging troop of japanese monkeys . primates 21 : 303\u2013329\na . focused on biological function , behavior , body awareness , and acceptance .\nfurther research on species in which sexual dimorphism is prominent but sexual segregation is absent ( watts 2005 ) or on species in which sexual segregation occurs in the absence of a sexual dimorphism in size ( such as in bats ) ( altringham and senior 2005 ; senior et al . 2005 ) would be extremely important for understanding the underlying causes and mechanisms of sexual segregation , not just in ungulates , but in all sexually segregating species . finally , the examples of sticklebacks and guppies show how powerful an experimental approach can be in elucidating proximate and ultimate causes of sexual segregation .\nthere are hundreds of examples of non - reproductive sex among animals , from albatrosses to koalas . but none of these examples can make people quite so uncomfortable as bonobos do . two bonobo females having sex looks very different than two female albatrosses sitting placidly on their nest . bonobo sex looks human . [ biologists : media sensationalizes animal sex ]\ngavin l , mackay ap , brown k , et al . centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) sexual and reproductive health of persons aged 10\u201324 years \u2013 united states , 2002\u20132007 .\naltered sexual partner preference in male ferrets given excitotoxic lesions of the preoptic area anterior hypothalamus .\nshine r ( 1994 ) sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited . copeia 1994 : 326\u2013346 .\nchadwick - jones jk . presenting and mounting in non - human primates : theoretical developments . j soc biol struct . 1989 ; 12 : 319\u201333 .\nwallen k , winston la , gaventa s , davis - dasilva m , collins dc . periovulatory changes in female sexual behavior and pattern of ovarian steroid secretion in group - living rhesus monkeys .\n. . . and animals don ' t live off 2000 year old books filled with bs .\nyour logic says that police dogs , service animals , and sporting animals are abused . some can be , but i believe a lot of them enjoy themselves . simple minds , simple lives .\nbao am . , swaab df . sex differences in the brain , behavior , and neuropsychiatric disorders .\nthe development of brain circuitry controlling the sexual dimorphism in urination behavior is influenced by the levels of estrogen or testosterone that are circulating in the blood during the early postnatal period . estogren must prevent the development of the neuronal patterns of connectivity that are responsible for the male behavior .\n) . thus , a female might have a stronger rank - related suppression of sexual behavior early in adolescence than late in adolescence . finally , the early adolescent females may be less sensitive to the effects of estradiol on sexual motivation than are late adolescent females . if this were true , follicular increases in estradiol , while sufficient to trigger ovulation , may be insufficient to increase sexual initiation . probably , age - related differences result from some combination of experiential differences , changes in social status , or sensitivity to hormones , with no single factor accounting for the differences . whatever the cause , this change in sexual behavior across development reinforces the notion that rhesus female sexual behavior is sensitive to both the hormonal and social environments .\na brilliant and important exercise in exposing the limitations of received opinion . . . an exhaustively argued case that animals have multiple shades of sexual orientation .\n- -\npublishers weekly\nthen in 1999 , bruce bagemihl published\nbiological exuberance : animal homosexuality and natural diversity\n( st . martin ' s press ) , one of the first books of its kind to provide an overview of scholarly studies of same - sex behavior in animals . bagemihl said homosexual behavior had been documented in some 450 species .\nit says sex between animals - as between humans - is often a matter of enjoyment , rather than procreation , and that this applies to animals of the same sex as well as opposite sexes .\ndiscover new insights into neuroscience , human behavior and mental health with scientific american mind .\nwallen , k . ( 1995 ) . the evolution of female sexual desire . in p . abramson and s . pinkerton ( eds . ) . sexual nature , sexual culture ( pp . 57\u201379 ) . chicago : university of chicago press .\nthis purification of sex manifested itself through catholic doctrine in ireland , and homosexual non - reproductive sexual behavior was now identified as deviant . queer theorist gayle rubin describes mistreatment of homosexuals in the us during the 1950s , from frequent police raids to queer bashing . the us gay rights movement in the 1970s led to a rethinking of what it meant to be gay or lesbian , and brought about a radical new era when sexual preferences could no longer be viewed as legitimate grounds for discrimination . ireland\u2019s movement towards becoming a more tolerant country would take another 20 years .\nvasey pl , sommer v . homosexual behaviour in animals : topics , hypotheses and research trajectories . in : sommer v , vasey pl , editors . homosexual behaviour in animals : an evolutionary perspective . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 2006 . p . 3\u201342 .\nnottebohm f . , arnold ap . sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain .\nbehavior . in j . e . reynolds iii & s . a . rommel ( eds . ) ,\nother animals appear to go through a homosexual phase before they become fully mature . for instance , male dolphin calves often form temporary sexual partnerships , which scientists believe help to establish lifelong bonds . such sexual behavior has been documented only relatively recently . zoologists have been accused of skirting round the subject for fear of stepping into a political minefield .\nsee william simon and john h . gagnon , \u2018sexual scripts : permanence and change\u2019 , archives of sexual behavior , 15 / 2 ( 1986 ) , 97\u2013120 ; william simon , postmodern sexualities ( london : routledge , 1999 ) , 40\u201358 .\ndemonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of serotonin - immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat .\nclutton - brock th ( 1988 ) reproductive success : studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems . chicago , il : university of chicago press .\nthis is the first published article on the biology of c . vacariensis ; its main goal is to study the reproductive cycle and sexual dimorphism of the species . the following questions are addressed : ( 1 ) are the reproductive activity and cycles of stored fat seasonal or continuous ? ( 2 ) what is the reproductive cycle of males and females ? ( 3 ) at which snout - vent length ( svl ) do males and females reach sexual maturity ? ( 4 ) what is the effect of environmental factors ( temperature , photoperiod , precipitation ) on the reproductive activity and body fat cycles ? ( 5 ) what is the clutch size ? ( 6 ) does clutch size depend on female size ? ( 7 ) is there any sexual dimorphism in morphological characteristics and in the coloration pattern ?\nhuman masturbation is typically coupled with imagined or observed sexual behavior ( e . g . pornography ) , while masturbation in other primates typically occurs in isolation or independent of the sexual behavior of others , and likely does not involve developed mental sexual imagery given the presumed human uniqueness of this capacity . human masturbation also seems to be more ubiquitous across individuals , and may display different patterns compared to other primates , though data on this subject is limited .\nvasey pl , sommer v . homosexual behaviour in animals : topics , hypotheses and research trajectories in : sommer v , vasey pl , editors .\ncarothers , j . h . 1984 . sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in some herbivorous lizards . the american naturalist 124 ( 2 ) : 244 - 254 . [ links ]\nfemale sexual initiation in high , middle , and low ranked females during late adolescence , illustrating that high ranked females had higher levels of sexual initiation and a less tight coupling of behavior with the periovulatory period of their ovarian cycles than did middle and low ranked females .\ncan refer either to a particular behavior when it occurs between two men or two women , or to an individual whose primary\nidentity\ninvolves any or all of these activities . since the notion of identity is inappropriate to ascribe to animals , these terms will be reserved for the behaviors that animals engage in and , where relevant , to describe individuals whose primary\norientation\nis toward animals of the same sex where courtship , sexual , and / or pair - bonding activities are concerned . in addition , because the terms\n] , but this curvilinear relationship , as opposed to a linear relationship , had not been predicted . these studies were part of a larger project that also measured looking preferences for social / non - social stimuli , non - verbal communicative gestures , verbalizations , pretend play , and empathy [\naltmann j ( 1974 ) observational study of behavior : sampling methods . behaviour 49 : 227\u2013267\ntutin ceg , mcgrew wc ( 1973 ) chimpanzee copulatory behavior . folia primatol 19 : 237\u2013256\nhormones , brain and behavior . vol 3 . san diego , ca : academic press .\njia zy , jiang zg , wang zw ( 2000 ) observation on the behaviors of masked palm civet in reproductive season . acta theriol 20 : 108\u2013115 .\nderickson , w . k . 1976b . ecological and physiological aspects of reproductive strategies in two lizards . ecology 57 : 445 - 458 . [ links ]\nthe relationship of male - male mounting to the sexual preferences of young rams .\nbradbury jw ( 1977 ) lek mating behavior in the hammer - headed bat . z tierpsychol 45 : 225\u2013255 .\none of the most important findings in kinsey ' s work was that a . children had sexual thoughts and experiences . b . few people understood or used contraceptive devices . c . there was extraordinary diversity in sexual behavior . d . a vast majority of women masturbated several times a day .\nanate m . vaginal trauma at sexual intercourse in llorin , nigeria . an analysis of 36 cases .\nby invoking examples of how we humans have decided that we do have an ethical obligation to the sentient animals in our care like neglect and abuse laws , i was using the above proposition to argue for the ethical treatment of animals .\nhomosexuality in its myriad forms has been scientifically documented in more than 450 species of mammals , birds , reptiles , insects , and other animals worldwide .\nreeder dm ( 2003 ) the potential for cryptic female choice in primates : behavioral , anatomical , and physiological considerations . in : jones cb , editor . sexual selection and reproductive competition in primates : new perspectives and directions . norman : american society of primatologists . pp . 255\u2013303 .\nmeyer - bahlburg hfl , dolezal c , baker sw , new mi . sexual orientation in women with classical or non - classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia as a function of degree of prenatal androgen excess . arch sex behav . 2008 ; 37 : 85\u201399 .\nhines m , brook c , conway gs . androgen and psychosexual development : core gender identity , sexual orientation and recalled childhood gender role behavior in women and men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( cah )\nmallard ducks are reported to both attempt to rape ducks of the same sex , as well as practice necrophilia . either of those should qualify on some level as non - reproductive sex , even if not consensual for the one in a pickle . this discovery earned kees moeliker the ig nobel prize in 2003 . the guardian reports :\nin addition to physical injury and increased risk of disease , sexual intercourse and pregnancy increase opportunity for predation and use energy that could enhance survival . the occurrence of nocturnal mating , rapid sexual intercourse , and cryptic mating are all adaptations that counter this risky aspect of sexual intercourse . given the significant risks associated with sexual reproduction , why does it occur ?\nreproductive cycle . the available data indicate that c . vacariensis has a seasonal and discontinuous reproductive cycle , as it has been found for other lizard species that inhabit regions with seasonal climatic factors ( precipitation and / or temperature ) ( e . g . magnusson , 1987 ) .\nsex when the female is nonfertile would have little evolutionary consequence if sex also occurred during fertility . thus , the coupling of increased sexual motivation with peak fertility through changes in the same hormones increases reproductive success and still allows the occurrence of sexual behavior in nonreproductive contexts . a reliance upon sexual motivation as the mechanism coordinating fertility with sexual behavior produces a less tight coupling between hormonal and behavioral change in primates than that seen in nonprimate species ( wallen , 1990 ) . a loose coupling between hormonal changes and behavior would be at a selective disadvantage compared to a strict coupling if the loose coupling reduced the likelihood of mating when the female is fertile . however , if mating during peak fertility was the same , but additional mating occurred at nonfertile times , there would still be some selection against nonreproductive mating due to the risks posed by mating itself .\nfleming a . s , vaccarino f , luebke c . amygdaloid inhibition of maternal behavior in the nulliparous female rat .\nleckman j . f , et al . the role of central oxytocin in obsessive compulsive disorder and related normal behavior .\nconstantinescu m , hines m . relating prenatal testosterone exposure to postnatal behavior in typically developing children : methods and findings .\ntalmage - riggs g , anschel s . homosexual behavior and dominance hierarchy in a group of captive female squirrel monkeys (\nyes , and nearly 100 % of animals with mate with their own offspring . many species eat their young .\ncurators say a norwegian exhibition on homosexuality among animals has been well received , despite initial indications of strong opposition .\npomerantz sm , goy rw . proceptive behavior of female rhesus monkeys during tests with tethered males .\nsexual dimorphism in the preoptic / anterior hypothalamic area of ferrets : effects of adult exposure to sex steroids .\nbeach fa ( 1976 ) sexual attractivity , proceptivity and receptivity in female mammals . horm behav 7 : 105\u2013138\n) also showed a peak in female sexual initiation at midcycle , but showed much lower levels of sexual initiation than the higher ranked female . finally , the third female who ovulated ( ys5 ,\nand those acts need to be discussed to have an accurate understanding of biology . the exhibit continuously states that non - reproductive sex acts form the foundation of many vertebrate social structures . without those social groups , the animals would perish . in that way , behavior that does not result in mating , and thus would otherwise be considered\nevolutionarily useless\n, proves its worth by increasing the survivability of the various members of the group by strengthening cohesion and diffusing tension . that argument about evolution underlies one of the two implicit messages of the exhibit .\nnorvell mk , benrubi gi , thompson rj . investigation of microtrauma after sexual intercourse .\nandersson m ( 1994 ) sexual selection . princeton , nj : princeton university press .\nd . sexual arousal by the real infliction of physical or psychological harm to another .\na . giving and receiving pleasure to each other without a sexual or coital goal .\npalavras - chave : teiidae , cnemidophorus vacariensis , reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o , dimorfismo sexual , conserva\u00e7\u00e3o .\nall the incidents recorded by harris and her coauthors took place in monterey bay . however , harris told discovery news ,\ngiven that we documented interspecific sexual interactions involving at least three different male otters and that similar behavior has been described in many wildlife species , it is certainly possible that this behavior could be occurring elsewhere in the range .\nyet scientists say we should be wary of referring to animals when considering what ' s acceptable in human society . for instance , infanticide , as practiced by lions and many other animals , isn ' t something people , gay or straight , generally approve of in humans .\n) . these studies estimate from sequence disruptions that more than 30 % of olfactory receptor genes are non - functional pseudogenes in non - human primates , rising to more than 60 % in the human genome . coupled with these genetic changes , there has also been a dramatic reduction in the size of the olfactory cortex , from 65 % of total cortex in insectivorous mammals to less than 5 % in old world primates (\nlabad j , menchon j . m , alonso p , segalas c , jimenez s , vallejo j . female reproductive cycle and obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder .\nthe counterexample would be that we ' re treating animals in all kinds of ways that are not in their interest or involve not\ngetting their consent\n.\nfuruichi t , connor r , hashimoto c . non - conceptive sexual interactions in monkeys , apes , and dolphins . in : yamagiwa j , karczmarski l . , editors . primates and cetaceans : field research and conservation of complex mammalian societies . tokyo : springer . p . 385\u2013408 .\nanderson , r . a . & vitt , l . j . 1990 . sexual selection versus alternative causes of sexual dimorphism in teiid lizards . oecologia 84 : 145 - 157 . [ links ]\ndepicts the frequency of female sexual initiation in high , middle , and low ranked control females . the two high ranked females initiated sexual interactions with the highest frequency and for longer periods prior to ovulation . both middle and low ranked females had peaks in sexual initiation behavior at midcycle , but had lower levels than high ranked females during the follicular phase . thus , middle and low ranked late adolescent females demonstrated an adult - like pattern of a shorter period of follicular female initiation , lower levels of behavior , and a tighter coupling of behavior with the periovulatory period than that of high ranked late adolescent females .\nbagemihl details how many ethologists and other researchers disregarded any same - sex behavior that is not overt sex , calling it imitation of heterosexuality ( pseudoheterosexuality ) , substitute activity in the absence of the opposite sex , a mistake , or a pathological condition , seeking to explain the behavior rather than understand it . bagemihl claims that the preconceived notions of heteronormative sexual activity in non - human animals are grounded in the traditional \u201cnoah\u2019s ark view\u201d of the animal kingdom , where \u201cbiology revolves around two sexes , male and female , with one of each to a pair\u201d ( 36 ) . ecologist joan roughgarden equates the homophobia in science with a \u201ccover up\u201d ( 128 ) .\nmagnusson , w . e . 1987 . reproductive cycles of teiid lizards in amazonian savanna . journal of herpetology 21 ( 4 ) : 307 - 316 . [ links ]\nseveral psychological adaptations crucial to sexual behavior parallel the physiological and behavioral adaptations controlled by gonadal hormones . successful reproduction requires intimate social contact , which provides the opportunity for the evolution of male selection based on physical and behavioral characteristics . it is beyond this review to cover this vast area . instead we focus on the psychological processes that regulate the occurrence of sexual behavior in females and coordinate mating with fertility .\nnadler rd . homosexual behavior in nonhuman primates . in : mcwhirter dp , sanders sa , reinisch jm , editors . homosexuality / heterosexuality : consepts of sexual orientation . new york : oxford university press ; 1990 . p . 138\u201370 .\nis it if you want to be dirty be dirty a freedom of practice ? there is a general opinion about animals ' behavior . they refer to a man who is dummy an ass , a coward a chicken , a dirty a pig or an ape . something is described as in human opposite savage . animals learning from humans in the circus have succeeded in teaching man how to behave like them .\nbarouki r , gluckman pd , grandjean p , hanson m , heindel jj . developmental origins of non - communicable disease : implications for research and public health .\nunfortunately , the extant research doesn ' t clearly support any one explanation of all these behaviors across all these species . perhaps this shouldn ' t be a surprise . in this chapter , i enumerate some of the available explanations and the evidence for them . they aren ' t mutually exclusive , but nor are there any proposals of how to integrate them into a coherent theory of non - reproductive sexual behavior . therefore , the adaptive value of sexuality\u2014the one domain of life that evolutionary psychology would presumably most easily explain\u2014is in fact an open question .\nwilson me , gordon tp , blank ms , collins dc . timing of sexual maturity in female rhesus monkeys (\ncould the indirect competition hypothesis explain inter - sexual site segregation in red deer ( cervus elaphus l . ) ?\naltmann , j . , hausfater , g . , & altmann , s . a . ( 1998 ) . determinants of reproductive success in savannah baboons . papio cynocephalus in t . h . clutton - brock ( ed . ) . reproductive success : studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems ( pp . 403\u2013418 ) . chicago : the university of chicago press .\njanet mann , a professor of biology and psychology at georgetown university who has studied same - sex behavior in dolphin calves , says their homosexuality\nis about bond formation , not about being sexual for life .\nroy and silo are hardly unusual . indeed , scientists have found homosexual behavior throughout the animal world .\nfor intelligent species , the benefits are exactly the same as in intercourse with birth control - no offspring are produced , but people still seem to get something out of it . even for non - intelligent creatures , the usual non - procreative reasons still apply ( pleasure , dominance , social cohesion and conflict resolution , prostitution , etc . ) .\nlicht , p . & gorman , g . c . 1970 . reproductive and fat cycle in caribbean anolis lizards . university of california publications in zoology 95 : 1 - 52 . [ links ]\nsexual health is a . focused on biological function , behavior , body awareness , and acceptance . b . focused on our mental health and our attitudes toward sexuality . c . primarily focused on our physical well - being . d . focused on sexual function and sexually transmitted diseases .\n] . the effects of early androgen exposure on both the brain and behavior are often described as organizational , and early androgen exposure is thought to produce enduring changes in behavior by altering the development and organization of underlying brain circuits .\n] . both outcomes are consistent with an influence of early androgen exposure on sexual orientation .\nthere were annual reproductive cycles in the study period ( fig . 1 ) . the peak of the reproductive cycle of males coincided with the peak of the female reproductive cycle . the testicular volume was highest in october / november ( = 72 . 2 \u00b1 29 . 6 mm 3 ; n = 17 ) , and lowest in february ( = 8 . 9 \u00b1 2 . 1 mm 3 ; n = 6 ) ; females were able to reproduce between october and december , and they were nonreproductive between january and september .\nby the fall breeding season around 3 . 5 years of age , all adolescent females have ovulatory menstrual cycles , and most conceive ( wilson et al . , 1982 ; wilson et al . , 1983 ; zehr , 2002 ) . in general , late adolescent females engage in sexual behavior for longer periods than do adults , due to increased estradiol earlier in the follicular phase ( wilson et al . , 1982 ) . in adult females , social rank modulates the length of behavioral estrus , with high ranked females mating for longer periods of time prior to ovulation than lowed rank females ( wallen , 1990 ) . this section describes female sexual initiation in late adolescent females of high , medium , and low rank to determine if late adolescent females have rank - related modulation of female sexual behavior similar to that seen in adult females . in addition , this section explores age - related differences in female sexual initiation by comparing sexual behavior in early and late adolescence for those females who ovulated in early adolescence .\nthe existence of sexual contact between humans and animals , and the potency of the taboo against it , displays the ambivalence of our relationship with animals . on the one hand , especially in the judeo - christian tradition \u2014 less so in the east \u2014 we have always seen ourselves as distinct from animals , and imagined that a wide , unbridgeable gulf separates us from them . humans alone are made in the image of god . only human beings have an immortal soul . in genesis , god gives humans dominion over the animals . in the renaissance idea of the great chain of being , humans are halfway between the beasts and the angels . we are spiritual beings as well as physical beings . for kant , humans have an inherent dignity that makes them ends in themselves , whereas animals are mere means to our ends . today the language of human rights \u2014 rights that we attribute to all human beings but deny to all nonhuman animals \u2014 maintains this separation .\nfemales begin to engage in sexual behavior during the breeding season around 2 . 5 years of age . however , since few females are likely to ovulate or conceive around 2 . 5 years of age ( wilson & gordon , 1989 ; wilson , gordon , blank , & collins , 1984 ; wilson et al . , 1986 ; wilson et al . , 1983 ) , studies of adolescent sexual behavior have primarily focused on females 3 . 5 years of age or older ( pope , gordon , & wilson , 1986 ; wilson & gordon , 1980 ; wilson , gordon , et al . , 1984 ; wilson , et al . , 1982 ) . this section describes sexual initiation behavior in both ovulating and nonovulating early adolescent females . if circulating hormones and sexual initiation are tightly coupled in early adolescence , all ovulating females would display sexual initiation behavior and only ovulating females would be sexually active . our data suggest comparable flexibility in the sexuality of adolescent females to that seen in adult females .\nis the first comprehensive account of the subject , bringing together accurate , accessible , and nonsensationalized information . drawing upon a rich body of zoological research spanning more than two centuries , bruce bagemihl shows that animals engage in all types of nonreproductive sexual behavior . sexual and gender expression in the animal world displays exuberant variety , including same - sex courtship , pair - bonding , sex , and co - parenting\u0097even instances of lifelong homosexual bonding in species that do not have lifelong heterosexual bonding ."]}
{"id": 1144, "summary": [{"text": "the mexican gray squirrel ( or red-bellied squirrel ) ( sciurus aureogaster ) is a tree squirrel in the genus sciurus native to guatemala and eastern and southern mexico .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it has been introduced in the florida keys .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the alternate name of this squirrel ( red-bellied squirrel ) should not be confused with the indonesian red-bellied squirrel ( rubrisciurus rubriventer ) or the asian red-bellied tree squirrel ( callosciurus erythraeus ) .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the two subspecies each have many synonyms associated with them : the subspecies s. a. aureogaster was also known as s. a. chrysogaster , s. a. ferruginiventris , s. a. hypopyrrhus , s. a. hypoxanthus , s. a. leucogaster , s. a. maurus , s. a. morio , s. a. mustelinus , s. a. raviventer and s. a. rufiventris .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the subspecies s. a. nigrescens was also known as s. a. affinis , s. a. albipes , s. a. cervicalis , s. a. chiapensis , s. a. cocos , s. a. colimensis , s. a. effugius , s. a. frumentor , s. a. griseoflavus , s. a. hernandezi , s. a. hirtus , s. a. leucops , s. a. littoralis , s. a. nelsoni , s. a. nemoralis , s. a. perigrinator , s. a. poliopus , s. a. quercinus , s. a. rufipes , s. a. senex , s. a. socialis , s. a. tepicanus , s. a. varius and s. a. wagneri . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "mexican gray squirrel", "paragraphs": ["a systematic study of the mexican and guatemalan gray squirrel , sciurus aureogaster f . cuvier ( rodentia : sciuridae ) .\nmcguire , r . 1975 . field ecology of the exotic mexican red - bellied squirrel in florida .\npack , j . , h . mosby , p . siegel . 1967 . influence of social hierarchy on gray squirrel behavior .\nramos - lara , n . , f . cervantes . 2011 . ecology of mexican red - bellied squirrel (\nbrown , l . , r . mcguire . 1975 . field ecology of the exotic mexican red - bellied squirrel in florida .\nramos - lara , n . , f . cervantes . 2007 . nest - site selection by the mexican red - bellied squirrel (\nto celebrate the world cup , i\u2019m drawing one mammal from each of the 32 competing countries . today\u2019s is the mexican gray squirrel , also called the mexican red - bellied squirrel , a busy little guy who is native to the treetops of both mexico and guatemala . ( guatemala\u2019s national soccer team has never qualified for the world cup . ) the mexican gray squirrel , like all other squirrels , i imagine , likes to eat nuts and seeds , but it also occasionally treats itself to a raid on a mango or cacao plantation . the species is widespread and not threatened ( hooray ! cue vuvuzelas ! ) .\nauthor : vassia atanassova - spiritia license : attribution 3 . 0 unported ( cc by 3 . 0 ) urltoken description : english : mexican gray squirrel ( sciurus aureogaster ) seen in chapultepec park , mexico city \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 : \u043c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 ( sciurus aureogaster ) , \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u043f\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043a , \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u043c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e link : urltoken title : mexican gray squirrel ( sciurus aureogaster ) in chapultepec park , mexico city - 1 . webm details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s\nabout\npage . in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\nthere is little available information on longevity in mexican red - bellied squirrels . readers should refer to information on the family sciuridae .\nsharp , w . 1959 . a commentary on the behavior of free running gray squirrels . proceedings of the southeastern association game and fish commissioners , 13 : 382 - 387 .\nthere is little available information on parental investment in mexican red - bellied squirrels . readers should refer to information on the family sciuridae .\nmcguire , r . , l . brown . 1973 . coconut feeding behavior of the red - bellied squirrel on elliot key , dade co . , florida .\nmexico is the usa\u2019s major rival in soccer / f\u00fatbol , which makes life hard for some mexican - americans at world cup time . mexico has hosted the world cup twice , and both times the team made it to the quarterfinals , but el tri has never made it any further than that .\nthis squirrel occurs in most forested habitats including thorn scrub , deciduous and evergreen forest , dry pine - oak woodland , secondary forest , and plantations . in dry woodlands or forest it is most common , especially in those bordering agricultural areas ( reid 1997 ) . it also occurs in urban areas . this squirrel is diurnal and usually solitary . individuals occupy distinct territories and may occur at densities of 0 . 7 individuals / ha ( coates - estrada and estrada 1986 ) . it is mainly arboreal , but will come to the ground to feed or travel from tree to tree . leaf nests are built on tree branches , 5 to 15 m above ground . in the lowlands , it feeds fruits and seeds of ficus spp . , cecropia spp . , poulsenia armata , brosimum alicastrum , and astrocaryum mexicanum . acorns and pine nuts are the staple foods of highland populations . plantations of corn , mango , cacao , and tamarind are sometimes raided . it is usually silent , but sometimes makes raspy trills and harsh chatters . females give birth to 2 to 4 young during the dry season ; black and gray individuals may be born in the same litter ( reid 1997 ) .\nthis is a fantastic squirrel , jennifer ! your color is so very bold , while still being true to the animal , and your texture work is impressive ! some of your best , in fact . the feel of the fur and the contrast between body and tail really come through here . and as someone who used to have backyard squirrels sitting on his shoulder as a kid , i know what i\u2019m talking about !\nmexican red - bellied squirrels make leaf nests built on tree branches approximately 5 - 15m above ground . these leaf nests consist of a base of interwoven twigs containing an inner cup of tightly packed singular leaves and covered by a dome of interlaced leaves and small twigs . it is thought the twigs and leaves are taken from the immediate area surrounding the nest and consist of the inhabited tree species . in mexico ,\nhas an average of 1 - 2 offspring per litter and food availability appears to be the limiting factor in their reproduction . in a study by brown and mcguire ( 1975 ) , 70 - 90 % of adult males captured in florida exhibited signs of breeding condition year round . in the same region , lactating females varied from 50 % of adult females in february and over 40 % in the may - august period , to a low of 12 . 5 % in november . in general , little is known about reproduction in this squirrel species .\nlittle is known about the home range sizes of mexican red - bellied squirrels in their native range . in their introduced range in florida , home range sizes for females are smaller than those of their male counterparts , with the average home range size for adult males is 2 . 3 hectares and for females it is 0 . 9 hectare . home range size of breeding males are highly variable and may indicate some type of social hierarchy where certain males dominate in mating with females , while some individuals may range farther to breed with receptive females .\nred - bellied squirrels are found in a variety of forests ranging from tropical scrub and broadleaf forests of the hot lowlands to the cold and wet temperate cloud forests of oak and conifer in the highlands . they are found at up to 3 , 800 meters in elevation . they are most commonly found in dry woodlands and generally occur in forested habitats including thorn scrub , deciduous and evergreen forest , dry pine - oak woodland , secondary forest , and plantations . mexican red - bellied squirrels also inhabit areas bordering agricultural and urban areas . introduced populations in the florida keys are abundant in dense , subtropical hammock - forest .\nmexican red - bellied squirrels are diurnal with most movements starting one - half hour after sunrise until about an hour before noon , and then beginning again in the early evening hours . even after long exposure to humans , s . aureogaster is shy and elusive . in areas where the species was introduced it rarely comes to the ground and spends most of its time on the limbs of tree canopy . in mexico , however , squirrels can be observed using the forest floor year round , especially during the dry season . high winds , days with high ambient temperature , and cloudy and / or rainy weather inhibits normal activity . when an intruder approaches , s . aureogaster shows occasional aggressive behaviors such as emitting barks and moving its tail forward and backward rapidly . chasing behaviors have been observed between individuals of s . aureogaster and may be involved with reproduction . the chasing behavior consists of multiple individuals chasing a single individual and producing numerous squeaking and clicking sounds over a small area of the forest .\nadult males weigh an average of 591 . 7 g amd adult females weigh an average of 562 . 5 g . hayssen et al . 1993 report an average body mass of 505 g . head and body length ranges from 232 to 310 mm , with tail length ranging from 215 to 284 mm . dorsal pelage consists of salt - and - pepper coloration combined with a bright rufous belly and flank . the rufous color of the flank is spread dorsally over the area of the forelimbs and shoulder to form an hour - glass shaped marking over the back . these main pelage features are best developed and least variable in populations of the northern ( tamaulipas and eastern san luis potosi ) and southeastern ( northeastern oaxaca , eastern veracruz , tabasco , and northeastern chiapas ) segments of the range . red - bellied squirrels are one of the most variable western hemisphere tree squirrels in terms and color and pattern . they can have grayish upper parts that may be broken or un - patterned by nape or rump patches , a shoulder and costal patch , or combinations of those patterns . the underparts may vary from white to orange to deep chestnut . in a study area in michoacan , squirrels were grey with white underparts . in certain segments of the range , populations exhibit melanism . in northern populations , a melanistic phase is common ; about 40 % of specimens sampled from tamaulipas and eastern san luis potosi have high degrees of black coloration . furthermore , introduced populations in the florida keys have either totally black or gray dorsal pelage with a red belly color phase in a 50 % ratio . most melanistic squirrels have a reddish tinge to the underfur on the back and rump . reid ( 1997 ) defines four distinct color forms ( although there is variation in each form ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , and because it does not appear to be under threat and is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species occurs from southwest and central guatemala to guanajuato , nayarit and nuevo leon , mexico ( thorington and hoffmann 2005 ) . it has been introduced to elliot key , florida ( reid 1997 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 3 , 800 m ( reid 1997 ) .\nno major threats known . although not considered a major threat , in some areas this species is hunted for food or to prevent damage to corn and other crops ( reid 1997 ) .\nthere are no known conservation measures specific to this species . however , there are several protected areas within its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe range of red - bellied squirrels extends northward from southwest and central guatemala to guanajuato , nayarit , and nuevo leon , mexico . two pairs were introduced to elliott key island in the florida keys in 1938 by a resident of the island and now a population is established there . they have also been documented on adams key , sands key , and old rhodes key , indicating that they may be expanding their introduced range . in one study conducted , a density of 2 . 47 squirrels were calculated per hectare in elliot key . across the range , two subspecies have been identified :\ninhabiting the rest of the geographic range . according to morphological characteristics of the baculum , red - bellied squirrels are closely related to other neotropical squirrels :\n( brown and mcguire , 1969 ; brown , 1969 ; koprowski , et al . , 2005 ; layne , 1997 ; mcguire , 1975 ; palmer , et al . , 2014 ; reid , 1997 ; tilmant , 1980 ; villalobos and cervantes - reza , 2007 ; wilson and reeder , 2005 )\n( hayssen , 2008 ; hayssen , et al . , 1996 ; mcguire , 1975 ; musser , 1968 ; ramos - lara and cervantes , 2011 ; reid , 1997 )\nexhibits year round breeding activity . mating system is unknown , but is most likely polygynandrous as for most members of the family\nfemales give birth to 2 - 4 offspring during the dry season across their normal distribution . for florida populations ,\nbreeding interval sciurus aureogaster exhibit year round breeding activity . gestation period is unknown .\n. the squirrels build nests in forks of trees or in branches of oak and pine . individuals constructing nests bite off leafy branches 20 - 30cm long and interweave them into a spherical shape . during the wet season\nis most commonly used during the dry season . this preference , however , may be due to seasonal tree mast production . when available , artificial nest boxes are utilized . however , unlike their natural form , the artificial nest boxes are exposed and uncovered . in a study conducted on introduced populations in the florida keys , brown and mcguire ( 1975 ) discovered\nuses nest boxes in tropical habitat characterized by a few natural tree hollows . eight different tree species were used , although the west indian mahogany (\n( brown and mcguire , 1975 ; mcguire , 1975 ; musser , 1968 ; pack , et al . , 1967 ; ramos - lara and cervantes , 2007 ; ramos - lara and cervantes , 2011 ; reid , 1997 )\nfour different vocalizations have been outlined by brown and mcguire ( 1975 ) using sharp ' s ( 1959 ) terminology : 1 . the call of apprehension ; a low - pitched barking call when squirrels are at a safe distance but within sight of an intruder . 2 . the call of danger ; high - pitched barking call and a faster note . 3 . the mating call ; numerous rapid squeaking and clucking sounds . 4 . the squeal of death ; sharp , piercing high - pitched squeals . during apprehensive and danger calls , the tail is held forward over the back in an \u201cs\u201d position and rapidly moved forward and backward .\nred - bellied squirrels are primarily frugivorous . in the lowlands of its native range , seeds and fruits of\nare commonly eaten . in the highlands , acorns and pine nuts are common food staples . in mexico , red - bellied squirrels are observed feeding on seeds of pines (\n) . however , field observations indicate that use of food items may be based on seasonality . red - bellied squirrels use the fruit or seeds of many different species of tropical trees and shrubs including wild mastic (\n) , and sea grape . when seeds are unavailable , squirrels clip branches and consume the phloem of wild mastic .\n) , which provide rich and constant food supply throughout the year along marine shorelines .\n( brown and mcguire , 1969 ; hall and kelson , 1959 ; mcguire , 1975 ; palmer , et al . , 2007 ; ramos - lara and cervantes , 2011 ; reid , 1997 )\nin native populations , red - bellied squirrels are hunted as food for human consumption and makes up 4 . 9 % of the bobcat (\n) diet . in introduced populations , there is little predation pressure . rather , competition for food and denning sites with native fox squirrels , black rats , raccoons , frugivorous birds , owls , and other species appears to be the limiting factor on population density .\n( aranda , et al . , 2002 ; mcguire , 1975 ; reid , 1997 )\n) due to an overlap in territory and shared resources . where introduced , red - bellied squirrels can affect native fauna , such as the threatened white - crowned pigeons (\n) , a state species of special concern . additionally , the dispersal and establishment of white oak trees can be decreased due to predation on acorns by red - bellied squirrels . possible commensal relationships occur between red - bellied squirrels and invertebrate taxa such as ants , paper wasps , and scorpions as they were found inside man - made nest boxes with these squirrels . screech owls (\n) may use nest boxes for temporary shelter and rearing young . red - bellied squirrels are host to a recently described species of nematode ,\n(\nflorida\u2019s endangered species , threatened species , and species of special concern\n, 2004 ; bancroft and bowman , 1994 ; falcon - ordaz and lamothe - argumedo , 2006 ; mcguire , 1975 ; musser , 1968 ; palmer , et al . , 2007 ; steele , et al . , 2001 )\nred - bellied squirrels sometimes cause damage to cornfields by consuming fruiting ears in mexico .\nalicia byers ( author ) , texas a & m university , jessica light ( author , editor ) , texas a & m university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nliving in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission . florida\u2019s endangered species , threatened species , and species of special concern . gainesville , tallahassee : florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . 2004 . accessed august 20 , 2014 at urltoken .\nbancroft , g . , r . bowman . 1994 . temporal patterns in diet of nestling white - crowned pigeons : implications for conservation of frugivorous columbids .\nceballos , g . , c . galindo . 1984 . mam\u00edferos silvestres de la cuenca de m\u00e9xico .\nfalcon - ordaz , j . , m . lamothe - argumedo . 2006 . a new species of\nhayssen , v . 2008 . reproductive effort in squirrels : ecological , phylogeneitc , allometric , and latitudinal patterns .\nhayssen , v . , a . van tienhoven , a . van tienhoven . 1996 .\nkoprowski , j . , l . roth , f . reid , n . woodman , r . timm , l . emmons . 2013 .\nsciurus aureogaster\n( on - line ) . iucn redlist . accessed april 20 , 2014 at urltoken .\nlayne , j . 1997 . nonindigenous mammals . pp . 157 - 186 in d simberloff , d schmitz , brown , t . , eds .\npalmer , g . , j . koprowski , t . pernas . 2007 . tree squirrels as invasive species : conservation and management implications . managing vertebrate invasive species , 36 : 273 - 282 .\nf . cuvier , 1829 ) from biscayne national park , florida , usa . pp . 222 - 224 in c veitch , m clout , d towns , eds .\nromero - balderas , k . , e . naranjo , h . morales , r . nigh . 2006 . damages caused by wild vertebrate species in corn crops at the lacandon forest , chiapas , mexico .\nsteele , m . , g . turner , p . smallwood , j . wolff , j . radillo . 2001 . cache management by small mammals : experimental evidence for the significance of acorn - embryo excision .\nto cite this page : byers , a . and j . light 2015 .\nsciurus aureogaster\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nmexico , whose national team is nicknamed el tri for the country\u2019s tricolor flag , is in the world cup\u2019s group a , a tough bunch of contenders , as we discussed yesterday . in friday\u2019s opening game of the tournament , mexico just managed to tie south africa 1\u20131 . of course a win would have made either team happy , but the level of competition in their group is such that neither is out of the running yet . ( if you missed the game , here\u2019s the guardian\u2019 s live blog of it . ) next , south africa takes on uruguay on wednesday and mexico faces france on thursday .\nalso , nice world cup info as well . thanks for helping me get into the fifa spirit ! indeed , let the vuvuzelas sound ! ( but only for a brief while \u2014 they give me a headache ! )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nuse these links to obtain additional detailed information and research . life history information is invaluable because it provides diet and habitat info that can be used to formulate diets as well as identify release environments\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere ."]}
{"id": 1146, "summary": [{"text": "saphenista paraconsona is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in minas gerais , brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is glossy creamy with pinkish dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the base of the wing is suffused with pale brownish olive , the termen is more pinkish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "saphenista paraconsona", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for paraconsona definition . you find here paraconsona meaning , synonyms of paraconsona and images for paraconsona copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word paraconsona . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word paraconsona and , of course , paraconsona synonyms and on the right images related to the word paraconsona .\nparaconsona razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .\nhave a fact about saphenista runtuna ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for saphenista runtuna ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nburreus razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( saphenista ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 140 . no type\nmilicha razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : mexico , veracruz , banderilla . holotype : eme . female .\nmira razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa maria . holotype : usnm . female .\ndexia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 454 tl : costa rica , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .\nnovaelimae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : brazil , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .\nperlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 442 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\nteopiscana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 450 tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : mnrj . male .\nalpha razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 101 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\nbeta razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 102 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\nbrunneomaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\ncarchiana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nchiriboga razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . female .\nchlorfascia razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\ncontermina razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .\ncryptogramma razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 28 . tl : brazil , par , belm . holotype : mnrj . female .\nfluida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .\nlineata razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 300 tl : ecuador , azuay province , cajas . holotype : vbc . male .\nlivida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , durango , 11 mi e revolcaderos . holotype : eme . male .\nmerana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .\nnauphraga razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 422 tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque . holotype : mnrj . male .\nnongrata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 397 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .\nnuda razowski & becker , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : mrsn . male .\nochraurea razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .\npululahuana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\nrufozodion razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nscalena razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nsubsphragidias razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tunggurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . female .\nturguinoa razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 69 . tl : cuba , santiago , turguino . holotype : vbc . male .\nabsidata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .\nceteora razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .\ncnemiodota razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 214 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .\ncyphoma razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 220 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .\ndelapsa razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 340 . tl : mexico , guerrero , 16 km nw iguala . holotype : eme . female .\nembolina razowski , 1984 ( saphenista ) , ann . zool . 38 : 277 . tl : venezuela , merida , 4 km s santo domingo . holotype : usnm . female .\ngilva razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\nglorianda razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 401 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . male .\nillimis razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . male .\nimaginaria razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\nmediocris razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 398 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .\nochrapex razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , napo prov . , baeza . holotype : vbc . female .\nparabeta razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 441 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .\nryrsiloba razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 339 . tl : mexico , mexico , chilpango de los bravos . holotype : eme . female .\nsaragurae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 8 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . female .\nsolisae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .\nsubperlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .\ntemperata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : mexico , tamaulipas , 12 mi sw ciudad victoria . holotype : eme . female .\ntufinoa razowski , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , 35 km w tufino . holotype : cmnh . male .\namusa razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . puno , 5 km w limbani . holotype : zmuc . female .\nchasia razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 444 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , nova friburgo . holotype : vbc . female .\nconsona razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 423 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : mnrj . male .\nendomycha razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .\neuprepia razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . cajamarca , 10 km w huambos . holotype : zmuc . male .\njuvenca razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 455 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .\nlathridia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 457 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\norescia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , distrito federal , parque nacional zoquiapan . holotype : mnrj . female .\npyrczi razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 123 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , papallacta . holotype : mzuj . male .\nrosariana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 70 . tl : cuba , pinar rio , sierra rosario . holotype : vbc . male .\nruntuna razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , banos , runtun . holotype : mzuj . male .\nsclerorhaphia razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 29 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , so joaquin . holotype : mnrj . female .\nsolda razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 212 tl : mexico , veracruz , 22 rd km w ciudad mendoza . holotype : eme . male .\nsplendida razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . female .\nallasia razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 205 tl : ecuador , napo province , via santa barbara - la bonita . holotype : eme . female .\nconsectaria razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo ent . 62 : 118 . tl : mexico , sonora , cuchujaqui , 8 rd mi e alamos . holotype : lacm . male .\nconsulta razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .\nleuconigra razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmultistrigata walsingham , 1914 ( saphenista ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 296 . tl : mexico , veracruz , atoyac . holotype : bmnh . male .\noreada razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , chiapas , san cristobal de las casas . holotype : mnrj . female .\npraia razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .\nambidextria razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 222 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .\nburrens razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , huanuco , 25 km ne huanuco , cordillera carpish pattytrail . holotype : zmuc . female .\nconstipata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .\ncubana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .\nincauta razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\nonychina razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .\nrafaeliana razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : colombia , cauca , paramo de parace , lake san rafael . holotype : usnm . male .\nrawlinsiana razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : ecuador , azuay province , azuay pass , 8 km ne giron . holotype : cmnh . male .\nsimillima razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .\ncuscana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , prov . cusco , cordillera vilcanota , marcapata . holotype : mzuj . male .\neranna razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . female .\nerasmia razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , 7 km se caon . holotype : eme . male .\nomoea razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , dept . puno , 15 km e ayaviri , laguna huascacocha . holotype : zmuc . male .\norichalcana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 451 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . male .\nperuviana razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . apurimac , 12 km n abancay , cerro turonmocco . holotype : zmuc . male .\nepiera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , alajeula province , n slope volcn de rincon . holotype : eme . male .\nphenax razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 198 tl : costa rica , san jos province , estacin carrillo , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : eme . male .\nsemistrigata forbes , 1931 ( saphenista ) , j . dep . agric . p . r . 15 ( 4 ) : 355 . tl : puerto rico , luquillo mountains . holotype : cuic . female .\nxysta razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ro sarapiqui , 6 air km san miguel . holotype : eme . male .\ncampalita razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . lima , 10 km n oyn , quabrada quichas , pueblo quichas . holotype : zmuc . male .\ndiscrepans razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 196 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ne slope volcn pos , 8 km n vara blanca . holotype : eme . male .\nrufoscripta razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .\nchloromixta razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .\neneilema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 90 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nephimera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 88 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nepipolea razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nereba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\ngnathmocera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\nmelema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .\nstorthingoloba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .\npascana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , p . n . yanachaga chemillen , refugio el cedro . holotype : mzuj . male .\nperaviae razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( peravia , 3 km sw la nuez , tributary ro las cuevas ) . holotype : cmnh . female .\nbimaculata nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 136 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .\nmuerta nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 135 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .\nchanostium razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , morona - santiago , n . p . sangay , via guamote - macas . holotype : mzuj . female .\nrivadeneirai razowski & pelz , 2001 ( saphenista ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 22 : 23 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao , alshi , 5 km sw alshi . holotype : vpc . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nsamsung galaxy tab ( 7 . 0 , 3g ) - quick guide ( orange ) _ 0 . 74 mb , pdf , italian ( swiss )\nsamsung galaxy tab ( 7 . 0 , 3g ) - user manual ( ( for swiss ) ) _ 1 . 85 mb , pdf , italian ( orange )\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\naculeata razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 171 tl : ecuador , chimborazo province , huigra . holotype : bmnh . male .\naeraria razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 170 tl : peru , cuzco mountains . holotype : bmnh . male .\nanaxia clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 32 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa mara . holotype : usnm . female .\ncinigmula razowski & becker , 1986 ( lasiothyris ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 462 tl : mexico , veracruz , estacin biologica las tuxtlas . holotype : mnrj . female .\ncordifera meyrick , 1932 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 267 . tl : bolivia , ro songo . holotype : nhmv . unknown .\ndelicatulana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 137 . tl : colombia , bogot . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndeliphrobursa razowski , 1992 ( phalonidia ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 97 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .\ndomna clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 34 . tl : colombia , nario , volcn galeras . holotype : usnm . male .\nfrangula clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 30 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . female .\nlacteipalpis walsingham , 1891 ( conchylis ) , proc . zool . soc . london 1891 : 500 . tl : west indies , st . vincent ( westward side ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlactaipalpis razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 175 no type\nlassa razowski , 1986 ( aethes ) , ann . zool . 40 : 390 . tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .\nnephelodes clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 27 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . male .\nnomonana kearfott , 1907 ( phalonia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa , california , carmel . holotype : amnh . male .\nvoluntaria meyrick , 1912 ( phalonia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nparvimaculana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 30 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . holotype : bmnh . male .\npenai clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 28 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . female .\npraefasciata meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 266 . tl : costa rica , irazu . holotype : nhmv . male .\npruinosana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 129 . tl : colombia , bogot . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nsaxicolana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 29 . tl : usa , south oregon . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nsphragidias meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 265 . tl : bolivia , andes . holotype : nhmv . female .\nsubstructa meyrick , 1927 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 367 . tl : colombia , mt . tolima . holotype : bmnh . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need .\n* walsingham , 1914 , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 296 * brown , john w . , 2005 , world catalogue of insects 5 * razowski , j\u00f3zef & janusz wojtusiak , 2008 : tortricidae from the mountains of ecuador . part iii . western cordillera ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . genus 19 ( 3 ) : 497 - 575 . full article : [ 1 ] * razowski , j\u00f3zef & janusz wojtusiak , 2009 : tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the mountains of ecuador and remarks on their geographical distribution . part iv . eastern cordillera . acta zoologica cracoviensia 51b ( 1 - 2 ) : 119 - 187 . doi : 10 . 3409 / azc . 52b _ 1 - 2 . 119 - 187 . full article : [ 2 ] ."]}
{"id": 1150, "summary": [{"text": "the yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei ) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states where it is only known to occur in the state of arkansas in the little red river .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it inhabits medium-sized and smaller rivers in rocky riffles with strong current .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 7.2 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) tl though most only reach about 4.9 centimetres ( 1.9 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "in july 2010 , the united states fish and wildlife service proposed the yellowcheek darter for endangered status .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the fish is a federally listed endangered species of the united states , effective september 8 , 2011 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "yellowcheek darter", "paragraphs": ["endangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .\ndesignation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .\ndesignation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period and announcement of public hearing .\nthe yellowcheek darter is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 9 august 2011 . endangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace . federal register 76 ( 153 ) : 48722 - 48741 .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 12 october 2011 . proposed designation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace . federal register 76 ( 197 ) : 63360 - 63418 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei )\ntitle =\narkive species - yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe yellowcheek darter is endemic to four tributaries of the upper little red river drainage in arkansas state in the southern united states ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nwine , m . , s . blumenshine , and g . harp . 2000 . status survey of the yellowcheek darter ( etheostoma moorei ) in the little red river basin . department of biological sciences , arkansas state university .\nthe yellowcheek darter is a rare species of freshwater fish found only in the state of arkansas in the united states . for most of the year the yellowcheek darter is predominately grey with contrasting dark brown , saddle - shaped patches on the sides . however , during the breeding season the male develops a brilliant blue breast and throat and a light green underside , while the smaller , and somewhat duller , female develops a scattering of orange - red spots ( 3 ) . the body is deep and slender with a sharp , straight snout and two separate dorsal fins and , in common with other darters , the yellowcheek darter lacks a swim bladder , a gas - filled sac typically used to regulate buoyancy ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . adapted to a bottom - dwelling lifestyle , the yellowcheek darter dashes between the sanctuary of large stones , a behaviour that has earned the species its common name ( 5 ) .\nmitchell , r . m . , r . l . johnson , and g . l . harp . 2002 . population structure of an endemic species of yellowcheek darter , etheostoma moorei ( raney and suttkus ) , of the upper little red river , arkansas . american midland naturalist 148 : 129 - 137 .\na small darter with a moderately sharp snout , a compressed , deep body , and a deep caudal peduncle ( robison and allen 1995 ) .\nwood , r . m . 1996 . phylogenetic systematics of the darter subgenus nothonotus ( teleostei : percidae ) . copeia 1996 : 300 - 318 .\na rare and little - studied species , much of the yellowcheek darter\u2019s biology is , as yet , undescribed ( 3 ) . however , this bottom - dwelling fish is known to feed on a variety of invertebrates , including immature mayflies and stoneflies ( 6 ) . a fairly sedentary species , the yellowcheek darter rarely strays from its home grounds , but during the breeding season mature fish move towards small , fast flowing streams to breed . it is at this time that the female fish bury into the substrate with only the head and tail fin exposed . the male then positions above the female to fertilise the eggs as they are released ( 3 ) .\nweston and johnson ( 2005 , cited by usfws 2011 ) , estimated yellowcheek darter populations within the middle fork to be between 15 , 000 and 40 , 000 individuals , and between 13 , 000 and 17 , 000 individuals in the south fork . confidence in these estimates is low , so it is unclear whether these numbers reflect a true increase in the populations ( usfws 2011 ) .\nthe yellowcheek darter is found in small to medium - sized , fast flowing rivers and streams . it prefers areas with clear water , rocky or gravel bottoms and a steep gradient , and is often found in areas with dense growths of aquatic plants ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . adults are typically found in waters with a depth of 25 to 50 centimetres , but juveniles prefer more shallow waters ( 6 ) .\nalthough once abundant , the yellowcheek darter population has undergone a rapid decline , decreasing by 75 to 90 percent since the 1960s ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the principle agent behind this decline was the creation of greers ferry lake in 1962 , which resulted in the inundation of downstream tributaries , creating deep pools with increased sedimentation and lower oxygen levels in the water . as an inhabitant of shallow , fast - moving streams the yellowcheek darter was displaced from much of its former range , moving upstream to less suitable areas of habitat . the species\u2019 migratory behaviour was also disrupted , while the loss of downstream refugia made the species more vulnerable to droughts , resulting in the loss of many populations ( 7 ) . other threats , such as the channelization of streams for agriculture and human consumption , have isolated some populations , and a loss of genetic diversity has been observed due to inbreeding ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .\nwine , m . s . , weston , m . r . and johnson , r . l . ( 2008 ) density dynamics of a threatened species of darter at spatial and temporal scales . southeastern naturalist , 7 : 665 - 678 .\nraney , e . c . and suttkus , r . d . ( 1964 ) etheostoma moorei , a new darter of the subgenus nothonotus from the white river system , arkansas . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , 1964 : 130 - 139 .\nhaving suffered such a severe decline , the yellowcheek darter is in drastic need of major conservation measures . indeed , the species has been proposed for threatened status under the u . s endangered species act ( 9 ) . an agreement has also been made between several conservation organisations and landowners to mitigate threats to the species , protect bordering terrestrial habitats ; and explore potential reintroduction programmes ( 3 ) . in conjunction with this , several mature adults were taken from the wild in 2002 to start a captive breeding programme , with the first individuals bred in 2003 and further successes in 2006 ( 10 ) .\njohnson , r . l . , mitchell , r . m . and harp , g . l . ( 2006 ) genetic variation and genetic structuring of a numerically declining species of darter , etheostoma moorei raney & suttkus , endemic to the upper little red river , arkansas . the american midland naturalist , 156 : 37 - 44 .\na thorough survey in 2000 yielded an estimated population size of approximately 10 , 300 individuals ( uncertain whether this refers to adults or all individuals ) , with 6 , 000 in middle fork , 2 , 300 in south fork , and 2 , 000 in archey fork ( none were found in the devils fork system ) ( wine et al . 2000 ) . weston and johnson ( 2005 , cited by usfws 2011 ) , estimated yellowcheek darter populations within the middle fork to be between 15 , 000 and 40 , 000 individuals , and between 13 , 000 and 17 , 000 individuals in the south fork . confidence in these estimates is low , so it is unclear whether these numbers reflect a true increase in the populations ( usfws 2011 ) .\ndata on dispersal and other movements generally are not available . though larvae of some species may drift with the current , turner ( 2001 ) found no significant relationship between a larval transport index and gene flow among several different darter species . separation distances are arbitrary but reflect the likely low probability that two occupied locations separated by less than several kilometers of aquatic habitat would represent truly independent populations . because of the difficulty in defining suitable versus unsuitable habitat , especially with respect to dispersal , and to simplify the delineation of occurrences , a single separation distance is used regardless of habitat quality . occupied locations that are separated by a gap of 10 km or more of any aquatic habitat that is not known to be occupied generally represent different occurrences . however , it is important to evaluate seasonal changes in habitat to ensure that an occupied habitat occurrence for a particular population does not artificially separate spawning areas and nonspawning areas as different occurrences simply because there have been no collections / observations in an intervening area that may exceed the separation distance .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 sq km , area of occupancy is less than 500 sq km , the species occurs in not more than five locations , and habitat is subject to continuing declines in quality .\nthis species ' range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell\nextent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .\neach of the 3\u20134 occupied tributaries can be considered to be a single occurrence or subpopulation , separated by the reservoir .\nmost of the best habitat was destroyed by inundation and cold tailwater releases from greers ferry reservoir ( usfws 2011 ) . estimated population size declined from approximately 60 , 000 in 1978\u20131981 ( robison and harp 1981 ) to 10 , 300 in 2000 ( wine\n. 2000 ) . subsequently , an increase may have occurred ( usfws 2011 ) .\narea of occupancy and area and quality of habitat probably are still declining , but better data are needed .\nthis fish occupies small to medium , high gradient , clear rivers , in swift to moderate riffles with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottoms ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 ) . juveniles occur in shallow riffles ; adults are commonly found at depths of 10\u201320 inches ( robison and allen 1995 ) .\noften grows in inhabited riffles . spawning occurs in swifter , turbulent portions of riffles around or under the largest substrate particles available ( lower portions of riffles ) ( wine\naccording to usfws ( 2011 ) , threats include such activities as impoundment , sedimentation , poor livestock grazing practices , improper timber harvest practices , nutrient enrichment , gravel mining , channelization / channel instability , and natural gas development . these threats are considered imminent and of high magnitude throughout the species ' entire range . usfws ( 2011 ) had no information indicating that the magnitude or imminence of these threats is likely to be appreciably reduced in the foreseeable future , and in the case of pipeline disturbance , usfws expected this threat to become more problematic over the next several years as natural gas development continues to intensify .\n. 2002 ) . tributary headwaters have fluctuating and often inadequate flows and so do not provide optimal habitat .\nhistorical distribution has been fragmented , and population and genetic interchanges among the remaining populations is no longer possible . remaining populations may be negatively impacted by factors affecting small populations .\npatterns of genetic differentiation among populations indicate that the turkey fork and middle / south fork populations be treated as unique management units ( mitchell et al . 2002 ) . an introduction program utilizing captive - raised fish should be initiated , as suggested by buchanan ( 1974 ) . remaining occurrences need to be protected .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\ngreek , etheo = to strain + greek , stoma = mouth ; rafinesque said\nvarious mouths\n, but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as\nheterostoma ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 4 . 9 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish , or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . fertilisation the fusion of gametes ( male and female reproductive cells ) to produce an embryo , which grows into a new individual . genetic diversity the variety of genes within a particular species , population or breed causing differences in morphology , physiology and behaviour . inbreeding the breeding of closely related individuals . an inbred population usually has less genetic variability and this is generally disadvantageous for its long - term survival and success . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . ( 2008 ) species assessment and listing priority assignment form . u . s . fish and wildlife service . available at : urltoken\ncampbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\nsmall range in the upper little red river drainage in arkansas ; much of the already small habitat was destroyed by impoundment ( greers ferry lake ) ; the few remaining isolated populations are in serious peril from habitat loss and degradation .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nrange encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell et al . 2002 , usfws 2011 ) , although the devils fork population is now highly reduced or extirpated ( wine et al . 2000 ) . extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .\nproposed critical habitat for this species in the little red river drainage included 70 . 2 stream - kilometers in the middle fork , 31 . 9 km in the south fork , 27 . 4 km in the archy fork , and 27 . 5 km in the devil ' s fork ( usfws 2011 ) . these areas ( 157 stream - kilometers ) include all occupied and remaining suitable habitat .\neach of the 3 - 4 occupied tributaries can be considered to be a single occurrence or subpopulation , separated by the reservoir .\naccording to usfws ( 2011 ) , threats include such activities as impoundment , sedimentation , poor livestock grazing practices , improper timber harvest practices , nutrient enrichment , gravel mining , channelization / channel instability , and natural gas development . these threats are considered imminent and of high magnitude throughout the species ' entire range . usfws ( 2011 ) had no information indicating that the magnitude or imminence of these threats is likely to be appreciably reduced in the foreseeable future , and in the case of pipeline disturbance , usfws expected this threat to become more problematic over the next several years as natural gas development continues to intensify . suitable habitat has declined due to impoundment ( see mitchell et al . 2002 ) . tributary headwaters have fluctuating and often inadequate flows and so do not provide optimal habitat . historical distribution has been fragmented , and population and genetic interchanges among the remaining populations is no longer possible . remaining populations may be negatively impacted by factors affecting small populations .\nmost of the best habitat was destroyed by inundation and cold tailwater releases from greers ferry reservoir ( usfws 2011 ) . estimated population size declined from approximately 60 , 000 in 1978 - 1981 ( robison and harp 1981 ) to 10 , 300 in 2000 ( wine et al . 2000 ) . subsequently , an increase may have occurred ( usfws 2011 ) .\n( 250 - 5000 square km ( about 100 - 2000 square miles ) ) range encompasses the upper little red river drainage ( white river drainage ) above greers ferry lake in cleburne , searcy , stone , and van buren counties , arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) . much of the original range was inundated by greers ferry lake in the early 1960s . remaining populations occur in the following tributaries of the little red river : south fork , middle fork , archey creek , and devils fork ( including turkey fork [ at least formerly ] and beech fork segments ) ( mitchell et al . 2002 , usfws 2011 ) , although the devils fork population is now highly reduced or extirpated ( wine et al . 2000 ) . extent of occurrence is less than 2 , 000 square kilometers ( probably greater than 1 , 000 ) .\ndiffers from etheostoma juliae by its separate to narrowly joined gill membranes , naked nape ( vs . fully scaled ) , and lack of a wide , dark saddle beginning at the first dorsal fin and extending down to both pectoral fin bases ( robison and allen 1995 ) .\nspawns from late may through june ; sexually mature in one year ; lives up to 4 years ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) .\nthis fish occupies small to medium , high gradient , clear rivers , in swift to moderate riffles with gravel , rubble , and boulder bottoms ( robison and buchanan 1988 , page and burr 2011 ) . juveniles occur in shallow riffles ; adults commonly are found at depths of 10 - 20 inches ( robison and allen 1995 ) . podostemon often grows in inhabited riffles . spawning occurs in swifter , turbulent portions of riffles around or under the largest substrate particles available ( lower portions of riffles ) ( wine et al . 2000 ) .\nprimary foods are aquatic dipteran larvae ( chironomids and simuliids ) ; also eats immature stoneflies , mayflies , and caddisflies ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) .\npatterns of genetic differentiation among populations indicate that the turkey fork and middle / south fork populations be treated as unique management units ( mitchell et al . 2002 ) . an introduction program utilizing captive - raised fish should be initiated , as suggested by buchanan ( 1974 ) .\noccurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs and larvae ) in appropriate habitat .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\njelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . d\u00edaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .\nkuehne , r . a . , and r . w . barbour . 1983 . the american darters . university press of kentucky , lexington , kentucky . 177 pp .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , north carolina . i - x + 854 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . 1983a . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . 271 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes : north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 432 pp .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 2011 . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . second edition . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston . xix + 663 pp .\nrobison , h . w . and t . m . buchanan . 1988 . fishes of arkansas . the university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas . 536 pp .\nrobison , h . w . and r . t . allen . 1995 . only in arkansas : a study of the endemic plants and animals of the state . university of arkansas press , fayetteville , arkansas .\nstarnes , w . c . 1995 . taxonomic validation for fish species on the u . s . fish and wildlife service category 2 species list . 28 pp .\nstate natural heritage data centers . 1996a . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia . science division , the nature conservancy .\nstate natural heritage data centers . 1996b . aggregated element occurrence data from all u . s . state natural heritage programs , including the tennessee valley authority , navajo nation and the district of columbia : export of freshwater fish and mussel records west of the mississippi river in 1997 . science division , the nature conservancy .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 1151, "summary": [{"text": "athanas is a genus of shrimp of the family alpheidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are small shrimp measuring 2 cm in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "females have smaller chelae than males .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "some species , including athanas djiboutensis , are called \" bulldozer shrimps \" because of the way that they push sand and small stones about . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "athanas", "paragraphs": ["forma athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 accepted as athanas nitescens ( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] )\nforma athanas nitescens f . nitescens ( leach , 1814 ) accepted as athanas nitescens ( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] )\nab mackenzie , jh reed , p athanas , cw bostian , rm buehrer , . . .\nk puttegowda , w worek , n pappas , a dandapani , p athanas , . . .\nbetween 1951 and 2003 , athanas life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1951 , and highest in 1987 . the average life expectancy for athanas in 1951 was 50 , and 79 in 2003 .\n2014 ) . mr . athanas is also a frequent speaker and writer on restructuring , bankruptcy , and insolvency topics .\njoe athanas is office managing partner in the hong kong office of latham & watkins and a member of the finance department .\nm wazlowski , l agarwal , t lee , a smith , e lam , p athanas , h silverman , . . .\nmr . athanas also has experience representing lenders in secured and unsecured lending transactions . he was chairman of the commercial finance and transactions committee of the chicago bar association between 1999\nanker , a . & m . - s . jeng , 2007 . establishment of a new genus for arete borradailei couti\u00e8re , 1903 and athanas verrucosus banner and banner , 1960 , with redefinitions of arete stimpson , 1860 and athanas leach , 1814 ( crustacea : decapoda : alpheidae ) . \u2014 zoological studies 46 : 454 - 472 . [ details ]\ncensus records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your athanas ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .\ncensus records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your athanas ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .\ncouti\u00e8re , h . , 1911b . sur les alpheid\u00e6 du genre athanas leach , provenant des collections de s . a . s . le prince de monaco . \u2014 bulletin de l\u2019institut oc\u00e9anographique 197 : 1 - 7 . [ details ]\n( of athanas dispar couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) couti\u00e8re , h . , 1897c . note sur quelques alph\u00e9ides nouveaux ou peu connus rapport\u00e9s de djibouti ( afrique orientale ) . \u2014 bulletin du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle 3 : 233 - 236 . [ details ]\n( of athanas dimorphus seedang banner & banner , 1966 ) banner , a . h . & d . m . banner , 1966a . the alpheid shrimp of thailand . \u2014 the siam society monograph series 3 : 1 - 168 . [ details ]\n( of athanas setoensis kubo , 1951 ) kubo , i . , 1951 . some macrurous decapod crustacea found in japanese waters , with descriptions of four new species . \u2014 journal of the tokyo university of fisheries 38 : 259 - 289 . [ details ]\n( of athanas alpheoides czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\n( of athanas solenomerus couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) couti\u00e8re , h . , 1897b . note sur quelques genres nouveaux ou peu connus d\u2019alph\u00e9id\u00e9s , formant la sous\u00adfamille des alph\u00e9opsid\u00e9s . \u2014 bulletin du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle 2 : 380 - 386 [ imprint 1896 ] . [ details ]\n( of athanas leptocheles couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) couti\u00e8re , h . , 1897b . note sur quelques genres nouveaux ou peu connus d\u2019alph\u00e9id\u00e9s , formant la sous\u00adfamille des alph\u00e9opsid\u00e9s . \u2014 bulletin du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle 2 : 380 - 386 [ imprint 1896 ] . [ details ]\n( of athanas transitans var . pontica czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\n( of athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\n( of athanas transitans var . longispina czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]\nmr . athanas is a member of the state bar of illinois , the district court for the northern district of illinois bar , the district court for the eastern district of wisconsin bar , the district court for the eastern district of michigan bar , and the chicago bar association .\nan unusually short lifespan might indicate that your athanas ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .\nrowley , s . j . 2008 . athanas nitescens hooded shrimp . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nmr . athanas has more than 27 years of experience representing debtors , secured creditors , and other parties in interest in international restructurings . he has deep expertise in a wide range of distressed situations , including cross - border restructurings , multinational insolvencies and workouts , and strategies for distressed investors to obtain control of troubled companies , as well as chapter 11 proceedings .\n( of athanas veloculus spence bate , 1888 ) spence bate , c . ( 1888 ) . report on the crustacea macrura collected by the challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . eport on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . \u201dchallenger\u201d during the years 1873 - 76 . 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , plates 1 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of athanas alpheoides czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas solenomerus couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas setoensis kubo , 1951 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas dispar couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas leptocheles couti\u00e8re , 1897 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas veloculus spence bate , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas nitescens f . rotundicauda czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas transitans var . pontica czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas transitans var . longispina czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of athanas dimorphus seedang banner & banner , 1966 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nencyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( 13 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 187 publications ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 5 nucleotides ; 5 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym athanas nitescens f . nitescens ( leach , 1814 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 23 records ) to itis\nleach , w . e . ( 1813 , 1814 ) . crustaceology . brewster ' s edinburgh encyclopedia , e . routledge , london . 7 : 383 - 384 ( 1813 ) ; 385 - 437 , pl . 14 ( 1814 ) . [ details ]\nleach , 1814 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] . accessed at : urltoken ; = 106979 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nt\u00fcrkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbarnard , k . h . ( 1950 ) . descriptive catalogue of south african decapod crustacea ( crabs and shrimps ) . annals of the south african museum . 38 : 1 - 837 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nde grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nd ' udekem d ' acoz , c . ( 1999 ) . inventory and distribution of the decapod crustaceans from the northeastern atlantic , the mediterranean and the adjacent continental waters north of 25\u00b0n . collection patrimoines naturels , 40 . mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle . paris . isbn 2 - 86515 - 114 - 10 . x , 383 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nwidely recorded around the south and west coasts of britain , and the east and west coasts of ireland . recorded once in the north east .\nfound on the lower shore to depths 60 m , primarily beneath stones where the substratum is gravelly . also found under algae .\nthis species is often found in groups of adults and juveniles . ovigerous females occur from may through to september .\ncrothers , j . h . ( ed . ) , 1966 . dale fort marine fauna . london : field studies council .\nhayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .\nhayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nmba ( marine biological association ) , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom .\nsmaldon , g . , holthuis , l . b . & fransen , c . h . j . m . , 1993 . coastal shrimps and prawns ( revised edn ) . shrewsbury : field studies council .\nstachowitsch , m . , 1992 . the invertebrates : an illustrated glossary . usa : wiley - liss .\nthurston , m . w . , 1970 . the marine flora and fauna of the isles of scilly . crustacea , eucarida . journal of natural history , 4 , 239 - 248 .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe website you are about to visit is progenealogists \u00ae , operated by tgn services , llc , a subsidiary of ancestry .\nthis page needs javascript enabled in order to work properly . click here for instructions on how to enable it in your browse\ngreek and albanian : from the greek personal name athanasios \u2018immortal\u2019 . st . athanasius ( c . 297\u2013373 ) , bishop of alexandria , was one of the most influential of the fathers of the christian church . he is venerated especially in the eastern church .\n( leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) . accessed at : urltoken ; = 107486 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of palaemon nitescens leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) leach , w . e . ( 1813 , 1814 ) . crustaceology . brewster ' s edinburgh encyclopedia , e . routledge , london . 7 : 383 - 384 ( 1813 ) ; 385 - 437 , pl . 14 ( 1814 ) . [ details ]\n( of palemon laevirhincus risso , 1816 ) risso , a . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s des environs de nice . librairie grecque\u00ad - latine - allemande , paris . 175 pp . , 3 plates . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of alpheus vittatus nardo , 1847 ) nardo , giovanni domenico . ( 1847 ) . sinonimia moderna delle specie regisrate nell ' opera intitolati : descrizione d ' crostacei , de testacei e de pesci che abitano le lagune e golfo veneto rappres - sentanti in figure , a chiaroscuro ed a colori dall ' abata stefano chiereghini : venezia , ven . clodiense applicata per commissione governativa dal dr . gio . domenico nardo . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of arete diolectiana heller , 1862 ) heller , c . ( 1862 ) . beitr\u00e4ge zur n\u00e4heren kenntnis der macrouren . sitzungsberichte der mathematisch\u00adnaturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien . 389 - \u00ad426 , plates 1 - 2 . [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nholthuis , l . b . ; fransen , c . h . j . m . ( 1993 ) . coastal shrimps and prawns . coastal shrimps and prawns . 15 . second edition . [ details ]\n( of palaemon nitescens leach , 1813 [ in leach , 1813 - 1814 ] ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of alpheus vittatus nardo , 1847 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of arete diolectiana heller , 1862 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of palemon laevirhincus risso , 1816 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of cancer listellus nardo , 1847 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nortmann , a . , 1894 . zoologische forshungreisen in australien und dem malayischen archipel mit unterst\u00fctzung des herrn dr . paul von ritter ausgef\u00fchrt in den jahren 1891 - 1893 . crustaceen . \u2014 denkschriften der medizinisch - naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft zu jena 8 : 3 - 80 , plates 1 - 3 . [ details ]\n( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) heller , c . , 1862c . beitr\u00e4ge zur crustaceen - fauna des rothen meeres . zweiter theil . \u2014 sitzungsberichte der mathematisch - naturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien 44 : 241 - 295 , plates 1 - 3 . [ details ]\nvine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of alpheus monoceros heller , 1862 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nmorton b . , dudgeon d . , lee sy . , bacon - shone j . & leung tc . ( 1991 ) . hong kong ' s scleractinian coral - gallery communities . in : morton b , editor . asian marine biology 8 . hong kong university press , hong kong . pp 103 - 115 . [ details ]\nlatham & watkins meets clients\u2019 needs by understanding the industries in which they operate .\nlatham & watkins provides first - class thought leadership across practices and industries , locally and globally .\nthe 1l fellowship program offers a unique summer employment opportunity for students who have just finished their first year of law school .\nlocated in business centers across the globe , the lawyers of latham & watkins come from all regions of the world to practice within its fully integrated , one - firm structure .\nclients claim that he has\nbeen great , especially in the trenches : there was a lot of grabbing of collateral and he did a good job of settling everyone down and getting them towards the end goal .\nhe is described as\nvery tough , tenacious and thorough , with a great business sense of the practical implications of various decisions and courses of action .\nhe is also lauded as\nextremely smart , efficient and very skilled at guiding competing groups to the best outcome for all constituents .\n(\nad - hoc committee of perpetual capital security holders of noble group ltd . in connection with its proposed us $ 3 . 5 billion restructuring plan\ngreen field energy services , inc . , a hydraulic fracturing company , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\namerican classic voyages co . , a riverboat and inland waterway vessel operator , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\njpmorgan chase bank and bank one on the us $ 1 . 5 billion debtor - in - possession loans to united airlines , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\ncitibank on the us $ 1 . 225 billion debtor - in - possession and exit financing loans to northwest airlines , in connection with its chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings\nwe appreciate your interest in latham & watkins . if your inquiry relates to a legal matter and you are not already a current client of the firm , please do not transmit any confidential information to us . before taking on a representation , we must determine whether we are in a position to assist you and agree on the terms and conditions of engagement with you . until we have completed such steps , we will not be deemed to have a lawyer - client relationship with you , and will have no duty to keep confidential the information we receive from you . thank you for your understanding .\nthis site uses cookies . some provide anonymous analysis of how our website is used and some are essential to make the website work . other cookies enable personalized services or social media features to be used . by using our website , you agree to the use of cookies . to find out more please see our cookies policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe following articles are merged in scholar . their combined citations are counted only for the first article .\nthis\ncited by\ncount includes citations to the following articles in scholar . the ones marked\nfpgas for custom computing machines , 1993 . proceedings . ieee workshop on , 9 - 16\nsign up to receive by the numb3rs , the department of mathematics e - newsletter .\nnarrow , acutely pointed , 0 . 66 - 0 . 75 x length of\nwhite dorso - median stripe extending the full length of the animal . may also be almost transparent , speckled with red\noccasionally in rock - pools . may occur under large stones especially where the substrate is gravelly . often occur in groups of\nranges from s and w norway and w coast of sweden southwards to the cape verde islands and into the mediterranean and black sea .\nhamond , r . , 1971 . the leptocostracan , euphausiid , stomatopod , and decapod crustacea of norfolk . transactions of the norfolk and norwich naturalists ' society , 22 ( 2 ) : 90 - 112 .\nhayward , p . j . and j . s . ryland , 1990 . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford university press , oxford .\nsmaldon , g . , 1979 . british coastal shrimps and prawns . keys and notes for the identification of the species . synopses of the british fauna , 15 .\nsmaldon , g . , 1993 . coastal shrimps and prawns . synopses of the british fauna , 15 . ( second edition revised and enlarged by l . b . holthuis and c . h . j . m . fransen ) .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nstri staff publications [ 3666 ] a collection of scientific publications by stri staff .\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\nat the very northern point of punta engano , mactan island . in front of coral point condiminium where philippe and guido poppe live today ( 2006 ) .\na small shallow with green algae , sand bottom with coral and rock boulders . the drop - off starts at about 10 m and is vertical .\ngood for nightdives , not much to see during the day . very spectacular gorgonians and soft corals and sponges with a wide variety in nudibranches , shells and crustacea .\nsometimes very violent , because of the extreme point of punta engano where currents are always heavy .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools ."]}
{"id": 1154, "summary": [{"text": "carpilius corallinus or batwing coral crab is a species of crab .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the batwing coral crab is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the western atlantic ocean from the coast of florida until brazil including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is the largest crab of this geographic area , and is edible . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "carpilius corallinus", "paragraphs": ["carpilius corallinus ( j . f . w . herbst , 1783 ) \u2013 batwing coral crab , queen crab\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\none of the most beautiful crabs in the area . the carapace is smooth and heavy , with no teeth , except for a blunt one at the lower right - and left hand corner . the ground color is pale to brick red with scarlet spots and meandering lines of small white or yellow spots .\nsize : the largest crab in the caribbean , the carapace can be up to 15 cm in width .\ncolin , p . i . , 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . t . f . h . publications , inc . ltd .\nhumann , p . , 1992 . reef creature identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nvoss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .\nfelder , d . l . , \u00e1lvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019\u20131104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\nwilliams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nalso known as the red coral crab , coral crab or queen crab . they inhabit shallow reefs and hide in recesses during the day . i was fortunate enough to see these two specimens during the day . both were at a depth of about 6 feet . they generally only come out at night to forage for food . they are a true crab and belong to the mud crab family . these both had carapaces of about four inches .\nplease consider supporting this site . help keep this site advertisement free by making a donation through paypal . if you have found this site useful , educational or fun , please consider lending your support to it ' s continuation . as an incentive , ten percent of all donations will go to purchase spears , markers and other lionfish removal needs . i would appreciate your support .\nplease respect the time and effort and expense to create this site . all text and photos are copyrighted unless clearly noted otherwise . no use is authorized without written permission .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option ."]}
{"id": 1156, "summary": [{"text": "montrose ( 1884 \u2013 1898 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse that is best remembered for winning the 1887 kentucky derby .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was foaled in kentucky and owned by the labold brothers from cincinnati , ohio .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he was ridden by isaac e. lewis in the derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the brothers made $ 20,000 on montrose 's win in the derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "montrose also won the morrissey stakes and great western handicap when he was a four-year-old and won the kearney stakes run in saratoga , new york as a five-year-old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "montrose died on july 30 , 1898 at the age of 14 years at the farm of allen w. thurman in columbus , ohio . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "montrose ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["king montrose ( nz ) ( nz ) - race horse profile racing . com\nmontrose horse breeder , linda wood , at menoken farms knows a thing or two about kicking up dirt at churchill downs .\n\u201cthe horse loves racing on the pace , he is an easy horse to ride and he loves riccarton so it\u2019s a great result . \u201d\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for king montrose ( nzl ) . king montrose ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2006 september 5 by king ' s chapel out of dorrington\nthe current race record for king montrose ( nzl ) is 14 wins from 59 starts .\nmontrose brothers , 24 - year - old juan ramirez and 21 - year - old oscar ramirez , represent the their family ' s third generation of horse racing in montrose . racing started in their family back in the 1880s and each agrees the degree of competitiveness between grows with each passing year .\nking montrose has managed to win 15 races in his career so far . on 14th nov 2012 at riccarton park , king montrose scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the\nmontrose \u2014 miguel suarez was just 14 when the gates swung open to his career in horse racing . five years later the small , wirily thin jockey has earned the respect from his fellow montrose riders , all of whom were racing last weekend in front of hundreds of spectators on one of the oldest tracks in the state .\nupcoming race dates at the montrose county fairgrounds are scheduled for saturday july 20 and september 7 and 8 .\nit\u2019s less than a week away from the super bowl . . . that is the super bowl of horse racing : the kentucky derby .\nsuarez said his first win was at the montrose track with a two - year - old quarter horse owned by john hawks , who also is an organizer with the black canyon horse racing association . hawks , who was present during the races last weekend , said besides the racing he had hoped the grandstands would reflect the level of local support for the organization and its efforts to keep racing at the fairgrounds .\ni would say it ' s a lot of pedigree . if the mother was a good race horse and you breed it to a good race horse , likely you are going to have the foul be a good race horse , \u201d said wood .\nwe\u2019re also looking for soundness , we would like the legs to be real straight . we would like good confirmation , balance confirmation , and so we look a lot at that .\nwe choose our picks for the derby by the breeding of the horse , but also the way they have performed prior to the derby ,\nsaid wood .\nracing fans of all ages watched the action at the montrose county fairgrounds this past weekend , at the first meet of the black canyon horse racing association 2013 season . about a dozen races were held on the same track that first hosted racing back in 1881 , seven years before the town was officially formed in 1888 .\nshe has one horse that won the title of colorado stallion of the year two years in a row , and another that ran second in the preakness stakes by about half a head .\nmontrose ( swe ) ch . m , 1954 { 20 - c } dp = 0 - 0 - 10 - 0 - 0 ( 10 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 00\nbred by rodney schick , steve till & windsor park stud , king montrose was purchased by we jeffries ltd from windsor park stud at new zealand bloodstock\u2019s 2007 national weanling sale for $ 26 , 000 .\nraced by neill ridley with bill rutherford , king montrose has taken his record to nine wins from 27 starts , six of which have come at riccarton , for just shy of $ 150 , 000 in stakes .\ntrained and part - owned by neill ridley , king montrose ( king\u2019s chapel x dorrington ) ran a tough race for third in saturday\u2019s listed pegasus stakes behind princess katie , racing just off the pace and staying on well in the final stages .\nbacking up on his favourite track karaka select sale graduate king montrose ( nz ) has claimed his ninth race victory , his first at stakes level , in the $ 100 , 000 group 3 lindauer stewards stakes ( 1200m ) at riccarton this afternoon .\nhe remembers watching and learning to ride from his older friend , 23 - year - old juan estrada of montrose . suarez , who used to live with estrada , would tag along to races until he was old enough to ride competitively at 14 .\nalthough horseriding can be arranged at montrose there is a fully equipped venue just a few kilometres away which has an equestrian ring and wide open paddocks looking down over the stunning river . it ' s an absolute\nmust do\nin the area !\nestrada said he learned to race from his older brother francisco , and his father , javier , both of whom raced in montrose years ago . the bloodline of family racers began with estrada ' s grandfather antonio , who raced quarter horses and thoroughbreds in mexico .\nthe montrose track is part of the \u201cbush track circuit , \u201d a partnership joining ridgway , gunnison and norwood to promote western - themed entertainment and created over a hundred years ago . one of the state\u2019s oldest racing circuits , the bush track circuit has drawn riders and horses from across the western united states .\ntoday\u2019s group 3 saw king montrose dictate terms out in front under jockey hayden tinsley and he proved too tough for a good field of horses , beating the late - finishing vincent mangano ( no excuse need ) and group 2 winning sprinter durham town ( falkirk ) by one - and - a - quarter lengths .\nthere is nothing quite like riding under wide - open skies amongst the dramatic mountain ranges and beautiful alpine lakes of the canterbury highlands . high country horse adventures will take you over some of new zealand\u2019s most spectacular terrain . surrounded by the southern alps , you will be amazed by the stunning views , wide - open spaces , broad skies and pristine lakes . this experience is an absolute must with high country hospitality , experienced local guides and well - mannered horses .\nisaac lewis was born in hutchinson station , ky , the son of henry and mary j . lewis . isaac won the 1887 kentucky derby aboard montrose . his exact birth year is given as 1867 in the 1870 u . s . federal census [ others have given his year of birth as 1870 ] . he rode as a 17 year old jockey in the 1887 derby . he had been around horses all of his life ; both issac and his older brother garrett davis lewis were listed in the 1880 census as being employed working with horses . in 1900 , isaac lewis was a groom at the harlem jockey club in proviso township in cook county , ill . he is listed in the u . s . federal census as living in the harlem village where several other african americans from kentucky also lived , they were employed at the harlem jockey club as cooks , jockeys , grooms , trainers , and stable boys . in 1910 , lewis was living in chicago , and was manager of a turkish bath . for more see black winning jockeys in the kentucky derby by j . r . saunders and m . r . saunders .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nit ' s known as the two fastest minutes in sports and it\u2019s happening may 6 .\nbut this year , she won ' t have a pony at the gates .\nwe race thoroughbreds because we love them ,\nsaid wood .\nthe vet comes in and he examines the mares so we know when it ' s ready to breed .\nshe focuses on racers now and knows what it takes to win : great genes from both a mare and a champion stud .\nwith linda\u2019s expertise , you can probably trust her picks for the kentucky derby . these are her three favorites :\ncomments are posted from viewers like you and do not always reflect the views of this station .\ntrainer neill ridley was thrilled with the result , rating the win as one of his best as a trainer .\n\u201cthis result is right up there for me , \u201d commented ridley . \u201cwe weren\u2019t overly confident coming into today\u2019s race but the rain has certainly helped , we had a good barrier and a good jockey . \u201d\nhe was later offered in timberlee thoroughbreds\u2019 draft at the 2008 karaka select sale where he was purchased by his trainer neill ridley for $ 25 , 000 .\n\u00a9 2018 new zealand bloodstock . all rights reserved . terms & conditions \u2022 repository access\na few thunderstorms this evening . mostly clear skies late . low 46f . winds sse at 5 to 10 mph . chance of rain 40 % . .\na few thunderstorms this evening . mostly clear skies late . low 46f . winds sse at 5 to 10 mph . chance of rain 40 % .\nsprint races of 220 - yards made up a majority of the schedule , 5 / 8 - of - a - mile and 660 - yard races were also held over each afternoon . the scene at times resembled a family reunion for riders , trainers and owners hanging around the stable area .\nsuarez said his lifelong passion for working with and riding horses everyday has become his way of life . he said the adrenaline is what most attracts him to the sport where split seconds separate victory from possible serious injury .\ni don ' t even think about it , i just whistle and push them and try to get them to the end and win , \u201d he said . \u201cthe faster you go the better . we try to watch out for ourselves as well as other jockeys .\nsuarez has raced professionally at larger tracks in wyoming , utah , idaho and the front range of colorado .\nestrada said suarez was quickly successful , which made a lot of older jockeys angry , forcing estrada to become a protective figure over suarez .\nwhen ( suarez ) started riding there were some other jockeys that starting grinding on him because he started winning and they would talk trash . and i don ' t like that , \u201d estrada said . \u201ci ' m not going to risk my life for $ 50 . every time i would ride against him i would try and stay with him so no one would do anything stupid against him , because he was barely learning . now he knows what he ' s doing . \u201d\nit ' s fun ,\njuan said smiling .\nit can get pretty competitive , we usually will wager a 12 pack of soda on a race .\njust the adrenaline of trying to beat ( juan ) is funnest part ,\noscar said .\nthe future of racing in ridgway remains uncertain , according to ridgway fair and rodeo official lori howard . racing was planned for july 6 . but since the grandstands at the ridgway track were recently condemned racing has been been put on hold . howard said she hopes enough community support will be demonstrated at a meeting of the ouray board of county commissioners on july 2 to find a way to rebuild the grandstands and schedule racing in the near future .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\nwell appointed and comfortable chalet in very secluded location with nice views . great place to chil . . .\n, who is based at . he is sired by the stallion king ' s chapel out of the dam dorrington .\nr4 open $ 400 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 640 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr3 open $ 5 , 600 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 240 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr4 open $ 17 , 500 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 07 . 790 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr4 open $ 2 , 800 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 0 : 55 . 680 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 6th\nr4 open $ 4 , 200 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 07 . 580 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr4 open $ 5 , 600 ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 0 : 55 . 830 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr7 open ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 160 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr6 open ( of $ 30 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 890 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr5 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 450 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 5th\nr9 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 080 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr4 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 180 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr4 open $ 1 , 150 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 0 : 58 . 100 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 5th\nr5 open $ 575 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 660 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr7 open $ 4 , 600 ( of $ 24 , 600 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 08 . 710 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr8 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 830 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr7 open $ 15 , 625 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 780 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr9 open $ 625 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 12 . 390 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr7 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 100 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 08 . 680 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr5 open $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 860 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr8 open $ 1 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 32 . 800 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr5 open $ 2 , 300 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 970 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 2nd\nr4 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 710 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 1st\nr6 open ( of $ 40 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 870 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 7th\nr9 open ( of $ 250 , 000 ) barrier 11 , winning time : 1 : 07 . 480 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr7 open $ 5 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 770 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 7th\nr7 open $ 2 , 375 ( of $ 100 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 08 . 490 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 3rd\nr5 open $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 50 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 460 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr8 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 11 . 400 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 4th\nr7 open $ 14 , 375 ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 00 . 650 , sp : 0 in - 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running : settled 2nd\nr6 open $ 10 , 625 ( of $ 18 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 2 : 01 . 390 , sp : 0\nr5 mdn $ 2 , 400 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 55 . 060 , sp : 0\nr5 rst80 $ 4 , 400 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 610 , sp : 0\nr7 rst75 $ 14 , 063 ( of $ 22 , 500 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 2 : 02 . 330 , sp : 0\nr10 rst75 $ 6 , 250 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 290 , sp : 0\nr5 rst75 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 38 . 840 , sp : 0\nr12 rst75 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 740 , sp : 0\nr5 rst75 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 11 . 890 , sp : 0\nr9 rst75 $ 562 ( of $ 22 , 500 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 40 . 230 , sp : 0\nr5 rst75 $ 700 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 27 . 640 , sp : 0\nr8 rst70 $ 4 , 375 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 12 . 980 , sp : 0\nr10 open ( of $ 45 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 35 . 380 , sp : 0 in - running : settled 9th\nr1 rst90 $ 1 , 600 ( of $ 8 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 38 . 060 , sp : 0\nr3 rst65 ( of $ 7 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 850 , sp : 0\nr9 rst65 $ 400 ( of $ 8 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 190 , sp : 0\nr8 open ( of $ 25 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 480 , sp : 0\nr8 open ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 270 , sp : 0\nr3 mdn $ 3 , 750 ( of $ 6 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 12 . 590 , sp : 0\n18 + know when to stop . don\u2019t go over the top . gamble responsibly . think ! about your choices . call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nwe value the quality of content provided to our customers , and to maintain this , we would like to ensure real humans are accessing our information .\nthis page appears when online data protection services detect requests coming from your computer network which appear to be in violation of our website ' s terms of use ."]}
{"id": 1160, "summary": [{"text": "the cumberland snubnose darter ( etheostoma atripinne ) is a small , perciform fish found it the middle cumberland river drainage in tennessee , kentucky , virginia , north carolina , georgia , and alabama .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is absent in reaches above the big south fork , rare in north carolina , and absent in western tributaries of the tennessee river .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "while research on the ecology of e. atripinne is not extensive , what is known is they are usually found in small to medium freshwater streams in gravel riffle areas where their eggs can attach to the substrate and be left unguarded .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "e. atripinne can be found within a wide range of depths in its environment , leading its being classified as benthopelagic .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "while its global status is secure , the american fisheries society labels it with a status of \u201c special concern \u201d . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cumberland snubnose darter", "paragraphs": ["etheostoma atripinne ( d . s . jordan , 1877 ) ( cumberland snubnose darter )\nthe snubnose darter ( etheostoma simoterum ) is a species of darter endemic to the southeastern united states .\ncumberland snubnose darters spawning in small creek in wilson county tennessee . april 24 , 2014 . canon powershot 710is version .\netheostoma susanae ( d . s . jordan & swain , 1883 ) ( cumberland darter )\n, and the other greenside darter species were nested in a clade containing most of the snubnose darter species . in addition ,\nlocus was the most congruent with regard to the subgeneric taxonomy of greenside and snubnose darters . greenside darters , snubnose darters , and\nwere nested as successive sister lineages at the base of the snubnose\u2013greenside darter clade . the sister lineage of\nthe snubnose darter has two recognized subspecies , including the cumberland snubnose darter . e . s . atripinne , and the tennessee snubnose darter , e . s . simoterum . intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the lower tennessee river unit . the mean length of snubnose darters is 45 millimetres ( 1 . 8 in ) , the reported average clutch size is 152 , and the maximum age is less than two years . the snubnose darter inhabits riffles and rock - bottomed pools in streams with low turbidity . as of 2000 , the snubnose darter was listed as currently stable , meaning it is widespread and not in need of any immediate conservation action .\netnier , d . a . 1980 . etheostoma acuticeps bailey , sharphead darter ; e . atripinne ( jordan ) , cumberland snubnose darter ; e . duryi henshall , blackside snubnose darter ; e . luteovinctum gilbert and swain , redband darter ; e . maculatum kirtland , spotted darter ; e . rufilineatum ( cope ) , redline darter ; e . simoterum ( cope ) , tennessee snubnose darter ; and percina tanasi etnier , snail darter ; pp . 622 , 625 , 642 , 663 , 664 , 687 , 693 , 743 , in : d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . nc state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , 864 p .\nthe snubnose darter is native to the tennessee and cumberland river drainages of tennessee , virginia , kentucky , north carolina , georgia and alabama . warren et al . described the distribution of the freshwater fish native to the southern united states by drainage basin . the historical range of the tennessee snubnose darter ( e . s . simoterum ) includes the upper and lower tennessee river drainage units , and it has been introduced into both the licking big sandy creek river and the kanawha - new - guyandotte - little kanawha river . the historical range of the cumberland snubnose darter ( e . s . atripinne ) includes the lower tennessee river and cumberland river drainages . intergradation between the two subspecies occurs in the lower tennessee river unit .\nthe snubnose darter is listed as\ncurrently stable\n, which is defined as\na species or subspecies whose distribution is widespread and stable or a species or subspecies that may have declined in portions of its range but is not in need of immediate conservation management actions\n. based on certain lifecycle parameters , the american fisheries society lists the snubnose darter as highly resilient with low vulnerability .\nnorth america : found only in cumberland and tennessee river drainages in virginia , north carolina , kentucky , tennessee , georgia and alabama , usa .\nheins , d . c . 2001 . variation in clutch size and ovum size of the snubnose darter , etheostoma simoterum ( cope ) , from two populations in tennessee . american midland naturalist . 145 : 74 - 79 .\nlarge darters are susceptible to internal parasitism by flukes and nematodes . external parasites such as black spot disease caused by metacercariae flukes and piscicolid leeches also affect snubnose darters .\nblanton , r . e . , and r . e . jenkins . 2008 . three new darter species of the etheostoma percnurum species complex ( percidae , subgenus catonotus ) from the tennessee and cumberland river drainages . zootaxa . 1963 : 1 - 24 .\netheostoma artesiae ( o . p . hay , 1881 ) ( redspot darter )\netheostoma asprigene ( s . a . forbes , 1878 ) ( mud darter )\netheostoma bellator suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1993 ( warrior darter )\netheostoma boschungi wall & j . d . williams , 1974 ( slackwater darter )\netheostoma chlorosoma ( o . p . hay , 1881 ) ( bluntnose darter )\netheostoma chuckwachatte mayden & r . m . wood , 1993 ( lipstick darter )\netheostoma collettei birdsong & l . w . knapp , 1969 ( creole darter )\netheostoma colorosum suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1993 ( coastal darter )\netheostoma flavum etnier & r . m . bailey , 1989 ( saffron darter )\netheostoma lachneri suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1994 ( tombigbee darter )\netheostoma marmorpinnum blanton & r . e . jenkins , 2008 ( marbled darter )\netheostoma phytophilum bart & m . s . taylor , 1999 ( rush darter )\netheostoma proeliare ( o . p . hay , 1881 ) ( cypress darter )\netheostoma ramseyi suttkus & r . m . bailey , 1994 ( alabama darter )\netheostoma stigmaeum ( d . s . jordan , 1877 ) ( speckled darter )\netheostoma swaini ( d . s . jordan , 1884 ) ( gulf darter )\netheostoma virgatum ( d . s . jordan , 1880 ) ( striped darter )\netheostoma wapiti etnier & j . d . williams , 1989 ( boulder darter )\n( watercress darter ) to be an endangered species . fed regist 35 : 16047\nharrington r . c . , near t . j . forthcoming . phylogenetic and coalescent strategies of species delimitation in snubnose darters ( percidae : etheostoma ) . syst . biol .\netnier , d . a . , and r . m . bailey . 1989 . etheostoma ( ulocentra ) flavum , a new darter from the tennessee and cumberland river drainages . occ . pap . mus . zool . univ . mich . 717 : 1 - 24 .\nalthough the term\ndarter\nis shared by several other genera . many can produce\netheostoma erythrozonum switzer & r . m . wood , 2009 ( meramec saddled darter )\nrange includes tributaries of the cumberland river system in the nashville basin , from near the mouth of the roaring river to mansker creek ( northeastern nashville ) , tennessee ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nsnubnose darters inhabit flowing bedrock or gravel - bottomed pools with moderate current in small to medium streams . they have been observed spawning in streams with water temperature ranging from 11 to 18 \u00b0c . etheostoma simoterum prefers a habitat with no vegetation or light algae . snubnose darters are rarely found in water with high turbidity or where the substrate has been silted , and human activities such as dam building or destruction of riparian buffers may lead to increased siltation , thereby threatening darter populations .\netheostoma collis ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( carolina darter )\netheostoma edwini ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( brown darter )\netheostoma inscriptum ( d . s . jordan & brayton , 1878 ) ( turquoise darter )\netheostoma lepidum ( s . f . baird & girard , 1853 ) ( greenthroat darter )\netheostoma osburni ( c . l . hubbs & trautman , 1932 ) ( candy darter )\netheostoma perlongum ( c . l . hubbs & raney , 1946 ) ( waccamaw darter )\netheostoma sagitta ( d . s . jordan & swain , 1883 ) ( arrow darter )\netheostoma saludae ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( saluda darter )\netheostoma sellare ( radcliffe & w . w . welsh , 1913 ) ( maryland darter )\netheostoma serrifer ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( sawcheek darter )\netheostoma thalassinum ( d . s . jordan & brayton , 1878 ) ( seagreen darter )\netheostoma zonifer ( c . l . hubbs & cannon , 1935 ) ( backwater darter )\n, a new darter from a limestone spring in alabama . tulane stud zool 12 : 101\u2013108\ncomiskey , c . e . and d . a . etnier . 1972 . fishes of the big south fork of the cumberland river . j . tenn . acad . sci . 47 : 140 - 145 .\npowers , s . l . , r . l . mayden , and d . a . etnier . 2004 . conservation genetics of the ashy darter , etheostoma cinereum ( percidae : subgenus allohistium ) , in the cumberland and tennessee rivers of the southeastern united states . copeia . 3 : 632 - 637 .\nnear , t . j . , e . d . france , r . c . harrington , b . p . keck ( 2016 ) . systematics and taxonomy of the snubnose darter , etheostoma simoterum ( cope ) . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 57 ( 2 ) : 127 - 145 .\n( percidae ) , and their potential utility for other darter species . mol ecol notes 6 : 230\u2013232\nharrington , r . c . , t . j . near ( 2012 ) . phylogenetic and coalescent strategies of species delimitation in snubnose darters ( percidae : etheostoma ) . systematic biology . 61 ( 1 ) : 63 - 69 .\neisenhour , d . j . 1995 . systematics of etheostoma camurum and e . chlorobranchium ( osteichthyes , percidae ) in the tennessee and cumberland river drainages with analysis of hybridization in the nolichucky river system . copeia . 2 : 368 - 379 .\nkeck , b . p . and t . j . near . 2010 . a young clade repeating an old pattern : diversity in nothonotus darters ( teleostei : percidae ) endemic to the cumberland river . molecular ecology . 19 : 5030 - 5042 .\nthe combined mtdna and nuclear gene phylogeny was similar to the mtdna cytb gene , particularly with respect to the paraphyly of catonotus and the snubnose darters ( fig . 3a ) . removal of mtdna sequences with a heterospecific origin from the alignment resulted in the monophyly of both oligocephalus and psychromaster ( fig . 3b , c ) . etheostoma baileyi and e . histrio formed a significantly supported clade that was sister to a clade containing e . cinereum , all other greenside darters , and all other snubnose darter species ( fig . 3c ) . etheostoma zonale and e . lynceum were resolved with significant bayesian posterior support as the sister lineage of a clade that contained all greenside darter species ( sans e . histrio ) .\netheostoma fonticola ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1886 ) ( fountain darter )\netheostoma radiosum ( c . l . hubbs & j . d . black , 1941 ) ( orangebelly darter )\nhowell wm , black a ( 1976 ) status of the watercress darter . southeast fishes counc proc 1 : 1\u20134\ne . baileyi is restricted to the cumberland plateau , including only the upper cumberland river drainages in eastern kentucky and northeastern tennessee . rivers where emerald darters can be found include the red river , jacks creek , indian creek in kentucky , and clear creek , elk creek , poor creek , and other small water systems . though populations have fluctuated through the years , the emerald darter\u2019s geographic range has stayed the same , and in some areas they can even be found in abundance . [ 4 ] populations may have experienced declines in the past due to strip - mining and siltation in the gravel substrates in which it spawns . [ 5 ]\netheostoma euzonum ( c . l . hubbs & j . d . black , 1940 ) ( arkansas saddled darter )\netheostoma tetrazonum ( c . l . hubbs & j . d . black , 1940 ) ( missouri saddled darter )\nporter , b . a . , t . m . cavender , and p . a . fuerst . 2002a . molecular phylogeny of the snubnose darters , subgenus ulocentra ( genus etheostoma , family percidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 22 : 364 - 374 .\na new darter from the southern bend of the tennessee river system in alabama and tennessee . proc . biol . soc . wash\netheostoma lawrencei , a new species of darter in the e . spectabile species complex ( percidae : subgenus oligocephalus ) , from kentucky and tennessee\netheostoma ditrema , a new darter of the subgenus oligocephalus ( percidae ) from springs of the alabama river basin in alabama and georgia . tulane stud\ncumberland and tennessee drainages in virginia , north carolina , kentucky , tennessee , georgia , and alabama ( page and burr 1991 ) . however , menhinick ( 1991 ) did not list in north carolina . the inclusion of north carolina is probably based on cope ( 1870 ) who listed the species in the state without comment .\nthe crown clade etheostoma dates to the earliest oligocene , whereas the crown ages of other major darter clades ( percina , carnipellucida , and nothonotus ) originated in the late oligocene and miocene ( table 3 ) . these age estimates demonstrate that the majority of reconstructed speciation events in the darter phylogeny date to the miocene and pliocene , indicating that most extant darter species and ecological communities of darter species have an origin within the last 15 myr . the dense species sampling in the darter chronograms will provide an informative basis for the investigation of long - standing hypotheses regarding the role of paleoclimate and paleogeography on the evolution and diversification of the species - rich north american freshwater fish fauna ( e . g . , wiley and mayden 1985 ; mayden 1988 ; near and keck 2005 ) .\nthe posterior molecular evolutionary rates estimated for each of the three genes using the centrarchid - only alignments were used as priors for the molecular evolutionary rates in the analyses of the darter and non - darter percid alignments . the mean and standard deviation of the molecular evolutionary rate for each of the three genes were determined from the posterior distribution resulting from the fossil - calibrated ucln analyses of the centrarchid gene alignments . the mean and standard deviation of the centrarchid molecular evolutionary rates were subsequently used to construct a normal prior on the molecular evolutionary rate in the ucln analyses of divergence times using the darter and non - darter percid alignments .\nsimons , a . m . 1991 . phylogenetic relationships of the crystal darter , crystallaria asprella ( teleostei : percidae ) . copeia 1991 : 927 - 936 .\nstarnes , w . c . , and d . a . etnier . 1986 . drainage evolution and fish biogeography of the tennessee and cumberland river drainages , chapter 10 , p . 325 - 361 , in : zoogeography of north american freshwater fishes , c . h . hocutt and e . o . wiley , eds . wiley interscience , new york , 866 p .\netnier , d . a . , and w . c . starnes . 1978 . wildlife profile , snail darter ( percina tanasi ) . tennessee wildlife . 1 : 24 - 25 .\nclayton , j . 1984 . population differences and life history of emerald darter , etheostoma baileyi ( pisces , percidae ) . university of kentucky , lexington : m . s . thesis .\nsnubnose darters reach sexual maturity at one year of age and only survive for one breeding season , which occurs in april to early may . the darter breeds in bedrock pools and crevices with low siltation . the testes of breeding males gradually begin to increase in size in january and reach their peak in april . males also begin to develop bright breeding colors in january , and by april , all males are deep green to blue - green with red dorsal fins and red spots along their bodies . breeding females do not change color , but they may be slightly brighter in tone . mature eggs are transparent , contain oil droplets , and are an average of 1 . 2 mm in diameter . one study showed the number of mature eggs per female ranges from 110 to 240 by april . males court females by displaying erect fins and bright breeding colors . a female responds to this display by leading the male to an appropriate site for egg deposition , such as a large stone or , more rarely , a gravel bed . the pair vibrates together , and after one or two eggs are released and fertilized by the male , the pair may move to another acceptable site to repeat the spawning act . however , snubnose darters are often promiscuous and may move on to find other mates , instead . no parental care , such as egg guarding , occurs after spawning . snubnose darters survive to a maximum age of 18 months .\ndivergence times in darters were estimated using two calibration strategies that were derived from the centrarchid fossil calibrations . the first method used gene alignments that included all sampled darter species , 2 non - darter percid species , and 33 of the sampled species of centrarchidae . the centrarchid fossil calibrations were used to estimate divergence times in relaxed - clock analyses of these large data matrices . the second approach used rates of molecular evolution estimated from the relaxed - clock analyses of centrarchidae for each of the three genes . the bayesian posterior distribution of estimated nucleotide substitution rates from the centrarchid relaxed - clock analyses was then used as a prior in relaxed - clock analyses of gene alignments that contained only the sampled darter and non - darter percid species ( e . g . , saarma et al . 2007 ) .\nkozal , l . c . , j . w . simmons , j . m . mollish , d . j . macguigan , e benavides , b . p . keck , t . j . near ( 2017 ) . phylogenetic and morphological diversity of the etheostoma zonistium species complex with the description of a new species endemic to the cumberland plateau of alabama . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 58 ( 2 ) : 263 - 286 .\nblanton , r . e . , and g . a . schuster . 2008 . taxonomic status of etheostoma brevispinum , the carolina fantail darter ( percidae : catonotus ) . copeia . 4 : 844 - 857 .\nfluker bl , kuhajda br , duncan rs , salter el , schulman m ( 2009 ) impacts of a small dam removal on the endangered watercress darter . proc annu conf southeast assoc fish wildl agencies 63 : 188\u2013195\nbaker , j . a . , and d . c . heins . 1994 . effects of drying temperature on weight estimates for oocytes and eggs in the darter etheostoma lynceum . copeia . 3 : 821 - 823 .\nhowell , w . m . , and h . t . boschung . 1966 . a natural hybrid darter etheostoma whipplii artesiae x etheostoma stigmaeum ( pisces : percidae ) . american midland naturalist . 76 : 510 - 514 .\npage , l . m . , and t . j . near . 2007 . a new darter from the upper tennessee river drainage related to percina macrocephala ( percidae : etheostomatinae ) . copeia . 3 : 605 - 613 .\nheins , d . c . , and j . a . baker . 1993 . clutch production in the darter etheostoma lynceum and its implications for life - history study . journal of fish biology . 42 : 819 - 829 .\ncarlson , r . l . , p . c . wainwright . 2010 . the ecological morphology of darter fishes ( percidae : etheostomatinae ) . the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society . 100 : 30\u201345 .\ngrandmaison , d , j . mayasich , and d . etnier . 2004 . eastern sand darter status assessment . nrri tech . rept . nrri / tr - 2003 / 40 , us fish & wildlife srvice , 39 p + appendices .\ngrandmaison , d , j . mayasich , and d . etnier . 2003 . crystal darter status assessment report . nrri tech . rept . nrri / tr - 2003 / 19 , us fish & wildlife srvice , 37 p + appendices .\nlayman , s . r . , and r . l . mayden . 2009 . a new species of the darter subgenus doration ( percidae : etheostoma ) from the caney fork river system , tennessee . copeia . 1 : 157 - 170 .\nmayasich , j . m . , d . grandmaison , and d . etnier . 2004 . spotted darter status assessment . nrri tech . rept . nrri / tr - 2003 / 02 , us fish & wildlife service , 25 p + appendices .\nthe emerald darter is not currently listed as a state or federal threatened species , though they are experiencing population declines in tennessee . though emerald darters have experienced population fragmentation , their range has not undergone declines . threats to populations include limited range , as well as strip - mining , which results in heavy siltation of the gravel substrates on which they depend for reproduction . [ 8 ] damming of tennessee\u2019s main waterways has fragmented the emerald darter\u2019s habitat . kentucky\u2019s populations are not considered threatened . [ 9 ]\nthe phylogenetic classification presented in figure 4 and the appendix communicates our best understanding of darter relationships and includes major alterations to the previous non - phylogenetic taxonomies for the clade . for example , there were 19 or 21 polytypic subgenera present in the most recently proposed darter classifications ( bailey and etnier 1988 ; page 2000 ) . our phylogenetic analyses indicate that 10 of these subgenera are not monophyletic ( table 1 ) . substantial nonmonophyly of darter subgenera was also intimated in the previously published morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses ( e . g . , near 2002 ; mayden et al . 2006 ; ayache and near 2009 ) , but the extent of the failure of these taxonomies to reflect monophyletic lineages was not apparent until comparison with the comprehensive phylogenetic analyses presented in this investigation .\nsuttkus , r . d . , h . d . bart , and d . a . etnier . 2009 ( accepted ) . etheostoma thompsoni , a new darter , subgenus oligocephalus , from southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana . tulane stud . zool . bot .\nlayman s . r . , r . l . mayden ( 2012 ) . morphological diversity and phylogenetics of the darter subgenus doration ( percidae : etheostoma ) , with descriptions of five new species . bull . alabma mus . nat . hist . 30 : 1 - 83 .\nshepard , t . e . , and b . m . burr . 1984 . systematics , status , and life - history aspects of the ashy darter , etheostoma cinereum ( pisces , percidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 97 : 693 - 715 .\nkeck , b . p . , t . j . near ( 2013 ) . a new species of nothonotus darter ( teleostei : percidae ) from the caney fork in tennessee , usa . bulletin of the peabody museum of natural history 54 ( 1 ) : 3 - 21 .\nnear , t . j . , b . p . keck ( 2013 ) . free from motochondrial dna : nuclear genes and the inference of species trees among closely related darter lineages ( teleostei : percidae : etheostomatinae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 ( 3 ) : 868 - 876 .\nsuttkus , r . d . , h . l . , bart jr . and d . a . etnier , 2012 . a new darter of the subgenus oligocephalus , genus etheostoma , from southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana . tulane stud . zool . bot . 32 : 6 - 30 .\npiller , k . r . , h . l . bart , and d . l . hurley . 2008 . phylogeography of the greenside darter complex , etheostoma blennioides ( teleostomi : percidae ) : a wide - ranging polytypic taxon . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 46 : 974 - 985 .\nbauer , b . h . , d . a . etnier , and n . m . burkhead . 1995 . etheostoma ( ulocentra ) scotti ( osteichthyes : percidae ) , a new darter from the etowah river system in georgia . bulletin alabama museum of natural history . 17 : 1 - 16 .\nporter , b . a . , a . c . fiumera , and j . c . avise . 2002b . egg mimicry and allopaternal care : two mate - attracting tactics by which nesting striped darter ( etheostoma virgatum ) males enhance reproductive success . behavioral ecology and sociobiology . 51 : 350 - 359 .\netnier , d . a . , and j . d . williams . 1989 . etheostoma ( nothonotus ) wapiti ( osteichthyes , percidae ) , a new darter from the southern bend of the tennessee river system in alabama and tennessee . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 102 : 987 - 1000 .\nan excellent group in which to investigate the history of mtdna introgression and divergence time estimation in species - rich lineages is the darter clade , which contains approximately 250 species endemic to eastern north america that comprises more than 20 % of the entire hyperdiverse north american freshwater fish fauna ( table 1 ; lundberg et al . 2000 ) . darters are classified as etheostomatinae , which is a subclade of percidae . in addition to etheostomatinae , two other major freshwater clades with holarctic distributions , percinae and luciopercinae , comprise percidae . however , neither percinae nor luciopercinae contains more than 10 species ( collette and banarescu 1977 ; song et al . 1998 ) . darter species differ substantially from those in the two other lineages of percidae by having a smaller body size , males of many darter species develop elaborate nuptial colors , and the majority of species lack a functional swim bladder ( page 1983 ; page and swofford 1984 ; etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\na composite phylogeny based primarily on the analyses of the concatenated data sets was used to phylogenetically define 45 clade names for darters ( fig . 4 and appendix ) . the proposed phylogenetic classification in figure 4 represents the most current knowledge of the evolutionary relationships among darter species while also preserving previously used names when appropriate . most of the names in the phylogenetic classification are converted clade names from ranked genus and subgenus names , and four of these converted clade names\u2014 austroperca , astatichthys , pileoma , and richiella \u2014were treated as invalid synonyms in the most recent darter classifications . a total of 16 new clade names are proposed in the phylogenetic definitions ( fig . 4 and appendix ) . some of the well - supported nodes in the darter phylogeny are not named primarily as a result of incongruence between the mtdna and nuclear gene trees ( e . g . , relationships within hadropterus ) or our desire to avoid the possibility of having to redefine clade names subsequent to future phylogenetic analyses .\n, approximately 10 % of the specimens included in this study were obtained from several other natural history museums including university of alabama ichthyology collection ( uaic ) , the north carolina state museum ( ncsm ) , tulane university ( tu ) , and the university of kansas natural history museum ( ku ) . the non - darter percid species\nthe phylogenetic resolution given by the three genes sampled in this study provided an excellent opportunity to revise the classification of darters in a phylogenetic context . the classification presented in figure 4 and the appendix represents the first attempt to provide a comprehensive taxonomy for darters that is based on the results of explicit phylogenetic analysis of comparative data . all previous delimitations of ranked taxonomic groups were based on morphological diagnoses that did not attempt to assess monophyly of the proposed groups ( e . g . , bailey and gosline 1955 ; page 1974 ; 1981 ) . the rich history of darter taxonomy is reflected in the scores of group names that have been introduced over the past two centuries ( collette and knapp 1966 ; collette 1967 ) . previous attempts to codify darter taxonomy have delimited groups of darter species using the available group names as ranked genera and subgenera ( e . g . , jordan and evermann 1896 , p . 1015\u20131105 ; bailey et al . 1954 ; page 1974 , page 1981 , page 2000 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ) .\na previous phylogenetic analysis of darters using cytb gene sequences was reluctant to recognize the darter clade nothonotus as distinct from etheostoma ( mayden et al . 2006 ) , as was proposed in a previous study ( near and keck 2005 ) , on the grounds that all darter lineages exclusive of percina could form a clade named etheostoma . our phylogenetic analyses resolve percina as the sister lineage of all other darters but consistently result in trees that place nothonotus outside of a monophyletic etheostoma and distinct from carnipellucida ( figs . 2 and 3 ) . although our phylogenies are consistent with the clade - naming scenario presented in mayden et al . ( 2006 ) , we believe that the scenario has limited utility because it fails to communicate the wealth of knowledge now available about the phylogenetic relationships among carnipellucida , nothonotus , and etheostoma ( fig . 4 ) .\nphylogenetic classification of darters communicated using a composite phylogeny of darters based on the phylogenies inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene dna sequences . the 45 darter clade names that are defined phylogenetically ( see appendix ) are listed and marked with an unfilled circle . filled circles mark clades that were well supported in the phylogenetic analyses but not named in this study . clade names commonly associated with the rank of genus are marked with an asterisk . 4\nphylogenies inferred using bayesian inference from each gene resulted in a large number of significantly supported interspecific nodes , but not all genes contributed equally to our understanding of the darter phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) . despite resolving a large fraction of the nodes in the phylogeny , the s 7 intron 1 gene tree contained relationships that were not congruent with those in the gene trees estimated from cytb and rag1 . the incongruence of the s 7 gene tree is illustrated by the incongruence among phylogenetic relationships of etheostoma and nothonotus that subtend some of the oldest nodes in the darter phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) . relative to rag1 , the s 7 gene tree had fewer nodes with significant posterior support in the 10 - to 20ma age and the 20ma root node age intervals ( fig . 5 ) . the proportion of 10\u201320 ma age nodes supported with significant posteriors in the s 7 gene tree was similar to that observed in the mitochondrial cytb gene tree . in contrast , 10 % more nodes in this age interval were supported in the rag1 gene tree . in addition , we had difficulty aligning the darter s 7 intron dna sequences with those of non - percid teleosts ( e . g . , centrarchidae ) , limiting our ability to include the external age information necessary to time - calibrate the s 7 gene tree .\nusing external calibrations to estimate divergence times for clades lacking a fossil record can be complicated by the presence of substantial differences in molecular evolutionary rates ; however , our analyses did not appear to be confounded by appreciable rate heterogeneity between darters and centrarchidae . the posterior mean rate estimate for cytb and rag1 did not change substantially between beast runs that contained only centrarchid species ( table 2 ) and the runs that included all sampled centrarchid and darter species .\ngene alignments , two sets of beast ucln analyses were run , each with a different calibration strategy . analyses for both genes under both calibration strategies produced similar posterior age estimates for all the major darter clades ( table 3 ) . the mean posterior age estimates for the mrca of all darters , the etheostomatinae , ranged between 30 . 7 and 38 . 4 ma ; however , the 95 % hpd for each of the five estimates exhibited broad overlap (\nulocentra jordan ( p . 223 1878 ) [ t . j . near & b . p . keck ] , converted clade name . comments on name . \u2014applied as a monotypic genus containing e . atripinne ( jordan and brayton 1878 , p . 223 ) and subsequently expanded to include all \u201csnubnose darters\u201d that are classified here as ulocentra and adonia ( bailey and gosline 1955 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ) . definition ( node - based ) . \u2014the least inclusive clade containing e . atripinne ( jordan ) and etheostoma barrenense burr & page . reference phylogeny . \u2014 figure 3c . composition . \u2014includes the species designated in the definition and etheostoma planasaxatile powers & mayden , etheostoma rafinesquei burr & page , and e . simoterum ( cope ) . synapomorphies . \u2014species of ulocentra are diagnosed from other species of simoperca by the presence of a very narrow frenum and a lack of teeth on the vomer ( bailey and etnier 1988 ) . type species . \u2014 e . atripinne ( jordan ) .\nreliance on a ranked classification of darters that emphasizes subgenera without assessing the monophyly of these groups has long been an impediment to comparative studies of darters . for example , bart and page ( 1992 ) analyzed a rich database of information on the size at maturity , fecundity , and egg size in 64 darter species to examine the effects of body size and phylogeny on variation in life history traits ( e . g . , stearns 1984 ; dunham and miles 1985 ) . species data were pooled into clustered groups of genera , groups of subgenera , and subgenera for the analysis of covariance . however , 8 of the 15 polytypic subgenera sampled in the study of bart and page ( 1992 ) are not monophyletic in our phylogenetic analyses . thus , the variance in life history variables explained by the taxonomic nesting in bart and page ( 1992 ) was calculated incorrectly , and as a result , the data need reevaluation in the context of our revised understanding of darter phylogeny .\nwe recommend that ammocrypta , crystallaria , etheostoma , nothonotus , and percina continue to be used as the primary clade names with species epithets . the other clade names highlight phylogenetically related groups of species and will find validity in discussions of character diversity , biogeography , and ecological differences . in addition , the phylogenetic classification and the clade names will provide a comparative basis with which to investigate the ecology and evolutionary biology of darters in a way that was not possible with the previous darter classifications because the classifications did not consistently delimit monophyletic groups of species .\nwe were able to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of nearly all extant darter species , while avoiding inference pathologies stemming from incomplete taxon sampling ( e . g . , heath et al . 2008 ) . complete taxon sampling , however , does not resolve issues relating to character sampling ; more characters are generally required to resolve phylogenies that contain a moderate to high number of terminal taxa ( e . g . , bremer et al . 1999 ) . because the darter radiation was expected to contain a mixture of lineages with a fairly recent time since common ancestry and lineages with a much older common ancestor , we aimed to assess if a modest data set of mitochondrial and nuclearencoded gene sequences could result in well - resolved and congruent phylogenetic hypotheses for the clade . the analyses of the two sampled nuclear genes result in an appreciable degree of phylogenetic resolution among closely related species . however , our analyses do substantiate commonly held conceptions in molecular systematics that faster evolving genes provide phylogenetic resolution and clade support for younger nodes in the tree , whereas slower evolving genes are able to provide support for deeper nodes in the phylogeny ( fig . 5 ) .\nrecent phylogenetic analyses of darter subclades have revealed instances of mtdna introgression that range from a few sampled individuals exhibiting heterospecific mtdna genomes to species with complete mtdna genome replacement by heterospecific haplotypes ( bossu and near 2009 ; heckman et al . 2009 ; keck and near 2010 ) . in comparing the phylogenies inferred from mtdna with those inferred from the nuclear genes , we noted a number of topological differences that are likely the result of mtdna introgression . the frequency of mtdna introgression was noted , and mtdna haplotypes that were identified as resulting from introgression were scored as missing data in the bayesian phylogenetic analyses of combined mtdna and nuclear gene data sets .\nas the architecture of the deepest parts of the tree of life become articulated through analyses of ever larger genomic - scale data sets , the challenges of resolving relationships among the most closely related branches and twigs remain . the history of investigating phylogenetic relationships among closely related animal species using molecular data is dominated by the use of mtdna . zoological systematists had been reluctant to explore the use of single - copy nuclear proteincoding genes for closely related lineages because mtdna sequences consistently provided substantial phylogenetic resolution . our investigation of darter phylogenetics based on the near - complete species sampling of a species - rich clade results in several important conclusions : 1 ) the sampling of a modest data set of nuclear genes results in appreciable phylogenetic resolution among closely related species ; 2 ) mtdna introgression in darters is extensive and complicated by the presence of at least three distinct phylogenetic patterns ; 3 ) resolved phylogenetic hypotheses for darters allow the construction of an informative phylogeny - based classification ; and 4 ) strategies of external calibration result in consistent relaxed - clock age estimates for clades across different genes and calibration methods . the results of our analyses provide critical insights in the pattern and timing of darter diversification , but perhaps more importantly , these analyses offer a prospectus for the use of nuclear gene sequence data to resolve the most closely related portions of the animal tree of life .\nin order to determine whether genes that exhibited differing rates of nucleotide substitution provided resolved and significantly supported nodes at different time depths in the phylogeny , the posterior probability clade support values were plotted against the estimated age of the node . only interspecific nodes in the gene trees were scored . the posterior probabilities of clade support were extracted from the mrbayes posterior tree files by adding all compatible groups to the standard 50 % majorityrule consensus trees using the \u201callcompat\u201d option in the mrbayes \u201csumt\u201d command . only nodes that were present in both the beast and the mrbayes sets of posterior trees were recorded . there was substantial congruence among the tree topologies inferred from the mrbayes and beast analyses ; however , there were a few differences that involved the youngest clades in the darter phylogeny .\nthere has been a dramatic increase in the number of recognized darter species since the listing of 129 species in page ' s monographic treatment of the clade ; the increase to 248 species represents nearly a doubling of the number of recognized species over the past 25 years ( table 1 ) . this increase in the recognized species diversity of darters is the result of the discovery of previously unknown or unrecognized species ( e . g . , page et al . 2003 ; page and near 2007 ; layman and mayden 2009 ; switzer and wood 2009 ) , resurrecting species from synonymy ( e . g . , etnier and starnes 1986 ; near 2008 ) , and recognition of species formerly ranked as subspecies ( e . g . , etnier and williams 1989 ; piller et al . 2001 ; robins and page 2007 ) .\nphylogeny of darters inferred from a partitioned bayesian analysis of a combined data set consisting of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ( cytb ) , the nuclear s 7 ribosomal protein intron 1 gene ( s 7 ) , and the nuclear recombination activating gene 1 exon 3 ( rag1 ) . the sequences for cytochrome b for species with heterospecific mitochondrial genomes were removed prior to the analysis . filled black circles identify clades supported with a bayesian posterior of 1 . 00 , and unfilled circles identify clades with bayesian posterior support that ranges between 0 . 95 and 0 . 99 . the shaded portion of the phylogeny at the top of the figure indicates placement of clades in the darter phylogeny . asterisks connect disconnected branches in the phylogeny . the phylogeny is presented in three parts , labeled ( a ) , ( b ) , and ( c ) .\nthere were three instances of deep introgression observed in the darter phylogeny , two of which involved the clades oligocephalus and psychromaster ( fig . 1 and table 4 ) . when comparing the phylogeny of these lineages inferred from the two nuclear genes with the cytb gene tree , two separate introgression events were detected . there was an mtdna transfer event from a lineage related to the extant species of psychromaster into the common ancestral lineage of vexillapinna , boleichthys , austroperca , and astatichthys . a second deep introgression event involved the transfer of mtdna originating from an oligocephalus lineage into the common ancestor of e . punctulatum , e . autumnale , and e . mihileze . in both cases , there has been species diversification in these lineages subsequent to the transfer and fixation of the heterospecific mtdna ; however , the phylogenetic affinities of these lineages in the mtdna gene tree are dramatically obscured by the deep introgression .\nthe other two species with heterospecific mtdna labeled as examples of indeterminate mtdna introgression may also be considered to harbor mitochondrial fossils ( table 4 ) . for example , the phylogenetic relationships of e . cinereum have long intrigued darter systematists ( bailey and gosline 1955 ; page and whitt 1973b ; page 1977 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ; dimmick and page 1992 ) , and the phylogenetic analyses of mtdna sequences have resulted in the placement of this species distantly related to other etheostoma lineages and more closely related to carnipellucida , percina , or nothonotus ( song et al . 1998 ; sloss et al . 2004 ; mayden et al . 2006 ; lang and mayden 2007 ) . our analyses of the two sampled nuclear genes place e . cinereum in the etheostoma subclade simoperca , a result consistent with the previous analyses of nuclear gene dna sequences and allozymes ( wood and mayden 1997 ; lang and mayden 2007 ; bossu and near 2009 ) .\nour phylogenetic analyses of cytb and the two sampled nuclear genes indicate that 31 species , comprising more than 12 % of all darter species ( tables 1 and 4 ) , exhibit some degree of mitochondrial introgression , which ranges from complete replacement to an appreciable frequency of sampled individuals with heterospecific mtdna genomes . as in the previous investigations of boleosoma and nothonotus , we found no introgression of the two examined autosomal ( nuclear ) loci in any of the species exhibiting mtdna introgression ( heckman et al . 2009 ; keck and near 2010 ) . three different patterns of mtdna transfer were observed in our phylogenetic trees . among the 13 detected mtdna introgression events in darters , 8 involved proximal mtdna transfer ( table 4 ) . this pattern is detected by reference to a phylogeny that shows the phylogenetic nesting of haplotypes sampled from the recipient lineage in the donor lineage clade . these introgressed haplotypes may be fixed in the recipient lineage or show variation in the degree of introgression among geographic populations , and the introgressed haplotypes in the recipient lineage may be identical or very similar to those observed in the donor lineage ( fig . 1 ) .\ndivergence times were estimated using an uncorrelated lognormal ( ucln ) model of molecular evolutionary rate heterogeneity implemented in the computer program beast v . 1 . 53 ( drummond et al . 2006 ; drummond and rambaut 2007 ) . data sets used in the mrbayes analyses were pruned to contain only one specimen per sampled species in the ucln analyses . the optimal molecular evolutionary models were identified using aic , partitioning schemes were assessed using bayes factor comparisons , and the ucln model was implemented in beast to estimate the posterior density of divergence times . a birthdeath speciation prior was used for the branching rates in the phylogeny . five sets of relaxed - clock analyses were performed . divergence times were estimated using the centrarchid fossil calibrations and alignments of darters and centrarchids for each of the proteincoding cytb and rag1 genes . the centrarchid fossil calibrations were not used to estimate divergence times in darters for the s 7 intron 1 locus because substantial divergence between darters and centrarchids makes alignment of this locus problematic . the posterior densities of centrarchid molecular evolutionary rates estimated from alignments that contained only centrarchid species were used as priors in the analyses of darter alignments from each of the three genes ( cytb , s 7 , and rag1 ) .\nscores of colleagues either directly contributed specimens for this study or facilitated our fieldwork . in particular , we thank h . l . bart , b . h . bauer , a . c . bentley , g . r dinkins , b . j . freeman , m . c . freeman , g . hogue , r . e . johansen , r . l . mayden , l . m . page , k . r . piller , b . a . porter , s . l . powers , m . e . raley , r . h . robins , a . m . simons , w . c starnes , e . o . wiley , and r . m . wood . our views on darter phylogeny were shaped through discussions with h . l . bart , b . h . bauer , m . j . donoghue , a . dornburg , b . r moore , t . c . mendelson , l . m . page , k . r . piller , and r . m . strange . b . j . kendrick provided assistance in the laboratory . g . watkins - cowell and j . p . joice provided assistance with museum collections . we thank k . de queiroz and r . e . glor for valuable comments on earlier versions of our manuscript .\nthere are considerable challenges to estimating divergence times using molecular data because of the near - ubiquitous presence of among - lineage molecular evolutionary rate heterogeneity and the need for external age calibration information ( sanderson 1998 ) . unfortunately , the fossil record for darters is poor and offers no information to provide minimal age constraints for nodes in molecular phylogenies ( ossian 1973 ; smith 1981 ; cavender 1986 , cavender 1998 ) . although the fossil record for non - darter percids ( e . g . , perca and sander ) extends to the early miocene , the morphological features preserved in these fossils do not permit the phylogenetic placement of the taxa relative to extant percid species ( svetovidov and dorofeeva 1963 ; cziczer et al . 2009 ; murray et al . 2009 ) . previous analyses of molecular divergence times in darters have used external fossil calibrations from the percoid clade centrarchidae ( near and benard 2004 ; near and keck 2005 ; carlson et al . 2009 ; hollingsworth and near 2009 ) . centrarchid fishes are classified in the same taxonomic order as darters ( nelson 2006 ) and have a rich fossil record that has been used to calibrate molecular phylogenies . there is also a substantial set of comparative molecular data sets available for this clade ( near et al . 2003 , near et al . 2004 , near , bolnick , et al . 2005 ) .\nemerald darters spawn in late april and early may . though actual spawning has not been observed , attempts by males to mate include swimming from side to side over the female\u2019s back . further , males have been observed in the wild trying to mount unresponsive females from behind or from the side . emerald darter larvae usually measure 4 . 5 to 6 . 0 mm in length and emerge from the egg with yolk sacs still attached . water temperature has a direct correlation with juvenile development , with warmer water temperatures resulting in a faster development and smaller sizes . warmer temperatures can have even more detrimental effects on populations . warmer temperatures in the later weeks of the breeding season can cause females to reabsorb their eggs and become unreceptive . spawning occurs in the center of riffles . larger males place themselves in pools near the middle of these turbulent areas so they will have a higher probability of encountering more females , which tend to use these areas . emerald darters prefer gravel substrates that lack silt . eggs and sperm are released simultaneously through mutual vibration and are attached by the female directly onto the gravel substrate . [ 7 ] emerald darters generally average 36 offspring per year . most captured emerald darters have been aged at up to three years old . in the red river drainage , 53 % of the population survived its second year , while only 7 . 7 % survived the third . third - year individuals were predominantly male .\nthe classification of darters has historically been characterized by the recognition of genera and subgenera that were assumed to represent monophyletic groups of species ( page 1981 , page 1983 ; bailey and etnier 1988 ; etnier and starnes 1993 ; boschung and mayden 2004 ) . because we are able to present well - resolved and strongly supported phylogenies based on mtdna and nuclear genes that are , with a few exceptions , generally in agreement with one another , we developed a phylogeny - based classification of darters that follows the principles of phylogenetic nomenclature described in the phylocode ( de queiroz and gauthier 1990 , de queiroz and gauthier 1992 , de queiroz and gauthier 1994 ; cantino and de queiroz 2009 ) . we attempted to preserve the nomenclatural history of group names by retaining preexisting names for clades when they exist ( e . g . , collette and knapp 1966 ) and by providing new names for clades that have never had formal names applied . we based our decision to name a clade on both its diagnosability and the need to communicate the clade in comparative and taxonomic studies ( e . g . , cantino et al . 2007 ) . thus , not all well - supported clades in the darter phylogenies were named . in addition , the clade names were given phylogenetic definitions that can only be applied in the context of a given phylogeny , and clades were identified by reference to a branch or a node in the phylogeny ( de queiroz and gauthier 1990 , de queiroz and gauthier 1992 ) .\ncomparison of posterior node ages estimated using external centrarchid fossil calibrations and those estimated using external rate calibrations reveals slight differences in the posterior age estimates between the two strategies . although there were no significant differences in the posterior node heights estimated by the two calibration strategies , fossil - calibrated ages were on average younger for the cytb chronogram and older for the rag1 chronogram relative to those estimated using external rate calibrations ( table 3 ) . this slight difference in node ages between the fossil and rate calibration analyses may be due to a difference in the width of the prior distribution of the rate calibrations , which are modeled on the posterior distributions of rate estimates from the centrarchid - only beast analyses ( table 2 ) . the prior distribution of the mean rate of the cytb gene was much wider than that of the rag1 gene . in the rate calibration analysis , the sampling of rates within this prior distribution may be limited relative to the sampling of rates in the fossil - calibrated analysis for rag1 . for the cytb rate calibration analysis , the converse may be true : a wide posterior on rates implies a wider sampling of rate variation relative to the rates sampled in the fossil calibration analysis . the assessment of posterior ages resulting from fossil - based versus rate calibration should therefore ideally consider the density of fossil calibration and the disparity in the credible intervals of the individual genes in the analysis . however , our analyses of darter divergence times using external centrarchid calibrations demonstrate promising consistency in posterior ages estimated using fossil and rate calibrations ."]}
{"id": 1162, "summary": [{"text": "la fleche ( 1889 \u2013 1916 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after being sold for a world record price as a yearling in 1890 , she was undefeated as a two-year-old in 1891 , winning races against her own sex and defeating some of the year 's leading colts .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she went on to become the dominant british three-year-old of 1892 , claiming the fillies \u2019 triple crown by winning the 1000 guineas at newmarket , the oaks at epsom and the st leger at doncaster .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her only defeat of the year came when she was beaten when starting favourite for the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "la fleche remained in training for a further two seasons , winning important races such as the 1893 liverpool autumn cup , the 1894 ascot gold cup , and the champion stakes on her final appearance .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in all , she won sixteen times in twenty-four racecourse appearances .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after her retirement from racing she became a successful and influential broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "la fleche ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["la fleche ' s pedigree . auckland star , volume xxiii , issue 219 , 14 september 1892\nla fleche ' s pedigree . , auckland star , volume xxiii , issue 219 , 14 september 1892\npapers past | la fleche & # 39 ; s pedigree . ( auckland star , 1892 - 09 - 14 )\nla fleche 1889 st simon 1881 quiver 1872 f 18 0 . 11 12m [ 9 ] x 12m [ 8 ] , 12f\nthe photograph shows la fleche in training with her lad . she looks a real little racing machine . sold for a then . . .\njohn o ' gaunt 1901 isinglass 1890 la fleche 1889 m 43 0 . 37 11m [ 9 ] , 12m [ 11 ] , 12f x\nthe first photograph shows la fleche in training with her lad . she looks a real little racing machine . sold for a then record 5 , 500\nbay colt , 1901 . by isinglass - la fleche by st . simon . darley arabian sire line : birdcatcher branch . family # 3 - e\nfrom bona vista . la fleche led the race in the early stages , with bona vista second . in the closing stages bona vista was overtaken by lady hermit , but neither could catch leader la fleche , who won by two lengths from lady hermit . bona vista was three quarters of a length behind the runner - up in third place .\nbetting : evens on la fleche , 2 to 1 agst orme , 9 to 1 may duke , 20 to 1 medicis , 66 to 1 el diablo , 200 to 1 silene .\natty persse said of his sprinter portlaw , ' he ' s a curious horse to train as he requires less work than any horse . . .\ncolor : br ( gb ) bred and owned by queen victoria , gb . died 1916 at sledmere stud , gb . winner of epsom oaks , 1000 guineas and st leger . 24 - 16 - 3 - 2 , pds 34 , 703 / ~ $ 178 , 765 la fleche bred 6 foals , 5 winners including the influential sire john o gaunt and his full sister sagitta , both sired by isinglass , in addition to baroness la fleche . ( close )\nla fleche ( gb ) br . f , 1889 { 3 - e } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf - 24 starts , 16 wins , places , shows\nmay duke jumped off in advance of orme , el diablo , and la fleche , with medicis the whipper - in . a slow beginning was soon altered , as in the first furlong el diablo rushed to the head of affairs from may duke , orme and la fleche going oa third and fourth , with silene and medicis folio ving them at clear intervals . in passing the public entrance gate , la fleche ran up to the girths of the already\nlabouring\nel diablo , but fche fej \\ back again to orme a little further on , may duke having assumed the command . at the bottom turn el diablo dropped out , and may duke came on a length in advanca of 0 - me , who held a similar advantage over la fleche , with the two three - year - olds gradually closing up . fairly in the line for home barrett was uneasy upon la fleche , and had commenced to ride hard when orme drew level with may duke at the entrance to the rails . in another hundred yards oi mo took up the running , whereupon ho began to hang to the left , and required nice handling in consequence . below the distance medicis passed la pleche aud may duke andsimparted fresh excitement to the race by challenging orme , whose girths he reached opposite the lower ring , but could get no further , and suffered a clever defeat by half a length . after changing sides la fleche struggled gamely on to lose second money by three lengths , with silene fourth , may duke fifth , and el diablo tailed off . time , 2min 11 4 - ssec . value of the stakes , \u00a39285 to the winner .\nthe second photo shows la fleche in the sales ring at newmarket at the end of her racing days . sir tatton sykes had instructed lord marcus beresford to bid for her , but had not said for how much - when he discovered he had paid 12 , 600\nthe third son of the reverend john de la poer , the 4th marquess of waterford , lord william beresford won the victoria . . .\ncaptain morel bred that durable horse golden myth on his tally ho stud in county limerick . . . .\nsea the stars\u2019 exploits no doubt encouraged anthony oppenheimer to breed his mare fleche d\u2019or to cape cross , which created the third pivotal horse in the stallion\u2019s career \u2013 golden horn , who also won the derby , eclipse , irish champion stakes and arc last year .\nthe name was conceived by whit yost , former directeur sportif of the mercury pro team , contributor to bicycling magazine , and founder of the pave blog , as a play on the fleche wallonne and the fools classic . fleche is the french word for arrow . wallonne refers to the french speaking portion of southern belgium . our rooster logo comes from the official flag of the wallonia region , where the fleche wallonne and liege - bastogne - liege are held .\n) . the last - named mare is the dam of stakes winners baroness la fleche ( by ladas ) , dam of one thousand guineas winner and influential producer cinna ( by polymelus ) , and john o ' gaunt ( by isinglass ) , sire of 1910 st . leger stakes winner and 1923 english leading sire\n* # * english news to hand this week embraces the reports of the liverpool and derby meetings . the liverpool cop of looosovb , a mile and three furlong ? , was run on november 10 , and resulted , as the cable informed us , in a win for la fleche , who in capturing this stake under 9 . 6 has eclipsed the performances of sterling and thebais , who each scored with 9 . 4 in 1873 and 1884 respectively . there were a dozen startup , prisoner 7 . 7 being favourite at 5 to 1 , while 11 to 2 was obtainable about either la fleche or quiesilum 6 . 13 . the start\nwhen some shares became available in the horse after he trialled they snapped them back up ,\nthornton said .\ncatherine de buyl horse insurance sa is the worldwide leader for sport horses insurance , approved coverholder at lloyd\u2019s of london .\nthis evening marked the announcement of the 2015 cartier horse racing awards , the european equivalent of the american eclipse awards .\n. la fleche was the strong pre - race favourite , priced at 11 / 10 . rueil was second favourite at 100 / 9 , then bona vista at 100 / 8 and st . damien at 100 / 7 . in the early stages of the race sir hugo led the race , with llanthony , persistive and galeopsis also prominent . by the time the field reached the mile post thessalian led the race from st . damien , with bona vista near the middle of the pack . bona vista never got to the leaders and finished back in eleventh place . the race was won by 40 / 1 outsider sir hugo , who held of la fleche by three quarters of a length .\nwhen the champion jockey gerry wilson was axed from riding golden miller as the horse began to show his patent dislike . . .\nin 1948 , bull dog became the first horse to surpass us $ 4 million in progeny earnings with only north american runners .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\norby was the first horse trained in ireland to win the epsom derby . he was a rangy colt , but did . . .\npicaroon was a very high class horse , winner of 8 races and rated one of the best by his trainer who . . .\nmr taylor sharpe owned properties in newmarket and the baumber park stud near horncastle in lincolnshire . the best horse he bred . . .\nhours after his horse gainslaw had won the ascot gold vase , mr leader and his wife were killed on their way . . .\nson of a suffolk clothier and close friend of the race horse owner and breeder sir abe bailey , donald fraser owned . . .\nreiff looked like an angel and was kissed by society ladies , but he was fully capable of pulling a horse to . . .\npapillon rouge\u2019s story is inextricably linked with that of fernand and xavier leredde of the legendary horse breeding family in the heart of france\u2019s horse country , normandy . for more than half a century haras des rouges has produced top quality horses on their thousand hectares of pasture .\nthe second sir tatton also bred john o ' gaunt ( 2nd in both the 1904 2000 guineas and derby and sire of st . leger winner and important sire swynford ) , hapsburg ( eclipse s ) and lemonora ( grand prix de paris - which in those days held comparable prestige to the arc today ) . john o ' gaunt was by triple crown winner isinglass out of 1000 guineas , oaks and st . leger winner la fleche . la fleche was bought on sir tatton ' s behalf ( ie . by his wife ! ) for a record 12 , 600 guineas in 1896 . however he initially refused to accept her , thinking the price too much , and this great racemare endured two weeks at sledmere train station before finally arriving at the stud !\nthis photograph shows the statue of persimmon which stands at sandringham stud . a very impressive horse , persimmon turned out to be . . .\nswynford was the best horse to race for the 17th lord derby and , according to george lambton , was far and away . . .\nwhile this is not a brilliant photograph of ormonde , it does show his trainer and jockey . this great horse was unbeaten . . .\na black horse , foaled in ireland from a mare reputed to have pulled a cart . he was well bought as a . . .\ngentle shepherd may seem an obscure horse to chronicle , for he was unraced and made no impact as a sire , but . . .\nharry mccalmont , who was not yet a colonel when his horse isinglass won the triple crown , inherited a great fortune from . . .\ncharles morton was apprenticed to thomas parr , the trainer of a wonderful horse called fisherman , who won 70 races including 2 . . .\nlord clonmell , who succceeded to the title in 1898 , was educated at eton and was a captain in the royal horse . . .\nattaclioi . l is tho tabulated pedigree of la flocho , winner of tho doncnstor sb . leper , from which it will bo observed that her darn quiver ia a threoquartcr sistor to musket : \u2014\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\nthe winner of 4 races at 2 and 3 years , humorist ' s connections could not understand why the horse was up one . . .\na genuine , speedy horse , tommy atkins won ten races including the ayr gold cup for owner william sears , who would go . . .\nthomas pilkington was a member of the well - known firm of glass manufacturers of the same name . his most famous horse was . . .\ngerry wilson , the son of a whaddon chase horse dealer , was champion national hunt jockey seven times between 1933 and 1941 . . . .\na long - time patron and friend of the trainer basil briscoe , philip carr paid \u00a3100 to buy a rather unpromising horse in . . .\njenkinstown was a difficult horse to get fit . his trainer , thomas coulthwaite , said he really needed the work of four animals . . . .\na handsome horse , standing 16 hands high , maiden erlegh ( named after the place and title of his owner ' s stud ) . . .\na little chesbnut horse , all quality , cicero was trained at exning , near newmarket . he won 8 races from two to four . . .\nalfred newey , a native of worcestershire , did not sit on a horse until he was 18 . originally a miner , he took . . .\naristedes welch was a millionaire stock raiser of pennsylvania who bought leamington , a sire imported from england . the horse sired welch ' s . . .\nprince palatine was the champion three - year - old of his generation and horse of the year at 4 and 5 . winner of 11 . . .\nthe first foal of his [ ? dam ? ] , hampton was a small horse who started his career in selling plates and ran over . . .\nwinner of 17 races , springfield ( who looks very old in this photograph ) was , in his prime , the most beautiful horse and . . .\na massive horse with a bad mouth , which made him very hard to hold , troytown ' s days were shortlived . he had to . . .\nknown as ' the rocking horse ' or ' the spotted wonder ' , this colt was a phenomonen . when a propsective buyer looked him over . . .\nif only this horse had never been sold abroad ! dark ronald never ran in a [ ? classic ? ] , but this handsome individual won . . .\nthe trainer john porter said , ' there are rogues , savages , jades , fools and other eccentrics in the horse tribe . throstle was simply . . .\nhe ' s a really good horse ,\nsaid trainer craig thornton , whose partner samantha logan had won the previous race on the programme with iwannadancelikehim .\n, bull dog ' s trainer george newtown died in the spring of 1930 and the horse was never more than half - fit for any of his engagements .\nsuch an unlucky horse . after a fine two year old career , craganour looked to have won the 2000 [ ? guineas ? ] , only the . . .\njulius solomon , a dublin moneylender , was breeder of golden miller , but somewhat by default . he took his horse ' s dam , probably as . . .\nfelix leach ' s association with racing began on the day he first saw st simon , joining that horse ' s trainer , mathew dawson , forthwith . . .\nall hard to hazard a guess in this hit and miss family so i guess like with black caviar i ' ll just sit back and enjoy a good horse .\njc has no resemblance at all to thorn park in colour or conformation . the former is a very scopy horse with a lot of presence . jimmy is the opposite\niroquois , who stood only 15 . 2 1 / 2 hands high , was the first american - bred horse to win the derby . he was amongst a . . .\nconsidering he will likely make a top miler over here it doesn ' t hurt his credentials as a stallion to win the derby , i believe it only enhances his value being such a versatile horse .\nborn in munich , the son of a jewish banker , baron de hirsch made a fortune financing railways in the balkans and laying others in russia and all over europe . he acquired a passion for horseracing and for royal horseracing circles and put a large portion of his money at the disposal of the prince of wales , joining him in 1890 as a patron of john porter ' s stable . later the pair transferred all their animals to the care of richard marsh at newmarket . la fleche was the baron ' s only classic winner , but she nearly won 4 of them .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nthe post ride festivities were subdued not only due to the rain , but due to school policies forbidding alcohol consumption . nonetheless , river horse provided us with beer to go ; pizza was supplied by villa vito .\nbased upon the success of our other spring classic event , the fools classi c and the hell of hunterdon , it was determined we needed a ride that offered all of their challenges , but without the unpaved roads . hence , the fleche buffoon was born , as a tribute to the hilly ardennes classics .\ngolden horn ( cape cross \u2013 fleche d ' or by dubai destination ) was named both horse of the year and 3 - year - old colt . owned by anthony oppenheimer and trained by john gosden , golden horn most recently finished second in the breeders ' cup turf in the united states . this capped off a season that saw him win six of eight starts , including four grade / group ones . golden horn was bred by hascombe and valiant studs . he has been retired to stand at sheikh mohammed dalham hall stud in newmarket .\ni ' m really happy with him and he ' s by far the best i ' ve had ,\nthornton said .\ni think he ' s a pretty special horse and i ' m privileged to have him .\njohn o ' gaunt , a bred - in - the - purple son of english triple crown winner isinglass and the triple - classic winning mare la fleche , won just one race , due in part to his poor conformation , in part to ill - luck and the dubious distinction of having an amateur jockey , and in part , maybe , to a thunderstorm on his derby day . he got one surviving son , swynford , who could be called a good race horse , and who later became the successful stallion his own sire was not . americans owe john o ' gaunt a nod , not only for swynford ' s sons challenger ii and st . germans and his great - grandson , blenheim , but also for tom fool , a descendant of john o ' gaunt ' s daughter , mandy hamilton , and for war admiral , a descendant of john o ' gaunt ' s son , harry of hereford .\n\u201che ' s owned by an australian syndicate , which tony noonan is part of . tony is a good friend of mine and he suggested they leave the horse in new zealand with me because he ' s paid up for the karaka million .\nwrites our london correspondent : \u2014\nsix runners only cared to faco la flecb ' e for the oaks , and everybody told everybody that unless baron hirsch ' s filly fell down she musb win , nevertheless , the . betting was not reassuring . at first the ring asked for 5 to 2 on , but in a very shorb time tbey were glad to take 7 to 4 , and finally the price came down to as little as 11 to 8 . on bhe other hand , large sums went on lord gerard ' s palisandre at 5 to 1 , and mr milner ' s broad corrie at 10 to 1 . lady hermit found friends ab 100 to s , but against arise and the sinew 20 to 1 was fruitlessly tendered . broad corrie made the running to tattenham corner , where palisandre was beaten , and lafleche became second , wibh the sinew and lady hermit in close attendance . crossing the road , broad corrie compounded , and la fleche came oub full of running , and apparently aboub to win easily . the sinew , however , was by no means done wibh , and in response to watt ' s call , began to decrease the distance bebween herself and the crack . inch by inch , she crepb up , and afc the bell absolutely reached la fleche ' s neck . up the incline the pair came , locked together , and apparently with nobhing bebween them . a few yards from home , the outsider had won , bub geo . barrett , gathering himself a v archer , at tho supreme moment , gave his mount a sharp rib - binder . we could just see the game mare shoot forward , bub the general impression was fchab she had only made a dead heat of ib . judge johnson , however , said she won by a shorb head , and he alone could know . ib was certainly one of the closest finishes i ever witnessed .\nla fleche ' s 1901 colt by isinglass , john o ' gaunt , was purchased by sir john thursby for 3 , 000 guineas . he placed second in both the two thousand guineas stakes and derby stakes , despite suffering from ringbone . at stud he got swynford ( 1907 ) , who won the st . leger , the eclipse stakes , the hardwicke stakes twice , and was leading sire in england in 1923 and later a leading sire of broodmares . john o ' gaunt ' s other offspring included kennymore , who won the 2 , 000 guineas , and burne jones , a winner of classic races in italy . a daughter , mandy hamilton , became the dam of the american sire supremus , after her export to that country . - - patricia erigero\nchampion older horse went to solow ( singspiel \u2013 high maintenance by highest honor ) . the 5 - year - old is owned and bred by alain and gerard wertheimer and trained by freddy head . his season was highlighted by a win on world cup day in dubai .\na dark bay horse , bull dog stood 16 hands and \u00bd inch when measured at the time of his importation . he was robust with good substance and powerful hindquarters but was a bit long in the back . he reportedly had an excellent disposition and was a good doer .\nfriday , july 14 . eclipse stakes , a plato of 10 , 00030vs ; the second received 500sovs , and the third loosovs . eclipse stakes course ( about one mile and a - quarter ) . duke of westminster ' s b c orme , by ormonde \u2014angelica , 4yrs , 10 . 2 ( m . cannon ) 1 baron rothschild ' s b c medicis , by robert the devil or florentine \u2014 skotzka , 3yrs , 8 . 12 ( t . loates ) 2 baron de hirsch ' s b f la fleche , by st . simon \u2014quiver , 4yrs , 9 . 13 ( g . barrett ) 3 colonel noith ' s b c el diablo , 4yrs , 9 . 13 ( r . chaloner ) 0 mr j . charlton ' s b c may duke , 4yrs , 9 10\nthe nearest office and laid the wager by telegram . the horse ran second , and soon after the race he got a second wire from the horse ' s owner saying he had had bad luck , and asking field to wire to tattersall requesting him to deduct l6oo from his cheque by way of recompense for st . albans running such a good race . bigger men , however , than st . albans ips owner practice the bleeding business freely , and as the catechism teaches us to order ourselves reverently to all our betters there can ' t be very much harm after all in doing as they do .\nthe removal of tho horses of baron hirsch and the prince of wales from kingsclere to newmarket is the result of a difference between lord marcus beresford ( who manages the racing studs of h . r . h . and the baron ) , and the duke of westminster . the tiff began at goodwood when hia grace was much put out at watercress being run against in 3 favourite orme in the sussex stakes . the\ncrack\nonly got home , you remember , by tho skin o ? his teeth , and the duke\nsaid things\nwhich made a breach necessary . porter had the choice at either moving to newmarket with the wales - cum - hirsch team or staying at kingsclere as tho duke ' s trainer . of course he wisely decided to stick to his beautiful hampshire home wherewith all his triumphs from blue gown to la fleche are associated .\ni have been wondering why the connections of jc would be planning to have a go at the ajc derby when they think he is really a 1600 - 2000m horse . from a stallion potential , view point , is winning another derby going to add to his value ? i don ' t think so .\nbreeder wrote : i have been wondering why the connections of jc would be planning to have a go at the ajc derby when they think he is really a 1600 - 2000m horse . from a stallion potential , view point , is winning another derby going to add to his value ? i don ' t think so .\nwhat a perfect type of horse to provide jimmy with his first stakes win . he ' s a spitting image of his sire . when i saw him come back off the track , i thought it could have been jimmy himself . he ' s a dead ringer , and he ' s obviously got a lot of ability .\n\u201cwithout question papillon rouge . obviously ! take me , who has never , until now , covered more than a quarter of my mares by the same stallion , even at the time of jalisco , i have , this year , covered 50 % of my mares by papillon rouge . papillon is going to transmit the qualities of his father . he is a solid horse , with a power that he uses well and , in addition , he has the temperament of a winner , he is cheeky\u2026 and mischievous . indeed , he is not a horse for amateurs , nor are his sons , but what interests me is that he produces for the highest level of competition . \u201d\non the fei / wbfsh world rankings for 2007 , papillon rouge was in 3 rd place with 29 representatives , including six with 200 + . they are : mozart des hayettes ( nimmerdor ) , fleche rouge ( kissovo ) , iasco mouche ( matador du bois ) , tresor ( laudanum ) , icare du manet ( kouglof ii ) and issis du marais ( uriel ) . however he had dropped to 10 th place on the 2008 standings , and then disappeared forever from the rankings\u2026\norme ia quoted at 9 to 4 for the epsom derby . yet a friend ot mine ( says an english correspondent ) who annually speculates largely on early favourites , and hedges and ditches with candidates who later look formidable , is always ready to take \u00a39 , 000 to \u00a34 , 000 in a line . he is willing too , in faco of knowledge that la fleche is very much fancied indeed by some of the kingsclere party . lord marcus beresford , who manages baron hirscn s horse * is very confident indeed thab she will beat the duke of westminsters crack colt . most of the money pub on the filly is for the stable ' s account nnd she looks like seeing quite a short nrice if she keeps well . 1 hear that one reason why george barrett ' s license is withheld is because the dukoot westminster is very much dissatisfied with the riding of orme in the bigmanches er weight for - age race . i saw every inch o that affair and found no fault with g . b . b perlmance . the fault i did find was with he duke for running a two - year - old in such a race ab all . it orme had turned out good\nor nothing after his defeat , plenty of true sportsmen would have felt extremely sorry or the colt , and not a little bit so for , is owner a little man who set a two - year - old teh a task would have beer , denounced wholesale by the press - and serve him ri & ht .\nthe suffix \u2018rouge\u2019 is also attached to front line competitors like un espoir ( fort national xx ) , team gold medal with michel roche , montreal \u201976 ; faon rouge ( nankin sf ) sold as a three - year old to alwin schockem\u00f6hle , then ridden internationally by nelson pessoa ; eole xxi ( tigre rouge ) , who had a very good career in italy ; nuage rouge ( turner xx ) puissance winner with patrice delaveau ; oc\u00e9an rouge ( furiel de baugy ) ; quita la rouge ( jouventur ) ; qualoubet rouge ( galoubet a ) and quissor rouge ( kougloff ii ) .\n3rd dam imposing choice had 4 unplaced runs . she is a daughter of imposing ( a son of todman who had wins from 1200 to 1750m and who like his sire was a very good horse ) imposing choice had 9 live foals 6 raced for 3 winners including danamite ( by danasinga ) who had 3 wins inc a g2 , g3 and a 2nd in the rosehill guineas and 3rd ajc derby and the lr winner gale .\n* # * the melbourne mail is not in time for this week ' s issue , consequently we are withoub our melbourne correspondent ' s latest advice as to the v . 11 . c . meeting to commence on saturday . his latest letter gave wild rose as a good thing for the newmarket handicap , and i shall not attempt to improve on that as a tip , but i have a strong belief that tirailleur will run a good horse in the australian cup .\nwe are professional associated with gloria de campe\u00e3o , cara rafaela , bernadini , einstein , neo universe , cajun prince , real quiet , hard buck , much better , belo acteon and other champions . we design pedigrees that can make you be in the big races . if you want a representative at the international thoroughbred sales , or if you want to buy a horse in south america , please contact us . offices in kentucky , florida and brazil renato gameiro albatrozusa @ urltoken\nthe stud was founded in 1801 by the first sir tatton sykes ( 1772 - 1863 ) who at one time owned over 100 mares . known as the most popular man in yorkshire he even had a horse named after him . sir tatton sykes ( the horse ) won the 1864 2000 guineas and st . leger and finished second in the derby , indeed he may well have won this too , had the jockey not been ' under the influence ' ! sir tatton ( the person ) also tasted classic success with grey momus , bred by him , who won the 1838 2000 guineas . he was somewhat eccentric , refusing to put any fillies in training , which led to many homebreds being useless , due to their poor dams . following the baronet ' s death there was a huge dispersal sale at doncaster with 313 lots ( of which 111 were broodmares ) fetching a total of 24 , 171 guineas . included in this sale was lecturer who was later to win the ascot gold cup . it was described as ' the most remarkable dispersal of bloodstock which has ever taken place in this or any other country ' .\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]\n' one of the very great sprinters in the history of racing in south africa was the imported champion , black cap ( denturius / justitia ) , which ran in the colours of mr p . p . hill of cape town . he raced all over the country from 1949 to 1952 eventually carrying welter weights of over 11 st . he won a steward ' s cup handicap with 10 st . 6 lbs , and at kenilworth carrying 11 st . 5 lbs he won the suburban sprint conceding 21 lbs to the second horse , the brilliant mowgli . in seven starts he won six races and was third once - in the merchant ' s handicap at clairwood when he gave the winner , puccini , 54 lbs and the second horse , the speedy hey presto , 34 lbs . his last race was the w . f . a . newbury stakes ( 1952 ) over 6 furlongs , when he again beat mowgli by a head . he and mowgli captured the imagination of the public during the 1952 racing season . after the newbury stakes black cap was retired to mr a . a . lyons ' s highland stud at mooi river in natal , having won 16 races during his south african career and stakes of more than \u00a315 000 . '\nnow i ' m only guessing as looking at the pedigree the most obvious thing is the acumulation of star kingdom through todman and biscay / bletchingly but maybe the fact that jimmy choux belongs to the 16g family and thorn park belongs to the 16c family saw some tie in with the pedigree . afterall plucky liege is 16a and danasinga the other sire with a very good horse in danamite has 16h ( through petition in danzig ) , 16a ( the phoenix ) , 16a ( bahram ) and 16h ( tiberius ) . thorn park also has showdown ( 16h ) and star kingdom has 16 through his sire stardust and bletchingly brings in the 16f of papyrus .\nspermogram : some studbooks require a spermogram for each new approval . we offer this service all year long . please arrange to have the service completed 1 to 2 weeks before your horse\u2019s assessment . frozen semen testing : after a collection , at least two samples are frozen and thawed in order to determine if your stallion\u2019s sperm meets quality standards . feuillard stud is equipped with a high - quality , precise sperm analyzer that allows for more objective measurements than the naked eye can discern . semen freezing : our freezing process is extremely rigorous and conforms to the sanitary standards of the various countries where the semen will be used . we have the standard equipment for this process and we update our techniques with the latest scientific advances .\nit was announced in september 2002 however that a large part of the stud would be closed down . basically the boarding side , which has served the stud so well in recent years , is ceasing , with some of the 40 boxes being used to improve facilities for the tourists who visit the stately home . the stud will instead concentrate on the breeding side , albeit only in a small way as they currently only have 2 broodmares . on a more positive note sir tatton sykes is a part owner in stanley leisure sprint cup g1 , prix de la foret g1 , hackwood stakes l , st . leger yearling stakes and redcar trophy winner somnus ( champion older sprinter in 2004 ) , who spent his formative years at the stud , and whose dam was originally based there . the intention is to re - invest some of his share of the ever - increasing prize money this money spinner is generating into improving the quality of the sykes broodmares . meanwhile since late 2006 trainer declan carroll has utilised around 50 of the boxes at sledmere together with 2 grass gallops and an all - weather gallop .\nthe stud flourished with it ' s boarders as well . owners who have used the stud in the past include charles engelhard ( of nijinsky fame ) , jack swift ( mount rosa stud ) , daniel wildenstein , who boarded the brilliant pawneese here ( see copgrove page for more information on the wildenstein operation in yorkshire ) and the marquesa de moratella , who now owns jim joel ' s former property , the historic childwick bury stud . another long term patron was mrs . margaret butler who owned and bred that good middle distance horse k - battery , later to stand at theakston stud . indeed not only was k - battery reared at sledmere , but his dam was actually bought from the stud . sir tatton sykes had the occasional filly in training with jimmy fitzgerald .\nreference point ( 26 february 1984\u2013 december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .\nbeau pere was an imposing individual . he stood well over 17 hands and was broad as a bull , a physique with unusual consequences . when he arrived in kentucky by train , he would not fit in the horse van and had to be walked the few miles out to combs ' spendthrift farm outside of lexington . ( one hopes this had nothing to do with his later demise . ) beau pere was an unrefined individual with a thick neck , rather low withers ( like his sire ) and a long body . photos also indicate that his pasterns were extremely upright . several of beau pere ' s sons proved to be top stallions including beau son , beau repaire , beau vite , beau cheval , and beaulivre . in north america , only a few of his sons succeeded as sires , the very best of which was the non - winner destino ( 1947 ) , owned by king ranch and later sent to argentina .\n\u201cduring the 1970\u2019s my son xavier started to show an interest in riding . he began with pony competitions , then juniors with his close friend eric navet . it seemed natural to me to support the beginning of xavier\u2019s career by finding him some good horses . the 1970\u2019s were , economically , flourishing . riding was a fast developing sport . the demand was growing . the breeding of cows , which constituted a major part of my resources didn\u2019t excite me . so , every month i filled a horse box , bearing showjumping qualities in mind , and went to the midi ( a region of central southern france ) to sell them . it took me away from home for one week . occasionally i went just into italy . everything helped me to understand the market , the expectations . then , with a proportion of the profit from my transactions , i began to buy mares for breeding purposes , for myself and my own ideas . \u201d\nthe decision was made to aim reference point for both the st leger and the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . in his prep race he ran in the great voltigeur stakes at york in august . he won comfortably at odds of 1 / 10 , but sustained a minor injury when slipping on the heavily - watered ground . [ 12 ] only six horses opposed him in the st leger at doncaster in september . he started the 4 / 11 favourite and won by one and a half lengths from mountain kingdom . the win took his earnings to \u00a3774 , 275 , a record for a horse racing exclusively in britain . [ 13 ] on his final start , reference point started odds - on favourite for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . as usual , he led from the start , but in the straight he weakened abruptly and finished eighth behind trempolino . [ 14 ] he returned from the race lame , and was found to be suffering from an abscess in his foot . [ 15 ] reference did not race again and was retired to stud .\nbeau pere ' s record caught the eye of american movie magnate louis b . mayer , who purchased the son of son - in - law , along with several australian - bred mares , to stand in california beginning with the 1941 season . the price was said to be $ 100 , 000 . arriving by ship in san francisco on january 28 , 1941 , the stallion ' s success continued in america , beginning with the champion racemare honeymoon ( 1943 ) , and including top runners like great circle ( 1947 ) , bellesoeur ( 1945 ) , stepfather ( 1944 ) , and grandpere ( 1945 ) . his forte in america seemed to be the precocious juvenile . this success caught the attention of kentuckian leslie combs ii , who purchased the old horse from mayer , syndicated , him , and had him shipped cross country to his new kentucky home . unfortunately , shortly after his arrival at spendthrift farm , beau pere colicked and died in august of 1947 . beau pere ' s final record showed him as the sire of 49 stakes winners , 28 of which in australia and new zealand , and the remaining 21 sired in california .\n* * * the hon . g . m ' lean ' s yearlings above referred to were brought into town on tuesday and temporarily lodged at power ' s stables , where many sporting men were afforded the opportunity of inspecting them . the filly out qf lady emma is a real beauty . she has size and very high quality to recommend her , and already looks like a racer . the dione colt has the brand of st . clair indelibly fixed on him\u2014 being a youngster of great substance and as nice a colt as one could wish to see ; and the other st . clair , the colt out of lady gertrude , is one that it is hard to find a fault with . some folk profess to see in him a resemblance to bpulanger as that horse was at the same age . the other two to be submitted are also worthy of their pedigree . i regret that lack of time prevents mo describing them at length . they are worthy of the closest inspection , and those who attend the sale will agree with me that a better lob of yearlings has not been seen in dunedin . at the same time there will be offered a yearling filly by rubezahl out of hippona . this youngster , the property of mr j . dobbin , is also well worth attention . * t * at saturday ' s meeting of the d . j . c . ' s\ndoes not break down his determination . among the other prominent performers another one was geraint . this son of lochiel and enid , now the property of the partnership that did so well with liberator prior to the sale to mr butler , secured the cup after a splendid race , the news of which must have been gratifying to mr dowse , the handicapper , and likewise captured the boatmans handicap , besides finishing second in the midsummer handicap . this is a good record , even if the opposition was not very strong . the same owners also managed to annex the two hurdle races , the winner in each case being the north canterbury - bred regalia , who was not doing over well on this side of the island . daisy clipper , one of the few representatives sou ' wester has trying for him , ran a dead heat with yon tempsky under circumstances which show this pair to be about a match at 1 - avel weights , and the mare landed the chief event on the second day . i think that england ' s pride , one of the competitors in the produce stakes , is a son of exchange , but of this i am not quite certain . if so he is the first of this horse ' s stock to shape in public . the handicapping throughout the meeting seems to have given satisfaction , and the affair , as a whole , passed off so well as to encourage hopes that racing is about to boom in this quarter .\neverybody . the watchers told us that pegasus was in no sort of condition , that he had done nothing like a preparation , and that the workman must beat him ; and the owner did not think much of the colt ' s chance , for he put only \u00a33 on him in the machine , and wired to a friend afterwards that his pick on the day was rosefeldt . the trainer , * l have also heard , fancied ida or rosefeldt , and these were the two that his colt beat for places . with such experts unable to detect pegasus ' s ability , it is no disgrace to us newspaper folk to have missed it . i would not have pegasus at any price . but my fancy , ' till he went amiss , was his stable companion the workman , and now that the race is over i think that that judgment was sound . that is the horse that would have won if he had come all right to the post . our dunedin pair , skirmisher and dilemma , were altogether out of the cup and everything else . i hear that skirmisher was a good colt for a mile and three - quarters , and then tired badly . he cannot be himself . i never expected him to win the cup , but in 6uch a slowrun race as it was he ought to have got home if within half a stone of the form he displayed at canterbury . with this son of ouida decidedly below his best , and loyalty very well , the derby was a poor race , mr o ' brien ' s colt having matters entirely his own way . pegasus , though able to win the cup , had no bhow at level weights with loyalty . he beat skirmisher , however , and thus showed what a soft thing he really had in the cup so far as the dunedin colt was concerned . i am quite satisfied that this running was not true form . all the , same pegasus is a smarter one than he was generally supposed to be , and be will probably improve with age . let us hope so , for the major is a good sport , and the win of his home - bred colt was , we may be sure , particularly acceptable .\n* * * the cup of 1884 - also furnished a sensation . sou - wester had openly run a trial for it which seemed to place the race at his mercy . i never liked the horse very much , bub at 6 . 10 he was starting with apparently a stone to spare , and there is not the least doubt that he would have won but for his misf ox - tune . his starting price was 2 to 1 , while nonsense 8 . 6 , with whom the hon . w . robinson had elected to win in prefcrencexto vanguard 8 . 8 , was next in the quotations at 5 to 2 , and 6 to 1 avas obtainable about lady emma 8 . 5 , who proved to be the winner , and tasman 9 . 5 , then a five - year - old , and ridden by derrett . lady emma was smartest away , but being steadied as they passed the stand the lead was taken by digby grand 6 . 7 , hazard 6 . 2 , and july 7 . 4 . the last - named was ridden by white , while maurice o ' connor , who might have turned out a good horseman , was on hazard . at the back of the course sou - wester slipped into the ditch , and lost a lot o\u00a3 ground , oue chronicler estimating this as 150 yds . it was hardly so much as that , but still there was a big lot of ground lost . but he went after his field with such determination that on reaching the stand , a mile from home , he was among his horses , of whom the leaders were nonsense and vanguard , this pair seemingly going well within themselves . at the old leger post lady emma went past hazard , who had been lying third , and also got nonsense in difficulties , and , then the mare tackled vanguard , and this pair raced along the back stretch three lengths clear of everything else till they came to the half - mile post . here vanguard compounded , and a quarter of a mile further on there was nothing in it but lady emma , with july making an unexpected effort to collar her . he and sou - wester made further rushes in the straight , but they could not catch the mare , who ran hoftfe an easy winner by a length and a - half from july , with sou - wester six lengths away third , and hazard , hippodamia , poet , and nonsense following in order . the time was two seconds slower than adamant ' s the year before ."]}
{"id": 1163, "summary": [{"text": "the hispaniolan greater funnel-eared bat ( natalus major ) is a species of funnel-eared bat found on the island of hispaniola .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "first described in 1902 , it has a complex taxonomic history , with some authors identifying multiple subspecies , now recognised as the separate species natalus primus and natalus jamaicensis , and others considering natalus major to be itself a subspecies of natalus stramineus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it lives primarily in caves and feeds on insects . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat", "paragraphs": ["no children of hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus major ) found .\nthe jamaican greater funnel - eared bat only is found in st . clair cave in jamaica .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat facts\n( online ) . accessed\nthe cuban greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus primus ) is a species of funnel - eared bat . it is endemic to a cave on isla de la juventud ( isle of pines ) in cuba . natalus primus is a member of the order chiroptera and the family natalidae .\nmexican funnel - eared bats feed on large quantities of insects , undoubtedly affecting insect populations .\nfacts summary : the hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus major ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area ( s ) : dominican republic , haiti .\nmexican funnel - eared bats feed on large quantites of insects that may be crop pests or carry human disease .\nthe jamaican greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus jamaicensis ) is a species of funnel - eared bat found in jamaica . it was first described as natalus major jamaicensis , later as a subspecies of natalus stramineus , and now as its own species . it is of a similar appearance to many species of the genus natalus . it lives solely in st . clair cave in jamaica and feeds on insects .\nthe cuban greater funnel - eared bat has funnel - like ears and a tail as long as the head and body combined . they have black , stiff hairs above the upper lip , much like a moustache , and white hairs below the lower lip . they have tan and reddish - brown fur with a paler belly .\n. . . this may be particularly relevant for taxa with relatively low dispersal ability such as the natalids . for example , the relatively low dispersal potential and association with hot caves of the rare natalid , the hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus major ) , led tejedor et al . ( 2004 ) to suggest that this species has\na relatively high extinction potential\nin cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat is only known from a single permanent roost on the island , and many large roosts of this species in cuba have already disappeared due to disturbance by increasing numbers of visitors ( silva taboada 1979 ) . . . .\n. . . this may be particularly relevant for taxa with relatively low dispersal ability such as the natalids . for example , the relatively low dispersal potential and association with hot caves of the rare natalid , the hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat ( natalus major ) , led tejedor et al . ( 2004 ) to suggest that this species has\na relatively high extinction potential\nin cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . hispaniolan greater funnel - eared bat is only known from a single permanent roost on the island , and many large roosts of this species in cuba have already disappeared due to disturbance by increasing numbers of visitors ( silva taboada 1979 ) . . . .\nmap of haiti indicating localities of living bat species ( squares ) and fossil bat species ( circles ) .\nin tjp stands out among this diverse bat fauna . this bat is solitary , insectivorous , and roosts primarily among the foliage in trees [\ngroups of mexican funnel - eared bats leave the roost approximately 30 minutes after sunset to feed on small , flying insects . they find these insects by using high frequency ultra sounds up to 170 khz .\nthe hispaniolan hutia has been seen during some font tours in the dominican republic , in the southwestern part of the country .\nmost of the hispaniolan nature listed here in the dominican republic , but some , notably amphibians , only known to be in haiti .\nis an insect - eating bat that hunts on the wing while fluttering like a moth .\nadult male mexican funnel - eared bats have a gland - like structure in the center of their foreheads known as the natalid organ . this gland is thought to be found only in the natalidae , but there is not much known about its function .\nis by far the largest bat in the dominican republic . it has a wingspan up to 3 feet . that of the second largest bat in the dominican republic is about half that - the\nfossils found at tjp , it is plausible that a colony of this bat was present within tjp .\nthe hispaniolan solenodon has been seen on a few occasions during font tours in the dominican republic , particularly during nocturnal tour outings for owls and other nightbirds .\nmexican funnel - eared bats are generally found in dry and semi - deciduous forest and secondary growth forests , and are occasionaly found in evergreen forest . they can be found at elevations up to 2 , 400 m , but are usually found around 300 m . they roost in moist caves .\nhispaniolan giant tarantula ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ ( p . 296 ) in the theraphosidae family phormictopus cancerides ( in the family theraphosidae ) on one occasion , during a font tour , as many about a hundred of these hispaniolan giant tarantulas were seen crossing a stretch of road in the southwestern dominican republic .\nour study compiled data from 36 localities , described the fossil bat community of trouing jean paul ( tjp ) , haiti , and provides a thorough review of the living and fossil bat biodiversity of one of the most environmentally imperiled countries in the neotropics . previous accounts of hispaniolan bats documented 18 species in both countries ( dominican republic and haiti ) . herein we add two recent records ,\nis a very small , delicate , long - winged bat , ranging in weight from 3 to 5 g . head and body length of mexican funnel - eared bats is 38 to 46 mm ; the tail length is from 47 to 52 mm ; the length of hind foot is 8 to 9 mm ; the length of the ear is 14 to 16 mm ; the length of forearm is 36 to 39 mm . the sexes are similar in size .\n] . the verbatim locality for the single hispaniolan specimen ( usnm 105704 ) is \u201cdominican republic\u201d and lacks specific details to accurately determine its provenance . the estimated minimum number of individuals of\n) , which has a caribbean distribution that includes the greater antilles and the bahamas . this aerial insectivore also has a wide continental distribution in north , central , and northern south america [\nfossil bat species identified in this study from trouing jean paul , parc national la visite , massif de la selle , haiti .\nrodr\u00edguez - dur\u00e1n a . bat assemblages in the west indies : the role of caves in : fleming th , racey pa , editors .\n. this bat community represents about 27 % and 83 % of the diversity of bats in the caribbean at the level of species and family , respectively . in all , 75 % of the extant bat species of hispaniola and all families except noctilionidae are represented in in the tjp assemblage . four abundant species (\nminor red bat ( t3 ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ lasiurus minor lasiurus minor roosts in trees . the species is an insect - eater taking its food both in the air and on vegetation . in the dominican republic , it has been said to have been found at only 6 localities . lasiurus minor has been considered conspecific with the lasiurus borealis , the eastern red bat . the length ( of the body & head ) of the eastern red bat is 4 . 4 inches . this photo of the eastern red bat , very similar to the minor red bat ( photo by alan brady ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aquatic & marine mammals as many as 13 species of whales and dolphins have been noted to occur in hispaniolan waters . the most well - known among them are the humpback whale and the bottlenose dolphin . the caribbean monk seal formerly occurred along the hispaniolan coast . that species , monachus tropicalis , is now extinct , having likely become so soon after 1952 .\nfor much of the last third of the 20th century , the diversity of funnel - eared bats ( family natalidae ) was underestimated . although as many as four genera and 11 species were recognized by the mid 20th century , by the 1980s the family was traditionally listed as comprising a single genus of four or five species . in the past decade , the taxonomy of natalidae has been updated by the discovery of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nis a beautiful bat that emerges from its roosting cave about two hours after dark and hunts for large insects on the wing . it also may feed on some fruits .\n. . . this could increase air flow and decrease temperatures and lead to specialized bat species abandoning the roost . results of research in the caribbean indicate that 80 % of caves with fossilized remains of hot - cave bat communities are currently well ventilated and may no longer support ( a cave cannot create a microclimate ) a hot - cave microclimate even if the appropriate bat species were present in the chamber ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . guano extraction may also affect the microclimate by reducing the warming effect of guano decay . . . .\nthe fossil bat assemblage of trouing jean paul ( tjp ) accumulated during an 1100 - year interval in the late holocene ( ~ 1690\u2013570 cal bp ) . the bat fossils were deposited before the arrival of europeans and africans to hispaniola , which occurred in 1492 ad ( which equals 458 cal bp [ 41 ] ) , although the fossils postdate the colonization of hispaniola by amerindians ( 6\u20135 ka [ 42 , 43 ] ) by about 4 ky . the late holocene montane bat fauna around tjp was likely sampled by two species of owl , tyto alba and t . glaucops . while some studies suggest fossil biases in predator - derived sites due to feeding preference of the predator [ 44 , 45 ] , we are confident that the bat diversity sampled by these owls is representative of the bat fauna of tjp because all species have been previously documented in the diets of tytonid owls and are well within the range of prey body mass taken by the owls [ 28 ] . the foraging radius of t . alba is up to 5 . 6 km but usually less [ 46 ] ; that of the smaller t . glaucops is unknown but unlikely to be greater than in t . alba .\nphormictopus sp . ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ a species in the phormictopus genus that is now in the description process . this is the same genus as that of the hispaniolan giant tarantula ( above , in the list ) ( photo by burke korol )\nmap of the caribbean ( a ) . major island groups highlighted as : greater antilles = light gray , lesser antilles = dark gray , and the bahamas = black . the inset indicates the island of hispaniola as reference including the locality of trouing jean paul ( b ) .\n) make up 94 % of the bat fossils identified from tjp . crania and dentaries were the most prevalent diagnostic elements in the fossil sample , but we also identified femora , humeri , pelves , and radii .\nleach ' s single - leaf bat ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ ( another name is the greater antillean long - tongued bat ) monophyllus redmani monophyllus redmani occurs in the southern bahamas , cuba , hispaniola , jamaica , and puerto rico . it is a cave - dwelling species . this , and some other small bats with long snouts , are generalists , feeding on soft fruit , pollen , nectar , and insects , depending on what is available . able to forage over a wide variety of habitats , this species may be found on mountain slopes where food sources vary during various seasons of the year . the wingspan of monophyllus redmani is 11 to 12 inches . its length ( of its body & head ) is 3 . 1 inches .\nsixty percent of the bats at tjp ( 9 of 15 ) are caribbean endemics and include extant phytophagous and insectivorous species . nine of the 15 tjp bat species roost exclusively in caves , of which seven use primarily hot caves (\nbrown flower bat ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( also called eastern buffy flower bat ) ( species on hispaniola & puerto rico ) erophylla bombifrons erophylla bombifrons can form colonies of thousands . this , and some other small bats with long snouts , are generalists , feeding on soft fruit , pollen , nectar , and insects , depending on what is available . able to forage over a wide variety of habitats , this species may be found on mountain slopes where food sources vary during various seasons of the year .\nthe upper parts of this species are pale orange - brown or yellowish , with their under parts being yellow . the funnel - shaped ears are broad and cream colored , with black edges . the ears are angled forward . the species possesses very small eyes . their faces are triangular , with pale pink skin and a mustache over the sides of their mouth .\nthis bat is uncommon to frequent ( genoways et al . 2005 ) . the size of st . clair\u2019s colony appears to be very small , the only numeric estimate is that of goodwin ( 1970 ) who reports only about 50 bats of this species in st . clair .\nhabitat loss through erosion is a major concern . the ongoing collapse of the cave roof is likely to upset the thermal balance in this hot cave and result in natalus primus extinction . cave - dwelling cuban bat species conservation should be a cooperative effort promoting research and habitat management .\nto develop a complete list of the documented extant and fossil bat species from haiti , we performed three independent literature searches during august 2016 . the first consisted of an internet search in web of science across all years using the key words \u201chaiti\u201d and \u201chispaniola\u201d within the title ( ti ) or as a topic ( ts ) , and refined by \u201cmammalia . \u201d a second internet search was performed in google scholar using the key words \u201chaiti or hispaniola\u201d and \u201cbat or chiroptera . \u201d sources including extant or fossil species inventories and biogeographic or species accounts within the geographic scope of the caribbean were considered relevant in our search , which resulted in eight articles fitting these criteria (\n. . . such inferences based on known records suggest that in general , climate - related bat extinctions could lag for several thousands of years after the onset of new climatic conditions and sea levels . evidence from fossils already indicates such an extirpation / extinction lag for several cuban bats ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ; jim\u00e9nez v\u00e1zquez et al . , 2005 ; orihuela , 2012 ; this paper ) , and others in the rest of the west indies ( steadman et al . , 1984 ; eshelman and morgan , 1985 ; pregill et al . , 1988 ; turvey , 2009 ) . thus , we sup port the hypothesis that in combination , climate - caused loss of hot cave environments followed by human disturbance could have been a major cause for many antillean bat extirpations and extinctions . . . .\n. . . such inferences based on known records suggest that in general , climate - related bat extinctions could lag for several thousands of years after the onset of new climatic conditions and sea levels . evidence from fossils already indicates such an extirpation / extinction lag for several cuban bats ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ; jim\u00e9nez v\u00e1zquez et al . , 2005 ; orihuela , 2012 ; this paper ) , and others in the rest of the west indies ( steadman et al . , 1984 ; eshelman and morgan , 1985 ; pregill et al . , 1988 ; turvey , 2009 ) . thus , we sup port the hypothesis that in combination , climate - caused loss of hot cave environments followed by human disturbance could have been a major cause for many antillean bat extirpations and extinctions . . . .\na new species in the genus natalus is described on the basis of 71 specimens found in museum collections . the body pelage of the new bat is unique among natalids in having hair bases much darker than hair tips . this new species is also characterized by short tibiae , legs and feet notably hairy , a long braincase , and a shallow rostrum . this species is known from 16 localities in mexico , from . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthis species\u2019 only known roost site , st . clair cave , receives no form of official protection ( d\u00e1valos and eriksson 2003 ) , and is thus open to unregulated human visitation . in addition , the cave has resident populations of feral domestic cats that feed on bats and rats of the cave ( mcfarlane 1997 ) . besides , this is a\nhot cave\n, with poor ventilation and nearly constant high temperatures ( 26\u201340 c ) and humidity ( 90 % ; tejedor et al . 2005 ) , therefore , slight changes on external conditions might have major impacts on the bat populations .\n. . . human ecological impact may include other factors , but there is little direct evidence indicating the extent of pre - colum bian impact on many vertebrate insular species ( macphee and marx , 1997 ; steadman and jones , 2006 ; turvey , 2007turvey , , 2009 ) . nevertheless , human disturbance during a crit ical ' bottleneck - period ' could have accelerated or increased the chances of extirpation of weak populations ( steadman et al . , 1984 ; steadman and ol son , 1985 ; raup , 1991 ; tejedor et al . , 2004 tejedor et al . , , 2005b ) . such inferences based on known records suggest that in general , climate - related bat extinctions could lag for several thousands of years after the onset of new climatic conditions and sea levels . . . .\n. . . human ecological impact may include other factors , but there is little direct evidence indicating the extent of pre - co lum bian impact on many vertebrate insular species ( mac phee and marx , 1997 ; steadman and jones , 2006 ; turvey , 2007 turvey , , 2009 ) . nevertheless , human disturbance during a crit ical ' bottleneck - period ' could have accelerated or increased the chances of extirpation of weak populations ( steadman et al . , 1984 ; steadman and ol son , raup , 1991 ; tejedor et al . , 2004 tejedor et al . , , 2005b ) . such inferences based on known records suggest that in general , climate - related bat extinctions could lag for several thousands of years after the onset of new climatic conditions and sea levels . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as critically endangered because its area of occupancy is probably less than 10 km\u00b2 , all individuals are in a single location ( an\nhot cave\n) , and there is continuing decline in the quality of the condition of this singular habitat . roost site receives no form of official protection ( d\u00e1valos and eriksson 2003 ) and it is open to unregulated human visitation . also , the cave has resident populations of feral domestic cats that feed on bats ( mcfarlane 1997 ) .\nthis species is known from a single cave in jamaica ( simmons 2005 ) , fossil remains came from another cave ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) .\napparently , this species requires large caves with high humidity to roost ( genoways et al . , 2005 ) . this species is known from a single cave ( tejedor et al . , 2005 ) . this species is moderately to highly gregarious with cave colonies estimated at fewer than 100 individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . it occurs in the same cave with natalus micropus ( hoyt and baker , 1980 ) , and other species . it occurs in a very dry and arid area with xerophytic vegetation . its biology is poorly known ( genoways et al . , 2005 ) . it is insectivorous ( nowak , 1999 ) . it probably forages in rather cluttered vegetation and over relatively small home ranges ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) .\nprotected areas are needed for this species ( particularly st clair cave ) , as well as regulated access to the cave to prevent excessive visitations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\niucn 2003 \u2013 not evaluated ; not considered in iucn / ssc action plan ( 2001 ) .\nformerly included in stramineus , but see morgan ( 1989 b ) and morgan and czaplewski ( 2003 ) , although also see timm and genoways ( 2003 ) . does not include jamaicensis or primus ( a . tejedor , pers . comm . ) . see arroyo - cabrales et al . ( 1997 ) , who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of major , jamaicensis , and stramineus ( although note that all were treated as stramineus ) . reviewed by goodwin ( 1959 b ) and hoyt and baker ( 1980 ) , but note that they included jamaicensis and primus in major .\nformerly included in n . stramineus , see timm and genoways ( 2003 ) . does not include jamaicensis or primus ( a . tejedor pers . comm . ) . see arroyo - cabrales et al . ( 1997 ) , who reviewed genetic variation and possible relationships of populations of n . major , n . jamaicensis , and n . stramineus ( although note that they were all treated as n . stramineus ) .\ntejedor , a . , arroyo - cabrales , j . & de grammont , p . c .\njustification : listed as near threatened because , although the species is still reasonably widely distributed , it is dependent upon a highly fragile and threatened habitat ( caves with very specific requirements ) . given the current threats to these caves , and the fact that they seem to be increasing in recent years , it could qualify as vulnerable under criterion a3c , due to a suspected population decline in the future - it is suspected that within the next three generations ( approximately 17 years ) , the population decline will be 20 - 25 % .\nthis species is known from hispaniola , including both dominican republic , and haiti ( simmons 2005 , tejedor 2011 ) .\nnatalus major is known from 30 localities of which at least 10 have been roost sites , nine of them caves and one a large hollow tree ( timm and genoways 2003 ) . the caves where n . major has been found range from small to very large , are always humid , and often contain hot chambers and bodies of water . the species roosts in loose groups of less than 10 to more than 50 individuals , occupying areas of low ceilings or cave walls ; roosting colonies may reach a few hundred individuals ( tejedor 2011 ) . it may be locally common in specific areas ( hoyt and baker 1980 ) .\nthis species is found throughout dry areas . natalus major has been found almost exclusively in caves , the exception being one report of nine individuals ( 2 females and 7 males ) found roosting inside a large hollow tree in semiarid lowlands in the northern dominican republic ( timm and genoways 2003 ) . its delicate wing membrane is subject to rapid dehydration ; thus , this species probably require caves with relative humidity for day time roosts . there is no reproductive information available ( hoyt and baker 1980 ) . it is insectivorous ( nowak 1999 ) . it probably forages in rather cluttered vegetation and over relatively small home ranges ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) .\nsome of the caves where the species is known to roost are subject to modification for touristic activities , as well as for mining exploitation in dominican republic ( inchaustegui , pers . comm . ) . other known threats come from access to caves for guano extraction , or mining of caves for material construction ( rodriguez - duran and turvey , pers . comm . ) . this kind of disturbance can affect the suitability of caves for bats .\nconsidering that this species is restricted to hispaniola , adequate population assessments should be undertaken to evaluate its potential conservation needs ( tejedor 2011 ) , as well as further awareness on the protection of caves .\nthis species was formerly included in n . stramineus , but is clearly distinct from that species ; see morgan ( 1989 ) , morgan and czaplewski ( 2003 ) and simmons ( 2005 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as vulnerable because it is only known from a single cave ( and therefore , one location ) , with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) under 20 km 2 , and with a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat that might result in the taxon becoming critically endangered or extinct in a very short time .\nrediscovered in 1992 , this species was previously thought to be extinct . a recent subpopulation of this species is known from one cave on the western tip of cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) , but fossils occur at several sites on cuba and the isla de pinos ( silva taboada 1979 ) .\nthis species is known from a single cave , probably including a few thousand individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . fossil remains suggest a former wider distribution throughout cuba and isla de pinos ( silva - taboada 1979 ) , the bahamas and cayman islands ( tejedor 2011 ) .\nthis species roosts in caves . it is known from a single cave ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . this species is moderately to highly gregarious with cave colonies estimated at fewer than 100 individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . copulation in n . primus has been observed to take place in april , and pregnant females of this species have been captured in may ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . it has been found to feed mostly on moths , crickets and beetles , and less frequently on other insect orders : hymenoptera ( formicidae ) , neuroptera , diptera , homoptera and hemiptera ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) .\nhabitat loss and human intrusion in the cave are the main threats ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) . in addition the ongoing collapse of the roof of the cave can upset the thermal balance in this hot cave . climatic changes could also interrupt the thermal cave balance and result in extinction of this species ( l . d\u00e1valos pers . comm . )\nprotecting the cave is the most important priority , this must include limitation of access by non - authorized personnel ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthe tasmanian devil is endemic to australia . although this species is called tiger ( named for its stripes ) and wolf ( due to its canid - like appearance ) , it is not a member of the cat or wolf family . it is a member of the marsupial family . other members of this family include kangaroos and koala bears .\nthe last known tasmanian tiger died in a zoo in hobart , tasmania in 1936 , but there have been hundreds of unconfirmed sightings , and a reserve has been set up in southwestern tasmania in the hopes that possible surviving individuals can have adequate habitat .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . loss of even one hot cave can be catastrophic for individual populations . for example , natalus primus , known only from subfossils until 1992 , persists as a single extant population dependent on one roost near the shore in southwestern cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . flooding of low - lying caves by rising seas is therefore a third mechanism of climatedriven extinction , after habitat change and reduced island area ( morgan 2001 ) . . . .\n. . . una de ellas fue reconocida y categorizada por la uicn como una de las m\u00e1s amenazadas , coloc\u00e1ndola en la categor\u00eda de especie en peligro cr\u00edtico de extinci\u00f3n ( mancina 2012 ) . para este murci\u00e9lago se conoce una sola poblaci\u00f3n existente en una \u00fanica cueva en cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) , ubicada dentro del parque nacional guanahacabibes en el extremo m\u00e1s occidental del pa\u00eds . este murci\u00e9lago es conocido con el nombre com\u00fan de murci\u00e9lago grande de orejas de embudo ( natalus primus anthony , 1919 ) y son pocos los trabajos que han abordado aspectos relacionados con su historia natural . . . .\n. . . en estas dos visitas se han capturado 14 individuos de n . primus , empleando redes entomol\u00f3gicas y redes de niebla , colocadas muy cercanas a las paredes de la cueva a una altura inferior a 1 m . a los individuos capturados se les tomaron diferentes variables morfol\u00f3gicas , tales como la longitud del antebrazo y la masa corporal , las cuales fueron coincidentes con las descritas previamente para la especie ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . los animales fueron capturados en las zonas m\u00e1s internas de la cueva , en las proximidades de la galer\u00eda de calor . . . .\n. . . en mayo de 1992 tres hembras se encontraron gestantes de un s\u00f3lo embri\u00f3n . el an\u00e1lisis estomacal de algunos individuos revel\u00f3 que los \u00f3rdenes de insectos m\u00e1s frecuentes en la dieta fueron lepidoptera , orthoptera y coleoptera ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . en el a\u00f1o 1993 un censo visual de la poblaci\u00f3n de cueva la barca estim\u00f3 la poblaci\u00f3n en unos pocos miles de individuos ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . . . .\n. . . el an\u00e1lisis estomacal de algunos individuos revel\u00f3 que los \u00f3rdenes de insectos m\u00e1s frecuentes en la dieta fueron lepidoptera , orthoptera y coleoptera ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . en el a\u00f1o 1993 un censo visual de la poblaci\u00f3n de cueva la barca estim\u00f3 la poblaci\u00f3n en unos pocos miles de individuos ( tejedor et al . , 2004 ) . posteriores visitas confirman la existencia de esta poblaci\u00f3n aunque no se han vuelto a hacer una estimaci\u00f3n del n\u00famero de individuos . . . .\n. . . nota : 9 , 1 cavernas e cavidades naturais desempenham um papel fundamental para a prote\u00e7\u00e3o de popula\u00e7\u00f5es de morcegos ( e . g . trajano 1985 trajano , 1995 altringham 1996 ; arita & vargas 1995 ; arita 1996 ; bredt et al . 1999 ; tejedor et al . 2004 ) . at\u00e9 recentemente a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o brasileira referente \u00e0 prote\u00e7\u00e3o de cavernas baseava - se no decreto n\u00b0 99556 , de 1 o de outubro de 1990 , que determinava em seu par\u00e1grafo primeiro a necessidade de preserva\u00e7\u00e3o e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o das cavidades naturais como parte do patrim\u00f4nio nacional , e uso somente dentro de condi\u00e7\u00f5es que assegurassem sua integridade f\u00edsica e a manuten\u00e7\u00e3o do respectivo equil\u00edbrio ecol\u00f3gico . . . .\ndurante d\u00e9cadas , la taxonom\u00eda del g\u00e9nero natalus en las antillas mayores ha sido controvertida . a pesar de que tres taxa han sido descritos para natalus ( sensu stricto ) en las antillas mayores , la controversia se ha concentrado en la validez de natalus major ( supuestamente distribuida en cuba , la espa\u00f1ola y jamaica ) como especie distinta de natalus stramineus . la forma cubana de natalus , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe type locality of natalus stramineus ( chiroptera : natalidae ) : implications for the taxonomy and b . . .\nthe name natalus stramineus has been historically applied to populations of the genus natalus from virtually the entire neotropics . the geographic origin of the holotype of n . stramineus , however , has never been known with certainty , confounding discussions concerning the species limits , nomenclature , and biogeography of this genus . the type locality of n . stramineus was assumed to be brazil . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe bats within the genus natalus have had a complex taxonomic history due to its morphological conservatism . the taxonomy of natalidae has been recently updated by the discovery and rediscovery of live species and fossils , and on the basis of new morphological and molecular evidence .\nthese bats have a diet consisting largely of moths , crickets , and beetles . in 1992 , the first living population was discovered in a cave in cueva la barca . caribbean hurricanes early in the evolutionary history of natalids may account for specialized cave roosting .\nnatalus primus is considered vulnerable and only inhabits one cave in cueva la barca on isla de la juventud island and province . the population is abundant in that single cave , but this species is likely to go extinct due to its limited dispersal range , human disturbance and loss of habitat . it is estimated that there are only 100 mature individuals .\nthis species is known to have become extirpated throughout most of cuba suggesting a population decline that may have continued until the present . the survival of cuban bats is threatened by forest destruction and cave modification .\nnatalus was first reported as existing in jamaica in 1951 by koopman and williams based on a partial mandible collected by h . e . anthony during 1919\u20131920 . they referred to the species as n . major . the species was first described scientifically in 1959 by george gilbert goodwin as natulus major jamaicensis . the type was the skin and skull of a male collected from st . clair cave , st . catherine parish , jamaica by c . b . lewis on march 5 , 1954 .\ngoodwin described n . major jamaicanis as being distinguishable from the\ntypical\nn . major by its\nhigher , shorter , and more globular braincase , more slender , longer , and flatter rostrum , the sides of which are concave instead of inflated and convex as in major , and by the noticeably narrower inter - orbital space\n.\nthe iucn has categorized the species as critically endangered because\nits extent of occurrence is less than 100 km\u00b2 , all individuals are in a single location , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat\n.\n, are confined to the neotropics . they are distributed from sonora and nuevo leon , mexico , through central america to eastern brazil . they can be found on the yucatan peninsula . their distribution is patchy from honduras to panama . the species has also been seen in the lesser antilles , hispaniola , and jamaica .\nthe tail is long and completely enclosed in the interfemoral membrane . the tail is longer than the head and body length . this characteristic is unique to\n. the membrane is pale brown in color , with the edge fringed with short hair . the legs , tail , and arm bones are pink , contrasting with the brown membrane . the thumb is short and is almost enveloped in the antebrachial membrane , and the third phalanx of the third finger remains cartilaginous even in the adult . the wings are long and narrow .\nthe dental formula is 2 / 3 1 / 1 3 / 3 3 / 3 = 38 .\nis reported to breed during the dry season . in mexico and central america , pregnant females have been found from january through july , and gestation is thought to last 8 to 10 months . females are thought to be monoestrus , and to have slow development of the fetus . a single offspring is produced annually , weighing almost half of the adult mass , or about 2 . 1 g .\nduring the breeding season , the sexes apparently segregate , so that males and females roost separately .\nbreeding season the exact time of breeding has not been reported , but young are born at the end of the dry season .\ninformation on parental care of this species is not available . however , in other similar bats , females care for the young in the maternity roost , providing them with milk and grooming . mothers are able to locate their own young among the many little bats present . since males roost separately from females during rearing of the offspring , it is certain that males do not play a role in parental care .\ninformation on the longevity of this species is not available . however , in general , microchiroptera are long - lived animals . some species of similar small size are known to live as many as 20 years .\nthis species generally roosts in deep , moist caves . these bats are typically found in groups of up to 300 bats in one colony . while roosting in the caves , the individuals are spaced out widely in the dark caverns . most flight occurs at understory level , with great speed and agility in dipping , twisting , and dodging the vegetation . these bats are most active within 2 hours after sunset . as the evening progresses , the bats may use nighttime refugia which differ from their normal daily roosting location . northern populations will sometimes migrate , causing colony size to vary considerably .\nthese bats find their prey through echolocation . the means of communication used with conspecifics has not been detailed in the literature , however , it is likely that\nis like other small microchiroptera with regard to communication . most bats use vocal signals when communicating with one another . some tactile communication occurs in the roost , especially between mothers and their offspring . scent cues are probably used , as evidenced by the ability of a mother to distinguish her offspring from amid the hundreds of young bats in a maternity roost .\nno information on predation on this species was found . because these animals fly and don ' t land in places easily accessible to many predators , it is likely that they are not a significant food source for predator populations . some owls might take these bats in flight . other predators would have to either find them in their roost , or catch them going into or coming out of the roost .\ntom siwarski ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor , instructor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nto cite this page : siwarski , t . 2004 .\nnatalus stramineus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nin the book , there are some superb photographs of the nature of the dominican republic . in the following list , pages in that book with photos of particular species are noted with a\nnot included in the following list , there are a number of photographs of plants . also , there ' s an interesting essay regarding the many mushrooms that occur on the island .\nis the only surviving native rodent on hispaniola . at least two larger - bodied species of\n) also lived on hispaniola until humans came into the caribbean region , and may have survived until european arrival in the 1500s , but both of those species are now extinct .\nwas described in 1836 by the famous french naturalist georges cuvier , the first scientist to demonstrate that extinction was a real process .\nwas very good to eat . already , by the early 19th century , it had become very rare - making it an early species to be recognized as being in danger of extinction .\nby the early 20th century , the species was thought to be possibly extinct , until its rediscovery in the samana bay region of the dominican republic in 1923 , by dr . w . l . abbott , a collector for the smithsonian institution .\nit takes 2 years to reach sexual maturity , and birth is given to only one or two young at a time .\nthe species does have a wide diet that includes leaves , shoots , bark , and roots . it lives in either tree cavities or in limstone crevices .\nis one of the most unusual and ancient mammals on earth . the species is thought to resemble ancient mammals that existed toward the end of the age of dinosaurs , over 65 million years ago .\nis one of the only two remaining endemic terrestrial mammal species on hispaniola . the other is the\nthe species was described to science in 1833 . still , even today , knowledge of its ecology and biology is fairly limited due to the animal ' s secretive nocturnal habits .\nis due to the research done by dr . jose ottenwalder in the 1970s and 1980s .\nis that it is one of the few mammals that can secrete a toxic saliva in a manner similar to snakes . the ability to do so is from a mandibular gland along a grooved lower incisor ."]}
{"id": 1166, "summary": [{"text": "the pearly-breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) is a species of cuckoo in the family cuculidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , suriname , peru and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest.it does not occur above an elevation of 2000 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it can easily be confused with the yellow-billed cuckoo .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the status and even the general distribution of this scarce cuckoo remain very poorly understood .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this cuckoo is hunted . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pearly - breasted cuckoo", "paragraphs": ["pearly - breasted cuckoo is a widespread species of the lowlands of eastern tropical south america . pearly - breasted cuckoo is a slim , long - tailed bird , largely brown above and pearly white below with a black and yellow bill . it is found in a variety of forest habitats from sea level up to 2000 meters in elevation . unlike some other cuckoo species , pearly - breasted cuckoo is not reported to be a nest parasite .\ncoccyzus euleri pearly - breasted cuckoo 1 ( fpave760re ) song , recorded santa ines , departamento itap\u00faa ( myriam vel\u00e1zquez november 2001 ) . 2 ( fpave761re ) variant song , recorded kaaguy rorry , departamento caaguaz\u00fa ( myriam vel\u00e1zquez november 2002 ) .\nclaessens , o . , brammer , f . p . , deville , t . & renaudier , a . ( 2011 ) . first documented records of pearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri for french guiana , and an overlooked specimen from ecuador . bull . brit . ornith . club 131 : 128 - 133 .\npearly - breasted cuckoo coccyzus euleri lacking the rufous patch in the wings which separate it from the superficially similar yellow - billed cuckoo , this species is a denizen of the high canopy of lush humid forest where it can be easy enough to hear , but extremely difficult to see . a migrant , they visit paraguay to breed , singing on arrival and giving birders a short window of opportunity to catch a glimpse . click on the images to enlarge them .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . pearly - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus euleri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n28 cm ; 61 g . adult uniform earth - brown above , light pearly - grey below , centre of belly whitish , long tail blackish with white tips , no rufous on wing , inner webs of primaries . . .\nedge of mangrove . it came in to playback of xc72107 but i only got a brief glimpse of it when it was less than 50 m away and flew away in response to playback of its own call . may seem way out - of - range but there are actually a few other records in western ecuador . one was seen in late march a few years ago a bit north of this site and a juvenile male has been collected a bit south of this site . so a singing bird that responds to playback in june seems to fit in quite well . are they maybe breeding in northwest ecuador ? ? ? it is very similar to yellow - billed cuckoo but a singing bird , heard for over an hour , in early june would seem very unlikely .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus euleri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nalarm call ? male of a nesting couple . forest on white sand near the coast .\nnatural vocalizations ; song from one of a pair of birds in dense primary forest at the edge of a more exposed rocky hill .\nnatural vocalizations ; one song type from one of a pair , and then another from the other of the pair . neither of these are the same bird as in xc115393 .\nnatural vocalization ; song from a single bird perched on top of a tall tree in fairly open and dry forest on an exposed rocky hilltop above more humid primary forest . this recording represents the first documentation of this species at cristalino .\nresponse to playback from a bird perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :\nresponse to playback from a bird ( same as last cut ) perched about 20m up in temperate forest subcanopy , having just caught a large orthopteran . photos :\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nspecies formerly referred to as c . julieni , but that name was officially suppressed # r . has been considered conspecific with c . americanus # r . monotypic .\npanama , n & e colombia , venezuela and the guianas through amazonia to se brazil ( mato grosso , paran\u00e1 , s\u00e3o paulo , rio de janeiro ) and s to ne bolivia , e paraguay and ne argentina ( misiones ) . distribution patterns and movements unclear , but may be only winter visitor to e colombia , venezuela ( r orinoco ) , the guianas and most of brazil # r # r .\nslow series of \u201ckuoup\u201d notes , 1 / sec ; also short rattle followed by 4\u20139 accented . . .\ntropical lowland evergreen forest , gallery forest , secondary forest ; sandy woodland , scrub . sea - . . .\nvery little known . breeding record in oct in roraima ( n brazil ) . a nest in panama was a loose platform of dry sticks c . 3 m above the . . .\nan austral migrant . known to be present on breeding grounds during the austral summer , and in the . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally rare ; only 3 records in surinam , where it is thought to be a migrant , and uncommon in brazil , where it breeds s of the . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfigure 1 - ( fpave4079ph ) adult , mbaracay\u00fa biosphere reserve , departamento canindey\u00fa ( paul smith september 2014 ) . figure 2 - ( fpave4080ph ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) ( paul smith september 2014 ) . video - ( fpave4081vi ) same individual as ( fpave4079ph ) singing ( paul smith september 2014 ) .\ndesigned by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith and myriam vel\u00e1zquez and is used with permission .\ntwo birds nesting at the rio mono bridge in panama . slow motion added to aid in examining the lack of primary wing coloration .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 673 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' rare ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 1167, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia gigantea is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east , japan and korea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 27 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the wings is greyish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed within the cones of pinus strobus and abies sachalinensis . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupithecia gigantea", "paragraphs": ["ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nhost plants : the caterpillar lives on silene species . in samos , i found many caterpillars along with moths of hadena laudeti on silene gigantea in early may 2009 .\nhabitat : eupithecia schiefereri inhabits warm and dry habitats , often steppe - like slopes and woodland edges with single rocks or embankments .\nremarks : eupithecia schiefereri is spread from north africa across central spain , southern france , the central and southern alps , italy and the southern balkans to the eastern turkey and northern iran . it also occurs on many greek islands ( samos , rhodes , crete , etc . ) .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlife cycle : the pupa hibernates . when breeding a larva from samos from may 2009 the moth emerged not until spring 2011 , so that a partial multiple hibernation occurs . the moths fly rather early from april to june , at high altitudes ( alps up to 2000m ) even later . the caterpillars are found from may to september open on the plant . in the lowlands , may and june are the main larval time .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphoto , and identified by : irina nikulina . image without retouching at the website\ndate and time , location shooting / catching : 2015 - 07 - 05 23 : 10 : 00 , russia , primorskiy krai , partizanskiy distr . , tigrovoje\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ndate and time , location shooting / catching : 2016 - 07 - 10 02 : 25 : 00 , russia , primorskiy krai , shkotovskiy distr . , anisimovka\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018"]}
{"id": 1170, "summary": [{"text": "diasemiopsis ramburialis is a moth of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it occurs in most of europe and the tropics , including the azores , fiji , new zealand and australia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are speckled grey or brown , with two broad ragged white lines across each wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae possibly feed on brassica species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "diasemiopsis ramburialis", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\ndiasemiopsis ramburialis\nas trusted on the\ndiasemiopsis ramburialis\npage .\nvalter jacinto marked\nborboleta nocturna / / moth ( diasemiopsis ramburialis )\nas trusted on the\ndiasemiopsis ramburialis\npage .\na scarce migrant species which has been encountered mainly on the southern coasts between june and october .\nabroad it occurs in europe and the tropics , but it is not believed to have bred in the british isles .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 03 09 : 54 : 53 page render time : 0 . 2522s total w / procache : 0 . 3008s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nduponchel , m . p . a . j . in godart , j . b . & duponchel , m . p . a . j . 1834 , crevot , paris\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 145499c7 - e146 - 42ec - 85c2 - bb25090c2d95\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7a1ddcd8 - e286 - 411b - bcc4 - 84f20e961b0b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b1749bca - 8c68 - 4f3e - b07f - 6f481c4184c5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c24cb0ef - ccff - 48b0 - 96e3 - d69da1ceced8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 47cd5a3e - d611 - 475b - b872 - 1f965e834cb6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 433052\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe moths of this species are speckled grey or brown , with two broad ragged white lines across each wing .\nvolume 7 , part 1 ( 1834 ) , plate cxxxiii , fig . 6 ,\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1171, "summary": [{"text": "the buff-spotted woodpecker ( campethera nivosa ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "it is native to large parts of tropical central africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has an extremely wide range and is an uncommon species , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being of \" least concern \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "buff - spotted woodpecker", "paragraphs": ["orn . spotted - throated woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]\norn . gray - and - buff woodpecker [ hemicircus concretus ] [ am . ]\norn . grey - and - buff woodpecker [ hemicircus concretus ] [ br . ]\ndana campbell selected\nbuff - spotted flameback\nto show in overview on\nchrysocolaptes lucidus ( scopoli , 1786 )\n.\n: the back is predominately cinnamon - buff , spotted or streaked with blackish . different as they are , these two subspecies are reported to hybridize in eastern brazil in esp\u00edrito santo and southern bahia . the third subspecies of blond - crested woodpecker ,\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nbuff - spotted woodpecker\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\norn . knysna woodpecker [ campethera notata , syn . : c . relicta ]\norn . tanganyika woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]\norn . tanzanian woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]\n) . male has white forehead and lores tinged grey or buff , crimson - red . . .\norn . reichenow ' s woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]\norn . speckle - throated woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]\n, is mostly black , with a buffy rump , and narrow buff bars across the wings and the back . the subspecies\norn . white eye - browed nubian woodpecker [ campethera scriptoricauda , syn . : c . albiefacies ]\nthe buff - spotted flameback ( chrysocolaptes lucidus ) is a species of bird in the picidae family . it is found on the philippine islands of bohol , leyte , samar , biliran , panaon , mindanao , basilan , and samal . it is sometimes considered a subspecies of the greater flameback .\nwinkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . buff - spotted woodpecker ( campethera nivosa ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthis article is part of project picidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each woodpecker , including made - up species .\na common and widespread woodpecker occuring all through the amazon and surrounding regions . description from antpitta . com . i searched for this on b\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\n, of northeastern brazil , is very different . the underparts are dusky , but the feathers are tipped with cinnamon - buff . the color pattern of the upperparts is almost the opposite of that of\nthis article is part of project piciformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each woodpecker and ally , including made - up species .\nc . 14\u201316 cm ; 30\u201349 g . male has dark green - olive to blackish - olive forehead and crown , red nape ; rest of head whitish to pale yellow - buff , heavily streaked olive , . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . seems to be at best uncommon in most of its range , and in many parts rare or extremely rare , but may be commonest woodpecker in parts . . .\nwinkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . white - backed woodpecker ( dendrocopos leucotos ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwinkler , h . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . golden - cheeked woodpecker ( melanerpes chrysogenys ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwinkler , h . , christie , d . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . pale - headed woodpecker ( gecinulus grantia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nrace maxima , known only from two specimens from n ivory coast , doubtfully valid , possibly only a larger form of nominate . latter intergrades with race herberti , the resultant intermediates formerly known as race efulenensis ; yalensis ( w kenya ) synonymized with herberti . four subspecies recognized .\n( swainson , 1837 ) \u2013 senegambia e to cameroon and w drcongo and s to nw angola .\n( alexander , 1908 ) \u2013 s central african republic and sw south sudan ( bangangai forest ) to w kenya ( kakamega and south nandi forests ) and s to sc & e drcongo .\ncalls \u201cpreeeew\u201d , and \u201cdee - dee - dee\u201d trills ; repeated \u201cte - te - te - te - te . . .\nprimary and dense secondary lowland and montane forest , at up to c . 1800 m , mostly to 950 m ; on . . .\n) and termites ( isoptera ) . singly or in pairs ; joins mixed - species flocks . forages quietly in . . .\nseason nov\u2013jun ; jan\u2013mar in sierra leone ; eggs in apr in nigeria ; probably breeds in nov\u2013jan and mar\u2013jun in cameroon . . .\nnot globally threatened . common in most of range ; not uncommon in nigeria and angola ; uncommon in kenya . common in liberia , densities 13 pairs / km\u00b2 in logged forest , 8 pairs / . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to not uncommon in most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22680937a111715676 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\ndavid beadle , ahmet karata\u015f , yvonne stevens , adam riley , markus lilje .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : campethera nivosa . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunter folgender adresse kannst du auf diese \u00fcbersetzung verlinken : urltoken tipps : doppelklick neben begriff = r\u00fcck - \u00fcbersetzung \u2014 neue w\u00f6rterbuch - abfrage : einfach jetzt tippen ! suchzeit : 0 . 042 sek .\n) , m\u00f6glichst mit einem guten beleg im kommentarfeld . wichtig : bitte hilf auch bei der\nlimited input mode - mehr als 1000 ungepr\u00fcfte \u00fcbersetzungen ! du kannst trotzdem eine neue \u00fcbersetzung vorschlagen , wenn du dich einloggst und andere vorschl\u00e4ge im contribute - bereich \u00fcberpr\u00fcfst . pro review kannst du dort einen neuen w\u00f6rterbuch - eintrag eingeben ( bis zu einem limit von 500 unverifizierten eintr\u00e4gen pro benutzer ) .\ndieses deutsch - englisch - w\u00f6rterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen . mehr informationen ! enth\u00e4lt \u00fcbersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey ' s business dictionary ( englisch / deutsch ) . vielen dank daf\u00fcr ! links auf dieses w\u00f6rterbuch oder einzelne \u00fcbersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen ! fragen und antworten\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 630 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nour search server encountered a problem during your search . please copy this error code { { spperror _ message } }\nmore in { { topic . val } } ( { { topic . numarticles - topic . articles . length } } )\nthe cornell lab will send you updates about birds , birding , and opportunities to help bird conservation . you can unsubscribe at any time . we will never sell or give your email address to others .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\npikkut\u00e4pl\u00e4tikka\nfrom\ncampethera nivosa ( swainson , 1837 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nkc813357 genomic dna translation : agi05267 . 1 kc813358 genomic dna translation : agi05268 . 1\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\noriginal description previously attributed to mcclelland , but correct author is horsfield # r . closely related to g . viridis , and in the past the two were at times treated as conspecific . recent observations and several specimens reinforce probability that a narrow hybrid zone between the two exists in n thailand and , presumably , n laos # r . proposed form aristus ( ne india ) synonymized with nominate ; poilanei ( cochinchina , in s vietnam ) is inseparable from indochinensis . three subspecies recognized .\n( horsfield , 1840 ) \u2013 foothills from e nepal e to n , c & w myanmar and s china ( w yunnan ) .\n25\u201327 cm ; 68\u201385 g . male has greenish - yellow crown to nape and crest , central patch of red - tipped pinkish feathers reaching to upper nape ; rest of head and neck . . .\nnasal \u201cchaik - chaik - chaik - chaik\u201d or \u201ckw\u00e9ek kwek - kwek\u201d , 4\u20135 . . .\ninhabits evergreen forest , semi - deciduous forest , secondary mixed bamboo forest , secondary forest . . .\nmainly ants , larvae of beetles , and other insects . often in pairs or small family parties . forages mainly in lower levels , on trunks of . . .\nmar\u2013may . nest - cavity excavated 1\u20136 m up in dead tree , rotten stump or bamboo . clutch three eggs . no other information , but . . .\nnot globally threatened . very rare in nepal , only few records ( from e ) , where not discovered until 1974 ; uncommon in india and bhutan ( known from just 3\u20134 sites in . . .\napparently forms a clade of indomalayan taxa together with dinopium , micropternus and meiglyptes # r .\nof eastern south america , occuring from extreme eastern amazonia east and south to northeastern argentina . like other members of the genus , it forages at mid - heights and in canopy of humid forest . it primarily eats ants and termites , although it also eats some fruit and berries . the nest cavity is in the side of an arboreal ant nest ; otherwise , very little is known about the natural history of this bird . the\nexhibits striking geographic variation , although all populations share a blond , crested head ; males have a large red moustachial stripe , while females have a less prominent black moustache . the body of the southern subspecies ,\n, occurs in the interior of eastern brazil , and is intermediate in appearance between the two other subspecies .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\ncollar , n . j . 2011 . species limits in some philippine birds including the greater flameback chrysocolaptes lucidus . forktail number 27 : 29 - 38 .\ndana campbell changed the thumbnail image of\nramankumar _ greaterflameback _ female _ apr07 339\n.\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\npunaselk\u00e4tikka\nfrom\nchrysocolaptes lucidus ( scopoli , 1786 )\nas trusted .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\n( bechstein , 1802 ) \u2013 w norway , sweden , finland and poland s in europe to e switzerland , austria , n serbia and carpathian mts , and e through s russia to kamchatka , sakhalin , ne china and korea .\n( malherbe , 1861 ) \u2013 w siberia from w ural mts e to l baikal .\n( sharpe & dresser , 1871 ) \u2013 pyrenees , c italy , the balkans and peloponnese , turkey ( n anatolia , taurus mts ) , caucasus and transcaucasia .\n( stejneger , 1886 ) \u2013 s kuril is and n japan ( hokkaido ) .\n( stejneger , 1886 ) \u2013 c & s japan ( s honshu , shikoku , kyushu ) .\n( nagamichi kuroda & mori , 1920 ) \u2013 ulleung i ( dagelet ) , off e korea .\n( nagamichi kuroda & mori , 1918 ) \u2013 jeju i ( quelpart ) , off s korea .\nsoft low \u201cgig\u201d ; series of \u201ckyig gyig\u201d notes in alarm ; also \u201cgig gig . . .\nold - growth and overmature but relatively open deciduous and mixed forest with high proportion of . . .\nlaying from late apr , but significant courtship from feb ; season extends to may or jun , is c . 2 weeks earlier than other woodpeckers in . . .\ngenerally resident ; some local movements . a few individuals seem to be carried along with eruptive . . .\nthe date of description of the nominate species dendrocopos leucotos ( picus leucotos ) is 1802 , not 1803 ( e . mey in : rudoltst\u00e4dter nat . hist . schr . ii : 63 - 100 .\nthe bibliography is stopped in 2001 in hbw : numerous papers were published from this date , especialy on lilfordi ( french pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es , italy ) on the history of this taxon ( grang\u00e9 et vuilleumier , nos oiseaux 56 - 2009 ) , the nest - trees in pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es ( casseur d ' os , vol . 9 - 2009 ) and italy ( wilson bull . 115 - 3 , 2003 ) and the reproductive biology ( nos oiseaux n\u00b049 - 2002 ) .\nsometimes separated with other barred congeners in centurus . variation clinal ; interior population ( morelos , adjacent michoac\u00e1n ) often separated as race morelensis , tending to be paler with less yellow and orange than flavinuchus , but considerable overlap with latter in plumage characteristics . two subspecies recognized .\n( ridgway , 1911 ) \u2013 jalisco e to sw puebla and se along coast to e oaxaca .\n19\u201322 cm ; 55\u201388 g . male has whitish forehead with golden - yellow at base of bill , red crown ( usually becoming more golden - orange on nape ) , bright yellow - gold . . .\nmany churring calls and short series of notes , e . g . nasal \u201cki - di - dik\u201d , more explosive . . .\nmesic to xeric forest and edge , forest patches , open areas with scattered trees and plantations . . . .\ninsects , including adults and larvae of beetles , ants ; also various fruits and seeds . forages singly and in pairs , at middle and upper . . .\nmay\u2013jul . nest - hole in tree or cactus . clutch size and other aspects of breeding undescribed .\nnot globally threatened . common to fairly common ; widespread within range , recorded at numerous sites . a little - known species . research required on its ecology and breeding . . .\nincorporates tripsurus , and the four monotypic genera leuconerpes , asyndesmus , linneopicus and trichopicus ; barred species sometimes separated in centurus .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species . version 2018 - 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 09 july 2018 .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to not uncommon in most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\nthis application is created by interactive maps . you can also have your visited countries map on your site . if you see this message , you need to upgrade your flash player .\nb = breeding resident \u2013 present all year ; known or presumed to breed .\np = palaearctic migrant \u2013 non - breeding summer visitor ; breeds during the northern summer in europe and asia : typically present november - march .\nt = tropical migrant \u2013 breeding summer visitor ; winters in tropical africa : typically present september - april .\na = altitudinal migrant \u2013 non - breeding winter visitor ; breeds at higher altitudes in kwazulu - natal : typically present may - august .\nn = nomad \u2013 visits irregularly , sometimes in large numbers , in response to specific environmental cues . may breed .\nv = vagrant \u2013 one - off or occasional visitor outside its normal range .\nabundance and status codes pertain locally : for example species considered common within the main part of their range may be rare or vagrant here .\nu = uncommon \u2013 usually present , but not necessarily found on the day .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment ."]}
{"id": 1172, "summary": [{"text": "synodontis polystigma is a species of upside-down catfish that is native to the upper congo basin of the democratic republic of the congo and zambia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was first described by george albert boulenger in 1915 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the original specimens were obtained at lukonzolwa , in lake mweru , in what is now the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species name polystigma is derived from poly , meaning \" many \" and stigma , meaning \" mark or spot \" , referring to the numerous black spots on the body and fins of the species . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "synodontis polystigma", "paragraphs": ["fuente : wikipedia . paginas : 26 . capitulos : synodontis njassae , synodontis multipunctata , synodontis nigriventris , synodontis eupterus , synodontis nigromaculata , synodontis membranaceus , synodontis resupinatus , synodontis nebulosus , synodontis woosnami , synodontis nigrita , synodontis dorsomaculatus , synodontis leopardina , synodontis flavitaeniatus , synodontis petricola , synodontis filamentosa , synodontis clarias , synodontis afrofischeri , synodontis macrops , synodontis macrostigma , synodontis obesus , synodontis angelica , synodontis khartoumensis , synodontis ruandae , synodontis thamalakanensis , synodontis violacea , synodontis vanderwaali , synodontis fuelleborni , synodontis rufigiensis , synodontis zambezensis , synodontis victoriae , synodontis multimaculatus , synodontis ocellifer , synodontis camelopardalis , synodontis waterloti , synodontis schall , synodontis ricardoae , synodontis rukwaensis , synodontis bastiani , synodontis schoutedeni , synodontis steindachneri , synodontis ornatipinnis , synodontis annectens , synodontis longirostris , synodontis matthesi , synodontis macrophthalmus , synodontis batesii , synodontis manni , synodontis albolineata , synodontis longispinis , synodontis tanganyicae , synodontis acanthomias , synodontis acanthoperca , synodontis macrostoma , synodontis ansorgii , synodontis dhonti , synodontis punctifer , synodontis pardalis , synodontis robbianus , synodontis polystigma , synodontis centralis , synodontis polli , synodontis arnoulti , synodontis robertsi , synodontis gobroni , synodontis greshoffi , synodontis velifer , synodontis brichardi , synodontis unicolor , synodontis lufirae , synodontis pleurops , synodontis budgetti , synodontis ouemeensis , synodontis nummifer , synodontis tessmanni , synodontis pulcher , synodontis woleuensis , synodontis katangae , synodontis koensis , synodontis iturii , synodontis alberti , synodontis depauwi , synodontis dekimpei , synodontis polyodon , synodontis soloni , synodontis laessoei , synodontis thysi , synodontis kogonensis , synodontis cou . . .\nfont : wikipedia . p gines : 24 . cap tols : synodontis nigriventris , synodontis nigromaculata , synodontis cuangoana , synodontis leopardina , synodontis guttata , synodontis dorsomaculatus , synodontis dekimpei , synodontis brichardi , synodontis zanzibarica , synodontis koensis , synodontis arnoulti , synodontis eupterus , synodontis filamentosa , synodontis comoensis , synodontis njassae , synodontis gambiensis , synodontis woosnami , synodontis ngouniensis , synodontis petricola , synodontis clarias , synodontis schall , synodontis multipunctatus , synodontis sorex , synodontis xiphias , synodontis acanthoperca , synodontis caudovittata , synodontis afrofischeri , synodontis ouemeensis , synodontis vanderwaali , synodontis omias , synodontis kogonensis , synodontis macrostigma , synodontis nigrita , synodontis thamalakanensis , synodontis ornatipinnis , synodontis woleuensis , synodontis acanthomias , synodontis dhonti , synodontis macropunctata , synodontis longispinis , synodontis fuelleborni , synodontis macrostoma , synodontis nummifer , synodontis rufigiensis , synodontis khartoumensis , synodontis victoriae , synodontis melanoptera , synodontis ocellifer , synodontis rukwaensis , synodontis polystigma , synodontis depauwi , synodontis grandiops , synodontis frontosa , synodontis annectens , synodontis longirostris , synodontis obesus , synodontis decora , synodontis punctifer , synodontis batesii , synodontis manni , synodontis steindachneri , synodontis violacea , synodontis geledensis , synodontis soloni , synodontis levequei , synodontis granulosa , synodontis serpentis , synodontis angelica , synodontis lucipinnis , synodontis multimaculatus , synodontis ansorgii , synodontis macrops , synodontis fascipinna , synodontis camelopardalis , synodontis ilebrevis , synodontis robbianus , synodontis nebulosus , synodontis waterloti , synodontis pardalis , synodontis ornatissima , synodontis caudalis , synodontis membranaceus , synodontis aterrima , synodontis matthesi , synodontis albolineata , synodontis zambezensis , synodontis budgetti , sy . . .\nsynodontis polystigma is a benthopelagic species . it is oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .\n: 6 . an aggressive fish that thrives when frequent partial water changes are made . the polystigma must be kept in a large tank .\nlateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . \u00a9\nsynodontis\nmay also squeak when they are taken out of the water .\nsynodontis membranaceus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) referring to membranes on maxillary and mandibular barbels\nsynodontis aterrimus is a benthopelagic species . it is oviparous with distinct pairing during breeding ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .\nsynodontis annectens boulenger 1911 linking or joining , believed to be intermediate in form between s . sorex and s . clarias\nsynodontis aterrimus is known from the central congo river basin . it is not known from the kwango , kasai and lukenie systems .\nsynodontis bastiani daget 1948 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) bastian ( no other information available ) , who collected type\nsynodontis dekimpei paugy 1987 in honor of p . de kimpe , mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale ( tervuren ) , who collected type\nsynodontis macrops greenwood 1963 macro - , large ; ops , eye , referring to larger eye compared to the similar s . schall\nmusschoot , t . , and p . lal\u00e8y\u00e8 . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1303\u00961331 .\nsynodontis longispinis pellegrin 1930 longus , long ; spinis , spine , described as a variety of s . batesii with a longer dorsal - fin spine\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .\nfossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\nsynodontis gobroni daget 1954 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) gobron , a volunteer at laboratoire de diafarab\u00e9 ( mail ) , who collected type\nsynodontis irsacae matthes 1959 of i . r . s . a . c . ( institut pour la recherche scientifique en afrique centrale ) , matthes\u2019 employer\nsynodontis thysi poll 1971 in honor of poll\u2019s mus\u00e9e de l\u2019afrique centrale colleague , dirk thys van den audenaerde ( b . 1934 ) , who collected type\nsynodontis obesus boulenger 1898 fat , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to less - elongate body shape compared to s . serratus , with which it had been misidentified\nsynodontis soloni boulenger 1899 in memory of alexandre solon , a young traveler who died in congo after helping capt . capra ( no other information available ) collect fish\n6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a\u2013b ) \u2026 synodontis\nsynodontis haugi pellegrin 1906 in honor of protestant missionary ernest haug ( d . 1915 ) , a correspondent of m\u00faseum national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( paris ) , who collected type\nreproduced from 1971 . revision des synodontis africains ( famille mochocidae ) . ann . mus . r . afr . cent . ser . 8 zool . . . .\nsynodontis polyodon vaillant 1895 poly , many ; odon , tooth , referring to greater number of mandibular teeth ( ~ 75 ) compared to s . schall ( ~ 25 )\nday , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548\u0096552 .\nsynodontis robbianus smith 1875 \u2013 anus , belonging to : rev . alexander robb , who provided specimens from the \u201cold calavar district of tropical africa , \u201d including type of this one\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193\u0096202 .\nsanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 89\u009699 .\nsynodontis nummifer boulenger 1899 nummus , coin ; fero , to bear , referring to 1 - 2 rounded ( i . e . , coin - like ) black spots on the sides\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 85\u009697 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98\u0096113 .\nsynodontis courteti pellegrin 1906 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) courtet , member of french 1902 - 1903 mission to study the region between ubangi river and lake chad , during which type was collected\nmost medium or large community fish . although commonly available as such , not a good species for the small community tank . anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long , go for synodontis nigriventris instead .\nmicrosynodontis boulenger 1903 micro - , small , referring to small size of m . batesii ( 10 cm tl ) , i . e . , a small synodontis ( all other species are small , too )\nsqueaker catfishes ( pisces , mochokidae , synodontis ) are widely distributed throughout africa and inhabit a biogeographic range similar to that of the exceptionally diverse cichlid fishes , including the three east african great lakes and their surrounding rivers . since squeaker catfishes also prefer the same types of habitats as many of the cichlid species , we hypothesized that the east african synodontis species provide an excellent model group for comparative evolutionary and phylogeographic analyses .\nsynodontis robertsi poll 1974 in honor of ichthyologist tyson r . roberts ( b . 1940 ) , who helped collect type during a national geographic society expedition to zaire ( now democratic republic of the congo ) in 1973\nsynodontis serpentis whitehead 1962 snake , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to marbled pattern on caudal peduncle of juveniles ( e . schraml , pers . comm . ) , which resembles the marbled pattern seen on many constrictors\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99\u0096154 .\nsynodontis polli gosse 1982 in honor of belgian ichthyologist max poll ( 1908 - 1991 ) , for his revision of the genus [ replacement name for s . eurystomus matthes 1959 , preoccupied by s . eurystomus pfeffer 1889 ]\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294\u0096300 .\nkoblm\u00fcller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .\nsynodontis acanthomias boulenger 1899 acanthus , thorn ; omias , perhaps from the greek omos , shoulder or humerus , referring to humeral process armed with spines ( name may also refer to s . omias , to which this species had incorrectly been identified )\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet literally means beautiful ( eu - = beautiful , good ) wing ( pteron = wing ) .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet refers to its black ( nigro = black ) spots ( maculatus , - a = spots ) .\nfriel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 3\u009612 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 45\u009656 .\nsynodontis ornatissimus gosse 1982 very ornate or decorated , referring to its \u201cstriking\u201d coloration ( translation ) , with many black spots on body and dorsal fin and black bands on tail [ replacement name for s . ornatus boulenger 1920 , preoccupied by s . ornatus pappenheim 1914 ]\nde weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngouni\u00e9 and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121\u0096128 .\nsynodontis vanderwaali skelton & white 1990 in honor of zoologist ben van der waal , university of venda ( south africa ) , who collected type , for his donations of fishes from northern namibian rivers to the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology and the albany museum\nnine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .\ndating of the major cladogenetic events in synodontis with r8s . we ran three independent analyses in r8s [ 32 ] with different calibration points using the maximum estimated age for the lacustrine habitat in lakes malawi ( 1 my [ 49 ] ) and tanganyika ( 6 my [ 46\u201348 ] ) , as well as the minimum age of the east african clade of synodontis as suggested by the oldest known synodontis fossil in that region ( > 20 my [ 45 ] ) . in the first analysis , all three calibrations were applied ( 1 / 6 / 20 calibration ) ; in the second cycle , we used the lake malawi and the fossil calibration ( 1 / 20 calibration ) ; in the third round , we only used the fossil based calibration ( 20 calibration ) . the numbers indicate the average value ( in my ) obtained from a bootstrap approach with 30 replicates , the minimum and maximum values are depicted in round brackets ( in italics ) . square brackets indicate the time constraints used for the different r8s analyses and the range of the actual numbers used in the bootstrap replicates ( in round brackets ) . the estimates for the age of the entire genus synodontis should be interpreted with caution , as the values lie outside our range of calibration points\neven more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water\u2019s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .\nsynodontis ricardoae seegers 1996 in honor of cicely kate ricardo ( later ricardo - bertram , 1912 - 1999 ) , who , together with ms . r . j . owen , collected in the lake rukwa drainage ( where this species occurs ) and co - authored several important papers on the fishes of east and central africa\nbeyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .\nour analyses reveal the existence of six major lineages of synodontis in east africa that diversified about 20 mya from a central and / or west african ancestor . the six lineages show a clear geographic patterning . two lineages are endemic to lake tanganyika ( plus one non - endemic representative ) , and these are the only two synodontis lineages that diversified further into a small array of species . one of these species is the cuckoo catfish ( s . multipunctatus ) , a unique brood parasite of mouthbrooding haplochromine cichlids , which seems to have evolved in parallel with the radiation of its cichlid host lineage , the tropheini . we also detect an accelerated rate of molecular evolution in s . multipunctatus , which might be the consequence of co - evolutionary dynamics .\nbased largely on coloration and pattern some scientists and aquarists have recognized \u2018species flocks\u2019 of synodontis . the largest and most visually impressive of these is the lake tanganyika synodontis species flock . the flock consists of at least six species , all endemic to the lake , that show amazingly similar coloration and patterning . recent work suggests that this \u2018flock\u2019 is not monophyletic and that the biogeographic scenario is more complicated than a simple radiation after lake formation ( day & wilkinson , 2006 ; koblmuller et al . , 2006 ) . regardless , in this group of species , the nearly constant color pattern consists of a light brown base color and darker brown polka - dots . it is made more impressive by the fins , which have dark brown membranes basally and stark white trailing edges . the cryptic nature of lake tanganyika synodontis has led to an underestimate of the actual number of species present ( wright & page , 2006 ) ; three new species were described and two others were resurrected in that work . there are several other smaller flocks with their own unique patterns and pigmentation outside of the lake , and cryptic species probably exist for these as well .\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . \u00a9\nlittle is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .\ncomposite consensus tree of the phylogenetic analyses . the strictconsensus of the neighbor - joining tree , the most parsimonious trees , the optimal maximum likelihood topology ( see fig . 4 ) and the bayesian inference tree is shown . numbers above the branches are neighbor - joining and maximum parsimony bootstrap values , numbers below the branches represent maximum likelihood bootstraps and bayesian posterior probabilities . the grey box indicates the east african clade of synodontis .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as \u2018squeakers\u2019 and \u2018upside - down catfishes . \u2019 these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\nmaximum likelihood tree . maximum likelihood topology based on the k81uf + i + \u03b3 model of molecular evolution [ 70 ] with nucleotide frequencies a , 0 . 3581 , c , 0 . 2676 , g , 0 . 1368 , t , 0 . 2375 , proportion of invariable sites ( i ) , 0 . 2461 , gamma shape parameter ( \u03b1 ) , 0 . 7306 , and r - matrix a\u2194g , a\u2194t , c\u2194g and g\u2194t , 1 . 0000 ; a\u2194g , 7 . 7875 and c\u2194t , 1 . 2463 . the blue box indicates the east african clade of synodontis .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle .\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a \u2018stick\u2019 by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult . the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\ngreek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nafrica : upper lualaba , lake mweru and luapula up to johnston falls ( upper congo river basin ) in democratic republic of the congo and zambia ( ref . 78218 , 82238 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 24 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3202 )\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\ngosse , j . - p . , 1986 . mochokidae . p . 105 - 152 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3202 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\njustification : the species is widespread or without major threats throughout the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncatalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . \u00a9\nvigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .\n1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2\n1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5\n2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e\u2013f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) \u2026 chiloglanis\n2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3\n3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) \u2026 atopodontus\n3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4\n4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae \u2026 atopochilus\n4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 euchilichthys\n5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c\u2013f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6\n5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7\n6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) \u2026 microsynodontis\n7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 acanthocliethron\n7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8\nchapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130\u0096135 .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1\u0096628 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 13\u009623 .\njubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .\nng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 1\u009613 .\notero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141\u0096169 .\nroberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151\u0096178 .\nsato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 58\u009659 .\nseegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . mus\u00e9e royal de l\u0092afrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1\u0096407 .\nseegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .\nstewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177\u0096230\nvigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73\u0096136 .\nwinemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 1043\u00961061 .\nwisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 45\u009670 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to john p . friel at and thomas r . vigliotta at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\n. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nmalapterurus minjiriya sagua 1987 hausa word for this species , which fishers along the niger river can easily distinguish from m . electricus\nparadoxoglanis cryptus norris 2002 hidden or secret , referring to close superficial resemblance to p . parvu s\natopochilus macrocephalus boulenger 1906 macro - , long ; cephalus , referring to longer head compared to a . savorgnani\natopochilus mandevillei poll 1959 in honor of j . th . mandeville , fisheries agent , government of leopoldville ( now kinshasa , democratic republic of the congo ) , who collected some of the paratypes\nchiloglanis brevibarbis boulenger 1902 brevis , short ; barbis , barbel , referring to shorter barbels compared to c . deckenii and c . niloticus\nchiloglanis camarabounyi schmidt & bart 2017 named for camara - bounyi , guinean village adjacent to type locality ; residents generously allowed access to the river , assisted with collecting , and the children provided the common name \u201cfanye makonyi , \u201d i . e . , \u201cthe fish that bites people , \u201d likely referring to its sharp pectoral - and dorsal - fin spines and associated venom\nchiloglanis devosi schmidt , bart & nyingi 2015 in honor of the late luc devos ( 1957 - 2003 ) , director of the ichthyology section at the national museums of kenya , who was instrumental in establishing its collection and building it into a regional and internationally invaluable collection , and who was partly responsible for discovering and recognizing this species and c . kerioensis as distinct\nchiloglanis disneyi trewavas 1974 in honor of medical entomologist ronald henry lambert disney ( b . 1938 ) , who collected type\nchiloglanis emarginatus jubb & le roux 1969 referring to emarginate ( having a notched tip or edge ) caudal fin , compared to deeply forked caudal fin of c . bifurcus\nchiloglanis normani pellegrin 1933 in honor of ichthyologist j . r . ( john roxborough ) norman ( 1898 - 1944 ) , british museum ( natural history ) , who described the similar c . polyodon in 1932\nchiloglanis paratus crass 1960 latin for prepared or equipped , apparently a key word in the family motto of t . g . fraser ( natal parks , game and fish preservation board ) , \u201cwhose enthusiastic efforts have brought in much useful material\u201d\nchiloglanis pojeri poll 1944 in honor of dr . g . pojer ( a belgian scientist , no other information available ) , who collected type\nchiloglanis somereni whitehead 1958 in honor of dr . v . d . von someren , m . b . e . , senior research officer , ministry of forest development , game and fisheries , nairobi , kenya , where whitehead was affiliated at the time\neuchilichthys boulengeri nichols & la monte 1934 patronym not identified but clearly in honor of ichthyologist - herpetologist george a . boulenger ( 1858 - 1937 ) , who proposed the genus in 1900\neuchilichthys royauxi boulenger 1902 in honor of capt . louis royaux , who led expedition that collected type and supplied indigenous names of the species collected\nmicrosynodontis lamberti poll & gosse 1963 in honor of poll\u2019s frequent collaborator j . g . lambert , \u201cwell - versed in many genera of african fishes\u201d ( translation )\nmochokiella howes 1980 \u2013 iella , a diminutive , referring to dwarf size of m . paynei , i . e . , a small mochokid\nmochokiella paynei howes 1980 in honor of a . i . payne , university of sierra leone , who collected type\nmochokus joannis 1835 latinization of mouchchou\u00e9k\u00e9 , arabic name for m . niloticus , roughly translating as \u201cdon\u2019t get stung or jabbed by it , \u201d referring to its dangerously sharp spines , which local fishermen try to avoid\nmochokus brevis boulenger 1906 short , referring to shorter caudal part of body compared to m . niloticus\nirvineia trewavas 1943 \u2013 ia , belonging to : dr . f . r . irvine , former biology master at achimota college , gold coast ( now ghana ) , who presented local fishes to the british museum ( natural history ) , including type of i . voltae\nirvineia orientalis trewavas 1964 eastern , referring to its east african distribution compared to the west african i . voltae\npareutropius buffei ( gras 1961 ) in honor of m . ( monsieur ) buffe , director , eaux et for\u00eats ( waters and forests ) service , dahomey ( now benin ) , \u201cwho witnessed the discovery\u201d of this species ( translation )\npareutropius debauwi ( boulenger 1900 ) in honor of lieut . g . de bauw ( probably a belgian army officer ) , who collected type\npareutropius mandevillei poll 1959 in honor of j . th . mandeville , fisheries agent , government of leopoldville ( now kinshasa , democratic republic of the congo ) , who collected type\nschilbe oken 1817 latinization of \u201cles schilb\u00e9\u201d used by cuvier in 1816 , based on a local name for s . mystus along the nile river\nschilbe intermedius r\u00fcppell 1832 intermediate in certain characters between s . uranoscopus and siluranodon auritus ( then placed in schilbe )\nschilbe laticeps ( boulenger 1899 ) latus , broad ; ceps , head , referring to its large and broad head , wider than head of s . congensis\nsiluranodon bleeker 1858 silurus , referring to previous placement of s . auritus in that genus ; ano - , without and odon , tooth , referring to what bleeker mistakenly believed was a lack of teeth ( teeth are very reduced ; those on upper jaw tend to be lost due to damage , while those on lower jaw are overgrown by surrounding bone )\nsiluranodon auritus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) eared , from the local arabian name wadi denne ( \u201cprovided with ears\u201d ) , referring to large , rounded pectoral fins just behind head , which resemble two big ears\nauchenoglanis biscutatus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) bi - , two ; scutatus , shielded , referring to nuchal shield divided into two parts\nauchenoglanis occidentalis ( valenciennes 1840 ) western , referring to its distribution ( described from senegal ) compared to the similar a . biscutatus of egypt\nnotoglanidium g\u00fcnther 1903 notos , back , presumably referring to \u201crather long\u201d dorsal fin of n . walkeri ; glanidium , diminutive of glanis , sheatfish ( silurus glanis ) , now used as a general term for catfish\nnotoglanidium akiri ( risch 1987 ) in honor of mrs . p . j . akiri ( rivers state university of science and technology , port harcourt , nigeria ) , ichthyologist , who collected type\nnotoglanidium thomasi boulenger 1916 in honor of anthropologist northcote w . thomas , who collected type\nparauchenoglanis longiceps ( boulenger 1913 ) longus , long ; ceps , head , referring to longer , narrower head compared to p . balayi\nparauchenoglanis monkei ( keilhack 1910 ) in honor of dr . h . monke ( no other information available ) , who collected type\nparauchenoglanis ngamensis ( boulenger 1911 ) \u2013 ensis , suffix denoting place : lake ngami district ( i . e . , area ) , botswana , type locality\namarginops hildae ( bell - cross 1973 ) in honor of hilda jubb , albany museum , grahamstown , south africa ( wife of ichthyologist rex a . jubb ) , \u201cwhose excellent fish illustrations of southern african freshwater fishes [ including type of this species ] have been admired by all\u201d\nbathybagrus bailey & stewart 1984 bathys , deep , referring to \u201cprofundal habitat\u201d of b . tetranema ; bagrus , a bagrid catfish ( originally placed in bagridae )\nchrysichthys bleeker 1858 chrysos , gold , referring to golden - yellow head and / or specific name of c . auratus ( = golden ) ; ichthys , fish\nchrysichthys auratus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) golden , referring to golden - yellow head ( at least on the specimens that geoffroy st . hilaire examined )\nchrysichthys johnelsi daget 1959 in honor of zoologist alf g . johnels ( 1916 - 2010 ) , swedish museum of natural history , who observed and reported the first specimens in 1954\nchrysichthys persimilis g\u00fcnther 1899 per - , very ; similis , similar , described as \u201cextremely similar\u201d to the type of c . furcatus\nchrysichthys platycephalus worthington & ricardo 1937 platy , flat ; cephalus , head , referring to broader , more flattened head compared to the similar c . graueri\nchrysichthys praecox hardman & stiassny 2008 early ripening or precocious , referring to small size at maturity ( 31 . 7 - 62 . 5 mm sl )\nchrysichthys teugelsi risch 1987 in honor of ichthyologist guy g . teugels ( 1954 - 2003 ) , mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( paris ) , who helped collect type\nchrysichthys wagenaari boulenger 1899 in honor of lieut . wagenaar ( no other information available , probably a dutch army officer ) , who collected upper congo fishes for boulenger , including presumably the type of this one\nchrysichthys longidorsalis risch & thys van den audenaerde 1981 longus , long ; dorsalis , dorsal , referring to long dorsal fin , reaching to at least adipose fin when folded [ replacement name for gephyroglanis velifer thys van den audenaerde 1965 , preoccupied in chrysichthys by c . velifer ( = maurus ) norman 1923 ]\nsubgenus melanodactylus bleeker 1858 melano - , black ; daktylos , finger , referring to dark - edged fins of type species , arius acutivelis ( = c . nigrodigitatus )\nchrysichthys thysi risch 1985 in honor of ichthyologist dirk thys van den audenaerde ( b . 1934 ) , who collected type\nclarotes kner 1855 named after the ancient greek klaroten , a term for slaves ( i . e . , \u201cpeople with bent necks\u201d [ translation ] , according to kner ) , referring to sharp downward - sloping angle of head\nclarotes bidorsalis pellegrin 1938 bi - , two ; dorsalis , dorsal , referring to spine in adipose fin of adults ( apparently bigger or more pronounced than adipose fin on c . laticeps ) , giving the impression that it has two dorsal fins\nclarotes macrocephalus daget 1954 macro - , large ; cephalus , head , referring to larger head compared to c . laticeps\nphyllonemus boulenger 1906 phyllon , leaf ; nemus , thread , referring to leaf - like membrane at tips of maxillary barbels of p . typus\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n245mm or 9 . 6\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\njustification : although there are threats known in the luapula - mweru region ( overfishing ) , the species is listed as least concern because it has a relatively broad distribution .\nsince 2007 it has been prohibited to fish in lake mweru and the luapula river on the congolese site of the border . in zambia , there is the kasanka national park around lake bangweulu . the fines didn\u2019t work in this region . even scientific collections were stopped . the government has burned 10 , 000 nets after measuring the nets . the governor ( morris katunge ) has paid the fishermen . since 1st of may 2008 , fishing was allowed again , but with controlled mesh sizes .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1174, "summary": [{"text": "siliquaria , common name the slit worm snails , is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family siliquariidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "siliquaria is the type genus of the family siliquariidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "siliquaria is considered to be an objective synonym of tenagodus guettard , 1770 in world register of marine species . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "siliquaria", "paragraphs": ["siliquariidae \u00bb siliquaria species , id : 290109 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nsiliquaria brugui\u00e8re , j . g . , 1792 type species : tenagodus anguinus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nlockeia siliquaria james , 1879 : lima & netto , 2012 , lk . 10 , joon . 3g , 5a - b\nlockeia siliquaria ( james , 1879 ) : mangano et al . , 2002 , lk . 42 , joon . 37a - f\nspecies siliquaria senegalensis ( m\u00f6rch , 1860 ) accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( erroneous authorship )\nwhat made you want to look up siliquaria ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nspecies siliquaria senegalensis g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( original combination )\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ]\nbieler , r . 1992 ,\ntenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine ` worm - snails ' ( cerithioidea : siliquariidae )\n, nautilus , vol . 106 , no . 1 , pp . 15 - 20\n\u201cwe both died at the same moment\u201d is a humorous observation of anthropomorphism , the attribution of human emotions to nature and animals . a siliquaria armata is a slitworm that loosley - coiles a shell . growing inside a sea - bed , a siliquaria armata will grow vertically until it touches another siliquaria armata , at which point they will knot together . once caught by fishermen , the two worms die at the same time . yeung undermines this romanticized phenomenon by emphasizing the emotionless in the process from the life to death of a slitworm . yet while yeung\u2019s theoretical interrogation of life and death in nature and humankinds tendency to romanticize the unknown and the unknowable , \u201cwe both died at the same moment\u201d simultaneously connotes a mythologisation of the slitworms . the vitrine , a showcase usually hosting buddhist sculptures , common in hong kong , which houses the slitworm aggrandizes the phenomenon of dying at the same time of knotted siliquaria armata\u2019s . \u201cwe both died at the same moment\u201d puts into question the desire and tendency to romanticize nature , turning to a slitworm as a metaphor for beauty , life and death .\nbieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nblainville , h . m . d . de ( 1827 ) . siliquaire , siliquaria . in : cuvier , f . , dictionnaire des sciences naturelles , vol . xlix . f . g . levrault , paris , pp . 210\u2013214 , 217 . page ( s ) : 213 [ details ]\nbieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 15 [ details ]\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) brugui\u00e8re , l\u00e9on g . ( 1789 & 1792 ) . [ polychaeta context ] encyclopedie methodique . histoire naturelle des vers . volume 1 . 1 - 344 . panckouche & plomteux . a . bul . paris & liege . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xv [ details ]\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of tenagodes p . fischer , 1885 ) bieler , r . , 1992 . tenagodus or siliquaria ? unravelling taxonomic confusion in marine\nworm - snails\n( cerithioidea : siliquariidae ) . the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) : 15 - 20 [ 27 february ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 16 [ details ]\n( of siliquaria brugui\u00e8re , 1789 ) bieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]\nspecies tenagodus senegalensis ( r\u00e9cluz in m\u00f6rch , 1860 ) accepted as tenagodus senegalensis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1876 ) ( erroneous authorship )\nguettard j . e . ( 1770 ) . m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts [ qui referme ] . . . deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire , qui renferme la concordance des auteurs qui ont parl\u00e9 des tuyaux marins fossiles , auxquels on a compar\u00e9 ceux qui se p\u00eachent actuellement dans la mer . classe des tuyaux marins . troisi\u00e8me m\u00e9moire . sur les erreurs o\u00f9 l ' on a \u00e9t\u00e9 au sujet des tuyaux marins . paris , prault . 3 ( 544 ) : 71 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of agathirses montfort , 1808 \u2020 ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie syst\u00e9matique et classification m\u00e9thodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 399 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 20 [ details ]\nbieler r . 2004 . sanitation with sponge and plunger : western atlantic slit - wormsnails ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : siliquariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 140 ( 3 ) : 307 - 333 . page ( s ) : 310 [ details ]\nbrugui\u00e8re , l\u00e9on g . ( 1789 & 1792 ) . [ polychaeta context ] encyclopedie methodique . histoire naturelle des vers . volume 1 . 1 - 344 . panckouche & plomteux . a . bul . paris & liege . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xv [ details ]\nvaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 18 [ details ]\ndautzenberg , ph . ( 1923 ) . liste pr\u00e9liminaire des mollusques marins de madagascar et description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles . j . conchyliol . 68 : 21 - 74 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ndrivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la r\u00e9union et de l ' \u00eele maurice . collection les beaut\u00e9s de la nature . delachaux et niestl\u00e9 : neuch\u00e2tel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbieler , r . ; petit , r . e . ( 2011 ) . catalogue of recent and fossil \u201cworm - snail\u201d taxa of the families vermetidae , siliquariidae , and turritellidae ( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) . zootaxa . 2948 , 1 - 103 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 60 [ details ]\nmacdonald & co ( 1979 ) . the macdonald encyclopedia of shells . macdonald & co . london & sydney . [ details ]\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . the complex synonymies at the generic and familial levels were discussed by bieler ( 1992 ) . . . .\n. . . siphonium j . e . gray , 1847 , cannot be used as a valid name because it is a junior homonym of siphonium link ( 1807 : 9 ; cephalopoda ) . [ vermetidae ] stephopoma morch , 1860a : bieler , 1992 ) . guettard ' s original spelling of the name was tulaxodus ( 1770 : 143 ) . . . .\nstephopoma ( caenogastropoda : siliquariidae ) from the houtman abrolhos islands , western australia .\nnon - native and potentially invasive marine species are often difficult to recognize and to monitor , especially those that are small and cryptic . special focus of the current project is on non - nati\u2026\n[ more ]\nlike other groups with long - range ( teleplanic ) larvae , species - level diversity of architectonicids need to be assessed in ocean - basin - wide , if not global studies . with individual morphospecies appa\u2026\n[ more ]\nusing morpho - anatomical , ultrastructural , molecular , and behavioral data , the project looks at the diversity of the marine worm - snails at the species and higher clade levels .\n[ edited volume ] bivalvia - a look at the branches . a special issue of invited papers on bivalve syst . . .\ndie gattungen der architectonicidae ( gastropoda : allogastropoda ) . teil 4 : heliacus ( pyrgoheliacus ) n . . .\nheliacus ( pyrgoheliacus ) n . subgen . , based on the type species heliacus turritus n . sp . , and architectonica ( adelphotectonica ) n . subgen . , based on the type species solarium reevei hanley 1862 , are described and compared to similar forms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : d3d9d28f - 7e99 - 473f - a8a6 - 952365ff2a0e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4754dfa8 - 6b5b - 4b96 - b0b3 - 9cb70ed51778\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f03af9e8 - 33fe - 459f - 9e63 - c18021be1d29\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e249b1c6 - a777 - 41bc - aa0d - 9cad64972a8a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 516049\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ntrevor yeung , we both died at the same moment , 2014 . sculpture .\ntrevor yeung\u2019s ( b . 1988 , guangdong province , china ) practice , traversing a wide range of mixed media works from drawings and photographs , small objects and installations , is a delicate examination of human relations and processing . using the human body , plants and animals as an aesthetic pretext to examine the processes of exchange and participation , yeung projects emotional and intellectual scenarios onto biological substitutes . his allegory of the biological as the emotional interrogates the artificiality of nature and the capacity for a simulated construction of meaning . the artist creates worlds with their own logic , with his rules and that are connected to his own experiences . in doing so yeung\u2019s work invites his audiences to interrogate perspectives and challenge the creation of systems . he currently lives in hong kong .\ncategory defying from its inception , kadist originates in paris and san francisco and extends to a far - reaching network of artists , curators , and advisors committed to a panoramic view of contemporary art , urgent global issues , and progressive social values . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npetalopoma schiaparelli , s . , 2002 type species : petalopoma elisabettae schiafforelli , 2002\nhummelinckiella faber , m . j . & r . g . moolenbeek , 1999 type species : hummelinckiella borinquensis faber , m . j . & r . g . moolenbeek , 1999\ntenagodus guettard , 1770 type species : tenagodus anguinus linnaeus , c . , 1758\nstephopoma m\u00f6rch , o . a . l . , 1860 type species : stephopoma rosea quoy , h . e . t . & j . p . gaimard , 1834\ncaporbis bartsch , p . , 1915 type species : caporbis africanus bartsch , p . , 1915\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 1 . 424 seconds . )\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nsiliquariidae about 20 species . most live in deep water and are seldom collected intact .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 013 seconds . )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nguettard , j . \u00e9 . 1770 ,\nclasse des tuyaux marins .\n, m\u00e9moires sur diff\u00e9rentes parties des sciences et arts , vol . 3 , pp . 59 - 178\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed03d2c5 - 14bb - 4205 - a3dc - 7c549b8025c9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f665f407 - d55b - 4762 - 9fc1 - 6c0ea836b57d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2ce101b5 - cb7a - 4efc - bbc5 - 7bbca1f0d44b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 617622\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : db7b13ad - 6d12 - 48f9 - babc - e0c3ceb5fb4d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e374ff36 - 635e - 4ac7 - b7da - 3e7b697a47a1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3bf28967 - cca1 - 4ee2 - bbbc - 4407cc6dfe35\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 510526\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : chamberlain , 1971 , lk . 219 , joon . 29 : 1\nlockeia avalonensis ichnosp , nov . : fillion & pickerill , 1990 , lk . 39 , joon . 9 : 1 - 5\nl . triangulichnus nov . ichnosp : kim , 1994 , lk . 223 , joon . 4c , 5\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : kim , 1994 , lk . 222 , joon . 4a , 5\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : rindsberg , 1994 , lk . 37 , joon . 2a - d\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : radley et al . , 1998 , lk . , joon . 2\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : schlirf et al . , 2001 , lk . 77 , joon . 6b - c\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : gaillard & racheboeuf , 2006 , lk . 1206 , joon . 3 . 1 , 3 . 2\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : mikul\u00e1\u0161 et al . , 2013 , lk . 394 , joon .\nlockeia silliquaria james , 1879 : rajkonwar et al . , 2013 , lk . 25 , joon . 3c\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence ."]}
{"id": 1175, "summary": [{"text": "bathycongrus polyporus is an eel in the family congridae ( conger/garden eels ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by david g. smith and robert h. kanazawa in 1977 , originally under the genus rhechias .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a marine , deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the straits of florida and the northern coast of cuba , in the western central atlantic ocean .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it dwells at a depth range of 439-549 metres .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "males can reach a maximum total length of 43 centimetres .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the species epithet \" polyporus \" means \" many pored \" in ancient greek , and refers to the large quantity of pores in the eel 's lateralis system . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "bathycongrus polyporus", "paragraphs": ["bathycongrus macrurus ( c . h . gilbert , 1891 ) ( shorthead conger )\nbathycongrus bullisi ( d . g . smith & kanazawa , 1977 ) ( bullish conger )\nbathycongrus retrotinctus ( d . s . jordan & snyder , 1901 ) ( blackedge conger )\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nbathycongrus bullisi ( smith & kanazawa , 1977 )\n.\nkarmovskaya , e . s . ( 2011 ) : new species of the genus bathycongrus\u2014b . parviporus ( congridae , anguilliformes ) \u2014from waters of central vietnam ( nha trang and van phong bays ) . journal of ichthyology , 51 ( 6 ) : 417\u2013425 .\ngreek , bathys = deep + latin , conger = conger ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 439 - 549 m ( ref . 40828 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40828 )\nthis is the only species with 3 supratemporal pores . head length is less than that of other species , and the mouth is more nearly terminal .\nsmith , d . g . , 1994 . catalog of type specimens of recent fishes in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , 6 : anguilliformes , saccopharyngiformes , and notacanthiformes ( teleostei : elopomorpha ) . smithson . contrib . 566 : 50 p . ( ref . 40789 )\n) : 8 . 3 - 11 . 5 , mean 9 . 9 ( based on 9 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00063 ( 0 . 00028 - 0 . 00142 ) , b = 3 . 18 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . b\u00f6hlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / b\u00f6hlke , eugenia b . , ed .\nfishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 9 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudoxenomystax breder , 1927 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of pseudoxenomystax breder , 1927 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congrina jordan & hubbs , 1925 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of uranoconger fowler , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]\n( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of rhechias jordan , 1921 ) king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / softquad software / / dtd hotmetal pro 6 . 0 : : 19990601 : : extensions to html 4 . 0 / / en\nhmpro6 . dtd\n\u0086 parbatmya brazosensis ( frizzell & j . h . dante , 1965 ) eocen\nthe taxonomic information and the basic database has been provided by ; e - mail : igor sheremetyev ; this is a conversion from a database dump , and there are probably many odd things as result of automatic conversion .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013"]}
{"id": 1177, "summary": [{"text": "the dusky eagle-owl ( bubo coromandus ) is a species of owl in the family strigidae that is widespread in bangladesh , china , india , malaysia , myanmar , nepal , pakistan , and thailand and listed as being of least concern by iucn .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "affects watered and well wooded tracts .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "mango tree groves , and old tamarind and other densely foliaged trees are preferred .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "parochial and a pair often inhabits the same grove year after year .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the nesting season is from november to april .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the nest is made of sticks in the fork of the trunk of a large tree preferably near water and often in the vicinity of human habitation . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "dusky eagle - owl", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . dusky eagle owl > > chicks in nest 2 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 3 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 4 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 5 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 6 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 7 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 8 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 9 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 10 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 11 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 12 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 13 . dusky eagle owl 14 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 15 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 16 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 17 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 18 . dusky eagle owl > > subadult 19 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 20 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 21 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 22 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 23 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 24 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 25 . dusky eagle owl > > immature 26 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 27 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 28 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 29 . dusky eagle owl > > nesting 30 . dusky eagle owl 31 . dusky eagle owl 32 . dusky eagle owl 33 . dusky eagle owl 34 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 35 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 36 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 37 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 38 . dusky eagle owl > > on nest 39 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 40 . dusky eagle owl 41 . dusky eagle owl 42 . dusky eagle owl > > pair 43 . dusky eagle owl > > in flight 44 . dusky eagle owl > > adult at nest 45 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 46 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 47 . dusky eagle owl > > adult 48 . dusky eagle owl > > chick 49 . dusky eagle owl > > adult and juvenile on nest 50 . dusky eagle owl 51 . dusky eagle owl 52 . dusky eagle owl > > male\nthe dusky eagle owl is a fairly large owl with prominent ear - tufts .\nthe dusky eagle - owl species are distributed in india , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh , china , myanmar , thailand and malaysia .\nthese owl species are distributed in india , pakistan , nepal , bangladesh , china , myanmar , thailand and malaysia . these eagle - owl species are large birds with grayish - dusky plumage . there are two recognized subspecies of these owl species .\nhunting & food : dusky eagle owls feed on small mammals , birds , reptiles , frogs , fish , and large insects .\nthe important bird and biodiversity areas ( iba ) of the dusky eagle - owl in nepal are , bardia national park , chitwan national park , sukla phanta wildlife reserve and koshi tappu wildlife reserve and koshi barrage .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the owl species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018evaluated\u2019 for the dusky eagle - owl (\nthe breeding season of the dusky eagle - owl is from november to april in india , with a peak in december and january . these species usually lay eggs in the abandoned stick nests of kites , raptors and other birds of prey .\nthe overall plumage of dusky eagle - owl is grayish . the ear - tufts are prominent and have rounded tips . the facial disc is pale and demarked by narrow black stripe . the upperparts are brownish gray . the underparts are paler and are streaked .\ndusky eagle owl ( bubo coromandus ) . size 53 cm ( 21 in ) . large size with erect ear tufts when alert . greyish brown upperparts marked with narrow dark streaks together with pale greyish buff underparts with fine blackish streaks distinctive . iris orange . feathered tarsi .\nhabitat : well - wooded and well - watered country , never in arid or desert regions . the dusky eagle owl is also found in old mango plantations , and in other densely foliaged trees in proximity of water and habitation , normally on the plains . occurs up to 250m above sea level .\nthese owl species have medium forest dependency . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 250 meters .\nhabits : although not completely nocturnal , the dusky eagle owl usually spends the daytime in the seclusion of a shady bough or foliage , becoming active about an hour before sunset . they have been observed on the move and hunting in the day , especially cloudy days , but never during the brightest and hottest hours . they are usually found in pairs , and are very faithful to localities . these owls can be heard calling at all hours of the day , and are most vocal during the rainy and cold seasons .\nthe diet of these owl species is mostly birds . crows , bee - eaters , parakeets , rollers , coucals , pigeons and doves are their primary food .\nholt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enr\u00edquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . dusky eagle - owl ( bubo coromandus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n48\u201353 cm ; no data on body mass . large , greyish owl with prominent ear tufts rounded at tips . pale facial disc framed by narrow black lines ; above , dark brown with . . .\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable , either under the range size criterion , or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion . loss of habitat is the main threat that may endanger the survival of these owl species .\nthe account for this species mentions ' record of ground nesting in bombay ' . i cannot find any other mention of this in the literature and wonder whether ' bombay ' is in error for pakistan ? the bibliography includes : mirza , z . b . ( 1985 ) new record of dusky horned owl nesting on ground . pakistan j . zool . 17 ( 1 ) : 109 - 110 , which seems to be the only appropriate reference . i have not managed to obtain a copy of this reference so if anybody can provide more details from it i would be very grateful .\n) has not been quantified . the overall population trend of these owl species is considered to be under decline . throughout its range it is reported to be widespread , uncommon to fairly common . the generation length is 11 . 6 years . their distribution size is about 9 , 250 , 000 sq . km .\nbreeding : breeding season overall spans from november to april . in northern india , it is principally december to january , and later in the south . this owl uses abandoned stick nests of larger birds in the fork of a large tree , preferably standing in or near water . normally two eggs are laid , sometimes only one . eggs are white and roundish - oval in shape , averaging 59 . 3 x 48 . 2mm . they are laid several days apart , so chicks end up being very different in size . usually , only the larger and stronger one survives . while both the male and female have been observed on the eggs , it is likely that the female does the incubation , and the male will briefly cover the eggs when the female leaves the nest for a short time . incubation and fledging periods are unknown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be widespread , uncommon to fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : bubo coromandus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n( latham , 1790 ) \u2013 e pakistan , n & c india and s nepal e to assam and bangladesh ; apparently this race also in e china .\nsong a series of deep , accelerating croaking notes , \u201cwo wo wo wo wo - wo - wowowo\u201d , . . .\nopen , level areas with plenty of woodland , generally near water ; riparian forest , old plantations , . . .\nlays late nov\u2013apr , mainly dec\u2013jan , later in s ; fledglings found from early feb . typically lays in old stick nest of raptor , . . .\nresident , aside from\nstraggling\nof non - breeding birds . old records from peninsular . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . little information ( global population size and population trends unknown ) . widespread but uncommon in india , more frequent . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ndescription : the facial disc is whitish with dark shaft - streaks of feathers and a distinct , narrow and darker rim . the irises of the eyes are bright yellow . the cere and bill are bluish - lead in colour with a pale yellowish - horn tip . the prominent ear - tufts are a darker greyish - brown colour . the upperparts are brownish - grey with blackish shaft - streaks and dark brown and whitish vermiculations . the scapulars have whitish outer webs , finely vermiculated brown , forming an indistinct scapular row . the underparts are very pale buffish - grey with prominent , dark shaft - streaks and brown cross - bars . the primary and secondary flight feathers are barred light and darker greyish - brown . the tail is pale brownish - grey with white tips , and has 4 - 5 broad , dark greyish - brown bars . the tarsi are feathered to or beyond the base of the toes . the sparsely bristled tips of the toes are plumbeous - grey in colour with paler soles . claws are blackish - brown .\nsize : length 48 - 53cm . wing length 380 - 435mm . tail length 187 - 224mm . weight ( no current data available ) . females are larger and heavier than males .\nvoice : the song is a phrase of resonant , accelerating , croaking notes : kro kro kro - kro - krokrokoikoikokog , with the ending notes given in a rapid staccato sequence , resembling a tremolo . this phrase lasts about 3 seconds . male and female may be heard duetting during courtship .\ndistribution : indian subcontinent , nepal and bangladesh , burma and malaysia . also disjunctly in southeast china .\nstatus : not uncommon in india and bangladesh in suitable habitats . very rare in easternmost parts of range .\noriginal description : latham , john . 1790 . index orntihologicus , sive systema ornithologiae ; complectens avium divisionem in classes , ordines , genera , species , ipsarumque varietates : adjectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , & c . ( index orn . ) 1 : p . 53 .\ndel hoyo , elliott & sargatal . 1999 .\nhandbook of the birds of the world : barn owls to hummingbirds\n. buteo books .\nduncan , james r . . 2003 .\nowls of the world : their lives , behavior and survival\n. firefly books .\nk\u00f6nig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .\nowls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )\n. yale university press .\nmikkola , heimo . 2013 .\nowls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )\n. bloomsbury .\nvoous , karel h . . 1988 .\nowls of the northern hemisphere\n. the mit press .\ntwo adults seen ; third bird is a presumed fledged juvenile . calling from daytime roost ( at dusk ) near edge of tall most evergreen forest at edge of seasonally inundated grassy flat area . ( elevation actually 160 m ) . pair duet given by two adults ; the rasping notes are thought to have been given by the juvenile . this is the first documented recording of this little known subspecies .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 300 , 332 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .\natlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?\nmembers of the genus bubo are the largest of the owls . heavily built with powerful talons they are recognisable by their size , their prominent ear - tufts , and their eyes that vary in colour from yellow to brown but are frequently vivid orange . the genus , including the asian fish owls of the genus ketupa \u2013 now believed to be part of bubo \u2013 comprises of 20 species ranging eurasia , indonesia , africa and the americas . dna evidence suggests that the snowy owls of nyctea and the fish owls of scotopelia are also candidates for inclusion in this genus .\nfound in forest and forest edge , plantation . prefers watered and well wooded areas . mango tree groves , and old tamarind and other densely foliaged trees are preferred .\nthe nest is made of sticks in the fork of the trunk of a large tree preferably near water and often in the vicinity of human habitation . clutch size 1 - 3 eggs which hatch asynchronous . usually the older chicks survive . both parents take care of the young .\nthe legs are covered with whitish feathers . the feet are pale gray . the beak is bluish gray . the irises are pale orange . their call is an accelerating \u201cwo wo wo wo\nsound .\nis distributed in pakistan , north and central india , nepal , bangladesh , northeast india and east china . the subspecies\nthey inhabit artificial ecosystems like plantations , dense rural gardens and groves with densely foliaged trees . the natural ecosystem of these species includes tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests , dense woodlands , rivers , streams and creeks .\npost breeding , the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be widespread , uncommon to fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) .\naffects watered and well wooded tracts . mango tree groves , and old tamarind and other densely foliaged trees are preferred . parochial and a pair often inhabits the same grove year after year .\nthe nest is made of sticks in the fork of the trunk of a large tree preferably near water and often in the vicinity of human habitation .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1179, "summary": [{"text": "the mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) is a medium-sized ground bird in the plover family ( charadriidae ) .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is misnamed , as it lives on level land .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "unlike most plovers , it is usually not found near bodies of water or even on wet soil ; it prefers dry habitat with short grass ( usually due to grazing ) and bare ground . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "mountain plover", "paragraphs": ["listing the mountain plover as threatened : proposed rule ; request for public comments .\nstogsdill still remembers the moment a biologist showed him what a mountain plover looked like .\nmountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) : a technical conservation assessment by steve dinsmore . 2003 .\nshe has already signed up for the 10th annual mountain plover festival , which starts friday .\nthe color of the mountain plover helps it fade into the landscape , making it hard to spot .\ndinsmore , s . j . ( 2003 ) mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) : a technical conservation assessment . usda forest service , rocky mountain region .\ngraul , w . d . 1975 . breeding biology of the mountain plover . wilson bulletin 87 : 6 - 31 .\nthe mountain plover is one of the species that uses prairie dog towns to provide suitable breeding habitat in areas of longer grasses .\ndinsmore , s . j . 1995 . 1995 mountain plover research in phillips county , montana . unpublished report to usfws . 6pp .\nknowles , c . j . 1985 . the mountain plover : uncommonly exceptional . montana outdoors 16 ( 6 ) : 7 - 12 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mountain plover ( charadrius montanus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mountain plover ( charadrius montanus )\ntitle =\narkive species - mountain plover ( charadrius montanus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nprellwitz , d . m . 1993 . additional mountain plover sightings in montana . prairie nat . , 25 ( 1 ) : 23 - 26 .\nthe combination of a black forecrown and white breast is a unique color pattern among north american plover species that distinguishes the mountain plover ( knopf 1996 ) . the snowy plover ( charadrius alexandrinus ) , semipalmated plover ( charadrius semipalmatus ) , piping plover ( charadrius melodus ) , and a few other plovers , also have black forecrowns , but their breasts are decorated with a black breast band or black side patches ( sibley 2000 ) . their habitats are also distinctly different ( see habitat ) .\ngraul , w . d . , and l . e . webster . 1976 . breeding status of the mountain plover . condor 78 : 265 - 267 .\nolson , s . l . 1985 . mountain plover food items on and adjacent to a prairie dog town . prairie naturalist 17 ( 2 ) : 83 - 90 .\nthe conservation of the mountain plover depends on the protection of suitable nesting habitat , the conservation of prairie dogs , and the protection of known nesting sites ( 8 ) . efforts to carry out these conservation measures are underway in a number of areas ( 8 ) ( 9 ) , such as the pawnee national grassland in colorado , an important nesting site for the mountain plover and where a mountain plover management strategy has been implemented ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . in addition , the mountain plover and the black - tailed prairie dog ( cynomys ludovicianus ) have been proposed for listing under the federal endangered species act ( 5 ) , which would offer more protection to these declining species .\nfederal register 68 : 174 . 2003 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; withdrawal of the proposed rule to list the mountain plover as threatened . pp . 53083 - 53101\nwe are urging the federal government to protect all five species of prairie dogs and the diverse community of animals that depend on them , including the mountain plover . the plover has twice been proposed for listing , and twice the listing proposed has been withdrawn . we continue to advocate for the plover and we will not rest until these small , graceful birds have a safe home .\nthe oldest recorded mountain plover was at least 10 years old when it was sighted in montana in the wild and identified by its band . it had been banded in the same state .\nthe mountain plover is a bird that begins arriving to colorado\u2019s eastern plains in early april . plovers find the short grass prairie and fallow fields in the area to be excellent nesting grounds .\nfaunawest wildlife consultants . 1991 . status and breeding distribution of the mountain plover in montana . report to usdi bureau of land management . faunawest wildlife consultants , boulder , mt . 44 pp .\nknowles , p . r . 1992 . status and breeding distribution of the mountain plover in montana . paper presented at the 30th meeting of the montana chapter of the wildlife society , whitefish .\na native of the shortgrass prairie , the mountain plover is a dull - colored shorebird of open , dry areas . despite its name , it breeds in the high tablelands , not the mountains .\nand most ranchers in karval knew nothing about the mountain plover , a grassland bird native to the western great plains that prefers to nest in sparse vegetation or bare patches such as prairie dog towns .\nmountain plovers are one of only 12 grassland birds endemic to the western great plains . they nest across the western great plains and rocky mountain states , from the canadian border to northern mexico , and winter in california , southern arizona , texas and mexico . mountain plovers only nest in areas with sparse vegetation or bare ground , such as prairie dog towns . loss of these areas because of crop planting or the removal of prairie dogs , is the biggest threat to the mountain plover ' s population .\nproject overview in 2002 , the nebraska prairie partners initiated the systematic research of mountain plover ecology to reassess their status in nebraska . monitoring efforts including estimated arrival dates and departure dates of migrants , nesting chronology and time intervals of peak nesting activity , and general distribution of breeding mountain plovers in the southwest panhandle .\nthe mountain plover is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of the convention on the conservation of migratory species ( cms ) ( 3 ) .\nplover lovers . learn how landowners and biologists work together to study and preserve the nesting grounds of this elusive species .\nafter scientists determined that the mountain plover population had stabilized , and the government decided not to list it as an endangered species , people in the karval community realized that this bird could be an economic opportunity they\u2019d been seeking .\nthe mountain plover breeds in central north america , from montana , south to new mexico . it winters from central california to baja california , and east to southern texas and north - east mexico ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nknowles , c . j . and p . r . knowles . 1993 . mountain plover numbers , reproduction , and habitat use in three areas of montana . unpublished report for the bureau of land management , billings . 50 pp .\nlaun , c . h . 1957 . a life history study of the mountain plover ( eupoda montana townsend ) on the laramie plains , albany county , wyoming . m . s . thesis , univ . wyo . , laramie .\nleachman , b . , and b . osmundson . 1990 . status of the mountain plover : a literature review . unpublished report to the u . s . forest service , fish and wildlife enhancement , golden , co . 83 pp .\nparrish , t . l . , s . h . anderson and w . f . oelklaus . 1993 . mountain plover habitat selection in the powder river basin , wyoming . prairie nat . 25 ( 3 ) : 219 - 226 .\nolson - edge , s . l . and w . d . edge . 1987 . density and distribution of the mountain plover on the charles m . russell national wildlife refuge . the prairie naturalist 19 ( 4 ) : 233 - 238 .\nbetty snow , an avid birder , has checked out almost every bird festival in colorado . her favorite is the mountain plover festival in the tiny town of karval , out on the eastern plains where some of the state\u2019s oldest ranches are located .\nolson , s . l . 1984 . density and distribution , nest site selection , and activity of the mountain plover on the charles m . russell national wildlife refuge . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 62 pp .\nthe idea for karval\u2019s festival goes back more than a decade , when the u . s . fish and wildlife service wanted to put the mountain plover on the endangered species list , which meant ranchers would need to navigate a complex web of federal regulations .\nknowles , c . , p . knowles , m . maj , and d . hinckley . 1995 . mountain plover numbers , reproduction , and habitat use in three areas of montana . prepared by faunawest wildlife consultants for bureau of land management , billings , montana .\npoorly named , this pallid plover is a bird of flat open plains , not mountains . of all of our\nshorebirds ,\nthis is the one most disconnected from the shore , generally living miles from water in the dry country of the west . the short - grass prairie where it once thrived has been largely converted to farmland , but the mountain plover has found new habitat in grassland overgrazed by cattle .\nalso , public lands and parks are mowed too frequently and the grass kept too short to provide a habitat for birds , the reports said . grassland birds showing marked population declines include the mountain plover , eastern and western meadowlarks , short - eared owls and northern bobwhites .\nfirst collected by john kirk townsend in 1834 along the sweetwater river of wyoming and named by john james audubon as the rocky mountain plover , the mountain plover is a north american endemic that breeds on the dry tablelands of the western great plains , and winters in dry grasslands and deserts of northern mexico and california . an unwary species , it often faces away from an observer and squats motionless in response to disturbance . this behavior results in the drably marked bird virtually disappearing and has fostered the nickname\nprairie ghost\namong those who seek it out .\nfederal register : february 16 , 1999 ( volume 64 , number 30 ) . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants : proposed threatened status for the mountain plover . proposed rules . department of the interior , u . s . fish and wildlife service . pp . 7587 - 7601 .\nmountain plover populations declined by over 3 % per year between 1966 and 2014 , resulting in a cumulative decline of 80 % , according to the north american breeding bird survey . a 2012 study estimates a breeding population of 20 , 000 . these birds only live in north america , principally in the west and central areas of the u . s . during the summer , migrating south to mexico and the southwest u . s . mountain plover is on the 2014 state of the birds watch list , which lists species most in danger of extinction without significant conservation action . a proposal to list the species as\nendangered\nwas rejected by the u . s . fish and wildlife service in 2003 , stating that species was more common than was believed . however , mountain plover is listed a near threatened on the iucn red list . back to top\nknopf , fritz l . and m . b . wunder . 2006 . mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nwwf works with researchers and landowners to understand the needs of mountain plovers and to assess how land management and climate change impact the bird .\nforesman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .\nother rmbo research related to mountain plovers quantifies the success of nests and chick survival as a result of our nest marking program in agricultural lands .\nday , k . s . 1994 . observations on mountain plovers ( charadrius montanus ) breeding in utah . southwestern naturalist 39 : 298 - 300 .\nbehavior : mountain plovers often will run rather than fly when disturbed . they winter in central and coastal california , arizona , texas , northern mexico .\ndespites its common and scientific names , the mountain plover is not actually a mountain species ( 2 ) . it nests in upland short - grass prairie disturbed by fire or grazing . during the winter , it is found in heavily - grazed short - grass plains and fields , sandy deserts and on agricultural land ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . they are often found in association with burrowing mammals such as kangaroo rats ( dipodomys species ) and prairie dogs ( cynomys species ) ( 2 ) .\nmountain plover recordings by geoffery a . keller \u00a9 cornell lab of ornithology macaulay library cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods road ithaca new york 14850 united states of america tel : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2404 fax : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2439 email : macaulaylibrary @ urltoken website : www . birds . urltoken / macaulaylibrary\nknopf , f . l . and m . b . wunder . 2006 . mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) . species account number 211 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database\nranchers know where to find the mountain plover \u2014 their nests are so hard to spot that bird watchers call them \u201cthe ghost of the prairie\u201d \u2014 but the festival isn\u2019t just about that bird . over the years , visitors have spotted nearly 90 different kinds of birds , from red - winged blackbirds to the snowy egret and the great horned owl .\nthe rocky mountain bird observatory ( which later changed its name to bird conservancy of the rockies ) held a workshop in karval to discuss the bird with landowners .\nknopf , f . l . and j . r . wunder . 2006 . mountain plover ( charadrius montanus ) . the birds of north america , no . 211 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) the academy of natural sciences , philidelphea , pa , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .\nknowles , c . and p . knowles . 1997 . mountain plover numbers , reproduction , and habitat use in montana : a summary of six survey years . faunawest wildlife consultants . prepared for the montana department of fish , wildlife , & parks , great falls , montana , and the bureau of land management , billings , montana . 22 april 1997 .\nknopf , f . l . and j . r . rupert . 1995 . habits and habitats of mountain plovers in california . condor 97 : 743 - 751 .\nthey came up with the idea for the mountain plover festival \u2014 a three - day event with prices that range from $ 50 for a single event to $ 200 for the complete package . visitors spend time with ranchers and farmers , learning about their lives while touring private ranch land and eating home - cooked meals , including a saturday night chuck wagon dinner .\nmostly insects . diet is not well known ; but in the dry upland habitats where this plover lives , it probably feeds almost entirely on insects , including grasshoppers , beetles , flies , and crickets .\nas increasing human development overruns plover habitat and the prairie dogs who provide them their best nesting sites are persecuted , the difficulties the plover faces have taken their toll : this bird has declined by over 66 percent in the past few decades . recent estimates place the bird\u2019s total numbers at 5 , 000 - 11 , 000 individuals , a small number for a bird who lives just two years on average .\nspecies overview the mountain plover is an upland shorebird that breeds across the xeric tablelands of the western great plains and is a species of conservation concern throughout its range because of apparent range - side population declines ( knopf and wunder 2006 ) . by the beginning of the 21st century however , its extent in nebraska was largely unknown . bruner et al . ( 1904 ) described the species as\nnot uncommonin extreme western nebraska\nat the turn of the 20th century and noted the species had been observed in cheyenne , dawes , and sioux counties . as late 2000 , sharpe et al . ( 2001 ) described the species as a rare , regular breeder limited to southwestern kimball county . in fact , few mountain plover nests had ever been located in nebraska .\nknopf , f . l . and j . r . rupert . 1996 . reproduction and movements of mountain plovers breeding in colorado . wilson bulletin 108 : 28 - 35 .\nknopf , f . l . , and b . j . miller . 1994 . chradrius montanus : montane , grassland , or bare - ground plover ? the auk 111 ( 2 ) : 504 - 506 .\nknopf , f . l , and j . r . rupert . 1999 . use of cultivated fields by breeding mountain plovers . studies in avian biology 19 : 81 - 86 .\nadams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .\nthe karval mountain plover festival began when karval community members were looking at economic opportunities for this small community . we decided to \u201cbring the bird lovers to the bird\u201d . this i s a weekend full of bird watching , wildlife viewing tours , entertainment , history , arts and crafts , antiques , and lots of good food ! along with bird watching , here are some of the other things you will enjoy :\njohnsgard , p . a . 1986 . birds of the rocky mountains : with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . colorado associated university press , boulder , co .\nknowles , c . j . , and p . r . knowles . 1984 . additional records of mountain plovers using prairie dog towns in montana . prairie naturalist 16 : 183 - 186 .\nknopf , f . l . 1991 . status and conservation of mountain plovers : the evolving regional effort . report of research activities , usfws national ecology research center , fort collins , co . 9 pp .\nolson , s . l . and w . d . edge . 1985 . nest site selection by mountain plovers in northcentral montana . j . range manage . 38 ( 3 ) : 280 - 282 .\nwershler , c . r . 1989 . a management strategy for mountain plovers in alberta . proceedings of the prairie conservation and endangered species workshop , saskatchewan natural history society and canadian plains research center . 5 pp .\nhutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .\nwerner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .\nknowles , c . j . , c . j . stoner , and s . p . gieb . 1982 . selective use of black - tailed prairie dog towns by mountain plovers . condor 84 : 71 - 74 .\nthe loss of nesting habitat is the biggest threat to mountain plovers . prairie dog colony extermination , lack of natural fire regimes , and the conversion of native prairie for agriculture and energy development all contribute to habitat loss and change .\nmountain plovers arrive in april and may remain in the state until september ( johnsgard 1986 ) . the species is a rare migrant west of the continental divide , but is a breeding resident of the prairie lands to the east .\nwallis , c . a . and c . r . wershler . 1981 . status and breeding of mountain plovers ( charadrius montanus ) in canada . can . field - nat . 95 ( 2 ) : 133 - 136 .\ngateway to the rocky mountain west for people from far - off lands or potential shortcut for flyers running late ; the beauty of the pedestrian bridge stretching between dia ' s main terminal and the a concourse is in the eye of the crosser .\n. the plumage of the mountain plover is brownish - grey on the upperparts and whitish on the underparts with a buff wash on the sides . the bright white of the forehead extends back above the eye like an eyebrow and contrasts with the black crown and the black patch that joins the eye to the black , short , straight bill . the pale , yellowish - brown legs are relatively long . non - breeding adults have a pale brown crown and rufous fringes to the new wing feathers , while juveniles can be identified by the buff - coloured \u2018eyebrow\u2019\ngomez de silva , h . , r . a . medilin legorreta , m . a . amin , and s . aguilar . 1996 . a concentration of mountain plovers charadrius montanus in san luis potosi , mexico . cotinga 5 : 74 - 75 .\nthe mountain plover is one of the many species that depends on prairie dog colonies in the west . mountain plovers like to nest in prairie dog towns , and considering the difficulties they face in making it to adulthood it is in their interests to choose wisely . their nests are shallow depressions in the ground , and though their dark olive and black eggs are well - camouflaged , they are vulnerable to predators such as coyotes , swift foxes , and ground squirrels . more than half of the egg clutches are lost to predation . once the chicks hatch , they can almost immediately run and feed themselves . during their first few weeks of life , they are most concerned with avoiding predators such as prairie falcons , ferruginous hawks , golden eagles , and loggerhead shrikes , and staying out of the hot prairie sun in the shade of tall grass , fence posts , telephone poles , or their parents .\n. prairie dogs , which this species is particularly associated with , can be greatly affected by sylvatic plague ( dinsmore and smith 2010 ) , yet treatment of these species against this can have further detrimental effects on nesting success of the plover ( dinsmore 2013 ) . over 70 % of nests on cultivated land are destroyed by farm machinery ( shackford\nbecause the continental population of the mountain plover apparently declined three percent or more per year during the 1970s , 1980s and early 1990s , the species was proposed for listing as threatened under the endangered species act in 1999 , but was subsequently withdrawn in 2003 . individuals in california may spend up to seventy - five percent of their time on agricultural fields where they are exposed to an array of pesticides , although no direct effects of pesticides on reproductive success or survival have been detected . in the southern part of the breeding range , birds also nest on tilled fields . although nests are lost to tillage practices during incubation , nest success on tilled fields currently appears compensatory rather than additive to losses due to predation in native habitats .\nour monitoring efforts yielded 278 nests ( 272 on agricultural fields and six on native rangelands ) over the duration of the study . the majority of nests were laid during the first two weeks of may . we observed mountain plovers incubating eggs into the middle of july , when it was previously believed that the birds migrated south ( sharpe et al . 2001 ) . our data also suggest that juveniles may reside within the state as late as early september , which is significantly longer than previously documented ( sharpe et al . 2001 ) . finally , compared with historically documented sightings , our results indicate that mountain plovers are more numerous in nebraska than previously believed ( see figure below ) .\nclark , t . w . , h . a . harvey , r . d . dorn , d . l . genter , and c . groves ( eds ) . 1989 . rare , sensitive , and threatened species of the greater yellowstone ecosystem . northern rockies conservation cooperative , montana natural heritage program , the nature conservancy , and mountain west environmental services . 153 p .\nin the summers the prairie was flush with grouse , prairie chickens , and curlews with their pink underwings lovely as a flash of sunset cloud . then there was the dainty little prairie plover that rose singly , at forty , fifty yards and soared gently away , rising gradually , such ready and toothsome game for the hunter . wright , an early hide man from around dodge , once killed nearly two hundred in an hour for an entourage of eastern sportsmen .\nidentification : mountain plovers are typically 8 - 9 \u00bd inches ( 20 - 24 cm ) tall with a17 \u00bd - 23 inch ( 44 - 58 cm ) wingspan . colors are light brown back , sandy - buff breast , white forehead with black above , white eye stripe , white wing stripe , black tail band with white border . male and females are similar in size and appearance .\nthroughout its range , this plover arrives on its breeding grounds in late march and april , two months before warm - season grasses begin to green . some adults and fledged chicks begin leaving the breeding grounds by mid july and wander throughout the southwestern plains and deserts until early november , when they arrive at the wintering grounds and gather , localized , in small flocks . spring migration , apparently directed around the suthern extents of the sierra nevada and rocky mountains to the breeding grounds , is much faster .\n21 - 23 . 5 cm . pale brown plover . upperparts brownish grey , underparts whitish washed buff on breast sides and flanks , white forehead and supercilium contrasting with black frontal bar and lores , black bill and long , pale brown - yellow legs . non - breeding adults lack black on head , have rufous fringes to fresh wing feathers , more extensive and buffy breast markings . juvenile similar but supercilium buff and broader , more buffy fringes and marked underparts . in flight , looks long - winged and shows white wing - bar , underwing - coverts and in tail .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nis larger , darker and greyer , with darker legs and more patterned upperparts , in flight distinguished by white underwing and in tail .\nbutcher , g . , dinsmore , s . , dreitz , v . , earsom , s . , estelle , v . , knopf , f . , leachman , b . , lockwood , m . , manzano , p . , o ' connell , t . & wunder , m .\nthis species is classified as near threatened because it has a moderately small population . however , it is continuing to decline as a consequence of habitat loss and degradation resulting from cultivation , urbanisation , over - grazing , and changes in native herbivore populations .\n2009 ) . all these birds winter from sacramento , san joaquin and imperial valleys , california ( knopf and rupert 1995 , s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle\n( wilbur 1987 ) , and irregularly in south arizona and south texas in the blackland prairie ( knopf 1996 , m . lockwood\n. there appears to be some mixing on the wintering grounds , with birds banded in montana having been documented over - wintering in southern california , southeastern arizona , and texas ( s . dinsmore ,\n2012 ] ) . these figures are likely to reflect an increase in counting accuracy rather than a recent population increase . breeding was first successful in nuevo le\u00f3n , mexico , in 2004 ( gonzales rojas\n. these and / or northern birds regularly winter at janos in chihuahua ( p . manzano\nthe global population was estimated to number 11 , 000 - 14 , 000 individuals , but this has recently been revised upwards to 15 , 000 - 20 , 000 individuals , roughly equivalent to 10 , 000 - 14 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : this species underwent a large and statistically significant decrease over 40 years in north america , with a 66 . 5 % decline over 40 years ( 23 . 9 % per decade ) , according to data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count ( butcher and niven 2007 ) . more recent data from bbs suggests a potential annual decline of 2 . 88 % , which would equate to a decline of 36 . 6 % over 3 generations ( sauer et al . 2017 ) . however , there is a large margin of error and uncertainty with this estimate ( see sauer et al . 2017 ) and there is a suggestion that the population may be starting to stabilise ( t . o ' connell in litt . 2016 ) .\n. it arrives in canada and northern u . s . a . in late march - april and leaves in early august ( knopf 1996 )\nwhen it inhabits semi - desert , dry , bare agricultural land and ( in mexico ) breeding - type habitats ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle\n. the species apparently fares better during drought years ( dinsmore 2008 ) . it flocks in winter and on migration ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle\nhunting probably explains the long - term decline . more recently , cultivation and urbanisation have reduced nesting habitat , and intensive grazing has resulted in desertification and a reduced prey base ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle\n1999 ) , although dreitz and knopf ( 2007 ) suggest that nest success is comparable between cultivated land and grasslands - instead the cause of nest failure is different between the two habitat types . mining activities within its range can have detrimental effects on this species ( andres and stone 2010 ) .\ncms appendix ii . a conservation action plan for this species was published in 2010 ( andres and stone 2010 ) . pawnee national grassland , colorado , and charles m . russell national wildlife refuge , montana , are important reserves ( shackford\n. it has been proposed for listing under the federal endangered species act ( f . l . knopf\nhas also been proposed , partly because it helps to maintain suitable habitat ( f . l . knopf\n. the release of black - footed ferret in mexico is helping with prairie dog colony protection ( b . leachman\nset up a functional working group for this species ( andres and stone 2010 ) . define mexican breeding and winter distribution ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle\n. monitor u . s . a . and canada ' s populations , and investigate its demography across its range ( s . dinsmore\n2016 ) . conduct research to investigate how this species may be impacted by energy development projects ( andres and stone 2010 ) . improve population estimates by documenting the number of birds nesting away from prairie dog colonies . research movements of birds ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle\n1999 ) . protect prairie dog colonies , especially at janos ( s . d . earsom and v . b . estelle\n. restore prairie ecosystems ( include protection / reintroduction of grazers ) . protect remaining breeding and wintering habitats and prevent further conversion of grasslands . stop agricultural disturbance at nest sites . train and raise awareness amongst farmers to encourage the protection of this species and its habitat ( andres and stone 2010 ) . monitor the extent and health of habitat throughout its range ( childers and dinsmore 2008 ) . potentially , future conservation actions for this species may be best targeted at improving chick and adult survival as these factors have been suggested to have a great impact on population growth than nesting success ( see dinsmore\n2010 ) . work to find ways to enforce mexican wildlife laws to reduce and prevent the direct take of this species ( andres and stone 2010 ) .\nedited population trend justification , threats , geographic range and conservation actions information text . altered actions in place to recognise that a conservation action plan for this species has been published , and edited the reference list . added extra threats , actions needed , a new contributor and a new facilitator / compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22693876a111353209 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nof the 800 - plus species of birds in the u . s . , 67 are endangered or threatened\n( cnn ) - - bird populations native to several areas of the globe are in decline , with some teetering on the brink of extinction , according to a multi - agency report , the first of its kind , released thursday .\nthe western meadowlark is an endangered bird species , according to a new report .\nbut some other species are thriving , according to the\nstate of the birds\nreport , which credited conservation programs and waterfowl management initiatives that it said can serve as a model in other areas .\nevery u . s . habitat harbors birds in need of conservation ,\nsaid the report , issued by the cornell university lab of ornithology in conjunction with federal agencies and other organizations .\nhawaiian birds and ocean birds appear most at risk , with populations in danger of collapse if immediate conservation measures are not implemented .\nof the more than 800 species of birds in the united states , 67 are federally listed as endangered or threatened , the report said . another 184 are\nspecies of conservation concern\nbecause they have small distribution , are facing high threats or have a declining population .\nhawaiian birds , particularly , are in crisis , the report said . more than one - third of all u . s . bird species are in hawaii . however , 71 species have gone extinct since the islands were colonized about 300 a . d . , and 10 more species have not been seen in the past 40 years , contributing to fears they , too , have died out .\ngrassland and arid - land birds are showing the most rapid declines over the last four decades , while forest birds are also declining , the report said .\njust as they were when rachel carson published ' silent spring ' nearly 50 years ago , birds today are a bellwether of the health of land , water and ecosystems ,\ninterior secretary ken salazar said thursday in a statement on the report .\nfrom shorebirds in new england to warblers in michigan to songbirds in hawaii , we are seeing disturbing downward population trends that should set off environmental alarm bells . we must work together now to ensure we never hear the deafening silence in our forests , fields and backyards that rachel carson warned us about .\nthe declines can be traced to a variety of factors , depending on a bird ' s particular habitat . but the causes most frequently cited in the report are agriculture , climate change , development and energy , and invasive species .\nfor instance , some of the nation ' s fastest - growing cities - - las vegas , nevada ; phoenix , arizona ; and san diego , california - - are located in arid lands , the report said .\nunplanned and sprawling urban development is by far the greatest threat to arid lands .\nin addition , invasive non - native plants have been introduced into the area , which can fuel wildfires and destroy native plants . bird species of concern in arid lands include the elf owl , bendire ' s and leconte ' s thrashers and the gilded flicker , the report said . some , such as the california condor , are already listed as endangered or threatened .\nin the grasslands , intensified agricultural practices have hurt bird populations , according to the report .\npastures cannot support many birds if overgrazed , burned too frequently or burned at the beginning of the nesting season or the end of the grass - growing season .\nin the forest , some species are doing well , but roughly one - third of forest - breeding bird species are showing decline . the same is true for arctic and alpine birds , where 38 percent of the 85 species are of conservation concern , the report said .\ngame birds are also struggling . of 19 resident game bird species , 47 percent are species of conservation concern , and two species are federally endangered , according to the report . the greatest hope for long - term management of game birds , however , lies in farm bill programs that retire millions of acres of land used for heavy agriculture , the report said .\nalong the coast and in the ocean , bird populations have been hurt by overfishing , pollution and climate change , among other factors , the report said .\neach section of the report contains at least one\nreason for hope .\nthe california condor , for instance , has been reintroduced to some areas , and the bird ' s numbers are growing .\nurban birds , such as the american robin , hummingbirds , sparrows and woodpeckers , show a\nsteady , strong increase\nin the last 40 years .\na surprising number of native birds have adapted to life around humans ,\nthe report said .\n. . . the wide variety of native birds that thrive in urban areas underscores the importance of these artificial habitats to the survival of many bird populations .\nwetland bird populations remain below historic levels , but\nmanagement and conservation measures have contributed to increases of many wetland birds , including hunted waterfowl .\nresearch shows that wetland bird species began to increase in the late 1970s ,\ncoinciding with major policy shifts from draining to protecting wetlands ,\nthe report said .\ndramatic increases in many wetland generalist species , as well as arctic - nesting geese and cavity - nesting ducks , contribute to this overall trend .\nthese results emphasize that investment in wetlands contribution has paid huge dividends ,\nsaid kenneth rosenberg , director of conservation science at the cornell lab or ornithology .\nnow we need to invest similarly in other neglected habitats where birds are undergoing the steepest declines .\ntaking action now - - particularly in the area of habitat loss - - can help reverse the declining trend seen in some species , according to the report .\nthe number and scope of severe threats to birds is daunting , but implementing solutions immediately and widely will pay off in benefits to society , the economy and the health of our environment .\nit calls for measures such as increased monitoring of bird populations , stricter protection laws , more incentives , sustainable fishing practices and widespread education .\ncitizen science plays a critical role in monitoring and understanding the threats to these birds and their habitats , and only citizen involvement can help address them ,\nsaid greg butcher , conservation director for the national audubon society .\nconservation action can only make a real difference when concerned people support the kind of vital habitat restoration and protection measures this report explores .\nsince 2000 , wwf has worked in this part of the country to conserve and restore the northern great plains ' natural heritage and native wildlife . so which animals call this beautiful region home , and why do they matter ?\nshow your love of the tiger with the wwf bankamericard cash rewards visa credit card . bank of america will contribute $ 100 to wwf for each account opened and activated .\nhelp wwf conserve the world ' s wildlife and their homes by symbolically adopting a tiger .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . gregarious tending to form a group with others of the same species by habitually living or moving in flocks or herds rather than alone . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . incubation the act of incubating eggs , that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nkaufman , k . ( 1996 ) lives of north american birds . houghton mifflin company , boston .\njones , s . r . and cushman , r . c . ( 2004 ) the north american prairie . houghton mifflin company , boston .\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhas disappeared from much of former breeding range as former short - grass prairie is converted to farmland . in some areas , decline may be linked to decline in prairie - dogs ( whose colonies formerly furnished good nesting habitat ) .\nsemi - arid plains , grasslands , plateaus . favors areas of very short grass , even bare soil . typically far from water . nests mostly in short - grass prairie , including overgrazed pasture and very arid plains . in some areas , nests mainly on the rather barren open ground found in large prairie - dog towns . winter habitats include desert flats , plowed fields .\ntypically they run a few steps and then pause , then run again , pecking at the ground whenever they spot something edible .\n3 , sometimes 2 , rarely 1 - 4 . olive - buff with many black marks . incubation is by one or both sexes , 28 - 31 days . on very hot days , adult will stand over eggs , shading them from intense sun . young : downy young leave nest soon after hatching ; are tended by one or both parents , but feed themselves . adults shade young on hot days , and family may seek out any available shade at mid - day . young can fly well at about 33 - 34 days .\ndowny young leave nest soon after hatching ; are tended by one or both parents , but feed themselves . adults shade young on hot days , and family may seek out any available shade at mid - day . young can fly well at about 33 - 34 days .\nin breeding season , male may display by flying high over territory with exaggerated slow wingbeats , calling . female may lay one clutch of eggs and leave male to care for eggs and young , then lay another clutch and incubate it herself . nest site is on flat open ground ( flat sites chosen even in hilly country ) . on featureless plain , nest is often placed close to some conspicuous object , such as a pile of cow manure . nest is shallow scrape in soil . nest lining ( including pebbles , grass , rootlets , chips of cow manure ) added mostly during incubation . several nest scrapes are made , only one is used .\nmost apparently migrate southwest from breeding grounds ; some go straight south to texas , northern mexico . very rarely strays to eastern united states , mostly in fall and winter .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nin the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .\neach map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird\u2019s \u201cclimatic range . \u201d\nthe darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .\nthe outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .\nthe first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird\u2019s suitable climate may shift in the future\u2014one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .\nyou can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .\nthe darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .\nintimidated to chase a lifer on your own ? don ' t be . just use my bird - finding strategy , known as i . b . i . s .\nthe company has pledged to invest in a monterey county solar project , but the plan could hurt birds .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright by borror laboratory of bioacoustics , department of evolution , ecology , and organismal biology , ohio state university , columbus , oh , all rights reserved .\nusing personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;\ncalculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of\nobservations versus availability of habitat\n.\nspecies that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,\npoint observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .\nspecies associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :\n) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .\ndobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .\nhart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .\nmaxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .\nthis opportunistic bird feeds primarily on insects ( grasshoppers , crickets , beetles , flies , ants ) . it takes prey from the ground , and selects different food items at different locales ( knopf 1996 ) ."]}
{"id": 1180, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha microrrhoda is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1935 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish , irregularly sprinkled grey , the costa narrowly clear white from the base to two-thirds , beneath this a grey subcostal streak becoming dark fuscous from one-third to two-thirds , the disc suffused grey between this and the fold .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a small dark grey subdorsal mark at one-fifth and a very oblique dark fuscous streak from above the dorsum at two-fifths to the disc at two-thirds , then longitudinal almost to the termen beneath the apical projection , where it receives dark grey very oblique streaks from the costa and dorsum meeting at a point .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a dark grey striga from the costa before the apical fi lament along it to the apex and there are some silvery scales on the terminal concavity .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "thiotricha microrrhoda", "paragraphs": ["microrrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nhave a fact about thiotricha microrrhoda ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha microrrhoda ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word acrophantis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word acrophantis and , of course , acrophantis synonyms and on the right images related to the word acrophantis .\nthis is the place for acrophantis definition . you find here acrophantis meaning , synonyms of acrophantis and images for acrophantis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 1182, "summary": [{"text": "elegia fallax is a moth of the family pyralidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from spain , portugal , france , italy , croatia , the czech republic , slovenia , hungary , romania , bulgaria , macedonia and greece .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it has also been recorded from the channel islands in 2005 .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on quercus ( oak ) species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "elegia fallax", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : very rare immigrant ( less than 10 previous uk records ) from southern and central europe to the channel islands , where first recorded in 2005 . in hampshire recorded for the first time at stubbington on 24 april 2011 , the first record for the british mainland . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 17 - 19 mm . larva feeds on oak , no evidence of breeding in the uk .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\ndiscovered in the channel islands in 2005 , this species is believed to be a rare migrant .\nthe individual shown from stubbington , hants . , in april 2011 was the first british mainland record .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 16 : 08 : 32 page render time : 0 . 2024s total w / procache : 0 . 2377s\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n1 - photos : joindre un ou plusieurs clich\u00e9s ( vue de dessus , vue de dessous , vue lat\u00e9rale , vue de face et gros plan de la t\u00eate ) .\n2 - localit\u00e9 : pr\u00e9ciser la localit\u00e9 , le d\u00e9partement ( voir le pays ) de l\u2019observation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere are 0 county records of individuals from 0 different sites . first recorded in .\nbulgaria , hungary , greece , spain , italy , portugal , romania , sicily , slovakia , france , yugoslavia .\nbulgaria , hungary , greece ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , macedonia , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , sicily , slovakia , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi"]}
{"id": 1184, "summary": [{"text": "dichogama colotha is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in costa rica , mexico and the united states , where it has been recorded from texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in puerto rico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 28 \u2013 36 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , but black from the costa to the outer line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white , with a dark grey terminal shade .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to october . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dichogama colotha", "paragraphs": ["dichogama amabilis m\u00f6schler , 1891 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 16 : 296\ndichogama colotha is a species of moth found in costa rica , mexico , puerto rico , and southern texas . a description of this little known species was first published in the proceedings of the united states national museum in 1912 . d . colotha is a relatively small moth with white , almost iridescent wings that span 28 - 36mm , and tends to fly from june to october ( dyar 1912 ) .\ndichogama redtenbacheri lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 11 ) : 396 , ( 12 ) pl . 10 , f . 11\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nmoths ( order : lepidoptera , alongside butterflies ) are an incredibly diverse group of insects that are largely nocturnal . in north america alone there are over 12 , 000 species , though many moth species around the world are seldom seen due to their nocturnal habits . moths can be incredibly important pollinators ( depending on the plant ) and are therefore worthy of just as much study and protection as butterflies and bees . i have taken a particular liking to moths and hold surveys at local nature centers to help them catalog species , so expect more information on moths in the future !\ndyar , hg . 1912 . descriptions of new species and genera of lepidoptera , chiefly from mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum 42 : 103 .\nthere was an error retrieving images from instagram . an attempt will be remade in a few minutes .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\njq548843 genomic dna translation : aez95059 . 1 jq548846 genomic dna translation : aez95062 . 1 jq548850 genomic dna translation : aez95066 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\nwalker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1186, "summary": [{"text": "ethmia semitenebrella is a moth in the family depressariidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america from colorado , utah , new mexico and nuevo le\u00f3n in mexico to arizona and southern and eastern california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 10.1 \u2013 14.3 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground color of the forewings is dark gray on the costal half and whitish gray on dorsal half .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal half usually has considerable whitish overscaling between the veins resulting in longitudinal streaks , which are more well defined beyond the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the ground color of the hindwings is whitish , becoming pale brownish on the apical half .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to august in two generations per year .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on cercocarpus ledifolius and probably other cercocarpus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "ethmia semitenebrella", "paragraphs": ["a review of the genus ethmia , with descriptions of new species harrison g . dyar . 1902 . journal of the new york entomological society , 10 : 202 - 208 .\nbiological studies on moths of the genus ethmia in california ( gelechioidea ) jerry a . powell . 1971 . the lepidopterists ' society 25 ( 3 ) : 1 - 167 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 5 . 26f , 5 . 27m ; p . 69 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ndyar ( 1902 ) original description is available in several formats in the print references .\n. university of california press , pl . 5 , figs . 26 , 27 ; p . 69 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the"]}
{"id": 1187, "summary": [{"text": "the common bent-wing bat , schreibers ' long-fingered bat , or schreibers ' bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) is a species of bat in the family miniopteridae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is a species of subtropical origin distributed throughout the southern palearctic , ethiopic , oriental , and australian regions .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in europe , it is present in the southern half from iberia to the caucasus , with the largest populations found in the warmer mediterranean area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the common and scientific names honor carl franz anton ritter von schreibers . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "common bent - wing bat", "paragraphs": ["a common bent - wing bat photographer : g . b . baker / nature focus \u00a9 australian museum\nthe southern bent - wing bat . ( credit : rick hammond / zoos victoria\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\ncommon bent - wing bat\n.\nthe natural host is likely the common bent - wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) and the groundleaf giant bat ( hipposideros gigas ) . viral rna was detected in pharyngeal and anal swabs of apparently healthy bats .\nsouth west integrated flora & fauna team ( swifft ) ( 2007 ) . common bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . [ accessed : 02 - jun - 2008 ] .\nmanagement documents relevant to the southern bent - wing bat are at the start of the profile . the action plan for australian bats ( duncan et al . 1999 ) and the commonwealth conservation advice on miniopterus schreibersii bassanii - southern bent - wing bat ( tssc 2007s ) provide guidance on threat abatement and management strategies for the southern bent - wing bat .\nmenkhorst , p . w . & l . f . lumsden ( 1995 ) . common bent - wing bat . in : mammals of victoria . oxford university press , south melbourne , australia .\ncodd j . 1997 . overwintering behavioural strategies and roosting activity budget of the common bent wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) at the naracoorte caves conservation park . honours thesis , flinders university , adelaide .\nthe southern bent - wing bat is found in south - east south australia and western victoria ( cardinal & christidis 2000 ) .\nthe survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats ( dewha 2010m ) includes survey methodology for the southern bent - wing bat .\nthe bent - wing name comes from its unique anatomy - with on the third ' finger ' of its wing the last bone is four times longer than the middle one , giving a bent appearance .\nthe southern bent - wing bat is a type of microbat , measuring just 52 - 58mm long ( head and body ) and weighing about 15g .\ntracking of a single bent - wing bat showed it travelled over 45km from its roosting cave each night to forage , using a known fight path .\nthe southern bent - wing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii bassanii ) is a small insectivorous bat known to roost in caves near coastal cliffs in south western victoria through to south eastern south australia .\na number of threats to the southern bent - wing bat have been identified , but the severity of their impact is not well understood . threats include :\nlumsden , l . & p . gray ( 2001 ) . longevity record for a southern bent - wing bat miniopterus schreibersii bassanii . the australasian bat society newsletter . 16 : 43 - 4 .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nlumsden , l . ( 1998 ) . inspection of the cumberland river cave and its colony of common bent - wing bats , miniopterus schreibersii , with management recommendations , a report to parks victoria , angahook - lorne state park , july 1998 .\nfriends of parks incorporated \u2013 friends of naracoorte caves ( south australia ) received $ 14 745 through the threatened species network community grants in 2008\u201309 for determining southern bent - wing bat habitat requirements . the project aimed to gain an understanding of the foraging grounds and dispersal of the southern bent - wing bat from its two maternity sites using radio tracking techniques and genetic analysis .\nowls , rats ( rattus spp . ) , the feral cat ( felis catus ) and the fox ( vulpes vulpes ) may predate the southern bent - wing bat ( swifft 2007 ) .\nthe southern bent - wing bat has three main movement patterns : movement to a limited number of maternity caves , dispersal to a larger number of overwintering caves and foraging movements ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2007t ) . listing advice for miniopterus schreibersii bassanii , southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 .\nwildcard : enter one part of the common or scientific name , e . g . cockatoo ( wildcard characters not required ) .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - common bentwing bat facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nspecies . both studies concurred that three separate taxa could be described in australia . based on dna and morphological analysis , cardinal and christidis ( 2000 ) , recognised these three taxa as subspecies of bent - wing bat (\nhello peppercorn pterodactyls are believed to have been nocturnal like bats have the same wing span and wing formation in so far as the common bentwing bat goes they are nocturnal as you already know they roost in caves feed at night using echolocation for navigating and feeding , therefore eyesight is not a great priority . each species of bat has their own frequency range this is how scientists can distinguish one group from another .\nfacts summary : the common bentwing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area ( s ) : africa , asia , europe , middle east . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : schreiber ' s bent - winged bat , schreiber ' s long - fingered bat .\nzoos victoria is committed to securing a future for the southern bent - wing bat . we are currently investigating the role we can play in improving the long - term viability of a self - sustaining wild population of this species .\nthreats to the southern bent - wing bat include climate change and loss of habitat due to land grazing , pesticides and human disturbance of roosting caves . there a no specific causes as to why the population has declined so much in the last two decades .\nkerr , g . d . & r . s . bonifacio ( 2009 ) . regional action plan for the southern bent - wing bat miniopterus schreibersii bassanii in the south east of south australia . mount gambier , south australia : department for environment and heritage .\ngray , p . ( 2001 ) . cave microclimate and population estimates of southern bent - wing bats ( miniopterus schreibersii bassanii ) at starlight cave , warrnambool . report to south - west tafe , warrnambool .\nbaudinette r . v . , wells r . t . , sanderson k . j . and clark b . 1994 . microclimatic conditions in maternity caves of the bent wing bat , miniopterus schreibersii : an attempted restoration of a former maternity site . wildlife research 21 , 607\u2013619 .\ncatching diseases from bats is extremely unlikely . australian bat lyssavirus ( abl ) can only be caught from untreated bites or scratches from infected bats . one person has died from lyssavirus from a micro bat ( there has also been a lyssavirus death from a fruit bat ) . at least three species of insectivorous micro bat can carry abl , and all four common species of fruit bats can carry it . members of the public should not handle bats .\nsouthern bent - wing bats are closely related to two other subspecies , the m . schreibersii orianae found in wa and nt , and the m . schreibersii oceanensis , found along the east coast from qld to vic .\nthe southern bent - wing bat is an insectivorous cave dwelling bat . the subspecies has dark reddish - brown to dark - brown fur on the back , grey - brown fur underneath and pale brown areas of bare skin . it has a distinctive short muzzle , a high crowned / domed head and small eyes . the ears are short , rounded and roughly triangular . head and body length is 52\u201358 mm , with a forearm length of 45\u201349 mm . it has the longest wing length of all the vespertilionidae , being nearly two and half times longer than the head and body . the last phalanx on the third finger of the wing is about four times the length of the middle phalanx , giving a bent wing appearance ( churchill 1998 ; hall & woodside 1989 ; menkhorst & lumsden 1995 ) .\nthe generation length for the southern bent - wing bat is estimated to be five to seven years . lumsden and gray ( 2001 ) recaptured a banded individual 20 . 5 years after it was banded . when recaptured , it was healthy and had recently bred ( lumsden & gray 2001 ) .\ndwyer p . d . and hamilton - smith e . 1965 . breeding cave and maternity colonies of the bent - winged bat in south - eastern australia . helictite 4 , 3\u201321 .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2007s ) . non - current approved commonwealth conservation advice on miniopterus schreibersii bassanii - southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 30 - oct - 2015 .\nbats have ultrasonic calls that are inaudible to the human ear , however can be identified using special bat detectors and by analysing their unique call sequences . southern bent - wing bats spend their winters in torpor ( a type of hibernation ) across a range of ' wintering ' caves from the otways , to warrnambool and portland .\nthe southern bent - wing bat roosts underground , predominantly in caves and mines , however , coastal cliff rock crevices , tunnels and road culverts are also used in some areas ( churchill 2008 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . the species is likely to be dependent upon the only two known maternity caves ( naracoorte bat cave and starlight cave ) for its survival ( duncan et al . 1999 ) .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2001ac ) . non - current commonwealth listing advice on miniopterus schreibersii ( southern form ) , southern bent - wing bat . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2001 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 18 - dec - 2007 .\ndwyer , p . & e . hamilton - smith ( 1965 ) . breeding caves and maternity colonies of the bent - winged bat in south - eastern australia . helictite . 4 : 3 - 21 .\nprepare management plans for significant bat roosts especially all known maternity colonies and winter colonies .\nthe total population of the southern bent - wing bat has been estimated at 40 870 ( tssc 2007t ) . the population has declined by 67 % since the mid 1990s , when the subspecies was estimated to be 134 500 , consisting of 122 500 from naracoorte bat cave and 12 000 from starlight cave ( reardon 2001 ) . in 1925 , the subspecies was described as ' by no means uncommon ' ( wood jones 1925 ) .\nnormally harmless , but it is best to avoid handling any bat because they may carry the potentially fatal australian bat lissavirus ( ablv ) , which is transmitted through scratches or bites .\ngould ' s long - eared bat in nest box ( photo : l . hogan )\nit is possible to have the bat tested for abl . the department / qpws and queensland health will assist with the collection of the bat . if bat saliva gets into your eyes , nose , or mouth or into an open wound , flush thoroughly with water and seek medical advice immediately .\nspecies , such as gould ' s wattled bat have been found to forage up to 15km away from their roost site , and the diadem leafnosed - bat will spend 1\u00bd - 7\u00bd hours foraging each night .\nthe naracoorte bat cave occurs within naracoorte caves national park which has world heritage status ( tssc 2007t ) .\nloss of either one or both maternity roosts , or significant disturbance at critical times , could be catastrophic for the entire population of southern bent - wing bats . disturbance at maternity caves is considered a major threat because it could cause cave abandonment or impact on the breeding success of the population ( tssc 2007t ; duncan et al . 1999 ) .\ncontinue education programs for cave visitors to inform them of bat conservation issues , particularly the effect of cave disturbance .\nsince 2000 , naracoorte bat cave fly outs have been filmed regularly with a 2008 / 9 population estimate of 20 000 ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . the population in 1963 / 64 was 75 000\u2013150 000 and remained stable until the mid 1990s ( reardon 2001 ) . in the late 1990s , literature on the naracoorte caves reserve claimed that the southern bent - wing bat population using the cave exceeded 400 000 ( bourne 2009 pers . comm . cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) , although naracoorte caves reserve staff agree that this figure is an over exaggeration ( gray 2001 ) .\nthe speed a bat flies is determined by the shape of their wings , what they eat , and where they find their prey . the common bentwing - bat flies at a speed of up to 50km / h , similar to the speed of a car driving in city streets . other bats have a slow , fluttery flight , and can almost hover .\nfast\nbats usually feed high above the canopy where there ' s not much to bump into , whilst slower , more manoeuvrable species are found in cluttered environments , such as in rainforest .\nif the bat shows signs of paralysis , or has come into contact with a dog or a cat , contact the nearest department of employment , economic development and innovation office as they may wish to inspect the bat . if the bat is dead , use a shovel and / or tongs to remove it and then burn or bury it . do not touch the bat without wearing gloves . if burying it , ensure that the hole is deep enough so that a dog could not dig it up .\nmost of the population migrates to a limited number of large maternity roost sites in september to october and remain there over the spring and summer . a single young is born between october and january , the timing varying across subspecies / species . females reach sexual maturity the year after they are born and may live for more than 22 years . predators include owls , rats , cats and foxes . the southern bent - wing bat is classed as critically endangered . subspecies are currently being reviewed and could possibly become full species .\nif it relates to c3 bats ( a bat that has bitten or scratched a person , or the person has had exposure to the bat\u2019s saliva or neural tissue through their mucous membranes , e . g . eye , skin ) , contact the department .\nthe southern bent - wing bat ' s extent of occurrence and area of occupancy have diminished since european settlement , with the number of breeding colonies declining from five documented breeding sites ( and possibly more ) to two breeding caves . likely factors contributing to the decline include clearance of native bush including open woodlands in south - east south australia , and human disturbance . no recolonisation of previous breeding caves has occurred despite the considerable period since abandonment , highlighting the potential precariousness of the last two remaining breeding caves ( tssc 2007t ) .\nrestrict caving activities at significant roosts during important stages of the annual bat life cycle ( eg winter hibernation , summer maternity season ) .\nhamilton - smith e . 1972 . the bat population of the naracoorte caves area . australian speleological federation biennial conference proceedings 8 , 66\u201375 .\nthe discovery of insecticides in bat guano in naracoorte bat cave , as well as ddt and its metabolites in the bats themselves , suggest that declines may be linked to pollutants . this accumulation may be the result of ingestion of insects exposed to insecticides ( racey & entwistle 2003 ; swifft 2007 ) .\nrestrict access where possible to known maternity sites . ( e . g . : signs ; bat - friendly , preferably external gates at caves ) .\nestablish a gating design for disused mines across species range that will not adversely impact species . consultation with cave bat specialist prior to any gating operations .\necholocation is a technique used by bats to \u2018see\u2019 their environment through sound . the bats create a pulse of high - pitched sounds , which are normally at frequencies beyond the range of human hearing . the sound waves are created in the bat ' s voice box , and are emitted from the mouth or the nostrils . the echo that comes back to the bat can tell it how far away the object is , as well as it ' s size and texture , and if it ' s moving ! in this way they are able to sense their environment , avoid flying into objects , and find their prey . using an ' ultrasonic bat detector ' can help to identify the bat as well as tell us whether the bat is navigating or feeding .\nsimpson k . g . and smith g . t . 1964 . bat mandible from mt . widderin cave , skipton . victorian naturalist 81 , 78\u201379 .\nmount etna in the capricorn coast is home to 80 % of australia\u2019s breeding population of female bent - wing bats . living in one single limestone cave , over 110 , 000 of these mummies utilise the space for birthing and rearing their young . you can experience an amazing animal encounter when at dusk , every adult inhabitant heads out of the cave to hunt insects . to find out more info about tour dates to watch this evening show of the bats feeding , head to : urltoken\nmicro bats rely on echolocation to find insects while flying quickly through the air . they do this with startling efficiency . under controlled conditions a myotis bat ( a small insectivorous bat that lives near waterways ) has been recorded capturing 1200 tiny fruit flies in one hour , one every three seconds , while navigating in the air .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - close up of schreibers ' long fingered bat colony roosting in cave\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - close up of schreibers ' long fingered bat colony roosting in cave\ntitle =\narkive photo - close up of schreibers ' long fingered bat colony roosting in cave\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats ( thomson 2002 ) provides management guidelines for cave - dwelling species that may inhabit disused mine sites .\nreardon , t . b . ( 2001 ) . population size estimates and conservation of the southern bentwing bat ( miniopterus bassanii ) in south australia . report to wildlife conservation fund committee .\nsimpson , k . g . & g . t . smith ( 1964 ) . bat mandible from mt . widderin cave , skipton . victorian naturalist . 81 : 78 - 79 .\na medium - sized insectivorous bat with a high domed forehead , short muzzle , small rounded ears and long narrow wings . the fur is dark brown or red - brown on the back , becoming lighter underneath . the terminal segment of the third finger is at least three times longer than the previous one and folds under the wing . three subspecies are broadly similar in appearance , but vary in colouration and size ; they are smallest in the north and largest in the south .\nthomson , b . ( 2002 ) . australian handbook for the conservation of bats in mines and artificial cave - bat habitats . melbourne : australian centre for mining environmental research . available from : urltoken .\nmanagement of disused mines may provide suitable habitat for bats and can play a role in expanding or substituting roosting habitat . assessment of disused mines for bat presence and gauging levels of human interference are necessary steps in determining effective protection measures . a comprehensive publication by the australian centre for mining environmental research ( thompson 2002 ) provides guidelines on how to identify and protect bat conservation values in disused mines ( swifft 2007 ) .\nreinhold , l . , t . reardon & m . lara ( 2000 ) . molecular and morphometrical systematics of the australo - papuan miniopterus ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) . in : spoken paper 9th australasian bat conference .\nmicro bats do make some sounds that humans can hear , but these are usually social chatter , alarm calls and communications between mothers and their young at the roost . there are a couple of species that have echolocation calls that people with sharp ears can hear ; these are the yellow - bellied sheathtail bat and the white - striped freetail bat . their calls are a regular a metallic - sounding tick\u2026 . tick\u2026 . tick\u2026 . tick\u2026 .\non the return of southern bent - wing bats to their roosting caves , they cluster within the cave with suitable microclimates . during this time they carry out grooming and rest by lowering their body temperature to the ambient temperature and go into a torpor state for a period of hours ( speakman & thomas 2003 ) . in autumn , they have been observed resting 62 % of the time , grooming 16 % and actively moving 22 % . microclimate and position in caves seem to affect behaviour of bats at roost . activity in autumn is bimodal with bats leaving caves at sunset to feed , returning at midnight and leaving again to forage just before dawn ( codd et al . 2003 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\ncardinal , b . r . & l . christidis ( 2000 ) . mitochondrial dna and morphology reveal three geographically distinct lineage of the large bentwing bat ( miniopterus schreibersii ) in australia . australian journal of zoology . 48 : 1 - 19 .\naround late august , the bats commence their annual migration to one of two maternity caves , bat cave at naracoorte in south australia , and starlight cave at warrnambool , victoria . almost the entire population , including males and females , will make the journey from overwintering caves to the two maternity sites , stopping at transition caves along the way . by october , the migration is complete . the majority of the bats ( 70 % to 90 % depending on the year ) will go to bat cave ( tssc 2007t ) .\nracey , p . a . & a . c . entwistle ( 2003 ) . conservation ecology . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . 680 - 743 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .\nbeach ball what you can write back to me in your own words of reply is how these winged mouses of nature evolved from the giant flying bird like reptiles pterodactyls . also you can add in response why they have smaller eyes like mouse than their brothers the ghost bat .\nin the first week of january 2000 , a mark - recapture study was conducted over three nights at naracoorte bat cave ( reardon 2001 ) . the lincoln index method was used to estimate the total population , although this method has large potential error that can result in overestimation .\nspeakman , j . r . & d . w . thomas ( 2003 ) . physiological ecology and energetics of bats . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . page ( s ) 430 - 489 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .\nkunz , t . h . & l . f . lumsden ( 2003 ) . ecology of cavity and folage roosting bats . kunz , t . h . & m . b . fenton , eds . bat ecology . page ( s ) 3 - 89 . the university of chicago press , chicago and london .\nhabitat loss and the disturbance of roost sites are the biggest reason for declining numbers in micro bats . habitat loss , through the clearing of vegetation , inappropriate fire regimes and the invasion of weeds destroys feeding and roosting habitats . some bats form large colonies , and disturbances at roost sites caused by the effects of tourism , mining activities , recreational caving and land clearing can have disastrous impacts on these colonies . this problem is more pronounced in bat species that have specialised requirements for maternity colonies ( where females gather to give birth ) . other bat populations have been affected when mines have been closed or collapsed , blocking access to the bats .\nin the summer of 2001 , the total exit flight at naracoorte bat cave on two nights was video taped . these tapes were replayed at slow speed and the number of bats leaving the cave were counted . the cave was checked after the flight to ensure that all or most of the bats had left the cave ( reardon 2001 ) .\nit forages in a variety of open and semi - open natural and artificial habitats , including suburban areas . it feeds mainly on moths , and occasionally on flies and spiders . it is a colonial species that roosts almost exclusively in caves and mines , often in large mixed colonies with other cave - dwelling bat species . large and warm caves are preferred . solitary animals and small groups may sometimes occupy other types of shelter . in winter it hibernates in underground sites ( usually large caves with a constant microclimate ) . schreiber ' s bat is a migrant species which changes its roosts frequently , long - distance movements occur occasionally ( longest recorded distance 833 km : hutterer et al . 2005 ) .\nif you find a sick , injured or orphaned insectivorous bat , do not touch it . contact your local wildlife care organisation or the rspca qld . they will put you in contact with a licensed and fully vaccinated wildlife rescuer who is trained to handle and care for wildlife . in north queensland you will need to contact the local office of the department or the queensland parks and wildlife service .\nforaging areas include forested areas , volcanic plains , wetlands , coastal vegetation ( including beaches ) and urban areas . primary habitat is predominantly woodlands near large natural wetlands , river basins and agricultural areas ( churchhill 1998 ) . the bat is likely to be associated with several epbc - listed ecological communities , including the seasonal herbaceous wetlands ( freshwater ) of the temperate lowland plains , which is listed as critically endangered under the epbc act ( dsewpac 2012t ) .\nbirths occur from late october to late november at bat cave and in early december at starlight cave . after four to five weeks , the young are fully furred and able to fly . from birth to this stage , the young are vulnerable - a fall from the ceiling means almost certain death . the young are fully weaned by their third month , and , together with the adults , begin their dispersal to the overwintering sites ( tssc 2007t ) .\ndisturbance and loss of underground habitats and pesticide use may threaten this species . in the caucasus , disturbance caused by tourism in caves is a problem ( k . tsytsulina pers . comm . 2005 ) . the cause of recent mass mortality events is unknown . a meeting was held at the 9th european bat conference to discuss these incidents . veterinary investigations in spain did not identify any disease as the cause of the die offs , and there is increasing belief that the die offs are caused by bad weather in late winter / early spring .\neach cave has structural characteristics which allow heat and humidity to build up so that conditions are suitable for the nursing of young bats ( dwyer & hamilton - smith 1966 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . naracoorte bat cave is a large dome with high relative humidity ( 80 % ) and temperatures of around 30 \u00b0c ; which is 10 \u00b0c above temperatures in the remainder of the cave ( baudinette et al . 1994 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . heat production of the bats seems to be the prime factor affecting the microclimate necessary for breeding ( baudinette et al . 1994 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nmost insectivorous bats concentrate on catching and eating their prey in the air , while flying . they may remain airborne for hours at a time . to catch insects that are not flying , some bats will use a special technique called ' gleaning ' to pluck insects off leaves , branches or the ground . to \u2018glean\u2019 insects , the bats fly slowly , using echolocation to identify insects on leaves , branches or the ground . some may even perch on branches or on the ground and listen ( without echolocating ) for the sounds of moving insects before attacking . the golden - tipped bat can even pluck spiders straight from their webs !\nbats are the only group of mammals that are specifically adapted for flight . there are two types of bats : the micro bats and the mega bats . the micro bats ( also known as insectivorous bats ) , are small to medium - sized bats , weighing from 3g to 150g , and with wingspans of around 25cm . the mega bats ( also known as fruit bats ) weigh up to a kilogram and some have wingspans over one metre . these two groups of mammals are thought to have evolved separately and are regarded as two distinct groups . the micro bats mostly eat insects , while one australian species ( the ghost bat ) is also known to eat frogs , birds , lizards and other mammals - even other small bats .\nin south australia , the range and abundance does not appear to have changed in the southern part of its range . however , there have been no records in the last 30 years of the species from north of the naracoorte region . the number of bats currently using the naracoorte bat cave ( 100 , 000\u2013200 , 000 in december ) is similar to estimates from the 1960s . this colony is protected by reservation and managed by the south australian national parks and wildlife service . this reservation has been put in place to manage cave visitation , without which the maternity site would be at risk . other wintering and staging caves have come under increasing pressure through recreational caving activities but there is no evidence yet that such activity has resulted in any adverse effects on the bats .\nin africa there are no known threats to the species . in europe , the disturbance and loss of underground habitats and pesticide use may threaten this species . in the caucasus , disturbance caused by tourism in caves is a problem ( k . tsytsulina pers . comm . 2005 ) . the cause of recent mass mortality events is unknown . in 2002 mass mortalities of this species were reported for populations in france , spain and portugal . there are also historical records for such mortalities in italy , australia and a possible incidence in iran . a meeting was held at the 9th european bat conference to discuss these incidents . veterinary investigations in spain did not identify any disease as the cause of the die offs , and there is increasing belief that the die offs are caused by bad weather in late winter / early spring .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe database is designed to provide information about species and ecological communities listed under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .\nit provides information on what the species looks like , its population and distribution , habitat , movements , feeding , reproduction and taxonomic comments . the information has been compiled by summarising information from a range of sources and contributors . at this stage profiles are not available for all species and ecological communities , but will be regularly added to the database .\nif you have relevant information to add to the database or believe information is incorrect or out - of - date please send us an email .\nscientific : enter start of genus or genus and species e . g . ba go for banksia goodii .\nwildcard : enter one part of any word in the community name , e . g . grass ( wildcard characters not required ) .\ncommunity : enter the starting phrase of up to three words in the community name e . g . euc grass for various eucalyptus grasslands .\nall : show all threatened communities ( ignore data typed into the search box ) .\ndark brown or red - brown on the back , lighter underneath , high domed forehead , short muzzle , small rounded ears and long narrow wings .\nrainforest , sclerophyll forest , woodlands , monsoon forest , open grasslands , mangroves and paperbark forest .\nnocturnal and fast flying , preferring to roost in caves , rock crevices , overhangs , road culverts , old mines , bridges and other man - made structures . they feed on moths , beetles and other flying insects . in tropical areas they are active all year , but in the south they enter periods of torpor or hibernation during the colder months .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & temple , h . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as near threatened . significant population declines and range contractions have been recorded in a number of range states and although it is stable in the balkans and turkey , overall the rate of population decline may approach 30 % ( almost qualifies as vu under a2a ) .\noccurs from south - western europe and north and west africa through anatolia and the middle east to the caucasus . in africa it is known from records in north africa ( morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya ) , and west africa ( guinea , sierra leone , liberia , nigeria , cameroon ) . it is patchily distributed over its range in some huge and vulnerable colonies . it typically occurs at altitudes of up to 1 , 400 m asl ( commuting up to 2 , 600 m asl ) .\nafghanistan ; albania ; algeria ; armenia ; azerbaijan ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica ) ; georgia ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , kriti ) ; guinea ; holy see ( vatican city state ) ; hungary ; israel ; italy ( sardegna , sicilia ) ; jordan ; lebanon ; liberia ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; nigeria ; palestinian territory , occupied ; portugal ; romania ; russian federation ; san marino ; serbia ; sierra leone ; slovakia ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares ) ; switzerland ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey\nin europe , it is protected by national legislation in most range states . there are also international legal obligations for its protection through the bonn convention ( eurobats ) and bern convention in parts of the range where these apply . it is included in annex ii ( and iv ) of the eu habitats and species directive , and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of special areas for conservation . there is some habitat protection through natura 2000 , and some roosts are already protected by national legislation . there have been a number of life - funded projects for this species in spain , italy , romania and germany . the species is found in many protected areas throughout its range . care is required when fencing caves to minimise mortality . further research is required into the causes of the recent mass mortality events .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2007 ) .\n. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nrecovery plan required , a number of key ongoing threats and the low level of formal protection currently afforded , particularly to the maternity caves , can be better managed with a recovery plan in place ( 05 / 05 / 2008 ) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1\n( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nquantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . ( geyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett , 2018 ) .\nsensu churchill , s . ( 2008 ) . australian bats . , 2nd edn . ( allen and unwin : sydney . )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nvictoria : at the species level , miniopterus schreibersii is listed as threatened under the flora and fauna guarantee act 1988 .\n, using allozyme data as well as dna sequencing and morphology , suggests that the subspecies recognised in cardinal and christidis ( 2000 ) should be recognised as a full species .\nm . s . bassanii , which occurs in south - east south australia and western victoria .\nm . s . orianae , which occurs in northern western australia and northern territory .\nm . s . oceanensis , which occurs along the east coast from cape york to southern victoria .\nin pomborneit and lorne , victoria , m . s . bassanii and m . s . oceanensis occur as one group and roost together in caves ( appleton n . d . pers . comm . cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nthe starlight cave population is estimated at 10 000\u201315 000 in 2004 ( grant & reardon 2004 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) and 12 000 in 2001 ( grant 2001 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . in 1963 / 64 , the population was estimated at 100 000\u2013200 000 ( dwyer & hamilton - smith 1965 ) . all estimates include juveniles ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nmaternity roosts at mt widderin and robertson cave have disappeared due to guano mining in the 1800s while thunder point blowhole has ceased as a maternity roost since its collapse ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nhabitat preference is associated with the availability of foraging areas and proximity to suitable roosting caves .\ndispersal from maternal caves is probably related to a decrease in prey availability , although some bats remain in maternal caves ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . overwintering caves are cool , facilitating entry into torpor and reducing the bats ' net energy expenditure ( kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nknown foraging sites include : deadmans swamp ( eucalypt scrubland and swamp ) ; east , south and north - east of russet ridge ( sparse red gum over pasture and remnant scrub ) ; kay swamp ( ephemeral swamp ) ; kay park ; wirreebilla / durr swamp ; stoney point ; and prospect pines ( grant 2004 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\ndistances travelled from roosting caves are often less than several kilometres for small microchiropterans and are dependent upon reproductive condition , for instance lactating females travel shorter distances than pregnant females or non - breeding females . where roost sites are located in sub - optimal foraging habitat , the distances travelled may increase by up to 30 km . pregnant females undertake much longer journeys when they fly to maternity caves for giving birth ( kunz & lumsden 2003 ; swifft 2007 ) .\nflight is usually fast , typically in open spaces ( dwyer 1969 ) . where there are trees , the species flies just above the canopy to many times the height of the canopy . however , in open country , flight may be 6 m above the ground ( churchill 2008 cited in kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) .\nincludes loss of wetlands ( including over - exploitation of groundwater ) , degradation of rivers , loss of foraging habitat ( including clearing of linear elements ) and agriculture intensification ( tssc 2007t ; kerr & bonifacio 2009 ) . ninety percent of native vegetation in the subspecies ' range has been cleared ( tssc 2007t ) . revegetation programs to provide feeding habitat and corridors could mitigate the decline ( tssc 2007t ) .\nextended low rainfall and impacts on prey availability may cause impacts ( tssc 2007t ) .\nduring a state of torpor , and particularly over winter when the bats are in a deep hibernation , human disturbance in the form of noise , lights and handling can cause a rise in body temperature and metabolism of body fat , which may reduce survival rates over the period ( swifft 2007 ) . during summer , tourists may enter caves causing bats to flee caves in daylight . repeated disturbance can result in abandonment of the cave . some areas along the coast have been rendered unsuitable , sometimes forcing bats to use smaller caves that are in marginal habitat ( lumsden 1998 ; swifft 2007 ) . cave abandonment most likely causes mortality ( rather than dispersal to other caves ) ( swifft 2007 ) .\nwind turbines located near roosting caves ( particularly near a maternity cave ) can kill significant numbers of bats , particularly if the caves attract bats from around the region and there is frequent flying to and from the maternity cave . a full assessment of potential impacts on bats should be part of any development proposal , which includes assessment of flight paths between the maternity cave and roost sites , between maternity cave and feeding sites , and between roost sites and feeding areas ( swifft 2007 ) .\nthe action plan for australian bats recommends the following recovery actions ( duncan et al . 1999 ) :\nrepair the collapse of thunder point blowhole and encourage its management by parks victoria .\ndevelop methods for population monitoring at the maternity sites . methods should be non - intrusive and provide annual estimates with defined levels of precision and accuracy . when methods are developed , monitor numbers at the two currently used maternity sites , and undertake regular assessments at thunder point blowhole to monitor any recolonisation of this site subsequent to restoration .\ncontinue education programs for cave visitors about conservation issues , particularly the effect of cave disturbance .\ncomplete genetic studies to determine the eastern limits of the distribution of this subspecies .\nchurchill , s . k . ( 1998 ) . australian bats . sydney : reed new holland .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2012t ) . seasonal herbaceous wetlands ( freshwater ) of the temperate lowland plains . species profile and threats database . available from : urltoken .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2010m ) . survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1 . canberra : dewha . available from : urltoken .\nduncan , a . , g . b . baker & n . montgomery ( 1999 ) . the action plan for australian bats . canberra : environment australia . available from : urltoken .\ndwyer , p . d . ( 1969 ) . population ranges of miniopterus schreibersii ( chiroptera ) in south - eastern australia . australian journal of zoology . 17 : 665 - 686 .\nhall , l . s . & d . p . woodside ( 1989 ) . vespertilionidae . walton , d . w . & b . j . richardson , eds . fauna of australia . mammalia . 1b : 871 - 886 . canberra : australian government publishing service .\nhamilton - smith , e . ( 1968 ) . the insect fauna of mt . widderin cave , skipton , victoria . victorian naturalist . 85 : 294 - 6 .\nvictoria department of sustainability and environment ( vic . dse ) ( 2005a ) . advisory list of rare or threatened plants in victoria - 2005 . east melbourne , victoria : department of sustainability and environment . available from : urltoken .\nwood jones , f . ( 1925 ) . the mammals of south australia , part iii . page ( s ) 271 - 458 . adelaide , government printer .\naustralian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\naustralian government ( 2015b ) . targeted threatened species projects . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2001g ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 14 / 07 / 2001 ) . f2005b02661 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 06 - aug - 2001 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2007a ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 57 ) ( 07 / 12 / 2007 ) . f2007l04838 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - dec - 2007 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2007f ) . amendment to the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 11 / 04 / 2007 ) . f2007l01219 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 04 - may - 2007 .\ngeyle h . m . , j . c . z . woinarski , g . b . baker , c . r . dickman , g . dutson , d . o . fisher , h . ford , m . holdsworth , m . e . jones , a . kutt , s . legge , i . leiper , r . loyn , b . p . murphy , p . menkhorst , a . e . reside , e . g . ritchie , f . e . roberts , r . tingley & s . t . garnett ( 2018 ) . quantifying extinction risk and forecasting the number of impending australian bird and mammal extinctions . pacific conservation biology . urltoken\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . miniopterus orianae bassanii in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 53 : 15 + 1000 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nless than a year after a life - threatening accident , steve plain began his journey to climb the world\u2019s seven summits .\nthis month we celebrate an event 50 years ago in western new south wales that changed the course of australian history : the discovery of mungo woman .\nphotographer james dorey offers advice on capturing the perfect shot of our native bees .\nwith a hefty body , a massive wingspan , and a loud , low - pitched buzz , the tropical carpenter bee can be a pretty intimidating sight .\ncarolyn is a science journalist and former online editor at australian geographic . her background in science and love of nature has coalesced into this blog . follow her on twitter : @ carolyn _ barry .\nit has the longest wingspan of the vespertilionidae family , measuring almost 2 . 5 . times its head / body length .\nthere are thought to be just under 41 , 000 bats left , after a population decline of 67 per cent since the 1990s . in the 1960s , the population was around 100 , 000 - 200 , 000 .\nin the winter months when temperatures drop to just above freezing , the bats go into hibernation in the coolest part of caves .\nthe bats are insectivorous and use echolocation to find prey at night . they can often catch the prey with their mouths , but they also net prey with their wings or tail and feed themselves mid - flight . they consume more than half their own body weight in insects each night .\ntwo papers by two different teams published in 2004 split the species in three ( appleton et al . 2004 , tian et al . 2004 ) ; only one of these taxa is present in the western palaeartic .\njustification : european and eu 25 : classed as near threatened . significant population declines and range contractions have been recorded in a number of range states ; overall the rate of population decline is likely to approach 30 % .\na southern palaearctic species ; patchily distributed over its range in some huge and vulnerable colonies . it typically occurs at altitudes of up to 1 , 400m ( commuting up to 2 , 600m ) .\nit is protected by national legislation in most range states . there are also international legal obligations for its protection through the bonn convention ( eurobats ) and bern convention . it is included in annex ii ( and iv ) of the eu habitats and species directive , and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of special areas for conservation . there is some habitat protection through natura 2000 , and some roosts are already protected by national legislation . there have been a number of life - funded projects for this species in spain , italy , romania and germany .\nif the list is long , use the scroll bars to view the complete list .\nlength of genome ( wu et al . , 2012 , kemenesi et al . , 2015 ) : c . 8 , 457 nt ( 5 ' - utr : 1 , 407 nt ; orf : 6 , 846 nt ; 3 ' - utr : 204 nt ) . 5 ' utr is exceptionally long . the location of the cre has not been identified .\nthe deduced polyprotein has a length of 2 , 282 aa . there is likely a l protein . 2a is a short fmdv type a - like polypeptide with npg\u00afp motif .\nthe divergence ( number of differences per site between sequences ) of known mischivirus species ranges from 0 . 27 - 0 . 57 for p1 and 0 . 2 - 0 . 45 for 3cd .\nvirus names , the choice of exemplar isolates , and virus abbreviations , are not official ictv designations . download genbank / embl query for sequences listed in the table here ."]}
{"id": 1188, "summary": [{"text": "the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) , also known as the dominican gull , is a gull which breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the nominate l. d. dominicanus is the subspecies found around south america , parts of australia ( where it overlaps with the pacific gull ) , and new zealand ( where it is known as the southern black-backed gull or by its m\u0101ori name karoro ) .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "l. d. vetula ( known as the cape gull ) is a subspecies occurring around southern africa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the specific name comes from the dominican order of friars , who wear black and white habits . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "kelp gull", "paragraphs": ["kelp gull : molting juvenile default description kelp gull : molting juvenile kelp gull : winter adult default description kelp gull : winter adult kelp gull : adult default description kelp gull : adult kelp gull : 2nd summer default description kelp gull : 2nd summer related birds lesser black - backed gull great black - backed gull general kelp gull : large and stocky gull with white head , underparts , and tail . more\na kelp gull stands near a newborn seal in namibia ' s dorob national park .\nthe kelp gull habitually drops molluscs from the air onto rocks to smash them open .\nwhereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye . young cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls . more\nthe kelp gull is native to south america , australia , parts of africa and the caribbean . the range of this bird species is about 10 million square kilometers . the population of the kelp gull is about 3 . 5 million individual birds . the rating of the kelp gull at this time is least concern . the prior rating for the kelp gull was lower risk , which was downgraded to least concern in 2004 due to the range and population of the kelp gull . there are no known threats facing the range or the population of the kelp gull at this time .\nthe kelp gull resembles larus pacificus \u2013 pacific gull , but the latter has white tail with black subterminal band , and its bill is larger .\naspects of the topic kelp gull are discussed in the following places at britannica . assorted references * description ( in gull ( bird ) ) the kelp gull ( l . dominicanus ) is a very wide - ranging black - backed species of the southern hemisphere , including antarctica . the laughing gull ( l . more\nthe kelp gull forages on land or in water , rarely in the air . it feeds mainly on fish and crustaceans , but will scavenge when an opportunity arises . like the pacific gull , the kelp gull habitually drops molluscs from midair onto rocks to smash them .\nthe kelp gull prefers the sheltered parts of coasts such as bays , inlets and estuaries ; also beaches and reefs on off - shore islands . it is likely that the kelp gull is in serious competition with the endemic pacific gull because of their similar habitat , food and habits .\nthe kelp gull is the second largest gull in the region , being smaller and less bulky than the pacific gull , larus pacificus , and with a less massive bill . its tail is all white , with no black band . immature kelp gulls can also be confused with the vagrant black - tailed gull , larus crassirostris , from japan .\nthibaut chansac and stanislas wroza endured a testing day on a paris landfill , eventually clinching an elusive ' black - backed gull ' as france ' s second kelp gull .\nkelp gulls occasionally become entangled in fishing lines , are occasionally illegally shot , and have been poisoned . in new zealand , the kelp gull was regularly eated by the maori .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , february 28 2009 , maitencillo , chile . picture : jos\u00e9 canas .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , may 17 2015 , maputo , mozambique . picture : ross hughes .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus veltula ) adult , june 30 2007 , south africa . picture : j . avise .\nthe latest sighting details and map for kelp gull are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , january 13 2012 , elqui prov . chile . picture : blass bass .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , february 21 2015 , muriwai , new zealand . picture : christina port .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) 2nd cycle , april 26 2015 , maputo , mozambique . picture : gary allport .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , june 2012 , cape town , south africa . picture : chris gibbins .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , july 25 2007 , kommetjie , south africa . picture : graham ekins .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , september 09 2009 , bahia inglesa , chile . picture : jason quinn .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , november 26 2011 , isla magdalena , chile . picture : antonio vaccarini .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , november 08 2006 , karoro , new zealand . picture : brian gratwicke .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus veltula ) adult , january 06 2012 , neko harbour , antarctic peninsula . picture : michael shepard .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , march 16 2014 , petorca prov . , chile . picture : gonzalo vergara .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , september 25 2010 , hout bay , south africa . picture : dick daniels .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , february 24 2015 , walbis bay , namibia . picture : rafael g . s\u00e1nchez .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , april 18 2008 , la perouse , sidney , australia . picture : mr troy .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , june 02 2009 , la perouse , sidney , australia . picture : mr troy .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , july 17 2012 , cape cross seal reserve , namibia . picture : tom heijnen .\nan adult kelp gull or cape gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) found and photographed today , 25 january , at the fish factory of anza near agadir by arie ouwerkerk and jacob jan de vries .\nthe yelping ' yo - yo - yo - yo ' call of the kelp gull is used in many films with coastal or marine scenes .\nthe races \u201c judithae \u201d and \u201c melisandae \u201d were described in 2002 , and evaluated as kelp gull\u2019s subspecies on the basis of morphological characters .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus dominicanus ) adult , january 09 2014 , robert island , south shetland islands , antarctica . picture : david cook .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - kelp gull ( larus dominicanus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - kelp gull ( larus dominicanus )\ntitle =\narkive species - kelp gull ( larus dominicanus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe kelp gull occurs in coastal bays , beaches , inlets and estuaries and on off - shore islands . they are often seen scavenging at refuse tips\nquintana rd , travaini a ( 2000 ) characteristics of nest sites of skuas and kelp gull in the antarctic peninsula . j field ornithol 71 : 236\u2013249\nnormally , the kelp gull is expected at khniffiss lagoon and along the southern moroccan atlantic coast , but they do occur north of khniffiss as well .\nthis subspecies differs markedly from other kelp gull subspecies , especially in skull structure ( a notably flatter crown ) , and some texts ( examples will foolow ) treat this form as a distinct species , known as cape gull . however there is no molecular evidence to support this and we follow urban et al . in treating it as a subspecies of kelp gull larus dominicanus .\n* the kelp gull is the only gull of the southern ocean . * kelp gulls are aggressive predators taking every opportunity to rob other birds ' nests of both eggs and small chicks . description & characteristics : the kelp or dominican gull lives on the antarctic peninsula and at most sub - antarctic islands , where it is resident year - round , generally in small numbers . they are also broadly distributed throughout southern africa , australasia and south america . more\nthe kelp gull is a large black - backed gull with a white tail and a large yellow bill with a red spot on the lower tip . it is the second largest gull in australia . the wing has a wide trailing edge and a small white ' window ' in the wingtip . newly - fledged kelp gulls are brown with paler mottling on the hind neck and breast and have a black bill . immature kelp gulls have mottled brown wings and back with a whitish body and an all - yellow bill . the kelp gull is gregarious , and tends to roost , feed and breed in flocks .\nthe kelp gull is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nkelp gull , larus dominicanus vetula , in flight . kelp gull in flight at houtbay harbor . the nominate race of the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) occurs along the coasts of south america , new zealand , australia and many islands in the southern ocean . the subspecies found along the southern african coastline , l . d . vetula , is currently thought to be sufficiently different from the nominate race that it ought to be regarded as a full species . more\nin some areas the kelp gull is considered a \u2018nuisance\u2019 species , often concentrated close to cities and thought to pose a potential health threat to humans , leading to calls for its populations to be controlled . however , no kelp gull colonies are currently under any kind of management ( 7 ) . it is also thought that increasing kelp gull populations could have a negative effect on other coastal wildlife , for example through increased harassment of other sea birds ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . more\nblackish upperparts and thick bill in kelp gull give it a great black - backed gull impression . kelp gull is quick in attaining a dark saddle , where great black - backed gull keep anchor - patterned scapulars for a prolonged period . also , kelp gull remain to show very limited white in the primaries ( either the tips and the mirror , see picture below ) , while great black - backed gull quickly develop a mirror on p10 ( in 2nd gen p10 ) and normally develop large white tips , even obvious on outermost primaries in many immature birds . a very small mirror on p10 and absence of a p9 mirror in adult kelp gull give it a completely different , dark , wingtip impression when compared to adult great black - backed ( which has a merged mirror and white tip on p10 and always a very large mirror on p9 as well in adult plumage ) .\nkelp gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) adult , november 07 2012 , kenton - on - sea , eastern cape , south africa . picture : wikipedia - snowmanradio .\ncrawford rjm , cooper j , shelton pa ( 1982 ) distribution , population size , breeding and conservation of the kelp gull in southern africa . ostrich 53 : 164\u2013177\nthe african subspecies l . d . vetula is sometimes split as the cape gull , l . vetula . it has a more angular head and a smaller shorter bill . the adult has a dark eye , whereas the nominate kelp gull usually has a pale eye . young cape gulls have almost identical plumage to similarly aged kelp gulls .\nsubspecies and range : the kelp gull can be considered a monotypic species , awaiting more information about the subspecies . however , the 5 currently recognized races can be mentioned .\ngood t ( 2002 ) breeding success in the western gull \u00d7 glaucous - winged gull complex : the influence of habitat and nest - site characteristics . condor 104 : 353\u2013365\nkelp gull dominicanus 2nd cycle , december 10 2012 , australia ( mick ) . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the wingtip ( marinus in this plumage would show large mirrors already ) . note yellowish legs .\nthe kelp gull occurs on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere from new zealand and most sub - antarctic islands , the antarctic peninsula , south america , and africa .\nkelp gull dominicanus 2nd cycle , september 24 2011 , lima , peru ( john turner ) . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the tail , plain brown coverts , bright yellow on bill and lacking pale primary tips .\nintroduction : the kelp gull is present through much of the southern hemisphere . according to the authors , 4 or 5 subspecies are recognized , but kelp gull\u2019s taxonomy is still in a state of uncertainty . as this species has extremely wide range , more subspecies might be added in the future . however , you will find on this page numerous pictures from several locations in the southern hemisphere .\nin many cases , once a gull pecks out the eyeballs , other kelp gulls join in and begin to eat the seal\u2019s exposed areas , such as its underbelly and genitals , the scientists observed .\nthe kelp gull breeds on islands , both oceanic and offshore , on headlands , cliffs above the sea , beaches , pastures and lava fields according to the range , and even in urban areas .\nkelp gull dominicanus adult , june 30 2007 , south africa . picture : j . avise . upperparts tone equals great black - backed gull , but this taxon has much more black in the wingtip , with just a tiny mirror on the outer primary . often yellowish legs and dark iris .\nkelp gull in flight , andean mountains above ushuaia in the background , larus dominicanus , beagle channel purchase a print of this imagehow to request , purchase or license this imageadd to light table sea birds ( likely western and / or heermanns gulls ) on drift kelp , open ocean , larus occidentalis , larus heermanni , san diego , california purchase a print of this imagehow to request , purchase or license this imageadd to light table kelp gull in flight , andean mountains above ushuaia in the background . more\na bird calling while standing on a beach . an immature pacific gull can also be heard .\nthe kelp gull is resident in many parts of australia , in others it is dispersive although this varies from colony to colony . in some colonies , parts of the population are apparantly resident or sedentary .\nthe kelp gull first become established in australia in the 1940s . their numbers increased rapidly and they are now found in many parts of the south - east and south - west coasts of mainland australia .\nin the study , kelp gulls were successful in plucking out eyeballs in roughly 50 percent of observed attacks .\nkelp gull is the dominant large gull species of south america . it is common throughout the southern part of the continent and extending north along the coasts to ecuador in the west and brazil in the east , though it is also known as a vagrant and occasional breeder north to the united states as well . large , with very dark black upperparts and pale yellow - green legs , this gull is easily distinguished from other gulls in its range . kelp gulls feed on a variety of land and marine animals and also attend refuse dumps .\nresearchers speculate that the kelp gull population increased decades ago with the development of fish processing in the area . waste from processing plants may have attracted gulls into the area , which then learned to get more food from whales .\nburger j , gochfeld m ( 1981 ) nest site selection by kelp gulls in southern africa . condor 83 : 243\u2013251\nmanagement and research actions suggested to address these problems include monitoring of kelp gull colonies , particularly close to urban areas , as well as an evaluation of the effects of the gulls on other coastal species , and more careful treatment and disposal of refuse , sewage and fish offal , to discourage scavenging and to help control gull numbers ( 7 ) . given the kelp gull\u2019s abundance and large range , and its presence in many protected coastal areas , the threats to the species are not thought likely to pose any conservation problems in the near future ( 7 ) .\nkelp gull prey on and scavenge molluscs , fish , crustaceans , other seabirds , and even their own chicks and eggs . they are opportunistic , and their diet varies with season and among localities depending on the availability of food .\nphysical description & related species : kelp gull have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the saddle and upperwing is slate - black with a white leading edge . the wingspan is 106 - 142 cm . the yellow bill has a rounded red subterminal spot at the gonys . distribution & abundance - distribution : kelp gull are broadly distributed in the subantarctic to subtropical regions , where sea surface temperatures range from 0\u00b0 to 23\u00b0 c . more\n54\u201365 cm ; 810\u20131335 g ; wingspan 128\u2013142 cm . four - year gull . intermediate in size and build between\nkelp gulls are eating the eyeballs from newborn cape fur seals\u2014a behavior never before seen in nature , a new study says .\nin some areas the kelp gull is considered a \u2018nuisance\u2019 species , often concentrated close to cities and thought to pose a potential health threat to humans , leading to calls for its populations to be controlled . however , no kelp gull colonies are currently under any kind of management ( 7 ) . it is also thought that increasing kelp gull populations could have a negative effect on other coastal wildlife , for example through increased harassment of other sea birds ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . in particular , this gull has recently developed the habit of gouging skin and blubber from the backs of southern right whales , opening up lesions and causing the whales to take evasive action ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . it is feared that increasing harassment may compromise calf development and even cause the whales to leave the affected areas ( 8 ) .\nthe latest sighting details and map for cape gull are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\ncape gull ( larus dominicanus vetula ) , anza , morocco , 25 january 2016 . ( jacob jan de vries )\nknown widely as \u2018kelp gull\u2019 in other countries , the same species is also common in similar latitudes around the southern hemisphere , including southern australia , south america , southern africa , and most subantarctic and peri - antarctic islands , and the antarctic peninsula .\nthe kelp gull breeds in colonies , occasionally as isolated pairs . they are monogamous , but the pair - bonds last about one year , from one season to the next breeding period . they usually strengthen the bond by courtship feeding during the winter . the colonies are noisy . alarm calls are given as soon as predators are approaching . the gulls may perform communal mobbing and attack in active defence . the kelp gull is territorial and defends an area around the nest , because cannibalism occurs towards the chicks of the neighbour nests .\nthe kelp gull is a large bird with slate - black wings , a white head and body , and an all - white tail . the underwing is white , tipped black , and the dark upperwing bears a white bar , with white markings on the wing tips . the beak is yellow , with a conspicuous red spot on the lower mandible , and the yellow eye is surrounded by an orange - red ring ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the pale eyes , together with greenish - yellow rather than yellow legs , and a larger , more robust body , help distinguish the kelp gull from the similar - looking lesser black - backed gull ( larus fuscus ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the male and female kelp gull are similar in appearance ( 3 ) , while non - breeding adults have brown mottling on the head and neck ( 2 ) . juveniles are dark brown and mottled , with a blackish tail , dark beak , brownish legs and brown eyes ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . adult plumage is usually attained by the fourth year ( 2 ) . the kelp gull\u2019s call is a loud ki - ok , and the alarm call is a short , repeated pok ( 5 ) .\nthe kelp gull nests in loose colonies or scattered single pairs on off - shore islands where breeding birds maintain large territories against other gulls . the nests of kelp gulls can be a well - made bowl of plants stems , grasses and seaweeds or a loose pile of material on the ground , near rocks or in a tussock . both the adults build the nest , incubate the eggs , brood and feed the young .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the kelp gull utters strident \u201ckee - och\u201d , and we can also hear melancholy \u201cyo - yo - yo - yo - yo\u201d and repeated \u201ckwee - ah , kwee - ah , kwee - ah\u201d . it is noisy during the breeding season and while feeding , but also during aggressive interactions . calls and songs are fairly similar to those of other gull species .\na new study suggests that increased attacks by kelp gulls on southern right whale calves could be contributing to an observed increase in mortality among the latter .\n\u201cit\u2019s a cruel way to go , \u201d says gallagher . but from the gull\u2019s point of view , it\u2019s a \u201cbeautifully strategic attack . \u201d\nsouthern black - backed gull . adult . boulder bank , nelson , january 2008 . image \u00a9 rebecca bowater fpsnz by rebecca bowater fpsnz urltoken\ngarc\u00eda borboroglu p , yorio p ( 2004a ) habitat requirements and selection by kelp - gulls in central and northern patagonia , argentina . auk 121 : 243\u2013252\nprotection / threats / status : the kelp gull has large range and it is common and conspicuous in most part of its distribution . the overall population is increasing with agriculture and fishery expansion . it is often considered a pest in urban areas , and might have negative effect on the coastal wildlife , through harassment and predation towards other bird species and small animals . the falkland\u2019s population is about 30 , 000 breeding pairs . the global population is estimated to number 3 , 300 , 000 / 4 , 300 , 000 individuals . the kelp gull is not currently threatened , and evaluated as least concern .\nthe kelp gull is the second largest of australia ' s gulls ( 550 - 580 mm ) . adults have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the upperparts and wing are black with a white leading edge . the yellow bill has a red spot on the lower tip .\nkelp gulls are opportunistic omnivores and will scavenge as well as prey on molluscs , fish , crustaceans , other seabirds , and even their own chicks and eggs .\nfordham ra ( 1964 ) breeding biology of the southern black - backed gull . i . pre - egg and egg stage . notornis 11 : 3\u201334\njehl jr jr , mahoney sa ( 1987 ) the roles of thermal environments and predation in habitat choice in the california gull . condor 89 : 850\u2013862\nrecent populations of kelp gulls have increased in some locations perhaps due to human subsidies : trawler fish discards , scraps from fish processing plants , and coastal rubbish piles .\nthough , so perhaps it\u2019s wisest to stick with kelp gull for the time being\u2026 according to urltoken \u201ckelp gulls breed in namibia and south africa ; there are large colonies between cape cross and the islands in algoa bay , with occasional nests recorded as far north as cape fria and as far east as the great fish river . along the west coast , nonbreeding birds occur north to luanda , angola , and along the east coast as far as the limpopo river mouth in mozambique . more\nwhile many larid species have benefited from the presence of people , two tern and one gull species have become endangered . least and roseate terns are threatened by destruction and disturbance of their nest sites on sand bars and beaches while the sharp decline of the ivory gull could be related to pollution and global warming .\nbird was a kelp gull , knowing well the possibility of a hybrid such as\nchandaleur\ngulls . below is my own description of this bird ( written at 7 pm , 8 nov 2008 ) , independent of any discussions with ron after the initial sighting and independent of examining any reference books / sources . overall impression : this was a large , dark - backed gull in adult plumage . it was significantly larger than the laughing and franklin ' s gulls in the area . more\nthe vetula subspecies of kelp gull breed on 81 known localities on the coast of southern africa from ilha dos tigres in southern angola , along the namibian and atlantic coasts of south africa , round the cape as far east as the riet river , near port alfred on the indian ocean coast in the eastern cape province of south africa ( ref : roberts birds of southern africa ) . this gull is also colonising inland locations up to 10km from the coast on the skeleton coast in namibia .\nmiskelly , c . m . 2013 . southern black - backed gull . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nnative to coastlines of the southern hemisphere , this big gull was a shock to birders when it began showing up in north america in the late 1980s . from 1989 into the 1990s , several adults were present on the chandeleur islands , in the gulf of mexico off the coast of louisiana . a few pairs even nested there , and other kelp gulls interbred with herring gulls on the islands , producing hybrids . during the 1990s , a few kelp gulls wandered elsewhere in north america , including texas , maryland , and indiana , and there have been scattered records since then . \u201cpure\u201d kelp gulls may not occur on the chandeleur islands any more , but some apparent hybrids are still wandering in the gulf of mexico .\nthe kelp gull breeds on coasts and islands through much of the southern hemisphere . it is found on a number of subantarctic islands , on the antarctic peninsula , on the southern coast of australia and all of new zealand , on the southern cost of africa and madagascar , and on the coast of south america as far north as ecuador and southern brazil 1 .\nhabitat : the kelp gull usually occurs along the coasts , especially in south africa . but throughout the range , it also frequents large inland lakes in the andes of argentina . it also feeds and roosts around lakes , including smaller mountain lakes in new zealand . it also frequents reservoirs , estuaries and rivers . it can be seen in farmland and lawns too .\nkelp gull : widespread along coasts and on islands throughout the southern hemisphere , occurring in southern africa , madagascar , australia , new zealand , south america and the falkland islands , as well as on antarctica and many sub - antarctic islands . found in a variety of habitats including harbors , bays , inlets , estuaries , beaches and rocky shores . accidental in maryland .\nthe yelping ' yo - yo - yo - yo ' call of the kelp gull is used in many films with coastal or marine scenes . facts and figures research species : no minimum size : 49 cm maximum size : 62 cm average size : 57 cm average weight : 940 g breeding season : september to december . clutch size : two to three . more\nty - jour ti - taxonomy of the kelp gull larus dominicanus lichtenstein inferred from biometrics and wing plumage pattern , including two previously undescribed subspecies t2 - bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . vl - 122 ur - urltoken pb - british ornithologists ' club , cy - london : py - 2002 sp - 50 ep - 71 sn - 0007 - 1595 er -\nkelp gull dominicanus adult , january 06 2012 , antarctic peninsula ( michael shepard ) . birds on the southern hemisphere are in complete moult in our winter months . here moult in inner primaries p1 new , p2 groiwng , p5 - p10 old . dark as marinus , but much more black in wingtip with just a small mirror on p10 and full broad band on p5 .\nfordham , r . a . 1968 . dispersion and dispersal of the dominican gull in wellington , new zealand . proceedings of the new zealand ecological society 15 : 40 - 50 .\nin the subantarctic , kelp gulls lay three eggs in november to december . incubation and fledging periods are 23\u201330 days and 45\u201361 days , respectively . parents sometimes continue to feed their chicks after fledging .\nl . d . vetula is found on the coasts of south africa and namibia . this race has greyer legs and feet , and dark brown eyes . it is known as cape gull .\nthe kelp gull is widespread along coasts and on islands throughout the southern hemisphere , occurring in southern africa , madagascar , australia , new zealand , south america and the falkland islands , as well as on antarctica and many subantarctic islands ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . although largely sedentary , some southern populations migrate north outside of the breeding season ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nrowntree , v . j . ( 1998 ) increased harassment of right whales ( eubalaena australis ) by kelp gulls ( larus dominicanus ) at pen\u00ednsula vald\u00e9s , argentina . marine mammals science , 14 : 99 - 115 .\nthe kelp gull breeds between september and january , in colonies numbering from one to several hundred pairs ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the species is monogamous , with pair bonds usually maintained from one breeding season to the next , and strengthened by courtship feeding during winter months . both adults help to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks ( 4 ) . the nest , built on bare rock , sand or mud , often in a well - vegetated site , is a large and bulky structure , constructed from dried vegetation or seaweed ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . around 3 eggs are laid ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , which hatch after 24 to 30 days , the young kelp gulls fledging approximately 7 weeks later ( 2 ) . kelp gulls begin to breed from around three to four years old , and may live for 20 years ( 4 ) .\nthere is one common issue in peninsular valdes that i feel is important to highlight . in puerto madryn there was a fish processing factory that for many years had uncovered waste sites and this led to a massive boom in the kelp gull population . the numbers got that big that eventually more and more birds started to copy an originally small number of kelp gulls who fed on the whales by landing on a whale as it was at the surface and pecking through the skin and into the blubber . after this behaviour was first noticed there were campaigns for the fish factory to dispose of the waste more responsibly and now they move it a few kilometres further inland .\na melancholy\nyo - yo - yo - yo - yo\nwhich is unlike the call of any other tasmanian gull and will sound familiar as part of the soundscape of films and movies set on coastlines .\na common , widespread species with a large global population , the kelp gull is not currently considered globally threatened ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , and may even have increased with the expansion of agriculture and fisheries ( 2 ) . potential threats to the species include oil spills , diseases such as avian cholera and avian botulism , mortality from interactions with trawler warp cables , persecution by humans , and disturbance at breeding sites ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nbehaviour in the wild : the kelp gull is an opportunistic feeder like numerous laridae . it feeds on a variety of aquatic preys such as fish , molluscs , worms , echinoderms , arthropods , but also reptiles , amphibians , birds , small mammals and occasionally berries . it is also a scavenger and can be seen at rubbish and sewage , and carrion and fish offal . but this gull may sometimes take sickly lamb and young poultry . it is able to attack and kill adult birds as large as geese . it often follows the fishing boats and forages around the slaughterhouses and seafood factories . it is known for stealing food from other seabirds , laridae and also spheniscidae .\nlarids are found near fresh and salt water throughout north america but are most common near large bodies of water . even marsh nesters such as the franklin ' s gull and black tern spend the winter in coastal areas .\nduring the past 15 years , scientists have logged around 500 instances of kelp gulls ( larus dominicanus ) attacking and attempting to eat the eyeballs of newborn cape fur seals ( arctocephalus pusillus pusillus ) in namibia \u2019s coastal dorob national park ( map ) .\nkelp gulls are broadly distributed in the subantarctic to subtropical regions , where sea surface temperatures range from 0\u00b0 to 23\u00b0 c . they can mostly be seen off the new zealand coasts and islands , and along the south and south - east australian coasts .\ngreat black - backed gull ( marinus ) 2nd cycle , february 02 2012 , ijmuiden , the netherlands ( mars muusse ) . no blackish saddle . 2nd gen primaries with rounded pale tips . limited black in tail . chequered coverts .\nkelp gulls have a white head , neck , underbody , rump and tail . the saddle and upperwing is slate - black with a white leading edge . the wingspan is 106\u2013142 cm . the yellow bill has a rounded red subterminal spot at the gonys .\nthe displays are accompanied by calls . the most frequent is the \u201clong - call\u201d , often given from the ground or sometimes while flying . the gull raises the head and gradually lowers it while uttering a series of long notes . this display is usually followed by \u201chead - tosses\u201d during which the gull throws the head up over its back while giving a plaintive note . once the pair is formed , both mates call and display every day , and courtship feeding is frequently observed .\nburger , j . , gochfeld , m . , garcia , e . f . j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ngulls , terns , and the black skimmer are all migratory with the larger gulls migrating short distances to open water and the sabine ' s gull , terns , and black skimmer undertaking incredible journeys to the seas and rivers of the southern hemisphere .\nyorio , p . , bertellotti , m . , gandini , p . and frere , e . ( 1998 ) kelp gulls larus dominicanus breeding on the argentine coast : population status and relationship with coastal management and conservation . marine ornithology , 26 : 11 - 18 .\nthe kelp gull has become established in australia since the 1940s , with the first breeding recorded on moon island near lake macquarie in new south wales in 1958 . their numbers have increased rapidly since the 1960s and they are now common in many parts of the south - east and south - west coasts , and especially in tasmania . it is widespread in new zealand , and is found on most sub - antarctic islands , as well as on islands south of the antarctic convergence and the antarctic peninsula , south america , and africa .\nthe southern black - backed gull ( or \u2018black - back\u2019 ) is one of the most abundant and familiar large birds in new zealand , although many people do not realise that the mottled brown juveniles ( mistakenly called \u201cmollyhawks\u201d ) are the same species as the immaculate adults . found on or over all non - forested habitats from coastal waters to high - country farms , this is the only large gull found in new zealand . they are particularly abundant at landfills , around ports and at fish - processing plants .\nkelp gulls nest on beaches , among rocks , grassy headlands , ledges , glacial moraines and offshore islets . the shapes and materials of the nests vary due to location . they construct bowls or conical mounds or shallow scrapes in sand with grass , seaweed , sticks , shells and debris .\nmainly inhabiting coastal regions , the kelp gull can be found in a variety of habitats including harbours , bays , inlets , estuaries , beaches and rocky shores , and usually forages within about ten kilometres of the shore ( 6 ) . it may also venture inland , visiting lakes , lagoons , rivers , streams and reservoirs , as well as pastures , cultivated land , grassland and scrubland . breeding usually takes place on headlands , sea cliffs , beaches , offshore islands , pastures , or even on roofs in urban areas ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\n@ article { bhlpart81344 , title = { taxonomy of the kelp gull larus dominicanus lichtenstein inferred from biometrics and wing plumage pattern , including two previously undescribed subspecies } , journal = { bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . } , volume = { 122 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : british ornithologists ' club , 1893 - } , author = { } , year = { 2002 } , pages = { 50 - - 71 } , }\n\u201conce one gull figures out a fast food meal like cape fur seal eyeballs , other gulls observe and quickly learn the new feeding behavior , \u201d jewell says . ( also see\ncute killers ? gray seals maul , suffocate seals and porpoises , studies say .\n)\nl . d . dominicus ( here described ) is found on the coasts of s south america and islands such as the falklands and south georgia . but it is also present in new zealand and australia . it is known as southern black - backed gull in new zealand .\nkelp gulls are predominantly white birds with a brownish / black wing slate , bright yellow beak with a red spot near the tip and their eyes are dark brown with an orange eye ring . they can grow to 65cm in height , 1kg in weight and have a wing span of 128 - 142cm .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season varies , depending on the range , but usually occurs between september and january . they breed in december in the falklands and at any time on offshore islands . the kelp gull breeds in colonies , from dozens ( at range\u2019s edges ) to several hundreds of pairs . the nest is built on rocks or sand , in well vegetated areas . it is often placed under the protection of rock , bush or tree , or any vertical structure . this is a bulky nest made with dried plants and seaweeds . it is lined with softer vegetation .\nsimilar species : adults unmistakeable apart from possible vagrant pacific gull from australia ( which has a more massive bill , and a black subterminal tip to tail ) . juveniles may be confused with the more robust brown skua , which has broader wings with a pale flash at the base of the primaries .\nthe diet of the kelp gull ( larus dominicanus ) , its foraging behaviour and the consumption rates on the antarctic limpet ( nacella concinna ) were studied during austral spring and summer 1992 / 1993 and 1993 / 1994 at potter peninsula , king george island , antarctica . prey information was obtained by collecting 237 pellets , foraging behaviour was observed by focal and instantaneous scan samplings , and consumption rate was estimated by means of weekly sampling of limpets found in 5 nests and their respective middens . limpets were the most important prey followed by scavenged prey ( penguin and seal carcasses ) , amphipods , snails , fish and euphausiids . foraging gulls spent 51 % of the time searching for limpets , 10 % moving between foraging areas , 9 % in catching effort and 15 % handling prey . the number of gulls observed searching for limpets was inversely correlated with the tidal height . in the diet limpets provide 102 . 3 , 159 . 4 and 188 . 1 kj gull \u22121 day \u22121 during incubation , hatching and brooding respectively ; these values range between 15 and 27 % , with a maximum of 40 % , of the basic daily energy requirements of kelp gulls . total consumption rate estimations for the whole population of gulls at potter peninsula reached between 3400 and 4800 limpets day \u22121 , which represents approximately 10\u201314 % of the total annual limpet mortality .\nthe familiar large gull throughout new zealand . adults have white head and underparts with black back , yellow bill with red spot near tip of lower mandible , and pale green legs . juveniles are dark mottled brown with black bill and legs ; their plumage lightens with age until they moult into adult plumage at 3 years old .\na large black - and - white gull with a white head and underparts , black back , yellow bill with a red spot near the tip , and pale green legs . juveniles are dark mottled brown with black bill and legs ; their plumage lightens with age until they moult into adult plumage at 3 - years - old .\ngreat black - backed gull ( marinus ) adult , 2009 - 2011 , acer port , israel . ( amir ben dov ) . note very large white tips on p10 ( no sub - terminal black ) and on p9 ( black band broken ) and no black on p5 . very powerful , huge massive bill and beady eye .\nthe kelp gull is resident in the falklands , with some dispersion around the islands . the birds of antarctica ( race \u201caustrinus\u201d ) remain in their range all year round . they can be seen in open water away from the pack ice . in australia , the non - breeding birds disperse to queensland , and along the s coast . the new zealand birds remain in their breeding areas and perform only some n movements . in africa ( race \u201cvetula\u201d ) , the non - breeding gulls move as far as mozambique on e coast , and mauritania and s morocco on w coats . although being largely sedentary , some of the southern populations migrate n outside the breeding season . the flight is powerful , fast and agile , with slow , steady wingbeats .\nkelp gulls nest on beaches , among rocks , grassy headlands , ledges and offshore islands . the nest is a bowl of grasses and plants stems or a shallow scrape in sand lined with seaweed , shells and debris . the female usually lays 2 or 3 eggs . both parents feed the young birds . chicks peck at red spot on the parent ' s beak to stimulate the regurgitation reflex .\nthe adult is a typical gull with black upperparts and white tail . on the black upperwing , the trailing edge is white and the wing tip shows white patches . head , neck , nape , tail and underparts are white . the bill is yellow with red gonydal angle . the eyes are yellow , surrounded by red or orange eyering . legs and webbed feet are greenish - yellow ( mostly greyer in africa ) .\nadult gulls and terns are for the most part pale - colored birds plumaged in gray , white , and black with dark plumages predominating in the black tern and noddy species . other colors are limited to orange and yellow ( in the bills and feet ) and pink hues in the plumage of the ross ' s gull and roseate tern . immature gulls of most species cycle through years of a seemingly bewildering number of gray , brown , and black streaked plumages .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > taxonomy of the kelp gull larus dominicanus lichtenstein inferred from biometrics and wing plumage pattern , including two previously undescribed subspecies < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 122 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > bulletin of the british ornithologists & # 39 ; club . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> london : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > british ornithologists & # 39 ; club , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 122 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 50 < / start > < end > 71 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2002 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhowever the problem hasn\u2019t gone away and is specific to the area . it is especially bad because the seagulls target the calves more as they have to spend more time at the surface , so it was quite common to see calves with a lot of scarring along their backs . this leaves the animals prone to infection which can cause death , but it also disturbs the animals when they are taking milk which can mean they don\u2019t get enough and don\u2019t grow as big before it is time to set off to the feeding grounds in antarctica before the summer arrives . scientists have been studying this behaviour for a few years now and it is a complex problem that is not simple to solve and unfortunately man made . not all of the kelp gulls display this behaviour , i witnessed many gulls fly close to whales and simply fly off , but i also witnessed gulls that would arrive to attack the whale , quite often after a while had given up its location by breaching or tail slapping .\nseagulls have developed a hunting strategy never before seen in the animal world\u2014eating the eyeballs of live seal pups , a new study says .\nsince blinded seals can ' t find help from other seals and easily succumb to more attacks , the birds have discovered removing eyeballs is an especially efficient way to get a meal .\nthe behavior seems to be entirely new to science\u2014if a little tough to stomach , says study lead author austin gallagher , a postdoctoral researcher at carleton university in ottawa , canada . ( also see\ngulls be gone : 10 ways to get rid of pesky birds .\n)\n\u201cit is not a pleasant behavior to observe , as the seals completely freak out and make a lot of noise , \u201d says gallagher , whose study was published august 14 in the african journal of marine science .\nfor one , the babies can\u2019t swim and have to rely on their mother\u2019s milk , says michelle jewell , a behavioral ecologist at the royal netherlands institute for sea research who wasn ' t involved in the new research .\nto supply that milk , the mother seals must occasionally go hunt fish , leaving the pups alone at the colony for several days . the unprotected pups might then fall prey to land predators such as lions and hyenas\u2014and now , seagulls .\n\u201ca blind seal cannot forage , cannot find mom , and will get attacked by other gulls , \u201d says gallagher . ( also see\nbaby harp seals being drowned , crushed amid melting ice .\n)\na snail will make a nice snack for a seagull , if it can figure out how to crack the shell open .\ngallagher believes it ' s likely a result of an increase in cape fur seal populations\u2014essentially , the birds are taking advantage of a newly abundant food source .\nin the winter months , between 20 , 000 and 80 , 000 of the pinnipeds flock to namibia\u2019s coasts to mate and raise young . this dramatic population increase from just around a hundred seals in 1998 is due to the species ' natural boom - and - bust cycles , the study says .\nnot to mention\nthe eyes are soft targets , and a good source of both fluid and protein , \u201d adds craig harms , a veterinary medicine expert at north carolina state university who wasn ' t involved in the new research .\nas a responder for the u . s . marine mammal health and stranding response program , harms has seen firsthand the damage gulls can do .\n\u201cgulls particularly like to peck at and eat the jaw fats of beached harbor porpoises , dead or alive , \u201d says harms .\nand while the seal eye - gobbling behavior is new , harms points to other research that shows seagulls peck at southern right whale calves ' back blubber when they surface to breathe .\n\u201cit ' s not surprising ,\nhe says ,\nthat they would find a similar source of fresh food that is not good at defending itself .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nturbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern ."]}
{"id": 1190, "summary": [{"text": "cosmopterix aculeata is a moth of the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from india ( assam ) , china and australia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is multivoltine , with adults recorded from march to november . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cosmopterix aculeata", "paragraphs": ["cosmopteryx aculeata meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon ; khasis ; fort stedman , burma\nglobal distribution : south africa , india , sri lanka ( coll . bmnh ) . h . k distribution : restricted ( kwun yum shan , central new territories ; chatham path , hong kong island ) . h . k . status : rare in woodland . h . k . phenology : single records in may , june and august . notes : distinguished from c . aculeata and c . sp . nr . basilisca by the extension of the f / w orange post - medial area beyond the post - medial fascia to the termen .\ncosmopterix argentitegulella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 80\ncosmopterix gracilis sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 73\ncosmopterix rhynchognathosella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 86\ncosmopterix setariella sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 88\ncosmopterix sibirica sinev , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 93\ncosmopterix yvani ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix galapagosensis ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 334 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix madeleinae ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 364 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] fernaldella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 197\ncosmopterix longivalvella ; huemer & koster , 2006 , ver\u00f6ff . tiroler landesm . ferdinandeum 86 : 80 ( note )\ncosmopterix argentitegulella ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 132\ncosmopterix infundibulella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199\ncosmopterix kurokoi ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] minutella beutenm\u00fcller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : cenral florida\ncosmopterix setariella ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133\ncosmopterix thelxinoe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 406 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : north carolina\ncosmopterix albicaudis ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 284 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix argentifera koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 289 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : jamaica , moneague\ncosmopterix bacata hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 45 ; tl : leroy , alabama\ncosmopterix facunda hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 55 ; tl : brownsville , texas\ncosmopterix ganymedes koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 335 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta\ncosmopterix interfracta ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 351 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix thebe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 404 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : peru , yurimaguas\ncosmopterix yvani landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 515 ; tl : galapagos , pinta , ~ 50m\ncosmopterix callisto koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 300 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , cuzco mts\ncosmopterix eukelade koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 327 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , cuzco mts\ncosmopterix galapagosensis landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 524 ; tl : gal\u00e1pagos , santa cruz , los gemelos\ncosmopterix madeleinae landry , 2001 ; revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 518 ; tl : galap\u00e1gos , santa cruz , los gemelos\ncosmopterix molybdina hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 19 ; tl : bar harbor , maine\ncosmopterix scirpicola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 49 ; tl : oklahoma city , oklahoma\ncosmopterix ( cosmopterigidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 273 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix baihashanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl : beijing , baihashan\ncosmopterix bifidguttata kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 140 ; tl : zhejiang , fuyang\ncosmopterix brevicaudella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; tl : fujian , putian\ncosmopterix dulcivora ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143\ncosmopterix fulminella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ nhm card ]\ncosmopterix issikiella kuroko , 1957 ; konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; tl : kansirei , formosa\ncosmopterix longivalvella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 140 ; tl : zhejiang , wenzhou\ncosmopterix nanshanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 141 ; tl : zhejiang , nanshan\ncosmopterix phyllostachysea ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 141\ncosmopterix sichuanella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 137 ; tl : jiangxi , lushan\ncosmopterix xanthura walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 6 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , tapea\ncosmopterix beckeri koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 296 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque\ncosmopterix callichalca ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 298 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix carpo koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 301 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : puerto rico , guanica , 170m\ncosmopterix citrinopa ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 308 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix jiangxiella kuroko & liu , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 142 ; tl : jiangxi , linjiang zhen\ncosmopterix pimmaarteni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 386 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal\ncosmopterix trifasciella koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 411 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500 '\ncosmopterix vanderwolfi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 412 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : puerto rico , patillas , 590m\ncosmopterix amalthea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 286 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : cuba , holquin , mayari , 400m\ncosmopterix diaphora walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 6 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ncosmopterix karsholti koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 357 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : peru , apurimac , abancay , 2200m\ncosmopterix pararufella riedl , 1976 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s ) 12 ( 1 ) : 190 ; tl : tozeur\ncosmopterix ananke koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 287 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix athesiae huemer & koster , 2006 ; ver\u00f6ff . tiroler landesm . ferdinandeum 86 : 76 ; tl : italy , lago di garda , mt maderno , 250m\ncosmopterix chaldene koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 302 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix etmylaurae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 323 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , san pedro\ncosmopterix euanthe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 325 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix euporie koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 328 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , plantina , distrito federal , 1000m\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] gemmiferella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 10 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]\ncosmopterix harpalyke koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 341 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltima , 1000m\ncosmopterix helike koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 342 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , goias , alto paraiso , 1300m\ncosmopterix hermippe koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 344 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix himalia koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 345 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m\ncosmopterix io koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 351 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomes farias , 1000m\ncosmopterix iocaste koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 353 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 1000m\ncosmopterix lummyae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 361 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m\ncosmopterix mneme koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 369 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , bahia , barra grande , 2m\ncosmopterix nonna clarke , 1986 ; smithshon . contr . zool . 416 : 309 ; tl : marquesas archipelago , hiva oa , mt . feani , 3400 '\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] opulenta braun , 1919 ; ent . news 30 ( 9 ) : 260 ; tl : rivera , los angeles co . , california\ncosmopterix praxidike koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 387 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , tamaulipas , el ensino , 250m\ncosmopterix taygete koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 400 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , bahia , barra grande , 2m\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] turbidella rebel , 1896 ; ann . mus . wien 11 : 135 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : tenerife\ncosmopterix adrastea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 283 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : cuba , pinar rio , sierra rosario , 400m\ncosmopterix damnosa hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 46 ; tl : archold biological station , highlands co . , florida\ncosmopterix ebriola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 50 ; tl : archbold biological station , highlands co . , florida\ncosmopterix orthosie koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 383 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , minas gerais , sierra do cip\u00f5m 1400m\ncosmopterix schouteni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 394 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , jujuy , mesada las colmenas , 1130m\ncosmopterix tenax ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix thyone koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 410 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima , 850m\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] clandestinella busck , 1906 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1463 ) : 712 ; tl : district of colombia\ncosmopterix gomezpompai koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 340 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , san gerardo de rivas\ncosmopterix nishidai koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 376 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , san pedro , 1150m\ncosmopterix similis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 106 ; tl : virgin is . , st . thomas , danish w . indies\ncosmopterix abnormalis ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 282 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncosmopterix astrapias ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 290 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix diaphora ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 317 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncosmopterix erasmia ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 320 , 258 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncosmopterix inaugurata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 346 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix irrubricata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 354 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix isotoma ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 355 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix nyctiphanes ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 379 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix ochleria ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 380 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix pentachorda ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 384 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix pyrozela ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 391 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix similis ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 397 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix teligera ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 401 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix thrasyzela ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 408 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix xanthura ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 514 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix aurotegulae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 294 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , veracruz , nogales , spring of rio blanco , 1300m\ncosmopterix nieukerkeni koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 375 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , tucuman , san javier , 16km wnw tucuman , 1010m\ncosmopterix erinome koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 322 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : alabama , baldwin co . , plash is , end of hwy 6\ncosmopterix metis koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 366 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina , 15\u00b035 ' s 47\u00b042 ' w\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmopterix ] 4 - lineella [ = quadrilineella ] chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 95 ; tl : bosque co . , texas\ncosmopterix sinelinea hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 24 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : the wedge , mcclellanville , south carolina\ncosmopterix langmaidi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 358 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : belize , cayo distr . , chiquibul for . res . , las cuevas\ncosmopterix navarroi koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 373 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , tucuman , 11km s tacanas , 28 km wsw trancas , 800m\ncosmopterix bichromella sinev & park , 1994 ; korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 198 ; tl : mt . hanra - san , isl . jeju , s . korea\ncosmopterix coryphaea ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me5 ] , 119 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54 ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix crassicervicella ; sinev , 1997 , ent . obozr . 76 ( 4 ) : ( 813 - 829 ) ; [ me5 ] , 117 , 20 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix lysithea koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 362 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , planaltina , distrito federal , 1000m , 15\u00b035 ' s 47\u00b042 ' w\ncosmopterix themisto koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 407 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , s . matto grosso , 50 , e of amolar , rio caracara\ncosmopterix dapifera hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 31 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona\ncosmopterix lienigiella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 120 , 20 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix chalupae koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 304 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta , p . n . el rey , campsite 100km ne met\u00e1n , 890m\ncosmopterix phyllostachysea kuroko , 1957 ; konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 2 , 4 ; tl : hikosan , kyushu\ncosmopterix schmidiella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 110 , 20 ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix zieglerella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ me5 ] , 109 , 19 ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix saltensis koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 393 , 259 ( list ) ; tl : argentina , salta , quebrada del toro , 6km nw campo quijano , 30km w . salta , 1650m\ncosmopterix gracilis ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 142\ncosmopterix chisosensis hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : green gulch , 5500 ' , chisos mts , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\ncosmopterix rhynchognathosella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; [ nhm card ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133\ncosmopterix gielisorum koster , 2010 ; zool . med . leiden 84 : 338 , 258 ( list ) ; tl : ecuador , loja , 10km se of loja , cajanuma ranger stt . , 2850m , 4\u00b06 ' 58\ns 79\u00b010 ' 19\nw\nall of the cosmopterix species occurring in hong kong are only provisionally identified by comparison of external morphology to material at the natural history museum ( bmnh ) , london . they require genitalic dissection to confirm their identities . there are at least three species of cosmopterix with this type of wing patterning in hong kong . the smallest species , with a wingspan ( twice the forewing - tip to thorax measurement ) of about 8 mm , is illustrated . the larger species ( w / s = 12mm ) are less abundant at light traps .\ncosmopterix chisosensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 1484 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 306 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix sinelinea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 129 ; [ nacl ] , # 1470 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 399 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix victor ; kuroko , 1957 , konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199 ; [ nhm card ]\ncosmopterix floridanella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nacl ] , # 1497 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 332 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix lespedezae ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 30 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 1482 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 359 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix bacata ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 1491 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 295 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix chalybaeella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 32 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 1489 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 305 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix clandestinella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 1475 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 309 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix damnosa ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 1492 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 312 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix ebriola ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 1495 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 319 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix fernaldella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 1496 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 330 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix gemmiferella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 1490 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 337 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix inopis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 33 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 1488 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 347 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix magophila ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 1477 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 365 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix molybdina ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 1471 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 370 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix nitens ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 24 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; [ nacl ] , # 1469 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 378 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 , pl . 3 , f . 8 - 9 ; [ nacl ] , # 1493 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 311 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix dapifera ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 1479 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 314 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix delicatella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 1480 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 316 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix montisella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 28 - 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 1476 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 371 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix opulenta ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 1483 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 381 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix quadrilineella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 32 , pl . 2 , f . 41 - 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 1485 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 391 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix facunda ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 55 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 1498 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 329 , 258 ( list )\ncosmopterix pulchrimella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 1472 ; [ me5 ] , 115 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 53 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 389 , 259 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\ncosmopterix scirpicola ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 125 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 36 , pl . 3 , f . 10 - 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 1494 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 395 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix minutella ; busck , 1906 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1463 ) : 711 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 43 ; [ nacl ] , # 1486 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 368 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopterix attenuatella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\nglobal distribution : unknown . h . k . distribution : widespread . h . k . status : common in woodland and tall shrubland . h . k . phenology : multivoltine , a few records between late january and early april , then common between late july and mid - november\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmindfulness : a practical guide to finding peace in a frantic world , cd / spoke . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\ncomopterix abnormalis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 106 ; tl : haiti , port au prince\ncosmopteryx anadoxa meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx ancalodes meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : assam , shillong\ncosmopteryx ancistraea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 307 ; tl : barberton\naphranassa meyrick , 1926 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 74 : 274\ncosmopteryx artemidora meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx artifica meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 421 ; tl : diyatalawa , ceylon\ncosmopteryx asiatica stainton , 1859 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 5 : 122 ; tl : calcutta\nmassachusetts , arkansas , florida , texas , arizona , mexico , costa rica - brazil - argentina , jamaica . see [ maps ]\n: madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita ms , santa cruz co . , arizona\nlarva on ipomoea hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26\nflorida , louisiana , s . texas , jamaica , puerto rico , mexico - brazil , peru , canary is , madeira , australia , new guinea , borneo , ceylon , s . india , china ( fujian ) , japan . see [ maps ]\n= ; walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 965 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1474 ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197\n= ; [ aucl ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197 ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 526 ; [ me5 ] , 116 , 20 ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 292 , 258 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]\nlarva on cyperus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , cyperus rotundus , scirpus sp . , melinus minutiflora kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 135\naurella ( bradley , 1957 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; nat hist . rennell . i . , brit . sol . is . 2 : 98\ncosmopteryx bactrophora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 733 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\ncosmopteryx bambusae meyrick , 1917 ; ent . mon . mag . 53 : 258 ; tl : bengal , pusa\ncosmopteryx basilisca meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 416 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\ncosmopteryx belonacma meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 416 ; tl : khasis\nbrachylina ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 426\nflorida , louisiana , michigan , mississippi , texas , brazil ( amazonas , distrito federal , goias , minas gerais ) , argentina . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schizachyrium scoparium koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 299\ncosmopteryx callinympha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 307 ; tl : pretoria\ncosmopteryx calliochra turner , 1926 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 50 : 151\ncosmopteryx calypso meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji\ncosmopteryx catharacma meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\ncosmopteryx chalcelata turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 59\ntexas , mississippi , argentina ( salta , tucuman ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx chlorochalca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : victoria , gisborne\ncosmopteryx chrysobela meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\ncosmopteryx chrysocrates meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 232 ; tl : fiji , natova\ncosmopteryx circe meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 94 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nmassachusetts , s . ohio , virginia , north carolina , michigan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on panicum clandestinum hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 27 , dichanthelium clandestinum koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 310\nmaine , s . manitoba , s . ontario , north carolina , new york , ohio . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 1493 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 311 , 258 ( list )\nlarva on carex hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 36\ncosmopteryx cleophanes meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 147\ncosmopteryx cognita walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 124 , pl . 6 , f . 64 ; tl : estcourt , natal\nnaf , seu , mediterranean , canary is . , near east . see [ maps ]\nalgeria , egypt , near east , sweu , greece , asia minor , transcaucasus . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx cuprea lower , 1916 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 40 : 543 ; tl : queensland , kuranda\ncosmopteryx cyclopaea meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 413 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx dacryodes meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 372 ; tl : mauritius\nflorida , louisiana , mississippi , michigan , new hampshire . see [ maps ]\ntennessee , arkansas - florida , arizona , cuba , brazil ( bahia ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx diplozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 95 ; tl : natal , karkloof\nfiji , samoa , philippines , java , queensland , china ( jiangxi ) , japan . see [ maps ]\n= ; kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143\nlarva on miscanthus sinensis , saccharum officinarum kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 143\nflorida , s . mississippi , south carolina , cayman is . . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx emmolybda meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : nyassaland , mt mlanje\ncosmopteryx epismaragda meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 ( 1 ) : 113 ; tl : abyssinia\ncosmopteryx epizona meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 340 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\ncosmopteryx erasmia meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 206 ; tl : guyana , bartica\ncosmopteryx erethista meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 413 ; tl : khasis\nlarva on ipomoea neei koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 325\nmaine , s . ontario , mischigan , new jersey , pennsylvania , wisconsin , minnesota , quebec , ontario , british columbia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carex hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 97\nflorida , arkansas , sw . mississippi , tennessee , louisiana , alabama , cayman is . , cuba , jamaica , virgin is . . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1497 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 332 , 258 ( list )\nfulminella ( stringer , 1930 ) ( cosmopteryx ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 415\nmaine , s . quebec , illinois , arkansas , florida , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on panicum dichotomum braun , 1923 , trans . am . ent . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 115 , dichanthelium dichotomum koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 338\nglaucogramma meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 508\ncosmopteryx gloriosa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : fiji , lautoka\nse . siberia , japan , china ( jiangxi ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx hamifera meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : ceylon\ncosmopteryx heliactis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 340 ; tl : toowoomba ( 2000ft ) , queensland\ncosmopteryx hieraspis meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 3 ) : 89 ; tl : bengal , pusa\ncosmopteryx holophracta meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : khasis\ncosmopteryx inaugurata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 568 ; tl : brazil , para\ncosmopteryx ingeniosa meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 421 ; tl : khasis\n: madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts . , santa cruz co . , arizona\nbrazil ( para , distrito federal , rio de janeiro ) , cuba , dominican republic , jamaica , puerto rico . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx interfracta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 567 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ncosmopteryx iphigona meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 323 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ncosmopteryx irrubricata walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : vera cruz , atovac\ncosmopteryx isoteles meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : new south wales , sydney\ncosmopteryx isotoma meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : guyana , bartica\ncosmopteryx laetifica meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : diyatalawa , ceylon ; nilgiris , 3500ft\nlautissimella amsel , 1968 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . ( 191 ) : 20\nsouth carolina , kentucky , ohio , arkansas , texas , mississippi . see [ maps ]\nlarva on lespedeza , desmodium hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 30\ncosmopteryx licnura meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : khasis\nceu , seu , naf , se . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx ligyrodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : kanara , karwar\ncosmopteryx macroglossa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 306 ; tl : waterval onder , pretoria\ncosmopteryx macrula meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 339 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\ncosmopteryx [ = cosmoperix ] magophila meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : southern pines , north carolina\ncosmopteryx manipularis meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon ; n . coorg , 3500ft\nlarva on ipomoea hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 25\nnew york , oregon , new mexico , arizona , california , arkansas , iowa . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 1476 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 372 , 259 ( list )\ncosmopteryx mystica meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 338 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ncosmopteryx neodesma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 323 ; tl : corg , dibidi , 3500ft\nlarva on ipomoea neei koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 377\nlarva on phragmites australis koster , 2010 , zool . med . leiden 84 : 379\ncosmopteryx nyctiphanes meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 208 ; tl : ecuador\ncosmopteryx ochleria walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 5 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nlarva on ambrosia psilostachya , aremisia douglasiana hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 31\nlarva on phalaris arundinacea , anthoxanthum odoratum , festuca arundinacea , milium effusum , hierochloe odorata , h . australis [ me5 ] , 113\ncosmopteryx oxyglossa meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 18 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : pretoria\ncosmopteryx pallifasciella snellen , 1897 ; tijdschr . ent . 40 : 138 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : e . java\ncosmopteryx paltophanes meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : khasis\ncosmopteryx panopla meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : hakgala , ceylon\ncosmopteryx pentachorda meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 203 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft\ncosmopteryx phaeogastra meyrick , 1917 ; ent . mon . mag . 53 : 257 ; tl : bengal , pusa\ncosmopteryx phaesphora turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 59\ntinea phengitella h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 47 , f . 323\nlarva on phyllostachys bambusoides var . aurea kuroko , 1957 , konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 31\ncosmopteryx plesiasta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 284 ; tl : kanara , castle rock\nsweu , mediterranean , italy , switzerland , hungary , corsica , sicily , transcaucasus , massachusetts - florida , wyoming , arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on parietaria pensylvanica , pilea pumila hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 26 , parietaria officinalis , p . judaica koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54\ncosmopteryx pustulatella snellen , 1897 ; tijdschr . ent . 40 : 139 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : java , tegal , kemanglen\ncosmopteryx pyrozela meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 566 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nse . siberia , china ( sichuan , emeishan ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nalgeria , tunisia , libya , palestine , arabia , iran . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx scaligera meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 18 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : kranspoort , ptetoria\nlarva on vicia sepium , v . pisiformis , orobus tuberus , o . niger , o . vernus [ me5 ] , 112\nmaryland - florida , wyoming , louisiana , california , alabama . see [ maps ]\nlarva on scirpus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 37\nceu , seu , naf , asia minor , c . asia . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx semnota meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 775 ; tl : pykara , nilgiris , 7000ft\nlarva on setaria viridis kuroko & liu , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . jpn 56 ( 2 ) : 133\ncosmopteryx spiculata meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ncosmopteryx tabellaria meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 733 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nflorida , louisiana , cuba , jamaica , mexico , costa rica , colombia , brazil ( distrito federal ) . see [ maps ]\ncosmopteryx tenax meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 207 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600 '\ncosmopteryx tetrophthalma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 94 ; tl : natal , karkloof\ncosmopteryx thrasyzela meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 206 ; tl : guyana , bartica\ncosmopteryx toraula meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 452 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncosmopteryx transcissa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 203 ; tl : nyassalan , mt mlanje\nlarva on parietaria officinalis , p . debilis , p . arborea , forsskaolea angustifolia [ me5 ] , 118\ncosmopteryx vexillaris meyrick , 1909 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : khasis\ncosmopteryx victor stringer , 1930 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416\nlarva on sasa japonica , s . purpurascens , arundinaria pygmaea var . glabra , phyllostachys bambusoides var . aurea kuroko , 1957 , konty\u00fb 25 ( 1 ) : 28\ncosmopteryx xuthogastra meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 452 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncosmopteryx zathea meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 36 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\nceu , seu , asia minor , caucaus , c . asia , . . . , japan . see [ maps ]\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe results of the zoological collecting trip to egypt in 1957 , of the natural history museum , budapest . 8 . egyptian microlepidoptera ii\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nein neuer parietaria - minierer , cosmopteryx parietariae sp . n . ( lep . )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae\nsur quelques momphidae ( s . l . ) d ' afrique du nord [ lep . gelechioidea ]\nzeller , 1850 verzeichniss der von herrn jos . mann beobachteten toscanischen microlepidoptera stettin . ent . ztg . 11 ( 2 ) : 59 - 64 , ( 4 ) : 134 - 136 , ( 5 ) : 139 - 162 , ( 6 ) : 195 - 212\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nmost searched in books : adobe pagemaker 7 . 0 advanced engineering mathematics andariki ayurvedam autobiography of a book english to telugu dictionary online ccc computer course design of machine elements hidden camera price wren and martin english grammar kannada dictionary icse board papers design and analysis of algorithms english to french dictionary css w3schools learn hindi in 30 days let us c machine drawing maza who moved my cheese my experiments with truth nokia 1100 buy online english to marathi xxx hb sea of poppies security analysis security analysis and portfolio management social problems in india the grand design urdu to hindi dictionary word power\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 1191, "summary": [{"text": "the common shining cockroach ( drymaplaneta communis ) is a cockroach native to south-east australia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it feeds on organic matter and is often found under the bark of eucalypt trees .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "during the late 1990s and 2000s , this cockroach appears to have had a population explosion in sydney and melbourne and is commonly found inside houses .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this population increase likely coincides with an extended dry period , where many suburban gardeners added mulch to their gardens providing habitat for the common shining cockroach .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "despite commonly being found inside houses , the common shining cockroach does not pose the same health risk as introduced cockroaches . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "common shining cockroach", "paragraphs": ["the common shining cockroach feeds on organic matter and is often found sheltering under eucalypt bark .\ncommon shining cockroach photographed against brick path , melbourne image by stuart cunningham - some rights reserved . ( view image details )\nmuseum victoria ' s senior curator of entomology ken walker says the common shining cockroach doesn ' t carry disease or wish to share your meals .\nas the gardens continued to dry out during the drought , desperate local cockroaches , like the common shining cockroach , started to venture into bathrooms seeking moisture , mr honan says .\nthe common shining cockroach is native to australia . it is a glossy black or dark brown cockroach with pale margin around the front half of the body . during the last decade or so , numbers have increased in cities such as sydney and melbourne where they often wander into houses , but they are not a pest species and not a health risk like some of the introduced cockroach species . if you find one in the house , try to put it back outside rather than kill it , as they are beneficial to the garden by breaking up leaf litter .\nbut it gets much worse . it may change your dental hygiene habits to know your toothbrush is a cockroach ' s favourite .\nin dry weather leaf - eating bugs such as aphids , lerps ( which attach themselves to leaves ) and common butterflies are also likely to thrive .\nif cockroach spotting is becoming sport at your house , you may want to look twice before next bringing a shoe down on the little critters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : usually medium - sized or fairly large methanini ; third and fourth segments of maxillary palps swollen in male ; vestigial tegmina lobate or subquadrilateral , forming lateral margins of mesonotum , vestigial wings absent ; colour yellowish or reddish brown or black , usually with yellow markings ; proventriculus and genitalia of methanine type .\n- tegmina larger , with square - cut tip ; abdomen uniformly dark ( ti0 of female with fairly sharp angles ) ; hind tibiae of male expanded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d . semivitta ( walker )\n- tegmina smaller , with rounded tip ; abdomen often with yellow sublateral bands or spots ; hind tibiae of male not expanded . . d . communis tepper\nmackerras , j . ( 1968 ) australian blattidae ( blattodea ) ix . * revision of the polyzosteriinae tribe methanini , tryonicinae and blattinae . australian journal of zoology 16 : 511 - 75\nupdated on 7 / 14 / 2009 1 : 26 : 24 pm available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .\nlocal cockroaches are parched but for leaf - eating bugs it ' s an orgy of eating and breeding , as melbourne ' s drying conditions are a boon for some creatures and dire for others .\nrainfall in melbourne has been well below average for five of the past six months , down by about one - third in every month but june , which is bad news for native cockroaches .\ndry conditions are both the reason why we have some cockroaches in urban areas and the reason we see them inside homes , melbourne museum ' s manager of live exhibits patrick honan says .\nabout five years ago the local shy variety were hardly known . these creepy crawlies ate bush leaf litter , quietly churning soil nutrients , breaking down mulch and being part of the native eco system . but when gardeners - worried about water restrictions and drought - started introducing mulch to their gardens many were inadvertently transporting native cockroaches to their gardens inside bags of mulch .\nthey only tend to be inside temporarily because there is nothing for them to eat inside . they are transient visitors ,\nhe said .\nthese locals are around all year but it is only the dry conditions that bring them to notice , he says . there are about 500 native species but only four introduced varieties which are the ones seen scurrying in pantries or wardrobes .\nmr honan knows most people either fear or loathe cockroaches no matter where they come from .\npeople don ' t like them but they are neutral as far as humans are concerned , they are neither good nor bad ,\nhe said .\nin theory , he says , melburnians with cockroaches in their bathrooms should be looking for a garden hose to water their garden rather than a shoe to splat them with .\nthat would make the garden outside more attractive than the inside of the house , but it might not work in all circumstances ,\nhe said .\nleaf chewers do well during the dry weather ,\nmr honan said .\ndistressed plants concentrate their nutrients in an effort to survive making leaves and sap richer and a feast for leaf chewers .\nevery year there will be a massive increase in one particular insect ,\nmr honan said .\nthe environmental factors and sequence seem to make it perfect for that particular insect . there could be seven or eight factors that make it perfect for them to breed in numbers . we never really know what those factors are until it ' s happened \u2013 it might be dry , then two weeks of rain and then very dry conditions . you just don ' t know .\nthere is one weather factor that brings an universally dreaded bug , and that is the hot northerly wind from the top end of australia . the foul bush fly travels on those winds .\nonce they start being blown down on the hot northerly they start to breed here , but they can ' t survive melbourne ' s winter so that ' s something ,\nmr honan said .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwelcome to the age . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nentomologists say that the shiny black kind are the\ngood\nguys and melbourne ' s increasingly warm , dry weather is sending them indoors in search of moist places to lay eggs .\nit is a native and it ' s not a pest , just a nuisance , so it ' s really just a matter of us learning to live with our native animals ,\nhe said .\nroaming ' roaches have kept the phones ringing for pest control companies , but exopest director and entomologist simon dixon says having your yard sprayed with insecticide is unlikely to affect native cockroaches in their hiding places . it ' s also bad for the environment as it ' s more likely to kill vital smaller insects .\nunfortunately , many pest control companies will say yes , they ' ll spray , but we don ' t advocate it as it is very ineffective and a waste of money ,\nhe said .\nyou are better to pick them up with a dustpan and shoo them outside .\nor get a chook , council permitting .\nbut the\nbad\ncockroaches are also flourishing in homes and businesses around melbourne courtesy of the warmer weather . along with american and oriental cockroaches , german invaders are the exotic disease - carrying nasties who have adapted to living inside and feasting on our food scraps and other less savoury meals .\nthey carry a lot of diseases because they can be in sewers one moment and then in the pantry on your vita - brits ,\nsaid dr walker .\nthey will set up home under the fridge or in cupboards and feast from bins or food scraps and seek other places of moisture , such as the bathroom .\nthey will go for moisture and unfortunately one of the last things we do at night is clean our teeth , turn off the light and leave the wet toothbrush in a cup , so it ' s a logical target ,\ndr walker said .\ntouted as the critter most likely to survive a nuclear explosion , cockroaches have many remarkable survival abilities . even decapitation won ' t slow them down . and the females of some species can produce up to 20 , 000 young a year .\nthe drought has also caused other creepy - crawlies such as spiders to join the mass exodus from the garden . species that are vagrant hunters , such as huntsman , wolf and white - tailed spiders , are shacking up indoors .\nthey come inside foraging or just by accident , but they don ' t know it is a house ,\nsaid mr dixon .\nonce they get inside , they can ' t get out .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0406 the age ( 0406 843 243 ) , or us .\nget free news emails from theage . com . au . sign - up now\nwe have the white - lined sphinxes . we love our zebra - striped , . . . read more\nin the 1960 ' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded , . . . read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy .\nthe margins of the hind tibia of d . communis are parallel : urltoken whereas the margins of the hind tibia of d . semivitta are rounded : urltoken\nthis sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .\ni opened the front door this morning to have this guy scuttle out from under it . just over 3cm long . i had it down as drymaplaneta communis , having seen it on the morwell national park website urltoken looking around i found there are two almost identical species from the genus in victoria . then i stumbled across a page by some guy called ken walker and that gave me the defining feature to check for . i also found comments by this same ken walker here on bowerbird which read as\nthe margins of the hind tibia of d . communis are parallel whereas the margins of the hind tibia of d . semivitta are rounded\n. so d . communis it is .\nby the way , any fine white streaks in the shot are bits of fluff reminding me i must sweep the floor . except for those blurry streaks in the top right hand corner of the third shot . that ' s the cats whiskers . seems i wasn ' t the only one with an interest in large roaches ."]}
{"id": 1193, "summary": [{"text": "prosapia bicincta , common name two-lined spittlebug , is a species of insect in the family cercopidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in north america .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are black with two lines crossing the wings , ranging from red to orange in colour .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they reach a length of 8 \u2013 10 mm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "nymphs feed on various grasses ( including centipedegrass , bermudagrass and corn ) from within foam ( consisting of their own spittle ) produced from juices of their host plant .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults feed on hollies on the underside of the leaves . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "prosapia bicincta", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz marked\ntwo - lined spittlebug ( prosapia bicincta )\nas trusted on the\nprosapia bicincta\npage .\nthe two - lined spittlebug , scientific name prosapia bicincta , is a hemipteran insect . . .\npatrick coin marked\ntwo - lined spittlebug\nas trusted on the\nprosapia bicincta\npage .\ndana campbell added text to\nbrief summary\non\nprosapia bicincta ( say , 1830 )\n.\ntwo - lined spittlebugs ( prosapia bicincta ) in baltimore co . , maryland ( 7 / 1 / 2012 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\ndistinguish these from similar prosapia ignipectus by examining underside - - ignipectus has bright red coxae .\nthere are several other common north american spittlebug species . prosapia bicincta might be confused with their similar sister species , p . ignipectus , but can be distinguished in adult form as p . ignipectus has a bright red ventral surface that shows especially when they fly .\nthe two - lined spittlebug ( prosapia bicincta ) is one of the most common species in eastern north america . adults are dark brown with two red - orange stripes and feed on grasses , weeds , and holly . nymphs are yellow and are often found on grasses in late spring .\nthe two - lined spittlebug , scientific name prosapia bicincta , is a hemipteran insect similar to leafhoppers , but spittlebugs are in the sister family cercopidae . two - lined spittlebugs occur in the eastern united states , from maine to florida ( primarily northwestern florida ) and west to iowa , kansas , and oklahoma .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nadults are black with ( typically ) two red to orange lines crossing the wings . eyes are red . some adults lack the lines , are mostly black above :\nnymphs are usually concealed by the foam they produce , but are supposed to resemble adults but without wings .\nin the immature ( nymph ) stage ( surrounded by the\nspittle\nfoam which protects them , and which they produce from juices they suck from the plant ) they feed on centipedegrass , bermudagrass and other grasses , including occasionally corn .\nadults feed on hollies - they feed on the underside of leaves , and damage shows up as pale mottling not usually visible from above .\nconsidered a pest of grasses and hollies , though damage is usually relatively minor .\namerican insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .\nthe common insects of north america lester a . swan , charles s . papp . 1972 . harper & row .\ngarden insects of north america : the ultimate guide to backyard bugs ( princeton field guides ) whitney cranshaw . 2004 . princeton university press .\nadult spittlebugs are about 8\u201310 mm ( 3 / 8 inch ) long and dark brown to black in color . they usually have two brilliant red - orange lines crossing the wings , but sometimes are unbanded . they hold their wings over the back of their body . if disturbed , adults produce an unpleasant smelling chemical as a defense . their bright coloration pattern may be a warning that they are inedible . adults are most active in early morning and hide near the soil surface or in hollies and other shrubbery the rest of the day . at night they become active , and may be attracted to lights .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nguthion\u00ae ( o , o - dimethyl s - ( 4 - oxo - l , 2 , 3 - benzotriazin - 3 ( 4 h ) - ylmethyl ) phosphorodithioate ) , endosulfan , endrin , and ddt were the most effective insecticides tested as foliage sprays against nymphs . heptachlor and endosulfan were also effective as granular formulations . guthion , malathion , mevinphos , endosulfan , and carbaryl were 100 % effective as foliage sprays in controlling adults . parathion , naled , and methoxychlor were slightly less effective .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthe pair of lines crossing over the elytra are diagnostic . the color of these lines can range from yellow to orangish - red , or they can be completely missing .\na two - lined spittlebug in frederick co . , maryland ( 7 / 7 / 2014 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in howard co . , maryland ( 7 / 25 / 2015 ) . photo by richard orr . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 19 / 2014 ) . photo by jesse christopherson . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in baltimore co . , maryland ( 8 / 8 / 2014 ) . photo by brandon woo . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug collected in montgomery co . , maryland . image enhanced by by karie darrow . photo by gary hevel . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in cecil co . , maryland ( 7 / 8 / 2015 ) . verified by ken wolgemuth / bugguide . photo by shannon schade . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in cambridge , maryland ( 7 / 1 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 7 / 29 / 2016 ) . photo by tyler bell . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 10 / 17 / 2016 ) . photo by tyler bell . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in baltimore co . , maryland ( 7 / 30 / 2015 ) . photo by p . merz . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in charles co . , maryland ( 9 / 23 / 2014 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )\ntwo - lined spittlebugs in worcester co . , maryland ( 7 / 16 / 2013 ) . photo by mike burchett . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug in harford co . , maryland ( 7 / 4 / 2014 ) . photo by dave webb . ( mbp list )\na two - lined spittlebug falls prey to a starbellied orbweaver in caroline co . , maryland ( 8 / 16 / 2014 ) . photo by bill adams . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer ."]}
{"id": 1196, "summary": [{"text": "the six species in the genus didelphis , commonly known as large american opossums , are members of the order didelphimorphia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus is composed of cat-sized omnivorous species , and are recognized on their prehensile tails and the tendency to \" play possum \" ( feign dead ) when cornered .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the largest species , the virginia opossum , is the only marsupial to be found in north america north of mexico . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "didelphis", "paragraphs": ["click to enlarge this image . ( 167kb ) didelphis virginiana ( virginia opossum ) , appalachian trail click to enlarge this image . ( 309kb ) didelphis virginiana ( virginia opossum ) , midatlantic click to enlarge this image . ( 175kb )\norigins of chagas disease : didelphis species are natural hosts of trypanosoma cruzi i and armadillos hosts of trypanosoma cruzi ii , including hybrids .\norigins of chagas disease : didelphis species are natural hosts of trypanosoma cruzi i and armadillos hosts of trypanosoma cruzi ii , including hybrids . - pubmed - ncbi\nto cite this page : siciliano martina , l . 2014 .\ndidelphis marsupialis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto cite this page : siciliano martina , l . 2013 .\ndidelphis virginiana\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nshripat , v . 2011 .\nthe online guide to the animals of trinidad and tobago\n( on - line ) . the university of the west indies . accessed may 21 , 2013 at http : / / sta . uwi / fst / lifesciences / documents / didelphis _ marsupialis . pdf .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\n) are found throughout much of central and south america . the range of this species is limited by high elevations and dry environments . these animals are found native to the following countries : argentina , belize , bolivia , brazil , columbia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , french guiana , guatemala , guyana , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad , tobago and venezuela . in recent history , these animals have also been introduced to a variety of islands .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 )\ncommon opossums are found in a variety of habitats throughout central and south america . these animals are considered habitat generalists and are even tolerant of anthropogenically altered environments . they are not found in areas of exceptionally high elevation or extremely dry habitats , although they are found in montane environments in costa rica and may survive in areas with a wide range of precipitation . it has been suggested that common opossums may be the most tolerant and adaptable neotropical mammal . their preferred habitats include tropical , subtropical , old growth , evergreen and gallery forests in lowland regions below about 2 , 000 meters on average . these animals also frequent urban environments such as near human dwellings and garbage dumps , as well as agricultural lands including pastures and cacao , coffee and citrus plantations . common opossums may be found on the ground or in large trees , although they are more terrestrial than some members of their genus .\n( adler , et al . , 2012 ; brito , et al . , 2008 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 ; estrada , et al . , 1994 ; medellin , 1994 ; reid , 2009 ; tyndale - biscoe , 1973 )\ncommon opossums are robust marsupials . the fur on their body is thick with long guard hairs , leading these animals to appear somewhat disheveled . their dorsal pelage is often dark , typically blackish or grayish , but in rare instances they may appear whitish . in comparison , their ventral fur is yellow or cream . these animals have primarily whitish fur on their faces and a dark stripe extending to the crown of their heads , with a black ring around both eyes . their ears are large and all black . common opossums have sharp claws , long whiskers and a primarily naked prehensile tail that is slightly longer than their body . these animals are sexually dimorphic ; males trapped in french guiana averaged 1 . 2 kg , whereas females averaged 1 . 03 kg . these values may be low ; other sources suggest that their body weights range between 4 to 6 kg . in general , adult males have longer canines than adult females . common opossums typically have a total body length of 371 mm ( ranging from 265 to 430 mm ) , including a tail length of 395 mm .\n( castillo - flores and calvo - irabien , 2003 ; reid , 2009 ; richard - hansen , et al . , 1999 ; shripat , 2011 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )\ncommon opossums show a polygynous mating system , in which males compete for reproductive females . these animals are almost exclusively solitary , but come together seasonally for breeding .\ndo not exhibit courtship rituals and do not pair bond . females experience a 25 to 32 day estrous cycle . when resources are limited or unavailable these animals may choose not to mate .\n( fernandes , et al . , 2010 ; julien - laferriere and atramentowicz , 1990 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; shripat , 2011 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 )\nbreeding seasons and the number of annual litters varies based on latitude . breeding seasons can vary from one long season from january to september or several shorter seasons annually . these seasons may be correlated with seasonal precipitation . female common opossums begin breeding when they are 6 to 7 months old . gestation typically lasts 13 to 15 days , after which 2 to 20 altricial young are born , interestingly ; animals living closer to the equator tend to have smaller litters . at birth , their young are tiny ; they are usually about 1 cm long and weigh about 0 . 13 grams . although they are extremely under - developed , newborn common opossums have well - developed claws on their front legs that help them climb to their mother\u2019s pouch . once inside the pouch , their young remain attached to the mammae for about 50 days . young are weaned and independent when they are 90 to 125 days old , often when fruit is plentiful .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; cabello , 2006 ; gustavo , et al . , 1990 ; julien - laferriere and atramentowicz , 1990 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; shripat , 2011 ; tyndale - biscoe and mackenzie , 1976 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 ; tyndale - biscoe , 1973 ; tyndale - biscoe , 2005 )\nbreeding season breeding season varies depending on latitude , but likely correlates to seasonal precipitation .\ncommon opossums offer very little parental care . males have no involvement in raising their offspring and females invest a minimal effort . when their tiny offspring are born , they begin a harrowing journey to their mother\u2019s pouch ; many of the young will not survive . female common opossums typically only have 9 teats available for nursing , so they often have more offspring than they can accommodate . however , they have a fairly low mortality rate once they are safely inside the pouch and nursing . the young may begin leaving the pouch when they are about 70 days old , at which time they may begin riding on their mother\u2019s back while she forages . the young become independent when they are weaned between 90 and 125 days old . interestingly , a study in venezuela determined that females with ample resources are more likely to have mostly male offspring , whereas , when resources become limited they typically have a greater number of females in their litters .\ncommon opossums are very short lived ; they typically live fewer than 2 years . in a long term study of these animals , the oldest individual lived to be 20 months old , in another study ; the oldest individual lived to be 11 months old . these animals experience their greatest mortality rate prior to maturity and while lactating . common opossums are frequent victims of collisions with cars .\n( kajin , et al . , 2008 ; pinowski , 2005 ; reid , 2009 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 )\ncommon opossums are solitary and nocturnal . they begin their daily activities about an hour before sunset ; however , their activity level peaks from 11 pm to 3 am . these animals are primarily terrestrial but spend a significant amount of time in trees , although other members of their genus are much more arboreal . during daylight hours , common opossums stay inside their burrows . burrow locations vary and include tree cavities , underground , in palm or fig trees , in the tree canopy or in the abandoned nests of other species . these animals do not maintain a burrow for very long , males remain in the same den for about 1 . 5 days on average and females remain in the same den for about 5 . 1 days .\n( adler , et al . , 2012 ; brito , et al . , 2008 ; julien - laferriere and atramentowicz , 1990 ; reid , 2009 ; shripat , 2011 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 ; vaughan , et al . , 1999 )\nmale common opossums maintain a much larger home range than their female counterparts . females average 16 . 3 hectares ( + / - 8 . 2 ha ) , whereas males average a home range of 123 hectares ( + / - 60 . 8 ha ) . male home ranges overlap ; generally there is about one individual per hectare .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; sunquist , et al . , 1987 )\ncommon opossums use a variety of perception channels . their auditory ability develops relatively late in life , young do not fully develop their auditory capabilities until they are about 80 days old . common opossums may communicate vocally , specifically when they are engaged in an aggressive encounter . in such circumstances , these animals may hiss , growl or screech . common opossums also perform a variety of visual displays when engaged in an aggressive interaction including rocking from side to side , drooling , baring their teeth , and in the case of an extreme threat , these animal have also been known to enter a catatonic state , commonly known as \u2018playing opossum\u2019 . olfaction is also used to communicate ; common opossums may produce a secretion from their anal gland or spray urine and feces when a threat is perceived . their vision is acute and is likely on par with the visual abilities of cats ; however , their visual acuity is limited when compared to some primates .\n( ehret , 1983 ; oswaldo - cruz , et al . , 1979 ; reid , 2009 ; shripat , 2011 ; volchan , et al . , 2004 )\ncommon opossums have a very broad diet . their feeding habits are often referred to as opportunistic omnivory . their diet includes invertebrates , vertebrates , leaves , fruits , nectar and carrion . common opossums may alter their diet seasonally , during the dry season mammals and birds are more likely consumed , whereas during the wet season they rely more heavily on fruits , snakes and toads . regardless of the season , invertebrates are a primary staple of their diet including\n. after weaning , their diet remains fairly constant throughout their life , although older animals tend to consume vertebrates more frequently . common opossums eat a variety of vertebrates including birds such as\nand a variety of small mammals . interestingly , their ability to consume rattlesnakes is facilitated by their apparent immunity to the venom of many members of family\n( almeida - santos , et al . , 2000 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 ; cordero and nicolas , 1987 ; garrett and boyer , 1993 ; reid , 2009 ; reidy , 2009 )\ngiven their abundance , common opossums are likely prey for a variety of large mammals throughout central and south america . their known predators include\n. when a threat is detected , common opossums may choose to run or climb a tree to evade predators . less frequently , these animals may enter a catatonic state , commonly known as ' playing opossum ' . this death feigning behavior may last as little as 1 minute or as long as 6 hours .\n( gustavo , et al . , 1990 ; rotenberg , et al . , 2012 ; shripat , 2011 )\ncommon opossums carry a variety of parasites ; some reports claim they may carry up to 46 species of internal and external parasites . most notably ,\nin their large and small intestines . common opossums are also important seed dispersers . they move some seeds due to ingestion after eating fruits , such as for\n. these plants are anthropogenic herbs and have been introduced to the forest understory partially via the fur of animals .\n( castillo - flores and calvo - irabien , 2003 ; cerqueira and tribe , 2008 ; deane , et al . , 1984 ; jimenez , et al . , 2011 ; medellin , 1994 )\ncommon opossums are often hunted by humans . they are killed for sport and food and are even part of the illegal wild game trade . some cultures believe that the fat of common opossums can be used to treat a variety of ailments including stomach aches , rheumatism , diarrhea , inflammation , skin infections , labor pains , asthma , headaches , toothaches , ear aches and sore throats .\n( alves and rosa , 2006 ; alves and rosa , 2007 ; brito , et al . , 2008 ; junior , et al . , 2010 )\ncommon opossums are known to transmit diseases which impact human populations , such as chagas disease and leishmaniansis . these animals may also be considered pests due to their aptitude for killing bats caught in research mist nets and their proclivity for poultry .\n( brito , et al . , 2008 ; cabello , 2006 ; deane , et al . , 1984 ; reid , 2009 )\ncommon opossums are currently listed as a species of least concern according to the iucn red list of threatened species . these animals are found throughout much of central and south america and likely have a very large population size . their ability to live in anthropogenically disturbed environments facilities this species broad success .\nare commonly grouped into either \u2018white - eared\u2019 or \u2018black - eared opossums\u2019 . common opossums (\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nrainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nliving in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nadler , g . , a . carvajal , s . davis - foust , j . dittel . 2012 . habitat associations of opossums and rodents in a lowland forest in french guiana .\nalmeida - santos , s . , m . antoniazzi , o . sant ' anna , c . jared . 2000 . predation by the opossum\nalves , r . , i . rosa . 2006 . from cnidarians to mammals : the use of animals as remedies in fishing communities in northeast brazil .\nalves , r . , i . rosa . 2007 . zootherapeutic practices among fishing communities in north and northeast brazil . a comparison .\naustad , s . , m . sunquist . 1987 . sex ratio manipulation in the common opossum .\nbrito , d . , d . astuade moraes , d . lew , p . soriano , l . emmons , a . cuaron , k . helgen , r . reid , e . vazquez . 2008 .\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed may 21 , 2013 at\ncastillo - flores , a . , l . calvo - irabien . 2003 . animal dispersal of two secondary - vegetation herbs into the evergreen rainforest of south - eastern mexico .\nehret , g . 1983 . development of hearing and response behavior to sound stimuli : behavioral studies . pp . 211 - 237 in r romand , ed .\nestrada , a . , r . coates - estrada , d . merritt jr . 1994 . non - flying mammals and landscape change in the tropical rainforest region of los tuxtlas , mexico .\ngustavo , a . , b . da fonseca , j . robinson . 1990 . forest size and structure : competitive and predatory effects on small mammal communities .\njulien - laferriere , d . , m . atramentowicz . 1990 . feeding and reproduction of three\njunior , p . , d . guimaraes , y . le perdu . 2010 . non - legalized commerce in game meat in the brazilian amazon : a case study .\no ' connell , m . 2006 . american opossums . pp . 808 - 813 in d macdonald , s norris , eds .\noswaldo - cruz , e . , j . hokoc , a . sousa . 1979 . a schematic eye for the opossum .\nreidy , j . 2009 . nest predators of lance - tailed manakins on isla boca brava , panama .\nrichard - hansen , c . , j . vie , n . vidal , j . keravec . 1999 . body measurements on 40 species of mammals from french guiana .\ntyndale - biscoe , c . , r . mackenzie . 1976 . reproduction in\nvolchan , e . , c . vargas , j . da franca , a . pereira jr , c . da rocha - miranda . 2004 . tooled for the task : vision in the opossum .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; kanda , 2005 )\nvirginia opossums may be found in a fairly wide range of habitats ; however , they typically prefer areas near a water source , such as a stream or swamp . these animals may live in woodlands and thickets but they are very often found within human altered areas . this species has been extremely successful due to their ability to thrive in urban areas ; this is assisted by their small body size , nocturnal habits and high reproductive output . virginia opossums nest in brush piles , hallow trees and drainage areas . they can be found from near sea level to 3 , 000 meters in elevation .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\n( burnie , et al . , 2001 ; christiansen , 2006 ; gipson and kamler , 2001 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\nmarsupials engage in a polygynous mating system , in which males vie for reproductive females . male virginia opossums possess a sexually dimorphic scent gland on their chest , which emits a musky odor and stains their fur ; this is most commonly observed near the onset of the breeding season . females experience an approximately 29 . 5 day estrous cycle , upon entering estrous , breeding begins almost immediately . mating behavior is one of the only social behaviors displayed by virginia opossums , after mating ; females resume their aggressive , solitary disposition .\n( christiansen , 2006 ; fernandes , et al . , 2010 ; holmes , 1992a ; mcmanus , 1974 )\n( burnie , et al . , 2001 ; christiansen , 2006 ; feldhamer , et al . , 2007 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; holmes , 1992b ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; rademaker and cerqueira , 2006 )\nbreeding interval this species has 1 to 3 litters per year ; this varies based on a populations range .\nbreeding season the exact breeding season for this species varies based on a population\u2019s range , in more northern climates they breed from february to september ; in ranges further south they breed from january to august .\nvirginia opossums invest little in parental care ; males provide no parental care , while females offer moderate care . after breeding , the female\u2019s pouch takes on a brownish - orange hue and emits a musky odor due to scent glands located within ; this likely assists newborn opossums in finding their mothers pouch . while young are residing within , females are often observed licking at the pouch and their offspring . this practice led to the mistaken idea that virginia opossums breed with their noses and afterward , the young crawl from the female\u2019s nostrils into her pouch . although a female with pouch - young may become very protective of her pouch , once her young are removed , females show little interest . female virginia opossums typically continue lactating for about 15 weeks , over which time , the composition of the milk becomes modified . most young virginia opossums become solitary after weaning , however , some may remain with their mother in their weaning den until they are about 120 days old .\nvirginia opossums have a fairly short lifespan ; wild individuals typically only survive about 1 . 5 to 2 years . early in life , young opossums have a very high mortality rate . many of these altricial young never arrive in their mothers pouch , afterward ; about 60 % of those who do reach the pouch will perish once they are weaned . among adult animals , the vast majority of deaths occurred during the cold season . although males typically only participate in breeding for one year , they are technically not semelparous because most ranges involve 2 to 3 breeding seasons per year . however , in one study , among approximately 12 , 000 trapped virginia opossums , no adult males were found . females may live slightly longer than their male counterparts ; however , they are no longer reproductively viable after 2 years of age . captive individuals typically have a longer lifespan ; they generally survive to be 3 to 4 years old ; however , there are reports of captive virginia opossums surviving until they are 8 to 10 years old .\n( christiansen , 2006 ; gipson and kamler , 2001 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; woods ii and hellgren , 2003 )\n( allen , et al . , 1985 ; cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; hoffmeister , 2002 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; kimble , 1997 ; ladine and kissell jr , 1994 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 )\nthe home range kept by virginia opossums varies greatly . this may depend on their range , their habitat , the availability of resources and their gender . in general , their home range size is thought to be about 12 . 5 to 38 . 8 hectares ; females generally have a smaller home range . a study conducted in georgia found that home range size may be between 7 . 2 to 94 . 4 hectares , a study in texas found home range sizes from 0 . 12 to 23 . 47 hectares ; likewise , home range sizes in urban environments averaged 18 . 8 hectares for females and 37 . 3 hectares for males . males are believed to keep larger home ranges because their reproductive success is based solely on their ability to find mates , whereas female success is based on the accessibility of food items . their home ranges are oval shaped and often overlap with a water source . virginia opossums were once considered a nomadic species but more recent research has shown that an individual maintains a fairly constant home range throughout their lifespan .\n( allen , et al . , 1985 ; gehrt , et al . , 1997 ; gipson and kamler , 2001 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; o ' connell , 2006 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\nvirginia opossums are extremely opportunistic feeders . these animals eat a variety of foods based on the season , their habitat and their range . their diets include vertebrates , invertebrates , plant material , fruits , grains and carrion . during the colder seasons , small vertebrates tend to make up a larger portion of their diet , whereas in the warmer seasons , they consume more invertebrates , plant material , fruits and seeds . stomach content analyses have been conducted on virginia opossums throughout the united states , generally their diet is composed of 14 to 27 % mammal tissues , 10 to 18 % fruits , seeds and bulbs , 6 to 11 % grasses and leaves , 3 to 13 . 5 % insects , 5 . 5 to 9 %\nand 3 to 5 % birds . other food items were found more specific to an animal\u2019s location and included up to 22 . 5 %\n, 9 % pet food , 9 % garbage and up to 5 % carrion .\n. this species may have a better chance of survival within more urban environments due partially to the lower predation risk .\n( harmon , et al . , 2005 ; hossler , et al . , 1994 ; ladine and kissell jr , 1994 ; werner and vick , 1977 )\nvirginia opossums are opportunistic omnivorous feeders . they consume a variety of vertebrates , invertebrates , plant material and carrion . virginia opossums are important seed dispersers and redistribute undamaged seeds from the genera\n, among others . these animals are also carriers for a wide variety of internal and external parasites . virginia opossums are known carriers of at least 24 internal and 13 external parasites . although they are not immune , it is unusual for this species to be a carrier of the rabies virus .\n( baker , et al . , 1995 ; durden and nixon , 1990 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 ; monet - mendoza , et al . , 2005 ; rejmanek , et al . , 2009 ; willson , 1993 )\ngiven the frequent urban habitation of virginia opossums , interaction with humans is almost inevitable . these animals are hunted for sport and food . some cultures believe that virginia opossums\u2019 meat has medical properties . for instance , eating their meat in a soup is believed to help inflammation , colitis , gastritis and skin infections . likewise eating cooked virginia opossum meat is believed to prevent heart attacks , using an ointment composed of opossum fat is believed to treat epilepsy and infusing opossum bones in water is believe to treat allergies , dermatitis and coughing . virginia opossums\u2019 pelts may also be sold commercially . although it is illegal in many states , virginia opossums are sometimes kept as pets . in such situations , these animals may be successfully litter trained and adapt to the diurnal lifestyle of their owners . obesity is common among captive virginia opossums .\n( alonso - castro , et al . , 2011 ; cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; jacobo - salcedo , et al . , 2011 ; mcmanus , 1974 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 )\nvirginia opossums are often seen a pest species . stomach content analyses in portland , oregon found that as much as 9 % of an opossums diet was composed of garbage , likewise , another 9 % of their diet was pet food . virginia opossums are also seen as farm pests due to their proclivity for poultry .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; mcruer and jones , 2009 )\nvirginia opossums are currently listed as a species of least concern according to the iucn red list of threatened species . this animal\u2019s ability to adapt to human altered habitats has made it extremely successful and widespread . virginia opossums do not merely tolerate human settlements ; they flourish and have a greater survival rate near them .\n( cuaron , et al . , 2012 ; harmon , et al . , 2005 ; wright , et al . , 2012 )\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nreferring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nallen , c . , r . marchinton , w . maclentz . 1985 . movement , habitat use and denning of opossums in the georgia piedmont .\nalonso - castro , a . , c . carranza - alvarez , j . maldonado - miranda , m . jacobo - salcedo , d . quezada - rivera , h . lorenzo - marquez , l . figueroa - zuniga , c . fernandez - galicia , n . rios - reyes , m . de leon - rubio , v . rodriguez - gallegoes , p . medellin - milan . 2011 . zootherapeutic practices in aquismon , san luis potos , mexico .\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed may 02 , 2013 at\ngehrt , s . , d . clark , e . fritzell . 1997 . population dynamics and ecology of virginia opossums in southern texas .\ngipson , p . , j . kamler . 2001 . survival and home ranges of opossums in northeastern kansas .\nholmes , d . 1992 . odor as cues for orientation to mothers by weaning virginia opossums .\nhopkins , d . , r . forbes . 1980 . dietary patterns of the virginia opossum in an urban environment .\nhossler , r . , j . mcaninch , j . harder . 1994 . maternal denning behavior and survival of juveniles in opossums in southeastern new york .\njacobo - salcedo , m . , a . alonso - castro , a . zarate - martinez . 2011 . folk medicinal use of fauna in mapimi , durango , mexico .\nladine , t . , r . kissell jr . 1994 . escape behavior of virginia opossums .\nmonet - mendoza , a . , d . osorio - sarabia , l . garcia - prieto . 2005 . helminthes of the virginia opossum (\nwoods ii , h . , e . hellgren . 2003 . seasonal changes in the physiology of male virginia opossums (\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : a widespread and common species throughout its range , this species is adaptable to human dominated landscapes . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , apparently the species has not been adversely affected by human settlement , in fact its range appears to be expanding . commercial hunting for the fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nthis species is found in central america , from costa rica to mexico and in the united states east of the rocky mountains , and north into southwestern ontario , canada ( the northernmost locality reached by a marsupial ) . some introduced populations are also found along the west coast of the united states and recently into british columbia ( canada ) . their range , limited by winter temperatures and snow depth , appears to be expanding northwards ( gardner 2005 ) . this species can be found from lowlands to 3 , 000 m ( reid 1997 ) .\nthis species is found in a variety of habitats , ranging from relatively arid to mesic environments . they prefer wet areas , however , especially woodlands and thickets near streams and swamps . also in suburban areas . the opportunistic denning and feeding habits of the virginia opossum has led to the success of the species , especially in areas of habitat fragmentation . high reproductive potential further contributes to increasing population size ( mcmanus 1974 ) . abandoned burrows , buildings , hollow logs , and tree cavities are generally used for den sites .\nalthough opossums were once important in the fur trade , this activity has apparently had little impact on the species ' population ( whitaker jr . and hamilton jr . , 1998 ) .\nthere are no major threats to this species . opossums are hunted and trapped for food and fur in certain areas of their range , but the mortality is mostly caused by collision with motor vehicles ( gardner 2005 ) .\nthere are no specific measures in place to protect the virginia opposum , as it likely occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nastua de moraes , d . , lew , d . , costa , l . p . & p\u00e9rez - hernandez , r .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance to habitat modification , occurrence in a number of protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , the species does not appear to have been adversely affected by human settlement . commercial hunting for fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nthe species is found from tamaulipas , mexico , and in cozumel and the yucatan peninsula , south to per\u00fa , bolivia , paraguay and northeastern argentina , including trinidad and the lesser antilles ( emmons and feer 1997 , eisenberg and redford 1999 , gardner 2008 ) . it can be found to about 2 , 000 m . a . s . l . ( eisenberg and redford 1999 , emmons and feer 1997 ) .\nthis species is common , and is hunted for meat only where other game is scarce ( emmons and feer 1997 ) . densities of 0 . 25 - 2 . 5 individuals per hectare are found in venezuela ( august 1984 , o ' connell 1979 ) , of 0 . 22 - 0 . 45 in french guiana ( atramentowicz 1986 , charles - dominique et al . 1981 , julien - laferriere 1991 ) and of 0 . 09 - 1 . 32 in panam\u00e1 ( fleming 1972 ) .\nthis species is hunted only where other game is scarce ( emmons and feer 1997 ) .\nthere are no major threats known to this species . in suriname , it is collected for its meat which is illegally exported to french - guiana ( j . de bruin , in litt . ) .\nastua de moraes , d . , lew , d . , costa , l . p . & p\u00e9rez - hernandez , r . 2016 .\nastua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & costa , l .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance to habitat modification , occurrence in a number of protected areas and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , this species does not appear to have been adversely affected by human settlement ( nowak 1999 ) . commercial hunting for the fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nthis species occurs in coastal brazil from bahia to rio grande do sul , to east of the lower rio paraguay and northeastern argentina ( gardner 2008 ) .\nthis species is found in the atlantic and aracaria forests , living in primary and secondary forests . it is also found in forests that have been fragmented by urban development and deforestation ( grelle 2003 ) . it is a habitat generalist ( emmons and feer 1997 ) and often moves long distances ( gentile and cerqueira 1995 ) . the diet of d . aurita is omnivorous ( carvalho et al . 2005 ) . it is scansorial , nocturnal and solitary . it is mainly terrestrial , but its forelimbs and claws allow it to climb trees ( grelle 2003 ) .\nthis species is locally hunted for food and sport . it is also hunted for the commercial fur trade .\nthere are no major threats known , although deforestation effects some subpopulations ( e . g . eastern paraguay ) . although hunted or trapped locally for food , sport and as predators of poultry , this species does not appear to have been adversely affected by human settlement ( nowak 1999 ) . commercial hunting for the fur trade does not appear to have much impact .\nastua de moraes , d . , de la sancha , n . & costa , l . 2015 .\nat home on the ground and in the trees . opossums prefer forested habitats , but they are quite successful even in urban areas . they are active at night , year - round : in freezing weather , an unlucky opossum can lose its ear - tips and the end of its tail to frostbite . like all\n, opossums give birth to tiny , undeveloped young . the embryos develop in the mother ' s womb for less than two weeks , then the newborn opossums crawl from the birth canal to the mother ' s pouch , where they fasten tight to a nipple . they stay there , attached to the nipple , for 55 or 60 days . a female opossum usually has 13 nipples , and litters are usually smaller than that , but a baby that cannot attach to a nipple dies . after about 60 days the young opossums leave the pouch , but they stay close to their mother\u2014sometimes riding on her back when they are out at night\u2014and nurse for another month or more .\nsexual dimorphism : males are slightly larger and much heavier than females , with larger canine teeth .\nkerr , r . , 1792 . the animal kingdom , or zoological system , of the celebrated sir charles linnaeus . class i . mammalia , p . 193 . london , 651 pp .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nthis page was last edited on 23 february 2018 , at 13 : 36 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nwalker ' s mammals of the world , vol . 1 , 5th ed .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nyeo m 1 , acosta n , llewellyn m , s\u00e1nchez h , adamson s , miles ga , l\u00f3pez e , gonz\u00e1lez n , patterson js , gaunt mw , de arias ar , miles ma .\ndepartment of infectious and tropical diseases , london school of hygiene and tropical medicine , keppel street , london , uk . matthew . yeo @ urltoken\nsee the articles recommended by f1000prime ' s faculty of more than 8 , 000 leading experts in biology and medicine . - faculty of 1000"]}
{"id": 1198, "summary": [{"text": "henicopsaltria is a genus of cicada in the cryptotympanini tribe of the cicadinae subfamily .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "four species have been described .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the razorgrinder ( henicopsaltria eydouxii ) is the type species . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "henicopsaltria", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for henicopsaltria yet . learn how to contribute .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis page contains pictures and information about razor grinder cicadas that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\nwe found a lot of them in mt cotton during mid summer 2005 . they rested at the lower part of the tall trunk , about 1 . 5 meters to 3 meters from ground . they like to rest on the vary large gum tree trunk . when disturbed , they made some alert sound while flying away to another tree trunk .\nlarge number of them were found singing on the same tree trunk . they produced very loud sound resemble metal grinding . the sound pitch rises a few second follows by a quick drop then repeated . those loud songs were quite painful to ear when standing under the trees .\nthe cicadas are dark brown to reddish brown in colour . there are dark zigzag patterns on front wings veins . the veins near wing edges are also dark in colour . the bottom side of abdomen is orange and dark brown in colours . males and females look similar .\nthey like to rest on very large tree trunks , especially smooth bark tree trunks .\nwe found one on the floor which is slow moving . when disturbed , it turned around and played dead .\nforest need summit street around tingalpa reservoir on mid summer jan 2009 . a number of them can be found singing on large gum tree trunks .\nin tamborine mountain appears in vast numbers at intervals of seven years . we did not found it is periodical unless this is happen in a small local area . we need more observations to confirm this .\n- m . s . moulds australian museum , sydney , n . s . w . 2000 .\n- moulds ms ( 1990 ) . new south wales university press , nsw . australia .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 44365705 - 1036 - 4115 - ac90 - 82fdade307ba\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4c6ca33a - f0c8 - 4645 - 8726 - c879d110a653\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bcc8e21b - 3122 - 4550 - 8729 - 5a56903d3528\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3dbfcc8 - 9f05 - 4910 - 979f - 4d976f42486b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 82bc6a82 - 3985 - 43e3 - ab68 - 434141342c1c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 434117\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license ."]}
{"id": 1199, "summary": [{"text": "hyperolius wermuthi is a species of frog in the family hyperoliidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in ivory coast , southern guinea , and liberia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the correct name for this species is likely hyperolius soror .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is so similar to hyperolius fusciventris that it has likely been overlooked elsewhere in west africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "common name wermuth 's reed frog has been coined for this species . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "hyperolius wermuthi", "paragraphs": ["it is likely that hyperolius wermuthi is a synonym of this species ( schi\u00f8tz 1999 ) .\nhyperolius wermuthi is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is found in ivory coast , guinea and liberia .\nthere have been no recent records , but it is presumably uncommon , as with hyperolius wermuthi , with which this species is presumably conspecific .\nthe call of hyperolius wermuthi is similar to that of h . f . fusciventris from the same areas , but apparently slower and higher pitched .\nthe hyperolius wermuthi is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .\nr\u00f6del , m . - o . & schi\u00f8tz , a . 2004 . hyperolius wermuthi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .\nnote sur les hyperolius et quelques afrixalus ( saleintia ) du mus\u00e9e de berlin .\nthere is no information on threats to it , but as with h . wermuthi , agricultural expansion , logging , and encroaching human settlements are presumably all threats affecting it .\nthis species is very similar to h . fusciventris lamtoensis and h . wermuthi . it differs from the former by its translucent ventrum without traces of red marbling and the absence of dark lateral pigmentation . it differs from h . wermuthi by its white , not green ventral pigmentation , but should be compared critically with that species since the differences between them seem very small .\nhyperolius wermuthi laurent , 1961 , rev . zool . bot . afr . , 64 : 71 - 72 . holotype : mnhnp , according to r . laurent in frost , 1985 , amph . species world : 219 . type locality :\nboussou . . . , champ avec mare\n, mont nimba , ivory coast .\nthis species is probably a synonym of hyperolius soror , which is known with certainty only from its type locality in southern guinea ( schi\u00f8tz 1999 ) .\nschi\u00f8tz , a . & howell , k . 2004 . hyperolius minutissimus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .\nschi\u00f8tz , a . & r\u00f6del , m . - o . 2004 . hyperolius laticeps . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .\nschi\u00f8tz , a . & r\u00f6del , m . - o . 2004 . hyperolius nienokouensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .\nschi\u00f8tz , a . & r\u00f6del , m . - o . 2004 . hyperolius soror . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 22 july 2007 .\nmost similar to hyperolius fusciventris according to the original publication . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 286 . schi\u00f8tz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 110\u2013111 , provided a brief account and considered the date of publication of the original to be 1999 . moreover this author regarded the call to be identical to that of hyperolius wermuthi , with which he thought it might eventually be found to be conspecific .\nthe males call from leaves and twigs . the voice is a high , shrill insect - like sound , shorter and lower that that of h . f . lamtoensis . the voice is very similar or identical to that of h . wermuthi .\nhyperolius laticeps is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to togo . its natural habitats are rivers , swamps , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes .\nsince the name h . wermuthi has been used for all subsequent records , there is no specific information on the habitat and ecological requirements of this species , although it is presumably also found only in primary forest , where it breeds in swamps and small temporary ponds .\nhyperolius soror is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to guinea . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes .\nthis species is not known from any protected areas , but if it is conspecific with h . wermuthi ( and further taxonomic research is required to resolve this ) then it is likely to be found in the mount nimba world heritage site , ta\u00ef national park , and di\u00e9ck\u00e9 classified forest .\nthis species is not known from any protected areas , but if it is conspecific with h . wermuthi ( and further taxonomic research is required to resolve this ) then it is likely to be found in the mount nimba world heritage site , ta national park , and dick classified forest .\nthis species is known only from southern guinea , liberia and western c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire . it is so similar to hyperolius fusciventris that it might well be overlooked . it probably occurs up to over 1 , 000m asl on mount nimba .\nthis species is known only from southern guinea , liberia and western cte divoire . it is so similar to hyperolius fusciventris that it might well be overlooked . it probably occurs up to over 1 , 000m asl on mount nimba .\nhyperolius nienokouensis is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to ivory coast . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nhyperolius minutissimus is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to tanzania . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthis is a small hyperolius with a brown dorsum and broad light canthal and dorsolateral stripes that may be green or yellow . some individuals also have light spots on the legs and dorsum ( text from harper et al . , 2010 ) .\na small , compact hyperolius ( males 19 - 21 mm , females 23 mm ) from south - western c\u00f4te d\u0092ivoire . dorsum translucent green , sometimes with fine black points . ventrum in both sexes translucent greyish white . discs green . no canthal stripe . pupil horizontal .\na small forest hyperolius ( males 18\u201323 mm , females 22\u201329 mm ) from western west africa , similar to h . fusciventris but phase j never with a dark vertebral line . in life phase f with red canthal stripe . no dark lateral pigmentation . ventrum transparent bluish green . pupil horizontal .\nhyperolius nienokouensis r\u00f6del , 1998 , rev . fr . aquar . herpetol . , 25 : 124 . holotype : zfmk 65392 , by original designation . type locality :\nsouth - western edge of tai national park , foot of mont ni\u00e9nokou\u00e9 approximately 15 km west of guiroutou , 5\u00b0 25\u2032 n , 7\u00b0 10\u2032 w , ivory coast\n.\na hyperolius from the savanna at high altitude in tanzania , with the males minute ( 12 - 17 mm ) , and the females medium - sized ( 18 - 24 mm ) . dorsum brown with light canthal and dorsolateral lines . gular flap smooth and very large . a few black spinosities present in front of the gular flap near the tip of the jaw . pupil horizontal . some females have broad light canthal , and irregular dorsolateral , stripes , and spots on dorsum .\nbut phase j never with a dark vertebral line . in life phase f with red canthal stripe . no dark lateral pigmentation . ventrum transparent bluish green . pupil horizontal .\n, especially after preservation , but differs in a number of minor morphological characters and , in life , by its ventral coloration . furthermore\nis a forest form , so although their ranges overlap they may not actually be sympatric . the correct name for this species may be\nfound in swamps in dense forest . only known from a small forested area in liberia and c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire , but may have been overlooked elsewhere in west africa since it is so similar to\nthis species shows developmental changes in patterning , with two phases , j ( juveniles and many mature males ) and f ( mature females and some mature males ) . all newly metamorphosed individuals are phase j , which is normally brownish to green with paired light dorsolateral lines , or an hourglass pattern . all females , and some males , develop into phase f before the first breeding season . phase f is often colorful and variable , showing the diagnostic color characteristics for the species or subspecies . either well - defined morphs may be present , or graded variation .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .\nit is found only in primary forest , and breeds in swamps and small temporary ponds .\nagricultural expansion , logging , and encroaching human settlements are threats affecting this species .\nit occurs in several protected areas , including the mount nimba world heritage site , ta\u00ef national park , and di\u00e9ck\u00e9 classified forest . further taxonomic work is required to resolve the possibility that this species is a synonym of h . soror .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nwermuth ' s reed frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 68 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nright now the scientific names on some species do not show on the site - we are working to fix this problem which should be solved after the back - up this morning .\nupload tip : if your photo does not get uploaded properly , try to resize it to less than 3 mb .\nwould you like to see your friends photos in the igoterra gallery ? invite them and get 2 months free subcription extension for every new friend who joins . click here to get to the invitation page\n: 219 . type locality :\nboussou . . . , champ avec mare\n, mont nimba , ivory coast .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe type locality is n ' z\u00e9r\u00e9kor\u00e9 in southern guinea ( chabanaud 1921 ) .\n. the taxonomic validity of this species is uncertain . it may be the correct name for\nchabanaud , p . ( 1921 ) . ' ' contribution a l ' etude de la faune herpetologique de l ' afrique occidentale . ' '\nthis species is known with certainty only from n ' z\u00e9r\u00e9kor\u00e9 in southern guinea .\nthis species is known only from the poorly defined type locality of togo . no range map has been prepared for this species , since the type locality is not specific , and this is almost certainly not a valid species .\nthere is no information on its habitat and ecological requirements , but it presumably breeds in water .\nlisted as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainty as to its taxonomic validity as well as absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\nit has not been recorded from any protected areas . resolution of its taxonomic status is required asthis is almost certainly not a valid species .\nthis account was taken from\ntreefrogs of africa\nby arne schi\u00f8tz with kind permission from edition chimaira publishers , frankfurt am main .\nschi\u00f8tz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .\nfound in swamps in dense forest . only known from a small forested area in liberia and c\u00f4te d\u0092ivoire , but may have been overlooked elsewhere in west africa since it is so similar to h . fusciventris .\nschi\u00e3\u00b8tz , a . ( 1999 ) . treefrogs of africa . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .\nlisted as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000 km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .\nit occurs in several protected areas , including the mount nimba world heritage site , ta national park , and dick classified forest . further taxonomic work is required to resolve the possibility that this species is a synonym of h . soror .\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , swamps , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss and environmental damage .\nthis species is known only from two localities in south - western c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire : the foot of mont ni\u00e9nokou\u00e9 ( approximately 15km west of guiroutou ) on the south - western edge of ta\u00ef national park ; and a nearby locality 30km to the north of this .\nknown from a single forest locality in tai n . p . , c\u00f4te d\u0092ivoire .\nit is found only in primary rainforest , and probably attaches eggs to leaves above shallow temporary ponds and swamps , where the larvae develop .\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence is probably less than 5 , 000 km2 , it is known from a single location , and the quality and extent of its forest habitat in cote d ' ivoire is declining .\nit is a very uncommon species . a visit to the type locality in 2002 was unsuccessful in locating the species .\nit is presumably threatened by ongoing habitat loss for logging , agriculture and human settlements .\ndescribed by schi\u00f8tz ( 1999 ) as \u201ca fast series of quiet , unmelodic clicks . \u201d\nthe tiny males may be confused with h . pictus metamorphs , but the latter typically have three distinct lines on the dorsum which h . minutissimus lacks . h . minutissimus is similar to h . spinigularis , but h . minutissimus lacks blue coloration and the males are substantially smaller than in h . spinigularis ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nmales range from 12\u201317 mm in snout - vent length , while females are larger , measuring 18\u201324 mm ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nthis species is found in open high - elevation grasslands and forest clearings at elevations above 1800 m ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nbreeds in temporary pools in grasslands ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nlisted as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is probably less than 20 , 000 km2 , it is known from fewer than five locations , and the quality and extent of its montane grassland habitat in the udzungwa mountains and southern highlands of tanzania is declining .\nit is rarely seen , but easily overlooked , and so perhaps not as rare as records suggest .\nthe call is a fast series of quiet , unmelodic clicks with an ill - defined frequency - intensity maximum at 4200 - 4300 cps .\nits montane grassland habitat is threatened by afforestation , agricultural expansion , fire , and human settlement .\nit has not been found in the udzungwa national park , though it might occur there .\nthe most remarkable feature of this species is the minute size of the males which are no larger than newly metamorphosed h . pictus , a sympatric species . the species is not well known and in some respects resembles h . spinigularis . it is possible they belong to the same complex .\nthis species is known only from southern tanzania , where it has been recorded from the udzungwa mountains and from the njombe area in the western part of the southern highlands . it has been suggested that it might occur in northern malawi , but recent surveys on mount rungwe , in southern tanzania , close to the malawi border , did not find this species . its altitudinal range is not recorded , but it is likely to be mainly above 1 , 800m asl .\ncollected on open , windswept grasslands in south - eastern tanzania . easily overlooked .\nthis species was named for the sankuru province of the democratic republic of congo where it was first discovered .\nthis species is known with certainty only from n ' zrkor in southern guinea .\nchabanaud , p . ( 1921 ) . ' ' contribution a l ' etude de la faune herpetologique de l ' afrique occidentale . ' ' bulletin of the comit\u00e3\u00a9 d\u00e2\u0080\u0099etudes historiques et scientifiques de l\u00e2\u0080\u0099afrique occidentale fran\u00e3\u00a7aise , 1921 , 445 - 472 .\ndifferent sources may delimit this genus differently , and as new species are still being described , different number of species can be found . as of early 2015 ,\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntaxon assessments are documents assessing the current status of a species , usually conservation status . for example , a regional conservation organization might use them to organize information and solicit feedback about the status of several threatened taxa in the region .\nknown only from tai national park and a locality 30 km to the north , southwestern ivory coast .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1201, "summary": [{"text": "tineola bisselliella , known as the common clothes moth , webbing clothes moth , or simply clothing moth , is a species of fungus moth ( family tineidae , subfamily tineinae ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is the type species of its genus tineola .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the specific name is commonly misspelled biselliella \u2013 for example by g. a. w. herrich-sch\u00e4ffer , when he established tineola in 1853 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the larvae ( caterpillars ) of this moth are considered a serious pest , as they can derive nourishment from clothing \u2013 in particular wool , but many other natural fibers \u2013 and also , like most related species , from stored foods , such as grains . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "tineola bisselliella", "paragraphs": ["species tineola bisselliella - webbing clothes moth - hodges # 426 - bugguide . net\ntineola bisselliella ( common clothes moth ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nthis thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms , equivalent , same meaning and similar words for the term tineola bisselliella .\nfig . 5 illustrates graphical data of responses by adult t . bisselliella to virgin male or female t . bisselliella .\np . trematerra and f . fontana , monitoring of webbing clothes moth . tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone , anz . schadlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz 69 , 119 - 121 ( 1996 ) .\n6 . analysis and bioassays of sex pheromone components produced by female t . bisselliella\n17 . trematerra , p . and f . fontana . 1996 . monitoring of webbing clothes moth tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone . anz . sch\u00e4dlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz . 69 : 119 - 121 .\n7 . development of an optimal bait for attraction of male and female t . bisselliella\n13 . kan e . and y . waku . 1985 . analysis of oviposition preference in the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella hum . ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) appl . ent . zool . 20 : 322 - 330 .\nfig . 6 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one male equivalent of male t . bisselliella body .\nfig . 10 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female t . bisselliella pheromone gland extract .\nfig . 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella or baited with white noise .\n21 . behrenz , w . and g . savetti . 1989 . agents for combating tineola biselliella . u . s . pat . no . 4 , 845 , 131 .\nthis invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . in particular , this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths .\np . d . cox , et al . , monitoring populations of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , using pheromone lures . in : k . b . wildey ( ed . ) proceedings of the second international conference on insect pests in the urban environment , 541 - 545 .\nthe most common species of moth found in hertfordshire and the rest of the uk are the brown house moth ( hofmannophila pseudospretella ) , common clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella ) , case - bearing clothes moth ( tinea pellionella ) & the white - shouldered house moth ( endrosis sarcitrella ) .\nfig . 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic female pheromone components .\nfig . 2 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead \u2642 : male t . bisselliella antenna ; ead \u2640 : gravid female t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to 5 pelt - min of squirrel pelt volatile extract .\nfig . 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with potential larval habitat .\ncommon throughout the united states , the larvae of clothes moths ( tineola bisselliella ) attack garments , carpets , furs , blankets , upholstery , piano felts , brush bristles and a number of other related items . read on to learn our 8 step treatment program to control a clothes moth infestation naturally and save big money doing it yourself !\n14 . tranyier , r . m . m . , r . k . schumacher , and d . m . lau , 1994 . oviposition site selection by tineola bisselliella , tinea spp . ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) and anthrenus flavipes ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . j . stor . prod . res . 30 : 321 - 329 .\ndatabase cropu \u2032online ! d . k . mueller :\nthe pratical use of the new pheromone for webbing clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella )\nretrieved from stn - international ; database accession no . 1996 - 83104 cropu xp002221078 ; abstract ; & procbrit . pest contr . assoc . conf . , 1995 , p . 123 - 124 .\nwebbing clothes moths , tineola bisselliella ( hum . ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) , invade and cause damage in households , textile and fur warehouses , and museums throughout the world ( 1 - 3 ) . in temperate regions , they are economically important , causing hundreds of millions of dollars of damage in north america each year ( 4 ) .\ndatabase cropu ' online ! d . k . mueller :\nthe pratical use of the new pheromone for webbing clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella )\nretrieved from stn - international ; database accession no . 1996 - 83104 cropu xp002221078 ; abstract ; & procbrit . pest contr . assoc . conf . , 1995 , p . 123 - 124 .\nodours from dried yeast localized oviposition on fabric by tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , tinea translucens meyrick and tinea pellionella l . in choice experiments in the laboratory . in tineola bisselliella this effect was augmented by odours from the faeces from conspecific larvae that had eaten a favourable diet containing dried yeast . in contrast with these lepidoptera , oviposition by anthrenus flavipes leconte was unaffected by yeast odours and deterred by odours from conspecific cultures . blood - stains did not influence ovipositional choice . some plant phenolics and flavonoids and quinones incompletely deterred oviposition . both vegetable oils and fatty acids from wool wax deterred oviposition equally well when present in large amounts . treatment of wool to control micro - organisms might reduce insect damage indirectly .\n16 . cox , p . d . , d . b . pinniger , d . mueller . monitoring populations of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , using pheromone lures . in : wildey , k . b . ( ed . ) proceedings of the second international conference on insect pests in the urban environment . pp . 541 - 545 .\nin arena bioassay experiments ( employing the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) , played - back sound from male t . bisselliella attracted male , gravid female and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig . 9 ) .\nthe webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , and casemaking clothes moth , tinea pellionella , can be fabric pests in california . they tend to hide when disturbed , so you might not notice you have an infestation until after the moths have already damaged your fabric , fur , or feathered items . close examination of the objects will reveal silken webs the larvae have spun .\nfig . 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with natural or synthetic volatiles from larval habitat .\nfig . 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\nfig . 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\nfig . 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\n9 . a combination as claimed in claim 8 wherein the chemical composition is contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella , and the sonic signal is generated by a sonic apparatus that is contained in or associated with the trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .\nfig . 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female , or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic male pheromone components .\n3 . a composition as claimed in claim 1 wherein the composition is contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .\nfig . 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with the synthetic chemicals geranylacetone and nonanal or dried muskrat pelt .\nthese results indicate that male t . bisselliella produce signals that attract males and females , and that females produce signals exciting to males only at very close range .\n11 . gerard , p . j . , n . b . perry , l . d . ruf , l . m . foster . 1993 . antifeedant and insecticidal activity of compounds from pseudowintera colorata ( winteraceae ) on the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) and the australian carpet beetle , anthrenocerus australis ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . bull . entomol . res . 83 : 547 - 552 .\ndatabase biosis \u2032online ! biosciences information service , philadeophia , pa , us ; 1996 ; trematerra p . et al . :\nmonitoring of webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone\n; database accession no . prev199699182673 xp 002221074 ; abstract ; & anzeiber fuer schaedlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz , vol . 69 , no . 5 , 1996 , p . 119 - 121 ; issn : 0340 - 7330 .\ndatabase biosis ' online ! biosciences information service , philadeophia , pa , us ; 1996 ; trematerra p . et al . :\nmonitoring of webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) , by sex pheromone\n; database accession no . prev199699182673 xp 002221074 ; abstract ; & anzeiber fuer schaedlingskunde pflanzenschutz umweltschutz , vol . 69 , no . 5 , 1996 , p . 119 - 121 ; issn : 0340 - 7330 .\nfig . 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female , gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination .\nfig . 5 illustrates graphical data of responses of adult t . bisselliella in binary choice bioassays to two confined virgin adult t . bisselliella . numbers of individuals responding to each stimulus are given in parentheses beside bars . asterisks indicate a significant preference for a particular treatment [ fisher exact test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\nthe webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , and the casemaking clothes moth , tinea pellionella , are occasional fabric pests in michigan . clothes moths are weak flyers and are not attracted to lights . they tend to hide when disturbed , and for this reason , infestations of clothes moths are not usually noticed until damaged woolens , furs , or feathers are found . close examination of the objects reveals the presence of silken webs that are spun by the larvae .\nfig . 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with newly identified synthetic attractants , a commercial bait or a solvent control .\nthe signal can be generated by a sonic apparatus contained in or associated with a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella . the sonic apparatus can be an electronically activated sonic microchip .\nsimilarly , in experiments 52 , 53 , and 54 all stimuli combined ( \u2640p + \u2642p + sonic + nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of chemical stimuli ( \u2640p + \u2642p + nas ) or played back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella ( fig . 14 ) .\nthe composition can be contained in , or released from , slow release devices . the composition can be contained in , and released from , a trap that captures attracted t . bisselliella .\nthe common clothes moth , tineola bisselliella , has been blamed for munching its way into homes across britain . but it\u2019s actually the larvae , not the moths , which cause the damage . clothes moths have a life cycle of 65 to 90 days , during which time they can lay 40 to 50 eggs . the tiny white grubs burrow into fabric , leaving behind trails that look like cobwebs . by the time you see the adult moths flying around , your infestation maybe in full flow .\nfig . 8 illustrates waveform ( a ) , frequency ( b ) , and time - frequency sound intensity ( c ) of wing - beat caused sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella .\nin experiments 49 , 50 and 51 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more virgin female , gravid female , and male t . bisselliella than did a combination of female pheromone ( \u2640p ) , male pheromone ( \u2642p ) and played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ; all stimuli combined ( \u2640p + \u2642p + sonic + nas ) were significantly most attractive ( fig . 14 ) .\nthe common clothes moth , or tineola bisselliella , has been blamed for munching its way into homes across britain . but it\u2019s the larvae , not the moths , that are responsible for the damage . clothes moths have a life cycle of between 65 and 90 days , during which time they can lay around 50 eggs . the tiny white grubs live in silken tubes , leaving trails resembling cobwebs as they burrow into piles of fabric . by the time you see adult moths flying around , it may be too late to stop an infestation .\nsemiochemicals ( message - bearing chemicals ) that attract t . bisselliella to larval habitat and intra - specific sexual communication signals have hardly been investigated . larva and adult t . bisselliella are attracted to fishmeal , fish oil , and dried meat ( 12 ) . females select oviposition sites based on their physical stimuli ( 13 ) , or volatiles ( 14 ) . e2 , z13 - octadecadienal and e2 - octadecenal are reported sex pheromone components of t . bisselliella ( 15 ) , but these compounds are only moderately attractive ( 16 , 17 ) and unreliable for practical control situations ( t . konicek , person . communication ) .\nfig . 17 illustrates a potential trap design , said trap baited with a sound - emitting micro - chip and a semiochemical dispenser for attraction and capture of t . bisselliella and other keratin - feeding insects .\nin experiments 55 and 56 , a combination of synthetic female pheromone ( \u2640p ) , synthetic male pheromone ( \u2642p ) , synthetic semiochemicals ( ss : identified from animal pelt ; see fig . 4 ) , and played - back sonic signals ( sonic ) from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did chemical ( \u2640p + \u2642p + ss ) or sonic signals alone ( fig . 15 ) .\nfig . 1 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with larval habitat . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\npesticides are used to treat or prevent larval infestations of t . bisselliella . physical control methods include vacuum ( 3 ) , repeated cooling and heating ( 9 ) , and sanitation of potential infestation sites ( 2 , 4 ) . use of naturally occurring chemicals for control of t . bisselliella is increasingly preferred by the public ( 4 ) . these chemicals include feeding inhibitors , repellents , and plant - based insecticides ( 10 , 11 ) . there is no suitable method yet for detection of incipient infestations .\nin arena bioassay experiments 34 - 37 ( employing the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) synthetic e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted male t . bisselliella . this 2 - component blend , even at very low quantity , attracted more male t . bisselliella than did 2 virgin females confined in a nylon mesh cage ( exp . 37 ) ( fig . 11 ) .\nin experiments 41 and 42 , synthetic male pheromone components ( 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ) in combination with played - back sonic signals from male t . bisselliella attracted more gravid females and males than did either stimulus alone ( fig . 12 ) .\nfig . 4 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 \u03bcg ) or dried muskrat pelt [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\nin experiments 47 and 48 , animal pelt ( nas ) attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did synthetic female plus male pheromone ( \u2642p + \u2640p ) ; the combination of animal pelt plus male and female pheromone was most attractive ( fig . 13 ) .\nthe essence of the invention is the preparation and implementation of these stimuli for manipulating the behaviour of t . bisselliella . stimuli can be used in all possible combinations and ratios . stimuli compositions can be contained in , and emitted from , slow release devices or sonic microchips . devices can be held in traps to capture attracted male and female t . bisselliella . the invention can be used as a diagnostic tool to help decide whether and when control of insects that feed on fur , fabric and other keratin containing products is warranted and as a means for protection of fur , fabric and other keratin containing products .\nfig . 9 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella or baited with gaussian white noise . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] . recordings were digitally filtered and played back at biologically relevant levels ( 55 db at 2 . 5 cm ) through sennheisser hv 70 headphone speakers using programs developed in labview ( ni ) for the daq boards . this recording was automatically rerun every 26 min during the 12 hour bioassay period .\nthis invention relates to a composition and procedure for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella ( hummel ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . in particular , this invention relates to the use of specific semiochemical and sonic signals for manipulating the behaviour of the webbing clothes moths . a composition of chemicals for manipulating the behaviour of clothes moths , said composition comprising two or more chemicals in all possible combinations and ratios selected from the group consisting of : 1 ) ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ; 2 ) ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ; 3 ) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 4 ) ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; 5 ) nonanal ; 6 ) geranylacetone ; 7 ) octanal ; 8 ) decanal ; 9 ) nonenal ; 10 ) octenal ; 11 ) decenal .\nboth virgin females and virgin males preferred the chamber containing capsules with male t . bisselliella ( exps . 24 , 25 ) . virgin females avoided other females , and virgin males were not attracted to virgin females ( exp . 27 ) ( fig . 5 ) , but exhibited excitatory behaviour in contact with capsules containing virgin females .\nin experiment 57 , a combination of synthetic male pheromone ( \u2642p ) , synthetic female pheromone ( \u2640p ) , and synthetic semiochemicals ( ss ) identified from larval habitat attracted more female and male t . bisselliella than did a commercial lure , which in turn was not more attractive than a solvent ( hexane ) control stimulus ( fig . 16 ) .\nfig . 11 illustrates graphical data of captures of male t . bisselliella in traps baited with ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ) in various ratios , solvent , or virgin female t . bisselliella . synthetic chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . females were confined in a nylon mesh cage . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 05 ) or kruskal wallis test with tukey type non - parametric multiple comparison ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ]\nin arena bioassay experiments 29 - 31 ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) , hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester proved to be the sex pheromone components that attracted both male and virgin female t . bisselliella ( fig . 7 ) .\nin experiment 44 , synthetic male pheromone in combination with synthetic female pheromone attracted more males than did male or female pheromone alone ( fig . 12 ) . in experiments 45 and 46 , female and male pheromone in combination with played back sonic signals from males attracted more gravid female and male t . bisselliella than did pheromonal or sonic signals alone ( fig . 12 ) .\nfig . 12 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination , as follows : \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; sonic = sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella ( see fig . 8 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison ( p < 0 . 05 ) ] .\nfig . 8 illustrates waveform ( a ) , frequency ( b ) , and time - frequency sound intensity ( c ) of a sonic signal recorded from male t . bisselliella . top : calling male > 5 cm away from other moths ; bottom : calling male < 5 cm away from other . the more intense the shading in diagram c , the more intense the frequency component of the signal .\nt . bisselliella inhabits well - sheltered bird nests , dry corpses and animal lairs that are not exposed to direct light ( 5 - 7 ) . adults have vestigial mouthparts and do not cause damage . larvae , however , feed year round on keratin contained in woollen goods , hair , feathers , and other animal - based products like clothing , rugs , and furniture ( 5 ) . exploratory feeding also damages synthetic textiles ( 8 ) .\nwe reveal stimuli which singly or in combination attract male and female t . bisselliella . these stimuli include : 1 . semiochemicals from larval habitat ( mainly nonanal and geranylacetone ) that attract males and females ; 2 . female - produced sex pheromone components [ ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ] that attract males ; 3 . male - produced sex pheromone components ( hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and z9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ) that attract males and females ; and 4 . male - produced sonic signals ( primary frequencies : 50 + / \u221210 hz ; 70 / + \u221210 hz ; 110 + / \u221220 hz ; 140 + / \u221220 hz and their harmonics ) that attract males and females . we further reveal that combinations of these signals result in a bait optimally attractive to male and female t . bisselliella .\nin arena bioassay experiments ( following the general protocol as described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] ) male and gravid female t . bisselliella preferred porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt over a pentane control ( exp . 16 , 17 ) , and also a blend of 29 synthetic squirrel pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) over a pentane control ( exps . 18 , 19 ) ( fig . 3 ) .\nfig . 10 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detector ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one female equivalent of female t . bisselliella pheromone gland extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified as 1 . ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( e2 , z13 - 18 : oh ) and 2 . ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ) . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m\u00d70 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ) ; linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240\u00b0 c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50\u00b0 c . , 10\u00b0 c . / min to 200\u00b0 c .\nthe bodies of two hundred 24 - 48 hour old virgin male t . bisselliella were extracted for 15 min in methanol . analyses of these extracts by coupled gas chromatographic electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) revealed 3 antennally - active compounds ( fig . 6 ) which were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 . ) hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 . ) ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 . ) octadecanoic acid methyl ester .\nfig . 6 illustrates flame ionization detector ( fid ) and electroantennographic detection ( ead : male t . bisselliella antenna ) responses to one male equivalent of male t . bisselliella body extract . ead - active compounds 1 - 3 were identified by gc - mass spectrometry as 1 . hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ; 2 . ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ; and 3 . octadecanoic acid methyl ester . similar responses were observed with female antennae . chromatography : hewlett packard ( hp ) 5890a gas chromatograph equipped with a fused silica column ( 30 m\u00d70 . 32 mm id ) coated with db - 23 ( j & w scientific , folsom , calif . 95630 ) ; linear flow velocity of carrier gas : 35 cm / sec ; injector and fid detector temperature : 240\u00b0 c . ; temperature program : 1 min at 50\u00b0 c . , 10\u00b0 c . / min to 200\u00b0 c . ead - active compounds were identified by gc - mass spectrometry ( ms ) in full scan electron impact ( ei ) mode using a varian saturn ii ion trap gc - ms .\nfig . 7 illustrates graphical data of captures of male , gravid female , or virgin female t . bisselliella in traps baited with hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 16 : ester , 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( z9 - 16 : ester , 840 ng ) or octadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 18 : ester , 840 ng ) . for each experimental replicate , test stimuli in traps were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . asterisks on bar indicate a significant difference [ wilcoxon paired - sample test ( p < 0 . 01 ) ] .\nwe investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths ( wcm ) , tineola bisselliella ( hum . ) ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) , and close - range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis , at least in part . gas chromatographic - electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) and gc - mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic extracts of male wcm disclosed three candidate pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 16 : ester ) , ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( z 9\u201416 : ester ) , and octadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 18 : ester ) . in bioassay experiments in a large plexiglas\u2122 arena , a blend of synthetic 16 : ester plus z9\u201416 : ester was attractive to male and virgin ( but not mated ) female wcm ; the 18 : ester was inactive . gc - ead analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female wcm revealed ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienal ( e 2 z 13\u201418 : ald ) and ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( e 2 z 13\u201418 : oh ) as candidate sex pheromone components . in arena bioassay experiments , 1\u20145 female equivalents of synthetic e 2 z 13\u201418 : ald ( 0 . 2 ng ) and e 2 z 13\u201418 : oh ( 0 . 1 ng ) were more attractive to male wcm than were two virgin female wcm . we anticipate that the combination of aggregation and sex pheromones , male - produced sonic aggregation signals , and habitat - derived semiochemicals will be highly effective in attracting male and female wcm to commercial traps .\nstimuli tested singly and in combination included : a ) synthetic male pheromone components 16 : ester and z9 - 16 : ester ( see figs . 6 and 7 ) ; b ) recorded sonic signals from male t . bisselliella ( see figs . 8 and 9 ) ; c ) synthetic female pheromone components e2 , z13 - 18 : oh and e2 , z13 - 18 : ald ( see figs . 10 and 11 ) ; d ) animal pelt ( = natural larval habitat , see fig . 1 ) ; e ) synthetic semiochemicals nonanal plus geranylacetone ( see figs . 2 , 3 and 4 ) . all bioassay experiments were conducted using the general protocol described on page 7 , lines 22 - 31 , paragraph [ 0041 ] .\nfig . 13 illustrates graphical data of captures of male or gravid female t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\nfig . 14 illustrates graphical data of captures of virgin female , gravid female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with various test stimuli singly or in combination as follows : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 - octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; nas = natural semiochemicals : dried muskrat pelt ( 50 cm 2 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\ntactic responses of t . bisselliella to volatile stimuli from larval habitat were assessed in a closed cylindrical plexiglas container ( 125 cm diameter , 60 cm height ) . thin cardboard discs ( 10 cm diameter ) coated with tanglefoot on the upper side were placed on the arena floor 80 cm apart from each other . platforms suspended above the centre of the coated discs supported randomly assigned test or control stimuli . control stimuli consisted of cardboard silhouettes visually resembling test stimuli . per experiment 10 replicates with 25 adult moths each were employed . moths were released during the scotophase from a petri dish in the centre of the arena after 30 - min of acclimation . after 12 hours of experimental time , moths captured on sticky discs ( fig . 1 ) were recorded as responders and statistically analysed .\nfig . 15 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with stimuli singly or in combination as follows : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; ss = synthetic semiochemicals : geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 \u03bcg ) ( see fig . 4 ) . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\nto determine the sex that emits or responds to sexual communication signals , four experiments were conducted using a bioassay with 3 interconnected identical chambers ( each chamber : 10 cm diam . \u00d72 cm height ; passage 0 . 5 cm interior diam . \u00d72 . 5 cm length ) ( 29 ) . for each replicate , one side chamber was randomly baited with two perforated gelatin capsules [ ( 2 . 5\u00d70 . 9 cm ) with 7 perforations ( 0 . 3 mm ) at both ends ] each containing a virgin t . bisselliella on wool fabric while the other side chamber contained two empty perforated gelatin capsules on wool fabric . virgin adult moths were released individually into the centre chamber 1 hour prior to dusk and their position recorded 16 hours later ( 1 hour after dawn ) . moths in side chambers were included in statistical analyses . each replicate employed a new device , wool fabric , and virgin moth .\nfig . 16 illustrates graphical data of captures of female and male t . bisselliella in traps baited with the following stimuli : \u2640p = synthetic female pheromone components : ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienol ( 1 ng ) plus ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) ; \u2642p = synthetic male pheromone components : hexadecanoic acid methyl ester ( 480 ng ) plus ( z ) - 9 - hexadecenoic acid methyl ester ( 840 ng ) ; ss = synthetic semiochemicals : synthetic geranylacetone ( 44 ng ) and nonanal ( 3 . 5 \u03bcg ) ( see fig . 4 ) . the commercial lure consisted of ( e , z ) - 2 , 13 : octadecadienal ( 2 ng ) plus ( e ) - 2 - octadecanal ( 1 ng ) . hexane served as the solvent control . all chemicals were dispensed from whatman # 1 filter paper . bars with different letters indicate a significant difference [ anova with tukey multiple comparison of arcsine transformed proportions ( \u03b1 = 0 . 05 ) ] .\nthere are many patents listed in the patent database under the keyword t . bisselliella ( scientific species name for webbing clothes moth ) or misspellings thereof . most of these patents are concerned with pesticides , reporting that insects including clothes moths are killed by active ingredient ( s ) . these active ingredients are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in the subject application . other patents are concerned with pest control devices , such as u . s . pat . no . 4 , 484 , 315 \u201cultrasonic pest control device\u201d ( 20 ) , or u . s . pat . no . 4 , 616 , 351 , \u201cpest control apparatus\u201d ( 19 ) , reporting the use of ultrasonic waves for control of pests , including clothes moths . the frequency of sonic waveforms as claimed for attraction and control of t . bisselliella in the subject application is in the audible low frequency range . additional patents are concerned with chemicals that repel keratin - feeding pests including clothes moths . diphenylurea and one synthetic pyrethroid ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 057 , 539 ) ( 20 ) , isoborneol ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 845 , 131 ) ( 21 ) , pyridyloxytrifluoromethanesulfonanilides ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 731 , 090 ) ( 22 ) , 5 - pyridyloxy - or thiothenylcarbamoyl ) barbituric acid ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 602 , 912 ) ( 23 ) , 5 - phenylcarbamoylbarbituric acid ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 283 , 444 ) ( 24 ) , n\u2032 - alkyl - n\u2032 - ( 3 , 5 - dimethylbenzoyl ) - n - ( substituted benzoyl ) - hydrazine ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 358 , 967 ) ( 25 ) , phenoxytrifluoromethanesulfoanilides ( u . s . pat . no . 4 , 664 , 673 ) ( 26 ) , and incense cedar associated with a multi - garment hanger device ( u . s . pat . no . 5 , 582 , 334 ) ( 27 ) are all claimed to protect keratinous material from attack by insects that feed on keratin . all these repellents are very different from the attractive semiochemicals claimed in this application .\nsound produced by individual or groups of males was recorded to hard disk by a pentium 166 computer equipped with high - speed data acquisition boards ( daq , ni ; pci - mio - 16xe - 10 ; 16 bit , 100 khz maximum sampling rate ) . recordings employed a \u00bd - in condenser microphone ( akg c 460 b comb - uls / 61 ) , phantom power supply ( atus audio technica cp 8508 24 v . ) and signal amplification of 200 times with a differential amplifier ( ni ; sc - 2040 ) and a sampling frequency of 43 . 2 khz . sonic signals recorded from male t . bisselliella comprised two dominant frequencies at 50 + / \u221210 hz and 110 + / \u221220 hz with 1 to 2 harmonics ( 165 + / \u221230 : 220 + / \u221240 ) occasionally identified when other clothes moths were > 5 cm from the signaller . when other moths were < 5 cm from the signaller , dominant frequencies were 70 + / \u221210 hz and 140 + / \u221220 hz with 2 - 3 additional harmonics ( 210 + / \u221230 hz ; 280 + / \u221240 hz ) ( fig . 8 ) .\nfig . 3 illustrates graphical data of captures of female or male t . bisselliella in traps baited with porapak q volatile extract from red squirrel pelt ( 75 pelt - min ) , a blend of synthetic pelt volatiles ( sb - 1 ) or a pentane solvent control . compounds in sb - 1 consisted of nonanal ( 400 . 0 ) ; decanal ( 100 . 0 ) ; 6 . dodecanal ( 20 . 0 ) ; 7 . tridecanal ( 24 . 0 ) ; 8 . tetradecanal ( 25 . 0 ) ; 9 . pentadecanal ( 4 . 0 ) ; 10 . hexadecanal ( 5 . 0 ) ; 11 . heptadecanal ( 3 . 5 ) ; 12 . octadecanal ( 0 . 5 ) ; 13 . heptanol ( 50 . 0 ) ; 14 . nonanol ( 50 . 0 ) ; 15 . decanol ( 60 . 0 ) ; 16 . undecanol ( 1000 . 0 ) ; 17 . dodecanol ( 100 . 0 ) ; 18 . tridecanol ( 350 . 0 ) ; 19 . tetradecanol ( 15 . 0 ) ; 20 . pentadecanol ( 10 . 0 ) ; 21 . hexadecanol ( 1 . 5 ) ; 22 . heptadecanol ( 1 . 5 ) ; 23 . octadecanol ( 0 . 5 ) ; 24 . tetradecane ( 100 . 0 ) ; 25 . pentadecane ( 500 . 0 ) ; 26 . hexadecane ( 500 . 0 ) ; 27 . eicosane ( 100 . 0 ) ; 28 . uneicosane ( 3 . 5 ) ; 29 . 2 - undecanal ( 20 . 0 ) ; 30 . e2 - nonenal ( 45 . 0 ) ; 31 . e2 - decenal ( 55 . 0 ) ; 32 . geranylacetone ( 5 . 0 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncasemaking clothes moth . the dark spots on the wings distinguish it from the webbing clothes moth .\ncases from the casemaking clothes moth . cases take on the color of the fabric being consumed .\nwebbing clothes moth larvae with particles of excrement ( frass ) and other debris .\nthe webbing clothes moth is the most common fabric moth . the adult is gold with reddish - golden hairs on the top of its head . a row of golden hairs fringes its wings , which have a span of about 1 / 2 inch . because these moths are weak flyers that aren ' t attracted to lights , you ' ll usually find them close to the infested items , such as in a dark area of the closet .\ndon ' t confuse the clothes moth with common food - and grain - infesting moths , which frequently fly around the house . at rest , clothes moths are only about 1 / 4 inch long , while most food - infesting moths are about double that length . clothes moths usually fly around only the immediate area of the house where the infestation has occurred , and their flight pattern is distinctive\u2014they tend to flutter about rather than fly in a direct , steady manner as do food - infesting moths . food - infesting moths also don ' t have the little tufts of hair on their head . to confirm you have a clothes moth , catch one and examine its head with a magnifying glass or hand lens .\nthe casemaking clothes moth is similar in size and appearance to the webbing clothes moth , although the wings of the casemaking clothes moth are more brownish and have faint dark - colored spots . also , the hairs on its head are lighter colored than those of the webbing clothes moth .\nlarvae of both species are nearly identical , except the larvae of the casemaking clothes moth always carry a silken case with them as they feed . they never leave this silken case behind but enlarge it as they grow . they can feed from either end of the case and retreat into it when disturbed . this case takes on the color of the fabric the larvae have eaten . webbing clothes moth larvae don ' t carry around feeding cases but may produce patches of silk webbing , which accumulate excrement and particles of fabric the larvae are feeding on , to create temporary feeding tubes . when webbing clothes moths move on to new feeding locations , they leave the feeding tubes and webbing behind .\nexcrement from both the webbing clothes moth and the casemaking clothes moth can contain dyes from the cloth fibers the moths have eaten , also making it the same color as the fabric .\nfemales of both species lay an average of 40 to 50 eggs during a 2 - to 3 - week period and die once they ' ve completed the egg - laying process . males outlive females and continue to mate during the remainder of their lives . an adhesive secretion attaches the eggs to the fabric threads . eggs hatch in 4 to 10 days during warm weather .\nlarvae molt 5 to 45 times , depending on indoor temperatures and the type of food available . the larval period lasts 35 days to 2 1 / 2 years . larvae are shiny white , and their head capsules are dark - colored . they spin webbing as they feed , with the webbing clothes moth creating a temporary silken feeding tube or tunnel and the casemaking clothes moth creating a permanent silken case that larvae carry with them as they move around . when larvae of the casemaking clothes moth are ready to pupate , they wander away from their food source to find crevices . with the webbing clothes moth , pupation takes place inside a silken cocoon , usually on the fabric .\npupation lasts 8 to 10 days in summer and 3 to 4 weeks in winter . heated buildings enable clothes moths to continue developing during winter months . generally , developmental time for the clothes moth from egg to egg is between four to six months , and there are usually two generations a year .\nthe webbing clothes moth is probably the most commonly encountered clothes moth in the united states . the casemaking clothes moth is less common and also of far less economic importance than the webbing clothes moth .\nthe larva is the damaging stage of the clothes moth . both species feed on wool clothing , carpets , and rugs ; upholstered furniture ; furs ; stored woolen items ; animal bristles in brushes ; wool felt pads in pianos ; and fish meal in fish food . they will feed on synthetics or cotton blends if these fabrics also contain wool . larvae might also use cotton fibers to make their pupal cases . damage generally appears in hidden locations such as beneath collars or cuffs of clothing , in crevices of upholstered furniture , and in carpeted areas beneath furniture . fabrics with food , perspiration , or urine stains are more subject to damage .\nmethods for controlling clothes moths include periodic dry cleaning or laundering , proper storage , freezing , heating , fumigating with dry ice , trapping , or insecticides . keeping humidity levels low inside buildings creates an environment that isn ' t favorable for clothes moth development . buildings that don ' t have numerous tiny cracks and crevices will also have fewer clothes moth problems . good housekeeping practices are important as well . it is also important to regularly monitor fabrics and closets for clothes moths and their damage so you can take action when infestations are still small .\nalthough most people can manage clothes moth problems themselves , some infestations are best handled by a pest control applicator , who has the equipment , materials , and experience to deal with difficult control jobs .\nto inspect for clothes moths , look to see if there are silken tubes in the hidden portions of clothes , such as under collars , or silken mats or patches on material . both the silken tubes and mats often have fibers and feces incorporated into them . check to see if you can find any sign of surface grazing of fibers , any holes , or both on the fabrics . with fur , look to see if you have some hairs clipped at their base , causing loose fur and exposed hide . fully grown larvae of the casemaking clothes moth make cigar - shaped , open - ended silken cases that are about 3 / 8 inch long , often with pieces of infested material incorporated into the case . the case containing a live larva is often attached to the infested material at on end .\npheromone traps , discussed below in trapping , are also very useful for detecting clothes moths .\nperiodically cleaning areas in your home that can harbor clothes moths can prevent or control infestations . these areas include seldom - cleaned spots such as beneath heavy pieces of furniture ; along baseboards and in cracks where hair and debris accumulate ; in closets , especially those in which woolens and furs are kept ; and inside and behind heaters and inside vents .\nthe vacuum cleaner is the best tool for most of this cleaning . after using it in infested areas , dispose of the bag ' s contents promptly , since it can include eggs , larvae , or adult moths .\nclothes moths might initially establish themselves on woolen garments or scraps stored for long periods . in addition to properly storing woolen items ( see protecting items in storage . ) , periodically hang them in the sun and brush them thoroughly , especially along seams and inside folds and pockets . brushing destroys eggs and exposes larvae . larvae don ' t like bright light and will fall from clothing when they can ' t find protection .\nif the infestation is in a closet , be sure to remove and clean all clothes and fabric that were stored inside and thoroughly vacuum and wash the inside of the closet , especially all cracks and crevices , before returning the cleaned clothes . dust insecticides containing pyrethroids or pyrethrin ( e . g . , 0 . 05 % deltamethrin or 1 % pyrethrin ) can be applied in the cracks and crevices . always follow the label requirements when applying these dusts .\nthe most common and effective method for killing all stages of clothes moths in clothing , blankets , and other washable articles is to thoroughly launder them for 20 to 30 minutes in water that is at least 120\u00b0f . because many woolen items shouldn ' t be washed in hot water , sending your items to a dry cleaner might be the only suitable option . keeping fabrics clean has another advantage\u2014insects are less likely to feed on clean fabrics than on heavily soiled ones .\nclothes moths often damage improperly stored articles . when storing susceptible items , be sure they are clean and pest free , and place them in an airtight container . you can place insect repellents such as herbal oils into the storage container , but little is known about their effectiveness .\nmoth balls , flakes , or crystals containing 1 , 4 - dichlorobenzene ( also called paradichlorobenzene ) also are available for protecting clothes in storage . because these materials are toxic , be sure to keep them away from children and pets . these products have other shortcomings as well . they leave an unpleasant odor on clothes and other cloth objects , and if these products come into contact with plastic buttons , hangers , or garment bags , they can cause the plastic to soften and melt into the fabric .\nas these chemicals evaporate , they produce vapors that , in sufficient concentration , will slowly kill insects . the vapors build up to the required concentration only in an airtight container . if the container isn ' t airtight , the chemicals only somewhat repel adults , and any larvae already on clothes continue to feed .\nthe effectiveness of cedar chests and closet floors made of cedar is debatable . aromatic eastern red cedar , juniperus virginiana , contains an oil that can kill small larvae , but it doesn ' t affect large larvae . after several years , however , cedar loses this quality . having a tightly constructed chest is more important in the long run than the type of wood used to make it .\nyou can also control clothes moths by heating the infested item in an oven for at least 30 minutes at temperatures higher than 120\u00b0f , enclosing the item in a plastic bag and placing it in a freezer for several days at temperatures lower than 18\u00b0f , or fumigating the item with dry ice . before using any of these methods , consider if cold or heat will damage the fabric . for more information , see the household furnishings section .\ntrapping is a relatively easy - to - use technique that helps to detect and reduce a webbing clothes moth infestation . pheromone traps are available to trap both the webbing clothes moth and the casemaking clothes moth . pheromones are chemicals an organism produces\ufffdin this case a sex attractant\ufffdto affect the behavior of other members of the same species . the sex pheromone attracts male moths into the trap where they get stuck on the sticky sides . because the pheromone specifically attracts clothes moths , it won\ufffdt attract other moth species . conversely , pheromone traps for other species such as grain - infesting moths won\ufffdt attract clothes moths . pheromone traps for clothes moths are available at major hardware stores .\nplace traps in closets and other clothes - storage areas . trapping not only enables you to detect the presence of clothes moths but provides some control , because trapped males can ' t mate . however , if you trap moths , you should also take other measures , such as dry cleaning or laundering , to protect clothes exposed to moths .\nif you have clothes moths but the articles can ' t be dry cleaned , laundered , heated , frozen , kept in cold storage , or fumigated with dry ice , you can spray them with an insecticide . find a product that lists clothes moths on its label , and follow the directions exactly . insecticides for clothes moths usually contain pyrethrins , which provide quick knockdown of clothes moths . you can spray most of these products directly onto fabrics . always follow the instructions in the product label . pyrethrin insecticides don ' t leave persistent toxic residues , which makes them more suitable for clothes moth control in many cases than a lot of other products .\nsome insecticide sprays have an oil base , so don ' t spray them on silk , rayon , or other fabrics that stain easily . also , don ' t use them around open flames , sparks , or electrical circuits , and don ' t spray them on asphalt tile floors .\nfor surfaces you suspect might stain , first spray a small , inconspicuous area and let it dry to see if staining occurs . widespread or heavy infestations often require the services of a professional pest control applicator .\nrugs , carpets , furs , and household furnishings require special attention to protect them from clothes moths . however , rugs and furnishings made entirely of synthetic fibers aren ' t affected ; this includes most wall - to - wall carpeting\nclosely inspect beneath heavy furniture and along carpet edges for infestation . you can dry clean area rugs or hang them out in the sun and then vacuum them . pull back the edges of infested wall - to - wall carpets , so you can apply an insecticide to both sides . spray the upper surface of the carpet lightly to reduce the possibility of staining . if the rug pad contains animal hair or wool and hasn ' t been treated by the manufacturer , spray it as well . it is better to wait until the rug has dried before putting any weight on it .\napplying protective sprays to furs isn ' t recommended . if you store furs at home during the summer , protect them with moth crystals , flakes , or balls , or frequently shake and air the items . furs in commercial cold storage receive professional care , and you can insure them against damage .\nsome furniture , mattresses , and pillows are stuffed with animal products such as hair or feathers . when clothes moths get into the stuffing , you won ' t be able to control them simply by spraying the outside surface of the item . the best way to eliminate the moths is to fumigate the item with dry ice or have a pest control or storage firm treat the infested item with lethal gas in a fumigation vault .\nto fumigate an object with dry ice , place the item and the ice into a thick ( 4 mil ) plastic bag . don ' t handle dry ice with your bare hands , because it will quickly freeze your skin . if you use a plastic bag with a 30 - gallon capacity , a 1 / 2 - to 1 - pound piece of dry ice should be adequate . seal the bag loosely at the top until all of the dry ice has vaporized ; this will allow the air to escape and keep the bag from bursting . when the dry ice is gone , tighten the seal , and let the bag sit for three or four days . proper fumigation gives quick , satisfactory control and kills all stages of clothes moths , although it doesn ' t prevent reinfestation .\nsometimes felts and hammers in pianos become infested and so badly damaged that it seriously affects the tone and action of the instrument . contact a piano technician , who might recommend synthetic felt replacements .\nmallis , a . 2011 . handbook of pest control , 10th ed . richfield , ohio : gie media inc ."]}
{"id": 1202, "summary": [{"text": "lepidopygopsis typus , the peninsular hilltrout , is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to kerala , india where it is only known from periyar river and periyar lake .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 25 centimetres ( 9.8 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is currently the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "lepidopygopsis typus", "paragraphs": ["taxonomic notes : lepidopygopsis typus was first described by raj ( 1941 ) from periyar lake , kerala , india .\nthe phylogenetic position of lepidopygopsis typus ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , a monotypic freshwater fish endemic to the western ghats of india .\nthe phylogenetic position of lepidopygopsis typus ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , a monotypic freshwater fish endemic to the western ghats of india . - pubmed - ncbi\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . lepidopygopsis typus raj , 1941 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nrange description : lepidopygopsis typus is endemic to the periyar tiger reserve , kerala , india where it occurs at mlappara , thanikkudy , mullayar and thekkady in the periyar lake - stream system ( arun 1999 , ponniah and gopalakrishnan 2000 , kurup et al . 2004 , euphrasia et al . 2006 , raj 1941 ) . countries - native : india ( kerala )\na species of lepidopygopsis having elongate and compressed body ; no scales on head , only a few on interior part of body consisting of a patch at scapular region , a few scattered scales on base of dorsal spine and a continuous row of enlarged scales along lateral line , elongated tile like scales forming a sheath to vent and base of anal ; lateral line complete and decurved with 54 to 60 scales .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwas first described by raj ( 1941 ) from periyar lake , kerala , india .\nrema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .\n, and subjected to an on - going decline in the quality of habitat and in competition with exotic alien fishes .\nfound in fast flowing torrential streams ( raj 1941 , arun 1999 ) with boulders , cobbles ( shaji and easa 2001 ) and bed rock ( manojkumar and kurup 2002 ) as substrates . known to be a habitat specialist with affinity towards cascades and riffles ( manojkumar and kurup 2002 ) .\nalso occurs in confluence zone of lakes and feeder streams ( arun 1999 ) .\nis used occasionally as a food fish by local tribes inside the periyar tiger reserve ( a . ali and r . raghavan pers . obs . ) and is also considered to be a potential ornamental fish ( kurup\nno conservation action is in place . species level management efforts have been largely hampered by absence of baseline data on life history and population .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , lepis = scale + greek , pyge = tail + greek , opsis = appearance ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 )\nmenon , a . g . k . , 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . rec . zool . surv . india , misc . publ . , occas . pap . no . 175 , 366 p . ( ref . 41236 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00977 ( 0 . 00375 - 0 . 02544 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 75 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 33 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndahanukar n 1 , philip s , krishnakumar k , ali a , raghavan r .\nindian institute of science education and research ( iiser ) , pune , 411 021 india . n . dahanukar @ urltoken\nit occurs at mylappara , thanikkudy , mullayar and thekkady in the periyar lake - stream system in kerala , india . the species is found in flowing waters and lay eggs in deep waters . it was once a main diet of the mannan tribe . the name brahmanakendai may be due to a thread , similar to a \u2018poonool , \u2019 in its body . the fish which is already on the red category list of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) could be in more danger as nearly 80 per cent of its total population was endemic to the periyar tiger reserve ( ptr ) where the african catfish proves a threat to its existence , say experts .\nthere are 44 rivers in kerala . 41 of them flow westward and 3 eastward . all these rivers originate from the sahyadri hills ( western ghats ) . longest river in kerala is periyar , then bharathapuzha and pampa . largest backwater lake in kerala is vembanad lake . these rivers all originate in the western ghats range and flow westward into the kerala backwaters or into the arabian sea . west flowing 41 rivers and its branches 1 . periyar river ( 244 ) edamala , cheruthoni , mullayar , muthirapuzha , perinjankutti river 2 . bharatapuzha river ( 209 ) , thuthapuzha , gayathripuzha , kalpathipuzha , kannadipuzha river 3 . pamba river ( 176 ) , azhuthayar , kakkiyar , kakkattar , kallar , perunthenaruvi , madatharuvi , thanungattilthodu , kozhithodu , varattar , kuttemperoor 4 . chaliyar river ( 169 ) 5 . chalakudy river ( 169 ) , parambikulam river 6 . kadalundy river ( 130 ) 7 . achankoil river ( 128 ) 8 . kallada river ( 121 ) 9 . muvattupuzha river ( 121 ) 10 . valapattanam river ( 110 ) 11 . chandragiri river ( 105 ) 12 . manimala river ( 90 ) 13 . vamanapuram ri\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nfreshwater fish species of the indian subcontinent . the remarkable discontinuous distribution of \u2018sister g\n. . . in his review of phylogenetic studies , investigating south asian taxa with disjunct distributions across the indian subcontinent ( western ghats versus indo - burma ) , karanth ( 2003 ) showed the disjunct distributions of most taxa to be erroneous due to a mismatch between the existing classifications and phylogenetic relationships ( i . e . taxon reported to be disjunctly distributed is non - monophyletic ) , as exemplified recently by the fanged frogs ( bossuyt and milinkovitch 2000 ) or the asian hill trouts ( dahanukar et al . 2013 ) . karanth ( 2003 ) identified only a few examples of monophyletic groups containing disjunctly distributed taxa ( his ' true ' disjunct ) across the indian subcontinent ( including macaques and flying lizards of the genus draco ) . . . .\nfw bon is a global voluntary community of practice . it will promote the establishment of best practices for global biodiversity observations by : 1 ) improving the collection of harmonized data , \u2026\n[ more ]\nthis project tries to understand molecular phylogeny , biogeography and systematics of freshwater fishes of india and their evolutionary relationships with the neighboring countries and continents . \u2026\n[ more ]\ndistribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , neolissochilus wynaadensis ( da . . .\nthe wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs in the upland streams and rivers of the southern region of the western ghats . this species has been listed as critically endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species due to its restricted distribution and heavy declines in populations . like many large cyprinids of the western ghats , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nestablishment of caudal fin cell lines from tropical ornamental fishes puntius fasciatus and pristol . . .\nredline torpedo barbs ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , comprising of two species , puntius denisonii and p . chalakkudiensis , and six evolutionarily distinct lineages are endemic to the streams of the western ghats freshwater ecoregion in peninsular india . based on molecular and osteological evidence , we demonstrate that these barbs comprise a distinct genus , for which we propose the name sahyadria .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 conservation actions : currently there is no specific action plan directed towards ambassis dussumieri . research on the population status , ecology and threats to the species is essential .\ns . s . mishra , laishram kosygin , p . t . rajan and k . c . gopi , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) : 1\u2013235 + 26 plates . ( published by the director , zoological survey of india , kolkata )\nmenon , a . g . k . 1999 check list - fresh water fishes of india . rec . zool . surv . india , misc . publ . , occas . pap . no . 175 , 366 p .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\nknown from periyar river and lake in kerala . rarely found in the periyar lake\nincludes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\ndistribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , < i > neolissochilus wynaadensis < / i . . .\nthe wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs . . .\nredline torpedo barbs ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , comprising of two species , puntius denisonii and p . . . .\nprevious checklists of fishes from the periyar tiger reserve , kerala merely included species from p . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nneelesh dahanukar , siby philip , k . krishnakumar , anvar ali , rajeev raghavan\narratia , g . ( 1997 ) basal teleosts and teleostean phylogeny . paleo ichthyologica , 7 , 5\u2013168 . urltoken\narunachalam , m . & muralidharan , m . ( 2008 ) description of a new species of the genus psilorhynchus ( teleostei : psilorhynchidae ) from a western ghat stream in southern india . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 56 ( 2 ) , 405\u2013414 .\nbenziger , a . , philip , s . , raghavan , r . , anvar ali , p . h . , sukumaran , m . , tharian , j . c . , dahanukar , n . , baby , f . , peter , r . , devi , k . r . , radhakrishnan , k . v . , haniffa , m . a . , britz , r . & antunes , a . ( 2011 ) unraveling a 146 years old taxonomic puzzle : validation of malabar snakehead , species - status and its relevance for channid systematics and evolution . plos one , 6 ( 6 ) , e21272 . h urltoken\nberg , l . s . ( 1912 ) fauna of russia and adjacent countries , volume 3 . st . petersburg : imperial academy of sciences , pp . 369\u2013704 .\nbritz , r . , ali , a . & raghavan , r . ( 2012a ) pseudolaguvia lapillicola , a new species of catfish from peninsular india ( teleostei : sisoridae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 23 ( 4 ) , 289\u2013295 .\nbritz , r . , ali , a . & raghavan , r . ( 2012b ) pangio ammophila , a new species of eel loach from peninsular india . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 23 ( 1 ) , 45\u201350 .\nbritz , r . , ali , a . & philip , s . ( 2012c ) dario urops , a new species of badid fish from the western ghats , southern india ( teleostei : percomorpha : badidae ) . zootaxa , 3348 , 63\u201368 .\nchen , x . l . , chiang , t . y . , lin , h . d . , zheng , h . s . , shao , k . t . , zhang , q & hsu , k . c . ( 2007 ) mitochondrial dna phylogeography of glyptothorax fokiensis and glyptothorax hainanensis in asia . journal of fish biology , 70 , 75\u201393 . urltoken\nchen , y . f . ( 1998 ) phylogeny and distributional patterns of subfamily schizothoracinae ( pisces , cypriniformes , cyprinidae ) : i . phylogenetic relationships . acta zoologica sinica ( in chinese ) , 23 , 17\u201325\nchen , x - y . , yang , j - x & chen , r - y . ( 1999 ) a review of the cyprinoid fish genus barbodes bleeker , 1859 , from yunnan , china , with descriptions of two new species . zoological studies , 38 ( 1 ) , 82\u201388 .\nchen , x . l . , yue , p . q . & lin , r . d . ( 1984 ) major groups within the family cyprinidae and their phylogenetic relationships . acta zootaxonomica sinica , 9 , 424\u2013440 [ in chinese with english summary ] .\ndahanukar , n . , raghavan , r . , ali , a . , abraham , r . & shaji , c . p . ( 2011 ) the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of the western ghats . in : molur , s . , smith k . g . , daniel , b . a . & darwall , w . r . t ( compilers ) . the status of freshwater biodiversity in the western ghats . international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) gland , switzerland & zoo outreach organization ( zoo ) coimbatore , india , pp 21\u201348 .\ndaniels , r . j . r . ( 2001 ) endemic fishes of the western ghats and the satpura hypothesis . current science , 81 ( 3 ) , 240\u2013244 .\nedgar , r . c . ( 2004 ) muscle : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput . nucleic acids research , 32 ( 5 ) , 1792\u20131797 . urltoken\nedwards , s . v . ( 2009 ) natural selection and phylogenetic analysis . proceedings of the national academy of sciences , 106 ( 22 ) , 8799\u20138800 . urltoken\nhora , s . l . ( 1949 ) symposium on satpura hypothesis of the distribution of malayan fauna and flora to peninsular india . proceedings of the national institute of science india , 15 , 309\u2013422 .\nhora , s . l . ( 1944 ) on the malayan affinities of the freshwater fish fauna of peninsular india , and its bearing on the probable age of the garo - rajmahal gap . proceedings of the national institute of science , india , 10 , 423\u2013439 .\nhowes , g . j . ( 1991 ) systematics and biogeography : an overview . in : winfield , i . j . , nelson j . s . , eds . cyprinid fishes , systematics , biology and exploitation . fish and fisheries series 3 . new york : chapman & hall , pp . 1\u201333\nhowes , g . j . ( 1987 ) the phylogenetic position of the yugoslavian cyprinid fish genus aulopyge heckel , 1841 , with an appraisal of the genus barbus cuvier and cloquet , 1816 and the subfamily cyprininae . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , zoology , 52 , 165\u2013196 .\njayaram , k . c . ( 2010 ) the freshwater fishes of the indian region . narendra publishing house , new delhi , india . 616p + xxxix plates .\nkaranth , k . p . ( 2006 ) out - of - india gondwanan origin of some asian biota . current science , 90 ( 6 ) , 789\u2013792 .\nkaranth , k . p . ( 2003 ) evolution of disjunct distributions among wet - zone species of the indian subcontinent : testing various hypotheses using a phylogenetic approach . current science , 85 ( 9 ) , 1276\u20131283 .\nkottelat , m . & freyhof , j . ( 2007 ) handbook of european freshwater fishes . kottelat , cornol , switzerland and freyhof , berlin , germany . publications kottelat , 2008 , pp . xiii + 646 .\nkottelat , m . ( 2000 ) diagnoses of a new genus and 64 new species of fishes from laos ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , bagridae , syngnathidae , chauhuriidae and tetraodontidae ) . journal of south asian natural history , 5 , 37\u201382 .\nkullander , s . , fang , f . , delling , b . & \u00e5hlander , e . ( 1999 ) fishes of the kashmir valley . in : nyman , l . ( ed ) . river jhelum , kashmir valley . impacts on the aquatic environment . swedmar , g\u00f6teborg , 198 pp .\nlanfear , r . , calcott , b . , ho , s . y . & guindon , s . ( 2012 ) partitionfinder : combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses . molecular biology and evolution , 29 ( 6 ) , 1695\u20131701 . urltoken\nli , y . , ren , z . , shedlock , a . m . , wu , j . , sang , l . , tersing , t . , hasegawa , m . , yonezawa , t . & zhong , y . ( 2013 ) high altitude adaptation of schizothoracine fishes ( cyprinidae ) revealed by the mitochondrial genome analyses . gene , 517 ( 2 ) , 169\u2013178 . urltoken\nlovejoy , n . r . & collette , b . b . ( 2001 ) phylogenetic relationships of new world needlefishes ( teleostei : belonidae ) and the biogeography of transitions between marine and freshwater habitats . copeia , 2001 , 324\u2013338 . ht urltoken ; 2\nmedlicott , m . a . & blanford , w . t . ( 1892 ) a manual of the geology of india , 2 nd edition ( ed . oldham , r . t . ) cambridge library collections ( revised edition published 2011 ) , 626 pp .\nmiller , m . a . , pfeiffer , w . & schwartz , t . ( 2010 ) creating the cipres science gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees : in proceedings of the gateway computing environments workshop ( gce ) , 14 nov . 2010 , new orleans , l . a . , pp . 1\u20138 .\nmirza , m . r . ( 1991 ) a contribution to the systematics of the schizothoracine fishes ( pisces : cyprinidae ) with the description of three new tribes . pakistan journal of zoology , 23 , 339\u2013341 .\nmyers , n . , mittermeier , r . a . , mittermeier , c . g . , da fonseca , g . a . b . & kent , j . ( 2000 ) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities . nature , 403 , 853\u2013858 .\nnear , t . j . , eytan , r . i . , dornburg , a . , kuhn , k . l . , moore , j . a . , davis , m . p . , wainwright , p . c . , friedman , m . & smith , w . l . ( 2012 ) resolution of ray - finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification . proceedings of the national academy of sciences u . s . a , 109 ( 34 ) , 13698\u201313703 . urltoken\npatterson , c . ( 1993 ) osteichthyes : teleostei . in : benton m , ed . the fossil record , london : chapman and hall , volume 2 , pp . 621\u2013656 .\npethiyagoda , r . , meegaskumbura , m . & maduwage , k . ( 2012 ) a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 23 ( 1 ) , 69\u201395 .\nradhakrishnan , k . v . , sureshkumar , s . & ng , h . h . ( 2010 ) pseudolaguvia austrina , a new species of sisorid catfish ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) from peninsular india . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 21 ( 4 ) , 377\u2013383 .\nrainboth , w . j . ( 1996 ) the taxonomy , systematics and zoogeography of hypsibarbus , a new genus of large barbs ( pisces : cyprindae ) from the rivers of southeastern asia . university of california publications in zoology 129 . university of california press , 199 pp .\nraj , b . s . ( 1941 ) a new genus of schizothoracine fishes from travancore , south india . records of the indian museum , 43 ( 2 ) , 209\u2013214 .\nrevell , l . j . , johnson , m . a . , schulte , j . a . , kolbe , j . j . & losos , j . b . ( 2007 ) a phylogenetic test for adaptive convergence in rock dwelling lizards . evolution , 61 ( 12 ) , 2898\u20132912 . urltoken\nroberts , t . r . & khaironizam , m . z . ( 2008 ) trophic polymorphism in the malaysian fish , neolissochilus soroides and other old world barbs ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) . natural history bulletin of the siam society , 56 ( 1 ) , 25\u201353 .\nroy , a . d . & karanth , k . p . ( 2009 ) the out - of - india hypothesis : what do molecules suggest ? journal of bioscience , 34 ( 5 ) , 687\u2013697 . urltoken\nronquist , f . & huelsenbeck , j . p . ( 2003 ) mrbayes 3 : bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models . bioinformatics , 19 ( 12 ) , 1572\u20131574 . urltoken\nr\u00fcber , l . , kottelat , m . , tan , h . h . , ng , p . k . l & britz , r . ( 2007 ) evolution of miniaturization and the phylogenetic position of paedocypris , comprising the world ' s smallest vertebrate . bmc evolutionary biology , 7 , 38 . urltoken\nsaitoh , k . , sado , t . , doosey , m . h . , bart , h . l . jr , inoue , j . g . , nishida , m . , mayden , r . l . & miya , m . ( 2011 ) evidence from mitochondrial genomics supports the lower mesozoci of south asia as the time and place of basal divergence of cypriniform fishes ( actinopterygii : ostariophysi ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 161 , 633\u2013662 . urltoken\nsanderson , m . j . ( 1997 ) a non parametric approach to estimating divergence times in the absence of rate constancy . molecular biology and evolution , 14 ( 12 ) , 1218\u20131231 . urltoken\nsharina , s . n . & kartavtsev , l . ( 2010 ) phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis of flatfish species ( teleostei , pleuronectiformes ) inferred from the primary nucleotide sequence of cytochrome oxidase 1 gene ( co - 1 ) . genetika , 46 ( 3 ) , 401\u2013407 . urltoken\nshimodaira , h . & hasegawa , m . ( 2001 ) consel : for assessing the confidence of phylogenetic tree selection . bioinformatics , 17 ( 12 ) , 1246\u20131247 . urltoken\nsilas , e . g . ( 1955 ) garra hughi , a new cyprinoid fish from the western ghats , peninsular india , with notes on its bionomics . records of the indian museum , 52 , 1\u201314 .\nsukumaran , j . & holder , m . t . ( 2010 ) dendropy : a python library for phylogenetic computing . bioinformatics , 26 ( 12 ) , 1569\u20131571 . urltoken\ntalwar , p . k . & jhingran , a . ( 1991 ) inland fishes of india and the adjacent countries . oxford and ibh publishing company , delhi . in 2 vols . xix + 1158 .\nvincent , m . ( 2012 ) occurrence , distribution and troglomorphisms of subterranean fishes of peninsular india . current science , 102 ( 7 ) , 1028\u20131034 .\nwang , n . & chang , m . m . ( 2010 ) pliocene cyprinids ( cypriniformes , teleostei ) from kunlun pass basin , northeastern tibetan plateau and their bearings on development of water system and uplift of the area . science china earth sciences , 53 ( 4 ) , 485\u2013500 . urltoken\nwang , x . , li , j . & he , s . ( 2007 ) molecular evidence for the monophyly of east asian groups of cyprinidae ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) derived from the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 42 ( 1 ) , 157\u2013170 . urltoken\nyang , l . , mayden , r . l . , sado , t . , he , s . , saitoh , k . & miya , m . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of the fishes traditionally referred to cyprinini sensu stricto ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) . zoologica scripta , 39 , 527\u2013550 . urltoken\nzwickl , d . j . ( 2006 ) genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence datasets under the maximum likelihood criterion . ph . d dissertation . the university of texas at austin , usa ."]}
{"id": 1205, "summary": [{"text": "anomphalus jaggerius is an extinct species of permian sea snail .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "fossils have been found in artinskian era limestone from the bird spring formation in the southern arrow canyon range of the us state of nevada .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species , which had a shell 6.37 millimetres ( 0.251 in ) wide , was a subtidal epifaunal grazer .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it was named after rolling stones lead singer mick jagger . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "anomphalus jaggerius", "paragraphs": ["the snail species anomphalus jaggerius was named after the rolling stone frontman back in 1972 . he has since lent his name to the jaggermeryx naida , an ancient , big - lipped swamp creature which was discovered earlier this year .\njagger is far from the first celebrity to be honoured in this way - fellow musicians mark knopfler , frank zappa , shakira and the sex pistols have all had species named after them . and , in fact , it ' s not even jagger ' s first : aegrotocatellus jaggeri is a trilobite and anomphalus jaggerius is a type of snail .\nindeed , this isn\u2019t the first time jagger has had researchers honor him in this way . he\u2019s also the namesake of aegrotocatellus jaggeri , a trilobite , as well as anomphalus jaggerius , a kind of snail . he shares the multiple animal namesake honor with such other luminaries as frank zappa ( snail , spider , bacteria , jellyfish , gerbil ) , barack obama ( spider , reptile , fish , worm , lichen ) , arnold schwarzenegger ( spider , beetle ) , and adolf hitler ( beetle , insect ) , because scientists have the same small reference pool as the rest of us . still , none of those guys have scored anything as big as an extinct hippo - pig , proving once and for all : mick jagger is better than hitler .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : l . p . , j . r . plas . 1972 . upper wolfcampian ( ? ) mollusca from the arrow canyon range , clark county , nevada . journal of paleontology 46 ( 2 ) : 249 - 260\ntype specimen : x - 3408 , a shell ( x - 3408 ) . its type locality is ucmp d - 5252 , lookout hill , southern arrow canyon range , which is in an artinskian shallow subtidal limestone in the bird spring formation of nevada .\nscientists have named a newly discovered extinct animal \u2014 notable for its prominent , grasping lips \u2014 after rolling stones frontman mick jagger . dubbed jaggermeryx naida by duke university researchers , the extinct mammal was apparently a deer - sized mixture of a pig and a hippopotamus , which actually sounds a lot cuter than the real mick jagger . the ancient , leathery - skinned beast has yet to release a comment about scientists naming another animal after him .\nit & apos ; s 3 p . m . , so let & apos ; s watch chris farley get uncomfortably honest about his life\u2014in song !\nkinja is in read - only mode . we are working to restore service .\nsubscribe to the all - new rolling stone ! everything you need to know from the authority on music , entertainment , politics and pop culture .\nsign up for our newsletter and go inside the world of music , culture and entertainment .\nscientists recently named a new caribbean fish parasite gnathia marleyi , after reggae legend bob marley . ( pictured at left , inset , is a similar parasite . ) as it turns out , marley isn & apos ; t the only star to be immortalized forever in the annals of zoology . check out these other animals who were named after some rock & roll bigwigs \u2013 just wait until you see the critter version of the fab four .\njason bond , a biology professor at east carolina university , christened a new species of spider he discovered in 2007 after the\nheart of gold\nsinger .\ni really enjoy his music and have had a great appreciation of him as an activist for peace and justice ,\nbond said of young .\na species of australian horse fly named in 2011 after one of pop & apos ; s curviest stars , this insect has a shiny gold abdomen . you might even say it & apos ; s bootylicious .\nrelated \u2022 the 500 greatest songs of all time : beyonce feat . jay - z ,\ncrazy in love\n\u2022 women who rock : the 50 greatest albums of all time : beyonce & apos ; s 4 \u2022 photos : beyonce & apos ; s fashion evolution\nscholars named this beetle that & apos ; s black on top and white on bottom after the great\noh , pretty woman\nsinger in 2008 .\ni have never seen an honor like that ,\norbison & apos ; s widow , barbara , said at the time .\nthis fine creature is a species of crustacean found off the coast of zanzibar , a city in tanzania . zanzibar , of course , is the birthplace of farrokh bulsara , who later took the name freddie mercury and fronted a crazy little band called queen . isopods have seven pairs of legs , none of which would probably look as good as freddie\u2019s in a pair of white denim shorts .\ngrateful dead fans used to a different kind of roach might be surprised to know that there\u2019s also an actual insect named after the leader of the original jam band kings . garcia also has an asteroid named after him , christened by two deadhead astronomers .\ngreen day & apos ; s plant gets an honorable mention in this list of rock & roll animals . harvard researchers bestowed the name\ndies - viridis\n( latin for\ngreen day\n) upon their newly minted species of night - blooming flower after listening to the band while driving throughout ecuador on their research trips .\nthe paleontologists who discovered this small predatory theropod dinosaur spent a lot of time jamming out to dire straits \u2013 so they named it after the band & apos ; s distinctive baritone lead singer . notable for having its front teeth pointing straight outward rather than down , masiakasaurus lived in the time before microwave ovens and custom kitchen deliveries , but still probably got its prehistoric money for nothing and its lady dinosaurs for free .\nthis spider has a mustache - shaped mark on its abdomen , which makes it look sort of like zappa & apos ; s face . sadly , there isn & apos ; t much of a soul patch marking to go with it .\nthis colombian tree frog was named in recognition of sting & apos ; s charitable work for the rain forest .\ngall wasps never had as much swagger as this one . scientists created a new genus , preseucoila , based on the name\npresley\n\u2013 and just to make things extra clear , they named the species after one of the king & apos ; s signature hits .\nthis arachnid , named by belgian scientists , reportedly produces one of the most atmospheric and washy synth - filled webs in the world .\ndecades after james taylor and carole king & apos ; s first performance together at the troubador , the singer - songwriters have been immortalized as two closely related species of stoneflies .\nyou & apos ; ve got a friend ,\nindeed .\nin 1997 , some mite researchers gave a new species a latin name that cleverly disguised a tribute to the hardest working man in show business . ( iago =\njames ,\nbadius =\nbrown .\n) it & apos ; s the funkiest microscopic insect on earth .\nthis ancient snail was found fossilized between two rocks , mid - rooster strut .\ntrilobites \u2013 an extinct class of sea - living arthropods that died out 250 million years ago \u2013 have some of the most rock & roll names in biological history . this species was named after the rolling stones & apos ; legendary guitarist .\nthis pair of extinct trilobite species was named after the great on - again , off - again folk - rock duo .\n425 million years ago , a less - handsome version of the fab four roamed the earth as prehistoric ocean dwellers . avalanchurus lennoni ( john lennon ) and avalanchurus starri ( ringo starr ) belonged to the same genus as their simon & garfunkel - named friends , while struszia harrisoni ( george harrison ) and struszia mccartneyi ( paul mccartney ) came from a different genus . together , they comprised one of the greatest bands in evolutionary history .\nrelated \u2022 the 100 greatest beatles songs \u2022 the 100 greatest artists of all time : the beatles \u2022 the 500 greatest albums of all time : the beatles & apos ; sgt . pepper & apos ; s lonely hearts club band\nwe want to hear from you ! send us a tip using our anonymous form .\n\u00a9 copyright 2018 rolling stone , llc , a subsidiary of penske business media , llc . powered by urltoken vip\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhe ' s been part of the rolling stones for over 50 years , but now another stone has led to mick jagger lending his name to a new species .\nanthropologist and paleontologists from wake forest university discovered some fossils in the egyptian desert belonging to a family of extinct hoofed animals called anthracotheres , but one creature was so distinct that they decided that it was a previously undescribed species .\nassociate anthropology professor ellen miller said of the animal , described as a cross between a long - legged pig and a slender hippo : \u201cwe imagine its lifestyle was like that of a water deer , standing in water and foraging for plants along the river bank . \u201d\nin particular , in had nerves on either side of its jaw , giving it a hypersensitive lower lip and snout . which is where jagger comes in .\nafter much debate about whether the big - lipped beast should be named after angelina jolie , or mick , they plumped for the latter , giving it the name jaggermeryx naida , or jagger ' s water nymph ."]}
{"id": 1206, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern long-eared bat , ( nyctophilus bifax ) , is a species of vesper bat .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is found in australia , indonesia , and papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in australia , the range extends into subtropical regions .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species is insectivorous and roosts in trees . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "eastern long - eared bat", "paragraphs": ["the eastern long - eared bat was previously considered to be a subspecies of the greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis , but has since been described as a separate species ( parnaby 2009 ) .\nthe eastern long - eared bat is thought to roost solitarily under the loose bark , and in the crevices and hollows of trees .\nincrease the understanding of critical aspects of the biology and ecology of the eastern long - eared bat that will assist in the long - term management of the species .\neastern long - eared bat ( queensland department of environment and heritage protection ( qld dehp ) , 2013h ) [ state action plan ] .\ncorben ' s long - eared bat - profile ( office of environment & heritage , 2012d ) [ internet ] .\nparnaby , h . ( 1995 ) . greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis . chatswood , nsw : reed books .\nschulz , m . and lumsden , l . 2010 . ( draft ) national recovery plan for the south - eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus corbeni . victorian department of sustainability and environment .\nkoehler , s . ( 2006 ) . new record of a greater long - eared bat in victoria . australasian bat society newsletter . 26 : 43 - 44 .\nthe eastern long - eared bat is found in the murray - darling basin of southern central queensland , inland new south wales , north - western victoria and far - eastern south australia . it is rarely recorded throughout most of its distribution , except for some parts of north - eastern new south wales where it is more common .\nthe draft recovery plan for the eastern long - eared bat ( schultz and lumsden 2010 ) aims to secure the long - term protection of the species by reducing the impact of threatening processes , and improving the information available to guide recovery .\nschulz , m . & l . lumsden ( 2010 ) . ( draft ) national recovery plan for the south - eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus corbeni . victorian department of sustainability and environment .\nleave dead and dying trees standing : like most eastern bats , the northern long - eared bat roosts in trees during summer . where possible and not a safety hazard , leave dead or dying trees on your property . northern long - eared bats and many other animals use these trees .\nparnaby , h . ( 1995 ) eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus bifax . pp . 500 - 1 in strahan , r . ( ed . ) the mammals of australia . reed books , sydney .\nturbill , c . & m . ellis ( 2006 ) . distribution and abundance of the south eastern form of the greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis . australian mammalogy . 28 : 1 - 7 .\nthe eastern long - eared bat is a small - medium sized bat with large ribbed ears that join across the top of the head and a prominent noseleaf or expanded flange of skin around the nostrils . it can be distinguished from the similar gould\u2019s long - eared bat by its tan to rich fawn colour and less prominent twin lobes or \u201cbumps\u201d behind the noseleaf . the ears are also generally shorter than gould ' s long - eared bat . there are also distinct differences in the morphology of the penis between this species and other similar species .\nlumsden , l . , j . nelson & m . lindeman ( 2008 ) . ecological research on the eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis ( south - eastern form ) . a report to the mallee catchment management authority . heidelberg , victoria : arthur rylah institute for environmental research , department of sustainability and environment .\nlaw , b . , l . gonsalves , m . chidel & t . brassil ( 2016 ) . subtle use of a disturbance mosaic by the south - eastern long - eared bat ( nyctophilus corbeni ) : an extinction - prone , narrow - space bat . wildlife research . 43 ( 2 ) : 153 - 168 .\nthe eastern long - eared bat hunts be perching 5 - 10 m above the ground and wait for their prey to come in range . if they don\u2019t catch their food ( usually moths ) within 3 - 5 minutes they will move to another perch in the nearby vicinity .\nthe eastern long - eared bat hunts for insects in the air , from foliage and the ground . it eats beetles , bugs , moths , grasshoppers and crickets . these bats are thought to play an important role in controlling the abundance of foliage - feeding insects in remnant vegetation and rural areas .\nturbill , c . , l . lumsden & g . ford ( 2008 ) . south - eastern long - eared bat nyctophilus sp . . in : van dyck , s . and r . strahan , ( eds . ) , eds . the mammals of australia . sydney , new holland .\nlumsden , l . f . ( 1994 ) . the distribution , habitat and conservation status of the greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis in victoria . victorian naturalist . 111 : 4 - 9 .\nappearance : the northern long - eared bat is a medium - sized bat with a body length of 3 to 3 . 7 inches but a wingspan of 9 to 10 inches . their fur color can be medium to dark brown on the back and tawny to pale - brown on the underside . as its name suggests , this bat is distinguished by its long ears , particularly as compared to other bats in its genus , myotis .\ndominelli , s . ( 2000 ) . distribution , roost requirements and foraging behaviour of the greater long - eared bat ( nyctophilus timoriensis ) and the little pied bat ( chalinolobus picatus ) in the bookmark biosphere reserve . unpublished report . unpublished report to the bookmark biosphere trust , south australia .\nspread the word : understanding the important ecological role that bats play is a key to conserving the northern long - eared and other bats . helping people learn more about the northern long bat and other endangered species can lead to more effective recovery efforts . visit urltoken for more information about white - nose syndrome .\nlisting : the northern long - eared bat is listed as a threatened species under the federal endangered species act . listing a species affords it the protections of the act and also increases the priority of the species for funds , grants , and recovery opportunities .\nellis , m . , l . lumsden , m . schulz , t . reardon , g . richards & g . hoye ( 1999 ) . eastern long - eared bat . pp . 42 - 43 . in : duncan , a . , g . b . baker , and n . montgomery . ( eds . ) . the action plan for australian bats . canberra : environment australia .\nsupport sustainability : support efforts in your community , county and state to ensure that sustainability is a development goal . only through sustainable living will we provide rare and declining species , like the northern long - eared bat , the habitat and resources they need to survive along with us .\npennay , m . ( 2002 ) . greater long - eared bat nyctophilus timoriensis . appendix 2 , brigalow belt south stage two , vertebrate fauna survey , analysis and modelling . unpublished report . page ( s ) 30 - 31 . sydney , planning nsw , resource and conservation division .\nparnaby , h 2009 . a taxonomic review of australian greater long - eared bats previously known as nyctophilus timoriensis ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) and some associated taxa , australian zoologist . 35 , 39 - 81 .\nwhite - nose syndrome : no other threat is as severe and immediate as the disease , white - nose syndrome . if this disease had not emerged , it is unlikely the northern long - eared bat would be experiencing such a dramatic population decline . since symptoms were first observed in new york in 2006 , white - nose syndrome has spread rapidly from the northeast to the midwest and southeast ; an area that includes the core of the northern long - eared bat\u2019s range where it was most common before this disease . numbers of northern long - eared bats ( from hibernacula counts ) have declined by up to 99 percent in the northeast . although there is uncertainty about the rate that white - nose syndrome will spread throughout the species\u2019 range , it is expected to spread throughout the united states in the foreseeable future .\nsummer habitat : during the summer , northern long - eared bats roost singly or in colonies underneath bark , in cavities or in crevices of both live trees and snags ( dead trees ) . males and non - reproductive females may also roost in cooler places , like caves and mines . northern long - eared bats seem to be flexible in selecting roosts , choosing roost trees based on suitability to retain bark or provide cavities or crevices . this bat has also been found rarely roosting in structures , like barns and sheds .\nparnaby , h ( 2009 ) . a taxonomic review of australian greater long - eared bats previously known as nyctophilus timoriensis ( chiroptera : vespertilionidae ) and some associated taxa . australian zoologist . 35 : 39 - 81 .\nwind farm operation : wind turbines kill bats , and , depending on the species , in very large numbers . mortality has been documented for northern long - eared bats , although a small number have been found to date . however , there are many wind projects within a large portion of the bat\u2019s range and many more are planned .\ninstall a bat box : dead and dying trees are usually not left standing , so trees suitable for roosting may be in short supply and bat boxes may provide additional roost sites . bat boxes are especially needed from april to august when females look for safe and quiet places to give birth and raise their pups .\nrange : the northern long - eared bat\u2019s range includes much of the eastern and north central united states , and all canadian provinces from the atlantic ocean west to the southern yukon territory and eastern british columbia . the species\u2019 range includes the following 37 states and the district of columbia : alabama , arkansas , connecticut , delaware , georgia , illinois , indiana , iowa , kansas , kentucky , louisiana , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , mississippi , missouri , montana , nebraska , new hampshire , new jersey , new york , north carolina , north dakota , ohio , oklahoma , pennsylvania , rhode island , south carolina , south dakota , tennessee , vermont , virginia , west virginia , wisconsin , and wyoming .\nthe northern long - eared bat is federally listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act . endangered species are animals and plants that are in danger of becoming extinct . threatened species are animals and plants that are likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future . identifying , protecting , and restoring endangered and threatened species is the primary objective of the u . s . fish and wildlife service\u2019s endangered species program .\n[ \u2026 ] slate grey to brown fur on the back and ash grey on the belly . this species has longer ears than n . bifax bifax ; they are usually 24 to 30 mm long . this bat is known for its habit of changing roost sites [ \u2026 ]\nfeeding habits : like most bats , northern long - eared bats emerge at dusk to feed . they primarily fly through the understory of forested areas feeding on moths , flies , leafhoppers , caddisflies , and beetles , which they catch while in flight using echolocation or by gleaning motionless insects from vegetation .\nlumsden , l . f . & a . f . bennett ( 2006 ) . flexibility and specificity in the roosting ecology of the lesser long - eared bat nyctophilus geoffroyi : a common and widespread australian species . pp . 290 - 307 . in : akbar , z . , g . f . mccracken , and t . h . kunz . ( eds . ) . functional and evolutionary ecology of bats . new york : oxford university press .\nloss or degradation of summer habitat : loss or degradation of summer habitat : highway construction , commercial development , surface mining , and wind facility construction permanently remove habitat and are activities prevalent in many areas of this bat\u2019s range . forest management benefits northern long - eared bats by keeping areas forested rather than converted to other uses . but , depending on type and timing , forest management activities can cause mortality and temporarily remove or degrade roosting and foraging habitat .\ndepartment of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006pt ) . nyctophilus timoriensis ( south - eastern form ) in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . unpublished species profile . canberra , act : deh . available from : urltoken .\nwinter habitat : northern long - eared bats spend winter hibernating in caves and mines , called hibernacula . they use areas in various sized caves or mines with constant temperatures , high humidity , and no air currents . within hibernacula , surveyors find them hibernating most often in small crevices or cracks , often with only the nose and ears visible .\naddressing wind turbine mortality : the service and others are working to minimize bat mortality from wind turbines on several fronts . we fund and conduct research to determine why bats are susceptible to turbines , how to operate turbines to minimize mortality and where important bird and bat migration routes are located . the service , state natural resource agencies , and wind energy industry are developing a midwest wind energy habitat conservation plan that will provide wind farms a mechanism to continue operating legally while minimizing and mitigating listed bat mortality .\nthis species is brown to tan in colour and has long ears from 19 to 27 mm . its diagnostic feature is the low , rounded and hairless ridge on the muzzle behind the noseleaf .\nthe subspecies nyctophilus bifax daedalus , which occurs from gulf of carpentaria , eastern queensland to western australia may soon be elevated to species status ( h . parnaby pers . comm . ) . records of this species from new guinea , although included here , are unlikely to represent this species ( parnaby and churchill 2008 ) .\nthis bat has long ears and a shallow muzzle ridge groove . the fur is dark grey - brown with slightly lighter tips . it weighs between 11 - 20 g , with females ( 14 - 21 g ) usually heavier than males ( 11 - 15 g ) . it has a head to body length of 50 - 75 mm , and a tail length of 35 - 50 mm .\nfound from cape york through eastern queensland to the far north - east corner of nsw . in nsw they appear to be confined to the coastal plain and nearby coastal ranges , extending south to the clarence river area , with a few records further south around coffs harbour . the species can be locally common within its restricted range .\nbat roosts - north east nsw . natural resource management advisory series : note 7 ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2004b ) [ information sheet ] .\nbat calls of new south wales - region based guide to the echolocation calls of microchiropteran bats ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2004a ) [ database ] .\nafter fertilization , pregnant females migrate to summer areas where they roost in small colonies and give birth to a single pup . maternity colonies of females and young generally have 30 to 60 bats at the beginning of the summer , although larger maternity colonies have also been seen . numbers of individuals in roosts , typically decreases from pregnancy to post - lactation . most bats within a maternity colony give birth around the same time , which may occur from late may or early june to late july , depending where the colony is located within the species\u2019 range . young bats start flying by 18 to 21 days after birth . maximum lifespan for the northern long - eared bat is estimated to be up to to 18 . 5 years .\nother sources of mortality : although no significant population declines have been observed due to the sources of mortality listed below , they may now be important factors affecting this bat\u2019s viability until we find ways to address white - nose syndrome .\nlaw , b . & j . anderson ( 1999 ) . a survey for the southern myotis myotis macropus ( vespertilionidae ) and other bat species in river red gum eucalyptus camaldulensis forests of the murray river , new south wales . australian zoologist . 31 : 166 - 174 .\nthis species has been found to range up to 7 . 06 km from its roost when foraging at night . most roosts are used for just a single day before the bat moves to a new roost site , and it can move large distances ( up to 5 . 88 km ) between consecutive roost sites .\nthis microbat species has a scattered distribution mostly within the murray - darling basin , but with some records outside of this area . it is more common in box , ironbark and cypress pine woodland on the western slopes and plains . its stronghold seems to be the pilliga scrub . it roosts in tree hollows , crevices and under loose bark . it is a slow flying agile bat that hunts for non - flying prey , especially caterpillars and beetles ( oeh 2012 ) .\nimpacts to hibernacula : gates or other structures intended to exclude people from caves and mines not only restrict bat flight and movement , but also change airflow and internal cave and mine microclimates . a change of even a few degrees can make a cave unsuitable for hibernating bats . also , cave - dwelling bats are vulnerable to human disturbance while hibernating . arousal during hibernation causes bats to use up their already reduced energy stores , which may lead to individuals not surviving the winter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medell\u00edn , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )\njustification : this species is listed as least concern . although it is known only from a few localities in new guinea , the species is widespread in australia , does not appear to have any major threats , and there is no reason to believe the species is in decline .\nthis species has been recorded from northern australia and the island of new guinea ( papua province , indonesia and papua new guinea ) . in australia it is present in north western australia , north northern territory , coastal queensland , and north - east new south wales . on new guinea , it has only been recorded from a few widely scattered localities . it ranges from sea level to 500 m asl in queensland ( l . hall pers . comm . ) , but probably occurs 0 - 400 m asl elsewhere .\nin queensland it is common and widespread , and in the west of the range it is common but localised ( n . mckenzie pers . comm . ) . in new guinea , it is known only from a few specimens .\nthis species forages for insects in rainforest and sclerophyll woodland , and it is often associated with waterbodies in these habitats ( bonaccorso 1998 ; parnaby and churchill 2008 ) . in the kimberley and pilbara , it is found in rainforest and riparian zones ( n . mckenzie pers . comm . ) . animals roost communally in hollow tress , dense foliage , or in houses . females often give birth to twins ( parnaby and churchill 2008 ) .\nin general there appear to be no major threats to this species . however , they require a range of available roosting sites for survival ( parnaby and churchill 2008 ) . the status of populations on new guinea needs further investigation ( bonaccorso 1998 ) . riparian zones are being degraded throughout australia , which may pose local threats ( n . mckenzie pers . comm . ) .\nit is present in many protected areas in northern australia and has been recorded from the kau wildlife area in papua new guinea . further studies are needed into the distribution , status , and threats to this species on new guinea . additional taxonomic research is also needed .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe areas shown in pink and / purple are the sub - regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur . they may not occur thoughout the sub - region but may be restricted to certain areas . ( click here to see geographic restrictions ) . the information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions .\nlowland subtropical rainforest and wet and swamp eucalypt forest , extending into adjacent moist eucalypt forest .\nroosts in tree hollows , the hanging foliage of palms , in dense clumps of foliage of rainforest trees , under bark and in shallow depressions on trunks and branches , among epiphytes , in the roots of strangler figs , among dead fronds of tree ferns and less often in buildings .\nclick on a region below to view detailed distribution , habitat and vegetation information .\nclearing , fragmentation and isolation of lowland subtropical rainforest , wet and swamp eucalypt forest and coastal scrub , particularly forest and scrub close to the coast , for agricultural , residential and other development .\nloss of hollow - bearing trees and stands of palms and rainforest trees used for roosting and maternity sites .\na targeted strategy for managing this species has been developed under the saving our species program ; click here for details . for more information on the saving our species program click here\nassist with removal of weeds , particularly with bitou bush control in coastal areas .\nprotect known and potential habitat , particularly low elevation rainforest and coastal scrub from clearing , fragmentation and isolation .\nchurchill , s . ( 1998 ) australian bats . new holland , sydney .\nchurchill , s . ( 2008 ) australian bats . second edition . new holland , sydney .\nnsw national parks and wildlife service ( 2002 ) threatened species of the upper north coast of nsw : fauna . ( nsw npws , coffs harbour )\nclose the former department of environment and heritage protection is merging to form the new department of environment and science . this site will be updated while the new department of environment and science website is being established .\nconservation status : this species is listed as vulnerable in queensland ( nature conservation act 1992 ) and nationally ( environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ) . it is ranked as a medium priority under the department of environment and heritage protection back on track species prioritisation framework .\nin queensland its preferred habitat is eucalypt woodland , although it has also been recorded from rainforest with hoop pines in the bunya mountains , and in semi evergreen vine thickets on the banks of the dawson river . it is most abundant in vegetation with a distinct canopy and a dense cluttered shrub layer .\nin queensland , pregnant and lactating females have been trapped in november . these females are believed to roost in groups in larger tree hollows .\ncurtis , l , dennis , a , mcdonald , kr , kyne , pm and debus , sjs . 2012 . queensland\u2019s threatened animals . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria .\ndepartment of the environment and energy ( doee ) 2017 . nyctophilus corbeni in species profile and threats database , doee , canberra .\nduncan , a , baker , gb and montgomery , n ( eds . ) 1999 the action plan for australian bats . environment australia , canberra .\nchurchhill , s 2009 australian bats ( second edition ) . allen and unwin , sydney .\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened bats . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 1\n( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .\ntrees with hollows . north east nsw . natural resource management advisory series : note 1 ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2004g ) [ information sheet ] .\nenhancing biodiversity hotspots along western queensland stock routes ( queensland department of environment and resource management ( qld derm ) , 2009a ) [ management plan ] .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthreats to the species include habitat loss and fragmentation , fire and reduction of hollow availability .\nfor the most current information relating to the species and to assist with regulatory considerations , refer to its conservation advice . recent research has also been undertaken ( law et al . 2016 ) .\ndewha ( 2007 ) . loss of terrestrial climatic habitat caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases . available from : urltoken .\nduncan , a . , g . b . baker & n . montgomery ( 1999 ) . the action plan for australian bats . canberra : environment australia . available from : urltoken .\nlumsden , l . & a . bennett ( 2000 ) . bats in rural landscapes : a significant but largely unknown faunal component . t . barlow & r . thorburn , eds . bushcare grassy landscapes conference . page ( s ) 42 - 50 . canberra : environment australia , biodiversity group .\nmcfarland , d . , m . venz & t . reis ( 1999 ) . priority species summaries . an attachment to the report : terrestrial vertebrate fauna of the brigalow belt south bioregion : assessment and analysis for conservation planning . brisbane : biodiversity planning , environmental protection agency .\nvan dyck , s . & r . strahan ( 2008 ) . the mammals of australia , third edition . page ( s ) 880 . sydney : reed new holland .\nvenz , m . , m . mathieson & m . schulz ( 2002 ) . fauna of the lower dawson river floodplain - an assessment of fauna downstream of the proposed nathan dam . in : forest ecosystem research and assessment . forest ecosystem research and assessment , indooroopilly : queensland parks and wildlife service .\naustralian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2001h ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 29 / 03 / 2001 ) . f2005b02658 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 04 - apr - 2001 .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2011e ) . amendment to the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 119 ) ( 01 / 08 / 2011 ) . f2011l01660 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 17 - aug - 2011 .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . nyctophilus corbeni in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 49 : 45 + 1000 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nbhatti , j . s . 1978 ,\na revision of karny ' s species of anaphothrips of the oriental region ( thysanoptera : thripidae )\n, senckenbergiana biologica , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 27\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2bfe1f0f - 0730 - 4472 - a625 - 64e3d128fa75\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3a276fcf - 77d3 - 4e83 - 8772 - 3f393ba5b49e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6c1e9fe6 - aaa9 - 43ec - 851d - 65adbe0e4da6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : efe63af5 - 89a6 - 4d09 - 90b8 - 205a9407cab8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 330649\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe midwest region includes illinois , indiana , iowa , michigan , minnesota , missouri , ohio and wisconsin . find a location near you\nreproduction : breeding begins in late summer or early fall when males begin to swarm near hibernacula . after copulation , females store sperm during hibernation until spring . in spring , they emerge from their hibernacula , ovulate and the stored sperm fertilizes an egg . this strategy is called delayed fertilization .\ndisease management : actions have been taken to try to reduce or slow the spread of white - nose syndrome through human transmission of the fungus into caves ( e . g . cave and mine closures and advisories ; national decontamination protocols ) . a national plan was prepared by the service and other state and federal agencies that details actions needed to investigate and manage white - nose syndrome . many state and federal agencies , universities and non - governmental organizations are researching this disease to try to control its spread and address its affect . see urltoken for more .\nhibernacula protection : many federal and state natural resource agencies and conservation organizations have protected caves and mines that are important hibernacula for cave - dwelling bats .\ndo not disturb hibernating bats : to protect bats and their habitats , comply with all cave and mine closures , advisories , and regulations . in areas without a cave and mine closure policy , follow approved decontamination protocols ( see urltoken ) - under no circumstances should clothing , footwear , or equipment that was used in a white - nose syndrome affected state or region be used in unaffected states or regions .\njoin and volunteer : join a conservation group ; many have local chapters . volunteer at a local nature center , zoo , or national wildlife refuge . many state natural resource agencies benefit greatly from citizen involvement in monitoring wildlife . check your state agency websites and get involved in citizen science efforts in your area .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nthey like to live in wetter areas that include rainforest , monsoon forest , riparian forest , swamps and mangroves . they roost under peeling bark , hollows and in depressions on tree trunks in colonies of no more than 10 individuals .\ntwin young are born in october . a mother bats is able to carry the twins until their collective weight nearly equals her own .\nhawks , owls , pythons and feral cats . loss of trees , land clearing and wildfires\nsources : churchill , s . ( 2008 ) australian bats ( 2nd edition ) . allen and unwin , sydney . hall , l . ( 2009 ) bats , a wild australia guide . steve parish publishing , queensland . atlas of living australia\n\u00a9 2018 burnett mary regional group . all rights reserved . website disclaimer site developed by peekdesigns"]}
{"id": 1207, "summary": [{"text": "the southern tamandua ( tamandua tetradactyla ) , also called the collared anteater or lesser anteater , is a species of anteater from south america .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is a solitary animal , found in many habitats from mature to highly disturbed secondary forests and arid savannas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it feeds on ants , termites , and bees .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "its very strong fore claws can be used to break insect nests or to defend itself . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "southern tamandua", "paragraphs": ["habitat southern tamanduas can be found in south america . subspecies there are four subspecies of the southern tamandua : tamandua tetradactyla nigra tamandua tetradactyla quichua tamandua tetradactyla straminea tamandua tetradactyla tetradactyla interesting facts the southern tamandua is also known as : collard anteater lesser anteater similar animals silky anteater giant anteater northern tamandua\nthe southern tamandua hardly makes sounds unless it is threatened or indulges in a fight .\nthe southern tamandua has a 40 cm long tongue but doesn ' t possess any teeth .\nthe southern tamandua has a 40 cm long tongue but doesnt possess any teeth .\nbesides the above - mentioned subspecies , the southern tamandua has a northern relative called northern tamandua that occupies the areas of southern mexico , central america and the northern andes . its scientific name is tamandua mexicana and thus belongs to the same genus as the southern tamandua . regarding their appearance , the southern and northern tamandua are quite similar except for the distinction of the edges of the vests that appears to be sharply distinct in the northern tamaduas but somewhat blurry in its southern counterpart .\nplease work with the tamandua ssp studbook keeper first for captive bred tamandua acquisition .\nleast concern : the southern tamandua is common or abundant and is likely to survive in the wild .\nthe southern tamandua feeds mainly on ants and termites and spends almost 60 % of their time in trees .\nsometimes sustainability requires a shift in perspective among zookeepers , as it did with efforts related to the southern tamandua .\nthe southern tamandua has a long prehensile tail that is used almost like a fifth limb during standing and climbing trees .\nalso known as lesser anteater , the southern tamandua has a 40 cm long tongue but doesn ' t possess any teeth .\nthe species of southern tamandua locates its prey with the help of smell as it has very poor eyesight but extremely sensitive nose .\nthe tamandua ( lesser anteater ) is native to south america east of the andes and south to southern brazil , northern argentina and uruguay .\ntamandua mexicana ranges from southern mexico in the north of its range , through central america as far south as northwestern peru and northwestern venezuela .\ndespite the poor vision and hearing , the southern tamandua has a highly - developed sense of smell , allowing the animal to find food .\ntamandua tetradactyla straminea this anteater was first identified in 1889 and its location mainly includes the southern part of brazil , argentina , bolivia and paraguay .\ncarely , alan . tamandua anteater . ( tamandua anteater ( tamandua mexicana ) . n . d . photograph . pr science , belize . web . 27 may 2013 . < urltoken > .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\na tamandua tale - the tamandua forages both on the ground and in the trees , using its prehensile tail to aid in gripping branches .\nthe northern and southern tamandua anteaters are relatively the same , but located in different regions of the world . the northern tamandua can be found throughout tropical regions of central america , whereas the southern tamandua can be found in south america . these anteaters are often called the \u201clesser anteater , \u201d or \u201ccollared anteater , \u201d due to its strong black markings from the shoulder to its rump . the portions of the tamandua\u2019s body that aren\u2019t covered by this trademark vest can be colorations including black , brown or blonde .\nnative to south america , the southern tamandua is a species of anteater that is mostly seen in forests and grasslands . the word \u2018tamandua\u2019 roughly translates into \u2018insect eater\u2019 which hints at the primary diet of this animal . it is medium sized and smaller than its closest relative , the giant anteater , due to which it is nicknamed as lesser anteater . the southern tamandua is also known as collared anteater in some places and is found in large numbers in venezuela , trinidad , northern argentina , uruguay and southern brazil at elevations up to 2000 meters .\nstandard chain - link has been used with adult tamandua , but should not be used for any newborn / juvenile tamandua as the holes are too large . newborn tamandua can fit through the links and juveniles may get limbs stuck .\nsouthern tamanduas move their extremely sticky tongue as fast as 150 times per minute , ingesting larvae and cocoons .\nwhich is found in the temperate rainforests and grasslands of central and south america and are considerably larger than the southern tamandua . additionally , the silky anteater of the genus cyclopes is another species of anteaters that has a close relation with the southern tamandua . it is arboreal in nature and is the smallest of all anteaters with a body that is almost equal to the size of an adult squirrel .\na tamandua baby uses its claws to hold onto its mother ' s back .\nthe northern tamandua inhabits many different habitats , from deciduous and evergreen forest to mangroves and swamps . they are found in the forests from southern mexico , through central america to northern venezuela and northern peru .\naccording to iucn , the southern tamandua is relatively common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available . currently , this species is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list .\nthis anteater is endemic to south america , occurring from venezuela and trinidad to northern argentina , southern brazil , and uruguay . the preferred habitats of the southern tamandua are both wet and dry forests such as tropical rainforest , savanna , and thorn scrub . this animal is most often found in areas near streams and rivers , dominated by vines and epiphytes .\ntamandua mexicana are solitary mammals and have a strong odor . the odor signals the tamandua\u2019s presence which sends animals retreating in the opposite direction . when they are attacked the tamandua hisses at the predator and releases an odor from a gland at the base of its tail .\nthe two anteaters of the genus tamandua , the southern tamandua ( t . tetradactyla ) and the northern tamandua ( t . mexicana ) , are much smaller than the giant anteater , only about 3 feet ( 90 cm ) long . the usual color is yellowish white , with a broad black lateral band , covering nearly the whole of the side of the body . each anteater has short hair .\nthe tamandua can be held by the tail if needed , a harness is not really necessary .\nharrold , andria .\nanimal diversity web .\ntamandua mexicana , northern tamandua . university of michigan museum of zoology , 22 may , 2013 . web . 27 may 2013 . < urltoken > .\nunknown , .\ninaturalist . org .\nnorthern tamandua ( tamandua mexicana ) . catalogue of life - 2012 annual checklist , n . d . web . 27 may 2013 . < urltoken > .\nthe exact number of southern tamanduas that resides in the wild habitats of south america is not known but this species is listed in the category of least concern on the iucn\u2019s red list of threatened species . although they are widespread , southern tamanduas are pretty uncommon and are not found anywhere else except the wild forests of south america .\n, beginning with a pair of northern tamanduas in 1932 . we have had one tamandua birth , in 1998 .\none tamandua ' s stomach was found to contain more than 1 pound ( 0 . 45 kilograms ) of ants .\nthe tamandua inhabits a wide variety of habitats , from dry forest and tropical rainforest , to savannah and thorn scrub .\nfor an indoor tamandua a cat tree would be good . mine does enjoy the cat condo from time to time .\nthe southern tamandua is an insectivore , the diet of this species mainly consists of ant and termites , supplemented with honey and bees . individuals in captivity may consume fruit and meat . meanwhile , these animals generally avoid feeding on army ants and leaf - eating ants , which are equipped with strong chemical defenses .\nthe tamandua ' s powerful forearms and claws can also be used for defense . if it feels threatened while in a tree , the tamandua holds onto a branch with its hind feet and tail so its arms and long claws are free to fight .\nthe oldest fossil records of southern tamandua date back to the pleistocene epoch of south america . their genetic evidence hints that the present form of the tamanduas may have evolved from their larger relative , the giant anteater , from which they might have diverged almost 12 . 9 million years ago at the end of the miocene period .\nnorthern tamandua populations are not currently considered at risk . however , populations throughout most of their range may be impacted by habitat destruction .\nthe names longicaudata , nigra , opisthomelas , and tamandua , cannot be assigned to subspecies with certainty because their type localities are too general .\nboxes and cardboard tubes can be stuffed with paper ( newspaper , tissue , shredded ) for tamandua to tear apart to forage for worms .\nthis anteater lacks teeth . however , it possesses a very long , cylindrical tongue of 40 cm , which helps the tamandua when feeding .\nbrown , danielle .\nfruit - eating an obligate insectivore : palm fruit consumption in wild northern tamandua ( tamandua mexicana ) in panama .\nanteater , sloth , and armadillo specialist group . 12 . ( 2011 ) : 63 - 65 . web . 29 may . 2013 .\nreferences 1 . formulating diets for tamandua , a . ward , s . crissy , k . cassaro , e . frank 2 . nutrition of the tamandua , s oyarzun , g . crawshaw , and e . valdes 3 . health survey , s . morford and m . meyers .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - collared anteater ( tamandua tetradactyla )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - collared anteater ( tamandua tetradactyla )\ntitle =\narkive species - collared anteater ( tamandua tetradactyla )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nseveral potential predators\u2014jaguars and smaller cats like the margay\u2014would love to make a meal out of a tamandua if it weren ' t so stinky ! the bad smell lets other animals know where the tamandua is and usually sends them in the opposite direction . if a predator does get too close , the tamandua may hiss and then release a very unpleasant odor , similar to a skunk ' s , from a gland at the base of its tail .\nrecently there are two subspecies available and evidence suggests they are actually two different species . the dark black vested from paraguay and the light to non vested ones from guyana . tamandua tetradactyla longicaudata ( tamandua longicaudata ) is the kind i have and they are of the blond variety with no vest . the ones from paraguay are shunned by all longicaudata . the long tailed actually do have longer tails and longer noses as reported by one facility that has a large number of each and checked . this very much indicates the long tails ( blonds ) as very much tamandua longicaudata and not tamandua tetradactyla .\nalso called the lesser anteater , the tamandua uses its long snout to sniff out ant , termite and bee colonies . long claws enable it to dig into nests , and a long sticky tongue licks up the insects . a single tamandua can eat up to 9 , 000 ants in a single day !\nreid park zoo has been very successful using tamanduas as animal ambassadors and for breeding . a tamandua and her pup can be trained to do presentations together .\nthe southern tamandua has no teeth but has a disproportionately long snout along with a rounded tongue . they can stick out their narrow tongue up to a length of 40 cm . the entire length of the tongue is coated with a pasty , sticky saliva and is covered with tiny posteriorly directed spines . this anteater has five fingers out of which three have large claws that can be as long as 16 inches .\ntamandua females carry , protect , and nurse their young until they are weaned . young tamanduas also remain with their mother until they have reached about one year old .\nwhen they eat , they noisily rip and tear insect nests and rotten wood apart . at night , sounds of tearing wood will often lead to a northern tamandua .\nsouthern tamanduas are pale yellow and look like they are wearing a black vest around the shoulders , chest , sides , and lower back . they weigh 6 . 5 to 15 pounds and their bodies are 18 . 5 to 30 inches long , with a tail nearly as long as the body . the tamandua\u2019s tail is prehensile , like the prehensile - tailed porcupine and the black howler monkey . a prehensile tail serves as another arm , allowing the animal to grasp branches with it . the tamandua has a long snout , though not as long as that of the giant anteater .\n\u201cthey are such stellar ambassadors , they are often taken out to classrooms , \u201d said harrison edell the senior director of living collections at the dallas zoo in dallas , texas and the ciconiiformes and phoenicopteriformes tag chair and southern tamandua ssp coordinator . when two thirds of the population were comprised of solo animals for educational outreach , with only one third having the opportunity to breed , edell encouraged colleagues to change their approach .\ntamandua tetradactyla nigra identified in 1803 by the french naturalist geoffroy , this subspecies is widely distributed in colombia , venezuela , trinidad and the regions of guiana and northern brazil .\ntamandua tetradactyla quiche the t . t . quiche was first identified in 1927 by a british zoologist and is found in extreme western parts of brazil , peru and ecuador .\ntamandua mexicana lack teeth , as a result , their stomach is divided into portions . similar to birds , their stomach has a muscular gizzard to break down the food .\nunknown , .\nsan diego zoo : zoonooz .\nmammals : tamandua or lesser anteater . san diego zoo . web . 27 may 2013 . < urltoken > .\nto cite this page : harrold , a . 2007 .\ntamandua mexicana\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nif a predator gets too close , a tamandua may hiss and then release a very unpleasant odor from a gland at the base of its tail , similar to a skunk\u2019s .\nat the san diego zoo and san diego zoo safari park , the tamandua is fed a high - protein powder mixed with water , as well as honey and fruit as treats .\nsouthern tamanduas can be found in south america . they like to live in thorn scrub , dry forest and rain forest areas . near a river or stream is where they would most likely be found . they are great climbers , so they live in places with trees .\nsouthern tamanduas are between 21 and 31 . 5 inches ( 53 . 5 to 80 centimeters ) in length , with an additional 15 to 23 inch ( 40 to 59 millimeters ) long prehensile tail . this species typically weighs around 10 pounds ( 4 . 5 kilograms ) .\nthe tamandua mexicana\u2019s specialized mouth and tongue allow them to eat ants and termites . since they live an arboreal lifestyle they detect their prey by scent . the nests of ants and termites are ripped open with their powerful claws . tamandua\u2019s have developed away to detect ants that produce chemical toxins , like the leaf cutter ants . they also have the ability to distinguish a termite\u2019s rank in their colony . \u201cthey will not eat soldiers of certain noxious termites , but will search out defenseless workers and eat them\u201d ( harrold ) . the tamandua can eat up to 9 , 000 ants a day !\na menace to ants and termites of south america , the southern tamandua is a creature of both land and trees that survives by eating over 9000 insects every day . with its long snout that hides even a longer cylindrical tongue covered in gooey and sticky saliva , this anteater gobbles up insects by breaking open their nests both in trees and on land . besides the unusual diet , its appearance is quite peculiar as the black fur on its body makes this anteater look like wearing a vest from a distance .\na tamandua ' s prehensile tail comes in handy for spending time in the trees . the underside and end of the tail is hairless , and the tail is used like an extra hand or foot while climbing . a tamandua also uses the tail for balance or like a tripod when needing to stand upright to slash out with the sharp , curved claws . the thick tail also makes a great pillow when sleeping !\ntamandua tetradactyla is found to the east of the andes from colombia , venezuela , trinidad island , and the guianas ( french guiana , guyana , and suriname ) , south to northern uruguay and northern argentina .\nthere are four kinds of anteaters found in the wild , but the species that is most suitable for the adventurous souls willing to invite one into their homes is tamandua tetradactyla , which goes by the common names of southern anteater , the lesser anteater , or the collared anteater . this south american insect eater is 13 to 35 inches long , plus the tail , which can extend another 15 to 26 inches . the creature weight 3 . 3 to 18 . 5 pounds , with considerable variation depending on where the specimen originates .\na type of anteater , the tamandua ( pronounced tuh man doo wah ) is often called a lesser anteater because it is much smaller than its relative , the giant anteater . this interesting animal is at home both in trees and on the ground . the tamandua is most active at night , often nesting during the day in hollow tree trunks . it has small eyes and poor vision but can hear and smell quite well .\ncurrently , there are no notable threats to the population of this species . however , southern tamanduas suffer from pet trade . in addition , they are predated by domestic dogs . on the other hand , wildfires , road traffic as well as degradation and loss of their natural habitat can pose a threat to specific populations .\nthe tamandua mexicana keep the ant and termite populations under control . this is important for humans because it decreases the ant and termite damage on crops . this is significant in order to produce abundant and healthy crop products .\nwhere can i buy a tamandua anteater , and also do you know if they are legal in australia , melbourne , but i really want to know the first question actually , yeah . well i hope you answer this\nrecent studies on the habitat choice of the southern tamanduas revealed that they either choose to live in forest edges or forested habitats regardless of the landscape or topography with the open grasslands being their least preferred choice . the average size of their territory ranges from 350 to 400 hectares . foraging is carried out in the open areas whereas they spend a major portion of their time in trees . in fact , it has been found that the southern tamanduas spend 60 % of their entire time either foraging in trees or resting among branches . they usually find shelter in hollow trees and in the absence of proper tree hollows , they might also use abandoned ground holes as shelters .\nan adaptable species , southern tamanduas can be found in forests , savannas , tropical rainforests , scrub forests , and mangroves , but most commonly occur near streams and rivers . they have been documented at elevations reaching 6 , 500 feet ( 2 , 000 meters ) . when they are not active , tamanduas commonly shelter in tree hollows .\nthe adult tamandua\u2019s body length is between 13 and 35 inches ( 33 - 88 cm ) ; with a prehensile tail , which means it can grasp things , of about 15 to 26 inches ( 38 - 66 cm ) ; and it weighs between 3 - 18 pounds ( 1 . 5 - 18 . 5 kg ) . the tamandua anteater is mainly nocturnal , but actively hunts for bees , termites , and ants to eat when it is awake .\nthey also must be wormed soon as you get them . due to their lack of stomach acid they are very prone to intestinal parasites and stress causes them to come out a proliferate . tamandua often die from internal parasites , especially\nfor an indoor tamandua a cat tree would be good . mine does enjoy the cat condo from time to time . i would advise it not being allowed much unsupervised access as fiber can come loose from clawing and be hazardous .\ntamandua mexicana has no defined breeding season . however , it is commonly observed that the male finds a mate in the fall and the female gives birth to one offspring in the spring . the females\u2019 gestations period lasts from 130 - 190 days . the young tamandua initially stays in the shelter of a hollow tree , but later clings and is carried on their mothers back . the young stay with their mother until one year of age before entering life on their own .\nsouthern tamanduas have short dense fur . their coat color varies depending on where they live . in the south , they have bold dark markings over their shoulders and back , while the rest of their bodies range from brown to blond . in the north and west , they may have lighter markings or be a solid color\u2014black , brown or blond\u2014and have no markings .\nif one wants to feed a formulated food . i know of a reportedly 22 year old tamandua who was fed termants bu mazuri his whole life . it still uses a lot of corn products but obviously manages to meet their needs quite well .\ntamandua tetradactyla is found in south america east of the andes from columbia , venezuela , trinidad , and the guianas , south to uruguay and n argentina . its habitats consist of wet and dry forests , including tropical rainforest , savanna , and thorn scrub .\nburton , andrew , and gerardo ceballos .\nnorthern - most record of the collard anteater ( tamandua mexicana ) from the pacific slope of mexico .\ninstituto de ecologia , universidad nacional autonma de mexico . 10 . ( 2006 ) : 67 - 70 . print .\nan aza listserv has been created for those interested in tamanduas , which may prove a useful tool in sharing husbandry notes . to post to this list , you may send email to : tamandua @ lists . aza . org ; general information about the mailing list is available at\nthe tamandua tetradactyla inhabits the forested regions of south america , including venezuela , northern argentina , trinidad and the eastern part of the andes . their habitat varies from dry grasslands to temperate rainforests , thorn shrubs and savannas . they are found commonly near rivers and streams with many vines .\nhealthy tamanduas are thought to have a captive lifespan of about 9 - 11yrs . tamandua mexican has a lifespan of 16 so tamandua tetradactyla could well be similar with real quality care as the info on life span is limited and based on cases before care and diet were improved with studies . their normal temp is about 93 . 6f give or take a little . tamanduas generally respond well to canine medications when needed . try to find a good vet that can get inflo from a zoo vet . there are some medicinces like certain antibiotics that should not be given .\ntamanduas are highly beneficial for people in the amazon , who use them to clear their homes from insects such as ants and termites that are primary prey species of these animals . moreover , many local zoo and safari parks offer their visitors to purchase a tamandua for the above mentioned reason .\na good dealer will make sure yours is healthy and eating before you get it but you need to be prepared . some remain picky . it could be a few days after arrival before a tamandua will first eat in a new home so you don ' t need to panic right away .\nas the southern tamanduas are not seen commonly around human settlements they are not depicted in cultural human societies as the giant anteater is , which is terrestrial by nature and seen more frequently than the tamanduas . however , tamanduas often get killed by hunters for their thick tendons present in their tail which is used in making rope . besides this , some amazonian indians capture tamanduas and take them to their homes in order to rid themselves from ants and termites .\nthe first southern tamandua maintained in a north american collection was an individual ( of unknown sex ) imported in 1883 ; the animal was housed at the philadelphia zoo . longevity data indicate that the species may live as long as 20 + years . the oldest living animals are a female at houston zoo ( studbook # 243 , at 11 . 7 years of age ) and a male at sacramento zoo ( studbook # 181 , at 18 . 0 years of age ) . the oldest female to breed did so at an age of 10 . 6 years , while the oldest male was 18 . 3 years of age at estimated conception . despite a maximum longevity of 19 . 18 years ( over the last decade ) , median life expectancy is much lower .\na powerful sense of smell helps the animal find a food source , like a termite mound . the tamandua feeds only a short time at each ant nest or termite mound so it won ' t get many bites . this also helps ensure there are plenty of snacks at the same location the next time !\n) . head and body length ranges from 470 to 770 mm and tail length from 402 to 672 mm . northern tamanduas are fawn to brownish colored and have a distinct , black\nv\ngoing down their backs . one of their names , vested anteaters , is derived from this\nv\nas it makes the anteater appear to be wearing a vest . northern tamanduas always have this vivid , black\nvest\non their trunk that continues from the shoulders to the rump . southern tamanduas , northern tamandua ' s closest relative , only has this\nv\nin some specimens from the southeastern portion of their range , the part of their range which is farthest from the range of northern tamanduas . sometimes the two species can only be distinguished by characters of the skull .\nthus , the tamandua is primarily kept as an ambassador species because is a good example of an animal whose future is strongly depending on the attitude of humans towards its natural environment , and for educational reasons as a good example for a unique life form . it thus contributes to a better understanding of the very particular and endemic fauna of south america .\nthey are good swimmers and like water so a child ' s wading pool on warm days might be good . some have liked soaking in warm water but most tamandua do not seem to like water that much . not all enjoy getting in water pua loves going to the river but usually avoids getting wet but if heated up she has waded in and even swims but it has to be just right .\nthe primary way of communication among the tamanduas is through smell . their anal glands produce a special secretion that has a very strong distasteful smell . they use this secretion to mark trees , paths or any conspicuous object and also to advertise their presence , status and sexual condition to the opposite sex . sometimes they use this stench for marking their territorial boundary . the southern tamanduas are very quiet animals and make sounds only during fights which can be heard in the form of snorts , hisses , roars and sniffs . on the other hand , during the postnatal care , the young tamanduas often make a high - pitched grunting noise to communicate with their mother .\nkeepers say the tamanduas can tell the different ant species apart by their smell , and they only like to eat certain types ! tamanduas like to climb , too ( especially palm trees ) , so while out on a walk or meeting guests , keepers have to keep their tamandua from getting too close to any trees . otherwise , our animal ambassador just might grab onto a branch with those mighty forearms , and it would be tough to convince him or her to let go !\na specialized mouth and tongue let tamanduas eat up to 9 , 000 ants in a single day ! tamanduas don ' t have teeth to chew their food ; instead , their stomach grinds the food after it is swallowed . a 16 - inch - long ( 41 centimeters ) sticky tongue with small barbs on it is just right for stealing ants and termites from their home . the tamandua ' s mouth is only as round as a pencil , but it can also lick up honey and soft , juicy fruits .\nwhile some anteaters can be gluttons and highly food motivated some are hard to get eating when newly acquired . they usually love the flavor of milk so a kitten milk replacer can be used for flavor short term . milk replacer should not be used long term . there is too much retinol in it . if used it should be temporary to wean them onto a healthy food mix . i have recently been told many tamandua in asian zoos are dying young from retinol toxicity . do not use long term . try to keep any use in adults to under a month .\nfemales give birth to one young at a time . rarely twins are born but the mother tamandua can not care for more than one young at a time in the wild so one is rejected . in the case of twins at least one young should be removed and bottled and the other watched closely . rarely twins have been left with mom and survived with supplemental feeding of both but this would never happen in the wild and it ' s more common for mom to reject one or even both so it is risky to try leaving both with mom . it ' s a tricky decision since mom ' s milk is best . the first 3 weeks the most touchy for bottle raising .\nthe tamandua , sometimes referred to as the ant bear , is a medium sized anteater . they weight about 7 - 19 pounds . my experience is healthy adults average on the larger size over 10 pounds . they are about 2 feet long not counting the tail . the tail is roughly another 2 feet in length and is prehensile . most are about the size of a large house cat or small dog . the standard coloring is tan with a black vest and is why they are often referred to as collard anteaters . however they also come in all blond , all black , all tan , gray and with faded vests when present . the color varies based on the region they live in the wild .\ngeneral info the tamandua , sometimes referred to as the ant bear , is a medium sized anteater . they weight about 7 - 19 pounds and are about 2 feet long not counting the tail . the tail is roughly another foot in length and is prehensile . most are about the size of a large house cat or small dog . the standard coloring is tan with a black vest and is why they are often referred to as collard anteaters . however they also come in all blond , all black , all tan , gray and with faded vests when present . the color varies based on the region they live in the wild . the actual collared anteaters are hard to find now and most in captivity are non - vested or only partly vested .\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerica meridionali ;\nrestricted to brazil , pernambuco , pernambuco ( = recife ) , by thomas ( 1911 a ) .\nsouth america east of the andes from colombia , venezuela , trinidad , and the guianas , south to uruguay and n argentina .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , its occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nis found to the east of the andes from colombia , venezuela , trinidad island , and the guianas ( french guiana , guyana , and suriname ) , south to northern uruguay and northern argentina . it ranges from sea level to 2 , 000 m asl ( emmons and feer 1990 ) .\nit mainly feeds on ants and termites , but also attacks bees nests to eat honey ( emmons and feer 1990 ) . the female gives birth to a single young once per year ( silveira 1968 ) .\nis sometimes ( inappropriately ) used as a pet species or consumed . the skin is sometimes used to make leather products . tamanduas that are found in the wild are donated or sold to private persons or zoos , and may be involved in animal traffic .\n2008 , d . a . meritt jr . pers . comm . 2010 ) . habitat loss and degradation , wildfires , and road traffic represent a threat in some areas . in uruguay ,\nare needed to investigate population densities and dynamics in different parts of its range . studbooks for captive tamanduas exist in some range countries ( brazil : projeto tamandu\u00e1 ; international : alpza ) , and a population management plan has been established in aza zoos .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nas its name suggests , the collared anteater usually eats ants and termites , but it will also attack bees nests to get the honey .\nthe collared anteater has no teeth , but has an impressive 40cm long , cylindrical tongue .\na semi - arboreal species , the collared anteater has a prehensile tail which it uses as a 5th limb when climbing .\nwith poor eyesight and hearing , the collared anteater locates food using its good sense of smell .\ninformation on the collared anteater is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ntoday ' s hours : 8 a . m . to 7 p . m . last admittance 6 p . m .\nhead to freedom plaza for the fast & the fierce 5k and fun run . then , make your way to the zoo for an after - party on the great meadow !\nshow the animal lover in your life how big your heart is with the gift that supports animal care and conservation .\nsplash into fun with nature cubs summer preschool classes ! attend the beach buddies series starting july 10 , or pick a weekend class about elephants , monkeys , pandas and other zoo favorites .\ntamanduas are arboreal relatives of anteaters , whom they resemble . native to south america , they can live in a variety of habitats , eating mainly social insects such as ants , termites and bees .\ntamanduas , and all anteaters , belong to the suborder vermilingua , which literally means\nworm - tongue ,\ndescribing their famous long tongues .\nthe underside of their tails is fur - less ; this allows them to grip tree branches more securely as they move through the trees .\nthey have large claws , resembling those on the feet of their relative , the giant anteater .\ntamanduas are found throughout much of south america : throughout all of guyana , trinidad and tobago , suirname , french guiana , brazil , and paraguay . this species also inhabits parts of uruguay , argentina , bolivia , peru , ecuador , colombia and venezuela .\ntamanduas hiss and emit an unpleasant odor from their anal glands when threatened or disturbed . they can also defend themselves using their impressive claws and strong forelimbs . if a predator attacks them in a tree , tamanduas stand on their hind legs balancing themselves with their tail , and reach out with their claws and strong arms until the predator approaches . if threatened while on the ground , tamanduas lean against a tree or rock and use their forelimbs to grab potential predators .\nat the smithsonian ' s national zoo , tamanduas consume insects and a mash of insectivore diet .\ntamanduas typically mates in the fall , and female tamanduas are capable of having multiple estrus cycles throughout the breeding season . pregnancy lasts between 130 and 150 days , after which a single offspring is born . twin births can occur , but are uncommon . as with other species of anteater , mothers carry young tamanduas on their backs throughout the first months of life . young remain with their mother for about one year before reaching sexual maturity and heading off on their own .\nresearchers believe tamanduas are primarily nocturnal , but they have been observed being active during the daytime as well . whenever they are awake , they are typically active for an eight - hour period , which they spend mainly looking for food . they move easily in and through trees , but are awkward on the ground . they have to walk on the outside of their feet to avoid puncturing themselves with their long , strong claws .\nin certain regions , tamanduas are hunted for their meat or skins , which can be made into leather products . they are also collected from their native habitats and sold as pets . other hazards include vehicular traffic and wildfires . like most species , tamanduas are also affected by habitat loss and degradation .\nbeautiful and engaging , red pandas are classified as endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species . there may be fewer than 2 , 500 adult red pandas living in the wild today .\nsmithsonian\u2019s national zoo & conservation biology institute 3001 connecticut ave . , nw washington , dc 20008\nin its central and south american forest and scrub habitat . it has thick , coarse fur that is light yellow , tan , brown , or gray . the kinky hair keeps angry ants from reaching the animal\u2019s skin when dining at an anthill .\nmany also have a large , black band covering the sides of their body or a black\nv\ngoing down their back . the enormous front claws help tamanduas climb . they have four toes on the front feet , with an extra - long claw on the third toe . these long claws cause tamanduas to walk on the outside edges of their front feet so the claws don ' t dig into their feet ! the important claws are also used for defense and when digging for food .\none baby is born in early spring and is cared for by the mother only . the new baby does not resemble the parents very much , as its coat is a solid color , but its eyes are open , and it has those giant claws . the youngster spends the first part of its life on the mother ' s back ; she places her baby on a safe branch for a short time while she looks for food .\ncurrently , the san diego zoo has four tamanduas : three females , named lola , blanca , and jamaree ; and a male , named otis . jamaree is on exhibit in the children ' s zoo . the others live off exhibit but serve as animal ambassadors , meeting zoo and safari park guests up close during animal presentations and making appearances on television . you may see one out on a walk , looking for ants .\n, with stable populations . fortunately , tamanduas are able to adapt to a variety of habitats as needed .\nyou can help us bring other species back from the brink by supporting the san diego zoo global wildlife conservancy . together we can save and protect wildlife around the globe .\nat 91 degrees fahrenheit ( 33 degrees celsius ) , tamanduas have one of the lowest body temperatures of any active land mammal .\npeople living in the amazon sometimes use tamanduas to rid their homes of ants and termites .\na smelly scent gives tamanduas the nickname\nstinkers of the forest .\nthe animal can spray a foul - smelling secretion said to be four times more powerful than a skunk ' s !\ntropical rainforest , dry forest , savanna and thorn scrub , most common near streams and rivers .\nfor air transport , container note 75 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .\nalthough the tamanduas both are currently not listed as being in concrete danger they already suffer from loss of environment . very often they fall victim to their habit of intruding into human settlements where they are regarded as noisy and unwelcome visitors . further , they are hunted for the pelts or for the pet trade as they are considered as good pets ( which is definitely not the case ; partially due to their sometimes very aggressive nature against their keepers ) .\nthey perform their walking by supporting their body on the wrists in order to keep their claws in shape and avoiding thus to be hurt by their own claws . the toes of the hind legs are also elongated which provide an improved grip when climbing up on the trees . they have four short , but muscular feet . when they walk on the surface their long tail drags along rather than being held upright .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information"]}
{"id": 1208, "summary": [{"text": "heliozela ahenea is a moth of the heliozelidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walsingham in 1897 , and is found in the west indies .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 4 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brassy metallic without markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings and cilia are purplish grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "heliozela ahenea", "paragraphs": ["heliozela is genus of moths of the heliozelidae family . it was described by herrich - sch\u00e4ffer in 1853 .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nof the 1 , 557 species shown on the checklist for cuba , 45 % are found on the checklist for north america . matthew j . c . barnes ' list for jamaica contains 660 species of which an almost identical 44 . 1 % are found in north america . pierre zagatti ' s list for the french west indies contains 360 species of which 51 . 6 % are also found in north america . this higher percentage is probably due to the fact that zagatti does not list the micromoths . for puerto rico the preliminary checklist indicates that 422 of 994 species ( 42 . 5 % ) occur in north america .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 12 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1210, "summary": [{"text": "altica aenescens is a species of leaf beetle from the subfamily galerucinae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is distributed in northern and central europe , as far south as northern italy .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "parts of northern europe include belarus , belgium , finland , and sweden . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "altica aenescens", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for altica aenescens yet . learn how to contribute .\nfurth , david g . ( 1980 ) .\naltica of israel ( coleoptera : chrysomedlidae : alticinae )\n. israel journal of entomology , vol . xiv , pp . 56 .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n[ e . l . geoffroy ] , histoire abreg\u00e9e des insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de paris . dans laquelle ces animaux sont rang\u00e9s suivant un ordre m\u00e9thodique . tome premier , paris , 1762 , p . 244\u2013251 and p . 515 ( google )\nthis page was last edited on 4 may 2018 , at 03 : 16 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy ."]}
{"id": 1216, "summary": [{"text": "gilles de retz ( 1953 \u2013 1969 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic 2000 guineas in 1956 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning twice from five starts as a two-year-old , the colt disappointed on his three-year-old debut before recording a 50/1 upset victory in the guineas .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "although the feat was not officially recognised at the time , gilles de retz 's success made helen johnson houghton the first woman to train the winner of a british classic .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the colt failed to reproduce his best form in three subsequent efforts in 1956 and won once from four attempts as a four-year-old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud where he had little success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "gilles de retz ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["gilles de retz\nredirects here . for the racehorse , see gilles de retz ( horse ) .\nso far , there are no tournament results from gilles de retz xx are stored .\nmatei cazacu , gilles de rais , 2005 , p . 11 ; 23 - 25 .\ngilles de rais is featured as one of the antagonists in the 2011 anime fate / zero .\ngilles de rais is featured as a nephilim in the manga and anime series devils and realist .\nbataille , georges . the trial of gilles de rais . los angeles : amok , 1991 .\ngilles de rais is the pseudonym ( gilles de rais . . . child - murderer ) for ray ' s character in the episode titled\nlive and let dine\nin season 4 of the fx series , archer .\nbordonove , georges . gilles de rais . pygmalion . isbn 978 - 2 - 85704 - 694 - 3 .\nambroise ledru ,\ngilles de rais dit barbe - bleue , mar\u00e9chal de france . sa jeunesse , 1404 - 1424\n, l ' union historique et litt\u00e9raire du maine , vol . i , 1893 , pp . 270 - 284 ; matei cazacu , gilles de rais , 2005 , p . 11 .\ncebri\u00e1n , juan antonio . el mariscal de las tinieblas . la verdadera historia de barba azul . temas de hoy . isbn 978 - 84 - 8460 - 497 - 6 ( spanish ) .\nbataille , georges . the trial of gilles de rais . amok books . isbn 978 - 1 - 878923 - 02 - 8 .\nin 1987 , the spanish director agusti villaronga directed the film tras el cristal , with an original script based on the killings of gilles de rais .\ngilles de rais is mentioned in the crime novel revelation by c . j . sansom , whose case is cited as a historic precedent for serial killing\nlampo , hubert . le diable et la pucelle . 163 p . , presses universitaires du septentrion , 2002 , isbn 2 - 85939 - 765 - 5 . ( traduction fran\u00e7aise de de duivel en de maagd ) .\ngilles de montmorency - laval ( also known as gilles de rais ) ( prob . c . september 1405 \u2013 26 october 1440 ) , baron de rais , was a breton knight , a leader in the french army and a companion - in - arms of joan of arc . he is best known by his reputation and conviction as a prolific serial killer of children .\nhelen johnson houghton , who has died aged 102 , became the first woman to train a classic winner when she sent out gilles de retz to win the 2 , 000 guineas in 1956 ; her name did not , however , appear in the record books as the jockey club did not in those days recognise women trainers .\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i ' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\n, whose father and uncle were both major forces in british horse racing . he was sired by\ngilles de retz ( gb ) b . h , 1953 { 5 - g } dp = 22 - 6 - 7 - 1 - 6 ( 42 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 88 - 14 starts , 4 wins , 1 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 37 , 127 ( \u00a313 , 884 )\ncradle of filth ' s album godspeed on the devil ' s thunder is centered on the life of gilles de rais after joan of arc ' s burning .\ngilles de retz had been winter favourite for the race , but had run badly in the greenham stakes on heavy going , and went off in the guineas at 50 - 1 ( unbacked , it is said , by his trainer ) . \u201cthe greenham made me realise how far from being fit gilles de retz was , \u201d helen johnson houghton later explained . \u201che was very lazy and did nothing on the gallops . but he did a lot more when trotting up the hill from the village , so that\u2019s what we did with him to get him fit . \u201d although helen johnson houghton had trained the horse , he ran under the name of her assistant , charles jerdein , who later became an art dealer in new york \u2014 in her words , \u201cselling old masters to old mistresses\u201d .\nclassical scenes of farwell ,\na short - story by jim shepard , is told from the point of view of one of gilles de rais ' servants .\nbenedetti , jean ( 1971 ) .\ngilles de rais\n. new york : stein and day . isbn 978 - 0 - 8128 - 1450 - 7 .\nnye , robert . the life and death of my lord , gilles de rais . time warner books . isbn 978 - 0 - 349 - 10250 - 4 .\nla passion de gilles , opera ( french libretto ) , 1983 , music : philippe boesmans , libretto : pierre mertens based on his 1982 play ( same title ) .\nin may 1431 , joan of arc was burned at the stake ; gilles was not present . his grandfather died 15 november 1432 , and , in a public gesture to mark his displeasure with gilles ' reckless spending of a carefully amassed fortune , left his sword and his breastplate to gilles ' younger brother ren\u00e9 de la suze . [ 21 ]\nas a result of infirmities from old age . he is buried in the national stud ' s horse cemetery .\nthe protagonist durtal , from huysmans ' s l\u00e0 - bas ( 1891 ) , conducts intensive research into gilles de rais which forms the basis of many of the chapters in the novel .\nalthough gilles de rais was convicted of murdering many children through his confessions and the detailed eyewitness accounts of his own confederates and victims ' parents , [ 45 ] doubts have persisted about the court ' s verdict . counterarguments are based on the theory de rais was himself a victim of an ecclesiastic plot or act of revenge by the catholic church or french state . doubts on gilles de rais ' guilt have long persisted because the duke of brittany , who was given the authority to prosecute , received all the titles to gilles ' former lands after his conviction . the duke then divided the land among his own nobles . writers such as french professor and secret societies specialist jean - pierre bayard , in his book plaidoyer pour gilles de rais , contend he was a victim of the inquisition .\ngilles de rais was probably born in late 1405 [ 1 ] to guy ii de montmorency - laval and marie de craon in the family castle at champtoc\u00e9 - sur - loire . [ 2 ] he was an intelligent child , speaking fluent latin , illuminating manuscripts , and dividing his education between military discipline and moral and intellectual development . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] following the deaths of his father and mother in 1415 , gilles and his younger brother ren\u00e9 de la suze were placed under the tutelage of jean de craon , their maternal grandfather . [ 5 ] jean de craon was a schemer who attempted to arrange a marriage for twelve - year - old gilles with four - year - old jeanne paynel , one of the richest heiresses in normandy , and , when the plan failed , attempted unsuccessfully to unite the boy with b\u00e9atrice de rohan , the niece to the duke of brittany . [ 6 ] on 30 november 1420 , however , craon substantially increased his grandson ' s fortune by marrying him to catherine de thouars of brittany , heiress of la vend\u00e9e and poitou . [ 7 ] their only child marie was born in 1429 . [ 8 ]\nthe first documented case of child - snatching and murder concerns a boy of twelve called jeudon ( first name unknown ) , an apprentice to the furrier guillaume hilairet . [ 28 ] gilles de rais ' cousins , gilles de sill\u00e9 and roger de briqueville , asked the furrier to lend them the boy to take a message to machecoul , and , when jeudon did not return , the two noblemen told the inquiring furrier that they were ignorant of the boy ' s whereabouts and suggested he had been carried off by thieves at tiffauges to be made into a page . [ 28 ] in gilles de rais ' trial , the events were testified to by hillairet and his wife , the boy ' s father jean jeudon , and five others from machecoul .\nwolf , leonard ( 1980 ) .\nbluebeard : the life and times of gilles de rais\n. new york : clarkson n . potter , inc . . isbn 978 - 0 - 517 - 54061 - 9 .\nin 1992 , freemason jean - yves go\u00ebau - brissonni\u00e8re , the grand master of the grand lodge of france , organized a court consisting of former french ministers , parliament members and unesco experts to re - examine the source material and evidence available at the medieval trial . the hearing , which concluded gilles de rais was not guilty of the crimes , was turned into a documentary called gilles de rais ou la gueule du loup , narrated by gilbert prouteau .\ncoup de folie b . 1982 gw 4 wins f : 12 r : 10 w : 7 sw : 5\nhyatte , reginald . laughter for the devil : the trials of gilles de rais , companion - in - arms of joan of arc ( 1440 ) . fairleigh dickinson univ press . isbn 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3190 - 4 .\na scopey , substantial horse with plenty of athleticism . he has plenty of quality and good forelegs . from top class family with looks to match .\nbad - legged horse with something of the same temperament that marked his close relative nasrullah , royal charger was far from a top horse on the race course and was packed off to stud with relatively modest expectations . he soon proved that in his case , his royal bloodlines trumped his individual performance . a\nlampo , hubert . de duivel en de maagd . 207 p . , amsterdam , meulenhoff , 1988 ( 11e druk ) , isbn 90 - 290 - 0445 - 2 . ( 1e druk : \u2019s - gravenhage , stols , 1955 ) .\ngilles de rais is believed to be the inspiration for the 1697 fairy tale\nbluebeard\n(\nbarbebleu\n) by charles perrault . his life is the subject of several modern novels , and referenced in a number of rock bands ' albums and songs .\nmorgan , val . the legend of gilles de rais ( 1404 - 1440 ) in the writings of huysmans , bataille , planchon and tournier ( studies in french civilization , 29 ) . edwin mellen press . isbn 978 - 0 - 7734 - 6619 - 7 .\ndon\u2019t forget me\u2019s 1987 win was a second for richard hannon and came after an eleventh hour scare when the horse injured a foot on the morning of the race .\nin 1434 / 1435 , he retired from military life , depleted his wealth by staging an extravagant theatrical spectacle of his own composition and dabbled in the occult . after 1432 gilles engaged in a series of child murders , his victims possibly numbering in the hundreds . the killings came to an end in 1440 , when a violent dispute with a clergyman led to an ecclesiastical investigation which brought gilles ' crimes to light . at his trial the parents of missing children in the surrounding area and gilles ' own confederates in crime testified against him . gilles was condemned to death and hanged at nantes on 26 october 1440 .\nmurray , margaret ( 1921 ) . the witch - cult in western europe . oxford : clarendon press . pp . 173\u2013174 .\ngilles de rais was tried and executed as a witch and , in the same way , much that is mysterious in this trial can also be explained by the dianic cult\na member of the house of montmorency - laval , gilles de rais grew up under the tutelage of his maternal grandfather and increased his fortune by marriage . he earned the favour of the duke of brittany and was admitted to the french court . from 1427 to 1435 , gilles served as a commander in the royal army , and fought alongside joan of arc against the english and their burgundian allies during the hundred years ' war , for which he was appointed marshal of france .\ndespite his successes , royal palace was never voted british horse of the year , being beaten by busted in 1967 and sir ivor in 1968 . he was given a relatively modest timeform rating of 131 .\nthen in 2009 the race went the way of a horse who had looked all promise beforehand , albeit most likely over longer distances . this was the year that sea the stars came to the fore and john oxx\u2019s colt stamped his class on the guineas before claiming the derby , eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and arc de triomphe in an astonishing career .\non sunday 17 july 1429 , gilles was chosen as one of four lords for the honor of bringing the holy ampulla from the abbey of saint - remy to notre - dame de reims for the consecration of charles vii as king of france . [ 19 ] on the same day , he was officially created a marshal of france . [ 17 ]\nmill reef was never beaten again and would go on to win the epsom derby , eclipse stakes , king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , arc de triomphe and coronation cup .\nthis feature allows you to add personal notes to any horse record . only you will be able to see or add to these personal notes . this feature is only available in the sporthorsedata pro version which will be available soon .\nalthough cameronian was found to be running a temperature after the race he soon recovered . his connections were unable to explain his poor effort , with darling explicitly ruling out the possibility of the horse having been\ngot at\n.\nfollowing the siege of orleans , rais was granted the right to add a border of the royal arms , the fleur - de - lys on an azure ground , to his own . the letters patent authorizing the display cited gilles\u2019\nhigh and commendable services\n, the\ngreat perils and dangers\nhe had confronted , and\nmany other brave feats\n. [ 20 ]\non 23 october 1440 , the secular court heard the confessions of poitou and henriet and condemned them both to death , [ 40 ] followed by gilles ' death sentence on 25 october . [ 40 ] gilles was allowed to make confession , [ 40 ] and his request to be buried in the church of the monastery of notre - dame des carmes in nantes was granted . [ 41 ]\nthere have been some extraordinary performances down the years and two stand out visually : tudor minstrel was a brilliantly fast horse who in 1947 annihilated his rivals by 8 lengths , giving the great jockey gordon richards his third victory in the race .\nthat horse was a son of the mighty northern dancer and his name was nijinsky . in a glorious career , nijinsky had dominated the two year old rankings in 1969 and returned with success over the famous national hunt stallion deep run in the gladness stakes . at newmarket he ambled to an easy two and a half length victory over yellow god at odds - on , before brilliantly winning the derby and scrambling home in the st leger . no horse since has won the colt\u2019s triple crown .\nshe enjoyed point - to - pointing , and in the 1930s married gordon johnson houghton . the wedding had been scheduled for 1936 , but depended on their collecting from a gamble on a horse called fan mail winning a seller . gordon decided to give the ride to the horse\u2019s stable lad , and everything looked rosy until the jockey , for no discernible reason , picked up his whip and fan mail suddenly veered off the course . as a result the marriage had to be delayed for a year .\nnashwan was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion at his owner ' s shadwell stud . his most successful racehorses were swain ( foaled 1992 ) , dual winner of the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , and bago ( 2001 ) , winner of the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . the best of his fillies was the international stakes winner one so wonderful . [ 18 ]\nin 1438 , according to testimony at his trial from the priest eustache blanchet and the cleric fran\u00e7ois prelati , de rais sent out blanchet to seek individuals who knew alchemy and demon summoning . blanchet contacted prelati in florence and convinced him to take service with his master . having reviewed the magical books of prelati and a traveling breton , de rais chose to initiate experiments , the first taking place in the lower hall of his castle at tiffauges , attempting to summon a demon named barron . de rais provided a contract with the demon for riches that prelati was to give to the demon at a later time .\nin 2000 coolmore and o\u2019brien had another strong fancy in giant\u2019s causeway but in a huge field , it was king\u2019s best , ridden coolly by kieren fallon , who weaved a path through and defeated the iron horse who promptly went on to win five successive group ones .\nexecution by hanging and burning was set for wednesday 26 october . at nine o\u2018clock , gilles and his two accomplices made their way in procession to the place of execution on the ile de biesse . [ 42 ] gilles is said to have addressed the crowd with contrite piety and exhorted henriet and poitou to die bravely and think only of salvation . [ 41 ] gilles ' request to be the first to die had been granted the day before . [ 40 ] at eleven o ' clock the brush at the platform was set afire and rais was hanged . his body was cut down before being consumed by the flames and claimed by\nfour ladies of high rank\nfor burial . [ 41 ] [ 43 ] henriet and poitou were executed in similar fashion but their bodies were reduced to ashes in the flames and then scattered . [ 41 ] [ 43 ] [ note 1 ] [ 44 ]\nthen in 1992 lester piggott , by now aged 56 , was reunited with the robert sangster colours he had ridden in with such distinction during the 1970s \u2013 and won the 2 , 000 guineas aboard rodrigo de triano .\nin the early 20th century , anthropologist margaret murray and occultist aleister crowley are among those who questioned the involvement of the ecclesiastic and secular authorities in the case . murray , who propagated the witch - cult hypothesis , speculated in her book the witch - cult in western europe that gilles de rais was really a witch and adherent of a fertility cult centered on the pagan goddess , diana . [ 46 ] [ 47 ] however , many historians reject murray ' s theory . [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] norman cohn argues that her theory does not agree with what is known of gilles ' crimes and trial . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] historians do not regard gilles as a martyr to a pre - christian religion ; other scholars tend to view him as a catholic who descended into crime and depravity . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ]\n[ the boy ] was pampered and dressed in better clothes than he had ever known . the evening began with a large meal and heavy drinking , particularly hippocras , which acted as a stimulant . the boy was then taken to an upper room to which only gilles and his immediate circle were admitted . there he was confronted with the true nature of his situation . the shock thus produced on the boy was an initial source of pleasure for gilles . [ 28 ]\ngilles de rais features as a minor antagonist in the 1999 video - game castlevania 64 , and it ' s sequel castlevania : legacy of darkness . he , along with another antagonist , actrise , attempts to revive the main antagonist dracula , and later , masquerades as dracula , dissuading the main characters from progressing . in game , he appears as an elderly man with a blue beard . his crimes of murdering children , however , is ascribed to actrise .\nour babu ' s highest timeform rating was 131 as a two - year - old in 1954 , when the organisation rated him the equal - best horse of his generation in europe . a rating of 130 is considered the mark of an above average group one winner . [ 1 ]\nin 1961 her son fulke took over the yard , sending out successful horses such as ribero , habitat , double form and ile de bourbon . the licence is now held by his daughter ( and helen\u2019s granddaughter ) eve johnson houghton .\nas befits its standing , the guineas is a group 1 flat horse race open to three - year - old thoroughbred colts and fillies . it is run on the rowley mile at newmarket over a distance of 1 mile and takes place each year at the end of april or first saturday in may .\nfollowing the london & north eastern railway tradition of naming locomotives after winning racehorses , [ 12 ] british railways\ndeltic\ndiesel locomotive no . d9020 ( later 55020 ) was named after the horse on 12 february 1962 , [ 1 ] and remained in service until 5 january 1980 . [ 13 ]\nin his confession , gilles maintained the first assaults on children occurred between spring 1432 and spring 1433 . [ 26 ] the first murders occurred at champtoc\u00e9 - sur - loire ; however , no account of these murders survived . [ 27 ] shortly after , gilles moved to machecoul where , as the record of his confession states , he killed , or ordered to be killed , a great but uncertain number of children after he sodomized them . [ 27 ] forty bodies were discovered in machecoul in 1437 . [ 27 ]\npoitou testified that he and henriet burned the bodies in the fireplace in gilles ' room . the clothes of the victim were placed into the fire piece by piece so they burned slowly and the smell was minimized . the ashes were then thrown into the cesspit , the moat , or other hiding places . [ 30 ] the last recorded murder was of the son of \u00e9onnet de villeblanche and his wife mac\u00e9e . poitou paid 20 sous to have a page ' s doublet made for the victim , who was then assaulted , murdered , and incinerated in august 1440 . [ 31 ]\nthe precise number of gilles ' victims is not known , as most of the bodies were burned or buried . the number of murders is generally placed between 80 and 200 ; a few have conjectured numbers upwards of 600 . the victims ranged in age from six to eighteen and included both sexes .\ngilles ' bodyservant \u00e9tienne corrillaut , known as poitou , was an accomplice in many of the crimes and testified that his master hung his victims with ropes from a hook to prevent the child from crying out , then masturbated upon the child ' s belly or thighs . taking the victim down , rais comforted the child and assured him he only wanted to play with him . gilles then either killed the child himself or had the child killed by his cousin gilles de sill\u00e9 , poitou or another bodyservant called henriet . [ 29 ] the victims were killed by decapitation , cutting of their throats , dismemberment , or breaking of their necks with a stick . a short , thick , double - edged sword called a braquemard was kept at hand for the murders . [ 29 ] poitou further testified that rais sometimes abused the victims ( whether boys or girls ) before wounding them and at other times after the victim had been slashed in the throat or decapitated . according to poitou , rais disdained the victim ' s sexual organs , and took\ninfinitely more pleasure in debauching himself in this manner . . . than in using their natural orifice , in the normal manner .\n[ 29 ]\nin 1970 , a film was made about his racing career entitled a horse called nijinsky . narrated by orson welles , it was released in british cinemas and in 1988 released on vhs video . [ 29 ] the nijinsky team also was voted the 1970 bbc sports personality of the year team award . [ 30 ] in a poll in 2000 , readers of the uk newspaper the sun voted nijinsky their\nhorse of the millennium .\n[ 31 ] among the more unusual tributes , a cabernet sauvignon wine [ 32 ] and a variety of winter wheat [ 33 ] have been named in nijinsky ' s honour . bronze statues of him stand at ballydoyle and at the curragh racecourse . [ 34 ] [ 35 ]\nnijinsky was given a rating of 138 by timeform , the second highest for a winner of the epsom derby up to that time . [ 23 ] this was later scaled up to 140 by the racing post [ 2 ] . he was timeform ' s horse of the year for 1970 . nijinsky was also voted british horse of the year by the racecourse association , gaining 38 of the 40 votes . [ 24 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated nijinsky as a\ngreat\nderby winner and the best irish racehorse of the 20th century . [ 25 ] vincent o ' brien named nijinsky and sir ivor as the best horses he had trained , placing nijinsky first\nfor brilliance .\n[ 26 ] lester piggott concurs saying\ni think nijinsky probably on his day was the most brilliant horse i ' ve ever ridden\n[ 27 ] . geoff lewis who rode mill reef to be second against brigadier gerard in the 1971 2 , 000 guineas felt that nijinsky was the best guineas winner of the 1970s decade [ 28 ] .\ntopically disraeli won the guineas in 1898 while the brilliant filly sceptre in 1902 , became the only horse in history to win four english classics , claiming the 2 , 000 guineas and then following up in the fillies\u2019 equivalent the 1 , 000 guineas two days later . a bruised foot interrupted her preparations for the epsom derby where she finished fourth but she then won the oaks and st leger .\nafter frankel\u2019s extraordinary rout in 2011 , the following year yielded hopes of a triple crown winner at long last . camelot had been a leading two year old but was another horse expected to excel over longer distances . however , he won the 2 , 000 guineas with a late burst of speed and then claimed the derby and irish derby , only to be denied at doncaster in the st leger .\nthe extensive witness testimony convinced the judges that there were adequate grounds for establishing the guilt of the accused . after rais admitted to the charges on 21 october , [ 38 ] the court canceled a plan to torture him into confessing . [ 39 ] peasants of the neighboring villages had earlier begun to offer up accusations that since their children had entered gilles ' castle begging for food they had never been seen again . the transcript , which included testimony from the parents of many of these missing children as well as graphic descriptions of the murders provided by gilles ' accomplices , was said to be so lurid that the judges ordered the worst portions to be stricken from the record .\nin the decades following the breton war of succession ( 1341\u201364 ) , the defeated faction led by olivier de blois , count of penthi\u00e8vre , continued to plot against the dukes of the house of montfort . [ 9 ] the blois faction , who still refused to relinquish their claim to rule over the duchy of brittany , had taken duke john vi prisoner in violation of the treaty of gu\u00e9rande ( 1365 ) . [ 10 ] the sixteen - year - old gilles took the side of the house of montfort . rais was able to secure the duke ' s release , and was rewarded with generous land grants which were converted to monetary gifts . [ 11 ]\nin june 1435 , family members gathered to put a curb on gilles . they appealed to pope eugene iv to disavow the chapel of the holy innocents ( which he refused to do ) and carried their concerns to the king . on 2 july 1435 , a royal edict was proclaimed in orl\u00e9ans , tours , angers , pouzauges , and champtoc\u00e9 - sur - loire denouncing gilles as a spendthrift and forbidding him from selling any further property . no subject of charles vii was allowed to enter into any contract with him , and those in command of his castles were forbidden to dispose of them . gilles ' credit fell immediately and his creditors pressed upon him . he borrowed heavily , using his objets d ' art , manuscripts , books and clothing as security . when he left orl\u00e9ans in late august or early september 1435 , the town was littered with precious objects he was forced to leave behind . the edict did not apply to brittany , and the family was unable to persuade the duke of brittany to enforce it . [ 24 ]\nthe race roll of honour is a pantheon of the thoroughbred greats stretching back to 1809 when the race first took place and was named after its original prize fund . the first renewal was won by a horse called wizard and the race\u2019s magic quickly caught on ; by the mid - 1860\u2019s the 2 , 000 guineas was considered britain\u2019s premier race for the classic generation with other countries introducing their own versions of the race .\nnijinsky appeared to recover fully after being placed on a\nrich\ndiet including raw eggs and irish stout , [ 16 ] and was sent to doncaster for the st . leger in september . in the one mile and six furlongs race , he was attempting to become the first horse since bahram 35 years earlier to complete the english triple crown . he started the 2 / 7 favourite and won comfortably , [ 17 ] although his margin of victory over meadowville was only one length . as of 2017 , he is the last horse to accomplish the feat of sweeping the english triple crown : since 1970 only reference point ( 1987 ) , nashwan ( 1989 ) , sea the stars ( 2009 ) and camelot ( 2012 ) have won two of the three races , but oh so sharp won the filly ' s version of the triple crown in 1985 .\nseveral years after gilles ' death , his daughter marie had a stone memorial erected at the site of his execution . over the years , the structure came to be regarded as a holy altar under the protection of saint anne . generations of pregnant women flocked there to pray for an abundance of breast milk . the memorial was destroyed by rioting jacobins during the french revolution in the late 18th century .\n1980 brought controversy as the brilliant unbeaten colt nureyev barged his way through to finish first past the post before becoming the only horse in the race\u2019s history to be disqualified . he had almost brought pat eddery and posse down and that colt stayed on strongly to finish a close - up third . meanwhile on the stands rail , known fact and willie carson were out of trouble and finished second past the post , only to be awarded the race on the french trained colt\u2019s demotion .\nnashwan ' s next task was to prove himself against older opposition , starting with the eclipse stakes over one and a quarter miles at sandown park on 8 july . despite having recently recovered from a foot infection and facing both the outstanding racemare indian skimmer and the champion miler warning , he was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . [ 10 ] nashwan took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by five lengths from the outsider opening verse , who later won the breeders ' cup mile . [ 11 ] two weeks later , nashwan contested britain ' s most prestigious all - aged race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot . with the late withdrawal of prix du jockey club winner old vic , nashwan was expected to win easily and started as 2 / 9 favourite . this time he had to fight for his victory , with old rival cacoethes challenging him throughout the final two furlongs . nashwan was driven out by carson to win by a neck , with the subsequent prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner carroll house a further eleven lengths back in fifth . [ 12 ] his narrow margin of victory lead some critics to question his status as a\nsuper - horse\n. [ 13 ]\nthe following year another of the great horses of the last half century claimed the guineas as dancing brave powerfully careered out of the dip to defeat champion sprinter green desert before suffering a narrow defeat in the epsom derby . by season\u2019s end dancing brave was heralded as the champion colt of 1986 following victories in the eclipse stakes , king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes and arc de triomphe .\nnijinsky , a bay horse with a white star and three white feet , was bred at e . p . taylor ' s windfields farm in oshawa , ontario , canada . he was from the second crop of foals sired by northern dancer , the winner of the 1964 kentucky derby who went on to become one of the most influential sires of the 20th century . his dam , flaming page , by bull page , was a highly successful racemare , winning the 1962 queen ' s plate . at stud , she produced only two other foals ; one of these was fleur , who produced the 1977 epsom derby winner the minstrel , the other was minsky , champion irish 2 year old in 1970 . [ 3 ] nijinsky was a big , powerful and handsome horse with great presence standing 16 . 3 hands ( 67 inches , 170 cm ) high , resembling his dam rather than his sire in stature and conformation , traits he tended to pass on to his offspring . [ 4 ]\nas no demon manifested after three tries , the marshal grew frustrated with the lack of results . prelati responded that the demon barron was angry and required the offering of parts of a child . de rais provided these remnants in a glass vessel at a future invocation . all of this was to no avail , and the occult experiments left him bitter and with his wealth severely depleted . [ 25 ]\nin his own confession , gilles testified that \u201cwhen the said children were dead , he kissed them and those who had the most handsome limbs and heads he held up to admire them , and had their bodies cruelly cut open and took delight at the sight of their inner organs ; and very often when the children were dying he sat on their stomachs and took pleasure in seeing them die and laughed\u201d . [ 30 ]\non 15 may 1440 , rais kidnapped a cleric during a dispute at the church of saint - \u00e9tienne - de - mer - morte . [ 32 ] [ 33 ] the act prompted an investigation by the bishop of nantes , during which evidence of gilles ' crimes was uncovered . [ 32 ] on 29 july , the bishop released his findings , [ 34 ] and subsequently obtained the prosecutorial cooperation of rais ' s former protector , jean vi , the duke of brittany . rais and his bodyservants poitou and henriet were arrested on 15 september 1440 , [ 35 ] [ 36 ] following a secular investigation which paralleled the findings of the investigation from the bishop of nantes . rais ' s prosecution would likewise be conducted by both secular and ecclesiastical courts , on charges which included murder , sodomy , and heresy . [ 37 ]\nthe 1971 guineas saw the re - match of europe\u2019s top two juveniles of 1970 as the prolific colt my swallow took on the little horse he had beaten as part of his unbeaten run of seven victories that year : mill reef . my swallow extended that run to eight on his seasonal bow in 1971 while mill reef proved an outstanding two year old winning the gimcrack stakes by 10 lengths and the dewhurst stakes by 4 lengths . mill reef sauntered to victory in the greenham stakes and was then race - fit for newmarket .\nnijinsky ( 21 february 1967 \u2013 15 april 1992 ) , usually known in the united states as nijinsky ii , was a canadian - bred , irish - trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he was the outstanding two - year - old in europe in 1969 when he was unbeaten in five races . in the following season , he became the first horse for thirty - five years to win the english triple crown . he is regarded by many experts to have been the greatest flat racehorse in europe during the 20th century [ 1 ] .\nour babu was a bay horse with a white star and snip and distinctive\nlop\nears [ 2 ] [ 3 ] bred in ireland by sir oliver lambart . he was sired by the champion two - year - old and 2000 guineas winner my babu out of the mare glen line who showed no ability as a racehorse but was a highly successful broodmare producing the eclipse stakes winner king of the tudors . as a descendant of the mare sunbridge , she was a member of the same thoroughbred family as windsor lad . [ 4 ]\nin his next race , nijinsky was sent to france for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in paris in october . piggott produced nijinsky in the straight to make his challenge but was baulked twice before making his run on the wide outside . however , 150m from the finish he caught front runners miss dan and sassafras and took a slight lead . in the last strides , nijinsky appeared to veer left away from piggott ' s whip , [ 18 ] and sassafras , ridden by yves saint - martin , produced a renewed effort to regain the advantage and win by a head . while many , including his trainer vincent o ' brien , felt that piggott had given nijinsky too much ground to make up and had left his challenge too late , [ 19 ] the jockey said that in his opinion nijinsky was past his peak for the year . [ 20 ]\nnashwan ' s owner decided not to attempt the triple crown in the st leger stakes , and the colt was instead aimed at the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . to prepare for this race , he was sent to the prix niel over the arc course and distance on 17 september . racing on soft ground , nashwan moved up to challenge in the straight but made no further progress and finished third , beaten one and a half lengths and half a length by the french - trained colts golden pheasant and french glory . [ 14 ] neither hern nor carson could offer any explanation for the\nlifeless\nperformance with the jockey commenting that the 1 / 5 favourite\ndidn ' t have any energy\n. [ 15 ] nashwan missed the arc , and , as had been announced in summer , he was retired from racing at the end of the year . [ 13 ]\nin 1425 , rais was introduced to the court of charles vii at saumur and learned courtly manners by studying the dauphin . [ 12 ] in combat at saint - l\u00f4 and le mans between 1427 and 1429 , gilles was allowed to indulge his taste for violence and carnage . [ 13 ] at the battle for the ch\u00e2teau of lude , he climbed the assault ladder and slew the english captain blackburn . [ 14 ] he was young , handsome and rich with companions - in - arms of his own stripe about him . [ 15 ]\nin 1434 / 5 , rais gradually withdrew from military and public life in order to pursue his own interests : the construction of a splendid chapel of the holy innocents ( where he officiated in robes of his own design ) , [ 22 ] and the production of a theatrical spectacle called le mist\u00e8re du si\u00e8ge d ' orl\u00e9ans . the play consisted of more than 20 , 000 lines of verse , requiring 140 speaking parts and 500 extras . gilles was almost bankrupt at the time of the production and began selling property as early as 1432 to support his extravagant lifestyle . by march 1433 , he had sold all his estates in poitou ( except those of his wife ) and all his property in maine . only two castles in anjou , champtoc\u00e9 - sur - loire and ingrandes , remained in his possession . half of the total sales and mortgages were spent on the production of his play . the spectacle was first performed in orl\u00e9ans on 8 may 1435 . six hundred costumes were constructed , worn once , discarded , and constructed afresh for subsequent performances . unlimited supplies of food and drink were made available to spectators at gilles ' expense . [ 23 ]\npart of the attraction of the 2 , 000 guineas is the mixture of different horse types it attracts . it is often the first major target of the season for horses likely to tackle longer middle distance races later in the year , but perhaps have sufficient speed for a mile . then there are the specialist milers , who in theory ought to be in their element at this distance . there are also sprinters , who are tried over the rowley mile in the hope that they might just last out the distance . then there are the champion two year olds from the season before , attempting to prove that they have developed over the winter and still retain their position at the head of their generation .\nless than two weeks after his defeat in the arc , nijinsky ran his last race in the champion stakes over ten furlongs at newmarket . although he had been known to sweat freely before some of his previous races , nijinsky on this occasion appeared to become particularly nervous and anxious before the start . in the race itself , he ran well below his best form and was beaten 3 / 4 length at odds of 4 / 11 by the five - year - old english horse lorenzaccio . [ 21 ] o ' brien on this occasion concurred with piggott , saying that nijinsky appeared to have\nlost his fire .\n[ 20 ] nijinsky was retired to stand at stud at claiborne farm near paris , kentucky having been syndicated in august for $ 5 , 440 , 000 . [ 22 ]\nnashwan was a large , powerfully built chestnut horse with a white star and a white sock on his right foreleg bred by his owner hamdan al maktoum at his shadwell farm in lexington , kentucky . he was sired by the 1977 poule d ' essai des poulains winner blushing groom . blushing groom became an exceptionally successful breeding stallion , siring rainbow quest , blushing john , arazi , and many other leading horses . nashwan ' s successes made him the leading sire in great britain & ireland in 1989 . [ 1 ] nashwan ' s dam was height of fashion , a daughter of bustino previously owned by queen elizabeth ii . he was thus a half - brother to the group race winners alwasmi , unfuwain , and nayef , and a close relative of the japanese champion deep impact and the 1000 guineas winner ghanaati . [ 2 ]\nnijinsky ' s first four races were all at the curragh . in june , he started at odds of 4 / 11 and won a six - furlong maiden race by half a length . he followed up with wins in the anglesey stakes and the railway stakes . on his fourth appearance , he was extended for the first time in the beresford stakes . he won decisively from decies , a colt who went on to win the irish 2000 guineas in 1970 . having proved himself the best of the irish two - year - olds , he was sent to england in october to contest the dewhurst stakes at newmarket . ridden for the first time by lester piggott , he was held up at the back of the six - horse field before moving through to take the lead inside the final furlong , earning top rating in the british free handicap . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]\na month later , nashwan was moved up in distance for the ever ready derby over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . despite the unseasonably cold , damp weather , the race attracted an estimated 500 , 000 spectators including queen elizabeth ii . [ 7 ] nashwan started 5 / 4 favourite against eleven opponents , with the biggest danger expected to come from cacoethes , winner of the lingfield derby trial . carson positioned the favourite just behind the leaders before moving up to take the lead from cacoethes in the straight . he pulled\neffortlessly\n[ 8 ] clear in the closing stages to win by five lengths from the 500 / 1 outsider terimon , who finished well to deprive cacoethes of second . [ 9 ] he was the first horse to complete the guineas - derby double since nijinsky ii in 1970 , [ 8 ] though he was emulated by sea the stars in 2009 and camelot in 2012 .\nnimbus was a bay horse with a white star and snip and white socks on his hind feet . [ 2 ] he was bred by william hill who would go on to win the st . leger stakes in 1959 with cantelo . he was sired by nearco , one of the most important sires of the 20th century . his dam , kong , was sprinter whose victories included the wokingham stakes at royal ascot . in addition to nimbus , kong also produced nimbus ' s three - quarter brother grey sovereign ( sired by nearco ' s son nasrullah ) who won the richmond stakes and became a successful breeding stallion . [ 3 ] as a yearling , nimbus was sent to the sales where he was bought for 5000 guineas by the trainer george colling , acting on behalf of henry glenister . the colt was trained by colling at his hurworth house stable in newmarket , suffolk and raced in the colours of glenister ' s wife , marion . [ 4 ]\non 27 june , nijinsky followed up his epsom win by taking the irish derby at the curragh . ridden by liam ward , he started at odds of 4 / 11 and accelerated late to win by three lengths from meadowville . [ 13 ] in july , nijinsky raced against older horses for the first time in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes at ascot . his five opponents included winners of major races including blakeney ( 1969 epsom derby ) , karabas ( washington , d . c . international stakes ) , crepellana ( prix de diane ) , and caliban ( coronation cup ) . without being extended , nijinsky moved through to take the lead a furlong from the finish and won by two lengths from blakeney despite being eased down to a canter in the closing stages . [ 14 ]\namong contemporary thoroughbreds attributed by stud book record to family 5 three different mitochondrial dna haplotypes have been found , representing no fewer than three separate founder mares . one of these haplotypes is found in 5g and 5h , another in 5d and 5e , and the third in an unspecified part of the ' trunk ' of family 5 . see deep - rooted anomalies and equine genetic genealogy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhelen johnson houghton had begun training on her own account after her husband , major gordon johnson houghton , had been killed in a hunting accident in 1952 . in those days , however , the licence had to be in the name of a male trainer \u2014 it was not until 1966 that the jockey club recognised women trainers after it had been taken to court by the redoubtable florence nagle .\nin an interview with the racing post in 2010 , helen johnson houghton recalled how she had felt about the lack of public recognition after she had won the guineas : \u201cbloody maddening . it seems so ridiculous in this day and age , doesn\u2019t it ? beyond belief . but that\u2019s all in the past , and i no longer agonise over it . \u201d\nthe twin sister of fulke walwyn , who become one of the great national hunt trainers of his time , she was born helen marjorie walwyn on november 8 1910 at abergavenny . her father was an army officer and master of the monmouth hounds . when the twins were young , their mother died , and they were looked after by a succession of governesses . helen , who never went to school , was in her early teens when her father married one of these governesses , and , disapproving of the match , she left home and went to live with an aunt in cheshire ."]}
{"id": 1217, "summary": [{"text": "morpheis pyracmon , the fissured bark , is a moth in the cossidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by cramer in 1780 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in surinam , venezuela , ecuador and peru .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of cloudforests , where it is found at altitudes between 400 and 1,200 meters . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "morpheis pyracmon", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about morpheis pyracmon ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for morpheis pyracmon ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nmorpheis ( gallerianae ) ; hampson , 1917 , novit . zool . 24 : 56\nmorpheis clenchi donahue , 1980 ; j . lep . soc . 34 ( 2 ) : ( 173 - 181 ) ; tl : s . arizona\nthere are 12 species in the genus morpheis , distributed variously from arizona to peru . the moths are remarkably disguised as pieces of tree bark . most species have a reticulated black pattern on a white or pale brown ground colour . several including pyracmon , clenchi , mathani and xylotribus also have a conspicuous black streak across the forewings , resembling a fissure in bark . this however is paler and less prominent in ramona , and entirely absent in strigifer .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nzeuzera cognata walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1532 ; tl : honduras\nzeuzera cognata ; godman & salvin , 1887 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 231 , 3 pl . 24 , f . 6\nzeuzera fracta walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1542\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\nwalker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 1 : 1 - 278 ( 1854 ) , 2 : 279 - 581 ( 1854 ) , 3 : 583 - 775 ( 1855 ) , 4 : 777 - 976 ( 1855 ) , 5 : 977 - 1258 ( 1855 ) , 6 : 1259 - 1508 ( 1855 ) , 7 : 1509 - 1808 ( 1856 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nmethod of identification : adult illustrated by seitz ( 1925 ) plate 181 fig . c2 .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1218, "summary": [{"text": "the bandtooth conger ( ariosoma balearicum ) , also known as the baleares conger or the balearic conger , is an eel in the family congridae ( conger/garden eels ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by fran\u00e7ois \u00e9tienne delaroche in 1809 , originally under the genus muraena .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a subtropical , marine eel which is known from the western and eastern atlantic and the western indian ocean , including north carolina , usa ; the northern gulf of mexico , northern south america , canada , portugal , angola , the mediterranean , and the red sea .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it inhabits reefs and littoral shelves , and burrows into sand and mud .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it dwells at a depth range of 1-732 metres , but most frequently between 20-100 m. males can reach a maximum total length of 35 centimetres , but more commonly reach a tl of 25 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the bandtooth conger is of minor interest to fisheries . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "bandtooth conger", "paragraphs": ["eight leptocephali of the bandtooth conger ariosoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) were collected with small mid - water trawl net in september 2011 during the monitoring project pelmon in the open waters of the middle adriatic . detailed description , including morphometric measurements and meristic counts are presented . this represents the first record of a . balearicum leptocephali in the adriatic sea .\n( of conger auratus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of conger impressus poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of conger balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of conger cassini ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 12 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by cgarilao , 13 / 05 / 08\ngreek , ari = very , strength , superiority + greek , soma = body ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 1 - 732 m ( ref . 4453 ) , usually 20 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical ; 37\u00b0n - 17\u00b0s\neastern atlantic : southern portugal to angola , including the mediterranean . western atlantic : north carolina , usa and northern gulf of mexico to northern south america ( ref . 7251 ) . nortwest atlantic : canada .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26999 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\nfound on the shelf , littoral , burrowing in galleries on sandy mud bottoms . carnivorous . ( ref . 6521 ) .\nbauchot , m . - l . , 1987 . poissons osseux . p . 891 - 1421 . in w . fischer , m . l . bauchot and m . schneider ( eds . ) fiches fao d ' identification pour les besoins de la p\u00eache . ( rev . 1 ) . m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et mer noire . zone de p\u00eache 37 . vol . ii . commission des communaut\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes and fao , rome . ( ref . 3397 )\n) : 19 . 3 - 28 . 2 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 962 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere may be distinct sub - populations in the western atlantic , indicating that this may represent a species complex ( smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .\njustification : this widely distributed , common and abundant species burrows in soft bottoms . there are no known major threats . therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed across the atlantic ocean and in the western indian ocean . in the eastern atlantic , it is known from southern portugal to angola , including the azores , cape verde islands , sao tome and principe islands , and throughout the mediterranean sea . in the western atlantic , it is known from north carolina south along the u . s . , bermuda , the bahamas , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to fortaleza , brazil ( miller 2002 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is zero to 732 m .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; bosnia and herzegovina ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; cyprus ; dominica ; dominican republic ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jamaica ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( azores , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; tunisia ; turkey ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nthis species is very common and abundant throughout its range ( d . smith pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthis carnivorous , benthic species is found on the littoral shelf where it burrows in sandy and muddy bottoms ( bauchot and saldanha 1986 ) . it exhibits natal homing ( miller 2002 ) . it varies in myomere count from region to region , which shows that some populations migrate offshore to spawn , while others spawn along the continental shelf .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nstudy material - a . balearicum : dzufrj 2754 ; one specimen ; preanal myomeres ca 90 - 126 ; lvbv myomeres 62 - 72 ; total myomeres 126 ; 100 . 0 mm sl .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nariosoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nclaro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . these were collected from the straits of messina and reported by grassi [ 19 ] . recently , bojani\u0107 et al . [ 53 ] recognized some leptocephali accidentally caught in the middle of the adriatic sea as a . balearicum , based on their general morphology , pigmentation and morphometric characteristics . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . . . .\n. . . among our specimens , a . balearicum was clearly recognizable ( fig 2 ; table 1and s1 file ) as their morphology matched the descriptions ( e . g . , [ 16 , 19 , 50 , 51 ) . a number of different tm ranges have been described for this species ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127\u2013136 ; [ 54 ] : tm = 124\u2013136 ; [ 49 ] : tm = 123\u2013131 ; [ 16 ] : tm = 126\u2013 138 ; [ 51 ] : tm = 121\u2013136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127\u2013133 ) which has resulted in a wide overall tm range ( 121\u2013138 ) . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120\u2013130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128\u2013137 ) . . . .\n. . . in the western north atlantic [ 55 ] , this species exhibits two tm ranges ( and , accordingly , two vertebrae count ranges ) : a low - count form ( tm = 120\u2013130 ) and a high - count form ( tm = 128\u2013137 ) . although individuals from the mediterranean sea tend to belong to the latter form ( [ 19 ] : tm = 127\u2013136 ; [ 53 ] : tm = 127\u2013133 ) , the tm range identified for our specimens ( tm = 126\u2013130 ; table 1 ) places them closer to low - count form . nevertheless , because of this wide range , tm values are not a conclusive approach to identification . . . .\n1 . development and application of lek interview - protocol ( survey questionnaire ) 2 . data analysis and comparison of research based scientific data ( knowledge ) ( rbk ) with data collected through lek s\u2026\n[ more ]\ndefishgear project originated as a response to the need for effective dealing with the issue of marine litter in the adriatic macroregion , towards litter free coasts and sea . it aims to facilitate \u2026\n[ more ]\nthe cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus ( pisces : labridae ) : biological indices for life history and conserv . . .\nthe cuckoo wrasse , labrus mixtus , is widely distributed in the moderate warm waters of the atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean and adriatic seas . generally , labrids are small inshore coastal species susceptible to anthropogenic habitat degradation and , although without commercial importance , they make up a significant part of the by - catch and discard . also , these fishes are intensively . . . [ show full abstract ]\ngrowth of juvenile salema , sarpa salpa ( teleostei : sparidae ) , in the kornati archipelago , eastern ad . . .\ngrowth of juvenile sarpa salpa from the kornati archipelago , eastern middle adriatic sea was analysed . a total of 1515 juveniles , ranging in length from 1 . 6 to 14 . 2 cm , were caught . most individuals ( 94 . 65 % ) belonged to the 0 + cohort . the first settlers were aged 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 months , and probably entered shallow coves at the end of november . the relationship between total length and weight . . . [ show full abstract ]\npagellus acarne ( risso , 1827 ) , although considered a common species , has never been a subject of biological research in the eastern adriatic sea . the aim of this study , conducted on 1188 specimens of this species in the period from 2007 \u2013 2008 was to fill that gap . here we present growth parameters , describe reproductive cycle and feeding habits of this species originating from the eastern . . . [ show full abstract ]\nage and growth determination of the golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) from the adriatic . . .\nthe age and growth of golden grey mullet , liza aurata ( risso , 1810 ) , were determined from specimens collected in the mirna estuary ( northern adriatic sea ) during december of 2001 , 2002 and 2003 . the age composition was established using scale readings and bhattacharya ' s method . nine age classes ranging from 3 . 2 to 13 . 2 years ( except 10 . 2 and 11 . 2 ) were defined by scale readings but only seven . . . [ show full abstract ]\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]\nwelshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ariosoma impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ariosoma minor howell rivero , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ariosoma somaliense kotthaus , 1968 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muraena balearica delaroche , 1809 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of muraena cassini risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of echelus ciuciara rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus affinis facciol\u00e0 , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus eckmani str\u00f6mman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus inornatus facciol\u00e0 , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus marginatus kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus microphthalmus beebe & tee - van , 1928 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus rex eigenmann & kennedy , 1902 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus taenia kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophisoma acuta swainson , 1839 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophisoma balearicum ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophisoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congermuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congrellus balearicus ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of helmichthys diaphanus costa , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophiosoma impressus ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congromuraena balearica ( delaroche , 1809 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of congromuraena impressa ( poey , 1860 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of leptocephalus ekmani str\u00f6mman , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat occasionally found in canadian atlantic waters . found over sandy , muddy bottoms at depths of 1 - 732 m . [ details ]"]}
{"id": 1219, "summary": [{"text": "\u2020 partula cuneata was a species of air-breathing tropical land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to ra'i\u0101tea , french polynesia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is now extinct . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "partula cuneata", "paragraphs": ["- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : partula cuneata d . m . crampton , 1956 - id : 5622000024\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the late 1980s species began disappearing rapidly . by 1992 there were few left and no live individuals were found during surveys in 1994 and 2000 or during subsequent scientific expeditions to high altitudes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngerlach j . ( 2016 ) . icons of evolution : pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae . phelsuma press . isbn : 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species is known from a single animal found on raiatea island by henry crampton in 1909 . it was one of the few raiatean species to have a banding pattern . it probably became extinct shortly after\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthe encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000 , started in 1972 . it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted , as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation , values and development strategies . problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60 , 000 international non - profit organizations , profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .\nthe encyclopedia includes problems which such groups choose to perceive and act upon , whether or not their existence is denied by others claiming greater expertise . indeed such claims and counter - claims figure in many of the problem descriptions in order to reflect the often paralyzing dynamics of international debate . in the light of the interdependence demonstrated among world problems in every sector , emphasis is placed on the need for approaches which are sufficiently complex to encompass the factions , conflicts and rival worldviews that undermine collective initiative towards a promising future .\nthe union of international associations ( uia ) is a research institute and documentation centre , based in brussels . it was established in 1907 , by henri la fontaine ( nobel peace prize laureate of 1913 ) , and paul otlet , a founding father of what is now called information science .\nnon - profit , apolitical , independent , and non - governmental in nature , the uia has been a pioneer in the research , monitoring and provision of information on international organizations , international associations and their global challenges since 1907 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 1220, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha attenuata is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by omelko in 1993 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in japan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 12 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "thiotricha attenuata", "paragraphs": ["thiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about thiotepa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotepa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about thiotiscum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotiscum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotrichaceae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotrichaceae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiothixene ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiothixene ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotimoline ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotimoline ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 1221, "summary": [{"text": "the common barbel , barbus barbus , is a species of freshwater fish belonging to the family cyprinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it shares the common name ' barbel ' with its many relatives in the genus barbus , of which it is the type species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in great britain it is usually referred to simply as the barbel ; similar names are used elsewhere in europe , such as barbeau in france .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the name derives from the four whiskerlike structures located at the corners of the fish 's mouth , which it uses to locate food . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "common barbel", "paragraphs": ["barbel barbus mrena na uni uhvacena august 2011 , common barbel cached in river una . . fishing . . .\nalthough classified as least concerned , both pollution and habitat loss threaten some common barbel populations .\nthe synergistic effect of temperature and hormonal stimulation on spawning efficiency of common barbel , barbus barbus l .\nthe scientific name of a common barbel is barbus barbus , and it is from the family cyprinidae , the family of carps and minnows .\ncommon barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in serbia .\ncommon barbels are a species of smaller - sized fish mainly native to various countries in europe .\nthe diet of common barbels consists primarily of fish , algae , larvae of insects and crustaceans .\ncommon barbel ( barbus barbus ) as a bioindicator of surface river sediment pollution with cu and zn in three rivers of the danube river basin in ser . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbarbel are long - lived fish and can grow to well over 10lb ( 4kg ) .\nlatin , squalidus = pale , weak + latin , barbus = barbel ( ref . 45335 )\neffects of temperature on growth , survival and body composition in larvae of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . )\n\u2018common barbels\u2019 are also known as \u2018barbels\u2019 , the broad name of the genus ; and \u2018pigfish\u2019 , from an english legend .\ncondition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations\nadvice : when a barbel is hooked it will not give up easily and it will fight until it is exhausted . try to land and unhook the barbel quickly . when landed and unhooked , hold the barbel in the flowing water facing upstream until it is ready to swim away . this can sometimes take between a couple of minutes and 15 minutes or longer .\neffect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . . . .\ncommon barbels inhabit freshwater locations such as rivers and lakes , and they are generally found in the water , close to the stony ground .\nbarbel are the most revered sporting fish . they are known as the prince of the river and are sleek and have a reputation for being fighting machine . in the last three months we have probably lost barbel over 14lbs . it is definitely down to otters .\ncondition , growth and food conversion in barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) juveniles under different temperature / diet combinations | request pdf\n1 it is believed that the \u201ccatch\u201d in table 6 specified as \u201ccommon carp\u201d and \u201crainbow trout\u201d represents cultivated fish ( see section 7 . 2 )\neffect of different diets on body mineral content , growth , and survival of barbel , barbus barbus ( l . ) , larvae under controlled conditions\ndelattre p , giraudoux p , baudry j , musard p , toussaint m , et al . ( 1992 ) land use patterns and types of common vole (\ncommon barbels grow to be 10 to 120 centimetres ( 4 to 47 inches ) in length and weigh 1 to 12 kilograms ( 2 to 26 pounds ) .\n, barb are commonly kept in household aquariums worldwide . the most common barb kept in aquariums are the cherry barb ( pink / red in colour ) and the\ncommon barbels have a lifespan of up to 15 years , and they are commonly fished for sport , commercially grown for food , and used in the pet industry .\ncommon barbels can feature numerous small black spots , and they are generally coloured mainly brown or grey , with the addition of silver , white , and pink colours .\nbarbel have been introduced into some of the rivers of eastern wales - notably the wye , the dee and the upper severn - and they have done well there ( much to the annoyance of some of the game fishery owners , who perceive barbel as competing for food and for spawning area with salmon ) .\nthe british record barbel , caught at adams mill on the river great ouse in bedfordshire in 2006 , weighed 21lb 1oz . the captor was mr grahame king .\nvindimian , e . , p . namour , b . migeon and j . garric , 1991 . in situ pollution induced cytochrome p450 activity of freshwater fish : barbel (\nbritain ' s biggest barbel fish has been killed by an otter , sparking renewed calls by the angling community for a clampdown on the aquatic animals that are now thriving in the countryside .\nhugla , j . l . , p . kremers and j . p . thome , 1993a . effects of natural and experimental pcb contamination on the mixed - function oxidases in the barbel ,\nthe number of eggs produced by common barbels at one time is said to be in the thousands , for every kilogram of fish weight , due to the large quantity that are initially eaten by other water creatures .\nhe said :\nwe have lost our huge barbel , the big lady . one of our bailiffs saw it happen . the fish was dragged up the bank with its throat missing and eaten alive .\nmost of austria ' s streams are clear , cold and rapid . they are generally - good waters for trout and grayling and at least almost always in the barbel ( barbus barbus ) zone . .\ntaylor a , britton j , cowx i ( 2004 ) does the stock density of stillwater catch and release fisheries affect the growth performance of introduced cultured barbel ? j fish biol 65 : 308\u2013313 . doi :\nin recent years , a prized 50lbs - plus carp worth about \u00a38 , 000 was killed in an otter attack along with the country ' s previous biggest barbel , known as the traveller , which weighed 21lbs .\nto evaluate the impact of pcbs on a wild population of a regressing fish species , we have measured the levels of these toxicants in common barbel ( barbus barbus ) from the belgian part of the river meuse . we have expressed these levels in terms of the most suitable composition of commercial pcb mixture ( aroclor 1254 and 1260 20 / 80 ; v / v ) , and related them to hepatic xenobiotic - metabolising enzyme activities and to hepatocyte ultrastructure .\ncitation : tougard c , renvois\u00e9 e , petitjean a , qu\u00e9r\u00e9 j - p ( 2008 ) new insight into the colonization processes of common voles : inferences from molecular and fossil evidence . plos one 3 ( 10 ) : e3532 . urltoken\nthe streamlined barbel can hug the river bed in fast flows while feeding on passing invertebrates . freshwater shrimps , nymphs and caddis larvae are their staple diet , but they will also take small fishes , crayfish and swan mussels .\nnachev m , schertzinger g , sures b ( 2013 ) comparison of the metal accumulation capacity between the acanthocephalan pomphorhynchus laevis and larval nematodes of the genus eustrongylides sp . infecting barbel ( barbus barbus ) . parasite vecto 6 ( 21 ) : 1\u20138\nthe record specimen weighed more than 20lbs and was believed to be the largest living barbel in uk waters . six more large coarse fish from the same river , the ivel in bedfordshire , have also fallen victim to otter predation in the last three months .\nspecimen fish aren ' t immortal . as much as anglers love to fish for large barbel , and even given them names , sooner or later they will die from disease , in a flood event or be eaten by an otter or other predator .\nit is a small size barbel ( < 220 mm ) . it occurs in the upper and middle courses of mountainous rivers with clear , flowing and well oxygenated waters . sensitive to pollution . reproduction takes place between may and july . it can hybridize with barbus barbus and barbus haasi .\nartificial reproduction of common barbel ( barbus barbus ) under controlled conditions usually did not exceed 10 % of ovulation success . the aim of the study was to optimise the process of artificial reproduction of the barbel ( cultured generation f4 ) with thermal and hormonal stimulation the first experiment examined the effect of stimulation with thermal conditions on the ovulation and the embryos survival rates . after the optimum conditions of thermal stimulation in barbel reproduction were determined , another experiment was conducted which examined how the effectiveness of reproduction is affected by four selected hormonal preparations ( cph , hcg , ovaprim and ovopel ) . thermal stimulation for 58 days was found to be the most effective ( 748 degree - days ) . the second experiment examined the synergistic effects of different hormonal preparations under the optimal thermal conditions as , determined in the first experiment . among the hormones evaluated as part of this study , cph and ovaprim were yielded the best results as compared to control . the use of the preparations resulted in the percentage of ovulations of 90 - 100 % and the embryo survival rate at the hatching stage was about 90 % . the study concludes that thermal stimuli and hormonal applications have a synergistic effect on artificial reproduction in b , barbus .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 48 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 111347 ) ; common length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 6 kg ( ref . 111347 )\nluncheon meat , sausage meat , cheese and cubes of cheese , worms , dendrobaena worms , red worm , brandlings , grubs , bread ( either crust , flake or paste ) , casters , hemp and caster , maggots , pinkies and sweetcorn and boilies have all proved to be successful in catching barbel .\nwe know they have been here before but we have coped with it but there is one that is almost a resident here and has acquired a taste for barbel . they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink .\nsunjog k , ga\u010di\u0107 z , kolarevi\u0107 s , visnji\u0107 - jefti\u0107 \u017e , jari\u0107 i , kne\u017eevi\u0107 - vuk\u010devi\u0107 j , vukovi\u0107 - ga\u010di\u0107 b , lenhardt m ( 2012 ) heavy metal accumulation and the genotoxicity in barbel ( barbus barbus ) as indicators of the danube river pollution . sci world j . doi :\ncritics say the conservation scheme was ill - thought out as there is not enough food in our waterways to sustain their booming numbers . as a result , otters - which have no natural predator - are said to have been picking off expensive , cumbersome fish like carp and barbel from fisheries and putting businesses in jeopardy .\nconceived and designed the experiments : ct . performed the experiments : ct er ap . analyzed the data : ct . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ct er . wrote the paper : ct . conceived the project : ct . identified some fossil remains of microtus arvalis : er . conceived the project and collected specimens of common vole : jpq .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31730 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 12 . 0 kg ( ref . 31730 ) ; max . reported age : 15 years ( ref . 59043 )\n. . . somatic growth of barbel is temperature dependent and seasonal , with growth primarily limited to the summer period ( hunt and jones , 1975 ) . the optimum temperature for juvenile growth is 21\u201325 @ bullet c ( kaminski et al . , 2010 ) , and , in this range , increased temperatures tend to result in increased growth rates ( penaz and stouracova , 1991 ) . estimates of barbel ages derived from their scales have reported fish surviving to at least 18 years old ( taylor et al . , 2004 ) , although maximum ages vary between rivers , with no fish recorded over the age of 9 years in the upper river warta , poland ( przybylski et al . , 2004 ) . . . .\nbarbel can be caught using various methods including float , ledger or feeder but the feeder is considered the best method . barbel inhabit strong , fast flowing waters , so a good rod with a fixed spool reel fitted with a minimum of 6lb line should be used . hook size will depend on the size of the fish and the size of the bait used but hook sizes between 12 and 4 are ok . i use barbless hooks because they cause less damage to the fish and are easier to unhook . it is important if legering to use a weight or feeder heavy enough so that it will hold the bait close to the riverbed . the weight will be determined by the strength of flow of the water . a typical approach when barbel fishing is to use a swimfeeder or blockend feeder on the 6lb . mainline with a 24 inch 4lb hook length and size 10 hook baited with a large piece of luncheon meat . when float fishing in faster waters try using a big avon or a loafer that carries a lot of shot . fix the shot near the hook to keep it closer to the river bed .\nsix feeding groups of 60 early juveniles ( 0 . 6 g ) of a rheophilic cyprinid barbel barbus barbus were reared in triplicate in 18 glass aquaria . fish fed a commercial formulated dry diet aller futura were compared with those on natural food\u2014commercially available frozen chironomidae larvae at 17 , 21 and 25\u00b0c . daily food rations were adjusted according to fish biomass , differences in hydration . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe current list of fish species recognised as susceptible to svc as listed by the oie has a number of significant omissions relevant to the uk . the increasing interest in large fish increases the prospect of businesses or individuals seeking to import barbel and chub into the uk , which in turn increases the risk of the introduction of svc into our aquatic environment . it is therefore important that the susceptibility of these two species to svc is established .\nspring viraemia of carp ( svc ) is a rhabdovirus infection that causes acute haemorrhagic and contagious viraemia in a range of species of fish . the disease is listed by the oie and , whilst the disease is widespread in continental europe , it is controlled in a number of eu member states through national measures . the principle host is common carp cyprinus carpio , however a range of other cyprinid species , and some non - cyprinid species are known to be susceptible to infection .\na few other fishes are cultivated in austria , primarily tench , grass carp ( ctenopharyngodon idella ) , pike - perch , and the coregonids , coregonus lavaretus . as most of these fish are produced in conjunction with common carp , it is difficult to obtain good figures on their yield . bruschek ( 1971 ) stated that the total production in austrian carp ponds in 1970 was about : 550 t of common carp , 12 t of tench , 10 t of coregonus , 4 t of pike - perch , and 3 t of rainbow trout . brown ( 1977 , 1983 ) states that in addition to carp and trout , annual production in austria is about as follows : 30 t of tench , 20 t of grass carp , and 5 t of coregonids . it requires between two and three years to raise the tench to market size of 200\u2013300 g and between three and four years to raise grass carp to market size of 3 000\u20134 000 g . some pike and grayling for stocking are exported .\nthe shaded zone ( a ) corresponds to the distribution range of the common vole [ 25 ] , [ 31 ] . european ( b ) and french ( c ) populations are listed in table s1 . fossil localities studied are : ( a ) miesenheim i , germany [ 29 ] ; ( b ) la baume de gigny , france ( gigny , jura ) [ 49 ] ; ( c ) le taillis des coteaux , france ( antigny , vienne ) [ 52 ] . numbers are french zip codes .\nnumbers at nodes ( b to k ) of the simplified bayesian tree ( a ) are times to most recent common ancestors ( with 95 % confidence ) estimated from cytochrome b gene sequences with beast . numbers at node ( a ) are the divergence time estimate by beast ( above branch ) based on the fossil calibration point ( below branch ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] . small letters allow one to locate the possible lineage appearance on the \u03b4 d curve ( b ) from epica dome c ( modified from [ 75 ] ) .\ntime to most recent common ancestor for several clades was estimated from cytb dataset using ba with beast 1 . 4 . 6 [ 74 ] under a gtr + i + g model . runs were performed with an uncorrelated lognormal clock assuming constant population size ( 20 , 000 , 000 generations with the first 2 , 000 , 000 discarded as burn - in ) . the date of 0 . 475\u00b10 . 025 myr for the origin of m . arvalis lineages ( late cromerian ; miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] was used as calibration point .\nthe major fishes cultivated in austria are rainbow trout and common carp . a personal communication from dr j . hemsen ( 21 january 1980 ) states that all of the trout and carp \u201ccatches\u201d shown in table 6 as made during the 1970\u201378 period were actually produced through aquaculture . it will be noted , however , that there is almost no agreement of these table 6 figures with those in table 7 which provides estimates of the production of cultivated trout and carp in austria derived from other \u201cofficial\u201d or standard sources . this , and other inconsistencies even within the same table 7 make it difficult to accept most of the figures .\nthe phylogeographic structure of the common vole in europe was investigated from cytb ( 1044 bp ) and cr ( 304 bp ) fragments ( figures 1b\u20131c and tables s1 , s2 ) . these fragments were not concatenated for phylogenetic reconstructions because they concern different specimens . instead , the cr dataset ( french populations ) was analyzed mainly for correlation with the cytb dataset ( european populations ) on the genetic structure of the lineages potentially involved in postglacial colonization . the cytb sequences specified 209 variable sites defining 116 haplotypes ( table s3 ) , and 113 of these polymorphic sites were phylogenetically informative ( cr = 141 variable and 105 informative sites ) .\nvoles were euthanized by cervical dislocation as recommended by our institutions ( urltoken ) and mills et al . [ 64 ] . one of the authors ( jpq ) has an authorization to experiment on living vertebrate animals ( certificate n\u00b0 34 . 107 ) . phylogeographic inferences are based on agreement in analysis of 131 control region and 75 cytochrome b gene sequences from common voles , sampled from 35 french localities ( 1 to 9 individuals / population ; figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) . our molecular dataset was complemented with genbank sequences including m . arvalis from other european localities and m . rossiaemeridionalis used as outgroup ( figure 1 and tables s1 , s2 ) .\necology and biology . the barbel is present in all watercourses running in the foothills and valley floors of italy , in \u201crheophil ciprinidae\u201d areas , where it often is the most abundant species . this species features a good ecological adaptability and can be found in several stretches of a watercourse \u2013 also small ones \u2013 provided they are oxygen - rich waters ; however , the species prefers upper and middle courses of rivers featuring fast - flowing clear waters and gravel - beds . the body is spindle - shaped , with elongated head and can be quite long , even over 50 cm . sexual maturity is reached between 2 or 3 years of age for males , and 4 and 5 years of age for females ; there is no obvious sexual dimorphism . the breeding season is between mid - april and july . at 16 \u00b0 c hatching takes place after about 8 days .\nas a consequence of the mismatch distribution analysis for the whole dataset , divergence dates of the main clades ( figure 4 ) were calculated under a bayesian relaxed - clock method assuming constant population size . with the first occurrence of m . arvalis at 0 . 475\u00b10 . 025 myr ( miesenheim i , germany ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , the mutation rate was estimated at 4 . 8 substitutions / site / myr . the w lineage showed the oldest divergence time ( 0 . 317 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 199\u20130 . 440 myr ) , while the f lineage showed the most recent one ( 0 . 075 myr ; 95 % confidence 0 . 012\u20130 . 163 myr ) . however , this latter result should be considered with caution because the tree topology was not in agreement with such a recent divergence time . the two f sequences are probably insufficient for inferring reliable time estimates . as for the spanish clade ( data not shown ) , the most recent common ancestor was 0 . 086 myr old ( 95 % confidence 0 . 037\u20130 . 144 myr ) .\non closer examination of lineage composition , individuals from germany , france and switzerland are found in nearly all lineages . german individuals belong to the w , f , c and e lineages , while individuals from switzerland are from the w , c and i lineages . particular attention should be paid to populations from eastern france , because some individuals from the vittel and monthureux populations belong not only to both w sublineages , but also to the c lineage ( figures 2 and s1 ) [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . therefore , the m . arvalis lineages meet in an area including eastern france , southwestern germany and northern switzerland . moreover , the fossil site of miesenheim i , where the oldest m . arvalis remains were found ( 0 . 500\u20130 . 450 myr ) [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , is located in southwestern germany ( figure 1 ) . for these reasons , we consider the origin of m . arvalis to be located in western central europe . from this area , populations of the common vole certainly spread out through europe during the holsteinian ( 0 . 430\u20130 . 300 myr ) , first southwestwards and then northeastwards ( figure 5 ) . western central europe was not only the cradle of the m . arvalis lineages , it was also a dispersal centre for this rodent .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe large freshwater fish , nicknamed the big lady and which was hugely popular with anglers , was seen to be dragged out of a river by a marauding otter that then tore its throat out and partially ate it .\notters are enjoying a comeback after they were re - introduced into british waterways by conservationists in the 1980s after once being on the brink of extinction .\n' they might have this image of being a nice , fluffy creature but they are also a sleek killing machine , a bit like mink . . . '\ndespite their fluffy appearance and association with henry williamson ' s much - loved children ' s book , tarka the otter , the marine animals are carnivourous and ferocious hunters .\nin 2013 , fishery owner brian dodson unsuccessfully tried to sue the environment agency after he lost \u00a3250 , 000 of fish to the furry mammals after an otter haven was set up nearby .\notters are one of the most protected animals in europe . under the wildlife and countryside act , it is an offence to kill one or interfere with their habitat and is punishable by a \u00a35 , 000 fine or six months in prison .\nsome fisheries have erected otter - proof fencing around their lakes at great cost to protect their stock that are caught and released by anglers , but that is not appropriate for rivers , like the ivel .\ngraham palmer , the secretary of the ivel protection agency , is calling for fishery bailiffs to be allowed to humanely trap offending otters so they can be moved away from waters stocked with expensive fish .\nthere is a place for otters in our countryside , but there is also no danger of them becoming extinct - they are everywhere in southern england .\nseveral fisheries have gone out of business in recent years because their fish stocks have been decimated by otter predation .\na spokesman for the environment agency defended otters , saying that waters dominated by large coarse fish did not make for a healthy eco - system .\nhe said :\nthe environment agency does not see the return of the otter as a cause for alarm or a major threat to fish numbers . if you look at rivers that never lost otters like in scotland , they have healthy fish populations containing a good age range of fish . it has not resulted in fish being ' wiped out ' .\nlarge specimen fish tend to dominate rivers , which is not a healthy state for a river . you need diversity in age , not just big fish . this wouldn ' t have occurred in the past when otters were more numerous and would have eaten some of the larger fish .\notters also eat ' pest ' species such as the signal crayfish , an invasive species that has caused a crash in numbers of our native white - clawed crayfish .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 10 - ? m . temperate ; 10\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 57\u00b0n - 42\u00b0n , 5\u00b0w - 36\u00b0e\neurope : north of the pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . found almost throughout mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 9 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 - 6 ; vertebrae : 46 - 47 . diagnosed from its congeners in france , great britain , black , north , baltic and adriatic sea basins and apennine peninsula by having the following characters : lower lip thick with a median swollen pad ; tip of dorsal pointed ; posterior margin of dorsal concave ; last simple dorsal ray spinous , serrated along entire posterior edge ; flexible segmented part of last simple dorsal ray about 20 - 24 % of its length ; fine dark spots ( or no spots ) in individuals larger than 10 cm sl ; 53 - 63 total scales on lateral line ; 12 - 14 scale rows between dorsal origin and lateral line ; pelvic origin about below dorsal origin ; scales with free posterior part pointed ; scales on back with 1 - 5 well developed median longitudinal epithelial crests ( ref . 59043 ) . caudal fin with 19 - 20 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .\nindividual females spawn with several males . males assemble at spawning grounds and follow ripe females , often with much splashing , to shallow riffles . males may exhibit courting or sneaking tactics in spawning site . courting males follow females to spawning site and , during the spawning act , one male swims head to head with the female . sneaking males , waiting in the spawning site , then join the couple and try to fertilize eggs . up to 130 males have been reported to be involved in a single spawning act . females deposit non - sticky eggs in 2 - 3 portions into excavations made in the gravel\n( ref . 59043 ) .\nbianco , p . g . , 1998 . diversity of barbinae fishes in southern europe with description of a new genus and a new species ( cyprinidae ) . ital . j . zool . 65 : 125 - 136 . ( ref . 31730 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00386 - 0 . 01183 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 39 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 3 , 2 sd range = 0 . 11 - 0 . 82 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 2 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 51 , based on : 2 k , 8 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 70 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe species has a very wide distribution . however it is locally threatened by water pollution and river regulation , especially in the baltic drainages , elbe , south bug and dniepr . sharp declines due to construction of large reservoirs and pollution occurred during 20th century . however has since stabilized at a moderate level . was heavily impacted by pollution in central europe but populations have mostly recovered .\nnorth of the pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es and alps , from adour ( france ) eastward to neman ( lithuania , russia ) drainages , in rivers draining to atlantic , north sea and southern baltic sea ; danube to dniepr drainages in northern black sea basin ; southeastern england north to yorkshire . in almost all mediterranean drainages of france . locally introduced in northern and central italy , rivers wear , tees and medway and most western drainages of england .\nwhen the 2010 assessment of this species was published in 2011 , a 2013 citation reference was accidentally attached to the account and hence the previous version of the assessment showed it as being published in 2013 when it should have been 2011 . the error is corrected here and is therefore given a 2016 citation date ; the 2011 reference that should have been used in the citation is under the references .\n( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 : e . t2561a97789324 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nif you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nenviron sci pollut res int . 2016 apr ; 23 ( 7 ) : 6723 - 34 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s11356 - 015 - 5901 - 9 . epub 2015 dec 10 .\nmorina a 1 , morina f 2 , djikanovi\u0107 v 3 , spasi\u0107 s 2 , krpo - \u0107etkovi\u0107 j 4 , kosti\u0107 b 5 , lenhardt m 3 .\nfaculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia . arian _ morina @ yahoo . com .\ninstitute for multidisciplinary research , university of belgrade , kneza vi\u0161eslava 1 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\ninstitute for biological research\nsini\u0161a stankovi\u0107\n, university of belgrade , despota stefana 142 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\nfaculty of biology , university of belgrade , studentski trg 16 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\nfaculty of mining and geology , university of belgrade , dju\u0161ina 7 , 11000 , belgrade , serbia .\nthe research was partly supported by project oi173045 funded by the ministry of education , science , and technological development of the republic of serbia .\nabdullah a , mehana e , meki a ( 2008 ) evaluation of lead and cadmium levels in freshwater fish farms at qassim region , ksa . j agric vet sci 1 ( 2 ) : 59\u201369\nalibabi\u0107 v , vah\u010di\u0107 n , bajramovi\u0107 m ( 2007 ) bioaccumulation of metals in fish of salmonide family and the impact on fish meat quality . environ monit assess 131 : 349\u2013364 . doi :\nandreji j , stranai i , massanyi p , valent m ( 2005 ) concentration of selected metals in muscle of various fish species . j environ sci health 40 ( 4 ) : 899\u2013912 . doi :\nbaldwin d , sandahl j , labenia j , scholz n ( 2003 ) sublethal effects of copper on coho salmon : impacts on non overlapping receptor pathways in the peripheral olfactory nervous system . environ toxicol chem 22 ( 10 ) : 2266\u20132274 . doi :\n) during exposure to steroids . comp biochem physiol 144 ( 2 ) : 196\u2013202 . doi :\nbesser j , brumbaugh w , allert a , poulton b , schmitt c ( 2009 ) ecological impacts of lead mining on ozark streams : toxicity of sediment and pore water . ecotoxicol environ saf 72 : 516\u2013526 . doi :\n: implications for river , fishery , and conservation management . rev fish sci 19 : 321\u2013330 . doi :\nburger j , gaines k , shane boring c , stephens w , snodgrass j , dixon c , mcmahon m , shukla s , shukla t , gochfeld m ( 2002 ) metal levels in fish from the savannah river : potential hazards to fish and other receptors . environ res 89 : 85\u201397\ncarter m ( 1993 ) soil sampling and methods of analysis . canadian society of soil science , lewis publishers , boca raton , florida , isbn : 0873718615 9780873718615\n\u00e7evik f , g\u00f6ksu m , derici o , findik o ( 2009 ) an assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of seyhan dam by using enrichment factor , geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses . environ monit assess 152 : 309\u2013317 . doi :\nclarkson t , magos l , myers g ( 2003 ) the toxicology of mercury : current exposures and clinical manifestations . n engl j med 349 : 1731\u20131737\nclearwater s , baskin s , wood c , mcdonald d ( 2000 ) gastrointestinal uptake and distribution of copper in rainbow trout . j exp biol 203 : 2455\u20132466\nclearwater s , farag a , meyer j ( 2002 ) bioavailability and toxicity of dietborne copper and zinc to fish . comp biochem physiol c toxicol pharmacol 132 : 269\u2013313 . doi :\ncopp g , guti g , rovny b , cerny j ( 1994 ) hierarchical analysis of habitat use by 0 + juvenile fish in the hungarian / slovak flood plain of the river danube . environ biol fish 40 : 329\u2013348 . doi :\n) in the river meuse , pp . 35\u201344 . in : aquatic telemetry : advances and applications . proceedings of the fifth conference on fish telemetry held in europe ( spedicato , m . t . , g . lembo , and g . marmulla , eds . ) , 9\u201313 june 2003 , ustica , italy . rome : fao / coispa\nduong t , lee b ( 2011 ) determining contamination level of metals in road dust from busy traffic areas with different characteristics . j environ manag 92 : 554\u2013562\neisler r ( 1981 ) trace metal concentrations in marine organisms . pergamon press , new york , 687 pp\n, exposed to nickel ; hypoactivity induced by sublethal concentrations . bull environ contam toxicol 55 : 929\u2013936\neuropean commission regulation , setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs . off j eur union no 1881 / 2006\nevans d , weingarten k , walton j ( 1990 ) the effect of atropine on cadmium - and nickel - induced constriction of vascular smooth muscle of the dogfish shark ventral aorta . toxicology 62 : 89\u201394 . doi :\ngavrilovi\u0107 d , duki\u0107 lj ( 2014 ) reke srbije [ rivers of serbia ] . zavod za ud\u017ebenike i nastavna sredstva , beograd . isbn : 978 - 86 - 17 - 18559 - 4\nglover c , wood c ( 2008 ) absorption of copper and copper - histidine complexes across the apical surface of freshwater rainbow trout intestine . j comp physiol 178 : 101\u2013109 . doi :\n) in relation to body length and age . contrib mar sci 81 : 17\u201323\nhamouda e ( 1996 ) pathological studies on fish experimentally intoxicated by certain heavy metals . phd thesis , department of pathology and parasitology , faculty of veterinary medicine , alexandria university , egypt\nhara t ( 2006 ) feeding behavior in some teleosts is triggered by single amino acids primarily through olfaction . j fish biol 68 ( 3 ) : 810\u2013825 . doi :\nhas - sch\u00f6n e , bogut i , strelec i ( 2006 ) heavy metal profile in five fish species included in human diet , domiciled in the end flow of river neretva ( croatia ) . arch environ contam toxicol 50 : 545\u2013551 . doi :\nhauser - davis r , goncalves r , ziolli r , de campos r ( 2012 ) a novel report of metallothioneins in fish bile : sds - page analysis , spectrophotometry quantification and metal speciation characterization by liquid chromatography coupled to icp - ms . aquat toxicol 116\u2013117 : 54\u201360 . doi :\nhoenderop j , bindels r ( 2008 ) calciotropic and magnesiotropic trp channels . physiology 23 : 32\u201340 . doi :\nhuet m ( 1949 ) apercu des relations entre la pente et les populations piscicoles des eaux courantes ( overview of the relationship between the slope and fish populations in streams ) . schweiz z hydrol 11 : 333\u2013351\nl . in the river severn , england iii . growth . j fish biol 7 : 361\u2013376\ninternational union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) ( 2015 ) iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 2 . available from\n) assessed by mitochondrial dna variation . mol ecol 10 : 2177\u20132185 . doi :\nlapointe d , pierron f , couture p ( 2011 ) individual and combined effects of heat stress and aqueous of dietary copper exposure in fathead minnows ( pinephales promelas ) . aquat toxicol 1\u20132 : 80\u201385 . doi :\n, a riverine cyprinid fish : implications for river management . j appl ecol 33 : 1345\u20131358 . doi :\nmcintyre j , baldwin d , beauchamp d , scholz n ( 2012 ) low - level copper exposures increase visibility and vulnerability of juvenile coho salmon to cutthroat trout predators . ecol appl 22 ( 5 ) : 1460\u20131471\nmorina a , morina f , djikanovi\u0107 v , spasi\u0107 s , krpo - \u0107etkovi\u0107 j , lenhardt m ( 2015 ) seasonal variation in element concentration in surface sediments of three rivers with different pollution input in serbia . j soils sediments . doi :\nnadella s , grosell m , wood c ( 2007 ) mechanisms of dietary cu uptake in freshwater rainbow trout : evidence for na - assisted cu transport and a specific metal carrier in the intestine . j comp physiol 177 : 433\u2013446 . doi :\nnaito w , kamo m , tsushima k , iwasaki y ( 2010 ) exposure and risk assessment of zinc in japanese surface waters . sci total environ 408 : 4271\u20134284 . doi :\nl . , during the breeding season , and the effect of estradiol injection . j fish biol 30 : 539\u2013546 . doi :\novidio m , philippart j ( 2002 ) the impact of small physical obstacles on upstream movements of six species of fish\u2014synthesis of a 5 - year telemetry study in the river meuse basin . hydrobiologia 483 : 55\u201369 . doi :\nl . using radio telemetry positioning in the river nidda ] . fischokologie 1 : 15\u201328\npenczak t , sierakowska k ( 2003 ) anglers records as a tool for assessing changes in fish populations . j appl ichthyol 19 : 250\u2013254 . doi :\npeterson r , sreedharan a , ray s ( 1989 ) accumulation of trace metals in three species of fish from lakes in new brunswick and nova scotia ( canada ) : influence of ph and other chemical parameters . water qual res j can 24 : 101\u2013117\nquevauviller p ( 1998 ) operationally defined extraction procedures for soil and sediment analysis i . standardization . trac trends anal chem 17 : 289\u2013299 . doi :\nra\u0161kovi\u0107 b , poleksi\u0107 v , visnji\u0107 - jefti\u0107 \u017e , skori\u0107 s , ga\u010di\u0107 z , djikanovi\u0107 v , jari\u0107 i , lenhardt m ( 2014 ) use of histopathology and elemental accumulation in different organs of two benthophagous fish species as indicators of river pollution . environ toxicol 30 : 1153\u20131161 . doi :\n) from the severn estuary and bristol channel . mar environ res 52 : 151\u2013171 . doi :\nsorensen e ( 1991 ) zinc . pages 119\u2013174 in metal poisoning in fish . crc press , boca raton\nspry d , wood c ( 1989 ) a kinetic method for the measurement of zinc influx in vivo in the rainbow trout , and the effects of waterborne calcium on flux rates . j exp biol 142 : 425\u2013446\nstigliani w ( 1993 ) chemical time bombs : definition , concepts and examples . international institute for applied systems analysis , luxembourg\ntierney k , baldwin d , hara t , ross p , scholz n , kennedy c ( 2010 ) olfactory toxicity in fishes . aquat toxicol 96 ( 1 ) : 2\u201326 . doi :\nuysal k , k\u00f6se e , b\u00fclb\u00fcl m , d\u00f6nmez m , erdo\u011fan y , koyun m , \u00f6mero\u011flu \u00e7 , \u00f6zmal f ( 2009 ) the comparison of heavy metal accumulation ratios of some fish species in enne dame lake ( k\u00fctahya / turkey ) . environ monit assess 157 : 355\u2013362 . doi :\nwatkins m , doherty s , copp g ( 1997 ) microhabitat use by 0 + and older fishes in a small english chalk stream . j fish biol 50 : 1010\u20131024 . doi :\nwoitke p , wellmitz j , helm d , kube p , lepom p , litheraty p ( 2003 ) analysis and assessment of heavy metal pollution in suspended solids and sediments of the river danube . chemosphere 51 : 633\u2013642 . doi :\nmorina , a . , morina , f . , djikanovi\u0107 , v . et al . environ sci pollut res ( 2016 ) 23 : 6723 . urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nannexes of birds and habits directives listing the area of occupancy of the species . the species is present in annexes ii and v of habitats directive ; in this annex it is indicated as barbus spp .\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\npart of the english - arabic dictionary contains translations of arabeyes . thank you !\nbrown trout ( poto\u010dna pastrmka ) 93 cm ( 36 , 6 inches ) - una , bosnia . mp4\ncarmona , j . & darwall , w . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )\njustification : b . meridionalis has a large but fragmented distribution with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of nearly 2 , 000 km\u00b2 as it is present in only parts of streams and not the main rivers , it is also threatened by hybridisation with other barbus species in addition it has undergone a population decline of nearly 30 % ( crivelli , a . pers comm ) .\nit is restricted to the southern part of the rh\u00f4ne river basin and to several coastal streams in france , and to few coastal streams in northern catalonia , spain .\nhabitat alteration , dams , water extraction and pollution are the main factors threatening this species .\nit is listed in the annexes ii and v of the european union habitats directive and in the appendix iii of the bern convention .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2008 tougard et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : cnrs ( french government ) provided financial support for the experiment realization . the funder has no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nindividual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .\nobserved mismatch distributions ( blue line ) for the whole dataset ( a ) as well as the western ( b ) , eastern ( c ) and central ( d ) lineages are compared to expected distributions under a population growth - decline model ( red line ) . numbers of pairwise differences are on the x - axis , while relative frequencies are on the y - axis .\nthe 95 % confidence ranges of divergence time estimates are wide , making it difficult to correlate formation events of m . arvalis lineages to quaternary climatic events . however , bayesian posterior probability densities ( data not shown ) of these estimates are unimodal , indicating that mean estimates should provide a reasonable basis for inferences about the evolutionary history of m . arvalis [ 41 ] .\nthe divergence time estimates among the five evolutionary lineages of m . arvalis covered several glacial and interglacial periods in the middle and late pleistocene . this pattern is congruent with a pre - lgm origin , split and evolution of the lineages , although some previously published divergence times are much younger than the present molecular dating [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] . each of our estimates corresponds to warm or pre - and postglacial periods ( figure 4 ) .\nbefore ( a ) , during ( b ) and after ( c ) the lgm .\nthe black star locates the most likely origin of the species from fossil and genetic evidence . solid arrows indicate the southwestward and northeastward gradual range expansion during warm periods , while dotted arrows are for more or less irregular expansion ( \u00f9 glacial survival in isolated populations or \u00e4 bottleneck events ) during cold periods . shaded areas ( b ) correspond to the estimated extension of ice cover .\nfrom a palaeontological standpoint , the whole european fossil record of m . arvalis was considered [ 30 ] . kowalski [ 30 ] listed m . arvalis remains in two categories : m . arvalis / m . agrestis assemblages and m . arvalis localities . in the present study , only the second category with well - determined specimens is taken into account . two continuous and well - studied sequences located in france were also examined ( figure 1 ) : la baume de gigny ( gigny , jura ; 0 . 060\u20130 . 015 myr ) [ 49 ] \u2013 [ 51 ] and le taillis des coteaux ( antigny , vienne ; 0 . 030\u20130 . 015 myr ) [ 52 ] . in the former locality , m . arvalis and m . agrestis were identified [ 49 ] , while m . arvalis remains of the latter locality were determined by one of us ( er in [ 52 ] ) .\nbest - fitting models of sequence evolution were determined using modeltest 3 . 7 [ 68 ] for ml reconstructions and mrmodeltest 2 . 2 [ 69 ] for ba . these models are : k81uf + i + g ( ml ) and gtr + i + g ( ba ) for cr ; trn + i + g ( ml ) and k80 + i , gtr , gtr + g ( respectively , first , second and third codon positions ; ba ) for cytb ( for details about models , see urltoken ) . ml analyses were conducted using the software phyml 2 . 4 . 4 [ 70 ] , and nodal robustness was estimated after 1000 bootstrap replicates . alternative topologies to the best ml tree were evaluated with the test of shimodaira & hasegawa [ 39 ] as implemented in paup * 4 . 010b [ 71 ] . mixed models under ba using mrbayes 3 . 0b4 [ 72 ] was performed with five markov chain monte carlo chains that were simultaneously run for 2 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 100 th generation , and after removing the first 2000 trees as the burn - in stage .\nnucleotide and haplotype diversities within evolutionary lineages , as well as total and net dna divergence were calculated using dnasp 4 . 20 . 2 [ 73 ] . mismatch distribution analyses among individuals [ 40 ] were carried out under a population growth - decline model in dnasp . demographic stability is illustrated by multimodal distributions , while a unimodal pattern is consistent with sudden expansion [ 46 ] .\nlabels , geographic distribution and references / sources of microtus arvalis samples . accession numbers for original and genbank data of the cytochrome b gene and the control region are also listed . colours refer to the five lineages : western ( red ) , central ( blue ) , eastern ( orange ) , freiburg ( green ) and italian ( pink ) .\nhaplotype list for each microtus arvalis lineage . the positions of changes in the amino acid sequence are given according to the cytochrome b model by howell [ 79 ] and degli esposti et al . [ 80 ] .\nalternative topologies nonsignificantly different ( 5 % confidence level ) including the five lineages of microtus arvalis . the topology in bold is the previously published topology [ 33 ] , [ 34 ] , while the topology in red corresponds to the present topology based on cytochrome b gene sequences ( figure 2 ) .\nbayesian tree reconstructed from control region sequences of microtus arvalis . individual labels are detailed in table s1 . the numbers at nodes refer to ml bootstrap percentages \u226550 % ( above branches ) and ba posterior probabilities \u22650 . 50 ( below branches ) . the five main evolutionary lineages as previously mentioned [ 34 ] are indicated on the right .\navise jc , arnold j , ball mr , bermingham e , lamb t , et al . ( 1987 ) intraspecific phylogeography : the mitochondrial dna bridge between population genetics and systematics . ann rev ecol syst 18 : 489\u2013522 .\nbennett kd ( 1997 ) evolution and ecology : the pace of life . cambridge : cambridge university press .\ntaberlet p , fumagalli l , wust - saucy a - g , cossons j - f ( 1998 ) comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in europe . mol ecol 7 : 453\u2013464 .\nhewitt g ( 2000 ) the genetic legacy of the quaternary ice ages . nature 405 : 907\u2013913 .\nhewitt g ( 2004 ) genetic consequences of climatic oscillations in the quaternary . phil trans r soc lond b 359 : 183\u2013195 ."]}
{"id": 1225, "summary": [{"text": "adoxophyes aurata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on the island of luzon in the philippines .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 15 mm for males and 17 \u2013 19 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish yellow , with a golden gloss and with tawny lilac markings , edged with dark brown or entirely dark brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal edge is suffused with bright yellow ochreous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are semitransparent , pale yellow with a pinkish-golden gloss . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "adoxophyes aurata", "paragraphs": ["dana campbell set\nimage of adoxophyes furcatana\nas an exemplar on\nadoxophyes furcatana walker 1863\n.\ndana campbell marked the classification from\nirmng\nas preferred for\nadoxophyes furcatana walker 1863\n.\nthe neem tree , azadirachta indica , is attacked by a number of pest species but most of them are only slightly harmful . some scale insect species , such as pinnaspis strachani and aonidiella orientalis , may be very numerous but are usually kept in check by natural enemies . leaf cutting ants ( acromyrmex sp . ) damage young trees in latin america . the tortricid moth adoxophyes aurata and loboschiza sp . attack neem leaves in se - asia and w - africa , respectively . the former may cause considerable damage to leaves of chinaberry whereas pseudalacaspis pentagona may kill twigs and branches of the same plant during outbreaks in tonga\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nclick on the thumbnail image to view the details and photo for a specific specimen .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice ."]}
{"id": 1226, "summary": [{"text": "aristotelia eldorada is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by keifer in 1936 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "aristotelia eldorada", "paragraphs": ["aristotelia impunctella ( caradja , 1920 ) , described as xystophora impunctella ( nom . nud . )\naristotelia is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae . well - known species are food plant specialists , and diverse hosts are used - salicaceae , solanaceae , rosaceae , fagaceae , fabaceae , asteraceae .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1227, "summary": [{"text": "helcystogramma microsema is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on the seychelles , where it has been recorded from mah\u00e9 .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark purplish-fuscous , the stigmata black , with the plical beneath the first discal , edged anteriorly by a small whitish dot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an ochreous-whitish dot on the costa at three-fourths .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "helcystogramma microsema", "paragraphs": ["brachmia microsema meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274 ; tl : seychelles\nhelcystogramma amethystias ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3\nhelcystogramma augusta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma compositaepictum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5\nhelcystogramma cyanozona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma gradatum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma helicopis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3\nhelcystogramma heterostigma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma heterotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma immeritellum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma rhabducha ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nhelcystogramma tristellum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nhave a fact about helcystogramma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for helcystogramma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhelcystogramma adaequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 271 ; tl : british guiana\nhelcystogramma symbolica meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 270 ; tl : british guiana\nhelcystogramma chalyburga meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 103 ; tl : brazil , para\nhelcystogramma cyanozona meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 26 ; tl : sidapur , coorg\nhelcystogramma sertigera meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 27 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nhelcystogramma claripunctella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 4 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , 16km sw partizansk\nhelcystogramma gypsaspis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , tegal simpar , 3000ft ; pekalongan\nhelcystogramma klimeschi ponomarenko & huemer , 2001 ; stud . trentini sci . nat . acta bol . 76 : ( 7 - 15 )\nhelcystogramma lithostrota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : perak , gunong hijan , 5000ft\nhelcystogramma clarkei rose & pathania , 2003 ; panjab univ . res . j . ( sci . ) 53 : ( 81 - 90 )\nhelcystogramma thesmiopa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nhelcystogramma uedai rose & pathania , 2003 ; panjab univ . res . j . ( sci . ) 53 : ( 81 - 90 )\nhelcystogramma virescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nhelcystogramma flavilineolella ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 , 1037 ( list )\nhelcystogramma infibulata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya ; s . india , coimbatore\nhelcystogramma flavilineolella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 2 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , pogranichii distr . , barabash - levada\nhelcystogramma hassenzanensis park & hodges , 1995 ; korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 229 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ngelechia ( helcystogramma ) ribbeella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 369 , f . 126a - b ; tl : chiriqui\nhelcystogramma arulensis ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma carycastis meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 104 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas ; british guiana , bartica\nhelcystogramma klimeschi ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma lineolella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma simplex ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= helcystogramma melanocarpum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 130 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma armatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma balteatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma crypsinomum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5\nhelcystogramma engraptum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma fuscomarginatum ueda , 1995 ; jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 385 ; tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima pref . , yakushima is . , onoaida\nhelcystogramma hoplophorum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma infibulatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma leucoplectum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma lithostrotum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma obscuratum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma philomusum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma aruritis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma badium ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 128 , pl . 3 , f . 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nhelcystogramma brabylitis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma delocosma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma ectopon hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 131 , pl . 3 , f . 35 ; tl : fort niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nhelcystogramma hapalyntis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma idiastis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma lochistis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma phryganitis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nhelcystogramma xerastis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 10\nhelcystogramma bicuneum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1055 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma cascum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 127 , pl . 3 , f . 28 - 29 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nhelcystogramma epicentra ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1057 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma fuscomarginatum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1065 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma hassenzanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1071 , 1040 ( list )\nhelcystogramma perelegans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1062 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma rufescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma flavifuscum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1062 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : guangxi , jinxiu ( 24\u00b008 ' n , 110\u00b011 ' e ) , 550m\nhelcystogramma hystricella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 129 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma rectangulum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , shaanxi , nighshan ( 33\u00b019 ' n , 108\u00b020 ' e ) , 880m\n= helcystogramma trijunctum ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 227 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1072\nhelcystogramma albilepidotum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1074 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , sichuan , wolong ( 30\u00b059 ' n , 103\u00b008 ' e ) , 1900m\nhelcystogramma fernaldella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 126 , pl . 3 , f . 25 - 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma imagibicuneum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1060 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : shaanxi , chenhe , zhouzhi ( 34\u00b010 ' n , 108\u00b012 ' e ) , 700m\nhelcystogramma melantherella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 128 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma furvimaculare li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , guizhou , huixiangping , mt fanjing ( 27\u00b055 ' n , 108\u00b041 ' e ) , 1700m\nhelcystogramma imagitrijunctum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1080 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , jiangxi , mt wuyi ( 26\u00b054 ' n , 116\u00b042 ' e ) , 800m\nhelcystogramma angustum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1075 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , hubei , shayuyan , hefeng ( 29\u00b053 ' n , 110\u00b002 ' e ) , 1260m\nhelcystogramma flavistictum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1077 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , shaanxi , xinjianshan , fengxian ( 33\u00b055 ' n , 106\u00b031 ' e ) , 1600m\nhelcystogramma brevinodium li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1077 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : china , hebei , mt xiantai , jingxing ( 38\u00b001 ' n , 114\u00b001 ' e ) , 1200m\nhelcystogramma chambersella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 131 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nhelcystogramma trijunctum ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 227 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1072 , 1040 ( list )\nhelcystogramma ineruditum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 10 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281\nhelcystogramma lutatella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1066 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma hibisci ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1059 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]\nhelcystogramma triannulella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma convolvuli ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 17 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma arotraeum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 383 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 226 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1064 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma ( dichomeridinae ) ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , limpopo ] , zoutpansberg district , wylie ' s poort .\njanse a . j . t . 1954 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - \u2014 5 ( 4 ) : 301\u2013464 , pls . 137\u2013202 .\n= onebala ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 208 ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037\ndichomeris abortiva walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 98 ; tl : guatemala , las mercedes , 3000ft\nnothris albinervis gerasimov , 1929 ; ezheg . zool . mus . 30 : 37\nzalithia amethystias meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 140 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\ntricyanaula anthistis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 508 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nhelcystograme anthistis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nonebala archigrapha meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 508 ; tl : colombia\nstrobisia armata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 728 ; tl : khasis\njapan , taiwan , burma , thailand , ne . india , ceylon , malaysia , java , china ( hainan , jiangxi , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]\ncladodes arotraea meyrick , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . 1894 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : koni , burma\nlarva on zizania latifolia , oriza sativa ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nbrachmia arulensis rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 52\nbrachmia aruritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 723 ; tl : maskeliya , matale , puttalam and trincomali , ceylon\nstrobisia augusta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 727 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nbrachmia badia braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 12 ; tl : freadlba , california\nstrobisia balteata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 732 ; tl : khasis\nassam , china ( anhui , guizhou , hainan , hong kong , hubei , hunan , xizang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]\nstrobisia bicunea meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 731 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nstrobisia brabylitis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 729 ; tl : n . coorg , india\ns . saskatchewan , british columbia - utah , colorado , oregon . see [ maps ]\nbrachmia casca braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 196 ; tl : logan canyon near cottonwood canyon , utah\nbrachmia cerinura meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nchalybea ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( simaethis ) ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 140 , f . 4\npennsylvania , florida , oklahoma , missouri , texas , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2265 ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 132 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nlarva on ambrosia artemisiifolia , ambrosia confertifolia , a . ptilostachya hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133\nschemataspis compositaepicta omelko & omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr : 216 ; tl : verkhnii pereval , primorskii krai , russia\nbrachmia conturbata meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 359 ; tl : sierra leone\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nlarva on ipomoea , i . batatas hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 , solanum tuberosum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5\ndichomeris cornuta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 20 ; tl : corozal and trinidad river , panama\nbrachmia craticula meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 90 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude ; iynack is .\nbrachmia cricopa meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274 ; tl : seychelles\nbrachmia crypsinoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 527 ; tl : siam , bangkok\ndichomeris daedalea walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nonebala delocosma meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : telawa , java\nzalithia deltophora janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 397 ; tl : s . africa\nbrachmia engrapta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : lahore , punjab , india\nlarva on ipomoea batatas ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nceylon , china ( fujian , hong kong , huan , zhejiang ) . see [ maps ]\nstrobisia epicentra meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 730 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nsw . newfoundland , s . canada , south dakota , alaska , yukon . see [ maps ]\ntrichotaphe fernaldella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 915 ; tl : orono , maine\nbrachmia fiscinata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 26 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\nse . siberia , china ( henan , liaoning , shaanxi , sichuan , zhejiang ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on oplismenus undulatifolius ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nbrachmia gradata meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 221 ; tl : shillong , khasi hills\nbrachmia graphicodes meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 194 ; tl : new hanover\nbrachmia hapalyntis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 724 ; tl : dibidi , n . coorg\nstrobisia helicopis meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 101 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos ; peru , jurimaguas\nbrachmia hemiopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 90 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali , sawmills\nhypatima heterostigma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 154 ; tl : luzon , benguet , baguio , 5000ft\nbrachmia heterotoma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 158 ; tl : luzon , los ba\u00f1os\nchina ( anhui , guizhou , hong kong , hubei , xizang , zhejiang ) , taiwan , thailand , vietnam , india , ceylon , sumatra , java , australia ( queensland ) . see [ maps ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 208 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\n= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nlarva on hibiscus spp . , abelmoschus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystrogramma hoplophora meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\nbrachmia hystricella braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on hystrix patula braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 12\nbrachmia idiastis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nlarva on panicum sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nchina ( guizhou , jiangxi , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\ngelechia immeritella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 634 ; tl : ceylon\nbrachmia inerudita meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 290 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nstrobisia leucoplecta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 729 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon\nbrachmia lochistis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 723 ; tl : maskeliya and puttlam , ceylon ; n . coorg , 3500ft\nceu , seu , uralsk , transbaikalia , china ( fujian , gansu , guizhou , hebei , heilongjiang , henan , hubei , jiangxi , shaanxi , sichuan , xizang , xinjiang ) . see [ maps ]\nanacampsis lutatella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 65 ) : 201 ; tl : europe\nlarva on calamagrostis epigeios , agropyrum repens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\ndichomeris lyrella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; tl : guatemala , alta ver par , panima , 1800ft\nbrachmia malacogramma meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 14 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : pretoria\ntrichotaphe meconitis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 176 ; tl : argentina\nnova scotia , new brunswick - south carolina - texas . see [ maps ]\ntrichotaphe melantherella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 232 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nlarva on calyptocarpus vialis , cynara scolymnus , melanthera nivea , xanthium strumarium hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 129\ndichomeris melissia walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\nbrachmia musicopa meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 727 ; tl : transvaal\nbrachmia nesidias meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 273 ; tl : seychelles\nbrachmia neurograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 91 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ngelechia obseratella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 371 , pl . 5 , f . 127\nbrachmia octophora meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 25 ; tl : natal , stella bush\nbrachmia pantheropa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 296 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris perceptella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 19 ; tl : la chorrera and cabima , panama\nse . siberia , korea , japan , china ( hunan , tianjin ) . see [ maps ]\ntricyanaula perelegans omelko & omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr : 218 ; tl : andreevka , primrskii krai , russia\nbrachmia philomusa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nbrachmia phryganitis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 722 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima\nchina ( guizhou , hunan , shaanxi , sichuan ) . see [ maps ]\nstrobisia rhabducha meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 730 ; tl : maskeliya , cyelon\ngelechia rusticella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega\nstrobisia scintillula walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 81 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ngelechia selectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 614 ; tl : ega\nonebala simplex walsingham , 1900 ; bull . liverpool mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 2 ; tl : sokotra , adho dimellus , 3500ft\nbrachmia spilopis meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 356 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris stellatella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 20 ; tl : taboga island , panama\ngelechia subvectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 610 ; tl : ega\ndichomeris thesmiopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nonebala thiostoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : kanara , haliyal\nceu , seu , sw . siberia , caucasus , transcaucasia , kazakhstan , se . siberia , kore , japan , china , n . india . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067\n= ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067\nlarva on ipomoea batatas , convolutus aroensi , calystegia sepium , calystegia japonica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nbrachmia trichocyma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas , teff\u00e9 ; british guiana , bartica\nchina ( anhui , gansu , guangxi , guizhou , hubei , huna , shaanxi , sichuan , yunnan ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nceratophora tristella snellen , 1901 ; tijdschr . ent . 44 : 85 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : java , batavia\nbrachmia verberata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : haenertsburg ; woodbush village\nstrobisia victrix meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 727 ; tl : n . coorg , 3400ft\nbrachmia virescens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 84 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntorodora xerastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 599 ; tl : punjab , india\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , zululand , nkwaleni , i , leg . a . j . t . janse .\nmeyrick e . 1918a . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 6 ( 2 ) : 7\u201359 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1229, "summary": [{"text": "roman hackle ( foaled 1933 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse who won the 1940 cheltenham gold cup .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning several races over hurdles he was switched to steeplechasing in 1939 and made an immediate impact by winning the broadway novices ' chase .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he won the gold cup as a seven-year-old but did not build on his early promise .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in two subsequent bids for the gold cup he ran poorly when favourite in 1941 and fell in 1942 .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "his british career ended when national hunt racing in britain was suspended in september 1942 but he went on to win races in ireland . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "roman hackle", "paragraphs": ["we have found 55 property sales in roman hackle avenue since the beginning of 1995 .\nzoopla is one of the uk ' s leading property portals , helping you to find property for sale and to rent and make smarter decisions when buying and renting homes in the uk . discover information on homes in roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 by researching roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 property values , roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 house prices paid , our roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 property market overview and find roman hackle avenue , cheltenham gl50 agents .\nroman hackle avenue in cheltenham is in the south west region of england . the postcode is within the swindon village ward / electoral division , which is in the constituency of tewkesbury . this page combines information for the address roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf ,\nlisted here are the 10 closest hospitals to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is honeybourne , approximately 0 . 6 miles away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest opticians to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is maddox eyecare , approximately 0 . 7 miles away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest primary schools to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is gardners lane primary school , approximately 820 yards away .\nlisted here are the 10 closest secondary schools to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is pittville school , approximately 0 . 8 miles away .\nlisted here are the 3 closest railway stations to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest railway station is cheltenham spa , approximately 1 . 5 miles away .\nour information is available for almost all uk postcodes . why not take a look at some of these other postcodes in the immediate vicinity of roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf :\nowen anthony , who trained golden miller from the old manor house to win the fifth of his gold cups in 1936 and also roman hackle to take chasing\u2019s blue riband in 1940 , is buried here .\ngolden miller\u2019s owner , dorothy paget , has been the most successful owner in the race with an amazing seven victories , with roman hackle ( 1940 ) and mont tremblant ( 1952 ) adding to golden miller\u2019s five wins .\nthe average price for property in roman hackle avenue stood at \u00a3208 , 660 in july 2018 . this is a fall of 0 . 45 % in the last three months ( since april 2018 ) and fall of 4 . 05 % since 12 months ago . in terms of property types , flats in roman hackle avenue sold for an average of \u00a3247 , 761 and terraced houses for \u00a3210 , 827 . this is according to the current zoopla estimates .\nroman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf is within the swindon village and wymans brook policing neighbourhood , under the gloucestershire constabulary force area . for non - urgent queries , contact 101 . for emergency assistance , please contact 999 .\nlisted here are the 10 closest dentists to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is hilltop dental practice , approximately 430 yards away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .\nlisted here are the 10 closest gps ( general practitioners ) to roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf . the nearest is st catherine ' s surgery , approximately 0 . 7 miles away . please consult the nhs choices website to check if the facility is currently accepting new nhs patients .\nthe song title is not\nthe right man\n, it ' s called\nhackle you\n, but yes it ' s by frisco kid . ( thanks to favela chic , brooklyn , ny ) add more info\nfollowing the suspension of national hunt racing in britain , many leading british chasers including roman hackle and medoc ii were relocated to ireland . prince regent however , maintained his position as the best jumper in the country , winning several major races and finishing second under top weight in the irish grand nationals of 1943 and 1944 . plans to send the horse to race in england in the spring of 1945 were abandoned when he developed a warble on his back .\nthe song is called\ntop shooter\nwith sean paul and mr . vegas . . . and it is on the cd . the hook is\nhere comes the boom .\n( thanks to roman , roanoke , va ) add more info\ngolden miller won the gold cup for five consecutive years between 1932 and 1936 and also won the 1934 grand national . he was owned by the highly eccentric dorothy paget a self declared man hater and one of the most difficult owners any trainer served . her very rich family was steeped in thoroughbred racehorse ownership and she owned her own stables in ireland as well as a stud breeding farm . she in fact owned two other gold cup winners , roman hackle who won in 1940 and mont tremblant who took the honors in 1952 .\ni made this cover from a photo of a spoils pile at the roman fort in corbridge , which is ( sorry ) in england . the smaller image is the famous statue of robert the bruce on the battlefield at bannockburn , and the background is still campbell tartan .\ndata on sold house prices , such as the results above for roman hackle avenue cheltenham gl50 , is supplied to us via monthly updates from the land registry for england and wales and from the registers of scotland for scotland . there may be a delay of up to 3 months from when a property is actually sold to when it becomes officially recorded with land registry and / or registers of scotland . we provide data on house prices for information only , on an ' as is ' basis as supplied to us and accept no liability for any errors or omissions . if you have identified any incorrect information in , please report an error .\nembroidery linen : produced in many weights in plain weave and finished in white , cream or colour . until recently it was a ruling in the roman catholic church that only pure linen could be used for altar cloths and vestments . embroidery was done on linen as an irish cottage industry , and also in madeira , cyprus and other countries .\nits purely british ancestry makes the dorking one of the oldest of domesticated fowls in lineage . a roman writer , who died in ad 47 , described birds of dorking type with five toes , and no doubt such birds were found in england by the romans under julius caesar . by judicious crossings , and by careful selection , the darking or dorking breed was established .\nthe information on housing , people , culture , employment and education that is displayed about roman hackle avenue , cheltenham , gl50 4rf is based on the last census performed in the uk in 2011 . they are performed once every 10 years . please note : census information may include figures for adjacent streets and postcodes . the figures are therefore representative of the local area , not a specific street address or row of houses . the census collection is designed so that each group of postcodes should contain at least 100 people ( 50 in scotland ) . this is done to preserve the anonymity of the people in that area , as some postcodes cover a very small area , sometimes a single building . you can see the area covered by the census statistics by clicking\nshow census area covered\nbelow the map above .\nthe kelmscott press was founded in hammersmith in 1891 by william morris in close association with emery walker . fifty - three books were printed by this press , the last in 1898 ; these books had a great influence and gave impetus to a revival of good book production . this volume is printed in golden type , which was designed by morris , based on the roman types used by jacobus rubeus and nicolas jenson in venice in 1476 .\nas is common with any rumpless breed , the parson\u2019s nose or ` caudal appendage\u2019 ( uropygium ) is missing . foreign breeds such as barbu d\u2019anvers has a rumpless version called barbu du grubbe . the barbu d\u2019uccle has the barbu d\u2019everberg as its rumpless version and , even in japan , there is a rumpless yokohama , funny though it may sound , with its long saddle hackle making it feasible . a genetic accident with old english game many years ago probably created our own rumpless game . the breed , though popular in the bantam form is not often seen in large fowl .\ncharles a . hepburn , who died on 16 july 1971 , at the age of eighty , was one of a long line of mercantile philanthropists whose benefactions have enriched glasgow and its university . after the first world war , he was joint founder , with the late herbert ross , of the firm of whisky blenders whose red hackle product is now marketed throughout the world . the firm ' s prosperity enabled charles hepburn to become a collector and patron of the arts . he formed an impressive private collection of paintings , paying particular attention to the works of ramsay , raeburn and munnings . nor did he by any means restrict himself to paintings ; his collecting interests extended to period furniture , oriental carpets , scottish arms and armour , porcelain , and printed books and manuscripts .\nroyal mail ( 1929 ) was my prince ' s third son to win the grand national , a few months before my prince ' s death , in 1937 , and the year after reynoldstown ' s second victory in that race . bred by charles rogers of ratoath , co . meath , he was out of the half - bred flying may , by flying hackle ( by hackler ) ; flying may ' s dam , little may ii , by ascetic , was a winner of eight steeplechases , including the drogheda plate and the irish international steeplechase . the female line was thoroughbred , and in the general stud book ( family 1 - g ) , until wood sorrel , by springfield , produced sister may ( a winner on the flat ) to the great half - bred stallion mayboy ( hb family 1 ) . little may ii was one of many good jumpers produced by sister may . royal mail ' s pedigree was loaded with top steeplechase sires .\nthe mtdna haplotype identified in 12 contemporary descendants of woodbine is similar to that found in other branches of family 8 but may represent a separate founder and relatively recent error in the stud book record . see equine genetic genealogy .\nto optimise your experience on our website . if you continue we ' ll assume that you are happy to receive our cookies . however , if you would like to , you can\nhouse price data produced by the this material was last updated on 03 july 2018 .\nthis material was last updated on 03 july 2018 . it covers the period from 01 january 1995 to 30 may 2018 .\n\u00a9 crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of land registry under delegated authority from the controller of hmso .\npermitted use : viewers of this information are granted permission to access this crown copyright material and to download it onto electronic , magnetic , optical or similar storage media provided that such activities are for private research , study or in - house use only . any other use of the material requires the formal written permission of land registry which can be requested from us , and is subject to an additional licence and associated charge .\nhangar on ! a home with a 300m runway ? it\u2019s yours for \u00a31 . 8m july 4 , 2018\nzoopla estimates | street index | popular areas | \u00a9 2018 zoopla limited . all rights reserved .\nsold house prices provided by land registry / registers of scotland . \u00a9 crown copyright 2018 .\n* zoopla limited is an appointed representative of uswitch limited which is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( frn 312850 ) to provide this mortgage comparison service .\n* * uswitch limited is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( fca ) under firm reference number 312850 . the home insurance comparison service is provided by autonet insurance services ltd , registered in england no . 3642372 . autonet insurance services ltd has its registered office at nile street , burslem , stoke - on - trent st6 2ba united kingdom . autonet insurance services ltd is authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( fca ) ( registration number : 308213 ) .\nyour search area is too large to further filter your results . please edit your search location if you would like to filter your results .\nkeyword search allows you to find properties that include specific words e . g . pool . more about keywords\nan extended 3 bed semi detached house , on a large plot , in the sought after area of wymans brook . it also has 2 reception rooms and off road parking .\na modern and contemporary 3 bedroom townhouse offered with no onward chain . set behind electric gates it also offers off road parking through a car port .\nlarge 4 bedroom link detached family home offers , 5 good size bedrooms , 2 ensuite shower rooms , 1 family bathroom , 2 cloak rooms , three reception rooms and fitted kitchen diner with all the appliances . ( contd . . . )\nbeautifully presented two bedroom coach house situated on recent development close to pittville park . the property is freehold and benefits from open plan kitchen / living area with doors onto a private balcony plus a single garage & driveway parking . . . .\nthis spacious , three double bedroom fourth - floor apartment is just moments away from cheltenham racecourse and pittville park , and a fifteen minute walk to the town centre . the impressive , large living room overlooks the front of the landscaped grounds . . .\na stunning , spacious ground floor apartment with beautiful period features on a prominent tree - lined road with share of freehold , allocated parking and own private entrance . this wonderful apartment is within easy reach of the town centre and . . .\nwonderfully bright and spacious four bedroom , semi - detached family home , situated a stone ' s throw from cheltenham leisure centre and the pitville park . with waitrose and the brewery complex both a short walk away , this property is ideally situated for . . .\na stylish contemporary townhouse with accommodation arranged over 2 floors set on a corner plot in this fabulous , select gated development of just 9 houses being a short walk from the race course and pittville park and close to the town centre . garden . . .\na refurbished and beautifully presented bungalow situated on a corner plot overlooking fields to the front . accommodation comprises 21 ' 6 x 18 ' ( max ) lounge / diner with sliding doors to the rear garden , a fitted kitchen , 4 - piece bathroom and two double . . .\na rare opportunity to acquire a spacious townhouse in a delightful development of similar calibre homes on a tree lined and private road in pittville . this small cluster of townhouses share a communal garden yet each have a private terrace and two . . .\n* * * sought after pittville area * * * this detached family residence is situated in the prestbury parish area on the outskirts of cheltenham . within walking distance to | pittville park and around a 15 minute walk into cheltenham town centre . having been . . .\na three bedroom detached house , located conveniently in the wymans brook area of cheltenham and offering ample space for family living . this property is in need of some updating . the ground floor comprises of a large living room which leads through . . .\nthis stunning property was build by the current owner 12 years ago . it sets in a fantastic plot , a way from the main road with a long drive which is private and gated . ( contd . . . )\n* * calls to this number will be recorded for quality , compliance and training purposes .\nresearch is absolutely key to all successful property purchases and i should know because over the last twenty odd years i have been involved in hundreds of property transactions .\nbeing armed with the right information can help you with every aspect of the purchase . it can help you refine where you want to live , arm you with the figures to support strong negotiation and even help you avoid costly mistakes and abortive costs .\nget one of my comprehensive property reports on any of the homes listed below .\nto dig deeper into our data , please try our people search to find occupiers or the property price search to find more property prices .\nthese well established neighbourhoods comprise of moderately priced semi - detached and terraced properties in small towns and suburbs . these are typically family areas although we do see some individuals living alone or co - habiting . less affluent and less educated than those in the\ncomfortable mixed tenure\ngroup , these residents are either starting out in their careers , bringing in a single income to support a family household or merely working in lower paid positions . their credit risk reflects the national average . they are frequent users of the internet and typically purchase from catalogues .\nwe\u2019re sorry , some parts of the airbnb website don\u2019t work properly without javascript enabled .\n. for more details on the exact area these statistics cover , please see the map below and click\nshow census area covered\nimmediately below the map .\nthe information we provide on the website is done so without charge . however , members of the public who wish to use this data on websites or in any other public medium should consult our data sources page for information on how you should correctly attribute the information .\nif you are a business who wish to use the information in your own products , please take a look at our api information , for details and pricing on how to integrate the data into your own applications .\nour data comes directly from the land registry , and is updated monthly . it does not include commercial sales , or sales of land without property .\nthis area contains a mixture of housing types , as detailed below . no single type of dwelling accounts for more than 50 % of the dwellings . please note that the figures may include adjacent streets - see the summary tab for an explanation and map of the area that these figures cover .\nthis area contains a mixture of housing tenures , as detailed below . across the uk , an average of 30 . 6 % of household spaces were owned outright , 32 . 9 % were mortgaged , 18 . 2 % were social housing , and 16 . 3 % were privately rented at the last census .\nthis data lists the total number of residents normally resident within each household . the figures do not record under - or over - occupancy .\nsocial grade approximations are derived from an algorithm created by the market research society . the figures shown are per - household rather than individual - more specifically , the job title and employer of the\nhousehold reference person\nis used , analogous to what traditionally was called the head of the household . only household reference persons between the ages of 16 - 64 are included .\nacross the uk as a whole , the gender split is roughly equal at 49 % male , 51 % female . this address in tewkesbury constituency is broadly in line with those figures , with 51 % male .\nacross the uk as a whole , the median age is 39 . in general , inner city areas show high concentrations of people aged 18 - 30 , suburbs show larger numbers of small children and adults aged 30 - 50 , and rural and small towns are more popular with older workers and retirees . many poorer areas lack a majority age group , which is due in part to the people in that area being constrained by circumstance rather than being able to choose where to retire , raise a family or grow up .\nthe postcode gl50 4rf does not show a significant deviation from the average figures for the uk . in the uk as a whole , the average figures are approximately as follows for relationship statuses : 34 % single , 47 % married , 3 % separated , 9 % divorced , 7 % widowed , and 0 . 2 % same sex .\nfigures for relationship status do not include those aged under 16 , or those family members aged 16 - 18 who are in full - time education .\nhealth in the uk is strongly tied to age as you would expect , but the affluence of a neighbourhood also has strong influence , with deprived areas often showing poorer standards of health .\noverall , the uk considers itself to be healthy - 81 . 1 % of residents rated their health as very good or good . the full breakdown is as follows for the united kingdom : 47 . 1 % very good , 34 % good , 13 . 3 % fair , 4 . 3 % bad and 1 . 3 % very bad .\nat the time of the 2011 census , across the uk 22 . 9 % of residents had no qualification , 13 . 2 % had 1 - 4 gcses , 15 . 2 % had 5 + gcses and 1 - 2 a / as - levels , 12 . 3 % had 2 + a - levels , 27 . 1 % had a degree ( or similar ) , and 3 . 6 % had an apprenticeship .\nthe qualification levels are based on current qualification names . the former ordinary levels ( o - levels ) and cses will be included in the gcse figures , and higher school certificates ( hscs ) will be counted as a levels .\nas whole , the uk population claims itself as approximately 86 % white , with this area being 93 % white .\nas a country with a diverse population , the uk is home to other sizable ethnic groups , with mixed ethnicity ( 2 . 1 % ) , indian ( 2 . 4 % ) and pakistani ( 1 . 9 % ) being the largest groups reported .\nthere is considerable division of ethnicities within the uk , with ethnically diverse addresses uncommon outside of urban areas .\nat the time of the 2011 census , approximately 83 . 5 % of the resident population of england were born in england . the other groups were 1 % welsh , 1 . 35 % scottish , 0 . 4 % northern irish , 0 . 75 % from the republic of ireland , 3 . 75 % from other european union countries , and 9 . 4 % from outside of europe , with the remainder not stated .\nnote that an individual may hold one or more passports . the data may include people living in adjacent addresses to gl50 4rf\nengland and wales are primarily christian countries , with 59 . 3 % of residents christian . however , a sizeable portion of the population ( 25 . 1 % ) claim to have no religion . some 4 . 8 % identify themselves as muslim , 1 . 5 % hindu , 0 . 4 % buddhist , 0 . 5 % jewish , 0 . 8 % sikh , and 0 . 4 % as other religions , while the remaining 7 . 2 % did not state their religious views .\nthis address within the swindon village ward had a larger than average concentration of residents that were in part - time employment - 18 % of the resident population . on average , around 13 . 7 % of census respondents were in part - time employment . there was a large disparity between employment types of male and female residents - almost four times as many women were part - time employees when compared to men .\nfigures for economic activity do not include those aged under 16 , or those family members aged 16 - 18 who are in full - time education . this data is therefore based on 42 . 4 million of the united kingdom ' s 57 . 8 million residents . the data was correct as of the 2011 census , which was a period of depressed economic activity .\nthis data is based on resident aged 16 - 74 on census day 2011 , who were in employment .\nbelow are the details of the closest services to gl50 4rf . all distances are straightline distances , please consult the map of the facility to check the exact location . you can also view these details on our interactive services map for gl50 4rf .\n* distances are measured in a straight line from the given postcode . please consult the facility ' s map page or your preferred route finding / gps app for driving directions .\nwant to find out which broadband package is right for you ? streetcheck now offers a handy broadband comparison tool .\nthis postcode has support for ultrafast broadband at one or more premises . ultrafast broadband is the latest high - speed standard , generally taken to mean fixed line broadband at a potential speed of 300mbps or more - more than enough for even the most demanding household gaming , video calling , video and internet browsing needs . note that occasionally some properties in a postcode may still not be eligible due to conditions on the ground , or the building structure . if you wish to enquire about a specific property in this postcode , contact the major suppliers , for instance virgin media , bt broadband and plusnet . for more information on superfast broadband , see the openreach website .\nbroadband data is based on information provided by the major fixed internet service providers in the uk , including virgin media and bt . it does not include providers of satellite internet . data at this postcode has been sourced from 54 reported internet connections .\nthanks to a survey [ link ] performed for broadband genie , we can show you the best broadband suppliers in the united kingdom as of december 2016 . the most popular supplier was plusnet , based on average scores for value , support , speed , reliability , customer service , security and whether the customer would recommend the supplier .\nlooking for a broadband package ? streetcheck now offers a handy broadband comparison tool , click the button below to get started .\n* subscribe now to view details for this work , and gain access to over 10 million auction results .\nget the latest news on the events , trends , and people that shape the global art market with our daily newsletter .\nproperty reference 26793089 . the information displayed about this property comprises a property advertisement . urltoken makes no warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of the advertisement or any linked or associated information , and urltoken has no control over the content . this property advertisement does not constitute property particulars . the information is provided and maintained by peter ball & co - cheltenham . please contact the selling agent directly to obtain any information which may be available under the terms of the energy performance of buildings ( certificates and inspections ) ( england and wales ) regulations 2007 or the home report if in relation to a residential property in scotland .\ncalls to 0843 numbers will be charged at 4p / min from bt landlines . calls from other networks may vary , and calls from mobiles and outside the uk will be higher . calls to local numbers beginning with 01 , 02 and 03 numbers will incur standard geographic charges from landlines and mobiles .\nby submitting this form , you accept our privacy policy . your personal data will be sent to peter ball & co - cheltenham so that they can respond to your request .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis column last week looked at the past , present and potential future of ballymacoll stud in ireland . we noted that the stud came under its current ownership consequent to its purchase by sir michael sobell from the honourable dorothy paget in 1960 . the achievements of sir michael sobell and his son - in - law lord weinstock in both commerce and racing are legendary . on the turf they enjoyed massive success as owns and breeders ; while they ranked as two of britain\u2019s commercial titans of the 20th century , building up one of the great british success stories , the general electrical company .\ndorothy paget\u2019s background was very different as she inherited her fortune rather than made it . however , she too ranks as a colossus of the turf who ought never to be forgotten . on that basis , it makes sense to treat ourselves to a brief overview of her life , to complete the picture of ballymacoll\u2019s background . miss paget , daughter of lord queenborough , was already a hugely successful owner and breeder by the time that she bought ballymacoll stud in 1946 . three years previously she had landed the greatest prize of all with a homebred , her solario colt straight deal taking the new derby ( the derby , run during the war on newmarket\u2019s july course ) .\nbred by miss paget at elsenham stud on the hertfordshire / essex border near bishop\u2019s stortford , straight deal was trained by walter nightingall in epsom . gordon ( subsequently sir gordon ) richards was always miss paget\u2019s favourite jockey , but he was committed to riding nasrullah ( behind whom straight deal had finished second in the coventry stakes the previous summer ) for hh aga khan iii in the race . the mount on the 100 / 7 chance straight deal therefore went to former hawthorn hill pony racing champion tommy carey . finishing strongly after having been ridden more patiently than in the 2000 guineas ( in which he had finished sixth ) , straight deal led close home to beat the aga khan\u2019s pair umiddad and nasrullah . that victory enabled miss paget to surpass the achievement of her grandfather william c whitney .\nhe had become the first american to own a derby winner when volodyovski ( whom he had not bred ) took the prize in 1901 . that triumph had represented a particular landmark for the transatlantic challengers because volodyovski was trained at heath house in newmarket by one american ( james huggins ) and was ridden by another ( lester reiff ) . had straight deal been racing a few years later , it is highly possible that he would have gone on to spend his stud career at ballymacoll . however , miss paget did not yet own the property in 1944 when straight deal began his second career , which he spent at another of her properties , benham stud near newbury .\nhe enjoyed a successful stud career which yielded three yorkshire oaks winners as well as the 1950 doncaster cup winner aldborough ( who was trained for miss paget by fulke walwyn ) and the 1958 irish st leger winner royal highway , who subsequently became a good national hunt sire . ( an interesting aspect of aldborough\u2019s victory was that he was ridden for miss paget who , of course , owned ballymacoll stud at the time , by doug smith , fatherin - law of ballymacoll\u2019s current manager peter reynolds ) . notwithstanding the successes of straight deal , aldborough and numerous other good flat horses who bore her blue and yellow silks , miss paget will always be remembered primarily for her jumpers , and particularly for her ownership of one of the greatest steeplechasers in history , golden miller .\nhowever , that mighty horse was far from her only champion under national hunt rules . golden miller ( who lived out his retirement at elsenham stud , where he is buried ) established a record which will almost certainly never be matched . not only is he the only horse to have won five consecutive cheltenham gold cups ( with his nearest challenger in this respect being arkle , who won the race three times , 1964 to \u201966 inclusive ) but he also ranks as the only horse to win the cheltenham gold cup and the grand national in the same spring , which he did in 1934 , the year in which he landed his third gold cup .\nmiss paget\u2019s many victories both on the flat and under national hunt rules , however , tell only half the tale . while she was notably successful on the turf in the years before , during and after the second world war , she was even more conspicuous for what could kindly be called her eccentricity . the tone of her life was set in her youth . her mother died when she was aged only 10 , leaving her fabulously rich but dangerously ill disciplined . within the next few years , she was expelled from six different schools , starting off with heathfield .\nin adult life , miss paget went on to take frank sinatra\u2019s mantra that \u2018i did it my way\u2019 to extremes . she was nocturnal . other than on days when she disrupted her routine to go to the races , she generally slept all day before waking early in the evening and having a huge breakfast at 8 . 30 pm . she would then keep herself busy through the night , generally telephoning her trainers shortly after midnight , before having dinner at 7 . 00 am and retiring to bed soon afterwards . she ate vast amounts ( she weighed 20 stone when she died , aged 54 , of a heart attack in 1960 ) and smoked 100 cigarettes a day . she disliked all men , irrespective of their class ; and all members of the lower classes , irrespective of their gender . she addressed her servants by neither name nor number , but by colour ( each having to wear a uniform of a different hue so that she could tell them apart ) . her gardeners had a particularly difficult job as they had to mow the lawn in the dark because she forbade them from using the lawnmower during the daytime while she was asleep .\nshe must have been a nightmare to train for , as is suggested by the fact that basil briscoe , having prepared golden miller to win four gold cups , had been relieved of his responsibilities by the time that the horse lined up for the race for the fifth time ( under the care of owen anthony ) . fulke walwyn and sir gordon richards ( to whom she sent horses when he started training subsequent to his retirement from the saddle in 1953 ) were rarities in being able to cope with her , even if the former found it heavy going at times . on one occasion she had a runner in each of the six races at folkestone . five of them won , with only one , trained by walwyn , being beaten . rather than celebrate her five timer , she ended the afternoon by shouting at her trainer through an open doorway ( they were in adjacent rooms as she preferred not to be in the same room as a man ) , berating him about the solitary defeat .\nthe tirade reportedly ended when she exhorted one of her female companions to \u2018go in there and kick him in the b ^ & * s\u2019 ! miss paget was a fearless punter , betting daily in sums which would be huge even nowadays . her biggest bet , apparently , was \u00a3160 , 000 ( which equates to about \u00a34 million in today\u2019s terms ) on an odds - on favourite ( who won ) . overall , though , she lost millions , while retaining her integrity throughout , as is made clear by the fact that when she used to telephone through her bets to her bookmaker in the early hours of the morning , the wagers were never refused irrespective of whether or not the race had already been run , her word that she did not know the result being good enough . we are always told that racing has lost all its old characters .\nthere is a certain amount of truth in that , although it is probably fair to say that \u2018characterfulness\u2019 is often easier to discern in retrospect than at the time . however , the hon dorothy paget was one character who was clearly identifiable as such in her own lifetime . she played a massive part in the history of the british turf during the 20th century , a part too big ever to be forgotten . spending a few minutes recalling her life is straight deal surely time well spent .\nto start with , the flax plant , linum usitatissimum being the latin name , is a bast vegetable or hard fibre in the same class as jute , hemp , sisal , coir or ramie .\nflax is grown in northern europe in such countries as france , belgium , the netherlands and italy . it was also grown in ireland from time immemorial when linen cloth and wool cloth were in the earlier days the only form of woven cloth available for apparel . cotton only became available with the opening up of the americas . in ireland flax was grown by the farmer as a regular crop , particularly in the counties of down and antrim , where scottish settlers brought over with them more efficient methods of growing and processing flax .\nit is not generally known that during the second world war large acreages of flax were grown in co . cork and co . kerry , which also included retting and scutching . the milder climate in the extreme south of ireland was of great assistance . these enterprises were set up by linen industry businessmen from the north with close support from the northern ireland government and that of the free state . the resultant flax fibre spun in n . ireland mills and the flax yarn woven in weaving factories in the north was of great assistance to the war effort as flax supplies were cut off by the might of nazi germany who had invaded and occupied the continental coastline from norway to the franco - spanish border .\ntoday flax growing in ireland has practically ceased . what flax spinning remains ( for instance herdmans ltd . of sion mills , co . tyrone ) would draw its flax from northern europe with courtrai in belgium the chief trading centre .\nthe flax plant ( linen usitatissimum ) requires a rich well - cultivated soil and reasonably temperate climate . it is sown in a similar manner to corn ( oats ) , wheat or barley , to produce a long tight - packed growth , some 2\u00bd to 3 feet tall . the flowers form a cluster at the top ( the wee blue blossom ) usually sky blue although some new strains of flax are white . in august the flowers wither and seed balls are formed , from flax seed balls linseed oil can be extracted which has a number of uses including the base material for oil paint .\nthe flax seed is sown in april and the plants mature in august . it is then pulled up by the roots to obtain the maximum amount of fibre . this operation was in the past carried out by hand , a most arduous process , but the pulling is now done by machine in wide swathes as a one or two - man operation .\nfor the production of flax for linseed oil a shorter strain of flax is grown and is harvested by cutting above ground level with the roots left in the ground . after pulling the flax is spread on the ground and turned over several times to dry out thoroughly , the beets are then made up into\nknee gaits\nor\nlong gaits\nin the field for further drying and then finally stored in well - thatched stacks , if , as in the old days , the farmer was doing his own retting in the flax dam or lint hole , the flax after pulling , and still damp , was placed in the dam and weighted down with stones . those of us who date back to the period between the two world wars will remember the pungent smell of retting flax in the latter half of august . nowadays flax is usually retted in tanks , using hot water and chemicals and in this way the process can be strictly controlled and speeded up .\nthe flax plant stem is made up of various layers with the bundles of fibre near the outside and woody matter on the inside , all bound together with pectin , which is a natural gummy substance , the woody matter has to be broken down and removed to release the fibre . this is done by retting , which is nothing more than rotting the woody matter . after retting and drying the flax plants are put through a machine with tightly interlocking fluted rollers to break up the wood core . scutching now follows to remove the wood or shive from the fibre , this is a beating process previously done on the scutcher ' s wheel , but now carried out on a turbine scutcher as a continuous process , part of a factory system .\nflax in the past was water - retted but today on the continent vast quantities are dew - retted by spreading the flax plants in the fields after pulling and allowing the night dew to ret the flax . dew - retted flax is dark in colour and contains a lot of impurities , whereas water - retted is a light colour ( remember the saying\nlike a flaxen - haired german girl\n) . water retting also leaches out a lot of the impurities and lightens the colour . after scutching , the flax fibre is packed in bales where it is ready for the spinner who turns the raw fibre into yarn . this is an involved process and not easily understood without actually seeing preparation and spinning carried out in the spinning mill .\nthere are three types of flax yarn produced in the spinning mill , viz . line - made from the good quality long - staple flax which is tight - bound with relatively little projecting fibre .\ntow yarn , which is a carding machine operation , uses waste fibre from the hackling and other processes , combed tow goes through an added combing process to clean up the yarn . this type of yarn would be used for high - class fabrics such as linen suitings and artists ' linen canvas . line yarn is the equivalent of worsted and tow an open hairy yarn similar to spun wool . recognition must be given to the cottage - spun yarn of yesterday produced on a spinning wheel .\n2 . irish castle spinning wheel > castle type which is comparatively rare with the wheel on top of a splayed tripod with the spindle underneath .\nin both cases flax - fibre was drawn from the distaff and fed by hand into the hollow revolving spindle . it took nimble fingers and a slobbery mouth to spin fine linen yarn so the womenfolk consequently did it . two spinning terms are still used today -\nspinster\nto denote an unmarried woman and\ndistaff ' side to indicate the wife ' s or female side of a family ,\nin the spinning mill the bale of flax is opened up and divided into\npieces\nwhich amount to a good handful . they are passed by hand through a set of pins mounted on a block to roughly parallelise the fibre bundles and remove larger pieces of slime and dirt . the pieces are fed into the hackling machine , which combs out impurities and tangles in a series of continuous mechanical combing , from open pins to very closely set . the hackling machine is a monster weighing many tons . the resultant hackled pieces of flax are fine and with a dull sheen .\nfrom pieces it now becomes necessary to form a continuous ribbon of fibre . this is done on a spreadboard with a special form of drawing frame , fitted with horizontal running , leather belts on which the pieces of flax are laid with a slight overlap to produce a continuous sliver , or ribbon , which is fed into tall narrow cans . the sliver produced on the spreadboard goes to the next process of doubling , which consists of bringing together , and superimposing several slivers to even out minor thicknesses in the resultant single sliver as an aid to improved quality . was bought and sold by the bundle . today it is sold by the weight in kilos .\nthe yarn from the spinner arrives at the mill either grey ( natural ) , boiled or bleached on cone , or a parallel - sided package called an avo . generally the stronger yarn is used for warp , long - wise and parallel to the selvedge and the weft , which is woven - in , from selvedge to selvedge .\nfollowing doubling , the slivers are set up on a roving frame which further draws out the slivers and puts in a twist of some two turns per inch and is then wound onto large wooden bobbins which are subsequently mounted on the top part of the spinning frame . the rover passes through a trough of hot water to soften the natural gummy pectin ; then through two sets of paired rollers which further draw out or lengthen the rove then through the eye of the flyer which inserts twist and onto the spinner ' s bobbin . the newer method of wet - spinning frame uses a ring with a traveller running in a groove . it can take a larger spinner ' s bobbin and has greater speed of production . wet spinning is used for the finer line yarns . coarser tows and line are dry - spun ; i . e . the rove does not pass through a trough of hot water .\nthe product from off the spinning frame is now flax yarn , which has to be dried in ovens to prevent mildew . in days gone by it was reeled into 90\nhanks from the spinner ' s bobbin but today it is usually packaged onto a cross - wound cone that holds the package together without flanges . linen yarn can be boiled , bleached or dyed in cone form . formerly these processes were only carried out in hank form .\nlike all yarn or thread , linen was given a number to define its diameter or thickness . the numbering system in vogue in the trade was based on the number of cuts of 300 yards that weigh one pound ( 1lb ) avoirdupois . this is denominated the lea number .\nwarp yarn is put up with the necessary number of ends ( threads ) in a creel or bank and run onto warpers ' beams ( a steel barrel 4\nto 6\ndiameter with round metal flanges either side , to prevent the yarn spilling over . ) the warpers ' beams are now set up in a dressing or slashing machine for sizing with a synthetic adhesive to bind down the loose surface fibre on the warp threads , which greatly facilitates the weaving process , where there is much friction on the warp .\nthe yarn for weft is wound from cone or avo onto weaving pirns for insertion in the shuttle . the shuttle traverses the slay in the loom through a shed ( in plain weaves 50 % up and 50 % down ) and leaves a trail of weft behind which is beaten up by a reed ( closed comb ) into the fell of the cloth ( where warp yarn joins the already woven cloth ) .\na loom has a weavers ' beam at the back and a cloth roller at the front on which the woven cloth is wound , the power - loom has a warp break detection device to stop the loom if a warp thread breaks , there is also a weft detection device to stop the loom if the weft breaks . these devices mean that a weaver can look after three or four looms . the automatic loom also changes the pirn in the shuttle without the loom stopping thus allowing a weaver to look after 8 , 10 or 12 looms . of recent years weft is inserted in shuttleless looms by arms or rapiers drawing the yarn from large cones . other forms of weft propulsion are air - jet or water - jet ."]}
{"id": 1232, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris intensa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern india , sri lanka and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brownish , variably sprinkled or irrorated with dark fuscous and with the costa more or less broadly and irregularly suffused with dark leaden-fuscous from the base to near the apex , sometimes marked with several fine oblique pale strigulae towards the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a narrow dark leaden-fuscous terminal fascia , preceded on the costa by a small pale ochreous patch , these markings limited anteriorly by an angulated pale ochreous or brownish transverse line sprinkled with dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey , in males thinly scaled and violet-subhyaline in the disc . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris intensa", "paragraphs": ["dichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris isa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 103 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : tenkiller lake , 3 mi w blackgum , sequoyah co . , oklahoma\ndichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 154 , f . 4 , 17 - 18 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m\ndichomeris balioella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 149 , f . 2 , 12 - 13 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m\ndichomeris matsumurai ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 , f . 3 , 14 - 16 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m\ndichomeris metrodes ; meyrick , 1913 , ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26 ; [ afromoths ]"]}
{"id": 1233, "summary": [{"text": "the fungiidae / f\u0259\u014b\u02c8\u0261i\u02d0.\u1d7bdi\u02d0 / are a family of cnidaria , often known as mushroom corals .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the family contains thirteen extant genera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they range from solitary corals to colonial species .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "some genera such as cycloseris and fungia are solitary organisms , polyphyllia consists of a single organism with multiple mouths , and ctenactis and herpolitha might be considered as solitary organisms with multiple mouths or a colony of individuals , each with its separate mouth . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "fungiidae", "paragraphs": ["family fungiidae ( enter fungiidae in search bar ) on the iucn red list of threatened species website : technical fact sheet .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30af\u30b5\u30d3\u30e9\u30a4\u30b7\u79d1\nto\nfungiidae\n.\nstony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net\nphylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) .\ndistribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi .\necology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria )\nevolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) .\nmost members of the family fungiidae are solitary corals that are free - living ( i . e . , lie unattached ) as adults . the family fungiidae is restricted to the indo - pacific .\n( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contrib zool 81 : 125\u2013146\nexplanation note : species occurrence of hard coral families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae at pulau layang - layang .\necology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria )\n( 5 ) family fungiidae ( ' mushroom corals ' ) ( fig . 20 . 6h - k )\nphylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\necology of the leptoconchus ssp . ( gastropoda , coralliophilidae ) infesting fungiidae ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) [ 2000 ]\nspecies assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea .\nurltoken where reefkeeping begins on the internet - stony corals from the family fungiidae a . j . nilsen october 1997 aquarium . net\nhoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh 254 : 1\u2013295\na molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits .\n) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles . zool meded leiden 67 : 639\u2013654 .\nphylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home .\nmushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species .\nthe \u201c fungia patella group\u201d ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n .\nthe mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle .\nscleractinia of eastern australia iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae .\n( scleractinia : fungiidae ) populations in the indo - malay archipelago : implications for live coral trade management efforts . conserv genet 10 : 241\u2013249\nsupervisor - visser , r . r . - a phylogenetic analysis of biometric variables of free - living mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )\nhoeksema bw ( 1989 ) taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zool verh leiden 254 : 1\u2013295 .\nfamily fungiidae ( select species from list ) on corals of the world online on the australian institute of marine science website : technical fact sheet .\nhoeksema bw ( 1991b ) evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . neth j zool 41 : 122\u2013139\nhoeksema bw ( 2012b ) evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contrib zool 81 : 199\u2013221\nhoeksema b . w . 1990 . systematics and ecology of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . phd . thesis leiden university , 471 pp .\nreproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in th\nby susan b . colley , joshua s . feingold et al .\nhoeksema bw ( 2012a ) distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bull zool 60 : 183\u2013212\nhoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen 254 : 1 - 295 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 .\nhoeksema bw , koh egl ( 2009 ) depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s\u20132006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bull zool suppl 22 : 91\u2013101\nhoeksema b . w . 2012 . evolutionary trends in onshore - offshore distribution patterns of mushroom coral species ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . contributions to zoology 81 : 199 - 221 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 112 - 129 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1991 . evolution of body size in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) and its ecomorphological consequences . netherlands journal of zoology 41 : 122 - 139 .\nhoeksema b . w . 2012 . distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bulletin of zoology 60 : 183 - 212 .\nhoeksema b . w . 2012 . distribution patterns of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) across the spermonde shelf , south sulawesi . raffles bulletin of zoology 60 : 183 - 212 .\nfungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a ctenactis albitentaculata b cycloseris boschmai c cycloseris costulata d cycloseris explanulata e cycloseris mokai f cycloseris tenuis g danafungia horrida h danafungia scruposa .\nfungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a fungia fungites b halomitra pileus c herpolitha limax d lithophyllon ranjithi e lithophyllon repanda f lithophyllon scabra g lithophyllon undulatum h lobactis scutaria .\nfungiidae recorded at pulau layang - layang in this study . a pleuractis granulosa b pleuractis gravis c pleuractis moluccensis d podabacia sinai e polyphyllia talpina f sandalolitha boucheti g sandalolitha dentata h sandalolitha robusta .\nsupervisor - jong , i . de - mushroom coral - inhabiting barnacles of sw sulawesi , indonesia , a study of barnacles ( cirripedia : pyrgomatidae ) on mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae )\nhoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . the ecology of indonesian series 7 1 : 311 - 313 : periplus , hong kong .\nhoeksema b . w . 2014 . the \u201c fungia patella group\u201d ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57\u201384 .\nhoeksema bw ( 1991a ) control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . mar ecol prog ser 74 : 225\u2013237\nhoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 .\nhoeksema bw ( 2009 ) attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bull zool s22 : 81\u201390 .\nchadwick - furman n , loya y ( 1992 ) migration , habitat use , and competition among mobile corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the gulf of eilat , red sea . mar biol 114 : 617\u2013623\nhoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 639 - 654 .\ngittenberger a , reijnen bt , hoeksema bw ( 2011 ) a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contrib zool 80 : 107\u2013132\nhoeksema , b . w . , 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nscleractinia ; fungiidae ; mushroom corals ; taxonomy ; revision ; fossil record ; phy - logeny ; biogeography ; indo - pacific ; tropical ; marine ; benthic ; shallow - water habitats ; coral reefs ; species diversity .\nhoeksema b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 639 - 654 .\ngittenberger a , reijnen bt , hoeksema bw ( 2011 ) a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contrib zool 80 : 107\u2013132 .\nbos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2017 . mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines , with records of associated fish and other cryptofauna . raffles bulletin of zoology 65 : 9 .\nhoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan - 2 : family fungiidae ( including a new species ) . bulletin of the institute of zoology academia sinica 30 : 203 - 228 .\nhoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 81 - 90 .\nclaereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen 61 : 303 - 309 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in the java sea : stress tolerance and interference by life history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 .\nhoeksema b . w . , kleemann k 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .\nhoeksema b . w . , dai c . f . 1991 . scleractinia of taiwan . ii family fungiidae ( with the description of a new species ) . bulletin zoological institute , academia sinica , taipei 30 : 201 - 226 .\nhoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and ecomorph variation of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) related to reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 .\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia . fungiidae dana , 1846 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 196100 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhoeksema b . w . 2012 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) of espiritu santo ( vanuatu , west pacific ) , with the description of a new species . zoosystema 34 : 429 - 443 . go to website ( doi )\ngittenberger a . , hoeksema b . w . 2006 . phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia ( cycloseris ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) near river outlets . contributions to zoology 75 : 195 - 201 .\nkleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 1 - 24 .\nhoeksema b . w . , kleemann k . 2002 . new records of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) boring in indonesian mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 66 : 25 - 30 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . . zoologische mededelingen 67 : 1 - 19 .\nhoeksema b . w . 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 81 - 90 .\ngittenberger a . , hoeksema b . w . 2006 . phenotypic plasticity revealed by molecular studies on reef corals of fungia ( cycloseris ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) near river outlets . contributions to zoology 75 : 195 - 201 .\nkleemann k . , hoeksema b . w . 2002 . lithophaga ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , including a new species , boring in mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) at south sulawesi , indonesia . basteria 66 : 11 - 24 .\nclaereboudt m . , hoeksema b . w . 1987 . fungia ( verrillofungia ) spinifer spec . nov . , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from the indo - malayan region . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 61 : 303 - 309 .\nhoeksema b . w . 2014 . the\nfungia patella group\n( scleractinia , fungiidae ) revisited with a description of the mini mushroom coral cycloseris boschmai sp . n . zookeys 371 : 57 - 84 . go to website ( doi )\nhoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology 22 : 91 - 101 .\nhoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen 58 : 323 - 328 .\nhoeksema b . w . , koh e . g . l . 2009 . depauperation of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s\u20132006 ) in changing reef conditions . raffles bulletin of zoology suppl . 22 : 91 - 101 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1993 . mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of madang lagoon , northern papua new guinea : an annotated checklist with the description of cantharellus jebbi spec . nov . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 1 - 19 .\nveron jen , pichon m ( 1980 ) scleractinia of eastern australia . part iii . families agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectiniidae , caryophylliidae , dendrophylliidae . townsville : australian institute of marine science . 422 p .\nhoeksema b . w . , achituv y . 1993 . first indonesian record of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , endosymbiont of fungia spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 57 : 131 - 138 .\nhoeksema b . w . , achituv y . 1993 . first indonesian record of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . , 1968 ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , endosymbiont of fungia spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . basteria 57 : 131 - 138 .\nhoeksama , bert w . 30 dec 2009 . attached mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in sediment - stressed reef conditions at singapore , including a new species and a new record . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 97 - 107 .\nhoeksema b . w . , best m . b . 1984 . cantharellus noumeae ( gen . nov . , spec . nov . ) , a new scleractinian coral ( fungiidae ) from new caledonia . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 58 : 323 - 328 .\nhoeksema b . w . , moka w . 1989 . species assemblages and phenotypes of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) related to coral - reef habitats in the flores sea . netherlands journal of sea research 23 : 149 - 160 . go to website ( doi )\ngittenberger a . , reijnen b . t . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1991 . control of bleaching in mushroom coral populations ( scleractinia , fungiidae ) in the java sea - stress tolerance and interference by life - history strategy . marine ecology progress series 74 : 225 - 237 . go to website ( doi )\nhoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 .\nhoeksema b . w . 1997 . diversity of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) in indonesia . in : tomascik et al . ( eds . ) the ecology of the indonesian seas . part one : 311 - 313 . periplus editions ( hk ) ltd .\nthere are two basic type of stony corals ; those who live as colonies and those who lives as individual polyps , called solitary corals . in the family fungiidae we do find both kinds , but some species are rather difficult to place in either of the two groups .\nwells , j . w . 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in : rees wj ( ed . ) the cnidaria and their evolution . symposium of the zoological society of london 16 : 223\u2013246 , pl . 1 . academic press , london . [ details ]\nbos a . r . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . cryptobenthic fishes and co - inhabiting shrimps associated with the mushroom coral heliofungia actiniformis ( fungiidae ) in the davao gulf , philippines . environmental biology of fishes 98 : 1479 - 1489 . go to website ( uri )\nhoeksema , bert w . and esther g . l . koh . 30 dec 2009 . depauration of the mushroom coral fauna ( fungiidae ) of singapore ( 1860s - 2006 ) in changing reef conditions ( pdf ) . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 22 : 91 - 101 .\nwells , j . w . , 1966 . evolutionary development in the scleractinian family fungiidae . in w . j . rees ( ed . ) . : the cnidaria and their evolution . symposia of the zoological society london 16 : 223 - 246 , 1 plate . academic press , london .\nowada m . , hoeksema b . w . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and shell microstructure of fungiacava eilatensis goreau et al . 1968 , boring into mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , in relation to other mussels ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) . contributions to zoology 80 : 169 - 178 .\nhoeksema b . w . , lane d . j . w . 2014 . the mushroom coral fauna ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) of brunei darussalam ( south china sea ) and its relation to the coral triangle . raffles bulletin of zoology 62 : 566 - 580 . go to website ( uri )\ncolley , susan b . ; feingold , joshua s . ; pena , j . ; and glynn , peter w . ,\nreproductive ecology of diaseris distorta ( michelin ) ( fungiidae ) in the galapagos islands , ecuador\n( 2000 ) . oceanography faculty proceedings , presentations , speeches , lectures . 320 . urltoken\nbenzoni f . , arrigoni r . , stefani f . , reijnen b . t . , montano s . , hoeksema b . w . 2012 . phylogenetic position and taxonomy of cycloseris explanulata and c . wellsi ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) : lost mushroom corals find their way home . contributions to zoology 81 : 125 - 146 .\ngittenberger , a . , reijnen , b . t . & hoeksema , b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 . , available online at urltoken ; idno = 8002a02 [ details ]\nwaheed z , benzoni f , van der meij set , terraneo ti , hoeksema bw ( 2015 ) scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1\u201337 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 517 . 9308\nmeij s . e . t . van der , fransen c . h . j . m . , pasman l . r . & hoeksema b . w . 2015 . phylogenetic ecology of gall crabs ( cryptochiridae ) as associates of mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) . ecology and evolution 5 : 5770 - 5780 . go to website ( doi )\nthe fungiidae are mushroom corals that live in sublittoral habitats in the tropical indo - pacific . their habitats are part of coral reefs or other marine substrata , which usually can be found in the proximity of the reefs . in the present taxonomic revision , the family is divided into 11 genera ; one of which , fungia , is subdivided into seven subgenera . a total of 40 species is described and figured , three of which are new to science . one species is renamed . the stratigraphic distribution is given for all the species recorded in fossil state . a tentative phylogenetic reconstruction down to the species level is given . the cladogram that is provided should be considered a working hypothesis and not a sound basis for a completely revised classification and nomenclature of the fungiidae . for each species the presently known geographic range is mapped . the pattern of species richness in the indo - pacific is compared with that of some other taxa and discussed with respect to their distributional patterns . the ranges of the fungiidae are analyzed with the use of approaches from both historical and ecological biogeography .\nwaheed z . , hoeksema b . w . ( 2012 ) hard corals ( families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) . in : kassem k . , hoeksema b . w . , affendi y . a , ( eds ) semporna marine ecological expedition . wwf - malaysia , ncb naturalis , universiti malaysia sabah . kota kinabalu , malaysia . pp 9 - 42 .\nfamily fungiidae dana 1848 . the mushroom corals could be poster children for lps ( large polyped stony corals ) if they weren ' t so odd in many ways . these are solitary , non - reef building animals that amongst the true or stony corals are ambulatory . . . yes , they ' re capable of movement . all but three genera remain free , unattached from the substrate as adults .\nwaheed z . , benzoni , f . , mei , s . e . t . van der , terraneo t . i . , hoeksema b . w . 2015 . scleractinian corals ( fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae ) of pulau layang - layang , spratly islands , with a note on pavona maldivensis ( gardiner , 1905 ) . zookeys 517 : 1 - 37 . go to website ( doi )\nthe coral species list for the families fungiidae , agariciidae and euphylliidae in the present study added 32 new records for layang - layang and includes rarely recorded species such as leptoseris kalayaanensis , which is thus far a south china sea endemic . the mushroom coral lithophyllon ranjithi has a wider distribution range than previously thought and can no longer be considered endemic to northeastern borneo . this is the first record of this species from an oceanic and offshore reef habitat , in contrast to its previously reported habitat preference for coastal and sheltered reef conditions .\na total of 552 corals , including 375 reef species , are represented on this maximum parsimony cladogram that is part of the scleractinian supertree ( figure 1 ) . roman numerals denote clades based on the phylogeny in fukami et al . [ 42 ] . ant : anthemiphyllidae , ast : astrocoeniidae , car : caryophylliidae , eup : euphylliidae , fav : faviidae , fun : fungiidae , mea : meandrinidae , mer : merulinidae , mus : mussidae , ocu : oculinidae , pec : pectiniidae , poc : pocilloporidae , rhi : rhizangiidae , sid : siderastreidae , ste : stenocyathidae , trc : trachyphylliidae .\ncladogram of the fungiidae ( based on gittenberger et al . ; benzoni et al . ) , combined with gall crab associations . percentages ( depicted as filled circles ) portray how the gall crabs are distributed over their coral hosts : fungicola syzygia ( n = 316 ) , fungicola fagei ( n = 4 ) , fungicola utinomi ( n = 82 ) , and dacryomaia sp . ( n = 29 ) , based on fieldwork in sw sulawesi using belt quadrats . other records ( depicted as filled squares ) are based on collection data ( table ) and fieldwork other than sw sulawesi ( see ) .\nfigure 20 . 6 examples of genera and species from the major coral families : poritidae ( a - c ) , pocilloporidae ( d - g ) ; fungiidae ( h - k ) and minor family oculinidae ( l ) . species : a , porites lutea ; b , porites cylindrical ; c , goniopora fruticosa ; d , pocillopora damicornis ; e , pocillopora eydouxi ; f , stylophora pistillata ; g , seriatopora hystrix ; h , fungia valida ; i , heliofungia actiniformis ; j , ctenactis echinata ; k , herpolitha webberi ; l , galaxea astreata . ( photos : p . muir except g , gbrmpa . )\nfigure 20 . 6 examples of genera and species from the major coral families : poritidae ( a - c ) , pocilloporidae ( d - g ) ; fungiidae ( h - k ) and minor family oculinidae ( l ) . species : a , porites lutea ; b , porites cylindrical ; c , goniopora fruticosa ; d , pocillopora damicornis ; e , pocillopora eydouxi ; f , stylophora pistillata ; g , seriatopora hystrix ; h , fungia valida ; i , heliofungia actiniformis ; j , ctenactis echinata ; k , herpolitha webberi ; l , galaxea astreata . ( photos : p . muir except g , gbrmpa . )\nthe marine aquarium hobby has at last reached a level where the aquarists can observe animal behaviour and study biological events that hardly can be examined in detail anywhere else other than in the aquarium . today many of the private reef tanks can show far better results with respect to the growth of corals than the majority of public marine aquariums , which are still run by heavy biological filters and have an extensive growth of algae . in this article we shall concentrate on the scleractinian family fungiidae ( \u201cpiltzkoralle\u201d ) , which has proven to very durable , and which has shown us some very interesting examples of unisexual breeding through the development of a structure called \u201cacanthocauli\u201d - which we shall return to .\nunderwater surveys of 27 , 000 mushroom corals ( fungiidae ) at papua new guinea ( laing island , madang and motupore ) , singapore , the maldives ( ari atoll and south male atoll ) , the red sea ( hurghada ) , indonesia ( makassar , sulawesi ) and examination of 1 , 000 fungiids from museum collections ( mainly national museum of naturaf history , leiden ) have shown that 36 coral species were infested by several species of coralliophilidae belonging to the genus leptoconchus . the rate of infestation of the mushroom coral assemblage varied from 0 to 7 / . the two most infested fungiidae were fungia ( fungia ) fungites and f . ( verrillofungia ) repanda . at the east side of laing island , f . ( f . ) fungites reached an infestation rate of 19 / , the highest value ever recorded . the rate of infestation was positively correlated with hydrodynamics and negatively with turbidity . it was , however , not correlated with the density of the fungiid assemblage . infestation was maximum in shallow water ( 1 - 5 m ) ; nearly no leptoconchus spp . were found deeper than 20 m . place of settlement of the mollusc ( coral centre or edge ) , opening of the burrow ( oral / aboral side of the coral ) and deformation of coral skeleton varied according to the coral species infested . these variations seemed specifically related to the different leptoconchus species rather than the infested host species\nthe polyps of fungiidae are among the very largest of all coral polyps , and the very often imported species heliofungia actiniformis can reach a diameter of over 50 cm . it also has very long tentacles usually with green and brown colors , but occasionally colored beautifully purple . there is little known about the feeding habits of fungiids , but it is for certain that these corals , like another hermatypic corals , are utilizing the energy produced by the symbiotic algae . most likely the majority of the species catch and utilize plankton as well . like most corals fungiids do have parasites . the bivalve fungicava eilatensis lives inside the mouth of the corals and is found nowhere else . i have , however , not heard of any aquarists that have detected it in an aquarium yet .\nreferences : anonymous . arkive images of life on earth online . mushroom corals ( fungia spp . ) . . anonymous . reef corner online . plate coral . . fenner , bob . wet web media online . plate corals , family fungiidae . goldstein , robert j . . marine reef aquarium handbook hauppauge : barrons , 1997 . hiller , greg . reefkeeping magazine online . propagating fungia sp . ( plate coral ) . . jennings , greg . the new encyclopedia of the saltwater aquarium . buffalo : firefly books ltd . , 2007 . personal observation shimek , ronald l . marine invertebrates . neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2004 . tullock , john h . . natural reef aquariums ; simplified approaches to creating living saltwater microcosms neptune city : t . f . h publications , 2001 .\ncorals within the scleractinian family fungiidae were observed to move toward light ( positive phototaxis ) . negative phototactic movement was not observed in any of the specimens tested . on sandy substratum , diaseris distorta moved faster ( max . speed of 3 cm h - 1 ) than other species . although d . distorta has symbiotic algae , phototactic movement also was observed both in bleached corals and in those treated with a specific inhibitor ( dichlorophenyl dimethyl urea ) of photosynthesis . d . distorta was phototactic even on a glass plate , and climbed up a steep slope ( up to 30\u00b0 ) . based on experiments with fungia fungites and d . distorta , soft tissues at the peripheral region of the dise seem to be responsible for movement via peristalsis . it is suggested that positive phototaxis in symbiontbearing fungiid corals is an important trait for selection of favorable habitats .\nthere are discussions among scientists of how to define the term \u201csolitary\u201d . as a general rule , corals with one mouth only are called solitary while those with many mouths are called colonial . the majority of fungiids are solitary corals . most species in the largest genus fungia , have one mouth only , but the species fungia simplex always has several mouths . the closely related species fungia echinata does , however , only have one single mouth . abnormal developments can also result in the development of an unusual number of mouths . it is accepted that the solitary corals are the oldest evolutionary form and that colonial forms have evolved from the solitary form . the fungiidae does also contain one hermatypic genus - fungiacyathus . altogether this family contains a number of highly interesting species some of which are very durable in the reef aquarium . but again . . . . . the term \u201csolitary\u201d is very diffuse .\nin most corals , there is a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a colony . this is not always so , as seen in the family fungiidae , where there is a continual gradation between solitary individuals ( with a single mouth ) and colonies ( with many mouths ) , as exemplified by the sequence cycloseris ? fungia ? ctenactis ? herpolitha ? polyphyllia . in this sequence , cycloseris and ( usually ) fungia exist only as solitary individuals with a single mouth while polyphyllia forms colonies with many mouths . a single specimen of ctenactis or herpolitha could be considered a solitary individual with many mouths or a colony of individuals , each with a single mouth . likewise , in some corals there may not be a clear distinction between what is an individual and what is a row of individuals . this is best seen in families faviidae and mussidae , where there is a continual gradation between colonies composed of distinct polyps ( corallites ) to colonies where individuals are recognisable only by the existence of mouths and / or columella centres , to colonies where there is no sign of individuality .\nthe value of investigating extinction risk in the phylogenetic context has been emphasised in considerable detail elsewhere [ 26 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 32 ] , [ 38 ] , [ 101 ] , [ 137 ] , [ 138 ] . specifically for corals , confusion surrounding traditional taxonomy makes it difficult to accurately generalise traits exhibited by species to higher level taxa [ 42 ] . for instance , following the massive bleaching event in 1998 , the family faviidae , including leptastrea purpurea and l . transversa , has been declared a \u2018winner\u2019 in the recovery process at sesoko island , japan [ 39 ] , [ 40 ] . yet phylogenies inferred in the last 15 years have unequivocally demonstrated that leptastrea is more closely related to members of fungiidae rather than faviidae [ 42 ] , [ 52 ] , [ 53 ] , [ 82 ] , [ 139 ] ( see also [ 140 ] , [ 141 ] ) , recovered within clade x with corals that are resistant to or recover quickly from bleaching ( figures 3 , 5 ) . results here suggest that these traits are conserved on the evolutionary tree , irrespective of species ' taxonomic affiliations .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nalthough the presence of fish on coral colonies and individual polyps of the anthozoa is relatively common ( e . g . , munday et al .\n) . other fishes may hover over individuals of this large solitary coral polyp , but without direct contact with the tentacles .\nat 3\u201328 m depth in the davao gulf between july 2010 and may 2011 . instead of\n. about every 15th coral polyp was inhabited by one or two fish and , at a few occasions , specimens of more than one fish species were present on a single coral polyp ( fig .\nb ) . these fishes dwelled within the coral canopy apparently without being adversely affected . although these fishes survive outside this coral microhabitat , i repeatedly observed one specimen of\noccupying the same coral polyp over a period of 5 days . the representatives of the gobiidae were mostly adult specimens , whereas those of the labridae were exclusively juveniles . small juveniles ( \u22644 cm tl ) resided among the tentacles , whereas larger juveniles hovered over the tentacles or swam along the coral periphery . this is the first observation of fishes , other than\ngobies a trimma sp . ( undescribed species ) , b eviota pellucida and e . lachdeberei , and the shrimp cuapetes lacertae among tentacles of heliofungia actiniformis\nhoeksema bw , van der meij s , fransen chjm ( 2011 ) the mushroom coral as a habitat . j mar biol assoc uk 91 : doi :\nmunday pl , jones gp , caley mj ( 1997 ) habitat specialisation and the distribution and abundance of coral - dwelling gobies . mar ecol prog ser 152 : 227\u2013239\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na coral is recorded eating a jellyfish for the first time , in intriguing photographs taken by scientists .\ncoral usually feed on tiny plankton as well as products provided by photosynthetic algae .\nyet the photos reveal a stationary mushroom coral sucking in a large moon jellyfish .\nresearchers believe the ability to feed on a variety of food sources like jellyfish may give the coral an advantage in a changing world .\nthe pictures were taken on a dive by mr omri bronstein from tel aviv university in israel and mr gal dishon from bar - ilan university , ramat gan , israel in march 2009 during a survey on reefs near the israeli city of eilat in the red sea .\nocean currents and nutrients had created a seasonal bloom of the jellyfish ( aurelia aurita ) and many surrounded the reef in which the team were diving .\nduring the survey we were amazed to notice some mushroom corals actively feeding on the moon jellyfish ,\nsays ada alamaru , a member of the research team who is doing her phd in marine biology supervised by prof yossi loya at tel aviv university , israel .\nwe couldn ' t believe our eyes when we saw it ,\nms alamaru says .\nthe moon jellyfish is known to be eaten by a number of predators including fish , turtles and sea birds .\nhowever , to find it preyed upon by the mushroom coral ( fungia scruposa ) was a unique discovery .\nthis is the first documentation of a coral feeding on a jellyfish almost equal to its size ,\nms alamaru says .\nin fact we saw a few corals feeding and not only one .\nnormally corals feed on small microscopic organisms that make up plankton only 0 . 2mm to 0 . 4mm in size . in doing so they may ingest extremely small embryonic jellies that would be difficult to see by the naked eye . however research into the stomach contents of corals by scientists in the us did not find evidence of this .\nthey also feed on energy products provided by photosynthetic algae that live inside the coral .\nthis is definitely unusual . as far as i know no other coral are reported to feed on jellyfish . however , some sea anemones , which are close relatives of corals , are documented feeding on other jelly species ,\nms alamaru says .\nunlike most reef building corals which are colonial and are made up of hundreds of polyps f . scruposa is solitary and composed of one large polyp , measuring up to 30cm in diameter .\nthey are not attached to the seabed so have a limited ability to move , unlike their reef building relatives .\nhowever , ms alamaru says it is still a mystery how exactly f . scruposa manages to capture its prey .\nthe coral ' s ability to feed opportunistically when a jellyfish bloom occurs provides valuable protein to the animal .\nms alamaru suggests the discovery reveals not only a food source for the large mouthed coral but also potential further benefits in a changing environment , where due to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances , jelly blooms are increasing in frequency and intensity .\nthe ability to utilise a variety of food sources and to take advantage of such a bloom event gives the mushroom corals an advantage compared with other small polyped corals that are not able to feed on such large prey items ,\nms alamaru says .\nthe bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites . read more .\nthis page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets ( css ) enabled . while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser , you will not be able to get the full visual experience . please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets ( css ) if you are able to do so .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall my fungiids are placed closely together and they do not seem to have any negative influence to each other . their stinging cells seem to be harmless , and other nearby animals like a galaxea sp . and some actinodiscus sp . do not react negative at all . they are all living like a happy family . even the anenomfish premnas biaculeatus have joined them .\ni have tried to classify the species and most likely it is f . danai . but i am far from sure . i placed both polyps in good light and on sandy bottom . they are doing excellent , are expanded the whole day long and have during 1989 shown the following growth :\noctober - 89 : \u201c \u201c 60mm this gives an average growth of 3 , 5mm diameter pr . month . if the average thickness of the skeleton is estimated roughly to 2 . 0 mm and the specific weight of app . 1 , 5 g / ccm , these two colonies alone have fixed app . 17 gr . calcium carbonate , all very roughly estimated of course . as we clearly see that stony corals , serpulide worms , vermetide snails , different crustaceans , molluscs , the calcareous red - , green - and brown algae and many other calcium fixers are growing heavily , how can anyone state that the adding of calcium and bicarbonate is not necessary ! ?\nin august 1990 i once again measured the second generation acanthocauli on the shell - side of the giant calm . it had now grown to a diameter of 2 cm and as this was not enough , another three very small new acanthocauli - polyps are developing near by . meanwhile the \u201colder ones\u201d have grown to a diameter of 8 cm .\nwhen i examined the shells of the clam about two months after the event , i to my even bigger astonishment discovered that two new acanthocauli were growing from the same stalk ! in nature the stalk becomes weakened from calcareous destroying organisms like algae and sponges , and the polyp breaks off . here the obvious reason for loosening was the decreasing in light intensity when the giant calm was moved backwards in my aquarium . when i visited herr dietrich st\u00e3\u00bcber , who is one of the world leading persons on hermatypic stony corals in captivity , in berlin ( brd ) in october 1989 , in his excellent aquarium especially designed for the growth of scleractinian corals , i was able to detect the asexual formation from several acanthocauli at an fungia sp . , perhaps f . simplex . the pictures that follows this article clearly shows that we have now reached the technical point where natural conditions can be simulated and that natural events can be studied in detail . we can add something new to the knowledge of the reef corals . for all those especially interested in scleractinian corals veron , 1986 is a must and really an excellent work on the subject . the full reference is given below .\nveron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific .\nangus & robertson publ . , london , uk and north ryde , australia . 644 pp . fully colored illustrated . isbn 0 207 15116 4 .\nthe field surveys carried out in this study comply with the \u201canimal welfare act of 1998\u201d issued by the government of the philippines . we greatly acknowledge j . bayogan and g . gumanao ( davao del norte state college ) for providing logistic support during the fieldwork activities . furthermore , we are grateful for identification confirmations by c . fransen ( naturalis biodiversity center , netherlands ) , d . greenfield ( university of hawaii , u . s . a . ) and r . winterbottom ( royal ontario museum , canada ) . we thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments .\nahmadia gn , pezold fl , smith dj ( 2012 ) cryptobenthic fish biodiversity and microhabitat use in healthy and degraded coral reefs in se sulawesi , indonesia . mar biodivers 42 : 433\u2013442\nallen gr ( 2008 ) conservation hotspots of biodiversity and endemism for indo - 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associated wentletrap snails ( gastropoda : epitoniidae ) . contrib zool 82 : 1\u201325\ngosliner tm , behrens dw , williams gc ( 1996 ) coral reef animals of the indo - pacific . sea challengers , monterey\nherler j ( 2007 ) microhabitats and ecomorphology of coral - and coral rock - associated gobiid fish ( teleostei : gobiidae ) in the northern red sea . mar ecol 28 : 82\u201394\nherler j , hilgers h ( 2005 ) a synopsis of coral and coral - rock associated gobies ( pisces : gobiidae ) from the gulf of aqaba , northern red sea . aqua int j ichthyol 10 : 103\u2013132\nhoeksema bw ( 1988 ) mobility of free - living fungiid corals ( scleractinia ) , a dispersion mechanism and survival strategy in dynamic reef habitats . proc 6th int coral reef symp 2 : 715\u2013720\nhoeksema bw ( 2007 ) delineation of the indo - malayan centre of maximum marine biodiversity : the coral triangle . in : renema w ( ed ) biogeography , time , and place : distributions , barriers , and islands . springer , dordrecht , pp 117\u2013178\nhoeksema bw , ten hove ha ( 2014 ) first record of a christmas tree worm in a mushroom coral ( loyalty islands , southwest pacific ) . coral reefs 33 : 717\nhoeksema bw , van der meij set , fransen chjm ( 2012 ) the mushroom coral as a habitat . j mar biol assoc uk 92 : 647\u2013663\nhoeksema bw , waheed z , alamaru a ( 2013 ) out of sight : aggregations of epizoic comb jellies underneath mushroom corals . coral reefs 32 : 1065\nhuang d , licuanan wy , hoeksema bw , chen ca , ang po , huang h , lane djw , vo st , waheed z , affendi ya , yeemin t , chou lm ( 2014 ) extraordinary diversity of reef corals in the south china sea . mar biodivers . doi :\nin the spermonde archipelago , south sulawesi , indonesia . coral reefs 28 : 793\u2013804\noliverio m , barco a , modica mv , richter a , mariottini p ( 2009 ) ecological barcoding of corallivory by second internal transcribed spacer sequences : hosts of coralliophiline gastropods detected by the cnidarian dna in their stomach . mol ecol resour 9 : 94\u2013103\nspp . ) from the great barrier reef , australia . bull mar sci 55 : 193\u2013211\nrandall je ( 1998 ) zoogeography of shore fishes of the indo - pacific region . zool stud 37 : 227\u2013268\nreijnen bt , van der meij set , van ofwegen lp ( 2011 ) fish , fans and hydroids : host species of pygmy seahorses . zookeys 103 : 1\u201326\nroberts cm , mcclean cj , veron jen , hawkins jp , allen gr , mcallister de , mittermeier cg , schueler fw , spalding m , wells f , vynne c , werner tb ( 2002 ) marine conservation hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs . science 295 : 1280\u20131284\nschiemer l , niederm\u00fcller s , herler j ( 2009 ) the influence of colony size and coral health on the occupation of coral - associated gobies ( pisces : gobiidae ) . coral reefs 28 : 137\u2013142\nvan der meij set , suharsono , hoeksema bw ( 2010 ) long - term changes in coral assemblages under natural and anthropogenic stress in jakarta bay ( 1920\u20132005 ) . mar pollut bull 60 : 1442\u20131454\nwaheed z , hoeksema bw ( 2013 ) a tale of two winds : species richness patterns of reef corals around the semporna peninsula , malaysia . mar biodivers 43 : 37\u201351\nwaheed z , hoeksema bw ( 2014 ) diversity patterns of scleractinian corals at kota kinabalu , malaysia , in relation to depth and exposure . raffles bull zool 62 : 66\u201382\nbos , a . r . & hoeksema , b . w . environ biol fish ( 2015 ) 98 : 1479 . urltoken\nin most corals , the over - all appearance of a colony is not a direct outcome of the way its corallites multiply . however , in the family faviidae , the type of budding may determine the type of colony that results . in this family , the terms used to describe both budding ( the formation of corallites ) and growth form are usually the same . ( for example , the term \u2018meandroid\u2019 may be used to describe both the type of budding and the type of colony . )\nall corals that form colonies do so by a process of budding , where the parent polyp divides itself into two or more daughter polyps ( intratentacular budding ) , or daughter corallites form on the side of the parent colony ( extratentacular budding ) , or polyps lose their identity , as seen in colonies with valleys . some colonies have both intra - and extra - tentacular buds .\nright . extratentacular budding ( left ) and intratentacular budding ( right ) in faviid colonies . drawings : geoff kelley\nif the corallites of a colony all have their own walls they are called plocoid or phaceloid , depending on how elongate they are . if they share common walls they are called meandroid or cerioid , depending on whether or not they form valleys . if they are meandroid and have their own walls they are termed flabello - meandroid .\n5 . colony formation in corals . 1 plocoid colonies have corallites with their own walls . 2 phaceloid colonies also have corallites with their own walls , but these are long and tubular . 3 cerioid colonies have polyps , which have common walls . 4 . meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 4 meandroid colonies have valleys rather than polyps . 5 . flabello - meandroid colonies also have valleys , but do not have common walls . drawings : geoff kelly .\nthese growth forms confer several constraints on corallite replication and growth . plocoid and phaceloid colonies can have both intratentacular and extratentacular budding , while cerioid colonies can only have intratentacular budding . plocoid , cerioid and meandroid colonies have integrated corallites or valleys , while adjacent corallites or valleys of phaceloid and flabello - meandroid colonies may have little or no connecting tissue . the latter may compete for space and other resources , with the result that some parts of colonies overgrow other parts .\nsome colonies combine two growth forms . euphyllia and lobophyllia colonies may be phaceloid toward the colony centre where lack of space constrains valley formation and be flabello - meandroid at the periphery where there are no such constraints . similarly , symphyllia colonies may have both meandroid and flabello - meandroid areas ; favia colonies may have both plocoid and meandroid areas ; favites and goniastrea colonies may be both plocoid and cerioid . there are also many intermediate forms between plocoid and fully phaceloid and ( very commonly ) between cerioid and fully meandroid colonies .\na variety of other types of colony formation are found in corals , but these are uncommon .\nthe most common terms used to describe growth form are ordinary descriptive words . massive means solid and similar in shape in all dimensions . encrusting means adhering to the substrate . branching means forming branches . arborescent means tree - like . columnar means forming columns . laminar means plate - like . explanate means forming solid sheets . other terms are used with particular groups of corals ; all are explained in the glossary . however , there are so many different shapes of corals that such descriptive terms can be misleading and carry less meaning than illustrations .\na common modification of all descriptive terms is the addition of the prefix sub to the term ( e . g . submassive , subcerioid , sub - equal ) , meaning \u2018less than\u2019 or \u2018not quite\u2019 .\nthe much - studied coral porites forms large hemispherical colonies which typically grow ( radially ) at a rate of around 1 cm per year as determined by x - rays of thin slices . some more heavily calcified colonies of other corals grow at slower rates than this , although most are faster . staghorn acropora readily grows ( linearly ) up to about 30 cm per year . plate - forming acropora also grows ( in diameter ) up to about 30 cm per year ."]}
{"id": 1234, "summary": [{"text": "arotrophora charopa is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white with pinkish suffusions and black strigulation ( fine streaks ) at the base of the costa , at the mid-costa and mid-dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the remaining area is brownish black with bluish refractive markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "arotrophora charopa", "paragraphs": ["arotrophora charopa is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in thailand .\ncharopa razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 44 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon n . p . , km 31 . holotype : bmnh . male .\nkeywords : tortricinae cnephasiini s . lat . arotrophora host banksia spinulosa borer in flower spikes\nhave a fact about arotrophora ombrodelta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for arotrophora ombrodelta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntubulosa razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 49 . tl : fiji , holotype : bmnh . female .\ngilligani razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 43 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , holotype : bmnh . female .\nkhasiasana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 37 . tl : india , khasias hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\npaiana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 39 . tl : india , khasias hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncherrapunji razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 41 . tl : india , assam , cherapunji . holotype : bmnh . female .\nfijigena razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 43 . tl : fiji , viti levu , suva . holotype : bmnh . male .\nobrimsocia razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 46 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon national park . holotype : bmnh . male .\ninthanona razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 42 . tl : thailand , doi inthanon n . p . . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbernardmyo razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 47 . tl : burmah [ myanmar ] , bernardmyo , ruby mines . holotype : bmnh . male .\nutarana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 48 . tl : indonesia , sulawesi utara , dumoga bone national park . holotype : bmnh . female .\ndiadela common , 1963 ( arotrophora ) , austral . j . zool . 11 : 103 . tl : australia , western , 8 mi nw nornalup . holotype : anic . female .\nkundasanga razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 45 . tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , nr kundasang golf course . holotype : bmnh . male .\nericirra common , 1963 ( arotrophora ) , austral . j . zool . 11 : 93 . tl : australia , new south wales , mt . victoria . holotype : anic . male .\nsiniocosma turner , 1926 ( arotrophora ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 50 : 136 . tl : australia , byfield , yeppoon . holotype : anic . female .\nhongsona razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 36 . tl : thailand , mae hong son , pai district , doi mae ya . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncharistis meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 261 . tl : australia , queensland , cooktown . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncharassapex razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 39 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , chiang dao , san pakia rfd , watershed station . holotype : bmnh . female .\nkhatana razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 38 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi chiang dao , den yaa kat , subst . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncanthelias meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 263 . tl : australia , new south wales , mittagong . holotype : bmnh . female .\nsalebrata meyrick , 1910 ( arotrophora ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 35 : 265 . tl : australia . victoria , gisbourne . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . 1 female .\nkhunmaei razowski , 2009 ( arotrophora ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 40 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi chiang dao ws , highway 1322 to wiang haeng , 3 km from khun mae ngaai c ' point . holotype : bmnh . female .\nteras incessana , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 304 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 19 . arotrophora incessana , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1881 , p . 529 . dipterina incessana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xv . , p . 55 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nanemarcha lower , 1902 ( tortrix ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 26 : 236 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . holotype : sama . female .\narcuatalis walker , 1865 ( scopula ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 34 : 1474 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nsubmarginellus walker , 1866 ( crambus ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 ( suppl . ) : 1760 . tl : australia . holotype : bmnh . female .\ntranscissella walker , 1866 ( eromene ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 35 : 1762 . tl : australia . new south wales , sydney . holotype : bmnh . male .\neuides turner , 1927 ( tortrix ) , pap . r . soc . tasmania 1926 : 127 . tl : australia , tasmania , mt . wellington , springs . holotype : anic . male .\nochraceellus walker , 1863 ( crambus ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 177 . tl : australia , damel . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnsw new england national park 4500 ft alt 11 february 1968 ifb common ae may male wingspan 16 . 5 mm anic\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntransactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1897 . [ electronic resource ]\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 4th november , 1896 . ]\nformation of this list is due to captain hutton , f . r . s . , who some time ago impressed upon me the desirability of collecting together and arranging the several named and described species of\nof new zealand comprised in numerous papers of mr . meyrick , published from time to time in the \u201ctransactions of the new zealand institute\u201d and other publications . i have to thank captain hutton for very valuable assistance in compiling the list and rendering my task more easy ; but at the same time he is not to be considered in any way responsible for any errors that may be found therein .\npapilio archippus , fab . , spec . ins . , p . 55 , n . 243 ( 1781 ) . danais berenice , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . vi . , p . 183 ; colenso , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 276 . d . archippus , butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 265 . d . plexippus , trans . n . z . inst . , xxiii . , p . 192 .\nerebia pluto , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , iv . , p . 217 , and xii . , p . 265 , pl . ix . , fig . 2 ; and vol . xv . , p . 197 . e . merula , hewitson , ent . mo . mag . , xii . , p . 10 . oreina ( ? ) othello , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , viii . , pp . 302\u20134 , pl . ix . percnodaimon pluto , butl . , ent . mo . mag . , xiii . , p . 153 ( 1876 ) , and x . , p . 268 .\ngenus ( ? ) helmsi , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , xv . , p . 193 ( 1882 ) .\ndodonidia helmsii , butl . , ann . and mag . nat . hist . , xiii . ( 5th series ) , pp . 171\u20133 ( 1884 ) . d . helmsi , marshall , trans . n . z . inst . , xxviii . , pp . 312\u20133 , pl . xv .\npapilio ( n . g . ) gonerilla , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 498 , n . 237 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 82 , n . 361 ( 1781 ) ; ent . syst . , iii . , p . 103 , n . 317 ( 1793 ) . p . generella , fab . , mant . ins . , p . 44 , n . 437 ( 1787 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 25 , fig . 2 ( 1805 ) . vanessa gonerilla , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . ii . , fig . 1 ( 1855 ) . pyrameis gonerilla , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 2 , tab . i . , figs . 10 , 11 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 270 ; colenso , trans . n . z . inst . , xxi . , p . 196 .\npapilio ( n . g . ) itea , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 498 , n . 238 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 82 , n . 362 ( 1781 ) ; mant . ins . , p . 45 , n . 438 ( 1787 ) ; ent . syst . , p . 103 , n . 318 ( 1793 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 26 , fig . 1 ( 1805 ) . vanessa itea , godart , enc . meth . , ix . , p . 321 , n . 57 ( 1819 ) ; dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 2 , figs . 2 , 2 ( 1855 ) . bassaris itea , h\u00fcbn . , samml . esot . schmett ( 1816\u201324 ) . pyrameis itea , doubl . , gen . diurn . lep . , p . 202 ( 1849 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 270 .\ncynthia kershawii , m ' coy , ann . and mag . nat . hist . , iv . , vol . i . , p . 76 ( 1868 ) . c . cardui , white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 2 , fig . 5 ( 1855 ) . pyrameis cardui ( var . p . kershawii ) , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 269 , pl . xii . , fig . 1 .\npapilio nerina , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 509 , n . 277 ( 1775 ) ; donovan , ins . new holland , pl . 27 , fig . 1 ( 1805 ) . p . iphigenia , cramer , pap . exot . , 1 , pl . lxvii . , figs . d , e ( 1779 ) . var . p . proserpina , cramer , pap . exot . , 3 , pl . ccxviii . , figs . c , d ( 1782 ) . male ( ? ) p . auge , cramer , pap . exot . , 2 , pl . cxc . , figs . a , b ( 1779 ) . diadema bolina , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , p . 463 . d . nerina , butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 271 .\npapilio zoilus , fab . , syst . ent . , p . 480 , n . 163 ( 1775 ) ; sp . ins . , p . 53 , n . 229 ( 1781 ) ; mant . ins . , p . 25 , n . 265 ( 1787 ) ; ent . syst . , iii . , p . 42 , n . 128 ( 1793 ) ; gen . diurn . lep . , pl . xviii . , fig . 1 ( 1847 ) . hamadryas zoilus , boisd . , voy . astrol . , p . 91 ; dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , app . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 2 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 276 .\nhesperia ( r . ) salustius , fab . , ent . syst . , iii . , p . 310 , n . 175 ( 1793 ) . lyc\u0153na edna , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d app . , p . 283 ( 1843 ) . polyommatus edna , westwood and hewitson , gen . diurn . lep . , pl . 76 , fig . 6 ( 1852 ) ; white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 2 , figs . 3 , 4 ( 1855 ) . chrysophanus salustius , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , tab . 1 , figs . 1\u20133 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 274 ( 1878 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , p . 461 ( 1877 ) , and x . , p . 253 , pl . viii . , figs . a , b , 2 ( 1878 ) .\nc . feredayi , bates , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , p . 53 ( 1867 ) ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 ( 1874 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , pp . 461\u20132 ( 1877 ) , and x . , p . 254 , pl . viii . , figs . d , 3 ( 1878 ) ; butl . , trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 275 , pl . xii . , figs . 7 , 8 , 9 ( 1878 )\nlyc\u0153na boldenarum , white , proc . ent . soc . , ser . 3 , i . , p . 26 ( 1862 ) . chrysophanus boldenarum , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 3 , tab . 1 , figs . 8 , 9 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 273 ( 1878 ) ; fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , pp . 461\u20132 , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 256 , pl . viii . , figs . i , h , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ( 1878 ) .\nl . oxleyi , feld . , reise der \u201cnovara , \u201d lep . , ii . , p . 280 , n . 354 , pl . 35 , fig . 6 ( 1865 ) ; bates , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , p . 53 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 ( 1874 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , x . , p . 273 ( 1878 ) .\np . mairi , buller , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . v . , p . 279 , pl . 17 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 207 .\nhepialus characterifer , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 594 ( 1865 ) . oxycanus impletus , ib . , p . 598 . hepialus charactifer , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 . porina charactifera , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .\nelhamma cervinata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 595 . porina vexata , ib . , p . 597 . p . fuliginea , butl . , \u201ccistula entomologica , \u201d vol . ii . , p . 488 . p . cervinata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .\nscribed by gu\u00e9n\u00e9e , and it is quite different from cervinata . \u2014r . w . f .\nhepialus despectus , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , suppl . ii . , p . 594 . porina despecta , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 209 .\npielus umbraculatus , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . v . , p . 1 ( 1868 ) . porina umbraculata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 209 .\npielus variolaris , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . v . , p . 1 . porina signata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 . p . umbraculata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 208 .\nelhamma signata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , vii . , p . 1563 ( 1856 ) . porina nov\u0153 - zelandi\u0153 , ib , p . 1573 . p . signata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 , tab . 2 , f . 8 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 210 .\nh . virescens , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d vol . ii . , p . 284 ( 1843 ) ; white , taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . i . , f . 6 ( 1855 ) . h . rubroviridans , white , l . c . , pl . 1 , fig . 1 . charagia virescens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , vii . , p . 1569 ; scott , trans . ent . soc . n . s . w . , ii . , 28 . c . fischeri , feld . , reise der \u201cnovara , \u201d pl . lxxx . , f . 1 . c . hectori , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 380 . c . virescens , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . hepialus virescens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 211 .\ncharagia ingens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxii . , supp . ii . , p . 596 . seto ingens , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 5 .\nmeyrick says , \u201ci believe the record to be erroneous ; it is certainly australian , and i have never met with a really authentic new zealand specimen\u201d ( trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 205 ) .\nliothula omnivora , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . x . , p . 260 , pl . 9 . \u0153ceticus omnivorus , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 212 .\npsyche unicolor , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 381 . orophora toumatou , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . x . , p . 260 , pl . 9 . o . unicolor , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 212 .\ns . convolvuli , linn . , syst . nat . , 1 , 2 , p . 789 ( 1766 ) ; white , taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 1 , f . 13 ( 1855 ) . s . convolvuli , var . 03b3 , walk . , cat . lep . n . z . , viii . , p . 213 ( 1856 ) . s . convolvuli ( var . s . distans ) , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 , tab . 2 , fig . 11 . s . convolvuli ( protoparce distans , butl . ) , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 213 .\nsphinx tipuliformis , linn . , faun . suec . , p . 289 , n . 1096 . setia tipuliformis , fab . , ent . syst . , iii . , 1 , p . 385 , n . 21 ( 1793 ) . sesia tipuliformis , meigen , syst . beschr . , ii . , p . 119 , n . 25 , pl . 62 , f . 2 . \u00e6geria tipuliformis , stephens , ill . brit . ent . haust . , 1 , p . 142 ( 1829 ) . trochilium tipuliforme , newman , ent . mag . , i . , p . 78 . sphinx salmachus , linn . , syst . nat . , ed . 10 , p . 493 , n . 30 . \u00e6geria tipuliformis , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . sesia tipuliformis , cl . , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . xxii . , p . 214 .\narctia strategica , hudson , entom . , 1889 , p . 53 . metacrias strategica , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 216 .\nphaos huttonii , butl . , \u201ccistula entomologica , \u201d ii . , p . 487 . metacrias huttonii , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , p . 750 ( 1886 ) , and trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 216 .\n( ? genus ) pulchella , linn . deiopeia pulchella , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 217 .\nleptosoma annulatum , boisd . , voy . de l ' astr . , ent . , v . , p . 197 , pl . 5 , fig . 9 ( 1853 ) ; doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 284 . nyctemera doubledayi , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ii . , p . 392 . n . annulata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 4 . leptosoma annulatum , bates , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 2 . nyctemera annulata , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1886 , p . 760 , and trans . n . z . inst . , xxii . , p . 218 .\nmaniestra griseipennis , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 22 . chera virescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . sp\u0153lotis inconstans , ib . , p . 545 . leucania moderata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 7 ; ib . , xx . , p . 44 .\nagrotis ( ? ) moderata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , supp . ii . , p . 705 . eumichtis sistens , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 39 . agrotis ( ? ) moderata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . mamestra sistens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 19 . leucania moderata , meyr . , ib . , xx . , p . 45 .\nbryophila temperata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xv . , p . 1648 . xylina inceptura , ib . , p . 1736 . x . deceptura , ib . , p . 1737 . bryophila temperata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 . leucania temperata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .\nagrotis nullifera , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 742 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , tab . 2 , fig . 5 ; gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 3 . leucania nullifera , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 7 .\nxylina atristriga , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . iii . , p . 756 . mamestra antipoda , feld . , reis . der nov . , pl . cix . , n . 23 . xylina atristriga , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . leucania atristriga , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 8 .\nl . unica , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ix . , p . 112 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 9 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 , tab . 2 , fig . 9 . nonagria juncicolor , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 2 . leucania unica , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 10 .\nheliophobus disjungens , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xv . , p . 1681 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 1 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 6 . hadena nervata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 40 . mamestra disjungens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 15 .\neuplexia insignis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , suppl . iii . , p . 724 ; xylina turbida , ib . , p . 754 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . euplexia insignis , butl . , ib . , p . 8 . hadena lignifusca , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 385 . h . insignis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 492 , mamestra polychroa , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 16 . m . insignis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .\nerana plena , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . iii . , p . 744 . mamestra sphagnea , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 17 erana plena , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . dianth\u0153cia viridis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 547 . mamestra plena , meyr . , trans . n . z inst . , xix . , p . 17 .\nhadena mutans , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 602 . h . lignifusca , walk . , ib . , p . 603 . mamestra angusta , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 18 . m . acceptrix , ib . , fig . 19 . hadena mutans , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . h . debilis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . london , 1877 , p . 385 , pl . xlii . , fig . 6 . h . mutans , ib . , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 491 . mamestra mutans , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 17 .\ndianth\u0153cia pictula , white , taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . i . , fig . 3 . hadena pictula , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 602 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . meterana pictula , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1887 , p . 386 , pl . xlii . , fig . 1 . mamestra pictula , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 18 .\napamea vitiosa , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 384 , pl . xlii , fig . 3 . mamestra octhistis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 20 . m . vitiosa , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 45 .\ngraphiphora tartarea , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 384 , pl . xlii . , fig . 2 . mamestra tartarea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 21 .\ncloantha composita , gu\u00e9n . , noct . vi . , p . 114 . auchmis composita , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 616 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 12 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . mamestra maori , feld . , reise der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 24 . m . composita , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 22 .\northosia infensa , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 748 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . mamestra arachnias , meyr . , xix . , p . 23 . m . infensa , meyr . , xx . , p . 45 .\ndasypolia dotata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 522 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . mamestra dotata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 24 .\nxylina stipata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , iii . , supp . , p . 753 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 . xylophasia stipata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 488 . mamestra stipata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 25 .\nxylophasia rubescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . mamestra rubescens , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 25 .\nhadena lignana , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 543 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . , 1877 , p . 385 , pl . xlii . , fig . 6 . xylophasia morosa , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 543 . mamestra lignana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 26 .\nxylina ustistriga , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xi . , p . 630 . x . lignisecta , ib . , p . 631 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . , 1877 , p . 386 . mamestra ustistriga , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 26 .\nxylocampa cucullina , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 40 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . agrotis mitis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . 1877 , p . 383 , pl . xlii . , fig . 5 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 489 . mamestra cucullina , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 28 .\nmamestra comma , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , ix . , p . 239 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . ix . , fig . 6 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . graphiphora implexa , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , x . , p . 405 . hadena plusiata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . , p . 742 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 8 . nitocris bicomma , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 4 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . orthosia comma , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 30 .\nt\u0153niocampa immunis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , x . , p . 430 . cerastis innocua , ib . , 1710 . agrotis acetina , feld . , reis . der nov . , pl . cix . , fig . 6 . teniocampa immunis , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 . orthosia immunis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 30 .\ngraphiphora purpurea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 490 . xanthia ceramodes , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 31 . x . purpurea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 46 .\nxylina defigurata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiii . , supp . , 756 . bityla thoracica , ib . , p . 869 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 . b . defigurata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 31 .\nnoctua ypsilon , rott . agrotis suffusa , h\u00fcbn . a . ypsilon , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 32 . ( ? ) if same as agrotis suffusa , treitschke , and noctua suffusa , denis , see butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , and proc . zool . soc . london , 1877 , p . 383 . \u2014r . w . f .\na . admirationis , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 38 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 7 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , ii . , p . 384 . also , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 33 ; but mr . meyrick has made some mistake , for i have duplicate of the type named by gu\u00e9n . , and mr . meyrick ' s description in a way agrees with it , and it was not found on roots of tussockgrass on sandhills . \u2014r . w . f .\nchersotis sericea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 490 . c . inconspicua , ib . , p . 545 . agrotis sericea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 33 . a . inconspicua , ib . , p . 34 . a . sericea , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . p . 46 .\np . eriosoma , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d p . 285 ; butl . , voy . ereb . , pl . x . , figs . 1 , 2 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 9 , tab . 3 , figs . 1 , 2 . p . argentifera , gu\u00e9n . , gen . noct . , vi . , p . 352 . p . eriosoma , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 36 .\nd . selenophora , gu\u00e9n . , noct . , vii . , p . 175 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 38 . ( ? ) erebus , n . s . , white , in taylor ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d pl . 1 , figs . 2 , 2 ( 1855 ) .\npage 328 , line 5 from bottom . for trans . n . z . inst . , ix . , read trans . n . z . inst . , x .\npage 336 , line 15 . for in a way agrees read in no way agrees .\npage 337 , line 18 , should read orthosia , ochs . , * to connect with footnote .\npage 337 , lines 23 to 26 . transfer genus theoxena , meyr . , to p . 345 , after dichromodes .\npage 349 , line 10 from bottom . for trans . n . z . inst . , xxi . , read trans . ent . soc . lond . , 1884 .\npage 366 , line 11 . after stainton insert man . brit . butt . & moth . ii . , p . 358 .\npage 369 , lines 12 , 13 , 15 . for eutoma read eutorna .\npage 374 , line 10 . for c . miniellum read s ( ? ) miniella .\nr . scotosialis , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxxiv . , supp . , p . 1150 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 10 , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 388 , and cist . ent , ii . , p . 492 . herminia lilacina , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 388 , pl . xlii . , fig . 11 . rhapsa scotosialis , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p 38 .\npanagra scissaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 43 . theoxena scissaria , meyr . , trans . , n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 56 .\nptychopoda ( ? ) rubraria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 286 . acidalia repletaria , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 778 . a . attributa , walk . , ib . , p . 779 . a . rubraria , walk . , ib . , p . 781 . fidonia ( ? ) acidaliaria , walk . , ib . , xxv . , p . 1037 . acidalia figlinaria , gu\u00e9n . a . rubraria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 57 , and xvii . , p . 63 .\nhemerophila hemipteraria , gu\u00e9n . xyridacma hemipteraria , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 60 .\n[ footnote ] * see meyrick , trans . n . z . inst . , xix . , p . 39 , as to these .\nparysatis porphyrias , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 59 .\nptychopoda rubropunctaria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 287 . asthena risata , gu\u00e9n . a . mullata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 42 . acidalia pulchraria , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 780 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 , tab . 3 , fig . 18 . hippolyte rubropunctaria , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 60 ; ib . , xvii . , p . 63 .\ncidaria undosata , feld . , reise der nov . , v . , pl . cxxviii . , fig . 2 . acidalia undosata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 499 . epiphryne undosata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 60 .\nhermione xanthaspis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 61 .\naspilates abrogata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 1075 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . fidonia ( ? ) servularia , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 43 . thyone abrogata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 61 .\ncidaria verriculata , feld . , reise der nov . , v . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 20 . phibalapteryx verriculata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . panop\u0153a verriculata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 62 .\nlarentia ( ? ) rufescens , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 502 . eurydice cymosema , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvii . , p . 63 .\nlarentia megaspilata , walk . , cat . lep . brit . mus . , xxiv . , p . 1198 . cidaria assata , feld . , reise der nov . , lep . , v . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 4 . c . nehata , feld . , l . c . , fig . 6 . larentia megaspilata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 502 . larentia ( ? ) nehata , ib . , p . 503 . harpalyce magaspilata , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvi . , p . 63 .\nharpalyce parora , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xvii . , p . 63 . h . humeraria , ib . , xvi . , p . 64 .\ncoremia euclidiata , gu\u00e9n . c . glyphicata , ib . , 420 . fidonia catapyrrha , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xliii . , fig . 2 . stratonice catapyrrha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 64 ; ib . , xvii , p . 63 .\neupithecia muscosata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1246 . euthecia cidariaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 62 . cidaria aquosata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 33 . eupithecia cidariaria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . cidaria muscosata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 .\neupithecia bilineolata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1246 . scotosia denotata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1361 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 67 . s . humerata , ib . , xxv . , p . 1362 . eupithecia semialbata , ib . , xxvi . , p . 1708 . e . ( ? ) bilineolata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . scotosia humerata , ib . , p . 16 . eupithecia semialbata , ib . , p . 15 . helastia charybdis , ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 503 . h . calida , ib . , p . 504 . pasiphila bilineolata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 50 .\neupithecia indicataria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1708 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . pasiphila indicataria , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 52 .\ncoremia inductata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1322 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 ; scotosia subitata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1362 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . pasiphila inductata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 53 .\nscotosia denotata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1362 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . phibalapteryx parvulata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1721 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . phrixogonus denotatus ( sic ) , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 53 .\ncidaria lestivata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1416 . sauris ranata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 11 . tatosoma lestevata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 18 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 67 .\ncidaria agrionata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1417 . c . tipulata , ib . , 1417 . c . inclinataria , ib . , 1418 . c . transitaria , ib . , 1419 . c . collectaria , ib . , 1419 . sauris mistata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 12 . tatosoma transitaria , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 304 . t . agrionata , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\nacidalia pulchraria . doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d app . , p . 286 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 . chlorochroma plurilineata , walk . , l . c . , xxii . , pp . 563 and 676 . asthena ondinata , gu\u00e9n . , sp . gen . lep . phal . , i . , p . 438 , pl . xix . , fig . 4 . ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , tab . 3 , fig . 20 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . cidaria ondinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxviii . , fig . 17 . asthena pulchraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 69 .\nacidalia schistaria , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 782 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . asthena subpurpureata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1588 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 390 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . a . schistaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 69 .\ncidaria gobiata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 2 . phibalapteryx gobiata , p . simulans , p . undulifera , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 506 . p . anguligera , p . rivularis , ib . , p . 507 . scotosia gobiata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 70 .\ncoremia deltoidata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1321 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . cidaria inclarata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1411 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 . c . perductata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1412 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . congressata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1412 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . congressata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1413 . c . descriptata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1414 . c . bisignata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 . c . aggregata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 508 . c . congregata , walk . , l . c . , p . 1415 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 397 . c . plagifurcata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1416 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 . coremia pastinaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 64 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . cidaria inopiata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 3 . c . monoliata , ib . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 8 . c . perversata , ib . , pl . cxxxii . , figs . 14 , 24 . scotosia deltoidata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 70 . cephalissa deltoidata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 54 .\ncidaria rosearia , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 285 . coremia rosearia , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 , tab . 3 . , fig . 13 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . c . ardularia , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 63 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . ,\np . 16 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . c . inam\u0153naria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 63 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . epyaxa rosearia , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 71 .\ncoremia semifissata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1320 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . c . ypsilonaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . cidaria delicatulata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . epyaxa semifissata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 72 .\nlarentia subductata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1198 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . epyaxa subducta , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 55\naspilates ( ? ) subochraria , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 285 . a . euboliaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1684 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 66 . camptogramma subochraria , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 , tab . 3 , fig . 16 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . c . strangulata , gu\u00e9n . , gen . lep . phal . , ii . ( ? ) , p . 423 . c . fuscinata , gu\u00e9n , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 92 : butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . arsinoe subochraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 73 . anachloris subochraria , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 56 .\narsinoe prionota , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 73 .\nc . rixata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 1 . coremia squalida , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . cidaria rixata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 75 .\nmelanthia arida , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 505 . cidaria chaotica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 76 . c . arida , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncamptogramma stinata , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 92 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 396 . larentia stinaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 78 .\nl . clarata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1197 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 14 . cidaria pyramaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 93 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia clarata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 79 .\ncidaria beata , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 397 , pl . xliii . , fig . 6 ; ib . , cist . ent . , vol . ii . , p . 508 . larentia beata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 79 .\nl . lucidata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1200 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 . coremia plurimata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1321 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . panagra venipunctata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1666 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 13 . larentia psamathodes , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 81 . l . lucidata , ib . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncidaria obarata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxii . , fig . 33 . larentia obarata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 82 .\nscotosia subobscurata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1358 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . larentia petropola , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 82 . l . obscurata , ib . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncidaria ( ? ) cinerearia , doubl . , dieffenbach ' s \u201cnew zealand , \u201d ii . , p . 286 . larentia ( ? ) invexata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1199 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 503 . l . semisignata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1200 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 . l . inoperata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1201 . l . diffusaria , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1201 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . l . punctilineata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1202 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 , tab . 3 , fig . 12 ; ib . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 . cidaria dissociata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1734 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . c . similisata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1735 . c . semilisata , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia corcularia , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 61 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . l . infantaria , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , p . 62 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . helastia eupitheciaria , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , p . 95 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . cidaria sph\u0153riata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 14 . larentia cinerearia , butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 83 ; ib . , xvii . , p . 64 .\ncidaria bulbulata , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , p . 94 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . larentia bulbulata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 84 .\nl , ( ? ) falcata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 67 ; ib . , xx . , p . 58 .\naspilates insignis , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 393 , pl . xliii . , fig . 1 . pasithea insignis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 85 .\npasithea mechanitis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 86 .\npasithea paradelpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 86 .\npasithea strategica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .\npasithea callicrena , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .\nfidonia perornata , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1672 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . pasithea perornata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 87 .\npasithea niphocrena , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 88 .\nfidonia ferox , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xlii . , fig . 8 . pasithea ferox , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 88 .\npasithea zopyra , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .\npasithea vulcanica , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .\nfidonia brephosata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1037 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 3 ; ib . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 . larentia catocalaria , gu\u00e9n . , l . c . , v . , p . 62 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 15 . fidonia catocalaria , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 499 . f . brephos , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxix . , fig . 5 . pasithea brephos , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 89 .\npasithea omichlias , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 90 .\nfidonia enysii , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 391 , pl . xlii . , fig . 9 . stathmonyma homomorpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , 9 . s . enysii , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 .\nfidonia anceps , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 392 , pl . xliii . , fig . 3 . stathmonyma homomorpha , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 91 .\neuclidia hectori , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 387 , pl . xlii . , fig . 4 . stathmonyma hectori , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 91 .\ncacopsodos nigra , butl . ; meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , xx . , p . 60 ; ib . , xxiii . , p . 184 .\nd . gypsotis , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 60 . cacopsodos niger , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 94 .\ncacopsodos niger , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 395 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 94 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xviii . , p . 184 , and xx . , p . 60 .\nl . alectoraria , walk . , l . c . , ; butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 ; aspitates ( ? ) primata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1076 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 , tab . 3 , fig . 4 . ennomos ustaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1519 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . endropia mixtaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1506 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 11 , tab . 3 , fig . 5 . amilapsis ( ? ) acroiaria , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxiii . , fig . 6 . lyrcea varians , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 ; l . alectoraria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 95 ; meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 66 .\nzermizinga indocilisaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1530 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . hybernia boreophilaria , gu\u00e9n . , ent . mo . mag . , v . , p . 61 . h . indocilis , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 97 .\nrhyparia fenerata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 7 . zylobara fenerata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . boarmia fenerata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 61 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nlarentia productata , walk . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 1197 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 14 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 . pseudocoremia indistincta , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . selidosema pungata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 23 ; s , ( ? ) fragosata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 29 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\npseudocoremia suavis , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 497 . pachycnemia usitata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 501 . pseudocoremia lupinata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 98 . boarmia suavis , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\ncidaria lupinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 19 . pseudocoremia lupinata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 496 . boarmia lupinata , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 316 , as to selidosema .\nnumeria melinata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxix . , fig . 9 . pseudocoremia indistincta , * butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 394 , pl . xliii . , fig . 8 , and cist . ent . , ii . , p . 498 . p . confusa , butl . ( see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 ) . p . melinata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 99 . boarmia melinata , meyr . , l . c . , xx . , p . 61 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nboarmia dejectaria , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 394 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , and proc . zool . soc . lond . , p . 390 . b . attracta , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 394 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . b . exprompta , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 395 . tephrosia patularia , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 422 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 , tab . 3 , fig . 8 . t . scriptaria , walk . , l . c . , xxi . , p . 422 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 12 . scotosia lignosata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1361 . s . erebinata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1358 . s . stigmaticata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1359 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . gnophos panularia , gu\u00e9n , l . c . , p . 42 . scotopteryx maoriata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 4 . hemerophila ( ? ) sulpitiata , feld . , l . c . , cxxvi . , fig . 7 . h . caprimulgata , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 12 . boarmia dejectaria , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 100 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nscotosia panagrata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1360 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 16 . angerona menanaria , walk . , l . c . , xxvi . , p . 1500 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 11 . epirrhanthis ( ? ) antipodaria , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxvi . , fig . 3 . hyperythra dessicata , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 495 . h . arenacea , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 495 . barsine panagrata , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 100 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 , as to barsine , and xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\ncidaria rudisata , walk . , l . c . , xxv . , p . 1420 ; butl . , cat . lep . n . z . , p . 17 . boarmia astrapia , meyr . , l . c . , xxii . , p . 218 . b . rudiata , meyr . , l . c . , xxiii . , p . 101 ; and see meyr . , l . c . , xxiv . , p . 216 , as to selidosema .\nd . atronivea , walk . , l . c . , xxxii . , p . 619 . chlenias ( ? ) manxifera , fered . , trans . n . z . inst . , xii . , p . 268 , pl . ix . , fig . 1 . detunda atronivea , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 101 .\nchlenias egregia , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 24 ; fered . , l . c . , xii . , p . 268 , pl . ix . , fig . 2 . detunda egregia , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 101 .\nd . floccosa , walk . , l . c . , xv . , p . 1649 ; butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 . argua scabra , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 448 . declana scabra , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 500 . d . feredayi , butl . , proc . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 , p . 398 , pl . xliii . , fig . 5 . d . nigrosparsa , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , p . 500 . d . floccosa , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 102 .\n[ footnote ] * mr . meyrick puts this so . i think it must be a mistake ; indistincta does not appear to me to be identical with melinata . \u2014r . w . f .\npoliteia junctilinea , walk . , l . c . , xxviii . , p . 643 . chlenias verrucosa , feld . , l . c . , pl . cxxxi . , fig . 22 . declana crassitibia , \u2642 , meyr . , l . c . , xvi . , p . 103 . d . junctilinea , meyr . , l . c . , xvii . , p . 65 ."]}
{"id": 1237, "summary": [{"text": "elusa oenolopha is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from australia , including queensland and new south wales .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the forewings are brown with a small lopsided white dumbbell near the centre of each forewing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are a uniform pale brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "elusa oenolopha", "paragraphs": ["elusa oenolopha turner , 1902 = elusa leucoplaga warren , 1913 = elusa rufaria warren , 1913 .\nelusa purpurea warren , 1913 ; 105 , pl . 13 l ; tl : solomon islands\nhabrotrocha elusa isolate h . elus . uk cytochrome oxidase subunit i gene , partial cds ; mitochondrial\nelusa inventa berio , 1977 ; 238 , f . 28 ; tl : lungtan , nanking - kiangsu\nelusa puncticeps ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 98 , pl . 2 , f . 134\nelusa ustula ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 129\nelusa simplex ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 98 , pl . 2 , f . 123 , 126\nelusa diloba ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 135 - 136\nelusa mediorufa ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 130 - 131\nelusa ignea warren , 1913 ; 104 , pl . 13 k ; tl : british new guinea , upper aroa river\nelusa cyathicornis ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 19 , 127 - 128\nelusa confusa warren , 1913 ; 105 , pl . 13 l ; tl : new guinea , aroa river ; milne bay ; humboldt bay\nelusa duplicata warren , 1913 ; 104 , pl . 13 k ; tl : dutch new guinea , snow mts . , upper setekwa river\nelusa flammans warren , 1913 ; 104 , pl . 13 k ; tl : dutch new guinea , snow mts . , upper setekwa river\nelusa temburong holloway , 1989 ; [ mob12 ] : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 133 ; tl : brunei , 300m , ulu temburong\nelusa penanorum holloway , 1989 ; [ mob12 ] : 97 , pl . 2 , f . 132 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nelusa mediorufa hampson , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 375 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nelusa ceneusalis ; [ poole ] ; [ mob12 ] : 96 , pl . 2 , f . 22 , 124 - 125 , 137 ; [ aucl ]\nelusa orion roepke , 1956 ; 25 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : new guinea , maccluer gulf , bintuni bay , r . tisa\nelusa simplex warren , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 11 : 105 , pl . 13 l ; tl : borneo , sarawak , poeh mts .\nthe forewings of this species are brown with a small lopsided white or grey dumbell near the centre of each forewing . the hindwings are a uniform pale brown . the wingspan is about 3 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 409d5760 - 35f0 - 4b27 - 9436 - cd27586579fc\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c3ff8de3 - 07ee - 4190 - bcb3 - e517527a7398\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8c3417b7 - 5ce4 - 4a51 - 8844 - 3fcae54f62e7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 509113\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nsundaland , philippines , sulawesi , queensland , bismarck is . . see [ maps ]\nseria cyathicornis walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 194 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nindia ( mehalaya , bengal , nilgiri , . . . ) , andaman islands . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nheterocera . collected in korinchi , west sumatra , by messrs . h . c . robinson and c . boden kloss\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nwalker , 1863 catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 7 : 49 - 84 , 160 - 198\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\ndb = nuccore | term = % 22elusa % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 5 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 267763520 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531162430 _ 2053524944 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1239, "summary": [{"text": "telphusa longifasciella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , illinois , indiana , kentucky , louisiana , maine , maryland , massachusetts , minnesota , mississippi , new brunswick , new hampshire , new york , ohio , ontario , quebec , south carolina , tennessee , texas , washington , west virginia and wisconsin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark purple-fuscous with some white scales at the base and an oblique ochreous-white fascia from one-fourth of the costa to the middle of the dorsum , margined by black suffusion anteriorly , posteriorly continued as a broad irregular whitish streak partially mixed light grey along the dorsum to the middle of the termen , above this a band of black suffusion mixed iridescent crimson-bronzy extending from the fascia to the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "telphusa longifasciella", "paragraphs": ["= telphusa longifasciella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 258\ntelphusa iosticta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 92\ntelphusa necromantis meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 194\ntelphusa xyloptera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 350\ntelphusa chloroderces meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : manchuria\ntelphusa semiusta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : china , shanghai\nnuntia omelko , 1995 ; biol . issled . gornot . stants . 2 : 242 ; ts : telphusa necromantis meyrick\ntelphusa amphichroma meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\ntelphusa calathaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\ntelphusa conviciata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji\ntelphusa improvida meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : bombay , karwar\ntelphusa melanozona meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nlarva on ( for telphusa agrifolia ) quercus agrifolia braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 9\ntelphusa auxoptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : colombia , san antonie\ntelphusa microsperma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 69\ntelphusa phaulosema meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 70\ntelphusa delatrix meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ntelphusa nephelaspis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : kumaon , muktesar , 7000ft\ntelphusa objecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ntelphusa orgilopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 ; tl : brazil , para\ntelphusa retecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : natal , karkloof\ntelphusa smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9\ntelphusa iriditis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : sw . protectorate , narugas\ntelphusa melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntelphusa obligata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : la chorrera , panama\ntelphusa nigrimaculata braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : escondido bay , california\ntelphusa medulella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : porto bello and trinidad r . , panama\ntelphusa ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ntelphusa ripula walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 57 , pl . 2 , f . 16 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\ntelphusa alexandriacella ; [ nacl ] , # 1855 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incertas sedis )\ntelphusa fasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 1856 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incerate sedis )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nadrasteia alexandriacella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : alexandria , kentucky\natomatma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nlarva on prunus persica meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487\ncanary is . , morocco , sweu , s . france , s . italy , greece . see [ maps ]\nlita cistiflorella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ndistictella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 372\nadrasteia fasciella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : kentucky\nlarva on odina wodier meyrick , 1926 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276\ngelechia incognitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nnuntia incognitella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on ( mines ) euphorbia neriifolia meyrick , 1913 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65\nmelitocyela meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 65\npenetratrix meyrick , 1931 ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 279\ngelechia perspicua walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 72 ; tl : west indies , haiti\npistaciae sattler , 1982 ; ent . gaz . 33 ( 1 ) : 17\ngelechia prasinoleuca meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 161 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ngelechia quinquedentata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nlarva on ( for gelechia nigrorosea ) rhus dioica walsingham , 1904 , ent . mon . mag . 40 : 267\nsyncratopa meyrickin , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 66\ntetragrapta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 121\nbryotropha translucida walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 520 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent ; dominica\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nwalsingham , 1911 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 20 february , 2013 - 5 : 37pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 5 april , 2013 - 10 : 03am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 20 march , 2013 - 2 : 18pm\nby karsholt , o . , m . mutanen , s . lee , & l . kaila\nabstract here conclusions from this paper :\nbased on our findings , and considering them against earlier classifications to make a minimum number of changes , we separate the family gelechiidae into seven subfamilies ( physoptili - nae , anacampsinae , dichomeridinae , apatetrinae , thiotrichi - nae , anomologinae , gelechiinae ) ( fig . 2 ) . the pexicopiinae is according to our data a subordinate clade ( pexicopiini ) within the apatetrinae . for the clade consisting of thiotricha and macrenches we propose thiotrichinae subfam . nov .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 20 march , 2013 - 12 : 29am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 22 february , 2013 - 1 : 22pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 1241, "summary": [{"text": "stegastes redemptus , commonly known as the clarion major , clarion damselfish or clarion gregory , is a damselfish of the family pomacentridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to the tropical eastern pacific ocean , its range extending from the revillagigedo islands to the coast of baja california .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is found on rocky reefs at depths ranging from 1 to 15 m ( 3 ft 3 in to 49 ft 3 in ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "stegastes redemptus", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : stegastes redemptus [ orgn ] .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nstegastes redemptus ( heller and snodgrass , 1903 )\n.\nminden pictures stock photos - clarion damselfish ( stegastes redemptus , iucn vulnerable , socorro island , revillagigedo archipelago biosphere reserve / . . .\noccurrence of holacanthus clarionensis ( pomacanthidae ) , stegastes leucorus , and stegastes acapulcoensis ( pomacentridae ) at magdalena bay , b . c . s . , mexico\noccurrence of holacanthus clarionensis ( pomacanthidae ) , stegastes leucorus , and stegastes acapulcoensis ( pomacentridae ) at magdalena bay , b . c . s . , mexico | marine biodiversity records | full text\npreviously reported northern endpoints for holocanthus clarionensis , stegastes acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus and records of this study\nallen g , robertson r , zapata f . stegastes leucorus , the iucn red list of threatened species . ( version 2014 . 3 . ) . 2010a . available at\n( of pomacentrus redemptus heller & snodgrass , 1903 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npomacanthids and pomacentrids are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions , and inhabit shallow rocky and coral reefs . due to their colorful patterns and unusual body shapes , they have been widely targeted by aquarium fish trade ; these species are of great commercial interest . here we document the occurrence of one pomacanthid ( holacanthus clarionensis ) , and two pomacentrids ( stegastes acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus ) north of their reported distribution range during the 2014 warm water period in the eastern tropical eastern pacific . sightings took place at magdalena - almejas bay complex , located in the western margin of the baja california peninsula . using a series of abiotic data for the tropical eastern pacific , we created a maximum entropy model for each species and identified that high probability of occurrence at magdalena - almejas bay complex was only denoted for s . leucorus . here we report the occurrence of h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis and s . leucorus 70 km , 300 km , and 300 km north of the northernmost reported limits .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : the majority of this species population is known from one location ( revillagigedo islands ) . given its association with shallow reefs , it is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 . regional experts support the plausible threat of the increased duration and frequency of enso events that can cause severe and rapid declines for restricted - range , shallow - water species in this region of the eastern tropical pacific . this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion d2 .\nthis species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found primarily in the revillagigedo islands , with occasional observations near the tip of baja california .\nthis species is considered to be abundant in revillagigedo islands and is rare along the continental coast . more than 95 % of the population is estimated to occur in revillagigedo islands .\nthis species inhabits rocky inshore reefs ( allen 1991 ) to depths of 20 m .\ngiven its shallow - water , reef - associated habitat , and the estimation that 95 % of its population is found in one location ( revillagigedo islands ) , this species is estimated to have an area of occupancy of less than 2 , 000 km 2 . in the eastern tropical pacific , severe localized fish species declines have occurred after strong enso events that result in shallow waters that are too warm and nutrient poor for extended periods of time ( grove 1985 , edgar et al . 2009 ) . the frequency and duration of enso events in this region of the eastern tropical pacific ( e . g . the up - welling zone off the coast of peru , ecuador , colombia , panama and the offshore islands ) appears to be increasing ( glynn and ault 2000 , soto 2001 , chen et al . 2004 ) . given this species ' restricted distribution and shallow water habitat , oceanographic environmental changes , such as those associated with future enso events , may have detrimental effects on the survival of this species .\nthere are no conservation measures known for this species . however , it is present in the revillagigedo islands marine protected area ( wpda , 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\ndorsal rays xii , 15 ( rarely 14 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; gill rakers on lower limb of first arch 13 - 14 ( rarely 12 or 15 ) ; greatest body depth 1 . 9 - 2 . 0 in standard length .\nhead and front of body light brown , middle part of body gradually darker brown and posterior part whitish ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; soft dorsal and anal fins mostly whitish with pale yellow on outer portion , caudal fin pale yellow ; juveniles overall bright yellow with dusky back , a prominent dark spot at base of anterior soft dorsal rays and smaller dark spot on upper edge of tail stalk .\nprimarily from the revillagigedo islands , with the odd straggler reaching the tip of baja california .\ncastro - aguirre , j . l . and balart , e . f . , 2002 . , la ictiofauna de las islas revillagigedos y sus relaciones zoogeograficas , con comentarios acerca de su origen y evolucion . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo le\u00f3n : 153 - 170 .\nfindley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versi\u00f3n 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservaci\u00f3n internacional .\nfischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen iii . vertebrados - parte 2 . , fao3 : 1201 - 1813 .\nheller , e . and snodgrass , r . e . , 1903 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xv . new fishes . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 5 : 189 - 229 .\nlove , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .\nricker , k . e . , 1959 . , fishes collected from the revillagigedo islands during the 1954 - 1958 cruises of the\nmarijean .\n. , univ . brit . columbia inst . fish . , mus . contrib . , 4 : 10pp .\nsnodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .\nthomson , d . a . , findley , l . t . and kerstitch , a . n . , 2000 . , reef fishes of the sea of cortez . , university of texas press ( revised ed . ) : 353 .\nvictor , b . c . and wellington , g . m . , 2000 . , endemism and the pelagic larval duration of reef fishes in the eastern pacific ocean . , marine ecology progress series , 205 : 241 - 248 .\nwalker , b . w . and baldwin , w . j . , 1964 . , provisional check list of fishes of the revillagigedo islands . , 18 pp .\nwellington , g . m . and victor , b . c . , 1989 . , planktonic larval duration of one hundred species of pacific and atlantic damselfishes ( pomacentridae ) . , marine biology , 101 : 557 - 567 .\ni thank ashley macdonald and john pickering , university of georgia , for technical support in building this page .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ngreek , stegastos , - e , - on = covered ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 9334 ) . tropical ; 23\u00b0n - 19\u00b0n\neastern central pacific : revillagigedo islands and cabo san lucas , baja california , mexico .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9334 )\nadults inhabit rocky inshore reefs ( ref . 9334 ) . omnivorous ( ref . 9334 ) . oviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\noviparous , distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . eggs are demersal and adhere to the substrate ( ref . 205 ) . males guard and aerate the eggs ( ref . 205 ) .\nallen , g . r . , 1991 . damselfishes of the world . mergus publishers , melle , germany . 271 p . ( ref . 7247 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00939 - 0 . 04240 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nbody oval , compressed ; 1 pair of nostrils ; margin of preopercle serrated ; margin of bone under eye serrated , without notch it and the bone before it ; mouth small , protrusible ; teeth in single row , long and close - set ; lower gill rakers 13 - 14 ( rarely 12 or 15 ) ; a single continuous dorsal fin , xii , 15 ( rarely 14 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; no projecting short spines at upper and lower base of tail fin ; caudal fin bluntly forked ; scales are moderately large and rough ; body scaled , head largely scaled ( snout scaled to nostrils ) , as are the basal parts of the median fins ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; lateral line incomplete , ends under end of dorsal fin base .\nhead and front of body light brown , middle part of body gradually darker brown and posterior part whitish ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; soft dorsal and anal fins mostly whitish with pale yellow on outer portion , caudal fin pale yellow ; juveniles bright yellow with dusky back , a prominent dark spot at base of anterior soft dorsal rays and smaller dark spot on upper edge of tail base .\nbody oval , compressed ; 1 pair of nostrils ; margin of preopercle serrated ; margin of bone under eye serrated , without notch it and the bone before it ; mouth small , protrusible ; teeth in single row , long and close - set ; gill rakers 14 - 18 ; a single continuous dorsal fin , xii , 15 ( rarely 16 ) ; anal rays ii , 13 ( rarely 12 or 14 ) ; pectoral rays 20 ( rarely 19 or 21 ) ; no projecting short spines at upper and lower base of tail fin ; caudal fin bluntly forked ; scales are moderately large and rough ; body scaled , head largely scaled ( snout scaled to nostrils ) , as are the basal parts of the median fins ; lateral - line scales 20 ( rarely 19 ) ; lateral line incomplete , ends under end of dorsal fin base .\ndark brown , grading to lighter brown on head , with scattered noticeably paler scales on body ; most of body scales with blackish margins ; fins mainly dark brownish , except pectorals slightly yellowish ; juveniles bright blue with darker scale margins , a pair of neon - blue stripes on upper part of head and nape , black ocellated spot at base of spiny & soft dorsal junction , and small blue - edged black spot on upper surface of caudal peduncle .\nnorthern baja california and the entire gulf of california south to acapulco on the mexican mainland , and rarely in the revillagigedos .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of eupomacentrus bleeker , 1877 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of segastes ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npomacanthids ( angelfishes ) and pomacentrids ( damselfishes ) are mainly distributed in tropical and subtropical regions , and inhabit rocky and coral reefs between 1 and 30 m deep ; a few species range to depths of 80 m or more ( thomson et al . ,\n) report a total of 89 angelfish , and 387 damselfish species distributed around the world\u2019s oceans . along the mexican coast , in the eastern tropical pacific , registered species of this family include four angelfishes :\ndue to their colorful patterns and unusual body shapes , angelfish and damselfish have been widely targeted by aquarium fish trade , thus many species are of great commercial interest . in fact , damselfishes hold the world\u2019s first place in such trade , while angelfishes are rated as fifth ( wabnitz et al .\n) . in addition , these three species are not listed in any appendix of the convention of international trade of endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . nevertheless , at a national level the only species with a degree of vulnerability is\nin this paper we document the occurrence of h clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus north of their reported range of distribution . given the ecological and economic importance of such species , this information should be taken into account for future decisions making in conservation and management subjects .\nmagdalena and almejas bays are located in the southwestern coast of the baja california peninsula ( fig .\n) . the magdalena - almejas bay complex is one of mexico\u2019s largest lagoon systems , recognized as a region for conservation priority due to its large fishing production , the representation of multiple habitats , significant fish and bird diversity , and for being an important breeding zone for gray whales and sea turtles ( galv\u00e1n - maga\u00f1a et al .\n) . this particular region has been widely reported to be an important transition zone ( an ecotone ) between temperate and tropical environments , and represents one of the southernmost regions still under the influence of the california current , where the outermost part of the bay is constantly influenced by upwelling events ( \u00e1lvarez - borrego et al . ,\nbetween 2010 and 2014 a total of 295 underwater ecological surveys were conducted as part of a major monitoring program of no - take marine reserves and fishing grounds in the area . fish assemblages in five monitoring sites were surveyed using belt transects ( 30 \u00d7 2 m ) , where richness and abundances were estimated by reefcheck california certified scuba divers . sampling effort for each year and monitoring site is presented in table\nwe used the maximum entropy software maxent ver . 3 . 3 . 3 k ( phillips\n) to develop an ecological niche model of the species on the basis of occurrence records and on yearly average , annual range , maximum and minimum surface values of a series of oceanographic factors ( 9 \u00d7 9 km pixel resolution ) . temperature ( \u00b0c ) , chlorophyll a concentration ( mg / m\n) , and google earth , respectively . the modeling area was defined considering the known geographic range of the species , from 39 . 5\u00b0n to \u221210 . 5\u00b0s of latitude , and from \u2212130 . 5\u00b0w to \u221277\u00b0w of longitude for\n; and from 27\u00b0n to 17\u00b0n of latitude , and from \u2212116 . 5\u00b0w to \u2212105\u00b0w of longitude for\n. for modeling , in maxent we used a maximum iteration value of 1000 and the logistic output to evaluate probability of occurrence of the species in each pixel in a scale of 0 to 1 representing the suitability of each pixel , being 0 unsuitable and 1 very suitable . by consensus , values of 0 . 5 and higher represent presence of the species at that pixel ( peterson\n) . model accuracy was determined with the area under the curve ( auc ) of the threshold independent receiver operating characteristic analysis ( roc ) . occurrence data were randomly partitioned into 75 % for training and 25 % for testing ( franklin ,\nbased on the revised literature and consulted online collections we identified known locations where these species are distributed ( fig .\nsummed 88 occurrence records , of which 68 % belong to the revillagigedo islands ( mexican pacific ) , 25 % to the gulf of california and less than 5 % to islands above the 25\u00b0n ( south - californian pacific ) .\nhad 68 occurrence records , 75 % to revillagigedo islands , 19 . 11 % in the gulf of california and 5 . 8 in insular environments north of 25\u00b0n .\nhad the highest number of records ( 358 ) , with 9 % in the galapagos islands , 66 % in the central american pacific , 19 % in the mexican pacific , and 5 % in the gulf of california .\ndistribution of h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis and s . leucorus according to information of the gif , obis , fishbase , and vernet databases\nis off the coasts of baja california sur , south of almejas bay ( 24 . 25\u00b0 n ) , while both\nhave been recorded as far north as los cabos ( 23\u00b0 n ; fig .\n) , with extreme coordinates at 24 . 55777\u00b0 n , 112 . 10414\u00b0 w at magdalena bay . no specimens of any of these species were reported during the monitorings from 2010 to 2013 ( 201 transects ) , and were only recorded in 2014 ( fig .\nwas the most abundant , with mean densities of 0 . 125 \u00b1 0 . 125 ind / census , whilst\nniche models had a good performance according to the auc , whose values in all three models were > 0 . 9 ; considering that a random prediction has an auc = 0 . 5 . the species potential distribution maps ( fig .\nat revillagigedo islands , where important populations are known to exist , and also where the majority of specimens with commercial purpose are extracted .\nalso presented high probabilities at revillagigedo islands . at magdalena bay , the place of new records , the presence probability values for the three species were below 0 . 5 , denoting there are not ideal conditions for species occurrence / or establishing .\npotential distribution at baja california\u2019s coast of h . clarionensis ( a ) , s . acapulcoensis ( b ) and s . leucorus ( c ) according to the maxent model . 1 ) probability of occurrence ; 2 ) presence - absence based on probability of occurrence values of 0 . 5 or higher . asterisk indicates new records\nat bahia magdalena . presence of these species in the northern limit of the tropical eastern pacific province and previous records in pacific islands might indicate a tendency in which tropical fish species are extending their ranges towards temperate environments . this tendency , also reported for species in the gulf of california ( gonz\u00e1lez - cu\u00e9llar\n) , might be explained by the warm water intrusions into northern regions reported for 2014 ( peterson et al .\n) . nevertheless , the potential niche is determined by a series of biotic ( e . g . , food availability , predator abundance , competition ) and abiotic ( e . g . , temperature , depth , salinity ) factors , which allow a species to maintain a stable population ( peterson et al . ,\n) . even though coast bathymetry and coast type requirements were met , other factors such as temperature , food availability and competition with native species may not allow these species to increment their abundances , and establish viable populations .\nin conclusion , the results of this paper extend the currently known distribution northern endpoints for h . clarionensis , s . acapulcoensis , and s . leucorus . low densities along with the absence of juveniles suggest that their reproductive populations have not established in magdalena - almejas bay complex . nevertheless , currently rising temperatures and the confirmation of positive temperature anomalies during the possible 2015 el ni\u00f1o event might promote their establishment .\nwe thank roger romero , ernesto romero , norberto estala , raul romero , daniel valdez , ulises gomez , alberto de la toba , christian alducin , and alfonso romero for their support and participation in the monitoring of this work . members of the fishing cooperative \u201cmagdalena\u201d provided invaluable help in the field .\nthis study was funded by david and lucile packard foundation and walton family foundation .\nauthors do not wish to share data used in this project , as it represents a subset of databases of private - owned ( by fishers ) no - take marine reserves . nevertheless , data may be available upon contact of the main author , ahv .\nahv and fjfrm performed field surveys , smmm performed the maxent models , and jcvd managed the database and performed other analysis . all authors contributed equally to writing the paper . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (\n) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .\nallen g , robertson r . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press . honolulu , hawaii , usa . 1994 . p . 335 .\nallen g , robertson r , rivera r , edgar g , merlen g , zapata f , barraza e .\n, the iucn red list of threatened species . ( version 2014 . 3 . ) . 2010b . available at\nallen gr . damselfishes . in : paxton j , eschmeyer w , editors . the world encyclopedia of fishes . 2nd ed . san diego : academic ; 1998 . p . 205\u20138 .\n\u00e1lvarez - borrego s , galindo - bect la , chee - barrag\u00e1n a . caracter\u00edsticas hidroqu\u00edmicas de bah\u00eda magdalena , bcs . cienc mar . 1975 ; 2 : 94\u2013110 .\ndiario oficial de la federaci\u00f3n . norma oficial mexicana . m\u00e9xico : nom - 059 - ecol - 2010 ; 2010 . p . 78 .\neschmeyer wn , fong jd . species by family / subfamily , catalog of fishes , california academy of sciences . ( version 03 / 2015 ) . 2015 . available at :\nfern\u00e1ndez - rivera melo fj , reyes - bonilla h , campos - d\u00e1vila l , balart ef . extension of range of lutjanus inermis ( peters , 1896 ) ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) to the central region of the gulf of california , mexico . j appl ichthyol . 2015 .\nfranklin j . mapping species distributions : spatial inference and prediction . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 2009 . p . 320 .\nfroese r , pauly d , editors . fishbase . 2014 ( version 11 / 2014 ) . available at :\ngalv\u00e1n - maga\u00f1a f , guti\u00e9rrez - s\u00e1nchez f , abitia - c\u00e1rdenas la , rodr\u00edguez - romero j . the distribution and affinities of the shore fishes of the baja california sur lagoons . in : manuwar m , lawrence sg , manuwar if , malley df , editors . aquatic ecosystems of mexico : status and scope , ecovision world monograph series . backhuys publishers ; 2000 . p . 383\u201398\ngardner sc , ch\u00e1vez\u2010rosales s . changes in the relative abundance and distribution of gray whales (\n) in magdalena bay , mexico during an el ni\u00f1o event . mar mamm sci . 2000 ; 16 : 728\u201338 .\nglobal biodiversity information facility . 2015 . ( version 2 / 2015 ) . available at :\ngonz\u00e1lez - cu\u00e9llar ot , reyes - bonilla h , fourri\u00e9re m , rojo m , hern\u00e1ndez - velasco a , s\u00e1nchez - alc\u00e1ntara i , pfister t . range extensions of four species of parrotfishes ( scaridae ) in the northern gulf of california , mexico . cybium . 2013 ; 37 : 223\u20136 .\nhumann p , de loach n . reef fish identification : baja to panama . jacksonville : new world publications ; 2004 .\nmart\u00ednez - torres m , reyes - bonilla h , fern\u00e1ndez - rivera melo fj , s\u00e1nchez - alc\u00e1ntara i , gonz\u00e1lez - cuellar ot , morales - portillo cd . range extension of the blue and yellow damselfish\n( pomacentridae ) to the northern gulf of california , mexico . mar biodiversity rec . 2014 ; 7 : e43 . doi :\nnelson js . fishes of the world . 4th ed . hoboken : wiley ; 2006 . p . 601 .\nocean biogeographic information system . 2015 . 2015 ( version 02 / 2015 ) . available at :\npeterson at , sober\u00f3n j , pearson rg , anderson r , mart\u00ednez - meyer e , nakamura m , ara\u00fajo m . ecological niches and geographic distributions . princeton : princeton university press ; 2011 .\npeterson w , robert m , bond n . the warm blob - conditions in the northeastern pacific ocean . pices press23 . 1 ; 2015 . p . 36\u20138 . winter 2015 .\nphillips sj , anderson rp , schapire re . maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distribution . ecol model . 2006 ; 190 : 231\u201359 .\npi\u00f1a - espallargas r , reyes - bonilla h , ortu\u00f1o - manzanares g , garc\u00e1a - n\u00e1\u00f1ez ne , mendoza - vargas l , gonz\u00e1lez - ania lv . especies marinas de ornato del golfo de california . in : sustentabilidad y pesca responsable en m\u00e9xico : evaluaci\u00f3n y manejo . mexico : inp - sagarpa ; 2001 . p . 878\u2013914 .\n, the iucn red list of threatened species . ( version 2014 . 3 . ) . 2010 . available at\nrobertson rr , allen gr . shorefishes of the tropical eastern pacific online information system . 2008 ( version 1 . 0 . 4 . 53 ) . availble at :\nthomson da , findley lt , kerstitch an . reef fishes of the sea of cortez . university of texas press , austin , tx . 2000 .\nwabnitz c , taylor m , green e , razak t . from ocean to aquarium . 2003 . unep - wcmc .\nzaitsev o , s\u00e1nchez - montante o , saldivar - reyes m . seasonal variations of the thermohaline structure in the magdalena - almejas bay lagoon system and adjacent sea . cienc mar . 2010 ; 36 ( 4 ) : 413\u201332 .\nzarate - ovando b , palacios e , reyes - bonilla h , amador e , saad g . waterbirds of the lagoon complex magdalena bay - almejas , baja california sur , mexico . waterbirds . 2006 ; 29 : 350\u201364 .\nby using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .\n. near threatened , least concern and those listed as data deficient have been excluded though they may end up on this list in the future .\nthese are just the marine species known to be in trouble and are likely to be just the tip of the iceberg , so to speak , based on how little we currently know about life in the ocean . click a species ' scientific name for the iucn red list species page and its version link for a page describing the associated staus - specific codes .\nstart or join a discussion below about this page or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\ncitation :\n. marinebio conservation society . web . accessed . < > .\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nwe are an interdisciplinary and collegial group of ecologists , mathematicians , economists , geographers and conservation scientists who share a motivation to do research that has impact in the real world . with a grounding in natural history and primary data collection , quantitative methods and an appreciation for the interactions between humans and the environment , our work employs decision science to inform policies for sustaining life on earth .\nleah gerber arizona state university p . o . box 874601 tempe , az 85287 - 4601 united states\nvulnerable ( vu ) species are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nas of september 2016 , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) lists 1245 vulnerable fish species . [ 1 ] 8 . 1 % of all evaluated fish species are listed as vulnerable . the iucn also lists eight fish subspecies as vulnerable .\nof the subpopulations of fishes evaluated by the iucn , 18 species subpopulations have been assessed as vulnerable .\nfor a species to be assessed as vulnerable to extinction the best available evidence must meet quantitative criteria set by the iucn designed to reflect\na high risk of extinction in the wild\n. endangered and critically endangered species also meet the quantitative criteria of vulnerable species , and are listed separately . see : list of endangered fishes , list of critically endangered fishes . vulnerable , endangered and critically endangered species are collectively referred to as threatened species by the iucn .\nadditionally 3191 fish species ( 21 % of those evaluated ) are listed as data deficient , meaning there is insufficient information for a full assessment of conservation status . as these species typically have small distributions and / or populations , they are intrinsically likely to be threatened , according to the iucn . [ 2 ] while the category of data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made for the taxa , the iucn notes that it may be appropriate to give them\nthe same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .\n[ 3 ]\nthis is a complete list of vulnerable fish species and subspecies evaluated by the iucn . species and subspecies which have vulnerable subpopulations ( or stocks ) are indicated .\nchondrichthyes includes sharks , rays , skates , and sawfish . there are 121 species and eight subpopulations of cartilaginous fish assessed as vulnerable .\nthere are 74 species and one subpopulation in the order rajiformes assessed as vulnerable .\nthere are 1114 species , eight subspecies , and four subpopulations of ray - finned fish assessed as vulnerable .\ncypriniformes includes carps , minnows , loaches and relatives . there are 298 species and one subspecies in the order cypriniformes assessed as vulnerable .\nthere are 405 species , one subspecies , and one subpopulation in the order perciformes assessed as vulnerable .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1244, "summary": [{"text": "the streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolatus ) is a species of finch in the fringillidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in burundi , democratic republic of the congo , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , rwanda , south sudan , tanzania , uganda , and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the streaky seedeater was formerly placed in the genus serinus but phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences found that the genus was polyphyletic .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was therefore split and a number of species including the streaky seedeater were moved to the resurrected genus crithagra . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "streaky seedeater", "paragraphs": ["streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus ( formerly ; crithagra striolata , protonym ; pyrrhula striolata ) , also known as the streaky seed - eater , streaky serin , and the yellow - browed seedeater , photographed at ngorongoro conservation area , tanzania ( africa ) .\nresponse : this is a streaky seedeater , serinus striolatus , a passerine species that is a member of the fringillidae family ( the finches & hawaiian honeycreepers ) . this species is distinguished from the similar stripe - breasted and streaky - headed seedeaters by the pale sides of its face and the dark malar stripe .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nstreaky seedeater\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . streaky seedeater ( crithagra striolata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nprzevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , p\u00e4ckert et al . 2016 )\nclassification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012\neurope ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .\nsplit gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )\n( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch\nhas priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )\n( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )\nhawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .\nisland populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .\nbased on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .\n, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )\n( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )\nrecognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )\npending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )\nse siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan\n( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )\npreliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences\ntaczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )\nsa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .\nfrom thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , marc de bont , mkennewell , keith and lynn youngs , pascal vagner , paul clarke , keith blomerley , dani\u00eal jimenez .\npaul van giersbergen , petemorris , lars petersson , marco valentini , buchert , lemellmichel , holger teichmann , veronika patrovska vernerova , james kashangaki , yvonne stevens , rory nefdt , josep del hoyo , stefan helming , morten venas , ken havard , rafael merchante , michaelp , nik borrow , guy poisson , arthur grosset , frank sandvoss , david beadle , juan gonzalez valdivieso , billonneau jean claude .\nhalai and simen , 8000\u201310 , 000 feet [ c . 2440\u20133050 m ] , ethiopia\nrace whytii distinctive , and sometimes treated as a separate species , but appears to differ only in the strong yellow wash to the pale colours on the head , wings and especially throat ; reported smaller size in hbw not noticeable in specimens , and limited evidence from dna analysis indicates close relationship between nominate and whytii . proposed race affinis ( described from mt kilimanjaro , in n tanzania ) synonymized with nominate . three subspecies recognized .\n\u2013 eritrea , ethiopia and extreme se south sudan s to w & c kenya and n tanzania .\n( e . j . o . hartert , 1907 ) \u2013 e drcongo , sw uganda , rwanda and burundi .\n13\u00b75\u201315 cm ; 18\u201326\u00b75 g . medium - sized , heavily streaked finch with long , slightly notched tail . nominate race has forehead to crown brown , finely . . .\nsong variable , a series of clear , downslurred whistles ,\ntway , tway , tsitsi - peeew , tsiway - tslo . . .\nlower montane to submontane open country and woodland edge and clearings , moist secondary evergreen . . .\nbreeds in all months , mostly apr\u2013aug and oct\u2013jan , at higher altitudes ( above 2200 m ) apr\u2013jul ; up to three broods . . . .\nresident ; some short - distance and random movements in non - breeding season in apr\u2013may and aug . . .\n, sometimes treated as a full species , is a restricted - range taxon : present in tanzania - malawi mountains eba . common to locally . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nforms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .\napparently monophyletic clade comprising mostly afrotropical and arabian species traditionally placed in serinus , together with a few that were sometimes included in carduelis # r # r ; two species of s africa , previously placed in pseudochloroptila , also imported herein , as is c . concolor , transferred from monospecific neospiza , based on molecular evidence # r # r . one analysis using mtdna indicates that further subdivision might be warranted , by recognizing dendrospiza ( for , e . g . , c . capistrata , c . hyposticta and c . citrinelloides ) , ochrospiza ( c . citrinipectus , c . mozambica and c . dorsostriata ) and poliospiza ( c . striatipectus , c . reichardi and c . mennelli ) # r , but more complete taxon sampling does not support this at present .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common or very common ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 659 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nquestion : this amazing photograph captures a common species throughout tropical areas of africa . this species is a close relative of a bird that is commonly kept as a pet in many households . can you name this species ?\nthis african mystery bird species is placed into the same genus as the canary , serinus canaria .\nyou are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .\nif you have bird images , video or mp3 files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crithagra striolata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhouse finch alights in front of cornell lab feederwatch cam \u2013 nov . 13 , 2017\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely ."]}
{"id": 1245, "summary": [{"text": "platylesches affinissima , the bashful hopper or affinity hopper , is a butterfly in the hesperiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal , the gambia , guinea , sierra leone , ghana , nigeria , the republic of the congo , tanzania , malawi , north-western zambia , mozambique and eastern zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of guinea savanna .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults feed from the flowers of trees and shrubs .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they are on wing year round , but are most common from may to august . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "platylesches affinissima", "paragraphs": ["children platylesches dolomitica , platylesches langa , platylesches picanini , platylesches robusta subsp . robusta , platylesches shona , platylesches affinissima , platylesches ayresii , platylesches galesa , platylesches moritili , platylesches neba , platylesches tina\nplatylesches affinissima strand , 1920 ; arch . naturgesch . 86 , a , ( 7 ) : 164\nplatylesches affinissima ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 14 ( text ) ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches robustus neave , 1910 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1910 : 83\nplatylesches shona evans , 1937 ; cat . african hesp . brit . mus . : 169\nplatylesches ayresii ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 13 ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches chamaeleon ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 14 ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches galesa ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 15 ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches picanini ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 17 ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches robustus ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 18 ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches tina ; [ bk ] : 431 , pl . 63 , f . 852 ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches tina evans , 1937 ; cat . african hesp . brit . mus . : 170 ; tl : malawi\nplatylesches holland , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 ( 1 ) : 72 ; ts : parnara ( ? ) picanini holland\nplatylesches moritili ; [ bow ] : pl . 130 , f . 16 ; [ bk ] : 430 , pl . 63 , f . 851 ; [ afrl ]\nplatylesches - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\npamphila ayresii trimen , 1889 ; s . a . butt . 3 : 321\nparnara batangae holland , 1894 ; ent . news 5 ( 3 ) : 92 ; tl : batanga , german west africa\npamphila chamaeleon mabille , 1891 ; bull . soc . ent . belg . 35 ( 18 ) : clxxix ; tl : sierra leone\nhesperia neba hewitson , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 19 ( 109 ) : 84\nparnara ( ? ) picanini holland , 1894 ; ent . news 5 ( 3 ) : 91\ntransvaal , rhodesia , malawi , tanzania - s . kenya . see [ maps ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non two collection of lepidoptera sent by h . h . johnston , esq . , c . b . , from british central africa\nwallengren , 1857 kafferlandets dag - fj\u00e4rilar , insamlade \u00e5ren 1838 - 1845 af j . a . wahlberg / lepidoptera rhopalocera in terra caffrorum annis 1838 - 1845 collecta a j . a . wahlberg k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 2 ( 4 ) : 1 - 55\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nv\u00e1ri , l . , kroon , d . m . , & kr\u00fcger , m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . simple solutions , chatswood australia ."]}
{"id": 1246, "summary": [{"text": "the batrachia are a clade of amphibians that includes frogs and salamanders , as well as the extinct allocaudates , but not caecilians .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the name batrachia was first used by french zoologist pierre andr\u00e9 latreille in 1800 to refer to frogs , but has more recently been defined in a phylogenetic sense as a node-based taxon that includes the last common ancestor of frogs and salamanders and all of its descendants .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the idea that frogs and salamanders are more closely related to each other than either is to caecilians is strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence , but an alternative hypothesis exists in which salamanders and caecilians are each other 's closest relatives as part of a clade called the procera , with frogs positioned as the sister taxon of this group . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "batrachia", "paragraphs": ["batrachia in the century dictionary , the century co . , new york , 1911\ncatalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum .\n\u2018this clade is also referred to as batrachia and is placed in superorder salientia . \u2019\ncatalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum . 2d ed . ,\n\u2018for example , batrachia and gymnophiona are sister taxa within the ancestral taxon , amphibia ( or \u2018lissamphibia\u2019 in many systems ) . \u2019\ndetails - catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum . 2d ed . , - biodiversity heritage library\n\u2018maximum parsimony analysis of this latter data set also recovered monophyly of living amphibians and favored a frog + salamander ( batrachia ) relationship . \u2019\nwhat made you want to look up batrachia ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\na taxonomic superorder within the subclass lissamphibia \u2013 since the late 20th century batrachia has denoted both tailed and tailless amphibia : the frogs , toads , salamanders and various extinct forms , but has excluded the caecilians .\n@ book { bhl25773 , title = { reptilia and batrachia / } , copyright = { not _ in _ copyright } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { london : taylor and francis , } , author = { boulenger , george albert , } , year = { 1890 . } , pages = { 570 } , keywords = { amphibians | burma | india | reptiles | sri lanka | } , } @ book { bhl117881 , title = { reptilia and batrachia / } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { london : taylor and francis , } , author = { boulenger , george albert , } , year = { } , pages = { 568 } , keywords = { amphibians | burma | india | reptiles | sri lanka | } , } @ book { bhl15735 , title = { reptilia and batrachia / } , volume = { reptilia and batrachia } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { london : taylor and francis , } , author = { boulenger , george albert , } , year = { } , pages = { 570 } , keywords = { amphibians | burma | india | reptiles | sri lanka | } , } @ book { bhl59703 , title = { reptilia and batrachia / } , copyright = { not _ in _ copyright } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { london : taylor and francis , } , author = { boulenger , george albert , } , year = { } , pages = { 568 } , keywords = { amphibians | burma | india | reptiles | sri lanka | } , }\nty - book ti - catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum . 2d ed . , ur - urltoken pb - printed by order of the trustees cy - london py - 1882 et - 2d ed . au - british museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology . au - boulenger , george albert , kw - amphibians er -\n@ book { bhl60910 , title = { catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum . 2d ed . , } , copyright = { not _ in _ copyright } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { londonprinted by order of the trustees } , author = { british museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology . and boulenger , george albert , } , year = { } , pages = { 588 } , keywords = { amphibians | } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum . 2d ed . , < / title > < / titleinfo > < name type =\ncorporate\n> < namepart > british museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology . < / namepart > < role > < roleterm type =\ntext\n> creator < / roleterm > < / role > < / name > < name type =\npersonal\n> < namepart > boulenger , george albert , < / namepart > < namepart type =\ndate\n> 1858 - 1937 < / namepart > < role > < roleterm type =\ntext\n> contributor < / roleterm > < / role > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> london < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > printed by order of the trustees < / publisher > < dateissued > 1882 < / dateissued > < dateissued encoding =\nmarc\npoint =\nstart\nkeydate =\nyes\n> 1882 < / dateissued > < edition > 2d ed . < / edition > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < subject > < topic > amphibians < / topic > < / subject > < classification authority =\nlcc\n> ql668 e2 b8 1882 < / classification > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < identifier type =\ndoi\n> 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 20903 < / identifier > < recordinfo > < recordcontentsource authority =\nmarcorg\n> otu < / recordcontentsource > < / recordinfo > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nsentences are made up of words . a sentence can be made up of any number of words . he left us . the man in the corner lowered his newspaper . whenever i see tammy i worry about how i look . until to . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\nthis page was last edited on 18 march 2018 , at 00 : 13 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nbritish museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology . boulenger , george albert , 1858 - 1937\ncopyright status : not _ in _ copyright copyright region : us copyright evidence : evidence reported by lexw @ urltoken for item catalogueofbatra00brituoft on march 11 , 2008 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1882 .\ncopyright status : public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection .\ncopyright status : not _ in _ copyright copyright region : us copyright evidence : evidence reported by james - hixon for item reptiliabatrachi00bouliala on november 18 , 2006 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1890 .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nand reptilia with a systematic list of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution based on the specimens in the u .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nreflexive pronouns are used : person singular plural 1st 2nd 3rd masculine 3rd feminine 3rd neuter general myself yourself himself herself itself oneself ourselves yourselves themselves th . . .\nwhether you ' re in search of a crossword puzzle , a detailed guide to tying knots , or tips on writing the perfect college essay , harper reference has you covered for all your study needs .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nafter milner , 1994 , laurin & reisz , 1997 , and frost et al . , 2006\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\nfrost , d . r . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , de s\u00e1 , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . , 2006 : the amphibian tree of life . \u2013bulletin of the american museum of natural history : # 297 , pp . 1 - 370\nlaurin , m . & reisz , r . r . , 1997 : a new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny . 9 - 59 in sumida , s . s . & martin , k . l . m . , 1997 : amniote origins : completing the transition to land . \u2013academic press , san diego , 1997 , pp . x - 510\nmilner , a . r . , 1994 : late triassic and jurassic amphibians : fossil record and phylogeny . 5 - 23 in fraser , n . c . & sues , h . - d . 1994 : in the shadow of the dinosaurs . \u2013cambridge university press , new york . 1994"]}
{"id": 1247, "summary": [{"text": "chaetolopha leucophragma is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia ( queensland , new south wales , victoria and tasmania ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wings are brown with three pale zigzag lines across the forewings and a white dash near the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are paler brown with a dark zigzag line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae probably feed on polypodiophyta species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chaetolopha leucophragma", "paragraphs": ["a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .\na revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n( photo : courtesy of dr david g . hewitt , melbourne , victoria )\nthe adult moth has brown wings , with three pale zigzag lines across each forewing , and a white dash near each wingtip . the hindwings are paler brown , and have a zigzag dark line across each one .\n, melbourne university press , 1990 , pl . 11 . 35 , pp . 67 , 377 .\nseries 2 , volume 5 , part 4 ( 1890 ) , p . 818 ,\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwe have the white - lined sphinxes . we love our zebra - striped , . . . read more\nin the 1960 ' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded , . . . read more\na tree in your backyard has died or become diseased . . . . read more\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 dave ' s garden , an internet brands company . all rights reserved .\nuse of this web site constitutes acceptance of the urltoken terms of use , rules , privacy policy , and cookie policy .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e652588e - ef56 - 49e9 - b7b4 - 039ce47b1508\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ecdd6acb - c258 - 471d - 9bc2 - a7d91529d10b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d03ed600 - 26e6 - 4a19 - bdbe - ab8277e605e4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 504146\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n, where a holotype was indicated in the original description . descriptions of the genera\n, as well as keys to the species of both genera , are provided . all the known species are redescribed , the new ones are described , and all species are illustrated . fern feeding in australian lepidoptera and vertical distribution of species of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of asthenini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1249, "summary": [{"text": "bolinus cornutus , or horned murex , is a predatory species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex or rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is common along the west coast of africa , where it prefers moderately shallow waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the shell of the snail is distinctively large , spiny , and club-shaped , usually pale brown or tan in colour , with an elongated and straight siphonal canal . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "bolinus cornutus", "paragraphs": ["seashell murex bolinus cornutus outstanding ! very spiny ! 127 . 1 mm | ebay\nhorned murex - haustellum ( bolinus ) cornutus ( linnaeus , c . , 1758 ) [ more of this species ]\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\npurpurschnecke\nto\nbolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nhorned murex\nto\nbolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ngeh\u00f6rnte stachelschnecke\nto\nbolinus cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\npurpurschnecke\nto\nbolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nbrandhorn\nto\nbolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nherkuleskeule\nto\nbolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the dutch common name\nbrandhorenslak\nto\nbolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\npurple dye murex - haustellum ( bolinus ) brandaris ( linnaeus , c . , 1758 ) [ more of this species ]\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from bolinus brandaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .\n( of murex ( bolinus ) cornutus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) bernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhouart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n3008 t bolinus brandaris spiridon brusina ( 11 december 1845 \u2013 21 may 1909 ) was a croatian malacologist . together with oton ku\u010dera and gjuro pilar , he founded the croatian society of natural sciences in zagreb in the late 1885 .\n( of aranea conspicua perry , 1811 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\n( of murex cornutus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 746 [ details ]\n( of murex tumulosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]\nbolinus brandaris ( originally called murex brandaris by linnaeus ) , and commonly known as the purple dye murex or the spiny dye - murex , is a species of medium - sized predatory sea snail , an edible marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or the rock snails .\nrichter , a . , amor , m . j . & durfort , m . 2010 . the anatomy and ultrastructure of the gland of leiblein of bolinus brandis and coralliophila meyendorfii , two neogastropod species with different ecology and feeding strategies . poster for soc . for environmental biology , annual meeting , prague 2010 .\nthe colour purple was a colour and sign of dignity in the roman empire . it could only be worn by the emperor and other high ranked people . the production of the dye was extremely expensive . a gland in the shell bolinus brandaris was used to produce an originally yellow substance , but by oxydation ( cooking it in urine ) it turned purple . this liquid was used to dye fabric . the colour was fixated using alum , a type of salt .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of murex tumulosus g . b . sowerby ii , 1841 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbernard , p . a . ( ed . ) ( 1984 ) . coquillages du gabon [ shells of gabon ] . pierre a . bernard : libreville , gabon . 140 , 75 plates pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nshell gallery view \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . \u00bb conchological megadatabase on mollusks\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 532 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nthe gastropods ( snails & slugs ) are a group of molluscs that occupy marine , freshwater , and terrestrial environments . most gastropods have a calcareous external shell ( the snails ) . some lack a shell completely , or have reduced internal shells ( the slugs & sea slugs & pteropods ) . most members of the gastropoda are marine . most marine snails are herbivores ( algae grazers ) or predators / carnivores .\nthe horned murex snail shown above is part of the west african province :\nthe warms waters of the west african coast of the atlantic possess very unique species , especially in the volute , murex , and margin shell families . the region extends from morocco to angola with habitats varying from muddy sand flats to stretches of black basalt rock . people in this area use mollusks extensively for food .\n[ info . from museum signage ]\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin post code , destination post code and time of acceptance and will depend on postage service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\ninternational postage and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational postage paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international postage is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 0 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 0 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin postcode , destination postcode and time of acceptance and will depend on postage service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually dispatch within 3 working days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nas other bids come in , ebay will automatically raise your bid in small amounts , up to your limit .\nby submitting your bid , you ' ll be committing to buy this item from the seller if you are the winning bidder .\nby submitting your bid , you ' re committing to buy this item from the seller if you ' re the winning bidder . you ' ve read and agree to the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab . import charges previously quoted are subject to change if you increase you maximum bid amount .\nby clicking confirm , you commit to buy this item from the seller if you are the winning bidder .\nby clicking confirm , you ' re committing to buy this item from the seller if you ' re the winning bidder and have read and agree to the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab . import charges previously quoted are subject to change if you increase your maximum bid amount .\nyou ' ve been outbid . don ' t let it get away - place another bid .\nyou ' ve been outbid by an automatic bid placed earlier by another bidder .\nalthough you ' re the highest bidder on this item , you ' re close to being outbid .\nalthough you ' re the high bidder on this item , the reserve price hasn ' t been met yet .\nsorry , you can ' t lower your maximum bid once it ' s placed .\nthis seller requires the buyer to have a paypal account to purchase this item . get a paypal account here .\nyour bid is the same as or more than the buy it now price . you can save time and money by buying it now .\n, you are agreeing to buy this item from the seller if you ' re the winning bidder .\nyou ' re the highest bidder , but the reserve price has not been met .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\ncaught by fishing boats , 20 ~ 30m deep . a few nicks here and there .\nmalacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the mollusca ( mollusks or molluscs ) , the second - largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods . mollusks include snails and slugs , clams , octopus and squid , and numerous other kinds , many ( but by no means all ) of which have shells .\nusing cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken\nutilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken\nbeached alive after storm . cervia ( north adriatic ) , italy . 2 / 2008\nlight mauve - pink shell with slight flattened spiral ribs . sharp uneroded spire retaining smooth apical protoconch and some imbrication on earl whorls . whorls moderately convex with shallow sutures , deeper near apex .\nrespiratory water drawn in on left side through inhalent siphon by beat of cilia on robust ctenidium in the mantle cavity . siphon and pallial channel allow water to be inhaled away from contamination of food , and , with osphradium at inner end of channel , to test water quality and the scents of prey and mates .\nlocomotion by ditaxic retrograde waves on centrally divided sole of foot . slow moving shambling gait . sedentary as sessile prey usually abundant and unable to flee . travels about 10cm in a tidal cycle , with days immobile while digests meals . no planktonic stage ; dispersal relies on slow crawling ; consequent low gene exchange contributes to local differences in appearance and behaviour ; chromosome number of races varies .\nand less than full - grown perforatus perforatus ( barnacle ) urltoken ( flickr album ) .\nadults usually ignore small barnacle species such as chthamalus urltoken & urltoken ( flickr albums ) [ some sources contradict crothers ; cause may be geographical variation in genetics or habit , or frequent misidentification by humans of barnacle spp . - examination of tergoscutal flaps required urltoken flickr album ] .\nconsumption of n . lapillus by humans discouraged by acrid smell and taste , but several known predators ; list in crothers ( 1985 ) p . 302 . main enemies are carcina maenas and necora puber ( crabs ) and larus spp . ( gulls ) , and it is one of the hosts parasitized in sequence with cerastoderma edule and larus spp . by parorchis acanthus ( trematode worm ) . thick shell can sustain considerable abrasion / erosion , but polydora worms , initially commensal , may eventually cause its decay with multiple borings 1nl urltoken .\nvariations in shell colour have been attributed to diet ( barnacles : white , mytilus : dark ) , but environmental selection and genetics seem more likely . colour of individual\u2019s new growth can change in response to impact of move from shore to aquarium ; can confuse laboratory colour : diet experiment results . populations with large proportions of coloured and banded shells are most frequent in s . wales and s . w . england , including , but not only , the area where mytilus consumption predominates . in most populations , old specimens are predominately plain whitish or greyish as outer pattern - bearing layer is eroded away 4nl urltoken .\nwhite sea to gibraltar , not baltic ( low salinity ) , absent or scarce in denmark , germany and netherlands ( soft substrate ) . gbif map urltoken . common on hard substrate all around ireland and britain , avoiding low salinity of inner estuaries . apparently absent or scarce in lincolnshire and suffolk ( soft substrate ) ; many records exist around ireland and e . scotland ( mckay & smith , 1979 ) that have not been entered on nbn . u . k . interactive distribution map nbn urltoken\nsome local gaps difficult to explain ; some perhaps due to imposex near international ports where tributyltin still present .\nurltoken ( galicia , n . w . spain . various colours , incl . black )\nfor help and advice about anatomy i would like to thank dr gregorio bigatti , dr alfredo castro - vazquez , dr sami ibidli , dr ivan nekhaev and dr yu i kantor . many thanks to dr jan light for the loan of specimens , to dominic flint for access to data in his unpublished study and to neil ward for use of his images . special thanks for correspondence and patient help are due to dr alexandra richter . any remaining inaccuracies are attributable to me .\nthe most used sources for this account were crothers ( 1985 ) and fretter & graham ( 1962 ) . fretter & graham ( 1994 ) contains updated information , but lacks the systematic index of the 1962 edition that enables the finding of n . lapillus details scattered through 800 pages .\nandrews , e . b . & thorogood , k . e . 2005 . an ultrastructural study of the gland of leiblein of muricid and nassariid neogastropods in relation to function , with a discussion on its homologies to other caenogastropods . j . mollus . stud . 71 : 269 - 300 . malacological society , london . free pdf at : urltoken\nballantine , w . j . 1961 . a biologically - defined exposure scale for comparative description of rocky shores . field studies 1 ( 3 ) : 1 - 19 . free pdf at : urltoken\n[ ballantine , pp . 16 - 18 , recognised that his use of indicator species lists was area specific . see zettler , 2013 for further consideration of this topic . ]\nbiggam , c . p . 2006 . knowledge of whelk dyes and pigments in anglo - saxon england . anglo - saxon england 35 : 23 - 55 . abstract at : urltoken\ncaldwell , m . marine pollution and sexual confusion in dog whelks . free pdf of university college of london poster about imposex , but note that illustrations of \u201cdog whelks\u201d ( n . lapillus ) are of buccinum undatum . urltoken\ncarefoot , t . 2016 ( date viewed by ifs ) a snail ' s odyssey ; learn about whelks and relatives . [ web - page with detailed information on shell boring by nucella ]\ncrisp , m . , fine structure of some prosobranch osphradia . marine biology 22 : 231 - 242 abstract at urltoken\ncrothers , j . h . 1985 . dog whelks : an introduction to the biology of nucella lapillus . field studies , 6 , 291 - 360 . free pdf at\nflint , d . 2001 . unpublished study of nucella predation on patella spp . in guernsey .\nforbes , e . & hanley s . 1849 - 53 . a history of the british mollusca and their shells . vol . 3 ( 1853 ) , van voorst , london . ( as purpura lapillus ; free pdf at urltoken use slide at base of page to select pp . 379 - 387 . )\nfretter , v . and graham , a . 1962 . british prosobranch molluscs . ray society , london .\nfretter , v . and graham , a . 1994 . british prosobranch molluscs . revised and updated edition . ray society , london .\ngraham , a . 1988 . prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . linnean society of london .\nhughes , r . n . and dunkin , s . de b . 1984 . behavioural components of prey selection by dogwhelks , nucella lapillus ( l . ) , feeding on mussels , mytilus edulis l . , in the laboratory . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 77 ( 1 - 2 ) : 45 - 68 . abstract at urltoken\njeffreys , j . g . 1862 - 69 . british conchology . vol . 4 ( 1867 ) . van voorst , london . ( as purpura lapillus ; free pdf at urltoken . use slide at base of page to select pp . 275 - 289 . )\nmckay , d . w . & smith , s . m . 1979 marine mollusca of east scotland royal scottish museum , edinburgh .\nlewis , j . r . 1964 . the ecology of rocky shores . london , hodder & stoughton .\nmallon , p . & manga , n . 2007 . the use of imposex in nucella lapillus to assess tributyltin pollution in carlingford lough . j . e . h . r . vol . 6 issue 2\nmatveeva t . a . 1955 . biology of purpura lapillus ( l . ) on west murman . in : kamshilov m . m . , ed . trudy murmanskoy biologicheskoy stanysii , 2 : 48 - 61 [ in russian ] .\nmedeiros , r . , serpa l . , brito , c . , de wolf h . , jordaens , k . , winnepenninckx , b . & backeljau t . 1998 . radular myoglobin and protein variation within and among some littorinid species ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . hydrobiologia 378 : 43 - 51 .\nsantillo , d . , johnston , p . & langston , w . j . 2001 . tributyltin ( tbt ) antifoulants : a tale of ships , snails and imposex . european environment agency , environmental issue report 22 , part 13 .\nsarram\u00e9gna , r . 1965 . poisonous gastropods of the conidae family found in new caledonia . technical paper 144 , s . pacific commission , new caledonia .\neuropean environment agency . several articles on imposex and its effects on various species . urltoken\nyonge , c . m . and thompson , t . e . 1976 . living marine molluscs . collins , london .\nzettler , m . l . et al . 2013 . on the myths of indicator species : issues and further consideration in the use of static concepts for ecological applications plos one vol 8 , issue 10 [ ref . is not specific to n . lapillus , see note under ballantine , above . ] free pdf at\nacinous salivary gland = compound gland of many small rounded sacs that secrete enzymes for external predigestion / liquefaction of prey .\nafferent = carrying towards . ( e . g . of vessel carrying blood , see efferent . )\nbipectinate = feather - like , with narrow filaments either side of central stalk .\ncilia = ( pl . ) vibrating linear extensions of membrane used in feeding or locomotion . ( \u201ccilium\u201d singular ) .\ncolumella = solid or hollow axial \u201clittle column\u201d around which gastropod shell spirals ; hidden inside shell , except on final whorl next to lower part of inner lip of aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus or siphonal canal .\ncolumellar = ( adj . ) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod .\ncolumellar muscle = attaches body , including opercular disc , to columella of shell ; contraction of muscle withdraws body within shell , and pulls operculum to seal aperture .\ncommensal = ( adj . ) obtaining nutrients , shelter , support , or locomotion from a host species , without causing it significant detriment .\nconchiolin = horny flexible protein that forms the matrix for the deposition of calcium carbonate to create a mollusc\u2019s shell .\nctenidium = comb - like molluscan gill ; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side .\nditaxic = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) double series of waves , out of phase with each other , one series on each side of central furrow on sole .\ndirect = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) waves travel from posterior to anterior .\nefferent = carrying away from . ( e . g . of vessel carrying blood from ctenidium ) .\nheight = ( of gastropod shells ) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture .\nhypobranchial gland = thickened , sometimes puckered , tissue on roof of mantle cavity of many gastropods . emits mucous to trap particles from\ninhalent water before it reaches ctenidium . often other biologically active compounds produced . gland occurs also in some bivalves and cephalopods ( ink sac ) .\nmhwn = mean high water neap tide level ( mean level reached by weakest high tides for a few days every fortnight ) .\nmhws = mean high water spring tide level ( mean level reached by highest tides for a few days every fortnight ; pelvetia zone on rocky coasts ) .\nmlwn = mean low water neap tide level ( mean level reached by weakest low tides for a few days every fortnight . i . e . those that fall the least ) .\nmantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs .\nmesopodium = middle section of gastropod foot . ( see propodium & metapodium ) .\nmetapodium = rear section of gastropod foot . ( see mesopodium & propodium ) .\nmyoglobin \u2013 red oxygen - binding protein in muscle tissue ; often in buccal - mass muscles of gastropods . similar to red haemoglobin in vertebrate blood , but green haemocyanin is usual oxygen - carrier in mollusc blood . see urltoken\nnewton = ( abbreviation n ) force exerted by earth\u2019s gravity on approx . 100g .\noperculum = plate of horny conchiolin , rarely calcareous , used to close shell aperture .\nosphradium = chemo - receptor organ in molluscs that tests inhalent water flow approaching ctenidium ( gill ) for \u201csmell\u201d of food , prey , predators , mates and / or water quality .\nplankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone ( main body of water ) .\npropodium = front section of gastropod foot . ( cf . mesopodium & metapodium ) .\nprosobranchia = 20th century term for subclass of gastropoda that included most marine snails with ctenidia . now distributed between several subclasses . see note at urltoken\nrectal gland = ( a . k . a . anal gland ) function uncertain , perhaps produces substances that supplement the excretory activity of the kidney .\nretrograde = ( of locomotion waves on foot ) waves travel from anterior to posterior .\nsessile = ( of organism ) fixed in one place , e . g . barnacles .\nsiphon = extension of mantle to form a channel for inhalent respiratory water current .\nsiphonal canal = grooved or tubular extension of outer lip of the shell aperture on some snails to support the siphon .\nsiphonal fasciole = raised rib , ridge or band along abapertural side of siphonal canal , formed by successive edges of canal .\nsperm ingesting gland = ( in female nucella lapillus ) group of dark brown blind - ended tubules at posterior of capsule gland where excess sperm unrequired by female are trapped , engulfed by cells and digested .\nveliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum ( bilobed flap ) .\nebbene s\u00ec . sono andata al mare ! ! ! ! anche se ho rimediato una bruciatura ai polpacci ( - . - ) ed il mare era pi\u00f9 che agitato . . . ma . . . e ' iniziata l ' estate ! ! ! ( forse ! )\nthis snail lives in the central and western parts of the mediterranean sea and has been found on isolated coral atoll beaches in the indian ocean and south china sea . it was known since ancient times as a source for purple dye and also as a popular food source under various names , among which sconciglio , from which comes the word scungilli .\nthe snail is 100 % eco - friendly and hand collected on beaches in the district of megara ( greece ) .\ndie meeresschnecke wurde 100 % umweltfreundlich per hand an str\u00e4nden im verwaltungsbezirk megara ( griechenland ) gesammelt .\nthis photograph and all those within my photostream are protected by copyright . they may not be reproduced , copied , transmitted or manipulated without written permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by kbanasihan , 06 / 28 / 2010"]}
{"id": 1251, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) or hoiho is a penguin native to new zealand .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "previously thought closely related to the little penguin ( eudyptula minor ) , molecular research has shown it more closely related to penguins of the genus eudyptes .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "like most other penguins , it is mainly piscivorous .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the species breeds along the eastern and south-eastern coastlines of the south island of new zealand , as well as stewart island , auckland islands , and campbell islands .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "colonies on the otago peninsula are a popular tourist venue , where visitors may closely observe penguins from hides , trenches , or tunnels .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "on the new zealand mainland , the species has experienced a significant decline over the past 20 years .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "on the otago peninsula , numbers have dropped by 75 % since the mid-1990s and population trends indicate the possibility of local extinction in the next 20 to 40 years .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "while rising ocean temperatures play an important role , it appears that human activities at sea ( fisheries , pollution ) may have an equal if not greater influence on the species ' downward trend . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "yellow - eyed penguin", "paragraphs": ["the yellow - eyed penguin is the third largest penguin behind the emperor penguin , the largest and the king penguin being the second largest .\npenguin place is a private conservation reserve dedicated to helping the endangered yellow - eyed penguin survive .\nthe voice of the yellow - eyed penguin is semi - musical when compared to other penguin calls .\nno sub - species of the yellow - eyed penguin have been found yet .\na yellow - eyed penguin on the otago peninsula stares out at the ocean .\nyellow - eyed penguin ' s population has declined 76 percent from 1996 to 2015 .\nyellow - eyed penguin trust volunteer juliette parsons said the penguin place health centre was a necessity for locally injured penguins .\npenguin place , otago peninsula - a cute yellow - eyed penguin plays to the unseen crowd in the penguin hide above otago harbour . credit : tourism dunedin\nyellow - eyed penguin trust ( yept ) and doc , with other key groups , have been involved with penguin monitoring .\n) was also observed , another important yellow - eyed penguin prey species . brittle stars (\nmore in - depth information can be found on the yellow - eyed penguin trust website .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is a medium - sized penguin with pale yellow eyes , growing to approximately 65 centimetres in height . the average weight for an adult is 5 to 6 kilograms . the yellow - eyed penguin has a pale yellow head with black feather shafts .\ndonate your time or money to help penguin protection groups , such as the yellow - eyed penguin trust and forest & bird .\nmrs parsons is involved with several aspects of helping the yellow - eyed penguin trust , including transporting penguins to and from penguin place .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is named for the band of yellow that runs from its eyes to the back of its head .\nis easily identified by its yellow coloured eyes and bright yellow band that runs from its eyes round the back of the yellow - eyed penguin ' s head .\nonly 1500 to 1700 pairs of yellow - eyed penguin population were identified in a survey in 2010 .\ncolorful plants , trees , and humidity are part of the natural landscape of the yellow - eyed penguin .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin trust and doc completed the annual yellow - eyed penguins / hoiho monitoring along the otago and southland coastline and estimate that there are 260 breeding pairs .\nunique to new zealand , the hoiho , or yellow - eyed penguin , is thought to be one of the world ' s rarest penguin species .\nsome of the images of the yellow - eyed penguin listed here will give you an idea of their appearance .\nyellow - eyed penguin foraging study , south - eastern new zealand , 1991 - 1993 . science & research series\nthe rare yellow - eyed penguin , or hoiho , is one of new zealand\u2019s most iconic and beloved animals .\navian diptheria has killed one in three yellow - eyed penguin chicks hatched at two north otago colonies this year .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin trust\u2019s work involves the conservation of coastal ecosystems that include yellow - eyed penguin breeding habitats . it has protected yellow - eyed penguin habitats along the otago and southland coastlines by establishing penguin reserves , providing fencing to protect nests from wandering stock , replanting breeding areas with native trees and shrubs produced at its own nursery ( 5 , 000 . . . continue\na yellow - eyed penguin found sick and underweight in the catlins last month has been returned to the wild after recovering in penguin place on otago peninsula .\n) protruded from the otherwise featureless seafloor . yellow - eyed penguin prey species such as juvenile forms of benthic blue cod (\nthe yellow - eyed penguin consultative group is an umbrella group made up of those individuals and groups , which have an interest in the conservation of yellow - eyed penguin through out its range . the group meets 4 times a year and organises an\nas their name implies , yellow - eyed penguins have pale yellow eyes . their head is also pale yellow . a band of bright yellow extends from their eyes around the back of the head .\ngeographical characteristics , foraging and diving parameters for eight lines determined from yellow - eyed penguin foraging tracks recorded between 2004 and 2012 .\nas well as being an extraordinary bird in its own right , the yellow - eyed penguin is also valuable to the local economy .\nthe department of conservation ( doc ) needed to put more resources towards managing the remaining yellow - eyed penguin population , she said .\n. another conservation effort is the yellow - eyed penguin trust , which teaches people about the penguins and collects funds for their conservation . there are only a few thousand yellow - eyed penguins living in the world today .\nalong with the yellow - eyed penguin trust and others , we have completed the annual yellow - eyed penguins / hoiho monitoring along the otago and southland coastline . it ' s estimated that there are 260 breeding pairs .\nyellow - eyed penguin . adult walking on beach . sandfly bay , otago peninsula , december 2012 . image \u00a9 philip griffin by philip griffin\nthe yellow eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) , also known by the maori as the hoiho ( noise shouter ) lives and breeds on the otago peninsula in dunedin . the yellow eyed penguin is currently the rarest penguin in the world . it is a large penguin standing between 65 - - 79 cm and weighing 7 - 8 kgs fully grown . the best viewing for yellow - eyed penguins in dunedin is with a local tourism operator through specific hides , or viewing stations . urltoken\nthe yellow - eyed penguin ' s marine habitat is equally important because it provides food , and allows for dispersal and movement between land habitats .\npenguin land : conservation minister steve chadwick ( right ) and former reserve landowner max affleck unveiling the site of the new reserve at long point , established for the protection of the yellow - eyed penguin .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin or hoiho is a penguin found in new zealand , on the south - east coast of south island , foveaux strait and stewart island / rakiura and auckland and campbell islands .\nresearchers for the yellow - eyed penguin trust ( yept ) along with otago and massey university scientists and the department of conservation cannot find a cause .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin forages predominantly over the continental shelf between 1 and 16 miles offshore , diving to depths of 131 ft to 394 feet .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the yellow - eyed penguin article in your website content , school work and other projects .\n2012 .\npenguins : basic facts\n( on - line ) . yellow - eyed penguin trust . accessed october 17 , 2012 at urltoken .\nvan heezik , y . , p . seddon . 1989 . stomach sampling in the yellow - eyed penguin : erosion of otoliths and squid beaks .\ncoastal otago operations manager annie wallace said a small number of dead adult yellow - eyed penguins were found recently as part of regular penguin nest monitoring .\nfor interested members to report back on their year ' s activities . the symposium also has an annual theme relating to yellow - eyed penguin conservation .\ninappropriate behaviour by visitors to yellow eye penguin habitats is an increasing threat to nesting and moulting birds .\nthe otago population of yellow - eyed penguins has been affected by avian diphtheria , she said .\nyellow - eyed penguins are sedentary birds that usually stay in one area , except when hunting .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin usually nests in forest or scrub . it feeds mainly on blue cod , red cod , opal fish , sprat and squid .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin trust is a conservation organisation dedicated to the protection of yellow - eyed penguins . through generous sponsorship by organisations like mainland products ltd , they have been able to purchase several areas of penguin habitat and are working to revegetate them and restore habitat for penguins . they can be contacted at\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is often referred to as the rarest penguin in the world , although , unfortunately , there are others that could lay claim to that crown too : especially the galapagos and fiordland penguins .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yellow - eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes )\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nany further losses of yellow - eyed penguins will bring forward the date of their local extinction .\naccording to richdale ' s account of the types of behaviour , the yellow - eyed penguin has various call notes which apparently include a good proportion of yelling .\n65 cm . medium - sized penguin with pale yellow eye . pale yellow head with black feather shafts . band of bright yellow from eyes around back of head . juvenile has greyer head with no band .\n66\u201376 cm ; 3\u00b76\u20138\u00b79 kg . the only penguin with pale yellow band through eye . adult has light straw - yellow feathers with black shaft streaks . . .\nmoore , p . j . 2001 . historical records of yellow - eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) in southern new zealand . notornis 48 : 145 - 156 .\nyellow - eyed penguin trust science advisor trudi webster said because of the 2013 event , the trust was being proactive in collecting samples from the dead penguins for testing .\nyellow - eyed penguins swim great distances and dive to extraordinary depths for food . there are only a few hundred of this rare penguin living on the catlins coast .\nbreeds once a year , forming pairs that usually remain faithful to one another . the female yellow - eyed\nyellow - eyed penguins get their name from the color of their eyes and the band around their head .\n\u201cwe need to get organized , \u201d mattern said . the yellow - eyed penguins are depending on it .\npenguin numbers are still below sustainable levels , but it could have been a lot worse had it not been for everyone who contributed , large or small , to the conservation of this unique bird - the yellow - eyed penguin .\nstanding 65 cm tall and weighing 5 to 6 kg , the yellow - eyed is the fourth largest of the worlds penguins . the distinguishing feature of the yellow - eyed penguin is its distinctive yellow eye and bright yellow stripe that runs through the eye and around the back of the head . both sexes are alike , although the male does have slightly larger head and feet .\nyellow - eyed penguin / hoiho adults and chick ( mp3 , 2 , 417k ) 02 : 34 \u2013 parents calling in the vicinity of the nest and feeding chicks .\nin parts of the coastal south island habitat , yellow - eyed penguin breeding grounds have fallen silent and only\nthe odd lonely pair\nof penguins cling to survival .\nellenberg u , mattern t ( 2012 ) yellow - eyed penguin : review of population information . marine conservation services programme . wellington : department of conservation . available : .\nelm has taken further steps towards protecting the world\u2019s rarest penguin ( the yellow eyed ) and its terrestrial environment by enhancing habitat , nest site creation and predator control programmes .\nyellow - eyed penguins are dying in droves on stewart island and scientists are at a loss to explain why .\nseddon , p . , l . davis . 1989 . nest - site selection by yellow - eyed penguins .\ncolor : juvenile yellow - eyed penguins have a grayish head and gray iris , unlike the adults that have light yellow heads with yellow iris . adults have black feathers , with dark brown throat and chin . it has bright stripe of yellow from the nape to the eyes .\nhabitat protection and restoration ( including predator control ) is managed by the department of conservation ( doc ) , the yellow - eyed penguin trust , community groups , and private landowners .\nseddon , p . j . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . yellow - eyed penguin . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nwhat we do know is that sadly , only about 1 , 700 breeding pairs of yellow - eyed penguin are left , making it one of the rarest penguins in the world .\nthe company has also established and financially funded a project to rejuvenate the yellow eyed penguin population . this is one of only two privately funded conservation projects in new zealand , and has had a significant effect on the growth of the rare penguin population .\nyellow - eyed penguins lay two eggs and parents typically raise both chicks , which can be nearly equal in size .\nhouston dm ( 2005 ) diphtheritic stomatitis in yellow - eyed penguins . new zealand journal of zoology 32 : 267 .\nthe scientific name of the yellow - eyed penguin is megadyptes antipodes which means big diver from the southern lands ( mega = big , dyptes = diver , antipodes = southern lands ) .\nour commitment to new zealand\u2019s nature / environment is reflected in membership of the yellow - eyed penguin trust and the yellow - eyed penguin consultative group . the survival of the yellow - eyed penguin on otago peninsula close to dunedin provides a major challenge and needs to be managed through active contributions by all parties involved , including the concerned public . in co - operation with the department of conservation ( doc ) , nature guides otago is supporting a volunteer warden program for sandfly bay which was established in 2007 . this closely monitored program provides guidance and education for the public and independent travelers with the aim to reduce stress for the yellow - eyed penguins and to enhance the visitors\u2019 nature experience .\nwhere the yellow - eyed penguin has come into contact with european settlement it has suffered a considerable reduction in numbers . this is the case on the otago peninsular where a good deal of the forest has been cleared with the consequent destruction of the bird ' s breeding grounds . for the birds on the otago peninsular , richdale informs me that squid and small fish , yellow - eyed mullet and red cod , have been identified by him as part of the food of the yellow - eyed penguin .\nthe rata was planted with the help of the reserve land ' s previous owner max affleck _ who still owns 700 surrounding hectares _ and yellow - eyed penguin trust founding trustee lala frazer .\nthe population trend for the yellow - eyed penguin is decreasing and there are some conservation actions being taken such as policy - based actions , research actions , and habitat and site - based actions .\nyellow eyed penguin trust manager sue murray said she was concerned at the developments in the moreraki colonies , and staff were checking on chicks in the trust ' s managed colonies on the otago peninsula .\nalthough they nest in loose \u2018colonies\u2019 , mated yellow - eyed penguins seek solitude , often nesting out of sight of each other .\nis a parasite that has been found on wild yellow - eyed penguins . there is not much information on the ecosystem role of\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is equally dependant on marine and land habitats , which include forest and coastal scrubland . habitats adjacent to the coastline that have been burnt or developed for farming restrict nesting options .\nits m\u0101ori name , hoiho ( meaning noise shouter ) , was given because of its shrill call . the yellow - eyed penguin is also known as takaraka , and an ancient m\u0101ori name was tavora .\npenguin place . 2012 .\nconservation project\n( on - line ) . penguin place conservation reserve . accessed november 13 , 2012 at urltoken .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is struggling to survive on mainland nz . the yellow - eyed penguin trust is involved in monitoring and maintaining ( predator control , replanting , nest monitoring ) a large number of sites on the mainland and stewart island . as it does not run a revenue - generating touristic operation , the trust relies largely on donations and a number of dedicated volunteers . donations may be made online .\nwe financially fund this project of many years to assist the local population of yellow eyed penguins viewed by our customers . this has been extremely successful with the population slowly growing . the project is one of only two funded and managed by commercial operators . others are funded by government and other organisations such as the yellow eyed penguin trust .\nthe largest penguin that does not live in the antarctic . a defining trait of this particular penguin is their yellow eyes . the characteristic used to distinguish between adult and juvenile penguins is the presence of yellow plumage on the adult ' s heads . yellow feathers are not present on juvenile penguins until they molt , around the age of one .\naustralian economist professor clem tisdell ( university of queensland ) calculated that nature - based tourism ( relying primarily on the yellow - eyed penguin ) returned $ 100 million annually to the dunedin economy in 2007 . this figure is likely to be higher today . a single breeding pair of yellow - eyed penguins could be worth $ 60 , 000 .\nabout 50ha of catlins farmland had been set aside for the protection of the yellow - eyed penguin , the new conservation minister steve chadwick said yesterday at an unveiling ceremony at long point , just south of owaka .\nrarest of all the penguins , the yellow - eyed penguin is unique in appearance and behaviour . these solitary birds have experienced population declines in the last 50 years due to habitat loss and predation by introduced species .\nsharks , barracouta , fur seals and new zealand sea lions take yellow - eyed penguins at sea . yellow - eyed penguin adults and chicks periodically succumb to disease . there was a major die - off of adults in 1990 , and in more recent breeding seasons young chicks in mainland breeding sites have become infected with a disease described as diphtheritic stomatitis .\nthe largest of the penguins breeding on the new zealand mainland , the yellow - eyed penguin has become a flagship species for nature - based tourism in the southern south island . recent research has revealed the presence on the south island of a sister species , the waitaha penguin megadyptes waitaha . up until c . 1500 ad , yellow - eyed penguins were restricted to auckland and campbell islands , while the mainland was occupied by waitaha penguins . it is thought that waitaha penguins were harvested to extinction , their disappearance enabling straggler yellow - eyed penguins from the subantarctic to establish on the mainland , where human - induced extirpation of large marine mammals allowed them to expand into the population we see today . the endemic yellow - eyed penguin is now the only extant member of the genus megadyptes .\nyellow - eyed penguins are forest or shrubland nesting birds , usually preferring to nest in a secluded site and backed up to a bank , tree or log . although they nest in loose\ncolonies\n, yellow - eyed penguins do not nest within sight of each other .\nyellow - eyed penguins / hoiho are one of the rarest penguins in the world and are only found in new zealand ( endemic ) .\nyellow - eyed penguins have a long breeding season starting with courtship in august and finally ending with fledging of the chicks the following march .\ndog owners are being warned they must take better control of their dogs following the deaths of two yellow - eyed penguins / hoiho in the catlins if they want to help the species survive . in the past month , two of the nationally endangered birds have been attacked and killed along the catlins coast at the yellow - eyed penguin trust\u2019s . . . continue\nget rid of the books and lecture theatres - this is what wildlife biology is really like - on your hands and knees bashing through 400 metres of bush every day in the hunt for yellow - eyed penguin nests .\nelm wildlife tours is pleased to work along side conservation aware land owners towards the preservation of yellow eyed penguins , which are considered to be the world ' s rarest penguin species , with a little over 5000 remaining in the world . in the effort to save the yellow eyed penguin , we have carried out extensive habitat planting , construction of nest sites and predator control , all of which are crucial to the survival of the penguins .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is in great peril on the peninsula \u2015 and on the new zealand mainland as a whole , researchers found . climate change and other effects of human activity could drive the species extinct locally in\nfortunately , mattern said , there is still hope for the yellow - eyed penguin and the habitat to which it belongs . \u201call is not yet lost , \u201d he said . \u201cwe haven\u2019t reached the critical threshold . \u201d\n14 . of the 17 penguin species , the most endangered is new zealand\u2019s yellow - eyed penguin ( megadyptes antipodes ) : only around 4 , 000 birds survive in the wild today . but other species are in trouble , including the erect - crested penguin ( eudyptes sclateri ) of new zealand , which has lost approximately 70 percent of its population over the past 20 years , and the galapagos penguin , which has lost more than 50 percent since the 1970s .\nto get a peek at the famed penguin , named for the band of bright yellow that runs from its eyes to the back of its head .\ndarby , j . t . ; seddon , p . j . 1990 . breeding biology of the yellow - eyed penguin . pp . 45 - 62 . in penguin biology ( eds davis , l . s . ; darby , j . t . ) . academic press , orlando , florida .\n2 darby jt , and seddon pj , 1990 . breeding biology of yellow - eyed penguins ( megadyptes antipodes ) . in : penguin biology . edited by ls davis and jt darby . academic press , san diego usa .\nthis is not unusual for this time of year , however we are mindful of the 2013 event where 67 adult penguins died \u2013 an event that only affected yellow - eyed penguin / hoiho adults ,\nshe said .\ndoc ' s coastal otago operations manager annie wallace says\na small number of dead adult yellow - eyed penguins have recently been found as part of regular penguin nest monitoring . this is not unusual for this time of year however we are mindful of the 2013 event where 67 adult penguins died , an event that only affected yellow - eyed penguin / hoiho adults . we are working with wildbase of massey university to determine the likely cause of these deaths . in the interim we are increasing the frequency of monitoring penguin sites\n.\nin the paper , they wrote : \u201cnow we all know that yellow - eyed penguins are quietly slipping away we need to make a choice .\nthe department of conservation is concerned about the number of yellow - eyed penguins , with breeding pairs hitting a record low for two years running .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is said to be one of the rarest penguins in the world . it can be found in new zealand and is called hoiho or\nnoise shouters\nby the maori of new zealand . the yellow - eyed penguin is the fourth largest penguin and its most distinguishing feature is their yellow eyes and the bright yellow stripe that runs by the eye and around to the back of its neck . these penguins feed on a variety of fish , mostly opal fish , silverside , sprat , aruhu , and red cod . they also eat arrow squid . when the penguins feed , they tend to go near the bottom , and can go quite far off shore .\nyellow - eyed penguins are easily identifiable among other species because of the yellow color of their eyes and also because the plumage of the back , flippers , and the tail is not dark black as in other species .\nabout 70 per cent of the penguin chicks have died over the past six years .\nthe penguin has set up its nest near a proposed walking track in curio bay .\nthe current status of the yellow - eyed penguin is endangered , with an estimated population of 4 , 000 . it is considered one of the worlds rarest penguin species . the main threats include habitat degradation , introduced predators as well as environmental changes . it is thought to be the most ancient of all living penguins .\na new disease , leucocytozoonosis , was identified during the 2005 season that caused mortality of chicks on stewart island . yellow - eyed penguin chicks on the auckland islands were also found to be infected with leucocytozoon during disease screening in 2008 .\nfirst breeding occurs at 3 - 4 years of age and long term partnerships are formed . yellow - eyed penguins may live for up to 24 years\nyellow - eyed penguins ' habitat ranges across the southeast south island , banks peninsula , stewart island , and auckland , campbell , and codfish islands .\nurltoken thomas mattern ' s blog on research into the foraging ecology of yellow - eyed penguins on new zealand ' s otago peninsula and stewart island .\nare the only terrestrial mammals that are capable of predation on adult yellow - eyed penguins . however , non - terrestrial predators include new zealand sea lions\neach autumn penguins replace all their feathers in a process called the moult . during this time penguins must sit ashore for 25 days to grow new feathers , and are unable to go to sea . the moult is a very dangerous time for them because disturbance can lead to increased stress and potentially permanent damage to new feathers . where yellow eyed penguin moult in areas where they can be disturbed doc staff and the yellow - eyed penguin trust will move them to safer habitats .\nadults are unmistakable with their yellow eyes and yellow eye - stripes that join on the back of the head . moulting birds and birds at sea can be confused with crested penguins . immature birds are similar to adults but have a pale yellow chin and a less vivid yellow eye - stripe .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is one of the most endangered of all penguin species ( 3 ) . these birds are slate grey with a white breast . as their common name suggests they have yellow eyes , accentuated by the yellow band that runs from the eyes around the back of the head ( 4 ) . males and females are identical but juveniles lack the yellow eyes and bands of older birds ( 2 ) . the maori name for these birds is \u2018hoiho\u2019 , which means \u2018the noise shouter\u2019 in reference to their shrill call ( 5 ) .\nwhether linear foraging patterns in yellow - eyed penguins from the otago peninsula are associated with a diet of reduced quality remains a matter of conjecture at this stage and more research is required to substantiate this hypothesis . however , the circumstantial evidence suggests that yellow - eyed penguins are likely exposed to cascading fisheries effects where disturbances of the benthic habitat influence the assemblages of benthic species and penguin prey , which is reflected in penguin behaviour , diet composition , and subsequent impacts on reproductive outcome .\ngenerally searches for food up 10 miles offshore , and travels ( on average ) around 15 miles away from the colonies nesting site . the yellow - eyed\nthough penguins generally form colonies , these yellow - eyed ones are known to be making nests beyond the sight of others as they are not very social .\nelm wildlife tours , based on the otago peninsula , quietly goes about its work , showcasing the natural beauty of the otago area , paying particular attention to the unique and rare yellow eyed penguin , as well as blue penguins and sea lions .\nclimate change and other effects of human activity are driving the endangered penguin to the brink .\nyellow - eyed penguin trust science advisor trudi webster says\nbecause of the 2013 event , we are being proactive in collecting samples from the dead penguins for testing . we plan to use analysis of these results to compare to the 2013 event\n.\nspecies by the international union for conservation of nature , the yellow - eyed penguin is one of the rarest penguins on the planet . endemic to new zealand , the bird is found in three distinct clusters . about 40 percent live on the new zealand\njuvenile yellow - eyeds look very similar to the adults , but lack the yellow head band . they gain their adult plumage at one year of age .\nin a new study , researchers developed a model to predict what will happen to the yellow - eyed penguins on the otago peninsula over the next few decades .\non a small island hundreds of kilometres south of bluff , kiwi scientists are carrying out a census of sorts . they ' re trying to work out the population of our endangered yellow - eyed penguin . but the birds don ' t make it easy .\nthere are a number of conservation organisations in new zealand working to conserve penguins . some like the department of conservation and forest and bird work at a national level with many species and habitats while others like the yellow - eyed penguin trust are species specific .\n65 cm . , 5 . 5 kg . , crown and sides of face pale golden yellow , band of yellow from eye around the back of head .\nyellow - eyed penguins breed in forest or scrubland , choosing to build nests against rocks or tree trunks , which provide some protection from the elements ( 2 ) .\nmore than 100 , 000 visitors make their way through the catlins each year to view the 180 million - year - old fossil forest as well as the area ' s wildlife , such as yellow eyed penguin , rare hector dolphins , seals and sea lions .\nmattern said people may point to the two subantarctic clusters as a reason to not worry about the yellow - eyed penguin on the mainland . \u201cif the penguins disappear here , they can just say , well , we still have them on the subantarctic islands . \u201d\nis not a colonial penguin , meaning it does not live in large groups with other penguins .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin may be the rarest penguin in the world . the coastal forests of their habitat , particularly of mainland new zealand , have been destroyed to make way for development and agriculture . introduced sheep and cattle pose a threat as they can trample on penguin nests and overgraze the area , destroying further habitat ( 2 ) . in 1986 and 1990 there were two major population crashes , the causes of which remain a mystery ( 6 ) . the other major threat to the yellow - eyed penguin comes from introduced mammalian predators such as ferrets , cats , rats and dogs ; juvenile penguins or adults during their moult phase are extremely vulnerable to predation and numbers have been decimated over the years ( 2 ) .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is endemic to new zealand and breeds on the sub - antarctic auckland and campbell islands , along the southeast coast of new zealand\u2019s south island , and stewart island and its outliers . the species is classified endangered in the 2013 red list [\non 19 february 2013 , we undertook a one - day cruise on the university of otago research vessel polaris ii to the foraging grounds of yellow - eyed penguins from the otago peninsula . two offshore stations were chosen that coincided with lines determined from penguin foraging tracks (\ndr ursula ellenberg , of la trobe university , who has researched yellow - eyed penguins for the past 14 years , said : \u201cit is sobering to see the previously busy penguin - breeding areas now overgrown and silent , with only the odd lonely pair hanging on . \u201d\nthis research was approved by the university of otago animal ethics committee ( aec 32 / 03 ) and complies with the current laws of new zealand . entry and research permits required for the work on the endangered yellow - eyed penguin were issued by the department of conservation .\nthey nest in dense vegetation in dunes and coastal forest , with nests typically being isolated from each other . at sea , yellow - eyed penguins forage in pairs or alone .\ncommercial wildlife tourism takes place on both private land and on doc - administered reserves . unregulated visitor access is facilitated with signage and viewing hides . there is regulated seasonal tourist presence at yellow - eyed penguin landing and nesting areas on enderby island , in the auckland island group .\nthey have been listed under the endangered section by iucn red list . various conservational programs have been initiated to protect the species by the yellow - eyed penguin trust apart from recovery plans . it has also stressed to keep dogs out of their breeding sites to ensure complete protection .\nsize : it is quiet a large penguin , having a length of between 27 and 30 inches .\nan endangered african penguin brays with its mouth open , showing off the bristly inside of its mouth .\nan emperor penguin loses its old feathers ( the fluffy ones ) as new ones grow in underneath .\nnew zealand\u2019s iconic yellow - eyed penguins \u2013 displayed on billboards greeting people arriving at the country\u2019s main airports \u2013 could become extinct from the mainland in 25 years , scientists have warned .\nyellow - eyed penguins spend most of their day at sea , feeding in the warm new zealand waters . amazing underwater swimmers , they can dive to depths of 400 feet and are adapted to holding their breath for up to four minutes . yellow - eyed penguins may travel up to 20 miles from shore to feeding grounds at the edge of the continental shelf .\nintroduced predators such as cats , stoat and ferrets have impacted yellow - eyed penguin populations . habitat degradation , avian malaria , food shortages due to sea temperature changes , human disturbances , drowning in fishing nets , and accidental fires are all threats to yellow - eyed penguins . all 18 penguin species are legally protected from hunting and egg collecting . the antarctic treaty of 1959 makes it illegal to harm , or in any way interfere with , a penguin or its eggs . every penguin specimen collected with a permit must be approved by and reported to the scientific committee for antarctic research ( scar ) . penguins are vulnerable to habitat destruction , overfishing of primary food sources , ecological disasters such as oil spills , pollution such as trash in the ocean , and human encroachment into nesting areas .\non 19 february 2013 , we undertook a one - day cruise on the university of otago research vessel polaris ii to the foraging grounds of yellow - eyed penguins from the otago peninsula . two offshore stations were chosen that coincided with lines determined from penguin foraging tracks ( figure 1d ) .\nthe yellow - eyed penguin is a tall , heavy penguin with a distinctive pale yellow uncrested band of feathers passing across the nape and around the eyes . the forecrown , chin and cheeks are black flecked with yellow , the sides of the head and the foreneck are a light fawn - brown , and the back and tail are slate blue . the chest , belly , front thighs , and the underside of the flippers , are white . the red - brown and pale cream bill is long and relatively slender . the eyes are yellow , and the feet pink dorsally and black - brown ventrally . juveniles lack the pale yellow band and have a paler eye and paler back of the head . sexes look alike ; males are larger than females .\nthe department of conservation was alerted to the penguin by members of the public at the end of may .\na few weeks ago we brought you the story of new zealand ' s first penguin underpass in oamaru .\nis endangered according to the iucn red list and is threatened according to the united states federal list . the main cause contributing to the status of yellow - eyed penguins is deforestation on the coast of new zealand . there are various conservation efforts , including penguin reserves , such as penguin place in dunedin , new zealand . these reserves allow visitors to view the penguins for a fee , which helps conserve\nthe present - day distribution of yellow - eyed penguin breeding sites corresponds to the pre - european distribution of cool coastal hardwood forest . currently , breeding occurs in mature coastal forest , regenerating coastal scrub , but also in pasture , windbreaks of planted exotic trees , and on relatively exposed cliffs .\nendemic to new zealand , yellow - eyed penguins breed on the east and south coast of the south island , on and around stewart island , the auckland islands , and campbell islands .\nhas a diet that consists mostly of small prey , either juveniles or species whose adults are small . yellow - eyed penguins are carnivores . their diet is mainly composed of fishes including opalfish\nyellow - eyed penguins can be seen at nugget point and curio bay . there are several wildlife guides in the catlins who are doc concessionaires and who can take visitors to see them .\nin the 1940s those waters , including the incredibly fun to pronounce kumo kumo whero bay , warmed enough that , based on current understanding of the penguin - ocean temperature relationship , the region\u2019s yellow - eyed penguin populations should have declined . thanks to the fastidious record keeping of one lancelot eric richdale , a school teacher and amateur ornithologist , we know that wasn\u2019t the case . instead , their populations boomed .\nmoore pj , wakelin md , douglas me , mckinlay b , nelson d et al . ( 1995 ) yellow - eyed penguin foraging study , south - eastern new zealand , 1991 - 1993 . science & research series . wellington , nz : department of conservation . 40 p . available : .\nyellow - eyed penguins have a very long chick - rearing period ( 100 days ) . consequently , breeding takes from september to february . moult occurs at the end of the breeding period .\nthe fact that yellow - eyed penguins aren\u2019t faring so well bodes poorly for other animals in the region , according to dr . michelle larue , a research ecologist at the university of minnesota .\nanimations of foraging trips of two yellow - eyed penguins exhibiting straight line foraging in december 2004 ( bird id 14688 , line \u201cd\u201d ) and 2012 ( bird id 17935 , line \u201cc\u201d ) .\nmoore pj ( 1994 ) . what is a bad season for yellow - eyed penguins ? conservation advisory science notes wellington , nz . : department of conservation . 7 p . available : .\n\u201cwhen including adult survival rates from 2015 into the models the mean projection predicts yellow - eyed penguins to be locally extinct in the next 25 years , \u201d dr . stefan meyer , a co - author on the study , said in a statement . though their populations on new zealand\u2019s otago peninsula is already dwindling pretty rapidly , about 60 percent of the yellow eyed penguin population lives on the sub - antarctic auckland and campbell islands . however , not much scientific research has been dedicated to these birds .\nit was taken from a beach near the nuggets in the catlins to the penguin place rehabilitation facility near dunedin .\nthe sick penguin after it was found near death in may , near kaka point . photos : samuel white .\nlays two eggs in her nest in the forest which are incubated by both parents for up to a couple of months , when only one of the eggs will usually hatch . the yellow - eyed\nindeed , our findings on the seafloor at the location of line \u201cc\u201d indicate that man - made cues prone to erosion over time provide yellow - eyed penguins the means for accurate way - finding .\nmattern also notes that if climate change were the only threat to penguin populations , the birds would probably be able to adapt and survive . in 1943 , the waters of kumo kumo whero bay warmed so much that the yellow - eyed penguin population should have declined\u2014but it did not . mattern suspects that the birds\u2019 ability to thrive under these conditions can be attributed to the fact that many new zealanders were overseas fighting in wwii .\nenderby island is the insurance policy for the yellow - eyed penguin . while there ' s small pockets on the new zealand mainland , it ' s thought roughly 1000 , or half of those currently known to be in existence , are on this tiny island , making the most of its pest - free status .\nking s , harper g , wright j , mcinnes j , van der lubbe j et al . ( 2012 ) site - specific reproductive failure and decline of a population of the endangered yellow - eyed penguin : a case for foraging habitat quality . marine ecology progress series 467 : 233 - 244 . doi :\nnewshub have just published an interesting article about the yellow - eyed penguins on enderby island . this footage was filmed while newshub reporter thomas mead was recently aboard our ship the ' spirit of enderby . '\n. yellow - eyed penguins do not have any anti - predator mechanisms against terrestrial mammals because they are a relatively new predator , although their conservation status does help serve as an anti - predator mechanism .\nif things continue on their current trajectory , new zealand\u2019s yellow - eyed penguin may go locally extinct by 2043 , according to a study released today in the journal peerj . breeding penguins declined by 76 percent between 1996 and 2015 . and while climate change is a factor , it\u2019s unclear if it\u2019s the most important one .\nyou see how tourism and penguin conservation work together in elm wildlife tours exclusive ( private ) wildlife reserve .\napril 25 of each year is world penguin day , and to celebrate here are 14 facts about these charismatic seabirds .\nseddon , p . j . ; ellenberg , u . ; van heezik , y . 2012 . yellow - eyed penguin . in biology and conservation of the world\u2019s penguins ( eds garc\u00eda borboroglu , p . g . ; boersma , p . d . ) university of washington press , seattle u . s . a .\nthe loss of coastal forest has played a part in the decline of the yellow - eyed penguin on the nz mainland , but the biggest threat to the survival of the species is introduced mammalian predators . wild cats , ferrets and stoats often kill chicks and take eggs . adult penguins all too often fall victim to dogs .\nin treatment with site fixed effects and with an instrumental variable based on site accessibility . of the three treatments analyzed , only intensive management is significantly correlated with increases in sitelevel penguin population growth rate . we estimate the marginal cost of providing yellow - eyed penguins through intensive management to be nz $ 68 , 600 per nest .\nmattern t , ellenberg u , houston dm , davis ls ( 2007 ) consistent foraging routes and benthic foraging behaviour in yellow - eyed penguins . marine ecology progress series 343 : 295 - 306 . doi :\ndata on these other threats is currently limited , but researchers believe the fishing industry may play a significant role . gill nets used by fishermen are known to ensnare yellow - eyed penguins , which get entangled in the near - invisible nets and drown . a 2000 study that looked at autopsy data of 185 yellow - eyed penguins that died around south island found that more than 70 deaths were linked to gill net entanglement .\nthe penguins are estimated to contribute about $ 70 million ( or 100 million new zealand dollars ) to the local economy every year through tourism . \u201cat every airport in the country , you\u2019ll find the yellow - eyed penguin on huge billboards , \u201d said mattern , a researcher at the university of otago . \u201cit\u2019s a huge draw . \u201d\nuniversity of otago zoologist dr thomas mattern said the study used forecast climate change models to predict the impact on penguin populations .\na team of penguin researchers are stationed on enderby island in the new zealand sub - antarctic for four months over summer , arduously counting the yellow - eyeds one - by - one for the first complete population count since 1990 .\nthe studies further suggest that yellow - eyed penguins only settled on mainland new zealand about 500 years ago , taking over the ecological niche left behind by their extinct predecessor . the present breeding range does not expand into the range of the northern population of m . waitaha . it is noted that a few mainland prehistoric bones were attributed to m . antipodes , yet the author attributed these to vagrant non - breeding birds ( a small breeding population can however not be ruled out ) . hence , present day yellow - eyed penguin populations on south island probably represent an unusual example of human intervention leading to expansion of the range of a species ( albeit at the expense of another ) . the yellow - eyed penguin may not have suffered the same fate as its extinct relative for several reasons : ( i ) sustainability of resources became more entrained in maori culture , ( ii ) decimation of sea lion populations following human settlement may have facilitated the establishment of yellow - eyed penguins , and ( iii ) coastal settlements appear to have dwindled in the 16th century based on archaeological records , reducing human exploitation of coastal birds .\na tall , portly penguin with a pale yellow band of feathers that runs from each yellow eye around the nape , a long straight red - brown and pale cream bill , and pink and black feet . the rest of the head , neck and dorsal surface is slate blue ; the breast and belly white down to the feet .\nyellow - eyed penguins inhabit island shorelines in new zealand . most of the shore is covered in coastal forest , where the penguins live and nest . these birds are primarily terrestrial and only enter the water to hunt .\na joint project between the yellow - eyed penguin trust and the department of conservation , the commemorative planting of a rata tree and two hebe plants on the coastal cliffs marked the designation of the new reserve , which will include about 12km of coastline . the small ceremony was one of ms chadwick ' s first public appearances as the conservation minister .\nms young said the penguin was close to death when found . it was severely underweight at 3kg , dehydrated and still moulting .\nduring sea week in march , the yellow - eyed penguin trust staff and volunteers got involved in our seas our future\u2019s beach clean - up . we focused on the area around smaills beach and were shocked at the amount of rubbish dumped just off the road side into the bushes . after sea week we raised the issue with dunedin . . . continue\nyellow - eyed penguins have the most variable incubation period of any penguins , with eggs taking anywhere from 39 to 51 days to hatch . with the exception of emperor penguins , whose incubation period is two months , penguin eggs hatch in just over one month and , within any given species , this seldom varies by more than a day or two .\nyellow - eyed penguins breed on the southeast coast of the south island , on stewart island and adjacent islands , and in the subantarctic on the auckland and campbell islands . on the mainland , yellow - eyed penguins breed in four distinct breeding regions : the catlins , otago peninsula , north otago and banks peninsula . the few pairs on banks peninsula usually breed with little success , and recruitment appears to come from more successful breeding areas further south . on stewart island , yellow - eyed penguins breed along the northeastern and eastern shores , and on several offshore islands . vagrants have reached the north island as far north as the bay of plenty , chatham islands and snares islands .\nonce found , the team will tag the penguins and monitor their nests , keeping an eye on feeding and breeding . that means long walks . while most penguin species nest in massive colonies , yellow - eyeds spread out and nest alone .\nof the three clusters , the yellow - eyed penguins on the mainland are under the greatest threat of extinction , mattern said . \u201cif you look at the penguin species around the world , the ones really under threat are the ones that live and breed close to human settlements . the closer they are to humans , the greater they are in peril . \u201d\nthere is no evidence that commercial or recreational fisheries directly reduce prey availability to yellow - eyed penguins , however they do occur as by - catch in inshore set nets . there can be marked inter - annual variation in food supply for yellow - eyed penguins , with intermittent poor food years being marked by reduced numbers of breeding attempts , slow chick growth , higher pre - fledging chick mortality , low chick fledging weights and lower survival of juveniles and adults ."]}
{"id": 1253, "summary": [{"text": "the wire-tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it has two subspecies : h. s. smithii , which occurs throughout africa , and h. s. filifera , which is found in southern and southeastern asia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is mainly resident , but populations in pakistan and northern india migrate further south in winter .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the genus name hirundo is the latin word for swallow .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species name smithii commemorates christen smith , a norwegian botanist and geologist . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "wire - tailed swallow", "paragraphs": ["the preferred habitats for wire - tailed swallow are : woodlands and grasslands . the wire - tailed swallow is also at home in wetland areas .\nwire - tailed swallow at its nest , south africa . [ photo neil gray \u00a9 ]\nwire - tailed swallow pair in courtship display , tanzania . [ photo martin goodey \u00a9 ]\nwire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii fam . hirundinidae ) kruger park birds & birding .\nthe wire - tailed swallow is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park .\nin terms of distribution of the wire - tailed swallow in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas . wire - tailed swallow : see above distribution map .\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of wire - tailed swallow were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of wire - tailed swallow here .\nwire - tailed swallow : this soundscape contains sharp discontinuous calls by swallow and loud bg calls by red - wattled lapwing and coppersmith barbet .\nwire - tailed swallows measure 5 . 6 inches or 14 cm in length .\nwire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . kruger national park , mpumalanga province , south africa .\nunlike many other swallow species , which nest in colonies - the wire - tailed swallows are solitary and territorial nesters .\nthe wire - tailed swallows ( hirundo smithii ) are swallows found in africa and asia .\nthe wire - tailed swallow ( latin name hirundo smithii ) is described in roberts birds of southern africa , 7th edition . this bird has a unique roberts number of 522 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 751 also a picture of the wire - tailed swallow on page 816 . the wire - tailed swallow belongs to the family of birds classified as hirundinidae .\nwire - tailed swallows mostly feed on insects ( particularly flies ) , often caught in flight .\norn . white - tailed swallow [ hirundo megaensis , syn . : h . magaensis ]\nthe wire - tailed swallow is monogamous unless its mate dies . in the event of a partner dying hirundo smithii will seek out a new mate\nthe wire - tailed swallow is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores , such as the related martins and the unrelated swifts ( order apodiformes\nthe wire - tailed swallow is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores . the populations in northern india migrate further south in winter . this bird is found in open country near water and human habitation . wire - tailed swallows are fast flyers and they generally feed on insects , especially flies , while airborne . more\npicture of the wire - tailed swallow on page 816 . the wire - tailed swallow belongs to the family of birds classified as hirundinidae . the map of the kruger you see on this page shows the areas ( coloured orange ) where this bird has been identified . the basic information was provided by the avian demographic unit based at uct and i created the maps from that information . . . more\nthe wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores , such as the related martins and the unrelated swifts ( order apodiformes ) . wire - tailed swallow breeds in africa south of the sahara and in tropical southern asia from the indian subcontinent east to southeast asia . it is mainly resident , but populations in pakistan and northern india migrate further south in winter .\nthe wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . swallows are somewhat similar in habits and appearance to other aerial insectivores , such as the related martins and the unrelated swifts ( order apodiformes ) . wire - tailed swallow breeds in africa south of the sahara and in tropical southern asia from the indian subcontinent east to southeast asia . it is mainly resident , but populations in pakistan and northern india migrate further south in winter . more\nwire - tailed swallow breeds in africa south of the sahara and in tropical southern asia from the indian subcontinent east to southeast asia . it is mainly resident , but populations in pakistan and northern india migrate further south in winter .\nan adult male perched on an electric wire , preening and stretching wings and tail .\none of the first indicators to take note of when trying to identify a bird is it relative size . for example how big is the bird compared to a well known familiar bird . the wire - tailed swallow is a small bird about the size of a house sparrow . do not take this relative indicator as anything other than a rough easy to remember indicator . it is not a accurate visualization . the height of the wire - tailed swallow is about 14 cms and its weight is about 13 gms\n* wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) pair mating on a wire . mahad , raigad district , konkan division , maharashtra , india ( ssp filifera ) ryan brookes 3 september 2008 28 weeks ago 3 * an adult looking at a raptor chobe national park , botswana ( ssp smithii ) laurent demongin 30 september 2004 1 year ago 2 . more\norn . red - rumped swallow [ cecropis daurica , syn . : hirundo daurica ]\nstreak - throated swallow : nesting under the balcony overhang , on a busy road .\nany of these swallow species would be a welcome guest in a birder ' s backyard , but those yards need to be swallow - friendly before the birds feel at home .\npicture of the wire - tailed swallow has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike . original source : originally posted to flickr as wire - tailed swallow adult ( hirundo smithii ) author : lip kee yappermission ( reusing this file ) this image , which was originally posted to flickr . com , was uploaded to commons using flickr upload bot on 05 : 08 , 20 november 2008 ( utc ) by jerryfriedman ( talk ) . on that date it was licensed under the license below . this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 2 . 0 generic license . you are free : to share \u2013 to copy , distribute and transmit the work\nin uttarakhand , it is common to see swallow nests ( barn swallows there ) in shops and porches and inside of homes - usually on the wall above an incandescent light bulb . the people believe that the swallows bring them luck . they also leave a window open at all times to allow free movement of the birds into their shops and homes . its the first time i am seeing nests of wire - tailed swallows in peoples homes in the plains - this nest was at the joint of wall and ceiling in the porch . the house - owners are also happy that the birds are nesting in their home . wire - tailed swallow nests have usually been seen under bridges , near water etc . - ss\ndistribution of wire - tailed swallow in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nputting up wires or a wire antenna high across the yard or roof to provide additional perches with good visibility for birds and birders alike .\nstreak - throated swallow : a large group nesting under the balcony overhang , on a busy road - 2 .\nturner , a . ( 2018 ) . wire - tailed swallow ( hirundo smithii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nswallow is the common name for various small , swift - flying passerine birds in the family hirundinidae , characterized by long , pointed , narrow wings , a short bill , a typically notched or forked tail , and the ability to aerial feed , capturing insects on the wing . some birds in the family have the common name of martin . while the name\nmartin\ntends to be used for the squarer - tailed species , and the name\nswallow\nfor the more fork - tailed species , there is no scientific distinction between these two groups . a few other species in hirundinidae , comprising the genus psalidoprocne , have the common name of saw - wing . in europe , the name swallow is used colloquially as a synonym for the barn swallow .\nstreak throated swallows ( petrochelidon fluvicola ) are one of the four species of swallow birds found in madhya pradesh , indentified as 11 cm compact birds with chestnut crowns and brown streaks down the throat to breast and dirty off - white under parts . the juveniles look similar to wire tailed swallow juv . and can be only differentiated from their striped and non striped throats respectively . the birds are commonly seen in the open country , near water bodies , canals , rivers or lakes where they can easily find their food of insects and clay for building nests . swallows are found in big flocks and have an appealing nesting behavior , commonly called as swallow congregations .\ni specially like this spot on lake pichola where i took pictures of asian openbill stork , river tern , pied kingfisher and wire tailed swallows . the birds are used to the vehicles passing by , so they don ' t fly away when you stop your car near them . its a pleasurable place to be in the mornings .\ndistribution of wire - tailed swallow in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 . movements and migrations little known , but it is thought be resident throughout its southern african range . more\nthe wire - tailed swallow is situated in the corner of a beautiful garden . the room consists of twin beds , a small patio and full bathroom . the room has a tv with 22 dstv channels , a fan , heater & electric blankets . tea / coffee - making facilities are available and coffee , tea , milk and sugar provided . guests can make use of a communal fridge & microwave at the lapa / braai areas . a maximum of two guests can be accommodated in this unit .\nstreak throated swallow - nesting site on the underside of a river bridge , waded by over hundred swallows . the picture was taken on the road towards kanha , madhya pradesh .\nspecies of swallow and martin that are threatened with extinction are generally endangered due to habitat loss . this is presumed to be the reason behind the decline of the critically endangered white - eyed river martin , a species that is only known from a few specimens collected in thailand . the species presumably breeds in riverbanks , a much diminished habitat in se asia . two insular species , the bahama swallow and golden swallow , have declined due to forest loss and also competition with introduced species such as starlings and sparrows , which compete with these swallows for nesting sites .\neven in the most swallow - friendly backyard , it can be difficult to attract these specialized birds on a regular basis . if you want to attract swallows but are having difficulty , consider :\ntarburton , m . k . 1993 . a comparison of the breeding biology of the welcome swallow in australia and recently colonized new zealand . emu 93 ( 1 ) : 34 - 43 .\nsnapp , b . 1976 . colonial breeding in the barn swallow ( hirundo rustica ) and its adaptive significance . the condor 78 ( 4 ) : 471 - 480 . retrieved november 18 , 2008 .\nthe streak throated swallow , is found across india . it can be identified with its chestnut color head , broad tail with a small fork and heavily streaked throat , neck and breast . the under parts are off white .\nsome species , like the mangrove swallow , are territorial , whereas others are not and simply defend their nesting site . in general , the males select a nest site , and then attract a female using song and flight , and ( dependent on the species ) guard their territory . the size of the territory varies depending on the species of swallow ; in colonial - nesting species , it tends to be small , but it may be much larger for solitary nesters .\nhirundinids are small to medium - sized passerines . the smallest , such as the white - thighed swallow , weigh about 10 g and the largest new world martins over 60 g . they are all specialist aerial insectivores , . . .\nthe swallows have a worldwide cosmopolitan distribution , occurring on every continent except antarctica . one species , the pacific swallow , occurs as a breeding bird on a number of oceanic islands in the pacific ocean , and a number of migratory species are common vagrants to other isolated islands and even to some sub - antarctic islands . many species have enormous worldwide ranges , particularly the barn swallow , which breeds over most of the northern hemisphere and winters over most of the southern hemisphere .\nbijlsma , r . , and b . van den brink . 2003 . a barn swallow hirundo rustica roost under attack : timing and risks in the presence of african hobbies falco cuvieri . ardea 93 ( 1 ) : 37 - 48 . retrieved november 18 , 2008 .\nin addition to insect prey , a number of species will occasionally consume fruits and other plant matter . species in africa have been recorded eating the seeds of acacia trees , and these are even fed to the young of the greater striped swallow ( underhill and hofmeyr 2007 ; turner 2004 ) .\nwhere several species of swallow feed together , they will be separated into different niches based on height off the ground , some species feeding closer to the ground whereas other feeding at higher levels . similar separation occurs where feeding overlaps with swifts . niche separation may also occur with the size of prey chosen .\nhirundines have a long association with humans , some species having nested on artificial sites for hundreds or , in some cases , even thousands of years . there are danish subfossil finds 5000 years old from neolithic flint mines , and the roman poet virgil wrote of a swallow , presumably the barn . . .\nthe majority of hirundines are not very social in the breeding season , when they nest solitarily or in loose groups , and forage alone or in pairs or small flocks . some , such as the mangrove swallow , are highly territorial , feeding mainly in their own large territory , but many species defend . . .\nas with feeding habits , knowledge of the breeding biology of many species of hirundine is scanty . on the other hand , a few members of the family , especially the barn and cliff swallows , the tree swallow and the purple martin , have become model species for scientific study over the last few . . .\nmany cave , bank , and cliff dwelling species of swallow nest in large colonies . birds living in large colonies typically have to contend with both ectoparasites and conspecific nest parasitism ( brown and brown 1986 ; brown 1984 ) . old males benefit most from coloniality , since they are able to maintain their own nests and benefit from frequent extra - pair copulations .\nsexes alike . glistening steel - blue above ; chestnut cap ; unmarked , pure white underbody distinctive ; two long , wire - like projections ( tail - wires ) from outer tail feathers diagnostic . solitary or small parties ; almost always seen around water , either perched on overhead wires or hawking insects in graceful , acrobatic flight , swooping and banking ; often flies very low , drinking from the surface ; roosts in reed beds and other vegetation , often with warblers and wagtails .\nthe breeding of temperate species is seasonal , whereas that of subtropical or tropical species can either be continuous throughout the year or seasonal . seasonal species in the subtropics or tropics are usually timed to coincide with the peaks in insect activity , which is usually the wet season , but some species like the white - throated blue swallow nest in the dry season to avoid flooding in their riverbank nesting habitat ( turner 2004 ) .\nthe eggs of swallows tend to be white , although those of some mud - nesters are speckled . the average clutch size is around four to five eggs in temperate areas and two to three eggs in the tropics . incubation stints last for 5 to 15 minutes and are followed by bursts of feeding activity . from laying , swallow eggs take between 10 to 21 days to hatch , with 14 to 18 days being more typical .\nnesting sites : many types of swallows , swifts , and martins are cavity - nesting birds , and they will readily nest in birdhouses or specialized gourds . leaving dead trees with old woodpecker holes intact will provide additional nesting sites . some swallow species , such as barn swallows , will build their cup - shaped nests in sheltered areas under eaves on porches and decks or along roof lines . a muddy puddle \u2013 perhaps under a gutter downspout or in a sheltered location in the yard \u2013 will provide good nesting material to encourage the birds to raise their families in the neighborhood .\nthe incubation duties are shared between females and males in some species ; in others the eggs are incubated solely by the females . among the species where the male helps with incubation , the contribution varies among species , with some species like the cliff swallow sharing the duties equally and the female doing most of the work in others . among the barn swallows , the male of the american subspecies helps ( to a small extent ) whereas the european subspecies does not . even in species where the male does not incubate the eggs , the male may sit on them when the female is away to reduce heat loss .\nthe family uses a wide range of habitats . they are dependent on flying insects , and as these are common over waterways and lakes , they will frequently feed over these , but they can be found in any open habitat including grasslands , open woodland , savanna , marshes , mangroves and scrubland , from sea level to high alpine areas ( turner 2004 ) . many species inhabit human - altered landscapes including agricultural land and even urban areas . land use changes have also caused some species to expand their range , most impressively the welcome swallow which began to colonize new zealand in the 1920s , started breeding there in the 1950s , and is now a common land bird there ( tarburton 1993 ) .\nbecause of the readiness with which some species nest in and around human settlements and buildings , people have had a long experience with swallows and many myths and legends have arisen as a consequence ( turner 2004 ) . the migratory habits of the european species have led to an association with spring , as recorded in the proverb\none swallow does not make a summer .\nthey have also been incorporated into religious stories , in part because of their arrival in europe around the time of easter , and apocryphal stories place them at the crucifixion of jesus , either trying to distract those sent to arrest jesus in the garden or to comfort jesus on the cross . they are also mentioned in the koran attacking christians who were attacking mecca . older legends have it that athene turned into one in order to flee danger .\nwith the open country for birds being quickly replaced with houses and buildings everywhere these birds have retorted to our kitchen gardens , where they feed on small insects and nest around houses . swallow nesting is considered \u2018pests\u2019 due to its gregarious behavior and limiting access of humans to their own garages or kitchen gardens . swallows can be very protective for the young ones and refuse to vacate even after repeated attempts . once the nest is built , the bird also tends to return at the same site every time for breeding and nesting . the solution lies in preserving their habitat of lakes , rivers and ponds around the agricultural land . if possible allow them a small corner around the house , warehouse etc . swallows can easily gain attention and help in clearing insects and small crop pests , in lieu of the space it needs to raise the young !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common in africa , common in pakistan and locally common in india ( grimmett , inskipp and inskipp , keith et al . 1992 ) . trend justification : the population is estimated to be increasing following recorded range expansions ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nleach , 1818 \u2013 sub - saharan africa from senegal , s mali and c ivory coast e to c & se sudan , south sudan , ethiopia and somalia , and s ( outside c rainforest zone ) to n namibia , n botswana and ne south africa .\nstephens , 1826 \u2013 breeding visitor to s uzbekistan , s tajikistan , afghanistan , n pakistan and nw india ; resident in se pakistan , most of india , sw nepal , myanmar , n thailand , laos , cambodia and c vietnam .\n14\u201321 cm ; 9\u201317 g . distinctive . has forehead and crown rufous - chestnut , upperparts glossy blue ; wings and tail black with blue gloss , white patches on inner webs . . .\ngrassland , savanna , open woodland , clearings , cultivation , also human habitations , including towns . . .\ndiet includes flies ( diptera ) , beetles ( coleoptera ) , bugs ( hemiptera ) , butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) , mayflies ( ephemeroptera ) , . . .\ngenerally two peaks , at start of rains , e . g . jan\u2013may and jul\u2013dec in senegal , all year ( peaks jan\u2013mar and jul\u2013aug ) . . .\nin africa , resident near nest - site in some areas , e . g . in gambia , central african republic and w . . .\nnot globally threatened . varies from uncommon to locally abundant . uncommon in w africa , common and more widespread in e , common to locally very common in s ; common to . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nit is present in lucknow throughout the year and is therefore resident . not a breeding visitor as shown in the map . lucknow is the capital of uttar pradesh state and falls in the gangetic plains of india\nthey had adapted to human created structures . they roost on powerlines ranging from dozen to several hundreds sometimes in mixed flocks with other swallows . they also roost and build nests inside covered irrigation canals and aqueducts .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhas often been considered to include any or all of petrochelidon , cecropis and ptyonoprogne .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan adult bird perched in a tree yawning , rubbing the bill and flying off .\njosep del hoyo , ram gopal soni , alok tewari , greg baker , doug and denise norris , chandrahas kolhatkar , yo\u00ebl jimenez , ghislain gosse , eldert groenewoud , drshaileshdarjimd , keith and lynn youngs , jean hupperetz , trheijnen .\nshantilal varu , josep del hoyo , \u00e9ric roualet , holger teichmann , lars petersson , alok tewari , jeel bharat patel , paul van giersbergen , vishalchouk , ssshams , guy poisson , siddhartha , tom dudones , mayur patel , vaibhav mishra , eduardo de juana , ragoo rao , shivam tiwari , vasanthan . p . j , sharad , raymond marsh , james reed , paul cools , lmarce , joggels , nick athanas , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo , nik borrow , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , martin fr\u00e4mke , jayant atrey , luis g . restrepo , james kashangaki , ken havard , trheijnen , arthur grosset , neenad abhang , stefan helming , john a thompson , akshay jadhav , rrthakar , markus lilje , ram gopal soni , robert erasmus , marco valentini , kishoreraghav , david beadle , morten venas , bruno schmetz , lutz duerselen , laurent demongin , mauriravasini , ryan brookes , chrisjohnson , jugal tiwari , stanislav harvan\u010d\u00edk , gilgit2 , paleasi , anup sharma , jordi sargatal , dave jackson .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 662 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hirundo smithii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\noccurs across much of asia and sub - saharan africa , absent from the lowland forest of west africa and the drc . in southern africa it is locally common in the extreme north of namibia , northern botswana , zimbabwe , central and southern mozambique , swaziland and eastern limpopo province , mpumalanga and kwazulu - natal .\nlittle known , but it is thought be resident throughout its southern african range .\nhawks aerial insects often in flocks with swallows , such as grey - rumped ( pseudhirundo griseopyga ) and lesser striped ( hirundo abyssinica ) swallows . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nmonogamous , solitary nester , with the pair bond lasting for the whole breeding season and probably for life .\nthe nest ( see image below ) is built by both sexes in about a week , consisting of a flat open cup built of mud pellets and lined with stems , grass and feathers . it is typically placed in an artificial site , such as near the roof of a veranda , on a wooden cross beam , inside a water tower , under a bridge or even on a boat . the same site is used repeatedly over multiple seasons ; before laying the eggs the original structure is repaired\negg - laying season is year - round , peaking from august - december and february - april .\nit lays 2 - 4 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female for 14 - 19 days . in one study the eggs where incubated for 43 - 66 % of the day .\nthe chicks are brooded by the female for the first few days of their lives after which the male sometimes helps out . they are fed regularly by both sexes , leaving the nest after 15 - 24 days . the fledglings still roost in the nest for at least 3 - 4 weeks , possibly until the next clutch is laid .\nnot threatened , in fact its range has benefited from the introduction of man - made nest sites .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nharrison , j . a . , allan , d . g . , underhill , l . g . , herremans , m . , tree . a . j . , parker , v . & brown , c . j . ( eds ) . 1997 . the atlas of southern african birds . vol . 2 : passerines . birdlife south africa , johannesburg .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbot . monkey apple [ nz ] [ syzygium smithii , syn . : acmena smithii ] [ lilly - pilly ]\nunter folgender adresse kannst du auf diese \u00fcbersetzung verlinken : urltoken tipps : doppelklick neben begriff = r\u00fcck - \u00fcbersetzung \u2014 neue w\u00f6rterbuch - abfrage : einfach jetzt tippen ! suchzeit : 0 . 092 sek .\n) , m\u00f6glichst mit einem guten beleg im kommentarfeld . wichtig : bitte hilf auch bei der\nlimited input mode - mehr als 1000 ungepr\u00fcfte \u00fcbersetzungen ! du kannst trotzdem eine neue \u00fcbersetzung vorschlagen , wenn du dich einloggst und andere vorschl\u00e4ge im contribute - bereich \u00fcberpr\u00fcfst . pro review kannst du dort einen neuen w\u00f6rterbuch - eintrag eingeben ( bis zu einem limit von 500 unverifizierten eintr\u00e4gen pro benutzer ) .\ndieses deutsch - englisch - w\u00f6rterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen . mehr informationen ! enth\u00e4lt \u00fcbersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey ' s business dictionary ( englisch / deutsch ) . vielen dank daf\u00fcr ! links auf dieses w\u00f6rterbuch oder einzelne \u00fcbersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen ! fragen und antworten\ntheir common name is derived from their very long , fine outer tail feathers which trail behind like two wires ; and their scientific name honors professor chetien smith , a norwegian botanist , who was a member of the expedition that discovered this species .\nthe african race is widespread south of the sahara , except for their range extending further along the nile , and they are not found in the western equatorial lowland forests .\nin southern asia , they are found from tadzhikistan , afghanistan and northern pakistan through india to burma as well as northwestern and northeastern thailand , laos and central vietnam .\nthey are mostly resident ( non - migratory ) , except for some populations in pakistan and northern india that migrate south for the winter .\nthey are usually seen in pairs close to bodies of water and human habitation ; or these fast fliers may fly low over water as they pursue their prey .\nafrican form found in sub - saharan africa ; specifically in western africa from senegal east to southern mali south to the central ivory coast east to central and southern sudan , ethiopia and somalia , and south ( avoiding the central rainforest zone ) to northern namibia , northern botswana and northeastern south africa .\nasian form found in southern uzbekistan south through tajikistan , afghanistan , pakistan , india east to southwestern nepal , burma / myanmar , northern thailand , laos , cambodia and central vietnam .\nthe plumage is mostly bright blue above , except for the reddish - brown crown ( top of the head ) and white spots on the tail . there is a blue bar extending from the beak through the eyes down to the neck and back . the plumage below is white , except for the darker flight feathers .\nas suggested by their name , they have very long , outer tail feathers which trail behind like wires .\nthey construct neat half - bowl nests placed on vertical surfaces near water , such as below the ledges of cliffs or man - made structures , such as buildings and bridges .\nthe average clutch consists of 3 - 4 eggs in africa , and in asia , up to 5 have been reported .\nafrikaans : draadstertswael . . . chinese : ? ? ? . . . czech : vla\u0161tovka dlouhoocas\u00e1 . . . danish : tr\u00e5dhalesvale . . . dutch : roodkruinzwaluw . . . estonian : niitsaba - p\u00e4\u00e4suke . . . finnish : jouhip\u00e4\u00e4sky . . . french : hirondelle \u00e0 longs brins . . . german : rotkappenschwalbe . . . icelandic : \u00fer\u00e1\u00f0svala . . . italian : rondine codafili / codasottile di smith . . . japanese : hariotsubame . . . kwangali : sisampamema . . . lithuanian : si ? lauodeg ? kreg\u017ed ? . . . norwegian : tr\u00e5dhalesvale . . . polish : jask\u00f3lka rdzawoglowa , jask\u00f3 ? ka rdzawog ? owa . . . portuguese : andorinha de cauda longa . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : lastovicka hnedohlav\u00e1 . . . slovenian : nitorepa lastovka . . . shona : nyenganyenga . . . spanish : golondrina cola de cerdas , golondrina colilarga . . . swedish : tr\u00e5dstj\u00e4rtsvala . . . swahili : mbayuwayu mkia - sindano . . . tamil : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . thai : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . turkish : tel kuyruklu k ? rlang ? \u00e7 , tel - kuyruklu k ? rlang ? \u00e7 . . . tsonga : mbawulwana . . . zulu : inkonjane\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe images on this page are the sole property of the photographers ( unless marked as public domain ) .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . thank you !\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nopen areas , cultivation , habitation , mostly in vicinity of canals , lakes , rivers .\ncommon breeding ( summer ) visitor to n india , to about 1 , 800m in the himalaya ; breeds in many other parts of india ; widespread over the area , excepting arid zones .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nver time , these will give valuable information on population distribution , habitat requirements , trends and so on .\nif you have a lot of records and it would be very time - consuming to enter them manually you can also send us a spreadsheet with the details , and associated photos . use the contact us form to get in touch .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nplease log in and write a comment . if you don ' t have an account , register now ( it is free ! ) register\nmodel - or property release no model - or property release available . see the urltoken faq and terms of use for more info . | faq | terms of use |\nlightbox . faq . contact . license agreement . terms of use . about . hosted by urltoken . urltoken urltoken free stock photos totally free stock photos stock photos high quality free stock photos totally free stock photos totally free stock photos totally free stock images free stock images christmas competition 2015 editors ' pick alternative to urltoken rgbstock blog and news\nswallows , swifts , and martins are beautiful , graceful birds that are highly desirable backyard visitors , but they are not typical backyard birds . because of that , attracting swallows can be a challenge even for experienced backyard birders with many feeders and a variety of backyard guests . understanding these birds ' unique needs is the key to learning how to attract swallows and enjoy the benefits of having these beauties in your yard .\nswallows are attractive backyard birds for several reasons . their graceful , aerobatic , energetic flight can be a joy to watch as they swoop about , and their glossy plumage glitters in the sunlight . they are relatively quiet species , and while their song is typically musical and chirping , they are less vocal than species such as thrushes or mockingbirds \u2013 perfect for backyard birders who prefer a quiet landscape . the most desirable characteristic of swallows , swifts , and martins , however , is their voracious appetites . these insectivorous birds can consume hundreds of insects every day - from moths to mosquitoes - and inviting a family of them into the backyard can provide exceptional ( and free ! ) pest control .\nthe key to attracting any specific type of bird is to meet that bird ' s unique requirements for the basic needs of survival : food , water , shelter , and nesting sites .\nfor swallows , those requirements can be a bit different than other typical passerines and more familiar backyard birds .\nfood : swifts , swallows , and martins almost never visit bird feeders , no matter what food is offered . so what do swallows eat ? these are insectivorous birds and preserving healthy insect populations is essential for them to have an adequate food source . avoiding insecticides and pesticides is the first step , and areas of open grass should be large enough to allow the birds to skim low over them while feeding . leaving grass slightly longer will encourage more insects for the birds to feed on . some birders have had limited success offering mealworms for swifts and swallows to eat , but it takes a great deal of time and effort to get the birds accustomed to that unusual food source . that effort may be better spent fostering natural insect sources the birds are more familiar with .\nwater : these birds typically stay near natural water sources , and a nearby lake , large pond or broad stream is essential for them to drink . as they fly over the water , they skim the surface to dip their bills in for a drink instead of perching to sip . moving water is more apt to attract swallows , swifts , and martins to backyards with noise and sparkles , and a bird bath fountain , bubbler or mister can be effective in attracting their attention . they may visit larger bird baths , and will often fly through sprinklers or misters for a quick , cool dip .\nshelter : while many backyard birds need extensive trees , bushes , and thickets to feel safe and secure , these aerial birds are quite distinct in that they prefer more open areas . they are agile fliers and will soar and dive around yards that have smooth curves and open space . providing perching spots on wires , clotheslines or antennas will encourage them to stay nearby .\nremoving large trees to provide more open space and more grassy areas for the birds to fly over while feeding .\nadjusting lawn watering schedules as much as local ordinances may allow providing a fly - thru water source for the birds .\nadding a nesting shelf under porch eaves to provide a safe , stable place for these birds to build their nests .\npatience is essential for attracting swallows , and over time , if you meet all these birds ' unique needs , you will be rewarded with their elegant and graceful company .\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\n- this is an old template for this website . please visit the home page for more : birds in sa\n{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }\nmix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nthe family contains around 83 species in 19 genera . in this article , unless specified , the term swallows will be used in a collective sense for all members of the family , including species commonly known as martins or saw - wings .\nthe swallows have a cosmopolitan distribution across the world and breed on all the continents except antarctica . they also occur on a number of oceanic islands . a number of species are long - distance migrants .\nwith their agility in flight , ability to produce many different calls or songs , and some species nesting in and around human settlements and buildings , swallows have long fascinated people . they even have been incorporated into religious stories , partly due to their arrival in europe around the time of easter and because of apocryphal stories placing them at jesus ' s crucifixion . ecologically , they provide a valued role in controlling the numbers of insect species . a few species of swallows are threatened with extinction by human activities , although other species have benefited from human changes to the environment .\nas passerine birds , or perching birds , swallows have feet that are specialized for holding onto a branch , with three toes directed forward without any webbing or joining , and one toe directed backward . swallows belong to the suborder passeri ( oscines ) with such birds as warblers , finches , wrens , starlings , cowbirds , lyrebirds , blackbirds , jays , and larks .\nit is believed the hirundinidae family originated in africa as hole - nesters ; africa still has the greatest diversity of species ( 1989 ) .\nthe bill of the sand martin is typical for the family , being short and wide .\nthe swallows and martins ( and saw - wings ) have an evolutionary conservative body shape that is similar across the family but is unlike that of other passerines ( turner 2004 ) . swallows have adapted to hunting insects on the wing by developing a slender streamlined body , and long pointed wings , which allow great maneuverability and endurance , as well as frequent periods of gliding . their body shape allows for very efficient flight , which costs 50 - 75 percent less for swallows than equivalent passerines of the same size . swallows usually forage at around 30 to 40 kilometers per hour although they are capable of reaching speeds of between 50 to 65 kilometers per hour when traveling .\nlike the unrelated swifts and nightjars , which hunt in a similar way , swallows have short bills , but strong jaws and a wide gape . their body length ranges from about 10 to 24 centimeters ( 3 . 9\u20139 . 4 inches ) and their weight from about 10 to 60 grams ( 0 . 4\u20132 . 1 ounces ) . the wings are long , pointed , and have nine primary feathers . the tail has 12 feathers and may be deeply forked , somewhat indented , or square - ended . a long tail increases maneuverability , and may also function as a sexual adornment , since the tail is frequently longer in males . female barn swallows will select mates on the basis of tail length ."]}
{"id": 1257, "summary": [{"text": "proconsul africanus is an ape which lived from about 23 to 14 million years ago during the miocene epoch .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was a fruit eater and had a brain larger than a monkey , although probably not as large as a modern ape .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it was named by paleontologist arthur hopwood in 1933 after chimpanzees all called consul , which performed human like circus acts , such as riding a bicycle and playing the piano , in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "other species of the genus proconsul have since been discovered . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "proconsul africanus", "paragraphs": ["new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya\nnew wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya\nnew wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya .\nt1 - new wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya\nnew wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya \u2014 johns hopkins university\ntitle =\nnew wrist bones of proconsul africanus and p . nyanzae from rusinga island , kenya\n,\nproconsul africanus\ntype\ncranium with mandible from rusinga island , kenya . found in 1943 by mary leakey .\no\u2019connor , b . l . 1976 . dryopithecus ( proconsul ) africanus : quadruped or non - quadruped ? ] .\nmorbeck , m . e . 1977 . the use of casts and other problems in reconstructing the dryopithecus ( proconsul ) africanus wrist complex .\nthe morphology of mandibular molars of the two proconsul species , proconsul major and proconsul africanus , from the tinderet region , kenya was analyzed . while the molar size variability within the tinderet p . major was slightly greater than those of local african ape subspecies , the shape variability was comparable . because the two proconsul species show some differences in cusp areal proportions , p . major is not just a larger p . africanus in molar morphology . napak specimens are generally similar to the tinderet p . major .\na systematic revision of proconsul with the description of a new genus of early miocene hominoid .\nproconsul africanus knm ru 7290 rusinga island , kenya 22 - 17 million years bp discovered by m . d . leakey , 1948 facsimile photo : don hitchcock 2013 source : western australian museum\ni just found a partial skull fossil of proconsul africanus . this is crazy ! ! ! ! ! i ' ll be tweeting more about the discover . stay tuned ! ! ! : )\nbelow are some of the still unanswered questions about au . africanus that may be answered with future discoveries :\nzwell , m . , and conroy , g . c . 1973 . multivariate analysis of the dryopithecus africanus forelimb .\nproconsul africanus natural history museum , london . knm ru 7920 . age about 18 million years . rusinga island , kenya . the original in kenya national museum , nairobi . photo : nrkpan permission : gnu free documentation license , version 1 . 2\ndart , r . , 1925 . australopithecus africanus . the man - ape of south africa . nature 115 , 195 - 199 .\n* 1 . lightly built skull , lacking crests * 2 . cerebrum larger than monkeys * 3 . typical ape dental characteristics including 5 cusps on all three mandibular molars * 4 . p . africanus is an arboreal quadruped , and not a knuckle - walker like modern apes . like monkeys , its legs and arms are equal in length * in other words , proconsul africanus has an ape - like skull on a more monkey - like body\nwork done on a . africanus has been more quantitative but has focused on comparing this taxon to paranthropus robustus rather than to extant hominoids . grine ( 71 ) found that a . africanus molars have lower incidences of pitting than seen for paranthropus . a . africanus scratches are also longer and narrower and show more homogeneity in orientation . grine argued that compared with the \u201crobust\u201d forms , a . africanus ate more soft fruits and leaves . comparisons with work from teaford ( 72 ) places a . africanus between cebus olivaceus on one hand and pan troglodytes on the other . work on a . africanus incisors has shown that this taxon has higher microwear feature densities on all surfaces examined than does paranthropus ( 17 ) . this suggests that a . africanus processed a greater variety of foods with its front teeth , including larger , more abrasive ones , than were encountered by paranthropus . comparisons with an extant baseline series examined by ungar ( 73 ) puts australopithecus between pongo pygmaeus and the seed predator / folivore presbytis thomasi in degree of anterior tooth use in ingestion .\n\u2026kenya , of the remains of proconsul africanus , a common ancestor of both humans and apes that lived about 25 million years ago . at fort ternan ( east of lake victoria ) in 1962 , leakey\u2019s team discovered the remains of kenyapithecus , another link between apes and early man that lived about 14 million\u2026\n\u2026she discovered the skull of proconsul africanus , an ancestor of both apes and early humans that lived about 25 million years ago . in 1959 at olduvai gorge , tanzania , she discovered the skull of an early hominin ( member of the human lineage ) that her husband named zinjanthropus , or \u201ceastern man , \u201d though\u2026\n\u00a91 this is a reconstruction of proconsul africanus ( cast ) , found at rusinga island , victoria lake , uganda . these primitive , medium sized apes lived in rain forests between 18 and 22 million years ago . this species and others such as dryopithecus existed before the hominid line diverged on the path to humans .\nau . africanus is currently the oldest known early human from southern africa . where did it come from ? was it a descendent of au . afarensis from eastern africa ?\nmchenry , h . , 1998 . body proportions in australopithecus afarensis and a . africanus and the origin of the genus homo . journal of human evolution 35 , 1 - 22 .\nmary leakey made her first big discovery in 1948 : she found a partial skull fossil of proconsul africanus , an ancestor of apes and humans that later evolved into the two distinct species . her find was truly remarkable ; the fossil , believed to be more than 18 million years old , was the first species of the primate genus to be discovered from the miocene era .\nwalker and his field crew struggled against extreme weather , wildlife , and locals who misunderstood their aims , yet they managed to relocate the old proconsul sites . to their astonishment , they found that the original skeleton site preserved the contents of an ancient hollow tree : skeletons of carnivore ' s prey that had been carried to its lair . at least one proconsul , then , was found in a tree . the team also found incredibly rich new sites , returning triumphantly to nairobi with an unprecedented ten new partial skeletons of proconsul . as a bonus , they collected hundreds of specimens of contemporary species - rhinos , pigs , carnivores , rodents , hyraxes , reptiles , plants , and trees . they had gathered fossil evidence of almost every aspect of the miocene community in which proconsul lived .\nname : proconsul \u202d ( \u202cbefore consul\u202d ) . phonetic : pro - con - sul . named by : arthur hopwood\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1933 . synonyms : kenyapithecus africanus , sivapithecus africanus , ugandapithecus , \u202d \u202cxenopithecus koruensis . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202cmammalia , \u202d \u202cprimates , \u202d \u202chominoidea , \u202d \u202cproconsulidae . species : p . \u202d \u202cafricanus\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cp . \u202d \u202cheseloni , \u202d \u202cp . \u202d \u202cmajor , \u202d \u202cp . \u202d \u202cnyanzae . \u202d \u202cp . \u202d \u202cgitongai and p . \u202d \u202cmeswae are sometimes mentioned . diet : herbivore , \u202d \u202cprobably a specialist frugivore . size : around\u202d \u202c1\u202d \u202cmeter tall , \u202d \u202cbut exact size depends upon the species . known locations : east africa . time period : late oligocene through to the end of the miocene . fossil representation : multiple individuals .\nproconsul bauplan , or body plan . proconsul , a tailless quadruped , lived some 18 million years ago in africa and is one of the best documented old world monkeys ( catarrhini ) of the miocene : thousands of fossil bone fragments have allowed reconstructions of its body proportions and mode of locomotion . while its status as a genuine early ape is disputed , proconsul represents a suitable model for the blueprint of an early hominoid . here , a montage of the skeleton and a lifelike reconstruction of a young female are shown . artist : unknown rephotography : don hitchcock 2015 source and text : vienna natural history museum , naturhistorisches museum wien\n. . . proconsul major was renamed in a new combination ugandapithecus major ( senut et al . 2000 ; pickford et al . 2009b ) . this is still a matter of debate today ( see for example harrison , 2010 and the more recent but misleading paper by mcnulty et al . 2015 ) . however , the differences between proconsul and ugandapithecus are evident not only in the dentognathic anatomy but also in the postcranial morphology . . . .\nthe anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .\nn2 - the anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .\nab - the anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .\nskeleton of the closely related species , proconsul nyanzae , now reclassified as ekembo nyanzae . photo : funkmonk permission : creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license . source : mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .\nproconsul heseloni , now reclassified as ekembo heseloni . knm - ru 7290 , rusinga island , kenya , circa 18 million years bp . photograph : don hitchcock 2015 source and text : facsimile , vienna natural history museum , naturhistorisches museum wien\nabstract =\nthe anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early miocene hominoid proconsul is described based on new material collected on rusinga island , kenya . these fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of proconsul is monkey - like in much of its morphology . however , the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist , particularly the ulnocarpal joint , is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids . thus the wrist of proconsul is neither monkey - like nor ape - like in its total morphology . instead , it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa .\n,\n\u00a91 australopithecus africanus is one of the many species of this genus that is believed to be ancestral to humanity . however , with the many species to be found , the exact sequence of species leading to humanity , has not yet been established .\nearly research focused on the question of whether proconsul was an ape or a monkey , but years of research on the wealth of proconsul material has shown us that this question is inappropriate . proconsul was a creature that lived soon after these two major lineages had split , and it has many characteristics in common with both apes and monkeys . for example , it did not have a tail like living apes , but it was a slow moving arboreal quadruped like many monkeys . it had a pattern of growth intermediate between modern apes and monkeys . it lived during a time in which there were many different species of early apes co - existing in eastern africa but only a few monkeys , a situation very different from modern times .\nproconsul africanus this is a beautifully made and finished facsimile from skulls unlimited , who are suppliers of first class specimens of this kind . they seem to make a special effort to be as accurate as possible , and the results are better than most museums . note that the original specimen they have made this facsimile from , the almost complete 1948 discovery by leakey , has been distorted during its time of burial by overlying sediments , as shown in the photo on the right . proconsul skull - proconsul existed between 14 and 23 million years ago during the miocene epoch . this species is one of the better represented early hominid species due to the numerous specimens that have been excavated . this specimen is based on the 1948 leaky discovery at victoria lake , kenya . specifications : class : fossil hominids order : fossil hominids family : fossil hominidae origin : lake victoria 23 - 14 mya diet : omnivore skull length : 13 cm ( 5 . 1 in ) photo and text : urltoken\nwalker a . ( 1997 ) proconsul . in : begun d . r . , ward c . v . , rose m . d . ( eds ) function , phylogeny , and fossils . advances in primatology . springer , boston , ma\nthese vertebrate from the spine of an australopithecus africanus individual show it walked upright in a way very similar to modern humans . the uniquely human curve of your lower back absorbs shock when you walk . this early human ' s spine had the same curve .\nthis book , written for the general public , details the history of one of the lesser known branches in our family tree . the subject is the genus proconsul , a primate that lived in africa some 18 million years ago during the miocene epoch .\nwalker and shipman point out that in order to best understand the place of proconsul in our history , we should accept it as an early ancestral ape , and then build upon this understanding to redefine our definition of what it means to be an ape .\nholloway responded to falk\u2019s reinterpretation of australopithecus africanus by reiterating the claims of a hominid anterior placement of the lunate sulcus which dart originally proposed . today the debate still goes on between falk and holloway . figures 6 and 7 compare the taung child with an indian child .\nthe genus proconsul was recognized over 60 years ago as the first miocene anthropoid from sub - saharan africa ( hopwood , 1933 ) . the collections of proconsul fossils have grown steadily since then , so that it is now probably the best - known miocene primate . we have hundreds of fossils of several species from many localities in kenya and uganda . nearly every body part is now represented and much is known about sexual dimorphism , body proportions , growth and development , and paleoecology . because of this , the functional anatomy of the genus is relatively well known .\nthroughout history there have been many great historical discoveries all around the world . the many contributions that mary leakey and her family have made to the archaeological field have changed how history was viewed forever . her discoveries such as the partial skull fossil of proconsul africanus , partial skull of zinjanthropus boisei , fossils of homo habilis , and one of her greatest discoveries in 1979 , a trail of early human footprints in laetoli . how could the discoveries of partial skulls , and footprints left in the mud millions of years ago possibly help future archeologist and historians ? why are they so important ?\n. . . noteworthy are the five pronounced ridges between the fovea anterior and the hypocone that are running from the lingual cingulum towards the tip of the protocone , the crista transversa anterior , and the crista obliqua . a very similar morphology we observe at molars of ekembo heseloni ( knm - ru 2036 ) and proconsul africanus ( bmnh 14084 ) ( walker et al . 1993 , hartwig 2002 , mcnulty et al . 2015 ) , both species being considerably older than the eppelsheim finds . the fovea posterior of epp 13 . 16 is well defined ; oval shaped and has as already mentioned no distal transverse ridge . . . .\nin the context of describing the discoveries of proconsul in the field and in the lab , walker and shipman are able to touch on many important topics in the field of paleoanthropology , including species recognition in the fossil record , classification methods such as cladistics , the principle of uniformitarianism , determining life history strategies in extinct animals , and reconstructing aspects of paleobiology such as diet and locomotion in extinct animals . they explain these complicated topics clearly , which gives insight to the lay reader into the intricacies of our field . proconsul is an interesting taxon on which to focus , as it lived during a time in which old world higher primates were diversifying .\nfigure 5 . a comparison of the taung child endocast with apes and man . a . frontal lobe of an ape . b . taung specimen ( a . africanus ) . c . frontal lobe of a human . the simplicity and what seems to show sulcal pattern shows that the taung resembles the chimpanzee . adapted from reference 5 .\nwhile some features of proconsul ( such as its teeth , long arms , mobile shoulder and elbow , gasping toes , lack of an ischial expansion on the hip ) were more similar to those of modern apes , other features were more similar to those of old world monkeys ( hip , length of the back , back mobility , narrow trunk , kneecaps , leg , and semicircular canals ) . analysis of the sacrum indicates that it lacked an external tail like all modern apes . proconsul probably weighed 25 - 30 pounds and was adapted for life in trees . its teeth suggest that it primarily depended on fruit rather than leaves ( walker , 2005 ; kingdon , 2003 ) .\nthus , gould recognized the distinct division between the australopithecus and homo habilis ( recognized by most anthropologists as advanced a . africanus ) and homo erectus . the former two are on the mammalian line , whereas the latter is grouped with modern man . thus according to bbrs creationists would divide the two groups into a general mammalian kind and a human kind .\nin the first part of the twentieth century , fossil teeth , jaws , a spectacular skull of proconsul found by mary leakey , and a stunning partial skeleton shaped anthropologists ' ideas of our distant past . in 1980 , when walker happened to recognize some misidentified bones from the well - known partial skeleton in the national museum of kenya in nairobi , the chance find set him on his own quest to unravel\n\u2018some of our early ancestors , who were smaller than humans today , had brains closer to the average for their size of all mammals \u2026 this is australopithecus africanus and later african homo habilis \u2026 . the more recent , homo erectus and modern homo sapiens have much larger brains than predicted by body weight alone . this indicates that we have evolved larger brains at an exceptional rate and apparently have reached new levels of intelligence . \u2019 13\ncomparisons with extant hominoids have shown that a . afarensis and a . africanus have relatively thick mandibular corpora ( 74 , 75 ) . the same pattern was also found for paranthropus boisei and p . robustus . fig . 5 shows mandibular robusticity index values for extant great apes , some miocene apes , and early australopithecines . the early hominids show relatively thicker mandibular corpora than extant great apes and miocene catarrhines , suggesting a morphological shift in the former .\nshearing crest studies have been conducted on early miocene african apes and middle to late miocene european apes . these studies suggest a considerable range of diets in these forms . for example , rangwapithecus and oreopithecus have relatively long shearing crests , suggesting folivory ; ouranopithecus has extremely short \u201ccrests , \u201d suggesting a hard - object specialization ; whereas most other miocene taxa studied , such as proconsul and dryopithecus , have the intermediate length crests of a frugivore ( 14 , 45 ) .\nin sum , then , the microwear suggests that , by the end of the miocene , hominoids had a wide range of diets . in contrast , a . afarensis probably focused on soft fruit but also began to incorporate into its diet abrasive , terrestrial resources that required incisal stripping . a . africanus may still have focused on soft fruit , particularly that which required a moderate amount of incisal preparation . clearly , considerably more work is needed on these and other early hominids to put together a reasonable picture of diet based on microwear evidence .\nfurther field work by the leakeys , and then by walker and colleagues , expanded the number of proconsul fossils significantly , and today it is one of the best known fossil primates . walker and shipman describe the details of field work , and tell many interesting stories of encounters with curious natives , inclement weather , and cantankerous equipment . they are careful to break up the serious discussions of science with stories that describe the personalities of their colleagues or that highlight the excitement of discoveries , which will surely help to keep the interest of the reader .\nas for the early hominids , a . africanus had more occlusal relief than did paranthropus robustus , suggesting a dietary difference between these species ( 30 ) . additional preliminary shearing quotient studies support this idea while reaffirming that the australopithecines , as a group , had relatively flat , blunt molar teeth and lacked the long shearing crests seen in some extant hominoids ( 28 ) . by itself , this indicates that the earliest hominids would have had difficulty breaking down tough , pliant foods , such as soft seed coats and the veins and stems of leaves\u2014although they probably were capable of processing buds , flowers , and shoots .\nthere have been many attempts to measure the cranial capacity of man and his cranial configuration in order to directly measure his mentality . from what is now known of modern man , there is no relationship between cranial capacity and intelligence . in fossil man and apes the endocranial casts show arteries and the general shape of the inner aspects of the skull , but not the sulci and gyri which are important . the key transitional fossils proconsul and australopithecus have been challenged by falk and his group who demonstrate affinities of these organisms by \u2018reading\u2019 the sulci , especially the lunate sulcus on the endocranial casts . their work is disputed and so one must conclude that cranial configuration studies need further research .\nthe discovery of the fore - limb bones of p . africanus is therefore an event of considerable moment , for they constitute the oldest and most complete skeleton of the hominoid fore - limb so far known . it is clear that these bones belong to one of the most significant periods of primate evolution ; a period when the generalized catarrhine stock was emerging from a prolonged phase of arboreal quadrupedalism with its limited opportunities for adaptive radiation and was entering upon a phase that would provide a diversity of environmental opportunity leading ultimately to the emergence of four distinct patterns of locomotion among the anthropoidea : ( 1 ) arboreal quadrupedalism , ( 2 ) terrestrial quadrupedalism , ( 3 ) brachiation , ( 4 ) terrestrial bipedalism .\nthe only exception is ardipithecus , which is more chimp - sized in the p 4 \u2013m 1 region , but intermediate between chimpanzees and orangutans in the m 2 \u2013m 3 region . again , interpretations of such differences are hampered by the lack of body size estimates for ardipithecus , but if a body size estimate of 51 kg is used for a . anamensis ( the average of the two different estimates based on the tibia ) ( 18 ) , mchenry ' s \u201cmegadontia quotient\u201d for this taxon is essentially identical to that for a . afarensis ( fig . 3 ) . in other words , its molars are large for a hominoid , but smaller than those of a . africanus or the \u201crobust\u201d australopithecines .\n. . . we are assuming that the fossil represents the modal morphology for that species ( although this assumption might not hold in the future as more specimens become available ) . the miocene ape taxa included in the asrs are ekembo nyanzae ( knm - mw 13142 ; ward , 1993 ; ward et al . , 1993 ; re - assigned from the genus proconsul ; mcnulty et al . , 2015 ) , nacholapithecus kerioi ( knm - bg 35250 ; ishida et al . , 2004 ; nakatsukasa et al . , 2007 ) , and oreopithecus bambolii ( igf 11778 ; # 50 ; schultz , 1960 ; straus , 1963 ) . e . nyanzae preserves five presacral vertebrae . . . .\na prime example of how controversial endocranial casts can be involves the study of australopithecus . the taung child , australopithecus africanus , was found in late 1924 . dart published a preliminary report of this find in nature . in his report he stated that taung was a human - like ape with features intermediate between living anthropoids and humans . he pointed out that the brain was large ( 525cc ) , but now estimated by endocranial cast as ( 405cc ) and claimed that its general structure was more human than ape . in particular , the lunate sulcus , a groove on the rear portion of the brain which demarcates the visual portion of the brain , occupied a posterior position , as in humans ( see figure 5 ) .\n. . . ekembo nyanzae ( knm - mw 13142 ) was positioned as a stem hominoid . ekembo ( including proconsul sensu stricto ) is almost universally found to be a stem hominoid ( begun et al . , 1997a , b ; ward et al . , 1997 ; alba et al . , 2015 ; mcnulty et al . , 2015 ) , although others interpret early miocene taxa be either stem catarrhines or sister taxa to hominoids ( rossie et al . , 2002 ; harrison , 2010 ) . the hiwegi formation from which the knm - mw 13142 skeleton derives is dated to 17 . 9 myr ( drake et al . , 1988 ) , and so this was selected as the tip date . . . .\nstudies of corpus shape in a . anamensis and ardipithecus ramidus will likely provide further clues regarding differences in mandibular architecture between great apes and later australopithecines . corpus robusticity indices for a . anamensis below m 1 average 53 . 5 ( m . leakey , personal communication ) . these values fall at the upper range for extant hominoids ( pan = 39 . 2\u201357 . 8 ; gorilla = 43 . 5\u201359 . 7 ; pongo = 35 . 7\u201352 . 0 ) and at the lower end of the range for later fossil hominids ( a . afarensis = 48 . 4\u201368 . 9 , a . africanus = 54 . 8\u201379 . 0 ) ( fig . 5 ) ( data from daegling and grine and lockwood et al . ) ( 75 , 85 ) .\nunfortunately , little is known about the microwear of early australopithecines . no microwear research has yet been published for either ardipithecus ramidus or a . anamensis , although there has been some done on a . afarensis and a . africanus . the work done on a . afarensis has been largely qualitative and focused on the anterior teeth , and it suggests that these hominids were beginning to exploit savanna resources ( 69 ) . furthermore , ryan and johanson ( 70 ) argued that a . afarensis had a mosaic of gorilla - like fine wear striae and baboon - like pits and microflakes , indicating the use of incisors to strip gritty plant parts such as seeds , roots , and rhizomes . these authors also suggested that there was a functional shift in the p 3 complex from ape - like slicing and cutting to hominid puncture - crushing .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\n( eds ciochon , r . & corruccini , r . ) 239\u2013248 ( plenum , new york , 1983 ) .\n( eds ciochon , r . & coruccini , r . ) 30 ( plenum , new york , 1983 ) .\n( eds armstrong , e & falk , d ) 57\u201376 ( plenum , new york , 1982 ) .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsolvieux - a large open - air site near gabillou in the l ' isle basin .\nrusinga island , lake victoria , kenya - panorama taken from the south - eastern direction . it was on this island that louis leakey made an especially complete find of\nis the first species of the oligocene - era fossil genus of primate to be discovered and was named by arthur hopwood , an associate of louis leakey , in 1933 .\nthe 18 - million - year - old fossil species has been considered a possible ancestor of both great and lesser apes , and of humans . the palaeontologist louis leakey , who was one of the foremost fossil - hunters of the 20th century and a champion of evolution , said :\n. this , many authorities once concluded , gave us an indication of the common stock for apes and men . we have good forelimb bones for it , and in 1948 on rusinga island louis [ leakey ] discovered a skull , the first nearly complete specimen ever found . its canine teeth suggest an ape ' s , while its forehead reminds us of our own . it seems to me , however , to be neither an ancestral ape , nor yet an ancestor of man , but a side branch with characteristics of both stocks . '\n, as did most other palaeontologists . opinion currently favours a position between the monkeys and the apes .\nskull , shown here , was found in 1948 . additional pieces found in museum collections more than 30 years later glued on perfectly .\n( walker is probably best known for having found the nariokotome boy , a 1 . 7 - million - year - old specimen of\nfossils since his graduate - school days ; his wife pat shipman , is an anthropologist and celebrated science writer . together they have crafted a compelling and accessible narrative that educates and fascinates . both authors are faculty members at penn state university , where walker is distinguished professor of anthropology and biology and shipman is adjunct professor of anthropology .\nhe began by ' excavating ' in the museum , turning up still more pieces of the famous skeleton in the collections . then he moved on to field work , leading an expedition to remote rusinga and mfangano islands in lake victoria , where early finds had been made .\nvan den bergh g . et al . , 2016 : homo floresiensis - like fossils from the early middle pleistocene of flores , nature , 534 ( 7606 ) : 245\u2013248 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature17999 . pmid 27279221 .\nthe ' ape to man ' evolutionary image is a fraud . ( creation magazine live ! 6 - 10 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nthe skull is the first species of the primate genus to be discovered from the miocene era . # firstbigdicovery # 1948\nduring an exclusive interview with the today show , robin wright , michael kelly and constance zimmer opened up about the sexual assault controversy surrounding former co - star kevin spacey .\nwe were all surprised , of course , and ultimately saddened ,\nwright told today show host savannah guthrie .\ncostco is cutting the polish hot dog from the menu in its food courts across the united states and fans are furious . the polish dog is being cut to make room for more healthy and vegan options , such as a\u00e7ai fruit bowls and organic burgers .\nprince william and kate , the duchess of cambridge , attended the baptism of their third child on monday afternoon .\nmusk and his team of engineers built the 31cm ( 12 . 2 inches ) diameter escape pod and tested it in a swimming pool before shipping it to thailand . he hopes the pod will help rescue the boys still trapped in the tham luang cave .\nmoment activity data is only valid for moments created after december 23rd 2016 . data is updated hourly .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\n, with a combination of human - like and ape - like features . compared to\nhousing a larger brain and smaller teeth , but it also had some ape - like features including relatively long arms and a strongly sloping face that juts out from underneath the braincase with a pronounced jaw . like\nhumans occurred in africa . after prof . raymond dart described it and named the\nfossils come from . he dubbed this fossil\nlittle foot\n, and has since found that it comes from a 3 . 3 - million - year - old partial skeleton , most of which is still embedded in the cave sediments . when this fossil is completely excavated , it will shed light on several questions about this species ( if it is designated as an\nberger , l . r . , clarke , r . j . , 1995 . eagle involvement of the taung child fauna . journal of human\nlacruz , r . s . , rozzi , f . r , bromage , t . g . , , 2005 . dental enamel hypoplasia , age at death , and weaning in the taung child . south african journal of science 101 , 567 - 569 .\nscott , r . s . , ungar , p . s . , bergstrom , t . s . , brown , c . a . , grine , f . e , teaford , m . f . , walker , a . , 2005 . dental microwear texture analysis shows within -\nwere found alongside broken animal bones . dart assumed these broken animal bones , teeth and horns were used by\nas weapons ; however , in the 1970s and 1980s , other scientists began to recognize that predators such as lions , leopards , and hyenas were instead responsible for leaving these broken animal bones . these predators even ate\nindividuals had a diet similar to modern chimpanzees , which consisted of fruit , plants , nuts , seeds , roots , insects , and eggs .\nmay have eaten from looking at the remains of their teeth - - - tooth - size , shape , and tooth - wear can all provide diet clues .\nate tough foods but also had a very variable diet including softer fruits and plants .\nwas once considered a \u201ckiller ape . \u201d now we know they were sometimes eaten by predators . living together in groups helped these early humans protect themselves . want to find out how this\nthis 3 - year - old child ' s skull is the first early human skull ever discovered in africa . it was found in 1924 , but it took over 20 years after that before scientists accepted the importance of africa as a major source of human\n, although not the first to find this species , is the first to find a very intact skull ; unlike others that were only pieces beforehand . this 18 - million year old species discovery is very important to the overall understanding of the evolution of man . at first thought to be possible ancestor of both apes , and of humans , it was later proved not to be the case at all . the leakey expedition later found that\nseems , \u201c\u2026to be neither an ancestral ape , nor yet an ancestor of man , but a side branch with characteristics of both stocks\u2026\u201d with this hypothesis more was discovered and added to the overall theories about the evolution of man . however over the years the exact placement of\nis a historic find as well . this species was discovered to be the first hominin species to use stone tools . this was just another piece to the larger picture of the evolution of mankind , and without it we would not know what we know today .\nthe amazing discovery of a set of footprints preserved and fossilized some 3 to 3 . 5 million years ago , was by far the greatest discovery that mary leakey had throughout her life . these footprints were not only an amazing discovery due to how well they were preserved , but because they left evidence of the passage of what appeared to be an upright ,\n. along with those reasons for its greatness , this find made it so that the very theories written at the time about the evolution of man , had to be revised ! these footprints showed that this species may have prevented brain expansion down the line of evolution .\nmary leakey , along with her family left behind a legacy of great archeological finds that helped to better understand the world we live in today . dying in 1996 at the age of eighty - three , leakey left behind her legacy , that her sons , and other family members continue to carry out today .\n\u201cno amounts of stone and bone could yield the kinds of information that the paintings gave so freely . \u201d\nmary leakey was a paleoanthropologist who , along with husband louis , made several prominent scientific discoveries . skull fossils found by the leakeys advanced our understanding of human evolution .\nmary leakey was born on february 6 , 1913 , in london , england . she married louis leakey and the pair soon became one of science & apos ; s best - known husband - wife teams . among several prominent archaelogical and anthropological discoveries , the leakeys discovered a skull fossil of an ancestor of apes and humans while excavating the olduvai gorge in africa in 1960\u2014a find that helped to illuminate the origins of humankind . mary continued working after her husband & apos ; s death . she died in kenya in 1996 .\nmary douglas leakey was a paleoanthropologist who is best known for making several prominent archaeological and anthropological discoveries throughout the latter half of the 20th century . working with husband louis leakey , her longtime colleague , she uncovered a number of fossils in africa , which significantly advanced scientific knowledge of the origins of humankind .\nmary leakey was born mary douglas nicol on february 6 , 1913 , in london , england . the daughter of an artist , at a young age , leakey excelled at drawing\u2014a talent that she later used to enter into the field of paleoanthropology . when she was just 17 years old , she served as an illustrator at a dig in england .\nin the 1930s , mary leakey was asked to illustrate a book entitled adam & apos ; s ancestors ( 1934 ) , authored by louis s . b . leakey , an archaeologist and anthropologist . the pair hit it off quickly and soon developed a personal relationship . they married in 1937 , forming one of science & apos ; s most well - known husband - wife teams . the couple moved to africa when louis embarked on an excavation project at the olduvai gorge , a steep ravine in what is now tanzania , east africa .\nmary leakey further helped to unravel mystery surrounding the origins of humankind with her 1959 find : that july , while louis was resting , recovering from a bout of the flu , mary discovered the partial skull of an early human ancestor . early analyses of the artifact\u2014initially named zinjanthropus boisei after louis leakey & apos ; s financial sponsor , charles boysey ( now known as australopithecus boisei ) \u2014showed that this species was equipped with a small brain but massive teeth and jaws , and muscles so large they had to be anchored to a ridge at the top of the skull . it was later determined that zinjanthropus boisei was nearly 2 million years old , showing how long the species had been in africa .\nin 1960 , the leakey team made its next major discovery : fossils of homo habilis , a species that is believed to be between 1 . 4 and 2 . 3 million years old , and to have originated during the gelasian pleistocene period . their find also provided evidence that the species were adept in making stone tools\u2014making them the earliest known experts in that field .\nafter louis leakey died in 1972 , mary continued to research and hunt for fossils . nearly two decades after finding homo habilis , in 1979 , she discovered a trail of early human footprints at laetoli , a site in tanzania . the find was the first in the history of science to provide direct evidence of physical activity by humankind & apos ; s apelike ancestors , changing previously held assumptions about primates .\nthroughout her decades - long career as a paleoanthropologist , mary leakey & apos ; s projects were funded in part by the national geographic society , through dozens of grants . she chronicled her experiences in the 1979 book olduvai gorge : my search for early man , as well as in her 1984 autobiography disclosing the past .\nmary leakey died on december 9 , 1996 , in nairobi , kenya . she was survived by three sons ( from husband louis leakey ) : richard , jonathan and philip . today , mary leakey & apos ; s work continues through both the leakey foundation and the younger generations of the leakey family : richard leakey , his wife , meave , and their daughter , louise , play active roles in carrying on the family legacy .\nwe strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !\na member of the austrian habsburg royal family , marie louise married emperor napoleon bonaparte and became the mother of his son , napoleon ii .\nreality television star and\nmomager\nkris jenner appears on keeping up with the kardashians with her husband and daughters kim , kourtney and khlo\u00e9 .\non this day in 1587 , mary , queen of scots was executed by her cousin , queen elizabeth i . the queen of england had imprisoned mary for the previous 18 years after she\u2019d fled scotland . elizabeth signed mary\u2019s death warrant after finding out that catholics had been plotting to assassinate her to restore mary to power .\nmamie eisenhower was first lady of the united states when her husband , dwight eisenhower , was president from 1953 to 1961 .\nmaria tallchief was a revolutionary american ballerina who broke barriers for native american women .\nthe artist elisabeth louise vig\u00e9e le brun was one of the best - known and most fashionable portraitists of 18th century france ; her clients included the queen marie antoinette .\nsaint katharine drexel used her personal fortune to fund schools for native americans and african americans . she was canonized in 2000 .\nmary tudor was the first queen regnant of england , reigning from 1553 until her death in 1558 . she is best known for her religious persecutions of protestants and the executions of over 300 subjects .\n\u00a9 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .\n( knm - ru 2036 ) , discovered in 1951 from the early miocene deposits of rusinga island , kenya . napier and davis ( 1959 , p . 1 ) describe the importance of the fossil :\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nblackith , r . e . , and reyment , r . a . 1971 .\nconroy , g . c . , and fleagle , j . g . 1972 . locomotor behavior in living fossil pongids .\ncorruccini , r . s . , ciochon , r . l . , and mchenry , h . m . 1975 . osteometric shape relationships in the wrist of some anthropoids .\ncorruccini , r . s . , ciochon , r . l . , and mchenry , h . m . 1976 . the postcranium of miocene hominoids : were dryopithecines merely \u201cdental apes\u201d ?\njenkins , f . a . , jr . , and fleagle , j . g .\nle gros clark , w . e . , and leakey , l . s . b . the miocene hominoidea of east africa .\nle gros clark , w . e . , and thomas , d . p . 1951 .\nlewis , o . j . 1971 . brachiation and the early evolution of the hominoidea .\nlewis , o . j . 1973 . the hominoid os capitatum with special reference to the bones from sterkfontein and olduvai gorge .\nnapier , j . r . , and davis , p . r . 1959 . the forelimb skeleton and associated remains of\no\u2019connor , b . l . 1975 . the functional morphology of the cercopithecoid wrist and inferior radioulnar joints , and their bearing on some problems in the evolution of the hominoidea . am .\npilbeam , d . r . , meyer , g . e . , badgley , c . , rose , m . d . , pickford , m . h . l . , behrensmeyer , a . k . , and shah , s . m . i . 1977 . new hominoid primates from the siwaliks of pakistan and their bearing on hominoid evolution .\npilbeam , d . r . , rose , m . d . , badgley , c . , and lipschutz , b . 1980 . miocene hominoids from pakistan .\n( m . day , ed . ) , pp . 13\u201346 , symposium of the society for the study of human biology , volume 11 , barnes and noble , new york .\nsarich , v . m . , and cronin , j . e . 1977 . molecular systematics of the primates , in :\n( m . goodman and r . e . tashian , eds . ) , pp . 141\u2013170 , plenum , new york .\nsch\u00f6n , m . a . , and ziemer , l . k . 1973 . wrist mechanism and locomotor behavior of"]}
{"id": 1258, "summary": [{"text": "lichenaula neboissi is a moth in the xyloryctidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by f.g. neumann in 1970 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on pinus radiata . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lichenaula neboissi", "paragraphs": ["lichenaula neboissi , xyloryctid moth , dorsal view . holotype . registration no . t 4180 .\nlichenaula neboissi f . g . neumann , 1970 . [ nomen nudum ? ] . holotype nmv \u2642 ballarat , victoria .\nlichenaula melanoleuca turner , 1898 , the xyloryctidae of queensland . annals of the queensland museum 4 : 1\u201332 [ 19 ] . holotype anic \u2640 , ballandean , qld .\nlichenaula melanoleuca turn . tillyard , 1926 , insects of australia and new zealand . sydney , angus & robertson , 1 - 560 . ( 425 , pl . 28 , fig . 38 ) .\nof smaller species we may mention . . . lichenaula melanoleuca turn . ( pl . 28 , fig . 38 ) , with forewings a patchwork of black and white . ( tillyard , 1926 ) .\nlichenaula onychotypa turner , 1939 . a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , 1938 : 57\u2013115 [ 85 ] . holotype anic \u2642 , hobart , tas .\nplease tell us how you intend to reuse this image . this will help us to understand what\u2019s popular and why so that we can continue to improve access to the collections .\nwhat\u2019s your intended use for this image ? please select an option scholarly or professional research for school , university , etc . personal or community research make a print for home to use in a blog or website publishing in a book make something else interesting could you please tell us more ? submit\nmuseums victoria supports and encourages public access to our collection by offering image downloads for reuse . images marked as public domain have , to the best of museums victoria\u2019s knowledge , no copyright or intellectual property rights that would restrict their free download and reuse . images marked with a creative commons ( cc ) license may be downloaded and reused in accordance with the conditions of the relevant cc license . please acknowledge museums victoria and cite the url for the image so that others can also find it .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\ncommon , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 88 ] .\nbeccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication .\naustralian capital territory , new south wales , south australia , tasmania , victoria , western australia . endemic .\ncommon , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .\nn . sp . female , 15 mm . forewings with vein 7 to apex . head and face white . palpi white , base of second , base and apex of terminal joint blackish . antennae blackish ; basal joint white . thorax white , with a transverse black band anteriorly . abdomen grey . legs whitish , anterior pair infuscated . forewings elongate , costa gently arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; blackish - fuscous with white markings ; base narrowly white ; an outwardly oblique , irregularly outlined fascia from costa at 1 / 6 to inner - margin at \u00bc ; a large white spot on costa at 2 / 5 not reaching fold ; another on costa at 2 / 3 ; a similar spot in disc at 2 / 3 confluent with the preceding ; a smaller spot below centre of disc ; a fifth spot at anal angle ; and two minute dots at and before apex of costa ; cilia whitish , bases blackish - fuscous except opposite costal dots and anal angle . hindwings and cilia grey .\nballandean ( 2 , 500 feet ) , near wallangarra : one specimen in february .\nmany of the caterpillars of this family bore into timber , hence their common name : timber moths .\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 13 )"]}
{"id": 1259, "summary": [{"text": "liobagrus aequilabris is a species of catfish in the amblycipitidae family ( the torrent catfishes ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species is endemic to china , where it is only known from the xiang river , a tributary of the yangtze river , in guangxi province , but may also be present in the li river , a tributary of the pearl river , due to the presence of the lingqu canal connecting the xiang and li rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "l. aequilabris reaches a length of 6.2 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it differs from other members of its genus in lacking large , retrorse serrations on the posterior edge of the pectoral-fin spine , having upper and lower jaws of equal length , relatively long dorsal ( 7.5-10.2 % of sl ) and pectoral-fin ( 9.1-12.1 % of sl ) spines , a relatively long caudal fin ( 20.1-26.9 % of sl ) , and relatively few post-weberian vertebrae ( 35-37 ) . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "liobagrus aequilabris", "paragraphs": ["liobagrus aequilabris is named after the equally long upper and lower jaws ( from the latin aequalis , meaning equal , and labrum , meaning lip ) . more\nliobagrus aequilabris wright & ng , 2008 - add this species to your\nmy cats\npage . common name ( s ) none type locality xiangjiang at jieshou , 25\u00b043 ' n , 110\u00b045 ' e , xingan prefecturem guangxi province , china . more\nwright , j . j . and h . h . ng , 2008 . a new species of liobagrus ( siluriformes : amblycipitidae ) from southern china . proc . acad . nat . sci . phil . vol . 157 : 37 - 43 . ( ref . 78431 )\ngreek , leio = smooth + mozarabic bagre , greek , pagros = a kind of fish ( dentex sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 78431 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01230 ( 0 . 00405 - 0 . 03734 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nxiangjiang at jieshou , 25\u00b043 ' n , 110\u00b045 ' e , xingan prefecturem guangxi province , china .\nfrom the greek , leios , meaning smooth , and bagrus , a name usually used for catfishes ; in reference to the smooth head .\n62mm or 2 . 4\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nsaurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\npareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nhucho bleekeri kimura , 1934\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1261, "summary": [{"text": "hexaplex trunculus ( also known as murex trunculus , phyllonotus trunculus , or the banded dye-murex ) is a medium-sized species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex shells or rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is known in the fossil record from the pliocene to the quaternary period ( age range : from 3.6 to 0.012 million years ago ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "fossil shells within this genus have been found in morocco , italy , and spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species of sea snail is important historically because its hypobranchial gland secretes a mucus that most ancient peoples of the mediterranean from the minoans to the ancient canaanites/phoenicians and classical greeks used as a distinctive purple-blue indigo dye .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "one of the dye 's main chemical ingredients is dibromo-indigotin , and if left in the sun for a few minutes before becoming fast , its color turns to a blue indigo ( like the dye used in blue jeans ) . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "hexaplex trunculus", "paragraphs": ["jeff holmes set\nimage of hexaplex trunculus\nas an exemplar on\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nnutrient composition of the marine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) from the tunisian mediterranean coasts .\nhexaplex trunculus snail ( cc by 3 . 0 by h krisp via wikimedia commons )\nbanded dye - murex ( hexaplex trunculus ) was the most important component of the purple dye production .\ncoastal coal pollution increases cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health .\nnutrient composition of the marine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) from the tunisian mediterranean coasts . - pubmed - ncbi\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\ncorneta\nto\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\ncorna\nto\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nlimited effectiveness of marine protected areas : imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) populations from italian marine reserves .\nbelongs to hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) according to b . landau et al . 2007\nhexaplex trunculus . ( a ) , hexaplex trunculus , the shell has been removed in the posterieur side but the mantle is intact , marine snail sagittale section showing the hepatopancreas in the posterieur side . ( b ) , hexaplex trunculus hepatopancreas showing the epithelium of the digestive diverticula displaying the small lumen and the interstitial tissue . sections were stained with eosine and hematoxyline .\neduard sol\u00e0 added the catalan common name\ncorn de tap\nto\nhexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\ncoastal coal pollution increases cd concentrations in the predatory gastropod hexaplex trunculus and is detrimental to its health . - pubmed - ncbi\nhexaplex trunculus in his doctoral thesis ( london , 1913 ) on the subject , rabbi herzog named hexaplex trunculus ( then known by the name\nmurex trunculus\n) as the most likely candidate for the dye ' s source . though hexaplex trunculus fulfilled many of the talmudic criteria , rabbi herzog ' s inability to consistently obtain blue dye ( sometimes the dye was purple ) from the snail precluded him from declaring it to be the dye source .\nlimited effectiveness of marine protected areas : imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) populations from italian marine reserves . - pubmed - ncbi\ndye made from fresh hexaplex , a similar species . kanold / wikimedia commons cc - by 30\nlahbib , y . , boumaiza , m . , and trigui el menif , n . , imposex expression in hexaplex trunculus from the north tunis lake transplanted to bizerta channel ( tunisia ) ,\ngharsallah , i . h . , vasconcelos , p . , zamouri - langar , n . , et al . , reproductive cycle and biochemical composition of hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) from bizerte lagoon ,\njanthina within his doctoral research on the subject of tekhelet , herzog placed great hopes on demonstrating that hexaplex trunculus was the genuine snail \u1e25illazon . however , having failed to consistently achieve blue dye from hexaplex trunculus , he wrote : \u201cif for the present all hope is to be abandoned of rediscovering the \u1e25illazon shel tekhelet in some species of the genera murex ( now\nhexaplex\n) and purpura we could do worse than suggest janthina as a not improbable identification\u201d . although blue dye has in the meantime been obtained from hexaplex trunculus snail , in 2002 dr . s . w . kaplan of rehovot , israel , sought to investigate herzog ' s suggestion that tekhelet came from the extract of janthina . after fifteen years of research he concluded that janthina was not the ancient source of the blue dye .\nterlizzi a , geraci s , minganti v ( 1998 ) tributyltin ( tbt ) pollution in the coastal waters of italy as indicated by imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda , muricidae ) . mar pollut bull 36 : 749\u2013752\nlahbib y , abidli s , chiffoleau jf , averty b , trigui el menif n ( 2009 ) first record of butyltin body burden and imposex status in hexaplex trunculus from the tunisian coast . j environ monit 11 : 1253\u20131258\naxiak v , vella aj , micallef d , chircop p , mintoff b ( 1995 ) imposex in hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) : first results from biomonitoring of tributyltin contamination in the mediterranean . mar biol 121 : 685\u2013691\nthe phoenicians also made a deep blue or indigo - colored dye from another species of marine snail closely related to for means brandaris . this snail , hexaplex trunculus , was found off the coast of morocco and produced a rather blueish color .\nhowever , talmudic researcher ben zion rosenberg contends that there is not enough evidence supporting hexaplex trunculus as the source for tekhelet . he further claims that the proponents of the murex as tekhelet twist the religious texts , at times ' almost beyond recognition ' .\nelhasni , kamel vasconcelos , paulo ghorbel , mohamed and jarboui , othman 2018 . comparison of weight - length relationships and relative growth between intertidal and offshore populations of hexaplex trunculus ( gastropoda : muricidae ) from the gulf of gab\u00e8s ( southern tunisia ) . biologia ,\n( of hexaplex ( trunculariopsis ) trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) merle d . , garrigues b . & pointier j . - p . ( 2011 ) fossil and recent muricidae of the world . part muricinae . hackenheim : conchbooks . 648 pp . [ details ]\nhexaplex trunculus . it sounds like a harry potter spell , although there\u2019s nothing particularly magical about this species of sea snail common in the warm waters of the mediterranean sea . still , these tiny purplish mollusks are an important piece of an enormous puzzle that\u2019s been perplexing carl knappett for years .\nspanier , e . , behavioral ecology of the marine snail trunculariopsis ( murex ) trunculus . in\nanother talmudic scholar cross referenced his ancient religious text with modern malacology texts and concluded that the chilazon was actually hexaplex trunculus , a murex snail which is a close relative of murex brandaris ( the source of tyrian purple ) . the dye which he created from the secretions of hexaplex trunculus was also purple and thus did not seem to fit the bill . only with the help of a chemist in the 1980s was it determined that the proper blue color could be obtained by exposing a solution of the snail slime dye to sunlight . so if you are an orthodox jew ( or a high priest of the temple ) you might want to look into getting some tekhelet clothing .\nmarine snail ( hexaplex trunculus ) presents increasing nutritional , commercial and economical importance , being widely consumed in northern africa , particularly in mediterranean countries . from a nutritional point of view there is still limited information on the chemical composition of edible tissues ( meat and hepatopancreas ) of this species . therefore , the aims of the present work were to study the proximate chemical composition , fatty acid and amino acid profiles of h . trunculus from the tunisian mediterranean coasts .\nelhasni , k vasconcelos , p dhieb , k el lakhrach , h ghorbel , m and jarboui , o 2017 . distribution , abundance and population structure of hexaplex trunculus and bolinus brandaris ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in offshore areas of the gulf of gab\u00e8s , southern tunisia . african journal of marine science , vol . 39 , issue . 1 , p . 69 .\nthe ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas was described in some opisthobranchs [ 27 - 30 , 24 ] , but such studies were never carried out on neogastropoda , which includes the genus hexaplex . to enlarge our knowledge about these marine molluscs , the structure and function of the digestive gland of the gastropod mollusc , h . trunculus , was investigated through electron microscopy analyses and immunohistochemistry .\nhexaplex trunculus cryostat tissue sections ( \u00d7 400 ) through digestive diverticula . frozen 4 \u03bcm sections from h . trunculus hepatopancreas were used for control experiments ( without pabs anti - msdpla 2 ) and stained with eosine and hematoxyline for genral morphology . no labeling was observed without pabs anti - msdpla 2 . ( a and b ) overall view of a control section of the digestive diverticula at low magnification ( 100\u00d7 ) . ( c and d ) enlarged view of the digestive diverticula sectioned longitudinally ( 400\u00d7 ) .\nmorphological and functional correlates with distribution of murex trunculus l . and murex brandaris l . ( mollusca , gastropoda ) in the northern adriatic\nprofessor hoffman extracts the hypobranchial gland from the murex trunculus snail . this was the source of then ancient blue dye known as tekhelet .\nin the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus , digestive cells can also be distinguished by size and electron - density of vesicles in their cytoplasm .\npottery sherds stained with purple dye were found in the excavations at tel shiqmona , and were dated to the iron age ii period . analysis by hplc - dad identified the dye as \u2018true purple\u2019 , derived from the hexaplex trunculus sea snail , which is associated with the purple - dye industry that flourished in the coastal area at that time . this result is compatible with the classification of over 1000 . . . [ show full abstract ]\n( of murex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus contrarius dautzenberg , 1914 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nin this article we shall focus on the chemical and chromatographic analyses that were used in the study of three textiles that were found in a cave in wadi murabba ' at , the judean desert . the textiles date to the roman period , and were dyed with a prestigious purple dye . high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) identified the murex sea snail hexaplex trunculus as a source of dye for the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe muricidae family of snails includes about 1 , 000 species , which represent a diverse and important component of marine communities [ 1 ] . the banded murex , hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , is found in the mediterranean sea and adjacent atlantic ocean from the portuguese coast , southward to morocco and to the madeira and canary islands [ 2 ] and [ 3 ] . this specie is a commercially important marine snail in the mediterranean coasts .\n( of murex trunculus var . adusta monterosato , 1880 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . bulo coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . purpurifera coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . mixta bed\u00e9 , 1903 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . curvispina segre , 1954 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . pseudorudis segre , 1954 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . turritana segre , 1952 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . spinosa coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . minor bellini , 1929 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . aestuari franceschini , 1906 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwhat i don ' t understand is that if hilozon is murex trunculus why the practice of making tcheles stopped . wasn ' t this snail always around ?\nknappett and his team of researchers , which includes specialists in botanical , faunal and marine remains , have been excavating at palaikastro , the site of a minoan harbour town on the island of crete that dates back to 1700 bce . recently , they uncovered a deposit of more than 10 , 000 hexaplex trunculus shells . in ancient times , they would have been used to create a purple - blue indigo dye . ( the dye is even mentioned in the hebrew bible . )\nmurex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\nmurex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ( not available , published in a work which does not consistently use binominal nomenclature ( iczn art . 11 . 4 ) )\n( of murex trunculus var . ritisus de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . sbirsa de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . zinga de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . aspirta de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . pulta de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . escius de gregorio , 1885 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthis article presents three prestigious textiles dyed with murex shellfish , which were found in the murabba ' at caves in the judean desert and are dated to the roman period . the textiles were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) . the results of the analysis indicate that one textile was dyed using hexaplex trunculus and its color tends to blue - greenish ; apparently , the dye solution was exposed to the sun during the dyeing process . the other two textiles underwent a double dyeing process using the hexaplex trunculus and the armenian cochineal insect dye in order to give the fabric a reddish purple color , which was indicative of high status . such a combination has not been reported in the results of dye analysis of ancient israel textiles . furthermore , these finds are unusual and unique in light of discoveries of other textiles from israel dated to the roman period . according to the dye analysis and tests of different aspects of the purple textiles , we propose the origin of the textiles .\nthe anatomy and the histology of the molluscs digestive system have been previously studied . however , the knowledge of the ultrastructure and the physiology of the h . trunculus digestive system remain unknown ( poor ) . in this histologic study , the ultrastructure of digestive cells of h . trunculus was investigated by electron microscopy transmission and immunoflourescence .\n( of murex trunculus var . tetragona stalio in coen , 1933 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . gelertus de gregorio , 1885 \u2020 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . multinodosa sandri & danilo , 1856 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . subtruncula d ' orbigny , 1847 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nof course murex trunculus is the animal from which techeleth is made . if only they could get more approvals by leading rabbanim , they would be able to mass market it .\nthis study suggests that h . trunculus is an important source of protein and essential amino acids . furthermore , the snail lipidic fraction contains high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids benefical for human health .\nknappett is the co - director of the palaikastro project and the walter graham / homer thompson chair in aegean prehistory in the department of art . he is studying the urbanization of minoan crete during the aegean bronze age . why did the minoans choose to settle in some locations and not others ? what impact did they have on the landscape ? in what ways were local resources exploited and how did this change over time ? \u201cwe can observe the process of urbanization through features like monumental architecture , planned streets and sewers , as well as changes in agriculture and the landscape , \u201d says knappett . this is where the hexaplex trunculus comes in .\nin the 1980s , otto elsner , a chemist from the shenkar college of fibers in israel , discovered that if a solution of the dye was exposed to ultraviolet rays , such as from sunlight , blue instead of purple was consistently produced . in 1988 , rabbi eliyahu tavger dyed tekhelet from h . trunculus for the mitzvah ( commandment ) of tzitzit for the first time in recent history . based on this work , four years later , the ptil tekhelet organization was founded to educate about the dye production process , and to make the dye available for all who desire to use it . the television show the naked archaeologist interviews an israeli scientist who also makes the claim that this mollusk is the correct animal . a demonstration of the production of the blue dye using sunlight to produce the blue color is shown . the dye is extracted from the hypobranchial gland of hexaplex trunculus snails .\nthe deep purple color seems to have been achieved by dipping the cloth first into the deep indigo dye made from the hexaplex trunculus , and then into the reddish - purple color produced by the bolinus brandaris . all of this complex processing made the cost of this dye , and the cloth on which it was used , exorbitantly expensive . so the color became the preserve of royalty or the exceptionally wealthy . this belief , that purple belonged to the well - to - do , permeated the ancient world and included rome and egypt , as well as persia . as it was believed that the kings of the ancient world were descended from gods , purple also came to be associated with the divine and with holiness .\n( of murex trunculus var . spinosa coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . purpurifera coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . bulo coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . tetragona stalio in coen , 1933 ) coen g . ( 1933 ) . saggio di una sylloge molluscorum adriaticorum . memorie del regio comitato talassografico italiano 192 : pp . i - vii , 1 - 186 [ details ]\nmorphological studies of species with wide distribution range and high commercial value , such as the banded murex hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , provide information on stock structure , which is the basis for understanding fish population dynamics and enable resource assessment for fisheries management . in the present study , we examined morphological variation among atlantic and mediterranean populations of h . trunculus using multivariate analysis . our results supported the existence of four distinguishable stocks ( atlantic , alboran , western mediterranean and eastern mediterranean ) , correctly classified 71 . 7 % of specimens , and indicated significant degrees of variation in morphometric characteristics between regions . examination of the contribution of each morphometric variable to the principal components and canonical functions indicated that differences among samples seemed to be associated with the shell and aperture length and width . samples from the atlantic ocean and the alboran sea had the largest shell size and the greatest morphometric divergence . this strong morphometric differentiation appears to be associated with local environmental factors ( exposure on the rocky shores , food availability and predation ) and oceanographic current barriers .\n( of phyllonotus trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) salas , c . ; luque , a . a . ( 1986 ) . contribuicion al conocimento de los moluscos marinos de la isla de alboran . iberus . 6 : 29 - 37 . [ details ]\ngharbi - bouraoui s , gnassia - barelli m , rom\u00e9o m , dellali m , a\u00efssa p ( 2008 ) field study of metal concentrations and biomarker response in the neogastropod , murex trunculus , from bizerta lagoon ( tunisia ) . aqua liv res 21 : 213\u2013220\n( of murex trunculus var . pagodula pallary , 1903 ) pallary p . ( 1903 ) . addition \u00e0 la faune conchyliologique de la m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e . annales du mus\u00e9e de marseille , 8 : 1 - 16 , pl . 1 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trunculariopsis trunculus adriaticus nordsieck , 1968 ) nordsieck f . ( 1968 ) . die europ\u00e4ischen meeres - geh\u00e4useschnecken ( prosobranchia ) . vom eismeer bis kapverden und mittelmeer . gustav fischer , stuttgart viii + 273 pp : page ( s ) : 115 [ details ]\nthe cellular location of msdpla 2 suggests that intracellular phospholipids digestion , like other food components digestion of snail diet , occurs in these digestive cells . the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus has been pointed out as the main region for digestion , absorption and storage of lipids .\nthe thorough involvement of the hepatopancrea of h . trunculus in secretion , digestion and , metabolism absorption was evidenced by the decondensed aspect of nuclear chromatin , presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum , golgi complex region , lysosomes , vesicles and cytoplasmic inclusions in the digestive cells . the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus has been pointed out as the main region for digestion and absorption . the cytoplasm of digestive cells contain granules similar to hemozoin , vesicles with protein content and lipid droplets , indicating the possible function in digestion , absorption , and storage of lipids .\nthe second version was opined by rabbi isaac herzog ( 1889 \u2013 1959 ) to be an extract from the murex trunculus snail and has been researched by a number of scientists since rabbi herzog\u2019s 1913 doctoral thesis on the subject . the ptil tekhelet organization produces this version of techelet for general consumption .\n( of murex trunculus luridus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus minordepressus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus dupliaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus aculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus pseudopagodulus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus isolanus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multivaricosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bucculentus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus messapianus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus crassiaculeatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus multituberculatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus bifidus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus longispinosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus orirotundatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus ibericus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus longicaudatus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus varicosus settepassi , 1970 ) settepassi f . ( 1970 ) . atlante malacologico dei molluschi marini viventi nel mediterraneo vol . 1 . [ malacologial atlas of living marine molluscs in mediterranean sea , vol . 1 . ] . museo di zoologia del communedi . roma . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . bonanni monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . magnifica monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . ponderata monterosato , 1923 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . danili monterosato , 1917 ) monterosato t . a . ( 1917 ) . molluschi viventi e quaternari raccolti lungo le coste della tripolitania dall ' ing . bollettino della societ\u00e0 zoologica italiana . ser . 3 , 4 : 1 - 28 , pl . 1 . [ details ]\nif rabbi tukchinsky\u2019s theory is correct ( and should it be established that either the radziner or murex trunculus is in fact the hilazon of the talmud ) , science would need only need to analyze the techelet\u2019s chemical makeup and discover the chemical compounds responsible for its color ( as well as its ability to permanently adhere to wool ) . once that succeeds , we currently have the technology to mass produce synthetic techelet for all our ritual needs . ptil tekhelet would no longer have to purchase surplus murex trunculus all the war from the black sea via fishermen who sell the snail primarily to restaurants in the balkan states .\n( of murex trunculus var . dilatata dautzenberg , 1895 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1895 ) . campagne de la melita , 1892 : mollusques recueillis sur les c\u00f4tes de la tunisie et de l ' alg\u00e9rie mem . soc . zool . france viii : 363 - 373 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . roseotincta dautzenberg , 1895 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1895 ) . campagne de la melita , 1892 : mollusques recueillis sur les c\u00f4tes de la tunisie et de l ' alg\u00e9rie mem . soc . zool . france viii : 363 - 373 , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n1 - most of the shipping traffic in tunisia comes from foreign countries that already enforced tributyltin ( tbt ) regulation . 2 - local and imported antifouling paints in tunisia did not contain tbt . 3 - actual tbt contamination in tunisia is the result of an old / historical pollution events . 4 - here we report data on imposex in hexaplex trunculus from three tunisian lagoons . this gastropod , which locally has fishery great commercial value , is currently used mostly for monitoring tbt effects in transitional and marine waters in the mediterranean sea . 5 - our results showed a decrease of imposex in bizerta and in northern tunis lagoons , whilst in the southernmost lagoon of boughrara imposex has significantly increased . 6 - the effect of specimen size and reproductive activity on penis length variation in males and on the relative penis length index was validated . 7 - overall , we found that tbt is still a significant pollutant in the tunisian waters , which requires further studies on the contamination causes .\n( of murex trunculus var . adusta monterosato , 1880 ) monterosato , t . a . ( 1880 ) . notizie intorno ad alcune conchiglie delle coste d ' africa . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana , pisa . 5 : 213 - 233 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 524 [ details ]\nthe banded murex hexaplex trunculus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a commercially exploited gastropod in the mediterranean region including tunisia where it has become an important fishery resource these last years . in the present investigation , some reproductive aspects of this species were described in the population of boughrara lagoon based on macroscopic examination of the gonads ( gonadic conditional indices ) together with observation of the seasonal hypertrophy of the penis in males and capsule gland in females . this procedure of assessing reproductive activity was validated by field observations of copulation and spawning . mature females were found during 10 months and mature males during 8 months being both frequent in january and february . reproductive activity was slightly asynchronous between sexes with males reaching maturity before females . gonadic release occurred earlier in males between january and march against february to april in females . these findings were in agreement with field observations of copulation in january and february and egg - capsule laying in late february and march . hatching juveniles were observed in the field in april and may .\n1 .\nwith the chilazon , those who oppose its identification as murex trunculus are not proposing a more viable candidate .\nfor the murex fans any other candidate can ' t be viable . for others , there is no reason to ignore rav herzogs candidate ( janthina janthina ) . 2 .\nthe second factor involved in my conclusion is that it appears that those objecting to the murex trunculus argue that it does not match the criteria for the chilazon as explained by various rishonim .\nso how do you understand the criteria listed in the beraisa ( tosefta , also in gemara menachos ) ? simple reading clearly points to periodicity , sea color or that is looks like a fish .\njust wanted to comment on your statement that\nmurex trunculus is indeed the chilazon of old\n: it is my deepest belief that no unclean creature can be even remotely considered to have been used to make a blue ( or any other ) dye . you wouldn ' t try to make a dye out of a pig , whould you ?\nthe gastropod hexaplex trunculu s is widely distributed in a relatively large range of habitats , but has no dispersal stage . we investigated its genetic structure across its distribution range , from mediterranean sea to adjacent atlantic coasts , by sequencing mitochondrial dna portions of the nadh dehydrogenase gene nd2 ( 420 pb ) and the internal transcribed spacer its2 ( 450 pb ) . our results suggested a significant genetic variability of nd2 ( \u03c0 = 0 . 009 and hd = 0 . 629 ) and low variability of the its2 sequences . a strong phylogeographic break , separated the aegean populations from those of western / eastern mediterranean and the atlantic ones , was founded . the tow lineages may have been separated by vicariance events due to the peloponnese break that separates the aegean populations from other populations and was maintained until now by the quasi - circular anticyclonic front associated to the straits of cretan arc of the peloponnesian peninsula . tunisian coasts appear particularly diverse since the two divergent lineages co - occured . these results may have management consequences since h . trunculus is a high commercial value harvested species .\nthe banded dye - murex ( hexaplex trunculus ) , the main component of the purple dye , was one of the most valued marine resources in roman times . its ancient exploitation appears described in the written sources . until now , the archaeological record documenting the industry of purple dye consisted of middens of broken shells that only allowed the identification of the harvested species and the derivation of some 14 c dates , while the identity of the fishing methods used remained elusive . an integrated study of a zooarchaeological assemblage recovered at the roman city of pollentia ( mallorca , western mediterranean ) has thrown light on this unknown aspect of the muricid gastropod fishery . i present sound evidence supporting that at this roman site , the gastropod cerithium vulgatum was used at least during the 3rd century ad as bait to collect the banded dye - murex . this is derived from the high frequency of drilled shells \u2013 especially of shells showing incomplete drills \u2013 recorded in the deposit , suggesting that these specimens were unnaturally over - exposed to predatory gastropods . this is exactly what could be expected if these cerithids were encased as bait in traps used to collect muricids .\n( of murex trunculus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 747 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . buccinoides pallary , 1904 ) pallary p . ( 1904 - 1906 ) . addition \u00e0 la faune malacologique du golfe de gab\u00e8s . journal de conchyliologie . 52 : 212 - 248 , pl . 7 [ 1904 ] ; 54 : 77 - 124 , pl . 4 [ 1906 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 230 - 231 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . alcus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 262 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . gringus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 263 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . lepigus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 258 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus var . gipus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . epitus de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 260 - 261 [ details ]\n( of murex trunculus f . escius de gregorio , 1885 ) gregorio , a . de . ( 1884 - 1885 ) . studi su talune conchiglie mediterranee viventi e fossili con una rivista del genere vulsella . bullettino della societ\u00e0 malacologica italiana . 10 : 36 - 128 [ 1884 ] , 129 - 288 [ 1885 ] , pl . 1 - 5 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 249 - 250 [ details ]\nparameters of environmental health , including paracellular permeability of external epithelia , functional state of lysosomes and the level of metallothioneins ( mts ) , were examined using fluorescent markers and vital microfluorometry in different tissues of the marine gastropod , hexaplex trunculus , from a coal - polluted and coal - free site . vital microfluorometrical examinations exhibited enhanced paracellular permeability of external epithelia to the anionic marker , fluorescein ( flu ) , lower lysosomal accumulation of neutral red ( nr ) as well as higher levels of mts , when compared with epithelia of gastropods from the coal - free site . those differences were particularly marked in the foot epithelium , which is in direct contact with the substrate . in addition , cadmium was measured by icp - aes in the hepatopancreas of gastropods sampled from the coal - polluted site and two coal - free sites . significantly higher levels of cd were found in gastropod hepatopancreas from the coal - polluted site . in addition , two months feeding experiments conducted in aquaria containing : ( a ) coal pieces covered by barnacles ; ( b ) natural rocks covered by barnacles ; and ( c ) natural rocks with barnacles + bare coal pieces , demonstrated significant increase of cd concentration in the hepatopancreas of the gastropods exposed to coal . we suggest that coal in the marine environment has detrimental effects on marine gastropods , both directly through contact with the organisms and indirectly through the food web .\nthe digestive diverticula consist of an epithelium with a single layer of cells , separated from the surrounding connective tissue and muscle cells by a basal lamina . in several molluscs these epitheliums consist of the digestive and basophilic cells [ 18 - 21 ] . however , in gastropods other cell types have been reported in addition to these two cell types [ 22 - 24 ] . digestive cells are the most abundant cell type in the digestive diverticula of h . trunculus .\nrabbi yechiel michel tukchinsky , a contemporary of rabbi herzog , questioned the authenticity of identifying the murex trunculus with the hilazon . in his book , \u05e2\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d3\u05e9 \u2013 \u2018ir hakodesh vihamikdash , ( sec . 5 , chap . 5 ) rabbi tukchinsky discusses the possibility of offering sacrifices in modern times . he debated whether or not techelet was non - essential in the bigdei kehunah just as it has been decided to be non - essential to the performance of tzitzit .\n36 ? amazing , you don ' t look a day over 35 , just kidding , you look great , until 121 and beyond . by the way , is that july 18th , or the 17th of tammuz , your fans want to know . how does the radzin techeleth fit in . it is most affordable and therefore more popular . many people are wearing it , and i too have a few pairs of them . is it also from the murex trunculus ? o\nlots to respond to . but first , happy birthday ! my own 36th is in a couple of weeks . david k : what you quote makes no sense . many , many non - kosher animals have hooves . horses have hooves . are you suggesting that a\nchazir\nis a horse ? and your argument is illogical : the torah says that the shafan and arnevet * don ' t * have\nmafris parsa .\nfinally ,\nmafris\npretty clearly indicates\nsplit .\nvoixjuive : what do you mean ? the murex tekhelet * is * mass marketed . you can get it in stores all over . isaac : i don ' t think the radziner is\nmore popular .\nit ' s basically worn by radziner and breslover chassidim . the murex type is much more widely distributed . as for its status , it ' s been pretty discredited for a century by now . and\ncheaper\nmeans nothing here - quite the opposite , in fact , halakhically . yitznewton : until i read your post , i had no idea singer was a radziner . i * did * know that he was trying to push radzin tekhelet without actually saying it . this extra lack of disclosure merely makes it worse . miriam : unless r ' slifkin changed it , the amazon list shows the newest edition . ameteur : actually , the name\nmurex\nis the old name . it ' s now\nhexaplex trunculus\n. . . ok , not much better . ameteur again : how do we know that sample is tzitzit ? it is a piece of cloth . and why would they change the color ? the color always varies based on various conditions .\naccording to zvi koren , a professor of chemistry , tekhelet was close in color to midnight blue . this conclusion was reached based on the chemical analysis of a 2000 - year old patch of dyed fabric recovered from masada in the 1960s . the sample , shown to have been dyed with murex snail extraction , is a midnight blue with a purplish hue . additionally , in 2013 , na ' ama sukenik of the israel antiquities authority verified a 1st - century ce - dated fragment of blue - dyed fabric to have used h . trunculus as the source of its pure blue color .\ncd , zn , cu , as , fe , cr , ni , al , and pb were analyzed in the edible and inedible parts of the muricid gastropod hexaplex trunculus sampled along the tunisian coast in 2004 , 2007 , and 2011 . the concentration ranges ( \u03bcg / g dry weight ) in the whole soft tissue were 0 . 1\u201319 . 2 for cd , 198 . 7\u2013564 . 6 for zn , 31 . 9\u2013363 . 1 for cu , 12 . 8\u2013177 . 8 for as , 35 . 4\u2013179 . 0 for fe , 0 . 0\u20135 . 8 for cr , 0 . 1\u20134 . 6 for ni , 1 . 0\u201341 . 4 for al , and 0 . 0\u20130 . 6 for pb . the highest concentrations were recorded in gab\u00e8s for cd , menzel jemil for zn and cu , bizerte channel for as , zarat for cr and pb , and tunis north lake for fe , al , and ni . the european standards compiled by fao for mollusks were exceeded in several localities . the temporal trends revealed a decreasing metal contamination in most sampling stations from 2004 to 2011 . the calculated intake of metals ( \u03bcg / week / kg body weight ) through human consumption of the snail edible portion varied from 0 . 0 to 4 . 4 of cd , 55 . 9 to 172 . 1 of zn , 8 . 7 to 92 . 7 of cu , 3 . 0 to 42 . 6 of as , 9 . 5 to 49 . 1 of fe , 0 . 0 to 1 . 52 of cr , 0 . 0 to 1 . 4 of ni , and 0 . 3 to 11 . 4 of al . comparison of these metal intakes with those of the standard provisional tolerable weekly intake ( ptwi ) values stipulated by the who recommends precaution in terms of human consumption of this marine snail .\nwe previously purified a new marin snail digestive phospholipase a 2 ( msdpla 2 ) from the hepatopancreas of h . trunculus [ 12 ] . this msdpla 2 of 30 kda , which contrasts with common 14 kda - digestive pla 2 , is of interest as it exhibites hemolytic properties and could be used as model to study digestive and cytotoxicity mechanisms . zarai et al [ 12 ] have shown that the potential mspla2 activity was measured , in vitro , in presence of bile salts like natdc or nadc . this result confirms that mspla 2 presents a high interaction power which allows it to bind to its substrate even in presence of bile salts .\nfatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids ( pufa ) content is higher than the saturated fatty acids ( sfa ) . the yields of pufa and sfa present in the meat fat were 68 . 2 % and 33 . 4 % of the total fatty acids , respectively . similar values were obtained in the hepatopancreatic lipidic fraction . snail tissues contain valuable concentrations of pufa , especially n - 6 and n - 3 with chain lengths of 20 and 22 carbons . all edible tissues were valuable sources of essential amino acids . aspartic acid is the major amino acids present in the meat and hepatopancreas . the concentrations of nutrients were also determined in the hepatopancreas and meat of h . trunculus . significantly high concentrations of minerals and trace elements were found in these tissues ."]}
{"id": 1267, "summary": [{"text": "microgadus proximus , also commonly known as pacific tomcod , is a type of cod fish found in north american coastal waters from the southeastern bering sea to central california .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 30.5 cm ( 12.0 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "their diet of the pacific tomcod includes anchovies , shrimp , worms , and other small marine invertebrates .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "pacific tomcod are occasionally taken by recreational anglers .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this is usually incidental to fishing for other species of fish as they are relatively small in size . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "microgadus proximus", "paragraphs": ["( of gadus proximus girard , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ngreek , mikros = samll + latin , gadus = a fish , cod ? ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 275 m ( ref . 1371 ) , usually 25 - 120 m ( ref . 1371 ) . temperate ; 62\u00b0n - 36\u00b0n , 170\u00b0w - 121\u00b0w ( ref . 1371 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27436 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 46 - 54 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 38 - 46 . body olive green dorsally , pale ventrally ; fins dusky marginally .\ngenerally found over sand ( ref . 1371 ) . may enter brackish water ( ref . 1371 ) . young move into shallow waters in summer and fall , whereas adults usually stay in deeper waters ( ref . 28499 ) . feeds on shrimps , amphipods , isopods , gastropods , mussels and fishes ( ref . 1371 ) . an important prey species ( ref . 2850 ) .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )\n) : 3 . 4 - 9 . 5 , mean 5 . 8 ( based on 253 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00436 - 0 . 01515 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 59 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gadus californicus ( ayres , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of morrhua californica ayres , 1854 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of morrhua proxima ( girard , 1854 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists\ncaught incidentally in the commercial fishery off the washington coast with otter - trawls . rarely caught by recreational harvesters in puget sound .\ndescription : the body of the pacific tomcod is elongated and slender and covered with small , thin scales . it ranges in color from olive green to brownish above , and creamy white below . the fins have dusky tips . this species has a small barbel on the chin . characteristic of the cod family , the pacific tomcod has three dorsal fins , two anal fins , a large head , and a large mouth with fine teeth . the first anal fin begins below the rear of the first dorsal fin . the pacific tomcod is distinguished from other similar\u2013appearing fish by its three spineless dorsal fins and the small chin barbell , but is easily confused with a pacific cod . the pacific cod has a barbel as long as the diameter of the eye , whereas the pacific tomcod has a barbel less than one half the diameter of the eye , and the anus below the first dorsal fin .\nrange / habitat : pacific tomcod can be found from the bering sea to pt . sal , california . they are a schooling fish that live on or near soft bottoms of mud , silt or find sand . as adults pacific tomcod are found at water depths of 27 to 219 m ( 90 - 720 ft ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p .\nlove , m . 1996 . probably more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast . really big press , santa barbara , california , 381 pp .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p .\ngenerally found over sand ( ref . 1371 ) . may enter brackish water ( ref . 1371 ) . young move into shallow waters in summer and fall , whereas adults usually stay in deeper waters ( ref . 28499 ) . feeds on shrimps , amphipods , isopods , gastropods , mussels and fishes ( ref . 1371 ) . an important prey species ( ref . 2850 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba\nmecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\neastern pacific ocean from the bering sea to central california ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nadults occur on or near the bottom at about 25 - 220 m ; young in shallower waters , often near surface ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .\nnot abundant enough or large enough to be a commercial species ( eschmeyer and herald 1983 ) .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . , and e . s . herald . 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america from the gulf of alaska to baja california . houghton mifflin co . , boston , massachusetts . 336 pp .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1272, "summary": [{"text": "the grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum ) is a small american sparrow .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the genus ammodramus contains nine species that inhabit grasslands and prairies .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the florida grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum floridanus ) is endangered . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "grasshopper sparrow", "paragraphs": ["le conte ' s sparrow le conte ' s sparrow has gray cheek surrounded by orange .\nthe grasshopper sparrow has historically been called the yellow - winged sparrow because of the yellow feathers found at the bend in the wings .\nmay be dominant over grasshopper sparrows where they co - occur . grasshopper sparrow nests are sometimes parasitized by brown - headed cowbirds (\nwhile named for its insect - like song , the grasshopper sparrow does in fact eat grasshoppers .\ngrasshopper sparrow parents prepare grasshoppers to feed to the nestlings by shaking off each pair of legs in turn .\nthe grasshopper sparrow is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ngrasshopper sparrow distribution , habitat associations , and use as an indicator species for grassland birds in southwestern minnesota .\ngrasshopper sparrow nests are difficult to locate , because the female often runs some distance before flushing from the nest .\nancestral polymorphisms in genetic markers obscure detection of evolutionarily distinct populations in the endangered florida grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum floridanus ) .\na small , inconspicuous grassland bird with an insect - like song , the grasshopper sparrow is easily overlooked . indeed , forbush (\n) . habitat may influence exposure to nest parasitism , with grasshopper sparrow nests closer to forest edge being more vulnerable . shiny cowbirds (\nancestral polymorphisms in genetic markers obscure detection of evolutionarily distinct populations in the endangered florida grasshopper sparrow ( . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nwhitmore , rc . 1981 . structural characteristics of grasshopper sparrow habitat . j . wildl . manage . 45 : 811 - 814 .\nthe oldest recorded grasshopper sparrow was at least 9 years , 1 month old when it was recaught and rereleased during banding operations in maryland .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum )\ntitle =\narkive species - grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe grasshopper sparrow from the northern parts of the range is migratory , whereas the other populations are resident , with some local movements related to rains and grass heights .\ngrasshopper sparrows are not typically a flocking species . they run or walk along the ground when foraging . a secretive bird , the grasshopper sparrow will fly a short distance when flushed , and then drop back into the grass out of sight . they usually stay out of sight unless they are singing , when they will perch on a weed stalk , shrub , or fence wire and belt out their buzzy song . the grasshopper sparrow ' s song sounds like the buzz of a grasshopper .\noutside of the breeding season , the grasshopper sparrow is found in similar habitats , in addition to thickets , weedy lawns , vegetated landfills and fence rows ( 4 ) .\nthe grasshopper sparrow\u2019s nest is a cup of grasses and weed stems , and is lined with finer materials . it is placed on the ground , well hidden in vegetation .\nbreeding interval grasshopper sparrows breed either once or twice yearly , varying with region .\n) have colonized the florida range of grasshopper sparrows recently and may parasitize nests .\ntwelve subspecies of grasshopper sparrow are recognized . four breed in north america , four are resident in mexico , central america , colombia , and ecuador , and four are resident in the caribbean .\nthe migratory grasshopper sparrow arrives in washington in may and leaves in august . their secretive behavior makes it difficult to document their migration , but it is believed that the fall migration is prolonged .\nthe grasshopper sparrow has a dark back patterned with some rufous , a pale , grayish supercilium , a gray nape with fine streaking , an unmarked , buffy breast , and a white eye ring .\ndelany , m . , h . stevenson & r . mccracken . 1985 . distribution , abundance and habitat of the florida grasshopper sparrow . j . wildl . manage . 49 : 626 - 631 .\n) were each encountered only once , all in dense vegetation not used by grasshopper sparrows .\nin canada , the breeding range of the eastern grasshopper sparrow includes extreme southern qu\u00e9bec and southern ontario , with the vast majority of birds occurring in ontario . in the united states , it breeds in all states east of the midwestern states to the east coast and south to georgia and texas . the eastern grasshopper sparrow winters in the southeastern united states , but also in the caribbean and central america . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\na migratory species , the grasshopper sparrow breeds from southern british columbia and southern alberta to southern maine , southern california , south - central texas , and central georgia , and east to north carolina , maryland and new hampshire .\nvickery , p . d . ( 1996 ) grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum ) . in poole , a ( ed . ) : the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nprotection / threats / status : as a ground - nester species , the grasshopper sparrow is threatened by several predators such as snakes , skunks , racoons , weasels , ground squirrels , foxes , cats and pigs . the adults are preyed upon by hawks and the loggerhead shrike . this species is usually common in suitable habitat , but many populations are decreasing due to habitat loss for agriculture expansion and urbanization . however , the grasshopper sparrow is currently evaluated as least concern .\ninteresting facts : grasshopper sparrows have hybridized with savannah sparrows ; a hybrid female was documented in 1968 .\na flat - headed , short - tailed little sparrow of the fields , the grasshopper sparrow may go unnoticed even when it is singing , because its song is much like the buzz of a grasshopper . the birder who learns this sound may spot the bird perched on a weed stalk or the lowest wire of a fence . when not singing , the bird stays out of sight ; if disturbed it flies away low for a few yards before diving headfirst back into the grass .\nthe grasshopper sparrow is a small , stocky , flat - headed sparrow with a deep bill and a short tail . the brown upperparts are streaked with chestnut - rust and black , and the black crown in narrowly streaked with buff and divided by a pale buffy - white stripe . the breast is cream - buff above and whitish below , and the back of the neck is greyish , with fine reddish - brown streaks . the edge of the wing is yellow . the juvenile grasshopper sparrow is similar to the adult , but has a band of streaks across the breast ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\ndistribution , habitat and behavior of grasshopper sparrows , ammodramus savannarum ( passeriformes : emberizidae ) in northeastern nicaragua .\nvickery , peter d . 1996 . grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthreats to the grasshopper sparrow population in new york include loss of nests due to mowing of fields during the nesting season , the use of pesticides by farmers , and the loss of grassland habitat resulting from development or plant succession . management practices for preserving and restoring grasshopper sparrow habitat include prescribed burning , mowing and grazing of grasslands and agricultural areas . management practices at airports have been successful where mowing is postponed until the end of the breeding season . further research is needed on the winter ecology , distribution , and habitat use of migratory populations .\narbib , r . 1988 . grasshopper sparrow . ammodramus savannarum . pages 448 - 449 in andrle , r . f . and j . r . carroll , eds . the atlas of breeding birds in new york state . cornell univ . press , ithaca , ny .\nvickery , p . d . 1996 . grasshopper sparrow ( ammodramus savannarum ) . in the birds of north america , no . 239 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the birds of north america , inc . , philadelphia , pa .\nshortly after arriving at the breeding grounds , the male grasshopper sparrow establishes a territory , by singing from a prominent perch and using flight displays ( 3 ) . the females arrive around three to five days after the males , and breeding pairs soon form ( 6 ) .\nsubspecies and range : the grasshopper sparrow has twelve recognized subspecies throughout the wide range . four are breeding in north america , four are resident in mexico and four are resident in the caribbean . the races differ mainly in size and bill size , and slightly in coloration .\nsmith , c . r . 2008 . grasshopper sparrow . ammodramus savannarum . pages 556 - 557 in mcgowan , k . j . and k . corwin , eds . the second atlas of breeding birds in new york state . cornell univ . press , ithaca , ny .\nforages on the ground , locating prey by sight on bare ground . paralyzes grasshopper by pinching its thorax . back to top\na furtive bird of open grasslands , the grasshopper sparrow takes its name not only from its diet , but also from its insect - like song . it is found during the breeding season across much of the eastern united states and great plains , nesting and feeding mostly on the ground .\nthe female grasshopper sparrow builds the nest , which is a cup of grass stems and blades , well concealed on the ground . the female incubates the clutch of 3 to 6 eggs for 11 to 13 days . the chicks are well feathered by 9 days , when they leave the nest , and are fed by both the male and female for a further 4 to 19 days , before becoming fully independent . the grasshopper sparrow may produce a second brood in the same breeding season , but this clutch tends to be smaller , with usually only two eggs ( 6 ) .\nhistory in connecticut : the grasshopper sparrow was an abundant nester in connecticut in the mid - 1800s , but populations declined around 1900 . although the species remained locally abundant until the 1930s , populations have declined steadily since , and the bird is now only found in a few locations statewide .\nhistorically , the grasshopper sparrow was restricted to natural grasslands created by fires or flooding . however , the boom in agriculture in the late 1800s and early 1900s allowed this species to expand its range and increase in number . by the 1950s and 1960s , there was a great decrease in the amount of land devoted to farming or pasture , which , coupled with expanding development , contributed to a decline in this species ( 4 ) . in fact , grasshopper sparrow populations decreased consistently between 1966 and 2000 , at a rate of around four percent of the population per year ( 6 ) .\n) are most similar in habitat preferences to grasshopper sparrows . other species with similar , but not completely overlapping , habitat preferences are\ndistribution , habitat and behavior of grasshopper sparrows , ammodramus savannarum ( passeriformes : emberizidae ) in northeastern nicaragua . - pubmed - ncbi\na grassland bird , the grasshopper sparrow appears to prefer areas with significant grass cover and a few scattered shrubs for perching . they don ' t use habitats with dense shrub cover or sites that have been over - grazed . during migration and winter , they will use many types of open fields .\n) were found infrequently , always in small flocks ( 4 - 5 individuals ) and only on pine trees , not descending to the ground . the more common rusty sparrow (\nthe grasshopper sparrow breeds across southern canada , the usa , mexico and central america . there is a small endangered population in the andes of colombia , and probably in ecuador too . the northern populations migrate to south usa , mexico , central america and the caribbean . this species is usually absent from the desert southwest .\nalthough the grasshopper sparrow appears to have a wide distribution across much of temperate north america , it is often locally distributed and even uncommon to rare throughout parts of its range . many north american populations have experienced long - term declines since the early part of this century , owing mostly to loss and conversion of prairies and agricultural grasslands .\nthe grasshopper sparrow is an inconspicuous grassland sparrow with a short tail and a proportionally large , flat head . it has a plain face , with a white eye - ring and a white stripe through the middle of its crown . its back is intricately patterned with gray and chestnut , a color combination that is unique among washington ' s sparrows . it has an entirely clear , buff - colored breast , with no streaks or spot . juveniles are streaked overall until they reach adult plumage at the end of their first summer .\nin florida , and endangered in connecticut . prescribed burning , grazing , and mowing have been used to improve habitats for grasshopper sparrows in some areas .\nthe grasshopper sparrow is protected in canada by the migratory birds convention act , which prevents the hunting or trade of this species , its eggs or its nests ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . it is also afforded some protection in a number of reserves , including the lakes wildlife management area and the kissimmee prairie state preserve in florida ( 9 ) .\nthe main causes of eastern grasshopper sparrow declines are : 1 ) habitat loss caused by the conversion of forage crops and pastures to intensive crop production , ( 2 ) habitat fragmentation , which can result in high predation rates and 3 ) more frequent and earlier hay mowing activities during the breeding season causing nest failure . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\nbehaviour in the wild : the grasshopper sparrow feeds mainly on insects and seeds according to the season . during summer , mostly insects are taken , including grasshoppers , beetles , caterpillars , ants , larval butterflies and moths , and some spiders , snails and earthworms . during winter , it feeds mainly on seeds from weeds and grasses , and also waste grain .\nthe grasshopper sparrow forages mainly on the ground , where it walks with the body hunched forwards , the head lowered and the wings tightly folded , and occasionally jerks the tail and flicks the head ( 3 ) . it feeds almost entirely on grasshoppers , which it immobilises by pinching the thorax and gives to the chicks after shaking the legs off ( 2 ) .\nin the breeding season this sparrow generally occupies intermediate grassland habitat , preferring drier , sparser sites in lush tallgrass prairies and eastern grasslands , and thicker , brushier sites in shortgrass prairie and southwestern grasslands . in the east , it is often found in the same habitats as the savannah sparrow ( passerculus sandwichensis ) but generally selects more open sites with greater amounts of bare ground , probably because it forages exclusively on the ground .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the grasshopper sparrow\u2019s call is a weak \u201ctillic\u201d or a soft , insect - like \u201ctk\u201d or \u201ctik\u201d . the song is a high - pitched , thin , insect - like buzz of 1 - 2 seconds which starts with one or more \u201cts , zzzziiir\u201d notes audible at close range , giving a buzzy trill \u201cpit - sip tzzzzzzzzzzz\u201d .\nthe habitat preferences of the grasshopper sparrow vary greatly across its very large range . it typically breeds in grassland , upland meadows , pastures , hayfields , and old field habitats , favouring open areas of over 100 acres in size . such habitats usually have short - to medium - height grasses , interspersed with patches of bare ground and a few shrubs ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nintroduction : the name of the grasshopper sparrow comes from its diet including of course grasshoppers , but also from its buzzy , insect - like song . this species frequents open grasslands where the vegetation depends on the range . the nest is placed on the ground , well - hidden among the leaf litter and the short grasses . this species is migratory in the northern parts of the range .\nwhitmore , r . c . 1979 . short - term change in vegetation structure and its effects on grasshopper sparrows in west virginia . auk 96 : 621 - 625 .\ndechant , j . a . , sondreal , m . l , johnson , d . h . , igl , l . d . , goldade , c . m . , nenneman , m . p . and euliss . b . r . ( 2003 ) effects of management practices on grassland birds : grasshopper sparrow . northern prairie wildlife research center , jamestown , nd . available at : urltoken\nhabitat : the grasshopper sparrow usually frequents open grasslands where it forages on the bare ground . in the western parts of the range , it is mainly found in arid grasslands with shrub cover and more vegetation . in tall grass areas and wet grasslands of the eastern parts , it often frequents sparsely vegetated areas . it can be found up to 1500 metres of elevation in mountains , on limestone outcroppings .\nthe grasshopper sparrow forages on or near the ground and in low vegetation . the grasshoppers are taken around the thorax and immobilized . the chicks are fed on insects , after removing the hard , indigestible parts . the bird runs or walks on the ground , and occasionally hops . it spends much time foraging , but during the breeding season , the male sings and displays aggressively to defend the territory .\nthe grasshopper sparrow is seasonally monogamous , although some cases of polygyny have been recently reported . the male sings and performs a fluttering flight display in order to attract a female . the pair - bond is maintained throughout the breeding season by contact calls given by both sexes . this species may have helpers , often juveniles from earlier broods . the helpers take part in some nesting duties and feed the chicks .\ngrasshopper sparrows have an estimated average lifespan of 2 . 9 years . one individual lived 6 . 5 years in the wild . annual survival of adults was estimated at 60 % .\na conservation priority for this species is the continued acquisition and restoration of prairie habitats , along with the maintenance of suitable areas of habitat over 100 acres in size . increasing the connectivity between these habitats would also greatly benefit the grasshopper sparrow . management of its habitat should aim to limit shrub cover and promote the growth of grasses , potentially by using frequent fire regimes at one to three year intervals ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe grasshopper sparrow adult has cryptic plumage on the upperparts with blackish , chestnut , grey and buff pattern . wings and tail are brown with buff and pale brown edges . the outer rectrices are paler . we can see two pale buff wingbars on the upperwing . rump and uppertail - coverts are mottled rufous . on the underparts , throat , breast and flanks are buff but the throat is paler . the belly is mostly whitish .\nwhat you can do : protection of open , grassland areas is essential to maintaining breeding populations of grasshopper sparrows . maintaining fields and remaining at a distance from nests can also help this species .\n( vickery 1996 ) . the secretive habits of this bird make its observation difficult except during the breeding season , when their territorial singing allows proper detection and identification . the distribution and abundance of grasshopper sparrows\nmost predation is probably on eggs , nestlings , and fledglings . grasshopper sparrow adults will perform broken - wing distraction displays near nests or fledglings to draw predators away . they also use alarm calls to signal the presence of a threat . they hide the location of nests by never flying directly to them . instead they land a short distance away and run through the grass to the nest entrance . similarly , when leaving , they run from the nest and then take flight at a distance from the nest . grasshopper sparrows nests are widely dispersed and well - hidden , so predators mostly happen upon them by chance . eggs and nestlings may be taken by snakes , including blue racers (\nsong sparrow pairs search for nest sites together . nest sites are usually hidden in grasses or weeds , sometimes placed on the ground and occasionally as high as 15 feet ; often near water . not afraid of human habitation , song sparrows may nest close to houses , in flower beds .\ngrasshopper sparrows prefer open grasslands with bare ground for foraging . in western , arid grasslands and prairies , grasshopper sparrows tend to be found in areas with shrub cover and more vegetation . in eastern , tallgrass prairies and moist grasslands , they tend to be found in areas of sparse vegetation . they are found in grasslands characterized by a wide variety of plants , including pine savannas , palmetto - sawgrass prairies , lowbush blueberry copses , and bunchgrass prairies . in the appalachian mountains these sparrows were once found up to 1550 m elevation on limestone outcroppings and\nbalds .\ngrasshopper sparrows seem to prefer areas with broad expanses of suitable habitat , not fragmented areas . savannah sparrows (\nidentification : adult grasshopper sparrows are small , chunky and gray - brown above , with buffy sides and breast and a short , bristly tail . the head appears flat and the crown is dark , with a pale central stripe . the bird has a white eye - ring ; a yellow - orange spot can often be seen between the eye and beak . yellow is visible at the bend of the wings . the species is the only grassland sparrow that lacks wingbars and has no streaks or markings on its breast or sides . the sexes are similar . juvenile sparrows have brown streaking on the breast and sides . their song consists of 1 or 2 high chip notes followed by a brief grasshopper - like buzz ; the call is a variety of squeaky and buzzy notes .\nthe eastern grasshopper sparrow is monogamous and generally exhibits breeding site fidelity . males arrive on the breeding grounds in early may , and pair formation occurs immediately after females arrive , which is shortly after the males . clutch size ranges from 4 to 5 eggs . two broods can be produced per year . nestlings are reared and fed in the nest by both adults for approximately 8 to 9 days . post - fledging care lasts between 4 and 19 days . age at first breeding is estimated at 1 year . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )\nnorthern populations of grasshopper sparrows are completely migratory , but southern populations are only partially migratory or are resident or make only small , regional movements seasonally . fidelity to breeding sites seems to vary regionally , from 0 to 70 % in different areas .\n) would compete with grasshopper sparrows for singing perches and respond aggressively to playbacks of their songs ( pers . obs . ) . this type of relationship was not observed between the nicaragua birds and any other species in the savanna . chipping sparrows (\narcese , peter , mark k . sogge , amy b . marr and michael a . patten . 2002 . song sparrow ( melospiza melodia ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\ngrasshopper sparrows are diurnal , spending much of their time foraging , except during breeding season when males spend large amounts of time singing and displaying to defend breeding territories . males mainly use songs and aggressive displays to defend their breeding territory . they are tolerant of their female mate and any helpers at the nest . outside of the breeding season , grasshopper sparrows are not territorial and are not found in flocks . they use cryptic foraging behaviors and short , direct flights and are solitary when not breeding .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season varies depending on the range . two or more broods can be raised , but further south , up to four broods are reported . the grasshopper sparrow nests in grasslands . the male establishes the territory , and once the pair is formed , the female builds the nest , a cup - shaped structure placed on the ground , well - hidden among the vegetation . there is a roof or dome of overhanging grasses and a side entrance . the nest is made with grasses and the interior is lined with softer materials . a new nest is built for each new brood .\nrange : the breeding range extends from southeastern british columbia , eastern washington and northern california east to new england and south to florida and central america . grasshopper sparrows winter from south carolina to florida , west to southern arizona and extending south to mexico and central america .\ngrasshopper sparrows breed across much of the eastern two - thirds of the u . s . , as well as in parts of the western u . s . they winter in the southern u . s . and in mexico . the population has declined in recent decades .\ni found grasshopper sparrows only at eleven of the approximately 600 points surveyed . these eleven sites did not include intensively cultivated pine plantations or where brush / pine cover was extensive . i found grasshopper sparrows in large populations , singly , or in groups of a few individuals . isolated individuals were located in the more humid land depressions , while a group of four first year birds ( dispersers ? ) were mist - netted simultaneously at the edge of a brush area at no less than 35 kilometers from any known breeding population . all sites where i found breeding populations (\nplantations may pose a moderate threat to grasshopper sparrows if fire protection measures are effective . in northeastern nicaragua most of the pine savanna is formally under the control of traditional miskito rule . as long as their fire practices continue , the bird ' s persistence may be ensured in this part of their range .\nreason for decline : grasshopper sparrows have steadily declined as dry , grassy uplands and farms have reverted to forests or have been replaced by developments . as with other ground - nesting birds , high populations of predators like raccoons , skunks and feral or free - roaming housecats have also contributed to this species ' decline .\ngrasshopper sparrows eat insects and seeds , with proportions varying seasonally . in the summer , they eat primarily insects , with about 69 % of their diet being invertebrates and 39 % seeds . in fall they eat mainly seeds , making up 71 % of the diet , with 29 % made up of invertebrates . common seeds eaten are sedges (\nreproduction : the grasshopper sparrow breeds in late may and early june and usually raises 2 or 3 broods per year . the nest is a cup of stems and grass blades lined with fine grasses , rootlets and hair , and built on the ground in a small hollow at the base of a plant tuft . the rim of the nest is usually level with or slightly above the ground . the 4 to 5 elliptical , smooth , glossy white eggs have reddish - brown speckles and blotches that are concentrated at the larger end and sparse elsewhere . the female incubates the eggs for 11 to 12 days and tends the nestlings after they hatch . the male defends the nest from predators . after 9 days , the young leave the nest but are unable to fly . until their flight feathers grow out , the young run through the grass to avoid disturbance .\n. they will also eat other insects and spiders , as they are encountered . grasshopper sparrows forage on the ground using vision to detect prey , so they require open areas and bare ground for good visibility . they capture grasshoppers by pinching them around the thorax , immobilizing them . they will remove hard , less digestible parts , such as legs , before feeding them to offspring .\ngrasshopper sparrows also use a variety of visual displays in communication . males use a wing - flutter display when singing on a perch . they use this wing - flutter display in antagonistic interactions with other males as well . they will chase other males and maintain a posture with the head below the back to indicate aggression . females rapidly quiver their wings towards the male as a signal of appeasement or readiness to copulate .\ni surveyed the area using a motorized vehicle and on foot . once within the defined pine savanna , stops were made every 500 - 1 000 meters along the roads independent of the particular vegetation characteristics at the point . i entered the land at both sides of the road on foot for approximately 500 meters to scan and listen for grasshopper sparrows . playbacks of the short ( territorial ) and long ( mated status ) songs of\ngrasshopper sparrows run or walk on the ground while foraging , although they may also hop occasionally . their flight characteristics vary seasonally . outside of the breeding season , flight is usually short and direct , with birds usually flying into some kind of cover . in the breeding season , flights are short and fluttery , with some zig - zagging behavior before flying into cover . males use a fluttering flight when going between song perches or singing .\nfrom march 10 to april 28 of 1996 , i surveyed all accessible potential areas for grasshopper sparrows in northeastern nicaragua . this time of year was chosen to coincide with the bird ' s breeding season as recorded by howell in 1966 . i covered the area south of r\u00edo coco to just south of r\u00edo prinzapolka . areas to the north east of puerto cabezas offer good access during the dry season , because of the many roads built to manage the extensive\n) described this species as \u201ca queer , somber - colored , big - headed , short - tailed , unobtrusive little bird [ that ] did not come by its name because of its fondness for grasshoppers , though it is never averse to making a meal of them , but because of its grasshopper - like attempt at song\u2014if song it can be called . \u201d not all ornithologists have shared this opinion , however ; with more discerning eyes and warmer hearts , phillips et al . (\ngrasshopper sparrows are seasonally monogamous , although some polygyny has been described . pairs are formed on the breeding grounds . extra pair copulations are not reported , but more study is needed . males use songs and a fluttering flight display to attract females . males and females use contact calls throughout the breeding season to maintain the pair bond . non - parental helpers at the nest are common , in one study 17 % of nests had non - parental helpers , who made between 9 and 50 % of visits to the nest with food .\ngrasshopper sparrows are small sparrows , from 10 . 8 to 11 . 5 cm and from 14 . 5 to 20 g . they have robust bills , flesh colored legs , and streaked black and chestnut brown feathers on their back . their breast and belly are unstreaked and creamy buff or white . they have a dark crown with a light colored crown stripe and yellowish plumage on the face surrounding the eyes which is disrupted by a dark line extending backwards from the eye . they have a relatively short tail and are considered stockier and bigger - headed than other , sympatric\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n, has not been recorded since 1962 despite searches in the late 1990s , and is likely to be extinct ( g . angehr\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ngovernor cuomo announced the largest expansion of the artificial reef program in history , increasing fisheries habitat and drawing in divers wanting to observe marine life . watch dec ' s artificial reef building video on youtube and learn more about our volunteer observation program .\ngiant hogweed is a very large , non - native , invasive plant and the sap can cause painful burns and permanent scarring . don ' t touch it ! check our identification page to see if it is growing near you . learn what do if you come in contact with it .\nstill common in some areas but has declined significantly in others . florida race is seriously endangered , with very limited range .\ngrassland , hayfields , prairies . breeds in rather dry fields and prairies , especially those with fairly tall grass and weeds and a few scattered shrubs . also nests in overgrown pastures and hayfields , and sometimes in fields of other crops . in florida , nests in prairie with scattered palmettos . during migration and winter , found in many types of open fields .\nforages while hopping or running on the ground , picking up items from the soil or from plant stems . almost always forages alone .\n4 - 5 , sometimes 3 - 6 . creamy white , spotted with reddish brown and gray . incubation is by female only , about 11 - 12 days . young : both parents feed the nestlings . young leave the nest about 9 days after hatching , before they are able to fly well .\nboth parents feed the nestlings . young leave the nest about 9 days after hatching , before they are able to fly well .\nmostly insects and seeds . in summer feeds mostly on insects , including many grasshoppers , also beetles , caterpillars , ants , true bugs , and many others . also eats spiders , snails , centipedes , and earthworms . seeds are also important in diet , probably more so in winter , including those of weeds and grasses as well as waste grain .\nmay nest in small colonies ; numbers in a given area often change markedly from year to year . male sings from a low perch to defend territory ; sometimes sings at night . in courtship , sometimes sings in flight . nest site is on the ground , very well hidden at base of weed , shrub , or clump of grass . often placed in slight depression , so that rim of nest is even with level of ground . nest ( probably built by female ) is an open cup of dry grass , lined with fine grass , rootlets , sometimes animal hair . usually has partly domed back and sides of grass woven into overhanging vegetation , leaving opening at front .\napparently migrates mostly at night . peak of migration in many areas during late april and october .\na high - pitched , insect - like kip - kip - kip , zeeee , usually uttered from the top of a weed stalk .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nthe only hope to prevent extinction may be to remove some of the last birds from the wild for captive breeding . this summer scientists scrambled to collect enough sparrows before the breeding season\u2019s end .\nthese birds are barely hanging on in the wild , but there\u2019s still hope .\nwith the help of audubon minnesota and some controlled fires , a local school recently restored an overgrown field into original prairie habitat .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nduring the winter , it is found from western oregon , central california , west and southeast arizona , central oklahoma , southern louisiana , southern mississippi , and southwest georgia , south to southern baja california , mexico and el salvador ( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nincubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a group . thorax part of the body located between the head and the abdomen in animals . in insects , the three segments between the head and the abdomen , each of which has a pair of legs .\nbyers , c . , olsson , u . and curson , j . ( 1995 ) buntings and sparrows : a guide to the buntings and north american sparrows . christopher helm publishers , london .\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in wisconsin ' s northwoods and has been profiled with the support of a wisconsin - based family who care deeply about the area . to learn more visit our eco - region pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthis uncommon grassland bird sings ( not very musically ) from a wheat field .\nif you find the information on birdweb useful , please consider supporting seattle audubon . donate\nmembers of this diverse group make up more than half of the bird species worldwide . most are small . however their brains are relatively large and their learning abilities are greater than those of most other birds . passerine birds are divided into two suborders , the suboscines and the oscines . oscines are capable of more complex song , and are considered the true songbirds . in washington , the tyrant flycatchers are the only suboscines ; the remaining 27 families are oscines .\nthe emberizidae family is made up of the new world sparrows , longspurs , and some of the buntings . most forage and nest on the ground . most emberizids are seedeaters and have short , thick bills adapted for this diet , although they all eat insects and other arthropods at times , and feed them to their young . they are typically monogamous . females generally build the nests and incubate the eggs and young , but both parents feed the young . clutches are small , generally three to five eggs . many of these birds are small , brown , and streaked , and stay close to cover , making identification challenging .\nseeds and insects are part of their diet year round , but the ratio of animal and vegetable matter fluctuates throughout the year . the winter diet is made up primarily of weed and grass seed , as well as waste grain . in summer , insects , especially grasshoppers , make up a larger part of the diet .\nmales sing from perches to defend their territories and advertise for a mate . females arrive on the breeding grounds a few days after the males . pair bonds are usually monogamous , but polygyny is not unheard of . the nest is well hidden on the ground , usually placed in a slight depression so the rim of the nest is level with the ground . the female builds the open cup of dry grass and lines it with finer grass , rootlets , and hair . it is usually partly domed , with grass woven into overhanging vegetation creating a back and sides to the nest , leaving a side entrance . the female incubates the 4 - 5 eggs for 11 - 13 days . both parents help feed the young , who leave the nest after 8 - 9 days . when they leave the nest , the young are not yet able to fly well , and the parents continue to provide care for 4 - 19 more days .\n, seattle audubon ' s on - line breeding bird atlas of island , king , kitsap , and kittitas counties .\ncup of grass stems and blades , very well concealed on the ground . usually has a dome made of overhanging grasses , with a side entrance .\nlutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .\nnorth american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .\nsauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken\nsibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhabitat : grasslands , pastures and old fields . weight : 0 . 62 ounces . length : 4 . 5 - 5 . 25 inches . wingspan : 8 - 8 . 5 inches . life expectancy : banding records indicate up to 9 years of age .\nfood : insects , especially grasshoppers ; also spiders , snails , earthworms , waste grain and seeds of grasses and sedges . status : state endangered .\nboth males and females sing ; males often sing at night . the birds are most often seen during migration and the breeding season .\nprotective legislation : federal - migratory bird treaty act of 1918 . state - connecticut general statutes sec . 26 - 311 .\nthe production of this endangered and threatened species fact sheet series is made possible by donations to the endangered species - wildlife income tax checkoff fund . ( rev . 12 / 99 )\nstate of connecticut disclaimer , privacy policy , and web site accessibility policy . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 state of connecticut .\nspecies . the intensity of plumage coloration varies geographically . males and females are alike and juveniles have streaked breasts .\n) , although baird ' s and savannah sparrows have streaked breasts . the best way to distinguish among\nbreeding season breeding season varies regionally , from may into august in northern populations , from april to june and october to november in jamaica , from march through june and then july to september in florida , and from april to june in panama and haiti .\nfemales incubate the eggs and brood nestlings . helpers at the nest may also brood nestlings . young are altricial at hatching , developing their juvenile plumage at 10 to 12 days . both parents and non - parental helpers at the nest will feed young . males help to protect young by defending territories and keeping alert for predators . young leave the nest at 6 to 9 days old and are cared for by parents for an unknown period after that . based on inter - clutch intervals , this post - fledging care is from 4 to 19 days long . young gather in small flocks at 3 to 4 weeks after hatching . some may remain with parents as helpers at the nest .\nnesting territories are defended during the breeding season . territory boundaries are determined by the placement of song perches . territory sizes are reported to be from 0 . 19 to 1 . 8 hectares .\n, found in the pacific states , with declines up to 69 % since the 1960 ' s .\npopulations have been lost from much of their former new england range . the florida subspecies ,\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nto cite this page : dewey , t . 2009 .\nammodramus savannarum\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1273, "summary": [{"text": "megarhyssa macrurus ( common name giant ichneumon wasp ) , is a species of large ichneumon wasp .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is a predatory insect , notable for its extremely long ovipositor .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it uses this to deposit an egg into a tunnel in dead wood bored by a similarly large species of horntail .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "another of its common names is ' stump stabber ' referring to this behaviour . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "megarhyssa macrurus", "paragraphs": ["ranges across the eastern nearctic to the eastern slopes of the rocky mountains . megarhyssa macrurus macrurus\nmegarhyssa macrurus ( male ) | hilda young conservation area , jefferson co . , missouri\nis found in arizona , colorado , new mexico , and utah . megarhyssa macrurus lunator\nbug of the week : megarhyssa macrurus ( a . k . a . really big freakin ' wasp )\nbug of the week : megarhyssa macrurus ( a . k . a . really big freakin\u2019 wasp ) | ottawa citizen\n\u201cthis is most likely a female megarhyssa macrurus , \u201d he wrote in an email . \u201cthey are very impressive insects indeed . \u201d\nyou can just go to this image and click on\nadd image\non the bottom of the screen to add additional images . if you are sure that this is megarhyssa macrurus lunator , then a new guide page can be created for this subspecies . if their is some doubt , i would leave at the species level ( megarhyssa macrurus ) .\nmegarhyssa atrata ( male ) | hilda young conservation area , jefferson co . , missouri\nthe larvae of m . atrata , m . greenei , and m . macrurus are parasitoids of grubs of the horntail tremex columba .\nback to google i went to determine megarhyssa macrurus ( the name means \u201cgiant wasp with a long tail\u201d ) is an ichneumon , one of the world\u2019s more than 100 , 000 species of parasitic wasps . naomi cappuccino , an entomologist at carleton university , offered more .\ned . note : this is not the first time megarhyssa atrata has been featured as bug of the month .\ngibbons , j . 1979 . a model for sympatric speciation in megarhyssa ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) : competitive sepiciation .\ncrankshaw , o . , r . matthews . 1981 . sexual behavior among parasitic megarhyssa wasps ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) .\ntheir article focuses on m . atrata . . . but most of it presumably applies to other megarhyssa species as well .\nit ' s a giant ichneumon wasp - megarhyssa macrurus . that long needle like thing is her ovipositor . she uses that to lay eggs in the body of insect larvae living in trees . it ' s like a wood drill ! hope you don ' t have any larvae living in your deck !\nwhen the megarhyssa egg hatches it behaves as an ectoparasitic idiobiont , completely consuming the grub . it pupates within the burrow and emerges in the summer .\nthe paper gibbons 1979 explores how the three species m . atrata , m . greenei , and m . macrurus exploit different niches , allowing them to coexist in the same locations and using the same host .\nheatwole , h . , d . davis . 1965 . ecology of three sympatric species of parasitic insects of the genus megarhyssa ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) .\nfour species of giant ichneumons collectively occur over most of north america . the ones shown here are probably the species megarhyssa macrurus . females can vary considerably in size depending on the size of their host as larval wasps . smaller individuals tend to have reduced spotting on the wings ( or no spots at all ) . enjoy looking for these insects and observing their amazing behavior .\nle lannic , j . , j . nenon . 1999 . functional morphology of the ovipositor in megarhyssa atrata ( hymenoptera , ichneumonidae ) and its penetration into wood .\nto cite this page : klein , s . 2012 .\nmegarhyssa atrata\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nheatwole , h . , d . davis , a . wenner . 1964 . detection of mates and hosts by parasitic insects of the genus megarhyssa ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) .\nleona , the one you describe that is all - black is likely the species megarhyssa atrata . it should have had at least a little yellow , though , on the head and front legs .\nhorntail adult females introduce wood - digesting fungi ( e . g . amylostereum ) when ovipositing , which helps their grubs extract food value while feeding on the wood . adult female megarhyssa are able to detect the odor of these fungi , and once they land on the bark of an infected tree the megarhyssa will walk along tapping the surface with their antennae ( or\nantennating\n) to further pinpoint the location of horntail grubs within the wood .\nkey to the species of megarhyssa ( hymenoptera , ichneumonidae , rhyssinae ) in america , north of mexico victoria pook , michael sharkey , david wahl . 2016 . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 63 ( 1 ) : 137 - 148 .\ngibbons , john r . h . ( 1979 ) . a model for sympatric speciation in megarhyssa ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) : competitive speciation . american naturalist , 114 ( 5 ) : 719 - 741 ( 1st page from jstor )\ngiant ichneumon ( megarhyssa species two ) is found in eastern north america . these images were all taken on a dead stump of an american elm amid a great deal of activity . both males and females of two species were present .\ni live in town and was suprise to find these big insects in one of my dying tree ' s in front of the house . i ' ve never seen these before but with some research i think they are megarhyssa macrurus lunator . there is over 10 of theses all in the same tree . are these usualy found in new - brunswick and in the city ? also are these type of bees or wasp dangerous ? can they sting you ? i have more pictures if you would like to see them . if you have any information can you email me at guygirouard @ urltoken . . thanks\nfallon : interesting . i see that megarhyssa nortoni was introduced to new zealand intentionally , sometime after 1962 , to battle a true invasive : sirex noctilio . so , the ichneumon is * still * a\ngood\nwasp , just not a native one .\noh , wow ! great video of a female megarhyssa atra that has really become\nimmersed\nin her work . i did not know the ovipositor could be deployed quite like that , but sure looks like the case here . nice find , jon , thanks for sharing !\npook , victoria g . , sharkey , michael j . & wahl , david b . , 2016 , key to the species of megarhyssa ( hymenoptera , ichneumonidae , rhyssinae ) in america , north of mexico , deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1 , pp . 137 - 148 : 142\nle lannic , joseph & j . - p . n\u00e9non ( 1999 ) .\nfunctional morphology of the ovipositor in megarhyssa atrata ( hymenoptera , ichneumonidae ) and its penetration into wood\n, zoomorphology , volume : 119 , issue : 2 , pages : 73 - 79 . ( first page )\nmatthews , r . w . , j . r . matthews & o . crankshaw . 1979 . aggregation in male parasitic wasps of the genus megarhyssa : i . sexual discrimination , tergal stroking behavior , and description of associated anal structures behavior . the florida entomologist 62 ( 1 ) : 3\u20138 [ pdf ] .\nonce grubs are located , the female megarhyssa positions herself with back legs extended and ovipositor perpendicular to the bark , and drills into the tree to deposit an egg on or near a horntail grub within its burrow ( see videos here ) . while drilling the female wasp is immobilized and vulnerable to predation by birds .\nhi eric , great blog ! i found a female nortoni in my church tonight and in the process of researching it read that the hornwood wasp introduces a fungus along with its egg in order to help hide the hornwood larvae when it hatches . the megarhyssa can apparently use this fungus help it locate the location of an egg . have you heard anything about this ?\nthe shiny , black thorax features single yellow spots located on the prothorax , under each fore wing , and on either side of the propodeum . the metascutellum bears a yellow dash in its center . the brownish black abdomen is a distinguishing character for this species within the genus megarhyssa . the thorax also contains spiracles that run along its entire length . body length for this species averages 35 mm for males and 38 mm for females .\nsubject : female megarhyssa atrata location : st paul , mn june 25 , 2014 9 : 13 am after finding your great web site i learned the name of the bug in my back yard . they were on a tree we were cutting down . because it seemed to be laying eggs i decided to leave the stump for a while . attached are some photos you may use . it is interesting to me that i have never noticed these before . signature : ds in mn\nprowling around a pile of cut logs near my temporary residence in south deerfield , massachusetts on the evening of june second , i almost literally stumbled upon one of the most spectacular wasps on the continent . female giant ichneumon wasps in the genus megarhyssa may look menacing , wielding a whip - like \u201ctail\u201d that can exceed their own body length , but they cannot sting and in fact are quite shy , easily startled by sudden movements . it is a pity that people are often so alarmed by these insects , as they have an extraordinary life cycle .\npaul & asha , i wonder if the insect you have seen is actually one of the giant ichneumon wasp ( megarhyssa sp ) . when they aren ' t boring and injecting their eggs deep into wood , they do trail a long\nstinger\n( actually their ovipositor ) behind as they fly around . they look a bit scary , but as far as i know , they are not dangerous as they only use this appendage for boring into wood to lay their eggs . there are some photos of them in this gallery , so take a look . these are * very * large insects and could look quite scary to some people . bev\nupdate : june 26 , 2014 dear daniel marlos , i just had to write one more time . the first set of photos i sent were of the first time i had seen a flying insect of its kind , today i went to see if they were still on the stump , i found a new type . see attached photos . the first photo is from my phone . the second and fourth photos capture an ant crawling - shows size a little better . i am excited to show these , i hope you can use them . thanks dan p . s . there were ovipositing female megarhyssa strata remains ( wings and part of a tail ) left on the stump ! i guess a bird had a good snack .\na large stump stabber can have an ovipositor nearly five inches long , and one of your images captures the classic position of a female looping the organ as she drills beneath the bark to deposit her egg where the young will have a food source .\njust spotted one of these , and never seen such a thing . i live in east berlin , pa . just thought i would write since i never seen one before around here cause i have wood lying around all the time , cause i burn wood . 7 / 24 / 2014\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail . you can also subscribe without commenting .\nbuggy accessories the big 5 make my day northern california milkweed meadow calendar 2011 wtb ? down under nasty reader award bug love wtb ? mt . washington unnecessary carnage goldenrod meadow bug gems from our archives household pests edible insects : tasty morsels buggy vocabulary words unidentified bug humanitarian award top 10 buggy life cycles virginia countdown 10 000 bug of the month gardening blog fanmail what ' s on my woody plant ? virginia beach food chain 10 most beautiful spiders gift shop mysteries worst bug stories ever ! ! ! aquatic bugs invasive exotics tomato bugs snow bugs\nplease enter your username or e - mail address . you will receive a new password via e - mail .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ne na to rocky mtns . / n . mex . ( bg data )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ngatineau ' s wonders of sand festival adapts to move to city . . .\n20 photos from nathan ' s hot dog eating contest that will . . .\na giant ichneumon wasp on a tree in britannia . the fearsome looking wasp \u2014 with its 15 cm tail \u2014 is common , but rarely seen . despite their appearance , the wasp is harmless .\nthe brightly coloured , wasplike insect was on a tree that had been badly damaged by a pileated woodpecker . it was at least 15 centimetres long , with most of that being an enormous spike on its back end . if that\u2019s a stinger , i worried , it could likely deliver a dose of venom straight to my heart .\nafter getting as close as i dared for a few iphone pics , i did what any trained journalist would do : google \u201contario scary insects . \u201d\nthat was partially successful , but it was fran\u00e7ois g\u00e9nier of the canadian museum of nature who identified my bug for certain .\n\u201cwhat a beautiful wasp ! \u201d she wrote in an email . \u201cwhile they are not uncommon , big ichneumonids are always a treat to see . \u201d\nthe tail spike wasn\u2019t a stinger at all , but the wasp\u2019s impressive \u201covipositor\u201d or egg - laying tube . i needed to know more .\ndelving deeper into google ( finding information about parasitic wasps isn\u2019t as easy as it is for animal superstars like elephants and clown fish ) turned up an article , the amazing ichneumom , published in a 2002 issue of missouri conservationist .\nthe female ichneumon , wrote author connie hjelmeng - johnson , drums on a dead tree with its long antennae to sense the movement of larvae wriggling deep inside . if she finds some , it\u2019s bad news for the helpless young of its favourite host , another parasite , the horntail wasp . the female begins boring into the wood with her ovipositor , a process that takes anywhere from a few minutes to several hours , depending on the hardness of the wood . ( you can watch a 13 - minute video of that here , if that\u2019s your thing )\nhow does a bug sting through wood ? amazingly , hjelmeng - johnson writes , entomologists think the ovipositor might be hardened with ionized manganese or zinc , just like a steel - tipped drill bit . once deposited , the eggs hatch inside their larval hosts , literally eating them from the inside out until a mature ichneumon chews its way out through the wood to emerge as an adult .\nare they dangerous ? no . there\u2019s no evidence that the adults even eat , hjelmeng - johnson writes . nor are their any reports of stings .\n\u201cichneumonids that parasitize insects such as emerald ash borer , which attacks live trees , would definitely be considered as beneficial insects , since they can help protect the trees , \u201d cappuccino wrote in her email . \u201cichneumonids parasitizing dead - wood - consuming insects are more neutral in their effect ( from a human point of view ) \u2014 just another link in the food web . \u201d\ni knew none of this when i saw the wasp creep across the tree in britannia . but when it beat its wings and clumsily took flight , i took flight too \u2014 in the other direction .\n' aren ' t we amazing humans ? ' : after damage from gases , our ozone layer . . .\nif you ' re looking to escape canadian beaches , visit the desert where . . .\nwe encourage all readers to share their views on our articles and blog posts . we are committed to maintaining a lively but civil forum for discussion , so we ask you to avoid personal attacks , and please keep your comments relevant and respectful . if you encounter a comment that is abusive , click the\nx\nin the upper right corner of the comment box to report spam or abuse . we are using facebook commenting .\na giant wasp withdrawing her ovipositor from the bark of a tree . she lays her eggs on the larva of bark beetles . taken 9 / 9 / 06 , severson dells , rockford , il .\nthe female of this species of giant ichneumon is about 1 1 / 2 inches in length not including antennae and ovipositor . the ovipositor is black , threadlike and approximately 2 inches long . the head and thorax are red , as is the abdomen . the abdomen has transverse bands of black and pale yelllow stripes . the legs are red . wings are a tan color with a triangluar black mark on the leading edge of the forewing near the tip . the antennae are long , slender and black . the male ( photos e , f & h ) is approximately 1 - 1 1 / 2 inches in length . his abdomen is long and black to dark red . the thorax is black with yellow markings . the legs are mostly yellow .\nthis giant ichneumon is thought to be uncommon in fontenelle forest and neale woods . females and males can be found on dead or dying tree trunks . it has been seen in fontenelle forest in late april and mid - september .\nthe content of naturesearch is provided by dedicated volunteer naturalists of fontenelle nature association who strive to provide the most accurate information available . contributors of the images retain their copyrights . the point of contact for this page is :\n\u00a9 2008 fontenelle forest . all rights reserved . | website design by rebel interactive\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe superfamily ichneumonoidea contains the two largest families within hymenoptera : ichneumonidae and braconidae . the group is thought to contain as many as 100 , 000 species , many of which have not yet been described . [ 1 ] like other parasitoid wasps , they were long placed in the\nparasitica\n, variously considered as an infraorder or an unranked clade , now known to be paraphyletic .\nthe name is derived from latin ' ichneumon ' , from ancient greek \u1f30\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd ( ikhne\u00fam\u014dn ,\ntracker\n) , from \u1f34\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 ( \u00edkhnos ,\ntrack , footstep\n) . the name is shared with the egyptian mongoose , herpestes ichneumon .\nthe ichneumonid wasps may be more familiar to non - entomologists than braconids , as they are generally larger . the two families are distinguished from each other primarily by details of wing venation .\nmost are brownish or black , not brightly colored . [ 3 ] fore wings lack vein 2m - cu .\nichneumonids vary greatly in size and their color varies from brightly colored yellow to uniform black . fore wing with vein 2m - cu present and tubular . [ 2 ]\nparasitoidism evolved only once in the hymenoptera , during the permian , leading to a single clade , the apocrita . the apocrita emerged during the jurassic . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ]\nichneumonoids are solitary insects , and the vast majority are parasitoids ; the larvae feed on or in another insect until it finally dies . most hosts are holometabolus insect larvae , but there are many exceptions . in general , ichneumonoids are host specific , and only attack one or a few closely related host species . many species use polydnaviruses to suppress the immune systems of their host insects . due to the wide variety in hosts and lifestyles , see subfamily pages for more detail .\nthe female ichneumonoid finds a host and lays an egg on , near , or inside the host ' s body . [ 8 ] the ovipositor of ichneumonoids generally cannot deliver a sting as many wasps or bees do . it can be used to bore wood and lay eggs on hosts deep inside , or reach hosts hidden inside leaf shelters . upon hatching , the larva feeds either externally or internally , killing the host when it is ready to pupate .\nvarious ichneumonoids are used as biological control agents in controlling horticultural or forest pests .\nan interesting example is the relationship between the species ichneumon eumerus and its host butterfly phengaris rebeli . [ 9 ] the butterfly larva is a parasite within myrmica ant nests . the adult i . eumerus searches for ant nests and only enters when they contain p . rebeli caterpillars . [ 9 ] once inside , they oviposit their eggs within the caterpillars and escape the nest by releasing a chemical which causes the worker ants to fight each other rather than the intruding wasp . [ 9 ] the wasp eggs then hatch inside the caterpillar and eventually consume and kill the host .\npennacchio , francesco ; strand , michael r . ( 2005 - 12 - 06 ) .\nbranstetter , michael g . ; danforth , bryan n . ; pitts , james p . ; faircloth , brant c . ; ward , philip s . ; buffington , matthew l . ; gates , michael w . ; kula , robert r . ; brady , se\u00e1n g . ( 2017 ) .\nphylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees\n.\nschulmeister , s . ( 2003 ) .\nsimultaneous analysis of basal hymenoptera ( insecta ) , introducing robust - choice sensitivity analysis\n.\npeters , ralph s . ; krogmann , lars ; mayer , christoph ; donath , alexander ; gunkel , simon ; meusemann , karen ; kozlov , alexey ; podsiadlowski , lars ; petersen , malte ( 2017 ) .\nhochberg , m ; elmes , g . w . ; thomas , j . a . ; clarke , r . t ( 1996 ) .\nwikisource has the text of the new student ' s reference work article ichneumon flies .\nu < br / > n < br / > i < br / > c .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nphysocnemum brevilineum ( say , 1824 ) on fallen cottonwood ( populus deltoides ) | woods co . , oklahoma\ncrypsis , for that matter ) . evolution has no rule stating that only one survival strategy can be employed at a time , and if , as it seems to me , the beetle is utilizing both crypsis and mimicry\u2014the first to avoid detection and , failing that , the second to give the potential predator pause , then there is no reason why the mimicry portion of its defense couldn\u2019t be modeling both ants and wasps as a way to maximize an overall \u201cnasty hymenopteran\u201d appearance .\nchalcophora virginiensis ( drury , 1770 ) is the largest jewel beetle ( family buprestidae ) in eastern north america . this beetle is also known as the \u201csculptured pine borer\u201d , and its easy to see why\u2014its hyper - sculptured , shiny metallic body glitters like a jewel in the sunlight ! this feature is typical of many species in the family and , in fact , is the source of the family\u2019s other common name\u2014metallic wood boring beetles .\nthose interested in more information on this species and its close relatives may wish to consult the recent review of the genus in north america by maier & ivie ( 2014 ) ( see my review of this excellent paper here ) .\nmaier , c . a . & m . a . ivie . 2013 . reevaluation of chalcophora angulicollis ( leconte ) and chalcophora virginiensis ( drury ) with a review and key to the north american species of chalcophora dejean ( coleoptera : buprestidae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 67 ( 4 ) : 457\u2013469 [ abstract ] .\nthe wgnss entomology group takes in the view of rhyolite glades from atop hughes mountain .\neach spring the entomology group of the webster groves nature study society takes a field trip to one of the many natural areas outside of the st . louis area . this year the destination was hughes mountain natural area , about 75 miles ssw of st . louis in washington co . i especially looked forward to going there this spring , as my last visit to the area was close to 20 years ago . despite the long absence , i vividly recalled the spectacular vistas from atop the mountain of rhyolite and the diversity of unique plants and insects in the igneous glades that flanked its slopes . when we arrived , we found the glades ablaze with spring wildflowers in full bloom , the most prominent of which was lance - leaved coreopsis ( coreopsis lanceolata ) . as one of the so - called \u201cyellow composites\u201d , coreopsis is a favored source of pollen and nectar for a variety of insects , including beetles and especially the jewel beetles that i find so interesting .\nacmaeodera ornata ( fabricius , 1775 ) is more widespread than a . neglecta ( although not nearly so commonly encountered as a . tubulus ) . this handsome species is distinctly larger than a . tubulus and a . neglecta , usually around 8 - 11 mm in length , and has a broader , more flattened appearance with a distinct triangular depression on the pronotum . the elytra have a bluish cast rather than the bronzy sheen of a . tubulus and a . neglecta , and the spots on the elytra are smaller , more numerous , and more of a creamy rather than yellow color . no other species in the eastern u . s . can be confused with it , although there is a very similar species ( a . ornatoides barr , 1972 ) that occurs in oklahoma and texas . i have encountered this species numerous times on a variety of flowers in missouri but have never managed to rear it , and in fact larval hosts remain unknown with the exception of one very old ( and unreliable ) report of the species breeding in hickory ( carya ) and black - locust ( robinia ) .\nnote the flattened , scale - like setae covering both the dorsal and ventral surfaces as well as the legs .\nfall , h . c . 1899 . synonpsis of the species of acmaeodera of america , north of mexico . journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 1 ) : 1\u201337 [ pdf ] .\njameson , m . l . & k . a . swoboda . 2005 . synopsis of scarab beetle tribe valgini ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : cetoniinae ) in the new world . annals of the entomological society of america 98 ( 5 ) : 658\u2013672 [ pdf ] .\nmacrae , t . c . 1991 . the buprestidae ( coleoptera ) of missouri . insecta mundi 5 ( 2 ) : 101\u2013126 [ pdf ] .\nnelson , g . h . 1987 . additional notes on the biology and distribution of buprestidae ( coleoptera ) in north america , ii . the coleopterists bulletin 41 ( 1 ) : 57\u201365 [ pdf ] .\nof course , replacement of one sound production mechanism by another begs the question\u2014is there a selective advantage to sound production by crepitation over timbals ? the fact that females also produce sound by crepitation hints at one possible advantage\u20142 - way communication between males and females may provide another mechanism for minimizing the chance of interspecies mate selection , in contrast to the one - way communication ( from males to females ) that occurs in species that use timbal organs . it is also possible that crepitation is metabolically more efficient than timbal singing , although experimental comparisons of the energetic cost of crepitation versus timbal singing in cicadas are lacking ( sanborn & phillips 1999 ) .\nsanborn , a . f . & p . k . phillips . 1999 . analysis of acoustic signals produced by the cicada platypedia putnami variety lutea ( homoptera : tibicinidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america 92 : 451\u2013455 [ pdf ] .\nsanborn , a . f . & p . k . phillips . 2013 . biogeography of the cicadas ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) of north america , north of mexico . diversity 5 ( 2 ) : 166\u2013239 [ abstract , pdf ] .\nyoung , d . & h . c . bennet - clark . 1995 . the role of the tymbal in cicada sound production . the journal of experimental biology 198 : 1001\u20131019 [ pdf ] .\namerican carrion beetles ( necrophila americana ) aggregation at sap flow on trunk of oak ( quercus sp . ) tree .\n\u00b9 not to be confused with the federally endangered american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) .\namong the many single adults present was a mating pair , which i selected as my subjects . as i was photographing the pair , i noticed the male had a firm grasp of one of the female\u2019s antennae within his mandibles . as i watched them through the lens , i saw the male suddenly release his hold of the female\u2019s antenna , move backward on top of her , and begin using his own antennae to stroke her pronotum ( sadly i was unable to snap a photograph at that time ) . as suddenly as he had released it , the male moved forward and grabbed hold of the female\u2019s antenna once again . it seemed unlikely to me that this represented an act of aggression , but instead must be an important part of their courtship behavior . the female , for her part , did not seem to be bothered too much by the grasping and continued to slowly lumber about around the sap flow as the male went through his routine under my voyeuristic watch .\nanderson , r . s . 1989 . potential phylogenetic utility of mating behavior in some carrion beetles ( coleoptera : silphidae : silphinae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 43 ( 1 ) : 18 [ pdf ] .\nchamplain , a . b . & j . n . knull . 1932 . fermenting bait traps for trapping elateridae and cerambycidae ( coleop . ) . entomological news 43 ( 10 ) : 253\u2013257 .\nevans , a . v . 2014 . beetles of eastern north america . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey , 560 pp . [ google books ] .\nearlier this month the webster groves nature study society ( wgnss ) sponsored their second nature photo contest . i\u2019ve been a member of this group since i first moved to st . louis after college in the early 1980s\u2014primarily as a participant in the entomology natural history group but for the past six years also as board member and editor of the society\u2019s newsletter , nature notes . the photo contest was run much like the first one in 2013 , again with nice cash prizes for the winners , except two things : 1 ) the categories were a little different ( see below ) , and 2 ) i was tapped to be one of the three judges in the two categories that i did not submit photos . the categories were :\ni submitted two photos each to the first three categories\u2014the maximum allowed in both cases . one limitation for me was that the photographs had to be taken in missouri or an adjacent state . remarkably , during the past few years i\u2019ve taken most of my photos in places further afield\u2014primarily in the western u . s . in states such as california , colorado , new mexico , and nevada . i have many photographs from earlier years , but frankly i don\u2019t consider much of that body of work to be photo contest worthy . still , i was able to come up with a few more recent photographs that i thought would be competitive .\nhow did it go for me ? pretty good , with two of my photos taking cash - winning prizes ( see below ) . this may not be as good as i did last time , when i won one 1st place , one 2nd place , and one 3rd place\u2014the last of these also voted by the audience as the grand prize winner . nevertheless , the cash award is much welcomed and will be put to good use . remarkably , it turns out that two winning photographs have never been posted at this site , so here they are :\neastern garter snake , thamnophis sirtalis | ozark trail , wappapello section , wayne co . , missouri\nthe judges regarded that it represents the true \u201cessence\u201d of a snake . technically they liked the position of and focus on the tongue , the contrasting red color working well in the composition , with the blurred , winding body of the snake adding depth in a cleaner fashion than a cluttered jumble of leaves . i can\u2019t tell you how many shots i took hoping to get one with the tongue in the perfect position\u2014knowing all along that at any moment the snake could stop flicking it or decide to make a run for it\ndutchman\u2019s breeches , dicentra cucullaria | battle of athens state park , clark co . , missouri\nunfortunately , i didn\u2019t get a chance to hear the judges\u2019 feedback regarded this photo , as i was busy judging the photos in the \u2018natural communities\u2019 and \u2018seasons\u2019 categories . this photo also took many shots , even though i didn\u2019t have to worry about the subject not cooperating . flash on white is tricky\u2014not enough and you don\u2019t get the stark contrast with the black background ; too much and you end up blowing the highlights and losing the delicate detail . add to that trying to get the subject perfectly symmetrical within the frame ( i wanted to achieve this \u2018for real\u2019 and not through subsequent cropping ) , and i probably took close to two dozen shots before i felt like i had it right .\nperhaps you noticed that neither of the photos were in the \u2018invertebrates\u2019 category . this just goes to show that the amount of interest in and effort one puts into a certain type of photography does not guarantee success\u2014or prevent success in photographing other , less - familiar subjects . for my part i am pleased that any of my photographs were deemed good enough to receive a cash prize and thank wgnss for giving local nature photographers the opportunity to have their work recognized and rewarded .\ni feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin\nthe creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .\nted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with\nan inordinate fondness for beetles .\nprimary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :\nall text and photos appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae , all rights reserved . see\nimage use policy\nbelow for details regarding conditions for allowed use .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nbiodiversity in focus blog the musings of entomology graduate student and nature photographer morgan d . jackson\nbug eric \u2026 . about anything related to insects , spiders , and other arthropods .\nall images appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae unless stated otherwise and may not be reproduced in any form without prior written permission . the following\nreposting online on social media ( e . g . , facebook , twitter , personal blogs , etc . ) by individuals acting in a strictly personal capacity .\nimages must be visibly credited to\nted c . macrae\nand , if posted online , include a link back to\nbeetlesinthebush . wordpress . com .\nany other use requires prior permission and may require a licensing agreement . direct all inquiries to\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nwhat did the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees looked like ? this is not something we can triangulate simply by looking at a modern chimpanzee and human . all the evidence points that africa is the home continent for primates . paleontologists are working hard to find the fossils that help us understand the key stages in human evolution .\nmolecular genetic analysis of modern human and chimpanzee revealed a very high degree of similarity . through dna hybridization experiments it was estimated that humans , chimpanzees , and gorillas shared a common ancestor only 5 million years ago . sequencing of the genomes now confidently indicates that our common ancestry goes back to 7 million years before present . the 3 . 2 million year old lucy ( australopithecus afarensis ) fossil was already an upright bipedal walker . no other fossil was known before lucy . discovery of 4 . 4 million year old ardipithecus ramidus fossil provided a a big insight into how bipedality in humans started .\nfifteen years after its discovery in 1994 a special section including 11 manuscripts was published in science magazine in 2009 .\nbipedality , tool making , big brains . which one came first ? ardipethecus ramidus provided the mozaic anatomy of this most ancient human ancestor ever . she was bipedal on the ground but had very good climbing abilities . together with her other fossils found in the same age rock layer indicated that she was living in a wooded environment . her feet morphology was quite striking in revealing all .\nthe etymology of the name ardipethecus ramidus comes from two words . the word \u2018ramid\u2019 means \u2018root\u2019 in the afar language of ethiopia and refers to the closeness of this new species to the roots of humanity . the word \u2018ardi\u2019 means \u2018ground\u2019 or \u2018floor\u2019 .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nthe ichneumonidae are a parasitoid wasp family within the order hymenoptera . they are important parasitoids of other invertebrates ; common hosts are larvae and pupae of coleoptera , hymenoptera , and lepidoptera . over 24 , 000 species have been described worldwide . estimates of the total species range from 60 , 000 to over 100 , 000 - more than any other hymenopteran family .\nthe distribution of the ichneumonids was traditionally considered an exception to the common latitudinal gradient in species diversity , since the family was thought to be at its most species - rich in the temperate zone instead of the tropics , but numerous new tropical species have now been discovered .\ninsects in the family ichneumonidae are commonly called ichneumon wasps or ichneumonids . less exact terms are ichneumon flies ( they are not closely related to true flies ) , or scorpion wasps due to the extreme lengthening and curving of the abdomen ( scorpions are arachnids ) .\nthe name is derived from latin ' ichneumon ' , from ancient greek ( ikhne\u00fam ? n ,\ntracker\n) , from ( \u00edkhnos ,\ntrack , footstep\n) . the name first appeared in aristotle ' s\nhistory of animals\n, c . 343 bc . aristotle noted that the ichneumon preys upon spiders , is a wasp smaller than ordinary wasps , and carries its prey to a hole which they lay their larvae inside , and that they seal the hole with mud . [ 1 ]\nadult ichneumonids superficially resemble other wasps . they have a slender waist , two pairs of wings , a pair of large compound eyes on the side of the head and three ocelli on top of the head . their size varies considerably from a few millimetres to seven or more centimetres .\nthe ichneumonids have more antennal segments than typical , aculeate wasps ( aculeata : vespoidea and apoidea ) : ichneumonids typically possess 16 or more , while most other wasps have 13 or fewer . unlike the aculeate wasps , which sting in defense and do not pass their eggs along the stinger , ichneumonid females have an ovipositor ( homologous to the stinger ) which they use to lay eggs inside or on their host . ichneumonids generally inject venom along with the egg , but only larger species ( some in the genera netelia and ophion ) with relatively short ovipositors use the ovipositor in defense . males do not possess stingers or ovipositors in either lineage .\na female xanthopimpla punctata . the ovipositor is longer and more slender than the stingers of aculeate wasps\nichneumonids are distinguished from their sister group braconidae mainly on the basis of wing venation . the fore wing of 95 % of ichneumonids has vein 2m - cu , which is absent in braconids . vein 1rs - m of the fore wing is absent in all ichneumonids , but is present in 85 % of braconids . in the hind wing of ichneumonids , vein rs - m joins rs apical to ( or rarely opposite ) the split between veins rs and r1 . in braconids , vein rs - m joins basal to this split . the taxa also differ in the structure of the metasoma : about 90 % of ichneumonids have a flexible suture between tergites 2 and 3 , whereas these tergites are fused in braconids ( though the suture is secondarily flexible in aphidiinae ) . [ 2 ]\n) . the presence of vein 2m - cu and absence of vein 1rs + m distinguish the wing from that of braconids .\nichneumonid hind wing . vein rs - m joins rs after the split between veins rs and r1 .\nbraconid hind wing . vein rs - m joins rs before the split between veins rs and r1 .\nichneumonids are found on all continents with the exception of antarctica . they inhabit virtually all terrestrial habitats , wherever there are suitable invertebrate hosts .\nthe distribution of ichneumonid species richness is subject to ongoing debate . long believed to be rare in the tropics , and at its most species rich in the temperate region , the family became a classic textbook example of an ' exceptional ' latitudinal diversity gradient . [ 3 ] recently this belief has been questioned , after the discovery of numerous new tropical species . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]\nsome ichneumonid species lay their eggs in the ground , but most inject them either directly into their host ' s body or on its surface . after hatching , the ichneumonid larva consumes its still living host . the most common hosts are larvae or pupae of lepidoptera , coleoptera and hymenoptera . for example , a species of ichneumonid has been found to lay eggs in african sugarcane borer larva , a moth common in sub - saharan africa . [ 7 ] ichneumonids are also considered a primary enemy of the arctic woolly bear moth . [ 8 ] some species in the subfamily pimplinae also parasitise spiders . hyperparasitoids such as mesochorinae oviposit inside the larvae of other ichneumonoids . the hosts of many species are unknown ; host information has been summed up by e . g . aubert , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] perkins . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] and townes . [ 14 ]\nichneumonids use both idiobiont and koinobiont strategies . idiobionts paralyze their host and prevent it from moving or growing . koinobionts allow their host to continue to grow and develop . in both strategies , the host typically dies after some weeks , after which the ichneumonid larva emerges and pupates .\nadult ichneumonids feed on a diversity of foods , including plant sap , nectar and other insects . they spend much of their active time searching , either for hosts ( female ichneumonids ) or for emerging females ( male ichneumonids ) .\nthe predation pressure exerted by ichneumonids can be tremendous , and they are often one of the major regulators of invertebrate populations . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] it is quite common for 10 - 20 % or more of a host ' s population to be parasitised ( though reported parasitism rates often include non - ichneumonid parasitoids ) . [ 17 ] [ 18 ]\nthe taxonomy of the ichneumonids is still poorly known . the family is highly diverse , containing 24 , 000 described species . approximately 60 , 000 species are estimated to exist worldwide , though some estimates place this number at over 100 , 000 . they are severely undersampled , and studies of their diversity typically produce very high numbers of species which are represented by only a single individual . [ 19 ] [ 20 ] due to the high diversity , the existence of numerous small and hard to identify species , and the majority of species being undiscovered , it has proven difficult to resolve the phylogeny of the ichneumonids . even the relationships between subfamilies are unclear . the sheer diversity also means dna sequence data is only available for a tiny fraction of the species , and detailed cladistic studies require major computing capacity .\nextensive catalogues of the ichneumonids include those by aubert , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] gauld , [ 21 ] perkins , [ 12 ] [ 13 ] and townes . [ 14 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] due to the taxonomic difficulties involved , however , their classifications and terminology are often confusingly contradictory . several prominent authors have gone as far as to publish major reviews that defy the international code of zoological nomenclature . [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ]\nthe large number of species in ichneumonidae may be due to the evolution of parasitoidism in hymenoptera , which occurred approximately 247 million years ago . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] ichneumonidae is the basal branch of apocrita , the lineage in which parasitoidism in hymenoptera evolved , and some ichneumonids are thought to have been in stasis for millions of years and closely resemble the common ancestor in which parasitoidism evolved . this common ancestor was likely an ectoparasitoid woodwasp that parasitized wood - boring beetle larvae in trees . [ 30 ] the family has existed since at least the jurassic ( ca . 150 mya ) , but may have appeared some time before . it diversified during the oligocene .\nin 1999 , the ichneumonids were divided into 39 subfamilies , [ 31 ] [ 32 ] whose names and definitions have varied considerably . the phylogenetic relationships between the subfamilies are still unclear .\nthe apparent cruelty of the ichneumonids troubled philosophers , naturalists , and theologians in the 19th century , who found the parasitoid life style inconsistent with the notion of a world created by a loving and benevolent god . [ 33 ] charles darwin found the example of the ichneumonidae so troubling that it contributed to his increasing doubts about the nature and existence of a creator . in an 1860 letter to the american naturalist asa gray , darwin wrote :\ni own that i cannot see as plainly as others do , and as i should wish to do , evidence of design and beneficence on all sides of us . there seems to me too much misery in the world . i cannot persuade myself that a beneficent and omnipotent god would have designedly created the ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding within the living bodies of caterpillars , or that a cat should play with mice . [ 34 ]\nthe wasps that are nicknamed ' the ichneumons ' ( or hunters ) , less in size , by the way , than the ordinary wasp , kill spiders and carry off the dead bodies to a wall or some such place with a hole in it ; this hole they smear over with mud and lay their grubs inside it , and from the grubs come the hunter - wasps . . . . the eagle and the snake are enemies , for the eagle lives on snakes ; so are the ichneumon and the venom - spider , for the ichneumon preys upon the latter ."]}
{"id": 1274, "summary": [{"text": "lumholtz 's tree-kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) is a heavy-bodied tree-kangaroo found in rain forests of the atherton tableland region of queensland .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "its status is classified as least concern by the iucn , although local authorities classify it as rare .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is named after the norwegian explorer carl sofus lumholtz ( 1851 \u2013 1922 ) , who discovered the first specimen in 1883 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo", "paragraphs": ["the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is the smallest of the tree kangaroo species , but one of the [ . . . ]\naustralian wildlife conservancy 2017 . lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo species profile , australian wildlife conservancy .\nthe lumholtz tree kangaroo is listed under the category of \u201cendangered\u201d by the iucn .\nconservation of a rare arboreal mammal : habitat preferences of the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo , dendrolagus lumholtzi .\ncrater lakes national park where lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo can be seen . ( image : tourism queensland )\nhttp : / / rainforest - australia . com / lumholtz _ tree _ kangaroo . htm\ncolin , our lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroo has a brand new home ! this enclosure is much more [ . . . ]\nthe lumholtz tree kangaroo\u2019s behavioral patterns make an interesting study for the researchers . here are the main characteristic traits of these tree - hoping marsupials .\nthe lumholtz tree kangaroo is a heavy - bodied species of tree kangaroo that is found mostly in the rainforests of queensland . it gets its name from norwegian explorer and naturalist carl sofus lumholtz .\nup to 10 species of tree - kangaroo have been identified in new guinea and australia . two of those species , lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo , dendrolagus lumholtzi , and bennett\u2019s tree - kangaroo , dendrolagus bennettianus , occur only in australia . lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is the smaller of the two species and can be distinguished from bennett\u2019s tree - kangaroo by its distribution , smaller size and by the lighter - coloured band across the forehead and down each side of the face .\nthe tree - kangaroo group ( urltoken ) provide the following tips for spotting tree - kangaroos .\nlumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo is the smaller of two species of arboreal macropods in australian rainforests . ( image : michael williams urltoken )\nstudying food preferences in captive cryptic folivores can assist in conservation planning : the case of the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) .\nimproving reliability of scat counts for abundance and distribution estimations of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) in its rainforest habitats .\nthe lumholtz tree kangaroo has an interesting appearance that is distinct from the other tree kangaroos . here is a brief description of their physical features .\ninternational tree - kangaroo workshop in melbourne in october 2013 . title : \u201cpotential roles of semiochemicals in tree - kangaroos \u2013 the case study of the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) \u201d with clare anderson and margit cianelli as co - authors\n. all of these endoparasites can be fatal . lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos are hosts to the heterodoxus louse , (\ninternational tree - kangaroo workshop in melbourne in october 2013 . s . heise - pavlov co - authored a presentation titled : \u201cregulat monitoring of captive lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo can assist in conservation planning\u201d based on her research in collaboration with the \u201cwildlife habitat\u201d in port douglas\nrelative to body size , the tail of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( and of the other tree - kangaroo species ) is the longest in the kangaroo family . it is non - prehensile ( cannot be used to grip branches ) and is used for balance when the tree - kangaroo is resting or moving along a branch . the fur of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is blackish - brown sprinkled with a lighter colour on the lower part of the back and blackish - brown on the lower half of the tail .\nprocter - gray , e . , u . ganslosser . 1986 . the individual behaviors of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo : repertoire and taxonomic implications .\nevolutionary aspects of the use of predator odors in antipredator behaviors of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) .\nthe lumholtz tree kangaroo is vegetarian , eating leaves and fruits found high in the rainforest canopy up there the food is unspoilt by other animals . lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo has a large stomach that allows the leaves etc the time to dissolve as they eat fairly large quantities of food\nlumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos are found in the rainforest of tropical queensland , centred on the atherton tablelands , extending north as far as the carbine tableland , where the distribution of the bennett\u2019s tree - kangaroo begins . the original preferred habitat of the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo was coastal lowland rainforest . however it is now more common at higher altitudes above 300 m due to clearing of lowland habitat .\njohnson , pm and newell , gr . 2008 . lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo dendrolagus lumholtzi . in van dyck , s and strahan , r . ( ed . s ) , the mammals of australia . reed new holland .\ngeographic distribution of the lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo represented by coverage of 1 : 250 , 000 map sheets of australia ( see urltoken for australian maps ) .\nas generalist arboreal folivores , lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos fill a broad ecological niche . they occur sympatrically with other arboreal folivores ,\nthe lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo is named after the norwegian naturalist - explorer , dr carl lumholtz , who obtained a number of animals during several months spent in the rocky districts of the herbert river in 1882 .\nthe lumholtz\u0092s tree kangaroo is predominantly a leaf eater , known to feed on the leaves of the silkwood as well as fruit and maize from farms on the rainforest edge .\nheise - pavlov , s . r . ; jackrel , s . l . * and meeks , s . * ( 2011 ) : conservation of a rare arboreal mammal : habitat preferences of the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo , dendrolagus lumholtzi . \u2013 australian mammalogy 33 : 5 - 12 .\nnewell , gr . 1999 . responses of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) to loss of habitat within a tropical rainforest fragment . biological conservation 91 , 181 - 189 .\nannual meeting of the association of tropical biology and conservation in cairns in july 2014 . title \u201cusing community and project based records of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) sightings for conservation planning\u201d\njohnson pm , delean s ( 2003 ) reproduction of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo , dendrolagus lumholtzi ( marsupialia : macropodidae ) in captivity with age estimation and development of the young . wildlife research 30 , 505 - 512 .\nnewell gr ( 1999 ) home range and habitat use by lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) within a rainforest fragment in north queensland . wildlife research 26 , 129 - 145 .\nlumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is restricted to rainforests between the cardwell range and mount carbine tablelands , north queensland . it is largely restricted to upland rainforest ; animals are regularly encountered in fragmented rainforest on the basalts of the atherton tablelands . the other australian species , bennett\u2019s tree - kangaroo , occurs further north , from mount windsor tableland to cooktown .\n, a closely related tree kangaroo , has been reported to live for up to 20 years in captivity .\nkanowski , j , winter , jw , simmons , t and tucker , nij . 2003 . conservation strategy for lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo on the atherton tablelands . ecological restoration and management 4 : 220 - 221 .\nthe lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is primarily a folivore ( i . e . leaf - eater ) . it also feeds on many fruits and has been known to take cultivated maize from farms adjacent to its rainforest habitat .\njohnson , pm and delean , s . 2003 . reproduction of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo , dendrolagus lumholtzi ( marsupialia : macropodidae ) in captivity , with age estimation and development of the pouch young . wildlife research 30 ( 5 ) 505 - 512 .\nhabits : the lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo is found in montane rainforest of far north queensland , australia . it inhabits elevations from approximately 300 to 1600m . this species total distribution is about 5500 square kilometres . lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo is quite different from the other long - footed tree kangaroos ( the others being bennett ' s and grizzled ) in that it is usually just encountered in mountain forests , i . e restricted to the one type of habitat . lumholtz ' s are the smallest of all the tree kangaroos with males averaging 7 . 2kg and females 5 . 9kg in weight . with its smalll size and specific habitat requirements it has more in common with members of the short - footed group of tree kangaroos .\nlumholtz tree kangaroos are an arboreal species ; i . e . they spent most of their lives on trees .\nnewell , g . 1999 . australia\u2019s tree - kangaroos : current issues in their conservation .\nnewell , gr . 1999 . home range and habitat use by lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) within a rainforest fragment in north queensland . wildlife research , 26 ( 2 ) , 129 - 145 .\nconservation status : in the past the lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo was hunted by aborigines and so was less common than it is now . today it is now common in rainforests areas where it was rare or absent beforehand . able to persist in the mosaic of fragmented habitat , particularly where there are available habitat corridors . however individuals are vulnerable to dog attacks and cars when moving in the open . lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo has been classified as least concern .\nwildlife habitat is proud to participate in the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo population management program , which is authorised by the zoo and aquarium association to educate visitors , create conservation awareness , and directly contribute to a sustainable population of the species .\nthe diet of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo has been well - studied by direct observation of foraging individuals in the curtain fig forest . they eat mainly foliage ( leaves ) and some flowers from about 30 species of plant including 21 tree species and 6 vine species . the majority of observations were of consumption of mature leaves . a further study analysing faecal pellets at a higher elevation site added another 6 tree species and one vine to the diet . thus lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo is a generalist in its diet . several interesting observations were made of consumption of normally toxic plants and weeds like lantana and wild tobacco . given that mature leaves often have deterrents against herbivory like tannins and toxins , the broad diet of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo suggest a powerful gut for a relatively small herbivore .\nin queensland , the lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroo is classed as near threatened . here at the wildlife habitat we pride ourselves on the conservation activities that we organise and are associated with . for more information click through to our conservation breeding program page .\nin terms of the diet of the lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroo , although they are primarily a folivore , they are known to feed on many types of fruit that grow within the tree canopies . so at the wildlife habitat you will notice that we do keep a variety of fruit in their enclosures .\nheise - pavlov , s . r . and meade , r . * ( 2012 ) : improving reliability of scat counts for abundance and distribution estimations of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) in its rainforest habitats . \u2013 pacific conservation biology 18 ( 3 ) : 153 \u2013 163 .\n- - norwegian explorer carl lumholtz , on first hearing of the existence of tree - kangaroos in queensland , 1882 - 3 .\ncolin , our lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroo has a brand new home ! this enclosure is much more stimulating than his previous one . there are natural vines and trees for him to make his way through and platforms for feeding and sleeping on a various levels .\nawc protects montane rainforest on brooklyn wildlife sanctuary . awc has established plots to monitor rainforest fauna and facilitates research by james cook university on montane rainforest . awc ecologists contribute to community - based conservation efforts for lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo on the atherton tablelands .\n. the tree kangaroos in this study had the largest home range size recorded for any tree kangaroo species ( 81 . 8\u00b128 . 3 ha ; 90 % hm ) , and larger core areas of activity ( 45 % ( 20 . 9\u00b14 . 1 ha ) and 70 % ( 36 . 6\u00b17 . 5 ha ) ) , which was between 40 and 100 times larger than ranges measured for the similar sized lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo (\nlumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo inhabits rainforest , including well - developed mature rainforest and regrowth . dispersing juveniles sometimes turn up in farmland , urban areas or eucalypt forest adjacent to rainforest . lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is largely arboreal - it has strong forearms and claws for climbing trees and a long tail for balance . it is also well - adapted for travel across the ground , where it can hop like other kangaroos , although rather heavily . tree - kangaroos feed primarily on the leaves of rainforest trees and vines . they often descend to the ground to move between food trees .\ntail : the lumholtz tree kangaroo has a long , cylindrical , non - prehensile tail that is blackish - brown in color and tufted at the end . the tip of the tail is black in color .\nlumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo is by far the easiest of all tree - kangaroo species to observe in the wild . it is common in many of the small rainforest relics and nature reserves on the atherton tablelands , many of which are readily accessible to those wishing to spotlight mammals by night . ( indeed , guided tours are run for this purpose . ) furthermore , it seems to prefer forest margins and can thus sometimes be seen without venturing deep into the forest or even stepping from one ' s car . as with bennett ' s tree - kangaroo , its life history has recently been elucidated by an extensive field study .\nheise - pavlov , s . ; anderson , c . and moshier , a . * ( 2014 ) : studying food preferences in captive cryptic folivores can assist in conservation planning : the case of the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) . \u2013 australian mammalogy 36 ( 2 ) : 200 - 211 .\nlumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo is found in north - east queensland including the popular tourism destination , the atherton tablelands . the species ' main habitat is upland closed forest . they are difficult to see when high up in the canopy and usually obscured by foliage .\nmartin rw ( 1996 ) tcharibeena : field studies of bennett ' s tree - kangaroo . in tree - kangaroos : a curious natural history ( eds t . fflannery , r . wmartin & aszalay ) . pp 36\u201365 . reed books , melbourne .\nburchill , s . ; cianelli , m . ; edwards , c . ; grace , r . ; heise - pavlov , s . ; hudson , d . ; moerman , i . and smith , k . ( 2014 ) : community action plan for the conservation of the lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) and its habitat 2014 - 2019 . - malanda , australia\nthe lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is the smallest of the tree kangaroo species , but one of the largest of the arboreal mammals in australia . this arboreal species spends most of its life in the canopy of the australian rainforest . for high rise living , tree kangaroos must be agile and nimble , therefore they have regained the ability to walk . tree kangaroos can move their hind legs independently so that they are able to climb up and over branches . although rarely seen on the ground , these amazing marsupials can still hop just like kangaroos and wallabies .\nthe centre of diversity of the tree - kangaroos is png rather than australia . eight species are recognised in png and probably more remain to be formerly described by taxonomists . the tenkile ( dendrolagus scottae ) was described by flannery and seri as recently as 1990 . two species are found in tropical north queensland in australia . the larger is bennett ' s tree - kangaroo described by de vis in 1887 and named in honour of dr george bennett of the australian museum in sydney . the smaller species is lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo described by\nprocter - gray e ( 1984 ) dietary ecology of the brushtail possum , green ringtail possum and lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo in north queensland . in : possums and gliders . ( eds a . psmith & i . dhume ) pp . 129\u2013135 . australian mammal society , sydney .\ndid not have exclusive home ranges , outside the inner cores . this finding differs from studies conducted on the australian lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo , which show that females have exclusive home ranges , while males overlap with other males as well as with several other females ( 90 % hm )\nlumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo is the smaller of the australian tree - kangaroos with mature males averaging 8 . 6 kg and females averaging 7 . 1 kg . the overall colouration is black - brown with lighter coloured fur on the lower part of the back . a light - coloured band across the forehead and down each side of the face is distinctive . the ears are rounded and the tail long . the arboreal habit clearly differentiates the species from other ground - dwelling macropods and the facial and tail markings distinguish it from bennett ' s tree - kangaroo .\nlumholtz tree kangaroos have developed several skills that have enabled them to adapt better to their forest habitat . some of their major adaptive features are mentioned below :\nkanowski , j . , l . felderhof , g . newell , t . parker , c . schmidt , b . stirn , r . wilson , j . winter . 2001 . community survey of the distribution of lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo on the atherton tablelands , north - east queensland .\nposter at the annual meeting of the association of tropical biology and conservation in cairns in july 2014 . title \u201canalysis of factors influencing the distribution of road kill of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) on the atherton tablelands in tropical north queensland , australia\u201d in co - authorship with two former crs students\nthe main anti - predator adaptation of lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos is crypsis . because they are small , solitary , nocturnal , and often high in the canopy , they are hard to find . known predators are feral dogs (\ncoombes ke ( 2005 ) the ecology and habitat utilization of lumholtz ' s tree kangaroos , dendrolagus lumholtzi ( marsupialia : macropodidae ) , on the atherton tablelands , far north queensland . phd dissertation , james cook university .\n( 1984 ) . dietary ecology of the coppery brushtail possum , green ringtail possum and lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo in north queensland . in \u2018possums and gliders\u2019 . ( eds a . p . smith and i . d . hume . ) pp . 129\u2013135 . ( surrey beatty & australian mammal society : sydney . )\nthe lumholtz tree kangaroo raises only one young at a time . the mother suckles and weans the baby until it becomes independent . the baby opens its eyes at about four months of age . a single young may accompany its mother for more than 2 years . it takes about 4 . 5 years for the male tree kangaroo to attain sexual maturity , whereas a female becomes sexually mature at about 2 years of age .\nlumholtz ' s tree kangaroo has a cream chest and stomach , black feet with a grey back consisting of black tips . adult males defend a home range which overlaps home ranges of several females . the home range size for this species is a lot smaller than other species which means it can live in higher densities .\nheise - pavlov , s . r . ; jackrel , s . l . * and meeks , s . * ( 2011 ) : - australian mammalogy 33 : 5 - 12 .\naccording to one extensive study , it spends over 99 per cent of its time in the treetops . s like bennett ' s tree - kangaroo , it subsists almost solely on leaves and is largely solitary and nocturnal . males defend a home range of approximately four hectares , which overlaps with that of several females . these usually defend home ranges of about two hectares each . the size of its territories is much smaller than those of bennett ' s tree - kangaroo . this means that it can live at much higher densities .\ncolor : the body of the lumholtz tree kangaroo is covered with fur that is of blackish - brown coloration . it has a cream - colored chest . its lower back side is light blackish - brown in color . its toes and muzzle are black in color .\nat the xiii international conference on chemical signals in vertebrates 2014 , an alumni from crs - sfs presented a paper \u201cevolutionary aspects of the use of predator odours in anti - predator strategies of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) \u201d with s . r . heise - pavlov as co - author .\nprojects under this topic encompass research on habitat requirements of the two species as well as their social and anti - predator behaviors . projects are linked with actions for the conservation of the lumholtz\u2019 tree - kangaroo which are outlined in the \u201ccommunity action plan for the conservation of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) and its habitats 2014 to 2019\u201d , published by the local tree - kangaroo and mammal group , and the \u201cnational recovery plan for the yellow - bellied glider ( wet tropics ) ( petaurus australis unnamed subsp ) . research of students at crs - sfs support the work of the tablelands national parks volunteers , a conservation group involved in habitat surveys of the yellow - bellied glider . results of research projects will feed directly into the development of more effective conservation strategies for these species .\nnamed after the norwegian naturalist c . lumholtz they are also known as boongary and their scientific name is\ndespite their considerable size , lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos are usually very hard to see during the day , especially when at rest high in the rainforest canopy . however sometimes when alarmed , tree - kangaroos may jump to the ground from heights of up to 15 m . this is an impressive feat when observed in the forest .\nheise - pavlov , s . ( 2015 ) : evolutionary aspects of the use of predator odors in antipredator behaviors of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) . \u2013 in : chemical signals in vertebrates 13 , ( eds . schulte , b . goodwin , t . ) , springer new york , in print\nreproduction : the rate of reproduction is slow . pouch life is about eight months for young lumholtz ' s and youngsters can accompany their mothers for more than two years .\n. however , direct ecological competition is avoided by food partitioning - the diet of lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos consists of leaves higher in fiber and lower in nitrogen than the preferred foods of the other folivores . the role of this species\u2019 scat as a soil fertilizer or a seed dsiperser has not been well studied . as well as a prey species to dingoes , wild dogs , humans , and probably pythons , lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos are hosts to various parasites . they host microscopic pathogens , including the zoonotic bacterium\nlumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is a distinctive kangaroo , with a short broad head , small ears , heavily muscled arms and very long black tail . animals are blackish brown with a black face and a pale band across the forehead and sides of the face ; some animals have a rufous ( reddish ) tinge to the fur . adults weigh up to 10 kg , have a body length of 420 - 710 mm and tail length of 470 - 800 mm .\nat birth , the baby kangaroo weighs just a few grams and it requires less than five minutes for the fetus to crawl with its forelimbs to the entrance of the mother\u2019s pouch . the newborn kangaroo then attaches itself to a teat within the pouch and continues growth for the next 3 months until it is fully developed . the pouch life of a single kangaroo lasts for nearly 9 months .\nwith questions or comments about this web site . text copyright \u00a9 2007 - present rootourism - the kangaroo trail\ndespite being considered endangered , huon tree kangaroos , along with new guinea ' s eleven other tree kangaroo species , are poorly studied in contrast to the two species of tree kangaroo found in australia [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . there is currently no information available on habitat requirements , home range or activity patterns of any new guinean tree kangaroo species . among other characteristics such as diet and predation , long - term conservation of huon tree kangaroos ( d . matschiei ) requires better understanding of ecological characteristics such as home range size , potential seasonal shifts in range , core areas , and dispersal rates and patterns . this ecological knowledge combined with mapping techniques can be used to ensure that representative habitat and ecosystems are present within an existing or proposed protected area or management zones [ 6 ] .\nschmidt , c , felderhof , l , kanowski , j , stirn , b , wilson , r and winter , jw . 2000 . tree - kangaroos on the atherton tablelands : rainforest remnants as wildlife habitat . tree kangaroo and mammal group inc . , atherton .\nin 1884 and named after rev . carl lumholtz a collector sponsored by the university of christiana in norway .\nthese kangaroos mostly spend their days crouched on a branch of a tree . they also come down occasionally to the ground and look for another tree to inhabit .\nlumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo is very different from the other long - footed tree - kangaroos . it is the only species that is restricted to high - elevation mountain forests ( above 800 metres ) and is by far the smallest member of its group . indeed , it is the smallest of all tree - kangaroos , with males averaging 7 . 2 kilograms and females only 5 . 9 kilograms in weight . in its small size and mountain habitat , it parallels many members of the short - footed group of new guinea .\n) . lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos have never been observed drinking water and there are no bodies of water within the home ranges of most individuals . they are thought to obtain enough water from moisture in and on their food . when feeding , they move the forelimbs simultaneously to grab leaves , bring them closer to the mouth , and then chew . digestion includes foregut fermentation . although foliage is abundant in the canopy , lumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos cannot feed on all types of leaves ; it is therefore not known whether food is a limiting resource .\nfor an overlapping pair of females in her study . the two tree kangaroo species may be equally solitary , but range size and overlap may interact in a complex way with density as described above .\nhuon tree kangaroos ( d . matschiei ) were located for the study by a team of 6\u20138 local landowner hunters searching visually within the vicinity of one kilometre of the camp . after sighting a tree kangaroo , the hunters used a traditional method to live - capture the animal . the undergrowth within a radius of approximately 10 m around the tree in which the tree kangaroo was sitting was rapidly cleared and the cut vegetation was piled around the perimeter to create a temporary barrier , known in the local language as an \u201c im \u201d . one hunter then climbed a neighbouring tree and encouraged the tree kangaroo to jump to the ground , where it was hand - captured by the base of the tail , within the \u201c im \u201d . the captured tree kangaroo was then quickly placed into a hessian bag , which helped to minimise stress on the animal while it was transported back to the camp . the capture process took approximately 15\u201320 minutes once the animal had been sighted and generally occurred in the early hours of the day ( 0800 \u2013 1200 ) .\ntree kangaroos are listed as endangered due to loss of habitat due mainly to logging .\nlumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos are generalist herbivores , feeding on the leaves of at least 37 species of plants , including trees , vines , shrubs , and epiphytes . while they most often consume adult leaves , individuals have been observed eating young leaves or flowers . examples of species eaten include\ntree kangaroos are the only macropods which can move their hind feet independantly of each other .\nthe crater lakes national park has two sections - lake barrine and lake eacham . both lakes are within the wet tropics world heritage area . the lakes are fringed by rainforest where the musky rat - kangaroo and red - legged pademelon can be seen by day . at night , lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo may be viewed along the various walking trails at each lake . the park does not have accommodation or camping but is near cairns and other locations in the atherton tablelands of queensland that have a full range of accommodation . nearby curtain fig national park is also another likely place to see lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo as it secures a remnant of mabi forest ( or notophyll vine forest ) . mabi is an indigenous name for the tree - kangaroo . there is no camping in this park but spotlighting is allowed following the advice given on the park ' s website ( note : a low - wattage bulb 30w or less should be used ) . advice from a local wildlife tour operator ( urltoken ) is that sightings are more likely in the curtin fig / yungaburra area than the crater lakes national park . he nominates petersen creek , yungaburra ; wongabel state forest ; and malanda falls conservation park as his ' best - place - to - see ' .\nthe authors would like to acknowledge in - kind and financial support from the following institutions , the national geographic society ( grant of $ 19 , 900 - determining activity patterns , home range size , and habitat use by the matschie ' s tree kangaroo ( dendrolagus matschiei ) on the huon peninsula , papua new guinea through radiotelemetry ) , conservation international , woodland park zoo , roger williams park zoo , and the american zoo and aquarium association ' s ( aza ) tree kangaroo species survival plan . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript .\nbreeding is aseasonal unlike bennett ' s tree - kangaroo but this observation may be an artefact of captivity where the species was studied . however , rainfall in the lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroo range is also less seasonal than the marked wet - dry of the more northerly bennett ' s tree - kangaroo habitat . male sexual behaviour is typical of macropods in general with the male consorting with a female sniffing her cloaca and pouch . if the female is receptive ( in oestrus ) the male proceeds to rub his head , neck and shoulders on her cloaca while she elevates her hindquarters supporting her weight on her forepaws . thus the male is coated with exudates from the cloaca which is an unusual behaviour in macropods . more typical is the male rubbing his neck and chest on the female while mounted and coating her with excretions from a sternal gland . males mount in from the rear in the typical fashion of macropods with the female elevating her rump to assist entry . during a copulation that lasts 10 - 35 min , the female makes a soft trumpeting sound .\nmartin rw ( 2005 ) tree kangaroos of australia and new guinea . csiro publishing , melbourne .\nlumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos do travel between patches of rainforest for dispersal and mating . during this movement , they are susceptible to being killed on roads and through dog attacks . both roadkill and dog attacks are known threats . there is an unknown virus or disease that has been known to create blindness in some individuals .\nthe huon tree kangaroo ( dendrolagus matschiei ) is one of fourteen tree kangaroo species recognized by the iucn , twelve species of which are endemic to new guinea and two are endemic to australia [ 1 ] . huon tree kangaroos ( d . matschiei ) are endemic to high elevations of the huon peninsula , morobe province , papua new guinea , between 1 , 000 and 3 , 300 m above sea level , and a total geographic range of less than 14 , 000 km 2 [ 2 ] . the huon tree kangaroo is listed as endangered [ 1 ] . half of the fourteen species of dendrolagus are considered to be endangered or critically endangered , threatened by hunting or habitat loss , with poorly understood ecology , small and restricted geographic ranges , and specialized diet and habitat requirements [ 1 ] . tree kangaroos are an important component of new guinea ' s endemic marsupial fauna with special significance for indigenous landowners [ 3 ] and consequently have an important role as conservation flagship species for motivating the public and decision - makers to ensure that papua new guinea ' s ecosystems are protected and well managed .\nproportion of home range area overlap between adjacent huon tree kangaroos ( d . matschiei ) in upper montane forest at wasaunon on papua new guinea ' s huon peninsula ( mean \u00b1 sem ) .\nthis project is linked with component 3 ( effective response to change ) of crs\u2019s 5yrp .\nmale lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos weigh an average 7 . 6 kg ( 5 . 4 - 9 . 9 kg ) and females 6 . 3 kg ( 5 . 1\u2013 7 . 8 kg ) . the head and body length of males averages 520 - 710 mm and tail length averages 655 - 800 mm . females are smaller in all dimensions ( head - body length 420 - 675 mm ; tail length 470 - 740 mm ) . the forearms of lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos are long and heavily muscled , and the hindfeet are short and broad . both these features differ from the normal kangaroo pattern and are adaptations for a life in the trees . the under - surface of the hindfeet is fused into a soft pad that can mould itself around branches and tree trunks to help in climbing . the front feet also have curved claws and rough , bumpy pads on the underside for gripping when climbing .\nthis study describes the spatial use of habitat by huon tree kangaroos ( d . matschiei ) , focusing on estimating home range size as well as spatial distribution of male and females . based on expectations from home range and spatial distribution of australian tree kangaroos and other rainforest macropodids [ 7 ] [ 12 ] , we expect female huon tree kangaroos to have smaller , discrete home ranges with little overlap between adjacent individuals while males may have larger ranges overlapping with several females . this type of spatial arrangement would make it possible to estimate the density of tree kangaroo populations and support the development of effective management strategies to conserve populations of huon and other tree kangaroos in the wild .\nthis project is linked with component 2 ( conflict , vulnerability and change ) of crs\u2019s 5yrp .\nhome range areas ( ha ) for adult male and female huon tree kangaroos ( d . matschiei ) in upper montane forest at wasaunon on papua new guinea ' s huon peninsula ( means \u00b1 sem ) .\nlumholtz\u2019s tree kangaroos are a species of least concern on the iucn red list and are not listed on the cites appendices . however , relatively little of their range is protected , and habitat loss is the biggest potential threat to their well - being . given their low birthrate and preference for small patches of isolated forest , they are quite vulnerable to habitat loss .\nlength : the average total length of the head - body of a male tree kangaroo is around 520 mm to 710 mm . the length of the tail is around 655 mm to 800 mm . the females are smaller in size ; their head - body length ranges between 420 mm and 675 mm . the female\u2019s tail length lies between 470 mm and 740 mm .\naccording to the statement of the blacks , it was a kangaroo which lived in the highest trees on the summit of the coast mountains . it had a very long tail , and was as large as a medium - sized dog , climbed the trees in the same manner as the natives themselves , and was called boongary . i was sure that it could be none other than a tree - kangaroo ( dendrolagus ) . tree - kangaroos were known to exist in new guinea , but none had yet been found on the australian continent . . .\nmartin , r ( 2005 ) tree - kangaroos of australia and new guinea . ( csiro publishing : melbourne ) .\na major threat to this species in the past has been the large - scale clearing of its favoured rainforest habitat on the fertile basalt soils of the atherton tablelands . many animals still survive and breed in the tiny regrowth fragments there , however these are threatened by domestic dog attacks and are frequently killed on roads . in the longer term , global warming poses a threat to this species . like other leaf - eating marsupials in the wet tropics of north queensland , lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo is a high - altitude , cool rainforest specialist .\nposter at the xii international conference on chemical signals in vertebrates as collaborative work with two students , elizabeth forbes and denise stanton ( both wet 2011 ) . title : \u201cresponses of lumholtz\u2019 tree - kangaroos ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) to semiochemicals may contribute to their vulnerability to human induced habitat modifications\u201d\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nlumholtz , c . 1890 . among cannibals . an account of four years\u2019 travels in australia and of camp life with the aborigines of queensland . murray , london .\nlumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroo has a restricted distribution ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 and area of occupancy < 2 , 000 km 2 ) . the number of locations is unknown but probably not substantially more than 10 . the population size is > 10 , 000 mature individuals . there is no reliable assessment of trends in population size , but limited information provides weak ( and inconsistent ) inference of continuing population decline . declines over last , or next three generation period are unlikely to approach 30 % , so are insufficient to qualify for criterion a .\nthey climb trees by gripping the trunk or branch with the forelimbs and then pushing up with the hindlimbs ( moving in reverse , tail - first , when descending ) . nearing the ground , a tree - kangaroo will release its hold on the trunk and kick off with its hindlegs and land on the rainforest floor and hop away . on broad horizontal branches and on the ground they may use a hopping gait or walk . tree - kangaroos are the only group of macropods that can move their hindlimbs independently . when disturbed , they can jump to another tree or jump to the ground from a height of up to 15 m . generally , lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos are solitary animals and males will be aggressive toward others entering their territory . however , in captivity males are usually tolerant of females . they are a sedentary species with small home ranges of around 0 . 7 ha for females and 2 ha for males , and may stay within their home range even after a large disturbance , such as tree felling , rather than retreating to nearby intact forest .\nhunting can also directly affect the behaviour of prey animals , influencing them to maintain lower densities to avoid predators and hunters [ 3 ] . martin [ 57 ] suggests that bennett ' s tree kangaroos were once restricted to \u201c taboo \u201d sites ( mt finnigan ) located on traditional aboriginal land on shipton ' s flat in far northeast queensland . this was attributed to no - hunting practices on sacred land where aboriginals believed their ancestors originated . traditional hunting has decreased over the past few decades and bennett ' s tree kangaroos are now commonly found in the lowlands outside those \u201ctaboo\u201d sites .\nheise , s . r . ( 1995 ) : report to the german federal ministry for education and research .\ntree - kangaroos are notoriously difficult to see in the wild , with this enclosure you can get close views of this amazing species .\nheise - pavlov , s . ; forbes , e . * ; andersen , c . and prince , m . ( 2013 ) : response of lumholtz\u2019 tree - kangaroos ( dendrolagus lumholtzi ) to odours from native and introduced terrestrial predators : a preliminary study . in : chemical signals in vertebrates 12 , ( eds . east , m . l . and dehnhard , m . ) , pp . 269 - 275 , springer new york\nthe main threat to lumholtz\u2019s tree - kangaroos is clearing of their rainforest habitat , although this has lessened with the declaration of the wet tropics world heritage area . the species appears to be able to persist in fragmented habitat and may use habitat corridors . it is possible that their unwillingness to move from their established home ranges may place them at risk where even small levels of clearing occur . this may also reduce the likelihood of successful relocation .\nthe fertile period for the female tree kangaroos ( estrous ) is nearly around 2 months . during this time , the male kangaroo chooses the female by making soft clucking noises and pawing her shoulders and head . the male also sniffs the female\u2019s cloaca and pouch as a form of courtship ritual . in case the female leaves , the male follows her and keeps on pawing her tail . he then starts to rub his shoulders , neck and head on the female\u2019s cloaca while she raises her hindquarters by supporting the weight of her body on her forepaws . the mating goes on for nearly 20 to 35 minutes and is quite aggressive from the male\u2019s side . a soft , trumpeting noise is emitted by the female during copulation . a successful mating session is followed by a long gestation period of about 42 to 48 days , after which the female kangaroo gives birth to a joey .\ntree - kangaroos are nocturnal and they spend the daylight hours sleeping hunched over in a sitting position high in tree canopies . living in high rainfall areas , tree - kangaroos need to be able to stay dry . to do this , the fur covering their bodies is arranged so that it points outward from a point near the middle of the back , allowing water to run off the fur while they are sleeping .\nhenley , s . r . , smith , d . g . , and raats , j . g . ( 2001\nflannery , tf , martin , r and szalay , a . 1996 . tree kangaroos . a curious natural history . reed books , melbourne .\nit is a nocturnal animal , thus , its days are spent asleep in a crouched sitting posture in the crown of a tree or branch .\n( 1999 ) . \u2018the conservation status of queensland\u2019s bioregional ecosystems . \u2019 ( environmental protection agency , queensland government : brisbane . )\nheise . s . and lippke , j . ( 1997 ) : aggressive behaviour 23 ( 4 ) , 293 - 298 .\nlumholtz tree kangaroos originally resided in the coastal lowland rainforests of australia . however , at present they are found mostly in the rainforests of the tropical queensland , along atherton tablelands , and extending to the north up to the carbine tableland . they are also abundant along the malanda falls environmental park , crater national park , and curtain fig tree . they are also found in eucalypt forests which are located along the western edges of wet tropics bioregion as well as in the riparian vegetation areas .\nburchill , s . ; cianelli , m . ; edwards , c . ; grace , r . ; heise - pavlov , s . ; hudson , d . ; moerman , i . and smith , k . ( 2014 ) : - malanda , australia\nweight : the male kangaroo weighs on an average between 7 . 2 kg and 8 . 6 kg . the average weight of the female is between 5 . 9 kg and 7 . 1 kg .\njones , k . m . w . , maclagan , s . j . , and krockenberger , a . k . ( 2006\nheise - pavlov , s . ( 2007 ) : bulletin of the german society for ecology , 37 ( 2 ) , 19 .\nheise - pavlov , s . ( 2006 ) : bericht der rheinh . - t\u00fcxen - ges . 18 : 207 - 218 .\nheise , s . r . and van acker , a . ( 2000 ) : physiology and behavior 71 , 289 - 296 .\nthe gestation period , averaging 45 days , is exceptionally long for macropods . oestrus is not post - partum ( 1 - 2 days after birth ) and there is no evidence of embryonic diapause . female lumholtz ' s tree - kangaroos come into oestrus about 2 months after permanent pouch exit of the current offspring following 9 months of pouch life . this is about the time the current offspring is weaned and leads to long birth intervals of about 1 . 4 years and relatively low fecundity .\nlooking up into the tree canopy is inferior to looking as horizontal as possible into it . thus find high ground in sloping terrain and look into canopy .\nmeans \u201ctree hare\u201d ) , but the practice has essentially stopped . the species may be of slight economic importance as a source of ecotourism in northeast queensland .\nheise , s . and wieland , h . ( 1991 ) : nachrichtenbl . deut . pflschutzd . 43 ( 2 ) , 30\u201133 .\nheise - pavlov , p . m . and heise - pavlov , s . r ( 2004 ) : galemys 16 , 211 - 220 .\nheise , s . r . and rozenfeld , f . m . ( 2002 ) : behaviour 139 ( 7 ) , 897 - 911 .\nwieland , h . and heise , s . ( 1991 ) : j . exp . anim . sci . 34 , 207 - 211 .\nheise , s . and stubbe , m . ( 1987 ) : \u2011 s\u00e4ugetierkdl . inf . 2 ( 11 ) , 403 \u2011 414 .\nthey are small objects ( dog sized ) , very hard to spot and may be high in the tree canopy . the long pendulous tail is the best cue .\nthank you ! you have successfully signed up to receive enews . we will keep you informed on awc\u2019s activities with updates from the field by email .\nthis project is linked with component 1 ( understanding ecological and social systems ) and component 2 ( conflict , vulnerability and change ) of crs\u2019s 5yrp .\nheise , s . ( 1991 ) \u2011 in : proceedings of the meeting\npopulation ecology of small mammals\n, 1991 , pp . 171\u2011181 .\nheise , s . ( 1990 ) in : proceedings of the xith symposium\nactual problems of phytopathology and plant protection\n, pp . 58\u201162 .\nnight spotlighting is possible with a dull ruby red eyeshine that is less intense than possums . tree - kangaroos are skittish at night and will readily retreat from the spotlighter .\nwe need your help to save australia ' s endangered animals . your tax deductible donation will make a difference where it really counts - in the field .\nreproduction in lumholtz ' s tree kangaroo , dendrolagus lumholtzi , was studied in captivity . the length of the oestrous cycle was 47\u201364 days and the gestation period was 42\u201348 days . post partum oestrus and embryonic diapause were not observed in this study . the interval between loss of a pouch young and a return mating was 22 days . pouch life was 246\u2013275 days long and weaning occurred 87\u2013240 days later . sexual maturity was obtained in females as early as 2 . 04 years and in males at 4 . 6 years . linear mixed - effects models are used to describe polynomial growth equations for age determination of pouch young using both head and pes length . the relationship between error in age prediction and each body measurement is also defined . head and pes measurements provide equally accurate estimates of the age of pouch young .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nheise - pavlov , s . r and longway , l . j . * ( 2011 ) : - ecological management and restoration 12 : 230 - 233 .\nheise - pavlov , s . ; h\u00fcppe , j . and pott , r . ( 2008 ) : phytocoenologia , 38 ( 3 ) : 213 - 219\nheise , s . r . and rozenfeld , f . m . ( 1999 ) : journal of chemical ecology 25 ( 7 ) , 1671 - 1685 .\nstubbe , m . and heise , s . ( 1987 ) : \u2011 wiss . beitr . mlu halle 14 ( p 27 ) , 279 \u2011 329 .\n; this is thought to be ancestral among tree kangaroos . while the basal metabolic rate is not known precisely , it is thought to be low for a mammal of its size .\n, where males had substantially larger ranges than females . understanding this large variation in home range between tree kangaroo species is particularly important to understanding the space use and habitat requirements for conservation of tree kangaroos . in this study we have reported results using a variety of calculation techniques ( harmonic mean , kernel and minimum convex polygon ) to maximize the potential for comparability with past and future studies . however , given that the pattern of results is very similar between the harmonic mean and kernel techniques , we only discuss the results of the harmonic mean algorithm , as it is the most commonly used technique in the literature .\nit was recorded at the time that aboriginal people who were very familiar with the tree - kangaroo called it\nboongarry\n. although it is also known as\nmabi\nor\nmuppie\nby the ngadjon - jii people of the larger malanda area ( atherton tableland ) . it is the totem of one of the elders and therefore enjoys special protection among the local population . the following largely focuses just on this species .\ncamera traps were used to study eastern grey kangaroo behaviour . findings compared with published data revealed that activity patterns were largely consistent with other methods although nocturnal behaviour was underrepresented . unusual fighting behaviour was observed . kangaroos became habituated to cameras after eight months .\nheise - pavlov , s . r . and meade , r . * ( 2012 ) : - pacific conservation biology 18 ( 3 ) : 153 \u2013 163 .\nheise - pavlov , s . ; heise - pavlov , p . and bradley , a . ( 2005 ) : journal of zoology 266 , 73 - 80 .\nheise , s . ; lippke , j . and wieland , h . ( 1991 ) : zool . jb . syst . 118 ( 2 ) , 257\u2011264 .\nwieland , h . ; sellmann , j . and heise , s . ( 1990 ) : \u2011 arch . phytopathol . pflanzenschutz , berlin , 26 , 569\u2011572 .\nhuon tree kangaroos had cores of activity within their range at 45 % ( 20 . 9\u00b14 . 1 ha ) and 70 % ( 36 . 6\u00b17 . 5 ha ) harmonic mean isopleths ("]}
{"id": 1275, "summary": [{"text": "aporocidaris milleri is a species of sea urchin of the family ctenocidaridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "their armour is covered with spines .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it is placed in the genus aporocidaris and lives in the sea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "aporocidaris milleri was first scientifically described in 1898 by alexander emanuel agassiz . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "aporocidaris milleri", "paragraphs": ["aporocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nexplore what eol knows about aporocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) .\nworms - world register of marine species - aporocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 )\n( of porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) david , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) mortensen , t . ( 1928b ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . i . cidaroidea , 551 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 110 - 114 [ details ]\n( of plegiocidaris milleri ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1928b ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . i . cidaroidea , 551 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 110 - 114 [ details ]\nto antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 6 publications ) ( from synonym porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) to encyclopedia of life to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to the echinoderms of panama lifedesks to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 36 records )\n( of porocidaris milleri a . agassiz , 1898 ) reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the gal\u00e1pagos , to the the west coast of m\u00e9xico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission streamer\nalbatross\n, during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xxiii . preliminary report on the echini . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 32 , 71 - 86 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 74 ; pl . 4 : figs 1 - 2 [ details ]\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .\nmortensen , t . ( 1928b ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . i . cidaroidea , 551 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 110 - 114 [ details ]\ndavid , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmah , c . l . ; mcknight , d . g . ; eagle , m . k . ; pawson , d . l . ; am\u00e9ziane , n . ; vance , d . j . ; baker , a . n . ; clark , h . e . s . ; davey , n . ( 2009 ) . phylum echinodermata : sea stars , brittle stars , sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea lilies . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 371 - 400 . [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin panama this species was collected southwest of coiba island ( usnm e 9483 & usnm 21042 ; centroid latitude : 6 . 2833 , centroid longitude : - 82 . 0833 ) , gulf of chiriqui , eastern pacific , by the r . v . albatross , from a depth of 3058 m .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napical disc very large ( 65 - 75 % test diameter ) ; raised ; strongly dicyclic ; covered in tubercles , but with a bare edge to the plates . relatively few periproctal plates . ocular pores surrounded by a distinct rim .\ninterambulacral tubercles perforate and non - crenulate ; areole not sunken . scrobicular tubercles hardly differentiated from other granulation .\nmedian interradial suture zone rather bare and slightly sunken ; small pits at adradial end of horizontal interambulacral sutures .\nambulacra narrow ; composed of relatively few plates . pore - pairs very narrow with only a thin interporal partition , or the two pores coalesced ; strongly oblique to the plate suture .\nperistome about half test diameter ; relatively few ambulacral plates in each series ( less than 10 ) .\nprimary spines long , cylindrical and slender with short collar and distinct neck ; terminating in a simple point . shaft of spine with semiregular rows of thorns with scattered fine hairs in between .\nsecondary spines erect and cylindrical , not adpressed around the base of the primary spines .\na . incerta ( koehler , 1902 ) ; recent , southern tip of south america .\ndiffers from ctenocidaris by the larger size of its apical disc and its adoral interradial sutures which are rather bare .\nagassiz , a . & clark , h . l . 1907 . hawaiian and other pacific echinoids .\nmortensen , t . 1928 . a monograph of the echinoidea . 1 , cidaroidea . c . a . reitzel , copenhagen .\ncaso , m . e . 1979 . los equinoideos del pacifico de mexico . parte primera - ordenes cidaroidea y aulodonta . publicaciones especiales centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia , universidad nacional autonoma de mexico 1 , 1 - 103 .\nmooi , r . , david , b . , fell , f . j . & chone , t . 2000 . three new species of bathyal cidaroids ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) from the antarctic region . proceedings of the biological society of washington 113 , 224 - 237 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1276, "summary": [{"text": "shannon ( 1941 \u2013 1955 ) , named shannon ii in america , was an outstanding australian thoroughbred racehorse who was inducted into the hall of fame .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "he created new racecourse records in australia before he was sold to an american buyer who exported him to california in 1948 .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "there shannon equalled the world record of 1:47 \u00b3 \u2044 \u2085 for the nine furlongs ( 1,800 metres ) in winning the forty niner handicap stakes , then one week later equalled the world record of 1:59 \u2074 \u2044 \u2085 for a mile and a quarter ( 2,000 metres ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "shannon was named the 1948 american champion older male horse .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "at stud in america he proved to be a good sire . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "shannon ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["chris hemsworth and michael shannon are set to star in the afghanistan war drama \u201c horse soldiers \u201d for black label media .\nsometime after the publication of jessica owers\u2019 book about shannon , spendthrift farm erected two brass plaques to honour both bernborough and shannon ii .\ndr . fager recorded one of the greatest campaigns in the annals of american racing when he was named horse of the year , champion older horse , champion grass horse and champion sprinter in 1968 .\nshannon\u2019s dam was the australian idle words . her sire was the british horse magpie that made the passage to victoria in 1917 . her grandsire was irish horse dark ronald , one of the most renowned sires of all time .\nif the highest scoring horse is unable to participate , the next highest scoring horse earns the right for participation . if the second horse cannot participate the right will go to the next horse and so forth , as long as the horses have scored the minimum points of qualification set forth below .\nthere was , however , another aussie to arrive at spendthrift \u2014 the great shannon .\nandrew murphy , chief commercial officer for shannon group , which operates shannon airport , said the airlift was in keeping with the airport\u2019s target of growing its livestock cargo business .\nshannon was retired to stud in 1948 where he sired 99 winners in eight seasons .\ntoday\u2019s throwback takes us to stampede park in 2005 and apprentice rider sovereign award winner shannon beauregard . in 2005 shannon told us that \u201cnothing compares to riding horses \u2013 it\u2019s my life . it\u2019s my love\u201d and she still has that love . shannon had a fall from a horse in 2014 and most jockeys would have retired , but all shannon could think about was getting back on a horse . shannon\u2019s work ethic is second to none , and her hard work , dedication and love for the horses has her back on the track , and in the winner\u2019s circle . shannon is a veteran in the jockey\u2019s room at northlands park , and this winter she got her 800th win at turf paradise in phoenix . come see shannon ride on friday night and saturday afternoon at northlands park !\n* overs has shannon finishing 4th in this race however the atr records unplaced horses in weight order rather than place order . according to the smh felcorn finished 4th and shannon 5th .\nrider on the bronze horse . new york ; bobbs - merrill , 1942 .\nhe ' s probably the laziest horse i ' ve ever jogged or trained .\nshannon was purchased for the bargain price , or at least so it seems a bargain after the fact , of \u00a3367 by peter riddle , who also served as shannon\u2019s trainer in australia .\nstanding at spendthrift farm in kentucky , he was joined by another pretty good australian horse , bernborough . shannon\u2019s progeny would eventually produce over $ 4 million in prize money . <\n* * overs has shannon finishing 11th in this race however the atr records unplaced horses in weight order rather than place order . according to the smh goose boy finished 11th and shannon 8th .\na major airlift of irish thoroughbred horses has taken place from shannon airport , bound for china .\nsport horse breeding gb uses cookies . find out more about our use of cookies .\nall time results for caverna high school ( prior to 1950 , horse cave high school and cave city high school and prior to 1957 , horse cave colored school . )\nthe airlift of 76 horses in a boeing 747 cargo plane from shannon took place late last week .\nsword dancer was champion 3 - year - old and horse of the year for 1959 .\nwhatever the correct figure might be for either horse ( and some commentator ' s have phar lap on a lesser figure ) there is no doubt shannon retired as australasia ' s greatest stake winner .\nhe ' s probably the laziest horse i ' ve ever jogged or trained ,\nshared murphy , while also calling the horse one of the most intelligent he ' s met .\nan airport spokesperson said : \u201cwe are disappointed by united\u2019s decision to reduce its shannon / new york service for the winter period . united have operated services at shannon since 1999 and are a core and valued customer .\na chinese billionaire has bought up 76 irish thoroughbred horses which were airlifted to the asian country from shannon airport .\ndes hoysted back in the mid 70\u0092s called the wrong horse during a race and only realised his error after the horse had won . giving the prices and breeding info he gave the winner\u0092s breeding as\nbred and owned by christopher t . chenery , hill prince won six of seven starts as a juvenile before a horse of the year campaign at age 3 and further success as an older horse .\n1939 state tournament ( at alumni gym , u . k . , lexington ) horse cave season record 33 - 3 , coach w . b . owen first round \u2013 brooksville ( 10th region ) 42 horse cave ( 6th region ) 36 1939 all state tournament team included jack jennings of horse cave\n* * * overs has shannon finishing 4th in this race however the atr seems to record unplaced horses in this set weight race in betting order rather than place order . according to the smh accession finished 4th and shannon 5th .\ntom fool was champion 2 - year - old in 1951 and horse of the year in 1953 .\nstorm is the only horse sally competes , although she does have her retired eventer at home too .\nunited airlines\u2019 decision to suspend its daily shannon - new york route for the winter is a \u201cbombshell\u201d to the industry .\nhe broke his leg in 1955 , requiring his euthanization . rosehill racecourse runs the shannon stakes annually in his honour .\nthe airlift , it is hoped , will lead to further purchases by chinese horse racing / breeding interests .\nfrench - bred filly all along won four major races in the span of 41 days during 1983 en route to becoming the first foreign - based horse to be voted horse of the year in the united states .\nnamed after the guns of war , ack ack was the final horse bred and raced by harry guggenheim .\nfoiled again , with trainer shannon murphy , has an official doll modelled in his likeness . ( sara fraser / cbc )\nhe used what was thought - to - be undetectable horse tranquilizer to kill mohr , allegedly to collect on insurance policies totaling more than $ 300 , 000 . he bashed her head with a rock and blamed a horse . officials initially bought his story , calling mohr ' s death an accident caused by a fall from a horse .\n1938 state tournament ( at alumni gym , u . k . , lexington ) horse cave season record unavailable , coach w . b . owen first round \u2013 madisonville ( 2nd region ) 31 horse cave ( 6th region ) 30\nshannon\u2019s first months in california were a disaster . placed into the bay meadows barn of willie molter , the hall of fame trainer just didn\u2019t get it . shannon was a puzzle , had a running style unknown to molter\u2019s other charges . and johnny longden didn\u2019t fare much better . asking shannon to run from the front , the jock got nothing from the famous australian . shannon hung on the turns , choked in the straights , and became a laughing stock across california . it would take him six months to win a race .\nshannon queen took 3 minutes 22 . 4 seconds for the 2600 metre distance to win this covered group 3 sheikh zayed cup race .\nunited currently operates daily flights from shannon to newark , new jersey , a short distance from the biggest city in the united states .\nanother champion , albeit one who never met up with bernborough , was shannon ( 1941 ) . a remarkable thoroughbred described by author jessica owers as \u201cpeerless , \u201d he was also the fastest horse that johnny longden \u2014 who had ridden count fleet \u2014 had ever sat astride . racing to brilliance in australia , shannon was imported to the usa after being bought by harry curland . unlike ajax , who had also been acquired by american interests , shannon was bought to race in america , where he became shannon ii . for a summary of this great thoroughbred\u2019s career ( who is the subject of jessica owers\u2019 latest book ) please click on this link : urltoken\nafter 1936 there was a regional realignment where the 8th region , that included horse cave , became the 6th region .\nin the fourth race on opening day this year at brockton , amonte was involved in a three - horse collision .\nduring the time shannon raced in the usa the usd was pegged at usd3 . 224 to 1 . 00 aus pound ( wikipedia ) .\nback in 1963 , figueroa won five races in eight days on the circuit with a horse he trained named shannon ' s hope . figueroa said the society for the prevention of cruelty to animals came to investigate . ' ' i told them , ' i run shannon ' s hope short distances , six and a half furlongs , no farther , ' ' ' he said . ' ' this paul revere , he ' s a hero in massachusetts , but he ran his horse 26 miles in one night ! ' '\n1934 * * * 17th annual * * * state tournament ( at alumni gym , u . k . , lexington ) the year the system became what it is today : 16 regions ; 1 class ; \u201cthe greatest show on earth . \u201d horse cave season record unavailable , coach w . b . owen first round \u2013 horse cave ( 8th region ) 33 louisville manual ( 6th region ) 16 elite eight \u2013 horse cave 24 lexington henry clay ( 11th region ) 22 final four \u2013 danville ( 9th region ) 26 horse cave 24 1934 all state tournament team included ralph dorsey and leslie ross of horse cave\nin may 1948 , at the coming around of the hollywood park meeting , molter slung a new jockey into shannon\u2019s irons and found himself a different horse . johnny adams , and later jack westrope , rode the horse as he had been ridden in sydney \u2013 sit back and sprint later . and shannon unfurled . the argonaut , hollywood gold cup , forty - niners , golden gate , and san francisco handicaps . . . the australian swept them all . nine - furlong records , 10 furlongs , they all tumbled . they called him \u201cthe bullet from down under\u201d and , when it came to a proposed match race with citation , \u201cthe white hope of the west coast . \u201d but the match race never occurred . shannon was retired in november 1948 , champion older horse of his year .\nin the winter of 1947 , peter riddle passed away and shannon was sold at public auction . fetching the highest price ever paid for a thoroughbred at auction , he went to the randwick yard of trainer frank dalton for new owner w . j . smith . he raced four times in smith ' s colours for two wins and two seconds , but as a burgeoning seven year old shannon would not be able to recoup his purchase price . smith promptly shipped the horse to california , heralding a rough and rocky time for the sensitive shannon .\n\u201ci understand that the airline has assured shannon airport that it will begin flying from shannon again from march 10 , but there will still be over three months during the winter without such a service . i will be working hard over the coming weeks with businesses from the area to highlight to united airline and the aviation industry the need for a connection between new york and shannon during these winter months , \u201d added minister breen .\nshannon\u2019s sale to the u . s . followed a trend of australian bloodstock steaming its way to american farms at that time . beau pere , ajax , bernborough et al had all found stud careers in america . but shannon was to tread new territory . he wasn\u2019t sold to stud ; he was sold to race , and he became the first australian thoroughbred to infiltrate the highest levels of american horse racing .\nbred and owned by sam riddle , crusader was sired by man o\u2019 war out of the star shoot mare star fancy . crusader was recognized as horse of the year in 1926 and became the first horse to win consecutive runnings of the suburban handicap .\nshannon next won the hill stakes , and then took the epsom handicap running as the favourite . it does not take long in racing , just the time it takes for one of the bag men to pay rather than collect , for a horse to go from long to short . after four starts for four wins , flight beat shannon in the craven plate , and he was given an autumn and winter holiday .\neventing represents the strongest ab participation sport in the uk . owning an event horse with us could be really good for business .\nexclusively owning or part owning an event horse with us can create a unique and powerful shop window for your products and services .\n1945 khsal state tournament ( at kentucky state college gymnasium in frankfort ) ( khsal membership eventually reached a high of 69 schools and it was reported that horse cave won 65 straight games over two years , 1943 - 1945 . ) horse cave colored high school season record unavailable , coach newton stone thomas scores are unavailable championship \u2013 horse cave ( ky ) defeated rosenwald ( madisonville , ky )\nhe was syndicated and sent to spendthrift farm . leslie combs ii had much to advertise . shannon was arguably the most decorated horse in the stallion barn , commanding $ 2 , 500 a service , bettered only by his lofty neighbour , alibhai . and his books were good . both combs and mccarthy sent their own mares to shannon , and he produced 132 foals of racing age . one hundred nineteen made it to the racetrack , of which 100 were winners . but the blue - chip progeny were rare . shannon produced only six stakes winners before he died in 1955 .\nfarriers were in great demand by the australian light horse so when harold arthur mertin joined up 1914 he was welcomed with open arms .\nhorse of the year and champion 3 - year - old male in 1994 , holy bull was bred in florida by rachel carpenter\u2019s pelican stable . he was owned and trained by jimmy croll after carpenter died prior to the horse\u2019s career debut in 1993 at monmouth park .\ndon\u2019t miss the full report from the horse & hound grassroots eventing championships in h & h \u2014 on sale thursday , 8 june .\nthe shannon stakes is held on the same day as the group 2 stan fox stakes , group 3 research stakes & the group 3 colin stephen quality .\n1937 * * * 20th annual * * * state tournament ( at alumni gym , u . k . , lexington ) horse cave season record unavailable , coach w . b . owen first round \u2013 midway ( 11th region ) 43 horse cave ( 6th region ) 23\n[ 1 ] johnstone was a grazier from camperdown and never owned the horse in fact . he was paid , or rather laid \u00a3200 to nothing against don juan winning the melbourne cup by bookmaker joe thompson , for the use of his name . the horse was own by thompson\n[ 5 ] as soon as inglis claimed don juan thompson bought the horse back for \u00a32 , 000 . first prize in the elbourne cup was \u00a31360 but that was nothing compared with what thompson had won betting the unraced mystery horse down to 3 / 1 * in the cup\ndance smartly was the second filly to win the canadian triple crown and the first canadian - bred horse to win a breeders\u2019 cup race .\naffirmed became america\u2019s 11 th triple crown winner in 1978 during the first of his back - to - back horse of the year campaigns .\nshannon was foaled in the new south wales hunter valley in the spring of 1941 . his sire , midstream , was a son of blandford , and his dam , idle words , was by the champion stallion magpie . their union was then unremarkable . the blandford line was new to australian breeding , and shannon was dropped from only the second crop of midstreams . but though plain and small , he proved far from unremarkable . in five seasons of sydney racing , shannon was peerless .\nhazel on promise r performing in the dressage arena , early days with hazel on northern fable and hazel & clifford at the adelaide horse trials .\n1933 * * * 16th annual * * * state tournament ( at alumni gym , u . k . , lexington ) this was the last year that schools were divided into two classes\u2026and it was the 2nd of two years that only the overall region champions advanced to the state tourney with the \u201ca\u201d and \u201cb\u201d class system still in effect . five of the sixteen teams to reach the state tournament were designated as \u201cb\u201d schools : clear springs , guthrie , corinth , walton , and hazel green . horse cave was an \u201ca\u201d team . some 600 schools started district tourney play . horse cave season record unavailable , coach w . b . owen first round \u2013 horse cave ( 8th region ) 44 henderson ( 3rd region ) 29 elite eight \u2013 horse cave 28 hazard ( 16th region ) 22 final four \u2013horse cave 21 hazel green 20 ( 13th region \u2013 b ) 26 championship \u2013 ashland ( 14th region ) 33 horse cave 25 1933 all state tournament team included joe billy mansfield and ralph dorsey of horse cave\nbernborough lived until 1960 , when he died of a heart attack in his paddock as clem brooks cradled the great horse\u2019s head in his arms .\nbred in maryland by william l . brann and robert s . castle , challedon was recognized as horse of the year in 1939 and 1940 .\n\u201cwe are well used to \u2018firsts\u2019 at shannon but having a record airlift of irish horses to china from here was very exciting for all concerned , \u201d he said .\nas a three - year - old , shannon went through a bad patch , running unplaced in the stc flying handicap . he did win the hobartville stakes in 1944 , held at randwick during the years of world war ii . the previous year , flight had won the race , and he and shannon would stage several high - profile matchups further on . shannon then had two unplaced finishes , and the decision was made to spell him , resulting in his not starting again for 10 months .\nfor years shannon was not accepted into the english stud book . the story is that his maternal ancestor arrived in australia in 1826 . the ship on which she was travelling sank in a storm off sydney heads . she survived but her identification papers were lost . in 1949 the stud book rules were relaxed and shannon was included .\nthe 1st geelong troop was renamed the 1st geelong troop shannon ' s own and there were so many boys wanting to join it was necessary to divide it into the 1st and 3rd geelong shannon ' s own . percy stevens was scoutmaster of the 1st and his deputy , e . a . alsop , became scoutmaster of the 3rd .\npedigree questions caused shannon to be sold twice before he ever raced in california . an exhausting issue with the american stud book and a supposed flaw in his pedigree took months to sort out , and it was down to hollywood attorney neil steere mccarthy to do it . mccarthy paid w . j . smith a good , though discounted , price for shannon , and eventually he smoothed the passage for shannon ' s stud book eligibility . the horse debuted in california at santa anita racecourse , los angeles , on 24 january 1948 . but over raced and misunderstood , battling acclimatisation , a new surface and a furious , often cut - throat style of running , it took shannon six months to win a race . in that time , he became a physically different animal , much lighter than he had ever been in australia .\nthe first horse in more than 20 years to win consecutive division championships as a sprinter , housebuster was known for decimating his competition by wide margins .\nthe first horse to win both the kentucky derby and preakness stakes while undefeated , majestic prince also achieved fame as a record - priced auction yearling .\nover the years , the shannon stakes has seen a fair spattering of talent pass through where placegetters and winners have remained in contention in major group races throughout the spring carnival .\nthe bill shannon biographical dictionary of new york sports is an open database of sports biographies maintained by jordan sprechman and marty appel . we welcome public and scholarly contributions and suggestions .\na three - time horse of the year and winner of eight eclipse awards , forego was one of the most accomplished and popular horses of the 1970s .\n' he ' s coddled a little bit , ' says foiled again ' s trainer shannon murphy as he grooms the gelding after his morning jog . ( sara fraser / cbc )\nhorse cave\u2019s all - time record in seven state tournaments ( 1925 , 1926 , 1933 , 1934 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 ) was 7 - 6 .\nlegendary jockey tod sloan , who rode hundreds of good horses in america and europe , stated flatly : \u201chamburg was the only great horse i ever rode . \u201d\nby the end of 1948 , it was believed there was only one horse in the united states that had any chance of defeating citation . a world - record holder over a mile , this horse was the first animal in america to crack two minutes for a mile - and - a - quarter . but you probably won\u2019t have heard of him . he\u2019s not in the american hall of fame . in fact , he\u2019s not even american . he was australian , a 1947 california import called shannon ii .\nthe world war ii era was a second great coming for australian racing . after the marvellous 1930s , it produced many of the great heroes that live on in memory \u2013 bernborough , flight , tranquil star . but with these champions came the great speedster shannon , a lightly waisted bay horse , foaled in september 1941 at famous kia ora stud .\nlongfellow was referred to as the \u201cking of the turf\u201d during the 1870s . racing historian walter vosburgh said longfellow was \u201cbeyond question the most celebrated horse of the 1870s . no other horse of his day was a greater object of public notice . his entire career was sensational ; people seemed to regard him as a superhorse . \u201d\n[ 6 ] a protest was lodged by samuel bowler against the horse ' s age . further objections are heard that the horse was not don juan at all by his stablemate mentor ( also owned by thompson ) . the horse ' s bona fides check out , the confusion stemming from his older brother don giovanni having raced in the st leger in adelaide in 1872 . trainer of dagworth etienne demestre refused to join the protest action on the grounds that there weren ' t any grounds .\n\u201cwe remain very committed to working with them and our other airline partners to continue to provide services and access to key markets . maximising shannon\u2019s potential will continue to be a priority . \u201d\nchris hemsworth and michael shannon are set to star in the afghanistan war drama \u201chorse soldiers\u201d for black label media . nicolai fuglsig is directing the film from a script by peter craig and ted tally . black label media is co - financing the project . molly smith , trent luckinbill , and thad luckinbill are producing with jerry bruckheimer through his [ \u2026 ]\nat the time of his retirement in 1959 , round table was the sport\u2019s all - time leading money earner . he had been named horse of the year in 1958 , grass champion three consecutive years ( 1957 through 1959 ) and handicap champion twice ( 1958 and 1959 . he was also the horse that literally saved claiborne farm .\nnamed horse of the year for five consecutive years from 1960 through 1964 , kelso was one of the most accomplished and unique thoroughbreds in the annals of american racing .\nsally pidsley proved she is still going strong in the saddle aged 71 after riding tranwheal tineth moon to 70cm victory at the inaugural horse & hound grassroots eventing championships .\nand he ' s not the only ron burke - owned horse up from new jersey who could be a contender : limelight beach , a much bigger and fitter horse who has more than $ 1 million in lifetime earnings , was in the stall next to\ngremlin\nand is one of the fastest in the field of 14 .\nmccarthy gave him to william molter for race conditioning . shannon then won several prestigious races , the argonaut handicap , and then the hollywood gold cup . in october of 1948 , he tied the world record for nine furlongs en route to winning the forty niner handicap stakes . he then ran the 2000 metre golden gate handicap in under two minutes , seemingly defying age and getting faster with the passage of time . in one race , he went up against the triple crown winner citation , running second to the horse that was four years his junior , if you neglect the horse birthday protocol regarding age dependent on hemisphere of birth and simply do the math . the following month , he ran his last race in november of 1948 , winning the san francisco handicap . he was declared the 1948 american champion older mare horse , whilst citation won the champion handicap horse .\nshannon was sold the following year when peter riddle died , first to w . j . smith , who raced the horse four times in australia . he won the canterbury stakes and another george main stakes , and was then sold again to american neil mccarthy for \u00a352 , 000 , so it is obvious that mccarthy was not connected to the mccarthy\u2019s of county dublin .\nthe 76 horses were airlifted in a four - month - old boeing 747 cargo plane from shannon , landing in beijing late on thursday night . they are being transported to stables over the weekend .\nunited airlines announced last week that due to a fall in demand from passengers , it would stop flying from shannon airport to newark , new jersey , between november 26 2017 and march 9 2018 .\nrecognized as horse of the year in 1936 \u2014 the first year of formal voting \u2014 granville was a son of triple crown winner gallant fox out of the sarmatian mare gravita .\nalysheba was a champion as a 3 - year - old , horse of the year at age 4 and retired with the highest purse earnings in the history of the sport .\nhe dr . yousif eisa hassan alsabri , uae ambassador to poland , ms . lara sawaya , executive director of the hh sheikh mansoor bin zayed al nahyan global arabian horse flat racing festival , chairperson of the international federation of horse racing academies ( ifhra ) and chairperson of ladies & apprentice racing committees in the international federation of arabian horse racing authorities ( ifahr ) and general manager of wathba stallions and ahmed al qubaisi , director of marketing and communication at the abu dhabi sports council attended the races and gave away the trophies .\nshannon was foaled in 1941 at st . albans stud . his sire , the british horse midstream , seems to have only the criterion stakes to his credit as a racer , but as a sire he accounted for 39 horses that produced stakes winners that won well over a hundred stakes races . the grandsire was blandford , a decent racer and like midstream , a prodigious sire .\nanother target may be the group 2 crystal mile at moonee valley . runner up in the 2009 shannon stakes , rangirandoo won the crystal mile after running a close second in the epsom handicap as well .\n3rd bn cef nominal roll ( pdf 7 . 8 mb ) raised in toronto and consisted primarily with soldiers from the 2nd regiment , queen\u2019s own rifles ; the 10th regiment ( later the royal regiment of canada ) ; and the governor general\u2019s body guards ( ggbg ) ( amalgamated in 1936 with the mississauga horse to become the governor general\u2019s horse guards ) .\n1869 bay horse ( lucifer gb - levity gb ) bred by hon . john baker , sth aust . owned by joe thompson trained by james wilson , st . albans , vic\nposted in thoroughbred horse , tagged athol george mulley , australia , azzalin romano , bernborough , bernborough phenomenon , duncan stearn , famous australian racehorses , flight , frank back , harry plant , jack bach , jessica owers , leslie coombs ii , louis b . mayer , phar lap , romano ' s restaurant , shannon , spendthrift farm , zeb armstrong on august 8 , 2014 | 8 comments \u00bb\na winner of 16 graded stakes races and four eclipse awards , including horse of the year in 1998 , skip away was one of the most popular and accomplished horses of the 1990s .\nswaps was the best horse to come out of california in years . he set five world records at a mile or more , three track records , and equalled an american turf record .\nthe top horse in america in 1889 and 1890 , salvator won 16 of his final 17 career starts to secure his legacy as one of the finest thoroughbreds of the 19 th century .\nthat\u2019s according to local businessman and shannon board member tony brazil , who added : \u201cairlines do not have an awful lot of sympathy for 20 years of success . they are only looking at today and tomorrow\n.\nshannon recently signed on to play george westinghouse in weinstein\u2019s \u201cthe current war\u201d and has two movies , \u201cnocturnal animals\u201d and \u201cloving , \u201d both bowing this fall and generating plenty of awards buzz . he is repped by caa .\nafter 46 years as manager , percy stevens died in march , 1945 . more than 5000 boys had come under his control during this period - and the 1st geelong shannon ' s own group of scouts had flourished .\nby the late ' forties the incumbent president , percy j . wilks , noted that because compulsory education in victoria\ndid not go far enough\nan increasing number of youth clubs were springing up . he was justly proud that the try boys ' brigade was the first of these clubs . wilks was the last direct link from the brigade with shannon . he had been a close neighbor and contemporary of the shannon family from childhood .\nbut let\u2019s begin at the end . by november 1948 , when shannon ran his last race in the san francisco handicap , there was no horse anywhere that held or shared more world records than he . he had broken watches at bay meadows , hollywood park , golden gate fields , tanforan , and sydney\u2019s randwick and rosehill racecourses . he had won the hollywood gold cup and the argonaut handicap , broke the hearts of the excellent on trust and mafosta , and his earnings were bettered by only citation that year . johnny longden said he had never been astride a faster horse . just who was he ?\nthe air was filled with the sound of thundering hoofs and the shouts of exhilaration from hundreds of young australian light horse troops as they raced across the desert towards the turkish lines at beersheba .\nbred in chile , cougar ii was a major stakes winner in his home country before enjoying success on both dirt and turf in america and winning the 1972 eclipse award for champion grass horse .\ndownload pdf document of awm28 2 / 136 - [ recommendation file for honours and awards , aif , 1914 - 18 war ] 2nd australian light horse regiment ( 92 . 69 kb pdf )\nin 1979 the shannon stakes was first held as a principal race and was promoted as a listed event the next year . it gained recognition as a group 3 race in 1985 and has enjoyed group 2 status since 2001 .\nin 1875 he married emily agnes strachan and they had eight children . he was chairman of the first council of management at the geelong college where four of his sons were students . one of the school houses is called shannon in his memory . the family lived at st . helen ' s for a few years before shannon commissioned a large two - storey home in prospect road , newtown , which today is a reception centre called kirrewur court .\nby the end of 1948 , shannon was the champion horse of california , defeating the likes of on trust and mafosta again and again , and he became the only horse in america given any chance of defeating the boom three year old citation . when a match between the pair almost occurred in the tanforan handicap on 11 december 1948 , it became the racing event of the year . but the handicapper didn ' t do the australian any favours , and when he was given three pounds more than citation , neil mccarthy promptly retired his horse . ' citation ' , he said , ' was no ordinary three year old , and should not be weighted as one . ' shannon was sold to a syndicate and went to spendthrift farm for stallion duties . he was one of the most popular horses to enter stud in america that year . but his career was short . on 14 may 1955 , he shattered a bone over his near hock and was put down that day . his life was never properly documented . . . until now .\nlake returned the following year to survey the colony . the first settlers traveled by railway from ontario to moose jaw and then made the grueling 160 mile trip to saskatoon in horse - drawn carts .\nbred and owned by calumet farm , citation became america\u2019s eighth triple crown winner in 1948 , fashioned a 16 - race win streak and was the first horse with $ 1 million in career earnings .\n\u201cmany of these horses might not have met the high standards of the irish and european market but they are still of a higher standard than the average horse currently racing in china . so irish breeders get a good price for horses they might not otherwise have got , the industry here further develops the emerging chinese market and china gets a higher quality race horse . everyone wins with this . \u201d\nby submitting your email , you agree to receive electronic communications from horse publications group , containing news , updates and promotions about the canadian equestrian industry . you may withdraw your consent at any time .\nshannon became sydney ' s champion two year old through the 1943 - 44 racing season . starting seven times for three victories and three seconds . his wins included the kirkham stakes and the rich sires ' produce stakes , but his three - year - old season was plagued by injury and mismanagement . peter riddle was in and out hospital with illness , and on an interrupted program shannon started four times for a single victory in the hobartville stakes at randwick .\nthe minister for trade , employment , business , eu digital single market and data protection will meet with senior management at united airlines this week to ask them to rethink the decision to suspend its new york winter flights from shannon .\ndespite the rain a large crowd of racing fans were on hand as shannon queen ridden by alexander reznikov finished a little over a length ahead shahad athbah under sergey vasyutov while just a head behind was mogadiusz ridden by szeczepan mazur .\nnamed horse of the year in 2001 , point given became the first thoroughbred to win four consecutive $ 1 million races when he won the preakness , belmont , haskell and travers in succession that year .\nin her career summary jessica owers has shannon ' s us winnings as usd 212 , 810 ( p398 ) however the total of all the winnings listed in the detailed table at pp399 - 402 adds up to usd 212 , 110 .\nover 90 % of thoroughbred horses in china are imported from australia and new zealand but industry experts have claimed that this airlift confirms the growing chinese interest in the more expensive , higher - quality irish horse .\ndescribed as a \u201conce in a lifetime\u201d horse by trainer kiaran mclaughlin , invasor defined himself as an elite thoroughbred by winning in three countries , at seven tracks and in some of the world\u2019s most prestigious races .\ndamascus was named horse of the year and set a single - season earnings record in 1967 when he turned in one of the most impressive seasons by a 3 - year - old colt in racing history .\nthe thought of spending five weeks travelling through the beautiful greek countryside would make most people ' s eyes light up but when sgt r a ' snow ' mcbain and his mate vic shannon had that experience , things were a bit different .\npurchased first by catering king harry curland , shannon ended up in the hands of hollywood attorney neil mccarthy . curland\u2019s exit from the ownership was no accident . shannon had barely touched foot in california in november 1947 when the jockey club deferred his registration . there was a flaw in his pedigree , they declared . it occurred 11 generations back , in 1823 or so , and u . s . racing flew into a flap . the blood - horse , daily racing form , even the new yorker , weighed in on the issue . and the problem went all the way back to the jersey act . when the issue was finally resolved , neil mccarthy had himself a heck of a famous racehorse .\n1926 * * * 9th annual * * * state tournament ( at alumni gym , u . k . , lexington ) this was the last of 5 years that there were \u201csectionals . \u201d there were 18 of them from 1924 - 26\u2026which required two \u201cpreliminary\u201d games at state . first round \u2013 horse cave ( 5th sectional ) 37 covington ( 10th sectional ) 23 elite eight \u2013 ashland ( 16th sectional ) 42 horse cave 22\n\u2026caverna ( cave city and horse cave ) \u2026 [ ended an ] amazing 26 - game win streak . it was the first setback for caverna since it was beaten in the opening game of the 1950 season .\nthe brigade was begun by a man who had emigrated to australia thirty - two years earlier . in 1865 the young charles shannon sailed from scotland with his family leaving behind their home in greenock on the firth of clyde not far from glasgow .\neveryone was delighted with the purchase and the committee agreed to pay \u00a330 ( $ 60 ) annual rent for the brigade ' s second home . this was later rescinded when brigade funds ran low and shannon granted use of the building rent free .\n1925 * * * 8th annual * * * state tournament ( at alumni gym , u . k . , lexington ) this was the last of 5 years that there were \u201csectionals . \u201d there were 18 of them from 1924 - 26\u2026which required two \u201cpreliminary\u201d games at state . first round \u2013 horse cave ( 5th sectional ) 22 campbellsville college high ( 6th sectional ) 16 elite eight \u2013 winchester ( 12th sectional ) 26 horse cave 15\nhe ' ll show up , they ' ll know he ' s in there ,\nsaid murphy , calling the horse ' s odds to win\nvery good \u2026 i love his chances this week .\n\u201ci am deeply concerned about the move to suspend the newark - shannon winter schedule , especially given the increase in investment into the mid west from across the atlantic and the huge potential for even more , \u201d added the minister of state from clare .\njackson , mi - a man infamous for drugging his wife to death in 1980 and masking it as a horse - riding accident has died at the michigan department of corrections ' duane l . waters health center in jackson .\nhorse cave colored high school\u2019s record in three state tournaments ( 1943 , 1944 , 1945 ) was apparently 11 - 1 . after finishing third in 1943 they won back - to - back state championships in 1944 and 1945 .\namerica\u2019s 10 th triple crown winner and the first to complete the series with an undefeated career record , seattle slew was horse of the year in 1977 and an eclipse award winner in each of his three years on the racetrack .\nan energetic and enterprising man , shannon was involved in community life in geelong and held office in civic and sporting organisations . after five years on the geelong town council he became mayor of newtown and chilwell and was the first captain of the barwon rowing club .\nshannon was a world class racehorse who ran record times on both sides of the pacific ocean . in australia he established an australasian record for the mile , his favourite distance , when he defeated flight by six lengths in the 1946 george main stakes at randwick .\nthe group 2 shannon stakes worth $ 175 , 000 is held at rosehill gardens racecourse in sydney during the spring racing carnival in september . the race attracts a quality field with many horses preparing for the group 1 epsom handicap at randwick racecourse , one week later .\nthe horses travelled with a team of professional flying grooms and a vet , with a team of 30 handlers on the ground involved in the three - hour process of loading the animals at shannon . the horses will go into training in china before becoming local racers .\nhigh school students from both towns attended school in the buildings in horse cave ; junior high school students from both schools attended classes in the buildings in cave city ; grades one through six in each town remained in their local schools .\nfuneral is at 2 p . m . wednesday at horse cave baptist church , with burial in horse cave municipal cemetery . visitation is from 10 a . m . to 9 p . m . monday at j . c . kirby & son funeral home , lovers lane chapel , from 9 a . m . to 9 p . m . tuesday at winn funeral home and from 9 a . m . to 2 p . m . wednesday at the church .\naccording to the 1949 american racing manual shannon earned usd 1 , 500 and not usd 2 , 000 from his third placing on 11 nov 1948 in the marchbank hcp . jessica owers had a figure of usd 2 , 000 in the table at appendix a of her book .\nshannon queen won the sheikh zayed bin sultan al nahyan - nagroda europy - group 3 race while jockeys hungarian csenge sutak and home favourite ireneusz wojcik won their respective races in hh sheikha fatima bint mubarak world championship ladies and apprentices races at the sluzewiec racecourse in warsaw on sunday .\nhe won his third consecutive campbelltown handicap as a five - year - old in the 1946 \u2013 47 season , although the handicappers had given him an extra 4 kg , compared to last year\u2019s race . he then took the theo marks quality handicap , but he could not reward the backers who had made him the favourite to repeat the epson handicap , because he spotted the field 100 metres before he began racing . his jockey , darby munro , almost got shannon back to the front and finished second by half a head . that disappointment was forgotten when , just two days later , shannon won the george main stakes in record time that saw flight six lengths behind . he then beat flight again , along with russia in the king\u2019s cup , just a month prior to that horse winning the melbourne cup .\nthis same group , joined by dr kennedy , held its first regular meeting the following month in the mechanics ' institute classroom - a galvanised iron shed in malop st . at the back of the old chamber of commerce building . at this meeting shannon introduced the committee members to joseph yeowart , manager of the melbourne try boys ' society , who had agreed to become leader and manager of their new club on an annual salary of \u00a3120 ( $ 240 ) . shannon generously guaranteed a sum of \u00a3200 ( $ 400 ) to fund the club for its first year .\nshannon\u2019s stud record did not reflect his racing record . he was a far better racehorse than stallion . the famous australian lies in an unmarked grave at spendthrift farm , and although a plaque commemorating his name was recently added to the stallion barn , shannon seemed to drift off into the hot twilight of memory after his death . but , pull out his life and you\u2019re met with an extraordinary story , one of racing fame in two hemispheres . it was a pioneering life that reads stranger than fiction , and it begs the question : how did we manage to forget him ?\ncaverna took its name from its location in the heart of kentucky\u2019s cave country . students chose the purple and white colors from the red and white of cave city and the purple and gold of horse cave . they also chose the school nickname \u2013 colonels .\nit was established at a time when horse - drawn vehicles clattered along streets lit by gas and continued without faltering to the electronic age of today . it remained strong through a century which saw two world wars and enormous political , social and economic upheaval .\nnamed for a mountain in scotland , ben nevis ii became the third american - based horse \u2014 joining battleship and jay trump \u2014 to win the historic grand national steeplechase at aintree , england , accomplishing the feat at odds of 40 - 1 in 1980 .\nthe first steeplechase horse to win five eclipse awards and the first to earn more than $ 1 million , lonesome glory was the most dominant american jumper of the 1990s , as he was named champion in 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 and 1999 .\ncaverna independent school district was formed in march 1950 by agreement between the cave city board of education and horse cave board of education to consolidate their respective schools , each too small to continue separately . doors opened on the new school on september 8 , 1950 .\na grade 1 winner as a 2 - year - old , a . p . indy won three grade 1 races at age 3 \u2014 the santa anita derby , belmont stakes and breeders\u2019 cup classic \u2014 en route to horse of the year honors in 1992 .\na small but quality field started in the 2600 - metre sheikh zayed bin sultan al nahyan - nagroda europy - group 3 , one of the three races held under the umbrella of the hh sheikh mansoor bin zayed al nahyan global arabian horse flat racing festival .\nobviously he ' s not the horse he was two years ago ,\nmurphy said , noting foiled ' s age is catching up to him \u2014 he ' s racing slower than he was , which is a mile in one minute and 50 seconds .\nwhat about his chances in the gold cup heat ? foiled again drew the rail position , which is a favoured spot to set the pace . he ' s sound and seems happy . but as everyone keeps repeating , anything can happen in a horse race ."]}
{"id": 1277, "summary": [{"text": "sir percy ( foaled 2003 ) is a british thoroughbred race horse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career which lasted from july 2005 to june 2007 he ran ten times and won five races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was among the leading british two-year-olds of 2005 , when his win included the dewhurst stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he recorded his most important success when winning the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud after three unsuccessful starts in 2007 . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "sir percy", "paragraphs": ["sir percy hits back ( scar . . . has been added to your cart\nbbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | sir percy snatches dramatic derby\nshuttle sire sir percy produced his first stakes performer in europe when percy jackson made the trip from the uk to finish second in cologne .\nsir percy was towards the rear of the field towards tattenham corner as dragon dancer and dylan thomas disputed the lead .\nblack knight ( sir percy ) is a marvel super heroes minifigure that will appear in lego marvel super heroes 2 .\nit\u2019s sir andy murray and sir mo farah as tennis\u2019 world number one and the king of distance running are handed knighthoods .\ntwo derby winners also feature among the new stallions in authorized and sir percy , each also a group 1 winner at two .\nbut hala bek and sir percy suddenly caught up with the field , although a jink to the right cost hala bek vital ground .\nsir percy\u2019s racing career will always be remembered for the 2006 epsom derby where he came from an impossible position to win on the line .\nsir percy of scandia is the black knight of 6th century a . d . he ' s the ancestor of nathan garrett and dane whitman .\nmarcus tregoning has warned followers of his vodafone derby winner sir percy to hold their bets on the colt for the irish equivalent on july 2 .\nrich hill stud stallion sir percy made a dream start to his career in england overnight when his first northern hemisphere representative was successful on debut .\nsir percy , trained by marcus tregoning and ridden by martin dwyer , won the vodafone derby , snatching victory from dragon dancer in a dramatic finish .\nsir roger gilbert bannister , cbe . for services to sport . ( oxfordshire )\nian stuart , ' chatterton , sir percy ( 1898\u20131984 ) ' , pacific islander biography , national centre of biography , australian national university , urltoken accessed 10 july 2018 .\non 13 september it was announced that the retired admiral sir percy scott had been placed in charge of the air defences of london , specifically against attacks by enemy zeppelins .\nafter a couple of good years tregoning has a yard full of ordinary older horses and his season hinges on the two - year - olds , headed by sir percy .\nsir richard charles hastings eyre , cbe . for services to drama . ( london )\ntregoning hinted that sir percy would not have many more races this year as his owners anthony and victoria pakenham are keen to race him as a four - year - old .\nmark of esteem , whose best son sir percy will stand at rich hill this season , posted a major international double yesterday when he produced group winners in ireland and england .\nmrs isabel jane kilmaine percy green . for services to the community in dalham . suffolk .\nmarcus tregoning has been delighted with sir percy ' s progress since the four - year - old arrived in dubai ahead of his bid for glory in the sheema classic on saturday .\nthese include the group / grade 1 winners wake forest and sir john hawkwood , group 2 winners lady tiana and sir andrew , and group 3 scorers alla speranza and lady pimpernel .\nthe males in the first three removes of sir percy\u2019s pedigree provided an indication of what we should expect of him at stud . his sire , both grandsires , and three of his four great - grandsires were classic winners . it was no wonder that sir percy excelled at three , and to be expected that his stock , whatever they achieved at two , would tend to improve in their second season .\nformer kiwi galloper sin to win ( nz ) ( sir percy ) put the misfortune of his last start behind him when successful in the listed andrew ramsden stakes ( 3200m ) at flemington on saturday .\nto have achieved such results to date from comparatively few runners , and with so much potential from bigger crops coming through , sir percy remains tremendous value for money and an asset to the british stallion ranks .\nsir percy , winner of the 2005 dewhurst stakes , did not score after the derby but he has been supported by his owners anthony and victoria pakenham and his first crop are spread among several noted juvenile trainers .\njolyon horner , ' joske , sir percy ernest ( 1895\u20131981 ) ' , australian dictionary of biography , national centre of biography , australian national university , urltoken published first in hardcopy 2007 , accessed online 10 july 2018 .\ndavid lowe , ' spender , sir percy claude ( 1897\u20131985 ) ' , australian dictionary of biography , national centre of biography , australian national university , urltoken published first in hardcopy 2012 , accessed online 10 july 2018 .\nsir percy is by mark of esteem , sheikh mohammed\u2019s 2000 guineas and queen elizabeth stakes winner ( whose undeclared knee injury sustained as a juvenile had prompted the sheikh\u2019s split from trainer henry cecil ) . mark of esteem retired at a fee of \u00a320 , 000 but that had fallen to \u00a37 , 000 until sir percy\u2019s success justified an increase to \u00a312 , 000 before fertility problems forced his retirement from covering duties prior to the 2007 season .\nrich hill stud ' s new boy on the block , sir percy , is a stallion with serious sire potential . at two , he attained champion status as an unbeaten winner of 4 races from 1200 - 1400m .\nthe derby is the race that sets the middle - distance standard for the three - year - old generation and although sir percy now wears the mantle , after yesterday ' s blanket finish others will be tugging at it .\nthe trainer is tempted by several factors to go to sandown , including a desire to drop back to a mile and a quarter and not to subject sir percy to his first overnight stay in order to run in ireland .\nbut speaking at a media day at his kingwood house stables just outside lambourn , tregoning said he was : ' 60 / 40 ' in favour of running sir percy in the coral - eclipse stakes at sandown on july 8 .\nthere was another masterful piece of riding earlier in the day when martin dwyer straightened up marcus tregoning ' s promising two - year - old sir percy to win the group two veuve clicquot vintage stakes . the colt had ducked left under the whip but dwyer , having lost the lead , switched his stick and got sir percy back on an even - keel and back up in a driving finish to beat cool creek and black charmer a neck and a short - head .\nsold by denis mcdonnell ' s parkway farm , this colt is out of the mark of esteem mare miss corinne , is a half - brother to three winners , a grand - son of the listed winner percy ' s girl , and from the family of the champion two - year - old of 2005 , derby winner and now first - season sire sir percy .\nand while dylan thomas and dragon dancer duelled , and hala bek rallied there , charging from the pack into a charmed gap along the rails , was sir percy , gallantly answering every one of dwyer ' s questions in his late charge to glory .\ni ' d had him for three months ,\nsaid tregonning .\nit was getting to the stage when something had to go , either the car or sir percy and so it was sir percy . he ' s not a typical two - year - old , he ' s more of a three - year - old . i might run him in the dewhurst but if he goes weak on me i ' ll leave him alone .\nhe is now 40 - 1 for the derby .\nprofessor sir alec john jeffreys . emeritus professor . university of leicester . for services to medical research and society . ( leicestershire )\nprofessor sir cyril chantler . emeritus professor guy\u2019s . king\u2019s and st . thomas\u2019s medical school . for services to leadership in healthcare .\nafter the 2 , 000 guineas it was my worst nightmare when sir percy was not quite sound behind . we even wondered if we should go to france for the french derby [ at chantilly today ] where the track is flatter ,\nhe said .\nof course galileo\u2019s popularity will never wane , but high chaparral was never properly afforded the respect he deserved before his untimely death , sir percy is similarly overlooked and authorized was transferred from dalham hall stud to darley\u2019s french wing at haras du logis some years ago .\nsir percy cox , recently appointed a high commissioner for iraq , was responsible for carrying out the plebiscite . a provisional government set up by cox shortly before the cairo conference passed a resolution in july 1921 declaring fay\u1e63al king of iraq , provided that his \u201cgovernment shall be\u2026\nfor instance dragon dancer , the 66 - 1 outsider who has yet to win a race but failed by only a whisker in the biggest of all under darryll holland .\ni felt sure he could get a place ,\nsaid the trainer geoff wragg , who used to train sir percy ' s dam percy ' s lass ,\nbut this really was so near , yet so far .\nthe scarlet pimpernel was really sir percy blakeney , one of the richest men in england , seen by his peers as a fool , a brainless fop married in a loveless relationship to marguerite . which was , of course , just what percy wanted people to think , as he and his loving wife , herself one of the\nmost clever women in europe\ncontinued to run rings round their opponents .\nas inspector andrew macnutt\u2019s boss , chief commissioner sir percy sherwood needed patience to deal with some people\u2019s exuberance when it came to protecting canada\u2019s borders . it is he who recruits andrew to head his department\u2019s secret service and assigns staff sergeant lacelle to be his second in command .\nthe story starts in 1624 in the netherlands and concerns the scarlet pimpernel\u0092s ancestor , diogenes , aka the first sir percy blakeney . diogenes and his friends socrates and pythagoras swear allegiance to the royalist cause . their undivided loyalty results in many adventures \u0096 and more than one foe .\nrich hill stud have enjoyed outstanding success with foundation sire pentire and the farm ' s new signing has much in common with his established associate . the walton farm , on the outskirts of matamata , has secured the services of shuttle stallion sir percy for the 2009 southern hemisphere season .\nsir percy ernest joske ( 1895 - 1981 ) , politician and judge , was born on 5 october 1895 at albert park , melbourne , youngest of three children of ernest joske , a german - born solicitor , and his victorian - born wife evalyne , n\u00e9e richards . evalyne died giving birth to him and ernest remarried in 1898 . percy was educated at wesley college , where he formed a lifelong friendship with ( sir ) robert menzies and at the university of melbourne ( ll b , 1915 ; ll m , 1918 ; ba , 1921 ; ma , 1923 ) , winning the ( sir ) john madden exhibition and graduating with first - class honours . he signed the bar roll on 25 june 1917 .\nit is this precocity which made sir percy an exciting addition to the uk stallion ranks , and both breeders and purchasers alike have been quick to support him . they have been rewarded by the young sire posting a lifetime winners - to - runners strike - rate of 60 per cent .\nstan james introduced the colt at a top - priced 11 - 4 for the budweiser - sponsored contest at the curragh , a price he shares with hala bek , while coral have seen support for the latter and make him 2 - 1 favourite , with sir percy a 9 - 4 chance .\norczy became famous in 1905 with the publication of the scarlet pimpernel ( originally a play co - written with her husband ) . its background was the french revolution and its swashbuckling hero , sir percy blakeney , was to prove immensely popular . sequel books followed and film and tv versions were later made .\nthe first three foals by derby winner sir percy have arrived , including a colt out of codename , a daughter of the group - winning orford ness . in ireland , abbeville and meadow court studs has a filly out of millay who is closely related to the classic - winning fillies give thanks and harayif .\nsuccess on the racecourse means that sir percy\u2019s offspring have been well received at the sales . his yearlings have sold for up to 260 , 000gns , and his lifetime yearling average in britain and ireland stands at 27 , 072gns \u2013 almost four times his stud fee . in - training purchases include the baronet , selected by leading australian trainer gai waterhouse for 130 , 000gns , and salford art also sold to australia for 110 , 000gns . sir percy\u2019s stakes - placed daughter newsletter was bought by ballylinch stud for 230 , 000gns at the 2015 tattersalls december sale , the same year that love is blindness fetched 190 , 000gns .\nfrom a family that is not short of stamina , sir percy ran a remarkable race on his debut at three when he was second to that thrilling miler george washington in the 2000 guineas . despite that , he was sent off at 6 - 1 for the derby , which was ultimately to prove his last win .\nsir percy ( gb ) b . h , 2003 { 3 - c } dp = 1 - 0 - 5 - 1 - 3 ( 10 ) di = 0 . 54 cd = - 0 . 50 - 7 starts , 5 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : \u00a31 , 149 , 291\nrich hill stud stallion pentire is chasing his 10th individual group 1 winner when rangirangdoo tackles saturday ' s epsom handicap . rich hill ' s john thompson spoke to nathan exelby about the breeding of rangirangdoo , xcellent ' s exciting younger brother rockferry and the arrival of english derby winner sir percy for stud duties this year .\nbut oh , it was close . as dylan thomas , the perceived third string from ballydoyle - both horatio nelson and septimus were ahead of him in the betting - took the initiative from his 17 rivals after a couple of furlongs sir percy , with martin dwyer riding in only his second derby , was nearer last than first .\nthe pimpernel and his wife appeared in\nthe scarlet pimpernel\n( 1905 ) ,\ni will repay\n( 1906 ) ,\nelusive pimpernel\n( 1908 ) ,\neldorado\n( 1913 ) ,\nlord tony ' s wife\n( 1917 ) ,\nleague of the scarlet pimpernel\n( 1919 ) ,\ntriumph of the scarlet pimpernel\n( 1922 ) ,\nsir percy hits back\n( 1927 ) ,\nadventures of the scarlet pimpernel\n( 1929 ) ,\nway of the scarlet pimpernel\n( 1933 ) ,\nsir percy leads the band\n( 1936 ) and\nmam ' zelle guillotine\n( 1940 ) .\nmark of esteem - percy ' s lass , by blakeney bay , foaled 2003 . breeder : the old suffolk stud . other sons of mark of esteem at stud .\nit has come as no surprise that sir percy\u2019s first three - year - olds have been making their mark , most notably with a second win at listed level for coquet at goodwood and a group 3 placing for cavaleiro in lingfield\u2019s derby trial . bomar has been proving a star turn in scandinavia , collecting a listed win in the swedish derby before his second in the more competitive norwegian derby , while free house remains unbeaten after four starts in denmark and sweden . these are early days for sir percy\u2019s second crop of two - year - olds , but there have already been three winners at home and hyder has a second place in listed company to his credit in milan .\nthe mares that sir percy covered in his first season at lanwades were , with few exceptions , lacking in quality ; nor were they numerous , with a resulting crop of just 50 live foals . given such limited opportunity , it was much to the horse\u2019s credit that 11 of the 30 runners to represent him as juveniles in 2011 won 18 races between them , highlighted by the listed success of coquet in the montrose stakes at newmarket , and the listed placings of alla speranza in ireland and percy jackson in germany .\nthe dam , percy\u2019s lass won the group three september stakes as a four - year - old , having won an oaks trial and been a leading hope for epsom in her classic year . she disappointed her owner as a broodmare , leading to her sale , in foal to mark of esteem , to the old suffolk stud for 28 , 000 gns in 1998 . that foal was sufficiently imposing to see her returned to mark of esteem each year until 2002 , which mating produced sir percy , her final foal .\nthat said , the cheltenham festival provided a terrific advert for derby winners , with authorized , sir percy , high chaparral and none other than galileo each siring at least one winner . it is , however , a double - edged sword for those intent on trying to keep top - class middle - distance horses to the fore as flat sires .\nthe scene was set for a second raid on the prince of wales\u2019s stakes . physically imposing in the paddock beforehand , in the race itself manduro was settled to stalk the pace in third place behind sir percy and notnowcato . two furlongs from home , stephane pasquier pushed the button and manduro swept to the lead where he was quickly joined by dylan thomas .\nmore than half of sir percy\u2019s first crop of 50 foals raced as juveniles , resulting in 11 individual winners of 18 races from 30 starters . in total , he has been represented by 37 individual stakes horses and six group / grade winners , his versatility highlighted by the fact that these have competed in select company over distances ranging from six to 12 furlongs .\nill - fated danehill superstar george washington left behind just one yearling and the filly was offered for sale on day 2 of the tattersalls october yearling sale overnight . george washington ( ex bordighera , by alysheba ) was a dual group 1 winner at two and he returned at three to triumph in the g1 english 2000 guineas , beating subsequent derby winner sir percy .\nborn in ottawa in 1854 , sir percy was the chief of police of ottawa from 1879 to 1882 . he left the ottawa police to become a superintendent of the dominion police . he was made chief commissioner in 1885 . under his command , the force continually expanded its role and responsibilities and had gradually increased in numbers to about 140 when he retired in 1919 .\nthe latter\u2019s retirement from active stud duties made way for canadian champion with approval , group 1 sprinter piccolo and derby winner sir percy to join lanwades early in the new century . in 2009 , the importation of vita rosa from japan opens another chapter in lanwades\u2019 history . archipenko , a group 1 winning son of kingmambo , joined the stallion ranks for the 2010 season .\nour physiotherapist has done an amazing job in building up his muscles again . but every credit to the horse . we were struggling to get him here , but he ' s a street fighter and a battler .\ntregoning was let off with a warning after being stopped for speeding en route to the track , but his dash was nothing compared with sir percy ' s .\nprofessor christopher haslett , obe , frse . sir john crofton professor of respiratory medicine and director , queen\u2019s medical research institute , university of edinburgh . for services to medical research . ( edinburgh )\ndwyer had had a fall at bath the previous evening , but sir percy ' s road to epsom had been even bumpier . the son of mark of esteem was stiff and sore after his fine second place in last month ' s 2 , 000 guineas and tregoning and his team at kingwood stables in berkshire had a race against time to get him ready for his date with destiny .\nhowever , it is sir percy\u2019s achievements as a juvenile that make him such an exciting stallion prospect . the undefeated champion two - year - old in england with the highest \u2018top speed\u2019 rating of his generation , his first win was over six furlongs in may , with later victories coming in the group 2 veuve clicquot vintage stakes and culminating in the group 1 dewhurst stakes at newmarket in october .\ngeorge washington , a dual group one winner at the curragh , beat off competition from amadeus wolf , stablemate horatio nelson , red clubs and sir percy to be named cartier two - year - old colt while in the race for cartier two - year - old filly , group one prix marcel boussac heroine rumplestiltskin came out ahead of donna blini , flashy wings , nannina and silca ' s sister .\nabsent from the track due to injury until the champion stakes in october , sir percy never showed his best form again , well - beaten in four starts in group one company . a glimmer of hope came when fourth to hong kong\u2019s vengeance of rain in the dubai sheema classic after a troubled passage , but back in england trainer marcus tregoning drew stumps after the colt was last in manduro\u2019s prince of wales\u2019s stakes .\noracle west has probably achieved the most overseas courtesy of his second place behind the hong kong champion vengeance of rain in the 2007 dubai sheema classic ( when he finished ahead of such top - class international gallopers as youmzain , sir percy , pop rock , quijano and red rocks ) while surveyor also boasts international group one form , courtesy of his second behind epalo in the singapore airlines international cup at kranji in 2004 .\nit seems a long time since sir percy won the derby in 2006 , with his late thrust on the rail grabbing the spoils from dragon dancer and dylan thomas , and that makes it easy to forget how good he was as a juvenile , remaining unbeaten in four starts , including the group two vintage stakes at goodwood and the group one dewhurst stakes at newmarket , where he accounted for horatio nelson by a neck .\ntinkler has 65 horses in training with eight trainers around the country , including michael dods , who was the first to train for him , sir michael stoute , richard hannon , henry cecil and marco botti .\npercy hillary founded and edited the tuakau district news , and as a sideline , took up beekeeping on land allotted to him after service in the first world war . he believed in healthy eating and exercise and had strong egalitarian beliefs . percy was also a strict disciplinarian , and the young edmund found his beatings for misdemeanours humiliating and often unjust . however , in his mother , gertrude ( a teacher ) , he found a more gentle and nurturing parent .\nin a dramatic photo - finish of inches , with the likely result changing frame by flickering frame , stride by stretching stride to the line , the 6 - 1 shot sir percy stuck his head out as the camera clicked and won the 227th derby by the minimum margin , a short - head . there was not much further between the next three home , dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek . it was the tightest derby finish since 1913 .\nquick - witted and versatile in conversations , legal and social , spender was independent and assertive , with great determination of purpose . his son john described him as \u2018constitutionally incapable of resisting a challenge\u2019 . survived by his wife and the two sons of his first marriage , he died on 3 may 1985 at his home at darling point and was cremated . a bronze bust of sir percy by alex kolozsy ( 1981 ) is held at the national portrait gallery , canberra .\nit all opened up for me . the man to thank is marcus [ tregoning ] . he did a good job just to get us here , and in such great form . it was a rough race and i had to go where i could get a run . he [ sir percy ] pulled up sore in the guineas and missed a fair bit of work - i didn ' t see him until last week , but he showed a tremendous turn of form . i ' m so pleased .\nbut to the victor , the spoils , in this case \u00a3740 , 695 . and the reward was a thorough justification of principals . sir percy , who is trained by marcus tregoning for retired solicitor anthony packenham and his wife victoria , cost just 16 , 000 guineas as a yearling , back - pocket change in the bloodstock world . despite his bargain - basement price tag , he proved himself one of last season ' s top juveniles and after he won the dewhurst stakes , telephone - number bids started coming in .\nafter sir percy\u2019s first two yearling crops sold so well \u2013 averaging more than four times his nomination fee - 25 , 823gns in 2010 and 29 , 789gns in 2011 with top prices of 260 , 000gns , 110 , 000gns , 80 , 000gns \u2013 and the successes achieved by his initial crop of runners , he has naturally proved more popular with breeders , so there are larger and higher - quality crops to follow . meanwhile , he has already got earners of \u00a3337 , 535 , establishing him as a sire with a rising reputation .\nsir percy was never going to be like that . he was a champion two - year - old , starting early with two wins over six furlongs in may and june , and remaining unbeaten , with a dewhurst victory to clinch his title . but those juvenile triumphs came as a bonus . he was actually bred to excel as a three - year - old and those expectations were duly fulfilled when he chased the brilliant miler george washington home in the guineas and gave a display of surpassing gameness to prevail in a hotly - contested derby .\nsir topham hatt , careful to curb over - confidence , expresses paternalistic disappointment in his engines with the admonishment that that they\nhave caused confusion and delay .\nas a reward for good behavior , he assigns them to hard labor on the ever - expanding\nduke and duchess ' summer house ,\nyet another\nspecial special .\nenforcing their role as grateful servants to the sodor upper class , sir topham hatt gives the trains demeaning tasks like picking up his niece , even when their paint jobs are not yet complete ! james the engine has to go out pink , even though his self - worth is tied to being red and he is teased mercilessly by the other engines ! still , the trains speak sir topham hatt ' s name in hushed tones and do whatever he commands without question .\nthe pimpernel has been portrayed several times on screen , starting in 1917 with dustin farnum as the pimpernel , and continuing in 1934 with leslie howard in the title role , 1955 with marius goring playing him for an 18 episode series , 1982 when anthony andrews played sir percy against ian mckellan ' s chauvelin , and 1999 ' s series with richard e . grant as the leading man . he was parodied in 1950 ' s cartoon the scarlet pumpernickel with daffy duck playing the lead , 1975 ' s scarlet pinkernel cartoon starring the pink panther , and in live action in carry on , don ' t lose your head , where sid james played sir rodney ffing a . k . a . the black fingernail . the pimpernel also turned up in blackadder the third , in the episode nob and nobility , where tim mcinnery played the part .\nif you observe closely , that destination is a nasty , brutish one . the trains , complicit in maintaining this unjust system , humiliate each other for the small scraps of praise the little tyrant doles out rather than banding together ( no unions on sodor ) . thomas and percy are supposedly best friends , but they bicker constantly over those\nspecial special\njobs . these rivalries are punctuated by nasty banter (\nthomas knew that percy was scared , so he teased him even more\ndoesn ' t sound like a very healthy friendship ) , which fuels the larger system of cruelty .\nhiro apologizes profusely , almost tearfully (\ni thought i was master of the rails , but i am only master of the muddle\n) , but that is not enough . hiro must go to each individual train to prostrate himself and explain that only sir topham hatt gives orders . he apologizes to each train for giving them instruction , saying\ni was wrong . sir topham hatt didn ' t want that at all .\nonce he has completed his shame tour ( one half - expects hiro to commit hara - kiri than face the depth of his dishonor ) , hiro chugs back to sir topham hatt ' s side , where the benevolent master tells him he is\nhelpful ,\nwhich in turn makes hero\nhappier than he had ever been .\nto say this is a little conservative is like saying that animal farm is a little allegorical .\nhis first sales offerings last year included a \u20ac400 , 000 filly bought by sir robert ogden at deauville in august and \u2013 as an unbeaten champion two - year - old \u2013 hopes must be high for the first runners by the son of galileo , who didn\u2019t run at three because of injury .\nsent off at 25 / 1 for the epsom derby , johnny murtagh sent dylan thomas to the front after 4f and having kicked clear with dragon dancer , it looked as though a fairytale may be about to unfold . however , murtagh mount hung slightly off the rail allowing sir percy up his inside to grab the glory in the final strides with dylan thomas being short - headed by dragon dancer for the runner - up position . it was a hugely promising performance nevertheless and four weeks later he was sent off as the 9 / 2 favourite to gain his revenge on dragon dancer in the irish derby .\nnorthern - based silvestre de sousa hit 100 winners in 2010 , including ladies are forever in redcar\u2019s very valuable two - year - old trophy , with his century supplied by 33 different trainers . sir mark prescott , paul cole and mark johnston are among the brazilian\u2019s admirers and his star is certainly in the ascendancy .\nteacher and educationalist , youth worker , pastor , linguist and bible translator , public speaker and politician , percy chatterton can look back on a remarkably varied career . the foundations were laid in a lower middle class london home before world war i and it was there that his interest in a wide range of subjects was originally stimulated and his particular talents sympathetically encouraged . percy was born at sale on the outskirts of manchester on 8 october 1898 . he was the younger child of henry and alice chatterton whose first child , a daughter , had been born seven years earlier . the family moved to london while percy was still a baby and he was educated first at the stationers\u2019 company school , an establishment of the ancient livery company , and later at the city of london school , which was run by the city corporation . henry chatterton was a freeman of the city and consequently was eligible for certain privileges such as a scholarship for his son at the corporation\u2019s school . without this assistance the chattertons would not have been able to afford the fees .\npercy saw this old hanuabada for the last time in 1942 . a few weeks later the pacific war had swept it away . the village was burned down by labourers living in it and of the pleasant , grass - thatched , palm - leafed walled houses , only the blackened stumps remained , sticking out of the water like betel - nut stained teeth .\nthe 2007 race was no exception . the six runners had won no fewer than nine g1s between them prior to the race , and by the time the sextet were all retired they would have amassed a grand total of 18 top - level victories around the world between them . the contestants included dylan thomas who had a hat - trick of g1 victories to his name including the irish derby , and would go on to land the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . joining him in the line - up was the subsequent eclipse stakes winner notnowcato , the previous year\u2019s epsom derby hero sir percy , the breeders\u2019 cup turf winner red rocks , and pressing , who would go on to land g1 races in italy and germany .\nbaroness orczy was born in hungary in 1865 , the daughter of baron felix orczy , a landed aristocrat and well - known composer and conductor . orczy moved with her parents from budapest to brussels and paris , where she was educated . she studied art in london and exhibited work in the royal academy . orczy married montagu barstow and together they worked as illustrators and jointly published an edition of hungarian folk tales . orczy became famous in 1905 with the publication of the scarlet pimpernel ( originally a play co - written with her husband ) . its background of the french revolution and swashbuckling hero , sir percy blakeney , was to prove immensely popular . sequel books followed and film and tv versions were later made . orczy also wrote detective stories .\nby a derby winner out of an oaks fourth , percy\u2019s lass has some serious speed further back in her pedigree , with sprinters urshalim and horama as her fourth and fifth dams . this exceptional family has produced a host of top - class winners including teenoso , most welcome , ashaya , old country , kirtling and lucky sovereign as well as recent winners imperial dancer , rule of law and harayir .\n' marize ' informs me\nthere ' s also a musical about him called the scarlet pimpernel . the plot is a bit different than the books . the show ran for over two years on broadway , closing on january 2 , 2000 . percy was played by douglas sills in the first and second version . this was followed by the first u . s . national tour , which played in thirty - two cities . the tour concluded on april 1 , 2001 in grand rapids , michigan . it is considered the fourth version of the show . scripts and lyrics are available as well as many cds and individual songs . also , for an alias , in the musical , percy ' s disguise is grappin , a belgian , and he works for chauvelin to keep an eye on him .\nshe also recommended the following links :\na keen advocate of uniform divorce law in australia , joske pressed the government to introduce a federal divorce bill . he drafted a private member\u2019s bill , passed as the matrimonial causes act ( 1955 ) , which enabled married women to institute divorce proceedings in the state or territory of their residence . in 1957 he introduced , again as a private member , a comprehensive measure that dealt with the grounds of divorce as well as with questions of jurisdiction . the bill was vigorously debated ; ( sir ) howard beale led the campaign against it on the grounds that it was too narrow and conservative . eventually it was replaced by a government bill that became law as the matrimonial causes act ( 1959 ) . the attorney - general , sir garfield barwick , acknowledged a ` great debt\u2019 to joske\u2019s efforts , which made the uniform divorce legislation possible .\nwhen , in march 1972 , percy was presented with his honorary doctorate of laws at the university of papua new guinea , stuart inder , editor of p . i . m . , was moved to commend his speech of acceptance \u2018for its brevity and the clarity of thought and the humanity that are so typical of the man himself\u2019 . it was a typical chatterton speech , delivered in his unmistakable deep stentorian tones : [ 15 ]\nthere would be no more popular winner of the derby than the queen and in carlton house , her majesty looks to have a live contender . trained by sir michael stoute , carlton house followed a debut second at salisbury with a ninth - length romp in a back - end mile maiden at newbury , after which he was as long as 25 - 1 for the blue riband . he is now half that price .\non the island of sodor , the sun has not yet set on the british empire , and the consequences of defiance are illustrated in parables like\nhiro helps out .\nhiro , asian immigrant ( he is voiced by japanese actor togo igawa , and the images of his island home mirror traditional ukiyo - e woodcuttings ) and onetime\nmaster of the rails ,\nhere oversteps his authority . in an effort to assist sir topham hatt , the\ncontroller of the rails ,\nwho is oddly discombobulated , hiro decides to give the other trains their orders himself . but initiative is not a virtue on the island of sodor , and stepping above one ' s station is a serious offense . when sir topham hatt finds that hiro has appointed himself middle - manager , he is furious (\ni am controller of the railway !\n) .\nin his middle teenage years hillary grew tall , and through boxing found some physical confidence . a school ski trip to mt ruapehu in 1935 gave him his first experience of mountains . \u2018i returned home in a glow of fiery enthusiasm for the sun and the cold and the snow \u2013 especially the snow . \u2019 1 that year the family moved to remuera road , auckland , although percy still had more than 1 , 000 beehives on south auckland farms .\npercy\u2019s decision not to stand for the third house of assembly in february 1972 was perhaps a wise one . had he stood successfully , he would certainly have supported the coalition government on most issues ; one wonders if he would have been temperamentally comfortable on the government benches . his scrutiny of proposed legislation , based on his own strongly held views regardless of party politics , could have been embarrassing to the coalition at times . papua new guineans , he wrote : [ 13 ]\nbecoming interested in state politics during the depression when new south wales premier jack lang introduced \u2018the lang plan\u2019 , in 1932 spender almost stood as a candidate for the recently formed united australia party in the seat of neutral bay , but withdrew in favour of another uap - endorsed candidate . in 1937 he contested the federal seat of warringah as an independent , winning a stunning victory over the incumbent uap member and minister for defence , sir ( robert ) archdale parkhill . campaigning on the lack of preparedness for australia\u2019s defence and the need for youth in government , spender won on australian labor party preferences .\non his appointment to delena , the l . m . s . had suggested to chatterton the possibility of ordination . percy accepted this call and , after some theological studies , was ordained to the ministry of the congregational church in australia in 1943 . this enabled him to exercise the full functions of a pastor , but it is characteristic of him that he did not use his new authority to set up his own little spiritual kingdom . instead he strengthened the l . m . s . system of village congregational meetings and established a central district church council made up of lay members and pastors representing the village congregations . the effect of this organisation was to involve the ordinary members more closely in the affairs of their church and , during chatterton\u2019s last years at delena , the council took an increasingly greater responsibility for the management of the church in the district . percy\u2019s own role was that of adviser , consultant and conciliator when requested by the councillors . this exercise in localisation was well under way at a time when the word was unheard of in the land and the concept , if thought of at all , was paid little more than lip service . the scheme of church government also helped to prepare the people for the later introduction of local government councils .\nwithin the engine ranks , the trains enforce clear hierarchies and mirror the class rigidity of their aristocratic masters .\nsteamies\nare better than\ndirty diesels ,\nand the number of tenders a train commands are his marks of distinction . in misty island rescue , sir topham hatt offers the privilege of pulling special\njobi\nwood to the most useful engine . when\ndiesel\n( that is his name ; his caste merits no proper name ) suggests that he might compete for this honor , thomas laughs at him , saying ,\ni ' m sure [ hatt ] means a really useful steam y ; you ' ll never be that !\nwhen diesel decides to prove thomas wrong by stealing the jobi logs and pulling them himself , thus reinforcing all negative diesel stereotypes , he speeds dangerously out of control . thomas , primarily concerned with saving the cargo , saves diesel as he hangs off a cliff , but loses the wood . thomas is unable to feel much pride in saving another ' s life and sighs balefully over the loss of such valuable timber . sir topham hatt reinforces this perverse value system by bemoaning the loss of the wood , and publicly shames diesel before sending him back to work in a dark tunnel . did i mention that diesel is black ?\nyet the conservatism of thomas and friends is not the conservatism of america . key to the\npick yourself up by your bootstraps\nmythos in the united states is the notion that anyone can rise to the top with hard work and initiative . the thomas series glories instead in true\nwhite man ' s burden\nstyle british imperialism . our hero , thomas , and his friends jockey for positions just below that of the bullying aristocrat sir topham hatt but never seek to rise to his level . the stern , dour little englishman in top hat and tails dangles meaningless honors like getting to\ncarry the most special special\nto divide and conquer the trains .\nanother of percy\u2019s favourite themes that was ahead of its time was the warning that , in allowing and encouraging massive overseas investment by big corporations without careful restrictions and control , the country was in danger of exchanging political for economic colonialism . this has since become a subject for worldwide discussion and concern and the papua new guinea government is now well aware of the problems involved . chatterton also had the satisfaction in 1971 of seeing certain jobs in the private sec\u00adtor , as well as in the public service , reserved for local workers . he had proposed this in november 1968 in the face of outraged opposition from many fellow members . in 1974 , the government was also proposing to set up a national capital district and an om\u00adbudsman\u2019s commission .\nhaving stood unsuccessfully as an independent liberal and country party candidate for the legislative council seat of monash in june 1949 , joske succeeded ( sir ) thomas walter white to the safe liberal seat of balaclava in the house of representatives at a by - election on 28 july 1951 . the sun - herald described him as a ` fluent debater\u2019 , although his ` thin voice\u2019 was ` sometimes lost in house debates\u2019 . he was a member of various parliamentary committees , an australian delegate ( 1955 ) to the tenth session of the general assembly of the united nations in new york , a councillor ( 1956 - 60 ) of the australian national university and chairman ( 1959 - 60 ) of the commonwealth immigration planning council .\nspender\u2019s rise in federal politics over the next four years was circuitous rather than meteoric . joining the uap parliamentary party in 1938 , he was passed over for ministerial positions in the jostling that followed the death of prime minister joseph lyons and the succession of ( sir ) robert menzies , and amid competing demands from the states on the breakdown of coalition with the country party . appointed minister assisting the treasurer ( menzies ) , he became acting - treasurer in november 1939 , then treasurer from march to october 1940 . he advocated high wartime taxes and spending , and allowed a talented young group of economists to apply keynesian ideas to australia\u2019s circumstances . progressive , and supportive of state - directed planning , he flagged industrialisation and population growth as the engines of australia\u2019s postwar economy .\nspender became minister for external affairs and minister for external territories in menzies\u2019 1949 government . although the minister for only sixteen months , he instigated and helped to implement the colombo plan\u2014called initially the \u2018spender plan\u2019\u2014and also negotiated with the us envoy , john foster dulles , the terms of the australia - new zealand - united states treaty . he represented australia at the treaty signing ceremony at san francisco in september 1951 . travelling widely , he had a highly developed sense of geopolitics and of change in the asia - pacific region . as a cold war realist he argued that the soviet union posed a global threat and believed that a soviet setback in europe would increase the prospect of communist interest in asia . he was a leading figure in the liberal party\u2019s plan to outlaw the communist party of australia . vice - president ( 1950 - 51 ) of the fifth general assembly of the united nations , he instructed ( sir ) keith shann , against menzies\u2019 wishes , to vote for a resolution condemning chinese aggression in korea .\nchatterton\u2019s championship of the underdog and his vigilant defence of all citizens\u2019 rights and freedoms is consistent with his background and upbringing . these had also been the concerns of his nonconformist forefathers and percy carried on in papua new guinea the causes of the english reforming dissenters . looking back over his time as a politician , he believes his efforts to raise local wages , the setting up of the national broadcasting commission and the promotion of the bill of human rights to have been his most important achievements . with regard to the last he says : \u2018just how many of the rights set out in the ordinance will survive remains to be seen , but at least it ensures that , if the people of papua new guinea decide to throw them away , or allow them to be taken away , they will know what they are losing\u2019 . his biggest disappointments were the rejection of the ombudsman and the suggestion that a national capital district be created . the latter was an attempt to benefit both the city of port moresby and the rural areas of the central district as well as papua as a whole . if expenditure on the national capital were to be subtracted from the amount allowed in the budget for papua , he believed that a true picture of papua\u2019s comparative neglect in relation to new guinea would be revealed .\nbut in the wake of yesterday ' s thrilling denouement came the chilling other side of the sport ' s spinning coin . inside the final two furlongs horatio nelson , the mount of kieren fallon , broke a foreleg , his gallop reduced in an instant to a grotesque stagger . fallon pulled up and dismounted and the colt was taken from the course in an equine ambulance , but his injuries proved too severe for him to be saved .\nthe newmarket - based packenhams kept their nerve and kept their young star . and all the faith , judgement and patience have been gloriously rewarded on the greatest stage of all .\ndylan thomas still held the call sweeping down the hill to tattenham corner and into the straight , closely pressed by dragon dancer . the pair began to stretch their lead , with no immediate pursuers and going to the final furlong they were still head - to - head in front .\nbut then , towards the middle of the track , the 2 - 1 favourite visindar began to make his move , with hala bek alongside and horatio nelson on their heels . the three came tight together and at this point horatio nelson sustained his fatal injury ."]}
{"id": 1282, "summary": [{"text": "cryptolechia percnocoma is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1930 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish-ochreous with an undefined cloud of light grey suffusion extending over the median third on the costal half and continued much narrower to the dorsum before the middle , a similar cloud forming a marginal band around the apex and the termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the plical and first discal stigmata are small and blackish and the plical is rather posterior .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an irregular angulated series of small blackish dots forming the anterior limit of the terminal band and there are five marginal interneural dots between veins three and eight , slightly separated with whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cryptolechia percnocoma", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for percnocoma definition . you find here percnocoma meaning , synonyms of percnocoma and images for percnocoma copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word percnocoma . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word percnocoma and , of course , percnocoma synonyms and on the right images related to the word percnocoma .\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland\ncryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ncryptolechia ? eningiella pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7\u00b0n , 114 . 5\u00b0e ) , jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4\u00b0n , 105 . 5\u00b0e ) , gansu , 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19\u00b0n , 106 . 12\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6\u00b0n , 118 . 2\u00b0e ) , jiangxi , 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nthioscelis meyrick , 1909 directrix meyrick , 1909 fuscata duckworth , 1967 geranomorpha meyrick , 1932 lipara duckworth , 1967 whalleyi duckworth , 1967 timocratica meyrick , 1912 lychnocrates meyrick , 1926 agramma becker , 1982 albella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( depressaria ) albitogata becker , 1982 amseli duckworth , 1962 , repl . name albella amsel , 1956 , preocc . ( not zeller , 1839 ) anelaea ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) argonais ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) argonias clarke , 1955 , missp . bicornuta becker , 1982 butyrota ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( stenoma ) syndicastis ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( stenoma ) constrictivalva becker , 1982 effluxa ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( lychnocrates ) fraternella ( busck , 1910 ) ( stenoma ) fuscipalpalis becker , 1982 grandis ( perty , [ 1833 ] ) ( yponomeuta ) guarani becker , 1982 isarga ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) leucocapna ( meyrick , 1926 ) ( lychnocrates ) leucorectis ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) longicilia becker , 1982 loxotoma ( busck , 1909 ) ( stenoma ) macroleuca ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) major ( busck , 1911 ) ( stenoma ) maturescens ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) megaleuca ( meyrick , 1912 ) ( stenoma ) melanocosta becker , 1982 melanostriga becker , 1982 meridionalis becker , 1982 monotonia ( strand , 1911 ) ( cryptolechia ) isographa meyrick , 1912 claudescens meyrick , 1925 crassa meyrick , 1925 nivea becker , 1982 palpis ( zeller , 1877 ) ( cryptolechia ) auxoleuca ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) haywardi busck , 1939 parvifusca becker , 1982 parvileuca becker , 1982 philomela ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) pompeiana meyrick , 1925 spinignatha becker , 1982 subovalis ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) stomatocosma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) titanoleuca becker , 1982 venifurcata becker , 1982 xanthosoma ( dognin , 1913 ) ( stenoma ) a . xanthosoma ( dognin , 1913 ) ( stenoma ) sacra ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( stenoma ) b . leucocephala becker , 1982 xanthotarsa becker , 1982\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\n= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\naliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\nargometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567\napiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton\nconata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152\neucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nglischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\nbrazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia\nassam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen\naustralia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach s\u00fcd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nagonoxeninae amblytenes meyrick , 1930 lunatica meyrick , 1930 anchimompha clarke , 1965 melaleuca clarke , 1965 auxotricha meyrick , 1931 ochrogypsa meyrick , 1931 homoeoprepes walsingham , 1909 homeoprepes hodges , 1978 , missp . felisae clarke , 1962 sympatrica clarke , 1962 trochiloides walsingham , 1909 microcolona meyrick , 1897 transennata meyrick , 1922 nanodacna clarke , 1964 ancora clarke , 1964 indiscriminata clarke , 1965 log\u00edstica ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( colonophora ) vinacea ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( homaledra ) nicanthes meyrick , 1928 rhodoclea meyrick , 1928 pammeces zeller , 1863 albivitella zeller , 1863 citraula meyrick , 1922 crocoxysta meyrick , 1922 lithochroma walsingham , 1897 pallida walsingham , 1897 phlogophora walsingham , 1909 problema walsingham , 1915 panclintis meyrick , 1929 socia meyrick , 1929 prochola meyrick , 1915 aedilis meyrick , 1915 agypsota meyrick , 1922 basichlora meyrick , 1922 catacentra meyrick , 1917 chloropis meyrick , 1922 euclina meyrick , 1922 fuscula forbes , 1931 holomorpha meyrick , 1931 obstructa meyrick , 1915 ochromicta meyrick , 1922 oppidana meyrick , 1915 orphnopa meyrick , 1922 orthobasis meyrick , 1922 pervallata meyrick , 1922 prasophanes meyrick , 1922 revecta meyrick , 1922 semiabata meyrick , 1922 sollers meyrick , 1917 subtincta ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( syntetrernis ) syntentrernis meyrick , 1922 neocompsa meyrick , 1933 xiphodes meyrick , 1922 tocasta busck , 1912 priscella busck , 1912 zaratha walker , 1864 macrocera r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 mesonyctia meyrick , 1909 pterodactylella walker , 1864 nivelventris r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875\nelachistinae elachista treitschke , 1833 aphelosetia stephens , 1834 cycnodia herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1853 phigalia chambers , 1875 , preocc . ( duponchel , 1829 [ geometridae ] ) atachia wocke , 1876 neaera chambers , 1880 , preocc . ( robineau - desvoidy , 1830 [ diptera ] ) hecista wallengren , 1881 aphigalia dyar , 1903 irenicodes meyrick , 1919 euproteodesviette , 1954 albisquamella zeller , 1877 luciliella zeller , 1877 tersectella zeller , 1877\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nauthor - richard l . brown uploaded on 4 july 2009 ; last upsdated on 19 august 2015"]}
{"id": 1283, "summary": [{"text": "gelechia resecta is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey , sprinkled with whitish points and scattered blackish scales and with a black mark on the base of the costa , one along the base of the dorsum , and a small irregular spot between these .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an irregular blotch of blackish suffusion in the disc at one-fourth .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are rather large , suffused , black , the plical near before the first discal , the second discal edged with white posteriorly , touching a blotch of blackish irroration on the costa beyond the middle , and a small tornal spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , thinly scaled in the disc and towards the base . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "gelechia resecta", "paragraphs": ["gelechia resecta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : pretoria\ngelechia ochrocorys meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 43\ngelechia rescissella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 110\ngelechia senticetella , the cypress groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\ngelechia nigra , the black groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\ngelechia turpella , the grand groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\ngelechia allomima meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 12\ngelechia wacoella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 237\nthe juniper gelechiid moth ( gelechia sabinellus ) is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\ngelechia sirotina omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 107\ngelechia albomaculata omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 93\ngelechia cuneatella , the long - winged groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\ngelechia capiteochrella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 252\ngelechia discostrigella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 248\ngelechia flexurella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 163\ngelechia maculatusella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 245\ngelechia mimella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 163\ngelechia packardella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 143\ngelechia palpialbella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 253\ngelechia ribesella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 4 ) : 290\ngelechia amorphella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 124\ngelechia badiomaculella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 10 ) : 192 ; tl : kentucky\ngelechia ( mesogelechia ) teleiodella omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 105\ngelechia unistrigella chambers , 1873 ; can . ent . 5 ( 9 ) : 176 ; tl : kentucky\ngelechia anthracopa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : china , shanghai\ngelechia grisseochrella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia griseella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia dujardini huemer , 1991 ; nota lepid . 14 : 127 ; tl : yugoslavia , krk i . , punat\ngelechia mediterranea huemer , 1991 ; nota lepid . 14 : 125 ; tl : hellas , lakonia , 7km sw monemvasia\ngelechia chionomima meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 488 ; tl : natal , weenen\ngelechia epiphloea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 292 ; tl : barberton\ngelechia overhaldensis strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 85 a ( 4 ) : 63 ; tl : overhalden , norway\ngelechia anarsiella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 126 ; tl : edgerton\ngelechia arotrias meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 725 ; tl : natal , weenen\ngelechia grisseochrella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 247 ; tl : california\ngelechia horiaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 133 ; tl : nw . india , abbottabad\ngelechia thoracestrigella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 245 ; tl : california\ngelechia discoanulella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 254 ; tl : texas\ngelechia amorphella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 891\ngelechia rhombelliformis staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 303 ; tl : sarepta\ngelechia abjunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 629 ; tl : cape\ngelechia albatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 636 ; tl : ceylon\ngelechia angustella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 637 ; tl : ceylon\ngelechia anomorcta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 277 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\ngelechia desiliens meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 23 ; tl : california , venice\ngelechia fecunda meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 17 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\ngelechia griseaella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . , incertae sedis )\ngelechia liberata meyrick , 1910 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 : 414 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\ngelechia marmoratella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 646 ; tl : sydney\ngelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 3 ) : 53 ( emend . )\ngelechia suspensa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 19 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\ngelechia tetraleuca meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 18 ; tl : zululand , eshowe\ngelechia anagramma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 72 ; tl : cape colony , middelburg\nclandestina omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 96 ( preocc . gelechia clandestina meyrick , 1923 )\ngelechia junctipunctella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 ; tl : biskra\ngelechia omphalopis meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 330 ; tl : sw . africa , otjiwarongo\ngelechia veneranda walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 62 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ngelechia dyariella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 877 ; tl : colorado\ngelechia gammanella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 638 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\ngelechia lactiflora meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 71 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\ngelechia cuneatella douglas , 1852 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 242 ; tl : london\ngelechia anthochra lower , 1896 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 20 : 168 ; tl : rockhampton , queensland\ngelechia platydoxa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 20 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\ngelechia versutella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 253 ; tl : texas\ngelechia adapterella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 890 ; [ nhm card ]\ngelechia dromicella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 177 ; tl : placer co . , california\ngelechia panella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 889 ; tl : arizona ; california\ngelechia caudatae clarke , 1934 ; can . ent . 66 : 175 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : washington , pullman\ngelechia cuneifera walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 64 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ngelechia mandella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 759 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia\ngelechia monella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 759 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia\ngelechia picrogramma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia traducella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 12 ; tl : la chorrera , panama\ngelechia albomaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 110\ngelechia invenustella berg , 1876 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 240 ; tl : cerro de caballada , rio negro\ngelechia teleiodella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 110\ngelechia flavipalpella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 262 , pl . 12 , f . 31 ; tl : spring vale\ngelechia intermedia braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 120 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\ngelechia benitella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : san benito , texas\ngelechia impurgata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 67 , pl . 2 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ngelechia sonorensis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 69 , pl . 2 , f . 26 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ngelechia sestertiella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 65 ) : 186 , ( 58 ) ( ii ) pl . 66 , f . 487\ngelechia hetaeria walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 68 , pl . 2 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , orizaba\ngelechia petraea walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : guatemala , las mercedes , 3000ft\ngelechia adapterella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 590 ; tl : st . martin ' s falls , albany river , hudson ' s bay\ngelechia discoanulella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 126 ( unrecognized ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia versutella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 878 ; [ nacl ] , # 1966 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\ngelechia albisparsella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 877 ; [ nacl ] , # 1929 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 13\ngelechia anarsiella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 874 ; [ nacl ] , # 1930 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia bianulella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 873 ; [ nacl ] , # 1933 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia lynceella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 1946 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia ribesella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 860 ; [ nacl ] , # 1960 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia rileyella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 887 ; [ nacl ] , # 1961 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\ngelechia badiomaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 892 ; [ nacl ] , # 1931 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia bistrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 892 ; [ nacl ] , # 1934 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia capiteochrella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 893 ; [ nacl ] , # 1936 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia flexurella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 895 ; [ nacl ] , # 1942 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia ocherfuscella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1954 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14\ngelechia wacoella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 902 ; [ nacl ] , # 1967 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\ngelechia palpialbella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1957 ( ident . uncert . ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia discostrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 894 ; [ nacl ] , # 1939 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( incertae sedis )\ngelechia maculatusella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 897 ; [ nacl ] , # 1947 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia mimella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 898 ; [ nacl ] , # 1949 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia obscurella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 898 ; [ nacl ] , # 1952 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia packardella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 866 ; [ nacl ] , # 1955 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia pallidagriseella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1956 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia thoracestrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 901 ; [ nacl ] , # 1963 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ( ident . uncert . )\ngelechia unistrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 901 ; [ nacl ] , # 1965 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ( ident . uncert . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmeyrick e . 1908b . descriptions of african micro - lepidoptera . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 47 : 716\u2013756 .\nneu , ceu , caucasus , transcaucasia , china ( gansu , qinghai , jilin ) , korea . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica [ me3 ] , 108\nmorocco , austria , bosnia , seu , asia minor . see [ maps ]\nlarva on juniperus sabina , j . oxycedrus , j . phoenicea [ me3 ] , 109\ntinea sororculella h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 440\nlarva on salix spp . , s . caprea , s . cinerea , s . aurita , s . viminalis , s . purpurea [ me3 ] , 111\nneu , ceu , russia , china ( xinjiang , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on salix ssp . , s . alba , s . caprea [ me3 ] , 113\nlarva on salix spp . , populus spp . , p . tremula , p . alba , p . nigra , populus canescens [ me3 ] , 117\nlarva on populus nigra , populus pyramidalis , p . balsamifera , p . laurifolia [ me3 ] , 118\nlarva on populus nigra , populus pyramidalis , p . balsamifera [ me3 ] , 119\ns . finland , austria , poland , schweden , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on acer campestre , a . platanoides huemer , 1991 , nota lepid . 14 : 124\nalpes maritimes , croatia , macedonia , greece , italy , turkey . see [ maps ]\natlanticella ( amsel , 1955 ) ( nothris ) ; bull . inst . sci . nat . belg . 31 ( 83 ) : 59\nlarva on platanus occidentalis busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 878\natrofusca omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 103\ndepressaria bistrigella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 5 ) : 92\nclopica meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nconditor omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 91\ncuspidatella turati , 1934 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 197\ndelapsa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60\ndelodectis meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 3\ndichomeris dolbyi walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 98 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\nepistolica meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 59\ntelphusa exposita meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 152 ; tl : mt murud , 6500 - 7200ft\nfarinosa teich , 1899 ; arb . naturfr . ges . riga 42 : 75\nphthorimaea frequens meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nfuscooculata omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 93\ngoniospila meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 385\nparasia griseaella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 5 ) : 88 ; tl : ontario [ ? ]\nhaifella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 300\nteleia hyoscyamella rebel , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 1 ) : 89 ; tl : heluan\ninconspicua omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 99\ntelphusa inferialis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 133 ; tl : bengal , chapra\nlongipalpella teich , 1899 ; arb . naturfr . ges . riga 42 : 75\ntelphusa machinata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 488 ; tl : assam , khasis\npsoricoptera melanoptila lower , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 272 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nnothris mundata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 495 ; tl : new mexico , mescalero , 7000ft\nnotabilis omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 99\nophiaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60\ntelphusa paraula meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 568 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima ; s . india , nilgiris\nparoxynta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 59\npistaciae filipjev , 1934 ; trav . inst . zool . acad . sci . urrs 2 : 17\npraestantella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\nrepetitrix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60\ndepressaria rileyella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : kentucky\nsachalinensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1083\nsattleri piskunov , 1982 ; dokl . akad . nauk . armyan . ssr 74 ( 3 ) : 138\ntelphusa sematica meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\nstenacma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 585\nnothris thymiata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : arizona , nogales\nchelaria trachydyta meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ntribalanota meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 67\nnothris griseella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 245 ; tl : texas\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nnotice sur la chassa des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res durant l ' \u00e9t\u00e9 1904 dans le district d ' ourjoum , gouv . de viatka [ in russian ]\nreview .\na list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects\n. by harrison c . dyar , ph . d . , . . .\nzerny , 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . maroc . 42 : 1 - 163 , pl . 1 - 2\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , gauteng ] , pretoria , xi , leg . c . j . swierstra .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2014336 .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\npennsylvania route 308 ( pa 308 ) is a 28 . 5 - mile - long ( 45 . 9 km ) state highway located in butler and venango counties in pennsylvania . the southern terminus is at pa 8 near butler . the northern terminus is at pa sr 3013 ( old pa 8 ) just north of the pa 8 junction in pearl ."]}
{"id": 1284, "summary": [{"text": "epicephala obovatella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the warm temperate to subtropical regions of japan and in taiwan .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7.5 \u2013 11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brown with a narrow white band on the dorsum from the base to 2/3 of the entire length .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are three pairs of narrow white bands beginning at the costal and dorsal margin near 1/2 to 3/4 length of the wing and extending obliquely toward the wing apex , terminating before reaching mid-width of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from the costa to the dorsum at 5/6 length and the distal 1/6 is orange-brown with a black dot centrally , franked by a short white band near the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the distal end is fringed with a narrow white band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the seeds of glochidion obovatum and glochidion rubrum . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "epicephala obovatella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for obovatella definition . you find here obovatella meaning , synonyms of obovatella and images for obovatella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\ndistribution of the epicephala species in japan . a epicephala anthophilia b epicephala bipollenella c epicephala lanceolatella ( blue ) and epicephala perplexa ( green ) d epicephala obovatella ( blue ) and epicephala corruptrix ( green ) e epicephala vitisidaea f epicephala parasitica ( blue ) and epicephala nudilingua ( green ) . information based on this study and .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word obovatella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word obovatella and , of course , obovatella synonyms and on the right images related to the word obovatella .\npollination and oviposition behavior of the japanese epicephala species . a epicephala anthophilia female actively depositing pollen on glochidion acuminatum female flower b epicephala anthophilia ovipositing through stylar pit of glochidion acuminatum flower c epicephala bipollenella ovipositing through stylar pit of glochidion zeylanicum flower d epicephala lanceolatella ovipositing through stylar pit of glochidion lanceolatum flower e epicephala perplexa ovipositing through lateral ovary wall of glochidion lanceolatum flower f epicephala obovatella ovipositing through lateral ovary wall of glochidion obovatum flower g epicephala corruptrix ovipositing through ovary wall of glochidion rubrum flower h epicephala vitisidaea ovipositing in the interspace between ovary and tepal i epicephala parasitica ovipositing in young fruit of phyllanthus lepidocarpus .\nvalva of the japanese epicephala species . a epicephala anthophilia ( paratype , slide no . ak249 ) b epicephala bipollenella ( slide no . ak258 ) c epicephala lanceolatella ( non - type , slide no . ak270 ) d epicephala perplexa ( paratype , slide no . ak272 ) e epicephala obovatella ( non - type , slide no . ak245 ) f epicephala corruptrix ( paratype , slide no . ak260 ) g epicephala vitisidaea ( slide no . ak234 ) ; h , epicephala parasitica ( non - type , slide no . ak290 ) i epicephala nudilingua ( paratype , slide no . ak292 ) . scale bar : 1 mm .\novipositor of the japanese epicephala species . a , epicephala anthophilia ( paratype , slide no . ak250 ) b epicephala bipollenella ( slide no . ak281 ) c epicephala lanceolatella ( non - type , slide no . ak251 ) d epicephala perplexa ( paratype , slide no . ak253 ) e epicephala obovatella ( non - type , slide no . ak246 ) f epicephala corruptrix ( paratype , slide no . ak262 ) g epicephala vitisidaea ( slide no . ak239 ) h epicephala parasitica ( non - type , slide no . ak239 ) i epicephala nudilingua ( paratype , slide no . ak296 ) . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\napophyses and eighth abdominal segment of the japanese epicephala species . a epicephala anthophilia ( paratype , slide no . ak250 ) b epicephala bipollenella ( slide no . ak281 ) c epicephala lanceolatella ( non - type , slide no . ak251 ) d epicephala perplexa ( paratype , slide no . ak253 ) e epicephala obovatella ( non - type , slide no . ak246 ) f epicephala corruptrix ( paratype , slide no . ak262 ) g epicephala vitisidaea ( slide no . ak239 ) h epicephala parasitica ( non - type , slide no . ak239 ) i epicephala nudilingua ( paratype , slide no . ak296 ) . scale bar : 1 mm .\nsection of the female proboscis of the japanese epicephala species . all photographs were taken from non - type specimens . a epicephala anthophilia ( slide no . ak303 ) b epicephala bipollenella ( slide no . ak298 ) c epicephala lanceolatella ( slide no . ak300 ) d epicephala perplexa ( slide no . ak301 ) e epicephala obovatella ( slide no . ak307 ) f epicephala corruptrix ( slide no . ak304 ) g epicephala vitisidaea ( slide no . ak297 ) h epicephala parasitica ( slide no . ak308 ) , arrows indicate rudimentary sensilla i epicephala nudilingua ( slide no . ak309 ) . lp , labial palp . scale bar : 0 . 1 mm .\nseventh abdominal segment and corpus and ductus bursae of the japanese epicephala species . a , epicephala anthophilia ( paratype , slide no . ak250 ) b epicephala bipollenella ( slide no . ak281 ) c epicephala lanceolatella ( non - type , slide no . ak251 ) d epicephala perplexa ( paratype , slide no . ak253 ) e epicephala obovatella ( non - type , slide no . ak246 ) f epicephala corruptrix ( paratype , slide no . ak262 ) g epicephala vitisidaea ( slide no . ak239 ) h epicephala parasitica ( non - type , slide no . ak293 ) i epicephala nudilingua ( paratype , slide no . ak296 ) . scale bar : 1 mm .\nrepresentative specimens of the nine epicephala species in japan . wing pattern of epicephala parasitica is sexually dimorphic , so specimens of both sexes are shown for this species . a epicephala anthophilia ( amami island , kagoshima , \u2640 , holotype ) b epicephala bipollenella ( henoko , okinawa , \u2640 ) c epicephala lanceolatella ( cape hedo , okinawa , \u2640 , holotype ) d epicephala perplexa ( cape hedo , okinawa , \u2640 , holotype ) e epicephala obovatella ( tomogashima , wakayama , \u2642 , paratype ) f epicephala corruptrix ( takae , okinawa , \u2640 , holotype ) g epicephala vitisidaea ( yona , okinawa , \u2640 ) h epicephala parasitica ( yonaguni island , okinawa , \u2640 , holotype ) i epicephala parasitica ( hateruma island , okinawa , \u2642 ) j epicephala nudilingua ( watarase - yusuichi , tochigi , \u2640 , holotype ) . scale bar : 5 mm .\nfruits and galls produced by epicephala species on glochidion obovatum . a fruit produced after pollination by epicephala obovatella ( tomogashima , wakayama ) b gall induced on female flower by epicephala corruptrix ( takae , okinawa ) c cross section of the gall induced by epicephala corruptrix . arrow indicates the galled locule with feeding trace of epicephala larva . note that the irregularly developed ovules of the galled locule have merged indistinguishablly to septa . scale bar 2 mm .\naedeagus of the japanese epicephala species . a epicephala anthophilia ( paratype , slide no . ak249 ) , lateral view b epicephala bipollenella ( slide no . ak258 ) , lateral view c epicephala lanceolatella , lateral ( left ; non - type , slide no . ak270 ) and dorsal ( right ; non - type , slide no . ak271 ) view d epicephala perplexa ( paratype , slide no . ak272 ) , lateral view e epicephala obovatella ( non - type , slide no . ak245 ) , lateral view f epicephala corruptrix ( paratype , slide no . ak260 ) , lateral view g epicephala vitisidaea ( slide no . ak234 ) , lateral view h epicephala parasitica ( non - type , slide no . ak290 ) , lateral view i epicephala nudilingua ( paratype , slide no . ak292 ) , ventral view . scale bar : 0 . 5 mm .\nassessment of the diversity and species specificity of the mutualistic association between epicephala moths and glochidion trees .\nepicephala moths are involved in obligate mutualisms with their phyllanthaceae hosts , in which the female moths assure pollination and , in return , their progeny develop by consuming the seeds . ecological , molecular and geographical data suggest that the genus includes several hundred species , but the majority remains to be formally described . here we revise the japanese species of epicephala meyrick , 1880 . in addition to two previously named species , seven species are newly described : epicephala anthophilia sp . n . , epicephala lanceolatella sp . n . , epicephala perplexa sp . n . , epicephala obovatella sp . n . , epicephala corruptrix sp . n . , epicephala parasitica sp . n . and epicephala nudilingua sp . n . the first four are species involved in obligate pollination mutualism , while the fifth is a pollinating seed parasite and the last two are derived non - pollinating seed parasites of herbaceous phyllanthus . each of the nine japanese epicephela species is specialized to a single plant species in the genera glochidion , breynia or phyllanthus , except for epicephala obovatella and epicephala corruptrix that each utilizes two closely related glochidion species . considerable variations are found in pollination and oviposition behaviors among species , which are reflected in their proboscis and ovipositor morphologies , respectively . molecular phylogeny indicated that there have been repeated transitions in oviposition mode during the diversification of epicephala , which were accompanied by changes in ovipositor morphology , as suggested by a correlation analysis . keys to species are provided .\nrevision of the japanese species of epicephala meyrick with descriptions of seven new species ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) .\nchemical ecology of obligate pollination mutualisms : testing the ' private channel ' hypothesis in the breynia - epicephala association .\nrevision of the japanese species of epicephala meyrick with descriptions of seven new species ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nmaximum - likelihood phylogeny of epicephala species based on sequences of the coi , argk and ef1\u03b1 genes . numbers above nodes are maximum - likelihood bootstrap support values based on 1 , 000 replications . the japanese epicephala species are marked in blue . symbols right to species names donate ovipositor morphology : inverted u - shape , rounded apically ; inverted v - shape , acute apically .\nepicephala moths are involved in obligate mutualisms with their phyllanthaceae hosts , in which the female moths assure pollination and , in return , their progeny develop by consuming the seeds . ecological , molecular and geographical data suggest that the genus includes several hundred species , but the majority remains to be formally described . here we revise the japanese species of epicephala meyrick , 1880 . in addition to two previously named species , seven species are newly described : e . anthophilia sp . n . , e . lanceolatella sp . n . , e . perplexa sp . n . , e . obovatella sp . n . , e . corruptrix sp . n . , e . parasitica sp . n . and e . nudilingua sp . n . the first four are species involved in obligate pollination mutualism , while the fifth is a pollinating seed parasite and the last two are derived non - pollinating seed parasites of herbaceous phyllanthus . each of the nine japanese epicephela species is specialized to a single plant species in the genera glochidion , breynia or phyllanthus , except for e . obovatella and e . corruptrix that each utilizes two closely related glochidion species . considerable variations are found in pollination and oviposition behaviors among species , which are reflected in their proboscis and ovipositor morphologies , respectively . molecular phylogeny indicated that there have been repeated transitions in oviposition mode during the diversification of epicephala , which were accompanied by changes in ovipositor morphology , as suggested by a correlation analysis . keys to species are provided .\nthe well - known fig - fig wasp and yucca - yucca moth mutualisms are classic examples of obligate mutualisms that have been shaped by millions of years of coevolution . pollination systems involving obligate seed parasites are only expected to evolve under rare circumstances where their positive effects are not swamped by abundant co - pollinators and heavy costs resulting from seed destruction . here , we show that , in phyllantheae , specialization to pollination by epicephala moths evolved at least five times , involving more than 500 phyllantheae species in this obligate association . active pollination behaviour evolved once in epicephala , 10 - 20 myr after the initial divergence of their host plants . the pollinating epicephala moths thus radiated on an already - diverged host lineage and successively colonized new phyllantheae hosts , thereby giving rise to repeated independent evolution of the specialized pollination system in phyllantheae . the present evolutionary success of this association rests entirely upon active pollination by epicephala , making this a distinct example of an evolutionary key innovation . overall , our findings provide a clear empirical demonstration of how a combination of evolutionary innovation and partner shifts facilitates the spread of mutualism in a coevolving species interaction .\nthe obligate mutualisms between flowering plants and their seed - parasitic pollinators constitute fascinating examples of interspecific mutualisms , which are often characterized by high levels of species diversity and reciprocal species specificity . the diversification in these mutualisms has been thought to occur through simultaneous speciation of the partners , mediated by tight reciprocal adaptation ; however , recent studies cast doubt over this general view . in this study , we examine the diversity and species specificity of epicephala moths ( gracillariidae ) that pollinate glochidion trees ( phyllanthaceae ) , using analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences . phylogenetic analysis of epicephala moths associated with five glochidion species in japan and taiwan reveal six genetically isolated species that are also distinguishable by male genital morphology : ( i ) two species specific to single host species ( g . acuminatum and g . zeylanicum , respectively ) ; ( ii ) two species that coexist on g . lanceolatum ; and ( iii ) two species that share two , closely - related parapatric hosts ( g . obovatum and g . rubrum ) . statistical analysis shows that the two species associated with g . lanceolatum are not sister species , indicating the colonization of novel glochidion host in at least one lineage . behavioural observations suggest that all six species possess the actively - pollinating habit , thus none of the studied species has become a nonmutualistic ' cheater ' that exploits the benefit resulting from pollination by other species . our results parallel recent findings in ecologically similar associations , namely the fig - fig wasp and yucca - yucca moth mutualisms , and contribute to a more general understanding of the factors that determine ecological and evolutionary outcomes in these mutualisms .\nthe remarkably high level of partner specificity is a hallmark feature of the leafflower\u2013leafflower moth mutualism . together with the fig\u2013fig wasp and yucca\u2013yucca moth systems , obligate pollination mutualisms provide some of the best examples of highly species - specific plant\u2013insect associations . however , the evolutionary processes underlying these patterns are poorly understood . the high degree of specificity in pollinating seed parasites is often regarded as the fortuitous result of specialization in their ancestors because these insects are derived from endophytic herbivores that are themselves highly host - specific . this chapter focuses on the comparison of the level of host specificity in epicephala to those of purely parasitic gracillariid relatives as a test of whether mutualism reinforces partner specificity . when interpreted with what is known in the fig and yucca systems , such an analysis serves as a useful approach to determine how partner specificity is shaped in coevolved mutualisms .\n* obligate mutualisms involving actively pollinating seed predators are among the most remarkable insect - plant relationships known , yet almost nothing is known about the chemistry of pollinator attraction in these systems . the extreme species specificity observed in these mutualisms may be maintained by specific chemical compounds through ' private channels ' . here , we tested this hypothesis using the monoecious breynia vitis - idaea and its host - specific epicephala pollinator as a model . * headspace samples were collected from both male and female flowers of the host . gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) , coupled gas chromatography - mass spectrometry , and olfactometer bioassays were used to identify the floral compounds acting as the pollinator attractant . * male and female flowers of b . vitis - idaea produced similar sets of general floral compounds , but in different ratios , and male flowers emitted significantly more scent than female flowers . a mixture of 2 - phenylethyl alcohol and 2 - phenylacetonitrile , the two most abundant compounds in male flowers , was as attractive to female moths as the male flower sample , although the individual compounds were slightly less attractive when tested separately . * data on the floral scent signals mediating obligate mutualisms involving active pollination are still very limited . we show that system - specific chemistry is not necessary for efficient host location by exclusive pollinators in these tightly coevolved mutualisms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncenter for ecological research , kyoto university , 2 - 509 - 3 hirano , otsu , shiga 520 - 2113 , japan .\ngraduate school of human and environmental studies , kyoto university , yoshida - nihonmatsu - cho , sakyo 606 - 8501 , japan .\npmid : 27103875 pmcid : pmc4829671 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 568 . 6721\naanen dk , eggleton p , lef\u00e8vre cr , fr\u00f8slev tg , rosendahl s , boomsma jj ( 2002 ) the evolution of fungus - growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts . proc natl acad sci u s a 99 : 14887\u201314892\nbrouat c , garcia n , andary c , mckey d ( 2001 ) plant lock and key : pairwise coevolution of an exclusion filter in an ant\u2013plant mutualism . proc r soc lond b 268 : 2131\u20132141\ncurrie cr , wong b , stuart ae , schultz tr , rehner sa , mueller ug , sung gh , spatafora jw , straus na ( 2003 ) ancient tripartite coevolution in the attine ant\u2013microbe symbiosis . science 299 : 386\u2013388\ndavidson dw , mckey d ( 1993 ) the evolutionary ecology of symbiotic ant\u2013plant relationships . j hymenopt res 2 : 13\u201383\nedwards dp , hassall m , sutherland wj , yu dw ( 2006 ) assembling a mutualism : ant symbionts locate their host plants by detecting volatile compounds . insect soc 53 : 172\u2013176\nehrlich pr , raven ph ( 1964 ) butterflies and plants : a study in coevolution . evolution 18 : 586\u2013608\ng\u00f3mez jm , zamora r ( 2006 ) ecological factors that promote the evolution of generalization in pollination systems . in : waser n , ollerton j ( eds ) plant\u2013pollinator interactions : from generalization to specialization . university of chicago press , chicago , pp 145\u2013166\ngrangier j , dejean a , mal\u00e9 pjg , solano pj , orivel j ( 2009 ) mechanisms driving the specificity of a myrmecophyte\u2013ant association . biol j linn soc 97 : 90\u201397\nguimar\u00e3es pr , rico - 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( 2017 ) reinforced specificity of pollinator moths . in : kato m . , kawakita a . ( eds ) obligate pollination mutualism . ecological research monographs . springer , tokyo\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nthere is no author summary for this article yet . authors can add summaries to their articles on scienceopen to make them more accessible to a non - specialist audience .\nhosts , in which the female moths assure pollination and , in return , their progeny develop by consuming the seeds . ecological , molecular and geographical data suggest that the genus includes several hundred species , but the majority remains to be formally described . here we revise the japanese species of\nspecies . considerable variations are found in pollination and oviposition behaviors among species , which are reflected in their proboscis and ovipositor morphologies , respectively . molecular phylogeny indicated that there have been repeated transitions in oviposition mode during the diversification of\n, which were accompanied by changes in ovipositor morphology , as suggested by a correlation analysis . keys to species are provided .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nrelationship between behavior and physiology in an invasive pest species : oviposition site selection and temperature - dependent development of the oriental fruit moth ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) ."]}
{"id": 1285, "summary": [{"text": "the apeco oldfield mouse ( thomasomys apeco ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is known only from a single locality in north central peru , which includes rio abiseo national park , where it was found in cloud forest at an elevation of 3300 m .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species name comes from the acronym for the asociacion peruana para la conservacion de la naturaleza .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is among the largest members of the genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "apeco oldfield mouse", "paragraphs": ["thomasomys apeco leo & gardner , 1993 ( apeco oldfield mouse ) apeco is an acronym for asociacion peruana para la conservacion de la naturaleza . [ proc . biol . soc . washington 106 : 417 - 428 . ]\nperomyscus polionotus , a north american cricetid species also called an\noldfield mouse\n.\nthomasomys apeco leo l . m . , gardner a . l . , 1993\nthomasomys is a genus of rodent in the family cricetidae , named after british zoologist oldfield thomas . nuclear dna sequence analysis has indicated that it is a sister taxon to rhagomys . it contains the following species :\nmicrocebus gerpi radespiel et al . , 2012 ( gerp ' s mouse lemur ) named after groupe d ' \u00e9tude et de recherche sur les primates de madagascar ( gerp ) , the research and conservation team that described it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n- home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback -\nadlafia g . moser , h . lange - bertalot & d . metzeltin 1998 ( diatom ) for the association des diatomistes de langue fran\u00e7aise ( a . d . la . f . )\nafgekia craib . ( fabaceae from southeast asia ) named for the collector a rthur f rancis ge orge k err .\nagra bci erwin , 2000 ( ground beetle ) from\nbarro colorado island\n( panama ) , where the beetle was discovered .\nagra catie erwin , 2002 ( carabid ) for centro agronomico tropical de investigacion y ensenanza , a forestry school at turrialba .\namargatitanis macni apestegu\u00eda , 2007 ( titanosaur ) the specific epithet honors the museo argentino de ciencias naturales ( macn ) . [ cretaceous res . 12 : 533 ]\naphandra ( palm ) a partial acronym from the palm genera a mmandra and ph ytelephas , plus - andra ( male , referring to the stamens ) because the stamens are intermediate between those of ammandra and phytelephas .\natelopus farci lynch ( toad ) named after farc , the colombian guerilla army , which used to be active in the toad ' s habitat . if the army had not taken shelter there , the region probably would have been devastated , and the toads would remain unknown to science .\nbacillus isronensis shivaji , et . al . , 2009 this highly ultraviolet - resistant bacterium from the upper stratosphere was discovered by balloon experiments and named for isro , the indian space research organization .\nbacillus safensis venkateswaran , 2004 this bacillus has evolved to survive on spacecraft surfaces in jpl ' s spacecraft assembly facility ( whence its name ) . it is highly resistant to gamma and uv radiation and presumably draws energy from ions of trace metals like aluminum and titanium . it is almost certainly living aboard the mars rovers and may survive as spores for millions of years .\nbacteroides thetaiotaomicron ( distaso 1912 ) castellani and chalmers 1919 ( gut bacterium )\na combination of the greek letters theta , iota , and omicron , relating to the morphology of vacuolated forms\n; i would like to see more explanation .\nbathynema nodinauti miljutin 2009 ( nematode ) honoring the nodinaut research cruise , from\nmanganese nodule area\nand the submarine nautile .\ncanthicaster criobe williams et al . , 2012 ( pufferfish ) after the centre de recherche insulaire et observatoire de l ' environnement in moorea . [ zootaxa 3523 : 84 ]\nchromidotilapia mrac lamboj , 2002 ( cichlid ) after mus\u00e9\u00e9 royal de l ' afrique centrale .\nconophytum armianum hammer , 1988 ( african plant ) from the initials arm of anthony r . mitchell .\ncopiapoa ahremephianus taylor & charles , 2002 ( s . american cactus ) for the initials rmf of roger m . ferryman .\ncsiro medvedev & lawrence , 1984 ( tenebrionid ) after commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation in australia .\ncsiromedusa and family csirobedusidae ( jellyfish ) also after commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation in australia .\ndiastylis andeepae alberico & m\u00fchlenhardt - siegel 2010 ( hooded shrimp ) and storthyngurella andeepae malyutina & brandt 2004 ( isopoda : munnopsididae ) both named after the antarctic deep - sea biodiversity expeditions ( andeep ) .\ndrinker nisti bakker et al . , 1990 ( ornithopod dinosaur ) after the national institute of standards and technology ( of the u . s . dept . of commerce ) .\nit ' s the only dinosaur named after an arm of the federal government . someday i ' m going to name one after the i . r . s .\n- robert bakker .\negatochoerus ( oldest named peccary ) from egat , electricity generating authority of thailand ( and choer , young pig ) .\nemausaurus haubold , 1990 ( jurassic thyreophoran dinosaur ) named for the ernst - moritz - arndt - universit\u00e4t of greifswald , germany .\neoabelisaurus mefi pol & rauhut , 2012 ( theropod dinosaur ) in recognition of the support of the museo paleontol\u00f3gico egidio feruglio ( mef ) in argentina .\nesconites thompson & johnson , 1977 ( fossil polychaete worm ) , and esconichthys bardack , 1974 ( fossil lungfish ) both are from the mazon creek formation in illinois and are named after the earth science club of northern illinois ( esconi ) .\neurycea sosorum chippindale , price , hillis , 1993 ( barton springs salamander ) the salamander has a very small range .\nthe species is named in honor of the citizens of austin , texas , whose efforts to protect the quality of barton springs resulted in the passage of a citizen ' s aquifer - protection initiative in 1992 . this initiative is known locally as the sos ( save our springs ) ordinance , and its supporters as sosers . the specific name sosorum is the plural mixed - gender genitive form of the acronym sos .\n[ herpetologica 49 : 248 - 259 ]\nfubarichthys ( fossil fish ) usually found with its head disarticulated , or fubar ( f * cked up beyond all recognition ) .\nhabronestes boq baehr , 2008 ( spider ) for the bank of queensland . ( see named after things . )\nhaptoclinus dropi baldwin and robertson , 2013 ( blenny fish ) discovered as part of the smithsonian ' s deep reef observation project ( drop ) .\nhelacyton van valen & maiorana , 1991 ( hela cell culture ) . hela is a cell culture derived from a cervical cancer of henrietta lacks , hence the name . (\nhela\nwas preoccupied by a crustacean . ) it is described as a new species because it is widespread and feral . by some systematics conventions , it is a unicellular species of human . [ evolutionary theory 10 : 71 ]\nhypogena cat steiner , 2005 ( tenebrionid beetle ) honoring tenebrionid specialist charles a . triplehorn . not coincidentally , the beetle has three horns . [ annales zoologici 55 : 574 . ]\ninpaichthys g\u00e9ry & junk , 1977 ( tetra ) named for inpa , the brazilian instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazonia . also : crenicichla inpa ploeg , 1991 ( cichlid ) and aguarunichthys inpai zuanon , rapp py - daniel & jegu , 1993 ( siluroid fish ) , bryconops inpai knoppel et al . , 1968 ( charaoid fish ) , and phytocerum inpa costa et al . , 2003\nisisaurus wilson & upchurch , 2003 ( cretaceous titanosaur ) named after the indian statistical institute .\nlasioglossum gattaca danforth & wcislo , 1999 ( halticid bee ) referring to the genetic code , whose bases abbreviated a , t , c , and g , and no doubt influenced by the 1997 sci - fi movie\ngattaca .\n[ annals of esa 92 : 624 ]\nmaelestes gobiensis wible et al . 2007 . ( late cretaceous placental mammal )\nmae\nis the acronym for mongolian academy of sciences - american museum of natural history expeditions .\nmelanotaenia angfa ( rainbowfish ) in honour of the australia new guinea fishes association .\nnatalichthys ori winterbottom , 1980 ( fish ) for the oceanographic research institute , durban , south africa .\nnatalichthys sam winterbottom , 1980 ( fish ) named for s . a . m . , the south african museum , where the specimen was found .\nocepechelon bardet et al . 2013 ( cretaceous sea turtle )\ngenus name from ocp , acronym for the groupe office ch\u00e9rifien des phosphates , the mining company exploiting phosphatic deposits in morocco\n, plus the greek for\nturtle\n.\npachyplichas jagmi millener 1988 ( new zealand stout - legged wren , now extinct ) . after the initials of palaeontologist john a . grant - mackie .\npangolinisis cia alderslade , 1998 ( gorgonian ) found attached to an australian submarine phone cable , although perhaps not listening in as one might expect from the american c . i . a .\nphysalaemus enesefae heatwole , solano & heatwole , 1965 ( leptodactylid frog ) named after nsf ( national science foundation ) .\npygopleurus rufovillescens undofi keith , 2001 ( beetle ) named after the united nations disengagement observer force . found on part of the golan hights controlled by un soldiers .\nrusichthys winterbottom , 1979 ( fish ) named for the collection at the jlb smith institute of ichthyology ( now the south african institute for aquatic biodiversity ) ;\nr . u . s . i .\n( rhodes university smith institute ) prefixes all specimen catalog numbers . mimoblennius rusi springer & spreitzer , 1978 ( rusi blenny ) gets its name from the same source .\nstenocrates inpai ratcliffe , 1978 ( scarab beetle ) for i . n . p . a . ( institutional nacional de pesquisas da amazonia ) in brazil .\ntanganicodus irsacae ( cichlid ) for irsac , the central african science research institute .\ntaymyroceras niiga bodylevski , 1958 ( jurassic cephalopod ) after nauchno issledovatelski institut geologii arctiki ( scientific institute of the arctic geology ) ; published in the transactions of the same institute .\ntianchiasaurus nedegoapeferkima dong & holden , 1992 ( ankylosaurid dinosaur ) after jurassic park stars\nsam ne ill , laura de rn , jeff go ldblum , sir richard a ttenborough , bob pe ck , martin fer rero , wayne k night , ariana r i chards , & joseph ma zzello\n. ( the genus is named after lake tian chi . ) the name was proposed by steven speilberg , who donated money for chinese dinosaur research . the genus was originally named jurassosaurus before it was formally described .\ntrichogramma esalqueanum querino & zucchi , 2003 ( wasp ) for escola superior de agricultura\nluiz de queiroz\n.\ntrophomera ifremeri ( miljutin , 2004 ) ( nematode ) after institut fran\u00e7ais de recherche pour l ' exploitation de la mer , brest ( ifremer ) .\ntrombicula fujigmo philip & fuller , 1950 ( chigger ) after wwii slang - -\nf * ck you , jack , i got my orders\n.\ntyphochlaena amma bertani , 2012 ( tarantula ) for the aracn\u00eddeos e miri\u00e1podes da mata atl\u00e2ntica project .\nvegavis iaai clarke et al . 2005 ( cretaceous bird ) named for the argentine antarctica institute ( iaa ) . [ nature 433 : 305 ]\nuladendron codesuri marcano - berti ( tree , malvaceae ) ula = universidad de los andes , m\u00e9rida , venezuela ; codesur = comisi\u00f3n para el desarrollo del sur ( de venezuela ) .\nunescoceratops niedzwiedzki et al . , 2012 ( ceratopsid dinosaur ) named to honor the unesco world heritage site where it was found . [ cretaceous research 33 : 7 ]\nurbacodon averianov & sues , 2007 ( theropod dinosaur ) the\nurbac -\nhonors the uzbek , russian , british , american , and canadian scientists who participated in the discovery . the description was based only on teeth , hence the\n- don\n, tooth .\nverma ansp b\u00f6hlke , 1968 ( now apterichtus ansp ) ( eel ) indicated to be an arbitrary combination of letters , but actually the acronym for academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , where the author worked .\nvnigriceras saveliev , 1973 ( cretaceous cephalopod ) named after vserossijskij neftjanoy nauchno - isdledovatelskij geologorazvedochnyi institut ( all - russian oil scientific and geological survey institute , in leningrad ) , abridged to vnigri in russian . saveliev also named myophorella vnigri 1960 ( jurassic bivalve ) and sonneratia ( eosonneratia ) vnigri , 1973 ( cretaceous cephalopod )\n< < - home - - rules - - etymology - - puns - - wordplay - - gene names - - misc . - - references - - feedback - > >\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894\u20131531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nd ' el\u00eda , g . ; luna , l . ; gonz\u00e1lez , e . m . ; patterson , b . d . ( february 2006 ) .\non the sigmodontinae radiation ( rodentia , cricetidae ) : an appraisal of the phylogenetic position of rhagomys\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution ( elsevier ) 38 ( 2 ) : 558\u2013564 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 08 . 011 . pmid 16213166 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndelivery is free to any new zealand address . no matter where your item is going .\nwe use 100 % pci dss compliant payment services . that means your payment information is always protected , and never gets seen by anyone .\nreturn any item within 30 days of delivery . it doesn\u2019t matter why you want to return your item , you can free of charge !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages ."]}
{"id": 1286, "summary": [{"text": "mimagoniates microlepis , also known as the blue tetra ( a common name shared with tyttocharax madeirae , knodus borki , and possibly other characidae , as well ) , the croaking tetra ( a name also applied to mimagoniates inequalis and mimagoniates lateralis ) , the small-scaled tetra , is a species of tetra in the genus mimagoniates .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "first identified by franz steindachner in 1876 and named coelurichthys microlepis , it has also been identified as coelurichthys iporangae ( miranda-ribeiro , 1908 ) , coelurichthys lateralis , and mimagoniates iporangae ( mcallister , 1990 ) besides its current taxonomic classification .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "there is evidence of a variety called m. microlepis ' joinville ' which might be synonymous with paragoniates microlepis . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "mimagoniates microlepis", "paragraphs": ["mimagoniates microlepis schultz , 1959 : 11 ( in part , 1 specimen of m . barberi in usnm 86296 , misidentified as m . microlepis ) .\nmimagoniates cf . microlepis g\u00e9ry , 1964 : 6 , ( discussion ; osteology of caudal and anal fins ) .\nmimagoniates inequalis , known as the croaking tetra , is a species of tetra in the genus mimagoniates .\nmimagoniates regan , 1907 : 402 [ type species : mimagoniates barberi regan ( 1907 : 402 ) by monotypy ] .\nmimagoniates inequalis schultz , 1959 : 63 ( in part only , one specimen of m . microlepis , usnm 177704 , was misidentified as m . inequalis ) .\ndiagnosis . mimagoniates rheocharis may be separated from all other species of mimagoniates by the presence of sturdy hooks on some principal caudal - fin rays . among the species of mimagoniates presence of hooks on some caudal - fin rays also occurs in m . microlepis and m . pulcher , but in these species they are spiny . mimagoniates rheocharis and m . microlepis , however , have fully developed caudal - fin ray pumps ( figs . 75 and 85 ) whereas in m . pulcher the pump is only partially developed ( fig . 47 ) . additionally m . rheocharis differs from m . microlepis by the number of scale rows around caudal peduncle ( 19 to 23 vs . 15 to 18 for m . microlepis ) and scales rows between dorsal - fin and anal - fin origins ( 17 to 21 vs . 13 to 16 for m . microlepis ) .\nin character descriptions below clade a outgroups refer to the taxa included in characid clade a of malabarba & weitzman ( 2003 ) . character descriptions refer comparatively to figures of each species presented along the text in this sequence : lophiobrycon weitzmani , figs . 3 - 10 ; glandulocauda melanopleura , figs . 11 - 19 ; glandulocauda caerulea , figs . 20 - 28 ; mimagoniates inequalis , figs . 29 - 35 ; mimagoniates barberi , figs . 36 - 44 ; mimagoniates pulcher , figs . 45 - 51 ; mimagoniates lateralis , figs . 52 - 62 ; mimagoniates sylvicola , figs . 63 - 69 ; mimagoniates rheocharis , figs . 70 - 76 ; mimagoniates microlepis , figs . 77 - 95 .\nkey words : south america , lophiobrycon , glandulocauda , mimagoniates , taxonomy , biogeography .\npresence of sturdy hooks on 11 th principal caudal - fin ray ( fig . 75 ) is an autapomorphy of mimagoniates rheocharis . the caudal - fin hooks in other species of mimagoniates are spine - like .\nremarks . myers , in eigenmann & myers ( 1929 : 492 ) examined the type of mimagoniates lateralis amnh 4072 , and identified it as a female m . microlepis . schultz ( 1959 : 11 ) did not examine the type but nevertheless identified the species as m . inequalis and confused specimens of both these species and m . microlepis as m . microlepis . see also discussions under m . microlepis and m . inequalis . the fine photograph of m . lateralis published in axelrod ( 1959 : 12 ) was identified as m . microlepis therein , as m . barberi in harald schultz ( 1959 : 47 ) , as m . inequalis in l . p . schultz ( 1959 : 8 ) and as m . tenuis by g\u00e9ry ( 1977 : 357 ) . l . p . schultz ( 1959 : 11 ) , again without examining the type specimen , identified m . tenuis actually a male of m . lateralis , as a specimen of m . microlepis .\ndistribution . mimagoniates microlepis is widely distributed in the coastal area from southern bahia to northern rio grande do sul and also in the upper rio igua\u00e7u and rio tibagi , upper rio paran\u00e1 basin , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .\nremarks . the discussion of meristic and morphometric differences as well as possible hybrid origins involving m . microlepis , m . rheocharis and m . inequalis in menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 416 - 421 ) are not repeated here . for further comments on relationships of m . microlepis see the\nphylogeny\nsection .\nmimagoniates sp . c , weitzman et al . , 1988 : 411 - 412 ( osteology of caudal fin ) .\ncoelurichthys tenuis myers , in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 ( type examined and erroneously referred it to m . microlepis ) . - rachow , in holly meinken & rachow , 1950a : 755 ( followed myers , in eigenmann & myers 1929 : 491 , 492 in referring this nominal species to m . microlepis ) .\nmimagoniates melanogenys schultz , 1959 : 10 ( in key ; new generic allocation ) . see below notes on type locality .\nmimagoniates sp . n . menezes et al . , 2008 : 39 , 40 ( distribution ; discussion of biogeography ) .\nin addition to the genera listed above under stevardiinae , weitzman ( 2003 ) listed glandulocauda and mimagoniates in his glandulocaudinae , but as discussed here , weitzman et al . ( 2005 ) restricted the use of this name to three genera , lophiobrycon , glandulocauda and mimagoniates .\nthe cladogram depicting the phylogenetic relationships of the genera and species of the group ( fig . 2 ) essentially confirms the results expressed in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) , the only difference being the lack of a sister group clade including mimagoniates rheocharis and m . microlepis in the cladogram herein included . the conclusions concerning the evolutionary history and present distribution of lophiobrycon , glandulocauda and mimagoniates and their respective species in that publication are here accepted and not repeated .\netymology . the name pulcher is from the latin meaning beautiful and refers to the usual blue color of the species of mimagoniates when alive .\nschultz , h . 1959 . the mimagoniates species . tropical fish hobbyist , 7 ( 10 ) : 46 - 53 . [ links ]\ndiagnosis . mimagoniates microlepis can be distinguished from all the other species of mimagoniates except m . rheocharis by the presence of a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump and hooks on some principal caudal - fin rays . in addition to having caudal - fin hooks spiny ( vs . sturdy in m . rheocharis ) , m . microlepis differs from m . rheocharis by the number of horizontal scale rows between dorsal - and anal - fin origins ( 15 - 18 vs . 17 - 22 for m . rheocharis ) , scales around caudal peduncle ( 15 - 18 vs . 19 - 23 for m . rheocharis ) , and coloration as discussed in the diagnosis of m . rheocharis .\ndistribution . mimagoniates sylvicola is known from small streams in southern bahia , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .\nremarks . the glandulocaudins examined and reported by schultz ( 1959 ) need critical discussion to clear up some of the confusion of the species names used in the texts and for the photographs published by axelrod ( 1958 ) , harald schultz ( 1959 ) , and l . p . schultz ( 1959 ) . the collecting trip reported by axelrod ( 1958 ) where specimens of mimagoniates were collected , was in the region near santos , in the state of s\u00e3o paulo . axelrod ( 1958 : 13 - 15 ) noted that mimagoniates species identifications were questionable . collections available to us from this region indicate that two species of mimagoniates occur there , m . lateralis from blackwater streams and m . microlepis from clear water streams . axelrod ( 1958 : 15 and the color photograph on page 12 ) discussed and illustrated a species of mimagoniates found in black acid waters identified as m . microlepis by harald schultz that we identify as m . lateralis . axelrod ( 1958 : 17 ) reported but did not illustrate another species , called mimagoniates barberi ( ? ) from open waters . this is possibly m . microlepis . a color photograph on page 13 , illustrates two specimens identified as m . inequalis . the fish pictured at the left is probably an adult m . inequalis because the dark stripe on the anal fin does not closely approach the distal margin of the fin , especially anteriorly . the specimen at right is most probably an immature moderate - sized specimen of m . microlepis because the dark anal - fin stripe does closely approach the distal margin of the fin . mimagoniates inequalis is unknown from the region near santos and the photograph is likely one that harald schultz made of specimens collected in rio grande do sul state . axelrod ( 1959 : 39 ) mentions collecting a species of mimagoniates on another expedition , this time to rio de janeiro state , but no photographs or comments were made about the species . this species would be been m . microlepis , the only species to occur in this state according information at hand .\nnelson ( 1964a : 63 - 65 ) in part reviewed the nomenclatural history of the nominal species of mimagoniates , glandulocauda , and coelurichthys . he also examined the types of m . barberi , specimens of m . inequalis , types of m . lateralis [ which both he and g\u00e9ry referred to as m . tenuis ( nichols ) ] and specimens of m . microlepis . note that weitzman & fink ( 1985 : 106 , 109 ) , just as nelson ( 1964a : 64 ) , after his study was in press , concluded that m . lateralis is a senior synonym of m . tenuis because the holotypes of these nominal species are a male and a female of the same species . mimagoniates lateralis has page precedence regarding m . tenuis . nelson ( 1964a ) further placed m . microlepis and m . lateralis in coelurichthys and based his judgment on the correct observation that m . inequalis was closer anatomically to the type species of mimagoniates , m . barberi . because m . lateralis and m . microlepis are different in their caudal structures from m . barberi and m . inequalis , he considered himself justified in placing m . lateralis and m . microlepis in coelurichthys . his observations of the differences in courtship behavior of m . inequalis , m . lateralis , and m . microlepis also influenced his decision . a decision to recognize coelurichthys using nelson ' s criteria remains subjective . below we explain our reasons for rejecting coelurichthys as a valid genus .\nfor example , schultz ( 1959 ) used the oldest available generic name , mimagoniates , for all the species of glandulocauda and mimagoniates . in this case the generic name would be equivalent in taxonomic level to the clade including the species of these two genera ( fig . 2 ) accepted here .\nmenezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 416 - 421 ) discussed the possible hybrid origins of m . rheocharis from m . inequalis and m . microlepis through introgression , concluding that although such an origin might be possible , the data then available allowed sister species status between m . rheocharis and m . microlepis . in view of the phylogenetic analysis undertaken herein , however , that tentative conclusion will have to be reevaluated .\nremarks . menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 414 - 416 ) discussed statistical comparisons of meristic and morphometric data between m . rheocharis and m . microlepis . these are not repeated here . although some overlap was found in many characters , significant differences were found in most of the features compared . similar comparisons and results were made with mimagoniates inequalis in the same publication .\nmimagoniates inequalis schultz , 1959 : 11 , 63 ( in part , misidentified specimens of m . lateralis , usnm 94117 , as m . inequalis ) .\ninequalis , known as the croaking tetra , is a species of tetra in the genus mimagoniates . it was previously classified as glandulocauda inequalis . . . more\nscales cycloid , with more radii along posterior border , including terminal scale of modified caudal - fin series than in any other mimagoniates species ( fig . 48 ) .\ncoelurichthys lateralis myers in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 ( type examined and erroneously referred it to m . microlepis ) . - rachow in holly , meinken & rachow , 1950a : 755 ( referred species to m . microlepis following myers , in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 . - schultz , 1959 : 11 ( followed myers , in eigenmann and myers , 1929 : 491 , 492 ) . - nelson , 1964a : 65 ( in part ; found female type of c . lateralis difficult to identify and could not decide whether it was c . microlepis or c . tenuis but if latter , c . lateralis would have priority because of page precedence ) .\ncroaking tetra ( coelurichthys microlepis ) - not often found for sale , they are an attractive fish that is worth shopping around for . like other coldwater tetras , they are easy to care for and are suitable for community tanks . more\ntorres , r . a . , t . s . motta , d . nardino , m . l . adam & j . ribeiro . 2007 . chromosomes , rapds and evolutonary trends of the neotropical fish mimagoniates microlepis ( teleostei : characidae : glandulocaudinae ) from coastal and continental regions of the atlantic forest , southern brazil . acta zoologica ( stockholm ) , 88 : 1 - 7 . [ links ]\nlampert , v . r . , m . a . azevedo & c . b . fialho . 2003 . h\u00e1bito alimentar de mimagoniates microlepis steindachner , 1876 ( characidae : glandulocaudinae ) do canal de liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre as lagoas emboaba e emboabinha , rio grande do sul , brasil . comunica\u00e7\u00f5es do museu de ci\u00eancias e tecnologia da pucrs , s\u00e9rie zoologia , 16 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 . [ links ]\nmimagoniates sp . menezes , 2007 : 38 ( listed ) . - menezes et al . , 2008 : 33 , 38 , 41 , 43 ( discussion of relationships ) .\nadult males of the species of mimagoniates have 0 to 1 hooks on those anal - fin rays that bear hooks ( figs . 33 , 39 , 50 , 56 , 65 , 73 and 81 ) , except that some might have an additional very small hook on anterior most branched anal - fin ray ( see fig . 33 of mimagoniates inequalis ) .\nremarks . the structure of the caudal organ of mimagoniates pulcher is more similar to that of m . barberi than to any other species of mimagoniates ( compare fig . 47 to fig . 38 ) . since fig . 47 is based on a developing male it might be possible that in mature males the caudal organ is more developed and attains a modified structure .\ncoalurichthys iporangae miranda - ribeiro , 1908 ( unpaginated ) ; type locality :\nribeir\u00e3o das pedras , iporanga\n; spelling error for generic name ; see generic synonymy for mimagoniates .\nhoutan , a . 1990b . mimagoniates barberi , regan . characoids , newsletter international characin association , lancashire , england , 1990 ( 6 ) : 1 - 21 . [ links ]\ndistribution . mimagoniates rheocharis occurs in small coastal streams and rivers from santa catarina to northern rio grande do sul , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .\ndata from costa ( 1987 ) indicate that m . microlepis lives near the surface and feeds mostly on terrestrial arthropods . sabino & castro ( 1990 ) found that it is primarily insectivorous and that 73 . 6 % of its diet consists of items that fall into the water , especially insects ( 63 . 15 % ) and arachnids ( 10 . 5 % ) . essentially the same results were obtained by lampert et al . ( 2003 ) who concluded that m . microlepis is insectivorous regardless of size and sex .\ncroaking tetra ( coelurichthys microlepis ) - easy to care for and are suitable for community tanks . guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) - many attractive variations hillstream loach es - not all of them like cool temperatures , but do well with temperatures in the upper sixties . more\ncroaking tetra ( coelurichthys microlepis ) - easy to care for and are fit for community tanks . guppy ( poecilia reticulata ) - many attractive variations hillstream loach es - not all of them like self - controlled temperatures , but do well with temperatures in the upper sixties . more\nharald schultz ( 1959 ) discussed the species of mimagoniates and glandulocauda but seemed aware of only three species , m . barberi , m . microlepis and g . inequalis . in this publication schultz recognized m . lateralis as m . barberi ( the name often used at that time for m . lateralis in the european and american ornamental fish trade ) . the photograph labeled as of m . barberi is of m . lateralis . schultz ( 1959 ) correctly gives the range of what he designates as m . barberi as found in blackwater streams from the city of santos south to the state of santa catarina . this time he appears to have correctly identified m . microlepis and states that it is found in the coastal plains from north of rio de janeiro south to paran\u00e1 and santa catarina states , a range nearly equal to that recorded below for that species . schultz ( 1959 : 52 ) found g . inequalis ( = m . inequalis of the present report ) south of the range of m . microlepis in rio grande do sul state . he found m . inequalis and m . microlepis only in clear water . interestingly in regard to menezes & weitzmann ( 1990 : 416 - 422 ) discussion of the possible hybrid origin of m . rheocharis , schultz found both m . inequalis and m . microlepis living together . ( see discussion under m . rheocharis ) . a jar of 14 specimens of m . inequalis plus one of m . microlepis , usnm 177704 ( all identified as m . inequalis by l . p . schultz , 1959 : 63 ) , and said to be collected in porto alegre might tend to confirm this overlap in geographical range . there is no information that all these specimens are from one locality near porto alegre . the lot was entered into the usnm catalog on 4 february , 1959 , and the fishes were collected sometime previous to that date .\nhoutan , a . 1990a . ( color photograph of live mimagoniates barberi ) . characoids , newsletter international characin association , lancashire , england , 1990 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 . [ links ]\nmenezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 384 - 385 ) and weitzman & fink ( 1985 : 22 ) demonstrated that not only are the two species g . melanopleura and g . caerulea ( their g . melanogenys and g . melanopleura respectively ) distinct from the species of mimagoniates , including m . inequalis , but that the species of mimagoniates accepted by them form a monophyletic group with the two species of glandulocauda belonging to an outgroup of uncertain monophyly other than they are members of what we formerly considered to be the tribe glandulocaudini . they noted that they had no synapomorphies with testable polarity hypotheses to unite these two species in the monophyletic genus glandulocauda and left these terminal taxa in an unresolved trichotomy with a third line leading to the species of mimagoniates . weitzman & menezes ( 1998 ) considered glandulocauda as sister group of mimagoniates both genera forming clade 2 of their glandulocaudinae . more recently castro et al . ( 2003 ) included their new genus lophiobrycon in the glandulocaudini ( our glandulocaudinae ) as a sister group for the clade including glandulocauda and mimagoniates .\ndistribution . mimagoniates lateralis is restricted to small blackwater streams , rivers and ponds in the coastal area between santos , s\u00e3o paulo and santa catarina , brazil . see figure 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 )\nschultz , l . p . 1959 . generic status of mimagoniates and glandulocauda , south american characid fishes . tropical fish hobbyist , 8 ( 2 ) : 6 - 10 , 63 , 64 . [ links ]\nanother name for a croaking tetra is a mimagoniates inequalis source : digital fish funnel , july 27 , 2004 report as bad entry | send to a friend via email add your own definition of croaking tetra . more\nanal - fin branched ray counts , number of scales ( horizontal scale rows on body , horizontal scale rows around caudal peduncle , lateral - series scales and predorsal scales ) , and number of vertebrae of mimagoniates microlepis showed significant differences among population samples of the species ( figs . 89 and 90 ) . for the purpose of comparison , the samples were grouped within the biogeographical coastal subregions defined by menezes ( 1988 : 300 ) . comparing only samples included in the north coastal subregion with the samples included in the more southern upland areas of paran\u00e1 the respective ranges and medians are significantly different , with very little overlap in some cases . however , the same values for the intermediate samples included in the south coastal and in the two central coastal subregions bridge the gap . thus there is a pattern of latitudinal variation of characters than sharp differences that would justify the recognition of more than one species . the recent discovery of specimens identified as m . microlepis from the rio tibagi basin ( sant ' anna et al . , 2006 ) flowing through the upper paran\u00e1 basin demonstrates that it is more widespread than previously indicated . the distribution of some isolated populations of m . microlepis is discussed by menezes et al . ( 2008 ) . until a more detailed analysis of character variation within the range of m . microlepis can be performed , we prefer for the moment to consider it a widespread species represented by isolated populations .\nanother sample of mimagoniates , usnm 177703 , listed as collected in porto alegre , and identified by schultz ( 1959 : 11 ) as m . microlepis , is rather m . lateralis . the known southern most locality for m . lateralis is santa catarina state , rio vermelho , barra do sul in ilha de s\u00e3o francisco , about 35 km from joinville , sc , 26\u00b014 ' s 48\u00b035 ' w , a location far from porto alegre , rs . this raises question to the locality information for usnm 177703 and 177704 .\nthe premaxillary teeth of mimagoniates are relatively compressed , suggesting a multicuspid incisor rather than the often thick , rounded basal portion multicuspid tooth typical of many\ntetragonopterines\n. in some of the smaller species of mimagoniates ( e . g . m . inequalis , approximately 30 . 0 - 35 . 0 mm sl ) the teeth on the premaxilla , are in a row . the two posterior most teeth are clearly in a single row , the next tooth inclines medially somewhat , but it is in line with the two posterior teeth . the next anterior tooth lies in the same somewhat curved plane as the two posterior most teeth . the next three teeth have their basal attachments not exactly aligned with the others , but it is difficult to characterize two rows . much larger ( 60 . 0 mm sl ) specimens of m . microlepis , for example , may have as many as 12 teeth on a premaxilla . gradations of the two arrangements just described occur in young to adult m . microlepis and many of the other species in the genus show intermediate conditions . under these circumstances we do not describe the premaxillary teeth of mimagoniates as being in two rows . we therefore consider the premaxillary teeth as forming a single unit rather than artificially divide the teeth into two rows .\nmimagoniates melanopleura schultz , 1959 : 8 , 9 ( in key , generic allocation ) . - duboc & menezes , 2008 : 63 ( conservation status ; general informations ; geographic distribution ; main threats ; conservation strategies ) .\na few life color characters differentiate in fully mature males : the pelvic - fin rays and membranes of adult males are distally white whereas in m . microlepis the yellow and / or black pigment of the pelvic fins are continuous to edge of the fin where fin is bordered by a narrow band of white ; the portion of the anal fin posterior to the anterior lobe is bordered by a broad band of deep yellow pigment , with very little to no black pigment on fin ; in m . microlepis the posterior portion of the anal fin is ventrally bordered by a narrow band of black pigment , and none or very little yellow pigment .\ndistribution . the only available sample of mimagoniates pulcher originated from an uncertain locality in the upper rio paraguai in mato grosso , brazil ( see notes on the type locality ) . see fig . 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .\nweitzman , s . h . & n . a . menezes . 1994 . as especies de glandulocauda e mimagoniates , peixes glandulocaud\u00edneos do brasil , paraguai e nordeste do uruguai . habitat , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 . [ links ]\ngraphs or tables presenting the mean , standard deviation or the 95 % confidence intervals , standardly presented in systematic research , often poorly represent the structure of nonparametric data sets and thus may be misleading . to better reflect the structure of non - normal data sets we use comparative box plots of meristic data . we suggest that graphs comparing such plots are useful for identifying clines of data from a series of isolated populations that are geographically arranged in a linear fashion , for example see our treatment of the series of geographically adjacent populations of mimagoniates microlepis . comparative graphs of nonparametric meristic data sets , represented by tukey box plots of ranked data , were prepared from combined population samples of each species , and for m . microlepis , for certain geographically isolated population samples . these graphs comparatively display ranked data sets as tukey box plots laid on their sides so that geographical and / or other information could be included . the methods are explained in weitzman & malabarba ( 1999 ) .\nparagoniates microlepis steindachner , 1877 : 33 ( type locality :\nb\u00e4che in der n\u00e4he von rio de janeiro , rio dos macacos\n; although this volume is for the year 1876 and often so cited the date of publication was 1877 ) . - eigenmann & eigenmann , 1891 : 57 ( listed ) . - eigenmann , 1910 : 441 ( listed ) .\npecio , a . & j . rafi\u00f1ski . 1994 . structure of the testes , spermatozoa and spermatozeugmata of mimagoniates barberi regan , 1907 ( teleostei : characidae ) , an internally fertilizing , oviparous fish . acta zoologia , 75 : 179 - 185 . [ links ]\nweitzman , s . h . , n . a . menezes and j . r . burns , 1996 . species of the glandulocaudine tetra tribe glandulocaudini : the genus mimagoniates . trop . fish hobbyist 19 ( 6 ) : 184 - 194 . ( ref . 30267 )\nweitzman , s . h . , l . palmer , j . r . burns & n . a . menezes . 1996 . breeding and rearing mimagoniates species , internally fertilized tetras . tropical fish hobbyist , 44 ( 12 ) : 196 - 205 . [ links ]\nglandulocaudinae eigenmann ( 1914 : 34 ) . eigenmann proposed this name for coelurichthys ( currently = mimagoniates ) , diapoma , gephyrocharax , glandulocauda , hysteronotus , microbrycon ( = pterobrycon ) , pseudocorynopoma , and stevardia ( = corynopoma ) , all of which ultimately proved to be inseminating .\nprincipal caudal - fin rays 10 / 9 in all specimens , ( n = 77 ) . modification of some rays in association with caudal pheromone pump as in figs . 38a and b . fin rays modified more like those in m . inequalis than any other species of mimagoniates .\nweitzman , s . h . , n . a . menezes & j . r . burns . 1996a . species of the glandulocaudine tetra tribe glandulocaudini : the genus mimagoniates ( part 3 ) . tropical fish hobbyist , 44 ( 6 ) : 195 - 210 . [ links ]\nweitzman , s . h . , l . palmer , j . r . burns & n . a . menezes . 1996b . breeding and rearing species of mimagoniates , internally fertilized tetras . ( part 2 ) . tropical fish hobbyist , 44 ( 10 ) : 196 - 205 . [ links ]\ndescription . table 12 presents morphometrics of the lectotype , paralectotype and topotypes . except where noted , the entire description refers to the population sample represented by specimens from rio macacu , the type locality or adjacent tributaries flowing into this river . these collections were treated statistically as one population sample in an attempt to represent the species . variations of meristic and morphometric data within the range of m . microlepis are discussed where appropriate .\ndiagnosis . synapomorphies 3 ( modified , hypertrophied terminal caudal peduncle squamation extending onto caudal fin from ventral region of dorsal caudal - fin lobe ) and 4 ( caudal gland cells consisting of modified club cells ) discussed above are unequivocal conditions that corroborate the hypothesis that lophiobrycon , glandulocauda , and mimagoniates form a monophyletic group .\necology . in addition to the scarce information available in the ecological notes in menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 421 - 422 ) , recent data from malabarba et al . ( 2008 ) indicates that mimagoniates rheocharis lives in small streams with moderate flowing and shallow clear waters , with rocks and less abundant fallen leaves , sand or mud . specimens are usually found in small numbers in still waters near the banks where the water current is slower , under the shadow of marginal vegetation . few specimens can also be found in micro - habitats among rocks and macrophytes , especially when larger portions of still water are occupied by mimagoniates microlepis . the species seems to be very sensitive to change in water quality especially with respect to dissolved oxygen and ph . feeds mainly on a variety of terrestrial insects that fall from surrounding trees and are preyed upon on the water surface . small amounts of aquatic insects and micro - crustaceans are also eaten . like other members of the glandulocaudinae , m . rheocharis is forest - dependent and survives only in streams where the marginal vegetation is preserved .\nmenezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 383 - 384 ) , weitzman et al . ( 1988 : 384 - 413 ) , weitzman & fink ( 1985 : 109 ) provided evidence that the species they placed in glandulocauda and mimagoniates form a monophyletic group based on male secondary sexual synapomorphies . castro et al . ( 2003 ) included their new genus lophiobrycon in the glandulocaudini ( our glandulocaudinae ) and , based on the absence of certain secondary sexual characters in the genus , suggested that the tribal diagnosis should be reformulated . g\u00e9ry ( 1977 : 362 ) briefly discussed mimagoniates and his concept of glandulocauda but made no comments on their possible monophyly .\npresence of elongate scales at base of dorsal caudal - fin lobe extending posteriorly as a flap to loosely cover area of glandular tissue is an exclusive feature of mimagoniates . in species of this genus with more elongate caudal organ , scales are proportionally longer ( figs . 32 , 38 , 67 , 75 and 85 ) .\ndiagnosis . mimagoniates lateralis and m . sylvicola are the only species of the genus having a caudal fin - ray pump well developed and no hooks on caudal - fin rays ( figs . 58 and 67 ) . m . lateralis , however , has fewer lateral series scales ( 35 to 41 vs . 49 to 56 for m . sylvicola ) , fewer horizontal scale rows from dorsal - fin origin to anal - fin origin ( 13 to 15 vs . 16 to 18 for m . sylvicola ) , and fewer scale rows around caudal peduncle ( 16 to 18 vs . 19 to 20 for m . sylvicola ) . color differences between the two species are discussed in the diagnosis of m . sylvicola . mimagoniates rheocharis and m . microlepis also with a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump in mature males , have hooks on principal caudal - fin rays ( figs . 75 and 85 ) , absent in m . lateralis and m . inequalis ; m . barberi and m . pulcher has a rudimentary caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 32 , 38 and 47 ) .\ncoelurichthys microlepis rachow , 1927 : 17 ( aquarium description ) . rachow in holly meinken & rachow , 1950a : 755 ( in synonymy ) . - nelson , 1964a : 62 , 63 , 68 ( anatomy ; systematics ; courtship behavior ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1966 : 228 , 230 ( discussion and in key ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1977 : 362 ( listed in discussion ) . - sterba , 1987 : 69 ( aquarium description ) .\nmimagoniates pulcher is known from only one collection taken in 1934 from the northern region of the pantanal . its precise locality remains unknown and despite two attempts to recollect this species we failed to find it . the fish may now be extinct from habitat alteration due to soy bean culture and / or repeated clearing of vegetation over by fire .\nthe functions of the genes encoded for lactate dehydrogenase ( ldh ) in six genera of characins ( teleost ) were examined by electrophoretic and immunochemical analyses of the ldh isozymes . the characins possess the ldh a and b loci present in all vertebrates . the eyeless mexican cave fish ( anoptichthys jordani ) and other characins possessing normal eyes , e . g . , mexican tetra ( astyanax mexicanus , which is able to hybridize with the cave fish ) , blue tetra ( mimagoniates microlepis ) , sailfin tetra ( crenuchus spilurus ) , head and tail light tetra ( hemigrammus ocellifer ) , and the piranha ( serrasalmus spilopleura ) , all lack the function of a third ldh locus ( the e locus ) present in many teleosts which codes for a distinctive isozyme synthesized in the nervous system , particularly in the neural retina .\nmenezes , n . a . & s . h . weitzman . 1990 . two new species of mimagoniates ( teleostei : characidae : glandulocaudinae ) , their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of brazil and paraguay . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 103 ( 2 ) : 380 - 426 . [ links ]\nthe least complex condition is found in the species of glandulocauda ( figs . 15 and 25 ) where principal rays 11 and 12 are simply bowed ventrally and no apparent pump is present although in bending the caudal fin during courtship the bowed rays of the male may cause water currents to pass over the organized glandular tissue of males . in the most intermediate species of mimagoniates ( m . barberi , m . inequalis and m . pulcher ) these two fin rays are strongly decurved and enlarged with a groove between them . in the more derived species of the genus , m . microlepis , a complex pump chamber is present and supported by modified principal caudal rays 9 - 13 and especially 11 and 12 , which are also strongly decurved ( compare figs . 32 , 38 and 47 with figs . 58 , 67 , 77 and 85 ) .\necology . weitzman et al . ( 1988 : 413 ) mentioned that m . microlepis occurs in clear running waters of small to large streams and is quite common and most abundant in forested areas near the shore . subsequently menezes & weitzman ( 1990 : 423 ) pointed out that it is rarely found in black acid waters . more recent collections of this species obtained from eastern and southeastern brazilian coasts , however , indicated that it is more common in blackwaters than previously thought . it has been recently collected in small black water streams with substrate consisting of clay , rocks and sand as well as in clear water streams in santa catarina . in most other places both in eastern and southern brazil , m . microlepis was caught in slow moving clear water streams and small ponds , even in areas where the original mata atl\u00e2ntica vegetation was removed . in the small streams the water was cool and rocks , sand , mud and twigs fallen from isolated trees were usually found on the bottom .\nno date of collection of the lectotype of m . microlepis , nmw 56534 , was provided , but nmw catalog cites the collector as steindachner and the date of receipt of specimens as 1874 . likely the specimens originated near town of macacu ( also called cachoeiras de macacu , approximately 22\u00b026 ' s 42\u00b049 ' w ) in 1874 by steindachner during hassler expedition , 1871 - 1872 . our observations indicate that species frequently occurs in small tributaries of rio macacu and along shores of main river in emergent vegetation .\nmust it be the first link ? sounds kind of restricted . . . . but fun ! ! ! mimagoniates microlepis mimagoniates genus biology natural science science knowledge fact _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( i really thought i was going to start drifting away here ) information sequence mathematics quantity property ( philosophy ) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ woohoo ! ! ! modern philosophy philosophy win ! ! ! ! ! i take back my previous statement on the game . this was fun ! edit : on a second try , started on walwan dam , and reached science after 6 links . we have already seen that is a straight path to philosophy . edit : on a third try , started with ted zegwaard , and eventually reached aristotle . at this point i thought i was doomed , but it lead me to quantity . this leads to philosophy . edit : i refuse to believe there is a logical explanation to this behavior , and that either my sample size is too small , or that philosophy is simply a very cited article , or whatever reason . after 6 tries that took me straight to philosophy , i declare that the wikipedia gods are playing a mean joke on me , for disbelieving at first that this was gonna be so easy .\nmimagoniates inequalis rachow , 1928 : 16 ( aquarium description ) . - schultz , 1959 : 11 ( key , in part ; only specimens from porto alegre ; listed m . lateralis as a synonym ; of specimens listed , m . inequalis usnm 94117 are m . lateralis and usnm 177704 includes 1 spm of m . microlepis ; only usnm 94310 are all m . inequalis ) . - weitzman & fink , 1985 : 106 , 109 ( listed in materials examined with evidence for placement of in mimagoniates ) . - weitzman et al . , 1988 : 404 - 419 ( discussion of relationships and biogeography ) . - malabarba , 1989 : 136 ( listed in discussion ) . - menezes & weitzman , 1990 : 384 ( in key to glandulocaudini ) . - weitzman & menezes , 1994 : 3 ( general discussion in non - systematic literature ) . - weitzman et al . , 1996 : 200 , 205 , 209 ( courtship behavior ; reproduction ; breeding ) . - weitzman , in reis et al . , 2003 : 226 ( maximum length ; distribution ; remarks ; and references ) . - menezes , in buckup et al . , 2007 : 39 ( listed in catalog ; distribution ) . - menezes et al . , 2008 : 38 - 41 ( distribution ; discussion of relationships and biogeography ) .\nwith respect to the condition branched versus unbranched of the anterior pelvic - fin ray we feel that in spite of the very small specimens of some species included in the clade encompassing glandulocauda and mimagoniates not having the branched condition of the adults does not alter the unique nature of this feature at the level of the phylogeny of the glandulocaudinae . for this reason character state was not coded as polymorphic .\ndiagnosis . males of mimagoniates barberi , m . pulcher n . sp . , and m . inequalis have a rudimentary caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 32 , 38 , and 47 ) and in this respect differ from males of their congeners which have a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 58 , 67 , 75 , and 85 ) . mimagoniates barberi can be distinguished from m . inequalis by having more branched anal - fin rays ( 30 - 36 vs . 23 - 30 ) , more scales in lateral series ( 41 - 48 vs . 34 - 41 ) , fewer scale rows between dorsal - fin origin and anal - fin origin ( 13 - 15 vs . 15 - 18 ) and the mid - lateral dark stripe of adult males nearly black ( vs . lateral body stripe of adult males diffuse , poorly developed , often not apparent ) . mimagoniates barberi differs from m . pulcher by the number of branched anal - fin rays ( 30 - 36 vs . 26 - 30 ) and by the absence of spines on principal caudal - fin rays ( fig . 38 ) , present in m . pulcher ( fig . 47 ) .\nmimagoniates barberi ( not of regan , 1907 : 402 ) , rachow , 1927 : 17 ( misidentification of m . lateralis for m . barberi ) . myers , 1928 : 120 ( misidentification ) . rachow , 1928 : 15 ( misidentification ) . - holly et al . , 1950 : 779 , ( misidentification ; list of aquarium and ichthyological literature mostly referring to m . lateralis prior to 1941 ) .\ndiagnosis . mimagoniates pulcher is apparently most similar to m . barberi and m . inequalis with respect to the modification of caudal - fin rays in association with caudal pump , but differs at once from these two species in having hooks on caudal - fin rays at least in adult male specimens ( compare fig . 47 with figs . 32 and 38 ) . additionally , from m . barberi it is distinguished in having anal - fin rays 26 - 30 ( 31 - 36 for m . barberi ) and from m . inequalis in having 43 - 46 lateral series scales ( 34 - 41 for m . inequalis ) . mature males of the remaining species of mimagoniates have principal caudal - fin rays modified to form a fully developed caudal - fin ray pump ( figs . 58 , 67 , 72 , and 80 ) .\ndistribution . mimagoniates inequalis is known from small streams and rivers tributaries of rio jacu\u00ed and lago gua\u00edba , from small streams flowing into laguna dos patos , and from small isolated coastal ponds and streams flowing into the atlantic ocean in southern rio grande do sul , brazil . it was also collected in tributaries of the upper rio negro , rivera , uruguay . see fig . 3 in menezes et al . ( 2008 ) .\nglandulocauda inequalis eigenmann , 1911b : 169 , plate 5 , fig . 5 , ( type locality :\nporto alegre , jan . 19 , 1909\n) . - eigenmann , 1914a : 42 ( listed ) . - henn , 1928 : 68 ( listed in type catalog ) . - eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 489 ( redescription based on type specimens ) . - innes , 1935 : 122 ( aquarium description ) . - holly , meinken & rachow , 1950 : 816 ( aquarium description ; citation of much aquarium and ichthyological literature previous to 1942 ) . - fowler , 1951 : 413 ( listed ) . - b\u00f6hlke , 1958 : 43 ( listed ) . - nelson , 1964a : 62 , 68 , 120 , 127 ( systematics ; morphology ; courtship behavior ) . - nelson , 1964b : 129 ( courtship behavior ) . - nelson , 1964c : 527 - 533 ( courtship behavior ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1964 : 8 ( noted differences between m . inequalis and m . microlepis ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1966 : 229 ( in key to males of glandulocauda and mimagoniates ; unsure of proper generic allocation of g . inequalis ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1977 : 362 ( listed in a brief discussion of glandulocauda and mimagoniates ; unsure of generic allocation of g . inequalis ) . - sterba , 1987 : 68 ( aquarium description ) . - ibarra & stewart , 1987 : 39 ( listed in type catalog ) .\ncoelurichthys tenuis nichols , 1913 : 152 ( type locality : none , same remarks as above under m . lateralis ) . - schultz , 1959 : 63 , ( erroneously referred to m . inequalis ) . - nelson , 1964a : 62 , 127 ( considered male holotype valid species distinct from m . microlepis ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1966 : 320 ( questioned whether m . tenuis is synonym of m . lateralis ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1977 : 362 ( listed and noted that m . barberi of aquarists is apparently c . tenuis ) . - sterba , 1987 : 69 ( aquarium description ) .\ndescription . table 9 presents morphometrics of the holotype and the population sample from canan\u00e9ia , s\u00e3o paulo . the entire description refers to this population sample which includes a large series from immature to fully mature male and female specimens and contains the ranges of meristic and morphometric variation in within the distributional area of mimagoniates lateralis . counts and ratios of measurements for other population samples taken from other areas are given only when they differ from those of canan\u00e9ia .\ncoelurichthys lateralis nichols , 1913 : 151 ( type locality : none ,\nthese two small aquarium fishes were presented to the american museum of natural history by mr . william mack , of new york . there was no accompanying data , but they are probably south american , and are referred to the genus coelurichthys of ribeiro\n) . - nelson , 1964a : 65 ( found female type of c . lateralis difficult to identify and could not decide whether it was c . microlepis or same as c . tenuis , but if it were latter , c . lateralis would have priority because of page precedence ) .\nremarks . lophiobrycon shares with glandulocauda plesiomorphic states of characters 9 , 10 and 11 discussed in the phylogeny section with respect to the derived conditions of these characters in mimagoniates . it was regarded by castro et al . ( 2003 : 14 ) as the sister group to the clade represented by glandulocauda and mimagoniates ( see castro et al . , 2003 , fig . 8 ) . their conclusion was based on the absence of modified scales on the upper caudal - fin lobe of lophiobrycon ( castro et al . , 2003 , fig . 4 ) . the state described as\nan apparent concentration of bead - like hypertrophied glandular tissue along the borders of the proximal portions of caudal - fin rays 11 and 12 , that are slightly decurved in their distal half\nwould represent the most plesiomorphic state of the caudal organ in any glandulocaudine . these characters are discussed in the phylogeny section above .\nthe subfamily glandulocaudinae ( = the glandulocaudini of menezes & weitzman , 1990 ) consists of three genera , lophiobrycon castro et al . ( 2003 : 13 ) with one species , glandulocauda eigenmann ( 1911b : 168 ) with two species , and mimagoniates regan ( 1907 : 402 ) with seven species . lophiobrycon weitzmani castro , ribeiro , benine & melo ( 2003 ) was assigned by its authors as a basal species related to all others within the glandulocaudini of the former glandulocaudinae .\nmalabarba , l . r . , m . a . azevedo & n . a . menezes . 2008 . mimagoniates rheocharis menezes & weitzman , 1990 . pp . 79 - 80 . in : machado , a . b . m . , g . m . drumond & a . p . paglia ( eds . ) . livro vermelho da fauna brasileira amea\u00e7ada de extin\u00e7\u00e3o . bras\u00edlia , mma ; belo horizonte , funda\u00e7\u00e3o biodiversitas , 2 : 1 - 907 . [ links ]\ndiagnosis . all glandulocaudine species belonging to mimagoniates have either a rudimentary or a fully developed caudal fin - ray pump ( figs . 32 , 38 , 47 , 58 , 67 , 75 , and 85 ) not present in the other two genera , in which principal caudal - fin rays 11 and 12 are not modified ( lophiobrycon , fig . 4 in castro et al . , 2003 ) or just decurved but not forming a pump ( glandulocauda , figs . 15 and 25 ) . additionally mimagoniates can be distinguished from these two genera by having the dorsal - fin origin posterior to vertical through anal - fin origin ( figs . 31 , 36 , 45 , 53 , 63 , 70 , and 78 ) . in lophiobrycon ( figs . 3 and 4 ) the dorsal - fin origin is anterior to vertical through anal - fin origin and closer to snout tip than to caudal - fin base and in glandulocauda ( figs . 11 - 12 and 20 - 21 ) the dorsal - fin origin is slightly ahead of vertical through anal - fin origin . also , in mimagoniates adult males have no more than 1 hook on anal - fin rays that bear hooks , although sometimes 2 hooks might be present on anterior most branched ray and 3 on longest unbranched anterior ray ( figs . 33 , 39 , 50 , 56 , 65 , 73 , and 81 ) whereas in glandulocauda species more than one hook are present on anal - fin rays that bear hooks ( figs . 16 and 26 ) .\necology . field data indicate that mimagoniates lateralis is entirely confined to acid black waters ( fig . 60 ) . mzusp 53275 ( 75 specimens ) and usnm 326250 ( 66 specimens ) were collected from a black water stream near canan\u00e9ia , s\u00e3o paulo , running in a disturbed stretch of mata atl\u00e2ntica . the stream was on the average 1 . 7 m wide and 0 . 4 deep and the fishes occurred in both sunlight or shaded areas over sandy - rocky bottoms covered with filamentous algae and dead leaves .\ndiagnosis . lophiobrycon can be distinguished from the other two genera of the subfamily by having the adipose fin long based in sexually mature males ( fig . 3 ) extending from posterior termination of base of dorsal fin to base of dorsal lobe of caudal fin , a urogenital papilla ( fig . 8 ) with a posterior opening and anus located at its base in the females , and the dorsal - fin origin closer to snout tip than to caudal - fin base . in glandulocauda and mimagoniates the males have a short based adipose fin ( figs . 11 and 20 ) , a urogenital papilla is lacking in females and the dorsal - fin origin is closer to caudal - fin base than to snout tip . also in lophiobrycon only 1 to 3 hooks ( fig . 6 ) are present on the anterior three branched anal - fin rays of adult males , contrasting with the presence of 5 to 15 hooks on the anterior three branched anal - fin rays of adult males ( figs . 16 and 26 ) in glandulocauda and mimagoniates .\nin lophiobrycon , outgroup clade a and stevardiines the anterior ray of the pelvic fin is unbranched . it is distally branched in species of glandulocauda and mimagoniates ( figs . 27 , 34 , 40 , 49 , 57 , 66 , 74 and 83 ) . this ray must not be confused with the pelvic splint attached to anterior ray . the extent of the branching of anterior ray varies according to the species , the size of the specimens and / or perhaps sometimes the sex of specimens for at least one species .\nmimagoniates barberi regan , 1907 : 402 ( type locality : arroyo y\u00e2c\u00e1 , estaci\u00f3n caballero , paraguay , fig . 6 ) . - myers , in eigenmann & myers , 1929 : 492 - 493 ( distinction between m . barberi and m . microlepis unclear ; uncertain of validity of m . barberi ) . pearson , 1937 : 108 ( m . barberi as endemic to paraguay basin ) . - travassos , 1952 : 93 ( listed ) . - schultz , 1959 : 63 ( designated lectotype ; recognized as a distinct species ) . - nelson , 1964a : 64 ( recognized m . barberi as valid species ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1964 : 6 ( recognized m . barberi as possible geographic form of m . microlepis ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1966 : 228 , 230 ( recognized as distinct species ) . - g\u00e9ry , 1977 : 362 ( recognized as distinct species ) . - weitzman & fink , 1985 : 105 ( in materials examined ) . - weitzman et al . , 1988 : 404 ( phylogeny , biogeography , figure ) . - menezes & weitzman , 1990 : 385 ( in key ) . - houtan , 1990 : 9 ( aquarium description ; color photograph ) . - vari & howe , 1991 : 30 ( listed in type catalog ) . - pecio & rafi\u00f1ski , 1994 : 180 ( histological and ultrastructure of testes ) . - weitzman & menezes , 1994 : 3 ( general discussion for non - systematic readers ) . - weitzman et al . , 1996a : 209 ( courtship behavior ) . - weitzman et al . , 1996b : 203 , 204 ( breeding and rearing ) . - malabarba & weitzman , 2000 : 279 ( listed in discussion ) . - weitzman , 2003 : 226 ( maximum length ; distribution ; remarks and references ) . - britski et al . , 2007 : 68 ( diagnosis ; figure ) . - menezes et al . , 2008 : 38 - 42 ( distribution ; discussion of relationships and biogeography ) ."]}
{"id": 1289, "summary": [{"text": "the cloaked pug ( eupithecia abietaria ) is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species can be found in europe , east to siberia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 21 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the moths flies from june to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on picea abies , picea sitchensis and abies procera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cloaked pug", "paragraphs": ["cloaked pug ( eupithecia abietaria ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nfreyers pug ( female ) upwell - 9 . vii . 2013 - j . wheeler\nsatyr pug ( eupithecia satyrata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nsatyr pug ( f ) - lynford arboretum - 19 . vii . 2013 - j . wheeler\nfreyers pug ( male ) - upwell 16 . 06 . 13 - gen . det . j . wheeler\nfreyer ' s pug ( eupithecia intricata arceuthata ) ( = eupithecia intricata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\n, a relatively plain in appearance , non - descript weakly marked pug , occurs in norfolk and generally in the southern half of england .\nssp . arceuthata ( freyer ' s pug ) is the only one found in norfolk of the three british subspecies of eupithecia intricata . adults fly from dusk onwards and come to light in may and june . the larvae of the common race , arceuthata ( freyer ' s pug ) , feed on common juniper and various species of cypresses and false cypresses , exotic junipers and other conifers introduced to gardens and parks .\necology : a large distinctive pug mainly associated spruce plantations . all of the records to date have been of adults beaten from the foliage of various trees within a small area . the larvae feed inside on cones of norway spruce picea abies , noble fir abies procera and silver fir a . alba during august and september . it overwinters as a pupa .\nnotes : uncommon , in coniferous woodland and plantations , in northern england and mid - wales , with a thin scattering of records elsewhere . in hampshire and on the isle of wight the occasional records of this species in the area suggest migration , but it is possible that a resident population occurs , as it evidently did at one time in the new forest . there are a few recent records , at fareham in 1993 and romsey in 2008 . wingspan 21 - 25 mm . large size and prominent discal spot make this a fairly distinctive pug . larva feeds within young shoots of various coniferous trees , including norway spruce , sitka spruce , european silver - fir and noble fir , over - wintering as a pupa .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\na scarce species , once resident in a range of scattered locations throughout britain , but apparently dying out in the early part of the 20th century . since then it has been rediscovered in parts of england wales and scotland .\nthe species is also an immigrant , which may explain the re - occurrence .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 18 : 14 : 46 page render time : 0 . 2499s total w / procache : 0 . 3146s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\napparently established in the new forest , hampshire , central scotland and ireland in the late 19th century , it went unrecorded for many years until found to be breeding again in the 1980s . now known from coniferous woodland and plantations in scattered localities across the country . records of singletons suggest migration , but it is also possible that additional resident populations occur .\nrecorded in 2 ( 3 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1909 . last recorded in 2008 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere are 47 county records of 59 individuals from 14 different sites . first recorded in 1932 .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nthe larvae feed internally in the cones of norway spruce , sitka spruce and noble fir .\na scarce species , once resident in a range of scattered locations throughout britain , but apparently dying out in the early part of the 20th century . since then it has been rediscovered in parts of england wales and scotland . the species is also an immigrant , which may explain the re - occurrence . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as local .\nit appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland , where there are few records . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 7 records from 7 sites . first recorded in 1883 .\n: there has only been one recent record of this moth in yorkshire . previous records are very scant - it was suggested in the ynu 1970 list that the record near bradford ( vc63 ) was probably an accidental introduction and porritt ( 1883 - 86 ) only recorded it once , from richmond ( vc65 ) . until 1984 it was doubtful whether this species was still breeding in britain ( skinner , 1984 ) . however it was then discovered to be resident in two woods in northumberland ( dunn & parrack , 1986 ) in 1984 and 1985 . both woods have a mixture of coniferous species and trees of different ages , which could be the key to this species ' survival . whether our recent record is from an as yet undiscovered colony or just a vagrant is uncertain but it would certainly be worthwhile to search for this species in suitable yorkshire woodlands .\n: we have one recent record of this species from mixed woodland at west tanfield in 2004 ( confirmed a . m . riley ) . a large and fairly distinctive species .\n: only the sixth county record . this scarce spruce - feeding species could be either native , introduced with conifers or a migrant .\nvc62 . skelton , 16 . 6 . 2013 ( dm ) . new vice - county record .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkuusensiemenmittari\nto\neupithecia abietaria goeze 1781\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nfichtenzapfen - bl\u00fctenspanner\nto\neupithecia abietaria goeze 1781\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\ntannenzapfen - bl\u00fctenspanner\nto\neupithecia abietaria goeze 1781\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nzapfenspanner\nto\neupithecia abietaria goeze 1781\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nfichtenzapfenspanner\nto\neupithecia abietaria goeze 1781\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndescription : wingspan 21 - 25 mm . forewings pale to darkish grey with dark broad crosslines . there is a large black discal spot near the median area of the forewing close to the costa and a fine broken black line along the outer margin of the forewing . hindwings paler with a small discal spot .\nflight period : end of may to late july . skinner gives june and july as the normal flight period in britain .\nstatus : this species was widely recorded in the early part of the nineteenth century and described by donovan ( 1936 ) as widespread among spruce . it then seemed to undergo a dramatic decline both here and in britain , with no reports in n . ireland for many years . in 1999 a single specimen was taken at bohill near ballynahinch , down which was initially thought to be a grey birch aethalura punctulata . this misidentification was subsequently corrected by a leading british expert . since then several other specimens have been taken in the same locality during 2000 .\nworld distribution : throughout central and southern europe , east to the urals . it has also been found in north america .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nrecorded in 55 ( 80 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1982 . last recorded in 2018 .\nthis moth is represented by three subspecies or forms in the british isles . the nominate form\nshows chequered black and white veins in fresh specimens , may not be clear in worn examples .\nrecorded in 27 ( 39 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1971 . last recorded in 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1291, "summary": [{"text": "the mountain treeshrew ( tupaia montana ) is a treeshrew species within the tupaiidae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is endemic to borneo and inhabits montane forests in sarawak and sabah .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the first specimen was described by oldfield thomas and was part of a zoological collection from northern borneo obtained by the british museum of natural history . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mountain treeshrew", "paragraphs": ["the mountain treeshrew , tupaia montana , belongs to scandentia , a group of mammals endemic to southeast asia . it is very abundant in mountain forest in north and central borneo ( map ) .\nmountain treeshrew ( tupaia montana ) is an bornean endemic . filmed by teet sirotkin at mt . kinabalu during avifaunas trip march 2016 .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : nicobar treeshrew ( tupaia nicobarica nicobarica ) . jpg\n.\nmunshi - south j , bernard h , emmons l . behavioral monogamy and fruit availability in the large treeshrew (\nmadras treeshrew ( anathana ellioti ) in the satpura national park , pachmarhi ( david v . raju , 2016 ) .\nthe madras treeshrew ( anathana ellioti ) , also known as the indian treeshrew , is a species of treeshrew in the monotypic genus anathana found in the hill forests of central and southern india . the genus name is derived from the tamil name of moongil anathaan ( literally\nbamboo squirrel\n) and the species name is after sir walter elliot of the indian civil services in madras .\nthe carnivorous pitcher plant genus nepenthes grows in nutrient - deficient substrates and produce jug - shaped leaf organs ( pitchers ) that trap arthropods as a source of n and p . a number of bornean nepenthes demonstrate novel nutrient acquisition strategies . notably , three giant montane species are engaged in a mutualistic association with the mountain treeshrew , tupaia montana , in which the treeshrew defecates into the pitchers while visiting them to feed on nectar secretions on the pitchers ' lids .\nmunshi - south j . extra - pair paternity and the evolution of testis size in a behaviorally monogamous tropical mammal , the large treeshrew (\ntreeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew is nocturnal .\ntreeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew is nocturnal .\nthis mountain treeshrew was too hungry to just leave after being released , as our hands smelled like banana and other baits we use , the animal started licking and biting them . it was after this desperate behaviour that we decided to fed the animal as a compensation for the time spent on the trap . this is a rare behaviour as usually most animals quickly run away when we release them .\ntreeshrews are omnivorous , feeding on insects , small vertebrates , fruit , and seeds . most are diurnal , although the pen - tailed treeshrew ( ptilocercus lowii ) is nocturnal .\nmain characteristics mountain tree shrews have a slender build and a long tail . they have well developed senses of hearing , smell and vision . habitat mountain tree shrews are found in indonesia and malaysia . diet mountain tree shrews are omnivores and they feed on a variety of insects , small vertebrates , fruit and seeds . breeding after a gestation period of approximately 50 days , a litter of 3 - 4 young are born . at birth the young are blind and hairless , but they are able to leave the nest when they are a month old . tree shrews reach sexual maturity at around 4 months old and they generally breed throughout the year with no defined breeding season . subspecies subspecies of the mountain tree shrew include : tupaia montana baluensis tupaia montana montana interesting facts tree shrews have the highest brain to body mass ratio of any animal , even higher than humans . tupaia comes from the malay word\ntupai\nwhich means squirrel . similar animals golden - bellied tree shrew horsfield ' s tree shrew common tree shrew northern tree shrew mindanao tree shrew nicobar tree shrew palawan tree shrew slender tree shrew\nthe pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar ( with up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content ) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour .\nin 2008 , researchers found that the pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia was able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar of up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content the entire year without having any effects on behavior .\nthe pen - tailed treeshrew in malaysia is able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar ( with up to 3 . 8 % alcohol content ) the entire year without it having any effects on behaviour . [ 8 ]\nsirdesai , v . , m . ali , and m . s . r . shad . 2013 . crested hawk - eagle nisaetus cirrhatus feeding on madras treeshrew anathana ellioti . indian birds 8 ( 1 ) : 13 .\ncollins , p . m . and tsang , w . n . ( 1987 ) . growth and reproductive development in the male treeshrew ( tupaia belangeri ) from birth to sexual maturity . biology of reproduction 37 ( 2 ) : 261\u2013267 .\nthe fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india .\nthe fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india . [ 15 ]\nthe fossil record of treeshrews is poor . the oldest putative treeshrew , eodendrogale parva , is from the middle eocene of henan , china , but the identity of this animal is uncertain . other fossils have come from the miocene of thailand , pakistan , india , and yunnan , china , as well as the pliocene of india . most belong to the family tupaiidae , but some still - undescribed fossils from yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen - tailed treeshrew ( ptilocercus ) . named fossil species include prodendrogale yunnanica , prodendrogale engesseri , and tupaia storchi from yunnan , tupaia miocenica from thailand , and palaeotupaia sivalicus from india ( ni and qiu 2012 ) .\nthis species of treeshrew is not particularly arboreal and spends much of its time on the ground or clambering about on rocky terrain in the search of insects and seeds . [ 13 ] it is easily separated from the squirrels in the field by the shape and color of the tail and the upward curve in which it is held when walking about .\nthe treeshrews ( or tree shrews or banxrings ) are small euarchont mammals native to the tropical forests of southeast asia . they make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrew , and the entire order scandentia . the 20 species are placed in five genera . treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammals , including humans , but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram .\nthe channel between palawan and borneo is about 145 m deep . during the middle pleistocene , sea levels were 160 m lower than today , and the islands were connected . during the last ice age ( late pleistocene ) , sea level was approximately 120 m below current levels , and palawan was separated from ice age borneo by a narrow channel . palawan has always remained separated from the rest of the philippines . palawan is long and narrow , consisting of a steep mountain range whose highest point is 2 , 085 m ( mt . mantalingajan ) . more than 45 percent of palawan consists of mountains with slopes greater than 30 percent ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthe treeshrews ( or tree shrews or banxrings [ 2 ] ) are small euarchontoglire mammals native to the tropical forests of southeast asia . they make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrew , and the entire order scandentia . the 20 species are placed in five genera . treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any other mammal , including humans , [ 3 ] but high ratios are not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram .\nrecently , it has been shown that several bornean nepenthes species demonstrate specialized nutrient acquisition strategies , which differ markedly from the \u2018typical\u2019 , arthropod - trapping strategy [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . clarke et al . [ 7 ] and chin et al . [ 8 ] established that three giant montane pitcher plant species from borneo , nepenthes lowii hook . f . , n . rajah hook . f . and n . macrophylla ( marabini ) jebb & cheek , are engaged in an extraordinary mutualistic association with mountain treeshrews ( tupaia montana thomas ( scandentia ) ) , in which the treeshrews defecate into the nepenthes ' pitchers while visiting them to feed on carbohydrate rich secretions produced by glands on the pitchers ' lids .\nthe degree of development and / or modification of each pitcher component varies substantially among ( and even within ) nepenthes species 2 , 6 , 7 and recent research has demonstrated that unique modifications to pitcher structure possessed by several species play important roles in specialized nutrient acquisition strategies . 8 \u2013 12 one such species , nepenthes lowii , demonstrates a remarkable nitrogen sequestration strategy , in which mountain tree shrews ( tupaia montana ) defecate into its pitchers while feeding on exudates secreted by glands on the inner surface of the pitcher lid . feces accounts for 57\u2013100 % of foliar nitrogen in this species 13 and n . lowii \u201ctoilet pitchers\u201d are ineffective arthropod traps . the large orifices and reflexed , concave lids of n . lowii pitchers induce t . montana to sit astride the pitcher whilst feeding , facilitating fecal deposition .\nthree species of nepenthes pitcher plants from borneo engage in a mutualistic interaction with mountain tree shrews , the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources . the plants produce modified \u201ctoilet pitchers\u201d that produce copious amounts of exudates , the latter serving as a food source for tree shrews . the exudates are only accessible to the tree shrews when they position their hindquarters over the pitcher orifice . tree shrews mark valuable resources with feces and regularly defecate into the pitchers when they visit them to feed . feces represent a valuable source of nitrogen for these nepenthes species , but there are many facets of the mutualism that are yet to be investigated . these include , but are not limited to , seasonal variation in exudate production rates by the plants , behavioral ecology of visiting tree shrews and the mechanism by which the plants signal to tree shrews that their pitchers represent a food source . further research into this extraordinary animal - plant interaction is required to gain a better understanding of the benefits to the participating species .\nseveral of palawan ' s endemic mammals are considered threatened . three endemic mammal species are considered endangered , including the calamian deer , a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus juvencus ) ( recommended for delisting ; heaney et al . 1998 ) , and the palawan rat ( palawanomys furvus ) , which was collected only four times in 1962 . a subspecies of mouse deer , the balabac chevrotain ( tragulus napu nigricans ) , which is confined to balabac island , is also considered endangered . five endemic mammal species are considered vulnerable , including acerodon leucotis , the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) , the palawan stink badger ( mydaus marchei ) , the palawan binturong ( arctictis binturong whitei ) , and a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus rabori ) ( iucn 2000 ) .\nthe madras treeshrew is found on the indian subcontinent south of the ganges river . three subspecies have been described \u2014 a . e . ellioti of the eastern ghats , biligirirangan [ 8 ] and the shevaroy hills and other hills of southern india , a . e . pallida from central india primarily in madhya pradesh and raipur , and a . e . wroughtoni from the satpura range and the dangs near bombay . they have been reported within the western ghats ranges of wayanad ( periya ) [ 9 ] and mahabaleshwar . the northernmost record is from garhwa district of bihar . [ 10 ] little is known about the status of these populations as the distribution is patchy , but s . m . mohnot considered them as\ncommon\nin 1975 . [ 11 ]\nthis treeshrew is 16 . 0 to 18 . 5 cm long with a tail of 16 . 5 to 19 . 5 cm . the nominate race ( type locality : eastern ghats , madras . british museum 50 . 1 . 21 . 5 ) has the tail coloured like the back , the ground colour above being reddish - brown while the feet and hind legs are buff or ochraceous . the other two races have the tail coloured differently from the back . the race a . e . pallida ( type locality : manbhum , bengal , collected by robert cecil beavan british museum 66 . 12 . 28 . 2 ) has the colour of body above reddish - brown and the feet and hind legs grizzled buffy . race a . e . wroughtoni ( type locality : mandvi , surat , collected by r . c . wroughton british museum 96 . 11 . 7 . 1 ) has the colour of body above dull grizzled brownish and the feet and hind legs grizzled greyish . [ 4 ] some later workers lump all the three races . [ 5 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern as it is common in montane regions of borneo , which remain mostly undisturbed , and although it may be undergoing localized declines , these are not likely to be sufficient to merit listing in a threatened category .\nthis is a bornean species , with a disjunct range across several isolated montane outcrops of sarawak and western sabah ( malaysia ) ; probably also found in northern kalimantan ( indonesia ) . although it has been trapped as low as 300 m ( medway 1977 ) , such records are very rare , and the species is most common above 600 m .\nthis species is very common in north - western borneo ( han et al . 2000 ) .\nthis species is found only in submontane and montane forest , but can tolerate disturbed forest . it is omnivorous , its diet consists predominantly in arthropods , sometimes substituted with fruit ( l . emmons 2000 ) .\na general threat for species living in montane borneo is loss of habitat due to deforestation for agriculture , such as the conversion of upland forests to vegetable farms ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) .\nthe species occurs in gunung niut nature reserve ( simons 1987 ) , gunung penrissen nature reserve ( medway 1977 ) - although it has not been found there recently in a survey by k . h . han ( pers . comm . ) - danau sentarum national park in western kalimantan ( jeanes and meijaard 2000 ) , crocker range national park and kinabalu park ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . it has also been recorded from kayan mentarang national park ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nborneo , sarawak , mt . dulit , 5 , 000 ft . ( 1 , 524 m ) .\nmountains of sarawak and w sabah ( malaysia ) ; probably n kalimantan ( indonesia ) .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nexperts across the globe have assessed over 79 , 800 species on the iucn red list - but more needs to be done . our goal is to assess 160 , 000 species by 2020 to guide vital conservation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\ndiurnal , and very social , they feed on vegetable and animal material mainly on the ground . two pitcher plants , nepenthes lowii and n . rajah , have a mutualistic relation with tupaia montana : the plant offers the animal sugar on its pitchers and this tupaia uses the pitcher as lavatories , thus providing the plant with nutrients ( video 1 , video 2 ) .\nsorenson , m . w . , & conaway , c . h . ( 1968 ) . the social and reproductive behavior of tupaia montana in captivity . journal of mammalogy , 49 ( 3 ) , 502 - 512 .\nclarke , c . m . , bauer , u . , ch\u2019ien , c . l . , tuen , a . a . , rembold , k . , & moran , j . a . ( 2009 ) . tree shrew lavatories : a novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in a tropical pitcher plant . biology letters , 5 ( 5 ) , 632 - 635 .\nwells , k . , lakim , m . b . , schulz , s . , & ayasse , m . ( 2011 ) . pitchers of nepenthes rajah collect faecal droppings from both diurnal and nocturnal small mammals and emit fruity odour . journal of tropical ecology , 27 ( 04 ) , 347 - 353 .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nalthough called treeshrews , scandents are not true shrews and not all species are necessarily arboreal .\ntreeshrews serve important roles in the ecosystem , consuming fruit , seeds , insects and other invertebrates ( spiders , centipedes , millipedes , earthworms , etc ) , and in some cases even small vertebrates ( small mammals and lizards ) , and serving as food for snakes , birds of prey , and various wild cats , such as leopard cats and clouded leopards . they also may play a useful role in seed dispersal for plants with soft , juicy fruits . for humans , the diurnal behavior of most species allows them to add to the joy of observing them in nature .\ntree shrews are slender animals . they have soft , grayish to reddish - brown fur . they have large orbits , and a well - developed and complete postorbital bar behind the orbit ( myers 2000 ) . treeshrews have good vision , which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species . they have excellent hearing ( myers 2000 ) . treeshrews have poorly developed canine teeth , with the upper canines molar - like and the upper incisors canine - like ( myers 2000 ) . their overall dental formula is ( myers 2000 ; martin 1984 ) :\nin some species , these animals are solitary , while in others , the animals live in pairs or in small family groups ( myers 2000 ) . they mark their territories using various scent glands , or urine , depending on the particular species . treeshrews are typically monogamous ( gi 2012 ) .\nfemale treeshrews give birth to up to three young after a gestation period of 45 to 50 days , in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows . the young are born blind and hairless , but are able to leave the nest after about a month . during this period , the mother provides relatively little maternal care , visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them . treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months , and breed for much of the year , with no clear breeding season in most species ( martin 1984 ) .\ntupaia tana has been known to spend little time in parental care prior to weaning ( less than five minutes every other day to nurse the young ) and yet after weaning spending a lot of time with the young ( miller 2007 ) .\nthe name tupaia is derived from tupai the malay word for squirrel ( nowak 1999 ) and was provided by sir stamford raffles ( craig 1849 ) . among other things , they eat the fruit of rafflesia , a genus of parasitic flowering plants found in southeastern asia and named after sir raffles , the leader of an 1818 expedition into the indonesia rain forest where they were found .\ntreeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than any mammals , including humans ( gi 2012 ) .\ntreeshrews make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrews , and the entire order scandentia . there are 20 species in 5 genera .\nthe classification of treeshrews has been , and remains , controversial . some argue that they are primitive primates , and properly belong in the primates order . however , treeshrews and primates do not appear to share any derived characteristics ( gi 2012 ) . genetic analysis do place them in proximity to the primates and they have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia , psychosocial stress , and hepatitis ( cao et al . 2003 ) .\n\u2191 k . m . helgen ,\norder scandentia ,\npages 104 - 109 in d . e . wilson , and d . m . reeder , eds . mammal species of the world , 3rd ed . ( baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 2005 ) . isbn 9780801882210 .\ncao , j . , e . - b . yang , j . - j . su , y . li , and p . chow . 2003 . the tree shrews : adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research . j med primatol 32 : 123\u2013130 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .\ncraig , j . 1849 . a new universal etymological technological , and pronouncing dictionary of the english language . london : routledge , warnes , and routledge .\ngenome institute ( gi ) . 2012 . tupaia belangeri . the genome institute at washington university . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .\nhelgen , k . m . 2005 . pages 104 - 109 in d . e . wilson , and d . m . reeder , eds . , mammal species of the world , 3rd ed . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . isbn 9780801882210 .\njanecka , j . e . , w . miller , t . h . pringle , f . wiens , a . zitzmann , k . m . helgen , m . s . springer , and w . j . murphy . 2007 . [ 1 ] molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relatives of primates ] . science 318 : 792\u20134 . pmid 17975064 .\nmartin , r . d . 1984 . tree shrews . pages 408 - 413 in d . macdonald , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york , ny : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .\nmiller , e . 2007 . tupaia tana . animal diversity web . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .\nmorris , m . 2003 . tree shrews : order scandentia . angelfire . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .\nmyers , p . 2000 . scandentia . animal diversity web . retrieved july 19 , 2012 .\nni , x . , and z . qiu . 2012 . tupaiine tree shrews ( scandentia , mammalia ) from the yuanmou lufengpithecus locality of yunnan , china . swiss journal of palaeontology 131 ( 1 ) : 51 - 60 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .\nnowak , r . m . 1999 . walker ' s mammals of the world . johns hopkins university . isbn 0801857899 .\npettigrew , j . d . , b . g . jamieson , s . k . robson , l . s . hall , k . i . mcanally , and h . m . cooper . 1989 . phylogenetic relations between microbats , megabats and primates ( mammalia : chiroptera and primates ) . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , series b , biological sciences 325 ( 1229 ) : 489\u2013559 . retrieved july 24 , 2012 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 29 december 2014 , at 17 : 28 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nthe wwf is run at a local level by the following offices . . .\ndipterocarp forests carpet the borneo lowlands forming a green expanse composed of a high number of plant species . as many as 240 different tree species can grow within 1 hectare .\nproboscis monkey ( nasalis larvatus ) . these monkeys are living highly specialized lives in the mangrove forest . endangered species . south - east asia .\nlarge dipterocarpaceae tree , a popular timber species . segama forest reserve , sabah ( borneo ) , malaysia\nfight the destructive harvesting and unregulated trade of one of the most attractive inhabitants of our tropical oceans .\nthis is a place where gorillas , hippos and elephants can be found walking , playing and resting along pristine sandy beaches . . .\nwhen you work with wwf to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature , you give your child , and all children around the world , a chance to get to discover our earth as we know it today .\nyour support will help us build a future where humans live in harmony with nature . $ 5 $ 15 $ 25 $ 50\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorrespondence to : charles clarke ; email : ym . ude . hsanom . ics @ ekralc . selrahc\nchin et al . 14 found that two other montane species from borneo , nepenthes rajah and nepenthes macrophylla , also trap tree shrew feces . detailed analysis of trap geometry revealed that these two species and n . lowii share a unique arrangement of trap characteristics that was not detected by earlier studies on the genus . this involves the production of pitchers with very large orifices , large , concave lids that are reflexed approximately 90\u00b0 away from the orifice and lid glands that produce copious exudates . 14 the distance from the front of the pitcher orifice to the inner surface of the lid precisely matches the head + body length of t . montana , resulting in the tree shrews ' food source being positioned behind the pitcher orifice and ensuring that the animals ' hindquarters are positioned over the orifice while they feed on the lid gland exudates .\nthus , n . lowii , n . macrophylla and n . rajah are all engaged in a mutualism with t . montana , the basis of which is the exchange of nutritional resources that are scarce in these species ' habitats . the interaction with t . montana is facilitated by trap geometry , but all three nepenthes species produce pitchers that differ substantially in structure , apart from the shared characteristics outlined above . 14 through a series of modifications to trap structure and geometry\u2014none of which appears to have compromised their ability to trap arthropod prey\u2014 n . rajah and n . macrophylla benefit from a highly specialised nitrogen sequestration strategy that is not available to congeners other than n . lowii .\nalthough clarke et al . 13 demonstrated that n . lowii derives nutritional benefit from t . montana feces , there are many facets of the association that have yet to be investigated and the discoveries of chin et al . 14 give rise to a number avenues for further research , several of which are discussed below .\nkota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 1997 .\nbonn hf , federle w . insect aquaplaning : nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome , a fully wettable water - lubricated anisotropic surface .\nbauer u , bohn hf , federle w . harmless nectar source or deadly trap : nepenthes pitchers are activated by rain , condensation and nectar .\nkota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 2001 .\n2nd edn . kota kinabalu , sabah , malaysia : natural history publications ( borneo ) ; 2009 .\nclarke cm , kitching rl . swimming ants and pitcher plants : a unique ant - plant interaction from borneo .\nmoran ja , merbach ma , livingston nj , clarke cm , booth we . termite prey specialization in the pitcher plant\nmoran ja , clarke cm , hawkins bj . from carnivore to detritivore ? isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant\nmerbach ma , merbach dj , maschwitz u , booth we , fiala b , zizka g . mass march of termites into the deadly trap .\nmerbach ma , zizka g , fiala b , merbach d , booth we , maschwitz u . why a carnivorous plant cooperates with an ant\u2014selective defense against pitcher - destroying weevils in the myrmecophytic pitcher plant\nclarke cm , bauer u , lee cc , tuen aa , rembold k , moran ja . tree shrew lavatories : a novel nitrogen sequestration strategy in tropical pitcher plants .\nchin l , moran ja , clarke c . trap geometry in three giant montane pitcher plant species from borneo is a function of tree shrew body size .\njacobs gh , neitz j . spectral mechanisms and color vision in the tree shrew (\ncollins nm . the distribution of soil macrofauna on the west ridge of gunung ( mount ) mulu , sarawak .\nkato m , hotta m , tamin r , itino t . inter - and intra - specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in nepenthes pitchers in sumatra .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthough called ' treeshrews ' , and despite having previously been classified in insectivora , they are not true shrews , and not all species live in trees . among other things , treeshrews eat rafflesia fruit .\namong orders of mammals , treeshrews are closely related to primates , and have been used as an alternative to primates in experimental studies of myopia , psychosocial stress , and hepatitis . [ 4 ]\ntreeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft , greyish to reddish - brown fur . the terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms , and to have larger claws , which they use for digging up insect prey . they are\n, feeding on insects , small vertebrates , fruit , and seeds . they have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars , with an overall\nfemale treeshrews have a gestation period of 45 to 50 days and give birth to up to three young in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows . the young are born blind and hairless , but are able to leave the nest after about a month . during this period , the mother provides relatively little maternal care , visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them . treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months , and breed for much of the year , with no clear breeding season in most species . [ 5 ]\nthese animals live in small family groups , which defend their territory from intruders . they mark their territories using various scent glands or urine , depending on the particular species .\nthe name tupaia is derived from tupai , the malay word for squirrel , [ 6 ] and was provided by sir stamford raffles . [ 7 ]\nhowever , the alternative placement of treeshrews as sister to both glires and primatomorpha cannot be ruled out . [ 14 ]\n( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 104\u2013109 .\ncao , j ; yang , e . b . ; su , j - j ; li , y ; chow , p ( 2003 ) .\nmartin , robert d . ( 1984 ) . macdonald , d . , ed .\njanecka , jan e . ; miller , webb ; pringle , thomas h . ; wiens , frank ; zitzmann , annette ; helgen , kristofer m . ; springer , mark s . ; murphy , william j . ( 2 november 2007 ) .\npettigrew jd , jamieson bg , robson sk , hall ls , mcanally ki , cooper hm ( 1989 ) .\nfoley , nicole m . ; springer , mark s . ; teeling , emma c . ( 19 july 2016 ) .\nkumar , vikas ; hallstr\u00f6m , bj\u00f6rn m . ; janke , axel ( 1 april 2013 ) .\nmeredith , robert w . ; jane\u010dka , jan e . ; gatesy , john ; ryder , oliver a . ; fisher , colleen a . ; teeling , emma c . ; goodbla , alisha ; eizirik , eduardo ; sim\u00e3o , taiz l . l . ( 28 october 2011 ) .\nzhou , xuming ; sun , fengming ; xu , shixia ; yang , guang ; li , ming ( 1 march 2015 ) .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npalawan represents a bridge between the sunda shelf and philippine bioregions and contains faunal elements from both , as well as it own unique elements . this ecoregion , though more intact than any other region in the philippines , is under great pressure from logging interests .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion includes the island palawan plus balabac , ursula island , and the calamian group . palawan itself is the sixth largest of the philippine islands . the climate of the ecoregion is tropical wet ( national geographic society 1999 ) . in northwest palawan , a dry season lasts from november to may while the wet season lasts from june to october ; the rest of the island experiences a short , one - to three - month dry season . the east coast becomes progressively drier than the west coast from north to south ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nvegetation types on palawan are diverse and include beach forest , tropical lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , lowland semi - deciduous forest , montane forest , and ultramafic and limestone forest . beach forest merges with other forest types away from the coast and includes calophyllum inophyllum , canarium asperum var . asperum , pometia pinnata , palaquium dubardii , and ficus spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthe lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , which naturally occupies 31 percent of the island , is dominated by agalai spp . , dipterocarpus gracilis , d . grandiflorus , ficus spp . , tristania spp . , exocarpus latifolius , and swintonia foxworthyi . sygium spp . , dracontomelon dao , and pongamia pinnata are emergent . lianas and cycads are common . in southern palawan , a casuarina sp . dominates in the lowland forests ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthe eastern half of the island is in a rain shadow and contains moist semi - deciduous forests . soils are thin on the steeper slopes and support medium - sized trees ( up to 15 m tall ) , which shed their leaves during the march - may dry season . the rainy season is june - july . common tree species include pterocymbium tinctorium , pterospermum diversifolium , hymenodictyon spp . , and garuga floribunda ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nmontane forests , found between 800 and 1 , 500 m , are dominated by tristania spp . , casuarina spp . , swietenia foxworthyi , and litsea spp . in the lower elevations . upper montane forest trees include agathis philippinensis , dacrydium pectinatum , podocarpus polystachyus , gnetum latifolium , cycas wadei , cinnamomum rupestre , nepenthes philippinensis , and angiopteris spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nlimestone forests are found on the islets surrounding palawan and over large areas in the southern portions of the island . represented are euphorbia trigona , aglaia argentea , and antidesma , drypetes , gomphandra , sterculia , pleomele , and begonia spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nvictoria peak , in south - central palawan , contains the largest region of ultramafic forest on the island . although many of the ultramafic tree species are shared with semi - deciduous forest , several species , including scaevola micrantha , brackenridgea palustris var . foxworthi , exocarpus latifolius , and phyllanthus lamprophyllus are believed to be heavy metal indicators ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nbiodiversity features relative to the size of palawan , the ecoregion contains a rich fauna , including several groups that are not found in the rest of the philippines ( carnivores , pangolins , porcupines , and some insectivores ) ( heaney 1986 ) .\nthere are many endemic mammals in palawan , but nearly all the genera ( 96 percent ) are also found in borneo . of twenty - five indigenous nonvolant mammal species , eleven ( 44 percent ) are endemic to palawan , and the remainder are shared with borneo . therefore , the greater palawan region is rightly considered part of the sunda shelf bioregion rather than that of the philippines . the large number of endemic species but few endemic genera of palawan are consistent with a separation of borneo and palawan of approximately 160 , 000 ( since the middle pleistocene ) ( heaney 1986 ) . there are fifteen endemic or near - endemic mammals in greater palawan ( table 1 ) .\nfamily species pteropodidae acerodon leucotis * cervidae axis calamianensis * sciuridae sundasciurus steerii * sciuridae sundasciurus moellendorfi * sciuridae sundasciurus rabori * sciuridae hylopetes nigripes * muridae chiropodomys calamianensis * muridae maxomys panglima * muridae palawanomys furvus * hystricidae hystrix pumila * sorcidae crocidura palawanensis * muridae haeromys sp . a * sciuridae sundasciurus hoogstraali * sciuridae sundasciurus juvencus * tupaiidae tupaia palawanensis *\nthe calamian deer ( axis calamianensis ) is found only in the calamian islands , where it survives in low densities on busuanga , calauit , and culion islands . the only protected area for this species was established to protect free - ranging african ungulates on calauit island ( wemmer 1998 ) .\nas with mammals , philippine birds in general show a strong bornean affinity , and it is clear that the main pathway of asian immigration to the philippines was through palawan ; of 395 philippine breeding species , 137 ( 35 percent ) also breed in borneo . palawan birds exhibit strong differentiation at the subspecific level when compared with its nearest philippine neighbor , mindoro . this is in contrast to the other partial land bridge between borneo and the philippines , the sulu islands , which have not differentiated significantly from mindanao . borneo and palawan share twenty - three bird species that are not found in the rest of the philippines . the asian genera polyplectron , malacocincla , malacopteron , dinopium , aegithina , criniger , seicercus , and gracula are found only in palawan within the philippines ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . the island forms an important bird migration route between borneo and the rest of the philippines for southern migrants ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthis ecoregion corresponds exactly with the palawan eba ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . the eba contains twenty restricted - range birds , seventeen of which are found nowhere else on earth and five of which ( palawan peacock - pheasant [ polyplectron emphanum ] , grey imperial - pigeon [ ducula pickeringii ] , blue - headed racquet - tail [ prioniturus platenae ] , falcated wren - babbler [ ptilocichla falcata ] , and palawan flycatcher [ ficedula platenae ] ) are considered vulnerable ( collar 1999 ) . all these vulnerable birds are dependent on lowland and hill forest ( collar et al . 1999 ; stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . there are twenty endemic or near - endemic bird species in the palawan ecoregion ( kennedy et al . 2000 ; table 2 ) .\nthe critically endangered philippine crocodile ( crocodylus mindorensis ) was historically found on the islands of luzon , mindoro , masbate , samar , jolo , negros , busuanga , and mindanao . busuanga contains one of the only remaining populations ( others are found on mindoro , negros , and mindanao ) . whereas the decline of the species was initially driven by overexploitation , habitat loss and human persecution are now the principal threats to the philippine crocodile . surveys in 1980 - 1982 revealed a total wild population of approximately 500 - 1 , 000 individuals , but current wild populations may be approximately 100 nonhatchlings . captive breeding efforts are being led by the crocodile farming institute , an entity of the philippine government ( ross 1998 ) .\na total of 1 , 522 ( davis et al . 1995 ) to 1 , 672 ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) vascular plants have been identified on palawan , and it is estimated that more than 2 , 000 species are present on the island . as detailed earlier , palawan has an extremely diverse range of vegetation types for the philippines . a small number of dipterocarps , an important timber tree group , are present on the island , as well as a variety of medicinal plants used by ethnic tribes and plants used in ceremony and as ornamentals ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\ncurrent status almost all of the philippines was once completely forested ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . as of 1988 , palawan contained 7 , 410 km2 ( 54 percent ) of total forest remaining ( ssc 1988 ) . at the time this was the highest percentage of any of the philippines ' large islands .\nlater aerial surveys ( development alternatives 1992 ) indicated that significant reductions in closed - canopy forest cover had occurred since 1988 as a result of recent logging . as seen from the air , the lowlands and hillsides consist of slash - and - burn agriculture up to the edges of natural forest in the highlands . closed - canopy forest caps only the highest areas on the island .\npalawan ' s forests are of low commercial value because of the small number of dipterocarps , and until the last twenty years palawan ' s forests were ignored in favor of the more valuable forests of luzon and mindanao . government logging regulations setting guidelines for minimum diameter , minimum rotation length , and replanting have been largely ignored ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nbecause of a generally high population density in other parts of the philippines , large numbers of shifting cultivators ( kaingineros ) are attracted to palawan to eke out a living on the hillsides of the island , and their cumulative impact is enormous ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nall of palawan was declared a fauna and flora watershed reserve , and this includes a variety of protected areas , including national parks , wilderness areas , experimental forests , forest research reserves , game refuges , wildlife sanctuaries , museum reservations and research sites , tourist zones , and marine reserves .\nrecent reports in the international press indicate ( and have been confirmed , l . heaney , pers . comm . , 2000 ) that the situation in palawan has stabilized , that large - scale logging has been halted , and that a balance is being achieved between economic development and conservation ; future monitoring will determine whether this is remains true .\ntypes and severity of threats habitat destruction is the main threat to biodiversity in the philippines , and palawan , though currently in better condition , is no different . logging and shifting cultivation ( kaingin ) are cited as the primary forces of habitat conversion . logging takes many forms , from industrial scale to smaller - scale operations that use water buffalo to haul logs out of the forest . mangroves are used locally for firewood , dyes , and tannins ( davis et al . 1995 ) , and they are sometimes removed to make way for fishponds ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nhunting and the wild pet trade are also significant threats in palawan . leopard cats have been hunted for their pelts and are sold when kittens as pets ( heaney and regalado 1998 ) . the palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets , and the pangolin is hunted for its hide ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) . the palawan peacock - pheasant ( dickinson et al . 1991 ; collar et al . 1999 ) , blue - headed racquet - tail ( collar et al . 1999 ) , philippine cockatoos ( cacatua haematuropygia ) , and blue - naped parrots ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) apparently are suffering greatly from the pet trade . the final destination for these birds often is the united states ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nornamental plant collecting , especially for the orchids ( phalaenopsis amabilis and paphiopedilum argus ) , pitcher plants ( nepenthes spp . ) , palms ( veitchia merrillii ) , and aroids ( amorphophallus spp . and alocasia spp . ) threatens some plant populations ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\na valuable resin , known as manila copal , is collected from agathis dammara trees . this collection weakens the trees , and slackening production and disease combined with overexploitation are threatening the species ( davis et al . 1995 ; quinnell and balmford 1988 ) ."]}
{"id": 1292, "summary": [{"text": "acanthophila latipennella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-eastern siberia and europe , where it has been recorded from norway south to italy and east to russia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12-13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on picea abies . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "acanthophila latipennella", "paragraphs": ["the occurrence of the tortricid micromoth cyclia zebeana ratzeburg in several localities of hungary is confirmed . the gelechiid micromoth dirhinosia cervinella ( eversmann ) , previously misidentified as chionodes lugubrella ( fabricius ) , is proved to be new for the fauna of hungary . further two species , caryocolum vicinella douglas , 1851 and dichomeris ( = acanthophila ) latipennella rebel , 1937 , were also recorded as new for the hungarian fauna .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nauthor ( s ) : szab\u00f3ky , cs . title : molyfaunisztikai \u00fajdons\u00e1gok \u2014 v . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae , tortricidae ) title : new data of the microlepidoptera fauna of hungary \u2014 v . ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae , tortricidae ) year : 2001 volume : 62 pages : 385 - 387 .\nin case of technical problems please contact zolt\u00e1n solt\u00e9sz ( soltesz _ at _ zoo . zoo . nhmus . hu )\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nthe gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate\u2013ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing\u2013coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) ."]}
{"id": 1293, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern striped skink ( ctenotus robustus ) is a species of skink found in a wide variety of habitats in australia .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "a robust lizard with complex markings and patterns .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the snout to vent length is around 123 mm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ctenotus robustus", "paragraphs": ["note that skinks previously known as ctenotus borealis are now considered to be ctenotus robustus .\nctenotus : ' comb ear ' , refering to the comb - like projections at the ear opening . robustus : ' robust ' .\nlarge , easily recognised ( see photos ) ctenotus robustus is the most common of two ctenotis species of its size on magnetic island and has very distinctive striped patterning .\nbjursell , a . 2001 . ctenotus robustus , james cook university , urltoken . cogger , h . , 1988 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , reed books .\ndna testing has shown that specimens from nsw , victoria or southern qld as well as sa are actually ctenotus spaldingi which would make all the photos on this page ctenotus spaldingi . another name for ctenotus spaldingi is the straight - browed ctenotus however that common name may no longer remain in use !\nthe above specimen is from brisbane , qld . note that ctenotus arcanus found in south - east qld also looks very similar to the photos above !\nsome authors do not accept the recent name changes . it is possible that at some stage in the future the name ctenotus josephinae may be be used for some skinks in this complex\nas with all ctenotus species robusta has 5 fingers / toes on each limb , an easily seen ear opening , shiny skin , is diurnal , sun loving and very very quick .\nc . robustus is probably distributed all over magnetic island . it is definitely in all the bay areas and at west point and has also been noticed right up gustav creek and on hills bounding horseshoe bay and arcadia . this skink has a know association with granite areas .\nthe species most closely resembling the striped skink is the spotted - back skink ( ctenotus uber orientalis ) , however , the striped skink has a solid stripe running either side of its back , while the spotted - back skink has a row of dots .\nhorner , p . g . & king , m . 1986 ,\na new species of ctenotus ( scincidae , reptilia ) from the northern territory\n, the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory , vol . 2 , no . 1 , pp . 143 - 148\nrabosky , d . l . , hutchinson , m . n . , donnellan , c . c . , talaba , a . l . & lovette , i . j . 2014 ,\nphylogenetic disassembly of species boundaries in a widespread group of australian skinks ( scincidae : ctenotus ) .\n, molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 77 , pp . 71\u201382\nnotes and disclaimer this information may not be complete . while all care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information in this page , primary sources should always be consulted for definitive information . animals have an endearing habit of disobeying the rules , so the information on this page should be interpreted with a degree of flexibility . the author and site operator accepts no responsibility for any losses or damages incurred through using this web site or the information contained herein . don ' t get bitten by anything ! this page may be cited as : ctenotus robustus at the australian reptile online database . last updated 2017 - 02 - 21 09 : 21 : 22 . retrieved from urltoken on the 10th of july , 2018 . before citing information contained in arod , please read our citing arod page . copyright notice this page , its content and layout are copyright \u00a9 2007 - 2018 stewart macdonald / ug media , unless otherwise stated . all photographs in the australian reptile online database are \u00a9 the photographer and may not be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the photographer . no part of the australian reptile online database may be reproduced without written permission from stewart macdonald .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nwells , r . w . & wellington , c . r . 1984 ,\na synopsis of the class reptilia in australia\n, australian journal of herpetology , vol . 1 , no . 3 - 4 , pp . 73 - 129\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f6c4529 - 1123 - 46e8 - b234 - b3745cfd2883\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ccc19f4 - ae4c - 4d17 - b1b1 - 7cb170259c46\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 63c418d0 - 4fbe - 402f - 9c5d - f6b4049e5757\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 70fbfd12 - 1823 - 4df5 - 9450 - af2e7d46b5af\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ba87027c - a0c2 - 4440 - b8d5 - 4881ec9d836e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c2fc4b0b - 5469 - 4887 - 9f1a - f791ed556d40\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2f438fc - ce60 - 48be - a6d7 - ffe83e9595f2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 27a72cf9 - 2444 - 409d - 9668 - b34fb9e5cf84\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 324442\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou appear to have javascript disabled . some parts of this site won ' t work properly .\nnote : these are general threats and may not apply to this particular species .\nthere are many ways you can help our reptiles . here are my top three suggestions :\nnote : the links below are automatically generated . some may not take you to useful information .\nthis sleek lizard was basking at the edge of a steep incline just a foot or so off of the trail i was hiking . i was lucky to spot it in the mix of live and dry grasses . it had clearly also spotted me , and after two photos it rocketed off .\ni next encountered one of these skinks under a downed log . when i lifted the log , i saw a flash of movement as the skink dove into a nearby burrow . i stayed in the area for a little while to photograph other nearby lizards , and soon this skink reappeared at the edge of the log . i approached slowly , but it retreated under the log anyway . however , this time i knew where it might try to hide next , so i lifted the log again and quickly covered the burrow with my hand . the skink first ran toward the burrow , then noticed my hand and ran off to a nearby pile of small rocks , where it shimmied under one . when i carefully moved that one , it raced off to another . this went on for ten or fifteen minutes . it never stayed exposed for more than a few seconds , and eventually i gave up . the only photos i managed to get were with my iphone when the skink paused to decide how to navigate my shoe . ( its eventual decision : up and over . )\nthis one was on the move when i noticed it . i followed it around from a distance for a short while , until it paused to soak up some sun . apparently the undersides of its front legs especially needed warming .\nwilson , s . and swan , g . 2017 . a complete guide to reptiles of australia , fifth edition\naustralian reptile photos , distribution maps and information this site covers snakes and lizards , crocodiles and turtles , including colubrid snakes , pythons , elapids ( called cobras or coral snakes in some countries ) , sea snakes , file snakes , blind ( or worm ) snakes , sea turtles , freshwater turtles ( or tortoises ) dragon lizards ( agamas ) , gecko ' s , legless lizards , monitor lizards ( often called goanna ' s in australia ) , skinks and crocodilia .\na very common and widespread species often found under rocks . extremely fast runner in warm weather .\n\u00a92018 john fowler and john hollister . all rights reserved . reproduction or re - use of information or materials from this web site is strictly prohibited and against international law . ( note : - no permission is needed to link to this web page ) this site is supported by : - jsecoin ( affiliate ) , urltoken , urltoken and holiday in kos\ncontinent : australia distribution : australia ( new south wales , north territory , queensland , south australia , victoria , west australia ) type locality : barrow creek , in 21\u00b0 31\u2019 s , 133\u00b0 53\u2019e , n . t .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthreats to the species on a regional level include the modification of previous habitat areas for urban development .\nwithin the suburban area , the main threat to the species is disturbance within relatively unmodified habitats such as nature reserves .\nwithin the urban area , the main action canberrans can take for assisting the species is to minimise disturbance ( such as collection of wood or interference by pets ) to potential habitats .\nthe striped skink is mostly brown above , with a black stripe with white edges running down the centre of the back and tail . a black and a white line run side by side down the upper flanks , while the skink ' s sides are dark , speckled with paler brown . the sides become lighter towards the underside of the lizard . the striped skink is relatively large , growing to a maximum length of around 30cm , including the tail which may make up 2 / 3 of its length .\nthe striped skink occupies extensive areas of eastern and northern australia . its range extends from northern parts of western australia and the northern territory , through eastern queensland and into new south wales , victoria and eastern south australia . in the act , the striped skink occupies warmer areas to the north and east of the territory .\nthe striped skink is quite common in the region , although not often seen .\nnot common in urban areas , although relatively undisturbed parts of nature reserve may provide suitable habitat for the species .\nthe species prefers relatively undisturbed habitats or areas of low grazing pressure . human activities will tend to deter the lizards from otherwise appropriate habitat areas .\nthe female striped skink lays an average of six eggs , with larger skinks usually laying more eggs . eggs are laid in late winter or spring and these hatch about 2 months later .\nthe striped skink is surface active , using rocks , logs and ground litter for shelter . it creates burrows under rocks , which is uses for hibernation and nesting . it is diurnal .\nthe striped skink feeds mostly on arthropods , although young lizards are sometimes eaten .\nthe species has been recorded as being preyed upon by snakes and feral cats .\nthe striped skink is very shy , and it will disappear quickly into a hole or underneath shelter when humans approach . as such , it is uncommon to see the skinks .\nbennett , r . 1997 . reptiles & frogs of the australian capital territory , national parks association of the act , woden . s , t\ncogger , h . g . 1996 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , reed books australia , melbourne . s , t\nswan , g . , shea , g . and sadlier , r . 2004 . a field guide to reptiles of new south wal es , second edition , reed new holland , sydney . s , t\nit has a wide distribution , nationally found in all mainland states , in mostly dry open woodland , arid and coastal vegetation areas .\nthe largest specimens have been found in w . a at 125mm snout to vent length , but here , the largest this author has observed are about 100mm ( doesn\u0092t include tail ) .\nthis lizard will be found in areas outside the vine thickets although it will colonise paths . it prefers open areas that are warm and light . it can be seen early to mid morning sunning itself on rocks etc . until its body temperature rises to optimum , then it will remain out of the sun in the midday heat in summer .\nit is quick to run off unless it thinks you can ' t see it and then it will remain completely still , waiting for you to walk on . it will hide in leaf litter or under rocks and logs for example and will utilise burrows for safety if the soil is soft .\nindividuals can be repeatedly seen in the same spots , and this species is believed to have a territory or home area which it seldom leaves .\nthey have the ability to vocalise , often uttering a squeak when hand captured . if frightened it may dive into available water and if this happens its respiration has the ability to slow accordingly .\nlittle is known except that it is an egg - laying or oviparous skink .\nprimarily an insectivore with a wide flexible dietary range , its food can include grasshoppers beetles etc . it has been known to also eat other lizards and occasionally seeds . like all skinks it will stalk its food .\nknown predators include cats and the common death adde r - acanthophis antarcticus both of which exist on magnetic island , other reptiles and kookaburras , butcher birds etc would also be possibil ities .\ncouper , p . , covacevich , j . , janetzki , h . , mcdonald , keith . 2000 , lizards in ' wildlife of tropical far north queensland ' , editors ryan , m . and burwell , c . , queensland museum publication : 203 - 233 .\ngreer , a . e . 2004 . encyclopedia of australian reptiles . australian museum online urltoken version date : 23 november 2004 .\nsaylor , 1973 ( as # ) ; done and heatwole , 1977 ( as # ) ; storr , 1978 ; way , 1979 ; morley and morley , 1984 ; sadlier , wombey and braithwaite , 1985 ; shea , 1985 ; daniels , heatwole and oakes , 1987 ; henle , 1987 ; shea , weigel , harwood , floriani and hemsley , 1988 ; archer , twigg and fox , 1990 ; brown , 1991 ; twigg and fox , 1991 ; neindorf , 1994 ; annable , 1995a ; hadden and westbrooke , 1996 ; letnic and fox , 1997 ; horner and fisher , 1998 ; watharow , 1998a - b ; fearn , 2001 ; taylor and fox , 2001a - b . urltoken\noviparous ( egg laying ) . lay up to 6 eggs in a clutch .\nbrown in colour with a wide dark mid - ventral line running from the nape to the tail . this stripe is bordered by a narrow off white line . a narrow pale shoulder stripe is bordered by a dark streak . sides are brown with pale spots . grows to 110 mm from snout to vent .\nomnnivore . primarily ants but occasionally spiders , grasshoppers , termites , beetles and flies . in addition , small amounts of vertebrate and plant material .\nthe department of environment and primary industry ( depi ) advisory list consists of non - statutory advisory lists of rare or threatened flora and fauna within victoria .\nthe flora and fauna guarantee act 1988 ( ffg act ) lists threatened species in victoria . under the act , an action statement is produced for each listed species .\nthe environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) is the australian government\u2019s key piece of environmental legislation , listing nationally threatened native species and ecological communities .\na range of teacher professional learning programs will be developed to accompany the biodiversity of the western volcanic plains online outreach . . ."]}
{"id": 1294, "summary": [{"text": "the new zealand flatworm ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) is a large land flatworm native to new zealand .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it can vary from 5 mm in length when hatched to approximately 17 centimetres ( 6.7 in ) in mature adults .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the ventral surface of the flatworm is a pale buff colour while the dorsal surface is dark brown .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "young flatworms vary in colour from white to pale orange and develop their adult colouration as they grow .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "during the day , flatworms can be found resting on the surface of soil underneath objects in close contact with the ground .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they may also be found beneath the soil surface hunting for earthworms .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "reproduction involves the production of egg capsules of about 8 mm in length .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the capsules are shiny , flexible and cherry red in colour at first and later darken to black after several days .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "after an unknown incubation period , several pale , tiny flatworms hatch out of the brittle capsule .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "one egg capsule is produced at a time with the bulge clearly visible in the dorsum of the adult worm . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "new zealand flatworm", "paragraphs": ["the new zealand flatworm was introduced into the uk in the 1960s and feeds on earthworms .\nthe ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) extended and showing its speckled underside .\nthe new zealand flatworm has a widespread distribution and is relatively common in scotland and northern ireland .\nthe ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) , as collected within a plastic jar .\nthe ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) , as typically found , under plastic sheeting .\nthe dispersal of the new zealand flatworm is mainly dependent upon movement of contaminated soil probably with containerised plants .\ndendy a , 1894 . notes on new zealand land planarians . part 1 . transactions of the new zealand institute , 27 : 177 - 189 .\nbarker , g . m . 1989 . flatworm predation of terrestrial molluscs in new zealand and a brief review of previous records . new zealand entomologist 12 : 75 - 79 . [ links ]\nclose - up of a ' new zealand flatworm ' , ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) extended and showing its speckled underside .\nclose - up of a ' new zealand flatworm ' ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) , as collected within a plastic jar .\nonce established there are no known ways of eradicating the new zealand flatworm hence it is very important to stop its spread .\nstep 2 \u2013 explore your local outdoor space and look for new zealand flatworms .\ntrees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .\nboag b . ( 2000 ) the impact of the new zealand flatworm on earthworms and moles in agricultural land in western scotland .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .\nyou can also use the sightings form to submit a photo of the new zealand flatworm and its location without entering full survey data .\nthe new zealand flatworm eats native earthworms - which are a vital part of healthy soil - but also has a slime that can cause skin rashes .\nno research has or is being specifically undertaken to quantify the deleterious impact the new zealand flatworm might have on vegetation and crop yield but anecdotal evidence from farmers has suggested that there has been an increase in flooding , the establishment of rushes and lower crop yields in areas that are infested with the new zealand flatworm .\nthere is evidence in scotland the new zealand flatworm spread form botanic gardens to nurseries and garden centres then to domestic gardens and only more recently to agricultural land .\nboag , b . & g . w . yeates ( 2001 ) the potential impact of the new zealand flatworm , a predator of earthworms in western europe .\nnote : your results are important to us even if you didn ' t find any new zealand flatworms .\nchristensen om ; mather jg , 1998 . the ' new zealand flatworm ' , artioposthia triangulata , in europe : the faroese situation . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 532 - 540 .\nthe new zealand flatworm is a flat , ribbon - like organism , and has a dark purple - brown upper surface with pale margins and a creamy pale underside .\nboag b ; neilson r , 2006 . impact of new zealand flatworm on agriculture and wildlife in scotland . proceedings crop protection in northern britain , 51 - 55 .\nboag b . , h . d . jones , r . neilson ( 1997 ) the spread of the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) within great britain .\nwhile it is hard to control new zealand flatworm once present , learning more about their distribution can help target initiatives to prevent further introductions via gardens , soil movement etc .\nis a free - living terrestrial flatworm . native to new zealand , it was found outside its natural habitat in belfast , northern ireland in 1963 ( ministry of agriculture ,\nmurchie ak ; moore jp , 1998 . hot - water treatment to prevent transference of the ' new zealand flatworm ' , artioposthia triangulata . pedobiologia , 42 : 572 .\ncontainerised plants collected for edinburgh botanic gardens from new zealand and possibly initially taken to their benmore garden site near dunoon could be the initial source of infestation . however commercial traffic in containerised plants exported from new zealand from infested nurseries is possible e . g . rhododendrons from a garden centre on the banks penninsula , south island new zealand .\nnew zealand flatworms attack earthworms by wrapping their bodies around them and secreting digestive mucus to dissolve them before consuming them .\n) . perhaps of particular risk is tasmania , which would be climatically similar to the south island of new zealand .\nthe new zealand flatworm arrived on british soil over half a century ago but researchers have struggled to survey the species as they are typically found in gardens . although new zealand flatworms eat earthworms , it is not known what influence this has on earthworm numbers or on other animals that consume earthworms like moles .\na new national open air laboratories ( opal ) survey launches this month to help find out how far the new zealand flatworm has spread and how big an influence it is having on the environment . the new zealand flatworm survey is the latest addition to the range of citizen science activities offered by opal , which is led by imperial college london and run by a range of organisations including universities , wildlife groups , and museums .\nboag b ; yeates gw , 2001 . the potential impact of the new zealand flatworm , a predator of earthworms , in western europe . ecological applications , 11 : 1276 - 1286 .\nmurchie ak , 2008 . the problem of the ' new zealand flatworm ' : lessons for managing invasive alien species . proceedings crop protection in northern britain , 2008 : 51 - 56 .\nboag b ; yeates gw ; johns pm , 1998 . limitations to the distribution and spread of terrestrial flatworms with special reference to the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 495 - 503 .\nmoore jp ; dynes c ; murchie ak , 1998 . status and public perception of the ' new zealand flatworm ' , artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) , in northern ireland . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 563 - 571 .\npopulations of new zealand and australian flatworms are already established in the uk and there are at least 18 flatworms that have been introduced in europe , including the new guinea flatworm , listed as one of the 100 worst invasive alien species in the world .\npeople with senstitive skin have reported a reaction when they have come in contact with the mucus on the surface of the new zealand flatworm and for this reason it is suggested that gloves be worn .\naccidental introduction ( blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ) . first confirmed record of this species outside of its native range in new zealand\ndespite the initial hysteria over new zealand flatworms , ken thompson says we needn\u2019t panic over this slimy kiwi critter and an earthworm shortage .\nthere are several native species and some non - native species of flatworm in the uk . the non - native australian and new zealand flatworms are two species that have become established . they feed on earthworms .\nannie robinson , an opal community scientist also from the university of aberdeen added : \u201cevery record submitted is invaluable and will help inform the development of our response to and research of the new zealand flatworm . people can go to the opal website and access identification , survey resources and submit pictures of the new zealand flatworm . together we can learn a lot about where this species is and what it\u2019s up to ! \u201d\nharia ah , 1995 . hydrological and environmental impact of earthworm depletion by the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) . journal of hydrology ( amsterdam ) , 171 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 - 3 .\nhogan rn ; dunne r , 1996 . the distribution of the new zealand flatworm artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) in the republic of ireland . irish naturalists ' journal , 25 ( 6 ) : 210 - 212 .\n, d . sc . , f . l . s . , professor of biology in the canterbury college , university of new zealand .\nboag b ; neilson r ; palmer lf ; jones hd , 1994 . a further record of the new zealand flatworm artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) in england . plant pathology , 43 ( 1 ) : 220 - 222 .\ncannon rjc ; baker rha ; taylor mc ; moore jp , 1999 . a review of the status of the new zealand flatworm in the uk . annals of applied biology , 135 ( 3 ) : 597 - 614 .\nchristensen , o . m . & j . g . mather . 2001 . long - term study of growth in the new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulatus under laboratory conditions . pedobiologia 45 : 535 - 549 . [ links ]\nbaird j ; murchie ak ; fairweather i , 2000 . hatch of new zealand flatworm egg capsules at different temperatures . in : proceedings of environ 2000 , biology and environment : proceedings of the royal irish academy 100b . 138 .\ndynes c ; fleming cc ; murchie ak , 2001 . genetic variation in native and introduced populations of the ' new zealand flatworm ' , arthurdendyus triangulatus . annals of applied biology , 139 ( 2 ) : 165 - 174 .\nstockdill smj , 1982 . effects of introduced earthworms on the productivity of new zealand pastures . pedobiologia , 24 ( 1 ) : 29 - 35 .\ndr brian boag , one of the uks new zealand flatworm experts , based at the james hutton institute in dundee , said : \u201cavid gardeners will know whether they have new zealand flatworms on their premise or not , but this understanding is not passed on . therefore , we would love to learn from people to get a clear picture of where these creatures are present and where not . \u201d\nboag b , 2000 . the impact of the new zealand flatworm on earthworms and moles in agricultural land in western scotland . aspects of applied biology [ farming systems for the new millenium , 18 - 20 december 2000 , churchill college , cambridge , uk . ] , no . 62 : 79 - 84 .\nscottish executive rural affairs department , 2000 . biological and ecological studies of the new zealand flatworm , arthurdendyus triangulatus : towards a comprehensive risk assessment for the uk . scottish executive rural affairs department , flexible fund project no . csl / 002 / 96 . biological and ecological studies of the new zealand flatworm , arthurdendyus triangulatus : towards a comprehensive risk assessment for the uk . scottish executive rural affairs department , flexible fund project no . csl / 002 / 96 . 125 pp .\nit originated from new zealand where it is associated with native woodland in the canterbury area but also found throughout the south island in nurseries and garden centres .\nboag b ; jones hd ; neilson r ; santoro g , 1999 . spatial distribution and relationship between the new zealand flatworm arthurdendyus triangulata and earthworms in a grass field in scotland . pedobiologia , 43 ( 4 ) : 340 - 344 .\njones , h . d . , g . santoro , b . boag & r . neilson ( 2001 ) the diversity of earthworms in 200 scottish fields and the possible effect of new zealand flatworm ( arthudendyus triangulatus ) on earthworm populations .\nthe australian flatworm is orange or pinkish orange and reaches 2 - 8cm in length . it was first detected in south west england in the 1960s and since then has become more widespread in southern england and wales . this species does not seem to have had such a big impact as the new zealand flatworm on earthworm populations .\nthe large anecic earthworm species , lumbricus terrestris and aporrectodea longa which aid drainage and are a source of food for animals and birds , are affected by the new zealand flatworm . additionally a survey of 59 fields in western scotland found that where the flatworm had been established its presence was strongly associated with the eradication of moles .\ngibson ph ; cosens dj , 2004 . the predation of slugs by the new zealand flatworm , arthurdendyus triangulatus ( dendy ) ( terricola : geoplanidae ) . british journal of entomology and natural history , 17 ( 1 ) : 35 - 38 .\nthe only known invertebrate predator are ground beetles but their numbers are probably too small to have an impact on new zealand flatworm populations . ducks and geese are known to feed on them and there are records of robins , blackbirds and ferrets consuming them .\nthose of you who live in warmer parts of the country may not have new zealand flatworms , but you may have an australian relative , which turned up in the isles of scilly and south - west england in the eighties . it\u2019s smaller than the new zealand variety , orange - brown in colour , and also eats earthworms .\nonce established there are no known ways of eradicating the new zealand flatworm hence it is very important to stop its spread . initially garden centres and nurseries were probably mainly responsible for the distributing flatworms but now it could be neighbours , relatives and friends exchanging potted plants . gardeners should inspect any containerised plants and if they have the flatworm try to only give away cuttings , seed or bare rooted plants replanted in a known flatworm free medium .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nthe new zealand flatworm continues to spread in scotland but its detrimental impact on the environment and of below and above ground biodiversity is unknown . at present there is no systematic monitoring or research being undertaken to know what the situation or how it might be controlled .\nthe new zealand flatworm reproduces by producing an egg capsule ( which on average contains 6 - 7 small creamy coloured hatchlings ) and is whitecherry red and soft when expelled . this hardens and becomes shiny and black and probably more resistant than the adults to dessication .\nthe new zealand flatworm requires cool damp conditions to survive , it cannot tolerate temperatures below zero or above c . 20 c which is probably one of the reasons why they have becoming established in agricultural land in ireland , north and western scotland plus the faroe islands .\nboag b ; deeks l ; orr a ; neilson r , 2005 . a spatio - temporal analysis of a new zealand flatworm ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) population in western scotland . annals of applied biology , 147 ( 1 ) : 81 - 88 . urltoken ; = aab\ngibson ph ; cosens d ; buchanan k , 1997 . a chance field observation and pilot laboratory studies of predation of the new zealand flatworm by the larvae and adults of carabid and staphylinid beetles . annals of applied biology , 130 ( 3 ) : 581 - 585 .\nharia ah ; mcgrath sp ; moore jp ; bell jp ; blackshaw rp , 1998 . impact of the new zealand flatworm ( artioposthia triangulata ) on soil structure and hydrology in the uk . science of the total environment , 215 ( 3 ) : 259 - 265 .\namazingly , new zealand flatworms can survive for over a year by shrinking in size to as little as 10 % of their full - grown body mass until they find another earthworm .\nmurchie ak ; gordon aw , 2013 . the impact of new zealand flatworms arthurdendyus triangulatus on earthworm populations in the field . biological invasions , 15 ( 3 ) : 569 - 586 .\nnew zealand flatworms are usually found under pieces of wood , stone or polythene or lying on bare earth often curled up like a swiss roll . they leave slime circles where they\u2019ve been resting .\nblackshaw rp , 1996 . control options for the new zealand flatworm . in : brighton crop protection conference : pests & diseases - 1996 : volume 3 : proceedings of an international conference , brighton , uk , 18 - 21 november 1996 . farnham , uk : british crop protection council , 1089 - 1094 .\njohns pm ; boag b ; yeates gw , 1998 . observations on the geographic distribution of flatworms ( turbellaria : rhynchodemidae , bipaliidae , geoplanidae ) in new zealand . pedobiologia , 42 : 469 - 476 .\ntaking an estimate that earthworms contribute 20 % towards grass yield and that a . triangulatus predation reduces earthworm biomass by 20 % , the effect of a . triangulatus colonisation could be a 4 % reduction in grass yield . boag and neilson ( 2006 ) calculated that the new zealand flatworm could conservatively cost scottish farmers c . \u00a317m .\nducey , p . k . & s . noce . 1998 . succesful invasion of new york state by the terrestrial flatworm , bipalium adventitium . northeastern naturalist 5 ( 3 ) : 199 - 206 . [ links ]\nan invasive flatworm from brazil that poses a threat to soil health and wildlife has made its way to mainland britain .\ngardeners are invited to report sightings of new zealand flatworms ( date , number of flatworms and postcode location ) during the summer months . in the winter months live samples of flatworm can also be posted to the institute in a sealed plastic container ( for example an old - style photo film canister ) along with the same reporting information .\nyeates gw ; boag b ; johns pm , 1998 . field and laboratory observations on terrestrial planarians from modified habitats in new zealand . pedobiologia , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 554 - 562 ; 30 ref .\nthe new zealand flatworm reaches 20cm ( 8in ) in length and is dark brown with a paler margin . it became established in britain during the 1960s and at first it was thought to be of no consequence . it was only when it had become widely distributed , that it was realised that it was feeding exclusively on earthworms , in some places reducing earthworm populations to a very low level . this has undesirable effects on soil structure and also denies earthworms as a food resource for those native animals that feed on them . this flatworm originates from new zealand and is now thriving , particularly in the wetter parts of britain , it is most common in scotland , northern england and northern ireland .\nwe need your help to find out how far this flatworm has spread and what influence it is having on the environment .\nenhancing earthworm populations through provision of soil organic matter ( e . g . farmyard manure ) may mitigate against flatworm predation .\nyeates , g . w . ; b . boag & p . m . johns . 1998 . field and laboratory observations on terrestrial planarians from modified habitats in new zealand . pedobiologia 42 : 554 - 562 . [ links ]\na survey of the new zealand flatworm in scotland showed that between 1965 and 1980 it was mainly recorded from garden centres and nurseries around glasgow and edinburgh . however by the 1990s it was mainly found in domestic gardens throughout scotland including some of the scottish islands with some records from farmland . a similar picture occurred in northern ireland but there surveys of farmland in 1991 and 19981999 found 3 % and 65 % respectively of farms infested . although the first record of the flatworm in england was in 1965 it was not until 1992 that it was again found and the rate of spread in england has been much slower than in scotland or northern ireland . the new zealand flatworm has also been recorded from the faroe islands in 1992 but never yet from continental europe or from any other part of the world even though climatic conditions would probably allow its establishment .\nthough most leeches live in fresh or saltwater environments new zealand has three known native species of terrestrial leeches that are adapted to live out of the water . they feed on the blood of seabirds , particularly penguins and shearwaters . to obtain blood the leeches after dark nestles into the webbing on the feet of ground - nesting birds . all new zealand\u2019s terrestrial species are now endangered and confined to rat - free offshore islands except one specimen found under a log in fiordland .\nall flatworms are predatory with some species feeding on slugs , others feed on earthworms . australian and new zealand flatworms are two species that have become established in the uk that feed on earthworms , in some areas earthworm populations have been affected .\nalford dv , 1998 . potential problems posed by non - indigenous terrestrial flatworms in the united kingdom . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 574 - 578 .\na . triangulatus could be confused with other flatworm species but is considerably larger that the native microplana flatworms in ireland and gb . the \u2018australian flatworm\u2019 , australoplana sanguinea is similar in body shape but is orange . terrestrial leeches also have a cursory similarity but are segmented .\nthe new zealand flatworm requires damp , cool conditions to survive i . e . it cannot live in dry soils or where the temperature is below 0 or above c . 20 degrees celcius . its distribution in gb is probably limited to areas which have earthworms ( soils with ph levels above 4 ) . the new zealand flatworm is nocturnal and probably feeds on the earthworm species which come to the soil surface at night to feed . during the day it takes refuge under stones , pieces of wood and piece of polythene . it itself does not seem to have the ability to make burrows but when conditions are unfavourable it relies on earthworm tunnels , dead root channels or cracks in the soil surface to access the deeper soil horizons where it is cool and damp .\nthe new zealand flatworm ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) was first recorded form scotland in 1965 and is now widely distributed throughout scotland ( boag et al . , 1994 ) . all major islands are infested , for example , arran , skye . harris and lewis , coll , orkney , shetland and even fair isle . it is an obligate predator of our native earthworms and has been shown to have the ability to decrease earthworm populations to below detectable levels in northern ireland ( blackshaw , 1990 ) . in new zealand it is confined to the south island but there are probably over 100 other species of flatworms in new zealand many of which a ) have not been described , b ) belong to the genus arthurdendyus , c ) are in the north island and better equipped to withstand higher temperatures and therefore , if introduced into the british isles , could become a greater problem than a . triangulatus .\nmurchie ak ; mac an tsaoir s , 2006 . high densities of ' new zealand flatworms ' , arthurdendyus triangulatus ( dendy ) , in experimental orchard plots in northern ireland and implications for thatch formation . tearmann , no . 5 : 23 - 28 .\n\u201cwithout any screening in place we\u2019re playing a game of russian roulette with our countryside and native wildlife . the current guidance is utterly inadequate and without rigorous screening it\u2019s not surprising that new invasive plants \u2013 and their alarming hitchhikers like the obama flatworm \u2013 are arriving . \u201d\nwhile spreading the contents of my compost heap on the garden recently , i unearthed 10 new zealand flatworms , all of them now safely squashed . this worm has been in the garden for many years , but that\u2019s the largest number i\u2019ve come across at one time .\nnew zealand flatworms are spread by moving topsoil or rooted plants between places , which allows this species to move from garden to garden . current understanding of where all in the uk they exist is very limited , but knowing their distribution could help target initiatives to prevent further introductions .\njones hd ; boag b , 1996 . the distribution of new zealand and australian terrestrial flatworms ( platyhelminthes : turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) in the british isles - the scottish survey and megalab worms . journal of natural history , 30 ( 7 ) : 955 - 975 .\nfraser pm ; boag b , 1998 . the distribution of lumbricid earthworm communities in relation to flatworms : a comparison between new zealand and europe . in : pedobiologia , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) [ ed . by yeates , g . w . ] . 542 - 553 .\njones hd ; santoro g ; boag b ; neilson r , 2001 . the diversity of earthworms in 200 scottish fields and the possible effect of new zealand land flatworms ( arthurdendyus triangulatus ) on earthworm populations . annals of applied biology , 139 ( 1 ) : 75 - 92 .\nturbellaria include the only free - living platyhelminthes , they are mainly aquatic , but there are a few terrestrial species inhabiting moist environments . a small number of terrestrial species have become pests where they have been unintentionally introduced in pot plants ( see the new zealand flatworm below ) . there are over 4000 species living on rock and sediments on water and in moist habitats on land , and they range in size from 1 mm - 50 cm .\nboag b ; evans ka ; yeates gw ; johns pm ; neilson r , 1995 . assessment of the global potential distribution of the predatory land planarian artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) ( tricladida , terricola ) from ecoclimatic data . new zealand journal of zoology , 22 : 311 - 318 .\nnew zealand flatworms are quite remarkable creatures that eat earthworms by wrapping their bodies around them and secreting digestive mucus to dissolve and consume them . they can survive for over one year by shrinking in size to as little as 10 % of their full - grown body mass until they find another earthworm .\nbaird j ; fairweather i ; murchie ak , 2005 . long - term effects of prey - availability , partnering and temperature on overall egg capsule output of ' new zealand flatworms ' , arthurdendyus triangulatus . annals of applied biology , 146 ( 3 ) : 289 - 301 . urltoken ; = aab\nblackshaw rp , 1995 . changes in populations of the predatory flatworm artioposthia triangulata and its earthworm prey in grassland . acta zoologica fennica , 196 : 107 - 110 .\na . triangulatus is mainly detected by visual inspection under plant pots , stones , wood , plastic sheeting and other debris on the soil surface ( eppo , 2001 ) . the flatworm may also be detected by use of the expulsion techniques ( e . g . formalin or mustard ) used to assess earthworm populations ( gunn , 1992 ; murchie et al . , 2003 ) . shelter traps may be placed on the soil surface , these can be pieces of wood , tiles or plastic bags filled with soil . a sampling strategy to quantify the detection of the new zealand flatworm was published by boag et al . ( 2010 ) .\nis present here in new zealand . it has been found in taupo and auckland and its habitat is slow streams , irrigation ditches , drainage ditches . it is a small flat leech with a body length of 10\u201325 mm and can be easily recognized by its five lines of distinct conical black\u2013tipped papillae of the dorsum .\nresearchers are eager to know of new sightings . should you discover a possible flatworm in your garden , please take a digital photograph and email it to mike . lole @ adas . co . uk . when taking photos , place an object such as a pencil , or a key , alongside the creature to provide scale .\nthis is where scientists at aberdeen university and the james hutton institute , a leading research centre on the new zealand flatworm , would like the public\u2019s help . if you find one , in your garden or elsewhere , please take a photo and submit this along with its location to opal or get involved in a short survey of your outdoor space . this will give the team an idea of what influence these flatworms may have on earthworms across the uk , and other animals that consume earthworms like moles .\nnew zealand has a native blood sucking leech in the genus : richardsonianus with the scientific name of richardsonianus mauianus . it is commonly called the tiger leech and is easily recognised by its longitudinal stripes . it is a rare leech and is found in some slow - flowing weedy streams , ponds and lakes in northern new zealand and south to the waikato . they are common in the oruarangi creek in mangere and in lake puketirini , huntly . they will latch on to the bare legs of humans wading in their habitats . when removed they leave a distinctive triangular bite mark on the skin . it takes the leech about nine months to digest its food before it needs another meal .\nboag b ; jones hd ; evans ka ; neilson r ; yeates gw ; johns pm , 1998 . the application of gis techniques to estimate the establishment and potential spread of artioposthia triangulata in scotland . pedobiologia [ oecd workshop on terrestrial flatworms , new zealand , 1998 . ] , 42 ( 5 / 6 ) : 504 - 510 .\nwrona , f . j . & h koopowitz . 1998 . behavior of the rhabdocoel flatworm mesostoma ehrenbergii in prey capture and feeding . hydrobiologia 383 : 35 - 40 . [ links ]\ntheir egg capsules look like blackcurrants , though smaller , and contain about 7 young flatworms , so it\u2019s important to spot these and not move them to new locations .\nthe new zealand flatworm was first introduced to the uk in the 1960s , although it has never become as great a problem as was originally feared . it\u2019s purple - brown on top , and flat and pointed at both ends . when resting it coils up , is covered in mucus , and is about 1cm wide by 6cm long , although when extended it can be up to 30cm long . it lives on earthworms , covering them in digestive juices to dissolve them before sucking them up . the larvae of ground beetles prey on flatworms .\nlittle is known about the natural enemies of a . triangulatus in new zealand , although they are presumed to be ground beetles and other flatworms . planarivora insignis ( diptera : keroplatidae ) is a parasitoid of terrestrial flatworms in tasmania ( hickman , 1965 ) . it is possible that a similar species may exist in the native habitat of a . triangulatus .\nboag b ; jones hd ; neilson r , 2006 . proceedings of the 10th international symposium on flatworm biology , innsbruck , austria , july 2006 . innsbruck , austria : the james hutton institute .\nmembers of the public who are keen to embark on some \u2018citizen science\u2019 to see if there is any sign of the new zealand flatworm in their garden , are advised that the species is flat , dark purple - brown on top and creamy pale underneath and along the sides . they are usually 5 - 15 cm long and are pointed at both ends and covered in sticky mucus . they are found under pieces of wood , stone or polythene or lying on bare earth often curled up like a swiss roll and they leave slime circles where they\u2019ve been resting .\na . triangulatus was first found outside of new zealand in belfast , northern ireland , in 1963 . exactly how this species came to be in belfast is unknown but it is thought to have been carried inadvertently with ornamental plants such as daffodils , roses or rhododendrons ( willis and edwards , 1977 ; blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ) . a similar situation is likely to have happened in scotland . the first record was from the royal botanic gardens in edinburgh , and many flatworm records have been associated with botanic gardens , garden centres and nurseries ( boag and yeates , 2001 ) . as an example , 22 live flatworms ( though not a . triangulatus ) were found within a dicksonia antarctica ( tree fern ) from australia ( parker et al . , 2005 ) . the spread of a . triangulatus to the relatively isolated faroe islands , was thought to have occurred via goods from scotland , although direct transmission from new zealand cannot be excluded ( mather and christensen , 1992 ) .\nzaborski , e . r . 2002 . observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( platyhelminthes , tricladida , terricola ) from illinois . american midland naturalist 148 : 401 - 408 . [ links ]\nthe flatworm is ribbon - flat , slimy , and pointed at both ends , growing up to 15cm long and 1cm wide , with purplish - brown on top with buff - coloured edge and a pale buff underside .\nthe james hutton research institute is the result of the merger in april 2011 of mluri and scri . this merger formed a new powerhouse for research into food , land use , and climate change .\nsluys r ; kawakatsu m ; riutort m ; bagu\u00f1\u00e0 j , 2009 . a new higher classification of planarian flatworms ( platyhelminthes , tricladida ) . journal of natural history , 43 : 1763 - 1777 .\nrae rg ; robertson j ; wilson mj , 2005 . susceptibility of indigenous uk earthworms and an invasive pest flatworm to the slug parasitic nematode phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita . biocontrol science and technology , 15 ( 6 ) : 623 - 626 . urltoken\nkoopowitz , h . ; d . silver & g . rose . 1976 . primitive nervous systems . control and recovery of feeding behavior in the plolyclad flatworm , notoplana acticola . biological bulletin 150 : 411 - 425 . [ links ]\nresearch in scotland has shown that while all native earthworms are eaten by the new zealand flatworm the large anecic species such as lumbricus terrestris are particularly at risk since they feed on the soil surface at night ( jones et al . , 2001 ) . in ireland a long term experiment by murchie and gordon ( 2012 ) have shown l . terrestris numbers reduced by 75 % and earthworm biomass down by 20 % in infested land . earthworms , particularly the anecic species have large , vertical burrows which open to the soil surface and therefore help soil drainage . research has shown that when earthworms are removed then drainage is impeded ( haria et al . , 1998 ) .\nonce in a garden there is nothing effective that can be done to reduce flatworm numbers . destroying any found underneath pots or stones will remove a few , but this is likely to be only a small proportion of the population in a garden\n, 1964 ) . the species is harmful because it is a predator of earthworms and a decline in earthworms could reduce soil fertility and earthworm - feeding wildlife . the flatworm is found in ireland , great britain and the faroe islands . although capable of active movement the flatworm has been spread mainly by the trade in containerised plants . its tendency to shelter under debris on the soil surface and its sticky body , have facilitated inadvertent carriage on plant containers , agricultural equipment and soil . there have been several scientific reviews of the biology of\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\na . triangulatus feeds on lumbricid earthworms in the invaded areas . little is known about its natural prey in new zealand , although it is assumed to be megascolecid earthworms ( johns et al . , 1998 ) . the matter is complicated because much of new zealand gardens and pasture have been colonised by european earthworm species ( stockdill , 1982 ) . in laboratory tests , where a . triangulatus was presented with earthworm prey in petri dishes , there was little evidence of direct preference for individual earthworm species ( stewart , 1993 ) . differential impacts on earthworm species observed in field sampling are likely due to earthworm niche characteristics , such as burrow width , which increase vulnerability to predation ( blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ; lillico et al . , 1996 ) . anecic earthworms , which come to the soil surface , are particularly at risk ( jones et al . , 2001 ) . when no earthworms are available , a . triangulatus may occasionally feed on slugs ( gibson and cosens , 2004 ) .\nit was possibly introduced into gb in the 1950s probably is soil associated with plants brought to britain . in scotland it was first recorded from edinburgh botanic garden . it is likely it was then spread in soil around the roots of containerised plants to nurseries , and garden centres then into domestic gardens . the importance of garden centres and nurseries has probably diminished and most of the spread to domestic gardens is from neighbours , relatives and friends exchanging plants . the spread to farmland is occurring mainly in the west of scotland and has occurred in northern ireland where over 70 % of farms are infested . the spread between fields and farms may be associated with the movement of hay and silage bales . field observations of the new zealand flatworm in the west of scotland have shown it can travel at 1 metreday .\nmcgee c ; wisdom gb ; fairweather i ; blackshaw rp ; mcilroy j ; walker b , 1998 . characterization of the proteins present in the mucus of the flatworm artioposthia triangulata ( dendy ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology b - biochemistry & molecular biology , 119 : 293 - 298 .\nducey , p . k . ; m . messere ; k . lapoint & s . noce . 1999 . lumbricid prey and potential hepetofaunal predators of the invading terrestrial flatworm bipalium adventitium ( turbellaria : tricladida : terricola ) . american midland naturalist 141 : 305 - 314 . [ links ]\njones hd ; gerard bm , 1999 . a new genus and species of terrestrial planarian ( platyhelminthes ; tricladida ; terricola ) from scotland , and an emendation of the genus artioposthia . journal of natural history , 33 ( 3 ) : 387 - 394 .\nthe flatworm crept with the anterior extremity raised and waving slightly from side to side showing sensory behavior . in some observations on the process , the isopod , when exploring the environment , collided with the anterior or median regions of the body of the flatworm ( figs 2 , 6 - 7 and 10 ) , and was then very quickly captured ( see below ) . in other observations , the isopod moved close to the anterior extremity or the median region of the body of the flatworm , touching it softly ( figs 14 - 16 ) , then being quickly captured . in another observation , the isopod moved to the side of the planarian , apparently touching it slightly ( figs 21 and 22 ) . muscular wave - movements were observed on the margin of planarian body , and when the isopod was at the level of the posterior third of the planarian body , it was captured .\ncarbayo , f . & a . m . leal - zanchet . 2003 . two new genera of geoplanid land planarians ( platyhelminthes : tricladida : terricola ) of brazil in the light of cephalic specialisations . invertebrate systematics 17 : 449 - 468 . [ links ]\nas highlighted by alford ( 1998 ) , one of the main economic effects of flatworm infestation could be limitations on trade . this applies to international trade and also to local trade in the sense that a garden centre , nursery or topsoil distributor may be held liable for distributing a harmful invasive species .\na 4 . 5cm obama flatworm ( obama nungara ) \u2013 not linked to the us president but named after the brazilian tupi words for leaf ( oba ) and animal ( ma ) \u2013 was discovered this summer crawling out of a heuchera plant imported from the netherlands at a garden centre in oxfordshire .\nthe new zealand is hermaphrodite and produces an egg capsule ( usually containing 6 - 7 young ) probably every 7 - 10 days in late spring and summer . the egg capsule ( usually 10 - 15 % of the adult flatworms weight ) can be white to cherry red and is extruded either through the reproductive opening on the ventral surface or through a slit opening up on the dorsal surface . this immediately heals up and leaves a small white scar . the young hatchlings initially are a creamy white but soon turn to the same colour as the adults .\nmany of our native mammals ( badgers , shrews , hedgehogs , moles etc . ) and birds rely on earthworms as their major source of food for at least some part of the year but there has been no investigation to quantify the deleterious impact the new zealand flatworm has on their populations . however , observations in an area between dunoon and loch eck ( where 55 of 59 fields were found to be infested with flatworms ) show that no moles can now be found even though they had been a problem there after world war ii . similarly in glen massan flatworms were found in seven fields none of which had moles while in another seven fields there were moles but no flatworms . since about 70 % of grass fields without flatworms in western scotland have moles it would seem that in the area south of loch eck flatworms have been responsible for the disappearance of moles ( boag , 2000 ) .\nthe worm , which has a broad , flattened , leaf - shaped body and can grow up to 7cm long , was first found in europe on guernsey in 2008 but has spread to france , italy and spain . it was only described as a new species last year .\nwhen capture was achieved using the anterior portion of the body , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm turned the ventral surface to the ground and glided over the prey ( fig . 19 ) , until the prey was at the level of the mouth , which is located on ventral surface approximately at the end of the median third of the body . when capture occurred with the posterior extremity , after immobilizing the prey , the flatworm , bending the body posteriorly , gradually moved the anterior extremity towards the prey , freeing the posterior end to regain contact with the ground ( figs 26 - 28 ) . afterwards , the flatworm crept over the prey ( fig . 29 ) to bring it into contact with its mouth . the time for bringing the prey to the mouth ranged from 10 s to 2 min 42 s ( 1 min 31 s \u00b1 1 min 6 s , mean \u00b1 s . d . , n = 5 ) , with median of 2min3s .\nnew zealand flatworms are usually found during the day , often curled up like a swiss roll , under pieces of wood , stone or polythene lying on bare earth . they are relatively flat compared with earthworms , are pointed at both ends and covered with a sticky mucus . they can vary in colour but usually have a dark brown upper surface with a lighter beige speckled border which extends to cover the ventral surface . flatworms can also vary greatly in shape from long and narrow ( up to 15 cm ) to short and relatively fat . they produce egg capsules which look like small , shiny blackcurrants .\nducey , p . k . ; m . mccormick & e . davidson . 2007 . natural history observations on bipalium cf . vagum jones and sterrer ( platyhelminthes : tricladida ) , a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to north america . southeastern naturalist 6 ( 3 ) : 449 - 460 . [ links ]\npresumably my flatworms arrived the same way they got into the country \u2014 with contaminated plants . they have a tendency to hide under objects during the day and their sticky mucus means they can easily be transported stuck to the bottoms of things like plant pots and garden ornaments . they\u2019ve also been found among the roots of containerised plants , inside plant pots , in manure heaps and stuck to the bottom of silage bales . they are also extremely fond , as i can testify , of compost heaps . genetic analysis shows clearly that our flatworms are not the result of a single oversight ; they have been introduced from new zealand on several occasions .\nit is possible to inoculate depleted sites with earthworms ( van der werff et al . , 1998 ) , although this would only be justified if a . triangulatus were removed and would be dependent on the scale of their impact on the earthworm population . given time and removal of flatworm predation , it is expected that earthworms will naturally recolonise infested areas .\nohbayashi , t . ; i . okoshi ; h . sato & t . ono . 2005 . food habit of platydemus manokwari de beauchamp , 1962 ( tricladida : terricola : rhynchodemidae ) , known as predatory flatworm of land snails in the ogasawara ( bonin ) islands , japan . applied entomology and zoology 40 : 609 - 614 . [ links ]\nother stresses such as climate change and changes in land use have increased the risk of invasive species establishing themselves and spreading . the discovery of ash dieback in england in 2012 highlighted the risk posed to the uk\u2019s plants from new pests and diseases . imports were banned and an independent taskforce set up to assess the threats .\nprey capture was achieved by quickly moving the anterior or posterior region onto the prey , immediately enveloping it ( figs 3 and 23 ) . during entrapment the ventral surface of the flatworm made initial contact with the dorsum or side of the prey , pressing it against the substratum or against the median region of the planarian body ( figs 8 and 17 ) . in order to hold the prey against its body , the flatworm bent the anterior or the posterior third of the body laterally , so that the ventral surface was perpendicular to the ground . another type of capture was performed with the anterior region ( ca . 1 / 5 of the body length ) rapidly encircling the prey , so that it was lifted from the ground ( fig . 11 ) .\nnew zealand flatworms are hermaphrodite with the reproductive opening on the ventral surface . the egg capsules , which can contain between one and fourteen young but usually six to seven , are often white or cherry red when laid . observed births are usually through a spontaneous caesarean opening on the back of the flatworms which immediately heals over . the egg capsules are laid in summer under refugia similar to those where flatworms are found during the day . hatching , it is estimated , takes place about one month later , the hatchlings being creamy white but soon turn to the colour of the adults . probably one egg capsule is laid every seven to 10 days and can weigh 10 - 15 % of the adult weight .\nfor those of you who have yet to see one of these critters , nz flatworms are flattened and coated in a sticky mucus . the main colour is dark purple - brown , with a speckled buff / pale yellow margin and lower surface . they spend a lot of their time curled into a spiral , but when fully extended they can be up to 20cm ( 8in ) long . they first turned up in the uk in 1963 , in a couple of gardens in belfast , but very quickly spread to scotland . they are still much more common in the north of the uk , which fits with their distribution in new zealand , where they are confined to the cooler and damper parts of the south island .\nclassical biological control using the flatworm - parasitic fly , planarivora insignis , has been suggested ( blackshaw and stewart , 1992 ; blackshaw , 1996 ; cannon et al . , 1999 ) . however , there has been little work on p . insignis aside from the paper by hickman ( 1965 ) , who described the species and its basic biology . during 1962 , hickman ( 1965 ) collected 118 geoplana tasmaniana , of which 33 ( 28 % ) were parasitised by p . insignis . a . k . murchie ( agri - food and biosciences institute , northern ireland , personal communication , 2009 ) revisited the same site in tasmania and collected 37 terrestrial flatworms of various species in august 2004 , but found no evidence of parasitism . l . winsor ( james cook university , australia , personal communication , 2009 ) commented that parasitism of flatworms by p . insignis was relatively rare . the other problem is that it is not known whether p . insignis would parasitise a . triangulatus and to what extent . clearly more research is required in this area and especially whether a . triangulatus has a similar parasitoid attacking it in new zealand .\npresent contribution to our knowledge of the land planarians of new zealand deals exclusively with a number of specimens collected during a month ' s stay at springburn , at the foot of mount somers , in november and the early part of december of last year ( 1894 ) . in the immediate vicinity of the thick bush - scrub of the alford forest the locality appeared a good hunting - ground for cryptozoic animals , and experience showed that this was indeed the case . the very luxuriance of the vegetation , however , with its unlimited hiding - places for cryptozoic animals , made the task of collection more difficult than it would have been in a clearer neighbourhood , where the animals are concentrated , as it were , in a comparatively few spots ."]}
{"id": 1296, "summary": [{"text": "agriades pyrenaicus , the gavarnie blue , is a palearctic butterfly of the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the asturias mountains of north-western spain , the pyrenees , the southern balkan peninsula , turkey , the caucasus and armenia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the habitat consists of alpine grassy rocky meadows where it is found at altitudes ranging from 1,500 to 2,200 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 22 \u2013 28 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on androsace species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "agriades pyrenaicus", "paragraphs": ["agriades pyrenaicus ergane ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nagriades pyrenaicus kudrnai ko\u00e7ak , 1980 ; nota lepid . 2 ( 4 ) : 142 ( repl . lycaena orbitulus rebeli tuleschkov , 1932 )\ncomparative notes on certain west - palearctic species of agriades , with description of a new subspecies of a . pyrenaicus from turkey ( lycaenidae )\nagriades pyrenaicus erzurumensis eckweiler & hesselbarth , 1978 ; nachrbl . bayer . ent . 27 ( 4 ) : 65 ; tl : turkey , erzurum\nhabitat : polyommatus pyrenaicus mostly inhabits rocky nutrient - poor meadows and pastures on shallow ground in the mountains .\nagriades pyrenaicus ( boisduval , 1840 ) from n . greece and notes on apatura metis ( freyer [ 1829 ] ) from n . e . greece ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae , nymphalidae )\nagriades pyrenaicus ; [ h & r ; ] , 290 ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nremarks : polyommatus pyrenaicus occurs in nw - spain and the pyrenees . it also occurs in the ukraine and parts of s - russia . a very closely related taxon ( p . dardanus ) occurs locally in the balkans and more widespread in asia minor . this taxon is most probably only a subspecies of polyommatus pyrenaicus .\nagriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nagriades pheretiades lara ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades sveta ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades orbitulus pheretes ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades orbitulus pheretimus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades orbitulus sajana ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nextremely local in the southern balkans . discussion about the status of this taxon as a full species or a subspecies of the gavarnie blue , a . pyrenaicus dardanus , is still not concluded .\n= agriades glandon wosnesenskii ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\n= agriades glandon diodorus ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nagriades diodorus ; [ bru2 ] : 184 , pl . 74 , f . 46 - 48\nplebejus ( agriades ) podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) podarce cilla ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) podarce klamathensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon rusticus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) gladon megalo ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon lacustris ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nagriades glandon centrohelvetica rezbanyai - reser , 1981 ; ent . berchte luzern 6 : ( 99 - 100 )\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon punctatus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon cassiope ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebejus ( agriades ) glandon kelsoni ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nplebjus ( agriades ) glandon labrador ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nalbopraemargine ( verity , 1946 ) ( agriades ) ; le farfalle diurn . d ' italia 2 : 224\nmagnaglandon ( verity , 1947 ) ( agriades ) ; rev . fran\u00e7 . l\u00e9pid . suppl . : 134\n? agriades aquilo ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44\nagriades pheretiades tekessana ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades micra ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades pheretiades ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades pheretiades pseudomicrus ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\n= plebejus ( agriades ) ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269 ; [ fe ]\nagriades pheretiades ishkashimensis charmeux & desse , 2011 ; bull . l\u00e9p . parisiens 20 ( 48 ) : ( 7 - 13 )\ndeux nouveaux polyommatini du tadjikistan : turanana laspura panjensis ssp . nova et agriades pheretiades ishkashimensis ssp . nova ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae )\nagriades pheretiades pheres ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bru2 ] , 185 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 88\nagriades ( group ellisi ) kurtjohnsoni b\u00e1lint , 1997 ; [ nen40 ] : 47 , 17 ; tl : nepal , jargeng khola , 14 . 000ft\nagriades pheretiades ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nagriades pheretiades forsteri sakai , 1978 ; atalanta 9 ( 1 ) : 111 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : afghanistan , paghman mts . , 3300 - 3800m\nagriades glandon labrador schmidt , scott & kondla , 2006 ; papilio ( n . s . ) 12 : 269 ; tl : smokey mtn , labrador city , labrador , canada\nagriades janigena ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note ) ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nagriades podarce klamathensis emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 291 ; tl : california , humboldt co . , waterdog lake , north trinity mountain\nagriades cassiope emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 287 ; tl : california , el dorado co . , sierra nevada , lake tahoe region\nagriades rusticus punctatus austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 45 ) : 561 ; tl : arizona , apache co . , white mtns , below greens peak , forest rd 117\nagriades cassiope kelsoni emmel & emmel , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 20 ) : 289 ; tl : california , siskiyou co . , trinity alps , se above caribou lake , 7000 - 7100 '\nagriades podarce ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 44 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 8 ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nagriades glandon ; [ baru , # 388 ] ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 1 ( text only ) ; [ h & r ; ] , 286 ; [ nhm card ] ; talavera , lukhtanov , pierce & vila , 2013 , cladistics 29 : 187\nmy comment yesterday was a general comment , few days before i had read of an\nendemic\nsubspecies of agriades pyrenaicus in russia , lol . it ' s a very widespread species . anyway , now i looked at my books and the situation looks very complicated and i am not really happy about the taxonomic situation on these guys atm . so oxleyi is only found in south island and is having a hard time now since otis / labradus is introduced ? sorry for the confusion here , but some people say zizina labradus otis , and others apparently zizina otis labradus . . . if this competition by the other taxon is happening , it would be crucial to know if they only compete for resources or also do interbreed in a viable , or non viable manner . in the former case it would be good to call them zizina otis oxleyi , in the latter case zizina oxleyi . even without the latter , it might be good to call them zizina oxleyi ( which many people do at the moment ) based on other clear separations . very interesting case , i will look further into it . thank you dunc for sharing .\nlycaena podarce c . & r . felder , [ 1865 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 2 ) : 282 , pl . 35 , f . 22 - 23 ; tl : calidornia\n= plebejus podarce podarce ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 270\nlycaena cilla behr , 1867 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . 3 ( 4 ) : 281 ; tl : california\nlarva on androsace , soldanella [ h & r ; ] , saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa , s . oppositifolia , androsace bungeana , a . septentrionalis , astragalus alpinus , diapensia , vaccinium [ baru ]\nargus aquilo boisduval , 1832 ; icon . hist . l\u00e9pid . europe 1 ( 7 - 8 ) : 62 , ( 5 - 6 ) pl . 12 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : north cape\nlarva on astragalus [ sprk ] , ( n . europe ) astragalus alpinus , ( yakutia , for wosnesenskii ? ) saxifraga bronchialis , s . spinulosa [ bru2 ] , 184\n= plebejus glandon franklinii ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nlycaena rustica edwards , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 4 : 203 ; tl : pikes peak\nlycaena orbitulus aquilina staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81 ; tl : norway\nplebeius aquilo megalo mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 161 ; tl : mt mclean , lillooet , b . c .\n= plebejus glandon bryanti ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\nplebeius aquilo var . lacustris freeman , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 180 ; tl : norway house , manitoba\nlycaena diodorus bremer , 1861 ; bull . acad . imp . sci . st . petersb . 3 : 471 ; tl : [ lake baikal , russia ]\npolyommatus ellisi marshall , 1882 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 51 pt . ii ( 2 - 3 ) : 41 , pl . 4 , f . 4\nlycaena dis errans riley , 1927 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 75 : 128 ; tl : tibet , phari , 14000\nlycaena janigena riley , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 ( 3 - 4 ) : 475 , pl . 36 , f . 4 - 5 ; tl : tibet , nyenyam , 13000ft\nlycaena morsheadi evans , 1923 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 478 ; tl : tibet , tazeng , 15500ft\nlycaena aegagrus christoph , 1873 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 10 ( 1 ) : 24 , f . 3 - 4\n600x800 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n458x450 ( ~ 50kb ) underside male an alpine meadow on the right bank terrace of the fourth tributary of the sargir river ( the usek river basin ) , altitude 3200 m , 47 km nen of zharkent , 21 km nen of village sarybel ' , the mountain massif tyshkantau , the southern dzhungarian alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , zharkent district , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 27th of july 1994 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nghissar , darvaz , alai , w . tian - shan , n . tian - shan\nlycaena pheretiades var . tekessana alph\u00e9raky , 1897 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 9 : 234 ; tl :\nfleuve t\u00e9kesse , dans le thian - chan\nlycaena pheretiades var . micra avinoff , 1910 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 39 : 244 , pl . 14 , f . 19\nlycaena andarabi forster , 1937 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 27 ( 2 ) : 61\nlycaena orbitulus walli evans , 1912 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 ( 2 ) : 558 , ( 3 ) : 983 ; tl : chitral , kashmir\npolyommatus pheretiades ( pheretiades ) pseudomicrus tshikolovets , 1997 ; the butterflies of pamir : 156 , pl . 34 - 35 , f . 21 - 25\npheretiades lara churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : kyrghyzstan , west tien - shan , chatkal mts , chapchama pass\npheretiades sveta churkin & zhdanko , 2001 ; tethys ent . res . 3 : 152 ; tl : n . tien - shan , zailyisky alatau , kaskelen r . , 3300 - 3500m\nlycaena orbitulus pyrenaica boisduval , 1840 ; genera index eur . lepid . : 11 ; tl : pyrenees\nc . asia ( mountains ) , c . himalayas . see [ maps ]\nlycaena dis grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 453 ; tl : amdo\nlycaena luana evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : s . e . tibet , lu , 15000ft\nxinjiangia kumukuleensis huang & murayama , 1988 ; nature & insects 23 ( 12 ) : 28 ; tl : altun mts . ( e kunlun )\nlycaena pheretes arcaseia fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : kambajong , tibet\nlycaena pheretes asiatica elwes , 1882 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1882 ( 4 ) : 402 ; tl : chumbi , high alpine sikkim\npolyommatus lehanus moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : ladak , leh ( 11538ft )\nlycaena pheretes pharis fawcett , 1904 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1904 2 ( 1 ) : 138 , pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : khamba jong , 15000ft , thibet\nalbulina shahidulla yoshino , 2003 ; futao ( 43 ) : 7 , f . 9 , 13 , 35 ; tl : w kunlun mts . , near shahidulla 4500m , sw xinjian , china\nlycaena pheretes armathea fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : chotan meridionalis\nalbulina armathea ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )\nlycaena pheretes artenita fruhstorfer , 1916 ; ent . rundschau 33 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : yarkend , mus - tag - ata\nalbulina artenita ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 ( note )\nalps , s . norway , s . siberia ( mountains ) , mongolia , c . china , n . ural ( burmantovo ) , s . ural , . see [ maps ]\n668x945 ( ~ 156kb ) upperside male se . j\u00e4 . \u00e5re , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo \u00a9 sami haapala\n600x848 ( ~ 120kb ) upperside female se . j\u00e4 . \u00e5re , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo \u00a9 sami haapala\n700x1001 ( ~ 117kb ) underside male se . j\u00e4 . \u00e5re , storulvan , rn 132 / 701 , 5 june 2003 , photo \u00a9 sami haapala\n1300x962 ( ~ 143kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n1300x1199 ( ~ 261kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov . , caka nuo vill ( 3500m ) , 19 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n= albulina orbitulus orbitulus ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 ( aberration )\npolyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus var . luxurians forster , 1940 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 30 : 880 ; tl : n . yunnan , likiang\nalbulina orbitulus luxurians ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitulus lobbichleri forster , 1961 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . m\u00fcnch . 6 : 148\nalbulina orbitulus lobbichleri ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 72\nlycaena pheretes tatsienluica oberth\u00fcr , 1910 ; \u00e8tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 4 : 298 , pl . 41 , f . 300 ; tl : yunnan and tibet\nalbulina orbitulus tatsienluica ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nlycaena pheretes major evans , 1915 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 3 ) : 544 ; tl : tibet , nyuksang , 9500ft\nalbulina orbitulus major ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nnw . china ( kentei mts ) , transbaikalia , amur , ne . china\nlycaena pheretes var . pheretimus staudinger , 1892 ; dt . ent . z . iris 5 ( 2 ) : 317 ; tl : kentei\n528x744 ( ~ 75kb ) underside male an open pine forest on the hill just north of the chita sity , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 28th june 1996 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\norbitulus sajana ( r\u00fchl , 1895 ) ( lycaena ) ; in heyne , palaearkt . grossschmett . 1 : 757\n533x400 ( ~ 46kb ) underside male a montane tundra in a cirque in the sources of the argem ( direntai ) river , 2500 m above sea level , the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mountain range , kosh - agach district , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 19th july , 1988 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1350x1212 ( ~ 255kb ) upperside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n918x1224 ( ~ 222kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n581x717 ( ~ 120kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n527x698 ( ~ 106kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npolyommatus ( albulina ) orbitulus tyrone forster , 1940 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 30 : 881 ; tl : kansu\nalbulina orbitulus tyrone ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitula shanxiensis ; [ mrs ] , 686 ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nlarva on allium sp . , ( [ really ? ] ) [ mrs ]\nalbulina orbitulus tibetana ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitulus qinlingensis ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73\nalbulina orbitulus demulaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 73 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - right , pl . 9 , f . 69 ; tl : demula , chayu area tibet\nalbulina orbitulus dongdalaensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 74 , pl . 3 , f . 19 - left , pl . 9 , f . 66 ; tl : dangdala , e of zuogong , e . tibet\nalbulina orbitulus litangensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 75 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - right , pl . 9 , f . 68 ; tl : litang , w . sichuan\nvacciniina optilete f . basireducta lempke , 1955 ; tijdschr . ent . 98 : 307\n600x742 ( ~ 56kb ) upperside female finland : ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n567x500 ( ~ 43kb ) underside female finland : ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , 13 . 7 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n600x467 ( ~ 34kb ) upperside male finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n540x645 ( ~ 33kb ) underside finland : li : utsjoki ailigas , 775 : 50 , 14 . 7 . 1998 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n669x953 ( ~ 242kb ) underside male the aldan river right bank 1 km w of tommot town , aldan ulus , sakha republic - yakutia , e siberia , russia . 25th june 2002 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\ncarpathians , ceu , n . tian - shan , dzhungarsky alatau , w . siberia , s . urals\nvacciniina medea hemming , 1934 ; stylops 3 : 98 ( repl . lycaena uralensis seitz , [ 1909 ] )\nvacciniina optilete optilete ; [ bru2 ] , 180 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\n= vacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nvacciniina optilete sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; [ baru , ( note ) ] ; [ bru2 ] , 181 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\n400x300 ( ~ 16kb ) underside female a mossy larch ( larix gmelinii ( rupr . ) rupr . ) taiga at the village akotuy , the junction of the mountain ranges uryumkanskii and kukul ' bei , aleksandrovskozavodskoi district , e chita province , e transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 23rd july 1997 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n611x616 ( ~ 96kb ) underside a very slight tundrous ridge surrounded with peat - moss marches few km of the western coast of the southernmost kamchatka at the abandoned settlement bol ' sheretsk . 6th august 1992 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlycaena yukona holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 : 416 ; tl : alaska\nplebejus ( albulina ) optilete yukona ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 269\n= vacciniina optilete sachalinensis ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 87\nnemoptilete ( bryk , 1942 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 56 : 19\noptilete kingana ( matsumura , 1939 ) ( lycaena ) ; bull . biogeogr . soc . japan 9 ( 20 ) : 357\nbavarica ( h\u00f6rhammer , 1925 ) ( lycaena ) ; schmett . s\u00fcdbayerns 1 : 146\nlatiorina glandon dealbata verity , 1926 ; ent . rec . j . var . 38 : 105\nlycaena orbitulus subv . oberthuri staudinger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 81\nlycaena ? leela de nic\u00e9ville , [ 1884 ] ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 52 pt . ii ( 2 / 4 ) : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 3 \u2642 , 3a \u2640 ; tl : ladak\nlycaena pheretes f . caeca courvoisier , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 20 ) : 107\nelunata ( nordstr\u00f6m , 1935 ) ( lycaena ) ; ark . zool . 27 a ( 7 ) : 33\nlycaena optilete f . uralensis courvoisier , 1910 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 19 ) : 100\nlycaena optilete f . uralensis ; courvoisier , 1911 , dt . ent . z . iris 25 ( 9 ) : 104\nlycaena empyrea gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 17 , f . 2a - c ( kind . )\nlycaena orbitulus var . aquila gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 18 , f . 4a - c\nlycaena atys gerhard , 1851 ; versuch mon . europ . schmett . ( 5 ) : 11 , pl . 19 , f . 3a - d\nlatimargo ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35\npseudoborealis ( ebert , 1926 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 35\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nerg\u00e4nzende bemerkungen zu higgins & riley\na field guide to the butterflies of britain and europe\n, nebst beschreibung der lycaena pyrenaica latedisjuncta n . subsp .\nicones historique des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux ou peu connus . collection , avec figures colorit\u00e9es , des papillons d ' europe nouvellement d\u00e9couverts ; ouvrage formant le compl\u00e9ment de tous les auteurs iconographes\ndescriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera , found within the limits of the united states and british america . no . 4\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1\na list of butterflies caught by capt . f . m . bailey in s . e . thibet during 1913\na list of butterflies caught by major h . t . morshead during the mount everest expedition 1921\non some new and little - known butterflies , mainly from high elevations in the n . e . himalayas\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )\nversuch einer monographie der europ\u00e4ischen schmetteringsarten : thecla , polyomattus [ sic ] , lycaena , nemeobius . als beitrag zur schmetterlingskunde\nalphabetisches verzeichniss zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s abbildungen der papilionen mit den beigef\u00fcgten vorz\u00fcglichsten synonymen\nreport of h . huang ' s 2000 expedition to se . tibet for rhopalocera\na new lycaenid butterfly from mt . altin of kunlun range from xinjiang prov .\n[ a catalogue of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilioformes ) of the former ussr . second edition , reformatted and updated ] ( in russian )\nthe butterflies from jehol ( nekka ) manchoukuo , collected by marqis y . yamashina\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\na natural history of the british lepidoptera . a text - book for students and collectors\nz\u00fcllich , 1928 lycaena nevadensis n . sp . zs . \u00f6st . entver . 13 : 73 - 75 , pl . 5\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na discrete butterfly , found locally in the asturias mts of nw spain and the pyrenees .\nwith which it may fly in the pyrenees . the current species has bold black submarginal spots on the underside forewing and none on the hindwing .\nonly from nw spain and the pyrenees in spain and france at alpine levels ( 1500 - 2200m ) . it flies in june and july .\nalpine grassy rocky meadows . males take water and salts during hot weather , often at quite some distance from where females can be found . mating occurs in the early afternoon .\ntwo subspecies are generally recognised . from the asturias mts of nw spain , the blue colour of\nis brighter and silvery and the females often have white markings on the upperside . in the pyrenees ,\nmales are a more powdery blue and the females , apart from the cell spot , generally lack any upperside markings .\nthe underside forewing spots are bold . it lacks the black chevrons in the hindwing margin area .\nin 2004 it was extremely satisfying to discover a thriving colony of this rare and extremely local butterfly in bulgaria . we probably saw 30 or 40 individuals in the very tiny area they were flying over .\nfrom a limited number of mountains in the southern balkans from north greece , south bulgaria , fyrom , bosnia where it is very local . flies in july .\nour bulgarian colony was on a small rocky ridge with a great variety of plants and sparse grasses at roughly 1900m . it was my father who found them - we had both spent an hour wandering fruitlessly across similar looking areas nearby without finding a single specimen .\nit is a very small and inconspicuous butterfly . it flies low over the ground stopping frequently on rocks or to take nectar from low plants .\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of butterflies and moths from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\nbutterflies & moths\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ntaxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlife cycle : the butterflies occur between june and august . the males often aggregate on wet spots . the larva hibernates .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\ncome on guys , subspecies are not endemics of a country or place . nice selection of l . boldenarum . i am still wondering if i should take off some months in 2017 to further study this species .\nare you sure about that . countries can have endemic subspecies - meaning those subspecies are only found in that country .\nanother term for a species that is endemic is precinctive , which applies to species ( and subspecific categories ) that are restricted to a defined geographical area .\nfrom wikipedia ."]}
{"id": 1297, "summary": [{"text": "brachinus plagiatus is a species of ground beetle from the brachininae subfamily that can be found in albania , bulgaria , france , greece , hungary , italy , moldova , slovakia , southern part of russia , all states of former yugoslavia ( except for macedonia ) , and in western europe .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it can also be found on some islands such as the balearic islands , corsica , sardinia and sicily .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in asia , it can be found on cyprus , in iraq and syria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it can also be found in north african countries such as algeria , morocco and tunisia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they were also found and described in georgia in 2004 .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species is identical in colour to the following species from the same genera : brachinus crepitans , brachinus efflans , and brachinus ejaculans . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "brachinus plagiatus", "paragraphs": ["maintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nto get the picture , please visit : bouyon herv\u00e9 herve . bouyon @ urltoken\nany reuse of one or more photographs on this site is subject to an authorization request from the author . link to the code of intellectual property ( legifrance )\nthank you for your contribution to the improvement of the inpn . the information submitted has been sent to an expert for verification and correction .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nambienti costieri ( spiagge sabbiose , scogliere , foci , paludi costiere , stagni salmastri etc . )\nforum entomologi italiani viene aggiornato in maniera casuale e assolutamente non periodica . pertanto , ai sensi della l . 7 marzo 2001 , n . 62 sull ' editoria , questo portale non pu\u00f2 essere in alcun modo una testata giornalistica .\ncopyright \u00a9 2009 - 2017 forum entomologi italiani , ove non diversamente specificato . tutti i diritti degli autori sono riservati .\nhristovski , slav\u010do & gu\u00e9orguiev , borislav , 2015 , annotated catalogue of the carabid beetles of the republic of macedonia ( coleoptera : carabidae ) , zootaxa 4002 ( 1 ) , pp . 1 - 190 : 42\nmaterial studied . osogovo , v . raj\u010dani , 700m , ruderal site , 1 s . , 12 . 04 . 2008 , leg . s . hristovski ( csh ) . distribution . 83 .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1298, "summary": [{"text": "gastrotheca testudinea ( common name : espada 's marsupial frog ) is a species of frog in the family hemiphractidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it has a widespread latitudinal range along the eastern ( amazonian ) slopes of the andes of ecuador , peru , and bolivia .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "an arboreal direct-development marsupial frog , g. testudinea dwells in foothill , low montane , and cloud forests at elevations from 700 \u2013 2,775 m ( 2,297 \u2013 9,104 ft ) above sea level .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "despite its wide distribution , gastrotheca testudinea is seldom collected or recorded , probably due to its arboreal habits , and much remains to be known about its distribution and natural history .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "habitat loss is a threat to it . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "gastrotheca testudinea", "paragraphs": ["gastrotheca ( gastrotheca ) testudinea \u2014 duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389 .\ngastrotheca ( opisthodelphys ) testudinea \u2014 dubois , 1987\n1986\n, alytes , 5 : 31 .\ngastrotheca testudinea \u2014 duellman , 1974 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 27 : 4 .\ngastrotheca viviparum \u2014 peters , 1955 , rev . ecuat . entomol . parsitol . , 2 : 348 .\nwe present new information on the distribution of the marsupial frog gastrotheca testudinea ( jim\u00e9nez de la espada , 1870 ) in ecuador . we provide the first record from the province of ca\u00f1ar , and the country\u2019s southernmost locality ( which also corresponds to the third known report from the province of zamora - chinchipe ) . in addition , we discuss the validity of the locality of loreto for this species . based on this discussion , we review the elevation range of the species and propose to change the lowest elevation limit of gastrotheca testudinea from 1100 to 700 m .\nthis manuscript contains new information on the distribution of an amphibian species from ecuador . a version of this manuscript was submitted to a journal . however , this manuscript contains complete information for all data , and it will serve as a reference to other papers about frogs of the genus gastrotheca .\nin the gastrotheca ovifera group of duellman , maxson , and jesiolowski , 1988 , copeia , 1988 : 527 - 543 . see de la riva , k\u00f6hler , l\u00f6tters , and reichle , 2000 , rev . esp . herpetol . , 14 : 30 , for bolivian record . see brief account by k\u00f6hler , 2000 , bonn . zool . monogr . , 48 : 93 . in the gastrotheca marsupiata group of castroviejo - fisher , padial , de la riva , pombal , silva , rojas - runjaic , medina - m\u00e9ndez , and frost , 2015 , zootaxa , 4004 : 1\u201372 . see detailed account by duellman , 2015 , marsupial frogs : 389\u2013394 . urgil\u00e9s , s\u00e1nchez - nivicela , and cisneros - heredia , 2017 , check list , 13 ( 4 ) : 121\u2013125 , provided notes on the distribution in ecuador .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nnototrema testudineum jim\u00e9nez de la espada , 1870 , j . sci . math . phys . nat . , lisboa , 3 : 62 . holotype : not stated ; given as mncn 155 by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 ; now mncn 3510 according to gonz\u00e1lez - fern\u00e1ndez , garc\u00eda - d\u00edez , and san segundo , 2009 , spixiana , m\u00fcnchen , 32 : 273 . type locality :\nin ecuador ; prope a monti olim ignivomo sumaco\n; given as\nsan jos\u00e9 de moti , provincia napo , ecuador\n, by duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 .\nnototrema viviparum andersson , 1945 , ark . zool . , 37a ( 2 ) : 82 . holotype : nhrm 1964 ( 10 specimens ) , according to duellman , 1977 , das tierreich , 95 : 20 . type localities :\nba\u00f1os , rio pastaza\n, cerro tungurahua , and\nwatershed , rio pastaza\n, eastern ecuador . synonymy by duellman and fritts , 1972 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 9 : 4 .\nespada ' s marsupial frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 53 ) .\namazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , peru , and bolivia at elevations of 700\u20132275 m ; possibly extending into adjacent colombia .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nthis genus has recently been moved from the family hylidae ( faivovich , et al . , 2005 ) .\njavier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species ' geographic range is on the amazonian slopes of andes in ecuador , per\u00fa ( departamentos : amazonas , san mart\u00edn ) and bolivia . in ecuador it is found in the eastern cordillera real montane forests in the eastern subtropical altitudinal zone . its altitudinal range is 400m to 2 , 000m asl .\nthis is an arboreal frog found in primary forest of lowland and montane humid forest . at cordillera de cutuc\u00fa , ecuador , one specimen was found in a flat area on a ridge with cloud forest that had a relatively open canopy and many tree falls ( duellman and lynch , 1988 ) . a direct development species , the eggs are carried in a pouch on the females back . it is not present in modified habitats .\nin ecuador , its geographic range overlaps with parque nacional sumaco napo - galeras , reserva ecol\u00f3gica antisana , parque nacional llanganates , and parque nacional sangay . it is known from three protected areas in bolivia .\njavier icochea , luis a . coloma , santiago ron , steffen reichle , ariadne angulo , diego cisneros - heredia . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npeerj preprints\nis a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review . data may be preliminary .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj preprints ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .\nver\u00f3nica l . urgil\u00e9s conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\njuan carlos s\u00e1nchez - nivicela conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\ndiego f cisneros - heredia conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .\nthe following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :\nspecimens deposited at mzua were collected under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .\nthe following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :\nresearch was conducted under permits 065 - dpa - ma - 2014 and 019 - ic - fau / flo - dpzch - ma issued by ministerio del ambiente , ecuador .\nresearch funding was provided by universidad del azuay ( budget code fondos uda 2016 [ 39 , 2016 ] ) ; 2002 research training program ( national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution ) and the smithsonian women ' s committee ; programa \u201cbecas de excelencia\u201d , secretar\u00eda de educaci\u00f3n superior , ciencia , tecnolog\u00eda e innovaci\u00f3n ( senescyt ) , ecuador ; universidad san francisco de quito usfq ( chancellor ' s grant ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nbefore adding feedback , consider if it can be asked as a question instead , and if so then use the question tab . pointing out typos is fine , but authors are encouraged to accept only substantially helpful feedback .\nfollowing\nis like subscribing to any updates related to a preprint . these updates will appear in your home dashboard each time you visit peerj .\nyou can also choose to receive updates via daily or weekly email digests . if you are following multiple preprints then we will send you no more than one email per day or week based on your preferences .\nnote : you are now also subscribed to the subject areas of this preprint and will receive updates in the daily or weekly email digests if turned on . you can add specific subject areas through your profile settings .\npeerj feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj computer science feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json peerj preprint feeds - atom | rss 1 . 0 | rss 2 . 0 | json archives - peerj | peerj computer science | peerj preprints\n\u00a92012 - 2018 peerj , inc | public user content licensed cc by 4 . 0 unless otherwise specified .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nsometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name ."]}
{"id": 1301, "summary": [{"text": "schaefferia profundissima is a species of springtail ( arthropods ) endemic to the krubera-voronja cave system in georgia .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is one of the deepest terrestrial animal ever found on earth , living at > 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) below the cave entrance .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it was discovered in the cavex team expedition of 2010 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "schaefferia profundissima", "paragraphs": [".\na new species of schaefferia absolon , 1900 ( collembola : hypogastruridae )\n.\nkey ; deepest cave of the world ; deuteraphorura kruberaensis n . sp . ; biospeleology ; cavernicolous fauna ; anurida stereoodorata n . sp . ; plutomurus ortobalaganensis n . sp . ; schaefferia profundissima n . sp .\nin the black sea , researchers have found springtails in a deep cave \u2013 plutomurus ortobalaganensis at 1980 metres and schaefferia profundissima at 1600 meters . springtails are hexapods ( have six legs ) and these both like cheese !\n.\ntrois esp\u00e8ces nouvelles du genre schaefferia absolon , 1900 ( insecte , collembole )\n.\n.\nune nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de schaefferia d\u2019une grotte des etats - unis d\u2019am\u00e9rique ( collembola , hypogastruridae )\n.\namphipoda zenkevitchia sp . collembola schaefferia profundissima jordana & baquero , 2012 anurida stereoodorata jordana & baquero , 2012 deuteraphorura kruberaensis jordana & baquero , 2012 plutomurus ortobalaganensis jordana & baquero , 2012 coleoptera carabus sp . duvalius abyssimus reboleira & ortu\u00f1o , 2014 catops cavicis giachino , 2011 diptera trichocera ( saltrichocera ) maculipennis ( meigen 1818 )\ndescribed by rafael jordana and enrique baquero from university of navarra ( spain ) , they are known for science as : anurida stereoodorata , deuteraphorura kruberaensis , schaefferia profundissima and plutomurus ortobalaganensis . the last one is the deepest arthropod ever found , at the remarkable depth of 1 . 980 meters ( 2 , 165 yards ) below ground surface .\nthe arthropod , known as plutomurus ortobalaganensis , was discovered 1980 metres below the surface , where it feeds off fungi and other decaying matter . three other new species were also found lurking in the cave : anurida stereoodorata , deuteraphorura kruberaensis and schaefferia profundissima . all four species have been classified as springtails , a type of small primitive wingless insect . living in total darkness , the species all lack eyes . however , a . stereoodorata compensates for this with a highly specialised form of chemoreceptor .\njordana , rafael , baquero , enrique , reboleira , ana sofia & sendra , alberto , 2012 , reviews of the genera schaefferia absolon , 1900 , deuteraphorura absolon , 1901 , plutomurus yosii , 1956 and the anurida laboulb\u00e8ne , 1865 species group without eyes , with the description of four , terrestrial arthropod reviews 5 , pp . 35 - 85 : 41\nmore information : reviews of the genera schaefferia absolon , 1900 , deuteraphorura absolon , 1901 , plutomurus yosii , 1956 and the anurida laboulb\u00e8ne , 1865 species group without eyes , with the description of four new species of cave springtails ( collembola ) from krubera - voronya cave , arabika massif , abkhazi , terrestrial arthropod reviews , volume 5 ( 2012 ) pp . 1 - 51\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > vgcvjk2mti - gqyzfgjxurler . x - brill - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 232 . 247 . 97 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531172319074 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n1 : 1department of zoology and ecology , university of navarra , 31080 pamplona , spain e - mails : rjordana @ urltoken ; ebaquero @ urltoken ; 2 : 2department of biology , universidade de aveiro and cesam campus universit\u00e1rio de santiago , 3810 - 193 aveiro , portugal e - mail : sreboleira @ urltoken ; 3 : 3museu valenci\u00e0 d\u2019hist\u00f2ria natural ( fundaci\u00f3n entomol\u00f3gica torres sala ) paseo de la pechina 15 . 46008 valencia , spain e - mail : alberto . sendra @ urltoken\n.\nthe taxonomy and distribution of the genus anurida ( collembola : neanuridae ) in the northern palaearctic\n.\n.\nnew palaearctic species of the genus anurida ( collembola , neanurida )\n.\n.\nnuevas especies cavern\u00edcolas del g\u00e9nero onychiurus del grupo de o . boneti gisin , 1953 ( collembola : onychiuridae ) del karst de navarra y gipuzkoa ( espa\u00f1a )\n.\n.\nnuevos generos y especies de hipogastruridos de mexico ( collembola )\n.\n.\n\u00fcber einige theilweise neue collembolen aus den h\u00f6hlen der gegen von letmathe in westfalen\n.\n.\nsur un essai de classification des neanuridae holarctiques et sur quelques esp\u00e8ces de ce groupe ( collembola )\n.\n.\nfaune fran\u00e7aise des collemboles ( x ) esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ou peu connues des pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es et du sud - ouest\n.\n.\nfaune fran\u00e7aise des collemboles ix . les hypogastrura a . l . du massif du n\u00e9ouvielle ( hautes - pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es )\n.\n.\nthe collembola of north america , north of the rio grande\n.\n.\na new nearctic species of the genus tomocerus ( collembola : entomobryidae )\n.\n.\nsur quelques collemboles de la r\u00e9gion de banyuls ( pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es - orientales ) avec la description d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce troglobie\n.\n.\na new species of the genus plutomurus yosii , 1956 ( collembola , tomoceridae ) from georgian caves\n.\n.\nanurida frigida . a new species of collembola ( hypogastruridae ) from swedish lappland\n.\n.\narctic collembola . i \u2013 alaskan collembola of the families poduridae , hypogastruridae , odontellidae , brachystomellidae and neanuridae\n.\nnorth american springtails of the subfamily tomocerinae . proceedings of the united states national museum\n.\nnotes sur les collemboles , avec description de cinq esp\u00e8ces nouvelles d\u00e9couvertes dans le canton de gen\u00e8ve\n.\n.\na new species of the genus anurida laboulbene , 1985 ( collembola , neanuridae ) from romania\n.\n.\nespecies ib\u00e9ricas de hypogastrura ( ceratophysella ) de seis ojos con descripci\u00f3n de tres nuevas especies ( collembola , hypogastruridae )\n.\n.\nle genre plutomurus en russie et en g\u00e9orgie ( collembola , tomoceridae )\n.\n.\netude de la faune cor\u00e9enne des insectes collemboles vi . sur la famille des tomoceridae , \u00e9daphiques avec la description de quatre nouvelles esp\u00e8ces et d\u2019une nouvelle sous - esp\u00e8ce\n.\n.\nnew species of springtails of the genus hypogastrura s . l . in the north - eastern asia fauna\n.\n.\nonychiurus ( onychiurus ) diaelleni sp . n . , eine neue collembolenart aus der \u201craudner - h\u00f6hle\u201d ( steiermark )\n.\n.\nnuevos hypogastruridae anoftalmos ( collembola ) de cuevas y suelos de m\u00e9xico\n.\n.\nplutomurus carpaticus sp . n . ( collembola : tomoceridae ) from the carpathian mountains\n.\n.\na new humicolous species of plutomurus ( collembola , tomoceridae ) from hokkaido , north japan\n.\n.\ntwo new species of the family pseudachorutidae from mt . jizu , western yunnan , southwest china ( insecta : collembola )\n.\n.\nun nouveau genre d\u2019insectes collemboles onychiuridae cavernicoles des picos de europa ( espagne )\n.\n.\nnew species of the springtail genus anurida laboulb . ( collembola , neanuridae ) from the asiatic part of the ussr\n.\n.\ngeneric revision of onychiurinae ( collembola : onychiuridae ) with a cladistic analysis\n.\n.\nabout the proserpinae group of hypogastrura ( collembola ) in the caves of pref\n.\n.\nstudies on the collembolan family tomoceridae , with special reference to japanese forms\n.\n.\ntwo new species of collembola ( arthropleona : neanuridae , pseudachorutidae ) from shanghai , china\n.\njos\u00e9 h . schoereder ; tathiana g . sobrinho ; marcelo s . madureira ; carla r . ribas and paulo s . oliveira\nsubterranean community of krubera - voronya cave\nby alberto sendra and ana sofia p . s . reboleira\nscholar commons > usf libraries > environmental sustainability > ijs > vol . 41 ( 2012 ) > iss . 2\nalberto sendra , museu valenci\u00e0 d ' hist\u00f2ria natural ( fundaci\u00f3n entomol\u00f3gica torres sala ) paseo de la pechina 15 . 46008 valencia , spain follow ana sofia p . s . reboleira , universidade de aveiro , portugal follow\nsubsurface biota extends over a wide variety of habitats that can be spatially interconnected . the largest communities of this subsurface biota inhabit cavities and are well known mainly in caves where biologists are able to have access . data about deep subterranean communities and arthropods living under one thousand meters was unknown .\nthe biocoenosis and the vertical distribution of invertebrate fauna of krubera - voronja are provided , from its entrance to the remarkable depth of 2140 meters , including the discovery of world\u2019s deepest dwelling arthropod .\nsendra , alberto and ana sofia p . s . reboleira . 2012 . the world\u2019s deepest subterranean community - krubera - voronja cave ( western caucasus ) . international journal of speleology , 41 : 221 - 230 . available at : urltoken\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter .\nthis treatment is a stub . you can help plazi making the full treatment available by uploading the source publication .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nthe deepest - dwelling land animal in the world has been found almost 2 kilometres underground . fittingly , its home is krubera - voronja , the world ' s deepest cave , whose bottommost point is 2191 metres below its mouth . the cave is located near the black sea in abkhazia , a breakaway republic of georgia .\nthe animals were discovered by ana sofia reboleira from the university of aveiro , portugal , and alberto sendra of the valencian museum of natural history , spain . they were exploring the krubera - voronja cave as part of a 2010 expedition led by the ibero - russian cavex team .\nbefore this discovery , springtails had been found just half a kilometre below ground . in 1986 , ongulonychiurus colpus was found living 550 metres down in spanish caves , and last year , tritomurus veles was found at 430 metres in caves in croatia . the discovery of species living deep underground in total darkness gives new insights into the extreme conditions in which animals can survive . [ new scientist ]\nnew scientist reports , explores and interprets the results of human endeavour set in the context of society and culture , providing comprehensive coverage of science and technology news .\nkinja is in read - only mode . we are working to restore service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nsendra , a . & reboleira , a . s . p . s . ( 2012 ) . the world\u2019s deepest subterranean community - krubera - voronja cave ( western caucasus ) .\nan expedition to world\u2019s deepest cave , krubera - voronja in western caucasus , revealed an interesting subterranean community , living below 2000 meters and represented by more than 12 species of arthropods , including several new species for science . this deep cave biota is composed of troglobionts and also epigean species , that can penetrate until - 2140 m .\ninvertebrate fauna found in krubera - voronja cave : pseudoescorpiones neobisium ( blothrus ) birsteini lapschoff , 1940 opiliones nemaspela sp . araneae troglohyphantes sp . araneae gnaphosidae sp . indet acari sp . indet diplopoda chordeumatida sp . indet leucogeorgia sp . decapoda troglocaris sp .\nscientists have recently described the deepest terrestrial animal ever found , together with 4 new species for science . these animals are springtails ( arthropoda , insecta , collembola ) , a minute primitive wingless insect with six - legs and without eyes that live in total darkness .\nthese animals were collected during the biospeleological works of sofia reboleira , from the university of aveiro ( portugal ) and alberto sendra , from the valencian museum of natural history ( spain ) , both who were members of the ibero - russian cavex team expedition to the world ' s deepest cave , during the summer of 2010 .\nthe world ' s deepest cave , krubera - voronja , reaching nowadays the remarkable depth of - 2 . 191 meters below ground level , is located in abkhazia , a remote area near the black sea in the mountains of western caucasus , being the only cave in the world with more than 2 kilometres of depth .\n. in total absence of light and extreme low food resources , cave - dwelling animals have unique adaptations to subterranean life . they lack body pigmentation , they have no eyes and have been developing morpho - physological strategies for survival at such depth , during millions of years . one of the species has , for example , a spectacular chemoreceptor , a highly specialised type of the habitual post - antennal organ of the springtails .\nlast week the international journal of myriapodology published the first population genetic study of cave millipedes . this research highlights an important challenge in the conservation of cave biodiversity \u0096 that for . . .\n( physorg . com ) - - aberdeen scientists have photographed for the first time fish and shrimps at europe\u0092s deepest point - - 5111 meters or 3 . 2 miles deep below the surface of the mediterranean sea .\n( physorg . com ) - - it waits blindly in the darkness of granite caves in yosemite national park , moving little to conserve energy .\na northern arizona university doctoral candidate and a national park service researcher have discovered a new genus of cave cricket .\na research team led by professor michael chazan , director of the university of toronto ' s archaeology centre , has discovered the earliest evidence of our cave - dwelling human ancestors at the wonderwerk cave in south africa .\nthey are dark , sometimes forbidding landscapes molded by volcanic eruptions or subterranean streams , but caves are also home to a host of creatures strangely adapted to the underworld .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1305, "summary": [{"text": "steinernema scapterisci , the mole cricket nematode , is a species of nematode in the order rhabditida .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it is a parasite of insects in the order orthoptera , the grasshoppers , crickets and their allies .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it has been introduced into florida in the united states in an effort to provide a biological pest control of mole crickets . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "steinernema scapterisci", "paragraphs": ["steinernema scapterisci is a close relative of the insect - parasitic nematode steinernema carpocapsae .\n11 . a formulation as claimed in claim 10 in which the two or more species of steinernema are selected from the group comprising : steinernema feltiae ; stinernema scapterisci ; steinernema riobravis ; steinernema carpocapsae ; and steinernema krussei .\n16 . a formulation as claimed in claims 14 or 15 in which the at least one species of steinernema is selected from the group comprising : steinernema feltiae ; stinernema scapterisci ; steinernema riobravis ; steinernema carpocapsae ; and steinernema krussei .\ninfection of sound - trapped mole crickets , scapteriscus spp . , by steinernema scapterisci\n12 . a formulation as claimed in claim 10 in which the two species of steinernema are selected from the group comprising steinernema feltiae , steinernema krussei , and steinernema carpocapsae .\n. vertical dispersal of steinernema scapterisci . journal of nematology , 22 : 574 - 578 .\n17 . a formulation as claimed in claim 16 in which the at least one species of steinernema is selected from the group comprising : steinernema feltiae ; steinernema krussei and steinernema carpocapsae .\n. bacterial symbionts of steinernema scapterisci . journal of invertebrate pathology , 62 : 68 - 72 .\n. addendum to the morphology of steinernema scapterisci . journal of nematology , 24 : 478 - 481 .\n. pathogenicity of steinernema scapterisci to selected invertebrates . journal of nematology , 23 : 7 - 11 .\n. life cycle of steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart , 1990 . journal of nematology , 24 : 160 - 169 .\n. mode of entry and sites of development of steinernema scapterisci . journal of nematology , 23 : 267 - 268 .\n. steinernema scapterisci n . sp . ( steinernematidae : nematoda ) . journal of nematology , 22 : 187 - 199 .\nnguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1990b . vertical dispersal of steinernema scapterisci . journal of nematology 22 : 574 - 578 .\nanguillera mm , smart gc jr . 1992 . bacterial symbionts of steinernema scapterisci . journal of invertebrate pathology 62 : 68 - 72 .\nnguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1992b . addendum to the morphology of steinernema scapterisci . journal of nematology 24 : 478 - 481 .\nnguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1991a . pathogenicity of steinernema scapterisci to selected invertebrates . journal of nematology 23 : 7 - 11 .\n. preliminary studies on survival of steinernema scapterisci in soil . soil and crop science society of florida , proceedings , 49 : 230 - 233 .\nsince 1985 steinernema scapterisci has been detected in mole crickets collected from several other sites in alachua county , undoubtedly spread from our original release sites by infected mole crickets . by november 1998 , about 10 to 30 percent of mole crickets collected in alachua county , florida were infected with steinernema scapterisci .\nfigure 1 . mole cricket nematodes , steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart , emerging from a mole cricket . photograph by k . nguyen , university of florida .\nfigure 8 . mole cricket nematodes , steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart , emerging from a cockroach nymph . photograph by k . nguyen , university of florida .\nnguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1992a . life cycle of steinernema scapterisci nguyen and smart , 1990 . journal of nematology 24 : 160 - 169 .\nnguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1991b . mode of entry and sites of development of steinernema scapterisci . journal of nematology 23 : 267 - 268 .\nnguyen kb , smart gc . pathogenicity of steinernema scapterisci to selected invertebrates . j nematol . 1991 ; 23 ( 1 ) : 7\u201311 . pmid : 19283088\nnguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1990 . steinernema scapterisci n . sp . ( steinernematidae : nematoda ) . journal of nematology 22 : 187 - 199 .\n. development , reproduction , and pathogenicity of steinernema scapterisci in monoxenic culture with different species of bacteria . journal of invertebrate pathology , 62 : 289 - 294 .\naguillera mm , hodge nc , stall re , smart gc . bacterial symbionts of steinernema scapterisci . j invertebr pathol . 1993 ; 62 ( 1 ) : 68\u201372 .\nthis project was initiated in june 1999 to re - establish commercial production of steinernema scapterisci for mole cricket control in florida . in about one year , we have :\nnematicides were used on golf courses against plant - parasitic nematodes and doubtless would kill steinernema scapterisci . however , such chemicals no longer are labeled for that purpose by u . s . environmental protection agency . studies in the early 2000s showed that steinernema scapterisci is remarkably resistant to chemical insecticides . the effect of chemical herbicides on this nematode is unknown .\nnguyen kb , smart gc . steinernema scapterisci n . sp . ( rhabditida , steinernematidae ) . j nematol . 1990 ; 22 ( 2 ) : 187\u201399 . pmid : 19287709\nfigure 3 . spicules ( top ) and gubernaculum ( bottom ) of the mole cricket nematode , steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart . photographs by k . nguyen , university of florida .\nnguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1990a . preliminary studies on survival of steinernema scapterisci in soil . soil and crop science society of florida , proceedings 49 : 230 - 233 .\nnguyen kb , smart gc . life - cycle of steinernema - scapterisci nguyen and smart , 1990 . j nematol . 1992 ; 24 ( 1 ) : 160\u20139 . pmid : 19283218\n. inoculative release of steinernema scapterisci ( rhabditida : steinernematidae ) to suppress pest mole crickets ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) of golf courses . environmental entomology , 23 : 1331 - 1337 .\nfigure 6 . infective juvenile of the mole cricket nematode , steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart , with the head showing labial raising disc . photograph by k . nguyen , university of florida .\nanguillera mm , smart gc jr . 1992 . development , reproduction , and pathogenicity of steinernema scapterisci in monoxenic culture with different species of bacteria . journal of invertebrate pathology 62 : 289 - 294 .\naguillera mm , smart gc . development , reproduction , and pathogenicity of steinernema scapterisci in monoxenic culture with different species of bacteria . j invertebr pathol . 1993 ; 62 ( 3 ) : 289\u201394 .\ncitation : lu d , sepulveda c , dillman ar ( 2017 ) infective juveniles of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema scapterisci are preferentially activated by cricket tissue . plos one 12 ( 1 ) : e0169410 . urltoken\nnguyen , k . b . , smart , g . c . , jr . 1990 . steinernema scapterisci n . sp . ( rhabditida : steinernematidae ) . journal of nematology 22 : 187 - 199 .\nsteinernema scapterisci was successfully introduced by inoculative applications ( parkman et al . 1993 , 1994 ) in florida . since 1993 , this nematode has been commercialized in florida to control mole crickets in golf courses and pastures .\nbiological control , entomopathogenic nematode , mole cricket parasite , morphology , new species , neoaplectana , scapteriscus , steinernema scapterisci n . sp . , taxonomy , light microscopy ( lm ) , scanning electron microscopy ( sem )\n. biological control of mole crickets in the genus scapteriscus with the nematode steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart , 1990 . rencontres caraibes en lutte biologique , guadeloupe , 5 - 7 november 1990 . ed . inra , paris 1991 .\n30 . use of a formulation according to claim 1 to treat one or more of the tawny mole cricket and the southern mole cricket , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema scapterisci and two species of heterorhabditis .\nparkman jp , frank jh , nguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1994 . inoculative release of steinernema scapterisci ( rhabditida : steinernematidae ) to suppress pest mole crickets ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) of golf courses . environmental entomology 23 : 1331 - 1337 .\nparkman jp , frank jh , nguyen kb , smart gc jr . 1993 . dispersal of steinernema scapterisci ( rhabditida : steinernematidae ) after inoculative applications for mole cricket ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) control in pastures . biological control 3 : 226 - 232 .\n24 . a method as claimed in claim 22 in which the target insect is one or more of the tawny mole cricket and the southern mole cricket , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema scapterisci and two species of heterorhabditis .\nsteinernema biddulphi n . sp . can be distinguished from other steinernema species by means of a combination of morphological and morphometric characteristics of males and ijs . based on these data , steinernema biddulphi n . sp . belongs to the \u201c bicornutum \u201d clade within the steinernematidae family . molecular data show that within this clade , steinernema biddulphi n . sp . is sister to the pair of s . pakistanense and s . bifurcatum and this group is related to the pair of s . yirgalemense and s . abbasi .\nfigure 5 . a , b - face views of first generation females ; c - female tail ; d , e , f - double flapped epiptygma ; of the mole cricket nematode , steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart . photograph by k . nguyen , university of florida\nparkman jp , frank jh , nguyen kb , smart gc . inoculative release of steinernema - scapterisci ( rhabditida , steinernematidae ) to suppress pest mole crickets ( orthoptera , gryllotalpidae ) on golf - courses . environmental entomology . 1994 ; 23 ( 5 ) : 1331\u20137 .\na multigene approach for assessing evolutionary relationships of xenorhabdus spp . ( gamma - proteobacteria ) , the bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic steinernema nematodes\nin 1985 , a nematode parasite of mole crickets was brought from uruguay to florida . that nematode , which was described as a new species , steinernema scapterisci ( nguyen and smart 1990 ) , appears to be a major factor in limiting populations of mole crickets in south america .\ncomparative morphometrics ( in \u03bcm ) of infective juveniles of steinernema biddulphi n . sp . ; mean \u00b1 sd with ranges given in brackets .\nsome commercial companies may sell steinernema nematodes other than s . scapterisci as biopesticides for use against mole crickets . if the label does not tell you the species of nematode , then ask the supplier to give the name in writing . it is true than other steinernema species will kill mole crickets , at least to some extent , but do not expect them to give any residual activity because they are not known to reproduce in mole crickets .\ncomparative morphometrics ( in \u03bcm ) of first generation males of steinernema biddulphi n . sp . ; mean \u00b1 sd with ranges given in brackets .\nphylogenetic relationships of the species from \u201c bicornutum \u201d group and other related species of steinernema based on analysis of its rdna regions . steinernema nepalense and s . scapterisci was used as outgroup taxon . the percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test ( 10 , 000 replicates ) are shown next to the branches . branch lengths indicate evolutionary distances and are expressed in the units of number of base differences per site .\nsmart gc jr , nguyen kb , parkman jp , frank jh . 1990 . biological control of mole crickets in the genus scapteriscus with the nematode steinernema scapterisci nguyen and smart , , 1990 . rencontres caraibes en lutte biologique , guadeloupe , 5 - 7 november 1990 . ed . inra , paris 1991 .\nscapterisci ( rhabditida : steinernematidae ) after inoculative applications for mole cricket ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) control in pastures . biological control , 3 : 226 - 232 .\nmeeting held with a company in georgia to rear s . scapterisci in vivo ( 11 / 17 / 99 ) , confidentiality agreement completed and business plan submitted .\nmeeting held with uf , otl ( 1 / 20 / 00 ) , agreed to assist in locating a company to produce s . scapterisci using in vitro methods .\nphylogenetic relationships of the species from \u201c bicornutum \u201d group and other related species of steinernema based on analysis of d2 - d3 expansion segments of the 28s rdna . steinernema nepalense and s . scapterisci was used as outgroup taxon . the percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test ( 10 , 000 replicates ) are shown next to the branches . branch lengths indicate evolutionary distances and are expressed in the units of number of base differences per site .\nforeign company and uf , otl drafted an exclusive license agreement for production of s . scapterisci for sale in the u . s . ( 6 / 19 / 00 ) .\nsteinernema scapterisci was more pathogenic to insects tested in the order orthoptera than to those in the orders lepidoptera or hymenoptera ; it was not pathogenic to earthworms . the nematode also infected and killed the mole crickets scapteriscus acletus and s . vicinus when released four successive times at 10 - day intervals in containers of soil infested with the nematode .\n9 . a formulation as claimed in any preceding claim in which the first and second genus are selected from the group consisting of : steinernema ; and heterorhapditis .\nfurthermore , the first generation females of steinernema biddulphi n . sp . differ from the females of s . pakistanense and s . bifurcatum by having a postanal swelling .\n10 . a formulation as claimed in claim 9 in which the first genus ( majority species ) is steinernema and the second genus ( minority species ) is heterorhapditis .\n14 . a formulation as claimed in claim 9 in which the first genus ( majority species ) is heterorhapditis and the second genus ( minority species ) is steinernema .\nthe whole genome shotgun project for s . scapterisci has been deposited at ddbj / embl / genbank under the accession [ azbw00000000 ] . the version described in this paper is version azbw01000000 .\nnguyen kb , maruniak j , adams bj . diagnostic and phylogenetic utility of the rdna internal transcribed spacer sequences of steinernema . j nematol . 2001 ; 33 : 73\u201382 .\nmorphometric characters ( in \u03bcm ) of steinernema biddulphi n . sp . based on the holotype and 20 paratypes of each generations with mean \u00b1 sd and ranges given in brackets .\nparasitism is a major ecological niche for a variety of nematodes . multiple nematode lineages have specialized as pathogens , including deadly parasites of insects that are used in biological control . we have sequenced and analyzed the draft genomes and transcriptomes of the entomopathogenic nematode steinernema carpocapsae and four congeners ( s . scapterisci , s . monticolum , s . feltiae , and s . glaseri ) .\nmeeting held with richard gaskalla , fdacs / dpi ( 1 / 13 / 00 ) , determined that they would be receptive to rearing s . scapterisci if provided with the necessary funding and direction .\nreport with background information on mole cricket infestations , damage and efficacy of control by s . scapterisci prepared for fdacs ( 2 / 25 / 00 ) , report sent with justification for a federal appropriation .\nhox cluster architecture in steinernema . comparisons of the hox clusters of c . elegans , s . carpocapsae , and s . scapterisci . each cluster is mapped at the same scale , with the colored boxes representing different putative genes between the lin - 39 and ceh - 13 orthologs . genes marked in blue are specific to steinernema , not having orthologs in c . elegans . gray genes have a c . elegans ortholog , though they are not syntenic in the nematodes compared . genes marked in brown are unique , not having obvious orthologs in the other nematodes in this comparison\n32 . use of a formulation according to claim 1 to treat a root weevil , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of heterorhabditis megidis , and two species of steinernema .\nfigure 7 . diagram of the life cycle of steinernema scapterisci . g1 = first - generation adults , g2 = second - generation adults , j1 = first - stage juvenile , j2 = second - stage juvenile that may be the preinfective or non - preinfective stage , j3 = third stage noninfective juvenile , pi = preinfective stage , ij = third - stage infective juvenile , j4 = fourth - stage juvenile .\n26 . a method as claimed in claim 22 in which the target insect is a root weevil , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of heterorhabditis megidis , and two species of steinernema .\nmeeting held with uf , office of technology licensing ( 10 / 20 / 99 , 2 month delay ) , agreed that up front costs would be minimal for a license to sell s . scapterisci for mole cricket control .\n29 . use of a formulation according to claim 1 to treat one or more of sciarid larvae and fungus gnats , wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema felitae and two species of heterorhabditis .\nthe phylogenetic trees of the its and 28s genes were obtained by the minimum evolution method ( rzhetsky and nei , 1992 ) in mega 6 . 0 ( tamura et al . , 2013 ) . steinernema nepalense and steinernema scapterisci were used as outgroup . the minimum evolution tree was searched using the close - neighbor - interchange ( cni ) algorithm ( nei and kumar , 2000 ) . the neighbor - joining algorithm ( saitou and nei , 1987 ) was used to generate the initial tree . the evolutionary distances were computed using the p - distance method ( nei and kumar , 2000 ) and are expressed as the number of base differences per site .\nsleinemema scapterisci nguyen et smart , 1990 is recorded for the first time in argentina . this entomopathogenic nematode was found parasitizing the mole cricket scapteriscus borelli giglio - tos at the locality of colon ( province of buenos aires ) , argentina .\nnadler sa , bolotin e , stock sp . phylogenetic relationships of steinernema travassos , ( nematoda : cephalobina : steinernematidae ) based on nuclear , mitochondrial and morphological data . syst parasitol . 2006 ; 63 : 161\u201381 .\n23 . a method as claimed in claim 22 in which the target insect is one or more of sciarid larvae and fungus gnats , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema felitae and two species of heterorhabditis .\n34 . use of a formulation according to claim 1 to treat one or more of root weevils , wood borers , and scarabs , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of heterorhabditis bacteriophora and two species of steinernema .\nmeeting held with uf , otl , and a foreign company to discuss an agreement to produce in vitro and market s . scapterisci in the u . s . ( 4 / 13 / 00 ) , the company requested a 60 - day non - compete agreement .\n28 . a method as claimed in claim 22 in which the target insect is one or more of root weevils , wood borers , and scarabs , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of heterorhabditis bacteriophora and two species of steinernema .\nlee mm , stock sp . a multigene approach for assessing evolutionary relationships of xenorhabdus spp . ( gamma - proteobacteria ) , the bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic steinernema nematodes . j invertebr pathol . 2010 ; 104 ( 2 ) : 67\u201374 . pmid : 20102721\nmeeting held with fdacs , dpi and the mole cricket task force to determine the status of state funds requested to produce s . scapterisci and initiate a mole cricket control program ( 7 / 21 / 00 ) , appropriation is in a trust fund and project is unable to proceed .\nfigure 2 . males of the mole cricket nematode , steinernema scapterisci nguyen & smart n . sp . a ) spicules of the first - generation male showing angular head , ribs , and gubernaculum with anterior end bent upward . b ) variation in the tail shape of the first - generation males . c ) tail of the second - generation male showing elongate spicule head . d ) variation in tail shape of second - generation males . e ) entire body of the first - generation male . drawing by k . nguyen , university of florida .\n31 . use of a formulation according to claim 1 to treat one or more of root weevils , the tawny mole cricket , and the southern mole cricket , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema riobravis , and two species of heterorhabditis .\n25 . a method as claimed in claim 22 in which the target insect is one or more of root weevils , the tawny mole cricket , and the southern mole cricket , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema riobravis , and two species of heterorhabditis .\n33 . use of a formulation according to claim 1 to treat one or more of armyworms , cutworms , webworms , root weevils , wood borers , artichokes , and plume moths , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema carpocapsae and two species of heterorhabditis .\nnadler sa , bolotin e , stock sp . phylogenetic relationships of steinernema travassos , 1927 ( nematoda : cephalobina : steinernematidae ) based on nuclear , mitochondrial and morphological data . systematic parasitology . 2006 ; 63 ( 3 ) : 161\u201381 . epub 2006 / 03 / 17 . pmid : 16541298\nmeeting held with fdacs , dpi to plan production and prepare a budget , $ 281 , 000 year 1 ( 2 / 17 / 00 ) , planned a realistic structure and budget for solid culture of s . scapterisci , and delivered it to dr . martha roberts ( fdacs ) in the commissioner ' s office .\n27 . a method as claimed in claim 22 in which the target insect is one or more of armyworms , cutworms , webworms , root weevils , wood borers , artichokes , and plume moths , and wherein the cohort of infective juvenile nematodes consists of steinernema carpocapsae and two species of heterorhabditis .\na . house crickets were anesthetized at 4\u00b0c and were then put individually into the wells of a cryo storage box . each well was lined with a small piece of paper towel loaded with approximately 100 ijs of s . scapterisci suspended in 100 \u03bcl of tap water . b . about 3\u20134 infected crickets were transferred to white traps [ 31 ] .\nwe have identified a set of expanded gene families that are likely to be involved in parasitism . we have also identified a set of non - coding motifs associated with groups of orthologous genes in steinernema and caenorhabditis involved in neurogenesis and embryonic development that are likely part of conserved protein\u2013dna relationships shared between these two genera .\ncomparing activation rates of ijs exposed to different insect homogenates , mole cricket homogenate induced significantly higher activation than house cricket homogenate at 10 % ( p < 0 . 0001 ) , and 50 % ( p = 0 . 009 ) concentrations . both cricket homogenates induced significantly higher activation in s . scapterisci ijs than waxworm homogenate ( p < 0 . 0001 ) .\nsteinernema biddulphi sp . n . was reared on last instar of g . mellonella as described by kaya and stock ( 1997 ) . the first and second generation adults were obtained from the dissection of 3 - and 5 - d - old infected g . mellonella larvae , respectively . infective juveniles were collected approximately 1 wk after emergence from the cadavers .\ndillman ar , macchietto m , porter cf , rogers a , williams b , antoshechkin i , lee mm , goodwin z , lu x , lewis ee , goodrich - blair h , stock sp , adams bj , sternberg pw , mortazavi a . comparative genomics of steinernema reveals deeply conserved gene regulatory networks . genome biol , 2015 ; 16 ( ) : 200\nprotein gels showing the quantity and diversity of proteins secreted by activated ( 12h ) and non - activated ( na ) ijs . equal percentage of total volumes of concentrated proteins from non - activated and activated s . scapterisci ijs was loaded onto each gel . ijs were activated with 50 % cricket homogenate . a . a protein gel stained with colloidal coomassie blue . b . a protein gel with silver staining .\nthe effects of environmental factors ( such as temperature , moisture , aeration , and soil type [ esp . texture and chemistry ] ) and biotic factors ( species of epn , targeted insect , age of insect , soil fauna ) have been documented by numerous researchers ( gaugler and kaya , 1990 ; kaya and gaugler , 1993 ; shapiro - ilan et al . , 2012 ; grewal et al . , 2005a ; georgis et al . , 2006 ) . temperature range for survival and infectivity will depend on the species of epn and its native habitat and center of origin ( kaya , 1990 ) . for example , steinernema feltiae can be infective from 2 - 30\u00b0c , whereas some heterorhabditids can infect host insects from 7 to 35\u00b0c and steinernema carpocapsae is nearly inactive at 10\u00b0c ( kaya , 1990 ; georgis et al . , 2006 ; lacey et al . , 2006a ) .\nthe life cycle of s . biddulphi n . sp . is similar to other steinernema species . in an experimental infection of g . mellonella with a dose of 50 ijs per insect at a temperature of 22\u00b0c , the majority of insects were dead after 48 h , and fourth stage juveniles were present in the hosts . two amphimictic generations occur inside the host , and the first and second generation stages could be observed after 2 and 8 d of initial infection , respectively . infective juveniles appeared 10 d postinoculation .\ns . scapterisci ijs were exposed to three different host homogenates ; scapteriscus borellii , acheta domesticus , and galleria mellonella . the homogenates were made in different concentrations ( 10 % , 25 % , 50 % and crude ) . we were unable to test crude waxworm homogenate for technical reasons ; the crude homogenate was too thick to be separated from nematodes after exposure but we were able to test 10 % , 25 % , and 50 % waxworm homogenate . each of these activation experiments was collected and observed after 18 hours of exposure to the homogenate . ij activation was then quantified as described above .\nsteinernema biddulphi n . sp . lm of infective juvenile ( ij ) , male and female . a , c . first generation female . a . tail with postanal swelling . c . vulval region . b , d . second generation female . b . tail with postanal swelling . d . vulval region . e . first generation male , tail with spicules and gubernaculum . f . second generation male , tail with spicules and gubernaculum . g , h . ij . g . anterior portion showing rounded head and excretory pore ( arrow ) . h . tail with anus and hyaline region .\nsteinernema biddulphi n . sp . a . first generation male , tail with spicules and gubernaculum , lateral . b . first generation female , vulval region . c . first generation female , tail . d . second generation female , vulval region . e . second generation female , conical tail . f , g . infective juvenile . f . anterior region showing excretory pore and nerve ring . g . tail showing anus and hyaline region . ( scale bar in micrometers : a = 58 ; b = 143 ; c = 68 ; d = 71 , e = 61 ; f = 91 ; g = 75 ) .\nin recent years , several surveys have been conducted in south africa resulting in the recovery of eight new steinernematid species , namely steinernema khoisanae ( nguyen et al . , 2006 ) , s . citrae ( stokwe et al . , 2011 ) , s . sacchari ( nthenga et al . , 2014 ) , s . tophus ( cimen et al . , 2014 ) , s . innovationi ( cimen et al . , 2015 ) , s . jeffreyense ( malan et al . , 2015 ) , s . beitlechemi ( cimen et al . , 2016 ) , and s . fabii ( abate et al . , 2016 ) .\nbased on the blast search and phylogenetic analysis of the concatenated sequences , sequences of the 16s rdna and reca and gyrb genes ( data not shown ) , the symbiotic bacterium of s . biddulphi n . sp . ( bacterial strain sgi - 246 ) seems to be most closely related to xenorhabdus indica ( blast similarities 98 % for 16s rdna , and 97 % for reca and gyrb genes ) . this bacterium was found in association with other nematodes from the \u201c bicornutum \u201d group , namely steinernema abbasi ( somvanshi et al . , 2006 ) , s . yirgalamense ( ferreira et al . , 2016 ) , and s . bifurcatum ( shahina et al . , 2014 ) .\nsteinernema biddulphi n . sp . scanning electron microscopy of infective juvenile ( ij ) , male and female . a\u2013c . ij . a . head region with horn - like structures . b . lateral field in mid - body ( ridges numbered 1 to 6 ) . c . lateral field in tail region . d . first generation female , tail , and four projections on tip of the tail ( arrow ) . e , f . second generation female . e . tail with postanal swelling . f . vulva . g . first generation male , tail with paired genital papillae ( numbered ) and single papilla ( s ) , lateral . h , i . second generation male . h . tail with paired genital papillae , single papilla ( s ) and mucron ( arrow ) . i . tail with a part of paired genital papilae ( numbered ) , mucron ( arrow ) , and phasmid opening ( p ) , ventro - lateral .\ns . scapterisci activation was categorized based on 3 morphological features ( fig 2 ) \u2014 ( 1 ) the mouth being open or closed , ( 2 ) the state of the anterior gut , or the opening of the gut immediately posterior to the pharyngeal bulb , and ( 3 ) expansion of pharyngeal bulb and how pronounced it appeared . if an individual nematode had all three characteristics ( an open mouth , an open and expanded anterior gut , and an expanded and visible pharyngeal bulb ) they were considered fully activated ( fig 2c ) . if the nematode had a visible pharyngeal bulb , though had not proceeded to a further stage of activation as indicated by the gut and mouth opening , it was considered partially activated ( fig 2d ) . if the nematode had no visible pharyngeal bulb , it was considered non - activated ( fig 2b ) . non - activated nematodes were generally still ensheathed , though presence of the l2 cuticle sheath was not used to determine nematode activation . dead nematodes were not counted . any nematodes that had developed beyond l3 into l4 or even adulthood were counted as fully activated .\nproteins were denatured by sds sample buffer ( final 1x buffer : 50 mm trishcl ph6 . 8 , 2 % sds , 2 . 5 % ficoll , 0 . 01 % bromophenol blue , and 0 . 1 m dtt ) and heating for 10 min in boiling water before being loaded to the 4\u201315 % mini - protean\u00ae tgx\u2122 precast gels ( biorad , 456\u20131084 ) . protein molecular weights were marked by the precision plus protein dual color standards ( biorad , # 1610374 ) . the electrophoresis was run at 100 volts for 60\u201390 min and the gels were stained by colloidal coomassie blue [ 35 ] or by the pierce silver staining kit ( pierce , # 24600 ) . equal percentages of the total volumes of collected proteins from non - activated and activated s . scapterisci ijs were loaded onto each gel . 10 % of protein volumes of activated ( total 210 \u03bcl x 1 . 08 \u03bcg / \u03bcl ) and non - activated ( total 200 \u03bcl x 0 . 008 \u03bcg / \u03bcl ) ijs were loaded onto the gel for colloidal coomassie blue staining ; for the silver staining , the volumes were 1 % of the total collected proteins .\nconserved non - coding networks in steinernema and caenorhabditis . a a hierarchically clustered heat map of 30 derived regulatory motifs and the go terms that the target genes of these motifs are enriched in . only motif - go term associations that are shared between s . carpocapsae and c . elegans are shown . p - values depicted are from c . elegans associations . colored arrows point to single go term or groups of go terms that belong to the four developmental categories shown . b a network of conserved s . carpocapsae and c . elegans motif - target gene associations related to neurogenesis go terms . only nodes for motifs and downstream genes with degrees \u22655 are shown in the network . c a network of conserved s . carpocapsae and c . elegans motif - target gene associations related to muscle go terms . only nodes for motifs and downstream genes with degrees \u22655 are shown in the network . d zag - 1 gene model in s . carpocapsae and c . elegans showing conserved motifs , and well as conserved regulatory modules ( clusters of conserved motifs ) . sequence conservation tracks are displayed below each gene model . associations between zag - 1 and motifs are highlighted in red in the neurogenesis network . go gene ontology\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmale , second generation : a second generation male is similar morphologically to that of the first generation except that it is about two - thirds as long and one - half as wide and the spicules have an elongate head .\nfemale , first generation : anteriorly , the female is similar to the male but much larger . lateral fields and phasmids not observed . six labial papillae and four cephalic papillae present . stoma with prominent cheilorhabdions unusually thickened , appearing as a circular or hexagonal ring in face view . esophagus typical of family . esophago - intestinal valve large . excretory pore located anteriorly to mid - metacorpus .\nexcretory duct unusually prominent forming an elliptically - shaped structure seemingly with a hole at the center . gonads didelphic , amphidelphic , reflexed . vulva appears as a transverse slit with a prominent double - flapped epiptygma . tail length shorter than anal body width , with a mucron at end .\nfemales , second generation : second generation female similar morphologically to that of the first generation with the following exceptions : about one - half as long and two - thirds as wide , valve in basal bulb of esophagus more prominent , elliptically - shaped structure less prominent , tail , which tapers to a point bearing a mucron , longer than body width at anus .\ninfective juveniles ( third stage ) : the infective stage , when newly formed , is always enclosed in the cuticle of the second - stage juvenile as a sheath . however , the sheath is lost rather easily , even in storage , and thus may not always be present . body thin , head with a labial raising disc ; lip region not offset , oral aperture not observed ; six labial , four cephalic papillae and an elevated oral disc prominent . esophagus degenerate and thus not seen clearly , but its basal bulb is elongate and has a valve . lateral field with six incisures . tail tapers gradually dorsally but abruptly ventrally .\nthree years after the nematode was released , a few mole crickets collected in a farm 10 miles from the nearest release site were found infected with the nematode . by the fifth year , 25 to 65 percent of the mole crickets collected at this farm were infected ( smart et al . 1990 ) .\nin 1990 and 1991 , the nematode was released in pastures in six different counties and on nearly 30 golf courses in florida . it has become established and has reduced populations of mole crickets in all of the pastures .\nmcsorley r . ( july 1997 ) . soil - inhabiting nematodes . uf / ifas featured creatures . eeny - 12 . ( august 1999 ) .\nnguyen kb . ( may 1999 ) . mole cricket control by entomopathogenic nematodes . uf / ifas . ( no longer available online )\nnguyen kb . ( february 1999 ) . taxonomy of entomopathogenic nematodes . uf / ifas . ( no longer available online )\nnguyen kb . ( february 1998 ) . symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes . uf / ifas . ( no longer available online )\nsmart gc jr , nguyen kb . 1995 . biological control of orthoptera pest insects . united state patent , patent number 5 , 466 , 448 , date of patent : november , 14 1995 .\npublication date : june 1999 . latest revision : june 2014 . reviewed : april 2017 .\nby switching countries your current shopping cart will be cleared . are you sure ?\nyour account has been locked . enter your user name and click submit . an email will be sent to you with instructions .\ndon ' t see what you are looking for ? our technical support team may be able to help .\nbiosafety classification is based on u . s . public health service guidelines , it is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that their facilities comply with biosafety regulations for their own country .\nthis material is cited in a us or other patent and may not be used to infringe the claims . depending on the wishes of the depositor , atcc may be required to inform the patent depositor of the party to which the material was furnished .\ncustomers located in the state of hawaii will need to contact the hawaii department of agriculture to determine if an import permit is required . a copy of the permit or documentation that a permit is not required must be sent to atcc in advance of shipment .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2017 lu et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : this work was supported by the national institutes of health , national institute of allergy and infectious diseases . k22 career transition award ai119155 to ard . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ngalleria mellonella waxworms used for activation experiments were purchased from crittergrub ( urltoken ) . once received , waxworms were immediately sorted to remove dead ones , and the healthy waxworms were frozen at - 80\u00b0c until used . acheta domesticus house crickets ( american cricket ranch , lakeside , ca ) were immediately sorted to remove dead ones , and the healthy crickets were frozen at - 80\u00b0c until used . scapteriscus borellii mole crickets used for activation experiments were collected from the rio hondo golf course ( downey , ca ) as previously described [ 33 ] . adult mole crickets were fed a diet of wheat germ ( 15 g agar , 166 g wheat germ , 900\u20131000 ml h 2 o ) and water ad libitum until used . healthy adult mole crickets were frozen at - 80\u00b0c prior to use in activation experiments .\nto recover nematodes from the small - scale activation assays , tap water was added to soak the sponge pieces in the petri dish for 5 min and the nematode suspension was transferred to a 15 ml tube . the process was repeated two more times and all nematodes were combined in one 15 ml tube . the nematodes were pelleted by centrifugation at 700 rcf for 1 min and washed 3 times with tap water . the supernatant was removed leaving ~ 1 . 5 ml of nematode suspension . aliquots of the nematode suspension were visualized with a compound microscope at the 10 x 40 magnification and scored for activation . higher magnification was occasionally used when the morphology was unclear . 3\u20134 aliquots were quantified per treatment meaning that 150\u2013600 nematodes were used for each replicate .\nthe mouth , pharynx , and anterior gut are marked in these images by red arrows and labeled m , p , and g respectively . a . schematic drawing illustrating the morphological features of an activated ij on the left and a non - activated ij on the right . in the non - activated ij the pharynx and anterior gut can be difficult to visualize . b . two pictures showing the opaque morphology of non - activated ijs . the mouth is closed , the anterior gut is closed , and the pharyngeal bulb is not visible . c . two pictures showing the visible morphology of activated ijs . these fully activated ijs have visibly open mouths and stoma . they have expanded pharyngeal bulbs and the anterior gut is open . d . this picture shows a nematode scored as partially active because the pharyngeal bulb is only partially expanded .\nijs were exposed to insect homogenate for different amounts of time : 6 , 12 , 18 , 24 , and 30 hours . though a 3 - hour exposure was initially tested , it was too difficult to reliably distinguish morphological characteristics . for the time course we used 50 % acheta domesticus homogenate , made as described above .\nstatistical analysis was performed using graphpad prism 6 . 04 . standard statistical tests were used for all experiments , as described in the figure legends . one - way anovas were conducted to compare experimental effects among different exposure times to 50 % house cricket homogenate and the effects of the percentage of host homogenate on activation and partial activation . unpaired t tests were used to compare the experimental effects between two treatments within an experiment ( e . g . differences between two time points of the time course activation or differences between two homogenate concentrations within an experiment ) .\ncomparing activation rates for each type of host homogenate we found that for house cricket homogenate , 25 % , 50 % , and crude homogenate all produced significantly higher activation than 10 % homogenate ( p < 0 . 0001 ) ( fig 5a and s2 file ) . 50 % and crude house cricket homogenate both induced significantly higher activation than 25 % homogenate ( p < 0 . 0001 ) , and crude homogenate induced significantly higher activation than 50 % homogenate ( p = 0 . 04 ) . using mole cricket homogenate , there was no significant difference in activation between 10 % and 25 % homogenate , but 50 % and crude homogenate both induced significantly higher activation than 10 % or 25 % homogenate ( p\u22640 . 03 ) ( fig 5b and s2 file ) . there was no significant difference between 50 % and crude homogenate . using waxworm homogenate , 25 % and 50 % homogenate both induced significantly more activation than 10 % homogenate ( p\u22640 . 002 ) ( fig 5c ) , but there was no significant difference between 25 % and 50 % waxworm homogenate .\nto study ij activation we first identified quantifiable morphologic changes that could be used to differentiate between activated and non - activated ijs ( fig 2 ) . we found that by examining the state of the mouth , pharyngeal bulb , and anterior gut , we could reliably distinguish between non - activated , partially activated , and fully activated ijs ( fig 2 ) . some early - activated ijs developed to l4 and young adult stages when incubated for more than 18 hours in cricket homogenate and in this study we categorized those as fully activated ijs . in future studies it may be informative to distinguish between activated ijs and nematodes that have developed beyond the activated l3 stage .\ns2 file . activation data using different insect homogenates and different concentrations of homogenate .\nwe thank john rodriguez and the rio hondo golf course grounds crew for access to the grounds for collecting mole crickets ; sudarshan aryal and dennis chang for collecting and maintaining mole crickets and for providing feedback on the manuscript ; tiffany baiocchi , edwin lewis , and byron adams for insightful comments on the manuscript .\nkaya hk , gaugler r . entomopathogenic nematodes . annu rev entomol . 1993 ; 38 : 181\u2013206 .\nlewis ee , clarke dj . nematode parasites and entomopathogens . in : vega fe , kaya hk , editors . insect pathology . 2nd ed : elsevier ; 2012 . p . 395\u2013424 .\ndillman ar , guillermin ml , lee jh , kim b , sternberg pw , hallem ea . olfaction shapes host - parasite interactions in parasitic nematodes . proc natl acad sci usa . 2012 ; 109 ( 35 ) : e2324\u201333 . epub 2012 / 08 / 02 . pubmed central pmcid : pmc3435218 . pmid : 22851767\nhallem ea , dillman ar , hong av , zhang y , yano jm , demarco sf , et al . a sensory code for host seeking in parasitic nematodes . current biology . 2011 ; 21 : 377\u201383 . pmid : 21353558\ncastelletto ml , gang ss , okubo rp , tselikova aa , nolan tj , platzer eg , et al . diverse host - seeking behaviors of skin - penetrating nematodes . plos pathogens . 2014 ; 10 ( 8 ) : e1004305 . pubmed central pmcid : pmc4133384 . pmid : 25121736\ngang ss , hallem ea . mechanisms of host seeking by parasitic nematodes . molecular and biochemical parasitology . 2016 ; 208 ( 1 ) : 23\u201332 . pubmed central pmcid : pmcpmc4993646 . pmid : 27211240\nmorran lt , penley mj , byrd vs , meyer aj , o ' sullivan ts , bashey f , et al . nematode - bacteria mutualism : selection within the mutualism supersedes selection outside of the mutualism . evolution ; international journal of organic evolution . 2016 ; 70 ( 3 ) : 687\u201395 . pubmed central pmcid : pmcpmc4801668 . pmid : 26867502\nmurfin ke , dillman ar , foster jm , bulgheresi s , slatko be , sternberg pw , et al . nematode - bacterium symbioses - cooperation and conflict revealed in the\nomics\nage . biol bull - us . 2012 ; 223 ( 1 ) : 85\u2013102 .\ndillman ar , chaston jm , adams bj , ciche ta , goodrich - blair h , stock sp , et al . an entomopathogenic nematode by any other name . plos pathogens . 2012 ; 8 ( 3 ) : e1002527 . pmid : 22396642\nconditions . j invertebr pathol . 2000 ; 75 : 55\u20138 . pmid : 10631058\nsicard m , le brun n , pages s , godelle b , boemare n , moulia c . effect of native\nhosts : contrasting types of interaction . parasitology research . 2003 ; 91 ( 6 ) : 520\u20134 . pmid : 14557877\nsicard m , ramone h , le brun n , pages s , moulia c . specialization of the entomopathogenic nematode\nbonifassi e , saux mfl , boemare n , lanois a , laumond c , smart g . gnotobiological study of infective juveniles and symbionts of\n: a model to clarify the concept of the natural occurrence of monoxenic associations in entomopathogenic nematodes . j invertebr pathol . 1999 ; 74 ( 2 ) : 164\u201372 . pmid : 10486229\nemelianoff v , sicard m , le brun n , moulia c , ferdy jb . effect of bacterial symbionts\nnguyen kb . a new nematode parasite of mole crickets : its taxonomy , biology and potential for biological control . gainesville , florida : university of florida ; 1988 .\nmole crickets . in : hajek ae , editor . use of microbes for control and eradication of invasive arthropods . progress in biological control . 6 . the netherlands : springer ; 2009 . p . 115\u201331 .\nfrank jh , walker tj . permanent control of pest mole crickets ( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae :\nnguyen kb , hunt dj , mracek z . steinernematidae : species and descriptions . in : nguyen kb , hunt dj , editors . entomopathogenic nematodes : systematics , phylogeny and bacterial symbionts . boston : brill ; 2007 . p . 121\u2013609 .\npoinar go jr . nematodes for biological control of insects . boca raton : crc press ; 1979 .\nadams bj , peat sm , dillman ar . phylogeny and evolution . in : nguyen kb , hunt dj , editors . entomopathogenic nematodes : systematics , phylogeny , and bacterial symbionts . nematology monographs and perspectives . 5 . leiden - boston : brill ; 2007 . p . 693\u2013733 .\nprice pw . evolutionary biology of parasites . princeton , nj : princeton university press ; 1980 .\nthompson jn . the coevolutionary process . chicago , il : university of chicago press ; 2009 .\nkaya hk , stock sp . techniques in insect nematology . in : lacey l , editor . manual of techniques in insect pathology . san diego , ca : academic press limited ; 1997 .\nmcmullen jg , stock sp . in vivo and in vitro rearing of entomopathogenic nematodes ( steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae ) . jove - j vis exp . 2014 ; ( 91 ) : e52096 .\nwhite gf . a method for obtaining infective nematode larvae from cultures . science . 1927 ; 66 ( 1709 ) : 302\u20133 .\ndillman ar , cronin cj , tang j , gray da , sternberg pw . a modified mole cricket lure and description of\n( orthoptera : gryllotalpidae ) range expansion and calling song in california . environmental entomology . 2014 ; 43 ( 1 ) : 146\u201356 . pmid : 24472207\nbedding ra . low cost in vitro mass production of neoaplectana and heterorhabditis species ( nematoda ) for field control of insect pests . nematologica . 1981 ; 27 : 109\u201314 .\nneuhoff v , arold n , taube d , ehrhardt w . improved staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels including isoelectric - focusing gels with clear background at nanogram sensitivity using coomassie brilliant blue g - 250 and r - 250 . electrophoresis . 1988 ; 9 ( 6 ) : 255\u201362 . pmid : 2466658\nlee jh , dillman ar , hallem ea . temperature - dependent changes in the host - seeking behaviors of parasitic nematodes . bmc biology . 2016 ; 14 .\ncassada rc , russell rl . the dauerlarva , a post - embryonic developmental variant of the nematode\nbalasubramanian n , hao yj , toubarro d , nascimento g , simoes n . purification , biochemical and molecular analysis of a chymotrypsin protease with prophenoloxidase suppression activity from the entomopathogenic nematode\ntoubarro d , avila mm , montiel r , simoes n . a pathogenic nematode targets recognition proteins to avoid insect defenses . plos one . 2013 ; 8 ( 9 ) : e75691 . pubmed central pmcid : pmc3787073 . pmid : 24098715\nlewis ee , grewal ps , gauger r . hierarchical order of host cues in parasite foraging strategies . parasitology . 1995 ; 110 : 207\u201313 .\nlewis ee , ricci m , gaugler r . host recognition behavior predicts host suitability in the entomopathogenic nematode\ndillman ar , sternberg pw . entomopathogenic nematodes . current biology : cb . 2012 ; 22 ( 11 ) : r430\u20131 . epub 2012 / 06 / 09 . pmid : 22677279\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe full text of this article is available as a pdf ( 1 . 7m ) .\nthe full text of this article is available as a pdf ( 381k ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nijs in the wells of a plastic cryo storage box with 100 slots designed for 1 . 5 ml microtubes ( e . g . , vwr cat # 40000\u2013322 ) , with the lid removed . a sheet of transparent plastic was cut to fit the top of the box and cover all the wells to prevent crickets from escaping ; small holes were punched in the plastic for aeration . single layers of paper towels ( ~ 4 cm x 4 cm ) were pushed into the wells of the microtube storage box using a pen to make infection chambers . about 100 ijs of\n) . the box was covered by the plastic sheet described above , which was pushed against the wells using a slightly smaller freezer box ( e . g . , vwr cat # 82007\u2013162 ) . the boxes were securely bound together by rubber bands or tape . the infection boxes were incubated for 2 days in the dark at 25\u00b0c . dead crickets , presumably infected , were transferred to white traps [\n] in which a piece of 5 . 5 cm filter paper was raised by the lid of a 3 . 5 cm petri dish in a 10 cm petri dish with a thin layer of tap water ( about 2 mm deep ) (\n) \u2014 ( 1 ) the mouth being open or closed , ( 2 ) the state of the anterior gut , or the opening of the gut immediately posterior to the pharyngeal bulb , and ( 3 ) expansion of pharyngeal bulb and how pronounced it appeared . if an individual nematode had all three characteristics ( an open mouth , an open and expanded anterior gut , and an expanded and visible pharyngeal bulb ) they were considered fully activated ("]}
{"id": 1310, "summary": [{"text": "the southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla , is an ocean-going species of game fish in the barracuda family , or sphyraenidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was described by the cuban zoologist felipe poey .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the description was part of a two-volume work , which poey published in 1860 , entitled historia natural de la isla de cuba or natural history of the island of cuba .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "southern sennet are sometimes used as a food fish , and marketed either fresh or frozen .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "although they are generally harmless , southern sennet have been linked to ciguatera poisoning . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "southern sennet", "paragraphs": ["the southern sennet has a range from florida to louisiana . as you can probably see the southern sennet is closely related the great barracuda yet is considerably smaller . the southern sennet is a predatory fish that feeds on fish , shrimp and squid . good to eat though not commonly caught and utilized .\na giant barracuda is leading a school of southern sennet - - another type of barracuda . so unusual to see . the video was taken on my 500th dive at invisibles on bonaire .\ngreenish or grayish above , with silvery sides marked by numerous dark blotches . tall widely forked with pointed lobes . two other members of the cuda family might be encountered . the fairly uncommon southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla , grows to about 18 inches , but looks very similar to the bigger cuda and is usually found in schools . the guaguanche , sphyraena guachancho , is much like the sennet in size , shape and rarity . it can be distinguished by a yellow or gold mid - body stripe .\nmiller and jorgenson ( 1969 ) reported the southern sennet from st . simons beach . struhsaker ( 1969 ) considered the other three species to be coastal , and bearden ( 1961b ) listed them from south carolina . i collected one small guaguanche at sapelo beach . barracudas are rarely found inshore along georgia , and are represented inshore by juveniles .\ndaly , r . j . 1970 . systematics of southern florida anchovies ( pisces : engraulidae ) . bull . mar . sci . gulf caribbean 20 ( 1 ) : 70 - 104 .\nin southern nigeria , west africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups . barracuda meat is smoked is because when cooked fresh , the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup .\nlisted in this family are 14 species that occur within or are likely to occur within the range of the estuaries and coastal habitat . struhsaker ( 1969 ) lists five additional species which represent three additional genera for offshore waters . on the georgia coast , the summer flounder and southern flounder are the only flatfishes that are important in the sport and commercial fisheries .\nirl distribution : barracuda , especially juveniles , are found throughout the lagoon in mangrove and seagrass habitats ( fah 1976 ) where food and shelter are prominent . however , the distribution of the species in the irl may be linked in part to temperature . a study conducted by kupschus & tremain ( 2001 ) showed that the majority of fish collected were alongside other tropical and subtropical species at the southern end of the lagoon .\nactivity time : fah ( 1976 ) found that s . barracuda in the indian river lagoon are a diurnal species ( active during the day ) , feeding in seagrass and mangrove habitats two hours after sunrise to about two hours before sunset . the great barracuda shares a similar diet with the northern sennet , s . borealis , which is a nocturnal feeder most active between 3 : 00 am and approximately two hours before sunrise . differences in activity time between these two species are thought to be a method of niche separation to reduce competition for food resources .\nii . habitat and distribution regional occurrence : the range of s . barracuda is nearly circumtropical , encompassing the warm waters of most oceans . the species is rarely found in northern areas where winter temperatures dip below 20\u00b0c for extended periods of time . however , some individuals have been found in the cooler waters off the coast of the northeast united states , south africa and japan ( de sylva 1963 ) . on the east coasts of north , central and south america , the range of the great barracuda extends from massachusetts to southern brazil ( robins et al 1986 ) .\nreproduction : reproduction for s . barracuda occurs sexually through external fertilization . sexual maturity is reached between the second and third year for males , and the third to fourth year for females . barracudas do not exhibit sexual dimorphism , and sex can only be determined upon examination of the gonads . adults spawn between april and october in southern florida ( de sylva 1963 ) , releasing eggs and sperm into the water column . literature detailing spawning behavior in the great barracuda is lacking . however , in similar species , females may spawn several times in one season , releasing over 500 , 000 eggs each time ( de sylva 1963 ) .\ngreek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 65 m ( ref . 9626 ) . tropical ; 32\u00b0n - 38\u00b0s , 97\u00b0w - 32\u00b0w\nwestern atlantic : bermuda , florida ( usa ) , and the bahamas to uruguay .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 61 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ; common length : 36 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3819 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 1 kg ( ref . 40637 )\ninhabits coastal waters . found in rocky or coral reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . more abundant over muddy bottoms . juveniles are encountered in seagrass beds ( ref . 9626 ) . often occurs in large schools , sometimes near the surface ( ref . 9626 ) . marketed fresh and frozen .\nrobins , c . r . and g . c . ray , 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 354 p . ( ref . 7251 )\n) : 22 . 7 - 28 , mean 26 . 1 ( based on 402 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00589 ( 0 . 00298 - 0 . 01164 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 48 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntropical and subtropical . distribution : atlantic , indian , and pacific oceans . elongated body . large - mouthed with the lower jaw projecting forward bearing strong fanglike teeth . upper jaw non - protractile , an adaptation to feeding on large prey . well - developed lateral line . gill rakers vestigial . position of pectoral fins relatively low . dorsal fins far apart . first dorsal fin with 5 spines ; second dorsal with 1 spine and 9 soft rays . vertebrae 24 ( 11 + 13 ) . usually to 1 . 8 m maximum length ; could grow longer . voracious predators of other fishes . attacks on humans have been reported . pelagic spawning in schools . food and game fishes , but large specimens may be ciguatoxic .\ngreek , sphyraina = a fish similar to an iron pin , a pike like fish , 1849 ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ninhabits coastal waters . found in rocky or coral reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . more abundant over muddy bottoms . juveniles are encountered in seagrass beds ( ref . 9626 ) . often occurs in large schools , sometimes near the surface ( ref . 9626 ) . marketed fresh and frozen .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\njuvenile sphyraena barracuda , like the one pictured above , inhabit seagrass beds and areas around mangroves where food and shelter are prominent . photo l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\nadult s . barracuda in the florida keys . as barracuda grow larger , their coloration and pattern changes from the juvenile form seen above . solitary or small schools of adults are typically found on coral reefs . photo kathleen gifford , florida institute of technology .\nsynonomy : esox barracuda walbaum 1792 s . picuda bloch & schneider 1801 s . becuna lac\u00e9p\u00e8de 1803 s . commersoni cuvier 1829 s . dussumieri cuvier 1829 s . agam r\u00fcppell 1835 s . affinis r\u00fcppell 1835 s . nuageuse lienard 1843 s . kadenar montrouzier 1857 s . snodgrassi jenkins 1901 s . akerstromi whitley 1947 s . microps marshall 1953\nspecies description : the body of sphyraena barracuda is elongate to slightly compressed with small , cycloid scales . the head is long and pointed with a large , nearly horizontal jaw fitted with variably - sized flattened or conical canine teeth that extend to the roof of the mouth . two short dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first located opposite or directly behind the pelvic fins , and the second opposite the anal fin .\niii . life history and population biology age , size , lifespan : adult s . barracuda commonly reach 2m , with a maximum reported length of 2 . 3m ( russell 2002 ) . the maximum age of barracuda is unknown , but the typical lifespan may often exceed 14 years ( de sylva 1963 ) .\nabundance : while the great barracuda is generally a solitary species , juveniles and young adults are commonly found in seagrass beds and alongside mangrove forests . studies conducted in the indian river lagoon documented a catch of 376 individuals ranging from 122 to 840 mm over a 17 - month period from 1996 to 1998 ( kupschus & tremain 2001 ) .\nembryology : little is known about the embryology of s . barracuda . de sylva ( 1963 ) documented the collection of eggs from the ovaries of females , describing them as translucent and 0 . 74 to 0 . 81mm in diameter . however , these eggs were most likely immature and all attempts to culture embryos in the laboratory were unsuccessful .\niv . physical tolerances temperature : distribution of s . barracuda is primarily restricted to tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide , suggesting a narrow thermal tolerance in the species . in the indian river lagoon , hunting activity and gut contents of the great barracuda declined in cold / dry seasons . laboratory studies revealed less prey stalking activity in juveniles kept in water below 15\u00b0c than in those maintained at 21 - 27\u00b0c ( fah 1976 ) . galloway ( 1941 ) observed high mortality in barracudas in the florida keys during january 1940 , when water temperatures dropped to 6\u00b0c .\nsalinity : juvenile s . barracuda are common in estuaries where salinity may fluctuate seasonally and during tidal cycles by = 20 ppt . adults are found primarily in nearshore and coral reef areas where salinities are stable at approximately 35 ppt .\nv . community ecology trophic mode : barracudas employ ram strike feeding , quickly lunging to force prey to into the jaws where sharp teeth and head shakes shear it into manageable pieces ( grubich et al . 2007 , porter & motta 2004 ) . the diet of s . barracuda consists mainly of schooling fishes , however studies of gut contents in both juveniles and adults have revealed solitary fishes and small numbers of crustaceans , mollusks and plant material ( de sylva 1963 & fahs 1976 ) . prey selection is indiscriminate and determined by the mouth length of the barracuda , but certain prey items are found more frequently . in florida , approximately 70 % of the diet of juvenile s . barracuda is comprised of gobies , herrings , sardines and silversides ( de sylva 1963 ) . in the indian river lagoon , the dominant prey item of young barracuda is the bay anchovy , anchoa mitchilli ( fah 1976 ) . nearshore and coral reef fishes such as ballyhoo , triggerfishes and mullet are the primary prey of adult barracuda ( de sylva 1963 ) .\npredators : the speed and size of adult s . barracuda allows for few predators . however , juveniles and small adults have been reported in the guts of the goliath grouper , epinephelus itajara , the dolphinfish , coryphaena hippurus and several species of tuna ( de sylva , 1963 ) .\nhabitats : juvenile barracuda are commonly found in estuaries where they feed and take shelter in seagrass beds and among mangrove prop roots ( fah 1976 ) . solitary individuals or small groups of adults are typical on nearshore and coral reefs ( gudger 1918 ) .\nbarracuda is the common name for the various marine , ray - finned fish comprising the family sphyraenidae of the order perciformes , characterized by a long , fairly compressed , elongated body covered with small , smooth scales and with a large mouth with strong , fang - like teeth . they are notable for their long size , reaching up to six feet ( two meters ) or more in length . there is only one genus of barracudas , sphraena , which has about 20 species ( nelson 1994 ) .\ndespite an unfavorable reputation as dangerous to humans who are scuba diving , snorkeling , or swimming in their waters , unprovoked attacks by barracudas on humans are rare . rather , barracudas generally add value to human life as food and game fish and for the wonder they add to nature . ecologically , they are integral to many marine food chains , serving as the top predator in some tropical and subtropical waters and helping to maintain the balance of nature .\nbarracudas ( family sphyraenidae and genus sphyraena ) are found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide .\nbarracudas have an elongate body and large mouth , with the lower jaw jutting out beyond the upper ( nelson 1994 ) . their strong , fang - like teeth are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large , pointed , and pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays ( nelson 1994 ) . the second dorsal fin and anal fin are the same size and are situated on the top and bottom of the barracuda , equidistant from the tail . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave . it is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides . the barracuda also has a large swim bladder .\nnelson ( 1994 ) reports that the maximum length of barracudas is normally to 1 . 8 meters ( almost 6 feet ) , but are said to reach somewhat longer lengths . only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species that do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet ( s . sphyraena ) , found in the mediterranean and eastern atlantic ; the great barracuda , picuda , or becuna ( s . picuda ) , ranging on the atlantic coast of tropical america from florida to brazil and reaching the bermudas ; the california barracuda ( s . argentea ) , extending from puget sound southwards to cabo san lucas ; the indian barracuda ( s . jello ) and the black - finned or commerson ' s barracuda ( s . commersoni ) , both from the seas of india and the malay peninsula and archipelago .\nbarracudas typically have coloration that is dark green or gray above a chalky - white underbelly . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .\nbarracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs , but also appear in open seas . swimming in schools , or individually , they are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27 mph or 43 km / h ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability ( rqcsr 2007 ) . they also exhibit some scavenger - like feeding habits .\nthe larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed of fish of all types . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .\nlike sharks , barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of scuba divers , snorkelers , and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkelers might be large predators and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .\nbeing formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged . spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .\nthere have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .\nbarracudas are prize fish , and can be caught either fly or sea fishing . they are extremely powerful , and require tough and strong rods .\nbarracudas are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon . larger species , like the great barracuda , have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning ( usfda 2007 ) .\nagbayani , e . 2004 . sphyraenidae . fishbase ( eds . r . froese and d . pauly ) . retrieved december 2 , 2007 .\nhumann , p . , and n . deloach . 2002 . reef fish identification : florida , caribbean , bahamas . jacksonville , fl : new world publications . isbn 1878348302 .\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .\nnorman , j . r . , and f . c . fraser . 1949 . field book of giant fishes . new york : g . p . putnam .\nreefquest centre for shark research ( rqcsr ) . 2007 . what ' s the speediest marine creature . biology of sharks and rays . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .\nrochefort , c . de . 1681 . histoire naturelle et morale des iles antilles de l ' am\u00e9rique enrichie d ' un grand nombre de belles figures en taille douce \u2026 avec un vocabulaire cara\u00efbe . rotterdam : r . leers .\nsloane , h . , m . van der gucht , and j . savage . 1707 . a voyage to the islands madera , barbados , nieves , s . christophers and jamaica , with the natural history \u2026 of the last of those islands to which is prefix ' d an introduction , wherein is an account of the inhabitants , air , waters , diseases , trade , & c . \u2026 ; illustrated with the figures of the things describ ' d . london : printed by b . m . for the author .\nu . s . food & drug administration ( usfda ) . 2007 . harzard , market , geographic and nomenclature information for great barracuda ( barracuda ; sphyraena barracuda ) . seafood products research center - center for food safety & applied nutrition - regulatory fish encyclopedia . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 13 may 2016 , at 20 : 45 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwestern atlantic : bermuda , florida ( usa ) , and the bahamas to uruguay . ;\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 jorrit h . poelen , james d . simons and chris j . mungall . ( 2014 ) . global biotic interactions : an open infrastructure to share and analyze species - interaction datasets . ecological informatics . \u2666 2 food habits of reef fishes of the west indies , john e . randall , stud . trop . oceanogr . 5 , 665\u2013847 ( 1967 )\nprotected areas provided by biological inventories of the world ' s protected areas in cooperation between the information center for the environment at the university of california , davis and numerous collaborators .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npoey , f . in poey , f . 1860 . : 97 - 336 .\nbutsch , r . s . ( 1939 ) a list of barbadian fishes . : j . b . m . h . s . 7 ( 1 ) : 17 - 31 .\nb\u00f6hlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin ( 1993 ) fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . : university of texas press , austin .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . ( 1993 ) los peces marinos de venezuela . volume 2 . : fundaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica los roques , caracas , venezuela . 497 p .\nclaro , r . ( 1994 ) caracter\u00edsticas generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecolog\u00eda de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanolog\u00eda academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .\ncrossman , e . j . ( 1972 ) collecting trip to st . lucia . : dept . ichthyology & herpetology . 32 p .\nerdman , d . s . ( 1983 ) nombres vulgares de los peces en puerto rico ( common names of fishes in puerto rico ) . : commonwealth of puerto rico . technical report , vol 3 . no . 2 , second revised edition . 44 p .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\ng\u00f3mez - canchong , p . , l . manjarr\u00e9s m . , l . o . duarte and j . altamar ( 2004 ) atlas pesquero del area norte del mar caribe de colombia . : universidad del magadalena , santa marta . 230 p .\nihering , r . v . ( 1968 ) dicion\u00e1rio dos animais do brasil . : editora universidade de bras\u00edlia , bras\u00edlia : 790 p .\nmartin , f . d . and j . w . patus ( 1984 ) an annotated key to the teleost fishes of puerto rico . : compendio enciclopedico de los recursos nat . 5 : 1 - 191 .\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nnah\u00edm , h . r . and f . cervig\u00f3n ( 2003 ) peces del archipi\u00e9lago los roques . : agencia espa\u00f1ola de cooperac\u00edon internacional . 304 p .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .\nni\u00f3n , h . , c . r\u00edos and p . meneses ( 2002 ) peces del uruguay : lista sistem\u00e1tica y nombres comunes . : montevideo , dinara , infopesca .\nnomura , h . ( 1984 ) dicion\u00e1rio dos peixes do brasil . : bras\u00edlia : editerra . 482p .\nrandolph , s . and m . snyder ( 1993 ) the seafood list : fda ' s guide to acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce . : u . s . government printing office , washington , usa . pag . var .\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . , 1991 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada , fifth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 20 . 183 .\nsilva , m . ( 1994 ) especies identificadas en las pesquerias costeras artesanales del suroeste de la republica dominica . : reportes del propescar - sur : contribuciones al conocimiento de las pesquer\u00edas en la rep\u00fablica dominicana . vol . 1 , 47p .\nsize : the great barracuda ranges from foot - long juveniles on shallow flats to 50 pounds or more offshore . usual maximum is around 30 pounds , with the average being 5 - 15 pounds . world record 85 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .\nthe barracuda is at home almost anywhere from shorelines and bays out to blue water . great barracuda is seldom seen inshore , but is common offshore on wrecks and artificial reefs . found throughout the indian ocean .\ndark above with silvery sides . many spots , which are both yellow and brown . the body is proportionately deeper than with juvenile king mackerel , and the yellow spots appear rounder and brighter , but if in doubt , the only true identifier is the lateral line , which tapers rather gently from front to back with no severe dip .\nsize : common at 1 - 3 pounds ; not too unusual at 5 - 7 pounds ; maximum potential over 10 pounds . world record 13 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .\nthis mackeral is largely coastal , but roams offshore at times . found throughout the indian ocean .\noverall brownish or goldish . heavy body . no scutes forward of tail fin . dark oblique line through the eye that ends at the dorsal fin .\nsize : schools of young fish are common at 5 - 20 pounds . average size over deep wrecks and reefs is 30 - 60 pounds , but 100 - pounders are not too rare and the potential maximum exceeds 150 pounds . world record 155 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .\nadults are common at various depths , ranging from reefs several hundred feet deep to fairly shallow wrecks and reefs . big ones also come close to shore at times . found throughout the indian ocean .\nin the water , cobia look very much like sharks . the usual color is brown or dark gray above , whitish on the underside , with a dark stripe running from gills to base of tail . the striped appearance is more vivid in juveniles . several rather sharp finlets on the dorsal surface extend from behind the head to the dorsal fin .\nsize : common from 20 to 50 pounds ; sometimes up to 80 pounds , and possibly to 100 or more . world record 135 pounds ( all above information from bigfishtackle . com ) .\ncobia love to hang around navigation markers , wrecks and artificial reefs , where they swim both at the surface and down deep . they also escort wandering mantas and other large rays , and many are caught around those hosts . found throughout the indian ocean .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncumberland island an ecological survey of the coastal region of georgia nps scientific monograph no . 3\nthe following list includes those species of fish that are known from or likely to occur in estuarine and marine waters along the georgia coast seaward to a depth of 10 fathoms . this encompasses waters of the estuary , beach , and\ncoastal habitat .\nin the text the term coastal habitat refers to that region from the ocean beaches to a depth of 10 fathoms as in struhsaker ( 1969 ) . species listed are based primarily on my own records from georgia inshore waters , from south carolina by bearden ( 1961a , 1965 ) , and from the coastal habitat by struhsaker ( 1969 ) . for the benefit of sport fishermen , the common offshore sport fishes are also included . this list is extracted from my manuscript , a field guide to georgia coastal fishes . this manuscript and the paper by struhsaker ( 1969 ) report a large number of additional species that are restricted to deeper waters of the continental shelf ; most of these species occur primarily on reefs .\nseasonal records in the text are based on inshore collections , i . e . , beach and estuarine waters .\n1 present address : c . w . rice div . , nus corp . , pittsburgh .\nthe common sharks that occur inshore on the georgia coast are not restricted to well - defined habitats . they may be collected in shallow beach waters as well as deeper waters of the sounds and offshore . most of the sharks considered below prefer warmer waters and leave inshore waters of georgia in the winter . one exception is the spiny dogfish , a northern species that migrates southward to georgia in the winter .\nreported from south carolina but not georgia . mainly pelagic but sometimes found inshore .\nyoung are often collected on the south carolina coast in spring and summer and they probably occur on the georgia coast .\nstingrays are collected by hook , seine , and trawls in shallow beach waters and deeper estuarine waters .\nthe range of the devil ray , mobula hypostoma , includes the georgia coast , but it has not been reported from georgia or south carolina .\nlarge specimens are occasionally seen jumping in georgia coastal waters and one reported to weigh 2500 pounds was caught in a shrimp trawl .\nprimarily found in tidal waters but enters ocean . commonly caught in gill nets in the altamaha river .\nanadromous . commonly caught in gill nets in the altamaha river by shad fishermen .\nprimarily a freshwater species but often encountered in salt water on the georgia coast .\nsmall individuals are often collected in tidal pools and canals and occasionally along the beach , high marsh , and upper reaches , from may to november .\nlarge tarpon are commonly caught in warmer months on georgia beaches and in the lower altamaha river . juveniles occur in tidal pools and creeks in low - to high - salinities from july to november .\ncatadromous . common spring through fall in oligohaline and freshwater creeks , tidal creeks , low - and high - salinity tidal pools , and rare in high marsh .\nin addition to the species listed , three other ophichthids occur offshore on the georgia coast ; these are letharchus velifer , verma kendalli and mystriophis intertinctus .\nbeach , high marsh , and ologohaline creek . rarely seen on georgia coast .\nin addition to the species listed , the atlantic round herring ( etrumeus teres ) occurs off georgia , but it is not known from inshore waters .\nanadromous . an important commercial and sport fish in georgia rivers during the january - march spawning migration .\ncommon along beaches ; also found in the high marsh , tidal canals , and tidal pools , from may to november .\nschools are abundant in lower and middle reaches and near beaches of georgia estuaries in warmer months . some occur in the sounds throughout the winter . also found in the high marsh , tidal canals , and high - salinity tidal pools . rare in the oligohaline creeks and low - salinity tidal pools . most migrate south or offshore in winter .\ncommon in the lower reaches , high marsh , and probably in oligohaline creeks . rare along the beach .\ncollected at beaches at savannah , sapelo island , and brunswick . also collected in the high marsh and tidal canals .\noccasionally collected at beaches and in the lower reaches and rare in the high marsh , june to october . more abundant south and offshore .\nknown from the beaches , lower reaches , and high marsh , july to december . more abundant to the south .\ncommon at georgia beaches , lower and middle reaches , and high marsh , may to november .\nfound at beaches , lower , middle , and upper reaches , in the high marsh , and in high - salinity tidal pools , common throughout the year .\na bottom species occasionally collected at the beach , lower reaches , and middle reaches , april to november . more common in coastal and offshore habitats .\nadults are common on beaches and deeper estuarine waters and juveniles are common in the deeper waters . present in estuaries from march to november . migrates to ocean in autumn and winter .\nthe leopard toadfish ( opsanus pardus ) and atlantic midshipman ( ponichthys porosissimus ) are found only offshore , often in association with reefs .\ncommon in lower and middle reaches usually around debris . sometimes found in oyster reefs and along the beach .\nlower and middle reaches of estuary , in association with oyster reefs in shallows and shell in deeper waters .\nthe ocellated frogfish ( antennarius ocellatus ) was reported offshore by struhsaker ( 1969 ) , and the two species listed below , reported from st . simons beach ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) , are stragglers from offshore .\nogcocephalus radiatus and halieutichthys aculeatus occur offshore on the georgia coast . one species reported from inshore is listed below .\nabundant offshore , sometimes collected in the coastal and lower reaches habitats ( anderson 1968 ) .\nthe carolina hake ( urophycis earlli ) and silver hake ( merluccius bilinearis ) probably occur offshore ( struhsaker 1969 ) .\nspecies reported from offshore by struhsaker ( 1969 ) include the bank cusk - eel ( ophidion holbrooki ) , polka - dot cusk - eel ( otophidium omostigmum ) , blotched cusk - eel ( ophidion grayii , and lepophidium spp .\ndeeper waters of lower and middle reaches , coastal habitat , and rare in beach habitat .\nin addition to the species listed , platybelone argalus occurs in the gulf stream off georgia .\nfound around docks in the lower and middle reaches , also known from the high marsh and the beach .\nthree species of halfbeaks apparently occur on the georgia coast but they have not been collected inshore . they may be restricted to offshore . flyingfishes do not normally occur in georgia estuaries or along the beaches although they are common offshore . listed here is a straggler from offshore and another species likely to occur near shore . two other flyingfishes probably occur offshore on the georgia coast . these are parexocoetus brachypterus and cypselurus cyanopterus .\nin the high marshes , tidal canals , high - and low - salinity tidal pools . euryhaline .\nbeach , high marsh , lower to upper reaches , oligohaline creek , tidal canal and tidal pools . abundant in shallow waters and not found in deep waters .\nthe only definite georgia records were collected at a marsh near the meridian dock ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) . the spotfins apparently have disappeared since the collecting site became occupied with spartina and juncus .\npresent at beaches throughout the year and occasionally taken in the high marsh , tidal canals , and high - salinity tidal pools .\nmost abundant in fresh water but common in the high marsh , oligohaline creeks , tidal pools , tidal canals , and sometimes found at the beach .\ncommon in high marsh , fresh water , tidal canals , tidal pools , and rare at the beach and in oligohaline creeks .\nlower reaches , beach , and high marsh habitats . present throughout the year .\nmost abundant in oligohaline creek and fresh water near the coast , and also found in the upper reaches and at the beach . present throughout the year .\nbeach , high marsh , lower and middle reaches , and high - salinity tidal pools . present throughout the year .\none species of trumpetfish ( aulostomus maculatus ) is known from georgia offshore waters .\nthree pipefishes are known from the georgia coast\u0097 syngnathus fuscus , s . louisianae , and corythoichthys albirostris ( one record ) . additional forms which may occur inshore along the georgia coast are s . scovelli , s . floridae hubbsi , and s . f . mckayi ( dr . e . herald , pers . comm . ) . s . pelagicus and s . springeri may occur offshore .\noften found at the beach , upper and lower reaches , and rare in oligohaline creek .\ncommon in georgia estuaries . known from beach , high marsh , lower to upper reaches , high - salinity tidal pool , and rare in oligohaline creek .\nranges from north carolina to pensacola , fla . , but not known from georgia .\nyoung occur in tidal pools and tidal ditches from june to november in georgia .\nnumerous sea bass species occur on live - bottom areas off the georgia coast . the gag , mycteroperca microlepis , is a straggler to georgia estuaries . only two species ( centropristis ) are common in the estuary , centropristis ocyurus occurs offshore . two species of diplectrum occur in the coastal habitat and diplectrum bivittatum occurs offshore ( struhsaker 1969 ) . two more serranids , serraniculus pumilio and serranus subligarius , occur offshore and may be found in reefs in the coastal habitat .\nyoung are commonly in estuarine sounds and rivers throughout the year . large black sea bass are abundant offshore around reefs .\nthe white perch morone americana occurs in south carolina ( bearden 1961b ) but not georgia .\nmany species of sunfishes enter brackish waters occasionally . i collected four species in the oligohaline riceboro creek when the water was fresh . these were the flier ( centrarchus macropterus ) , warmouth ( lepomis gulosus ) , bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) , and largemouth bass ( micropterus salmoides ) .\nthe smaller\nsnapper blues\nare commonly caught with fishing poles on beaches , in sounds and estuarine rivers . large bluefish are caught offshore .\ncommonly caught around buoys offshore . found around mouths of sounds and rivers of south carolina ( bearden 1961a ) .\nmost offshore records of carangids are from struhsaker ( 1969 ) . a few additional species may be found in the gulf stream .\nprimarily offshore near the gulf stream . juveniles occasionally migrate or drift inshore ( berry 1959 ) .\ncollected in georgia estuarine and coastal waters ( anderson 1968 ) but most abundant offshore .\nadult crevalle jack are rarely caught with fishing poles on the georgia coast . young are sometimes collected along the beach and in the marsh ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) .\ncommon june - december in waters of beach , lower reaches , and coastal habitat and rare in middle reaches and high - salinity tidal pools .\ncommon june - november along the beach and also occurring in the high marsh , middle reaches , and high - salinity tidal pools .\nsometimes collected in waters of the beach , lower reaches , and coastal habitat , may - september .\nyoung pompano are abundant along the beaches in the warmer months . all three species of trachinotus apparently occur offshore .\nyoung occur along the beach and sometimes in the high marsh , may - november .\nthe common dolphin ( conyphaena hippurus ) is often caught offshore by sport fishermen and the pompano dolphin ( c . equisetis ) also occurs offshore .\nthe snappers are tropical fishes that are represented by at least seven species offshore . the red snapper ( lutfanus campechanus ) supports a small commercial fisheries off georgia . included in the synonymy of the red snapper is l . aya and l . blackfordi ( anderson 1967 , rivas 1966 ) . one snapper ranges inshore .\non the georgia coast the mangrove snapper occurs primarily offshore . a few juveniles were collected in shallows of the lower reaches , beach , high marsh , low - and high - salinity tidal pools .\nbeach , high marsh , low - and high - salinity tidal pools , and rare in oligohaline creeks and tidal canals . euryhaline . collected july through november .\noccasionally collected in waters of beach , lower reaches to oligohaline creeks , high marsh , tidal canals , and low - and high - salinity tidal pools , july - november . mostly in shallows but some were collected while trawling in the lower reaches .\nrecorded for the beach and high marsh by miller and jorgenson ( 1969 ) . also reported for the coastal habitat ( bullis and thompson 1965 ) .\nthe grunts are primarily tropical fishes . the pigfish is the only species common in temperate atlantic waters and often found in the estuaries . the tomtate occasionally occurs in the coastal habitat and is more common around reefs and offshore . the white grunt ( haemulon plumieri ) occurs offshore on reefs .\nmost abundant offshore in reef and shelf - edge habitats and sometimes collected in coastal habitat .\ncollected in the lower and middle reaches of the estuary . also in coastal habitat and open shelf habitat . collected june through december inshore .\nsciaenids are predominantly temperate - water fishes that need estuarine waters for nursery grounds . the diverse and abundant sciaenids of georgia are the most important group to coastal sport fishermen . they are the most abundant fishes in terms of number available for trawling ( anderson 1968 ) and probably biomass .\nabundant in trawl catches in the coastal habitat and lower and middle reaches . mostly young are found in waters of the beach , high marsh , oligohaline creeks , tidal canals , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools .\na very popular sport fish along beaches and in lower and middle reaches , caught mostly in fall and winter . also in coastal habitat , high marsh , and high - salinity tidal pools .\nmost common in lower reaches . also in waters of coastal habitat , beach , middle reaches , high marsh , tidal canals , and high - salinity tidal pools . present throughout the years .\nbeach , lower reaches up the estuary to oligohaline creeks , high marsh , tidal canal , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools . present throughout the year .\nboth young and adults are common to abundant in the lower reaches throughout the year and beach habitat spring through fall . also known from the coastal habitat , high marsh , and middle teaches .\nyoung are common along the beach in warmer months and occur there throughout the year . also known from the lower reaches and high marsh .\nyoung are common along the beach . young and adults are sometimes caught in the lower reaches . rare in high marsh . occurs april through august .\nadults are abundant in the lower reaches . other habitats are the beach , high marsh , middle teaches , and high - salinity tidal pools . rare in oligohaline creeks and tidal canals . present throughout the year .\nlarge black drum are occasionally collected in the lower reaches . young occur in beach waters , high marsh , tidal canals , high - and low - salinity tidal pools . also recorded for the coastal habitat .\nlarge red drum are caught along the beaches and in the lower reaches . young are occasionally collected in high - salinity tidal pools and rarely in the high marsh , tidal canals , and low - salinity tidal pools .\nthis is the most abundant species in trawl catches in the lower reaches . most abundant in warmer months . sometimes occurs in the middle reaches and beach habitats .\ntwo species were collected at 10 - 11 fathoms off south carolina ( bullis and thompson 1965 ) and are listed here . the dwarf goatfish ( upeneus parvus ) occurs offshore .\nnine species were listed by struhsaker ( 1969 ) for offshore waters . four species that occur inshore are listed here .\nsheepshead support a sport fishery in the lower reaches . young sometimes occur along the beach and in the high marsh . also offshore on reef habitat .\nuncommon but widespread . they occupy beach waters , lower reaches , high marsh , tidal canals , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools .\nmoore ( 1962 ) reported juvenile yellow chubs from the georgia shore and juvenile bermuda chub from the south carolina and florida shores . adults occur offshore .\nranges from reefs and coastal habitat to beaches , lower and middle reaches , and high marsh .\nthis family includes at least four butterflyfishes of the genus chaetodon and angelfishes of the genus holacanthus off the georgia coast . only one is known from within the coastal habitat .\nfour species are known from the georgia coast , mostly from reefs . only one has been reported inshore .\nprimarily reefs . reported by miller and jorgenson ( 1969 ) from st . simons beach .\nubiquitous in shallow waters of the beach , from the lower reaches to the oligohaline creeks , and high - salinity tidal pools . also found in the high marsh , tidal canals , and low - salinity tidal pools .\nbeach , high marsh , lower to upper reaches , tidal canals , and high - and low - salinity tidal pools .\nseven species apparently occur within depths of the open - shelf and others occur farther offshore . the tautog ( tautoga onitis ) occurs inshore on the south carolina coast ( bearden 196la ) but does not range south to georgia . two species collected on a reef at a depth of 70 ft off the georgia coast are listed here .\ntwo species that have been collected offshore are the bucktooth parrotfish ( sparisoma radians ) and emerald parrotfish ( nicholsina usta ) ( struhsaker 1969 ) .\ntwo stargazer species occur off the georgia coast . the lancer stargazer ( kathetostoma albigutta ) occurs offshore .\nopen - shelf , coastal habitat , lower reaches and occasionally beach , high marsh , and middle reaches . usually on sandy bottoms .\nseveral specimens have been collected in the coastal habitat but not within the estuarine or beach waters .\noyster reefs and probably other cover in the lower reaches and along the beach .\nknown from a reef near the coastal habitat and from the lower reaches and beach .\na euryhaline species that i collected only in the low - salinity tidal pools .\ncollected in lower reaches and high - salinity tidal pools , and reported from coastal habitat by anderson ( 1968 ) .\ncollected in low - salinity tidal pools . also reported from st . simons beach and altamaha river ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ) .\ncommon in oyster reefs in the lower reaches . also collected in the upper reaches , oligohaline creeks , beach waters , high marsh , and high - salinity tidal pools .\noccurs over a broad salinity range and available data suggest preference for sandy substrates ( dawson 1969 ) . i collected this species only in a muddy high - salinity tidal pool ."]}
{"id": 1311, "summary": [{"text": "hawaiian gold coral ( kulamanamana haumeaae ) is a rare , extremely long-lived deep-sea coral found on seamounts near hawaii .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "one colony has been dated as 2,740 years old , while others are considered 5,000 years old .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "although it has been harvested commercially for use in jewellery for a long time , it was not formally described by taxonomists until 2012 when it was found to be related to both the genus savalia and the octocoral-associated zoanthid , corallizoanthus tsukaharai . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "hawaiian gold coral", "paragraphs": ["vintage gold fill gf hawaiian black coral pendant curb link chain necklace17 . 75\nthe hawaiian gold coral may also be one of the longest - lived . . .\nki - ele hawaiian red coral long necklace ! organic red coral . approximate coral pendant : 7mm x 70mm . 14k gold - filled .\nhawaiian gold coral is a long - lived , deep - sea coral found in the north pacific ocean . ( photo credit : hurl )\nhawaiian gold coral grew at a rate of approximately 3 inches per year , and only about 3 % of the bed could be harvested annually . both state and federal laws strictly regulated the harvest . of all gem corals , hawaiian gold coral was by far the rarest .\nin hawaiian deep coral assemblages . mar ecol prog ser 533 : 135 - 147\n14k delicate carved hibiscus flower rare natural coral ring sz 6 . 75 , hawaiian\nhawaiian black coral round bangle unisex bracelet for larger size , 9 . 5\nthe color of hawaiian gold coral varied widely and displayed many interesting patterns , unlike pink and black corals . its color ranged from a sandy beige to almost black . hawaiian gold coral has a special characteristic called \u201cchatoyance , \u201d from the french word for \u201ccats eye , \u201d which describes a mysterious moving inner light .\nmassive 32\nestate 14k black coral 9 . 5 10mm hawaiian bead necklace 53g + vintage\nabstract : the hawaiian gold coral is a parasitic zoantharian that colonizes other deep corals and secretes a protein skeleton that over millennia can grow and more than double the original mean size of the host colony . surveys at 6 known coral beds in the hawaiian archipelago found mature gold coral to be a common taxon and dominant at the geologically older sites . fewer than 5 % of the gold coral colonies seen were in the process of subsuming their host , described here as the \u2018midas\u2019 phase . bamboo coral (\nthe hawaiian gold coral ( kulamanamana haumeaae ) is a deep sea zoanthid coral found on seamounts throughout the hawaiian archipelago at depths of 343 m - 575 m . known mostly because of its beauty and rareness as a gem coral , it has been collected since the 1970s for the jewelry industry ( referred to as genus gerardia , a synonym of savalia ) , but was not scientifically described until 2013 . molecular evidence indicates that hawaiian gold coral belongs in its own genus .\ncitation : sinniger f , oca\u00f1a ov , baco ar ( 2013 ) diversity of zoanthids ( anthozoa : hexacorallia ) on hawaiian seamounts : description of the hawaiian gold coral and additional zoanthids . plos one 8 ( 1 ) : e52607 . urltoken\n( mean \u00b1 sd ) . cross sections of mature gold coral colonies show the host averages just 9 . 8 cm of the stem\u2019s core , indicating that much of the host skeleton is lost when subsumed by gold coral tissue . the absence of midas colonies in a bamboo coral assemblage found growing on a 76 yr old wreck close ( ~ 1 km ) to a mature gold coral patch suggests that gold coral recruitment is infrequent . this time lag between the growth of the host and the arrival of the gold coral successor is essential because otherwise the speed of the midas phase would subsume the host population faster than it could replenish .\ndistribution : so far found in the hawaiian archipelago with a distribution similar to the hawaiian gold coral , ku . haumeaae . similar and potentially identical zoanthid was observed in other pacific locations such as line , jarvis , palmyra and kingman [ 3 ] .\nblue coral is thought to be in the initial stage of disintegration . this color generally expands only below the surface . it is an unusual variety found off in cameroon . hawaiian gold coral is rare by far . its color tone ranges from sandy beige color to complete black . on the off side of maui in hawaii , this exquisite variety of coral is found with resin or lacquered texture . the only company in the world that creates jewelry from hawaiian gold coral is maui divers .\nhawaiian hibiscus flower hawaii coconut bracelet . size - elastic coconut bead band one size fits all . hawaiian jewelry & gift collection . order number - cb - 440 - coral orange .\nhawaiian gold coral : ( gerardia species ) hawaiian gold coral was discovered in small amounts in 1971 by dr . richard grigg using star ii submarine in the same general area as the pink coral discovery area off makapu ` u point in 1 , 200 feet of water . in the year 2000 , two new beds of hawaiian gold coral were discovered ; one atop an ancient underwater volcano called cross seamount , 100 miles south of oahu , the other off keahole point on the big island of hawai ` i . both beds were at a depth of 400 meters ( about 1 , 300 feet ) . the beds off makapuu were the only commercially harvested beds in the world .\neach coral gemstone color has its own distinct quality . black coral is exotic and dramatic and has long been considered to guard against misfortune . pink coral is delicate and is said to bring good health . red coral is best described as rich and romantic . and gold coral with its mysterious inner light , is the rarest of all corals .\nsymptomatic of the order , a suite of other zoanthids , besides the hawaiian gold coral , have been observed and collected in hawaii , but far less is known of their biology and ecology and they have not been described taxonomically .\netymology : this species name is dedicated to haumea , hawaiian goddess of fertility .\nsp . in the hawaiian archipelago . mar ecol prog ser 397 : 163\u2013172 .\ncolour : in vivo , polyps , tentacles and coenenchyme are brownish - yellow , similar to the hawaiian gold coral ku . haumeaae , but distinct enough in colour to be recognised as a different species from the submersible , ( fig . 1b ) .\ncoral jewelry is exciting to wear . with distinct look and features from gold , platinum or silver jewelry , coral jewelry has become popular quite fast . but don\u2019t get carried away with the luster . pause\u2026hold back . before you enter the market to buy your choice of coral jewelry designs , we have some important tips from the coral jewelry buying guide .\nalthough black and gold coral are relative newcomers to northern cultures , they have long been used as gem material in their native territories . they are found primarily off the coasts of hawaii and cameroon . akori corals from cameroon were highly prized before the eighteenth century . hawaiian gold coral is the rarest gem coral variety and harder than other varieties . it was first described scientifically in the 1970s . the harvesting of this gem material , however , is currently restricted and cost prohibitive due to environmental considerations .\netymology : the feminine name of this genus is derived from the hawaiian terms kula ( = gold ) and manamana ( = branch ) referring to the particular skeleton of the type species of this genus .\ngrade a - all natural black coral very rare find . about 34 large beads of a coral ranging from 27mm to 21mm .\nbleaching produces gold coral from black . this is a stable treatment . this process can be identified by magnification ( which reveals a different texture ) and lower sg and refractive index values .\nmature colonies may take 50 years to grow , so to ensure the future of hawaiian black coral , maui divers strictly adheres to both federal and state regulations that the company helped to establish , prohibiting the harvesting of immature colonies . in this way , not only sustainability , but also growth of precious hawaiian black coral is supported .\nblack coral is rare and , when polished , it shines with such luster you can almost see your own reflection in it . its stunning contrast against yellow gold makes it a wonderful gift as well as a beautiful keepsake to treasure forever . our popular paradise ring features an ocean wave shaped by a graceful cut of polished black coral , gold maile leaves representing hawaiian royalty , and diamonds that shine like the evening stars over paradise ; a perfect reminder of a trip to the islands .\nblack coral : ( antipathes grandis ) the first new black coral bed found in centuries was discovered by maui divers in deep waters off lahaina , maui in 1958 . today , hawaiian black coral - - the world ' s finest deep sea precious coral and the hawaii state gemstone - - is carefully collected by hand by our divers at depths that exceed 200 feet .\nhawaiian gold coral grows in a fan shape , up to 1 meter ( 3 feet ) in height . its skeleton ranges between golden yellow and orange in color , with polyp color , when living , bright yellow to orange . polyps will flash with bioluminescence and produce copious mucus when disturbed .\ntreasure - hunting divers , uncontrolled harvesting , pollution and climate change have all contributed to the decimation of our naturally occurring coral beds on the ocean floor surrounding the hawaiian islands .\ncalcite coral , 1 . 69 and 1 . 49 , not usually measurable . conchiolin ( black coral ) has ri of 1 . 56 .\nyou also have to be careful in picking the right coral . must buyers of coral end up in getting some other materials that are used to imitate the natural coral . there are all the chances for you to be mistaken with plastic , man made coral , howlite , shell , ivory , onyx / calcite and fossil ivory as coral . for conchiolin coral , the materials like plastic , chalcedony and jet are used for imitation .\nthe calcareous coral has hardness of - 3 1 / 2 to 4 and fair toughness . while the conchiolin coral has hardness of 3 and good toughness . both the varieties of coral have glass like waxy to vitreous polish luster .\ndespite its ecological significance and long history of exploitation , the hawaiian gold coral has never been subject to taxonomic studies or a formal species description . as a result of this , the nomenclature concerning the hawaiian gold coral has been relatively confused . this species was first mentioned as parazoanthus sp . [ 10 ] before being referred to as gerardia lacaze - duthiers , 1864 starting in 1976 in ageing studies [ 18 ] , due to its secretion of a scleroproteic skeleton . however , the genus gerardia had been recognised as a younger synonym from the genus savalia nardo 1844 already [ 19 ] . more recently this synonymy was mentioned in several publications [ 20 ] \u2013 [ 22 ] .\nthe purpose of this study is to re - examine specimens of the hawaiian gold coral and four other species of arborescent zoanthids from the hawaiian archipelago to evaluate the biodiversity of these ecologically important zoanthids and to provide taxonomic placement of these species in consideration of their evolutionary history . this aim was achieved and results in the description of several new zoanthid genera , a significant advance in the understanding of zoanthid biodiversity considering that until this study only 18 genera were recognised .\ncoral approx . 3mm to 10mm wide round . 2 beads 10mm 10mm 10mm .\ncoral is natural , not dyed or enhanced . strung on nylon coated wire .\nbased on the phylogenetic trees , several options could be considered to define the taxonomy of hawaiian deep octocoral - related zoanthids .\n) foraging in deep - water coral beds . mar mammal sci 18 : 244\u2013258 .\ncoral : south china sea ( red carving ~ 4 inch tall ) . photo \u00a9\nlayers of coral skeleton laid down over the past 1 , 000 years can be seen in this polished section of a deep sea coral . ( photo by m . mccarthy )\nthere are many common enhancements that are done on coral that spoil their natural qualities . dyeing the calcareous coral deepens and at times changes the color and saturation with epoxy . the dying will then hide cracks at the surface and make it fill with cavities in the low quality of coral . it is a quite common practice that cheats the coral customers .\n) comprised 85 % of the midas colonies , with two - thirds found at the youngest site , where the mean height of bamboo coral was significantly greater than at other sites . marked midas colonies revisited after 5 yr showed the gold coral tissue spreading across the host at an estimated rate of 2 . 2 \u00b1 0 . 69 cm yr\ncoral values are based on hue , saturation , size , cut , and polish . top values for calcareous coral go to red , pink , and orange pieces . other colors are graded separately . highest values for conchiolin coral go to black , then brown . gold color has additional value , especially if it shows a sheen . when polished , the color may shimmer through a transparent layer . coral carvings can be quite valuable . the determining factors are the size and color of the piece as well as the skill of the artist .\nsince 2001 , the fishing industry for hawaiian gold coral has been restricted to a point where it is no longer cost effective to collect it . the coral , which grows to a large size and in large numbers of individuals , dominates the coral biomass in its depth range and habitat , and is now recognized for its importance in its ecosystem . furthermore , recent dating studies show that k . haumeaae is one of the longest - living species on earth , with some individuals determined as 2740 years of age , growing at tremendously slow rates of about 15 - 45 micrometers in radius / year .\ncoral seems to be an excellent choice for jewelry . but , have you ever thought that where from coral comes actually ? coral is a sea product that grows in branches , which look much like dwarf underwater trees . in the whole cycle of making of coral , a marine gelatinous animal collects calcium carbonate around its body . it is a polyp made of calcite fibrous crystals .\ncoral is the external skeleton of a tiny , plantlike animal called the coral polyp . it lives in warm oceans in all tropical areas of the world . although these creatures are only one millimeter in length , they grow as a colony on top of each other for generations . the resulting structures can be quite massive . coral growths come in many shapes . the coral commonly used to make gems is branched and treelike . the largest sections of a coral ' s trunk are used for carvings . most coral is cut into cabochons or made into a variety of shapes for use in necklaces .\npink coral : ( corrallium secundum ) pink coral was first discovered off makapu ` u point , oahu , in 1 , 200 feet of water in 1966 , and we began making jewelry from it the same year . now it is found over the entire length of the hawaiian chain from oahu in the east to beyond midway island in the west .\nthe two have already teamed up with the monterey bay aquarium research institute to launch the next stage of their research . they are using remotely operated underwater vehicles to collect bamboo coral , another long - lived deep - sea species , in monterey bay ' s deep underwater canyon . the researchers plan to apply the same techniques they used with hawaiian gold coral to understand how el ni\u00f1o cycles have influenced california ' s dynamic coastal systems . ultimately , they want to better predict how a changing climate will shape the region ' s multimillion - dollar fisheries .\netymology : the genus name refers to hurl ( the hawaiian undersea research laboratory ) which has provided significant funding and the use of their submersible pisces for deep - sea coral research in the hawaiian archipelago . work with agency has provided many deep - sea coral species new to science . due to budget restrictions hurl was closed in the year of the description of these zoanthid species and this genus name is to acknowledge the important contribution of hurl in the discovery of deep - sea diversity around the hawaiian archipelago . the ending - zoanthus , is a common ending of genera names in the order , historically referring to the flower - like appearance of the animal polyps .\nthe hawaiian gold corals , however , produced a surprisingly clear record .\ni was amazed ,\nsaid mccarthy .\nit was a massive ' aha , ' lightning bolt moment that showed what we ' re doing actually works . you don ' t get those moments all that often . this is an amazing data set that kelton generated .\ngorgeous hawaiian , genuine black coral bracelet for larger size ( up to 9 . 5\n) . hard to find size ! inner circumference is 9 . 5\n( 23 . 4 cm ) . they don ' t make this kind of jewelry anymore .\nthe physical look of the carbonate type of coral is that it flaunts a distinct pattern of parallel stripes with a little different colour and transparence . the glass simulants of the coral lacks the ideal structure of coral . they have a glassy luster and tend to have bubbles . the glass simulants can also display conchoidal fracture . the plastics simulants of coral also do not have coral the structure and can possibly show molding lines . you can detect the shell simulants by their layered structure . it displays fine rippled lines on its surface .\npink coral is delicate found in utmost quantity in the entire length of hawaiian chain . it is very dense and solid . the shaded colors in the large pink corals are the gem\u2019s natural qualities . the value of pink coral depends on its rarity . the precious red coral is revered high since the early civilizations for its beautiful color , texture and luster . it is found in ocean depths of about 500 to 1 , 000 feet . its rate of growth is very slow , only about 1 / 4 inch each year . this makes the red coral really highly treasured and prized .\nyou can buy coral in a great variety of colours that range from dark red , pink , white , spotted pink , orange , blue , violet , black and golden brown . each coral color has its own unique quality . black coral is exotic and dramatic to look and rare to find . it is considered as a guard against misfortune for a long time now . when polished , the black coral shines with beautiful luster .\nwalsh ge , bowers rl ( 1971 ) a review of hawaiian zoanthids with descriptions of three new species . zool j linn soc - lon 50 : 161\u2013180 .\nthere are some facts and qualities about the real coral that you should keep in mind . the best coral should have a deep natural color . it is found in a standard ( round or oval shape ) and finished surface . the perfect coral does not have any dents or holes or perforations . it is smooth to touch .\nbased on our knowledge on zoanthid taxonomy and evolution , the hypothesis of the hawaiian zoanthids examined in this study belonging to 5 genera was retained and is presented here .\nignoring phylogenetic information at genus level and based on the history of referring to the hawaiian gold coral as gerardia sp . , all the skeleton secreting zoanthids could be grouped into savalia . however , the taxonomic significance of the skeleton is unknown as well as information on biochemical similarities between secretions of savalia and ku . haumeaae is still missing . the absence of sand incrustation in ku . haumeaae is at least as important character to separate kulamanamana from savalia as is the skeleton to group those species together .\nthe polyps then create a branch like shape , built in the shape of hollow tubes fitted in one another . this makes for a sort of axial skeleton upon which the boneless coral polyps grow . they thrive a colony of their own and create the coral . a fully - grown coral remains covered with lime , barnacles , and salt .\ncoral size : 7x9mm . coating : rhodium plated on sterling silver . stone : genuine natural black coral ( not treated , not enhanced ) . pendant size : 14mm ( w ) x 25mm ( l ) including the bail .\netymology : this species is dedicated to emily and acadia baco - taylor , both born during the taxonomical investigations of these hawaiian species and presenting positive taxis towards bubble gum .\n2 . 6 - 2 . 7 . note : black coral , composed of conchiolin , is 1 . 34 .\nyou can do some tests to identify the real coral . place the real coral in a glass of cow\u2019s milk . if the color of milk will change to the one with red tinge , the coral is real . the imitation coral cannot change the milk\u2019s whiteness . another interesting test you can carry out is by actually wearing it . a true coral changes its color as per the physical health of the wearer . it will resume its original color when the physical health of the person is restored . but , it will fade out prior to the disorder in the wearer\u2019s physical health is evident .\nthere are two types of coral . calcareous corals are composed primarily of calcite and come in whites , reds , and pinks . conchiolin corals are composed of conchiolin , the same substance found in pearls and other shells . they come in black , brown , and gold colors . the conchiolin type is tougher and less brittle than the calcareous type .\nreimer jd , nonaka m , sinniger f , iwase f ( 2008 ) morphological and molecular characterization of a new genus and new species of parazoanthid ( anthozoa : hexacorallia : zoantharia ) associated with japanese red coral . coral reefs 27 : 935\u2013949 .\nby analyzing the composition of long - lived , deep - sea corals , uc santa cruz researchers have been able to track how ocean ecosystems responded to climate shifts over the past 1 , 000 years . hawaiian gold corals , which can live to be over 4 , 000 years old , act as living records , or\npaleoarchives ,\nby recording in their growth rings the chemical signatures of past ocean conditions .\ngrigg rw ( 1974 ) distribution and abundance of precious corals in hawaii . proc 2nd int coral reef symp , brisbane 235\u2013240 .\ngrigg rw ( 1993 ) precious coral fisheries of hawaii and the us . pacific islands . mar fish rev 55 : 50\u201360 .\nroark eb , guilderson tp , dunbar rb , ingram bl ( 2006 ) radiocarbon - based ages and growth rates of hawaiian deep - sea corals . mar ecol prog ser 327 : 1\u201314 .\ncoral jewelry was an important part of na hoku for many years . while we enjoyed sharing the beauty of this unique gemstone with our customers , it became very clear to us that the ever - increasing harvest of coral is detrimental to the delicate ocean environment .\nparrish fa ( 2007 ) density and habitat of three deep - sea corals in the lower hawaiian chain . in : george ry , cairns sd , editors . conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep - sea coral ecosystems . miami , fl : rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric science , university of miami . pp 185\u2013194 .\ndistribution : besides collection locations , also observed in submersible and rov videos at the makapu ' u coral bed off oahu , hawaii .\nas a buyer , you should first obtain the scientific ( latin ) name present in the control list of the coral . check whether cites regulates it or not . cites regulates all hard corals . if it is a cites species , the buyer requires a cites export permit that the exporting country issues . make sure that the coral producer obtains the cites permit for you before your order your coral jewelry .\nprecious coral was used in the oldest form of gemstone jewelry with pieces dating back 25 , 000 years showcased in museums . the use of coral , whose distinctive feature is that it can take a perfect polish , even predates the use of another ancient favorite , the pearl .\nred coral : ( corallium japonicum ) with a history predating the ancient glories of rome , precious red coral has been revered since early civilizations for its color , luster and texture . found in ocean depths of approximately 500 to 1 , 000 feet , red coral grows only about 1 / 4 inch per year , making it a highly treasured gemstone . our red coral is harvested in waters off the island chains of ogasawara and ryuku , as well as the mediterranean . we also hand select both rough material and cut stones of the highest quality from markets around the world .\nthe appearance of calcareou coral can range from semi translucent to opaque . its color can go from light to dark pink and then to dark red . it is also found in white , orange and cream colors and also in purple and blue at times . the appearance of other variety of coral , conchiolin coral , can range from semi translucent to opaque . it is found in gray , black , yellow and dark brown colors .\nit is difficult to find all the ideal conditions for the making of coral , such as right depth , intensity and temperature at one place . this is the reason there are less places in the world that provide best quality of coral . the best quality coral can be found in the southern ireland , madeira , bay of biscay , canaries , mauritius , cape de verde islands , japan , hawaii , australia , mediterranean , red sea , malay archipelago and in the japanese waters . italy is the place that is considered the center of coral jewelry making . in italy , torre del greco , near naples is the place where the best quality of coral jewelry is made . you can buy a lot of jewelry designs of coral , such as beautiful earrings , pendants , brooches , rings , tie bars , cuff links , belt buckles , pillboxes and inlaid jewelry boxes .\nthe gem use of coral began before recorded history . the ancient greeks , romans , and native americans used red , pink , and white corals extensively . deep red , bright pink , and clear white corals were highly prized . inland cultures far from the sources of coral would trade for these resources .\nwe are therefore asking jewelers everywhere to stop the advertising and selling of coral jewelry , and we ask that consumers cease purchasing this precious , endangered resource .\nalthough coral reefs are more commonly found in tropical areas , they can occur in colder , deeper water , such as those found to the west of ireland .\nour incomparable collection of the finest hawaiian and island lifestyle jewelry is recognized in hawaii and throughout the world for our exquisite island - inspired designs . from our original hawaiian slipper ( flip flop ) pendant , our wave pendant collection , our waterfall pendant collection , our elegant palm tree jewelry collection , to our latest koa wood inlay jewelry designs , and exclusive na hoku koa wood watches . we also feature our traditional hawaiian jewelry , our popular plumeria jewelry collection , our exquisite collection of pearl jewelry , and the timeless na hoku diamond solitaire engagement ring and bridal ring collections . we feature the exclusive collections made by kabana , le vian , effy , and bellarri . na hoku earrings , bracelets , pendants , necklaces , and rings capture the essence of the hawaiian and island lifestyle , and is unmatched in quality and craftsmanship . we invite you to visit us online or in our fine jewelry stores located across the continental u . s . and throughout hawaii .\n16 . 5\u201d hawaiian puca ( pucca ) shell necklace . it is designed with disc and flat nugget puca shells with the screw on clasp . the middle is designed with shells that have a lei flower design along with br . . .\nauster pj ( 2007 ) conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep - sea coral ecosystems . in : george ry , cairns sd , editors . conservation and adaptive management of seamount and deep - sea coral ecosystems . miami , fl : rosenstiel school of marine and atmospheric science , university of miami . pp . 93\u201399 .\nhawaiian gold coral , like other corals in its family ( parazoanthidae ) , is epizoic , specifically associated with bamboo corals ( isididae ; octocorallia ) . it is unclear whether k . haumeaae colonizes host skeletons once its host has died , or whether it parasitizes it , competing for resources ( as do some closely related savalia species ) . recent studies suggest that the speciation and radiation of parazoanthid corals is driven by their close host relationships , and the biology behind these host / epizoid interactions are the subject of understanding a newly - discovered diversity of deep - sea octocorals ; four other genera of which were collected and described in the same scientific publication as k . haumeaae ( sinniger et al . 2013 ) .\netymology : this species name is dedicated to dr . frank parrish for his contribution to the knowledge of the biology of ku . haumeaae and other precious corals in the hawaiian archipelago as well as his support of the research of arb and fs .\na close relative of conchiolin corals is the rare blue coral . the hues are very nice , but the saturation is low , so these pieces tend towards gray shades .\nto conclude , be very alert when you go off to buy the coral jewelry you like . remember the guiding tips above to get the best deal . happy shopping !\nthe coral that is suitable for jewelry is not generally formed in reefs . it is found in small branch - like structures . it can be seen as the skeletal remains of the marine animals or the polyp corallicum . the most worthful coral is the noble red , also called corallicum rubrum . a typical and unique feature of precious corals is that they have a wonderful polish .\nthe hawaiian gold coral , described here as ku . haumeaae , has historically been referred as \u201c gerardia sp . \u201d , a younger synonym of savalia nardo 1844 . based on the close molecular distances between all octocoral - associated zoanthids , all species examined could have been moved to the genus savalia which would then also include the genus corallizoanthus . however , savalia is characterised by its ability to secrete a skeleton and this ability is not shared by corallizoanthus , h . parrishi and ka . kerbyi ( unclear in h . ammophilus ) . morphology of the colonies is completely different between those species , with corallizoanthus colonies consisting of individual polyps connected together only temporarily after polyp division , b . emilyacadiaarum also presents a poorly developed coenenchyme and groups of polyps scattered along the host , and other species usually present dense colonies with well developed coenenchyme covering most of the host .\nparrish fa , baco a ( 2007 ) state of deep coral ecosystems in the united states western pacific region : hawaii and the united states pacific islands . in : lumsden se , hourigan tf , et al . . , editors . the state of deep coral ecosystems of the united states . noaa technical memorandum crcp - 3 . silver spring , md : national oceanic and atmospheric administration . pp . 155\u2013194 .\nonly the corals that grow slow and live long are selected for jewelry and other ornamental purposes . the intensive collection of reefs threatens them . if you wish to buy the coral jewelry from overseas , it is important to make sure that you find out if you should take a cites permit . when you are buying it at home , always enquire from the retailer whether the coral is imported with required cites permit .\nmiller k , neil h , tracey d ( 2009 ) recent advances in deep - sea coral science and emerging links to conservation and management of deep - sea ecosystems . mar ecol prog ser 397 : 1\u20135 .\nmurray roberts j , wheeler aj , freiwald a , cairns sd ( 2009 ) cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge : cambridge university press . 334 p .\na very dense and hard gemstone , its color runs the entire spectrum of pink , from almost white to hibiscus pink to salmon red . the marbled and shaded colorings in some larger pink corals are natural qualities of the gem . the value of pink coral gemstones vary according to rarity , but all shades of this coral are highly prized . maui divers hand selects only the highest quality stones that meet our rigorous standards of excellence .\nbiological interactions : this species colonises a paragorgiid coral , most likely paragorgia coralloides . due to the coexistence of the octocoral and the zoanthid , further studies are necessary to determine the type of relationship between the two organisms .\netymology : this species is named after terry kerby , who has been a hurl submersible pilot through most of the time period hurl has been in operation and was pilot during the collection of most of the specimens in this paper . his knowledge of the hawaiian deep - sea fauna considerably facilitated the sampling of the zoanthids described here .\nstrictly based on phylogenetic tree information , hawaiian species might be placed in the genus corallizoanthus , however , the remarks mentioned above apply also in this situation and while savalia would remain independent , the secretion of a skeleton by ku . haumeaae appears as a character difficult to ignore when grouping this species with non - skeleton secreting zoanthids .\nbayesian tree based on concatenated 18s , coi and 16s genes . values at the nodes represent posterior probabilities and bootstrap values respectively . \u201c s \u201d indicate the ability to secrete a skeleton . values below posterior probabilities of 0 . 5 or 50 % bootstrap were considered as unresolved . hawaiian zoanthids described here are indicated in bold . epizoanthidae are used as outgroup . vertical bars indicate the species belonging to epizoanthidae and parazoanthidae respectively .\nall those zoanthids were found in areas of seamount pinnacles or on the slope of hawaiian islands exposed to currents . this habitat was frequently shared with other precious corals such a corallium lauuense , other octocorals and antipatharians , as described in detail for ku . haumeaae in previous studies [ 3 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] . however , the distribution of those epizoic species is expected to be highly dependent on the distribution of the host organisms .\nthe coral skeletons contain essential amino acids left largely intact from when they were in the cells of phytoplankton from hundreds of years ago . by analyzing the composition of these amino acids in different growth rings , the researchers could tell what types of phytoplankton were dominant at different times in the past .\nwe thank dr . f . parrish dr . s . cairns , dr . h . zibrowius , dr . j . pawlowski , and dr . c . messing for their information on the gold coral and related zoanthids and advice in conducting this research . we also thank all the staff of the hawaii undersea research laboratory for the help in the sampling of the specimens . fs also which to thank dr . k . sakai and dr . s . harii for their help during the writing phase of this manuscript . dr . m . daly , dr . p . cartwright and dr . j . reimer contributed to obtaining several dna sequences of zoanthids used to compare to our samples . dr . p . chevaldonn\u00e9 and dr . m . bo kindly provided access to putative i . primnoidus specimens . the authors also wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to improve this manuscript .\nin 2005 , na hoku made the decision to cease all manufacture and sales of coral jewelry . while some questioned the economic sense of our decision , we felt then as we do now , that we are all responsible for the stewardship of our environment and must act , in any way we can , to protect it .\nour pink coral designs reflect the beautiful and fragrant blossoms of the islands , such as the pikake flowers , which may well have been fashioned into the lei you received during a visit to hawaii . our princess ka ` iulani ring was named after the most beautiful princess of hawai ` i ; when you turn it to the side , it looks like a crown .\nin the 1970s , pierre gilson developed \u201ccreated corals\u201d to help protect the natural variety from destructive harvesting . this imitation red and pink coral has a specific gravity ( sg ) of 2 . 44 . this is always lower than natural red and pink material . this synthetic has weak birefringence and lacks natural structure . under high magnification , you can see a fine granular texture .\ncorals are formed deep undersea by microscopic animals called coral polyps . these tiny , soft - bodied creatures form minute , hard shells . as a colony grows , it takes on complex branching , tree - like forms which allows the maximum number of polyps to be fed by the nutrients in the water . over time , colonies can form structures ranging from a hand - sized fan to a continent - wide reef .\netymology : this masculine genus name is dedicated to dr . helmut zibrowius for his precious contribution to deep - sea zoanthid science through the collection of several important samples . he also introduced the first author to deep - sea zoanthid research and especially to octocoral - associated zoanthids such as savalia through his accurate naturalistic observations and critical comments . this genus should not be confused with the coral - parasitic crustacean genus zibrowia grygier , 1985 .\ndistribution : throughout the hawaiian archipelago seamount and island slopes between 343\u2013575 m on hard substrata in low - sediment areas with high relief . usually one of the most abundant taxa in this depth range and habitat type , often with other corals present . also observed in line and jarvis islands , palmyra atoll and kingman reef however at lower densities [ 3 ] . similar specimens with golden or dark brown , almost black axis , also referred as \u201c gerardia \u201d , were collected in the west atlantic [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , and in new zealand [ 61 ] . if those zoanthids appear to be closely related enough to be congeneric , species - level relationships require further morphological and molecular analyses .\ndeep - sea corals , particularly on seamounts , have received significant attention over the last decade [ 1 ] . these corals have been shown to play a role as ecosystem biobuilders , acting as habitats for diverse invertebrate and fish communities [ 2 ] . in these studies , significant attention is given to scleractinians and more recently to octocorals . however , as in shallow water , the hexacorallian order zoantharia ( also sometimes called zoanthidea ) , may also make up a considerable component of some deep - sea coral communities [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] but have received little attention .\na ) kulamanamana haumeaae gen . n . sp . n . in situ , b ) zibrowius ammophilus gen . n . sp . n . in situ , c ) hurlizoanthus parrishi gen . n . sp . n . in situ , d ) axis of ku . haumeaae with the calcified skeleton of host bamboo coral visible in the center , e ) kauluzoanthus kerbyi gen . n . sp . n . fixed sample , polyps of ku . haumeaae can be seen on the right coloured in pink after reacting with formaldehyde , f ) bullagummizoanthus emilyacadiaarum gen . n . sp . n . fixed sample .\n\u00a9 2018 maui divers jewelry . all rights reserved . serviced by cybercom . powered by shopify\nnever miss a special offer or fabulous new product launches . unsubscribe any time .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 sinniger et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : specimens were collected by arb through grants from the hawaii undersea research laboratory and hawaii seagrant and by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) office of ocean exploration grant numbers na04oar4600071 , na0oar4600108 , and na03oar4600110 . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nin 1913 carglren , who was probably the most active researcher on this order , said \u201camong the anthozoa ( \u2026 ) there is hardly a group which is so uniform in its morphological characteristics as the zoantharia \u2026\u201d [ 23 ] . nearly a hundred years later , despite numerous taxonomical investigations of the morphological characteristics of this order , carlgren ' s statement is still accurate . the sphincter position has been traditionally used to identify zoanthid genera , although lwowsky [ 24 ] illustrated the risks of misidentification using this character . this is exemplified in the parazoanthidae , in which recent taxonomic work casts doubts on the significance of the sphincter muscle position ( the main distinguishing feature of isozoanthus ) as a valid character [ 7 ] and recent studies based on morphology assigned various unrelated zoanthids to the genus isozoanthus [ 25 ] \u2013 [ 28 ] , none of which matched with the ecological characteristics of previously described isozoanthus species . similarly , swain [ 29 ] showed clearly that the sphincter position did not allow proper identification at the genus level and does not represent the evolutionary history of this group .\nat the species level , nematocysts appear to be the most promising morphological character for use within the order [ 28 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] . however , ryland et al . [ 32 ] suggests using very large sample size to obtain reliable information , although such size are too large for most descriptions of new species ( which are often represented by only a few polyps ) . additionally , until now no studies have been made on the intraspecific and intra - individual variation of nematocysts sizes and assemblages in zoanthids through their life cycle and through changes in biological activity . for these reasons , nematocysts as a diagnostic character are to be interpreted with caution until more research is being made both on intra - and interspecific cnidome variations .\nrecently , dna information has shed light on the phylogenetic relationships among zoanthids and has also helped revise the taxonomy of several groups of zoanthids as well as describe new taxa [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 33 ] \u2013 [ 35 ] . however , the sole use of dna to identify zoanthid species might not be sufficient to distinguish closely related species [ 36 ] and it is therefore necessary to integrate not only dna and morphology but also ecological parameters to identify specimens .\ngeneral morphology and anatomy were studied by means of a stereo dissecting microscope . the anatomical and micro anatomical details were studied using staining in toto . nematocysts were examined with a light microscope equipped with a nomarski differential interference contrast optic system . a minimum of ten polyps for each species and all the colonies available were examined . the classification and terminology of nematocysts follows that of schmidt [ 40 ] , as adapted by den hartog [ 41 ] and den hartog et al . [ 42 ] , in table 2 we also include the terminology used by ryland and lancaster [ 43 ] . the surveys of the cnidome are summarised in table 2 in which the ranges of length and width of nematocysts are included .\ndistribution , type , relative abundances and size ranges of cnidae in the new zoanthids species described here .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 369f0bc5 - 9cdd - 496e - 8c21 - 2baa9e996531 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\nabbreviation used : 16s = mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit ; arb = amy baco ; bpbm = bernice pauahi bishop museum ; mmc = museo del mar , ceuta ( spain ) ; mnhg = natural history museum of geneva ( switzerland ) ; niwa = national institute of water and atmospheric research ( wellington , new zealand ) ; nsmt = national museum of nature and science ( tokyo , japan ) ; usnm = smithsonian institution ( washington dc , usa ) ; rmnh = naturalis ( leiden , the netherlands ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : f1f3fe5d - 3482 - 4658 - a84b - 589d2c4e225e\ndiagnosis : macrocnemic genus associated with octocorals secreting a golden to dark brown scleroproteic skeleton . absence of mineral incrustations in the ectoderm , well developed coenenchyme completely covering the host , . characteristic insertion / deletion pattern in the 16s v5 region sensu sinniger et al . [ 21 ] ( fig . 2 ) .\nthis figure shows the v5 region sensu sinniger et al . [ 21 ] with characteristic insertion / deletion pattern specific to each genus . this region is located in the second half of the mt16s rdna gene . sequences are represented from 5\u2032 to 3\u2032 and the sequences used are ay995925 , eu035623 , kc218431 , kc218438 , kc218434 , kc218433 , kc218435 .\ncnidae in the different tissues of the zoanthids described here . letters correspond to the cnidae listed in table 2 .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : de4b202a - 3564 - 4111 - 8885 - 81b5ac0dbce7\nsynonyms : parazoanthus sp . [ 10 ] , gerardia sp . [ 1 ] , [ 3 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 13 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 49 ] \u2013 [ 58 ] , savalia sp . [ 59 ] .\nholotype : p5 593 , keahole point ( 19\u00b048 . 203\u2032 - 19\u00b047 . 943\u2032 n , 156\u00b008 . 047\u2032 - 156\u00b007 . 478\u2032 w ) , hawaii , 15 . 10 . 2004 , 396 . 5 m , coll . arb , more than 200 polyps on fragments of different sizes , presence of some polyps of the parasitic zoanthid kauluzoanthus kerbyi , usnm 1190187 ( formalin - fixed ) , fragment of 20\u201325 small polyps , usnm 1190188 ( ethanol - fixed ) .\nparatypes : p5 - 582 , makapuu , hawaii , 02 . 10 . 2004 , 395 m , two fragments of 30\u201335 and 20 polyps of small size , bpbm - d2250 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; p5 - 582 , makapuu , hawaii , 02 . 10 . 2004 , 401 m , three fragments of 18\u201320 , 15 and 25\u201330 polyps medium to large size , mnhg - inve - 82279 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; p5 - 583 , makapuu , hawaii , 03 . 10 . 2004 , 427 m , three fragments of 24 , 30\u201335 and 10\u201315 polyps of different sizes , niwa - 84101 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; p5 - 583 , makapuu , hawaii , 03 . 10 . 2004 , 432 m , two fragments of 90\u201395 and 30\u201335 polyps of different sizes , mmc - t3 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; p5 - 583 , makapuu , hawaii , 03 . 10 . 2004 , 406 m , two fragments from the same colony of 45\u201350 and 60\u201365 polyps of different sizes , mmc - t4 ( formalin - fixed ) ; p5 - 585 , lanikai , hawaii , 05 . 10 . 2004 , 400 m , fragment of 10 small polyps and also a fragment of 85\u201390 polyps of small size , usnm 1190189 ( formalin - fixed ) ; p5 - 586 , lanikai , hawaii , 05 . 10 . 2004 , 410 m , three fragments of , 10\u201315 , 10\u201315 and 30\u201335 polyps of different sizes , niwa - 84102 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; p5 - 588 , cross seamount , hawaii , 09 . 10 . 2004 , 394 m , three fragments of 15\u201320 and 20\u201325 polyps of medium to big sizes , nsmt - co 1547 ( ethanol - fixed ) , two fragments of 8\u201310 and 20\u201325 polyps of medium size , mnhg - inve - 82280 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; p5 - 589 , cross seamount , hawaii , 09 . 10 . 2004 , 388 m , two fragments from the same colony of 80\u201390 polyps of different sizes and 25\u201330 polyps of small size , bpbm - d2251 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; gp5 p5 - 523 , bank 8 , hawaii , 06 . 10 . 2003 , 526 m , usnm 1190190 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; gp6 p5 - 522 , bank 8 , hawaii , 05 . 10 . 2003 , two fragments of 75\u201380 and 35\u201340 polyps of different sizes , 544 m , nsmt - co 1548 ( ethanol - fixed ) ; p4 - 19 , keahole point , hawaii , 22 . 11 . 2000 , 385 m , fragment of 55 polyps of equal size , rmnh coel . 40076 ( ethanol - fixed ) . all samples collected by arb .\ndiagnosis : golden axis , tissue colour ranging from pale yellow to medium orange , secretion of excessive mucus when collected and absence of mineral incrustations are distinctive characters of this species , in terms of cnidome , the main diagnostic characters appear to be the presence of enlarged penicilli a ( p - mastogophores a ) in tentacles and body wall and penicilli e in all the tissues ."]}
{"id": 1312, "summary": [{"text": "the common green bottle fly ( biological name phaenicia sericata or lucilia sericata ) is a blow fly found in most areas of the world , and the most well-known of the numerous green bottle fly species .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is 10 \u2013 14 mm long , slightly larger than a house fly , and has brilliant , metallic , blue-green or golden coloration with black markings .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it has short , sparse black bristles ( setae ) and three cross-grooves on the thorax .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the wings are clear with light brown veins , and the legs and antennae are black .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the maggots ( larvae ) of the fly are used for maggot therapy . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "common green bottle fly", "paragraphs": ["common green bottle fly ( calliphoridae : lucilia sericata [ phaenicia sericata ] ) under a microscope .\na common green bottle fly ( lucilia sericata ) feeding on a pink salmon carcass near the mashiter river .\nvariation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) .\ngreen bottle fly prevention and control may be comprised of both exterior and interior procedures .\ncommon green bottle fly ( calliphoridae : lucilia sericata [ phaenicia sericata ] ) collecting around a dead carcass for feeding .\nfigure 3 . ventral view of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . photograph by joseph berger , urltoken\ngallagher mb , sandhu s , kimsey r . variation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly ,\nvariation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nfigure 2 . dorsal view of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . photograph by joseph berger , bugwood . org .\nthe bottle fly is a predominant type of large flying insect , in which the adults can be identified easily by their green or blue metallic coloration . they are categorized based on the body color . to be precise , the blue and green bottle fly life cycle is similar to the life cycle of the common bottle fly .\nfigure 4 . anterior - lateral view of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . photograph by joseph berger , bugwood . org .\nm . b . gallagher , s . sandhu , and r . kimsey , \u201cvariation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly ,\nfigure 1 . common green bottle flies , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) , on dog feces . photograph by whitney crenshaw , colorado state university , bugwood . org .\n\u2013 keep the property clean and get rid of all sources that provide green bottle flies a suitable development habitat .\nconservation status : the common blow fly is considered very stable - not endangered . videos :\nfly baits are a common method of fly control . if you use fly baits , remember to keep the fly bait as far away as possible from your house or building . fly bait such as marlin fly bait , bonanza fly bait or maxforce granular fly bait work quickly , killing flies in about 60 seconds , and keeps controlling them for up to 30 days .\nbrodie b , gries r , martins a , vanlaerhoven s , gries g . bimodal cue complex signifies suitable oviposition sites to gravid females of the common green bottle fly . entomol exp appl . 2014 ; 153 : 114\u201327 .\nblow flies also include a number of species including the common bluebottle fly , calliphora vomitoria ( linnaeus ) the green bottlefly , phaenicia sericata ( meigen ) and others .\ngallagher mb , sandhu s , kimsey r . variation in developmental time for geographically distinct populations of the common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . journal of forensic sciences . 2010 ; 55 ( 2 ) : 438\u2013442 .\ngreen bottle flies deposit eggs in decaying tissue , which the larvae feed on after hatching this is why the pests often swarm near and develop in dead animals in wall voids , crawl spaces , attics and garages . outside homes green bottle fly preferred development sites are trashcans , spilled trash and animal feces .\nblow flies comprise the family calliphoridae in the insect order diptera , the true flies . they are related to botflies and flesh flies , the larvae of which also live in dead or live animal tissues and dung . the common blow fly is eucalliphora lilea ; the cluster fly is pollenia rudis ; the green bottle fly is phaenicia sericata ; the black blow fly is phormia regina ; and the screwworm fly is cochliomyia hominivorax .\nfigure 5 . adult female common green bottle flies , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) , laying eggs . note the extended ovipositor on adult in lower right corner . photograph by susan ellis , bugwood . org .\nthe green bottle fly is found throughout the world , but is more likely to be found in the northern hemisphere . this species is widely distributed throughout the united states and southern canada .\nweeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .\n\u2013 seal and repair screens , holes , gaps and any other entryway that green bottle flies may use to enter the home or may allow animals to enter the structure .\nthe green bottle fly is measured up to 10 - 14mm long , slightly larger than a house fly , and has brilliant , metallic , blue - green or golden colorations with black markings . it has black bristle - like hair and three cross - grooves on the thorax . the wings are clear with light brown veins , and the legs and antennae are black .\ncommon green bottle fly lucilia sericata ( phaenicia sericata ) ( order diptera ; family calliphoridae ) lucilia sericata ( phaenicia sericata ) , female ( photo taken by rachel havlik ) ( kansas : sedgwick county . derby , 37\u00b033\u201923 . 45\u2019\u2019 n , 97\u00b015\u201906 . 10\u2019\u2019 w . in home around light fixture . may 24 , 2013 ) .\nsukontason kl , et al . ommatidia of blow fly , house fly , and flesh fly : implication of their vision efficiency . parasitol res . 2008 ; 103 : 123\u201331 .\nexclude blow / bottle flies from a structure with proper screening and maintenance of doors and windows .\nthey also stimulate fluid production and auto - irrigation of a wound as well as secrete antibacterial substances . sterile preparations of larvae of the common bluebottle fly (\nthe life cycle of a bottle fly includes four successive stages , namely eggs , larvae , pupae , and adults . this article explains this process in detail .\nthe adult bottle fly measures about 1 / 4 - inch to 3 / 8 - inch in length . depending upon the species , the adult color may be metallic - green , blue , bronze , or copper . adults become sexually mature within 2 weeks after emerging . following mating , the female breeds in damp areas , compost bins , and unprotected wounds of animals . thus , the life cycle of the bottle fly starts again . within one year , usually 3 - 4 generations of bottle flies are completed .\n] , separated the green color channel , manually selected wings , and graphed histograms of pixel values .\nthe blue bottle fly have a dull bluish - black thorax and a shiny metallic dark blue abdomen . its body and legs are covered with black bristle - like hair , the eyes are red in colour with clear and black legs and antennae . they measure up 10 to15mm long which makes them slightly large than the common house fly\nin many animal rearing situations , the majority of the flies are the common house fly . these are controlled with fly parasites , filth fly traps and manure management . a small number of biting flies can torment the animals and ranch hands . add a few biting fly traps to your program to remove these pesky critters and improve the health of your animals .\ntransmit disease while unsightly and a nuisance , the green bottle fly is also a potential threat to human health since these pests transmit diseases like dysentery and salmonellosis through food contamination . symptoms can range from mild cramps to severe diarrhea , vomiting , headache , weakness and fever .\nfirst , contact your pest management professional for assistance . your pest management professional will positively identify the offending pest , conduct an inspection and then develop an integrated pest management plan ( ipm ) to resolve the problem . the key components of a green bottle fly ipm plan include :\nthere are a bunch of fly species common to the midwest . each has very unique differences , but the one i ' d like to focus on is the bluebottle fly and the dead truth about why they might be in your house .\ngreen bottle flies complete their life cycle in a short time , but the period of time is affected by factors such as the quality of their food source , seasonality , temperature and humidity . the adult female fly deposits up to about 200 eggs that hatch and become larvae in 1 - 3 days . within about 3 - 10 days , fully developed larvae leave their development site and burrow into the soil . pupal development takes approximately 6 - 14 days after which time the adults will emerge and begin to feed on plant nectar , a carcass or garbage . the female fly lays eggs about 2 weeks after they leave the pupal stage . green bottle flies usually complete 3 or 4 generations per year , more in the warmer regions of their distribution areas . one female green bottle fly will lay about 2 , 000 - 3 , 000 eggs in her lifetime\nblow and bottle flies are found worldwide , occurring nearly every place inhabited by people . the name blow fly comes from the bloated condition of the rotting animal carcasses that their larvae , known as maggots , infest . blow flies are one of the most common flies found around dead animals . these flies are common in populated areas and are often found near meat - processing plants , garage dumps and slaughterhouses .\nwithin a few days , the larva matures and pupates in a dry place . the resulting cocoons have a tough , brown - colored covering . as compared to other flies , the pupation stage of a bottle fly is very long ( about 2 weeks ) . during low temperature conditions , a pupa may take about three weeks to emerge into an adult bottle fly .\nchemicals \u2013 chemical products to treat fly resting places and using chemical fly baits , residual insecticide and aerosol products in locations where flies are active .\nblow fly maggots are important in forensic analyses in cases of homicide and other human deaths . because the maggots grow at constant rates , their size and stage of development can provide clues to the time and conditions of death . blow flies have played a role in medicine : species such as the green bottle fly and the black blow fly were once commonly used to clean open wounds in humans because the maggots tend to feed only on decayed tissue .\neggs are usually laid on meat or dead animals . some blow fly species , such as the screw worm fly , lay their eggs on living animals .\n\u201cnzi\u201d is the swahili word for fly , reflecting the trap\u2019s development in africa to control the deadly tsetse flies that spread sleeping sickness . the trap mimics the shape of a large animal , as perceived by the fly visual system . the front blue panel is perceived by the fly eye as the underbelly of an animal . expecting a blood meal from the animal\u2019s \u201cunderbelly , \u201d the fly swoops down . but instead of the expected juicy underbelly , the fly is greeted by sunlight pouring down from the top of the trap . the natural fly response is to fly up into the sunlight , where it is stopped by mosquito netting and then channeled into a clear plastic bottle and trapped .\ncolors include : blue , gold , green , bronze , black / bluish , all with a metallic sheen , or irridescence .\nfly ( red eyed , small ) ) probably in the family : sapromyzidae .\ncalliphorid flies are generally found everywhere and are mostly stout , large to moderate in size and are often shiny with metallic colouring , with blue , green , or black thoraces and abdomens . they fly mainly by day .\nspider eating fly alive . nature at its best ! ! epic . amazing quality .\nthe bottle fly is a species of the common blow fly which is found in almost all habitats of the world . while flying , this fly produces a characteristic buzzing sound . it is a scavenger and feeds on dead and decayed organic matter , meat , feces , etc . nevertheless , when there is a shortage of decayed organic matter , the female feeds on the nectar of strongly - fragrant flowers for laying healthy eggs . thus , this fly plays a major role as a pollinator in the ecosystem . coming to its life cycle , it is similar to that of other flies and comprises four successive stages .\nthe most common signs of bottle flies are either the adults themselves or their larvae . the adults may be seen resting on surfaces or buzzing around potential food sources in which to lay eggs . larvae may be observed when they crawl out of the breeding material to pupate .\ncitation : blenkiron c , tsai p , brown la , tintinger v , askelund kj , windsor ja , et al . ( 2015 ) characterisation of the small rnas in the biomedically important green - bottle blowfly lucilia sericata . plos one 10 ( 3 ) : e0122203 . urltoken\nthe common green bottle fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) , formerly phaenicia sericata , is a common visitor to carrion , feces , and garbage . lucilia sericata , is also one of the most common species in the genus ( whitworth 2006 ) . this blow fly is a member of the family calliphoridae , and like many of the other blow flies , l . sericata plays an important role in forensic , medical and veterinary science . in forensic science , the larvae or maggots help to determine the period of insect colonization as it relates to the time of death , aiding law enforcement in their investigations . medical treatment using maggot therapy can help to heal infections that are otherwise incurable ( rueda et al . 2010 ) . in the field of veterinary medicine , feeding by larval l . sericata can cause substantial losses in animals and production ( strikewise 2007 ) .\nwe present here the draft genome sequence of a providencia stuartii strain , derived from the salivary glands of larval lucilia sericata , a common blow fly important to forensic , medical , and veterinary science . the genome sequence will help dissect coinfections involving p . stuartii and proteus mirabilis , as well as blow fly\u2013bacteria interactions .\nfly glue traps such as catchmaster gold sticks - 10 . 5\nand catchmaster goldstick - 24\n, or revenge jumbo fly catchers may be used to trap and kill blow flies . you can use the goldsticks inside or outside . the jumbo fly catchers are perfect for hanging in gararges or basements . we carry a large assortment of blow fly glue traps\ncommon green bottle fly ( phaenicia sericata ) , filmed in the u . k . on 25 july 2014 . author : the nature box license : cc by - sa 4 . 0 link : urltoken details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s\nabout\npage . link to this video\u2019s license : urltoken in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -\nabout the same size as the house fly maybe a little bit bigger and more robust .\nopen doors , cracked window frames , and holes in screens allow green bottle flies to enter homes . once inside , they can contaminate food and lay eggs in wastes and wet garbage . they eat from dirty dishes and trashcans but will consume almost any edible items left out in the open .\nin each replicate of experiment 3 ( n = 10 ) , we mounted one live female fly and one live male fly 7 cm apart on an aluminum t - bar ( fig .\nadult flies were collected using plastic bottle fly traps and entomological nets at the laleh park in center of tehran as well as the livestock shopping center and close vicinity of slaughter houses in the east and south of tehran , iran . the traps were made by cutting the top of a plastic water bottle , placing some sands ( 3 cm ) into the bottom of the bottle , putting some raw sheep / chicken liver ( 100 g ) on top of the sand , and then inverting the top of the bottle into the bottom , and tape the two halves together . larval collection from natural infestations of sheep and cattle were performed , but it was unsuccessful because of insecticide application on the animals .\n! at first the fly will be soft and not contain its bright green color . it will take the body of the fly 48 hours to harden , which it will then display , color and finally have fully functional wings . mating activity will then occur anywhere from 3 - 8 days after emergence . then the life cycle will start all over again !\nif a large number of green bottle flies are found inside a structure , they are usually breeding inside the home or in the immediate area of the home . examples of such breeding sites may be a dead mouse or squirrel in the attic or wall void , or a dead bird or other animal in the chimney .\nfarkas r , hell e , hall mj , gyurkovszky m . in vitro rearing of the screwworm fly\nadults : the adults are usually a metallic green and can also have a copper green color . the mouthparts are usually yellow ( apperson et al . 2011 ) . the back is hairy and the overall diameter is about 8\u201310 mm . the squamae at the base of the wings are hairless ( salimi et al . 2010 ) .\n, the common green - bottle fly , by artificially inducing myiasis in a controlled clinical situation . the first documented descriptions of this method date back to the 16th century ; later descriptions of successful maggot applications were found in the writings of napoleon\u2019s surgeon , and , finally , the founder of the modern maggot therapy is believed to be william baer , professor of orthopedic surgery at the johns hopkins school of medicine in maryland , usa , who was a pioneer in the use of sterile maggots for wound therapy , and made observations of the maggot therapy of traumatic wounds during world war i on the battlefields in france .\nwe used the same high - speed video technology as described above , except that we exposed the mounted fly to diffuse instead of point source light . we placed the fly inside a ping pong ball \u201cdiffuser\u201d ( fig .\nfirst study on the larval growth parameter and growth rate of a forensically important blow fly , hyp . . .\nall flies have either sponging / lapping or piercing / sucking mouth parts . the bluebottle fly falls into the\nfilth fly\ncategory . this type of fly has a sponge - like mouthpart to suck up the decomposing liquid that its stomach acids produce when it comes into contact with the organic things it lands on . gross ! ! !\nblow / bottle flies do not always require chemical control . however , if necessary , spray entry points on building or fly resting areas with residual liquid insecticides such as cyper wsp or lambdastar ultra cap 9 . 7 . in order to maintain a residual control , use these insecticides once a month .\nin many areas such as the american southwest , blow flies are the most common type of flies found in and around houses and other human habitations . blow flies range in length from 7 to 16 mm ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 63 in ) ; they have robust bodies and wide heads . the name blow fly comes from the bloated condition of the rotting animal carcasses that their larvae , known as maggots , infest . the most frequent species found under these conditions is the common blow fly . adult blow flies feed primarily on flower nectar , plant sap , and other sugary materials .\nlucilia sericata is a common green bottle fly that you may have come in contact with while enjoying the great outdoors , or sitting in your living room watching televison . many people become annoyed with the presence of flies . yet , this organism is amazing ! this webpage was created in order to inform the public about this impressive organism . they can fight crime and even heal wounds ! these blow flies have complex life cycles and are able to reproduce very quickly . this incredible organism helps decompose material and pollinate flowers . you might not think that a little pest like lucilia sericata is capable of so many different things that help out the environment . however , if you are a sheep this fly might be your worst enemy . hopefully after exploring this site you will gain an appreciation for lucilia sericata and will hopefully think twice about grabbing that fly swatter ! to begin check out the classification page . go back to urltoken\nhabitat : blow flies prefer moderate , temperate and tropical climates mainly . they are especially common in the southern hemisphere but can be found in all warm , moist climates and coastal regions .\ngreen lacewing ( scientifically known as chrysoperla rufilabris ) is widely used in various situations to control many different pests . many species of adult lacewings do not kill pest insects , they actually subsist on foods such as nectar , pollen and honeydew . it\u2019s their predacious offspring that get the job done . if you\u2019re looking for effective aphid control , green lacewing larva should help do the trick .\nin conclusion , we describe a previously unidentified visual mate recognition system in the common green bottle fly . the system depends upon both the sex - and age - specific frequencies of light flashes reflecting off moving wings , and the ability of male flies to distinguish between the frequency of light flashes produced by rival males and prospective mates . our findings imply that insect photoreceptors with fast processing speed may not only support agile flight with advanced maneuverability but may also play a supreme role in mate recognition . with emerging evidence that light flash mate cues also occur in other insects ( unpublished data ) , there may be an opportunity for optimizing light traps for capture of specific nuisance insects in urban and industrial settings .\neffects of temperature and diet on black soldier fly , hermetia illucens ( l . ) ( diptera : stratiomyidae ) , development\ndiet : larvae blow flies feed exclusively on carrion and excrement where they develop after hatching from eggs . adult blow flies feed on flower nectar . swarming of females on carcasses or excrement is common .\nlike to lay their eggs in an area that is usually exposed to light . check out this youtube video of a fly laying\nfilth feeders green bottle flies are classified as filth feeders that develop in and feed on dead animals , feces , garbage and decomposing plant materials . because of their unsanitary habitats , they may carry pathogenic bacteria that can be transmitted to people and animals via mechanical transmission . outside , they are commonly seen on dog feces and are one of the many reasons why it is so important to pick up dog feces .\negg > lava > pupa > adult : female blowflies , lays several batches of eggs of up to 180 on suitable food materials ( carcasses or meat ) . the eggs are whitish in colour and about 1 . 5mm long and will hatch within 1 - 2 days . upon hatching , the larvae may feed on the surface and then burrow into the food material . the larvae or maggots are usually whitish in colour , legless and measure up to 18mm long . larvae pass through three moults before emerging into adulthood . the fully grown or mature larvae will leave the food source to pupate in soil or dry areas . the pupae are reddish brown and will develop into adult blow flies within 1 - 2 weeks . although the green bottle fly has very similar egg laying patterns and larval development as the blue bottle fly , they are slightly slower due to their dependence on outside ambient conditions .\nblow flies are commonly known worldwide and in britain . alternatively , the name bottle fly may reflect the shiny , glass - like or metallic coloration of the flies . blow flies enter buildings , and structures , domestic homes , and stables ready to breed . they are more than just a nuisance ; are of medical importance because of their mechanical transmission of disease organisms and ability to cause meiosis ( infestation of tissues / cavities ) in humans and animals by the fly larvae .\naustralian museum . ( november 2009 ) . decomposition : \\ fly life cycle and development times . urltoken ( 30 august 2011 ) .\n) , and immobilized the wings of each fly with cyanoacrylate adhesive . we illuminated the male from above by an led ( fig .\nthe p . stuartii strain crippen was isolated from lucilia sericata , a green bottle fly , which is of importance to decomposition ecology ( 18 ) as related to the medical and forensic sciences ( 16 , 17 ) . our strain was coisolated along with proteus mirabilis strain wood ( 19 ) , which can affect l . sericata attraction to , and colonization of , resources ( 20 , 21 ) . mixed microbial communities , including proteus - providencia coinfections , which increase the incidence of bacteremia and urolithiasis ( 8 ) , can have properties distinct from those of their individual components ( 22 , 23 ) . this property of mixed cultures has also been shown to impact fly behavior and life history ( 24 ) . therefore , knowledge of this genome will help elucidate fly\u2013microbe interactions that are important to forensic science and ecology , as well as coinfections relevant to medicine .\neffect of fly sex and age on the frequency ( hz ) of wing - reflected light flashes and their effects on attraction of males .\np\u00f6ppel a - k , vogel h , wiesner j , vilcinskas a . 2015 . antimicrobial peptides expressed in medicinal maggots of the blow fly\ndesign by oleg ko\nblow fly ,\nmicrosoft\u00a8 encarta\u00a8 online encyclopedia 2009 urltoken \u00a9 1997 - 2009 microsoft corporation . all rights reserved .\nmaggots are the most obvious sign of any fly infestation . they are often found in decaying food or in any type of rotting organic matter .\nthe green bottle fly maggot , lucilia sericata , is a species with importance in medicine , agriculture and forensics . improved understanding of this species\u2019 biology is of great potential benefit to many research communities . micrornas ( mirna ) are a short non - protein coding regulatory rna , which directly regulate a host of protein coding genes at the translational level . they have been shown to have developmental and tissue specific distributions where they impact directly on gene regulation . in order to improve understanding of the biology of l . sericata maggots we have performed small rna - sequencing of their secretions and tissue at different developmental stages .\ngreen p , simmonds m , blaney w . diet nutriment and rearing density affect the growth of black blowfly larvae , phormia regina ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . european journal of entomology . 2003 ; 100 ( 1 ) : 39\u201342 .\nlucilia sericata larvae are commonly known as green - bottle blowfly maggots and are an important species in forensics , agriculture and biomedicine [ 1 , 2 ] . their ability to assist in wound debridement has been exploited for centuries and they are still used today in the treatment of chronic skin wounds and ulcers to promote healing [ 3 ] . lucilia have also proven useful in forensics for estimation of post - mortem intervals [ 4 ] . conversely in agriculture , lucilia , both l . sericata and to a greater extent l . cuprina , are parasites of sheep causing blow - fly strike which has detrimental economic effects worldwide [ 5 , 6 ] .\nfigure 8 . adult australian sheep blow fly , lucilia cuprina ( wiedemann ) . image taken in australia . photograph by lesley ingram , bugwood . org .\nblow flies are slightly larger than true house flies , and the bodies of many are metallic blue or green in color . worldwide , there are about 1200 species of blow flies , and in north america there are 80 . in many areas including the american southwest , blow flies are the most common type of flies found in and around buildings . blow flies range in length from 7 to 16 mm ( 0 . 28 to 0 . 63 in ) ; they have robust bodies and wide heads .\nduring cold climatic conditions , the pupae and adults hibernate until the temperature is warm and favorable . in general , the life span of a bottle fly is about 3 weeks , which may be shortened in warmer areas . it is mostly found outdoors . in case you find a fly indoors , check for the infestation site . besides scavenging on dead organic matter , it is also a carrier of disease - causing microbes . hence , it is often considered as a serious pest . if necessary , you can hire professional a pest control service to get rid of the infestation .\nvan hateren jh , hardie rc , rudolph a , laughlin sb , stavenga dg . the bright zone , a specialized dorsal eye region in the male blow fly\ndead animals in chimneys will often cause the larva of this fly type to drop down into the fireplace , pupate and then infest the inside of a house .\nthe female blow fly typically lays her eggs on the body of a recently killed animal . the eggs hatch quickly and the maggots then feed on the decaying tissues . in warm weather , some species can complete their larval growth within a week . they then burrow into the soil and pupate , to emerge later as adult flies . blow flies play an essential role in nature by decomposing dead tissue . the cluster fly species of blow fly is an exception : its larvae prey on earthworms .\nk . sukontason , k . l . sukontason , s . piangjai et al . , \u201cidentification of forensically important fly eggs using a potassium permanganate staining technique , \u201d\nblow fly , any of a large family of flies known for the habit of the larvae , or immature flies of , infesting animal carcasses . they are found worldwide , occurring nearly every place inhabited by people . blow flies are slightly larger than true house flies , and the bodies of many are metallic blue or green in color . worldwide , there are about 1200 species of blow flies , and in north america there are 80 .\ngreen lacewing eggs are oval and pale green . just before the larvae hatch , eggs turn gray . the eggs are shipped in vials with food and a carrier such as rice hulls , bran or vermiculite . it is best to allow a few of the lacewing larvae to begin emerging from the eggs before releasing . as soon as a few emerge , release as soon as possible to avoid cannibalism . the best time to release is early morning or late afternoon . eggs can be stored at no lower than 50\u00b0f for up to 48 hours .\nwall r , fisher p . visual and olfactory cue interaction in resource - location by the blow fly , lucilia sericata . physiol entomol . 2001 ; 26 : 212\u20138 .\nruck p . photoreceptor cell response and flicker fusion frequency in compound eye of the fly , lucilia sericata ( meigen ) . biol bull . 1961 ; 120 : 375\u201383 .\nsome blow fly species , such as the screwworm fly , lay their eggs on living animals . the maggots then feed on the animal ' s healthy tissue . because blow flies routinely move between dead animals or dung and human habitats , they may transmit disease organisms to people , including the bacteria that cause dysentery , typhus , and cholera .\nlocate and eliminate all possible breeding sources . blow flies and bottle flies feed and breed on dead animals and garbage . whenever possible , remove all material where the flies can lay their eggs . killing adult flies will reduce infestation , but elimination of breeding areas is necessary for proper management\n: figure s1a ) , one that produced light pulses at 190 hz approximating the wing flash frequency of a flying female , and the other that produced constant light at the same intensity . second , we isolated the pulsed - light effects from phenotypic traits of female flies by mounting one live female fly and one live male fly side by side ( fig .\ntatler b , o\u2019carroll d , laughlin s . temperature and the temporal resolving power of fly photoreceptors . j comp physiol a sens neural behav physiol . 2000 ; 186 : 399\u2013407 .\nk . l . sukontason , r . ngern - klun , d . sripakdee , and k . sukontason , \u201cidentifying fly puparia by clearing technique : application to forensic entomology , \u201d\ntarone am , foran dr . gene expression during blow fly development : improving the precision of age estimates in forensic entomology . journal of forensic sciences . 2011 ; 56 : s112\u2013s122 .\n) , the rounded lens of which was sanded down to be flush with the sphere\u2019s surface . sanding the lens ensured that the emitted light was visible to flies from many viewing angles rather than from the narrow viewing angle that the lens otherwise creates . by random assignment , one led in each pair emitted constant light ; the other emitted light pulsed at 290 hz ( experiment 5 ) , 250 hz ( experiment 6 ) , 178 hz ( experiment 7 ) , or 110 hz ( experiment 8 ) . we selected the frequencies of 290 hz and 110 hz to test the response of males to pulse frequencies that are well above or below the wing flash frequencies produced by flying common green bottle flies . in each of experiments 5\u20138 , we analyzed the mean numbers of alighting responses by males on paired spheres holding leds emitting constant light or pulsing light by a paired two sample for means\ntarone am , foran dr . 2010 . gene expression during blow fly development : improving the precision of age estimates in forensic entomology . journal of forensic sciences 56 : s112 - s122 .\n] . after that , they were preserved in a small glass bottle containing 70 % ethanol . the preserved larvae were dissected individually at two sites to obtain three body portions by using a sharp blade under a stereo microscope ( olympus , japan ) , according to the method described by sukontason et al . [\ntomberlin jk , adler ph , myers hm . development of the black soldier fly ( diptera : stratiomyidae ) in relation to temperature . environmental entomology . 2009 ; 38 ( 3 ) : 930\u2013934 .\nwarren ja , anderson gs . effect of fluctuating temperatures on the development of a forensically important blow fly , protophormia terraenovae ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . environmental entomology . 2013 ; 42 : 167\u2013172 .\nwe next looked at the patterns of insect trna fragments that were found in each sample ( fig . 2 ; s2 table ) . a trna glygcc was the most common fragment identified , accounting for 55\u201370 % of all insect trna counts . other common trnas were aspgtc , lysctt , lysttt , hisgtg , procgg and valcac . interestingly when the fragments are matched to the known drosophila mature trna sequences they are predominantly at the 5\u2019 end , particularly when the trna is highly abundant . the fragmentation patterns for trnas were generally consistent across samples with the only differences seen for those with lower read counts suggesting that they are random degradation products .\nvideo - recording wing movements of abdomen - mounted common green bottle flies , lucilia sericata , under direct light at 15 , 000 frames per second revealed that wing movements produce a single , reflected light flash per wing beat . such light flashes were not evident when we video - recorded wing movements under diffuse light . males of l . sericata are strongly attracted to wing flash frequencies of 178 hz , which are characteristic of free - flying young females ( prospective mates ) , significantly more than to 212 , 235 , or 266 hz , characteristic of young males , old females , and old males , respectively . in the absence of phenotypic traits of female flies , and when given a choice between light emitting diodes that emitted either constant light or light pulsed at a frequency of 110 , 178 , 250 , or 290 hz , males show a strong preference for the 178 - hz pulsed light , which most closely approximates the wing beat frequency of prospective mates .\nk . sukontason , r . methanitikorn , k . l . sukontason , s . piangjai , and j . k . olson , \u201cclearing technique to examine the cephalopharyngeal skeletons of blow fly larvae , \u201d\nvoss sc , spafford h , dadour ir . temperature - dependent development of nasonia vitripennis on five forensically important carrion fly species . entomologia experimental et applicata . 2010 ; 135 ( 1 ) : 37\u201347 .\nbaque m , filmann n , verhoff m , amendt j . establishment of developmental charts for the larvae of the blow fly calliphora vicina using quantile regression . forensic science international . 2015 ; 248 : 1\u20139 .\nmcwatters hg , saunders ds . the influence of each parent and geographic origin on larval diapause in the blow fly , calliphora vicina . journal of insect physiology . 1996 ; 42 ( 8 ) : 721\u2013726 .\ndavies k , harvey ml . internal morphological analysis for age estimation of blow fly pupae ( diptera : calliphoridae ) in postmortem interval estimation . journal of forensic sceinces . 2013 ; 58 ( 1 ) : 79\u201384 .\nadult age estimation is generally confined to the period immediately following eclosion , where wings are gradually unfurled as hemolymph moves into veins , and general body coloration of the fly develops . 62 there is little call for determining age of adult flies , given that their mobility makes connecting them to development on a specific source of carrion problematic . the puparium left behind following eclosion is likely to provide as much information as the adult fly itself .\neach green lacewing larva will devour 200 or more pests or pest eggs a week during their two to three week developmental period . after this stage , the larvae pupate by spinning a cocoon with silken thread . approximately five days later adult lacewings emerge to mate and repeat the life cycle . depending on climatic conditions , the adult will live about four to six weeks .\nnabity p , higley l , heng - moss t . light - induced variability in development of forensically important blow fly phormia regina ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . journal of medical entomology . 2007 ; 44 ( 2 ) : 351\u2013358 .\nvoss sc , spafford h , dadour ir . temperature - dependent development of tachinaephagus zealandicus ashmead ( hymenoptera : encyrtidae ) , on five forensically important carrion fly species . medical and veterinary entomology . 2010 ; 24 ( 2 ) : 189\u2013198 .\nadult were transferred individually into a bottle trap including sand and meat to lay eggs at 28\u00b0 c\u00b11 , 40 % \u00b15 relative humidity and 12 h photoperiodicity , protected with an external net curtain to avoid the entry of other insect species . after laying eggs , the dead specimens were identified morphologically by using the taxonomic keys of james 1947 , zumpt 1965 , mcalpine 1981 , and whitworth 2006 .\nthe present nzi trap design , tested mainly in africa , caught thousands of stable flies ( stomoxys spp . ) per day in the forests of kenya\u2019s nairobi national park . the traps worked best in sunny locations away from bushes and trees . octenol or fermented cow urine as an attractant bait increased fly catches in trials , but the traps work fine even without these added attractants . so far , the nzi trap has been the best biting fly trap design we have tested in north america .\nsp . ) was similar but the development duration of larval and pupal stages in the blowflies were shorter than the flesh fly . life cycle span from egg to eclosion in blowflies ranged from eight to twelve days whereas it was ten to sixteen days in the flesh fly . egg hatching and larval stages prolonged each about one fourth of the total pre - imago time whereas duration of pupation took almost half of the time of the total pre - adult development time for all of the three species .\nteh ch , nazni wa , lee hl , fairuz a , tan sb , et al . ( 2013 ) in vitro antibacterial activity and physicochemical properties of a crude methanol extract of the larvae of the blow fly lucilia cuprina . med vet entomol .\nnassu mp , thyssen pj , linhares ax . developmental rate of immatures of two fly species of forensic importance : sarcophaga ( liopygia ) ruficornis and microcerella halli ( diptera : sarcophagidae ) . parasitology research . 2014 ; 113 ( 1 ) : 217\u2013222 .\n) , immobilizing their wings and illuminating the wings of the male by the 190 - hz light pulses while keeping the wings of the paired female under constant illumination . in both experiments , we placed the t - bar with the two mounted flies into a bioassay cage containing 50 male flies and recorded the numbers of alighting responses on either fly in each pair . in both experiments , the female or male fly exposed to pulsed light ( 190 hz ) received many more alighting responses ( mean \u00b1 se ) by males than did the fly illuminated by constant light ( exp . 2 : 27 . 8 \u00b1 4 . 32 vs . 0 . 9 \u00b1 0 . 31 ; n = 10 , t crit . two - tail = 2 . 26 ,\n] , suggesting that females send and males perceive the visual signals or cues . occupying vantage points in their territories , males survey rapid fly - bys of females and males , and then decide whether to fend off rival males or pursue prospective female mates .\nsensory perception of light flashes produced by moving wings seems to be facilitated by the functional design , neural circuitry , and processing speed found in the sexually dimorphic compound eyes of several species of flies . for example , males but not females of the blow fly\n; additional file 5 : video s3 ; additional file 6 : video s4 ) that are detectable from all directions , allowing a territorial male fly to rapidly notice a female irrespective of her flight trajectory , particularly when he is perching at a vantage point that optimizes contrast between fly flash signals and background . remarkably , the flash frequency is so informative that it allows the territorial male to distinguish between old and young females , and to pursue primarily young females that are preferred mates . furthermore , the low mating propensity of\na pyrethrum aerosol will provide a contact kill for immediate relief . it may take a while for sanitation methods , residual chemical methods and fly baits to begin working . cb 80 pyrethrin aerosol or pt 565 can be used as a contact , quick kill insecticide .\noshaghi ma , maleki ravasan n , javadian e , rassi y , sadraei j , enayati aa , vatandoost h , zare z , emami sn . application of predictive degree day model for field development of sand fly vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest of iran .\nblow flies control includes inspection , sanitation , mechanical control , and insecticide application . physical control methods should be first used to get rid of blow flies in a particular location ( removal of food source ) . approved insecticide and sticky paper can be used to control the remaining lava , and adult . blow flies can be controlled in buildings , restaurant and homes by good sanitation or hygiene practice , fly screen , electronic fly killers ( efk ) etc . call now for pest exterminators in london to solve your london pest control\nzuha r , razak t , ahmad n , omar b . interaction effects of temperature and food on the development of forensically important fly , megaselia scalaris ( loew ) ( diptera : phoridae ) . parasitology research . 2012 ; 111 ( 5 ) : 2179\u20132187 .\nthe key factor in the preparation of maggots is their sterility , as the outer surfaces of fly eggs are heavily contaminated with different microorganisms , and because of this numerous studies have been devoted to solving the sterility problem . the modern founder of maggot use , baer ,\nbrown a , horobin a , blount dg , hill pj , english j , et al . ( 2012 ) blow fly lucilia sericata nuclease digests dna associated with wound slough / eschar and with pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm . med vet entomol 26 : 432\u2013439 . pmid : 22827809\nlucilia sericata and a similar species , lucilia cuprina ( wiedemann ) , are known in britain and australia for causing sheep strike . as a result , l . sericata is sometimes called the sheep blow fly . sheep strike , also known as blowfly strike , is a type of myiasis ( invasion of living tissue by fly larvae ) and usually is observed near the rear of the sheep where there is fecal matter and urine on the wool ( strikewise 2007 , australia museum 2009 ) . this condition is quite serious and untreated sheep die .\nmatching of the counts to mirbase v19 identified known annotated mirnas from insect and mammals . the counts per matched mirna as a proportion of all counts that matched to mirbase are shown in the four tissues . species nomenclature is used for the mirna with the perfect matches to the l . sericata reads : dme , drosophila melanogaster ( fruit fly ) ; tca , tribolium castaneum ( red flour beetle ) ; sha , sarcophilus harrisii ( tasmanian devil ) ; dps , drosophila pseudoobscura ( fruit fly ) ; aae , aedes aegypti ( mosquito ) .\ngaudry e , blais c , maria a , dauphon - villemant c . study of steroidogenesis in pupae of the forensically important blow fly protophormia terraenovae ( robineau - desvoidy ) ( diptera : calliphoridae ) . forensic science international . 2006 ; 160 ( 1 ) : 27\u201334 .\nadult diagnosis : adult blow flies are just under a centimeter in length and are characterized by metallic green , bronze or blue thorax and abdomen coloration . the thorax of the insect is covered in black bristles . eyes are pronounced and red . wings are clear and membranous with typical dipteran wing formation - two large flight wings and two small hind wings reduced to halteres . adults have cross grooves on the thorax which are characteristic of the species .\nvoss sc , cook df , wei - feng h , dadour ir . survival and development of the forensically important blow fly , calliphora varifrons ( diptera : calliphoridae ) at constant temperatures . forensic science , medicine , and pathology . 2014 ; 10 ( 3 ) : 314\u2013321 .\ntime between death and discovery of remains , or postmortem interval ( pmi ) , can be assessed using blow fly maggot age . forensic entomologists rely on published , often nonlocal , species - specific developmental tables to determine maggot age . in a series of common garden experiments , we investigated the developmental rate variation between populations of lucilia sericata collected from sacramento , ca , san diego , ca , and easton , ma at 16 degrees c , 26 degrees c , and 36 degrees c . for the 16 degrees c trial the time measurement started at egg hatch , while for the higher temperatures the experiment began at oviposition ; the wandering stage signified the endpoint for all experiments . the distribution of developmental times differed significantly ( anova , p < 0 . 001 ) between the three populations within each temperature treatment . we discovered that regional variation of developmental times within a blow fly species exists . this study demonstrates the importance of assembling local population - specific developmental tables when estimating larval age to determine pmi .\nthe thought of using live insects to treat human ailments would make most pale , but the results can sometimes outperform drugs and surgery typical of more traditional western medicines . honey bees , fly maggots , ants , and plasmodium - carrying mosquitoes are examples of insects used in human therapy .\nthe most common way of estimating pmi using dipteran larvae , such as l . sericata , is to determine the developmental stage the immature is in when collected . although this method is usually accurate , it can vary , as many factors can determine the growth rate of a larva . tarone and foran ( 2010 ) have developed a method using gene expression that provides greater precision in age estimation resulting in a more accurate and precise minimum pmi estimation .\nflies which cause myiasis are grouped into two categories : obligate and facultative parasites . obligate parasites ingest living tissue to complete their lifecycles , and hence their larvae may produce severe damage in healthy tissue ; they are not suitable for use in maggot therapy . in contrast , facultative parasites are able to parasitize living hosts in favorable conditions but usually develop on carrion , and therefore this type of maggot is used for wound healing , with the most common being l . sericata ."]}
{"id": 1315, "summary": [{"text": "icabad crane ( foaled april 9 , 2005 , in new york ) is an american thoroughbred racehorse by jump start out of adorahy .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in february 2007 , he was purchased as a two-year-old at the ocala breeders sale for $ 110,000 .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "icabad crane is consistent , finishing in the money in 23 out of his 29 starts for his trainer h. graham motion . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "icabad crane", "paragraphs": ["icabad crane will attempt to conclude his 6 - year - o . . .\nsee icabad crane ' s last win , the 2011 evan shipman at saratoga .\nicabad crane - zoe cadman will emcee the inaugural real . . . | facebook\nnot graham motion , the trainer of the third - place finisher , icabad crane .\nicabad crane winning the evan shipman stakes on july 25 , 2011 . photo by maggie kimmitt .\nto read what icabad crane\u2019s owner graham motion had to say about icabad , the america\u2019s most wanted thoroughbred contest , and aftercare , click here .\nthe retired racehorse project\u2019s thoroughbred makeover has just concluded , and the final votes were tallied to officially declare herringswell stable\u2019s icabad crane the 2014 winner . piloted by phillip dutton , icabad crane\u2019s story has been a\nphillip dutton and icabad crane at true prospect farm on april 4 , 2015 . photo by maggie kimmitt .\nphillip dutton and icabad crane at paradise farm horse trials on feb . 13 2015 . photo by jenni autry .\nlike a baseball player hanging up his spikes and turning to professional golf , thoroughbred icabad crane is trying something new .\neventing and horse racing enthusiasts from all around the world have followed icabad\u2019s journey , and now we want you all to come along for the ride as we see just how far phillip and icabad can go in the sport of eventing . help icabad reach for the stars by joining the icabad crane fan club !\nwe announced back in january that graham and anita motion had placed preakness stakes runner icabad crane in training with phillip dutton for a second career as an eventer . icabad did his first event a\nphillip dutton and icabad crane winning the america\u2019s most wanted thoroughbred contest on oct . 5 , 2014 . photo by megan stapley photography .\nicabad crane and phillip dutton showed off their jumping skills in the america ' s most wanted thoroughbred contest . ( megan stapley photography )\n\u2022 a limited edition icabad crane hat , plus access to t - shirts and other gear . \u2022 a photo of icabad crane signed by phillip dutton and graham motion . \u2022 an email newsletter with behind - the - scenes photos and training videos featuring phillip and icabad . \u2022 a chance to meet phillip and icabad at special events \u2014 like in kentucky at his first cci1 * at hagyard midsouth !\nicabad crane wins evan shipman stakes at saratoga 2011 with rajiv maragh up just a reminder of what a game race horse icabad was\u2026 here he is coming from behind to win in the slop at saratoga in 2011 .\nthe retired racehorse project\u2019s thoroughbred makeover has just concluded , and the final votes were tallied to officially declare herringswell stable\u2019s icabad crane the 2014 winner .\nthe videos upped the horse\u2019s popularity , but dutton made sure the win was secure when he showed off icabad crane\u2019s moves in front of the crowd at pimlico .\nreturning to that track where he finished third in the 2008 preakness stakes , icabad crane was able to better that performance on oct . 5 at pimlico race course .\nyou can call him icabad . not ichabod , like the character from \u201cthe legend of sleepy hollow . \u201d there is a thoroughbred named ichabod crane , a 1983 version .\nthis year we\u2019ve got three new york hunch - betting opportunities : spa city princess in the iroquois ; adirondack summer in the mohawk , and icabad crane in the classic .\nicabad crane took a huge leap forward this weekend at the plantation field horse trials in nearby unionville , pennsylvania . with partner phillip dutton aboard , icabad made his debut at the fei ( federation equestre internationale ) level , competing in \u2013 and winning \u2013 his first cic * event . sitting in fourth place after friday afternoon\u2019s dressage phase , icabad\nicabad crane already has had success in his first few events , and in may it was announced that he will tackle another challenge in the america\u2019s most wanted thoroughbred contest . icabad crane will represent the change from racehorse to eventer in the contest , in which he will be competing against nine other thoroughbreds transitioning into new careers from ranch work to fox hunting .\nthe end brought to mind a saratoga conversation between cohen and the motions . anita had said she wanted to add icabad crane to the retirement paddock at fair hill with former standouts better talk now and gala spinaway . of course , icabad crane competed for two more seasons - burnishing his reputation as a barn favorite and sought - after morning mount for exercise riders .\nthe new york - bred is the third horse the motions have sent to dutton . the other two , ballast and icabad crane ' s half - brother van tassel , came home quickly .\nicabad crane first did a demo with @ duttoneventing aboard , then was hacked around by a 13 - year - old girl . urltoken \u2014 jen roytz ( @ jenroytz ) october 5 , 2014\npost by anita motion . phillip dutton has begun preparing graham and anita motion\u2019s icabad crane for the 2015 season , and a new video series promises an inside look into phillip\u2019s training methods as well as\npopular ottb icabad crane had a busy weekend in kentucky last week , competing in the cci * as well as putting on a couple of exhibitions for the retired racehorse project thoroughbred makeover . that\u2019s what happens\n\u2022 help support icabad crane\u2019s career . all fan club dues go directly to funding his competition costs . \u2022 help support other ottbs . fan club dues will also go to support charities that help off - track thoroughbreds like icabad . \u2022 learn from a two - time olympic gold medalist . you\u2019ve seen phillip\u2019s training videos on icabad\u2019s facebook page . fan club members will receive even more exclusive training videos .\nmultiple stakes winner icabad crane raced in behind the leaders before rallying when asked and overtaking stormy\u2019s majesty at the finish line for a nose victory in the $ 75 , 000 evan shimpman s . at saratoga .\nlast week , we brought you a great video featuring phillip dutton and graham and anita motion\u2019s icabad crane as they prepare for their 2015 season . two more videos have since been published , taking a deeper look into\nhowever , this horse has shown the ability to compete with open company when properly spotted . this likes like one of those spots . if the pace proves faster than expected , icabad crane might provide a shocker .\nanyone even remotely familiar with herringswell stables knows that icabad crane is and always has been very special to the entire team . he earned his reputation first as a hard - knocking stakes winner on the racetrack , but in his second career as an event horse under the tutelage of olympic champion phillip dutton , icabad has become\nhe\u2019s not a loner . icabad likes a friend with him when he goes out in turn - out .\ndutton is based in pennsylvania , but heads to aiken , s . c . this week to get ready for the 2014 eventing season . icabad crane , now owned by his former trainer graham motion and wife anita , will go with the stable . the motions technically purchased icabad crane from mack for $ 1 and control his future as an eventer . it could be bright , even though he ' s a long way from the olympics .\ngraham and anita motion\u2019s former star racehorse , icabad crane , has made waves in the eventing world this year after transitioning to a second career under the tutelage of phillip dutton . not only has the 9 - year - old\nsince beginning his eventing career , icabad crane has made eight starts and is now competing at training level . most recently , under the tutelage of waylon roberts , icabad finished 13th at seneca valley . the former preakness stakes runner gained massive popularity with the eventing crowd for his easy demeanor and affinity for eventing that seemed to come naturally to him .\nin the last month , icabad crane learned to jump , took some early dressage lessons , even splashed through a water hazard while impressing his new trainer , an olympian for his native australia and the united states during a long eventing career .\njust 121 votes behind icabad crane was pookie\u2019s princess , who finished second in the contest . pookie\u2019s princess showed off a variety of skills under western tack , including reining and western dressage , before laying down on the track for her rider patrick king .\nactually dutton was given another horse before icabad . he didn ' t have the talent or desire that icabad does . this dicipline is not for every horse but it ' s nice to see that for some they can excell at multiple things .\nhe\u2019s got a huge fan club and his very own facebook page . when news that racehorse trainer graham motion was sending a thoroughbred from his herringswell stables to eventing star phillip dutton to re - train at the end of 2013 , interest in icabad crane skyrocketed .\nin november of 2008 , icabad crane was second in the itaka ( come on\u2026anyone ? anyone with an itaka / ithaca connection for me ? it really would pull all this together beautifully ) . last year , he was second to friend or foe in the empire classic .\nfoaled april 9 , 2005 in new york , icabad crane ( jump start \u2013 adorahy , by rahy ) started his career as a racehorse in 2007 , winning three of his first four starts and setting himself on the triple crown trail with kentucky derby winning trainer graham motion .\nyou can watch icabad crane go through some of these training steps on the herringswell stables youtube channel . the videos include several of dutton narrating the training process plus some post - event comments from dutton ' s assistant waylon roberts , who was aboard for two competitions in june .\nas well as our runners at pimlico this weekend icabad crane finished third on sunday at fair hill . this is his second attempt at preliminary level eventing . it was 2008 when he ran in the preakness where he finished third to big brown . obviously he\u2019s a pretty talented guy .\nthe retired racehorse project put up a poll for the public to vote for their favorite most wanted thoroughbred , which icabad crane handily won with 24 . 2 % of the final poll vote . phillip and icabad also impressed during their demo when they showed off their adjustability , riding a line in 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , and 8 strides before coming back down in 4 again . how\u2019s that for retraining ?\ndivision b had a decent shake - up of the top 10 at the conclusion of cross country . phillip dutton on icabad crane made this course look easy putting in one of the 10 double clears for the division . phillip holds on to his dressage score of 41 . 1 and moves into first place with a fast round 19 seconds inside the time . icabad handled his first fei cross country round with an expert attitude .\npiloted by phillip dutton , icabad crane\u2019s story has been a fun one to follow . \u201cthis is a cool horse , \u201d phillip dutton said upon accepting the first place awards , which include a $ 6 , 000 check and a revitavet therapy system . we couldn\u2019t agree more , phillip !\nthis afternoon , the demonstrations will include what we\u2019ve all been waiting for : eventing ! laine ashker , jennie brannigan , and phillip dutton will be on hand to strut their stuff . don\u2019t forget that phillip\u2019s mount , icabad crane , is one of the horses vying for the most wanted title !\nlast year , motion and his wife , anita , \u201cbought\u201d icabad crane , a motion - trainee and the 2008 preakness stakes third - place finisher , from owner earle mack for $ 1 when it was decided to retire the gelding . icabad crane was put in training with three - day event gold medalist phillip dutton later that year and motion\u2019s herringswell stables has been allowing the gelding\u2019s fans to track his progress with dutton with updates on facebook and through the stable\u2019s youtube page , which also features videos of other parts of stable life as well , in addition to a blog on this is horse racing .\nphillip , catch us up on how icabad crane is doing at your winter base in south carolina . \u201che just arrived here in aiken . he spent a little more time in pennsylvania with the idea being to bring him back a bit slower this year . he had such a whirlwind last year and i just wanted\nwith his partner phillip dutton aboard , icabad crane made an appearance at \u201ceventing with the stars\u201d this afternoon . the event was presented by dutton and fellow pan american games gold medalist boyd martin at windurra usa , the home base of martin and his wife silva in cochranville , pennsylvania . the appreciative and knowledgeable crowd spent the\nicabad crane ( usa ) dkb / br . g , 2005 { 4 - r } dp = 7 - 8 - 13 - 0 - 0 ( 28 ) di = 3 . 31 cd = 0 . 79 - 33 starts , 7 wins , 7 places , 9 shows career earnings : $ 585 , 980\nicabad crane is a new york - bred which had a long string of bridesmaid starts until posting a victory in march of 2010 . the gelding then managed to collect five more checks without winning until putting a pair of victories back - to - back over the winter . both came versus restricted state - bred company .\nafter phillip\u2019s demo ride , his 13 - year - old daughter , olivia , got on and hacked the gelding around , once again showing off his mild manner and rideability . phillip has done a great job with icabad crane , and the top prize comes as a well - deserved nod to his skills in the saddle .\nwhen voting started earlier this month , the icabad crane team released a series of videos with famous industry personalities talking about the horse . among the participants in the series were his trainer during his racing career and current owner graham motion plus jockey julien leparoux , with current rider phillip dutton and his daughter olivia also making videos .\nmy wife and i had always wanted to do something with phillip and [ his wife ] evie in this regard . it\u2019s something my wife had thought about quite a long time ago , and icabad crane just seemed like the perfect horse to pursue it with . he\u2019s a pretty well - known horse , he was an older horse with a tremendous disposition and he didn\u2019t have a career - ending injury . we just felt that it was time to call it a career for him . [ icabad crane\u2019s racing owner ] earle mack was gracious enough to give him to my wife to pursue this . so it just was kind of the perfect scenario .\nicabad won his first preliminary eventing title at shawan downs this saturday . i don ' t have the placings to post here but they are on his facebook page .\ni cabad crane has his own facebook page where you can follow along with his progress in his new career as an eventer . and , of course , we\u2019ll be sure to follow along with the story here as icabad learns the ropes and starts competing . kudos to the motions for giving a war horse a second chance at a new career .\nhe\u2019s famous . dutton\u2019s head groom emma ford was amused at a grooming clinic at dutton\u2019s true prospect farm ( pa . ) last summer . she made sure the four - star headliners at the farm were spiffed up for people to see\u2014mr . medicott , mighty nice and fernhill fugitive . \u201ci didn\u2019t even think about icabad , \u201d ford said . \u201cbut at the end of the clinic we let them meet the top horses , and everyone wanted to see him . nobody was that interested about the top horses . they all wanted to see icabad crane .\nat the end of his racing career , he was given to graham and anita motion and they are very involved with his new career . anita goes to dutton ' s stable and regularly videos icabad ' s training sessions and then posts them . icabad seems to be part of their family . icabad ' s progress is not hindered by having an olympic rider / trainer . but the talent and attitude all come from inside the horse . for him to have gone from beginner novice to preliminary in a little over a year is amazing .\nmake your payment of $ 50 online by clicking the paypal button below ( or by clicking here ) , or send a check for $ 50 with \u201cicabad crane fan club\u201d in the memo to phillip dutton eventing llc , 248 hood rd , west grove , pa 19390 . be sure to include your name and email address in order to receive the fan club email newsletter .\nthe retired racehorse made 33 starts for owner earle mack , winning stakes and placing third in the 2008 preakness . big brown won that day , but icabad crane parlayed that brush with greatness into a racing career that lasted until 2013 and he ' s not finished as the 9 - year - old gelding recently joined the barn of international three - day event rider phillip dutton .\nicabad crane , in his work with world - class event rider / trainer phillip dutton , is no exception . the training involves learning dressage - a series of precise movements in a ring under the watchful eyes of a judge . once a fast - galloping , lead - changing , powerful - starting racehorse , icabad crane must be a calm , collected , responsive , disciplined athlete now . his bold side gets to come out in cross country , where he navigates jumps over varying sizes and shapes , plus water obstacles , hills , banks and the like . finally , show jumping adds the final element and mixes the discipline of dressage with the bravery of cross country . a good show jumper must leap boldly when needed , but listen and relax and turn on demand .\nour favorite video is titled\nthe dreaded water ,\nand shows icabad crane learning the water obstacle - about as far from his racing career as you could get . it ' s not that bad , and it ' s only referred to as dreaded because he ' d probably prefer to lie down and roll in it rather than trot or canter through . regardless , he ' s learning .\nmultiple stakes winner icabad crane raced in behind the leaders before rallying when asked and overtaking stormy\u2019s majesty at the finish line for a nose victory in the $ 75 , 000 evan shimpman s . at saratoga . his fifth stakes win and seventh lifetime win for the six - year - old half brother to hip 258 selling at saratoga aug . 13 . breeder gallagher\u2019s stud has had a lot of updating on their bernstein filly\u2019s page in past few days . her half - brother won on opening day at the spa as well . icabad crane is also a denali sale graduate of the ny - bred preferred sale , he has won or placed in 21 of his lifetime starts including a third in the 2008 preakness s . - g1 . he races for another denali stud client , mr . earle i . mack .\nicabad crane , ridden by eventing olympic gold medalist phillip dutton , bettered nine other horses , showing off many different disciplines to take home the winner\u2019s share of the $ 10 , 000 prize . the disciplines on display were polo , show hunter , eventing , ranch work , steeplechase , fox hunter , show jumper , barrel racing , dressage , and pony club with each horse credibly showing off their chosen discipline .\nphillip told this is horse racing that icabad is \u201c naturally a very balanced horse who has a great attitude to being ridden and to learning . \u201d icabad is traveling to aiken this week to spend the rest of the winter at phillip\u2019s red oak farm , and he indicated the plan is to get the horse out to a few local shows this spring before entering him in his first event later this summer .\nthe bay gelding ( jump start\u2014adorahy , rahy ) won $ 585 , 980 on the track in 33 starts\u2014including placing third in the 2008 preakness stakes ( md . ) \u2014and retired from running at age 8 . and when icabad crane won the title of most wanted thoroughbred at the 2014 retired racehorse retraining project\u2019s thoroughbred makeover , he became a hero to off - the - track thoroughbred fans everywhere . dutton brought \u201cicabad\u201d up the levels carefully , from beginner novice to training level in 2014 , making his preliminary debut in february of 2015 . he finished last year with fifth place in the hagyard midsouth cci * ( ky . ) .\nwith a 5 - stride line of jumps set up on track , dutton adjusted icabad crane\u2019s stride so he took them in four , five , six , seven , and eight strides before taking another go at four strides . but that wasn\u2019t the end of the demonstration as dutton\u2019s 13 - year - old daughter , olivia , then got on the gelding and showed off his work when not jumping , winning over the crowd .\n\\ per phillip dutton eventing :\nicabad crane is officially a prelim horse ! he placed third today ( feb . 25 ) at full gallop farm horse trials in his debut at the preliminary level , finishing on his dressage score of 30 . 0 . he was the fastest horse on cross country in his division by 36 seconds \u2014 i think he had fun out there . . . i\u2019d like to think that at the higher levels he\u2019s going to be even more competitive when the fitness and endurance on cross country matter more . this is his career now , and we\u2019re committed to taking this as far as icabad wants to go . if today is any indicator , this journey is far from over . thank you to barry bornstein for the great photo of icabad at full gallop today .\nso happy to see this horse doing well .\nwinless in 2009 , icabad crane rebounded to win two stakes in 2010 and two more in 2011 while battling the likes of flat out , hymn book , compliance officer , haynesfield , banrock and others . a tendon injury stopped his racing career for more than a year ( he missed all of 2012 ) , and he returned for three starts in 2013 . all losses , the races convinced motion that the horse ' s racing days were over .\nlaunching a strong bid from between horses on the final turn , favored icabad crane ran down the front - running mint lane in the final sixteenth of a mile to register a head victory in the $ 100 , 000 federico tesio stakes on opening weekend at pimlico april 19 . the triumph could provide trainer h . graham motion and owner earle i . mack with a prospect for the may 17 preakness ( gr . i ) over the track .\ndutton will take 30 horses to aiken and does indeed like what he sees from one of the newest . icabad crane is\nnaturally a very balanced horse who has a great attitude to being ridden and to learning .\nhis winter will be spent continuing to learn about this new career , making some treks to local shows and events just to get a feel for them ( without competing ) with an eye toward his first true eventing competition by summer .\njoe clancy has the full story today over on his blog this is horse racing , which chronicles icabad\u2019s success on the track , as well as the decision to ultimately retire him last year when he came back sound from an injury but no longer had his old spark left . the story says graham knew icabad \u201cwasn\u2019t a gelding who just wanted to go out in a paddock , \u201d so he and anita approached phillip about a new career for the horse .\nin order to maximize the success of horses after leaving the track , aftercare organizations employ various screening processes to place horses with suitable adopters with goals the horse may thrive in . this evaluation process can , informally , start before a horse leaves the track . trainer graham motion and his wife , anita , have sent a number of former herringswell stable trainees on to successful second careers \u2013 including classic - placed icabad crane , now a winning eventer in two - time olympic gold medalist phillip dutton\u2019s barn .\ni think , in general , everyone has really stepped up and become much more aware of it . i think people certainly give us a lot of praise for what we\u2019re doing [ retraining icabad crane ] . but i think a lot of people in the business are doing this , we\u2019re certainly not the only ones . there are a lot of people doing a lot of good things out there whether they are owners , breeders or trainers . i think everyone is much more involved than they used to be and i think that\u2019s a good thing , obviously .\nnotice that , under the npp model , only the place and show odds on indyanne are lower than those computed before , while the corresponding odds on porte bonheur and informed decision are considerably higher . this is particularly significant to show bettors , as it allows value - oriented players to find viable alternatives to a heavy favorite without needing them to win . such was the case in the 2008 preakness stakes when big brown paid $ 2 . 40 straight , while the show returns on macho again and icabad crane checked in at $ 10 . 40 and $ 5 . 60 respectively .\nit\u2019s no secret we\u2019re suckers for a good ottb story here on en , and we especially love the latest news out of phillip dutton\u2019s camp . kentucky derby - winning trainer graham motion and his wife , anita , have sent 2008 preakness stakes runner icabad crane into training with phillip to become an eventer . in addition to placing third in the preakness , the now 9 - year - old gelding [ jump start x adorahy , by rahy ] , won or hit the board in numerous other stakes races , finishing his career last year with 33 starts and $ 585 , 980 in winnings .\nhe was also a horse who was not particularly nice to ride ; he was always very difficult , very quirky , ( laughs ) not a particularly nice horse to be around . so it was a situation where , probably the opposite of icabad crane , we always knew he would be a hard horse to place . we just thought he would really appreciate staying in the routine . he enjoyed his routine and he was 10 years old . i think sometimes it is hard for horses to be taken away from that , so that\u2019s kind of what we\u2019ve tried to do and he\u2019s done very well with it .\nicabad quickly learned the ropes of eventing , winning his first beginner novice event with phillip in march 2014 . he moved up to novice and then training level in six months , ending his first eventing season by winning the retired racehorse project\u2019s $ 10 , 000 america\u2019s most wanted thoroughbred contest in october 2014 .\nicabad finished 3rd in the preakness stakes and 8th in the belmont stakes in 2008 and went on to win four more races in a career that ultimately spanned six years on the racetrack . he hit the board in an impressive 75 percent of his 33 total starts to collect $ 585 , 980 in earnings .\namong the 18 nominees to next saturday ' s 30th running of the kings point for older new york - breds at 1 1 / 8 miles are almighty silver , a three - time winner at the meet ; driven by solar ( see this week ' s horses to watch ) ; icabad crane , a sharp second in open company last out to odds - on well positioned ; manteca , runner - up in the 2009 kings point ; mighty morris , coming off back - to - back allowance wins ; naughty new yorker , a 56 - race veteran who recently surpassed the $ 1 million earnings plateau ; and stud muffin , the 2008 empire classic winner .\nhere are a few photos of icabad and olivia dutton at plantation field horse trials this past weekend . competing together for the first time , the pair won the thoroughbred series novice division , finishing up on their dressage score of 28 . 00 with no penalties incurred in their stadium or cross country rounds ! and phillip dutton sent\njohn quidor\u2019s 1858 painting of the headless horseman pursuing ichabod crane hangs in the smithsonian american art museum . visit its site for more on \u201cthe legend of sleepy hollow , \u201d including a feature that weds the painting with excerpts from the story , written by new yorker washington irving and set in sleepy hollow , new york ( formerly north tarrytown ) .\nwhile only a minor event , the 1 1 / 8 - mile proud spell s . was dominated by the a . p . indy tribe . a . p . indy sired the 6 3 / 4 - length winner , love and pride , who is a close relative of bernardini . the runner - up and third - place finishers were by tapit and bernardini , respectively . the tale was the same in a couple of 1 1 / 8 - mile stakes restricted to new york - breds : mineshaft ' s daughter mineralogist landed the saratoga dew s . , and icabad crane , by a . p . indy ' s son jump start , scored in the evan shipman s .\nafter retiring sound from the track in 2013 , new owners graham and anita motion of herringswell stables saw icabad\u2019s athletic drive and desire and decided to put him in training for eventing . they sent him to double olympic gold medalist phillip dutton , who rode american thoroughbreds like truluck , house doctor and caymen went with much success at the upper levels .\nnow 10 years old , icabad is on his way to excelling in yet another career . he successfully moved up to the preliminary level in february 2015 and is now preparing to make his cci1 * debut at the hagyard mid - south three - day event in lexington , kentucky , in october 2015 , where he will also give a demonstration at the 2015 thoroughbred makeover .\nwhile the end product was on display sunday , the contest started this summer and fans were able to follow the progress of all 10 horses on the retired racehorse project website . fans were able to vote earlier this month for their favorite horse and again while the horses were showing off their moves at pimlico , leading team icabad to pull out all the stops to secure the win .\nicabad goes with the flow . \u201che\u2019s easy to deal with , \u201d ford said . \u201cwe take him to a show and there is no drama . he stands on the trailer and ties . he\u2019s just like , \u2018dude , whatever . \u2019 at a show if i need to take two out to hand graze at once , i always take him because he will always be fine . \u201d\nhe didn\u2019t catch on to cross - country right away , but it didn\u2019t take him long ! \u201cthe first time phillip did some banks with icabad , the horse came back with some scrapes , and i was like what happened here , \u201d ford said . \u201cbut by that weekend when he was competing , he had figured it out . the thing that is so special about him is just how he has taken to the sport . \u201d\ni think anyone who takes on an ex - racehorse just needs to be patient and give them time to adapt . icabad is a quick study in it but not all horses are going to adapt as quickly as he has . i think some horses for whatever reason , whether it is from an injury or just being wound up from being on the racetrack , i think some horses just need time to get away from the atmosphere that they are used to and settle down . that would probably be the biggest advice i would give .\nthis magnificent gelding ran out of graham and anita motion ' s herringswell stables at fair hill training center for six years , earning $ 586 , 000 in 33 starts . you might remember him running a close third to big brown in the preakness stakes . owner earl mack was thrilled to hand him over to graham and anita upon his retirement last fall , and we were thrilled to see him go to america ' s top event rider and trainer phillip dutton at true prospect farm in pennsylvania . phillip and icabad got started before most of the horses in this event , so they will demonstrate a slightly higher level of the training of an event horse . he is competing novice this summer and will most likely move up to training level by fall .\nwelcome to phillip dutton eventing . whether you are seeking our services or are just an eventing enthusiast , we hope you find the information you need and enjoy our site .\nit takes a lot of dedication and hard work to get a horse or horses to be successful in the sport of eventing , especially at the three - and four - star level . we\u2019re thrilled to recognize our team on our website and to give you the opportunity to get to know them .\nwe strive every day to do the best possible job with each and every horse and rider . we are a family - run and family - involved barn and take pride in our many years , knowledge and success in the sport . we invite you to learn about what we do and follow our progress .\nanita motion and maggie kimmitt grabbed their respective cameras and headed to phillip and evie dutton\u2019s true prospect farm in west grove , pennsylvania this morning for an update on herringswell\u2019s \u201ceventing team . \u201d anita did the videoing and maggie shot still photos , which you can see by following the link below to the brand new gallery\n\u201ci\u2019d rather not compete him until he\u2019s really ready , \u201d phillip told this is horse racing . \u201c i want to get him to understand that he\u2019s not going to get in a starting gate anymore . he\u2019s got to remember the stuff i teach him at home when we go places with a lot of other horses and loudspeakers and things . \u201d\nthis weekend , eventers and others from around the equine industry will be at pimlico racecourse to promote the wonderful ottb . the retired racehorse project has done a great job of putting together this event , which\nthe retired racehorse project\u2019s thoroughbred makeover kicks off today at pimlico racecourse in maryland , and eventers will take center stage all weekend to promote second careers for off - track thoroughbreds .\nthe second annual retired racehorse project thoroughbred makeover - a marketplace and national symposium will be held this october 4 and 5 at pimlico race course . at the event , a winner will be crowned for the new\nit\u2019s no secret we\u2019re suckers for a good ottb story here on en , and we especially love the latest news out of phillip dutton\u2019s camp . kentucky derby - winning trainer graham motion and his wife , anita , have\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwith seven stakes on a 10 - race card worth $ 1 milli . . .\nlooking for a horse that is in it for the long hau . . .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nthe bay gelding is now 11 and , after the winter spent solidifying his training , is gearing up for the spring season with dutton .\n\u201cwe\u2019ll go to a show and there are always people who want to see him , \u201d ford continued .\nhe does have a little bit of an edge , though . \u201che\u2019s normally quite personable\u2014you can go in the stall and cuddle with him\u2014but grooming you need to watch yourself , \u201d ford said . \u201che took time to come around to the tidying up , doing the ears and mane . the first few times , he was sort of like , \u2018what ? no ! \u2019 and when you wash him you have to be careful about the hind\u2014he has gotten me once , \u201d said ford .\nhe\u2019s not afraid to just say \u201cno . \u201d \u201chis reaction to things he doesn\u2019t like is just no , \u201d ford said . \u201cbut he does figure it out . when they installed the six - horse walker he wanted nothing to do with it . he was totally like , \u2018nope , i\u2019m not going in there . \u2019 it took a week , but now he walks fine in it in the middle of his space . \u201d\nhe doesn\u2019t seem to remember the word \u201cno\u201d when the tack is on , though . \u201chis whole attitude towards training is , you teach me and i\u2019m going to give it a go , \u201d said ford .\nhe\u2019s anything but a wimp . \u201che\u2019s tough horse , \u201d ford said . \u201cif he pulls a shoe , he\u2019s still going to do it . \u201d and he knows when it\u2019s time to shine\u2014when he\u2019s in the ring , \u201che puts on his twinkle toes . \u201d\ncopyright \u00a9 2017 \u00b7 all rights reserved \u00b7 showgrounds , llc . \u00b7 shelburne falls ma \u00b7 1 - 888 - 429 - 9495\n3rd preakness s [ g1 ] , rushaway s [ tp ] , alex m . robb h [ r , aqu , 8 . 5f ]\nwon kings point h [ r ] , alex m robb s [ r , aqu , 8 . 5f ]\nat 6 : won g ' day mate s [ r , aqu , 1m70y ] , evan shipman s [ r , sar , 9f ] 2nd alex m . robb s [ r , aqu , 8 . 5f ] 3rd william donald schaefer mem . s [ g3 , pim , 8 . 5f ] , adirondack holme s [ r , aqu , 8f ] foaled apr 9 , 2005 . obsfeb07 $ 110k updated 29jan14 urltoken won first start as an eventer in beginner novice c division at full gallop farm horse trials ( close )\na . p . indy ( usa ) dkb / br . 1989 [ ic ]\nstars and stripes racing festival at belmont , ride to the million at arlington highlight big day of racing action from coast to coast .\nactually less than that now . sean writes about another season at saratoga and looks back at some of his favorite spa moments in his the inside rail blog .\nmike smith and harry rice went all the way from aqueduct in 1989 to the triple crown in 2018 .\njump jockey riding out at fair hill , working as starter and race director at steeplechase meets .\nphillip likes him , it ' s not like he ' s doing this for the hell of it ,\nsaid anita .\nhe says he hasn ' t been around many horses that are so willing to please , so wanting to do well .\nhe was always like that , always very willing ,\nsaid graham .\nhe ' s athletic and his athleticism is one thing , but his disposition is so good . that helped him .\nhe ran a big race to win the tesio , so that ' s why we went to the preakness ,\nsaid cohen .\nthis was before animal kingdom ( won the kentucky derby for motion ) so it was a really neat thing for all of us . icky , that ' s what we called him , had a little trouble or he might have run second . he did us proud .\nhe came back fine from the injury ,\nsaid graham .\nhe trained fine , he just didn ' t run well . i guess he didn ' t want to do it anymore .\nyou learn to become disassociated with horses because you know they could be claimed , they could get hurt or the owners could take them away ,\nsaid anita of life with a racing stable .\nyou have to learn to kind of not get attached or get too sentimental , but when they ' re with you until they ' re 8 years old , you get attached . we had six years with the horse . that ' s a long time , and he always had a lovely personality and a friendly face . we wanted to keep him around and maybe see if he could do something else .\nas far as we were concerned , we just wanted him to have a good home ,\nsaid cohen .\nwe took a shot and brought him back ( in 2013 ) and he wasn ' t the same . we retired him and graham said he wasn ' t a gelding who just wanted to go out in a paddock .\nhe ' ll tell us ,\ndutton said .\ni ' d rather not compete him until he ' s really ready . i want to get him to understand that he ' s not going to get in a starting gate anymore . he ' s got to remember the stuff i teach him at home when we go places with a lot of other horses and loudspeakers and things .\ni don ' t know what it takes to do it at the level phillip does , but i always thought he could be that kind of horse ,\ngraham said .\nit would be very cool to see him go on and do something , for him and to show that horses like him can go on and do things like this . he could be a great example .\nof course , if it doesn ' t work out that paddock at fair hill will be there .\na new image every day \u2013 or thereabouts . click the photo to expand .\nfrom some of the world ' s best equine photographers ( and some other people ) . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nit rained on belmont day . it was cloudy on travers day . it rained on jockey club gold cup day . but this saturday is new york showcase day , and it looks like we\u2019re going to get perfect autumn weather on the day that to me embodies fall racing in new york .\nif we\u2019re lucky , the trees up the backstretch and in the backyard will be wearing their colors , having shed just enough of them to create a satisfying crunch underfoot . it will be time for boots and sweaters . a flask of bourbon to ward off the belmont chill will be practically de rigeur .\nin the clubhouse , grandstand , and backyard , we\u2019ll celebrate new york . the new york winery glenora will offer a tasting in the clubhouse lobby , and nearly two dozen new york crafters and food purveyors will set up in the grandstand , featuring local products including cheese , jams and fruit spreads for sampling and purchase , as well as hand - crafted items for sale .\nout in the back , an autumn carnival will feature a scarecrow hunt , a hayride and pumpkin patch , face painting , a pumpkin carver , and pony rides . all activities are free for children 12 and under .\nand on the track , we\u2019ll celebrate new york breeding and racing , with seven stakes races for new york - breds , headlined by the empire classic .\nsome aptly named horses have won races on these days over the years , beginning in 1980 , when adirondack holme took the empire stakes for two - year - olds . in 1994 , the empire stakes became the empire classic .\nadirondack holme was bred and raced by assunta louis farm in friends lake in the adirondacks . a star on the new york circuit , he was named champion new york - bred two - year - old in 1980 and champion new york - bred three - year - old the following year .\nin 1988 , caroline street won the mohawk for two - year - old fillies . while her racing career was undistinguished , her name is not : the street in saratoga that it recalls is a mainstay of spa city revelers .\nin 1992 , argyle lake won the hudson , and a little research reveals more than echoes of racing history in his name . in 1882 , august belmont \u2013 yes , the same august belmont for whom the stakes is named \u2013 built the argyle hotel in babylon , new york , on long island ; argyle lake was on its grounds . a magnificent edifice , the hotel was apparently a misguided exercise in opulence , as it was demolished in 1904 .\ni\u2019d like to think that itaka is somehow related to ithaca , but i can\u2019t find any evidence to support that theory . nonetheless , itaka is among the most consistent performers in new york - bred stakes races . in 1993 he won the joseph a . gimma as a two - year - old and returned the next year to win the empire classic . he was second in the classic in 1995 .\nbut it was the fudge that made the day ! it was a wonderful celebration of the season ; so glad i went .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nberkshire stud bred and denali sold hessonite wins the cupecoy\u2019s joy s . at belmont\nas kentucky derby winner animal kingdom resumes training for his four - year - old campaign next year , trainer graham motion hopes eclipse award voters don ' t forget about the colt ' s three - year - old season , which was cut short by an injury in the belmont stakes .\n\u201cultimately , he won the classic race that everyone wants to win in what was his first start on the dirt . i think people have overlooked that , \u201d motion tells the thoroughbred times . \u201che came back in his second start ever on dirt and was just beaten in the preakness , and then we all know what happened in the belmont .\n\u201ci just can\u2019t believe that ultimately his record doesn\u2019t say something . he\u2019s beaten these horses like stay thirsty . i think people were so quick to jump on that horse\u2019s bandwagon when he finished behind us in the derby , and i think ultimately the derby is still the classic that everyone wants to win . i think it\u2019s unfair for people to hold it against him that he wasn\u2019t able to race for the rest of the season , and really even in the belmont he ran a pretty remarkable race . [ animal kingdom ] is very highly rated internationally , and i think that\u2019s something that also has been overlooked a bit . \u201d\nyesterday we showcased the latest international thoroughbred rankings , which included the world top twenty . in what is quite the most emphathic recognition to date of the quality of horse racing in this country , all of sun classique ( the highest rated filly in the world ) , jay peg and pocket power weighed in on the list , and by our reckoning , that would put these horses in the top 0 , 5 % of the world\u2019s best runners , in a population of racehorses across the world in excess of 250 000 .\nit\u2019s a sobering thought then , that in very recent times , both jay peg and pocket power went down to summerhill - breds , in the case of jay peg when dynamite mike \u201csmoked\u201d him in the kzn guineas , and in pocket power\u2019s case , when imbongi ran him down at weight - for - age in last weekend\u2019s drill hall stakes .\nthere are all sorts of arguments about where these horses were in preparation terms at the time of their defeats , but there is one incontrovertible fact about the truth . malice may attack it , ignorance may deride it , but in the end , there it is !"]}
{"id": 1318, "summary": [{"text": "the hairy-legged vampire bat ( diphylla ecaudata ) is one of three extant species of vampire bats .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it mainly feeds on the blood of birds , but can also feed both on domestic birds and humans .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "this vampire bat lives mainly in tropical and subtropical forestlands of south america , central america , and southern mexico .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is the sole member of the genus diphylla . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hairy - legged vampire bat", "paragraphs": ["hairy - legged vampire bats are the rarest of the three vampire bat species ( mccarthy 1987 ) .\nthe flying mammals are well known to feed on blood , however , the hairy - legged vampire bat and white - winged vampire bat subspecies predominantly feast on birds .\nschutt , jr . , w . , j . altenbach . 1997 . a sixth digit in diphylla ecaudata , the hairy legged vampire bat .\nhairy - legged vampire bats are nocturnal . they roost either alone or in small groups of 12 or less . in one study ,\ntexas parks & wildlife , 1994 .\nhairy legged vampire\n( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2001 at urltoken .\nreddell , j . r . 1968 . the hairy - legged vampire , diphylla ecaudata , in texas . journal of mammalogy 49 : 769 .\nvampire bats ( desmodus rotundus ) are bats that feed on blood . this particular habit in certain animals is known as \u2018hematophagy\u2019 . there are only three bat species that actually feed on blood : the common vampire bat ( desmodus rotundus ) , the hairy - legged vampire bat ( diphylla ecaudata ) and the white - winged vampire bat ( diaemus youngi ) .\n, commonly referred to as hairy - legged vampire bats , range from reddish brown to sooty brown in color . they have a narrow , hairy interfemoral membrane and a pug - nosed snout . hairy - legged vampire bats are distinguished by their typically smaller body and ears than other vampire bats . they also have a total of 26 teeth , more than other vampire bat species . hairy - legged vampire bats have highly modified upper incisors . these incisors are larger than the canines and occlude against each other so that they are continuously sharpened to a very fine edge . the outer incisors are much reduced ( carattini 2001 ; texas parks and wildlife 1994 ) .\nvampire bats only come out to feed when it is fully dark . like fruit - eating bats and unlike insectivorous and fish - eating bats , they only emit low - energy sound pulses . the common vampire bat feeds mostly on the blood of mammals , whereas the hairy - legged vampire bat , and the white - winged vampire bat feed on the blood of birds .\nnone of these theories about the origins of vampire bats has been proved . evidence from proteins suggests that vampire bats have been around for 6 to 8 million years . these are the dates when the hairy - legged vampire bats separated from the white - winged vampire bats and the common vampire bats .\nvampire bats are among the most fascination of mammals , although we know relatively little about the details of their lives . common vampire bats , as their name implies , are the most widespread of vampires . they adapt well to captivity and often are exhibited in zoos . these bats may be among the best studied in the world . hairy - legged vampire bats and white - winged vampire bats are less common and are less often caught by biologists . while common vampire bats may feed on the blood of mammals or birds , the white - winged vampire bat and the hairy - legged vampire bat are thought to prefer bird blood .\nscientists in brazil have discovered that hairy - legged vampire bats have resorted to feeding on humans , sparking fears that the rabies and hantavirus - carrying creatures could cause an increase in disease in humans .\n\u2026or desmodus , youngi ) and the hairy - legged vampire bat ( diphylla ecaudata ) are the only sanguivorous ( blood - eating ) bats . the common vampire bat thrives in agricultural areas and feeds on livestock such as cattle , pigs , and chickens . the other two vampires are primarily restricted to intact forests , where they feed on birds , reptiles , \u2026\nvampire bat colonies appear to be naturally decimated by rabies virus infections and discrete colonies may fall to population densities incapable of maintaining transmission . the so - called \u2018migration\u2019 of vampire bat - associated rabies described from south america ( for detailed discussion of the epidemiology of vampire bat rabies , see\n) , and wildlife rabies control programs are still nonexistent ( other than vampire bat control ) .\n) . cyclic changes in vampire bat populations could drive cyclic and periodic epidemics of cattle rabies caused by vampire bat transmitted rabies . in regions of central and south america , areas affected by vampire rabies experience outbreaks every 2 to 3 years (\nbecause hairy - legged vampire bats almost always feed by taking the blood of birds , they rarely attack humans . if they were to bite a human , the wounds would not be serious . however , it is possible for them to transmit rabies and other diseases through those wounds . because hairy - legged vampire bats may occasionally take blood from livestock and trasmit diseases , they are potentially economically important to cattlemen and sportsmen of texas as a reservoir of bovine paralytic rabies ( texas parks & wildlife 1994 ; carattini 2001 ; britannica 1999 - 2000 ) .\nlet ' s follow the process as a common vampire bat sets out for a night ' s foraging .\nwhile in the wild , this species of vampire bat may live about 9 years . in captivity they may survive much longer (\nvampire bats\n2001 ) .\nperhaps as a result of being so misunderstood , vampire bats and many other bat species are at risk of extinction .\ndoes not eat for more than 2 nights in a row then it will die from starvation . it has been estimated that about 1 / 3 of hairy - legged vampire bats does not eat each night , they must then rely on shared food from roost mates ( schutt & altenbach 1997 ; tomlinson ; texas parks & wildlife 1994 ) .\ncarattini , l . 2001 .\nthe vampire bat\n( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2001 at urltoken .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the vampire bat article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nvampire bats tend to live in almost completely dark places , such as caves , old wells , hollow trees and buildings . colonies can range from a single individual to thousands . vampire bats often roost with other species of bat .\nstudies of common vampire bats in costa rica indicate that it is risky to depend upon blood as the only source of food . each adult common vampire bat has a 7 % chance of not feeding on any night . this means that about once every 25 nights the bat will miss its meal and go hungry . common vampire bats cannot survive two nights without meal , so fasting is dangerous . for young bats , the risk of not finding food is higher , 33 % . so , twice a week each young common vampire bat will probably miss a meal .\n) . such areas have been associated with high incidences of vampire bat rabies transmission to both humans and herbivores and have identified the circulation of specific virus lineages within localized geographical locations . it is hypothesized that topological features such as dense jungle may restrict vampire bat movement and that this results in the generation of viral sublineages circulating within distinct regions (\nfurther surveys are needed in the amazon region to confirm the species presence or absence . as for other vampire species , education programs about vampire and rabies control programs are required . the species should be excluded from vampire control programs .\nthere are no major threats throughout its range . there are vampire control programs .\nonce the common vampire bat locates a host , usually a sleeping mammal , they land and approach it on the ground . a recent study found that common vampire bats can , in addition to walking , run at speeds of up to 1 . 2 metres per second . vampire bats locate a suitable place to bite their victims using their infrared sensors .\nshedding the plasma makes taking off from the ground easier . but the bat still has added almost 60 % of its body weight in blood . to take off from the ground the bat must generate lots of lift . common vampire bats have very long thumbs . as the bat prepares to take off it crouches close to the ground and then , by contracting its chest muscles , flings itself skyward . the thumbs provide extra leverage for takeoff . usually within two hours of setting out , the common vampire bat returns to its roost and settles down to spend the rest of the night digesting its blood meal .\nthe tank is the bat ' s stomach , and its lining rapidly absorbs the blood plasma . in turn , the circulatory system shunts the plasma to the kidneys . from there it passes to the bladder and out of the bat . within 2 minutes of beginning to feed , a common vampire bat begins to urinate . the urine is very dilute - - no wonder , it is the plasma from that blood meal . the plasma is heavy but contains no nutritive value , so the bat benefits from leaving it behind .\ntropics . only one specimen of a vampire bat has ever been found in the united states , in texas in 1967 , and it probably had wandered some 700 km north from its breeding population . .\ncommon vampire bats usually roost in hollows , so they may be found in caves , hollow trees and buildings . the bat leaves its roost just after dusk , setting out to find a meal . the relatively long and narrow wings - - providing a high aspect ration on high wing loading - - make it possible for the common vampire bat to fly rapidly and consume relatively little energy in doing so .\nvampire bats are not an endangered species and have a conservation status of being \u2018least concern\u2019 .\n) . alongside this , both deforestation and the introduction of prey species such as livestock into new areas provide a food source that will help increase populations of vampire bats . the white - winged vampire bat is found from mexico to southern argentina and is also present on the islands of trinidad and isla margarita . in trinidad , white - winged vampire bats have been found cohabiting roosts in caves with\nis one of three species of vampire bats , all of which are found only in the new world tropics . only one specimen of a vampire bat has ever been found in the united states , in texas in 1967 , and it probably had wandered some 700 km north from its breeding population . .\nvampire bats can live up to 9 years in the wild and up to 19 in captivity .\nit sounds like the stuff of horror fiction , but scientists have raised health fears after a species of disease - carrying vampire bat , previously thought to mostly diet on birds , has been discovered feeding on human blood .\nthe feeding pattern of the vampire bat adds a layer of complexity to its anatomy . because they often do not find host organisms for many hours and may have to fly a long distance to do so , vampire bats usually feed in enormous quantities . this influx of proteins can however make the bat too heavy to fly . vampire bats have so much stealth that they can drink for 30 minutes without awakening the animal . if vampire bats do not get blood for two days , they will eventually die , but that is less likely to happen . female bats are generous and will give their blood to other bats who lack food .\nunlike fruit - eating bats , the vampire bats have a short , conical muzzle without a nose leaf . instead they have naked pads with u - shaped grooves at the tip . the common vampire bat also has specialised infrared sensors on its nose , by which it perceives temperature . a nucleus has been found in the brain of vampire bats that has a similar position and has similar histology to the infrared nucleus of infrared sensitive snakes .\nradio - tracking studies suggest that a foraging common vampire bat returns to a general area where it has found prey before . having reached its foraging area , the bat must find and select a victim . the fine details of its search and selection behaviour remain unknown . however , the inferior coliculus , part of the bat ' s brain thatt processes sound , is specialized for detecting the regular breathing sounds of a sleeping animal such as a cow . the bat lands on the ground near its intended victim and approaches on foot . among bats , common vampires are the most agile on the ground , hopping about like ballet dancers .\n2001 .\nvampire bats\n( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2001 at urltoken .\n, native to the tropics of central and south america . there are three recognised sub - species of vampire\nthe human population across central america and vast regions of south america remains at risk of rabv transmission from bats , in particular , hematophagous or vampire bats . there are only three species of hematophagous bat that consume blood exclusively as their diet : the\nvampire bats have burnt amber coloured fur on their backside while soft and velvety light brown fur that covers their belly . vampire bats have a wingspan of about 8 inches and a body about the size of an adults thumb .\napparently , the bats urinary system accommodates this by releasing dilute urine consisting of a lot of water and fewer solutes . however , when the bat is resting , a new problem is faced . the large amounts of protein create excess urea and must be disposed of . the urinary system of the vampire bat then uses various hormones to make concentrated urine which consists of more urea and less water .\ngroom each other and help other bats in need . by learning to recognize other bats in a colony through voice and smell , bats can communicate with each other when necessary . a bat can beg for food and another bat who has built a strong bond with that bat will regurgitate blood for it to eat , demonstrating reciprocal social behavior . these bats are shy , quick to take flight , and seem to rapidly vacate roosts once they have been disturbed by humans (\nvampire bats\n2001 ; texas parks & wildlife 1994 ) .\nexisting data on colonies of bats in the united states : summary and analysis of the u . s . geological survey ' s bat population database\n) is compatible with a traveling wavefront of rabies propagating among neighboring vampire bat metapopulations , whereby populations are decimated in the trough behind the traveling wavefront and require time to recover above some critical population density to support rabies virus transmission . control of population densities below the\nthen crawls up to it ' s generally sleeping victim , before biting it and feeding on the flowing blood . vampire\nis present across much of latin america . it has been postulated that the introduction of domesticated livestock to the americas has increased vampire bat densities considerably over the past 300 years through an increase in available prey species such as cattle , horses , goat , and sheep (\nvampire bats are members of the new world leaf - nosed bats , the phyllostomidae . all three species of living vampire bats occur in south and central america . fossils of three other species reveal that several thousand years ago vampire bats were more widespread . they are known from cuba and from as far north as west virginia and the northern califfornia , places where they no longer occur . with the exception of captive amimals , vampire bats have never been found outside of the new world .\ndo not suck the blood of their victims , but inside lap it up using their grooved tongue as it flows out of the wound . chemicals in the vampire bat ' s saliva both stop the blood from clotting and numb the area of skin around the bite to prevent the\nthere is a heat ( infrared ) sensor on the nose - leaf of common vampire bats , permitting them to locate an area where the blood flows close to the skin . if there is fur on the skin , the common vampire bat uses its canine and cheek teeth like a barber ' s shears to clip away the hairs . the bat ' s razor - sharp upper incisor teeth are then used to make a quick cut , leaving the 5 - mm wound described above . the upper incisors lack enamel , making it easier to keep them razor sharp .\na vampire bat finds its prey with echolocation ( use of ultra - high frequency sounds for navigation ) , smell , and sound . they fly about one metre above the ground . then they use special heat sensors in their noses to find veins that are close to the skin .\nsources : 1 . david burnie , dorling kindersley ( 2008 ) illustrated encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 2 . david burnie , kingfisher ( 2011 ) the kingfisher animal encyclopedia [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 3 . david w . macdonald , oxford university press ( 2010 ) the encyclopedia of mammals [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 4 . dorling kindersley ( 2006 ) dorling kindersley encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 5 . richard mackay , university of california press ( 2009 ) the atlas of endangered species [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 6 . tom jackson , lorenz books ( 2007 ) the world encyclopedia of animals [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 7 . vampire bat behaviour ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 8 . vampire bat feeding ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 9 . vampire bat lifecycles ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 10 . vampire bat senses ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ] 11 . vampire bats ( date unknown ) available at : [ accessed at : 09 mar 2011 ]\nthe feeding process usually takes about a half an hour . an adult may consume about 5 teaspoons of blood , which is about half of its body weight . after the bat feeds , it urinates continuously until it is light enough to fly again . the longest this bat can go without eating is 2 nights . if\ncommon vampire bats will almost always have only one offspring per breeding season . each colony will typically contain only one reproducing male , with around twenty females and their offspring . vampire bats need blood at least once every few days to survive . if they cannot get blood , they will approach another vampire bat whilst roosting , asking for a blood \u2018transfusion\u2019 . the blood is exchanged mouth - to - mouth in a motion that looks very much like kissing . their babies use tiny thumbs in the middle of the wing to cling on the mothers furry belly .\nparticipate in altruistic feeding , whereby a bat that has fed will regurgitate blood for one that has not . this could provide a further opportunity for transmission of virus .\ntomlinson , d .\nnatural history of the vampire\n( on - line ) . accessed march 20 , 2001 at urltoken .\nvampire bats have small ears and a short tail membrane . their front teeth are specialised for cutting and their back teeth are much smaller than in other bats . their digestive systems are also specialised for their liquid diet . the saliva of vampire bats contains the substance , \u2018draculin\u2019 , which prevents the victims blood from clotting . vampire bats therefore , lap blood rather than suck it as most people imagine .\nvampire bats are amazingly well - equipped to live on a diet of blood and only blood - something no other mammal in the world does . its teeth are so razor - sharp that the bird or mammal it feeds on usually does not even feel the tiny bite it inflicts . the bat ' s saliva contains a chemical that keeps the blood flowing , and its tongue is grooved - the bat uses it almost like a straw . as soon as the bat feeds , it urinates . its body retains the nourishing part of the blood but gets rid of the water , so that it does not have to fly away carrying an extra load of weight .\nencyclopaedia britannica , 1999 - 2000 .\nvampire bat\n( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2001 at wysiwyg : / / 42 / http : / / www . britannica . com / b . . . 1 + 1 + 74754 , 00 . html ? query = diaemus % 20youn .\nvampire bats are amazingly well - equipped to live on a diet of blood and only blood - something no other mammal in the world does . its teeth are so razor - sharp that the bird or mammal it feeds on usually does not even feel the tiny bite it inflicts . the bat ' s saliva contains a chemical that keeps the blood flowing , and its tongue is grooved - the bat uses it almost like a straw . as soon as the bat feeds , it urinates . its body retains the nourishing part of the blood but gets rid of the water , so that it does not have to fly away carrying an extra load of weight .\nwhen a common vampire bats rerturn to the roost , they often meet face - to - face and groom one another . a bat that fails to feed uses this face - to - face contact to beg blood from a roostmate . the successful bat may then regurgitate some blood to the unsuccessful one . the cost of the doner is relatively small , particularly since before the month is out it will need a donation itself . the benefit to the receiver is high , for it is survival .\nother blood - feeding animals such as ticks , insects and leeches do not face the same problem as vampire bats because they can go for weeks , months or even years without a meal . vampire bats , however , are warm - blooded , and the cost of staying warm means that fasting is soon fatal . the costs of keeping warm account for the absence of vampire bats from cooler parts of north , central and south america .\n5 . white - winged vampires will also take their meals in the trees instead of the barnyard . while a bird roosts on a branch , the bat sneaks up on it from below , crawling along the underside of the branch and staying out of sight . once it\u2019s directly underneath its prey , the bat bites the bird\u2019s big rear - pointing toe and drinks its fill .\nvampire bats are the only known mammals that exist entirely on a diet of blood . their preferred prey are lareg birds , horses , cows and pigs .\ngenetic analyses have revealed that colonies of common vampire bats are mixtures of relatives and nonrelatives . this means that the social support provided by the colony transcends the business of helping relatives . cooperation may be one of the central keys to the success of common vampire bats . we would expect that common vampire bats that are not part of the colony would not get blood from the members of the group . giving blood appears to depend upon the prospect of a donation in return .\nthe bat then begins to use its tongue in the wound as well as its saliva . the action of he tongue keeps blood flowing , while grooves on the underside of the tongue draw blood toward the bat ' s mouth . meanwhile , the saliva has at least three active ingredientts that promote bleeding . one is an anticoagulant that counters the clotting defences . a second keeps red blood cells from sticking together and a third inhibits the constriction of veins near the wound . it may take the bat about 20 minutes to fill its tank ; then it is time to take off and return to its roost .\neach vampire bat , whatever the species , needs about two tablespoonful of blood every day . this represents about 60 % of the bat ' s body weight , or 20 g of blood . the bats extract this blood through a wound they make with their front ( incisor ) teeth . the wounds are approximately 5 mm deep and 5 mm in diameter and do not cut arteries or veins . if you made a wound this size on your body , it would produce about one drop of blood or less than a gram . it appears that vampire bats are\none stop shoppers ,\nfeeding on one victim each night . getting 20 g of blood from a wound that normally produces just one drop is a specialized business .\n7 . unlike its cousins , the common vampire bat eats solely on the ground , and it has evolved to be as nimble there as it is in flight . while most other bats are awkward crawlers , the common vampire can move with a quick run - like gait or hop along the ground , supporting its weight on its hind legs and using its wings and elongated thumbs to steer and push off of the ground . this comes in handy for chasing after prey on the move and for jumping out of the way if it needs to .\n4 . white - winged vampires have a few tricks for feeding on domestic chickens without startling the birds . sometimes , they\u2019ll approach a hen and mimic a chick by nuzzling up to her brood patch . this featherless section of skin on the hen\u2019s underside is densely packed with blood vessels and is used to transfer heat to her eggs or chicks during nesting . the vessels make an easy target for the bat , and if the hen thinks it ' s her baby cuddling up to her , she\u2019ll sit on the bat to give it access to drink . other times , the bats will climb up on a hen\u2019s back , mimicking the touch and weight of a mounting rooster and sending the hen into the crouching stance they take before mating . the bat can then shimmy up to the hen\u2019s neck for a bite and she\u2019ll stay in that position until the bat hops off .\nbiologists have argued for years about whether vampire bats should be housed in their own family ( the desmodontidae ) or included among the new world leaf - nosed bats ( the phyllostomidae ) . people on both sides of this argument agree that the new world leaf - nosed bats are the vampire bats ' closest relatives . vampire bats are highly specialized for feeding on blood . this situation raises several questions : how did blood - feeding arise in bats ? why is it restricted to the new world tropics ? when did it appear ?\nthree theories account for the origin of vampire bats . the first proposes that vampire bats originated from fruit - eating bats . this theory suggests that large , strong upper incisor teeth would make fruit bats well suited to switching to blood . this theory does not explain why blood - feeding did not also appear among the old world fruit bats , the pteropodidae .\npeople are often surprised to learn that vampire bats are not found in central europe . it seems common to suppose that human myths about vampires and stories about dracula somehow involve vampire bats . the truth is that vampire bats got their names from human myths about vampires . in many human cultures , vampires are people who return from the dead to feed on the blood of living people . after the bats were discovered by european explorers , they were given the name vampire , denoting blood - feeding . the blood - feeding were well known to many human inhabitants of south and central america well before their discovery by europeans . bram stoker , intrigued by the publicity surrounding bats that fed on blood , included bats in his book dracula .\nis so fast that they must feed every two days to ensure their survival ( blood is very nutritious containing high amounts of water ) . the nearly 20 teeth in the bat ' s mouth are mostly redundant due to their liquid\nto hunt for food . despite being incredibly strong fliers , the design of their arms and legs means that they can also move about on the ground with surprising speed and agility . vampire\nfears about vampire bats are fueled by a lot of misconceptions . a common one is that the bats bite the throats of their human victims . this is very far from the truth !\n) of a vampire bat rabies virus isolate . as previously reported , a decrease in feeding was observed following the onset of clinical disease in those that succumbed leading to dehydration and reduced salivation . infected bats were swabbed prior to and following the onset of clinical disease . no viral material was detected in swabs from clinical animals ; however , virus isolation in tissue culture was successful from three bats that survived infection after 6 (\nellison , l . e . , t . j . o ' shea , m . a . bogan , a . l . everette , and d . m . schneider . 2003 . existing data on colonies of bats in the united states : summary and analysis of the u . s . geological survey ' s bat population database . monitoring trends in bat populations of the united states and territories : problems and prospects . u . s . geological survey 127 - 237 .\nbats are firmly rooted in western vampire lore , but only three species , out of some 1100 in the order chiroptera , actually have a taste for blood . the vampire bats are the only mammals in the world that live on blood alone , and the unique challenges of that diet make them some of the most specialized , fascinating and downright weird animals that nature has to offer .\nwhen you remember how much blood is available in different sized mammals and birds , it is obvious that one stop shopping for vampire bats will only work with large prey . the availability of large prey and the difficulty of obtaining large amounts of blood probably explains why vampire bats are no bigger than 40 g . fossil species that probably weighed about 60 g may have had more large mammals and birds to tap .\n, it is the bite itself that can cause problems becoming infected or diseased . farmers have not only attempted to poison entire colonies but are also known to destroy their daytime lairs using dynamite , often eliminating thousands of vampire\n) , but it is a solitary bat and does not form groups like desmodus . there are no lingual grooves under the tongue as in desmodus and diaemus , but it does have a groove along the roof of the mouth which may serve as a\nblood gutter\n.\ndescription . a relatively large , sooty - brown bat with no tail ; a narrow , hairy interfemoral membrane ; short , rounded ears ; and a short , pug - nosed snout . the dentition is highly modified with the middle upper incisors larger than the canines ; the outer incisors very small and set so close to the canines that they are easily overlooked ; the crowns of the outer lower incisors seven - lobed , fan - shaped , and more than twice as wide as the inner lower incisors ; premolars and molars very small and probably non - functional . dental formula : i 2 / 2 , c 1 / 1 , pm 1 / 2 , m 2 / 2 x 2 = 26 . external measurements average : total length , 85 mm ; foot , 13 mm ; forearm , 53 mm . weight , 30 - 40 g .\n) . cattle may also be infected from dogs or foxes , in areas where such rabies is endemic . in north america , predominant sources of infection are from wild carnivore species , such as from skunks in the midwest and raccoons in the east . in addition , cattle may infrequently become infected with insectivorous bat rabies virus variants . among 47 rabies - positive bovine samples provided to the centers for disease control and prevention from various state health departments within the us , 8 % ( 4 / 47 ) were bat - associated variants ( j . s . smith , personal communication ) .\nproduces an anticoagulant in their saliva that is about 20 times more powerful than any other anticoagulant known . the saliva has been used as a blood - thinning drug to treat heart attacks and strokes in humans (\nvampire bats\n2001 ) .\n) include an alpha form that is more fibrin dependent than t - pa . its half - life is also longer than that of t - pa . experimental studies have shown that the recombinant alpha - 1 form and the bat plasminogen activator may be superior to t - pa in sustaining recanalization and may cause less fibrinogenolysis .\n) include an alpha form that is more fibrin - dependent than t - pa . its half - life is also longer than that of t - pa . experimental studies have shown that the recombinant alpha - 1 form and the bat plasminogen activator may be superior to t - pa in sustaining recanalization and may cause less fibrinogenolysis .\nin mammals and birds , which are thought to be the usual prey of vampire bats , blood amounts to 6 - 10 % of the animal ' s weight . this means that a 100 - kilogram person ( 220 pounds ) would have no more than 10 kilograms of blood , or a 1 , 000 - kilogram moose would have 100 kilograms of blood . a 450 - gram ( 1 - pound ) rat would have no more than 45 g of blood , and the vampire bats themselves have only 4 g of blood .\n9 . vampires are known to share meals with each other . mother bats regurgitate previously - drunk blood for their offspring until the babies are old enough to hunt on their own . other related bats and even unrelated ones have also been observed puking blood up for one another in a reciprocal arrangement . if a bat can\u2019t find a meal one night , one of its roost - mates may share some of its meal . in the future , the bat who was fed is highly likely to return the favor . if it cheats , or takes a blood donation without ever giving back , it may find that it gets the cold shoulder the next time it needs help .\nbut inside land on the ground close by and crawl up to it , where they are able to detect veins close to the skin ' s surface with precision , thanks to their heat - sensing nose . using it ' s set of sharp front teeth , the vampire\nefforts to eradicate who colonies at a time however , have led to population declines in certain areas . scientists have also discovered though that the anti - coagulant found in the bat ' s saliva , proves to more effective at preventing blood clotting than any medicine , meaning that this could have significant positive implications for patients with strokes or heart attacks .\nvampire bats very rarely bite people because they apparently dislike human blood . the three species of bats are quite different from each other and are therefore placed within different genera ( no other species are currently classified in any of the three genera concerned ) . but they are related .\nis primarily an inhabitant of tropical and subtropical forestlands . they can be found in both mesic , forested and arid , open areas . during the daytime these bats roost in caves , mine tunnels , hollow trees , or abandoned buildings (\nvampire bats\n2001 ; texas parks & wildlife 1994 ) .\nthe food of diphylla is the blood of warm - blooded vertebrates , mainly birds , including domestic chickens . ernest walker reported that diphylla attacks the legs and cloacal region of chickens . one bat was\nobserved alighting on the tail of a chicken , hanging by its hind legs and biting the exposed skin in the cloacal region , and then lapping up the blood while in an upright position .\ncommon vampire bats live together in structured societies that provide a network of social support . like other bats , common vampires are long - lived . banding studies suggest that some survive almost 20 years in the wild . banding studies also reveal that individuals remain in their roosting groups for at least three years and probably for their entire lives . colonies of common vampire bats usually include one adult male with several females and their young . the bats may not all roost together at any one time , for they move between several roosts within the home range of the colony . females that roost together often forage in the same general area , and several bats may line up , feeding in succession at a wound .\nthe third theory proposes that the ancestors of vampire bats began to feed on insects and insect larvae they found in wounds on large animals . this theory notes that insectivorous bats often feed where there are many insects and some of them adjust their hunting style according to the situation . throughout the tropics , flies known as screwworms lay their eggs in wounds and their larvae develop into large masses . this theory identifies strong , sharp upper incisor teeth as the key to why blood - feeding only appeared in new world bats . many new world leaf - nosed bats have large , strong upper incisors . these teeth are lacking from those old world bats with flexible foraging behaviour , namely the slit - faced bats and the false vampire bats .\nfeeding for common vampires is often risky , given that their preferred victim , the domestic cow , is several thousand times larger than they are . they usually bite cows on the area of the leg just above and behind the hoof , since the skin is relatively thin and the blood vessels run close to the surface . one step backwards , and a bat could be squashed if it hadn\u2019t figured out how to run or make impressive three - foot leaps into the air .\n) . this study corroborated earlier observations that are of general interest . first , the detection of early clinical signs was not possible merely through observation , and it was not until animals were separated and forced to move around that disease signs were evident . this suggests that bats that have become separated from a roost with clear clinical disease may be in a late stage of infection , although it remains unknown how clinical disease progression correlates with virus excretion . this may have significant consequences for contact and transmission rates within bat species . second , as reported previously (\nvampire bats do not kill their prey . they only take about a teaspoon or two of blood at a feeding . since bats rarely carry rabies , there is little chance their victims will die from that disease . however , it has been said that some do carry the disease and it is not the blood - sucking that kills the victim , but the transfer of the rabies . i guess it depends upon species and whether that species has contracted the disease .\nfound in all types of forest , mainly at low elevations . roosts in caves and mines , rarely in hollow trees . individuals are well spaced in the roost , and group size is usually small , although a group of more than 500 was found in a cave in puebla , mexico , where numbers were much reduced in january , perhaps indicating seasonal movements or migration . avian blood may predominate in the diet of wild individuals , although cattle are occasionally exploited . unlike other vampires , this attractive bat is gentle and easy to handle . reproduction occurs year around ( reid 2009 ) . also occurs in open areas ( aguiar pers . comm . ) .\nthe second theory suggests that the ancestors of vampire bats acquired a taste for blood by feeding on ticks and other blood - feeding ectoparasites of large mammals . today in africa , birds known as ox - peckers make their living by feeding on ticks . it appears to be a viable life - style . but as the ox - peckers show , both ticks and blood - feeding ectoparasites and large mammals occur in africa . again we are left with the question , why did blood - feeding bats not appear in the old world tropics ?\n8 . to meet their energy needs , vampire bats need to drink about an ounce of blood at every meal , meaning they consume half their body weight during each 20 to 30 minute feeding session . their bodies have adapted to lighten that load , and their stomach lining rapidly absorbs much of the blood\u2019s water content and sends it to the kidneys so it can be excreted . the bats can process their meal so quickly that they may begin disposing of it before they\u2019re even finished with it , and start urinating just a few minutes into the feeding .\nblood - feeding is a risky business , particularly for a warm - blooded animal . among bats , the vampires are exceptional because they spend so much time caring for their young . young common vampires nurse for up to nine months , three months longer than flying foxes , which are many times their size , and at least six months longer than most other bats . female common vampire bats show no seasonal pattern of reproduction . but even though they may have young at any time of the year , the long period of nursing means that each female produces just one young a year .\n3 . when the bats feed , they use their teeth to shear away hair or feathers from a small spot and then cut into their victim\u2019s flesh with their sharp incisors . ( according to zoologists at chicago\u2019s field museum , even the teeth on old , preserved bat skulls in museum collections are sharp enough to cut someone handling them carelessly . ) rather than actively suck the blood from the wound like their namesakes , the bats let the physics of capillary action do the work . they lap at the blood and specialized grooves on their lips , tongues , and / or roof or their mouths suction it up . a protein in the bats\u2019 saliva called a plasminogen activator prevents the blood from clotting and keeps it flowing freely while they drink .\n10 . vampire bats have a few different tools for finding their food . they have well - developed senses of smell and , despite bats\u2019 reputation , keen eyesight . they\u2019ve also got heat - seeking faces \u2014their wrinkly , leaf shaped noses are loaded with nerves that are , in turn , loaded with proteins that are sensitive to the infrared radiation given off by warm - blooded animals . they also have finely - tuned hearing and specialized neurons that react only to the sound of breathing . they can even distinguish the breathing sounds made by different individuals , and may be able to remember the unique sonic components of an individual animal\u2019s breathing , allowing them to return to the same reliable source of blood night after night .\n2 . other bats with less grisly diets got a bad rap from european explorers in the americas . the europeans had heard stories about blood - drinking bats and encountered native people and livestock that had been bitten in the night and , without any real knowledge of the animals\u2019 diets , began labeling different bats as vampires willy nilly , usually applying the term to bigger and / or uglier ones . bats that lived on insects or even fruit were assumed to be vampires thanks to their appearance , and the association stuck when they were scientifically described and saddled with names like vampyrum spectrum and pteropus vampyrus . meanwhile , when a naturalist finally got his hands on an actual vampire , d . rotundus , no one one believed his assertions that it drank blood , and he made no mention of it in his description .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ndistribution in texas . from southern texas southward to eastern peru and brazil . known from texas on the basis of one female taken may 24 , 1967 from an abandoned railroad tunnel 19 km west of comstock , val verde county .\nthis species seems to be reproductively active throughout the year . pregnant females have been reported from mexico and central america in march , july , august , october , and november . the number of embryos per female is normally one , but one female captured july 8 in chiapas , mexico , contained two nearly full - term ( crown - rump length 34 mm ) embryos . the reproductive condition of the female captured in texas was not recorded .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern as it is widespread , relatively tolerant to a range of habitats , and is unlikely to be declining rapidly enough to qualify under a more threatened category .\nthis species ranges from southern tamaulipas ( mexico ) to colombia , venezuela , ecuador , peru , bolivia , and brazil ( except the central amazon basin ) ; a single vagrant individual has also been reported from southern texas , usa ( simmons 2005 ) . its altitudinal range goes from lowlands to 1 , 900 m ( reid 2009 ) .\nthis species is uncommon and local , but widespread ( emmons and feer 1997 ) . they roost either alone or in small groups of 12 or less , rarely numbering over 40 to 50 individuals ( uieda 1987 ) . in one study , d . ecaudata was observed to be more solitary and did not gather into groups when in the presence of other bats in a cave . they have a structured society in which they build strong social bonds with other bats in the colony . very rare in belize ( miller pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > ."]}
{"id": 1320, "summary": [{"text": "salmo trutta morpha fario is the riverine form of the brown trout salmo trutta that spends its entire life cycle in running water .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "while previously considered a distinct subspecies or even species , it is currently not considered to be taxonomically different from other ecological or migratory forms of the brown trout , i.e. the sea trout ( salmo trutta morpha trutta ) or the lacustrine brown trout ( salmo trutta morpha lacustris ) .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the fario morph is often referred to as river trout in europe .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "riverine brown trout average 20 to 80 centimetres ( 7.9 to 31.5 in ) but can reach lengths of 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they usually attain a weight of up to 2 kilograms , but sometimes up to 13 kilograms ( 29 lb ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "their back is olive-dark brown and silvery blue , red spots with light edges occur towards the belly , the belly itself is whitish yellow .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they can live for up to 18 years . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "salmo trutta fario", "paragraphs": ["vittorio genovese added the italian common name\ntrota fario\nto\nsalmo trutta fario linnaeus , 1758\n.\nvariety salmo fario var . forestensis bloch & schneider , 1801 accepted as salmo trutta linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )\nno one has contributed data records for salmo trutta fario yet . learn how to contribute .\nhigh rate of deformed larvae among gynogenetic brown trout ( salmo trutta m . fario ) doubled haploids\nhigh rate of deformed larvae among gynogenetic brown trout ( salmo trutta m . fario ) doubled haploids\nbrown trout salmo trutta f . fario liver ultrastructure as a biomarker for assessment of small stream pollution .\nthe reproductive traits of brown trout ( salmo trutta fario l . ) from the yadong river , tibet\nthe reproductive traits of brown trout ( salmo trutta fario l . ) from the yadong river , tibet | springerlink\nparental genetic diversity of brown trout ( salmo trutta m . fario ) brood stock affects offspring susceptibility to whirling disease\nseasonal and morphological variations of brown trout ( salmo trutta f . fario ) kidney peroxisomes : a stereological study .\nbrown trout salmo trutta f . fario liver ultrastructure as a biomarker for assessment of small stream pollution . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe hepatocytes of the brown trout ( salmo trutta f . fario ) : a quantitative study using design - based stereology .\nseasonal and morphological variations of brown trout ( salmo trutta f . fario ) kidney peroxisomes : a stereological study . - pubmed - ncbi\nyou selected salmo trutta lacustris linnaeus , 1758 . this is a synonym for :\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\nsalmo trutta linnaeus , 1758\n.\nthe hepatocytes of the brown trout ( salmo trutta f . fario ) : a quantitative study using design - based stereology . - pubmed - ncbi\nglobal invasive species database , \u201csalmo trutta ( fish ) \u201d urltoken accessed november 2006 .\nfigure 1 : body deformities among gynogenetic brown trout ( salmo trutta ) doubled haploids .\nparental genetic diversity of brown trout ( salmo trutta m . fario ) brood stock affects offspring susceptibility to whirling disease | parasites & vectors | full text\nseasonal comparison of wild and farmed brown trout ( salmo trutta forma fario l . , 1758 ) : crude lipid , gonadosomatic index and fatty acids .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brown trout ( salmo trutta fario )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brown trout ( salmo trutta fario )\ntitle =\narkive species - brown trout ( salmo trutta fario )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na common trout , salmo trutta , of n european streams : introduced in north america .\nillinois state department of natural resources , \u201cillinois exotic species : salmo trutta\u201d urltoken accessed november 2006 .\nacyl - coenzyme a oxidases 1 and 3 in brown trout ( salmo trutta f . fario ) : can peroxisomal fatty acid \u03b2 - oxidation be regulated by estrogen signaling ?\nseasonal comparison of wild and farmed brown trout ( salmo trutta forma fario l . , 1758 ) : crude lipid , gonadosomatic index and fatty acids . - pubmed - ncbi\nfishingnet , 2004 . brown trout ( salmo trutta ) . online at urltoken accessed 16 november 2004 .\nunited states geographical survey , \u201cnonindigenous aquatic species : salmo trutta , \u201d urltoken = accessed november 2006 .\nwith parasitic larvae ( glochidia ) encysting on the gills of juvenile brown trout ( salmo trutta f .\ninformations on salmo trutta has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .\nthe brown trout is found throughout europe ; those that live in rivers which empty into the north sea and the baltic sea belong to the subspecies salmo trutta fario , those that live in rivers that empty into the black sea are of the subspecies salmo trutta labrax , and those in rivers emptying into the mediterranean belong to the subspecies s . t . macrostigma ( 2 ) . the brown trout ( salmo trutta fario ) is found throughout the british isles ( 3 ) .\nanimal diversity web , 2004 . salmo trutta ( brown trout ) . online at urltoken accessed 15 november 2004 .\neffects of angling on population structure of brown trout , salmo trutta l . , in mountain streams of northern spain\nage and growth of the brown trout ( salmo trutta fario l . ) in the north branch of the au sable river , crawford county , michigan . ( fisheries research report : 1223 )\nacyl - coenzyme a oxidases 1 and 3 in brown trout ( salmo trutta f . fario ) : can peroxisomal fatty acid \u03b2 - oxidation be regulated by estrogen signaling ? - pubmed - ncbi\nby the genogenesis method of induction ( artifical ) through the thermal shocks , triple descendants ( 3n = 100 ) are obtained during the salmo gairdneri ( 2n = 58 ) and the salmo trutta fario ( 2n = 84 ) corss - breeding . the new triples possess higher growth rates than the descendants of salmo gairdneri\neffects of angling on population structure of brown trout , salmo trutta l . , in mountain streams of northern spain | springerlink\nbillard , r . ( 1987 ) . the reproductive cycle of male and female brown trout ( salmo trutta fario ) : a quantitative study . reproduction nutrition development , 27 ( 1a ) , 29 - 44 . urltoken\nage and growth of the brown trout ( salmo trutta fario l . ) in the north branch of the au sable river , crawford county , michigan . ( fisheries research report : 1223 ) tody , w . h .\nthe scientific name of the brown trout is salmo trutta . the specific epithet trutta derives from the latin trutta , meaning , literally ,\ntrout\n. behnke ( 2007 ) relates that the brown trout was the first species of trout described in the 1758 edition of systema naturae by swedish zoologist carl linnaeus . systema naturae established the system of binomial nomenclature for animals . salmo trutta was used to describe anadromous or sea - run forms of brown trout . linnaeus also described two other brown trout species in 1758 . salmo fario was used for riverine forms . salmo lacustris was used for lake - dwelling forms . [ 5 ]\nlaikre et al , 1999 . conservation genetic management of brown trout ( salmo trutta ) in europe . report by the concerted action on identification , management and exploitation of genetic resources in the brown trout ( salmo trutta ) . troutconcert , eu fair ct97 - 3882 .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2005 ) .\nsalmo trutta\nin fishbase . 10 2005 version .\nrecommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : salmo trutta . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .\nalthough there are currently no recognized subspecies of brown trout , there are three basic morphs ( distinct behavioral populations within a species ) : those that in habit freshwater rivers ( salmo trutta morpha fario ) , lake populations ( salmo trutta morpha lacustrine ) , and anadromous forms ( salmo trutta morpha trutta ) . browns that spend their lives in the ocean before entering rivers to spawn are called sea trout . the species name means \u201csalmon trout\u201d and described the anadromous morph . resident and anadromous browns that inhabit the same river are genetically identical , and biologists do not yet understand why some migrate to the salt and some stay in the river .\nthe brown trout ( salmo trutta ) is a european species of salmonid fish that has been widely introduced into suitable environments globally . it includes both purely freshwater populations , referred to salmo trutta morpha fario and s . trutta morpha lacustris , and anadromous forms known as the sea trout , s . trutta morpha trutta . the latter migrates to the oceans for much of its life and returns to fresh water only to spawn . [ 3 ] sea trout in the uk and ireland have many regional names , including sewin ( wales ) , finnock ( scotland ) , peal ( west country ) , mort ( north west england ) , and white trout ( ireland ) .\na european freshwater game fish ( salmo trutta ) that is brownish or greenish with red and black spots on the sides . it is naturalized in north america .\ntable 2 : summary of the examination of the body morphology among gynogenetic doubled haploid ( dh ) and normal ( c ) brown trout ( salmo trutta ) .\nczerniawski r . , pilecka - rapacz m . , domaga\u00b3a j . 2010 - growth and survival of brown trout fry ( salmo trutta m . fario l . ) in the wild , reared in the hatchery on different feed - ejpau , fisheries 13 ( 2 ) ; urltoken\n( animals ) a common brownish variety of the trout salmo trutta that occurs in the rivers of n europe and has been successfully introduced in north america . compare sea trout 1\n( of salmo fario linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nczerniawski r . , domaga\u00b3a j . , pilecka - rapacz m . 2009 - rearing of sea trout fry ( salmo trutta m . trutta l . ) - as potential stocking material , with living zooplankton and dry prepared food - ejpau , fisheries 12 ( 4 ) ; urltoken\n( of trutta fario ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nferguson a , 1989 . genetic differences among brown trout ( salmo trutta ) stocks and their importance for the conservation and management of the species . freshwater biology , 21 : 35 - 46 .\ntesticular feed back on the hypothalamo - pituitary axis in rainbow trout ( salmo gairdneri r . )\ndepartment of fisheries , 2002 . the translocation of brown trout ( salmo trutta ) and rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) . fisheries management paper no . 156 . western australia : department of fisheries .\nelliott , j . m . ( 1967 ) . the food of trout ( salmo trutta ) in a dartmoor stream . journal of applied ecology , 4 ( 1 ) : 59 - 71 .\nfaur\u00e9 , a . 1991 . la truite fario , une fili\u00e8re salmonicole marine \u00e0 la fran\u00e7aise . aqua revue 35 : 7 - 13 .\nczerniawski r . , domagala j . , krepski t . , pilecka - rapacz m . 2015 - impact of live food on survival and growth of hatchery - reared sea trout ( salmo trutta trutta l . ) parr in the wild - j . appl . ichthyol . 31 : 95 - 99 .\nlargiader , c . r . & scholl , a . 1996 . genetic introgression between native and introduced sea trout salmo trutta l . populations in the rh\u00f4ne river basin . molecular ecology 5 : 417 - 426 .\nlack of genetic differentiation between anadromous and resident sympatric brown trout ( salmo trutta ) in a normandy population . . in aquatic living resources , volume 18 , n\u00b0 1 , january\u2013march 2005 . pages 65 - 69 .\nintroduction of salmo trutta has caused both negative and positive impacts on biodiversity . they compete with native trout and other fish species , but they are not known to have been the cause of any species ' ext . . .\nbugeon , j . , lefevre , f . & fauconneau , b . 2003 . fillet texture and muscle structure in sea trout ( salmo trutta ) subjected to long - term exercise . aquaculture research 34 : 1287 - 1295 .\nskaala o , j rstad ke , 1987 . fine spotted brown trout ( salmo trutta ) : its phenotypic description and biochemical genetic variation . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 44 ( 10 ) : 1775 - 1779 .\nzimmerman , c . e . & mosegaard , h . ( 1992 ) . initial feeding in migratory brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) alevins . journal of fish biology , 40 ( 4 ) : 647 - 650 .\nsalmo trutta has been introduced around the world for aquaculture and stocked for sport fisheries . it is blamed for reducing native fish populations , especially other salmonids , through predation , displacement and food competition . it is a popular angling fish .\nmambrini , m . , labbe , l . , randriamanantsoa , f . & boujard , t . 2006 . response of growth - selected sea trout ( salmo trutta ) to challenging feeding conditions . aquaculture 252 : 429 - 440 .\nchevassus , b . , quillet , e . , krieg , f . , hollebecq , m . g . , mambrini , m . , faure , a . , labbe , l . , hiseux , j . p . & vandeputte , m . 2005 . improved mass selection for growth rate in sea trout ( salmo trutta fario ) : the\nprosper\nprocess . aquaculture 247 ; 8 .\narzel , j . , m\u00e9tailler , r . , kerleguer , c . , le delliou , h . & guillaume , j . 1997 . the protein requirement of sea trout ( salmo trutta ) fry . aquaculture 130 : 67 - 78 .\nbarbat - leterrier , a . , guyomard , r . & krieg , f . 1989 . introgression between introduced domesticated strains and mediterranean native populations of sea trout ( salmo trutta l . ) . aquatic living resources 2 : 215 - 223 .\nquillet , e . , chevassus , b . , krieg , f . & burger , g . 1986 . donn\u00e9es actuelles sur l ' \u00e9levage en mer de la truite commune ( salmo trutta ) . la pisciculture fran\u00e7aise 86 : 48 - 56 .\nintroduction of salmo trutta has caused both negative and positive impacts on biodiversity . they compete with native trout and other fish species , but they are not known to have been the cause of any species ' extinction ( animal diversity web , 2004 ) .\nin small streams , brown trout are important predators of macroinvertebrates , and declining brown trout populations in these specific areas affect the entire aquatic food web . [ 11 ] s . trutta morpha fario prefers well - oxygenated water in the temperature range of 60 to 65 \u00b0f ( 16 to 18 \u00b0c ) .\nhansen , m . m . 2002 . estimating the long - term effects of stocking domesticated trout into wild sea trout ( salmo trutta ) populations : an approach using microsatellite dna analysis of historical and contemporary samples . molecular ecology 11 : 1003 - 1015 .\nfjellheim a . , raddum g . g . , barlaup b . t . 1995 - dispersal , growth and mortality of brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) stocked in a regulated west norwegian river - regul . rivers 10 : 137 - 145 .\narzel , j . , metailler , r . , huelvan , c . , faure , a . & guillaume , j . 1992 . the specific nutritional requirements of sea trout ( salmo trutta ) . b\u00fav\u00edsindi , icelandic agricultural science 6 : 77 - 92 .\nfishbase , 2003 . species profile salmo trutta trutta sea trout summary : fishbase is a global information system with all you ever wanted to know about fishes . fishbase on the web contains practically all fish species known to science . fishbase was developed at the worldfish center in collaboration with the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) and many other partners , and with support from the european commission ( ec ) . since 2001 fishbase is supported by a consortium of seven research institutions . you can search on search fishbase this species profile is available from : urltoken ; = salmo & speciesname ; = trutta % 20trutta [ accessed 7 september , 2004 ]\nthe native range of salmo trutta includes europe , northern africa and western asia . the species is found in iceland and on the northwest coast of europe , along the mediterranean and south to india . s . trutta has been introduced to appropriate streams all over the world ( animal diversity web , 2004 ) and today is found in rivers , lakes and coastal areas ( nova scotia , 2004 ) .\nthe bow trout ( salmo gairdneri ) and the brook trout ( salvenilus ) with the same harvesting period , grayling ( thymalus ) .\nchampigneulle , a . & cachera , s . 2003 . evaluation of large - scale stocking of early stages of sea trout , salmo trutta , to angler catches in the french - swiss part of the river doubs . fisheries management & ecology 10 : 79 - 85 .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . salmo trutta linnaeus , 1758 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nchevassus , b . , quillet , e . , krieg , f . , hollebecq , m . g . , mambrini , m . , faure , a . , labbe , l . , hiseux , j . p . & vandeputte , m . 2004 . enhanced individual selection for selecting fast growing fish : the\nprosper\nmethod , with application on sea trout ( salmo trutta fario ) . g\u00e9n\u00e9tique , selection , evolution 36 : 643 - 661 .\nitis ( integrated taxonomic information system ) , 2005 . online database salmo trutta summary : an online database that provides taxonomic information , common names , synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species . in addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) data portal and bioscience articles from bioone journals . available from : urltoken ; _ action = containing & taxa ; = salmo + trutta & p ; _ format = & p ; _ ifx = plglt & p ; _ lang = [ accessed march 2005 ]\n( of salmo fario linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\narzel , j . , metailler , r . , le gall , p . & guillaume , j . 1998 . relationship between ration size and dietary protein level varying at the expense of carbohydrate and lipid in triploid sea trout fry , salmo trutta . aquaculture 162 : 259 - 268 .\ndomagala j . , krepski t . , czerniawski r . , pilecka - rapacz m . 2015 - prey availability and selective feeding of sea trout ( salmo trutta l . , 1758 ) fry stocked in small forest streams - j . appl . ichthyol . 31 : 375 - 380 .\ntable 1 : survival ( % \u00b1 sd ) of the normal ( c ) and gynogenetic doubled haploid ( dh ) brown trout ( salmo trutta ) ( bt ) produced with the use of uv - inactivated homologous ( bt ) and rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) ( rt ) sperm .\njensen , h . , kiljunen , m . & amundsen , p - a . ( 2012 ) . dietary ontogeny and niche shift to piscivory in lacustrine brown trout salmo trutta revealed by stomach content and stable isotope analyses . journal of fish biology , 80 ( 7 ) : 2448 - 2462 .\ncharles , k . , guyomard , r . , hoyheim , b . , ombredane , d . & bagliniere , j . l . 2005 . lack of genetic differentiation between anadromus and resident sympatric sea trout ( salmo trutta ) in a normandy population . aquatic living resources 18 : 65 - 69 .\nsalmo trutta has been implicated in reducing native fish populations ( especially other salmonids ) through predation , displacement , and food competition ( taylor et al . , 1984 ) . there are some negative effects from s . trutta since the species was introduced in america ( animal diversity web , 2004 ) . they compete with native trout and other fish species , but they are not known to have been the cause of any species ' extinction . in california , usa , competition and predation from s . trutta may have contributed to the decline of the dolly varden , salmo malma , in the mccloud river ( moyle , 1976 ) , and of the golden trout , oncorhynchus aguabonita , in the kern river ( courtenay and williams , 1992 ) . s . trutta may have also depleted the modoc sucker , catostomus microps , an endangered species , in rush creek , modoc county ( moyle and marciochi , 1975 ) . s . trutta have commonly replaced cutthroat trout , o . clarki , in large rivers ( behnke , 1992 ) . another negative effect is their contribution to the lamprey population in many rivers . the increased lamprey populations since s . trutta were introduced have been considered as a negative impact on biodiversity ( animal diversity web , 2004 ) . s . trutta introductions may have caused the decline of the tasmanian mountain shrimp , anaspides tasmaniae , and have eliminated or reduced several plecoptera and trichoptera species in streams in victoria , australia ( arthington , 1989 ) .\n. . . however , very few of the inter - specific and inter - generic hybrids of salmonids and cyprinids have any farming or restocking potential because of their low viability or inferior performance with respect to the parental species ( purdom , 1993 ) . studies on the hybridization between rainbow trout ( oncorhunchus mykiss ) and brown trout ( salmo trutta ) found that the hybrids of these two species resulted in poor hatching rate and survival ( blanc , 2003 ; blanc and maunas , 2005 ) . brown trout ( salmo trutta macrostigma ) is a salmonid species occurring in inland water habitats of southern europe , western asia , northern africa , and anatolia ( geldiay and balik , 1988 ) . . . .\nquillet , e . , faure , a . , chevassus , b . , krieg , f . , harache , y . , arzel , j . , metailler , r . & boeuf , g . 1992 . the potential of sea trout ( salmo trutta l . ) for mariculture . b\u00fav\u00edsindi , icelandic agricultural science 6 : 63 - 76 .\nshowing page 1 . found 27 sentences matching phrase\nfario\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nhansen , m . m . , nielsen , e . e . , ruzzante , d . e . , bouza , c . & mensberg , k . l . d . 2000 . genetic monitoring of supportive breeding in sea trout ( salmo trutta l . ) , using microsatellite dna markers . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 57 : 2130 - 2139 .\nguyomard , r . & krieg , f . 1986 . mise en \u00e9vidence d ' un flux g\u00e9nique entre populations naturelles de truite fario et souche de repeuplement dans deux rivi\u00e8res de corse . bulletin fran\u00e7ais de la p\u00e8che et de la pisciculture 303 : 134 - 140 .\nsalmo trutta is a common trout known by two different common names reflecting the alternative ecological strategies and associated morphological characteristics of this species . the freshwater morphs ( salmo trutta morpha fario and s . trutta morpha lacustris ) are known as brown trout . sea trout is the anadromous morph which migrates between the ocean , where it spends most of its life , and freshwater spawning grounds . the two morphs , which often share the same breeding grounds ( sympatric distribution ) , have in the past been classified as distinct species . the morphs do interbreed , but the extent of reproductive isolation between them varies by location and some studies have found genetic differentiation between morphs inhabiting the same territory . although native to europe , northern africa and western asia , s . trutta has been widely introduced for aquaculture and recreational fishing purposes and is found in streams , lakes , and coastal areas throughout the world . brown trout commonly mature at 13 - 16 inches long ( often longer in large streams ) ; sea - run morphs are larger and can be found up to 30 pounds and 3 feet long . an aggressive species , s . trutta has been responsible for declines in native fish populations , for example in the great lakes , where they displaced arctic greyling ( thymallus arcticus ) and in california , where they threaten native golden trout oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita and dolly varden ( salvelinus malma ) . this species was nominated as one of the world\u2019s 100 worst invasive species by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) . ( cabi 2010 ; charles et al 2005 ; fuller , larson and fusaro 2012 ; global invasive species database , invasive species specialist group ; idema 1999 ; wikipedia 2012 )\nthe covariation between diploid and triploid progenies from common breeders and the effect of triploidy on the parental variances were investigated in brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) using two progeny testing experiments , sampling , sires and dams respectively , from the same population . the traits studied were body weight , growth , condition factor and red spotting of the skin . triploidization . . . [ show full abstract ]\n( of salmo faris ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsize , growth rate and fry mortality were compared for diploids and triploids of three genetic types , brook trout and the two reciprocal tiger trout hybrids ( salmo trutta \u00d7 salvelinus fontinalis ) . fry mortality was higher for triploids of all three genetic types compared with the corresponding diploids . weights and fork lengths were recorded for three year classes at various times from 18 weeks . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfishbase , 2004 . entry for salmo trutta . main ref . : svetovidov an , 1984 . salmonidae . in : whitehead pjp , bauchot m - l , hureau j - c , nielsen j , tortonese e , eds . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 1 , 382 - 383 . online at www . fishbase . org . accessed 26 november 2004 .\nthis study was approved by the local committee on the ethics of animal experiments in gdansk , poland ( number 28 / 2015 ) . gamete donors came from broodstocks of the brown trout ( salmo trutta m . fario ) and rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) kept in the department of salmonid research , inland fisheries institute in olsztyn , rutki , poland . eggs ( = c . 2150 ) from one brown trout female ( bt\u2640 ) were stripped , collected in the plastic bowl , and kept in 10\u00b0c pending activation . spermatozoa from one brown trout male ( bt \u2642 ) and one rainbow trout male ( rt \u2642 ) were collected to separate plastic containers . the motility of the collected sperm was checked under a microscope .\n. . . ally in salmonids , has been studied for a long time with the aim of obtaining nonmaturing individuals for \u00a2sheries and aquaculture ( blanc & maunas 2005 ) . hybrid viability , which is often poor , could be improved through arti\u00a2cial triploidization ( chevassus , guyomard , chourrout & quillet 1983 ; scheerer & thorgaard 1983 ; gray , evans & thorgaard 1993 ) . blanc and maunas ( 2005 ) reported a drastic increase in the survival rate in hybrids of rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) \u00e2 brown trout ( salmo trutta m . fario ) after triploidization . diploid hybrids of these species show very high mortality within a month post hatch ( buss & wright 1956 ; blanc & chevassus 1982 ) , whereas triploidized hybrids survive better , an . . .\nmorrison b . r . s . 1983 - observations on the food of juvenile atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , reared in a scottish hill loch - j . fish biol . 23 : 305 - 313 .\ns . trutta closely resemble atlantic salmon and rainbow trout , but salmon have no red coloration on the adipose fin and rainbow trout have lines of black spots on the tail . young s . trutta ( parr ) have 9 - 14 dark narrow parr marks along the sides and some red spotting along the lateral line ( nova scotia , 2004 ) . s . trutta can grow to be quite large , especially sea - run fish . it can grow to a standard length of 140 cm ( muus and dahlstr\u00f6m , 1967 ) . maximum published weight is 50 . 0 kg ( muus and dahlstr\u00f6m , 1967 ) and maximum reported age is 38 years ( fishbase , 2004 ) .\nthe study has been carried in the year 2004 and describes fecundity , spawning season and sex ratio of brown trout , salmo trutta fario . a total of 121 brown trout ( 67 males and 54 females ) were captured by angling . gonad somatic index ( gsi ) confirmed that spawning lasted from october to december . the left ovary , with some exceptions , was found to be longer and heavier producing more eggs than the right one . the absolute fecundity of sampled population varied from 527 to 2445 and the relative fecundity had a mean value of 2 . 56 . fecundity was positively co - related with the total fish length ( r = 0 . 865 ) , fish weight ( r = 0 . 9426 ) ovary weight ( r = 0 . 952 ) and ovary length ( r = 0 . 845 ) .\nmuus , b . j . and p . dahlstrom 1967 guide des poissons d & quot ; eau douce et p\u00e3\u00aache . gec gads forlag , copenhague . 242 p . muus , b . j . and p . dahlstrom 1967 guide des poissons d & quot ; eau douce et p\u00e3\u00aache . gec gads forlag , copenhague . 242 p . svalastog , d . 1991 a note on maximum age of brown trout , salmo trutta l . j . fish biol . 38 ( 6 ) : 967 - 968 .\nsalmo trutta has a fusiform body with a small pointed head , large mouth , extending mostly after the eye ( rochard and elie , 1994 ) . s . trutta or brown trout get their name from the brown or golden brown hue on their bodies . body is grey - blue coloured with numerous spots , also below the lateral line ( rochard and elie , 1994 ) . blackish coloured on upper part of body , usually orange on sides , surrounded by pale halos . adipose fin is with red margin ( fishbase , 2004 ) . sea - run s . trutta have a more silvery coloration and the spotting is less visible ( nova scotia , 2004 ) . it has 3 - 4 dorsal spines , 10 - 15 dorsal soft rays , 3 - 4 anal spines and 9 - 14 anal soft rays ( fishbase , 2004 ) . caudal fin has 18 - 19 rays ( spillman , 1961 ) . caudal peduncle is thick and rounded ( rochard and elie , 1994 ) . it has a few scales ( rochard and elie , 1994 ) .\nwhirling disease , caused by the myxozoan parasite myxobolus cerebralis , has high economical and ecological importance worldwide . susceptibility to the disease varies considerably among salmonid species . in brown trout ( salmo trutta ) the infection is usually subclinical with low mortality , which increases the risk of parasite dissemination , especially when farm fish are used for stocking natural habitats . the influence of intraspecific genetic differences ( especially the level of homozygosity ) on susceptibility is unknown . therefore , we examined the possible correlations between parental genetic diversity and offspring susceptibility of brown trout stocks to whirling disease .\nclimate change influences air temperature and precipitation , and as a direct consequence , the annual discharge pattern in rivers will change as climate warming continues . this has an impact on bedload transport and consequently on aquatic life , because coarse sediments in streams provide important habitat for many species . salmonids , for example , spawn in gravel , and during their early life stages live in or on top of the substrate . we used a multiple model approach to assess how predicted discharge changes affect bedload transport and the vulnerable early life stages of brown trout ( salmo trutta fario ) in a prealpine catchment in switzerland . in the study area , future discharge scenarios predict an increased frequency of flood occurrence in winter and long - lasting low - flow periods in summer . as a result , bed erosion will become more frequent during winter , leading to less stable spawning grounds and deeper scouring , but during summer , an improvement in habitat diversity can be expected , which is advantageous for young - of - the - year fish . to face the future challenges of climate change , we recommend widening of riverbeds and improvements in longitudinal connectivity .\nt he effects of environmental pollutants from two small streams in south - west germany on the liver of brown trout ( s almo trutta f . fario ) were studied as biomarkers by means of quantitative and semi - quantitative electron microscopy , and quantitatively by morphometrical measurements . cellular damage was assessed semi - quantitatively based on a classification of ultrastructural responses . both methods revealed more severe cellular effects in the liver of trout which had been exposed to the highly polluted stream than in those exposed to the lightly polluted river . morphometrical studies showed a significant reduction of glycogen storage and a significant increase in number of mitochondria , peroxisomes and cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum . the biomarker responses of this study were correlated with the results obtained by limnological and analytical investigations , and reflect the levels of pollution in each stream .\nlong dashes down stream taxed my unsteady footing ; the sharp click and whirr of the reel resounded in desperate efforts to hold him somewhat in check ; another headlong dash , then a vicious bulldog shake of the head as he sawed back and forth across the rocks . every wile inherited from generations of wily ancestors was tried until , in a moment of exhaustion , the net was slipped under him . wading ashore with my prize , i had barely time to notice his size\u2014a good four - pounder , and unusual markings , large yellow spots encircled by black , with great brilliancy of iridescent color\u2014when back he flopped into the water and was gone . however , i took afterward several of the same variety , known in the park as the von baer [ sic ] trout , and which i have since found to be the salmo fario , the veritable trout of izaak walton .\nthe brown trout ( salmo trutta ) has earned a reputation as the wariest and wiliest opponent a river angler can face . whereas a brookie or a cutthroat will often attack flies with gullible abandon , browns are usually more discriminating . the larger specimens , especially , are often reclusive\u2014hiding beneath a cutbank or hunkering near the bottom until darkness falls , and only then emerging to hunt baitfish . because of these sporting qualities , the species has been stocked in waters well outside its range , a result of the recreation craze and empire - building of the 19th century . in fact , the british were so determined to bring the brown trout to tasmania that they made three attempts to ship trout eggs around the african continent , finally succeeding in 1864 . fly fishers can now test their wits against browns on six continents .\nthroughout its native range , there are populations that are considered unique , even if science doesn\u2019t treat them as such . for instance , the ferox trout inhabits nutrient - poor lakes in great britain and ireland , and the gillaroo is a snail - eating trout of ireland\u2019s lough melvin . some scientists from northern ireland consider the gillaroo a separate species ( salmo stomachicus ) , while irish authorities do not .\nletcher b . h . , dubreuil t . , o\u2019donnell m . j . , obedzinski , m . , griswold k . , nislow k . h . 2004 - long - term consequences of variation in timing and manner of fry introduction on juvenile atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) growth , survival , and life - history expression - can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 61 : 2288 - 2301 .\ntriploid hybrids between female rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum ) and male brown trout ( salmo trutta l . ) were tested for farming performances , with reference to parental species . the main drawback of hybrids lay in embryonic and larval mortalities , amounting to 60 % on average , and displaying a large variability between spawns . further survival was inferior to that of diploid , but similar to that of triploid rainbow trout . hybrid body weight was intermediate between weights of rainbow and brown trout of the same age , mainly as a consequence of differences in precocious growth . analysis of relative growth rates from 6 to 18 months showed that hybrids were surpassed by rainbow controls in common rearing , but not in separate rearing . hybrid behaviour was similar to that of rainbow trout . these results are discussed in the scope of providing fisheries managers with original and sterile game fishes .\n. . . where o indicates oncorhynchus mykiss , s indicates salmo labrax , c indicates unshocked control and t is shock - induced triploid . triploids were produced by a 26 . 5 1c thermal shock lasting 20 min and initiated 25 min after the fertilization of the eggs in each crossed groups ( blanc & maunas 2005 ) . fertilized eggs were incubated at 9 ^ 11 1c in spring water before and after shock treatment . . . .\ngenetic data indicate that s . trutta and some populations of hybrid origin are native in some rivers draining to the mediterranean , the black sea ( at least in upper danube drainage ) and the caspian sea ( at least in upper volga drainage ) . the present published data do not always enable to identify the head water populations of the different species on the basis of morphological characters ( they may be distinguishable , but this simply has not been investigated ) .\nacyl - coenzyme a oxidases 1 ( acox1 ) and 3 ( acox3 ) are key enzymes in the regulation of lipid homeostasis . endogenous and exogenous factors can disrupt their normal expression / activity . this study presents for the first time the isolation and characterization of acox1 and acox3 in brown trout ( salmo trutta f . fario ) . additionally , as previous data point to the existence of a cross - talk between two nuclear receptors , namely peroxisome proliferator - activated receptors and estrogen receptors , it was here evaluated after in vitro exposures of trout hepatocytes the interference caused by ethynylestradiol in the mrna levels of an inducible ( by peroxisome proliferators ) and a non - inducible oxidase . the isolated acox1 and acox3 show high levels of sequence conservation compared to those of other teleosts . additionally , it was found that acox1 has two alternative splicing isoforms , corresponding to 3i and 3ii isoforms of exon 3 splicing variants . both isoforms display tissue specificity , with acox1 - 3ii presenting a more ubiquitous expression in comparison with acox1 - 3i . acox3 was expressed in almost all brown trout tissues . according to real - time pcr data , the highest estrogenic stimulus was able to cause a down - regulation of acox1 and an up - regulation of acox3 . so , for acox1 we found a negative association between an estrogenic input and a directly activated ppar\u03b1 target gene . in conclusion , changes in hormonal estrogenic stimulus may impact the mobilization of hepatic lipids to the gonads , with ultimate consequences in reproduction . further studies using in vivo assays will be fundamental to clarify these issues .\nsome key aspects of the reproductive strategy of the brown trout ( salmo trutta fario l . ) in the yadong river , tibet , including spawning season , age at sexual maturity , fecundity and egg size , have been studied . the majority of the samples were less than 215 mm and age ranged from 1 to 4 in both sexes , indicating that the majority of the fish were younger and the pressure by overfishing was high . the spawning periodicity was determined to be between the end of october and january , mainly in november and december . the ratio of male to female brown trout population ( 1 . 29 : 1 with p > 0 . 05 ) suggested no sex significant differences , although males were significantly more abundant than females in october ( p < 0 . 0001 ) on monthly basis . age and size of males and females at maturity was different and males matured earlier than females . fecundity was markedly correlated with their body weight ( p < 0 . 001 , r = 0 . 9255 ) , standard length ( p < 0 . 01 , r = 0 . 8879 ) , and gonad weight ( p < 0 . 001 , r = 0 . 9366 ) . the mean size of mature eggs in the spawning season was : 4 . 0 \u00b1 0 . 45 mm and tended to increase along with the female spawners size ( p < 0 . 001 , r = 0 . 9641 ) . further researches about the brown trout population in the yadong river should be conducted on issues such as artificial reproduction , culture , conservation , management , and restocking .\ncowx i . g . , o\u2019grady k . t . , sv\u00e4sand t . , skilbre o . t . , van der meeren g . i . , holm m . 1998 - review of morphological and behavioural differences between reared and wild individuals : implications for sea - ranching of atlantic salmon , salmo salar l . , atlantic cod , gadus morhua l . and european lobster , homarus gammarus l . - fish . manag . ecol . 5 : 1 - 18 .\nsea trout is probably the first species of fish for which artificial reproduction was performed . this probably occurred in germany around 1739 and the first sea trout hatchery was established in 1841 in the uk . the technique of artificial fertilization was optimized in the 1850s . since then , sea trout has been produced extensively in europe and introduced to all continents as a sport fish . however , in north america sea trout is considered as invasive in many places as it can out - compete local species like brook trout ( salvelinus fontinalis ) . sea trout was never really domesticated for food fish production , as the principal aim of sea trout culture was always the restocking of natural waters . at the end of the 1980s the culture of sea trout in sea cages was seen as an alternative to salmon production in the french waters of brittany . this led to the development of sea trout strains selected for fast growth but the production of sea trout as a food fish never developed to a level other than for niche markets . fao statistics for \u2018sea trout\u2019 include the aquaculture production of salmo trutta in freshwater and sea water .\nthe aim of this study was to determine the best moment to stock trout , salmo trutta l . , larvae into the wild . this goal was accomplished by determining weekly changes in the growth parameters of larvae that were fed in seven variants : on the day of 2 / 3 yolk sac resorption ; from the first week after the day of 2 / 3 yolk sac resorption ; from the second week after the day of 2 / 3 yolk sac resorption ; from the third week after the day of 2 / 3 yolk sac resorption ; from the fourth week after the day of 2 / 3 yolk sac resorption ; from the fifth week after the day of 2 / 3 yolk sac resorption ; from the sixth week after the day of 2 / 3 yolk sac resorption . based on our results , we concluded the following : 1 ) trout larvae are ready to start eating at the time of the resorption of 2 / 3 of the yolk sac ; 2 ) trout larvae can live without food for three weeks following the resorption 2 / 3 of the yolk sac without any notable losses ; 3 ) the best moment to stock trout larvae into the wild is in the period from the resorption of 2 / 3 of the yolk sac to the third week after this resorption , so one week after full resorption . this is the optimal period to stock any waters with trout larvae .\non the other hand , some of the spinal deformities might be side effects of the physical treatments applied to the duplicate haploid genome in the gynogenesis process . crucian carp ( carassius auratus linnaeus 1758 ) eggs subjected to the hydrostatic pressure shock exhibited impaired embryonic development , including , for example , a delay of epiboly and suppression of the dorsoventral differentiation [ 36 ] . physical shock is also applied to newly fertilized eggs to produce polyploid fishes . triploid rainbow trout and atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) usually show higher incidences of deformities than diploids [ 37 \u2013 39 ] , but it is difficult to evaluate which part of the malformation results from the triploidy itself and the physical treatment . moreover , studies performed on triploid rainbow trout showed that temperature shock induced a higher rate of deformities than hydrostatic pressure shock [ 40 ] .\nthe first introductions into the u . s . started in 1883 when fred mather , a new york pisciculturist and angler , under the authority of the u . s . fish commissioner , spencer baird , obtained brown trout eggs from a baron lucius von behr , president of the german fishing society . the von behr brown trout came from both mountain streams and large lakes in the black forest region of baden - w\u00fcrttemberg . [ 6 ] the original shipment of\nvon behr\nbrown trout eggs were handled by three hatcheries , one on long island , the cold spring hatchery operated by mather , one in caledonia , new york operated by pisciculturalist seth green , and other hatchery in northville , michigan . additional shipments of\nvon behr\nbrown trout eggs arrived in 1884 . in 1885 , brown trout eggs from loch leven , scotland , arrived in new york . these\nloch leven\nbrown trout were distributed to the same hatcheries . over the next few years , additional eggs from scotland , england , and germany were shipped to u . s . hatcheries . behnke ( 2007 ) believed all life forms of brown trout\u2014anadromous , riverine and lacustine\u2014were imported into the u . s . and intermingled genetically to create what he calls the american generic brown trout and a single subspecies the north european brown trout ( s . t . trutta ) . [ 6 ]\nfound in streams , ponds , rivers and lakes ( ref . 5951 ) . individuals spend 1 to 5 years in fresh water and 6 months to 5 years in salt water ( ref . 51442 ) . juveniles mature in 3 - 4 years ( ref . 6885 ) . lacustrine populations undertake migration to tributaries and lake outlets to spawn , rarely spawning on stone , wave - washed lake shores . spawns in rivers and streams with swift current , usually characterized by downward movement of water intro gravel ( ref . 59043 ) . spawning takes place normally more than one time ( ref . 51442 ) . they prefer cold , well - oxygenated upland waters although their tolerance limits are lower than those of rainbow trout and favors large streams in the mountainous areas with adequate cover in the form of submerged rocks , undercut banks , and overhanging vegetation ( ref . 6465 ) . life history and spawning behavior is similar to the salmon salmo salar ( ref . 51442 ) . each female produces about 10 . 000 eggs ( ref . 35388 , ref . 51442 ) . mainly diurnal ( ref . 682 ) . sea and lake trouts forage in pelagic and littoral habitats , while sea trouts mainly close to coast , not very far from estuary of natal river ( ref . 59043 ) . juveniles feed mainly on aquatic and terrestrial insects ; adults on mollusks , crustaceans and small fish ( ref . 26523 , ref . 51442 ) . marketed fresh and smoked ; eaten fried , broiled , boiled , cooked in microwave , and baked ( ref . 9988 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\na widespread species and overall least concern . however , anadromous part of populations ( sea trout ) and many lacustrine stocks have in many cases markedly declined because of pollution ( and possibly from impacts from salmon farming ) . the phylogeographic structure is almost destroyed by stocking .\natlantic , north , white and baltic sea basins , from spain to chosha bay ( russia ) . present in iceland and in northernmost rivers of great britain and scandinavia . in rh\u00f4ne drainage , native only to lake geneva basin , which it entered after last glaciation . native to upper danube and volga drainages . introduced throughout europe , north and south america , southern and montane eastern africa , pakistan , india , nepal , japan , new zealand and australia .\nlocally threatened by water pollution and impacts from salmon farming ( sea lice etc . )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbrown trout get their name from the brown or golden brown hue on their bodies . some of the other characteristics : their sides are silvery or yellow and bellies are white or yellowish ; dark spots , sometimes encircled by a pale halo , are plentiful on the back and sides ; spotting also can be found on the head and the fins along the back ; rusty - red spots also occur on the sides ; the small adipose ( or fatty ) fin in front of the tail has a reddish hue ; sea - run brown trout have a more silvery colouration and the spotting is less visible . brown trout closely resemble atlantic salmon and rainbow trout , but salmon have no red colouration on the adipose fin and rainbow trout have lines of black spots on the tail . young brown trout ( parr ) have 9 - 14 dark narrow parr marks along the sides and some red spotting along the lateral line . brown trout can grow to be quite large , especially sea - run fish . fish weighing up to 31kg ( 68 lb ) have been recorded in europe ( fisheries & oceans canada , 2004 ) . wild trout reach sizes of 9kg ( 20 lbs ) .\nlife history and spawning behaviour is similar to salmon , ( fishbase , 2003 ) . spawning takes place in shallow freshwater ( kroon , f . pers . comm , jan 2004 ) . \\\nfemale covers the eggs by restirring the sand and fine gravel . after hatching at 12mm , larval brown trout remain in the gravel for 2 - 3 weeks until they are about 25mm long , when they emerge to begin feeding in the water column . brown trout are territorial and begin establishing territories as juveniles . juvenile trout from lake populations move from their natal inlets to lakes during the first 2 years of life . \\\n( fishbase , 2003 ) . juvenile brown trout either migrate to the ocean or stay in freshwater ( kroon , f . pers . comm , jan 2004 ) .\nfisheries : commercial , aquaculture : commercial , gamefish , aquarium . marketed fresh and smoked ; eaten fried , broiled , boiled , cooked in microwave , and baked ( fishbase , 2003 ) .\nbrown trout are primarily a freshwater species , but can spend time in the sea , they hide in shallow water weed beds and rocky , boulder - strewn areas , and prefer a water temperature of 18 - 23 degrees c ( 65 - 75 degrees f ) . brown trout prefer cold , well - oxygenated upland waters although their tolerance limits are lower than those of rainbow trout ( fishbase , 2003 ) ."]}
{"id": 1322, "summary": [{"text": "lyclene obtusilinea is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by holloway in 2001 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of upper montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 10 \u2013 11 mm for males and 12 \u2013 13 mm for females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "lyclene obtusilinea", "paragraphs": ["lyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .\nthe forewing has simpler , broader fasciation in paler grey than other lyclene , and the hindwings are paler yellow than the forewings .\nthe forewings have distinctive criss - cross markings of dark brown on yellow ; the paler hindwings have an unusual , irregular , submarginal brown band . those of the former may well be derived from fusion of the broken fasciae seen in typical lyclene .\nhampson ( 1900 ) included the more lightly marked l . assamica moore as a synonym , but this needs confirmation . the male genitalia have valves with only the saccular process strong . the aedeagus has an unusual apical comb of spines , but the vesica is typical of lyclene with some scobination and a single , blade - like cornutus at the end of a diverticulum . the female genitalia have a bursa consistent with placement in lyclene but more heavily sclerotised than average , including an appendix - like structure that presumably receives the cornutus .\nthe male genitalia have a valve of uniform thickness , rather than being thicker along the costa and sacculus . the apex is produced dorsally and ventrally , obliquely excavate in between . the aedeagus vesica is broader than long with general scobination except on one side where there are a few short , triangular cornuti . the female has a bong ductus with a pyriform , evenly and finely scobinate bursa . as with synestramena , placement in lyclene is questionable .\nthis is one of three very similar species with male forewing venation modified as in fig 4a , most of the strongly curved radial sector veins and m1 arising from a narrow areole , and with the costa reflexed back centrally to support a fringe of hairs over the discal part of the cell . the forewing pattern has a strongly zig - zagged postmedial that , in the male , tracks the strong curvature of the veins distal to the cell . the females have the postmedial less extensively zig - zagged and a generally more speckled facies ; they are difficult to associate with the males . males of the three species can be distinguished externally by variation in the venation around the areole . the facies of cuneifera is similar to that of the next species except the forewing fringes are usually tinged brownish , and the antemedial is more broken as in the third species in the group . the male areole is very narrow , the radial sector veins arising connate or stalked from it . the male genitalia have the costal process of the valve absent , but the saccular process is strong , upcurved , tapering to a point . the aedeagus vesica is globular with about ten slender cornuti arranged around it . the females have an irregularly shaped bursa with rather thick walls , fine scobination basally and a meandering zone of coarser spining distally . a similar bursa structure is seen in lyclene luzon wileman & south comb . n . ( philippines ) but the coarser spining is more regular and linear .\n10 - 11mm , 12 - 13mm . the facies is very similar to that of mesilaulinea , but more finely marked , the subbasal with only a subdorsal obtuse angle , running obliquely from it to the costa at about one - third . the male genitalia are similar to those of obscurilinea but the costal process of the valve is less produced and the saccular process is apically acute , more strongly upcurved . the vesica has a similar lateral bulge , but the groups of cornuti are more widely separated , the basal cornuti longer , the two more distal ones broader . the female genitalia are also similar , but there is stronger curvature and sclerotisation to the neck of the bursa .\n2 as holotype ; 1 , 1 brunei : 1618m , bukit retak , montane forest , 18 . 5 . 1979 ( lt . col . m . g . allen ) ; 1 ( slide 5321 ) bukit retak as above but 18 . 10 . 78 ( t . w . harman ) ; 2 sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8 ( j . d . holloway et al . ) , site 2 , 1780m , and site 3 , 1790m , camp 4 , mulu , 452463 and 453463 , [ upper ] montane forest .\nall material is from upper montane forest in a restricted area covering brunei and n . sarawak .\nthis species is recorded from a range of lowland forest types , including heath forest , and lower montane forest as high as 1000m .\nthe species resembles a lighter yellow , more heavily marked version of peloa , the zig - zag postmedial being particularly intense and extending further basad into the medial zone subdorsally .\nthe only specimen seen is the male noted by hampson ( 1900 ) from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo . further confirmation of its occurrence in borneo would be valuable .\nasura sp . 3 ( part ) of holloway , 1976 : 3 , plate 1 : 14 .\n12 - 13mm , 13 - 14mm . the facies is very similar to that of obscurilinea but has more clearly defined markings and no brown - suffused form . the subbasal area has more than two striae and the subbasal is more angled , obtusely subdorsally and acutely subcostally . the male genitalia have the costal margin concave before the downturn of the apical process , and the saccular process is broadly bifid at the apex . the aedeagus vesica lacks a prominent lobe opposite the part with the cornuti , but has a smaller one that bears an area of scobination . the female lacks a globular swelling from the neck of the bursa but has the curved zone centrally broadened , complex , and the distal part of the bursa is broader than long .\nsabah : mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m , vii - ix . 1965 , cambridge expedition to mt . kinabalu 1965\n4 , 1 as holotype ; 1 ( slide 5325 ) borneo : sabah , bukit monkobo , 51 \u00ba 48\u2019n , 116 \u00ba 58\u2019e , 23 . viii . 1987 , 1200m , stunted hill forest ( a . h . kirk - spriggs ) .\n, 7 - 8mm . the facies is as in the previous two species . the valves of the male genitalia are similar to those of classeigera except the central angle to the sacculus is absent . the aedeagus vesica bears two cornuti , one a large spine and the other short , broad , apically rounded and scobinate .\n2 ( slide 5342 ) , 4 ( slides 5203 , 5424 ) borneo : sabah , danum valley , 5 \u00ba 01\u2019n , 117 \u00ba 47\u2019e , 14 . ix and 15 . x . 1987 , 100 and 150m ( a . h . kirk - spriggs ) , roadside secondary forest and understorey forest .\nthe male genitalia have valves of the peloa type but the saccular apex is evenly curved rather than sinuous , and the valve apex is cleaver - shaped . the aedeagus vesica has only general scobination , no large cornuti . the female has a bursa that is longitudinally bilobed , the smaller basal part thickened , the larger distal part densely filled with small spines .\nthe species is rare , four specimens being taken in recent surveys : at semongok near kuching ; at 50m in alluvial forest near g . mulu ; at 600m at poring hot springs and on g . trus madi .\nasura asaphes hampson , 1900 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . , 2 : 451 .\npeninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , java ( van eecke , 1930 ) .\n8mm . the facies is as in cuneigera , but the genitalia indicate this is a distinct species . the sacculus of the valve has a central interior angle and a straight , tapering apical process . the aedeagus vesica has a single massive cornutus .\nsarawak : kuching , semongok , 3 - 9 . ii . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) , bm arctiid slide 5328 .\nthe type locality is an area of forest amid general cultivation in the lowlands of sarawak ."]}
{"id": 1323, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia sagittaria is a moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( bengal ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13 \u2013 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light fuscous , slightly sprinkled with ochreous-whitish and with some scattered black scales here and there on the veins , as well as a black streak along the submedian fold , strong on the basal half , attenuated posteriorly .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a blackish mark beneath this at the base , a slender black longitudinal streak in the disc from before the middle to three-fourth , reduced to scattered scales posteriorly .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a slender subdorsal streak of black irroration from one-fourth to three-fourths .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , paler and thinly scaled anteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anarsia sagittaria", "paragraphs": ["ananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1324, "summary": [{"text": "the desert dormouse ( selevinia betpakdalaensis ) is a species of rodent in the dormouse family , gliridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "this species was formerly placed in its own family , seleviniidae , but it is now considered to be a dormouse , monotypic within the genus selevinia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to kazakhstan . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "desert dormouse", "paragraphs": ["dormouse : this desert dormouse is one of the species referred to as \u00b4mouse\u00b4 ( hebrew akbar ) . ( full text )\nhazel dormouse - muscardinus avellanarius the hazel dormouse is also known as the common dormouse . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nhazel dormouse - muscardinus avellanarius the hazel dormouse is the smallest species of dormouse . source : paignton zoo intended audience : general reading level : elementary school teacher section : yes\nblurb [ 20 ] =\nthis desert dormouse is one of the species referred to as ' mouse ' ( hebrew akbar ) .\nthe red desert is the location of crims , the castle at salazen grum where the red queen lives . as alice goes to crims with bayard the bloodhound , they also pass the red desert . the desert mostly consists of red or green ground and bare trees . the red desert has only appeared in the 2010 movie .\nhaberl , werner .\ndormouse hunting in slovenian tradition .\ndormouse culture , tradition & myths . 2007 . 3 october 2007\ndistribution : widespread throughout namibia , including etosha national park and in the namib desert .\nexplore the spectacular desert around this property or use it as a base to visit sossusvlei .\nsearch desert dormouse and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the list of synonyms of desert dormouse given by the english thesaurus dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\nthe red desert is a location that first appears in tim burton ' s alice in wonderland .\nforest , swamps , rocky areas , cultivated fields , and steppe desert . most active at night .\nthe almost 30 extant species are commonly placed into nine ( or eight ) genera . because only one species of dormouse is native to the british isles , the hazel dormouse or common dormouse ( muscardinus avellanarius ) , in everyday english usage the term dormouse usually refers to this specific species . ( the edible dormouse , glis glis , has been accidentally introduced to the british isles ) . the hazel dormouse gained fame as a character in alice ' s adventures in wonderland by lewis carroll , where the dormouse is often found falling asleep during the scene .\nedible dormouse - glis glis the edible dormouse looks like a gray squirrel . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe dormouse is a famous character in lewis carrol ' s book , alice ' s adventures in wonderland ! in the famous tea party scene , the dormouse keeps falling asleep .\na private and secluded hide - a - way in the namib desert . ideal for those wanting a break from civilization\nenglish : common dormouse ; french : muscardin ; german : haselmaus ; spanish : muscardino .\net al 2003 ecology . pdf\nlong living and reproduction skipping in the fat dormouse\nenglish : orchard dormouse ; french : lerot ; german : gartenschl\u00e4fer ; spanish : lir\u00f3n careto .\nthe march hare and the hatter put the dormouse ' s head in a teapot . illustration by\nedible dormouse - glis glis the edible dormouse is also knonw as the fat dormouse . it is found throughout much of central and southern europe through northern turkey to the caucasus , northern iran and turkmenistan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nshortages before fruits and seeds have ripened .\ncarnivorous\ndormice switch to nuts and seeds in the fall , so that their fat intake increases in preparation for hibernation . only the desert dormouse is thought to be purely carnivorous .\nafrican dormice live in a wide range of forested habitats , ranging from thick forest where they may even be diurnal , to thinly wooded riverbanks of mountainous , rocky areas . the desert dormouse lives in desert scrub . only the little - studied mouse - tailed dormice appear to live on or under the ground . in southeastern europe , roach ' s mouse - tailed dormouse ( myomimus roachi ) has been trapped in a variety of open habitats , but never in forest .\nand of dormouse fat as a medicament is documented there since the 13th century . seasonal dormice feasts were welcome\nmagda per\u0161i\u010d ( september 1998 ) . urltoken\ndormouse hunting as part of slovene national identity\n] .\nhazel dormouse - muscardinus avellanarius the hazel dormouse is found in deciduous forests in much of europe as well as northern asia minor . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbetpaqdala , desert in eastern kazakhstan , situated west of lake balqash . it has an area of about 29 , 000 square miles ( 75 , 000 square km ) and an average elevation of 1 , 000\u20131 , 150 feet ( 300\u2013350 m ) . the desert is generally flat or gently undulating but is more\u2026\nenglish : dormouse ; french : loir myomime , loir d ' ognev ; german : mausschl\u00e4fer ; spanish : lir\u00f3n colipelado .\ndespite its name , the garden dormouse is most often found in forests . also cultivated fields , rocky areas , and marshland .\nalthough the edible dormouse is the only living member of its genus , a number of fossil species are also known . the genus\nasian garden dormouse - eliomys melanurus the asian garden dormouse is found in egypt , iraq , israel , jordan , lebanon , libya , saudi arabia , syria , and turkey . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nroach ' s mouse - tailed dormouse was only discovered in europe in the mid - twentieth century . despite years of concentrated research , scientists in the united kingdom only discovered at the end of the twentieth century that hedges were an important habitat for the hazel dormouse .\n; if another animal grasps the tail , the skin breaks easily and slides off the underlying bone , allowing the dormouse to escape . the exposed\ndormice range in size from about 2 . 5 - 3 . 1 inches ( 6 . 5 - 8 centimeters ) in the japanese dormouse ( glirulus japonicus ) to 5 . 1 - 7 . 5 inches 913 - 19 centimeters ) in the edible dormouse , myoxus glis ( or glis glis ) ( niemann 2004 ) .\nenglish : fat dormouse ; french : loir , loir gris ; german : siebenschl\u00e4fer ; spanish : lir\u00f3n ( castillian ) , lir\u00f3n gris , rata durmidora ( catalan ) .\nthe name dormouse is based on this trait of hibernation ; it comes from anglo - norman dormeus , which means\nsleepy ( one )\n; the word was later altered by folk etymology to resemble the word\nmouse .\nthe sleepy behaviour of the dormouse character in lewis carroll ' s alice ' s adventures in wonderland also attests to this trait .\nrachkovskaya , e . i . 1995 . vegetation of kazakhstan and middle asia ( desert region ) . vegetation map of kasakhstan and middle asia . scale 1 : 2 500 000 . komarov botanic institute , russian academy of sciences , saint petersburg . urltoken\nbaudoin , c . 1984 . dormouse . pages 210 - 212 in d . macdonald ( ed . ) , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .\ngarden dormouse - eliomys quercinus garden dormice are found found throughout europe to asia and north africa . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndormouse , ( family myoxidae ) , any of 27 species of small - bodied eurasian , japanese , and african rodents . the largest , weighing up to 180 grams ( 6 . 3 ounces ) , is the fat , or edible , dormouse ( glis glis ) of europe and the middle east , with a body up to 19 cm ( 7 . 5 inches ) long and a shorter\u2026\nconcerted efforts to understand the complex ecology and difficulties of protecting this vulnerable family have led to a series of international dormouse conferences , where scientists have been able to share information on the appealing but enigmatic myoxidae .\nin addition to chromosomal variation observed within e . quercinus , large morphological variation is present across the distribution of this species ( filippucci et al . 1988a ; kryst\u0161fek and kraft 1997 ) . however , this morphological diversity does not correspond to chromosomal races , which has led to uncertainties regarding the taxonomic status of garden dormouse populations ( cristaldi and canipari 1976 ; filippucci et al . 1988a ) . in the past decades , 5 or more species have been described in the genus eliomys across europe ( miller 1912 , cited in kry\u0161tufek and kraft 1997 ) . these taxonomic changes can have important consequences on the protection status of garden dormouse populations and thus on the long - term persistence of the garden dormouse karyotypic and morphological diversities . the biogeographic history and the genetic structure of garden dormouse populations thus need to be assessed using independent molecular markers .\ndormice historically and currently have been used by humans as food , with records of such usage dating back thousands of years . in ancient rome , the edible dormouse was considered a delicacy , often used as either as a savory appetizer or as a dessert ( dipped in honey and poppy seeds ) , with the romans using a special kind of enclosure , a glirarium to rear the dormice for the table . ranging in length from about 5 to 7 . 5 inches without the tail , the edible dormouse has stores of fat reserves that make them desirable as food and dormouse fat also was used by the elizabethans to induce sleep .\nendemic of kazakhstan . distributed from dar ' yalyk desert ( 100 km to east from dzhusaly ) to zaysan and alakol ' basins . northern border is unclear . findings near bayanaul ( pavlodar region ) need confirmation . possibly distributed in nw china ( gromov and erbaeva , 1995 ) .\ntypes and severity of threats the main anthropogenic threats are agriculture , especially irrigated cotton production , hunting and poaching , and the overuse of woody plants for firewood and silk production . overgrazing of livestock occurs in non - irrigated areas . unregulated construction of roads threatens especially fragile desert ecosystems .\njapanese dormouse - glirulus japonicus japanese dormice are found on the islands of honshuu , shikoku , and kyuushuu in japan . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nedible dormice inhabit deciduous or mixed woodland . both this species and the garden dormouse ( eliomys quercinus ) are also found in orchards . the latter species , also called the orchard dormouse , is also able to live on the ground , since small numbers are discovered in fields , swamps , steppe , and even places where there are no trees . however , their title is something of a misnomer , since most live in forest habitat .\nthe earliest fossil remains of this family were discovered in europe and date from the eocene era ( about 40 million years ago ) . pleistocene fossils of leithia , a giant dormouse , have been found in sicily and malta .\ndormice tend to be omnivorous , typically feeding on fruits , berries , flowers , nuts and insects . the lack of a cecum , a part of the gut used in other species to ferment vegetable matter , means that low grade vegetable matter is only a minimal part of their diet ( niemann 2004 ) . some species are predeominately carnivorous ( african , eidble , and hazel dormice ) , whilse some have a largely vegetarian diet ( edible and hazel dormice ) ; the desert dormouse may be unique that it is thought to be purely carnivorous ( niemann 2004 ) .\ngr\u00e9goire c . l . perez , roland libois , caroline m . nieberding ; phylogeography of the garden dormouse eliomys quercinus in the western palearctic region , journal of mammalogy , volume 94 , issue 1 , 15 february 2013 , pages 202\u2013217 , urltoken\nwalter , h . , and e . o . box . 1983 . the karakum desert , an example of a well - studied eu - biome . pages 56 - 89 in n . e . west , editor . ecosystems of the world 5 : temperate deserts and semi - deserts . elsevier scientific publishing company , new york .\nthe most common desert mammals are the long - eared hedgehog ( erinaceus auritus ) , long - quilled hedgehog ( piracohinus hypomelas ) , and tolai hare ( lepus tolai ) . a variety of rodents such as gerbils ( rhombomys spp . , meriones spp . ) , and more than ten species of jerboas ( allactaga , dipus , paradipus , eremodipus , stylodipus ) also live here . the characteristic components of desert ecosystems are such rare and disappearing mammal species as the honey badger ( mellivora capensis ) , sand lynx ( felis caracal ) , sand cat ( felis margarita ) , onager ( equus hemionus ) , goitered gazelle ( gazella subgutturosa ) , and marbled polecat ( vormela peregusna ) .\nlives in steepe deserts , hollow trees , rock crevices , and human dwellings . although they are highly arboreal , they are occasionally found in swamplands . the common name\ngarden dormouse\nis misleading because of the variety of habitats in which these rodents are found .\n. . . the occurrence of the asiatic garden dormouse in this desert habitat is noteworthy since it is originally an arboreal rodent . it was previously reported from the mediterranean mountains of moab ( bodenheimer , 1958 ) as well as the arid and semi - arid habitats in azraq , jawa and al wisad ( atallah , 1978 ; searight , 1987 ; abu baker and amr , 2003b ) . it was also reported from the arid mountains of sinai and the rocky hills of negev ( osborn and helmy , 1980 ; krasnov , 1996 ) and the southern mountains of saudi arabia ( nader , et al . 1983 ) . . . .\nthirteen species of rodents representing four families ( dipodidae , gliridae , muridae and gerbillidae ) were recorded in the southern desert of wadi ramm , jordan . species accounts including external and cranial measurements and comments on their distribution and diurnal activity are given . new distribution records for the known range of eliomys melanurus , sekeetamys calurus , gerbillus andersoni . . . [ show full abstract ]\nforest dormouse - dryomys nitedula forest dormice are found in dense forests from switzerland in the west through eastern and southern europe , asia minor and the caucasus to central russia and central asia . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwoodland dormouse - graphiurus murinus woodland dormice are found in burundi , ethiopia , kenya , lesotho , malawi , mozambique , rwanda , south africa , tanzania , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe central asian southern desert is the richest desert complex in eurasia . the hydrothermal characteristics of this area distinguish it from the deserts to the north . precipitation is greatest during the winter and spring while the average temperature and degree of aridity are higher than in the northern deserts . consequently , the native flora and fauna have developed physiological and morpho - biological mechanisms that ensure survival in these conditions . reptile and rodent diversity are particularly high . along with several endemic jerboa species , this ecoregion is home to rare and endangered cats such as pallas\u2019 cat and the small , secretive sand cat . the main anthropogenic threats are agriculture - related , especially irrigated cotton production . other significant threats include hunting and poaching , and the overuse of woody plants for firewood and silk production .\nthe small - eared dormouse ( graphiurus microtis ) is a species of rodent in the family gliridae . it is found in angola , botswana , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , lesotho , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , sudan , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .\nsaksaul and other trees and shrubs are cut extensively for fuel wood . in the last five to seven years , the area covered by saksaul has decreased by half , leaving the topsoil prone to erosion . the reduction of native species has encouraged the spread of desert moss ( tortula desertorum ) , which provides no nutritional value for wildlife and prevents the re - seeding of higher forms of native plants .\na number of factors conspire to make more than half of all dormouse species at risk under iucn criteria . the exclusively forest - dwelling species have poor mobility and this makes them highly vulnerable to habitat loss and fragmentation . furthermore , a nocturnal , arboreal existence makes both survey and research work difficult . the little - understood\ndormice are also famous for their sustained periods of hibernation and torpor . indeed , the name comes from the french dormir \u2014to sleep . the hazel dormouse\u2014known in rural england as the sleep - mouse\u2014gained wider notoriety when it was portrayed in lewis carroll ' s book alice in wonderland and in the disney movie nearly a century later .\nat the start of the mating season , males exhibit territorial aggression towards each other . the hazel dormouse flicks its tail like a squirrel as a warning sign to intruders . edible dormice mark their space with glandular secretions and fight with great savagery . garden dormice share sleeping and feeding sites . males adopt a dominance hierarchy shortly after the animals emerge from hibernation .\nrepetek has been a unesco biosphere reserve since 1978 and encompasses 34 , 600 hectares . shakhsenem , kelif , zauaboiski , and sarakamysh serve as wildlife refuges . unfortunately , the current social and economic difficulties in turkmenistan and uzbekistan have caused a sharp decrease in funding for nature reserves , making proper function difficult . other protected areas included in the table combine the conservation of fragments of southern deserts with riparian forests . there are few protected areas that support self - sustainable development of desert ecosystems .\nthe ability of dormice to store reserves of fat in their bodies has made them desirable to humans as food . their appeal dates back millennia\u2014the romans kept edible dormice in darkened enclosures called glisaria . dormouse eating is well documented in southern africa , slovenia , and yugoslavia and there is good reason to suppose it has taken place wherever humans have come into contact with these mammals .\n. . . and either one of the large - sized jirds , m . crassus or m . libycus . this species was collected in high numbers from the salty dunes and mudflats of hazim , dahik , and azraq areas in the eastern desert of jordan ( abu baker and amr , 2003b ) . collected specimens had less inflated or smaller tympanic bulla than the g . nanus arabium collectred from al aqabah area ( kock and nader , 1983 ; harrison and bates , l99l ) . . . .\nthis old world family is found through most of europe apart from far northern parts ; north africa and the rest of the continent south of the equator ; and western and more patchily , central asia . the single species in the far east is the japanese dormouse , found only , as its name suggests , on islands of japan . the two balearic dormice species in the hypnomys\nthe edible dormouse is the largest of all dormice , being around 14 to 19 centimetres ( 5 . 5 to 7 . 5 in ) in head - body length , plus a 11 to 13 centimetres ( 4 . 3 to 5 . 1 in ) tail . it normally weighs from 120 to 150 grams ( 4 . 2 to 5 . 3 oz ) , but may almost double in weight immediately prior to\nin appearance , dormice have a squirrel or sometimes chipmunk - like shape . they vary considerably in size between species : an edible dormouse ( myoxus glis ) is nearly two and a half times the length of a japanese dormouse ( myoxus japonicus ) , for example . most dormice are highly adapted to a predominantly arboreal existence\u2014only mouse - tailed dormice appear to live exclusively on the ground . the feet are well adapted to grasping on to trees . on the soles , they have cushioned pads for gripping , and the four toes on the front feet and five toes on the hind feet all have strong , curved claws . the hind feet can be turned backwards , like those of a squirrel , enabling the animal to hang head - first from a branch to feed on the lowest fruit , and to run down stems with some dexterity .\n. . . young individuals were caught in july suggesting that they were born in june . a . russatus is distinguished from a . cahirinus by its yellowish - golden back color , shorter tail length than head and body length and its black pigmented skin . the melanistic form , acomys russatus lewisi was recorded from several localities from the northeastern lava desert ( atallah , 1967 ; atallah , 1978 ; searight , 1987 ; al - melhim , et al . 1997 ; abu baker and amr , 2003b ) . atallah ( 1967 ) treated this form as a distinct species ( a . . . .\nwhite salsola ( salsola arbuscula ) and sagebrushe communities with a number of endemic species ( artemisia kemrudica , a . diffusa , a . dimoana , a . arenicola , mausolea eriocarpa ) are widespread on thin sandy soils and loamy sands . the presence of original desert types that are dominated by the endemic astragalus vilosissimus and shrub bindweed ( convolvulus hammada ) are characteristic for the east part of region . the perennial saltworts ( salsola gemmascens , s . orientalis ) dominate on clay soils . halophytic , succulent semishrubs such as halostachys caspica , halocnemum strobilaceum , suaeda microphylla , and salsola dendroides , grow on solonchaks .\nthe community structure of desert vegetation is closely associated with edaphic conditions . white saxaul ( haloxylon persicum ) and black saxaul ( haloxylon aphyllum ) occupy large areas on the sands . saxaul is a high shrub ( 3 - 10 m ) . there are many endemic species found in sand the regions typical of the southern deserts ( e . g . , salsola richteri , s . subaphylla , ephedra strobilacea ferula foetida ) . sandy acacia ( ammodendron conollyi ) grows on barkhans ( sand - hills ) . in this region a diversity of shrub species such as calligonum leucocladum , c . eriopodum , and c . setosum is great .\n. . . rodents are one of the most diversified groups of mammals inhabiting temperate , arid and semi - arid habitats in north and east africa , the levant and the arabian peninsula ( harrison , 1972 ; lay , 1983 ; harrison & bates , 1991 ; wilson & reeder , 2005 ) . due to the variation in habitat structure , this group of small mammals forms an important component of the mammalian fauna for these regions including the arid zones as they are adapted to tolerate extreme desert conditions ( lay , 1983 ; granjon et al . , 1999 ; scott & dunstone , 2000 ; abu baker & amr , 2003b ; . . . .\nintroduction : little or no studies have been carried out on the rock dormouse ( graphiurus platyops ) . a distinguishing feature is their flattened skull and they are known to be active at night in rock piles . in central namibia where rocks are scarce they can be found climbing around on camelthorn trees . communication between dormice is part visual , part vocal . attention to other dormice can be gained by lashing the tail around . they also use scent trails and warning calls consist of a number of short low - pitched notes .\nthe divergence time between e . quercinus and e . melanurus was estimated at 7 . 0 mya ( montgelard et al . 2003 ) , and paleontological data attest to the presence of \u201cmodern\u201d eliomys sp . in the iberian peninsula and in north africa since the late miocene ( garc\u00eda - alix et al . 2008 ) . one can imagine that eliomys diverged into at least 2 species following the messinian crisis when contacts between europe and africa allowed the garden dormouse to colonize north africa , as shown for other terrestrial vertebrates ( agusti et al . 2006 ; dobson 1998 ) .\ndormice become sexually active after their first hibernation and bouts of wakefulness towards the end of hibernation may be caused by hormone changes that trigger sexual activity . vocal calls are important in courtship as each sex entices the other with a range of squeaks and whistles . once mated , the female builds a globular nest and gives birth to pink , blind young weighing just 0 . 07 oz ( 2 g ) . at seven days , they gain gray fur . by 18 days , the fur is brown and the babies can both hear and see . shortly after , the young are able to accompany their mother on foraging trips . they reach independence after four to six weeks . longevity is up to about 5 . 5 years in the wild . a captive garden dormouse lived for five years and six months .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species has a relatively large range ( > 100 , 000 km\u00b2 ) , but it is rare , sporadically distributed , and very infrequently recorded ( in total about 40 animals have been found from about 30 localities ) . it may be threatened by habitat loss . assessed as data deficient .\nrare , distributed sporadically , known from single findings . in total about 40 animals have been found from about 30 localities .\ninhabit rubbly , clay and saline deserts of northern type with dominant vegetation of wormwood and saltworts . hibernates , active period is from march to september . feed on insects , especially on locusts . pregnant and lactating females were found from end of may to end of june . number of embryos is 4 - 8 .\nhabitat loss due to extraction of spiraeanthus shrubs . the habitat is under increasing human induced degradation ( tilekova et al . 2016 ) .\nlisted in red list of kazakhstan ( category iii , and a species that requires special protection ) . several areas withing the range were proposed to make protected areas . breeding in captivity was unsuccessful .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20102a115156769 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhas a stout rounded body 8 to 10 cm ( 3 . 1 to 3 . 9 inches ) long and a slightly shorter fine - haired tail of 6 to 8 cm . its gray fur is long , soft , and dense , and its underside is white . the molt of this species is unique in that patches of both skin and hair are sloughed off and replaced by a dense new growth . other rodents replace their hair during the molt but not the skin . the upper incisor teeth are large , but the cheek teeth are very small , barely jutting above the gums .\nrodent , ( order rodentia ) , any of more than 2 , 050 living species of mammals characterized by upper and lower pairs of ever - growing rootless incisor teeth . rodents are the largest group of mammals , constituting almost half the class mammalia\u2019s approximately 4 , 660 species . they are indigenous to every land area except antarctica , new zealand , \u2026\nendangered species , any species that is at risk of extinction because of a sudden rapid decrease in its population or a loss of its critical habitat . previously , any species of plant or animal that was threatened with extinction could be called an endangered species . the need for separate definitions of\u2026\nlake balkhash , lake , situated in east - central kazakhstan . the lake lies in the vast balqash - alak\u00f6l basin at 1 , 122 feet ( 342 m ) above sea level and is situated 600 miles ( 966 km ) east of the aral sea . it is 376 miles ( 605 km ) long from west to east . its area\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\njames rosindell changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : stamp of kazakhstan 408 . jpg\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\naavikkounikeko\nto\nselevinia betpakdalaensis belosludov and bazhanov , 1939\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconservation status critically endangered : 1 species ; endangered : 4 species ; vulnerable : 5 species ; lower risk / near threatened : 5 species .\nphylogenetically , dormice have been grouped with the mountain beaver , aplodontidae , and squirrels , sciuridae : in appearance and behavior , dormice most closely resemble squirrels .\nthe fur is generally soft and thick and in most species , the tail is bushy and long . its primary function appears to be in assisting with balance , since it is not prehensile . dormice will readily shed their tails to escape from predators . ground - dwelling mouse - tailed dormice have thin , naked tails .\nadaptations for a largely nocturnal existence usually include large eyes , sensitive vibrissae , and an acute sense of hearing ; the rounded ears are not , however , especially large .\ngenus are probably extinct , extirpated from these western mediterranean islands by human settlers and their animals about 5 , 000 years ago .\nmost dormice occupy forest , woodland , or scrub habitat . true to their name , forest dormice are among the most arboreal , living in dense forests at up to 8 , 200 ft ( 2 , 500 m ) in altitude . hazel dormice ( muscardinus avellanarius ) are also reluctant to come to ground , preferring to stay in the canopy of largely deciduous woodland . they may remain high in tall trees for several days at a time , or spend long periods feeding on low - hanging fruits close to the ground .\ndormice live at lower densities than most rodents of equivalent size . outside the mating season , they appear to show little territoriality . most species studied coexist in small groups , with juveniles typically making up half their number . artificial nest boxes are often found with several inhabitants of both sexes inside . families tend to stay together through winter hibernation ; but a wild male , probably leaves a female after mating , in order to pursue other estrous females .\nhome feeding ranges are very variable . at one extreme , hazel dormice rarely venture more than 230 ft ( 70 m ) from their daytime nest . african dormice range far wider , and , in common with most species , males travel greater distances than females . in spectacled dormice ( graphiurus ocularis ) , the male occupies an average of 34 . 3 acres , ( 13 . 9 ha ) while the female roams over 21 acres ( 8 . 5 ha ) .\nall species studied communicate using a range of calls . five or six separate calls have been identified for forest dormice , including an alarm squeak . other calls have sexual or aggressive functions .\nduring periods of inactivity , dormice seek a variety of places in which to shelter . day nests are often constructed in\ntree hollows , with the animal weaving a round ball of vegetation , consisting of leaves , grass , moss , lichen , and shredded bark , bound together with saliva , and lined with hair or feathers . sometimes , a ball nest is made in the branches of a tree ; at other times the animal will use a bird or squirrel nest as a foundation for its own nest , or it will tuck the nest behind the bark of the tree . garden and african dormice in particular also use rock crevices . artificial nestboxes are adopted readily by many species .\nironically , it is during the period of sustained inactivity that dormice are most likely to come into contact with humans . their search for a secure , enclosed hibernation site with stable temperatures leads them into some bizarre places . while hazel dormice make their winter nests in tree stumps or on the ground , rather than in trees where temperatures fluctuate and desiccation is a threat , edible dormice may also choose woodpecker holes , artificial nest boxes , and barns . japanese dormice are known to select cottage roofs and birdhouses while african dormice sometimes winter inside house furniture .\nmost species undergo periods of hibernation in response to food shortages and low temperatures . hibernation in europe may extend from september until may . the animal curls itself into a ball , with the tail covering the mouth to reduce water loss . although hibernation is thought to occur in most species , climactic variation means that in some milder areas such as israel , dormice do not go into true hibernation , but have several hours of torpidity each day during the winter .\ndormice are nocturnal and crepuscular foragers , with most species taking their food from trees . although they are nominally omnivorous , they are the only rodent family lacking a cecum . consequently , their consumption of low grade plant food is minimal .\nmost species are specialized in taking advantage of seasonal food . typically , buds and tree flowers are eaten in spring and early summer ; insects and other arthropods , small rodents , birds ' eggs and insects in summer ; and fruit , berries , seeds , and nuts in late summer and the fall . the extent to which individual species depend on one source varies\u2014edible and hazel dormice have a largely vegetarian diet , whereas garden , forest , and african dormice are predominantly carnivorous . yet each species can alter its diet in response to particular needs .\nvegetarian\ndormice eat insects in the summer period of\nlengthy hibernation periods at either end of the year mean that for a number of species , the breeding season is very short .\nin temperate zones , it lasts typically from may to october with one litter producing on average four young . hazel dormice sometimes attempt\u2014usually unsuccessfully\u2014a second litter . forest dormice appear to be exceptional in raising three litters . productivity in africa , where breeding seasons are much longer , is largely unknown .\ndormice may be adversely affected by climate change , which causes habitat alteration and temperature fluctuations . arousal from hibernation during mild winters forces an animal to expend considerably greater amounts of energy than if it maintained consistently low internal temperatures .\nhead and body length 2 . 7\u20136 . 5 in ( 7\u201316 . 5 cm ) , tail 1 . 9\u20135 . 3 in ( 5\u201313 . 5 cm ) ; weight 0 . 6\u20131 oz ( 18\u201330 g ) . color is grayish with markings on the face , paler underneath .\nterritorial pairs and their young occupy sizeable areas of up to 34 . 5 acres ( 14 ha ) .\nseeds , nuts , fruits , grain , insects , eggs , and small vertebrates .\nformerly more common around human habitation and eaten . now largely absent because of competition with rats .\ndryomys nitedula ( pallas , 1778 ) , lower volga river , russia . fifteen subspecies .\nhead and body length 3 . 1\u20135 . 1 in ( 8\u201313 cm ) , tail 2 . 35\u20134 . 5 in ( 6\u201311 . 3 cm ) ; weight 0 . 6\u20131 . 2 oz ( 18\u201334 g ) . color is grayish to yellowish brown , buffy white underneath .\narboreal and highly agile\u2014able to leap distances of up to 6 . 6 ft ( 2 m ) between trees .\ncarnivorous in summer , eating spiders and other small invertebrates , eggs , and young birds . otherwise subsists on seeds , buds , and fruit .\nnests colonially , either in one tree or in adjacent trees . three litters south of its range and one litter of usually 2\u20135 young in temperate areas .\nclassified as lower risk / near threatened on the iucn red list . loss of forest habitat has caused declines in central europe .\nhead and body length 3 . 5 in ( 9 cm ) , tail 3 . 6\u20134 in ( 9 . 2\u201310 . 2 cm ) ; weight 0 . 8\u20131 . 2 oz ( 24\u201336 g ) . color is grayish to yellowish brown , buffy white underneath .\nhead and body length 3 . 9\u20136 . 9 in ( 10\u201317 . 5 cm ) , tail 3 . 5\u20135 . 3 in ( 9\u201313 . 5 cm ) ; weight 1 . 5\u20134 . 2 oz ( 45\u2013120 g ) . color is gray to brown , cream to white underneath .\nalthough an agile tree climber , this species can also live without trees . recorded feeding and sleeping together in groups .\nlargely carnivorous , with insects making up to 89 % of diet . also fruit , especially in fall .\nloss of forest habitat has meant this species is classified as vulnerable on the iucn red list .\nhead and body length 2 . 4\u20134 . 7 in ( 6 . 1\u201312 cm ) , tail 2\u20133 . 7 in ( 5 . 3\u20139 . 4 cm ) ; weight 0 . 7\u20131 . 9 oz ( 21\u201356 g ) . color is ocher and gray , white underneath .\nnot a specialized tree dweller , this species appears to spend most of its time on the ground .\nseven pairs of mammae suggest large numbers of offspring . breeding biology largely unknown .\nhead and body length 2 . 9\u20133 . 7 in ( 7 . 5\u20139 . 5 cm ) , tail 2 . 3\u20133 in ( 5 . 8\u20137 . 7 cm ) ; weight 0 . 6\u20130 . 9 oz ( 18\u201325 g ) . fur is grayish above and whitish underneath .\nthought to emerge at twilight to feed , sheltering from the sun under cover , or possibly in a burrow by day . when threatened , moves in a succession of short jumps .\nprobably wholly carnivorous , feeding on insects and spiders . can eat three - quarters of its own body weight in one night .\nhead and body length 2 . 5\u20133 . 1 in ( 6 . 5\u20138 cm ) , tail 1 . 5\u20132 . 1 in ( 4\u20135 . 5 cm ) ; weight 0 . 5\u20131 . 4 oz ( 14\u201340 g ) . color is pale olive brown with a darker stripe along the spine .\nan average of four young born in june\u2013july after a month - long gestation .\nmuscardinus avellanarius ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , sweden . six sub - species .\nhead and body length 2 . 35\u20133 . 5 in ( 6\u20139 cm ) , tail 2 . 1\u20132 . 9 in ( 5 . 5\u20137 . 5 cm ) ; weight 0 . 5\u20131 . 4 oz ( 15\u201340 g ) . color is yellowish brown or yellowish red , white to buff underneath .\nprobably exclusively arboreal . in temperate areas , may hibernate for up to nine months of the year .\nlong - lived species , normally producing a single annual litter of 4\u20135 young .\nhead and body length 5 . 1\u20137 . 5 in ( 13\u201319 cm ) , tail 4 . 3\u20135 . 9 in ( 11\u201315 cm ) ; weight 2 . 4\u20136 . 3 oz ( 70\u2013180 g ) . color is silvery gray , white underneath .\none of the most agile of arboreal dormice\u2014recorded making tree - to - tree leaps of more than 23 ft ( 7 m ) .\napparently a territorial species , with males scent - marking boundaries . male assists in raising of young and families may stay together through hibernation .\nhistorically regarded as a food source , particularly as a delicacy . considered a pest of fruit and vine crops .\nupperparts range from pale ashy gray to dark slaty gray , and from buffy to reddish brown , tinged with grayish . underparts are white to grayish , often tinged with buff or reddish brown . face has black and white markings . head and body length 2 . 8\u20136 . 5 in ( 7\u201316 . 5 cm ) and tail length 2 . 0\u20135 . 3 in ( 5\u201313 . 5 cm ) .\nforests and rocky areas near waterways . nocturnal , though active during the day in dark forests .\ngrains , seeds , nuts , fruits , insects , eggs , and small vertebrates .\nsudan and ethiopia , south to south africa ; through democratic republic of the congo ( zaire ) to southern angola .\nsierra leone and mali east to nigeria ; sudan , ethiopia , and somalia south to tanzania .\nupperparts range from pale ashy gray to dark slaty gray , and from buffy to reddish brown , tinged with grayish . underparts are white to grayish , often tinged with buff or reddish brown . face has black and white markings . head and body length 2 . 8\u2013 . 5 in ( 7\u201316 . 5 cm ) and tail length 2 . 0\u20135 . 3 in ( 5\u201313 . 5 cm ) .\nupperparts grayish brown to yellowish brown ; underparts buffy white . head and body length 3 . 1\u20135 . 1 in ( 8\u201313 cm ) ; tail length 2 . 4\u20134 . 4 in ( 6\u201311 . 3 cm ) ; and weight 0 . 6\u20131 . 2 oz ( 18\u201334 g ) .\nupperparts range through several gray and brown shades ; underparts are creamy or white . head and body length 3 . 9\u20136 . 9 in ( 10\u201317 . 5 cm ) ; tail length 3 . 5\u20135 . 3 in ( 9\u201313 . 5 cm ) ; and weight 1 . 6\u2013 4 . 2 oz ( 45\u2013120 g ) .\nacorns , nuts , fruits , insects , small rodents , and young birds .\nupperparts are a combination of ochraceous and gray ; underparts , insides of the limbs , and feet are white . mouse - like tail . head and body length ( 6 . 1\u201312 cm ) ; tail length ( 5 . 3\u20139 . 4 cm ) ; weight 0 . 7\u20132 . 0 oz ( 21\u201356 g ) .\nkingdon , j . the kingdon field guide to african mammals . san diego : academic press , 1997 .\nmacdonald , d . european mammals : evolution and behavior . london : collins , 1995 .\n\u2014\u2014 . the new encyclopaedia of mammals . oxford : oxford university press , 2001 .\nmacdonald , d . , and p . barrett . the collins field guide to the mammals of britain and europe . new york : harpercollins , 1993 .\nnowak , r . m . walker ' s mammals of the world online . baltimore : johns hopkins university press , 1995 . < urltoken > .\ndormice ( myoxidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\ndormice ( myoxidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list ."]}
{"id": 1326, "summary": [{"text": "the hogfish ( lachnolaimus maximus ) , is a species of wrasse native to the western atlantic ocean , with a range from nova scotia , canada to northern south america , including the gulf of mexico .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species occurs around reefs , especially preferring areas with plentiful gorgonians .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species is currently the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hogfish", "paragraphs": ["the hogfish is a sequential hermaphrodite , meaning it changes sex during different life stages . juvenile hogfish are female , but mature into males at around 3 years old .\nthe spotfin hogfish and the spanish hogfish belong to the genus bodianus and occupy the same geographic range as l . maximus . the spanish hogfish attains a length of 61 cm and , when young , are known to clean other fishes of external parasites .\nthe hogfish is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nsize , age , and growth hogfish reach a maximum length of 3 feet ( 0 . 91 m ) total length and a maximum weight of 22 pounds ( 10 kg ) . hogfish may live for up to 11 years .\nhogfish may live up to eleven years of age . while occasionally captured as juveniles for the aquarium trade , the economic importance of hogfish generally lies in their unique flavor , and the relative rarity of them as catches in sport fishing . in florida , the hogfish is particularly important to commercial and recreational fisheries . there is some interest in the aquaculture community in raising hogfish in captivity , primarily to maintain breeding stock , and to ensure a consistent supply for fisheries .\nhogfish . fisherman\u2019s delight\u2026 getting \u2018high on the hog\u2019 . this wrasse species lachnolaimus maximus is a reef denizen , especially where\nif eventually approved , \u201chogfish in the entire florida keys would be managed exclusively by the south atlantic fishery management council . \u201d\nhogfish social groups are organized into harems , where one male will protect a group of females in his territory and mate with them .\na 25 - pound commercial trip limit for hogfish in federal waters off the keys and east florida has been recommended by federal staff . in the federal council\u2019s report , the preferred alternative could include a florida quota of 36 , 449 pounds of hogfish before a harvest closure .\nhogfish are sought after by humans ( 2 ) , due to their apparently unique taste and flavour ( 5 ) . unfortunately , this has led to fishing pressure that has reduced many populations to critically low levels ( 5 ) , and the hogfish is now vulnerable to extinction ( 1 ) . in florida , where the fish is economically important to both commercial and recreational fisheries , there are indications that the hogfish stock has been overfished for more than a decade ( 5 ) . juvenile hogfish are also sometimes captured for the aquarium trade ( 2 ) .\nhogfish have become a florida keys delicacy , but harvest of the species may be sharply curtailed under rules proposed by a federal fishery council .\nspawning occurs off the florida coast during february and march , and the larval stage of hogfish lasts several weeks before they mature into juveniles .\nthe hogfish gets its name from its long \u2018pig - like\u2019 snout , coupled with its rootling behaviour on the sea floor for crustacean prey .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hogfish ( lachnolaimus maximus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hogfish ( lachnolaimus maximus )\ntitle =\narkive species - hogfish ( lachnolaimus maximus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwow , rh , they really are fantastic fish photos \u2014 a salute to melinda riger . i had never heard of hogfish and enjoyed the post .\nthe hogfish ( lachnolaimus maximus ) gets its unusual name from its long , pig - like snout and protrusible mouth which it uses to root around the sea bottom for food ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the hogfish belongs to the second largest family of marine fishes , the wrasses , but instead of a cigar - shaped body like most wrasses , the hogfish is laterally compressed and round ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the colour of the hogfish is highly variable , and depends on age , sex and habitat ( 4 ) . generally they are pearly white and mottled with reddish - brown ( 4 ) . small hogfish may be uniformly grey , whilst large hogfish can be mostly salmon pink , with a dark maroon bar on top of the snout ( 2 ) . most individuals possess a prominent round , black blotch below the dorsal fin , yellowish pectoral fins and bright red eyes ( 2 ) .\nfood habits foraging by day , the hogfish is a large bottom - associated predator . adult hogfish feed mainly on mollusks including pelecypods , gastropods , and scaphopods , but will also feed on hermit crabs , amphipods , and sea urchins , crushing its prey with strong pharyngeal jaws . during the day , this species has been observed to shove its snout into the sand in search of mollusks . juvenile hogfish thrive on a diet of crustaceans , mollusk , and echinoderms .\ninterestingly , the hogfish is a protogynous , sequential hermaphrodite ; it begins its life as a female , and then changes its sex to male at various stages in its lifecycle , usually at or around three years of age . hogfish additionally form harems , wherein a single male is dominate over a large group of females .\nhogfish forage during the day , feeding primarily on gastropods and bivalve molluscs , but also on crabs , sea urchins , and barnacles ( 2 ) . it can use its long snout and protractible mouth to root in the sand for its favoured prey ( 3 ) . hogfish may live for up to 11 years ( 4 ) .\nthe hogfish inhabits inshore patch reefs and seaward reefs , at depths of 3 to 30 metres . it prefers areas with abundant growth of gorgonian corals ( 3 ) .\nthe hogfish is highly valued as a food fish , with the flesh marketed both fresh and frozen . human consumption of this fish has been linked to ciguatera poisoning .\nalthough commercial catch rates have decreased over the past seven years off the eastern coast of florida while remaining stable in the gulf of mexico , there is no formal stock assessment for the hogfish . recreational catches have also fluctuated but without any apparent trends . however , fishing pressure has reduced populations of hogfish in some areas to low levels . there have been successful attempts at raising hogfish in captivity and it is hoped that aquaculture will eventually reduce the fishing industry ' s pressure on natural stocks of this fish .\nhogfish is a member of the wrasse family , labridae , but its shape and size is very distinct from the smaller , cigar - shaped form of most other wrasses .\noccurring in the western atlantic , the hogfish is found from north carolina and bermuda , south to the gulf of mexico and the northern coast of south america ( 2 ) .\nhogfish are found in the western atlantic , ranging from north carolina to the gulf of mexico . this reef species , ideal for key west fishing , is most often found close to the ocean floor , near coral , rocks , shipwrecks , and other cover debris . the largest hogfish are typically found at the deepest edge of the main atlantic reef , from fifty to one hundred feet .\nan assessment of the florida stock led to the recommendation that the minimum size limit of hogfish that are captured in fisheries should be raised ( 5 ) , which would reduce the pressure on the florida stock . there have also been successful attempts at raising hogfish in captivity , and it is hoped that aquaculture will eventually reduce the fishing pressure on natural stocks of this intriguing fish ( 4 ) .\nrecreational fishermen could be limited to a four - month season harvest season , with a one - hogfish - per - day limit , under a preferred alternative crafted by the south atlantic fishery management council .\nault , j . s . , smith , s . g . , diaz , a . d . and franklin , e . ( 2003 ) florida hogfish fishery stock assessment . florida marine research institute , florida .\n\u201cfor the florida keys - east florida population , assessment results showed the [ hogfish ] population is undergoing overfishing and is overfished , and therefore is in need of a rebuilding plan , \u201d says a council fact sheet .\nhogfish are a reef species that inhabit rocky bottoms , ledges and reefs throughout florida\u2019s off - shore waters . they are easily identified by their long , hog - like snout , which allows them to feed on bottom - dwelling mollusks and crustaceans . because they tend to root in the sediment in search of small prey , they are not commonly caught on hook and line . hogfish are primarily harvested by spearfishing , and they are considered to be of excellent food quality .\nto meet federal standards adopted to protect fisheries , \u201cthe [ florida hogfish ] commercial annual catch limit would be 3 , 510 pounds whole weight ( 1 , 345 fish ) and the recreational annual catch limit would be 15 , 689 fish . \u201d\nthis fish is commonly found over open bottoms and coral reefs at depths ranging from 10 - 100 feet ( 3 - 30m ) . the hogfish is often encountered in areas where gorgonians are abundant . the hogfish is widely distributed along the edges of the reef , forming small groups . it prefers locations with hard sand and rock bottoms near shallow patch reefs just inshore and offshore from the main reef structure . larger individuals occur in the main reef area while smaller fish reside among the patch reefs .\nthe fish - a hogfish is a wrasse ! wrasse boasts one of the most delicate and moist flesh in the florida waters . a species that has adapted a long snout to dig for mollusks in the sand and retrieve shrimps and crabs from within reefs and stone formations on the ocean floor . with a diet of shellfish , mussels and clams , the natural sweetness of its prey lends that characteristic to the flavor of the hogfish . as most have heard , shrimp contain cholesterol ( the good type ) , the hogfish has the ability to convert the cholesterol into pure fat that it stores as intramuscular fat . this contributes to moisture and oil in the flesh which translates to a silky and delicate mouth feel . definitely different for whole fish presentation . ceviche , steam , saute , pan roast .\nas one of the interesting hogfish facts , the gender of each individual is transformed as it grows older . for the first three years of their life , they exist as females . afterwards , however , they are transformed into males when they have grown around thirty five centimeters in length .\nin the western atlantic ocean , the hogfish occurs from bermuda and north carolina , south through the caribbean sea and northern gulf of mexico , continuing to the north coast of south america . it is very common off florida and the islands of the caribbean in shallow waters . juveniles are often found in seagrass beds in florida bay .\nall hogfish are born female and some change gender to become male in a process called \u201cprotogynous hermaphroditism . \u201d this typically takes place after the dominant male in a group is eliminated and can occur in individuals as early as three years of age or when the fish is about 14 inches ( 35 . 5 cm ) in length .\nhogfish have a fascinating life history ; they are protogynous hermaphrodites , meaning that individuals first function sexually as females and then later , upon reaching a larger size , transform into males ( 4 ) . this change generally occurs at around three years of age and a length of about 35 centimetres ( 4 ) . hogfish form harems ; groups of females dominated by a larger male . the male and the females simultaneously release gametes into the surrounding water where fertilisation occurs . the fertilised eggs develop quickly into larvae , a stage which lasts several weeks until they grow into juveniles . off the coast of florida , this spawning event occurs during february and march ( 4 ) .\nthe common name in the english language for this fish is hogfish . common names in other languages include bodiao - de - pluma ( portuguese ) , doncella de pluma ( spanish ) , jaqueton blanca ( spanish ) , labre capitaine ( french ) , odynczyk ( polish ) , ornefisk ( danish ) , pargo gallo ( spanish ) , and pez perro ( spanish ) .\nlabrus maximum ( walbaum , 1792 ) was the name originally used to describe the hogfish . however , it was changed by later taxonomists to the present day name of lachnolaimus maximus ( walbaum 1792 ) . the genus name , lachnolaimus , is derived from the greek\nlachne , - es\nmeaning more covered with hair than others , and\nlaimos\nis translated as throat .\nthis wrasse is unusually flat and oval shaped compared to other wrasse , with red irises , and colors that change through the stages of its life . they live in small groups of one dominant male and several females , until a female grows to be a certain size and age , and then she changes to a male . the hogfish are named after the way they root around in the sandy sea floor with their pointed snout , looking for crustaceans and mollusks .\nstep back in time and experience the way the florida keys used to be \u2013 fresh seafood , strong drinks , panoramic waterfront views , outdoor dining and plenty of local characters . tucked away in safe harbor , stock island , the hogfish bar and grill is a true \u201clocals\u201d spot that avoids the pretension and hype of more touristy areas . the freshest seafood straight from the boats to your plate . . . panoranic waterfront views and outdoor dining , fresh local seafood . live music on weekends . tucked away in safe harbor marina , stock island .\nthe fishery - ask any fish monger about procuring gulf species and he\u2019ll mention st . petersburg , florida ( \u201cst . pete\u201d for short ) . vast varieties of finfish ranging from tuna and swordfish to groupers and snappers are distributed through this historically - rich region of the florida coastline . expect to also see a robust selection of keys - caught species like yellowtail snapper , caribbean red snapper and hogfish to come through st . pete . it\u2019s regionally situated in a perfect location for national distribution and with our q & a in place , it\u2019s always top quality .\nthe hogfish is large with a laterally compressed body that is high and round . this is in contrast to other wrasses , which tend to be smaller and cigar - shaped . the caudal fin is slightly lunate and the first three dorsal fin spines are elongate and thickened , trailing behind the fin . the tips of the dorsal and anal fins are pointed . it uses its elongate , pig - like snout and large protrusible mouth to root around the bottom substrate for prey . it is from this snout and rooting behavior that this fish gets its common name .\nthe hogfish gets its name from its elongate , porcine snout and protruding mouth and front teeth , which are used , in accordance with its bottom feeding tendencies , to forage diurnally along the seafloor ( plowing through the sand with their large snouts ) in search of gastropods ( abalone , conches , whelks etc ) , bivalves ( many marine mollusks ; clams , oysters , mussels , and the like ) and various marine arthropods ( crabs , barnacles , etc ) and even some echinoderms ( sea urchins , sea stars ) . their preferred food includes small shrimp , crabs , and worms .\ncoloration of the hogfish is variable , dependent upon age , sex , and habitat . it is generally from pearl white to mottled in brownish - red with a black spot at the rear base of the soft dorsal fin . males tend to be more intensely colored than females . young individuals and females are primarily pale gray , brown , or reddish brown with a paler underside . the iris is bright red in color . males are gray - brown overall and dusky to dark from the snout through the forehead , up to the dorsal . pectoral fins are yellow . dark bars are located on the outer margins of the soft dorsal , anal , and caudal fins .\nthe long and pig - like snout of this marine creature is what accounts for its unique name . its mouth can be protruded for the purpose of catching food from the bottom of the sea . the wrasses usually possess cigar - shaped bodies . on the other hand , lachnolaimus maximus has a thin body which is laterally compressed as well as rounded . the age , gender and location of these creatures determine the color of their body . therefore , they exist in a wide range of colors as you can see in hogfish pictures . most of them , however , are reddish brown . those which are smaller in size have a uniform grey body while the larger ones are pink like salmon with maroon bars at the top of their snouts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .\nis present in the caribbean and north to bermuda and the carolinas and extends southwards to the northern region of the brazilian coast .\nthis species is present in the following countries : anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; netherlands antilles ( cura\u00e7ao ) ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . , ne brazil ( floeter\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nhad moderate abundance over shallow west atlantic coral reefs , but is now depleted in many areas due to fishing . large populations are maintained at only a few sites including los roques ( venezuela ) , bermuda and at some sites in the florida keys ( j . h . choat pers . comm . 2008 ) . overall the population has declined over most of its range .\n( 2003 ) report high harvesting rates for florida with declining returns of 272 metric t in 1987 to 154 metric t in 1993 and averaging 93 metric t from 1998 - 2001 . this represents a decline of approximately 60 % over a period of 14 years . the declines are still continuing ( j . h . choat pers . comm . 2008 ) . considering together all catch and census data on the species from throughout its geographic range , it is clear that declines of at least 30 % must have occurred within the last few generations ( y . sadovy pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species is another of the large hypsigenyine labrids that reaches a large size but has very low population densities . at los roques aggregations of approximately 50 large individuals were found on shallow sandy slopes ( j . h . choat pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nis found on coral reefs at 3 - 40 m depth , especially sandy outer reef slopes . juveniles are most common in shallow seagrass , and inshore reef habitats .\nit is a monadric protogynous hermaphrodite ( mcbride and johnson 2007 ) with a very slow rate of sex change ( several months that occurs post spawning ) . it has an extended spawning season from january to may . in florida , females attain sexual maturity at two years 26 . 0 cm ( fl ) , sexual transition at three to five years but recorded in individuals up to 13 years . reproductive aggregations have been observed in los roques ( j . h . choat pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthere is considerable variation in growth and age structure over the geographic range of this species . the most detailed account ( mcbride and richardson 2007 ) compared growth and age structure of populations from the eastern gulf of mexico and southern florida ( easten gulf of mexico - max . age 23 years ; max . size 82 . 4 cm ( fl ) ;\nvon bertalanffy growth function linf 91 . 7 cm ; k . 014 ; mortality rate 0 . 35 , and south florida - max . age 13 years ; max size 62 . 2 cm ( fl ) ;\nlachnolaimus maximus is harvested as a food source although is of minor commercial importance and is mainly caught using hook and line .\ncorrection of the spelling of venezuela , ( which had been mistakenly spelt venuezula ) .\n( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t11130a124708500 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\natlantic state and federal waters : regularly scheduled season closure effective through april 30 , 2018 , including all state waters south of cape sable in the gulf , around the tip of florida , and up the atlantic coast .\ngulf federal waters north of cape sable : open year - round , 14 - inch minimum size limit , 5 - fish / person recreational bag limit .\natlantic federal waters : open may 1 - oct . 31 annually . 16 - inch minimum size limit , 1 - fish / person recreational bag limit .\nfwc facts : research has shown that many species of fishes , crustaceans and shellfish depend on seagrass meadows for habitat .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission \u2022 farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . \u2022 tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 \u2022 ( 850 ) 488 - 4676\npursuant to section 120 . 74 , florida statutes , the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nunder florida law , e - mail addresses are public records . if you do not want your e - mail address released in response to a public records request , do not send electronic mail to this entity . instead , contact this office by phone or in writing .\nlove this place ! a real taste of the old key west flavor , locally owned and it shows . best fish tacos around good strong drinks and an on the water work boat setting\nthe only reason i gave this place a 5 is because they won ' t let me give them a\n10\n. great key west atmosphere . even better food . try the grouper cheeks\u201d\noutstanding bar food and of course the signature sandwich is fantastic . outdoor seating . sitting on the water is excellent . ask for ' asia ' as she brings some south carolina char . . .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ncarpenter , k . e . ( 2002 ) the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . volume 3 : bony fishes . part 2 ( opistognathidae to molidae ) , sea turtles and marine mammals . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , rome .\nlieske , e . and myers , r . ( 2001 ) coral reef fishes : indo - pacific and caribbean . harpercollins publishers , london .\nnhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbrilliant substitute for a true snapper . holds more moisture , in cooking , than american reds . paper white , succulent , sweet , light\nat its june meeting , the federal council voted to seek public comment on the slate of proposals , known as amendment 37 to the agency\u2019s snapper - grouper fishery plan . a 16 - inch minimum size limit is recommended , along with a recreational season limited to july through august .\nour journalism takes a lot of time , effort , and hard work to produce . if you read and enjoy our journalism , please consider subscribing today .\na report by florida fish and wildlife conservation commission staff to the governing board notes , \u201cthere is general support for a size - limit increase and lower bag limit , but commercial harvesters in the keys are largely against a trip limit . \u201d\na second slate of rules would be adopted for south atlantic waters north of the georgia - florida border .\nfor more information on the south atlantic plan , go to urltoken . the public comment period is scheduled to remain open until aug . 1 .\nif the rules are approved , regulations could take effect by mid - 2017 , according to the council .\nmcdonald ' s wants ' nonsense ' cheese lawsuit dismissed . it would create ' utter chaos , ' lawyer says\nhere ' s what the cdc thinks caused the romaine lettuce e . coli outbreak\nsome consumers said the sparkling water tasted funny . the company took it to heart .\nthe iucn is a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species .\ndentition the strong jaws contain protruding anterior canine teeth that are well adapted for crushing hard - shelled prey items such as mollusks and crabs .\nparasites nerocila benrosei n . sp . ( isopoda : cymothoidae ) , has been recorded as an external parasite of hogfishes from the northern bahamas .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthe species is reported to be used for subsistence consumption in some regions ( coblentz 1997 ) , although it is known to cause ciguatera ( froese and paul 2008 ) . however , it is primarily utilized for the aquarium trade and is obtained solely through captures from the wild . brazil is the biggest trader with the species ranking 10th in its export ( wood 2001 ) , where most of the animals are directed to the international market . nevertheless , information regarding how the fished is utilized , especially in terms of the aquarium trade , is scant and data for the whole distribution is absent . attempts are being made to breed this species in captivity ( unep 2008 ) .\nthese creatures are medium - sized and can attain the maximum length of a hundred centimeters only . a typical individual weighs around nine kilograms . a unique physical trait found in most of the members of this specie is a dark , circular blotch found under the dorsal fin . their pectoral fins are yellowish in color . another prominent feature is their red eyes . diversity in physical characteristics may exist depending on where the creatures live . their physical traits enable them camouflage themselves with their surroundings in order to hide from potential enemies .\nthese fascinating marine creatures can be seen by a common man in aquariums as well as in photos found in science books or on the internet . apart from viewing these photos due to fascination , they can also be seen for studying their characteristics and comparing them with other members of their family . discover the different colors and size of the organism which vary according to the gender , age and habitat . find photos to study these variations and increase your knowledge about this wonderful organism .\nalthough their main family is wrasse , these creatures are also close relatives of the parrotfish .\neven though their pig - like snouts do not let them be considered as attractive creatures , their diverse range of colors still makes them a beautiful addition to aquariums .\nthe reproduction of these fish occurs through the fertilizations of gametes released by both the males and the females in water . after fertilization , the eggs develop into larvae within a short period of time .\nit has different common names in different languages . its french name is labre capitaine while it is known as pargo gallo , boquinete and doncella de pluma in spanish .\nthese organisms are found at the depth of three to thirty meters in seaward reefs as well as patch reefs .\noverhunting has been reported to have occurred in florida where the fish is hunted for both recreations as well as to gain its economical benefits .\nunfortunately , lachnolaimus maximus is another member of the animal kingdom which has been classified as being vulnerable by the iucn . humans have sought the creature for its unique flavor as well as to adorn their aquariums . this has resulted in a dwindling number of their population in the natural habitat . the authorities are , therefore , implementing measures to put an end to overhunting for its protection before it is listed as \u201cendangered species\u201d by the iucn .\ndo you know how , in the floor of an ocean , an octopus . . . read more\nhyenas belong to the order carnivora and family hyaenidae . although it has . . .\nthe northern shrike bird is known as lanius excubitor in the scientific world . . .\na bird of prey is also known as a raptor or a hunter . it belongs to the group of . . .\nthe sloth animal is a mammal with its species belonging to two families . . .\nlionfish is a chordate which belongs to the family scorpaenidae and genus . . .\ngoat is a mammal that belongs to the family bovidae . being a member of the sub - family . . .\nthis is a kind of hummingbird . it is really small in size , only 8 . 9 cm as it can be seen . . .\nlizards are members of the reptilian class in the animal kingdom . they belong to . . .\nbuffalo is a member of the animal kingdom and belongs to class mammalia . most . . .\nmammals are always thought of giving birth to young ones but sometimes it can . . .\nthe birds that are considered as the symbol of love , peace and harmony are one . . .\nthe goat and the sheep are related to each other through the same family . they . . .\nin our race to make this world a better place in terms of . . .\noccurs in the western atlantic from nova scotia south to bermuda , the gulf of mexico and parts of the caribbean . also includes the north coast of south america .\nfound in open bottom or coral reef areas , where gorgonian branching soft corals are abundant .\nlarger individuals present in main reef areas , while smaller fish reside among patch reefs . juveniles often occupy grass beds off south florida .\nprefers depths from about 10 to 100 feet ( 3 - 30 m ) .\ndeep body that is laterally compressed and strongly arched dorsally . its head profile is distinct . has an elongate , pig - like snout and large protruding mouth .\nthe first two or three spines on the dorsal fin are elongated . the tips of the dorsal and anal fins are pointed . the pectoral fins are yellow .\ncoloration varies with age , sex and habitat . adults are generally pearl white to a mottled brownish - red . the front of the head is a darker color from the snout through the forehead and up to the dorsal fin . males tend to be more intensely colored than females .\nthere is a black spot at the rear base of the dorsal fin . the iris of the eye is bright red .\nmaximum length reported for this species is about 36 inches ( 91 cm ) . the maximum weight is 24 lbs . ( 11 kg ) .\nfeeds by rooting around in the bottom sediment with its protruding mouth ( hence its name ) .\nforms schools consisting of groups of females and a dominant male . the male reproduces only with the females in his \u201charem . \u201d spawning takes place in open water near the surface , primarily during cooler months . in south florida and the eastern gulf of mexico , spawning occurs from december to april .\neggs hatch after about 24 hours into larvae that drift in the plankton for several weeks before settling to the bottom as juveniles .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\n\u2026spanish ladyfish , or pudiano ( bodianus rufus ) , is a red and gold wrasse of the family labridae .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\nbody elongated in shape with a relatively long snout . forehalf of dorsal fin serrated . upper forebody purple , belly and tail yellow - gold . purple may become reddish and large adults become mottled purplish yellow (\n) . juvenile have a purple head and forebody , as they mature , the purple area becomes restricted to the upper forebody .\nconstantly swim above reefs , down to 70 m . juveniles can be observed in shallow water , where they remove parasites and debris from the body of larger fish .\nhumann , p . , 1989 . reef fish identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nnagelkerken , w . , 1980 . coral reef fishes of aruba , bonaire and cura\u00e7ao . published by the island territory of curacao .\nwould you like fast , reliable , stress - free software development releases ? does your team need help with test automation ? with my broad industry experience and deep technical skills , i can teach your team how to ship software like the best companies in the world .\nwhere to now ? learn more about me . learn more about my consulting services . read my blog . get in touch .\nflorida regulations limit bag numbers to five per harvester , per day , and the minimum size is listed as twelve inch fork ( from the fork of the caudal fin\u2014 excluding streamers \u2013to the snout ' s tip ) . legal gear is spears , gigs , hook and line , seine , and cast net , and reef fish gear requirements apply . greatest success is found with light tackle , and chum with crustacean parts , which must be anchored or weighted near the seafloor . shrimp make ideal bait .\nto prove it we are matching all online pricing on the tours we offer .\nare found . it has the distinction of being the only known member of its genus , and because it is iucn listed as vulnerable , there are strict regulations governing bag , size , and gear limits to protect the species from overfishing .\n\u201ca bit of caution is necessary here ! there is some history in the bahamas of mild to severe ciguatera poisoning from hogs . our m . o . was to only eat hogs no larger than 5 or 6 lbs . temporary or permanent blindness , paralysis , and even death is possible with bigger hogs\u201d\n. ciguatera is also a problem with , for example , \u2018cuda on abaco . those caught on the marls ( west ) side are ok to eat ; those from the east side have to be treated with circumspection\u2026\nthank jet \u2013 melinda\u2019s pics always demonstrate to advantages of being a seasoned diver and a very good photographer . her photos are more than just of \u2018fish\u2019 , they capture the characteristics of the fish . it\u2019s such a pleasure to be able to use them . rh\nhi rh . a bit of caution is necessary here ! there is some history in the bahamas of mild to severe ciguatera poisoning from hogs . our m . o . was to only eat hogs no larger than 5 or 6 lbs . temporary and permanent blindness , paralysis , and even death is possible with bigger hogs\nhi rick , as always you have come up with a pertinent comment that deserves attention in the main post . so i\u2019ll put it there . one day i\u2019ll investigate cig . and post more about it . thanks for calling in . rh\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nthere was an error retrieving images from instagram . an attempt will be remade in a few minutes .\nunfortunately , the common , unscientific , names of fish are very inaccurate . for example , there are a number of different species of fish that go by the name tilapia , tuna or red snapper , respectively\u2014and not all of them are kosher . note that even the fda warns that species substitution is a very serious problem .\nreprinted with permission of the orthodox union . to find out about non - kosher fish , see the non - kosher fish list .\nanchovies ( family engraulidae ) . including : european anchovy ( engraulis encrasciolus ) , north of california anchovy br ( engraulis mordax ) .\nangelfishes and butterfly fishes ( family chaetodontidae ) . including : angelfishes ( holacanthus species , pomacanthus species ) .\natlantic pomfret or ray ' s bream ( brama racudas and kakus ( sphyraena species ) .\nbigeyes ( family priacanthidae ) . including : bigeyes or aweoweos ( priacanthus species ) .\ncarps and minnows ( family cyprinidae ) , including : the carp , leather carp , mirror carp ( cyprinus carpio ) ; crucian carp ( carassius carassius ) ; goldfish ( carassius auratus ) ; tench ( tinca tinca ) ; splittail ( pogonichthys macrolepidotus ) ; squawfishes ( ptychocheilus species ) ; scramento backfish or hardhead ( orthodon microlepidotus ) ; freshwater breams ( abramis species , blicca species ) ; roach ( rutilus rutilus ) .\ncaviar ( must be from a kosher fish ) see : trouts and whitefishes ( salmon ) , lumpsuckers ( non kosher ) , sturgeons ( non kosher ) .\ncobia , cabio , or black bonito ( rachycentron canadum ) cod , cultus , black , blue , or ling . see : greenlings , sablefish\ncodfishes ( family gadidae ) , including : cod ( gadus morhua ) , haddock ( melanogrammus aegiefinus ) ; pacific cod ( gadus macrocephalus ) ; pollock , saithe , or coalfish ( pollachius virens ) ; walleye pollock ( theragra chalcogramma ) ; hakes ( urophycis species ) ; whiting ( meriangiu meriangus ) ; blue whiting or poutassou ( micromesistius poutassou ) ; tomcods or frostfishes ( microgradus species ) ; note . some cods are not - kosher ; see : freshwater cod .\ndamselfishes ( family pomacentridae ) . including : blacksmith ( chromis punctipinnis ) ; garibaldi ( hypsypops rubicunda ) .\ndolphin fishes or mahimahis ( coryphaena species ) not to be confused with the mammal called dolphin or porpoise , which is non kosher .\ndrums and croakers ( family sciaenidae ) , including : seatrouts and carvinas ( cynoscion species ) ; weakfish ( cynoscion nebulosus ) ; white seabass ( cynoscion nobillis ) ; croakers ( micropogon species , bairdiella species , odontoscion species ) ; silver perch ( bairdiella chyrsura ) ; white or king croaker ( genyonemus lineatus ) ; black croaker ( cheilottena saturnum ) ; spotfin croaker ( roncadorstearnsi ) ; yellowfin croaker ( umbrinaroncador ) ; drums ( pogonias species , stellifer species , umbrina species ) ; red drum or channel bass ( sciaenops ocallata ) ; freshwater drum ( aplodinotus grunniens ) ; kingfishes or king whitings ( menticirrhus species ) ; california corbina ( menticirrhus undulatus ) ; spot or lafayette ( leiostomus xanthurus ) ; queenfish ( seriphus politus ) ; cubbyu or ribbon fish ( equetus umbrosus ) .\nflyingfishes and halfbeaks ( family exocoetidae ) ; flyingfishes ( cypselurus species , and others ) ; ballyhoo or balao ( hemiramphus species ) .\ngoatfishes or surmullets ( family mullidae ) . including : goatfishes ( mullus species , pseudupeneus species ) ; wekes or goatfishes ( mulloidichthys species , upeneus species ) ; kumu ( parupeneus species ) ; red mullet ( mullus surmuletus ) .\ngreenlings ( family hexagrammidae ) , including : greenlings ( hexagrammos species ) ; kelp greenling or seatrout ( hexagrammos decagrammus ) ; lingcod , cultus orblue cod ( ophiodonelongatus ) ; atkamackerel ( pleurogrammus monopterygius ) .\ngrunts ( family pomadasyldae ) , including ; grunts ( haemulon species , pomadasys species ) ; margate ( haemulon album ) ; tomtate ( haemulon aurolineattum ) ; cottonwick ( haemulon melanurum ) ; sailors choice ( haemulon parral ) ; porkfish ( anisotremus virginicus ) ; black margate ( anisotremus surinamensis ) ; sargo ( anisotremus davidsoni ) ; pigfish ( orthopristis chrysoptera ) .\njacks and pompanos ( family charangidae ) including : pompanos , palometas , and permits ( trachionotus species ) ; amberjacks and yellowtails ( seriola species ) ; california yellowtail ( seriola dorsalls ) ; scads and cigarfish ( decapterus species , selar species , trachurus species ) ; jack mackerel or horse mackerel ( trachurus symmetricus ) ; jacks and uluas ( caranx species , carangoides species ) ; crevalles ( caranx species ) ; blue runner ( caranx crysos ) ; rainbow runner ( elagatis bipinnulata ) ; moonfishes ( vomer species ) ; lookdown ( selene vomer ) ; leatherback or lae ( scomberoides sanctipetri ) ; but not including : leatherjacket ( oligoplites saurus ) .\nmackerels and tunas ( family scombridae ) , including : mackerels ( scomber species , scomberomorus species , auxis species ) ; spanish mackerels , cero , and sierra ( scomberomorus species ) ; king mackerel or kingfish ( scomberomorus cavalla ) ; bonitos ( sarda species ) ; wahoo ( acanthocybius solanderi ) ; tunas ( thunnus species , euthynnus species ) ; skipjack tunas ( euthynnus or katsuwonus species ) ; albacore ( thunnus alalunga ) but not including : snake mackerels .\nporgies and sea breams ( family sparidae ) . including : porgies ( calamus species , diplodus species , pagrus species ) ; scup ( stenotomus chrysops ) ; pinfish ( lagodon rhomboides ) ; sheepshead ( archosargus probatocephalus )\nsoles ( family soleidae ) , including : sole or true sole ( solea solea ) ; lined sole ( achirus lineatus ) ; hogchoker ( trinectes maculatus ) .\nsquirrelfishes ( family holocentridae ) , including : squirrelfishes ( holocentrus species ) ; menpachii ( myripristis species ) .\nsuckers ( family catostomidae ) . including : buffalo fishes ( ictiobus species ) ; suckers ( catostomus species , moxostoma species ) ; quillbacks or carpsuckers ( carpiodes species )\nsunfishes ( family centrarchidae ) . including : freshwater basses ( micropterus species ) ; largemouth bass ( microterus salmoides ) ; smallmouth bass ( micropterus dolomieui ) ; sunfishes ( lepomis species ) ; bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) ; warmouth ( lepomis macrochirus ) ; rock bass or red eye ( ambloplites rupestris ) ; crappies or calico basses ( pomoxis species )\nsurfperches ( famly embiotocidae ) . including : surfperches ( amphistichus species , hyperprosopon species ) ; seaperches ( embiotoca species , hypsurus species , phanerodon species , rhacochilus species ) ; blackperth ( embiotoca jacksoni ) ; pile perch ( rhacochilus vacca ) ; shiner perch ( cymatogaster aggregata ) .\nsurgeonfishes ( family acanthuridae ) . including : surgeonfishes and tangs ( acanthurus species , zebrasoma species ) ; doctorfish ( acanthurus chirugus ) ; unicornfishes or kalas ( naso species ) .\ntemperate basses ( family percichthyidae ) . including : striped bass or rockfish ( morone saxatillis ) ; yellow bass ( morone mississippiensis ) ; white bass ( morojne chrysops ) ; white perch ( morone americana ) ; giant california sea bass ( stereolepis gigas )\n\u00a9 copyright , all rights reserved . if you enjoyed this article , we encourage you to distribute it further , provided that you comply with urltoken ' s copyright policy .\npompano and pomfret are not kosher because they have no scale . i really enjoy these fishes , but is there a way around this ? reply\nif there is no scale then it is not kosher . there isn ' t really any way around this . reply\nwe need a list , like this , for kosher birds . . . according to each tradition . and a list of kosher birds without tradition . i think the time has come to know also this . reply\nwhat about adding lionfish ( pterois ) to your list ? here in florida people are now encouraged to eat them because they are an invasive species now damaging the ecology . lionfish are those beautiful tiger striped fish that many people keep in aquariums . they belong to the scorpaeniformes order . thanks . reply\nin response to orange roughy being a bottom feeder . this is actually quite innacurate . orange roughy is now in extremely short supply all over the world and is becoming an endangered species . orange roughy has both fins and scales . reply\nas has been mentioned here several times , if the fish has fins and scales , then it is kosher . the scales need to be able to be removed without tearing the skin , and it must be viewed whole by the consumer . anything processed , filleted , and pre - packaged without the skin , must be certified kosher . reply\ni ' ve been asking the same question , would like to know why there is no definitive answer . reply\nas has been mentioned several times , not all fish is listed here as there are hundreds of species around the world , many that are not known to the experts . if a fish is not listed here , then one must determine on their own whether or not it is kosher , by checking if the scales can be removed without tearing the skin . reply\norange roughy is fished almost exclusively by bottom trawling . it spends most of it ' s life as a\nbottom feeder\nwhich are not kosher . reply\nbottom feeding is not connected to kosher status . it ' s a question of fins and scales . bottom feeders that have fins and scales are kosher . top - and middle - feeders that have no scales are not kosher . reply\nthe criteria given in the torah for kosher fish are fins and scales . carp fits both of these criteria and are kosher .\ni ' m sorry if i seem ignorant . i am not hebrew just like to teach my child of world cultures . i purchased a bottle of manischewits fishlets . i guess gefilte fish . i was reading the ingredients and it is seems carp is the top ingrediant . i was always under the assumption that bottom feeders were not kosher , like catfish and carp ? can any one explain this to me ? reply\nnope . the rules are that it have fins ( all true fish have these ) and have removable scales . there are also specific prohibitions against fish that look like snakes . none of these are problems for any number of bottom feeders such as carp and flounder . this pretty much means that all kosher fish are also hallal , but not all hallal fish are kosher . last i heard , no christian sects regulate which fish can be eaten . reply\ni love it salted and after soaking and rinsing i take the bones out and flake the fish meat off into lots of saut\u00e9ed onions , bell pepper and cook it down in a thick tomato sauce . i love it for breakfast . fresh cod is also delicious . very meaty .\ni think i ' ll have cod this coming shabbos = = just for the halibut . get it ? halibut ? for the halibut ? c ' mon guys ! well i think it ' s funny . : - d\nsome varieties of cod are kosher and some are not . if you search the list above you will find the list of kosher ones .\nis bronzini kosher ? i don ' t see it on either kosher or non - kosher list .\nwrasses ( the family labridae ) , are the most abundant and conspicuous fishes on tropical reefs around the world . wrasses also comprise an important element of the coldwater fish population on temperate reefs . they are second largest family of marine fishes and the third largest family in the\norder , containing approximately 60 genera and roughly 500 species . wrasses appear in a diverse range of colors , shapes , and sizes , often varying considerably within individual species ( see physical description ) . this morphological diversity is matched by the wide variety of prey consumed . wrasses fill the roles of piscivores , zooplanktivores , molluscivores , herbivores , planktivores , polychaete predators , decapod crab predators , and coral predators , as well as many others ( see food habits ) . many wrasses are organized into harem - based social systems and hermaphroditism is common ( see reproduction : mating systems ) . finally , as suggested by their diverse food habits , wrasses fill many important ecological roles on reefs of tropical and temperate regions around the world ."]}
{"id": 1327, "summary": [{"text": "the barred seabass ( centrarchops chapini ) is a species of cavebass native to the coastal waters of the democratic republic of the congo and angola .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this fish can be found over areas of sand and rock at depths from 20 to 40 m ( 66 to 131 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to 30.7 cm ( 12.1 in ) in total length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is important to local commercial fisheries .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of the genus centrarchops . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "barred seabass", "paragraphs": ["rockfish cabezon kelp and rock greenlings lingcod california scorpionfish ( a . k . a . sculpin ) california sheephead ocean whitefish leopard shark soupfin shark and spiny dogfish other federally managed groundfish california grunion sharks ( state - managed ) pacific sanddab and other flatfish petrale sole and starry flounder kelp bass , barred sand bass , spotted sand bass california halibut white seabass surfperch tunas yellowtail rock crab mussels other species\namong the finfish species , the most important resource is the barred seabass ( paralabrax nebulifer ) , which can be captured and marketed throughout the year and is one of the predictable fisheries in punta abreojos ( aggregation areas for breeding and feeding ) . the yellowtail ( seriola lalandi ) , the white seabass ( atractoscion nobilis ) , whitefish ( caulolatilus pr\u00ednceps ) and halibut ( paralichthys californicus and p . woolmani ) are resources that , although they can be caught only certain months of the year , generate significant profits . for all resources included in the database , we can observe an increasing trend in catches from 2007 onwards .\nthe fisheries for kelp bass , barred sand bass , and spotted sand bass ( pdf ) ( paralabrax species ) remains open year - round . the daily bag and possession limit is five fish in any combination of species . the minimum size limit is 14 inches total length or 10 inches alternate length .\nthe recreational fishery for white seabass ( atractoscion nobilis ) remains open year - round . the daily bag and possession limit is three fish except that only one fish may be taken in waters south of point conception between march 15 and june 15 . the minimum size limit is 28 inches total length or 20 inches alternate length .\nalthough catch volumes for these species are considerable , the changes in activities and catches need to be evaluated to create management strategies that benefit the cooperative in the next few years without risking the the health of the fish population . with this objective in mind , we work with the cooperative of punta abreojos to analyze the use patterns of 40 fisheries resources . according to interviews with leaders and members of the cooperative , we categorized these resources in three main groups : cultural resources ( lobster and abalone ) : pioneering fisheries that drove the development of the community ; 2 ) target resources ( barred sandbass , yellowtail , white seabass , whitefish , and halibut ) : important resources because of their catch volumes and because they require a specific fishing method ; 3 ) complementary resources : ( finfish , sharks and rays , invertebrates ) : species caught as by - catch or in smaller quantities .\ngreek , kentron = sting + greek , archos = anus + greek , ops = appearance ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 20 - 40 m ( ref . 3589 ) . tropical ; 4\u00b0s - 14\u00b0s\neastern atlantic : known from the type which was taken at the mouth of the congo river , congo dem . rep . and several specimens reported from 9\u00b020 ' s , 1\u00b004 ' e and 8\u00b025 ' s , 13\u00b015 ' e ( off angola ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 7 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3589 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 )\nsmith , c . l . , 1990 . serranidae . p . 695 - 706 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 3589 )\n) : 19 . 9 - 21 . 2 , mean 20 . 7 ( based on 4 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 2500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00760 - 0 . 05241 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 78 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter , k . e . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , de bruyne , g . & de morais , l .\njustification : centrarchops chapini is a coastal species from gabon to angola . centrarchops chapini is rare in museum collections . centrarchops chapini is likely impacted by coastal development , water pollution and destructive fishing practices in parts of its range because of its coastal nature . however , these threats would be localized . there are no species specific conservation actions for centrarchops chapini , but its distribution may overlap marine protected areas . therefore , centrarchops chapini is listed as least concern .\ncentrarchops chapini is a coastal species that is only known from gabon to angola ( heemstra and heemstra 2004 , iwatsuki and russell 2006 ) .\ncentrarchops chapini is rare in museum collections with only three lots , each containing one specimen ( www . fishnet2 . net ) .\ncentrarchops chapini is demersal and found over sand and rock bottoms in coastal waters ( schneider 1990 ) . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) is 30 cm ( schneider 1990 ) .\nthere are no known major threats to centrarchops chapini , however , due to its coastal nature , it may be impacted by coastal development , water pollution , or destructive fishing practices ( schneider 1990 ) . this species is a component of artisanal fisheries .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures for centrarchops chapini , but its distribution may overlap marine protected areas .\ncarpenter , k . e . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , de bruyne , g . & de morais , l . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n30 . 7 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3589 ) )\ndemersal ; marine ; depth range 20 - 40 m ( ref . 3589 )\ndepth : 20 - 40m . from 20 to 40 meters . habitat : demersal . found over sand and rock in coastal waters ( ref . 2683 ) .\n. this fish can be found over areas of sand and rock at depths from 20 to 40 m ( 66 to 131 ft ) . this species grows to 30 . 7 cm ( 12 . 1 in ) in\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .\ncentrarchops chapini\nin fishbase . april 2013 version .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nkatja schulz added an association between\nvideo\nand\nopistognathus galapagensis allen & robertson , 1991\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of centrarchops chapini has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved\npunta abreojos is one of the most important fishing communities in terms of marine resource use and management in the north pacific in baja california sur ( 1 ) . this community , together with la bocana , bahia asuncion , bahia de tortugas , and the rest that make up the regional federation of cooperative fishing industry societies of baja california ( fedecoop in spanish ) , have improved in the management , production , and conservation of fisheries resources , and improved the socio - economic benefits that the fisheries provide ( 2 ) .\nthe cooperative society of fisheries production in punta abreojos is a success story in fisheries management and sustainable development in the mexican northwest . it has fishing concessions in an exclusive area , which covers 3 , 354 km2 . for 73 years , the lobster ( panulirus interruptus ) and the abalone ( haliotis fulgens and h . corrugata ) have been the most important resources , economically speaking . since the 1980s , the cooperative began to diversify the fisheries , especially finfish ( commercial fish ) , as a strategy to make up for the notable fall in abalone capture and at the same time to protect the lobster fishery .\nsince 2000 , the cooperative in punta abreojos has a rigorous control of the information on fish catches with the help of software specially designed for them . with this software , the visualization and interpretation of the fisheries data has been faster and more efficient for the managers , which can help the commercialization of the products and the administration of the cooperative . through our collaboration with the cooperative , we analyzed a database of fisheries records from 2001 to 2012 , which included day , month , year , ship , resource , capture volume ( kg ) , price per kilogram , and direct profit ( pesos ) for fisherman for catch volume .\nmajor findings cultural resources such as lobster ( panulirus interruptus and p . inflatus ) and abalone ( haliotis fulgens and h . corrugata ) play an important role in the economy of punta abreojos because they are resources with international demand and a high commercial value . they are exported to countries such as singapore , china , japan , usa , and france . catch volumes for these resources have remained stable since strict management measures exist ( concession , catch quotas , minimum catch sizes , international eco - certifications ) . target and complementary resources , 18 species of finfish , eight species of elasmobranchs , and seven species of invertebrates , generate income to fishermen and the cooperative during the no - fishing periods for cultural resources .\ntogether , cultural , objective , and complementary resources make up a fishery dynamic guaranteeing financial profits throughout the entire year . through these resources , the cooperative generates sufficient capital to encourage and take care of their workers , people in the community , and former fishermen members ( pensioners ) , as well as have a contingency fund ( for emergencies ) .\nhaving updated fish databases helps to clearly describe the development of fisheries in a given site . these results represent a base line of direct gains for the fishermen of the cooperative , helping the cooperative of punta abreojos to manage their fishing activities and ensure responsible fishing in the long run . it also helps researchers understand the fishery dynamics in a location from a unique perspective . more importantly , this type of fisheries monitoring in places like punta abreojos , where fishing is the main source of jobs and income , is a tool so that the cooperative can continue to work and enable the economic welfare of the whole community .\n* centro para la biodiversidad marina y la conservaci\u00f3n a . c . , la paz b . c . s . * * university of texas austin marine science institute + instituto polit\u00e9cnico nacional , ciidir unidad oaxaca \u00b1 scripps institution of oceanography , uc san diego\nwe thank the cooperative society of fishing production of punta abreojos ( sociedad cooperativa de producci\u00f3n pesquera punta abreojos s . c . de r . l . ) , as well as the fishermen of punta abreojos , the community team that participates in and supports the gcmp . thank you to the fondo mexicano para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza a . c . , david & lucile packard foundation , walton family foundation and the helmsley trust foundation .\nj . jos\u00e9 cota - nieto , brad erisman , marcia moreno - baez , gustavo hinojosa - arango , octavio aburto - oropeza ( 2015 ) : fisheries driving development in punta abreojos , mexico . datamares . interactiveresource . urltoken\n1 . ram\u00edrez - rodr\u00edguez m . and ojeda - ru\u00edz m . a . ( 2011 ) . spatial management of small - scale fisheries on the west coast of baja california sur , mexico . marine policy , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . marpol . 2011 . 04 . 03 2 . ponce - d\u00edaz g . , weisman w . and mccay b . ( 2009 ) . co - responsibility and participation in fisheries management in mexico : lessons from baja california sur . fisheries and conservation . vol . 1 , num . 1 3 . cota - nieto j . j . ( 2010 ) . descripci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica y reciente de las pesquer\u00edas artesanales de punta abreojos b . c . s . , m\u00e9xico . periodo 2000 - 2007 . tesis licenciatura . aicm . uabcs . 67 pp . disponible urltoken\n34\u00b027 n . latitude ( point conception , santa barbara county ) to the u . s . - mexico border\nsee the california saltwater sport fishing regulations booklet for complete regulation information , including regulations for species not covered here .\nspiny lobster ocean salmon giant sea bass ( a . k . a . black sea bass ) red abalone\n( 2 per person ) , also included in the 10 fish rcg complex aggregate limit .\nrockfish are part of a group of fish known as groundfish , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fishery for cabezon ( pdf ) ( scorpaenichthys marmoratus ) is open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . the fishery is open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . cabezon may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . the daily bag and possession limit is 3 fish within the 10 fish rcg complex aggregate limit ( includes all species of rockfish , cabezon and greenlings ) , with a minimum size limit of 15 inches total length .\nthe cabezon fishery is managed under both state and federal groundfish management plans . the state manages this fishery in concert with the federally managed groundfish group , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fishery for kelp and rock greenlings ( pdf ) ( hexagrammos spp . ) is open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . these fisheries are open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . greenlings may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . the daily bag and possession limit is 10 fish within the 10 fish rcg complex aggregate limit ( includes all species of rockfish , cabezon and greenlings ) , with a minimum size limit of 12 inches total length .\nthe kelp greenling fishery is managed under both state and federal groundfish management plans , while the rock greenling fishery is managed under california\u2019s nearshore fishery management plan . althouga federally managed groundfish species , rock greenlings are often encountered by fishermen targeting federally managed groundfish . thus , the rock greenling fishery s managed in concert with the federally managed groundfish group , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fishery for lingcod ( pdf ) ( ophiodon elongatus ) is open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . the fishery is open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . lingcod may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . the daily bag and possession limit is 2 fish , with a minimum size limit of 22 inches total length .\nthe lingcod is part of a group of fish known as groundfish , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fishery for california scorpionfish ( pdf ) ( scorpaena guttata ) is open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . the fishery is open to boat - based anglers from january 1 , 2018 through august 31 , 2018 . california scorpionfish may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . the daily bag and possession limit is 5 fish with a minimum size limit of 10 inches total length .\nthe california scorpionfish is part of a group of fish known as groundfish , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fishery for california sheephead ( semicossyphus pulcher ) is open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . the fishery is open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . california sheephead may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . the daily bag and possession limit is 5 fish , with a minimum size limit of 12 inches total length .\nthe california sheephead fishery is managed under california\u2019s nearshore fishery management plan . although not a federally managed groundfish species , california sheephead is often encountered by fishermen targeting federally managed groundfish . thus , california sheephead is managed in concert with the federally managed groundfish group , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fishery for ocean whitefish ( caulolatilus princeps ) is open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . the fishery is open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . ocean whitefish may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . the daily bag and possession limit is 10 fish , with no minimum size limit .\nthe ocean whitefish fishery is managed by the state of california . although not a federally managed groundfish species , ocean whitefish are often encountered by fishermen targeting federally managed groundfish . thus , the ocean whitefish fishery is managed in concert with the federally managed groundfish group , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fishery for leopard shark ( pdf ) ( triakis semifasciata ) is open year - round to shore - based anglers and divers . the fishery inside san diego bay , mission bay , newport bay and alamitos bay is open year - round to boat - based anglers . outside of the above - mentioned embayments , the fishery is open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . leopard sharks may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep ( except in the cowcod conservation areas - see below ) . the daily bag and possession limit is 3 fish with a minimum size limit of 36 inches total length .\nthe leopard shark is part of a group of fish known as groundfish , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fisheries for soupfin shark ( pdf ) ( galeorhinus zyopterus ) and spiny dogfish ( squalus acanthias ) are open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . these fisheries are open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . these species may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . the bag and possession limit for soupfin shark is one fish with no minimum size limit . the daily bag and possession limit for spiny dogfish is 10 fish within the 20 - fish general bag limit , and there is no minimum size limit .\nsoupfin shark and spiny dogfish are part of a group of recommends that consumers not eat the viscera ( internal organs ( guts ) , also known as\ncrab butter\n) of crabs caught north of the mendocino - humboldt county urltoken known as groundfish , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fisheries for all other federally managed groundfish species are open year - round to divers and shore - based anglers . these fisheries are open to boat - based anglers from march 1 , 2018 through december 31 , 2018 . these species may only be taken or possessed in waters less than 360 feet ( 60 fathoms ) deep . refer to the california ocean sport fishing regulations for size limits , bag limits and other regulations pertaining to these species .\nthe groundfish group includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nopen year - round , except that white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) may not be taken or possessed at any time . the bag limits for sixgill shark ( hexanchus griseus ) and sevengill shark ( pdf ) ( notorynchus cepedianus ) allow take of one fish per day with no size limit . the bag limits for shortfin mako shark ( isurus oxyrinchus ) , thresher shark ( alopias vulpinus ) , and blue shark ( prionace glauca ) allow take of two fish per day with no size limit .\nthe recreational fishery is open year - round to all anglers and divers for the following species : pacific sanddab ( pdf ) ( citharichthys sordidus ) , butter sole ( isopsetta isolepis ) , curlfin sole ( pleuronichthys decurrens ) , flathead sole ( hippoglossoides elassodon ) , rex sole ( pdf ) ( glyptocephalus zachirus ) , rock sole ( lepidopsetta bilineata ) , and sand sole ( psettichthys melanostictus ) . refer to the california ocean sport fishing regulations for size limits , bag limits and other regulations pertaining to these species .\npacific sanddab and other flatfish are part of a group of fish known as groundfish , which includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) . view a summary of groundfish regulations .\nthe recreational fisheries for petrale sole ( eopsetta jordani ) and starry flounder ( platichthys stellatus ) are open year - round to all anglers and divers . there are no depth restrictions or bag limits for petrale sole or starry flounder . refer to the california ocean sport fishing regulations for complete sport fishing regulations information .\nwhich includes over 90 species that live on or near the bottom of the ocean ( with a few exceptions ) .\nthe recreational fishery for california halibut ( paralichthys californicus ) remains open year - round . the daily bag and possession limit is five fish south of point sur , monterey county . the minimum size limit is 22 inches total length .\nthe recreational fishery for surfperch ( pdf ) ( family embiotocidae ) is open year - round . the daily bag and possession limit is 20 fish in combination of all species ( except shiner perch ) , with not more than 10 fish of any one species . shiner perch ( cymatogaster aggregata ) have a separate bag and possession limit of 20 fish . redtail surfperch ( amphistichus rhodoterus ) have a minimum size limit of 10\u00bd inches total length .\nthe recreational fishery for california grunion ( leuresthes tenuis ) is open from june 1 , 2018 through march 31 , 2019 . grunion may only be taken by hand , and no holes may be dug in the beach to entrap them . information about grunion , including a grunion run schedule , can be found on the amazing grunion web page .\nthe recreational fishery for tunas is open year - round . refer to the california saltwater sport fishing regulations booklet for bag limits , possession limits , fillet procedures on vessels , and other regulations pertaining to these species .\nthe fishery for yellowtail ( seriola lalandi ) remains open year - round . the daily bag and possession limit is ten fish . the minimum size limit is 24 inches fork length , except that up to five fish less than 24 inches fork length may be taken or possessed .\nthe recreational fishery for all rock crab species , including rock crab ( cancer antennarius ) , yellow crab ( cancer anthonyi ) and red crab ( cancer productus ) is open statewide , year - round . the daily bag limit is 35 crab , and the minimum size limit is 4 inches . review crab measurement methods ( pdf ) and the current saltwater sport fishing regulations booklet for further rock crab fishing information .\nnote : the california department of public health has issued its annual quarantine on the collection of mussels intended for human consumption . please call the california department of public health ' s toll - free shellfish information line at ( 800 ) 553 - 4133 for the latest information .\nthe recreational season for california sea mussel ( pdf ) ( mytilus californianus ) and bay mussel ( mytilus trossulus ) remains open year - round . currently mussels should only be collected for non - consumptive uses ( for example , fish bait ) . the daily bag and possession limit is 10 pounds ( in the shell ) of california sea mussels and bay mussels in combination .\nnote that the california department of public health monitors and annually quarantines mussels to prevent human cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning and domoic acid poisoning ; however , warnings advising consumers not to eat recreationally taken shellfish may be issued at any time . the annual quarantine is usually in effect from may through october , and applies only to sport - harvested mussels intended for human consumption . for updated information on warnings , advisories , and quarantines concerning naturally - occurring shellfish toxins , call the california department of public health ' s shellfish biotoxin information line at ( 510 ) 412 - 4643 or toll - free at ( 800 ) 553 - 4133 . you can also review cdfw ' s shellfish health advisories web page .\nsee the california ocean sport fishing regulations booklet for complete regulations , including regulations for species not covered here .\nthe recreational fishery for spiny lobster ( pdf ) ( panulirus interruptus ) is closed as of march 22 , 2018 . the fishery is expected to reopen on september 29 , 2018 .\nthe recreational fishery for ocean salmon ( pdf ) is closed as of july 3 , 2018 . the season will remain closed for the rest of the year . ocean salmon seasons for 2019 will be adopted at the pacific fishery management council meeting in march and / or april , 2019 . for more ocean salmon fishery information , please visit the ocean salmon seasons web page .\nthe recreational fishery for giant sea bass ( pdf ) ( stereolepis gigas ) is closed year - round .\nthe recreational fishery for red abalone ( pdf ) ( haliotis rufescens ) is closed year - round south of the mouth of san francisco bay . for more information , visit the invertebrate management project pages .\nboat - based anglers are fishermen angling from boats or vessels of any size or any other type of floating object , including kayaks and float tubes .\nshore - based anglers are fishermen that fish from beaches , banks , piers , jetties , breakwaters , docks and other manmade objects connected to the shore . no vessel or watercraft ( motorized or non - motorized ) may be used to assist in taking or possessing federally - managed groundfish species , greenlings of the genus hexagrammos , ocean whitefish , or california sheephead while angling from shore .\ndivers are scuba or free divers with or without spearfishing gear , entering the water either from the shore or from a boat or other floating object . except for spearfishing gear , all other types of fishing gear are prohibited aboard a vessel or non - motorized watercraft while diving or spearfishing for the purpose of retaining federally managed groundfish species , greenlings of the genus hexagrammos , ocean whitefish , and california sheephead during a seasonal closure for boat - based anglers .\nthe recreational fisheries for pacific halibut and federally managed groundfish species , greenlings of the genus hexagrammos , ocean whitefish , and california sheephead may close early if the annual harvest guideline for any one specie or species group is met or is expected to be met prior to the end of the year . check this website regularly or call the recreational groundfish fishing regulations hotline ( ( 831 ) 649 - 2801 ) for the latest information .\nfederally managed groundfish species , greenlings of the genus hexagrammos , ocean whitefish , and california sheephead may be possessed aboard vessels that are transiting waters deeper than the groundfish management area depth limit only when all fishing gear is stowed .\nin addition to the fishing regulations presented here ( and in california code of regulations and california fish and game code ) , marine protected area ( mpa ) regulations may further restrict or prohibit sport fishing within mpas . mpa regulations , maps , and coordinates are available on the cdfw website , in the current ocean sport fishing regulations booklet , and at your local cdfw office . you can also pick up an mpa guide or brochure at a location near you . information about california mpas is also available on the cdfw mpa mobile website .\npoint conception to the u . s . - mexico border note : map shows state and federal marine protected areas .\nthis tool lets you describe a concept and get back a list of words and phrases related to that concept . your description can be anything at all : a single word , a few words , or even a whole sentence . type in your description and hit enter ( or select a word that shows up in the autocomplete preview ) to see the related words .\n. if you ' re really fond of the old system , or if you have javascript disabled in your browser , you can still access version 1 . 0\nor click on the link that says\ntry your query on the old system\nthat appears at the very bottom of the results page .\n, which in turn uses several linguistic resources described in the\ndata sources\nsection on that page .\nfor some types of searches only the first result or the first few results are likely to be useful . we urge you to click on a word to check its definition before using it in your oscars acceptance speech or honors thesis .\nif you get back nothing but junk , try restating your query so that it ' s just two or three simple words . some queries are very difficult for our system . that ' s because not every dictionary indexed by onelook is used by the reverse dictionary , and our search algorithm still needs a lot of work . we ' re continually adding more references and improving the precision of the system .\n) into any onelook search box , followed by your concept . if you put a\nbefore the colon , your results will be filtered by that pattern . ( this is particularly useful for crossword puzzle help , as shown in the examples above . )"]}
{"id": 1328, "summary": [{"text": "alucita lalannei is a moth of the alucitidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by b.landry and j.-f .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "landry in 2004 .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is found in ontario , manitoba and alberta . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "alucita lalannei", "paragraphs": ["alucita lalannei landry & landry , 2004 , n . sp . , can . ent . , v . 136 , p . 553 - 579 .\na new species of alucita l . ( lepidoptera : alucitidae ) from northern chile\nalucita montana : southwestern quebec and vermont , west to british columbia , south to arizona , california , and texas .\nalucita montana : larvae are associated with snowberry ( symphoricarpos spp . ; caprifoliaceae ) in the north , and honeysuckle ( lonicera spp . ) in california\nalucita adriendenisi : northwestern quebec and new york , west to alberta and northwest territories , with more southern populations ( isolated ? ) in west virginia , arizona , and texas .\n. . . alucita l . is the more diverse and widespread genus in alucitidae ( dugdale et al 1998 , gielis 2003 ) . it comprises three nearctic ( landry & landry 2004 ) and 19 neotropical species ( gielis 2003 ) . the alucitids were unknown in chilean territory until some adults of an undescribed species of alucita be reared from larvae in fruits of tecoma fulva fulva ( cav . ) . . .\nthe genus alucita in north america , with description of two new species ( lepidoptera : alucitidae ) bernard landry , jean - fran\u00e7ois landry . 2004 . the canadian entomologist 136 ( 4 ) : 553 - 579 .\nlandry , b . , and j - f . landry . 2004 . the genus alucita in north america , with description of two new species ( lepidoptera : alucitidae ) . canadian entomologist 136 ( 4 ) : 553 - 579 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nlandry & landry ( 2004 ) also mention an undescribed species found in southern florida .\nthe genus is also represented in europe and several other regions of the world .\nthe adults fly early in the evening or any time on cloudy days , and may sometimes be found in homes fluttering at windows .\nin north america , with description of two new species ( lepidoptera : alucitidae ) .\nan accentuated list of the british lepidoptera , with hints on the derivation of the names . anonymous . 1858 . the entomological societies of oxford and cambridge .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3c641406 - eea2 - 4ce8 - 9aca - 3b27a8209227\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7bb0e56d - 39b7 - 4d97 - a666 - 140e1cbadabe\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 245059\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . alucitidae is a worldwide family with more than 180 described species ( gielis 2003 , landry & landry 2004 , byun 2006 , byun & park 2007 ) . a conspicuous apomorphy of this family is the multiple and deep division of the fore and hindwings , which is little pronounced only in a few taxa ( dugdale et al 1998 ) . . . .\ncompilation of literature and collection records , for the provinces and territories of canada .\nkey to the paraplatyptilia species of eastern canada with description of a new species ( lepidoptera : . . .\nparaplatyptilia atlantica sp . nov . is described as new from northwestern newfoundland and the gasp\u00e9 peninsula , quebec , canada . a key to the four species of paraplatyptilia bigot and picard known to occur in eastern canada ( east of manitoba ) is provided .\nthe spatial and temporal distribution of microsympatric species of marsh - inhabiting agonum were investigated in central alberta . agonum nigriceps lec . , a . ferruginosum dej . , a . thoreyi dej . , and a . lutulentum ( lec . ) were the most abundant carabid species in the emergent vegetation of the flooded zone . agonum nigriceps was segregated from the other species through habitat use , being most . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new species of coleophora ( lepidoptera : coleophoridae : coleophorinae ) from the gal\u00e1pagos islands , . . .\ncoleophora darwini sp . nov . , is described from the gal\u00e1pagos islands . this is the first record of the family coleophoridae for the gal\u00e1pagos . adults were reared from larvae found mining leaves of amaranthus andersonii howell ( amaranthaceae ) on pinz\u00f3n island . adults of the species also were collected at light on the islands of espa\u00f1ola and pinta . coleophora darwini is similar to c . intexta . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 1330, "summary": [{"text": "the golden-tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its specific name commemorates the 5th earl of abingdon .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it belongs to a species complex that includes the knysna woodpecker to the south of its range , and the mostly allopatric mombasa woodpecker to the northeast , with which it perhaps hybridizes . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "golden - tailed woodpecker", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for golden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) yet .\ngolden tailed woodpecker , south africa . campethera abingoni stock photo : 5650411 - alamy\nfemale golden - tailed woodpecker , shamvura , namibia . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is mainly seen singly or in pairs in the wild .\ngolden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni fam . picidae ) kruger park birds & birding .\nin terms of distribution of the golden - tailed woodpecker in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas . golden - tailed woodpecker : see above distribution map .\nview all pictures of golden - tailed woodpecker view all pictures of golden - tailed woodpecker show section external links ( 0 ) we currently have no external links for this species . more\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is a smallish bird but somewhat larger than a house sparrow . the height of the golden - tailed woodpecker is about 23 cms and its weight is about 70 gms\ngolden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) is a species of bird in the picidae family .\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of golden - tailed woodpecker were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of golden - tailed woodpecker here .\ngolden - tailed woodpecker - campethera abingoni ( a . smith , 1836 ) - details - encyclopedia of life\ngolden - tailed woodpecker - campethera abingoni ( a . smith , 1836 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is mainly found in light and densely wooded forests , where there are mopane trees .\nyou will not see golden - tailed woodpecker in flocks . the bird prefers to act singly or in pairs .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park . it is however a common resident\ngolden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) a bird feeding on a palm trunk . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker ( latin name campethera abingoni ) is described in roberts birds of southern africa , 7th edition . this bird has a unique roberts number of 483 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 131 also a picture of the golden - tailed woodpecker on page 145 . the golden - tailed woodpecker belongs to the family of birds classified as picidae .\nthe golde - tailed woodpecker has a gold tinge to its lower back and tail .\ngolden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) by derek solomon from zambia xc42968 : : golden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) = recording data recordist derek solomon date 16 - 09 - 06 time 12 : 50 country zambia location south luangwa national park home longitude e31 . more\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is a southern african bird that belongs to the picidae bird family group which includes birds such as woodpeckers , wrynecks .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is monogamous unless its mate dies . in the event of a partner dying campethera abingoni will seek out a new mate\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) is a species of bird in the picidae family . it is found in angola , benin , botswana , cameroon , ce\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\n> if it ' s not an odd golden - tailed an isolated race of nubian would be more likely than an isolated race of speckle - throated ( on biogeographical grounds ) . you are quite correct that golden - tailed ( abingoni , all races ) is streaked below . don ' t pay any attention to the\ngolden tail\n, they all have this .\nsimilar to : green woodpecker . the ranges of green woodpecker and japanese green woodpecker do not overlap .\nthe description for the golden - tailed woodpecker ( latin name campethera abingoni ) can be found in the 7th edition of the roberts birds of southern africa . the campethera abingoni can be quickly identified by its unique roberts identification number of 483 and the detailed description of this bird is on page 131 . you will find a picture of the golden - tailed woodpecker on page 145 .\nthe nesting habit of golden - tailed woodpecker is to create the nest in a hole in a tree trunk . the bird lays eggs which are white in colour and number between 2 to 3\nthe golden - naped woodpecker has a yellow nape ; black back with white center streak ; black mask continuing along neck ; gray underparts with barred belly . male has red crown with yellow forehead . female has yellow crown with black arc . similar to : beautiful woodpecker . ranges of beautiful woodpecker and golden - naped woodpecker do not overlap . similar to : black - cheeked woodpecker . black - cheeked woodpecker has red nape ; golden - naped woodpecker has yellow nape .\nthe golden - olive woodpecker plain green upperparts ; barred underparts ( some subspecies yellow with no barring ) ; white cheeks continuing to nape . male has red malar . similar to : spot - breasted woodpecker . spot - breasted woodpecker has barred back ; golden - olive woodpecker lacks back barring .\npicture of the golden - tailed woodpecker has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike . original source : flickr here author : flickr user alastair rae . photo uploaded to commons by user ltshears\nthe beautiful woodpecker has a yellow nape ; black back with white center streak ; black mask continuing along neck ; barred flanks . male has red crown . female has yellow crown with black forehead . similar to : golden - naped woodpecker . ranges of beautiful woodpecker and golden - naped woodpecker do not overlap .\n1870 goldsmith colour book plate golden eagle great sea eagle small cape eagle . .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is a monogamous bird which means that the bird finds and breeds with one partner for the rest of its life . the bird lays between 2 to 3 eggs and they are coloured white .\nthere have been no changes in the common name between the roberts 6th and roberts 7th edition . there have been no changes in the latin name for the golden - tailed woodpecker between the roberts 6th and roberts 7th edition .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is a southern african bird that belongs to the picidae bird family group which includes birds such as woodpeckers , wrynecks . the description for the golden - tailed woodpecker ( latin name campethera abingoni ) can be found in the 7th edition of the roberts birds of southern africa . the campethera abingoni can be quickly identified by its unique roberts identification number of 483 and the detailed description of this bird is on page 131 . more\nsave golden olive to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is found in riparian woodlands , dry savannas , scrublands , grasslands , rural areas and parks and gardens within urban areas . they are found from sea level up to an altitude of 2 . 200 m .\nthe sooty woodpecker , mulleripicus funebris , has been split into sooty woodpecker / southern sooty - woodpecker , mulleripicus fuliginosus , and funereal woodpecker / northern sooty - woodpecker , mulleripicus funebris , based on dufort ( 2016 ) .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is known in afrikaans as goudstertspeg . this bird is very common in most of the southern african forests the golden - tailed woodpecker has a height of 23 cms and weighs around 70 gms . the head is coloured grey while the bill is coloured black . the campethera abingoni has a white coloured throat , grey legs and a yellow , green coloured back . the eyes are red brown . the male has physical features that are slightly different from the female bird . more\nthe spot - breasted woodpecker has olive barred upperparts ; yellowish underparts with spots ; black fore - crown ; red rear - crown , nape ; white face ; black throat . male has red between white of face and black of throat . similar to : golden - olive woodpecker . spot - breasted woodpecker has barred back ; golden - olive woodpecker lacks back barring .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is a monogamous bird which means that the bird finds and breeds with one partner for the rest of its life . the bird lays between 2 to 3 eggs and they are coloured white . the bird builds its nest within a tree cavity just a few meters above the ground . the hole in the tree is normally reused in the next nesting season . the golden - tailed woodpecker is mainly found in light and densely wooded forests , where there are mopane trees . more\nthe golden - fronted woodpecker has black and white barred back ; white rump ; yellowish orange nape ; golden forehead . male has red crown ; female does not . similar to : gila woodpecker , red - bellied woodpecker . the range of gila does not overlap with the other two . golden - fronted has orange - yellow nape , red - bellied has red nape . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - cheeked , hoffman ' s , ladder - backed , nuttall ' s woodpecker , red - bellied , red - cockaded , red - crowned .\nthe spot - tailed jacamar , galbula rufoviridis ( including heterogyna ) , has been split from the rufous - tailed jacamar , galbula ruficauda . there are indications that further splits might be needed . see witt ( 2004 ) .\nthe golden - green woodpecker has green upperparts ; green face with yellow stripe ; red cap , forehead ; light green underparts with darker green stripes .\nthe oliver gal artist co . 36 in . x 24 in . ' overhead golden forest ' by oliver\nthe black - cheeked woodpecker has black upperparts with white barring ; white spots on the wings and a white rump ; black tail with some white barring ; pale buff - olive underparts ; red central belly ; black patch around the eyes and on the cheeks ; yellow forehead ; red nape . similar to : golden - naped woodpecker . black - cheeked woodpecker has red nape ; golden - naped woodpecker has yellow nape .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker has a height of 23 cms and weighs around 70 gms . the head is coloured grey while the bill is coloured black . the campethera abingoni has a white coloured throat , grey legs and a yellow , green coloured back . the eyes are red brown .\n7th dec 2015 amongst others we saw woodland kingfisher at badala park pool , black crake at the palm beach hotel track , giant kingfisher and golden - tailed woodpecker at kotu creek and lesser honeyguide , bearded barbet and white - crowned robin - chat at the golf course . ( greg baker )\nthe green woodpecker has green upperparts with yellow rump ; pale yellowish underparts ; red crown , nape ; black eye patch . male has red malar ; female has black malar . similar to : grey - headed woodpecker . green woodpecker has a black eye patch ; grey - headed woodpecker does not . similar to : japanese green woodpecker . the ranges of green woodpecker and japanese green woodpecker do not overlap . similar to : levaillant ' s woodpecker . green woodpecker has a black eye patch ; levaillant ' s woodpecker does not .\nthe golden - crowned woodpecker has dull brownish - olive upperparts sometimes slightly barred ; black eye - line extends to nape ; whitish face , throat ; brown underparts with white spotting on breast and white barring on lower belly . male has small golden patch with black flecking on crown .\nthe abyssinian woodpecker has a golden yellow mantle ; bright red rump ; barred winds , tail ; pale underparts ; brown eye - line . male has red crown , nape .\nintroduction : the golden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) is another caterpillar hunter , named after the 5 th earl of abingdon ( 1784 - 1854 ) who was possibly a member of an 1834 expedition led by andrew smith , when this species was collected . they inhabit woodland , mountain forests and acacia woodland .\nthe gila woodpecker has black upperparts with white barring ; grayish - tan neck , throat , belly and head . male has small red cap head ; female does not . similar to : golden - fronted woodpecker , red - bellied woodpecker . the range of gila does not overlap with the other two . golden - fronted has orange - yellow nape , red - bellied has red nape . in all 3 species the male has a red crown , the female does not . woodpeckers with similar backs : golden - cheeked , golden - fronted , hoffman ' s , ladder - backed , nuttall ' s , red - bellied , red - cockaded , red - crowned .\nthe great slaty woodpecker has gray plumage ; pale yellow throat . it may be the largest woodpecker in the world .\nthe red - cockaded woodpecker ' s most distinguishing feature is a black cap and nape that encircle large white cheek patches . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - cheeked , golden - fronted , hoffman ' s , ladder - backed , nuttall ' s , red - bellied , red - crowned .\nthe rufous - headed woodpecker has a red head , throat ; black bib , tail ; creamy colored with black bars . male has red moustache . similar to : ringed woodpecker . ringed woodpecker has darker upperparts than rufous - headed woodpecker .\nthe red - rumped woodpecker has golden - olive upperparts ; red rump ; buff - white underparts with dark brown barring ; blackish - brown tail ; black bill . it is found from costa rica south and east to ecuador , venezuela , trinidad and tobago . similar to : little woodpecker . red - rumped woodpecker has red rump ; little woodpecker has olive rump .\nthe red - bellied woodpecker has black and white barred upperparts ; light gray on the face and underparts ; red nape and red forehead . the belly may have a red tinge . the male also has a red crown . similar to : gila woodpecker , golden - fronted woodpecker . the range of gila does not overlap with the other two . golden - fronted has orange - yellow nape , red - bellied has red nape . in all 3 species the male has a red crown , the female does not . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - cheeked , golden - fronted , hoffman ' s , ladder - backed , nuttall ' s , red - cockaded , red - crowned .\nthe grey - headed woodpecker has green upperparts with yellow rump ; pale gray underparts , head ; black moustache . male has red crown . similar to : green woodpecker . green woodpecker has a black eye patch ; grey - headed woodpecker does not .\nwhile i ? m happy that it is just a golden - tailed woodpecker , a species which i commonly see in camp , i just wanted to gauge the feeling among the other members of the group as it shows some unusual spotting on the chest and belly where one would normally expect streaking ? which is supposedly the classic id feature for this species .\nthe golden - cheeked woodpecker has black and white barred back and tail ; pale gray underparts with yellow - tinged belly ; small black eye patch ; faint yellowish wash on cheeks ; yellow forehead and nape . male has red crown patch , ; female has pale gray crown patch . the\nblack eye\nof the golden - cheeked woodpecker is unique . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - fronted , hoffman ' s , ladder - backed , nuttall ' s , red - bellied , red - cockaded , red - crowned .\nthe scale - breasted woodpecker has barred ( scaly ) chestnut upperparts and breast ; chestnut head ; yellowish - brown flanks ; light eye - rings . similar to : chestnut woodpecker . scale - breasted woodpecker has\nscales\n; chesnut woodpecker is not barred .\ndistribution of golden - tailed woodpecker in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nthe ladder - backed woodpecker has a black and white barred back . the spacing of the bars is wide , resembling a ladder . it has cream colored underparts with spotted flanks . males have red cap . similar to : nuttall ' s woodpecker . nutthall ' s woodpecker has more black on the cheek . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - cheeked , golden - fronted , hoffman ' s , nuttall ' s , red - bellied , red - cockaded , red - crowned .\nthe cinnamon woodpecker has ( cinnamon ) rufous upperparts with thin black chevrons ; cinnamon crest ; light underparts with black chevrons ; pale yellow bill . it is found in colombia , costa rica , ecuador , nicaragua , and panama . similar to : chestnut - colored woodpecker . chestnut - colored woodpecker has dark upperparts and underparts ; cinnamon woodpecker has dark upperparts , lighter underparts . similar to : waved woodpecker . waved woodpecker has bolder bars on its back than does the cinnamon woodpecker .\nthe red - crowned woodpecker has black and white barred upperparts ; white rump ; pale buff underparts ; red nape . male has a red crown ; female has buff crown . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - cheeked , golden - fronted , hoffman ' s , ladder - backed , nuttall ' s , red - bellied , red - cockaded .\nthe white - headed woodpecker has a black body ; white head , white primarary feathers . male has red spot at back of head . similar to : acorn woodpecker . acorn woodpecker has black around base of bill ; white - headed woodpecker has a white face and throat .\nthe pale - billed woodpecker has red crest ; black upperparts ; white lines along side of neck ; white underparts barred with gray . male has red forehead and throat ; female has black forehead and throat . similar to : lineated woodpecker . pale - billed woodpecker is larger than lineated woodpecker . lineated woodpecker has white line from base of bill to neck .\nthe chestnut woodpecker has mainly chestnut plumage ; yellow rump , flanks ; black tail ; light yellow bill ; light eye - rings . male has a red malar stripe . similar to : scale - breasted woodpecker . scale - breasted woodpecker has\nscales\n; chesnut woodpecker is not barred .\nthe yellow - eared woodpecker has dark olive upperparts with mottling ; whitish underparts with gray bars ; yellowish nape ( yellow - eared is misnomer ) ; dark face . similar to : white - spotted woodpecker . yellow - eared woodpecker has yellowish nape ; white - spotted woodpecker has dark nape .\nthe ringed woodpecker has cinnamon head , neck ; light chestnut upperparts with blackish bars , tail ; black breast ; black back on one subspecies ; lower belly light cinnamon . male has red malar streak . similar to : rufous - headed woodpecker . ringed woodpecker has darker upperparts than rufous - headed woodpecker .\nthe blood - colored woodpecker has crimson upperparts , nape ; crimson ( male ) or brown ( female ) crown ; white underparts with gray - brown barring . similar to : red - stained woodpecker . the blood - colored woodpecker has more red on the upperparts than does the red - stained woodpecker .\nthe hoffman ' s woodpecker has black and white barred upperparts ; white rump ; pale buff - gray underparts with a yellow central belly patch ; white forehead ; yellow nape . the male has red crown ; female white crown . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - cheeked , golden - fronted , ladder - backed , nuttall ' s , red - bellied , red - cockaded , red - crowned .\nmoore et al . ( 2011 ) provided evidence that the bronze - winged woodpecker , colaptes aeruginosus , of ne mexico is sister to the gray - crowned woodpecker , colaptes auricularis , rather than being a subspecies of the golden - olive woodpecker , colaptes rubiginosus ( which itself is sister to black - necked woodpecker , colaptes atricollis ) . further , from dufort ( 2016 ) , it seems that the bronze - winged woodpecker also includes the subspecies yucatanensis . as a result , it takes the scientific name colaptes yucatanensis as yucatanensis ( s . cabot , 1844 ) has priority over aeruginosus ( malherbe , 1862 ) . these two taxa may be separate species , but more study is need here and elsewhere in the golden - olive complex .\nthe striped woodpecker has black upperparts with white barring ; black forehead , nape ; red hind - crown ( male ) ; white face with black eye - patch , malar stripe ; white underparts with black bars and streaks . similar to : checked woodpecker . striped woodpecker is larger than checked woodpecker and has bolder underparts .\nthe nuttall ' s woodpecker has black and white barred upperparts with an unbarred region at top of back ; black forehead with white stripes on the sides ; white throat and upper breast with the rest of the underparts having faint spots and bars . the male red area at back of the head . similar to : ladder - backed woodpecker . nutthall ' s woodpecker has more black on the cheek . woodpeckers with similar backs : gila , golden - cheeked , golden - fronted , hoffman ' s , ladder - backed , red - bellied , red - cockaded , red - crowned .\nas recommended by benz and robbins ( 2011 ) , i ' ve split ochre - backed woodpecker , celeus ochraceus , from blond - crested woodpecker , celeus flavescens .\ncampephilini : ivory - billed woodpecker , campephilus principalis has been split into american ivory - billed woodpecker , campephilus principalis , and cuban ivory - billed woodpecker , campephilus bairdii , based on fleischer et al . ( 2007 ) and dufort ( 2016 ) .\nthe cirmson - crested woodpecker has black upperparts ; red crest ; white lines running down the sides of the black throat and shoulders , which meet in a v on the back ; white underparts barred with black . adult females have white line from base of bill that connects with the white line on throat . in adult males the white line is not is not continuous ; instead there is a white above base of bill and white spot on cheek . female has black forehead . similar to : guayaquil woodpecker . male crimson - crested woodpecker has white above base of bill ; male guayaquil woodpecker has red above base of bill . female crimson - crested woodpecker has black forehead ; female guayaquil woodpecker has red forehead . similar to : lineated woodpecker . crimson - crested woodpecker has white lines on the back that form a v ; lineated woodpecker has parallel white lines on the back . similar to : powerful woodpecker . crimson - crested woodpecker has white underparts with black bars ; powerful woodpecker has black underparts .\nthe checkered woodpecker has black - and - white checkered upperparts ; black crown with white dots ; black nape ; white face with black eye - line ; whitish underparts with fine dark streaks . male has red spot at back of head . similar to : stiped woodpecker . striped woodpecker is larger than checked woodpecker and has bolder underparts .\nlewis ' s woodpecker can be identified by its dark head and red face . its flight is slow and even , more like a crow than a typical woodpecker flight .\nthe lita woodpecker has a large yellow facial patch . male has red crown pathc .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is a species of bird in the picidae family . it is found in angola , benin , botswana , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , kenya , malawi , mali , mauritania , mozambique , namibia , rwanda , senegal , south africa , sudan , swaziland , tanzania , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe .\nin the golden - tailed woodpecker , the male has a red top to the head , with the forehead spotted with small black spots . the female has the forehead and mid - crown spotted white on black , and the hindcrown and nape is red . . this species has a small moustachial stripe from the base of the bill back towards the side of the neck - that of the male being dark red , and the females is black with fine white spots . more\nwinkler , h . , christie , d . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . golden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe crimson - bellied woodpecker has black upperparts ; red creasted head ; red underparts ; off - white face with black eye - line ; off - white above base of bill . similar to : red - necked woodpecker . crimson - bellied woodpecker has off - white face with black eye - line ; red - necked woodpecker has red face .\nthe chestnut - colored woodpecker has mainly dark rufous plumage with black chevrons ; a lighter chestnut head ; pale yellow bill . similar to : cinnamon woodpecke r . chestnut - colored woodpecker has dark upperparts and underparts ; cinnamon woodpecker has dark upperparts , lighter underparts .\n2 spotted honeyguide , 1 greater honeyguide , 1 bronze - tailed starling coming to the drinking bowls . a short walk along the river to another roost brought african scops owl and 2 northern puffback ( martyn hnatiuk )\nthe blond - crested woodpecker has a blond head with long crest ; yellow throat ; black upperparts with white edging ; black underparts . male has a red malar stripe . similar to : pale - crested woodpecker . female pale - crested woodpecker has brown malar stripe ; female blond - crested woodpecker has negligble malar stripe . differentiating between males is problematic .\nthe lineated woodpecker has black upperparts ; white lines from base of bill continuning down the neck and then vertically down the back ( birds from southeastern part of range sometimes lack the lines on the back ) ; white underparts barred with black , red crest . bill usually black but may be pale . males have red line from bill to throat and red forehead . in adult females , these features are black . similar to : crimson - crested woodpecker . crimson - crested woodpecker has white lines on the back that form a v ; lineated woodpecker has parallel white lines on the back . similar to : pale - billed woodpecker . pale - billed woodpecker is larger than lineated woodpecker . lineated woodpecker has white line from base of bill to neck . similar to : pileated woodpecker . their ranges do not overlap .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) is a species of bird in the picidae family . it is found in angola , benin , botswana , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , kenya , malawi , mali , mauritania , mozambique , namibia , rwanda , senegal , south africa , sudan , swaziland , tanzania , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe . more\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker ( campethera abingoni ) is a species of bird in the picidae family . it is found in angola , benin , botswana , cameroon , central african republic , chad , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , kenya , malawi , mali , mauritania , mozambique , namibia , rwanda , senegal , south africa , south sudan , swaziland , tanzania , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe .\nthe white - winged woodpecker has white wings , face , underparts ; rest is black .\nthe streak - breasted woodpecker is found in malaysia , myanmar , thailand and perhaps bangladesh .\nthe red - necked woodpecker has a red head , neck , underparts . the male has a white ear spot with black . female has white at base of bill . rest of plumage is black . similar to : crimson - bellied woodpecker . crimson - bellied woodpecker has off - white face with black eye - line ; red - necked woodpecker has red face .\nthe sooty woodpecker is also spit into two species : northern sooty woodpecker ( mulleripicus funebris ) and southern sooty woodpecker ( mulleripicus fuliginosus ) , northern found in : luzon , marinduque , catanduanes and the polillo island . southern found in : mindanao , leyte , biliran and samar .\nthe black woodpecker is a crow - sized woodpecker . it is entirely black apart from a red crown . in males , the entire crown is red , but in females only the top hind - crown is red . similar to : white - bellied woodpecker . the black wooedpecker is all black except for red crown ; white - bellied woodpecker has some white on it .\nthe little woodpecker has yellowish green upperparts with a few light - colored shoulder spots ; off - white underparts with gray barring ; gray crown ( males of some subspecies have red rear - crown and nape ) . it is found east of the andes . similar to : red - rumped woodpecker . red - rumped woodpecker has red rump ; little woodpecker has olive rump .\nmelanerpini : garc\u00eda - trejo et al . ( 2009 ) found that the northern subspecies of the golden - fronted woodpecker , melanerpes aurifrons , is more closely related to the red - bellied woodpecker , melanerpes carolinus , than to other golden - fronted races . accordingly , they recommend splitting the other races as the tropical melanerpes santacruzi , known as velasquez ' s woodpecker . it is possible that further splitting will be needed . the names lesson ' s woodpecker and truxillo woodpecker have been applied to some of the other tropical races . i had previously arranged the centurus woodpeckers based on their work . navarro - sig\u00fcenza et al . \\ ( 2017 ) have recently taken another look at the complex , using more genes . the current arrangement , as well as the recognition of centurus ( swainson , 1837 , type carolinus ) is based on navarro - sig\u00fcenza et al .\nthe wave woodpecker has cinnamon upperparts with bold wavy dark bars ; cinnamon head , neck have faint bars ; small crest ; lighter cinnamon underparts with black bars . male has red malar stripe . it is found in brazil , french guiana , guyana , suriname , venezuela . similar to : cinnamon woodpecker . waved woodpecker has bolder bars on its back than does the cinnamon woodpecker .\nthe black - bodied woodpecker has mainly black plumage ; broad white neck stripe ; red crest .\nthe downy woodpecker has mainly black upperparts with white in the center of the back ; white underparts ; white spotting on the wings ; white streak above and below the eye ; black eye - line . the male has red spot on back of the head . similar to hairy woodpecker . downy woodpecker has shorter bill than hairy woodpecker . hairy woodpeckers are considerably larger than downy woodpeckers .\nthe hairy woodpecker has mainly black upperparts with white in the center of the back ; white underparts ; white spotting on the wings ; white streak above and below the eye ; black eye - line . the male has red spot on back of the head . similar to downy woodpecker . downy woodpecker has shorter bill than hairy woodpecker . hairy woodpeckers are considerably larger than downy woodpeckers .\nthe levaillant ' s woodpecker has green upperparts ; lighter yellowish - green underparts ; crimson nape ; crimson ( male ) or black ( female ) crown ; black moustache ; yellow rump ; gray bill , feet . it is found im s morocco , algeria and tunisia . similar to : green woodpecker . green woodpecker has a black eye patch ; levaillant ' s woodpecker does not .\nthe great spotted woodpecker has black upperparts and crown ; large white shoulder patch ; white forehead , cheeks , breast , and upper belly ; reddish lower belly and undertail coverts ; black bill ; greenish gray legs . there is a black x shaped pattern on the side of the head that extends toward the chest . males have red spot on the nape . similar to : syrian woodpecker . great spotted woodpecker has bold black pattern in side of head ; syrian woodpecker has much less face markings . similar to : white - winged woodpecker . white - winged woodpecker more extensive white wing patch .\nthe american three - toed woodpecker has 3 toes versus the normal 4 for most woodpeckers . it has black back , wings , and rump ; black and white barred flanks with emphasis on the white ; white throat and belly ; white eye - ring continuing as white line to the back . the male has a yellow cap . similar to : black - backed woodpecker . both are three - toed . the three - toed woodpecker has some white on its back , the black - backed woodpecker does not . similar to : eurasian three - toed woodpecker . the american three - toed woodpecker and eurasian three - towed woodpecker were once consider one species . their ranges do not over lap .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is fairly common in sub - saharan africa , preferring riparian , miombo and mopane woodland . it mainly forages in trees , tapping and probing branches , looking for insects , licking them up with its barbed tongue . both sexes excavate the nest , which is usually a hole in the underside of a tree branch . here it lays 2 - 3 eggs , which are incubated by both sexes for about 13 days . the chicks are cared for by both parents , eventually leaving the nest after about 22 - 25 days . more\nthe robust woodpecker has red head , throat , neck ; white underparts barred with black . there is no white line on neck . the male has a light ear spot with black ; female has white malar stripe . it is found in argentina , brazil , paraguay . similar to : cream - backed woodpecker . cream - backed woodpecker has wider light colored stripe on back than does the robust woodpecker .\nthe yellow - tufted woodpecker has black upperparts , cap ; bold yellow eye - ring and arc .\nthe rufous - winge woodpecker has olive - green upperparts ; inconspicuous rufous on wings ; barred underparts .\nthe black - headed woodpecker is found in cambodia , laos , myanmar , thailand , and vietnam .\ngolden ripple xrp coin isolated on black background golden ripple xrp coin isolated on black background dalmatian pelican perched on a log looking at the camera blackbuck or indian antelope resting on the ground . dalmatian pelican perched on a log emerging from the water dalmatian pelican perched on a log cleaning its feathers snow leopard walking in the forest in the summer season frontal view of a amur tiger in the forest closeup view of a amur tiger in the forest\nthe gilded flicker most frequently nests in the saguaro cactus . similar to : red - shafted flicker . gilded flicker has golden underwings versus red underwings for the red - shafted flicker . gilded flicker has brighter cinnamon crown .\nthe acorn woodpecker has black back , wings , and tail ; black patch around the bill ; black eye patch ; white cheeks , throat , and forehead ; red crown . the female has black between the red crown and white forehead ; the male does not . similar to : white - headed woodpecker . acorn woodpecker has black around base of bill ; white - headed woodpecker has a white face and throat .\nthe cream - backed woodpecker has black upperparts with large cream colored stripe on back ; red head . male has black - and - white ear spot . female has black forehead ; black forecrest ; white malar stripe . it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay , and uruguay . similar to : robust woodpecker . cream - backed woodpecker has wider light colored stripe on back than does the robust woodpecker .\nthe pale - crested woodpecker has a pale - yellow crested head ; dark brown or black upperparts with yellow bars ; dark brown underparts with some barring . male has red malar stripe ; female has brown malar stripe which extends onto face . similar to : blond - crested woodpecker . female pale - crested woodpecker has brown malar stripe ; female blond - crested woodpecker has negligble malar stripe . differentiating between males is problematic .\nthe red - stained woodpecker has olive upperparts with red - tinged wing coverts ; dark crown ; dirty yellowish face ; yellowish nape with some red ; light underparts with dark brown barring . it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela . similar to : blood - colored woodpecker . the blood - colored woodpecker has more red on the upperparts than does the red - stained woodpecker .\nthe gray woodpecker has gray head , underparts ; green upperparts ; red rump . male has red crown .\nthe golden - tailed woodpecker is fairly common in sub - saharan africa , preferring riparian , miombo and mopane woodland . it mainly forages in trees , tapping and probing branches , looking for insects and licking them up with its barbed tongue . both sexes excavate the nest , which is usually a hole in the underside of a tree branch . here it lays 2 - 3 eggs , which are incubated by both sexes for about 13 days . the chicks are cared for by both parents , eventually leaving the nest after about 22 - 25 days . they become fully independent a few weeks after fledging .\nthe guayaquil woodpecker has black upperparts ; red crest ; white lines running down the sides of the black throat and shoulders , which meet in a v on the back ; white underparts barred with black . adult females have white line from base of bill that connects with the white line on throat . in adult males the white line is not is not continuous ; instead there is a white spot on cheek . similar to : crimson - crested woodpecker . male crimson - crested woodpecker has white above base of bill ; male guayaquil woodpecker has red above base of bill . female crimson - crested woodpecker has black forehead ; female guayaquil woodpecker has red forehead .\nthe black - backed woodpecker has 3 toes versus the normal 4 for most woodpeckers . it has black upperparts ; black face with white stripe ; white underparts ; black and white barred flanks with emphasis on the white . the male has a yellow cap . similar to : three - toed woodpecker . both are three - toed . the three - toed woodpecker has some white on its back , the black - backed woodpecker does not .\nthe rufous - bellied woodpecker has rufous underparts ; rufous head with white face ; white - barred black upperparts .\nthe white - bellied woodpecker has many subspecies of varying appearance . all have mainly black plumage ; red crown ; white on some of the underparts . some have white on face or throat . similar to : black woodpecker . the black wooedpecker is all black except for red crown ; white - bellied woodpecker has some white on it .\nthe black - and - buff woodpecker is found in cambodia , laos , myanmar , thailand , and vietnam .\nthe stripe - cheeked woodpecker has olive - green upperparts ; off - white cheek stripe ; white spotted underparts .\nthe checker - throated woodpecker is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , and thailand .\nthe crimson - winged woodpecker is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , and thailand .\nthe powerful woodpecker has white lines running from the base of the bill , down the sides of the throat and shoulders , and meeting in a v on the back . the rest of the plumage is black , except the male has a red crest . it is found in colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela . similar to : crimson - crested woodpecker . crimson - crested woodpecker has white underparts with black bars ; powerful woodpecker has black underparts .\ndescription : yellow colouring in shafts of flight feathers and tail , small to medium - sized with greenish back woodpecker .\nin addition to the other goodies on show in camp today was a campethera woodpecker sp . , see images attached .\nthe black - necked woodpecker has a black neck , upper breast , and forehead ; white cheeks continuing to nape .\nthe campo flicker has black upperparts barred white ; yellowish golden ear - coverts , neck , and breast ; whitish belly thinly barred ; black top of head and nape ; black or white throat depending on subspecies . male has reddish tinge to malar .\nthe white - spotted woodpecker has olive upperparts with yellowish markings ; black slightly streaked with white throat and neck ; black and white barred underparts ; light curvy line above and below the eye ; dark brown forehead . male forehead has red streaks ; female forehead has white streaks . it is found in argentina , brazil , paraguay , and uruguay . similar to : yellow - eared woodpecker . yellow - eared woodpecker has yellowish nape ; white - spotted woodpecker has dark nape .\n11th dec 2015 we found this site to be rather disappointing with few raptors on show . we did see african hawk - eagle and dark - chanting goshawk plus a flushed black - bellied bustard , swallow - tailed bee - eater , senegal batis senegal eremomela and pygmy sunbird but had expected more . nearby , a walk along a track across fields near sotokoi produced an overhead european honey buzzard , a gabar goshawk , african golden orioles , pied - winged swallows , singing and whistling cisticolas , and red - winged warbler . ( greg baker )\nthe eurasian three - toed woodpecker has 3 toes versus the normal 4 for most woodpeckers . it has black on the head , wings , rump ; white underparts ; black and white barred flanks with emphasis on the white ; white in the center of the back . the male has a yellow cap . similar to : american three - toed woodpecker . the american three - toed woodpecker and eurasian three - towed woodpecker were once consider one species . their ranges do not over lap .\nthe stripe - breasted woodpecker is found in bhutan , china , india , laos , myanmar , thailand , and vietnam .\nthe gray - and - buff woodpecker is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , and thailand .\nthe red - headed woodpecker has black upper back , tail ; red head , neck ; white lower back , belly .\nthe white - naped woodpecker has a white nape that extends down the back ; black eye - line extends down neck continuing down the back creating a v - shaped border of the white ; golden remaining upperparts , wings ; black tail , rump ; white underparts with black chevrons . there is white above the black eye - line . male has red crown ; female has yellow crown .\nthe cream - colored woodpecker has mainly creamy yellow plumage ; darker wingtips ; black tail . male has dark ring around eyes .\nthe heart - spotted woodpecker has black and white plumage . male has black forehead , crown ; they are buffy in female .\nthe gray - crowned woodpecker has a gray crown , nape ; olive upperparts ; light underparts with barring . male has red malar .\nthe pileated woodpecker has black upperparts and lowerparts ; white throat and neck ; black line on nape ; black eye - line . the male has red stripe above the chin ; female has black stripe . similar to : lineated woodpecker . their ranges do not overlap .\nthe laced woodpecker is found in cambodia , indonesia , laos , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , thailand , vietnam and perhaps bangladesh .\nthe syrian woodpecker has black upperparts and crown ; large white shoulder patch ; white forehead , cheeks , breast , and upper belly ; reddish lower belly and undertail coverts ; black bill ; greenish gray legs . there is a diagonal black line from base of bill to nape . male has crimson spot on nape , black crown . female has crimson crown , does not have crimson spot on nape . similar to : great spotted woodpecker . great spotted woodpecker has bold black pattern in side of head ; syrian woodpecker has much less face markings .\nthe magellanic woodpecker has dark bill ; black body with white secondaries . male has red head . female has black head with impressive crest .\nthe green - barred woodpecker has dark brown back barred white with some yellowish - green tinge ; black crown and forehead ; red nape .\nthe west indian woodpecker has black and white barred upperparts ; pale buff breast ; reddish belly ; red nape . male has red crown .\nthe arizona woodpecker has a brown back ; white underparts with black spots ; mainly white nape ; dark eye patch with white area above ; red crown , nape . female is duller than male . similar to : strickland ' s woodpecker . they used to be consider one species .\nfeb 2017 regular pygmy kingfishers coming to the drinking pots at the entrance , and the guides will find you roosting long - tailed and standard - winged nightjars within three minutes of the entrance \u2013 in each case , you can approach to within four or five feet . there are also roosting verreaux\u2019s eagle owls to be seen ( giles pepler ) .\nthe kaempher ' s woodpecker has buff upperparts ; wing coverts barred with black ; black upper - breast , tail . male has red malar .\nthe crimson - breasted woodpecker is found in bangladesh , bhutan , china , india , laos , myanmar , nepal , thailand , and vietnam .\nthe white woodpecker has white head , underparts with black undertail coverts ; black back ; yellow eye patch ; black line behind eye extending to back .\nthe iberian green woodpecker , picus sharpei , has been split from the european green - woodpecker , picus viridis , based on perktas et al . ( 2011 ) and pons et al . ( 2011 ) . the tif list tries to use the biological species concept when possible . as pointed out by perktas et al . , the case for biological species status for the zagros green - woodpecker remains weak , so it remains a subspecies , picus viridis innominatus .\n25th march 2013 we spent a whole day here from dawn till dusk , seeing 101 species - despite spending six hours drinking beer , spinning yarns and eating a wonderful goat curry with colin cross , the warden at the bird observatory ! highlights were 1 african crake , african green pigeons , 12 yellow wagtails ( of at least two races ) , grey - headed kingfisher , senegal eremomela , african golden oriole , tawny eagle , little bittern , splendid glossy starlings , black - headed bush - shrike , lavender waxbills , orange - cheeked waxbills , black crakes , purple gallinules , grey kestrel , long - tailed nightjars , african hobby , yellow - billed oxpeckers , common snipe etc . ( david bowman )\nthe brown - capped woodpecker has white - barred brown upperparts ; brown cap , eye - line ; white underparts with faint brown streaks ; white supercilium .\nthe little gray woodpecker has grayish - brown upperparts with white barring ; red rump ; brown head . male only has red hind - crown , nape .\nthe yellow - throated woodpecker has green upperparts ; green and white underparts ; red crown , forehead , nape , malar region ; yellow face , throat .\nthe gabon woodpecker has plain green upperparts ; darker plain tail ; yellowish underparts with black spots ; brownish crown . male has red hind - crown , nape .\nthe common flameback has a golden back ; black eyes - line joined to black rear neck stripe ; long black moustachial stripes ; black - scaled white underparts ; red rump contrasting , black tail . male has red crown , female black crown . similar to : greater flameback . common flameback has bold moustachial stripes ; greater flameback does not .\nbased on fuch et al . ( 2017 ) , i have split fine - banded woodpecker , geocolaptes taeniolaema , ( including hausburgi ) from tullberg ' s woodpecker , geocolaptes tullbergi . fuchs et al . ( 2017 ) have noted some other possible splits , but i find those splits less compelling in the absence of closer study .\nthe helmeted woodpecker has mainly brown - black upperparts ; cream lower back ; cream underparts with black barring ; cinnamon colored head brightening to red on crown , crest .\nthe streak - cheeked woodpecker has olive - green upperparts ; scaly off - white underparts ; yellowish rump ; red ( male ) or blackish ( female ) crown .\nthe okinawa woodpecker has mainly dark brown upperparts ; white spots on primaries ; paler head . male has dark - red crown ; female has blackish - brown crown .\nthe scaly - bellied woodpecker ( picus squamatus ) is a species of bird in the picidae family . it is found in the indian subcontinent and adjoining reg\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nthe middle - spotted woodpecker has black upperparts ; large white shoulder patch ; white cheeks and underparts ; red crown ; diagonal black line from nape to top of breast .\nthe hispaniolan woodpecker has black upperparts with yellow - green bars ; black tail ; red nape ; red ( male ) or black ( female ) crown ; olive underparts .\nthe strickland ' s woodpecker has brown on top with a dark rump ; white underparts speckled with many brown spots ; usually three white bars ; two white stripes across their face which join with another white bar on their neck . male has red patch on nape . similar to : arizona woodpecker . they used to be consider one species .\nthe puerto rican woodpecker has black upperparts ; red throat and breast ; tangerine flanks and belly . the male ' s throat and breast are brighter than the female ' s .\nthe rufous woodpecker has rufous plumage ; fine black barring on upperparts ; dark eye - stripe ; small and slightly curved bill . males has small red patches a the eyes .\nthe black - rumped flameback ' s golden yellow wing coverts are distinctive . it has a black rump ; white underparts with dark chevron markings ; black throat and nape ; black eye - line ; gray eye patch . nale has red crown ; female has black crown . similar to : greater flameback . greater flameback has white throat ; black - rumped flameback has black throat .\n5th dec 2015 unfortunately this area is apparently destined to be obliterated by the building of a new sports stadium ; there is already a huge track through the middle of the woods . we did manage to see the regular roosting verreaux ' s eagle owls and long - tailed nightjar . open habitat near the parking area produced african cuckoo , 3 pearl - spotted owlets , a violet turaco , northern black flycatcher , western violet - backed sunbird and african golden oriole plus a pair of lanner falcons and an african hobby overhead . the woods themselves were not very productive , with northern puffback , northern crombec , red - bellied paradise - flycatcher and little weaver the best birds seen , and the drinking pots at the woodland bar were very quiet ( although a large cobra had been seen here just before we arrived ) ."]}
{"id": 1331, "summary": [{"text": "thesaurica argentifera is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are brown and yellow , with scattered dark grey and white spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "thesaurica argentifera", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about thesaurica argentifera ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thesaurica argentifera ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthe adults are brown and yellow , with the forewings having scattered dark grey and white spots . the hindwings are dark grey . the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nseries 8 , volume 11 ( 1913 ) , p . 325 , no . 6a .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhampson , sir g . f . 1913 ,\ndescriptions of new species of pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae .\n, annals and magazine of natural history , zoology , botany , geology , ser . 8 , vol . 11 , pp . 322 - 342 & 509 - 530\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 03535197 - f20a - 46c6 - 9578 - 9b32ce1e465d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d3bf5947 - 2f66 - 4f77 - b010 - 195e8f005c09\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : da59b722 - ba76 - 4b38 - ab21 - bc45634578af\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7e1234de - f60c - 4089 - 81ab - d1ad71d801ab\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 419089\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nsameodes notodontalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 175 ; tl : sandakan , borneo\nnoorda accensalis swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 507 ; tl : siam , muok - lek\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nswinhoe , 1903 new species of eastern and african lepidoptera ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 499 - 511\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1333, "summary": [{"text": "the square-spotted clay ( xestia stigmatica ) is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , transcaucasia , caucasus , kazachstan , northern turkey and northern iran .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 37 \u2013 44 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "distinguished from other xestia by the broad forewing coloured greyish dark brown ( sometimes purple-tinted ) and the irregular broad dark band between the wavy line and the outer cross line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from in august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on a variety of plants such as rubus fruticosus , urtica dioica , prunus spinosa , primula and betula . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "xestia stigmatica", "paragraphs": ["square - spotted clay ( xestia stigmatica ) ( = xestia rhomboidea ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .\nxestia ( megasema ) triangulum ( hufnagel , 1766 ) = xestia rhomboidea esper , 1790 = phalaena triangulum hufnagel , 1766 = intermedia tutt , 1892 = obscurior s\u00e4lzl , 1928 = xestia ( megasema ) triangulum .\na local and elusive species , with a scattered distribution mainly in the south of england , but also with some localities in northern england , wales and scotland .\nthe caterpillar has only recently been found in britain for the first time in the wild . the actual foodplants are not yet fully understood , but are probably a variety of plants such as bramble (\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 01 : 47 : 57 page render time : 0 . 4340s total w / procache : 0 . 4724s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwidespread but local , the brecklands of norfolk and suffolk being one of its key national strongholds .\nbroadleaved woodland on chalk , gravel or clay , hedgerows , heathland , scrub .\none little known way of finding this species is to search for the adult at the flowers of burdock after dark .\nrecorded in 48 ( 70 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe larva lives on a variety of herbaceous plants and grasses , after hibernation also on arboreous plants . hibernates as a small larva and pupates in a cocoon in the earth .\nthe adults fly in one generation a year ; from early july till late august . they come to light and sugar .\nbelgium , namur , wavreille , 03 august 2007 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nthe galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .\nif needed , after selecting from the menu below , click on the small arrow beside the group entry to see a submenu of families .\nbagworth & thornton barlestone barwell blaby bottesford braunstone broughton astley burbage burton on the wolds cadeby carlton clawson , hose and harby cotes desford earl shilton glen parva glenfield great glen groby hathern higham on the hill hugglescote and donington l . . . kibworth knighton ward market bosworth markfield nailstone newbold verdon osbaston osgathorpe peckleton prestwold quorndon ratby sapcote shackerstone sheepy stanton - under - bardon stoke golding sutton cheney thurlaston twycross welham witherley woodhouse wymeswold go\nalbania , austria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\naustria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , greece , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , norway , poland , romania , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part of france , the czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , krasnoyarsk , prealtay , of baikal , mid - volzhsky , average - uralsky , sredneobskaya , tuva , south west siberian , south ural .\nalbania , andorra , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania luxembourg , moldova , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , russia , romania , northern ireland , sicily , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe left pane presents a taxonomic list of taxa at ranks below family and above species .\nthe list only shows taxa that have matching specimens available in the digitized research collection ."]}
{"id": 1334, "summary": [{"text": "hypocrisias minima , the least hypocrisias , is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in mexico , southern arizona , new mexico , and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 31 \u2013 33 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on viguiera dentata . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hypocrisias minima", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nmiller canyon , huachuca mountains , cochise county , arizona , usa size : forewing length 18 mm .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nthank you again - you obviously know caterpillars . i don ' t think i have seen the adults of this one .\nholland , w . j . 1915 . the moth book . doubleday , page & company .\nneumoegen , b . 1883 . description of interesting new species of heterocera from all parts of our continent . papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) : 138\nthe moth book w . j . holland . 1922 . doubleday , page & company .\ncontributed by john and jane balaban on 11 november , 2007 - 1 : 41pm additional contributions by ron m . , randy hardy last updated 27 april , 2013 - 5 : 13pm"]}
{"id": 1336, "summary": [{"text": "sandgropers are wholly subterranean larviform insects of the family cylindrachetidae that may grow up to 7 cm ( 3 in ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "three genera are currently recognised : cylindracheta , cylindraustralia and cylindroryctes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "like many subterranean animals , little is known about their habits and diet , but western australian farmers have blamed them for substantial crop losses .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "sandgropers were once thought to be degenerate mole crickets , but they are now known to be more closely related to grasshoppers and locusts , and have been given their own family .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "although widely believed to be herbivorous , some have been found with animal remains in their gut . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "sandgroper ( insect )", "paragraphs": ["the sandgroper is a subterranean insect , but also a nickname for an inhabitant or native of western australia .\nrarely seen sandgroper from australia lives underground and swims through sand with amazing front claws .\nsandgroper at western australian museum image by glendillon - some rights reserved . ( view image details )\nthere was also the cutsie 1970s channel 7 interpretation sunny sandgroper if he makes you feel any better .\ngryllotalpa is a genus of insect known by the common known of mole cricket . they area stocky insect with cylindrical body and strong forelegs designed for digging . they do not have strong hindlegs for jumping like typical grasshoppers and crickets . . . click to continue >\nthe flying sandgroper was born and incorporating existing commercial flights , domestic bus routes was the key to solve the pilbara riddle .\nthe sandgroper is an unusual insect , related to grasshoppers , that spends most of its life underground . their bodies are long and cylindrical and well adapted to burrowing with short powerful flattened front legs for digging . they are wingless and . . . click to continue >\nladybirds are one of the first types of insect most children learn to recognise . most people recognise these beetles straight away with thei . . .\njust sitting around having a beveridge and we realized that none of us have seen a sandgroper . why is it our unofficial mascot ?\na lot of people think that a ' sandgroper ' just refers to people . it ' s not so . meet the genuine article .\nthe insect world is full of drama , one of the major attractions for entomologists and naturalists and wildlife photographers . among the more rarely - witness . . .\nproud to say that after 20 years , i do consider myself a sandgroper now though . no real intention to move to\nthe yeast\n: )\nthe flying sandgroper adventure tours and travel is a commercial tourist operator servicing karijini national park and ningaloo marine park . our office is located in tom price .\nappears that the earliest was someone complaining about the state of the footpaths on wellington street , in a letter to the editor in 1892 , who signed it sandgroper .\nsandgroper , mare\u2019s milk actually has a higher lactose content than cow\u2019s milk ( in this respect being rather similar to human milk ) \u2014 though lower fat and protein .\nrichards , k . t . ( 1980 ) . the sandgroper - a sometimes not so friendly western australian . journal of agriculture western australia 21 ( 2 ) : 52 - 53 .\nafter the race , damien oliver added to an already magnificent occasion for david mueller by spending some time with his fellow sandgroper and giving mueller the jockey\u2032s trophy from the race as a memento .\nbai , m . , r . g . beutel , k . - d . klass , w . zhang , x . yang & b . wipfler . 2016 . alienoptera\u2014a new insect order in the roach - mantodean twilight zone .\nsandgropers ( western australia ) this is one term that all aussies seem to know , an inhabitant of western australia is called a sandgroper . but why ? the sandgroper is a small a native insect found in western australia , that burrows in the sand , so it may be named after that . however another theory written in 1945 is that it \u201coriginated with the \u2018tothersiders who flocked to the western colony in the early nineties in search of gold . perhaps the idea suggested itself to them because of the sandy wastes which constituted suburban fremantle and perth half a century or more ago . anyhow , they wrote back to their relatives in the east ( possibly to engage their sympathy ) describing western australia as a land of sand , sin , sorrow and sore eyes . is there anything to wonder at that \u201csandgroper\u201d seemed to them appropriate as a description of the denizens of this colony ? \u201d see more here .\nthe second tbm , which will begin work in september , has been named sandy - suggested by high wycombe primary school year 4 student sarah spratt . sarah was inspired after finding a sandgroper in her backyard , as the local insect ( which is also a colloquial name for western australians ) is ' excellent at tunnelling , just like the tbm ' . tbm sandy will be decorated with artwork by rossmoyne primary school year 5 students faith brand and jood al jashammi .\n( if you ' re confused about the date , it reflects the difference between the online and print publication ) . this was a very odd little insect : a flattened and wingless yet long - legged animal with long antennae . the most distinctive feature of\ngood question , sandgroper . i don\u2019t know how far these figures can be trusted , but it seems that koumiss has 55 g / kg lactose whereas ( unfermented ) cow\u2019s milk has 46 g / kg lactose ( from here and here respectively .\none of the less savoury aspects of mole crickets is that they squirt a foul smelling brown liquid from anal glands when handled . one of the introduced species ( pictured lower right ) also produces a clear viscous substance from its hind end that would probably serve to entangle potential spider or insect predators .\nhouston , t . f . ( 2007a ) . observations of the biology and immature stages of the sandgroper cylindraustralia kochii ( saussure ) , with notes on some congeners ( orthoptera : cylindrachetidae ) . records of the western australian museum 23 ( 3 ) : 219 - 234 .\nis its head , which is globular with great bulging eyes and placed on a narrow neck . poinar & brown suggest that it may have made its living hunting in confined spaces , such as crevices in bark or among epiphytes . because of its highly distinctive appearance from any other known insect , poinar & brown placed it in its own new order , the aethiocarenodea .\nthe sandgroper is an unusual insect , related to grasshoppers , that spends most of its life underground . their bodies are long and cylindrical and well adapted to burrowing with short powerful flattened front legs for digging . they are wingless and have small simple eyes . the rear two pairs of legs are near the middle of the body and are small and can be tucked in close to the sides of the body . they burrow by parting the soil in front of them with their strong front legs and compressing it against the sides to form a tunnel . nymphs and adults produce an unpleasant smelling secretion from a pair of glands on the abdomen . adult sandgropers are brown with lighter bands on the abdomen . nymphs are a paler creamy colour .\nthe flying sandgroper was a long held travel concept of owner operator pete west . established in 2012 after many many years of touring the north west of western australia . pete was constantly frustrated by the endless miles of highway to access the stunning nature and raw natural beauty of wa . pete was also frustrated that our region was cost prohibitive to many national and international guests .\nthe sandgroper lays eggs in an underground chamber about 40cm to 190cm deep in moist soil . the eggs are suspended singly from the roof of the chamber . eggs are laid from autumn to spring and hatch in summer . the eggs hatch into nymphs which resemble small adults , and go through several stages ( instars ) before reaching maturity . the complete life cycle from egg to adult may take several years .\ni thought it was after the insect , or the fish , but then . . when i first moved over from the eastern states back in the 90 ' s , i did notice that there is fucking sand everywhere over here . like on the side of the road , or in gardens , unless they ' ve laid down mulch or something it ' s just sand , always . compared to victoria or nsw , there is sand everywhere over here .\npiccaninny dawn pikelet pissed pokie pollie pom / pommie poof poofter port power point pozzy pozzy p - plater prezzie push bike recycling tip shop referee rellie crawl rellies removalist retic reticulation return flight rice bubbles road train rock melon rocket roo roo bar roundabout royal show rude rug rug up runners st . vinney ' s saltie salvo sammy sandgroper sand pit scarper school leavers schoolies script seppo shag shagwagon sheila shellback shift shonky shout a few showbag silverside sickie singlet sister skickered skip skirt board skirting skivvy sledge slice smash smoko\nnits lice . aussie taryn east adds ,\nactually nits are the eggs of lice . the lice are still known as lice - but mostly people talk about their kid getting nits .\nthe oxford australian backs taryn :\negg or young form of a louse or other parasitic insect .\nin the process of looking this one up , i ' ve found a reference that i ' ve never heard :\nused as a warning that someone is approaching . keep nit keep watch .\nalso\nnitkeeper\nand\nnitkeeping .\nwhen a new species of insect is described as being distinct enough to represent a new order , it ' s kind of a big deal . so it certainly caught my attention over the past year when , not one , but two species from cretaceous burmese amber were considered worthy of the honour . now , i ' m going to be up front here and say that , while both are very interesting specimens , in both cases i think that the ' new order ' label may be a trifle overblown . what ' s interesting to me is that my reasons for thinking so are different for both . let ' s take a look , shall we ?\nthere is a definite paradox at play here . on the one hand , the question of which lineages get designated ' orders ' is completely arbitrary because there is no formal definition for an ' order ' except that it is a taxon that is somehow more significant than a ' family ' ( itself a completely arbitrary level ) . from that perspective , there is no inherent reason why the dictyoptera should not get divided between any number of orders . but on the other hand , the concept of ' order ' has a certain cultural cachet . ' orders ' are kind of the base units of entomology : the first thing that any student of entomology is likely to do is learn to distinguish between the various insect orders . labelling a particular taxon an ' order ' is a statement of value ; it says that that taxon is somehow fundamentally important in a way that other taxa are not . and while , again ,\nnote : only lines in the current paragraph are shown . click on current line of text for options .\nparagraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . paragraph operations include :\nzone operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . zone operations include :\nabstract school children ' s matinee at princess theatre , saturday afternoon . owner for a red and white milch cow found wandering .\nfri 31 jan 1896 - fitzroy city press ( vic . : 1881 - 1920 ) page 2 - fitzroy city press .\n{ { cite news urltoken | title = fitzroy city press . | newspaper = [ [ fitzroy city press ] ] | issue = 673 | location = victoria , australia | date = 31 january 1896 | accessdate = 10 july 2018 | page = 2 | via = national library of australia } }\nthe national library of australia ' s copies direct service lets you purchase higher quality , larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages .\nclicking on the order now button below will open the ordering form in a new window which will allow you to enter the details of your request .\nfitzroy city press ( vic . : 1881 - 1920 ) , fri 31 jan 1896 , page 2 - fitzroy city press .\nto help safeguard the users of this service from spam , we require you to enter the characters you see in the following image .\nif you can ' t read the image , click here to listen to the same characters being read .\nthe term ' sandgropers ' has a long history as a colloquial name for western australians and also denotes some very strange , wholly subterranean insects known to entomologists as cylindrachetids . though common in western australia , sandgropers are not restricted to the state but occur widely across the australian continent wherever there are extensive areas of sandy or sandy loam soils ( they are absent from the south - eastern portion of the continent and tasmania ) .\nsandgropers are seldom seen because of their subterranean life - style but are common inhabitants of sand dunes and sand plains including the swan coastal plain and the perth region . despite their grub - like appearance , cylindrachetids are believed to be descendants of grasshoppers . their bodies are wonderfully adapted for a burrowing mode of life . a tell - tale sign of their presence is a long raised trail across bare sand where one has burrowed just beneath the surface , usually following rain . sandgropers part the soil ahead of them with breaststroke - like motions of their highly modified and very powerful fore legs and they can run backwards or forward within their galleries on the comparatively tiny mid and hind legs . their bodies are streamlined and offer minimal resistance : wings are entirely absent and the mid and hind legs recess into the sides of the body .\nsandgropers show some similarities to mole crickets but the latter are easily distinguished by having long antennae , wings ( when adult ) and hind legs that reach to or beyond the apex of the abdomen .\nthe biology of sandgropers was long neglected because of the difficulty in finding and observing them but houston ( 2007a ) provided some insights into their lives and ways . two common wa species are omnivorous , feeding on roots , seeds , leaf litter , fungi , other insects and spiders , etc .\nlike their grasshopper relatives , sandgropers develop gradually from egg to adult ( that is , juveniles resemble adults , except for a wholly white abdomen , and there is no larval stage ) . the eggs are relatively large ( up to 7 mm long ) , white , pink or deep red , and each is laid singly in a separate chamber , suspended from the ceiling ( see photos ) . development from egg to adult is slow and a life - cycle extending over several years is indicated . the insects feed near the soil surface only during the cooler , wetter months and retreat to deeper , moister soil ( up to 1 . 9 m deep ) during the dry summer months .\nwestern sandgropers are reported as having damaged cereal crops by feeding on the bases of the stems ( e . g . richards 1980 ) but houston\u2019s observations have cast some doubt on their pest status . sixteen species and three genera of sandgropers were recognized in the most recent study of the family ( g\u00fcnther 1992 ) : the genus cylindraustralia was established for 13 australian and one new guinea species ( all earlier placed in cylindracheta ) , cylindracheta is now restricted to one species from the \u2018top end\u2019 of the northern territory , and cylindrodes contains one argentinean species . the six known species of sandgropers from western australian all belong to cylindraustralia and two of them , c . kochii and c . tindalei , inhabit the perth region . rentz ( 1996 ) and houston ( 2007b ) have provided popular account of the insects .\ng\u00fcnther , k . k . ( 1992 ) . revision der familie cylindrachetidae giglio - tos , 1914 ( orthoptera , tridactyloidea ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , n . f . 39 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233 - 291 .\nhouston , t . f . ( 2007b ) . unearthing the secrets of sandgropers . landscope 23 ( 2 ) : 39 - 43 .\nrentz , d . c . f . ( 1996 ) . grasshopper country - the abundant orthopteroid insects of australia ( university of new south wales press : sydney ) .\nan adult mole cricket , gryllotalpa sp . ( australisgroup ) with fully developed wings : the fore wings extend only about half the length of the abdomen and partially conceal the folded hind wings which extend down the midline beyond the end of the abdomen . image copyright wa museum\nmole crickets have become one of the most commonly asked about insects at the wa museum . this is a result of the establishment and spread of two species not known to occur in western australia prior to the 1990\u2019s . they are gryllotalpa sp . ( australis group ) and g . pluvialis . the latter , at least , is native to eastern australia . they have spread throughout perth\u2019s suburbs and are known also from other southwestern population centres . according to enquirers , the insects run rampant in vegetable gardens , plant pots or new lawns , drown in swimming pools , enter houses and cause annoyance by their loud songs .\nmole crickets are most closely related to the true crickets ( orthoptera : gryllidae ) and share with them long , whiplike antennae and fore wings that ( in males ) can produce sound through stridulation \u2013 i . e . friction between a row of \u2018teeth\u2019 on one wing and a ridgelike vein or \u2018scraper\u2019 on the other . otte & alexander ( 1983 ) included the mole crickets as a subfamily of the true crickets in their revision of the australian species . most recent authors , though , have treated them as a distinct family , gryllotalpidae ( e . g . rentz 1996 ) . they are distinguished from true crickets in being modified for a burrowing mode of life : the fore legs bear stout spines to assist digging and the first segment of the thorax is enlarged and hardened . females lack the needlelike ovipositor of the true crickets .\nmole crickets are often confused with the superficially similar sand gropers or cylindrachetids ( see separate information sheet ) . they are readily distinguished by their longer appendages and ( usually ) the presence of wings in adults . fully winged individuals are capable of flight but they fly only at night and are sometimes attracted to lights . sometimes the hind wings may be reduced , especially in the males , and some totally wingless species are known ( tindale 1928 , otte & alexander 1983 ) .\notte and alexander ( 1983 ) recognized five genera of mole crickets worldwide and placed all known australian species in the genus gryllotalpa , a group represented also in africa , europe and asia , with 22 described species in all . they noted only four described species from western australia . examination of western australian museum specimens suggests that these authors have misidentified some of our species and there appear to be at least three native species yet to be described from the south of the state .\nlittle has been recorded of the lives of australian species but some good information on the biology of extra australian gryllotalpa species is available via the internet , especially from the university of florida . mole crickets may be vegetarian , carnivorous or omnivorous . in confined situations they may be cannibalistic . some pest species in the americas damage vegetable gardens and seedlings , eat seeds and burrow in turf , causing physical damage ( there is no indication , though , that western australia\u2019s introduced species cause any serious damage ) .\nsurface of the ground ( much like sandgropers ) and produce the same kinds of raised trails on bare ground . they also construct and inhabit vertical burrows and sometimes they gather food on the surface and take it down the burrows .\nmales sing at the entrances of vertical burrows specially shaped to amplify their songs . singing characteristically commences at dusk and usually ceases within a few hours . the songs of mole crickets are deeper than those of typical crickets and many people have attributed them to frogs . gryllotalpa pluvialis has a strident , rapid , chirping song that can be quite intrusive whereas the other introduced species has a slower , quieter trill .\nfemales deposit their eggs loosely in egg chambers beneath the ground and guard them until they hatch .\nan unnamed , near wingless mole cricket native to the swan coastal plain . image copyright wa museum\na male mole cricket ( gryllotalpa pluvialis ) from suburban perth distinguished by its shiny fore body , welldeveloped fore wings and reduced ( hidden ) hind wings . image copyright wa museum\notte , d . & alexander , r . d . ( 1983 ) . the australian crickets ( orthoptera : gryllidae ) . monograph 22 of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . rentz , d . c . f . ( 1996 ) . grasshopper country \u2013 the abundant orthopteroid insects of australia ( university of nsw press , sydney ) . tindale , n . b . ( 1928 ) . australasian molecrickets of the family gryllotalpidae ( orthoptera ) . records of the south australian museum 4 : 142\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\n' sandgropers ' are very strange , wholly subterranean insects known to entomologists as cylindrachetids . these creature are seldom seen , but when a specimen is accidentally unearthed or discovered trapped in a pit , it usually elicits considerable interest .\ndespite the grublike appearance , cylindrachetids are believed to be descendants of grasshoppers . their bodies are wonderfully adapted for a burrowing mode of life . true to their name , sandgropers prefer sandy soils and they are reasonably common inhabitants of the swan coastal plain .\na telltale sign of their presence is a long raised trail across bare sand where one has burrowed just beneath the surface , usually following rain . sandgropers part the soil ahead of them with breaststroke - like motions of their highly modified and very powerful fore legs and they can run backwards or forward within their galleries on the comparatively tiny mid and hind legs .\ntheir bodies are streamlined and offer minimal resistance : wings are entirely absent ( even in adults ) and the mid and hind legs are recessed into the sides of the body .\nthe biology of sandgropers is very poorly studied but this is not surprising in view of the difficulty of finding and observing the insects . western sandgropers are reported as having damaged cereal crops by feeding on the bases of the stems . however , there is some evidence that the insects may be omnivorous as the intestinal contents of some specimens were found to contain fragments of insects along with plant material . like their grasshopper relatives , sandgropers develop gradually from egg to adult ( that is , juveniles resemble adults and there is no larval stage ) .\nsixteen species and three genera of sandgropers were recognized in the most recent study of the family ( gunther 1992 ) : the genus cylindraustralia was established for 13 australian and one new guinea species ( all earlier placed in cylindracheta ) , cylindracheta is now restricted to one species from the ' top end ' of the northern territory , and cylindrodes contains one argentinean species . the six known species of sandgropers from western australian all belong to cylindraustralia and two of them , c . kochii and c . tindalei , inhabit the perth region .\nfrom sand + \u200e groper . the sense \u201cwestern australian\u201d may originate either as a reference to the relatively large proportion of desert in the state or to gold mining during the rushes of the 19th century .\non both occasions the sandgropers downed the \u2018big v\u2019 , as indeed they did in 1947 at hobart when finishing second ; the vfl\u2032s only other defeat in 68 pre - state of origin carnival games came in 1911 against south australia in adelaide .\nleonard not only accepted , he told the club he could help sign several west australians . the foreign legion policy was born and , through leonard\u2032s personal contacts , south [ melbourne ] signed sandgropers brighton diggins and bill faul ( both from subiaco ) and gilbert beard ( south fremantle ) .\nmost species are small , 4 to 15 mm in length , although some sandgropers ( cylindrachetidae ) can reach the length of 40 mm .\nsandgropers remain under the soil surface and are only seen when soil is worked or dug .\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2017 , at 03 : 08 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nno , well you might be quite surprised to know the history behind them . some you\u2019ve probably heard of , other maybe not .\ncornstalks , cockroaches , welshies ( new south wales ) the term cornstalks dates back to the 1820s or earlier , and refers to the children of convicts who were born in australia ( primarily new south wales ) who amongst other things were \u201ctaller than their british counterparts and had a distinct way of talking\u201d . see more here . other more recent names that people from new south wales are sometimes referred to cockroaches as a reference to their rugby team , and welshies ( for obvious reasons ) .\nqueensland has had multiple names over the years , but it seems the original one was that a \u201cqueenslander\u201d was known as a \u201ckanaka\u201d . unfortunately the origin of this isn\u2019t a great one . from the later 1860s through until the early 1900s more than 60 , 000 islanders ( those from solomon islands , new caledonia , fiji , vanuatu , and the some parts of papua new guinea ) were recruited to work on sugar plantations in queensland , these people were nicknamed \u201c\n, \u201d which is a hawaiian term meaning \u201chuman being\u201d . other more recent names for a queenslander is bananalander and banana bender \u2013 both with obvious connections to the banana industry in queensland .\ncrow - eaters , wheatfielders ( south australia ) anyone who is into sport will have heard of the term crow - eater , but i\u2019m sure you\u2019ll find the origin of the term quite surprising . it was on 6 february 1925 that the register newspaper for reported that this term \u2026 \u201cwas first applied to some of the original settlers at mount barker who \u2013 whether from necessity or a desire to sample strange native fauna \u2013 killed , cooked and ate some crows disguised under the term \u201cmount barker pheasants\u201d\u2026 later the term\u2026 was applied generally to all . \u201d for another explanation see more here and here . another reference to a south australian is a \u201cwheatfielder\u201d which is no longer used these days and while i have found many references to it , have not found the origin of it yet .\napple islanders , taswegians , tassies , jam - eaters ( tasmania ) thanks to the apple growing industry in tasmania , tasmanians have gained the name \u2018apple islanders\u2019 . i did find one mention of them having previously known as \u2018barracoutas\u2019 or \u2018coutas\u2019 , after the creature that supported fishing families and was a staple during the starvation years , but i cannot find any further reference to that one , so i\u2019m doubting its validity . however other names that tasmanian\u2019s have been know are taswegians , tassies , and jam - eaters . see more here .\ngumsuckers , cabbage gardeners ( victoria ) victoria is yet another state that has multiple names that its residents have called over time , neither of which are generally used these days . cabbage gardener was the first ( known ) , with references that date back to the 1880s . since the colony of victoria was colloqually known as the \u201ccabbage garden patch\u201d , victorians were known as cabbage gardeners . gumsuckers was another one , and possibly originated from victorians sucking gum leaves ( as reported in the australian worker , on 29 december 1926 . see more here .\nhi alona , i\u2019ve included this post in interesting blogs . . thank you . urltoken\nhere in sydney victorian migrants to nsw are sometimes referred to , disparagingly , as \u201cwetbacks\u201d or \u201cmexicans\u201d . this apparently implies that they have had to swim across the not so rio grande , the murray river , in order to reach to reach the nirvana of the north .\nsuch references seem to be associated with barbie discussions about the seeming inability of ex - victorians to fully assimilate into the sydney culture by eschewing their afl allegiances in favour of rugby league or association football and continuing to \u201cbarrack\u201d for their melbourne team or worse yet , supporting the transplanted south melbourne or the forced hothouse gws .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\ni ' ve updated the privacy policy of this blog . you can find this on the top bar of my site . please take a moment to read through it .\nthis site uses cookies purely for analytical and statistical information . by agreeing to this , you consent to the use of cookies .\nmuch of our sidebar has moved to the wiki . check there for information about visiting / moving to perth and other related links\nthey ' re ugly little things , and often confused with mole crickets . god knows what the origin of the nickname is , but i don ' t think its any worse than than crow eaters for south aussies , banana benders for qlders et cetera .\ni think there maybe some connection with aussie rules state of origin . might have been some pre - ww2 equivalent of ( fucking ) eddy maguire footy journo or commentator making shit up .\nin answering someones elses thoughts on being mining related , it occured to me to search trove for old newspaper usage of the term . it even seems to predate aussie rules usage .\na quick skim of the first few articles from the late 1890s and also just post ww1 reveals some quite republican and even secessionist usage of it . nice to read a bit of local patriotism from so long ago .\ni actually made a little sound of despair when i opened that link in a new tab and saw the first photo . if it features in my nightmares from now on . . . . rip me .\nme . growing up in regional wa i only had 2 tv stations ; abc & gwn . fat cat , sunny et al . were all exotic , far off city things to me .\njust like gwn got all the hand - me - down video & production equipment cheap from the bigger stations . . . i seem to remember them being behind the times with even dooper dog . certainly , i think i was older than the target market of upto about 6 or 7 when i first remember him appearing .\nthe swan coastal plain is mostly sand , unlike more sensible places to build cities . the name goes pretty far back , i seem to recall , as our national brethren considered the particular madness of trying to build over here back in the day . they have to keep reminding people its a bug every few years i think . most i ' ve known thought it was a fish or just a cute term for anything that lives in sand .\nit crossed my mind also that since they ' re such a rarely seen critter , back in the day , that might ' ve been true of west aussies in the eastern states as well .\nparent commenter can toggle nsfw or delete . will also delete on comment score of - 1 or less . | faqs | mods | magic words\naside from the odd , sporadic gold rush - which other states like victoria experienced as well - the big iron ore & mineral mining boom / busts only really started snowballing in the 1960s and 1970s . i have a feeling the expression predates then .\nhere ' s a quick search from trove of old west aussie newspapers for the term . first results alone date back to the late 1890s / early 1900s\ni think i read that one or another of that persons letters , but dismissed it as being specifically a wa reference , but rather just a random pseudonym or pen name someone used for the letter . it didn ' t scream to me as a reference to the term meaning\nwest aussie\none theory is it refers to the gold rush , with prospectors desperately groping through the sand to try and get rich .\nuse of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement and privacy policy . \u00a9 2018 reddit inc . all rights reserved .\nrendered by pid 83638 on app - 460 at 2018 - 07 - 09 20 : 11 : 43 . 358331 + 00 : 00 running 39f1166 country code : us .\na small cricket from the gryllidae family . not sure what species this is . click to continue >\nthe silent leaf - runner is a small cricket . adult has dark brown body with lighter legs . nymph is pale colour . they are predatory crickets click to continue >\nthe black field cricket is jet black . during the day , it hides in vegetation or cracks in the soil and comes out at night to feed , the males sings at night making a sound by rubbing his wings together . click to continue >\na chewing pest living entirely underground that can affect young crops on red and yellow sands in the west midlands .\nsandgropers live entirely underground \u2014 adults grow to 75 millimetres with a cylindrical body , the front of which is red - brown and hard .\nsandgropers are distinctive underground crickets and are only a problem on west midland yellow and red sands .\nsandgropers are native insects that occur in sandy soils but have only been a problem in the west midlands .\nwhile autumn fallowing for several weeks can reduce numbers , this may be insufficient to prevent damage .\nif a known large population exists in a paddock , planting oats can help as they are less susceptible to attack .\ncheck young cereal and lupin crops , particularly if planted on red and yellow sands known to harbour the pest .\na shortened version of the url , helpful when communicating the url over email or verbally .\ndepartment of primary industries and regional development ' s agriculture and food division is committed to growing and protecting wa ' s agriculture and food sector .\ncarter holt harvey claddings are full exterior structural plywood sheets , which can be used for both decorative and bracing purposes . produced from pinus radiata veneers and bonded with phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive ( wbp marine bond , type a exterior ) , the finished sheets are h3 losp preservative treated to provide long - term protection from decay .\nshadowclad groove , shadowclad texture are decorative sheets with a band - sawn surface ( with a groove profile option ) for use on residential , commercial and industrial buildings .\nshadowclad groove and shadowclad texture are also available already primed with a special powder coating . this is an advanced powder coating process that ' s been specially developed for substrates prior to top coating . with a noticeably smoother surface , primed claddings allow for easier top coat application and give you more square - metre coverage per litre of paint . and because the powder priming process significantly reduces the amount of water absorption , you get a drier surface for top coating .\nplease enable javascript to enhance your experience on the bunnings site . we have detected that javascript has been disabled in your browser . please enable javascript in your browser settings to enhance your experience .\nthey prefer sandy soil where they can burrow easily . adult and nymph sandgropers create galleries in moist soil by digging through and compressing the soil with their strong front legs . they burrow to depths of up to 1 . 9m . after rain they often burrow close to the surface forming raised trails .\nsandgropers are omnivorous , and feed on roots , stems , leaves , flowers , seeds , fungi and invertebrates . they are reputed to be an agricultural pest , responsible for crop and pasture loss in some parts such as the wheat belt of western australia .\nwe are a proudly western australian company . owner operator pete west ' s ancestors arrived in the pilbara in the 1890\u2019s to search for gold in nullagine , located in the fabulous yet harsh east pilbara . pete and his team continue the search today . the pilbara ' s natural beauty replacing the allure of gold .\nkarijini national park and ningaloo reef . how blessed western australia is to have these two jewels . such contrasting beauties , separated by 700kms of lonely highway .\nin pete ' s opinion to have been to western australia without taking time to explore and feel the north west of the state , you have simply not encountered the complete essence of the great state of western australia .\nthe pilbara region is a land of ancient rocks much older than the kimberley to the north . the pilbara is rich in minerals , wealthy in iron , copper , tin , gold & asbestos . when the subject of the pilbara is raised in many circles the minerals are often cited and has even been referred to as the silver bullet in the nation ' s economy . for good reason as the pilbara is responsible for 35 % of the nations foreign earnings .\nhowever the pilbara has a greater wealth to those who know it and belong to it .\nnatural beauty that is harsh and rugged . epic sun rises and sunsets , dreamy moon rises and moon sets . painters and photographers flock to the pilbara to capture her contrasts . dreamers and thinkers find their inspiration here too .\nthe pilbara is rich in things that do not exist here also . a population of one person for every 12 square kilometres . the region does not have much mobile phone coverage or internet access . traffic congestion and traffic lights are not a feature of our region .\nno internet , no phone , no worries ! a great remedy for an over stimulated world .\nwe have also received many journalists over the years . kerryn burgess of the weekend australian captured it best when she referred to the pilbara as a\ndigital detox\n.\nget to know our guides . we know that our touring and travel is all about you .\nkarijini national park is the geographical and spiritual heart of western australia . the park lies within the hamersley range approximately 700 metres above sea level . the parks boundaries are huge and covers 627 , 444 hectares . second only to rudall river national park .\nkarijini is very old country , translated to english she means hilly country and has been a natural meeting place of the ancient ones and this continues today . karijini is the spiritual and traditional home of banjima , kurrama and innawonga aboriginal people . there is much to be learned from the past , present and future of karijini ' s indigenous population . for those whom seek , answers are all around .\nkarijini is a mix of stunning gorges with cool inviting waters . a micro environment featuring flora that could not exist outside the gorge system . there is some amazing self - guiding in the park and visitors could fill a week exploring it . it ' s important for visitors to understand and show good etiquette when entering the park . some visitors may mistake the park for a water theme park . visitors are reminded to be respectful to the creation serpent the warlu , soft voices in the gorge and no jumping into sensitive pools . not only respectful but this behaviour enhances the visitors experience too .\nningaloo marine park is a long fringing barrier reef stretching from the cape range national park to south of coral bay . there are some magnificent coral reefs that in some places are a few metres from the shoreline . there are at least 250 species of coral on ningaloo reef and 500 species of fish too . fishing is permitted outside sanctuary zones and fishermen can enjoy great eating fish such as northwest snapper , coral trout , emperor , groper and perch .\nsnorkelers can share the water with lots of turtles and reef sharks - a dream encounter for many . ningaloo also hosts larger marine life , humpback whale migration is an annual treat for visitors as they make their way to warmer tropical waters in the autumn . another big attraction is the biggest fish in the sea , the whale shark which are present from march to july . large fish like manta rays are resident year round .\ncape range in the north end of ningaloo , with epic off the beach snorkelling sites such as turquoise bay and oyster stacks make the park like no other . the park features great facilities yet is being managed very well and the mantra of bring everything you need and take it all with you when you leave exists . the absence of commercial operators and high rise accommodations is an example of government getting things right .\nthere are fabulous gorges and walk trails and not only an abundance of marine life but land based animals are also protected and are everywhere . monitors , kangaroos , emu ' s , rock wallaby ' s and more to discover . coral bay to the south is a joy to visit also . simply enjoying the bay itself swimming in pristine waters and snorkelling amongst coral just off the beach . sipping on a cold beer looking over the bay at the coral bay hotel is one of pete ' s favourite tings to do .\nwhether you are travelling our region independently , on the bus with our mates at integrity coach lines or flying in with virgin / qantas airlines . travels that include karijini and ningaloo will leave a mark on those who come and remind us how amazing planet earth is .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nwith the first tunnel boring machine launching soon , the project has kicked into full swing .\ntunnel segment production has commenced at the project\u2019s batching plant facility , and key infrastructure has been installed east of dundas road in forrestfield to support tunnelling operations . in the coming weeks tbm grace will be lowered into the dive structure using a 600t crawler crane \u2013 one of the largest cranes in perth .\nbut what one tbm can do , two can do better . tbm sandy has just reached australian shores and will now be assembled and tested onsite at forrestfield before launching from the dive structure later this year .\nthe two tunnel boring machines that will dig the tunnels for the forrestfield - airport link have been officially named . the first tbm has been named grace , in honour of pre - primary student grace mcphee who was nominated by her classmates at edney primary school in high wycombe . the students said grace , who is undergoing treatment for leukaemia , was the toughest person they knew - a toughness the tbm would need to bore through the earth . tbm grace is decorated with artwork by year 6 walliston primary school student georgia fields .\non sunday 18 june premier mark mcgowan and transport minister rita saffioti released artist impressions for belmont station and surrounds . the station , located at the junction of brearley avenue and dunreath drive , will be a 15 - minute train journey from the cbd .\nthe station design is influenced by the natural landscape and urban fabric of the redcliffe locality and surrounding belmont area . associated infrastructure includes six bus bays , 500 car parking bays , and a north - south thoroughfare for pedestrians between bulong and central avenues .\neighty people attended a community information session for belmont station last week . the event provided an opportunity for community members to find out more about the project , view concept designs for the station and meet the project team .\nguide walls are currently being built at the belmont construction site - the first step in the diaphragm wall ( d - wall ) construction method to build the underground station box . as their name implies , guide walls are built to guide the position and verticality of the d - walls . a range of equipment required to build the d - walls will arrive onsite soon , with construction to begin in mid - july .\nwork is progressing to construct a retaining wall along railway parade . the wall , up to 5m high , is expected to be finished later this month then backfilling will be undertaken until the end of august . the wall is being constructed to support the temporary relocation of the midland line . this will allow more room for the construction team building the bayswater junction to work safely within the rail reserve .\nthe temporary rail line will be constructed closer to railway parade between august and december , after which the existing midland line will be removed .\nafter six months of building diaphragm walls , and with excavation now complete , the dive structure ( tunnel portal ) is ready for the first tbm to be lowered into position and begin tunnelling later this month . the dive structure is approximately 260m long and up to 22m wide .\npreparation of the forrestfield construction site east of dundas road is also progressing well . key infrastructure , including slurry separation plant , grout plant and water treatment plant , will be fully installed and ready to support tbm operations over the life of the project .\na number of construction sites have been created along the project\u2019s 8 . 5 km route and each site has potential noise and vibration sources .\nbefore works begin , property condition surveys will be completed on buildings adjacent to construction sites .\nfollowing tbm grace\u2019s arrival at airport central station on may 8 , tbm sandy also broke though into the station\u2019s underground box late last month .\nthe two tunnel boring machines for the forrestfield - airport link have now reached airport central station - about a quarter of the way into their 8km journey to bayswater .\nin one of the project ' s biggest milestones to date , tbm grace broke through into the underground station box at airport central station on the evening of tuesday may 8 , 2018 .\napologies we were unable to send your message at this time . please try again later .\n[ editor : an article about the early days of the gallipoli campaign , including extracts from the letters of australian soldiers . published in the sunday times ( perth , wa ) , 6 june 1915 . ]"]}
{"id": 1342, "summary": [{"text": "trismelasmos cinerosa is a moth in the cossidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by roepke in 1955 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of both lowland and mountainous areas . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "trismelasmos cinerosa", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : an endemic and rare species in papua but to be expected in western png too . in lowland and mountainous areas . it is a large species .\npapua localities : new guinea : ampas , borme , humboldt bay , keerom river , motor camp , ninay valley ( arfak ) . details in gazetteer .\ndata sources : ksp , rmnh , zman . literature ( see below ) .\nschoorl , j . w . , 1990 . a phylogenetic study on cossidae ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) based on external adult morphology . zo\u00f6logische verhandelingen 263 : 1 - 295 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ndell , r . k . 1990 ,\nantarctic mollusca : with special reference to the fauna of the ross sea\n, bulletin of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 27 , pp . 1 - 311\nlucas , t . p . 1898 ,\ndescriptions of queensland lepidoptera\n, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 13 , pp . 59 - 86\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5e71c7dd - 7d4e - 4554 - a737 - fb4ab1d33249\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f18ed8b - e7cf - 4784 - a999 - 71a781307501\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 300c6681 - 2ee7 - 44a7 - 885d - 4f1d5451d207\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 405949\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about trismegistus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for trismegistus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dejongi . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dejongi and , of course , dejongi synonyms and on the right images related to the word dejongi .\nthis is the place for dejongi definition . you find here dejongi meaning , synonyms of dejongi and images for dejongi copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1344, "summary": [{"text": "the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) is a species of the gopherus genus native to the southeastern united states .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the gopher tortoise is seen as a keystone species because it digs burrows that provide shelter for at least 360 other animal species .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they are threatened by predation and habitat destruction .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the gopher tortoise is a representative of the genus gopherus , which contains the only tortoises native to north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species of gopher tortoise is the state reptile of georgia and the state tortoise of florida . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "gopher tortoise", "paragraphs": ["gopher tortoise council . 2000 . about the gopher tortoise . retrieved august 8 , 2011 , from urltoken\na landowner ' s guide : managing habitat for gopher tortoises contains information and resources for managing gopher tortoise habitat .\n. the ecology and management of the gopher tortoise in the southeastern united states .\nthe gopher tortoise is a keystone species and indicator of longleaf pine ecosystem health .\nmore than 80 percent of gopher tortoise habitat is in private or corporate ownership .\nthe gopher tortoise makes its home in the longleaf pine forests of the southeast .\nclick here to see a closer shot of the mother gopher tortoise covering her eggs and photos of baby gopher tortoises .\ngopher tortoise entering its burrow in fort pierce , fl . from : wikimedia commons .\nthe gopher tortoise is considered a \u201ckeystone\u201d species in the areas where it makes its home .\na gopher tortoise makes its way into a burrow . \u00a9 fwc fish and wildlife research institute\ndiemer j e . the ecology and management of the gopher tortoise in the united states .\na guide to living with gopher tortoises contains information on the importance of gopher tortoise in florida and what to do if you encounter one .\nare you curious about the appearance of this creature ? here are some gopher tortoise photos that you may find useful . check out these gopher tortoise images to know how this particular species look like .\nthe gopher tortoise has been regulated in florida since 1972 and has been fully protected since 1988 . despite the afforded protection , many gopher tortoise populations in florida continue to decline . the species\u2019 threatened status and the gopher tortoise management plan were approved in november 2007 . the objectives of the management plan are to :\ndiemer , j . 1986 . the ecology and management of the gopher tortoise in the southeastern united states .\nthe gopher tortoise : at home in florida ' s forests includes information on how private forest owners can participate in gopher tortoise conservation . florida forests ( spring / summer 2008 ) published by the florida forestry association .\nthe gopher tortoise , gopherus polphemus . note the large scales on the forefeet that protect the tortoise while burrowing . photo courtesy of k . hill , smithsonian marine station\ntry doing a search for gopher tortoise on any search engine . you ' ll find lots of interesting sites .\nthe gopher tortoise is declining throughout its range . some researchers have projected that unless something is done to reverse this decline , this species may soon be found only in protected areas . why is the gopher tortoise in trouble ?\nthe following coloring sheets were created for the gopher tortoise council and are provided by fwc for download and duplication .\nthe gopher tortoise , by zander srodes . this children ' s activity book , reprinted by fwc in february 2009 , is an educational activity book that introduces the life history and ecological significance of the gopher tortoise to young audiences .\nlearn more about gopher tortoises and tortoise habitat so you can teach others . good information sources include the library , zoo , and the gopher tortoise council , and the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission ( website address below ) . .\nour overarching goal is to restore robust and viable gopher tortoise populations to suitable habitat at the nonami and avalon plantations .\nthe gopher tortoise is the only land tortoise native to the southeast , living in longleaf pine savannahs of louisiana , mississippi , alabama , florida , georgia and south carolina . the gopher tortoise dwells in pine forests with deep , well drained soils and an open understory that provides food and nesting sites .\nthe gopher tortoise is considered a keystone species , and an indicator of longleaf pine ecosystem health . gopher tortoise requires deep , well drained soils and an open understory that provides open sunny sites for nesting . its burrows provide vital habitat and shelter for many endangered species . in addition , gopher tortoise serves as vector for seed dispersal , helping to maintain biological diversity . the effects of habitat destruction , degradation , and human predation have greatly reduced the gopher tortoise population to the point where gopher tortoise is listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act throughout the western part of its range .\nthe venerable , distinctive gopher tortoise continues to hold on , even as habitat constantly decreases . ( photo by bob kornegay )\nadult burrow of the gopher tortoise . gopher tortoises inhabit sandy , dry areas such as occur in this upland sand pine forest . photo courtesy of k . hill , smithsonian marine station .\n(\ngopher tortoise management plan\n, 2012 ; burke , et al . , 1996 ; ernst and lovich , 2009 )\nthe gopher tortoise is one of the most widely studied tortoises in the world . as such its dietary preferences are well known .\nthe original gopher tortoise management plan ( 2007 ) was approved in september 2007 . it is provided here for reference purposes only .\nthis issue will be discussed at the upcoming gopher tortoise council annual meeting oct . 16 - 18 in albany , mcguire said .\nhoa rules permitting , you can landscape for gopher tortoises . grow native plants that provide food for gopher tortoises . they like a variety of plants such as prickly pear , gopher apple , wild grape , blackberry , blueberry , and broadleaf grasses . this guide to gopher tortoise - friendly plants has more information .\nupper respiratory tract disease ( urtd ) has been observed in a number of tortoise species ( 15 , 16 , 19 ) , including the desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii ) and the gopher tortoise . clinical signs of urtd have been observed in a number of imported captive tortoise species ( 19 ) and in tortoises submitted to the veterinary medical teaching hospital ( vmth ) , university of florida ( uf ) , including the red - footed tortoise ( geochelone carbonaria ) , leopard tortoise ( geochelone pardalis ) , indian star tortoise ( geochelone elegans ) , and radiated tortoise ( geochelone radiata ) . numerous wild and captive gopher tortoises have been submitted to vmth with clinical signs consistent with urtd .\ngrant opportunities are posted to the gopher tortoise council ' s website frequently . please check back for future opportunities as they are available .\ngopher tortoises are ancient : their ancestors are a species of land tortoise that originated in western north america some 60 million years ago . they are members of the class reptilia , order testudines , and family testudinidae . of five north american tortoise species ( genusgopherus ) , the gopher tortoise is the only one that occurs east of the mississippi river .\n, it was determined that the level of gopher tortoise population in a specific area was directly related to the amount of available edge habitat .\nif you see a gopher tortoise on the road , pick it up and move it out of the road in the direction the tortoise was moving . do not take it with you or move it somewhere else .\ngopher tortoise density and movements are affected by availability of forbs and grasses . home range is inversely related to the amount of herbaceous grass cover . as the principal sandhill grazer , the gopher tortoise feeds primarily on grasses , succulent plants and legumes . legumes appear to be particularly important in the diet of juveniles . the gopher tortoise serves as a seed dispersal agent for native grasses and returns leached nutrients to the surface during burrow construction .\nin florida , the gopher tortoise is listed as threatened . both the tortoise and its burrow are protected under state law . gopher tortoises must be relocated before any land clearing or development takes place , and property owners must obtain permits from the fwc before capturing and relocating tortoises . applications for permits are available on the fwc gopher tortoise online permitting site . online applications are preferred to facilitate a faster review process . before applying for a permit , please review the gopher tortoise permitting guidelines or visit the individual permit webpages by following the links on the left side of your computer screen .\nfor answers to specific gopher tortoise questions , refer to our frequently asked questions . to view relocation permits , find an authorized gopher tortoise agent , or find a recipient site , access our online locator map . if you require additional assistance , please contact the fwc regional conservation biologist nearest you .\nfew area outdoorsmen do not know the gopher tortoise . for untold decades our paths have intermittently crossed that of this only terrestrial tortoise east of the mississippi river . not many years ago , these chance meetings were not uncommon . today , however , gopher sightings are becoming fewer and farther between .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus )\ntitle =\narkive species - gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthis species should never be mixed with any other species of turtle or tortoise .\ninterested in conserving gopher tortoise habitat ? usda\u2019s natural resource conservation service ( nrcs ) offers technical and financial assistance . for more information , check out the nrcs gopher tortoise webpage or contact your local usda service center or county extension office . fwc\u2019s landowner assistance program may also provide cost - share opportunities .\nthe pine ecosystem conservation handbook for the gopher tortoise in florida is part of an initiative of the american forest foundation ' s center for conservation solutions that brings together conservation partners and family forest owners to conserve and create forest habitat for the gopher tortoise and other declining wildlife of the southern pine forest .\ngopher tortoises help maintain diverse natural communities . most people enjoy seeing tortoises , and they may be considered a tourist attraction . they were sometimes collected for the pet trade , though in florida it is now illegal to possess or sell a gopher tortoise without a proper license . in the past , in northern florida , rural communities captured gopher tortoises and used them as a source of food ( gopher tortoise management plan 2012 ; innes 2009 ) .\nnrcs offers technical and financial assistance to help agricultural producers voluntarily conserve gopher tortoise habitat on private lands . this assistance helps producers plan and implement a variety of conservation activities , or practices , that benefit the tortoise and support forestry operations .\nhabitat destruction is a significant threat to gopher tortoises . threats to the gopher tortoise also include habitat fragmentation and degradation , predation , inadequacy of regulatory mechanisms , and incompatible use of herbicides in forest management and some silvicultural activities .\ngopher tortoises lay eggs usually only once a year and have five to eight eggs in a nest . gopher tortoise eggs hatch between 60 to 90 days at 88 degrees fahrenheit . young gopher tortoises grow fast when fed a good diet . gopher tortoises become sub - adult in about six years and adult at 8 years for males and 17 to 20 years for females .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1987 . final rule : threatened status for the gopher tortoise . 50 cfr , 52 ( 129 ) .\nan amazing trait of the gopher tortoise is that it shares its burrow with more than 350 other species , including burrowing owls , florida mice , indigo snakes , opossums , rabbits , gopher frog , eastern diamondback rattlesnakes and gopher crickets . for this reason it is called a keystone species , so named because the upper stone in an arch , the keystone , supports the other stones to hold them in place . animals which utilize the gopher tortoise burrows are known as commensal species . since many commensal species depend on the burrows for survival , decreases in gopher tortoise populations result in a decline of other species .\nis credited with naming this tortoise after the cave - dwelling cyclops of homer\u2019s odyssey .\n2013 .\ngopher tortoise : gopherus polyphemus\n( on - line ) . florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . accessed november 29 , 2013 at urltoken .\nit is unlawful to touch , harm , harass or collect a wild gopher tortoise . if you come upon one in the wild do not pick it up .\nconserving the gopher tortoise also benefits eglin afb operations : increasing population numbers decreases the species\u2019 need for federal regulations that could ultimately restrict base activities and land use .\ndiemer , j . 1986 . the ecology and management of the gopher tortoise in the southeastern united states . herpetologica 42 ( 1 ) : 125 - 133 .\nthe gopher tortoise is protected as a state - designated threatened species by florida\u2019s endangered and threatened species rule . gopher tortoises must be relocated before any land clearing or development takes place , and property owners must obtain permits from fwc before they can move them . the u . s . fish & wildlife service lists the gopher tortoise as a candidate species for protection under the federal endangered species act .\nthe gopher tortoise is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nyou may qualify to serve as a gopher tortoise recipient site for tortoises that have to be relocated . there is financial incentive for receiving tortoises . more information here .\nworking lands for wildlife will assist landowners voluntarily create , restore or enhance gopher tortoise habitat , increasing habitat connectivity , and support potential down - listing of the species .\necology and habitat protection needs of gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) populations found on lands slated for large - scale development in florida . technical report no . 4 .\nif you find a dead tortoise , report it here . do not take any remains .\nthe gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) , unlike many other varieties of tortoises , is an avid digger . these sizable reptiles are known as\ngopher\ntortoises thanks to their burrowing habits . gopher tortoises are found in the united states ' southeastern region , including mississippi , florida , alabama , south carolina , louisiana and georgia .\ngopher tortoises are cold sensitive ( auffenberg and franz 1982 ; diemer 1986 ) .\noutcome of transmission study to determine pathogenicity of m . agassizii in gopher tortoises a\ndiemer , j . e . 1986 . the ecology and management of the gopher tortoise in the southeastern united states . herpetologica . 42 ( 1 ) : 125 - 133 .\nthe gopher tortoise prefers dry landscapes such as sandy ridges and sand dunes , as well as the forests of longleaf pine ( pinus palustris ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\ngopher tortoise eggs are fertilized internally and a single clutch is laid by a female each season . on average , a clutch has six eggs , though clutch size ranges from five to nine eggs . incubation period ranges from 80 to 100 days , and depends on the latitude ( and temperature trends ) at which a nest is located . nests located further south tend to have shorter incubation periods ( gopher tortoise management plan , 2012 ) . gopher tortoises exhibit temperature dependent sex determination and have an unusually low pivotal temperature of about 29 degrees c ( burke et al . 1996 ) . nest and hatchling predation is very high . those juvenile gopher tortoises that survive reach sexual maturity slowly , with female gopher tortoises reaching sexual maturity between 9 and 21 years . male gopher tortoises may reach sexual maturity slightly earlier than females ( gopher tortoise management plan , 2012 ) .\nhas been working closely with usfws and nrcs on this new cost - share opportunity for private landowners to receive funds specifically for managing gopher tortoise habitat . of the $ 33 million from whip , to share the cost of conservation practices with landowners , approximately $ 6 million is reserved for improving gopher tortoise habitat throughout its range . the goal of this new funding initiative is to help reverse the decline of seven critical species including the gopher tortoise . this is an amazing opportunity for private landowners in florida to help conserve this threatened reptile .\nhabitat restored for the gopher tortoise benefits many other species , including red cockaded woodpecker , black pine snake , bobwhite quail , white - tailed deer , turkey and dusky gopher frog . in total , 28 threatened and endangered species are dependent on longleaf pine forests .\nif the tortoise population was at the point of needing to be listed under the endangered species act , significant regulatory requirements could drain energy , resources and enthusiasm from efforts to facilitate the species\u2019 recovery . the gopher tortoise initiative unites landowners , timber growers and businesses across the state to proactively enhance gopher tortoise populations and habitats . the result is a powerful convergence : everyone\u2019s working together to prevent the listing . what\u2019s good for the gopher tortoise is good for landowners , businesses , and an entire ecosystem . if successful , they will also be conserving iconic habitats on a historic scale , demonstrating how tortoises , landowners , and industry can coexist .\npractice good habitat management for gopher tortoises . regular prescribed burning and tree thinning can help provide the open habitat that gopher tortoises need . check out fwc\u2019s landowners guide here .\nt , favored by gopher tortoises , helped identify counties the program will benefit most .\nsalmonella from gopher tortoises ( gopherus polyphemus ) in south georgia . - pubmed - ncbi\npathology of upper respiratory tract disease of gopher tortoises in florida . - pubmed - ncbi\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission . gopher tortoise management plan . 2 . tallahassee , fl : florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . 2012 . accessed december 01 , 2013 at urltoken .\nthe gopher tortoise is protected throughout its range either by state or federal law . in alabama , mississippi , and louisiana ; it is a federally threatened species . getting a permit to keep a gopher tortoise as a pet is very difficult . however , in the state of florida , one can get a permit to keep individuals through the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission .\nbuhlmann , k . a . , b . m . moule , a . grosse * * , t . d . tuberville , and s . h . bennett . 2009 . summary report for the gopher tortoise reintroduction project at the aiken gopher tortoise heritage preserve 2009 . report submitted to sc department of natural resources , 9 december 2009 . 7pp . ( technical report )\ngopher tortoises , for the most part , are herbivorous animals . some typical elements of the gopher tortoise diet are berries , fruit , spurge , pines , herbs , beech , peas , daisies , asters and grass . low plants are a particular favorite for gopher tortoises , especially those that appear under strong sun . one of their preferred grasses is wire grass .\n\u201cthe gopher tortoise habitat won\u2019t recreate itself , \u201d said lee . \u201cmanagement efforts will be necessary , such as prescribed burning , removal of woody undergrowth , longleaf pine tree planting , and restoration of native grasses , and there are costs involved with that . \u201d the gopher tortoise initiative includes the establishment of a fund that will be used to help cover the costs of habitat restoration .\ngopher tortoises live in well - drained sandy areas with a sparse tree canopy and abundant low growing vegetation . they are commonly found in habitats such as sandhill , pine flatwoods , scrub , scrubby flatwoods , dry prairies , xeric hammock , pine - mixed hardwoods , and coastal dunes which have historically been maintained by periodic wild fires . when fire is suppressed in gopher tortoise habitat , small trees , shrubs , and brambles begin to grow making it difficult for the gopher tortoise to move around and eventually shade out the low growing plants that gopher tortoises eat .\ngopher tortoises are found in habitats often desired for development . due to their protected status , land developers are required to obtain permits before developing land where gopher tortoises are present . sometimes , gopher tortoises may be relocated . at other times , however , the land is protected from development . a delay in development , or lack of development in protected habitats , may thus have a small negative economic impact on humans ( gopher tortoise management plan 2012 ) .\nburke , r . , m . ewert , j . mclemore , d . jackson . 1996 . temperature - dependent sex determination and hatching success in the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1990 . agency draft : gopher tortoise recovery plan . 37 pages . usfws , endangered species program , southeastern regional office , atlanta , georgia .\nreports that gopher tortoises eat a mixed diet of grasses , leaves , and wild fruits .\ndiemer , j . 1989 . gopherus polyphemus , gopher tortoise . pp . 14 - 16 . in : the conservation biology of tortoises . iucn species survival commission . occasional paper no . 5 .\nscientists from the nature conservancy , dnr and other partners have concluded that if we can protect 100 , 000 acres or more of critical gopher tortoise habitat , the species will not need regulatory protection .\nthe collaborative initiative is off to a strong start , with 47 viable gopher tortoise populations now permanently protected - up from 36 when gtci launched . as of march 2018 , private sources have pledged more than $ 15 million which has allowed gtci to leverage more than $ 65 million in federal and state funding . a private foundation has also launched a donation match program to support the gopher tortoise .\nif you have a funding opportunity available for gopher tortoise education or research and would like for us to include the information on our website , please send the announcement to deborah . burr @ urltoken .\nthe gopher tortoise is listed in florida as a species of special concern ( ssc ) . auffenberg and franz ( 1982 ) have estimated that historical population densities of this species had been reduced 70 % by the year 2000 , and could be extirpated from all but protected land areas by 2025 . merritt island wildlife refuge at kennedy space center ( ksc ) in florida is the largest protected area of gopher tortoise habitat along the atlantic coast . overall tortoise density at ksc is estimated at approximately 18 , 000 animals , with tortoise density highest in areas where herbaceous cover dominates . tortoise density decreases in areas where cover of shrubs , oak trees and pines dominates ( breininger et al . 1988 , 1991 , 1994 ) .\nan average tortoise of this type is approximately 10 inch ( 25 cm ) in length . a male tortoise usually grows about 12 inches in length . it can grow to a maximum of 16 inches in length .\nthe gopher tortoise is found in the southeastern part of the united states . its range includes southwestern south carolina , south almost to the tip of the florida peninsula ; west through southern georgia , alabama , and mississippi , to louisiana and the edge of southeastern texas and arkansas . 3 overall gopher tortoise populations have diminished severely but they still can be locally quite common , especially on certain florida islands .\ngopher tracks , by susan jane ryan . this 62 - page book is most appropriate for fourth - graders and up . the book introduces gopher tortoise ecology , the role of fire in upland habitats , and the importance of environmental stewardship through the adventures of two girls , tamika and diana .\nwelcome teachers , students , and parents ! here you will find gopher tortoise related information and activities for all ages . this page lists all of the brochures and other forms that are available for download .\ntortoises were a reliable source of food during the depression , when there was little else to eat . of course , these so called \u201choover chickens\u201d were much more plentiful 70 years ago . currently , tortoise harvesting is illegal in every state where tortoises are found . unfortunately not all states enforce tortoise protection laws . even after the harvest of tortoises was prohibited in florida , illegal hunting depleted or destroyed tortoise colonies to supply the demand for gopher meat . gopher tortoises do not reproduce at a rate that can withstand harvest .\nto your smartphone and become a citizen scientist ! this app allows anyone in gopher tortoise range to record the location where they spot gopher tortoises and report that information back to the state wildlife agency . this is important data that can help experts better understand where tortoises roam and where protection is needed .\nthis creature looks like any other tortoise . but it has stronger and stouter limbs with fat , wide claws that aid it in digging . it has small scales that protect its forelimbs . the protective shell that is found on all turtles and tortoises is also present in gopher tortoise . the shell is an extension of its skeleton and gives it complete protection . when the tortoise senses a threat , it can pull its head and limbs into the shell . very few creatures other than human beings can hurt the tortoise at this time .\nfor gopher tortoise endangered species is the most appropriate term . the existence of this creature is threatened . the fish and wildlife conservation commission of florida has included this tortoise in the list of species of special concern . it is protected federally as an endangered species in all regions where it is found , except florida .\nwhen stressed , gopher tortoises expel the contents of their bladders as a last ditch defense measure .\nencounters with gopher tortoises : protection and natural history provides curriculum and activities to educators in florida .\njackson d r , milstrey e g . the fauna of gopher tortoise burrows . in : diemer j e , jackson d r , landers j l , layne j n , wood d a , editors .\ngopher tortoises are found in all counties in florida and utilize many habitat types , from beach dunes to scrub and pine flatwoods . though it is generally agreed that typical gopher tortoise habitats are sandy and well - drained , breininger et al . ( 1991 ) observed that in brevard county , florida , gopher tortoises often inhabit poorly - drained scrub and slash pine areas . the breininger et al . ( 1991 ) study reported higher overall tortoise densities in poorly - drained areas than in well - drained , sandy areas .\nthe nature conservancy is working with the georgia department of natural resources ( dnr ) and other vital conservation partners to protect a minimum of 65 viable gopher tortoise populations by 2020 . to meet this goal , the gopher tortoise conservation initiative ( gtci ) aims to raise $ 150 million from state , federal and private sources to protect 100 , 000 + acres of key habitat , and raise additional funds to manage those lands .\nas its name implies , the gopher tortoise digs burrows of up to 40 feet in length that allow escape from heat and danger . these burrows are a unique climate resiliency feature of southeastern landscapes , harboring many other wildlife species . the gopher tortoise is considered a keystone species of longleaf pine forests , one of the most biologically diverse ecosystems in the world , because its presence supports the stability of many other wildlife populations .\ngopher tortoises are terrestrial tortoises and can be found in habitats with dry , sandy soils , a thin tree canopy , and plenty of low growing vegetation . some common gopher tortoise habitats include scrub , coastal dunes , sandhill , pine and scrubby flatwoods , prairie , pine - mixed hardwoods , and xeric hammock . periodic burning is an essential component of gopher tortoise habitat , as it inhibits the growth of tall , dense vegetation that prevents the growth of low growing plants that make up the tortoises\u2019 diet . within these habitats ,\ngopher tortoise lives in places like florida , alabama , south carolina , east louisiana , mississippi and south georgia . however , it is most commonly found in all the 67 counties of the us state of florida .\n(\nanage entry for gopherus polyphemus\n, 2012 ;\ngopher tortoise management plan\n, 2012 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; ernst and lovich , 2009 ; mushinsky , et al . , 1994 )\nleave burrows alone ! if you have any proposed development activities within 25 feet of a burrow , contact your local extension office or the fwc gopher tortoise conservation biologist in your area for guidance on what to do .\ndiemer , j . 1987 . the status of the gopher tortoise in florida . pp . 72 - 83 . in : proceedings of the third southeastern nongame and endangered wildlife symposium . georgia department of natural resources .\ni found this gopher tortoise 3 years ago during a trip to the everglades ! it remains one of my favorite reptile finds ! ( not my arms pictured ; my professor was holding it while i photographed ) .\nthe longleaf alliance also offers an educational poster that depicts many of the plants and animals that could be encountered on a stroll through the longleaf pine forest , one habitat in which the gopher tortoise can be found .\ngopher tortoises play an important role in ecosystem ecology for two reasons . first , by consuming grasses , herbs , and the fruits of trees , the gopher tortoise aids in seed dispersal . second , its burrows provide important habitat for more than 80 different species of invertebrates and vertebrates , some of which are rare .\nmillburn , naomi .\nthe foods that gopher tortoises eat\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\ngopher tortoises depend on deep , well - drained soils and an open understory . in turn , their burrows provide vital shelter for many at - risk species . gopher tortoises also help disperse plant seeds .\nfirst year post - release movement and survivorship of head - started gopher tortoises . to appear in :\nteaching about gopher tortoises : protection and natural history provides facilitator ' s curriculum for training environmental educators .\nmore than 80 percent of gopher tortoise habitat is in private or corporate hands , and we really need your help identifying the status of gopher tortoises on your land to better assess populations and trends . fire helps maintain good habitat conditions for tortoises . if your land is primarily in silviculture ( pine tree farming ) , you can help gopher tortoises by prescribed burning and tree thinning to achieve the open habitat that tortoises need .\nthe gopher tortoise lives in dry , sandy uplands , such as oak - sandhills , scrub , pine flatwoods and coastal dunes of the southeastern united states . it is the only tortoise in the eastern part of the country . human activities eliminated gopher tortoises from a significant portion of their historic range , but they still occur in alabama , south carolina , louisiana , mississippi and georgia , with the majority of the remaining population in florida .\nthe gopher tortoise is a fairly large tortoise , which reaches 24 cm ( 9 . 4 inches ) in size . there are occasional specimens of greater than 30 cm ( 12 inches ) and the record is 38 cm ( 15 inches ) . this tortoise has a low oval carapace with a flat top . this appearance occasionally results in amateurs thinking it to be an aquatic turtle and returning it to the nearest body of water , often resulting in drowning .\n\u201cthis is a lot bigger than eglin air force base , \u201d he said in an e & e article . \u201cthe work we are doing here will impact other department of defense installations and other gopher tortoise conservation areas . \u201d\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service listed the gopher tortoise as a threatened species in louisiana , mississippi and western alabama during 1987 . in 1990 the service has distributed a draft recovery plan for the western population for public comment . the gopher tortoise is protected on all federal wildlife refuges , national parks and seashores , national forests and military reservations . the gopher tortoise is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) . appendix ii listing implies that commercial trade is allowed providing a permit from the country of export is obtained . this method provides for monitoring of international trade of all designated species .\ngopher tortoises can sometimes be killed by natural predators without major impact on the colony as a whole . however , these predators and domestic pets can kill an inordinate number of gopher tortoises when homeowners bring unrestrained dogs and cats into an area , or feed raccoons to the point at which ground nesters like gopher tortoises and bob white quail have their egg clutches eliminated . illegal take of gopher tortoises by poachers can also devastate a colony , as the gopher tortoise has a low rate of reproduction . small clutch size , low egg and hatchling survival , and late reproductive maturity mean it can take many years for a colony to replace those individuals lost .\nfloridians can obtain \u201cburrow or structure protection\u201d permits that allow for the \u201con - site relocation of tortoises\u201d for residents who can prove that burrows \u201ccompromise existing structures\u201d ( such as one underneath a propane tank ) or put the tortoise in danger ( such as one in a driveway or parking lot ) , according to the official gopher - tortoise - permit guidelines .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1990 . gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) recovery plan . prepared by wendell a . neal , u . s . fish and wildlife service , jackson , mi . 28 pp .\nif you suspect that someone has unlawfully destroyed or harmed a gopher tortoise or its burrow , report it to fwc\u2019s toll - free wildlife alert hotline at 1 - 888 - 404 - 3922 or text tip @ myfwc . com .\nhabitat destruction , degradation and human predation have greatly reduced gopher tortoise populations . more than 90 million acres of the u . s . southeast was once covered by longleaf pine savanna . about 3 . 4 million acres remain today .\nmore than 80 percent of gopher tortoise habitat is privately owned . landowners are helping the gopher tortoise by enhancing and restoring longleaf pine forests . with the help of nrcs , landowners are improving forest stands through prescribed burning and other sustainable forestry practices as well as planting new longleaf pine trees . fires historically burned through the pine savannahs of the south , which suppressed woody species and enabled longleaf pine forests to have an open understory . prescribed burning mimics that process .\nwhite , k . n . 2017 . patterns in siring success and multiple paternity in the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) . m . s . thesis , university of georgia , athens , ga . 59 pp . researchgate profile\neglin\u2019s wildlife chief justin johnson considers this an opportunity to encourage other southeastern military installations to conserve gopher tortoises .\nbefore you build contains information about what landowners should know about gopher tortoises before breaking ground on construction activities .\ngopher tortoises are primarily herbivorous , although they will eat bones from dead animals , presumably to get calcium . their primary food sources are low - growing grasses and herbs . examples of their favorite foods are gopher apple and saw palmetto berries . they will eat the pads , fruits , and flowers of prickly pear cactus . one of the gopher tortoise ' s important roles in the ecosystem is to spread the seeds of many plants in its droppings .\nthe primary threat to the gopher tortoise is habitat loss . habitat alteration , such as urbanization , generally occurs in the same high , dry habitats that the tortoise prefers . lack of appropriate land management ( especially controlled burning ) has also contributed to population declines in areas where natural habitat remains . other threats include road mortality from vehicles and illegal human predation .\ndisruption of the natural fire regime due to development in much of the gopher tortoise\u2019s habitat is also problematic . fire is important because it thins out the canopy and dense woody brush and allows for herbaceous vegetation that provides food for the gopher tortoise . prescribed burning ( or mowing and thinning in areas where burning is too risky ) can substitute for the natural fire regime , but many natural areas around development are left untouched and the vegetation gets too dense . on top of reducing habitat for gopher tortoises , this build up of dense vegetation also increases risk of dangerous crown fires .\ngopher tortoises are often called wildlife landlords because their burrows are essential to the lives and well - being of many other wildlife species . these animals that take advantage of the tortoise ' s burrow , but neither help nor harm the tortoise , are called commensals . commensals benefit from the protection of the burrow , but the burrow may also provide a smorgasbord for any predator that ventures into it . over 300 species of invertebrates and 60 species of vertebrates have been documented using tortoise burrows .\nthe revised gopher tortoise management plan was approved on september 5 , 2012 . the revised plan takes the place of the original plan approved in 2007 ( see below ) . thank you to all stakeholders and members of the public for input and participation throughout this process . the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) has been regulated in florida since 1972 and has been fully protected since 1988 . despite the afforded protection , gopher tortoise populations throughout the state have declined . as a response to the continuing decline of the species , a new management plan was drafted and approved in september 2007 as a precursor to reclassifying the gopher tortoise from a\nspecies of special concern\nto a\nthreatened species .\nthe threatened status was approved and went into effect on november 8 , 2007 . following the first 5 years of implementation , fwc worked with stakeholders to revise and improve the original management plan . the revised plan was approved in september 2012 .\nthe gopher tortoise , currently endangered because of habitat loss , digs burrows that provide homes to more than 300 other types of animals . a new study examines the ease with which wildlife can move from one habitat to another . credit :\nthere are multiple benefits to protecting these tortoises in georgia ,\nsays deron davis , executive director of the nature conservancy in georgia .\nfrom a conservation perspective , protecting the gopher tortoise ' s habitat will have wide ranging benefits to animals within its ecosystem that depend on it , including indigo snakes , striped newts , eastern diamond - backed rattlesnakes , florida pine snakes and gopher frogs . the people of georgia will benefit from a quality of life perspective because some of the protected gopher tortoise habitats will be open to the public for recreation . from an economic perspective , landowners with gopher tortoises on their property will avoid the costly regulations and policies of the endangered species list .\nprimarily herbivorous creatures , gopher tortoises eat grasses , mushrooms , saw palmetto berries , and prickly pear cactus pads , fruits and flowers , as well as blackberries , blueberries , gopher apples and other low - growing fruits .\nspecific antibody to m . agassizii in gopher tortoises experimentally infected with different doses of m . agassizii ( , low dose ; \u25a8 , medium dose ; \u25a0 , high dose ) and control gopher tortoises ( \u25a1 ) .\nthe gopher tortoise is an obligate burrower with many adaptations for digging . the limbs are very stout and strong , with wide flat claws . the front legs are protected with small scales . the shell of the tortoise ( and all turtles ) is an outgrowth of the skeleton and is their major means of protection . when the tortoise pulls his head completely into the shell and covers the openings with his limbs , there are very few predators , other than humans , that can harm him .\nthe gopher tortoise is a moderate - sized , terrestrial turtle that averages 9 - 11 inches ( 23 - 28 centimeters ) long . this species of tortoise has a brown , gray , or tan upper shell ( carapace ) , a yellow lower shell ( plastron ) , and brown to dark gray skin ( florida natural areas inventory 2001 ) . gopher tortoises have stumpy , elephant - like hind feet and flattened , shovel - like forelimbs that are used for digging burrows .\nthis species hibernates in nature , after careful research and provision of a cool dry location this can be reproduced for your tortoise .\ninvertebrates are also commonly found in the burrows , including some 32 species of spiders , ticks , and insects . it is this creation of the burrow refuge that has acknowledged the gopher tortoise by ecologists as the keystone species for its habitat .\nas you can see , there are plenty of ways you can get involved to help save gopher tortoises . if you have any questions or want to talk tortoise , feel free to shoot me an email at lkolluri @ ufl . edu .\nworking lands for wildlife will complement the existing longleaf pine initiative by providing targeted funding to help enhance , restore and protect gopher tortoise habitat , and increase landowner confidence that the conservation practices they implement will not harm the species or its habitat .\nclick here for resources regarding voluntary best management practices for the solar industry to minimize and possibly avoid impacts to at - risk species and habitats , like the gopher tortoise and sandhills . it is important to note that some states , such as florida , have regulatory requirements for impacts to gopher tortoises and other wildlife on sites proposed for solar farm development .\nwith those criteria in mind , and as good environmental stewards , we can all help wild gopher tortoises by preserving their upland habitat and , in general , by simply leaving them alone . it is unlawful to possess a gopher tortoise or any other native georgia wildlife species without a special permit . like all wild animals , they are not \u201cpets . \u201d\nmillburn , naomi .\nthe foods that gopher tortoises eat .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / foods - gopher - tortoises - eat - 4122 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nrestock gopher tortoises to protected , managed , suitable habitats where they no longer occur or where densities are low .\nthe gopher tortoise is listed internationally as a cites ii species and is federally listed in the united states under the endangered species act . because of this protected status , it is illegal to collect a gopher tortoise from the wild . contact your state\u2019s wildlife agency for information on the permitting procedure as it varies state to state . such wild collection permits are very rarely granted . check with your state wildlife agency before you consider adopting an animal of this species as federal law protects it .\n\u201cour goal is to protect gopher tortoise habitat now , while lands are still available that can be managed to sustain healthy populations , \u201d said lee . he explained that the investment we make today in protecting their habitat will eliminate the need for costly impact studies and mitigation that could be required in the future if the gopher tortoise is listed as an endangered species . \u201cwe have a rare opportunity in that we have time to fix this , \u201d he said . \u201cit\u2019s good conservation . \u201d\ngopher tortoises are currently protected by federal law under the endangered species act ( esa ) in the alabama counties west of the mobile and tombigbee rivers and in mississippi and louisiana . the eastern portion of the gopher tortoise\u2019s range includes alabama ( east of the tombigbee and mobile rivers ) , florida , georgia , and southern south carolina . in these areas , the gopher tortoise is now a candidate species for possible listing later under the esa . in the western range states , west of the tombigbee river in alabama , mississippi , and louisiana , it will continue to be listed as threatened under the esa .\nbreininger , d . r . , p . a . schmalzer , and c . r . hinkle . 1994 . gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) densities in coastal scrub and slash pine flatwoods . journal of herpetology 28 : 60 - 65 .\nquinn * , d . , t . d . tuberville , and k . a . buhlmann . 2016 . gopher tortoise egg and hatching data from predator - excluded nests at three sites in georgia . herpetological review 47 : 13 - 16 .\nthe gopher tortoise is one of fwc ' s featured critters and was developed with the idea of increasing awareness among floridians . the featured creature includes a collection of information and photos on that particular species in a format designed as a newspaper page .\nmillburn , naomi . ( n . d . ) . the foods that gopher tortoises eat . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / foods - gopher - tortoises - eat - 4122 . html\nthe jones ecological research center has the state\u2019s largest gopher tortoise population and has been the site of several previous studies , according to smith , and the property is managed with frequent prescribed fire to maintain high - quality habitat for tortoises and other wildlife .\ntortoise densities tend to be higher in fire - adapted communities ( auffenberg and franz 1982 ; diemer 1986 ) . in the absence of fire , canopy trees grow large and shade out the herbaceous vegetation that gopher tortoises rely on as their primary food source .\ndescription : the gopher tortoise is the only tortoise in the southeast and can easily be distinguished from the box turtle ( our only other fully terrestrial turtle ) by its large size , rigid , unhinged plastron ( bottom of shell ) and its stumpy , unwebbed feet . adult gopher tortoises are large 9 - 15 in ( 24 - 38 cm ) and are tan or brown above with a yellowish plastron . the juveniles can be yellowish and brightly patterned . males have a concave plastron and longer tail than females .\nbuilds underground burrows . these burrows average 4 . 5 meters in length and 2 meters deep . these burrows , which maintain a steady temperature and humidity throughout the year , provide gopher tortoise with protection from fires , extreme temperatures , drought , and predators .\nand the guidelines for development in tortoise habitat . we also worked with agencies and private land managers like foresters and farmers , on wildlife best management practices manuals that describe how operations on forests and agricultural lands can protect gopher tortoises , their nests and burrows .\ntuberville , t . d . , and m . e . dorcas . 2001 . winter survey of a gopher tortoise population in south carolina . chelonian conservation and biology 4 : 182 - 186 . ( impact factor : 0 . 808 ) ( pdf )\nthe first and most important component of gopher tortoise conservation is to conserve and manage remaining upland habitat , including the wetlands that are a part of the complete ecosystem . we also advocate restoration of upland habitat that has been degraded by intensive silviculture , mining , destruction of native ground cover , and fire exclusion . much research has been conducted with the goal of evaluating the proper management guidelines for upland ecosystems , particularly longleaf pine habitats , including gopher tortoises and other upland species . thinning of pines , prescribed burning , removal of exotic plants and animals , and replanting of native groundcover are all components of appropriate management of gopher tortoise habitat .\ngopher tortoises are so named because of their ability to dig large , deep burrows . these burrows are widely used by other species throughout the ecosystem , making gopher tortoises a keystone species with a pivotal role to play in their native community .\nthe gopher tortoise is a moderate - sized , terrestrial turtle , averaging 23\u201328 cm ( 9\u201311 in ) in length . the species is identified by its stumpy , elephantine hind feet and flattened , shovel - like forelimbs adapted for digging . the shell is oblong and generally tan , brown , or gray in coloration . gopher tortoises can live 40 to 60 years in the wild .\ngopher tortoises that live in captive settings - - think zoos - - eat a lot of fresh fruits and vegetables . some examples of produce items that captive gopher tortoises consume are bananas , watermelon , apples , alfalfa , cantaloupe , sliced up carrots , broccoli , zucchini , green beans , endives , sweet potatoes , white potatoes and escarole . they also regularly eat tortoise chow ."]}
{"id": 1345, "summary": [{"text": "glaphyria glaphyralis , the common glaphyria moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by guen\u00e9e in 1854 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , arkansas , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maryland , massachusetts , mississippi , missouri , new jersey , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , pennsylvania , south carolina , tennessee and west virginia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "glaphyria glaphyralis", "paragraphs": ["species glaphyria glaphyralis - common glaphyria moth - hodges # 4869 - bugguide . net\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nforbes , w . t . m . 1923 . the lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states . memoir 68 .\nthe lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states william t . m . forbes . 1923 . cornell university , ithaca , new york ; memoir 68 .\ncontributed by jason d . roberts on 14 august , 2008 - 9 : 04pm additional contributions by steve nanz , jeff hollenbeck , robert lord zimlich last updated 20 march , 2015 - 3 : 54am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncame to lights at night . seems not to be found often in texas thus far .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ntallahassee , leon county , florida , usa august 14 , 2014 size : approx . 7 mm\ni am moving this to moths today to free up the id request , but will get back to study it . marcia is probably right . 9 2 14 - i agree with marcia ' s suggestion .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 1346, "summary": [{"text": "protorthodes orobia is a moth in the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known only from eastern texas , where it is most common along the gulf coast .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 11 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is grey-brown with a dusting of white scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the maculation is defined by thin white lines with the transverse lines represented on the costa by seven wider white spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing in october . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "protorthodes orobia", "paragraphs": ["protorthodes lindrothi krogerus , 1954 ; 20 , f . 33 ; tl : newfoundland , badger\nprotorthodes mcdunnough , 1943 ; can . ent . 75 : 51 ; ts : taeniocampa curtica smith\ncentral texas material in this complex was recently described as a new species by lafontaine et al . ( 2014 ) in their revision of the genus . needs a new bg page . see : lafontaine d , walsh j , ferris c ( 2014 ) a revision of the genus protorthodes mcdunnough with descriptions of a new genus and four new species ( lepidoptera , noctuidae , noctuinae , eriopygini ) . zookeys 421 : 139 - 179 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 421 . 6664\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nhere ' s a travis co . data point for this species ; the only one i ' ve photographed . at porchlight in wooded ( juniper - oak - elm ) suburban area .\ngreat catch , maury ! i would have misidentified this critter 10 times out of 9 . after studying the two on mpg , i don ' t feel that i need to offer too strong a mea culpa . thanks , as always . [ original id : ogdoconta tacna ; header changed 2 / 10 / 13 . ]\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nlarva on fragaria , verbascum , balsamorrhiza spp . , chrysothamnus ; godfrey , 1972 , [ poole ]\ntaeniocampa indra smith , 1906 ; 233 ; tl : arizona , yavapai co . , minnehaha\nperigea texana smith , 1900 ; 476 ; tl : texas , round mt .\nnamangana variabilis barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; 21 , pl . 1 ; tl : california , san diego\neriopyga melanopis hampson , 1905 ; 299 , pl . 86 , f . 31 ; tl : arizona\neriopyga constans dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 344 ; tl : mexico\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome cinqui\u00e9me . noctu\u00e9lites . tome 1\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nto view a subset of photographs , use any combination of filters and search boxes . the search boxes can accept full or partial names . all filters are applied together .\nclick on a photograph to view full size , or click on a scientific name to go to a species profile .\n- any - barbados belize bermuda bonaire canada cayman islands costa rica cuba dominican republic el salvador guatemala haiti honduras jamaica mexico nicaragua panama puerto rico st . kitts the bahamas united states"]}
{"id": 1347, "summary": [{"text": "the genus passerina is a group of birds in the cardinal family ( cardinalidae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although not directly related to buntings in the family emberizidae , they are sometimes known as the north american buntings ( the north american emberizidae are colloquially called \" sparrows \" although they are also not related to these birds ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the males show vivid colors in the breeding season ; the plumage of females and immature birds is duller .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these birds go through two molts in a year ; the males are generally less colorful in winter .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "they have short tails and short slim legs .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they have smaller bills than other cardinalidae ; they mainly eat seeds in winter and insects in summer .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the blue grosbeak ( p. caerulea ) was once placed in the monotypic genus , guiraca . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "passerina", "paragraphs": ["the genus passerina is in the family thymelaeaceae in the major group angiosperms ( flowering plants ) .\npassero is the italian word for\nsparrow\n, the bird known to italian vinegrowers for its voracious appetite for ripe passerina grapes . the italian\n\u2013ina\nsuffix is a diminutive , and indicates the relatively small size of passerina grapes .\nthe plant list includes 137 scientific plant names of species rank for the genus passerina . of these 12 are accepted species names .\npasserina corymbosa , a medium to tall shrub covered in masses of small creamy flowers , is fast - growing and would be a welcome addition to any fynbos garden .\nto cite this page : zumberg , r . 1999 .\npasserina cyanea\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nkhoi people are said to have used certain passerina species as cordage for the purpose of tying together poles for huts , and also plaited it into twine and thongs for whips .\nthe variety differs considerably from region to region in terms of the wine it makes , but a familiar character of ripe citrus fruit unites passerina wines . in marche , the wines are sharper with an intense minerality whereas , on italy ' s west coast , in lazio the wines are softer with an almost creamy texture . some ampelographers have suggested that passerina is not one grape variety , but several , a hypothesis which is supported by this regional flavor disparity .\npasserina corymbosa usually occurs on slopes and sandy flats where it grows amongst dry and asteraceous fynbos . it occurs from tulbagh in the western cape to port elizabeth in the eastern cape , with an altitude variation of 20 - 1850 m .\npasserina corymbosa is the most frequently encountered species in the genus passerina and varies in height from 1 - 3 m . the stems , which are made up of extremely tough fibres , are not easy to break and the bark peels off in long , tough strips . a definite distinguishing feature is the young white stems which are partially covered with tiny , linear leaves about 5 mm long . the normal green , linear leaves have a hairy groove beneath and are 3 - 10 mm long .\nof the 2015 vintage , fiona beckett said : wowed by the bottles of tesco ' s finest passerina i took round to go with her spagetti with prawns , that ' s a wine that hits the spot somewhere between pinot grigio and sauvignon blanc .\nthe appellation\noffida\ncontrolled and guaranteed designation of origin ( docg ) is used for wines produced in the municipality of offida in ascoli piceno province ( the correct pronunciation is\noff\u00ecda\n) . wines produced with the ancient passerina grape variety that meet the standards of the \u201coffida\u201d docg production rules are classified as \u201coffida passerina\u201d . the rules were approved as doc pursuant to ministerial decree dated 23 . 05 . 2001 , and as docg pursuant to ministerial decree dated 15 . 06 . 2011 [ download the production rules ]\npasserina corymbosa is a pioneer species with a short juvenile period . it also has a high seed output and quite large seedbanks . this relatively short - lived species also shows high levels of senescence and mortality in a 10 - 15 - year - old veld .\npasserina is an ancient and traditional grape variety used in the white wines of the marche wine region of central italy . it is thought to be a mutation of biancame ( the name by which the bianchello grape is known in marche ) , and it is often confused with bombino bianco and trebbiano toscano . the majority of passerina vines are to be found in marche ' s piceno province ( of rosso piceno fame ) , but there are also significant plantings all across central italy , in abruzzo , emilia - romagna and lazio .\npasserina corymbosa , like most other taxa in this genus , was used to heat up ovens . when set alight , a tremendous blaze was produced which rapidly heated the oven . due to its tough stems , the bakkerbos was also very effective in tying down thatch .\nthe plant list includes a further 34 scientific plant names of infraspecific rank for the genus passerina . we do not intend the plant list to be complete for names of infraspecific rank . these are primarily included because names of species rank are synonyms of accepted infraspecific names .\npasserina is a very ancient local white grape cultivar from the central - adriatic region of italy , which is known under many different appellations in other regions . today passerina is widely grown in marche region ( above all in ascoli piceno province where between the 70s and 80s farsighted producers like cocci grifoni invested in this variety ) . it is also grown in abruzzo , umbria and some areas of lazio . many sources indicate passerina as a variety of the trebbiano cultivar . according to some researchers , it originated from a genetic mutation of biancame , also known as bianchello , a grape variety today widely grown in the pesaro area in northern marche . in her \u201cguide to wine grapes\u201d ( published by slow food , 1996 ) , jancis robinson describes passerina as an \u201cancient grape variety which is perhaps a relative of the trebbiano\u201d . the vine\u2019s hardy resistance to mildew and parasites ensures excellent harvests . some of the more curious appellations of this grape variety ( \u201cpagadebiti\u201d , \u201cscacciacambiali\u201d ) come from these very characteristics , and were passed on by word of mouth as pearls of farming wisdom . ( source : salvatore marsillo , bibenda 7 , ais . ) .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina cyanea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : passerina ciris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\npasserina also goes by the names uva passera , campolese , and trebbiano di teramo , after the teramo hills ( colli teramane ) in northern abruzzo . it is even sometimes known as pagadebit , meaning debt - payer , although this name is given to several high - yielding italian grape varieties .\nvaried buntings share the same sequence of molts and plumages as other passerina species , and first - year males exhibit delayed plumage maturation . songs are similar to those of indigo ( p . cyanea ) and lazuli ( p . amoena ) buntings in that individuals share syllables , neighboring males share songs , and population repertoire is limited .\npasserina vines have mid - sized , pentagonal leaves and small grapes , which grow in medium - to - large clusters . the berry ' s skin is quite thick and ripens to a deep golden color . the grapes ripen with a high level of natural sugars , and have correspondingly high acidity , making for balanced wines in all but the hottest sites .\nthe grape varieties used to produce wines under the \u201cmarche\u201d igt appellation must be grown in the administrative territory of the provinces of ancona , ascoli piceno , fermo , macerata and pesaro urbino in marche region . marche \u201cpasserina\u201d igt wines must have a total alcohol volume of at least 10 % vol . but no more than 15 % vol . [ download the production rules ]\nthe genus name passerina was given by the great carl linnaeus . the genus passer consists of the passerine group of birds , to which sparrows belong . passer - presumably refers to a sparrow , while - ina relates to the black seeds which resemble a sparrow ' s beak . the species name corymbosa , meaning a cluster , is derived from the greek word korumbos , which may refer to the inflorescence being a corymb , which is a raceme with the lower flower stalks longer than those above . this feature enables all the flowers to be on the same level . two other passerinas included in this series are p . ericoides and p . filiformis subsp . filiformis .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchief , bird section , u . s . g . s . - b . r . d . - p . w . r . c .\nioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe insignificant small flowers , which are dull cream or reddish , are borne in large numbers in the axils of the leaves . however , during the flowering period , from august to november , the red sepals and large yellow anthers are quite showy . ( it is advisable to use a hand lens to observe this magical phenomenon . )\nthe stamens and exserted anthers , which appear on the long filaments , are attached to the top of the calyx tube . the coloured calyx is inflated below , with four lobes above . there are no petals present .\nthis widespread shrub is not endangered or vulnerable . it has a status of least concern .\nhere , this fine - leaved , ericoid shrub grows on some of the driest fynbos patches , and its ability to extract soil moisture from deep underground enables it to survive harsh conditions .\nthe gonna bush , by which it is more commonly known , also grows on the lowlands where dry fynbos , renosterveld and succulent karoo merge , with soil types ranging from colluvial ( or shallow litho soils derived from quartzite ) , calcareous dunes on coastal forelands , to shales and sil - ferricretes . in mountainous areas this shrub grows well in soil depths of at least 40 cm . annual rainfall throughout its distribution varies from 450 - 950 mm .\nother genera in the family include dais , gnidia , struthiola and lachnaea , several of which have also been described on this site .\nthe gonna bush , with its dry fruit , is wind - pollinated like all other species in the genus . exserted anthers normally release large amounts of pollen . these light , rounded pollen grains are then easily carried by the wind .\nin fynbos terms this ericoid shrub is regarded as a seeder - a plant which is killed during a fire and then depends on seed for regeneration . seeds are mainly shed in late summer , with most of it decaying when buried in the veld for more than a year .\nin areas of high rainfall it is widespread on coastal dunes due to the fact that the young sandy soil might not be well consolidated and has poor moisture retention . the gonna bush contributes to the forming of a mutualistic relationship through its root system which has the ability to stabilise sandy soils .\nfire is an integral part of fynbos and helps shape the vegetation occurring in the cape region . in the long run , this phenomenon contributes towards the creation of a niche for ephemerals ( plants which grow , bloom and quickly shed seed just a few years after the fire ) . it also gives a new lease on life to seeders ( which eventually become senescent when there is no fire ) and resprouters .\nthis plant plays a vital role in anchoring the sandy soils of coastal dunes , and their removal can cause significant erosion . it is also useful as a filler in floral displays .\nsow the relatively fresh seed during autumn using a well - drained medium such as coarse river sand . slightly level the medium , gently scatter seed , and cover lightly with sand or bark . water lightly and keep moist . seeds germinate readily . ( leonard jacobs , pers . comm . 2006 ) . in order to enhance germination , smoke - treat the seed using kirstenbosch seed primer .\nonce germinated , treat seedlings with diluted liquid fertiliser , as this will strengthen the root system . do this at regular intervals , once every second week .\nwhen ready to pot , start applying liquid fertiliser at the recommended rate . after potting , a granular organic fertiliser can be introduced .\nthe ideal time for planting in the western cape is autumn to early winter , but planting can also be done during the rest of the year in the eastern cape .\nplanting during the correct time of the year gives the plant a better chance to establish itself before the onset of a harsh spring / summer . prepare the soil before planting by adding compost and organic fertiliser . this will improve water retention and soil texture . after planting , water well and cover with a fine layer of mulch or compost which will help to keep the soil cool . although this shrub naturally occurs in nutrient - deprived soil , it is recommendable to fertilise the planted area at least twice a year .\nit is best used in small groupings and en masse for the small to larger garden respectively .\nthis shrub , which is also very effective in any water - wise garden set - up , also grows well with other shrubs such as berzelia lanuginosa , restio dispar , chondropetalum tectorum , pelargonium cucullatum , metalasia muricata , protea neriifolia , p . compacta , hymenolepis parviflora , chrysanthemoides monilifera , athanasia crithmifolia , leucospermum conocarpodendron and leucadendron gandogeri .\nlarger to small groundcovers that complement it well are senecio halimifolius , helichrysum cymosum , h . dasyanthum , plechostachys serpyllifolia , leucospermum oleifolium , carpobrotus edulis , c . acanaciformis and pelargonium capitatum .\nbean , a . & johns , a . 2005 . stellenbosch to hermanus . south african wild flower guide 5 . botanical society of south africa , cape town .\ncowling , r . 1992 . ecology of fynbos . the nutrients , fire and diversity . oxford university press , cape town .\ncowling , r . & richardson , d . 1995 . fynbos : south africa ' s unique floral kingdom . fernwood press , vlaeberg , cape town .\ncowling , r . m . , le matre , d . c . , mckenzie , b . , prys - jones , r . p . & van wilgen , b . w . 1987 . disturbances and the dynamics of fynbos biome communities . south african national scientific programmes report no . 135 . csir , pretoria .\ndyer , r . a . 1975 . genera of southern african flowering plants , vol . 1 . dicotyledons . national botanical institute , pretoria .\njackson , w . p . u . 1980 . wild flowers of the fairest cape . howard timmens , cape town .\njackson , w . p . u . 1990 . origins and meanings of names of south african genera . university of cape town ecolab , cape town .\ntrinder - smith , t . 2003 . levy ' s guide to the plant genera of the southwestern cape . bolus herbarium ( university of cape town ) cape town .\nusher , g . 1974 . dictionary of plants used by man . constable , london .\nusher , g . 1979 . dictionary of botany , edn 4 . redwood burn , london .\nvan wyk , b - e . & gericke , n . 2000 . people ' s plants . a guide to useful plants of southern africa . briza publications , pretoria .\nthis question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions .\nto see how wine - searcher uses average pricing and professional wine critic scores on this page , please see average wine prices and wine scores . to find out about popularity , please see wine ranks .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies and similar technologies ( \u201ccookies\u201d ) to help give you the best experience on our site and to show you relevant advertising . if you continue to use this site , we\u2019ll assume that you\u2019re happy to receive all cookies .\ncitra winery was founded in 1973 . it is located in the region of abruzzo and is now one of the leading wineries in central italy . citra is identified as a reliable partner and a producer of quality wines . also for these reasons citra is represented in 50 countries around the world and our wines ( produced by ourselves , no outsourcing ) have been awarded at the most important international wine tasting competitions . we produce a complete range of excellent wines classified as d . o . c . , i . g . t . , table wine\nabruzzo is one of loveliest regions in italy . born where the sea and the mountains meet , a land protected by green mantle of natural parks and national reserve . it is a region bathed by the mediterranean climate , the special climatic condition , are the perfect nourishment for the vine , which is expressed with grapes of excellent quality from which they originate excellent wines , the pride and glory of the region , and awarded in major national and international competition .\n) breed throughout eastern north america from the great plains eastward , south of the coniferous forest region . there are also some breeding populations in the western united states , including utah , arizona and california . indigo buntings winter in the coastal regions of mexico , central america , northern south america and the caribbean .\nindigo buntings breed in brushy and weedy habitats along the edges of farmed land , woods , road , power lines , railways and riparian habitats . they also breed in clearings in open deciduous woodlands , in weedy or abandoned agricultural fields , and in swamps . during migration they look for open grasslands and leafy trees similar to those in their winter habitat . in winter , indigo buntings choose open habitats , such as weedy fields , citrus orchards , savannas , weedy croplands and low second growth ( payne 1992 ) .\nadult male indigo buntings are brilliant blue during the breeding season , with a darker almost purple crown . females and young are brown with buff wingbars and only a tinge of blue on their tail and shoulders . indigo buntings are small birds , from 11 . 5 cm to13 cm long and weighing 12 to 18 g . they have short , conical beaks and black or gray legs and feet . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun and zim 1983 )\nindigo buntings are socially monogamous . however , pairs only associate until incubation begins , and may switch partners within a single breeding season . fertilizations outside of a breeding pair are not uncommon and approximately 15 % of males have more than one mate .\nmales do not sing often in courtship , but they do follow their mate around during the nest building and laying periods , often chasing other males away .\nindigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august . they may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest , which may take up to eight days . nests are built in shrubs in fields or at the edges of woods , roadsides and railways . they are constructed of leaves , grasses , stems and strips of bark . after the nest is complete , the female lays 1 to 4 ( usually 3 or 4 ) white eggs . one egg is laid each day , soon after sunrise . the female begins incubating after the last egg is laid . incubation lasts for 11 to 14 ( usually 12 to 13 ) days .\nthe female broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch . she also feeds the chicks insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging . indigo buntings are sexually mature at one year old .\nbreeding interval indigo buntings breed between may and september , with most activity occurring june through august .\nbreeding season indigo buntings may raise more than one brood per season , and may switch nests or mates between broods .\nthe male does not generally help with incubation or raising the chicks . the female chooses the nest site and builds the nest . she broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch , feeds them insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest . the chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching , and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging .\nindigo buntings are generally solitary . during the breeding season , males establish and defend a territory 0 . 4 to 8 ha in size . each territory may hold one or more females . during the winter , indigo buntings roost in a flock at night , but spend the days foraging alone or in small groups . there appears to be no dominance hierarchy within these groups . ( payne 1992 )\nindigo buntings are migratory , and may fly as far as 2000 miles between their wintering and breeding grounds . they leave their breeding grounds in september and october , and leave their wintering grounds to return in late april and may . they migrate largely at night . ( payne 1992 , robbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , scientific american 1980 )\nin one study , 10 % of banded fledglings returned to breed within 1 to 2 km of their natal site ( payne 1992 ) .\nindigo buntings use vocalizations and visual cues to communicate . only male indigo buntings sing . each male has one complex song that it sings , during the breeding season to advertise occupancy of a territory to other males and to attract females . males may also court females by performing displays , such as the display in which a male struts in circles in front of a female with his wings spread and his head crouched .\nduring the breeding season , indigo buntings eat small spiders and insects , seeds of grasses and herbs , and berries . major food items taken include caterpillars , grasshoppers , bugs , beetles , seeds and berries . in winter , indigo buntings eat small seeds , buds , and some insects . their main food in winter is small seeds of grasses . they also frequent feeders , and eat the seeds of rice in rice fields . indigo buntings do not appear to drink frequently , and may obtain sufficient water from their diet . ( payne 1992 )\nindigo buntings feed alone during the breeding season and in flocks during the winter . they do not appear to store food for later consumption . ( payne 1992 )\nalthough predation of adult indigo buntings surely occurs , specific predators have not been identified . brooding females , eggs and young are vulnerable to predation from climbing predators , including\nwhen a predator approaches a nest , adult buntings may feign injury and make a chip - chip - chip call to distract the predator and lure them away from the nest . they do not mob predators .\nperching birds ( order passeriformes ) as a group play an important role in the earth ' s ecosystems . they consume many varieties and amounts of food and serve as food for others and hosts for parasites ( britannica , 1986 ) . indigo buntings affect the populations of the insects they eat , and help distribute seeds of the plants whose berries they eat . they also host at least one parasite ; hippoboscid flies ( payne 1992 ) .\nthere is apparent aesthetic importance of songbirds like the indigo bunting to bird watchers and listeners . this brightly colored species is commonly kept as a cage bird ( britannica , 1986 ) .\nindigo buntings appear to be increasing in geographic range and density . they are protected under the u . s . migratory bird act , but not under cites or the u . s . endangered species act .\nindigo buntings are occasionally killed for sport and food . they are also a popular cage bird in europe and mexico . ( payne , 1992 )\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\npayne , r . 1992 the birds of north america , no . 4 , indigo bunting . a . poole , p . stettenheim , and f . gill , editors .\nrobbins , bruun , and zim 1983 , a guide to field identification , birds of north america . golden press .\nscientific american . 1980 , birds , w . h . freeman and company , san francisco ; p . 68 .\nthe new encyclopedia britannica , vol . 15 . ! 986 , birds , encyclopedia britannica , inc . chicago ; p . 95 - 96 .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsee\nstatus\n,\nconfidence level\n,\nsource\nfor definitions .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\nthis species has declined over the long term and apparently continues to do so at a moderately rapid rate . it is therefore considered to be near threatened .\n. 1999 ) . the global population is estimated to be 3 . 6 million birds ( rich\ni\u00f1igo - elias et al . 2002 , rich et al . 2003 ) , with the steepest declines in the eastern population .\nthis species has undergone a small or statistically insignificant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) .\n. 2002 , phillips lynch 2004 ) , with part of the declines also being attributed to brood - parasitism by brown - headed cowbird . trapping and sale in local markets occurs in mexico , central america and the caribbean , and overseas to international markets in europe , south america and asia ( ramos 1982 ,\nconservation actions underway the species is monitored , but no other specific actions are known .\ntightly control any ongoing trade in the species . develop an appropriate management strategy to reverse population declines . develop a comprehensive conservation strategy including adaptive harvesting for populations in the caribbean and latin america (\nimportant message you have not enabled javascript . you need to enable it to browse this site . in the near future we will accomodate browsing without the need for javascript . however , browsing will be cumbersome without javascript for this map / data rich site . please contact anantha prasad if you have disabled javascript . please include in the message the reason for disabling it .\nthe reliability of the model as assessed from the combined outputs of regression tree , bagging trees and randomforest models .\nbna account authors : groschupf , kathleen d . , and christopher w . thompson\ndespite the varied bunting ' s widespread distribution in central mexico , its conspicuous behavior , and its striking male plumage ( a 1901 painting by louis agassiz fuertes is used as a frontispiece for coues 1903 ) , little information is published about the life history of this species . species accounts are anecdotal , and distributional and other information is mostly historical ( e . g . , baird et al . 1875 , ridgway 1901 , van rossem 1931 , brandt 1940 , 1951 ) . there is almost no published information on the natural history of the varied bunting in baja california and its center of distribution , mainland mexico . to provide information for this account , kdg studied varied buntings at chino , rock corral , and montosa canyons in southeastern arizona in august 1992 and may - september 1993 - 1995 . she banded and color - marked 33 adults and 8 nestlings , observed behavior , found nests , and recorded vocalizations . cwt examined egg collections and museum specimens to gain new insight on egg and plumage characteristics .\nvaried buntings occur from the southern borders of texas , new mexico , and arizona , through mexico , including baja california , to guatemala . they occupy habitat characterized by arid thorn brush at riparian edges , thorn forest , scrubby woodland , and overgrown clearings , and are absent from human residential areas .\nvaried buntings , however , have larger syllable repertoires , their songs are not stereotyped , and their singing activity depends on rainfall .\nbreeding in the varied bunting also depends on rainfall . in arizona , when summer rains are delayed , nesting may not begin until august . eggs are polymorphic in color among populations , a rare phenomenon in passerine birds .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nbirdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion\na crisp , pretty sparrow whose bright rufous cap both provides a splash of color and makes adults fairly easy to identify . chipping sparrows are common across north america wherever trees are interspersed with grassy openings . their loud , trilling songs are one of the most common sounds of spring woodlands and suburbs .\nparticularly in fall and winter , watch for small flocks of chipping sparrows feeding on open ground near trees . in spring and summer , listen for the male\u2019s long , loud trill , then look for the male in the upper branches of a nearby tree .\nchipping sparrows will eat many kinds of birdseed , particularly black oil sunflower seeds from feeders , but also seed mixes scattered on the ground . shrubs or small trees in your yard may entice chipping sparrows to build a nest .\nthis species often comes to bird feeders . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .\nthe early naturalists had a gift for description you just don\u2019t see anymore . in 1929 , edward forbush called the chipping sparrow \u201cthe little brown - capped pensioner of the dooryard and lawn , that comes about farmhouse doors to glean crumbs shaken from the tablecloth by thrifty housewives . \u201d\nin much of the west , chipping sparrows disperse shortly after breeding to move to areas with better food resources . it ' s not unusual to see chipping sparrows on alpine tundra or along roadsides in open grasslands . this results in the common misperception that they bred in those areas , when really they simply moved there to molt .\nchipping sparrows typically build their nests low in a shrub or tree , but every once in a while they get creative . people have found their nests among hanging strands of chili peppers , on an old - fashioned mower inside a tool shed , and on a hanging basket filled with moss .\nthe nest of the chipping sparrow is of such flimsy construction that light can be seen through it . it probably provides little insulation for the eggs and young .\nthe oldest recorded chipping sparrow was at least 10 years , 11 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in ontario in 1998 . it had been banded in the same province in 1987 ."]}
{"id": 1350, "summary": [{"text": "the brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) is a duck in the typical merganser genus .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is one of the six most threatened waterfowl in the world with possibly fewer than 250 birds in the wild and currently 4 kept in captivity at 2 different brazilian locations .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the origin of its name is from its long , sharp-edged beak that has a great number of teeth-looking edges . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "brazilian merganser", "paragraphs": ["a female brazilian merganser shelters her ducklings in the s\u00e3o francisco river , brazil .\nhughes , b . ( 2003 ) brazilian merganser workshop . twsg news , 14 : 10 - .\nthis entry was posted in americas , archive , south america , waterbirds and tagged brazilian merganser . bookmark the permalink .\nlins , l . ( 2003 ) brazilian merganser study at serra da canastra . twsg news , 14 : 11 - .\nsleek ducks with long thin serrated bills designed to catch fish , the brazilian merganser is one of the most threatened wildfowl species in the world .\nin addition to the auckland island merganser , there was a separate merganser species on the chatham islands ( mergus milleneri ) . merganser fossils from mainland new zealand cannot yet be assigned to either of the named species .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus )\ntitle =\narkive species - brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsylvan heights bird park and the international wild waterfowl association have been involved in efforts to prevent the extinction of the critically endangered brazilian merganser by providing funding , training , and advising to the brazilian organizations working with this species .\nall anthropogenic activities that influence the quality and integrity of the rivers and their banks are a potential threat to the brazilian merganser . here we highlight these factors based on lamas ( 2006 ) .\nthe projects on marking - monitoring using radio - transmitters recently started by instituto terra brasilis in serra da canastra , and by funatura in chapada dos veadeiros , will bring important data for the brazilian merganser conservation .\nbrazilian merganser occurs mainly in watercourses with riffles , pools and waterfalls . changes in the hydrological regime , mainly due to the development of hydroelectric power plants , turn former long stretches of rivers into reservoirs , which has an extreme effect on some merganser populations . in the serra da canastra region , for example , the furnas and mascarenhas de moraes dams flooded several kilometres of flowing water , wiping out habitats that certainly held several territories . there are several new such infrastructure projects under way in different areas of the distribution of the brazilian merganser . to date , the only record of a brazilian merganser in standing waters ( de paula et al . 2008 ) seems to represent no more than an occasional occurrence . the operations of mining companies also interfere in with water including at springs and headwaters , potentially bringing negative impacts to brazilian mergansers habitats .\nmike lubbock was invited to a workshop in belahorizonte , brazil , in 2000 to help address the dire situation of the brazilian merganser . the workshop was organized by wolf bartman , of the dortmund zoo in germany . a recovery plan was produced by experts from all three brazilian merganser range nations ( argentina , brazil , and paraguay ) , plus europe and the united states . they collated background information on the status and distribution , life history , and threats faced by the brazilian merganser and drew up a basic proposal for conservation action . mike has returned to brazil several times since 2000 as an adviser to conservationists and aviculture facilities working to save this species .\nvoice : \u201cquacking like a duck\u201d is the only recorded description of the call of the auckland island merganser .\nthe elusive brazilian merganser not only ranks among the most endangered of all waterfowl , but rarest of all birds as well . possibly fewer than 250 birds remain , and some conservationists fear that even this estimate may be optimistic .\n( fabaceae : caesalpinioideae ) and the influence of quaternary climate changes in the brazilian cerrado . ann bot 100 : 1219\u20131228\nsome of these recommendation have undoubted and immeasurable importance and urgency . their application must be evaluated in each of the brazilian merganser\u00b4s areas of occurrence , considering the specific aspects of threat , politics , strategies , opportunities , and so on .\nall the important actions for conservation of the brazilian merganser , based on our current knowledge , are described in the action plan for the conservation of the brazilian merganser . this publication must be consulted by anyone who intends to work with this species ( there are versions in portuguese and english \u2013 hughes et al . 2006a ; hughes et al . 2006b ) . this action plan is the third number of the threatened species series created by the brazilian environmental agency ( ibama ) for contributing to the protection and conservation of the brazilian threatened fauna . series of priority recommendations are listed under five themes : fiscalization and legislation ; species and habitat protection ; monitoring and research ; public awareness and capacity building ; and international collaboration and communication .\nwilliams , m . 2012 . a merganser at auckland islands , new zealand . wildfowl 62 : 3 - 36 .\nthe brazilian merganser feeds mainly on fish , which it captures by diving in river rapids and backwater , but supplements this diet with molluscs and insects and their larvae ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . these birds usually feed in pairs ( 2 ) .\nsilveira , l . f . and bartmann , w . d . ( 2001 ) natural history and conservation of brazilian merganser mergus octosetaceus at serra da canastra national park , minas gerais , brazil . bird conservation international , 11 : 287 - 300 .\nkear , j . & scarlett , r . 1970 . the auckland island merganser . wildfowl 21 : 78 - 86 .\nde paula , gabriel arvelino cerqueira , marconi campos and ribon , r\u00f4mulo 2008 . occurrence of the brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) in the southern border of the espinha\u00e7o range , minas gerais , brazil . waterbirds , vol . 31 , issue . 2 , p . 289 .\nthe river habitat required by the brazilian merganser has suffered from staggering deforestation and permanent flooding from dams . the dwindling population of these fish - eating ducks is perhaps most numerous in brazil ' s serra de canastra national park , 500 miles northwest of san paulo . adding to the birds ' plight , a series of forest fires devastated the national park and another area where the merganser was thought to have a stronghold .\nmergansers ( subfamily : merginae ) are specialist fish - eating waterfowl . five of the six extant species have broad distributions in cool temperate and arctic regions of the northern hemisphere , where they primarily or exclusively inhabit lakes and rivers . the sixth , the now very rare brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) once occurred more widely on brazilian and argentine rivers . a coastal and marine habitat has been ascribed to the new zealand mergansers , which contrasts with the habitat of other mergansers notwithstanding the red - breasted merganser\u2019s ( m . serrator ) seasonal use of sheltered coastal bays , coves and estuaries .\nthe species is legally protected in all three range states . it occurs in three brazilian national parks , two state parks and one private protected area ( braz\nthe conservation of the species necessarily depends on measures involving the recuperation and conservation of riparian forests , watercourses , and their springs and banks . thus , besides the benefits for the conservation of brazilian merganser itself , those measures would be geared towards the rescue of fundamental values of land use and environmental conservation .\nthe species inhabits clean rivers and streams , with rapids and still waters , bordered by forests or native vegetation , and with an abundance of fish . it is a shy bird and it is quite difficult to see in the wild . it prefers sparsely populated areas and avoids human presence , although at some localities it is bolder and occurs closer to villages and small towns . the brazilian merganser seems to tolerate some environmental degradation if there are well preserved stretches in its territory so the birds can seek shelter . territory size of the brazilian merganser varies between 5 - 12 km of rivers and streams in the serra da canastra region .\nwilliams , m . j . 2015 . auckland island merganser . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\nwe do not have evidence of the depth of the impact of tourism activities on brazilian merganser populations . in the serra da canastra national park the type of tourism developed thus far do not seem to interfere significantly with the brazilian merganser\u2019s behavior , given that a pair has been breeding successfully over the years close to one of the most often visited areas in the park ( silveira and bartmann 2001 , bartmann 1988 , and personal observations ) . nevertheless , there has been a significant increase in tourism , both in the park and in its vicinity . the ever - growing number of tourists who come looking for rivers and waterfalls could potentially interfere with the birds\u2019 behaviour ; this should be monitored closely .\nwe helped write the action plan for conserving brazilian mergansers . drawing on our long experience of waterbird monitoring , we helped terra brasilis establish a capture and marking programme using leg rings and radio transmitters . it was the first time brazilian mergansers had ever been caught for science and the ongoing programme is helping us to understand how the birds use the densely forested rivers .\nbruno , s . f . and bartmann , w . ( 2003 ) brazilian mergansers in serra da canastra national park , minas gerais state , brazil . twsg news , 14 : 53 - 54 .\nauckland island merganser . image from hombron , j . b . & jacquinot , h . voyage au p\u00f4le sud . zoologie . vol . 3 , . paris , france . image \u00a9 no known copyright restrictions\nwilliams , m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; rogers , k . m . 2012 . feeding environments of new zealand\u2019s extinct merganser revealed by stable isotope analyses . wildfowl 62 : 190 - 203 .\nthe brazilian merganser exists in extremely low numbers at a few , highly disjunct localities in south - central brazil . in 2002 , the species was also found on the arroyo uruz\u00fa in misiones , argentina , the first record in the country for 10 years , despite extensive surveys . the bird was last recorded in paraguay in 1984 , where very little habitat remains , although local reports indicate that a few individuals may still survive there ( 4 ) .\ncarboneras , c . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . brazilian merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\na total of 27 specimens are known to have been obtained from the auckland islands . merganser bones found in natural deposits and maori middens at sites on north , south , and stewart islands are possibly referable to the same species .\nit is also vital to promote an awareness - raising campaign on the importance of this species among people who live in the areas where it occurs . most inhabitants of these areas do not know the brazilian merganser . revealing the importance of the species to the community , and demonstrating that its presence in the region is a valuable feature and something to be proud of , could get people involved and committed in the search for , and application of , beneficial actions for its conservation .\nthe brazilian merganser is a very rare and threatened species that nowadays inhabits only a few protected areas and their surroundings in the brazilian territory . in order to estimate the remaining genetic diversity and population structure in this species , two mitochondrial genes were sequenced in 39 individuals belonging to two populations and in one individual collected in argentina in 1950 . we found a highly significant divergence between two major remaining populations of mergus octosetaceus , which suggests a historical population structure in this species . furthermore , two deeply divergent lineages were found in a single location , which could due to current or historical secondary contact . based on the available genetic data , we point out future directions which would contribute to design strategies for conservation and management of this threatened species .\nwhen estimating the global population , don\u2019t count on any individuals in argentina . i know of only one potential sighting in argentina since the 2002 record : on the arroyo pepir\u00ed guaz\u00fa , miro ( 2010 ) saw three waterbirds that might have been brazilian mergansers .\nthe scarcity of information on the brazilian merganser\u2019s biology and behavior makes it difficult to make decisions affecting the conservation and management of this species . studies on reproduction , feeding behavior , territories , intra - and interspecific interactions , and environmental factors affecting the species must be encouraged . research involving the marking of individuals , preferably with the use of radio transmitters , for confirmation of the home range , and daily and seasonal movements , is essential to accurate estimates of the size and dynamics of the populations .\nhunting does not seem to be a current threat to the brazilian merganser . we heard stories , which we could not substantiate , that the species used to be hunted in the past . some local inhabitants claimed that it is not advantageous to hunt the bird as it is difficult to approach and at the same time small and with very little meat . yet , one has to take into account that the whole subject of \u201chunting\u201d is mostly avoided by all and only rarely we find someone willing to provide positive information .\nspp . , each pair using on average 9 km of river . range size was thought to be related to the availability of suitable nesting and feeding sites . scnp and its environs contain very little mature gallery forest with trees large enough to provide nest sites ( most having been selectively logged in the past ) . there is also competition for nest sites with other birds and mammals . all suitable habitat surrounding the scnp is now occupied by adult birds , leaving none for young birds . further research is needed to determine the fate and dispersion routes of juveniles . future conservation priorities for brazilian merganser in and around scnp include the installation of nest boxes to test whether the availability of good quality nest sites limits breeding success . a captive breeding programme could be established using eggs from these nest boxes . this would help to ensure the survival of this species and to provide birds for future reintroduction programmes should they be deemed necessary . further surveys , with subsequent establishment of reserves at key sites , are required throughout the brazilian merganser ' s range .\nsimilar species : there were no species that the auckland island merganser could have been confused with at its last retreat around the coasts of the auckland islands . around mainland new zealand and the chatham islands , the yellow - footed stictocarbo shags ( spotted shag and pitt island shag ) were ( and are ) common around coastlines , and were of similar body shape and colouration to the auckland island merganser . however , the two shags were slightly larger and had different head colouration and crest formation , and many structural differences if seen at sufficiently close range .\nin september 2007 , an information centre was opened in s\u00e3o roque de minas , a town in the region of serra da canastra , coordinated by the instituto terra brasilis . the purpose of this centre is to exchange and disseminate socio - environmental information and consolidate the brazilian merganser as the symbol for the ecosystem conservation in that region . the centre has been very successful ; more than 3 , 000 people have taken part in its activities , which include presentations , workshops , contests , movies and games . some local schools have included a visit to the centre in their regular activities .\nauckland island merganser pairs were probably strongly territorial , maintaining their territory and relationship year - round . the eastern inlets of auckland island and the bays within carnley harbour each have a small feeding stream and it is unlikely that more than one pair could have occupied any inlet and bay .\nbrazilian merganser is a slender , dark , medium - sized bird , with a typically long crest on the rear of the head . back and wings are grayish brown . head and neck darker with metallic dark green reflections , better seen under sunlight . the breast is pale gray with narrow darker stripes ; the color of the underparts becomes paler towards the abdomen . the wing white mirror is visible during flight and it is also commonly observed when the birds are resting or swimming . the head crest is longer in the males than females . the bill is thin , narrow and serrated .\nfor this particular issue , the brazilian journal of ornithology will publish articles and reviews on ornithology in general , with emphasis on neotropical birds . it is indexed in databases zoological records , biological abstract , scopus , and isi . the current ( june 2017 ) impact factor is 0 . 414 ) . the journal o\nmergus is the genus of the typical mergansers , fish - eating ducks in the seaduck subfamily ( merginae ) . the hooded merganser , often termed mergus cucullatus , is not of this genus but closely related . the other\naberrant\nmerganser , the smew ( mergellus albellus ) , is phylogenetically closer to goldeneyes ( bucephala ) . although they are seaducks , most of the mergansers prefer riverine habitats , with only the red - breasted merganser being common at sea . these large fish - eaters typically have black - and - white , brown and / or green hues in their plumage , and most have shomewhat shaggy crests . all have serrated edges to their long and thin bills that help them grip their prey . along with the smew and hooded merganser , they are therefore often known as\nsawbills\n. the goldeneyes , on the other hand , feed mainly on mollusks , and therefore have a more typical duck - bill . they are also classified as\ndivers\nbecause they go completely under - water in looking for food . in other traits , however , the genera mergus , lophodytes , mergellus , and bucephala are very similar ; uniquely among all anseriformes , they do not have notches at the hind margin of their sternum , but holes surrounded by bone .\nas mentioned above , less than 250 of these birds are left . they came from a central and southern brazilian region , and eventually fell into nearby regions of both argentina and paraguay . however , the populations confirmed to remain are all to be seen in brazil as none have been reported in argentina for quite some time \u2013 reports are scarce in 2015 .\nour project\u00b4s intention was to find the dove merganser ( mergus octosetaceus ) and purple \u2013winged ground dove ( claravus godefrida ) which used to inhabit the higly endangered upper parana atlantic forest in paraguay . however , the loss of more than 90 % of forest cover due to the expansion of cattle ranching and agriculture had severely impacted these species . both species are categorized as cr ( critically endangered ) by the uicn\u00b4s redlist mainly because of habitat loss and pollution of rivers . currently the only stable population of the merganser is in the serra da canastra national park in brazil and in recent years there have been new records in argentina . in paraguay the species was last seen in 1983 .\nthe brazilian merganser is one of the ten most threatened waterfowl in the world , with possibly fewer than 250 birds thought to remain ( 3 ) . this dark , slender duck has a shiny dark - green hood with a long crest , which is usually shorter and worn - looking in females ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . upperparts are dark grey while the breast is light grey , getting paler towards the whitish belly , and a white wing patch ( speculum ) is particularly noticeable in flight ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the bill is long and dark ( 4 ) , shorter in the female ( 2 ) , and the legs are pink to orange - red ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\none such project is taking place at zooparque itatiba in brazil . conservation teams have been continuing their efforts to locate and track breeding brazilian mergansers through some of the most remote river habitat . when a healthy nest is discovered , the teams remove a few of the eggs and transport them back to zooparque itatiba , leaving the rest to hatch with the parents in the wild . in 2015 , the teams were able to collect a total of eight eggs from two different nest sites , and successfully raised all eight ducklings back at the zoo . should the habitat for wild brazilian mergansers continue to degrade , the birds housed at zooparque itatiba will ensure that this species does not disappear altogether . ideally , their offspring may also help bolster wild populations in the future .\nwe thank the specialist work group for the conservation of brazilian merganser for valuable discussions and opinions on this manuscript . we also thank all the staff from instituto terra brasilis and funatura ( vivian s . braz and gislaine disconzi ) for collecting the samples at serra da canastra and chapada dos veadeiros , respectively ; dario a . lijtmaerand and pablo tubaro for providing the samples from argentina , bradley c . livezey for sending copies of his papers , and geoff m . hilton and paulo de tarso z . antas for useful suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript . the present study received grants from fapemig , cnpq , petrobras ambiental and funda\u00e7\u00e3o o botic\u00e1rio de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da natureza , and followed all ethical guidelines and legal requirements of brazil for sampling and studying an endangered species .\nis considered to be one of the rarest and most threatened species in the neotropical region , yet little is known about its distribution and life - history . we studied the population of brazilian merganser in and around serra da canastra national park ( scnp ) in minas gerais , brazil , during 1996 , with additional observations from 1997 to 2000 . in this paper we report the sighting of previously undiscovered pairs and present some new behavioural data , including a description of calls performed by males and females , feeding behaviour , home ranges , parental care and population density . we also describe a previously unreported plumage of the young . a total of 39 individuals were recorded , comprising 12 adults ( six pairs ) and 27 young . brood size ranged from two to four ( mean 2 . 7 ) , being smaller than in other\na large merganser with a dark brown head and neck , dark grey upper body , dull greyish - brown breast and abdomen , dark brown eyes , a long slender serrated yellowish - orange bill with black on the upper mandible , and orange legs and feet . the upper wings were slate grey , and the lower wing coverts were darker and banded white ; males were larger with an elongated crest .\nbrazilian mergansers nest in holes of trees , and holes in rocks and in river banks . nest site for brazilian merganser , in rock cavity . the entrance to the nest cavity is located from 2 to 25 m above the water . only the female incubates , and she leaves the nest twice per day to feed . the male spends most time resting or feeding nearby , constantly vigilant , but sometimes flies off , departing the area for several hours . the female lays up to eight eggs , which are incubated for about 34 days . when leaving the nest , the female covers the eggs with her down feathers . the ducklings leave the nest in the following day after hatching . the ducklings are encouraged to abandon the nest by the mother\u012bs call . the family stays together all the time ; the parents constantly keep the young between them . the parents provide the ducklings with fishes and invertebrates . they feed their young directly into their beaks , or they place caught fish in the water after shaking it in order the ducklings can catch it . after 10 days of life , young were observed fishing on their own , reducing the need for food provided by their parents . the young are able to perform short flies when they are around 2 months old . they generally stay with their parents about six months or even longer . many young die in these first months of life .\nanother potential , but very poorly studied , effect is the presence of exotic species of fish in the region . the peacock bass ( cichla sp . ) , along with other allochthonous species , commonly are introduced into the reservoirs and water courses . the peacock bass is also very common in fish - and - pay ponds . such predatory species have caused profound changes in the environments where they have been introduced , with the disadvantage that there are no effective processes to eradicate the species once it has settled in a host community ( fabio vieira 2002 , pers . comm . ) . though the peacock bass prefers to inhabit mostly still - water environments , it is possible to find it in river stretches . being an essentially fish - eating species , it may alter the dynamics of the native water communities as it becomes established . small native fish make up the brazilian merganser\u2019s basic source of food and any factor interfering with the supply may have serious consequences for its populations .\nmergansers were extirpated following polynesian settlement of new zealand and chatham islands . the auckland island population would have been severely diminished by predation by pigs and cats following their release onto auckland island in the 1820s , and possibly also by being a food for early sealers at the island . the earnest collecting of specimens for museums , especially in the 1890s , led to the last specimen being seen , and collected , in january 1902 , a mere 60 years after the merganser\u2019s initial discovery .\ntheir main distribution location seems to be within serra da canastra , where just under a fifth of the remaining population all remain . the last recorded ducks within argentina , for example , were in 2002 when they were found within the misiones . other than this , the animals are very much rare to be seen across the world as they have been ravaged by various different reasons . their habitats are diversely spread out as well , meaning that close interaction between groups of the merganser are no longer possible , which has contributed to their current state .\na duck of slender proportion and a dark color , it\u2019s got a particularly long crest which tends to be a little bit shorter when you are talking about a female merganser . the upper body of these creatures tends to be dark grey , whilst the breast is a light grey color in contrast . one of the most striking things about these creatures , however , is the fact that they are mostly silent \u2013 when they do make noise , it almost sounds like a dogs bark rather than the traditional quack you would expect to hear from a duck .\nbrazilian mergansers feed basically on small fish they capture during dives , although aquatic macroinvertebrates also contribute to their diet . very often , before diving , they search for their prey swimming with just their heads submerged . dives can last 15 to 20 seconds , and even 30 seconds in deeper pools . we have observed them catching insects flying around their heads . in the serra da canastra region , the most common fish species which serve as their food are lambaris and barrigudinho . stomach content analysis of individuals from misiones , argentina , showed they ate lambaris , ciclids , catfish , virolito , larvae of dobson flies and , probably , molluscs .\nwe would like to invite participants of this ornithological congress of the americas to submit manuscripts to be considered for publication on a special volume of the brazilian journal of ornithology . we welcome review and case study manuscripts derived from the research exposed at the meeting . particularly , we would like to invite organizers of each symposium , as well as symposium\u00b4s participants , to submit a review manuscript on the topic of the symposium , which could have particular emphasis on the individual talks involved in the symposium . also , we would like to publish one study case per symposium . in addition to the manuscripts derived from symposia , we encourage other authors presenting their studies to submit manuscripts as a general submi\nthere are some recent research on the conservation status of the species in its distribution area originally known . these studies show that the species is still under heavy anthropic pressures , including the region of the national park of serra da canastra where diamond exploration sector has been doing strong pressures to mine even in protected areas . ex situ conservation initiatives have been conducted by the brazilian government , researchers and breeders , and today there are , the only two individuals of the species that are officially raised in captivity from eggs collected in the wild . therefore i believe it is still incipient to change the status of the species to a threat condition \u201clower\u201d than the current one . especially because the conservation status of the species serves as an argument for compensation discussions as part of environmental projects\nthe sexes of the auckland island merganser were similar to each other , but males were larger and had an obvious and elongated crest . the head and neck were dark brown , the entire upper body dark grey , and the breast and abdomen dull greyish - brown . the upper wings were slate grey , and the lower wing coverts were darker and banded white . the middle secondary flight feathers were white on the outer web and black on the inner web and tips , with the primary flight feathers and inner secondaries tending blackish . the eyes were dark brown , and the upper bill black but with its cutting edge and the lower mandible yellowish - orange ; the legs and feet were orange . immature birds were darker versions of the adults . ducklings were dark brown - black above with yellowish - white underparts . their bill , legs and feet were dark olive - brown .\nbrazilian mergansers nest in holes of trees , and holes in rocks and in river banks ( lamas and santos 2004 , partridge 1956 , andrade et al . in press ) . the entrance to the nest cavity is located from 2 to 25 m above the water . only the female incubates , and she leaves the nest twice per day to feed ( bruno et al . , in press ) . the male spends most time resting or feeding nearby , constantly vigilant , but sometimes flies off , departing the area for several hours . the female lays up to eight eggs , which are incubated for about 34 days ( bruno et al . , in press ) . the eggs are oval in shape and pale beige , almost white , in coloration . the following mean measures data were taken from one nest with seven eggs : 61 . 7 mm ( length ) , 42 . 5 mm ( width ) and 59 . 86 g ( weight ) ( lamas and santos 2004 ) . when leaving the nest , the female covers the eggs with her down feathers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n49 - 56 cm . dark , slender duck with long crest . dark hood with petroleum - green sheen . pale grey breast finely vermiculated dark , paler towards whitish belly . dark grey upperparts . white wing speculum . long , dark saw - bill . pinky - lilac legs . long , bushy hindcrest usually worn and shorter in females .\nbenstead , p . , bird , j . , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , capper , d . , clay , r . , mazar barnett , j . , pilgrim , j . , sharpe , c j , symes , a . , taylor , j . , khwaja , n . & ashpole , j\nrecent records from brazil indicate that this species ' s status may be marginally better than previously thought . nevertheless , the remaining known population is still extremely small and fragmented , and the perturbation , damming and pollution of rivers are likely to be causing continuing declines . for these reasons , it is listed as critically endangered . further information on the population size ( in particular whether it exceeds 250 mature individuals ) and on the subpopulation structure may result in its downlisting to endangered in the future .\n. 2013 ) , where recent surveys yielded a rough estimate of 70 - 100 territories , roughly equivalent to 140 - 200 mature individuals ( l . v . lins unpubl . data ) ; if confirmed this would represent a significant increase to the size of the largest known subpopulation . tributaries of the rio s\u00e3o francisco in west bahia were thought to hold a significant population\n( pineschi and yamashita 1999 ) , but a 2003 survey there failed to locate any birds . it has recently been found in patroc\u00ednio municipality , minas gerais ( i . lamas\n2012 ) ; a record from itacolomi state parque in the same state is though thought to refer to an accidental or escaped bird ( arvelino de paula 2008 , l . v . lins\n2012 ) . in goi\u00e1s , there are records from emas and chapada dos veadeiros national parks ; the latter being surveyed in 2003 - 2004 with birds found just outside the park in the rio das pedras , and the total in the area thought to number fewer than 50 individuals ( disconzi 2012 ) . in 1995 , a small population was discovered on the rio tibagi , paran\u00e1\n2003 ) , and six expeditions in 2007 and 2008 surveying a c . 55 km stretch of the rio novo located three breeding pairs ( barbosa and almeida 2010 ) , and four pairs along 115 km of river in 2010 - 2011 ( iecos brasil 2013 per l . v . lins\n( pacheco and fonseca 1999 ) , s\u00e3o paulo , and santa catarina . in misiones ,\n, 12 individuals were found on the arroyo uruz\u00fa in 2002 , the first records in the country for 10 years despite extensive surveys ( benstead 1994 , hearn 1994 , j . c . chebez\n, it was last recorded in 1984 and there is little ( if any ) habitat left . however , local reports indicate that a few individuals may still survive\nthe population was estimated at 250 individuals in 1992 , and was thought likely to have declined since given ongoing threats , however there are recent suggestions that the population may exceed this figure ( l . v . lins\n2012 ) . recent estimates from the three main areas currently known to hold the species are of 70 - 100 territories ( 140 - 200 mature individuals ) in the serra da canastra area ( l . v . lins\n2012 , 2013 ) , fewer than 50 individuals at chapada dos veadeiros ( disconzi 2012 ) and eight at jalap\u00e3o ( iecos brasil 2013 per l . v . lins\n2015 ) , but these figures require confirmation and the population is currently precautionarily maintained within the band 50 - 249 mature individuals .\nthis species ' s population is suspected to have declined rapidly over the last 20 years ( three generations ) , in line with habitat loss and degradation within its range , owing to the expansion of hydroelectric power schemes , soy bean cultivation and mining operations . it appears to have been extirpated from paraguay .\nit inhabits shallow , fast - flowing rivers , requiring rapids and clear waters . it occurs especially in the upper tributaries of watersheds but ranges into small rivers with patches of gallery forest surrounded by\ncerrado\n( tropical savanna ) or within atlantic forest . it is non - migratory and does not abandon the stretch of river where it establishes its territory\n, but timing may vary geographically . incubation may last c . 33 days ( bruno\n. previously , the species was thought to rely on gallery forest which , although protected by law in brazil , has been cleared illegally throughout much of the species ' s range . however , evidence suggests it will occur on unforested , undisturbed stretches of river through cerrado . all recent records of the species in the serra da canastra region refer to unprotected sites north of the national park . these are sites under increasing pressure from mining , development of hydropower infrastructure and agriculture ( l . v . lins\n1999 ) , and it is thought that diamond mining will resume at serra da canastra in the near future ( l . v . lins\n2003 ) . dam - building has already caused severe declines across much of its range , and is increasing in scale ( l . v . lins\n2003 ) , although there are no recent published records from emas national park . a species action plan has been published which outlines in detail its current status , ecology , threats and proposed conservation actions\n( ibama 2006 ) . it is considered nationally critically endangered in brazil ( silveira & straube 2008 , mma 2014 ) . in argentina , sections of the arroyo uruz\u00fa are protected within the urugua\u00ed provincial park ( p . benstead verbally 2004 ) . regular monitoring of the population in serra da canastra national park , brazil is conducted and in 2008 a team from the wwt and terra brasilis colour - ringed 14 individuals and fitted five of them with radio transmitters in order to increase knowledge of the species ' s movements and ecology ( braz\n2006 ) . nest boxes have recently been installed within the protected area ( l . v . lins\n2011 ) . a captive breeding programme was initiated in 2011 at the po\u00e7os de caldas breeding center in minas gerais . two young have been successfully reared so far ( l . v . lins\n. the pato aqui \u00e1gua acol\u00e1 project has been engaging with students in the serra da canastra region to improve understanding of environmental problems related to the cerrado biome ( instituto terra brasilis 2014a ) . the project has also set up the conscious decision campaign to engage with those responsible for environmental licensing , construction and tourism activities that could have an impact on water quality within the species ' s range ( instituto terra brasilis 2015 ) .\n2012 ) . continue to monitor the serra da canastra population . implement survey work in the jalap\u00e3o region to find new individuals ( instituto terra brasilis 2014b ) . develop and implement a fieldwork strategy using satellite images . protect the watershed and riverine habitats of populations , especially in bahia . improve local awareness and promote riverbank protection . conduct surveys in paraguay to confirm local reports . advocate for the expansion of the chapada dos veadeiros national park in brazil to include the population in the rio das pedras ( bianchi\n2005 ) . continue to develop captive breeding programmes . in 2014 a workshop was held in tocantins to discuss the conservation of the species in the jalap\u00e3o region , measures discussed included a proposed normative instruction to outline activities that are not permitted in areas where the species is found ( instituto terra brasilis 2014b ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npairs occupy permanent territories of 8 to 14 km stretches of river ( 4 ) , depending on the availability of suitable nesting and feeding sites ( 6 ) . nests are built in tree cavities and rock crevices ( 4 ) . the breeding season is thought to last from june to august , but may vary geographically ( 4 ) , and broods of between two and four chicks are usually raised ( 6 ) .\ninhabits shallow , fast - flowing streams and rivers with rapids and clear waters , surrounded by dense tropical forest ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\ninformation authenticated ( 02 / 05 / 07 ) by dr baz hughes , head of species conservation , wildfowl and wetlands trust , slimbridge , uk . urltoken\nspeculum a bright and lustrous patch of colour found on the wings of ducks and some other birds .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1992 ) handbook of the birds of the world \u2013 ostrich to ducks . vol . 1 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mergus octosetaceus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nisolated populations in se brazil in bahia , tocantins , goi\u00e1s , minas gerais and paran\u00e1 ( species is believed extinct in mato grosso do sul , rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o paulo and santa catarina ) , and ne argentina ( misiones ) . may still survive in e paraguay ( alto paran\u00e1 ) .\n49\u201356 cm ; 600\u2013700 g . head , neck and upperparts dark brown with greenish iridescence and long crest ; upperwing blackish , secondaries and greater wing - coverts white . . .\nusually silent , vocalizations being mainly heard during breeding season or when threatened , but . . .\nrapid , torrential streams and fast - flowing rivers usually fringed by dense tropical forest , . . .\nmostly fish ( of 6\u201319 cm length , characids , cichlids , pimelodids and hemiodontids ) , complemented with molluscs and insects and their . . .\nfew data available until recently . season apparently starts jun / jul ( dry season ) , with first ducklings hatching in early jul and young . . .\nmostly sedentary , with only small - scale movements recorded , with genetic structure in . . .\ncritically endangered . small , little - known population , estimated at just 50\u2013249 mature individuals by birdlife international , widely scattered over range ( of 32 , 600 km2 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njosep del hoyo , mark andrews , l\u00facio , fran trabalon , carlos gussoni .\ns\u00e1vio freire bruno , petemorris , bruno salaroli , dubi shapiro , claudia brasileiro , douglas bete , edson endrigo , fran trabalon , mark andrews .\nin addition to collecting and raising these birds , zooparque itatiba staff have been building a large new aviary and pool to house the adolescent birds . at the october 2015 iwwa conference , a grant from the iwwa was allocated towards the completion of this project .\nall content and images \u00a9 sylvan heights bird park unless otherwise credited . please click here for photo requests .\nsylvan heights bird park is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization .\nthis contributes to their rather comical image among some brazilians . however , their plight as a species is no laughing matter \u2013 it\u2019s estimated that less than 250 of these birds are left in the world . they are in danger to such a scale that very little is even known about their traditional breeding techniques and style .\nthe most common threat to these ducks is down to humans , believe it or not . as industry and agriculture has expanded , their habitats have become smaller and been degraded . water has also become more toxic , and this has been a serious contributor to their massive demise .\nsoil erosion and deforestation play a part too , however . dam - building has been another key killer for these creatures , as they have been eradicating small rivers and turning them into massive lakes which aren\u2019t suitable for the ducks . pesticides are one of the main killers as well , contributing to their measly number remaining .\nwwt uses cookies on this website we use cookies on this site to improve your user experience . by continuing to use our site , you are agreeing to use our cookies . for further information about our cookies and how we use your personal information visit our privacy and cookies policy . [ x ]\nwwt has been supporting the terra brasilis institute , a local conservation organisation which is passionate about conserving the cerrado habitat in and around the serra da canastra national park , and the mergansers that live there . cerrado is an extensive savannah criss - crossed by gallery forests , which are evergreen corridors that have formed along the rivers and wetlands .\nwwt limited is a charity ( 1030884 england and wales , sco39410 scotland ) and a company limited by guarantee ( 2882729 england ) . vat number 618368028 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 321 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecent records from brazil , and particularly a recent northerly range extension , indicate that this species ' s status is better than previously thought . nevertheless , the remaining population is still extremely small and severely fragmented , and the perturbation , damming and pollution of rivers continue to cause declines . for these reasons , it is listed as critically endangered . perturbation and pollution of rivers results largely from deforestation , agricultural expansion and , in the serra da canastra area , diamond - mining . previously , the species was thought to rely on gallery forest which , although protected by law in brazil , has been cleared illegally throughout much of the species ' s range . however , evidence suggests it will occur on unforested , undisturbed stretches of river through cerrado . mining has ceased in the immediate area of its known range but there is no additional habitat for dispersing birds . expanding agriculture and the construction of hydroelectric dams are considered the principal threats to the species . dam - building has already caused severe declines across much of its range . tourist activities result in river perturbation and have been recorded within known territories and inside national parks ."]}
{"id": 1356, "summary": [{"text": "the long-thumbed frog , fletcher 's frog or barking marsh frog ( limnodynastes fletcheri ) is a species of non-burrowing ground frog native to southeastern australia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species belongs to the genus limnodynastes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the twelve species in the genus are characterised by a lack of toe pads .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "following phylogenetic analysis , the species was placed in l.peronii clade group alongside l. depressus , l. tasmaniensis and l. peronii . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "long - thumbed frog", "paragraphs": ["breeding behaviour : long - thumbed frogs usually breed following rain in warmer weather .\nthis species is most similar to the spotted grass frog , limnodynastes tasmaniensis , and the long - thumbed frog , limnodynastes fletcheri . both these species have blotches on their backs , not stripes .\nthis species is commonly confused with the long - thumbed frog ( limnodynastes fletcheri ) , with which there is a regional overlap . the two frogs can be distinguished by a disproportionately long second digit of the inner front toes in the case of l . fletcheri . the long - thumbed frog also has larger irregular shaped spots on the back and a red / purple eyelid , which is uncommon in l . tasmaniensis .\nreptiles and frogs thrive at neds corner station . surveys have recorded 24 species , including de vis banded snake , carpet python , the tessellated gecko , the shingleback lizard and the long - thumbed frog .\nin south australia long - thumbed frogs are primarily found in river plains of the murray - darling basin and associated woodlands and grassy regions that flood with high rainfall .\nidentified using victorian frog identification key and species - specific frog calls at http : / / frogs . org . au .\nseveral anuran species are found on kangaroo island : brown tree frog ( litoria ewingii ) , spotted marsh frog ( limnodynastes tasmaniensis ) , painted spadefoot frog ( neobatrachus pictus ) , brown toadlet ( pseudophryne bibroni ) and brown froglet ( crinia signifera ) .\nin summary , we show that females prefer males that have high fertilization success . the only trait that we could link to high fertilization failure was relatively long thumbs in males ( which just fell short of being significantly non - preferred in females ) . long - thumbed males not only sired less offspring in competition with another male , but the offspring that they did sire also survived less well in early ontogeny . this work encourages more in - depth analysis of age - related male effects on sperm and dna quality .\nalso known as the barking frog , its common name in south australia is related to its very long first finger . their body colouration is brown to green with dark irregular olive green patches . they often have an orange or red patch above their eyelid .\nhowever , there are 3 species of frogs that do not require a permit when kept as tadpoles or in juvenile forms . the exempt species are : eastern banjo frog ( limnodynastes dumerili ) ; striped marsh frog ( limnodynastes peroni ) ; and spotted marsh frog ( limnodynastes tasmaniensis ) .\nspotted marsh frog\nredirects here . it is not to be confused with spotted marshfrog .\nwithout a permit , you may collect and keep in captivity : frog eggs ; tadpoles ; up to six specimens of the common froglet ( crinia signifera ) ; and up to six specimens of the southern brown tree frog ( litoria ewingi ) . a tadpole becomes a frog when its tail is absorbed .\nthe department of conservation and land management issues licences . there are four species for which keeper ' s licences may be issued : litoria caerulea ( green tree frog ; category 2 ) , litoria moorei ( motorbike frog ; category 2 ) , litoria splendida ( magnificent tree frog ; category 3 ) , and heleioporus albopunctatus ( western spotted frog ; category 4 ) . the lower category frogs are generally easier to care for , and certainly cheaper to obtain a licence for .\n, a species of ground - dwelling frog native to northern and north - eastern australia , and southern new guinea .\nexotic toads are often confused with native frog species and many people have difficulty telling them apart . many of the cane toad reports agriculture victoria receives are actually the native eastern banjo frog , also known as the pobblebonk ( limnodynastes dumerilii ) .\nryan mj ( 1992 ) the tungara frog : a study in sexual selection and communication . chicago : university of chicago press .\nbyrne pg , roberts jd ( 2000 ) does multiple paternity improve fitness of the frog crinia georgiana ? evolution 54 : 968\u2013973 .\nknopp t , merila j ( 2009 ) multiple paternity in the moor frog , rana arvalis . amphibia - reptilia 30 : 515\u2013521 .\ndziminski ma , roberts jd , simmons lw ( 2008 ) fitness consequences of parental compatibility in the frog crinia georgiana . evolution 62 : 879\u2013886 .\nconservation status : v ( npwsa ) vu ( epbc act ) the southern bell frog was probably introduced into the onkaparinga . . . more info\nthe eastern smooth frog is found in south - eastern victoria . its average adult length is 3 - 3 . 5cm . this frog is grey or brown on its back , often with a number of scattered black - edged red spots and dark markings . its belly is white or light grey with brown or grey flecks .\nall frog indigenous to australia are protected wildlife and cannot be taken from the wild in any form ( adult , juvenile , larva or egg ) without a permit .\nsagvik j , uller t , stenlund t , olsson m ( 2008 ) intraspecific variation in resistance of frog eggs to fungal infection . evolutionary ecology 22 : 193\u2013201 .\ngarner t , tomio g ( 2001 ) microsatellites for use in studies of the italian agile frog , rana latastei ( boulenger ) . conservation genetics 2 : 77\u201380 .\nhorton , p . ( 1982 ) . ' ' precocious reproduction in the australian frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis . ' ' herpetologica , 38 ( 4 ) , 486 - 489 .\ndziminski ma , roberts jd , simmons lw ( 2010 ) sperm morphology , motility and fertilisation capacity in the myobatrachid frog crinia georgiana . reproduction fertility and development 22 : 516\u2013522 .\ngreene ae , funk wc ( 2009 ) sexual selection on morphology in an explosive breeding amphibian , the columbia spotted frog ( rana luteiventris ) . journal of herpetology 43 : 244\u2013251 .\nthe barking frog is found in north - western victoria . its average adult length is 5cm . this frog is light green or brown on its back with darker blotches and spots . it often has a pink or purplish patch on the back of each upper eyelid . the skin on its back is smooth with low , round warts . its belly is white and smooth .\nthe giant burrowing frog is found in south - eastern victoria . its average adult length is 9 - 10cm . this frog is usually grey , dark brown or black on its back and white on its belly . the sides of its body have scattered yellow spots and a stripe runs from under each through to each ear . the skin on their back is rough and warty .\nuller t , sagvik j , olsson m ( 2006 ) crosses between frog populations reveal genetic divergence in larval life history at short geographical distance . biological journal of the linnean society 89 : 189\u2013195 .\nthe spotted grass frog is found all over victoria . its average adult length is 4 - 5cm . this frog is light brown to olive - green on the back with irregular darker spots and blotches . they usually have a pinkish , yellow or white stripe running down the middle of the back and a raised pale stripe from below the eye to the arm . their belly is white and smooth .\nthis frog is common throughout australia and is one of the first species to inhabit new dams and ditches . this species is associated with most habitats , including permanent or temporary dams , roadside ditches , ponds , flooded grassland and slow moving creeks , in urban areas , farmland , woodland , coastal areas and arid areas . the frog is usually found in grass or under other cover , near a still water source .\nmartin , a . a . and tyler , m . j . ( 1978 ) .\nthe introduction into western australia of the frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis gunther\n. australian zoologist 19 ( 3 ) : 321\u2013325 .\ncitation : sherman cdh , sagvik j , olsson m ( 2010 ) female choice for males with greater fertilization success in the swedish moor frog , rana arvalis . plos one 5 ( 10 ) : e13634 . urltoken\nsherman cdh , uller t , wapstra e , olsson m ( 2008 ) within - population variation in ejaculate characteristics in a prolonged breeder , peron ' s tree frog , litoria peronii . naturwissenschaften 95 : 1055\u20131061 .\nthe male and female frogs can be sexed by the presence of a flap of skin around the thumbs of the females . this is used to froth the water during amplexus to create the floating foamy nest that it lays eggs in , which is roughly the size of a human palm . the tadpoles of this frog are comparatively large ( up to 6 cm ) . this frog spends a minimum of 3 months in the tadpole stage .\nthe striped marsh frog is found in southern victoria . its average adult length is 6 . 5cm . this frog is light brown or grey - brown on its back with darker brown stripes . it has a pale stripe running down the middle of its back , and a pale rasied stripe running from below each eye to the arm . its arms and legs are scattered with irregular , dark spots and bands and its belly is white .\nthe giant banjo frog is found in north - western victoria . its average adult length is 9cm . this frog ranges in colour from pale yellow , fawn to red - brown on its back with a few small dark flecks and spots . it usually has a broad orange band down the sides of its body . its belly is yellow with black flecks and its groin is marbled black and yellow . the skin on its back is smooth .\nthe long drought eased in 2010 with a la nina event that brought replenishing rain to large parts of the country and saw high flows along the murray river . the rain also fell at neds corner station and triggered dramatic growth in the plants and a response in fish , frogs , reptiles and birds . the condition of the native vegetation has revealed that the hard work carried out by trust for nature ' s staff and volunteers has been incredibly worthwhile .\nmartin , a . a . and tyler , m . j . ( 1978 ) . ' ' the introduction into western australia of the frog limnodynastes tasmaniensis gunther . ' ' australian zoologist , 19 ( 3 ) , 321 - 325 .\nlizards and snakes can easily dash from hollow to hollow , safe from the birds watching overhead . frogs appear soon after rain or when wetlands fill , and quickly breed to make use of the abundant new life . at night the ' bonk bonk ' call of the banjo frog ricochets through the trees . the nationally endangered growling grass frog also calls at neds corner station . in the more open saltbush and bluebush areas , the endangered hooded scaly - foot ( a legless lizard ) lives in the soil cracks .\nthis is a map showing where frog species are found in south australia , and is known as the ' frog atlas ' . students use the spatial visualisation tool , spatialgenie , to explore this map as spatial data . they can investigate this map alone or add other map layers . students use shape tools to measure area and distance , and they can also search for images . using spatialgenie , students can annotate the existing map layers . when students have finished , they can print , or embed the maps and images into their own work .\nall other frog species remain unprotected . a permit is not required to keep or sell these species . no permit is required to take them from the wild in south australia , however they can ' t be collected in national parks , reserves or on private property without consent .\nfrog atlas : reproduced courtesy of south australian department for environment and heritage ( deh ) . licensed under a creative commons attribution 2 . 5 australia licence urltoken metadata : \u00a9 education services australia ltd 2011 . you may view , copy , distribute , communicate and adapt this material for non - commercial educational purposes provided you retain all acknowledgements associated with the material .\nthe datasets ( accessed by the ' spatial layer information ' button ) contain the conservation status of frogs in sa . they contain records of individual sightings of frog species , including the sighting date , the method of sighting , and the latitude and longitude of the location . both the common and species names for the frogs are included , providing different ways in which the data can be sorted and interrogated .\nneds corner station is where arid and semi - arid climatic zones meet . the murray river carves a shallow valley through its floodplain , through what is known as the murray scroll belt floodplain . the soft sand and soil gently rises and falls and in the depressions , wetlands sometimes form . along the river and in wetland areas the plants are ephemeral . while towering red gum trees and the smaller black box woodlands drop long roots in search of groundwater to survive the dry times , other plants come and go . sedges , reeds , water milfoil and small herbaceous plants spring into life when the murray water levels rise and trickle into the dry beds of anabranches and billabongs . the damp soil supports new life and with the vegetation comes insects , small fish , frogs and birds . when there is water , it is a time of abundance .\nthe males calling and the breeding will occur pretty much all year round , finishing during summer . the call of this frog varies from a staccato machine gun sounding burst to a single ' tok ' sound , depending on the call race , which varies geographically . the machine gun call is the northern call race , throughout nsw and qld . the ' tok ' call is the southern call race , which occurs in southern vic and tas .\nthis frog reaches 45 mm in length . its colour ranges from light brown to olive - green , with large , irregular shaped , green or brown spots on its back . occasionally it will have a thin , pale cream , yellow or bright orange stripe running from snout to vent . there is a raised pale stripe running from below the eye to the base of the arm . the arms and legs are spotted like the back , and the belly is white .\nan increasing number of studies have shown that polyandry and sperm competition are much more prevalent among amphibians than previously thought [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] . females are thought to gain indirect genetic benefits from polyandry and a number of studies have shown both good genes and genetic compatibility effects on fertilization success and offspring fitness [ 14 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] . for example , in the polyandrous quacking frog , crinia georgiana , studies have shown significant male \u00d7 female interaction effects on fertilization success and offspring fitness such as embryo survival and survival to metamorphosis [ 18 ] , while in the australian tree frog , litoria peronii , both genetic relatedness and intrinsic male quality can influence fertilization success in sperm competition [ 21 ] , [ 22 ] . thus the reproductive success of males and females are not only influenced by choices made before copulation , but also by processes operating after copulation such as sperm competition and gamete recognition systems .\nwe investigated two components of sexual selection in the moor frog ( rana arvalis ) , pre - copulatory female choice between two males of different size ( \u2018large\u2019 vs . \u2018small\u2019 ) , and their fertilization success in sperm competition and in isolation . females ' showed no significant preference for male size ( 13 small and six large male preferences ) but associated preferentially with the male that subsequently was the most successful at fertilizing her eggs in isolation . siring success of males in competitive fertilizations was unrelated to genetic similarity with the female and we detected no effect of sperm viability on fertilization success . there was , however , a strong positive association between a male ' s innate fertilization ability with a female and his siring success in sperm competition . we also detected a strong negative effect of a male ' s thumb length on his competitive siring success .\nthe moor frog rana arvalis is an explosive breeder forming large leks during the spring breeding season [ 23 ] , [ 24 ] . as in many amphibians , the operational sex ratio on any given night is highly skewed towards males , with genetic analysis of natural clutches revealing multiple paternity in 14 % to 29 % of clutches [ 20 ] . this suggests that sperm competition , through multiple mating or sperm leakage , plays an important role in the mating system of this species . the current study set out to test the importance of a number of male traits on female mate choice and subsequent in vitro fertilization success in r . arvalis . firstly , we tested pre - copulatory female choice for males of two different size classes . secondly , our recent research on other amphibians have demonstrated effects of genetic similarity on fertilization success in sperm competition [ 22 ] , and male innate fertilization ability [ 21 ] . therefore , we also include these post - copulatory aspects in our analysis of female mate choice , along with male arm length and thumb length which are known to be sexually selected traits in male - male competition and male - female amplexus [ 10 ] , [ 25 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nask questions or share your thoughts on this project with others in the urltoken community .\nget news from urltoken with our mailing lists - you ' ll hear about upcoming events and changes to the website and much more . manage your account to receive only the news that you want .\nto view these files , you will need adobe acrobat reader . the acrobat reader is a free download and is available from the adobe website . if you experience problems , ensure that you have version 6 . 0 or greater .\nto the best of our knowledge , the legal information presented here was correct at the time of writing . however , as rules and regulations may change without us being notified , any facts stated here should be read as a guide only . if in doubt , please contact the appropriate legislating body - generally the governmental department responsible for wildlife in your state .\nin most cases , links are provided to forms and information held on government servers which will be updated as regulations change and therefore can be regarded as the most up - to - date material available . as these documents are maintained by the government and are not held on the urltoken server , please let us know if these files are moved and the links are broken .\nall frogs , tadpoles , and spawn are protected in victoria . the collection of frogs from the wild or the release of frogs to the wild is prohibited . the release of frogs to your backyard or the raising of tadpoles for the purpose of release is also illegal . it is also necessary to obtain a licence before keeping most of the species of frogs available in captivity .\nif you would like any information regarding the current regulations in victoria , the responsible party is the licensing unit of the department of sustainability and environment ( formerly the department of natural resources and environment ) . there are many forms available online to apply for a wildlife permit . below is a brief guide that should at least help you get the correct application .\nfor individuals , the form to get is the private wildlife licence application . included with the application is all the general information you need including pricing and the list of species which require licences ( and what level of licence ) . this important information is available nowhere else on the dse website so it is notoriously difficult to locate .\nwhen using the arc tadpole kits , government and catholic schools ( including pre - schools ) under the jurisdiction of michael white or peter annett respectively do not need to apply for a permit - they can simply print out and display the authorisation form ( authorisation for government / catholic schools ) .\nthe application for a scientific permit to keep frogs - school seems specially designed for programs such as the arc tadpole kits whereby the school obtains tadpoles from a licensed dealer ( such as the arc ) and then returns the adult frogs to the dealer when metamorphosis is complete . however , as the authorisation forms ( mentioned above ) cover government and catholic schools , this application is only required by schools who do not fit those descriptions . contact sue hadden , in charge of licensing within the department of sustainability & environment , for more information .\nfor full information regarding which permit is required and the costs , consult the environment act website ' s licensing section .\nall frogs ( and tadpoles ) are protected in nsw under the national parks and wildlife act , and it is against the law to take them from the wild to keep as pets . you can get a licence from the npws to keep frogs , but you must obtain the frogs from a licensed breeder or society . you can only keep frogs that have either been bred in captivity or for other reasons cannot be released back into the wild .\nfor educational purposes , schools in nsw have been licensed to enable children and their teachers to collect and keep a maximum of 20 tadpoles to watch them grow and transform into froglets . tadpoles must never be collected from national parks or other reserves . once tadpoles have transformed into froglets , they must be released back in the location where they were collected .\ncommercial trade in frogs is prohibited in nsw . if you purchase an animal from an interstate dealers , or from anyone else in another state , you must already hold a nsw amphibian keeper ' s licence and you must obtain an interstate import licence from the npws before you can legally bring it into nsw .\nyou can find this information easily on the new south wales national parks and wildlife site where the laws are fully explained and application forms are available .\nthe northern territory regulations state that\nall animals that are indigenous to australia are classed as protected wildlife and a permit is required to keep these animals in the nt\n.\nhowever , amphibians feature on the\nexempt species list\n. instead ,\ncommon frogs\nof the northern territory may be kept as pets . you will need a permit if you wish to trade in frogs and you will need a permit for other species that are not considered\ncommon\nin the nt .\nall animals that are being sent into or out of the state require a import / export permit from the northern territory . a permit to keep wildlife is required to enable people to legally possess wildlife in captivity within the northern territory ( except exempt species ) - in order to acquire a permit to keep wildlife you must first purchase the animal from a lawful source .\nthe queensland governmental departments responsible for frogs are the environmental protection agency ( epa ) and the queensland parks and wildlife service ( qpws ) . it is difficult to locate the relevant laws either online or by telephoning the agencies .\nthe exception to the above is that a person may take and keep up to eight adult frogs of up to four species but no more than two frogs of any one species\nfor personal enjoyment\n. the\ntaking\n( catching ) must be done on the person\u2019s own property and the frogs be kept on that property . the frogs can\u2019t be displayed and should there be progeny , the metamorphs must be released at the point of capture within 7 days of metamorphosis .\nfrogs from outside queensland must not be moved into the state without a permit .\nthe application for the relevant permit is available online but you may need to make a phone call to discover the exact cost . ( it is around $ 50 . )\n) , are protected in south australia . a\npermit to take\nis required to collect these species from the wild .\nif frogs are imported from another state or territory they must have been legally acquired in that state or territory . get an export permit from the corresponding state or territory wildlife agency prior to consignment .\nfor more information , visit the sa wildlife permit website or call the fauna permit section of national parks & wildlife in south australia on ( 08 ) 8124 4700 .\nin tasmania , the relevant body for enquiries about keeping wildlife is the department of primary industries and water .\nto keep most species of frogs you must apply for a permit and agree to abide by the code of practice for herpetology . the code is presented with the permit application and is available on the department ' s website .\nthere are no species of amphibians exempt from licence requirements in western australia . the taking of amphibians from the wild for any purpose , except under a taker ' s licence , is illegal , and any people attempting to illegally keep these animals will be prosecuted .\nfor more information , visit calm ' s naturebase website . application forms for licences , including the keeper ' s licence , are available at that site .\nit is illegal to release captive animals into the wild . by releasing unwanted captive animals , even those that appear perfectly healthy , there is a very real danger of introducing exotic diseases or parasites into wild populations . instead , they should be sold ( or given ) to a licensed dealer . perth zoo asks that you not contact them , as they are not able to take such animals .\nthis site is maintained by the amphibian research centre . contact the arc for information .\ncopyright notice : material on this site remains the property of the amphibian research centre or the original copyright holders . it must not be reproduced without permission .\npages should be viewable in and accessible to any browser . for the best experience , we recommend : opera > 5 . 0 ; firefox ; mozilla ; internet explorer > 5 . 0 ; netscape > 6 . 0 .\nusers of netscape 4 are strongly encouraged to upgrade to a newer version as it incorrectly interprets the standards .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis australian endemic is known from southern queensland through central new south wales and into northwestern victoria and south australia .\nthe species inhabits woodlands and river floodplains . it is often associated with slow moving or still water found in inundated grassland , around ponds , dams and along creek lines . by day they hide under large rocks and logs and have been found in cracks in dried mud . in dry weather they often aggregate in groups . by night they are found alongside water . breeding is varied ; in wetter areas it breeds from october to march , in drier areas it breeds after heavy rains . males call from floating vegetation . about 300 eggs are contained within a floating foam nest . eggs hatch after one day and metamorphose after 1 - 2 months .\nthe species might suffer from habitat loss / degradation associated with agro - industry farming . increased salinity is also a threat .\njean - marc hero , john clarke , ed meyer , peter robertson , frank lemckert . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\ntheir call is a single dog - like ' bark ' . they can be heard in the following months : january , february , march , april , september , october , november & december\nabout us | contact us | terms \u00a9 2008 - 2018 wildiaries , owned by aes applied ecology solutions pl . all rights reserved .\nwe use cookies to give you the best possible experience . by using our website you agree to our use of cookies .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nwe ' ve sent an email to please follow the instructions to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ncogger , h . g . , in cogger , h . g . , cameron , e . e . & cogger , h . m . 1983 ,\namphibia and reptilia\n, ed . walton , d . w . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 1 , pp . 313 pp . , australian government publishing service , canberra\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 695b4d2a - 5716 - 45a0 - adfc - 517d45f7802a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : afe133b5 - 5c24 - 4cb6 - afe0 - 6c8e1e7bf174\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 89785c3b - e078 - 49d3 - 91b6 - 5ea1a7cd20b7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 425329\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nif the river , its wetlands and immediate floodplain support a density of life , further back where less water reaches , the vegetation is more fragile but resilient . saltbush and blue bush grow in the depleted soil . there are less trees , more shrubs and open spaces . the suns tendrils reach further and bake the exposed earth .\nwith the increase in vegetation growth since trust for nature began to manage the property , surveys have revealed the extent of reptiles , frogs , mammals and birds . three types of kangaroos visit the property - eastern grey , western grey and red . many of the small to medium mammals are totally or locally extinct but fat - tailed dunnarts , echidnas and three species of bat are still found here . sometimes the endangered giles ' planigale , a ferocious small mammal , pops up at night to feed on locusts , beetles and spiders . during extreme weather , the planigale shelters in the cracks in the dry floodplain soil .\nfallen branches from the woodland trees create perfect habitat for many of these species .\nthe tall red gum and black box woodland trees lining the murray provide ample habitat for birds . wings of colour flash among the leaves - orange chats , apostle birds , budgerigar swarms , galahs and sulphur - crested cockatoos . little button quails forage among the leaf litter between the smaller plants on the woodland floor . there have been 112 bird species counted at neds corner station . rare birds , such as the swift parrot and endangered inland dotterel and regent parrot have also been recorded .\ncallitris glaucophylla pod . photo : n . wong and l . fraser , trust for nature\ntrust for nature has undertaken an extensive pest management program . sheep grazing ceased when the property was bought in 2002 and the destruction of rabbit burrows is ongoing . weeds continue to be removed . to compliment the pest management , trees have been planted in the semi - arid woodland areas of the property . regular surveys of plants and animals are undertaken to assess change over time . fencing of sensitive areas has also helped to protect the flora and fauna .\nthe future for the wildlife of neds corner station is positive . trust for nature will soon investigate the re - introduction of some species that haven ' t been found in the region for decades \u2013 possibly the bridled nailtail wallaby or the brush - tailed bettong .\nthis is an exciting next step . support the efforts to protect nationally threatened species and communities such as the hoody scaly - foot as the team battle to restore habitat for endangered species . donate now or contact us .\nit was no small feat for trust for nature to purchase the 30 , 000ha neds corner station property in the mallee region of victoria in 2002 . we had a vision for the land \u2013 a conservation vision :\nto be an inspirational example of ecological restoration , promoting the significance of biodiversity through informing and educating for public benefit while protecting 3 % of native vegetation on private land in victoria forever .\nwith support from generous individuals and organisations who have given us their time , money and encouragement , trust for nature acquired neds corner station and has worked hard ever since to achieve that vision . and this is only the start of the story .\nneds corner station is a part of a broader conservation effort . some of the property is within the living murray icon site : chowilla floodplain and lindsay - wallpolla islands . the australian government has invested significantly to restore water to red gum woodlands , black box woodlands and the lignum swamps on the floodplain . this was to create breeding habitat for species such as the threatened murray cod and other native fish . land next to neds corner station is part of the new murray river national park . together with trust for nature ; parks victoria , local indigenous groups , the mallee catchment management authority and others will manage the land and waterways in and around neds corner station to enhance its biodiversity .\nneds corner station was formerly a sheep station . when trust for nature bought the property the land was ravaged byerosion , stock trampling , rabbit grazing and affected by weeds . the native vegetation was sparse . many of the indigenous species found in the area by the early explorers ( such as bridled nailtail wallaby , brush tailed bettong and pig - footed bandicoot ) have now disappeared . for 13 years ( from 1997 to 2010 ) a protracted drought affected south - eastern australia . red gum and black box woodlands at neds corner station showed signs of extreme drought stress . in fact , the drought often made it hard to see how the decline of the property could be turned around .\nneds corner station has been transformed by the commitment and dedication of trust for nature . in the early years , the trust relied on devoted volunteer rangers who planned and began the conservation tasks needed to restore the station . the first task was to remove the threats to native flora and fauna . from the outset , trust for nature stopped grazing to allow the regeneration and growth of native vegetation .\nwe needed to know what plants and animals existed on the property . a baseline flora and fauna survey was carried out shortly after grazing ceased to understand the condition of the property and to identify the species at threat .\nthere is now a full - time land management team at the station . a property manager and ranger work hard to improve the health and condition of the native vegetation and to look after the facilities . rabbit control , revegetation and maintenance of assets ( for example , the buildings , fences and equipment ) are ongoing tasks . an administration officer supervises paid and unpaid visitors who use the accommodation facilities that cater for up to 30 people .\ntrust for nature has completed a conservation action plan for neds corner station . the plan , facilitated by greening australia , identifies the conservation priorities of the property and wider local area to guide management activities . the plan was completed with the financial assistance of the nature conservancy and local conservation partners mallee catchment management authority , department of sustainability and environment and park victoria .\nthe trust works with all sorts of different partners at neds corner station . the property is a place of rich indigenous and european history . local indigenous groups help to protect and conserve the cultural objects found onsite and to advise on management works . a number of the historic buildings have gradually been restored and now enable trust for nature to invite other partners and volunteers to come and see and participate in the work we do . it gives other people the opportunity to experience a special part of victoria where wildlife thrives .\nthe protection of significant landscapes is in peter ' s blood . he grew up working on a property that eventually became part of mungo national park in new south wales . peter knows that others need to be inspired to help him do his job \u2013 without everyone ' s help he will not be successful . peter can impart stories about the land where he lives that will capture your attention . he will fascinate you with stories of contrast - about what ' s involved to protect a small , threatened plant to the way the landscape dramatically changes after a heavy rain .\nat neds corner station , trust for nature is working to restore the habitat links across the landscape , and create better habitat for threatened wildlife . the habitats between the riverine woodlands and mallee / semi - arid woodlands are extremely important for the regent parrot and other wildlife , some of which are highly threatened species .\nthis project is partially funded through trust for nature and the australian government\u2019s caring for our country initiative , together with support by the partners above .\n3 . landscape scale conservation using integrated management of threats in the project area .\n- expand and re - establish tree and shrub cover on more than 1 , 452ha at neds corner station and nearby properties .\n- engage with the indigenous community to ensure that cultural heritage sites are identified and protected .\n- engage 10 farmers that will undertake activities that will contribute to the ongoing conservation and protection of biodiversity .\nthis project recognises the critical need to restore landscape links throughout the mallee woodlands . this will benefit many species , including the nationally endangered regent parrot .\nthreats to the area include : loss of native vegetation chenopod mallee and semi - arid woodlands are both classified as threatened making them of high conservation significance . to protect these habitats , three key actions are needed : \u2022 an ongoing rabbit control program \u2022 protection of native plants from native herbivores , and \u2022 the re - establishment of native plants .\nsoil loss as a result of wind erosion neds corner station is mapped as a national priority area for actions to reduce impacts of wind erosion . the retirement of land from cultivation and its replacement with native vegetation is recognised as a management action , which will reduce soil loss .\nimpacts of rabbits rabbits are recognised as a significant threat to the survival of a range of native plants and wildlife , in particular semi - arid woodlands and chenopod shrublands .\nmany council roads are lined by mallee woodlands in varying states of health . roadsides are important landscape links and contain some of the most important woodland remnant sites within this landscape . many roadsides are impacted by rabbits and weeds to varying degrees . small patches of mallee woodlands on farm land are extremely important as they provide links across the landscape for birds and other animals .\nmallee woodlands provide many important functions within the landscape . they provide on - farm benefits ; they contribute to the broader landscape by providing habitat for threatened species such as the regent parrot , and add an aesthetically pleasing natural dimension in a highly modified landscape . remnants of this vegetation community are essential for the maintenance of the genetic diversity of our native plands and wildlife species . these remnants also provide much of the seed that is used to revegetate farmland and other modified areas within the district .\nmallee woodlands are essential for the survival of nationally vulnerable species such as the regent parrot .\nmallee woodlands consist of deep rooted perennials which can help prevent and reduce dry land salinity . . with intact groundcover , they minimise soil loss and subsequent erosion problems by slowing the flow of water , allowing it to infiltrate the soil . in addition , mallee woodlands provide :\n- protection for stock , crops and pasture from heat , cold and wind .\nthe current 2011 - 13 funded project covers neds corner station and surrounding farmland .\nwith financial assistance from mallee cma , we were able to purchase new signs to erect on roads around neds to control the movement of traffic across the property .\n5 / 379 collins street melbourne 3000 australia phone : ( 03 ) 8631 5888 fax : ( 03 ) 9614 6999 urltoken copyright \u00a9 2011 trust for nature . all rights reserved .\nno pads present on digits . parotid glands absent or indistinct . pupils horizontal . belly and thighs smooth , pale and unmarked . no tibial gland obvious , and longitudinal stripes on back are pale not dark > limnodynastes tasmaniensis .\nthis sighting is further east than most sightings of this species , but the site is in the headwaters of the yass river i . e . is part of the murray - darling system and hence consistent with the known distribution of the species .\nno pads present on digits . parotid glands absent or indistinct . pupils horizontal . belly and thighs smooth , pale and unmarked . no tibial gland obvious , and no longitudinal stripe on back of any colour . the butterfly - shaped blotch behind the eyes is typical of this species . a pink or red patch on the upper eyelid is also common in this species but not observed in this specimen , possibly due to poor light conditions .\nthe striped marshfrog is light to grey - brown and marked with bold , dark longitudinal stripes . there is a pale , dark - edged line running down the middle of the back . a dark stripe is present on the side of the face and a conspicuous pale gland runs from below the eye to the forearm . the belly is white . this species grows to 73 mm .\nfound in open forests and usually associated with permanent water . this species does well in disturbed habitats .\nbreeds from late winter to early spring . the eggs are laid in a foam nest on the surface of the water and are usually concealed beneath vegetation .\nqueensland museum ' s find out about . . . is proudly supported by the thyne reid foundation and the tim fairfax family foundation .\nyou can copy and share this content for educational purposes . this work cannot be changed . attribute the copyright owner and author .\nthe map is based on datasets sourced from the biological database of south australia ( bdbsa ) . bdbsa data helps the sa and australian governments to make decisions about environmental issues . the datasets are also a useful source of information for people in the wider community who have an interest in biodiversity and conservation .\nthe datasets are a rich source of information about the distribution of frogs in sa . the records provide a real - world context for students to pose questions and interrogate the data . students can also consider the reliability of the datasets , looking at factors such as the level of quality assurance conducted on the data , the cross - referencing to specimen collection in the field , and changes in taxonomic classification that can occur over time .\noccurring over most of eastern australia ( south australia , victoria , new south wales , central queensland and tasmania ) and extending along the eastern seaboard . its presence in the kununurra district in north - eastern western australia is believed to be the result of an accidental introduction via the relocation of several hundred transportable homes from adelaide . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 2 , 381 , 900 km2 . widely distributed and abundant .\nbarker , j . , grigg , g . c . , and tyler , m . j . ( 1995 ) . a field guide to australian frogs . surrey beatty and sons , new south wales .\nroberts , j . d . and seymour , r . s . ( 1989 ) . ' ' non - foamy egg masses in limnodynastes tasmaniensis ( anura : myobatrachidae ) from south australia . ' ' copeia , 1989 ( 2 ) , 488 - 492 .\ntyler , m . j . , smith , l . a . , and johnstone , r . e . ( 1994 ) . frogs of western australia . western australian museum , perth .\nthe most notable mammal present is the endemic kangaroo island kangaroo ( macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus ) , the icon for whom the island was named upon european discovery in 1802 . a smaller marsupial present on the island is the tammar wallaby ( macropus eugenii ) . an endemic dasyurid is the critically endangered kangaroo island dunnart ( sminthopsis aitkeni ) , which is found only in the west of the island in eucalyptus remota / e . cosmophylla open low mallee , e . baxteri low woodland or e . baxteri / e . remota low open woodland . the common brush - tailed possum ( trichosurus vulpecula ) is a widespread folivore native to australia .\nmonotremes are also represented on the island . there is also an introduced population of the duck - billed platypus ( ornithorhynchus anatinus ) in the western part of the island in flinders chase national park . the short - beaked echidna ( tachyglossus aculeatus ) is also found moderately widespread on kangaroo island .\nchiroptera species on kangaroo island include the yellow - bellied pouched bat ( saccolaimus flaviventris ) , which species is rather widespread in australia and also occurs in papua new guinea . australia ' s largest molossid , the white - striped free - tail bat ( tadarida australis ) is found on kangaroo island . another bat found on the island is the southern forest bat ( eptesicus regulus ) , a species endemic to southern australia ( including tasmania ) .\nthe heath monitor ( varanus rosenbergi ) is a lizard that grows up to a metre in length , preying on smaller reptiles , juvenile birds and eggs ; it is frequently observed on warmer days basking in the sunlight or scavenging on roadkill . the black tiger snake ( notechis ater ) is found on kangaroo island . another reptile particularly associated with this locale is the kangaroo island copperhead ( austrelaps labialis ) .\nthe glossy black cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) is found on the island , especially in the western part , where its preferred food , fruit of the drooping sheoak , is abundant . the kangaroo island emu ( dromaius baudinianus ) became extinct during the 1820s from over - hunting and habitat destruction due to burning ."]}
{"id": 1359, "summary": [{"text": "the hellmayr 's pipit ( anthus hellmayri ) is a species of bird in the family motacillidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , chile , paraguay , peru , and uruguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are temperate grassland , subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland , and pastureland . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "hellmayr ' s pipit", "paragraphs": ["pipit information . . . pipit index of species . . . pipit species photos\nhellmayr , 1921 \u2013 highlands of s argentina in neuqu\u00e9n s to w chubut , also se r\u00edo negro ( somuncur\u00e1 plateau ) ; also adjacent s chile .\n) s to nw argentina ( s to tucum\u00e1n and la rioja , also in sierras de c\u00f3rdoba ) .\ntyler , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . hellmayr ' s pipit ( anthus hellmayri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n14\u201314\u00b78 cm . rather small pipit . nominate race has dusky - streaked whitish supercilium and eyering , small blackish moustachial stripe ; pale buff upperparts boldly . . .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\n\u2013 se brazil ( s from esp\u00edrito santo ) , se paraguay , ne & e argentina ( corrientes , e buenos aires ) and uruguay .\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\non a small bush on a grassy hillside at the edge of montane forest . same bird as in xc84405 .\nibitipoca state park . campo rupestre with a few scattered bushes . several takes of bird recorded earlier in xc84404 . ten minutes after playback .\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 15 seq . c )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 15 seq . a )\nafter playback . one can even hear the wings . on a stony slope . score for alarm call .\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 14 seq . b )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 14 seq . a )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 9 seq . b )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 9 seq . a )\nid certainty 90 % . ( archiv . tape 380 side a track 6 seq . a )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmolecular analyses suggest close relationship with a . spragueii , a . furcatus and a . bogotensis ; all may belong to a clade with a . lutescens , a . correndera and a . antarcticus . assertion in hbw that race brasilianus differs \u201csignificantly in size , plumage colour and pattern , and voice\u201d , and hence potentially represents a separate species , difficult to reconcile with museum and vocal evidence : it is somewhat smaller ( at least 1 ) , with pale markings above buffier and darker markings browner , less grey ( 1 ) , and underparts slightly buffier , including on vent rather than becoming whitish ( 1 ) ; while on available recordings no differences in song are detectable # r . race dabbenei possibly inseparable from nominate , but geographically remote . three subspecies recognized .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\nsong , from perch ( fence post , rock ) or in air , varied , \u201czilid zilid zidel - zi , zi arr\u201d or \u201ctu - tee - . . .\ndata on food preferences lacking . forages in grassland in manner of other pipits , picking insects from the ground or from short vegetation .\nbreeds nov\u2013jan in bolivia . short display - flight , male climbs almost vertically while singing , makes spiralling descent in wide . . .\nmigrates n in austral winter ; present in sc chile during sept\u2013mar . . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally uncommon to frequent as a breeding species . status in argentina poorly understood ; seems to be fairly common in tucum\u00e1 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nanthus hellmayri dabbenei : andes of w argentina ( w neuqu\u00e9n and w chubut ) and adj . chile\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 901 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : anthus hellmayri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms ."]}
{"id": 1360, "summary": [{"text": "pararotruda is a genus of snout moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by roesler in 1965 , and contains the species pararotruda nesiotica .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found on the canary islands and madeira .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16-18 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "pararotruda", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for pararotruda definition . you find here pararotruda meaning , synonyms of pararotruda and images for pararotruda copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pararotruda . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pararotruda and , of course , pararotruda synonyms and on the right images related to the word pararotruda .\ngenus : pararotruda roesler , 1965 . unters . syst . tribus thyatirini , macrothyatirini : 22 , 24 [ key ] , 67 .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : homoeosoma nesiotica rebel , 1911 . annln naturh . mus . wien . 24 : 343 , pl . 12 , fig . 3 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe wingspans for small and medium - sized species usually between 9 and 37 mm with variable morphological features . [ 2 ] [ 6 ]\nthis superfamily used to contain the hyblaeidae , thyrididae , alucitidae ( plus tineodidae ) , pterophoridae , and pyralidae . currently , the crambidae are usually separated from the pyralidae , but the first four families are now each split off as a distinct superfamily . some genera ( e . g . hydriris , micronix and tanaobela ) still defy easy classification and have been variously assigned to the crambidae o\nthe head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found . like the adult , the larva also has a toughened , or sclerotized head capsule . [ 22 ] here , two compound eyes , and chaetosema , raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to lepidoptera , occur , though many taxa have lost one or both of these spots . the antennae have a wide variation in form among species and even between diffe\nthough the true dimensions of species diversity remain uncertain , estimates range from 2 . 6\u20137 . 8 million species with a mean of 5 . 5 million . [ 42 ]\nthe embryos of all arthropods are segmented , built from a series of repeated modules . the last common ancestor of living arthropods probably consisted of a series of undifferentiated segments , each with a pair of appendages that functioned as limbs . however , all known living and fossil arthropods have grouped segments into tagmata in which segments and their limbs are specialized in various ways . [\nnearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction . [ 20 ] they produce haploid gametes by meiosis ; the smaller , motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger , non - motile gametes are ova . [ 21 ] these fuse to form zygotes , [ 22 ] which develop via mitosis into a hollow sphere , called a blastula . in sponges , blastula larvae swim to a new location , attach to the seabed , and develop into a new sp"]}
{"id": 1361, "summary": [{"text": "lachesis stenophrys is a venomous pitviper species endemic to central america .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the specific name , stenophrys , is derived from the greek words stenos , meaning \" narrow \" , and ophrys , meaning \" brow \" or \" eyebrow \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "lachesis stenophrys", "paragraphs": ["lachesis stenophrys cope 1876 : 152 bothrops achrocordus garcia 1896 : 22 lachesis muta stenophrys \u2014 taylor 1951 : 184 lachesis muta stenophrys \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 137 lachesis muta stenophrys \u2014 welch 1994 : 69 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 zamudio & greene 1997 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 313 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 savage 2002 lachesis stenophrys \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 356\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult lachesis melanocephala and lachesis acrochorda .\nlachesis stenophrys by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms . . . - pubmed - ncbi\noriginal file name : lachesis _ stenophrys _ ( 1 ) - lachesis stenophrys ( central american bushmaster ) . jpg resolution : 3085x2280 file size : 3890933 bytes upload time : 2017 : 02 : 12 06 : 24 : 24\nlachesis stenophrys venom reduces the equine antibody response towards bothrops asper venom used as co - immunogen in the production of polyspecific snake antivenom .\nfigure 1 . ( a ) female of lachesis stenophrys coiled and displaying a protective posture with the eggs laid . ( b ) newborn of l . stenophrys placed in the terrarium after weight and length measures were taken .\ns1 table . proteomic identification of 2de resolved proteins from costa rican l . stenophrys venom .\nlachesis stenophrys venom reduces the equine antibody response towards bothrops asper venom used as co - immunogen in the production of polyspecific . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n3 . chac\u00f3n , d . & valverde , r . 2004 . lachesis stenophrys ( bushmaster ) reproduction . herpetological review 35 : 68 . [ links ]\nvenomous ! bothrops achrocordus garcia 1896 : 22 has been removed from the synonymy of lachesis stenophrys and is now considered to be a valid species by several authors .\ns2 table . 2de - separated l . stenophrys venom protein spots recognized by mono and polyspecific antivenoms .\ncrotalus mutus linnaeus 1766 : 373 coluber crotalinus gmelin 1789 : 1094 scytale catenatus latreille in sonnini and latreille 1802 : 162 scytale ammodytes latreille in sonnini and latreille 1802 : 165 coluber alecto shaw 1802 : 405 lachesis mutus \u2014 daudin 1803 : 351 lachesis ater \u2014 daudin 1803 : 354 trigonocephalus ammodytes \u2014 oppel 1811 : 390 cophias crotalinus \u2014 merrem 1820 : 144 trigonocephalus crotalinus \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 lachesis muta \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 lachesis atra \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 scytale catenata \u2014 schinz 1822 : 144 bothrops surucucu wagler 1824 : 59 bothrops sururucu wagler 1824 ( misspelled in franzen & glaw 2007 : 262 ) lachesis rhombeata wied 1824 crasedocephalus crotalinus \u2014 gray 1825 : 205 lachesis mutus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 1485 trigonocephalus ( lachoesis ) brasiliensis liais 1872 : 306 trigonocephalus rhumbeatus \u2014 liais 1872 : 306 lachoesis rhumbeata \u2014 liais 1872 : 306 lachesis muta \u2014 beebe 1946 : 47 lachesis muta \u2014 harding & welch 1980 lachesis muta \u2014 villa et al . 1988 lachesis mutus \u2014 boulenger 1896 : 534 lachesis muta muta \u2014 taylor 1951 : 184 lachesis muta noctivaga hoge 1966 lachesis muta muta \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 136 lachesis muta muta \u2014 duellman 1978 : 265 lachesis muta rhombeata \u2014 hoge & romano 1978 : 54 lachesis muta \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 312 lachesis muta \u2014 gorzula & se\u00f1aris 1999 lachesis muta muta \u2014 boos 2001 lachesis muta \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 355\n5 . ripa . d . 1994 . the reproduction of the central american bushmaster ( lachesis muta stenophrys ) and the blackheaded bushmasters ( lachesis muta melanocephala ) for the first time in captivity . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 29 : 165 - 183 . [ links ]\nguti\u00e9rrez , j . , c . avila , z . camacho , b . lomonte . 1990 . ontogenetic changes in the venom of the snake lachesis muta stenophrys ( bushmaster ) from costa rica .\ndistributions of lachesis stenophrys and lachesis melanocephala are shown west of longitude 79\u00b0 w . distribution of the western andean form , lachesis acrochorda , is shown east of 78\u00b050 w , and extending south to just below the equator . despite close proximity to l . stenophrys in panam\u00e1 , l . acrochorda retains its own identity southwest of the tropical dry forest barrier that divides them , indicating low genetic flow between ancestors . intergradation between the two populations , in the narrow san blas corridor , is unlikely due to habitat requirements .\nthus , we report a successful breeding of lachesis stenophrys in captivity ( ex - situ ) in costa rica , with the main objective of provide venom for scientific purposes as well as study of biological behavior in conditions of captivity .\ncorrales , greivin ; meidinger , robert ; rodr\u00edguez , santos ; chacon , danilo ; gomez , aaron 2014 . reproduction in captivity of the central american bushmaster ( lachesis stenophrys , serpentes : viperidae ) , in costa rica cuad . herpetol . 28 : - get paper here\nvenomous ! lachesis muta has been split into three separate species by zamudio & greene 1997 . synonymy mainly after peters & orejas - miranda 1970 and fernandes et al . ( 2004 ) , who reject any subspecies in l . muta . type species : lachesis mutus is the type species of the genus lachesis daudin 1803 .\nde souza , r . 2007 . reproduction of the atlantic bushmaster ( lachesis muta rhombeata ) for the first time in captivity .\nsilva - haad j . accidentes humanos por las serpientes de los g\u00e9neros bothrops y lachesis . mem inst butantan . 1982 ; 45 : 403\u2013423 .\nterence m . , d . 2012 .\nbushmaster lachesis muta muta\n( on - line ) . accessed december 09 , 2011 at urltoken .\niucn , 2011 .\nred list : lachesis muta\n( on - line ) . iucn red list . accessed december 09 , 2011 at urltoken .\nbothrops , crotalus and lachesis represent the most medically relevant genera of pitvipers in central and south america . similarity in venom phenotype and physiopathological profile of envenomings caused by the four nominal lachesis species led us to hypothesize that an antivenom prepared against venom from any of them may exhibit paraspecificity against all the other congeneric taxa .\nripa d . the bushmasters ( genus lachesis daudin 1803 ) ; morphology , evolution and behavior . cd - rom . wilmington , nc : ecologica , 2001 .\nat the antivenom / venom ratio of 500 \u03bcl antivenom / mg venom , the bcl and bl polyspecific antivenoms and the monospecific l antivenom , effectively neutralized the lethal activity of the seven lachesis venoms investigated ( table 5 ) . the monospecific ab antivenom only neutralized the lethal activity of l . stenophrys , l . muta muta ( cascalheira ) and l . muta rhombeata ( recife ) ( table 5 ) , while the monospecific ac antivenom was unable to neutralize the lethal activity of any of the lachesis venoms studied at the ratio of 500 \u03bcl antivenom / mg venom ( table 5 ) .\na brazilian native plant , stryphnodendron barbatman ( family : fabacea ) , common name : barbatimao , may be an effective venom inhibitor in cases of lachesis muta envenomation .\nto cite this page : adams , a . 2012 .\nlachesis muta\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nto assess this hypothesis , in this work we have applied antivenomics and immunochemical methods to investigate the immunoreactivity of three monovalent antivenoms and two polyvalent antivenoms towards the venoms from different geographic populations of three different lachesis species . the ability of the antivenoms to neutralize the proteolytic , hemorrhagic , coagulant , and lethal activities of the seven lachesis venoms was also investigated .\nmadrigal m , sanz l , flores - d\u00edaz m , sasa m , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , et al . snake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of\nexposure of the general population may be limited to those in close proximity to natural habitats which support lachesis species ; exposure will be via bites to the body . ( src )\nthere is only one species of bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) found in brazil . it is the largest venomous snake in brazil measuring up to 14 . 75 feet in length .\nand genus - wide antivenomics assessment of the paraspecific immunoreactivity of two antivenoms evidence the high compositional and immunological conservation across lachesis . j proteomics 2013 ; 89 : 112\u2013123 . pmid : 23747394\namaral , a . do 1926 . 4 . a nota de nomenclatura ophiologica . sobre a differenciac\u00e3o dos nomes genericos lachesis , trimeresurus e bothrops . revista do museu paulista 14 : 34 - 40\nborges - nojosa , d . m . & lima - verde , j . s . 1999 . geographic distribution : lachesis muta rhombeata . herpetological review 30 ( 4 ) : 235 - get paper here\n/ case reports / two patients bitten on their hands / by a lachesis muta / were left with permanent contractures , and hypotension and hemorrhage were commonly recorded on admission . one patient was severely confused .\nno significant differences were found in the levels of specific antibodies against lachesis venoms present in the bcl antivenom , and the ab and al antivenoms ( s1 fig ) . the highest titer corresponded to the binding of bl antivenom to l . stenophrys , l . m . muta ( colombia ) , l . m . muta ( cascalheira ) , and l . m . rhombeata ( recife ) venoms , whereas the titer of this antivenom against venoms from l . melanocephala , l . m . muta ( peru ) and l . m . muta ( tucurui ) was indistinguishable from that of the bcl antivenom ( s1 fig ) . monospecific ac antivenom exhibited the lowest reactivity against the seven lachesis venoms analyzed ( s1 fig ) .\nthe bcl and bl antivenoms , and the monospecific l antivenom effectively neutralized the hemorrhagic activity of all the lachesis venoms studied ( table 3 ) . the bl antivenom showed the highest neutralization capacity of the hemorrhagic activity than any of the other antivenoms used in this study ( table 3 ) . the monospecific ab antivenom was only able to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of l . stenophrys and l . melanocephala venoms , whereas the monospecific ac antivenom was unable to neutralize the hemorrhagic activity of any of the venoms ( table 3 ) .\n8 . sol\u00f3rzano , a . & cerdas , l . 1986 . a new subspecies of the bushmaster , lachesis muta , from southern costa rica . journal of herpetology 20 : 463 - 466 . [ links ]\ncorrales , greivin , g\u00f3mez , aar\u00f3n and flores , diego alejandro 2016 . reproduction of south american bushmaster , lachesis muta ( serpentes : viperidae ) , in captivity herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 608 - 611\nhardy d , silva haad j . a review of venom toxinology and epidemiology of envenoming of the bushmaster ( lachesis ) with report of a fatal bite . bull chicago herp soc . 1998 ; 33 : 113\u2013123 .\nthe reproductive cycle is seasonal , mating occurs in february and march , the eggs are deposited from june to august , and birthing takes place from august to october but sometimes in november ( chac\u00f3n and valverde , 2004 ) . in captivity , females reach sexual maturity at approximately 1 . 6 m in total length and at about five years of age ( sol\u00f3rzano , 2004 ) . furthermore , there have been many fruitful efforts to maintain and breed lachesis stenophrys in captivity ( boyer et al . , 1989 ; ripa , 1994 ; de souza , 2007 ) .\n/ case reports / after a snakebite by the costa rican bushmaster lachesis stenophrys , a 64 - year - old patient developed cardiovascular shock and coagulopathy . after intensive care and antivenom treatment , he was discharged after 4 days but had to be hospitalized again 3 days later because of abdominal pain and bowel obstruction . an emergency laparotomy revealed a necrotic ileum and cecum , and an obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery . until now , this type of intestinal ischemic complication after a snakebite has not been reported in the literature . the effects of bushmaster venom are discussed .\nturner , e . ; carmichael , r . & souza , r . 2008 . dialogues on the tao of lachesis . bull . chicago herp . soc . 43 ( 10 ) : 157 - 164 - get paper here\n/ case reports / three out of four cases of snake bite by lachesis muta stenophrys ( bushmaster ) in costa rica were fatal and one recovered after a long period of hospitalization . initial symptoms were similar to those of bothropic envenomation : intense pain , nausea , vomiting , sweating , and excitability , but differing in the magnitude of a tremendous edema and in the absence of intensive bleeding and phlyctenae . we found important alterations in arterial blood pressure and in the activity and concentration of coagulation factors . all patients showed infections , and necrosis was found in at least three of them .\nvial , j . l . , & jimenez - porras , j . m . 1967 . the ecogeography of the bushmaster , lachesis muta , in central america . american midland naturalist 78 : 182 - 187 . - get paper here\n4 . de souza , r . c . g . 2007 . reproduction of the atlantic bushmaster ( lachesis muta rhombeata ) for the first time in captivity . bulletin of the chicago herpetological society 42 : 41 - 43 . [ links ]\ndespite the broad geographic distribution of lachesis , antivenoms against venoms of different species are effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture , indicating that they can be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of any lachesic envenoming .\njunqueira - de - azevedo ilm . lachesis muta ( viperidae ) cdnas reveal diverging pit viper molecules and scaffolds typical of cobra ( elapidae ) venoms : implications for snake toxin repertoire evolution . genetics 2006 ; 173 : 877\u2013889 . pmid : 16582429\naraujo filho , jo\u00e3o antonio de , c\u00edcero ricardo de oliveira , robson waldemar \u00e1vila , igor joventino roberto and walt\u00e9cio de oliveira almeida . 2013 . lachesis muta ( surucucu , atlantic forest bushmaster ) parasitism . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 692\nfernandes , d . s . ; franco , f . l . & fernandes , r . 2004 . systematic revision of the genus lachesis daudin 1803 ( serpentes : viperidae ) . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 245 - 260 - get paper here\nmart\u00ednez , c . v . , & bola\u00f1os , r . 1983 . the bushmaster , lachesis muta muta ( linnaeus ) ( ophidia : viperidae ) in panam\u00e1 . revista de biologia tropical 30 [ 1982 ] : 100 - 101 . - get paper here\n/ case reports / a 45 - year - old peruvian tourist was bitten on the upper arm when he put his hand on a rope by a walkway to a waterfall at mazamari , chanchamayo , peru . the / lachesis muta / was 1 . 7 m in tl / total length / . he developed pain , swelling , and bruising ; was mildly hypotensive ; and evidenced great anxiety . he was treated with three vials of anti - lachesis antivenom and transferred to lima , where he made a full recovery .\npanel a . 2de protein map of adult l . stenophrys venom . 350 \u03bcg of venom was separated on an 11 cm ipg strip with a ph gradient from 3 to 10 ( first dimension ) and on a 4\u201315 % sds - polyacrylamide criterion tgx gel as second dimension . proteins were stained with coomassie blue . isoelectric point ( ip ) , apparent mw , and relative spot intensity were computed using software imagej . protein identification was accomplished by maldi - tof - tof ms . protein spot features are listed in s1 table . panel b . electroblotted 2de separated venom proteins from adult l . stenophrys probed against commercial polyspecific bcl antivenom ; bl antivenom ; and monoespecific al , ab , and ac antivenoms . protein identifications by maldi - tof / tof ms are listed in s1 table ( supplementary materials ) .\nthere is only one species of bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) found in brazil . it is the largest venomous snake in brazil measuring up to 14 . 75 feet in length . the viperidae family ( genera lachesis , bothrops and crotalus ) as well as the elapidae family have accounted for all the envenomations in brazil . the extent of the problem is shown in the following statistics : 31 , 148 envenomations in 2011 with 143 deaths ; 29 , 322 envomations in 2012 with 129 deaths and 25 , 302 envenomations with 108 deaths .\nthis study demonstrates that antivenoms raised against venom of different lachesis species are indistinctly effective in the neutralization of congeneric venoms not used in the immunization mixture , indicating that antivenoms against conspecific venoms may be used equivalently for the clinical treatment of envenomings caused by any bushmaster species .\n1 . boyer , d . m . ; mitchell , l . a . & murphy , j . b . 1898 . reproduction and husbandry of the bushmaster lachesis m . muta at the dallas zoo . international zoo yearbook 28 : 190 - 194 . [ links ]\nalves , f\u00e1tima q . ; ant\u00e3\u00b4nio j . s . arg\u00e3\u00b4lo , and gilson c . carvalho 2014 . reproductive biology of the bushmaster lachesis muta ( serpentes : viperidae ) in the brazilian atlantic forest . phyllomedusa 13 ( 2 ) : 99 - 109 - get paper here\nlachesis stenophrys ( central american bushmaster ) feeding ,\nrattling\nand some photo ' s i made . 1 . 0 cb 09 / 2011 something different besides my gaming activity . note : dutchsnake ' s disclaimer : handling without ( experienced ) knowledge and safety precautions could mean the difference between life and death . if you see me handling a venomous snake does not mean you can try it out at home , snakes are just like animals ; unpredictable but can be dangerous . 80 % people dies after a bite from a bushmaster even with antivenom . venomous snakes are not a joke and not to be played with ! i do not own the rights from the music , only sharing it .\nin costa rica lachesis stenophrys is the longest venomous snake reaching approximately a total length of 2 . 5 m . its distribution is along the caribbean versant of nicaragua to western and central panama ( campbell and lamar , 2004 ) , and in costa rica is found in tropical and subtropical rainforest on the caribbean versant . it is an uncommon species even though in certain protected areas remains relatively common ( sol\u00f3rzano and cerdas , 1986 ; zamudio and greene , 1997 ) . the species of this genus are the only ones in the new world that lay eggs instead of giving birth to newborns with the possible exception of bothrocophias colombianus ( savage , 2002 ; campbell and lamar , 2004 ; sol\u00f3rzano , 2004 ) .\nzamudio , kelly r . & harry w . greene 1997 . phylogeography of the bushmaster ( lachesis muta : viperidae ) : implications for neotropical biogeography , systematics , and conservation . biol . j . linnean soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 421 - 442 - get paper here\nhoge , a . r . ; romano , s . a . r . w . l . 1978 . lachesis muta rhombeata [ serpentes : viperidae , crotalinae ] . mem . inst . butantan 40 / 41 : 53 - 54 [ 1976 - 1977 ] - get paper here\ninitial assessment of the immunoreactivity of the commercial polyspecific bcl and bl antivenoms , and the experimental monospecific b , c and l antivenoms , against antigens present in the venoms of costa rican l . stenophrys and l . melanocephala , brazilian l . m . rhombeata ( recife ) and l . m . muta from different geographic locations ( colombia , peru , and brazil [ cascalheira and tucurui ] ) were done by elisa and 2de immunoblotting analysis .\n9 . zamudio , k . r . & greene , h . w . 1997 . phylogeography of the bushmaster ( lachesis muta : viperidae ) : implications for neotropical biogeography , systematics , and conservation . biological journal of the linnean society . 62 : 421 - 442 . [ links ]\nthe terrariums in which the lachesis stenophrys were housed have the following dimensions : 1 . 2 m ( wide ) x 2 . 4 m ( long ) x 0 . 9 m ( tall ) ; they have a shelter that provides refuge to the snake , ad libitum water supply , and a log and rocks to facilitate the shedding of skin , and some large dry leaves . different layers compose the substrate ; the first layer is made of small stones and rocks , which work as filter and keep humidity inside the terrarium ; then a thin layer of river sand or substrate , and at last a layer of large dry leaves . this substrate composition prevents the animals to be directly exposed to constant humidity , which could lead to severe ventral infections .\n/ case reports / in venezuela a patient developed intense sweating , vomiting , watery diarrhea , hypersalivation , conjunctival suffusion , hypotension , bradycardia , and respiratory distress 45 minutes after being bitten by a juvenile / lachesis muta / . this patient also showed neurotoxic signs : divergent strabismus , dysarthria , and dysphagia .\nde souza ( 2007 ) , showed that l . muta rhombeata displayed sexual activity after storms or strong raining and furthermore boyer et al . ( 1989 ) , showed that a drop in temperature and an increase in humidity triggers hormonal response in bushmaster females . in agreement , we observed that the sexual activity starts at the end of december in costa rica , when the temperature falls , and continues until march . an interesting point is that the animals ( both sexes ) fasted during the season of mating and breeding , which we found to be a good indicator of the sexual activity of the snakes . in contrast , ripa ( 1994 ) found no sexual activity in lachesis stenophrys females despite the temperature / humidity changes . instead , he found that the use of chemical secretion left by l . melanocephala pairs would trigger a sexual response . on the other hand , sol\u00f3rzano ( 2004 ) showed that the mating season of l . stenophrys takes place during february and march and the females display a biannual reproductive cycle . nevertheless , we had two consecutive breeding seasons by two different bushmaster females . additionally , we found that isolation of females until shed their skins in mating season , and a later reintroduction of the male without removing the skin function as a sexual stimulus .\nde souza r , bhering - nogueira a , lima t , cardoso j . the enigma of the north margin of the amazon river : proven lachesis bites in brazil , report of two cases , general considerations about the genus and bibliographic review . bull . chicago herp . soc . 2007 ; 42 : 105\u2013115 .\nthe bcl and bl polyspecific antivenoms , and the monospecific l antivenom effectively neutralized the coagulant activity of lachesis venoms from the seven bushmaster taxa sampled ( table 4 ) . the bl antivenom showed the highest coagulant neutralization activity than any of the other antivenoms use in this study ( table 4 ) . on the other hand , neither the ab nor the ac monospecific antivenoms were able to neutralize the coagulant activity of any of the lachesis venoms used in this study ( table 4 ) . these data agree with a previous work showing the inefficacy of monospecific bothropic antivenom in the neutralization of the coagulation activity of l . m . muta venom [ 54 ] .\ncitation : madrigal m , pla d , sanz l , barboza e , arroyo - portilla c , corr\u00eaa - netto c , et al . ( 2017 ) cross - reactivity , antivenomics , and neutralization of toxic activities of lachesis venoms by polyspecific and monospecific antivenoms . plos negl trop dis 11 ( 8 ) : e0005793 . urltoken\nmonospecific antivenoms showed significantly more limited immunorecognition profiles than bcl and bl antivenoms toward venoms of all lachesis taxa investigated . the three monospecific antivenoms , but particularly the anti - crotalic ( ac ) antivenom , exhibited poor binding ability towards most venom proteins , including pla 2 s , crisp , gal - lectin , svsps , pi - and piii - svmps and lao . the average toxin immunocapturing activity of this monospecific antivenom was 16 % ( l . stenophrys ) , 21 % ( l . melanocephala , ) , 21 % ( l . m . muta colombia ) , 9 % ( l . m . muta peru ) , 9 % ( l . m . muta cascalheira ) , 17 % ( l . m . muta tucurui ) , and 19 % ( l . m . rhombeata ) ( panels i of figs 2 \u2013 8 , respectively ) .\ncomprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic studies across lachesis [ 23 \u2013 26 ] have revealed remarkably similar venom phenotypes comprising seven or eight toxin families , including bradykinin - potentiating / c - type natriuretic peptide ( bpps / c - np ) , zn 2 + - dependent snake venom ( sv ) metalloproteinase ( svmp ) , serine protease ( svsp ) , phospholipase a 2 ( pla 2 ) , l - amino acid oxidase ( laos ) , c - type lectin - like ( ctl ) , and in venoms of the south american species , also cysteine - rich secretory protein ( crisp ) . ontogenetic changes in the toxin composition of l . stenophrys venom result in the net shift from a bpps / c - np - rich and svsp - rich venom in newborns and 2 - years - old juveniles to a ( pi > piii ) svmp - rich venom in adults [ 24 ] .\nantivenoms were serially diluted by a factor of 3 ( starting from a dilution of 1 / 500 ) and tested by elisa against the following crude lachesis venoms : l . stenophrys from costa rica ( a ) , l . melanocephala from costa rica ( b ) , l . muta muta from colombia ( c ) , peru ( d ) , the brazil regions of cascalheria ( e ) , tucurui ( f ) , and l . muta rhombeata from recife , brazil ( g ) . antivenom acronyms , bcl , polyspecific anti - bothropic , anti - crotalic , anti - lachesic antivenom from instituto clodomiro picado ( cr ) ; bl , anti - bothropic and anti - lachesic antivenom from instituto vital brazil , niter\u00f3i , brazil ; al , monoespecific anti - lachesic antivenom ; ab , monoespecific anti - bothropic antivenom ; ac , monoespecific anti - crotalic antivenom . each point represents the mean \u00b1 sd of three independent determinations .\n/ signs and symptoms / in amazonas state , brazil , 6 . 2 % of patients had vomiting , 0 . 9 % had faintness , 4 . 6 % felt dizziness , 4 . 1 % felt nausea , 2 . 4 % felt abdominal pain , and 1 . 9 % had visual disturbances , symptoms suggesting the possibility of envenoming by lachesis muta .\nsouza , r . c . g . de ; bhering nogueira , p . ; lima , t . & cardoso , j . l . c . 2007 . the enigma of the north margin of the amazon river : proven lachesis bites in brazil , report of two cases , general considerations about the genus and bibliographic review . bull . chicago herp . soc . 42 ( 7 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here\nhuman bites by lachesis species are not frequent but when occur cause severe envenoming due to large amount of venom ( 200\u2013411 mg ) injected into the victim and also owing to its toxicity in humans , as reported for snakebites in brazil , colombia and costa rica [ 11 \u2013 21 ] . common local effects include agonizing burning - throbbing pain , mild hemorrhage , edema , and blister formation . these signs and symptoms are accompanied by systemic alterations , such as hemorrhage , coagulopathy , cardiovascular collapse , and by the so - called \u201c lachesis syndrome\u201d , an alteration of the autonomic nervous system which manifests with profuse sweating , abdominal colic , nausea , recurrent vomiting , watery diarrhea , diastolic and systolic hypotension , and sinus bradycardia , together with sensorial disorders ( uncoordinated march , lapses of unconsciousness ) and serious hemodynamic alterations within 15\u201320 min after a bite [ 12 \u2013 19 , 22 ] .\nthe bcl and the bl therapeutic antivenoms , and the monospecific al antivenom effectively neutralized the proteolytic activity of venoms from the 7 lachesis taxa investigated ( table 2 ) . the bl antivenom showed higher neutralization activity than the other antivenoms used in this study ( table 2 ) . the ac monospecific antivenom was only able to neutralize the proteolytic activity of l . melanocephala venom ( table 2 ) . the ab monospecific antivenom was unable to neutralize the proteolytic activity of any of the venoms ( table 2 ) .\nseveral toxic and enzymatic activities of the venom of lachesis muta melanocephala were studied . this venom has many similarities with that of l . m . stenophrys , although there are quantitative differences in venom activities , as well as in the immunodiffusion patterns of these venoms when reacted against polyvalent antivenom . this antivenom was tested for its ability to neutralize a series of toxic and enzymatic effects of l . m . melanocephala venom . a new method to study myonecrosis , based on the quantitation of residual creatine kinase in injected muscle , was used . antivenom was highly effective in neutralizing lethal , hemorrhagic , myotoxic , edema - forming , defibrinating , caseinolytic and fibrinolytic activities when venom and antivenom were incubated prior to the test or , in the case of edema - forming activity , when antivenom was administered before venom injection . on the other hand , when antivenom was injected i . v . at different time intervals after venom injection neutralization of lethality was good , although neutralization of local effects , i . e . hemorrhage and edema , was poor . these results indicate that polyvalent antivenom contains antibodies capable of neutralizing toxic and enzymatic activities of l . m . melanocephala venom . moreover , the partial inability of antivenom to neutralize local effects when administered after venom injection is probably due to the rapid development of these effects once venom is injected . pmid : 3672541\nexcept for the bpps , both polyspecific antivenoms efficiently immunocaptured all the components from l . stenophrys ( fig 2 ) , l . m . muta ( colombia ) ( fig 4 ) and l . m . rhombeata ( fig 8 ) venoms . in addition , the bl antivenom immunocaptured the venom components of l . m . muta from the brazilian localities cascalheira ( fig 6 ) and tucurui ( fig 7 ) . the apparent low recovery of pi - and piii - svmps ( eluting from the rp - hplc column at 40\u201342 min ) in the immunoaffinity captured fractions of the bcl and bl affinity columns ( figs 2 \u2013 8 , panels b and d , respectively ) may be ascribed to the high affinity of these venom proteins for the antivenom molecules , as has been demonstrated in a previous work [ 25 ] .\n/ laboratory animals : acute exposure / the ability of crude venom and a basic phospholipase a ( 2 ) ( lmtx - i ) from lachesis muta muta venom to increase the microvascular permeability in rat paw and skin was investigated . crude venom or lmtx - i were injected subplantarly or intradermally and rat paw edema and dorsal skin plasma extravasation were measured . histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cell was also assessed . crude venom or lmtx - i induced dose - dependent rat paw edema and dorsal skin plasma extravasation . venom - induced plasma extravasation was inhibited by the histamine h ( 1 ) antagonist mepyramine ( 6mg / kg ) , histamine / 5 - hydroxytriptamine antagonist cyproheptadine ( 2 mg / kg ) , cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin ( 5mg / kg ) , nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor l - name ( 100 nmol / site ) , tachykinin nk ( 1 ) antagonist sr140333 ( 1 nmol / site ) and bradykinin b ( 2 ) receptor antagonist icatibant ( 0 . 6mg / kg ) . platelet - activating factor ( paf ) antagonist pca4248 ( 5 mg / kg ) had no effect . lmtx - i - induced skin extravasation was inhibited by cyproheptadine , mepyramine , indomethacin and pca4248 , while l - name and sr140333 had no effect . additionally , both lachesis muta muta venom and lmtx - i concentration - dependently induced histamine release from rat mast cells . in conclusion , lachesis muta muta venom and lmtx - i increase microvascular permeability by mechanisms involving in vivo mast cell activation and arachidonic acid metabolites . additionally , crude venom - induced responses also involve substance p , nitric oxide and bradykinin release , whether lmtx - i - induced responses involve paf .\n/ case reports / / out of / 4 cases from costa rica , three of the victims died within 3 - 5 days / after being bitten by a lachesis muta / despite antivenom treatment . they had developed shock associated with massive local swelling and secondary infection , but spontaneous bleeding appeared less common than with envenoming by bothrops species . . . . bleeding from the fang marks / was observed , along with / epistaxis , hematemesis , hemoptysis , and hematuria in the 4 cases . the only survivor was left with severe contractures of the bitten arm .\n/ case reports / we report a case of envenomation caused by a bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in a male child in state of pernambuco , brazil . the victim showed discrete local manifestations , but presented altered blood coagulation 2 hours after the bite . ten ampoules of bothropic - lachetic antivenom therapy were administered , and 48 hours later , the patient showed discrete edema , pain , and ecchymosis around the bite and normal blood coagulation . the patient was discharged 5 days after the envenomation . the prompt administration of specific treatment was important for the favorable outcomes observed .\nholotype : nhrm = nrm . according to andersson 1899 : 27 , there are two jars labeled as crotalus horridus , one of which contains a head in rather bad condition which does not belong to any crotalus and\npossibly it is the head of a lachesis mutus .\n( mcdiarmid et al . 1999 ) ; type unknown fide peters 1960 . holotype : zsm , uncatalogued specimen ( s ) ( lost ) , \u201chabitat non rarus in brasiliae sylvis humidis ac densis sub arborum fronde delapsa\u201d [ brazil ] according to the original description and vanzolini ( 1981 ) , collected by spix and martius expedition to brazil , 1817 - 1820 [ surucucu ]\n/ signs and symptoms / the symptoms and signs of envenoming / by a lachesis muta / ( local swelling , blistering , bruising , and necrosis with coagulopathy , spontaneous systemic bleeding , shock , and renal failure ) may be confused with those caused by other pitvipers . however , a distinctive syndrome has been described in a proportion of cases . there is early nausea , abdominal colic , repeated vomiting , and watery diarrhea with profuse sweating . . . . vomiting , severe abdominal colic , profuse diarrhea , hypotension , bradycardia , impaired consciousness , and other manifestations of shock may develop as soon as 15 minutes after the bite , while local effects of envenoming may leave permanent impairment .\nin the state of amazonas and in areas nearby manaus , the snakes responsible for the majority of accidents are bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta , with a percentage of confirmed species of 76 % and 17 % , respectively . frequently , in the absence of the laquetic and bothropic - laquetic antivenoms , the instituto de medicina tropical de manaus ( imtm ) has been using bothropic antivenom in the treatment of laquetic accident . in this paper is related a case of accident caused by l . muta muta ; the patient was treated with bothropic antivenom , and after received twenty ampules of this antivenom , maintained blood incoagulability until the 13th day after the accident . experiments to obtain the potency of the bothropic antivenom for the coagulant and hemorrhagic activities have been done , using bothrops atrox venom as control . the results showed that the potency of the antivenom for the hemorrhagic activity was similar , and the potency for the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom was 9 . 2 times minor than that for b . atrox . the antibodies titers from three different lots of bothropic antivenom varied for the l . m . muta venom , and were constant for the b . atrox venom . due to the inefficiency of the bothropic antivenom on the neutralization of the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom , the use of bothropic antivenom is not recommended in the treatment of lachesis muta muta accidents .\n/ case reports / in the state of amazonas and in areas nearby manaus , the snakes responsible for the majority of accidents are bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta , with a percentage of confirmed species of 76 % and 17 % , respectively . frequently , in the absence of the laquetic and bothropic - laquetic antivenoms , the instituto de medicina tropical de manaus ( imtm ) has been using bothropic antivenom in the treatment of laquetic accident . in this paper is related a case of accident caused by l . muta muta ; the patient was treated with bothropic antivenom , and after received twenty ampoules of this antivenom , maintained blood incoagulability until the 13th day after the accident . experiments to obtain the potency of the bothropic antivenom for the coagulant and hemorrhagic activities has been done , using bothrops atrox venom as control . the results showed that the potency of the antivenom for the hemorrhagic activity was similar , and the potency for the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom was 9 . 2 times minor than that for b . atrox . the antibodies titles from three different lots of bothropic antivenom varied for the l . m . muta venom , and were constant for the b . atrox venom . due to the inefficiency of the bothropic antivenom on the neutralization of the coagulant activity for the l . m . muta venom , the use of bothropic antivenom is not recommended in the treatment of lachesis muta muta accidents .\nfigures 2 - 23 . map of south american distribution of l . muta muta and l . muta rhombeata . figure 2 shows the standard demographic arrangement of lachesis muta in south america , with l . muta muta occupying nearly all of the amazonian regions ; and the debated subspecies , l . muta rhombeata restricted to brazil ' s atlantic forest belt . figure 23 shows my recommended revision of this distribution based on morphology : l . muta muta becomes restricted to trinidad , the guyana shield and contiguous regions ; and the range of l . muta rhombeata expanded to include the amazonian basin and contiguous areas . there is obviously a high degree of overlap , not unexpected in trinominal classification . this is a true clinal variation within a single species of snake , and subspecific classification best addresses these morphological differences accordingly .\n/ other toxicity information / snake - venom proteins form multi - component defence systems by the recruitment and rapid evolution of nonvenomous proteins and hence serve as model systems to understand the structural modifications that result in toxicity . l - amino - acid oxidases ( laaos ) are encountered in a number of snake venoms and have been implicated in the inhibition of platelet aggregation , cytotoxicity , hemolysis , apoptosis and hemorrhage . an l - amino - acid oxidase from lachesis muta venom has been purified and crystallized . the crystals belonged to space group p21 , with unit - cell parameters a = 66 . 05 , b = 79 . 41 , c = 100 . 52 a / angstrom / , beta = 96 . 55 deg . the asymmetric unit contained two molecules and the structure has been determined and partially refined at 3 . 0 a / angstrom / resolution .\nl . stenophrys venom proteins were separated by two - dimensional electrophoresis ( 2de ) using an ettan ipgphor iii instrument ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) . for isoelectric focusing , 300\u2013350 \u03bcg of total venom proteins in 200 \u03bcl destreak rehydration solution ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) including 10 mm dtt and 0 . 5 % ipg buffer ph 3\u201310 nl ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) were loaded on a 11 cm ipg strip , ph 3\u201310 ( ge healthcare bio - sciences ab , uppsala , sweden ) and then focused using the following electrophoretic conditions : 500 v for 30 min , 1000 v for 30 min and 5000 v for 80 min . after isoelectric focusing , sds - page was performed under reducing conditions in 4\u201315 % criterion tgx precast 11 cm gels ( bio - rad , usa ) . an unstained protein molecular weight marker ( fermentas ) was included in the analysis . gels were stained using bio - safe coomassie stain ( bio - rad , usa ) or plusone silver staining kit ( ge healthcare ab , uppsala , sweden ) following the manufacturer\u00b4s instructions , and images were taken with chemidoc xrs imaging system ( biorad , usa ) . spot identification was done using the collaborative bioimage informatics platform icy [ 34 ] and quantified as relative density percentage using imagej software [ 35 ] .\n/ other toxicity information / the kinetic behavior of a thrombin - like enzyme from lachesis muta muta venom has been studied with 13 tripeptidyl p - nitroanilide substrates . eight substrates were unprotected at the n terminus and were used for the regression analysis of the experimentally determined kinetic parameters 1 / km , kcat and kcat / km . the individual contribution of each amino acid side chain to the kinetic parameters was calculated . the amino acid sequence of the ideal substrate ( d - pro - leu - arg - pna ) was determined from a regression analysis for each kinetic parameter . this result was confirmed experimentally . the structural analysis of the tripeptides showed that the binding to the s3 sub - site had a small effect on km . the binding of l - leu to the s2 sub - site increased kcat without changing the value of km . the analysis of the kinetic parameters revealed that , in the binding of l - leu to the s2 sub - site , the enzyme bound the transition state configuration of the substrate / product transformation more tightly than that of the substrate .\n96 - well plates ( dynatech immulon , alexandria , va ) were coated overnight at 4\u00b0c with lachesis venoms ( 0 . 5 \u03bcm / well ) in 0 . 1 m tris , 0 . 15 m nacl , ph 9 . 0 buffer . the plates were blocked for 1h with 2 % bovine serum albumin ( bsa ) in 20 mm phosphate , 135 mm nacl , ph 7 . 4 ( pbs ) at room temperature . purified antivenom immunoglobulins were serially diluted by a factor of 3 ( starting from a dilution of 1 / 500 ) in pbs containing 1 % bsa , and added to the wells for 1 h at room temperature . the plates were washed four times with washing buffer ( 50 mm tris , 150 mm nacl , 20 \u03bcm zncl 2 , 1 mm mgcl 2 , ph 7 . 4 ) , and anti - horse igg - phosphatase - conjugate ( sigma , st . louis , mo , usa ) , diluted 1 : 20 , 000 with pbs containing 1 % bsa , was added and incubated for 1 h at room temperature . the plates were washed and developed with p - nitrophenylphosphate in diethanolamine buffer ( 1 mm mgcl 2 , 90 mm diethanolamine , ph 9 . 8 ) . absorbance at 405 nm was recorded after 90 min using a microplate reader ( multiskan labsystems ltd . , helsinki , finland ) .\nall the in vivo experiments were performed in cd - 1 mice , and the protocols were approved by the institutional committee for the care and use of laboratory animals ( cicua ) of the university of costa rica . lethality was assessed by the intraperitoneal route in 16\u201318 g mice and a challenge dose corresponded to 3 median lethal doses ( ld 50 ) was used for the neutralization tests [ 37 ] . an arbitrary level of 500 \u03bcl antivenom / mg venom was selected to evaluate the efficacy of antivenoms for neutralizing lethality . only this antivenom / venom ratio was used owing to the scarcity of some venoms and also for reducing the number of mice used . death of mice was recorded at 48 h . hemorrhagic activity was evaluated by using the rodent skin test using 18\u201320 g mice and a challenge venom dose corresponding to 10 minimum hemorrhagic doses ( mhd ) [ 41 ] . coagulant activity was assessed on citrated human plasma and the challenge dose used was 2 minimum coagulant doses ( mcd ) [ 40 ] . proteolytic activity was determined using azocasein ( sigma , usa ) as substrate , as described by guti\u00e9rrez et al . [ 42 ] . for neutralization tests , a challenge dose was selected , corresponding to the amount of venom that induced a change in absorbance of 0 . 75 at 450 nm . a summary of reference venom activities ( median lethal dose , minimum hemorrhagic dose , minimum coagulant dose and challenge dose for proteolytic activity ) of lachesis venoms are listed in table 1 .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\ncope , e . d . 1875 . on the batrachia and reptilia of costa rica with notes on the herpetology and ichthyology of nicaragua and peru . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia n . s . ( 2 ) 8 : 93 - 183 [ sometimes said to be published 1876 but see murphy et al . 2007 for clarification ] ] - get paper here\nhenderson , c . l . 2010 . mammals , amphibians , and reptiles of costa rica - a field guide . university of texas press , austin , 198 pp .\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nmonzel , markus & wolfgang w\u00fcster 2008 . neotropische grubenottern \u2013 evolution , biogeographie und \u00f6kologie . draco 8 ( 33 ) : 4 - 27 - get paper here\nparkinson , c . l . 1999 . molecular systematics and biogeographical history of pitvipers as determined by mitochondrial ribosomal dna sequences . copeia 1999 ( 3 ) : 576 - 586 - get paper here\npeters , james a . ; donoso - barros , roberto & orejas - miranda , braulio 1970 . catalogue of the neotropical squamata : part i snakes . part ii lizards and amphisbaenians . bull . us natl . mus . 297 : 347 pp . - get paper here\nporras , l . w . & sol\u00f3rzano , a . 2006 . costa rica\u2019s venomous snakes . reptilia ( gb ) ( 48 ) : 11 - 17 - get paper here\nporras , l . w . & sol\u00f3rzano , a . 2006 . die schlangen costa ricas . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 11 ( 61 ) : 20 - 27 - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nsmith , hobart m . ; langebartel , david a . ; williams , kenneth l . 1964 . herpetological type - specimens in the university of illinois museum of natural history . illinois biological monographs ( 32 ) : 1 - 80\nsolorzano , a . 2004 . serpientes de costa rica - snakes of costa rica . editorial inbio , costa rica , 792 pp .\nsunyer , javier 2014 . an updated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of nicaragua . mesoamerican herpetology 1 ( 2 ) : 186\u2013202 . - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1951 . a brief review ot the snakes of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 1 ) : 3 - 188 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\ncontinent : middle - america distribution : nicaragua , costa rica , panama type locality : sip\u00fario , costa rica .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmadrigal m 1 , sanz l , flores - d\u00edaz m , sasa m , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , alape - gir\u00f3n a , calvete jj .\ninstituto clodomiro picado , facultad de microbiolog\u00eda , universidad de costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , costa rica .\narroyo c 1 , solano s 1 , herrera m 1 , segura \u00e1 1 , estrada r 1 , vargas m 1 , villalta m 1 , guti\u00e9rrez jm 1 , le\u00f3n g 2 ."]}
{"id": 1363, "summary": [{"text": "neolamprologus niger is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it is only found along the northern shores .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is a crevice-dweller and feeds on molluscs .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species reaches a length of 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "neolamprologus niger", "paragraphs": ["indeed - can anyone share a pdf of this paper ? based upon the abstract , it makes one wonder if n . schreyeni will / is synonymized with n . niger ? ?\nits lives in rocky shores , where it can be very abundant . in these areas several other rubble - dwellers are also abundant . it appears to share the same ecological niche as neolamprologus leleupi .\nmar\u00e9chal , c . and m . poll , 1991 . neolamprologus . p . 274 - 294 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5667 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , neos = new + greek , lampros = torch + greek , lagos = hare ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : ? - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 10 - ? ; depth range 6 - 30 m . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 3\u00b0s - 7\u00b0s\nafrica : endemic to the northern democratic republic of the congo coast of lake tanganyika and bulu point in tanzania ( ref . 5667 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5667 )\nlives in the crevices of the sediment - rich biotope . feeds on mollusks which are crushed with the pharyngeal bones ( ref . 7343 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake tanganyika with a widespread distribution and no known major widespread threats .\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it is distributed in the northern shores of the democratic republic of congo and bulu point in tanzania .\nsedimentation and other human impact along the coast of the lake appear to have altered community structure and reduced biodiversity in adjacent sub - littoral areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\ndear philippe could you send me a pdf copy ? i send you a pm with my e - mail . livio\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . intraspecific geographic variation has increasingly been valued in cichlid taxa of the east - african great lakes ( hanssens and snoeks 2003 , risch and snoeks 2008 , anseeuw et al 2011 ) . in lake tanganyika , such variation is especially found in species from rocky shores , both in colour pattern ( kohda et al . 1996 , konings 1998 ) and in morphology ( risch and snoeks 2008 ) . . . .\na new species and geographical variation in the telmatochromis temporalis complex ( teleostei , cichli . . .\ntelmatochromis brachygnathus sp . n . is described from the southern and central parts of lake tanganyika . it can be distinguished from the similar t . temporalis mainly by its smaller mouth . morphological distinct populations were found in both species .\na revised synonymy of telmatochromis temporalis ( teleostei , cichlidae ) from lake tanganyika ( east af . . .\nthe taxonomic status of the nominal species telmatochromis temporalis , t . lestradei , t . burgeoni and julidochromis macrolepis has been reviewed . the synonymy of t . lestradei with t . temporalis is confirmed . a comparison of telmatochromis burgeoni with telmatochromis temporalis revealed no significant differences either . hence t . burgeoni is considered synonymous with t . temporalis . examination . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomic status of the six - band morph of cyphotilapia frontosa ( perciformes : cichlidae ) from lake t . . .\nsix - and seven - band morphs have been identified in a cichlid , cyphotilapia frontosa , that is endemic to lake tanganyika . these color morphs have allopatric distributions ; the six - band morph is widespread in the northern half of the lake while the seven - band morph is restricted to kigoma on the east coast of the lake . because no specimens of the seven - band morph have been available for . . . [ show full abstract ]\na review , based on personal experience of problems in systematic research on the fishes of the east african lakes , is given . a characteristic feature of most of these lakes is the high number of endemic cichlid species that they contain . it is estimated that for the three biggest lakes , victoria , tanganyika and malawi / nyasa , about 1000 species or more are still awaiting scientific description . . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 1365, "summary": [{"text": "callidrepana ovata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( shaanxi , hubei , sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 15.5-19 mm for males and 17.5-22 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are similar to the pale form of callidrepana patrana palleolus , but usually paler .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are scattered brilliantly lustrous scales along the veins proximal to the postmedial fascia , along the distal edge of the postmedial fascia and in a streak in the basal half of the costal area . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "callidrepana ovata", "paragraphs": ["figs . 227 - 231 . callidrepana , genitalia . 227 , patrana palleolus , . 228 - 231 , ovata . 228 , aedeagus ; 229 , \u00a3 ; 230 , $ ; 231 , $ eighth tergite and sternite .\ncallidrepana argenteola ( moore , [ 1860 ] ) = drepana argenteola moore , [ 1860 ] = drepana bracteata hampson , 1893 .\ninsecta \u2192 subclass pterygota \u2192 infraclass neoptera \u2192 superorder holometabola \u2192 order lepidoptera \u2192 superfamily drepanoidea \u2192 family drepanidae \u2192 subfamily drepaninae \u2192 genus callidrepana c . felder , 1861\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of callidrepana sp . ( large size ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\n' calliduscloud\n' is a global enterprise software and saas company headquartered in dublin , california .\ncalliduscloud global alliance partners providing integrated solution that complement calliduscloud products ; system integrators partners providing user companies with a wide range of selections to support different sap .\nsynygy competed with professional services companies that include accenture , calliduscloud , alexander group , aon hewitt , bain & company , better sales comp , boston consulting group , buck , canidium , colletti - fiss , cygnal group , deloitte , kpmg , mckinsey & company , mercer , opensymmetry , optymyze , sibson , towers watson , valitus , and zs associates .\nhow can i put and write and define calliduscloud in a sentence and how is the word calliduscloud used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528calliduscloud\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliduscloud\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528calliduscloud\u9020\u53e5 , calliduscloud meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work ."]}
{"id": 1366, "summary": [{"text": "tyspanodes nigrolinealis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by moore in 1867 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( sikkim ) and cambodia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 34 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are orange , with a black spot at the base and two in the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are black streaks in all the interspaces .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are black . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "tyspanodes nigrolinealis", "paragraphs": ["tyspanodes warren , 1891 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 425 ; ts : filodes nigrolinealis moore\nfilodes nigrolinealis moore , 1867 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1867 : 95 ; tl : sikkim\ndiathraustodes hemileucalis hampson , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 204 ; tl : cedar bay , cooktown , queensland\npropachys linealis moore , [ 1868 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1867 : 665 , pl . 33 , f . 17\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\nwarren , 1891 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 423 - 437 , 7 ( 42 ) : 494 - 501 , 8 ( 43 ) : 61 - 70\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nnew version of the portal has been deployed , some features are still under development and may not work temporarily .\nwe would like to know your feedback and any ideas on making this group a more interesting and a happening place . we are thankful for your wonderful contribution to this group and would like to hear from you soon .\nsource : loarie et al . inaturalist standard places v1 . 0 urltoken ( link )\nboundary source : loarie et al . inaturalist standard places v1 . 0 urltoken ( link )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1367, "summary": [{"text": "plegapteryx prouti is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by george thomas bethune-baker in 1927 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 34 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "both wings are cinnamon brown , irrorated with fine dark points , which are more prominent in the somewhat paler hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the forewings have a trace of an oblique stripe from the apex to the middle of the inner margin and the radial area has a small dark cloud and is slightly tinged with greenish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "plegapteryx prouti", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , western cape ] , cap . b . spei [ cape of good hope ] .\nlinnaeus c . 1767 . systema naturae . editio duodecima reformata . tom i , pars ii . - \u2014 1 ( 2 ) : 533\u20131327 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1975 . moths of southern africa . descriptions and colour illustrations of 1183 species . - \u2014 : i\u2013iv , 1\u2013273 , pls . 1\u201363 .\nprout l . b . 1933\u20131938 . geometridae ( fauna africana , part 16 ) . \u2013 in : seitz . a . ( ed . ) , die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . - \u2014 16 .\nhampson g . f . 1910c . zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories : lepidoptera phalaenae . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1910 ( 2 ) : 388\u2013510 , pls . 36\u201341 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsaudi arabia , province of gizan , fifa , 25 . x . 1983 , leg . a . s . talhouk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 2448\u2642 , nhmb ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides 2434\u2642 , 2493\u2642 , wiltshire 203\u2640 , nhmb , bmnh .\nwiltshire e . p . 1986 . lepidoptera of saudi arabia : fam . cossidae , sesiidae , metarbelidae , lasiocampidae , sphingidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , arctiidae , nolidae , noctuidae ( heterocera ) ; fam . satyridae ( rhopalocera ) ( part 5 ) . - fauna of saudi arabia 8 : 262\u2013323 .\nhausmann a . 2009c . new and interesting geometrid moths from dhofar , southern oman ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 99 : 111\u2013128 .\nhausmann a . 2006 . the geometrid moth species from yemen \u2013 with 50 new records for the country and description of 20 new taxa ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - esperiana 12 : 9\u201362 , pls . 12\u201321 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about plegia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for plegia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about plegaren ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for plegaren ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about plegien ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for plegien ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about pleger ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for pleger ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about plegine ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for plegine ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 1368, "summary": [{"text": "eupanacra pulchella is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from papua new guinea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is similar to eupanacra micholitzi .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "adults have a dark forewing upperside with yellow stripes and an orange hindwing upperside with a dark marginal band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a conspicuous discal spot on the forewing underside .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwing underside has a pale red inner margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupanacra pulchella", "paragraphs": ["it is similar to\neupanacra pulchella\n, except for some differences on the lines on the forewing upperside .\nit is similar to\neupanacra tiridates\nand\neupanacra regularis regularis\n, but have broader forewings .\nhow can i put and write and define eupanacra in a sentence and how is the word eupanacra used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528eupanacra\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eupanacra\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eupanacra\u9020\u53e5 , eupanacra meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nit is similar to\neupanacra malayana\nbut larger , darker and more uniformly coloured .\nit is similar to\neupanacra regularis regularis\n, but especially males have a similar but darker pattern .\nit is similar to\neupanacra sinuata\n, but smaller , with a clearer pattern and narrower hindwings .\nthe forewing underside is similar to\neupanacra metallica\n, but the postmedian line is more oblique and abbreviated .\nthe middle of the thorax upperside and proximal abdominal tergites are pale ( as in similar\neupanacra variolosa\n) .\nit is similar to\neupanacra regularis regularis\n, but the postmedian lines on the forewing upperside are less curved .\nthe forewing upperside has postmedian lines closer together and more longitudinal than in\neupanacra malayana\n, almost parallel to the costa .\nthe forewing upperside has postmedian lines which are more longitudinal than in\neupanacra sinuata\nand run parallel to the outer margin .\nit is similar to\neupanacra mydon\n, except for the pattern elements found on the upperside of the forewing which are much clearer .\nit is similar to\neupanacra elegantulus\nbut larger and there is no , or just a faint discal spot found on the forewing upperside .\nit is similar to\neupanacra automedon\nbut distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a blunt double point and generally a darker brown longitudinal shadow present .\nit is similar to\neupanacra sinuata\n, but the upperside ground colour is more orange and the lines on the forewing upperside have a different trajectory .\nit is similar to\neupanacra busiris atima\nexcept for differences in the forewing outer margin and the trajectory of the antemedian lines on the forewing upperside .\nthe hindwing upperside has a pale median band which is slightly wider than in\neupanacra sinuata\n, nearly reaching the costa but obscured by brown scaling anteriorly .\nit is very similar to\neupanacra malayana\nbut distinguishable by the forewing outer margin having a single sharp point at the apex and no darker brown longitudinal shadow .\nit is similar to\neupanacra busiris busiris\nexcept for some differences in the patterns on the forewing upperside , which has a pale brown ground colour with various black spots .\neupanacra malayana ( rothschild & jordan , 1903 ) = panacra malayana rothschild & jordan , 1903 = moseri ( gehlen , 1930 ) = albicans ( dupont , 1941 ) = unilunata ( dupont , 1941 ) .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of eupanacra sp . ( large size ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : a rare species , only a few specimens known . endemic for new guinea .\npapua localities : roon island ; new guinea : nabire , rattan camp . details in gazetteer .\nne . himalayas - borneo , sumatra , sulawesi , hong kong . see [ maps ]\npanacra busiris walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 158\npanacra busiris atima rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : karwar , south india\npanacra busiris marina rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl : andaman is .\npanacra mydon elegantulus f . brunnea closs , 1916 ; lepidoptera niepeltiana ( 2 ) : 3 , pl . 16 , f . 8 ; tl : java\noriental tropics - philippines , sundaland , sulawesi , sumba , hong kong . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1371, "summary": [{"text": "synemon jcaria , the reddish-orange sun-moth , is a moth in the castniidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia , including victoria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 35 mm for males and 38 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have brown forewings , each with two white spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are scarlet with brown markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late january to mid march .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on lomandra effusa .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they differ from the larvae of most other synemon species in that they feed internally at the rhizomes of the food plant at ground level , rather than on the roots underground . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "synemon jcaria", "paragraphs": ["katja schulz selected\nsynemon jcaria\nto show in overview on\nsynemon jcaria\n.\nmaggie whitson marked\nsynemon jcaria sunning itself\nas hidden on the\nsynemon jcaria\npage . reasons to hide : duplicate\nkatja schulz marked the classification from\nwikipedia\nas preferred for\nsynemon jcaria\n.\nsynemon jcaria is also found in south australia and victoria . more information found on the south australian sun - moths website\nkatja schulz marked the classification from\nbolds resource for species - level taxa\nas preferred for\nsynemon jcaria\n.\nsynemon jcaria a beautiful sunmoth which flies this time of the year . synemon sunmoths are a day flying moth and can be seen between 10am and 3pm depending upon the temperature and if the sun is shining . when the clouds come over , they seem to disappear .\nsynemon doubleday , 1846 ; in stokes , discoveries australia 1 : 515 , pl . 3 ; ts : hesperia sophia white\ndrawing by rudolf felder , zoologischer theil , reise der osterreichischen fregatte novara , band 2 , abtheilung 2 ( 1874 ) , plate lxxix , fig . 6 , image courtesy of biodiversity heritage library , digitized by smithsonian libraries .\nspecies in that they feed inside the culm of the foodplant at ground level , rather than on the roots underground . they feed on plants such as\nthe adult moths have brown forewings , each with two large pale spots . the hindwings are scarlet with brown markings .\nthe species is considered to be vulnerable due to habitat destruction and the fact that the females are poor flyers .\nband 2 , abtheilung 2 ( 5 ) ( 1875 ) , p . 9\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 054bb23c - 7014 - 4b93 - ad82 - fcdc81c95beb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7320b9ac - 6334 - 455d - b943 - 58fbb380866c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9711e6d2 - 7fe2 - 4c0a - 97be - f9b5518690c6\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adf56cd2 - f094 - 45a6 - a345 - bfffb86050e2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 295208\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nis about 35 mm for males and 38 mm for females . adults have brown forewings , each with two white spots . the hindwings are scarlet with brown markings .\nspecies in that they feed internally at the rhizomes of the food plant at ground level , rather than on the roots underground .\nclassification from bolds resource for species - level taxa selected by katja schulz - see more .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nthey sit with their wings open to absorb the sunshine to give them energy .\nthis one is a bit battle worn . the males choose a prominent place where the females would like to come and sun themselves . they then fight other males that enter their territory by spiraling up and crashing into each other . one then concedes defeat and flies away .\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhesperia sophia white , 1841 ; in grey , jls exp . discovery in australia 1837 - 39 , 2 : 474 , f . 7 ; tl : king george sound\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nandrew a . e . williams , matthew r . williams , edward d . edwards and rebecca a . m . coppen"]}
{"id": 1374, "summary": [{"text": "the south african cliff swallow ( petrochelidon spilodera ) , also known as the south african swallow , is a species of bird in the family hirundinidae native to central \u2212 western and southern africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in botswana , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , gabon , lesotho , malawi , namibia , south africa , zambia , and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "nests are commonly built from mud under artificial structures such as huts and bridges . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "south african cliff swallow", "paragraphs": ["bottom right : south african cliff swallow . [ photo johan van rensburg \u00a9 ]\nsouth african cliff - swallows at nest , bloemfontein , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\nintroduction : south african cliff - swallows ( hirundo spilodera ) inhabit namibian sparse savannah and grassland . flocks of between 10 and 1 , 000 birds are common . roosting is in nests .\ndistribution of south african cliff - swallow in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\na small colony of cliff swallows nesting in a large culvert under the road . they are mainly alarm calling at my presence .\nturner , a . ( 2018 ) . south african swallow ( petrochelidon spilodera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nintra - african breeding migrant , usually arriving from its drc non - breeding grounds around early august , leaving around late april .\nnamibia , zimbabwe and south africa , with scattered records from lesotho ; migrates n to se congo and w drcongo .\nthese monogamous , colonial nesters , with colonies comprising 20 to upwards of 900 nests , fly from the drc to south africa for breeding season .\nharrison , j . a . , allan , d . g . , underhill , l . g . , herremans , m . , tree . a . j . , parker , v . & brown , c . j . ( eds ) . 1997 . the atlas of southern african birds . vol . 2 : passerines . birdlife south africa , johannesburg .\nnot globally threatened . generally common in suitable habitat in main breeding range in south africa ; less common and more irregular in namibia , botswana , zimbabwe and . . .\nthe non - breeding season is mainly spent in western drc , flying to south africa for the breeding season . it also has localised breeding populations in eastern zimbabwe , namibia and possibly south - eastern botswana , with other records from botswana and namibia probably just stop off points on the way to the colonies . in south africa it is common in the free state province , north - west province , mpumalanga , gauteng , northern kzn , eastern cape and southern northern province . it generally prefers grassland , open savanna and karoo .\nit eats a variety of aerial and flightless insects , usually foraging less 3 metres above ground . it often hovers above a bush to flush insects , or alternatively it catches prey disturbed by grass fires , ploughs , sheep , cattle , helmeted guineafowl , cattle egret or common ostrich . it may also descend to the ground to feed on northern harvester termites ( hodotermes mossambicus ) and other insects . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nmonogamous , colonial nester , with colonies comprising 20 to upwards of 900 nests , often adjacent to little swift colonies . individual pairs defend a small territory around the nest entrance against other pairs .\nthe nest ( see image below ) is a gourd - shaped structure with a short entrance tunnel , built of mud pellets and lined wool , plant down and feathers . the entrance holes are packed tightly together , often often overlapping as in the photo . a horizontal ridge is often placed below the entrance which is lengthened as more nests are constructed . it is almost always placed in artificial site since the 1800s , such as in traditional huts and bridges but rarely on cliffs .\negg - laying season is from august - february , peaking around november - december .\nit usually lays two separate clutches per breeding season , each consisting of 1 - 4 , usually 2 - 3 eggs . they are incubated by both sexes for approximately 14 - 16 days , in shifts of 1 - 27 minutes .\nthe chicks are fed by both parents , leaving the nest after about 23 - 26 days , but it can be delayed if the chick is too heavy to fly . the juveniles return to the nest to roost for at least 4 days , often lured there by there with calling and coaxing by their parents .\nnot threatened , in fact its range has benefited from the introduction of man - made nest sites , which it now uses almost exclusively .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\n14 cm ; 16\u201326 g . has pale rufous forehead and lores , dark brown crown , black head side and hindneck ; upperparts deep blue - black , whitish streaks on mantle , rump pale . . .\nno clear song ; calls are a warbling chatter call , a threat call which is a harsher version of the . . .\ndiet includes beetles coleoptera ( especially scarabaeidae and curculionidae ) , dipterans ( especially muscidae and drosophilidae ) , bugs ( . . .\nsept\u2013apr ; two or three broods reported for small proportion of pairs . colonies of a few tens to several hundreds of pairs , up to c . . . .\nmigratory . highly gregarious after breeding . present on breeding grounds in s aug\u2013apr , a few . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nin past , often merged into hirundo , but dna studies support recognition of separate genera .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nflock of + / - 200 flying in and out of roosting site under bridge . recording taken from bridge height , roughly eye - level with birds in flight .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\npetrochelidon spilodera ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) was previously listed as hirundo spilodera .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to breed commonly ( keith et al . 1992 ) . trend justification : the population is estimated to be increasing following a recorded range expansion , perhaps linked to the availability of artificial nest - sites ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) .\n( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22712412a118750418 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 447 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\nan excellent site for these birds is the bridge on eendracht road ( near suikerbosrand nature reserve ) , where they breed every year alongside white - rumped and little swifts .\n\u00a9 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author .\ndistribution : scattered populations in central and northern namibia including etosha national park and swakopmund .\ndescription : dark brown crown , nape brown with bluish gloss . rufous rump , blackish brown tail , square - tipped . upper wings blackish brown , upper breast rufous .\nbreeding : gourd - shaped nest with entrance tunnel built of mud pellets and lined with wool and feathers . females lay 1 to 4 eggs and incubated for up to 16 days .\ntop location , right on the beach . this is a very popular accommodation choice - and rightly so .\nslightly outide town on the banks of the swakop river and overlooking the dunes of the namib desert . excellent for those wanting a desert setting near the convenience of town\nabsolutely unique ! built on stilts into the swakop river - many units offer great views . feels more like a traditional country lodge rather than an establishment in a busy tourist town .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : petrochelidon spilodera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1376, "summary": [{"text": "bebearia tessmanni , or tessmann 's forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "bebearia tessmanni", "paragraphs": ["bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu\neuryphene tessmanni gr\u00fcnberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea\nbebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46\nrevision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon\nbebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana\nbebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1\nbebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 \u2642 only\nbebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nthe genus bebearia closely resembles the allied genus euphaedra in appearance . the females , especially , are very similar on their uppersides . the undersides of bebearia however are invariably cryptically patterned and often resemble dead leaves . in euphaedra the underside is usually yellow with black spots and pink basal patches . euphaedra have orange palpi while those of bebearia are brown . in euphaedra the forewing apex is always rounded and not falcate . the member species are diverse .\nbebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui\nbebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2\nbebearia is a genus of brush - footed butterflies . the species are confined to the afrotropical ecozone mainly in the guinean forests of west africa and the congolian forests .\nbebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\ndefining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well - defined genera with a large number of recognized species . bebearia species are so arranged in assemblages called\nspecies groups\nbut ( not superspecies , but an informal phenetic arrangement ) . these may or may not be clades . as molecular phylogenetic studies continue , lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested , but consistent ranking remains a problem .\neuryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo\nguinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724\npapilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56\ne . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast\n: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )\naterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar\ncameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe\ncameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250\nzaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24\ne . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia\nsenegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8\nnigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]\neuryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus\npapilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8\naterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490\ncoastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267\ncameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo\naurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74\neuryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera\neuryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon\nzaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .\nevena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangw\u00e9 , ogov\u00e9 valley\neuryphene ducalis gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus from african forests . species groups listed are based on larsen ' s ( 2005 ) treatment of the west african fauna .\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\nsave this search to get e - mail alerts and updates on your ebay feed .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicized text are for items listed in currency other than singapore dollars and are approximate conversions to singapore dollars based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : jul 10 02 : 24 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international postage options and costs .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 16 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 1377, "summary": [{"text": "tanygona is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it contains only one species , tanygona lignicolorella , which is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arkansas , florida , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maryland , massachusetts , mississippi , north carolina , ohio , south carolina and tennessee .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from april to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "tanygona", "paragraphs": ["a tanygona lignicolorella in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 20 / 2007 ) . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )\na tanygona lignicolorella in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 7 / 3 / 2017 ) . verified by khyl austin / bugguide . photo by barbara thurlow . ( mbp list )\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1978 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 1 , p . 39 ; pl . 3 . 16 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nbraun , a . f . , 1923 . microlepidoptera : notes and new species .\nmicrolepidoptera : notes and new species annette f . braun . 1923 . transactions of the american entomological society . 49 ( 2 ) .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthalerura swinhoe , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 ( 1 ) : 175 ; ts : timandra goniaria felder & rogenhofer\nthalerura prasina warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 392 ; tl : bhutan\nthalerura marginata warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 392 ; tl : bhutan\ngelasma albistrigata warren , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : japan\nmaxates coelataria trychera prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 111\nmaxates coelataria ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob9 ] : 275 , f . 354 , 364 , pl . 9\nmaxates dysides prout , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 256\nmaxates dysides ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 349 , pl . 9\nmaxates thetydaria ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 352 , 366 , pl . 9\nthalerura veninotata warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 4 ) : 678 ; tl : khasia hills\nmaxates veninotata ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 348 , pl . 9\ntimadra goniaria felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 128 , f . 3 ; tl : bengal , kalitunga\ngelasma waterstradti prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 77\nmaxates waterstradti ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 346 , pl . 9\nmaxates melinau holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 241 , 347 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nmaxates iridescoides holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 361 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nmaxates magnipuncta ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 355 , pl . 9\nmaxates submontana holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 350 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\ngelasma korintjiensis prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 95\nmaxates korintjiensis ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 351 , pl . 9\nmaxates melancholica ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 356 , pl . 9\nmaxates tristis holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 353 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\ngelasma hemitheoides marculenta prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 96\nmaxates marculenta ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 362 , pl . 9\ngelasma hemitheoides ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 62\nmaxates lugubriosa holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 359 , 365 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nmaxates variegata holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 358 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nmaxates obliterata holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 363 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nmaxates muluensis holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 360 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nmaxates seria holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 281 , f . 357 ; tl : brunei , 3m , seria\nmaxates axyra ; han & xue , 2009 , ent . science 12 ( 4 ) : ( 482 - 410 )\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . volume 9 . uranides et phal\u00e9nites\n( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,\n( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ndie gross - schmetterlinge der erde ; die gross - schmetterlinge des indoaustralischen faunengebieten ; 12 . band : die indoaustralischen spanner in seitz ,\nwarren , 1895 new species and genera of geometridae in the tring museum novit . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 82 - 159\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npalpi porrect , where the second joint thickly scaled and reaching beyond the frons . third joint naked . fore wings with highly arched costa towards apex . the outer margin usually highly crenulate and excised between veins 4 and 6 . veins 3 , 4 and 7 t 10 stalked . vein 11 anastomosing with vein 12 . hind wings quadrate , with margin highly crenulate and produced to a point at vein 6 , and tail at vein 4 . veins 3 , 4 and 6 , 7 stalked .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about tanygrisiau ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tanygrisiau ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1380, "summary": [{"text": "cnephasitis vietnamensis is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in northern vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 26 mm for males and 29 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is greyish , mixed with white before the median fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the strigulation ( fine streaks ) and dots are grey and the markings are grey with darker and paler areas .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are cream grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings of the females is pale grey with some dark grey dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "they have dirty cream hindwings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cnephasitis vietnamensis", "paragraphs": ["cnaphalocrocis bilinealis cnn cns productions cnk operating system cna c . vi cnemalobus cneg cnn effect cn cnt ep cnides cnemidochroma cntln cn canora cnn konek cnesterodon cnvd cns - qns cnb cns cnmps cns cnsp cns drugs cn alcorc\u00f3n cnodontes pallida cnodontes vansomereni cnodontes bouyeri cnapan hotel cnemathraupis cnet cno cn cny cnaphalocrocis didialis cni college cnn films cnemidophorus murinus cnemidophorus arubensis cnidium monnieri cnl financial group cn times books cnidoscolus urens cnemidopyge cns news cnephasitis meyi cnephasitis sapana cnephasitis vietnamensis cnephasitis dryadarcha cnephasitis apodicta cnephasitis spinata cnephasia citroleuca cnh industrial cn beachburg subdivision cnesmocarpon cnavt cncp facsroute cnhls cnaphalocrocis trapezalis cnaphalocrocis trebiusalis cnemaspis siamensis cnemidochroma buckleyi cnemidochroma coeruleum cnemidochroma lopesi cnemidochroma ohausi cnemidochroma phyllopoides cnemidochroma phyllopus cnd cnemidolophus cnephasia catastrepta cnephasia chlorocrossa cneorhinini cnephasia cupressivorana cnemaspis girii cnemaspis alwisi cnemaspis podihuna cnemaspis scalpensis cnemaspis amith cnemaspis clivicola cnemaspis gemunu cnemaspis kallima cnemaspis kumarasinghei cnemaspis latha cnemaspis menikay cnemaspis molligodai cnemaspis pava cnemaspis phillipsi cnemaspis pulchra cnemaspis punctata cnemaspis retigalensis cnemaspis samanalensis cnemaspis silvula cnemaspis upendrai cnephasia melanophaea cnephasia holorphna cnn bias against israel cnidoscolus angustidens\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about cnephasia cantiana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cnephasia cantiana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1385, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to colombia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , intermittent freshwater marshes , and plantations . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "yellow - striped poison frog", "paragraphs": ["name : dendrobates truncatus ' ' yellow ' . commonly called the yellow striped poison dart frog , nilo poison arrow frog , or simply yellow truncatus or yellow truncs ( pronunced ' trunks ' ) in the us frog hobby .\ninformation on the yellow - striped poison frog is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe yellow - striped poison frog is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yellow - striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - yellow - striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe yellow striped poison frog ( dendrobates truncatus ) is a beautiful and less common member of the iconic frog genus . this species is found amongst the leaf litter of lowland rainforest in colombia , often around streams . as with many poiso\nare mostly black in color with linear yellow racing striped and white flash marks . the yellow can range from a very bright yellow to a light whitish yellow in some individuals . supplementing the diet with repashy superpig , paprika , or other similar color enhancers can result in deeper / darker yellow coloration . other color morphs of truncatus exist in the hobby , which are believed to represent separate populations from yellow truncatus .\npoison dart frogs are small , colorful neotropical amphibians native to central and south america . poison dart frogs have greatly increased in popularity in recent years , and have become easy to care for , rewarding pets . josh ' s frogs , the largest breeder of poison dart frogs , breeds all of the poison dart frogs we sell at our breeding facility in owosso , mi .\nhistory in the hobby : discovered in 1861 , dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' have been known to the zoological community much longer than frog hobbyists in the us . yellow truncatus are realtively recent in the hobby when compared to their close relatives ( auratus , tinctorius , and leucomelas ) . a recent import from nilo , colombia consisted of yellow truncatus that were visually very similar to original imports , although the older line does not have locality data . josh ' s frogs works with the ' old line ' of dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , which descend from the original imports to the united states .\nsexing : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is not sexable until 10 - 12 months of age . male truncs tend to be smaller than females , which often appear both longer and wider . males also tend to spend more time in the open than females , and have a particular affinity for being off the ground - possibly claiming perches for calling sites . truncatus are one of the more difficult species of poison dart frogs to sex . josh ' s frogs sells 2 - 3 month old juveniles that are not sexable unless otherwise noted . for more information on sexing poison dart frogs , please visit our how - to guide on sexing poison dart frogs .\nsize : adult female truncatus are larger , measuring in at approximately 1 . 25 inches . male dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' are a bit smaller , averaging about 1 inch at maturity . all of the yellow truncatus froglets josh ' s frogs sells are well started juveniles , and measure at least 3 / 4\u201d long .\ntemperature : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' can tolerate a temperature range of 65 f to 80 f , but prefer temperatures in the low to mid 70s . temperatures over 85f are dangerous .\nage : dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' is capable of living well over 20 years in captivity under ideal conditions , although a lifespan of 10 years is more common . in the wild , it is thought that yellow truncatus may live 4 - 6 years . all truncatus for sale at josh ' s frogs are well started juveniles , and are 2 - 3 months old .\nplease respond to our frog shipping email , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive . we ' ll email back to confirm after checking your local weather conditions .\njosh ' s frogs does not recommend , support , or endorse mixing different populations of dart frogs as we believe this leads to weaker captive animals and nature has done a wonderful job of creating an amazing variation in color and pattern of poison dart frogs already .\nfedex ' s website will display the nearest locations where you may pick up your frogs . we ' ll look up the locations for you when you call to schedule frog shipping . you do not need to check your temperature before ordering frogs - josh ' s frogs will take care of this when contacted about scheduling shipment . frog orders require contact from our customer prior to being shipped out , to ensure you will be there to receive the animals when they arrive , and to check your local weather conditions .\nhumidity : like most poison dart frogs , truncatus prefer a humidity range of 70 \u2013 100 % , but can tolerate humidity down to 50 % for short periods of time if the frogs have access to water . low humidity levels , especially without access to water , can quickly be fatal .\nrecommended vivarium size : a 10 gallon aquarium is suitable for a single dendrobates truncatus ' yellow ' , but josh ' s frogs recommends a 20h or 18x18x18 vivarium for 1 - 4 frogs . not sure how to set up a vivarium ? please watch our video on how to set up a vivarium .\njosh ' s frogs offers a 3 day health guarantee on all animals purchased from josh ' s frogs . if animal ( s ) purchased arrive in good shape but fail to thrive within 3 days , josh ' s frogs requires that pictures of the animal ( s ) and their habitat is emailed to info @ urltoken within 3 days of the animal ' s arrival . when emailing the pictures , please include relavent habitat information , such as average humidity and temperature . a josh ' s frogs representative will then contact the customer and discuss poison dart frog care . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .\nshipping for any number of frogs is just $ 39 . 99 . frogs are shipped via fedex priority overnight and are delivered by 12 : 00 pm to most locations , tuesday through friday . josh ' s frogs does not ship frogs internationally . scheduling of frog order is dependent on your availability and weather .\nall frog shipments are sent via fedex priority overnight . josh ' s frogs guarantees that all frogs will arrive alive and in good health , provided that temperatures on day of arrival do not exceed 85 degrees before the frogs are delivered to home or business address , or nearest fedex location . temperatures during transit do not drop below 40 degrees for delivery to home or business address . temperatures during transit do not drop below 30 degrees for pickup at the nearest fedex location . someone is there to accept the package on first delivery attempt , or package is picked up by noon the day of arrival if package is held at a fedex location for pickup . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .\nwe can ship directly to your address , as long as your local overnight low temperature is above 39f the night of shipping , and your high temperature is below 91f at noon on the day of arrival . if your overnight lows are below 40f but above 29f , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your high temperature is over 90f at the guarantee ' delivered by ' time ( typically 12pm ) , josh ' s frogs can ship to your closest fedex staff location that accepts hold for pickup packages . if your overnight low is below 30f , josh ' s frogs retains the right to hold frog shipping until temperatures increase due to safety concerns . we will hold the frogs at our facility for any length of time necessary to ensure that the frogs you order are received in the best of health . this policy is designed with the best interests and health of our animals at heart !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is widespread on the western flank of the eastern andes , and the eastern flank of the central andes , in colombia , between 350 and 1 , 200m elevation .\nit occurs in tropical humid , dry and very dry forests , on the lowest stratum of the forests , in the caribbean and andean region . the eggs are terrestrial and the adults then carry the tadpoles to temporary pools , where the tadpoles develop further . it is also known from disturbed habitats such as banana plantations , although it does require that the habitat be not entirely cleared .\nthis species was popular in the pet trade but is now listed by cites . it is very difficult to breed in captivity . there are no major threats to the species at present . it could be threatened by the pet trade if the cites status was lifted .\nthe range of the species includes at least two protected areas on the atlantic coast . it is listed on appendix ii of cites . maintaining the cites listing of this species is necessary to ensure its survival .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nfrancisco jos\u00e9 l\u00f3pez - l\u00f3pez grupo de estudios en biodiversidad de anfibios y reptiles neotropicales \u2013remphibia amphibian specialist group asg ssc iucn , species survival commision international union for nature conservation iucn . popay\u00e1n calle 27 dn # 7 - 46 colombia tel : + 57 ( 092 ) 8233511 flopez @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nyou must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nif you write your email , you will be notified as soon as the product is in stock .\nlinks of interest : status of dendrobates truncatus in the wild at the iucn redlist .\n' . this blog addresses everything you need to know before purchasing dart frogs .\nshipping for any number of frogs is a flat rate $ 39 . 99 . this includes postage , a box with 1\nstyrofoam insulation , gel packs , heat / ice packs and / or phase 22 panels if necessary . josh ' s frogs has been shipping frogs since 2004 and has shipped thousands of animals safely . we have a special contract with ups to ship live animals directly to residential addresses and guarantee live arrival as long as our live arrival conditions are met .\nif frogs arrive deceased or in poor condition , josh ' s frogs requires that the customer notifies us of the condition of the animal ( s ) within 1 hour of arrival via email at info @ joshsfrogs . com , or at ( 800 ) 691 - 8178 . picture ( s ) of the animal ( s ) must be sent by 4pm est day of arrival to info @ joshsfrogs . com . failure to meet these guidelines will void josh ' s frogs live arrival and health guarantee .\ngreen movement expedici\u00f3n ondas bio added text to\ndendrobates truncatus\non\ndendrobates truncatus ( cope , 1861 )\n.\nclasificacion taxonomica : nombre comun : rana venenosa nombre cientifico : dendrobates truncatus reino : . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nmana dulce reserva natural is dedicated to the protection of tropical dry forest in the upper magdalena valley . it has trails for the observation of more than 150 species of birds that includes the euphonia concinna , myiarchus apicalis , ortalis columbiana dromococcyx phasianellus in addition to 7 species of flying mammals and herpetofauna\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . 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{"id": 1390, "summary": [{"text": "wiseana mimica is a species of moth belonging to the family hepialidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by philpott in 1923 , and is endemic to new zealand .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the wingspan is 29 \u2013 40 mm for males and 41 \u2013 48 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the colour of the forewings varies , but is usually dark brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from september to february . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "wiseana mimica", "paragraphs": ["wiseana copularis male , koromiko , northern south island . image courtesy of phil bendle\u00a9\nwe sequenced 1718 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase genes for all wiseana species and haplotypes using 75 specimens collected from 42 sites throughout new zealand . two identification methods were developed ; the high - resolution melt method uses 106 bp of the cytochrome oxidase i gene , and the restriction fragment polymorphism method uses a larger 700 bp region from the same gene . validation was performed on a further 275 specimens . melt curve profiles varied more with population heterogeneity than digest results . in both methods , w . mimica and w . jocosa were inseparable . w . fuliginea grouped with w . mimica and w . jocosa in the restriction method , but the melt curve profile differed .\nopen ground or forest clearings except for wiseana jocosa that may also occur in forest and shrublands ( dugdale , 1994 ) .\ngenetic variation within species and haplotypes of the wiseana ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) complex and development of non - sequenced based identification tools to aid field studies .\ngenetic variation within species and haplotypes of the wiseana ( lepidoptera : hepialidae ) complex and development of non - sequenced based identificat . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nporina is the common name used to describe moths and caterpillars of the seven endemic species and three haplotypes of wiseana in new zealand . several species have adapted to eating introduced pasture plants ; however , a paucity of defining morphological characteristics has meant that porina are grouped as indistinguishable species within a complex . this study aimed to develop non - sequencing identification methods for porina species .\nyoung larvae live among leaf litter on the ground surface for 6 - 8 weeks and may feed on dead or dying plant leaves , but no detailed observations have been made ( grehan , 1989 , dugdale , 1994 ) . older instars excavate vertical tunnels in soil and feed at night on ground foliage of grasses and herbs . root - feeding may occur , but no direct observations have been made . large numbers of adults may emerge with the onset of a frontal weather system or after a warm day with cloudy nights and an air temperature of about 8\u00b0c . several wiseana species are economically significant because late instar larvae may be present in sufficient densities to compete with stock for spring pasture grown . pasture damage by wiseana larvae at 30 late - instar larvae per square meter is equivalent to the grazing of one ewe per hectare for 280 days ( dugdale , 1994 ) . practical constraints on implimentation of control measures are discussed by ferguson & peoples ( 2013 ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nscott , r . r . ; emberson , r . m . 1999 : handbook of the new zealand insect names : common and scientific names for insects and alllied organisms . bulletin of the entomological society of new zealand 12 : 100pp\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrichards nk 1 , mansfield s 1 , townsend rj 1 , ferguson cm 2 .\nuntil now , ecological studies of porina at the species level have been implausible . our non - sequencing based methods allow rapid identification of moths and caterpillars to species and haplotype level , paving the way for ecological studies of pasture pest species and the development of species - specific mitigation strategies . \u00a9 2017 society of chemical industry .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nrevised by dugdale ( 1994 ) . monophyletic by male genitalia with narrow dorsal flange of the pseudotegumen with a bridge or partially bridged ventral pseudoteguminal processes , and a hood - like development of the dorsolateral pseudoteguminal base . larval morphology is described by dugdale ( 1994 ) . the popular name of \u2018porina\u2019 for these species derives from most species originally being placed in the genus porina ( dugdale , 1994 ) .\nbarrett , b . i . p . , f . f . van toor , cm . ferguson & k . m . stewart . 1990 .\ngrub and porina in otago and southland : a guide to management and control .\nlarval populations in pasture , lake pounui , new zealand . entomology class field trip"]}
{"id": 1391, "summary": [{"text": "metathrinca iridostoma is a moth in the xyloryctidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1968 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on luzon in the philippines .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 18 mm for males and 16 \u2013 17 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are snow white , with a silky gloss and with the basal fourth of the costa with a narrow marginal fuscous line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are glossy silvery white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "metathrinca iridostoma", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for iridostoma definition . you find here iridostoma meaning , synonyms of iridostoma and images for iridostoma copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word iridostoma . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word iridostoma and , of course , iridostoma synonyms and on the right images related to the word iridostoma .\nmetathrinca iridostoma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 117 ; tl : luzon , mt makiling\npreparation : pinned remarks : m17 stage : adult taxonomy : animalia arthropoda insecta lepidoptera xyloryctidae xyloryctinae published name : metathrinca iridostoma diakonoff , 1968 see more items in : species inventory entomology data source : nmnh - entomology dept . edan - url : edanmdm : nmnhentomology _ 12264554\nmetathrinca meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 625 ; ts : ptochoryctis ancistrias meyrick\nmetathrinca coenophyes diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 119 ; tl : luzon , mt . apo\nmetathrinca meihuashana wang , zheng & li , 2000 ; entomotaxonomia 22 ( 3 ) : ( 229 - 234 ) ; tl : mt . meihuashan , fujian\nmetathrinca memnon meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 778 ; tl : hambantota ; maskeliya , ceylon\nmetathrinca sinumbra diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 120 ; tl : luzon , benguet , klondyke , 800ft\nmetathrinca argentea wang , zheng & li , 2000 ; entomotaxonomia 22 ( 3 ) : ( 229 - 234 ) ; tl : mt . jigonshan , xinyang , henan , 700m\nmetathrinca fopingensis wang , zheng & li , 2000 ; entomotaxonomia 22 ( 3 ) : ( 229 - 234 ) ; tl : dagupping , foping co . , shaanxi , 1000m\nmetathrinca pernivis diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 118 ; tl : mindanao , davao prov . , maco , tagum\nmetathrinca ophiura meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 626 ; tl : muskeliya ; puttalam ; eppawela ; wellawaya ; galle , ceylon\nfigures 585 - 592 . \u2014 - xyluryctijae : 5s5 , amurbaea subusta , new species , ? , holotype ; 586 , metathrinca iridostoma , new species , cf , holotype ; 587 , m . coenophyes , new species , cf , holotype ; 588 , allotype ; 589 , m . pernivis , new species , d ^ , holotype ; 590 , m . sinumbra , new species , cf , holotype ; 591 , odites perissa meyrick , cf ; 592 , 0 . perissa atrimersa , cf , holotype . 237 - 168\u201467 - - 28\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nptochoryctis ancistrias meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 2 ) : 403 ; tl : maskeliya ; puttalam , ceylon\nptochoryctis ceromorpha meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 612 ; tl : assam , shillong\nptochryctis illuvialis meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 778 ; tl : khasis\nintacta ( meyrick , 1938 ) ( ptochoryctis ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 14\nloranthivora ( meyrick , 1937 ) ( ptochoryctis ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 150\nptochoryctis parabola meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 778 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nptochoryctis rosaria meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 740 ; tl : bhotan\nptochoryctis tsugensis kearfott , 1910 ; can . ent . 42 ( 10 ) : 347\nlarva on tsuga sieboldi kearfott , 1910 , can . ent . 42 ( 10 ) : 348\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nauthors : united states national museum ; smithsonian institution ; united states . dept . of the interior\npublisher : washington : smithsonian institution press , [ etc . ] ; for sale by the supt . of docs . , u . s . govt print . off .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work ."]}
{"id": 1392, "summary": [{"text": "the elopiformes / \u1d7b\u02ccl\u0252p\u1d7b\u02c8f\u0254\u02d0rmi\u02d0z / are the order of ray-finned fish including the tarpons , tenpounders , and ladyfish , as well as a number of extinct types .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they have a long fossil record , easily distinguished from other fishes by the presence of an additional set of bones in the throat .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are related to the order of eels , although the adults superficially resemble very large or giant herrings in appearance .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the larvae , however , are leptocephali , looking very similar to those of eels . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "elopiformes", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for elopiformes yet . learn how to contribute .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ab\u30e9\u30a4\u30ef\u30b7\u76ee\nto\nelopiformes\n.\nelopiformes ( ladyfish and tarpon ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nthe order elopiformes includes two small families of medium to large - sized fishes found in coastal marine , estuarine and freshwater environments . elopiformes have well - developed gular plates , or extra bones in the throat between the lower jaws , found only in some primitive bony fishes .\nelopiformes ( ladyfish and tarpon ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\norder elopiformes is one of four orders that make up the superorder elopomorpha , a group considered to be one of the most primitive of bony fishes ( infraclass teleostei ) . the other living orders in the superorder include the anguilliformes ( eels ) , saccopharyngiformes ( bobtail eels , swallowers , and gulpers ) , and albuliformes ( bonefish ) . most taxonomists divide order elopiformes into the families elopidae ( ladyfishes ) and megalopidae ( tarpons ) .\nrecent molecular work has shown that the order elopiformes is basal to other groups within the subdivision elopomorpha , which also contains the true eels ( order anguilliformes ) and the bonefishes ( order albuliformes ) . like their relatives , tarpons and tenpounders have a leptocephalus larval stage , that unlike most elopomorph fishes , has a forked caudal fin .\nplacement of the fossil taxa remains particularly problematic . much work remains to be done to understand the limits and relationships among the fossil and living elopomorph fishes . for example , members of the suborder crossognathoidei are considered to be part of order elopiformes by some authorities , such as british paleontologist john g . maisey , and more derived by others , such as british paleontologist colin patterson and american ichthyologist donn rosen .\nsmith , d . g . 1999 . order elopiformes , pp . 1619 - 1622 . in carpenter , k . e . & v . h . niem . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 3 . batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae ) . rome , fao . 1999 . pp . 1397 - 2068 .\nthe order elopiformes contains two families : the elopidae and the megalopidae . the family megalopidae contains the single genus megalops . two species of tarpon exist worldwide . the atlantic tarpon occurs in the eastern and western atlantic , and the oxeye tarpon occurs in the indian and pacific oceans . morphologically the two species are quite similar ; however , the atlantic tarpon reaches a much larger size and can exceed 220 lb ( 100 kg ) and a length of over 6 . 6 ft ( 2 m ) . the oxeye tarpon is smaller and seldom exceeds 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) .\npreviously , the elopiforms and albuliforms had been classified together as suborders in an enlarged order elopiformes . the albuliforms are now placed in their own order ( albuliformes ) . the association between elopiforms and albuliforms was based on only negative evidence\u2014that is , the two groups were elopomorph fishes that lacked the eel - like characters of the two other orders ( anguilliformes and saccopharyngiformes ) in the superorder elopomorpha . limits among these orders vary from taxonomist to taxonomist . for example , british ichthyologist peter l . forey , one of the principal elopomorph taxonomists , and coworkers classify the anguilliforms and saccopharyngiforms together in an expanded angulliformes .\nan order of teleost fishes , comprising the ladyfishes , tenpounders , and tarpons , in the superorder elopomorpha . the members of the order elopiformes ( elopiforms ) are actinopterygian ( ray - finned ) fishes and are characterized by the following features : a slender body with abdominal pelvic fins and a deeply forked caudal fin supported by seven hypurals ( flattened bones along the ventral side of the urostyle ) ; a large mouth , terminal or superior , bordered by premaxillae and toothed maxillae ; teeth also present on the parasphenoid and mesopterygoid bones and the tongue ; mesocoracoid and postcleithra bones ; a well - developed gular plate ; and cycloid scales . in addition , all elopomorphs , including the elopiforms , share a distinctive type of larvae , namely , the leptocephalus - type larvae ( elliptical , slender , transparent larvae ) . elopiforms have small leptocephali , about 5 cm ( 2 in . ) in length , with a well - developed , forked caudal fin and strong teeth ( in contrast , eel leptocephali lack a caudal fin ) . there are two families of elopiforms : elopidae and megalopidae . see also : actinopterygii ; osteichthyes ; scale ( zoology ) ; teleostei\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nforey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie and a . meyer , 1996 | helfman , g . , b . collette and d . facey , 1997\npelvic fins abdominal ; body slender , usually compressed ; gill openings wide ; caudal fin deeply forked ; caudal fin with seven hypurals ; scales cycloid ; mesocoracoid and postcleithra present ; gular plate well developed ( median ) ; branchiostegal rays 23 - 35 ; mouth bordered by premaxilla and toothed maxilla ; upper jaw extending past eye ; tip of snout not overhanging mouth ( mouth terminal or superior ) ; no sensory canal extending onto the small premaxilla . leptocephali small , maximum length about 5 cm , with a well - developed , forked , caudal fin , a posterior dorsal fin ( pelvic fins in older larvae ) , and about 53 - 86 myomeres .\ngreek aktis = ray , thunderbolt , beam + greek pterygion , diminutive of pteryx = wing , fin . ref . 45335 .\ngreek , ellops = a kind of serpent + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .\ntarpon , along with bonefish and ladyfish , are primitive fishes , and while tarpon and ladyfish are considered to be more closely related to each other than to any other elopomorph group , their distinct lineages extend more than 100 million years back in the fossil record . the structure of the skull , fin placement , and large thick scales are characteristic of ancient fishes .\ntarpon and ladyfish are united by the common possession of a leptocephalus larvae and a variety of primitive features . the leptocephalus larvae is shared with a diverse group of other elopomorph fishes including the eels ; however , the leptocephalus larvae of tarpon and ladyfish are the smallest of all leptocephali and possess a forked tail . leptocephali of some albuliformes also have a forked tail .\nthe family elopidae contains the single genus elops , which occurs worldwide . as many as six morphologically similar species of elops are thought to exist . the genus is in need of revision , and the total number of species is unclear .\nthese are silver , elongate herring - like fishes with large upturned mouths , large eyes , and deeply forked tails . an important structural character is the presence of a long , bony gular plate between the branches of the lower jaw , a feature that the ladyfish shares with the tarpon but not with herring .\ntarpon and ladyfish are coastal in habitat and often occur in estuarine waters . both tarpon and ladyfish are quite tolerant of low salinities . tarpon commonly enter freshwater and often travel far up freshwater rivers and enter lakes far from sea .\ntarpon and ladyfish are pelagic predators that feed principally on mid - water prey . both have small sandpaper - like teeth , and their prey is swallowed whole . they often occur in large schools in shallow coastal and inshore waters .\nsmall tarpon feed predominantly on cyclopoid copepods , fishes , caridean shrimp , and mosquito larvae . no detailed studies have examined the feeding habits of large tarpon , but anecdotal information suggests that a wide variety of fishes are consumed . ladyfish feed principally in midwater on pelagic prey . feeding is mainly on fish , but decapod crustaceans also are consumed .\nladyfish are probably preyed upon by a wide variety of inshore predators including sharks , porpoises , snook , and tarpon . they are occasionally used as bait by recreational anglers for tarpon and other species . juvenile tarpon are also likely preyed upon by a variety of species such as gar , snook , and larger tarpon . because juvenile tarpon are most often found in poorly oxygenated waters , they are probably vulnerable to a more limited suite of predators than ladyfish . large tarpon are preyed upon only by large coastal sharks including bull sharks and hammerheads .\nboth tarpon and ladyfish spawn offshore in high salinity oceanic waters . precise spawning areas are unknown , and fertilized eggs are undescribed . tarpon and ladyfish are broadcast spawners that produce large numbers of buoyant eggs that float in the surface waters of the ocean . the eggs hatch into the distinctive leptocephalus larvae characterized by an elongate , laterally compressed body consisting principally of an acellular mucinous material , large well - developed eyes , and large fang - like teeth . larvae of tarpon and ladyfish reach a length of from 1 . 0 to 2 . 0 in ( 25\u201350 mm ) before metamorphosis . metamorphosis occurs as the larvae enter coastal waters and pass through inlets into the inshore waters where juveniles are found . recruitment of tarpon through inlets appears to be pulsed and related to storm events .\ntarpon and ladyfish are abundant , and there is no evidence that stocks of these species have been depleted by overfishing . it is unknown to what extent habitat loss has affected stocks .\ntarpon support important recreational fisheries in florida and the caribbean . ladyfish are a food fish of minor importance in some areas .\nmegalops atlanticus valenciennes , 1847 , guadeloupe , santo domingo , martinique , and puerto rico .\nanglers have long believed that the tarpon in some areas were different and larger than in other areas , but there is no genetic basis for this belief . while some areas may attract larger fish , these fish are not different genetically from those found elsewhere in the western atlantic , and they all appear to interbreed freely . however , the tarpon of the eastern atlantic do appear to be genetically distinct from their western atlantic cousins . these populations have probably been isolated by the vast expanse of the atlantic ocean , and there is little or no interbreeding with western atlantic tarpon . in is not known if the exceptionally large sizes attained by african tarpon have a genetic or environmental basis , but the isolation of the two stocks indicates that the differences could be genetically based .\nelongate and highly compressed body . eye large . mouth oblique with a prominently projecting lower jaw . large , thick , prominent scales . teeth small and feel like sandpaper when touched . all fins are soft rayed . a single dorsal fin is located behind the pelvic fins but entirely before the anal fin ; the dorsal fin has a distinctive and greatly prolonged final ray . the final ray of the anal fin is also somewhat elongate , but much less so than that of the dorsal fin . deeply forked caudal fin . tarpon are bright silvery all over , and the back is darker than the sides or belly .\nboth sides of the tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean . in the western atlantic , tarpon regularly occur from the eastern shore of virginia to central brazil and throughout the caribbean sea and gulf of mexico , as well as off central and south america . at least seven records exist from as far north as nova scotia , where a few large tarpon have been captured between august and october . tarpon also are present in the eastern atlantic off the coast of tropical africa and are occasionally found as far north as portugal and france . there is a single record of a tarpon from ireland . african tarpon are known to reach exceptionally large sizes , and many recent world records have come from this area , including some unconfirmed reports of 330 . 7 - lb ( 150 - kg ) fish . tarpon are sexually dimorphic , and females reach much larger sizes than males .\nyoung - of - the - year tarpon occur in small stagnant pools and sloughs of varying salinity and have been reported from north carolina , georgia , florida , texas , caribbean islands , costa rica , and venezuela . in tropical areas , juvenile tarpon typically occur in mangrove habitats , often in water with low dissolved oxygen levels . tarpon occur in salinities ranging from freshwater to more than 45 parts per thousand and are capable of surviving temperatures of at least 105\u00b0f ( 65 . 6\u00b0c ) , but they suffer mortalities at temperatures of 50\u201355\u00b0f ( 10\u201312 . 8\u00b0c ) . large numbers of tarpon die during severe cold fronts off florida .\nanglers often detect the presence of schools of tarpon by observing individuals\nrolling\nat the surface . the tarpon ' s habit of rising to the surface and breathing air is unusual among marine species , although this practice is common among tropical freshwater swamp - dwelling fishes . breathing air is accomplished by way of a highly vascularized swimbladder that functions as an air - breathing organ . the swimbladder is an elongate , balloon - like sac located above the viscera and just below the backbone . in most fish species , the swimbladder acts as a buoyancy control mechanism . the fish can adjust the volume of air in the bladder and remain neutrally buoyant . in tarpon , this swimbladder is connected to the gut by a duct enabling the tarpon to gulp air and ventilate the swimbladder . young tarpon , when held in experimental chambers from which all of the dissolved oxygen has been removed , are able to meet their oxygen needs by breathing air . this adaptation allows tarpon to survive in water with low dissolved oxygen concentrations such as commonly encountered by juveniles in hot , stagnant mangrove marshes . experimental work also suggests that tarpon are facultative air - breathers , and in well - oxygenated waters are able to meet their oxygen requirements without breathing air . young tarpon can survive in well - oxygenated water when deprived of the opportunity to reach the surface and breathe air . however , after several unsuccessful attempts to reach the surface they have emptied their swimbladders and become negatively buoyant until allowed access to the surface again .\nsmall tarpon ( 0 . 6\u20133 . 0 in [ 16\u201375 mm ] ) feed predominantly on cyclopoid copepods , fishes , caridean shrimp , and mosquito larvae . no detailed studies have examined the feeding habits of large tarpon , but anecdotal information suggests that a wide variety of fishes are consumed , including mullet ( mugil spp . ) , pinfish ( lagodon rhomboides ) , ariid catfishes , and clupeids , as well as crabs and shrimp .\nfemale tarpon are larger than males regardless of capture location , and average fish size varies geographically . sexually mature florida females average about 110 lb ( 50 kg ) and can exceed 220 lb ( 100 kg ) . in contrast , sexually mature florida males average only 66 lb ( 30 kg ) , and they rarely exceed 110 lb ( 50 kg ) .\ntarpon from costa rican waters are year - round spawners , unlike tarpon from other areas . inactive or resting ovaries are rare in costa rica females , suggesting that females spawn repeatedly throughout the year and have no extended period of inactivity . in florida , tarpon spawning is seasonal and peaks between may and july . by august , most females are finished spawning . in the southern hemisphere , off the northeast coast of brazil , researchers have reported that tarpon spawn from october to january\u2014during the southern hemisphere ' s spring and summer .\nripe tarpon ovaries are large and can contain up to 20 million maturing oocytes and many more small resting oocytes .\noocyte\nis the proper name of a developing egg that has not ovulated and is not yet ready to be spawned . although hundreds of mature female tarpon have been examined during the spawning season , none have been caught in the act of spawning . this is probably because spawning occurs in areas not typically fished . even though the number of eggs released by a female in a single spawning event is unknown , the numbers of developing oocytes in the ovary suggests that their reproductive output is immense .\ntarpon are relatively long lived and can live more than 50 years . by age one , tarpon are about 1 . 5 ft ( 450 mm ) long and are common in rivers and the upper reaches of estuaries , where they remain until reaching sexual maturity . in florida , sexual maturity is reached at an age of about 10 years . after attaining sexual maturity , tarpon become more coastal in habitat and are most numerous around inlets and off beaches . large tarpon targeted by anglers in florida are typically from 15 to 35 years old .\nflorida ' s fishery is intensely regulated , and anglers must purchase a $ 50 permit before harvesting a fish . since the establishment of the permit system in 1989 , the harvest of tarpon in florida has declined to fewer than 100 fish per year , and the fishery is now mostly catch - and - release . encouraging catch - and - release fishing for tarpon has been an effective management strategy , because the vast majority of released fish survive to be caught again . the sale of tarpon in florida is prohibited , but in most of their range tarpon have never been considered a desirable food fish .\nin central america and south florida , tarpon are the basis of economically important recreational fisheries . tarpon occur in a variety of habitats ranging from freshwater lakes and rivers to offshore marine waters , but large tarpon targeted by florida ' s fishery are most abundant in estuarine and coastal waters . in florida , the fishery is seasonal ; most tarpon are caught between may and july , although some fish are caught in all months . tarpon are known for their spectacular leaps from the water when hooked and for their willingness to enter shallow water and eat artificial baits . probably more than any other species , tarpon offer anglers in small boats an opportunity to pursue a large gamefish . tarpon are pursued by a large for - hire charter boat fleet in florida .\nelops saurus linnaeus , 1766 ,\ncarolina .\nthe taxonomic status of elops saurus is unclear , and this name may be applied to more than one species .\nabundant from north carolina south through the gulf of mexico and into the caribbean .\nladyfish have a single , soft - rayed dorsal fin that originates about midway along the back . the pelvic fins are located midway between the tip of the snout and the fork of the deeply forked caudal fin . scales are small and thin . ladyfish are silvery all over ; the back is bluish , and the lower parts of the sides and the belly are yellowish .\ncommon in estuaries and coastal waters of tropical and subtropical latitudes . often occur in large schools . tolerant of a wide range of salinities but seldom occur in freshwater .\nlittle is known other than general descriptions of feeding habits and reproductive migrations . ladyfish can be extremely abundant and most often occur in large schools . they are voracious predators .\nladyfish feed principally in midwater on pelagic prey . feeding is mainly on fish , but decapod crustaceans also are consumed .\nspawning appears to occur offshore . larvae are common in the gulf of mexico and off the southern united states , where they have been reported as far north as virginia . fertilized eggs are undescribed . spawning may occur throughout the year but probably peaks during fall in florida and in the gulf of mexico .\nladyfish are often caught by recreational anglers but are seldom a targeted species . ladyfish are voracious predators and will attack a variety of lures and baits . the species is fished commercially in florida and sold both for human consumption and as bait to recreational anglers .\nhildebrand , s . f .\nfamily elopidae .\nin fishes of the western north atlantic , edited by h . b . bigelow . new haven , ct : sears foundation for marine research , 1963 .\nandrews , a . , e . burton , k . coale , g . cailliet , and r . e . crabtree .\nradiometric age validation of atlantic tarpon , megalops atlanticus .\nfishery bulletin 99 ( 2001 ) : 389\u2013398 .\ncrabtree , r . e . , e . c . cyr , r . e . bishop , l . m . falkenstein , and j . m . dean .\nage and growth of larval tarpon , megalops atlanticus , in the eastern gulf of mexico with notes on relative abundance and probable spawning areas .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 35 ( 1992 ) : 361\u2013370 .\ncrabtree , r . e . , e . c . cyr , d . chacon , w . o . mclarney , and j . m . dean .\nreproduction of tarpon , megalops atlanticus , from florida and costa rican waters and notes on their age and growth .\nbulletin of marine science 61 ( 1997 ) : 271\u2013285 .\ngeiger , s . p . , j . j . torres , and r . e . crabtree .\nair - breathing and gill ventilation frequencies in juvenile tarpon , megalops atlanticus : responses to changes in dissolved oxygen , temperature , hydrogen sulfide , and ph .\nenvironmental biology of fishes 59 ( 2000 ) : 181\u2013190 .\nzale , a . v . and s . g . merrifield\nspecies profiles : life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates ( south florida ) \u2014ladyfish and tarpon .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service biological report 82 ( 1989 ) .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe elopiform fossil record dates back 135 million years ago to the upper cretaceous period , with fossils resembling tarpons .\nforey , p . , d . littlewood , p . ritchie & a . meyer . 1996 . interrelationships of elopomorph fishes . p . 175 - 192 . in m . stiassny , l . parenti & g . johnson ( eds . ) interrelationships of fishes . academic press , new york . 496 p .\nhelfman , g . , b . collette & d . facey . 1997 the diversity of fishes . blackwell science , malden , ma . 528 pp .\ninoue , j . g . , m . miya , k . tsukamoto & m . nishida 2004 . mitogenomic evidence for the monophyly of elopomorph fishes ( teleostei ) and the evolutionary origin of the leptocephalus larva . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 ( 1 ) : 274 - 286\nmccosker , j . f . 1998 . eels and their allies , pp . 85\u201386 . in paxton , j . r . & w . n . eschmeyer ( eds . ) encyclopedia of fishes . 2nd ed . san diego : academic press .\nnelson , j . s . 2006 . fishes of the world . new york : john wiley & sons 601 pp .\na taxonomic order within the class actinopterygii \u2013 ray - finned fish including tarpons , tenpounders , and ladyfish .\nruggiero ma , gordon dp , orrell tm , bailly n , bourgoin t , brusca rc , et al . ( 2015 ) a higher level classification of all living organisms . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0119248 . pmid : 25923521\nthis page was last edited on 13 april 2018 , at 10 : 32 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30a4\u30bb\u30b4\u30a4\u79d1\nto\nmegalopidae\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ab\u30e9\u30a4\u30ef\u30b7\u79d1\nto\nelopidae\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30bd\u30c8\u30a4\u30ef\u30b7\u79d1\nto\nalbulidae\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nformerly , department of biological sciences , university of alabama , tuscaloosa , alabama .\nto learn more about subscribing to accessscience , or to request a no - risk trial of this award - winning scientific reference for your institution , fill in your information and a member of our sales team will contact you as soon as possible .\nlet your librarian know about the award - winning gateway to the most trustworthy and accurate \u0003scientific information .\nrecognized as an award - winning gateway to scientific knowledge , accessscience is an amazing online resource that contains high - quality reference material written specifically for students . its dedicated editorial team is led by sagan award winner john rennie . contributors include more than 9000 highly qualified scientists and 42 nobel prize winners .\ncopyright \u00a9 mcgraw - hill global education holdings , llc . all rights reserved .\nprivacy notice . any use is subject to the terms of use . additional credits and copyright information .\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n) . elopiforms live in marine and brackish water habitats . a few are prized game fishes , but only the pacific tarpon ( or oxeye ) is of economic importance as food ; it supports a major fishery in\n. as is usual with primitive groups , the elopiforms have an extensive fossil record\u2014with many more fossils than modern species .\nelopiforms are coastal fishes , and adults are able to enter brackish or fresh water . adult ladyfishes ( several species of\n) are typical predators of coastal waters , feeding mainly on other fishes . tarpons grow to adult lengths of up to 2 . 5 metres ( approximately 8 feet ) , whereas ladyfishes average about 1 metre ( about 3 feet ) . the silverfish , or atlantic tarpon , (\n) and ladyfishes behave similarly , \u201crolling\u201d at the surface . the purpose of this behaviour seems to be the\n, and air that is taken in at the mouth can be passed into it .\nin tarpons the swim bladder is lunglike , partially compartmented and highly vascularized . tarpons are obligate air breathers , dying from asphyxiation if prevented from reaching the surface , an unusual condition for a species in which adults normally inhabit well - oxygenated waters . such an adaptation , however , is certainly advantageous in the stagnant pools where postlarval life is spent . the tarpons exhibit a further modification of the swim bladder , a pair of forward outgrowths that contact the auditory region of the braincase and are partially enclosed in bony bullae , a modification that presumably improves the sense of hearing .\ntarpons and ladyfishes spawn close to shore , and the eggs are shed and fertilized in shoal water , sinking to the bottom . in addition , they are prolific breeders . for example , a large atlantic tarpon ( tarpon atlanticus ) was estimated to contain more than 12 million eggs , about seven times as many as in the proverbially fecund cod .\ninvolving shrinkage to about half the maximum larval size . the newly hatched leptocephali may be carried out to sea by offshore currents , but metamorphosis only occurs close inshore , and it is probable that larvae carried far out to sea die . during or immediately after their metamorphosis , the postlarvae migrate inland and accumulate in brackish pools or creeks , often connected with open water only at extreme high tide . such\nare stagnant and low in oxygen , and air breathing is an important aid to survival . the juvenile\nfeed on small crustaceans , insect larvae , and other small animals , moving back to the sea as young adults .\nthe family elopidae is the only extant teleostean family whose fossil record extends back into the jurassic period ( 199 . 6 million\u2013145 . 5 million years ago ) . the late jurassic genus anaethalionis is included in this family on the basis of some forms that were extremely similar to the modern elops . the genera notelops , from the early cretaceous ( 145 . 5 million\u201399 . 6 million years ago ) of brazil , and osmeroides , widely distributed in the seas of the late cretaceous ( 99 . 6 million\u201365 . 5 million years ago ) , were probably true elopids . at present the allocation of numerous little - known cretaceous genera , such as notelops and osmeroides , to the family elopidae , often on the basis of negative evidence , must be considered tentative .\nthe earliest known member of the tarpon family appears to be the fossil sedenhorstia , from the upper cretaceous of europe and lebanon . fossils assigned to megalops appear in eocene deposits . the earliest member of the extinct suborder pachyrhizodontoidei is rhacolepis ( from the lower cretaceous of brazil ) . rhacolepis was small and resembled the ladyfishes , but later ( upper cretaceous ) members of this group become considerably more specialized . pachyrhizodus , from the cretaceous chalks of europe and north america , exceeded 3 metres ( about 10 feet ) in length and superficially resembled a tuna . pachyrhizodontoids may well have been large fast - swimming predators of the open sea , a niche which is now filled by the tunas ( thunnus ) .\nleptocephalus larva ( ribbonlike and translucent , unlike the adult and typically longer ) ; hypurals , when present , on 3 or more centra ; branchiostegal rays usually more than 15 .\nmouth terminal and snout unmodified ; 2 supramaxillaries ; many branchiostegal rays ( 23\u201335 ) ; teeth small ; large gular plate between the lower jaws ; 7 hypural bones .\nvery generalized fish , the living forms having 32\u201335 branchiostegal rays and the swim bladder unmodified . length to 0 . 9 metre ( about 3 feet ) ; weight to about 13 kg ( 28 . 5 pounds ) . 1 living genus (\n) with 5 or 6 species ; circumtropical . numerous fossil genera . late jurassic to present .\nswim bladder partially cellular , lunglike , and connected with the ear ; scales large ; 23\u201325 branchiostegal rays . length to 2 . 5 metres ( about 8 feet ) and weight to 150 kg ( about 330 pounds ) in\norder elopiform es ( tarpons and ten - pounders ) body fusiform , typical fishlike shape ; bone - enclosed ethmoid commissure present ; roofed post - temporal fossae ; primary bite a tongue - parasphenoid type . 2 families , 2 genera , and 8 species . marine ; worldwide in temperate and tropical zones . late jurassic to present . order\u2026\nfish , any of more than 30 , 000 species of vertebrate animals ( phylum chordata ) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world . living species range from the primitive , jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks , skates , and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes . most fish species are\u2026\ntarpon , any of certain marine fish of the family megalopidae ( order elopiform es ) , related to the bonefish and the ladyfish and identified by the elongated last dorsal fin ray and the bony throat plate between the sides of the protruding lower jaw . the scales are large , thick , and silvery . \u2026\nbony fish , any member of the superclass osteichthyes , a group made up of the classes sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fishes ) and actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) in the subphylum vertebrata , including the great majority of living fishes and virtually all the world\u2019s sport and commercial fishes . the scientific term pisces has also been used\u2026\neel , ( order anguilliformes ) , any of more than 800 species of teleost fishes characterized by elongate wormlike bodies . anguilliforms include the common freshwater eels as well as the voracious marine morays . \u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes , 2003 : null . checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .\nnelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .\nshiino , sueo m . , 1976 : list of common names of fishes of the world , those prevailing among english - speaking nations . science report of shima marineland , no . 4 . 262 .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 335115f7 - cf42 - 45a1 - 8e8c - 2f225ac37668\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6bd0ed94 - bd19 - 4fa4 - a6ab - 0c106eeee8c5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 954dc00c - ed1b - 48a8 - a21f - 4f56fff85419\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2b40f9a - fb9b - 4e22 - ba18 - c19d286708de\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 266588\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1393, "summary": [{"text": "rahy 's attorney ( foaled in 2004 in ontario ) is a canadian thoroughbred champion racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "a turf specialist , he is a grade 1 winner and has won the bunty lawless stakes on three occasions .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "trained by ian black , as at may 26 , 2011 rahy 's attorney has earned more than $ 2 million .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 2011 , the seven-year-old gelding is still racing and won the march 26 pan american stakes at gulfstream park in hallandale beach , florida .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he officially retired after a leg injury .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he will recover in ottawa . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "rahy ' s attorney", "paragraphs": ["however , a race two weeks ago marked rahy ' s attorney ' s last run .\nrahy ' s attorney was the little horse that could . and he did .\nwilson pulled up rahy\u2019s attorney on the backstretch , and the horse was vanned off .\nrahy\u2019s attorney is also owned in part by read peters , and jean and jim maclellan .\nrahy\u2019s attorney ( right ) was injured during his second - place finish in saturday\u2019s grade 1 sword dancer at saratoga .\nrahy ' s attorney and emma - jayne wilson take the pan american at gulfstream . order this photo\nbut more than that , maclellan said that rahy ' s attorney has brought his family closer together .\nan ontario homebred of ellie boje farm , rahy\u2019s attorney has now earned $ 1 , 957 , 090 from his 37 starts . trained by ian black , he is out of the rahy mare rahy\u2019s hope .\nrahy\u2019s attorney was back in his stall at woodbine on sunday and seemed to be none the worse for his experience .\njoe\u2019s mother , jean maclellan ; brother , jim maclellan ; and friends mitch peters and jim reid joined them in the ownership of rahy\u2019s attorney .\netobicoke , ontario \u2013 rahy\u2019s attorney , a very game second in last saturday\u2019s grade 1 sword dancer at saratoga , was injured during the running and has been retired .\nloiselle called all of rahy ' s attorney ' s wins at the toronto track , including his most impressive win , the $ 1 million woodbine mile in 2008 .\nrahy\u2019s attorney began his career in anonymity here in the fall of 2006 , finishing third for $ 32 , 000 in his second career start .\nsubmitted photo - jockey emma - jayne wilson rides rahy ' s attorney to a win in the pan american handicap at gulfstream park earlier this year .\nthe next morning , after being examined by a veterinarian , rahy\u2019s attorney was cleared to be shipped to woodbine . black didn\u2019t discover the filling in gelding\u2019s left pastern until the morning of aug . 15 .\nrahy\u2019s attorney was the first woodbine horse to have a facebook page and lots of fans . he loved being at the racetrack so much that even when he was retired he spent time as keeneland\u2019s racetrack pony .\nrahy\u2019s attorney will go home with an overall record of 14 wins , 10 seconds , and 4 thirds from 41 starts for earnings of more than $ 2 . 2 million .\nunder regular rider emma - jayne wlson , rahy\u2019s attorney led through every step of the 1 1 / 2 - mile turf race before being overtaken by winchester in the final yards .\nbut the ontario - sired rahy\u2019s attorney showed dramatic improvement the following season when winning five races , including the restricted vice regent and bunty lawless , both over one mile of turf .\nwhen there was some heavy construction at woodbine , rahy ' s attorney never made a fuss about it . but he ' d watch the curious undertakings for hours , if he could .\nat 6 : 1st with approval s [ r ] , bunty lawless s [ r ] ; 2nd king edward s [ g2 ] , appleton s [ g3 ] , tropical turf h [ g3 ] , phta president ' s cup s .\nrahy\u2019s attorney went on to win the grade 2 king edward , the grade 2 nijinsky , and the bunty lawless here in 2009 and finished second in the sovereign award balloting for his division .\nit ' s the stall of rahy ' s attorney , and he has come home . the grooms on the shedrow are welcoming him back . he ' s the main attraction , the cock of the walk , the star of the barn . and he had been missed .\n. prince will i am , who defeated rahy\u2019s attorney by a half length in the feb . 19 mac diarmida ( gr . iit ) , settled for third this time in a tight finish .\nand what a fairy tale it was : when the maclellans bred their mare rahy ' s hope to locally - bred - and - owned stallion , crown attorney , they had no allusions of grandeur .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nas a racehorse , rahy ' s attorney was an easy - going , curious sort .\nhe was never a run - off horse ,\nbowen said .\nhe was never hard to gallop .\nbut now now he ' s back , and he ' s happy and where he wants to be . when rahy ' s attorney left his stall last fall , it sat empty for weeks .\nit just didn ' t seem right to put somebody else in it , at first ,\nbowen said .\nbut hours after the race , rahy ' s attorney was cooling out as normal and everything seemed fine . yet , upon returning to his stall at woodbine racetrack , trainer ian black noticed swelling in the left front leg .\nas for rahy ' s attorney , once he recuperates , the plan is for him to return to the track to become a pony horse for his trainer , because , says maclellan ,\nhe loves the life .\nthe son of crown attorney is best known for his victory in the 2008 woodbine mile .\nat 7 : 1st pan american s [ g3 ] 2nd sword dancer inv . s ( g1 , 12ft ) , mac diarmida s [ g2 ]\nthe year 2008 will be remembered as rahy\u2019s attorney\u2019s finest as he won the grade 1 woodbine mile and the grade 3 connaught cup and wound up his campaign with a ninth - place finish , beaten just 3 3 / 4 lengths , in the grade 1 mile championship at japan\u2019s kyoto racecourse . he was canada\u2019s champion turf male that season and runner - up in the horse of the year balloting .\nthe day before a race , when others might get a little fired up , rahy ' s attorney would stand at trackside for an hour , watching . he ' d see loose horses barge past him . he wouldn ' t turn a hair .\nblack said rahy\u2019s attorney , who won two of his six starts this year , including the march 26 pan american ( gr . iiit ) at gulfstream park , would recover at ellie boje near ottowa , canada , after which he may become a track pony .\nrahy ' s attorney even has his own facebook page with more than 250 members . when news spread that he was injured , and his retirement announced , fans flooded the page with get - well wishes and heartfelt messages of appreciation for the horse as an athlete .\nhe was also known as the underdog that just would not quit .\nnothing bugs this horse , except for losing ,\nsaid jeff ( skippy ) bowen , the assistant trainer to his father - in - law ian black . if a horse ever managed to pass him late in the stretch , rahy ' s attorney would barrel along , and pass the horse after the wire .\ni ' m sure he thought he had won ,\nblack once said . rahy ' s attorney refused to allow horses to pass him .\n\u201capart from the woodbine mile , the sword dancer was one of the bravest , best races ( rahy ' s attorney ) had ever run , \u201d black said . \u201cit looked as though they were getting to him and going to pass him , but he just said , \u2018no . \u2019 that\u2019s the type of horse he is . \u201d\nblack and bowen always thought rahy ' s attorney would make a good stable pony . he had the right mentality . they do not know what he will do when he catches sight of the racetrack . for the next couple of weeks , he will be walked and ridden around woodbine ' s backstretch , but he won ' t see the oval .\nrahy\u2019s atttorney was bred by the husband and wife team of joe and ellen macclellan at their elle - boje farm in spencerville , ontario , about 50 miles south of ottawa .\nhe ' s a popular eight - year - old gelding , who has returned to woodbine just in time to celebrate the fourth anniversary of his upset win in the $ 1 - million woodbine mile . the 2012 race goes on sunday . a long shot , rahy ' s attorney showed his heels to a couple of the continent ' s best milers , kip deville and ventura , in the 2008 running of the race .\nlast year , rahy\u2019s attorney added more laurels , with wins here in the restricted with approval and bunty lawless and second - places finishes in gulfsteam\u2019s grade 3 appleton , the king edward , the ptha presidents cup in philadelphia , and the grade 3 tropical turf handicap at calder . again , he was the runner - up in the sovereign award turf male vote .\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\n\u201cthe vet decided to ultrasound it and there was a lesion in his digital tendon , \u201d said black . \u201cwith a young horse , if you give them time off , they\u2019ll probably come back . but as good as rahy\u2019s attorney has been to everybody , and the fact he\u2019s almost 8 , no one wanted to bring him back and have something worse happen to him . \u201d\nnobody knows how rahy ' s attorney will adapt to his new life . he ' s in the early stages of learning it . he will have to be broken to western tack , and he will have to learn that he can lead a horse to the track , but he can ' t go with him to work .\nyou have to take the racehorse out of him ,\nbowen saw .\nwhen i think of highcroft , the first thing that comes to mind is how much heart he had ( and of course my tattoo ) . when i think of rahy\u2019s attorney , the first thing to come to mind is the wonderful friendship that developed with his owners joe and ellen maclellan ( and family ) that continues long after his retirement .\n. those two opened up five lengths on the rest of the field while beckham bend was pressed by the winner through fractions of : 24 . 41 , : 48 . 12 , 1 : 12 . 12 , and 1 : 37 . 17 . around the final turn , rahy\u2019s attorney took the lead and then held off musketier down the stretch .\nthere was still more in store , however , as rahy\u2019s attorney found a new niche as a long - distance runner this season and won the grade 3 pan american over 1 1 / 2 miles at gulfstream and the 1 3 / 8 - mile prep for the singspiel here at woodbine before almost pulling off another grade 1 win in the sword dancer .\nlast august , rahy ' s attorney was forced into retirement after suffering an injury in the 1 1 / 2 mile sword dancer invitational at saratoga race course in saratoga springs , n . y . , giving up the lead in the final strides . best wishes flooded his facebook page . after all , he was the people ' s horse , the result of a small breeder ' s dream to have a horse just good enough to race at woodbine . he ' s the product of a $ 3 , 000 mating , but he won $ 2 . 2 - million in his career .\n\u201cfor now , he\u2019ll stay here until i see that he\u2019s okay , \u201d black said . \u201cthen he\u2019ll go to kinghaven and eventually to the maclellans\u2019s farm . \u201d\nhe ' s taken them to florida , kentucky and japan , and he ' s ranked in the top 10 all - time of horses produced in canada .\nhe ' d have this education already , except that while he was turned out last fall , he suffered a paddock accident and a hairline fracture of a hind leg . he had just nicely recovered from his other injury , a small tear on a tendon , but this one required three months of stall rest . rahy ' s attorney handled it , but he was bored .\nit\u2019s hard to pick just one horse , so i\u2019m going to give you two .\nwas bred in ontario by joe and ellen maclellan ' s ellie boje farms and was campaigned by that operation in partnership with joe ' s mother jean maclellan , mitch peters , and dean read .\nhe became the people ' s horse . he showed a lot of courage , grit and determination and he always ran his heart out ,\nsaid woodbine racetrack ' s announcer , dan loiselle .\nrahy ' s attorney ended his career with earnings of $ 2 , 120 , 208 , and was named the canadian male turf champion in 2008 . he also counts the 2008 connaught cup ( can - iii ) , and 2009 nijinsky ( can - iit ) and king edward handicap ( can - - iit ) among his victories . he set the 1 1 / 8 - mile woodbine course record in the king edward , running the distance in 1 : 44 . 73 .\ninglorious , winner of the la lorgnette , woodbine oaks , and the queen\u2019s plate in her three starts at the woodbine meeting , shipped out for saratoga on tuesday morning for her engagement in saturday\u2019s grade 1 alabama .\nwoodbine\u2019s annual thoroughbred handicapping challenge will be held on the weekend of aug . 27 - 28 in the trackside tent .\n\u201che\u2019s been a good horse at middle distances throughout his career , including a grade i win at woodbine ( woodbine mile in 2008 ) , \u201d black said . \u201che\u2019s seven years old and we thought we\u2019d try him in the longer races this season .\nwelcome to the globe and mail\u2019s comment community . this is a space where subscribers can engage with each other and globe staff .\nracing achievements and top 100 rankings include north american ( u . s . , canada and puerto rico ) thoroughbred races only .\n\u201cwhat i\u2019ll always associate him with is his complete and utter consistency and honesty , \u201d said black . \u201che\u2019s such a pleasure . \u201d\n\u201ci\u2019ve watched this horse run many times at woodbine and was very confident in him today , \u201d wilson said . \u201cone thing ian black told me that was really profound to me was he said \u2018rahy runs the entire stretch at woodbine . \u2019 that\u2019s a three - eighths - mile stretch . i knew the horses were going to have to do some running to get by us and they didn\u2019t . \u201d\n\u201cbut he\u2019s done so much for everybody involved . it was hard enough to see him vanned off in one piece . you\u2019d hate to see something really serious happen . \u201d\nrahys attorney ( can ) b . g , 2004 { 4 - r } dp = 4 - 0 - 11 - 1 - 0 ( 16 ) di = 1 . 46 cd = 0 . 44 - 41 starts , 14 wins , 10 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 2 , 120 , 208\nthe black stable plans to see stakes action here this weekend with fifty proof slated for sunday\u2019s grade 2 , $ 250 , 000 sky classic over 1 1 / 4 miles of turf .\nit ' s a big loss to a little stable , but we ' ll keep trying , keep being interested . i can ' t imagine doing anything else ,\nsaid maclellan .\nwhat they got was a horse that ' s amassed more than $ 2 million in career earnings , holds the woodbine track record on turf and was voted champion turf horse in canada in 2008 .\nworried , jockey emma - jayne wilson jumped off and called for a horse ambulance as the maclellans , sitting in the grandstand , had their jubilation quickly tampered by worry for their horse ' s health .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .\nas for fondest memories of the horses away from the racetrack , for highcroft it\u2019s simple : he taught me that with hard work and dedication ( and a little luck ) that horses are truly amazing animals and can overcome almost anything .\nwelcome to the globe and mail\u2019s comment community . this is a space where subscribers can engage with each other and globe staff . non - subscribers can read and sort comments but will not be able to engage with them in any way . click here to subscribe .\nall entry fees will be returned as prize money , and the top three finishers , provided that they are current members of the national handicapping tour , will qualify for berths in next year\u2019s $ 2 million daily racing form / national thoroughbred racing association handicapping championship in las vegas .\npeople would always ask me , ' he ' s seven years old , when are you going to retire him ? ' i wanted a good indication . i always thought , ' he ' ll tell us , '\nrecalls maclellan .\nto be told in saratoga after finishing second in a grade 1 race is the perfect end to the walt disney story .\nother locals expected for the sky classic include windward islands , hailstone , and musketier ; the respective first - , third - , and fifth - place finishers in the nijinsky over 1 1 / 4 miles of turf here last time out ; kara\u2019s orientation , coming off a sharp win here in a first - level allowance race at 1 1 / 8 miles of turf ; and laureate conductor , who was claimed for $ 62 , 500 here june 12 and finished eighth when debuting for his new interests in the grade 3 dominion day over 1 1 / 4 miles of polytrack here july 1 .\nhighcroft ( devil boy ) was probably the first horse i ever had real emotions for . he was trained by al quanbeck and when he was a two year old , ran through three fences and into an iron gate , and to date had one of the worst leg injuries that i had to care for . when he finally made it back into training , we were in new orleans and they have schooling races there . mickey walls rode him and he won by six lengths . in his next start at the dueling grounds , with robbie albarado up , he won again . after that start , i got a tattoo of a baby devil so i would always remember him . his next start was at woodbine racetrack so it brought me home . his start was on halloween and he ran second to barb minshall\u2019s arachnaphobia .\nthe 7 - year - old gelding downed musketier and favored prince will i am .\nthe final time for 1 1 / 2 miles on the firm turf course was 2 : 25 . 85 .\n\u201che\u2019ll spend the spring at keeneland . i don\u2019t know whether we\u2019ll run him in that race at the end of the meet ( sycamore stakes ) , but there will be plenty of opportunities for him up north during the season ( woodbine ) . \u201d\nsent off as the third choice in a field of seven , the winner paid $ 12 . 60 , $ 4 . 80 , and $ 3 . the exacta ( 5 - 2 ) returned $ 39 . 20 . the trifecta ( 5 - 2 - 7 ) with even - money favorite prince will i am in third was worth $ 39 . 40 for $ 1 .\n, best known for his upset win in the 2008 woodbine mile ( can - it ) , has been retired from racing with a career record of 14 - 10 - 4 from 41 starts .\nthe gelding , who was pulled up and vanned off following a runner up effort in the aug . 13 sword dancer ( gr . it ) at saratoga , sustained a minor leg injury , but is expected to make a full recovery , according to trainer ian black .\n\u201cturning down the backside , ( jockey ) emma - jayne ( wilson ) said he took a funny step , so she pulled him up and called for the horse ambulance , \u201d said black . \u201che seemed to cool out fine , and the longer he walked , the better he seemed to get . \u201d\n\u201che would make a lovely pony , \u201d said black . \u201che loves to go out on the racetrack and stand and watch . even when he was training , he\u2019d stand there forever if you\u2019d let him before he galloped . so there is a possibility we could do something like that with him , because he does love the racetrack life . \u201d\nthe subject who is truly loyal to the chief magistrate will neither advise nor submit to arbitrary measures .\nthe shedrow in barn 15 is quiet on a sunny morning at woodbine racetrack , except for the gaggle of people surrounding one stall .\nhe is not returning to race . he ' ll be starting a new career as a pony for the stable , and his job will be to escort nervous two - year - olds to the track , and anyone else that needs a calming influence .\nhe likes the action of a racetrack . owners ellen and joe maclellan always knew he wouldn ' t be content to live his life out on a farm .\nfinally , young excaper earned his spot in the stall , having finished second in the breeders ' cup turf juvenile last fall . but on wednesday , excaper had to move out .\nhe was only renting it ,\nbowen said .\nit feels great to have him back ,\nbowen added .\nthe barn now feels complete .\nif you would like to write a letter to the editor , please forward it to letters @ urltoken . readers can also interact with the globe on facebook and twitter .\nwe aim to create a safe and valuable space for discussion and debate . that means :\ndue to technical reasons , we have temporarily removed commenting from our articles . we hope to have this fixed soon . thank you for your patience . if you are looking to give feedback on our new site , please send it along to feedback @ urltoken . if you want to write a letter to the editor , please forward to letters @ urltoken .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n\u201cemma thought something was not right , \u201d said ian black , who has trained the 7 - year - old gelding throughout his career . \u201cbut he cooled out okay . \u201d\n\u201cwhen we got him out monday morning , he had a little filling in his left pastern , \u201d black said . \u201cwe decided to ultrasound it and found a lesion on his superficial digital tendon .\n\u201cif it was somebody a little younger , you could probably give him six months off and bring him back .\n\u201che\u2019ll get another life , either as a pony or a riding horse , \u201d black said .\ntrainer christophe clement has expressed an interest in returning to woodbine with grassy , who finished second behind musketier in the grade 3 singspiel here june 26 and was scratched from the sword dancer .\nsmart bid , who is based at fair hill in maryland with graham motion , also is a possibility .\nowned by the donver stable of donna and verne dubinsky and trained by josie carroll , inglorious will have her regular rider , luis contreras , in the irons , for the 1 1 / 4 - mile alabama . the dubinskys and carroll won the 2009 alabama with careless jewel , who was ridden by robert landry .\nadvance registration will be available daily , through aug . 26 , from 11 a . m . to 11 p . m . at the second - floor player services desk here at woodbine and through sue clark at ( 416 ) 675 - 3993 , ext . 2513 , or at sck @ urltoken until 4 p . m . aug . 26 .\nentries also will be taken at the contest venue from 10 a . m . to 1 p . m . aug . 27 .\ncontestants must ante up $ 330 , comprised of a $ 250 entry fee plus an $ 80 bankroll to cover 10 $ 2 win - place bets on each day of the contest , including three mandatory races . woodbine , saratoga , and monmouth will be the contest tracks , with fort erie added sunday . entries are limited to two per person .\nin his five - year career , the seven - year - old racehorse - bred and part - owned by joe and ellen maclellan of spencerville - captured the imagination of thousands of horse racing fans around the globe for his brilliance on the track and as living proof that great racehorses can come at any price tag .\nsteps after running a brave second place in the grade 1 sword dancer invitational at historic saratoga racecourse in saratoga springs , new york , against some of the best turf horses in north america , he took a bad step .\nwe know this is a sport of highs and lows , but they aren ' t supposed to be nano - seconds apart ,\nsaid joe maclellan of the moments after the race .\nit was pretty scary .\nan ultrasound showed a tear in his tendon , an injury that requires six months to heal .\nwe just wanted to make the cut . we wanted a horse that would be competitive enough to race at woodbine ,\nadmits maclellan .\nthere was real emotion from people we ' ve never even met before . i can ' t believe our little horse from spencerville had such a big impact on people ,\nsaid maclellan , clearly touched by all of the support .\nafter he was born , the maclellans sold part interest of the horse to his mother , jean , of westport , and his brother , jim , who lives in calgary ( the partnership also includes dean reade and mitch peters of calgary ) . races became a meeting place for the maclellans , who on some days would have dozens of family and friends in attendance .\nand for the maclellan family , they ' re going to keep breeding and racing horses . they currently have two racing at woodbine , a three - year - old at home , a weaning foal and two babies due next spring .\nchoose among a variety of subscription packages and stay up to date with convenient home delivery and our on the go digital e - edition .\n\u00a9 2018 brockville recorder . all rights reserved . a member of sun media community newspapers part of postmedia network .\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nthey had decidedly different racing careers , but a similar impact on the man who watched them give their all .\nhi . my name is jeff \u201cskippy\u201d bowen . i work at woodbine racetrack as assistant trainer to ian black .\n) , who won the woodbine mile and was trained by ian black , my father - in - law . he was the first horse who really put us on the map and was the first stable star . he was a very honest horse and he could compete with the best in the world , including a trip to japan . he finished his career winning 10 stakes and $ 2 . 3 million , which is the most of any ontario - sired horse , ever .\n( c ) ontario horse racing 2015 . all rights reserved . may not be reproduced without permission .\nfor all the industry news and updates you need , join our mailing list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nretired after suffering a tendon injury on 8 / 13 / 11 ( as of 2014 he is an outrider mount at keeneland race course ) . ( close )"]}
{"id": 1395, "summary": [{"text": "phylomictis lintearia is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1921 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland and new south wales .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish irrorated fuscous , with the stigmata cloudy , light brownish , the plical rather beyond the first discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an oblique series of two or three small spots of dark grey irroration from the costa to the first and second discal respectively , and a strongly curved subterminal series of similar spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "phylomictis lintearia", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for lintearia definition . you find here lintearia meaning , synonyms of lintearia and images for lintearia copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word lintearia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word lintearia and , of course , lintearia synonyms and on the right images related to the word lintearia .\nphylomictis lintearia meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 445 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nphylomictis lintearia ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis idiotricha meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 446 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nphylomictis sarcinopa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 11 ) : 322 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nphylomictis decretoria lucas , 1900 ; proc . r . soc . qd 15 : 160 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nphylomictis decretoria ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis eclecta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis leucopelta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis monochroma ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis palaeomorpha ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis maligna meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 75 ; tl : melbourne , victoria\nphylomictis idiotricha ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis maligna ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nphylomictis sarcinopa ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 19 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthe adult moths reach a wingspan of about 1 cm . the forewings are grey with lots of little brown chevrons . the hindwings are white shading to pale brown at the margins . the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nvolume 2 , part 14 ( 1921 ) , pp . 445 - 456 .\ncomoscotopa leucopelta lower , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 240 ; tl : mount gambier , south australia\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmeyrick , 1920 ; meyrick , 1921 exotic microlepidoptera . vol . ii exotic microlep . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 32 ( 1916 ) , ( 2 ) : 33 - 64 ( 1917 ) , ( 3 ) : 65 - 96 ( 1917 ) , ( 4 ) : 97 - 128 ( 1918 ) , ( 5 ) : 129 - 160 ( 1918 ) , ( 6 ) : 161 - 192 ( 1918 ) , ( 7 ) : 193 - 224 ( 1918 ) , ( 8 ) : 225 - 256 ( 1919 ) , ( 9 ) : 257 - 288 ( 1919 ) , ( 10 ) : 289 - 320 ( 1920 ) , ( 11 ) : 321 - 352 ( 1920 ) , ( 12 ) : 353 - 384 ( 1920 ) , ( 13 ) : 385 - 416 ( 1921 ) , ( 14 ) : 417 - 448 ( 1921 ) , ( 15 ) : 449 - 480 ( 1921 ) , ( 16 ) : 481 - 512 ( 1922 ) , ( 17 ) : 513 - 544 ( 1922 ) , ( 18 ) : 545 - 576 ( 1922 ) , ( 19 ) : 577 - 608 ( 1922 ) , ( 20 ) : 609 - 640 ( 1923 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n\u00a9 2002\u20132012 mdi biological laboratory . all rights reserved . \u00a9 2012\u20132018 mdi biological laboratory & nc state university . all rights reserved . data updated june 26 , 2018 revision 15488"]}
{"id": 1396, "summary": [{"text": "the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is , as suggested by its common name , restricted to humid and semi-humid forest in the yungas of north-western bolivia and far south-eastern peru .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "although discovered in the early 1990s , it was only formally described in 2008 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the yungas tyrannulet resembles the planalto tyrannulet , but has a different voice .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "being recently described it has not yet been rated by birdlife international ; however , it has been suggested it should be considered vulnerable , because it occurs in low densities within a small range that is subjected to extensive habitat destruction . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "yungas tyrannulet", "paragraphs": ["the yungas tyrannulet is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ninformation on the yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe yungas tyrannulet is rare on the east slope of the extreme southeast andes at elevations ranging between 900 - 1200 m . it also occurs in\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni )\ntitle =\narkive species - yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbut is distinguished by having wing coverts broadly edged with olive - brown . the yungas tyrannulet is known to forage in the canopy of humid montane forest . also , see the\nthe recently described yungas tyrannulet is known solely from the lower yungas of bolivia and peru , where it is to date known from fewer than ten localities , most of them in bolivia , and the only locality in peru is extremely close to the bolivian border . it inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen foothill and lower montane forest within a relatively narrow elevational band ( 700\u20131200 m ) , but has also been observed in shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest . given its potentially tiny , and patchy , range , the new species is already considered to be vulnerable to extinction by birdlife international . almost nothing is known concerning its behaviour . in plumage , the yungas tyrannulet most closely resembles the planalto tyrannulet ( phyllomyias fasciatus ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets\ntitle =\narkive photo - pair of yungas tyrannulets\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n. the yungas tyrannulet has olive back with a grayish crown . it has a pale and thin eyebrow . the bill is black . the wing coverts are gray and broadly edged with olive - brown . the throat is grayish and grades to yellow towards the rest of the underparts . it is similar to the\nvulnerable . restricted - range species : present in bolivian and peruvian lower yungas eba . estimated population small , thought to number far fewer than 10 , 000 mature . . .\nfjelds\u00e5 , j . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yungas tyrannulet ( phyllomyias weedeni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nherzog , s . k . , kessler , m . and balderrama , j . a . ( 2008 ) a new species of tyrannulet ( tyrannidae : phyllomyias ) from andean foothills in northwest bolivia and adjacent peru . auk 125 : 265 - 276\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nthis species is listed as vulnerable as it is estimated to have a small population which is declining due to habitat destruction . further surveys are needed to precisely establish the population size and trends , and the ability for the species to persist in mosaics of coffee plantations and forest .\n. in bolivia , it is known from three localities in la paz department , one locality in beni department , and a further locality in cochabamba department . in peru , it is known from puno department , 1 - 1 . 5 km from the bolivian border .\n. 2010 ) . the population has been estimated at well below 10 , 000 mature individuals based on low density and patchy distribution , hence the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals seems appropriate . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . more accurate surveys are required to precisely quantify the population size .\nthis species inhabits the upper canopy of evergreen andean foothill and lower montane forest . it has been observed in mosaics of shade - coffee plantations and remnant forest patches , although it is not known whether this habitat can sustain a viable population . little is known about its behaviour . it has almost always been observed in pairs , except in early march in southeast peru . foraging appears to comprise of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects\nassess the population size and establish a monitoring programme to establish trends . establish ecological requirements . identify and assess threats . preserve an area of suitable habitat . conduct further surveys for this species within its altitudinal range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncryptic species , previously overlooked or included under p . fasciatus ; thought to be closest to p . fasciatus # r , and may eventually be found to be related to p . griseiceps . monotypic .\ne andean foothill ridges in extreme se peru ( extreme se puno ) and nw bolivia ( la paz , sw beni , w cochabamba ) .\nc . 11\u201311\u00b75 cm . forehead to nape dark olive - grey with drab feather centres ( giving slightly mottled appearance ) ; upperparts yellow - olive , becoming slightly paler . . .\nsong a slightly accelerating series of 3\u20135 whistled notes successively dropping in pitch , . . .\nupper canopy of humid and semi - humid foothill and lower montane forest , at 700\u20131200 m . prefers . . .\nforaging appears to consist of short aerial sallies to catch flying insects . usually seen in pairs .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nprobably polyphyletic , as presently constituted ; objective phylogenetic analysis required , using both molecular and anatomical characters . anatomical evidence suggests that p . fasciatus ( and presumably p . weedeni ) , p . griseocapilla and p . griseiceps may be unrelated to others in genus , some or all of which might be better placed in a resurrected tyranniscus ( type of phyllomyias is p . fasciatus brevirostris ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndr joseph tobias edward grey institute department of zoology university of oxford south parks road oxford ox1 3ps united kingdom tel : + 00 44 ( 0 ) 1865 271244 joseph . tobias @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is new to science . visit our newly discovered topic page to learn more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndr . sebastian k herzog asociaci\u00f3n armon\u00eda - birdlife international ave . lomas de arena 400 casilla 3566 santa cruz de la sierra bolivia tel : + 591 - ( 0 ) 3 - 3568808 skherzog @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n: in honor of alan weeden ( b . 1924 ) us businessman , philanthropist , conservationist .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com"]}
{"id": 1400, "summary": [{"text": "taurocottus bergii is a species of sculpin native to the northwestern pacific ocean .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it occurs at depths of from 40 to 120 metres ( 130 to 390 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "taurocottus bergii", "paragraphs": [". . . on the basis of trawl catches in 1982\u20132013 , data on occurrence , distribution , size - age and sex composition , as well as feeding of berg\u2019s longhorn sculpin taurocottus bergii in the northwestern part of the sea of japan are provided . it is shown that this species was erroneously included into the red data book of primorskii krai , since it is common over the most part of the water area . bathymetric r . . .\ngreek , tauros = bull + greek , kottos = a fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 40 - 120 m ( ref . 56557 ) . temperate\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) . ( ref . 559 )\n) : 2 . 6 - 15 . 2 , mean 9 . 1 ( based on 20 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 02217 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 35 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\noriginal russian text \u00a9 v . v . panchenko , o . i . pushina , p . g . milovankin , v . a . nuzhdin , 2015 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2015 , vol . 55 , no . 3 , pp . 313\u2013322 .\namaoka , k . , nakaya , k . , and yabe , m . ,\n( annotated check - list of fishes from far eastern seas ) , vladivostok : tinro - tsentr , 2000 .\nchuchukalo , v . i . and napazkov , v . v . , the method of determination of diurnal diets and rate of food digestion by raptorial and benthos - feeding fishes ,\ndudarev , v . a . , izmyatinskii , d . v . , and kalchugin , p . v . , some aspects of spatial and timely variability of bottom communities of fishes of northern primorye ,\ndudarev , v . a . , zuenko , yu . i . , il\u2019inskii , e . n . , and kalchugin , p . v . , new data on structure of communities of bottom and near - bottom fishes on shelf and slope of the depths of primorye ,\n, froese , r . and pauly , d . , eds . , 2014 .\n( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1998 , vol . 123 , pp . 82\u201388 .\nkim , i . - s . and yoon , c . - h . , synopsis of the family cottidae ( pisces : scorpaeniformes ) from korea ,\n( the red data book of primorskii krai : animals ) , vladivostok : abk apel\u2019sin , 2005 , vol . 1 .\n( fishes of the sea of japan and adjacent part of okhotsk and yellow seas ) , leningrad : nauka , 1987 , part 5 .\n( methodological manual on analysis of feeding and food relationships of fishes in natural conditions ) , moscow : nauka , 1974 .\n( seismosensory system and classification of cottidae fishes ) , leningrad : nauka , 1979 .\nnovikov , n . p . , sokolovsky , a . s . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and yakovlev , yu . m . ,\npanchenko , v . v . and zuenko , yu . i . , distribution of gobies of family cottidae in the peter the great bay , sea of japan , during summer ,\n( determination of mature rate and sexual cycles of fishes ) , magadan : polar . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1968 .\nsokolovsky , a . s . , dudarev , v . a . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and solomatov , s . f . ,\n( fishes of russian waters of the sea of japan : annotated and illustrated catalogue ) , vladivostok : dal\u2019nauka , 2007 .\nsokolovsky , a . s . , sokolovskaya , t . g . , and yakovlev , yu . m . ,\n( fishes of the peter the great bay ) , vladivostok : dal\u2019nauka , 2009 .\nsokolovskaya , t . g . , sokolovsky , a . s . , and sobolevskii , e . i . , list of fishes from the peter the great bay ( sea of japan ) ,\nsoldatov , v . k . and lindberg , g . u . , review of fishes from far eastern seas ,\n( energy of depp water pelagic communities ) , moscow : nauka , 1986 .\nvdovin , a . n . , mizyurin , m . a . , and park , a . , possible use of biomaterial for direct registration of hydrobionts ,\n( complex studies of marine hydrobionts and conditions of their habitat ) , vladivostok : tikhookean . nauchno - issled . inst . rybn . khoz . okeanogr . , 1994 , pp . 20\u201339 .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\njournal : journal of ichthyology / publication year : 2015 / source : 2015 v . 55 no . 3 - pubag search results\n. . . the structure of skeleton of bathylutichthys balushkini was studied and comparative analysis of it with representatives of other families of the suborder cottoidei was performed . it was found that bathylutichthyidae are characterized by the presence of a great number of original characters supporting its family status . they include : absence of mesethmoideum ; bony canals of seismosensory system on . . .\n. . . analysis of the morphobiological and genetic characteristics of the gadus genus has been performed , the peculiarities of the genus evolution are discussed , and the resettlement has been reconstructed for the period of 5 . 5 - 5 . 4 million years until the present . the genus gadus comprises two polytypic species , atlantic cod g . morhua and pacific cod , and both species form several subspecies combined in . . .\n. . . otolith morphology and microstructure of the sagitta are described in freckled goatfish upeneus tragula . the first increments ( from the second to sixth or eighth ) are the most well defined , and subsequent zones of less contrasting increments are bounded by increments with more contrasting borders . these borders are less expressed close to the edge of the sagitta . the width of the majority of incre . . .\n. . . the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in pink salmon oncorhynchus gorbusha and chum salmon o . keta has been studied for the fish sampled in the sea of okhotsk and along the pacific coast of the kuril islands during the spawning migrations . chum salmon accumulates much more pollutants ( 180 ng / g of wet weight ) than pink salmon does ( 70 ng / g of wet weight ) . the total bulk of the toxicants tr . . .\n. . . results are provided of a 7 - year study of biological parameters in females of three pacific salmons of the genus oncorhynchus ( pink salmon o . gorbuscha , chum salmon o . keta , and sockeye salmon o . nerka ) in the olyutorsky and karaginsky gulfs , bering sea . abundance of the pink salmon is identified as the main determining factor of the interannual dynamics of maturity index in female pacific salmon . . .\n. . . results of the study on the structure of scales in pink salmon , oncorhynchus gorbuscha performed in 1997 and 2011 in six reproduction regions on sakhalin and kuril islands are presented . the study revealed no statistically significant correlation between the fish body length and number of sclerites on scales , but the correlation between gain of the body length and width of intersclerite distance i . . .\nrevision of the genus melamphaes ( melamphaidae ) : 2 . oligo - raker species : m . longivelis parr , m . inconspicuus sp . n . , m . kobylyanskyi sp . n .\n. . . redescription of the melamphaes longivelis is presented . two new species related to it are described : m . inconspicuus sp . n . and m . kobylyanskyi sp . n . m . longivelis inhabits the northern part of the atlantic ocean , from the equatorial waters up to 50\u00b0 n ; the species has not been confirmed to occur in the southern atlantic . m . inconspicuus is described from the tropical waters of the northern atla . . .\n. . . feeding of different - age juveniles of salmonidae with a long freshwater period of life ( coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutsch , cherry salmon o . masou , king salmon o . tschawytscha , dolly varden char salvelinus malma , east siberian char s . leucomaenis , and kamchatka steelhead parasalmo mykiss ) in the basin of the kol river ( western kamchatka ) in the summer - autumn period was studied . comparative analysis . . .\n. . . the qualitative and quantitative composition of ichthyoplankton in the waters of senegal and guinea - bissau during the winter period of 2012\u20132013 are considered . approximately 120 species of pelagic eggs and larvae of fishes belonging to 64 families are identified in the ichthyoplankton samples . the eggs and larvae of clupeidae , carangidae , scombridae , myctophidae , sparidae , bothidae , scianidae , an . . .\n. . . seasonal ( summer and autumn ) and diurnal ( day and night ) distribution of fish in lake glubokoe ( moscow oblast ) was analyzed using vertical and horizontal scanning research hydroacoustic systems . at the beginning of summer the distribution of the fish in lake is broad and homogeneous whereas in autumn it is more compact . pelagic aggregations of the fish are aggregated mostly in the central part of . . .\nrafrafi - nouira , s . ; reynaud , c . ; bouma\u00efza , m . ; el kamel - moutalibi , o . ; capap\u00e9 , c .\n. . . a survey conducted off the northern tunisian coast allow to collect specimens belonging to species rarely captured in the area , such as longjaw snake eel ophisurus serpens ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , bluntsnout snake eel echelus myrus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , mediterranean parrot fish sparisoma cretense ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and sharksucker echeneis naucrates ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . all specimens are shortly described in the . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nif you already know the family , go to search fishbase , select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family . if you already know the country , go to search fishbase , select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country . if you already know the ecosystem , go to search fishbase , select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem ."]}
{"id": 1401, "summary": [{"text": "the fine-rayed pearly mussel or round combshell , epioblasma personata , is an extinct species of freshwater mussel in the family unionidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it was endemic to the drainages of the tennessee river and ohio river in the united states .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "little is known about the habitat of this species beyond its preference for medium-sized rivers .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it appears to have been particularly sensitive to water quality degradation , and its populations diminished quickly after industrialization .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "no live individuals have been seen since the 1924 . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "fine - rayed pearly mussel", "paragraphs": ["the fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel or fine - rayed pigtoe ( fusconaia cuneolus ) is a species of bivalve in the unionidae family .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1984 .\nfine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel recovery plan .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta .\nthe fine - rayed pearly mussel or round combshell , epioblasma personata , is an extinct species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae , the river mussels . this species was endemic to the united states , its natural habitat rivers . it became extinct due to habitat loss ; not collected for more than a century , by 1983 it . . .\nfine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nfine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nmedium - sized shell , yellow - green to light brown with numerous fine green rays .\nthe fine - rayed pigtoe occupies shallow riffles and shoals of freshwater streams and rivers . it buries itself in the stream bottom in gravel or compacted sand but is rarely found in pools . it displays a higher tolerance for muddy bottoms than most other freshwater mussels .\nin the late twentieth century , this mussel was found at nearly 30 sites in the clinch river and its smaller tributaries between cedar bluff , virginia , and kelly branch , tennessee . since 1970 , the fine - rayed pigtoe has been collected from the elk and paint rock rivers , which are tributaries of the tennessee river above muscle shols , alabama . the mussel ' s former range and habitat suggests that additional populations may be located on other tributary streams of the tennessee river in tennessee and alabama .\na list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .\nendemic to the southern appalachian mountains , the fine - rayed pigtoe pearly mussel was first described in 1840 from the holston river , where it occurred in the river ' s north fork in washington county , virginia , downstream to grainger county , tennessee . it was subsequently documented in big moccasin creek in scott county , virginia ; the powell river from lee county , virginia , downstream to union county , tennessee ; clinch creek , emory river , and popular creek from clinchport , virginia , downstream to roane county , tennessee ; and in the clinch river from tazewell county , virginia , downstream to the norris reservoir in claiborne county , tennessee .\ncontact jay cordeiro ( jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve . org ) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .\nthe fine - rayed pigtoe pearlymussel , fusconaia cuneolus , is of medium size , up to 2 . 5 in ( 6 . 4 cm ) in length . this cumberlandian species is distinguished by the many fine green rays that radiate over the yellowish green to light brown background of its ovoid shell . the hinged end of the shell is rounded , while the front margin is straight . the shell surface has a smooth , satiny appearance and is indistinctly patterned with growth lines . the inner shell surface is white .\ndennis , s . d . 1981 .\nmussel fauna of the powell river , tennessee and virginia .\nsterkiana 71 : 1 - 7 .\nconstruction of dams and multi - purpose reservoirs across the former range of the fine - rayed pigtoe have altered the free - flowing character of these rivers . such impoundments produce siltation , fluctuating water temperatures , changes in water acidity , and lowered oxygen content . impoundments also fragment the range of the species into isolated populations , which are then unable to interbreed .\nfrench , john r . p . , iii . november , 1990 .\nthe exotic zebra mussel : a new threat to endangered freshwater mussels .\nendangered species technical bulletin 15 ( 11 ) .\nin the early twentieth century it was discovered in the tennessee river and its smaller tributaries at and below knoxville . it is believed that the mussel has been extirpated from former locations in the little and sequatchie rivers .\nstrayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia , unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . freshwater biology 13 : 253 - 264 .\ncampbell et al . ( 2005 ) found this species to be closely related to fusconaia cor , but held it up as distinct . a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .\nthis species is sensitive to changes in water quality and has declined due to impoundments , siltation , and pollution . the remnant population in the powell river may be threatened by oil and gas drilling and coal mining ( neves 1991 ) . the clinch river population was reduced by toxic discharges and spills prior to 1972 . the invasion of the asian clam , and the possible invasion of the zebra mussel , also threaten remaining populations . reasons for decline listed in the recovery plan include : impoundment , siltation , and pollution ( usfws 1984 ) .\nbased on the separation distances outlined herein , for freshwater mussels in standing water ( or backwater areas of flowing water such as oxbows and sloughs ) , all standing water bodies with either ( 1 ) greater than 2 km linear distance of unsuitable habitat between ( i . e . lotic connections ) , or ( 2 ) more than 10 km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat ( including lentic shoreline , linear distance across water bodies , and lentic water bodies with proper lotic connections ) , are considered separate element occurrences . only the largest standing water bodies ( with 20 km linear shoreline or greater ) may have greater than one element occurrence within each . multiple collection or observation locations in one lake , for example , would only constitute multiple occurrences in the largest lakes , and only then if there was some likelihood that unsurveyed areas between collections did not contain the element . for freshwater mussels in flowing water conditions , occurrences are separated by a distance of more than 2 stream km of unsuitable habitat , or a distance of more than 10 stream km of apparently unoccupied though suitable habitat . standing water between occurrences is considered suitable habitat when calculating separation distance for flowing water mussel species unless dispersal barriers ( see separation barriers ) are in place . several mussel species in north america occur in both standing and flowing water ( see specs notes ) . calculation of separation distance and determination of separation barriers for these taxa should take into account the environment in which the element was collected . juvenile mussels do not follow this pattern and juveniles are typically missed by most standard sampling methods ( hastie and cosgrove , 2002 ; neves and widlak , 1987 ) , therefore juvenile movement is not considered when calculating separation distance .\nhistorically , this species was widespread in tributaries of the tennessee river system in tennessee ( above the mussel shoals area ) , virginia , and alabama including the tennessee , flint , paint rock , elk , nolichucky , clinch , emory , powell , holston , north fork holston rivers ; big moccasin creek ( virginia ) , poplar creek ( tennessee ) , bear creek ( alabama ) , limestone creek ( alabama ) , hurricane creek ( alabama ) , and little river ( tennessee ) ( usfws 1984 ) . it currently persists in portions of the clinch and powell rivers , the north fork of the holston , and in the paint rock river . the largest population resides in the clinch river , but it is reproductively isolated from the powell river population ( neves 1991 ) . it has been extirpated from tennessee river proper with a population extant in paint rock river in alabama ( mirarchi et al . 2004 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .\nthis species was historically placed in the genera dysnomia and plagiola ( johnson , 1978 ) .\nthis species is globally extinct . it was recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lowe wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthis species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi , 2004 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster , 2003 ) . in illinois , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer , 1997 ) . in ohio , it foremerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters , 1995 ) .\nall alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . , 2008 ) . in ohio , it historically occurred from the ohio river at cincinnati and scioto river at columbus ( watters et al . , 2009 ) .\nthis species has not been collected since before the 20th century ( iucn , 1996 ) .\nthis species has not been collected since before the 20th century ( iucn , 1996 ) . it historically occurred inthe ohio , tennessee , cumberland , and wabah rivers ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in teh cumberland river it ranged upstream to near the mouth of the stones river ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . it occurred in most of the tennessee river drainage , from headwaters in eastern tennessee to the mouth of the tennessee river but a paucity of museum material suggests it was rare ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . , 2008 ) .\n( zero ( no occurrences believed extant ) ) this species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi , 2004 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster , 2003 ) . in illinois , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer , 1997 ) . in ohio , it foremerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters , 1995 ) .\nlittle is known about the former habitat of this species except that it was riverine .\noccurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached and / or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .\nseparation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance ( see separation distance - suitable , below ) . separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections , natural barriers such as upland habitat , absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts , water depth greater than 10 meters ( cvancara , 1972 ; moyle and bacon , 1969 ) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nburch , j . b . 1975a . freshwater unionacean clams ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of north america . malacological publications : hamburg , michigan . 204 pp .\nhoward , a . d . 1915 . some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae . the nautilus 29 : 4 - 11 .\njohnson , r . i . 1978 . systematics and zoogeography of plagiola ( = dysnomia = epioblasma ) , an almost extinct genus of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) from middle north america . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 148 ( 6 ) : 239 - 320 .\nlefevre , g . and w . t . curtis . 1912 . studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30 : 102 - 201 .\nmirarchi , r . e . , et al . 2004a . alabama wildlife . volume one : a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pp .\nmoyle , p . and j . bacon . 1969 . distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment . journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 ( 2 / 3 ) : 82 - 85 .\nstrayer , d . l . 1999a . use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers . journal of the north american benthological society 18 ( 4 ) : 468 - 476 .\nstrayer , d . l . and j . ralley . 1993 . microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans ( bivalvia ) including two rare species of alasmidonta . journal of the north american benthological society 12 ( 3 ) : 247 - 258 .\nvan der schalie , h . 1938a . the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan . miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology , university of michigan 40 : 7 - 78 .\nwatters , g . t . 1992a . unionids , fishes , and the species - area curve . journal of biogeography 19 : 481 - 490 .\nwilliams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi , & tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pages .\nwilliams , j . d . , m . l . warren , jr . , k . s . cummings , j . l . harris , and r . j . neves . 1993b . conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada . fisheries 18 ( 9 ) : 6 - 22 .\ncicerello , r . r . and g . a . schuster . 2003 . a guide to the freshwater mussels of kentucky . kentucky state nature preserves commission scientific and technical series 7 : 1 - 62 .\ncummings , k . s . and c . a . mayer . 1997 . distributional checklist and status of illinois freshwater mussels ( mollusca : unionacea ) . pages 129 - 145 in : k . s . cummings , a . c . buchanan , c . a . mayer , and t . j . naimo ( eds . ) conservation and management of freshwater mussels ii : initiatives for the future . proceedings of a umrcc symposium , october 1995 , st . louis , missouri . upper mississippi river conservation committee , rock island , illinois .\nparmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1998 . the freshwater mussels of tennessee . university of tennessee press : knoxville , tennessee . 328 pp .\nwatters , g . t . 1995a . a field guide to the freshwater mussels of ohio . revised 3rd edition . ohio department of natural resources , division of wildlife , columbus , ohio . 122 pp .\nwatters , g . t . , m . a . hoggarth , and d . h . stansbery . 2009b . the freshwater mussels of ohio . ohio state university press : columbus , ohio . 421 pp .\nwilliams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t . garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi & tennessee . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbogan , a . e . , dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .\nhas been assessed as extinct . it was recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the low wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati . this species is known from shells only , no live individuals have been observed .\nthis species is globally extinct . it is recorded historically from the clinch river in the headwaters of the tennessee river system , the white river ( wabash tributary ) , and in the lower wabash river at posey co . , indiana , as well as the ohio river in cincinnati ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in tennessee , it is known historically from the clinch river and from the cumberland river near priestly shoals , davidson co . ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in alabama , it was historically distributed throughout the tennessee river , but has not been reported since the river was impounded ( mirarchi 2004 , williams\n. 2008 ) . in kentucky , it formerly occurred in the green and ohio rivers ( cicerello and schuster 2003 ) . in indiana , it was formerly distributed in the wabash river ( cummings and mayer 1997 ) . in ohio , it formerly occurred in the ohio river in cincinatti ( watters 1995 ) .\nthis species has not been collected since the early 20th century ( iucn 1996 ) . it historically occurred in the ohio , tennessee , cumberland , and wabah rivers ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . in the cumberland river , it ranged upstream to near the mouth of the stones river ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . it occurred in most of the tennessee river drainage , from headwaters in eastern tennessee to the mouth of the tennessee river , but a paucity of museum material suggests it was rare ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . all alabama museum records were collected at muscle shoals , but it probably ranged across northern alabama with the most recent material from 1924 ( williams et al . 2008 ) .\nthis species presumably occurred in shoal habitat , primarily in large rivers ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) .\nthis species presumably became extinct due to habitat loss and degradation ( a . bogan pers . comm . 2010 ) .\nwilliams et al . ( in press ) lists this species as extinct according to the afs assessment .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nendangered b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) ver 3 . 1\nrichman , n . , dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , ht , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . & duncan , c .\njustification : fusconaia cuneolus has been assessed as endangered under criterion b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv ) . the species currently only occurs in four remaining fragmented locations , with an estimated area of occupancy of no more than 500 km 2 . because of its sensitivity to changes in water quality , the species has and continues to decline , in terms of reductions in area of occupancy , extent of occurrence , quality of habitat and number of sub - populations , due to river impoundments , siltation , and pollution . it is likely that this species will qualify for critically endangered a2ac once sufficient population information is established .\nthis species occurs in shoal habitats of creeks and rivers . historical distribution data suggest that it occurred in smaller streams than many other species of the genus . it prefers stable gravel substrates in moderate current ( williams\n. 2008 ) , and was recorded as inhabiting clear , high gradient streams in firm cobble and gravel substrates ( neves and moyer 1988 ) .\nbruenderman and neves ( 1993 ) detailed the life history of the species in the clinch river , southwestern virginia . it is a short - term brooder , apparently spawning in early may , with females gravid from mid - may through early august . developing embryos are bound in conglutinates and change color from pink to orange to light peach as they mature . however , mature glochidia are discharged in a loose , gelatinous matrix instead of well - defined conglutinates . fecundity was assessed in one gravid female , which contained approximately 113 , 000 embryos . glochidia were recovered from stream drift as early as late may and as late as mid - august . ortmann ( 1921 ) reported a similar gravid period for the species , from mid - may through mid - july ( williams\n( tennessee shiner , cyprinidae ; bruenderman and neves 1993 ) . additional species found to serve as glochidial hosts in laboratory trials are\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nif you believe that any material in vtechworks should be removed , please see our policy and procedure for requesting that material be amended or removed . all takedown requests will be promptly acknowledged and investigated .\nthis species is a short - term breeder , reproducing in the spring ( tachytictic ) . for more about the reproduction and diet of freshwater mussels , see the upland combshell ( epioblasma metastriata ) entry .\nalthough this species was thought to have disappeared from its original collection site in the holston river , four freshly dead specimens were collected along the river in 1982 at cloud ford , tennessee . industrial and chemical pollution from upstream at saltville , virginia , has severely degraded the water quality there . live specimens have yet to be found but may indeed exist . recent surveys in other upper tennessee river tributaries , such as the nolichucky , french broad , flint , and buffalo rivers , failed to locate specimens .\nfrom 1975 to 1981 , surveys of the powell river located populations at buchanan ford and mc - dowell shoal in tennessee , and at fletcher ford in virginia . water quality in this river has also deteriorated significantly due to strip mining , coal - washing runoff , and discharge of municipal wastes .\nincreased stream turbidity , caused by soil erosion and industrial runoff , reduces light penetration , which affects the growth of aquatic vegetation and decreases the population of fish hosts . suspended solids can be fatal to mussels . dead and dying mussels are often found with silt clogging their gills . mussels are very susceptible to agricultural and industrial pollutants , particularly heavy metals , which become concentrated in their tissues .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 1875 century blvd . , suite 200 atlanta , georgia 30345 urltoken\nu . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species 300 westgate center dr . hadley , massachusetts 01035 - 9589 telephone : ( 413 ) 253 - 8200 fax : ( 413 ) 253 - 8308 urltoken\nbogan , a . e . , and p . w . parmalee . 1983 . tennessee ' s rare wildlife : the mollusks . tennessee wildlife resources agency , tennessee department of conservation , and tennessee natural heritage program , university of tennessee press , knoxville .\ncarter , l . j . 1977 .\nchemical plants leave unexpected legacy in two virginia rivers .\nscience 198 : 1015 - 1020 .\nimlay , m . j . 1982 .\nuse of shells of freshwater mussels in monitoring heavy metals and environmental stresses : a review .\nmalacology review 15 : 1 - 14 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1403, "summary": [{"text": "pyrausta demantrialis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by herbert druce in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from arizona , florida , indiana , michigan , new mexico , north carolina , pennsylvania , texas and west virginia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has also been recorded from mexico ( guerrero ) , ecuador ( loja province ) and venezuela .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to november in the united states . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pyrausta demantrialis", "paragraphs": ["pyrausta tithonialis ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 177\npyrausta cajelalis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 590 ; tl : buru\npyrausta perlelegans hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 256 ; tl : colombia ; peru\npyrausta lithosialis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 263 ; tl : natal , northdene\npyrausta tetraplagalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury\npyrausta ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 252 ; [ globiz ]\npyrausta phaeophoenica hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : brazil , castro para\u00f1a\npyrausta subsequalis subsequalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 18 , 22\npyrausta perrubralis perrubralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 49 - 51\npyrausta scurralis scurralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 59 - 63\npyrausta unifascialis unifascialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 73 - 80\npyrausta trizonalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 267 ; tl : mexico , cordoba , orizaba\npyrausta pyrocausta hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 264 ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo ; para\u00f1a\npyrausta nubigena rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189 ; tl : algeria , guelt - es - stel\npyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 227 ; tl : manusela , central ceram , 650m\npyrausta arenicola hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 28 ; tl : algeria\npyrausta coccinea warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 176 ; tl : california\npyrausta borealis packard , [ 1867 ] ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 11 : 53 ; tl : square island , labrador\n= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ( packard , 1873 ) ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 133 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a\npyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 414 ; tl : natal\npyrausta obtusanalis druce , 1899 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 100 , f . 12\npyrausta ploimalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 284 ; tl : trinidad r .\npyrausta flavibrunnea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 32 ; tl : cuernavaca , mexico\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 6 ) : 263 ; tl : miller ' s canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 5 ; tl : wildcat creek , white mts . , arizona\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe , 1951 ; can . ent . 83 : 166 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : ; duncan , british columbia\npyrausta perrubralis saanichalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 55 - 56 ; [ nacl ] , # 5064a\npyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 133 , pl . 9 , f . 66 - 72 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068b\npyrausta unifascialis arizonensis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 83 - 84 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068c\npyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 64 - 65 ; tl : aweme , manitoba\npyrausta californicalis californicalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 113 , pl . 6 , f . 16 , 19 - 223 , pl . t , f . 3\npyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 52 - 54 ; tl : mt . shasta , california\npyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : rancho la sierra , near arlington , riverside co . , california\npyrausta shirleyae munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 102 , pl . u , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 7 ; tl : pensacola , florida\npyrausta retidiscalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 126 , pl . t , f . 7 ; tl : the basin , big bend national park , texas\npyrausta andrei munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 127 , pl . t , f . 8 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , texas\npyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : kusshi canyon , yakima co . , washington\npachyzancla aurea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ( ? preocc . pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ) ; tl : presidio , mexico\npyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : mineral spr . , tulare co . , california\npyrausta subgenerosa munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 118 , pl . k , f . 2 ; tl : chipmunk flat , near sonora pass , tuolumme co . , california\npyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 30 - 32 ; tl : mt . shasta , siskiyou co . , california\npyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona\npyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 23 , f . 7 ; tl : cartwright , manitoba\npyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 6 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania\npyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 11 ; tl : tuolumme meadows , california\npyrausta socialis socialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 140 , pl . 9 , f . 33 - 34 , 37 , pl . k , f . 6 , pl . t , f . 10\npyrausta arizonensis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 131 , pl . 9 , f . 57 - 58 ( preocc . munroe , 1957 ) ; tl : prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\npyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california\npyrausta roseivestalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 94 , pl . 8 , f . 41 , pl . j , f . 3 , l . s , f . 5 ; tl : vidal , california\npyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : palm sprs . , riverside co . , california\npyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 163 , pl . 23 , f . 8 ; tl : palm sprt . , riverside co . , california\npyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california\npyrausta subsequalis borealis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 25 , pl . 9 , f . 13 - 14 , 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060a\npyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 29 , pl . j , f . 5 , pl . s , f . 7 ; tl : vidal , california\npyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 8 , f . 9 - 13 , pl . j , f . 8 , pl . t , f . 4 ; tl : georgetown , texas\npyrausta subsequalis plagalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 4 - 6 , 10 - 12 , 15 - 16 , 18 , pl . k , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060b\npyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 , pl . t , f . 5 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\npyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 27 - 29 , pl . k , f . 5 , pl . t , f . 9 ; tl : scandia , alberta\npyrausta klotsi munroe , 1976 ; : : mna13 . 2 : 108 , pl . 6 , f . 32 - 33 , pl . j , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 1 ; tl : ramsey canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona\npyrausta antisocialis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 38 - 39 , pl . k , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 11 ; tl : mcgaffey , zu\u00f1i mts . , mckinley co . , new mexico , 7500 '\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 92 ; pl . 7 . 34 - 37 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nnew york - to ( arizona , texas ) , tropical america . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( washington - montana ) - to ( california - texas ) . see [ maps ]\nwashington - california , w . arizona , n . mexico . see [ maps ]\nparaedis napaealis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 145 ; tl : california\nloxostege linealis fernald , 1894 ; insect life 6 : 255 ; tl : argus mts . , california\ncalifornia ( mojave desert , los angeles ) - s . nevada , s . arizona - texas ( big bend ) . see [ maps ]\nbotis lethalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : [ havilah ] , california\ntexas , colorado , arizona - mexico ( chiapas ) . see [ maps ]\nbotis volupialis grote , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 ( app . ) : 799 ; tl : hills w of denver , colorado\nwashington ( yakima co . ) , california - texas , nevada ( clark co . ) , mexico . see [ maps ]\nmetasia morenalis dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ; tl : grapevine , california\nbotis atropurpuralis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 104 ; tl : texas , belfrage\nfrom ( quebec - british columbia ) - utah , colorado , nevada , california . see [ maps ]\nwashington , california , utah , colorado , wyoming , arizona . see [ maps ]\nbotis augustalis grote , 1881 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 2 ) : 273 ( preocc . felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) ; tl : colorado\nfrom ( british columbia - ontario ) - to ( north carolina , south carolina , texas , arizona ) . see [ maps ]\nbotys ( rhodaria ) vinulenta grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 17 ( ? repl . rhodaria signatalis walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; tl : north america\nw . pennsylvania - s . ontario , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]\nsyllythria rosa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 19\nnova scotia - michigan - to ( florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]\nendotricha julialis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 17 : 389 ( part )\nbotys augustalis felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 134 , f . 26\npachyzancla xanthomela hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ; tl : purulha , guatemala\nflorida - na . georgia , iowa , kansas , oklahoma , texas . see [ maps ]\nbotys onythesalis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 18 : 734\ncalifornia , nevada , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]\nsouth carolina - florida , west indies , ca , sa . see [ maps ]\nrhodaria insignitalis guen\u00e9e , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 8 : 173 ; tl : [ rio maroni ] , cayenne\nbotis flavofascialis grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 577 ; tl : new mexico\nflorida - south carolina , louisiana , e . texas . see [ maps ]\nna . georgia - florida , west indies , tropical , queensland . see [ maps ]\nlarva on hyptis capitata , dicerandra frutescens smedley , mccormick & eisner , 1990 , j . lep . soc . 44 ( 3 ) : 156\nbotys californicalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california\nlarva on mentha sp . , ( california ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 114\ntexas , florida , louisiana , arkansas , missouri , illinois , oklahoma , mexico . see [ maps ]\nbotis dapalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california\n712x659 ( ~ 89kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 8 . 8 . 2009 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n827x557 ( ~ 97kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 7 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n980x598 ( ~ 109kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 1 . 8 . 2009 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n673x646 ( ~ 110kb ) russia , moscow area , 10 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n500x343 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , 27 . 7 . 1973 , markku savela leg .\nherbula ? submarginalis walker , [ 1866 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 34 : 1286 ( preocc . walker , 1866 )\nfrom ( ontario - alberta ) - florida , missouri . see [ maps ]\nbotys generosa grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 10 ; tl : pennsylvania\nnewfoundland , s . canada - to ( florida , new mexico , california ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on satureia hortensis , monarda [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 120\nw . northwest territory , yukon , alaska ? , rocky mountains . see [ maps ]\n500x318 ( ~ 18kb ) finland : om : perho j\u00e4nk\u00e4 , 7020 : 376 , 10 . 6 . 1971 , markku savela leg .\n500x339 ( ~ 21kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 20 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .\nherbula subsequalis guen\u00e9e , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . 8 : 177 ; tl : north ameria\n900x678 ( ~ 83kb ) usa : pike national forest , sugar creek on cr - 67 ( about 39\u00b018 ' n 105\u00b010 ' w ) , douglas co . , co , 29 . 7 . 2012 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\ns . nova scotia , s . ontario - to ( illinois - n . florida , mississippi , e . texas )\n( deltoides & pyralides ) pl . 8 , f . 3 ( repl .\nbotis tatalis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : [ texas , belfrage ]\nbotys perrubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 264 ; tl : california\nbotis scurralis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 155 ; tl : arizona\ns . british columbia - california , nevada , colorado , arizona . see [ maps ]\nbotys semirubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 263 ; tl : california\nbotys unifascialis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 261 ; tl : california\ns . new york - to ( illinois - florida , texas ) , mexico - venezuela , west indies . see [ maps ]\nsyllythria idessa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 20\nnew jersey - florida , missouri , texas , oklahoma , s . california . see [ maps ]\nfrom ( nova scotia - ontario , missouri ) - to ( n . florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]\ns . canada - to ( florida - colorado ) . see [ maps ]\nbotis niveicilialis grote , 1875 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 2 : 232 ; tl : new york\nbotys fodinalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 369 , ( 12 ) : 461 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : california\nlarva on monardella villosa , ( reared ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 138\nbotis socialis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 107 ; tl : canada\n= hapalia bicoloralis ; whalley , 1963 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 446\nbotys tinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 371 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : venezuela\nbotys extinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 372 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 18 ; tl : himalaya ?\nbotys catasemalis r\u00f6ber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 334 ; tl : key i .\nbotys aulicalis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys villicalis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys matronulalis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys collustralis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys hilaralis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys meropialis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica\nbotys janiralis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : jamaica\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome huiti\u00e9me . deltoides et pyralites\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nin uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nhistoire naturelle , g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re des crustac\u00e9s et des insectes . ouvrage faisant suite a l ' histoire naturelle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e9re , compos\u00e9e par leclerc de buffon , et redig\u00e9e par c . s . sonnini , member de plusieurs soci\u00e9t\u00e9s savantes\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\n( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement\nwhalley , 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 395 - 454 , pl . 1 - 37\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 1407, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris thalamopa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1922 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are glossy deep purple with a small orange mark surrounded with black towards the costa near the base and a slightly curved irregular black antemedian fascia edged on each side with orange black-edged lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apical area is wholly blackish beyond an orange transverse line at four-fifth , making a strong rounded loop inwards in the disc , its costal edge whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris thalamopa", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1409, "summary": [{"text": "xenomigia wilmeri is a moth of the notodontidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north-eastern ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 14 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is chocolate brown , the veins thinly lined with whitish orange .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the basal half of the hindwings is translucent light grey-brown with an extremely wide , translucent , dark grey outer band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae have been reared on chusquea cf. scandens . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "xenomigia wilmeri", "paragraphs": ["last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) .\nhome \u00bb last instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) .\nmale genital similarities suggest that x . wilmeri belongs in a xenomigia subclade that includes x . noctipenna and x . phaeoloma .\nlast instar larva of xenomigia wilmeri , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 36225 ) . | parasitoid - caterpillar - plant interactions in the americas\nlast instar larva of xenomigia caesura , ecuador ( ybs voucher # 29562 ) .\nxenomigia wilmeri is notable in being the only member of the genus showing a profusion of light orange scales in the fw , especially in the area of the postmedial and subterminal lines .\nlarvae of x . wilmeri have been recorded feeding on chusquea nr . scandens ( poaceae ) .\nxenomigia wilmeri has been recorded from two localities in northeastern ecuador - yanayacu biological station and the south slope of cerro sumaco , roughly 35 km east of the station . both sites are at esssentially the same elevation ( 2150 m ) .\nxenomigia wilmeri is notable in being the only member of the genus showing a profusion of light orange scales in the fw , especially in the area of the postmedial and subterminal lines [ see miller and thiaucourt ( 2011 ) , annals of the entomological society of america , vol . 104 : 1033 - 1077 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nphotographer : simba\u00f1a , wilmer & salgaje , luis . publisher : miller , james .\nrevisions allow you to track differences between multiple versions of your content , and revert back to older versions .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1411, "summary": [{"text": "siproeta epaphus , the rusty-tipped page or brown siproeta , is a new world butterfly that lives all year in tropical habitats .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it has large wings , averaging 7.0 \u2013 7.5 cm ( 2.8 \u2013 3.0 in ) , that are black in the inner portion of the top surface and brown throughout the underside .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "both surfaces have a bold white transverse stripe continuing across both wings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the outer portion of the forewings , beyond the white stripe , is rusty orange in the widespread subspecies s. epaphus epaphus ; it is mostly or entirely black in the other two subspecies .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "s. epaphus is found throughout central america , where it is one of the most common butterflies .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its range extends from southern north america to central south america .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the range includes ( though may not be limited to ) south texas and rarely southern new mexico south through both eastern and western mexico to the guyanas , brazil , bolivia and peru . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "siproeta epaphus", "paragraphs": ["andrew brower marked\nsiproeta epaphus\nas trusted on the\nsiproeta epaphus\npage .\nthese are nice photos of siproeta epaphus ( schokoladenfalter ) . siproeta epaphus is a member of the\nandrew brower marked\nsiproeta epaphus ( photo credit : dexter hinckley )\nas trusted on the\nsiproeta epaphus\npage .\nhere you can see the subspecies siproeta epaphus trayja . it is from brazil .\nphoto \u00a9 by thomas neubauer ; 07 . 10 . 2006 , macro photograph of siproeta epaphus ( oberseite )\nkatja schulz added an association between\nimage of an unknown taxon\nand\nsiproeta epaphus ( latreille , 1813 )\n.\nsiproeta epaphus is a butterfly of the neotropic ecozone ( south america ) . the distribution extend from mexico to suriname , argentina and chile .\n. the first description was in 1813 by latreille . with a wingspan of 7 . 5 \u2013 8 . 5 cm siproeta epaphus is a small member of the family nymphalidae . this butterfly is dark brown , light brown and white .\nthe tribe victoriniini includes the asian genus rhinopalpa , the african kallimoides and vanessula , and the neotropical genera anartia , junonia , hypolimnas , metamorpha , napeocles and siproeta .\nthis species is scarce in lowland areas , but commonly seen in two ' s and three ' s in disturbed habitats at elevations between 400 - 1800m , favouring forest edges and clearings , well vegetated riverbanks , roadsides and pastures .\nthe eggs are dark green with yellow ribs , and are laid in small clusters on young leaves of ruellia or blechum ( acanthaceae ) .\nthe fully grown larva is maroon , adorned with orange branched spikes along the back and sides . its head is black with a pair of backward - curving horns .\nthe chrysalis is pale green with the thorax and abdomen covered in minute black dots and small orange thorn - like projections . it is suspended by the cremaster from leaves of the foodplant .\nthe butterflies are usually encountered singly or in two ' s and three ' s , flying on sunny mornings in disturbed habitats including pastures , forest clearings , riverbanks and roadsides . they have a rapid fluttering and gliding flight , settling frequently to bask on low foliage or bare ground . males often imbibe mineralised moisture from damp roads , muddy riverbanks , scree or rock faces and at such times usually hold their wings half - open while flitting gently from spot to spot . females make egg - laying runs back and forth along forest edges . both sexes nectar at cordia , stachytarpheta ,\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nupperside from red - orange on the outer half by a cream - colored median band . hindwing is brown with a cream - colored submarginal band .\nnectar from croton , cordia , impatiens , lantana , and stachytarpheta ; also rotting fruit , dung , and carrion .\nthe forewings are two coloured . nearby the body the wing is dark brown an the pinion is light brown . between these two tints there is a white line . the margin is ridged . there are some little bluish spots in the dark brown area . the underside is dark brown . the white line and the bluish spots from upside are also there .\nthe hind wings are dark brown and have little tails . the margin is ridged . there is a white line on wing . the underside is a cpoy from upside , but there is a secone line in light brown .\nthe first description of this butterfly was in 1813 by latreille . there are only two subspecies .\nphoto \u00a9 by thomas neubauer ; from assortment of dr . hildegard winkler specialty shop of entomology ( see links )\ncites : ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) : - no entry - ( as at 23 . 06 . 2005 )\neu regulation on trading with species of wild fauna and flora - no entry - ( as at 19 . 08 . 2005 )\ngeographic range : occurs commonly from 400 to 1500 m , on both slopes , in association with wet forest habitats that do not have a pronounced dry season .\nunique characteristics : frequently seen along forest edges and rivers , where they parade back and forth across the edge vegetation about 1 or 2 meters above the ground .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na widespread neotropical species , ranging from mexico to northern argentina . larvae feed on\ndevries , p . j . ( 1987 ) the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history . papilionidae , pieridae , nymphalidae , princeton university press , princeton , n . j .\nlamas , g . , ed . ( 2004 ) atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville , scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs license - version 2 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1417, "summary": [{"text": "hirculops cornifer , the highbrow rockskipper , is a species of combtooth blenny found in the western indian ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species reaches a length of 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hirculops cornifer", "paragraphs": ["justification : in the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is only known from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia . hirculops cornifer occurs on coral and rocky reefs and likely in the sea grass beds . hirculops cornifer is not utilized . large - scale effects of coastal development throughout the region likely negatively impact this species . there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where hirculops cornifer has been recorded . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible . hirculops cornifer likely qualifies for least concern ; however , further records are needed in order to provide an accurate assessment of this species conservation status , therefore , hirculops cornifer is listed as data deficient .\nhirculops cornifer occurs in the western indian ocean , from pondoland ( south africa ) to the seychelles , including the red sea and the persian gulf ( randall 1995 ) . single records of hirculops cornifer have been found from northwestern india ( lal mohan 1968 ) and indonesia ( de beaufort and chapman 1951 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , there are several marine protected areas within its distribution , including the jubail marine wildlife sanctuary , where h . cornifer has been recorded ( krupp and almarri 1996 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for hirculops cornifer . however , its distribution includes several marine protected areas , especially off of the east coast of africa ( world database of protected areas 2010 ) .\nin the persian gulf , hirculops cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) .\npopulation information for hirculops cornifer is limited for the persian gulf . h . cornifer is known only from a single record off jana island , saudi arabia ( bernice pauahi bishop museum ) ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . net , 2013 - 11 - 05 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .\nhirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found in tropical climates . h . cornifer is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the persian gulf ( j . williams pers . comm . 2013 ) . h . cornifer has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) . the maximum recorded standard length ( sl ) is 6 . 0 cm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hirculops cornifer ( r\u00fcppell , 1830 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nin the persian gulf , substantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . it is not known whether or not hirculops cornifer is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given h . cornifer ' s habitat preferences , it ' s likely h . cornifer is impacted negatively in some parts of the region .\nhirculops cornifer is a demersal , marine species that is found on shallow rocky and coral reefs in tropical climates ( j . t . williams pers . comm . 2009 ) . maximum standard length for this species is 6 . 0 cm or 60 mm male / unsexed ( springer 1986 ) . this species has an oviparous life cycle , exhibits distinct pairing , and produces demersal , adhesive eggs ( breder and rosen 1966 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t .\njustification : global assessment : this is a widespread species . it is not known whether human activities affect the global population , but in some parts of its range it may be impacted . it it known to occur in marine protected areas in parts of its range . currently it is listed as least concern . the persian gulf regional assessment : this species is known from a single record off saudi arabia and likely occurs in the sea grass beds in the gulf . it is not known whether or not this species is directly affected by current coastal development throughout the persian gulf . given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely impacted negatively in some parts of the region . current data suggests a stable population so , this species likely qualifies for least concern . however , further records are needed , therefore this species is listed as data deficient .\nthis species is common and locally abundant throughout most of its range ( g . allen pers . comm . 2009 ) . oceanographic data suggests that a rescue effect through the strait of hormuz is negligible .\nsubstantial sea bottom dredging , resulting in changes of water flow and sedimentation rates , for industrial , infrastructure - based , and residential and tourism development along the coast have caused deterioration in most benthic habitats ( sheppard et al . 2010 ) . for example , large number of desalination plants on the coast of the persian gulf leads to localized increases in temperature and salinity ( q . alghawzi , d . feary , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2014 ) . it is not known whether this species is directly affected by this coastal development , but due to the large - scale of coastal development throughout the persian gulf and given this species ' habitat preferences , it ' s likely to be impacted negatively in some parts of the region .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t . 2014 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nspringer , v . g . 1986 blenniidae . p . 742 - 755 . in m . m . smith and p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths & quot ; sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin .\ndark spot between membranes of 1st 2 dorsal spines ; females with spotted anal fin , uniformly dusky in males ; body banded and spotted ; 2 dusky spots anterior to pelvic fins .\nbreder , c . m . and d . e . rosen 1966 modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p .\ndefines and describes life history of a living organism , meaning the course of obligatory developmental transformations in an organism from fertilised zygote to maturity . it includes stages through which an organism passes , ie , metamorphosis , instars , gametophyte / embryophyte , and , transitions from sessile to mobile forms . also discusses timing , though morphology of each form would be better placed in the field for morphology .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nwestern indian ocean : red sea south to pondoland , south africa . likely at seychelles .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ne & oe . copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 by fishwisepro . all rights reserved .\nnewsletter is out now . are you subscribed ? ! you know what to do if you haven ' t !"]}
{"id": 1420, "summary": [{"text": "stigmatogobius sadanundio is a species of goby native to south asia from india to indonesia including sri lanka and the andaman islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it can be found in mostly fresh waters ( occasionally in brackish waters ) of estuaries and the tidal zones of rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "stigmatogobius sadanundio", "paragraphs": ["grey knight - goby ( stigmatogobius sadanundio ) from fishbase : technical fact sheet .\nlexicon : stigmatogobius : means \u201cgoby with spots\u201d . sadanundio : from the local bengal name for the species .\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nknight goby\nto\nstigmatogobius sadanundio ( hamilton , 1822 )\n.\nstigmatogobius sadanundio are best kept in brackish water ; an sg of 1 . 003 - 1 . 005 should suffice . despite being classed as a peaceful species , it has been known for them to eat small fishes .\ngrey knight - goby ( stigmatogobius sadanundio ) ng , peter k . l . & n . sivasothi , 1999 . a guide to the mangroves of singapore ii ( animal diversity ) . singapore science centre . 168 pp .\nstocking a butis butis , stigmatogobius sadanundio and of course the gobioides broussonetti ! figuring that as long as i can carve the tank up into a few clear territories , add some disguised pvc pipes to the sand and add lots of cover , they should co - exist peacefully .\nuntil recently the genus stigmatogobius contained 18 species , but most have now been reclassified , leaving just 7 species currently assigned to it . s . sadanundio is by far the most common of these in the hobby . it makes an attractive addition to the brackish or hardwater community with medium - sized tankmates .\ngrey knight - goby stigmatogobius sadanundio family gobiidae updated oct 2016 where seen ? this large greyish goby with spots is sometimes seen in our mangrove streams . features : about 6cm long . pearly grey with 3 - 4 rows of small round black spots on the sides . spots and streaks also on the fins and tail . what does it eat ? according to fishbase , it feeds on small fishes and invertebrates , including mosquito larvae .\nlarson , h . k . , 2005 . a revision of the gobiid genus stigmatogobius ( teleostei : gobiidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 16 ( 4 ) : 347 - 370 . ( ref . 56945 )\nthe knight goby ( stigmatogobius sadanundio ) is another of the classic gobies , having been in the hobby for many years . it is a striking fish with beautiful finnage , if not particularly colorful . unlike the previous gobies , it can survive in fresh water quite well and is often found in pure freshwater habitats in the wild , although it will survive in brackish waters . further , it has a voracious appetite and will eat any food offered to it . unfortunately , despite the fun of the names , they cannot be kept with dragon gobies due to the differing water needs and the dietary problems .\ngreek , stigma = mark , signal + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19 ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12693 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 8 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 8 ; vertebrae : 26 - 27 . body pearly grey with three or four roughly aligned rows of round black spots along the sides ; bases of soft dorsal and anal fins with elongate spots and streaks ( aligned with fin rays ) ; elongate blackish spot on first dorsal fin between third to fifth dorsal fin spines ; presence of interobital and post - orbital pores , preopercular pores . second dorsal rays i , 7 - 8 . anal rays i , 7 - 8 . pectoral rays 18 - 21 . longitudinal scales 25 - 29 . transverse scales backward 8 - 10 . predorsal scales 7 - 10 , reaching behind eyes ( ref . 56945 ) .\noccurs in estuaries and tidal zone of rivers . prefers fresh water , rarely found in brackish water . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates , including mosquito larvae ( ref . 12693 ) .\na cave - brooder . produces up to 1000 eggs ( ref . 1672 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00392 - 0 . 01936 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 61 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthis page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the\nseen more and more at the local shops the knight goby can be an attractive addition to your aquarium .\nstriking in its own way the night goby is always pleasing to the eye . the base color is a pale gray . the body is speckled with a series of small black dots covering most of the body . the pectoral , anal and tail fin are fringed with a line of white . the dorsal fin has a large black splash in the back\nterritorial by nature , the aquarium should have plenty of places to to hide such as caves , driftwood and plants . they will defend their space and if you are keeping more than one extra care will have to be given as the are aggressive toward their on species . the aquarium itself does not have to be extra large a twenty gallon long would be great , aside from the above the substrate should be a sand material rather than gravel . being sensitive to poor water quality you must have good filtration and a strong maintenance schedule . . lighting is best subdued as they are timid in bright situations . considered a brackish fish according to fishbase they actually prefer freshwater , be sure to ask your supplier the conditions they have been kept in .\nwhile not an active predator , the knight goby will eat smaller fish in the aquarium , being shy you would not want to keep them with overly aggressive species like the larger cichlids .\nno wide scale successes , sporadic reports of breeding are reported with little luck of raising the fry . it is thought that rotifers would be the first food of choice .\ni have never kept this species but one reader has had the following experiences . they are awesome fish i ' ve had 6 for about 2 years . they like any kind of worms black , blood , tubiflex . and about the brackish water you should check with the shop you got him from and see if he was bread in brackish or fresh but a little salt wont hurt any way . they also like a high ph about 7 . 2 to 7 . 8 any ways they are awesome little fish but if they are not fed lots they may go after the other tankmates fins .\nplease remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .\ni have had 3 knight gobies for around 2 years now . while most sites say they prefer freshwater , i keep mine in a medium salinity brackish setup , around 1 . 010 - 1 . 012 ppm . they live happily with 4 scats , a mono , mollies , and a black fin shark cat . they are big eaters for their size and will readily devour large chunks of scallop . i believe i have 2 males and one female , as 2 of them are slightly larger and display much more beautiful colours , which range from white to blues to gold . a very beautiful fish when happy !\nso i would like to add some info to this thread , if you get a knight goby make sure you have it in water of 1 to 2 tablespoons of salt per gallon , knight gobies are brackish fish and need salt in there life at some point . if you are for some odd reason forced to keep them in fresh water , and only fresh water , ( it is ok to go back and forth between the two ) make sure at some point in there life they end up in salt with a minimum 1 . 005 salt , maximum being 1 . 20 right before marine , but ideally they should be kept between 1 . 005 - 1 . 160 , i have 2 that i keep with a figure eight puffer , they are all very friendly with each other . ii keep my salinity at 1 . 140 and they are very healthy and happy , almost fat because they like to eat so much\nthese are amazing little fish ! they are such a character ! my knight goby just loves blood worms and i do 25 % water changes weekly and put 2 tablespoons of salt in per gallon and he is very active and healthy . i strongly recommend that salt is added to a knight gobies ' tank . before i put salt in , he was not active and was not looking very healthy . even though they are classified as fresh and brackish water fish , a brackish environment is much better for the overall health and happiness of this fish . these are truly amazing creatures !\nwe had 8 knight gobies in our community tank for a few months . they have a striking blue patch on their dorsal fins , which appears black on younger members . if you feed them well , they grow quickly . these fish have a great personality , and the way they move is fascinating ( everyone should have a goby ! ) . we sold ours to our lfs because out of the blue they ate 5 otocinclus and 3 hillstream loaches in one day . we wanted a small fish community tank , and so switched to bumblebee gobies , which work great !\nprivacy policy | contact badman ' s tropical fish copyright \u00a9 all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is forbidden without written permission .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwidely distributed . it has been recorded in pakistan , india , bangladesh , sri lanka , thailand , cambodia , malaysia , singapore , indonesia and fiji .\nit inhabits estuarine zones , although it is more often found in freshwater than brackish .\n30\u2033 x 12\u2033 x 12\u2033 ( 75cm x 12cm x 12cm ) \u2013 70 litres .\na soft , sandy substrate is ideal for this species . also provide lots of caves , nooks and crannies where it can lurk and form territories . although commonly found in freshwater in nature , this goby appears to do better with the addition of salt to around 1 / 4 marine strength ( 1 . 005sg ) in the aquarium . saying that though , this species has also been kept with great success in hard , alkaline freshwater . it will be more active and visible during daylight hours if you provide dim lighting .\nan unfussy goby that will accept most dried , frozen and live foods . it also enjoys some vegetable matter in its diet and will often browse on green algae if it is present in the aquarium .\ndon\u2019t try to keep it with much smaller species as it will eat anything it can fit in its mouth . it may also nip the fins of slow - moving or long - finned species . ideal tankmates are other hardwater or brackish species that inhabit different levels of the aquarium , such as archer fish , chromides , rainbowfish , monos , chanda sp . etc . do not combine it with other territorial species that inhabit the bottom of the aquarium such as many cichlids or there may be some aggression . it can be kept in groups but is also territorial towards conspecifics , so ensure that you provide plenty of hiding places if you do want to keep a few .\nmales tend to have a higher dorsal fin when mature . females are usually smaller , rounder in the body , and often have a more yellowish body than males .\nhas been achieved in the hobby but is not very well - documented . apparently it is a cave spawner and following a prolonged courtship display the female deposits up to 1000 eggs on the roof of the selected cave . as with many other gobies the male then cares for the brood until the eggs hatch , at which point parental care ceases . it may well be that the addition of some fresh water could trigger spawning , as with some other estuarine gobies .\nhere ' s a look at my brackish tank . figure 8 puffer , gobies , live bearers . .\nlarson , helen k and kelvin k . p . lim . 2005 . a guide to gobies of singapore . singapore science centre . 164pp .\nthe knight goby is a peaceful , hardy fish , and is good for communities . this fish is fairly active , and spends most of its time swimming in the middle level of the tank . it does best in brackish water . it eats frozen foods , such as brine shrimp and bloodworms . it also takes frozen daphnia , but doesn ' t seem to enjoy it as much as the shrimp . another nice feature of this fish is that its eyes are often a nice , bright shade of blue .\ni have one of these little dudes and he ' s an awesome character ! he ' ll readily take frozen dillies out of my fingers and seems to have a ferocious appetite ! he also loves blood worms . he is by far the favourite fish in my tank and i ' m anxiously awaiting another consignment to arrive in a few weeks at my lfs so that i can get some more . very unusual looking . darts about the tank when spooked , can be very sloth - like and sit on the bottom of the tank and watch the world go by , and is also very good at hiding !\ni love these little guys . they are active without being hyper . i was afraid they might bite my angelfish ' s fins , but i had nothing to worry about . a great fish to spice up your tank a little bit .\nthe first one i had was very healthy and happy for about 2 years , before it stopped eating altogether and wasted away in his cave ( very sad ) . the second one i kept was beautiful but had trouble finding enough food , because of the competition from the neon tetras in the tank . i think that is why he started murdering and devouring his tankmates . he had to go . these are subtly beautiful fish .\ni have had a knight goby for a year now in my 60 l tank . it is a very peaceful fish , and it is good for the beginners . it eats flakes and bloodworms , and other food . the 3 last days i think that he ate 2 of my neons because he is quite big , 9 cm . although it is a beautiful fish ! recommended to beginners !\ngot some experience to share for this page ? no registration necessary to contribute ! your privacy is respected : your e - mail is published only if you wish so . all submissions are reviewed before addition . write based on your personal experiences , with no abbreviations , no chat lingo , and using proper punctuation and capitalization . ready ? then send your comments !\ncopyright \u00a9 1997 - 2011 marcos a . avila . all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is strictly forbidden without written permission .\noccurs in estuaries and tidal zone of rivers . prefers fresh water , rarely found in brackish water . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates , including mosquito larvae ( ref . 12693 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\npeaceful fish that should be kept together fish fishes that live in the middle water layers . every animal has his own territory . the aquarium should be set up with plants that can live in brackish water and some stones that can be used for hiding places . the substrate should be sandy . to give the fishes more resistance against diseases it is wise to add 1 - 2 teaspoons sea - salt at 10 liters of water . you should give them live food and algae . breeding is rather easy . when the water values are all right and the temperature is higher , up to 1000 eggs are laid and fertilized in caves . after the eggs are hatched the parents care for the fry . source : urltoken\nthe minimum size of the tanks shown are intended , depending on the species considered , for a single individual , a couple or the smaller group of individuals for schooling fish . depending on fish temper , territoriality , or vivacity , breeding with other animals of the same species or different species may require larger tanks .\nmain picture usually shows adults . depending on the age and sex , there may be significant variations in the color of the specimens .\nprefers live but will take most flake , frozen , dried or sinking pellets .\ntemperature : 72\u00b0f to 81\u00b0f ( 20 - 26\u00b0c ) ph range : 7 . 0 \u2013 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 19\na 1 % addition of salt is recommendedas these fish are found in brackish water . this can be accomplished by adding 7 . 5 tsp of sea salt / 10 gallons ( 10g / 10 l ) on a hydrometer the reading should be between 1 . 005 to 1 . 010 specific gravity .\nfrom the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we\u2019ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .\nbangladesh , cambodia , india , indonesia , malaysia , pakistan , singapore , sri lanka , and thailand .\nmature females yellower & fuller bodied . mature males with extended rays on first dorsal fin + longer anal & second dorsal fins .\nmangrove wood ornament ( 11 . 5 x 10 . 5 x 21 . 5 cm )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\npeaceful fish that should be kept together fish fishes that live in the middle water layers . every animal has his own territory . the aquarium should be set up with plants that can live in brackish water and some stones that can be used for hiding places . the substrate should be sandy . to give the fishes more resistance against diseases it is wise to add 1 - 2 teaspoons sea - salt at 10 liters of water .\nbreeding is rather easy . when the water values are all right and the temperature is higher , up to 1000 eggs are laid and fertilized in caves . after the eggs are hatched the parents care for the fry .\nhello to all . i love this site and admire the work you all do . i am hopelessly addicted . i discovered this vast wealth of knowledge about a year ago and my path went from freshwater to brackish and now marine .\ni have it bad ! the dragon fish tempted me into brackish and the mollies into marine .\nit ' s all been quite an adventure ! i have a violet goby in a 45 gallon long tank ( 48 x 13 x19 inches ) that i am slowly bringing up to marine . i also have a 21 gallon ( 19 x13 x19 inches ) saltwater tank with live sand , live rock and some chaeto . the inhabitants are two small mollies , a blue - legged hermit crab , and a flametail blenny , that i think may be enchelyurus flavipes rather than atrosalarias sp . i would like to move all this to the 45 once the salinity is matched and the gobioides broussennetii has fully adjusted to the addition of more live rock / sand .\n< be careful with this ; the gobioides will want a burrow . is there any way to hide a pvc tube or similar behind the live rock so he can have a safe lair that won ' t scratch his skin . >\nthe smaller tank i think is beautiful but i dislike it ' s size / shape . i think it will make a beautiful shrimp tank though . can this goby and this blenny cohabitate successfully and in a tank this size ?\n< gobioides isn ' t a demanding fish , but it can reach some 60 cm / 2ft in length , though more like 45 cm / 18 inches is typical . in any case , a 21 - gallon tank is much too small , and even 45 gallons is undersized . i ' d be aiming for 75 gallons upwards . >\nif so , after rehoming the mollies , could i add any additional livestock ? i would like a few more dwarf hermit crabs and a few marine nerites .\n< mollies are fine with miniature shrimps and snails . they can also work well with hermit crabs , but anything bigger than that can be risky ; boxer shrimps for example will simply view them as food , and mollies lack the instincts to avoid marine environment predators such as anemones , so approach these with care . likewise very small gobies ( e . g . , gobiodon spp . )\nand the like are fine , but damsels can hammer mollies . it ' s telling that were you see mollies in the marine environment , the mollies are usually in very shallow , often over - warm or slightly polluted environments like lagoons where typical marine fish don ' t go , except perhaps as schools of small , minnow - sized juveniles . on the other hand , i have seen mollies kept with seahorses and pipefish , the rationale being mollies turn algae into live food ( fry ) that these stealthy predators can consume . >\nmaybe a small fish or two later down the road if you don ' t advise against it . my equipment / filtration in addition to the lr / ls would be an appropriate heater , a gutted skilter 400 for the chaeto and some rubble , a small powerhead ( mag 400 ) , an aqua c remora skimmer ( 1200 powerhead ) , and a marineland hot 250 . would this provide enough circulation ? filtration ? i\nas a ball park , i think 10 + times the volume of the tank turnover per hour is about right for basic marine systems , but there ' s a lot more to it than that , e . g . , placement of powerheads to ensure adequate movement past those invertebrates that need more / less water movement . >\ni thought about putting one on each short end before i got the skilter working again . the sand will be about 1\ndeep . there is base rock in the 45 now , about 10 lbs , and about 10 lbs live rock in the 21 gallon . i figure i ' ll need to add 20 pounds or so of live rock , but i want to keep the sand as open as possible . i ' ve made a cave with a pipe and base rock on one end of the 45 that the goby is already using and that will be its island , then the blenny and his shell home will be on the other end . the\nlfs keeps their tanks at sg 1 . 021 , so i can add the live rock to the 45 when i get it there . ( sg 1 . 015 right now ) should i move the goby ?\ni don ' t plan on disturbing its island but i will be adding more sand along with the rock . i still plan on making the 45 into marine whether or not my blenny and goby can get along together .\n< they should do ; gobioides are big enough to avoid problems with most non - aggressive fish , and should be fine with salarias - type things , but do be aware that most blennies are territorial fish . >\ni do have other tanks . of course they are all occupied ( i did say i am an addict ) , but i ' m sure you all can help me decide the best course of action .\nand thank you for recommending such great books on marine aquariums ( bob fenner ' s and michael paletta ' s ) , and brackish water fishes ( neale monk ' s and frank shafer ' s ) , too . i am constantly reading and re - reading trying to learn , understand and hopefully do well . there is just so many interesting things to learn about it makes it hard to focus ! hard to believe one little betta fish started all this . thanks so much for your insight ,\nthank you for the quick reply . i ' m honored to be answered by you , neale .\ni have a windowsill tank inspired by your article . i apologize for not making myself clear . i should have included more information also . the violet goby is already in the 45 gallon long . when i asked if i should move him , i meant when i added additional rock and sand .\n< as a matter of course , i always try to remove all fish when adding rocks and substrate , and definitely always with\nbottom dwellers\n. i buried a pufferfish one time when i added some sand and didn ' t empty the tank first , and after noticing he ' d vanished , discovered he was under an inch of sand !\nnone the worse for wear , but the risk was clearly real . bottom dwellers are at particular risk because they tend to stay still when alarmed , whereas midwater fish are moving about and generally keep out of your hands and / or any decorative materials being dumped in the tank . >\nfrom what i ' ve read i considered this tank at 4 ' to be the bare minimum .\nthe goby is young , about 6\n, and is actually my second gobioides broussonnetii . my first one , dozer , lives in a 55 gallon brackish tank ( also 4 ' long ) with a few mollies and a few knight gobies ( population control ) . dozer is about 10\nand fat and sassy ( well , for a violet goby anyway ) . silica sand substrate , fake tree roots , rocks arranged into caves , java ferns and java moss , and malaysian trumpet snails to keep the sand stirred . i ' ve had dozer about a year and he has double his length and girth . i didn ' t put the second violet goby in that tank because i ' m sure he would have starved , been harassed by the bigger goby , and the tank is definitely not big enough .\n< certainly this species is territorial , but i have heard of two specimens being kept in 55 - gallon tanks , albeit with two pvc tubes so each has its own home . but like most gobies , the males are especially territorial . >\ni have been planning on upgrading , but i couldn ' t decide if 48\nx 18\nwould be big enough for one violet goby ' s entire life . of course my dream tank would be 72\nx 24\n, but i don ' t see that as feasible within the year .\nbut 48\nx 18\nwould be and possibly 48\nx 24\nif i could find a used one reasonable .\n< a very nice size aquarium , but not commonly seen . water depth doesn ' t matter to gobioides spp . though , which may mean a long , shallow tank fits into your budget . >\ni just wanted to get my little flametail blenny out of the 21 gallon first and thought he and the smaller violet goby might work in the 45 gallon . i had read here and your book that gobioides broussonnetii could live in full marine , but could not find anything anywhere about compatible tankmates in a marine aquarium .\n< not much kept in marine ( heck , it ' d be nice if they were always kept in brackish ) but in general terms is much like any large goby . because it ' s non - piscivorous , you can choose any tankmates that leave it alone . violet gobies are almost blind though , so nippy or even semi - aggressive tankmates might cause problems . that said , any non - territorial , basically peaceful reef fish should be fine , like hawkfish , though an interesting approach might be to choose other species that favour open sandy areas rather than rocks , such as goatfish . that way you could minimise the rocky part of the tank while expanding the open sandy area . do bear in mind violet gobies come from mudflats , and aren ' t really associated with rocky reefs . >\ni was also concerned about the roughness of the live rock , which is why i made the island with the pipe and base rock as a test to see if it would end up damaging . so far so good on that , although the goby is using the space between the pipe and rock instead of the pipe itself , and i ' m still not sure he won ' t damage himself .\nthank you so much for your time . i know this will sound silly to you and probably anyone in this hobby for years , but the idea of a thin glass box sitting on a little metal frame with 55 gallons of water in it was a little scary to me .\n< and yet stories of burst aquaria are relatively rare , and in my personal experience , the two times it ' s happened have both been my fault for doing something stupid . >\nnot to mention being responsible for everything in it . it was something i had to work up the confidence to achieve . it started with a betta in a 3 gallon tank a year and a half ago . i got my 6 gallon windowsill tank ( ghost shrimp and nerite snails ) and then went to a 20 gallon long with the first violet goby , guppies and ghost shrimp .\n< ah now , do think about setting up alternative to a reef aquarium - - could simplify things . look at mangrove roots ( or substitutes , such as bogwood ) and think about siliconing oyster shells to them to create a reef - like habitat for shrimps and gobies . the roots themselves could be siliconed to the back pane of glass , leaving the bottom inch or two uncluttered . you can then add a layer of sand deep enough for the violet goby , while creating a complex , shady environment at the back of the tank that would ably suit gobies , blennies and other small fish . this is a major type of reef not modeled in aquaria , but when you see them in the wild ( as i did a month or two back in belize and mexico ) you quickly see that oyster / mangrove reefs are teeming with juvenile marine fish , even baby butterflyfish ! >\nit took me a year to get confident enough for a 4 ' tank and brave enough to try a saltwater aquarium . in that year i have learned a quarantine tank is a absolute necessity among other things . i do hope someone will let me know if i am on the right track equipment / filtration wise for the 45 as a marine tank . thanks for sharing your knowledge and experience with all of us .\noh wow , what a great idea , neale ! i ' ve read other faqs where you mentioned oyster shells / mangrove roots but never thought of it as a reef , and thought oyster shells would be too sharp for the violet goby . siliconing them to the roots and then siliconing those to the back glass leaving the bottom for the goby sounds great and something i could do , after more research . i enjoy doing research and if i can keep my creative / artistic side in check , so as not to go overboard , this will be a wonderful project and very satisfying to accomplish . no doubt you will hear from me along the way .\n< do google image search the terms\noyster\nand\nmangrove\nand you ' ll find lots of inspiration ! good luck , neale . >\nhave done a little research but am really just looking for a definitive answer and understand you are the people to go to .\nwant to ask the question before i get the tank as opposed to making a mess of it after it ' s stocked and too late .\ni ' m looking to start a brackish tank , low end brackish . i ' d love to stock a\n, the more brackish type i believe ) . this leads to my first question , i know a violet goby prefers a sg of 1 . 010 as optimal and the bumblebee gobies are happiest at 1 . 005 to freshwater .\n< both will be perfectly happy at sg 1 . 010 , or indeed anything between about sg 1 . 005 and 1 . 010 . contrary to popular misconception , bumblebee gobies ( bbgs ) aren ' t specifically freshwater fish or brackish water fish . the imported species at least ( and identifying it is virtually impossible )\nappears do well in both . above all else diet is the reason bbgs die . they can actually be pretty adaptable in terms of water chemistry . >\nwill the violet goby be happy to drop down to 1 . 005 sg with no adverse health effects or is it going to be best if these two don ' t go in together ?\n< they ' re an odd mix , and your problem isn ' t salinity but feeding . the bbgs will be a total pain in the backside when it comes to feeding because they ' re so slowly and picky . you ' d be hard pressed getting them to eat enough with the violet goby slurping everything it sees ! i ' d go with a more active , midwater goby to be honest . perhaps something like knight gobies or clay gobies ( dormitator lebretonis ) or even crazy fish ( butis butis ) , all of which are fairly available in the hobby . with a bit more effort , you could alternatively track down species such as eleotris fusca or a brackish - water blenny like omobranchus zebra . >\nso far been looking at guppies and mollies . i know these can be easily acclimated to brackish but am concerned that they will eat all the food before the two gobies get a look in .\n< certainly strong competitors with regard to the bbgs . violet gobies aren ' t so difficult to feed because they ' re big and easily tamed . throw in some live brine shrimp and watch them scarf them down ! they also eat bloodworms and algae wafers , which the livebearers won ' t eat too quickly . >\nso is there any other sort of oddball fish that will co - exist happily with these two .\nsmall livebearers can be excellent . rather than mollies , why not endler ' s or else something out of the ordinary - - micropoecilia picta or micropoecilia parae . both of these are colourful and fun to watch , and while not easy to obtain , they are both traded as well as available through livebearer associations . >\nsomething outside the norm a bit . seeming as live food will be going in frequently , feeding won ' t be a concern and picky eaters are welcome . i ' ve been looking at the freshwater soles , but would be concerned on the larger species predatory nature and also the aquarium floor would be getting kind of crowded by that point wouldn ' t it ?\n< freshwater soles are very difficult to feed , and i ' d recommend keeping them alone or else with small , day - active tankmates only ( the afore mentioned livebearers would be ideal ) . soles feed at night mostly be smell , so you can ply them with wet - frozen bloodworms and brine shrimp easily enough , but if there ' s anything competing at nighttime , they ' ll starve .\nbest keep on their own , in groups if you want , in a smallish tank specially set up for them . >\nhave just received the book and had a quick thumb through . to be frank i ' m absolutely amazed at the number of fish that can live in brackish conditions . the common opinions seems to be that you ' re limited to a tiny number of species , this is clearly not the case .\nvery taken with the number of gobies on offer . going to try to recreate a mangrove looking tank using various driftwoods to represent roots , a few large rocks and a soft sand substrate .\n< i agree . while these can be aggressive towards one another ( knight goby pairs less so ) they generally ignore dissimilar fish . >\ngot my eye on a nice sized tank that i think will accommodate all fish happily .\nwould love to try my hand at mudskippers , but feel that due to the territorial nature of the other fish in the tank it might not work well .\n< in any event , mudskippers don ' t really mix well with\nproper\nfish anyway . >\nmay be a better life if a dedicated species tank was set up for them .\nsomething for the future certainly . unless one of the apocryptes spp . would be happy in with the other fish ?\n< does depend on the tankmates . they don ' t handle aggression or nervous tankmates well , but smallish , harmless tankmates such as small livebearers and smaller gobies could work . >\ni ' m under the impression that they spook quite easy and aren ' t happy around the more boisterous tank mates .\n< indeed . in the wild they live in inch - deep water , where they feed on algae and whatnot . needless to say , with so little swimming room and things like wading birds hunting for them , they have to react to sudden shadows and noises very quickly . >\ni think i may be on your side of the atlantic ! live in the uk . i know the email address is a bit of a false lead . had it since before aol made its push over seas and started offering\nurltoken\n.\n< generally very good . aquarium shops like wildwoods have built up a good sideline doing this sort of thing , with few reports of problems . >\nprefer to be able to see the fish myself before purchase and have always been apprehensive about placing an order . is this unfounded or can there be complications ?\n< if you think about it , the fish in an aquarium shop were air - freighted there . so there ' s little risk to shipping fish if it ' s done right . >\ntank mates for violet gobies 10 / 22 / 05 < hi , pufferpunk here > i have a violet goby and i would like to know what are their tankmates ? i keep him in brackish water and i have a 20 gallon tank . i am getting a 55 - 100 gallon around christmas . i have no other fish in there with him . he is about 4 - 5 inches long . i have been told a dinosaur eel would be good but i am not sure . please tell me some tankmates . thanks in advance for the help . < the\ndinosaur eel\nor polypterus , is not a bw fish . in the tank you have now , you could keep the goby with other gobies , like knights or bumblebees . when you get a larger tank , you could add more gobies or even a few figure 8 puffers . the problem with your goby is competition for food . once you add other fish with them , there is a large chance they will be out - competed for food & starve . they are filter feeders & practically blind . are you using marine salt to make his tank brackish ? see : urltoken for more ideas . ~ pp >\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\nthe males of this species have larger fins while the females are smaller and coloured light yellow .\na generally peaceful fish provided tank mates are not small enough to be considered food . best kept with larger robust yet peaceful fish which prefer brackish or hard alkaline water such as archerfish or chromides .\nthey will eat all insects , small fish , shrimp , mussels , snails , etc . should also accept dry foods .\nset up , although it can do well in hard , alkaline freshwater also .\nknight gobys are generally peaceful but can have unpredictable temperaments . best kept as the only bottom dwelling fish .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 58 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nalongi dm ( 2002 ) present state and future of the world\u2019s mangrove forests . environ conserv 29 ( 3 ) : 331\u2013349 . doi :\nalongi dm ( 2008 ) mangrove forests : resilience , protection from tsunamis , and responses to global climate change . estuar coast shelf sci 76 : 1\u201313 . doi :\nalongi dm ( 2009 ) paradigm shifts in mangrove biology . in : perillo g , wolanski e , cahoon d , brinson m ( eds ) coastal wetlands : an integrated ecosystem approach , pp . 615\u2013640\nbaker r , sheaves m ( 2005 ) redefining the piscivore assemblage of shallow estuarine nursery habitats . mar ecol prog ser 291 : 197\u2013213\nbarletta m , barletta - bergan a , saint - paul u , hubold g ( 2003 ) seasonal changes in density , biomass , and diversity of estuarine fishes in tidal mangrove creeks of the lower caet\u00e9 estuary ( northern brazilian coast , east amazon ) . mar ecol prog ser 256 : 217\u2013228\nbeck mw , heck kl jr , able kw et al ( 2001 ) the identification , conservation , and management of estuarine and marine nurseries for fish and invertebrates . bioscience 51 ( 8 ) : 833\u2013641\nblaber sjm , milton da ( 1990 ) species composition , community structure and zoogeography of fishes of mangrove estuaries in the solomon islands . mar biol 105 : 259\u2013267\nbozeman el jr , dean jm ( 1980 ) the abundance of estuarine larval and juvenile fish in a south carolina intertidal creek . estuaries 3 : 89\u201397\nl . in a north brazilian mangrove . j fish biol 70 ( 2 ) : 406\u2013427 . doi :\ncarpenter ke , niem vh ( 2001 ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes , the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao , rome\ncastellanos - galindo ga , krumme u ( 2014 ) long - term stability of tidal - related patterns in mangrove creek fish assemblages in north brazil . estuar coast shelf sci 149 : 264\u2013272 . urltoken\ncastellanos - galindo ga , krumme u ( 2013 ) tidal , diel and seasonal effects on intertidal mangrove fish in a high - rainfall area of the tropical eastern pacific . mar ecol prog ser 494 : 249\u2013265 . doi :\nchong vc , sasekumar a , leh muc , d\u2019cruz r ( 1990 ) the fish and prawn communities of a malaysian coastal mangrove system , with comparisons to adjacent mud flats and inshore waters . estuar coast shelf sci 31 : 703\u2013722\ncolwell rk ( 2009 ) estimates : statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples . version 8 . 2 . user\u2019s guide and application . available at\nr core team ( 2013 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna , austria . isbn 3 - 900051 - 07 - 0 , url\ndavis tlo ( 1988 ) temporal changes in the fish fauna entering a tidal swamp system in tropical australia . environ biol fish 21 : 161\u2013172\ndebruyn amh , meeuwig jj ( 2001 ) detecting lunar cycles in marine ecology : periodic regression versus categorical anova . mar ecol prog ser 214 : 307\u2013310\ndiaz rj , rosenberg r ( 2008 ) spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems . science 321 : 926\u2013929\nelliott m , whitfield ak , potter ic , blaber sjm , cyrus dp , nordlie fg , harrison td ( 2007 ) the guild approach to categorizing estuarine fish assemblages : a global review . fish fish 8 : 241\u2013268\nfaunce ch , serafy je ( 2006 ) mangroves as fish habitat : 50 years of field studies . mar ecol prog ser 318 : 1\u201318\nfish team of the trang project ( 2002 ) illustrated fish fauna of a mangrove estuary at sikao , southwestern thailand . rajamangala institute of technology and the university of tokyo , bangkok , p 60\nfroese r , pauly d ( 2013 ) fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\ngiarrizzo t , krumme u ( 2007 ) spatial differences and seasonal cyclicity in the intertidal fish fauna from four mangrove creeks in a salinity zone of the curu\u00e7\u00e1 estuary , north brazil . bull mar sci 80 : 739\u2013754\n( tetraodontidae ) from north brazilian mangrove creeks . mar ecol prog ser 419 : 157\u2013170 . doi :\ngillanders bw ( 2009 ) tools for studying biological marine ecosystem interactions - natural and artificial tags . in : nagelkerken i ( ed ) ecological connectivity among tropical coastal ecosystems . springer science + business media b . v . , pp . 457\u2013492\nhajisamae s , ibrahim s ( 2008 ) seasonal and spatial variations of fish trophic guilds in a shallow , semi - enclosed tropical estuarine bay . environ biol fish 82 : 251\u2013264 . doi :\nhajisamae s , yeesin p , chaimongkol s ( 2006 ) habitat utilization by fishes in a shallow , semi - enclosed estuarine bay in southern gulf of thailand . estuar coast shelf sci 68 : 647\u2013655 . doi :\nhothorn t , bretz f , westfall p ( 2008 ) simultaneous inference in general parametric models . biom j 50 ( 3 ) : 346\u2013363\nhuxham m , kimani e , augley j ( 2004 ) mangrove fish : a comparison of community structure between forested and clear habitats . estuar coast shelf sci 60 : 637\u2013647 . doi :\nikejima k , tongnunui p , medej t , taniuchi t ( 2003 ) juvenile and small fishes in a mangrove estuary in trang province , thailand : seasonal and habitat differences . estuar coast shelf sci 56 : 447\u2013457 . doi :\njacoby ca , greenwood jg ( 1988 ) spatial , temporal and behavioural patterns in emergence of zooplankton in the lagoon of heron reef , great barrier reef , australia . mar biol 97 : 309\u2013328\njelbart j , ross p , connolly r ( 2007 ) fish assemblages in seagrass beds are influenced by the proximity of mangrove forests . mar biol 150 : 993\u20131002 . doi :\nkhoo kh ( 1991 ) the mangrove fisheries in matang , perak and merbok , kedah . proceedings of the regional symposium on living resources in coastal areas , manila , philippines , pp . 521\u2013524\nkimirei ia , nagelkerken i , mgaya yd , huijbers cm ( 2013 ) the mangrove nursery paradigm revisited : otolith stable isotopes support nursery - 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{"id": 1422, "summary": [{"text": "meld ( foaled 1952 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "when she completed the british fillies triple crown by defeating nucleus in the 1955 st. leger , she was only the fourth filly to do so in the 20th century .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was undefeated as a three-year-old ( 3yo ) and was head of the 3yo handicap . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "meld ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["mini meld horse racing form , betting odds , breeding and other horse racing information .\nmini meld ( g . by meld ) . 2 wins . see below .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nmeld is a 12 year old bay horse . meld is trained by m t eggleston , at gold coast and owned by a n eggleston .\nmeld was sired by royal academy out of the dam risky banter meld was foaled on 22 of september in 2004 .\nmeld has a 9 % win percentage and 27 % place percentage . meld ' s last race event was at ipswich .\nthoroughbred horse ( aus ) [ 2011 ] . mini meld ( aus ) is a gelding born in 2011 by meld out of rhell love , trained by the m t eggleston stable .\nthe current horse racing record for mini meld is 3 wins 3 placings from 12 starts with prizemoney of $ 37 , 450 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for meld . meld is a stallion born in 2004 september 22 by royal academy out of risky banter\nwhat made her special : champion sprinter and british horse of the year in 1983 .\nwhat made her special : french - trained us champion female turf horse in 1994 .\nmeld has managed to win 1 race in his career so far . on 26th oct 2008 at terang , meld scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the\ndavid ord has a horse - by - horse guide to saturday ' s darley july cup and he ' s siding with a potential improver to shake - up the established sprinting stars .\nmeld has concluded his racing career , last running on the 22nd jan 2011 at gold coast .\nthe icon meld stakes is the main attraction at leopardstown , with group three honours up for grabs .\nwhat made her special : the only horse in history to win the champion hurdle and cheltenham gold cup in addition to being the only horse in history to win the champion hurdle in great britain , ireland and france .\nmeld ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 9 - 5 - 0 - 6 .\nmeld\u2019s last race event was at 04 / 02 / 2011 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nmeld career form is 2 wins , 4 seconds , thirds from 22 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nwhat made her special : the winner of seven group / grade 1 races in three different continents who was european champion three - year - old filly in 2004 , european horse of the year in 2004 and 2006 and european champion older horse in 2006 .\nwhat made her special : unbeaten since may 2009 and the only horse to win the same race at six successive cheltenham festivals .\nwhat made her special : progressed from top class handicapper to champion sprinter for two seasons and european horse of the year in 1993 .\nwhat made her special : an unbeaten prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe and dual french classic winner and european horse of the year for 2008 .\n55003 ( d9003 )\nmeld\napproaching wescoe hill tunnel with the 1a12 09 . 04 harrogate - kings cross on 13 april 1979 .\ncarla bianca made all the running as she got her season back on track with a group three victory in the meld stakes at leopardstown .\nwhat made her special : a dual yorkshire oaks winner who also won at the breeders\u2019 cup thus ending 1993 with the title of american champion female turf horse .\nscintillula over - turned the odds on favourite mars ( 8 / 11 ) , as she took the group 3 meld stakes for jim bolger and kevin manning .\ngolden meld m , 1969 { 22 - d } dp = 14 - 6 - 4 - 2 - 6 ( 32 ) di = 2 . 20 cd = 0 . 63\nwhat made her special : the only three - time winner of any breeders\u2019 cup race and winner of more group 1 races ( 14 ) than any other european - trained horse in history .\nwhat made her special : led home a 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 for fillies in the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe and the only european - trained horse and first filly to be crowned american horse of the year following four group / grade 1 wins in three different countries during an incredible autumn of 1983 and also went on to finish second in the inaugural breeders\u2019 cup turf in 1984 .\nmeld was the only filly of the eight deltic racehorses and was in fact sired in 1952 by alycidon . she was owned by lady zia wernher and trained by sir cecil boyd - rochfort . in 1955 , as a three year old , she won the oaks , st . leger , 1000 guineas and the coronation stakes . total prize money for five wins was \u00a343 , 051 . meld foaled charlottown which won the 1966 derby . the last reports of meld were during 1979 when the deltic preservation society reported she was still enjoying retirement and living in ayrshire , then aged twenty - seven .\nsakura meld ( jpn ) b . m , 1980 { 12 } dp = 7 - 0 - 7 - 0 - 4 ( 18 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 33\nwhat made her special : the first british - trained horse to win at the breeders\u2019 cup after beating an exceptionally strong field in the champion stakes and becoming the first filly to ever win the eclipse .\ngay meld ( aus ) ch . m , 1967 { 7 - b } dp = 9 - 6 - 5 - 2 - 8 ( 30 ) di = 1 . 40 cd = 0 . 20\nfeile na mban provided jim bolger with a double on the evening ( took the meld stakes with scintillula ) , as she ran out a good winner of the last , the irish stallion farms ebf 3yo maiden .\nmeld ( aus ) ( bay 2004 - stud 2010 ) . 2 wins at 1000m , 1200m , 2d mvrc dandenong club h . half - brother to sp leapfrog ( 2d gold coast guineas , gr . 3 ) . out of a sister to sw real jester ( vatc merson cooper s . , l ) and sw seidnazar ( mvrc st albans s . , l ) . grandson of sw dangerous seam ( vrc maribyrnong trial s . , l ) . related to sw evandale star ( stc tea rose s . , gr . 2 ) , etc . sire of mini meld , royal meld and of the placegetters heza demon , etc .\nwhat made her special : the first filly to win the preakness stakes for 85 years after winning the kentucky oaks by 20 lengths , she was american horse of the year in a perfect 8 - 8 season in 2009 .\nwhat made her special : attained international superstar status being undefeated in 25 starts , 15 of which were grade or group 1 event and she was officially the best horse in the world for 18 months and european champion sprinter in 2012 .\nwhat made her special : the best filly or mare trained in ireland over at least the last three decades being european horse of the year in 1995 , all four of her group / grade 1 wins were achieved in different countries .\nwhat made her special : the fillies\u2019 triple crown winner of 1985 , a feat last achieved by meld in 1955 , who went on to sire a group 1 winner and was the granddam of the st leger winner , shantou .\nspeers added , \u201cwe had a galileo out of miss beatrix in training with henry cecil but he sadly got injured , and her son tamga ( ire ) is a group 1 horse in turkey so it\u2019s a family we know well . \u201d\nironically , mellay\u2019s success down under was a factor in the transfer to australia of meld\u2019s outstanding son , derby and coronation cup victor charlottown in 1976 . the classic star never matched the record of his unraced half - brother at stud .\nwhat made her special : horse of the year in britain in 1976 winning two classics by a combined total of 16\u00bd lengths and is just one of two three - year - old fillies to beat colts and older horses in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes .\nwhat made her special : godolphin\u2019s first big success story was named horse of the year in 1994 following wins in the oaks ( after a narrow defeat in the 1000 guineas ) and against the colts in the irish derby easily beating the subsequent king george winner , king\u2019s theatre .\nmeld sport ( jpn ) ch . m , 1979 { 22 - d } dp = 8 - 1 - 9 - 4 - 2 ( 24 ) di = 1 . 29 cd = 0 . 38 - 0 starts , 0 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : unraced\nof course , once the breed had become established , racing had become more organised and records of performances were kept , a racing career was pretty much a basic requirement for any horse with pretensions to stand as a stallion . breeders not unnaturally operated on the principle that like would beget like and favoured horses who had achieved a measure of high - class performance on the racecourse . the horse who , for whatever reason , had failed to make it into competition and provide evidence of merit , was unlikely to be given the chance to procreate , unless taken out of the mainstream of flat race breeding .\nmeld ( gb ) b . m , 1952 { 2 - i } dp = 16 - 0 - 18 - 4 - 26 ( 64 ) di = 0 . 64 cd = - 0 . 38 - 6 starts , 5 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 123 , 742\ndesigning for behaviour change forms a large part of the work we do at meld studios . we spend a lot of time trying to understand the best way to approach each project so that it is most beneficial for the audience without it being unnecessarily disruptive . i\u2019m generally a bit uncomfortable with the idea of disruption , as i feel it\u2019s most often promoted by those who\u2019ve never had disruption forced upon them . to help us be more mindful of this , at meld we sense check our change ideas by imagining \u201cwhat if a change maker came into the office right now and told us we had to [ insert change concept here ] ? \u201d . if we flinch at the concept then we should be careful of proposing it for others .\nwhat made her special : described by sir henry cecil , who trained 15 british classic winners with fillies , as the best filly that he ever trained despite her feet causing serious training difficulties . the highest rated horse in europe or america over 1m2f as a three - year - old and the top rated older filly / mare in europe as a four - year - old .\nan unraced horse of impeccable lineage had done the trick once for white robe lodge , so why not try the same ruse again ? noble bijou was about as well - bred as a horse could be in the 1970s , a son of vaguely noble out of priceless gem , the dam of allez france . but he was desperately unsound and there was never going to be a chance of his having a racing career . like mellay , he found the ideal home in new zealand , and he enjoyed much of his success with the products of mellay mares . i saw plenty of noble bijou\u2019s stock in action on a visit to new zealand , and they were uniformly tough , honest individuals , competitive on any ground , typically best at distances beyond a mile .\nincluding derrinstown stud 1000 guineas trial , leopardstown , l . and eyrefield 2 year old stakes , leopardstown , l . , placed 6 times including second in airlie coolmore irish 1000 guineas , curragh , group 1 and third in meld stakes , curragh , group 3 and debutante stakes , leopardstown , l . , from only 10 starts . full sister to imagine ( ire ) .\nwhat made her special : a 13 - times grade 1 winner and , in doing so , broke the world record of eight consecutive group / grade 1 races with her only defeat in 20 career starts when given an injudicious ride attempting to defend her breeders\u2019 cup classic title ( beaten only a head ) and remains the only filly / mare to win the race . american horse of the year for 2010 .\nnoble bijou headed the sires\u2019 table four times , the first three consecutively , and in the 1992 - 93 season he notched an amazing double , also finishing on top of the broodmare sires\u2019 list . among his progeny were 65 stakes winners , including a horse of the year in the phantom , whose brother the phantom chance , successful in a cox plate , was a joint - champion australasian three - year - old . one of his daughters delivered melbourne cup victor tawriffic .\njarvis won only nine classics and did not even have a full set , missing out on the oaks . ironically , when he died at the end of 1968 , his successor , doug smith , took charge of a filly \u2013 sleeping partner \u2013 who would win that race in the colours of lord rosebery , his chief patron for nigh on half a century . three times champion trainer , jarvis always spoke in glowing terms of rosebery\u2019s blue peter , the best horse he ever handled and deprived of a possible triple crown by the cancellation of the st leger following the outbreak of war .\nwhen filly triple crown heroine meld delivered a colt by dual classic winner never say die in 1961 there must have been high hopes for his future , but a bone problem meant that his future did not include a racing career . mellay , as he was called , was not going to appeal as a stallion in britain or ireland , but new zealand had long provided an outlet for well - bred horses surplus to requirements at home , and away he went as a four - year - old to the anderton family\u2019s white robe lodge stud in mosgiel , in the south island .\nboyd - rochfort waited a long time for his only derby win , with parthia in 1959 , but he had previously saddled guineas winners in the royal colours in hypericum and pall mall , and for decades was recognised as the nation\u2019s top trainer of stayers . six of his 13 classic successes came in the st leger and he had an outstanding record in cup races . he saddled meld for her fillies\u2019 triple crown wins in 1955 , a year after the ascot triumph that probably gave him more satisfaction than any other \u2013 that of the queen\u2019s aureole in the race named in honour of her parents .\n) , and it was bolger\u2019s redmondstown stud that offered the daughter of the proven black - type producer scribonia ( ire ) ( danehill ) . the 14 - year - old\u2019s offspring include g1 1000 guineas runner - up cuis ghaire ( ire ) ( galileo { ire } ) and her full - sister scintillula ( ire ) , winner of the g3 jockey club of turkey meld s . dermot farrington signed the ticket at \u20ac450 , 000 for an undisclosed client and said , \u201cshe\u2019s just a lovely filly with a great page . she has everything really . she\u2019s been bought as a long - term racing and breeding prospect . \u201d\nthree or four years back i had the idea to write a book on such a subject featuring the top fillies and mares from the last 50 years but never got round to it despite preparing a lot of the groundwork . the idea was for an a - z double spread of the top 50 with a secondary listing of the next 50 fillies / mares that would be given one page each . such a book might have seemed strange not to also recognise the all - time great fillies / mares from further back in time so would have included a third section to recognise those including pretty polly , sceptre , sun chariot , petite etoile , meld , kincsem , musidora , sweet solera , godiva , mumtaz mahal , coronation , pearl cap , noblesse , diadem , gladness etc . etc .\ni made mention of immortality last month , as i had ready recall of seeing fleet win her classic and in several other races , but i might well have cited another even more striking case involving an irish - bred and - based horse from a slightly earlier period . arctic star , a son of nearco from the family which would provide joe mcgrath with his 1951 derby winner arctic prince . arctic star , born in 1942 , damaged a shoulder in his foalhood , which prevented him from going into training , but he was put to stud at four , trading on his excellent pedigree , and he did well over an extended period . among his stock were irish 2000 guineas winner arctic wind , derby third and irish derby runner - up roistar and a couple who had their moments as sires themselves in arctic slave and arctic time .\nnamed : 7th july 1961 at doncaster works without ceremony ( in honour of racehorse owned by lady zia wernher . won the oaks , 1 , 000 guineas , coronation stakes and st . leger . note :\nran light from vulcan foundry , newton - le - willows , to doncaster - accepted into br service and allocated 34g finsbury park tmd .\nexhibited at marylebone station : golden jubilee of the institution of locomotive engineers exhibition . also present : hymek d7000 , 9f 92220\n01 . 02 . 63 1e15 17 : 00 bradford - king ' s cross , from leeds to grantham ( engine failure ) a3 pacific 60112\nst . simon\nforward . 03 . 03 . 63 1a35 10 : 50 edinburgh - king ' s cross , to grantham ( engine failure ) a3 60106\nthe flying fox\nforward .\n23 . 12 . 65 released from doncaster works after fitting of cast bogies ( bogies no . 1 1015 replaced by 9000 - 1 & no . 2 1016 replaced by 9000 - 2 ) .\n21 . 03 . 66 1st ee maintenance contract expires - mileage recorded at 813 , 865 . 23 . 12 . 66 released from doncaster works , after general repair , with full yellow ends applied ( not officially applied until light repair in may 1967 ) ( d9003 & d9010 out - shopped same day , 23 . 12 . 66 , were the first to be so treated ) .\n14 . 09 . 67 water scoop test runs at wiske moor troughs : up runs , 300 & 190 gallons at 100mph . down runs , 250 & 190 gallons at 90 mph . 03 . 12 . 67 transferred to 64b haymarket ( ex 34g finsbury park ) until completion of dual braking to the fleet .\n14 . 02 . 68 released from doncaster works , after general repair , repainted in blue livery and equipped for dual braking . 16 . 06 . 68 officially transferred to 34g finsbury park ( ex 64b haymarket ) after completion of dual braking to the fleet ( transfer moves actually occurred early may 1968 to coincide with the new timetable ) . 18 . 06 . 68 3z29 king ' s cross - edinburgh ( racing pigeon special ) .\n15 . 08 . 70 - 11 . 09 . 70 carrying ' d ' prefix on 15 / 08 but reported dropped by 11 / 09 ( though most likely date for this would be after intermediate repair dated 16 / 09 - 05 / 12 ) . 05 . 12 . 70 released from doncaster works , after intermediate repair , fitted with eth equipment .\n28 . 05 . 72 1e09 11 : 00 edinburgh - king ' s cross , to chathill ( coaches derailed at 82 mph - due to rail fracture ) .\n18 . 02 . 74 1b66 11 : 30 king ' s cross - cambridge and 1b66 15 : 30 cambridge - king ' s cross . 23 . 02 . 74 locomotive renumbered 55003 . 01 . 09 . 74 immingham tmd - open day exhibit .\nrailtour and 1zxx cardiff - paddington return ( the first deltic railtour on the western region ) . . .\n. . . to commemorate the first deltic railtour on the western region british rail published the booklet seen above . the front cover sees d9015\ntulyar\nwaiting departure with the 1a16 10 : 00 king ' s cross - edinburgh\nthe flying scotsman\nservice .\n18 . 10 . 76 to doncaster works for final intermediate repair , during which the headcode boxes wee plated over ( off 14 . 01 . 77 ) .\nrailtour ( via newcastle - ex 44002 & 44005 ) and 1z33 15 : 30 carlisle - derby , to york return ( via lancaster & leeds - 44002 & 44005 forward ) .\nduring the week commencing 17th october 1977 unofficial industrial action led to the removal of deltics from all ecml workings . action was taken by maintenance staff angry at the proposed closure of finsbury park depot with the introduction of the new hst fleet , which was to be maintained at the new bounds green depot . maintenance staff ' blacked ' the deltic fleet thus all engines remained ' laid - up ' at various installations until the dispute was settled on october 21st . a list of how the dispute affected the class is as follows :\nhaymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e35 20 : 20 edin - kx 23 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1n29 19 : 00 kx - n ' lce 23 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e25 12 : 15 aber - kx from edin 23 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 13 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s21 11 : 00 kx - edin 24 / 10 .\ndoncaster works ' intermediate ' 31 / 03 - 21 / 10 . worked 1e48 21 : 15 aber - kx from doncaster 26 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 11 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1l22 15 : 55 kx - leeds 24 / 10 .\nyork tmd 10 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 25 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a40 20 : 30 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .\nyork tmd 17 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 0d01 12 : 00 yk - doncaster 23 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 13 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1e20 15 : 00 edin - kx 24 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a07 07 : 25 n ' cle - kx 24 / 10 .\nyork tmd 14 / 10 - 24 / 10 . worked 1a06 08 : 05 yk - kx 24 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1e39 22 : 30 edin - kx 23 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 14 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1a15 09 : 20 n ' cle - kx 25 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 08 / 10 - 25 / 10 . worked 1n00 01 : 00 kx - n ' cle 26 / 10 .\nhaymarket tmd 15 / 10 - 19 / 10 . sent to doncaster works 19 / 10 for ' light repair ' behind 40063 .\ndoncaster works ' intermediate ' 03 / 10 - 19 . 01 . 78 .\nfinsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1d00 08 : 25 kx - cleethorpes 24 / 10 .\nholbeck tmd 10 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1a47 00 : 43 leeds - kx 24 / 10 .\ngateshead tmd 14 - 10 - 24 - 10 . worked 1s28 07 : 00 n ' cle - edin 24 / 10 .\nfinsbury park tmd 14 / 10 - 23 / 10 . worked 1s43 18 : 00 kx - edin 23 / 10 .\n05 . 03 . 78 1z15 08 : 15 paddington - paignton ,\nthe deltic ranger\nrppr railtour ( re - run from 19 / 02 after heavy snow forced 55018\nballymoss\nback at bristol ) ) and 1z15 12 : 35 paignton - newton abbott and 1z15 17 : 25 newton abbott - paddington return legs . 23 . 07 . 78 1zxx chesterfield - carlisle , to carnforth , br\nmerrymaker\nservice ( via sheffield , barnsley & settle jn - 84003 fwd ) . then 0zxx carnforth - carlisle and 1zxx carlisle - chesterfield return ( via s & c , skipton , barnsley & sheffield ) . 07 . 12 . 78 one nameplate from 55003 was removed whilst the locomotive was at doncaster works during november 1978 . it was sent to derby where a plastic injection mould was taken from it . the plate was returned to doncaster by the 7th december .\n1d03 13 : 04 king ' s cross - cleethorpes and 1a32 17 : 33 cleethorpes - king ' s cross .\nwhite window surrounds applied ( first of the finsbury park allocated ' rachorse ' deltics to be so treated ) . 55003 was the only ' white - cab ' deltic to visit the king ' s cross loco , the stabling point and maintenance shed , as the servicing point closed in may 1979 prior to any other ' racehorse ' deltic receiving the same treatment .\nperhaps the most notable event in 55003 ' s career occurred during april 1979 when the white window surrounds , previously carried with the two - tone green livery , were re - applied . this action was in fact a moral boosting enterprise by allan baker ( then finsbury park depot manager ) to his staff at ' the park ' after the announcement of the deltics impending withdrawals and the obvious implications that the depot would close . they were applied to no . 3 on the 6th april 1979 and her first outing in the revised livery was the very next day , when she hauled the ' the northumbrian ' railtour . this form of livery was to be applied to all the remaining finsbury machines by the end of 1979 after the approval of the then british rail chairman mr . peter parker .\nwhilst on fp from 10 . 07 . 79 , prior to going to stratford for open day on the 14th july . worked 1d04 17 : 05 king ' s cross - hull on 15 . 07 . 79 .\nwhilst stopped on fp from 25th or 26 . 07 . 79 . worked 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 03 . 08 . 79 .\nworked 1l44 16 : 05 king ' s cross - york on 15 . 08 . 79 .\nwhilst on fp for ' c ' exam 16 / 8 - 21 / 8 . first train believed to be 1l42 12 : 20 king ' s cross - york on 21 . 08 . 79 .\nwhilst on fp 11 . 10 . 79 - 15 . 10 . 79 . first train unknown but worked 1m58 08 : 15 newcastle - liverpool on 16 . 10 . 79 .\n07 . 04 . 79 1g31 08 : 15 king ' s cross - york ,\nthe northumbrian limited\nsloa railtour ( v2 60800\nthe green arrow\nforward ) and 1g31 york - king ' s cross return ( ex 60800 ) . 14 . 05 . 79 1d04 17 : 05 king ' s cross - hull ,\nthe hull executive\n( with headboard - inaugural ' accelerated ' service ) . 27 . 10 . 79 1m67 09 : 28 newcastle - liverpool and 1e88 16 : 05 liverpool - newcastle .\n19 . 02 . 80 1a38 14 : 55 edinburgh - aberdeen and 1g20 18 : 20 aberdeen - edinburgh . 07 . 09 . 80 1z27 09 : 00 castleford - blackpool , br\nmerrymaker\nservice and 1z27 18 : 10 blackpool - castleford return . 29 . 12 . 80 1s27 07 : 22 plymouth - edinburgh , to newcastle ( power unit failure at thirsk due to coolant leak ) . 30 . 12 . 80 locomotive withdrawn ( 7 , 219 days in service ) . 31 . 12 . 80 towed to doncaster works for disposal by 55006 ( official date of withdrawal ) .\n09 . 03 . 81 cutting - up begins at doncaster works ( completed by w / e 21 / 03 ) .\nowner : lady zia wernher breeder : someries stud winnings : 6 starts : 5 - 1 - 0 , $ 123 , 742 at ; 1st 1000 guineas ( gb , 8f ) , the oaks ( gb , 12f ) , the st . leger ( gb , 14 . 6f ) , coronation s . ( gb , 8f ) . only defeat was in 5f debut at 2 when a 20 - 1 outsider ; she was beaten 2 lengths by her experienced stablemate corporal ( a colt owned by the queen ) ! ( close )\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\ntips the major focus on any saturday is metropolitan racing but there ' s plenty of us out there that don ' t mind a dabble at the support meetings across the country so here are our best bets .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\n, who is based at gold coast . he is sired by the stallion royal academy out of the dam risky banter .\nr8 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 16 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 80 , sp : $ 31 in - running : settled 14th , 800m 12th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 52\nr2 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 19 . 72 , sp : $ 9 in - running : settled 4th , 400m 4th sectionals : 600m 0 : 37 . 35\nr8 cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 23 , sp : $ 4 . 40f sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 32\nr6 cl3 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 23 . 08 , sp : $ 6 . 50 in - running : settled 10th , 800m 9th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 50\nr6 cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 3 , winning time : 1 : 03 . 18 , sp : $ 5 . 50 in - running : 800m 5th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 33 . 66\nr4 cg & e cl2 $ 2 , 400 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 10 . 70 , sp : $ 3 . 80 in - running : 800m 2nd , 400m 2nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 62\nr6 cg & e cl3 ( of $ 13 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 21 . 02 , sp : $ 7 in - running : 800m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 74\nr8 cg & e cl2 ( of $ 12 , 000 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 1 : 04 . 62 , sp : $ 5 . 50 in - running : 800m 6th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 93\nr6 cl2 $ 500 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 11 . 11 , sp : $ 3 . 60 in - running : 800m 11th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 84\nr8 cg & e cl3 $ 650 ( of $ 13 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 04 . 77 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : 800m 11th , 400m 11th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 37\nr8 cl2 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 61 , sp : $ 3 . 50f in - running : 800m 4th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 38 . 32\nr9 cl2 $ 2 , 000 ( of $ 10 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 1 : 13 . 96 , sp : $ 4 . 60 in - running : 800m 3rd , 400m 3rd sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 70\nr4 cl3 $ 500 barrier 10 , winning time : 0 : 56 . 01 , sp : $ 4 . 80 in - running : 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 32 . 66\nr5 0 - 68 $ 250 barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 16 . 79 , sp : $ 1 . 75f in - running : 800m 4th , 400m 4th\nr8 cl1 $ 6 , 500 barrier 4 , winning time : 1 : 09 . 77 , sp : $ 3 . 10f\n18 + know when to stop . don\u2019t go over the top . gamble responsibly . think ! about your choices . call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .\nso how might one practice behaviour change in a way which is more respectful of the audience , lessens negative disruption , whilst still has the beneficial outcomes you are desiring ? recently i\u2019ve noticed a few behaviour change initiatives which involve something a little different\u2026 i\u2019m writing this post to \u2018think aloud\u2019 and see what comes of it .\nat first i called them \u201cdesign macguffin\u2019s\u201d * . dan hill uses the term in his book \u201c dark matter and trojan horses \u201d . this is based on the term often associated with alfred hitchcock\u2014although not termed by him\u2014 describing the object in a film which appears to be the focal point of a character\u2019s quest , yet lacks any real importance other than being useful narrative device . think about the suitcase in \u201cpulp fiction\u201d .\nbut that didn\u2019t seem quite right . when dan hill talks about them , it seems as though the macguffin ( the device ) doesn\u2019t matter . but in the examples i am seeing , it does matter . perhaps i will just call it a \u2018design prop\u2019 .\nthis design prop * is used in a behaviour change programme ( often public health or safety campaigns ) . the prop is so appealing to the audience that they will focus their attention on the acquisition of this prop , even if it means taking part in activities which may not have as much appeal , especially if offered without the prop . by taking part in the programme , the person gets access to the desirable prop , the programme benefits them , the programme achieves success . win win .\nthe latest example i\u2019ve seen is called the \u201c \u201cp\u0113pi - pod\u00ae\u201d \u201c . the p\u0113pi - pod\u00ae is an approach being trialled in new zealand and queensland to help vulnerable babies have a safe place to sleep . the p\u0113pi - pod\u00ae is similar to the \u201c \u201cfinnish baby box\u201d \u201d which is given to new parents as part of a larger programme to teach safe sleep methods and reduce infant mortality . the box is loaded with baby clothes and other desirable items but can only be acquired by a parent who takes part in the related education programmes . a reduction in infant mortality is often attached to the boxes , yet it appears from research that the benefits come from programme attendance\u2014something which may not ever seem that attractive to the intended audience .\nperhaps there\u2019s a proper term for this ? it could be a \u2018ritual which changes identity\u2019 , a term i learned during dave snowden\u2019s cynefin framework training . in the course snowden spoke of a project which was intended to reduce the incidence of injuries at a truck depot . through research he found that the drivers were driving all night and not \u2018switching behaviours\u2019 when they arrived at the truck depot from \u2018driver\u2019 to delivery person\u2019 . because they didn\u2019t change behaviours , they would become injured when they lifted heavy items unsafely . by introducing a ritual to change the driver\u2019s identity from \u2018driver\u2019 to \u2018delivery person\u2019 , the number of injuries was reduced .\nanother example of a design prop as physical habit is the way that many people open car doors in the netherlands . dutch drivers use the hand which is opposite to the car door to open it . in this way they look over their shoulder as they open the door and thereby see oncoming cyclists . this habit is tested in driving exams and has become normalised . as an example it loosely fits in with my categorisation as it involves getting people to do something which has more appeal than something else . other ways you might try to lessen the injuries to cyclists is to ask drivers to \u201clook when opening your car door for cyclists\u201d but believe me , this has not had the same cut through .\ni have been searching for a correct term for this thing but have come up dry . i thought it might be something related to behavioural psychology in a public health context , but have yet to unearth the right term . if you know it , please put me out of my misery so i can update this post .\n* other working titles : the innovation diffuser , behavioural affordance device , behaviour macguffins / programme props / trojan foals ( the cuter version of horses ? ) . i am bad at names .\n* * thanks to a few people on twitter ( dan szuc , nick bowmast and eric schied ) for helping me think through this all .\nhmmm . maybe a term including the word \u2018catalyst\u2019 . you are right that , in your examples , the artefact does matter ( if it was not there the behaviour would not change ) but it is not necessarily consumed or changed by the chain of cause and effect . also , catalysts don\u2019t \u2013 by themselves \u2013 make things happen , they reduce the amount of energy required to initiate and sustain a chain reaction .\nalas , the \u2018catalyst\u2019 is already overused in the field . the chem4kids website suggests that a catalyst is like a piece of magic , so maybe a design \u2018charm\u2019 ( control or achieve as if by magic ) . if you wanted to make it more specific , how about a \u2018rabbit\u2019s foot\u2019 ?\ninteresting eddy \u2013 i hadn\u2019t ever realised just how far the use of the term \u2018catalyst\u2019 had strayed from the scientific meaning .\nthanks for the interesting read . the behavioral examples provided excellent support to each concept .\nmy first query is whether the use of the word totem would be deemed cultural appropriation . it makes me slightly uncomfortable ( as does people using the term \u2018spirit animal\u2019 \u2013 but that\u2019s a whole other conversation ! )\nwe have offices in sydney and melbourne , australia . if you are inspired by what you\u2019ve read , or want to talk to us more about our services , please get in touch : email at principals @ urltoken or speak to one of us directly .\nthere are many problems associated with beating the trifecta . punters probably don\u2019t realise the task they are taking on when they tackle this bet . question 1 : can you predict the 1 - 2 - 3 finishin . . .\nthere are two groups of punters who invariably go to the races , or their tab agencies , with the percentages piled high against them . they are the backers of favourites and longshots . no matter wh . . .\ngreyhound racing is probably the best system under which a punter in australia can risk - or rather , invest - his hard earned dough . to my way of thinking there is nothing so good as a standout\n. . .\nthe late don scott once wrote that the best form of exotic betting is the trifecta . i think he was right . don said picking a trifecta winning bet was a test of skill rather than a game of chance . . . .\nppm reader kerrin brown has been enjoying success as a \u201clay\u201d operator on betfair . in this article he relates his personal story , and how he makes money from his operation . the first time i w . . .\nyou would like to back a winner every two selections ? that\u2019s a 50 per cent win strike . some dream ! but maybe it\u2019s not so crazy . after all , picking two horses a race and making a \u2018book\u2019 by savin . . .\nthis is part 1 of a two - part exclusive interview with australia ' s greatest professional punter , the late don scott , by ppm ' s brian blackwell . scott discusses his lifestyle , his approach to punting . . .\ni\u2019ve spent years trying to beat the tab and bookies and i\u2019ve lost my bank more times than i can remember . there have been a few big wins ; as many as a man with only three fingers could count on . . .\nin fast month ' s p . p . m . we began our 100 great betting ideas series . sixteen ideas were listed . in this second article , we take a look at another 20 betting tips . staking is a key part of any punt . . .\nin this article , our senior contributor ( the late and great ) e . j . minnis replied to queries sent in by ppm readers . letter from a reader : i have been a ppm reader for quite a while now and al . . .\ngold coast acceptances on saturday 15th january , 2011tab meeting . rail : 1 . 5 metres 1000 - 400 ; 0 . 5 metre remainder . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 11 . . .\none of our great packages ! you save over $ 800 , our new blockbuster collection selection service includes tips a gift , a bonus & more . . .\naustralia ' s leading tipping service . daily specials , longshots & ratings . run by professionals with one aim : to make money for members . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsky sports news takes you through all of the day ' s racing news , plus alex hammond ' s tip of the day .\nfollow the latest from the written press with the best gossip and speculation from the papers .\nsky has launched a pub finder for eager fans wanting to find a venue to watch sky sports .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\ncookies facilitate the provision of our services . by using our services you agree that we may use cookies .\nthe toby edmonds - trained tyzone is the ramornie handicap favourite ahead of his stablemate havasay .\ninvited for the second year running to ride at the vodacom durban july meeting in greyville , nooresh juglall made the trip to south africa count with one winner \u2013 just like last year .\nbon hoffa\u2019s g1 winning son bon aurum will stand at glen eden stud in victoria this spring .\nexciting sprinter nature strip was a sale ring reject who could be racing for a share of $ 13 million in the everest in october after recording another brilliant win at flemington on saturday .\nclick here for an in - depth description of racing and sports\u2019 racing analytics .\n* state exclusions apply . please check t & cs of each offer with the bookmaker . all offers / promotions on this site exclude nsw residents .\nthis site is maintained by racing and sports ( \u00ae ) pty ltd ( abn 093 360 108 ) (\nr & s ;\n) . copyright in all r & s ; materials is owned by racing and sports pty ltd ( r & s ; ) . racing and sports is a registered trademark . r & s ; takes all care in the preparation of information appearing on the site , but accepts no responsibility nor warrants the accuracy of the information displayed . this information is provided for entertainment purposes only . all information including race fields and tab numbers should be checked with an official source . * t & c ; and state exclusions may apply . ( ras - www02 )\nthey say that death and taxes are the only two certainties in life . to expand that expression for the bloodstock industry , there\u2019s also dubawi ( ire ) and galileo ( ire ) .\nsales - ring appearances by dubawi\u2019s young stock are becoming ever more infrequent , but when one does take a turn , john ferguson is never far away . the darley maestro\u2019s appearance on the goffs complex this morning will have been a welcome sight for henry beeby and his team , and indeed ferguson\u2019s principal aim was to ensure that the regally bred colt (\n) out of galileo\u2019s first - ever group 1 and classic winner nightime ( ire ) was added to sheikh mohammed\u2019s team of nascent racehorses . that mission was accomplished after \u20ac1 . 1 million was exchanged and a determined attempt by ibrahim araci and his bloodstock advisor rob speers was dispatched , their battle ensuring that the prized colt became the most expensive weanling of his sex ever to be sold at auction in ireland .\nheading a strong final day of trade for the foal section of the goffs november sale , the colt was one of 155 foals sold on friday , representing a clearance rate of 84 % at an average of \u20ac80 , 894 , which fell by 8 % compared to the final day of the 2014 auction , and median of \u20ac55 , 000 , which was up by 6 % . the session\u2019s turnover contributed \u20ac12 , 538 , 500 to the sale\u2019s total of \u20ac25 , 847 , 500 , which was down by 6 % on last year\u2019s aggregate of \u20ac27 , 492 , 700 for 67 fewer foals sold in 2014 .\naverage and median figures for the sale as a whole both declined , as expected under the increased numbers , at \u20ac31 , 950 ( down 14 % ) and \u20ac18 , 000 ( down 18 % ) , while the clearance rate fell from 85 % last year to 77 % .\nwe are of course delighted to have smashed a foal record for the second year in succession , \u201d said goffs\u2019 chief executive henry beeby . \u201cthe dubawi was the highlight of another superb goffs foal sale that enjoyed a trade of depth , consistency and real fireworks . whist we have not quite kept pace with the records set last year [ turnover up 52 % , average up 41 % and median up 29 % ] , the statistics are the second - best on record , which is the cause for some celebration although it must be noted that the clearance rate is less than 2014 , which mirrors the trends seen throughout the autumn at the yearling sales to an extent . \u201d\ncommenting after buying the record - breaking dubawi colt , john ferguson said , \u201ci don\u2019t really need to say anything about the sire , and nightime was an exceptional mare . fingers crossed we have a racehorse on our hands . dick o\u2019gorman and the team had seen the colt on the farm over the summer and we liked how he\u2019s progressed . \u201d\ndermot weld , whose late mother marguerite bred irish 1 , 000 guineas winner nightime and her listed - winning daughter zhukova ( ire ) ( fastnet rock { aus } ) , was the first to congratulate ferguson on his purchase . in fact , it was the second of nightime\u2019s offspring bought by darley this year as ferguson also signed for her yearling daughter by raven\u2019s pass for 450 , 000gns at the tattersalls october sale .\nit wasn\u2019t just the dubawi colt that sparked ferguson\u2019s interest on the final day of foal trade . also among the darley list of nine purchases was springfort park stud\u2019s colt by dark angel ( ire ) (\n) out of a winning half - sister to top sprinter kingsgate native ( ire ) ( mujadil ) at \u20ac300 , 000 . oghill house stud\u2019s invincible spirit ( ire ) half - brother to listed winner dusky queen ( ire ) ( shamardal ) (\n) , the first foal of listed winner boastful ( ire ) ( clodovil { ire } ) , acquired for \u20ac190 , 000 from the irish national stud . a colt by kodiac ( ire ) (\n) out of foxland stud\u2019s homebred listed winner duchess of foxland ( ire ) ( medecis ) also made the cut at \u20ac170 , 000 .\ndes leadon and mariann klay of swordlestown little stud bought nine - furlong winner sogno verde ( ire ) ( green desert ) from lady clague for 60 , 000gns back in 2005 , and the grand - daughter of champion stayer dark lomond ( gb ) ( lomond ) has proved to be an inspired purchase . her second foal was g2 railway s . winner and young sire lilbourne lad ( ire ) ( acclamation { gb } ) and four of the mare\u2019s offspring to have passed through the ring since then have all returned six - figure sums . the latest , her colt foal by galileo ( ire ) (\n) and the only one by that sire in the sale , is the most expensive to date and sold for 475 , 000gns to pinhooker eugene daly as the extended five - day auction drew to a close on friday evening .\ntwelve months ago , farrington played his part in a new record price for an irish foal when the frankel ( gb ) filly out of dual classic winner finsceal beo ( ire ) ( mr greeley ) was sold by al eile stud for \u20ac1 . 8 million . the agent was able to issue an update on the filly , whose racecourse debut will be eagerly awaited .\nshe left ireland about a week ago and she\u2019s now in the north of england , under tack and being broken in . she will stay in england to be trained but it has not been decided who will train her , \u201d he commented .\njoining his father new approach among the stallions in the top 10 on friday was freshman dawn approach ( ire ) , who had a number of high - profile weanlings go under the hammer at goffs . the overall leader at \u20ac300 , 000 was esker lodge stud\u2019s colt out of the listed - placed simonetta ( ire ) ( lil\u2019s boy ) (\n) and from a jim bolger family that includes the stallions intense focus ( ire ) , sholokhov ( ire ) , soldier of fortune ( ire ) and heliostatic ( ire ) . the april - born colt was another to be bought by the darley team , while shadwell also got involved when buying\n, a half - brother to stakes winners forthefirstime ( gb ) ( dr fong ) and pyman\u2019s theories ( ire ) ( exceed and excel { aus } ) for \u20ac180 , 000 . we bloodstock and phillip stauffenberg also opted for colts by dawn approach , going to \u20ac160 , 000 (\n) whose family has special resonance for the turkish owner - breeder . the hammer fell at \u20ac370 , 000gns for the grey son of g1 moyglare stud s . winner miss beatrix ( danehill dancer { ire } ) , affording the balintougher stud offering his own record as the most expensive weanling by his sire , whose popularity in the sales ring has gone though the roof this season .\nprices at this level usually mean that even the boldest pinhookers aren\u2019t involved , and speers explained that araci had taken the decision to buy a handful of select foals owing to the strength of the yearling market at the top end . he said , \u201cit\u2019s hard to compete at the top level in book 1 so we\u2019re delighted to have bought such nice prospects . we\u2019ll take home this colt and the camelot colt we bought earlier and look forward to putting them into training in a year\u2019s time . \u201d\naraci and speers also selected one of the members of the first crop of camelot ( ire ) , which have been well received this week . their selection was"]}
{"id": 1423, "summary": [{"text": "the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) is a species of small hylid frog native to the united states and northeastern mexico .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "despite being members of the tree frog family , they are not arboreal .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it has three recognized subspecies . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "northern cricket frog", "paragraphs": ["the shaded region represents the range of the northern cricket frog in north carolina .\nif you have a different species of frog already and want to get a northern cricket frog , give the new frog his own enclosure .\nnorthern cricket frog - chattahoochee river national recreation area ( u . s . national park service )\nmccallum ml , trauth se . a forty - three year museum study of northern cricket frog (\nthe northern cricket frog is not a protected species in texas and can be legally collected with a hunting license .\ncricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi travis co . , texas 26 september 2012\nmake sure it is legal to catch and keep northern cricket frogs in your area .\nnatural history : the northern cricket frog is sometimes divided into two subspecies of which the canadian frogs are called blanchard\u2019s cricket frog . they eat small insects . individuals rarely live more than one or two years .\nfrog fact : although populations remain stable in north carolina , northern cricket frogs have experienced severe declines in northern portions of their range , especially in the midwestern united states and southern canada .\ncricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi dripping springs , hays co . , texas 20 september 2012\ncricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi blanco river , blanco co . , texas 13 august 2013\n[ 1096 ] mccallum et al . ( 2011 ) , growth , reproduction , and life span in blanchard\u2019s cricket frog ( acris blanchardi ) with notes on the growth of the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans )\nthe shaded region represents the range of the southern cricket frog in north carolina .\nthe southern cricket frog consumes pest insects and some which may potentially harm crops .\ncricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi blanco river , near blanco , blanco co . , texas 7 may 2013\nthe northern cricket frog is a historic resident of new york state and represents an important amphibian component of wetland ecosystems . conservation of the northern cricket frog and its habitat is important to preserving new york ' s biodiversity and unique character . the recovery plan for nys populations of the northern cricket fog ( acris crepitans ) ( pdf ) ( 1 . 1 mb ) aims to improve the frog ' s geographic diversity and ultimately increase its population .\nhammerson , g . a . , and livo , l . j . ( 1999 ) . ' ' conservation status of the northern cricket frog (\ncricket frog acris crepitans this is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi onion creek , near dripping springs , hays co . , texas 13 august 2013\na . c . paludicola , coastal cricket frog . range : southwest louisiana to southeast texas .\na cricket frog can jump up to 5 feet - - or 50 times its body length .\na . food . cricket frog tadpoles feed on periphyton and phytoplankton ( johnson , 1991 ) .\na collage showing cricket frog variation from a single pond on a single day in clarke co .\nthis version of how to care for northern cricket frogs was reviewed by pippa elliott , mrcvs on may 30 , 2017 .\nthere are three subspecies : a . c . crepitans , northern cricket frog . range : southeast new york to florida and eastern texas ; this subspecies is extinct on long island .\ncall : northern cricket frogs call from april through august , and their call sounds like pebbles being clicked together , or \u201c gick - gick - gick . \u201d southern cricket frogs call from february to october , and their call is similar to , but slightly more metallic than , that of northern cricket frogs .\ni initially had this labeled as northern cricket frog ( a . crepitans ) but the taxonomy of these species have been going through some changes and i have been informed that all the cricket frogs in texas are apparently considered a . blanchardi .\nnumbers ( percentages ) of cricket frog specimens by gonadal sex and region and by gonadal sex and time period .\nnorthern cricket frogs make good pets , as they do not grow very large and are easy to catch . but , like any pet , they require a specific diet and environment to thrive in captivity . if you are considering getting a northern cricket frog as a pet , make sure you are prepared to properly care for it .\nnorthern cricket frog populations in the south differ from those in the north in several respects . evidence suggests that northern cricket frogs in texas and louisiana are active year - round and probably experience two breeding peaks ( pyburn , 1961a ; bayless , 1966 ) ; southern cricket frogs ( acris gryllus ) are also prolonged breeders ( forester and daniel , 1986 ) . additionally , sex ratios of northern cricket frogs in the south approximate 1 : 1 , and breeding population sizes are larger ( jameson , 1950a ; blair , 1961a ) .\ngray , r . h . , and brown , l . e . ( 2005 ) . ' ' decline of northern cricket frogs (\nburger , smith and smith , 1949 ( coastal cricket frog ) ; the coastal cricket frog tends to have larger toe pads , smooth skin , and a distinctively pinkish color , while blanchard ' s cricket frog is the wartiest , with a tendency towards more uniform coloration and less contrasting patterns ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . the call of\nnorthern cricket frogs and most other frog species feed almost entirely on living , moving prey that they have to catch to eat . if the prey is dead or not moving , they may overlook it entirely .\nyou can use a water dish or simply place water at the bottom of the slope you created with the soil . this will recreate the natural habitat of the northern cricket frog . use clean , filtered water .\nthe southern cricket frog feeds on insects , spiders , and other arthropods . it is active throughout the year in warm weather .\nyou could even keep some earthworms in the moist soil in the frog\u2019s enclosure to allow the frog to eat those . [ 12 ]\nburkett ( 1984 ) states that northern cricket frogs have an average life expectancy of about 4 mo and a complete population turnover in 16 mo . gray ( 1983 ) found marked animals that survived two winters . using skeletochronology , s . perrill ( personal communication ) has found 3 - yr - old northern cricket frogs .\nacris blanchardi is typically the most abundant frog throughout its range although populations are declining across the northern and western portions of their range ( see trends and threats ) .\ni ' m looking into catching a cricket frog and i needed some tips and basic rules on caring for one . this was very\nthe northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) is a small treefrog of the family hylidae widespread throughout eastern north america . in canada , its occurrence has only been confirmed at two localities : point pelee and pelee island in extreme southwestern ontario .\nirwin , j . t . , j . p . costanzo , and r . e . lee , jr . 1999 . terrestrial hibernation in the northern cricket frog , acris crepitans . canadian journal of zoology 77 : 1240 - 1246 .\nv . post - metamorphic migrations . juvenile northern cricket frogs can disperse from breeding wetlands out perhaps 100 m to other aquatic sites ( gray and brown , 2002 ) .\ngeographic distribution of chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) and ranavirus spp . in amphibians in northern . .\nremove the frog from the tank to clean it . keep your frog in a safe container with a vented lid while you clean the tank .\ngray ( 1995 , 2000 a , b ) documented morphological abnormalities and frequencies of abnormalities from northern cricket frog populations in illinois ( see also beasley et al . , this volume , part one ; l . b . , personal observations ) .\nhammerson , g . a . and livo , l . j . 1999 . conservation status of the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) in colorado and adjacent areas at the northwestern extent of the range . herpetological review : 78 - 80 .\nthis is the subspecies known as blanchard ' s cricket frog acris crepitans blanchardi martin dies state park , jasper co . , texas 16 may 2013\nyear round ( february to october in western panhandle ) ; eggs are laid in clusters ( 7 - 10 eggs ) on the substrate or attached to submerged vegetation . call is like two marbles clicking together - - gick - gick - gick - gick - gick - - similar to the call of the northern cricket frog . to hear frog calls , visit the usgs frog call lookup and select the species you want to hear from the common name drop - down list ( be sure to listen to the southern cricket frog - - calls of both cricket frogs are grouped together on the same page ) .\nhammerson , g . a . , and l . j . livo . 1999 . conservation status of the northern cricket frog ( acris crepitans ) in colorado and adjacent areas at the northwestern extent of the range . herpetological review 30 : 78 - 80 .\nnorthern cricket frogs in canada breed in june and july . the frogs attach their eggs to vegetation below the water surface . tadpoles metamorphose in 5 to 10 weeks . the juvenile frogs reach sexual maturity shortly after transformation from tadpoles . northern cricket frogs hibernate under rocks or logs , or in depressions , holes and cracks in the shoreline , but away from water .\nnorthern cricket frogs are non - climbing frogs , so they do not need branches in their enclosure to climb on , and the enclosure does not need much height . [ 4 ]\nuse these plants to create a canopy in the enclosure . in the wild , northern cricket frogs live in areas with canopies created by vegetation , along the banks of different water sources .\nif you choose to keep different species in the same tank , make sure the other species you choose require the same environment as the northern cricket frog . you will want to choose a species that does not need too much height , and enjoys a damp environment .\ngeographic distribution of chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) and ranavirus spp . in amphibians in northern peninsular and panhandle florida\ngreenwell et al . ( 1996 ) found a massive amount of kidney parasitism in juvenile northern cricket frogs from illinois ( see also beasley et al . , this volume , part one ) .\nhabitat : in the past , northern cricket frogs have been found in natural marshes , deep drainage ditches and abandoned quarries . in canada it is limited to the warmest parts of the carolinian zone .\nevery frog will have different feeding behaviors . just watch your frog during each feeding session and evaluate his needs . start with 2 or 3 insects first , then see how fast they eat them . deciding how much and how often to feed your frog will take some time and evaluation of your frog\u2019s feeding habits . [ 14 ]\nif you have a male and female cricket frog in the same enclosure , they may breed . their breeding is aquatic , meaning it will happen in the water .\nii . clutch size . up to 400 eggs are deposited singly or in small clumps of 2\u20137 eggs . a detailed description of northern cricket frog eggs is given in livezey ( 1950 ) . the vitelli average 1 . 13 mm in diameter and are surrounded by two gelatinous envelopes .\n( a ) numbers of cricket frog specimens from illinois deposited in museum collections relative to numbers of other anurans in museums collected in the state from 1852 to 2001 . ( b ) numbers of cricket frog specimens from northeastern illinois deposited in museum collections relative to numbers of other anurans in museums collected in that region from 1852 to 2001 .\ndistributions : the canadian distribution of the northern cricket frog is now limited to pelee island . it has not been heard on the mainland since 1972 and was last reported from pelee island in 1987 . it is more widely distributed in the eastern and central united states as far as southern texas .\nthe northern cricket frog is a small , semi - aquatic frog with a\nwarty\nappearance and a pointed snout . the frogs are brown or grey , with a v - shaped mark between the eyes , faint markings on the back , and a broad dark stripe on the long back legs . the back feet have webbed toes . the breeding call of the male frog sounds like pebbles being rapidly clicked together . adults measure 16 to 38 mm in length .\nsince you will likely be putting live insects into the enclosure for your frog to eat , it may take a little while for your frog to find and eat the prey .\nrange and habitat : northern cricket frogs are most common in the piedmont and mountainous regions of the southeast and are generally replaced by the southern cricket frog ( a . gryllus ) in the coastal plain . although found in almost any moist habitat , cricket frogs are most common along edges of permanent ponds , lakes , and slow - moving streams . they prefer open , shallow water with plenty of vegetation . they do not climb well and are not found high in trees .\ni . seasonal migrations . dispersal of northern cricket frogs from one population to another tends to occur after rains . gray ( 1983 ) observed northern cricket frogs moving up to 1 . 3 km between farm ponds in central illinois . frogs that dispersed from one location and were later recaptured at another represented 1\u20137 % of the original population . however , many more frogs likely dispersed and either reached other sites or died in transit .\ncommon , but populations bear monitoring due to serious declines in other states . older references may refer to this animal as blanchard\u2019s cricket frog , but that subspecies is no longer recognized .\ngray , r . h . 2001 . cricket frog , acris crepitans , malformations in illinois : past and present . herpetological natural history 8 ( 1 ) : 75 - 77 .\nbreeding interval : generally , southern cricket frogs breed around 2 to 3 times a year .\nis a member of the tree frog family , it lives mostly on the ground or in freshwater areas with sunlight . examples of prime habitat include shallow ponds with vegetation , meadows , creeks , marshes and coastal plain bogs . the southern cricket frog can also be found in roadside pools and ditches . in these areas , they can become quite abundant . its main choices of habitation changes , however , when the southern cricket frog ' s range overlaps with that of\nthree subspecies of northern cricket frogs are recognized : blanchard ' s ( a . c . blanchardi ) , eastern ( a . c . crepitans ) , and coastal ( a . c . paludicola ) . blanchard ' s cricket frogs are represented in the west and midwest ; eastern cricket frogs are found in east texas , the gulf coast and southern forest regions , and the piedmont north to new york ; coastal cricket frogs are found in the gulf coast region of western louisiana and eastern texas .\na . c . blanchardii , blanchard ' s cricket frog . range : michigan and ohio to northeast and most of texas , scattered records in minnesota and colorado ( harding 1997 ) .\ngray , r . h . , l . e . brown , and l . blackburn . 2005 . acris crepitan , northern cricket frog . pages 441 - 443 in m . j . lannoo , editor . amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley , california .\nthe northern cricket frog is protected by the ontario endangered species act and the fish and wildlife conservation act . under these acts , it is prohibited to kill , harm , harass , or collect this species , or to disturb its habitat . this species occurs at lighthouse point and fish point , which are designated as provincial nature reserves\nthe calls of this species resemble the sound of small pebbles being rapidly struck together . this provides music day and night to missouri\u2019s outdoors . also , like other frogs , northern cricket frogs prey on numerous insects that humans consider pests .\nwhitford , p . c . 1991 . blanchard ' s cricket frog survey of southeastern minnesota 1990 - 1991 . report submitted to the nongame wildlife program , minnesota department of natural resources . unpaged .\nnatural history museums are valuable resources for estimations of species distributions and health status over time ( shaffer et al . 1998 ) . we examined specimen records from 16 museums to determine where and when cricket frogs were collected in illinois . to determine whether cricket frogs were not available because collecting was not conducted , we compared cricket frog records with those of all anuran collections from the state . our rationale was that scientists collecting anurans and placing them in museums as voucher specimens would not consistently preclude cricket frogs .\nto protect itself from predators , the southern cricket frog is able to jump long distances of up to 8 feet and has the ability to camouflage itself either in the vegetation or water . the predators of\nberendzen , p . b . , t . gamble , and a . m . simons . 2003 . the genetic status of northern cricket frogs in minnesota . final report to the minnesota department of natural resoureces , nongame research program . 43 pp .\nthese frogs are diurnal and active all year . they can be seen basking in the sunlight . when threatened , they will jump quickly away or into the water . a poorer jumper than the southern cricket frog\ndeviations of observed from expected values of cricket frog sex ( a ) by time period and ( b ) by region . expected values were determined from the overall data set using the chi - square test .\ntoth , aniko ,\na tale of two species - - species distribution models for two cryptic cricket frog ( acris ) species in syntopy\n( 2012 ) . undergraduate honors theses . paper 522 . urltoken\nbe careful when attempting to catch cricket frogs , as they can be fast and they may get injured .\nhabitats and habits : northern cricket frogs are found primarily in the piedmont . southern cricket frogs are found primarily in the coastal plain . cricket frogs are active day and night and can be found in the shoreline vegetation of ponds and marshes , and along the banks of streams and rivers . the eggs of both species are laid singly or in small clumps , and the tadpole stage lasts about six to 13 weeks . the tadpoles of both species have distinct black tail tips .\nconservation concerns : never widespread in canada , northern cricket frogs are now considered endangered by both the federal and ontario governments . the cause of their decline during the 1970\u2019s is unknown , however habitat degradation and pesticide contamination are known to be problems within their range .\neastern and middle united states , michigan to northeastern mexico , entering the short grass plains of eastern colorado and northern mexico along rivers ( stebbins 1966 ) .\nthe impact of blanchard ' s cricket frog on the ecology of varsity lake , boulder , colorado , is unknown but probably minimal given the anthropogenic nature of the lake and the rapid extirpation of this population of frogs .\nit may be confused with the striped chorus frog which has a whitish stripe along upper lip and length - wise brownish stripe on sides and back , toes slightly webbed . northern spring peeper has smooth skin and x - shaped marking on back ( harding 1997 ) .\nif your frog doesn\u2019t seem interested in the live food at first , he may just not be hungry . leave the food in the enclosure and the frog will eat it eventually , when he wants it . [ 13 ]\nthe cricket frog ranges throughout the central plains states from western texas north to south dakota and from the florida panhandle north to southeastern new york , except for the coastal plain from virginia to florida and the northern appalachians . in the east , populations reach their northern limit in the hudson highlands - shawangunk region of new york . as late as the 1920 ' s , it also occurred commonly on long island and staten island . recently , a population of these frogs was discovered on the east side of the hudson river in dutchess county .\ndifferes from the southern cricket frog by having a more robust build , more webbing between the toes , a less sharply defined dark stripe on the back of the thigh and a pair of proment , subanal , white tubercles .\nis an insectivore which consumes a variety of insects , some of which are harmful to crops . the southern cricket frog , in turn , is preyed upon by a plethora of different fish , salamanders , turtles , and snakes .\nthe blanchard ' s cricket frog is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .\nsullivan kb , spence km . effects of sublethal concentrations of atrazine and nitrate on metamorphosis of the african clawed frog .\nthe blanchard ' s cricket frog ( acris blanchardi ) is a common resident of much of the texas . the frog shown here was resting on a small lily pad in a pond at uncertain , harrison co . , texas , in july , 2004 . it was photographed with a canon eos 10d and ef 180mm f / 3 . 5 macro and flash .\ndickerson , mary c . ( 1906 ) . the frog book . new york : doubleday , page , and company .\nthere are some easy to spot symptoms of sickness or injury that you should be mindful of when caring for your frog .\npalmer bd , palmer sk . vitellogenin induction by xenobiotic estrogens in the red - eared slider turtle and african clawed frog .\nvan gorp , c . d . 1996 . survey for blanchard ' s cricket frog ( acris crepitans blanchardi ) in southwestern minnesota . final report submitted to the natural heritage and nongame research program , minnesota department of natural resources . 20 pp .\nconservation status : both cricket frogs are common in our region but a . crepitans is declining in areas of the midwest .\njohnson , b . k . and christiansen , j . l . 1976 . the food and food habits of blanchard ' s cricket frog , acris crepitans blanchardi ( amphibia , anura , hylidae ) , in iowa . herpetologica : 63 - 74 .\nalthough widespread in the eastern and central united states , in canada , this frog species has been found only at point pelee and pelee island , in extreme southwestern ontario . the point pelee population is now believed to have been extirpated . on pelee island , northern cricket frogs have been declining to a point where they are now thought to possibly persist only in fish point provincial nature reserve , located at the southern tip of the island .\nhay , r . ( 1998 ) . ' ' blanchard ' s cricket frogs in wisconsin : a status report . ' '\nback is grayish , tan , green to brown ; skin is warty . back is marked with patches of yellow , green , or black , often forming a\ny\nshaped line . head is usually marked with a dark triangle . the hidden surface of the thigh of the florida subspecies is marked with two dark , lengthwise stripes . individuals found in the extreme western panhandle are a different subspecies and have only one dark stripe on the thigh - - stripe edges are not as ragged like stripes of northern cricket frogs . snout is also more pointed than that of northern cricket frogs . digits are tipped with tiny toepads\na 3rd grey tree frog pic shared with us . tomorrow we will be promoting # toadtuesday , maybe we should think about a\u2026 urltoken\nyou want to make sure your frog feels at home in its enclosure . this means maintaining the vegetation , soil , and water .\nlives in the temperate climate of the southeastern portion of the united states . the range of this species , also known as the southern cricket frog , extends from the southeastern corner of virginia and spans through north and south carolina , georgia , alabama , and mississippi .\nvan gorp , c . d . and t . j . vandewalle . 1995 . survey for blanchard ' s cricket frog ( acris crepitans blanchardi ) in southeastern minnesota . report submitted to the minnesota county biological survey , minnesota department of natural resources . 24 pp .\nnumber by county of cricket frogs ( n = 814 ) collected in illinois from 1852 to 1996 and examined for gonadal sex determination .\nh . aestivation / avoiding dessication . during a period of severe drought in texas , w . f . blair ( 1957 ) reported that northern cricket frogs avoided desiccation by taking refuge in deep cracks in the bed of a dry pond . similar behavior has been observed in indiana ( l . b . , personal observations ) .\nregardless of how you incorporate the water , make sure there is enough of it to allow the frog to keep himself wet as needed .\na survey to locate habitats that still contain cricket frogs and to identify biological and / or ecological factors affecting this species was recently conducted . several locations in orange county had populations of cricket frogs in the late 1980 ' s which became extirpated in the early 1990 ' s .\nby the 1940 ' s , most historically known populations in new york state had been extirpated . this diminutive frog is now only locally present in a few scattered populations which still occur in the hudson highlands and shawangunk area . the decline of the cricket frog apparently began in the 1800 ' s with the clearing , drainage and alteration of thousands of acres of wetland habitat . aerial spraying of ddt and other chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides in the 1950 ' s and 1960 ' s is thought to have contributed to the decline of most remaining populations . other factors that may have contributed to the cricket frog ' s decline are contamination of ponds by road salt and the introduction of predatory fish , which feed on their eggs .\ndistributions of total numbers of illinois cricket frogs in museum collections for the five time periods . each circle represents one museum specimen from that county .\nis found to be smaller and more slender . the snout is markedly more pointed , the legs are longer and more proportional to the size of the body , and there is less webbing between the toes . the first toe is partially free of webbing and 3 joints of the fourth toe are completely free . warts appear on the skin , especially around the anal area , but are not as prominent as seen in the northern cricket frog . in addition to the stripe running down the back of\nnorthern cricket frogs can be associated with green frogs ( rana clamitans ; jung , 1993 ; l . e . b . , personal observations ) , northern leopard frogs ( r . pipiens ) , wood frogs ( r . sylvatica ) , american bullfrogs ( r . catesbeiana ) , fowler\u2019s toads ( b . fowleri ) , american toads ( b . americanus ) , eastern gray treefrogs ( hyla versicolor ) , western chorus frogs ( pseudacris triseriata ) , spring peepers ( p . crucifer ; l . b . personal observations ) , and a great many other anuran species .\nlannoo , m . j . 1998 . amphibian conservation and wetland management in the upper midwest : a catch - 22 for the cricket frog ? pages 330 - 339 in m . j . lanno , editor . status and conservation of midwestern amphibians . university of iowa press , iowa city , iowa .\nwithin its range , the cricket frog inhabits sunny , shallow ponds with abundant vegetation in the water or on the shores . slow moving , algae - filled water courses with sunny banks are the preferred habitat . deep water is generally avoided . males are typically found calling from floating mats of vegetation and organic debris .\nnorthern cricket frogs inhabit the margins of water bodies , such as lakes , ponds , rivers , streams , and , sometimes , temporary ponds and rain pools . on pelee island , they have been found in shoreline marshes , pools , lagoons , drainage canals used for agriculture , ditches and flooded fields . they are usually found on muddy shores or in aquatic vegetation in shallow waters .\nthis frog was named for its breeding call , which sounds very much like the chirp or trill of a cricket ,\ngick , gick , gick . . . ,\nrepeated for 20 or more beats . the sound has been likened to two pebbles being clicked together , slowly at first , then picking up in speed .\nits voice is cricket - like ; rhythmic , repetitive clicking \u2013 gick , gick , gick , gick , etc . it begins slowly but then picks up speed .\nthe northern cricket frog ' s color is quite variable : gray , tan , greenish tan , or brown . the back may have a irregular green , yellow , orange , or brown stripe . there is always a dark triangle between the eyes , a series of light and dark bars on the upper jaw , and an irregular black or brown stripe along the inside of each thigh . the belly is white . the feet are strongly webbed , but the adhesive pads on fingers and toes are poorly developed . the call is a metallic \u201cgick , gick , gick . \u201d\n) is widely distributed north of the ohio river and , in the southern u . s . , west of the mississippi river . several populations in western mississippi and one population in northern kentucky appear on the southeastern side of this tentative boundary .\nthe best thing to help your frog recover is to seek advice from a vet , and to keep it safe and out of harm\u2019s way while it recovers . [ 23 ]\ndavidson , c . 1996 . frog and toad calls of the rocky mountains . vanishing voices . library of natural sounds , cornell laboratory of ornithology , ithaca . audio cd recording .\noccurs , at least formerly , in northeastern colorado along the south platte river ( conant and collins , 1998 ; hammerson , 1999 ) . a record from 1905 suggests a disjunct population of blanchard ' s cricket frog may have inhabited a historical marshy habitat near douglas , cochise county , arizona , but is now extinct ( degenhardt et al . , 1996 ) .\nnorthern cricket frogs are nonclimbing hylids that include a wide variety of invertebrates in their diet ( dundee and rossman , 1989 ; degenhardt et al . , 1996 ; johnson , 2000 ; minton , 2001 ) . their preferred habitats are quiet , relatively permanent waters , especially those with muddy vegetated banks in open country , but they can adapt to other situations ( johnson , 2000 ; hulse et al . , 2001 ; minton , 2001 ) .\none of the smaller frog species in texas , adult acris crepitans grow to 1 . 25 - 3 . 5 cm ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 in ) in length .\ncrepitan is derived from the latin word crepit which means\nrattle\nand ans which means\na handle\nthis refers to the\nhand rattle\nlike call of the frog .\nyour frog will need high humidity in its enclosure . the misting will help with this , but make sure to keep the enclosure relatively warm to aid in keeping the humidity level stable .\n, the frog species most often collected in illinois . years of collection ranged from 1852 to 2001 . a trend of increasing numbers of frogs collected started in the late 1930s ; there was a marked reduction during world war ii , and then the rate of collecting markedly increased through the mid - 1950s . numbers of individual anurans collected declined sharply in the late 1950s , increased during the mid - 1960s , and declined during the 1970s and 1980s . the numbers of frogs collected in illinois have since increased . cricket frog numbers were largely proportional to those of other anurans (\nconfusing species : other treefrogs within its range are the spring peeper , the western chorus frog and the gray treefrog . the spring peeper is distinguished by a dark x on the back . the western chorus frog has three dark continuous or broken lines down the back . the grey treefrog has a light spot with a dark border under each eye and bright orange / yellow inner thighs .\nmake sure to change out the water in the enclosure and clean the interior when it appears dirty . like any other pet , this frog will require fresh water and a comfortable living environment .\njung , r . e . 1992 . blanchard ' s cricket frogs ( acris crepitans blanchardi ) in southwest wisconsin . abstract , 6th annual meeting of the society for conservation biology : 140 .\nmost frogs do well in a 20 gallon tank , so check your local pet store for a tank this size or larger . this will allow the frog enough space to thrive . [ 2 ]\nmake sure you have a lid on your enclosure . use a soft screen lid . this will allow air to flow into the tank , while keeping the frog inside and safe . [ 3 ]\nyou may need to feed your frog more or less than this , depending on their appetite and how fast they eat what you give them . this may take some guessing and testing at first .\nfemales can lay up to 400 eggs at a time in small groups of between 2 - 7 eggs . monitor how many eggs your female frog lays should you breed your frogs . [ 26 ]\nreeder al , foley g , nichols d , wikoff b , faeh s , eisold j , et al . forms and prevalence of intersexuality and effects of environmental contaminants on sexuality in cricket frogs (\nwhen you purchase insects from the pet store , they will come in a container that you can keep them in until you are ready to feed your frog . or , you can make your own container to use and reuse to house your frog\u2019s food . just use a thumbtack to poke air holes in a small plastic container , to allow air in but not allow bugs out . [ 16 ]\nuse a spray bottle to wet the enclosure a few times a day . this frog lives in naturally damp and moist environments , so a spray bottle can help maintain this level of moisture . [ 17 ]\nin missouri , northern cricket frogs are active from late march to early november . breeding is from late april to mid - july in shallows of ponds and backwaters with an abundance of aquatic plants . warm temperatures stimulate males to chorus ; both calling and noncalling males can be successful breeders . a female may lay up to 400 eggs , either singly or in small packets of up to 7 , which are attached to submerged vegetation . eggs hatch in a few days , and tadpoles begin metamorphosis 5\u201310 weeks later .\nthe eggs of the southern cricket frog are fertilized externally while in a freshwater habitat . the sperm enters the egg and soon a gelatinous cover envelopes the egg to protect it . it then develops into a gill - breathing larva , also known as a tadpole , which then metamorphoses into the mature , lung - breathing adult . from beginning to end , 90 - 100 days ( on average ) are needed to complete the metamorphosis .\nreeder , a . l . , ruiz , m . o . , pessier , a . , brown , l . e . , levengood , j . m . , phillips , c . a . , wheeler , m . b . , warner , r . e . , and beasley , v . r . ( 2005 ) . ' ' intersexuality and the cricket frog decline : historic and geographic trends . ' '\nburkett , r . d . 1984 . an ecological study of the cricket frog , acris crepitans . pages 89 - 102 in r . a . seigel , l . e . hunt , j . l . knight , l . malaret , and n . l . zuschlag , editors . vertebrate ecology and systematics : a tribute to henry s . fitch . museum of natural history , university of kansas , lawrence , kansas .\nyou can use artificial or plastic plants . you can buy these at most pet stores in the aquarium section . you can also get small hollowed out logs or rocks for your frog to hide inside of . [ 9 ]\nis an insectivore , feeding on a wide variety of insects with a major part of their diet being mosquitoes . when in the tadpole stage , however , this species is a herbivore . as adults , to catch their prey , they sit and wait in ambush for insects . when a prey item comes near , they lunge forward and shoot out their tongue . the southern cricket frog has also been observed chasing after their prey on the ground .\ncurrently , the populations of this species are increasing and stable . make sure you do a search to find out the population levels of this frog in your area , and determine if it is safe and allowed to catch them .\ncleaning a frog\u2019s tank is a lot like cleaning a fish tank , but you might have to do it more often because frogs tend to shed pretty often . a water filter will help keep the water clean between actual tank cleanings .\ncommonly seen along the edges of ponds , streams , and rivers , especially on open areas of mud flats and gravel bars . recent surveys indicate that this species is gone or nearly gone from wisconsin , northern illinois , and indiana , but the cause of this decline has not been determined . missouri populations need to be monitored .\nif you end up with two frogs that breed , the eggs will be laid in the water . be mindful to check for eggs before cleaning the water should you have a male and female frog in the same enclosure . [ 25 ]\na . crepitans is a small ( 0 . 75 to 1 . 5 inches ) , slim - waisted frog with slender webbed toes and a triangle mark on the head . dorsal coloration can be gray , light brown with dark bands on legs . there is a white bar from eye to base of foreleg . the skin is bumpy . males have a single vocal pouch . a . crepitans is a non - climbing member of tree frog family ( barket 1964 , stebbins 1966 ) .\nthe endangered and nongame species program would like for individuals to report their sightings of northern cricket frogs . record the date , time , location , and condition of the animal and submit the information by submitting a sighting report form . the information will be entered into the state\u2019s natural heritage program , commonly referred to as biotics . biologists map the sighting and the resulting maps \u201callow state , county , municipal , and private agencies to identify important wildlife habitats and protect them in a variety of ways . this information is used to regulate land - use within the state and assists in preserving endangered and\nthe scouring of coastal marshes during severe storms , and predation by birds , reptiles , bullfrogs and fish , are some of the natural factors contributing to the species\u2019 decline . however , loss of wetlands to development is the major factor affecting populations of northern cricket frogs . damage to habitat includes drainage of marshes and the dredging of drainage canals that are used by the frogs as breeding sites . habitat degradation is an important factor as well . these frogs are intolerant of pollution , and the runoff of pesticides and fertilizers is believed to be a major contributor to the decline and disappearance of the species .\nuse organic soil without any chemicals or fertilizers in it . you want to make sure it is as close to the frog\u2019s natural habitat as possible . you can also use pine bark that is easily found at any garden supply store . [ 7 ]\nyou can catch insects on your own , or go to a pet store to purchase insects for it to eat . since this frog is particularly small , you will want to make sure you buy or catch very small insects for it to eat .\nthis small frog is widespread , but declining rapidly , in the u . s . in canada , it is known only from extreme southwest ontario . there have been no confirmed records in canada since the early 1970s despite frequent searches . however , there have been unconfirmed reports of the species as recently as the mid - 1990s . consequently , it is slightly possible that the species still exists in canada . threats to this frog include destruction and alteration of its habitat and effects of pesticides , herbicides and other contaminants .\nhay , r . 1998 . blanchard ' s cricket frogs in wisconsin : a status report . pages 79 - 82 in m . j . lannoo , editor . status and conservation of midwestern amphibians . university of iowa press , iowa city , iowa .\ngamble , t . , berendzen , p . b . , shaffer , h . b . , starkey , d . e . , and simons , a . m . ( 2008 ) . ' ' species limits and phylogeography of north american cricket frogs (\nunder the species at risk act ( s . c . 2002 , c . 29 ) ( sara ) the federal competent ministers are responsible for the preparation of recovery strategies for listed extirpated , endangered , and threatened species . the minister of the environment and the minister responsible for the parks canada agency are the competent ministers for the recovery of the blanchard\u2019s cricket frog . environment canada led the development of this strategy , working in cooperation with parks canada agency under sara . it has also been prepared in cooperation with the ontario ministry of natural resources .\ndescription : the green frog is a large , true frog with large , distinct tympanum and prominent dorsolateral ridges . it may be green , bronze or brown , or a combination but is typically green on the upper lip . the belly is white with darker lines or spots . there may be some irregular spotting on the back . it is distinguished from other frogs in that the dorsolateral ridges run only partway down the back and do not reach the groin . the hind legs have dark bars . males have a bright yellow throat . maximum adult size is 10 cm .\nmossman mj , hartman lm , hay r , sauer jr , dhuey bj . 1998 . monitoring long - term trends in wisconsin frog and toad populations . in : status and conservation of midwestern amphibians ( lannoo mj , ed ) . iowa city , ia : university of iowa press , 169\u2013198 .\n) were examined to compare cricket frog gonadal sex in three regions of the state during five time periods . the three regions are distinguished by human population density and physiographic characteristics . the northeast region includes 11 counties with high human population densities in and surrounding the chicago metropolitan area . the central band of 66 counties , which was formerly largely prairie , is dominated by low topographic relief , fertile soils , intensive maize and soy agriculture , and low human population density . the southernmost region includes 25 counties with mixed crops , pastures , and wooded hills as well as low human population density . the five time periods studied included\n, the southern cricket frog , the dark stripe on the rear of the thigh is more ragged , lacking clean borders or blending with dorsal coloration , and there is extensive webbing between the digits on the hind feet ( conant and collins , 1998 ; powell et al . , 1998 ) . like many small frogs there is a dark triangle between the eyes ( stebbins , 1985 ; conant and collins , 1998 ) . dorsal coloration and dark marking vary considerably , with various combinations of black , orange or yellow , on a background of brown or green ( conant and collins , 1998 ) . of the three described subspecies ( frost , 2000 ) ,\nthis small frog can be found in several colors . generally they range from black , brown , or reddish brown to bright green or gray . along with these patterns of coloration is a stripe of contrasting color beginning anteriorly at the top of the snout and running along the back towards the posterior and ends at the urostyle . between the eyes of\nhistorically this species was found on long island , staten island , and in the lower hudson river valley . by 1930 , long island populations had disappeared , as had those on staten island by the mid 1970s ( gibbs et al . 2007 ) . cricket frogs have become extirpated from no fewer than 20 historically occupied sites since about 1900 , representing a significant range contraction within the state .\nblanchard ' s cricket frogs inhabit shallow wetlands , lakes , streams , or rivers , and are rarely found in large lakes , wide rivers , or polluted sites ( gray et al . 2005 ) . they typically occupy areas along the water ' s edge , and prefer open areas with muddy shorelines and abundant emergent vegetation ( oldfield and moriarty 1994 ; gray et al . 2005 ) .\nit appears to be significantly threatened only in the northwestern portion of its range . the reasons for the declines remain speculative but vegetation succession , climatic fluctuations , predation by native and exotic species , competition from other frog species , and water pollution caused by pesticides and / or other chemicals associated with agriculture are possibly significant ( harding 1997 , lannoo 1998 , hammerson 1999 , hammerson and livo 1999 ) .\nhas declined dramatically in the northern and western part of its range ( baker 1997 ; gray and brown 2005 ; hammerson and livo 1999 ; hay 1998 ; lannoo 1998 ; lehtinen and skinner 2006 ) . this phenomenon \ufb01rst came to light in the 1970s , and has continued to the present ( hay 1998 ; lehtinen , 2002 ; vogt , 1981 ) . possible causes for decline include climate change ( hay 1998 ; irwin 2005 ) , habitat alteration ( lannoo 1998 ) , pollution ( reeder et al . 2005 ) , and habitat fragmentation ( hay 1998 ) .\n) . from 1930 to 1945 , the percentage of intersex individuals was notably increased , and from 1946 to 1959 it was greater than during any other time frame examined . also , during 1946\u20131959 , the proportion of females was reduced . during the most recent period , the proportion of intersexes was lowest of any period except for 1852\u20131929 . in the 1990s , however , few cricket frogs were available from areas that previously had the most elevated intersex rates .\nis a\ngick - gick - gick - gick\nin succession , like pebbles being clicked together ( vogt , 1981 ; stebbins , 1985 ; davidson , 1996 ; conant and collins , 1998 ; johnson , 2000 ) . recordings of the calls of a . crepitans are available on cds from elliott ( 1994a , b ) , davidson ( 1996 ) , library of natural sounds ( 1996 ) , and bogert ( 1998 ) . the tadpoles are dark olive green with small dark spots , greenish yellow venters ( bellies ) , spotted tails with slight striping on the musculature ( ashton and ashton , 1988 ) , and in many northern populations , the tail tip is black ( johnson , 2000 ) .\n, there is also a darker longitudinal stripe that can be seen on the rear of the thigh . there is slight sexual dimorphism seen with the southern cricket frogs . the females are generally the slightly larger sex with a length of 16 - 33 mm and the males achieve a length of 15 - 29 mm . the males have darker throats , whereas the females ' throats are white . males also have a single subgular sac . when young , the frogs are entirely aquatic tadpoles . upon reaching adulthood , the recently changed frogs are roughly 14 mm .\nadults average only 1 inch ( 2 . 5 cm ) in length ; the male is usually smaller than the female . cricket frogs exhibit a myriad of patterns and combinations of black , yellow , orange or red on a base of brown or green . distinguishing characteristics are small size , dorsal warts , a blunt snout , a dark triangular - shaped spot between the eyes , and a ragged , longitudinal stripe on the thigh . the webbing on the hind foot is extensive , reaching the tip of the first toe and the next to last joint of the longest toe ."]}
{"id": 1426, "summary": [{"text": "the patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small mustelid that is the only member of the genus lyncodon .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its geographic range is the pampas of western argentina and sections of chile .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "an early mention of the animal is in the journal of syms covington , who sailed with charles darwin on his epic voyage aboard hms beagle . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "patagonian weasel", "paragraphs": ["main characteristics patagonian weasels have a body length between 30 and 35 cms ( 12 - 13 . 75 inches ) , a tail length between 6 and 9 cms ( 2 . 4 - 3 . 5 inches ) and they weigh approximately 225 g ( 7 . 9 oz ) . they are whitish in colour with some brown and black tones mixed in . habitat patagonian weasels can be found in south america . subspecies subspecies of the patagonian weasel include : lyncodon patagonicus patagonicus lyncodon patagonicus thomasi interesting facts little is known about patagonian weasels but it is assumed their habits are similar to those of other species of weasel . similar animals african striped weasel back - striped weasel colombian weasel least weasel japanese weasel long - tailed weasel malayan weasel mountain weasel\npatagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) creator : the beeg one uxp : countries of the world . . .\nimage - patagonian weasel ( the beeg one ) . png | zt2 download library wiki | fandom powered by wikia\nthe females are called ' bitch , doe or jill ' and males ' buck , dog , hub or jack ' . a patagonian weasel group is called a ' boogle ' .\nthe patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a larger mustelid of the south american pampas . it is about 30\u201335 cm ( 12\u201314 inches ) long , excluding the 6\u20139 - cm ( 2 . 5\u20133 . 5 - inch ) tail . that weasel is grayish with dark brown underparts and a white stripe running across the forehead to the sides\u2026\nthis weasel has reportedly been kept by some ranchers as a working pet to destroy rats ( nowak , 1999 ) .\nthe patagonian weasel is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthe specific food habits of patagonian weasels are little known , but the fact that this species has reduced molars and well - formed carnassials suggests that it is primarily carnivorous ( ewer , 1973 ) . patagonian weasels have been noted to enter burrows of\npatagonian weasel is found in temperate arid and semiarid portions of argentina and southern chile ( prevosti and pardi\u00f1as 2001 ) . it is known to occur from salta province south along the western part of the country to santa cruz province , and then into chile along the southern argentine border ( schiaffini\n. the little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) .\nthe patagonian weasel ( lyncodon patagonicus ) is a small , rare , and little known carnivore . its distribution , which includes several fossil and historical records , spans western argentina and southern chile . according to recent studies , its populations are declining , affecting its conservation . in this paper we report a new locality of occurrence for the species based on a photographed . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe patagonian weasel lyncodon patagonicus is a small mustelid that lives in the southern cone of south america ( argentina and chile ) . the species is known from relatively few direct observations and collected specimens . in this paper we review available data about l . patagonicus to assess its conservation status . information about its natural history is largely anecdotal , and suggests that it . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe little research there is on this species suggests that patagonian weasels are found in pampas habitats that have light - colored substrates excluding deserts ( gittleman , 1996 ) . ( full text )\nfuture studies are needed to confirm the presence of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus as a common feature of l . patagonicus . it is reasonable to think that these muscles , together with the other myological and osteological modifications discussed , could represent an adaptation of the forepaw for fine digital control and for firmly grasping prey . hunting behavior data from future ecological studies of the patagonian weasel are needed to support this inference .\nthe mating system and behavior of patagonian weasles remains unknown at this time . however , most mustelids associate only briefly during the mating season . males have territories that overlap with those of several females and they monitor their reproductive state through chemical cues .\nthe mean values of the ratio mciii / phiii ( table 1 ) indicate that l . patagonicus possesses the relative longest proximal phalanx ( i . e . , 1 . 32 ; the lowest value of the ratio ) in comparison with other weasel - like musteloids and the whole sample . the length of the proximal phalanx of digit iii of l . patagonicus is equivalent to the 76 % of the length of the metacarpal iii , a very different condition to the sister taxa , galictis spp . ( ranging 56\u201363 % ) .\nranges from 300 to 350 mm , with the tail adding an additional 60 to 90 mm ( nowak , 1999 ) . patagonian weasels have a dental formula of 3 / 3 , 1 / 1 , 2 / 2 , 1 / 1 = 28 ( mares , 1989 ) . they have very small ears that are covered by the surrounding fur . generally , the the fur is whitish with some dark brown and black tones intermixed . from the top of the head to along its backside there is a distinguishable broad white or yellowish band of fur .\n. . . ( 1 ) san rafael ( roig , 1965 ) , ( 2 ) macach\u00edn ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as , 2001 ) , ( 3 ) bonifacio ( pocock , 1926 ) , ( 4 ) rinc\u00f3n grande ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 5 ) carmen de patagones ( doering , 1881 ) , ( 6 ) 9 km se los menucos ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as , 2001 ) , ( 7 ) puesto horno , ea . maquinchao ( teta , prevosti , & trejo , 2008 ) , ( 8 ) puerto madryn ( prevosti et al . , 2009 ) , ( 9 ) puerto pir\u00e1mide ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as , 2001 ) , ( 10 ) cueva del tigre ( trajano , 1991 ) . terrestial ecoregions are colored as follows ( from north - east to south - west ) : humid pampas , espinal , low monte and patagonian steppe ( olson & dinerstein , 2002 ) . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because there is no reason to believe that it approaches the thresholds for a threatened category or even near threatened . however , there is little available indication , and no hard information on current population status or trend , or on major threats . it is a poorly known species with few specimens deposited in museum collections ( redford and eisenberg 1992 , prevosti and pardi\u00f1as 2001 , prevosti et al . 2009 ) . recent investigations have added new localities , and expanded the known range , but further work is needed for a full understanding of range . it is possible that this species might be found to be appropriately listed on a threat category , if the impacts of habitat conversion , retaliatory killing and hunting are found to be much more severe than are presently assumed .\nhas been recorded from sea - level up to 2 , 000 m a . s . l . ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) .\nthis species is suspected to be rare and to occur at low densities across its range ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . miller et al . ( 1983 ) considered it to be rare in chile , and only two recent records ( both pre - 1966 ) exist for the country ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . new locality records were reported for northern patagonia , argentina ( teta et al . 2008 ) reaching 53 confirmed recent records ( prevosti et al . 2009 , schiaffini et al . 2013 ) .\nlyncodon patagonicus is found in herbaceous and shrub steppes and xerophytic woodlands ( osgood 1943 , prevosti and pardi\u00f1as 2001 ) . its habits are little known ; available data indicate that it is nocturnal - crepuscular and that it preys on fossorial rodents and birds ( koslowsky 1904 , cabrera and yepes 1940 , redford and eisenberg 1992 ) . it is perhaps associated with tuc - tuc ctenomys communities ( koslowsky 1904 ) .\nthere are likely to be few direct threats to this species , although habitat degradation ( through domestic sheep grazing ) and occasional killing by ranchers are local threats ( prevosti et al . 2009 ) . retaliatory killing ( as a predator of small livestock ) and hunting might also be threats , at least locally .\nthis species is not often seen in the wild or collected . it is possible \u2013 even likely \u2013 that it occurs in several protected areas in western and southern patagonia in argentina ( nahuel huapi , lanin , lago puelo , los alerces , perito moreno , and los glaciares national parks ) , although most of these comprise mainly forested habitats , rather than the open terrain used by this species . for a clearer understanding of distribution , abundance and natural history , further survey is necessary , using techniques appropriate for the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhas a distribution within the neotropical region . its range is from the southern and western parts of argentina into chile ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .\nhas short legs , a long body , and a short bushy tail ( redford and eisenberg , 1992 ) .\nis as unknown as the rest of the species ' reproductive behavior . as in all mammals , the female nurses her young . mustelids in general produce altricial young , which reside in a den or burrow until their eyes are open and they are able to walk . at this time , young weasels typically accompany their mother on foraging trips .\nin pursuit of prey . a defensive behavior of this species is that when it is cornered , the neck pelage will be erected . it is reportedly active at dusk and at night .\nbecause the dietary habits of this animal are not known , it is difficult to speculate on the role it plays within its ecosystem . however ,\nkaren malek ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nmammals of the neotropics - the southern cone volume 2 - chile , argentina , uruguay , paraguay .\nto cite this page : malek , k . 2003 .\nlyncodon patagonicus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nthis page was last edited on 25 may 2017 , at 15 : 39 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nla musculatura intr\u00ednseca del autopodio de los mam\u00edferos est\u00e1 compuesta por un n\u00famero de grupos musculares relativamente estable . en este trabajo nosotros presentamos el primer estudio miol\u00f3gico de lyncodon patagonicus , un must\u00e9lido de am\u00e9rica del sur pobremente conocido tanto en aspectos morfol\u00f3gicos como ecol\u00f3gicos . los m\u00fasculos intr\u00ednsecos t\u00edpicos de la mano de lyncodon son similares a los presentes en el tax\u00f3n hermano galictis , aunque presenta algunas variaciones , incluyendo la presencia de subdivisiones adicionales y algunas inserciones relativamente m\u00e1s distales . una caracter\u00edstica distintiva fue la presencia de una novedosa serie de m\u00fasculos nunca antes descripta para un mam\u00edfero . estos m\u00fasculos , aqu\u00ed denominados mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , est\u00e1n representados por un vientre medial y uno lateral para cada d\u00edgito , ubicados inmediatamente distales a los mm . flexores breves profundi . distalmente , estos se ubican a los lados de los tendones de estos \u00faltimos , en el aspecto palmar de la serie falangeal , insert\u00e1ndose en los tub\u00e9rculos flexores de las falanges distales de cada d\u00edgito . nosotros proponemos que la incorporaci\u00f3n de estos m\u00fasculos a la musculatura de la mano de lyncodon , sumado a otras caracter\u00edsticas osteo - miol\u00f3gicas , podr\u00eda implicar una adaptaci\u00f3n morfo - funcional distintiva , posibilitando una mayor fuerza de flexi\u00f3n e independencia en los movimientos digitales , posiblemente utilizada por el tax\u00f3n durante la manipulaci\u00f3n de presas durante la caza . esta funci\u00f3n debe ser confirmada por futuros estudios ecol\u00f3gicos y comportamentales para esta especie .\nthe mm . flexores breves profundi are commonly present in mammals , although reduced in number or size in some lineages ( e . g . , macropodids , some rodents , manis , most xenarthrans , and many ungulates\u2014 humphry 1869 ; galton 1870 ; young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1899 ; kesner 1986 ; fisher et al . 2007 ; rocha - barbosa et al . 2007 ) . their ancestral arrangement consists of a pair per digit ( lewis 1989 ) , located superficial to the dorsal layer , and with flexor functions . the mm . intermetacarpales may be absent , reduced , or fused with the mm . flexores breves profundi in many mammal lineages ( diogo and abdala 2010 ) , such as carnivorans ( young 1880 ; windle and parsons 1897 ; mcmurrich 1903 ) . there are 4 in the ancestral condition ( lewis 1989 ) , located between adjacent metacarpals , with abductor functions , which are functionally linked with the more palmar abductors and opponens muscles of digits i and v .\nin addition to the variant mentioned above , there exist at least 2 particular modifications that affect the general scheme of the mm . interossei . the first occurs when a group of fibers slips off and spans transversally between the insertions of the other mm . interossei deriving in , for example , the \u201cpalmaris transversus\u201d of arborimus ( kesner 1986 ) , the \u201ctransversus\u201d of manis ( humphry 1869 ) , the \u201ctransverse adductor indicis\u201d of dasypus ( windle and parsons 1899 ) , and an innominate muscle in hystrix ( parsons 1894 : 272 ) . a second kind of modification was described by humphry ( 1869 ) in sloths , in which an additional and secondary set of mm . interossei named \u201cphalangeal interossei\u201d originates from the second phalanges and inserts together with the other mm . interossei onto the extensor tubercles .\nlyncodon patagonicus , living specimen photographed in chubut , argentina , by dar\u00edo podest\u00e1 . note the slender and gracile digits of the forepaw .\nin line with prior contributions about the myology of south american mustelids ( ercoli et al . 2013 , 2015 ) , we carried out exhaustive dissections on l . patagonicus , a species for which myological studies are lacking . here , we describe the intrinsic muscles of the forepaw , and identify a strikingly novel series of forepaw muscles , not present in any other carnivoran species and , as far as we know , in any other mammal .\nthe detailed muscular anatomy of the forepaw of lyncodon is similar in many aspects to that described for galictis cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ; fig . 2 ) , which is expected because galictis and lyncodon are sister genera ( sato et al . 2012 ) . as in g . cuja , lyncodon possesses the same set of intrinsic musculature of the manus ( i . e . , m . palmaris brevis , 4mm . lumbricales , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , 3mm . adductores digitorum , 10mm . flexores breves profundi , m . abductor digiti ii , and m . abductor digiti iv , while the m . flexor digitorum brevis manus is absent ) . next , we describe these muscles , highlighting the distinctive features of l . patagonicus , while the features not detailed here should be considered as identical to those described for g . cuja ( ercoli et al . 2015 ) .\ndrawing showing the muscles of the manus , before a ) and after removal b ) the m . flexor digitorum superficialis , m . flexor digitorum profundus , m . abductor et opponens digiti i , m . abductor digiti v , m . opponens digiti v , and the mm . lumbricales .\nthe m . palmaris brevis presents a different configuration compared to galictis . as usual , it originates from the fascia that covers the carpus at the level of the accessory carpal bone , but this muscle inserts at the level of the metacarpal i , via 2 tendons , onto an additional belly of the m . palmaris longus that corresponds to digit i .\nthe 4mm . lumbricales ( fig . 2a ) are represented by independent bellies that originate from the tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus at the level of the carpus instead of the metacarpals , as was described for galictis . they insert via thin tendons onto the medial surface of the base of the proximal phalanges or the middle one ( for the case of digit iii ) .\nthe m . opponens digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the ligament distal to the accessory carpal bone , the medial surface of the accessory itself , and from metacarpal v and its proximal sesamoid , as was described for most of the cases of galictis , but these origins were purely aponeurotic ( versus mixed fibers ) . the insertion occurs on the lateral side of digit v , but its exact location could not be described due to some damage in the autopodium .\nthe m . abductor digiti v ( fig . 2a ) originates from the accessory carpal bone and inserts onto the lateral sesamoid of digit v and the lateral aspect of metacarpal v , as was described in galictis , but the differentiation in 2 bellies ( denoted for galictis ) could not be checked in lyncodon due to damage .\nthe m . abductor et opponens digiti i ( fig . 2a ) , as in galictis , extends from the radial sesamoid to the proximal phalanx of digit i . in lyncodon , the presence of an extra insertion onto the ventromedial aspect of metacarpal i ( observed in some specimens of galictis ) was confirmed .\nthe mm . adductores digitorum ( fig . 2b ) extends from the transverse carpal ligament to the proximal end of the proximal phalanx of digits i , ii , and v , similar to that described for galictis . however , in lyncodon , the 3 muscles are independent from each other at their origins , the muscle for digit i is the smaller ( versus ii ) , and the insertion on digits i and ii are tendinous ( instead of fleshy , as occurs in digit v , and all cases for galictis ) .\nthe 10mm . flexores breves profundi ( fig . 2b ) originate from the proximal area of the corresponding metacarpal of each digit , the plantar process of carpal bone iii , and the distal ligament of the accessory carpal bone , as in galictis . they insert via fleshy fibers onto the corresponding metacarpal sesamoids , as usual , but there is an additional insertion onto the base of the middle phalanx of digit iii .\nthe m . abductor digiti ii , differing with respect to galictis , is composed of 2 bellies instead of only 1 ; one originates exclusively from the proximal sector of the lateral margin of metacarpal i ( not reaching the middle of this bone , as in galictis ) , and the other originates from carpal ii ( not observed in galictis ) . on the other hand , the insertion of both bellies occurs on the medial area of the proximal phalanx of digit ii instead of the medial sesamoid of metacarpal ii .\nthe m . abductor digiti iv extends from the base of metacarpal v to the lateral aspect of the lateral sesamoid of metacarpal iv and metacarpal iv itself ( as in galictis ) , but the fibers of origin are mixed ( medially tendinous and laterally fleshy ) instead of only fleshy .\nin addition to the usual set of muscles and the variants recorded for l . patagonicus , a novel and intriguing series of 10 bellies , arranged as a pair per digit lying over the palmar aspect of the forepaw , was detected and is described here ( figs . 2b and 3 ) . the muscular nature of the fibers that compose these bellies was confirmed by histological analysis ( fig . 4 ) . this series of muscles , henceforth named mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus , is represented by a medial and lateral belly for each digit . they present a similar arrangement to that of the mm . flexores breves profundi and are located immediately distal to them . the bellies of this series run along the sides of the tendons of the mm . flexor digitorum profundus and the mm . flexor digitorum superficialis , on the palmar aspect of the phalangeal series . for each digit , the lateral and medial bellies originate via fleshy fibers from the distal end of the corresponding metacarpal sesamoid , and some tendinous fibers take origin from the distal end of the corresponding belly of the mm . flexores breves profundi , to which they are loosely attached . all of the bellies become tendinous at the level of the distal end of the proximal phalanx and insert onto the flexor tubercle of the distal phalanx , immediately lateral and medial to the insertion tendons of the m . flexor digitorum profundus ( figs . 2 and 3 ) .\nmorphology of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of lyncodon patagonicus . a ) arrangement and location of the bellies ( arrows ) in palmar view of the left forepaw . the lateral belly for digit v was already removed and the arrow indicates the origin area of this belly . see fig . 2b for a diagram indicating each muscle observed in the picture . b ) scheme of a single belly of the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus ( fdpm ) , and its topographic relationships with the tendons of the mm . flexores digitorum superficialis ( fds ) , the mm . flexores digitorum profundus ( fdp ) , and osteological elements of a digit ( mc = metacarpus ; phi = first phalanx ; phii = second phalanx ; phiii = third phalanx ; s = metacarpal sesamoid ) .\nappearance of the some loose bellies of the mm . flexor digitorum proprii manus in an ethanol 70\u00b0 solution a ) , histological slides of muscle tissues at 400\u00d7 b ) and 1 , 000\u00d7 c ) in the highlighted frame ; note muscular fibers cut near to transverse and longitudinal planes , showing the expected red staining , striations , and general structure for muscular fibers .\nvalues of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) for musteloid species . see appendix i for measured specimens in this study .\na data from bibliography ( van valkenburgh 1987 ; iwaniuk et al . 1999 ; ercoli 2015 ) .\nthe only other intrinsic phalangeal series of muscles of a mammal was described in sloths by humphry ( 1869 ) under the name of \u201cphalangeal interossei , \u201d but these muscles differ in origins , insertions , and functions compared to the mm . flexores digitorum proprii manus of l . patagonicus . humphry\u2019s description indicates that those muscles originate from the apposed sides of the middle phalanges and insert together with the other mm . interossei into the apposed sides of the extensor tendons , near the extensor expansions ( humphry 1869 : 49 ) . due to the common insertion , humphry considered them as a secondary set of the mm . interossei ( sensu lato ) and assigned them a lateral stabilization function , in relation to the autopodial specialization of sloths to suspensory postures .\nontogenesis of the skeleton and intrinsic muscles of the human hand and foot . advances in anatomy , embryology and cell biology\nenumeraci\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica de las especies observadas durante la expedici\u00f3n . vertebrados . informe oficial de la comisi\u00f3n cient\u00edfica agregada a la expedici\u00f3n al r\u00edo negro de 1879 . entrega i , zoolog\u00eda\ntrait\u00e9 de zoologie . anatomie , syst\u00e9matique , biologie . tome xvi ( fascicule iii ) : mammif\u00e8res . musculature des members , musculature peauci\u00e8re , musculature des monotr\u00e8mes . arthrologie\nanatomy of raccoon ( procyon lotor ) and coati ( nasua narica and n . nasua ) forearm and leg muscles : relations between fiber length , moment - arm length , and joint - angle excursion\n( e . j . sargis and m . dagosto , eds . ) .\ndescriptive and functional myology of the neck and forelimb of the striped hyena ( hyaena hyaena , l . 1758 )\non the myology of the terrestrial carnivora . part i : muscles of the head , neck , and fore - limb\non the myology of the edentata . part i . muscles of the head , neck and fore limb\nmusteloid specimens measured for the calculation of the ratio between the length of the metacarpal iii and the length of the proximal phalanx of the third digit ( mciii / phiii ) .\nlyncodon patagonicus : macnma 21982 , mlp 6 . iii . 36 . 32 . mustela erminea : fmnh 122025 , 122630 . mustela frenata : fmnh 25626 , 25625 , 49372 . mustela nigripes : fmnh 25621 , 25622 . mustela nivalis : fmnh 129331 . mustela vison : fmnh 135301 , 122031 . poecilogale albinucha : fmnh 36045 , 149354 . ictonyx striatus : fmnh 177232 , 177231 . martes americana : fmnh 72956 , 151035 . martes pennanti : fmnh 165360 , 153812 . galictis vittata : fmnh 127293 , 123657 . mellivora capensis : fmnh 43298 .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . a pesar de tan amplia dis - tribuci\u00f3n , la mayor cantidad de informaci\u00f3n proviene de hallazgos f\u00f3siles , colecciones de museos y unas pocas observaciones directas realizadas durante los siglos xix y xx . los datos actuales sobre su presencia , alcanzan tan solo 28 registros realizados desde 1950 , de los cuales 12 corresponden a los \u00faltimos 15 a\u00f1os ( prevosti & pardi\u00f1as 2001 , teta et al . 2008 , prevosti et al . 2009 , d\u00edaz isenrath et al . 2012 , formoso et al . 2016 , schiaffini 2017 . . . .\n. . . small mammals are the main prey of several raptors and some large raptors prey upon medium - sized mammals ( fergusonlees & christie 2001 , k\u00f6nig & weick 2008 ) . despite of that , there are not many examples of raptors preying upon carnivores ( jaksic & marti 1984 , teta et al . 2008 ) . here we report the consumption of molina ' s hog - nosed skunk ( conepatus chinga : carnivora ) by a great horned owl ( bubo virginianus : strigiformes ) . . . .\n. . . a complete picture of l . patagonicus habits requires direct ecological studies ; the same is true regarding its potential trophic overlap with the more widespread , larger , and aggressive sympatric lesser grison galictis cuja . it is eaten by the black - chested buzzard eagle geranoaetus melanoleucus , at least in patagonia ( teta et al . 2008 ) . ecological interactions with other small mustelids , such as g . cuja and the introduced invasive neovison vison , merit further study . . . .\nthe main goal of the project is to study the role of different biological ( e . g . , competition ; prey availability ) , geological ( e . g . , andean orogeny ) and climatic events ( e . g . , global temperature dim\u2026\n[ more ]\nresearch on the estimation of body mass in extinct vertebrates and on the effect of size on the natural history of organisms .\na new distributional record for lyncodon patagonicus ( carnivora : mustelidae ) , one of the smallest an . . .\nclick on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time .\nthis file contains additional information , probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it . if the file has been modified from its original state , some details may not fully reflect the modified file .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies ."]}
{"id": 1429, "summary": [{"text": "acartia lefevreae is a species of copepod belonging to the family acartiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this species was discovered when specimens previously identified as acartia clausi were examined and found to belong to a separate species .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its range overlaps with that of a. clausi , being found in the western mediterranean and the north east atlantic as far north as the english channel , but it tends to be found in more brackish habitats such as estuaries .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species is generally similar to a. clausi but is usually noticeably smaller ( total length 0.8 \u2013 0.9 mm ) and differs in the arrangement and size of the spines on the back of the posterior body segment ( metasome ) . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "acartia lefevreae", "paragraphs": ["species acartia plumosa scott t . , 1894 represented as acartia ( acanthacartia ) plumosa scott t . , 1894\nspecies acartia grani sars g . o . , 1904 accepted as paracartia grani sars g . o . , 1904\nbradford , j . m . ( 1976 ) . partial revision of the acartia subgenus acartiura ( copepoda : calanoida : acartiidae ) . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 10 ( 1 ) : 159 - 202 , figs . 1 - 33 . ( iii - 1976 ) [ details ]\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbradford , 1976 ( p . 168 , figs . f , m ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2007 ( p . 421 , figs . f , m , rem . ) .\nissued from : j . m . bradford in n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . , 1976 , 10 ( 1 ) [ p . 168 - 169 , figs . 5 , 6 . femele ( from w france : brest harbour ; italy : genoa harbour ) : 1a , habitus ( dorsal view ) ; 1b , idem ( lateral view ) ; 1c - e , p5 . 2a - c , genital segment ( dorsal view ) ; 2d - f , idem ( lateral view ) .\nissued from : j . m . bradford in n . z . j . mar . freshw . res . , 1976 , 10 ( 1 ) [ p . 170 , fig . 7 ] . male ( from w france : brest harbour ; italy : genoa harbour ) : a , habitus ( dorsal view ) ; b , idem ( lateral view ) ; c , posterior surface of p5 .\nbrackish . according to vives & shmeleva ( 2007 ) this species is valid , the difference with a . margalefi leans upon the form of the genital segment of the female and the first segment of the male p5 . this position was not followed by bradford - grieve ( 1999 , p . 4 ) who did not have knowledge of the publication of alcaraz from the same year . a serious doubt subsists on the validity .\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndana , j . d . ( 1846 ) . notice of some genera of cyclopacea . annals and magazine of natural history 18 : 181 - 185 . also in : am . j . sci . ( 2 ) 1 : 225 - 230 . ( ix - 1846 ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 183 ; note : document available at : urltoken [ details ]\ndana , 1846 . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 104108 on 2018 - 07 - 09\ncostello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in ror ) [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1430, "summary": [{"text": "cryptolechia dorsoprojecta is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by wang in 2006 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( fujian ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 15-16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are orange-yellow , with dense brown scales , becoming denser at the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal margin has a large dark brown blotch at about three-fourth the length , diffused downward to the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the apex is brown , forming a somewhat broad fascia along the termen and joined with the blotch at the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a dark brown dot set at the middle of the cell and at two-thirds of the fold .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are deep grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cryptolechia dorsoprojecta", "paragraphs": ["cryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland\ncryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ncryptolechia ? eningiella pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7\u00b0n , 114 . 5\u00b0e ) , jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4\u00b0n , 105 . 5\u00b0e ) , gansu , 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19\u00b0n , 106 . 12\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6\u00b0n , 118 . 2\u00b0e ) , jiangxi , 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\n= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\naliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\nargometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567\napiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton\nconata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152\neucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nglischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand\nleptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\nmellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\nbrazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia\nassam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen\naustralia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach s\u00fcd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word eningiella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word eningiella and , of course , eningiella synonyms and on the right images related to the word eningiella .\nthis is the place for eningiella definition . you find here eningiella meaning , synonyms of eningiella and images for eningiella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word diplosticha . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word diplosticha and , of course , diplosticha synonyms and on the right images related to the word diplosticha .\nthis is the place for diplosticha definition . you find here diplosticha meaning , synonyms of diplosticha and images for diplosticha copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 1431, "summary": [{"text": "ditrigona cirruncata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by wilkinson in 1968 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14-18.5 mm for males and 15.5-19.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are weakly lustrous and white , the forewings with the costa white or pale buff .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the fasciae are brownish buff , consisting of antemedial and postmedial fasciae , both lunulate .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is one dark brown distal cell spot on each wing and spots terminate each vein distally , often extended laterally to form a very narrow dark brown terminal fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are as the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "ditrigona cirruncata", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about ditrigona policharia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ditrigona policharia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1432, "summary": [{"text": "acrolophus pseudohirsutus is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hasbrouck in 1964 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including california and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in brazil . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "acrolophus pseudohirsutus", "paragraphs": ["acrolophus tapuja ; mielke & grehan , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo n . f . 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 152\nacrolophus is a genus of moth in the family acrolophidae , with , typically , great individual variation within species in color pattern , making field identification of many individuals difficult or impossible .\ndalaca tapuja pfitzner , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 19 ) : 110 ; tl : southern brazil , leopoldina\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\npfitzner in seitz , 1937 die amerikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer ( 186 pls ) gross - schmett . erde 6 : 1 - 32 ( 1913 ) , : 33 - 192 ( 1915 ) , : 193 - 240 ( 1917 ) , : 249 - 280 ( 1918 ) , : 241 - 248 , 281 - 320 ( 1919 ) , : 321 - 336 ( 1920 ) , : 337 - 376 ( 1921 ) , : 377 - 416 ( 1922 ) , : 417 - 424 ( 1924 ) , : 425 - 528 ( 1925 ) , : 529 - 616 ( 1927 ) , : 617 - 672 ( 1928 ) , : 673 - 768 ( 1929 ) , : 769 - 840 ( 1930 ) , : 841 - 904 ( 1931 ) , : 905 - 1016 ( 1932 ) , : 1017 - 1048 ( 1933 ) , : 1049 - 1088 ( 1934 ) , : 1089 - 1112 ( 1935 ) , : 1137 - 1256 ( 1936 ) , : 1113 - 1136 , 1257 - 1296 ( 1937 ) , : 1297 - 1304 ( 1938 ) , : 1305 - 1328 ( 1939 ) , : 1329 - 1452 ( 1940 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1433, "summary": [{"text": "the palm lorikeet ( charmosyna palmarum ) is a species of parrot in the family psittaculidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in solomon islands and vanuatu .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and plantations .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "palm lorikeet", "paragraphs": ["the rainbow lorikeet ( trichoglossus haematodus ) is much larger and has dark head and red breast .\nfeeds on coconut and sago palm blossoms , nectar , fruits , pollen and possibly insects .\nspecies : scientific : charmosyna palmarum aka hypocharmosyna palmarum . . . english : palm lorikeet . . . dutch : palmlori . . . german : palmzierlori . . . french : loriquet des palmiers\n16 cm . bright green lorikeet . variable , small red patch on chin , yellow tips to long tail and slightly darker upperparts .\ncites lexicon of parrots birdlife international a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition ml media collection catalogue 515782 palm lorikeet ( charmosyna palmarum ) , andersen , michael j . , torba , vanuatu , dec . 6 2014 , cornell lab of ornithology .\ncollar , n . , de juana , e . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . palm lorikeet ( charmosyna palmarum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe palm lorikeets ( charmosyna palmarum ) have a fluctuating range in the santa cruz islands of the solomon islands and in vanuatu ( an island nation located in the south pacific ocean ) . these lorikeets are often found in coconut trees or in flowering trees .\npalm lorikeets average 16 - 17 cm ( ~ 6 . 8 inches ) in length - including the long tail . most of their plumage is bright green . they have a variable small red patch on the chin and their long tail has yellow tips .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nnomadic and erratically common in coconuts on small islands . on santo , common in flowering trees on the highest mountain ridges .\nvulnerable b1b ( iii , v ) c ( ii , iii ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\nbirchenough , s . , dutson , g . , evans , s . , leary , t . , totterman , s . & van oosten , j .\nthis enigmatic species is rare in some locations ; it is classified as vulnerable on the basis of its small and fluctuating range in which the population is suspected to be declining overall through habitat degradation .\n. in santa cruz , it is known from nendo ( relatively common in higher inland forests in 1990 but no definite records subsequently ) , the duff islands ( where 30 were seen around one village in 1997 ) , tinakula ( where encounter rates of 9 . 8 per hour in 2014 [ pierce 2014 ] ) , vanikoro ( where it recently appears to have become extinct ) , tikopia ( where very small numbers have recently colonised ) vanua lava ( where common around langletak village in the east ) , gaua ( regular visitor to coconut blossoms at sea level and also recorded in flocks in the forest on the ridge around lake letas [ c . 500 m above sea level ] ) , mere lava ( fairly common in small flocks higher up and visits lower altitudes during the day ) and ambae ( flocks at higher altitudes only , in forest and at forest edge starting from duviara village , 500 m above sea level ) ( g . dutson pers . obs . 1997 - 8 ,\n. it is usually seen in small flocks of 10 - 30 birds ( bregulla 1992 , g . dutson pers . obs . 1997 - 8 , barr\u00e9\nbut its irregular distribution and nomadic habits make it difficult to estimate the total population .\nbased on the small numbers recorded everywhere , and the small size of most islands with recent records ( except santo ) , the total population size is estimated to fall within the band 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 mature individuals . this equates to 1 , 500 - 3 , 749 individuals in total , rounded here to 1 , 500 - 4 , 000 individuals . trend justification : there are no data , however it is suspected to be declining , primarily due to deforestation .\nit appears to occupy high montane altitude forest at elevations in excess of 1 , 000 m , but flocks regularly descend to coastal trees , especially to feed on coconut blossoms ( diamond 1975b , diamond and marshall 1976 , bregulla 1992 , g . dutson pers . obs . 1997 - 8 , s . totterman\n. lowland forest , especially on small islands with high human populations , is being cleared for agriculture , domestic timber demand and commercial logging , but observations suggest that this habitat type may not be regularly used by this species ( s . totterman\ncites appendix ii . it is protected by law in vanuatu and occurs in the proposed lake letas reserve on gaua . there are plans to research the solomon islands population and breeding ecology ( j . r . van oosten\nsurvey other islands in northern vanuatu . estimate population density in santo mountains . determine any habitat or altitudinal requirements . research tolerance of logged and degraded forest . research breeding success and population cycles on small isolated islands . investigate the role of malaria in causing population fluctuations . ascertain genetic isolation of subpopulations on dispersed islands . relate distribution to that of introduced mammalian predators . designate the proposed lake letas reserve on gaua . increase the area of suitable habitat that has protected status .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nforms a species - group with c . rubrigularis , c . meeki and c . toxopei . monotypic .\nextreme e solomon is ( santa cruz is , duff is , reef is ) , banks is and vanuatu ; range seems to be somewhat irregular and fluctuate with cycles of extinctions and recolonizations over decades # r # r # r .\n15\u201317 cm . green , with rather small red patch around bill from lores to chin ; mantle washed pale brown ; underwing - coverts greyish green ; tail tipped yellow ; bill and . . .\ncommonest vocalization a high - pitched short \u201ctseet\u201d . when perched , also utters a high - pitched . . .\nmontane and lowland forest , but seemingly intolerant of disturbed areas at lower levels .\none nest on vanuatu in dec , was in hollow limb of tree c . 6 m up , in cloud forest ( at 1600 m ) , with two half - grown young .\napparently nomadic , travelling widely between feeding areas and appearing unpredictably in coastal . . .\nvulnerable . cites ii . previously considered near \u00adthreatened . a birdlife \u201crestricted - range\u201d species . commoner in hills above 1000 m than in lowlands .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nif you have videos , photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection . it ' s free and easy to do .\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\nthese parrots are virtually undetectable because of their resemblance to the surrounding foliage . they are only found by their occasional high , shrill calls .\nboth adults red on chin , lores , and base of bill ( less in female ) ; mantle washed with olive / brown , often missing in female ; underwing band absent ; green tail with wide yellow tip ; orange bill ; yellow eye .\nas in female but with orange / brown bill and brown / yellow eye .\ncalls are short and high pitched ; more rapid when given in flight . shrill twittering heard when bird is feeding and softer notes emitted while at rest .\nenclosure , easily cleaned , 2 . 5 x 1 x 2m ( 8 x 3 x 6 ft ) . minimum temperature 20c ( 68f ) , not less than 24c ( 75f ) during acclimatisation .\nlory nectar of thin porridge , honey , pollen , brewer ' s yeast , vitamins and mineral supplements or commercial nectar ; different fruits such as pear , peach , passion fruit and apple ; greenfood such as kale and dandelion ; different wild edible berries ( rowan , pyracanthus and rose hips ) .\nbox 20 x 20 x 40cm ( 10 x 10 x 20 in ) .\nthreats to this species include avian malaria , cyclones and natural cycles . lowland forest , which may or may not be used by this species , is being cleared for agriculture , timber and commercial logging .\nsanta cruz , duff and possibly reef islands , easternmost solomon islands , and vanuatu , including banks islands .\nfound above 1000m ( 3280ft ) in undisturbed montane forest , irregularly in lowlands .\nnomadic , traveling widely between feeding sites in pairs and medium - sized flocks . appears in lowlands sporadically . pair bonds strong in large flocks .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research , seminars and podcasts , specialists to ask your toughest questions , and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member . join today > >\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\nsmall groups were fairly common on the island during a day ' s visit . mostly feeding in coconut inflorescences . [ same location ]\nsmall groups were fairly common on the island during a day ' s visit . mostly feeding in coconut inflorescences .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species is rare in some locations and is classified as vulnerable as its numbers are suspected to be declining due to loss of habitat . they are listed as an endangered species ( cites ii )\ndue to their endangered status , any suitable specimen that cannot be released back into their natural habitat ( native range ) should preferably be placed into a well - managed breeding program to ensure the continued survival of this species .\ngenus : scientific : charmosyna . . . english : honey lorikeets . . . dutch : honingpapegaaien . . . german : zierloris . . . french : loriquet de miele\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 745 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1435, "summary": [{"text": "mesaxonians are a clade of ungulates whose weight is distributed on the third toe on all legs through the plane symmetry of their feet .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "for a while it was often seen to only contain the order perissodactyla ( which includes the equines , rhinos and tapirs ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "recent work in morphological cladistics and ancient dna suggests that several extinct lineages , like the desmostylia and some of the south american ungulates of meridiungulata ( both groups seen as afrotherian relatives ) are related to the perissodactyls . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "mesaxonia", "paragraphs": ["the mesaxonia , as defined here , include the horses , rhinos , elephants , and dugongs , among others . the group shares a number of foot , skull , and tooth characteristics which support its monophyly . however , no official name has been published for this group , and so we have borrowed the term mesaxonia , which is still used by some authors to refer to the perissodactyla .\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nmesaxonia\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nfisher ms , tassy p ( 1993 ) the interrelation between proboscidea , sirenia , hyracoidea , and mesaxonia : the morphological evidence . in : szalay fs , novacek mj , mckenna mc , editors . mammal phylogeny : placentals . new york : springer - verlag . pp . 217\u2013234 .\nfischer ms , tassy p ( 1993 ) the interrelations between proboscidea , sirenia , hyracoidea , and mesaxonia : the morphological evidence . in : szalay fs , novacek mj , mckenna mc , editors . mammal phylogeny : placentals . new york : springer - verlag . pp . 217\u2013243 .\n[ mesaxonia ] include the perissodactyla and some related fossil types . the middle toe may be the only one ( e . g . in present day horses ) , or may be the largest of three , as in some ancestral horses and in the hind - foot of the rhinoceros .\nmesaxonians are a group of mammals that form the , not widely accepted , superorder mesaxonia . the superorder includes the perissodactylids , hyracoids , proboscidians , and sirenians , all part of the infraclass eutheria . however , this group is not yet published , it ` s a theory based on the number of digits , teeth , and skull characteristics . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : nature . publisher : new york : nature publishing group . oclc : 499775149\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nanthracobunidae is an eocene family of large mammals from south asia that is commonly considered to be part of the radiation that gave rise to elephants ( proboscideans ) and sea cows ( sirenians ) . we describe a new collection of anthracobunid fossils from middle eocene rocks of indo - pakistan that more than doubles the number of known anthracobunid fossils and challenges their putative relationships , instead implying that they are stem perissodactyls . cranial , dental , and postcranial elements allow a revision of species and the recognition of a new anthracobunid genus . analyses of stable isotopes and long bone geometry together suggest that most anthracobunids fed on land , but spent a considerable amount of time near water . this new evidence expands our understanding of stem perissodactyl diversity and sheds new light on perissodactyl origins .\ncitation : cooper ln , seiffert er , clementz m , madar si , bajpai s , hussain st , et al . ( 2014 ) anthracobunids from the middle eocene of india and pakistan are stem perissodactyls . plos one 9 ( 10 ) : e109232 . urltoken\neditor : andrew a . farke , raymond m . alf museum of paleontology , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 cooper et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .\nfunding : the national science foundation is acknowledged for support to m . t . c . ( ear - 0847413 ) , e . r . s . ( bcs - 0819186 and bcs - 0416164 ) , and j . g . m . t . ( ear - 0207370 ) . also , s . b . acknowledges financial support received from the department of science and technology , government of india for field work in the eocene sections of gujarat . the funders had no role in the study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nanthracobunidae is a family of large mammals that is only known from the middle eocene of south asia . historically , anthracobunids have played a prominent role in debates surrounding the origin of tethytheria , the group that includes the living and extinct members of the placental mammalian orders sirenia ( sea cows ) and proboscidea ( elephants ) . anthracobunids are often considered to have branched off near the base of tethytheria [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] , sharing most recent common ancestry with either proboscidea [ 1 ] , [ 9 ] \u2013 [ 13 ] , sirenia [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , or the extinct desmostylia . however , until now , no cranial parts , only some partial dentitions and two postcranial elements ( a scapula associated with a maxilla [ 11 ] and an isolated astragalus [ 13 ] ) , were known for the group .\nthe paucity of fossil evidence has left anthracobunidae as a phylogenetically and adaptively enigmatic group [ 2 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 16 ] \u2013 [ 20 ] , with little known about their diets , habitats , and time and place of origin . in light of this , anthracobunid genera have also been aligned with two other , non - tethytherian clades , including artiodactyla [ 21 ] \u2013 [ 23 ] and perissodactyla [ 24 ] , as well as phenacodontids [ 25 ] , [ 26 ] , one of the extinct families of basal ungulates . the convergent evolution of \u201cungulate\u201d - like features in paenungulata ( containing tethytheria ) and laurasiatheria ( containing artiodactyla and perissodactyla ) revealed by molecular data [ 27 ] requires that anthracobunidae be re - evaluated within this new phylogenetic context .\nhere we describe new anthracobunid fossils from the kuldana and subathu formations of the early - middle eocene of pakistan and india [ 28 ] \u2013 [ 32 ] . these new findings more than double the number of anthracobunid fossils , and include cranial and postcranial material . we test the phylogenetic relationships of anthracobunids using a taxonomically rich morphological data set and investigate anthracobunid diet and habitat . our results have important implications for character transformations near the origins of perissodactyla , the habitats of stem perissodactyls , and the early biogeography of paenungulata and perissodactyla .\nfossils were collected in punjab province , pakistan , under a collaborative agreement of howard university and the geological survey of pakistan ( h - gsp ) . localities where fossils were collected , with topographical coordinates , were described in thewissen et al . [ 33 ] . specimens were prepared in the u . s . a . at northeast ohio medical university ( neomed ) and are catalogued using the h - gsp acronym and accessioned into the collections of the geological survey of pakistan ( gsp ) . since the gsp is a branch of the pakistani government , all collected fossils are the property of the pakistani state . at present , fossils are for study in the u . s . a . , but they will be returned to pakistan and will be permanently housed at the natural history museum of pakistan , located in islamabad . gsp geologists are collaborators on all field work as part of their official assignment and all permitting is internal to the different pakistani government agencies involved . all necessary permits were obtained for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .\nwe also studied fossils from the locality kalakot in jammu & kashmir state , india , the location of which is described by russell and zhai [ 32 ] . this locality was discovered by a . ranga rao , a geologist of the oil and natural gas commission , and he quarried large quantities of fossiliferous rock matrix from this locality . after his death , we were given access to these by his widow , f . obergfell . fossils were prepared at neomed in the u . s . a . , and are the property of the rangarao - obergfell trust for geosciences , located in dehra dun , india , and are catalogued using the acronym rr . they will be housed on the trust campus on rajpur road in dehra dun .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : cd33f507 - 0d06 - 4de1 - a3c8 - 8bf9e7697114 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central , lockss .\nwhenever possible , characters were scored based on analysis of original fossil material and / or casts housed in either the department of vertebrate paleontology at the american museum of natural history , the department of anatomical sciences at stony brook university , or the department of anatomy and neurobiology at northeast ohio medical university . as noted above , some taxa and / or characters were scored from the literature . some dental characters were rescored for arsinoitherium , taking into account new evidence for cusp homologies provided by the more basal embrithopod namatherium [ 52 ] . furthermore , a new character state ( \u201clarge , inflated\u201d ) was added for the character \u201cm1 - 2 metaconules\u201d ( number 18532 ) to take into account the condition seen in anthracobunids and some other ingroup taxa , and the character \u201cshape of astragalar ectal facet\u201d was excluded , because it could not be consistently scored across the new taxa that were sampled .\nmidshaft cross - sections of fossil and extant large - bodied ungulate long bones and ribs [ 71 ] were visualized via paleohistological sections or high resolution micro - ct scans . bone compactness ( total amount of bone per section ) was calculated via published methods [ 72 ] .\nfor the analysis of stable isotopes , three or more specimens of each species were analyzed ( when available ; see tables s8 and s9 ) to provide an estimate of the population mean \u00b1 s . d . for carbon and oxygen isotope values [ 73 ] urltoken - b33 . about 5 mg of enamel powder was collected from each specimen , either by drilling directly from the tooth or by grinding enamel chips in an agate mortar and pestle . before collection , contaminants were removed by abrading the outer surface of the specimen after cleaning the outer surface to a depth of \u223c0 . 5 mm using a dremel drill with a 1 mm diameter diamond - coated bit .\npreparation of powders for stable isotope analysis followed published methods [ 74 ] , [ 75 ] . powders were first transferred to 1 . 5 ml microcentrifuge vials and then soaked sequentially overnight in about 0 . 20 ml of a sodium hypochlorite solution ( 1\u20132 g dl - 1 ) and then in about 0 . 20 ml of calcium acetate buffered acetic acid ( ph about 5 ) following published procedures [ 31 ] . on addition of each reagent , samples were agitated for 1 min on a vortex genie vortex mixer . after each soak , the supernatant was removed by aspiration and the residual powder was rinsed five times with deionized water . samples were then freeze - dried overnight and about 1 . 5 mg of powder from each was weighed into individual test tubes for analysis on a thermo - finnigan gas bench autosampler attached to a thermo - finnigan deltaplusxp continuous - flow isotope - ratio mass spectrometer at the university of wyoming stable isotope facility .\nall values for stable isotopes are reported in delta ( \u03b4 ) notation , using the equation \u03b4 ( \u2030 ) = 1 , 000 \u00d7 ( rsample / rstandard - 1 ) , where rsample is the observed isotope ratio of the sample ( 13 c / 12 c or 18 o / 16 o ) and rstandard is the accepted ratio for an appropriate international standard ( vienna pee dee belemnite for \u03b4 13 c ; vienna standard mean ocean water for \u03b4 18 o ) . analytical precision is typically better than 0 . 1\u2030 for \u03b4 13 c values and 0 . 2\u2030 for \u03b4 18 o values ( \u00b11\u03c3 ) .\nenamel \u03b4 18 o values are influenced by the oxygen isotope compositions of oxygen sources ( atmospheric o 2 , food and water ingested by the animal ) , certain physiological processes that affect intake or loss of oxygen by an animal ( sweating , panting , respiration , and elimination of urine and feces ) , and body temperature [ 76 ] \u2013 [ 78 ] . for aquatic and semi - aquatic mammals , the flux of environmental water by means of direct ingestion and transcutaneous exchange [ 79 ] overwhelms all other oxygen sources , which reduces inter - individual variation [ 76 ] , [ 80 ] and causes enamel \u03b4 18 o values of freshwater taxa ( for example hippopotamus ) to be lower than those for terrestrial mammals ( \u223c2\u20133\u2030 ) ; [ 81 ] \u2013 [ 83 ] . the magnitude of offset between freshwater and terrestrial mammals can vary in response to changes in humidity , such that faunas experiencing drier conditions show a greater offset ( \u223c3 . 0\u2030 ) than those living under wetter conditions ( < 1 . 0\u2030 ) [ 84 ] .\nin combination with enamel \u03b4 18 o values , we also determined enamel \u03b4 13 c values of fossil species , which were used to infer diet and past environmental conditions . for herbivorous ungulates , enamel carbon isotopic compositions are enriched in 13 c relative to diet by \u223c14\u2030 [ 85 ] . variation in enamel \u03b4 13 c values among ungulate species is most strongly affected by the carbon isotopic composition of the plants they ingest . in the eocene , terrestrial ecosystems were dominated by plants performing c3 photosynthesis , a process that discriminates against the heavier carbon isotope ( 13 c ) , causing plant tissue \u03b4 13 c values to be considerably lower than those of plants exploiting other photosynthetic pathways ( c4 plants , cam plants ) [ 86 ] , [ 87 ] . the carbon isotopic compositions of c3 plants are more variable than other plant types and are strongly affected by temperature and aridity , causing c3 plants grown under hot dry conditions to have higher \u03b4 13 c values than those grown in cooler and wetter environments [ 88 ] , [ 89 ] . since enamel \u03b4 13 c values reflect the carbon isotopic composition of the plants in an animal ' s diet , consumer enamel \u03b4 13 c values can be used to infer past environmental conditions ( wet vs . dry ) as well as dietary information for extinct species .\nincluded genera . jozaria wells and gingerich , 1983 ; and obergfellia , new genus .\ndiagnosis . stem perissodactyls with premolars increasing in complexity from anterior to posterior , but never molariform ; molars brachyodont , but with high cusps and low valleys between cusps ; upper molars increasing in size from m1 to m3 ; lower molars with a distinct trigonid elevated above the talonid ; large caudally - projecting angular process of the mandible .\ndescription . unlike tethytheres and other paenungulates , anthracobunids have small and simple upper and lower incisors and relatively large canines ( figs . 1 , 2 ) . cheek teeth are bunodont and brachyodont and each cusp has a high apex , but there are deep valleys between cusps . premolars are never totally molariform , and diastemata , if present at all , are short . upper p3 and p4 are shorter than the molars , and have a paracone , protocone , and metacone , but no hypocone . the m1 and m2 have four well - developed cusps , as well as strong para - and metaconules , without lophs . the distance between proto - and paracone is longer than that between the hypo - and metacone , giving the tooth a posteriorly pinched appearance . lower molars have a trigonid with two large cusps , and large , sometimes twinned , hypoconulid on the third lobe ( figs . 1g\u2013i , s1 ) .\n( a ) crushed skull of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 97106 ) in ventro - lateral view ( left maxilla detached ) and ( b ) dorsal view ; ( c ) p2 of a . wardi ( h - gsp 30229 ) in lingual view and ( d ) occlusal view ; ( e ) skull fragment of a . wardi ( rr 411 ) in occlusal view , and ( f ) lateral view ; ( g ) mandible of a . wardi ( h - gsp 96434 ) in occlusal view ; ( h ) mandible of a . wardi ( h - gsp 96258 ) in lateral view , and ( i ) occlusal view . ( j ) proximal phalanx of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 97106 . 105 ) in dorsal view ; ( k ) proximal phalanx of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 97106 . 101 ) in ventral view , and ( l ) lateral view ; ( m ) head of a metapodial of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 97106 . 250 ) in dorsal view ; ( n ) phalangeal fragment of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 97106 . 257 ) in dorsal - superior view ; ( o ) terminal phalanx of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 97106 . 302 ) in dorsal - superior view . scale bar is 1 cm in length .\n( a ) right p2 - m2 of a . wardi ( luvp - 15006 ) in occlusal view , and ( b ) labial view ; ( c ) left m1 - m3 of a . wardi ( rr - 411 ) in occlusal view , and ( d ) labial view ; ( e ) left p3 - m3 of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 82 - 31p ) in occlusal view ; ( f ) left m3 of a . pinfoldi ( h - gsp 82 - 31p ) in labial view ; ( g ) right c - m3 of the cambaythere kalitherium ( iitr - sb - vlm 931 ) in occlusal view ; ( h ) right m3 of kalitherium ( iitr - sb - vlm 931 ) in labial view ; ( i ) left p4 - m2 of nakusia [ 6 ] in occlusal view ; ( j ) left m2 of nakusia [ 6 ] in labial view ; ( k ) mx of cambaytherium ( iitr - sb - vlm - 521 ) in occlusal view ; ( l ) right m3 of the phenacodontid \u2018condylarth\u2019 tetraclaenodon ( ku - 8052 ) in occlusal view ; ( m ) left p1 - m3 of a . wardi ( wif / a 1101 ) [ 15 ] in occlusal view ; ( n ) left c - m3 of a . wardi ( h - gsp 96258 ) in occlusal view , and ( o ) labial view ; ( p ) left p1 - m3 of obergfellia occidentalis ( h - gsp 1981 ) in occlusal view , and ( q ) labial view ( m1 inverted from right side ) . scale bar is 1 cm in length . illustrations by jacqueline dillard .\npartial skulls are known for two anthracobunids ( h - gsp 97106 and rr 411 ) , and both show the presence of a very thick bony shelf over the orbits ( fig . 1b , f ) . the palate is concave mediolaterally , with the areas near the midline much higher than the alveolar processes . the lateral sides of the basisphenoid and basioccipital are recessed ; this is particularly true for the basioccipital , which suggests that the petrosal , which is not preserved , was also deeply recessed . the mandibular fossa is concave and is located just lateral to the ear region . the postglenoid process is oval and does not extend along the entire width of the mandibular fossa .\nh - gsp 97106 includes , among other elements , metapodials and phalanges ( fig . 1j - o ) . the heads of most metapodials are wider than deep , strongly convex , and the posterior side bears a strong crest . proximal phalanges show a broad , oval articular surface for the metapodial and are squat : nearly as wide mediolaterally as they are long proximodistally . their distal articular facet is rectangular in outline and deeply incised caudally , indicating the presence of a caudal crest on the middle phalanx . most prominent on the proximal phalanges is the deeply excavated posterior side which is concave both mediolaterally and proximodistally .\nthe genera of the family anthracobunidae . we restrict the family anthracobunidae to the genera anthracobune ( which includes most specimens previously referred to pilgrimella and lammidhania ) , jozaria , and the new genus obergfellia . there are several other families of medium - sized bunodont \u201cungulates\u201d from the eocene of india and pakistan , such as quettacyonids [ 90 ] and cambaytheres [ 4 ] , [ 91 ] . while all of these groups are brachyodont , anthracobunids are unique among them in having tall cusps on their molars , while retaining valleys between the cusps that are low and close to the cingulum ( fig . 2 ) . the new genus obergfellia differs from other anthracobunids in exhibiting the following combination of features : ( i ) lower molars broad , ( ii ) lower m3 relatively short , and ( iii ) angular process of the mandible long but shorter than that of anthracobune ( figs . 1 , 2 , s1 . ) . the last of these features is not known in jozaria .\nwe exclude ishatherium subathuensis from anthracobunids . its holotype consists of the lingual side of an upper molar , referred originally to sirenia [ 15 ] , [ 92 ] . wells and gingerich [ 1 ] referred ishatherium to anthracobunidae . the holotype and only specimen shares with anthracobunids the strong development of conules and the deep transverse wear along the protocone - paraconule - paracone and along the hypocone - metaconule - metacone . the specimen is decidedly unlike anthracobunids in that the distance between protocone and paracone is similar to that between hypocone and metacone , and in that its cusps are not highly raised . we also exclude nakusia shahrigensis [ 6 ] from anthracobunids ( fig . 2 i , j ) . its holotype is a maxilla with p4 - m2 and the base of p3 . the base of p3 is elongate , the cusps on the relatively unworn m2 are low , and the molars are relatively wide . anthracobunids have a short p3 , high molar cusps , and squarish upper molars . nakusia is more likely a quettacyonid or cambaythere than an anthracobunid .\nthe genus indobune was included in anthracobunidae [ 4 ] , but it has low cusps on its teeth and is better classified as a cambaythere . ducrocq et al . [ 7 ] described hsanotherium parvum on the basis of two specimens with upper molars from myanmar . these specimens are bunodont , with small conules and lack a hypocone . the transverse wear pattern of anthracobunids is also absent . hsanotherium displays similarities to medium - sized bunodont artiodactyls , such as haqueina [ 22 ] , and we do not include it in anthracobunids .\nreferred species . anthracobune wardi ( dehm and oettingen - spielberg , 1958 ) .\ndiagnosis . anthracobunid with narrow lower molars and a very large angular process of the mandible ( fig . 1 , fig . s1 ) .\ndiscussion . we refer to most of the specimens formerly included in lammidhania and pilgrimella in the past to anthracobune .\nholotype . bmnh m . 15792 , left m2\u20133 and right m3 , from \u2018 lammidhan \u2019 and \u2018 planorbis freshwater beds . \u2019 pilgrim never visited the type region , and the fossils were collected by a geological surveyor ( t . g . b . davies ) . lammidhan appears on davies\u2019 unpublished map and is located on a broad alluvial plain . however , it does not match a modern topographical landmark and its meaning is not known to local people . eocene deposits occur to the north and south of the plain , with marine limestones and muds forming ledges usually towering over the unconsolidated muds that form the bottoms of valleys . these muds are the \u201c planorbis freshwater beds , \u201d and it is our contention that the specimen may have been found on these beds , but that it rolled down from overlying marine beds . gingerich [ 23 ] improved the holotype by fitting bmnh m . 15794 ( the trigonid of the left m2 ) to it .\ndescription . h - gsp 97106 is the most complete specimen known for any anthracobunid . upper incisors are similar in size ( based on their alveoli ) ; the crown of i3 shows that there is a single , large pointed cusp , with small basal thickening on the cingulum anterior and posterior to it . canine is long and compressed mediolaterally and p1 is two - rooted , with single cusp . p2 has a small protocone and two cuspules on the posterior crest of the paracone . p3 has a protocone , paracone , metacone and two conules , and a strong postprotocrista . upper molars with four main cusps as well as strong para - and metaconule . instead , protocone - paraconule - paracone have aligned wear surfaces , and similar wear surfaces on hypocone - metaconule - metacone . with wear , these surfaces resemble crests .\nlower p1 with two roots , strong protoconid , high but narrow paraconid and low metaconid , lacking talonid . lower p2 is similar to p1 but larger . lower p3 and p4 are similar with a well - developed trigonid having three cusps , and two cusps on the talonid . lower molars with strong crests between protoconid and metaconid , and between hypoconid and entoconid ; weak hypoconulid on anterior molars . these crests are stronger than the cristid obliqua . paraconid usually absent on molars .\nupper anterior teeth lined up in a parasagittal row , and rostrum ends in a narrow point . the caudal edge of the nasal opening of h - gsp 97106 is over the upper canine , and the infraorbital foramen is dorsal to p3 . the zygomatic arch projects lateral from the base of m1 and m2 , and extends caudally from there . the orbit is located over m2 and m3 . the skull roof dorsal to the orbits is a thick bony plate that is flat and stretches rostrally to the nasal aperture , and caudally to the temporal crests . left and right temporal crests form the caudal extent of this plate and join into a strong sagittal crest that delineates the large temporal fossae . this crest ends at the left and right nuchal crests , which extend ventral to the ear region .\nthe palate is narrow rostrally , and concave mediolaterally . a weak postpalatine torus is present , and the hard palate is indented caudally with the choana reaching rostrally medial to m3 . the pterygoid process is thick . the periotics are deeply recessed between basioccipital and mandibular fossa . basisphenoid and basioccipital slope strongly from medial to lateral . the postorbital process is strong and oval in cross - section , the mandibular fossa is cylindrical , its rostrocaudal extent is as large as its mediolateral extent . the external auditory meatus is immediately caudal to the postorbital process , there is no postglenoid foramen . the external auditory meatus is directed caudolaterally . the suture between mastoid and squamosal is on the nuchal crest , and there is a mastoid emissary foramen just below it . a large emissary foramen also occurs on the parietal in the temporal fossa . the foramen magnum faces more caudal than ventral and the supraoccipital immediately dorsal to it is flat . near the sagittal crest , the supraoccipital plane is concave .\ndiscussion . specimens referred to a . pinfoldi are known from the upper part of the kuldana formation . these are coastal beds , as indicated by the sedimentology and invertebrate paleontology of their localities , although isotopic evidence implies that the individuals fed on land . the upper part of the kuldana formation is well known for its fossil whales : ambulocetus and attockicetus .\nholotype . bmnh m . 15799 , isolated talonid , most likely of m1 based on its size . locality given as \u2018 lammidhan \u2026 planorbis freshwater beds of chharat stage\u2019 ( see discussion under holotype of anthracobune pinfoldi ) . unlike other specimens from pilgrim ' s \u2018 lammidhan , \u2019 this specimen is probably indeed from the planorbis beds , an inference based on its preservation .\ndiagnosis . lower molars with high length / width ratio , the m3 short , paraconid and metaconid of lower premolars small , anterior premolars long .\ndescription . new material referred to this species includes two complete lower jaws that include the entire post - incisor dentition ( h - gsp 96258 and 96434 ) , a skull fragment that includes orbit and supraorbital region ( rr 411 ) , and part of the deciduous dentition .\nlower incisors are similar in size to each other , based on their alveoli . canines with short crown , larger than the incisors , small diastemata on either side of p1 , but no other diastemata present . lower p1 and p2 with one main cusp and two roots , and small cusp on pre - and postprotocristid . lower p3 and p4 with well - developed trigonid and talonid . protoconid and metaconid on these teeth similar in height and paraconid lower , much lower on p4 . talonid of posterior premolars with high hypoconid , and entoconid high or barely distinguishable . lower molars with distinct trigonid and talonid . protoconid and metaconid similar in height , paraconid absent , but paracristid well developed . hypoconid and entoconid similar in height , cristid obliqua strong , hypoconulid weak on m1 and m2 , but strong and placed on third lobe in m3 , and sometimes twinned . coronoid process of the mandible small and with steep anterior slope . length of mandible anterior to anterior edge of coronoid process ( to rostral end of the fused symphysis ) is approximately two times as long as that posterior from this edge ( to the tip of the angular process ) . this indicates that the angular process is enormous . lower p3 with three cusps on trigonid , and two on talonid ; trigonid long . lower p4 with shorted trigonid , resembling lower m1 ( h - gsp 96052 ) . mandibular angle of juveniles small ( h - gsp 30349 , fig . s1 ) .\nupper dentitions of a . wardi are mostly known from india ( luvp 15006 , rr 411 , wif / a 616 ) . the p2 is longer than wide , unlike the p3 and p4 . p2 has connate paracone and metacone , and a lingual bulge with a small protocone ( luvp 15006 , h - gsp 30229 ) . p3 and p4 are similar in shape , with connate para - and metacone , and large protocone . paraconule and metaconule are strong in p3 ( luvp 15006 ) , whereas in p4 transverse crests are well developed and conules less so . upper molars have four strongly developed cusps , with smaller but distinct paraconule and metaconule . transverse crests are absent , but cusps are lined up in such a way that they form an anteriorly convex arch .\ntooth wear in anthracobunids tends to be distinct on the posterior side of the protoconid - metaconid , and the anterior side of the protocone - protoconule - paracone , and is accentuated by the deep valleys behind these rows . this transverse wear pattern is consistent with the large and caudally - projecting angular process of the mandible , the area of insertion for the medial pterygoid and masseter muscles .\nspecimen rr 411 reveals some details about the orbit and zygomatic arch . the zygomatic arch has a weak postorbital process and the dorsal part of the zygomatic arch is made up of the maxilla in the orbital rim , but not posterior to the orbit . the ventral edge of the zygomatic arch is made up of the jugal . the morphology of the root of the zygomatic arch , the postorbital process of the frontal , and the mandibular fossa in this specimen resembles that of h - gsp 97106 .\nthe anterior edge of the ascending ramus of the mandible of h - gsp 96259 is vertical , whereas it slopes slightly caudal in h - gsp 96434 : the superior part overhanging the inferior part . h - gsp 30349 is a juvenile in which the anterior edge of the ramus slopes slightly rostral . in h - gsp 96149 this ramus is vertical . the mandibular symphysis of all jaws , except h - gsp 30349 , is strongly fused , and slopes caudal ending ventral to the premolars .\ndiscussion . most specimens of anthracobune wardi are known from the lower redbeds of the kuldana formation of pakistan , where pakicetid cetaceans are common . these are freshwater deposits and the specimens of anthracobune found here pertain to a . wardi . additional specimens of a . wardi are from the freshwater deposits of the subathu formation of india .\nobergfellia , new genus . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 952704f2 - f029 - 4643 - b791 - b30e7c71aa0a .\nanthracobune ( in part ) , west , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 .\npilgrimella ( in part ) , wells and gingerich , 1983 ; kumar , 1991 .\netymology . in honor of the late vertebrate paleontologists dr . friedlinde obergfell and her husband a . ranga rao . both were instrumental in the initial discovery and description of the kalakot fauna . this fauna became the best - known eocene land mammal fauna from india , mostly due to the efforts of a . sahni and k . kumar .\nobergfellia occidentalis , new species , urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : b5a9a6da - db8f - 4498 - 8bf2 - 3812b98458d9 .\nanthracobune pinfoldi ( in part ) , west , 1980 , p . 518 , pl . 2 . 5 .\nanthracobune pilgrimi , west , 1981 ; west , 1983 ( in part ) , p . 367 , fig . 5 , fig . 6 ; west , 1984 ( in part ) , p . 187 , fig . 4 , fig . 5 .\nadams consensus of all trees recovered from parsimony analyses that included some ordered multistate characters , with continental geography ( see states in upper left - hand corner ) optimized onto the tree using parsimony ( relationships among extant taxa were constrained by a \u201cmolecular scaffold\u201d ) .\nbootstrap support for clades derived from each analysis contributing to the consensus is depicted by colored circles . a1 = atlantogenata constraint , transitions between polymorphic and \u201cfixed\u201d states in ordered morphoclines weighted as 0 . 5 steps ; a2 = atlantogenata constraint , transitions between polymorphic and \u201cfixed\u201d states in ordered morphoclines weighted as one step ; e1 = exafroplacentalia constraint , transitions between polymorphic and \u201cfixed\u201d states in ordered morphoclines weighted as 0 . 5 steps ; e2 = exafroplacentalia constraint , transitions between polymorphic and \u201cfixed\u201d states in ordered morphoclines weighted as one step . across all trees , anthracobunids and desmostylians were placed as perissodactyls , along with two enigmatic asian taxa , the late paleocene \u201ccondylarth\u201d radinskya and early eocene cambaytherium .\n( d ) bar diagram of bone compactness , a quantification of the amount of bone per midshaft cross - section , compared here between fossil and extant ungulates .\nc values for enamel samples of early and middle eocene mammals from india and pakistan .\nresults shown as mean \u00b1s . d . for the sample populations . data from ( a ) early eocene and ( b , c ) middle eocene taxa from india and pakistan . circles , perissodactyls ; red circles , anthracobunids ; squares , artiodactyls ; triangles , cetaceans ; inverse triangles , creodonts ; diamonds , condylarths . see suppl . info . for details .\npilgrimella pilgrimi , wells and gingerich , 1983 ( in part ) , p . 122 , fig . 2c\u2013d ; kumar , 1991 ( in part ) , p . 230 .\netymology . specific epithet is from occidentalis , latin for west , in honor of robert m . west , who discovered and described the holotype .\nholotype . h - gsp 1981 , mandibles with left p1 - m3 and right p4 - m3 ( fig . 2p\u2013q ) .\ntype locality . h - gsp locality 62 , ganda kas area , punjab province , pakistan .\nformation and age . kuldana formation , kala chitta hills of northeastern pakistan , early lutetian in age ( \u224848 ma ) .\ndiagnosis . differs from other anthracobunids in exhibiting the following combination of features : ( i ) lower molars broad , ( ii ) lower m3 short , and ( iii ) angular process of the mandible long but shorter than that of anthracobune .\ndescription . the most complete specimen for this species is h - gsp 1981 , a left and right mandible not larger than a . wardi ( h - gsp 96258 and 96434 ) , but with lower molars much broader than a . wardi . h - gsp 1981 lacks the angular process , due to post - mortem damage but it is preserved in h - gsp 96214 , a specimen with an erupting m3 . in this specimen , the angular process is 80 % as long , rostro - caudally , as in a . wardi . the angular process is not preserved in h - gsp 96149 , but its root is preserved and the slope thereof indicates that the process is small h - gsp 96149 has extremely worn teeth , but its molars are similar in size to h - gsp 1981 ( fig . s1 ) , premolars and canine are larger and the depth and robusticity of the jaw is much greater than in h - gsp 1981 . the wear stage is most consistent with advanced age , and makes it unlikely that the smaller angular process is the result of young age . eventually this specimen may be shown to pertain to a new species of obergfellia .\nfew upper molars have been discovered for o . occidentalis . h - gsp 538 is a large tooth , and an interstitial facet on its posterior side indicates that it is not an m3 . m1 and m2 of p . pilgrimi do not reach this size , and we therefore refer this tooth to p . obergfelli .\ndiscussion . west [ 10 ] , [ 93 ] recognized that his collection of specimens from the ganda kas region of pakistan contained two species of anthracobunids from the freshwater part of the formation and used the names anthracobune pilgrimi and lammidhania wardi for them . unfortunately , the type specimen for l . wardi is an isolated trigonid , and pertains to the same species as several large complete lower jaws collected by us ( h - gsp 96258 and 96434 ) , and these match upper dentition material referred to pilgrimella pilgrimi ( the type of which is an upper molar ) . hence a new genus and species name is needed . a specimen described by west , h - gsp 1981 , is the most appropriate holotype for this species .\ndiscussion . wells and gingerich [ 1 ] described jozaria palustris on the basis of a single specimen which shows the diagnostic features of anthracobunids . the lower premolars of this specimen are large compared to the molars , confirming it as distinct from other anthracobunid species and genera .\nparsimony analyses were first run to determine the most parsimonious placement of xenarthra ( represented in this analysis by dasypus ) given different placements in placental phylogeny \u2013 i . e . , as either the sister group either of afrotheria ( the atlantogenata hypothesis ) or of laurasiatheria + euarchontoglires ( the exafroplacentalia hypothesis ) , as this is one of the nodes that was not convincingly resolved by meredith et al . ' s [ 27 ] analysis , and continues to be debated in the literature on placental phylogenetics [ 94 ] . a placement with afrotheria was more parsimonious [ ( 3704 . 5 versus 3716 steps ( i . e . , constraint a1 versus e1 , with 0 . 5 weighting of ordered multistate characters with intermediate polymorphic states ; fig . s2a versus fig . s2c ) and 5758 versus 5773 steps ( a2 versus e2 , no weighting of ordered multistate characters with intermediate polymorphic states , fig . s2b versus fig . s2d ) ] , and all subsequent alternative constraints accordingly employed an atlantogenata , rather than an exafroplacentalia , constraint .\nthe placement of cambaytherium within perissodactyla is consistent with bajpai et al . ' s [ 38 ] , [ 91 ] assessment of the genus . confusion surrounding the dental similarities that cambaytherium shares with perissodactyls and anthracobunids [ 102 ] is resolved by the placement of cambaytheriids and anthracobunids as closely related sister taxa of crown perissodactyla , thereby indicating that similarities to tethytheres are entirely due to convergence . bajpai et al . [ 38 ] argued that the middle eocene european genus hallensia , which was originally identified as a \u201ccondylarth\u201d [ 50 ] and later placed within perissodactyla as either a possible equoid [ 51 ] , [ 103 ] , might be a cambaytheriid . in our analyses hallensia was usually placed as a stem perissodactyl ( a1 , e1 , e2 ) or in an unresolved position relative to these taxa ( a2 ) . the monophyly of a clade containing anthracobunidae , cambaytherium , hallensia , radinskya , and \u201cadvanced\u201d perissodactyls is supported by 11 unambiguous synapomorphies ( table s2 ) . the clade containing anthracobunids , cambaytheriids , radinskya , crown perissodactyla , and hallensia was reconstructed as having been equivocally of either asian or european origin ( table s3 ) , while the anthracobunid - desmostylian - hippomorph - tapiromorph clade was optimized as having been of asian origin .\nwe quantified the midshaft cross - sectional geometries of limb and rib bones of anthracobunids and other ungulates . long bone and rib cross - sectional phenotypes are a reliable indicator of vertebrate habitat , with most taxa occupying a shallow - water habitat displaying the greatest amount of bone per cross - section via thickened cortices and / or bone - filled medullary cavities [ 71 ] , [ 104 ] , [ 105 ] . in contrast , bones of terrestrial taxa typically display thin cortices and vacant medullary cavities . bone compactness values , a combined measure of cortical and medullary bone area [ 72 ] , indicate that anthracobune limb bones display values between 0 . 85\u20130 . 96 . this range is greater than values observed in a sample of fossil and extant artiodactyls and perissodactyls ( 0 . 42\u20130 . 83 ) , with the exception of modern hippopotamus ( 0 . 94 , 0 . 96 ) and rhinoceros ( 0 . 64\u20130 . 85 ) , and semi - aquatic pakicetid and remingtonocetid eocene cetaceans ( 0 . 93\u20130 . 96 ) ( fig . 4 ) . similar results were documented in rib elements ( table s7 ) .\nwe also studied the oxygen and carbon isotope composition of structural carbonate in tooth enamel [ 75 ] , [ 106 ] for anthracobunids and coeval taxa from the early and middle eocene of india and pakistan ( fig . 5 , table s8 , table s9 ) . mammal fossils sampled from early eocene localities ( fig . 5c ) , including cambaytherium , spanned a narrow range of \u03b4 18 o values , and are consistent with occupation of a wet and forested habitat . enamel \u03b4 13 c values showed more than 3\u2030 range in individual values ( \u221212 . 4\u2030 to \u22129 . 1\u2030 ) , and , when corrected to present - day atmospheric \u03b4 13 c values [ 107 ] , suggest foraging in a relatively wet environment . conversely , taxa sampled from middle eocene deposits of northern pakistan displayed a much wider range of \u03b4 18 o values ( 21 to 27\u2030 ) and much higher enamel \u03b4 13 c values ( fig . 5b , c ) .\ntwo specimens of a . wardi collected from middle eocene deposits of northern india had low enamel \u03b4 18 o values ( 21 . 3\u2030 and 21 . 8\u2030 ) that approached values for aquatic taxa , but also overlapped with values for terrestrial rhinocerotoids ( 20 . 6\u2030 to 24 . 7\u2030 ) from the same formation . these low enamel \u03b4 18 o values are more consistent with a freshwater habitat for these individuals , but , again , low sample size complicates differentiating \u03b4 18 o values for these specimens from \u03b4 18 o values for taxa assumed to be fully terrestrial .\nanthracobunids have not previously been incorporated into taxonomically broad phylogenetic analyses of morphological data that incorporate the molecular evidence for placental supraordinal relationships . we tested for the possibility that anthracobunidae and various laurasian \u201ccondylarths\u201d ( phenacodontids , louisinids ) are not members of afrotheria by adding a number of living and extinct laurasiatherians to a morphological character matrix that has previously been employed to reconstruct afrotherian phylogeny [ 19 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 108 ] . we constrained relationships of extant taxa , based largely on the results of meredith et al . [ 27 ] , using the \u201cmolecular scaffold\u201d technique proposed by springer et al . [ 109 ] . we also employed several alternative constraints to obtain tree lengths for competing topologies .\nwhen continental geography is mapped onto the adams consensus in fig . 3 , crown and advanced stem perissodactyls ( including cambaytherium and radinskya ) are optimized as having originated in asia ( fig . 3 ) , while the perissodactyl stem lineage is of ambiguous ( but certainly laurasian ) continental origin . later colonization of north america by crown perissodactyls was presumably facilitated by global warming at the paleocene - eocene boundary [ 111 ] , [ 112 ] . afrotheria is unambiguously of afro - arabian origin on the adams topology , and the recently described paleocene african \u201ccondylarth\u201d ocepeia [ 58 ] was placed as either a stem paenungulate or as a stem atlantogenatan , depending on whether atlantogenata or exafroplacentalia was constrained ( respectively ) . the consistent recovery of the european louisinids paschatherium and teilhardimys as stem perissodactyls challenges the view that they are afrotherian macroscelideans [ 62 ] .\nsome early tethytheres are thought to have had a semi - aquatic lifestyle ( proboscideans [ 81 ] , [ 116 ] , desmostylians [ 117 ] , sirenians [ 104 ] , [ 118 ] \u2013 [ 120 ] ) , but no evidence suggests that stem perissodactyls occupied an aquatic habitat . to reconstruct the ancient habitat preferences of anthracobunids , we analyzed bone geometry of the postcranial skeleton as well as stable isotope values within tooth enamel .\nwe quantified the midshaft cross - sectional geometries of limb and rib bones of anthracobunids and other ungulates . anthracobune limb bones displayed bones that were more hyperostotic and therefore more compacted compared to most extant ungulates . exceptions included extant taxa that are known to frequently swim or wallow in shallow water habitats ( i . e . , hippopotamus and rhinoceros ) [ 121 ] , and fossil eocene cetaceans that are thought to be semi - aquatic and also occupy shallow water habitats ( i . e . , pakicetid and remingtonocetids ) ( fig . 4 ) . thus , anthracobunids display a variety of skeletal modifications consistent with taxa that exploit shallow - water habitats , including thickened postcranial elements and widened elements of the autopodium , in addition to large body size .\nwe also studied the oxygen and carbon isotope composition of structural carbonate in tooth enamel [ 75 ] , [ 106 ] for anthracobunids and coeval taxa ( fig . 5 ) . the anthracobunids recovered from the kuldana formation ( anthracobune and obergfellia ) displayed enamel \u03b4 18 o values suggesting some evidence of aquatic habits , and enamel \u03b4 13 c values showed they fed on land . anthracobunids recovered from northern india displayed enamel \u03b4 18 o values consistent with occupation of freshwater habitats . although all sampled anthracobunids may have had some aquatic preferences , stable isotopic evidence alone is inconclusive as there is overlap in range of isotopic values between terrestrial and aquatic taxa .\ntaken together , skeletal and isotopic evidence are most consistent with an interpretation of anthracobunids ( especially anthracobune ) as having had ecological preferences similar to those of modern rhinos and tapirs , but not exhibiting the same degree of commitment to aquatic habits as hippopotamus [ 84 ] , [ 122 ] . most rhinos and tapirs have a restricted range near permanent bodies of water in which they frequently wallow and wade [ 121 ] , and obtain most of their drinking water [ 84 ] , [ 122 ] . modern rhinos may be a good model for the anthracobunid lifestyle as both display thickened limbs and intermediate oxygen isotope values relative to hippopotamus and terrestrial ungulates .\nstable isotopic evidence also showed mammal fossils sampled from early eocene localities ( fig . 5c ) occupied and foraged within a wet and forested habitat . conversely , taxa sampled from middle eocene deposits of northern pakistan ( fig . 5b , c ) indicated shifts in the climate toward increased aridity . this climate change was most likely caused by the northward movement of the indian plate , which pushed these areas out of an equatorial zone of high precipitation in the middle eocene [ 123 ] , [ 124 ] . vegetation would have opened up , and shifted to a drier , tropical forest or savanna habitat .\nbased on new dental , cranial , and postcranial material , our phylogenetic analysis is the first to suggest that anthracobunids are stem members of the laurasiatherian order perissodactyla , rather than members of the afrotherian clades tethytheria , proboscidea , or sirenia . the strictly asian distribution of anthracobunids is consistent with the isolation of afrotherian and laurasiatherian clades through the early paleogene [ 19 ] , [ 113 ] , while the phylogenetic result is consistent with the recent recovery of very primitive basal stem proboscideans such as phosphatherium [ 125 ] and eritherium [ 18 ] , from the early eocene and paleocene of africa . analyses of postcranial bones and stable isotopes also indicate that anthracobunids were large and lumbering , and suggest at least some taxa spent time in the water similar to modern rhinos , and that all known anthracobunids fed on land . our results therefore identify an old world radiation of large , non - cursorial , partly aquatic perissodactyls that convergently came to occupy a basal tethythere - like niche on the northern coast of the tethys sea ."]}
{"id": 1436, "summary": [{"text": "thomas 's water mouse ( rheomys thomasi ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae found in el salvador , guatemala , and mexico at altitudes of 400 to 2700 m .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it lives near forest streams and is semiaquatic ; its carnivorous diet includes both invertebrates and small vertebrates .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the conservation status of the species is rated as \" near threatened \" because of the small size of its range and the threat of degradation of its habitat , including the water quality of the streams it lives along . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "thomas ' s water mouse", "paragraphs": ["the thomas ' s water mouse is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nstirton , r . a . 1944 . tropical mammal trapping i : the water mouse rheomys . journal of mammalogy 25 : 337 - 343 .\na young / baby of a thomas is called a ' pinkie , kitten or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a thomas group is called a ' nest , colony , harvest , horde or mischief ' .\nstream degradation and water quality degradation are major threats due to its reliance on stream habitats . other potential threats include landslides .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nnote : data presented in infonatura at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of april 2007 . note : this report was printed on .\nthis rodent is found along streams through most forest types and second growth ( reid 1997 ) . it is sometimes found on very small streams and steeps in forests , and may be more generalized in diet and habits than other water mice . in el salvador , foods eaten include insects , birds , salamanders , mammals ( possibly another rheomys ) , and starchy pulp ( stirton 1944 ) . one individual from guatemala had eaten stonefly and mayfly larvae , beetles , and part of a catfish ( hooper 1968 ) . a captive mouse readily consumed small fish and aquatic insect larvae ( reid 1997 ) .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright notice : \u00a9 2007 natureserve , 1101 wilson boulevard , 15th floor , arlington virginia 22209 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ncitation for bird range maps : ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmcknight , m . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\njustification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000 km 2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are probably declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion b1b ( iii ) .\nthis species occurs in the highlands of south m\u00e9xico ( chiapas ) , guatemala , el salvador and honduras ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it is found from 400 m to 2 , 700 m ( reid 1997 ) .\noccurs in el triunfo national park in mexico and in el imposible national park in el salvador . expected to occur in sierra de las minas national park in guatemala .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhooper , e . t . 1968 . habitats and food of amphibious mice of the genus rheomys . journal of mammalogy 49 : 550 - 553 .\nmusser , g . g . and carleton , m . d . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . in : d . e . wilson and d . a . reeder ( eds ) , mammal species of the world : a geographic and taxonomic reference , pp . 894 - 1531 . the john hopkins university press , baltimore , usa .\nreid , f . 2009 . a field guide to the mammals of central america and southeast mexico . oxford university press , new york , usa .\n: d thanks uncle philip . this was a nice quick find , with plenty of parking right across the street . with all the traffic , i had to be quick like a tiger crossing the street . tftc tiger photo attached :\nthis is the original cache type consisting , at a bare minimum , a container and a log book . normally you ' ll find a tupperware container , ammo box , or bucket filled with goodies , or smaller container (\nmicro cache\n) too small to contain items except for a log book . the coordinates listed on the traditional cache page is the exact location for the cache .\n\u00a9 2000 - 2018 groundspeak , inc . all rights reserved . groundspeak terms of use | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ninfonatura species index : 351 - 400 of 479 records in family muridae of order rodentia .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\ntrademark notice :\ninfonatura\n, natureserve , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncitation : infonatura : animals and ecosystems of latin america [ web application ] . 2007 . version 5 . 0 . arlington , virginia ( usa ) : natureserve . available : http : / / infonatura . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nacknowledgement statement for bird range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for mammal range maps : patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nacknowledgement statement for mammal range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for amphibian range maps : iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 . global amphibian assessment . urltoken , version 1 . 1 .\nacknowledgement statement for amphibian range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with iucn , conservation international and the global amphibian assessment .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nfeedback request : using the comment form , please note any errors or significant omissions that you find in the data . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the network of users ."]}
{"id": 1437, "summary": [{"text": "the finescale razorbelly minnow ( salmophasia phulo ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus salmophasia .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is a species of freshwater fish native to bangladesh and india .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it lives in the lower reaches of various bodies of water including rivers , canals , ponds , and ditches .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "with a maximum length of only 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) , the fish is of little commercial or dietary value to humans . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "finescale razorbelly minnow", "paragraphs": ["latin , salmo , plinius = salmon + greek , stoma = mouth ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 )\noccurs in the lower reaches of rivers , ponds , beels , ditches and canals ( ref . 41236 ) .\nmenon , a . g . k . , 1999 . check list - fresh water fishes of india . rec . zool . surv . india , misc . publ . , occas . pap . no . 175 , 366 p . ( ref . 41236 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00250 - 0 . 02102 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\noccurs in the lower reaches of rivers , ponds , beels , ditches and canals ( ref . 41236 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\ncyprinus phulo hamilton , 1822 , fishes of the ganges , p . 262 .\noxygaster phulo rahman , 1974 , banglaesh j zool . 2 ( 2 ) . p . 193 .\nsamostoma phulo phulo banarescu , 1968 , rev . roum . biol . zool . 13 ( 1 ) . p . 5 .\nthis species is a surface feeder and available distributed in the study area . various types of dip nets are used for its fishing .\nbhuiyan , a . l . 1964 . fishes of dacca . asiatic society of pakistan , dacca . 48 pp .\nday , f . 1878 . fishes of india , being a natural history of fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of india , burma and ceylon . william dawson & sons ltd . , london , vol . i : 778 pp .\nhamilton , f . , 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches , edinburgh & london , fishes ganges , 262 p .\nrahman , 1974 , banglaesh j zool . 2 ( 2 ) . p . 193 .\nrahman , a . k . a . 1989 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh . the zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 . 364 pp .\nrahman , a . k . a . 2005 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh ( second edition ) . the zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 . 394 pp .\ntalwar , p . k . and jhingran , a . g . , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . volume 1 and 2 . oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi , calcutta . 1158pp .\nex - student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nlicense . you may use any content ( of this site ) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution . | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish . |\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1438, "summary": [{"text": "lycaena dospassosi , the maritime copper , is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in eastern north america .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 25 \u2013 31 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from july to mid-august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on potentilla egedii . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lycaena dospassosi", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for lycaena dospassosi yet . learn how to contribute .\nspecies lycaena dospassosi - salt marsh copper - hodges # 4261 . 1 - bugguide . net\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dospassosi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena dorcas var . dospassosi mcdunnough , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 ( 7 ) : 130 ; tl : bathurst , n . b .\nyan wong marked\nimage of lycaena cupreus\nas hidden on the\nlycaena cupreus\npage .\nlycaena ( lycaena ) cupreus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena ( lycaena ) phlaeas hypophlaeas ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 188\nlycaena ( lycaena ) phlaeas arethusa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena ( lycaena ) phlaeas arctodon ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena ( lycaena ) phlaeas feildeni ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena ( lycaena ) phlaeas alpestris ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena ( lycaena ) cupreus cupreus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena ( lycaena ) cupreus snowi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena ( lycaena ) cupreus lapidicola ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nsubgenus lycaena ( lycaena ) ; sibatani , 1974 , aust . ent . soc . 1974 ( 13 ) : 109\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb butterflies and skippers ( papilionoidea ) \u00bb blues , coppers , hairstreaks , harvesters ( lycaenidae ) \u00bb coppers ( lycaeninae ) \u00bb lycaena \u00bb salt marsh copper - hodges # 4261 . 1 ( lycaena dospassosi )\nlycaena boldenarum white , 1862 ; proc . ent . soc . london 1861 : 26\nlycaena bathinia snellen , 1899 ; tijdschr . ent . 42 : 212 ; tl : java\nlycaena ( lycaenini ) ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 188\nlycaena ( lycaena ) phlaeas ; sibatani , 1974 , aust . ent . soc . 1974 ( 13 ) : 109 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 188\n= lycaena phlaeas hypophlaeas ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 189\n= lycaena cupreus cupreus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\n= lycaena cupreus snowi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 190\nlycaena pavana ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 178 , f . 17\n= lycaena editha editha ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\n= lycaena editha vurali ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\n= lycaena xanthoides xanthoides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\n= lycaena heteronea gravenotata ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 195\n= lycaena epixanthe phaedrus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 195\n= lycaena dorcas castro ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\n= lycaena dorcas florus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\n= lycaena nivalis nivalis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\n= lycaena mariposa mariposa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 198\nlycaena phlaeas phlaeas ; [ bmat ] : 29 , pl . 10 , f . 1 - 11\nlycaena standfussi ; [ bow ] : pl . 206 , f . 8 ; [ nhm card ]\nlycaena tseng ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 206 , f . 10\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) arota ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 191\nlycaena ( chalceria ) dione ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 191\nlycaena ( chalceria ) editha ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) xanthoides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) gorgon ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( epidemia ) hyllus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 195\nlycaena ( epidemia ) epixanthe ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 195\nlycaena ( epidemia ) helloides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena ( epidemia ) nivalis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena ( epidemia ) mariposa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 198\nlycaena ( hermelycaena ) hermes ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 191\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) arota arota ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 191\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) arota virginiensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 191\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) arota nubila ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 191\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) arota schellbachi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 191\nlycaena ( chalceria ) editha editha ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) editha vurali ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) editha obscuramaculata ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) editha pseudonexa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) xanthoides xanthoides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) xanthoides obsolescens ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) xanthoides nigromaculata ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 192\nlycaena ( chalceria ) gorgon gorgon ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) gorgon jacquelinaeae ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) gorgon dorothea ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) gorgon micropunctata ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus rubidus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus sirius ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus duofacies ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus perkinsorum ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus longi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus monachensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus ferrisi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) rubidus incana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nlycaena heteronea boisduval , 1852 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 10 : 298\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea heteronea ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea clara ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea gravenotata ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 195\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea klotsi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea submaculata ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea northi ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea rava ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( chalceria ) heteronea rutila ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 194\nlycaena ( epidemia ) epixanthe epixanthe ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 195\nlycaena ( epidemia ) epixanthe phaedrus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 195\nlycaena ( epidemia ) epixanthe michiganensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dorcas dorcas ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dorcas castro ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dorcas florus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dorcas claytoni ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dorcas megaloceras ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dorcas arcticus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\nlycaena ( epidemia ) dorcas michuron ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 196\nlycaena ( epidemia ) nivalis nivalis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena ( epidemia ) nivalis bichroma ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena ( epidemia ) nivalis warnermontana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena ( epidemia ) nivalis praetexta ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 197\nlycaena ( epidemia ) mariposa mariposa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 198\nlycaena ( epidemia ) mariposa charlottensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 198\nlycaena ( epidemia ) mariposa penroseae ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 198\nlycaena editha nevadensis austin , 1984 ; j . res . lepid . 23 ( 1 ) : 83 , 85 ( preocc . lycaena nevadensis oberth\u00fcr , 1896 ) ; tl : nevada , elko co . , jarbidge mtns\ndistribution of arctic - alpine lycaena phlaeas l . ( lycaenidae ) in north america with designation of a new subspecies\nlycaena dorcas ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 42 ( text only ) ; [ opler ]\nversuch einer monographie der europ\u00e4ischen schmetteringsarten : thecla , polyomattus [ sic ] , lycaena , nemeobius . als beitrag zur schmetterlingskunde\nlycaena pang ; [ ebw ] ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 206 , f . 9\nlycaena dorcas kirby , 1837 ; in richardson , fauna boreal amer . : 299 , pl . 4 , f . 1\nlycaena heteronea klotsi field , 1936 ; ent . news 47 ( 5 ) : 123 ; tl : broadwater co . , montana\nlycaena delicatula mabille , 1877 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 5 ) 7 : lxxi ; tl : madagascar\nlycaena melanotoxa marott , 1882 ; giorn . sci . palermo 14 : 54 , pl . 3 , f . 14 - 15\nlycaena embla ; scudder , 1876 , bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 3 : 124 ; [ nhm card ]\nlycaena eunomia ; scudder , 1876 , bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 3 : 124 ; [ nhm card ]\nlycaena phlaeas f . polaris courvoisier , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 49 ) : 262 ; tl : lappland ; norway\n= lycaena xanthoides xanthoides ; [ nl4a ] , # 1064a ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 193\nchrysophanus virgaureae caucasica jachontov , 1908 ; revue russe ent . 8 : 291 ( ? preocc . lycaena coridon caucasica lederer , 1870 )\nlycaena irmae bailey , 1932 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 35 : 697 ; tl : gyantse , tibet , 13000ft\nlycaena virgaureae balcanicola graves , 1928 ; entomologist 61 ( 780 ) : 106 - 107 ; tl : s . bulgaria , kostenetz , 3000ft\nserpentatoides ( strand , 1924 ) ( lycaena ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 38 : 146 ; tl : sw . australia\nlycaena nigrescens dubois , 1867 ; arch . cosm . : 259 , pl . 12 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : luchon\n= lycaena phlaeas pseudophlaeas ; stempffer , 1967 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent ) suppl . 10 : 264\nlycaena mariposa penroseae field , 1938 ; pan - pacific ent . 14 ( 3 ) : 142 ; tl : lake eleanor , yellowstone national park\nlycaena kasyapa ; [ bir ] , 301 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 178 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nlycaena salustius ; [ bow ] : pl . 178 , f . 18 ; [ ebw ] ; [ nhm card ] ; [ baur ] , 363\nlycaena feredayi ; [ bow ] : pl . 178 , f . 15 ; [ ebw ] ; [ nhm card ] ; [ baur ] , 363\nlycaena alciphron acutipennis chou & zhang , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 771 , 664 , f . 73 ; tl : xinjiang\nlycaena editha pseudonexa emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 675 , f . 45 - 58\nlycaena dorcas claytoni brower , 1940 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 35 ( 4 ) : 138 ; tl : springfield , maine [ penobscot co . ]\nlycaena solskyi erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : maracanda [ uzbekistan ]\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) rubidus perkinsorum johnson & balogh , 1977 ; bull . allyn mus . 43 : 25 , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : wasco co . , oregon\nlycaena epixanthe michiganensis rawson , 1948 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 59 ; tl : proud lake , oakland co . , michigan\ngenerally treated since its description in 1977 as a sibling species of lycaena rubidus . the exception is scott ( 1986 ) who lumped as a subpecies of l . rubidus with no explanation .\nlycaena ouang nujiangensis huang , 2001 ; neue ent . nachr . 51 : 75 , pl . 3 , f . 20 , pl . 4 , f . 25 ; tl : gamagou\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) arota schellbachi tilden , 1955 ; bull . southern calif . acad . sci . 54 ( 2 ) : 72 ; tl : north rim , grand canyon , arizona\nlycaena dispar ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 36 , 38 ; [ mrs ] , 663 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\nlycaena aeolus wyatt , 1961 ; j . lep . soc . 15 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : bala - quran , anjuman valley , hindu kush mts . , 14300ft , afghanistan\nlycaena nivalis praetexta austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 44 ) : 541 , f . 13 - 16 ; tl : nevada , elko co .\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) rubidus monachensis johnson & balogh , 1977 ; bull . allyn mus . 43 : 38 , f . 29 - 30 ; tl : monache meadows , tulare co . , california\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) ferrisi johnson & balogh , 1977 ; bull . allyn mus . 43 : 40 , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : apache ditch camp , apache co . , arizona\nlycaena phlaeas arctodon ferris , 1974 ; bull . allyn mus . 18 : 4 , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : e side beartooth pass , custer nf , carbon co . , mont .\nlycaena ( dione ) dione tr . f . gibboni gunder , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 ( 12 ) : 284 , pl . a , f . 13 ; tl : miniota , manitoba\nlycaena xanthoides obsolescens emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 672 , f . 37 - 40 ; tl : california , inyo co .\nlycaena xanthoides nigromaculata emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 674 , f . 41 - 44 ; tl : california , colusa co .\nlycaena gorgon jacquelinaeae emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 666 , f . 17 - 20 ; tl : california , modoc co .\nlycaena gorgon dorothea emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 668 , f . 21 - 24 ; tl : oregon , josephine co .\nlycaena gorgon micropunctata emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 668 , f . 25 - 28 ; tl : california , mono co .\nlycaena dorcas michuron scott , 2006 ; papilio ( n . s . ) 12 : 42 , pl . 4 ; tl : fenton road , n of hwy 59 , livingstone co . , mich .\nlycaena phlaeas alpestris emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 662 ; tl : california , mono co . , n slope of mt . dana\nlycaena ( heodes ) snowi tr . f . mcdunnoughi gunder , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 ( 12 ) : 284 , pl . a , f . 12 ; tl : laggan , alta .\nlycaena ouang ; [ ebw ] , ( name ) ; [ nhm card ] ; huang , 2001 , neue ent . nachr . 51 : 75 ( note ) , pl . 3 , f . 24\nlycaena heteronea rava austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 44 ) : 540 , f . 5 - 8 ; tl : nevada , elko co . , ruby mntns\nlycaena nivalis browni dos passos , 1938 ; can . ent . 70 ( 3 ) : 45 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : snowslide canyon , 8mi from montpelier , id\nlycaena ( heodes ) virgaureae denizae eckweiler & rose , 1993 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 13 ( 3a ) : 356 ; tl : turkey , isparta , egridir , aksu , dedeg\u00f6l dag\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) rubidus longi johnson & balogh , 1977 ; bull . allyn mus . 43 : 28 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : ca\u00f1on region n of harrison , sioux co . , nebraska\nlycaena ( tharsalea ) rubidus duofacies johnson & balogh , 1977 ; bull . allyn mus . 43 : 21 , f . 19 - 20 ; tl : bogus basin , nr . boise , boise co . , idaho\nlycaena heteronea submaculata emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 670 , f . 29 - 32 ; tl : california , plumas co . , warner valley\nlycaena rubida incana austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 44 ) : 539 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : nevada , esmeralda co . ; white mntns , trail canyon\nlycaena heteronea northi emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 671 , f . 33 - 36 ; tl : california , humboldt co . , north trinity mtn\nlycaena orus ; stempffer , 1967 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent ) suppl . 10 : 264 ; [ ebw ] ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 525 ; [ afrl ]\nlycaena ( phoenicurusia ) euphratica eckweiler , 1989 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 10 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : turkey , bing\u00f6l , 14 - 24km s . gen\u00e7 , 1200 - 1400m , 30km s bing\u00f6l\nlycaena nivalis bichroma emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 664 , f . 9 - 12 ; tl : california , siskiyou co . , summit of mt . eddy\nlycaena nivalis warnermontana emmel & pratt , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 52 ) : 665 , f . 13 - 16 ; tl : california , modoc co . , dismal swamp , warner mntns\nlycaena helle ; [ baru , # 342 ] ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 9 , f . 37 ; [ bru2 ] : 123 , pl . 57 , f . 1 - 6 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\njohnson , k . and g . balogh . 1977 . studies in the lycaeninae . ii . 2 . taxonomy and evolution of the nearctic lycaena rubidus complex , with description of a new species . bulletin of the allyn museum 43 : 1 - 62 .\nlycaena heteronea rutila austin , 1998 ; syst . w . n . am . butts . ( 44 ) : 541 , f . 9 - 12 ( ? preocc . werneburg , 1864 ) ; tl : nevada , lincoln co . , wilson creek range\nlycaena phlaeas shima ; stempffer , 1967 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent ) suppl . 10 : 264 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 525 ; [ bk ] , 213 ( note ) ; [ afrl ]\ndiagnosis : larger ( wingspan : 25 to 31 mm ) than the dorcas copper , males are a duller purple above with much larger black spots on the wings above and below . on the underside the forewing is pale yellow buff and the hindwing is a little browner . the submarginal band of lunules on the hindwing below is yellow . females are similar to males except that the wings above are brown with a partial yellow band beyond the post medial row of black spots .\nrange : this species is known only from salt marshes in the bay of chaleur , quebec / new brunswick , and the gasp\u00e9 peninsula , quebec .\nis smaller , has tiny black dots on the wings except for a single central spot , the wings above are shining purple , and the wings below are yellow orange ( forewing ) and orange brown ( hindwing ) , with a reddish - orange band of lunules near the margin of the hindwing below .\nabundance : the maritime copper is localized to a few salt marshes but it can occur in fair numbers at these sites .\nflight season : adults are on the wing from late july until mid - august .\n, we treat the maritime copperas a valid species , based largely on the field research in quebec by louis handfield and in new brunswick by reginald webster . a colony of maritime copper at st - sim\u00e9on - de - bonaventure , quebec , is only six kilometres from a colony of dorcas copper at bonaventure and there is no evidence of intermediates at either site . the marsh at bonaventure is less salty because of the influence of the bonaventure river ; other gasp\u00e9 locations for dorcas copper are also less salty than the marshes where the maritime copper occurs . maritime coppers observed at several locations in quebec were closely associated with\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nopler , p . a . , and a . d . warren . 2002 . butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico . c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity , department of bioagricultural sciences and pest management , colorado state university , fort collins , colorado . 79 pp .\napparently between 5 and 20 populations with some metapopulations . some degree of potential threat but not critically imperiled and probably not actually threatened now . this species is well - known and receives some degree of protection .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nlimted to a few salt marshes in a small area of coastal new brunswick and quebec mainly on the bay of chaleur . very similar range to that of maritime ringlet , a better studied species ( webster , 1999 ) and they co - occur at some sites . also known from nova scotia and prince edward island ( pers . comm with john klymko , aug 2015 ) .\nthomas apparently made a rather thorough search of possible habitats in 1979 and found 9 colonies . more recent maps indicate a comparable number .\nlook for this in suitable habitats , especially those listed by thomas , to monitor status .\nshould be several in close proximity to allow for recolonization if local extirpations occur .\n( < 100 - 250 square km ( less than about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) limted to a few salt marshes in a small area of coastal new brunswick and quebec mainly on the bay of chaleur . very similar range to that of maritime ringlet , a better studied species ( webster , 1999 ) and they co - occur at some sites . also known from nova scotia and prince edward island ( pers . comm with john klymko , aug 2015 ) .\nlarval foodplant is potentilla egedii . adult nectar plant is sea lavendar limonium nashii .\nadults occur from late july to mid august . presumably hibernates in the egg .\na salt marsh containing the larval foodplant ( potentilla egedii ) and sufficient sea lavender for nectaring where a population occurs . minimally a salt marsh where an adult or larva has been collected or photographed .\nat least the inland edges of the habitat will be obvious , however it may be unclear how far into the marshes the occurrence extends , but one or both plants may be found mostly near the edges . occurrence boundaries can be approximated by the distribution of the two essential plants . generally the suitable habitat distance should be appropriate within a salt marsh if either essential plant is present .\nthis is an extremely restricted species that does not leave its habitat . it is unclear how extensive habitats are so the suitable habitat distance is merely a guess . the unsuitable habitat distance is the standard minimum used for animals . it seems likely there is something of a metapopulation near bathurst , but otherwise it is possible all colonies are quite isolated based on the map in layberry et al . ( 1998 ) .\nthis is a very localized species so do not infer occurrence more than this distance without more information . if both plants do not extend that far use a smaller distance .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nlayberry , r . a . , p . w . hall , and j . d . lafontaine . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press : toronto , canada . 280 pp . + color plates .\npelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .\nwebster , r . p . [\n1998\n] 1999 . the life history of the maritime ringlet , coenonympha tullia nipisquit ( satyridae ) . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 52 ( 4 ) : 345 - 355 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nthis is a family of small , dainty colourful butterflies . we often see blues , and a little patience will help in identifying them . the coppers are less frequently encountered , although in suitable habitat they can be quite abundant .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nsujeevan ratnasingham , paul d . n . hebert , barcode of life data systems ( bold )\n, with the exception of four species found in new zealand , two in south africa , one in new guinea and one in java . it is commonly divided into several subgenera , such as\na holarctic genus , with the exception of four species occurring in new zealand and two in south africa ( orus group ) . generic names have been proposed for most of the species groups and also for individual species that do not fit into the species groups , but these are all viewed as synonyms by most modern researchers .\nspecies groups as identified here for the palearctic species are those of bozano & weidenhoffer ( 2001 ) , while the nearctic groups are based on various now synonymized genera described by scudder and others . the group is in need of a phylogenetic analysis .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nrestricted endemic but no known threat . seems more likely to be a g2 than a g1 , but possibly only one occurrence ( metapopulation ) and almost certainly less than 20 . probably several metapopulations and a few isolated colonies .\nknown only from white mountains of apache county , arizona . most locations near mcnary , maverick , and greer , apache county ( johnson and balogh , 1977 ) .\npossible there is only one metapopulation , very probable there are less than 20 .\ngrasses . fire suppression results in the invasion of meadow habitats and other openings by dense conifer forests . eventual warm season intense fires could be overly intense and eliminate some populations or permanently alter previously suitable habitats .\nneeds to be looked for at additional sites to determine actual number of metapopulations and actual distribution .\n( < 100 - 250 square km ( less than about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) known only from white mountains of apache county , arizona . most locations near mcnary , maverick , and greer , apache county ( johnson and balogh , 1977 ) .\na small butterfly , reddish with dark spots above , beneath whitish gray with similar spots , orange flush over much of fw but not showing while at rest . in other words a rather typical looking copper .\ndiffers superficially from l . rubidus by more orange colr above and much larger spots . in practice locality would distinguish these two .\npresumably like other coppers does move between habitat patches and widely within patches . likely to move along stream corridors especially .\nin meadows and ciengas near foodplant which is rumex hymeospalus ( johnson and balogh , 1977 ) . scott and pyle both mention streamside situations for the closely related l . rubidus .\nlarval foodplant is rumex hymenosepalus ( johnson and balogh , 1977 ) . might use other rumex species if available .\naestivates then hibernates as an egg . larva in spring . pupal stage probably about 10 days , adults apparently about mid june to late august ( johnson and balogh , 1977 ) .\nneed some information on population size and structure if any active management or protection activities are contemplated .\na location where the species occurs , or has recently occurred , where there is potential for continued occurrence or regular recurrence . minimally a location with the larval foodplants and any other essential habitat features where the species has been verified to occur on the basis of specimens or positively identifiable photographs . high quality occurrences will usually support metapopulations .\nno information but since adults are low fliers in open habitats , it is likely dense forests are barriers .\nfor most species suitable habitats are not often large so the four kilometer figure would seldom apply . apply the 4 km distance in extensive wetland complexes , considering all colonies as part of a single metapopulation occurrence . the four kilometer limit should probably apply in a few other situations where a large geologic feature or community complex contains multiple habitat patches , especially if the foodplant occurs at least occasionally between the main colony sites . it is also very likely ( observed occasionally for l . epixanthe in new jersey and nearly certain for l . dorcas ) that adults move along sunny stream banks , especially if the foodplant occurs in limited amounts along them . thus in most cases the 4 km distance is probably appropriate when wetlands or riparian habitats are connected by streams in fairly open landscapes .\ninferred extent is very rarely applicable since most colonies are tiny and the sites obviously fully occupied and only the patch where the observation was made is assumed occupied . however when habitat complexes are truly large , e . g . some northern peatlands with metapopulations of l . epixanthe and l . dorcas , it would be unreasonable not to assume very nearby patches are occupied and in such cases usually either all or none of them are . still apparently more so than most butterflies coppers do sometimes fail to occupy or persist in seemingly suitable proximate habitats , and colonies can be very localized . if the actual foodplant patch itself extends continuously for more than . 5 kilometer presence may be inferred throughout it . in most cases foodplants are patchier than that .\nopler , p . a . , and a . b . wright . 1999 . a field guide to western butterflies . second edition . peterson field guides . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . 540 pp .\npyle , r . m . , 1981 . the audubon society field guide to north america butterflies . chanitcleer press , alfred a . knopf , ny . 916 pp , 759 color figures .\nscott , j . a . 1986 . the butterflies of north america : a natural history and field guide . stanford university press , stanford ca . 583 pp .\nresident in patchy distribution of western north america ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are alpine zone , esp glacial cirques ; open areas in canadian / to alpine zones of ca ; transition to hudsonian zone sagebrush ; and meadows elswhere . hosts plants are usually herbaceous with most known hosts largely restricted to one genus ,\n( polygonaceae ) . eggs are laid on or near the host plant singly . individuals overwinter as larvae . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time late jun - aug15 ( scott 1986 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n= ; eliot , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 6 ) : 441 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nl4a ] , 137 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 188\n= ; eliot , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 6 ) : 441 ; sibatani , 1974 , aust . ent . soc . 1974 ( 13 ) : 109 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nl4a ] , 137 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 188\n= ; eliot , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 6 ) : 441 ; sibatani , 1974 , aust . ent . soc . 1974 ( 13 ) : 109 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nl4a ] , 138 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 188\n= hyrcanana ; sibatani , 1974 , aust . ent . soc . 1974 ( 13 ) : 109 ; nekrutenko , 1983 , vestn . zool . 1983 ( 3 ) : 8\nmargelycaena kemal , 2006 ; priamus suppl . 2 : 81 ; ts : polyommatus phoenicurus var . margelanica staudinger\nrumicia tutt , 1906 ; ent . rec . j . var . 18 ( 5 ) : 131 ; ts : papilio phlaeas linnaeus\neu , naf , am , temperate asia , japan , abyssinia . see [ maps ]\n500x439 ( ~ 26kb ) upperside finland , tampere , rusko , 6820 : 339 , 11 . 8 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\n500x581 ( ~ 50kb ) underside finland , kangasala , savo , 6815 : 338 , 18 . 8 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\n512x768 ( ~ 54kb ) upperside germany , baden - wuerttemberg , oetisheim , 8\u00b0 49 ' e , 48\u00b0 58 ' n , altitude 300m , 26 . 07 . 1998 ( sucking on origanum vulgare ) , photo \u00a9 karl hofs\u00e4\u00df\n512x768 ( ~ 47kb ) underside germany , baden - wuerttemberg , oetisheim , 8\u00b0 49 ' e , 48\u00b0 58 ' n , altitude 300m , 26 . 07 . 1998 ( sucking on origanum vulgare ) , photo \u00a9 karl hofs\u00e4\u00df\n800x708 ( ~ 111kb ) upperside ukraine , ivano frankovsk , near kalush , stankova , 24 . 10 . 2001 , photo \u00a9\n444x518 ( ~ 27kb ) a floweer clump , chihaya - akasaka - mura , minami - kawachi - gun , osaka prefecture , japan . 3th august 2002 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on rumex , r . longifolius , r . crispus , r . acetosa [ sprk ]\n448x396 ( ~ 28kb ) uk , w . suffolk , icklingham , king ' s forest , grid tl 7945 7330 , 23 . 5 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 jonathan p . tyler\nlarva on rumex thyrsoideus , r . papilio , r . vesicarius , r . tingitanus , r . acetosa , r . acetosella , polygonum sp . [ bmat ]\naltai , s . siberia , amur , n . ussuri , massachusetts , new york , new jersey\n431x324 ( ~ 21kb ) female chelsea , michigan , usa , may 2004 , photo \u00a9 christopher a . rickards\nlarva on oxyria digyna ballmer & pratt , 1989 , j . lep . soc . 43 ( 1 ) : 59\nmatsumuranus ( bryk , 1946 ) ( heodes ) ; ark . zool . 38 a ( 3 ) : 55 ; tl : korea\nchrysophanus phlaeas pseudophlaeas lucas , 1866 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 4 ) 5 : 499 ; tl : abyssinia\ncoccineus ( ford , 1924 ) ( heodes ) ; trans . ent . soc . : 726\n533x400 ( ~ 65kb ) upperside male a bank of the shirkent river in its lower flow several km upstream of the kishlak shirkent , the southern principal slope of the ghissar mountain range , the pamiro - alai mts . , tursun - zade province , tadjikistan . 7th may 1989 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npolyommatus phlaeas var . comedarum grum - grshimailo , 1890 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 366\nchrysophanus abbottii holland , 1896 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 18 ( 1062 ) : 240 , pl . 7 , f . 1\nphlaeas phlaeoides ( staudinger , 1901 ) ( chrysophanus ) ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 74\nchrysophanus arethusa dod , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 5 ) : 169\nkuriliphlaeas ( bryk , 1942 ) ( heodes ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 56 : 19 ; tl : kurile is .\nphlaeas flavens ( ford , 1924 ) ( heodes ) ; trans . ent . soc . : 642 [ ? ]\nphlaeas coccineus ( ford , 1924 ) ( heodes ) ; trans . ent . soc . : 726\nphlaeas japonica ( ford , 1924 ) ( heodes ) ; trans . ent . soc . : 729\nheodes phlaeas indicus evans , 1925 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 30 ( 3 ) : 616\nphlaeas lusitanicus ( bryk , 1940 ) ( heodes ) ; arkiv zool . 32 a ( 22 ) : 20\nphlaeas shima gabriel , 1954 ; exped . s . w . arabia 1937 - 38 , 1 : 388\nchrysophanus phloeas [ sic ] feildeni mclachlan , 1878 ; j . linn . soc . zool . lond . 14 : 111 ; tl : lat 81\u00b041 ' n ; grinnell land [ se . ellesmere is . ]\nchrysophanus cupreus edwards , 1870 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 ( 1 ) : 20 ; tl :\noregon\nheodes cupreus ab . \u2640 maculinita gunder , 1926 ; ent . news 37 ( 1 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; tl : mammoth , mono co . , california\nceu , neu , russia , siberia , amurland , dzhungarsky alatau . see [ maps ]\npapilio amphidamas esper , 1781 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 3 ) : 82 , pl . 63 , f . 5\n650x654 ( ~ 39kb ) female finland : ks : kuusamo liikasenvaara , 736 : 61 , 9 . 7 . 1998 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n500x626 ( ~ 29kb ) male finland : ks : kuusamo liikasenvaara , 736 : 61 , 9 . 7 . 1998 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nlarva on polygonum viviparum , ( in finland ) [ sprk ] rumex aquaticus , r . acetosa , polygonum amphibium , p . bistorta [ baru ]\nchrysophanus amphidamas phintonis fruhstorfer , 1910 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 26 ) : 144 ; tl : sibirien , irkutsk\n600x835 ( ~ 115kb ) upperside underside russia : s . tuva , korumnug - taiga mts . ( 1200m ) , 8 - 25 . 6 . 2002 , vashchenko a . & b . leg . photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nchrysophanus evansii de nic\u00e9ville , 1902 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 2 ) : 249 , pl . ff , f . 11 ; tl : drosh , chitral , western himalayas\nhyrcanana evansi ; nekrutenko , 1983 , vestn . zool . 1983 ( 3 ) : 15\nhyrcanana evansi ( = evansi ) ; sibatani , 1974 , aust . ent . soc . 1974 ( 13 ) : 109 ( name )\npolyommatus standfussi grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 450\n1300x984 ( ~ 256kb ) upperside female china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n900x749 ( ~ 122kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\nchrysophanus subbrunnea south , 1913 ; j . bomb . nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 3 ) : 607\nstandfussi sinensis ( nordstr\u00f6m , 1935 ) ( chrysophanus ) ; ark . zool . 27 a ( 7 ) : 3\nw . himalayas , kashmir , nw . india , chitral - mussoorie . see [ maps ]\nchrysophanus kasyapa moore , 1865 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 2 ) : 506 , pl . 31 , f . 10\nchrysophanus zariaspa moore , 1874 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 1 ) : 271\nchrysophanus pang oberth\u00fcr , 1886 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 6 : xii\nchrysophanus tseng oberth\u00fcr , 1886 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 6 : 13\nchrysophanus ouang oberth\u00fcr , 1891 ; \u00e9tud . d ' ent . 15 : 17 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : tsekou , nw . yunnan\nchrysophanus li oberth\u00fcr , 1886 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 6 : xxii\nhelleia li ; [ mrs ] , 662 ; sibatani , 1974 , aust . ent . soc . 1974 ( 13 ) : 109\nchrysophanus li lilacina oberth\u00fcr , 1914 ; \u00e9tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 9 ( 2 ) : 55 , pl . 255 , f . 2153\nchrysophanus svenhedini nordstr\u00f6m , 1935 ; ark . zool . 27 a ( 7 ) : 30\nw . himalayas , kashmir - kumaon , nw . india . see [ maps ]\npolyommatus pavana kollar , [ 1844 ] ; in h\u00fcgel , kaschmir und das reich der siek 4 : 416 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 6\n470x364 ( ~ 80kb ) upperside male czech republic , blansko , 4 . 7 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n470x434 ( ~ 85kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 4 . vii . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n470x319 ( ~ 89kb ) upperside female czech republic , blansko , 17 . 7 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\nlarva on rumex hydrolapathum , r . aquaticus [ sprk ] , r . confertus , ( etc . ) [ baru ] rumex acetosa [ bru2 ] , 126\neurope , caucasus , transcaucasia , n . tien - shan , w . tien - shan , dzhungarsky alatau , ghissar\n533x400 ( ~ 47kb ) upperside female the black sea coast at the settlement yuzhnyaya ozereevka near novorossiysk , novorossiysk district , krasnodarskii krai province , russia . 2nd june 1990 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n457x400 ( ~ 41kb ) underside female the irtysh river left bank floodland within the omsk city , west siberia , russia . 27th august 1996 ( on inula salicina l . ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npolyommatus dispar var . dahurica graeser , 1888 ; berl . ent . zs . 32 ( 1 ) : 75\n533x400 ( ~ 36kb ) underside female a road crossing a woody ( larix gmelinii ( rupr . ) rupr . ) brook valley between the villages budyumkan and uryupino 5 - 7 km of the former , gazimurskozavodskoi district , e chita province , e transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 25th july 1997 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\naltai , sayan , transbaikalia , mongolia , n . china . see [ maps ]\npolyommatus dispar var . violaceus staudinger , 1892 ; dt . ent . z . iris 5 ( 2 ) : 315 ; tl : kentei [ malakhanskiy mountain range , kudara - somon ]\nthersamonolycaena violacea ; [ bru2 ] : 126 , pl . 58 , f . 4 - 6\n533x400 ( ~ 42kb ) upperside male a rocky southern slope of a piedmont hill of the mountain gydyrgun on the northern bank of lake zun - torei , onon district , se chita province ( dahuria ) , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 13th july 1996 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npolyommatus splendens alph\u00e9raky , 1882 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 376 , pl . 14 , f . 12 ( staudinger i . l . )\nthersamonolycaena splendens ; [ bru2 ] : 126 , pl . 58 , f . 1 - 3\nseu , ceu , asia minor , iran , w . sibera , altai , e . kazakhstan , zabaikalye , mongolia , n . sikhote - alin . see [ maps ]\n533x400 ( ~ 57kb ) upperside male a valley meadow at the shadrikha rivulet at the village mel ' nichikha , novosibirsk district and province , west siberia , russia . 17th may 1993 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n664x585 ( ~ 87kb ) upperside male russia , moscow area , 11 . 06 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n745x604 ( ~ 87kb ) male russia , moscow area , 11 . 06 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nlarva on rumex [ r & h ; ] , rumex acetosa , ( etc . ) [ baru ] rumex confertus , ( c . russia ) [ bru2 ] , 127\n? chrysophanus alciphron deinareton fruhstorfer , 1917 ; ent . rundschau 34 ( 4 ) : 18 ; tl : grans sasso , monti sibillini\nchrysophanus alciphron isokrates fruhstorfer , 1909 ; int . ent . zs . 3 ( 21 ) : 120 ; tl : iselle , simplon\nchrysophanus alciphron fruginus fruhstorfer , 1917 ; ent . rundschau 34 ( 4 ) : 17 ; tl : armenia\nchrysophanus gordius var . granadensis ribbe , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 18 ) : 138\nchrysophanus alciphron var . heracleana blachier , 1908 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 77 ( 2 ) : 217 ; tl : atlas mounains ( morocco )\nchrysophanus alciphron romanorum fruhstorfer , 1909 ; int . ent . zs . 3 ( 21 ) : 120 ; tl : nr . rome\nchrysophanus alciphron gaudeolus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; int . ent . zs . 3 ( 21 ) : 120\npolyommatus gordius naryna oberth\u00fcr , 1910 ; \u00e8tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 4 : 115 , 675 , pl . 49 , f . 407 ; tl : fort naryne , turkestan\nchrysophanus alciphron chairemon fruhstorfer , 1917 ; ent . rundschau 34 ( 4 ) : 16 ; tl : herzegovina ; bulgaria , orsowa\nw . pmairs ( shugnansky , ishkashimsky mts . ) , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nthersamonolycaena aeolus ; [ bru2 ] : 127 , pl . 57 , f . 40 - 42\nthersamonolycaena aeolides churkin , 1999 ; atalanta 29 : 125 , pl . ivb , f . 1 ; tl : ghissar , fanskie mts .\nthersamonolycaena aeolides ; [ bru2 ] : 127 , pl . 57 , f . 43 - 45\nthersamonia ( verity , 1919 ) ; ent . rec . j . var . 31 : 28 ; tl : papilio thersamon , esper\nit , seeu , asia minor , w . asia , iraq , iran , n . altai , ? mongolia , nw . china . see [ maps ]\npolyommatus persica bienert , [ 1870 ] ; lepid . erg . reise persiens : 28 ; tl : persia\nthersamonia thersamon jiadengyuensis huang & murayama , 1992 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 43 ( 1 ) : 9 , f . 27 - 28 ; tl : jiadengyu , altai , 1400m\nthersamonia thersamon sajanica huang & murayama , 1992 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 43 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : turan , sajan mts . , 2000m , sw . irkutsk\nthersamonia phoebus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 11 , f . 3 ( text only ) ; [ bmat ] , 29 , pl . 10 , f . 16 - 21\narmenia ( highland ) , ne . turkey , w . iran . see [ maps ]"]}
{"id": 1440, "summary": [{"text": "pseuderosia humiliata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1861 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are bone-colour , the wings with denticulated very oblique brown lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discal point is black and distinct and the marginal points are black and minute .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the exterior line on the forewings is distinguished by black streaks towards the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a submarginal line of irregular blackish points .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings have the middle and exterior lines broad .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costa is slightly excavated beyond the middle and slightly and obliquely truncated towards the tip , which is notched . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "pseuderosia humiliata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for humiliata definition . you find here humiliata meaning , synonyms of humiliata and images for humiliata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\npseuderosia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily drepaninae . [ 1 ]\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word humiliata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word humiliata and , of course , humiliata synonyms and on the right images related to the word humiliata .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthis checklist includes all known bornean species , giving the page number on which a fuller account can be found , a broad categorisation of the type of geographical distribution and bornean habitat preference . in the geographical distribution , the term wallacea indicates the presence of the species in sulawesi and the philippines , * means shared with sumatra only and * means shared with peninsular malaysia only . s . e . asia means presence in several of the countries from burma to vietnam and thailand . the suggested habitat preference is bracketed if based on less than five specimens .\nrivula aequalis walker . oriental tropics , japan , seram , ? new guinea . lowland to montane . rivula atimeta swinhoe . sundaland , wallacea . lowland , mainly disturbed habitats ; rice pest . rivula bioculalis moore . indian subregion to taiwan and borneo . [ lowland ] . rivula innotabilis walker . sundaland * * . [ lowland ] . rivula sordida walker . endemic . [ disturbed areas , secondary forest ] . rivula rentoni sp . n . . endemic . [ disturbed lowland forest ] . rivula mageei sp . n . . endemic . [ lowland plantation ] . rivula faircloughi sp . n . . endemic . [ disturbed coastal forest ] . rivula robinsoni sp . n . . [ lowland ] . rivula leucosticta swinhoe . india , borneo . [ lowland forest ] . rivula leuconephra hampson . sundaland * * . [ lowland forest ] . rivula calcaripuncta sp . n . . endemic . [ lower montane forest on limestone ] . rivula basalis hampson . indian subregion , taiwan , thailand , sundaland . [ no precise data available ] . rivula simulatrix walker . sri lanka , java , borneo . [ lowland to montane ; disturbed forest ] . rivula curvifera walker . indian subregion , w . china , taiwan , thailand , japan , korea , borneo , new guinea , australia . disturbed heath and coastal forest .\ndaona mansueta walker . indian subregion , burma , borneo , seram , new guinea , australia . lowland forest . raparna auropurpurea pagenstecher ( holloway , 2006 : 424 ) borneo , nias . [ ? lowland open and disturbed habitats ] .\n. n . e . himalaya , borneo . [ no precise data available ] .\n. sundaland * * . lowland to lower montane forest ( including softwood plantations ) .\n. indian subregion , china , borneo , bali , sulawesi . [ lowland and montane disturbed forest and cultivated areas ] .\n. n . e . himalaya , thailand , sundaland * * , sulawesi . [ lowland ] .\n. n . e . himalaya to sundaland and philippines . lowland forest and disturbed habitats .\n. sri lanka , japan , taiwan , s . e . asia , borneo . lowland forest and disturbed areas .\n. n . e . himalaya , taiwan , sundaland . [ lowland ] .\n. n . e . himalaya , thailand , borneo , java . [ lowland forest ] .\n. indo - australian tropics to samoa . lowland ( including plantation ) , lower montane ( and upper montane ) forest .\n. n . e . himalaya , sundaland . lowland ( including plantation ) forest .\n. sri lanka , borneo , sulawesi , seram . [ lowland disturbed habitats ] .\n. india to new guinea and queensland . lowland ( especially secondary and disturbed ) forest and plantation .\n. india to taiwan , japan and sundaland * * . [ montane forest ] .\n. sundaland , s . moluccas , new guinea . [ lowland forest and disturbed habitats ] .\n. sundaland to australia and solomons . lowland to upper montane , forested and disturbed habitats .\n. indian subregion to japan and new guinea . [ no precise data available ] .\n. east asia , s . e . asia , sundaland * . upper montane forest .\n. sundaland , sulawesi . lowland forest , including plantation , and lower montane forest .\n. sri lanka , sundaland * * , sulawesi , ? seram . [ disturbed lowland and plantation forest ] .\n. ryukyu is . , taiwan , sri lanka , borneo . [ lowland forest ] .\n. himalaya , taiwan , ryukyu is . , borneo . [ upper montane forest ] .\n. borneo , sulawesi , seram , new guinea . lowland to upper montane forest .\n. indo - australian tropics east to australia . lowland , including logged , forest .\n. african and oriental tropics , china , japan , korea , australia . [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion , taiwan , ryukyu is . , borneo , philippines . [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion , ryukyu is . , burma , borneo , sulawesi . disturbed coastal habitats .\nmecistoptera violescens hampson . india , borneo , bali , sulawesi . [ lowland softwood plantation ] . mecistoptera loedli sp . n . . borneo , ? thailand . [ lowland ( secondary ) forest and lowland softwood plantation ] . \u201cmecistoptera\u201d emmiae kobes . n . e . himalaya , sundaland * . [ lowland ] . hiaspis closteroides walker . thailand , sundaland * * . lowland forest . hiaspis apicalis swinhoe . endemic . lowland ( and lower montane ) forest on limestone . acidon mariae l\u00f6dl . sundaland . [ lowland softwood plantation ] . acidon mediobrunnea holloway . endemic . lower to upper montane forest . acidon sabada swinhoe . ? thailand , sundaland * * . lowland . acidon rectivia sp . n . . thailand , sundaland * * . [ lowland disturbed forest ] . acidon semiochrea sp . n . . thailand , borneo . primary and secondary lowland forest . acidon nigrobasis swinhoe . indian subregion , taiwan , borneo . [ lowland forest ] . acidon wayangkulit sp . n . . sundaland . lowland forest . acidon pseudohypena sp . n . . endemic . [ lowland forest ] . acidon api sp . n . . endemic . [ montane forest and scrub on limestone ] . acidon castanea sp . n . . endemic . [ lowland and lower montane forest ] . acidon calcicola sp . n . . endemic . ( lowland ) and lower montane forest , particularly on limestone . acidon sp . 19683 . endemic . [ upper montane forest ] . acidon sp . . endemic . [ lowland secondary forest ] . hepatica doda swinhoe ( holloway , 2005 : 453 ) . sundaland * . [ lowland and lower montane forest ] . hepatica irrorata swinhoe ( holloway , 2005 : 454 ) . n . e . himalaya , taiwan , borneo . [ upper montane forest ] . hepatica orbicularis holloway ( holloway , 2005 : 454 ) . endemic . [ lowland forest ] . gonoglasa camptogramma hampson ( holloway , 2005 : 455 ) . sundaland * , thailand . lowland forest . gonoglasa nigripalpis walker ( holloway , 2005 : 455 ) . sundaland * , thailand . [ lowland ] .\n. oriental tropics to sundaland , tanimbar . [ no precise data available ] .\n. old world tropics to australia and cook is . [ no precise data available ] .\n. indian subregion , sundaland * , sulawesi , australia . [ lowland and montane forest ] .\n. indo - australian tropics to japan and samoa . [ lowland to upper montane forest ] .\n. india , andamans , sundaland * * , philippines . [ montane forest ] .\n. indian subregion , sundaland , ? east to solomons . [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion , borneo , new guinea to vanuatu , also recorded from tuvalu . [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion , china , sundaland * , buru , new guinea . montane cultivation .\n. borneo , sulawesi , seram , new guinea . [ no precise data available ] .\n. n . e . himalaya , thailand , sundaland , sulawesi . lowland to montane forest .\n. indian subregion , sundaland * * , philippines . [ lowlands , also montane forest scrub on limestone ] .\n. andamans , sundaland , s . moluccas to bismarcks . [ lowland forest ] .\n( holloway , 2005 : 452 ) . indian subregion , borneo , philippines . lowland , possibly coastal and mangrove .\n. indo - australian tropics to japan and new caledonia . lower to upper montane forest .\n. n . e . himalaya , vietnam , sundaland . [ lowland forest ] .\n. indo - australian tropics to new guinea and queensland . [ lowland disturbed and cultivated areas ] .\n. indian subregion , china , taiwan , borneo , sulawesi . [ lowland ] .\n. indian subregion , sundaland * * , new guinea , bismarcks . queensland .\n. indian subregion , sundaland * * , philippines . [ lowland forest ] .\n. sundaland * , sulawesi , talaut , new guinea , australia . [ no precise data available ] .\n( walker , 1861 ) beccaloni , g . ; scoble , m . ; kitching , i . ; simonsen , t . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepaninae sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthis page uses content from wikipedia and is licensed under cc by - sa .\nthis article on a moth of the drepanidae family is a stub . you can help wikipedia by expanding it ."]}
{"id": 1441, "summary": [{"text": "oeneis ( the arctics or graylings ) is a butterfly genus of the satyrinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all but one of its members are arctic , sub-arctic or high-altitude alpine in distribution .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "some of the members of the genus are among the butterflies that can get along in the harshest climates of any butterflies .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "four species in europe , more are found in arctic russia , siberia , mongolia , arctic north america and the rocky mountains .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "curiously , there are no observations from greenland .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the development of most species takes two years . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "oeneis", "paragraphs": ["macoun ' s arctic oeneis macounii ( w . h . edwards , 1885 )\noeneis chione austaut , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 44 ) : 244\noeneis arasaguna austaut , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 44 ) : 243\noeneis beanii elwes , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 : 476\noeneis elwesi tannuola o . bang - haas , 1927 ; ; tl : schawyr , tannuola\noeneis alberta elwes , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 : 467\ndiversification of the cold - adapted butterfly genus oeneis related to holarctic biogeography and climatic niche shifts .\n(\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n, 2014 ; opler , et al . , 2006 )\noeneis buddha pygmea gross , 1970 ; ; tl : tibet , ca . 35\u00b0n , 95\u00b0e , 4500m\n(\noeneis uhleri varuna\n, 2014 ; a . layberry , et al . , 2002 )\noeneis tarpeia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\noeneis sculda ; [ bru ] , 237 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 17\noeneis tarpeja [ sic , recte tarpeia ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 204 , f . 1\noeneis norna hilda ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\noeneis norna peartiae ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\n= oeneis norna semidea ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31\noeneis actaeoides lukhtanov , 1989 ; vestn . zool . 4 : 30 ; tl : verkhoyansk , endybal river , yakutia\noeneis pseudosatyra nakahara , 1920 ; can . ent . 52 ( 6 ) : 138 ; tl : horisha , formosa\noeneis velleda austaut , 1912 ; int . ent . zs . 5 ( 51 ) : 366 , f . 5\nmacoun ' s arctic oeneis macounii ( w . h . edwards , 1885 ) | butterflies and moths of north america\ndiversification of the cold - adapted butterfly genus oeneis related to holarctic biogeography and climatic niche shifts . - pubmed - ncbi\nhabits : oeneis alpina breeds in wet grassy tundra but is most frequently found on dry rocky hilltops where the males congregate .\noeneis daisetsuzana matsumura , 1926 ; ins . matsumurana 1 ( 2 ) : 104 ; tl : hokkaido , mt . daisetsu\noeneis chryxus socorro holland , 2010 ; j . lep . soc . 64 ( 3 ) : ( 161 - 165 )\noeneis vacuna grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 458\noeneis buddha grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 458\noeneis polixenes polixenes ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , f . 11 - 12\noeneis mckinleyensis dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1389 : 2 ; tl : mckinley park , alaska\noeneis chryxus valerata burdick , 1958 ; lepid . news 11 ( 1 - 3 ) : 23 ; tl : washington , olympic mountains\nremarks : this species has previously been called oeneis excubitor troubridge , philip , scott , and shepard , 1982 , in north america , but examination of kurentzov ' s original type specimen of oeneis alpina in vladivostok , russia , showed that alpina is the same species as excubitor .\noeneis nanna ; [ bru ] , 237 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 18 ; [ mrs ] , 402\noeneis urda ; [ bru ] , 238 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 19 ; [ mrs ] , 402\n(\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n, 2014 ; a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ; coffin and pfannmuller , 1988 )\n? oeneis jutta harperi dos passos , [ 1977 ] ; j . res . lepid . 15 ( 4 ) : ( 211 - 213 )\noeneis alpina kurentzov , 1970 ; butterflies of the ussr far east : 74 , f . 42 , 44 ; tl : omsukchan , magadan region\noeneis ammosovi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 28\noeneis nanna kluanensis hassler & feil , 2002 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 22 ( 4 ) : ( 197 - 205 )\nhowell , d . 2014 .\noeneis uhleri\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\noeneis melissa also ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 1\noeneis magna magna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 5\noeneis norna var . tundra bang - haas , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 2 ) : 104 ; tl : sajan\noeneis actaeoides actaeoides ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 10\noeneis elwesi ulugchemi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 5\noeneis nanna dzhulukuli ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 8\noeneis buddha brahma ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 24\noeneis tunga ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 23 - 27\noeneis philipi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 24 - 25\noeneis var . caryi dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 3 ) : 142 ; tl : smith landing , athabasca\n= oeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 7\noeneis nanna coreana matsumura , 1927 ; insecta matsumurana 1 ( 4 ) : 163 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : corea , genzan\n2014 .\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n( on - line ) . butterflies and moths of north america . accessed march 24 , 2014 at urltoken .\noeneis melissa melissa ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 10 - 12\noeneis melissa orientalis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 2 - 3\noeneis melissa daizetsuzana ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 4 - 9\noeneis jutta jutta ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 1 - 4\noeneis jutta akoene ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 5 - 8\noeneis jutta sibirica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 9 - 10\noeneis magna dubia ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 1 - 4\noeneis magna magadanica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 6 - 9\noeneis magna uchangi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 10 - 11\noeneis norna norna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 16 - 20\noeneis norna altaica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 21 - 24\noeneis norna tundra ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 1 - 3\noeneis norna asamana ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 4 - 9\noeneis polixenes luteus ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 16 - 19\noeneis alpina execubitor ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 26 - 27\noeneis elwesi tannuola ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 3 - 4\noeneis aktashi aktashi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 13 - 15\noeneis ammon ammon ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 16 - 17\noeneis bore bore ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 18 - 21\noeneis semidea var . pansa christoph , 1893 ; dt . ent . zeit . iris , 6 ( 1 ) : 87 ; tl : vitim river , transbaikalia\noeneis bore pansa ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 22 - 26\noeneis bore arasaguna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 27 - 28\noeneis bore taygete ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 6 - 8\noeneis taygete fordi dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : kuskokwim river , alaska\noeneis bore edwardsi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 9 - 12\noeneis nevadensis nevadensis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 13 - 15\noeneis chryxus chryxus ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 20 - 21\noeneis alberta alberta ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 1 - 8\noeneis uhleri uhleri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 17 - 18\noeneis sculda sculda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 21 - 28\noeneis sculda pseudosculda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 1 - 2\noeneis sculda pumila ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 3 - 7\noeneis nanna nanna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 17 - 24\noeneis nanna anna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 9 - 16\noeneis urda urda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 7 - 20\noeneis urda tschiliensis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 21 - 25\noeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 1 - 8\noeneis mongolica hoenei ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 9 - 12\noeneis mongolica walkyria ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 18 - 28\noeneis tarpeja baueri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 8 - 14\noeneis tarpeja grossi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 15 - 20\noeneis buddha buddha ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 1 - 7\noeneis buddha dejeani ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 8 - 9\noeneis buddha grieshuberi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 10 - 14\noeneis buddha kincli ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 15 - 16\noeneis buddha frankenbachi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 17 - 20\noeneis buddha pygmea ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 21 - 23\noeneis melissa ; [ bru ] , 233 ; [ nacl ] , # 4612 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 3 ; [ opler ]\noeneis taygete gaspeensis dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : mt . albert , quebec\noeneis diluta lukhtanov , 1994 ; herbipoliana , 3 : 138 , pl . 25 , f . 5 ; tl : s\u00fcdsibirien , tuva , ujukski - gebirge , sush\n= oeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 3 , 5\noeneis mulla staudinger , 1881 ; stettin ent . ztg 42 ( 7 - 9 ) : 270 ; tl : s . slope of the tarbagatai mts , e . kazakhstan\noeneis nahanni dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 3 ) : 142 ; tl : nahanni mts . , mackenzie , 2 , 500ft\noeneis fulla ; [ bru ] , 239 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 28\n(\noeneis uhleri varuna\n, 2014 ;\nthe butterflies of the world foundation : uhler ' s arctic\n, 2004 ; opler , et al . , 2006 )\noeneis nanna walkyria ab . shonis matsumura , 1927 ; insecta matsumurana 1 ( 4 ) : 163 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : corea , mt . daitoku\noeneis melissa beanii ; [ nacl ] , # 4612e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 19\noeneis mulla ; [ bru ] , 238 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 1 - 2\noeneis chryxus valerata ; [ nacl ] , # 4606b ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 22\noeneis diluta ; [ bru ] , 238 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 5 - 6\noeneis lederi ; [ bru ] , 236 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 21 - 24\noeneis bore ; [ bru ] , 235 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 4610 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\noeneis taygete edwardsi dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : san juan mts . , hinsdale co . , colorado\noeneis mongolica koreana [ sic , recte coreana ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 13 - 17\noeneis tarpeja tarpeja [ sic , recte tarpeia ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 1 - 7\noeneis melissa semidea ; [ nacl ] , # 4612a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 13 - 14\noeneis melissa gibsoni ; [ nacl ] , # 4612d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 15 - 18\noeneis melissa lucilla ; [ nacl ] , # 4612f ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 20 - 22\noeneis jutta ascerta ; [ nacl ] , # 4611g ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 12 - 15\noeneis jutta chermocki ; [ nacl ] , # 4611d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 21 - 22\noeneis jutta reducta ; [ nacl ] , # 4611e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 23 - 24\noeneis polixenes katahdin ; [ nacl ] , # 4613a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 13 - 15\noeneis polixenes brucei ; [ nacl ] , # 4613d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 20 - 23\noeneis bore hanburyi ; [ nacl ] , # 4610a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 1 - 5\noeneis chryxus strigulosa ; [ nacl ] , # 4606c ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 1 - 8\noeneis chryxus caryi ; [ nacl ] , # 4606e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 15 - 19\noeneis chryxus stanislaus ; [ nacl ] , # 4606a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 23 - 24\noeneis alberta daura ; [ nacl ] , # 4608c ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 9 - 12\noeneis uhleri reinthali ; [ nacl ] , # 4607a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 19 - 20\noeneis dzhugdzhuri sheljuzhko , 1929 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 19 : 349 , pl . 28 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : yankansky mts . , nw . amur\noeneis norna ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ bru ] , 235 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 8\noeneis ammon elwes , 1899 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1899 ( 3 ) : 356 , pl . 14 , f . 2 , 7 ; tl : severo - chuisky mts .\n(\nattributes of oeneis uhleri\n, 2014 ;\nthe butterflies of the world foundation : uhler ' s arctic\n, 2004 ; a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ; bromilow , 2007 )\noeneis aktashi lukhtanov , 1984 ; ent . obozr . , 63 ( 4 ) : 785 , f . 43 - 45 , 52 - 57 ; tl : altai , kuraisky mts . , aktash , 2500 - 2700m\noeneis nanna jakutski ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 25 - 28 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 1 - 4\noeneis urda monteviri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 26 - 28 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 1 - 2\noeneis tarpeia grossi eitschberger & lukhtanov , 1994 ; atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 , pl . va , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : s . siberia , buretia , 20km nw selenduma , 600m\noeneis nevadensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4604 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 4 ; [ opler ]\noeneis chryxus ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4606 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 23 ; [ opler ]\noeneis glacialis ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 5 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 12 - 15 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\noeneis uhleri ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 4607 ; [ opler ]\noeneis ivallda ; [ nacl ] , # 4603 . 1 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 1 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 19 - 22\noeneis jutta ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ bru ] , 239 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 4611 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\noeneis jutta alaskensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4611a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 18 - 20\noeneis chryxus calais ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4606d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 9 - 14\noeneis uhleri varuna ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4607b ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 13 - 16\nopler , p . a . , h . pavulaan , r . e . stanford , and m . pogue , coordinators . 2006 . butterflies and moths of north america : uhler ' s arctic ( oeneis uhleri ) . bozeman , montana : nbii mountain prairie information node . . accessed 20 july 2006 .\noeneis hora ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 454 , pl . 20 , f . 1 ; [ bru ] , 234 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 6 - 12\noeneis macounii ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4605 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 2 ; [ opler ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 16 - 18\ndiagnosis : the upperside is orange brown , with the basal two - thirds of both wings darker , especially in the male . there are one to three usually white - centred eyespots on the forewing , usually two on the hindwing , above and below . the hindwing underside is striated dark brown and grey , usually paler near the margin . wingspan : 36 to 47 mm .\nrange : the range of alpina extends in a band across northern alaska and northern yukon , south to keno , and into the northwest territories as far east as ford lake .\nsimilar species : the chryxus arctic ( o . chryxus ) is similar , but the two hindwing eye - spots and brown basal two - thirds of the wings distinguish alpina . [ compare images ]\nabundance : generally a local , uncommon species , but it can be fairly common in areas where males congregate on hilltops .\nflight season : late june to mid - july , tending to be biennial . it flies mainly in even years from the mackenzie delta eastward and mainly in odd years farther west .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\nchionobas boisduval , 1832 ; icon . hist . l\u00e9pid . europe 1 ( 17 - 18 ) : 182 ; ts : papilio aello h\u00fcbner\npapilio melissa fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 513 ; tl : labrador , canada\nmelissa also ( boisduval , [ 1834 ] ) ; icon . hist . l\u00e9pid . europe 1 ( 19 - 20 ) : pl . 40 , f . 1 - 2\ne . kazakhstan ( tarbagatai , saur mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nhipparchia ( chinobas ) fulla eversmann , 1851 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 614 a ; tl : tarbagatai mts . , kazakhstan\n500x506 ( ~ 54kb ) underside finland , pihtipudas , liitonj\u00e4rvi , 703 : 44 , 30 . 6 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\nscandinavia , finland , baltic , e . poland , byelorussia , n . european russia , ural , w . siberia , s . siberia , yenisei , amur , sakhalin , n . mongolia , ne . china , n . korea\nse . manitoba , ontario , quebec , minnesota , wisconsin , n . michigan , n . maine , n . new hampshire\naltai - s . siberia - far east , amur , mongolia , n . china . see [ maps ]\ns . siberia , transbaikalia , s . yakutia , amur , sikhote - alin , shantar is . , ne . china ( manchuria ) , ne . mongolia\n531x500 ( ~ 60kb ) underside male a subalpine larch parkland on the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on geranium krylovii tzvelev , 1993 ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n616x700 ( ~ 138kb ) underside a subalpine larch parkland on the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1093x861 ( ~ 372kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n918x1224 ( ~ 703kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1224x918 ( ~ 783kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1167x918 ( ~ 531kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npapilio aello h\u00fcbner , [ 1803 - 1804 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 1 ] : pl . 102 , f . 519 - 521\nlappland , n . siberia ( polar tundra ) , altai , targbagatai , japan , circumpolar ? . see [ maps ]\n891x560 ( ~ 121kb ) underside stony bank of the chikty rivulet among alpine meadow / dwarf birch thickets , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 13th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n566x551 ( ~ 59kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 9th july 1998 ( on of angelica archangelica ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n617x574 ( ~ 80kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 9th july 1998 ( on lagotis integrifolia ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n823x596 ( ~ 121kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on horse dung ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n516x392 ( ~ 40kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on horse dung ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n887x1070 ( ~ 500kb ) underside an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 4rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nchionobas katahdin newcomb , 1901 ; ent . news 12 ( 7 ) : 206\npolixenes subhyalina ( curtis , 1835 ) ; in ross , nar . 2 nd voy . n . w . passage : lxviii\nchionobas brucei edwards , 1891 ; can . ent . 23 ( 2 ) : 33\nchionobas peartiae edwards , 1897 ; butts n . amer . 3 : pl . 14\nn . british columbia , yukon , northwest territories , alaska . see [ maps ]\ne . kasakhstan ( saur , tarbagatai , monrak mts . ) . see [ maps ]\nse . tuva ( tannuola mts . ) , nw . mongolia , n . mongolia\nkirgizia ( alai , trans - alai , kirghiztan mts . , tian shan ) , tajikistan ( trans - alai , n . pamir ) , uzbekistan ( tian shan ) , kazakhstan ( ketmen mts . , kungey and transili alatau ) , w . china ( boro - choro mts . , e . tian shan ) . see [ maps ]\n777x747 ( ~ 133kb ) underside female an alpine meadow in the valley of a headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 15th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n738x636 ( ~ 133kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of a headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 15th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n600x506 ( ~ 57kb ) underside finland : li : utsjoki puollamoaivi , 775 : 50 , 8 . 7 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nbore hanburyi ( watkins , 1928 ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 617\n600x668 ( ~ 78kb ) female usa : fr 9711 , hurley creek ( 47\u00b018 ' 31n 120\u00b036 ' 56w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 5 . 7 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n700x889 ( ~ 120kb ) underside female usa : fr 9711 , hurley creek ( 47\u00b018 ' 31n 120\u00b036 ' 56w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 5 . 7 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n640x649 ( ~ 79kb ) underside male usa : fr 9711 , ( 47\u00b018 ' 23n 120\u00b036 ' 31w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n1100x1050 ( ~ 173kb ) upperside male usa : washington , chelan co . , lepsoc 2010 field trip ( eagle creek ? ) , 11 . 7 . 2010 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\nbritish columbia , alberta , s . northwest territories , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , minnesota , michigan . see [ maps ]\nchionabas macounii edwards , 1885 ; can . ent . 17 ( 4 ) : 74\n1600x1200 ( ~ 288kb ) upperside male assiniboine , ab , 4 . vi . 1995 , photo 2004 \u00a9 joseph belicek\n1600x1200 ( ~ 256kb ) underside male assiniboine , ab , 4 . vi . 1995 , photo 2004 \u00a9 joseph belicek\nchionobas ivallda mead , 1878 ; can . ent . 10 ( 10 ) : 196\nchionobas chryxus doubleday , [ 1849 ] ; gen . diurn . lep . ( 2 ) : 383 , ( 1 ) pl . 64 , f . 1\nchionobes calais scudder , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . phil . 5 ( 1 ) : 7\nmanitoba , saskatchewan , alberta , british columbia , montana , n . dakota ,\nchionobas daura strecker , 1894 ; can . ent . 26 ( 8 ) : 225\nbritish columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , montana , north dakota , south dakota , nebraska , w . minnesota\nsculda ( eversmann , 1851 ) ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 612 ; tl : kyakhta , buryatia , russia\n730x725 ( ~ 141kb ) underside female an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1052x979 ( ~ 356kb ) underside female an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\naltai , tuva , sayan mts . , s . buryatia , ne . mongolia\nnanna ( m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1859 ) ; in schrenck , reise forschungen amur - lande 2 ( 1 ) : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : amur river\n880x722 ( ~ 181kb ) underside female a meadowy sw slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n600x912 ( ~ 175kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n412x566 ( ~ 85kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n826x859 ( ~ 252kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nse . altai ( kurai , s . tchuja , sailjugem mts . , ukok - plateau ) , w . tuva\n533x400 ( ~ 40kb ) underside male an open pine forest on the hill just north of the chita city , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 17th june 1995 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nn . altai , s . siberia , transbaikal , amur , primorye , yakutia , n . mongolia , ne . china\ntarpeia ( pallas , 1771 ) ; reise russ . reich . 1 : 470 ; tl :\nin campis aridis ad volgam\n486x392 ( ~ 47kb ) underside a steppen rocky southern slope of the hill sopka mokhnataya of the hill chain called bugotakskie sopki , toguchin district , novosibirsk province , russia . 12th june 1995 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1000x1000 ( ~ 143kb ) upperside female russia , siberia , krasnoyarskii krai province , sharypovo district , 5 km nne of v . parnaya , 55\u00b019 ' n 89\u00b016 ' e , alt . 500 - 600 m , meadowy steppe on southern slope , birch / larch forest edges . 1 / vii 2000 ( on goniolimon speciosum ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nseeu , n . caucasus , s . urals , sw . siberia , altai , n . kazakhstan , e . kazakhstan , w . mongolia , nw . china\n1024x768 ( ~ 141kb ) upperside male china , qinghai prov , w . qinghai lake , nan shan mts , 3500m , 28 . 6 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko\n1024x768 ( ~ 116kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , w . qinghai lake , nan shan mts , 3500m , 28 . 6 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nicones historique des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux ou peu connus . collection , avec figures colorit\u00e9es , des papillons d ' europe nouvellement d\u00e9couverts ; ouvrage formant le compl\u00e9ment de tous les auteurs iconographes\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 3 ( [ 1827 ] - [ 1838 ] ) in h\u00fcbner ,\nzutr\u00e4ge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 5 [ 1833 ] - 1837 in h\u00fcbner ,\nesp\u00e8ces nouvelles de l\u00e9pidopter\u00e8s recueillis en chine par m . l ' abb\u00e9 a . david / l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux de la chine\nwatkins , 1928 new satyrid butterflies ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 615 - 618\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nupperside is bright orange - brown with black borders on both wings . two black eyespots on forewing , one on hindwing . male lacks a patch of black scales on the forewing . underside of hindwing is cloudy gray with a distinct dark median band .\nmales perch in glades to watch for receptive females . caterpillars require 2 years to complete development ; hibernating as young caterpillars the first winter , and as mature ones the second winter .\none brood from early june to early july . east of southeast manitoba , adults fly in even - numbered years ; westward , in odd - numbered years .\nacross southern canada from british columbia through the prairie provinces to northern minnesota , northern michigan , and central ontario .\ng5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nkleckova i 1 , cesanek m 2 , fric z 3 , pellissier l 4 .\nfaculty of science , university of south bohemia , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic ; institute of entomology , biology centre of the czech academy of sciences , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic . electronic address : irena . slamova @ gmail . com .\nfaculty of science , university of south bohemia , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic ; institute of entomology , biology centre of the czech academy of sciences , brani\u0161ovsk\u00e1 31 , 370 05 \u010desk\u00e9 bud\u011bjovice , czech republic .\nuniversity of fribourg , department of biology , ecology & evolution , chemin du mus\u00e9e 10 , 1700 fribourg , switzerland ; landscape ecology , institute of terrestrial ecosystems , eth z\u00fcrich , z\u00fcrich , switzerland ; swiss federal research institute wsl , 8903 birmensdorf , switzerland .\nis resident across most of southern canada , into the central united states in patchy distribution with two separate populations in california and nevada , and into the northeastern united states ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are bunchgrass , open woodland and alpine tundra in the west , and in the east dry sandy or rocky areas . host plants are grasses , known host plants are restricted to :\nis biennial ; individuals overwinter as first or second instar larvae the first winter , and third fourth or fifth ( mature ) instar larvae the second winter . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time may 15 - june 15 in the southeast part of their range , late may ? july 15 in low altitudes , and late june ? early august in the arctic / alpine zone ( scott 1986 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis is the signature butterfly of the alpine zone in the sierra nevada . castle and basin peaks are near its northern limit , which appears to be mount lola , a few miles farther north . the ivallda arctic is extremely cryptic at rest on the ground ; if startled it flies briefly , then lands again and disappears . the male has a rather pointed forewing amnd a greenish stigma in the middle of the wing . the female is larger , with more rounded wings and usually two large eyespots ; it lacks the stigma . a few strays have been recorded near the east end of donner pass , but the species does not breed there .\nthe ivallda arctic hilltops on rocky knobs . it seldom visits flowers , but has been recorded at sulphur flower and the mat - forming composite railardella argentea . the larval hosts are undetermined grasses or sedges .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j .\nlewis , o . ( butterfly rla ) & cuttelod , a . ( iucn red list unit )\njustification : this species is listed as least concern , since it has not been declining by more than 25 % in the last ten years , its european extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is larger than 20 , 000km\u00b2 and its population size is probably larger than 10 , 000 adult individuals .\noccurs only in the alps from the french alps to the carnic alps in the south of austria . its elevational range is 1 , 400 - 2 , 900 m . this is a european endemic species .\nthis species is widespread in the mountainous areas of europe . declines in distribution or population size of 6 - 30 % have been reported from austria , france ( data provided by the national partners of butterfly conservation europe ) .\nat altitudes of about 1 , 500 m , the alpine grayling occurs on dry , scrubby vegetation . above the tree - line , they can be seen in dry , stony alpine grasslands and on dry , open sunny slopes . most habitats have a stream in the vicinity . perched on a stone , the males defend their territory , chasing away other butterflies , as well as other insects . the female lays its eggs one at a time on dry grass stalks close to the ground . the caterpillar hibernates in the first larval instar and having fed during the growing season , hibernates again in the last instar . eventually , some time between april and june , it pupates . its main foodplant is sheep ' s - fescue (\n) but other fescues are also used . this butterfly is single - brooded . habitats : alpine and subalpine grasslands ( 42 % ) , water - fringe vegetation ( 14 % ) , screes ( 14 % ) , inland cliffs and exposed rocks ( 14 % ) .\nall butterflies are collected to some extent , but only for the extremely rare species it can be a problem and the trade in europe is generally at a low level compared to other continents . there is no specific trade information for this species .\nalthough this species shows a decline in a part of its european range , it is not believed to face major threats at the european level .\nthis species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range . no specific conservation actions are needed at a european level , but in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed . the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a butterfly monitoring scheme .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nupperside is dull orange - brown with dark veins . underside of hindwing has a dark basal half , a lighter outer half . both wings have one - to - many small submarginal spots .\nto find females , males perch and occasionally patrol below ridge crests in bunch - grass habitat . females lay eggs singly on grasses and sedges . fourth - stage caterpillars hibernate , emerge in the spring to feed again , and pupate just under the soil .\nslopes in dry , open bunchgrass habitats ; tundra ; openings in pine forest .\nnortheast alaska , yukon and western northwest territories . central alberta south through the rocky mountains to northern new mexico ; east through the canadian prairie provinces to western minnesota .\nwings are somewhat translucent . upperside is gray - brown ; male has no markings , female may have 2 small black eyespots . underside of hindwing is mottled gray , brown , and black and has a distinct median band outlined in white .\nmales patrol and occasionally perch during the day in grassy swales to seek females . two years are required to complete development ; the first winter is passed by first - stage caterpillars , the second winter by mature caterpillars .\nalaska east through the north american arctic to baffin island , labrador , eastern quebec , and central maine . isolated populations in the rocky mountains south to northern new mexico .\nnot usually required . subspecies katahdin on mt . katahdin , maine is geographically restricted but may not be of concern .\nuhler ' s arctic butterfly is a type of butterfly called a brush foot . this means that the first pair of legs on the butterfly is shorter than the rest of the legs and look like a brush . this butterfly is an orange - brown color with many small spots . it is about 1 . 5 cm long , weighs about 0 . 35 grams , and has a wingspan of 4 . 5 cm on average . females are a little bit larger than males , and also have rounder wings than males . the front wings of uhler ' s arctic are pale gray with a dark brown pattern on them .\nbutterfly . it mainly lives in the midwestern united states . it can also be found throughout southern canada , including manitoba and british colombia . it lives as far west as alaska , and as far south as northern new mexico . uhler ' s arctic butterfly migrates from canada to the midwestern / western states in the u . s . from mid - may to mid - july .\n( a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ; opler , et al . , 2006 )\nbutterfly lives in many different habitats , including prairies , grazed agricultural fields , open woods , around hill tops , and pine forests . in the midwest of the united states , these butterflies gather in dry prairies and bare lands . they can also be found in savannas , grasslands , and scrub forests .\nlike all butterflies , uhler ' s arctic goes through complete metamorphosis . its life stages are egg , larvae / caterpillar , pupae , and adult . eggs are laid by the female parent on grasses and other plants . caterpillar hatch and feed on the plants that they were born on . they stay as caterpillars for a year or two , with the caterpillar taking shelter during the winter . the caterpillar emerges alive in the spring , and goes below the soil to become a pupae . after pupation , it emerges as a butterfly .\nmale butterflies look for mates by hovering several meters above the grass . they sometimes perch on objects . females are usually below in the grass . males secrete chemicals called pheromones that attract females . they then approach the female to begin courtship and mating . these butterflies mate from may into early july . the males are polygynous , which means that they mate with more than one female . in this species , females usually only mate with one male , but sometimes more .\n( a . layberry , et al . , 2002 ;\nfrequently asked questions about butterflies\n, 2006 )\nuhler ' s arctic butterflies mate about one time every month . mating takes place from late may to july . depending on how long the butterflies live , they can have 1 to 3 offspring in their lifetime . once the female lays the egg , the offspring is left alone .\nhow often does reproduction occur ? uhler ' s arctic butterflies breed once monthly .\nuhler ' s arctic parents do not provide much care for their offspring . the female provides nutrients in the egg that the unborn caterpillar can use to grow and develop before hatching . the egg is laid on grasses or sedges that the caterpillar will eat when it hatches . after they mate and lay the egg , the parents leave and do not return to the egg , providing no more care .\nafter emerging from pupation as butterflies , they live as adults for a few months during the summer from may to late july or august . one reason that these butterflies may die early is that they live in open habitats in the northern parts of north america , where bad weather such as thunderstorms and high winds can injure them . wildfires also cause the deaths of some uhler ' s arctic butterflies and caterpillars .\nbutterfly is active during the day . it flies close to the ground and often lands on bare land . the color of this butterfly helps it to camouflage itself against the ground , protecting it from predators . it is not social and each butterfly mainly keeps to itself unless looking for a mate . uhler ' s arctic migrates from territories in canada to midwestern / western states in the u . s . from mid - may to mid - july ."]}
{"id": 1442, "summary": [{"text": "gonoreta is a genus of moth in the family drepanidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "some species are known as defoliators of coffee plants ( rubiaceae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "type species : gonoreta ansorgei warren , 1902", "topic": 29}], "title": "gonoreta", "paragraphs": ["type species : gonoreta ansorgei warren , 1902 . novitates zoologicae 9 : 488 . by original designation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarren w . 1902b . new african drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 9 : 487\u2013536 .\nwatson a . 1965a . a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 3 : 1\u2013178 , pls . 1\u201318 .\nwarren w . 1897a . new genera and species of moths from the old - world regions in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 4 : 12\u2013130 .\nbryk f . 1913a . die \u00e4thiopischen drepaniden und drepana - \u00e4hnlichen geometriden des berliner zoologischen museums . - archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 79a ( 3 ) : 4\u201316 .\nhampson g . f . 1914e . descriptions of new genera and species of drepanidae and thyrididae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 14 ( 79 ) : 103\u2013117 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nbutler a . g . 1879d . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from madagascar , with notes on some of the forms already described . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 4 ( 21 ) : 227\u2013246 .\nwarren w . 1898b . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 5 : 221\u2013258 .\nwalker f . 1855c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . \u2013 lepidoptera heterocera . - \u2014 5 : i\u2013iv , 977\u20131257 .\nmabille p . 1898 . description de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 66 ( 1897 ) ( 2\u20133 ) : 182\u2013231 , pl . 9 .\nwarren w . 1899b . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 3 ) : 288\u2013312 .\nbutler a . g . 1878d . descriptions of some new genera and species of lepidoptera from old calabar and madagascar . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 5 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 455\u2013465 .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepanidae sp . ( large size ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word cymbaly . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word cymbaly and , of course , cymbaly synonyms and on the right images related to the word cymbaly .\npowo : urn : lsid : ipni . org : names : 325775 - 2 tropicos : 40019758 vascan : 1063 . . .\nthis is the place for cymbaly definition . you find here cymbaly meaning , synonyms of cymbaly and images for cymbaly copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 1443, "summary": [{"text": "the german cockroach ( blattella germanica ) is a small species of cockroach , typically about 1.1 to 1.6 cm ( 0.43 to 0.63 in ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "in colour it varies from tan to almost black , and it has two dark , roughly parallel , streaks on the pronotum running anteroposteriorly from behind the head to the base of the wings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "although blattella germanica has wings , it can barely fly , although it may glide when disturbed .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "of the few species of cockroach that are domestic pests , it probably is the most widely troublesome example .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it is very closely related to the asian cockroach , and to the casual observer the two appear nearly identical and may be mistaken for each other .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "however , the asian cockroach is attracted to light and can fly rather like a moth , while the german cockroach can not . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "german cockroach", "paragraphs": ["german cockroach diseases german cockroach life cycle german cockroach nests german cockroach nymphs german cockroach vs . american cockroach\ninsect management guide for cockroaches . least toxic methods of cockroach control . german cockroach management in low income housing\nthe german cockroach is the most common species of the cockroach . german cockroaches can breed at a rate of up to six generations per year . the german cockroach can fit through an opening as small as 3 / 8 inch in width .\ngerman cockroaches can be found all over the world . they are the most common cockroach in the united states . each german cockroach can live about 100 - 200 days .\nthe german cockroach eats almost anything but prefers starchy foods like potatoes , rice and cereal .\ni saw one small german cockroach in my home and now i am worried . how long before they overrun my home ? keep reading to learn how fast german cockroach reproduction occurs .\nthe german cockroach , which originally came from africa , is the smallest of the pest species .\ndifferential development and reproduction of the german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattellidae ) on three laboratory diets .\nthe american cockroach is the largest cockroach found in houses . despite its name , the american cockroach is not native to north america , but was likely introduced via ships from africa in the 1600s .\nprof essional roach baits , pesticide dusts , aerosols or residual spray concentrates can be used to eliminate german cockroach infestations .\ndifferential development and reproduction of the german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattellidae ) on three laboratory diets . - pubmed - ncbi\nwondering how to get rid of german cockroaches ? the best advice for german cockroach control is to practice good sanitation . to prevent german cockroaches from infesting the space , vacuum often , keep a spotless kitchen , seal all entrances around utility pipes and ventilate crawl spaces to prevent moisture buildup . if there is evidence of a cockroach infestation , contact a licensed pest professional to inspect and treat the german cockroach problem .\nrobinson , w . 1999 . worries over german cockroach resistance fades . pest control 67 ( 7 ) : 40 - 42\nthe smallest cockroach known is attaphila fungicola , measuring 1mm wide and 3mm long . this cockroach lives in the nest of leaf cutter ants .\nthe german cockroach is the cockroach of concern , the species that gives all other cockroaches a bad name . it occurs in structures throughout florida , and is the species that typically plagues multifamily dwellings . in florida , the german cockroach may be confused with the asian cockroach , blattella asahinai mizukubo . while these cockroaches are very similar , there are some differences that a practiced eye can discern .\nfigure 4 . third instar nymph of german cockroach blattella germanica ( linnaeus ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .\nrust mk , owens jm , reierson da . 1995 . understanding and controlling the german cockroach . oxford university press , oxford .\nnalyanya g . , gore j . c . , linker h . m . , schal c . german cockroach allergen levels in north carolina schools : comparison of integrated pest management and conventional cockroach control .\nrobinson , w . 1996 . resistance remediation in the german cockroach . resistant pest management 8 ( 1 ) : 34 - 35 .\nwang c . , bennett g . w . comparative study of integrated pest management and baiting for german cockroach management in public housing .\nfigure 1 . adult female german cockroach , blattella germanica ( linnaeus ) , with ootheca . photograph by james castner , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . adult male german cockroach , blattella germanica ( linnaeus ) . photograph by p . g . koehler , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . adult female german cockroach , blattella germanica ( linnaeus ) . photograph by p . g . koehler , university of florida .\ntsai , y . , k . cahill . 1970 . parasites of the german cockroach ( blattella germanica l . ) in new york city .\nfigure 2 . oothecae ( egg cases ) of the german cockroach , blattella germanica ( linnaeus ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .\nthe german cockroach is also the most sociable of the pest species and is often found in large groups , especially near warm areas like water heaters .\ncheck out the tips in this video to help you prevent and treat cockroach infestations .\nfind more facts about and information on cockroach pest control at the official npma website .\nithe german cockroach is the hardest pest cockroach to get rid of and is the most troublesome in sydney . it can be found anywhere in the home but is probably most common in the kitchen , frequently inside cupboards , drawers and electrical appliances .\nrobinson , w . 1996 . how the german cockroach has adapted to the household environment . pest control 64 ( 7 ) : 43 , 44 , 46 .\n2004 .\ngerman cockroach - blattella germanica\n( on - line ) . north carolina museum of natural sciences . accessed october 18 , 2008 at urltoken .\nthe world ' s smallest cockroach is only 0 . 3mm long and lives in ant nests\ncornwell pb . 1968 . the cockroach , volume i . hutchinson of london , london .\nsurvey - to control german cockroaches , it is important to do a thorough inspection . a cockroach survey ( trapping ) is sometimes necessary to determine the extent of an infestation , as even a thorough inspection will not reveal all cockroach harborages or foraging areas .\nthe german cockroach is one of the most common roaches found in apartment houses , restaurants , and hotels . german cockroaches ( eggs included ) , are brought inside or hitchhike on man ' s belongings , luggage , boxes or packages . a large german roach population will produce a foul odor . these roaches prefer moisture , food , and warmth . sanitation measures are critical in controlling german roaches . german roaches can be a serious health hazard in restaurants .\nfasulo tr . ( 2002 ) . stored product pests and german cockroach . bug tutorials . university of florida / ifas . cd - rom . sw - 165 .\nchai r . y . , lee c . y . insecticide resistance profiles and synergism in field populations of the german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattellidae ) from singapore .\nif you have ever seen a particularly long cockroach , then you may have seen a female carrying its egg case on its abdomen . the egg case , an ootheca , of a german cockroach typically carries 30 to 40 eggs . the german cockroach will carry this egg case up to nearly the time when the eggs are ready to hatch , and once the new baby roaches hatch , they are initially bright , white nymphs .\nthe german cockroach is found throughout the world in association with humans . they are unable to survive in locations away from humans or human activity . the major factor limiting german cockroach survival appears to be cold temperatures . studies have shown that german cockroaches were unable to colonize inactive ships during cool temperatures and could not survive in homes without central heating in northern climates . the availability of water , food , and harborage also govern the ability of german cockroaches to establish populations , and limit growth .\ndroppings german cockroach droppings may appear as small , dark , \u201cpepper - like\u201d material left on countertops or in drawers . fecal staining may appear as dark spots or smears :\negg capsules since german cockroach females carries their egg case until 1 to 2 days before depositing it , empty egg cases may be found in areas that the females frequent .\nsnell , e . and w . h robinson . 1991 . bait stations and german cockroach management programs . pest control technology 19 ( 8 ) : 55 - 57 .\nrobinson , w . 1996 . more good news from the field ( german cockroach resistance ) . pest control technology 24 ( 6 ) : 56 , 61 , 62 .\nwatch this video to learn more about the most common cockroach species that can infest your home .\nkoehler pg , strong ca , patterson rs . 1994 . rearing improvements for the german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattellidae ) . journal of medical entomology 31 : 704 - 710 .\nzhai , j . and w . h robinson . 1992 . chemical control of the german cockroach . pest control technology 20 ( 3 ) : 40 , 41 , 44 .\nsince the german cockroach is considered an aesthetic pest , the action threshold for this insect depends upon the tolerance of the people living in the infested dwelling . however , most people associate cockroach infestations with poor sanitary conditions and typically go to excessive lengths to eradicate them from their houses .\nthe german cockroach is a widely distributed urban pest . it is also the most common cockroach species in houses , apartments , restaurants , hotels , and other institutions . this is true not only in pennsylvania but also throughout the united states and in most parts of the civilized world .\nfigure 3 . first instar nymphs emerging from the oothecae ( egg case ) of a german cockroach , blattella germanica ( linnaeus ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .\nthe german cockroach ranges in size from about one - eighth of an inch in length when it hatches , to a little over one - half of an inch as an adult .\nzhai , j . and w . robinson . 1996 . antennal and leg grooming in two strains of the german cockroach ( orthoptera : blattellidae ) . med . entomol . zool .\nmccandless , l . 2005 .\ncu scientists unravel mating clues of the german cockroach\n( on - line ) . cornell chronicle . accessed november 14 , 2008 at urltoken .\nlifespan as adults , german cockroaches can survive anywhere from 100 to 200 days .\nfigure 5 . newly molted adult german cockroach , blattella germanica ( linnaeus ) . within a few hours the cuticle will harden and darken . photograph by james castner , university of florida .\nrobinson , w . h and j . zhai . 1992 . insecticide rotation and german cockroach control . pest control technology 20 ( 12 ) : 24 , 28 , 30 . 31 .\nrobinson , wm . h and j . zhai . 1992 . insecticide rotation and german cockroach control . pest control technology 20 ( 12 ) : 24 , 28 , 30 , 31 .\ngerman cockroaches produce odorous secretions that can affect the flavor of various foods . when cockroach populations are high , these secretions may result in a characteristic odor in the general region of the infestation . disease - producing organisms such as bacteria , protozoans , and viruses have been found on cockroach bodies .\nwhen beginning your german roach control program , sanitation is one of the first things to consider . german roaches only need a small amount of food to sustain them .\nnature has provided german roaches the means to ensure their survival in a splendid way . german roaches protect their eggs to help ensure hatching and reproduce at astounding rates .\ngerman cockroaches are one of the most common cockroach species found in households . german cockroaches undergo three distinct life phases : egg , nymph and adult . their entire life cycle spans approximately 100 days , although this is dependent on factors such as temperature , diet and injuries .\nasian cockroaches , a pest of the southeastern united states , are often mistaken for the german cockroach . similar in appearance , the main differences between the two cockroaches are evident in their behavior .\ndurier v , rivault c . 2003 . improvement of german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blatellidae ) population control by fragmented distribution of gel baits . journal of economic entomology 96 : 1254 - 1258 .\nphantom aerosol may be used with roach baits and will enhance your german roach control .\nbreeding season german cockroaches breed continuously year round , though breeding slows during colder months .\nadvion arena roach bait advion cockroach bait arena can be used to control cockroach populations indoors and outdoors with the active ingredient indoxacarb , an insecticide that acts through ingestion by cockroaches . advion roach bait arena ( 60 ctn )\nthe german cockroach was once the no . 1 pest in residential and commercial buildings . that changed with the introduction of cockroach baits , which resulted in one of the great success stories in insecticide development . cockroaches became almost a second tier pest , and remained so for more than a decade . but have you noticed ? they\u2019re back ! it\u2019s time for pest management service technicians to review some of the critical aspects of german cockroach biology and habits that can make it one of our more challenging pests .\nzhai , j . and w . h robinson . 1992 . measuring cypermethrin resistance in the german cockroach ( orthoptera : blattellidae ) . j . econ . entomol . 85 : 348 - 351 .\n] . the german cockroach has been reported to have developed resistance to 42 unique insecticide active ingredients in 219 documented cases worldwide and is ranked as the world\u2019s no . 2 insecticide resistant urban pest [\nday , e . august 1996 .\ngerman cockroach .\n( on - line ) . virginia cooperative extension , virginia polytechnic institute and state university . accessed october 14 , 2008 at urltoken .\nvalles , s . 2008 .\ngerman cockroach\n( on - line ) . university of florida institute of food and agricultural sciences \u2013 featured creatures . accessed october 10 , 2008 at urltoken .\nhighly magnified footage of these experiments clearly shows a glucose - averse cockroach reacting to a dose of the sugar .\nin addition to being a nuisance , the german cockroach has been implicated in outbreaks of illness and allergic reactions in many people . cockroaches have been reported to spread at least 33 kinds of bacteria , six kinds of parasitic worms and at least seven other kinds of human pathogens . they can pick up germs on the spines of their legs and bodies as they crawl through decaying matter or sewage and then carry these into food or onto food surfaces . medical studies have shown that german cockroach allergens cause allergic reactions and can exacerbate asthma attacks , especially in children . this makes german cockroach control incredibly vital .\nreproduction & life cycle the female german cockroach produces an egg capsule every 3 to 4 weeks , with each capsule containing 25 - 45 eggs . rather than depositing the sack , the female carries the capsule with her and protects it until it hatches . this is another reason the german cockroach is so difficult to get rid of - its nymphs are well protected . these young nymphs will begin breeding again in as little as 36 days . adult german cockroaches can live up to 365 days .\nfemale german cockroaches carry the oothecae attached to their abdomens until about two days prior to hatching and then deposit them in a protected location . oothecae may be seen protruding from the abdomens of german cockroach females . nymphs emerge from the oothecae as tiny insects . they gradually darken into dark brown or black cockroaches with parallel lines visible upon the pronotum . german cockroach nymphs are wingless and incapable of reproduction . nymphs molt six to seven times and can develop completely within 100 days under optimal conditions .\nnot applying insecticides effectively . whether baits , liquids , dusts , or other formulations , cockroach insecticides need to be applied in cracks , crevices , voids , and other sites where german cockroaches are aggregating .\nzungoli , p . a . and w . h robinson . 1984 . feasability of establishing an aesthetic injury level for german cockroach pest management programs . environ . entomol . 13 : 1453 - 58 .\na flashlight would be a handy tool to inspect evidences of german roaches the following places .\nwings : while adult german cockroaches have wings , they rarely fly , preferring to run .\nrobinson , w . 1996 . antennal grooming and movement behavior in the german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) . proc . internat . conf . insect pests urban environment 1996 : 361 - 369 .\nnot rescheduling problem apartments . when cockroach populations become large , service needs to be repeated every few weeks to succeed .\nthe largest winged cockroach in the world is megaloblatta blaberoides from costa rica ( wingspan of 7 . 3 inches ) .\nmaxforce\u00ae forte contains fipronil 0 . 03 % along with gel that delivers quick results for treatment of cockroach . . .\nthe german cockroach is a highly pestiferous insect that produces asthma - inducing allergens , and is closely associated with areas of human habitation . as such , the german cockroach is transported through human activities , such as food and equipment dispersal . in connected apartments and buildings , german cockroaches can also move between units , making control difficult in heavy infestations . it has previously been shown that the bacterial flora transmitted by german cockroaches presents a serious epidemiological problem for human health and well - being , especially to those living in low - income housing . because german cockroaches are able to vector antibiotic - resistant bacteria , its presence must be controlled to reduce the threat of bacterial contamination in hospitals and swine farms .\nfor effective control , cockroaches must prefer to eat the bait product over surrounding , non - toxic foods . that means cleaning the dishes in the sink , removing trash in a timely fashion , properly storing food , cleaning spills quickly , and identifying potential water sources ( such as leaky pipes ) . cleaning and sanitation has been shown to be effective at reducting german cockroach population numbers , and reducing cockroach allergen levels . reduce clutter to reduce possible cockroach harborages .\nthe german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) , is a common indoor cockroach species . infestations of this pest are associated with poor sanitation , particularly in and around food - handling facilities , and also tend to be associated with lower socioeconomic status . cockroach infestations lead to food damage and contamination because cockroaches can vector human and domesticated animal pathogens . cockroach feces , saliva and cast skins contain allergens that may trigger allergic reactions and psychological distress in sensitive individuals [ 46 ] . cockroaches are among the most problematic urban pests in initiating asthmatic and allergic reactions in children [ 47 ] .\nfarmer , b . r . and w . h robinson . 1984 . harborage limitation as a component of a german cockroach pest management program . proc . entomol . soc . wash . 86 : 269 - 73 .\nteachers can find additional information on german cockroaches to share with students at the official npma website .\nthe adult stage begins with the last successful molting . at this point , german cockroaches are approximately 15 mm in length and are winged . adult german cockroaches are nocturnal insects that hide during the day and scavenge at night . despite their fully developed wings , german cockroaches very rarely fly .\n3 . german cockroaches spend most of their lives hidden and protected . for every cockroach in view in daytime , hundreds can be hidden inside wall and ceiling voids , behind cabinets , inside appliances , and the like . a german cockroach\u2019s favorite location is inside a narrow crevice with its antennae extended out . typical \u201cprime\u201d locations are the cracks between cabinets and walls , the flange under the kitchen sink , and the space between door corners and jambs .\nzhai , j . and w . h robinson . 1996 . instability of cypermethrin resistance in a field population of the german cockroach ( orthoptera : blattidae ) . j . econ . entomol . 80 : 332 - 336 .\ngondhalekar a . d . , scherer c . w . , saran r . k . , scharf m . e . implementation of an indoxacarb susceptibility monitoring program using field - collected german cockroach isolates from the united states .\nzhai , j . and w . h robinson . 1991 . pyrethroid resistance in a field population of german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) . jpn . j . sanit . zool . 42 : 241 - 244 .\najjan , i . and w . h robinson . 1996 . measuring hydramethylnon resistance in the german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) . proc . internat . conf . insect pests urban environment 1996 : 135 - 144 .\nrobinson , w . 1999 . the changing pest status of the german cockroach in the urban environment . proceedings of the fifty second new zealand plant protection conference , new zealand plant protection society inc . , 1999 : 16 - 21\ngerman cockroaches breed continually . in a lifetime , a female cockroach is capable of producing almost 400 eggs . populations grow quickly in optimal conditions . a typical thriving population is comprised of 75 percent nymphs and 25 percent adult roaches .\ngerman cockroaches do not have a specific home range . they usually dwell in homes and in garbage .\nif insecticides have been used in a building , there is a possibility that the german cockroach simply scattered to another area . these harborages need to be located and treated . it may not be possible to eliminate all the german cockroaches in a building completely if a consistent supply of cockroaches is carried into the premises via packages or food shipments .\nwhat are the most common areas in the home where cockroaches are found ? dr . jim fredericks discusses the most popular cockroach hangouts .\nrobinson , w . h and j . zhai . 1993 . insecticide program to manage a cypermethrin - resistant population of the german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) . resistance pest managt . 5 ( 1 ) : 21 - 23\nmiller , d . m . , koehler , p . g . 2000 . novel extraction of german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattellidae ) fecal pellets enhances efficacy of spray formulation insecticides . j . econ . entomol . 93 : 107 - 111\norkin can provide the right solution to keep german cockroaches in their place\u2026out of your home , or business .\nif you think you might have german roaches , then don\u2019t wait ! call bug zapper pest control for a free inspection . let our trained technicians accurately identify possible german roaches and help you find the best solution .\ntemprid is a combination product suitable as residual spray for the control of american cockroaches and german . . .\nmiller , d . m . , koehler , p . g . 2000 . trail following in the german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) ( dictyoptera : blatellidae ) . . j . econ . entomol . 93 : 1241 - 1246\nthoms , e . m . and w . h robinson . 1987 . potential of the cockroach oothecal parasite prosevania punctata ( hymenoptera : evaniidae ) as a biological control agent for the oriental cockroach ( orthoptera : blattidae ) . environ . entomol . 16 : 938 - 944 .\ngerman cockroaches will feed on almost anything , including soap , glue and toothpaste . german cockroaches are good hitchhikers and often find their way into new structures via grocery bags , cardboard boxes , drink cartons and secondhand appliances .\nthe german cockroach is the most successful of the species infesting buildings in pennsylvania . there are several reasons for this cockroach\u2019s persistence and the difficulty of controlling it . german cockroaches produce a larger number of eggs per capsule and they undergo the shortest time from hatching until sexual maturity , resulting in a rapid population growth . a greater number of nymphs hatch successfully because the female carries the egg capsule during the entire time the embryos are developing within the eggs . also , and most importantly , german cockroaches are smaller than most other cockroaches and can conceal themselves in many places inaccessible to individuals of the larger species .\n5 . german cockroaches protect their egg cases . the female german cockroach carries her egg case for as long as a month , dropping it just before it hatches . while she is carrying the egg case , the female german cockroach is less active and tends to stay hidden away in cracks and crevices and protected voids . for this reason , when applying residual insecticides , it is especially important to ( 1 ) treat deep inside cracks , crevices , and voids , and ( 2 ) schedule follow - up treatments from a few weeks to a month later in problem locations to control newly - emerged nymphs .\ntekko pro stops the reproduction and reduces the survival of the german roach with two different modes of action . it effects the molting process , making the german roach vulnerable to survival and it stops it at the larvae state .\nbesides physiological resistance to bait insecticides , german cockroaches have developed behavioral resistance to various phagostimulants of bait formulations , typically d - glucose and d - fructose [ 65 , 66 , 67 ] . the glucose aversion in field german cockroach populations resulted in the failure of attracting cockroaches to toxic baits and protected them from receiving lethal doses of insecticides [ 65 , 66 ] .\nthe german cockroach has three life stages typical of insects with incomplete metamorphosis : the egg , nymph , and adult . the entire life cycle is completed in about 100 days . however , factors such as temperature , nutritional status , and strain differences may influence the time required to complete a life cycle . german cockroaches breed continuously with many overlapping generations present at any one time . under ideal conditions , population growth has been shown to be exponential . actively growing field populations are comprised of 80 percent nymphs and 20 percent adults . the german cockroach is omnivorous , eating table scraps , pet food , and even book bindings .\nfor german roach control in restaurants we recommend the use of insecticides , aerosols , dusts , and insect growth regulators instead of baits . there is too much competing food sources for effective control of german roaches in restaurants with bait .\nmany times , german roaches in restaurants require insecticides as opposed to baiting . using baits in german roach control requires that their is no competing food sources . in restaurants , it is almost impossible to eliminate all competing food sources .\nrobinson , w . h 1988 . bait stations in cockroach pest management programs . pest control 56 ( 8 ) : 56 , 57 , 60 .\ngeneral the german cockroach is the most common roach found in apartments , houses , hotels , and restaurants . german cockroaches and their eggs are usually transported into buildings on a person ' s belongings , luggage , or boxes . it only takes one small egg capsule and you have an infestation six months later . this species is also one of the most challenging to get rid of .\ndust should only supplement any insecticide of bait control program for german roach control , not as a stand alone solution .\nadult german roaches can live up to one year . they adapt quickly to changing environments , and evolve to survive .\nas they are quite abundant , german cockroaches are not considered a species of concern in any part of their range .\ngerman cockroaches live in warm and damp places , like kitchens , bathrooms , and places where people eat and drink .\n4 - eliminating harborages german roaches prefer a tight crack or crevice , or a dark wall void in which to hide out of sight during daylight areas . eliminate as many harborages as you can and german roaches will hit the road .\ngerman cockroaches adulterate food or food products with their feces and defensive secretions , physically transport and often harbor pathogenic organisms , may cause severe allergic responses , and in extremely heavy infestations have been reported to bite humans and feed on food residues on the faces of sleeping humans . in addition , some scientists suggest that german cockroach infestations may cause human psychological stress and that the stigma associated with infestations alters human behavior . for example , people with infested houses do less entertaining , and avoid the kitchen at night for fear of encountering a cockroach .\neliminating nesting sites by improving sanitation and reducing clutter and the elimination of food and water sources is imperative to eliminate german cockroach infestations and will help protect you from future infestations . you can also help prevent infestations by sealing any areas where roaches could enter from other units in multi - unit buildings and by checking items such as shipping boxes , school bags and grocery bags for cockroach hitchhikers before bringing them into your home .\nthe german cockroach is a small , noctural , dime / penny sized , fast moving cockroach that can quickly escape into cracks and crevices in the wall . adults are elongated , light carmel - colored brown , with two longitudinal black stripes running along the pronotum . adult females may be seen carrying an egg case ( shown to the right ) . nymphs are darker brown / black colored , smaller , and oval shaped .\nmiller , d . m . , meek , f . 2004 . cost and efficacy comparison of ipm strategies with monthly spray insecticide applications for german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattellidae ) control in public housing . . j . econ . entomol . 97 : 559 - 569 .\nmiller , d . m . , koehler , p . g . , nation , j . l . 2000 . fecal extract trails enhance trap catch in german cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattellidae ) monitoring stations . j . econ . entomol . 93 : 865 - 870 .\nthe process of natural selection would strongly favour any chance genetic change that caused a cockroach to avoid the bait and therefore death . since individuals with the trait would have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing , their descendants with the trait would in time replace those that lacked the trait in the cockroach population .\ntee h . , lee c . sustainable cockroach management using insecticidal baits : formulations , behavioral responses and issues . in : dhang p . , editor .\nin addition to robotic intervention , there are several steps that people can take to reduce or eliminate cockroach populations . we ' ll look at these next .\nthe german cockroach can move well within a building . they also can travel from a neighboring apartment or location to another and can pass through small openings like light switch plates . many times they are brought in with grocery items , grocery bags , cartons , handbags , and luggage .\nthere are about 4 , 600 species of cockroach and fewer than 30 of these are considered pests . ( there are about 5 , 400 species of mammals )\navert dry flowable cockroach bait remains effective for more than one year after initial treatment . the dry formula reaches void areas that gels and bait stations cannot reach .\nzhai , j . and w . h robinson . 1991 . cockroach distribution in urban buildings . pest control technology 19 ( 2 ) : 36 - 39 .\ncypermethrin insecticides are the most popular for killing german cockroaches . mop up can also be used when mopping kitchen floors and is used primarily in restaurant roach control . the best professional baits for german roaches are invict gold cockroach gel and maxforce magnum . demon insecticide is the best residual spray and can best be used in conjunction with baygon aerosols . if you prefer to use professional dusts , delta dust and drione dust are the best dusts for roach control . for more help in ridding yourself of this pest , refer to german roach elimination .\najjan , i . and w . robinson . 1996 . measuring hydramethylon resistance in the german cockroach , blattella germanica ( l . ) . in k . wildey and w . robinson , eds . proceedings international conf . on urban pests , prague , edinburgh , pp . 135 - 144\nadult german cockroaches are light - brown and have two stripes on their pronotum , which is the \u201cshield\u201d just behind their head .\n7 . german cockroaches regularly disperse to new areas . older , larger nymphs are most likely to disperse , followed by adult males and then adult females without egg cases . small nymphs are least mobile . during an outbreak of german cockroaches , technicians need to expand their search for cockroaches into adjacent rooms above and below , even into sites that are not typically infested with german cockroaches .\negg carrying patterns and rapid reproduction rates allow german roaches to quickly infest a home . don\u2019t take chances with your family\u2019s health .\nempty cabinets and clean them out . another common food source for german roaches are the crumbs and food spills inside kitchen cabinets .\nstore food in sealed containers . german roaches are small enough to slip into the cardboard packaging that many foods are stored in .\nfemales carry an egg capsule containing 30 - 48 eggs at the end of their abdomen . when the eggs are close to hatching , the females attach the capsule in a dark corner where the young can emerge safely . one female german cockroach can produce up to 20 , 000 young annually .\nan allergy to cockroaches could set off adult or pediatric asthma . cockroach allergens can be environmental triggers for asthma . learn more about the health implications of cockroaches here .\nthe information for roaches should help not only identify pests but also help to differentiate types of roaches that are given common or incorrect names . to many people , any large roach , roaches that live primarily outdoors or any cockroach that is not a german cockroach is considered a woods roach . the wood roach is a distinct species of roach , not a group of bugs . however , many pest control experts do consider roaches that are not german roaches to belong to a generic\nlarge roach\nor\noutdoor roach\nbecause their primary source is the outdoors .\nwater bugs\nis a term many people use to describe german cockroaches . there are no roach pests that are technically water bugs . when our customers say that water bugs are a problem in their home , we can usually assume that they have an infestation of german roaches .\nin three to four months , those baby roaches will develop into fully grown adults . the lifespan of a cockroach is usually one year , and in any female roach\u2019s lifetime , she can produce anywhere between 200 to 300 offspring or 6 generations a year . the number of eggs a single cockroach can produce will vary from species to species . potentially , and with optimal conditions , one female german cockroach and her offspring could produce 300 , 000 roaches in a year . this means that if you are not careful , a relatively small roach infestation can quickly develop into a much larger problem that needs to be dealt with quickly .\nwhat do they eat ? german cockroaches are scavengers , capable of feeding on most any food source available . the pests will eat :\n6 . german cockroach egg capsules are not susceptible to insecticides . most insecticides do not have the ability to penetrate the egg case , even if directly applied to the case . the unaffected egg cases will hatch days after treatment . this is another reason to schedule follow - up treatments in heavy infestations .\nmiller , d . m . , koehler , p . g . , patterson , r . s . 1997 . use of german cockroach ( blattella germanica ) fecal extract to enhance toxic bait performance in the presence of alternative food sources . j . econ . entomol . 90 : 483 - 487 .\nfeeding habits the german cockroach will eat practically anything and will live very close to food and water sources . they eat sweets , starches , grease , and meat products ; but will also feed on beer , leather , book bindings , hair , glue , dried skin , dead animals and plant material .\npest control effort ! failure to practice good housekeeping is the primary reason for outbreaks of german roaches . like most pests , german roaches require 3 things to thrive - food , water , and harborage . if you can eliminate even one of these things through proper sanitation ,\nto inspect for the presence of german cockroaches , one can use pheromone sticky traps ( commonly found in hardware / supermarket stores ) to attract and trap german cockroaches . however , the use of these traps requires vigilant inspection over time ( traps are only as useful as the person that monitors them ) . for an easy - to - make homemade trap for a possible german cockroach infestation , take a baby food jar and coat the inside - upper walls with vasoline . put a small amount of beer and bread inside the baby food jar , and place jar along the wall underneath the kitchen sink . the smell of fermentation and yeast from this attractive mixture will lure nearby cockroaches , and when the cockroach falls into the jar it won\u2019t be able to run up the vasoline !\nanother study suggests that cockroaches have a collective intelligence made up of the decisions of individual roaches . european scientists developed a robot called insbot that was capable of mimicking cockroach behavior . the researchers applied cockroach pheromones to the robot so real roaches would accept it . by taking advantage of roaches ' tendencies to follow each other , insbot was able to influence the behavior of entire groups , including convincing roaches to leave the shade and move into lighted areas . scientists theorize that similar robots could be used to herd animals or to control cockroach populations .\nin the cockroach case , sugar actually tastes bitter - an effective way for natural selection to quickly produce cockroaches that won ' t accept the sugar baits that hide poison .\nfarmer , b . r . and w . h robinson . 1984 . is caulking beneficial for cockroach control . pest control 52 ( 6 ) : 28 , 30 , 32 .\nthis kit contains invict roach bait with gentrol point source igr for the best combination for german roach control , it kills the adult population and prevents new births . invict gold cockroach gel rapidly kills roaches with its bait matrix of 11 food attractants as a lure . it is known to maximize roach control and fight against bait aversion .\nwhether mother roaches care for their young also varies from one species to another . some mothers hide or bury their ootheca and never see their offspring . others care for their offspring after birth , and scientists believe that some offspring have the ability to recognize their mothers . the number of young that one roach can bear also varies considerably . a german cockroach and her young can produce 300 , 000 more roaches in one year . an american cockroach and her young can produce a comparatively small 800 new roaches per year .\nrobinson , w . h . 1985 . german cockroaches , facts or fiction . pest control 53 ( 10 ) : 70 , 75 - 76 .\nthe mating behavior of german cockroaches is driven by pheromones given off by females , which are detected by the antennae of males . german cockroaches breed continuously with many overlapping generations present at any one time . as a result of continuous breeding and promiscuity , population growth has been shown to be exponential .\nmale german cockroaches , on average , live 100 to 150 days . females live much longer , with an average lifespan of 190 to 200 days .\nthoms , e . m . and w . h robinson . 1987 . distribution and movement of the oriental cockroach around urban apartment buildings . environ . entomol . 16 : 731 - 737 .\n) . conventional cockroach control programs have used spray formulations containing carbamates , ops , organochlorines and pyrethroids . consequently , high levels of resistance to these insecticides have been documented in many field populations [\ngerman cockroaches , believed to have originated in southeast asia , are the most widely distributed urban pests . they have been introduced to all parts of the globe including north america , australia , africa , and the oceanic islands . this ubiquity makes german cockroaches cosmopolitan , with the only deterrent being cold temperatures .\nmale adult german cockroaches are slender and a little smaller than the females , who are a little larger and wider in the abdomen . when female adult german roaches are \u201fgravid , \u201d or pregnant , they have an egg capsule , or ootheca , that can be seen protruding about one quarter - inch from the end of the abdomen . the egg capsule contains about 40 german cockroach eggs , more or less , that will be carried with her until about 24 hours before the new roaches are ready to hatch . she then drops the egg capsule in a concealed location . when the new roaches open it and crawl out , they are on their own .\ngerman cockroach females , unlike most other roaches , carry the egg capsule protruding from their abdomen until their capsules ready to split open . during the last three or four days prior to dropping her egg case , the female german cockroach does not forage for food or water . the case is then placed in a secluded location , with the nymphs emerging sometimes within the hour or as long as a week . a female may produce four to six cases during her lifetime , each containing 30 to 40 eggs . eggs hatch in 28 to 30 days , and nymphs develop in 40 to 125 days . female roaches live about 200 days , with males living not quite as long . the german roach produces more eggs and has more generations per year ( three to four ) than other roaches , and only a few individuals are needed to develop into troublesome infestations .\nrobinson w . h and j . zhai . 1990 . pyrethroid resistance in german cockroaches . pest control technology 18 ( 10 ) : 26 - 28 .\nalthough german cockroaches are capable of living outdoors , they are often found in homes where food is widely available . learn more in the orkin pest library urltoken\nit shakes its head and refuses to imbibe that liquid , at the end , you can see the [ glucose ] on the side of the head of the cockroach that has refused it .\nthe saliva , droppings and decomposing bodies of cockroaches contain allergen proteins which are known to trigger allergies and increase the severity of asthma symptoms . for more on cockroaches , check out the cockroach pest guide .\nthoms , e . m . and w . h robinson . 1986 . the oriental cockroach : new insights on an old foe . pest control 54 ( 7 ) : 30 - 32 , 36 .\nat rentokil , our british pest control association ( bpca ) certified technicians are able to provide customised , targeted treatments to guarantee complete control of your cockroach problem and help to prevent a re - infestation .\ngerman cockroaches have three developmental stages : egg , nymph , and adult . females develop 4 to 8 capsules containing 30 to 48 eggs each in their lifetime . capsules hatch about 28 days after they begins to form . a few weeks thereafter , a new egg capsule begins to form . the egg stage varies in duration from 14 to 35 days . german cockroaches have 6 to 7 nymphal stages occurring over a period of 6 to 31 weeks . they express incomplete metamorphosis : zygotes develop within eggs and hatch directly into nymphs , which then grow into adult cockroaches . the complete life cycle of the cockroach is roughly 100 to 200 days for females , during which 10 , 000 descendants of a single cockroach can be produced .\nthe most common and effective igr used for german roach control is gentrol igr , which comes in an aerosol , concentrated liquid , and point - source tablet .\ndue to resistance to most insecticides on the market , professional roach baits are by far the most effective products to use when german cockroach extermination is needed . there is an insecticide concentrate that can be used against these resistant roaches but it is labeled for use only in commercial kitchens - and it has a very high odor . commercial kitchens should either bait or use orthene\nthe best way to get rid of german roaches is place out a high quality roach bait like invict gold to kill the adult german roaches and an insect growth regulator ( igr ) like gentrol point source igr to stop the reproduction of roaches . we have both products in a kit , invict gold roach kit for savings .\nadult german cockroaches are 1 / 2 to 5 / 8 inch long and tan to light brown ( fig . 1 ) . although they have fully developed wings , they do not fly . nymphs are similar in appearance to adults except that they are smaller and lack wings . the german cockroach is best identified by its small size and by two dark parallel lines running from the back of the head to the wings . it is usually found in kitchens ( near dishwashers , stoves , and sinks ) and in bathrooms of homes .\ngerman roach infestations are usually are generally found in kitchens and bathrooms . if the population is large enough , they will spill over to other rooms . these roaches are mostly active at night . if german roaches are seen active during the day , it most likely is due to overcrowding in their hiding places or a shortage of food and water supply . cracks and crevices are their harborage areas ; they spend about 75 % of their time in such harborages . first instar nymphs require a crack of about 1 / 32\nwhereas , adults require an inch width . german cockroach nymphs are smaller than most other cockroaches ; thus , they are able to conceal themselves in many places and remain protected .\nnon toxic and low toxic alternatives for german cockroach control are available . sticky traps can be used to monitor or reduce population size . improving sanitation by eliminating food and water sources and clutter can have a significant impact on reducing the chances of infestation population size . finally , exclusion practices such as sealing cracks and crevices will reduce harborage space and also negatively impact population size .\ngerman cockroaches prefer to live in warm , humid places close to food and moisture sources . they are frequently found in residential and commercial kitchen environments , and bathrooms .\nzhai , j . and w . h robinson . 1991 . the walking behavior of german cockroaches . pest control technology 18 ( 7 ) : 44 - 46 .\njacobs , s . 2007 .\ngerman cockroaches\n( on - line ) . entomology notes , pennsylvania state university . accessed october 15 , 2008 at urltoken .\nbao , n . and w . h robinson . 1990 . morphogenetic effects of hydroprene on genitalia of the oriental cockroach ( dictyoptera : blattidae ) . j . econ . entomol . 83 : 1415 - 1421 .\nif a german roach infestation is found , treatment will be applied in areas where roaches have been or may be hiding . knowledge about the german cockroach is vital for effective treatment . for example , young roaches often feed on the fecal droppings of the adult cockroaches in \u201caggregation\u201d areas , while the adults are out looking for food . as grotesque as this may sound , it is a key to pest control that helps achieve timely and effective cockroach elimination . professional baits are slow - acting by design . when the adults start feeding on baits , they are preparing a final meal for the young roaches . they live just long enough to digest the bait , get back to their aggregation hangout , and leave their final legacy for the up and coming young roaches .\nhabitat german roaches require moisture to thrive and so tend to dwell in moist places , such as kitchens and bathrooms . however , they may inhabit any room of a structure or home , particularly if the infestation is severe . german cockroaches spend about 75 % of their time hanging out in cracks and crevices near food and water sources . adult german cockroaches can hide inside cracks as small as 3 / 16\nwide , while the nymphs can fit into cracks as small as 1 / 32\nwide .\nif you have a german roach problem , it could be that you are at your wits ' end wondering how to get rid of one of the most stubborn household pests in existence . german roaches get into everything , multiply rapidly , and can survive for several months without food and up to two weeks without water . these little guys definitely pose a challenge , but with the proper tools and products , you can win the battle over german roaches by following this strict integrated pest management ( ipm ) program .\neliminating food sources is a constant battle in german roach control . while this effort involves a great deal of work and vigilance , the results are well worth the effort .\nnymphs molt several times as they become adults . the period between each molt is known as an instar . each instar is progressively more like an adult cockroach . in some species , this process takes only a few weeks . in others , like the oriental cockroach , it takes between one and two years . the overall life span of cockroaches differs as well - - some live only a few months while others live for more than two years ."]}
{"id": 1444, "summary": [{"text": "the tennessee darter ( etheostoma tennesseense ) is a species of darter endemic to the eastern united states , where it occurs in the tennessee river drainage from western virginia to western tennessee .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it also occurs in the upper bluestone river drainage in western virginia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it inhabits current-swept rocky pools and adjacent riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 6 cm ( 2.4 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "tennessee darter", "paragraphs": ["etnier d . 1993\nthe fishes of tennessee\nuniversity of tennessee press .\nin order to facilitate compute intensive research at the university of tennessee , knoxville and its collaborating institutions , nics has deployed a supercomputer named darter . darter is named after a freshwater indigenous fish native to east tennessee .\nnorth america : found only in the upper tennessee river drainage in virginia , north carolina , tennessee and georgia , usa .\nrange includes the upper tennessee river drainage , western virginia , western north carolina , and eastern tennessee ( page and burr 2011 ) .\n) in the upper tennessee river drainage . journal of the tennessee academy of science 83 ( 3 - 4 ) : 52 - 56 .\nnorth america : found only in cumberland and tennessee river drainages in virginia , north carolina , kentucky , tennessee , georgia and alabama , usa .\nthis darter is disjunctly distributed in tributaries of the upper tennessee river in georgia , north carolina ( menhinick 1991 ) , tennessee ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) , and virginia ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) . elevational range in tennessee is about 260 - 550 meters ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nas of june 30 , 2016 , darter is no longer an allocatable resource .\netnier , d . a . , and w . c . starnes . 1993 . the fishes of tennessee . university of tennessee press , knoxville , tn .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1982a . snail darter recovery plan .\nreasons : discontinuous distribution in tributaries of upper tennessee river in georgia , north carolina , tennessee , and virginia ; distribution fragmented by many impoundments , but locally common and currently stable .\nrange includes the middle and lower cumberland river drainage , kentucky and tennessee ( mostly below caney fork but occurs in obey river system and barren fork collins river ) ; middle duck river system , including upper buffalo river , tennessee ; shoal creek system ( tennessee river drainage , tennessee and alabama ) ; and tributaries to the mississippi river in western tennessee ( reelfoot lake , bear creek ) and southern illinois ( cache river ) ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nthe tennessee aquarium offers a wide variety of special events each month . . . . learn more\nnumerous individuals and environmental groups filed suit to stop construction of the tellico dam , arguing that damming the little tennessee river would destroy the snail darter\u2019s natural habitat . the court case , tennessee valley authority v . hill , went to the supreme court of the united states . the supreme court decided to uphold the mandate of the endangered species act to protect the snail darter and its habitat . after further political maneuvering , however , the tellico dam was completed , and the snail darter\u2019s natural habitat was destroyed .\nfindlaw . \u201ctennessee valley authority v . hill . \u201d urltoken ( accessed may 2 , 2008 ) .\nglobal range : ( 5000 - 200 , 000 square km ( about 2000 - 80 , 000 square miles ) ) this darter is disjunctly distributed in tributaries of the upper tennessee river in georgia , north carolina ( menhinick 1991 ) , tennessee ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) , and virginia ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) . elevational range in tennessee is about 260 - 550 meters ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nin september 1979 , congress passed an amendment that exempted the tellico dam project from the endangered species act . the tva closed the gates of tellico dam in november 1979 , flooding the native habitat of the snail darter . in an effort to save the snail darter , the tva had relocated many snail darters to the nearby hiwassee river prior to damming the little tennessee river . scientists also discovered snail darters in other areas of the tennessee river valley watershed after the completion of tellico dam . in 1984 , the fish and wildlife service delisted the tellico dam area as a critical habitat for the snail darter because the species died off in that area . because of the newly discovered snail darter populations , the fws changed the classification of the snail darter from endangered to threatened in 1985 .\nin the mid - 1970s , a well - publicized legal battle pitted environmental groups and an endangered species of fish against a $ 100 million federal construction project . the tennessee valley authority ( tva ) was constructing tellico dam on the little tennessee river when a new freshwater fish species , the snail darter , was discovered upstream . the u . s . fish and wildlife service listed the snail darter as an endangered species under the endangered species act of 1973 .\nthe snail darter is a small fish , about 2 in ( 10 cm ) in length that was discovered in the little tennessee river in 1973 . in 1975 , the fws listed the snail darter as an endangered species under the esa . when the snail darter was listed on the endangered species list , the secretary of the u . s . department of the interior , which oversees the fws , stated that the snail darter resided only in a small portion of the little tennessee river . furthermore , the secretary stated that the construction of the nearby tellico dam would destroy the critical habitat of the snail darter . the secretary then stated that \u201call federal agencies must take such action as is necessary to insure that actions authorized , funded , or carried out by them do not result in the destruction or modification of this critical habitat area . \u201d\nrange includes the upper holston river system ( tennessee river drainage ) , eastern tennessee and western virginia ; mcclure river and russell fork ( big sandy river drainage ) , western virginia and extreme southeastern kentucky ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nadditional surveys may be needed in tennessee : emory river , upper duck river , roaring river , obey river system .\ndarter is a cray xc30 system with an aries interconnect and a lustre storage system , that provide both high scalability and sustained performance . the darter supercomputer has a peak performance of 240 . 9 tflops ( 10 12 floating point operations per second ) .\nplater , now a distinguished law professor at boston college , was the lead attorney in the fight to save the little tennessee river , the last undammed river in the tennessee river basin . the river was , at the time , the only known habitat of the endangered snail darter , a minnow - sized member of the perch family . in addition , the little tennessee was part of the sacred homeland of the cherokee and , later , numerous families farming the rich bottomlands along the river . moreover , the little tennessee river was , in plater ' s description , the best trout stream east of montana .\nthe tennessee aquarium is home to a richly diverse living collection of the world\u2019s most fascinating animals . . . . learn more\nforest history society . \u201c1979 : snail darter exemption case . \u201d november 1 , 2004 . urltoken ( accessed may 2 , 2008 ) .\nthe wounded darters inhabits the upper tennessee river drainage , western virginia , western north carolina , and eastern tennessee . its instream habitat is among boulders or coarse rubble and cobble , often with overhanging ledges , in medium to large slow - moving rivers . like other members of the\nupper tennessee drainage of eastern tennessee , northern georgia , and alabama , including little tennessee river , watts bar reservoir below fort loudon dam , south chickamauga creek , lower portion of big sewee creek in meigs county , lower sequatchie river in marion county , little river in blount county , lower french broad river in sevier county , and lower paint rock river in madison county , alabama ( page and burr 1991 ; etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nmembers of the perch family , redline darters are distinguished from other species of darters by their horizontal bars and orange and white spots , giving them an almost plaid appearance . redline darters bury their eggs in the substrate . rainbow darters and redline darters are the most abundant darter species in the tennessee river drainage in alabama .\nthe secretary\u2019s findings troubled the tennessee valley authority , the agency responsible for the construction of tellico dam . the tva began the tellico dam project in 1967 . many homes and farms were relocated because tellico reservoir would flood 16 , 500 acres of land . the snail darter had not been discovered when the tellico dam project began . tellico dam was 70 % to 80 % complete ( a cost of tens of millions of dollars ) by the time the snail darter was listed as an endangered species .\nthe biggest threat to the tangerine darter is habitat degradation . this is due to point and nonpoint pollution , erosion and sedimentation . on the pigeon river in east tennessee , tangerine darter populations declined and recovered . in 1908 , champion international built a paper mill on the little pigeon river and decimated many of the native fish . in the 1980s the mill cleaned up its refuse and the river is steadily getting better . tangerine darters have been successfully reintroduced back into the pigeon river downstream of the paper mill .\nin may 1976 , the u . s . district court for the eastern district of tennessee denied relief for the snail darter advocates and dismissed their complaint . the court determined that the completion of tellico dam would probably jeopardize the continued existence of the snail darter . the court concluded , however , that \u201cat some point in time , a federal project becomes so near completion and so incapable of modification that a court of equity should not apply a statute enacted long after inception of the project to produce an unreasonable result . \u201d\nthey are a fairly common species ; however , their range is limited to clear , cool streams of the southern appalachian mountains . the tangerine darter is found throughout mountainous regions of the upper tennessee river drainage . it resides in smaller rivers and is most common in the emory , hiwassee , little , little pigeon , and tellico rivers . it is found in eastern tennessee , northern georgia , and western north carolina , and virginia . in georgia and north carolina , it is listed as a historic species in need of management .\ndespite this , the free - flowing little tennessee was marked for extinction by the construction of tellico dam . building the dam was the tennessee valley authority ( tva ) , the mammoth federal agency that , out of the depths of the depression in the 1930 ' s , literally brought light and power to the tennessee and cumberland basins . as plater eloquently describes in his book , tellico dam made neither environmental nor economic sense , but that did not deter either tva or congress from pouring millions of dollars into the project .\nrange includes the holston and nolichucky river systems , upper tennessee river drainage , eastern tennessee , western virginia ( extremely rare , south fork holston river above the head of south holston reservoir ) , and western north carolina ( rediscovered after reported extirpation ) ; the species occurs in the nolichucky river in tennessee and north carolina , two nolichucky tributaries in north carolina , and south fork holston river in tennessee and virginia ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) . the largest and most viable populations are in the nolichucky river , tennessee ( about 125 river km ) ; range extends both above and below davy crockett reservoir . in north carolina ( 1991 - 1993 ) , this darter was found at 11 of 57 sites sampled in the nolichucky river and upstream in the lowest 8 km of the cane river , the lowest 18 . 6 km of the north toe river , and in one tributary of the last ( rohde and arndt 1994 ) . this species occupies not more than 5 km of the south fork holston river in virginia . see etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) for a historical account of the known distribution .\nremember the snail darter ? the little fish that brought the construction of a multimillion dollar federal hydroelectric project to a screeching halt in the 1970 ' s ? even if you ' re not old enough to remember the carter administration , you ' ve probably heard of the snail darter . but you probably don ' t know the whole story . for that , you will need to turn to a terrific book , the snail darter and the dam : how pork barrel politics endangered a little fish and killed a river , by zygmunt j . b plater ( yale university press 2013 ) .\nwounded darter propagation protocols , as expected , were found to be essentially identical to those we have developed and refined since 1995 for a close relative , the boulder darter . a total of 494 wounded darter juveniles survived for release to the cheoah river in fall 2008 and spring 2009 ; and ultimately , 388 juveniles survived for a fall 2009 release to the cheoah river . 2010 and 2011 propagation efforts produced 284 and 308 juvenile wounded darters respectively for release . efforts to produce this fish have been put on hold as we evaluate the habitat suitability in cheoh . to date no wild reproducing populations have been found from our stocking efforts .\nstanding up to tva was a small but determined group of farmers , anglers , scientists , law students , and activists , represented by plater . over a few years , this group , with assistance from a few national conservation organizations including , i am proud to say , my organization , american rivers , learned to navigate the corridors of power in washington to press their fight to save the little tennessee river and the snail darter . eventually , the case went all the way to the u . s . supreme court which , in a landmark decision in tva v . hill , held that by enacting the endangered species act , congress intended endangered species to be given the highest priority , even above completion of a nearly - finished multimillion dollar dam . thus , it appeared that the snail darter had won and the little tennessee river was saved .\nthe tangerine darter is an insectivorous fish . juveniles feed primarily on mayflies and midges , and adults feed on mayflies and caddisflies . tangerine darters get their food by searching through the aquatic vegetation and eating the aquatic insects off of the plants . adults are also big enough to roll small gravel in search of prey . although the tangerine darter is not a game species , it is sometimes caught by fly fishermen using mayfly and caddisfly patterns .\nrange includes the tennessee river system from western virginia to hardin creek ( hardin county ) , western tennessee ( absent in upper holston river system [ north , south , and middle forks ] ; upper bluestone river system ( new - ohio river drainage ) , western virginia ( page and burr 2011 ) . menhinick ( 1991 ) mapped\nquestionable stream records\nin north carolina and stated that this species ( as a member of the\nthe snail darter was intentionally introduced to create an additional population of this endangered fish when its only known habitat was threatened by construction of a dam . seven hundred and ten snail darters were introduced into the hiwassee river from june 1975 to february 1976 ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1982a ; etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in october 1975 , 61 were introduced into the nolichucky river . introductions into the nolichucky river were halted when the sharphead darter etheostoma acuticeps was discovered there , for fear the introduction would jeopardize this rare species ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1982a ; etnier and starnes 1993 ) . the holston river was stocked with 533 snail darters from the hiwassee and little tennessee rivers during the period 1978 to 1979 . the elk river was stocked in july 1980 with 425 snail darters from the little tennessee river ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1982a ) .\nsection 11 of the esa contains a citizen suit clause that allows any citizen to sue \u201cto enjoin any person , including the united states and any other governmental instrumentality or agency\u2026 who is alleged to be in violation of any provision of this act . \u201d in 1976 , hank hill , a student at the university of tennessee , and others filed suit in federal court seeking an injunction to stop the construction of a dam that would destroy the habitat of the snail darter .\nthe tangerine darter spawns in shallow sandy gravel riffles that have consistent flowing water . the tangerine is a late spring to summer spawner . the breeding season , which is triggered by water temperature , begins in may and runs through july . spawning occurs at about three to four years of age , although sexual maturity comes much earlier for tangerine darters , with males reaching sexual maturity at one year of age and females two years of age . the life span of the tangerine darter is about four years .\nthis species has a widespread but spotty distribution in the tennessee , cumberland , and duck river systems of kentucky and tennessee ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) ; it has been extirpated in georgia ( known from one specimen collected several decades ago ) and alabama ( known from a pre - 1845 collection ; boschung and mayden 2004 ) , and it is rare in virginia , where it is known from one specimen collected in 1964 ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) and confirmed as still present in the clinch river in 2004 ( pat rakes , conservation fisheries , inc . ) . in recent years , ashy darters have been found in big south fork and rockcastle river of the cumberland river system in kentucky and tennessee and buffalo , little , emory , elk , and clinch rivers of the tennessee river system . the most substantial populations exist in big south fork ( cumberland river system ) and buffalo river of the ( tennessee river system ) ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . populations in the emory and elk rivers are represented by few recent specimens ; very small populations may exist there ( see powers et al . 2004 ) . various populations were probably extirpated before they could be discovered ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nrange includes the tennessee river system from western virginia to hardin creek ( hardin county ) , western tennessee ( absent in upper holston river system [ north , south , and middle forks ] ; upper bluestone river system ( new - ohio river drainage ) , western virginia ( page and burr 2011 ) . menhinick ( 1991 ) mapped\nquestionable stream records\nin north carolina and stated that this species ( as a member of the e . simoterum complex ) is\nprobably extirpated\nfrom north carolina .\nas global climate change continues , we will see more frequent and more severe droughts , reduced river flows , and greater conflict over leaving sufficient water in rivers to sustain fish and wildlife and the rivers themselves . whenever there is conflict over a river , and how its water should be used , the ghost of the snail darter looms again . it is convenient for those who favor damming and diverting water from our rivers to paint a picture in which the choice is for either people or fish , particularly if it is just a\nstupid little fish\nlike the snail darter or the delta smelt . as these conflicts deepen , it will be increasingly important to remember that the fight over the snail darter was more than just a fight to save a tiny fish . it was a fight to save a river , one that was itself endangered and crucial to the lives , livelihoods , and heritage of the people who loved it . thus , the true lesson of the snail darter is that when we fight to save a river , we fight to save part of ourselves .\nrange includes the ohio river basin , from the tennessee and cumberland drainages , tennessee , western virginia , kentucky , and alabama , to the vermillion river , eastern illinois , and tippecanoe river , indiana , east to the kanawha and monongahela rivers , west virginia , and upper allegheny river , pennsylvania and western new york ( lee et al . 1980 , mettee et al . 1996 , page and burr 2011 ) . however , the species is absent from most rivers within this range ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nthe snail darter case changed the face of environmental law in the united states , especially in regard to the endangered species act . the decision of the supreme court demonstrated the importance of the esa and other environmental laws . the court rejected the view that environmental laws should be enforced only when convenient . the court sided with the esa over a $ 100 million federal project . despite this victory in court , however , the snail darter case illustrated the political nature of environmental law when congress voted to exempt the tellico dam project from the esa .\nthe snail darter was listed as a federally endangered species in 1975 ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1982a ) . after several more populations were discovered in the early 1980s , the species ' status was changed to threatened in 1984 ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nthe tangerine darter inhabits clear and cool creeks or small rivers . in these rivers it likes areas that have large boulders , bedrock and a gravel substrate . it also likes to swim in the deeper riffles of these rivers . in winter , the tangerine moves to deeper pools .\nthe decline of this species is due primarily to elimination and fragmentation of habitat by inundation ( reservoir construction ) and degradation of habitat by nonpoint - source siltation resulting from land clearing and agricultural development ( boschung and mayden 2004 , powers et al . 2004 ) . powers et al . ( 2004 ) cited genetic distinctness and recommended that each major unit of the distribution ( duck river , upper tennessee river , and cumberland river ) be considered imperiled . jelks et al . ( 2008 ) categorized four segments of this species separately : duck river populations = vulnerable , lower tennessee river populations = endangered , upper cumberland populations = vulnerable , and upper tennessee river populations = endangered . urbanization is a threat to habitat in the lower reaches of the little river ( powers et al . 2004 ) . potential threats include pollution , siltation , and inundation of habitat .\nin the nearly four decades since the little tennessee river was lost , the real story of the river and its value to the farmers who lived along it , the cherokee who held it sacred , and the anglers who traveled for miles to cast a fly in its clear , trout - rich waters , has been largely forgotten . in its place , the fight to save the snail darter has been lampooned as the archetype of environmental extremism , putting the needs of a tiny fish over those of people . as plater ' s book reveals , that story is wrong but still resonates today .\nin the lawsuit to enjoin the tellico dam project , now called tennessee valley authority v . hill , the tva argued that the esa\u2019s protection of endangered species and their critical habitats did not extend to government projects that were authorized , funded , and underway at the time congress passed the esa . essentially , the tva argued that congress did not intend for the esa to interfere with projects that congress had approved . the tva also pointed to the fact that in 1975 congress appropriated an additional $ 29 million for the tellico dam project after the tva informed congress that the project could threaten the snail darter .\nin january 1977 , the u . s . court of appeals for the sixth circuit reversed the lower courts decision . the court of appeals remanded , or sent back , the case to the lower court \u201cwith instructions that a permanent injunction issue halt [ ed ] all activities incident to the tellico project which may destroy or modify the critical habitat of the snail darter . \u201d the court of appeals directed that the injunction \u201cremain in effect until congress , by appropriate legislation , exempts tellico from compliance with the act or the snail darter has been deleted from the list of endangered species or its critical habitat materially redefined . \u201d the court of appeals noted that the near completion of the tellico dam project and congressional appropriation of money to the project were irrelevant .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but apparently quite large ( likely greater than 100 , 000 ) . this darter is common throughout much of its range ( page et al . 1992 ) ; locally abundant ( page and burr 2011 ) . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .\ncomments : this species is represented by at least a few dozen distinct occurrences ( subpopulations ) , evidenced by more than 100 collection sites . on a state - wide scale , jenkins and burkhead ( 1994 ) mapped 27 collection sites in virginia , etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) mapped 52 collection sites in tennessee , and menhinick ( 1991 ) mapped 32 collection sites in north carolina .\nhabitat includes rocky pools and adjacent riffles of headwaters and creeks ( page and burr 2011 ) . this darter prefers small quiet streams with large flat rocks or bedrock bottoms ; small populations occur in small gravelly streams and in larger streams along quiet margins and beneath undercut banks ( braasch and mayden 1985 ) . spawning occurs in cavities under rocks ; females attach eggs to undersides of stones ( braasch and mayden 1985 ) .\nthis specuies would benefit from improvements in water quality , including reduction in siltation . populations apparently may respond quickly to improvements in water quality ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . the south fork holston river population may benefit by transplanting fishes from the nolichucky river , though fish competitors ( redline darter , sculpins ) in the former stream may limit or prevent the success of such a transplant ( burkhead and jenkins 1991 ) . conservation status can change quickly , so regular monitoring of populations is needed .\nof course , as yogi berra reportedly said ,\nit ain ' t over ' til it ' s over .\nreacting to the supreme court ' s decision , congress created a cabinet - level body , the endangered species committee ( commonly referred to as the\ngod committee\n) to decide whether tellico dam and future projects should be granted an exemption from the endangered species act . when the committee met to consider an exemption for tellico dam , it quickly determined that the project was an economic loser , quite apart from its environmental cost , and denied the exemption . finally , tva ' s political patrons in congress , led by senator howard baker ( r - tn ) , slipped through a rider on an appropriations bill allowing tellico dam to be completed . the little tennessee river was lost and , although the snail darter was transplanted to other streams and found in a few others , the clean , free - flowing river in which it evolved was destroyed .\nthis species is sensitive to habitat alterations ( braswell 1991 ) . it has disappeared from much of its former range due to the prevalence of impoundments on most rivers in the upper tennessee river drainage ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . it is moderately threatened by residential development in north carolina ( h . legrand pers . comm . 1997 ) . some populations have been lost in virginia due to pollution or impoundments ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 , s . roble pers . comm . 1997 ) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . stauffer ( 1978 ; in lee et al . 1980 ) ) mapped 80 + collection sites . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is\nregionally abundant\nin the allegheny system of north - western pennsylvania and the cumberland basin in tennessee and kentucky . overall , it is locally common ( page and burr 2011 ) . trend over the past three generations is unknown but probably relatively stable or slowly declining .\nthis species is represented by at least a few dozen distinct occurrences ( subpopulations ) , evidenced by more than 100 collection sites . on a state - wide scale , jenkins and burkhead ( 1994 ) mapped 27 collection sites in virginia , etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) mapped 52 collection sites in tennessee , and menhinick ( 1991 ) mapped 32 collection sites in north carolina . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100 , 000 . populations have been characterized as\nrelatively small\n( thompson , in lee et al . 1980 ) and locally fairly common ( page and burr 1991 , etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in virginia , this darter is generally uncommon , and apparently rare in the south fork holston river ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) . this species formerly was thought to be rare , based on seining surveys , but snorkeling efforts have revealed it to be relatively common ( greenberg 1991 , etnier and starnes 1993 , jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) . some populations probably have been extirpated by impoundments , but the degree of long - term decline is not precisely known . warren et al . ( 2000 ) categorized this species as\ncurrently stable .\ncomments : total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100 , 000 . populations have been characterized as\nrelatively small\n( thompson , in lee et al . 1980 ) and locally fairly common ( page and burr 1991 , etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in virginia , this darter is generally uncommon , and apparently rare in the south fork holston river ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) . this species formerly was thought to be rare , based on seining surveys , but snorkeling efforts have revealed it to be relatively common ( greenberg 1991 , etnier and starnes 1993 , jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) .\nthis darter typically occurs in warm , typically clear or slightly turbid , creeks and small to medium rivers with moderate gradient ; adults generally are in moderately swift runs and riffles with substrate of coarse gravel , rubble , or boulders ; this species is much less commonly found in areas of large slab rock and in shallow runs over gravel ; it has low tolerance of silt ( kuehne and barbour 1983 , burkhead and jenkins 1991 , page and burr 2011 ) . eggs are laid in sand or fine gravel beside large rocks at heads of riffles , and in riffles ( lee et al . 1980 , page 1983 ) .\nas california is enduring the worst drought in its history , some politicians are blaming it all on federal and state environmental laws that protect fish and wildlife and the rivers they depend on for survival . and , as predictably as water flows downstream , these politicians are looking for oddly - named and seemingly insignificant creatures to cast as villains . thus , in a february 5 , 2014 speech on the floor of the u . s . house of representatives , congressman devin nunes ( r - ca ) referred to the threatened delta smelt as\nthe stupid little fish\nwhose protection is causing central valley farms to dry up and wither away . call it snail darter politics .\ntangerine darters spawn by first the male mounting the female ; the female then scatters her eggs over the gravel , while the male disperses milt and fertilizes the eggs . while doing this both the male and female make a quivering motion . females choose the most brightly colored males ( bright orange black line with some blue where orange meets the black ) . males also become territorial during mating season and will defend their spawning riffles . females lay between 120 and 1 , 100 eggs . the tangerine darter does not care for its eggs . juvenile tangerine darters are found in calmer water and grow to between 2 and 3 inches ( 5 . 1 and 7 . 6 cm ) in their first year of growth .\npopulations have been greatly reduced or eliminated through siltation and inundation and cold tailwaters resulting from impoundment ( burkhead and jenkins 1991 ) . one large toxic spill in the upper nolichucky river could severely damage the population there and affect the conservation status of the species ( burkhead and jenkins 1991 ) . this species is regarded as\nsecure\nin north carolina ( rohde and arndt 1994 ) . this species apparently increased in abundance or recolonized the upper nolichucky river in tennessee after water quality improved there ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . some previous pollution problems in the south fork holston river system\nhave been relieved , but other potential pollution problems exist\n( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) .\nthe tva appealed the court of appeals ruling to the supreme court of the united states . the supreme court issued its opinion in june 1978 , affirming the ruling of the court of appeals . the supreme court found that the esa prohibited the construction of tellico dam , because the project would threaten the snail darter and its critical habitat . the court noted that the language of the esa is plain and does not make any exception for projects underway at the time congress passed the esa . if congress had intended to exempt such projects from the requirements of the esa , they could have simply added language to that effect to the esa . the court refused to read exemption into the esa in the absence of such language .\nestablished in hiwassee river and range expanding ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1982a ) . one darter observed in nolichucky river in 1980 . single individual possibly from small reproducing population or escapee from fish hatchery upstream ; none found since . elk river populations apparantly extirpated due to failed introduction ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . snail darters found in lower french broad and lower holston rivers in 1988 and 1989 presumably represent progeny of holston river transplants ( etnier and starnes 1993 ) . in 2005 , ashton and layzer ( 2008 ) found robust populations in french broad and hiwassee rivers , and low abundances in holston , little , and sequatchie rivers and big sewee and south chichamauga creeks . ashton and layzer ( 2008 ) suggested that these low population sizes may be due to a lack of reproducing populations in these streams , with individuals migrating into these streams from larger , reproducing populations in french broad and hiwassee rivers .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\npowers , s . l . and mayden , r . l . 2007 . systematics , evolution and biogeography of the etheostoma simoterum species complex ( percidae : subgenus ulocentra ) . bulletin of the alabama museum of natural history 25 : 1 - 23 .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this fish is common ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nhabitat includes current - swept rocky pools and adjacent riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research actions .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ncray linux environment cle 5 . 2 up01 ( based on sles 11 . 3 )\nmaximum aggregated bandwidth of 30 . 0 gb / sec with lustre ( 10gb / sec per ssu )\nall darters lack swim bladders , which give most fish the ability to control their buoyancy . darters rest on the bottoms of streams and will jump or dart upwards when they need to gain buoyancy for swimming or eating . they are very strong swimmers and maneuver with or against strong current with ease .\nnative fishes are affected by runoff from agriculture and roadways . to reduce the chances of contaminants entering their habitat , always recycle your oil and leave stream banks planted to reduce erosion .\nyour gifts support educational programs as well as conservation and research efforts in the region .\nsee how you can help support our many education , conservation and research programs .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\netheostoma tennesseense powers & mayden , 2007\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you .\nfirst - person essays , features , interviews and q & as ; about life today .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njustification : listed as vulnerable because extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 sq km , area of occupancy is less than 200 sq km , and the species occurs in not more than 5 locations ; the small number of locations makes the species highly vulnerable to catastrophic events ( such as a large pollutant spill ) that could rapidly cause the species to become critically endangered .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations and locations , and large population size , and because the species probably is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories .\nno major threats are known . locally , threats include siltation , pollution , and impoundment ( burkhead and jenkins 1991 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\njustification : small extent of occurrence , but listed as least concern inview of the fairly large number of subpopulations , apparently large population size , and relatively stable or slowly declining trend .\nthis species is represented by a fairly large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this species is regarded as common ( page and burr 2011 ) . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable or slowly declining .\nno major threats are known in much of the range , but aquatic habitats in the big sandy drainage\nhave been much abused ,\nresulting in a localized distribution of this species in that area ( jenkins and burkhead 1994 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because its extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations and locations , and population size are still relatively large , distribution is not severely fragmented , and the species probably is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a .\nhabitat includes fast rocky riffles of small to medium rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\npage ( 1983 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of percina tanasi are found here .\ninhabits clean gravel or sandy shoals in large creeks and rivers ( boschung and mayden 2004 ; ashton and layzer 2008 ) . prefers areas lacking aquatic macrophytes and with low degrees of turbidity or siltation ( ashton and layzer 2008 ) .\ndiet primarily consists of snails , but also consumes trichopteran , dipteran , and ephemeropteran larvae ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) .\nboschung , h . t . , and r . l . mayden . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian books , washington , dc .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 et seq . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc .\npage , l . m . 1983 . handbook of darters . t . f . h . , inc . , neptune city , nj .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . the peterson guide series , vol . 42 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .\npam fuller , and matt neilson , 2018 , percina tanasi etnier , 1976 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 8 / 16 / 2011 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\ninhabit clear , fairly deep , rocky pools ( usually below riffles ) of creeks and small rivers . large males often found in rocky riffles ( ref . 5723 ) . juveniles feed on mayfly and dipteran larvae , while the adults consume caddisfly larvae ( ref . 10294 ) . eggs are found buried in the substrate ( ref . 7043 ) .\n18 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )\nnon - migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species do not make significant seasonal migrations . juvenile dispersal is not considered a migration .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\ncomments : adults feed heavily on immature insects associated with riverweed and on insect larvae living among gravel and rubble . young and juveniles feed on small crustaceans , diptera larvae , and baetid mayflies at stream margin .\nnote : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .\ncomments : most active 0600 - 2030 h , peak at 1300 h ( page 1983 ) .\nspawns may to june or july ( page 1983 , page 1983 ) . very small young have been taken in early july ( lee et al . 1980 ) . age range of breeding females is 2 - 4 years ( bart and page 1992 ) . life span is a little more than 4 years ( howell 1971 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 11 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nlisted as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , and lack of major threats . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable , or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a ( reduction in population size ) .\ncomments : warren et al . ( 2000 ) categorized this species as\ncurrently stable .\ncomments : some populations probably have been extirpated by impoundments , but the degree of long - term decline is not precisely known .\ndistribution has been fragmented by many reservoirs , but the species\ncontinues to be reasonably widespread and abundant\n( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\ncomments : distribution has been fragmented by many reservoirs , but the species\ncontinues to be reasonably widespread and abundant\n( etnier and starnes 1993 ) .\nbiological research needs : life history aspects have been investigated ( howell 1971 ) .\ncomments : some occurrences are in protected areas , such as the great smoky mountains national park . this species has been collected from copper creek in western virginia , which has been designated critical habitat for the yellowfin madtom .\nneeds : doesn ' t seem necessary to single out a particular population for vigorous protection at this time .\ntangerine darters are typically 4 . 3 to 7 . 1 inches ( 11 to 18 cm ) in length ,\nspecies . the males are usually a bright orangish - red color , more elaborately colored than the females , which are yellow .\nchadwick d . 2010 .\nsilent stream .\nnational geographic vol 217 issue 4 116 - 128 .\ngreenberg l . 1993 .\na descriptive and experimental study of microhabitat use by young of the year benthic stream fishes\necology of freshwater fish ."]}
{"id": 1445, "summary": [{"text": "ophyx pseudoptera is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in papua ( including roon island , supiori , biak island ) , papua new guinea and australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the forewings have a vague pale spot near the wingtip , and a dark brown band across the middle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "ophyx pseudoptera", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for ophyx pseudoptera yet . learn how to contribute .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\npratti ( bethune - baker , 1906 pg . 260 ) callipepla ( bethune - baker , 1916 )\npapua localities : roon island : yende ; supiori : nansfori ; biak island : japanese cave ; new guinea : ampas , borme , depapre , marina valen , sinimburu , taja rifi . details in gazetteer .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe adult moth of this species has forewings that each have a vague pale spot near the wingtip , and a dark brown band across the middle . the male has a darker\nsometimes has a shield of black hairs just behind the head . the wingspan is about 6 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nlower , o . b . 1903 ,\ndescriptions of new australian noctuina , etc\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 27 , pp . 27 - 74\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 154a37bd - 4055 - 424f - af69 - e3e33e5a8e91\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 343834ff - 4786 - 4a89 - ab5c - c0e3c500a91c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e8447211 - cb3e - 4641 - 8f75 - 610bcbb0ea33\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 501637\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 142809bf - fc70 - 45f7 - 927e - 7e8a5a6a6599\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a41fb12c - d956 - 4e40 - a3b4 - ecff227ab470\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 949cc0c1 - 82f1 - 45b5 - 8091 - 273e31175725\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 499250\nthe forewings have a vague pale spot near the wingtip , and a dark brown band across the middle .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 / / en\nall rights reserved . no part of this publication may be reproduced ( except brief passages for the purpose of a review ) , stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means , electronic , mechanical , photocopying , recording or otherwise , without the prior written permission of the author .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1446, "summary": [{"text": "glyceridae is a family of polychaete worms .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are commonly referred to as beak-thrower worms or bloodworms .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "they are bright red , segmented , aquatic worms .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the proboscis worm glycera is sometimes called bloodworm .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the glyceridae are ferocious epi - and infaunal polychaetes that prey upon small invertebrates .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are errant burrowers that build galleries of interconnected tubes to aid in catching their prey . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "glyceridae", "paragraphs": ["keywords : glyceridae , glycera , hemipodia , new species , new occurrence , brazil .\npalavras - chave : glyceridae , glycera , hemipodia , esp\u00e9cie nova , nova ocorr\u00eancia , brasil .\ngoniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81\nsavigny , 1818 ( polychaeta : glyceridae ) en la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica . clave taxon\u00f3mica y nuevos datos sobre\ngoniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81 .\ngoniadidae , glyceridae and nephtyidae , comparison of specific characteristics in the genus hemipodus , p . 81 | dpla\nsavigny , 1818 ( annelida : polychaeta : glyceridae ) . ophelia 54 ( 1 ) : 29 - 49 .\nb\u00f6ggemann , m . 2002 . revision of the glyceridae grube 1850 ( annelida : polychaeta ) . abh . senckenberg . naturforsch . ges . 555 : 1 - 249 .\nthe results of the cladistic analysis support a sister group relationship between goniadidae and glyceridae . both taxa are monophyletic as well as the three genera glycera , glycerella and hemipodia within the glycerids .\nb\u00f6ggemann , m . ( 2002 ) . revision of the glyceridae grube 1859 ( annelida : polychaeta ) . abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden gesellschaft . 555 : 1 - 249 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe marine proboscis worm glycera ( class polychaeta , family glyceridae ) is sometimes called bloodworm . g . dibranchiata is found along the eastern coast of north america . it grows to 37 centimetres ( about 15 inches ) in length .\nhartman , o . 1938 . descriptions of new species and new generic records of polychaetous annelids from california of the families glyceridae , eunicidae , stauronereididae and opheliidae . univ . calif . pub . zool . , 43 : 93 - 112 .\nread , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database . glyceridae grube , 1850 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 952 on 2018 - 07 - 09\no ' connor , b . d . s . 1987 . the glyceridae ( polychaeta ) of the north atlantic and mediterranean , with descriptions of two new species . j . nat . hist . 21 ( 1 ) : 167 - 189 .\nrizzo , a . e . & steiner , t . m 2006 . fam\u00edlia glyceridae . in : manual de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos invertebrados marinhos da regi\u00e3o sudeste - sul do brasil . 1 ed . s\u00e3o paulo : editora da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , 2006 , v . 1 : 165 - 172 .\ngilbert , k . 1984 . family glyceridae grube , 1850 . in taxonomic guide to the polychaetes of the northern gulf of mexico ( j . m . uebelacker & p . g . johnson ) . vittor & associates , inc . mobile , alabama , p . 32 - 1 to 32 - 26 .\nmore than 4000 specimens from all over the world were studied and measured , and the 42 valid species are described and illustrated in detail . a list of all taxa together with their synonyms and an identification key for all glyceridae known to this date are also presented . addionally all available biological and ecological data from the literature are listed .\no estudo sistem\u00e1tico das esp\u00e9cies da fam\u00edlia glyceridae \u00e9 parte de um amplo programa de inventariamento e determina\u00e7\u00e3o de par\u00e2metros abi\u00f3ticos para conserva\u00e7\u00e3o e uso sustent\u00e1vel da biodiversidade marinha ao largo da costa sudeste e sul do brasil . o material estudado foi coletado desde a regi\u00e3o entremar\u00e9s de praias arenosas at\u00e9 a plataforma interna ( < 50 m prof . ) na costa norte de s\u00e3o paulo , e da plataforma externa ao talude superior ( profundidades entre 60 e 808 m ) desde a costa sul do rio de janeiro at\u00e9 a o sul do rio grande do sul ( 22\u00b0 s - 34\u00b0 40 ' s ) . as descri\u00e7\u00f5es de algumas esp\u00e9cies foram ampliadas , com a adi\u00e7\u00e3o de novos e importantes caracteres taxon\u00f4micos , principalmente relacionados \u00e0s papilas proboscidiais . uma chave de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o para as esp\u00e9cies de glicer\u00eddeos da regi\u00e3o sudeste e sul do brasil \u00e9 fornecida . oito esp\u00e9cies de glyceridae foram identificadas : glycera americana leidy 1855 ; glycera brevicirris grube 1870 ; glycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 ; glycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 ; glycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 ; glycera tesselata grube 1863 ; hemipodia californiensis ( hartman 1938 ) ; hemipodia simplex ( grube 1857 ) ; al\u00e9m de uma esp\u00e9cie previamente desconhecida de glycera .\nthe aim of this study is to describe and illustrate species of glyceridae that were collected during projects to develop essential information for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity off the brazilian coast . eight species of glycerids were identified : glycera americana leidy 1855 ; glycera brevicirris grube 1870 ; glycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 ; glycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 ; glycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 ; glycera tesselata grube 1863 ; hemipodia californiensis ( hartman 1938 ) and hemipodia simplex ( grube 1857 ) . a new species , glycera boeggemanni , is described and keys for identification of the species of glycera and hemipodia from this region are supplied .\nfauchald , k . ( 1977 ) . the polychaete worms , definitions and keys to the orders , families and genera . natural history museum of los angeles county : los angeles , ca ( usa ) , science series . 28 : 1 - 188 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlong , slender worms with numerous segments , appearing even more numerous because they are further subdivided by annular constrictions . the body is rounded throughout , often red , pink , or flushed with pink anteriorly . the anterior end bears small , elongated , tapering and multiannulate\nglycerids are carnivores burrowing actively in clean or muddy sand . when swimming , the body is thrown into spiral undulations ; they may coil up tightly when disturbed . some species deliver a bite , which is said to resemble a bee - sting .\nfauchald , k . & g . rouse , 1997 . polychaete systematics : past and present . zoologica scripta , 26 ( 2 ) : 71 - 138 .\nhayward , p . j . & j . s . ryland , 1990 . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . clarendon press , oxford .\nuschakov , p . v . , 1955 . polychaete worms of the far - eastern seas of the ussr . keys to the fauna of the ussr , 56 : 1 - 443 .\nisbn 978 - 3 - 510 - 61335 - 9 , paperback , price : 48 . 00 \u20ac\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 22 : 56 : 04 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ninstituto de biologia \u0096 ib , zoologia , universidade estadual de campinas \u0096 unicamp , cp 6109 , cep 13083 - 970 , campinas , sp , brazil , e - mail : tatims @ urltoken , http : / / www . ib . urltoken /\ntaxonomic studies of several species of glycera and hemipodia ( = hemipodus ) from the brazilian coast have been carried out by nonato & luna ( 1970 ) , orensanz & gianuca ( 1974 ) , rullier & amoureux ( 1979 ) , nonato ( 1981 ) , and lana ( 1984 ) . in addition , amaral & nonato ( 1996 ) published keys for identification of families and genera of polychaetes from brazil and amaral et al . ( 2006a ) a catalogue of polychaete species from brazil . until now , 17 species and all three genera are mentioned for the brazilian coast , but some of them were synonymized by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) .\nthe examined material are from different programs , sampled in southern and southeastern brazil ( 22\u00b0 s \u0096 34\u00b040 ' s ) :\nfauna de praia\n( sandy beach fauna ) , in the intertidal zone of 13 beaches along the s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o channel ( state of s\u00e3o paulo ) ;\nrevizee / score sul bentos\n( program of available of the sustainable potential of the living resources of the exclusive economic zone - eez ) , in depths from 60 to 808 m , between ilha grande bay ( rio de janeiro state ) and tramanda\u00ed city ( rio grande do sul state ) ; and\nbiota / fapesp - bentos marinho\n( benthic marine biodiversity in the state of s\u00e3o paulo ) , in intertidal sandy beaches and rocky shores and non - consolidated sublittoral ( 50 m depth ) , in the northern s\u00e3o paulo state . the specific methodology to each program can be found , respectively , in amaral et al . ( 2003 ) , amaral et al . ( 2004 ) and amaral et al . ( 2006b ) .\nthe nomenclature used for taxonomic features is based on b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) . semipermanent slides were mounted with a substance containing glycerin as the main component . measurements and line drawings were made using zeiss optical microscopy and stereomicroscopy . scanning electron microscope observations were made at the laborat\u00f3rio de microscopia eletr\u00f4nica , instituto de biologia , universidade estadual de campinas ( unicamp ) , with jeol jsm - 5800 lv \u00ae equipment , after osmium washing , alcohol battery , critical - point drying with balzers cpd 30 \u00ae ( 37 \u00b0c temperature and 70 urltoken \u00962 pressure ) equipment and coating with 44 nm gold . the material examined was deposited at the museu de hist\u00f3ria natural ( mhn - unicamp ) under the abbreviations zuec - bpo ar or zuec - bpo st . others abbreviations used in the material examined : vfs ( very fine sand ) , fs ( fine sand ) , cs ( coarse sand ) .\nadditional material from bmnh ( the natural history museum , london , uk ) , hzm ( zoologisches institut und zoologisches museum der universit\u00e4t hamburg , germany ) , smf ( senckenbergmuseum , frankfurt am main , germany ) , ssm ( swedish museum of natural history , sweden ) , zmb ( museum f\u00fcr naturkunde der humboldt universit\u00e4t zu berlin , germany ) , zmuc ( zoological museum , university of copenhagen , denmark ) was examined as well .\n1 . mid - body chaetigers with two prechaetal and one postchaetal lobes ; branchiae absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - mid - body chaetigers with two prechaetal and two postchaetal lobes ; branchiae present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\n2 . prechaetal lobes of about same length ; ailerons with slightly arched bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera oxycephala - notopodial prechaetal lobes distinctly shorter than neuropodial lobes ; ailerons with slight dent in pointed triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera lapidum\n3 . ailerons with deeply incised bases ; branchiae absent ; digitiform proboscideal papillae ( type 1 ) ( figure 4d ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - ailerons with triangular or rounded triangular bases ; branchiae present , conical proboscideal papillae ( type 1 ) ( figure 1b ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n4 . papillae ( type 1 ) with straight , median , longitudinal ridge only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera tesselata - papillae ( type 1 ) with 6 - 20 transverse ridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera brevicirris\n5 . one retractile branchia per parapodium ; ailerons with triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - two branchiae per parapodium ( situated dorsally and ventrally on parapodial bases ) ; ailerons with rounded triangular bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera dibranchiata\n6 . papillae ( type 1 ) with 2 ridges ; branchiae bush - like . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera americana - papillae ( type 1 ) with 5 - 6 ridges ; branchiae with up to six rami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . glycera boeggemanni\nglycera americana leidy 1855 : 147 - 148 , pl . 11 , figs . 49 - 50 ; nonato & luna 1970 : 71 - 72 , fig . 26 ; orensanz & gianuca 1974 : 11 ; nonato 1981 : 103 - 104 ( unpublished thesis ) ; temperini 1981 : 28 - 29 ( unpublished thesis ) ; lana 1984 : 92 - 94 , figs . 84 - 85 ( unpublished thesis ) ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 65 - 66 , figs . 88 - 90 .\ntype material : glycera heteropoda hartmann - schr\u00f6der 1962 , holotype , hzm p - 15330 , chile , penco , 2 . i . 1958 ; glycera jucunda kinberg 1865 , syntype , ssm type 6042 , brazil , rio de janeiro harbor , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 7 . 28 m ; syntype , ssm type 6043 , brazil , rio de janeiro harbor , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 7 . 28 m ; glycera laevis kinberg 1865 , syntype , ssm type 6030 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' s and 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6031 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' and s 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6040 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' s and 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m ; syntype , ssm type 6041 , brazil , cabo frio , 22\u00b0 30 ' s and 40\u00b0 55 ' w , r / v eugenie 1851 - 53 , 36 - 55 m .\ndescription ( based on additional material ) : complete specimens measuring from 110 to 230 mm long , 0 . 6 to 3 . 8 mm wide , with 51 - 257 chaetigers . coloration yellowish . brown pigment may be present on prostomial rings , lobes and parapodial cirri . conical prostomium with 9 - 12 rings ( figure 1a , f ) ; two specimens ( ar 497 ) with prostomium longer than in others . nuchal organs dorsolaterally on basal ring . proboscideal papillae of two types ( figure 1g ) : type 1 . numerous conical papillae anteriorly smooth , posteriorly with two u - shaped ridges ( figure 1b , i ) and type 2 . isolated , broader papillae without ridges ( figure 1c , j ) . aileron with triangular base , interramal plate present ( figure 1d ) . branchiae retractile , bush - like when completely developed and everted , starting from about 15 th to 26 th parapodia and located dorsally on posterior side of parapodial bases ( figure 1e , h ) . mid - body segments bi - annulate . first two parapodia uniramous , with a prechaetal and a postchaetal lobe . following parapodia biramous with two triangular to digitiform prechaetal lobes of about same length , and two shorter postchaetal lobes , anteriorly rounded , posteriorly triangular , of about same length or neuropodial slightly shorter than notopodial ( figure 1e , h ) . dorsal cirrus from third parapodium , conical to oval , inserted on body wall slightly above parapodial base . ventral cirrus from first parapodium , triangular to digitiform , slightly shorter than postchaetal lobes , in posterior parapodia slender to elongated ( figure 1e , h ) . last parapodia short and slender . pygidial cirrus elongated , as long as last ten parapodia . simple capillary notochaetae and compound spinigerous neurochaetae .\nremarks : the specimens examined by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) have branchiae located in more anterior chaetigers , between 7 and 22 . glycera cirrata grube 1857 [ partim ] , glycera laevis kinberg 1865 , glycera jucunda kinberg 1865 , glycera edentata hansen 1882 , and glycera incerta hansen 1882 described from specimens collected off rio de janeiro were synonymized under glycera americana by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) . this species has been recorded off the brazilian coast mainly in ecological studies ( amaral et al . 2006a ) , and it has been often mistaken for other congeneric species .\ndistribution : atlantic coasts of north and south america , pacific coasts of south america ; brazil ( alagoas , sergipe , rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o paulo , paran\u00e1 and rio grande do sul ) . from intertidal region to 120 m depth ; in this study , g . americana was collected from 5 . 3 to 157 m .\ntype material : holotype zuec bpo - ar581 ( 23\u00b0 44 . 154 ' s and 45\u00b0 02 . 007 ' w , caraguatatuba , sta . 21i , 22 . iv . 2001 , 36 . 1 m ) ; paratype zuec bpo - ar496 ( 23\u00b0 53 . 026 ' s and 45\u00b0 30 . 386 ' w , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , sta . 28i , 17 . v . 2001 , 25 . 6 m ) .\nremarks : glycera boeggemanni n . sp . differs from glycera robusta ehlers 1868 , its nearest species , mainly in possessing branchiae retractile , up to six branchial rami , in g . boeggemanni n . sp . , whereas in g . robusta the branchiae are non - retractile , blister - like ; in both species branchiae are located at base on the parapodia . glycera boeggemanni n . sp . is found in southwest atlantic , and g . robusta in the western and eastern pacific ocean .\ndistribution : brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo : caraguatatuba and s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o ) . from 25 to 36 m depth .\netymology : the species is named after markus b\u00f6ggemann , because of his important work and publications on polychaetes , especially glycerids .\nglycera brevicirris grube 1870 : 61 - 62 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 44 - 47 , figs . 34 - 36\ntype material : glycera brevicirris , syntype , zmb q . 4304 , coll . grube .\nadditional material : 1 specimen : sta . 6652 , 25\u00b0 51 ' 04\ns and 45\u00b0 47 ' 30\nw , 206 m , 15 . xii . 1997 ( zuec bpo - ar20 , preserved for sem ) .\ndistribution : western and eastern atlantic , gulf of mexico , caribbean sea , red sea , indian ocean , indo - pacific , central pacific basin , east pacific coasts . this study enlarges the distribution of this species , whose southern limit was the gulf of mexico , to south america ( brazil , s\u00e3o paulo ) . from intertidal zone to 1118 m ( b\u00f6ggemann 2002 ) ; in this study , g . brevicirris occurred at 206 m .\nglycera dibranchiata ehlers 1868 : 670 - 702 , pl . 24 , figs . 1 , 3 - 8 , 10 - 28 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 53 - 54 , figs . 58 - 60 .\nremarks : the branchiae of specimen zuec - bpo - st111 did not present the fibrous muscular appearance of other specimens ; rather , each branchia had a large number of gametes , with the lower branchia almost more inflated ( figure 8 f ) . in some parapodia of this specimen , the branchiae were empty , only the external cuticle remaining . the beginning of the branchiae did not vary much , besides the size differences of the specimens . b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 14 - 17 prostomial rings , branchiae starting from parapodium 13 to 21 , and conical proboscideal papillae of type 1 with 4 - 8 ridges , and of type 2 with 3 - 6 ridges . a small specimen had the aileron with the outer ramus more curved ( figure 6d ) .\ndistribution : western and eastern coasts of north and central america and coast of southern brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo ) . from intertidal zone to 403 m ; in this study , g . dibranchiata was found from the intertidal zone to 24 m .\nglycera lapidum quatrefages 1866 : 187 - 188 ; parra et al . 1995 : 57 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 37 - 40 , figs . 19 - 21 .\ndistribution : mainly in temperate zones and sometimes in tropical seas . this is the first record of this species in brazil ( from s\u00e3o paulo to rio grande do sul ) ; it had been previously recorded in the south atlantic ( argentina ) . from intertidal to 3947 m depth ; in this study , g . lapidum occurred from 60 to 500 m .\nglycera oxycephala ehlers 1887 : 121 - 123 , pl . 41 , figs . 7 - 11 ; parra et al . 1995 : 53 - 59 , figs 1 - 3 ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 40 - 41 , figs . 22 - 24 .\nglycera cf . oxycephala lana 1984 : 94 - 95 , figs . 86 - 87 .\nmaterial examined : 18 specimens : sta . 6658 , 25\u00b0 11 ' 89\ns and 47\u00b0 08 ' 09\nw , 157 m , 16 . xii . 1997 ( zuec - bpo - ar17 , 11 ) ; sta . 6672 , 26\u00b0 27 ' 75\ns and 44\u00b0 30 ' 351\nw , 165 m , 11 . i . 1998 ( zuec - bpo - ar18 , 1 ) ; sta . 123i , 23\u00b0 29 ' 101\ns and 44\u00b0 59 ' 171\nw , 24 . 9 m , amf ( zuec - bpo - ar515 , 1 ) ; sta . 209i , 23\u00b0 46 ' 731\ns and 45\u00b0 13 ' 790\nw , 12 m , af ( zuec - bpo - ar521 , 1 ) ; sta . 206i , 23\u00b0 34 ' 936\ns and 45\u00b0 16 ' 764\nw , 3 m , am ( zuec - bpo - ar525 , 1 ) ; sta . 167i , 23\u00b0 31 ' 220\ns and 44\u00b0 54 ' 718\nw , 44 . 5 m , am ( zuec - bpo - ar528 , 1 ) ; sta . 45i , 23\u00b0 22 ' 420\ns and 44\u00b0 53 ' 135\nw , 12 m , af ( zuec - bpo - ar591 , 1 ) ; no number , paranagu\u00e1 bay , sta . 6110b ( 1 ) .\nadditional material : south africa , lambert ' s bay st . lam . 26 , 32\u00b0 04 . 90 ' s , 18\u00b0 17 . 50 ' e , 18 . i . 1957 , 27 m , sand with shells and rocks ( bmnh 1963 . 1 . 79 , 1 ) ; kuwait , salimiyah and mena abdullah , intertidal , sand ( bmnh 1971 . 45 , 1 )\ndistribution : in temperate zones and tropical seas ; brazil ( s\u00e3o paulo and paran\u00e1 ) . from intertidal zone to 2951 m depth ; in this study , g . oxycephala occurred between 3 to 165 m .\nglycera tesselata grube 1863 : 41 - 42 , pl . 4 , figs 4 , 4a ; b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 47 - 48 , figs 37 - 39 .\ntype material : glycera tesselata , syntype , zmb q . 4339 , neresine , lussin piccolo , croatia , grube coll .\nadditional material : 17 specimens : sta . 6763 , 23\u00b0 08 ' 07\ns , 41\u00b0 00 ' 84\nw , 101 m , 1 . iii . 1998 ( zuec - bpo - ar563 , 1 ) ; zmb q . 4340 ( italy , lesina , 15 ) ; zmb 6560 ( bismarck archipelago , ralun , 24 . xi . 1896 , 1 ) .\nremarks : b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 8 - 9 prostomial rings , branchiae absent , and digitiform proboscideal papillae with straight , median , longitudinal ridge . it differs from g . brevicirris , the other congeneric species found in brazil , in the digitiform proboscideal papillae ; g . tesselata has only one straight , median , longitudinal ridge , whereas g . brevicirris has about 6 - 20 transverse ridges . our specimen has a dorsal cirrus near the parapodial base , differing from that mentioned by b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 : 48 ) for this species , i . e . , inserted on the body wall far from the parapodial base mainly on anterior part of the body .\ndistribution : northwestern and northeastern atlantic , gulf of mexico , caribbean sea , mediterranean sea , red sea , south coasts of africa , indo - pacific , northwestern pacific . this is the first occurrence of the species in brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . from 2 to 4066 m depth ; in this study , g . tesselata occurred at 101 m .\n1 . proboscideal papillae of type 1 digitiform with up to 9 - 40 ridges ; all dorsal and ventral cirri rounded to oval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hemipodia californiensis - proboscideal papillae of type 1 conical only with straight , median , longitudinal ridge ; oval ventral cirri on anterior and median chaetigers , elongated and conical cirri on posterior chaetigers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hemipodia simplex\nhemipodus olivieri orensanz & gianuca 1974 : 11 - 13 , figs 5 , 8 and 9 ; lana 1984 : 91 , figs 82 - 83 .\nremarks : b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 8 - 10 prostomial rings , proboscideal papillae of type 1 with 9 - 40 ridges , and of type 2 with 7 - 15 ridges . according to b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) , hemipodus olivieri orensanz & gianuca 1974 is synonymous with hemipodia californiensis . this species is similar to hemipodia pustatula ( friedrich 1956 ) in relation to the proboscideal papillae and anterior parapodia . however , h . pustatula has the prechaetal lobe of the posterior chaetiger much more slender and thinner , and the ventral cirrus slender , triangular to digitiform and longer than the postchaetal lobe . besides this , h . pustatula has a small digitate distal process on the prechaetal lobes starting from the mid - body ; such a process is absent in h . californiensis . the smallest specimen examined here is in agreement with the description of juveniles of h . olivieri ( = h . californiensis ) . the largest specimens described by these authors ( 115 mm long ) correspond to the adults described here , but the prechaetal lobes on posterior chaetigers are slightly longer in our specimens . this difference may be due to specimen sizes , because the smaller the specimen , the more elongated is the prechaetal lobe . the same appears to be true for the rings of the proboscideal papillae ; i . e . , the larger the specimen , the higher the number of rings . several specimens from 35 mm long had gametes inside the coelomic cavity .\ndistribution : west coast of america , from california to peru , southeastern coasts of south america . from intertidal zone to 100 m depth ; common in the intertidal zone of fine - sand beaches in s\u00e3o paulo state .\nhemipodia simplex \u0096 b\u00f6ggemann 2002 : 79 - 81 , figs 127 - 129 .\ntype material : holotype , zmuc pol - 393 , valpara\u00edso , callao , 21 . ix . 1841 .\nadditional material : 13 specimens : sta . 688b , 07 . ix . 1995 , 23\u00b0 46 ' 40 . 80\ns and 45\u00b0 23 ' 59 . 43\nw , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , pontal da cruz beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost119 , 1 ) ; sta . 63a , 07 . viii . 1995 , 23\u00b0 47 ' 51 . 94\ns and 45\u00b0 23 ' 57 . 62\nw , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , porto grande beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost117 , 1 ) ; sta . 62b , 07 . viii . 1995 , 23\u00b0 47 ' 51 . 94\ns and 45\u00b0 23 ' 57 . 62\nw , s\u00e3o sebasti\u00e3o , porto grande beach , intertidal ( zuecbpost118 , 2 ) ; sta . 200i , 23\u00b0 30 ' 564\ns and 45\u00b0 08 ' 340\nw , 5 . 4 m , vfs ( zuecbpoar509 , 5 ) ; sta . 116i , 23\u00b0 26 ' 193\nsand 44\u00b0 58 ' 650\nw , 19 . 8 m , vfs ( zuecbpoar520 , 1 ) ; sta . 193i , 23\u00b0 31 ' 542\ns , 45\u00b0 06 ' 573\nw , 9 m , cs ( zuecbpoar535 , 1 ) ; sta . 91i , 23\u00b0 24 ' 366\ns and 45\u00b0 51 ' 431\nw , 16 . 6 m , am ( zuecbpoar557 , 1 ) ; sta . 92i , 23\u00b0 24 ' 010\ns and 44\u00b0 50 ' 902\nw , 21 . 6 m , am ( zuecbpoar571 , 1 ) .\nremarks : b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) mentioned 7 - 9 prostomial rings for the species . according to grube ( 1857 ) , the type locality of this species is valparaiso ( chile ) and callao ( peru ) . the original description is not very detailed , however , reexamination of the holotype revealed its characteristics in detail . b\u00f6ggemann ( 2002 ) compared specimens identified as hemipodus rotundus by nonato ( 1981 ) from ilha grande bay ( rio de janeiro ) and verified that it is similar to hemipodia simplex , as our specimens are also .\ndistribution : cold and warm temperate zone , west and east coasts of north and south america , bay of bengal , east coast of australia , seas around new zealand . from intertidal zone to 137 m depth ; in brazil , h . simplex occurred from the intertidal zone to 22 m .\namaral , a . c . z . , denadai , m . r . , turra , a . & rizzo , a . e . 2003 . intertidal macrofauna in brazilian subtropical tide - dominated sandy beaches . j . coast . res . 35 : 446 - 455 .\namaral , a . c . z . , lana , p . c . , rizzo , a . e . , steiner , t . m . , pardo , e . v . , santos , c . s . g . , carvalho , a . c . , wagner , m . f . r . , garrafoni , a . s . , brasil , a . c . s . , ribeiro , z . , nogueira , j . m . m . , abbud , a . , rossi , m . & fukuda , m . 2004 . filo annelida classe polychaeta . in biodiversidade b\u00eantica da regi\u00e3o sul - sudeste da costa brasileira . revizee score sul bentos . ( amaral , a . c . z . & c . l . d . b . rossi - wongtschowski , eds ) s\u00e3o paulo : ulh\u00f4a cintra ed . p . 114 - 125 .\namaral , a . c . z . & nonato , e . f . 1996 . annelida polychaeta : caracter\u00edsticas , gloss\u00e1rio e chaves para fam\u00edlias e g\u00eaneros da costa brasileira . editora da unicamp , unicamp , campinas .\namaral , a . c . z . , nallin , s . a . h . & steiner , t . m . 2006a . cat\u00e1logo das esp\u00e9cies dos annelida polychaeta do brasil .\namaral , a . c . z . , rizzo , a . e . & arruda , e . p . ( orgs . ) 2006b . manual de identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos invertebrados marinhos da regi\u00e3o sudeste - sul do brasil . vol . i . s\u00e3o paulo : edusp ed . 287p .\naugener , h . 1934 . viii polychaeten aus den zoologischen museen von leiden und amsterdam . iv . ( schluss ) . zoologische mededeelingen uitgegeven door ' s rijks museum van natuurlijke historie te leiden , 17 ( 1 - 2 ) : 67 - 160 .\nehlers , e . 1868 . die borstenw\u00fcrmer ( annelida chaetopoda ) nach systematischen und anatomischen untersuchungen dargestellt . verlag von wilhelm engelmann , erster band , leipzig . p . 1 - 748 .\nehlers , e . 1887 . reports on the results of dredging , under the direction of l . f . pourtal\u00e8s , during the years 1868 - 1870 , and of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico ( 1877 - 78 ) , and in the caribbean sea ( 1878 - 79 ) , in the u . s . coast survey steamer \u0084blake\n, lieut . com . c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xxxi . report on the annelids . memoirs of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy at harvard college , cambridge , massachussets , v . 15 , p . 1 - 335 .\nfauchald , k . 1977 . polychaetes from intertidal areas in panama , with a review of previous shallow - water records . smith . contr . zool . 221 : 1 - 81 .\ngrube , e . 1857 . annulata \u00f6rstediana . enumeratio annulatorum , quae in itinere per indiam occidentalem et americam centralem annis 1845 - 1848 suscepto legit cl . a . s . \u00f6rsted , adjectis specibus nonnullis a cl . h . kr\u00f6yero in itinere ad americam meridionalem collectis ( fortsaetelse ) . videnskabelige meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske forening i kj\u00f6benhavn , 158 - 186 , kj\u00f6benhavn .\ngrube , e . 1863 . beschreibung neuer oder wenig bekannter anneliden . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte , jahrgang 29 , 1 : 37 - 69 , pls . 4 - 6 , berlin .\ngrube , e . 1870 . bemerkungen \u00fcber die familie der glycereen . jahres - bericht der schlesischen gesellschaft f\u00fcr vaterl\u00e4ndische cultur , 47 : 56 - 68 , breslau .\nhartman , o . 1968 . atlas of the errantiate polychaetous annelids from california . allan hancock foundation . university of southern california , los angeles , caliofrnia , 828p .\nlana , p . c . 1984 . anel\u00eddeos poliquetas errantes do litoral do estado do paran\u00e1 . tese de doutorado , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 , paran\u00e1 . 275p .\nleidy , j . 1855 . contributions towards a knowledge of the marine invertebrata fauna , of the coasts of rhode island and new jersey . jornal of the academy of natural sicences of philadelphis , 3 ( 2 ) : 135 - 152 , plates 10 - 11 : philadelphia .\nnonato , e . f . 1981 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao conhecimento dos anel\u00eddeos poliquetas bent\u00f4nicos da plataforma continental brasileira , entre cabo frio e o arroio chui . tese de doutorado , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , 246p .\nnonato , e . & luna , j . a . c . 1970 . anel\u00eddeos poliquetas do nordeste do brasil . i - poliquetas bent\u00f4nicos da costa de alagoas e sergipe . bol . inst . oceanogr . s . paulo 19 : 57 - 130 .\norensanz , j . m . & gianuca , n . m . 1974 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao conhecimento dos anel\u00eddeos poliquetas do rio grande do sul , brazil . i . lista sistem\u00e1tica preliminar e descri\u00e7\u00e3o de tr\u00eas novas esp\u00e9cies . com . mus . ci . pucrgs 4 : 1 - 37 .\nparra , s . , rodr\u00edguez , c . v . , l\u00f3pez - jamar , e . & o ' connor , b . d . s . 1995 . contribuci\u00f3n al conocimiento del g\u00e9nero\nquatrefages , a . de 1866 . histoire naturelle des annel\u00e9s marins et d ' eau douce . ann\u00e9lides et g\u00e9phyriens . \u0096 librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , 3 vols . , and atlas with pls . 1 - 20 , paris .\nrullier , f . & amoureaux , l . 1979 . ann\u00e9lides polycha\u00e8tes . annales de i ' institut oc\u00e9anographique monaco 55 : 145 - 206 .\ntemperini , m . t . 1981 . sistem\u00e1tica e distribui\u00e7\u00e3o dos poliquetos errantes da plataforma continental brasileira entre as latitudes de 23\u00b0 05 ' s e 30\u00b0 00 ' s . disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de mestrado , instituto oceanogr\u00e1fico , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , 89p .\ndepartamento de biologia vegetal - instituto de biologia unicamp cp 6109 13083 - 970 - campinas / sp tel . : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6166 fax : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6168 contato @ urltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 515a9c82 - 8820 - 4288 - 8165 - dff86f38424a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4ec0eea - 71b5 - 4237 - 91cf - a527bad36333\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7c9b15d5 - e658 - 4062 - 875d - 22f462cd3d54\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 260139\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nparapodia have both notopodia and neuropodia in glycera , or lack notopodia apart from the dorsal cirrus in hemipodus .\nthe large , pallid pink glycera ovigera schmarda , 1861 is recognisable in life from the multiple branching of delicate retractile gills behind the mid - body parapodia . prior new zealand reports of glycera americana leidy , 1855 are most likely g . ovigera or other species . in glycera lamelliformis mcintosh , 1885 the retractile parapodial gills are long and cylindrical . otherwise the glycera species are distinguished by a combination of the relative lengths of the parapodial lobes , the morphology of the proboscis papillae , and the structure of accessory supports called ailerons on the proboscis . these features can be either difficult to observe or subject to interpretation . glycera tesselata grube , 1863 has only long , slender , proboscis papillae . hemipodus simplex ( grube , 1856 ) has flattened papillae and has been recorded widely . glycerids rarely occur on rocky shores but pale hemipodus species , probably hemipodus simplex , occurs under intertidal stones in harbours .\nglycera ovigera diagnosis from key of b\u00f6ggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 1 proboscidial papillae without terminal fingernail structure . 2 - 2 two postchaetal lobes ( in mid body ) . 7 - 2 ailerons with interramal plate . 11 - 2 proboscidial papillae with up to 3 ridges . 18 - 2 postchaetal lobes of about same length ( in mid body ) . 20 - 1 prechaetal lobes of about same length . branchiae retractile . 21 - 2 postchaetal lobes both slender triangular . 23 - 1 branchiae retractile , bush - like , dorsally on post side parapodial bases . 24 - 2 . proboscidial papillae with y - shaped ridge in combination with 1 - 3 vertical ridges apically ( americana has 2 ridges ) .\nglycera lamelliformis diagnosis from key of b\u00f6ggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 2 proboscidial papillae with terminal fingernail structure . 26 - 1 parapodia of mid - body with two slender triangular postchaetal lobes of about same length . 27 - 2 proboscidial papillae with short stalk and without ridges on nail ; ailerons with triangular base ; blister - like branchiae dorsally on parapodial bases .\nglycera benhami diagnosis from key of b\u00f6ggemann & fiege , 2001 . 1 - 1 proboscidial papillae without terminal fingernail structure . 2 - 2 two postchaetal lobes at least from parapodia of mid - body . 7 - 1 ailerons with deeply incised base ; both postchaetal lobes short , rounded ; branchiae absent . 8 - 1 prechaetal lobes of about same length ; digitiform proboscidial papillae present . 9 - 1 digitiform proboscidial papillae with straight , median , longitudinal ridge . 10 - 2 digitiform proboscidial papillae with additional single terminal u - shaped ridge .\nsands and sandy muds , and ( less commonly ) crevice - dwelling . glycera ovigera is the commonest intertidal species . glycera lamelliformis is subtidal .\nother species reported in the new zealand region were glycera lamellipodia knox , 1960 , glycera knoxi kirkegaard , 1995 , hemipodus ellesmerensis knox , 1960 , hemipodus digitifera knox , 1960 , all known from single specimens . b\u00f6ggemann analysed niwa collection and reported the fauna to be : glycera benhami b\u00f6ggemann and fiege , 2001 , glycera capitata \u00f6rsted , 1842 , glycera knoxi kirkegaard , 1995 , glycera lamelliformis mcintosh , 1885 , glycera lapidum quatrefages , 1866 , glycera onomichiensis izuka , 1912 , glycera ovigera schmarda , 1861 , glycera russa grube , 1870 , hemipodus simplex ( grube , 1857 ) , hemipodus australiensis knox and cameron , 1971 .\n( b\u00f6ggemann 2002 ) ( hilbig 1994a : p197 - 214 , f6 . 1 - 6 ) , ( kirkegaard 1995 : p26 , f13 ) , ( knox 1960a : p134 - 136 , f220 - 231 ) , ( knox 1960c : p219 - 232 , f1 - 27 ) , ( mcintosh 1885 : p347 - 349 , p42 . 9 - 10 , 22a . 11 ) , ( o ' connor 1987 : p167 - 189 , f1 - 16 ) , ( schmarda 1861 : p95 , p30 . 239 ) . ( full citations at family pages literature cited list . )\nnote : use the back button of your browser to return to shore polychaete guide .\nthe information provided by this page and by the pages of the\nmore information\nlinks is held in a structured form for rapid and frequent updating and improvement . descriptive text is compiled from a number of database fields , some of which may occasionally be empty . last modified by g . read , 25 / 07 / 2004 ( dd / mm / yy )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch zoologist , curator of worms , department of systematic biology , invertebrate zoology section , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . 20560 , usa\nread , g . & fauchald , k . ( 2013 ) . world polychaeta database . accessed through world register of marine species at : urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\npolychaetes can be separated into two large orders , errantia and sedentaria , based on the development of the anterior appendages and life habits . errant polychaetes are active swimmer or crawler while sedentary polychaetes are burrowers or tube dwellers .\nusually filter - or deposit - feeders ( i . e . consume sediment )\nsince the 1970 ' s , about 100 species of sedentary polychaetes have been reported from hong kong ( shin 1998 ) . they belong to 81 genera and 24 families . of these , 46 genera were not determined to species level due to the lack of taxonomic expertise and 17 species of sedentary polychaetes were described as new to science from hong kong ( shin 1998 ) . these new species were scoloplos tumidus ( orbiniidae ) ; poecilochaetus hystricosus , p . spinulosus , p . tricirratus ( poecilochaetidae ) ; prionospio saccifera ( spionidae ) ; polycirrus dodeka , p . multus , p . quadratus , rhinothelepus occabus , streblosoma duplicata , thelepus opinus , t . pulvinus , eupolymnia umbonis , lanice auricula , lomia bandera , longicarpus nodus and terebella copia ( terebellidae ) .\nthe sedentary polychaetes have its prostomium , proboscis and eyes reduced or absent . most of them live in tubes constructed by themselves in the mud or sand of the ocean bottom . the tubes are straight or u - shaped with two openings . the glands on the ventral surfaces of the segments secrete the tube - forming materials . the tubes may be calcareous , membranous , simple mucus - lined burrows , or composed of sand grains and other foreign materials cemented together .\nthe sedentary polychaetes are not active swimmers as errant polychaetes , so the tubes are important for protecting them from predators and catching prey . any disturances of predator or prey in the surrounding water can be transmitted to the tube . through the opening of the tube , the tube dwellers can get the clean and oxygenated water above the mud and sand .\nmany tube dwellers are beautiful with colours such as red , pink , green or iridescent . their parapodia are usually small and short , or with rows of hooklike setae for gripping the sides of the tube . their anterior part are greatly elaborated for feeding and respiration . the sabellids and serpulids have prostomial tentacles developed to form a branchial crown of feather - like processes called radioles . the peristomial tentacles of terebellids are long , filamentous and extensile . the food is brought by beating of cilia in a groove running along each filament .\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 20 : 51 : 30 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe seasonal distribution of the polychaete genus glycera was studied , especially in relation to the textural characteristics of sediments along the south - west kerala coast of india . statistical analysis pointed towards the preference of glycera sp . in sediments rich in silt , clay , sand and organic carbon relating to their role as an indicator of organic enrichment .\nobjective selection of sensitive species indicative of pollution - induced change in benthic communities . i . comparative methodology\nmetal concentrations in sediment and in whole tissue of the benthic polychaete glycera longipinnis collected along the southwest coast of india were analysed . relative seasonal accumulation of metals ( cu , pb , cr , ni , zn , cd , hg ) was studied by categorising the habitat as less polluted or highly polluted based on metal contamination routed through industrial and urban sources . the metal content . . . [ show full abstract ]\nspatial and temporal variations in concentration of dissolved metals viz . copper ( cu ) , lead ( pb ) , chromium ( cr ) , nickel ( ni ) , zinc ( zn ) , cadmium ( cd ) and mercury ( hg ) in surface waters of southwest coast of india were studied . concentrations of metals showed an aberration both temporally and spatially . seasonal average concentrations of the analyzed metals followed the order zn > ni > cu > pb . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe relationship between the hydrochemical characteristics and phytoplankton chlorophyll in coastal pollution monitoring surveys , establishes a basis for understanding the trophic state of coastal waters in accordance with nutrient enrichment routing to progress in capture fishery . on the other hand , the zooplankton ( including ichthyoplankton ) grazing and its abundance can be understood from . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 1453, "summary": [{"text": "acrolophus davisellus is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "acrolophus davisellus", "paragraphs": ["acrolophus tapuja ; mielke & grehan , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo n . f . 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 152\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ndalaca tapuja pfitzner , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 19 ) : 110 ; tl : southern brazil , leopoldina\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\npfitzner in seitz , 1937 die amerikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer ( 186 pls ) gross - schmett . erde 6 : 1 - 32 ( 1913 ) , : 33 - 192 ( 1915 ) , : 193 - 240 ( 1917 ) , : 249 - 280 ( 1918 ) , : 241 - 248 , 281 - 320 ( 1919 ) , : 321 - 336 ( 1920 ) , : 337 - 376 ( 1921 ) , : 377 - 416 ( 1922 ) , : 417 - 424 ( 1924 ) , : 425 - 528 ( 1925 ) , : 529 - 616 ( 1927 ) , : 617 - 672 ( 1928 ) , : 673 - 768 ( 1929 ) , : 769 - 840 ( 1930 ) , : 841 - 904 ( 1931 ) , : 905 - 1016 ( 1932 ) , : 1017 - 1048 ( 1933 ) , : 1049 - 1088 ( 1934 ) , : 1089 - 1112 ( 1935 ) , : 1137 - 1256 ( 1936 ) , : 1113 - 1136 , 1257 - 1296 ( 1937 ) , : 1297 - 1304 ( 1938 ) , : 1305 - 1328 ( 1939 ) , : 1329 - 1452 ( 1940 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nrobinson , g . s . 1986 . fungus moths : a review of the scardiinae ( lepidoptera : tineidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 52 ( 2 ) : 37 - 181 .\nrecord : sta cruz co . , coll . j . f . lawrence ( bmnh )\nhasbrouck , frank f . 1964 . moths of the family acrolophidae in american north of mexico . proceedings of the united states national museum ( vol 114 , pp . 487 - 706 ) number 3475 .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl = yuma , records in texas as well ) .\nlikely in se arizona ( tl =\nhot springs , az\n. records in texas as well ) .\nbruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1454, "summary": [{"text": "pseudolaguvia tenebricosa is a species of catfish .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is only known from a fast-flowing hill stream called pathe chaung , near taungoo in southern burma .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this is a very small catfish ( 2.9 centimetres ( 1.1 in ) sl ) with almost black upperparts and paler underneath .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is similar to pseudolaguvia tuberculata but differs in having a distinct gap between the dorsal and adipose fins and a narrower head with a shorter snout .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is adapted to the fast-flowing waters of its habitat by the presence of an adhesive apparatus in the form of folded pleats of skin , rather similar to that seen on members of the sisorid genus glyptothorax . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pseudolaguvia tenebricosa", "paragraphs": ["type : [ large ] upl _ 95284 . tif [ 7715204 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 95285 . tif [ 2794440 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 95290 . tif [ 3003640 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 26 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , ventral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 318614 . tif [ 7715204 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 318616 . tif [ 10529852 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , ventral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] upl _ 318612 . tif [ 10290968 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2006 - 07 - 13 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm photo , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . natural hist . , si , all rights reserved .\npseudolaguvia tenebricosa was described from the pathe chaung in the sittang river drainage in southern myanmar ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) . however , the non - type material from the irrawaddy river drainage mentioned in the original description of this species may not be conspecific with the type material from the sittang river drainage . there is currently insufficient material of the former to verify if this is the case .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 93929 . jpg [ 1063419 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 20 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm xray , lateral view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . nat . hist . , smithsonian institution . all rights reserved .\ntype : [ large ] [ zoom ] upl _ 93932 . jpg [ 1517916 ] approved = yes submission by : raredon , sandra j . on 2005 - 04 - 20 photographed by : raredon , sandra j . pseudolaguvia tenebricosa usnm 373293 holotype standard length : 29 . 4 mm x - ray , dorsal view copyright\u00a9div . fishes , nat . mus . nat . hist . , smithsonian institution . all rights reserved .\nbritz , r . and c . j . ferraris jr . , 2003 . a new species of the asian catfish genus pseudolaguvia from myanmar ( teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : erethistidae ) . zootaxa 388 : 1 - 8 . ( ref . 50586 )\njustification : there is insufficient information regarding the distribution of pseudolaguvia tenebricosa , since it has only been collected from two widely separate localities . information about its biology and potential threats facing this species is also lacking . furthermore , whilst the species may be present in basins between the two known localities , the conspecificity of the populations from the irrawaddy and sittaung river drainages requires further study . given the lack of knowledge regarding the distribution , biology and the threats facing this species , as well as the taxonomic uncertainty surrounding the two known populations , it is assessed as data deficient .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 . differs from the only other member of the genus pseudolaguvia tuberculata in having an adipose fin not reaching posterior insertion of dorsal fin , a narrower head ( 23 . 8 - 25 . 1 versus 26 . 7 % sl ) , and a shorter snout ( 12 . 8 - 14 . 3 versus 16 . 7 % sl ) ( ref . 50586 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nrema devi , k . r . , arunachalam , m . , vishwanath , w . , dahanukar , n . , daniel , b . a . & molur , s .\nthis species is known only from two localities in the sittaung and irrawaddy river drainages respectively . the type locality ( pathe chaung ) is a left bank tributary of the sittang river in southern myanmar ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) , while the other locality in which it has been recorded lies in the middle irrawaddy river drainage in northern myanmar .\nthere is no information on the population size and trend of this species , since it is only known from 17 specimens .\nthe type locality ( pathe chaung ) is a small hill stream , with fast running , clear water , a sandy bottom and numerous rocks and boulders . aquatic vegetation was absent . water temperature was 24\u00b0c , with a ph of 8 . 5 and a conductivity of 70 \u03bcs ( britz and ferraris 2003 ) .\nthis species is apparently not utilized either as a food or an aquarium fish .\nthe threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .\nmore research about the distribution and the biology of this species is needed , as there is insufficient information available . potential threats to this species also need to be identified . furthermore , the taxonomic status of the material from the irrawaddy river drainage needs to be further investigated and its conspecificity with the type material from the sittang river drainage needs to be verified .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfrom the latin tenebricosus alluding to the dark , gloomy coloration of this species ( ref . 50586 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 2 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50586 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 1457, "summary": [{"text": "oligophlebia is a genus of moths in the family sesiidae , the clearwing moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are native to the palearctic ecozone .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "as of 2014 there are eight species in the genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "species include : oligophlebia amalleuta meyrick , 1910 oligophlebia cristata le cerf , 1916b oligophlebia episcopopa ( meyrick , 1926 ) oligophlebia micra ( gorbunov , 1988 ) oligophlebia minor xu & arita , 2014 oligophlebia nigralba hampson , 1893 oligophlebia subapicalis hampson , 1919 oligophlebia ulmi ( yang & wang , 1989b )", "topic": 20}], "title": "oligophlebia", "paragraphs": ["protective potential of the methanol extract of macrothelypteris oligophlebia rhizomes for chronic non - bacterial prostatitis in rats .\nprotective potential of the methanol extract of macrothelypteris oligophlebia rhizomes for chronic non - bacterial prostatitis in rats . - pubmed - ncbi\nour results suggest that the rhizomes of m . oligophlebia potentially have a protective role in renal tissue against oxidative stress in acute renal failure .\npresent study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of ethanol extract of m . oligophlebia rhizomes ( emo ) on gentamicin ( gm ) - induced nephrotoxicity .\noligophlebia igniflua ( t . p . lucas , 1893 ) ( sesiidae : tinthiinae ) , female - qld , brisbane , 4 . nov . 1902 , a . j . turner leg . ( anic ) .\nmacrothelypteris oligophlebia ( bak . ) ching ( thelypteridaceae ) is a chinese herbal medicine used traditionally for the treatment of diseases such as edema , boils , burns , and roundworms . however , research about the nephroprotective potential of this plant is not available .\nxu , h . - m . , wu , g . - y . , arita , y . & wang , m . ( 2014 ) : description of oligophlebia minor ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) , a new species of clearwing moth from china . - florida entomologist 97 ( 2 ) , 707 - 709 .\nthe protective potential of the methanol extract of macrothelypteris oligophlebia rhizomes ( mmo ) for chronic non - bacterial prostatitis ( cnp ) in rats was investigated in the present study . carrageenan - induced cnp in rats was established . fifty rats were randomly divided into sham - operated ( sham - ope ) group , model group , positive control group ( cernilton at a dose of 148mg / kg body weight ) and two mmo - treated groups ( mmo at doses of 600mg / kg and 300 mg / kg body weight ) . the anti - prostatitis effect was evaluated by prostate index , the levels of interleukin - 10 ( il - 10 ) , tumor necrosis factor alpha ( tnf - \u03b1 ) , cyclooxygenase - 2 ( cox - 2 ) and prostaglandin e2 ( pge2 ) , and histopathological examination . after 20 days of administration , mmo could significantly decrease prostate index and the levels of il - 10 , tnf - \u03b1 cox - 2 and pge2 in serum and could improve the prostate morphology in comparison with the model group . in summary , these results suggest that mmo possesses protective effects on prostate , which might be beneficial to further development for the treatment of cnp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\np\u00fchringer , f . & kallies , a . ( 2004 ) : provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4 , 1 - 85 ; updated by f . p\u00fchringer .\n, a - 4817 st . konrad , austria ; \u00a9 dr . axel kallies , the walter and eliza hall institute , 1g royal parade , parkville , victoria 3050 , australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b : 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ] ; unavailable ( art . 29 . 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874 : 9 , pl . 82 ) , trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ] : pl . 84 : fig . 3 ) ,\n( esper 1800 : 29 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758 : 493 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900 : 34 ) , sesia ; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f . uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var . lucida ( lederer 1853 ) , nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp . ( never assigned to sesiidae , but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ] : 95 , 152 ( index ) , pl . 61 , fig . c ) ,\nagassiz , j . l . r . ( [ 1847 ] ) : nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis . \u2013 nomenclator zoologicus 2 ( 12 ) ( 1846 ) , 393 pp . ( 319 )\nalpheraky , s . n . ( 1882 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ii\u00e8me partie . heterocera . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17 , 15 - 103 , pls 1 - 3 . ( 18 - 22 , pl . 1 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1933 ) : die lepidopteren pal\u00e4stinas . eine zoogeographisch - \u00f6kologisch - faunistische studie . \u2013 zoogeographica 2 , 1 - 146 . ( 25 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1935 ) : neue pal\u00e4stinensische lepidopteren . \u2013 mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20 , 271 - 319 . ( 277 - 278 )\narita , y . ( 1989 ) : two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 microlepidoptera of thailand 2 , 9 - 14 .\n( moore ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 43 ( 3 ) , 221 - 224 .\ndehne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 2 ) , 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from yakushima island , japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 44 ( 2 ) , 77 - 80 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995a ) : sesiidae of nepal . in haruta , t . ( ed . ) : moths of nepal . \u2013 tinea 14 ( suppl . 2 ) , 194 - 206 , pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson , [ 1893 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 103 - 111 .\ntypes ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) kept in the hope entomological collections , oxford university , uk . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 4 ) , 185 - 205 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995d ) : a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , osminiini ) . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 131 - 141 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 ( 3 ) , 157 - 173 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . , ( 1996b ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . i . the genus\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 ( 2 ) , 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from kyushu , japan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 ( 1 ) , 33 - 38 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . iii . the genus\nle cerf , 1916 in the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 ( 1 ) , 19 - 29 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998b ) : a revision of embrik strand ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 chinese journal of entomology 18 ( 3 ) , 141 - 165 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000a ) : on the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 tinea 16 ( 4 ) , 252 - 291 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000b ) : notes on the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from vietnam , with descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 1 ) , 49 - 74 .\nle cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , osminiini ) of vietnam and adjacent countries . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 3 ) , 205 - 214 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2001 ) : sesiidae of taiwan . i . the tribes tinthiini , similipepsini , paraglosseciini , pennisetiini , paranthrenini and cissuvorini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 ( 2 ) , 131 - 188 .\nhampson ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 ( 4 ) , 241 - 244 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2002b ) : sesiidae of taiwan . ii . the tribes osminiini , melittiini and sesiini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 ( 2 ) , 199 - 241 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003a ) : new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , similipepsini ) from vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 1 ) , 11 - 19 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003b ) : in arita , y . , gorbunov , o . g . & mohamed , m . : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the maliau basin , sabah , borneo . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 2 ) , 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from north vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\narita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2003 ) : a new species of the genus trilochana moore , 1879 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from sulawesi . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 4 ) , 229 - 232 . arita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2005 ) : see kallies , a . & arita , y . ( 2005 ) .\narita , y . & kimura , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . , kallies , a . , hsu , y . - f . , liang , j . - y . , lai , b . - c . , yang , m . - m . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : polymorphism of nokona pilamicola ( strand , [ 1916 ] ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in taiwan .\narita , y . , kimura , m . & owada , m . ( 2009 ) : two new species of the clearwing moth ( sesiidae ) from okinawa - jima , the ryukyus . \u2013\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 ( 3 ) , 189 - 192 .\narita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in the ryukyus , japan . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 4 ) , 184 - 198 . arita , y . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\nkallies & arita , 1998 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) from south - east asia , with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988 . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 3 ) , 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 57 ( 1 ) , 61 - 66 .\narita , y . & tosevski , i . ( 1992 ) : in tosevski , i . & arita , y . : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the ryukyus . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 3 ) , 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 tinea 12 ( suppl . ) , 158 - 167 .\narita , y . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994a ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : a new\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing , china . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 61 - 64 .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994b ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa , tibet ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 193 - 199 .\nassmann , a . ( 1845 ) : schw\u00e4rmer oder d\u00e4mmerungsschmetterlinge ( sphinges ) . \u2013 abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2 , 48 pp , 26 pls . ( 17 - 26 , 45 - 47 , pls 5 - 7 , 24 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1879 ) : lepidoptera damarensia . f\u00f6rteckning pa fj\u00e4rilar insamlade i damaralandet af g . de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning \u00f6fver f\u00f6rut ok\u00e4nda arter . \u2013 \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 36 ( 7 ) , 39 - 69 . ( 47 - 48 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1905 ) : lieutnant a . schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 2 ( 12 ) , 1 - 47 , 5 pls . ( 43 - 46 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1909 ) : lepidoptera , rhopalocera und heterocera ( pars i ) von madagaskar , den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas . in voeltzkow , a . : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 , [ 309 ] - 348 , 19 pls . ( 342 , pl . 19 )\nbakowski , m . , bartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiini ) . \u2013 annales zoologici 58 ( 4 ) , 785 - 797 .\nbarnes , w . & benjamin , f . h . ( 1925 ) : change of a preoccupied name ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 ( 1 ) , 14 .\nbarnes , w . & lindsey , a . w . ( 1922 ) : descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae ( lep . ) . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 18 ( 4 ) , 122 - 123 .\nbarnes , w . & mcdunnough , j . h . ( 1918 ) : notes and new species . \u2013 contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 ( 2 ) , 61 - 208 . ( 178 )\nbartel , m . ( 1902 ) : die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . zweiter band : nachtfalter . i . abteilung , 239 - 384 . \u2013 leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift ( guben ) 19 , 190 - 191 .\nbartel , m . ( 1912 ) : 24 . familie : aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 2 , 375 - 416 , pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2003 ) : beitrag zur glasfl\u00fcglerfauna von nepal ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 145 , 149 - 151 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2004 ) : die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte \u00fcbersicht ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 2 ) , 80 - 86 .\nbettag , 1997 aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 5 ) , 211 - 215 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson , 1919 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 5 ) , 221 - 224 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 6 ) , 265 - 280 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2009 ) : melittosesia , a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval , 1828 in madagascar ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 119 ( 1 ) , 9 - 16 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson , 1896 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2618 , 36 - 46 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2012 ) : revision of types of several species of bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) , 125 - 133 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2013 ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of new species .\nbartsch , d . ( 2015 ) : new taxa of southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016a ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016b ) : melittia fiebigi spec . nov . and afromelittia caerulea spec . nov . , two new melittiini from southern africa ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 , 109 - 115 .\nbartsch , d . & berg , j . ( 2012 ) : new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand , 1914 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : synanthedonini ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3181 , 28 - 46 .\nspec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 29 - 40 .\nbartsch , d . , bettag , e . , bl\u00e4sius , r . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2006 ) : zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme ( ochsenheimer , 1808 ) , pyropteron biedermanni le cerf , 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme ( lucas , 1849 ) stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 1 ) , 3 - 10 .\nbartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler , 1910 in marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 2 ) , 85 - 93 .\nbartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : chamaesphecia cilicia sp . nov . aus dem taurus gebirge , t\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 2 ) , 89 - 91 .\nbartsch , d . & p\u00fchringer , f . ( 2005 ) : die glasfl\u00fcgler kretas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 3 ) , 131 - 139 .\nsp . nov . aus der s\u00fcdt\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 3 ) , 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasfl\u00fcgler arten aus afghanistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 6 ) , 243 - 248 .\nbecker , v . o . ( 1984 ) : 29 . gelechiidae . \u2013 in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 1 . micropterigoidea - immoidea 1 , 1 - 112 . ( 44 - 53 )\nbehrens , j . ( 1889 ) : in french , g . h . : some texas , arizona and california moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 21 ( 9 ) , 161 - 163 . ( 163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie , j . b . e . ( 1860 ) : observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) 8 ( 3 ) , 667 - 713 , pl . 12 . ( 681 - 684 )\nbertaccini , e . & fiumi , g . ( 2002 ) : bombici e sfingi d ' italia ( lepidoptera sesioidea ) 4 , 181 pp , 8 pls . ( 32 - 181 , pls 1 - 8 )\nsp . n . , ein neuer glasfl\u00fcgler aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 23 - 27 .\nbettag , e & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1998 ) : eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 26 ( 2 ) , 71 - 75 .\nbettag , e . & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1999 ) : \u00fcber den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var . tunetana ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 27 ( 3 ) , 93 - 101 .\n- art aus s\u00fcdspanien . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de synanthedon du sud de l ' espagne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 revue de l ' association roussillonnaise d ' entomologie 11 ( 1 ) , 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher , b . c . r . ( 1983 ) : redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 ciencia forestal 8 ( 43 ) , 24 - 32 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1893 ) : notes on some north american moths , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 , 19 - 26 . ( 22 - 26 )\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894a ) : studies of some species of north american aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 87 - 98 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894b ) : on north american moths , with the description of a new species of triprocris . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 365 - 368 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1896 ) : critical review of the sesiidae found in america , north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8 , 111 - 148 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1897 ) : notes on north american sesiidae , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9 , 213 - 216 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1898 ) : three new species of sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 6 ( 4 ) , 240 - 241 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899a ) : new african sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 , 170 - 172 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899b ) : descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 4 ) , 254 - 256 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900a ) : synopsis of the species of melittia of america , north of mexico , with description of a new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 149 - 151 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900b ) : on some species of north american lepidoptera . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 157 - 160 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900d ) : two new sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 8 , 254 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1901 ) : monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . \u2013 memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) , 217 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\n. \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 10 ( 2 ) , 126 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1909 ) : descriptions of three new sesiidae . \u2013 entomological news 20 , 82 - 84 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1916 ) : description of a new sesiid . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 48 ( 11 ) , 372 .\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1828 ) : europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1 , 103 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 29 - 31 )\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1829 - 1844 ) : dixi\u00e8me ordre : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . in gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9n\u00e9ville , f . e . : iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apres nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , vol . 2 and 3 , 576 pp , 104 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . 84 , [ 1832 ] ;\n) boisduval , j . a . ( 1836 ) : histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 1 , xii + 690 pp , 24 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . xiv ) boisduval , j . a . ( 1840 ) : genera et index methodicus europaeorum lepidopterorum ( pars i sistens papiliones , sphinges , bombyces , noctuas ) , 238 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 41 - 44 ) boisduval , j . b . a . ( 1869 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de la californie . \u2013 annales de la societe entomologique de belgique 12 ( 1868 - 1869 ) , 1 - 94 . ( 63 - 64 ) boisduval , j . a . ( [ 1875 ] ) : sphingides , s\u00e9siides , castnides . \u2013 histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9neral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res h\u00e9teroc\u00e8res ( boisduval & guen\u00e9e ) 1 ( 4 ) , iv + 568 pp , 11 pls . ( 20 , 381 - 479 , pl . 9 ) . borkhausen , m . b . ( 1789 ) : der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge zweiter theil . abendschmetterlinge , sphinxe , schw\u00e4rmer . \u2013 naturgeschichte der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge nach systematischer ordnung 2 , 4 + 96 + 239 pp , 1 pl . ( 126 - 132 , 168 - 175 ) bradley , j . d . ( 1956 ) : a new clearwing moth from west africa predaceous on scale - insects ( lep . : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 the entomologist 89 , 203 - 205 . bradley , j . d . ( 1957 ) : a new species of conopia from malaya ( lep . : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 the entomologist 90 , 67 - 69 . bradley , j . d . ( 1968 ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) associated with sweet potato ( ipomoea batatas ) in east africa . \u2013 bulletin of entomological research 58 , 47 - 53 . bremer , o . ( 1861 ) : neue lepidopteren aus ost - sibirien und dem amur - lande , gesammelt von radde und maack , beschrieben von otto bremer . \u2013 bulletin de l ' academie imperiale des sciences de saint petersbourg 3 ( 7 ) , 461 - 496 ( 475 - 476 ) . bremer\n( 1870 [ 1867 ] ) : lepidoptera eversmanniana . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4 , 6 .\nbrethes , j . ( 1920 ) : insectos \u00fatiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata . \u2013 anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54 , 281 - 290 , 307 - 308 . ( 284 )\n( sesiidae ) , from florida . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 39 ( 4 ) , 262 - 265 .\nedwards ( lepidoptera aegeriidae ) . \u2013 notas del museo de la plata 6 ( 48 ) , 157 - 163 , pls i - ii .\nbryk , f . ( 1947 ) : neue ostasiatische aegeriiden ( lep . ) . \u2013 opuscula entomologica 12 , 96 - 109 .\nbryk , f . ( 1953 ) : lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 5 ( 1 - 3 ) , 1 - 268 . ( 262 - 266 )\nburmeister , h . ( 1878 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 description physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine , d ' apres des observations personelles et \u00e9trang\u00e8res 5 ( 1 ) , vi + 526 pp , 24 pls . ( 359 - 362 )\nbusck , a . ( 1909 ) : notes on the family aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) , with a synoptic table of the north american genera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 3 ) , 115 - 118 .\nbusck , a . ( 1910 ) : list of trinidad microlepidoptera , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 bulletin of the department of agriculture 9 , 241 - 245 . ( 242 - 243 )\nbusck , a . ( 1913a ) : new microlepidoptera from british guiana . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1 , 88 - 92 .\nbusck , a . ( 1913b ) : two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 ( 3 ) , 102 - 104 .\nbusck , a . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 ( 4 ) , 143 - 150 , pls vii - viii . ( 143 - 144 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915a ) : descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 ( 2 ) , 79 - 94 . ( 80 - 81 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915b ) : new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2043 ) ( 1914 ) , 1 - 67 . ( 61 )\nbusck , a . ( 1920 ) : descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 ( 4 - 6 ) , 83 - 95 . ( 83 )\nbusck , a . ( 1929 ) : a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 ( 7 ) , 134 - 137 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1874 ) : notes on the aegeriidae , with descriptions of new genera and species . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fourth series ) 14 , 407 - 411 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1876 ) : descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut . howland roberts . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 308 - 310 . ( 309 , pl . xxii )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1878 ) : illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2 , 62 pp , pls 21 - 40 - london . ( 59 - 61 , pl . 40 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1881 ) : descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fifth series ) 10 , 36 - 43 , 149 - 160 , 226 - 238 . ( 237 - 238 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1883 ) : heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . part iv . \u2013 pyrales and micros . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\n, n . g . in pryer , h . j . s . : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura , british north borneo . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1896 ) : on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr . richard crawshay in nyasa - land , between the months of january and april 1895 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 108 - 136 . ( 134 , pl . vi )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1902 ) : on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston , k . c . b . , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 . ( 50 , pl . 1 )\nbytinski - salz , h . ( [ 1937 ] ) : secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna . \u2013 memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 ( 2 ) ( 1936 ) , 194 - 212 . ( 198 )\ncl . \u2013 deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 ( 1889 ) , 268 - 269 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973a ) : 236 . aegeriidae . ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 reichenbachia ( zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologische taxonomie ) 14 ( 15 ) , 109 - 124 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973b ) : zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in der r . p\u00fcngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63 , 134 - 171 .\nclarke , j . f . g . ( 1962 ) : neotropical microlepidoptera . ii . a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 113 , 383 - 388 .\nclemens , b . ( 1860 ) : contributions to american lepidopterology . \u2013 no . 3 . \u2013 proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 , 4 - 15 . ( 14 - 15 )\nclerck , c . a . ( 1759 - [ 1764 ] ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . syst . nat . allegatis 1 , 21 pp , 55 pls . \u2013 stockholm . { 1759 : pls 1 - 16 ; 1764 : pls 17 - 55 } ( pl . 9 , 1759 )\ncloss , a . ( 1916 ) : einige neue sphingidenformen ( lep . ) . \u2013 entomologische mitteilungen 5 ( 5 / 8 ) , 199 - 200 . ( 200 )\ncloss , a . g . ( 1920 ) : [ contribution ] . in : berliner entomologen - bund : sitzung am 20 . m\u00e4rz 1919 . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14 , 13 .\n, spec . nov . ( lep . het . , sphingidae ) . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 ( 14 ) , 118 .\ncockayne , e . a . ( 1955 ) : aberrations of british lepidoptera . \u2013 entomologist ' s gazette 6 , 3 - 6 , pl . 1 . ( 3 )\ncockerell , t . d . a . ( 1908 ) : new sesiid moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 40 ( 9 ) , 329 - 331 .\ncosta , o . g . ( 1832 - 1836 ) : fauna del regno di napoli . . . a . lepidotteri 1 , 20 - 21 .\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 1 , 155 pp , 96 pls . \u2013 amsterdam . { 1775 : issues 1 - 7 , 1776 : issue 8 } ( 83 , pl . 52 , 1775 )\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 2 , 151 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 amsterdam . ( 73 , 80 , 151 ( index ) , pls 142 , 146 , 1777 )\ncyrillus , d . ( 1787 ) : entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum , 8 p . , 12 pls . \u2013 neapoli . ( pl . 4 )\ndalla torre , k . w . & strand , e . ( 1925 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 lepidopterorum catalogus 31 , 202 pp .\ndalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) : f\u00f6rs\u00f6k till systematisk uppst\u00e4llning af sveriges fj\u00e4rilar . \u2013 kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37 , 48 - 101 , 129 , 199 - 225 .\ndampf , a . ( 1930 ) : dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia . \u2013 mexico forestal 8 ( 8 ) , 179 - 181 .\nde freina , j . j . : see freina , j . j . de\n[ denis , m . & schifferm\u00fcller , i . ] ( 1775 ) : ank\u00fcndung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ] , 323 pp . \u2013 wien . ( 30 , 44 , 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( 1954 ) : microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archibold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv . \u2013 verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeeling natuurkunde . reeks 2 50 ( 1 ) ( 1952 - 1955 ) , 1 - 191 . ( 180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( [ 1968 ] ) : microlepidoptera of the philippine islands . \u2013 united states national museum bulletin 257 ( 1967 ) , 1 - 484 . ( 218 - 235 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1795 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states , the periods of their transformations , their food , oeconomy & c . , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4 , 96 + 6 pp , pls 109 - 144 . ( 21 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1797 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states . . . 6 , 86 + 6 pp , pls 181 - 216 . ( 35 , pl . 195 )\ndruce , h . ( 1881 - 1900 ) : lepidoptera - heterocera . \u2013 in godman , f . d . & salvin , o . ( eds . ) : biologia 39 / 1 , 490 pp ; 40 / 2 , 622 pp ; 41 / 3 , pls 1 - 101 . \u2013 london . { vol . 39 / 1 : 1 - 24 ( 1881 ) , 25 - 32 ( 1883 ) , 33 - 112 ( 1884 ) ; vol . 2 : 273 - 336 ( 1896 ) , 337 - 440 ( 1897 ) , 441 - 536 ( 1898 ) , 537 - 592 ( 1899 ) , 593 - 622 ( 1900 ) } ( 39 / 1 : 28 - 34 , 1883 - 1884 ; 40 / 2 : 321 - 326 , 1896 ; 41 / 3 : pls 5 , 68 - 69 )\ndruce , h . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae . \u2013 the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 19 , 15 - 18 . ( 15 )\ndruce , h . ( 1889 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 4 , 77 - 94 . ( 78 - 82 )\ndruce , h . ( 1892 ) : description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 9 , 275 - 279 . ( 275 - 276 )\ndruce , h . ( 1893 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 280 - 311 , [ pls xix - xxi ] . ( 280 )\ndruce , h . ( 1898 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 1 , 207 - 215 . ( 207 )\ndruce , h . ( 1899 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 4 , 200 - 205 . ( 201 - 205 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910a ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 5 , 393 - 402 . ( 401 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910b ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 6 , 168 - 183 ( 180 - 181 ) .\ndruce , h . ( 1911 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america , and two new species of geometridae from west africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 7 , 287 - 294 . ( 292 )\ndrury , d . ( 1773 ) : illustrations of natural history , wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects , according to their different genera . . . 2 , 9 + 90 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 49 )\ndrury , d . ( 1782 ) : illustrations of natural history . . . exotic insects . . . 3 , 15 + 76 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 3 , pl . 2 ) .\nduckworth , w . d . ( 1969 ) : a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects ( lepidoptera : yponomeutoidea ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 ( 4 ) , 487 - 490 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973a ) : the type - material of north american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 148 , 1 - 34 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973b ) : new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 ( 2 ) , 150 - 159 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1974 ) : clearwing moths of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 180 , 1 - 45 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1976 ) : a new species of clearwing moth ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 ( 3 ) , 304 - 308 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977a ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( sesiidae ) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 31 ( 3 ) , 191 - 196 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977b ) : a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the pan - pacific entomologist 53 ( 3 ) , 175 - 178 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977c ) : a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera , sesioidea ) . \u2013 occasional papers in entomology 26 , 1 - 54 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1978 ) : the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 261 , 1 - 28 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1983 ) : revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 361 , 1 - 15 .\ndumont , c . ( 1922 ) : diagnoses de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux du nord de l ' afrique . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 15 ) , 215 - 220 . ( 215 - 217 )\nduponchel , p . a . j . ( 1835 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 supplement a l ' histoire naturelle 2 , 197 pp , 12 pls . ( 108 , 112 - 116 , 129 , 167 , pl . 9 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of two new tineina ( lep . ) from the lagos district . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1915 ) : microlepidoptera ( pterophorina and tineina ) collected by the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea . \u2013 lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea 2 ( 15 ) , 149 - 168 . ( 166 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1919 ) : three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ] . \u2013 novitates zoologicae 26 ( 1 ) , 120 - 122 .\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1924 ) : in : examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of london ( 1923 - 1924 ) , lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar , h . g . ( [ 1903 ] ) : a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) , 1 - 723 . ( 364 - 371 )\ndyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) : additions to the list of north american lepidoptera , no . 2 . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 ( 2 ) , 103 - 119 . ( 106 )\neda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) : a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder , 1874 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from guangdong , china . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 3 ) , 128 - 130 . eda , k . & arita , y . ( 2015 ) : see eda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) .\nedwards , h . ( 1880 ) : descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 8 ) , 71 - 72 .\nedwards , h . ( 1881 ) : new genera and species of the family aegeridae . \u2013 papilio 1 ( 10 ) , 179 - 208 , pl . 4 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882a ) : notes on n . american aegeridae , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 4 ) , 52 - 57 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882b ) : further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 6 ) , 96 - 99 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882c ) : descriptions of new species of n . am . heterocera . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 8 ) , 123 - 130 . ( 123 - 124 )\nedwards , h . ( 1883 ) : new species of aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) , 155 - 157 .\nedwards , h . ( 1885 ) : new species of californian moths . \u2013 entomologica americana 1 ( 3 ) , 49 - 50 . ( 49 )\nedwards , h . ( 1887 ) : descriptions of new species of north american heterocera , with notes . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 19 ( 8 ) , 145 - 147 .\nedwards , h . ( 1888 ) : catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera , described since grote ' s\nnew check list\n( 1872 ) , with those omitted from that publication . \u2013 entomologica americana 3 ( 12 ) , 221 - 232 . ( 223 - 224 )\nedwards , h . ( 1891 ) : [ contribution ] . in lugger , o . : two new lepidopterous borers . \u2013 psyche 6 , 108 - 109 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1986 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 4 , 315 - 378 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1987 ) : three new western hemisphere clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomography 5 , 531 - 540 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1989 ) : western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 6 , 159 - 212 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1992 ) : clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) , 135 - 150 .\neichlin , t . d . ( [ 1993 ] ) : a new texas clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) , 265 - 268 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995a ) : a new panamanian clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 1 ) , 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) , 114 - 118 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995c ) : 65 . sesiidae . in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 2 . hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3 , 17 - 18 , 109 - 113 . eichlin , t . d . ( 1998 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 holarctic lepidoptera 5 ( 1 ) , 23 - 33 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2002 ) : in eichlin , t . d . & kinnee , s . a . : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universit\u00e4t des saarlandes , saarbr\u00fccken , germany ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 zootaxa 108 , 1 - 15 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003a ) : carmenta munroei , a new clearwing moth from costa rica ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 42 - 43 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003b ) : carmenta guayaba , a new clearwing moth from peru ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 44 - 45 .\neichlin , t . d . , delgado , o . s . , strathie , l . w . , zachariades , c . & clavijo , j . ( 2009 ) : carmenta chromolaenae eichlin , a new species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata ( l . ) king & robinson ( asteraceae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2288 , 42 - 50 .\neichlin , t . d . & duckworth , w . d . ( 1988 ) : the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 5 . 1 . sesioidea , sesiidae , 176 pp . \u2013 washington .\n. \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 37 ( 3 ) ( 1983 ) , 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 3 ) , 231 - 235 .\nemich von em\u00f6ke , g . ( 1872 ) : descriptions de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de transcaucasie . \u2013 revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , series 2 , 23 ( 2 ) ( 1871 - 1872 ) , 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925a ) : studies in north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . i . descriptions and corrections of species from long island , new york . ii . descriptions of two new western species . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 2 ) , 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925b ) : studies of north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 4 ) , 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1946 ) : the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 190 , iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : cheshuyekriliya ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 travels in turkestan ( fedtchenko ) 2 ( 5 ) , 128 pp . ( 26 - 27 , pl . 5 ) [ in russian ]\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : lepidopteren von turkestan . \u2013 stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 ( 10 - 12 ) , 386 - 417 . ( 393 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1778 - 1786 ) : die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 , 234 pp , pls 1 - 36 . \u2013 erlangen . { title page : 1779 ; 1778 : pls 1 - 6 ; 1779 : 1 - 80 , pls 7 - 18 ; 1780 : 81 - 196 , pls 19 - 25 ; 1782 : 197 - 212 , pls 26 - 31 ; 1783 : 213 - 228 , pls 32 - 35 ; 1786 : 229 - 234 , pl . 36 } ( 122 , 131 - 135 , 205 - 217 , 230 - 232 , 234 , pls 14 - 15 , 23 , 29 - 32 , 36 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1789 - [ 1804 ] ) : fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge . \u2013 die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 ( suppl . ) , 52 pp , pls 37 - 47 . \u2013 erlangen . { [ 1789 ] : 5 - 12 , pls [ 38 - 40 ] ; 1800 : 21 - 40 , pls 42 - 46 ; [ 1803 - 1804 ] : 41 - 52 , pl . 47 } ( 5 , 9 , 25 , 29 - 30 , 44 - 47 , pls 37 - 38 , 42 , 44 , 47 )\neversmann , e . ( 1844 ) : fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit , 633 pp . \u2013 casan . ( 100 - 105 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1775 ) : systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus , 30 + 832 pp . \u2013 flensburg u . leipzig . ( 547 - 549 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1787 ) : mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis , observationibus , descriptionibus , emendationibus 2 , 382 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 98 - 101 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1793 ) : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus 3 ( 1 ) , 4 + 487 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 379 - 385 , 404 )\n[ fabricius , j . c . ] ( 1807 ) : in illiger , j . c . : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linn\u00e9ischen gattungen\n. \u2013 magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde ( illiger ) 6 , 277 - 295 . ( 288 , 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1883 ) : caccia di lepidotteri rari . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 2 ( 11 ) , 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1890 ) : contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia . descrizione di alcune nuove specie . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 10 ( 2 - 3 ) , 25 - 31 , pl i .\nfawcett , j . m . ( 1916 ) : notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911 - 13 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 2 ) , 707 - 737 . ( 736 - 737 , pl . i )\nfelder , c . ( 1861 ) : lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre . c . felder , ii heterocera . \u2013 sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , abt . 1 , 43 ( i ) , 25 - 44 .\nfelder , r . ( 1874 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 4 ) , 10 pp , pls 75 - 107 . ( 2 - 9 , pls 75 , 82 )\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . ( 1875 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 5 ) , 20 pp , pls 108 - 140 . ( 9 )\nfilipjev , n . ( 1931 ) : lepidoptera . \u2013 trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 ( abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928 ) 8 , 143 - 174 . ( 161 - 163 )\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 5 ) , 141 - 143 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 139 - 141 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus sumatra ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 2 ) , 91 - 93 .\nsp . n . , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 27 ( 1 / 2 ) , 53 - 54 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006b ) : a new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 1 / 2 ) , 219 - 224 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006c ) : corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37 . band , heft 1 / 2 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 3 / 4 ) , 328 .\n, h . ( 2007 ) : eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art , rubukona svetlanae gen . et spec . nov . , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 atalanta 38 ( 3 / 4 ) , 361 - 364 .\nfischer , h . ( 2011 ) : adixoa pyromacula sp . n . , eine neue sesiide aus thailand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 207 - 209 . fitzsimons , v . , codd , l . e . , janse , a . j . t . , munro , h . k . , pringle , j . a . & vari , l . ( 1958 ) : a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i \u2013 zoology 1 ( 1 ) , 147 pp .\nfixsen , c . ( 1887 ) : lepidoptera aus korea . \u2013 in romanoff , n . m . ( ed . ) : m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 3 , 233 - 356 , pl . 15 . ( 323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum , kein neutrum ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 17 ( 2 ) , 190 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1929 ) : a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera . \u2013 memoirs of the department of agriculture in india , entomological series 11 , 1 - 244 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1940 ) : new generic names for microlepidoptera . \u2013 the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 52 ( 1 ) , 17 - 19 . ( 18 )\nfletcher , d . s . ( 1982 ) : in fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . : the generic names of moths of the world . volume 4 . bombycoidea , castnioidea , cossoidea , mimallonoidea . sesioidea , sphingoidea , zygaenoidea . \u2013 british museum ( natural history ) publication no . 848 , 192 pp . \u2013 london .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 1983 ) : 4 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens . neue kenntnisse \u00fcber artenspektrum , systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 ( 1982 ) , 57 - 127 . ( 72 - 76 )\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2007 ) : eine neue art der gattung melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus dem dhofar , s\u00fcdoman ( sesiidae : sesiinae : melittiini ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 30 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2008 ) : beschreibung von cabomina gen . n . , cabomina monicae sp . n . und cabomina dracomontana sp . n . aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 29 ( 3 ) , 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a ) : vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem s\u00fcdlichen afrika ( lepidoptera , sesiidae : osminiini , sesiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 211 - 218 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011b ) : noctusphecia puchneri gen . et sp . n . , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasfl\u00fcglerart aus tansania ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 48 - 50 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011c ) : neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson , 1919 aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 51 - 56 .\n( 2013 ) : synanthedon angolana sp . n . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus angola ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae , synanthedonini ) . - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 34 ( 3 ) , 125 - 126 .\nfreina , j . j . de & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2000 ) : beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und pal\u00e4stinas ( insecta , lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90 , 75 - 84 .\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1836 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2 , 162 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 140 - 142 , pl . 182 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1842 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4 , 167 pp , pls 289 - 384 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 129 - 131 , pl . 362 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1843 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5 , 166 pp , pls 385 - 480 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 35 - 36 , pl . 404 )\nfriedlander , t . p . ( 1986 ) : a new squash borer from mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 4 ) ( 1985 ) , 277 - 288 .\nnov . spec . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 ( 5 ) , 33 .\ngaede , m . ( 1929 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 14 , 515 - 538 , pl . 77 .\ngaede , m . ( 1933 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , suppl . 2 , 229 - 240 , pl . 16 .\ngarrevoet , t . , bartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2013 ) : on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov , 1992 and some related species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . - nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) , 95 - 108 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2011 ) : bembecia lingenhoelei , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 39 ( 2 ) , 73 - 79 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2016 ) : on the status of bembecia zebo \u0161patenka & gorbunov , 1992 ; bembecia pamira \u0161patenka , 1992 ; bembecia kreuzbergi \u0161patenka & bartsch , 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov , 1994 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\ngarrevoet , t . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : bembecia bartschi , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 157 - 161 .\ngarrevoet , t . , garrevoet , w . & \u00f6zbek , h . ( 2007 ) : data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in turkey . \u2013 linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 2 ) , 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy , e . l . ( 1785 ) : [ contribution ] . in fourcroy , a . f . : entomologia parisiensis ; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur . . . cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2 , 544 pp . ( 252 )\ngermadius , p . ( 1874 ) : a new aegerian maple borer . \u2013 the american naturalist 8 , 57 - 58 .\nghiliani , v . ( 1852 ) : materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi . \u2013 memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino ( serie 2 ) 14 , 20 , 85 , 131 - 247 . ( 216 )\ngiacomelli , e . ( 1911 ) : lepid\u00f3pteros riojanos nuevos \u00f3 poco conocidos . \u2013 anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72 , 19 - 40 . ( 29 - 30 )"]}
{"id": 1458, "summary": [{"text": "the andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) is one of the rarest flamingos in the world .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it lives in the andes mountains of south america .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "until 2014 it was classified in genus phoenicopterus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is closely related to james 's flamingo , and the two make up the genus phoenicoparrus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the chilean flamingo , andean flamingo and james 's flamingo are all sympatric , and all live in colonies ( including shared nesting areas ) . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "andean flamingo", "paragraphs": ["and andean flamingo ) , andean flamingos live in the most diverse set of habitats .\nthere are six species of flamingo , according to the integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) : greater flamingo , lesser flamingo , chilean flamingo , andean flamingo , james ' ( or puna ) flamingo and american ( or caribbean ) flamingo .\nthis entry was posted in archive , south america , waterbirds and tagged andean flamingo , chilean flamingo , puna flamingo . bookmark the permalink .\nestimated population of the andean flamingo is 33 , 927 birds with a decreasing trend .\narchived 2014 discussion : andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) , puna flamingo ( p . jamesi ) and chilean flamingo ( phoenicopterus chilensis ) : downlist all to least concern ?\ndescription : the andean flamingo is the third south american flamingo with the james ' s flamingo and the chilean flamingo . the species is listed as vulnerable due to human disturbances , egg - collecting and habitat loss . this flamingo is closely related to the james ' s flamingo . both are very rare .\nclose - up of an andean flamingo feeding in the shallow waters of salar de atacama in chile .\ndespite the long history of impacts and steady population decline , the andean flamingo has been declared endangered as recent as september 2010 . the andean flamingo is now protected under the endangered species act of 1973 .\n6 responses to archived 2014 discussion : andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) , puna flamingo ( p . jamesi ) and chilean flamingo ( phoenicopterus chilensis ) : downlist all to least concern ?\nalkaline wetlands constitute the andean flamingo\u2019s prime foraging habitat . ( photo : marcio cabral de mora \u2013 flickr )\nthis response was prepared by members of the gcfa , an international initiative coordinating flamingo and wetland research and conservation activities throughout the andean and puna flamingo distribution range .\nthe andean flamingo ( phoenicopterus andinus ) is one of the three flamingos occurring in the high andes of south america . it is the largest and easiest to identify in all age stages . it is also the rarest of the flamingos of living in the high andean . in fact , the andean flamingo is regarded as the world\u2019s rarest flamingo .\narchived 2014 discussion : andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) , puna flamingo ( p . jamesi ) and chilean flamingo ( phoenicopterus chilensis ) : downlist all to least concern ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums\nyoung andean flamingos are grey in colour before they develop the pink adult plumage .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus )\ntitle =\narkive species - andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrange : the andean flamingo is found in restricted range in the high andes , from s peru , through bolivia to n chile and nw argentina .\n( andean flamingo ) is found in the chilean andes of south america , which includes southern peru , north - central chile , western bolivia , and northwestern argentina .\nthe initial decline in the andean flamingo\u2019s population appears to have started as early as the mid 20th century . egg harvesting to sell as food was intensive then , with thousands taken annually from the breeding colonies in chile . these breeding colonies included other species of flamingos , but it was only the andean flamingo that appeared to have been the most affected , if indeed the egg extraction was one of the causes that led to the andean flamingo\u2019s population decline . egg collection for local consumption still continues at lower scale .\nthe lesser flamingo is the most numerous of all flamingo species , with an estimated population of 1 . 5 to 2 . 5 million individuals .\ndo you know of or are you a part of an organisation that work to conserve the andean flamingo , then please contact us to have it featured on our endangered world .\nandean flamingos are found in southern peru , north - central chile , western bolivia , and northwestern argentina .\nthe second most numerous flamingo species is the greater flamingo . exact numbers of these birds are difficult to assess because of their extensive range and migration patterns .\nin the 2014 breeding season in argentina , a nesting colony of 180 puna flamingo nests in laguna grande , catamarca , was abandoned because of human disturbance caused by unregulated tourism activities , and a colony of 600 andean flamingo nests in laguna blanca , catamarca , was abandoned because of human disturbance caused by people taking flamingo eggs for local consumption .\nwhile the andean flamingo is most commonly found in the andean wetlands , high in the mountainous regions near chile , argentina , peru . while they may be localized to these areas , the andean flamingos are highly migratory , and can travel up to seven hundred miles in a single day . while it is migratory , it can usually be found in an area containing high quantities of plankton and invertebrate life .\nthe size of volcano flamingo flocks can reach thousands of birds . total population estimates are 34 , 000 for the andean flamingo , 100 , 000 for the james\u2019s flamingo , and 200 , 000 for the chilean flamingo . in a world where remnant populations of charismatic species often teeter at hundreds to a few thousand in the wild , these estimates may at first seem encouraging . however , the international union for conservation of nature classifies volcano flamingos as \u201cnear threatened\u201d ( andean and chilean ) and \u201cvulnerable\u201d ( james\u2019s ) on its red list .\nthe james ' flamingo has the most restricted range of all flamingo species . they are found in southern peru , northeastern chile , western bolivia , and northwestern argentina .\nfor the first time , biologists from four south american countries have done a simultaneous census of the high - altitude lakes where two little - known flamingo species live year - round . their reports confirm fears of a precipitous decline in one species , the andean flamingo , over the last 25 years .\nthe high andean flamingos undertake continuous migrations between the south american wetlands of argentina , bolivia , chile and peru to forage and to search for breeding sites . the populations of these flamingos have been subject to a drastic reduction and fragmentation of their habitats . according to the iucn , the global conservation status of the andean flamingo ( phoenicopterus andinus ) is \u201cvulnerable\u201d and that of james\u2019s flamingo ( phoenicopterus jamesi ) is \u201cnearly threatened\u201d .\nwe would like to comment on the proposal by birdlife international to downlist the three flamingo species of southern south america , the andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) , puna flamingo ( p . jamesi ) and chilean flamingo ( phoenicopterus chilensis ) , to the category of least concern according to iucn criteria . we appreciate that this assessment is based on the recognition that data now available are rigorous , accurate , and reliable , and we also appreciate the opportunity to comment on this proposal .\nthe flamingo ' s characteristic pink colouring is caused by the beta carotene in their diet .\non bonaire , flamingoes are legally protected . never harass , frighten or harm a flamingo .\nthree flamingo species live in the wetlands of southern south america : the chilean flamingo ( phoenicopterus chilensis ) is the most widespread throughout the southern cone , while the andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) and puna flamingo ( p . jamesi ) are found primarily in the wetlands of the high plateau or altiplano in the andes mountains of argentina , bolivia , chile , and peru . however , they can also be found in lowland wetlands that are critical for their survival , especially during winter months .\nanother interesting component in the eating habits of all flamingos is they tend to follow the scavenging methods of whatever flock they are currently flying with . for example , the chilean flamingo tends to hunt in deeper waters than the andean , but if an andean flamingo comes upon a flock of the chileans , they will adopt the exact eating methods of their chilean counterparts , working as a team , and almost inherently knowing how to dive deeper than the species would normally .\nwe believe that the information available and our knowledge of the conservation status of the puna and andean flamingo populations and wetland habitats does not warrant the downlisting of these species to least concern according to iucn criteria . the status of the andean flamingo is of sufficient concern that the usfws has included it as one of the few foreign species listed under the us endangered species act as of september 2010 . furthermore , we believe the status of the puna flamingo should be reevaluated given the population treneds and demographic concerns and threats mentioned above to determine if listing as vulnerable is warranted .\nandean flamingos have been exploited by humans rarely in the past , probably because they tend to live and breed in remote , bleak areas .\ndiet : the andean flamingo feeds mainly on diatoms ( bacillariophyceae ) , algae of genus surinella , and aquatic invertebrates . it feeds by wading with head lowered into the water , in order to filter the water with its highly specialized bill .\ncaptive flamingo populations and opportunities for research in zoos . c . e . king . 142 - 149\nandean flamingos breed in december and january , variation may be related to rainfall patterns . andean flamingos begin breeding once they have become fully colored adults , usually at three to six years old . flamingos breed colonially , with up to thousands of individuals , sometimes in mixed - species groups with\nandean flamingos are found in the lakes and lagoons of the andes mountains . they are highly gregarious birds and form flocks containing thousands of individuals .\nbecause the andean flamingo\u2019s recent addition to the endangered species list , there have been few implemented plans to protect it . the more immediate protection measures include finding ways to solve the problems of mining activities , egg collecting , poaching , and uncontrolled ecotourism .\nthe movements of the greater flamingo population living in carmarque in southern france have been closely monitored since 1977 .\nflamingo specialist group : past , present and future activities . a . r . johnson . 200 - 205\nreproduction : the andean flamingo breeds in huge colonies containing thousands of birds . it may breed in mixed colonies with one or both other south american species . the nest is a mud mound , a truncated cone in shallow water with a bowl at top .\nlisting three foreign bird species - andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) , the chilean woodstar ( eulidia yarrellii ) , and the st . lucia forest thrush ( cichlherminia lherminieri sanctaeluciae ) - from latin america and the caribbean as endangered throughout their range ; final rule\nthe park contains more than 30 species of mammals , including wild llamas , vicuna , foxes , alpacas , chinchillas , and andean and pampas cats .\nwith their long legs and necks and distinctive pink plumage , flamingos are the epitome of avian elegance . but dr . conway considers the two mountain species to be the most beautiful of the six . the head , neck and breast of the andean flamingo have a wine - red hue , and it is the only flamingo with yellow legs . the james flamingo ' s back is draped with long scarlet plumes in the breeding season , and its breast is streaked with carmine .\nan andean flamingo nest is made mostly of collected mud ovoid\u2019s , where the birds collect the mud in their curved beaks , and stamp it down into roughly circular areas . the flamingo will then build a large \u201cmoat\u201d around the nested area . it is unknown why they do this , but it is speculated that the moat area is for protection against ground dwelling snakes .\nthe andean flamingo has the classic , familiar look of the flamingo , with long legs , a long neck , and a prominent , aquiline beak . this large filter - feeding bird stands 1 meter to 1 . 4 meters tall , and boasts a wingspan of up to 1 . 6 meters . average weight is 4 kilograms . festively coloured in pink and white , the andean flamingo\u2019s plumage is set off by yellow legs , a yellow and black beak , and black primary flight feathers on the wings . their cry is a loud , goose - like honk which is given with the head thrown back and the tail raised .\nandean flamingos have the typical flamingo form with long , thin legs and neck . the average andean flamingo stands 1 to 1 . 4 meters tall with a wingspan of 1 to 1 . 6 meters , and a weight of 1 . 5 to 4 . 1 kg . plumage is light pink , with the head , neck , and upper breast a darker red . the curved bill is yellow and black . they have three - forward pointing toes , lacking their fourth toe . juvenile andean flamingos are grey before they develop their light pink plumage . these are the only species of flamingo with yellow legs and a red spot between the nostrils . they also have very deep bills and stiff lamellae on the lower jaw to help filter fine particles for consumption and keep other larger particles out .\nthe andean flamingo\u2019s movements are poorly known , but they move according to water levels and food availability . during winter , they may perform altitudinal movements , leaving the altiplano and reaching lower areas where the food is abundant . they usually move at night and in flocks .\nliterature cited : marconi , p . m . and a . l . sureda . 2008 . high andean flamingo wetland network : evaluation of degree of implementation of priority sites - preliminary results . pp . 36 - 40 . in : childress , b . , arengo , f . and bechet , a . ( eds . ) 2008 . flamingo , bulletin of the iucn - ssc / wetlands international flamingo specialist group , no . 16 , december 2008 . wildfowl & wetlands trust , slimbridge , uk .\nthe beaks of the andean flamingo are a black and yellow color , yellow closest to the face , descending into black as you get closer to the tip of the beak . the beak is hooked , to aid in hunting at the bottom of shallow waters , and filter feeding .\nthe introduction of fish to some lakes may seriously affect the distribution of the chilean flamingo as well as the greater and caribbean flamingos , since they all feed primarily on invertebrates . other flamingo species are not affected because of different food sources .\nprotection / threats / status : the andean flamingo suffers population decline due to habitat loss , variations of water levels with mining activities , heavy egg - collecting in the mid - 20th century , human disturbances and erosion of nest - sites . currently , this species is listed as vulnerable .\nlauca ' s wetlands are home to more than 100 bird species , including the flamingo , giant coot , white owl , andean geese , and nandus ( a flightless south american bird resembling the emu ) . three species of flamingo throng the shores of lake chungara\u0097at 12 , 000 feet ( 3 , 660 meters ) , one of the world ' s highest lakes . birders from around the world flock to lauca .\nthe lifespan andean flamingos in the wild is unknown . they are believed to live for twenty to thirty years . in captivity some flamingos have lived to 60 years old .\nandean flamingos are highly gregarious , forming large flocks of tens of thousands of birds . the only typical form of aggression is between males when mate guarding . andean flamingos move among ponds and lagoons throughout the year , in search of food . they may tend to occur at lower elevations during the winter . they are active during the day .\nconservation efforts : various nature reserves and flamingo reserves have been established to protect crucial feeding and breeding grounds for this species . egg collecting has been successfully reduced by official action , though it still occurs . the united kingdom houses a self - renewing captive population of these birds should reintroduction ever become necessary . efforts are under way to create more protected areas and to educate locals in the ecological value of the andean flamingo .\nthe andean flamingos are monogamous , and it is speculated that they take mates for lifelong periods . mated pairs have been spotted and tagged together for several years at a time .\nandean flamingos have a loud honking call that is similar to that of a goose they also communicate using a wing salute , stretching up their neck and flipping up their tail .\nthe andean flamingo possesses the typical elegant flamingo body shape , with long legs and a long , curved neck ( 5 ) . the body is pale pink , with bright upperparts and a noticeable patch of black on the wing ( 2 ) . the legs are yellow and the large , curved bill is yellow and black ( 2 ) . young birds are grey in colour before they develop the pink adult plumage ( 2 ) .\nthe andean flamingo is one of the least commonly found flamingos in the world today . it is the only flamingo found to have three toed feet , and legs that are yellow in coloration . their beak is a black and yellow color , and it has the curved features that all pictorial representations seem to have . while they are fairly common in the andes and wet - lands of peru , they are presently vulnerable to extinction .\nthe greater flamingo has the most widespread distribution of all flamingo species . populations are found in northwest india , the middle east , the western mediterranean , and africa . limited numbers of this species can be found over much of northern europe and eastward to siberia .\nlesterhuis , a . j . , clay , r . p . and del castillo , h . ( 2008 ) status and distribution in paraguay of the chilean flamingo ( phoenicopterus chilensis ) . pp : 41 - 45 . flamingo 16 : 41 - 45 .\nandean flamingos breed in colonies containing thousands of individuals , during december and january . they produce one chalky white egg that is laid on a mud mound in shallow water . both parents\nandean flamingos breeding at laguna brava , la rioja , argentina . e . h . bucher , j . m . chani , and a . l . echevarria . 119 - 120\nwhat a flamingo eats depends on what type of beak it has . lesser , james ' and andean flamingos have what is called a deep - keeled bill . they eat mostly algae . greater , chilean and american flamingos have shallow - keeled bills , which allow them to eat insects , invertebrates and small fish .\nthey are very shy birds , so they will always walk away when approached . if you see a flamingo and you would like to photograph it , do not approach it . the distance will never become smaller since for every step you take the flamingo will take two . the best way to photograph a flamingo is to use a telephoto lens . if you are in luck and you spot a flamingo close to the road , do not get out of the car . stay in the car and take the picture from there .\na . longevity . experts have not yet determined how long flamingos live . at the philadelphia zoo , one flamingo lived 44 years .\nandean flamingos are considered vulnerable and are difficult to breed in captivity . northern chilean populations were severely decimated by a drought . they are now protected by being listed by the convention on international trade in endangered species , and the convention on migratory species . a separate and self - sustaining population of andean flamingos is being kept at the wildfowl and wetlands trust in the united kingdom .\nlocation : the andean flamingo is confined to the mountains of south america \u2013 mostly in chile , peru , argentina , and bolivia . as noted , it lives only above the 2 , 300 meter mark and below 5 , 000 meters , requiring alkaline lakes or salt lakes with shallow , diatom - rich water for its survival .\n3 . tongue . a flamingo\u2019s large , fleshy tongue is covered with bristlelike projections that help filter water and food particles through the lamellae .\na new threat to the andean flamingo is borax mining , which occurs heavily in its range . though borax is largely harmless to humans , it destroys much of the birds\u2019 reproductive capacity and causes growing flamingos to develop deformed skeletons . bulldozing lake beds destroys food supplies , and mining activity in general disturbs the birds and ruins their habitat .\nthreats : the andean flamingo\u2019s decline began with massive collection of eggs from the world war ii era through the 1980s . the eggs were used as a food supply by the region\u2019s burgeoning population , but greatly impacted the flamingos , sending their population into a sharp decline . there was an average population of 100 , 000 prior to the egg collection era , but this human nest robbing cut the flamingo\u2019s numbers to a third of what they once were . today , the flamingo\u2019s population may be stable or even slightly increasing . sadly , egg collection is not even justified by poverty , since the local people are well - nourished and have an ample supply of llama meat , which is considerably more nutritious than flamingo eggs ; they are a delicacy , not a necessity .\nb . coloration . 1 . feather color varies with species , ranging from pale pink to crimson or vermilion . a . caribbean flamingos have the brightest coloration : crimson or vermilion . b . the chilean flamingo is pale pink . 2 . feather coloration is derived from carotenoid pigments found in a flamingo\u2019s food . 3 . male and female flamingo coloration is the same . 4 . newly - hatched chicks are gray or white . 5 . juveniles are grayish , taking approximately one to two years to obtain full adult coloration . 6 . parents lose their pink coloration while raising young if they are still feeding chicks through the adult\u2019s molting period . 7 . coloration of flamingos\u2019 legs and feet varies according to species from yellow to orange or pink - red . the andean flamingo is the only species that has yellow legs and feet . long legs and a long , curved neck are characteristics of all flamingo species .\nrecently the andean flamingo has been dropping in numbers and so it is now classified as vulnerable . it is hoped that early intervention though is going to help them be able to get their numbers back up soon and be taken off of that list . there are some efforts out there to help with the future for these and other flamingos .\nscientists recognize six kinds of flamingos , and two others are also found in the western hemisphere . the caribbean flamingo is the one seen in the bahamas and the galapagos islands ; the chilean flamingo is widespread from peru to the coasts of argentina and tierra del fuego , and some populations also breed in the high andes lakes . the greater flamingo , which is found from africa and the mediterranean to kazakhstan and india , is the largest of its kind . the smallest and most abundant species is the lesser flamingo , which numbers in the millions in africa ' s rift valley .\nthe andean flamingo is a forager , meaning it will eat anything that it can properly digest . its total diet is not fairly varied , including the diatoms , algae , and small particles . they are also known to eat some underwater plants , mostly the vascular varieties , but they are known to also gorge themselves on the smaller plankton species .\nandean flamingos use filter feeding to capture small particles at the sediment / water interface . they have narrow and deep lower mandibles which allow them to capture small particles , most commonly diatoms ( in the family\nflight : the andean flamingo flies with neck , head and legs outstretched . it needs a short run before to take off , to gain the necessary speed while wings are flapping when the wind is absent . the flight is swift and direct , with rapid wingbeats sometimes interspersed with short glides . when in flock , they often fly in v - formation .\nmining activities pose a current threat to the andean flamingo . mining companies have established themselves adjacent to the flamingos\u2019 nesting sites and feeding sites . flamingos have been reported to abandon their nesting sites even when mining was initiated after the establishment of nesting colonies when the birds were expected to be engaged in a breeding attempt and were less likely to leave the colonies .\nthe andean flamingo is protected by its listing on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 3 ) and appendix i of the convention on migratory species ( cms ) ( 4 ) . a self - sustaining captive population of andean flamingos exists at the wildfowl and wetlands trust at slimbridge in the uk ( 5 ) . these birds provide useful research subjects into behavioural aspects of this species . flamingos are an emotive bird and as such can act as important flagship species for the conservation of the world\u2019s highly delicate wetland ecosystems ( 5 ) .\nbreeding : breeding occurs from december through february , in large colonies \u2013 as might be expected from this social bird . only a single egg is laid by each female , and many young flamingos do not survive until adulthood . the egg is placed on a mound of mud , surrounded by shallow water . flamingo chicks are self - sufficient by ten months and ready to breed in three to six years . the andean flamingo lives for around 45 years in the wild if it does not succumb to hunting or predation .\nandean flamingo phoenicoparrus andinus is currently listed as vulnerable under the a criterion , and puna flamingo p . jamesi and chilean flamingo phoenicopterus chilensis are listed as near threatened under the a criterion . p . andinus was suspected to be declining at a rate of 30 - 49 % over 10 years . p . jamesi was suspected to have declined by 20 - 29 % over the past 48 years ( three generations ) , while p . chilensis was suspected to be declining at a rate of 20 - 29 % over 10 years . these negative trends were suspected on the basis of past declines and ongoing threats , primarily egg - harvesting , hunting , disturbance and habitat degradation .\nflamingo science : current status and future needs . k . l . bildstein , g . a . baldassarre , and f . arengo . 206 - 211\nrocha , o . & p . marconi . 2012 . monitoring of 2011 - 2012 breeding colonies and populations of andean flamingos ( phoenicoparrus andinus y p . jamesi ) in argentina and bolivia . unpublished report to cms .\na . size . 1 . the greater flamingo is the tallest flamingo , standing 110 to 130 cm ( 43 - 51 in . ) and weighing up to 3 . 5 kg ( 7 . 7 lb . ) . 2 . the lesser flamingo is the smallest flamingo , standing 80 cm ( 31 . 5 in . ) and weighing only 2 . 5 kg ( 5 . 5 lb . ) . 3 . males reach full size between one - and - a - half and two years . 4 . male flamingos are slightly larger than females , weighing more and having longer wingspans ; however , visual sex determination of flamingos is unreliable . 5 . the wingspan of flamingos ranges from 95 to 100 cm ( 37 - 39 in . ) for the lesser flamingo to 140 to 165 cm ( 55 - 65 in . ) for the greater flamingo . the caribbean flamingo has a wingspan of 150 cm ( 59 in . ) . there are five species of flamingos . two species belong to the genus phoenicopterus . p . ruber is divided into two subspecies , p . r . ruber and p . r . roseus .\nthe flamingo ' s most characteristic habitats are large alkaline or saline lakes or estuarine lagoons that usually lack vegetation . lakes may be far inland or near the sea .\nflamingos are generally non - migratory birds . however , due to changes in the climate and water levels in their breeding areas , flamingo colonies are not always permanent .\ndr . conway described the flamingo survey as ' ' a first step to a collaborative conservation program for the andean altiplano and puna wildlife communities . ' ' other unusual animals found in this barren landscape include burrowing rodents called viscachas and giant coots . he said the flamingo populations should be monitored at least once every two years and that researchers needed to determine why mortality among chicks had been unusually high . ' ' many chicks die even under the best conditions , ' ' he said , adding that the water level in the salars was influenced by mining activities .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the andean flamingo\u2019s call resembles goose\u2019s calls , a loud honking sound often given in flight . a feeding flock usually produces a low gabbling . we can also hear deep grunts during displays , postures and movements . they give nasal , raspy calls at colonies . on the other hand , the voice plays an important role in mutual recognition between adults and chicks .\nat 20 , 800 feet ( 6 , 340 meters ) , the peak of the snow - covered , dormant volcano parinacota , in northern chile , commands a view of peru , bolivia , and chile ' s high andean altiplano .\nabundance of benthic macroinvertebrates in caribbean flamingo feeding areas at los olivitos refuge , western venezuela . e . e . est\u00e9 and c . l . casler . 87 - 94\nfurthermore , for both andean and puna flamingos , the vast majority of chicks are being produced at 2 - 4 breeding sites ( laguna colorada in bolivia and salar de tara , salar de atacama , salar de surire in chile ) . during the 2010 breeding season , 80 % of andean flamingo chicks came from laguna colorada in bolivia , a site where productivity has been highly variable in the past 10 years ( rocha et al . 2009 ) . though other satellite breeding areas have been recorded in the past 5 years , these are not used consistently and do not produce the numbers of chicks that are produced at the main sites mentioned above .\na . distribution . 1 . all flamingos are found in tropical and subtropical areas . 2 . populations of chilean flamingos are found in central peru , both coasts of southern south america ( mainly in the winter ) , argentina , uruguay , paraguay , and southern brazil . stragglers have been reported on the falkland islands . 3 . the lesser flamingo is primarily an african species . populations are found in eastern , southwestern , and western africa . also , a sizable population nests in india . stragglers can be found as far north as southern spain . 4 . the james\u2019 flamingo has the most restricted range of all flamingo species . they are found in southern peru , northeastern chile , western bolivia , and northwestern argentina . 5 . andean flamingos are found in southern peru , north - central chile , western bolivia , and northwestern argentina . 6 . populations of caribbean flamingo are limited to yucatan , parts of the west indies , bahamas , galapagos islands , and the northernmost tip of south america . 7 . the greater flamingo has the most widespread distribution of all flamingo species . populations are found in northwest india , the middle east , the western mediterranean , and africa . limited numbers of this species can be found over much of northern europe , eastward to siberia .\nhabitat : the andean flamingo frequents salt - lakes at high elevation , usually between 3500 and 4500 metres , but it can be seen lower and higher too . this species is absent from lakes with hardened sediments at the bottom . it breeds on islands and islets with soil of soft clay sediment or sand . these islands are usually along the shores of high - elevation salt - lakes , or in centre .\nzoological society of san diego , 2005 .\nsan diego zoo ' s animal bytes : flamingo\n( on - line ) . accessed october 10 , 2005 at urltoken .\nthe chilean flamingo is scarce or absent in lakes with fish . it is present , usually in large numbers , where there are no fish with which to compete for food .\nthe chilean flamingo is the most numerous of the south american flamingos . estimated total population is not more than 200 , 000 individuals , and the population is in a decline .\nandean flamingos lay just one egg at a time . the egg is a pinkish white color , and is incubated by both parents for 27 - 31 days . the average egg is around seven centimeters long and weighs approximately 113 - 141 grams .\nin a landscape as harsh and vast as the altiplano , long - term , continuous monitoring of anything is difficult . enter the power of technology . we are using remote photography to create a cadre of digital witnesses in places inhospitable to humans . cameras set to synchronously capture images at \u201cflamingo\u201d and \u201cno flamingo\u201d lakes will observe the arrival , persistence , and departure of flamingo flocks . they will enable us to make direct estimates of flamingo numbers and locations . we can then correlate these data with lake characteristics such as algal density and salinity . the information being collected by our digital observers will help us to unlock some of the tightly held secrets of the altiplano\u2019s pink - feathered inhabitants\u2014 and not a moment too soon .\nhe added that the chilean flamingo had more catholic tastes . ' ' it has around 13 teeth to the inch and feeds largely on brine shrimp and other small invertebrates . ' '\ncurrent population estimates for the three species are 38 , 675 for the andean flamingo , 106 , 000 for the puna flamingo , and 282 , 752 for the chilean flamingo ( marconi et al . 2010 ) . the grupo conservaci\u00f3n flamencos altoandinos ( gcfa ) obtained the first reliable estimates for the first two species in 1997 by conducting a simultaneous comprehensive census throughout the distribution range . since then , subsequent censuses indicate population trends appear to have remained stable , although these are measured over a the time interval of the past 13 years , which is less than a generation length according to the iucn definition . prior population estimates were based on extrapolations of rough counts at a limited number of sites and are not considered reliable . population estimates for chilean flamingos continue to be based on extrapolations from limited counts .\n) may take eggs or newly hatched young . large , predatory birds may also sometimes take young flamingos . humans have also been known to hunt flamingos and collect their eggs . andean miners once believed that the fat of flamingos was a cure for tuberculosis .\ntwo adorable flamingo chicks were born this month at the smithsonian ' s national zoo in washington , d . c . the baby birds were the 100th and 101st flamingo chicks to hatch at the zoo ' s bird house . since flamingo chicks have a higher survival rate if they are hand - reared , zookeepers are keeping the babies out of the spotlight for now . when they are older , the birds will join the zoo ' s flock of flamingoes outside , according to smithsonian officials . [ related gallery : world ' s cutest baby wild animals ]\nthe caribbean flamingo is found throughout the caribbean ( cuba , the bahamas , the yucatan , turks and caicos ) , the galapagos islands , and the northern part of coastal south america .\nthe proposed action plan seeks to protect the high andean flamingos and their habitats , fostering research activities towards the improvement of the knowledge of these species , habitat management , and would also promote the cooperation and information exchange among signatories . in addition , the plan would also serve as a consolidation instrument of the conservation endeavors that are already in place to promote high andean wetlands conservation , such as those executed by the grupo de conservaci\u00f3n de flamingos altoandinos ( gcfa ) , and the commitments agreed under the ramsar convention on wetlands .\nandean and james flamingos feed side - by - side on tiny diatoms and nematodes that abound in the shallow lagoons , using their plunger - like tongues to pump the saline water and bottom mud through comb strainers ( or lamellae ) in their beaks . but there is apparently little competition between the two species . dr . conway measured the ' ' teeth ' ' in the beak combs and counted 23 to the inch in andean flamingos and 54 to the inch in james flamingos , suggesting that they filter foods of difference sizes .\nhigh andean flamingos have experienced direct threats from egg collection for market consumption , a practice that was more common during the mid - twentieth century up until the early 1980s . indirect threats coming from human disturbances , particularly unregulated mining activities have resulted in the erosion of nest - sites , water contamination , and a reduction in water availability . in addition to these threats , climate change has been associated with the increasing retreat of mountain glaciers in the andes . this unprecedented retreat would probably affect water supply at andean wetlands in the near future .\nandean flamingos live in highland salt lakes of the andes mountains from 2 , 500 to 4 , 950 m above sea level , but usually occuring between 3500 and 4500 meters elevation . their habitat mainly consists of large alkaline or saline lagoons with soft sediment bottoms . these habitats are often characterized by relatively sparse vegetation . in winter these flamingos may move to lower elevations in search of food . of the three types of flamingos living in the andes ( chilean flamingo ,\nthe way the andean flamingo ingests its food is both interesting and amazing . their bill allows them to take in the larger sea creatures that they commonly eat , while expelling water without swallowing it . their most common food source is known as the diatom , a nutritious form of plankton that frequents the bottom of lakes and rivers . the bill filters out all of the unnecessary or unwanted minerals , such as the rocks that tend to float around in the lakes .\nthe largest of the andean flamingos is native to the wetlands and shallow alkaline lakes of the high andes mountain range , from southern per\u00fa to northwestern argentina and northern chile . in the summer , they live in salt lakes and migrate to the lower wetlands for the winter .\nthe andean flamingo reaches sexual maturity at anywhere from three to six years of age , about the same amount of time it takes them to achieve their full pink coloration . the breeding period is usually in december , to january , when the migration has ended , and the birds have settled to their winter habitat . the breed like a colony and a group may have flamingos from up to four different species . the smallest breeding colonies observed are no smaller than fifty .\n102\u2013110 cm ; 2000\u20132400 g . head , neck and upper breast tinged wine red ; red spot between nostrils ; only flamingo with yellow legs and feet . lacks hind toe . on . . .\nan overview of the greater flamingo ringing program in the camargue ( southern france ) and some aspects of the species\u2019 breeding biology studied using marked individuals . a . r . johnson . 2 - 8\nevidence of seasonal sex ratio manipulation in the greater flamingo . g . bertault , m . raymond , f . rousset , f . c\u00e9zilly , and a . r . johnson . 20 - 25\ndel hoyo , j . , boesman , p . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . andean flamingo ( phoenicoparrus andinus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\na . food preferences and resources . 1 . blue - green and red algae , diatoms , larval and adult forms of small insects , crustaceans , molluscs , and small fishes make up the main diet of flamingos . 2 . a flamingo\u2019s pink or reddish feather , leg , and facial coloration comes from a diet high in alpha and beta carotenoid pigments , including canthaxanthin . the richest sources of carotenoids are found in the algae and various insects that make up the staples of a flamingo\u2019s diet . 3 . the shape of a flamingo\u2019s filtering bill determines its diet . a flamingo will either have a shallow or deep - keeled bill . a . lesser , james\u2019 , and andean flamingos have deep - keeled bills and feed mainly on algae and diatoms . b . greater , caribbean , and chilean flamingos have shallow - keeled bills and feed on insects , aquatic invertebrates , and small fishes . caribbean flamingos eat larval and pupal forms of flies and brine shrimp as their main food . 4 . slight differences in diet and habits prevent competition among flamingos that share close feeding grounds .\nmany of the issues presented in 2011 by the gcfa continue to be valid in january 2014 . we have recent information that continues to document ongoing threats to the 3 flamingo species in southern south america .\nmarconi , p . m . and a . l . sureda . 2010 . simultaneous survey of shorebirds in the network of wetlands of importance for flamingo conservation . final report to birdlife international and canadian wildlife service . marconi , p . , a . l . sureda , f . arengo , m . s . aguilar , n . amado , l . alza , o . rocha , r . torres , f . moschione , m . romano , h . sosa , e . derlindati . 2010 . fourth simultaneous flamingo census in south america : preliminary results . in : lee , r . , arengo , f . , and bechet , a . ( eds ) in press . flamingo , bulletin of the iucn - ssc / wetlands international flamingo specialist group , no . 18 , wildfowl & wetlands trust , slimbridge , uk .\nc . appendages . 1 . legs . a . adult flamingos\u2019 legs are long and spindled . the legs are longer than the flamingo\u2019s body , measuring between 80 and 125 cm ( 31 . 5 - 49 in . ) depending on the species . b . the ankle is located about halfway up the leg . c . the knee is located close to the body and is not externally visible . 2 . feet . a . the chilean , greater , and lesser flamingos have three forward - pointing toes and a hallux , or hind toe . b . andean and james\u2019 flamingos have three toes and no hallux . c . webbing between the toes aids the bird in swimming and stirring up food . d . coloration of the feet and legs is the same . 3 . wings . a . the wingspan of flamingos ranges from 95 to 100 cm ( 37 - 39 in . ) on the lesser flamingo to 140 to 165 cm ( 55 - 65 in . ) on the greater flamingo . the caribbean flamingo has a wingspan of 150 cm ( 59 in . ) . b . there are 12 principal flight feathers located on each wing . these black feathers are visible when the wings are extended . 4 . neck . the neck is long and sinuous . a flamingo has 19 elongated cervical ( neck ) vertebrae allowing for maximum movement and twisting .\nif a flamingo were to stop eating food containing carotenoids , its new feathers would begin growing in with a much paler shade , and its reddish feathers would eventually molt away . molted feathers lose their pinkish hue .\nin 1956 , the caribbean flamingo numbers were estimated at only 21 , 500 . since then , the population has increased to a current estimate of 850 , 000 to 880 , 000 birds and a stable trend .\nmarconi , p . , sureda , a . l . , arengo , f . , aguilar , m . s . , amado , n . , alza , l . , rocha , o . , torres , r . , moschione , f . , romano , m . , sosa , h . and derlindati , e . ( in press ) 4th simultaneous flamingo census in south america : preliminary results . flamingo 18 .\nb . habitat . 1 . the flamingo\u2019s most characteristic habitats are large alkaline or saline lakes or estuarine lagoons that usually lack vegetation . lakes may be far inland or near the sea . 2 . a variety of habitats are used by flamingos : mangrove swamps , tidal flats , and sandy islands in the intertidal zone . 3 . the presence or absence of fish may have a great influence on the use of lakes by some flamingos . a . the chilean flamingo is scarce or absent in lakes with fish . it is present , usually in large numbers , where there are no fish with which to compete for food . b . the introduction of fish to some lakes may seriously affect the distribution of the chilean flamingo as well as the greater and caribbean flamingos , since they all feed primarily on invertebrates . other flamingo species are not affected because of different food sources .\nandean flamingos reach heights between 1 and 1 . 4 m ( 3 . 25 - 4 . 60 ft ) , they have a wingspan between 1 and 1 . 6 m ( 3 . 25 - 5 . 25 ft ) and they weigh up to 4 kgs ( 8 . 8 lbs ) .\namerican flamingos live in the west indies , yucat\u00e1n , in the northern part of south america and along the galapagos islands . chilean , andean and james ' flamingos live in south america , and the greater and lesser flamingos live in africa . greater flamingos can also be found in the middle east and india .\nthe lesser flamingo is primarily an african species . populations are found in eastern , southwestern , and western africa . in addition , a sizable population nests in india . stragglers can be found as far north as southern spain .\nbehaviour : the andean flamingo is a \u201cfilter - feeder\u201d , feeding on food particles from water , by passing food and water over the highly - specialized bill equipped with filtering structure as all flamingos . it feeds mainly on diatoms , algae of genus surinella , taking the food between the sediment at the bottom and the water just above it . it may perform upending in deeper lakes . it walks slowly and stops sometimes . usually , they feed in pairs or small groups , and are several metres apart , patchily scattered over the lake .\ne . flight . 1 . to take off , a flamingo runs several steps , begins flapping its wings , and lifts into the air . when landing , the procedure is reversed : the bird touches down and then runs several paces . 2 . a flamingo flies with its head and neck stretched out in front and its legs trailing behind . 3 . flight speed of a flock of flamingos can reach 50 to 60 kph ( 31 - 37 mph ) . 4 . flamingos have been known to fly 500 to 600 km ( 311 - 373 mi . ) each night between habitats . a flamingo flies with its head and neck stretched out in front and its legs trailing behind .\nconservation organizations such as the flamingo specialist group is actively trying to inform the public on the vulnerability of flamingos . they produce an annual newsletter to tell readers the current status of several species . recently , this group has joined sides with the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) in order to create an action plan for the flamingos . the populations of all species of andean flamingos is monitored though simultaneous multi - national census . also local outreach programs are being implemented in the most sensitive regions used by flamingos during an annual life cycles .\nlong - term survey of chilean flamingo breeding colonies on mar chiquita lake , c\u00f3rdoba , argentina . e . h . bucher , a . l . echevarria , m . d . juri , and j . m . chani . 114 - 118\nthe numbers of the other species , the james flamingo , are close to estimates from the 1970 ' s , but conservationists are concerned that the fragile ecosystems shared by both birds are threatened by increasing human disturbance , particularly from mining and unregulated tourism .\nour goal is to implement a long - term regional conservation strategy that will ensure the functional integrity of the wetlands that are crucial for these birds\u2019 survival . this requires regional , cross - boundary collaboration among a variety of institutions in the flamingo range countries .\nin addition to developing an action plan , signatories are committed to assess its implementation at regular meetings , and report any advancement on the conservation of these species to the secretariat . overall , activities under the mou are oriented towards the effective protection of the high andean flamingos through the conservation of the habitats upon which they depend throughout their entire life - cycle ."]}
{"id": 1461, "summary": [{"text": "pisidium artifex is a species of freshwater clam in the family sphaeriidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to kenya , where it is known only from mount kenya .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it lives in water bodies at an elevation of 4300 meters . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "pisidium artifex", "paragraphs": ["pisidium artifex kuiper , 1960 . \u2014 mandahl - barth ( 1988 : 128 ) .\nthe artifex and his men had worked swiftly , perhaps with not as much agility as speed .\none of these , 6 1 / 2 feet long , and of 2 1 / 2 inches bore , manufactured in 1543 , bears the cast inscription of petrus baude gallus operis artifex .\nmost engineers were assigned to tiny rooms with fold - down beds , but hackworth bore the loftier title of artifex and had been a team leader on this very project , so he rated a second - class stateroom with one double bed and a fold - out for fiona .\nof course , more unusual than all the rest , ( than the commission for the artifex and his assistants to paint the two dining rooms , the library , and the rich man ' s bedroom , all in greens and variations of green ) was the straw hat , such as a farmer might put on , clamped down on livius ' noble head , even here in the shade .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is only known from one location , hall tarn ( mount kenya ) where its habitat is being severely degraded . it is therefore assessed as vulnerable .\nthis species is endemic to mount kenya . it is known from the type locality hall tarn .\nmt . kenya forest has in the past experienced extensive destruction by fire outbreaks particularly in the dry periods . several sections of the forest have also been extensively destroyed through illegal logging by local residents in search of timber , building materials and agricultural land .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfm ( u ) otw ( aolcb ) is the web version of the mussel project database . follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields . either way , you win !\nthe mussel project \u0097 home page urltoken . site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings . hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point . funded by the national science foundation .\nmaking the world a better place , one mollusk at a time .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks , we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added . if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers , we will notify you !\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ninternational commission on zoological nomenclature . opinion 335 addition to the official list of generic names in zoology of the names of thirty - four non - marine genera of the phylum mollusca . opinions and declarations rendered by the international commission on zoological nomenclature 10 ( 2 ) , 45 - 76 ( 1955 )\nlee , t . ; foighil , d . \u00f3 . ( 2003 ) . phylogenetic structure of the sphaeriinae , a global clade of freshwater bivalve molluscs , inferred from nuclear ( its - 1 ) and mitochondrial ( 16s ) ribosomal gene sequences . < em > zoological journal of the linnean society . < / em > 137 ( 2 ) : 245 - 260 . 10 . 1046 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2003 . 00047 . x\nmillard , v . , 1997 : null . classification of mollusca : a classification of world wide mollusca . 1 - 544 .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\npfeiffer , c . ( 1821 - 1828 ) . < i > naturgeschichte deutscher land - und s\u00fcsswasser - mollusken < / i > . weimar . abt . 1 : i - x , 1 - 134 , pls 1 - 8 [ 1821 ] ; abt . 2 : i - viii , 1 - 40 , pls 1 - 8 [ 1825 ] ; abt . 3 : i - vi , 1 - 84 , pls 1 - 8 [ 1828 ] .\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .\nvaught , k . c . / abbott , robert t . and kenneth j . boss , 1989 : null . a classification of the living mollusca . xii + 195 .\nfor a few minutes they sat in silent suspense , doubtful of their unexpected deliverance , and suspicious of the cruel artifices of commodus : but when at length they were assured that the tyrant was no more , they resigned themselves to all the transports of joy and indignation ."]}
{"id": 1462, "summary": [{"text": "grass wonder ( japanese \u30b0\u30e9\u30b9\u30ef\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc , foaled 18 february 1995 ) is an american-bred , japanese-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from 1997 until 2000 he won nine of his fifteen races including four grade i races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was the leading juvenile colt in japan in 1997 when he was unbeaten in four races , culminating in a victory in the asahi hai sansai stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he missed most of his second season with injury problems but returned in autumn to win the arima kinen .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he reached his peak as a four-year-old when he won the takarazuka kinen and a second arima kinen .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he failed to win in three races in 2000 and was retired to stud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he has had some success as a breeding stallion . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "grass wonder", "paragraphs": ["i can ' t help but wonder elisabeth by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\ni can ' t help but wonder elisabeth by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp . - youtube\nmix - i can ' t help but wonder elisabeth by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\nthe tetrarch , native dancer . . . the list is long over the one season wonder , one circuit wonder vigors\nspecial week ended his racing career when he met grass wonder for the second time in the arima kinen at nakayma in december . the race produced a four - way photo finish in which special week was beaten a nose by grass wonder , with t m opera o and tsurumaru tsuyoshi just behind .\ngrass wonder made almost $ 6 million in his 15 - race career , and he is a full brother to multiple us grade 1 winner wonder again . he was smoked by silence suzuka and el condor pasa , even with the weight concession .\nthe days of pearly spencer by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\nwhat love is made of by the grass roots on 1969 abc - dunhill lp .\ni wonder if bill is finding the one good thing about having a hearing aid is you can turn it off .\nso could well suit australian conditions and his not entirely fashionable pedigree offers a valuable outcross for many mares although his roberto ( hail to reason ) line sire screen hero ( grass wonder ) is out of a sunday silence ( halo ) mare .\n, who is getting great results with mares by sunday silence and his sons ) . screen hero is doubly vulnerable in this respect : not only is he a son of grass wonder , but his dam is the sunday silence mare running heroine .\ndid louganis act properly ? : diving : some wonder whether he should have revealed he was hiv - positive during ' 88 games .\nthe next day , cutting grass around the douglas fir with the swing in it , i caught walter watching me . i killed the engine , walked over , and squatted down near where he sat in the grass . we were both silent , studying one another through the waving stalks of oxeye daisies .\nnike has announced reforms in its asian factories . wonder if this means they ' re going to discontinue the\ntake your parents to work\nday .\ngrass wonder ( usa ) ch . h , 1995 { 12 - c } dp = 6 - 6 - 25 - 0 - 1 ( 38 ) di = 1 . 81 cd = 0 . 42 - 15 starts , 9 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : \u00a5691 , 646 , 000\nwith a son of roberto as his sire and a daughter of danzig as his dam , temple city is bred along similar lines to that successful stallion arch and to the japanese stallion grass wonder , whose g1 japan cup - winning son screen hero is currently responsible for one of japan\u2019s most outstanding older horses , maurice .\n. born in kentucky in 1995 , grass wonder was bred at darby dan farm by john phillips , whose grandfather john galbreath had bred and raced roberto and had then stood him at the property . sold to nobuo tsunoda for $ 250 , 000 at keeneland\u2019s september yearling sale in 1996 , grass wonder was brought to japan and did all his racing there . he enjoyed a splendid career there , winning nine of his 15 races under the care of mitsuhiro ogata . he was a grade one winner at ages two , three and four , and his haul of victories including the arima kinen in both 1998 and \u201999 . descending from the swaps mare\nsilver hawk ' s record is certainly not short of group one performers . his best runners include the 1997 epsom derby hero benny the dip , 1996 musidora stakes heroine magnificient style , 1989 prix de diane winner lady in silver , red bishop , hawkster and japanese superstar grass wonder , who earned nearly $ 6 million in prize money .\nbid at the hidaka selection sale for 8 . 4 million yen to train at jra ' s yearling training facility , and then resold to his current owner at jra ' s\nbreeze up sale\nin april , seiun wonder began training under masazo ryoke and quickly reached the starting gate for his debut in june . the grass wonder colt broke his maiden in his second start with an overwhelming six - length margin and followed up with his first grade - race victory in the niigata nisai stakes ( 1 , 600m ) in september .\na live action scooby doo film is in the works . going to be tough casting the lovable crime fighting dog . hmmm . wonder if linda tripp ' s calendar is free ?\nresuming his racing in august after an 11 - month break , the grass wonder colt was conditioned by first - season trainer yuichi shikato , who took over after susumu yano ' s retirement , and won his 2008 season debut , then followed up with two runner - up efforts before scoring his first grade race victory in the copa republica argentina ( 2 , 500m ) .\nproves that gray horses are also good on the turf as this horse became great when he hit the grass . cozzene was bred and owned by hall of famer john nerud and was trained by his son jan . he won 10 races in his career of which seven came on the grass . his victory in the 1985 breeders\u2019 cup mile earned him the 1985 eclipse award as champion turf horse .\nsan francisco , california , where work on the new ballpark is unearthing a lot of nineteenth century artifacts . wonder what the chances remains of strom thurmond ' s first west coast tour will surface ?\nmarv albert signs a five year contract with wonder bra and named co - host with susan molinari on the cbs saturday morning show . in a tearful first stab at journalistic ethics , molinari quits .\njockey tetsuzo sato guided earnestly to victory for owner koji maeda and trainer shozo sasaki . bred in japan by north hills management , the bay horse by 1999 takarazuka kinen champion grass wonder improved upon his third - place finish in last year ' s event . participants , which numbered 16 in this year ' s race , are selected by the public who made buena vista the number one selection in the field .\nnow the dam of three stakes winners , parlez is a granddaughter of the renowned producer halory ( halo ) , who was the dam of five graded stakes winners , including blue grass stakes winner halory hunter .\n* a warm season grass likes to grow in warm weather . before it will show signs of life in the spring , the soil must warm up , and be warm for possibly as long as two weeks .\npedigree illustrates that wonder again hails tail - female through four generations of mares bred and raised on darby dan land beginning in 1960 with her fourth dam , the swaps mare soaring . through 24 starts and four seasons of racing , wonder again amassed grade one wins at ages 3 and 5 , was grade one stakes placed at age 6 , and was in the money in 15 of 24 races . with three foals of racing age on the ground , wonder again has yet to produce a foal possessing talent matching her own but it is only a matter of time before those classy bloodlines find the way back into the winner\u2019s circle .\na drug ring was found to be operating out of the gary , indiana government building . i wonder if the feds were suspicious when everybody who received a key to the city also got a pound of cut .\nsan francisco , california , where washington square is nowhere near washington street . union square is not even close to union street and there ' s no beach in north beach . no wonder this town is so screwed up .\nleaving behind not only a beautiful farm and superior bloodstock , galbreath\u2019s grandson , john phillips , remains committed to this heritage . the late 80\u2019s saw two top grade 1 winners in champion , sunshine forever , and florida derby winner and subsequent leading japanese sire , brian\u2019s time . the 1990\u2019s added an impressive list of grade 1 winners including japanese two year old champion colt grass wonder , and fillies and mares tribulation , plenty of grace , memories of silver and 1999 champion turf mare soaring softly . in 2004 , darby dan was represented by grade i winning turf mare wonder again . most recently , the popular multiple grade 1 winner winter memories added to the tradition of breathtaking winners . current star performers include recepta and time and motion .\nseiun wonder won three out of four starts , including the 2008 two - year - old championship race , the asahi futurity stakes ( 1 , 600m ) , to earn the jra award for best two - year - old colt of 2008 .\nsome wonder if the national football league shouldn ' t be embarrassed by such sudden success , but realists see the precocious two - year - old toddlers for what they are : good organizations with good personnel evaluators , good coaches and good players .\nspecial week began his third season in the grade ii american jockey club stakes at nakayama on 24 january and won from silent hunter and mejiro steed . on 21 march at hanshin he added another grade ii win when he defeated mejiro bright in the 3000 metre hanshin daishoten . the grade i spring edition of the tenno sho over the same course and distance saw special week matched against eleven opponents including mejiro bright ( winner of the race in 1998 ) , matikanefukukitaru , seiun sky , stay gold , silk justice ( arima kinen ) . special week recorded his second grade i win as he defeated mejiro bright by half a length with seiun sky two and a half lengths back in third . [ 10 ] in the takarazuka kinen over 2200 metres at hanshin on 11 july , his final start before the summer break , special week was matched against grass wonder a colt who had been the best of his generation in 1997 but missed most of the 1998 season before returning to win the arima kinen in december . special week was beaten three lengths into second place by grass wonder but finished seven lengths clear of the other ten runners .\ngrass wonder , who finished eight and a half lengths back in this race under just 121 pounds , returned to win a grade 1 at 13 / 1 odds next time out . this was followed by a grade 2 win , a nose defeat in a grade 1 , a three - length win in a grade 1 , a nose win in a grade 2 , and a nose win in a grade 1 . that adds up to five wins and a nose defeat in his next six starts , four of them at the grade 1 level and two at the grade 2 level .\ngrass pollen is implicated in most hay fever allergies in ireland and britain , as up to 90 % of people with hay fever are allergic to it . a person with hay fever may simply be allergic to grass pollen , or they may be allergic to a number of other varieties of pollen too . only allergy testing will establish what a person is actually allergic to . pollen allergies seem to relate to the climate and vegetation of the country . in scandinavia birch pollen is the most common allergen , while in parts of spain pollen from the olive tree is the most prolific cause of hay fever .\ntrained by susumu yano , grass wonder ran adequately in his two starts as a two - year - old in 2006 without winning . having finished fourth over 1600m at tokyo and second over 1800m at nakayama as a juvenile , then then got off the mark at the first attempt at three , winning an 1800m maiden race at nakayama early in the year . he won again over 1600m at the same course later in the winter , and then in the spring a switch from dirt to turf helped him to make further improvement . he did not win again that year , but he ran some good placings , including when second to\nlife responds to these interannual patterns and others as yet unknown to us . in wet years , the differences among my exlosure plots is muted , perhaps because the grass growth keeps up with herbivory . after the el nino rains , there was a great increase in hibiscus , especially in and near the black cotton glades .\nyes , the jaguars are fortunate to be here . if atlanta ' s morten andersen had kicked a last - second 30 - yard field goal instead of slipping on slick grass , the jaguars would have lost their season finale and been out of the playoffs . but now they have won twice in the playoffs , impressively .\nthere in the meadow with walter , i was close to crying . i closed my eyes , and when i opened them again , walter invited me to sit beside him . for a long time we hunkered down there in his nest of grass and daisies , watched dragonflies and monarchs drift above us in the meadow breeze .\nnow i wonder at my son , your grandson . the four of us make maps of the homestead \u2014 the cabin , the meadow , the nearby woods . walter grits his teeth and draws , with a seriousness that belies his actual drawing ability , the cabin on its stilts , the miner\u2019s orchard full of gnarled apple trees , the tall douglas fir with the board swing hanging from a high branch , the meadow grass in three shades of green . and , of course , to keep everything straight and true , he includes , as is his wont , a compass rose with a red arrow labeled n pointing to the top of the page .\nshows she was bred in 1995 as a homebred for the farm by kris s . and is similarly bred , but not closely related , to wonder again as both are by roberto - line stallions and trace to soaring through their dams and granddams . bred to some of the most fashionable sires , the best runner out of\nbred and owned by teruya yoshida of the shadai group , the grass wonder colt was winless in his two starts as a two - year - old but broke his maiden in his kick - off race of his three - year - old campaign and added another win two starts later before making his first grade - race attempt in the spring stakes ( 1 , 800m ) in which he finished fifth to flying apple ( usa ) . winless but steadily progressing through his 2007 season , screen hero earned a ticket to the kikuka sho but was found to have fractured his left foreleg and was turned out for the remaining season as well as the first half of 2008 .\njoanna symons you can always tell when you ' ve come up against a real wonder of the world . no matter how often you ' ve seen it plastered across calendars or mouse mats , no matter how tightly it ' s girt about with trinket shops and tourists , it sweeps you off your feet and into another time and place .\nafter marrying soon yi , woody allen is now literally his own father - in - law . wonder if he asked himself for her hand in marriage . of course the first ring he gave her , she probably teethed on . now he ' s writing a play for her . or he could remake the old sitcom ,\nfather knows best\n.\nfusaichi pegasus had his most success as a sire with his first crop , foals of 2002 , which included roman ruler ( haskell and norfolk stakes ) and bandini ( blue grass stakes ) among 11 stakes winners from that crop . with 12 percent stakes winners from that crop , fusaichi pegasus would have been a very serious sire if only he had managed to maintain that trajectory .\nmalawi ( sunvil - 0208 232 9777 , urltoken ) , once , briefly , our home , represented another step back in time . there can ' t be many other places where you can spend the morning crunching across the frosty grass of a dazzling 7 , 000ft escarpment and , within three hours , be steaming gently in a riverside gamepark and eyeballing a crocodile from your hammock .\nin fact , witte says , in every homestead , at every interview , she would look at the surviving children and wonder : who will make it ? which child will die ?\nand you have to question what this does to the bond between mother and child . do mothers cherish the children more because they may die ? or is it harder to become attached to your child if you know you may lose him ?\nin ireland , the high pollen season begins sometime in june , depending on which part of the country you happen to live . obviously , there is seasonal variation and the exact start date will depend on what the weather is like throughout march , april and may . the warmer weather in south west cork means that the grass pollen season tends to start there in mid - may . in dublin and the midlands the high season usually begins at the start of june and in north west donegal a fortnight later .\nthe toughest job in washington dc these strange days isn ' t the president ' s or even his battery of lawyers but rather that of the first lady whose smile is so tight you can hear the enamel cracking during extreme close ups . she ' s always been a rock next to her sliding mound of liquid bubba gel , but now she makes the rocky mountains look like everglades mud . i can ' t help but wonder how clinton ' s other paramours would have fared in her place .\nsounds of earth ( jpn , h5 , by neo universe ) and gold actor ( jpn , h5 , by screen hero ) , whom toho jackal had beaten to second and third , respectively , in the kikuka sho , both have proven to be of high quality by finishing second and first , respectively , in the 2015 arima kinen ( g1 , 2 , 500m ) . sounds of earth ( jpn , h5 , by neo universe ) , after scoring just two wins out of 15 career starts , more recently has finished second in two g1 and three g2 starts , plus a close fifth by 0 . 3 second in last year\u2019s japan cup . gold actor was sidelined for eight months following the kikuka sho but has been undefeated in all four starts since his comeback , including as a g1 winner in the 2015 arima kinen . his sire , screen hero ( jpn , by grass wonder ) , also made late but rapid improvement to claim the 2008 japan cup in his four - year - old season .\ntoday walter and i woke early , before liz and edie , and in the mountain dark we ate peanut - butter toast , then pulled on our hiking shoes and took our poles and hiked down the mountain slope to the river . it was early , still chilly and damp in the shadows . i\u2019d brought a thermos of coffee , and whenever we stopped , walter did jumping jacks , though he claimed the cold didn\u2019t bother him . we hiked on , dropping down through forest , then flood grass , then boulder field and sandbar .\ni knew your anger . it\u2019s one of the strongest memories i have of you . you were bloated and bald by then , yellowed from all the chemicals the doctors were pumping through your brain . i wanted to wear to school a pair of jeans with holes in the knees , which i thought were cool . you told me to take them off . knowing , without really knowing , that you were fading from my life \u2014 you , the burden that was father , my sick and needy father \u2014 i refused . you swore at me , said i looked like trash , said if i wore such clothes i was trash and no son of yours . i ran for the safety of trees . i hid in the tall grass and took the grass in my hands and pulled until it cut the undersides of my fingers . the worst part , i think now , was that i already felt so distant from you , hadn\u2019t felt for a long time like a son of yours . after you\u2019d yelled yourself out , i went back in , ate my cereal , and left for school dressed the way i wanted .\nwho , like the aforementioned wonder again , is a phillips homebred and grade one winner on turf sired by silver hawk . bred in 1993 , memories of silver represented a third - generation darby dan bloodline tracing back through her granddam java moon by graustark . a theme of heartiness runs through many of the darby dan female families as many of its mares not only race but win in top quality races over multiple seasons . memories of silver and her best runners winter memories and la cloche were all turf graded stakes winners their final season on the track .\nthe colosseum in rome , which i visited this year , opened a window straight into the gorier side of the roman world . looking down into the arena , i swear i could hear the roar of lions , the baying crowd ; smell the blood and dust . seeing rome with my children was an education for all of us . we adults can try so hard to cram in all the sights that we lose out on the spirit of a place ; the children ' s wonder , and oblique view of the city was - happily - infectious .\ngrass pollen is the most common allergen in ireland without a doubt\n, says dr paul dowding , a senior lecturer with the trinity college dublin botany department .\nherb pollen is less common and tree pollen is not a great factor in ireland because it is not a heavily wooded country . the highest pollen count levels within ireland are usually found in lowland country areas , especially agricultural areas where there is likely to be a lot of grassland . levels in cities would be a half or quarter of that and in coastal areas pollen levels would be lower again\n.\nalready an accomplished star jockey in nar regional public racing before debuting under a jra license in 2006 , it wasn ' t long before yasunari iwata elevated his status in the jra . attracting increasing offers from big owners for major g1s , he responded with impressive results and boosted his purses . among his 13 grade - race wins during 2008 were four g1 titles , which he won with admire jupiter ( tenno sho spring , g1 ) , vodka ( yasuda kinen , g1 ) , black emblem ( shuka sho ) and seiun wonder ( asahi hai futurity stakes ) .\nwe have seen two complete population cycles of jackals . in the early 1990s they were abundant . by mid 1990s , they had all but disappeared . they returned in force after the el nino year ( 1997 - 8 ) , but have recently declined again . by 2003 / 4 , they appeared to be making a comeback . the el nino year had myriad cascading effects . first the grass grew tall and thick , raising the specter of uncontrollable bush fires . the rodents responded , and these usually shy creatures were seen daily . on their heels were the predators , the jackals and the snakes .\nlast summer , witte lived in a hotel with no running water , no oven for the chef to cook food , and the only phone in town . now , settled back into her life as an emory student , witte is far removed from her sojourn to kenya - but not its impact .\nit gave me hands on experience . i learned first - hand about a grass roots community project . and i came away from the experience committed to continuing my education . also , i have a new understanding about why it is so important to rigorously evaluate public heal th programs and find out what really works .\nhe missed one start in november due to an infection in his foot before being sent to post favorite for a grade - one attempt in the asahi hai futurity stakes . despite appearing overexcited in both the paddock and the post parade prior to his first start in three and a half months , seiun wonder took a ground - saving route from stall three . from racing well off the pace , jockey yasunari iwata steered him off the rails between the third and last corner and then split horses for the final stretch , from where the big colt of more than 500 kilos burst into gear to outrun the leaders and then held off the late chargers for a head - margin victory .\nby the time the sun burned away the clouds , i was already drenched in sweat and itching , spears of grass and burs stuck to my legs , a blister boiling up in the center of my hand . yet i had a luxury you didn\u2019t : we\u2019re here only for a season , and my work this morning at the pond wouldn\u2019t make or break us . i was only halfway around the longer western edge of the pond , but anyway i stabbed my shovel into the mud , pulled off my hat and shirt , and dove into the green water . i surfaced and swam over to walter and edie , who proudly showed me all the wriggling , bulb - eyed newts they\u2019d caught .\ngo ahead , have a drink . today is the darkest day in america . a stain on the calendar . april 15th . the day we part with our hard earned money and give it to the government . i ' m talking about perfectly good money that could be used to buy beer . and what nice little sheep we are to just give it al away .\nhere mr . pentagon : take three months of my take home pay and buy yourself a hammer\n. you pay taxes and i pay taxes . the difference is you don ' t pay enough and i pay way too much . and i ' m sure you feel the same . even the president pays taxes . for 1997 , the clintons had a gross adjusted income of $ 569 , 511 and paid $ 91 , 964 in federal taxes and $ 19 , 745 in state and local taxes , about half of what they paid last year , mostly because hillary ' s book\nit takes a village\ntanked from the best seller lists like a boxer wearing trunks made out of quaalude patches . they ' re getting a refund of $ 3 , 040 from the irs and gave away $ 270 , 725 to charities but refused to say who got the contributions . i don ' t know about you but i have a feeling the national rifle association saw about as much of that money as you and i did . wonder if copies of\nleaves in the grass\nwere tax - deductible ?\nthey held them up to me in their fists , the newts pawing at the rough air . then they let the newts loose and rinsed their hands \u2014 the amphibians\u2019 skin harbors quite a poison \u2014 and i helped them snap on their life jackets . we floated for an hour in the pond with the newts , who , back in the green water , swam and dove around us like we might all be family , their wide snouts rippling the surface here and there for air . a gust of wind danced through the crowns of the nearby firs and pines . the grass bent in the wind , even broke \u2014 i heard the crackling . the wind died down then , and a phalanx of red - gold dragonflies veered above us , snapped and whirred .\nmichael , 15 months old , visits the locker room after the game , in the arms of his father ' s brother hank , 24 , who along with another brother , dane , 30 , spends a lot of time in vancouver babysitting his nephew and helping mike keep track of his schedule away from basketball . watching the affection mike showers on michael makes an observer wonder about mike ' s estrangement from his father , henry , a former nba player who even after his retirement spent long stretches of time away from the family . henry , now usc ' s coach , could be helping his youngest son adjust to nba life , but it ' s obvious that he won ' t have the chance to do that anytime soon . mike doesn ' t answer questions having to do with his father .\ndynaformer thoroughly merited his promotion , going on to sire well over 60 group / graded winners , but even he was not guaranteed to sire an heir apparent . as many as 14 of his 23 grade i winners were fillies and two of the others\u2013perfect drift and vergennes\u2013were geldings . that left just seven grade i - winning sons . one , the exciting gi kentucky derby winner barbaro , met an untimely death . a second , the gi shadwell turf mile winner purim , died in 2012 , before his progeny had had much chance to prove themselves . however , he left the grade i winners twilight eclipse and undrafted among his legacy of only 218 foals . a third grade i - winning son of dynaformer , the gi blue grass s . winner brilliant speed , was killed by lightning earlier this year at the age of eight .\nthere is a common misunderstanding that rainfall in laikipia can be described as long rains in march - may and short rains in october - november , separated by two dry seasons . people come in the summer and wonder where all the rain is coming from . although much of the area to the south and east of laikipia does have a simple bimodal rainfall pattern , laikipia ( and many areas to the west ) also get a set of rains in july - august . these are sometimes called the lake rains or the continental rains . these blur into the long rains that preceded them , and the short rains that follow . the net result is a fairly predictable dry season from december to mid - march , and a weakly trimodal distribution of rain thereafter , with a distinct peak in april - may , and perhaps minor dips in june and september . the long - term records for mpala suggest that august is the third wettest month at mpala .\nthe world ' s first invention of the\nselfie robot - ic chip module , the agency tracking the design of research and development company\n, we proposed ic chip products in the world is not similar to\nselfie robot hardware and software combination of tracking action products , use face recognition , object tracking , software technology to capture face tracking , and tracking with infrared hardware to shoot . this wafer module supports the android and ios app algorithms and firmware of the mechanism of rotation tracking control technology , customers can easily use this chip , just select the battery , lights , motors , you can process design product appearance , and the phone linked to the selfie situation of the application selfie robot goods . our positioning :\ngrasswonder inside\n( embedded small green grass chip ) , this positioning to support customers to design , perfect user selfie experience :\nlet the phone lens has been chasing their own , their own kind of being chasing the stars feel\n, which is the best user experience .\nthese months we\u2019ve spent in isolation on this mountain were my choice , my responsibility , just as our family\u2019s life in the badlands of montana was yours . did you ever try to figure the escape paths we might have taken out ? did you wonder which way you would run with us when the river dried up ? when smoke filled the sky ? when the grasshoppers fell across the fields like a plague ? and what sudden plans did you make when you woke one morning and had your wife feel your belly , which was by then nothing but a mass of tumor ? you\u2019d left behind a stable job with the u . s . forest service , left a pension and healthcare benefits , left access to a good hospital \u2014 where a doctor perhaps wouldn\u2019t have misdiagnosed your cancer as ulcers for so long \u2014 left it all for a life you\u2019d known would be hard . and it was hard , even harder than you\u2019d reckoned . in response i have chosen a life of relative security : a good job , a house in town , decent savings . this mountain sojourn of ours is , i know , only a hint of the trial you lived and knew .\nbefore you were a farmer , father , you were a forester , a ranger in glacier national park and the backcountry of the bob marshall wilderness , then later in mount rainier and mesa verde . and i imagine you did your share of christening seasonal creeks with the names of long - ago girlfriends or naming hard - to - cross fields of scree after disfavored politicians . you must , i am sure , have picked a rock to sit on along the ridge , one with a view of the river , and then rifled hungrily through your pack for lunch . in your later life as a farmer , the life in which i knew you , you were a man of order : the fields irrigated for so many hours three times a summer ; the lambing tally inked in blue ballpoint in spiral notebooks . i\u2019ve seen them , you know , in the bottom - right drawer of your old roll - top desk , those tattered notebooks , their pages stained with iodine and afterbirth , the mess of delivering lambs . you favored red for the covers and always kept a pen poking out of the metal coil . as a boy i\u2019d open them and trace with my finger the loop of your scrawl , wonder at the workings of this hand i\u2019d only briefly known .\nyou can call us many things here in the golden plated state of california , but we ' re about as predictable as a rhinestone canoe in a freight elevator . our democratic gubernatorial suitors spent $ 64 million cozying up to us for tuesday ' s primary , and what do we do , but go and nominate the goober who bought us a corsage the size of a golf ball dimple . grey\nand that ' s a gross exaggeration\ndavis , beat both al\ncheckbook with a smirk\nchecci , and jane\ni am a woman dammit\nharman for the honor of facing dan\ndarth\nlungren in november ' s race for governor of us , the world ' s seventh largest economy . now , of course , the next five months is going to be easy . the two of them will stomp each other like daisies on a fifty yard line claiming that all important moderate middle as a fumble recovery and blast the other for being so far out of the mainstream , they got grass stains on their butts . according to which playbook you ' re reading , it ' ll either be mister compassion versus the steel nazi or mister responsible versus the stone hippie . or another way of putting it , for us in california , its $ 64 million down and a bajillion to go .\nmonica talks !\nnot quite\ngarbo talks\n, but you and me and hard copy are going to have to settle for it right now . still don ' t know what ms . lewinsky said . but you can bet your ass that our boy bill is going to know exactly how many times she coughed and how many separate particles of spit expectorated from her mouth when she did cough before he testifies on august 17 . wonder if monica ' s voice is squeaky or smokey or seductive ? hard to believe we ' ve lived with this lady for so long and still haven ' t heard her speak . also hard to believe the only way to tell the difference between the jerry springer show and cbs evening news these days is dan rather doesn ' t wears glasses . hardest of all to believe is mr . starr ' s witch hunt has gone on longer than the civil war . you really got to feel sorry for the 23 men and women on the grand jury who for six months have been hearing the most salacious things possible about the leader of the free world , the leader of the leader of the free world , an intern and her best friend . wouldn ' t blame any of those grand jurors who responded to their public service by moving to the yukon interior .\nsummer . barefoot at a barbecue . sinfully skinny tan lines . sand under the elastic of your underwear . men obviously bereft of mirrors naked from the waist up . ice cream dripping down the sugar cone onto your fingers . lemonade so tart it makes your toes pucker . the tinny mantra of a baseball game on an am radio . it started sunday but not really . oh sure the solstice ostensibly began at 10 : 03 am edt father ' s day , when the sun was at its furthest point from the equator . solstice : from the latin for\nstand still\n, featured the longest day of the year . yes , this may be the astronomical beginning of the season of summer for those of us in the northern hemisphere , but we ' re already a goodly way into it ' s clammy depths . we ' ve just been experiencing that weird cuspal convergence of summer and spring : sprummer . because true summer is not a fixed date , it ' s a state of mind . an altered state of mind . as an adult , it means memorial day and the ability to wear white shoes sans impunity not to mention lawn furniture . it means fresh cut grass and the soft stirring of a hammock complete with snoring noises . it means the smell of burning flesh , both from barbecues and the shoulders of the pigmentally challenged at the beach .\n- radio news while i slice potatoes , slick the cast - iron pan with bacon grease , and tuck thick pats of butter and slices of garlic inside the fish . you rise , even though you\u2019re tired \u2014 i realize you\u2019d be seventy - three this year \u2014 and join me on the porch , bringing the beer i left inside . while the fish grill , the oil dripping and popping in the flames , we talk politics . we argue . we might for a moment turn away from one another . you\u2019re a southerner raised on tobacco and jim crow , a poor boy who enlisted , made good with the help of the gi bill , and missed out on most of what we think of when we say \u201cthe sixties . \u201d i am my mother\u2019s son \u2014 my mother the social worker and teacher , the idealist who stored her joan baez records in the same box as your waylon jennings albums . but i\u2019m not after a reckoning here , not by a long shot . what i want to do is turn the blackening fish , lean against the log rail by you , with you , and take a deep swallow of suds . what i want is to touch your elbow lightly and point down below the old shed , near the oak tree , where a doe and a yearling fawn slip like ghosts through the grass in the dusty light of evening .\nat & t , god ' s phone service , has figured out the best way to attract young consumers who would rather chew gravel than align themselves with a corporate behemoth like ma bell ' s favorite son . wear a disguise . in offering their new dial around service , they ' re posing as a hip and fun company called lucky dog in a naked attempt to appeal to the young and anti establishment . at & t is posturing as anti establishment ? now that ' s sacrilege . isn ' t that a lot like bob dole skateboarding in cut offs ? or alan greenspan with a mohawk wading into the mosh pit of a primus concert . called\nstealth branding\n, this wolf in chihuahua ' s clothing stuff is nothing new . miller brewing , which is to microbrew what godzilla is to guppies has been cashing in on the small is better craze for years with a boutique label called red dog . makes you wonder if matt damon is really just tom hanks with a lot of makeup . and in the same vein , german media conglomerate bertlesmann ag is paying $ 200 million for a 50 % stake in barnesandnoble . com even though they ' re still running their own online service . i ' m not sure i get this whole competing with yourself strategy . not only do you lose even when you win , but often not only do you lose but you also lose as well . nothing stockholders love more than a lose lose situation .\ntoday is fat tuesday . the day we cast aside restraint , and drink till we puke on our shoes and then laugh . as my dad always used to say ,\nmoderation in everything . including moderation\n. your response to today is probably dependent on your geography . in san francisco , it ' ll be a much bigger deal than it will be in pierre , south dakota . but to be fair , california coyote festivals don ' t even begin to measure up to theirs . our stages end up littered with at best , half the shredded chicken carcasses as theirs and most of our coyotes aren ' t even quadrupeds . of course , san francisco ' s mardi gras celebration is to new orleans ' like dick york was to dick sergeant . a pale imitation at best . and i ' m sure the folks at carnaval in rio de janeiro will tell you that new orleans is the second darrin . isn ' t it funny that nobody wants to be the second darrin . i wonder when some fancy psychological think tank is going to do a highly funded useless study on the\nsecond darrin syndrome .\ndicks who fill other people ' s shoes , badly . they say that mardi gras is just a state of mind . of course so is the second darrin syndrome . all i know is , this is the only holiday we have where pure unadulterated excess is expected and encouraged . until aerick ' s day , that is . which is almost 3 whole weeks away .\ndon ' t get me wrong . i ' m no fan of hooters ' restaurants . ate there twice . both times i felt like i had felt someone up without their consent . and the wings were just okay . did not agree when hooters waitresses sued , saying they knew the uniforms were provocative , but didn ' t expect the sexual harassment . the hell did they expect ? true love ? macarthur genius grants ? carefully formulated queries about sub atomic particle research ? it ' s called hooters , for crum ' s sake . it might as well be\ntits r us\nwith a giant nipple on the backwards\nr\n. oh yeah , the logo is owl eyes .\nowl eyes\ncapable of lactation . now a federal appeals court is considering the case of 4 chicago guys whose applications for waiter positions were turned down . i ' m thinking , if guys with really tight buns who looked good in cut off t shirts filled out applications , they might have been hired . some battles are worth going down for . this case rates a . 0001 on that list . do we really want to set a precedent allowing dr . ruth westheimer to file a discrimination suit for being denied the opportunity to start as chicago bulls point guard ? does anybody foresee a grass roots campaign petitioning playgirl on behalf of ernest borgnine ' s bid for a photo spread ? next thing you know , michael bolton is going to demand grammy award accreditation in the male singer category . does crowbarring the lid off of pandora ' s box have any meaning here ?\nas a public service , i watched the impeachment hearings so that you didn ' t have to . and i got to be honest here . you owe me money . oh , it was riveting television . a lot like listening to golf on the radio in mandarin . like watching varnish harden on a closet baseboard by a ten watt light bulb . i don ' t mean to say kenneth starr was boring but his own staff was nodding off behind him . he has to be the whitest human on the face of the planet . beyond white . he ' s translucent . a man to whom the term\npasty\nis but a dream . envious of diaphanous . and it ' s an absolute wonder how he ' s able to be so incredibly patient with us . because we are so stupid . don ' t we get it ? my god , it ' s like trying to explain quantum physics to a rabbit hutch . not only did the man lie , but then he lied about lying . yeah , sure , maybe his staff intimidated monica lewinsky by a threat of 27 years in jail if she tried to talk to her lawyer . he was just following normal prosecutorial procedure . and sure , he can ' t remember a lot of stuff . so what ? didn ' t clinton use the same ruse ? and don ' t give me that birds of a feather crap , there ' s a big difference between the two of them . it ' s so obvious . starr is on the side of right .\nwe tried everything to get him out . we banged on the wheel well with a lug wrench so loudly that it would have deafened an animal that actually had ears . we poked it with sticks that were uncomfortably short , but it just retreated deeper . we even poured petrol on it . nothing worked . i figured i had a couple of choices . i could leave the vehicle there and hope that when i came back in a few hours , the snake had left . but that seemed to give the snake too much credit . instead , i decided to drive off . perhaps the snake would drop off or be shredded by the axle . ( its amazing how your concern for animals declines when there is a puff adder in your wheel well . ) i had two unsettling images . the first was of taking the snake all the way home and inadvertently delivering it to my five - year - old son ' s backyard . i had decided that i would park a kilometer away , and walk the rest . my other image was even more disturbing . old land rovers are miracles of low - tech engineering , and i could not be sure that the puff adder could not find a way from the wheel well into the cab . i imagined driving along and feeling the dry coarse rasp of its scales against my leg just before the lightning strike . i searched the car , and found no obvious route , but was little reassured . i finally did just drive off , with another vehicle spotting behind . sure enough , the puff adder was flung off within the first couple of hundred meters , and slithered off into the long grass .\nwe here at yourbank know you must be a little worried about all these big mergers going on . and well you should be . so let us put your mind at rest by insisting these changes are not for us , they ' re designed with you , our valued customers in mind . just trying to streamline operations to make it easier for you , our most precious collateral . we know you don ' t need a lot of perplexing ' choices ' to slow down your day , so here at yourbank , we ' re doing our best to make sure that when the smoke clears , we ' ll remain standing as your one and only choice when seeking financial security . we ' d also like to take this time to introduce the new ' one - rate ' atm fees from yourbank . aren ' t you tired of all those confusing charges for automated banking ? who wouldn ' t be ? one institution tacks on an outrageous fee for each on line service dial up , while another establishment nails you for even more , just for using their atm . well , at yourbank , we ' ve taken the guesswork out of banking . each transaction is the same special low user friendly price of . . . five dollars . that way you ' ll know you ' re getting the same beneficial easy to remember rate each and every time you do business with us . no hassles . no confusion . just the same convenient price . any time . anywhere . for anything . you ' ll never have to wonder if you ' re being ripped off again . remember , at yourbank , we ' re working harder , to make your money . . . our money ."]}
{"id": 1463, "summary": [{"text": "ditrigona sacra is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by butler in 1878 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in japan and korea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11.5-17.5 mm for males and 14-19.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are weakly lustrous and white , the forewings have the costa white or very pale buff .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the fasciae are brownish buff , the antemedial fascia angled at the posterior edge of the cell , the postmedial fascia lunulate .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a brown spot at the distal end of the cell and at the ends of each vein .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are as the forewings , except that there is no antemedial fascia . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "ditrigona sacra", "paragraphs": ["leucodrepanilla strand , 1911 ; gross - schmett . erde 2 : 198 ; ts : corycia sacra butler\nleucodrepanilla strand , 1911 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 2 : 198 , ts : corycia sacra butler\ncorycia sacra butler , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 404 , tl : yokohama\nditrigona sp . ; holloway , 1998 , moths of borneo 8 : 22 , pl . 6 , f . 28\nditrigona moore , 1888 ; descr . indian lep . atkinson ( 3 ) : 258 , ts : ourapteryx triangularia moore\n? ditrigona sp . ; holloway , 1998 , moths of borneo , 8 : 22 , pl . 6 , f . 28\nditrigona wilkinsoni holloway , 1998 ; moths of borneo 8 : 21 , pl . 6 , f . 26 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nditrigona wilkinsoni holloway , 1998 ; moths of borneo , 8 : 21 , pl . 6 , f . 26 , tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park\nditrigona paludicola holloway , 1998 ; moths of borneo 8 : 21 , pl . 6 , f . 27 ; tl : brunei , daerah belait , badas , swamp forest\nditrigona paludicola holloway , 1998 ; moths of borneo , 8 : 21 , pl . 6 , f . 27 , tl : brunei , daerah belait , badas , swamp forest\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nourapteryx triangularia moore , [ 1868 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1867 : 612 ; tl : bengal\nleucodrepana idaeoides hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 333 , f . 231 ; tl : sikkim\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ndescriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson\nstrand in seitz , 1911 die gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes . 2 . die palaearktischen spinner & schw\u00e4rmer gross - schmett . erde 2 : 1 - 479 [ macrolep . ] , pl . 1 - 56\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about ditrigonary dodecadodecahedron ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ditrigonary dodecadodecahedron ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nleucodrepana hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 327 ( key ) , 333 , ts : leucodrepana idaeoides . hampson\nourapteryx triangularia moore , [ 1868 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1867 : 612 , tl : bengal\nleucodrepana idaeoides hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 333 , f . 231 , tl : sikkim"]}
{"id": 1464, "summary": [{"text": "smoken up is an australian champion standardbred race horse bred in new zealand .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he was the first pacer outside north america to record a mile in under 1:50 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was known as trigger . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "smoken up", "paragraphs": ["hrv will celebrate smoken up\u2019s farewell with a special smoken up race night at the september 6 meeting .\nit\u2019ll be up to him ,\njustice said when asked how long smoken up would continue racing .\nbitobliss and trainer / driver scott stewart take out the smoken up sprint at melton .\nsmoken up - won ' t be a starter in the 2012 new zealand cup .\nharness race horse smoken up has beaten blacks a fake in the miracle mile at menangle .\nrestrepo ( $ 1 . 60 favourite ) initially held the early battle for the lead before handing up to smoken up .\nsmoken up ' s his post - race swab was found to contain unacceptable levels of dmso .\nchampion pacer smoken up defied his age to set a mile track record in ballarat last night .\ncontroversial . . . harness horse of the year smoken up wins the len smith mile race .\nlance justice and smoken up will team up on friday night in the shire of melton sprint , both resuming from lengthy layoffs .\nsmoken up on his way to a 1 : 53 . 4 win in the shire of melton sprint\nbitobliss waltzed to victory in the james & son smoken up sprint last night at tabcorp park melton .\nsmoken up was contesting his fourth final , having earlier run third in 2008 and again last year .\nformer cambridge pacer smoken up leads a powerful australian assault on the cup today . photo / gary wild\nthe miracle mile was smoken up ' s biggest triumph after finishing second in the race last year .\nthat night victorian warhorse smoken up hit the line first in what felt like a truly great racing moment .\nthe smoken up team could possibly take their case further but they are getting into legal miracle territory now .\nsmoken up was the headline act of sunday ' s grand opening of tabcorp park and he didn\u2019t disappoint .\nsmoken up\u2019s early speed from a wide barrier was responsible for a 26 . 3 - second opening 400m .\nlance justice and smoken up arriving in - new zealand this morning ( tuesday november 2 , 2010 ) .\nresult : lost ! never looked likely after trailing smoken up . great to see the old boy win .\nthe superstar son of sundon is up against gun mare make mine cullen , ultra - consistent grand circuit pacer smoken up and buzz gelding villagem .\nthe night will feature a special smoken up video package on the big screen , souvenir racebook , rug presentation , smoken up poster and mini - flag giveaways and more . full details will be announced in coming weeks .\nsmoken up had been favourite since betting opened early in the week and was sent out the $ 2 favourite .\nsmoken up is first past the post in the interdominion grand final from themightyquinn at alexandra park . photo / nzpa\nsmoken up steamed in over his final 800m in 55 . 3s and his final 400m in 27 . 9s .\nsmoken up will start from barrier six , while blatant lie will start off the back row in barrier nine .\nlooks like a big quaddie on the cards so going wwwwiiiiidddddddeeeeee here & relying on smoken up to get home .\n\u201csmoken up is a victorian harness racing icon and renaming the legends in his honour will acknowledge that into the future .\nof course , those who backed smoken up for a win got paid out and those who backed themightyquinn did not .\nsmoken up will this weekend make a last - ditch attempt to snatch 2007 / 08 barastoc grand circuit champion honours .\nthis 7yo doesn ' t win out of turn too often but i was really impressed with its run against smoken up last start . first up for a few\na winner of 73 races from 150 starts , smoken up\u2019s achievements have thrust harness racing into mainstream and social media channels .\nevergreen 11 - year - old karloo mick came along the inside and briefly looked as if he would head smoken up .\nbut smoken up responded and beat his rival by a metre with im themightyquinn another 1 - 1 / 2 metres third .\nthree true racing heroes with earnings over $ 11 million completed the trifecta : smoken up , themightyquinn and blacks a fake .\nsmoken up heads to the spelling paddock a winner of 22 of his 45 starts for $ 539 , 000 in stakes .\nsmoken up claims his third sa cup from four attempts with ease as a $ 1 . 05 favourite . photo by arclight photography\ni\u2019m pretty keen to get out there ,\njustice said .\nhe\u2019ll ( smoken up ) look after me .\nbut most important of all in justice ' s view is smoken up ' s return to his favourite track : menangle park .\nhe then waited until well into the straight to make his winning surge leading up and running past smoken up who kicked back but was held on the line by a neck .\nin number eight was recorded at bendigo 13 days later when smoken up worked from a second line draw in finding the lead role .\n\u201csmoken up\u2019s eight , themightyquinn\u2019s six and blacks a fake\u2019s 10 . they\u2019ve had years of hard grand circuit racing , \u201d he said .\nsmoken up , the nz - bred son of tinted cloud , was a deserving winner for ebullient victorian trainer - driver lance justice .\nit was len smith mile night and smoken up ' s winning time of 1 . 48 . 5 gave justice his career highlight .\nmonkey king finishes brilliantly to beat bettor ' s strike and smoken up in the new zealand trotting cup at addington . photo / simon baker\nstanding a term at stud while sidelined , caribbean blaster joins past greats gammalite , shakamaker , sokyola and smoken up as multiple vhoty winners .\nthe quote about smoken up being in career best form isn ' t exaggerated either . he has won seven of his last eight starts . six of those eight starts have come in this campaign so it ' s a very fit smoken up that will go to war next tuesday .\nsmoken up has his own facebook page , with fans kept abreast of the horse\u2019s life at home as well as his on - track performances .\nvictorian warhorse smoken up won his second miracle mile at menangle on saturday night to give trainer driver lance justice his fourth win in the race .\nso , with not a lot of leeway to move on that particular point , the jca disqualified smoken up and themightyquinn was promoted to first .\nsmoken up had won the miracle mile and south australian cup but it was controversy that followed his interdominion success in new zealand , and that had justice fired up at menangle on april 30 .\ni was so close to picking smoken up to win but caribbean blaster may have taken the next step . both are a level up on the rest of these & the quinella looks like easy money\n\u201cto illustrate the changing nature of engaging with the public , smoken up has generated an enormous following on social media which has enhanced his appeal . \u201d\nthere were four across the track coming to the first turn with lonestar legend , kiwi ingenuity , smoken up and melpark major all keen to lead .\nhile smoken up looks to be well on his way to wrapping up one spot it must be noted that the ' four - time ' derby winner in divisive should already be assured of one spot .\nkarlsruhe ( barrier four ) and tanabi bromac ( six ) , runner - up and fourth respectively behind smoken up last weekend , are the other victorians engaged in the race to be run at 10pm .\nsmoken up is a 13 - time group 1 winner who still holds the record for the fastest mile rate in australasia \u2013 1 : 48 . 5 .\njustice hasn\u2019t driven in a race since a horrific fall in december last year , while smoken up was spelled after his len smith mile triumph in april .\nafter kicking off his 2011 / 12 term with three straight successes , smoken up suffered agonising defeats in the queensland pacing championship and new zealand trotting cup .\nas the countdown to smoken up\u2019s farewell race at tabcorp park melton continues , harness racing victoria has announced it will rename a race in the champion pacer\u2019s honour .\nhe gelding encounted his toughest test to date when smoken up faced the starter for the running of the 4 & 5yo championship at moonee valley on june 1 .\nhis trainer lance justice swears he never uses the drug and a subsequent judicial control authority panel believed him but the dmso was in smoken up ' s system .\nthe win in the olympus feeds smoken up sprint further swelled bling it on\u2019s seven - figure career stakes and come much to the joy of driver luke mccarthy .\naustralasian icon and grand circuit champion smoken up has added further to his overflowing trophy cabinet by being named victorian horse of the year for a second successive season .\nfor the second year running smoken up was named nsw horse of the year based on scintillating performances in the len smith and miracle miles at tabcorp park menangle .\nat nine years old , justice said smoken up would be out to make the most of all his opportunities this time in as it may be his final campaign .\nvictorian speedster smoken up had so often been the bridesmaid but finally had his moment to shine with a record - breaking win in saturday night ' s miracle mile .\njustice is working out his plan with smoken up for the coming months , which will centre on defending his miracle mile at menangle at the end of the november .\nresult : lost ! went rough before the turn after sitting behind smoken up but no excuses . it ' s not good enough to beat this class now it seems\n\u201cthe smoken up sprint will commemorate the wonderful career of the lance justice trained pacer , whose achievements on the racetrack have captivated audiences throughout australasia , \u201d mr anderson said .\nthey ran the first quarter in 26 . 2 seconds and only backed off to 29 . 4 when smoken up finally found the front with melpark major on his outside .\nrom gate four smoken up led throughout in accounting for captain kalahari by 2 . 2 metres while lenny bromac was a further 2 . 9 metres away in grabbing third .\nsmoken up , who maintains his speed longer and smoother racing right - handed at auckland , according to justice , was always travelling like a winner after finding the markers .\njustice said smoken up\u2019s successful return , combined with the lure of grand circuit glory in blacks a fake\u2019s absence from the trans tasman prompted connections to make the trip north .\non the plane with smoken up will be the horse he narrowly beat in last week\u2019s bold david free - for - all , the andy gath - trained blatant lie .\nresult : miles off . jodi quinlan throws in a head scratcher and chilli palmer wins well . with the help of a stablemate but was too good for smoken up .\nloved its last start 2nd to smoken up when not suited over the sprint trip but finished off extremely well . draws to take the sit behind smoken up who just maybe suspect over the longer journey these days but geez it ' s flying at the minute , especially when leading . happy to be on mah sish with the soft run .\nresult : lost ! i was getting bloody excited when it got to 3 back the pegs but then five star anvil handed up to smoken up & that was the end of wartime . it ' ll win one soon at odds\nsugars nursed the favourite until straightening and then allowed smoken up or \u2018trigger\u2019 as known around the stable to hit top gear and power home in 27 . 7 second last quarter .\nsmoken bones cookshack for ken hueston\u2019s barbecue place , 2009 was \u201cfilled with new directions and angles of thought . \u201d he hooked up with natural pastures cheese co . in courtenay to smoke their boerenkaas and has expanded into commercial catering . biggest news of all : smoken bones is opening a second location .\nthe legends , previously named the legends mile , will become the smoken up sprint ( to be run on november 7 ) to honour the lance justice - trained superstar pacer\u2019s career .\nvictoria ' s new zealand trotting cup hopeful smoken up touched down in christchurch this morning ( tuesday november 2 ) along with his faithful harness racing companion and stablemate earl of mot .\nbut he\u2019ll encounter stiff opposition from the other finalists , including smoken up , who was the other victorian to top $ 1 million in stakes during the 2009 / 10 racing year .\n\u201che ( smoken up ) is the definition of a champion , he\u2019s never beaten , he never gives in and he\u2019s definitely earned his place among the greats of australian harness racing .\nresult : 2nd . again started way too short for me at $ 1 . 70 . wowee , i could get smoken up beaten vs c0 class at the minute . no bet\nbarring accidents , he looks a moral to win here . i think it leads early & potentially hands up to smoken up . with the master on board , i expect the run to come & it be far too good for these .\nsmoken up has now had 104 career starts for 56 wins and 34 placings for a staggering and rapidly increasing stakemoney record of excess of $ 2 . 89 million . closing in on the $ 3 million figure , smoken up heads towards the 2012 interdominion in western australia while justice is on the road to a speedy recovery to be able to be at the reins .\njustice highlighted smoken up\u2019s first - up record and acknowledged the front - row draw was ideal for the champion nine - year - old , who has earned over $ 3 . 1 million in stakes during his 61 - win career to date .\nan 11 - year - old , smoken up ( $ 4 . 90 ) was always in charge once melton trainer - driver lance justice found the lead in a hectic early charge .\nstill sailing on cloud nine following smoken up ' s career defining miracle mile victory at menangle last month , candid harness racing trainer lance justice is seeing the world though rose coloured glasses .\nblacks a fake holds sway on 12 points entering the event , but smoken up is lurking ominously on 10 points and victory on saturday night would carry him to a three - point win .\nbitobliss proved that form to be very strong after it destroyed a strong field here a fortnight ago . back to the front line draw , smoken up will be up front where it likes to be and i just can\u2019t see it being rolled from there .\nince arriving from the ' land of the long white cloud ' with two wins and six placings from his 10 engagements , smoken up has hit the victorian scene with a string of exciting displays .\nin white hot form at the minute & if it ' s ever going to be the top notchers tonight is the night with smoken up , melpark major & bitofbliss very early in there preparations . smoken up will ensure a very fast pace especially if melpark major finds the front early . that ' ll suit have a bender perfectly and also bitofbliss but at the odds have a bender looks big value\ndespite sitting three - wide without cover from the 900m , the paul rowse - trained gelding loomed alongside smoken up upon straightening and it wasn\u2019t until 30 metres from that his tough run took its toll .\nsmoken up made it three sa cup scalps from four attempts putting him one win behind legendary pacer gamalite who was the sa cup king between 1982 and 1985 . with his best racing still in front of him , smoken up heads towards another tough season on the grand circuit but will no doubt , justice will have the 2013 sa cup on his radar for the following season to equal the sa cup record .\nsmoken up is my best bet of the night . it ' s going to have a huge advantage on the blaster here , who is also first up , being on the speed first . again throw in the blaster & motu crusader for a knockout if you want .\nhe finished 1 - 1 / 2 metres from smoken up with ti vogliobene ( $ 18 ) making the most of a cushy trip on the favourite\u2019s back to claim third placing a further four metres away .\nsmoken up is only half of justice ' s len smith mile team with sokyola sprint third placegetter our malabar , who won the inter dominion consolation at menangle on march 7 , to start from the pole .\nsmoken up sat outside blacks a fake at the head of the field in australia ' s premier harness racing sprint at menangle park and showed plenty of determination in the straight to win by half a head .\nyet again , the hitcher had great pace to lead the fleet around . this time phantom tried to squeeze through smoken for second place at the\n( 8 ) and rejuvenated 2008 victoria cup winner melpark major ( 6 ) will each be forced into making early arrangements in the 2555 - metre feature and all will be at the mercy of justice on smoken up .\nthe field did not quite break that mark but smoken up ' s winning time of 1 : 50 . 30 still set a miracle mile record and also bettered the australasian mile record of 1 : 50 . 50 .\nnarrow defeat in the much - hyped ballarat cup battle against highview tommy and sushi sushi would follow but three inter dominion heat wins and a third len smith mile success ensured this would be smoken up\u2019s greatest ever season .\nthe consistent form of victoria\u2019s smoken up nz has enabled it to take a handy lead on the progressive points for the barastoc pacers grand circuit series . blacks a fake went into sunday\u2019s group 1 event with just two points , but with ample opportunities in coming weeks to build up further points .\nafter coming along way in a short period of time , smoken up will commence his charge towards the ' big time ' when the former kiwi heads to geelong on tuesday night ( july 17 ) for his next assignment .\nof mot a little who took some\nbark off\nin transit but hardy traveller smoken up\ntravelled over well\n, according to trainer lance justice and is ready to run the race of his life next tuesday .\ngetyawingsout was smashed from start to finish last start after leading . shouldn ' t cop the same pressure here tonight & i expect it to spear to the early lead & win . smoken up just looks far too good for tonights opposition . as much as i like chilli palmer , it ' s unproven against open class . smoken up , 5 starts at the track for 4 wins & a 2nd against much , much better than these . .\nsmoken up , who didn\u2019t race until four , began his race career with cambridge trainers , john and david butcher . he was sold to clients of the justice stable after winning twice and running six placings in eight nz starts .\nsmoken up might have won the biggest races of the 2010 - 11 season but one night in april will always stand out , admitted trainer - driver lance justice after his star was named harness horse of the year this week .\nresult : 3rd . was held up 3 pegs but did get out with plenty of time to catch up but just plodded home . collect $ 75\nnot many in better form . ran a super quick last half vs smoken up on friday after being held up and had excuses the start previous . back in class tonight in a race that has plenty of speed which will suit . loves bendigo using the camber turns to it ' s advantage . looks the winner\nhas been tearing up the trials & looks ready to win first up . i would ' ve doubled the bet if it hadve drawn the front row .\nsmoken up is rated by his trainer - driver lance justice as his next star performer following the retirement of the former glamour horse sokyola and the four - year - old has drawn the second row for his upcoming assignment over 2100 metres .\nour blackbird , now trained by ross olivieri , has won at 15 of his 64 starts . he faces a stern test from the outside of the front line , even though he has been performing soundly against quality opposition in victoria . four starts ago , in the 1720m sokyola sprint at melton , he finished fourth behind five star anvil , smoken up and chilli palmer and three starts before that he was third behind chilli palmer and smoken up in the group 3 geelong cup .\nsmiling shard , the best of the nz - trained runners , was game finishing only 2 1 / 2 lengths from the strong front - running winner smoken up , who held other seasoned aussie grand circuit stars , themightquinn and blacks a fake .\nsmoken up won the horse of the year award in front of champion three - year - old sushi sushi , which was unbeaten in 13 starts for the season . his consolation was the three year old colt / gelding of the year award .\nin 2009 smoken up and justice took the challenge to the kiwis and fought doggedly for their third placing . this year justice is determined to do better and be the first aussie to win the christchurch casino nz trotting cup since lightning blue in 1987 .\ncaribbean blaster has opened $ 2 . 10 favourite in saturday night ' s race at tabcorp park . warhorse smoken up is a $ 4 . 60 second favourite while bitobliss is on the third line at $ 5 . 50 with tab fixed odds .\nresult : lost ! got stuck behind tiring horses after the 3 handed up ( no cot ! ! ! ) & it ended up 4 back the pegs . .\nphoto : smoken up and lance justice are holding themightyquinn ( gary hall jun ) with 100m to run in the skycity \u2013 inter pacing grand final . blacks a fake , smiling shard ( nearest markers ) and mr feelgood ( yellow colours ) are next .\nthe bad news for victorian harness racing fans is that smoken up will also miss that state ' s two biggest races , the $ 375 , 000 sew - eurodrive victoria cup on december 20 and the $ 400 , 000 hunter cup on february 7 .\ni think the one maybe risky first up especially if it leads . if it hands up to rogers passion it ' ll be hard seeing it miss 2nd but on a positive if it does hand up to rogers passion . rogers is a cert .\neven congupna trainer scott stewart , who prepares bitobliss , was in awe of his star pacer\u2019s blistering finishing burst , when he came from last at the 400 mto mow down a field of talented rivals , including the great smoken up , in the home stretch .\nthis weekend and gath says his stable star is more than up to the challenge .\nresult : lost ! crossed early & ended up 3 pegs . no hope from there\nresult : 4th ! ended up 3back after the fav couldn ' t lad . .\nsorry ! ! missed up the quaddie legs . adjusted below @ 6 . 30pm :\ndespite boasting several key runners across friday night\u2019s huge program at tabcorp park , justice will only pilot smoken up , leaving others to steer earl of mot and just a cracker in the trotters\u2019 cup and magnificent art in the group 1 vicbred 2yo c & g final .\ntrained and driven by james rattray , beautide recorded the fastest mile rate ( 1 : 50 . 2 ) after winning the event last year , bettering the mark set by smoken up ( 1 : 50 . 3 ) in 2010 . interestingly , smoken up is the last horse to win the miracle mile consecutively ( 2010 / 11 ) , and also set an australasian record mile rate of 1 : 48 . 5 in winning the len smith mile at menangle in april 2011 . with a slick field engaged on saturday night , that record looks in danger , especially if conditions are perfect and they go crazy up front .\nhrv ceo john anderson said renaming a race such as the legends in smoken up\u2019s honour made sense due to the horse\u2019s phenomenal record at sprint trips \u2013 having won four len smith miles and two miracle miles , as well as a bevy of other short - course features .\nof mot isn ' t in new zealand purely as a travel companion for smoken up either . the new zealand - owned trotter is looking to bring his strong australian form to the cup carnival in both the seelite windows & doors nz trotting ffa and the hellers dominion .\nthrow in safari , smoken up and possibly melpark major from victoria , changeover , gotta go cullen , monkey king and - fingers crossed - auckland reactor from new zealand , plus us raiders bono bests and mr feelgood , and divisive has some stiff opposition in coming months .\n* after running second the other night in melton , smoken up has been sent back to the spelling paddock . andrew bensley reports , via twitter , that trainer lance justice stated there are no suitable races upcoming so any chance of another new zealand cup tilt has been dashed .\nresult : lost ! crossed early and ended up in the death seat . dear oh dear\nresult : lost ! never looked comfortable and ended up galloping down the straight . sin bin\nresult : lost ! pulled up . . . . . good way to lose $ 100\nresult : blingiton never looked in doubt & hezarealgem just wasn ' t up to them .\nthe bettor ' s delight 5 - year - old out of the purdon trained mare scuse me , broke now - retired australian star smoken up ' s track record at menangle by more than 0 . 8 seconds to make her the fastest recorded standardbred over a mile in australasia .\nsmoken up missed his shot at barastoc grand circuit victory in 2009 / 10 , but friday night ' s ( april 23 ) $ 100 , 000 tabcorp len smith mile is his best chance to snare a harness racing group 1 title this season according to trainer - driver lance justice .\nlocal star ohoka nevada ( mark billinger ) ran a solid second , following smoken up from start to finish after drawing the prime alley in gate one and got within 3m on the line while rising star heza trick ( daryl douglas ) flashed home late to finish third a further 3m away .\njustice is excited about returning to steer his stable champion , who is arguably to harness racing what black caviar is to the gallops . in fact smoken up has recently even acquired a black caviar - style compression suit , which he sported on a recent photo shoot for his personal facebook page .\njustice , hemmed up in traffic early from his back row draw , moved up parked at the 1800m before wresting the lead from four - time inter champ blacks a fake at the 1400m .\nthe gelding was a narrow runner - up in both races during the 2007 / 08 season .\n' ' it was the best night because of everything that led up to it . ' '\nresult : lost ! they did finish top 3 but chilli palmer was simply amazing first up .\nresult : lost ! handed up the lead & that was race over . not happy jan !\nmeeting result : that well & truly makes up for last night . won $ 1422 . 60\nresult : lost ! ended up 4 pegs & was no chance from there . ran on ok\nthe crowd somewhat waiting for the sugars salute as he put his name on the honour roll alongside his father ross sugars back in 1981 aboard murdock miss seemed as if he was restricted by the power still in his hands as smoken up crossed the line ready to travel another lap at that speed .\nresult : lost ! stiff . . mach doro leading folded up like a pack of cards and leaders back and rochnroll were badly held up . hit the line strong but was never a chance after that\n19 units outlay for 26 . 24 unit return . should ' ve put up the suggested bets !\nresult : 4th . led early & handed up to the 3rd fav but we didn ' t need it to hand up as well . end 3 pegs and was too far back to have an impact\nshort n sweet tonight . i ' ll be concentrating on a big miracle mile write up for followers\nresult : 4th by a whisker . ended up 4 back the pegs & was never winning from there\nwith no provision for a countback , should smoken up run second on saturday night he and blacks a fake would be declared joint winners . the only time in the 31 - year history of the championship that two horses finished on the same points was in 2003 when double identity and young rufus both collected 17 points .\nwhilst i don ' t think he can win , he certainly looks an attractive place bet at big odds . first up at melton a fortnight ago he copped a check early on and settled at the tail of the field . rounding the home turn on the back of abettorpunt , he rushed up to the leaders and looked a chance , only to have his run end short of the line . 2nd up from gate 2 , he will be the first to the pegs and will more than likely take a sit on smoken up . that ' ll give him every opportunity via the sprint lane , hopefully enough to snag a placing\nresult : winner ! a nice end to a frustrating day . up to $ 10 offered up on fixed odds early but i missed that . still very very happy with the $ 8 i got . can ' t believe it paid that much . finished up $ 4 fixed s - tab . collect $ 200\nsafari still turned in a splendid staying effort . re - handicapped to 10 metres , gath as expected wasted little time after the field had been dispatched in taking his horse forward to sit outside the leader smoken up nz . justice , probably expecting such an aggressive move , in the following two laps every now and then allowed his horse on the inside to surge , seemingly then preventing gath from dictating tactics up front with safari .\nwaiting for them will be the glenn douglas - trained bold cruiser , who travelled up on tuesday afternoon .\nmeeting result : another poor result today . got some ground to make up this week ! lost $ 128\nresult : winner ! sneaky alright . snuck up right along the pegs to blouse them . $ 185 collect\nsmoken up attracted a crowd of 5000 people , the largest since the 2007 interdominion and although they had to wait an extra hour for the most anticipated race on the local racing calendar the $ 100 , 000 sky channel sa pacing cup due to power problems plagued globe derby park , there was no fan disappointed when leaving the course .\nthe start is critical for his chances but my early memories of him have him flying the gate early , ideally crossing bitobliss . even if he can ' t cross he ' s likely to settle on the back of smoken up which isn ' t the worst place to be . at $ 11 on bet365 , that seems crazy value\nthis 6yo gelding would be out of place lining up in the miracle mile field tonight . had to work extremely hard 3 wide the trip vs beautide in the newcastle mile 2 starts back & had the audacity to kick on & finish 2nd . last start he had a good smothered 3 pegs but had to peel 3 wide to get into clear running and wasn ' t disgraced running 3rd to smoken up in very quick time . he ' s going\nnot real keen on this meeting with plenty of sa visitors arriving at mildura . hard to match up the form\nresult : 3rd . ntd ! cant take a trick . astronaut hands up the lead & ruins everything . .\nforget last start at mt gambier . go back 2 starts where in challenged for the lead early eventually ending up with a 1x2 sit . wobbled a bit when rounding the final turn but once balanced up , finished really well to finish 2nd . draws to lead today and if he runs up to its run 2 back , it wins .\none of the most improved pacers in the country over the past 2 years . i remember losing my cash on him in a c1 event just over a year ago at melton but tritton has certainly found the key and i ' d love to see it win . has amazing early speed and looks likely to cross smoken up early . looked to be one level below group 1 class when leading in his previous 4 races before taking a sit last start and what improvement he showed . he handed up to smoken up and was only beaten 1 . 2 metres in a slick 1 . 49 . 9 second mile rate . he certainly had his chance to win last week and whilst it ' s hard to see him winning here tonight , with the perfect sit likely to be his , is a strong place chance .\nhuge day of harness racing with great fields to boot . nothing but value tips below . we ' ll need some luck but based on the odds , i ' ll only need one to get up to end up even :\nwhile smoken up nz was playing its cat - and - mouse game with safari , anthony butt was having a dream run on the back of the leader with report for duty nz , with gavin lang on its back with advance attack nz . following safari in the one - out line was manwarra goforgold , then reba rajah , with divisive then running ninth .\naustralia ' s premier sprint race will be run without australasia ' s fastest pacer following today ' s shock news that lance justice has aborted plans to contest the miracle mile with smoken up . the melton trainer - driver confirmed that the six - year - old was still suffering from an injury that had hindered his entire campaign and even if he was offered one of the remaining two invites for $ 500 , 000 grand circuit feature he wouldn ' t be taking it up .\nresult : winner ! a horse that ' s going places that ' s for sure . up $ 51 . 50\nresult ; lost . not a bad run , just not up to these . run 6th not far off them .\nresult : 4th . up to $ 35 around got the perfect sit on mind the wire ' s back and then nathan jack decides to hand up to cramp . . . runs a good 4th . frustrating , very frustrating for the punter\nbut that was forgotten when the best horse in australasia lined up with lance justice and the defending champion taking centre stage .\n\u201che pulled up well after friday night\u2019s race and has done well since , so there\u2019s no reason not to go . \u201d\nresult : winner ! handed up the lead which gave us some nervous moments but got the job done . collect $ 194\nresult : winner ! opened up at close to $ 2 but was smashed in late . won easily . collect $ 130\nput up a huge effort to win the nz cup last start after missing away from the stand start . he was sent\nresult : 4th . no it wasn ' t . was an ok run & im tipping will run better 2nd up .\nit ' s always a risk backing horses first up but this fella has had 4 good trials in the lead up to this race and has run well in all of them . this is an extremely weak race and he has won against much better . from the draw should either lead or be sitting with cover up on the lead . looks a good ew chance .\nlawn derby awards for pacers . aged horse and gelding of the year : smoken up ; aged mare of theyear : make mine cullen ; three year old colt / gelding of theyear : sushi sushi ; three year old filly of the year : bellas delight ; two year old colt / gelding of the year : three over three ; two year old filly of the year : sensational gabby .\nmonths it followed smoken up everywhere over the unsuitable 2240 metres and stuck to it ' s guns well only being beaten 5 metres . tonight he draws perfectly to follow favourite five star anvil over the sprint trip , the distance he races best . if the favourite holds the lead , garnet river will be sitting right behind it awaiting the sprint lane . at the big odds , worth a go\nwe had her x - rayed on saturday and it showed up to be a broken sesamoid bone ,\npurdon said .\nresult : 4th . never got a proper crack at them after the 1 broke and dentona ended up 4 pegs . good run\nresult : lost ! favourite gallops in front of it , ends up stuck out 3 wide the last lap & dropped out .\nwent super against some smart types first up from an unsuitable draw . gets gate 1 here . leads and wins for mine .\nhas the superior speed from the front line and shouldn ' t be handing up today . looks perfectly suited on this track .\nshould lead now with the early scratching from this race . put up a great effort at melton when leading from a wide draw\nresult : 2nd ! ! finally a collect . . $ 8 offered up on bet365 thanks very much . . collect $ 255\nran some quick times in a recent terang trial suggesting it ' ll be ready for this first up . if it was a\nmeeting result : horrific night of punting . time to pick myself up & get it back tomorrow . lost $ 367 . 50\nresult : winner ! opened up at $ 3 and smashed into $ 1 . 80 fixed & won easily . collect $ 100\nresult : winner ! opened up $ 2 . 5 & smacked into $ 1 . 9 . won easily . collect $ 95\nresult : lost ! never put into the race & my ticket was screwed up a long way out after the leaders walked .\nthe presense of dmso on its own is very surprising . everyone in this industry knows that it is tested for and to present a horse with dmso in its system in 2011 would seem like professional suicide by lance . it just doesnt make sense unless the trace amounts found were present in something else that lance gave to smoken up . i am aware that dmso is present in trace amounts for instance in itpp to mention just one possability . that would seem far more likely than the random contamination explanation being offered up at present\n3rd up here and is a sneaky chance . 1st up run was just average after only getting out late from 5 back the fence beaten 24 metres in r2 - 4 class . followed that up with a good 3rd to freemason who is running very well atm , in c4 / 5 class beaten 8 metres after again being buried 4 pegs . has enough gate speed to hold the 1 ' s back here but that is likely to hand up . if the 1 does hand up , that will probably put pay to sunrise ' s winning chances but i think shes a big place chance at odds from the draw and small field suits .\nthis is a huge step up in class from last week where they did run the last half slowly to allow it to sneak up the sprint lane to win but i can ' t ignore the $ 16 . 80 available the place . potential collect $ 168\nhas been trialling very well for this first up tilt & should be suited by some early speed and the fact it ' ll position in front of the favourite . it ' ll hold all the aces & if it runs up to it ' s trial form\nhas been unlucky since resuming . 1st up was attacked and ran a 27 second 3rd quarter only to get run down late in a 56 second last half . not bad first up . @ nd up got polaxed & still managed to run 3rd , albeit beaten a fair way . leads here tonight & with it ' s dangers drawn wide over the short trip , looks a good thing .\nlooks like getting the gun run behind modern mary & there looks to be a fair bit of pressure in this race . if there is she will be the one smoken the pipe awaiting the sprint lane . i just hope her sprint is good enough to get the money .\ntook a while to wind up last start but once it did hit the line very strong . gets the same draw here today and the 1 shouldn ' t be handing up the lead today so behind the leader scenario should pan out and the extra distance suits .\nresult : lost ! never put into the race after getting held up in the middle of running . . just one of those horses\nlooks very well suited in c1 class today . put up a great effort against eliseos falcon last start & this looks much weaker .\nlooks the leader today & should get every opportunity to bring up it ' s first win in victoria today , as long as it settles . led from a wide gate over the longer trip a month ago & just got too fired up . hopefully he settles today\nresult : lost ! got stuck in the death and put up a big effort , not beaten far . will win one soon .\nwa form has held up very well in recent years . his run in the chariots of fire in march where he finished on the\nresult : lost ! got smashed in front & wouldn ' t hand up in a very quick first 3 quarters . weakened right out\nresult : 2nd ! just not good enough to pick up the well backed fav . thought she had it with 200 to go .\nresult : lost ! had me worried when it was refusing to score up but in the end got a flyer to lead . just got too fired up in front and went too quick and was left a sitting shot . never really wanted to be on in the run\njekyll and hyde horse who wins this race easily if he runs up to his win a few starts back when leading and winning in 1 : 53 seconds . he can mix up his form so expect anything but i ' m happy to have a small go against these\nresult : lost ! started $ 41 . led early , handed up & i thought had a massive chance on the turn but hung like ron jeremy and wouldn ' t take the sprint lane run . . just sums up my luck at the minute . another loss !\nit is a great way to bring up my 50th group one and i still think there are more big wins in him .\nup to yesterday nathan jack , under suspension , was in fifth place in the victorian drivers\u2019 championship with a career - best 165 winners .\njust eats up mile racing and showed that it can ' t just lead from leading last week after blowing them away from the 1 x 1 . will lead here tonight with rogers joy likely to hand up . i can ' t see anything running him down from there .\nresult : lost ! broke after the start & ended up 5 back the pegs . never likely from there but did well to finish 5th\nresult : 4th . thought it was a massive chance on the turn but wasn ' t up to these . only just missed the place\nresult : 2nd . ended up 3 pegs & got out too late . with a better draw next start it wins . collect $ 51\nresult : lost ! disappointing run . got fired up after douglas drove it out hard early & pulled for the remainder of the race .\nhe has had little luck against victoria ' s best in it ' s past 2 starts but has still finished just out of the prizemoney . you only have to go back 3 starts at this track and distance to see the talent he has where he gave smoken up an almighty fright when he just peaked on his run late finishing 2nd . he steps back a grade in class here and is a great each way bet .\ntinted cloud 1 : 51 . 2 , sire of almighty smoken up 1 : 48 . 5 $ 3 , 603 , 415 , jaccka clive 1 : 53 . 8 $ 483 , 263 , richard henry 1 : 49 . 6 $ 453 , 305 , nemisis 1 : 48 . 2 , one of only a handful of sires represented by three 1 : 50 a / nz performers . by sire of sires in the pocket .\nheadline act of the locals will be last week\u2019s gold coast cup winner be good johnny ( barrier 10 ) , while runner - up good lookin girl ( five ) will also back up with atomic ark ( eight ) and be diligent ( rodm \u2013 11 ) the new blood .\njustice paid tribute to decorated jasper after the race but never doubted his stable star would rack up win number 30 at his 58 th start .\ni liked it ' s run last start when it was held up 4 back the rail & never really got racing room . should ' ve\nleds again tonight & i don ' t think it ' ll hold up . if that happens is a very sneaky chance of knocking them off\nresult : lost ! the 1 doesn ' t hand up as expected & the 2 left to sit parked . that was all she wrote .\nfired up for this race with a win over the pacers in a trial during the week , a very good indicator on how well he ' s travelling . draws to follow stent every here , most likely to end up 3 pegs , but with late luck , is right in this .\n5 : smoken up : i love this old fella for the fact that he gives his all every time he races . probably holds the key to the race . if he can ' t lead early and settles in the death , it ' s going to take on every brave driver to try and wrestle that position away from him . wasn ' t disgraced in the miracle mile last week but showed that he finds the best of the best a little"]}
{"id": 1465, "summary": [{"text": "tyto pollens , also known as the andros island barn owl , bahamian barn owl , bahamian great owl , or chickcharney , is an extinct , 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) tall , burrow-nesting , flightless barn owl that lived in the old-growth pineyards ( caribbean pine forests ) of andros island in the bahamas .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "when the island was colonised by europeans and their slaves in the 16th century , the owls coexisted with them until the forests were felled .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the destruction of the original forests may have led to the extinction of the species . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "tyto pollens", "paragraphs": ["some think that they chickcharney could be a tyto pollens , a species of flightless barn owl that stood around the same height . this species is extinct now , but sightings of chickcharney are still continuing .\nwhere the chickcharnie came from there really once was a creature like the chickcharnie on andros . it was a 2 - foot - tall owl called tyto pollens , a remote cousin of the smaller common barn - owl . tyto pollens was a large owl that could not fly and like most other owls it swivel its head . so that ' s probably where the chickcharnie legen came from . . . but who knows .\nit has been theorized by scholars that chickcharney sightings and legends are rooted in reality . tyto pollens was a remote cousin of the smaller common barn - owl ( tyto alba ) : it was a 1 metre ( 3 . 3 ft ) tall , flightless species of barn owl native to andros , and closely fits eyewitness descriptions . it was rumored to survive until the 16th century , when settlers felled the eastern andros forests . however , since tyto pollens was flightless , it was unlikely to need trees for shelter , and may still exist on the western half of andros , explaining modern sightings .\nthe folklore of the chickcharney almost certainly originates in a type of flightless burrowing owl that used to live on andros . the species , known as tyto pollens , matches the overall description of a chickcharney and cohabited with settlers for many years until the forests were completely decimated by the newcomers . this supposedly sent tyto pollens into extinction sometime in the sixteenth century . but if the awesome coelacanth has taught us cryptid lovers anything , it\u2019s that you should never discount an animal as extinct if people still report sightings .\nthe barn owl ( tyto alba ) is the most widely distributed species of owl , and one of the most widespread of all birds .\ntyto pollens , also known as the andros island barn owl , bahamian barn owl , bahamian great owl , or chickcharney , is an extinct , tall , burrow - nesting , flightless barn owl that lived in the old - growth pineyards ( caribbean pine forests ) of andros island in the bahamas .\nspecimen count 1 record last modified 5 jul 2018 skeletal morphology appendicular element , distal tibiotarsus geological age cenozoic - quaternary - pleistocene - wisconsinan nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia chordata aves strigiformes tytonidae collector olson james grady meister see more items in paleogeneral birds aves caribbean paleobiology place bahamas collection date 11 aug 1978 type citation olson & hilgartner . 1982 . smithsonian contr . paleobiology . ( n . 48 ) : 36 - 37 . usnm number pal283287 published name tyto pollens wetmore\nthe genus tyto includes all barn owls ( family tytonidae ) except for the bay owls ( subfamily phodilinae , genus phodilus ) - that is , the true barn owls , the grass owls and the masked owls collectively making up the subfamily tytoninae .\ntyto pollens , the bahaman barn owl , also known as the\nchickcharny ,\nwas a metre tall barn owl found on andros island of the bahamas . . . it should not be confused with the extinct puerto rican t . puente . it went extinct during historical times , when the old pine forests of the bahamas were cut down . its memory inspired the legend of the\nchickcharny ,\nan exceptionally malicious and aggressive spirit or faerie that had three toes , glowing red eyes , and had the ability to rotate its head in any direction .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwhat if the whole universe is flat ? all the stars , planets , etc .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nholotype . left femur mcz 2262 . collected by vivienne knowles in 1937 . material examined . hendry cave , royal island , eleuthera , bahamas . \u2014 coracoid : incomplete right ( usnm 615825 ) . carpometacarpus : nearly complete right ( usnm 615826 ) . tarsometatarsus : incomplete left ( usnm 615827 , lacking fragments of midshaft ) . banana hole , new providence , bahamas . \u2014 femur : proximal right ( uf 41807 ) . tibiotarsus : distal half of left ( uf 41804 ) . tarsometatarsus : complete left ( uf 3196 ) , incomplete left ( uf 41808 , lacking proximal end and trochlea for digit iv ) . cueva de bellamar , municipality of matanzas , matanzas province , cuba . \u2014 tarsometatarsus : distal half of left ( dpuh 1252 , holotype of t . riveroi ) , proximal half of right ( czacc unnumbered ) , proximal end of right ( oa 3215 ) . there also exist specimens from andros , bahamas , in the florida museum of natural history ( d . w . steadman , pers . comm . ) .\nchickcharney , chickcharnie or chickcharnee is a mythical creature resembling a bird . . .\nclick on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nthe chickcharney is considered to be a 3 foot tall , furry , feathered bird that usually resembles an owl ; it resides on andros island . legend says that if one comes across a chickcharney and treats it nicely , they will be rewarded with good luck ; however , if you mistreat the beast , you will get punished with bad luck .\nthis post marks the first in a new series on folklore . i\u2019ll be exploring how local tales and regional legends fit into our understanding of the paranormal and cryptozoology . this is culture\u2026 at its weirdest and snarkiest .\non the bahaman island of andros creeps a creature so fearsome it can turn your head around . literally if the stories are to be believed . this equatorial beast , known as a chickcharney ( sometimes spelled chickcharnie or chickcharnee ) , is about three - feet tall and most closely resembles an owl\u2014if owls were the size of dodo birds and super vindictive .\nokay , not vindictive , per se . instead , chickcharnies prove to be rather mercurial creatures . legend has it if you meet one and you\u2019re polite , it will be glad to grant you good fortune . if you\u2019re rude , however , and poke fun at the chickcharney , then you\u2019ll be doomed to bad luck . or as mentioned above , the chickcharney will turn your head all the way around . or possibly both . perhaps the bigger question here is why exactly someone who meets a giant mythic bird in the woods decides , \u201chey , let\u2019s taunt this avian ! \u201d and starts pelting insults instead of , you know , running or at least feigning friendliness . but there are those \u2018messing with bigfoot\u2019 commercials , so apparently , mocking cryptids is a very real pastime for some .\nmaybe you aren\u2019t buying the changeful chickcharney angle . i mean , really , are there any famous stories about such things ? you betcha . none other than neville chamberlain , former british prime minister , fell victim to the creature\u2019s vendetta . at the turn of the twentieth century , chamberlain was commissioned to take over his father\u2019s bahaman plantation and decided to do what every big city transplant does when he reaches the country : chop down all vegetation in sight . understandably , the chickcharnies , who are said to live at the top of any two trees that meet , were pretty angry at chamberlain . to exact their revenge , the creatures doomed the plantation , which within a few years was declared a total failure and a major financial loss for the family . as a real kicker , some argue that chamberlain\u2019s inability to quell hitler from attacking england during world war ii was also due to his disrespect of the chickcharnies . that\u2019s right . infuriate a chickcharney , and nazis might come after you . this is nothing to scoff at , people .\nin addition to their three toes on each foot and three fingers on each hand , chickcharnies are described to have a prehensile tail , something from which honestly , every creature , including humans , could benefit . this dexterous tail helps chickcharnies hang from whatever they feel like and consequently freak out people loitering in the woods . they\u2019re also said to rotate their own heads all the way around , lending credence to the idea that they\u2019re just an extinct ( or super rare ) kind of owl . this could mean that chickcharnies are apt to swivel the heads of passersby simply because they don\u2019t know any better . it\u2019s just a chickcharney way of saying hello .\nduring the mid - twentieth century , chickcharnies practically became pop culture superstars with articles about the cryptid species appearing in time magazine and sports illustrated . though their popularity has waned somewhat in recent years , the chickcharney is still alive and well , at least in folklore . because i want good luck , i\u2019m aiming to be nothing but polite here and want to extend all the best wishes in the world to this super cool cryptid . you never know if a chickcharney learned how to use wireless .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nryan daniel buell , alleged scammer , thief , drug addict . can he once again gain some sort of any true status inside the para world or society ? erik knapp believes so . | paranormal herald world news today on\nfrank alexander wetmore ( june 18 , 1886 \u2013 december 7 , 1978 ) was an american ornithologist and avian paleontologist .\nandros island is an archipelago within the bahamas , the largest of the 26 inhabited bahamian islands .\nanimals are multicellular , eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom animalia ( also called metazoa ) .\nthe bahamian pineyards are a tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion in the bahamas and the turks and caicos islands , where they occur on an area of .\nbarn - owls ( family tytonidae ) are one of the two families of owls , the other being the true owls or typical owls , strigidae .\nbirds ( class aves ) are a group of endothermic vertebrates , characterised by feathers , a beak with no teeth , the laying of hard - shelled eggs , a high metabolic rate , a four - chambered heart , and a lightweight but strong skeleton .\nthe caribbean pine , pinus caribaea , is a hard pine , native to central america , cuba , the bahamas , and the turks and caicos islands .\nchickcharney , chickcharnie or chickcharnee is a mythical and cryptozoological creature resembling a bird , specifically an owl , that is said to live in the forests of andros island in the bahama islands .\nchordates are animals possessing a notochord , a hollow dorsal nerve cord , pharyngeal slits , an endostyle , and a post - anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles .\nin biology and ecology , extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms ( taxon ) , normally a species .\nprehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that have became extinct before recorded history , or more precisely , before they could be studied alive by ornithologists .\nbirds are generally believed to have evolved from certain feathered theropod dinosaurs , and there is no real dividing line between birds and dinosaurs , except of course that some of the former survived the cretaceous\u2013paleogene extinction event while the latter did not .\nsince 1500 , over 190 species of birds have become extinct , and this rate of extinction seems to be increasing .\nan old - growth forest ( also termed primary forest , virgin forest , primeval forest , late seral forest , or in britain , ancient woodland ) is a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance and thereby exhibits unique ecological features and might be classified as a climax community .\nthe cuban giant owl or giant cursorial owl ( ornimegalonyx ) is an extinct genus of giant owl that measured in height .\nowls are birds from the order strigiformes , which includes about 200 species of mostly solitary and nocturnal birds of prey typified by an upright stance , a large , broad head , binocular vision , binaural hearing and feathers adapted for silent flight .\nthe stilt - owls ( grallistrix ) are a genus of true owls which contains four species , all of which lived on the hawaiian islands but are now extinct .\nthe bahamas , officially the commonwealth of the bahamas , is an island country of the lucayan archipelago consisting of more than 700 islands , cays , and islets in the atlantic ocean ; north of cuba and hispaniola ( haiti and the dominican republic ) ; northwest of the turks and caicos islands ; southeast of the u . s . state of florida and east of the florida keys .\nbahaman barn owl , bahaman barn - owl , bahaman barn owl , bahaman barn - owl .\nunionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia \u2013 dictionary . it gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships .\nthis is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams . it ' s free to use and each article or document can be downloaded . it ' s a tool , resource or reference for study , research , education , learning or teaching , that can be used by teachers , educators , pupils or students ; for the academic world : for school , primary , secondary , high school , middle , technical degree , college , university , undergraduate , master ' s or doctoral degrees ; for papers , reports , projects , ideas , documentation , surveys , summaries , or thesis . here is the definition , explanation , description , or the meaning of each significant on which you need information , and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary . available in english , spanish , portuguese , japanese , chinese , french , german , italian , polish , dutch , russian , arabic , hindi , swedish , ukrainian , hungarian , catalan , czech , hebrew , danish , finnish , indonesian , norwegian , romanian , turkish , vietnamese , thai , greek , bulgarian , croatian , slovak , lithuanian , filipino , latvian , estonian and slovenian . more languages soon .\nall the information was extracted from wikipedia , and it ' s available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license .\ngoogle play , android and the google play logo are trademarks of google inc .\nchickcharney , chickcharnie or chickcharnee is a mythical creature resembling a bird , specifically an owl , that is said to live on andros island of the bahamas .\naccording to some , it is furry , feathered , about 3 feet tall and is considered have three fingers , three toes , and red eyes . in common legend , if a traveler meets a chickcharney and treats it well , he / she will be rewarded with good luck . but , treating a chickcharney badly will result in bad luck and hard times . sightings have continued into modern day .\nin the first part of this series , we covered the mysterious hidden animals of cuba . our next stop on our cryptid journey is the beautiful islands of the bahamas . the bahamas is a sovereign island nation located east of the florida keys and is comprised of around 700 islands , islets , and cays that are all part of a greater chain of islands shared with the turks and caicos islands . all of the islands in the bahamas are low and flat , with the highest elevation belonging to mt . alvernia on cat island , which stands at a height of 63 meters ( 207 feet ) . the bahamas also has some curious cryptozoological oddities .\namong these myriad islands can be found the island of andros . the island is well known for its striking underwater vertical sinkholes and meandering undersea cave systems that form the mysterious and beautiful blue holes , as well as the mysterious , man - eating octopus - like creature known as the lusca , both of which i have discussed here at mysterious universe before .\nthe lusca is variously described as either a giant octopus , a sort of half shark - half octopoid abomination , or a squid - eel combination , and is said to lurk within the extensive underwater cave systems of the blue holes . the lusca is said to attack swimmers and even boats , sucking them down beneath the waves to be eaten within the dark caves . missing swimmers , underwater cave divers , and even flotsam of wrecked boats floating in the water have all been blamed on the lusca . purported victims of lusca attacks who survived their encounters have told of being grabbed by tentacles , and some have even reported welts reminiscent of sucker marks on their bodies after being attacked .\none of the hallmarks of a lusca attack , according to witnesses , is that the water will often bubble or roil beneath the victim just before they are sucked under . this unique detail has caused speculation that rather than a giant octopoid monster , the victims could be succumbing to spontaneous whirlpools that are created when rapid tidal changes draw water through the blue holes . such whirlpools would certainly resemble the phenomenon of boiling water just before an attack , and they would surely be capable of pulling people under . however , such whirlpools certainly would not account for the actual sightings of the the monstrous lusca itself , nor would it account for the mysterious sucker marks on victims . the lusca remains a curious mystery .\nthe island of andros holds mysteries on land as well as in the sea . stories have long circulated among the islanders here of a large mystery bird known locally as the chickcharney , which is only sighted within the ancient pine forests of andros island . the chickcharney is said to have an appearance very much like an owl , and is typically described as being around 3 feet tall and covered with fine feathers that resemble fur . the creature is said to have three fingers , three toes , and large , piercing red eyes situated on a head that allegedly has the ability to turn around nearly 360 degrees . there is also often mention of a prehensile tail that helps the arboreal birds to climb in the trees where they make their homes . chickcharney nests are reportedly composed of the tops of two pine trees tied together .\nchickcharnies feature heavily in the folklore of andros , where they are said to be elfin humanoid creatures that merely resemble birds rather than actual birds . the creatures are known to be very mischievous and on occasion quite aggressive . it is said that if a traveler happens to come across a chickcharney , it would be wise to treat it kindly . those who treat the chickcharney well and show respect are said to be rewarded with good luck , while those who don\u2019t , or even worse those who laugh at the creature , will meet with bad luck and hard times . if the chickcharney is especially offended , it is said that the creature will violently and forcibly twist the persons neck all the way around . andros islanders once were so wary of chickcharnies that they often carried brightly colored flowers or pieces of cloth in order to charm the creatures and dissuade them from attacking or causing trouble .\none legendary story of the wrath of chickcharnies involves a former prime minister of england , neville chamberlain . according to the tale , chamberlain took over his father\u2019s plantation in the bahamas and upon arriving did a large amount of rampant land clearing . unfortunately for him , some of the decimated vegetation had been home to chickcharnies , which immediately sought revenge . the planation was a failure and financial disaster in the end , and locals have long attributed this misfortune to the vindictive chickcharnies wreaking havoc .\nthe bahamian island known as isabela is also home to a rather curious historical oddity . it seems that during his journey to the new world , christopher columbus himself killed a mysterious serpent here . columbus\u2019s diary entry for october 21 , 1492 described how the explorer killed and later skinned a 5 foot long creature described as a \u201cserpent , \u201d that he had seen in a lake on the island . the next day , a similar serpent was reportedly killed in another lake on the island by martin alonso pinzon , who was captain of one of the ships under columbus\u2019s command .\nsadly , both specimens were never properly preserved so it is impossible to know just what kind of animals were killed . further complicating matters is the rather loose definition of the word \u201cserpent\u201d in the vernacular of the era . in columbus\u2019s day , the term \u201cserpent\u201d could be applied not only to large snakes , but to practically anything large and reptilian . crocodilians , lizards , and even mythical dragons were all equally known to be referred to as serpents . this muddies the waters a bit when searching for an answer to the mysterious diary entry because columbus could have killed an actual serpent by our understanding of the word , which is to say a giant snake , or it could have been a large type of lizard , a crocodile or alligator , or who knows what else . considering that the entry offers frustratingly few details , it is impossible to say .\nan expedition led by florida state museum\u2019s assistant curator , bill keegan , in 1987 uncovered the remains of an alligator in the ruins of a village on isleta believed to have been visited by columbus . it was suggested that the serpent described by columbus may have actually been an alligator , which were previously unknown to have ever inhabited the bahamas and so making it a rather interesting find in its own right . if alligators existed at one time n the bahamas , it could mean that they were merely imported from elsewhere , but could also represent an unknown population of the animal\u2019s historical range or even a new species . however , the presence of alligator bones in a village that columbus just happened to have visited is far from concrete evidence to link the alligator remains to the diary entry , and so what exactly was killed on that day long ago remains a mystery .\ncolumbus would later go on to log yet another mysterious sighting in the caribbean when in september 1494 , while sailing along the east coast of the dominican republic , he and his crew apparently sighted what was described as a gigantic turtle the size of a whale , with a long tail and fins on its sides . the enormous creature apparently was keeping its head out of the water . the dominican republic lies on the island of hispaniola , and giant turtles are not the only mysterious creatures that would call this place home . in fact , let\u2019s make hispaniola our next stop on our cryptid caribbean cruise .\nbe sure to check out cryptids of the caribbean part 3 : hispaniola . coming soon !\nbrent swancer is an author and crypto expert living in japan . biology , nature , and cryptozoology still remain brent swancer\u2019s first intellectual loves . he ' s written articles for mu and daily grail and has been a guest on coast to coast am and binnal of america .\ncopyright \u00a9 mysterious universe . mysterious universe is a property of 8th kind pty ltd\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlusca is a mythical creature of bahamian folklore . half - shark , half - octopus , lusca lurks around in the underwater caves , tunnels and blue holes found all over the caribbean . however , it is believed that she lives mostly in the underwater caves and blue holes around the bahamas islands , especially around andros , the largest island in the bahamas .\nshe is mean spirited and some islanders believe that she likes to drown divers and explorers who are not careful . some even believe that if your boat is over a bluehole she could pull it in down into the dark waters .\nthe tidal currents of the inland blue holes are said to be the breath of lusca . as she breathes in , water pours into the caverns , in some cases forming a whirlpool , and when lusca breathes out , cold , clear water gushes up to the surface .\nbut lusca is not all bad because the tidal flow also brings food for the real creatures that live in the blue holes , such as grouper , lobster and reef sharks and other fish . so , lusca has long been thought of as the guardian of the dark blue holes because she makes sure the fish that live there are fed .\nchickcharnies live in andros , the largest island in the bahamas . they are elfish , birdlike creatures with piercing red eyes . they have three fingers , three toes and a tail , which they use to hang upside down from trees .\nchickcharnies live in the pine forests and build nests by joining two pine trees together at the top .\nchickcharnies are peaceful but mischievous creatures and they like pretty colours . when you go sightseeing in andros carry flowers or wear bright colours to charm them . legend says if you see a chickcharnie and show it respect , you ' ll be blessed with good luck for the rest of your life . be careful not to sneer at it , however , or your head will turn completely around !\nan old legend has it that a man named billy bowleg - the great seminole medicine man - was adopted and trained by the chickcharnies . they took him when he was 14 and kept him for five years . when he returned to this people his reputation as a healer spread throughout the bahamas .\nanansi is a very popular figure in bahamian stories . he is a trickster , and is usually a spider - god , but in some stories he is human and in some stories he is part spider part human .\nanansi is very rebellous and sometimes he likes to cause trouble . he can do almost anything . he can marry the kings daughter , create wmoney out of thin air ; he can trick the devil and even cheat death . even if anansi loses in one story , you know that he will win in the next . he is very intelligent and quick - witted . no matter what happens to him he usually comes out well in the end . . . often because he was able to trick some one .\nmany people believe that the ancient , sunken city of atlantis was in the bimini islands in the bahamas . huge , flat stones lying neatly about 20 feet under the clear waters of north bimini might be all that is left of the lost city of atlantis . they look like a road and are known as bimini road ."]}
{"id": 1466, "summary": [{"text": "paropsisterna bimaculata is a beetle commonly called a leaf beetle in the subfamily chrysomelinae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this insect is common in tasmania and can be a pest in the forestry industry .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "paropsisterna bimaculata will develop a red color just before their winter hibernation .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "when they emerge the red slowly disappears into a pale green colouring with faint gold tessellation .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this takes about a month with the males generally slightly advanced .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "recently this beetle has been noticed in victoria . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "paropsisterna bimaculata", "paragraphs": ["paropsisterna bimaculata is endemic to tasmania . please correct me if wrong id : )\nbird pellet showing large quanities of paropsisterna bimaculata . some birds regurgitate the indigestible parts of their diet . this pellet demonstrates how important the leaf beetles are in the food web .\n, ' influences of climate , landscape and vegetation proximity on the spatial distribution of the tasmanian eucalyptus leaf beetle , paropsisterna bimaculata in tasmanian eucalyptus plantations ' , honours thesis , university of tasmania .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. there are two distinct black marks on the pronotum and often two additional pale ones .\nthey develop the red color just before their winter hibernation . when they emerge the red slowly disappears into a pale green colouring with faint gold tessellation . this takes about a month with the males generally slightly advanced (\nfemale laying eggs - the colour of the eggs will change to a more grey - brown as the shell hardens .\nmass strandings can be seen on beaches . some theories are that the beetles fly out to the moon shine reflected on the water , and then become stranded , monoculture ( tree farm style ) plantings generate large numbers of particular species .\nde little , d . w . 1979 . taxonomic and ecological studies of the eucalyptus - defoliating paropsids ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) , with particular reference to\n( olivier ) . ph . d . thesis , university of tasmania : hobart .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4360850c - 03e7 - 4172 - ac6b - e3d11e129ce7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8f2049c2 - 31e2 - 4fb7 - b080 - 4f5590e82e52\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5b823cc - 6fda - 42a2 - 9bcc - db27de6191ad\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 436243\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nyour browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nthis little one had alot more black on the pronotum , than previous ones of this species , i have found , pale green .\n\u00a9 university of tasmania , australia . abn 30 764 374 782 . cricos provider code 00586b\nopen access repository is powered by eprints 3 which is developed by the school of electronics and computer science at the university of southampton . more information and software credits ."]}
{"id": 1467, "summary": [{"text": "coelorinchus sheni is a species of rattail .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is only known from depths of 450 \u2013 650 m off the coast of taiwan .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this is a fairly large rattail with the limited number of known specimens including one over 93 cm in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it has a large eye , a long , blunt-ended snout and a large-opening mouth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "there is a series of dark saddle-shaped marks along the body and a small light-producing organ . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "coelorinchus sheni", "paragraphs": ["coelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulderspot grenadier )\ncoelorinchus amydrozosterus iwamoto & a . williams , 1999 ( faint - banded whiptail )\ncoelorinchus caelorhincus ( a . risso , 1810 ) ( hollow - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus lasti iwamoto & a . williams , 1999 ( rough - snout whiptail )\ncoelorinchus caelorhincus ( a . risso , 1810 ) ( hollow - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus bollonsi mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ( bollons ' rattail )\ncoelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( blackfin grenadier )\ncoelorinchus fuscigulus iwamoto , h . c . ho & k . t . shao , 2009\ncoelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( swordsnout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus cookianus mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ( cook ' s rattail )\ncoelorinchus matamua ( mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ) ( mahia whiptail )\ncoelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulder - spot grenadier )\ncoelorinchus matamua ( mccann & d . g . mcknight , 1980 ) ( mahia whiptail )\ncoelorinchus scaphopsis ( c . h . gilbert , 1890 ) ( shoulder - spot grenadier )\n( of caelorinchus sheni chiou , shao & iwamoto , 2004 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncoelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( black - fin grenadier )\ncoelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( sword - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus caribbaeus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( black - fin grenadier )\ncoelorinchus occa ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( sword - snout grenadier )\ncoelorinchus fuscigulus iwamoto , h . c . ho & k . t . shao , 2009 [ 2 ]\nchiou , m . - l . , k . - t . shao and t . iwamoto , 2004 . a new species , caelorinchus sheni , and 19 new records of grenadiers ( pisces : gadiformes : macrouridae ) from taiwan . zool . stud . 43 ( 1 ) : 35 - 50 . ( ref . 54421 )\nmcmillan , p . j . & iwamoto , t . ( 2009 ) : two new species of coelorinchus ( teleostei , gadiformes , macrouridae ) from the tasman sea . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 60 ( 4 ) : 39 - 51 .\nnakayama , n . , matsunuma , m . & endo , h . ( 2015 ) : redescription of coelorinchus tokiensis ( steindachner & d\u00f6derlein 1887 ) ( actinopterygii : gadiformes : macrouridae ) , with comments on its synonymy . ichthyological research , 63 ( 2 ) : 247 - 259 .\niwamoto , t . , ho , h . - c . & shao , k . - t . ( 2009 ) : description of a new coelorinchus ( macrouridae , gadiformes , teleostei ) from taiwan , with notable new records of grenadiers from the south china sea . zootaxa , 2326 : 39 - 50 .\ngreek , koilos = a hollow + greek , rhyngchos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 400 - 650 m ( ref . 54421 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 93 . 7 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54421 ) ; 42 . 0 cm tl ( female )\nsnout relatively long , length about 2 . 5 in hl , with blunt tip and anterolateral margin incompletely supported by bone . suborbital ridge with 2 rows of thick , stout , modified scales . orbit large , about 2 . 0 in snout length . mouth large with rictus more than 2 / 3 length of upper jaw . opercular opening is far forward , with a free fold across isthmus . underside of head scaled . nasal fossa fully scaled . body scales large , with 5 - 7 sharp , divergent rows of spinules . the light organ is small with a short and slender blackish streak . there are numerous prominent saddle markings on body ; dusky triangular marking anteriorly on isthmus ( ref . 54421 ) .\n) : 3 . 7 - 10 . 8 , mean 8 . 4 ( based on 12 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00219 ( 0 . 00097 - 0 . 00495 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 2 . 98 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 62 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 67 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nchiou , shao & iwamoto , 2004 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 280339 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n, is revised based on the examination of their types and 42 additional specimens from japan . our examinations confirmed the two nominal species to be synonymous and\nthis article was published as an online first article on the online publication date shown on this page . the article should be cited by using the doi number .\nwe are deeply indebted to the following researchers and museum specialists who have variously supported this study : k . - t . shao , m . - y . lee , y . - c . liao and p . - l . lin ( asizp ) ; r . asaoka ( bsku ) ; t . iwamoto and d . catania ( cas ) ; y . kai and r . misawa ( faku ) ; j . hashimoto ( ffnu ) ; s . kimura and y . hibino ( frlm ) ; k . amaoka , m . yabe , h . imamura and t . kawai ( humz ) ; h . motomura , m . meguro and g . ogihara ( kaum ) ; h . senou ( kpm ) ; s . tomiyama ( msm ) ; m . - d . wandhammer ( mzs ) ; p . mcmillan ( niwa ) ; h . - c . ho ( nmmbp ) ; g . shinohara , m . nakae , t . p . satoh , e . katayama and k . matsuura ( nsmt ) ; k . hoshino and m . okamoto ( snfr ) ; and a . fukui and m . takami ( tokai university ) . our sincere thanks go to k . amaoka ( humz ) who shared his knowledge of the d\u00f6derlein\u2019s collections . fig .\nj was kindly provided by h . senou ( kpm ) . we also thank y . yamamoto and t . matsuzaki ( center for advanced marine core research , kochi university ) for their technical assistance , and g . yearsley ( hobart ) for editing the english text . this study was partly supported by a grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) from the japan society for the promotion of science , tokyo ( 24370041 ) , a grant - in - aid of the \u201cmarine science project\u201d of the natural science cluster , science unit , kochi university , the \u201ckuroshio sougou project\u201d of the national museum of nature and science , tsukuba , and by a grant awarded to the second author from the mikimoto fund for marine ecology .\nalcock a ( 1891 ) natural history notes from h . m . indian marine survey steamer \u2018investigator , \u2019 commander r . f . hoskyn , r . n . , commanding . \u2014series ii . , no . 1 . on the results of deep - sea dredging during the season 1890\u201391 . ann mag nat hist 8 : 16\u201334 , 119\u2013138 , pls 7\u20138\namaoka k ( 2007 ) chapter 5 . d\u00f6derlein\u2019s collections brought to europe . 1 . fishes . in : fujita t , namikawa h ( eds ) fauna sagamiana . tokai university press , hadano , pp 28\u201337\nbloch me ( 1787 ) naturgeschichte der ausl\u00e4ndischen fische . vol 3 . schlesinger , berlin\n, and 19 new records of grenadiers ( pisces : gadiformes : macrouridae ) from taiwan . zool stud 43 : 35\u201350\neschmeyer wn ( 1998 ) catalog of fishes . california academy of sciences , san francisco\neschmeyer wn ( 2015 ) catalog of fishes , online version . urltoken accessed 13 september 2015\nfricke r , eschmeyer wn ( 2015 ) a guide to fish collections in the catalog of fishes . urltoken accessed 1 september 2015\n( gadiformes : macrouridae ) collected from suruga bay , japan . ichthyol res 57 : 169\u2013179\nfuruhashi n , tsubaki k , mori y , hashimoto j ( 2010 ) demersal fish assemblages from the continental shelf margin to the upper continental slope , southwest of nagasaki , japan . bull fac fish nagasaki univ 91 : 17\u201333\ngilbert ch , hubbs cl ( 1916 ) report on the japanese macrourid fishes collected by the united states fisheries steamer \u201calbatross\u201d in 1906 , with a synopsis of the genera . proc us natl mus 51 : 135\u2013214 , pls 8\u201311\nikeda h , nakabo t ( 2015 ) fishes of the pacific coasts of southern japan . tokai university press , hadano\niwamoto t ( 1970 ) the r / v pillsbury deep - sea biological expedition to the gulf of guinea , 1964\u201365 . 19 . macrourid fishes of the gulf of guinea . stud trop oceanogr 4 : 316\u2013431\ngiorna ( pisces : gadiformes ) , with description of a new species from chile . proc calif acad sci 41 : 307\u2013337\niwamoto t ( 1990 ) family macrouridae . in : cohen dm , inada t , iwamoto t , scialabba n ( eds ) fao species catalogue , vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao , rome , pp 90\u2013317\n( sensu lato ) ( pisces , gadiformes , macrouridae ) . proc calif acad sci 45 : 35\u201382\njordan ds , hubbs cl ( 1925 ) record of fishes obtained by david starr jordan in japan , 1922 . mem carnegie mus 10 : 93\u2013346 , pls 5\u201312\njordan ds , snyder jo ( 1901 ) a preliminary check list of the fishes of japan . annot zool jpn 3 : 31\u2013159\njordan ds , starks ec ( 1904 ) list of fishes dredged by the steamer albatross off the coast of japan in the summer of 1900 , with descriptions of new species and a review of the japanese macrouridae . bull us fish comm 22 : 577\u2013630 , pls 1\u20138\njordan ds , tanaka s , snyder jo ( 1913 ) a catalogue of the fishes of japan . j col sci imp univ tokyo 33 : 1\u2013497\nkamohara t ( 1950 ) description of the fishes from the provinces of tosa and kishu , japan . kochi - ken bunkyou kyoukai , kochi\nkamohara t ( 1958 ) a catalogue of fishes of kochi prefecture ( province tosa ) , japan . rep usa mar biol sta 5 : 1\u201376\nkamohara t ( 1964 ) revised catalogue of fishes of k\u014dchi prefecture , japan . rep usa mar biol sta 11 : 1\u201399\n( teleostei , gadiformes , macrouridae ) from the tasman sea . proc calif acad sci 60 : 39\u201351\nnakabo t ( 1993 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 353\u2013371 , 1276\u20131277\nnakabo t ( 2000 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species , second edn . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 417\u2013435 , 1494\nnakabo t ( 2002 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species , english edn . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 417\u2013435 , 1491\nnakabo t , kai y ( 2013 ) macrouridae . in : nakabo t ( ed ) fishes of japan with pictorial keys to the species , third edn . tokai university press , hadano , pp 493\u2013512 , 1872\u20131876\nokada y , matsubara k ( 1938 ) keys to the fishes and fish - like animals of japan including kuril islands , southern sakhalin , bonin islands , ryukyu islands , korea and formosa . sanseido co . , ltd . , tokyo\nokamura o ( 1970a ) fauna japonica , macrourina ( pisces ) . academic press of japan , tokyo\nokamura o ( 1970b ) studies on the macrouroid fishes of japan : morphology , ecology and phylogeny . rep usa mar biol sta 17 : 1\u2013179\nokamura o ( 1982 ) macrouridae . in : okamura o , amaoka k , mitani f ( eds ) fishes of the kyushu - palau ridge and tosa bay . japan fisheries resource conservation association , tokyo , pp 140\u2013181 , 345\u2013354\nokamura o ( 1984 ) macrouroidei ( macrouroididae and macrouridae ) . in : masuda h , amaoka k , araga c , uyeno t , yoshino t ( eds ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 93\u201399 , pls 79\u201383\nokamura o ( 1988 ) macrouroidei ( macrouroididae and macrouridae ) . in : masuda h , amaoka k , araga c , uyeno t , yoshino t ( eds ) the fishes of the japanese archipelago , second edn . tokai university press , tokyo , pp 93\u201399 , 453 , pls 79\u201383 , 344\u2013373\nokamura o ( 1997 ) macrouridae . in : okamura o , amaoka k ( eds ) sea fishes of japan . yama - kei publishers co . , ltd . , tokyo , pp 124\u2013129\nr development core team ( 2015 ) r : a language and environment for statistical computing . r foundation for statistical computing , vienna\nrandall je , lim kkp ( 2000 ) a checklist of the fishes of the south china sea . raffles bull zool suppl 8 : 569\u2013667\nroberts cd ( 1993 ) comparative morphology of spined scales and their phylogenetic significance in the teleostei . bull mar sci 52 : 60\u2013113\nsenou h , matsuura k , shinohara g ( 2006 ) checklist of fishes in the sagami sea with zoogeographical comments on shallow water fishes occurring along the coastlines under the influence of the kuroshio current . mem natl mus nat sci 41 : 389\u2013542\nshen j , cheng y ( 1989 ) on the deep sea demersal fish communities of the east china sea . chinese j oceanol limnol 7 : 157\u2013168\nshinohara g , endo h , matsuura k , machida y , honda h ( 2001 ) annotated checklist of the deepwater fishes from tosa bay , japan . natl sci mus monogr 20 : 283\u2013343\nshinohara g , sato t , aonuma y , horikawa t , matsuura k , nakabo t , sato k ( 2005 ) annotated checklist of deep - sea fishes from the waters around the ryukyu islands , japan . natl sci mus monogr 29 : 385\u2013452\nsteindachner f , d\u00f6derlein l ( 1887 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der fische japan\u2019s . ( iv . ) . denkschr akad wiss wien 53 : 257\u2013296 , pls i\u2013iv\ntemminck cj , schlegel h ( 1846 ) . pisces . parts 10\u201314 . in : von siebold pf ( ed ) fauna japonica . m\u00fcller , amsterdam , pp 173\u2013268\nwarton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line - fitting methods for allometry . biol rev 81 : 259\u2013291\n) . in : okamura o , kitajima t ( eds ) fishes of the okinawa trough and the adjacent waters . japan fisheries resource conservation association , tokyo , pp 218\u2013223 , 228\u2013235 , 244\u2013245 , 363\u2013370\nyoda m , tokimura m , horikawa h , yamada u ( 2002 ) a catalogue of fishes from the east china and yellow seas with their local names . seikai national fisheries research institute , fisheries research agency , nagasaki\nbathygadus macrops goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ( bullseye grenadier )\nbathygadus nipponicus ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1904 )\ngadomus arcuatus ( goode & t . h . bean , 1886 ) ( doublethread grenadier )\ngadomus longifilis ( goode & t . h . bean , 1885 ) ( threadfin grenadier )\nalbatrossia pestoralis ( c . h . gilbert , 1892 ) ( giant grenadier )\ncoryphaenoides acrolepis ( t . h . bean , 1884 ) ( pacific grenadier ) , must t\u00f6mppeakala\ncoryphaenoides carapinus goode & t . h . bean , 1883 ( carapine grenadier )\ncoryphaenoides cinereus ( c . h . gilbert , 1896 ) ( popeye grenadier ) , hall t\u00f6mppeakala\n& monn\u00e9 m . l . , 2012 *\ntropidozineus albidus\nmonn\u00e9 , 2009 *\ntropidozineus amabilis\nmonn\u00e9 , 1991 *\ntropidozineus argutulus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1988 *\ntropidozineus cinctulus\nmonn\u00e9 & martins , 1976 *\ntropidozineus complanatus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1991 *\ntropidozineus fulveolus\n( lameere , 1884 ) *\ntropidozineus ignobilis\n( bates , 1863 ) *\ntropidozineus impensus\nmonn\u00e9 & martins , 1976 *\ntropidozineus inexpectatus\n( melzer , 1935 ) *\ntropidozineus martinsi\nmonn\u00e9 , 2009 *\ntropidozineus pauper\n( melzer , 1931 ) *\ntropidozineus quadricristatus\n( melzer , 1935 ) *\ntropidozineus rotundicollis\n( bates , 1863 ) *\ntropidozineus sincerus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1988 *\ntropidozineus tersus\n( melzer , 1931 ) *\ntropidozineus tuberosus\nmonn\u00e9 , 1991 *\ntropidozineus vicinus\n( melzer , 1931 ) *\ntropidozineus wappesi\nmonn\u00e9 m . a .\nmimocoedomea fusca is a species of beetle in the family cerambycidae , and the only species in the genus mimocoedomea .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1469, "summary": [{"text": "leptograpsus variegatus , known as the purple rock crab , is a marine large-eyed crab of the family grapsidae , found in southern subtropical indo-pacific oceans .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it grows to around 50 millimetres ( 2.0 in ) shell width .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is the only species in the genus leptograpsus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "leptograpsus", "paragraphs": ["species leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )\nspecies leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )\nspecies leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius , 1793 )\nworms - world register of marine species - leptograpsus h . milne edwards , 1853\nspectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) .\nthe retina - lamina projection in the crab leptograpsus variegatus . - pubmed - ncbi\nspecies leptograpsus gonagrus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus crassipes randall , 1840\nthe purple shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus | marine life society of south australia inc .\nspecies leptograpsus bertheloti h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus marmoratus ( fabricius , 1787 )\nspecies leptograpsus rugulosus h . milne edwards , 1853 accepted as pachygrapsus transversus ( gibbes , 1850 )\nspectral sensitivity and retinal pigment movement in the crab leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) . - pubmed - ncbi\npatrick leary set\na pinch ? it wasn ' t me !\nas an exemplar on\nleptograpsus\n.\n( it is ) \u201c leptograpsus variegatus and the photo is the yellow variant . common name , would you believe , is purple shore crab ( but the taxonomic species name is perfect ) ! \u201d\nat some stage , i told david , \u201c leptograpsus variegatus is illustrated on p . 507 of \u201cmarine decapod crustacea of southern australia \u2013 a guide to identification\u201d by gary cb poore ( but no photo ) .\nto antarctic invertebrates to barcode of life to biodiversity heritage library ( 52 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 0 proteins ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3519 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus ansoni h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 3531 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus gayi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to mnhn crustaceans type collection ( syntype ( s ) : 2000 - 4024 ) ( from synonym leptograpsus verreauxi h . milne edwards , 1853 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 17 records ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym grapsus planifrons dana , 1851 )\nhow to cite this page : ' large shore crab , leptograpsus variegatus ' , from an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock , originally published in 1966 . te ara - the encyclopedia of new zealand url : urltoken ( accessed 10 jul 2018 )\ngriffin , d . j . g . 1973 ,\na revision of the two southern temperate shore crabs leptograpsus variegatus ( fabricius ) and plagusia chabrus ( linnaeus ) ( crustacea , decapoda , grapsidae )\n, journal of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 3 , no . 3 , pp . 415 - 440 15 figs\nin the crab , leptograpsus variegatus , the projection of retinula cell axons to the lamina was investigated by tracing them through a series of semi - thin sections . forty - four such axons were traced from a single group of ommatidia as far as the distal layers of the lamina . the eight receptor axons of one ommatidium project to a single lamina cartridge . therefore , because the crab has a fused rhabdom , angular information is conserved in vision , and the outside world is projected literally onto the lamina , just as it is in the standard non - dipteran pattern of insects . the belief of previous workers that other decapod eyes show neural superposition was an inference based primarily on the patterns of penetration of the basement membrane by receptor axons , and on degeneration experiments . this evidence is reviewed , shown to be inadequate and discussed in the light of the projection now demonstrated for leptograpsus .\nhe later posted , \u201chmm , not as uncommon a thing as i would have friends believe ! correctly spelled as leptograpsus . ( and i have overestimated the size of the ones i photographed northwest of coffin bay five years ago ! but the carapace is quite small compared with the overall width of the body and especially once you factor in the extra \u2018meaty solidity\u2019 afforded by the closely grouped legs on each side behind the big bright main nippers ? \u201d\n1 . the retina of leptograpsus contains five types of movable screening pigment . the positions of these were found under various conditions of illumination in the day and at night . 2 . intracellular recordings were made of the spectral responses of retinula cells r1 - 7 under the same conditions , with the eye in situ . 3 . the spectral absorptions of the individual screening pigments were measured by ultramicrospectrophotometry . 4 . calculations based on a simple model of screening pigment action suggest that the observed variation in spectral sensitivity with light and dark adaptaton may be largely explicable in terms of the effects of these screening pigments on a rhodopsin of peak absorbance at 485 nm . 5 . light - adapted angular sensitivities are comparable to those of insects with high acuity apposition eyes .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthe family of grapsid crabs are those that look very much like ' normal ' crabs , usually flat in shape , with long legs radiating outward , moving sideways , and having strong nippers . this family is widely spread all over the world and in new zealand , and contains a high proportion of endemic species ( marked in red ) . this family of crabs is interesting because many of its members can readily be observed in the intertidal .\nfamily grapsidae - ( l : graphium = sharp - pointed pen ; grapa = hook ; sidere = radiate ; grapsidere = radiating pointed legs ) - the ordinary , fast moving crabs .\nsally lightfoot crab grapsus grapsus , not found in new zealand but known from south america and the galapagos islands , resembling our purple rock crab in appearance , habitat and behaviour .\nplagusia depressa tuberculata , seldom found in new zealand . occurs in the tropics and subtropics .\nnote ! for best printed results , set your page up with a left margin of 1 . 5cm ( 0 . 6\n) and right margin of 1 . 0cm ( 0 . 4\n)\n= varied in colour , marked with irregular patches ) the purple rock crab is large , strong , and moves fast . when wedged into a crevice , it is not easily dislodged . handling a ferocious crab like this requires skill , and risks painful nips . the purple rock crab is the largest native shore crab , exceeded in size only by paddle crabs\nit is found between high tide and above it , often occupying moist crevices up to two metres above high tide . it can remain out of the water for days , but equally happily can stay submerged . the crab measures up to 5cm across its back , and its long , flat legs fold neatly together as in an oriental fan , giving it a very flat profile .\nthe purple rock crab is active particularly by night , when it leaves its crevice , scaling the vertical rocks and navigating its way over the rock flats and into the water , in search of flea mussels , which it cracks without effort . at night it has no fear and can be approached and photographed from close up , even in bright lamp light . however , the crabs are inactive during the full moon phase . towards the morning , the crab navigates flawlessly all the way back to its home crevice . yet , by day , this large crab is extremely wary , scuttling away noisily , its legs grating the rocks . when a group of these forays by day , large males can be seen taking guard in a defensive posture , warning the others at the slightest disturbance . to see several of these beautiful purple and white crabs feeding off green seaweeds , is spectacular . this crab is an omnivore , feeding on both animal ( flea mussels , barnacles ) and plant matter ( seaweeds , plankton slime ) .\nlarge crabs migrate all the way down the shore to the sublittoral fringe where food is more abundant . small crabs foray more in restricted areas .\nthis crab runs fast and when cornered , can be very aggressive with its nippers , which makes it difficult to capture and handle .\nthe purple rock crab mates in october - november when the female is hard - shelled . before mating , the crabs make leg contact , during which the legs are rapidly vibrated . the male crab may then mount the underside of the female . the female moults before laying her eggs . females with eggs are found from november till january / february ( auckland / wellington ) . the incubation period is about 6 weeks and the crab spawns only once a year . newly laid eggs are about 0 . 36mm in diameter , and develop from a dark brown colour to light brown just before hatching . the female carries 55 , 000 - 144 , 000 eggs ( depending on her size ) , attached to her pleopods under her broad abdomen . this crab can become five years old .\nnorth island , kermadec islands , australia and the islands of the south pacific . this crab is found in southern warm temperate ( subtropical ) indian and pacific oceans from western australia to western south america . in nz from the top of the north island to kaikoura or westport .\nthis crab can run over the rocks , half by swimming with its flattened long legs . when approached cautiously by divers , it shows no fear .\nthis crab does not seem to be territorial but may put up a fight when foraging or courting . it is aggressive to other species of crab , but not to crayfish with which it often shares a crevice . studies with tagged crabs suggest that they spend about 50 % of their time foraging , 25 % feeding , 20 % in agonistic ( combative , contestant ) encounters and 5 % in reproductive behaviour .\nin australia this crab is favoured by fishermen for use as bait . groupers seem to relish it .\nmating between hardshelled crabs lasts about 7 minutes , with the female on top . small females carry eggs from september to february but large females from late october . eggs are about 0 . 4mm in size and change colour from brick red to light green just before hatching . during the release of the hatched larvae , the female assists departure by flexing her body up and down , vibrating her abdomen and pulling the hatching eggs from her pleopods with her nippers . juveniles and small crabs moult throughout the year but but large crabs mainly in winter from may to september , before the breeding season .\nthe southern indo - pacific from south africa to chile . southern australia , tasmania , south africa , juan fernandez , chile , tonga . in new zealand from parengarenga hr to lyttleton hr .\nf003215 : a female red rock crab ( small nippers ) is taking a break , not far from a wharf pile where she hides inside crevices between encrusting organisms . here she is standing tall , not showing any fear for the photographer . interestingly , she has perched herself on top of two cushion stars , one with five legs , which is the norm , the far one with six legs , which is unusual .\n= a taxonomist ? ) a common intertidal crab , occurring in a variety of habitat : under boulders , on the rocky reef , on sand and mud flats . they are rarely found outside the intertidal zone . they can reach 4cm across their backs , and their colour is often a reddish purple , mottled with dirty white patches . they are usually found sheltering underneath rocks , extending from the high tide mark down to about mid tide . it is recognisable by the six teeth , from the eyes half way down on its carapace (\n= toothed ) . it has a smooth skin . the males have enormous chelae ( nippers ) with great pads of muscle bulging at the angles of the nippers . the two nippers are equal in size and shape .\nthere are two colour types : light and dark . the lighter crabs have either a grey or cream - coloured background with markings of light or dark chestnut - red . darker crabs are marked with dark purple , sometimes almost purplish black , and their legs are banded . usually the front half of the carapace is more deeply pigmented than the rest . the eyestalks are white , speckled with dark red . basal antenna segments arebanded . antennules are pale green with dark red spots . belly surface is white .\nis a very agile , rapidly moving crab , although easy to handle . males have very large nippers and are able to crush oyster borers (\n. ) . the crabs emerge from under boulders and crevices to forage for mainly plant food at night . this crab is most active when the tide is in . it lives in the middle region of the intertidal rocky shore .\n: this crab is a late winter breeder , with females in berry from march to august . females carry their 26 , 000 eggs ( size 0 . 3mm ) for about 6 weeks , during which time they change colour from light brown to transparent .\n: found abundantly throughout the north and south islands , endemic in new zealand . not in chatham islands or southern islands . this crab is more abundant on southern shores than in the north , where its intertidal habitat is taken by the blackfinger crab\n= wide ) the hairy - handed crab is often found where the tunnelling mud crab is found , on mud flats and sand flats , but it may also occur under boulders on the rocky shore intertidal . it has a dull colour and slightly hairy legs . its main distinguishing features are the two hairy pads on the inner / under side of its nippers , but a crab needs to be handled in order to be able to view this . these crabs are much less wary than the other mud crabs , often going about their business without taking much notice of observers .\nit is thought that the hairy pads on its nippers allow it to wipe the bottom and objects such that food particles such as diatoms are caught in it . with its mouth parts , it can then feed from its hairy hands . these crabs are quite sturdy and in the aquarium they have been seen hunting and eating the smaller mud crabs . they are also very effective scavengers .\nmales have larger nippers than females , but left and right hand nippers are similar . the colour of its back is greeny - yellow with white patches , covered with tiny dark purple or reddish spots . the upper sides of their forearms ( cheliped carpus and prodopus ) are marked with deep purple - brown . the fingers of their nippers are white with small brown tips . legs are greeny yellow with dark purple spots .\nthis crab occurs in a wide variety of habitats , under stones , burrowing insand and mud , but always in sheltered places .\n: males mature in about 1 year and live for 5 years . females mature earlier and die earlier . large males mate with smaller females . mating takes about 10 minutes . the females come in berry in spring , from october to december . they may spawn more than once each year ( june - february ) . their 8 , 000 - 30 , 000 eggs ( 0 . 27mm ) change colour from brownish - yellow to almost transparent , and hatch after 8 - 12 weeks . when releasing her offspring , the female raises hereself on her legs , opening her tail wide and beating it in rhytmical fashion . the nippers were alternatively dug into the brood to propel the newly hatched larvae in the surrounding water .\nthis crab is a great survivor , being able to live in brackish water . its main predators are fish like rig , red cod , sea perch and red gurnard . when small , more types of fish eat it .\n: a new zealand species , occurring along the coasts of north and south islands and stewart island . it is possible that the chilean species is identical . it is interesting that two so widely separated species , look so much alike , but the chilean species is grey , grey - brown and black .\nf026934 : a large hairy - handed crab seen blowing bubbles while posturing on its patch in the sandy eelgrass habitat . its hairy patches on the insides of its nippers are only just visible .\nf215306 : hairy - handed crabs do not bother to burrow or run away in case of danger . they seem to be confident that they are inedible to birds and other predators . roaming around over the sand , and following the tide in and out , they move fast to arrive timely on the scene of death of other creatures .\nf215302 : shying away from the photographer , this hairy - handed crab starts digging itself in , releasing bubbles of methane gas rising from the putrid sand below . notice that the orange coloured ' hairs ' on its exoskeleton are actually brown algae . the hairy pads after which it is named , lie on the insides of its nippers .\nf215328 : two hairy - handed crabs have arrived on the scene of a casualty , but long after whelks beat them to it . with their strong nippers , these crabs are able to tear the flesh apart . the whelks however , can drill through skeletons and reach the smallest corners inside , by means of their flexible trunks ( probosces ) .\n= dull ) the tunnelling mud crab is found in large numbers on healthy mud flats , where they burrow . these small crabs , measuring up to 4cm across their backs , are very wary , scuttling and scurrying in hordes at the slightest sign of movement , making the mud flats seem to move for a fraction of a second . they take time to dig elaborate tunnels in the mud , often with more than one entrance . active by day , the tunnelling mud crabs sleep by night , often closing their burrows with a plug of mud .\nthese mud crabs are actively preyed upon by birds and many other animals . their survival depends on how quickly they can withdraw into their burrows , and how capricious and unpredictable such tunnels are formed . it will occupy its tunnel for a long period of time and will defend it against intruders . competitors are warned off with a typical threatening posture .\nthe colour of these crabs is tawny brown in juveniles , becoming green to yellow in large adults . small patches of bright orange can be seen in the joints . its antennae are brown , antennules light purple , eyestalks pale green dorsally ( on top ) but white ventrally ( below ) . legs are dark green with pale yellow margins . males grow to 21mm measured over the width of their carapace ( cw ) , and females are slightly smaller . these crabs are larger in the south island .\nthe tunnelling mudcrab lives in sheltered places where it can burrow in the sand or mud , or well - drained sediment exposed to the air for more than six hours on each tidal cycle ( upper intertidal region ) . in places , up to 500 - 1800 crabs can be counted per square metre !\ntunnelling mudcrabs become suddenly active as soon as the tide moves out around them . they start cleaning the area around their burrow , and also themselves . when feeding on mud , the crab walks slowly forward with the nippers held in front , while probing the surface . small pinches of surface sediment ( algae and detritus ) are transferred to the mouth parts . wastes ( sand , silt ) accumulate at the bottom of the mouth frame , and these are wiped off by the nippers . these wastes ( pseudo - faeces ) form small pellets . h . crassa seldom forages more than 200mm from its burrow , often defending its territory against other mudcrabs .\nin mangrove swamps , where mangrove trees shade the mud underneath , resulting in lower algal productivity , crabs may climb up the trees to a height of 1m , feeding from the mud on branches and leaves .\ntheir burrows have complicated shapes , often joining up with those of other mud crabs . the end of their burrow slopes down , holding 20 - 50mm of water at low tide . when the tide moves in again , the crabs plug up the entrances to their burrows .\nhas many enemies , from wading shore birds to fish ( parore , cod , flounder , yellow - eyed mullet ) , including eels .\nmate in hard - shell condition . mating occurs august to may , with peak periods in october and may . copulation occurs on the surface of the ground , or still partly covered by water , with the male flat on his back and the female uppermost . males usually mate with smaller females . the female carries her eggs in early spring and summer ( august to march ) . females mature at cw of 10mm . a 16mm female will carry about 16 , 000 eggs of 0 . 3mm , which change colour from brownish - yellow to transparent green during 42 days of incubation . females may reproduce more than once per season , and do not require to mate for this .\nappear to reach maturity after 1 year , and they can live a 5 - 6 year life .\n: this is a new zealand species , widely distributed over the north and south islands and stewart island .\nf992724 : above , a tunnelling mud crab in its burrow . this is a large and old one , beautifully coloured .\nf992725 : on left the burrows of a community of old and large mud crabs , who survived to an old age , perhaps because the sand here is consolidated and hardened by iron leachates .\nf215226 : a tunnelling mudcrab postures near its burrow . notice its wide but flat nippers , which are eminently suitable for moving soil , like a spade . this is a large specimen , perhaps over ten years old .\nf215237 : as this mudcrab is cautiously leaving its burrow , it affords us a view of its back , characterised by its square shape and three spines along the edge .\nf215229 : a mudcrab is disappearing sideways into the mud . this is how it starts a new tunnel .\nf215227 : frontal view of a large specimen of helice crassa . when mudcrabs grow old , their skins also become more colourful .\nf215227 : closeup of helice ' s face . its mouth parts are shaped for sieving mud and sand .\n, which has a wider range in new zealand , but similar habitat and eating habits . in first instance , this crab is distinguished by its smoothly graded colour from brown / purple in front , to paler brown towards the back , whereas\n( cw 22mm versus 28mm ) . its legs are not pointed and sharp but end in a kind of nipple . its nippers are smooth , and so are their cutting edges . the righthand claw shows a distinctive gape between fingers .\nwhen the two are found together . it can be found in densities of over 30 / m2 . for further specifics , see those of the smooth shore crab .\n: this crab breeds in winter from june to august , in a very short season of 9 weeks . they produce only one brood . eggs are relatively large , measuring 0 . 45mm across and they are dark purple . they hatch after 7 weeks .\n: lord howe island , norfolk island , kermadec islands and in new zealand from north cape to east cape .\n= name of an explorer ) the smooth shore crab is a new zealand species , common on rocky shores all around new zealand . it is also found in estuaries and mud flats . usually hiding at high intertidal levels , under boulders , it looks at first sight like a young ( 15mm ) common rock crab , but its carapace is smoother ( missing the six teeth ) and elegantly curved . the eye orbits ( sockets ) are curved . a rare species exists ,\n, which looks the same , but does not have the carved eye sockets .\nthe colour of the smooth shore crab is distinctly speckled in dark reddish - brown on a background varying through slate blue , bluish grey , fawn to yellowish brown . its underside is pale . its nippers are white . this is a small crab , measuring only 28mm cw in adult males .\nthis crab is claimed the most terrestrial of the common crabs , living in the upper intertidal area around the high tide level . it spends a great deal of time out of the water . it usually outnumbers the hairy handed crab\nwhich lives lower down the shore . it normally rests under stones , becoming active only once daily during the night high tide .\nthe smooth shore crab is usually found under stones , and may be heard making clicking sounds . it has the curious habit of grasping stones with its rear legs , presumably to stabilise itself in the presence of wave action . when prodded , this crab takes a defensive posture , which is often explained as aggressive .\nthis crab normally dines on tough seaweeds , but it will also scavenge and predate on worms .\n: females start breeding at around 11mm cw . their egg - carying period runs from september to january . their eggs are 0 . 32mm across , coloured dark purple , becoming paler as development proceeds . incubation time is about 8 weeks . some females can produce two clutches of eggs in a season . most crabs die after 2 - 3 years but some may live up to 5 years .\n: this crab is found mainly in two places , very far apart : new zealand and juan fernandez in chile . it may well be that the one in juan fernandez is a different species , not capable of interbreeding with its nz relative . for this reason we consider c lavauxi an endemic species ( found in nz only ) .\n= blue ; blue wandering crab ) the pacific weed crab is a small crab ( 12mm across its back , 25mm length ) , living in the open ocean , often clinging to seaweed and flotsam . in this way it is a frequent visitor to new zealand waters , where it may get beached with its raft of flotsam , debris , fishing float , pumice , dead shell or rams horn shell . it is sometimes seen attached to sea turtles .\nthis crab has a variable and protective colouration ranging from blue , bluish brown to yellowish , clouded with brown . it is likely that this crab is able to change its colours when moulting , in a similar manner as its relative\n. with its chromatophores , this crab can respond to white , black , blue , yellow and green backgrounds .\n: not much is known about this crab . females start to breed at about 8mm cl , and like\n, may breed all year round . crabs in berry have not been recorded from nz .\n= of the sea ; sea wanderer ) the brown pacific weed crab is an oceanic species , found attached to seaweed and flotsam , often between goose barnacles . it is a small crab ( 20mm cw ) with a squarish back and dark reddish - brown colour . very little is known about it . ovigerous ( in berry ) females have been found in nz .\ndistribution : indo - pacific , japan , west coast of n america , australia , kermadec islands , in new zealand from the bay of plenty to chatham islands .\nthe sally lightfoot crab is found in south america and features on many shore photographs of the galapagos islands . it is not found in new zealand . it resembles the purple rock crab in behaviour , feeding and habitat preference .\nthe depressed red rock crab is similar to the red rock crab plagusia chabris and occupies a similar niche in the tropics . it is sometimes encountered in new zealand , clinging to floating objects like driftwood . this crab is recognisable by its flat shape and slightly hollow ( convex ) back , which is covered with flattened tubercles . its colour is reddish with darker blood - red spots and speckles .\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmilne edwards , h . 1853 ,\nm\u00e9moires sur la famille des ocypodiens , suite\n, annales des sciences naturelles , paris , ser . zoology 3 , vol . 20 , pp . 163 - 228 pls 6 - 11\nhutton , f . 1875 ,\ndescriptions of two new species of crustaceans from new zealand : sesarma pentagona and palinurus edwardsii\n, transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , vol . 7 , pp . 279 - 280\nwhite , a . 1842 ,\ndescription of an orthopterous insect and two new species of crustacea , from new zealand\n, ed . gray , j . e . ( ed . ) , the collections of the british museum , pp . 78 - 79 , the zoological miscellany , london\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0a9ce6b8 - 663a - 4679 - ac6d - c66352ebcd50\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 295990a7 - 4ee7 - 44b4 - 8b19 - 17985ae2da55\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : adb1c40f - 3970 - 4ed3 - a263 - 0e3f5c807d45\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3d3aebe8 - c88e - 4d8e - 8d4e - 6ecd0c324616\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 425250\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nnudus . frons fere horizontalis , sat latus . margo carapaces lateralis bene arcuatus , antero - lateralis bi - emarginatus . epistoma brevissimum . articulus maxillipedis externi 3tius vix longior quam latus . pedes antici sat crassi , manu supra pustulat\u00e2 , extus infraque l\u00e6vi ; brachio apicem anticum 5 - 6 denticulato . pedes 8 postici valde compressi , articulo 3tio pedis postici ad apicem inferiorem integro , articulo penultimo supra scabro .\nnaked . front nearly horizontal , rather broad ; lateral margin of carapax arcuate , antero - lateral bi - emarginate . epistome very short . third joint of outer maxillipeds as long as broad . anterior feet rather stout ; hand above small postulate , externally and below smooth ; arm with five or six teeth at anterior apex . eight posterior feet much compressed , third joint of posterior pair entire at inferior apex ; penult joint scabrous above .\nplate 21 , fig . 3 a , animal , natural size ; b , abdomen and sternum of male ; c , outer maxillipeds , natural size ; d , hand , natural size ; e , spine of tarsus .\nlength of carapax , seventeen and one - third lines ; breadth , nineteen lines ; length of front , six and three - fourths lines ; breadth of front to front of pr\u00e6medial areolets ( which but slightly project ) , two and one - fourth lines . colour , finely lined and spotted irregularly with brown - ish black or black , with intervening spaces a little yellowish .\nsides of carapax much arcuate . the species is near g . variegates ; but according to edwards\u2019s description of that species , and the figure in guerin\u2019s \u201ciconographie . \u201d it has the third joint of the outer maxillipeds much oblong , while in this species , the joint is not longer than broad .\nthe figure in the voy . de l\u2019uranie , under freycinet , pl . 76 , f . 2 , may be this species . \u201d ( dana , 1852 )\njeremy rice changed the thumbnail image of\na pinch ? it wasn ' t me !\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhe wrote , \u201cthese large and gaudy crabs are favourites of mine . they only inhabit the intertidal zone ( mainly northwest of about coffin bay in sa ) and are beautiful to behold as they watch inquisitively from the safety of large jagged granite boulders and crevices with their carapace washed over by the gentle wind ripples and slight swells that manage to ruffle the otherwise mirror smooth surface of the crystal clear rock pools found along many parts of this remote coastline . \u201d\nhe went on to say , \u201cthis crab is approximately the same size and weight as a blue swimmer crab ! ( i\u2019m guessing about the weight comparison but i am certain about the size ! so much so , i am a bit perplexed as to why nobody has chosen them as a regional tourism promotional icon ! honestly they are spectacular crabs and easily seen in delightful rock pools and tide pools of that western section of coast . \u201d\nhe then added , \u201cbut i am rather surprised to see the stated maximum carapace width of this very widely distributed subtropical shore crab is 80mm . i will have to go back to point dutton and refresh my memory with regard to the size of the crabs there because i have already claimed that they are as big as , or nearly as big as , the ( roughly equally widespread through subtropical oceans ) blue swimmer crab , portunus pelagicus and i will be embarrassed to be proven wrong . \u201d\ndavid later told me , \u201cthe crab also features on pages 214 - 5 in the revised edition of \u201caustralian marine life \u2013 the plants and animals of temperate waters\u201d by graham j edgar ( and it is heavily harvested in nsw for fishing bait ! ) . \u201d\nns wherever they meet ( mainly rocky ) coastline . how about the common name purple shore crab ? ! no wonder i took ages to get an accurate provisional id for the yellow form which , as far as i\u2019m aware , is the only colour variant of the species i\u2019ve seen here in south australia . surely i must have seen the purplish or other coloured crabs of the same species ( ? ? species complex ? ? ) in my travels to other subtropical regions . but i would not have known their identity nor taken photos of them , so any body\u2019s guess ! \u201d\nsteve reynolds is the current president of mlssa and is a long - standing member of the society . steve is a keen diver , underwater explorer , photographer and is chief author of the society ' s extensive back catalogue of newsletters and journals .\nperhaps \u201cpassionfruit shore crab\u201d would be a more useful common name ? fyi , i\u2019ve seen and photographed these at various locations on kangaroo island , including : hanson bay , harvey\u2019s return , antechamber bay and vivonne bay . i made several sighting reports ( and submitted photos ) to the atlas of living australia in recent years .\nstudent : $ 20 . 00 aud - yearly individual : $ 25 . 00 aud - yearly family / business / corporate : $ 30 . 00 aud - yearly\nthis information was published in 1966 in an encyclopaedia of new zealand , edited by a . h . mclintock . it has not been corrected and will not be updated .\n\u00a9 all text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . \u00a9 crown copyright 2005 - 2018 | disclaimer | isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 18451 - 8 ministry for culture and heritage / te manat\u016b taonga\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1470, "summary": [{"text": "prorasea gracealis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by munroe in 1974 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "prorasea gracealis", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1474, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris ostracodes is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1916 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in burma and on java .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brownish-ochreous with the costa irregularly strigulated with dark fuscous from near the base to the middle and with a dark fuscous triangular blotch on the costa beyond the middle , reaching one-third across the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is small , dark brownish , with the plical beneath the first discal , and with a faint brownish oblique fascia from one-fourth of the costa to these .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a narrow dark fuscous terminal fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris ostracodes", "paragraphs": ["dichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris isa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 103 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : tenkiller lake , 3 mi w blackgum , sequoyah co . , oklahoma\ndichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 154 , f . 4 , 17 - 18 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m\ndichomeris balioella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 149 , f . 2 , 12 - 13 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m\ndichomeris matsumurai ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 , f . 3 , 14 - 16 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m\ndichomeris metrodes ; meyrick , 1913 , ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26 ; [ afromoths ]"]}
{"id": 1476, "summary": [{"text": "the lake rukwa minnow ( raiamas moorii ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the cyprinidae family .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is found in lake tanganyika , lake kivu , and lake rukwa in burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , rwanda , tanzania , and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are rivers , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and inland deltas . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lake rukwa minnow", "paragraphs": ["the lake rukwa minnow is a species of ray - finned fish in the cyprinidae family .\nafrica : lake tanganyika , lake kivu ( ref . 2801 ) and lake rukwa ( ref . 27292 )\nafrica : lake tanganyika ( ref . 2801 ) , lake kivu ( ref . 2801 ) and lake rukwa ( ref . 27292 ) . ;\nafrica : lake tanganyika , lake kivu ( ref . 2801 ) and lake rukwa ( ref . 27292 ) . in the lukuga river ( lake tanganyika outflow ) , known up to niemba ( ref . 93587 ) .\nendemic to lake tanganyika and the lake kivu systems linked by the rusizi . it is found in the streams and rivers flowing into these lakes , including the malagarasi . also found in lake rukwa .\nthis species contribution to the fisheries catch compositions in lake rukwa declined from 1 . 77 % in 1977 ( bernacsek 1980 ) to less than 0 . 3 % by 1994 ( fish . div . 1994 ) . similarly cpue has declined from 0 . 2 tons / vessel in 1977 to less than 0 . 1 tons / vessel in 1994 ( fish . div . 1994 , 1977 ) . the lake rukwa population has therefore declined by about 50 % . it is still common in fishery catches in inshore waters of lakes tanganyika and kivu and in the lower parts of rivers rusizi and malagarasi .\nfound in sandy bays of lakes and rivers ( eccles 1992 ) where it feeds on smaller fishes and insects . in the rukwa drainage it is found in lake itself and in the rivers entering the lake , but prefers the latter habitat ( seegers 1996 ) . it migrates up the rivers to spawn ( seegers 1996 ) . feeds on small fish fry and , in the rivers , probably also on insects and other small animals ( seegers 1996 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : 12 - ? . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2059 ) ; 2\u00b0s - 8\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 22 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7021 )\nl\u00e9v\u00eaque , c . and j . daget , 1984 . cyprinidae . p . 217 - 342 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren . vol . 1 . ( ref . 2801 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00513 ( 0 . 00268 - 0 . 00982 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 7 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n, ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 , dh range : 12 environment .\npicture of raiamas moorii has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 jorrit h . poelen , james d . simons and chris j . mungall . ( 2014 ) . global biotic interactions : an open infrastructure to share and analyze species - interaction datasets . ecological informatics .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1479, "summary": [{"text": "shamshir ( foaled 21 february 1988 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in racing career which lasted from august 1990 until october 1991 she won two of her eleven races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a two-year-old in 1990 she was one of the best fillies of her generation in britain , winning a maiden race and being narrowly beaten in the may hill stakes before recording her biggest win in the group one fillies ' mile .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she failed to win as a three-year-old but finished second in the epsom oaks and the nassau stakes and third in the yorkshire oaks .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was retired at the end of the year to become a broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "shamshir ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["a shamshir shekargar ( shamshir - e shek\u00e2rgar ; literally ,\nhunters ' sword\nor\nhunting sword\n) is the same as a shamshir , except the blade is engraved and decorated , usually with hunting scenes .\nhorse racing stats \u2013 runner and rider profiles for epsom oaks \u2013 . . .\n2 ) mr . ali ghourchani from iran is an accomplished horse archer who has gained many places in international horse archery competitions . i will test many horseback wrestling and horseback lance and swordfighting in cooperation with ali . he is an accomplished horse archer .\nblack caviar : the horse of a lifetime . . . the story and the wins\nmughal style carved jade shamshir grip , horse form gem set spinach jade with inset white jade disk , 20th c . 6 1 / 4\nx 5\nx 1\n, estimate : $ 700 - $ 900\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\na shamshir , shamsher , shamsheer or chimchir ( from shamshir ) is a type of sabre with a curve that is considered radical for a sword : 5 to 15 degrees from tip to tip . the name is derived from shamsh\u012br , which means\nsword\n( in general ) . the radically curved sword family includes the shamshir , scimitar , talwar , kilij , pulwar and the sabre .\nuse the search below to find breeding information on an individual horse or select one of the other specific search options available .\nin addition to oh so sharp , his other top runners included fitnah , common grounds , flash of steel , shamshir , sure blade , unite , and balisada .\ni was with luca cumani when falbrav had his special season , and his owner also has horses with my father , so i had known him for many years ,\nhe says .\nhe promised to send me a horse when i set up , and luckily , the horse was sesmen .\nshamshir and separ ( buckler ) vs mace and buckler . in razmafzar the small shield ( separ ) is used with a variety of weapons , including the sword , mace , axe and dagger .\nshamshir ( gb ) ch . f , 1988 { 12 - d } dp = 8 - 1 - 10 - 5 - 4 ( 28 ) di = 1 . 00 cd = 0 . 14 - 9 starts , 2 wins , 3 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 346 , 708\n\u201cour first big winner was shamshir , the first foal of free guest , who i suppose was our foundation mare , \u201d she says of the daughter of kris , who in 1990 became the second group 1 winner for cumani\u2019s then - stable jockey frankie dettori in the fillies\u2019 mile , 45 minutes after he won the queen elizabeth ii stakes on markofdistinction .\n\u201cwe\u2019ve always had some boarders . we keep it as limited as we possibly can but it helps with the cashflow , \u201d explains sara . \u201cit\u2019s just really for some of our owners because we don\u2019t want to over - horse the place and we\u2019re comfortable with the numbers we have . \u201d\nt is 16 years since a young italian called lanfranco dettori established himself at the top of his profession with a group one double on festival day at ascot . shamshir , who won the fillies ' mile , and markofdistinction , in the queen elizabeth ii stakes , were both trained by another italian , luca cumani , and between them , the jockey and trainer have kept the tricolore prominent at the meeting ever since .\nwill almost always be rated from 45 - 54 with the exception of those that perform in a higher class or in say a black - type three year old race . they can expect a higher rating . after three \u201cmisses\u201d a maiden horse will revert to a mark of 45 . these races will continue to be raced under set - weight conditions .\n\u201cbreeding and training compliment each other \u2013 from the trainer\u2019s perspective you get to know a bit about soundness and temperament and therefore you can use that when you get to the breeding side . on the training front , knowing the horse from the very beginning and having seen it from when it was born , all the way through , is a bonus . \u201d\ndespite having planned her mating and known her since birth , luca cumani maintains that lady of dubai receives no favourable treatment in training . he says : \u201cthe moment the homebreds are in the training yard they are the same as the others \u2013 all the horses here are my babies . winning is the same for any horse in the yard , though of course it\u2019s satisfying if you\u2019ve bred them and known them all their lives . \u201d\nfor eight centuries the arab sword makers succeeded in concealing their techniques from competitors - and from posterity . those in europe only revealed that they quenched in ' ' red medicine ' ' or ' ' green medicine . ' ' a less abrupt form of cooling , according to one account , was achieved when the blade , still red hot , was ' ' carried ina furious gal lop by a horseman on a fast horse . ' '\nhe is equally unequivocal about any twinges when horses he and sara have bred succeed for other stables , adding : \u201cin each case it has been my decision to sell so i have no regrets . it\u2019s not a question of that horse being one that got away \u2013 any success helps our families and helps the stud . and quite often there are those that you\u2019ve kept because they wouldn\u2019t have made a good sales yearling but they turn out to be very good racehorses . \u201d\nbackground : garry and suzanne brandt had their first runner in 2014 . the couple run the north london - based import business harlequin direct ltd and were tempted to dip their toes into racehorse ownership when meeting owner derrick bloy on holiday . harlequeen was only the second horse owned by the brandts , with their first being the four - time winner harlequin striker , also with mick channon before being switched to dean ivory\u2019s yard this year . garry gave suzanne harlequeen for her birthday and his mother telma went racing for the first time at goodwood last year when harlequeen won .\nthe oaks stakes is a group 1 flat horse race in great britain open to three - year - old fillies . it is run at epsom downs over a distance of 1 mile , 4 furlongs and 10 yards ( 2 , 423 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in early june . ( it has also been known as the oaks . increasingly it is coming to be referred to as the epsom oaks in both the uk and overseas countries , although ' epsom ' is not part of the official title of the race . )\nkhorasani : thanks for asking ! my next project is finishing my book on historical firearms from iran . this book contains translated and annotated persian texts on cannon making , rockets , etc . i have also measured and pictured over 100 unique examples of persian firearms from iranian museums . a treasure . i have been classifying and researching all techniques of traditional wrestling arts of iran . these will be published in different books by me . i am also planning a book on armored combat and horse combat in persian tradition . and of course together with mr . dwyer we are writing a book on persian archery . thanks for the interview .\nkhorasani : they will learn sword and shield combinations and spear combinations on foot first . accompanied by wrestling techniques of course . war wrestling based on persian manuscripts play an important role in razmafzar . persian manuscripts stress that a good warrior is a good wrestler . then we move to dagger and knife fighting in combination with a shield . then axe and mace techniques are taught . more complex techniques of sword and shield and wrestling always accompany the curriculum . then short sword techniques qame and qaddare as civilian weapons follow as the former are battlefield weapons . the whole would take 4 - 5 years to master . then they learn archery on foot and then horse archery . the last step will be fighting with weapons and wrestling on horseback . the whole techniques comprise all techniques from ancient iran into islamic period . of course as far as they are evidenced . we do not make up techniques . but razmafzar deals with all periods of iran . participants should also learn about some aspects of historical arms and armor from iran as well .\nkris , a champion racehorse and sire in england , died thursday at lord howard de walden ' s plantation stud . he was 28 .\na report on the plantation web site said the stallion , who was pensioned in february 2002 , was found dead in his paddock of heart failure .\nby sharpen up - - doubly sure , by reliance , kris was the sire of 80 stakes winners from 810 named foals of racing age . among them are classic winner oh so sharp , who was a member of his first crop . with just two crops racing in 1985 , he was the leading sire in england / ireland .\nkris , bred and raced by howard de walden , won 14 of 16 starts and ran second in the other two . he was a champion miler in england . kris was unbeaten at two when he won the horris hill stakes ( eng - iii ) . his victories at three included the sussex stakes ( eng - i ) , st james ' s palace stakes ( eng - ii ) , waterford crystal mile ( eng - ii ) , and queen elizabeth ii stakes ( eng - ii ) . he was retired after his 4 - year - old season , his career ending with a second to known fact in the queen elizabeth ii stakes . he was trained by henry cecil .\nkris was syndicated for 4 million pounds and began his stud duties at de walden ' s thornton stud . that nursery was sold in 1994 and he was moved to plantation stud .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nowner : sk . mohammed breeder : fittocks stud ltd . winnings : 9 starts : 2 - 3 - 2 , $ 346 , 708 1st fillies mile gr . 1 ( gb ) . 2nd may hill s . gr . 3 ( gb ) , the oaks gr . 1 ( gb ) , nassau s . gr . 2 ( gb ) . 3rd yorkshire oaks gr . 1 ( gb ) , musidora s . gr . 3 ( gb ) . ( close )\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nnow they may have some backup . marco botti is not a familiar name to british racegoers yet , but like dettori before him , he goes to ascot this weekend with a serious chance to make his reputation on one of the most important afternoons of the flat racing year . his unbeaten juvenile sesmen , who was added to the fillies ' mile at a cost of \u00a320 , 000 earlier this week , will be his first runner in a group one contest , and if breeding counts for anything , she will go to the start with every chance .\nsesmen ' s pedigree is the result of meticulous planning by peter ebdon , the former world snooker champion , who applies the same driven intensity to the business of breeding thoroughbreds that he does to building breaks . but it is botti ' s own family tree that bears the closest inspection , since his name would be as familiar to an italian racegoer as a hills or a dunlop in this country .\nmy father [ alduino ] and his brother [ giuseppe ] train together in italy ,\nbotti says ,\nand they have been the champions of the country many , many times . they have won all of the classics in italy , and they will be champions again this year for sure , as they have more than 220 winners already .\nsuch is the status of the botti family in italian racing that marco , who rode nearly 400 winners during a five - year career as a professional jockey , would have found it easy to start a training career in his native country . instead , he chose to launch himself as a virtual unknown in the sink - or - swim surroundings of newmarket .\nhe is becoming more familiar by the week , though , having saddled seven winners from 44 runners so far this season , a strike - rate of 16 % . with victories at prices including 33 - 1 , 20 - 1 , 12 - 1 and 9 - 1 , his level - stake profit is running at \u00a348 . 25 .\nof course it would have been easier for me to go back to italy ,\nbotti says .\ni don ' t think that it would have been any problem finding owners there , when in england , all new trainers struggle to find owners and good horses at the beginning .\nbut i decided to give it a go here , to take a shot , and i can ' t complain so far . we have 22 horses here now , and we ' ve had a group three winner . winning a group three in england means much more to me than it would in italy , as it is so much more difficult to win races here .\nthe decision to run sesmen in saturday ' s race owes something to cumani , who employed botti as a pupil assistant for two years when he first arrived in britain .\nhe then moved on to spend a year with ed dunlop , and six months as head lad with sheikh mohammed ' s collection of blue bloods at godolphin .\nafter she won at goodwood , luca rang me and said , marco , you should have a look at the ascot race and think about supplementing her . it would come at just the right time for her . the owner said that if i was happy with her , it would be worth taking a chance . it is a lot of money , but that ' s part of the game sometimes .\nwe ' re running against the big yards and the best trainers so it ' s not going to be easy ,\nbotti says .\nbut she travels so well and quickens so well , and if everything goes right , we will definitely aim her for the 1 , 000 guineas .\ni ' ve worked with group one horses like falbrav and ouija board in the past , so now i just hope that i ' ve learned enough about how to train them .\na regular at this track , blue maeve has three course wins from ten starts , as well as three seconds and a third . he ' s been in the form of his life this season , scoring on his last two visits and going close off his revised mark in two subsequent runs elsewhere . there seems to be plenty of pace drawn near the rail here and it is to be hoped that silvestre de sousa has the sense not to fight for an early lead .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nour new search experience requires javascript to be enabled . please enable javascript on your browser , then try again .\nebay determines this price through a machine - learned model of the product ' s sale prices within the last 90 days .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\namounts shown in italicized text are for items listed in currency other than canadian dollars and are approximate conversions to canadian dollars based upon bloomberg ' s conversion rates . for more recent exchange rates , please use the universal currency converter\nthis page was last updated : 09 - jul 15 : 34 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international shipping options and costs .\nrohani ya abbas hadid stone islamic ring \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 . . \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\nrohani viper snake stone \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u0646\u064a , \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0649 . . \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 , \u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\ngift for man vintage ring size 12 \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 , \u0627\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a . . \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629\ninternational shipping - items may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\nyour country ' s customs office can offer more details , or visit ebay ' s page on international trade .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping and import charges paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ninternational shipping paid to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nany international shipping is paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthere are 1 items available . please enter a number less than or equal to 1 .\n* estimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , origin zip code , destination zip code and time of acceptance and will depend on shipping service selected and receipt of cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nwill usually ship within 2 business days of receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\nwe essentially require buyer phone number / mobile no . for international shipment . buyers will pay the shipping & handling charges and no return policy apply . buyer need to pay within a week . item will be shipped within a week after receiving the payment . please ask for shipping cost\nthis is a private listing and your identity will not be disclosed to anyone except the seller .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nmartial artist , linguist , historian and tireless arms and armour researcher , dr . manouchehr moshtagh khorasani ( germany ) is an award - winning author who won the prestigious awards of the book prize of the islamic republic of iran ( 2012 ) for his book lexicon of arms and armor from iran : a study of symbols and terminology and arms and armor from iran : the bronze age to the end of the qajar period ( 2009 ) , which also won the world book prize in the field of iranian studies in 2009 . the latter book is based on over 800 primary and secondary sources and features a detailed analysis of over 520 artifacts from ten iranian museums for the first time . some selected items from private collections are also featured in this book .\ndr . khorasani is also the author of the book antique oriental and arab weapons and armour : the streshinskiy collection ( published 2010 ) and has written well over 100 print articles , lexicon entries and book contributions related to arms and armor from iran in 30 print journals and magazines , an encyclopedia and one in a book in english , german , spanish , french and persian for american , argentinian , austrian , british , canadian , french , german , indian , iranian , south korean and spanish magazines .\nwe have known dr . khorasani for many years in his role as a moderator and consultant at swordforum international , and were particularly excited when we learned that he had been combining all of his passions and backgrounds in a new project : razmafzar \u2013 persian martial arts . his latest book , persian archery and swordsmanship : the martial arts of iran , is the first publication of his results , another massive , meticulously documented analysis of artifacts , artwork , and literature , this time cross - analyzed with surviving persian fencing , archery and riding manuscripts and the many living - traditions of iranian wrestling . we are pleased to offer this interview , where dr . khorasani gives us some insights into the ( re ) development of razmafzar , living martial traditions in iran , and what is forthcoming from his prolific pen .\nkhorasani : this is a combined persian term , a new persian lexeme which consists of razm ( battle / fight ) and afzar ( tools / weapons ) . it means \u201cbattle weapons\u201d . actually , this word is related to zinabzar or zinafzar which means the weapons for a mounted warrior . the term zinafzar can already be found in the poems of onsori balkhi ( 1990 , p . 22 ) . this word is an old word which derives from the middle persian word z\u0113n afz\u0101r ( war implements / weapons ) that can be found in karnameye ardeshir babakan ( see farahvashi , 2007 , p . 30 ) . the reason for choosing razmafzar and not zinafzar for this historical martial art is that it deals not only with cavalry techniques and tactics but also with infantry techniques and tactics . so it is a more general term encomassing both fields . although the fomer has received some cursory look , the latter has been completely ignored in the studies of martial hertitage of iran / persia . it entails all techniques which are documented in manuscripts , poems , battlefield accounts , miniatures , arts , stone reliefs from ancient iran and also islamic period of iran .\nkhorasani : i have been an active martial artist almost all my life and surely after years of research , measurement and recording hundreds of iranian arms and armor in 14 museums in iran and many private collections in europe , russia and usa , the intriguing question has always been how these weapons were used . that is why i turned my attention to a detailed study of these weapons .\nfap : one of the unique things in persian archery and swordsmanship is your detail to language \u2013 in tracking a lexicon of martial terminology or technical vocabulary , that can be found in non technical literature and then comparing that to iconographic depictions of the same actions . this is an area that is still awaiting more serious attention in historical european martial arts ( hema ) . can you discuss the process you used in going about this ?\nfap : hema practitioners are fortunate in having a a larger number of technical works , \u201cfight books\u201d , on which to base their reconstruction . is there a similar body of persian martial texts to draw from ?\nkhorasani : yes , there are . i have presented many complete manuals in my last book . five complete ones on persian archery . one on mounted lance fighting . one on spearfighting on foot . three on war wrestling . one on swords . as we are talking , i have received some new ones . this area has been neglected for years . i have received new manuscripts on archery , swordsmanship , mounted combat , etc .\nfap : in the west , many traditional martial arts , particularly \u201caristocratic\u201d or \u201cchivalric\u201d ones became extinct in the 18th and 19th centuries , and have had to be reconstructed . how does this compare to the situation in iran ? have you been able to find living sword or weapon arts , and if so , have they played a role in creating modern razmafzar ?\nkhorasani : chivalric code of iran is best expressed in the javanmardi code which is similar to european chivalric code or japanese bushido . we have a living tradition of zurkhane ( house of strength ) . wrestling in iran is considered as a sacred sport , where the mat is still considered a place to respect and to be respected and one needs to show humbleness and also help people in need . my project of razmafzar is based on academic reconstruction of techniques in manuscripts , miniatures and reliefs . but it does not stop there . as i have shown in my last book , the tenets and training methods of the house of strength will be integrated in it . additionally , we have over 24 styles of traditional wrestling in iran , we have sword dancing , we have different stick fighting methods in iran . they are in the process of being researched . we will make comparative analysis and then set up a big data bank and integrate them in razmafzar as well .\nwrestling remains an important sport , fighting tradition and cultural treasure in iranian culture even today , and was considered the basis of persian warrior training .\nfap : at the same time , there are many european folk traditions , particularly for wrestling and stick or knife fighting , that have survived . in persian archery and swordsmanship you touch on this with traditional iranian wrestling or varzesh pahlavani . can you tell us a little about pahlavani \u2013 both as it exists now and as it might have related to earlier persian fighting arts ?\nkhorasani : the house of strength symbolizes a sacred place where practitioners not only develop strength , but they need to learn javanmardi rules . they need to be role models for the young generation . wrestling is one of the most effective combat systems as proven again and again . this plays a major role in iran .\nkhorasani : yes i am fortunate enough to be in contact with leading pahlavans in iran and i trained and even documented their training in the house of strength . they are greatly interested in razmafzar .\nkhorasani : yes , without name dropping , my students and friends know that . i hold three black belts , a 4th dan in one of them , the others 2nd dan . i have trained and competed in many full - contact sports such as boxing , muay thai and of course wrestling . i experimented with bjj and trained in a team . besides i also trained in a japanese koryu sword art extensively . but i have always wrestled and love this sport . wrestling has helped me the most , as this is the tenet of persian armored and unarmored fight . but i have to say that all martial arts and fighting i have done have played a part , by helping me universal principles of combat , like distance and lines of attack and defence . i have to say i love realistic and full - contact sparring and think that is important in all martial arts , including swordfighting .\na persian warrior should be able to grab and throw in close range at anytime . and then of course to deliver fast and powerful blows with his weapons .\nfap : persia has long been a cross - roads between the mid and far east . have you found commonalities between persian arts with those of the arabs to the west or indians , such as the sikh gatka or shastar vidiya to the east ?\nkhorasani : well possibly , but as i have not trained in indian or arab arts , i cannot pass judgments . what i can say is that there always commonalities with certain arts , especially when the arms and armour are similar , but i would say that what i know defines persian arts is an emphasis on developing strength , stamina , power and only then techniques . this is why wrestling plays a crucial role \u2013 it trains the body that is at the core of the entire art . a persian warrior should be able to grab and throw in close range at anytime . and then of course to deliver fast and powerful blows with his weapons .\nfap : you have chosen to create an international research and development team to develop razmafzar . can you tell us a bit about who comprises the team and how your team works together ?\nkhorasani : i have a very dedicated team and i am in constant contact with them . my team comprises of three different groups . researchers who write and do research on historical arms and armor from iran , the other section comprises experienced martial artists and another who work and help in the realm of public relations and also editorial process . to enter my group and be marked as a member one needs to fulfill certain criteria . i am really proud of the members of razmafzar team and many thanks for asking me questions about them . these are :\n1 ) mr . bede dwyer from australia is a leading researcher on asian composite bow . bede has published many articles in many leading academic journals . he plays a very important role in razmafzar team . he has been my editor from 2004 and has made useful comments on archery sections on my books . we have written many important articles on persian archery based on persian archery manuscripts which have been translated by me . at the moment , i am planning to write a book on persian archery together with mr . bede dwyer on persian archery . this book will not only comprise archery techniques and annotated archery texts but we will show techniques and how to execute them with a replica persian composite bow .\n3 ) mr . heiko grosse from germany is an accomplished swordsman who has been training and learning razmafzar under my direct supervision . he is a black belt in kendo with ten years experience in kendo competitions and a cateran and an expert in scottish swordsmanship with five - year experience . he plays a pivotal role in learning and teaching razmafzar .\n4 ) ms . mitra haji is a museum curator of bonyad museums from tehran , iran . i have been working with ms . haji over 7 years . i have analyzed over 500 historical arms and armor from iran which are kept in bonyad museum . she has translated and edited many of my articles in persian . we organized two historical arms and armor exhibitions \u201cthe power of iranian steel\u201d and \u201cweapons and combat in the shahname\u201d in tehran .\n5 ) mr . mark mcmorrow from the usa is the executive editor and director of swordforum international , the biggest online community dedicated to the study of historical arms and armor . mark plays a very important role in making razmafzar public and we have an excellent working relationship together ,\n6 ) mr . richard nable is a police lieutenant for a metropolitan police department in the southeastern united states . he is a swat sniper and team leader , department rangemaster , and instructor primarily in police weapons , tactics and survival . richard is our advisor on the mechanisms of historical firearms and has edited a number of articles on historical firearms which i have written and also has been editing parts of my books . 7 ) mr . greg thomas obach has been on my team for over 12 years . greg is a leading and very experienced smith who makes wonderful crucible steel . he has edited the chapters on crucible steel in my books and also articles . his insights into making crucible steel and above all his down - to - earth approach and willingness to learn and experiment make him truly a unique smith .\n8 ) ms . venous pirmomen from iran is an archaeologist with a master and a bachelor degree in archaeology from islamic azad university . her areas of interest and concentration are bio - archaeology , biological anthropology and forensic anthropology . she has played an important role in accessing data for research of razmafzar team and public relations in iranian universities . she has found many new manuscripts from iranian libraries and museums for primary research materials on persian arms and armor .\n9 ) mr . hessamoddin shafeianis a phd candidate at university of california , riverside in the field of electrical engineering department . he obtained his msc degree from the prestigeous sharif university of technology . he has been a very important team member with unflagging determination to find and access data which are extremely important for the research of razmafzar team . together with venous , hessam has found and gained access to many important persian manuscripts .\n10 ) dr . denis toichkin from ukraine is a leading arms and armor historian and researcher and the author of a book on the history of cossack cold steel . he is recognized as a specialist in the late medieval and modern history of eastern european arms and armor . he has published on persian arms with me in leading ukranian journals and we are going to publish further articles on persian arms and armor in future . he plays a pivotal role in arms and armor research in our team .\nfap : razmafzar is a large , complex art . when a new student wishes to begin training , where do they start ? what are the root disciplines of the system ?\nfap : you\u2019ve created the largest single source on persian arms and armour , a companion lexicon , and now a giant overview of persian martial arts and martial culture . all in your spare time ! so what is next for manouchehr khorasani and razmafzar ?\nfreelance academy press is proud to be distributing dr . khorasani\u2019s books here in the united states , and look forward to working with him in the future on other projects .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nwe have profiles of all nine runners and riders for the english biggest filly\u2019s classic the epsom oaks , start time 4 : 30pm . back minding at 8 / 1 to win .\n* worked over the unique epsom downs course during the breakfast with the stars morning on tuesday , may 24 .\n* beaten a neck by seventh heaven on reappearance in listed betfred mobile oaks trial at lingfield park on may 7 .\n* success came with a length and a half victory in a mile maiden on good to soft going at nottingham in october .\n* debut came in a mile maiden at haydock park on september 26 last year when third on soft ground .\nborn : december 5 , 1980 based : kremlin cottage stables , newmarket background : he is the eldest son of lord adrian palmer and grew up in the scottish borders , learning to ride at a very young age . he went to eton . before becoming a trainer , he spent time working for cheveley park stud and john warren at highclere stud . he was assistant to trainer patrick chamings and then spent three seasons as hughie morrison\u2019s assistant . after five years as an assistant in the uk , he enjoyed a successful 15 - month spell in australia with leading trainer gai waterhouse . he returned to the uk , took out a licence in 2011 and has made an increasing impact , sending out 35 british & irish winners who earnt more than \u00a31 million in prize money last year .\n* beaten nine lengths into fifth by so mi dar in group three musidora stakes at york on may 11 .\n* got off the mark at the third attempt in a mile polytrack maiden at lingfield park in february .\n* made her debut in a mile maiden on kempton park\u2019s polytrack on november 30 , finishing fifth of 10 .\n* out of high - class racemare barshiba & a half - sister to last year\u2019s 50 / 1 group one juddmonte international heroine arabian queen .\n* stayed on take third , beaten a length , behind somehow in the listed cheshire oaks on may 4 .\n* made a winning debut in a mile polytrack maiden at kempton park on november 30 .\nother major wins include : breeders\u2019 cup marathon ( 2008 muhannak ) . , middleton stakes ( 2015 secret gesture ) , german 1 , 000 guineas ( 2012 electrelane ) , fred darling stakes ( 2005 penkenna princess , 2010 puff , 2012 moonstone magic , 2015 redstart ) , qipco british champions fillies & mares stakes ( 2015 simple verse )\nborn : september 6 , 1995 background : nephew of former jump jockey jim culloty , who won three cheltenham gold cups on best mate and trained the 2014 winner lord windermere . murphy began riding at the age of four and competed in pony races and show jumping . joined culloty\u2019s cork yard at the age of 13 before teaming up with tommy stack two years later . started riding out for ireland\u2019s champion flat trainer aidan o\u2019brien at 16 and then moved to england to work for andrew balding in october , 2012 . first win came aboard imperial glance at salisbury on june 16 , 2013 . capped 2013 with a memorable four - timer on ayr gold cup day , including in the feature on highland colori . had a three - month spell with leading australian trainer danny o\u2019brien in 2013 / 2014 . was appointed second jockey behind andrea atzeni to qatar racing ltd ahead of 2015 flat season and become first jockey to the organisation when atzeni returned to roger varian .\n* exercised at the course during the breakfast with the stars morning on tuesday , may 24 .\n* beaten four and half lengths into fourth by so mi dar in group three musidora stakes at york on may 11 .\n* runner - up to godolphin\u2019s linguistic on reappearance in the valuable tattersalls millions 3 - y - o trophy at newmarket on april 14 .\n* sole victory came easily in a mile maiden at goodwood on september 1 , 2015 .\nfirst winner : gained his first two successes on the same day when golden scissors was successful on the flat at beverley and wessex warrior over hurdles at wincanton on march 30 , 1990 .\nsuccess in uk : after a relatively slow start in his first few years in britain , with the winters spent riding in india , de sousa nearly returned to brazil but the 2010 uk season saw a distinct upturn in his fortunes as he rode 100 winners , for trainers such as david o\u2019meara , geoff harker and mark johnston . in 2011 , he rode primarily for johnston and enjoyed 161 uk victories , challenging for the british jockeys\u2019 title . de sousa\u2019s first british classic ride came on outsider danum dancer in the 2007 2000 guineas , while he won the indian derby on antonios in 2009 . he was appointed as a retained rider to godolphin in february , 2012 but parted ways with maktoum family\u2019s operation in mid - 2014 despite enjoying considerable success . he has ridden as a freelance since then and became champion jockey in britain for the first time in 2015 .\nbig - race wins : dubai world cup ( 2014 african story ) , qipco champion stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , lockinge stakes ( 2013 farhh ) , dubai duty free stakes ( 2013 sajjhaa ) , premio roma ( 2012 hunter\u2019s light ) , juddmonte international ( 2015 arabian queen ) . accolades : stobart champion flat jockey 2015\n* bidding to become the first filly since kazzia in 2002 to complete the 1000 guineas - investec oaks double .\n* crowned european champion two - year - old filly last season following victories in the g1 moyglare stud stakes at the curragh & g1 dubai fillies\u2019 mile at newmarket .\n* comes in on the back of defeat having gone down by a head to jet setting in the irish 1 , 000 guineas at the curragh on may 22 , the pair clear . minding banged her head leaving the stalls . a cut and bruising were minor and have healed .\n* made her debut on june 11 , 2015 in a leopardstown seven - furlong maiden and finished second . she got off the mark next time out a similar race over six furlongs at the same course on june 25 .\n* dam was top - class over a mile and galileo won the investec derby in 2001 .\n* unbeaten in two starts this season and last time out got the better of architecture by a neck in the listed oaks trial at lingfield park on may 7 .\n* odds - on favourite when making a winning return in a mile polytrack maiden at dundalk on april 18 .\n* had the first of two starts as a juvenile at leopardstown when seventh of 13 in a seven - furlong maiden on september 12 , 2015 . two weeks later , she finished fourth in another seven furlong at newmarket .\nborn : buttevant , co cork , ireland , november 13 , 1980 . background : joined aidan o\u2019brien\u2019s ballydoyle stable as a teenager and gained his first british classic success on 50 / 1 chance qualify in the 2015 investec oaks . has ridden across the world with major success in ireland , france , the uae , the usa , canada and india . first winner : my - lorraine , sligo , june 24 , 1997 . british classic wins ( 1 ) : investec oaks ( 2015 qualify ) big - race wins include : irish derby ( 2011 treasure beach ) , irish oaks ( 2014 bracelet ) , secretariat stakes ( 2011 treasure beach ) , phoenix stakes ( 2002 spartacus ) , poule d\u2019essai des poulains ( 2007 astronomer royal ) , criterium international ( 2009 jan vermeer ) , canadian international ( 2010 joshua tree ) , american st leger ( 2012 jakkalberry ) , uae derby ( 2012 daddy long legs ) , queen elizabeth ii challenge cup ( 2011 together ) . has also enjoyed significant success in india , winning the indian derby , calcutta derby and bangalore derby in 2007 , and also rode one winner in hong kong in the 2013 / 14 season .\n* supplemented at a cost of \u00a330 , 000 following her length victory in the listed height of fashion stakes at goodwood on may 19 . snow fairy took the same 10 - furlong contest at goodwood in 2010 on her way to investec oaks glory .\n* third on debut in a 10 - furlong maiden at ascot on may 6 .\nchampion owner in britain ( 10 times ) : 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2012 , 2013 and 2015 .\n* overcame greenness to win the listed cheshire oaks by half a length on may 4 , with diamonds pour moi back in third .\n* made a successful reappearance on heavy ground in a 10 - furlong maiden at leopardstown on april 6 .\n* debut came in a leopardstown seven - furlong maiden on october 25 , 2015 when third to stable companion pretty perfect .\n* fifth foal of alexandrova who captured the investec , irish and yorkshire oaks in 2006 for same connections .\nborn : james anthony heffernan on july 17 , 1972 . background : based at aidan o\u2019brien\u2019s ballydoyle stable since 1996 . like o\u2019brien , gained his grounding at jim bolger\u2019s stable . twice second in the investec derby and won the investec oaks on was in 2012 . accolades : jointly ireland\u2019s champion apprentice in 1994 . british classic wins ( 1 ) : investec oaks ( 2012 was ) . other major wins include : irish derby ( 2007 soldier of fortune , 2008 frozen fire ) , irish 1 , 000 guineas ( 2001 imagine , 2008 halfway to heaven , 2011 misty for me ) , irish st leger ( 2008 septimus ) , irish champion stakes ( 2010 cape blanco , 2011 so you think ) , eclipse stakes ( 2011 so you think ) , sun chariot stakes ( 2008 halfway to heaven ) , moyglare stud stakes ( 2008 again , 2010 misty for me , 2015 minding ) , national stakes ( 2000 beckett , 2010 power ) , keeneland phoenix stakes ( 2012 pedro the great ) , pretty polly stakes ( 2011 misty for me , 2015 diamondsandrubies ) , crit\u00e9rium international ( 2006 mount nelson ) , middle park stakes ( 2011 crusade ) , secretariat stakes ( 2015 highland reel )\n* high - class two - year - old over a mile , winning the group two may hill stakes at doncaster before taking second behind ballydoyle in the group one prix marcel boussac at longchamp .\n* six and a half lengths to make up on minding after coming home sixth on return in the qipco 1000 guineas at newmarket on may 1 .\nownership of turret rocks was recently transferred from jackie , jim bolger\u2019s wife , to june judd who owned the 2009 investec oaks seventh oh goodness me . judd first owned horses in 2001 . she has had success in ireland , including with free judgement in the 2010 g3 tetrarch stakes and 2009 g3 killavullan stakes plus abigail petit in the 2005 g3 tower stakes , though she has yet to have a winner in britain .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nsarah healy wins her second gold as she takes 1 , 500m title . . .\nat casinorella you will find all new casino sites that is launching with a uk license .\nthe casino market in sweden is one of the fastest growing markets within the entertainment industry . urltoken has analyzed new casinos here ( in swedish ) : urltoken sinon\nurltoken offers the latest reviews of the best new online casinos in finland . visit the website to find more information about the gambling industry .\nfind yourself a brand new online casino and choose from the best at urltoken where you\u2019ll find bonuses and online slots to play for free .\nsportsnewsireland is an irish website launched in 2009 to offer sports fans in ireland an alternative and independent source to keep them up to date with all the news from around the country . every week we bring you live score updates from all levels of gaa , rugby , soccer , racing and athletics .\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience . we ' ll assume you ' re ok with this , but you can opt - out if you wish . accept read more\nboxing : kildare\u2019s eric donovan teams up with \u2018old friend\u2019 egan for . . .\ngaa fixtures \u2013 hurling & gaelic football in munster , ulster , leinster . . .\nwrite css or less and hit save . ctrl + space for auto - complete .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nurltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .\ntwo metallurgists at stanford university , seeking to produce a ' ' superplastic ' ' metal , appear to have stumbled on the secret of damascus steel , the legendary material used by numerous warriors of the past , including the crusaders . its formula had been lost for generations ."]}
{"id": 1481, "summary": [{"text": "macrodactylus subspinosus is a north american beetle of the family scarabaeidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is one of at least two beetles in this family known as the \" rose chafer \" , the other being the european cetonia aurata .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "m. subspinosus occurs from eastern canada to colorado and is considered a pest of many crops and flowers .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is given its common name of rose chafer because it eats the leaves of roses , although it also feeds on many other plants . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "macrodactylus subspinosus", "paragraphs": ["development of an attractant for the scarab pest macrodactylus subspinosus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) .\nthe rose chafer ( macrodactylus subspinosus ) is a common pest in vineyards in the northeastern united states .\ndevelopment of an attractant for the scarab pest macrodactylus subspinosus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe rose chafer ( macrodactylus subspinosus ) is commonly found in many areas of minnesota , particularly areas with sandy soil .\nrose chafer ( macrodactylus subspinosus fabricius ) adults emerge at bloom and immediately attack grape blossoms and skeletonize leaves , eating all the tissue around large veins . they can cause extensive damage to foliage and completely destroy blossom buds and / or developing berries , resulting in reduced grape yields . damage can be severe in vineyards with sandy soils , the preferred habitat for these beetles .\nin identifying the rose chafer ( macrodactylus subspinosus syn . cetonia aurata ) , one will note that it is a tan , long - legged , slender beetle from 5 / 16 to 15 / 32 inches long ( 8 - 12 mm ) . as you can see , this beetle is smaller than the japanese beetle and does differ in appearance . they are , however , alike in the appetite and the damage they do .\nin the past few years , populations of the rose chafer beetle , macrodactylus subspinosus , have been abundant in some regions of southwest michigan . these beetles can be found in grape growing regions across michigan and beyond ; however , outbreaks in the lawton , mich . , region in recent years have been causing some high levels of damage to clusters during the bloom period . with this recent history , it is a good time to review the biology and lifecycle of this pest and review the available options for control .\nwe analyzed the flight of the rose chafer macrodactylus subspinosus ( f . ) ( melolonthinae : scarabaeidae ) and the japanese beetle popillia japonica newman ( rutelinae : scarabaeidae ) in a wind tunnel with controlled humidity , temperature , light , and airflow . the data indicate that an optimum combination of light and temperature dramatically improves their response to lures . both species took off upwind , oriented to , and contacted the odor source well ( 40\u201360 % ) when light intensity was > 50 % of a clear day , temperature was 26\u201327\u00b0c , and relative humidity was 65\u201375 % .\nadvisories are not working correctly for plymouth . the next closest stations are rocky mount , williamston and buckland . begin sprays \u2026\nfrom cotton \u2013 july 2 , 2018 , 03 : 12 pm please consider attending a scouting school this summer . we will post as they become \u2026\nearworm populations ( known as bollworm in cotton ) were relatively low in our system from 2011 to 2016 . arguably , at \u2026\nthis week i have noticed damage on many pin oaks ( quercus falcata ) by oak spider mites ( oligonychus bicolor ) . oak \u2026\nrecent news stories about giant hogweed have raised awareness of this nasty invader . yes , we have giant hogweed in \u2026\nwhen cotton blooms , it\u2019s time to switch sampling and thresholds for plant bugs . this previous article covered management of \u2026\nwe received a confirmed report of basil downy mildew in north carolina . growers are advised to actively scout for \u2026\ncorn is susceptible to damage at three stages ( roughly ) : v1 to v6 , v14 to vt and r1 to r4 . \u2026\nnc state extension is the largest outreach program at nc state university . based in the college of agriculture and life sciences , we reach millions of north carolina citizens each year through local centers in the state ' s 100 counties and with the eastern band of cherokee indians .\nwe have several topic based e - mail newsletters that are sent out periodically when we have new information to share . want to see which lists are available ?\nintegrated pest management ( ipm ) is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines multiple approaches including prevention , avoidance , pest monitoring and suppression in a manner that minimizes public health , economic , and environmental risk . ipm serves as a framework to provide an effective , comprehensive , low - risk approach to protect people and resources from pests .\nultimately , the goal with an ipm program is to help stakeholders deal with pests\u2014insects , plant diseases , weeds , and more\u2014with methods that reduce risks to public health and the environmental while saving money .\nthe north carolina extension ipm program serves as a focal point for team building , communication and stakeholder participation in integrated pest management ( ipm ) within the state . program goals include promoting effective and economical management of pests , reducing risks to human health from pests and pest management practices , and minimizing environmental effects through the adoption of ipm on a variety of crops and settings in north carolina . these goals are achieved by the timely delivery of ipm technology and research information to stakeholders in all regions of the state .\nleadership of the extension ipm program in north carolina is provided by an ipm coordinator ( designated by the director of the north carolina cooperative extension service ) , an established advisory board , and working groups . dr . danesha seth carley , the current ipm coordinator , accepted the nc ipm coordinator position in 2013 .\nthe extension ipm coordinator involves faculty and staff from north carolina state university and north carolina a & t state university in ipm activities across the state , communicates program successes , and maintains stakeholder input via the advisory board and the ipm portal , as well as multiple training sessions and meetings .\nthe advisory board provides advice to the extension ipm coordinator regarding the direction of the ipm program in the state . it is composed of a wide variety of ipm stakeholders , including north carolina state university and north carolina a & t state university faculty , non - governmental agencies , environmentalists , north carolina department of agriculture & consumer services personnel , farmers and agricultural consultants .\nthe north carolina extension ipm program focuses on delivering ipm content to our stakeholders and community members through a variety of activities . the primary activities include information delivery , pest monitoring and data managment , evaluation and needs assessment tools development , and programs to magnify statewide ipm impacts .\nthe extension ipm program is a cooperative effort of the usda nifa , north carolina cooperative extension service , north carolina state university , and north carolina a & t state university . it also works in partnership with the southern ipm center , located at north carolina state university in raleigh , and acts to promote ipm in north carolina and the southern united states .\nfunding for the north carolina extension ipm program is provided by competitive grants from the u . s . department of agriculture\u2019s national institute of food and agriculture ( nifa ) .\nnc state university and n . c . a & t state university work in tandem , along with federal , state and local governments , to form a strategic partnership called n . c . cooperative extension , which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the eastern band of cherokee indians .\nnc state university and n . c . a & t state university are collectively committed to positive action to secure equal opportunity and prohibit discrimination and harassment regardless of race , color , national origin , religion , political beliefs , family and marital status , sex , age , veteran status , sexual identity , sexual orientation , genetic information , or disability .\nadult rose chafers feed primarily on flower blossoms , especially roses and peonies , causing large , irregular holes .\nrose chafers also feed on the foliage of many trees , shrubs and other plants , such as rose , grape , apple , cherry and birch .\nthey damage leaves by eating the leaf tissue between the large veins , a type of injury known as skeletonizing .\nit has short antennae that have a series of flat plate - or page - like segments .\nadult beetles are seen coming out of the ground in late may and early june .\nthey feed on plants for three or four weeks , generally until late june .\ntwo to three weeks later , the eggs hatch into small , white grub\u2011like larvae which feed on the roots of grasses and weeds .\nplants located on sandy sites are have more chances of being attacked as rose chafers prefer sandy soil to lay eggs .\nadult beetles damage leaves and the larvae feed on the roots of grasses and non - crop plants .\nrose chafers contain a toxin and can be deadly to birds ( including chickens and small animals ) when they eat these beetles .\nprotecting plants from rose chafers can be challenging , especially when large numbers are present .\ncheck for rose chafers in your garden starting in late may , especially if you have a history of rose chafer infestations .\nwhen small numbers are present , pick rose chafers from plants and drop into pails of soapy water to kill them .\nyou can also use a physical barrier , like a cheesecloth or floating row cover .\nplace the barriers around the plants just as rose chafers become active and take them down after the rose chafers are done feeding ( after june ) .\nif large numbers of rose chafers are present , you can treat plants with a garden pesticide . you may need to treat plants more than once when rose chafers are numerous .\nyou can find the common name for a pesticide by looking under active ingredients . look closely as this is usually in small print .\nexamples of common names of active ingredients include : bifenthrin , esfenvalerate , cyfluthrin , imidacloprid , permethrin and carbaryl .\ncaution : mention of a pesticide or use of a pesticide label is for educational purposes only . always follow the pesticide label directions attached to the pesticide container you are using . remember , the label is the law .\nbe sure that the fruit / vegetable you wish to treat is listed on the label of the pesticide you intend to use . also be sure to observe the number of days between pesticide application and when you can harvest your crop .\nthese diagnostic tools will guide you step - by - step through diagnosing a plant problem or identifying a weed or insect .\nuniversity of minnesota extension discovers science - based solutions , delivers practical education , and engages minnesotans to build a better future .\nregents of the university of minnesota . all rights reserved . the university of minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer .\n( fabricius ) and is found from eastern canada south to colorado . the second species is the western rose chafer ,\nhorn and it occurs in arizona , new mexico , texas and south into central mexico . both species are very similar in size , body shape , and habits . control measures for one species should also apply to the other .\n( fabricius ) , is a tan , long - legged slender beetle from 8 - 12 mm long . the rose chafers damage plants by feeding on the flowers , newly set fruit and foliage . on roses it skeletonizes the leaves in the same way as other scarab beetles like the japanese beetle , chinese rose beetle , and the serica garden beetle . it feeds on on the foliage of many different plants and it is greatly attracted by flowers . on june 27 , 1997 i observed numerous beetles on milkweed flowers in an area near galesville , wi . i also swept this beetle from the blooms and foliage of several plants in the area . the rose chafer is native to the northeast from eastern canada south to colorado . i have seen samples from fenton , mi and galesville , wi .\nadult beetles emerge from the soil in late may through early june and and they live for about one month . mating occurs soon after emergence and the females lays her 24 - 36 eggs continuoulsy for about two weeks in the soil in grassy sandy areas . upon hatching the larvae burrow in the soil and feed on the roots of grasses and weeds . the overwinter as a larvae and continues development in the spring . the full grown larva or grub is white and measures up to 18 mm in length . pupation occurs in the spring . the rose chafer has only one generation per year .\nscouting or monitoring for the presence of rose chafers is very important for adequate control . rose chafers are most prevalent in areas with sandy soil . adults readily attracted to many types of flowers and feed on the foliage many plants . the larvae or white grubs feed on the roots of grasses and many cultivated and wild plants . from late may through july , the foliage should be inspected for skeletonized leaves and the presence of adult beetles on the leaves and flowers .\nrose chafers can be handpicked and destroyed if the infestations are light . rose chafers can be very numerous especially in areas with sandy soils . in these cases insecticides may not give satisfactory control as rose chafers can move in from surrounding untreated areas or the insecticides do not seem to prevent feeding activity for very long . however , after about 2 - 3 weeks of heavy damage the beetle numbers appear to subside . insecticides used in the control of rose chafers include carbaryl ( sevin ) , acephate ( orthene ) , diazinon , and chlorpyrifos ( dursban ) , tempo , talstar , mavrik , rotenone , etc .\nit was interesting to read that birds sometimes die from eating adult rose chafers . the beetles apparently have a chemical that affects the heart of small , warm - blooded animals .\nhorn occurs primarily in arizona and new mexico south into mexico . it resembles the rose chafer and its damage is similar . it is 10mm long and the body is rather slender , long - legged , and yellowish brown in color . its pubescence is longer and denser than that of the rose chafer . i have collected numerous beetles in southern arizona and central mexico feeding on many kinds of plants .\nessig , e . o . 1926 . insects of western north america . the macmillan company , ny , p . 445 .\njohnson , warren t . and howard h . lyon . 1988 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs , 2nd edition , cornell university press , ithaca , ny . , pp . 236 - 37 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nthese systems aim to suppress pest populations below a predetermined economic injury level ( eil ) .\nipm extends the concept of integrated control to all classes of pests including plant pathogens , insects , and weeds .\nit also allows for safer pest control and is expanded to include all control tactics such as pesticides , host - plant resistance , and cultural manipulations .\nthe ohio grape ipm program will provide information and resources for managing diseases , insects , and weeds . it is a comprehensive program designed to encourage collaboration among ohio agricultural research and development center ( oardc ) scientists with different specializations to better address the pest management needs of the grape industry .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nvery similar to and hard to distinguish from m . angustatus , with which it used to be considered synonymous\nsuspect ( art evans , pers . comm . to = v = 5 . iv . 2011 )\nadults emerge in early summer and feed on flowers , some leaves . they live for up to 6 weeks . mating occurs on food sources . eggs are laid deep ( 13 - 15 cm ! ) in soil and hatch in one to three weeks . larvae feed on roots and overwinter deep in soil . pupation in early spring in the soil , just under the surface .\nthe beetles of northeastern north america , vol . 1 and 2 . downie , n . m . , and r . h . arnett . 1996 . the sandhill crane press , gainesville , fl .\nscarab beetles ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) of south carolina phillip j . harpootlian . 2001 . clemson university public service .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nn common north american beetle : larvae feed on roots and adults on leaves and flowers of e . g . rose bushes or apple trees or grape vines\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n- common north american beetle : larvae feed on roots and adults on leaves and flowers of e . g . rose bushes or apple trees or grape vines\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the rose chafer .\nrose chafers love to congregate on their namesake and chip away at a rose bush ' s health , eating its blooms and leaves . .\nantennae : beetles have a pair of antennae on the head used as sensors .\nhead : the head is home to the insect ' s eyes , antennae , and mandibles ( jaws ) .\nthorax : holds the three pairs of legs as well as vital internal organs .\nelytron : one of two wing cases on a beetle that protects its wings ( plural : elytra ) .\nlegs : beetles have three pairs of legs located at the thorax , numbering six legs in all .\nan insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .\nthe map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the rose chafer may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .\nit is important to identify the type of grub in your lawn before treating . it is usually necessary to consult an expect for grub identification . adults are pictured to help with beetle identification . keep in mind , however , that adults do not always stay in the same area as the larvae .\nearly indications of grub infestation are irregular patches of dry grass , flocking birds , or areas of turf being torn up by raccoons , possums and skunks looking for a tasty treat .\nif grubs have been eating the root system , patches of turf will come up easily from the soil surface , like pulling up a corner of carpeting , and the soil will be full of grubs .\nit is important to identify the type of grub in your lawn . above , left to right : japanese beetle , european chafer and june beetle larvae .\njapanese beetle larvae are typical white grubs that are c - shaped when disturbed . first instar larvae are about 1 / 16 inch long while the mature third instars are about 1 - 1 / 4 inch long .\nadult japanese beetles are 7 / 16 - inch long metallic green beetles with copper - brown wing covers . a row of white tufts ( spots ) of hair project from under the wing covers on each side of the body .\neffective biocontrol of japanese beetles includes winsome fly istocheta ( = hyperecteina ) aldrichi . adult beetles with eggs on the pronotum , like the one pictured , should not be destroyed .\neuropean chafer larvae are typical c - shaped white grubs , reaching a maximum size of 1 / 4 inch wide and 1 inch long .\neuropean chafer adults are 1 / 2 inch long . males and females are a uniform tan or light brown color .\ngrubs are whitish with brown heads and range from 1 / 2 to 1 inch in length . these are the largest grubs found in turf .\nall species of phyllophaga are called may or june beetles . adults are about 1 inch long and a chestnut brown color and fly to lights in the early summer .\noriental beetle grubs cause considerable damage to turf grasses and nursery plants . they eat and destroy the roots of the grass and are found in nursery stock , strawberry beds and some outside potted plants .\noriental beetle adults are about 7 / 16 inch . they vary in color from light brown to black , often with darker mottling on the wing covers .\nrose chafer larvae have a brown head and conspicuous legs . fully grown , a rose chafer larva is about 3 / 4 - inch long . the larvae feed on the roots of grasses and non - crop plants . they do not cause damage to home lawns or landscape plants .\nrose chafers are scarab beetles approximately 3 / 8 inch long , slender , and light tan in color . they contain a toxin that can be deadly to birds , including chickens , and small animals .\nrose chafers are generally found in areas with sandy soil . adults feed on rose flowers and foliage , skeletonizing leaves .\nasiatic garden beetle larvae has a brown head capsule and six legs . it has three instars .\nasiatic garden beetles are less than one - half inch long . they are cinnamon in color and have an iridescent sheen in the sunlight . they are attracted to porch lights on summer nights and feed at night , chewing irregular holes in many different plants . during the day , they rest in the soil .\n( japanese beetle larvae ) jim baker , north carolina state university , bugwood . org ;\nclemson university - usda cooperative extension slide series , bugwood . org ; ( rose chafer adults on leaf ) university of wisconsin entomology ; ( asiatic garden beetle larvae ) msu ipm resources ; ( asiatic garden beetle adult )\nit is the policy of the state of maine to minimize reliance on pesticides . the maine department of agriculture and the maine ipm council encourage everyone to practice integrated pest management and to use pesticides only as a last resort . the mention of pesticides in the fact sheets linked to these pages does not imply an endorsement of any product . be sure that any product used is currently registered and follow all label directions .\nadult rose chafers feed primarily on flower blossoms , especially roses and peonies , causing large , irregular holes . they damage fruits , particularly grape , raspberry , and strawberry . they also feed on the foliage of many trees , shrubs and other plants , such as rose , grape , apple , cherry , and birch , typically damaging leaves by eating the leaf tissue between the large veins , a type of injury known as skeletonizing .\nthey contain a toxin that can be deadly to birds , including chickens , and small animals . the larvae feed on the roots of grasses and non - crop plants ; they do not cause damage to home lawns or landscape plants .\nrose chafer larvae have a brown head and conspicuous legs . fully grown , a rose chafer larvae is about 3 / 4 - inch long .\nrose chafers are scarab beetles approximately 3 / 8 inch long , slender , and light tan in color .\nclemson university - usda cooperative extension slide series , bugwood . org ; ( rose chafer adults on leaf ) university of wisconsin entomology\nh . e . hummel and t . a . miller ( eds . ) . techniques in pheromone research . springer - verlag , new york .\n, jr . 1984 . wind tunnels in pheromone research , pp . 75 - 110 ,\nsmith and lawrence to stereoisomers of 8 - methyl - 2 - decyl propanoate under laboratory conditions .\n( l . ) ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) to female volatiles in a flight tunnel .\n1994 . sex pheromone responses of the oriental beetle ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) .\n1990 . effect of light exposure and carbohydrate content of snap bean leaves on chinese rose beetle ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) feeding .\n( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) : response to synthetic sex attractant plus phenethy proprionate : eugenol .\n1994 . the influence of climatic factors on the flight activity of the japanese beetle ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) : implications for use of a microbial control agent .\n: a superior attractant , phenylethyl propionate + eugenol + geraniol , 3 : 7 : 3 .\n1978 . sustained - flight tunnel for measuring insect responses to wind - borne sex pheromones .\n1995 . bioassay approaches to assessing behavioral responses of plum curculio adults ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) to host fruit odor .\n( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) to corn silks and analysis of the host - finding response .\n1977 . identification of the female japanese beetle sex pheromone : inhibition of male response by an enantiomer .\n1999 . turfgrass insects of the united states and canada . comstock pub . associates , ithaca , new york .\n1990 . tansley review no . 27 . the control of carbon partitioning in plants .\n1989 . systat : the system for statistics . systat , evanston , illinois .\n( f . ) , containing alpha - ionone . united states department of agriculture , patent 5 , 202 , 124 ; april 13 .\nheath , j . j . , williams , r . n . & phelan , p . l . j chem ecol ( 2001 ) 27 : 419 . urltoken\nmichigan state university extension helps people improve their lives by bringing the vast knowledge resources of msu directly to individuals , communities and businesses .\nrose chafers can quickly damage vines . to better manage this pest , know the biology and lifecycle , and available options for control .\nthe rose chafer is a light - tan beetle with a darker - brown head and long , spiny legs . it is about 0 . 5 inches long . the adult beetles have only one generation per season with emergence from the soil starting in late may and june , and with the beetles living for up to a month . while grapes are a preferred host , there are also many other plants it will feed on including roses , strawberries , peaches , cherries , apples , raspberries , blackberries , clovers , hollyhocks , corn , beans , beet , peppers , cabbage , peonies and many more plants , trees and shrubs .\nthis vineyard pest is distributed throughout the eastern united states with greatest abundance in areas with sandy soils and grass . this is because the female beetle , once mated , selects grassy and sandy areas for laying her eggs . those eggs hatch into larvae that feed on grass roots through the summer , moving down away from the frost line during the winter . in spring they feed again , pupate , and then emerge in late may and june . emergence of adult beetles typically coincides with bloom of grapevines . the beetle\u2019s ability to skeletonize leaves until only the midribs are left , and consume the young tender clusters , makes it an economically - significant pest of grape production\nas mentioned above , rose chafer beetles are attracted to sandy and grassy areas during their egglaying period . it may not be feasible , but if areas that are obvious sources of the beetle can be changed into a non - grass cover crop or can be fallow for the period of late may until early june , this might force the beetles to seek egglaying sites elsewhere . small numbers of beetles can also be hand - removed and placed into soapy water if you have a small enough vineyard that this manual control is possible .\nfor chemical control , there are a number of options to consider . assail , sevin and danitol are all ranked as providing excellent control of this pest . these have some different properties with the neonicotinoid insecticide assail providing protection due to it knocking down the beetles and also because it is a systemic insecticide that is taken into the vine making it resistant to wash - off and providing good residual activity .\nin a 2003 msu research trial in leelanau county , we found that assail provided longer control than sevin . the carbamate insecticide sevin and the pyrethroid insecticide danitol both have contact activity against rose chafers , providing knockdown of the beetles on contact and with sevin also having some activity as a stomach poison after being eaten by the beetles .\nadditional broad spectrum insecticides such as the pyrethroids baythroid and mustang max are expected to also have good activity , as is the organophosphate imidan . under the high spring temperatures we have been having recently , the residual control of pyrethroids is expected to be shorter than under cool conditions . however , we also expect there to be a shorter period of rose chafer activity during hot conditions , allowing for a shorter period needed for vine protection against this pest .\nthe timing of rose chafer activity also can overlap with early season grape berry moth activity and early potato leafhopper infestation . the insecticides mentioned above will also provide some control of these other insect pests at the same time .\nthis article was published by michigan state university extension . for more information , visit urltoken . to have a digest of information delivered straight to your email inbox , visit urltoken / newsletters . to contact an expert in your area , visit urltoken , or call 888 - msue4mi ( 888 - 678 - 3464 ) .\njune 7 , 2018 | john wise | precipitation can impact the performance of insecticides on fruit crops , but some compounds resist wash - off .\nmay 8 , 2018 | heidi lindberg | the new respirator requirements for the updated worker protection standard requires growers complete a respirator fit test annually .\nmay 8 , 2018 | heidi lindberg | as of january 2018 , three requirements were added to the worker protection standard .\nmay 1 , 2018 | rufus isaacs | with fruit crop bloom season kicking in , it\u2019s a good time to review these recommendations .\napril 30 , 2018 | john wise | there are many options available for mite control in fruit crops in this 2018 update .\nphysical removal and destruction of this insect pest can manage the population when only a few beetles are present ; however , when greater than two beetles per vine are seen during vineyard monitoring , a chemical spray is recommended . intensive baited trapping of the beetles over multiple years has shown to reduce populations to below threshold levels . an insecticide application in addition to trapping may be needed when populations are high . chemical applications should continue through the first or second post - bloom spray when pressure is severe . refer to a grape pest management guide ( see recommended links ) for insecticide specifics and efficacies . cultivation between rows to destroy the larvae may reduce the population but will not provide sufficient control of the pest . rose chafers contain a toxin that can be deadly to birds ( including chickens ) and small animals if the beetle is ingested .\nthe rose chafer is a light tan beetle with a dark brown head , about 12 mm ( \u00bd inch ) long and has one generation a year . larvae ( c - shaped grubs ) overwinter underground in the soil . they move closer to the surface and begin to feed on grass roots until they pupate in the spring . adults emerge during late may or june in most areas , around grape bloom , and congregate on plants to mate and feed . the females lay eggs just below the ground surface . they prefer grassy areas of sandy , well - drained soil . the adults live for three to four weeks after emergence . the eggs hatch into small , white grub - like larvae , which feed on roots of grass , weeds , grains , and other plants throughout the summer . they move down in the soil as the temperatures decline , where they will overwinter until the next growing season .\neviticulture and the grape community of practice are funded by the nifa - usda specialty crops research initiative ( scri ) and extension .\nthis work is supported by the usda national institute of food and agriculture , new technologies for ag extension project .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nrose chafers are commonly found in many areas , particularly those with sandy soil . they are pests on many different types of flowers , fruits , trees and shrubs but they are especially damaging to young , developing rosebuds , grapes and cherries .\nan adult rose chafer is a moderate - sized beetle , 1 / 3 to 3 / 4 - inch ( 8 to 19 mm ) long , with wing covers having small yellowish hairs . it ' s slender and can be pale green to tan in color with reddish - brown or orangish spiny legs , and the body is black on the underside . larvae are small white grubs with a brown head that are found in the soil .\nrose chafer larvae overwinter in the soil and pupate in the spring . adults emerge in late may to early june . because the rose chafer prefers sandy soil to lay eggs , plants located on sandy sites are most likely to be attacked . adult beetles feed on plants for three or four weeks , generally until late june . females lay eggs in groups of 6 to 25 in the soil among the weeds and grasses until early july , and then die shortly afterwards . eggs hatch in about two weeks , and larvae feed on the roots until fall , then burrow deeper into the soil to spend the winter in the soil below the frost line . they pupate the following spring and then emerge as adults . there is one generation a year .\nrose chafer feed on the foliage of many trees , shrubs , also blackberry , grape , raspberry , strawberry , and tree fruit such as apple , and cherry . also garden vegetables , and ornamentals : birch , dahlia , hollyhock , iris , peony , poppy and rose .\nadult rose chafers chew on flowers , especially roses and peonies , causing large , irregular holes by eating the leaf tissue between the large veins , a type of injury known as skeletonizing . they also chew on leaves , and fruits , but are usually damaging only when exceptionally numerous . damage is more severe in areas with sandy soil . larvae feed on roots of grass and weeds doing little noticeable damage .\nprevention : gardeners should regularly monitor their gardens starting in late may , especially if you have a history of rose chafer infestations . cover smaller plants with floating row covers until july control : 1 . cultivation destroys eggs and pupae in the soil . it is especially effective against pupae if cultivating is continued into early june 2 . if large numbers of chafers are around , drench the soil with insect parasitic nematodes to kill the larvae . 2 . when small numbers are present , hand pick to remove rose chafers . put them into pails of soapy water to kill them . because rose chafers are good fliers , more can fly into your garden and you will need to check your plants routinely for any additional rose chafers .\nif you love fruit tress like apples , peaches , pears and plums , but don ' t have the room , plant a dwarf variety . most grow from 3 feet to 8 feet . they product tons of fruit and are easier to harvest because they are low to the ground .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nand the life cycle is similar . rose chafer was first reported as a grape pest as early as 1810 , later extending its host range to include a wide assortment of host plants . grape remains among the most severely injured crops . larvae overwinter in soil , resuming development in the spring . adults emerge in late may or early june , near the time of grape bloom . these are tan , long - legged beetles about 12 mm long . mating and egg laying occur continuously for about two weeks with each female depositing 24 to 36 eggs . the average life span of the adult is about three weeks , when they feed on blossoms , newly set fruit and leaves . in about two weeks , eggs hatch and larvae begin feeding on grass roots . this pest is more common in areas with light sandy soils . there is one generation per year .\ncontrol is seldom needed for this pest , but vigilance should be maintained early in the season in case of high numbers . in severe cases , blossom buds are often completely destroyed , resulting in little or no grape production . population levels vary from year to year . petal - fall sprays for grape berry moth will also control rose chafers .\nthis is taken primarily from an extension bulletin by d . g . pfeiffer & p . b . schultz , entitled\nmajor insect and mite pests of grape in virginia\n( va . coop . ext . serv . 444 - 567 ( 1986 ) )\nrose chafer adults attack grapes at bloom as they emerge from the soil . not only do they destroy the fruit at blossom , in addition , they frequently skeletonize the leaves , leaving only the large veins intact ( see figure 22 . 21 ) .\nfemales deposit eggs below the soil surface and soon after hatch into tiny , white , grubs . the larvae feed on the roots of grasses and weeds throughout the summer becoming fully developed by fall .\nscouting for rose chafer within the vineyard should begin when newly emerged adults may be found feeding primarily on newly formed blossom buds .\ncultivating between rows may be effective in destroying a good number of chafers since the pupal stage is extremely vulnerable to disturbance .\nassail ( acetamiprid ) , sevin ( carbaryl ) , imidan ( phosmet ) , and danitol ( fenpropathrin ) are all ranked as providing excellent control of this pest .\ntreatment with an insecticide should be when the first newly emerged beetles are detected in adequate numbers .\nclick on the following topics for more information on managing vineyard insect and mite pests .\nno part of this content or the data or information included therein may be reproduced , republished or redistributed without the prior written consent of apex publishers . use of this site is governed by our copyright policy , terms of use agreement and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthrips ( several species including the flower thrips , western flower thrips ) ( univ . of california site )\nroot weevils ( otiorhynchus spp . , polydrusus spp . ) ( univ . of california site )\nkovach , j . , w . wilcox , a . agnello an m . pritts . 1993 . strawberry ipm scouting procedures . cornell univ . n . y . state ipm program . publ . no . 203b . 33p .\na . refer to refer to handout on\ninsects and mites associated with small fruits in the u . s .\nanon . 1972 . strawberry insects : how to control them . usda farm . bull . 2184 . 17 p .\nbutcher , m . r . , d . r . penman & r . r . scott . 1987a . a binomial sequential decision plan for control of two - spotted spider mite on strawberries in canterbury . n . z . j . exp . agric . 15 : 371 - 374 .\nbutcher , m . r . , d . r . penman & r . r . scott . 1987b . population dynamics of two - spotted spider mites in multiple year strawberry crops in canterbury . n . z . j . zool . 14 : 509 - 517 .\nbutcher , m . r . , d . r . penman & r . r . scott . 1987c . the relationship between two - spotted spider mite and strawberry yield in canterbury . n . z . j . exp . agric . 15 : 367 - 370 .\nchagnon , m . , j . gingras & d . deoliveira . 1991 . honey bee ( hymenoptera : apidae ) foraging behavior and raspberry pollination . j . econ . entomol . 84 : 457 - 460 .\ncooley , d . r . & s . g . schloemann . 1990 . development and implementation of a strawberry ipm program . 1990 reg . ext . fruit school . middleway wv . oct . 30 - nov . 1 .\ndavidson , r . h . & w . f . lyon . 1979 . insect pests of farm , garden , and orchard . wiley , n . y . 596 p .\nenglish - loeb , g . , m . pritts , j . kovach , r . rieckenberg and m . j . kelly . 1999 . compensatory ability of strawberries to bud and flower removal : implications for managing the strawberry bud weevil . j . econ . entomol . 92 : 915 - 921 .\nhansen , r . w . & e . a . osgood . 1983 . insects visiting flowers of wild red raspberry in spruce - fir forested areas of eastern maine . entomol . news 94 : 147 - 151 .\njohnson , d . t . & r . l mayes . 1986 . biology and control of the rednecked cane borer . arkansas farm res . 35 ( 3 ) : 6 .\nmailloux , g . & n . j . bostanian . 1988 . economic injury level model for tarnished plant bug , lygus lineolaris ( palisot de beauvois ) ( hemiptera : mirideae ) , in strawberry fields . environ . entomol . 17 : 581 - 586 .\nmcgregor , s . e . 1976 . insect pollination of cultivated crop plants . usda - ars agric . handbk . 496 . 411 p . miller , j . c . , p . e . hanson & r . v . dowell . 1987 . the potential of gypsy moth as a pest of fruit and nut crops . calif . agric . nov . - dec . 87 : 10 - 12 .\npennsylvania . 1991 . small fruit and pest management guide 1991 - 1992 . penn . state coll . agric .\nprice , j . f . & j . b . kring . 1991 . response of twospotted spider mite , tetranychus urticae koch , and fruit yield to new miticides and their use patterns in strawberries . j . agric . entomol . 8 : 83 - 91 .\nraine , j . 1962 . life history and behaviour of the raspberry crown borer bembecia marginata ( harr . ) ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . can . entomol . 94 : 1212 - 1222 .\nschaefers , g . a . 1964 . control of the strawberry leaf roller , ancylis comptana fragariae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . j . econ . entomol . 57 : 983 - 986 .\nschaefers , g . a . 1981 . pest management systems for strawberry insects . p . 377 - 393 . in : d . pimentel ( ed . ) . crc handbook of pest management in agriculutre . vol . iii . crc press , boca raton fl . 656 p .\nschloemann , s . g . & d . r . cooley . 1988 . the initiation of a new ipm program in strawberries in massachusetts . p . 67 - 81 . in : proc . new engladnd small fruit school . jan . 5 , 1988 .\nstuart , l . c . , b . a . butt & f . takeda . 1986 . leaf curl of eastern thornless blackberry caused by blackberry psyllid , trioza tripunctata fitch . proc . 62nd cumberland - shenandoah fruit workers conf . , harpers ferry wv . nov . 20 - 21 .\nwaite , g . k . 1988 . integrated control of tetranychus urticae in strawberries in south - east queensland . exp . appl . acarol . 5 : 23 - 32 .\nwilliams , r . n . 1977 . sap beetles on raspberries and strawberries . pest management tips . fruit insect pests no . 2 . 2 p .\nwilliams , r . n . , m . j . weiss , k . v . miller & j . j . werner . 1984 . a summary of experiments for control of sap beetles which attack fruit crops . oardc res . circ . 283 : 66 - 68 .\nzajac , m . a . & m . c . wilson . 1984 . the effects of nymphal feeding by the meadow spittlebug , philaenus spumarius ( l . ) on strawberry yield and quality . crop protect . 3 : 167 - 175 .\nby : stan v . griep , american rose society consulting master rosarian \u2013 rocky mountain district\nthe rose chafer and the japanese beetle are both true villains of the rose bed . both appear to have the same habits and life cycles , going from eggs laid in the ground by the mature female beetles , hatching out to larvae / grubs in the ground and maturing to beetles that attack plants and blooms without mercy . read on for more rose chafer facts and control info .\nthe adult rose chafer\u2019s main diet is flower blossoms , especially those of peonies and roses . the damage they do to the blooms can be devastating . rose chafer damage can be recognized by the large irregularly shaped holes all over the flowers , ruining the beauty of the blooms completely .\nthese bad guy beetles also include some fruits in their diet , seeming to prefer the raspberry , grape and strawberry . they will also feed upon the foliage of many trees and shrubs , such as apple trees , cherry trees and birch trees . this rose chafer damage is created by eating the leaf tissue between the large veins and results in what is known as \u201cskeletonizing\u201d of the leaves .\ntreating rose chafers is important , not only for the health of your rose and other susceptible ornamentals , but for wildlife too . the rose chafer contains a toxin within its body chemistry that can be deadly to birds , including chickens . the same toxin can be deadly to other small animals when they eat these beetles .\nas a part of keeping an eye on things in our gardens and rose beds , we need to keep an eye out for the rose chafers starting around late may ( early spring ) , especially if there is a history of having rose chafer problems in the area or in our own gardens and rose beds . many gardeners feel there is little difference between the rose chafer and the japanese beetle , as attempting to protect our plants and rose bushes from them is a daunting task , especially when there are large numbers of them !"]}
{"id": 1483, "summary": [{"text": "the permit , trachinotus falcatus , is a game fish of the western atlantic ocean belonging to the carangidae family .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "adults feed on crabs , shrimp , and smaller fish .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "two submarines of the united states navy were named uss permit in its honor , in keeping with the \" denizens of the deep \" theme of submarine names that prevailed before the 1971 naming of uss los angeles . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "permit ( fish )", "paragraphs": ["before heading out to fish for permit , always refer to the current florida saltwater fishing regulations .\na happy permit angler ! this fish was released to fight another day . image \u00a9 sean morey\nalthough abundance estimates for populations in the irl are scarce , the permit is considered a common game fish in florida waters .\nwhether preferring fly or light - tackle permit fishing . first priority is providing a pleasant , memorable , and successful florida keys permit fishing charter .\npermit pose no threat to humans , though ciguatera poisoning may result if eaten .\nallow a fish to breathe underwater . these are very delicate structures and should not be touched if the fish is to be released !\nprovide movement and locomotion . this is the part of the fish that is usually eaten , and composes the fillet of the fish .\nthe window of opportunity in successfully hooking a permit is small when considering the entire act of permit fishing . there are also many different scenarios when it comes to actually seeing permit in shallow water . all being said , the permit\u2019s dead giveaway is it\u2019s long , black , fork like tail . at times , that tail will pierce the surface of the water ( a tailing permit ) . most of the time , it\u2019s underwater .\ni am doing an embroidery of a permit fish for my permit fishing godson and want to know are the scales on the fish very visible . all the pictures i have seen on the internet do not show scales atall clearly i have never seen one jill if anyone could answer my question it would be very helpfull\nsportfishers consider the permit an important gamefish , and this fish , in addition to the bonefish and tarpon , supports a large charterboat fishing industry . many anglers regard the permit as one of the most difficult gamefish to catch , and consider a permit caught on fly the highlight of their angling achievements . many fishing guides and anglers highly esteem the permit and release the fish unharmed . most mortality attributed to human activity while sportfishing occurs from injuries incurred when being landed , such as\ngut hooking\nor sharks that take advantage of the hooked fish . though conscientious anglers attempt to break the line , thereby releasing the permit from restraint when a shark is sighted , sharks occasionally leave the angler with only half a fish .\npermit ( trachinotus falcatus ) is a fish with an identity crisis . because it appears strikingly similar to the florida pompano , many anglers mistake it for that more popular , commercially marketed fish . even scientists have gathered little in - depth information on permit . however , among those in the know , the species has carved out a niche as a popular sport fish and prime table fare .\ndrawing of an adult permit , trachinotus falcatus . illustration by diana rome peebles \u00a91998 . courtesy of florida fish & wildlife conservation commission , division of marine fisheries .\nlearn some of the physical characteristics that can help you properly identify permit and florida pompano .\nonly move ( translocate ) fish as a last resort . you must have a permit from the environment agency to move fish ( not just common sturgeon ) as it risks transferring diseases and invasive non - native species between water bodies .\ndentition permit have no teeth other than granular teeth that occur on the tongue , designed for crushing mollusks and crustaceans . the teeth are most conspicuous in younger fish .\nusing live crabs to catch permit is the easiest method . when using a light - tackle spinning rod , casting a well placed live crab to an unsuspecting permit will ultimately result in a hook - up . the permit is very aggressive when comfortable . once alerted by boat or angler , that\u2019s it , the jig is up , and the permit never gives second chances .\nyou can use permit me when you are about to say something or to make a suggestion .\nthe deeply forked tail and elongated anterior dorsal fin provide the more distinct characteristics of the permit . looking like long sickles , these fins impart the fish ' s species name falcatus . however , one can also identify the permit by its highly laterally compressed body , making the fish appear thin and tall . from a lateral perspective , the permit shape looks round in juveniles , but becomes oblong as the fish ages into an adult . in addition to the long anterior dorsal fin , inserted directly above an elongated anterior anal fin , permit also possess 17 - 21 soft dorsal rays , and 16 - 19 soft anal rays .\nthe full story behind simplot ' s two - headed fish and phosphate mine .\nan english couple on holiday went home with one heck of a fish story .\nhe preferred to focus his stories on the fish , tactics , other anglers .\nhughes gm ( 1972 ) morphometrics of fish gills . respir physiol 14 : 1\u201326\nfreshwater and migratory fish : surveys and mitigation for development projects - gov . uk\nestuarine fish habitats occur where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with the salty ocean water . this brackish water environment supports a variety of fish habitats , including :\nthe population size of permit is something of a mystery , as the last stock assessment of the fish was in 1996 . nevertheless , recreational anglers and commercial fishers know where to find them .\nthe snub - nosed dart , aka tropical permit , aka indian ocean permit trachinotus blochii , was the first of the aussie permit species to be described . way back in 1801 the famous french naturalist bernard lac\u00e9p\u00e8de called it \u201ccaesiomorus blochii\u201d , but this was done to correct the first scientific mention of this species by swedish naturalist peter forssk\u00e5l , who incorrectly described it as the atlantic permit ( then known as scomber falcatus ) in 1775 .\non the flats , permit are a more challenging catch than bonefish , tarpon , or any other sport fish that inhabits the area , according to keys fishing guides . the prime season coincides more or less with spawning season , from april to october , but some permit are reeled in year - round . to catch the fish , anglers can keep their artificial lures in the tackle box . permit typically respond to live bait , the top choice being crabs - - which , along with mollusks , make up their regular diet . on rare occasions , a patient and persistent fly fisher may land a permit .\nthe fact that early naturalists had trouble telling these species apart shows the morphological differences between the australian permit species and the \u201creal\u201d atlantic permit are quite small . the local species has slightly longer anal and dorsal fins with yellow colouration and black edges , a rounder head and shorter mouth , but otherwise appear virtually identical to atlantic permit .\nif you ever get the urge to tackle the most stubborn , cantankerous , uncooperative , and just plain aggravating fish in the world , give permit fishing a try . it\u2019s more than worth it .\nhere we show that the detection of fish edna correlates with fish abundance as determined by a compiled checklist and differs by season consistent with the widespread movement of fish populations into regional inshore waters and estuaries in the spring . to our knowledge , this is the most extensive time series analysis of marine fish edna to date . together with other studies , these results support edna for marine fish assessment and highlight limitations and aspects needing further study .\nfor a permit in florida , life typically begins in spring or summer , though spawning in the keys may occur year - round . permit are multiple - batch spawners , meaning one fish can produce and shed eggs more than once a season . reproduction typically takes place offshore over reefs 33 to 100 feet deep .\npermit primarily forage on flats and intertidal areas , entering shallow water on incoming tides from deeper adjacent channels and basins . they usually travel in schools of about ten , but may school in larger numbers ; larger permit tend to be more solitary , feeding alone or in pairs . permit also congregate around wrecks and other deeper - water structures .\n3 . florida keys , usa : from central florida , to key west , this is undoubtedly the premier destination for any serious permit angler . miles of beautiful beaches , acres of crystal - clear flats , hundreds of guides specializing in permit fishing , and angler - friendly fishing regulations - what more could you ask for ? permit along the florida coast and the keys average over 20 pounds , making this the area with the largest average size for permit .\nfish are widely recognizable to anglers , outdoor enthusiasts and everyday citizens . size , body shape , and color distinguish different taxa of fish and help when trying to identify a species .\njeanne moos has a fish story about a shark that got away with an expensive lunch .\ncrabtree , re , hood , pb & d snodgrass . 2002 . age , growth , and reproduction of permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) in florida waters . fish . bull . 100 : 26 - 34 .\nlearning to see the permit\u2019s most revealing feature , it\u2019s dark tail and fins against a current - swept shallow flat , takes a bit of concentration from the angler\u2019s behalf . though once seen in good sunlight , the permit can\u2019t be missed . a novice angler can sum it up with a patient , practiced cast once the permit is seen within casting range .\nremains the most captivating fish of the flats . those who fish for them seem to never grow tired of it . in fact , those who fish for them sometimes give up all other fishing . nothing else quite lives up to a large permit feeding in shallow water . once witnessed someone may be able to understand . yet , for some reason it\u2019s truly hard finding words capable of describing the act of\nthis popular sport fish is often confused with a smaller look - alike , the florida pompano .\nbut we trust they will not try to compete with the local sports in telling fish stories .\nhori m . frequency - dependent natural selection in the handedness of scale - eating cichlid fish .\npermit fishing on the flats involves sight - fishing . this means you have to see the permit before it notices you \u2013 no mean feat in 3 ft . of crystal - clear water . they can often be located when \u201ctailing\u201d , or swimming with their tail or dorsal fins sticking out of the water . schools of permit fan out over the flats , so you will be targeting individual fish most of the time . there are 4 ways to accomplish this :\nto distinguish adult permit from pompano , one need only remember the saying\nsize matters .\npermit can grow to more than double the length of pompano and several times the weight . a 15 - to 20 - pound permit is a common sight , and the fish can easily exceed 3 feet in length . at smaller sizes , the distinction between the two species might not be as obvious . however , a good rule of thumb is a simple color check : small permit have orange patches on their chins , fins , or bellies ; pompano have yellow coloring in those areas .\npredators the primary predators of permit include most large piscivores , such as sharks and barracuda . bull , lemon , and hammerhead sharks often venture onto the flats to hunt for feeding permit . anglers often report that , while fighting a permit on the line , these shark species will tear their prized - for sportfish in half , leaving the angler with only the head .\nmangroves are protected in nsw and a permit of required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .\nseagrasses are protected in nsw and a permit is required from nsw dpi to undertake works or activities that may harm them .\nusing a fly rod to catch permit is everything but easy . the angler must have a true sense of how permit behave when feeding in shallow water . there\u2019s no way around it , catching permit on fly is the ultimate when talking saltwater fly fishing . experience will get you there , but only when preparation meets opportunity . the rest could fill a well criticized book .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\npermit frequent offshore wrecks , oil platforms , and artificial reefs , as well as grass and sand flats , deep channels , and holes inshore . tagging studies are under way to track their movements and migrations in florida waters . researchers hope to learn whether a permit ' s life journey connects these various habitats . if you are interested in volunteering to tag the permit you catch and release , refer to the article\ntag a permit for research gains\nfor information about how to request a tagging kit .\n. however , other explanations may be given , for example , that the association of this clade with fish ponds is due to non - random dispersal . specifically , most of the israeli aquaculture system relies on hatching and growth of juvenile fish in a small number of dedicated facilities , with the fish then distributed as fingerlings to fish ponds . this could enable concurrent transfer of the hatcheries microbiota , including\nafter recent surveys in 2003 , the florida fish and wildlife commission changed the florida size and bag limits for permit , effective january 1 , 2004 . the fwc raised the minimum size limit from 10 inches to 11 inches for all fishermen ( commercial and recreational ) , and decreased the recreational aggregate bag limit of permit and florida pompano from 10 fish to 6 fish per person per day . the upper size limit remains at 20 inches , but with a provision that allows anglers to retain one fish over 20 inches in their daily bag limit . these changes are designed to allow more permit to reach sexual maturity and reduce overall landings . though susceptible to overfishing , the world conservation union ( iucn ) does not currently list the permit as an endangered or vulnerable species . the iucn ( a global union of states , governmental agencies , and non - governmental organizations in a partnership ) assesses the conservation status of species .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service home page | department of the interior | urltoken | about the u . s . fish and wildlife service | accessibility | privacy | notices | disclaimer | foia\nthe river project . fish caught at hudson river park 1988\u20132015 . available 12 / 1 / 2015 from\nthe method chosen will be dependent on local conditions . most surveys are carried out by electrofishing unless the water body is wide or very deep in which case nets are likely to be used . you must consult with the environment agency if you\u2019re electrofishing or netting as these methods will require a permit . the movement of fish between waters will also require a permit .\nspark another great time of year for permit fishing in the florida keys flats and backcountry . marking the arrival back from their spawning period , june and july are great months to find large hungry permit mixing in areas alongside bonefish . recognized by many as the best\nadams , aj , wolfe , rk , kellison , gt & bc victor . 2006 . patterns of juvenile habitat use and seasonality of settlement by permit , trachinotus falcatus . environ . biol . fish . 75 : 209 - 217 .\nto be released in september , janet garrity ' s book , goin ' down the river , fish camps of the sea islands , captures in photos and stories the unique essence of the fish camp experience .\nfish are animals that are cold - blooded , have fins and a backbone . most fish have scales and breathe with gills . approximately , 22 , 000 species of fish began evolving 480 million years ago . the largemouth bass illustrated above has the typical torpedo - like ( fusiform ) shape associated with many fishes .\npermit can live long lives . in a study of specimens from tampa bay and the florida keys , a 3 - foot permit was aged at 23 years . because this species can grow about an additional foot , researchers believe its life span may be even longer .\njoseph addison ( 1672 - 1719 ) let us not aggravate our sorrows , / but to the gods permit the event of things .\nfwcc . 2010a . florida saltwater fishing regulations . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .\nfish can detect color . the eyes are rounder in fish than mammals because of the refractive index of water and focus is achieved by moving the lens in and out , not reshaping the lens as in mammals .\n) , similar to the result in a previous study on the same fish species ( kusche et al .\nstanding advice for local planning authorities about impacts of development on freshwater and migratory fish , including common sturgeon .\nthis information should be used to decide what is needed for surveys and planning mitigation measures for protected fish .\ncarolus linnaeus originally described the permit in 1758 , classifying it within the jack family carangidae . he initially named it labrus falcatus , but later taxonomists reclassified the permit within the genus trachinotus , grouping it with similar species such as the florida pompano ( trachinotus carolinus ) , the palometa ( trachinotus goodei ) , and the blackblotch pompano ( trachinotus kennedyi ) . though the permit has been confused as all of these fish , trachinotus falcatus serves as the only valid scientific name for the species . falcatus , a latin adjective that translates to\narmed with scythes ,\nappropriately describes the large sickle - shaped dorsal fin that breaches the surface when permit feed .\nparasites permit suffer from many parasites , including the branchial parasite bicotylophora baeri , the intestinal parasite serrasentis socialis , and trematodes from the genus lobatostoma . when cultured together in fish farms , permit may become susceptible to bacteria such as vibrio anguillarum and the dinoflagellate amyloodinium ocellatum . the latter infests the skin and gills of the host , eventually causing death through toxins or by interfering with respiration .\nif someone permits something , they allow it to happen . if they permit you to do something , they allow you to do it .\na large , strong fish which at times inhabits depths of water less than they are long . patience , and a respect for the hunt and environment are essential . permit are plentiful in the lower florida keys , getting them to take a hook is the trick . seen as one of the greater challenges in shallow water sight fishing , permit will demand the very best of an angler . when fished for with live bait , we have the upper hand . when fished for on fly , we give the permit an advantage .\nthe body shapes of fish have developed to take advantage of the habitats where they live and feed . longer , torpedo shaped fish inhabit fast moving water , while deep bodied fish have adapted to thrive in slower moving pools . fins and tail , position of mouth , and barbels ( whiskers on a catfish ) enhance a fish\u2019s ability to swim , feed , and locate food respectively . these and other physical characteristics not only allow a species to take advantage of certain stream habitat unpopulated by other fish but also help the scientist to make a conclusive identification .\ngood piece , but newspapers should let city - bound , know - nothing editors write headlines for fish stories .\ndespite recent news stories , this is not a good time to be a fish in the lower elwha river .\n41 fish species are known to use saltmarsh areas , including yellowfin bream , sand whiting and various mullets . 2\ntruth is , keys permit fishing is in a class of it\u2019s own because of where it all takes place . some of the keys\u2019 best permit fishing flats are of the most beautiful . the lower florida keys are host to hundreds of these clear - water flats , which are surrounded by thousands of underwater reefs , ship - wrecks , and rock piles ; a truly perfect environment for this fish .\nbreak down ( digest ) food and absorb nutrients . fish such as bass that are piscivorous ( eat other fish ) have fairly short intestines because such food is easy to chemically break down and digest . fish such as tilapia that are herbivorous ( eat plants ) require longer intestines because plant matter is usually tough and fibrous and more difficult to break down into usable components . a great deal about fish feeding habits can be determined by examining stomach contents .\npermit that invade the flats and backcountry during this time typically range between 10 and 40 pounds in weight . most permit seen during this time are grouped together in schools . aggressive in nature when found in these pre - spawn schools , a seemingly confident sense of competition takes over their behavior .\noffshore fishing for permit requires little in the way of specialty equipment . a suitable boat , good saltwater medium light rod , and a medium spinning or bait fishing reel , with no larger than 12 lbs . test line is all you need . most offshore permit fishing is done with live bait , more specifically , live blue crabs ( known as \u201cpermit candy\u201d ) . the best method is to use a depth - finder to locate wrecks and rock - piles in 30 - 60 ft . of water . anywhere that would be a good hangout for crabs is a prime permit spot .\nour guards introduced us , and i heard one of them telling a small crowd about the fish and hay stories .\nthis is natural england\u2019s species standing advice for local planning authorities who need to assess planning applications that affect protected fish .\nnsw fisheries ( 1999 ) fish habitat protection plan no 2 : seagrasses , nsw department of primary industries , cronulla .\npermit compose an important commercial fishery along with their close relative the florida pompano . the permit commercial fishery yielded 10 . 4 metric tons in 2002 , down from 68 metric tons in 2000 . florida landings comprised 100 percent of the catch in 2002 . in response to possible overfishing , the florida wildlife commission recently raised minimum size limits and decreased bag limits ( see conservation below ) . originally interested in the related florida pompano , fish farmers have only recently begun to experiment with the mariculture of permit , raising them in large near - shore pens for commercial sale .\nre - use of this article is permitted in accordance with the creative commons deed , attribution 2 . 5 , which does not permit commercial exploitation .\nfor many years australian anglers , particularly fly fishers , were teased and tempted by glossy international flyfishing magazines containing stories of challenging encounters with permit . even as recently as 20 years ago , the media spotlight for flats fishers was firmly on the\ntrue\npermit trachinotus falcatus of atlantic and caribbean fame .\nalthough permit are found all along the atlantic of the us , as far north as massachusetts , and south to brazil , along the gulf of mexico coastlines and even some of the pacific coast south to mexico , there are some areas that are famous for their permit fisheries . these top destinations include :\nand other micro - organisms that will help test these hypotheses . in parallel , isolation and characterization of fish - pond associated strains may help determine whether such strains have growth advantages under conditions commonly found in fish ponds , or whether the changes in\nin essence , permit fishing is pretty straight - forward : find the fish , cast to them and hope that they bite . finding the fish within your range is usually not very difficult . permit are a fairly common fish , and can be found cruising the reefs , inlets and passes , sailing in the surf , and along the flats . they can be fished for with live bait , lures , jigs , and fly fishing gear . no special gear is required , other than making sure it\u2019s stout enough to handle a 30 - 40 bruiser with an attitude . medium saltwater spinning , and saltwater fly fishing gear are preferred . if only it were that easy , though .\n1930 ,\npresbytarians\n, time , 19 dec 1930 : last week the decision on two points was conclusive : the presbyterian church in the u . s . a . will not permit ordination of women as ministers , but will permit their election as ruling elders , permission which makes possible a woman as moderator .\nthe elusive permit has been called \u201dthe grey ghost of the flats\u201d , and has frustrated more anglers than possibly any other fish , anywhere in the world . along with tarpon and bonefish , they comprise \u201cthe big three\u201d of flats fishing . permit fishing is the most difficult type of fishing you will ever do . with eyes of a hawk , unbelievable hearing , and a sense of smell that would make a bloodhound cry , permit are definitely one of the most difficult fish to catch , fresh or salt water . to top it off , they get moody , sulky , and will sometimes just flat out refuse to cooperate . still , each year , thousands of anglers flock to this finny and fickle phantom\u2019s locations , to try their luck anyway . why ? because catching a permit of any size bestows lifetime bragging rights upon the lucky angler , in any fishing circle , anywhere in the world .\npursuant to section 120 . 74 , florida statutes , the fish and wildlife conservation commission has published its 2017 agency regulatory plan .\nfwcc . 2010b . marine fisheries information system 2009 annual landings summary . florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . online at urltoken .\nthis peculiar trait of man allows him to relish a good fish story , or the latest news from the sea - serpent .\none of the fish ' s primary sense organs ; detects underwater vibrations and is capable of determining the direction of their source .\ntakeuchi y , hori m , oda y . lateralized kinematics of predation behavior in a lake tanganyika scale - eating cichlid fish .\nbut time has moved on and today aussie anglers need not feel deprived of permit action anymore . indeed , we\u2019re the lucky country in that we have not just one , but two species of permit in australian waters which are equally challenging , and at least one of them has a growth potential comparable to their us cousin .\n2007 , ian jack , the guardian , 22 sep 07 :\nas an instrument of economic policy , incantation does not permit of minor doubts or scruples .\nfor some , catching a permit on a fly rod represents a lifetime achievement . you can , of course lob a live crab out on a fly line , but there are many fly patterns that attract permit . an 8 - wt rod with a shooting taper fly line is perfect for permit , bonefish , and even small tarpon . you\u2019ll need the shooting taper for some of the long casts you will need to make , so you may want to practice on the \u2018double - haul\u2019 cast beforehand .\nsize and bag limits are currently in place for the florida recreational fishery ( size limit at 22 inches fl , bag limit of one per harvester per day , and a closed season from 1 may through 31 july ) in special permit zones . gear restrictions apply : in state waters : hook and line only ; federal waters : hook and line and spearing . there is also a vessel limit of no more than two per vessel ( florida fish and wildlife conservation commission , accessed 10 august 2012 ) . in january 1996 , the commission implemented a recreational 10 - fish aggregate bag limit for florida pompano , permit ( trachinotus falcatus ) , and african pompano ( alectis ciliaris ) , with the allowance of one fish over 20 inches .\nthe stream monitoring program uses information obtained during fish sampling to determine the index of biotic integrity ( ibi ) for a local stream . in order to identify the fish specimens and safely release them in the field , the stream monitoring program works closely with a fisheries biologist .\nto it , accordingly , a story of union between a man and a fish , a swan or a serpent , involves no difficulty .\nlee hj , kusche h , meyer a . foraging behavior in scale - eating cichlid fish : its potential role in shaping morphological asymmetry .\nhabitat : permit are found in the surf , inlets and passes of both coasts , but are more numerous in the southern half of the state . in warm weather , they roam south atlantic reefs and many gulf wrecks . \u201cclassic\u201d permit stalking on the flats is largely confined to dade county and the florida keys , as well as the bahamas and caribbean .\nthe primary structural framework upon which the fish ' s body is built ; connects to the skull at the front of the fish and to the tail at the rear . the spine is made up of numerous vertebrae , which are hollow and house and protect the delicate spinal cord .\nthe flats in south florida are famous for permit fishing , though researchers have recorded permit landings throughout the coastal counties , mostly by sport fishers . the recreational fishery accounted for 87 % of the landings of permit statewide in 2008 , or nearly 118 , 000 pounds - - about 100 , 000 pounds more than the commercial fishery . even so , the combined commercial and recreational landings , 135 , 451 pounds , constituted a small fishery relative to its\nmistaken twin ,\nthe pompano , at 932 , 797 pounds that same year .\ncoloration permit have bright silver sides and bluish - green or brown backs . the belly will sometimes show yellow or an occasional black splotch . the fins appear dark gray or black .\nthe vent is the external opening to digestive urinary and reproductive tracts . in most fish , it is immediately in front of the anal fin .\nbettex - galland m , hughes gm ( 1973 ) contractile filamentous material in the pillar cells of fish gills . j cell sci 13 : 359\u2013370\nassess the impacts this development would have on protected fish if no mitigation measures were planned and submit the assessment with your planning or licence application .\npermit primarily occupy inshore regions such as flats and sandy beaches , and deeper cuts , channels , and holes adjacent to these areas . the substrate of the flats may vary from sand , mud , marl , or sea grass . permit often swim in water depths less than 2 feet , though due to large body depth , large individuals cannot occupy waters as shallow as other flats species such as bonefish . in deeper waters up to 30 m , permit often congregate around structures such as reefs , jetties , and wrecks where they frequently occur in large schools .\nbigelow hb , schroeder wc . fishes of the gulf of maine , first revision . fishery bull fish wildlife service . 1953 ; 53 : 1\u2013577 .\nthe mermaid of story was a damsel fair to view , until she had risen from the waves so as to show her fish - like ending .\nthe site of waste elimination from the fish ' s body . it is also the entry to the genital tract where eggs or sperm are released .\nthrough hard work and a sense of exploration by a dedicated band of sport fishers and guides , the \u201cwhere and when\u201d behind the aussie permit species is being demystified . the good news is the \u201cwhy\u201d remains unchanged . they remain as challenging as ever and the next person to go home empty handed after flycasting to an acre of schooling aussie permit won\u2019t be the first , or last .\nthis very tall , flat fish is most distinctive for its elongated dorsal and anal fins , and its deeply forked tail . it also has a series of dorsal rays , which give it its name\nrough back\n. these schooling fish hunt their prey inshore on sandy sea grass flats , but as they get older , they become more solitary . they are popular with sportsfishers because the fish can grow to 48 inches long and are challenging to catch .\ngraham , rt & dw castellanos . 2005 . courtship and spawning behaviors of carangid species in belize . fish . bull . 103 : 426 - 432 .\nkusche h , lee hj , meyer a . mouth asymmetry in the textbook example of scale - eating cichlid fish is not a discrete dimorphism after all .\ntakeuchi y , hori m , myint o , kohda m . lateral bias of agonistic responses to mirror images and morphological asymmetry in the siamese fighting fish (\ndispersal is with migratory birds , many of which visit multiple fish ponds on their annual return route from africa to europe ( van leeuwen et al . ,\ndid you know . . . 70 % of coastal fish species in south - eastern australia need to move through estuaries to complete their life cycle . 1\njuvenile permit , trachinotus falcatus , in a seagrass bed . note the bright orange coloration of the anal and pelvic fins . photo by l . holly sweat , smithsonian marine station at fort pierce .\n4 . kayaks : my favorite . kayaks are the ultimate small watercraft - sleek , fast , and virtually unsinkable . kayaks are as silent as it is possible to get . you can build up speed and then glide up to the permit\u2019s vicinity without a sound . since you sit low in the water , all the fish sees is a somewhat large fish - shape , not necessarily a threat . every permit i have ever caught has been from one of my kayaks . there are even kayaks , such as the hobie models with their patented mirage drive , that operate with pedals . the only drawbacks is that you don\u2019t have a lot of room for much gear ( but you really don\u2019t need much ) , and not much room to keep your fish , should you plan to bring it home , but these drawbacks can be overcome with a little creativity .\nthe lower hudson river estuary offers edna assessment advantages . first , multiple seining surveys document local fish populations . second , large seasonal changes in fish abundance test edna temporal specificity . third , daily freshwater and saltwater inflows , which might carry edna from non - resident species , challenge geographic localization of edna . contrasting environments within the estuary query edna distribution at a finer scale . finally , most resident fish have mitochondrial sequences in genbank , enabling identification of amplified dna sequences .\non the flats , permit are usually solitary , and extremely wary . any indication that something is up will send the fish scurrying for deeper water just a shade faster than instantly . contrary to popular belief , the reason permit are so skittish on the flats is that it is not in fact their natural habitat . they normally haunt wrecks , rock - piles , grass - beds and such , but the flats offer too good of a crab hunting ground for them to overlook . but they definitely feel exposed , and will bolt at the slightest disturbance .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission \u2022 farris bryant building 620 s . meridian st . \u2022 tallahassee , fl 32399 - 1600 \u2022 ( 850 ) 488 - 4676\nivanova nv , zemlak ts , hanner rh , hebert pdn . universal primer cocktails for fish dna barcoding . mol ecol notes . 2007 ; 7 : 544\u2013548 .\na 10\u2032 to 12\u2032 long , 10 - 12 lb . test leader is plenty for permit fishing . a line basket will help you control your line during those long retrieves . you\u2019ll want a reel with a good disc drag , and at least 100 yards of backing on your reel . permit can be stubborn at times , and take out a lot of line . good fly patterns for permit include the crazy charlie , gotcha , the bastard crab , legless merkin , avalon fly , belize crab , bonefish critter , mangrove critter , raghead crab , chernobyl crab , ep crab , yucatan special , and more .\n1 . belize , central america : located just north and east of guatemala , belize has the lowest population density of any central american country . but what it lacks in population , it makes up for in permit . it is considered ( arguably ) the \u2018permit capital of the world\u2019 , and each year , thousands of hopeful anglers arrive on its pristine flats to try their luck . belize has around 250 square miles of fishing area . the permit here average around 15 - 18 pounds , but 40 pound permits are not unheard of , and most people believe there are some 50 + pounders out there somewhere .\nby 1909 ogilby had described the oyster cracker dart as trachinotus anak \u201ca large fish destructive to oysters\u201d . more recent scientific work has confirmed t . anak is indeed a separate species , based on skeletal differences . indeed , as noted in previous fish facts , bony lumps on the skeleton ( hyperostosis ) are well described in several species of permit , including t . anak which , like t . falcatus , exhibits bone enlargement only in the ribs , while t . blochii only tends to get bone enlargement in certain cranial bones .\nfilters liquid waste materials from the blood ; these wastes are then passed out of the body . the kidney is also extremely important in regulating water and salt concentrations within the fish ' s body , allowing certain fish species to exist in freshwater or saltwater , and in some cases ( such as snook or tarpon ) both .\ntakahara t , minamoto t , yamanaka h , doi h , kawabata z . estimation of fish biomass using environmental dna . plos one 2012 ; 7 : e335868 .\nthe following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common external features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .\nthe following illustration of a largemouth bass shows some of the common internal features that are used to describe the differences between fish that are explained in more detail below .\n2 . yucatan peninsula , mexico : in the heart of the ancient mayan lowlands , the yucatan peninsula is an archeologist dream . it is also a magnet for would - be permit experts ( if there is really such a thing ) , with over 500 miles of coastline , and beautiful crystal - clear flats . permits over 20 pounds are not uncommon . one of the top gulf of mexico destinations for permit fishing .\npaired nostrils , or nares , in fish are used to detect odors in water and can be quite sensitive . eels and catfish have particularly well developed senses of smell .\nfarrell ap , sobin ss , randall dj , crosby s ( 1980 ) intralamellar blood flow pattern in fish gills . am j physiol 239 : r 428 - r 436\n, the singing midshipman fish . magn reson imaging . 2006 , 24 : 321 - 331 . 10 . 1016 / j . mri . 2005 . 10 . 036 .\nmangrove - lined creeks are important habitats for fish , crabs , birds and other animals . mangrove trees provide large amounts of organic matter , which is eaten by many small aquatic animals . in turn , these animals provide food for larger fish and other animals . mangroves also help maintain water quality by filtering silt from runoff and recycling nutrients .\nbut that is not the end of the aussie permit story . during the heyday of oyster farming in the late 1800s and early 1900s in queensland , oysterers working in hervey bay noticed their leases being plundered by schools of large fish which \u201cpick up the oysters while standing on their heads , as it were , with the tail near the surface , and are often 6 ft in length\u201d .\nthe mouth ' s shape is a good clue to what fish eat . the larger it is , the bigger the prey it can consume . fish have a sense of taste and may sample items to taste them before swallowing if they are not obvious prey items . most freshwater fishes in florida are omnivorous ( eating both plant and animal matter ) . some are primarily piscivorous ( eating mostly other fish ) . the imported grass carp is one of the few large fishes that are primarily herbivorous ( eating plants ) . fish may or may not have teeth depending on the species . fish like chain pickerel and gar have obvious canine - shaped teeth . other fish have less obvious teeth , such as the cardiform teeth in catfish which feel like a roughened area at the front of the mouth , or vomerine teeth that are tiny patches of teeth , for example , in the roof of a striped bass ' mouth . grass carp and other minnows have pharyngeal teeth modified from their gill arches for grinding that are located in the throat .\nthe permit range along the atlantic coast of the us from massachusetts , all the way south to brazil , along the caribbean islands and the gulf of mexico coast . they can grow up to about 4\u201d in length and weigh up to 60 lbs . the world record permit ( 60lb . 8oz . - 27 . 21kg . ) was caught at ilha do mel , paranagua , brazil , on dec 14 , 2002 , by renato fiedler .\na hollow , gas - filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy ( suspending ) in water . fish caught from very deep water sometimes need to have air released from their swim bladder before they can be released and return to deep water , due to the difference in atmospheric pressure at the water ' s surface . ( most freshwater anglers in florida need not concern themselves with this ! ) species of fish that do not possess a swim bladder sink to the bottom if they stop swimming .\nfins are appendages used by the fish to maintain its position , move , steer and stop . they are either single fins along the centerline of the fish , such as the dorsal ( back ) fins , caudal ( tail ) fin and anal fin , or paired fins , which include the pectoral ( chest ) and pelvic ( hip ) fins . fishes such as catfish have another fleshy lobe behind the dorsal fin , called an adipose ( fat ) fin that is not illustrated here . the dorsal and anal fins primarily help fish to not roll over onto their sides . the caudal fin is the main fin for propulsion to move the fish forward . the paired fins assist with steering , stopping and hovering .\n2009 , patricia cohen , new york times , 17 jan 09 , p . 1 : he was ultimately cleared , but during that period , mr . ackman said , his lawyers would not permit him to defend himself publicly .\n1910 , \u2018saki\u2019 ,\nreginald in russia\n, reginald in russia : \u2018you english are always so frivolous , \u2019 said the princess . \u2018in russia we have too many troubles to permit of our being light - hearted . \u2019\nadults frequently in channels or holes , over sandy flats , around reefs , and at times over mud bottoms ; usually solitary or in small schools ; smaller fish tolerate brackish water . spawn offshore ( ref . 26938 ) . during the summer , juveniles are found in large schools especially in the surf zone along sandy beaches . adults feed on mollusks , crabs , shrimps , and small fishes ; juveniles on benthic invertebrates . excellent food fish ( ref . 9626 ) . highly esteemed game fish caught on light tackle ( ref . 26938 ) .\nkelly rp , port ja , yamahara km , crowder lb . using environmental dna to census marine fish in a large mesocosm . plos one 2014 ; 9 : e86175 pmid : 24454960\nwhen you look at the historical accounts of t . anak \u201c6 feet long\u201d destroying oyster beds , even taking into account exaggeration by frustrated oyster farmers and loss of most of the benthic oyster beds along our east coast due to sedimentation from coastal development ( thus reducing its food supply ) , it seems t . anak has a larger growth potential than t . blochii , potentially rivalling the size of the atlantic permit such that it also rightly deserves the \u201caussie permit\u201d tag .\nsurf smelt ( hypomesus pretiosus ) and pacific sand lance ( ammodytes hexapterus ) are important food for marine mammals , birds , and fishes , including pacific salmon . the washington department of fish and wildlife protects these fish species and their spawning habitat by limiting human activities under the terms of a permit ( called the hydraulic project approval , hpa ) on beaches where spawning has been documented . extensive surveys have sampled many of the beaches in puget sound . however , despite good information on the distribution of spawning beaches our understanding of the ecology and protection needs for these species is very limited . the washington department of fish and wildlife conducts research that will allow us to better ensure adequate protection of pacific sand lance and surf smelt given current and anticipated environmental conditions , without unnecessarily constraining human activity .\nu . s . army corps of engineers . new york and new jersey harbor deepening project , appendix e : essential fish habitat assessment . 2004 . available 11 / 20 / 2016 from\nif natural england and the environment agency are consulted on the same planning application , natural england will refer to this standing advice and the environment agency will provide advice to protect fish populations .\ntakahara t , minamoto t , doi h . using environmental dna to estimate the distribution of an invasive fish species in ponds . plos one . 2013 ; 8 : e56584 . pmid : 23437177\nthe identity of\n\u0163j\u00f3\u0111vitnis fiskr\nremains to be explained . keeping in mind the allegorical nature of the poem , i will permit myself to approach this question from a new angle . in icelandic ( old and modern ) , the word\nspor\u0111r\nis a term for the tail of a fish . it is also a term for the head of a bridge ( cp . sigurdr\u00edfum\u00e1l 16 : 6\nbr\u00faar spor\u0111i\n) .\nthis again is a good time of year to find permit and bonefish together in a shallow depth of water . once the cold water winter temps set - in with december , we typically say goodbye to this species until the following spring season .\nwe thank jesse ausubel for encouragement and editorial comment , sean brady for advice on experimental design , jeanne garbarino and anna zeidman for laboratory space and assistance , keith dunton for contributing fish specimens and sharing long river survey report , melissa cohen for contributing fish specimens , howard rosenbaum for permission to sample at new york aquarium , and julie nadel , iman nassef , and alden liang for trialing protocols .\nabout us | contact us | site map | frequently asked questions | careers international affairs | u . s . fish & wildlife service | 5275 leesburg pike | falls church , va 22041 | urltoken\ntackle and baits : although offshore permit are large enough to provide sport with light and medium saltwater tackle , the epitome of permit fishing is to stalk them by sight on shallow flats , and cast directly to them . light spinning , baitcasting and fly tackle can be used in the shallows\u2014provided the angler has a good supply of line and a means ( a guide with a push - pole , preferably ) of chasing the fish . best natural bait is any sort of small live crab . dead pieces of crab and lobster also work well . live shrimp are often accept - ed , especially if skittered across the surface , and then allowed to sink . if using small skimmer ( bonefish - style ) jigs , try to get the permit to follow the lure , then stop it dead and let it sink into the grass or mud . best flies are those with weighted or epoxy heads that will sink in the manner of a leadhead jig ."]}
{"id": 1489, "summary": [{"text": "pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in europe , asia and north america in the miocene between approximately 20 to 8 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is an ancestor of today 's felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodont saber-tooths , and is a successor to proailurus .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it originated from eurasia and was the first felid to reach north america , when it entered the continent at about 18.5 ma ending a ' cat-gap ' of 7 million years .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the slender proportions of the animal , together with its short , viverrid-like legs , suggest that it may have been an agile climber of trees . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "pseudaelurus", "paragraphs": ["' felis ( pseudaelurus ) intrepidus is recombined as pseudaelurus intrepidus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' felis quadridentata is recombined as pseudaelurus quadridentatus ' according to gervais 1850 ' felis quadridentata is recombined as pseudaelurus quadridentatus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' lynx stouti is recombined as pseudaelurus stouti ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus aeluroides belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus cuspidatus belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to x . wang et al . 1998 ' pseudaelurus cuspidatus belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus guangheensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to z . cao et al . 1990 ' pseudaelurus guangheensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus lorteti belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus marshi belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus romieviensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to roman and viret 1934 ' pseudaelurus romieviensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus skinneri belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2003 ' pseudaelurus skinneri belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus turnauensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to hoernes 1882 ' pseudaelurus turnauensis belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus validus belongs to pseudaelurus ' according to t . rothwell 2004 ' pseudaelurus belongs to felidae ' according to t . rothwell 2004\nphylogenetic systematics of north american pseudaelurus ( carnivora , felidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3403\ndata table results : there are arguments for and against sexual dimorphism being the explanation for some character differences between species of fossil felids . arguments for include : ( 1 ) sexual dimorphism is seen in modern felid species , at the very least in body size and skull length in small felids . ( 2 ) the fossil felids pseudaelurus skinneri and pseudaelurus stouti display differences in c - - p3 length that could also be interpreted as sexual dimorphism . ( 3 ) the fossil felids pseudaelurus intrepidus and pseudaelurus marshi are size and temporally equivalent . specimens of the two species are sometimes found in the same paleontological localities ( quarries ) . arguments against include : ( 1 ) a similar range in c - - p3 length and dentary height and width is not seen in the fossil felid pseudaelurus validus . pseudaelurus validus and some modern species do not exhibit sexual dimorphism in the lower jaw . ( 2 )\nrothwell , t . 2002 . phylogenetic systematics of north american pseudaelurus ( carnivora : felidae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history ( in press )\nmodern assemblages of felids sometimes contain at least two species that are indistinguishable in jaw length . ( 3 ) the p error for the hypothetical pseudaelurus intrepidus - - pseudaelurus marshi ( male - female ) species that i created in this tab le ( 0 . 0001 ) is far outside the range of p error seen in the four modern species studied ( 0 . 28 - - 0 . 008 ) . the results appear inconclusive , due primarily to the variability of the sexual dimorphism displayed by different species of living felids . however , if pseudaelurus intrepidus and pseudaelurus marshi were indeed sexually dimorphic members of the same species , the males and females differed far more than any of the four living felids that i studied .\nall modern day cats in the americas are descended from the pseudaelurus , which crossed over to north america using the bering land bridge that once connected alaska with asia 18 . 5 million years ago .\nrothwell , t . 2001 . a partial skeleton of pseudaelurus ( carnivora : felidae ) from the namb\u00e9 member of the tesuque formation , espa\u00f1ola basin , new mexico . american museum novitates 3342 : 1 - 31 .\nthe oldest known true felid ( proailurus ) lived in the oligocene and miocene eras . during the miocene , it gave way to pseudaelurus . pseudaelurus is believed to be the latest common ancestor of the two extant subfamilies , pantherinae and felinae , and the extinct subfamily , machairodontinae . this group , better known as the sabertooth cats , became extinct in the late pleistocene era . it includes the genera smilodon , machairodus , dinofelis , and homotherium .\npseudaelurus (\nfalse cat\n) was named by french zoologist paul gervais in 1850 , who based the designation on a single mandible that had been described over a decade earlier by another frenchman , edouard lartet , who thought it resembled that of the modern hyena .\nthe first cat to immigrate into the americas ( which it did via the land bridge across the bering sea during the early miocene ) , pseudaelurus gave rise to the saber - toothed cats known as smilodon . it is also believed to be the ancestor of all modern cats , including the domestic house cat .\ni review the fossil felid literature , researching the early history of the genus pseudaelurus in europe . i examine type pseudaelurus specimens from europe , asia , and north america and emend the generic diagnosis . a large body of new material from the frick collection of the american museum is described and specimens are assigned to one of six species . one species is new and one is transferred from lynx . new material includes two partial skeletons assigned to two separate species , several skulls , one skull with associated lower jaws and intact basicranium , numerous maxillary and lower jaw specimens , and isolated postcranial items . cranial , basicranial , and postcranial material of the frick specimens is compared to that of european taxa as well as to modern felids . a cladistic analysis of 10 taxa and 23 characters produces hypotheses of felid relationships\n- - p . 2 .\napproximately twelve species of pseudaelurus once roamed the plains of eurasia , africa , and north america between 20 and 8 million years ago . all of them looked much like modern cats except for having shorter\nhand\nand\nfoot\nbones , hind limbs longer than forelimbs , and a long , flexible back . the smallest species was about the size of a modern house cat , the largest about the size of a modern cougar ( about 5 feet long and 50 pounds ) .\nthis is an illustration of the type specimen of pseudaelurus marshi , a fossil lower jaw of a cat who lived in north america in the middle miocene , approximately 13 million years ago . the illustration is featured in the original description of this fossil , written by the paleontologist malcolm rutherford thorpe in 1922 . i scanned this illustration and then added the reference to the distance from c - p3 . early on in my research on the early cats of north america , i realized that the space between the lower canine ( c ) and the third premolar ( p3 ) was a character that could possibly differentiate species in both extinct and modern felid taxa .\nthis wonderful fossil ( unsm 25490 ) is a partial skull , the type specimen of pseudaelurus stouti , a small cat who lived in north america approximately 14 million years ago . it is housed in the university of nebraska state museum . we are looking at the upper dentition . this cat was similar in size as our domestic cats of today . however , notice that this cat has four upper premolars . the cat in your house or barn would have p2 , but no longer has p1 . the modern , domestic cat has evolved without a first upper premolar ( p1 ) . it has lost this anatomical feature or character . photo by tom rothwell\nstratigraphic chart : this is a rough estimate of stratigraphic ranges for various fossil felids . as new specimens are discovered , or as fossil localities are dated more precisely , these ranges will change . the first north american felids arrived during a major dispersal from eurasia to north america that began approximately 20 m . y . ago . the early fossil felid record of asia is poor . only a small number of specimens have been recovered from early and middle miocene localities . therefore , the stratigraphic range of pseudaelurus in asia is less certain than europe and north america . my present felid research project is a study of the early north american saber - tooth cats , often referred to as the machairodont felids . nimravides and machairodus are two of the earliest north american saber - tooth cats . na felis refers to the stratigraphic range of fossils of the modern felids .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namerican museum novitates . ( ejournal / emagazine , 2000 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : american museum novitates . publisher : new york , ny : american museum of natural history . , 2000 - isbn / issn : 0003 - 0082 oclc : 290015062\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . leidy . 1858 . notice of remains of extinct vertebrata , from the valley of the niobrara river , collected during the exploring expedition of 1857 , in nebraska , under the command of lieut . g . k . warren , u . s . top . eng . , by dr . f . v . hayden , geologist to the expedition . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 10 : 15 - 89\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of 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focused on prehistoric mammals of europe .\nwe will send you an sms containing a verification code . please double check your mobile number and click on\nsend verification code\n.\nfrom the tall grass savanna of kenya to the forested slopes of the rockies , from the steaming jungles of indonesia and the crags of the himalayas to your very own living room , cats prowl our planet . some are large and imposing , celebrated for their predatory power . others are small and elusive , their spots blending into the shadows . not to mention our familiar moggie companions that purr and yowl for a tender back scratch . at whatever size , and whatever form , we seem to have limitless adoration and fascination for the felines that inhabit our planet . our affection for them runs so deep that we\u2019re even transfixed by those that slipped into extinction long ago . there is no more potent symbol of the ice age than smilodon fatalis , the great saber - toothed cat preserved by the hundreds in the thick muck of the la brea asphalt seeps . living or dead , we love cats .\nbut where did cats come from ? they did not spontaneously burst from the grass to ambush their prey . the world\u2019s cats , both large and small , wild and domestic , have as deep and circuitous an evolutionary history as any other species . and while they\u2019re all consummate predators , the cat family has taken a variety of forms . their remarkable flexibility has allowed them to flourish , whether in the shape of lanky speed demons like cheetahs or the extinct sabercats who stalked baby mastodons , or domestic tabbies that are the scourge of backyard wildlife . cats have always been malleable beasts , changing with the shifts in climate and habitat that the earth has undergone since their origin over 25 million years ago . and while there are various points at which we could start the great cat tale , let\u2019s begin with one of the worst days in the planet\u2019s history .\nexactly what the founder of the cat family looked like is unknown . the fossil record , as charles darwin once wrote , is like a stone book for which we only have a few words or sentences in an incomplete array of chapters . this makes it all the more difficult to pin down precise ancestors , especially the further back in time you go . therefore paleontologists look for animals that have what they call transitional features \u2013 traits that bridge gaps between groups and act as proxies for those ancestors , tracing the chaotic route of evolution from the present way back into the past . for cats , that search has led fossil experts to a little mammal called proailurus . the naturalist henri filhol named this extinct beast back in 1879 from fossils found in france , and even then he could tell that the mammal had something to do with the origin of felines : proailurus means \u201cfirst cat . \u201d\na 20th century reconstruction of smilodon , the great sabertoothed cat . | credit : the prelinger archive\nnot all sabercats were exactly alike . one of the earliest , the 15 - million - year - old paramachairodus from europe , was about the size of a leopard and had relatively short canines compared to its later relatives . much closer to us in time , from 2 . 5 million years ago to about 10 , 000 years ago , the famous smilodon line had species that exceeded a siberian tiger in size and grappled prey to the ground with burly forelimbs . the much more slender homotherium had shorter canines and a rangier build better suited for running after victims . then there was xenosmilus \u2013 the \u201calien knife\u201d \u2013 who mixed short , broad sabers with a muscular build , mixing and matching traits seen in the smilodon and homotherium lines . there were many ways to be a sabercat .\nthose fearsome teeth have long had a hold on our imagination . so much so that there\u2019s been no shortage of ideas about how sabercats used their fangs . over the years these cats have been cast as stabbers , armor - piercers , and even blood - suckers , but the modern consensus is that smilodon and its relatives used their extended canines to slice through the soft parts of their ancient prey . a sabertoothed bite to the neck or belly of a victim would have caused catastrophic blood loss , if not immediate death .\nthe last of the sabercats died out about 8 , 000 years ago . why they disappeared is a mystery . while art works , museum displays , and movies have often depicted the cats trying to take down giant sloths and mammoths , recent studies have suggested sabercats preferred mid - sized prey such as camels and baby mastodons . still , it seems that these cats specialized in hunting the megafauna that once flourished during the last ice age , and when many of these creatures died , so did the cats . for the first time in over 20 million years there were no more sabercats , although , given how many times they\u2019ve evolved , it\u2019s likely that something resembling smilodon could eventually evolve again . for now , though , the world belongs to the short - fanged cats .\nthe felids we know \u2014 and love all the cats we know today \u2013 from the biggest siberian tiger of the frigid forests to the tiny margay of the american tropics \u2013 are felids . they split from the sabercats over 20 million years ago , and today represent about 40 distinct species spread across the americas , europe , africa , and asia . of all the wild cats , though , it\u2019s the big cats that get the lion\u2019s share of our attention . despite sharing a large body size , though , not all \u201cbig cats\u201d are close relatives . there are two subdivisions of living cats . one group , the pantherinae , includes tigers , lions , jaguars , leopards , and snow leopards , as well as the smaller clouded leopards ( the most ancient lineage of the pantherine group ) . a second group \u2013 the felinae \u2013 includes cheetahs and cougars in addition to the comparatively diminutive fishing cats , sand cats , jaguarundis , and their relatives . the cat family tree is a tangle of surprising connections .\nin terms of the world\u2019s beloved big cats , though , paleontologists have recently started to zero in on where they came from . in 2013 , paleontologists working in tibet announced the discovery of panthera blytheae . up until the cat\u2019s discovery , the oldest known pantherine cats were thought to be from the 3 . 6 million year old bedrock of tanzania . panthera blytheae moved back the group\u2019s origins to older than 4 . 4 million years , and in a place that wasn\u2019t expected . big cats were thought to have originated in africa , but the recent discovery seems to point to asia , and , more specifically , the tibetan plateau . other mammals \u2013 such as woolly rhinos and himalayan blue sheep \u2013 seem to have gotten their start in the same place , leading paleontologists to suggest that mammals whoevolved in this chilly place developed adaptations for cooler conditions , which allowed them to spread outward and thrive as the planet started to go through the ebb and flow of ice ages . this doesn\u2019t mean that panthera blytheae was the direct ancestor of today\u2019s lions and tigers , but the cat points to a deeper and more complex story for our favorite carnivores than anyone previously knew .\nof course , there\u2019s more to cat evolution than the backstories of fierce sabercats or lions teaming up to take down water buffalo . many of us live with cats . the aspca estimates that there are between 74 and 96 million domestic cats in american households alone . that number even outstrips the count for dogs \u2011 our supposed \u2018best friends\u2019 . you may even be feeling the rumble of your feline companion\u2019s purr on your lap as you read this . how did this special connection between our species and a fuzzy carnivore with sharp teeth and retractable claws come to be ?\nour inadvertent partnership with cats changed them just as they changed our daily lives . biologists have even been able to see this in cat genes . on the surface , the feline that struts around your home doesn\u2019t seem much different from their wild counterparts . ( this is part of what makes feral cats such an ecological nightmare \u2013 they\u2019re adept hunters of native species that has led countries like australia from banning outdoor cats . ) but get down into the dna and biologists can see that our favorite pets show at least 13 genetic markers that distinguish domestic breeds from wild ones . some of these differences are associated with behavior , such as changes in when cats feel fear or how they\u2019re able to learn when provided food as a reward , showing how their brains changed as they came in to settle down with us .\nlooking back at our own history , it may seem a little strange that we keep cats so close to us . the very first humans evolved in africa over six million years ago , and by then there was a wide array of sabertoothed and non - sabertoothed cats on the scene . some human fossils \u2013 such as the skull of one of our australopithecine cousins dubbed sk - 54 with two puncture marks matching the tooth width of a leopard \u2013 indicate that cats even ate some of our relatives . coming down from the trees meant that we were entering a world ruled by cats ready to pounce from the grass . we evolved alongside cats , undoubtedly fearful as well as fascinated . for while each cat species differs , they all share elements of the same grace and charm we\u2019ve admired for as long as human memory can trace back . through our own history we\u2019ve been cat food , stolen their kills , admired them from afar , treated them as gods , and , unfortunately , brought far too many to the brink of extinction . if we truly love cats as much as our culture professes we do , then the best we can do to honor them is let cats continue their 30 million year evolutionary journey into the future .\nbrian switek is a freelance science writer and author of the books my beloved brontosaurus , written in stone , and prehistoric predators . he also writes the blog laelaps for scientific american , and when not writing about fossils he can be found helping museum and university crews excavate fossil wonders across the western deserts .\nstriking out in the love department ? at least you\u2019re not a honey bee . . .\n\u00a9 2018 wnet . all rights reserved . pbs is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) not - for - profit organization .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\ni4\u008f\u0084\u00e6 ' \u00a3\u00ec\u00842 < \u0083\u00a3\u00fd\u0000\u00e3 ^ \u008e\u00e0\u00e6\u00f9\u0088t\u0004\u00e6x\u0091\u008f\u00e0\u008a\u00e2z = \u00e0\u00ef\u0003\u0092 _ \u0011i\u0016\u00b8j\u009c\u00b7\u000e\u00e0s\u00e0\u00fe \u00edj\u0083gbad\u00e6ud \u00a5vm\u00a4\u00f1 $ \u0083 ( > d @ \u00f8 * \u00b6d\u0088\u00f0 = % \u00a65\u0084\b \u00e8\u00bc\u00a5\u0080\u00e0h\u00e3\u00e0\u009d\u0003\u00f4\u00b9\u00a9\u00f4g\u0002\u00a8m\u00e9\u00ec\u009d \u009c\u00a8k\u0096 | o\u00f3 2 | ' \u0087\u00f2 cr\u0007 / [ - \u00a6\u0094 ? 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new app . . .\n' old age suit ' reveals what it ' s like to be a pensioner : . . .\n' we usually expect climate changes to play an overwhelming role in the evolution of biodiversity , ' said leading author daniele silvestro at the department of biological and environmental sciences , university of gothenburg .\n' instead , competition among different carnivore species proved to be even more important for canids . '\ndomestic cats and dogs , along with other carnivorous animals like lions and bears , all share lineage with a tree - dwelling mammal whose origins remain a mystery .\nyet paleontologists believe there are even earlier ancestors explaining the evolutionary line of these much loved animals .\nnow scientists in belgium have unearthed fossils of one of the earliest of these mammals which roamed through humid forests 55 million years ago .\nthe remains of the new species , which also had ankle bones , has been named dormaalocyon latouri after the belgian village of dormaal where it was found .\ndormaalocyon latouri was a 1kg ( 2lb ) tree - dweller that is thought to have fed on even smaller mammals and insects .\nan international team , including scientists from the universities of gothenburg , sweden , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil and lausanne , switzerland , published the findings in the journal proceedings of the national academy of science .\nthe dog family , which includes wolves and coyotes , originated in north america about 40 million years ago .\nthey reached maximum diversity in the continent 22 million years ago when , at their peak , more than 30 species roamed the land mass at the same time .\nhowever , since they were introduced dozens of species have emerged and become extinct over a period of millions of years .\nonly nine species of canid inhabit the continent today , including the domestic dog .\nancient dogs progressively increased in size , some exceeding 66 pounds ( 33 kg ) , with some examples including the extinct dire wolf and the epicyon reaching about double this size .\nthe introduction of cats from asia into the americas is thought to have drastically decreased the biodiversity of dogs , according to researchers . pictured , a north american bobcat\nthe findings suggests that ancient north american cats were more efficient hunters than most extinct species from the dog family .\n' we do not know exactly which species of felids had the strongest competitive effects on ancient dogs , ' silvestro told mailonline .\n' however an entire subfamily of dogs , known as bone - crushing dogs , started to decline sharply around 15 million years ago , when felids started to be numerous in north america , and was completely extinct around 2 million years ago .\n' bone - crushing dogs , which in total included more than 60 species , included some of the largest canids that ever existed and our results show that it was the most affected by competition with felids . '\nthe survival of any carnivorous species is linked to its ability to effectively hunt prey , and the availability of food .\nlimited amounts of resources \u2013 in this case prey - imposes strong competition among carnivores sharing the same geographic range .\nthis can be seen today in africa , with wild dogs and hyenas competing with lions and other big cats for food .\nnorth american carnivores in the past may have followed similar dynamics and much of the competition is found among species of the dog family and from ancient felids and dogs .\nthe dog family , which includes wolves and coyotes ( pictured ) , originated in north america about 40 million years ago . they reached maximum diversity in the continent around 22 million years ago when more than 30 species roamed the land mass at the same time\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\n' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\nwoman , 38 , ' shoots her father in the head and then lives . . .\nalive ! four thai boys who made it out of cave in daring . . .\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\nwhat was agreed at chequers . . . and how the three - page . . .\n' this is no sell - out ' : theresa may insists she has chosen . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\ncontroversial ai that ' detects political beliefs , sexuality and iq ' based on facial features could be used . . .\na new way to tackle climate change ? heat from underground rivers in london could help cut the capital ' s . . .\nhas kepler found its last alien world ? nasa reveals its planet hunting space telescope is about to run out . . .\namazon is still selling nazi - branded merchandise , despite researchers first warning it about the products . . .\nhidden artwork from chapel inside underground quarry that was used as a hideout in the second world war . . .\n' gentle giant ' dinosaur the size of a double decker bus that roamed the earth more than 200 million years . . .\nsamsung opens the world ' s largest phone plant in india : 1 . 5 million square foot factory will produce 120 . . .\nai learns the basics of driving a car using trial and error after being let loose on the road for just ' 15 . . .\nwant to appear rich ? buy an iphone , a samsung tv and soy sauce : scientists reveal the top 10 items that make . . .\nfascinating pictures reveal how britain ' s heatwave has exposed historical secrets including a roman - era . . .\nmesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .\npeople who see themselves as albert einstein suddenly think they are smarter : being in the body of someone . . .\nmassive timehop data breach exposes the private details of 21 million users including names , email addresses . . .\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\n' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby\nkevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal\ndakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nit ' s eye - wateringly expensive at $ 2 , 999 , but naim ' s uniti atom is a revelation , an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you ' ve probably never heard before .\nafter a day with the iphone x , while face id isn ' t perfect , and the ' notch ' is an annoyance , the iphone x is a glimpse into the future of phones and the best handset of the market by a long way .\nthey aren ' t cheap , but shinola ' s $ 595 foray into headphones are the perfect accessory for design obsessives looking to upgrade their listening habits .\nwith the pixel xl , google has created a handset that is not only the best android device out there , but arguably matches the iphone 8 in terms of design and feel .\napple ' s watch will free you from your phone - while making sure you don ' t suffer the fear of missing out . it ' s a huge step forward , and a compelling reason for the average user to buy a smartwatch .\nwhile the iphone x may have stolen the headlines , in fact the iphone 8 could be the sleeper hit of apple ' s new range , offering the same power as the x but with features and a design users trust .\nwhile the design is impressive and easy to use , the game line up is disappointing .\nnaim ' s incredible mu - so qb takes you back to the good old days - where the music captivates and enthralls , rather that simply being something in the background .\nit might not be a name familiar to the us market , but naim is a legendary british brand hoping to make a splash with the american launch of its $ 1499 mu : so speaker .\npeloton ' s hi - tech bike lets you stream live and on demand rides to your home - and it ' s one of the best examples of fitness technology out there - at a price .\nwhile a research associate in the division of paleontology , i focused my research on fossil members of the family felidae ( fossil felids , fossil cats ) . i continue to study primarily the fossil felids of north america , focusing on the specimens present in the frick - amnh collection of fossil mammals .\n2004 . rothwell , t . new felid material from the ulaan tologoi locality , loh formation ( early miocene ) of mongolia . in g . c . gould and s . k . bell ( editors ) , tributes to malcolm c . mckenna : his students , his legacy . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 285 : 157 - 165 .\nrothwell , t . 2002 . new felid material from the ulaan tologoi locality , loh formation ( early miocene ) of mongolia . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , number 285 ( chapter 12 ) .\nrothwell , t . 1982 . aerobic and anaerobic conditioning of the three - day event horse . uscta news june : 6 - 8 .\nrothwell , t . 1981 . the ahsa drugs and medications rule - know your facts , avoid needless elimination . uscta news april : 20 - 21 .\nrothwell , t . 1980 . re - training the horse with navicular disease . long island horse world 2 : 30 - 31 .\nrothwell , t . 1978a , the tragedy of hip dysplasia . in : caras , r . ( ed . ) dog owner ' s bible , pp . 277 - 280 . south hackensack : stoeger publishing company .\nrothwell , t . 1978b , the crucial business of immunization . in : caras , r . ( ed . ) dog owner ' s bible , pp . 32 - 38 . south hackensack : stoeger publishing company\ncladogram : this is a manually constructed cladogram that i use when teaching . it demonstrates the three major clades , or divisions of living families within the order carnivora . in blue is the large and diverse group known as the arctoids . the canids ( dogs , wolves , coyotes , etc , ) are represented by a single lineage in green . the cats , hyenas , mongoose and viverrids are the red group known as the aeluroids . characters 1 , 2 , and 3 are hypothesized to unite all of carnivora :\ncharacter 1 is use of the upper fourth premolar ( p4 ) and lower first molar ( m1 ) by all members of the order carnivora to eat meat . this is called the p4 / m1 carnassial apparatus .\ncharacter 2 is near and dear to all veterinarians who practice on dogs and cats . character 2 is the presence of anal sacs . anal sacs are hypothesized to be present in the ancestor of carnivora due to its widespread distribution among all of the living members . anal sacs are lost or reduced only in bears and in the aquatic families ( seals , sea lions , walrus and otters ) .\ncharacter 3 is the primitive carnivoran dentition : 4 premolars and 3 molars in both the upper and lower dentition .\ncharacter 4 unites all of the living families of carnivora . character 4 is the development of an ossified bulla covering the middle ear , a bony covering for the ear apparatus . the primitive carnivorans ( carnivoran = member of the order carnivora ) had a single - chambered bulla covered by cartilage .\ncharacter 6 diagnoses the four closely related families referred to as the aeluroids or the sub - order aeluroidea . character 6 is a modification of the primitive single - chambered bulla : the development of a two - chambered bulla . evidence of character 6 can be seen in the ventral skull and in the basicranial photograph .\nfrom 1932 to 1965 , childs frick sent numerous collecting parties into the fossiliferous terrestrial localities of tertiary north america . the frick laboratory assembled a magnificent collection of fossil mammals as a result of these expeditions . now referred to as the frick collection , this assemblage of fossil mammals is housed in the collections of the division of paleontology of the american museum of natural history . within the frick collection is the world ' s most comprehensive fossil felid collection . fossils of the first felids to arrive in north america , in the late hemingfordian , were collected in localities of the sheep creek formation of nebraska and the tesuque formation of new mexico . the earliest known partial felid skeleton ( fam 62128 ) was recovered from the namb\u00e9 member of the tesuque formation of new mexico and described by me in 2001 . photo by chester tarka of the amnh .\n, i was able to determine how closely it resembled other fossil cats and the cats who are alive today . photo by mick ellison . upper third incisor ( i3 ) , upper canine ( c ) , upper first premolar ( p1 ) , alveolus or socket for upper second premolar ( p2 alv ) , petrosal ( p ) , mastoid ( m ) , paroccipital process ( pp ) .\nof fam 62128 . third phalanges ( ph3 ) are the bones of the toes that include the cats ' claws . the ph2 lateral concavity is referring to the place where this cat could retract his claws , just as today ' s cats do . mc5 , mc2 are the fifth and second metacarpal bones . photo by mick ellison\nof the new mexico skeleton ( fam 62128 ) in dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views . ( ses ) = sesamoid bones , nav = navicular , cu = cuboid , ent = entocuneiform , lat conc = lateral concavity of second phalanx . photo by mick ellison\n( cp ) or vertical ramus of the lower jaw of felids is another anatomical feature that is variable in fossil felids . a is proailurus lemanensis , the earliest known felid , with a short , wide , and erect coronoid process . this cat lived approximately 23 million years ago . b and c are felids that are approximately 16 million years old . their coronoid processes have become relatively taller , but are still erect . the felid labeled d has a tall coronoid process that is no longer erect . it slopes to the right , to the rear of the cat ' s skull . this cat lived in north america approximately 13 million years ago . e is a modern , extant , or living cat ( panthera leo , the lion ) . this coronoid process is tall , sloping , and has a terminal hook .\nfam 61835 , the echo quarry felid skull : this is the basicranium , the left side of the base of the skull of a north american cat who lived approximately 16 million years ago . by comparing this part of the skull with other extinct carnivores and with cats that are alive today , i am able to hypothesize or speculate on the relationships of this cat . photo by tom rothwellectotympanic ( t ) , limit of the caudal entotympanic chamber ( ce ) , paroccipital process ( pp ) , anteromedial process of the auditory bulla ( am ) , petrosal ( p ) , paroccipital process ( pp ) , entotympanic ( e ) , hypoglossal foramen ( hf ) .\nif your cat needs a vet , if you are looking for a cat veterinarian in the utica and new hartford , ny area , or an animal hospital in the mohawk valley that specializes in cats , you are in the right place . we are a full - service veterinary hospital dedicated solely to the care of cats and kittens . our well - equipped and stress - free facility is staffed by a friendly and passionate team of veterinary professionals . we are a central new york regional resource for feline health . our goal is to provide you with appropriate , affordable , and effective care for your family cat ."]}
{"id": 1493, "summary": [{"text": "deopteryx is a genus of snout moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by harrison gray dyar jr. in 1914 , and contains the species deopteryx hypenetes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in panama . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "deopteryx", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for deopteryx definition . you find here deopteryx meaning , synonyms of deopteryx and images for deopteryx copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word deopteryx . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word deopteryx and , of course , deopteryx synonyms and on the right images related to the word deopteryx .\ndeopteryx dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 306 ; ts : deopteryx hypenetes dyar\ndeopteryx hypenetes dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 307 ; tl : cabima\nincluded genera : ablita dyar , 1914 : 183 . abrochocis dyar , 1914 : 170 . anaene dyar , 1914 : 171 . anemosella dyar , 1914 : 399 . anthopteryx dyar , 1914 : 335 . anypsipyla dyar , 1914 : 327 . araeopterella dyar , 1914 : 189 . balidarcha dyar , 1914 : 398 . bema dyar , 1914 : 336 . ca dyar , 1914 : 252 . cabima dyar , 1914 : 329 . cacofota dyar , 1914 : 376 . cactobrosis dyar , 1914 : 406 . calamophleps dyar , 1914 : 342 . calocea dyar , 1914 : 375 . chalcoelopsis dyar , 1914 : 314 . charoblemma dyar , 1914 : 190 . chenevadia dyar , 1914 : 305 . chorrera dyar , 1914 : 330 . cola dyar , 1914 : 219 . comotia dyar , 1914 : 343 . conotambe dyar , 1914 : 313 . cosmothyris dyar , 1914 : 391 . craftsia dyar , 1914 : 304 . crambophilia dyar , 1914 : 220 . cromarcha dyar , 1914 : 398 . deopteryx dyar , 1914 : 306 . deuterolia dyar , 1914 : 402 . difundella dyar , 1914 : 327 . dismidila dyar , 1914 : 313 .\nincluded type - species : anaene spurca dyar , 1914 : 171 . anemosella basalis dyar , 1914 : 399 . anthopteryx irichampa dyar , 1914 : 336 . anypsipyla univitella dyar , 1914 : 327 . araeopterella miscidisce dyar , 1914 : 189 . balidarcha cuis dyar , 1914 : 399 . bema myja dyar , 1914 : 336 . ca anastigma dyar , 1914 : 252 . cabima dosia dyar , 1914 : 330 . cacofota inermis dyar , 1914 : 377 . calamophleps squalidella dyar , 1914 : 342 . calocea eucraspedica dyar , 1914 : 375 . chalcoelopsis pigrissima dyar , 1914 : 314 . charoblemma unilinea dyar , 1914 : 190 . chenevadia huralis dyar , 1914 : 305 . chorrera idiotes dyar , 1914 : 331 . cola nabis dyar , 1914 : 219 . comotia torsicornis dyar , 1914 : 343 . conotambe paralysisalis dyar , 1914 : 313 . cosmothyris margaretta dyar , 1914 : 391 . craftsia vaetta dyar , 1914 : 304 . crambophilia majorcula dyar , 1914 : 220 . cromarcha polybata dyar , 1914 : 398 . culladia eucosmella dyar , 1914 : 316 . dasypyga querna dyar , 1914 : 331 . deopteryx hypenetes dyar , 1914 : 307 . deuterolia nipis dyar , 1914 : 402 . difundella corynophora dyar , 1914 : 327 . dismidila atoca dyar , 1914 : 313 . dixanaene lepidocaena dyar , 1914 : 172 .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ndyar , 1914 report on the lepidoptera of the smithsonian biological survey of the canal zone proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 139 - 350\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nincluded type - species designations : calydia by subsequent designation by dyar , 1914 : 96 . dyomyx by subsequent designation by dyar , 1914 : 113 . palindia by subsequent designation by dyar , 1914 : 96 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice ."]}
{"id": 1497, "summary": [{"text": "achyra nigrirenalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from western australia , the northern territory , queensland and south australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 millimetres ( 0.98 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings have a light and dark brown pattern .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniform pale brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "achyra nigrirenalis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about achyra nigrirenalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for achyra nigrirenalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nvalter jacinto marked\nborboleta nocturna / / moth ( achyra nudalis )\nas trusted on the\nachyra nudalis\npage .\nno one has contributed data records for achyra serrulata yet . learn how to contribute .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from achyra to their own page .\nthe adult moth of this species has light and dark brown patterned forewings , including one or two vague darker broad incomplete bands each one . the hindwings are plain pale brown . the moth has a wingspan of about 2 . 5 cms .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nhampson , g . f . 1913 ,\ndescriptions of new species of pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae ( continued )\n, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 8 , vol . 12 , pp . 1 - 38 , 299 - 319\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 112a2bdb - 1317 - 4eef - 89eb - 14c860272237\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 164ceae0 - c7ad - 4131 - 9ae6 - 769aa88a833d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9b0b7346 - 01bd - 452d - 996e - 34f4a3b27c94\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3453510 - ffca - 42a8 - 9f0b - e00676fead83\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354164\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nmm . the forewings have a light and dark brown pattern . the hindwings are uniform pale brown .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 7 / 1 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .\narizona , texas , mexico - brazil - argentina , west indies . see [ maps ]\nlarva on gossypium , portulaca [ mna13 . 2 ] ( a ) , 47\nfrom ( maine - s . quebec - ontario ) - to ( florida - mexico ) , iowa , colorado , california , west indies . see [ maps ]\nbrazil ( rio grande do sul , mato grosso , minas gerais , s\u00e3o paulo , rio de janeiro , castro parana ) , uruguay , paraguay , argentina , chile , bolivia , ecuador . see [ maps ]\nloxostege similalis ; capps , 1967 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 120 ( 3561 ) : 51 , f . 50 , 95 , 157 - 158\nscopula occidentalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california\nloxostege brasiliensis capps , 1967 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 120 ( 3561 ) : 55 , f . 55 , 99 , 166 - 167 ; tl : campinas , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil\nloxostege piuralis capps , 1967 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 120 ( 3561 ) : 55 , f . 57 , 100 , 168 - 169 ; tl : piura , peru\ntritaea protealis warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 178 ; tl : san lorenzo is . , callao , peru\npyrausta eneanalis schaus , 1923 ; zoologica 5 ( 2 ) : 45 ; tl : conway bay , indefatigable island , galapagos arch .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome huiti\u00e9me . deltoides et pyralites\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nexploration scientifique de l ' algerie pendant les annees 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . histoire naturelle des animaux articules ( 3 ) insectes\n( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement\nwarren , 1892 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british - museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 172 - 179 , ( 52 ) : 294 - 302 , ( 53 ) : 389 - 397 , ( 54 ) : 429 - 442\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1498, "summary": [{"text": "ridgeheads , also known as bigscales , are a family ( melamphaidae , from the greek melanos [ black ] and amphi [ by both sides ] ) of small , deep-sea stephanoberyciform fish .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the family contains approximately 37 species in five genera ; their distribution is worldwide , but ridgeheads are absent from the arctic ocean and mediterranean sea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "although the family is one of the most widespread and plentiful of deep-sea families , none of its members are of interest to commercial fishery .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "these fish are named for their large scales and pronounced cranial ridges , as well as for their typically dark brown to black coloration .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "ridgeheads are the largest and most diverse family of their order . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ridgehead", "paragraphs": ["glassdoor gives you an inside look at what it ' s like to work at ridgehead software , including salaries , reviews , office photos , and more . this is the ridgehead software company profile . all content is posted anonymously by employees working at ridgehead software .\nridgehead software is a niche software developer & integrator specializing in call center , customer care , crm , & mobile app development .\nridgehead farm cottages were created in 2008 by converting a 200 year old historic barn into 2 luxury cottages , they are both rated at the top end of 4 star by the tourist board . set at 1500ft on a 80 acre equine farm within a site of special scientific interest , they offer stunning views and year round peace and tranquillity yet are conveniently located for local amenities and exploring the peak district .\na superb historic barn , newly converted into two self contained luxury holiday cottages with breathtaking views over the peak district . the cottages are situated on an equine farm . . .\nwe are located in an area of the peak district national park called the white peak , known for its limestone gorges and walls , however a small part of it where we are is actually on gritstone giving the area its high moors and rocky outcrops . the surrounding area formed part of the harpur crewe estate until it was split up and sold off half way through last century .\nbakewell dates from about 1300 and has a large stall market and cattle market every monday . it is famous as being the home of the original bakewell pudding .\nleek is also less than 10 minutes drive and has stall markets every wednesday , friday and saturday . it has a coop and morrisons and some excellent antique shops .\nbuxton is only 10 minutes drive , it is a georgian spa town with some wonderful architecture , it is home to the opera house with a regular and varied selection of entertainment .\nthe nearest village is longnor dating from the time of the doomsday book , set on old trade routes it was an important trading centre as evidenced by the cobbled market square .\nglassdoor will not work properly unless browser cookie support is enabled . learn how to enable cookies .\nexplore the many benefits of having a premium branded profile on glassdoor , like increased influence and advanced analytics .\nchanges won ' t be saved until you sign up for an enhanced profile subscription .\ncopyright \u00a9 2008\u20132018 , glassdoor , inc .\nglassdoor\nand logo are proprietary trademarks of glassdoor , inc .\nget this page going by posting a review . it only takes a second , and your review is anonymous .\nglassdoor has millions of jobs plus salary information , company reviews , and interview questions from people on the inside making it easy to find a job that\u2019s right for you .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nhow has # crm changed ? there ' s been an evolution . . . # socialcrm urltoken\nhow the # software # lifecycle works - including the thought , planning , & design that goes into a # development project . urltoken\nthink you ' re ready for devops ? take the quiz : within the federal government , both 18f , a team of software deve . . .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\nthis page was last edited on 19 march 2018 , at 18 : 15 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ndenim canvas and man - made leather upper provides breathability , comfort and style . embroidery logo on tongue and side . lace - up closure for costume fit . metal eyelets and detail stitching provides additional styles . terra - soft\u00ae technology enhances cushioning , shock absorption and durability . flexible foxing tape with rubber outsole . vulcanize construction .\nk fuzion ' s headquarters is located in lakewood , colorado . for every employee , k fuzion generates $ 91 . 6k in revenue . k fuzion has 1 followers on owler .\nowler has collected 2 screenshots of k fuzion ' s website since jun 2015 . the latest k fuzion website design screenshot was captured in sep 2015 .\nk fuzion currently has 322 followers on twitter . as of may 2015 k fuzion had 332 followers . that ' s a 3 percent decrease in 2 years\nk fuzion currently has 146 fans on facebook . as of april 2015 k fuzion had 128 fans . that ' s a 14 percent increase in 3 years\nk fuzion was founded in 2008 . k fuzion ' s headquarters is located in lakewood , colorado , usa 80228 . k fuzion has an estimated 28 employees and an estimated annual revenue of 2 . 6m . . . .\nplease set a username for yourself . people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nmesopelagic and bathypelagic at 340 - 1200 m depth ( ref . 36665 ) . oviparous , with planktonic eggs and larvae ( ref . 36655 ) . significant morphological variation between indo - pacific and other populations .\ncircumglobal : in tropical to temperate waters ; except arctic ocean and mediterranean sea . eastern atlantic : gulf of guinea and west of the canary islands . eastern pacific : california current region ( ref . 36655 ) . western pacific : kuril island ( ref . 52443 ) . south china sea ( ref . 74511 ) .\n7 . 3 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4241 ) )\ndark brown body ; black head , mouth , and branchial cavity ; pigmented fins . transverse rows of scales , 28 ( ref . 31511 ) . gill rakers on the first arch , 14 - 17 ( ref . 37108 ) .\ntype for scopeloberyx robustus catalog number : usnm 75810 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes preparation : illustration year collected : 1904 locality : off santa catalina islands , coast of southern california . , california , united states , pacific depth ( m ) : 3864 to 4131 vessel : albatross\ndepth range based on 160 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 111 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 50 - 5000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 1 . 520 - 19 . 645 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 967 - 42 . 149 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 135 - 36 . 604 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 677 - 6 . 358 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 048 - 3 . 065 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 951 - 175 . 599 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 50 - 5000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 1 . 520 - 19 . 645 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 967 - 42 . 149 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 135 - 36 . 604 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 677 - 6 . 358 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 048 - 3 . 065 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 951 - 175 . 599 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nbathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 0 - 4740 m ( ref . 58018 ) , usually ? - 500 m ( ref . 36655 )\ndepth : 580 - 2930m . from 580 to 2930 meters . habitat : bathypelagic .\nmesopelagic and bathypelagic at 340 - 1200 m depth ( ref . 36665 ) . feeds on pelagic crustaceans ( ref . 58748 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .\njustification : melamphaes typhlops can be found in tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m . there is little known about the population . there are no species - specific threats . this species is assessed as data deficient .\nmelamphaes typhlops can be found in tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean ( moore in press ) . melamphaes typhlops can be found in the north atlantic between 10\u00b0n and 45\u00b0n ; however , there have been two specimen caught further south ( mcz 20\u00ba s 9\u00baw ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) . species in the melamphaidae family can be found between 200 and 2 , 000 metres ( moore in press ) and they likely migrate vertically at night with the upper limit between 500 - 1 , 000 m at night . it has been taken by hooks to 1 , 600 m ( maul 1986 ) .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cameroon ; canada ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; el salvador ; equatorial guinea ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; montserrat ; morocco ; namibia ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; paraguay ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint pierre and miquelon ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ( principe , s\u00e2o tom\u00e9 ) ; senegal ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; uruguay ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nspecies in the melamphaidae family eat gelatinous fish and small crustaceans ( moore in press ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 metres and the juveniles below 50 metres ( kotlyar 2004 ) .\nthere are no species - specific threats but it can be caught in deep - water trawls .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 3 february 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 5 february 2015 ) .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .\njustification : scopeloberyx opisthopterus has been assessed as least concern . this species has an extremely broad distribution , and due to its deep - water nature , it is unlikely to be threatened by any major threats across its range . the small size of this species also means that is unlikely to be taken in any significant quantity as by - catch by deep - sea fisheries .\nscopeloberyx opisthopterus is widely distributed in the tropical waters of the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans .\nscopeloberyx opisthopterus is a bathypelagic , oceanic species which generally occurs at depths of 500\u2013600 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) . however , it can sometimes be found down to depths of 1 , 450 m . species from the family melamphaidae primarily feed on gelatinous organisms and small crustaceans ( fao 1999 ) .\ndue to the small size of this species , it is unlikely that it is being taken as by - catch in significant quantities . there are no other known threats to scopeloberyx opisthopterus .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t155189a115282390 .\njustification : european regional assessment : not applicable ( na ) this species is assessed as not applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in europe . its european population is considered to represent less than 1 % of the global population .\nthis fish can be found in the tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean ( moore in press ) and in the north atlantic ocean between 10\u00b0n and 45\u00b0n ; however , there have been two specimen caught further south ( mcz 20\u00ba s 9\u00baw ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) . species in the melamphaidae family can be found between 200 and 2000 metres ( moore in press ) . likely migrators as vertically at night upper limit is between 500 - 1 , 000 m at night , taken by hooks to 1 , 600 m ( maul 1986 ) . in the european region the fish is known from portugal ( off the mainland coast , the azores archipelago and madeira ; carneiro et al . 2014 ) , and from spain ( the canaries ; bordes caballero et al . 2009 ) .\nportugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; spain ( canary is . )\nspecies in the melamphaidae family eat gelatinous fish and small crustaceans ( moore in press ) . the adults are found at depths below 500\u2013600 m and the juveniles below 50 m ( kotlyar 2004 ) .\nthere are no species specific threats but they can be caught in deep - water trawls .\ntrainer , soft skills training , voice & accent training , bpo trainer . . .\nteam leading , voice process , voice support , attrition , shrinkage , roaster . . .\ncandidates who can start asap preferred ; have prior experience of writing articles , blogs for college . . .\nlooking for us it recruiter with minimum of 4 + years of experience with very good communication skills . . .\nopening for project manager for commercial interior projects with 8 - 15 yrs commercial experience . . .\ncall center , customer care , inbound , calling , executive , customer service . . .\ncall center , customer care , inbound , calling , domestic , internatinal bpo . . .\ncandidates with good selling and communication skills ; prior experience in sales shall be preferable . . .\nshould review applicable technical documents such as drawings , etc . , ; experience in managing quality . . .\nhardware networking , ip routing , firewall , network administration , vlan . . .\nbalance sheet finalisation , profit & loss finalisation , indian gaap , igaap , . . .\nattends meetings and training sessions as required ; some housekeeping experience ; guest experience . . .\ninbound , domestic bpo , outbound , international bpo , night shift , calling . . .\ncustomer service , calling , outbound , uk shift , bpo , call center . . .\n- should be proficient in hindi , english ; - minimum 6 months of . . .\nlan , incident management , team management , technical management , iso audit , . . .\nmust be willing to work in 24 / 5 shifts ( including availability during weekends ) in a worldwide 24x7 . . .\nb com fresher , fresher , mba finance fresher , mba fresher , urltoken graduate . . .\nwe are hiring freshers with good communication skills for a global mnc on the payrolls of randstad ; needs . . .\naccounting , finance , auditing , budgeting , icwa , statutory audit . . .\nqualification : semi - qualified - ca / icwa with 3 - 4 years experience ; mba with 5 - 6 years of experience . . .\njava , j2ee , software engineering , development management , computer science , . . .\nminimum of 10 years of software engineering experience with at least 5 or more years in leading . . .\ncore java , jsp servlets , javascript , j2ee , wso2 , xml , multithreading , mysql . . .\naws , amazon webservices , aws cloud , aws architecture , datacenter . . .\ngood knowledge on itil and worked on incident / change / problem on regular basis ; good in techinical . . .\nvoice process , non voice process , back office process , email process . . .\nphp 5 . 0 + , wordpress , joomla , drupal , magento , moodle is a plus , mysql , oops . . .\nthe requirements include 3 + years of experience developing in php and open source languages , in addition . . .\ncustomer service , sales , cross selling , phone banking , telesales . . .\n- promotion of digital platforms to ensure easy access to banking transactions and create awareness of . . .\nnon it recruitment , sourcing , head hunting , fmcg , linkedin . . .\nurgent requirement for fmcg recruiter with abc consultants ; experience into sales recruitment . . .\nchoose from 600 + courses & certifications to increase your chances of getting shortlisted . get freebies on your purchase\ndenim canvas and man - made leather upper provides breathability , comfort and style . embroidery logo on tongue and side . lace - up closure for custom fit . metal eyelets and detail stitching provides additional styles . terra - soft\u00ae technology enhances cushioning , shock absorption and durability . flexible foxing tape with rubber outsole . vulcanize construction .\ndana campbell marked\nn220 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\nanoplogaster cornuta\npage .\noviparous , with planktonic eggs and larvae ( ref . 36655 ) . there is significant morphological variation between populations ( ref . 4241 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nt\u00f6yht\u00f6suomukala\nto\nporomitra crassiceps ( g\u00fcnther , 1878 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nt\u00f6yht\u00f6p\u00e4\u00e4\nto\nporomitra crassiceps ( g\u00fcnther , 1878 )\n.\nthis species is endemic to mexico , but widespread along the central pacific coast region : from nayarit to istmo de tehuantepec , oaxaca . it occurs from sea level up to 700 m asl .\nif you are using a bookmarked page , the page may have been deleted or moved .\nclick on your browsers back button to return to the previous page or select a menu item from the top of the page .\na history of the county of stafford : volume 7 , leek and the moorlands . originally published by victoria county history , london , 1996 .\nheathylee was formerly a township in alstonefield parish and later a civil parish 5 , 535 a . ( 2 , 240 ha . ) in area . ( fn . 1 ) it is mostly pasture , with scattered farms in river valleys and with no village centre . the western boundary with leekfrith is formed by back brook , which flows south to join the river churnet , and two arms of black brook which flow north and west to join the river dane . most of the northern boundary with hollinsclough runs along a ridge , and the river manifold forms the short eastern boundary with sheen . in 1934 the civil parish was enlarged by the addition of land from neighbouring parishes : a detached portion of bradnop centred on hurdlow farm and covering 385 a . ; a detached portion of leekfrith lying between hurdlow and upper hulme and covering 10 a . ; 30 a . from onecote ; and 18 a . from longnor lying on the south side of the present course of the river manifold east of longnor bridge . at the same date 1 a . on the north side of the river was transferred from heathylee to longnor . as a result the area of heathylee civil parish was increased to its present 5 , 977 a . ( 2 , 419 ha . ) . ( fn . 2 ) this article deals with the former township together with the land added in 1934 .\nmorridge divides the township into a western part and a larger eastern part . the former is drained by the churnet and the latter by the manifold and a tributary , oakenclough brook . the land lies at 825 ft . ( 251 m . ) in the south - west corner beside back brook . to the north and east on morridge it reaches 1 , 535 ft . ( 468 m . ) near morridge top farm and 1 , 590 ft . ( 487 m . ) near blake mere . on the east side of the township the land lies at 942 ft . ( 287 m . ) where the leeklongnor road crosses oakenclough brook at hardings booth and 862 ft . ( 263 m . ) where the road crosses the manifold at longnor bridge . the underlying rock is sandstone of the millstone grit series , which outcrops on the west side of the township at ramshaw rocks and near newstone farm . a shallow basin of the coal measures overlies the rock in the blue hills area along the western boundary . the best soil lies in the east where it is coarse loam . elsewhere it is mostly clay and loam , with peat on the west side of morridge . ( fn . 3 )\nthe number of people in heathylee owing suit at the manor court in the late 1760s was 100 . ( fn . 4 ) the population of the township was 520 in 1801 , 706 in 1811 , and 788 in 1821 . by 1831 it had fallen to 689 , and a steady decline thereafter reduced it to 504 in 1861 , 361 in 1891 , 353 in 1901 , 331 in 1911 , 333 in 1921 , and 345 in 1931 . the population of the enlarged civil parish was 280 in 1951 , 279 in 1961 , 258 in 1971 , 265 in 1981 , and 244 in 1991 . the population of the hurdlow farm area added in 1934 was 25 in 1841 and 23 in 1881 . ( fn . 5 )\nthe earliest medieval settlement was probably in the south - west corner where the hamlet of upper hulme existed on the leekfrith side of back brook by the mid 13th century . ( fn . 6 ) there was an estate called broncott on the heathylee side of the brook by 1299 ; the name is derived from words meaning broom cottage . ( fn . 7 ) a house built north of broncott farm in the later 18th century almost certainly for joseph billing , who worked a quarry there , was an inn by the later 1820s . it was then called the new inn , and it survived as a public house , the olde rock , in 1994 . ( fn . 8 ) a cottage beside back brook west of the inn has the date 1778 over a fireplace . to the north of upper hulme a house called naychurch , in existence by the early 15th century , ( fn . 9 ) retains 17th - century stonework .\nthere was a house on the site of knowles farm north - east of upper hulme probably by 1308 , when robert of knolles was recorded as a tenant of alstonefield manor , and certainly by 1476 . ( fn . 10 ) to the east , across the headstream of the churnet , pasture on morridge was called swains moor by the early 14th century . ( fn . 11 ) there was house called strines on the edge of the moor by 1415 , ( fn . 12 ) and one to the west on the site of little swainsmoor farm by the early 16th century . ( fn . 13 ) south of swains moor , the detached portion of bradnop township added to heathylee in 1934 was centred on hurdlow farm , which belonged to dieulacres abbey at the end of the middle ages . the name hurdlow combines old english hord , treasure , and hlaw , a hill or possibly a barrow . ( fn . 14 ) there was a house at stoney cliffe south - west of hurdlow by 1586 . ( fn . 15 )\non the east side of the township there was a settlement at hardings booth at the confluence of the manifold and oakenclough brook by 1327 . ( fn . 16 ) the site of oakenclough hall to the south - west in the valley of oakenclough brook was inhabited by the early 15th century . ( fn . 17 ) a 17th - century stone house there , styled a hall in 1747 , ( fn . 18 ) was replaced by the present house built on an adjacent site in the later 1890s . ( fn . 19 ) the site of badger ' s croft further west was probably inhabited by 1308 , when robert of bochardescroft was recorded as a tenant of alstonefield manor . the house was known as butcher ' s or badger ' s croft in the 18th century . ( fn . 20 )\na house called heathylee was recorded in 1406 . its site was probably in the manifold valley north - west of hardings booth , where there were two houses called heathylee in 1571 . ( fn . 21 ) there was a house in the upper part of the valley at thick withins by 1406 , ( fn . 22 ) and others to the east at fawside by c . 1420 ( fn . 23 ) and ball bank by 1444 . ( fn . 24 ) there were also houses by the earlier 15th century on the south side of the manifold : hole carr was recorded in 1414 , ( fn . 25 ) bradshaw in 1429 , ( fn . 26 ) and marnshaw in 1444 . ( fn . 27 ) houses at coldshaw and merril grove beside the longnor road were recorded respectively in 1429 and 1439 . ( fn . 28 ) the place - name ' shaw ' means a copse , and its use suggests late - medieval settlement in a wooded landscape . ( fn . 29 ) the site of heath house on the longnor road east of hardings booth was occupied by 1406 . ( fn . 30 ) waterhouse farm at the township ' s eastern tip beside the manifold was so called by 1571 . there were then two adjacent houses , over waterhouse and stewards place , the latter possibly once used by the steward of alstonefield manor . there were still two houses there in the later 18th century . ( fn . 31 )\nblue hills north of upper hulme was probably the last area of the township to be settled . so called by c . 1680 , it apparently takes its name from the colouring of watercourses by coal deposits , which were mined by the early 15th century . ( fn . 32 ) a house called gylfields in 1481 stood near gib torr rocks ( in quarnford ) , possibly on the site of the present gib torr farm . there was certainly a house called gib torr by 1564 . ( fn . 33 ) the present house is probably of the 19th century , and a barn carries the initials of sir george crewe and the date 1841 . there was a house at hazel barrow by 1719 , ( fn . 34 ) and newstone farm is dated 1773 .\na pool called blake mere on the east side of swains moor was evidently so called in the 14th century , when the name was used for a nearby house ( the present mermaid inn ) in onecote , in leek parish . ( fn . 35 ) a belief that the pool was bottomless and that cattle would not drink from it or birds fly over it was dismissed as fanciful by the antiquary robert plot , writing c . 1680 . he accepted , however , a story about the rescue of a woman whose lover tried to drown her in the pool . the event was the subject of robert southey ' s poem ' mary , the maid of the inn ' , written in 1796 . ( fn . 36 )\na short stretch of the cheadle - buxton road runs through the east side of the township . formerly it joined the longnor road near longnor mill , but after being turnpiked in 1770 it was realigned to run directly to longnor village by way of a bridge at windy arbour . ( fn . 47 ) by 1818 there was a tollgate at the junction of the old and new routes . ( fn . 48 ) the road was disturnpiked in 1878 . ( fn . 49 )\na surviving stone bridge across a stream northwest of stoney cliffe carried a packhorse way between cheshire and nottinghamshire , which crossed the south - western tip of the township before climbing morridge to the mermaid inn in onecote . ( fn . 50 )\nheathylee was connected to a mains electricity supply in 1963 . ( fn . 51 )\nit was apparently a custom in the early 19th century for people to gather on may day at the bald stone west of the royal cottage and to paint it white . ( fn . 52 ) the new inn at upper hulme was the meeting place of the colliers ' refuge friendly society , established in 1842 as a lodge of the order of foresters . the society had 162 members in 1876 . ( fn . 53 ) a brass band formed at upper hulme by 1850 ( fn . 54 ) was probably drawn from members of the lodge .\nan estate centred on broncott farm at upper hulme probably existed by 1299 when the widow of henry of broncott held a house of nicholas de audley , the lord of aenora malbank ' s share of alstonefield manor . ( fn . 55 ) in 1327 ranulph of bagnall gave his son william lands and tenements in the vill and fields of broncott , and in 1341 thomas of bagnall acquired a ' great house ' there with further land . in 1370 the estate was held by thomas ' s son john , and in 1432 john ' s son william granted it to roger fowall , retaining a life - interest . ( fn . 56 ) richard fowall held the estate in 1557 , when he was succeeded by his son william , ( fn . 57 ) and roger fowall held it in 1567 and 1577 . the owner in 1591 was ralph fowall , who became the tenant in 1592 on selling the estate to john harpur , lord of alstonefield manor . ( fn . 58 ) in 1633 the tenant of what was then a 52\u00bd - a . farm was robert brough ( d . 1657 ) . ( fn . 59 ) he was succeeded by his son thomas , and thomas by his son robert , the tenant in 1679 . ( fn . 60 ) he or another robert was succeeded in 1712 by his son robert ( d . 1753 ) . ( fn . 61 ) the tenant when the harpur crewe family offered the farm for sale in 1951 was colin lownds ( d . 1975 ) , whose daughter edith and her husband william waters were the owners in 1994 . ( fn . 62 ) the stone - built farmhouse is dated 1833 .\nthe detached portion of bradnop added to heathylee in 1934 consisted of an estate centred on hurdlow farm . the estate belonged to dieulacres abbey at the dissolution , and in 1546 the crown sold it to two speculators , hugh and robert thornhill . ( fn . 63 ) by 1625 it was owned by the hollinshead family , later of ashenhurst hall in bradnop , who still held it in 1680 . ( fn . 64 ) the later descent is unknown until 1835 , when a house and 189 a . were offered for sale under the will of john bourne , possibly of lane end in longton . ( fn . 65 ) the property was again offered for sale in 1845 , and 177 a . were bought by the revd . john sneyd of basford hall , in cheddleton . ( fn . 66 ) rebuilt in the 19th century , the house with its farmland was owned by the belfield family in 1994 .\nover field and nether field recorded at broncott in 1341 may have been open fields . ( fn . 67 ) the common waste lay chiefly on morridge and covered 940 a . in 1839 when it was inclosed under an act of 1834 amended in 1836 . sir george crewe was awarded 48 a . as lord of the manor and 276 a . as impropriator of alstonefield rectory , and the inclosure commissioners sold him a further 332 a . ( fn . 68 ) sir george also acquired by exchange in 1839 the 207 a . which had been awarded in lieu of tithes to the vicar of alstonefield . ( fn . 69 )\nof the 2 , 034 . 9 ha . of farmland returned for the civil parish in 1988 , grassland covered 1 , 609 . 6 ha . and there were 402 . 6 ha . of rough grazing . the farming was dairy and sheep , with 2 , 065 head of cattle and 7 , 438 sheep and lambs . one farm specialized in fattening pigs , of which there were 2 , 032 in the civil parish . of the 55 farms returned , 47 were under 50 ha . in size , 5 were between 50 and 99 ha . , and 3 were between 100 and 199 ha . ( fn . 70 )\nwhat was called frith mill by 1404 ( fn . 71 ) almost certainly stood on the manifold in heathylee near longnor bridge : land called milne holme , with which the mill was held in the 16th century , lay in that area . ( fn . 72 ) in 1605 sir john harpur replaced it with a mill on a nearby site called longnor mill and powered by a cut from the manifold . ( fn . 73 ) shortly before 1770 longnor mill was rebuilt by a corn dealer and chapman , richard gould of brownhill , in warslow . gould became bankrupt in 1773 , and the mill may have fallen into disuse . ( fn . 74 ) it was working again by 1831 , when it was enlarged to include a bone mill . ( fn . 75 ) the mill was used for grinding corn until c . 1870 and for grinding bone until c . 1890 . by 1884 , and possibly by 1880 , the mill was also used as a saw mill , specializing in the manufacture of rakes . ( fn . 76 ) it remained a saw mill until it ceased working in the mid 1980s .\nin 1401 richard strongarme took a year ' s lease of two coal mines and a forge at back brook and thomas smyth a year ' s lease of a vein of coal at black brook . in 1404 a smith named john toples took a lease for life of 140 ft . of coal at black brook . he seems to have worked the mine only until 1407 . about 1415 a mine was let for 12 years to robert of hulme . ( fn . 77 ) a mine in the blue hills area was being worked c . 1680 . ( fn . 78 ) in 1764 sir henry harpur let a mine at blue hills for 21 years to james and tobias mallors , stipulating 1 / 10 of the coal as rent . ( fn . 79 ) what was called the bluehills colliery in 1796 was then owned by the earl of macclesfield . it still existed in 1869 , when it was offered for lease . ( fn . 80 ) four miners lived in the blue hills area in 1871 , but only one in 1881 . ( fn . 81 )\nthe house north of broncott farm which became the new inn was occupied in 1786 by joseph billing , a stone cutter who presumably worked the quarry still open there in the early 19th century . ( fn . 82 ) several small quarries were opened along the longnor road later in the 19th century , and there were 3 stonemasons and 3 stone breakers in the township in 1861 and 2 masons in 1881 . ( fn . 83 ) in the later 1820s there was a brickyard east of heath house . ( fn . 84 )\nin 1601 a button maker lived at stonieway , apparently near hardings booth . ( fn . 85 ) about 1680 a stream issuing from a mine at blue hills was used to dye button moulds , and poor people of that area were then said to be much employed in making buttons . ( fn . 86 ) it was common for women and girls in the township to work as button makers in the earlier 19th century , and some of them may have been involved in an attempt to establish a trade union in 1834 . ( fn . 87 ) only 6 women button makers were recorded in the township in 1841 , but there were 38 in 1851 and 42 in 1861 . only 5 were recorded in 1881 . ( fn . 88 )\nin the later 1760s adam billing of boarsgrove , south - west of oakenclough hall , traded as a hawker , selling goods from manchester , possibly small wares , in the summer and fish in the winter . isaac belfield , who lived at barrow moor on the longnor road in 1772 , also seems to have been a dealer in small wares . ( fn . 89 )\nheathylee was part of the forest tithing of alstonefield manor by the late 1390s and remained so in the earlier 1530s . ( fn . 90 ) by 1594 it shared a frankpledge with hollinsclough , the joint tithing sometimes being called high frith . ( fn . 91 ) that was still the arrangement in 1676 , but by 1697 heathylee had its own frankpledge , by then styled a headborough . ( fn . 92 ) there was a pinner for the joint tithing by 1596 . ( fn . 93 ) in the later 1820s there was a pinfold on the longnor road west of hardings booth . ( fn . 94 )\ntwo surveyors of the highways for heathylee were appointed at the manor court apparently for the first time in 1601 . from 1602 there was normally only one . ( fn . 95 )\nin the later 17th and earlier 18th century the poor of heathlyee , fawfieldhead , hollinsclough , and quarnford were maintained jointly . ( fn . 96 ) heathylee relieved its poor separately from 1733 . ( fn . 97 ) it became part of leek poor - law union in 1837 . ( fn . 98 )\nin 1559 ralph gylmen of merril grove in heathylee bequeathed a lamb for ' god ' s service ' at longnor , probably an indication that he attended longnor church ; people from heathylee certainly did so by the late 17th century . ( fn . 99 ) from 1744 those living in the western part of the township attended the church built that year at flash , in quarnford , and in 1902 that part of heathylee was assigned to quarnford parish . ( fn . 100 ) by 1900 and at least until the later 1950s mission services were held in the schoolroom on the buxton road . ( fn . 101 )\na methodist society met at ridge head , the home of isaac billing on the longnor road , in the late 18th and early 19th century . ( fn . 102 ) it numbered 46 in 1803 but only 8 in 1819 , members presumably having moved to other societies in the area . ( fn . 103 ) in 1829 wesleyan methodist services were held fortnightly on sundays at hole carr and at upper hulme and once a month at ridge head . a sunday service was also held twice a month at hazel barrow and at newstone farm , where a meeting room or chapel had been added to the farmhouse apparently in 1816 . by 1832 sunday services were held three times a month at newstone and once a month elsewhere in the township . ( fn . 104 ) a chapel opened at upper hulme in 1837 had an evening congregation of 30 , besides sunday school children , on census sunday 1851 . ( fn . 105 ) services were still held at the chapel in 1994 . the average attendance at newstone in 1851 was between 50 and 60 adults . services were last held there in 1930 . ( fn . 106 )\na primitive methodist chapel opened in 1853 at ' morridge end ' was replaced c . 1880 by one on the buxton road north of morridge top farm . that chapel was closed in 1972 and was used in 1994 as a farm outbuilding . ( fn . 107 )\nthere was no school in the township in 1819 . ( fn . 108 ) in the earlier 1830s there were two day schools , with between 30 and 40 children who paid fees . there was also a sunday school in which 120 children were taught free . ( fn . 109 ) a wesleyan methodist sunday school at upper hulme had an attendance of 28 on census sunday 1851 . ( fn . 110 ) there was evidently a dame school in 1841 , when a schoolmistress lived in the township . a mistress was again recorded in 1851 , 1861 , and 1881 . ( fn . 111 )\na school board for heathylee was formed compulsorily in 1880 , and in 1884 a school was built on the buxton road south of the royal cottage . the cost was met by sir john harpur crewe . it became ramshaw council school in 1903 . ( fn . 112 ) the decision in 1930 that what was then an all - age school with 40 children on its books should become a junior school took effect in 1940 , the senior children being transferred to leek . ( fn . 113 ) ramshaw school was closed in 1970 , and the building was later converted into a house . ( fn . 114 )\nby will of 1793 john robinson of fawside left half the interest on \u00a3196 9 s . 6 d . for the poor of heathylee and longnor . in 1972 the charity was administered jointly with others for longnor . ( fn . 115 )\n1 . v . c . h . staffs . i . 327 . this article was written in 1994 .\n2 . census , 1931 ; staffs . review order , 1934 , p . 63 and map 1 ( copy in s . r . o . ) .\n3 . geol . surv . map 1 / 50 , 000 , drift , sheet 111 ( 1978 edn . ) ; soil surv . of eng . and wales , sheet 3 ( 1983 ) .\n5 . v . c . h . staffs . i . 327 ; census , 1901 - 91 . the figures for the hurdlow area are taken from p . r . o . , ho 107 / 1005 ; ibid . rg 11 / 2740 .\n8 . s . r . o . 5322 / 5 , no . 12 ; below , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n9 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , 1st ct . 10 hen . vi ( as knachurche ) .\n10 . ibid . d . 2375m / 53 / 8 , deed of feast of annunciation 16 edw . iv ; s . h . c . n . s . xi . 258 .\n12 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , ct . of 2 and 3 hen . v .\n15 . w . s . l . 132 / 9a / 47 , deed of 31 july 1586 .\n17 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , ct . of 7 and 8 hen v .\n19 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 207 / 9 , specification for building oakenclough farmhouse , 1894 ; d . 2375m / 207 / 19 , tenders for building farmhouses , 1896 .\n25 . ibid . ct . of 1 and 2 hen . v ( as holehouse ) . hole carr in 1568 : ibid . d . 2375m / 55 / 1 , rental of 1568 .\n32 . plot , staffs . 98 ; below , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n36 . plot , staffs . 44 , 291 ; poetical works of robert southey ( 1838 ) , vi . 1 - 9 .\n39 . ibid . d . 2375m / 163 / 15 ; t . n . s . f . c . lxxiii . 121 ; below , leek : leek and lowe , general hist . ( 18th cent . ) . another story named charles i : reliquary , v . 134 .\n40 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / buxton rd . order bk . 1765 - 1800 , 2 july 1779 ; s . r . o . , q / so / 24 , f . 21 .\n42 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / buxton rd . order bk . 1765 - 1800 , 30 june 1775 ; below , quarnford , intro .\n43 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 120 / 17 / 10 ; s . r . o . 5322 / 5 , no . 312 ; c . and j . greenwood , map of county of stafford ( 1820 ) .\n44 . buxton rd . acct . bk . 1809 - 60 , acct . 4 aug . 1842 ( in possession of mr . r . stones of malpas , ches . , 1994 ) .\n45 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / leek , buxton , and monyash turnpike trust acct . bk . 1861 - 76 .\n46 . leek libr . , newspaper cuttings 1954 - 7 , p . 46 .\n47 . s . h . c . 4th ser . iii . 110 . the new route is not shown on a map of longnor made in the earlier 1770s , but it had been laid out by 1775 : d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 161 / 3 ; above , fig . 2 .\n48 . s . r . o . , d . 5131 / 3 / 8 / 13 ; greenwood , map of county of stafford .\n50 . v . c . h . staffs . ii . 278 - 9 ( based on w . s . l . , d . 1798 / 617 / 76 ; d . 1798 / 618 / 15 ) .\n53 . rep . chief registrar of friendly socs . 1876 , app . p , h . c . 429 - i , p . 410 ( 1877 ) , lxxvii ; staffs . advertiser , 18 june 1853 , p . 4 ; below , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n54 . ' diary of john plant of hazelwood , 1849 - 53 ' , entry for 1 oct . 1850 ( ts . in w . s . l . ) .\n55 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 110 / 32 , copy of inq . p . m . of nic . de audley , 1299 ( as bromekote ) .\n57 . l . j . r . o . , b / c / 11 , ric . fowall ( 1557 ) .\n60 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 189 / 14 , deed of 30 june 1679 .\n61 . l . j . r . o . , b / c / 11 , rob . brough ( 1713 ) , rob . brough ( 1753 ) .\n62 . w . s . l . , s . c . e / 3 / 26 , no . 150 ; st . paul ' s , quarnford ( 1994 ) , app . p . xv .\n63 . w . s . l . , m . 540 ; l . & p . hen . viii , xxi ( 1 ) , p . 762 .\n68 . s . r . o . , q / rdc 24 ; 4 & 5 wm . iv , c . 15 ( priv . act ) ; 6 & 7 wm . iv , c . 6 ( priv . act ) .\n69 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 282 / 5 ( 1 ) , exchange of glebe land .\n74 . ibid . d . 2375m / 54 / 16 , deed of 30 mar . 1772 ; d . 2375m / 54 / 18 , proposals re longnor mill , 1770 ; d . 2375m / 54 / 39 , docs . re ric . gould .\n75 . ibid . d . 2375m / 93 / 12 , notification of 12 sept . 1831 .\n76 . p . o . dir . staffs . ( 1868 ; s . v . longnor ) ; kelly ' s dir . staffs . ( 1880 and later edns . to 1900 ; s . v . longnor ) .\n77 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 1 / 1 , cts . of 6 and 14 hen . iv and ct . of 2 and 3 hen . v ; d . 2375m / 1 / 6 , ct . of thurs . before christmas 2 hen . iv .\n79 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 189 / 6 , deed of 1 dec . 1764 .\n80 . ibid . d . 2375m / 110 / 32 , geo . greaves to rob . greaves ; staffs . advertiser , 7 aug . 1869 , p . 8 .\n82 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 64 / 9 , deeds of 16 may 1786 ( as billings ) , 2 may 1846 ( as billing ) ; j . farey , gen . view of agric . and minerals of derb . ( 1811 ) , i . 417 .\n83 . p . r . o . , rg 9 / 1949 ; rg 11 / 2742 ; o . s . map 6\n, staffs . iv . ne . ( 1887 edn . ) .\n87 . below , quarnford , econ . hist . ( trade and ind . ) .\n88 . p . r . o . , ho 107 / 1003 ; ho 107 / 2008 ; ibid . rg 9 / 1949 ; rg 11 / 2742 .\n89 . s . r . o . , d . 3359 / condlyffe , brief in case billing v . morris , 1766 , and letter from john harmar to wm . condlyffe , 27 july 1772 .\n90 . above , alstonefield , par . intro . ( manorial govt . ) .\n97 . s . r . o . , q / so / 13 , ff . 104v . - 105 .\n99 . l . j . r . o . , b / c / 11 , ralph gylmen ( 1559 ) ; below , longnor , church .\n101 . lich . dioc . ch . cal . ( 1900 ) , 115 ; ( 1957 ) , 129 ; alstonfield deanery mag . lxiv ( 10 ) .\n102 . dyson , wesleyan methodism , 71 - 2 ; d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 70 / 5 , heathylee , p . 4 .\n104 . ibid . d . 3156 / 1 / 1 / 24 ; p . r . o . , ho 129 / 372 / 4 / 1 ; leek libr . , johnson scrapbk . i ( 2 ) , d / 13 / 15 .\n105 . p . r . o . , ho 129 / 372 / 4 / 1 ; date stone on building .\n107 . s . r . o . , d . 3457 / 7 / 2 ; st . paul ' s , quarnford ( 1994 ) , 35 .\n108 . d . r . o . , d . 2375m / 87 / 19 , acct . of schs . in alstonefield par . 1819 .\n111 . ibid . ho 107 / 1003 ; ho 107 / 2008 ; ibid . rg 9 / 1949 ; rg 11 / 2742 .\n112 . list of sch . boards , 1902 [ cd . 1038 ] , p . 637 ( 1902 ) , lxxix ; kelly ' s dir . staffs . ( 1884 ) ; s . r . o . , ceh / 165 / 1 .\n113 . staffs . c . c . record for 1930 , 867 ; s . r . o . , ceh / 165 / 1 , p . 129 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nalso deterrent . yes i know about the murder rate in usa . . . something to do with their gun culture , maybe ?\nlife ( meaning life ) in prison would stop a person reoffending and there is no evidence to suggest this or any other state sanctioned murder has acted as a deterrent . the fact that the chance of being caught and put on death row is so remote would agree with this .\nthe fact that the chance of being caught and put on death row is so remote would agree with this .\nso , following this logic , if the death penalty was made more likely , it would be a better deterrent .\nwe must stop yielding to threats from gangs of criminals . if they put someone in hospital we should put a gang member in the morgue .\nwhich is exactly the same mentality that the gangs operate under . the bloods & cripps are waiting for your call .\nbut the victims are always going to be dead . why is one murder worse than another ?\ntwo is more than one . one more is one more . got it ?\n[ quote = wiggy001 the fact that the chance of being caught and put on death row is so remote would agree with this ."]}
{"id": 1500, "summary": [{"text": "larks are passerine birds of the family alaudidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all species occur in the old world , and in northern and eastern australia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "only one , the horned lark , is also found in north america .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "habitats vary widely , but many species live in dry regions . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "lark", "paragraphs": ["treat erlanger ' s lark as a subspecies of blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al . 2016 )\nenglish : hoopoe lark , bifasciated lark ; french : sirli du d\u00e9sert ; german : w\u00fcstenl\u00e4uferlerche ; spanish : alondra ibis .\nthe heteromirafra larks : rudd\u2019s lark h . ruddi , sidamo ( liben ) lark \u00ad\u00ad h . sidamoensis ( includes archer\u2019s lark h . archeri , with which it is now lumped ) .\nthe lark in the morning sunshine symbolizes the human drive for happiness . to mystic theologians the lark\u2019s song symbolizes pure and happy prayer rising before god\u2019s throne .\nthekla lark comprises several possible species , e . g . east african populations (\n\u2018hey , maybe i ' m getting the hang of this interview lark . \u2019\nthough you go to bed with the nightingale , you rise with the lark .\nrather a lark i might have thought it but for the false military title .\n) . up to 90 percent of lark nests may be lost to predators .\nat clinically critical times , our lark coach will connect members with your clinical staff .\n\u2018designing the baddies and weapons for the next big game - what a lark . \u2019\n\u2018in rarefied locations in the city , foreigners ride the rickshaw for a lark . \u2019\n\u2018let ' s have it in live action - none of this animation lark . \u2019\n\u2018and the rest of the lads lark about and laugh at a misshapen nude . \u2019\nand now their voices seemed to them as clear as the notes of a lark .\nlark tattoos usually embody colourful elements to play up the cheerful associations of the bird .\na chance encounter in a local pet store changed lark huska ' s life forever .\naccept recommendation by redman et al . to use shorter name of blanford ' s lark for\nis a proposed split from blanford ' s lark ( stervander et al 2016 ) . includes\n\u2018out of sight a bird called , an early arrival , perhaps a horned lark . \u2019\n\u2018we strode towards the small plane , with the cameraman encouraging us to lark around . \u2019\nreceive our e - mail newsletter for the latest news from lark and chef john sundstrom .\nmoreover , what was so real for her was only too plainly a lark for him .\nenglish : black - crowned finch - lark , pallid finch - lark ; french : moinelette \u00e0 frout - blanc ; german : wei\u00dfstirnlerche ; spanish : aloudra gotti\u00f3n de corouna negra .\nlark sparrows expanded their range eastward with forest clearing , but are diminishing there with reforestation .\nthe male lark sparrow\u2019s courtship display includes tail fanning to reveal his white outer tail feathers .\nthe horned lark\u2019s nest is depression in the ground lined with grass and other fine materials .\nlark huska , 15 , and her mother alexandra macqueen . ( paul borkwood / cbc )\nthe lark is a very popular animal , appearing in literature , song , mythology , and even religion . though we write of the lark very often , the only true north american lark is the horned lark , which is named for its black stripes beneath its eyes . the meadowlark also inhabits north america , though technically , the meadowlark is more closely related to the starling . this doesn\u2019t stop us from relating the meadowlark to the true lark , however .\nno one who works on a morning newspaper ever takes advantage of the lark ' s example .\nand korea . in southern france and north africa east of libya , sympatric with thekla lark .\ndickcissel dickcissels do not have\nhorns\nor the black facial marking of the horned lark .\ndesigned with harvard and stanford health experts , our lark coaches are trained to deliver clinically validated curriculum .\nlark is a chronic care platform , not single - disease , and device - centric .\n\u2018otherwise , it ' s decent for a lark when rented for a one - night spin . \u2019\nthe magpie - lark is a common bird with many different names . it is also called a peewee , peewit , mudlark or little magpie . its name magpie - lark is also confusing because it is neither a magpie nor a lark . it is more closely related to monarchs , fantails and drongos .\nlark is super sweet and cuddly . good with dogs and other cats / kittens . ( * )\nlarks are symbolic of merriment as the lark sang hymns at the gates of heaven ; the lark was the bird that announced the coming of the day . because of the bird ' s boundless energy , it is said the lark is also the symbol of hope , happiness , and of good fortune ; creativity\n\u2018i was up with the lark , too excited at the prospect of seeing my team to sleep . \u2019\n\u2018\u2018we ' ve seduced people into giving us $ 300 million for a lark , \u2019 he says . \u2019\n\u2018it all seems so simple from this perspective . i could get used to this evil genius lark . \u2019\n\u2018i didn ' t lark about or anything but failed to treat my duties with the seriousness required . \u2019\nthe name magpie - lark is quite misleading , as the species has no link with either the magpies or the larks . however , the magpie - lark is sometimes confused with the australian magpie , gymnorhina tibicen . while both species are black and white , the magpie - lark is noticeably smaller than the australian magpie .\ning us feel welcome . made us feel part of the lark family . big thank you to you all\nthe lark has received a rating of 5 . 0 out of 5 in 34 traveler reviews on tripadvisor .\ndesert lark comprises at least 4 divergent mtdna lineages that require study and revision ( alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 )\nlark helps you identify individuals in your population who have each the chronic condition using eligibility files or claims data .\nused in names of birds of other families that are similar to the lark , e . g . meadowlark .\na new edition of the lark cookbook has been released ! now with a softcover and an additional chapter devoted to recipes for the home pantry , the cookbook is available for purchase at the lark store or your favorite bookseller .\nenglish : short - toed lark ; french : alouette calandrelle ; german : kurzzehenlerche ; spanish : terrera grande .\nenglish : shore lark ; french : alouette hausse - col ; german : ohrenlerche ; spanish : alauda cornuda .\nthe shape of a lark\u2019s bill is adapted to its diet and feeding technique . for example , hoopoe larks (\nbeason , r . 1995 . horned lark ( eremophila alpestris ) . a poole , f gill , eds .\nto cape clapper lark and range to\nsw namibia , w , sc , s . africa\nwith split of\n\u2018it ' s basically a working - class mindset , he said : \u2018this showbiz lark can ' t last . \u2019\u2019\nenglish : clotbey lark ; french : alouette de clotbey ; german : knackerlerche ; spanish : alondra de pico grueso .\nriley , steve .\ncrested lark using ' anvil ' .\nbritish birds 82 ( 1989 ) : 30\u201331 .\nusing chemicals and pesticides in your garden because if a magpie - lark eats a poisoned insect it could get sick .\nit was three years ago that a routine trip to the pet store would change lark huska ' s life forever .\nas a child , cosette becomes known in her neighborhood as\nthe lark ,\nbut not for the reasons you might think ( like freedom and beauty ) . in cosette ' s case ,\nthe lark\nrefers to the fact that , like a lark , she always gets up earlier in the morning than everyone else . as the book says :\n\u2018in the national championships that year , she participated for a lark and won the silver in the rifle prone event . \u2019\nenglish : long - billed lark ; french : alouette \u00e0 long bec ; german : langschnabellerche ; spanish : alondra picuda .\nfamily ( order passeriformes ) . larks occur throughout the continental old world ; only the horned , or shore , lark (\nlark designs are also symbolic of femininity . through the bird ' s distinct crescent on its chest , mankind has been linked with the lark with the phases of the moon - one of the ultimate natural symbols of womanhood . the lark ' s well - defined family structure and seeming devotion to its relatives had made it a totem of family and love as well .\nthere\u2019s no risk in offering it to everyone : we only charge when your members enroll in lark and achieve great health outcomes .\n\u2018i ' d had my lactate levels tested earlier in the year in connecticut , going along with friends for a lark . \u2019\nview image of a magpie - lark ( grallina cyanoleuca ) lifts its wings ( credit : david tipling / naturepl . com )\nthe lark that shuns on lofty boughs to build , her humble nest lies silent in the field . what does this mean ?\nis split from crested lark ( guillaumet et al . 2006 , 2008 ; alstr\u00f6m et al . 2013 ) . correct species name is\nunlimited , 24 / 7 , real - time help . a dedicated lark coach will respond within 2 seconds when members need support most\n\u2018while i was out in the desert i watched a crested lark hovering about 100 feet off the ground singing its heart out . \u2019\nryan , peter g . , ian hood , paulette bloomer , joris komen , and timothy m . crowe .\nbarlow ' s lark : a new species in the karoo lark certhilauda albescens complex of southwest africa .\nibis 140 ( 1998 ) : 605\u2013619 .\nis that a lark i hear ? a nightingale ? surprise ! it ' s a bat : krulwich wonders . . . : npr\n\u2018the new parents i know got about four hours ' sleep a night for a while and they are still up with the lark . \u2019\n\u2018at the now locked gates he meets twins isabelle and theo , who promptly invite him home to meet their parents for a lark . \u2019\nchipping sparrow the chipping sparrow has a rusty crown but different face pattern , also lacks the white outer tail feathers of the lark sparrow .\ncornell laboratory of ornithology , 2001 .\nhorned lark\n( on - line ) . accessed 01 / 08 / 04 at urltoken .\nplace some clean , fresh water in the garden for the magpie - lark to drink and use for making mud to build its nest .\ndespite the fact that only one member of the lark family is native to north america , larks have a prominent place in tribal culture .\nthe lark is a symbol of the humility of the priesthood , because this bird flies high and sings only when in flight towards heaven .\n\u2018many , in times past , closely observed the movements of the bog lark , a bird you don ' t see that much nowadays . \u2019\nwhat made you want to look up lark ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nslab sandwiches is located just around the corner from lark , at 1201 10th ave . slab is open 10 - 3 , monday - friday .\nvariety of habitats , mainly open areas with sparse vegetation , also cultivated land and other man - made semideserts such as railways , airfields , and wastelands . where it co - occurs with the thekla lark , the crested lark occupies the plains , the thekla inhabits rocky and bushy slopes .\nthe horned lark\u2019s typical call , most often heard in fall and winter , is a high , piercing one - or two - note chip .\nthe situation is critical for the raso lark ( alauda razae ) and rudd ' s lark . the former species is endemic to the uninhabited islet of raso ( cape verde islands ) , and its population is very small ( 92 birds counted in 1998 ) . accidentally introduced predators are therefore a serious threat to eggs and nestlings . a rapid population decline of rudd ' s lark could be prevented by protecting its breeding range in south africa .\n\u2018when the children were small i ' d be up with the lark ; a cooked breakfast was on the table by 7 . 30 am . \u2019\n\u2018pet owners who get up with the lark to walk their dogs in a country park are fuming after penalty notices were slapped on their cars . \u2019\n\u2018he soon became a cornucopia of trivia , and one day decided to have a shot at creating his own puzzle , just for a lark . \u2019\nclose your curtains or put something in front of your windows to prevent the magpie - lark from seeing its own reflection and trying to attack it .\n\u2018their story plays like some merry old folk tale , about a few lads off on a summertime lark that turned into a life - transforming adventure . \u2019\n\u2018the consensus was that there had to be something in this astrology lark , and what did i know , i ' m only an astronomy graduate . \u2019\n\u2018just as she was getting the hang of this monarchy lark , along comes another embarrassing chain of events to sink its teeth into the royal posterior . \u2019\nnova scotia museum of natural history website , 1998 .\nhorned lark\n( on - line ) . accessed 01 / 08 / 04 at urltoken .\nmany larks satisfy their thirst and maintain body weight by drinking dew when water is not available . various species , including the black , desert , gray ' s , and stark ' s lark , as well as the black - crowned and black - eared sparrow - lark , drink brackish or even salty water .\nmy boyfriend , dog , and i had a wonderful time staying in the lark . we loved the quiet neighborhood , its proximity to so many great sights , and the relaxing nature of the apartment itself . watching the sun set over the bay from the deck every night was our favorite part . the lark \u2026\n\u2018apparently some of the stages will be near by ( in portmore ) , who knows , maybe i ' ll go and watch them for a lark . \u2019\nthe lark sparrow\u2019s nest is a cup of grasses and twigs and is lined with finer materials . it is placed on the ground or in a low shrub .\nregardless of where life ' s journey takes you , the presence of the lark is a sign that only the best will be bestowed on you and yours .\nof the horned lark ( eremophila alpestris ) and temminck ' s lark ( e . bilopha ) possess a contrasting colored pattern of breast and head , and they have tiny elongated feathers above their eyes that form conspicuous horns . however , the breeding plumage of the male black lark ( melanocorypha yeltoniensis ) is entirely black . the males of the seven known sparrow - larks ( eremopterix ) have black underparts and a species - specific black - and - white pattern on their head . only the male black - eared sparrow - lark ( e . australis ) is totally black - headed ; females of all these species are colored as larks in general .\nwith imitations of other bird songs and calls . because of this behavior , the mongolian lark ( melanocorypha mongolica ) is called\nhundred melodies\nin china and is a favored cage bird in east asia . the latakoo or melodious lark ( mirafra cheniana ) is known to imitate 57 different bird species\u2014even ducks , guineafowl , and bee - eaters\u2014and single males can be distinguished by the set of birds they imitate . some species , such as the crested lark , may even imitate human whistling .\ndrive your strategic objectives forward by successfully transitioning towards value - based care . use lark to provide scalable , 24 / 7 health monitoring for all chronic condition patients .\nonly pay for members who use lark . our pempm costs save clients 80 % and allow our partners to offer a new level of service to every valued member .\n\u2018but from now on i ' m up with the lark and out muck - spreading or doing whatever ' s needed to keep the farm ticking over properly . \u2019\n\u2018this beauty lark is bloody hard work and i am profoundly grateful that most of the time i throw on slightly soiled clothes and schlep into the printroom makeupless . \u2019\nto call their mate or establish territory from \u2013 tree . post , wire , etc . other birds the live in grasslands like the horned lark or bobolink have a\nthe magpie - lark is distinctively marked in black and white . the thin whitish bill and pale iris separate it from other similarly coloured species . the adult male magpie - lark has a white eyebrow and black face , while the female has an all - white face with no white eyebrow . young birds have a black forehead , a white eyebrow and a white throat . the magpie - lark is often referred to as a peewee or pee wee , after the sound of its distinctive calls .\ndo you have more specific information about the location of lark\u2019s pet sitting ? why didn ' t you say so ? you can improve yelp by sharing it here .\nthe gauls regarded the lark as a sacred bird and throughout the long history of french folklore it has remained a bird of good omen , sometimes even used in charms . ' whoever carries about his or her person real lark\u2019s legs or models of them cannot be harrassed ; this charm will overcome the forces of man and nature alike\u2019 .\nlosing weight is easier when you have a trusted pal to provide encouragement and valuable pointers . lark is a fantastic virtual companion that chats with you like a friend , offering a clear look at your activity levels , meal choices , and even sleep patterns . there\u2019s no calorie - counting here\u2014just use plain language to tell lark what you ate and how much you exercised , and it\u2019ll let you know if you\u2019re on the right track to weight - loss success . smart , supportive , and nonjudgmental\u2014we need more friends like lark .\n\u2018hordes of participants are expected to turn up for this fun event , from business teams to school teams , and sporting enthusiasts to those just taking part for a lark . \u2019\n\u2018i sometimes think i ' m not cut out for this whole technology lark , and today my faith in that belief has swung wildly from one extreme to the other . \u2019\nlarks are characteristic birds of the open landscapes like grasslands , steppes , stony plains , and heaths . most larks prefer areas with sparse vegetation . some species , including the wood lark and flapped lark ( mirafra rufocinnamomea ) , depend on a mixture of vegetation types within the same habitat , such as grasses for nest - building and scattered bushes and small\nwant to feature your creature ? upload a photo of your pet at the lark ! you can also share by using the hashtag # bringfido on facebook , twitter or instagram .\nryan , peter g . , and paulette bloomer .\nthe long - billed lark complex : a species mosaic in southwestern africa .\nauk 116 ( 1999 ) : 194\u2013208 .\na lark tattoo is a great way to show off your sweet , cheerful disposition and lets the world know that , despite the difficulties , you see the sunnier side of life .\nphotographer alkan emin shoots photos of 15 - year - old toronto model lark huska , who he discovered in a local pet store three years ago . ( paul borkwood / cbc )\n\u2018the researchers believe that an increase in agricultural land , forest plantations and roads has fragmented the arid steppe habitat , preventing the dupont ' s lark from sharing songs over greater distances . \u2019\nlarks appear in mythology as a symbol of cheerfulness . the appearance of a lark also represents daybreak in many stories . for example , there is a passage in shakespeare ' s romeo and juliet in which juliet tries to convince romeo that the lark singing outside is a nightingale because she doesn ' t want him to leave . larks are also often shown as messengers . in\nmany current solutions for chronic conditions are tied up to proprietary devices or other expensive networks , with individual devices for different conditions . instead , use lark and turn up the engagement and savings .\n\u2018the trouble with this sobriety lark , which i embarked upon at the start of the year , is that i find my critical facilities have been restored after some 30 years ' suspension . \u2019\neremophila alpestris occasionally acts as a host for parasitic cowbirds . eremophila alpestris young suffer from cowbird parasitism because the parents neglect them to take care of the cowbird young . cowbirds lay eggs in the nests of eremophila alpestris , and when they hatch , the horned lark parents care for them , which takes away from the care of their own eggs . as a result , the cowbird chicks thrive and the eremophila alpestris chicks suffer . cowbird chicks are much larger than horned lark chicks which enables them to devour all the food the parents bring before the lark chicks get the chance .\nduets can be so precisely coordinated that partners sound like a single bird ,\nsays behavioural ecologist pawe\u0142 r\u0119k of the australian national university in canberra , who studies magpie - lark displays .\nthe magpie - lark is mostly ground - dwelling , and is usually seen slowly searching on the ground for a variety of insects and their larvae , as well as earthworms and freshwater invertebrates .\n7 . 1\u20137 . 5 in ( 18\u201319 cm ) ; male 0 . 9\u20131 . 9 oz ( 27\u201355 g ) ; female 0 . 6\u20131 . 7 oz ( 17\u201347 g ) . extensively streaked brown plumage , crown feathers can be raised to a short crest ; bill stronger than bill of wood lark ; sexes alike . most common lark species within its western palearctic part of distribution .\nshe was known locally as l ' alouette , the lark . the village people , with instinctive symbolism , had thought it a suitable name for the apprehensive , trembling little creature , scarcely more than a bird , who was always first up in that house and out of doors before dawn . but this was a lark that never sang . ( 1 . 4 . 3 . 15 )\n17\u201318 cm ; c . 32\u201347 g . medium sized , densely streaked , relatively long - legged lark with long neck , long slender bill with distal half decurved , rather short wings . . .\nin mainly insectivorous larks , the male is larger and has a longer bill than the female . this is most conspicuous in the greater hoopoe , the long - billed lark , and their relatives , which use their slender and decurved bills for digging in the ground in search of insect larvae . sexual dimorphism in bill and body size also occurs in the bar - tailed lark ( ammomanes cincturus ) and gray ' s lark ( a . grayi ) , which feed mainly on seeds . such differences in size enable both sexes of the same species to exploit different food resources within the same habitat .\n\u2018i appear to be fairly gainfully self employed in the website design lark , at least for a bit , and while that ' s great it doesn ' t exactly make for good weblog fodder . \u2019\nkeep leaf litter and mulch around your garden as magpie - larks will collect some of it to build their nests , and it will also attract insects and lizards for the magpie - lark to eat .\nimmerse yourself in the diverse nature of the outer banks at the lark , a stylish , affordable vacation condo at milepost 7 . 5 . during your vacation you ' ll live like the locals do , surrounded by serene live oaks , white egrets , spanish moss and breathtaking sunsets on the sound . the lark feels secluded while only one mile from the beach near all the outer banks ' favorite attractions .\nlark sparrows breed across much of the western two - thirds of the u . s . they winter across parts of the southwestern u . s . and mexico . the population has declined in recent decades .\ntheir mate . when a magpie - lark finds a mate , they usually pair for life , defend their territory together and stay in the same area together throughout the year if there is enough food around .\nmythology , larks are the messengers of itokaga , god of the south wind . the meadowlark is a symbol of beauty , fertility , marriage , and fidelity . some artists used the lark to symbolize jesus . these birds also have a crescent moon shape on it ' s breast . quite lucky for neo - pagans . it ' s lunar symbol makes the lark a symbol of inner discoveries and the concept of self .\n\u2018call me dim but i would have thought that there wasn ' t too much to learning how to master this silence lark ; it ' s not like studying wittgenstein , even for people who wear trainers . \u2019\nthe name lark is also given , chiefly because of habitat , to several birds belonging to other families . see meadowlark ; songlark . for fieldlark , or titlark , see pipit . for mudlark , see grallinidae .\n) exhibit deep genetic divergences among themselves and from mediterranean populations ( guillaumet et al . 2008 ) . correct english name to thekla ' s lark which refers to the daughter of the german ornithologist brehm ( hbw alive )\n\u2018and then , when i got there , still without seeing the meadow lark , there was a verdant patch of wild valerian basking in the sun and another corner with another patch of sunlight a little further on . \u2019\n\u2018never fear , we ' ll all be living until 112 shortly , and it ' s very likely that half those grey heads we observe are really teenagers who borrowed their grannie ' s wig for a lark . \u2019\n\u2018anyone passing through who wants to leave some remarks in the comments , please feel free . only if it ' s to tell me what a cack - handed job i ' m making of this liveblogging lark . \u2019\nratcliffe , norman , luis r . monteiro , and cornelis j . hazevoet .\nstatus of raso lark alauda razae with notes on threats and foraging behaviour .\nbird conservation international 9 ( 1999 ) : 43\u201346 .\n, they are seen as messengers of the god of the south wind god , itokaga , who brings life , light , and warmth to the world . in christianity , the lark has come to represent jesus christ .\nit looks like we don ' t have a specific address for lark\u2019s pet sitting , which makes giving directions tricky . this business might not have an official storefront , or it might move to multiple locations throughout the day .\nsmaller than males . bill very long , slender , and slightly decurved . plumage sand - colored above , underside white , throat and breast with dark spots , similar in both sexes . wings long and broad with conspicuous black - and - white pattern , comparable to that of african subspecies of hoopoe ( upupa epops ) . this lark was first described as a hoopoe , and its original scientific name means\nhoopoe with legs of a lark .\nin all larks , both sexes feed the chicks and eat or remove their feces . after eight to 13 days , before they are able to fly , lark chicks leave the nest , still supplied with food by their parents . if the female starts a second brood , the male cares for the young alone . steyn observed cooperative breeding in the spike - heeled lark ( chersomanes albofasciata ) ; three adults fed two chicks in one nest in the karoo .\n7 . 1\u20137 . 9 in ( 18\u201320 cm ) ; male 1 . 4\u20131 . 8 oz ( 39\u201351 g ) ; female 1 . 1\u20131 . 6 oz ( 30\u201347 g ) ; one of the largest lark species , females\nwhen magpie - lark couples duet , one of them produces a short\npee - wee\n- type call , which is then swiftly followed by a\nwit\nreply . this performance can go on for several seconds .\nto build its nest , the magpie - lark gathers plant fibres and uses mud like mortar to plaster everything together . it then lines the nest with soft grass , tufts of fur , feathers or any other cosy material it can get its beak on . nests are commonly on firm horizontal branches . it lays 3 - 5 eggs . depending on conditions , breeding is usually from august to february , and the magpie - lark lays 3 - 5 eggs .\nlarks have a crescent shape across their breasts . the crescent shape often signifies lunar qualities , and the moon is often linked with the concept of self . therefore the lark reflects the inward journey that\u2019s often associated with self - discovery . this goes hand in hand with their singing , something that , for humans , is often considered a private activity and a deep reflection of inner self . lark encourages us to explore our inner selves and sing out loud .\n\u2018anyone who engages in this utterly ridiculous weblog lark will have experienced those moments where you suddenly get an urge to put your latest words and thoughts online , despite the fact that you ' ve had a few too many drinks . \u2019\nthe lark was a great place to stay for our first vacation to the obx . great value for the space and location . it ' s a 2nd floor apartment in a quiet , family - friendly neighborhood . would definitely recommend !\nlark flight , feeding , threat and display calls are quite simple , however , their territorial song is very elaborate . in addition to communicating through song , larks will raise the crest of feathers in their head during agonistic and courtship displays .\nthis name seems more like a boy name to me too , maybe because of the other meaning of the word\nlark\n, or because it seems surname - y . or because it ' s a bit like mark . . .\nthe avifauna of the succulent karoo includes about 226 species , one of which , barlow\u2019s lark ( certhilauda barlowi ) , is endemic . other species in the region include the black harrier ( circus maurus , vulnerable status ) , which has the most restricted range of the world\u2019s 13 harrier species , karoo bustard ( eupodotis vigorsii ) , ludwig\u2019s bustard ( neotis ludwigii ) , karoo chat ( cercomela schlegelii ) , dune lark ( c . erythrochlamys ) , and dusky sunbird ( nectarinia fusca ) .\nlark has been watching our cat for over a year and she has been amazing . we travel quite frequently and we have always had an easy time coordinating with her . her rates are very fair and she spends a good amount of time at the house each day . lark is always happy to send my wife the photos she needs when she is away from the cat ! it is so great to be able to leave our cat and our home in such kind and capable hands .\nlarks primarily live in the old world . fifty - seven percent of lark species are found in africa , 19 percent in africa and eurasia , 16 percent in asia , 6 percent in eurasia and 1 percent in the new world . horned larks (\nbeason , robert c . 1995 . horned lark ( eremophila alpestris ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\n\u2018the dvd comes in a huge box that ' s about twice the size of any dvd set you could name ( overcompensating perhaps ? ) and it ' s got quite a few extras that might even entice prudes to buy it for a lark . \u2019\nthe lark is pet friendly ! they accept up to three pets of any size for a fee of $ 65 per stay . they provide a large dog bed , and bowls . there are pet clean up bags outside the building , and walking trails close by .\nlarks inhabit extreme regions such as deserts , semideserts , and arctic tundras , and areas varying in altitude from about sea level to high mountains . the horned lark , for example , breeds at 14 , 750 ft ( 4 , 500 m ) in the rocky mountains , and the skylark and tibetan lark ( melanocorypha maxima ) breed at 14 , 450 ft ( 4 , 400 m ) and 15 , 100 ft ( 4 , 600 m ) in the himalayas , respectively . generally , such extreme habitats are left after the breeding season .\nthe magpie - lark ' s mud nest seems to link it closely with the mud - nest builders of the family corcoracidae , the white - winged chough , and the apostlebird . but it actually belongs in the family dicruridae ( monarchs , fantails , and drongos ) .\nlisten out for the magpie - lark calling ' peewee , peewee ' or ' doodit doodit ' . peewee mates sing complicated duets - one sings ' peewee ' and its partner responds ' wit ! ' - and they both raise their wings above their heads as they call .\nis that a lark i hear ? a nightingale ? surprise ! it ' s a bat : krulwich wonders . . . there are animals famous for their songs . whales sing . birds sing . we humans have aretha , elvis , ray charles , pavarotti . but bats \u2014 who knew ?\noften used the image of the lark to symbolize a dawning of new opportunities in their literary pieces . ever since the earliest days of old world europe , these birds were seen as messengers that bring hope and prosperity , and this idea has crossed over into many aspects of the new world .\nthey are one of the few birds that can simultaneously sing and fly , as such , they are amongst the most beloved of the avian species . a lark is a sign of fortune and family , as such , many artists will incorporate elements that draw heavy reference to both these teams .\n5 . 1\u20135 . 5 in ( 13\u201314 cm ) ; male 0 . 7\u20131 . 0 oz ( 21\u201328 g ) ; female 0 . 6\u20130 . 9 oz ( 17\u201326 g ) . small lark with dull , cryptic plumage , no streaks on chest . bill short and finchlike . sexes alike .\nmagpie - lark males and females are similar from a distance but easy to tell apart closer up . female have a white throat and males have black throats and black eye - stripes . juveniles of both sex have the white throat of the female and the black eye - stripe of the male .\nits habit of rising swiftly heavenwards and as rapidly falling to earth might make the lark a symbol of the evolution and involution of manifestation . passing successively from earth to heaven and from heaven to earth , it links together the two poles of existence and acts as an intermediary . thus the lark stands for the marriage of heaven and earth since it flies high up into the sky and nests at ground level among scraps of dried grass . its flight into the bright dawn light suggests youthful enthusiasm , ardour and happiness in being alive . by contrast with the nightingale , its song is a song of joy .\nthe lark is in an excellent location for people who want to enjoy the beach and everything else the obx has to offer . great walking path to the wright brothers memorial too . i recommend it for people who just need a place to chill in the evenings after long beach days : ) thanks l\u2026\ndiet : the horned lark eats primarily seeds of grasses and forbs as well as insects , although it is also known to consume spiders and snails . these larks forage by gleaning food as they walk along the ground in their shuffling gate . in winter , these birds feed in freshly manured fields in agricultural areas .\nthe lark sparrow\u2019s most distinctive feature is its face pattern , with a reddish crown and cheek patch , gray supercilium , black line in front of and behind the eye , and a black malar stripe . it has grayish - white underparts with a black central breast spot . in flight , white outer tail feathers are visible .\nwe loved the lark ! it ' s in a nice , quiet , convienient neighborhood . beach access , mini golf , parks , restaurants and shops are all just a short drive away . we loved the screened in back balcony . the beds were comfy and everything was clean . the sound machines in the bedrooms were \u2026\nlark has never been a popular name in the united states . the only real - life namesake is actress lark voorhies , who is most well known for her work in the television show saved by the bell . however , i ' ve seen it used as a middle name . middle names are not recorded in social security baby name lists , so i have no way of knowing how often it ' s used . but i can see it appealing to the many people who like rose as a middle name . since it has yet to really be claimed by either gender , i still think you could get away with using it on a boy .\nchef john sundstrom\u2019s menu features locally - produced and organic cheese , charcuterie , vegetables , grains , fish , and meats , all prepared in season . we work with local artisans , farmers , and foragers to serve the best of each season . watch the season of mist video to see what to expect at lark right now .\nunlike any other program , we\u2019re able to offer every member unlimited 1 - on - 1 support from their personal lark coach , thanks to cutting edge a . i . and health monitoring technology . we deliver evidence - based care in an award - winning experience that evolves with data & interactions , making it infinitely more intelligent & effective .\nworking late into the night , eve had gotten bored and ( she had to admit ) a little stir crazy . she pulled up the bank\u2019s source code . on a lark , she entered the reset command . then she executed it , just to see what would happen , because boredom is the bad - influence - friend of stupidity .\nguillaumet , alban ; pons , jean - marc ; godelle , bernard ; crochet , pierre - andre ( 2006 ) .\nhistory of the crested lark in the mediterranean region as revealed by mtdna sequences and morphology\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 3 ) : 645\u201356 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 01 . 002 .\nthe horned lark has sandy brown upperparts , a white belly , a yellow throat and black bib , and a black patch below each eye . it also has two small black tufts , or \u201chorns\u201d that are not always visible . different subspecies vary somewhat in the coloration of the throat and upperparts . in flight , horned larks show mostly black tails with narrow white edgings .\nat the same time in the northern hemisphere , the bering land bridge , the continental shelf between siberia and alaska , was exposed . the horned lark spread from asia into north america along this land bridge . its recent breeding range in north america reaches from northern alaska to the gulf of mexico , and a separated population established itself on the andean slopes of bogot\u00e1 , colombia .\nmost larks swallow whole seeds , which are crushed in their stomach using grit . indigestible remains are ejected as small pellets . larks in the genera calandrella , eremopterix , and melanocorypha de - husk seeds in a finchlike manner , fixing the grain between the tongue and palatine and breaking it up . crested larks , wood larks , and skylarks remove husks from seeds by beating them against the ground . they use the same technique for removing the legs and wings of large insects . like the song thrush ( turdus philomelos ) , greater hoopoe larks crack the shells of snails using stones like an anvil . the same behavior was observed once in the crested lark in morocco , but never in central europe . the greater hoopoe lark also frequently drops snails onto stones until their shells break .\nmonogamous . only lark species building nests frequently on top of low shrubs , up to 24 in ( 60 cm ) above ground . also building cup - shaped nests on ground . two to four eggs incubated by female for about 14 days . both parents feed young , which leave nest after 12\u201313 days , before being able to fly . young remain for at least one month with parents .\nthe female horned lark selects a nest site on bare ground , apparently with no help from her mate . she either chooses a natural depression in which to build the nest or excavates the site herself , a process that can take a couple of days . to dig a cavity , she uses her bill to loosen soil and flip it aside , sometimes also kicking dirt out with her feet .\nwhen i turned the models on , a female magpie - lark came along together with a group of other birds , mainly noisy miners and australian magpies , and they all together attacked my birds ,\nsays r\u0119k .\na fight ensued and my models tumbled down , two wings came off and were stolen by magpies . i didn ' t know whether to laugh or to cry .\n6 . 7 in ( 17 cm ) ; male 1 . 3\u20131 . 8 oz ( 37\u201352 g ) ; female 1 . 3\u20131 . 7 oz ( 37\u201348 g ) ; not as large as skylark , more robust , with stronger bill and longer crest . uniformly dull - colored plumage , upper - parts and breast heavily streaked , sexes alike . very similar to thekla lark , its sibling species .\nthe colonization of australia by the australasian bushlark ( mirafra javanica ) and of north america by the horned lark happened in the pleistocene at the latest . during pleistocene glacial periods , sea level was much lower than today . sumatra , kalimantan , and java ( sunda shelf ) were therefore part of asiatic mainland , and new guinea was connected to north australia via the torres land bridge , forming the dispersal route of the australasian bushlark .\nsong is performed during aerial song - displays while males circle about their territories . some species rise almost vertically from ground or perch and ascend up to 330 ft ( 100 m ) or more before gliding or dropping with closed wings back to the ground . continual hovering and singing is characteristic for the skylark . several lark species frequently utter their songs from the ground and elevated perches such as stones , tops of bushes , or trees .\nde juana , e . & su\u00e1rez , f . ( 2018 ) . dupont ' s lark ( chersophilus duponti ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nlarks are of african origin , and that their first radiation took place on this continent . madagascar was colonized once by the african ancestor of the madagascar lark ( mirafra hova ) . today , several mirafra larks occur in asia . however , it is not possible to say how many species colonized asia independently , since it is unknown whether the group of asiatic mirafra species is monophyletic , i . e . , evolved from one common ancestor .\nthe crested lark reached central europe from southwestern and eastern europe later than the skylark and was widespread in the sixteenth century , but receded during the little ice age in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . however , it spread into central europe again from the middle of the nineteenth century onward , helped by global warming and man - made habitats such as roads and railway stations . crested larks even reached scandinavia in 1900 , but became extinct in the 1990s , possibly because of climatic change .\nall lark nestlings have a characteristic brightly colored gape , with one black spot inside the tip of the upper and lower mandible . there are two black spots on the base of the tongue in ammomanes , some certhilauda , and mirafra ; and an additional third spot on the tip of the tongue in alauda , calandrella , some certhilauda , eremophila , galerida , and lullula . after hatching , larks are covered with scanty down on their foreheads , napes , backs , shoulders , wings , and thighs .\n5 . 9 in ( 15 cm ) ; male 0 . 7\u20131 . 2 oz ( 21\u201335 g ) ; female 1 . 1\u20131 . 2 oz ( 30\u201335 g ) ; smaller and more slender than skylark and crested lark . plumage buff brown , upperparts and chest streaked , distinguished from other larks by broad , white supercilium which continues to nape . black - and - white pattern of alula ( first digit of wing ) feathers very conspicuous . crown feathers can be raised to a small crest .\nto attract a female and mark his reproductive territory , the male horned lark will engage in a\nsong flight\n( cornell laboratory of ornithology , 2001 ) . he flies quickly up to eight hundred feet above the ground , and circles for several minutes . while circling , he sings . after hovering , he dives straight toward the ground with his wings closed . just before reaching the ground , he opens his wings , catches air and lands softly in his territory . these birds are monogamous .\nthe horned lark\u2019s nest is a basket woven of fine grass or other plant materials and lined with finer material . two to four days after preparing the site , she begins weaving her nest from grass , small roots , shredded cornstalks , and other plant material , then lines it with down , fur , feathers , fine rootlets , even lint and string . the nest cavity diameter is about 3\u20134 inches ; the inside nest diameter is about 2 . 5 inches and its depth about 1 . 5 inches .\nearly european settlers named the magpie - lark after two groups of northern hemisphere birds that they were familiar with ; the magpies and the larks . however , they aren ' t actually like either of them . they are most closely related to a group of birds from the east coast of australia called the monarchs . magpie - larks are mostly seen foraging in pairs , however , outside of the breeding season , flocks of as many as a hundred or more birds may form in search of food sources .\nlark has been providing pet sitting and dog walking services for us for many years ( i have two dogs and two cats ) . when i go out of town and she is staying in our home i know everything will be taken care of and when i return the house is the same as i left it and the animals are very happy . it is wonderful to leave with no guilt because i know lark loves them as much as i do . when she walks my dogs they come home tired and happy . i trust that she loves my four legged kids as much as i do and she shows it in the time and attention she gives them . and a final testiment to the love she has for my animals is that she was with me when we had to put our lab down two years ago . she loved him as much as i did and he needed her there at the end . you can ' t ask for better love and support of your four legged kids than that !\n6 . 7 in ( 17 cm ) ; male 1 . 8\u20131 . 9 oz ( 52\u201355 g ) ; female 1 . 6 oz ( 45 g ) . strong lark with large head . short but massive bill most conspicuous . blunt , toothlike projection on middle of lower mandible fits into notch on upper mandible . upperparts uniformly pink / gray - brown , chest to vent with large black spots , sides of head blackish , throat and eye - ring white ; plumage of females of less contrasting color and not so heavily streaked .\nas far as one knows , courtship behavior is displayed on the ground . the male hops and steps around the female in upright posture spreading and cocking its tail - feathers . the undertail - coverts are presented to the female ( they are entirely black in the black and the black - crowned sparrow - lark ) . the wings are drooped and also spread to some degree quivering slightly . the crown feathers are raised even in species without elongated crest feathers . during display , the male utters song fragments . occasionally , the male presents food items to its mate immediately before copulation ( courtshipfeeding ) .\n4 . 5\u20134 . 9 in ( 11 . 5\u201312 . 5 cm ) ; male 0 . 5\u20130 . 6 oz ( 14\u201316 g ) ; female 0 . 4 oz ( 12 g ) ; one of the smallest lark species . sparrow - larks , like finches or sparrows , have a proportionally large head and a strong conical bill . sexes are dimorphic with respect to plumage color . female mainly pale brown and streaked , male with white forehead , cheeks , sides of neck , and collar of nape . crown , stripe through eye to base of bill , and lower border of cheek black . underparts entirely black , upperparts grayish brown ."]}
{"id": 1501, "summary": [{"text": "fraus pteromela is a moth of the hepialidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of the southern half of australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 25 mm for males and 35 mm for females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "fraus pteromela", "paragraphs": ["fraus pteromela is a moth of the hepialidae family . it is found in most of the southern half of australia .\nhectomanes pteromela lower , 1892 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 15 : 5 ; tl : s . australia\nfraus pteromela ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus sp . photo courtesy of david fischer fraus simulans . victoria . march 31 , 2017 photo courtesy of nick temby\u00a9\nfraus quadrangula nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 130\nfraus serrata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 137\nfraus minima nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 123 ; tl : australia\nfraus megacornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 125 ; tl : australia\nfraus basicornis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 127 ; tl : australia\nfraus tedi nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 129 ; tl : australia\nfraus marginispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 132 ; tl : australia\nfraus latistria nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 138 ; tl : tasmania\nfraus linogyna nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 139 ; tl : australia\nfraus distispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 141 ; tl : australia\nfraus mediaspina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 142 ; tl : australia\nfraus biloba nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 143 ; tl : australia\nfraus basidispina nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 145 ; tl : australia\nfraus furcata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 148 ; tl : australia\nfraus pilosa nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 150 ; tl : australia\nfraus griseomaculata nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 161 ; tl : australia\nfraus orientalis nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 1 : 133 ; tl : new south wales\nfraus bilineata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus serrata ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus minima ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus megacornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus basicornis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus tedi ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus quadrangula ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus marginispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus orientalis ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus latistria ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus linogyna ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus distispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus mediaspina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus biloba ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus basidispina ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus nanus ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus furcata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus pilosa ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus fusca ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus crocea ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus simulans ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus polyspila ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus griseomaculata ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nfraus pelagia ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nadults fly mostly in the autumn and a few species occur in large numbers . larvae of fraus simulans construct vertical silk - lined tunnels in the soil and feed on surface grasses from within silk lined webbing ( grehan , 1989 )\nthe source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nis monophyletic with respect to ( 1 ) elongate elliptical scales with a short , finely serrated apical margin and ( 2 ) patch of hair - scales at the base of the female hindwing ( nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ) .\nnielsen , , e . s . and kristensen , n . p . 1989 .\ns . e . big desert at 15 . 5 km . w . s . w . of rainbow , victoria , australia , 22 april 2008\nparatype . australia : coolgardie , june 5 , 1965 . image courtesy of thomas j . witt\u00a9\ndet . e . s . nielsen , 1983 . new zealand arthropod collection . image : jane hyland ( cmnh )\n= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\n= ; [ aucl ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list )\nepiolus nanus herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1853 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 3 ) : pl . 10 , f . 46\nhectomanes crocea lucas , 1891 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) : 283 ; tl : australia\n= ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 835 ( list ) ; [ aucl ]\nhectomanes polyspila meyrick , 1890 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 ( 4 ) : 1127 ; tl : victoria\nhectomanes pelagia turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 164 ; tl : tasmania\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nebooks best sellers human anatomy : v . 3 : regional and applied 8123911572 pdf by b . d . chaurasia"]}
{"id": 1504, "summary": [{"text": "euchloe aegyptiaca is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from libya to egypt and jordan , extending into saudi arabia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on brassicaceae species , including diplotaxis harra . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "euchloe aegyptiaca", "paragraphs": ["euchloe aegyptiaca is a butterfly in the pieridae family . it is found from libya to egypt and jordan , extending into saudi arabia .\neuchloe belemia palaestinensis r\u00f6ber , 1907 ; in seitz , grossschmett . erde 1 : 51\neuchloe ausonia sovinskyi sheljuzhko , 1928 ; lep . rdsch . 2 ( 7 ) : 75\neuchloe ausonides ausonides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\neuchloe ausonides ogilvia ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\neuchloe ausonides insulanus ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\neuchloe creusa creusa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\n= euchloe olympia ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\neuchloe hyantis hyantis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\n= euchloe ausonides ausonides ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\n= euchloe ausonides coloradensis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\n= euchloe creusa creusa ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\n= euchloe hyantis hyantis ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\neuchloe ausonia melanochloros ; [ bmat ] : 11 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 40\neuchloe tagis ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 17 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe tagis pechi ; [ bmat ] : 12 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 5\neuchloe tagis atlasica ; [ bmat ] : 12 , pl . 5 , f . 6 - 10\neuchloe tagis reisseri ; [ bmat ] : 13 , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 10\n? euchloe charlonia elisabethae hemming , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 : 287\neuchloe naina ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\n? euchloe belia melisande fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . zs . 22 ( 12 ) : 51 ; tl : palestine\neuchloe lessei bernardi , 1957 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 38 ; tl : ; iran\neuchloe belemia belemia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 18\neuchloe belemia hesperidum rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 111 ; tl : canary is .\neuchloe crameri crameri ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 20\neuchloe tagis tagis ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 19\neuchloe crameri mauretanica r\u00f6ber , 1907 ; in seitz , grossschmett . erde 1 : 53 , pl . 22 , f . d\neuchloe ausonides coloradensis ; [ nacl ] , # 4200a ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\neuchloe ausonides palaeoreios ; [ nacl ] , # 4200b ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\neuchloe ausonides insulanus guppy & shepard , 2001 ; butts . b . c . : 160 ; tl : wellington , british columbia\neuchloe hyantis andrewsi ; [ nacl ] , # 4203a ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172\neuchloe tagis bellezina ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . iii , f . 3e - f\neuchloe ausonides r . andrewsi martin , 1958 ; bull . south . calif . acad . sci . 35 ( 2 ) : 94\neuchloe lotta ; [ boc ] , 146 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172\neuchloe belemia ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 11 ; [ afrl ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe tagis calvensis ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . iii , f . 2 , 3c - d\neuchloe penia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 22 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe belemia palaestinensis ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . via , f . 7 - 8 ( larva )\neuchloe lucilla butler , 1886 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1886 ( 3 ) : 376 , pl . 35 , f . 4\neuchloe belemia hesperidum ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : 103 - 106 , pl . v , f . 1 - 2\neuchloe belia naina kozhanchikov , 1923 ; jb . martjanov staatmus . minussinsk , 1 ( 1 ) : 3 ; tl : w . sayan , lake buiba\neuchloe ausonides mayi f . & r . chermock , 1940 ; can . ent . 72 ( 4 ) : 81 ; tl : riding mtns , man .\neuchloe ausonides mayi ; [ nacl ] , # 4200c ; [ boc ] , 142 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\neuchloe tagis atlasica rungs , 1950 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 28 : 144 ; tl : col de tambrata and ifrane ( morocco )\neuchloe ausonia algirica gen . aest . pseudonymus rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : c . and s . algeria\neuchloe creusa ; [ ebw ] ; [ nacl ] , # 4201 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\neuchloe crameri ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 13 - 15 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe simplonia ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 7 - 9 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe belia naina \u2640 ab . koshantschikoffi bang - haas , 1927 ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 40 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : sajan\neuchloe naina jakutia ; dubatolov & kosterin , 1994 , atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) : 514 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\neuchloe hyantis ; [ nacl ] , # 4203 ; [ boc ] , 144 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\neuchloe simplonia jakutia back , 1991 ; atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : 193 , pl . ii , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : yakutia , suntar mts .\neuchloe naina irina dubatolov & kosterin , 1994 ; atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) : 513 ; tl : se . kazakhstan , dzhungarian alatau , 40 - 50km ene of tekeli\neuchloe ausonides palaeoreios johnson , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 ( 4 ) : 253 ; tl : spearfish canyon , near spearfish , lawrence co . , south dakota\neuchloe ausonia ; [ bru ] , 156 ; [ ebw ] ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 10 - 12 ( larva ) ; [ otakar kudrna ]\neuchloe olympia ; [ nacl ] , # 4202 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 17 , f . 21 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 171\neuchloe guaymasensis opler , 1986 ; j . lep . soc . 40 ( 3 ) : 188 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : mexico , estado de sonora , las avispas microwave relay , 2000 ' , 40 mi n guayamas\neuchloe belemia eversi ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 6 , pl . 5 , f . 17 ; back , 2001 , atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : pl . via , f . 3 - 6 ( larva )\neuchloe tagis piemonti back , 2001 ; atalanta 32 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 , pl . iii , f . 1 , 3a - b , pl . iv , f . 5 - 17 ; tl : andonno , piemonte , italy , 800m\neuchloe falloui ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 4 , f . 11 ( text only ) ; [ bmat ] : 13 , pl . 5 , f . 20 - 32 ; [ bafr ] , 56 ; [ afrl ]\neuchloe guaymasensis ; holland , 1995 , j . lep . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 122 , f . 2 ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 128 ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 172\neuchloe tagis reisseri back & reissinger , 1989 ; nota lepid . 12 ( 2 ) : 86 - 102 , [ 93 ] ( f . a - d ) , 94 ( f . e , f ) , 95 ( f . 1 - 12 ) ] ; tl : xauen ( morocco )\neuchloe ausonides ; [ nacl ] , # 4200 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 17 , f . 20 ; back , 1990 , atalanta 21 ( 3 / 4 ) : pl . iii , f . 4 - 6 ( larva ) ; [ boc ] , 142 ; [ opler ] ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\nsize : 30 - 35 mm . distinguished by the irregular green markings of the underside of the hindwing .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nelphinstonia klots , 1930 ; bull . brooklyn ent . soc . 25 ( 2 ) : 87 ; ts : anthocharis charlonia donzel\npapilio belemia esper , 1800 ; die schmett . , suppl . th 1 ( 8 - 9 ) : 92 , pl . 110 , f . 2 ; tl : s . spain\nlarva on sisymbrium sp . , diplotaxis tennuisiliqua , biscutella didyma , sisymbrium bourgeanum [ bmat ]\npontia simplonia freyer , 1829 ; beitr . eur . schmett . 2 : pl . 75 , f . 2\nnaf , seu , asia minor , amurland , baluchistan - chitral . see [ maps ]\npapilio marchandae geyer , 1832 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 1 ] : pl . 188 , f . 926 - 928\nlarva on isatis tinctoria , moricandia arvensis , biscutella sp . , sinapis sp . , bunias sp . , iberis sp . [ bmat ]\nausonia graeca ( verity , [ 1908 ] ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 175 , pl . 36 , f . 20\nausonia transiens ( verity , [ 1908 ] ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 180 , 338 , pl . 37 , f . 12\nw . pamirs , n . afghanistan , pakistan , india . see [ maps ]\nanthocharis daphalis moore , 1865 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1865 ( 2 ) : 491 , pl . 31 , f . 14 ; tl : kunawur\ne . turkey , transcaucasia - iran , afghanistan - s . alai . see [ maps ]\n= anthocharis belia var . daphalis ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 229\npulverata alaica ( verity , 1911 ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 338 , pl . 67 , f . 33 - 36\naltai , n . mongolia - chukot peninsula , altai , sayan , transbaikalia , amur . see [ maps ]\nanthocharis ausonides lucas , 1852 ; revue mag . zool . ( 2 ) 4 ( 7 ) : 340 ; tl : san francisco , california\n: canada , yukon , ogilve mts . , dempster hwy mile 45 , 500 - 1300m\n= auchloe ausonides transmontana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\nauchloe ausonides transmontana ; pelham , 2008 , j . res . lepid . 40 : 170\naltai - chukot , ussuri , amur , transbaikalia , na ? . see [ maps ]\n? ab . alexandri ( turati , 1921 ) ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 60 : 212 , f . 2\norientalis emiorientalis ( verity , 1911 ) ; rhopalocera palaearctica 1 : 338 , pl . 67 , f . 37 - 38\nanthocharis pechi baker , 1885 ; ent . mon . mag . 21 : 241 ; tl : lambessa\nlarva on iberis odorata , iberis sp . , iberis ciliata ? , i . taurica ? [ bmat ]\nanthocharis insularis staudinger , 1861 ; in staudinger & wocke , cat . lep . ( ed . 1 ) : 2 ; tl : corsica ?\ncanary islands , morocco , algeria , tunisia , tibesti , macedonia , egypt , sudan , iran , baluchistan , punjab . see [ maps ]\nanthocharis charlonia f . atlantica stauder , 1914 ; z . wiss . insektbiol . 10 ( 3 ) : 84 , ( 4 ) : 125 ( f . 2 ) ; tl : el kantara ( algeria )\nanthocharis charlonia var . mesopotamica staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 228\nanthocharis charlonia var . transcaspica staudinger , [ 1892 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 4 ( 2 ) : 228 ; tl :\nkrasnovodsk\n,\nachal - tekke\n,\nschahrud\ntranscaspica doveri evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 65\ntranscaspica pila evans , 1932 ; indian butterflies ( edn . 2 ) : 65\npenia ( freyer , 1852 ) ; neuere beitr . schmett . 6 : pl . 574 , f . 4\ns . turkmenia , uzbekistan , tajikistan , n . iran . see [ maps ]\nanthocharis tomyris christoph , 1884 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 1 : 99 , pl . 6 , f . 1a - b ; tl : askhabad , turkmenia\nn . africa ( desert regions ) , sudan , somalia , arabia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on moricandia arvensis , m . sinaica , reseda muricata , diplotaxis acris , schouwia thebaica , zilla spinosa [ bmat ]\nanthocaris [ sic ] olympia edwards , 1871 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 : 266 ; tl : [ kanawha co . , west virginia ]\nlarva on descurainia pinnata holland , 1995 , j . lep . soc . 49 ( 2 ) : 127\nanthocaris [ sic ] hyantis edwards , 1871 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 205 ; tl : ukiah , mendocino , co . , california\ncolorado , arizona , utah , california , montana , oregon , colorado . see [ maps ]\n: klamath co . , oregon ; modoc co . , california ; lasse , colorado\nlarva on arabis furcata , a . sparsiflora , arabis bolboellii , halimolobos whitedi [ boc ]\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\n( fabiano , 1993 ) d ' arag\u00f3n , dans le n . - e . de l ' espagne : '\nlepidopteren ost - sibiriens , insbesondere der amur - landes , gesammelt von den herren g . radde , r . maack und p . wulffius\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 81 - 100 )\nconcerning the name anthocaris coloradensis hy . edwards with designation of a new subspecies ( pieridae )\nlist of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt . a . m . lang in the n . w . himalayas\nsome undescribed rhopalocera from mesopotamia and n . w . persia ; and other notes\nlepidotteri di cirenaica . ( raccolti dal prof . a . ghigi durante l ' escurisione organizzata dal touring club italiano nel mese di aprile 1920 )\nrhopalocera palaearctica iconographie et description des papillons diurnes de la r\u00e9gion pal\u00e9arctique . papilionidae et pieridae\nwinhard , 2000 pieridae i butterflies of the world 10 : 1 - 40 , pl . title , 1 - 48 , back\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1505, "summary": [{"text": "rhamphochromis macrophthalmus is a species of piscivorous cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers open waters at depths of from 30 to 109 metres ( 98 to 358 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 28.9 centimetres ( 11.4 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "rhamphochromis macrophthalmus", "paragraphs": ["there is currently no quality picture available to illustrate rhamphochromis macrophthalmus regan , 1922 , should you have one you would like to contribute , please contact the cichlid room companion editor .\nrhamphochromis macrophthalmus fatal error : call to undefined function session _ is _ registered ( ) in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem . com / httpdocs / profile _ show2 . php on line 48\nmar\u00e9chal , c . , 1991 . rhamphochromis . p . 422 - 424 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5689 )\nthis species is most common on shelf zone at 50\u2013100 m , but can also be found between 30\u2013110 m . it can also be found off submerged reefs . juveniles are found in the same habitats as adults . it has a fecundity of 154\u2013202 eggs . the length of maturity is 19 . 9 cm for males and 18 . 6 cm for females . it is commonly caught in bottom and semi pelagic trawl catches in the south as well as by hand line and gillnet catches in the north . sometimes exported by the aquarium trade and is known as\nrhamphochromis\n. max . size : 29 . 8 cm sl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no major widespread threats identified .\na potential threat is over - fishing by the commercial trawlers in the southern part of the lake .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , rhamphos = bill , peak + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 5 - 8 . 2 ; depth range 30 - 109 m ( ref . 55949 ) , usually 50 - 100 m ( ref . 55949 ) . tropical ; 20\u00b0c - 25\u00b0c ( ref . 13614 ) ; 9\u00b0s - 15\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? , range 19 - ? cm max length : 29 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 55949 )\ndiagnosis : large , big - toothed brownish species ; eyes rather large ; premaxillary pedicel relatively short ( ref . 55949 ) .\ncommon on the shelf zone ; occasionally found off reefs ; but not commonly recorded from the middle of the lake ( ref . 55949 ) . moves in the open water but stays 2 - 5 m above the substrate ; feeds on fish like the small utaka and usipa ( engraulicypris sardella ) ( ref . 5595 ) .\nspecies probably forms breeding leks on or near the bottom ; juveniles are common in the adult habitat ( ref . 55949 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 73 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\ndistinguished by its large eyes ( hence the name ) and its 1 - 2 horizontal line ( s ) . this fish is an important food source for the people living around the lake and is quite abundant in very deep water . their slender bodies are designed for the speedy pursuit of prey .\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ndesigned for internet explorer 6 . 0 + , netscape 6 . 0 + , opera , mozilla , and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .\nspecies profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\none of the three syntypes ( bmnh 1921 . 9 . 6 : 217 - 219 ) . drawing from regan ( 1922 : plate vi , fig . 1 ) .\nlast update : 18 november 1999 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright \u00a9 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved\npam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !\narticles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .\nbooks for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .\ne - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .\ntrade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .\ngenner , martin & p . nichols , g . r . carvalho , r . l . robinson , p . w . shaw , a . smith & g . f . turner . 2007 .\nevolution of a cichlid fish in a lake malawi satellite lake\n. proceedings of the royal society of london b . v . 274 ( n . 1623 ) , pp 2249\u20132257 ( crc01924 ) ( abstract )\nregan , charles tate . 1922 .\nthe cichlid fishes of lake nyassa\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london . 1921 ( pt 4 ) n . 36 ; pp . 675 - 727 ( crc00066 )\nto view the full profile . see this and all other species profiles , pictures and videos by becoming a\nof the cichlid room companion . become a subscriber and get a free book the same value of your membership ! you can also open the full profile for everyone to see by\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1507, "summary": [{"text": "isthmohyla calypsa is a species of frog in the family hylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is known from the southern cordillera de talamanca in costa rica , cerro pando in costa rica and panama , and the pacific slope in southwestern panama .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it appears to have gone extinct in costa rica .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "prior to its description in 1996 , this species was confused with isthmohyla lancasteri , a species now known from lower altitudes only . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "isthmohyla calypsa", "paragraphs": ["isthmohyla calypsa in the wild , photo ( c ) marcos guerra , smithsonian tropical research institute .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common tree frog ( isthmohyla calypsa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common tree frog ( isthmohyla calypsa )\ntitle =\narkive species - common tree frog ( isthmohyla calypsa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nisthmohyla calypsa \u2014 faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 103 .\nisthmohyla calypsa was previously included in isthmohyla lancasteri , but it has been distinguished from that species based on adult and larval morphology , oviposition site ( leaves for i . calypsa vs . attached to submerged vegetation and debris in small pools of slow - flowing streams for i . lancasteri ) , egg and clutch characteristics ( 10 - 36 yellow eggs per clutch for i . calypsa , vs . 70 - 80 chocolate - brown eggs for i . lancasteri ) and vocalizations ( lips 1996 ) .\nisthmohyla calypsa is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is found in costa rica and panama . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthis species was previously included in the genus hyla but has recently been moved to the new genus isthmohyla ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) .\nthe specific epithet calypsa derives from the greek nymph calypso , who hid the hero ulysses . it refers both to the frog ' s camouflage and to the species having been hidden within h . lancasteri ( lips 1996 ) .\n7 ) isthmohyla calypsa a treefrog frog covered with spiny tubercles found in a small mountainous area on the border of costa rica and panama where is used to be locally common . at las tablas in costa rica , the species experienced severe chytridiomycosis - related declines between 1993 and 1998 . despite extensive recent survey efforts in costa rica and panama , the species has not been seen recently and is possibly extinct . many other stream breeding species in this genus have also experienced dramatic declines and are now extremely rare frogs .\nhyla calypsa lips , 1996 , copeia , 1996 : 617 . holotype : cre 5299 , by original designation , now in lacm . type locality :\nfinca jaguar ( 1900 m ) , approximately 18 km nne la lucha , coto brus , puntarenas province , costa rica , 8\u00b0 55\u2032 n , 82\u00b0 44\u2032 w\n.\ndiagnosis : isthmohyla calypsa can be distinguished from all other congeners by the following character combination : highly tuberculate and spiny dorsal surfaces of head , body and limbs ; coloration in life bright metallic green with brown blotches ; dorsal thigh surfaces free of transverse bars ; lack of conspicuous markings on anterior and posterior thighs ; lack of tarsal fold ; chin and throat bright white with a few dark brown spots near the margins ; short , truncated snout ; male prepollex with numerous small black spines ; paired vocal slits in males ; call usually a single ascending note ( sometimes two notes ) ( lips 1996 ) ; male size 26 - 36 mm svl and female size 31 - 41 mm svl ( savage 2002 ) .\nin life , the upper surfaces of isthmohyla calypsa are shining metallic green with a few large dark olive green to brown blotches in males . dark mottling is present in females . lips are striped with green and dark brown bars . groin is bright white with some black spots . irregular transverse dark bars are present on dorsal surfaces of limbs . anterior and posterior surfaces of the thigh are gray to white , with tiny black spots . the venter is dirty white with numerous black flecks and some large black blotches . iris is cream - colored with irregular brown line around the margin . palms and soles vary from gray - white to pale lemon yellow ; in some individuals , numerous black dots are present on the palms . no other costa rican frog is covered by spines on the upper surfaces of head , body , and limbs ( lips 1996 ; savage 2002 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as critically endangered because of a drastic population decline , estimated to be more than 80 % over the last three generations , inferred from the apparent disappearance of most of the population , probably due to chytridiomycosis .\nthis species is known from the southern cordillera de talamanca , on cerro pando on the pacific slope in costa rica and atlantic versant in panama , and on the pacific slope in south - western panama , from 1 , 810 - 1 , 920m asl ( savage 2002 ) .\nextensive monitoring has shown that this species has disappeared from its former range . it was formerly locally common in tablas , costa rica , but has disappeared from all known sites since the early 1990s . in 2006 , the costa rican portion of the species range was surveyed , however the species was not found ( joseph vargas pers . comm . 2007 ) . there is no information on the population size or abundance of this species in panama , though this population has probably also declined seriously .\nit is found along torrential stream courses in primary humid lower montane forest throughout the year . males are strongly territorial , with small home ranges . eggs ( clutches of 10 - 36 ) are deposited on leaf surfaces of low vegetation above streams ; hatching tadpoles fall or are washed by rain into the stream below ( savage 2002 ) .\nthe observed population decline is likely to be due to chytridiomycosis , since it has taken place within pristine habitats . habitat loss as a result of smallholder livestock farming is also a threat .\nthis species has been recorded in parque internacional la amistad and might occur in parque nacional volc\u00e1n bar\u00fa . further survey work is required to determine the population status and trends of this species . in view of the threat of chytridiomycosis , ex - situ populations might need to be established .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nhumid lower montane rainforest of the southern cordillera de talamanca , on cerro pando on the pacific slope in costa rica and atlantic versant in panama on the pacific slope in southwestern panama ( 1500\u20132100 m elevation ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\ncan be distinguished from all other congeners by the following character combination : highly tuberculate and spiny dorsal surfaces of head , body and limbs ; coloration in life bright metallic green with brown blotches ; dorsal thigh surfaces free of transverse bars ; lack of conspicuous markings on anterior and posterior thighs ; lack of tarsal fold ; chin and throat bright white with a few dark brown spots near the margins ; short , truncated snout ; male prepollex with numerous small black spines ; paired vocal slits in males ; call usually a single ascending note ( sometimes two notes ) ( lips 1996 ) ; male size 26 - 36 mm svl and female size 31 - 41 mm svl ( savage 2002 ) .\nare shining metallic green with a few large dark olive green to brown blotches in males . dark mottling is present in females . lips are striped with green and dark brown bars . groin is bright white with some black spots . irregular transverse dark bars are present on dorsal surfaces of limbs . anterior and posterior surfaces of the thigh are gray to white , with tiny black spots . the venter is dirty white with numerous black flecks and some large black blotches . iris is cream - colored with irregular brown line around the margin . palms and soles vary from gray - white to pale lemon yellow ; in some individuals , numerous black dots are present on the palms . no other costa rican frog is covered by spines on the upper surfaces of head , body , and limbs ( lips 1996 ; savage 2002 ) .\nlarvae are large , measuring 54 mm in total length at stage 37 . larval body is depressed . mouth ventral , nostrils dorsal , eyes dorsolateral . spiracle lateral and sinistral ; vent tube is dextral . tail is long , with low fins . tail tip is rounded . oral disc is small with tiny beaks and 2 / 3 rows of denticles ; a2 with narrow gap above mouth . beaks have medium - sized serrations . two or three rows of small papillae border the mouth , and many additional papillae are present in ventrolateral folds . series of large submarginal papillae present . larval body is olive brown suffused with orange . tail musculature is the same color as body , but with darker gray splotches at the midline and on anterior half of tail . posterior portion of tail has large black spots , especially in larger tadpoles . tail fin is translucent ( lips 1996 ; savage 2002 ; lips and savage 1996 ) .\n) , and lack of transverse barring on dorsal and posterior thigh surfaces ( vs . dorsal and posterior thigh surfaces with transverse bars in\n( more robust , rounded tadpole body ; rounded snout ; shorter tail ) . the call of\nalways has one and sometimes two harmonics , and males frequently overlap calls with neighbors ( lips 1996 ) .\noccurs in costa rica and panama , at elevations from 1 , 810 - 1 , 920 m asl . this species is found in humid lower montane rainforests of the southern cordillera de talamanca in costa rica , on the pacific slope of cerro pando in costa rica , the atlantic versant of cerro pando in panama , and on the pacific slope in southwestern panama . it can be found in vegetation over torrential mountain streams ( savage 2002 ) .\nis a nocturnal leaf - breeding treefrog that has a prolonged reproductive period from april to december . throughout the year , individuals are present along torrential stream courses . some males call during the dry season , between january to mid - april , though less frequently . males are very territorial and have great calling - site fidelity , often calling from the same spot over a span of years . home ranges are small , usually about 6 square meters . inter - male spacing averages about 1 . 9 m . calls are alternated with the nearest calling neighbor , and are usually made from vegetation 1 to 2 m directly above the stream . single - note calls are short , lasting from 110 to 330 ms , and consist of 11 - 12 pulses with a rise in frequency ( 997 hz on average ) towards the end of the note . dominant frequency for calls is about 2 . 9 khz , with no harmonics . sometimes two - note calls or three - note calls ( rare ) are produced ( lips 1996 ; savage 2002 ) .\nmost females return to the same general area to breed each year . like the males , females also show considerable site fidelity . females , juveniles , and many males all arrive at the breeding stream two weeks before the beginning of the rainy season . juveniles disappear after two days , and females mate only after the first rains . amplexus and oviposition take place near the male ' s calling sites but usually on lower vegetation ; females leave the area after oviposition ( lips 1998 ; lips 2001 ) .\nfemales lay only one clutch per visit and up to three clutches during breeding season . earlier clutches have more eggs than clutches laid later in the season . clutches consist of 10 to 36 creamy yellow colored eggs . generally eggs are oviposited on the underside of leaf surfaces 130 - 170 cm above the water surface , with only a small percentage of clutches ( 6 % of clutches observed by lips 2001 ) deposited on the upper surfaces of leaves . lips ( 2001 ) also reported that about 22 % of clutches were deposited on vegetation over land rather than directly over water ; however , if the stream had flooded , most of these would have been over water . eggs are large , around 3 . 6 mm in diameter ( range 2 . 8 - 4 . 4 mm ) and are enclosed in jelly capsules of about 5 . 3 mm in diameter . early embryos are chocolate - gray in color and hatch 23 to 56 days after oviposition ( lips 1998 ; lips 2001 ) .\nafter hatching , tadpoles fall or are washed by rain into the stream below . tadpoles are classified as mountain brook ecomorphs ; they lack a specialized oral disc , and inhabit slow - moving portions of the stream and pools along the stream . tadpoles often hide among the rocks and leaves at the bottom of the stream . in the laboratory , tadpoles metamorphosed in around 270 days after oviposition . metamorphs are around 15 mm in standard length . based on recapture data , adults live at least four years ; sexual maturity is reached during the first year of life ( lips 1996 ; lips 1998 ; lips 2001 ) .\n) , which lay eggs on new frog clutches ; the maggots generally consume the entire parasitized clutch . crickets or other orthopterans also prey on the eggs . of 618 clutches studied between 1991 and 1996 , 65 % did not hatch any tadpoles ; 35 % of those mortalities were due to fly parasitism . clutches laid later in the season suffered significantly higher mortality from fly parasitism ( 9 . 5 % for the earliest clutches , vs . 48 . 5 % for clutches laid in the middle of the season , and 52 . 25 % for those laid at the end of the season ) . desiccation was the most significant cause of mortality for earlier clutches ( lips 2001 ) .\nthis species appears to be extinct in costa rica but may still be present in panama ( stuart et al . 2008 ) . although relatively abundant in the early 1990s ,\nunderwent a drastic population decline from 1992 onwards ( lips 1998 ; lips et al . 2003b ) . in 1993 , a dead specimen was found during a survey of a 400 m transect along the headwaters of the r\u00edo cot\u00f3n in southwestern costa rica , along with six other species of amphibians ( lips 1998 ) ; chytrid was subsequently confirmed in some of the other dead amphibians from that survey ( lips et al . 2003a ) . over the past three generations , about 80 % of the total population has disappeared from pristine habitat , probably due to chytridiomycosis ( stuart et al . 2008 ) . species distribution modeling has predicted that 100 % of the range for\nincreased livestock farming may also present a threat to this species ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .\nhas been recorded from at least one protected area , parque internacional la amistad in costa rica , and it may also occur in parque nacional volc\u00e1n bar\u00fa , in panama ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .\nderives from the greek nymph calypso , who hid the hero ulysses . it refers both to the frog ' s camouflage and to the species having been hidden within\nlips , k . l . , and savage , j . m . ( 1996 ) . ' ' key to the known tadpoles ( amphibia : anura ) of costa rica . ' '\n: - - a stream - breeding treefrog from lower central america . ph . d . dissertation .\nlips , k . r . ( 1998 ) . ' ' decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna . ' '\nm . a . donnelly , b . i . crother , c . guyer , m . h . wake , and m . e . white , eds . , .\nlips , k . r . , green , d . e . , and papendick , r . ( 2003 ) . ' ' chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from southern costa rica . ' '\nlips , k . r . , reeve , j . d . , and witters , l . r . ( 2003 ) . ' ' ecological traits predicting amphibian population declines in central america . ' '\nl\u00f6tters , s . , kielgast , j . , bielby , j . , schmidtlein , s . , bosch , j . , veith , m . , walker , s . f . , fisher , m . c . , and r\u00f6dder , d . ( 2010 ) . ' ' the link between rapid enigmatic amphibian decline and the globally emerging chytrid fungus . ' '\nstuart , s . , hoffmann , m . , chanson , j . , cox , n . , berridge , r . , ramani , p . , and young , b . ( eds ) ( 2008 ) .\nlynx edicions , iucn , and conservation international , barcelona , spain ; gland , switzerland ; and arlington , virginia , usa .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\narkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .\niucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr a2ace ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nignacio de la riva museo nacional de ciencias naturales c / jose gutierrez abascal 2 madrid 28006 spain tel : + 34 ( 91 ) 4111328 ext . 1202 fax : + 34 ( 91 ) 5645078 iriva @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / iriva . htm\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies description based on lips ( 1996 ) and savage ( 2002 ) . a small treefrog ( males to 36 mm , females to 41 mm ) . females generally appear spinier than males .\nthe dorsal surface is metallic green mottled with darker drab green or brown blotches . the dorsum is covered in large spinous bumps .\nthe groin and front and rear surfaces of the thighs are bright white with scattered black spots .\nthe eye is cream - colored , darkening to brown around the outer edges .\nbreeding occurs from april to november ( lips 1996 ) . females may breed more than once in a single one reproductive season ( up to three times , lips 1996 ) .\nclutches of 10 - 36 eggs are laid on leaves overhanging streams ( lips 1996 ) . the eggs are yellow upon oviposition but turn darker as they age ( lips 1996 ) . embryos hatch in 23 - 56 days ( lips 1996 ) .\nthe tadpole body is oval - shaped with a rather long tail and shallow tail fins ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . the coloration is brownish - orange ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . the tail has large grey patches that turn smaller and darker towards the tip ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . tadpoles have a disc - shaped mouth that allows them to cling to rocks in streams ( lips 1996 ) .\nlips ( 2001 ) characterized temporal variation in reproductive activity and the causes of egg - stage mortality in this species . drosophilid fly infestation was a significant source of egg death , particularly late in the breeding season ( lips 2001 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 oliveira , brunno freire ; s\u00e3o - pedro , vin\u00edcius avelar ; santos - barrera , georgina ; penone , caterina ; c . costa , gabriel . ( 2017 ) amphibio , a global database for amphibian ecological traits . sci . data .\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder\nprotected areas provided by le saout , s . , hoffmann , m . , shi , y . , hughes , a . , bernard , c . , brooks , t . m . , bertzky , b . , butchart , s . h . m . , stuart , s . n . , badman , t . & rodrigues , a . s . l . ( 2013 ) protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation . science , 342 , 803\u2013805\nusing this photo for further information about the digital archives of the division of herpetology at the university of kansas biodiversity institute , please contact dr . rafe brown ( rafe [ at ] ku [ dot ] edu ) or another member of the curatorial staff . contact amphibiaweb rafe @ urltoken for more information .\n1111 1111 1111 9333 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved .\na spanish - language species account can be found at the website of instituto nacional de biodiversidad ( inbio ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nadult : species description based on lips ( 1996 ) and savage ( 2002 ) . a small treefrog ( males to 36 mm , females to 41 mm ) . females generally appear spinier than males . dorsal : the dorsal surface is metallic green mottled with darker drab green or brown blotches . the dorsum is covered in large spinous bumps . ventral : the ventral surface is white with some scattered black blotches or smaller spots . concealed surfaces : the groin and front and rear surfaces of the thighs are bright white with scattered black spots . eye : the eye is cream - colored , darkening to brown around the outer edges .\nbreeding season : breeding occurs from april to november ( lips 1996 ) . females may breed more than once in a single one reproductive season ( up to three times , lips 1996 ) . egg : clutches of 10 - 36 eggs are laid on leaves overhanging streams ( lips 1996 ) . the eggs are yellow upon oviposition but turn darker as they age ( lips 1996 ) . embryos hatch in 23 - 56 days ( lips 1996 ) . tadpole : the tadpole body is oval - shaped with a rather long tail and shallow tail fins ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . the coloration is brownish - orange ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . the tail has large grey patches that turn smaller and darker towards the tip ( lips 1996 , savage 2002 ) . tadpoles have a disc - shaped mouth that allows them to cling to rocks in streams ( lips 1996 ) .\nhabitat : lower montane forest from 1810 to 1920 m . ecology : lips ( 2001 ) characterized temporal variation in reproductive activity and the causes of egg - stage mortality in this species . drosophilid fly infestation was a significant source of egg death , particularly late in the breeding season ( lips 2001 ) . call : a short , single note ( lips 1996 ) . behavior and communication : males guard territories along stream margins ( lips 1996 ) . type locality : finca jaguar ( 1900 m ) , approximately 18 km nne la lucha , coto brus , puntarenas province , costa rica , 8\u00b0 55\u2032 n , 82\u00b0 44\u2032 w\nbatrachochytrium dendrobatidis is a non - hyphal parasitic chytrid fungus that has been associated with population declines in endemic amphibian species in upland montane rain forests in australia and panama . it causes cutaneous mycosis ( fungal infection of the skin ) , or more specifically chytridiomycosis , in wild and captive amphibians . first described in 1998 , the fungus is the only chytrid known to parasitise vertebrates . b . dendrobatidis can remain viable in the environment ( especially aquatic environments ) for weeks on its own , and may persist in latent infections .\nis a zoosporic chytrid fungus that causes chytridiomycosis ( a fungal infection of the skin ) in amphibians and grows solely within keratinised cells . diagnosis is by identification of characteristic intracellular flask - shaped sporangia ( spore containing bodies ) and septate thalli . the fungus grows in the superficial keratinised layers of the epidermis ( known as the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum ) . the normal thickness of the stratum corneum is between 2\u00b5m to 5\u00b5m , but a heavy infection by the chytrid parasite may cause it to thicken to up to 60 \u00b5m . the fungus also infects the mouthparts of tadpoles ( which are keratinised ) but does not infect the epidermis of tadpoles ( which lacks keratin ) .\nthe fungus produces inoperculate , smooth - walled zoosporangia ( zoospore containing bodies ) , which are spherical to subspherical in shape . each zoosporangium ( 10\u00b5m to 40\u00b5m in diameter ) produces a single discharge tube , which penetrates ( and protrudes out of ) the skin . eventually the plug that blocks the release of immature zoospores is shed and the mature zoospores are released . the zoospores ( 0 . 7\u00b5m to 6\u00b5m in diameter ) are elongate to ovoid in shape . each possesses a single posterior flagellum , rendering it motile in water ( mazzoni\npathogenesis of chytridiomycosis : authors of a recent study , voyles et al . ( 2009 ) have found that b . dendrobatidis , causes such severe electrolyte imbalances that the frog\u2019s heart stops . the skin of amphibians maintain proper osmotic balance inside the animal and regulate respiration . the authors found that the skin of infected frogs was less adept at transporting sodium and chloride ions . sodium and potassium concentrations in the blood of infected frogs dropped , more so as the infection intensified and the animals\u2019hearts began to beat irregularly and ultimately stopped .\nsalamanders can act as host reservoirs of chytrid infection in frogs , and vice versa ( davidson et al . 2003 ) .\nchytridiomycosis has now been reported from 38 amphibian species in 12 families , including ranid and hylid frogs , bufonid toads , and plethodontid salamanders . although chytridiomycosis is found in a range of species and habitats ( including african frogs in lowland regions in africa ) it has caused population declines of amphibians species confined to montane rain forests ( weldon et al . 2004 ; daszak et al . 1999 ) . the fungus prefers lower temperatures which may explain the high precedence of the fungus in high elevations in the tropics . in culture conditions optimum growth occurred at 23\u00b0c , with slower growth occuring at 28\u00b0c and ( reversible ) cessation of growth occuring at 29\u00b0c ( longcore , pessier , nichols , 1999 , in daszak et al . 1999 ) .\nbatrachochytrium dendrobatidis is diploid and primarily reproduces asexually ( and clonally ) by producing aquatic uniflagellated zoospores in a zoosporangium ( johnson and speare , 2003 ) .\nits occurrence solely in keratinised tissues suggests that it uses amphibian keratin as a nutrient . batrachochytrium dendrobatidis will grow for at least one generation on cleaned epidermal keratin or on amphibians that have died of the infection . the fungus may also be cultured in vitro on tryptone agar without the addition of keratin or its derivatives ( daszak et al . 1999 ; longcore , pessier and nichols , 1999 , pessier et al . 1999 , in daszak et al . 1999 ) .\nprincipal source : berger et al . 1999 . chytrid fungi and amphibian declines : overview , implications and future directions . berger et al . 1998 . chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of australia and central america . daszak et al . 1999 . emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines\nreview : matthew j . parris assistant professor , department of biology university of memphis usa\nrecommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : batrachochytrium dendrobatidis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .\nhas been found to affect at least 93 amphibian species from the orders anura ( frogs and toads ) and caudata ( salamanders ) in all the continents except asia . it is thought to be one of the main causes of the global decline in frog populations since the 1960s , and the dramatic population crashes from the 1970s onwards ( parris and beaudoin , 2004 ) . the chytrid fungus kills frogs within 10 to 18 days ( michigan frog survey , 2003 ) , although it is not known how . it may be physical , affecting respiration by altering the frog\u2019s skin , or the fungus may give off a toxin ( michigan frog survey , 2003 ) . tadpoles are not affected , although the fungus may infect the keratinised mouthparts ( berger\nkey findings of the the global amphibian assessment has revealed that one - third ( 32 % ) of the world\u2019s amphibian species are threatened , representing 1 , 896 species . threats include viral diseases , habitat loss , drought , pollution , and hunting for food . the biggest single threat appears to be b . dendrobatidis . a search on the database using \\\ndiseases \\\nas a keyword in \\\nall \\\nhabitat types , biogeographic realm and countries results in a list of 547 species impacted by diseases ( iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 ) .\nis relevant to all control strategies , particularly in the development of preventative measures . the infective unit of the fungus is the zoospore . infection by the fungus ( and thus spread of the disease ) requires water because the zoospore does not tolerate dehydration .\nremains viable for up to 3 weeks in tap water , up to 4 weeks in deionised water and even longer in lake water . infection by an extremely small inoculum ( 100 zoospores ) is sufficient to cause a fatal infection ( berger\nfor a summary under the following headings : improving diagnostics and knowledge of epidemiology , developing trade and quarantine regulations , raising awareness and control options .\nthe amphibian conservation action plan ( acap ) is designed to provide guidance for implementing amphibian conservation and research initiatives at all scales from global down to local . chapter 4 outlines action steps relating to the detection and control of chytridiomycosis .\ninformations on batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .\naustralian department of the environment and heritage , 2004 . chytridiomycosis ( amphibian chytrid fungus disease ) . australia s natural heritage trust .\nberger , lee , alex d . hyatt , veronica olsen , sandra g . hengstberger donna boyle , gerry marantelli , kaye humphreys , joyce e . longcore . , 2002 . production of polyclonal antibodies to batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and their use in an immunoperoxidase test for chytridiomycosis in amphibians . diseases of aquatic organisms vol 48 213 - 220 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]\nberger , l . , hyatt , a . d . , olsen , v . , hengstberger , s . g . , boyle , d . , marantelli , g . , humphreys , k . , longcore , j . e . 2002 . production of polyclonal antibodies to batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and their use in an immunoperoxidase test for chytridiomycosis in amphibians , dis aquat organ . 48 ( 3 ) : 213 - 220 . ( abstract )\nberger , l . , speare , r . , and hyatt . , a . d . 1999 . chytrid fungi and amphibian declines : overview , implications and future directions . declines and disappearances of australian frogs . 23 - 34 .\nberger , l . , speare , r . , and kent , a . 1999 . diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in amphibians by histologic examination . summary : this paper outlines techniques for identifying the chytrid fungus . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]\ndaszak , p . , a . strieby , a . a . cunningham , j . e . longcore , c . c . brown and d . porter . , 2004 . experimental evidence that the bullfrog ( rana catesbeiana ) is a potential carrier of chytridiomycosis , an emerging fungal disease of amphibians . herpetological journal , vol . 14 , pp . 201 - 207 ( 2004 ) summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]\ndeweerdt , sarah . 2001 . coordinating an international monitoring program the declining amphibian populations task force . conservation in practice winter 2001 vol 2 no . 1\ngarthwaite , r . department of conservation . batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , frog chytrid fungus . department of conservation : waikato .\ngascon , c . , collins , j . p . , moore , r . d . , church , d . r . , mckay , j . e . and mendelson , j . r . iii ( eds ) . 2007 . amphibian conservation action plan . iucn / ssc amphibian specialist group . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . 64pp . summary : the amphibian conservation action plan ( acap ) is designed to provide guidance for implementing amphibian conservation and research initiatives at all scales from global down to local . available from : urltoken [ accessed 9 june 2008 ]\njohnson , megan l & richard speare , 2005 . possible modes of dissemination of the amphibian chytrid batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the environment . dis aquat org vol . 65 : 181\ufffd186 , 2005 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]\njohnson , m . l . and speare , r . 2003 . survival of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in water : quarantine and disease control implications , emerging infectious diseases 9 ( 8 ) : 922 \ufffd 925 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 7 dec 2004 ]\njohnson , m . l . , berger , l . , philips , l . and speare , r . 2003 . fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants , uv light , desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , diseases of aquatic organisms 57 ( 3 ) : 255 - 260 .\nmazzoni , r . , cunningham , a . a . , daszak , p . , apolo , a . perdomo , p . and speranza . , g . 2003 . emerging pathogen of wild amphibians in frogs ( rana catesbeiana ) farmed for international trade , emerging infectious diseases 9 ( 8 ) : 995 - 998 .\nmichigan frog survey . 2003 . michigan frog survey update . michigan department of natural resources wildlife division natural heritage program .\nparker , j . m . , mikaelian , i . , hahn , n . and diggs , h . e . 2002 . clinical diagnosis and treatment of epidermal chytridiomycosis in african clawed frogs ( xenopus tropicalis ) , comp med . 52 ( 3 ) : 265 \ufffd 268 . ( abstract )\nrollins - smith , l . , reinert , l . k . , miera , v . and conlon , j . m . 2002 . antimicrobial peptide defenses of the tarahumara frog , rana tarahumarae , biochemical and biophysical research communications 297 ( 2 ) : 361 - 367 .\nron , santiago r . , 2005 . predicting the distribution of the amphibian pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the new world1 . biotropica 37 ( 2 ) , 209 - 221 .\nspeare , r . and core working group of getting the jump on amphibian disease . 2001 . nomination for listing of amphibian chytridiomycosis as a key threatening process under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . in : speare , r . and steering committee of getting the jump on amphibian disease . developing management strategies to control amphibian diseases : decreasing the risk due to communicable diseases . school of public health and tropical medicine , james cook university : townsville . 163 - 187 .\nspeare r , berger l . global distribution of chytridiomycosis in amphibians . summary : this document gives details on the global distribution of the chytrid fungus , and was last updated in april 2004 . available from : urltoken [ accessed 11 november 2000 ] .\nusdi ( united states department of the interior ) u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2003 . re : buck springs range management allotment plan\nvan - ells , t . , stanton , j . , strieby , a . , daszak , p . , hyatt , a . d . and brown , c . 2003 . use of immunohistochemistry to diagnose chytridiomycosis in dyeing poison dart frogs ( dendrobates tinctorius ) , journal of wildlife diseases 39 ( 3 ) : 742 - 745 .\nbell , ben d . , scott carver , nicola j . mitchell , shirley pledger . , 2004 . the recent decline of a new zealand endemic : how and why did populations of archey\ufffds frog leiopelma archeyi crash over 1996\ufffd2001 ? biological conservation 120 ( 2004 ) 189\ufffd199 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]\nberger , l , r speare , hb hines , g marantelli , ad hyatt , kr mcdonald , lf skerratt , v olsen , jm clarke , g gillespie , m mahony , n sheppard , c williams and mj tyler . , 2004 . effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis . australian veterinary journal volume 82 , no 7 , july 2004 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]\nberger , l . , speare , r . , daszak , p . , green , d . e . , cunningham , a . a . , goggin , c . l . , slocombe , r . , ragan , m . a . , hyatt , a . d . , mcdonald , k . r . , hines , h . b . , lips , k . r . , marantelli , g . and parkes , h . 1998 . chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of australia and central america , population biology ( proc natl acad sci u s a . ) 95 ( 15 ) : 9031 \ufffd 9036 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 7 dec 2004 ]\nberger , l . , speare , r . , hines , h . b . , marantelli , g . , hyatt , a . d . , mcdonald . , k . r . , skerratt , l . f . , olsen , v . , clarke , j . m . , gillespie , g . , mahony , m . , sheppard , n . williams , c . and tyler . m . j . 2004 . effect of season and temperature on mortality in amphibians due to chytridiomycosis , australian veterinary journal 82 ( 7 ) : 434 - 439 .\nbosch , j . , martinez - solano , i . , and garcia - paris , m . 2000 . chytridiomycosis in spain : first european report of declines of wild amphibians associated with chytridiomycosis . summary : this article gives details about the first caseof chytrid fungus in spain . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]\ncarey , c . , cohen , n . and rollins - smith , l . 1999 . amphibian declines : an immunological perspective . developmental and comparative immunology . 23 ( 6 ) : 459 - 472 . summary : this paper discusses the role of disease in amphibian decline , and the immunological response .\ncommonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro ) , 2003 . researching frog fungus .\ndasak , p . , andrew , a cunningham and hyatt , d alex . , 2003 . infectious disease and amphibian population declines . diversity and distributions 9 , 141\ufffd150\ndaszak , p . , berger , l . , cunningham , a . a . , hyatt , a . d . , green , d . e . , speare , r . , 1999 . emerging infectious diseases and amphibian population declines . emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ] . november - december 1999 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 7 dec 2004 ]\ndavidson , e . w . , parris , m . , collins , j . p . , longcore , j . e . , pessier , p . a . and brunner , j . 2003 . pathogenicity and transmission of chytridiomycosis in tiger salamanders ( ambystoma tigrinum ) ,\nfellers , g . m . , green , d . e . and longcore , j . e . 2001 . oral chytridiomycosis in the mountain yellow - legged frog ( rana muscosa ) , copeia 4 : 945 - 953 .\nhero , jean - marc & clare morrison . , 2004 . frog declines in australia global implications . herpetological journal vol . 14 , pp . 175 - 186 ( 2004 ) summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 september 2005 ]\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 . global amphibian assessment . downloaded on 4 may 2006 . summary : the global amphibian assessment ( gaa ) is the first - ever comprehensive assessment of the conservation status of the world s 5 , 918 known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , and caecilians . this website presents results of the assessments , including iucn red list threat category , range map , ecology information , and other data for every amphibian species . available from : urltoken [ accessed 5 november 2006 ] .\njohnson , pieter . t . j . , 2006 . amphibian diversity : decimation by dusease . published online before print february 21 , 2006 , 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0600293103 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 august 2006 ]\nkingsley d . environment news , 23 april 2002 . summary : this article gives details about the first reports of chytrid fungus in archey s frog . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]\nlips , karen . r , forrest brem , roberto brenes , john d . reeve , ross a . alford , jamie voyles , cynthia carey , lauren livo , allan p . pessier , and james p . collins . , 2006 . emerging infectious disease and the loss of biodiversity in a neotropical amphibian community . published online before print february 15 , 2006 , 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0506889103 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 august 2006 ] available from : urltoken [ accessed 14 august 2006 ]\nlips , k . r . , green , d . e . and papendick , r . 2003 . chytridiomycosis in wild frogs from southern costa rica , journal of herpetology 37 ( 1 ) : 215 - 218 .\nlips , k . r . , mendelson , j . r . munoz - alonso , a . , canseco - marquez , l . and mulcahy , d . g . 2004 . amphibian population declines in montane southern mexico : resurveys of historical localities , biological - conservation 119 ( 4 ) : 555 - 564 .\nmorehouse , e . a . , james , t . y . , ganley , a . r . d . , vilgalys , r . , berger , l . , murphy , p . j . and longcore , j . e . 2003 . multilocus sequence typing suggests the chytrid pathogen of amphibians is a recently emerged clone , molecular ecology 12 ( 2 ) : 395 - 403 .\nmuths , e . , corn , p . s . , pessier , a . p . and green , d . e . 2003 . evidence for disease - related amphibian decline in colorado , biological conservation 110 ( 3 ) : 357 - 365 .\nmutschmann , f . , berger , l . , zwart , p . and gaedicke , c . 2000 . chytridiomycosis in amphibians : first report in europe , berl munch tierarztl wochenschr 113 ( 10 ) : 380 \ufffd 383 . ( abstract )\nnorman , r . undated . chytrid fungus disease in new zealand . massey university institute of veterinary , animal and biomedical sciences . summary : article outlining the first case of chytrid fungus in new zealand . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]\nparris , m . j . 2004 . hybrid response to pathogen infection in interspecific crosses between two amphibian species ( anura : ranidae ) . evolutionary ecology research 6 : 457 - 471 . summary : b . dendrobatidis differentially affects genotypes between two species of hybridizing leopard frogs ( rana ) . hybrid genotypes are more susceptible to infection , and suffer greater reductions in growth and development from the fungus .\nparris , m . j . and beaudoin , j . g . 2004 . chytridiomycosis impacts predator - prey interactions in larval amphibian communities , oceologia ( berlin ) 140 ( 4 ) : 626 - 632 . summary : b . dendrobatidis alters the outcome of natural predator - prey dynamics in a larval amphibian - predator system .\nparris , m . j . and d . r . baud . 2004 . interactive effects of a heavy metal and chytridiomycosis on gray treefrog larvae ( hyla chrysoscelis ) . copeia 2004 : 343 - 349 . summary : b . dendrobatidis impacts on hyla larvae may be somewhat ameliorated in a heavy metal ( cu ) aquatic environment . thus , pathogenic effects may be a result of interactions with other aquatic contaminants .\nparris , m . j . and t . o . cornelius . 2004 . fungal pathogen causes competitive and developmental stress in larval amphibian communities . ecology 85 : 3385 - 3395 . summary : this paper documents that b . dendrobatidis induces competitive effects in the larval environment between a toad ( bufo ) and treefrog ( hyla ) species .\nrollins - smith , l . a . , carey , c . , longcore , j . , doersam , j . k . , boutte , a . , bruzgal , j . e . , and conlon , j . m . 2002 . activity of antimicrobial skin peptides from ranid frogs against batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , the chytrid fungus associated with global amphibian declines . developmental and comparative immunology . 26 ( 5 ) : 471 - 479 . summary : this paper outlines the role of antimicrobial peptides in deterring chytrid infection .\nspeare r , berger l . chytridiomycosis in amphibians in australia . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 9 october 2000 ] .\nusgs ( u . s . geological survey ) . 2000 . research project : review and classification of visitor impacts to wildlife research methods . u . s . department of the interior : patuxent wildlife research center . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 7 dec 2004 ]\nwaldman , b . , van de wolfshaar , k . e . , klena , j . d . , andjic , v . , bishop , p . , and norman , r . j . de b . 2001 . chytridiomycosis in new zealand frogs . surveillance . 28 ( 3 ) : 9 - 11 . summary : this article gives details about the first case of chytrid fungus in new zealand , including possible means of introduction and spread . available from : urltoken [ accessed 17 december 2004 ]\nweldon c , du preez lh , hyatt ad , muller r , speare r . , 2004 . origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus . emerg infect dis [ serial on the internet ] . 2004 dec . summary : available from urltoken [ accessed 14 december 2005 ]\nwoodhams , d . c . , alford , r . a . and marantelli , g . 2003 . emerging disease of amphibians cured by elevated body temperature , diseases of aquatic organisms 55 ( 1 ) : 65 - 67 .\nyoung , b . e . , lips , k . r . , reaser , j . k . , ibanez , r . , salas , a . w . , rogelio cedeno , j . , coloma , l . a . , ron , s . , la marca , e . , meyer , j . r . , munoz , a . , bolanos , f . , chaves , g . and romo , d . 2001 . population declines and priorities for amphibian conservation in latin america . conservation biology . 15 ( 5 ) : 1213 - 1223 . summary : a discussion of the factors involved in the population declines of amphibians in latin america .\nthe global invasive species database was developed and is managed by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) of the species survival commission ( ssc ) of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the erstwhile global invasive species programme ( gisp ) in 2000 . the gisd over the past two years and has been redesigned with support from the abu dhabi environment agency , the italian ministry of environment and ispra - the institute for environmental protection and research , italy . terms and conditions of use\nnext september , stri will join the international scientific community to celebrate a group of researchers who dedicated their careers to the study of the fungus and the preservation of panamanian amphibians , with hopes that soon we will also be able celebrate the successful reintroduction of these charismatic animals to their natural environment .\nthe panama - based smithsonian tropical research institute ( stri ) is the only dependency of the smithsonian institution located outside the united states and is dedicated to enriching knowledge about the biological diversity of the tropics ( www . stri . si . edu ) .\nwhat began in 1923 as a small field station on isla barro colorado in the former panama canal zone , today represents one of the world\u2019s leading research institutions . stri\u2019s facilities provide a unique opportunity for long - term ecological studies in the tropics and are intensively used by more than 1400 scientists , including panamanians and visitors who come every year from academic and research institutions in the americas and around the world .\nthe global conservation movement has reached a turning point . we have documented the fast pace of habitat loss , the growing number of endangered and extinct species , and the increasing speed of global climate change . yet while the seriousness of these threats cannot be denied , there are a growing number of examples of improvements in the health of species and ecosystems , along with benefits to human well - being , thanks to our conservation actions . earth optimism is a global initiative that celebrates a change in focus from problem to solution , from a sense of loss to one of hope , in the dialogue about conservation and sustainability .\nas human diseases become alarmingly antibiotic resistant , identification of new pharmaceuticals is critical . the cane toad and other members of the bufonidae family produce substances widely used in traditional folk medicine , but endangered family members , like panama\u2019s golden frog , atelopus zeteki , may disappear before revealing their secrets . smithsonian scientists and colleagues catalog the known chemicals produced by this amphibian family in the journal of ethnopharmacology highlighting this largely - unexplored potential for discovery ."]}
{"id": 1508, "summary": [{"text": "manoba major is a moth in the family nolidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1891 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india , taiwan , japan ( the ryukyu islands , burma , singapore , as well as on borneo , java , vanuatu and new caledonia . the habitat consists of coastal areas near mangroves . the wingspan is about 20 mm . the forewings are fawn with two darker smudges on the costa . the hindwings are fawn , fading to white at the base .", "topic": 1}], "title": "manoba major", "paragraphs": ["wileman & west , 1929 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) , 3 : 190 ,\n, but with the punctate fasciae much more clearly defined , and with blackish medial and subbasal shallowly triangular patches on the costa . the hindwings grade distinctly greyer towards the margin , and there is a grey discal mark . the antennae are very strongly bipectinate . the male genitalia resemble somewhat those of\nhampson ( see above ) in having a rather robust uncus , narrow , slightly curved valves and a relatively basal harpe . the aedeagus is slender , rather bulbous basally and with a long , narrow vesica that terminates in a single , large cornutus . the species has been placed erroneously as a synonym of the lithosiine arctiid\nindian subregion , taiwan , ryukyu is . , burma , singapore , borneo , ? java ( see below ) , vanuatu , new caledonia ( holloway , 1979 ) .\nunusual for the genus , this species has been taken uniquely on the coast near mangrove in brunei .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nturner , a . j . 1944 ,\na revision of the australian nolidae ( lepidoptera )\n, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 55 , pp . 13 - 50\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 04869551 - 6ed0 - 45d6 - 9fda - 7e2154bccc10\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2a3f06a8 - 0c2d - 4bb9 - ab3f - 7b3648610d0b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4f876d59 - ec13 - 41dd - a4d2 - 6bcfffded472\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 92fcba19 - a305 - 46dd - 9646 - 6c452a99bd3f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e08fb699 - 543f - 4aee - bd5e - 5db7a9d16a00\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fe614cda - c675 - 44cf - b380 - e40698349a63\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 525667\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , port natal [ durban ] , leg m . becker .\nwalker f . 1854b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part ii . \u2013 lepidoptera heterocera . - \u2014 2 : i\u2013iv , 279\u2013581 ."]}
{"id": 1510, "summary": [{"text": "the secretarybird or secretary bird ( sagittarius serpentarius ) is a very large , mostly terrestrial bird of prey .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "endemic to africa , it is usually found in the open grasslands and savannah of the sub-saharan region .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "although a member of the order accipitriformes , which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as kites , hawks , vultures , and harriers , it is given its own family , sagittariidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it appears on the coats of arms of sudan and south africa . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "secretarybird", "paragraphs": ["fuertes\u2019 secretarybird by louis agassiz fuertes is licensed under public domain mark 1 . 0 .\nglobal raptor information network . species account : secretarybird sagittarius serpentarius ( july , 2010 ) urltoken\nsecretarybird by ian white is licensed under cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 .\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of secretarybird were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of secretarybird here .\nsecretarybird is a proud supporter of msf . if you use our workbench please make a donation .\nsecretarybird with a tasty treat by jean & nathalie is licensed under cc by 2 . 0 .\nsabap comparison map for the secretarybird , extracted 19 april 2013 . colour coding of qdgcs as per\nsecretarybird can reach 4 to 5 feet in height and 5 to 9 \u00bd pounds of weight .\nresearchers used to believe that name\nsecretarybird\noriginates from 19th century when male secretaries wore quills in their wigs ( similar in appearance with crest of secretarybird ) . more likely , name\nsecretarybird\noriginates from arabic word\nsaqu ettair\nwhich means\nhunter - bird\n.\nsouthern african bird atlas project ( sabap ) comparison map for the secretarybird , extracted 19 april 2013 .\nthe secretarybird has always been admired by the african people due to its striking appearance and great ally against pests such as snakes and rodents . the secretarybird is also known as the devil horse by many african cultures .\nthe secretarybird is the national emblem of sudan and is also on the south african coat of arms , representing vigilance and military might . the secretarybird also appears on many postage stamps in over 30 countries in africa .\na third fossil bird from 10 million year - old nebraska rocks has been called the\nfalse secretarybird\nsince its similarity to the modern secretarybird is believed to be due to convergence rather than a close genetic relationship .\nthe secretarybird is a nomadic species and will often travel far and wide in search of food and other resources .\nwant the hassle and frustration of managing your poems , secretarybird is for you . and best of all it is\nthe secretarybird was supposedly named because it resembles an old - fashioned secretary carrying quill - pens tucked behind her ears .\nhabitat : secretarybird lives in open grass plains and steppes , also in savannahs with scarce bushes and open spaces between trees .\nmonster hunter on twitter :\n# nationalbirdday fun fact : seregios was inspired by the secretarybird and its stomping attack . urltoken urltoken\na large bird of prey , the secretarybird feeds mainly on large insects and small mammals , which it often stamps on before swallowing whole .\nthe secretarybird is endemic to sub - saharan africa . it ranges from senegal and somalia all the way to the tip of south africa .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - secretarybird ( sagittarius serpentarius )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - secretarybird ( sagittarius serpentarius )\ntitle =\narkive species - secretarybird ( sagittarius serpentarius )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbaker n , brouwer j , baker l , sinclair a , harebottle d , et al . . ( 2010 ) the status of the secretarybird\ndiet : secretarybird feeds mainly on insects ( grasshoppers ) , lizards , small birds and eggs , young hares , rodents , small amphibians and snakes .\nalthough it can fly , the secretarybird prefers to move around on foot and can cover 30 km a day , earning it the title \u2018africa\u2019s marching eagle\u2019 .\nthe secretarybird is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nthe secretary bird or secretarybird is a bird of prey found widely across africa , belonging to the same order as hawks , vultures , kites and harriers .\nunlike many other birds of prey , the secretarybird often catches it prey with its bill . but like many owl species , secretarybirds swallow most of their prey whole .\nprotection / threats / status : secretarybird is officially protected because it kills poisonous snakes , but decline of this species continues , and they don\u2019t breed successfully in captivity .\nthe secretarybird is the odd man out amongst the raptors . it ' s a grey and black terrestrial eagle , 1 . 3m tall , with a distinctive red face .\nkemp , a . c . 1995 . aspects of the breeding and behaviour of the secretarybird sagittarius serpentarius near pretoria , south africa . ostrich , 66 : 61 - 68 .\nsecretarybird has wingspan of 7 feet . these birds rarely fly even though they are proficient in the air . they fly with the help of warm air currents to preserve energy .\nthe secretarybird is a charismatic and familiar species , and uses a variety of habitats across its range in sub - saharan africa . it occurs in all nine provinces in south africa .\nthe secretarybird is easy to identify ; it has long legs , grey - black plumage , crest feathers and orange facial skin . in flight its long elongated central tail feathers are characteristic .\nthe common name secretarybird is said to derive from the bird\u2019s crest of long feathers which look like the long quill pens that the olden day secretaries had tucked behind their ears or in their wigs .\ncitation : hofmeyr sd , symes ct , underhill lg ( 2014 ) secretarybird sagittarius serpentarius population trends and ecology : insights from south african citizen science data . plos one 9 ( 5 ) : e96772 . urltoken\nit is regularly told in south africa that the common name of the secretarybird is due to the dark quill like feathers , resembling a quill pen behind the ear ( apparently common practice for an 18th century secretary ) .\nthe secretarybird has a widespread distribution throughout much of sub - saharan africa , from senegal and the gambia in the west across to ethiopia in the east , and extending southwards through the eastern african countries into south africa . a fairly nomadic species , the secretarybird will often travel widely in search of food , or in response to rainfall , fires and other changes in environmental conditions ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .\nsecretarybird is large bird of prey that lives in the sub - saharan africa . secretarybird usually inhabits savannas and open grasslands which enable fast identification of the potential prey . other than that , secretarybirds can be found in semi - deserts , forests and farmlands . secretarybirds are threatened by habitat loss due to increased agriculture and urban development . luckily , number of secretarybirds in the wild is large and they are not on the list of endangered species .\ndean wrj , simmons re ( 2005 ) secretarybird . in : hockey par , dean wrj , ryan pg , editors . roberts birds of southern africa . trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund : cape town . pp . 542\u2013543 .\nbehaviour : secretarybird is largely terrestrial , but it is a very good flier . they hunt for preys in grass , walking or running very fast . secretarybird feeds on snakes , and has a method to catch them . it stamps the snake with its long legs and its short but hard rear talon . it is quite equipped to tackle them . it may kill them by grabbing the victim , and beating it to death on the ground . prey may also be tossed into the air several times to stunt it . secretarybird is not immune to the snake poison , and it has to be sure that its prey is dead before to eat . secretarybirds often hunt in small groups or in pair , and keep contact by hooting .\nthe secretarybird breeds year - round , but with a distinct peak during the spring and summer months further south . two to three broods are often reared in productive years after good rainfall ( 7 ) . the secretarybird makes a nest out of sticks , creating a large platform on a flat - topped acacia tree or other thorny bush , and lining it with dry grass and other materials . it may also nest in non - thorny or exotic tree species if preferred nesting sites are not available .\na more recent theory on the naming of the secretarybird , is that it is a corruption of the arabic saqu ettair meaning\nhunter - bird\n, which passed , incorrectly , into french as secr\u00e9taire & was subsequently translated into english as secretary .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto secretarybird is a silent bird . but when it is displaying , it utters a hoarse croaking sound , very deep and rapid . it may also make a kind of mewing noise during the night , on the roost - site .\nkemp ac ( 1994 ) family sagittariidae ( secretarybird ) . in : del hoyo j , elliott a , sargatal j , editors . handbook of the birds of the world . vol 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions : barcelona . pp . 206\u2013215 .\nbelow are links to dedicated pages for each secretarybird which has been fitted with a tracking device . basic information about each bird as well as a map indicating the movement of the bird can be found on each page . the pages will be updated on a regular basis .\nalthough usually found in grassland and open savanna scattered with small thorny trees , the secretarybird also inhabits farmland , particularly where cereals are grown , as well as semi - desert habitats and grassy , open clearings in forests and woodlands ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nwe develop a method for inferring changes in abundance from atlas reporting rates , with a measure of statistical significance attached . while the count data provided by the car project are not useful for a species such as the secretarybird , because of its low general abundance and nomadic / wide - ranging behaviour [ 3 ] , the habitat use data provide information about the species ' ecology . together , these analyses provide important insights into the conservation status of the secretarybird in south africa in 2013 , which would not have been possible without the existence of these citizen science data .\nalthough its population is distributed over a vast area covering more than 15 million square kilometres , the secretarybird is generally in decline , and is thought to have completely disappeared from west africa in the last 30 years ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) . this species is increasingly threatened by the expansion of human populations , and the associated spread of cultivation and urbanisation ( 2 ) ( 8 ) . on a smaller scale , some populations of the secretarybird are at risk from hunting and persecution , with several individuals found poisoned or injured in south africa in recent years ( 5 ) .\nthe secretarybird is easily distinguished from other raptors and cranes by its grey plumage , the orange facial skin with raptor - like beak and the characteristic stealthy stride it takes as it moves through the grass in search of prey . the shape of the body is very similar to that of an eagle but walks on the legs of a stork or crane . the sexes are alike with the males having a slightly longer crest and tail than the female . a full grown secretarybird can reach a mass of 4kg ( max 4 . 5 ) and a reach an astonishing 1 . 4 meters tall with a wingspan of 191 - 220cm . in flight one would think that this bird could be confused with the similar coloured grey crowned crane , but it can easily be distinguished due to its barred tail feathers . with a tail of around 75cm long the secretarybird is the record holder for the longest tail in africa .\nbill is short , strong , hocked and pale grey . secretarybird has a patch of bare facial skin , which extends behind and above eyes , orange - red in colour . eyes are dark - brown , with very long black eyelashes . both sexes are similar , with male slightly larger than female .\nflight : secretarybird is a very good flier . it uses thermal currents to ascend and it soars for long distances . when it is threatened , the bird runs with spread wings , but it will take off and fly strongly if necessary . it may rise on thermals up to nearly 4000 metres elevation .\nthe secretarybird is a very distinctive bird , which is the sole member of the genus sagittarius . it is only found in africa , in the grass plains & steppes south of the sahara . it is the only bird of prey predominantly terrestial habits , they may walk up to 20 miles in a day .\nas a grassland specialist , it avoids dense bush and rocky habitats . the secretarybird walks purposefully across the veld at up to 3km / h looking for prey . its long legs are exceptionally strong and it uses them to stamp on small animals or hold them down while it tears at them with its beak .\ninsects form the bulk of its diet but it will take rodents and other small mammals , snakes and birds such as the laughing dove and sabota lark . shangaan traditional healers value the secretarybird for muthi . a concoction using its ground bones is reputed to bring respect and power , and the ability to overcome ones fears .\nboshoff af , allan dg ( 1997 ) secretarybird sagittarius serpentarius in : harrison ja , allan dg , underhill lg , herremans m , tree aj , et al . . . , editors . the atlas of southern african birds . vol . 1 : non - passerines . birdlife south africa : johannesburg . pp . 152\u2013153 .\nsecretarybird lets you focus on writing your poems , taking on the burden of managing your work ; allowing you to keep track of your poems and how they have been : revised , critiqued , read , entered for competitions and submitted for publication . with a few clicks you can sort , filter , classify and catalogue poems , review versions , track critiques and build collections . on startup you can have secretarybird pick up where you left off with your latest draft , making use of a standard or customised template , sequencing each version automatically . and you can have early warning of upcoming competitions . the application is benign , working alongside your existing dtp and text writing software .\nas you may imagine , a bird with such long legs is built to do a lot of walking . and the secretarybird does not disappoint . scientists estimate that secretarybirds walk anywhere from 12 to 18 miles ( 20 - 30 km ) a day ! that would be like walking the length of an american football field 300 times or more .\nbaker n , brouwer j , baker l , sinclair a , harebottle d , et al . . ( 2010 ) the status of the secretarybird sagittarius serpentarius with special reference to tanzania and declines across the continent . a preliminary report to the uk cites scientific authority ( fauna ) , joint nature conservation committee . iringa : tanzania bird atlas project .\ndistribution of secretarybird in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\nsabap comparison map for the secretarybird , extracted 19 april 2013 . colour coding of qdgcs as per figure 1 . additional data presented here are the reporting rates and z values used to colour - code qdgcs . the upper number in each square is the sabap1 reporting rate , the middle number is the sabap2 reporting rate , and the lower number is z .\nit is quite surprising that we know very little about the biology of this species . we know , for example , very little about the secretarybird ' s population size and trends in south africa and other factors such as territory size . juvenile dispersal and general movements are also poorly understood . this information is needed if we are to conserve this threatened species .\nreproduction : secretarybird usually mates for life , and they remain very close , even they hunt in different areas . both adults build a platform of sticks and grasses on the top of a low tree or a bush . their nest may reach 8 feet in diameter . they return each year to the same nest , adding some materials , more sticks and grasses .\nroberts vii estimates there are approximately 250 secretarybirds in kruger , with each bird covering a daily foraging territory of about 20 square kilometres . they are known to fly far and wide , presumably for better feeding - a secretarybird ringed in the sabi sabi private reserve next to kruger was found four months later in namibia , over 1 500km away . see veld stalker .\na large and distinctive bird of prey , the secretarybird ( sagittarius serpentarius ) is said to take its unusual name from the strange and distinguishing arrangement of feathers on the back of its neck . this long , raised crest of black , spatula - shaped feathers ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) is said to give the secretarybird the appearance of an old - fashioned secretary who would carry quill - pens tucked behind the ears . more recently , the case has been put forward that the name may actually be derived from the arabic saqr - et - tair . saqr means \u2018hunter\u2019 or \u2018hawk\u2019 and tair means \u2018flight\u2019 or \u2018bird\u2019 , and the translation to french may have resulted in the common name that is used today ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe secretarybird occurs within some protected areas ( 8 ) , and in some places it has benefited from bush clearance and deforestation of woodlands to make way for agriculture ( 5 ) ( 8 ) . the secretarybird is protected under the african convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources , in the hope that the species will be protected by participating states from hunting , killing , capture or collection ( 9 ) . it is also listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that international trade in the species should be carefully monitored ( 3 ) . these actions will hopefully act to safeguard populations of this unusual and charismatic bird of prey , although much will depend on the rate at which vital habitat across its range is lost to human development .\nthe secretarybird ( sagittarius serpentarius ) was uplisted from near - threatened to vulnerable . in south africa there is considerable concern about the conservation status of the species . a preliminary analysis of sabap1 and sabap2 data shows a considerable reduction in the areas this species previously occupied . this is probably mostly due to habitat loss and habitat degredation , but other threats such as power lines collisions are aslso taking their toll .\nthe secretarybird also has long , bare legs , which resemble those of a crane but are much more powerful , and end in small , stubby pink toes . juvenile secretarybirds are very similar to the adult , but are grey - eyed , with more brown in the plumage , a shorter tail and a yellow face , until the first moult ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nsometimes described as africa\u2019s \u2018marching eagle\u2019 , the secretarybird prefers to move around on foot , easily covering between 20 and 30 kilometres a day when hunting for food ( 2 ) . it spends much of its time stalking across the open ground , periodically stopping and stamping the floor to strike prey , which it will usually crush underfoot or repeatedly kick , before swallowing whole ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the secretarybird\u2019s diet primarily consists of large insects and small mammals , mainly rodents . however , it will feed opportunistically on any animal it comes across on its wandering travels , including hares , mongooses , squirrels , snakes , lizards , amphibians , freshwater crabs , and birds up to the size of guineafowl , as well as their eggs . secretarybirds have also been known to take domestic chickens when foraging in areas close to human habitation ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe methods developed here represent an important new approach to the analysis of bird atlas data and habitat use data . these methods are applicable to other species covered by sabap and car , and could easily be adapted for use with similar datasets collected in other parts of the world and for other species . they are , however , exploratory and innovative , and necessarily come with caveats regarding their interpretation . that said , our sabap - related findings have received confirmation through an analysis of reporting rate changes for bird families throughout south africa [ 32 ] . this study modelled bird families in relation to the proportion of qdgcs in their range in which reporting rates had increased between sabap1 and sabap2 . sagittariidae ( a single - species family that includes only the secretarybird ) was fourth lowest in a list of 51 families . this implies that the secretarybird is faring particularly badly in comparison with the majority of other south african bird species .\nunique not only for its name , the secretarybird stands out because of its distinct profile , quite unlike that of any other bird . the feathers on the body are generally grey across the back and paler towards the rump and breast , while the belly , thighs and flight feathers are all black . the underwings are white . the eyes are brown and are surrounded by bare facial skin that is a deep orange - red , and the bill is blue - grey .\nbirdlife south africa has initiated research on the secretarybird in order to understand aspects of its biology which will assist with its conservation . this research includes tracking the movements of secretarybirds using satellite tracking devices . with these devices the movement of individual birds can be determined in great detail . these devices provide accurate locations to within 10m every 15 minutes from sunrise to sunset . not only will it be possible to determine long distance movement patterns , but also habitat use and territory size .\nfollowing a courtship that is performed in flight and includes pendulum displays and calling ( 5 ) , the female secretarybird will lay a clutch of one to three eggs , which are incubated for around 42 to 46 days . the nestling period typically lasts between 65 to 106 days , with a post fledging - dependence period of 62 to 105 days . after this time the juvenile secretarybirds will leave the parental territory and range over long distances , displaying characteristic nomadic behaviour as immature birds ( 7 ) .\nenvision a large majestic bird of prey , sporting a hooked bill like an eagle and an impressive crest and tail of long , black feathers \u2013 but one that also walks along the ground on legs like a stork\u2019s and could easily be mistaken for a crane while in flight . put those pieces together , and you\u2019ve got yourself a secretarybird ! found only in the open grasslands and savannas of sub - saharan africa , the secretarybird looks quite unlike any other bird . it hunts on foot for small mammals , lizards , snakes , tortoises , insects , and young birds , and is most notorious for its ability to kill extremely venomous snakes by stomping them to death ! its name is probably derived from the arabic \u201csaqr - et - tair , \u201d meaning hunter bird . we often see these birds strolling through the grass , and we\u2019ve even spotted a few of their nests on top of the acacia trees . anything that eats venomous snakes is awesome in our opinion , and these birds are definitely awesome !\nkemp , a . c . , kirwan , g . m . , christie , d . a . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . secretarybird ( sagittarius serpentarius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbird atlas data for south africa suggest that the secretarybird population declined across most of the country , and particularly severely in the kruger national park , between the early 1990s and the late 2000s\u2013early 2010s . although these findings are of concern , this time period is relatively short , and in some less accessible areas coverage for sabap2 had not yet reached desirable levels . a longer data series and broader coverage are required before we would be able to state with confidence that the species population had declined significantly in south africa .\nkemp , a . c . , kirwan , g . m . , christie , d . a . & marks , j . s . ( 2016 ) . secretarybird ( sagittarius serpentarius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 23 august 2016 ) .\nunlike the snail kite , which has a very specialized diet , t he secretarybird will eat just about anything it can catch . it preys on small - to medium - sized mammals such as mice , hedgehogs and hares . it eats other birds and their eggs , too ! it will catch amphibians and various invertebrates , including insects , scorpions , millipedes , and crabs . secretarynirds also eat snakes , including several poisonous species , such as puff adders and cobras , and other reptiles , such as lizards and small tortoises .\nthe tallest raptor in the world , the secretarybird is unmistakeable . it has long , stork - like legs that are feathered from the thigh to the tarsus . it has a robust body covered in gray , white and black feathers , a feathered black crest and a red - orange and yellow patch of skin around its eye and in front of its strong curved beak . though it looks more like a stork than a raptor when it flies , it is distinguishable from any other bird by the two long tail feathers that extend beyond its feet in flight .\nthe secretarybird is monogamous , living in closely knitted pairs that never stray too far from one another . the mating display includes a ground display where male and female chase each other with wings held up and back ( much like the way they chase prey ) or an aerial display of soaring high with an undulating flight pattern coupled with guttural croaking . mating happens on the ground or on an acacia tree . large flat nests made of sticks are built on top of flat acacia trees ( height : 5 - 7m ) and nests will be visited for almost half a year before the eggs are laid .\nlike many other wildlife , secretarybird populations are declining throughout much of their range and the species has disappeared entirely in some places . though these birds can spend time in and hunt in some human - created open spaces , habitat loss is still a huge problem for this species . areas that are over - grazed leave little cover for prey animals , so they can be quite empty of wildlife . other areas are being cleared for human settlements and agricultural fields \u2013 all places where a secretarbird won ' t find what it needs to survive . these changes in habitat are taking their toll on this lovely bird .\nthe secretarybird is a long - legged raptor , endemic to africa . it kills its prey ( snakes , lizards ) by stomping . the upper two images of nest - - building in the serengeti are courtesy of michael markussen ( left , 2 - 07 ) and fain zimmerman ( right , 2 - 08 ) . the 2nd , 3rd and right 4th row photos were taken in the serengeti ( 2 - 04 ) . the others were taken in ngorongoro crater ( 9 - 08 ) . click the photo above to see more including a displaying pair , nest - building , incubating , preening and hunting .\ndescription : secretarybird is a very large bird of prey . its plumage is mostly grey , with black primaries , thighs , and a beautiful black crest of about twenty long feathers . tail is grey , barred by two broad black stripes , conspicuous when the bird is flying . tail presents two central feathers , longer than the others . the top of its very long legs is feathered with black . the lower leg is bare and pinkish - grey , covered with scales to protect them while it is walking or when it attacks some snake . toes are short , but very strong , with a powerful talon at the rear .\nstanding up to 4ft tall , it has very long legs , with black feathered thighs . it has a grey body , black feathers & white wing linings , its tail has two black central streamers . its most distinctive feature are the 20 black crest feathers , resembling quill pens stuck behind its ( invisible ) ears . this combination of features made it resemble a 19 th century clerk or secretary , in those days they were male & often wore tailcoats & knickerbocker trousers & placed their quill pens behind their ears . the head of the secretarybird ( with its yellowish bare patch ) and shape of the beak are very similar to those of the caracara . ( they also have a very long eyelashes , which many modern secretaries would appreciate ) .\nduring breeding season , secretarybirds perform flight displays . several males perform acrobatic flights , climbing high into the sky , and suddenly dropping down . they soar in wide circles high above the ground , with conspicuous long legs and tail projected behind , and uttering strange groaning . they also execute undulating swoops , downward dives , and both clasp each other talons , like eagles . secretarybird prefers to walk into its range , searching for food . it strides majestically across areas . it can fly very well , but rarely does so , because it hunts on the ground . it is able to walk up to 20 miles in a day . after young fledging , pair continues to roost in the nest at night , and they defend from this nest their territory , about 50 km2 around the nest site .\nlong - term public participation ( \u201ccitizen science\u201d ) projects make it possible for observations made by many different people to be pooled and analysed as a whole [ 6 ] \u2013 [ 10 ] . they provide the best opportunity for assessing population trends in species such as the secretarybird . the first and second southern african bird atlas projects ( sabap1 , 1987\u20131992 , and sabap2 , 2007\u2013present ) offer two snapshots of avian distribution in south africa approximately 15 years apart [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . the coordinated avifaunal roadcounts ( car ) project ( described below ) , was established in the western cape in 1993 , by 1998 had expanded to cover much of south africa [ 13 ] , and in 2014 was ongoing . we examine the information provided by these datasets for useful insight into the status and ecology of secretarybirds .\nsecretarybirds feed on snakes , lizards , grasshoppers , mice , birds eggs & the occasional small mammal . it was once thought that snakes were the primary diet ( the latin name translates as\narcher of snakes\n) , but recent studies indicate that snakes make up only around 2 % of the diet . when feeding on snakes , they ensure are dead prior to eating , as they are not immune to the snakes poison . the secretarybird kills its prey by stamping on it , accurately aiming the rear talon at the skull . occasionally , aided by their height , they will pick the prey up & kill it by dropping it . it is often attracted to bush & grass fires , where it will feed on small animals that failed to avoid the fire . unlike other raptors , they have short stout toes that are unable to grasp .\n) . the main exceptions were eastern karoo ( winter ) , north - eastern eastern cape ( winter ) and steenkampsberg ( both seasons ) . the eastern karoo result may seem surprising , because the sign tests indicate that a preference for natural habitats was expressed on a highly significant majority of routes . however , the proportion of available habitats that were transformed was extremely low ( less than 2 % ; unpublished data ) , so a similarly low proportion of birds needed to be seen on transformed land for the jacobs index to indicate that they were expressing a preference for that habitat . the karoo biomes are semi - desert , and in general the land is too dry for cultivation or pastures . where crops or pastures are grown , the land is usually irrigated , which may cause the biomass of potential secretarybird prey species ( rodents , reptiles , small birds , insects ) to increase . if this is the case , it would make sense for secretarybirds to prefer transformed habitats where they are available in the karoo . in fact secretarybirds are thinly distributed in the karoo , preferring grassland and savanna habitats\nhabitat selection in relation to habitat availability was analysed by comparing the proportions of natural and transformed land available to the proportions of birds seen in each type of land in each precinct . the proportions of natural and transformed land available were calculated using all three nlc maps . all classes of land other than natural vegetation classes and waterbodies were combined to form a single \u201ctransformed\u201d land class , and the remaining categories were combined to form a \u201cnatural\u201d class ( man - made and natural waterbodies , including wetlands , are not distinguished in the maps ) . a caveat to this analysis is the distinction between transformed , modified , and natural land [ 3 ] . land classified as \u201ctransformed\u201d is that on which the vegetation structure has been completely altered , e . g . pastures and cultivated fields . the \u201cnatural\u201d habitats mapped in the national land - cover maps are in fact mostly modified habitats , i . e . habitats in which the overall structure and main components of the natural vegetation remain , but in which important changes have been made , e . g . the naturally occurring community of herbivores has been replaced by livestock . in 1989 it was estimated that only 7 % of south africa ' s land surface remained fully natural and undisturbed [ 27 ] . thus in these analyses when we refer to natural habitats , we are in fact mostly referring to modified habitats . however , the extent to which they had been modified and to which they differed functionally from natural habitats , from the perspective of a secretarybird , would be variable .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\na very large and distinctive terrestrial raptor , which stands c . 1 . 2 m tall ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) . it is grey , whitish and black in all plumages , with small bill and head , bare face , relatively long neck , exceptionally long , bare legs , and long graduated tail with greatly elongated central rectrices . it has a distinctive crest of black - tipped spatulate feathers ( ferguson - lees and christie 2001 ) .\nthis species is classified as vulnerable because recent evidence from across its range suggests that its population is experiencing a rapid decline , probably owing to habitat degradation , disturbance , hunting and capture for trade .\n. it is variably described as common to rare ( only 10 pairs or less in waza - logone west , cameroon [ j . brouwer\nalthough the species occurs across a vast range , surveyed densities suggest that the total population size does not exceed a five - figure number .\n2014 ) . on the basis of this evidence the species is suspected to be undergoing a rapid decline overall .\n2014 ) . it ranges from sea - level to 3 , 000 m . juveniles can move a long way after leaving their nest site , but will return to their natal area ( retief and smit - robinson 2014 ) . a variety of prey is consumed , primarily insects and rodents , but also other mammals , lizards , snakes , eggs , young birds and amphibians . breeding occurs throughout the year and the species typically nests in a flat - topped\n. disturbance by humans , probably most often herders , is likely to negatively affect breeding . the species is captured and traded in apparently small numbers ; however , it is unknown how many die in captivity and transit . direct hunting and nest - raiding for other uses and indiscriminate poisoning at waterholes are also potential threats . these human - induced threats may compound the effects of severe droughts in some areas ( baker\ncites appendix ii . it occurs in a number of national parks and other protected areas across its large range .\ninitiate a coordinated continent - wide monitoring programme to obtain an up - to - date population estimate and track the species ' s trends . in areas where the species is declining , raise awareness of threats amongst local people , particularly livestock herders . monitor and tackle the capture and trade of the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nis found throughout africa south of the sahara , except the extreme deserts of the namib coast and the forested region around the equator in western africa . secretary birds do not occur in the southern areas of guinea , cote d ' ivoire , ghana and nigeria , and are entirely absent from the sub - saharan countries of sierra leone and liberia .\nsecretary birds prefer open savannahs and grasslands , although they also live in semi - deserts and lightly wooded or scrub areas . in grasslands , secretary birds choose areas where the grass is one meter or less in height so their view is not obstructed . they are common near agricultural areas that offer hunting opportunities . secretary birds are never found in true deserts with extreme aridity , or heavily wooded areas . these birds are found from sea - level to around 3 , 000 m .\n( ferguson - lees and christie , 2001 ; hosking , et al . , 1988 ; steyn , 1983 )\nsecretary birds stand around 0 . 9 to 1 . 2 meters tall and weigh between 2 . 3 to 4 . 27 kg . females tend to be slightly smaller than males . wingspans of females range from 1 . 2 to 1 . 32 m , while those of males range between 1 . 26 to 1 . 35 m .\nthese large raptors have very distinctive morphology . the plumage is generally gray in color , perhaps with some white feathers . they have black flight feathers on the wings and a crest of black - tipped feathers on the back of the head . the bare face is orange to red in color . they have a relatively small head , a gray - white beak , a long neck , and an eagle - like body . unlike an eagle , however , the bare , pinkish legs are very long and end in stubby toes with blunt claws . the tibial portions of the legs are covered in black plumage that give the bird the appearance that it is wearing shorts . the long tail has especially long central rectrices that are often tipped with black .\n( ferguson - lees and christie , 2001 ; hosking , et al . , 1988 ; mackworth - praed and grant , 1980 ; steyn , 1983 )\nare similar in appearance to adults with a few exceptions . first , the bare skin on the face is yellow rather than orange or red . second , juveniles show black coloration on the tips of the wing shoulder feathers , as well as brown to black barring on the underwing coverts . lastly , juveniles also tend to have shorter central tail feathers and crests than adults .\nwith any other bird of prey , mainly due to their very long legs . from a distance secretary birds are mistaken for\nsecretary birds are monogamous and are thought to pair for life . in courtship , they give a croaking call while displaying in the air and on the ground . aerial displays consist of high soaring and diving performed by a single individual ( usually the male ) , or by the pair when the male will dive toward the female and she will half - turn to present her claws . this courtship behavior is very similar to that of other birds of prey . on the ground , their displays are very crane - like with the two birds dancing around with their wings outstretched . sometimes small groups of secretary birds will all join in this ground display behavior . after courtship displays , mating will usually take place on the ground , although some pairs mate in trees .\nmay breed throughout the year , although there are peaks in breeding from august to march . both the male and female will construct a large nest on a flat - topped tree ( usually an acacia tree or some other thorny tree ) . the nest is usually a saucer - shaped platform made of sticks and lined with a thick layer of grass , wool , dung , and other such materials . a pair of secretary birds will usually reuse the same nest for many years , adding to the structure each year to create a nest that can range from 1 . 5 to 2 . 5 meters in diameter . a frequently reused nest will be abandoned if the structure becomes too large and heavy to be supported by the tree and seems likely to collapse .\nthe female lays a clutch of 1 to 3 eggs , with each egg laid two to three days apart . the eggs are chalky - white with reddish - brown streaks and are pyriform in shape . eggs are variable in size and can range from 68 to 92 mm in length and 52 to 61 mm in width . incubation of the eggs begins as soon as the first egg is laid . incubation duties are shared by both the male and female , although more frequently by the female . the male brings food to the nest for the female during this time . in 42 to 46 days , the semi - altricial young hatch . young generally hatch 2 to 3 days apart , but no siblicide has been observed . however , in a clutch of three eggs , the smallest chick usually dies of starvation because it cannot compete with its larger nest mates .\nhatchlings are covered in off - white down and have large heads that seem too heavy for their bodies . at two weeks of age , they attain a thick coat of gray down , and in three weeks the crest begins to appear . development is slow in secretary birds and it takes six weeks before the hatchlings can stand on their own . at this stage , they learn to feed themselves from prey brought to the nest . by seven weeks , nestlings are fully feathered . around 60 days , the young begin flexing their wings , often flapping and lifting small distances into the air before dropping back to the nest . in 64 to 106 days , the offspring will fledge . the offspring remain around the nest tree for an additional 62 to 105 days , during which time they are dependent upon the parents for food and training in foraging techniques .\nbreeding interval secretary birds can raise two broods within ten months under desirable conditions .\nboth male and female secretary birds invest heavily in the young . both sexes share incubation duties . after the eggs hatch , parental care is constant . both the male and female feed the young via regurgitation , although the female mostly regurgitates food that the male has brought back to the nest for her . after about a month , parental care drops significantly , with the parents only returning to the nest to feed the chicks . after six weeks , the parents stop feeding via regurgitation and bring larger prey items that they give the chicks to eat directly . when the chicks fledge and leave the nest , the parents will teach the chicks how to hunt for prey . once the offspring know how to provide for themselves and are independent , they generally head off on their own , leaving the parents\u2019 territory . however , in some circumstances the parents will still tolerate having the juveniles in their territory and even allow the now - independent offspring to join in their hunts and share the nest tree as a roost . it is important to note that juveniles are not dependent on the parents during this time . they are just temporarily sharing a territory . two months is the average amount of time that independent juveniles are allowed to remain in the parents\u2019 territory before being chased away so that the parents can breed again .\nis sometimes solitary , but is more often found in pairs or family groups consisting of up to five individuals . larger aggregations of secretary birds may form near an abundant food source or a watering hole , but these groups do not remain together long . secretary birds become active about two hours after the sun has risen , when the grass is no longer wet with morning dew . these birds spend the day walking around and feeding until late afternoon , at which point they return to their roosts . secretary birds prefer to walk rather than fly , and average about 20 to 30 km a day on foot . when hurried or confronted with a threat they run before taking flight . when they do fly , they fly well and often at great heights .\na pair of secretary birds defends an area that can range from 20 to 500 square kilometers depending on the density of secretary birds and food resources in the area . any conspecifics caught intruding in a pair ' s territory will be chased out forcefully .\nis generally sedentary and will remain in its own territory , but they are sometimes nomadic . in most cases , these nomadic tendencies are caused by a search for food .\nsecretary birds are generally silent . when they do call , they typically give a deep , trisyllabic croaking wail that can be heard for quite some distance . this call , along with a drawn - out growling sound , is used in conjunction with aerial and ground displays during the courtship process . a softer version of the main call is used when feeding young . an occasional whistle is given from time to time . the young have their own calls to solicit food from their parents , which start off as a quiet squealing , then becoming a loud ' chok - a - chok - a - chok - a - chok ' .\nis an opportunistic predator with a broad prey base . the majority of the diet is made up of arthropods ( including grasshoppers , beetles , spiders , scorpions , wasps , etc . ) and small mammals ( including mice , rats , hedgehogs , hares , mongooses , etc . ) . other recorded prey of secretary birds includes small and young birds , eggs , amphibians , freshwater crabs , lizards , small tortoises , chameleons and snakes . although this species is famed for killing and eating snakes , these reptiles are not eaten as often as is generally believed . however , the snakes taken as prey are often adders , cobras , and other venomous species .\nsecretary birds hunt exclusively on the ground , either alone or in pairs ( usually with their mate ) . the birds will set out across a grassy area at a steady pace searching for movement . if a particularly thick tuft of grass is encountered , the bird will stamp on it to flush out any potential prey . once prey is spotted , the bird quickens its pace to take the prey by surprise . if a chase commences , the bird will flap its wings and run after the prey until catching up to it . with small prey , the bird will merely bend down and capture it in its bill . larger prey , especially snakes , are stamped to death with the bird ' s blunt feet . a secretary bird will strike a snake just behind its head to snap its neck or stun it . secretary birds are said to pick up a stunned snake , fly high into the air and drop the snake to its death , but this behavior has not been well documented . once the prey is stunned or killed , the bird will swallow it whole through its large gape . if the prey proves too large , then the bird will tear it apart much like an eagle , using its feet to hold the prey down ."]}
{"id": 1512, "summary": [{"text": "agustinia / \u0251\u02d0\u0261\u0259\u02c8st\u026ani\u0259 / is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs from the early cretaceous period of south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains the single species agustinia ligabuei , a single specimen of which was recovered from the lohan cura formation of neuquen province in argentina , thought to date from the late aptian to albian stages of the early cretaceous period , between 116 and 100 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the name agustinia honors the discoverer of the specimen , agustin martinelli .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this dinosaur was originally named in a 1998 abstract written by famous argentine paleontologist jose bonaparte .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the original generic name was \" augustia \" , which , as it turned out , was already preoccupied by a beetle ( see also : megapnosaurus , protognathosaurus ) .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "bonaparte changed the name to agustinia in a full paper published in 1999 .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "there is one named species ( a. ligabuei ) , which is named in honor of dr. giancarlo ligabue , a philanthropist who provided financial support to the expedition which recovered the remains . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "agustinia", "paragraphs": ["14 . it was jose f . bonaparte who renamed agustinia from augustia to agustinia . the renaming took place in 1999 .\n1 . agustinia is pronounced as ah - gus - tin - ee - ah .\nagustinia was a herbivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited south america .\nagustinia was a herbivorous titanosaur dinosaur that lived in the cretaceous period of south america .\n12 . agustinia was actually named as augustia in 1998 . however , when it was found that augustia had already been used for naming another creature , the name was changed to agustinia .\n9 . agustinia lived in the woodlands of the area which is currently known as south america .\nbone histology sheds light on the nature of the\ndermal armor\nof the enigmatic sauropod dinosaur agustinia ligabuei bonaparte , 1999 .\ntime to break away from the theropods temporarily and tackle a sauropod . agustinia was requested by mike keesey , so here it is .\nsize height and weight about 50 feet long and 10 - 20 tons the name the scientific name is agustinia ligabuei the common name is agustinia pronunciation a - gus - tin - e - ah . the names meaning and from which language the meaning of the name is for agustin ( agustinia \u202d ( \u202cnamed after agustin martinelli , \u202d \u202cthe discoverer\u202d ) . the language which the name came from is lithuanian ( says google translate ) the name of the dinosaur was named by jos\u00e9 bonaparte\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1998 . which is named in honor of dr . giancarlo ligabue where , when , and by whom was it discovered the agustinia was founded by agustin martinelli it was discovered in argentina the agustinia was discovered in 1998 the agustinia was a herbivore , and this dinosaur was a prey dinosaur project : agustinia katie ramsdell 11 / 18 / 14 period 6 the agustinias eating habits and was it a predator or prey ? feathers , fur or scales ? the agustinia has scales offspring live birth or egg living which geological period or era the agustinia lived during the aptian to albian of the cretaceous solitary or herd not yet specified not yet specified number of offsprings per litter not yet specified closets living realitives not yet specified cite resources urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\n15 . agustinia lived from aptian through albian ages of the middle cretaceous period . the fossil was found from argentina\u2019s neuquen province\u2019s lohan cura formation .\napart from their respective features and characteristics description of anabisetia and agustinia is incomplete without they being segregated from each other . what is a better way to differentiate the dinosaurs than classify them on them basis of their character and shape in a scientific way . by comparing anabisetia and agustinia classification , we get information about species of anabisetia and agustinia and also its kingdom , phylum , class in which they are categorized etc . the former dinosaur is a part of a . saldiviai species while the later belongs to agustinia ligabuei species . the former belongs to chordata based on its body structure . it is a member of reptilia class . the clade of the same is dinosauria . it is grouped in ornithischia . it is part in anabisetia . it is classified in saurischia order . the clade of the same is dinosauria . the class of agustinia is reptilia . the genus of the same is agustinia\nbone histology sheds light on the nature of the\ndermal armor\nof the enigmatic sauropod dinosaur agustinia ligabuei bonaparte , 1999 . - pubmed - ncbi\napart from their respective features and characteristics description of alvarezsaurus and agustinia is incomplete without they being segregated from each other . what is a better way to differentiate the dinosaurs than classify them on them basis of their character and shape in a scientific way . by comparing alvarezsaurus and agustinia classification , we get information about species of alvarezsaurus and agustinia and also its kingdom , phylum , class in which they are categorized etc . the former dinosaur is a part of a . calvoi species while the later belongs to agustinia ligabuei species . the former belongs to chordata based on its body structure . the family of the concerned dinosaurus is alvarezsauridae . it is a member of reptilia class . the clade of the same is dinosauria . it is grouped in saurischia . it is part in alvarezsaurus . it is classified in saurischia order . the clade of the same is dinosauria . the class of agustinia is reptilia . the genus of the same is agustinia\nscaling the fibula from rebbachisaurus gives a length of 16 meters while scaling from saltasaurus gives a length of 15 meters , so agustinia was about 15 - 16 meters .\n2 . most interesting of agustinia facts is that this dinosaur was named after its discoverer agustin martinelli . agustin was a student when he discovered the fossil of this dinosaur .\nagustinia is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs from the early cretaceous period of south america . it contains the single species agustinia ligabuei , a single specimen of which was recovered from the lohan cura formation of neuquen province in argentina , thought to date from the late aptian to albian stages of the early cretaceous period , between 116 and 100 million years ago .\n13 . another interesting one of agustinia facts is that though the fossil was discovered by agustin martinelli , paleontologist jose f . bonaparte was the person who was actually responsible for identification of the dinosaur .\na hand - painted , highly detailed model of the amazing dinosaur agustinia , an armoured , long - necked dinosaur from the cretaceous period . part of the procon dinosaurs and the collecta dinosaurs ranges .\n6 . agustinia was a quadrupedal dinosaur and fed on plants . yes , it was an herbivore and did not pose any threat to other animals at least in terms of hunting them down and devouring them .\nagustinia ligabuei is an early cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from the northwest of patagonia that is currently the topic of debate with respect to its phylogenetic position and atypical dermal armor . the presence of four morphotypes of laminar and transversely elongated putative osteoderms was used to consider agustinia as an armored sauropod . regarding the different hypotheses about the identity of the bony structures of agustinia ( e . g . , osteoderms , cervical or dorsal ribs , hypertrophied elements ) , a comparative histological analysis has been carried out . histological evidence is presented herein and reveals that none of the morphotypes of agustinia shows a primary bone tissue formed by structural fiber bundles as in other sauropod dinosaur osteoderms . furthermore , on the basis of their gross morphology and microstructure , the bony structures originally classified as types 1 + 4 and 3 are more comparable respectively with dorsal and cervical ribs than any other kind of dermal or bony element . due to poor preservation , the nature of the type 2 cannot be assessed but is here tentatively assigned to a pelvic girdle element . although a phylogenetic reassessment of agustinia is not the purpose of this paper , our paleohistological analyses have broader implications : by not supporting the dermal armor hypothesis for agustinia , its inclusion in lithostrotia is not justified in the absence of other diagnostic features .\nagustinia ligabuei is an early cretaceous sauropod dinosaur from the northwest of patagonia that is currently the topic of debate with respect to its phylogenetic position and atypical dermal armor . the presence of four morphotypes of laminar and transversely elongated putative osteoderms was used to consider agustinia as an armored sauropod . regarding the different hypotheses about the identity of the bony structures of agustinia ( e . g . , osteoderms , cervical or dorsal ribs , hypertrophied elements ) , a comparative histological analysis has been carried out . histological evidence is presented herein and reveals that none of the morphotypes of agustinia shows a primary bone tissue formed by structural fiber bundles as in other sauropod dinosaur osteoderms . furthermore , on the basis of their gross morphology and microstructure , the bony structures originally classified as types 1 + 4 and 3 are more comparable respectively with dorsal and cervical ribs than any other kind of dermal or bony element . due to poor preservation , the nature of the type 2 cannot be assessed but is here tentatively assigned to a pelvic girdle element . although a phylogenetic reassessment of agustinia is not the purpose of this paper , our paleohistological analyses have broader implications : by not supporting the dermal armor hypothesis for agustinia , its inclusion in lithostrotia is not justified in the absence of other diagnostic features .\nlike with many sauropod dinosaurs , \u202d \u202cagustinia\u202d \u202cis known from incomplete remains . \u202d \u202csome of these remains however revealed a startling revelation in that this sauropod had what appeared to be armour along its back similar in appearance to the plates of stegosaurus , \u202d \u202ca herbivorous but completely different kind of dinosaur . \u202d \u202cthis is in particular reference to the plates that would have been on the back of the neck of agustinia , \u202d \u202calthough these plates were at a right angle to\u202d \u202chow they would have been\u202d \u202carranged\u202d \u202cin stegosaurus which means that from the side they would have looked thin , \u202d \u202cbut from the front you would have seen the full shape . \u202d however , later studies now suggest that this plates are actually fragments of the ribs and hips , and if this is true , then agustinia did not have armoured plates . the phylogenetic position of agustinia has been difficult to establish as the few bones known for the genus display a combination of diplodocid and titanosaurid features . \u202d \u202cto make things even more difficult both of these groups of dinosaurs are known to have roamed south america during the cretaceous . \u202d \u202cagustinia was first named in\u202d \u202c1998\u202d \u202cas augustia , \u202d \u202cbut this was later found to have already been used for another creature , \u202d \u202chence the change to agustinia in\u202d \u202c1999 .\nthe bizarre and remarkable agustinia , an armoured , long - necked dinosaur from the age of reptiles . this hand - painted model is ideal for creative play . a super quality model from the procon dinosaurs and collecta dinosaurs ranges .\n10 . as far as the armor is concerned , some paleontologists who have studied the fossil remains say that what appeared to be armors were actually fragments of hips and ribs . if those paleontologists are correct then , agustinia didn\u2019t have any armored plates .\nagustinia is a sauropod based on - more than three sacral vertebrae ; metatarsals i and v with proximal ends subequal in area to metatarsals ii and iv . it is eusauropod based on - dorsal neural spines broader transversely than anteroposteriorly ; metatarsal iii 25 % or less of tibial length ; minimum shaft width of metatarsal i greater than ii - iv . sauropod systematics are currently unresolved regarding basal forms such as cetiosaurs and euhelopodids , but agustinia shares several characters with diplodocoids and titanosaurids , which would place it in the neosauropoda .\ndue to the fragmentary nature of its remains , agustinia ' s classification is unclear ; it could be either a diplodocoid or a titanosaurian . however , its back plates have recently been redescribed as likely rib or hip bone fragments instead , and its status as a discernible species has been put into question by some .\nin this article titled 15 interesting agustinia facts were are going to learn about an armored titanosaur \u2013 a sauropod that has a pretty unusual name . why it was named so ? what kind of armor did this dinosaur have ? when and where did it live ? this article is going to answer all these questions . it will be a quick and short article as usual because not much information is available on this extinct creature .\ntitanosaurids and diplodocoids both have prespinal and postspinal laminae in the posterior dorsal vertebrae and dorsalized proximal caudal vertebrae ( with laminae ) , but only diplodocoids have posterior dorsal vertebrae with craniocaudally compressed neural spines and only euhelopus and titanosaurids have six sacral vertebrae . diplodocoids and some titanosaurids ( saltasaurus and opisthocoelicaudia , not alamosaurus , malawisaurus or titanosaurus ) have craniocaudally compressed proximal caudal neural spines . only titanosaurids have been discovered with dermal ossifications . bonaparte states the four perpendicular laminae with postspinal laminae longest are more similar to rebbachisaurids than titanosaurids . this makes it apparent that agustinia is either a diplodocoid or advanced titanosaurid , with the evidence about equal for either . both groups were common in early cretaceous south america . a titanosaurid affinity is suggested by six sacral vertebrae and dermal ossifications , while diplodocoid affinity is suggested by craniocaudally compressed posterior dorsal neural spines and the orientation of the laminae . thus , i recommend placing agustinia as neosauropoda incertae sedis , as either a diplodocoid or advanced titanosaurid .\na number of sauropods feature in robert\u2019s south american themed diorama . the picture above shows a close up of an agustinia ( pronounced ah - gus - tin - nee - ah ) , a bizarre , herbivorous dinosaur whose fossils were first discovered around twenty years ago . from the limited number of fossils found , palaeontologists remain uncertain as to the phylogeny of this particular dinosaur . it could be a member of the titanosaurids , or perhaps it was more closely related to diplodocus ( diplodocid dinosaurs ) . until more fossil material is found and studied , the family classification of this particular south american dinosaur remains uncertain .\nname : agustinia \u202d ( \u202cnamed after agustin martinelli , \u202d \u202cthe discoverer\u202d ) . phonetic : a - gus - tin - e - ah . named by : jos\u0165 bonaparte\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1999 . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202creptilia , \u202d \u202cdinosauria , \u202d \u202csaurischia , \u202d \u202csauropodomorpha , \u202d \u202cdiplodocoidea / titanosauridae\u202d ? species : a . \u202d \u202cligabuei\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c . diet : herbivore . size : estimated\u202d \u202c15\u202d \u202cmeters long . known locations : argentina , \u202d \u202cneuquen province\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202clohan cura formation . time period : aptian to albian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : partial remains including a fibula and tibia\u202d ( \u202cbones of the lower hind leg\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cvery fragmentary femur\u202d ( \u202cupper hind leg bone\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cfive metatarsals , \u202d \u202cpartial vertebrae and the associated back armour of plates and spikes .\nwe thank j . bonaparte and a . martinelli for providing helpful information , comments , original field - work photos , and field notes , as well in helping us to reconstruct the taphonomy of holotype materials of\n; the direcci\u00f3n provincial de patrimonio cultural of neuqu\u00e9n and the museo municipal carmen funes of plaza huincul for their collaboration , as well as legal and logistic support ; j . curruinca , s . adrian , sr . firelli , and the municipalidad of pic\u00fan leuf\u00fa for allowing the access at the cerro leon locality and to support part of the field works ; r . a . coria of mcf for the collection access and e . montes for preparing part of the material ; d . codega of usl for making the thin sections ; j . carballido , p . mannion , m . d\u2019emic , and an anonymous reviewer for providing constructive criticism and suggestions that improved the original manuscript . j . blanco kindly provided the\n. a . elbakyan , j . bar , and wikipaleo group provided the literature . this project has been partially funded by jurassic foundation ( grant to f . b ) and agencia nacional de promoci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica y t\u00e9cnica ( pict 2015 - 1021 to i . a . c ) .\ngen . et sp . nov . : a beaked sauropod from the late cretaceous of patagonia . naturwissenschaften 91 : 493\u2013497 . doi :\nbarrett pm , clarke jb , brinkman db , chapman sd , ensom pc ( 2002 ) morphology , histology and identification of the \u2018granicones\u2019 from the purbeck limestone formation ( lower cretaceous : berriasian ) of dorset , southern england . cretac res 23 ( 2 ) : 279\u2013295 . doi :\nbonaparte jf ( 1999 ) an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina . national science museum monographs 15 : 1\u201312\nbonaparte jf , powell j ( 1980 ) a 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considerations on the bony plates assigned to titanosaurs ( dinosauria , sauropoda ) . ameghiniana 40 : 441\u2013456\nsalgado l , bonaparte jf ( 2007 ) sauropodomorpha . in : gasparini zs , salgado l , coria ra ( eds ) patagonian mesozoic reptiles . indiana university press , pp 188\u2013228 .\nsanz jl , powell je , le loeuff j , mart\u00ednez r , pereda suberbiola x ( 1999 ) sauropod remains from the upper cretaceous of la\u00f1o ( northcentral spain ) . titanosaur phylogenetic relationships . estudios del museo de ciencias naturales de alava 14 ( 1 ) : 235\u2013255\nscheyer tm , sander pm ( 2004 ) histology of ankylosaur osteoderms : implications for systematics and function . j vertebr paleontol 20 : 874\u2013893 . doi :\ntaylor mp ( 2009 ) aspects of the history , anatomy , taxonomy and palaeobiology of sauropod dinosaurs . phd thesis , university of portsmouth , portsmouth , england , pp 285 .\nupchurch p , barrett pm , dodson p ( 2004 ) sauropoda . in : weishampel db , dodson p , osm\u00f3lska h ( eds ) the dinosauria , 2nd edn . university of california press , berkeley , pp . 259\u2013324\n( mammalia , xenarthra , cingulata ) . j morphol 267 ( 11 ) : 1273\u20131283 . doi :\n( archosauria , crocodylia ) with comments on the homology of osteoderms . j morphol 269 ( 4 ) : 398\u2013422 . doi :\nvickaryous mk , sire jy ( 2009 ) the integumentary skeleton of tetrapods : origin , evolution , and development . j anat 214 : 441\u2013464 . doi :\n( gekkonidae ) with comments on their regeneration and inferred function . j morphol 276 : 1345\u20131357 . doi :\nsp . ( sauropoda ) . j vertebr paleontol 34 ( 4 ) : 852\u2013869 . doi :\nwedel mj ( 2003 ) vertebral pneumaticity , air sacs , and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs . paleobiology 29 : 243\u2013255 . doi :\nwilson ja ( 2002 ) sauropod dinosaur phylogeny : critique and cladistic analysis . zool j linnean soc 136 : 217\u2013276 . doi :\nzhang y ( 1988 ) the middle jurassic dinosaur fauna from dashanpu , zigong , sichuan : sauropod dinosaurs . vol . 1 ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfurther reading - an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina . - j . f . bonaparte . in proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium tokyo : national science museum monographs y . tomida , t . h . rich & p . vickers - rich ( eds ) . - 1999 . - osteology of the late jurassic portuguese sauropod dinosaur lusotitan atalaiensis ( macronaria ) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms . - zoological journal of the linnean society , 168 , 98\u2013206 . - p . d . manion , p . upchurch , r . n . barnes & o . mateus - 2013 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , and its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\n3 . this dinosaur lived during the early parts of middle - cretaceous period . in terms of years , that\u2019s about 115 to 100 million years ago from current time .\n4 . the dinosaur was a titanosaur which reached the length of 50 feet from snout to tip of the tail .\n5 . you can very well guess from its size that the dinosaur was pretty heavy . paleontologists say that it weighed anywhere between 10 and 20 tons .\n7 . the incomplete type fossil that was unearthed by agustin revealed that the dinosaur had an armor along its back .\n8 . the armor was in form of spines along the vertebrae . paleontologists think that the purpose of the armor was merely display and had nothing to do with defense .\n11 . however , it is assumed that the dinosaur did have armored plates on its neck and back and that the plates were arranged in such a way that they appeared to be thin when looked from side but full size appeared only when looked at from the front .\nfounder and chief editor of facts legend , sankalan believes that information should be free . he is a dreamer and loves reading , writing , traveling and above all , sleeping . sometimes he gets really confused about things happening in life but then again , he manages to get things back on track . he practices tai chi whenever he gets time . slightly unsocial by nature , he still manages to get along with people pretty well . he hates politics and absolutely hates people who like to judge others .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\n* by using this form you agree with the storage and handling of your data by this website .\neducation is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school . - albert einstein\n\u00a92014 - 2018 - facts legend . all right reserved . a property of ak\u1e63a ventures .\nthis website uses cookies to improve your experience . we ' ll assume you ' re ok with this , but you can opt - out if you wish . accept read more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nis named after agustin martinelli , a young argentine student who discovered it . the\n( lee - gah - boo - ay - ie ) , honors dr . giancarlo ligabue , a philanthropist who provided financial support to the expedition which recovered the remains . this is the second of three dinosaurs to honor ligabue , sandwiched between\nwas discovered in the cull\u00edn grande member of the lohan cura formation ( sandwiched between the older la amarga formation and the younger candeleros formation ) at cerro de los leones , neuquen province , argentina , in 1997 . the\n( mcf - pvph 110 ) originally included an almost complete right shin and calfbone , five metatarsals from the left foot , three partial vertebrae from the back , six from the hip , and ten from the tail , and nine oddly - shaped\narmour\nplates . however , it was later suggested that the plates were perhaps partial rib bones or hip bones , or both , and the hip vertebrae are too damaged to count with accuracy . a thighbone was also found at the site but it was so fragmented it wasn ' t worth collecting .\nin\nproceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium tokyo : national science museum monographs\n.\n\u2022 upchurch , p . , barrett , p . m . , and dodson , p . ( 2004 )\nsauropoda\nin weishampel , dodson and osm\u00f3lska\ntime stands still for no man , and research is ongoing . if you spot an error , or want to expand , edit or add a dinosaur , please use\n. where applicable , these images link to the artist ' s credit page . please respect their conditions for re - use .\nyup , we use cookies . but it doesn ' t make us bad people .\ntranslation : a quadrupedal herbivore which has long thorns from its neck to tail .\nalong with edmontosaurus , metriacanthosaurus , piatnitzkysaurus , and olorotitan , it is one the latest dinosaurs released in the arcade .\nit appeared on the kyoryu king wallpaper before its actual debut , alongside metriacanthosaurus .\nit is one of the very few dinosaurs to not appear in the tcg .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\netymology -\nhonoring agustin and ligabue\n, agustin martinelli being discoverer of the specimen and dr . giancarlo ligabue being an active philanthropist who supported the 1997 patagonian expediation .\nnote : a femur was found with the specimen represented by hundreds of small weathered fragments and was not collected .\ndiagnosis - fibula wraps anteromedially around cnemial crest of tibia ; dermal ossifiations with thick proximal / ventral processes , starting as rhomboid transversely oriented midline plates , proceeding to rectangular transversely oriented midline plates with dorsolateral spikes , then to dorsolaterally projecting flattened spines .\nthe last three dorsal neural spines are preserved . they are transversely rectangular in dorsal view and possess four laminae . the supradiapophyseal laminae are shortest , the prespinal lamina is longer and the postspinal lamina is longest .\nthe six sacral neural spines are fused to one another along their pre - and postspinal laminae and similar to the dorsal spines in morphology , being transversely expanded and rectangular , with four laminae each .\nthe first three caudal neural spines are represented , along with what probably represents the neural spines of caudals 6 - 13 . these start out transversely expanded in caudals 1 - 3 , then changes to longitudinally elongate . the lateral laminae are prominent until the eighth caudal , then become rugosities . the prespinal laminae are much more prominent than the postspinal laminae in the proximal caudals .\nboth lower limb elements are crushed lateromedially , while the metatarsals are deformed . the tibia has a pronounced , thin crest on the proximoposterior corner and a poorly developed cnemial crest . the fibula wraps anteromedially around the cnemial crest , which is an autapomorphy , and is placed anterior to the tibia in it ' s distal half .\nthe metatarsals are very robust and decrease in thickness towards metatarsal v . the first two metatarsals are subequal in length and shorter than iii and iv , which are also subequal . there may be an incipient laterodistal process on metatarsal i , but the deformation makes this uncertain . both ii and iii have distal condyles for a phalanx , while i lacks them . metatarsal iii is transversely wider ( 78 % ) compared to i and ii than all sauropods except vulcanodon and shunosaurus ( should have < 65 % ) according to sereno and wilson ( 1998 , omeisaurus + neosauropoda , character # 73 ) .\nthe first type is roughly rhomboid and probably had a median position . it resembles a stegosaurus plate that ' s been rotated so that the faces of the plate face anterodorsally and posteroventrally . the anterodorsal face is convex , while the posteroventral face is concave . at the base of the posteroventral face is a thick process with a sagittal ridge and concave posterolateral areas adjacent to the ridge . it was probably positioned on the midline of the dorsal area and is 200 mm on it ' s sagittal axis .\nthe second type also had a median position , but is rather different otherwise . it is a large rectangular plate , with the faces pointing roughly anteriorly and posteriorly . there are two large spikes projecting dorsolaterally . the spikes are anteroposteriorly flattened and conical . between the spikes and plate body is a ridge , the area between the ridges is concave . there are also two thick processes ventrolaterally that probably contacted the dorsolateral edges of the dorsal or sacral neural spines . this ossification is 640 mm wide , 260 mm between ridges .\nthe third type is a split version of type 2 , so it was paired . it has a dorsoventrally broad and bifurcated medial section , with a thick ventral process . there are several ridges on the proximal section , between which muscles probably attached . again , there are two spikes ( one on each type 3 ) . the spikes are dorsolaterally projected and most are blunt , with subparellel edges , while one is conical and pointed . these are 460 m long .\nthe fourth type is very similar to the third type , but with less expanded proximal ends and smaller proximoventral processes . they are also longer than type three , being 760 mm .\nbonaparte , j . , 1998 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina , in tomida , y . , rich , t . h . & vickers - rich , p . , eds . , 1998 . second symposium gondwana dinosaurs , 12 - 13 july 1998 , abstracts with program , national science museum , tokyo : 10 .\nbonaparte , j . f . , 1999 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina , in tomida , y . , rich , t . h . & vickers - rich , p . , eds . , 1999 . proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium , national science museum monographs # 15 , tokyo : 1 - 12 .\nthe figures of the neural spines , dermal ossifications , tibia , fibula and metatarsals are available as usual . as for next time , dan bensen wants some dromaeosaurids , as did mike keesey , so i guess i ' ll be writing about some of them . and for those of you who wrote to me previously about species you wanted\ndetails on . . .\nsegments about , your e - mails were destroyed with my old hard drive , so you might want to send me those messages again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : j . f . bonaparte . 1999 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina . y . tomida , t . h . rich , and p . vickers - rich ( eds . ) , proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium , national science museum monographs 15 : 1 - 12\nsee also bonaparte 1999 , calvo and porfiri 2010 , curry rogers 2005 , d ' emic 2012 , d ' emic et al . 2009 , grellet - tinner et al . 2012 , l\u00fc et al . 2007 , malkani 2008 , mannion and otero 2012 , salgado 2003 , salgado and coria 2005 , upchurch et al . 2004 and wilson 2002\ntype specimen : mcf - pvph 110 . its type locality is cerro de los leones , level 3 , which is in an albian floodplain mudstone / sandstone in the lohan cura formation of argentina .\ndinosaur and prehistoric animal themed arts , learning dinosaur board games , dinosaur crafts for kids , and science kits , including replica fossils and fossil excavation kits . a range of educational and fun dinosaur themed crafts , dino board games , dino puzzles and science kits all tested and approved by the qualified teachers and dinosaur experts at everything dinosaur . dinosaur crafts and learning dinosaur games can be used to help young children learn through creative , imaginative play . learn more about earth sciences with these dinosaur crafts for kids . the science kits and dino puzzles can help young students gain an appreciation of prehistoric animals and the work of palaeontologists and museum staff as they excavate their own fossils and dinosaurs and play dinosaur educational games . for further information and advice : email everything dinosaur\njust what young dinosaur fans and budding palaeontologists need \u2013 a range of top quality dinosaur clothing featuring lots of dinosaurs and favourite prehistoric animals . whatever the weather , everything dinosaur has it covered with this range of dinosaur and prehistoric animal themed clothing . customers who purchased dinosaur clothing also checked out our inexpensive dinosaur toys just part of the amazing range of products available to buy online from everything dinosaur .\ndinosaur toys for boys and girls to buy online . a super range of dinosaur models and prehistoric animal models to collect . accurate , museum quality replicas including many hand - painted scale models . a series of highly accurate , prehistoric animal models from top manufacturers including schleich dinosaurs , and the carnegie dinosaur collection . a dinosaur model is great for encouraging creative , imaginative play , start your prehistoric animal collection with this range of museum quality replicas from everything dinosaur . dinosaur toys for boys and girls to buy online . for further information on other items within the extensive everything dinosaur range involving dinosaur toys and for advice regarding prehistoric animal models contact : everything dinosaur\ndinosaur stuffed animals , ice age soft toys and dinosaur soft toys to purchase online . a range of soft and cuddly and very cute prehistoric animal soft toys , including all the favourite dinosaurs . a dinosaur stuffed animal , whether it is a soft toy t . rex , triceratops or a diplodocus , they make an ideal gift for a young dinosaur fan . cuddly dinosaur and prehistoric animal soft toys and dinosaur bedtime buddies to help keep young children warm and snug on a cold night . all soft toys including dinosaur soft toys are approved by the teachers and experts at everything dinosaur .\ngreat model and excellent detail . received properly packaged and very prompt . thanks \u2013 expectations met !\nby filling in this form you agree to our privacy and cookies policy and and our trading terms and conditions .\nyour personal data is safe with us . our privacy and cookies policy . our trading terms and conditions\nby continuing to use the site , you agree to the use of cookies . more information accept\nthe cookie settings on this website are set to\nallow cookies\nto give you the best browsing experience possible . if you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click\naccept\nbelow then you are consenting to this .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nclick on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time .\nthis file contains additional information , probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it . if the file has been modified from its original state , some details may not fully reflect the modified file .\nerror loading page . try refreshing the page . if that doesn ' t work , there may be a network issue , and you can use our self test page to see what ' s preventing the page from loading . learn more about possible network issues or contact support for more help .\nmore titles may be available to you . sign in to see the full collection .\ndinosaur find - this series by renowned dinosaurs author dougal dixon looks at dinosaurs and the different places they lived more than 65 million years ago . the beautifully illustrated books feature some of the biggest , fastest , and brainiest dinosaurs ever to roam the world .\navailability can change throughout the month based on the library ' s budget . you can still place a hold on the title , and your hold will be automatically filled as soon as the title is available again .\nthere are no copies of this edition left to borrow . please try to borrow this periodical again when a new edition is released .\nbefore you stream any disney content , carefully read this eula . before you can license any disney content , you will be asked to accept all the terms of this eula . if you do not wish to accept all the terms of this eula , you will not be able to license the disney content .\nyou understand and agree that the disney content you receive through the overdrive service , such as disney movies , images , artwork and other copyrightable materials ( the\ndisney content\n) is licensed by overdrive from disney . the disney content you receive through the overdrive service , including the copyrights in the disney content , is owned by disney , and is protected by the copyright laws of the united states , as well as other intellectual property laws and treaties . overdrive and disney do not transfer any title , right or interest to or in the disney content to you .\ndisney content delivered to you through the overdrive service is licensed to you ; not sold , transferred or assigned to you .\noverdrive grants you a non - 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readable form .\nyou may not stream or transmit disney content outside of the united states of america and canada , and their respective territories , possessions and associated commonwealths .\nthe disney content is provided\nas is\n. disney expressly disclaims any warranties and conditions , express , implied , or statutory , including but not limited to , warranties or conditions of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose , satisfactory quality and noninfringement , and their equivalents under the laws of any jurisdiction . disney does not warrant or otherwise state that the disney content will meet your requirements .\nunder no circumstances shall disney be liable for any damages , including any direct , indirect , special , incidental or consequential damages of any kind under any legal theory ( tort , contract or otherwise ) that result from the use of , or the inability to use , the disney content , even if disney has been advised of the possibility of such damages .\nany material breach of the eula , including without limitation , copying or distribution of the disney content , will result in termination of the license for such disney content .\nthe overdrive read format of this ebook has professional narration that plays while you read in your browser . learn more here .\nyou ' ve reached the maximum number of titles you can currently recommend for purchase .\n\u00a9 2018 overdrive , inc . all rights reserved . privacy policy \u00b7 cookie settings \u00b7 important notice about copyrighted materials\nlooking for help ? we have getting started guides , videos , how - to articles , troubleshooting tips , and more on overdrive help .\nyour session has expired . please sign in again so you can continue to borrow titles and access your loans , wish list , and holds pages .\nif you ' re still having trouble , follow these steps to sign in .\nadd a library card to your account to borrow titles , place holds , and add titles to your wish list .\nthe library card you previously added can ' t be used to complete this action . please add your card again , or add a different card . if you receive an error message , please contact your library for help .\nfrom the lower cretaceous of argentina is known from fragmentary remains . it was an armored sauropod with spikes and plates on its back not unlike the unrelated\nholotype ( mcf - pvph 110 ) : 3 incomplete dorsal , 6 incomplete sacral , and 10 incomplete caudal vertebrae , 9 dermal ossifications , almost complete right tibia and fibula ; and 5 articulated left metatarsals .\nj . f . bonaparte . 1999 . an armoured sauropod from the aptian of northern patagonia , argentina . y . tomida , t . h . rich , and p . vickers - rich ( eds . ) , proceedings of the second gondwanan dinosaur symposium , national science museum monographs 15 : 1 - 12 .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmuseo municipal\ncarmen funes\n, av . c\u00f3rdoba 55 , cp8318 , plaza huincul , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina . flaviobellardini @ gmail . com .\ndirecci\u00f3n provincial de patrimonio cultural , vuelta de obligado 50 , cp8300 , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina . flaviobellardini @ gmail . com .\nconicet , instituto de investigaciones en paleobiolog\u00eda y geolog\u00eda , universidad nacional de r\u00edo negro , museo carlos ameghino , belgrano 1700 , paraje pichi ruca ( predio marabunta ) , cp8324 , cipolletti , r\u00edo negro , argentina .\ndinosaur model enthusiast and collector robert townsend very kindly sent into everything dinosaur some further pictures of his prehistoric landscape . this time he has focused on dinosaurs that roamed the southern hemisphere during the mesozoic . in his diorama entitled \u201csouth american giants\u201d , robert highlights the diversity of sauropods that once roamed the landmass of gondwana , he has also added some large theropod models to highlight the apex predators which once called south america home .\nthe picture above shows a safari ltd ( wild safari dinos ) amargasaurus in the foreground , in the background , a pair of long - necked dinosaurs ( saltasaurus ) walk by . this is a well composed photograph . the position of the models provides perspective and depth perception , the animals moving in opposite directions provides contrast and draws the eye into the photograph , allowing the clever and careful use of foliage to be appreciated .\na number of super - sized theropods are known from south america . robert depicts different types of meat - eating dinosaur in his diorama . amongst the abelisaurids , robert has included a number of different types of predator , including mapusaurus and giganotosaurus which are greedily feeding on the remains of a sauropod in the photograph above .\n\u201cwhen i was about eleven or twelve years old i saw the film \u201cvalley of the gwangi\u201d which was about some cowboys in the old wild west who discover a lost world of living dinosaurs inside a secret and hidden canyon . i was so impressed with the realism of the animation of the creatures that i wanted to make my own lost world of dinosaur models in a prehistoric world . \u201d\nin his childhood , robert constructed a number of dinosaur model kits and he started building landscapes from a young age , but not always with the results he desired . when it came to creating prehistoric scenes , robert admits his early efforts were a case of trial and error .\n\u201cwhat materials did one use ? i didn\u2019t have a clue . my dad suggested that i make the landscape out of a large piece of white card he obtained from somewhere . it was rolled up , and when unrolled and flattened out it was about four feet square . on the dining room table i used a felt tip pen to draw where the rocks and the rivers were meant to go . to make prehistoric type plants i rolled up pieces of white paper , coloured them in with green and brown felt tip pens and then cut one end to spread out the fronds at the top . they were stuck on the card with sellotape . after an afternoon of trying this , the whole thing looked such a mess and so totally unconvincing that i was disappointed with my clumsy efforts . i threw the whole lot away in the bin . i thought it was best to wait until a time when i learnt what materials to use and how to build properly with them . well , now that time has come and you can see some of the results above . \u201d"]}
{"id": 1515, "summary": [{"text": "eupterote splendens is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by n\u00e4ssig and c.h. schulze in 2007 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in indonesia ( sulawesi ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "eupterote splendens", "paragraphs": ["a second species with diurnal males of the genus eupterote from indonesia : eupterote ( eupterote ) splendens sp . n . from sulawesi\na second species with diurnal males of the genus eupterote from indonesia : eupterote ( eupterote ) splendens sp . n . from sulawesi ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea , eupterotidae )\ngravimetric analysis of pupal weight loss in eupterote mollifera w . ( lepidoptera : eupterotidae ) - a pest of mulberry\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\n( from n\u00e4ssig & schulze 2007 ) : male genitalia with uncus broad and strongly developed , uniformly sclerotised , firmly fixed with tegumen , ending distally in a pair of strong hook - like prongs that are dorsally widely separated ; valves short , narrow , strongly fused with vinculum and with each other at base , costa not developed , valvula forming a sharp stout process pointed ventrally , resembling a hook ; juxta fused with phallus and valves ; phallus basally inflated , apex acute , vesica with or without scobination ; vinculum narrow , saccus long and thin .\n[ no08 ] n\u00e4ssig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008 . an annotated catalogue of the genera of eupterotidae ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .\nsp . n . from sulawesi ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea , eupterotidae ) .\n( t . p . lucas ) , with a revised classification of the family eupterotidae ( lepidoptera ) .\ni ' m an entomologist and taxonomist , currently based in perth , western australia . if you ' d like to comment ( or offer work ) , i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet . com . au .\nthe information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources . apart from the time taken to bring it all together , very little of it represents my own work . all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners , and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls . if you re - use anything taken from this site , please attribute it to the original owner . if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage , please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .\non the authorships of the lepidoptera altas of the\nreise der novara\n, with a list of the taxa of bombycoidea [ s . l . ] therein described ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) | request pdf\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\non the authorships of the lepidoptera altas of the\nreise der novara\n, with a list of the taxa of bombycoidea [ s . l . ] therein described ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea )\n. . . it was resurrected from synonymy and listed unassigned to a tribe by p\u00fchringer & kallies ( 2004 ) . following n\u00e4ssig & speidel ( 2007 ) , cajetan and rudolph felder are the authors of\nheterocera\nfigured on plates 75\u2013107 ( felder & felder 1874 ) and hence of austrosetia . distribution and life history . . . .\n. . . johnson , 1937 ) , d . m\u00adulticolor ( walker , 1855 ) , and d . wanderbilti pearson , 1958 . ( felder authorships in the\nreise der novara\naccording to n\u00e4ssig & speidel 2007 . ) in the following , a new species is described , dirphiopsis lom\u00adbardi ( bouvier , 1924 ) stat . . . .\nmolecular phylogenetics , biogeography and systematics of dreissena in the balkans . - freshwater biol . , 52 : 1525 - 1536 . anders , u . , engels , s . , hansen , j . ( 2007 ) : nahrungspr\u00e4ferenzen und entwicklungstendenzen im gebiss omnivorer carnivora . - hallesches jahrb . geowiss . , beih . , 23 : 121 - 124\ncomment on the proposed designation of type species of nymphula schrank , 1802 . z . n . ( s . ) 2384\nfor luh campus users we will be happy to check if free access is available for you .\nregrettably , indication of copyright fee is not available . for further questions please contact our customer service .\n\u00a9 metadata copyright the british library board and other contributors . all rights reserved .\nsingh , j . / tamil selvan , m . / kumaresan , d . et al .\nthe table of contents of the conference proceedings is generated automatically , so it can be incomplete , although all articles are available in the tib .\neffect of refrigeration on fecundity and hatching potentiality of silkworm , bombyx mori l . ( race nistari )\nfactors affecting resistance of urdbean ( vigana mungo l . ) to pulse beetle , callosobruchus maculatus ( f . )\nbiology and control of hairy caterpillar , euproctis fraterna moore ( lepidoptera : lymantriidae ) on jujube ( zizyphus mauritiana lamk . )\nefficacy of petroleum ether extracts of certain plants in the control of brinjal spotted leaf beetle , henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata ( fabr . )\nmortality of the silkworm larvae ( bombyx mori l . ) on feeding mulberry leaves sprayed with insecticides\neffect of synthetic pyrethroids on gram cicer arietinum ( l . ) and correlation studies\nlaboratory evaluation of insecticides for the control of henosepilachna vigintiocpunctata ( fabricius ) on brinjal ( solanum melongena l . ) ( coleoptera : coccinellidae )\n\u00a9 2018 by schweizerbart science publishers johannesstr . 3a d - 70176 stuttgart , germany phone + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 3514560 / fax + + 49 - ( 0 ) 711 - 351456 - 99 2018 - 07 - 09 20 : 53 : 19 contact us | general business terms | privacy policy | rss feeds | press | impress"]}
{"id": 1516, "summary": [{"text": "ophlitaspongia papilla is a species of demosponge belonging to the family microcionidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found along north east atlantic coastlines .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this is a red sponge which forms thin , smooth encrusting patches , up to 5 cm across , with regularly spaced oscula . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "ophlitaspongia papilla", "paragraphs": ["howson , c . m . ; chambers , s . j . 1999 . ophlitaspongia and ophlitaspongia papilla reinstated , and a new species of ophlitaspongia described ( porifera : demospongiae : microcionidae ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom 79 ( 4 ) : 609 - 620 .\nhowson , c . m . ; chambers , s . j . ( 1999 ) . ophlitaspongia and ophlitaspongia papilla reinstated , and a new species of ophlitaspongia described ( porifera : demospongiae : microcionidae ) . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 79 ( 4 ) : 609 - 620 . page ( s ) : 609 - 614 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\npicton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . ophlitaspongia papilla bowerbank , 1866 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhowson , c . m . ; chambers , s . j . ( 1999 ) . < i > ophlitaspongia < / i > and < i > ophlitaspongia papilla < / i > reinstated , and a new species of < i > ophlitaspongia < / i > described ( porifera : demospongiae : microcionidae ) . < em > journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . < / em > 79 ( 4 ) : 609 - 620 .\nidentity : superficially ophlitaspongia papilla could be confused with several other species . however the spiculation is distinctive and the form , colour and habitat make it readily identifiable . it could be confused with amphilectus fucorum ( q . v . ) but when alive the strong smell of amphilectus can be used as an initial indication ; amphilectus has a much softer consistency . it could also be confused with microciona atrasanguinea ( q . v . , a shallow sublittoral species which also forms thin sheets ) , but whereas ophlitaspongia can be peeled off the rock , microciona usually crumbles and tears and is much thinner . the spiculation is also very different .\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) sol\u00f3rzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . por\u00edferos del litoral gallego : estudio faun\u00edstico , distribuci\u00f3n e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 924 - 926 ; l\u00e1m . 118 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) l\u00e9vi , c . ( 1963 ) . spongiaires d\u2019afrique du sud . ( 1 ) poeciloscl\u00e9rides . transactions of the royal society of south africa . 37 ( 1 ) : 1 - 72 , pls i - x . page ( s ) : 59 - 60 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 167 , pl lxv 1 - 4 [ details ]\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; l\u00e9vi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 25 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) l\u00e9vi , c . ( 1960 ) . les d\u00e9mosponges des c\u00f4tes de france : 1 . les clathriidae [ the demospongiae of the french coasts : 1 . the clathriidae . cahiers de biologie marine . 1 ( 1 ) : 47 - 87 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 64 - 65 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ophlitaspongia seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) kelly , m . ; edwards , a . r . ; wilkinson , m . r . ; alvarez , b . ; cook , s . de c . ; bergquist , p . r . ; buckeridge , st j . ; campbell , h . j . ; reiswig , h . m . ; valentine , c . ; vacelet , j . ( 2009 ) . phylum porifera : sponges . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 23 - 46 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 378 - 380 [ details ]\nvan soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; r\u00fctzler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; sch\u00f6nberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; d\u00edaz , m . - c . ; c\u00e1rdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; r\u00edos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .\n( of halichondria seriata sensu johnston , 1842 ) johnston , g . 1842 . a history of british sponges and lithophytes . ( w . h . lizars : edinburgh ) : i - xii , 1 - 264 , pls i - xxv . page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]\nhooper , j . n . a . 2002 . family microcionidae carter , 1875 . pp . 432 - 468 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 177 , pl . lxx 1 - 4 [ details ]\nackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( \u2018sponges v\u2019 ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]\ncruz , t . ( 2002 ) . esponjas marinas de canarias . consejer\u00eda de pol\u00edtica territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias . s / c tenerife . 260 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of chalinula seriata ( grant , 1826 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 376 - 378 [ details ]\n( of chalina seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 376 - 378 [ details ]\n( of clathria seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of clathria seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) babi\u00e7 , k . 1922 . monactinellida und tetractinellida des adriatischen meeres . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher . abteilung f\u00fcr systematik , geographie und biologie der tiere 46 ( 2 ) : 217 - 302 , pls 8 - 9 . page ( s ) : 244 - 245 ; fig t [ details ]\n( of clathria seriata ( sensu johnston , 1842 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n) is a firm , smooth , bright orange - red flat crust with regularly spaced perfectly round holes ( oscules ) . freshly exposed specimens have a distinct gleamy aspect ; dried out they become corky - crumbly . it is common under intertidal boulders and on\nthin sheets , usually 2 - 3 mm thick , but can develop into cushions of uniform thickness up to 10 mm thick . diameter of an individual may be up to 10 cm . surface very finely granular , even . the oscules (\n) are conspicuous , numerous and evenly distributed in a regular fashion between 5 and 10 mm apart over the surface . neat , round and mostly flush with the surface , but the margins can be raised slightly above the surface . no smell . consistency moderately firm and elastic . compressible , resilient . breaks somewhat in the manner of a soft biscuit .\nare thin subtylostyles ; they measure : 86 - 130 x 2 \u00b5m . the principal megascleres of the main\n: slightly curved robust toxas with smooth tips : 10 - 150 \u00b5m . chelas are absent .\nof spongin can be seen , which forms an anisotropic reticulation of well - developed fibres . the primary ascending fibres are semi - cored by plumosely arranged megascleres ; the same\nechinate the fibres at variable angles . the secondary connecting fibres usually do not contain\nstipes in areas of strong water movement ( either tidal or wave action ) .\nno type material in bmnh ; possibly in royal college of surgeons or edinburgh museum . (\n) ; mcs voucher : belum mc 588 , rutland harbour , donegal , ireland .\nsuperficially it could be confused with several other species . however the spiculation is very distinctive and the form , colour and habitat make it readily identifiable . it could be confused with\n, but when alive the strong smell of that species can be used as an initial indication . it could also be confused with\nusually crumbles and tears . the spiculation is also very different . fry ( 1971 , as\nackers , r . g . , d . moss , b . e . picton and s . m . k . stone , 1985 . sponges of the british isles (\nsponge iv\n) . ii . marine conservation soc . , ross on wye , u . k . : 108 - 197 .\nackers , r . g . a . , d . moss and b . e . picton , 1992 . sponges of the british isles (\nsponge v\n) , a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society , 175 pp .\narndt , w . , 1935 . porifera . tierwelt nord . - ostsee , iiia : 1 - 140 , figs . 1 - 239 .\nbeauchamp , p . de , 1914 . les gr\u00e8ves de roscoff . lechevalier , paris .\nform : thin sheets , usually 2 - 3mm thick , but can develop into cushions of uniform thickness up to 10mm thick . diameter of the animal may be up to 10cm .\nconsistency : moderately firm and elastic .\ncompressible , resilient . breaks somewhat in the manner of a soft biscuit .\nsurface : very finely granular ,\neven , hispid\n,\nminutely wrinkled\n. the surface has a smooth dense appearance which is quite distinctive .\napertures : the oscules are conspicuous and evenly distributed in a regular fashion between 5 and 10mm apart over the surface . neat , round and mostly flush with the surface , but the margins can be raised slightly above the surface .\noccasionally sub - fistular .\nskeleton : very characteristic . in cross - section a ladder - like skeleton of spongin can be seen , which forms an anisotropic reticulation of well developed fibres . the primary ascending fibres are semi - cored by plumosely arranged megascleres , which often quasi - echinate the fibres . the secondary connecting fibres usually do not contain spicules . accessory spicules are usually interstitial , rather than at the surface .\nspicules : the principal megascleres of the main skeleton are short fat styles or subtylostyles ( a ) 110 - ( 117 ) - 130\u00e1m . the accessory spicules are thin subtylostyles ( b ) 105 - ( 118 ) - 130\u00e1m . the microscleres are toxa ( c ) with smooth tips 50 - ( 55 ) - 60\u00e1m . chelae are absent .\nhabitat : on rock , commonly under boulders on the lower shore and also in the shallow sublittoral ( to 5m cd ) .\non clean rock , shells , fucus ,\nand laminaria stipes in areas of strong water movement ( either tidal or wave action ) .\ndistribution :\nbritish isles ; france and spain .\na common shore species with recent records from south - west england , western ireland , strangford lough and tiree . fry ( 1971 ) did research on this species from the menai straits and anglesey .\ndistribution map from nbn : grid map ( fast ) : interactive map ( slower , requires login to view records ) : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\npicton , b . e . , morrow , c . c . & van soest , r . w . b . , 2011 . [ in ] sponges of britain and ireland urltoken\ndistribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 .\nackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( \u2018sponges v\u2019 ) . < em > a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . < / em > 1 - 175 .\nbowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 .\nbowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii .\ncruz , t . ( 2002 ) . esponjas marinas de canarias . < em > consejer\u00eda de pol\u00edtica territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias . < / em > s / c tenerife . 260 pp .\nferrer hern\u00e1ndez , f . ( 1914 ) . esponjas del cant\u00e1brico . parte 2 . iii . myxospongida . iv . tetraxonida . v . triaxonida . < em > trabajos del museo nacional de ciencias naturales ( zool\u00f3gica ) . < / em > 17 : 1 - 46 .\nhooper , j . n . a . 2002 . family microcionidae carter , 1875 . pp . 432 - 468 . in hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) .\nvan soest , r . w . m . 2001 . porifera , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 85 - 103\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\n( porifera : microcionidae ) from wave - exposed sublittoral rock in the north - east atlantic is described and compared to the two other species recorded from the genus in the north - east atlantic . the species known as\nhas been separated from related genera and reinstated for species in the north atlantic .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .\nscroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .\nimages of species taken at long rock , penzance , cornwall . found on the extreme lowershore , in water filled gulley , on side of a rock with lomentaria articulata and chrondus crispus algae . 09 . 03 . 12 . sw4974530820 ; also found on lowershore overhang at stackhouse cove , near rosudgeon , cornwall . 21 . 01 . 11 .\naphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .\na website based on sponges of the british isles 1992 edition , revised and extended , 2007 , by bernard picton , christine morrow & rob van soest . without a shadow of a doubt the best online resource to sponges of britain and ireland .\nthe marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .\nthe cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .\nthe cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .\nthe national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .\nwhy do recorders need open source ?\n. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .\nthe taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .\nover 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .\nthe main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help\npeople find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .\nbowerbank , j . s . 1866a . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 .\ncruz , t . 2002 . esponjas marinas de canarias . consejer\u00eda de pol\u00edtica territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias , s / c tenerife . 260 pp .\nbowerbank , 1866 . in : van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; r\u00fctzler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez de glasby , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schoenberg , c . ; janussen , d . ; tabachnick , k . r . , klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; cristina d\u00edaz , m . ; c\u00e1rdenas , p . ( 2014 ) world porifera database . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nall british coasts except the southeast . predominantly recorded on the west coasts of england and wales .\nand lives in shallow water . it occurs on the lower shore and shallow sub - littoral on rocky coasts .\nhayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\njncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken\nmarlin ( marine life information network ) , 2005 . searchable benthic data ( seabed ) map [ on - line ] . data access sub - programme , marine life information network for britian and ireland http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk ,\nnational biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017\npicton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken\nrudman , w . b . , 2002b . rostanga rubra [ on - line ] . urltoken\nthompson , t . e . & brown , g . h . , 1976 . british opisthobranch molluscs . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 8 . ]\nthompson , t . e . & brown , g . h . , 1984 . biology of opisthobranch molluscs , vol . ii . london : ray society .\noakley , j . a . 2007 . rostanga rubra a sea slug . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nsupplementary material 1 incident light ( lux , raw data and third order moving average ) monitored every 15 min within a kelp - cleared plot ( 3 m diameter ) between april , 14th and june , 19th 2014 on the study site using onset hobo \u00ae data loggers pendant temp - light , onset computer corporation . courtesy of thibaut de bettignies and thomas wernberg . * : tidal range > 6 . 5 m ( jpeg 541 kb )\nsupplementary material 2 macroalgae identified during the survey across the different strata ( lamina , stipe , holdfast and rock ) . relative occurrence in samples is indicated : x : 1 - 6 samples , xx : 7 - 13 samples , xxx : 14 - 20 samples . \u00b0 : species identified underwater by scuba - divers ( xlsx 15 kb )\nsupplementary material 3 sessile macrofauna identified during the survey across the different strata ( lamina , stipe , holdfast and rock ) . relative occurrence in samples is indicated : x : 1 - 6 samples , xx : 7 - 13 samples , xxx : 14 - 20 samples . \u00b0 : species identified underwater by scuba - divers ( xlsx 16 kb )\nsupplementary material 4 mobile macrofauna identified during the survey across the different strata ( lamina / stipe , holdfast and rock ) . relative occurrence in samples is indicated : x : 1 - 6 samples , xx : 7 - 13 samples , xxx : 14 - 20 samples . \u00b0 : species identified underwater by scuba - divers ( xlsx 23 kb )\nsupplementary material 5 results of simper analyses of bray\u2013curtis similarity among consecutive sampling dates for biomass abundance of seaweeds associated with the different kelp forest strata . seaweed average abundances ( ab . ) were square - root - transformed . relative contributions of species to the dissimilarity (\n% ) between consecutive sampling dates are presented depending on permanova results . values in bold : species abundances and contribution to dissimilarity for species found in the cut - off levels of 50 % in pairwise comparisons . phy ( phyllum ) : och : ochrophyta , chl : chlorophyta , rho : rhodophyta . ( xlsx 13 kb )\nsupplementary material 6 results of simper analyses of bray\u2013curtis similarity among consecutive sampling dates for biomass abundance of sessile fauna associated with the different kelp forest strata . fauna average abundances ( ab . ) were square - root - transformed . relative contributions of species to the dissimilarity (\n% ) between consecutive sampling dates are presented depending on permanova results . values in bold : species abundances and contribution to dissimilarity for species found in the cut - off levels of 50 % in pairwise comparisons . phy ( phylum ) : por : porifera , bry : bryozoa , cho : chordata ( xlsx 13 kb )\nsupplementary material 7 results of simper analyses of bray\u2013curtis similarity among consecutive sampling dates for numerical abundance of mobile fauna associated with the different kelp forest strata . fauna average abundances ( ab . ) were square - root - transformed . relative contributions of species to the dissimilarity (\n% ) between consecutive sampling dates are presented depending on permanova results . values in bold : species abundances and contribution to dissimilarity for species found in the cut - off levels of 50 % in pairwise comparisons . phy ( phylum ) : ann : annelida , mol : mollusca , art : arthropoda , ech : echinodermata , sip : sipunculida . tg ( trophic group ) : g : grazer , df : deposit - feeder , sf : suspension - feeder , sf - p : sessile fauna - predator , mf - p : mobile fauna - predator ( xlsx 20 kb )\nairoldi , l . , 2003 . the effects of sedimentation on rocky coast assemblages . oceanography and marine biology : an annual review 41 : 161\u2013236 .\naltieri , a . h . & j . van de koppel , 2014 . foundation species in marine ecosystems . in bertness , m . d . , j . f . bruno , b . r . silliman & j . j . stachowicz ( eds ) , marine community ecology and conservation . sinauer associates inc , sunderland , ma : 37\u201356 .\nanderson , m . j . , 2001 . a new method for non - parametric multivariate analysis of variance . austral ecology 26 : 32\u201346 .\nanderson , m . j . , c . e . diebel , w . m . blom & t . j . landers , 2005 . consistency and variation in kelp holdfast assemblages : spatial patterns of biodiversity for the major phyla at different taxonomic resolutions . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 320 : 35\u201356 .\nanderson , m . j . , r . n . gorley & k . r . clarke , 2008 . permanova + for primer : guide to software and statistical methods . primer - 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( phaeophyta : laminariales ) in s . e . scotland . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 73 : 1\u201310 .\nwulff , j . l . , 2006 . ecological interactions of marine sponges . canadian journal of zoology 84 : 146\u2013166 .\nguide to marine life of britain and ireland . last indexed march 30 , 2010\nopen coasts , on bedrock and boulders in strong tidal streams or . . .\nthinly encrusting sheet or cushion , 3 - 5 cm in diameter , 1 - 3 mm . . .\nevidence of unique and generalist microbes in distantly related sympatric intertidal marine sponges ( porifera : demospongiae ) .\nauthors : lynne a . fieber , stephen l . carlson , andrew t . kempsell , justin b . greer , michael c . schmale .\nauthors : audrey r . matteson , charles r . budinoff , claire e . campbell , alison buchan , steven w . wilhelm .\ngenetics , issue 74 , developmental biology , molecular biology , cellular biology , anatomy , physiology , biochemistry , marine biology , disciplines and occupations , whole mount in situ hybridization , rna in situs , rna , acid mucins , alcian blue , nuclear fast red stain , elasmobranch , marine elasmobranchs , l . erinacea , shh , hoxa13 , gene expression , hybridization , histology , skate , embryos , animal model\nauthors : colin w . bell , barbara e . fricks , jennifer d . rocca , jessica m . steinweg , shawna k . mcmahon , matthew d . wallenstein .\ninstitutions : colorado state university , oak ridge national laboratory , university of colorado .\nauthors : desirae l . deskins , shidrokh ardestani , pampee p . young .\ninstitutions : vanderbilt university school of medicine , the department of veterans affairs medical center , vanderbilt university school of medicine .\nauthors : steven robbins , jisha jacob , xinxin lu , mary ann moran , xiaozhen mou .\nauthors : andreas florian haas , ben knowles , yan wei lim , tracey mcdole somera , linda wegley kelly , mark hatay , forest rohwer .\nauthors : daniel t . claiborne , jessica l . prince , eric hunter .\nauthors : michael j . rothrock jr . , kelli l . hiett , john gamble , andrew c . caudill , kellie m . cicconi - hogan , j . gregory caporaso .\ninstitutions : usda - agricultural research service , usda - agricultural research service , oregon state university , university of georgia , northern arizona university .\njared leadbetter takes us for a nature walk through the diversity of life resident in the termite hindgut - a microenvironment containing 250 different species found nowhere else on earth . jared reveals that the symbiosis exhibited by this system is multi - layered and involves not only a relationship between the termite and its gut inhabitants , but also involves a complex web of symbiosis among the gut microbes themselves .\njared leadbetter explains why the termite - gut microbial community is an excellent system for studying the complex interactions between microbes . the symbiotic relationship existing between the host insect and lignocellulose - degrading gut microbes is explained , as well as the industrial uses of these microbes for degrading plant biomass and generating biofuels .\ncopyright \u00a9 jove 2006 - 2015 . all rights reserved . policies | license agreement | issn 1940 - 087x\njove visualize is a tool created to match the last 5 years of pubmed publications to methods in jove ' s video library .\nwe use abstracts found on pubmed and match them to jove videos to create a list of 10 to 30 related methods videos .\nin developing our video relationships , we compare around 5 million pubmed articles to our library of over 4 , 500 methods videos . in some cases the language used in the pubmed abstracts makes matching that content to a jove video difficult . in other cases , there happens not to be any content in our video library that is relevant to the topic of a given abstract . in these cases , our algorithms are trying their best to display videos with relevant content , which can sometimes result in matched videos with only a slight relation .\nthe gray cells of four orders of demosponges contain basophilic inclusions and glycogen . they are capable of synthesis and accumulation of glycogen and responsible for its transfer to sites of more intense metabolism ( growth , bud , blastema ) . they do not occur in larvae ; but all the phases of their differentiation from the flagellar cells of the larva have been demonstrated .\nborojevi\u0107 , r . : diff\u00e9renciation cellulaire dans l ' embryog\u00e9n\u00e8se et la morphog\u00e9n\u00e8se chez les spongiaires . symp . zool . soc . lond .\nborojevi\u0107 , r . , fry , w . g . , jones , w . c . , l\u00e9vi , c . , rasmont , r . , sar\u00e0 , m . , vacelet , j . : mise au point actuelle de la terminologie des \u00e9ponges , bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . paris\n( grant ) au cours de la r\u00e9organisation apr\u00e8s dissociation . z . zellforsch .\nborojevi\u0107 , r . , l\u00e9vi , c . : morphog\u00e9n\u00e8se exp\u00e9rimentale d ' une \u00e9ponge \u00e0 partir de cellules de la larve nageante dissoci\u00e9e . z . zellforsch .\nboury - esnault , n . : une structure inhalante remarquable des spongiaires : le crible \u2014 \u00e9tude morphologique et cytologique . arch . zool . exp . g\u00e9n .\nboury - esnault , n . : structure et ultrastructure des papilles d ' eponges du genre\n( schmidt ) d\u00e9mosponge , poecilosclerida ) . origine des cellules grises . cah . biol . mar .\nboury - esnault , n . : morphog\u00e9n\u00e8se exp\u00e9rimentale des papilles inhalantes de l ' \u00e9ponge\nnardo . i - etude histologique et cytologique . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . paris\ncotte , j . : contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude de la nutrition chez les spongiaires . bull . sci . fr . belg .\n. le vitellus , formation , teneur en arn et glycog\u00e8ne . j . microscopie\nfando , j . j . , garcia - fernandez , m . c . , candela , j . l . : glycogen metabolism in\n( l . ) \u2014 factors affecting glycogen synthesis . comp . biochem . physiol .\nl\u00e9vi , c . : le glycog\u00e8ne chez les spongiaires . c . r . soc . biol . ( paris )\nl\u00e9vi , c . : les cellules des eponges . symp . zool . soc . lond .\nreynolds , e . s . : the use of lead citrate at high ph as an electron - opaque stain in electron microscopy . j . cell biol .\nseligman , a . m . , hanker , j . s . , wasserkrug , h . , dmochowski , h . , katzoff , l . : histochemical demonstration of some oxidized macromolecules with thiocarbohydrazide ( tch ) or thiosemicarbazide ( tsc ) and osmium tetroxide . j . histochem . cytochem .\n( ellis and solander ) . i . a study of cellular function and differentiation . j . exp . zool .\nthi\u00e9rry , j . p . : mise en \u00e9vidence des polysaccharides sur coupes fines en microscopie \u00e9lectronique . j . microscopie\nwillmer , e . n . : cytology and evolution . new york : academic press 1960\nboury - esnault , n . cell tissue res . ( 1977 ) 175 : 523 . urltoken"]}
{"id": 1518, "summary": [{"text": "midila daphne is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by druce in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in mexico , costa rica and colombia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "midila daphne", "paragraphs": ["snout moth , midila daphne | from ecuador megadiverso : www . fl\u2026 | flickr\ncrambidae , midilinae , midila daphne . # 10 in the bold link is the best match . urltoken\nuna especie de midila no reconocida anteriormente en las colleciones ( lep . schoenobidae )\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nwould have been a great camouflage if he wasn ' t in my bedroom . still looked pretty badass though !\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nhayden , james e . 2012 . revision ofodilla noralisschaus and transfer of erupini to midilinae ( lepidoptera : crambidae ) . annals of carnegie museum , vol . 80 , issue . 4 , p . 309 .\nregier , jerome c . mitter , charles solis , m . alma hayden , james e . landry , bernard nuss , matthias simonsen , thomas j . yen , shen - horn zwick , andreas and cummings , michael p . 2012 . a molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea ) and its implications for higher - level classification . systematic entomology , vol . 37 , issue . 4 , p . 635 .\n, is revised for the first time as a discrete and coherent group , though hampson ( 1895 ) associated three genera and five species as part of his subfamily schoenobiinae . seven genera , 45 species , and six additional subspecies are recognized in the present study , of which the following one genus , 27 species , and five subspecies are described as new :\n. h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res nouveaux de l ' am\u00e9rique du sud . fasc . 3 . rennes .\n. biologia centrali - americana . insecta . lepidoptera - heterocera . vol . ii , signature 2bb .\n. reise der oesterreichische fregatte \u201cnovara\u201d um die erde . zool . theil . bd . 2 , abt . 2 , pl . 120 .\n. on the classification of the schoenobiinae and crambinae , two subfamilies of moths of the family pyralidae .\ntransfer of cacographis colombiana from midilinae to nymphulinae , with descriptions of midilambia n . gen . ( lepidoptera : pyralidae )\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xvi . noctuidae\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nrepresentative adult habitus images of pyraloidea subfamilies . ( a ) . . . | download scientific diagram\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1519, "summary": [{"text": "caerois chorinaeus is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by johan christian fabricius in 1775 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in suriname , the guianas and peru . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "caerois chorinaeus", "paragraphs": ["george arents collection , the new york public library . caerois chorinaeus . retrieved from urltoken\ngeorge arents collection , the new york public library .\ncaerois chorinaeus .\nthe new york public library digital collections . urltoken\nacrylic diptych painting on canvas of the gold and brown caerois chorinaeus butterfly . the diptych is meant to be framed separately and hung 2 inches apart .\ngeorge arents collection , the new york public library .\ncaerois chorinaeus .\nnew york public library digital collections . accessed july 9 , 2018 . urltoken\n< ref name = nypl > { { cite web | urltoken | title = ( still image ) caerois chorinaeus . } } | author = digital collections , the new york public library | accessdate = july 9 , 2018 | publisher = the new york public library , astor , lennox , and tilden foundation } } < / ref >\ndevries pj , kitching ij , and vane - wright ri . 1985 . the systematic position of antirrhea and caerois , with comments on the classification of the nymphalidae ( lepidoptera ) . syst . ent . 10 : 11 - 32 .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe copyright and related rights status of this item has been reviewed by the new york public library , but we were unable to make a conclusive determination as to the copyright status of the item . you are free to use this item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na neotropical genus of two species dwelling in the forest understorey . the undersides of the wings are remarkably leaflike .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthis work will ship flat in a sturdy , well - protected cardboard box . read more\nwe offer a 7 - day money - back guarantee on all works purchased through saatchi art , except for limited editions printed specially for you . framed prints cannot be refunded nor exchanged .\nplease see\nhow to install safari 6\n( minimum requirements , mac os x lion v10 . 7 . 5 ) . you may also try chrome or firefox .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nwahlberg , n . ; leneveu , j . ; kodandaramaiah , u . ; pe\u00f1a , c . ; nylin , s . ; freitas , a . v . l . ; brower , a . v . z . ( 2009 ) nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the cretaceous / tertiary boundary . proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 276 ( 1677 ) : 4295\u20134302 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2009 . 1303\nall nymphalidae have only 4 fully - functional legs , while pieridae have 6 . beware of pierids with broken legs , or not using all for standing on ( eg leucidia , sometimes ) .\nsex unknown gamboa - pipeline road area , colon , panama 75 m . 2018 - may04 david geale\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nthe haploid chromosome numbers for the south american representatives of the nymphalid subfamilies charaxinae , morphinae ( including brassolini ) and satyrinae . question marks indicate uncertain data\nsubfamily satyrinae ( nomenclature according to pe\u00f1a et al . , 2006 ; fig . 1 )\nthe nomenclature follows the list of lamas et al . ( 2004 ) , except for the tribal and subtribal division of the satyrinae , where we follow pe\u00f1a et al . ( 2006 ) ; note that the species names used in some original publications may differ from the names used here . a comma between chromosome numbers shows that the numbers come from different individuals and a dash indicates variation within individuals . in a few cases , a single individual had different chromosome numbers in different cells ; in these cases , the chromosome numbers have been separated with a semicolon . additional data : voucher codes , the name of the specimen in the original reference and an exact reference to the locality are given in urltoken .\nlocalities are grouped by region ; a number at the end of locality codes indicates the number of populations sampled within a region . a letter in parentheses indicates previous work ( a , de lesse , 1967a ; b , de lesse , 1967d ; c , de lesse , 1970a ; d , de lesse , 1970b ; e , de lesse & brown , 1971 ; f , wesley & emmel , 1975 ; g , maeki & remington , 1960a ; h , maeki & remington , 1960b ; i , t . c . emmel , pers . comm . ) . numbers with an asterisk without locality and number of individuals are derived from the unpublished notes left by the late dr h . de lesse .\nlocality codes : ac , acre ( extreme western brazil ) ; am , amazonas ( north - western brazil ) ; an , andes of north - central colombia ; ba , bahia ( eastern brazil ) ; cc , choc\u00f3 ( western colombia ) ; cm , chanchamayo ( central peru ) ; ct , catatumbo ( north - western venezuela ) ; cz , canal zone ( central panam\u00e1 ) ; df , bras\u00edlia ( central brazil ) ; dr , dominican republic ; eb , eastern bolivia ; ee , eastern ecuador ; es , esp\u00edrito santo ( eastern brazil ) ; go , goi\u00e1s ( central brazil ) ; mg , minas gerais ( central brazil ) ; mt , mato grosso ( central brazil ) ; ox , oaxaca ( southern mexico ) ; pa , par\u00e1 ( northern brazil ) ; pe , pernambuco ( extreme eastern brazil ) ; pn , paran\u00e1 ( southern brazil ) ; pr , puerto rico ; pt , putumayo ( southern colombia ) ; rg , aragua , northern venezuela ; rj , rio de janeiro ( south - eastern brazil ) ; ro , rond\u00f4nia ( western brazil ) ; sc , santa catarina ( southern brazil ) ; sp , s\u00e3o paulo ( south - eastern brazil ) ; tv , t\u00e1chira ( south - western venezuela ) ; vc , valle de cauca ( western colombia ) ; vv , villavicencio , meta ( eastern colombia ) ; we , western ecuador .\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1520, "summary": [{"text": "tonica melanoglypha is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1966 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on java .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are creamy , partially finely dusted with pale greyish fuscous , not dusted towards the costa anteriorly and between the veins elsewhere .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the dorsal area below the fold is evenly suffused with pale greyish fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are blackish brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are creamy white , the apex slightly bent down , narrowly edged with a short black strigula . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "tonica melanoglypha", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for melanoglypha definition . you find here melanoglypha meaning , synonyms of melanoglypha and images for melanoglypha copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word melanoglypha . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word melanoglypha and , of course , melanoglypha synonyms and on the right images related to the word melanoglypha .\ntonica melanoglypha diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 79 ; tl : w . java , batavia\nhave a fact about tonica , il ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for tonica , il ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntonica centroluta diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : se . borneo , ampah\ntonica pharmacis diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : ne . sumatra , deli\ntonica syngnoma diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 72 ; tl : malaya , phanag , tras\ntonica gypsopis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 474 ; tl : andamans , port blair\ntonica malthacodes meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 226 ; tl : new guinea , ferguson i .\ntonica cyanodoxa meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 105 ; tl : dutch new guinea , nomnagih\u00e9 , 2000ft\ntonica mixogama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 474 ; tl : new britain , new ireland\ntonica lagaropis ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 185 ; [ nhm card ]\ntonica peripsacas diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : w . celebes , koelawi paloe , 5100ft\ntonica citrantha diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 184 ; tl : luzon , los ba\u00f1os\ntonica lagaropis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 474 ; tl : philippines , luzon , mt . makiling\ntonica senescens meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : new guinea , sariba i . , kei is .\ntonica argessa diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 184 ; tl : luzon , benguet , 800ft , klondyke\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nbinsitta barrowi bingham , 1907 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1907 : 177 ; tl : upper burma , maymyo , 3000ft ; ? andamas\ncryptolechia ? nigricostella snellen , 1901 ; tijdschr . ent . 44 : 80 , pl . 6 , f . 3\nnigrimarginata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 172\nbinsitta niviferana walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 832 ; tl : north hindostan\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nwalker , 1864 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis page was last modified on 30 march 2016 , at 12 : 41 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1521, "summary": [{"text": "garrha defessa is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale ochreous , pinkish-tinged .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is rather dark fuscous , the plical spot somewhat beyond the first discal and there is an angulated subterminal series of small groups of two or three rather dark fuscous scales from beneath the costa at two-thirds , rather near the costa and termen to above the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish ochreous-grey , faintly pinkish-tinged . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "garrha defessa", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for defessa definition . you find here defessa meaning , synonyms of defessa and images for defessa copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word defessa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word defessa and , of course , defessa synonyms and on the right images related to the word defessa .\nmachimia defessa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376\ngarrha defessa is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by meyrick in 1920 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .\nhave a fact about garrha pyrrhopasta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for garrha pyrrhopasta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about garrha mesogaea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for garrha mesogaea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about garrha pseudota ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for garrha pseudota ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 57cdeb54 - 16ab - 406b - bf71 - 71cc567b475e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97597c90 - 78f5 - 435a - a5e1 - 54363e4713bd\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9aaaf1b8 - 5b23 - 4800 - b1d3 - 083d4f78f2e4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 290654\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nheliocausta achroa turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4\nheliocausta acosmeta turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4\nmachimia agglomerata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375\nmachimia alma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : victoria , gisborne\nmachimia amata meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 175 ; tl : west australia , waroona\nheliocausta arrhodea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113\nhoplitica atripunctatella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7\nmachimia brachytricha turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 147\naustralia ( victoria , s . australia , e . australia ) . see [ maps ]\nhoplitica cholodella meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 507\nmachimia coccinea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 59\nhoplitica costimacula meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 502\nmachimia cylicotypa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111\neuryplaca demotica meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 489\nhoplitica eugramma lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 93\ncryptopeges icasta turner , 1941 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 66 : 406\nheliocausta idiosema turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113\nmachimia interjecta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116\nhoplitica leucerythra meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 501\nheliocausta limbata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 471\nmachimia mesogaea turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371\nhoplitica metriopis meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 941\nmachimia micromita turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 107\nmachimia mitescens meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : queensland , townsville\neuryplaca ocellifera meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 488\nmachimia ochra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 109\ncoesyra paraderces meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1659\nmachimia phaeoporphyra turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge\nmachimia phoenopis turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; queensland , brisbane ; mt tambourine ; toowoomba\nmachimia platyporphyra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111 ( emend . )\nhoplitica pseudota lower , 1901 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 25 ( 2 ) : 85\nmachimia pyrrhopasta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 114\nmachimia rubella turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge\nhoplitica rufa meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 504\nmachimia rufescens turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\nhoplitica rufimaculella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7\nhoplitica sericata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 497\nheliocausta spatiosa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 387\nmachimia submissa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\nmachimia umbratica turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108\ncoesyra zonostola meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 772\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ndescriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . xi & xii . oecophoridae - ( continued )\nzeller , 1855 nachtrag zu den im 9ten bande bescriebenen arten ds genus cryptolechia linn . ent . 10 : 145 - 168\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1523, "summary": [{"text": "cylindera foveolata is a species of ground beetle of the subfamily cicindelinae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found throughout southeast asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is black in colour and is 9.8 millimetres ( 0.39 in ) long . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "cylindera foveolata", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for cylindera foveolata yet . learn how to contribute .\nhave a fact about cylindera foveolata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cylindera foveolata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ncylindera foveolata ( schaum , 1863 ) family : carabidae size : 9 , 8 mm location : vietnam north , thai nguyen prov . , vic . ngoc thanh , me linh ( iebr station ) , 60 - 80 m leg . a . skale , 12 . v . 2012 ; det . j . wiesner , 2013 photo : u . schmidt , 2013\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nlocation : vietnam north , thai nguyen prov . , vic . ngoc thanh , me linh ( iebr station ) , 60 - 80 m\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1525, "summary": [{"text": "the koo-wee-rup swamp was a large freshwater swamp located to the south east of melbourne , victoria .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it was drained an area of west gippsland , with several waterways including cardinia creek and the bunyip river .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the koo-wee-rup swamp originally covered more than 40 000 hectares , of dense swamp paperbark ( melaleuca ericifolia ) , some open grasslands , reed beds ( phragmites australis ) and bullrushes ( typha spp ) .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "known as the great swamp it was an impassable barrier for travelers between melbourne and gippsland .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "although the fringes of the swamp were settled by the mid-1800s , farming was not possible in much of the land because of frequent flooding and the rapid re-growth of paperbark and other swamp vegetation .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "however , in the 1870s , efforts were made by the victorian department of lands to drain the swamp and open up the area for agriculture .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "a koo-wee-rup swamp drainage committee was formed by local landowners and in february 1876 excavation of the main channel to take water from cardinia creek was commenced .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this channel was 8 km long and 1.2 m deep , leading into western port at moody 's inlet .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "other drains including those for toomuc creek and the bunyip river were also dug . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "koo - wee - rup swamp", "paragraphs": ["koo - wee - rup swamp history : a short overview of the drainage of the koo - wee - rup swamp .\na short overview of the drainage of the koo - wee - rup swamp .\nget quick answers from koo wee rup swamp lookout tower staff and past visitors .\nthe koo wee rup swamp lookout tower is located right by the main highway leading towards phillip . . .\nkoo wee rup observation tower overlooks the wetlands , with views south to westernport bay and . . .\nin the 1800 ' s the koo - wee - rup swamp extended over an area of approximately 40 000 hectares . it was covered by dense stands of swamp paperbark (\nthis blog is about the history of the koo - wee - rup swamp and neighbouring areas , such as pakenham , cranbourne and garfield , and any other historical subjects i feel like writing about . it ' s my own original research and writing and if you live in the area you may have read some of the stories before in the koo - wee - rup swamp historical society newsletter or the koo - wee - rup township newsletter ,\na short overview of the drainage of the koo - wee - ru . . .\nkoo wee rup observation tower overlooks the wetlands , with views south to westernport bay and french island . the tower is located on the south gippsland highway , just south of koo wee rup if you are driving to phillip island . it is a great place to . . .\ngoudie , a . g . ( 1942 ) . a survey of the soils and land utilisation in the parishes of koo - wee - rup and koo - wee - rup east . proc . roy . soc . victoria , 54 ( ns ) pt . 1 : 93 - 130 .\nnumerous small and medium - size towns have been established in the former swamp . the largest town is koo wee rup . smaller places include bayles , catani , cora lynn , dalmore and yannathan .\nif a picnic is not on your agenda the town of koo wee rup is only a few minutes away . road signage beside the reserve encourages visitors .\ndespite the drainage improvements there is occasional flooding . in february 2011 koo wee rup , iona , cora lynn and bayles were evacuated because the lower bunyip river overflowed .\n, formed the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee . from 1876 this committee employed over 100 men and created drains that would carry the water from the cardinia and toomuc creeks to western port bay at moody\u2019s inlet .\nroberts , d . ( 1985 ) . from swampland to farmland - a history of the koo - wee - rup flood protection district . rural water commission of victoria .\nyou will find the lookout tower off to the left of the south gippsland hwy and adjacent the bunyip river just before you get to koo wee rup travelling from tooradin . the tower overlooks both the swamp land and westernport bay and once you ascend . . .\ni am the local history librarian at at public library service in the south - east suburbs of melbourne . i am also the president of the koo - wee - rup swamp historical society , the secretary of the south eastern historical association and the trafalgar truck restorers club .\nthere was pastoral settlement around the swamp in the late 1840s . a large landowner , william lyall , had holdings at tooradin and at yallock , a slightly elevated area at the east of the swamp . he attempted a private drainage scheme at yallock . in 1875 land was sold in the west of the swamp and the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee was formed by local landowners , to drain water from cardinia creek into western port bay . heavy rain in 1891 , coming from the gembrook ranges by the toomuc , bunyip and tarago rivers , inundated the swamp and its reclaimed western sector . successful drainage required a scheme for all of the swamp .\nthe koo wee rup swamp lookout tower is located right by the main highway leading towards phillip island / wonthaggi / inverloch from melbourne . it basically consists of a fair sized parking area and then some historical information boards and a few other bits ' n ' pieces . the main attraction . . .\nthe koo wee rup swamp was an area north of western port bay . its western limit was in the vicinity of tooradin and its easterly limit was bunyip and the lang lang river . the gippsland ( oakleigh to bunyip ) railway line marked the northern edge . estimates of its area vary , but it was about 400 sq km .\nif you ' re travelling the south gippsland highway , the col utber swamp tower reserve just south of koo wee rup is a great place for a rest or a picnic . this day time rest area has off road parking suitable for caravans and big rigs and is easily spotted by the high wooden lookout tower that dominates the picnic grounds .\ntoday we look at swamps as wetlands , worthy of preservation , but we need to look at the drainage of the swamp in the context of the times . koo - wee - rup was only one of many swamps drained around this time ; others include the carrum swamp and the moe swamp . to the people at the time the drainage works were an example of victorian engineering skills and turned what was perceived as useless land into productive land and removed a barrier to the development of other areas in gippsland .\nthe land act of 1865 opened up land along the fringes of the swamp for selection . however , farming was not possible due to potential flooding and dense stands of vegetation . by 1870 the lands department decided that the swamp should be drained and opened up for agriculture . further land was sold at auction in 1875 . the largest landholders at the time were scottish and may have believed that the swamp soils were favourable for farming , based on their knowledge of peaty soils in their mother country . landholders formed the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee which would be responsible for draining the area .\nthe following history of the koo - wee - rup region in terms of drainage and agricultural production has been largely summarised from the book ' from swampland to farmland ' by david roberts . it is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of this region .\nunder this scheme , all workers had to be married , accept a 20 acre block and spend a fortnight working on the drains for wages and a fortnight improving their block and maintaining adjoining drains . the villages were koo - wee - rup , five mile , cora lynn , vervale , iona and yallock .\ndrainage works on the swamp began in the 1850\u2019s on a small scale and in 1875 , landowners formed the koo - wee - rup swamp drainage committee . this committee employed over 100 men and created drains that would carry the water from the cardinia and toomuc creeks to western port bay . you can still see these drains when you travel on manks road , between lea road and rices road \u2013 the five bridges you cross span the cardinia and toomuc creek canals ( plus a few catch drains ) which were dug in the 1870\u2019s .\npotato growing has diversified into other vegetables as the fringe of metropolitan melbourne has come closer . by the 1930s koo wee rup and dalmore were major asparagus - growing areas , and by the early 2000s the former swamp produced 95 % of australia\u2019s asparagus . market gardens draw water from the drains and from the ground by bores , but some areas have suffered from excessive take - off , with a consequent risk of mineralisation and salting of the water .\nthe original drainage works were completed in 1897 but later floods saw more drainage work undertaken , including widening of the main drain and additional side drains . none of these works protected the swamp against the big flood of december 1 , 1934 . the entire swamp was inundated ; water was over six feet deep in the town of koo - wee - rup and over a thousand people were left homeless . another bad flood hit the swamp in april 1935 and yet another one in october 1937 . a royal commission was also established in 1936 and its role was to investigate the operation of the state rivers and water supply commission regarding its administration of flood protection districts , amongst other things . the royal commission report was critical of the srwsc\u2019s operation in the koo - wee - rup flood protection district in a number of areas and it ordered that new plans for drainage improvements be established . the subsequent works saw the creation of the yallock outfall drain and the spillway at cora lynn , the aim of which was to take the pressure off the main drain in flood times and channel the flood waters directly to western port bay .\nit was obvious however that major works needed to be undertaken to sucessfully drain the swamp thus the chief engineer of the public works department , william thwaites ( 1853 - 1907 ) , surveyed the swamp in 1887 and his report recommended the construction of the bunyip main drain from where it entered the swamp in the north to western port bay and a number of smaller side drains .\nwhat you will not find at the col utber swamp tower reserve is a swamp . drainage works began in the area as far back as 1856 . the drain carrying water from the cardinia and toomuc creeks to westernport bay was created in 1875 . hundreds of men were employed for further work on drainage and by 1893 the swamp was declared drained and the area suitable for settlement .\nwe will start this blog off with a brief overview of the drainage works on the swamp . small scale efforts to drain the 96 , 000 acre ( 40 , 000 hectare ) swamp began in the 1850s and in 1875 landowners including duncan macgregor , who owned\nthe col utber swamp tower reserve is a daylight hour reserve on the south gippsland highway , koo wee rup . it is immediately west of the road bridge across the bunyip river and east of the rossiter road intersection with the highway . entry to the car park is on the west ( melbourne side ) of the lookout tower which is easily spotted from the road . the car park is suitable for caravans and big rigs , there is mobile ' phone coverage , and picnic facilities . there are no public toilets . pets are permitted .\nin march 1878 the gippsland railway which ran from melbourne to east gippsland was completed . residents of cranbourne and port albert made demands for a rail service in their districts which would necessitate a railway going through the koo - wee - rup swampland . plans were developed for a great southern railway between dandenong and port albert with profits from the sale of drained land to be used for it ' s construction .\nextensive flooding occurred in many areas of victoria in 1934 , and resulted in a flood in the former swamp area which was three and a half times larger than the record flood of 1924 . over one thousand people were made homeless and the koo - wee - rup hotel had almost 2 metres of water in it . a royal commission was established in 1936 and resulted in a drainage improvement scheme being implemented . this scheme involved alterations ( eg . levee construction , sediment removal ) and extensions to main drains . other floods occurred in 1937 .\nan information board has useful area maps , and a town map of koo wee rup . the history of the area is documented on one side . wander about and you will find a number of historic information and dedication plaques . a set of wheels from a german dredge , imported in the early 1900 ' s is proudly displayed . the late 1800 ' s release of deer into the area is commemorated . another plaque commemorates the 1991 opening of the south gippsland highway duplication .\nin the early 1900 ' s , hills to the north of the swamp area were cleared of trees in order to develop farms and to supply the many saw mills established due to a growing timber demand . increased runoff resulted into the tarago and bunyip catchments . erosion occurred in the steeper sections of the bunyip main drain and sediments were deposited in the lower sections of the drain . in 1911 severe flooding occurred . a drainage improvement plan was proposed by the state rivers and water supply commission to give the area complete protection from a flood this size . the lower koo - wee - rup flood protection district was proclaimed in 1917 and work commenced .\nthu 10 oct 1918 - dandenong advertiser and cranbourne , berwick and oakleigh advocate ( vic . : 1914 - 1918 ) page 2 - the great kooweerup swamp drainage muddle\ndandenong advertiser and cranbourne , berwick and oakleigh advocate ( vic . : 1914 - 1918 ) , thu 10 oct 1918 , page 2 - the great kooweerup swamp drainage muddle\nthe soils of the swamp were found to be particularly fertile for crops and dairying . during the early 1890s the victorian public works department\u2019s carlo catani supervised the great southern railway across the swamp from tooradin to loch . village settlements housed construction workers and creameries were opened at iona ( 1897 ) and elsewhere . soldier - settler farms were taken up during the 1920s .\ncatani implemented the village settlement scheme . under this scheme , all workers had to be married , accept a 20 acre block and spend a fortnight working on the drains for wages and a fortnight improving their block and maintaining adjoining drains . the villages were at koo - wee - rup , five mile , cora lynn , vervale , iona and yallock . many of the settlers were unused to farming and hard physical labour , others were deterred by floods and ironically a drought that caused a bushfire . my great grandfather , james rouse , a widower , arrived on the swamp with his nine year old son joe , in 1903 . james , who had been a market gardener in england , was part of a second wave of settlers who were granted land as they had previous farming experience . by 1904 , over 2 , 000 people including 1 , 400 children lived on the swamp . by the 1920s , the area was producing one quarter of victorian potatoes and was also a major producer of dairy products .\nby 1940 the area planted to potatoes had fallen to approximately 570 hectares , due mainly to low prices in the 1930 ' s . smaller areas were planted to maize , onions , carrots , peas and asparagus ( goudie 1942 ) . vegetable demand increased during the second world war and carrots , peas and cabbages were processed in the dalmore area . the koo - wee - rup district became the prime supplier of vegetables and milk to melbourne . only minor flooding occurred after this period as drainage works continued . the whole reclaimed swampland came under the control of one authority ( state rivers and water supply commission ) in 1962 .\nit soon became apparent that drainage works needed to be carried out on a large scale if the swamp was to be drained and landowners protected from floods . the chief engineer of the public works department , william thwaites , surveyed the swamp in 1888 and his report recommended the construction of the bunyip main drain from where it entered the swamp in the north to western port bay and a number of smaller side drains as well . a tender was advertised in 1889 . even with strikes , floods and bad weather , by march 1893 the contractors had constructed the 16 miles of the drain from the bay to the south of bunyip and the public works department considered the swamp was now dry enough for settlement . in spite of this , the public works department was unhappy with the rate of progress and took over its completion in 1893 and appointed the engineer , carlo catani to oversee the work .\nwork commenced on the bunyip main drain in 1889 in order to channel water from the bunyip river as it entered the swamp . this main drain would be fed by smaller drains . by 1892 the main drain had been cut 14 km inland from reeces inlet and at this time some 500 men were working on the project and excavating drains using picks , shovels and wheelbarrows . by 1893 the main drain had met the bunyip drain . these two drains together with four smaller drains formed the foundation of the swamp drainage system . a village settlement was started on the partly reclaimed swamp , whereby settlers were responsible for the maintenance of drains adjoining their blocks . the main drain overflowed in 1893 and much of the land was flooded . in response , the main drain was widened and deepened .\nirrigation due to urban expansion in the 1950 ' s and 60 ' s , market gardeners were forced away from the city region . the koo - wee - rup region became an area of market garden expansion and potatoes replaced dairying as the dominant land use . a system of irrigation was developed to provide for this expansion . in the 1950 ' s , permits were issued to allow a number of landholders to pump water directly from the main drain . further permits were granted . the amount of water that could be pumped varied according to the size of the farm . groundwater comes from the western port groundwater basin which is fed by water entering via tertiary period gravels and basalts along the eastern and western margins . also , recharge occurs via quaternary sediments in the north - east ( eg . bunyip and tarago river basins ) .\nwater becomes stored in a groundwater aquifer underneath the impermeable clay and peat layers . the first bore was sunk in 1922 near cora lyn to tap underground water . other bores were sunk and used for stock and domestic requirements . bore sinking went unchecked in the 50 ' s and 60 ' s and a decline in water levels of up to 15 metres was recorded in 1961 - 62 . during the 1967 - 68 drought the water level in the koo - wee - rup aquifer fell to below pumping levels . the groundwater act was passed in 1969 and control of groundwater extraction was given to the state rivers and water supply commission . parts of the westernport groundwater basin were declared a groundwater conservation area in 1971 . controls were placed on the maximum rate and volume of groundwater that could be extracted . zones were established to manage groundwater use and in some areas no further bores were permitted .\ntwo creameries were established in 1896 and by 1897 drainage works were completed . in 1898 bushfires spread to the swamp area and underlying peat soil caught fire and burnt beneath the surface for months . the results of drainage and several dry years resulted in the soil shrinking and compacting and the level of the land surface fell .\nmany of the settlers were unused to farming and hard physical labour , others were deterred by floods and ironically a drought that caused a bushfire , however many stayed and communities developed . by 1904 , over 2 , 000 people including 1 , 400 children lived on the swamp . by the 1920s , the area was producing one quarter of victorian potatoes .\na tender was advertised in 1889 . in spite of strikes , floods and bad weather by march , 1893 , the private contractors had constructed the 16 miles of the drain from the bay to the south of bunyip and the public works department considered the swamp was now dry enough for settlement . at one time over 500 men were employed and all the work was done by hand , using axes .\nthere was a second wave of settlers in the early 1900s where those selected had previous farm experience , such as my great grandfather , james rouse who had been a market gardener in england . james , a widower , arrived in 1903 with his eleven year old son , joe . he had selected 56 acres on murray road at cora lynn and his arrival started the rouse family ' s 110 year connection to the swamp .\nin spite of what seemed to be good progress - the public works department had been unhappy with the rate of progress and took over its completion in 1893 and appointed the engineer , carlo catani ( 1852 - 1918 ) . the 1890s was a time of economic depression in australia and various government schemes were implemented to provide employment and to stop the drift of the unemployed to the city . one of these schemes was the village settlement scheme . the aim was for the settlers to find employment outside the city and to boost their income from the sale of produce from their farms . it was in this context that catani implemented the village settlement scheme on the swamp .\na major flood ( double the size of 1911 ) occurred in 1923 , which resulted in significant crop damage . an even larger flood occurred in 1924 that covered the former swampland in water 1 . 5 metres deep . in 1925 a royal commission investigated the entire soldier settlement scheme and assistance was given . drier periods existed after 1924 and the land proved to be very fertile . italian migrants bought many of the properties abandoned after the floods . they practised labour intensive farming methods and district production rose . it was estimated by the department of agriculture that in 1926 the former swamp area produced approximately 25 % of victorian potatoes . however , the great depression in the late 1920s resulted in reduced prices and financial ruin for some farmers . drainage digging was provided by the government as a form of relief work for the unemployed .\nin february 1876 works commenced on excavation of a main channel ( 8 km long and 1 . 2 m deep ) which tapped the cardinia creek and channelled water into westernport bay at moody ' s inlet . other smaller drains ( eg . toomuc ) were dug . one of the landholders ( mcgregor ) also built an embankment to hold back water on his property called ' dalmore ' . landholders carried out drainage works with shovels and wheelbarrows . vegetation was knocked down and burnt and the land was ploughed . some farmers flooded each other ' s land with their own drainage works and major floods still occurred ( eg . 1891 ) .\na major flood in 1900 resulted in damage to crops ( eg . potatoes , onions , oats ) and dairy cows drowned . further widening of the main drain took place and more subsidiary drains were dug . a change from block allocation to land selection resulted in farmers from other regions ( eg . ballarat , drouin ) moving in to the area and bringing cropping skills . in the first decade of the 1900 ' s this area became the ' potato capital ' of victoria .\nincreased demands for vegetables for canning was generated during world war 1 ( 1914 - 1918 ) and vegetable growing was encouraged . labour shortages at this time were offset by the introduction of a steam - driven bucket dredge , which was used on the wider sections of the larger drains ( eg . main , yallock , cardinia ) . it had a capacity of 60 cubic metres per day ( versus 8 . 5 for a ' good man ' ) .\nat the end of world war 1 , the government purchased large properties in a number of regions of victoria and divided them into smaller holdings , which were allocated to returned soldiers . within this area some of the larger properties ( such as ' dalmore ' ) were subdivided under this scheme . some minor flooding occurred in 1920 and 1921 . by 1923 almost 6500 hectares of potatoes were planted ( goudie 1942 ) .\na thriving sand industry also developed in the area . sand was excavated from the main drains and transported to melbourne by railway where it was in demand as building material . the rate of erosion upstream decreased ( naturally and as a result of control measures ) and the supply of sand was depleted within a few years .\nthe tarago reservoir was constructed in 1969 ( to supply water to the mornington peninsula ) which enabled more flood control downstream .\nexample of subsurface drainage in dalmore clay soil . these drains are generally located just below the peat layer and are partially backfilled with gravel\nin recent years the groundwater levels have recovered . this has been largely due to groundwater extraction controls and the construction of dams to store water pumped from drains during periods of high water flow .\nannett and imhof ( 1991 ) assessed changes in landuse for the former shire of cranbourne from 1979 to 1989 . these changes were estimated from aerial photo interpretation . urban land use increased by an estimated 2200 hectares and in 1989 covered some 8 % of the study area . much of this urban expansion has occurred around cranbourne , hampton park , langwarrin and carrum downs . associated with this urban increase has been an increase in sand quarrying . the area excavated for sand had increased an estimated 390 hectares ( 83 % ) over the same period . sand mining in the cranbourne region supplies about 15 % of melbourne ' s sand requirements ( cochrane\n1991 ) . a large area of quaternary sand deposits are preserved in the cranbourne royal botanic gardens extension .\nmarket gardening on sandy soils had also increased significantly ( approximately 40 % ) over this period . this expansion has occurred primarily as consolidation of existing farms around cranbourne , fiveways and devon meadows . smaller , new operations have developed around pearcedale and langwarrin . the increase in market gardening has no doubt been a result of migration of these activities from other areas closer to melbourne ( eg . dingley , oakleigh ) as a result of urban expansion pressures . continued urban expansion around cranbourne , pearcedale and langwarrin may impact greatly on these operations . in the south - eastern growth corridor it is expected that the metropolitan area will expand to cranbourne in the south . cranbourne is anticipated to house about 80 000 people (\n24 / 11 / 90 ) . apart from using land suitable for market gardening ( eg . cranbourne sands ) , urbanisation will invariably result in an increase in land prices in surrounding areas . other problems faced by farmers on the urban fringes include the need for greater security and community concern over some farming practices ( eg . spraying near urban areas ) .\nannett , s and imhof , m . p . ( 1991 ) assessing changes in rural land use in gippsland - a case study using geographic information systems ( gis ) . draft report , department of agriculture .\ncochrane , g . w . , quick , g . w . and spencer - jones , d . ( eds . ) ( 1991 ) . introducing victorian geology . geological society of australia ( victorian division ) . melbourne .\nfloods in 1911 and 1934 required the enlargement of drains and construction of additional outfalls . clearing of land at the headwaters has caused increased run - off , and floodwater detritus that banks up where stream velocities falter causes flooding unless removed . improvements and maintenance are therefore continual . moving from west to east there are drains into western port bay at sawtell inlet ( tooradin ) , at 4 km eastwards for the toomuc , cardinia and deep creeks , at 2 km further eastwards for the bunyip and tarago rivers ( the main drain ) , and at the yallock creek .\nthat ' s james rouse , my great grandfather , above . he was born july 26 , 1862 at stratford on avon in england and died at cora lynn on august 29 , 1939 . he had married annie glover of clydebank ( victoria ) on february 2 , 1892 and they had five children . sadly annie , born july 7 , 1865 died in february 7 , 1899 aged 33 . she was pre - deceased by their two daughters ruth and annie . another daughter emily died in tragic circumstances - she was found drowned in the yarra on august 24 , 1919 aged 25 . lucy ( born september 2 , 1895 ) died october 27 , 1981 . we knew her very well and saw a lot of her . she was living at garfield when she died . finally , my grand father joseph albert rouse was born at clydebank on november 9 , 1892 and died september 3 , 1954 .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nto me this tower was built so there was a place to sell the best donuts ever . checked out the . . .\nto me this tower was built so there was a place to sell the best donuts ever . checked out the tower . . . not bad . wandered over to grab a couple of donuts . . . i had low expectations . . . then my mind was blown , i wanted to go back for more , omg . . .\nwe came for the views and stayed for the amazing dim sims and jam doughnuts that a sold most days out of a van in car park . the lookout itself is quite plan but a very worthwhile sight . plenty of points of historical interest at . . .\ni ' ve passed this lookout so many times before . we decided to pull in and see what it has to offer . beautiful views of the surrounding area , that ' s what . well worth a stop to break up a long drive if you ' re passing by .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\ndandenong advertiser and cranbourne , berwick and oakleigh advocate ( vic . : 1914 - 1918 )\nnote : only lines in the current paragraph are shown . click on current line of text for options .\nparagraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . paragraph operations include :\nzone operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left . zone operations include :\nthe national library of australia ' s copies direct service lets you purchase higher quality , larger sized photocopies or electronic copies of newspapers pages .\nclicking on the order now button below will open the ordering form in a new window which will allow you to enter the details of your request .\nto help safeguard the users of this service from spam , we require you to enter the characters you see in the following image .\nif you can ' t read the image , click here to listen to the same characters being read .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\ngayle is an accountant . shh \u2013 don\u2019t tell . she thinks she\u2019s a writer . check out her short stories and nano fiction at\nit ' s worth stopping just for the vistas from the tower which provides 360 degree sweeping views of the surrounding area . the waters of westernport bay are visible to the south . a distance and direction marker on the top platform points to over 30 different locations ; san remo 35km south , tooradin 7km west , melbourne 58km north - west , warragul 40km north - east .\nthe tower is accessed by stairs which curve around supporting poles . it is rather tall but even though heights bother me i felt secure enough to get to the top . the structure is very stable , the stairs and platform are enclosed by high , closely spaced railings and the stairs themselves are wide enough to be comfortable but narrow enough to enable you to hold the railings on both sides .\nthe car park and reserve are well maintained and the grass looked freshly mowed when i arrived . there is a shelter with a picnic table , and several open air tables . a ring of wooden benches would serve well for group seating . a small bridge crossing a dip in the picnic grounds adds charm to the area . there are ample rubbish bins .\nduring busy periods , a van selling hot donuts can be found at the reserve and is easily visible from the road . just another reason to take a break .\nthe reserve is fenced but there is access to a small path at the back which leads through interesting vegetation to the bunyip river . i walked the path but plants are encroaching on either side making it unsuitable for children . walkers would be advised to keep an eye out for snakes in the warmer months . shrubbery with a variety of flowers and reeds along the water are worth a look . birdlife is prevalent in the bushland around the reserve . fairy wrens were about in abundance .\nwhy ? take a break from the drive and soak up some superb views .\nwhat a good place to stop and rest on the way to phillip island .\ngreat article - well written and great photos gayle . there is so much to discover about australia .\nwe have driven past this so many times and never stopped to look . it ' s so easy to miss things ."]}
{"id": 1526, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes violacea is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from scandinavia to russia ( siberia , uljanovsk , kamchatka ) and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chionodes violacea", "paragraphs": ["gelechia violacea tengstr\u00f6m , 1848 ; notis . s\u00e4llsk . fauna & fl . fenn . f\u00f6rh . 1 : 125 ; tl : gamla karleby ; oulu\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331"]}
{"id": 1527, "summary": [{"text": "eoconodon is an extinct genus of triisodontid mesonychid that existed during the early paleocene of north america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "characteristics of the genus include massive jaws , blunt builds , and strong canine teeth .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "eoconodon 's were about the size of a modern house cat , but were considered giant for mammals at the time . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "eoconodon", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define eoconodon in a sentence and how is the word eoconodon used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528eoconodon\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eoconodon\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528eoconodon\u9020\u53e5 , eoconodon meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\neoconodon is an extinct genus of triisodontid mesonychid that existed during the early paleocene of north america .\neoconodon (\ntriisodontidae ,\nmammalia ) from the early paleocene ( puercan ) of northeastern montana , u . . .\neoconodon ' s were about the size of a modern house cat , but were considered giant for mammals at the time .\neoconodon (\ntriisodontidae ,\nmammalia ) from the early paleocene ( puercan ) of northeastern montana , u . s . a\n\n' eoconodon\n' is an extinct genus of triisodontid mesonychid that existed during the early paleocene of north america .\nspecies of the early paleocene ( puercan north american land mammal age ) triisodontid eoconodon were among the first eutherians in the northern western interior to evolve body masses significantly larger than those of the latest cretaceous mammals of the area . description of additional specimens of eoconodon nidhoggi from the tullock formation , northeastern montana , sets the stage for formal . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfor example , longrich told gizmag that there was a mammal in wyoming called the eoconodon , which was considered giant at the time , being about the size of a cat . but that same species wasn ' t found in nearby montana .\nit ' s almost like you ' re looking at separate islands , but there are no physical barriers between these localities ,\nhe says .\nthe uppermost hell creek and tullock formations of garfield and mccone counties , northeastern montana , have yielded large samples of earliest paleocene ( puercan north american land mammal ' age ' ) local faunas . these are allocated to either the earliest puercan ( pu1 ) interval zone or an undifferentiated pu2 / pu3 interval zone of middle and / or late puercan age . eoconodon (\ntriisodontidae\n) is . . . [ show full abstract ]\nby now , most people are familiar with the theory that an asteroid that smacked into our planet 66 million years ago caused the extinction of the dinosaurs . but it turns out that dinosaurs might not have been the only casualty of that cataclysmic event . new analysis of the fossil record indicates that a full 93 percent of mammals living at the time also went extinct , a number significantly higher than previously thought .\nresearchers at the milner centre for evolution at the university of bath looked back over mammalian fossil reports and research that had been published for about the last 100 years , specifically focusing on the time frame on both sides of the meteor strike \u2013 about 68 million years ago to 65 . 7 million years ago . they also concentrated on mammals in north america .\nnot only did they find that more mammals went extinct during this time than the roughly 75 percent previously thought , but also that they rebounded extremely quickly , with the number of species doubling those found before the impact in just 300 , 000 years \u2013 a relatively short time in evolutionary terms .\nbecause mammals did so well after the extinction , we have tended to assume that it didn ' t hit them as hard ,\nsays nick longrich from the milner center .\nhowever our analysis shows that the mammals were hit harder than most groups of animals , such as lizards , turtles , crocodilians , but they proved to be far more adaptable in the aftermath .\nlongrich is the lead author on a paper regarding the find published in the journal of evolutionary biology .\nlongrich and his team also discovered a high degree of separation in terms of the way species developed geographically .\nyou might expect to see the same few survivors all across the continent . but that ' s not what we found ,\nhe says .\nafter this extinction event , there was an explosion of diversity , and it was driven by having different evolutionary experiments going on simultaneously in different locations . this may have helped drive the recovery . with so many different species evolving in different directions in different parts of the world , evolution was more likely to stumble across new evolutionary paths .\nwith 100 years of fossil data lying around , it seemed surprising to us that no other researchers had arrived at the same conclusion as longrich and his team before now . so we asked him about that , and it turns out there ' s been a bit of a mammal - dino - asteroid debate raging in academia .\nit may just be a matter of perspective ,\nhe told us .\nhistorically the asteroid impact hypothesis has been really controversial \u2013 and the paleontologists working on fossil mammals have been bitter opponents of the asteroid - impact hypothesis . so they ' ve probably tended to overlook evidence that supports it , and haven ' t really been interested in looking at the issue carefully . we don ' t specialize on mammals , so we ' re able to look at the evidence in a different way \u2013 and in fact , the fossil mammal data strongly support the asteroid hypothesis ; it ' s some of the best data out there in support of it , in fact .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : w . d . matthew and w . granger . 1921 . new genera of paleocene mammals . american museum novitates 13 : 1 - 7\nsee also archibald 1998 , clemens 2011 , clemens and williamson 2005 , matthew and granger 1921 , mckenna and bell 1997 , st . clair et al . 2010 , thewissen et al . 2001 and zhou et al . 1995\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nresponse to critique by lucas et al . ( 2009 ) of paper by fassett ( 2009 ) documenting paleocene dinosaurs in the san juan basin\npurgatorius ( plesiadapiformes , primates ? , mammalia ) , a paleocene immigrant into northeastern montana . . .\nthe earliest unquestionable records of purgatorius ( plesiadapiformes , primates ? , mammalia ) in northeastern montana and other areas of the western interior of north america are of early paleocene , specifically middle or late puercan ( pu 2\u20133 interval zones , undifferentiated ) north american land mammal age ( nalma ) . the report of an occurrence of purgatorius in the late cretaceous ( lancian nalma ) . . . [ show full abstract ]\nevolution of the mammalian fauna across the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in northeastern montana and . . .\npaleontological and geological studies of the hell creek formation and tullock member of the fort union formation in the northern western interior of north america provide a globally unique , detailed record of the evolution of terrestrial vertebrates during the transition from the latest cretaceous into the earliest paleocene . in the area south of the fort peck reservoir , northeastern montana , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nearly paleocene ( puercan ) peradectid marsupials from northeastern montana , north american western in . . .\nanalysis of the molar dentitions of early paleocene ( puercan nalma ) peradectid marsupials from the upper part of the hell creek formation and the tullock formation of northeastern montana documents the presence of two species . on the basis of currently published data the genus thylacodon is provisionally regarded as a nomen dubium and these species from montana are designated peradectes cf . p . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser ."]}
{"id": 1532, "summary": [{"text": "the hartmann 's mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) is a subspecies of the mountain zebra found in far south-western angola and western namibia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "hartmann 's mountain zebras prefer to live in small groups of 7-12 individuals .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they are agile climbers and are able to live in arid conditions and steep mountainous country .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it has been argued that hartmann 's mountain zebras should be considered a separate species from the cape mountain zebra , but this is not supported by genetic evidence ( see mountain zebra #taxonomy ) .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "consequently , it is no longer considered a subspecies in mammal species of the world . 2005 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "hartmann ' s mountain zebra", "paragraphs": ["no critical habitat rules have been published for the hartmann ' s mountain zebra .\nthe cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is the smallest living zebra , and differs from hartmann\u2019s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) by its smaller size ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , slightly thicker black stripes ( 6 ) , and minor striping variations on the rump ( 5 ) ( 8 ) .\nhartmann\u2019s mountain zebras range from south west africa into extreme southwest angola . they are found in six distinct populations .\nthe hartmann\u2019s zebra is a good climber on steep , rugged terrain and has evolved very hard and pointed hooves .\ncape mountain zebras are endemic to south africa ( 2 ) , while hartmann\u2019s mountain zebras have a fragmented distribution across namibia , angola and south africa ( 9 ) .\nthe hartmann ' s mountain zebra is a fairly large - sized donkey - like member of the horse family , with a narrow body and narrow , fast - growing hooves . the mountain zebras are the only zebras with a dewlap - a pendulous fold of skin under the throat , which is commonly associated with bovines . there is a grid pattern on the rump which includes a series of short transverse stripes running perpendicular to the dorsal stripe , not found on any other equine . the legs are striped to the hooves , and the belly is white . the stripes are black . the widest stripes are seen on upper hind legs . there are two subspecies of the mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) : the hartmann ' s mountain zebra and the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) . the cape mountain zebra is the smallest of the wild equines ; the hartmann ' s zebra is considerably larger , with a maximum weight of about 340 kgs and a shoulder height of 150 cm . it tends to have narrower , more closely spaced stripes than the cape mountain zebra .\nthe hartman ' s mountain zebra as a species is classified as endangered , with both e . z . hartmannae and e . z . zebra falling under this same classification .\nthere is a strong line of thought by some conservationists that the cape mountain zebra and the hartman ' s mountain zebra should be separate species due to the habitat differentiation but genetics proves that the two are very closely linked .\nhartmann\u2019s zebra do not have a breeding season as they can breed throughout the year . they can mate from the age of 2 - 6 years old .\n20 or more years . the oldest documented mountain zebra in captivity was 29 years old .\nhartmann\u2019s zebra are found in namibia , angola & south africa . they prefer habitats that have mountainous slopes and plateaus with sources of water and suitable grazing areas .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mountain zebra ( equus zebra )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mountain zebra ( equus zebra )\ntitle =\narkive species - mountain zebra ( equus zebra )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . subspecies : the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) ; hartmann\u2019s mountain zebra ( equus zebra hartmannae ) is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nzebras are herbivores , feeding from different grasses , leaves , twigs and even bark . during times of dry weather , hartmann\u2019s zebra can go without water for around 2 days .\ntwo allopatric subspecies of mountain zebra have traditionally been recognized , the nominate race e . z . zebra ( cape mountain zebra ) and e . z . hartmannae ( hartmann ' s mountain zebra ) . groves and ryder ( 2000 ) proposed that the two be treated as distinct species , and groves and bell ( 2004 ) presented morphological evidence for separating the two subspecies as distinct species based on the diagnosability criterion of the phylogenetic species concept . recent genetic analyses indicate that the two populations have a high incidence of mitochondrial haplotype sharing ; the hypothesis that cape and hartmann ' s mountain zebra mitochondrial lineages were reciprocally monophyletic was not supported . however , the presence of private alleles at nuclear loci rendered the two subspecies genetically distinct evolutionary significant units ( moodley and hartley 2005 ) . we continue to recognize mountain zebra as a single species comprising two subspecies following penzhorn ( in press ) .\nas intoned by the vernacular name , the hartman ' s mountain zebra is adapted to rugged , broken mountain escarpments , where herds rely on areas with permanent water sources and sufficient variety and quantities of grass fodder to sustain breeding populations .\nboth subspecies of mountain zebra are predominately diurnal , and are most active in the early morning and late afternoon to sunset ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the herbivorous diet primarily consists of grass but also includes leaves and bark , and individuals of all ages also visit mineral licks , particularly during the summer ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . cape mountain zebra must drink every day , whereas hartmann\u2019s mountain zebra can go two or more days without drinking during the wet season ( 2 ) .\nthe non - profit organisation etusis foundation has been established in namibia for the conservation of hartmann\u2019s mountain zebra . the foundation conducts research on the subspecies , and focuses on educating farmers and raising public and government awareness about the plight this subspecies faces ( 9 ) .\ndid you know ? that there are two subspecies of mountain zebras in southern africa ? the cape mountain zebra ( equus zebra zebra ) is the smallest of the extant zebras and the most restricted geographically . it became almost extinct but was saved in situ by the establishment of national parks and wildlife reserves . there are no cape mountain zebras kept in zoos .\nhartmann\u2019s mountain zebras are commonly found at play . types of play include chasing , racing , play - fighting , and challenge games . challenge games usually consist of nose - to - nose contact followed by mutual grooming .\nhartmann\u2019s mountain zebras live in direct conflict with livestock farmers , with available grazing ground becoming particularly scarce in many parts of namibia where very little rainfall has occurred for several years . as a result , more and more hartmann ' s mountain zebras are being culled , both legally and illegally . furthermore , due to the region\u2019s poor economy and scarce resources , poaching for food has increased rapidly over the last few years , since the zebra offers a relatively large amount of meat . the situation in angola has been exacerbated by war , in which many soldiers and civilians have been in dire need of meat ( 9 ) .\n. 2002 ) . in south africa , an estimated 280 animals occur on private properties and in the goegap provincial nature reserve . in the northern cape ; the numbers of hartmann\u2019s mountain zebra in south africa\u2019s eastern cape and western cape comprise nearly one - quarter of the population of the subspecies in south africa , and their removal and replacement with the cape subspecies is a priority ( novellie\njustification : listed as vulnerable as the total population is currently estimated at ca . 9 , 000 mature individuals , and could be subject to a decline exceeding 10 % over the course of the coming 27 years , largely driven by annual harvesting of the hartmann ' s mountain zebra population . at present , there is limited information available on the population trend of hartmann ' s mountain zebras , but there is some evidence to suggest that they may well be declining . with the availability of further information on trends from parks and private lands , the species may need reassessment .\nmountain zebra are mainly crepuscular \u2013 active in the early morning and late afternoon to sunset . grazing and resting occupy most of the daylight hours . mountain zebras usually drink once or twice per day . during cold weather , they shelter in wooded areas or caves , and go to east - facing slopes to warm up in the morning sunshine . hartmann\u2019s mountain zebras live on the edge of the namib desert , and as a result they have to range widely to find surface water .\nthis evocative icon of africa is an immediately recognisable member of the horse family , characterised by its striking pattern of black and white stripes , which continue through into its short , erect mane ( 2 ) . the mountain zebra is discernable from other zebra species by the thin and relatively close - together vertical black lines on its neck and torso , which are narrower and more numerous than those of burchell\u2019s zebra ( equus burchelli ) , and by the wide , horizontal bands on its haunches , which are broader than both those of grevy\u2019s zebra ( equus grevui ) and burchell\u2019s zebra ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . unlike burchell\u2019s zebra , the mountain zebra also lacks \u2018shadow stripes\u2019 , and the stripes do not meet under the belly , which is instead white with a central black stripe ( 2 ) . the most diagnostic features of this species , however , are the \u2018grid iron\u2019 pattern of narrow stripes across the rump and the square flap of skin , or dewlap , which exists on this zebra\u2019s throat ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . aptly named , the mountain zebra is a good climber on steep , rugged terrain and has evolved exceptionally hard and pointed hooves compared to other equines ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\nadult mountain zebras have a head and body length of 82 to 102 inches .\nmountain zebra prefer to live in small groups of 7 - 12 individuals . they are agile climbers , able to live in arid conditions in steep mountainous country .\nfound on mountainous slopes and plateaus . cape mountain zebras occur up to 2 , 000 metres above sea level , but move to lower elevations in the winter . hartmann\u2019s mountain zebras occupy a more arid region on the edge of the namib desert , where surface water is patchy and herds must wander between the mountains and sand flats in order to find patches of grass ( 2 ) .\n. 2002 ) . over 90 % of the current total population of 1 , 389 cape mountain zebras are derived from animals relocated from the mountain zebra national park . the management of the cape mountain zebra metapopulation requires the mixing of at least some animals from the three relict populations ( mznp , gamkaberg , and kamanassie ) , all of which are genetically depauperate , although this has been hampered by the relatively slow growth of the kamanassie population . chadwick and watson ( 2007 ) have proposed facilitating the growth of this population by changing the fire management regime in the habitat preferred by zebra ; acquiring adjacent land ; and the translocation of mountain zebra onto adjacent land .\nhartmann\u2019s mountain zebra occur in four key protected areas in namibia : skeleton coast park , etosha national park , namib - naukluft park , and ai - ais - hunsberg park complex . namib - naukluft park is particularly important with a population of around 2 , 300 animals ( 1998 estimate ) . around 25 % of the national population in namibia occurs on conservancies in communal lands with the remainder on commercial livestock and game farms ( novellie\nthe main predators of zebra include lions , leopards , cheetah , hyena and wild dogs .\nalthough several attempts have been made over many centuries , zebra have never been successfully domesticated .\na mountain zebra has narrow stripes on the neck and torso , which graduate to wider stripes on the rear . the legs are striped all the way down to the hooves . it has a gridiron pattern on the rump , and its white underside has a dark stripe that runs the length of the belly . unlike other zebras , the mountain zebra has a dewlap , or fold of skin , hanging from the throat . the mane is short and erect , with no forelock . the mountain zebra is a good climber and has very hard and pointed hooves compared to other zebras and horses .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nthere is no significant difference between the sexes , except that the stallions are heavier at and average of 298 kg , compared to the 276 kg of mares . adult stallions over seven years of age , can weigh as much as 343 kg . adult stallions are 1 . 5 m at the shoulders , with a tail length of 500 mm and ears 280 mm long . in order to cope with the attrition of rocky terrain , the hooves of this species grows extremely fast . the difference between this specie and the cape mountain zebra is mainly only in size , the latter being slightly smaller . there is a trend for the the light stripes of the hartmann ' s zebra to be wider than that of the cape mountain species .\nzebras are very popular with the general public , i . e . they are good ambassador species for conservation in their african range states . as the hartmann ' s mountain zebra is rated endangered by iucn , also the maintenance of a reserve population in human care makes sense , in particular as the range is relatively limited and about 98 % of all individuals live in one single country , which makes the population depending of essentially one single government and susceptible to the impact of droughts and changes in agricultural practice .\ndue to the demand in land for agriculture and grazing land for livestock animals , more and more of the zebra\u2019s habitat is being cleared and they often have to compete for grazing areas with animals such as cattle . this has led to many zebra being hunted , both legally and illegally , so that more land can be used more by farmers .\nmountain zebras act in response to the alarm signals of black wildebeest . however , they rarely respond to alarm signals of smaller antelope .\nat high temperatures , the striped pattern of the zebra may serve as camouflage , an adaptation to the resultant\nwaviness\nof the air . at a distance of a few hundred yards , the stripes make a zebra appear indistinct .\nthis polygynous species breeds throughout the year , although regional birth peaks exist ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . females produce a single foal every one to three years , after a gestation of approximately one year ( 5 ) . while most cape mountain zebra young leave their maternal herds of their own choice between 13 and 37 months of age , or about three months after the birth of a sibling , hartmann\u2019s mountain zebra mares try to expel their 14 to 16 month old foals from the herd before the birth of a sibling . young males may wander alone for a while before joining a bachelor group , while females are either taken into another breeding herd or are joined by a bachelor male to form a new breeding herd ( 2 ) . if young females leave their maternal herd before adulthood they join bachelor herds until they are taken into a herd ( 2 ) .\nnovellie , p . a . , lindeque , m . , lindeque , p . , lloyd , p . and koen , j . ( 2002 ) status and action plan for the mountain zebra ( equus zebra ) . in : moehlman , p . ( ed ) equids : zebras , asses , and horses : status , survey and conservation action plan . iucn , gland , switzerland .\nthe primary threats to the mountain zebra include competition with domestic livestock , hunting and persecution , habitat loss due to conversion to agriculture ( 2 ) , and the risk of the two subspecies breed with each other leading to a loss of genetic diversity ( 2 ) ( 10 ) .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nin order to stay safe , zebra will give alarm calls if they spot a threat nearby and will run up to 40mph to safety . the stripe patterns of zebra can help to break up their outline which helps to confuse predators , as it makes it harder to pick out individuals when they are running as a group .\nmountain zebra form small herds of one adult stallion and 1 to 5 mares with young . breeding herds remain stable over many years and mares usually remain in a herd for life . gestation lasts one year , with one foal born at a time . foals weigh about 55 pounds at birth , and are up and walking within hours . foals are weaned at 10 months .\nsome populations are protected in national parks . there is a european endangered species programme ( eep ) for this zebra as well as co - operative management of zoo populations world - wide .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nmountain zebra inhabit rugged , broken mountainous and escarpment areas up to around 2 , 000 m with a rich diversity of grass species and perennial water sources ( penzhorn in press ) . they are predominantly grazers , only browsing if forced to do so . the typical social structure is one of small harems comprising an adult stallion and one to three ( maximum five ) mares and their dependent foals ; non - breeding groups consist primarily of bachelors , but sometimes include young fillies ( penzhorn in press ) .\nthese animals will live in herds of around 6 - 8 individuals and led by a dominant male ( stallion ) and a dominant female ( mare ) . within its first hour of life , a zebra foal will stand up , take their first steps and feed from their mother . zebra foals will suckle from their mother until about 10 months of age ; they will be pushed away by their mothers at around 14 - 16 months , just before the arrival of the next foal .\nq : are the zebras black with white stripes , or white with black stripes ? a : if you look closely at the zebra , you will see that the belly does not have stripes , but is white . so zebras are white with black ( or brown ) stripes !\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ntaxonomy ( the study of classification ) is a constantly - evolving field . every year , changes to the\nstandard\nlist of ungulates ( covering approximately 250 species ) are proposed as new physical and genetic evidence becomes available : renaming subspecies as distinct species , separating ( or uniting ) genera , or naming species new to science . most taxonomic changes are rather restricted in scale ( usually reorganizing a species or genus ) . rarely , however , entire orders are reviewed and revised : the entire scope of hoofed mammals receives such a treatment in ungulate taxonomy ( groves and grubb , 2011 ) .\nungulate taxonomy turns the classification of hoofed mammals on its head . whereas traditional species lists rely on the biological species concept ( which differentiates species on the basis of\nreproductive isolation\n, the lack of interbreeding in nature ) , groves and grubb have applied the phylogenetic species concept ( which separates species on the basis of\nfixed heritable differences\n: measureable characters that are consistently different between taxa ) . this change in approach has had major implication on the number of species : groves and grubb recognize over 450 distinct ungulates . simultaneously , however , the recognition of subspecies has sharply declined : under the phylogenetic species concept , populations that can be differentiated are listed as separate species ; those which cannot be are grouped as a single taxon .\nthe new approach to ungulate classification is presented below alongside the traditional species list ( note that species fact sheets are accessible from the ungulates of the world page ) . such a radical departure from tradition often encounters great resistance , but the application of the phylogenetic species concept to ungulate taxa is not brand - new : it is generally well - accepted for taxa like babirusas , chevrotains , and musk deer .\ngroves , c . , and p . grubb . 2011 . ungulate taxonomy . the john hopkins university press , baltimore .\niucn ( international union for conservation of nature and natural resources ) . 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 1 . available online at the iucn redlist website .\nwilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder [ editors ] . 2005 . mammal species of the world ( 3rd edition ) . johns hopkins university press , 2 , 142 pp . available online at the mammal species of the world website .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere is a trade in the skins of this species . it is only hunted for food at subsistence level .\nthis errata version of the 2008 assessment was created to correct the distribution map for this species .\n( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2008 : e . t7960a129037335 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfor air transport , container requirement 73 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .\nroad transport ( according to the south african standard sans 10331 ) : transport family groups in mass crates . transport individual stallions in separate , individual compartments in a mass crate . if fighting occurs , separate dominant and aggressive stallions and mares and transport them under tranquillization in individual compartments in mass crates . since fighting usually begins when different family groups are captured and transported together , this should be avoided at all costs . if a few selected animals are transported over a short distance , transportation under chemical immobilization should be considered .\nthis gregarious species lives in breeding herds , consisting of one adult male , one to five adult females and their young ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . all members occupy a position within a social hierarchy ( 2 ) , headed by the dominant adult stallion , which is responsible for defending the herd ( 4 ) . breeding herds inhabit overlapping home ranges , with no evidence of territoriality , and sometimes herds will even join to form larger temporary populations of up to around 30 individuals ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . surplus males live in bachelor groups , from which individuals periodically attempt to establish a new breeding herd with young females or take over an existing herd by displacing the dominant stallion ( 2 ) . nevertheless , breeding herds often remain stable over many years ( up to 20 recorded ) , with mares usually remaining in a herd for life . new stallions may need to go through courtship of up to three years before the mares in a herd will accept their new stud ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .\nauthenticated ( 02 / 09 / 08 ) by dr . rebecca smith , research biologist . urltoken\ndiurnal active during the day . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . genetic diversity the variety of genes within a particular species , population or breed causing differences in morphology , physiology and behaviour . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . gregarious tending to form a group with others of the same species by habitually living or moving in flocks or herds rather than alone . herbivorous diet comprises only vegetable matter . polygyny in animals , a pattern of mating in which a male has more than one female partner . re - introduction an attempt to establish a native species back into an area where it previously occurred . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nstuart , c . and stuart , t . ( 1997 ) field guide to the larger mammals of africa . struik publishers , cape town .\nestes , r . d . ( 1992 ) the behavior guide to african mammals : including hoofed mammals , carnivores , primates . university of california press , california .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nbetween the giraffe house and the amur leopards . you may also see them in the valley field from the cafe graze viewpoint .\nsize head and body : 210 - 260cm . tail length : 40 - 55cm . males tend to be bigger than females .\non 8th aug my 8yr old daughter took part in a junior keeper experience as a birthday present and was smiling from beginning to end . they made her feel very welcome , answered all of her questions and made her feel very special . the experiences were amazing , the animals she encountered and\u2026 read full review\nmarwell wildlife is a registered charity , number 275433 . hosted by redstation . \u00a9 2017 marwell wildlife . site designed by semantic . photographic contributors .\nno two zebras are alike \u2013 each has a distinct stripe pattern , just like with human fingerprints .\nduring the 1950s , numbers of these zebras were estimated at 50 , 000 to 75 , 000 individuals . in 1992 they were estimated at only about 8 , 000 .\na single foal is born after a gestation of 11 . 5 months ( 350 days ) .\nif you ' d like to stay informed of new products , events and special offers then please join our mailing lists .\nour website uses cookies . by continuing to use the site you are agreeing to the use of cookies . click here to find out why .\n\u00a9 copyright paignton zoo 2018 . all rights reserved . website by website vision .\nsouth west environmental parks ltd , is an educational , scientific and conservation charity dedicated to protecting our global wildlife heritage .\npaignton zoo environmental park , totnes road , paignton , devon tq4 7eu ( registered office ) . company no . 792877 registered charity no . 300923\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nlike all equids , this is a grazer which spends the best part of a day feeding . the grazing pattern tends to follow the contours of the terrain , along which the grazing progression tends to be in a zig - zag forward pattern .\nthis is not a seasonal breeder since foals can be born the year round , although there tends to be a peak during the rainy season . mares foal for the first time at the age of three years . foals weigh about 25 kg at birth . gestation period is about 12 months . foals have a high survival rate , probably since adults in the herd actively defend them against predators . stallions become sexually active at about three years of age .\nwithin a population there are two distinct social groups , namely breeding herds and bachelor groups . breeding groups consist of a single stallion with a number of mares , the latter with a distinct social hierarchy .\nthis equid is found in the western semi - arid regions of namibia , from where it also ranges into angola . it has a discontinues distribution from the kunene province southwards and somewhat eastwards , as illustrated on the distribution map . presently the population is estimated at 13 000 ."]}
{"id": 1533, "summary": [{"text": "the black-and-yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of finch native to the northern parts of the indian subcontinent , primarily the lower and middle himalayas .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is in the family fringillidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species ranges across afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan where its natural habitat is temperate forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "black - and - yellow grosbeak", "paragraphs": ["black - and - yellow grosbeak | see in full size . tahirabbasonli\u2026 | flickr\nblack - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) is a species of bird in the fringillidae family .\nthe black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) occur in afghanistan , india , nepal , and pakistan , where they inhabit temperate forests .\ninterestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak ( aka chaunoproctus ) is sister to the remaining rosefinches .\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\n22 cm ; 67 g . large grosbeak with large head , massive bill and medium - length , notched tail . male has entire head down to upper nape , upper side of neck and lower throat black . . .\nthe wagtails , and particularly the yellow - colored wagtails , are more troublesome . mitochondrial dna analysis ( alstr\u00f6m and mild , 2003 ; \u00f6deen and bj\u00f6klund , 2003 ; outlaw and voelker , 2006b , pavlova et al . , 2003 ) suggests that there are two species of citrine wagtail ( citreola and werae ) and three species of yellow wagtail ( flava , taivana , and tschutschensis ) . the aou has adopted the split of the eastern yellow wagtail ( tschutschensis ) , but takes no official position on the 3 - way split . christidis and boles ( 2008 ) accept the 3 - way split with green - headed yellow wagtail , motacilla taivana , being the third species .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . black - and - yellow grosbeak ( mycerobas icterioides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n14 cm ; 17\u201322 g . relatively small bullfinch with short , curved bill and slightly notched tail . male has forehead to lores , cheek and chin black , forecrown to nape and . . .\nin the end , i have gone with the recent analysis by harris et al . ( 2018 ) . this treats the citrine and eastern yellow wagtails as sister species , with the western yellow wagtail sister to both , and the whole lot sister to the gray wagtail . drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) has a bit different arrangment .\n) and mossy forests and forest edges on hillsides and valleys ; . . .\nthe sao tome grosbeak has usually been included in neospiza . stervander ( 2010 ) found that the principe seedeater is it ' s closest relative and both species together form subgenus neospiza . in fact , stervander found that the sao tome subspecies of the seedeater ( thomensis ) appeared more closely related to the sao tome grosbeak than to the seedeater . the two birds are quite distinct , and it seems unreasonable to put them in one species . perhaps the genetic results are a sign of introgression .\nthere have also been questions concerning whether the white wagtail is a single species . some authorities have separated lugens as black - backed wagtail and yarrelli as pied wagtail . however , it is hard to make a genetic case for either of these ( see alstr\u00f6m and mild , 2003 ; pavlova et al . , 2005 ; voelker , 2002 ) , with yarrelli ending up near alba and alba and lugens intertwinned .\nse siberia , ne china , korea , sakhalin and kuril is . and japan\npyrrhulini consists of 3 clades . the first consists of the pyrrhula bullfinches and pine grosbeak ( pinicola ) . the second and third are sister , and are the arid - zone finches indentified by arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) . the second clade includes bucanetes and rhodopechys . the third consists of the mountain - finches and rosy - finches ( leucosticte ) , together with several monotypic genera : procarduelis ( dark - breasted rosefinch ) , agraphospiza ( blanford ' s rosefinch ) , callacanthis ( spectacled finch ) , and pyrrhoplectes ( golden - naped finch ) . both procarduelis and agraphospiza are usually included in carpodacus .\nne afghanistan and n pakistan e in himalayas to n india ( uttarakhand ) and w nepal .\nthese splits are not followed by alstr\u00f6m and mild ( 2003 ) or by \u00f6deen and bj\u00f6rklund ( 2003 ) , both of which also consider nuclear dna . the nuclear dna yields a different tree for the wagtails , where macronyx , taivana and tschutschensis form a clade that can be regarded as a species : eastern yellow wagtail , motacilla tschutschensis . this species is sister to the gray wagtail , motacilla cinerea . the citrine wagtails end up as sisters , and can also be regarded as a single species . \u00f6deen and bj\u00f6rklund ( 2003 ) argue that the mitochondrial tree reflects the effects of past hybridization .\nmostly hard - shelled seeds , buds , berries and shoots of trees and larger herbaceous shrubs , including buds and catkins of birch , willow ( . . .\nfairly vocal and conspicuous . calls include ringing\npee yuu\n, also longer and louder , . . .\nthe results in both lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) support the drepanidini as sister to carpodacini ( not just the common rosefinch , as might be inferred from the press coverage ) . interestingly , the extinct bonin grosbeak is a relatively basal member of the carpodacini . perhaps it too is a relic of the spread of the ancestral carpodacini / drepanidini into the pacific .\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\neurope ( except british isles , sardinia ) to c asia , w , n turkey , c and e caucasus and nw iran .\ntietze et al . ( 2013 ) also found a surprisingly small genetic distance between the caucasian and spotted great - rosefinches ( rubicilla and severtzovi ) and recommended lumping them . although i have followed that advice , further study is in order . rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) recommended splitting them based on differences in plumage , habitat , and voice .\nthe basal division in the nine - primaried oscines is between the motacillidae and the \u201cfinches\u201d , sibley and monroe ' s broadly - defined fringillidae . wagtails and pipits are cosmopolitan . they are typically open country insectivores .\nnot globally threatened . restricted range species : present in luzon eba and mindanao and the eastern visayas eba . scarce , uncommon or locally common .\nseveral carduelis siskins have moved to spinus ( including lesser antillean siskin ) . in another taxonomic note , the pine siskin , spinus pinus , and black - capped siskin , spinus atriceps , are quite close . some have suggested they are conspecific . although they don ' t comment on it , the genetic tree in arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) suggests another possibility . the subspecies perplexus may actually belong to s . atriceps , as had been suggested by banks in 1982 ( see a 2008 aou proposal ) .\nthe new world pipits have been rearranged based on van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) . further , their analysis resulted in two splits and one lump .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nthis changes clade sizes and i have also reordered the hawaiian honeycreepers as a result .\npreliminary genetics suggest that megaplaga and leucoptera are sisters and that bifasciata should be split to avoid paraphyly ( parchman et al . 2007 ) . see also elmberg 1993 re song differences\nthe overall organization of the motacillidae is based on a combination of alstr\u00f6m et al . ( 2015a ) , drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) , harris et al . ( 2018 ) , outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) , van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) , and voelker and edwards ( 1998 ) . when there are disagreements , the more recent papers have been given heavier weight .\ntietze et al . ( 2013 ) found substantial genetic distance between the sinai rosefinch in the strict sense c . synoicus synoicus , and the pale rosefinch group ( subspecies beicki , salimalii , and presumably stoliczkae ) . these have been suspected of being different species , and i have now split them .\nsibley and monroe ' s ( 1990 ) fringillidae included all of the remaining birds , over 1000 of them . most authors use a finely - grained family structure for these species that roughly corresponds to sibley and monroe ' s tribes . the tif taxonomy divides sibley and monroe ' s fringillidae into 11 .\n( weir and schluter 2004 , smith et al . 2005 ; nacc 2017 - c - 5 )\n15\u201316\u00b75 cm ; one male 19 g . medium - sized , blunt - billed dark bullfinch with pale cheek and slightly notched tail . male nominate race has forehead , lores , chin and . . .\nmost of the remaining carduelini are from the americas . there are two classification schemes in current use . the aou ' s nacc puts them all together in genus spinus . the aou ' s sacc separates them into three genera : the north american goldfinches , astragalinus ; the northern siskins spinus ; and the middle and south american siskins , sporagra . astragalinus splits off first , and the final division is between spinus and sporagra .\npartial altitudinal migrant . descends to lower levels and moves slightly s of breeding range in non . . .\nogilvie - grant , 1895 \u2013 cordillera mts and zambales mts , in n luzon ( n philippines ) .\nthe fourth carduelini clade is more cosmopolitan . the basal piece includes the palearctic linnets ( linaria , formerly carduelis ) , which are sister to the holarctic redpolls ( now acanthis rather than carduelis ) and crossbills ( loxia ) . there is some uncertainty about the linnets . the mitochondrial dna consistently puts them near the siskins and american goldfinches rather than near the redpolls and crossbills . the nuclear dna does the opposite . since they seem more akin to the redpolls and crossbills , and since the combined analysis puts them there , i have followed suit .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsa : n colombia to trinidad and the guianas , south to n argentina , se brazil , e paraguay .\naustralasian pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae , has been split into australian pipit , corydalla australis , and new zealand pipit , corydalla novaeseelandiae . this split was recommended by schodde and mason ( 1999 ) , but rejected by christidis and boles ( 2008 ) \u201cin the absence of molecular evidence\u201d . tavares and baker ( 2008 ) provided limited molecular evidence in the form of a barcode divergence of 4 . 1 % , which is a good indication that they are separate species .\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe third carduelini clade is exclusively afrotropical . the oriole finch ( linurgus ) is sister to the rest . these closely related birds are variously called canaries , seedeaters , serins , and siskins and are all placed in the genus crithagra . the species - level phylogeny still needs some work , as might be guessed from the question marks , polytomies , and blue ink .\nbased on beckman and witt ( 2015 ) , the hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , has been split into lowland hooded siskin , sporagra magellanica , and andean hooded siskin , sporagra capitalis . we lack complete information on the subspecies , but i ' ve tentatively allocated boliviana , alleni , icterica , longirostris , and magellanica to the lowland group , s . magellanica , and capitalis , paula , peruana , urubambensis , santaecrucis , hoyi , and tucumana to the andean group , s . capitalis . the genetic distances between the capitalis group and atrata , crassirostris , siemiradzkii is razor - thin , calling their species status into question . even uropygialis appears to be closely related to the capitalis group . further study is needed to sort out these taxa .\ncomprehensive molecular phylogeny # r for the genus , based on both nuclear and mitochondrial loci , recovered three main groups : ( 1 ) se asian ( p . nipalensis , p . waterstradti and p . leucogenis ) ; ( 2 ) himalayan ( p . aurantiaca , p . erythrocephala , p . erythaca ) ; and ( 3 ) eurasian ( p . murina , p . pyrrhula ) .\nthe other piece of this final clade includes the true carduelis and serinus finches of the palearctic . it starts with the mountain serin of indonesia and the philippines . the mountain serin is sometimes considered part of serinus , but i ' ve had it in its own genus , chrysocorythus , for a while . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found chrysocorythus sister to the true carduelis finches , now reduced to the european goldfinch and the corsican and citril finches . these two genera together are sister to the rest of the clade .\ni follow the recent aou decisions ( 56th supplement ) to split the apapane , akepa , greater akialoa , and nukupuu . thus :\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nthe placement of spinus may be a little soft . e . g . , in nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , it appeared in different places in the combined tree ( their figure 4 ) and some of the individual gene trees . this is the subject of some discussion in nguembock et al . the arrangement here is based on zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) and beckman and witt ( 2015 ) .\nseason may to early sept ; two broods . displaying male with body horizontal and wings spread , quivering or fluttering rapidly , perches . . .\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\ndifferent sources treat the rufous sparrow ( passer motitensis ) complex differently . here it is treated as 5 species : iagoensis , motitensis ( including benguellensis and subsolanus ) , rufocinctus ( including cordofanicus and shellyi ) , insularis , and hemileucus . see kirwan ( 2008 ) for arguments that the small pale hemileucus should be split from insularis . as in the ioc list , the name great sparrow is used for the narrowly defined passer motitensis .\nthe second clade includes synoicus group , the former kozlowia ( c . roborowskii ) , the rubicilla clade ( streaked and great rosefinches ) , the former uragus ( c . sibiricus ) , pyrrhospiza ( c . puniceus ) , and pinicola subhimachala ( aka propyrrhula subhimachala ) . it ends with a group including the carpodacus type species pallas ' s rosefinch , carpodacus roseus ( see banks and browning 1995 ) , through c . dubius .\ni recognize several subgenera . besides crithagra , there are dendrospiza , neospiza , pseudochloroptila , and ochrospiza . all are marked on the species tree .\nmearns , 1909 \u2013 mt malindang , mt kitanglad , mt hilong - hilong , mt apo and mt mayo , in mindanao ( s philippines ) .\nbased on davies and peacock ( 2014 ) , the kimberley pipit , anthus pseudosimilis , is considered conspecific with african pipit , anthus cinnamomeus , and the long - tailed pipit , anthus longicaudatus , is considered conspecific with buffy pipit , anthus vaalensis . in both cases , the original collections seem to involve several taxa .\nthe motacillidae include two species that were long thought of as belonging to sylviidae , the sao tome shorttail ( amaurocichla ) , and the madanga ( madanga ) .\nn pakistan ( chitral and gilgit ) e to n kashmir , in nw himalayas ; in winter also nw india ( himachal pradesh , recorded in uttarakhand ) .\nthe italian sparrow , passer italiae , is recognized as a separate species based on hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elvgin et al . ( 2011 ) . although t\u00f6pfer ( 2006 ) had argued that it was a subspecies of the spanish sparrow , based on apparent ongoing hybridization , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) find that this is not the case . rather , their genetic data found that the sympatric populations in italy ' s gargano peninsula showed no evidence of gene flow . however , they did find a hybrid zone with the house sparrow in the alps . the hybrid zone appears narrow and relatively stable , and does not suggest substantial ongoing gene flow ( and they did not find evidence of any ) . the twin papers produced by a group at oslo , hermansen et al . ( 2011 ) and elgvin et al . ( 2011 ) , explore the evidence that the italian sparrow is the result of past hybridization between the house and spanish sparrows .\nthe order here is based on a combination of the dna study of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and the osteological study of james ( 2004 ) . fleischer et al . ( 2001 ) , pratt ( 2001 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007b ) , and reding et al . ( 2009 ) have also been consulted . it fits nicely with morphology ( look at bill shapes in each clade ) and subfossil taxa can be easily accomodated using james ( 2004 ) . this is pretty similar to the previous version , but tweaked based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) , which greatly decreases the conjecture needed , and increases my confidence in it .\nnot globally threatened . restricted range species : present in western himalayas eba . common to very common ; scarce and local in n pakistan . rare visitor in himachal pradesh .\ndickinson et al . ( 2003 ) consider plocepasser , histurgops , pseudonigrita , and philetairus to be passeridae . however , groth ( 1998 ) found them to be in the ploceidae .\nthe genera palmeria , himatione , and vestiaria have been merged into drepanis . the genetic distance between them seems to be small ( lerner et al . , 2011 ) and there is evidence of hybridization between vestiaria and himatione ( knowlton et al . , 2014 ) . olson ( 2012b ) also argues that this is a reasonable treatment . although i think the genera i use for the hawaiian honeycreepers are oversplit , i consider the aou genera even more oversplit . i haven ' t gone further on the lumping because data on the extinct species is too limited .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\none interesting thing in alstr\u00f6m et al . ( 2015a ) is that their multigene analysis yields a different placement of the longclaws compared with outlaw and voelker ( 2006b ) . the limited taxon sampling leaves some residual uncertainty , but it has caused me to separate some of anthus in corydalla ( vigors , 1825 , type richardi ) and cinaedium ( sundevall , 1850 , type lineiventre ) .\nthe various studies of the finches have made it clear that the genera carduelis and serinus both required substantial surgery . the alternative for carduelis would be to put almost all of the carduelini into one genus ! for serinus , the alternative is less drastic , mainly because carduelis has priority . neither of these outcomes is particuarly desirable , so both serinus and carduelis have been divided into several pieces each .\nas constituted here , carduelini contains 4 major clades . as mentioned above , the first clade includes only a single genus : haemorhous \u2014 the american purple finches . the second includes the chloris greenfinches ( sometimes included in carduelis ) , the desert finch ( rhodospiza ) , and the the golden - winged grosbeaks ( rhynchostruthus ) . kirwan and grieve ( 2007 ) argue that rhynchostruthus includes three species .\ninterestingly enough , the pale rockfinch ( carpospiza ) also appears to be only distantly related to the other passeridae . this was hinted at some time ago , and it had been suggested by h . mendelssohn ( fide hbw - 14 ) that it did not even belong in passeridae . to my knowledge , it has not been included in any published phylogeny . however , samples from the 16s and cox - 1 genes are available , and were used in an unpublished tree by raty . its position was not fully resolved , but it may be as distant from the other passeridae as the ibon is .\na dna analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016a ) has confirmed that sillem ' s mountain - finch is a carpodacus rosefinch , and as expected , is sister to tibetan rosefinch , carpodacus roborowskii .\nthese three genera were formerly considered part of carduelis . the aou currently treats them all as spinus , and rejected a proposal to make these last two generic splits , also proposed by nguembock et al .\nzuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found that eophona was embedded within coccothraustes . a reasonable solution to this problem is to restore the two american species to hesperiphona and leave the asian species in a reduced eophona .\nforms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .\nwhile the estrilid clade is primarily old world and southern , its passerid sister clade is cosmopolitan . more precisely , the nine - primaried oscinces are cosmopolitan , while their sister group , the passeridae , are restricted to the old world .\ntwo proposed races from mindanao , coriaria ( described from mt kitanglad ) and apo ( from mt apo ) , both synonymized with steerei . species name sometimes spelt \u201c leucogenys \u201d , but this is an unjustified emendation . two subspecies recognized .\nthe sao tome shorttail ( or bocage ' s longbill ) was thought to be related to the macrosphenus longbills . when the old sylviidae were broken up , that put it in the crombec family , macrosphenidae . however , johansson et al . ( 2008b ) results suggested by it was related to the wagtails and pipits , and possibly sister to the wagtails . alstr\u00f6m et al . ( 2015a ) found it was not only related to the wagtails , but is actually part of motacilla .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe tribes within the carduelinae are now based on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . except for the basal position of the coccothraustini , there had previously been a lack of consensus on the relationships between the cardueline tribes . see yuri and mindell ( 2002 ) , arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2007a ) , nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) , and t\u00f6pfer et al . ( 2011 ) . that has changed with the publication of lerner et al . ( 2011 ) and zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) . although the taxon sampling is different , the two papers are completely consistent at the generic level except for the placement of the pyrrhulini . zuccon et al . put the pyrhullini sister to the carduelini while lerner et al . place it sister to the carpodacini / drepanidini clade . note that \u201ceuropean serin\u201d on lerner et al . ' s tree is a typo as noted in the supplementary material . it actually refers to the white - bellied canary .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nnot long ago , the chlorophonias and euphonias were considered tanagers . many guidebooks still list them as such , but it is not so . the aou recognized them as finches in the 44th checklist supplement ( 2003 ) , placing them in the subfamily euphoniinae . accordingly , they are placed in fringillidae as a subfamily ( groth , 1998 ; klicka et al . , 2000 ; yuri and mindell , 2002 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . the hawaiian honeycreepers were once considered a separate family ( drepanididae ) . they are now thought to form a clade buried inside carduelinae ( yuri and mindell , 2002 ; arnaiz - villena et al . , 2007b ; lerner et al . , 2011 ; zuccon et al . , 2012 ) . they are treated here as a tribe within carduelinae .\nthe bullfinches are arranged based on t\u00f6pfer et al . ( 2011 ) . kirwan and gregory ( 2005 ) established the monotypic genus eremopsaltria for the mongolian finch , separating it from bucanetes . however , they acted under the misapprehension that the mongolian finch is more likely closer to the common rosefinch than to the trumpeter finch . arnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found a rather different result , with the two bucanetes as sister taxa , and the rosefinch placed rather distantly from them . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) confirm this .\nthe combination of a large number of genes and attention to the problem of discerning the true species tree in spite of incongruent gene trees has led me to use the overall structure from lerner et al . ( 2011 ) . they use a large superset of the genes used by zuccon et al . , but only sample half as many taxa . the tif tree of genera is 100 % consistent with lerner et al . , and except for the placement of pyrrhulini , is also consistent with zuccon et al . it ' s nice to see so much consensus .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nit ' s also not really clear how many red crossbills there are . i continue to follow the aou and bou taxonomy for the crossbills , but benkman et al . ( 2009 ) make a case for considering the \u201ctype 9\u201d crossbills of idaho to be a separate species , south hills crossbill , loxia sinesciuris . see also parchman et al . ( 2006 ) . however , it is doubtful there ' s any real genetic differentiation ( piertney et al . , 2001 ) . i also wonder whether it would be better to lump the parrot and scottish crossbills into red crossbill .\nthe fringillidae start with a basal palearctic group , fringillinae . fringillinae is comprised of three species , one of which has spread across the northern palearctic . the remaining fringillidae fall into two sister clades , euphoniinae and carduelinae . the common ancestor of the euphoniinae / carduelinae clade was likely an old world species . something must connect it with the neotropical euphoniinae , but that something is missing without a trace . being geographically contiguous and more similar in appearance , the position of the carduelinae is easy to understand . euphoniinae is a mystery that unscores the importance of extinction in creating the bird distribution we currently see .\ni have kept the genus akialoa merged with hemignathus as akialoa appears to be paraphyletic ( see the trees in james , 2004 ) . however , portions of hemignathus have been split off as chlorodrepanis and viridonia . this has allowed restoration of the name hemignathus wilsoni for the akiapolaau ( hemignathus munroi ) . when chlorodrepanis virens is subsumed in hemignathus , the name wilsoni belongs to a subspecies of virens . the situation with the kauai amakihi , chlorodrepanis stejnegeri is similar . in hemignathus , the name stejnegeri belongs to a subspecies of the greater akialoa , hemignathus ellisianus stejnegeri , and the kauai amakihi uses the substitute name h . kauaiensis .\nprice et al . ( 2014 ) included one species of gymnoris in their analysis while qu et al . ( 2006 ) examined the snowfinches . the genus tree is based on a combination of fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2010 ) , price et al . ( 2014 ) , qu et al . ( 2006 ) and raty .\nthis brings us to the carduelini . it has become apparent that the north american carpodacus finches are not that closely related to the true carpodacus finches . previously , the tif list used the genus burrica , also used as a subgenus by aou ( 2nd - 5th aou checklists ) . however , the oldest available name seems to be haemorhous ( swainson 1837 , type purpurea \u2014compare burrica ridgway , 1887 , type mexicana ) and i have now adopted that . haemorhous appears to be sister to the rest of the carduelini , and rather distantly related . perhaps it would even make sense to treat it as a separate tribe ( as done previously in the tif list ) .\nthe nine - primaried oscines are called that because they appear to have nine primary feathers . actually , they have ten primaries , but the tenth primary is reduced and usually hidden under the ninth primary covert ( hall , 2004 ) . this sometimes occurs in birds outside the nine - primaried oscine group , but is most characteristic of this group .\nthe split of the blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , from common chaffinch , fringilla coelebs , was based on on su\u00e1rez et al . ( 2009 ) . the further split of gran canaria blue chaffinch , fringilla polatzeki , from blue chaffinch , fringilla teydea , is based on su\u00e1rez et al . ( 2009 ) and the analysis by sangster et al . ( 2016b ) .\none has to be careful with the genus name for the south american siskins . both sporagra ( reichenbach 1850 , type magellanica ) and pyrrhomitris ( bonaparte 1850 , type cucullata ) come into consideration . the publication date of sporagra seems to be june 1 , 1850 . the publication date for pyrrhomitris is not as clear . bonaparte ' s \u201cconspectus generum avium\u201d was published in sections beginning in mid - 1850 . the first part was already available in mid - june , and likely published a bit earlier , perhaps earlier than reichenbach . however , pyrrhomitris was not included in the section i , nor was it even included in the first part of section ii ( published by oct 15 , 1850 ) . it appeared in the second part of section ii ( dated nov 10 , 1850 and certainly published before feb 3 , 1851 ) . if i understand the iczn correctly , the parts should be treated as separate publications , in which case it appeared either in the later part of 1850 or early 1851 . that would give priority to reichenbach ' s sporagra . in this case there is further evidence of which was published first . bonaparte refers to sporagra on page 516 , the page before he establishes pyrrhomitris .\nalthough pratt ( 2009 ) has established the genus manucerthia for the hawaiian creeper , loxops mana , i have not adopted it . lerner et al . ( 2011 ) make clear that the hawaiian creeper is sister to the other loxops . moreover , they shared a common ancestor about 2 million years ago and do not seem so different as to justify introducing an extra genus into a tribe that already has too many genera .\ni moved sillem ' s mountain - finch ( rediscovered in june 2012 ) from leucosticte ( pyrrhulini ) to carpodacus based on a photo of what is believed to be the female . when roselaar ( 1992 ) named sillem ' s rosefinch , he put it in leucosticte . at the time , the female plumage was unknown . the other leucosticte have female plumages that are only slightly different from the male , usually just duller . as roselaar pointed out , if it has a distinctive female plumage , it would more likely related to kozlowia ( now part of carpodacus ) than to leucosticte . more recently , muzika ( 2014 ) has made the same point . yann muzika ' s photo of the probable female sillem ' s shows a bird that is quite different from the adult male . see kazmierczak and muzika ( 2012 ) for an account of this rediscovery and muzika ( 2014 ) for further observations .\nthe arrangement of the rosefinches is based on tietze et al . ( 2013 ) . their analysis has much in common with zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) , but is more comprehensive . now that we had a decent understanding of how the rosefinches relate , it makes sense to put the whole group in the genus carpodacus . there is a basal clade consisting of the common rosefinch ( previously moved to erythrina ) and the scarlet finch ( aka haematospiza ) .\nas mentioned above , how the tribes with the carduelinae relate has been somewhat contentious . there is considerable agreement that the holarctic coccothraustini are basal . the results of nguembock et al . ( 2009a ) suggested that carpodacus and pyrrhula were fairly closely related to each other , as did t\u00f6pfer et al . ( 2011 ) . neither had much to say about their relation to the hawaiian honeycreepers ( drepanidini ) . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) were unable to clearly resolve the position of the honeycreepers ( see fig . 2 ) , but lerner et al . ( 2011 ) place them sister to the rosefinches ( carpodacini ) . the two together are then sister to the bullfinches and many arid - zone finches ( pyrrhulini ) . lerner et al . place the whole lot of them are sister to carduelini , which includes the american red finches ( previously separated as a tribe ) . as mentioned before , zuccon et al . disagree , placing pyrrhulini sister to carduelini .\nit ' s not entirely clear whether subgenus pseudochloroptila belongs in subgenus ochrospiza , so they are kept separate . both the yemen serin , crithagra menachensis , and ankober serin , crithagra ankoberensis , remain somewhat mysterious . these have be considered conspecific by some , or in separate genera by others . i have little confidence in their placement here ( hence the blue color on the tree ) , but it seems at least as reasonable as any other . this clade is expected to get a revision when more information becomes available .\nthe arrangement of the finches is based on several sources . i originally relied on groth ( 1998 ) , klicka et al . 2007 , and arnaiz - villena et al . ( 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2007a , b , 2008 ) . their studies have included a substantial number of finch species . however , some monotypic genera had been left out ( e . g . , callacanthis , chaunoproctus , kozlowia , neospiza ) . these have all been included in the analysis by zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) .\nthe redpolls themselves are an interesting case . it ' s not clear how many redpoll species there are . there is evidence that at least two are good biological species ( e . g . , knox , 1988 ) . in fact , knox et al . ( 2001 ) support separation of lesser redpoll , acanthis cabaret . however , genetic studies have failed to find any differences between lesser and common redpolls ( ottvall et al . , 2002 ) . worse , marthinsen et al . ( 2008 ) found little genetic difference between any of the redpolls ! there may be only one redpoll species . indeed , mason and taylor ' s detailed study using snp ' s ( 2015 ) found little genetic differentiation among the redpolls . at this point the balance of the evidence is that there is only one species involved . as a result , i ' ve lumped them all as a single species , holarctic redpoll , acanthis flammea . i thought about referring to them as just \u201credpolls\u201d , but added the adjective holarctic to emphasize that all races have been grouped together .\narnaiz - villena et al . ( 2008 ) found that the dark - breasted rosefinch , formerly carpodacus nipalensis belongs in the same clade close to leucosticte . rather than folding it in leucosticte , i restored the genus name procarduelis ( blyth 1843 ) . i had previously noted that blanford ' s rosefinch is thought to be close to nipalensis . indeed , zuccon et al . found it in the other portion of this clade . it is sufficently distant from its sister group ( callacanthis and pyrrhoplectes ) to deserve a separate genus . zuccon et al . ( 2012 ) established the name agraphospiza for it .\nthe most astonishing change in the passeridae is due to fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2010 ) . they found that the cinnamon ibon , long thought to be an abberant white - eye , is actually a sparrow . this is a canopy bird from the cloud - forest of mindanao , in the philippines . it ' s a long way from anything we think of as sparrows . it ' s also a long way physically . the nearest native populations of any sparrows are on the asian mainland . nonetheless , it is a sparrow . indeed , fjelds\u00e5 et al . report than its skull is similar to a sparrow , and that it has many other features in common with the other passeridae .\nmore surprisingly , alstr\u00f6m et al . ( 2015a ) also found that the madanga is actually a pipit , not a white - eye ( sylviioidea : zosteropidae ) . in fact , it falls in the genus anthus . its closest relative seems to be the alpine pipit , anthus gutturalis . laurent raty has pointed out a complication . in 1831 , lesson used the name anthus ruficollis . the madanga wasn ' t named until 1923 by rothschild and hartert , so lesson ' s ruficollis has priority if both species are placed in anthus . the fact that lesson ' s ruficollis is a junior synonym of anthus cervinus ( orginally motacilla cervina pallas 1811 ) does not eliminate the conflict . until either a new name is proposed or lesson ' s name anthus ruficollis is suppressed , the madanga won ' t have a proper scientic name . for the present , i will refer to it as anthus \u201cruficollis\u201d .\nsong is a rich , rather clear\nprr - trweeet - a - troweeet\n,\ntri - a - tr - a i - i - t tra - tr - u - wa - ey\n, or . . .\nlargely sedentary in n pakistan . elsewhere an altitudinal migrant , descending to lower levels in . . .\nnot globally threatened . common to locally common . rare in w nepal , where possibly breeds , but may be only a scarce non - breeding visitor .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mycerobas icterioides . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 763 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nmale at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india\nmale at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .\nmale at guna pani ( 9000 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .\nfemale at bhandak thaatch ( 8500 ft . ) in kullu - manali distt . of himachal pradesh , india .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe passeridae are seed - eating birds , primarily distributed in the southern portion of the palearctic , but ranging into the afrotropics . several passerids are closely associated with humans , especially the ubiquitous house sparrow , which has spread worldwide .\nthe order of species in passer does not seem to be quite correct , but allende et al . ( 2001 ) do not consider enough species for reorganization of passer to be helpful at this time . moreover , their results were quite soft . qu et al . ( 2006 ) was helpful concerning the snowfinch genera .\nfinally , the asian subspecies zarudny ' s sparrow , passer zarudnyi , has been split from desert sparrow , passer simplex , which now contains only the african subspecies ( kirwan et al . , 2009 ) .\npuna pipit , anthus brevirostris , has been split from short - billed pipit , anthus furcatus .\nsouth georgia pipit , anthus antarcticus , has been lumped into correndera pipit , anthus correndera due to very small dna differences between them .\nzuccon et al . ( 2012 ) found evidence that the antillean euphonia is more closely related to the chlorophonias than to most euphonias . the two other blue - headed species are usually considered closely related to musica ( sometimes treated as one species under the name blue - hooded euphonia ) , so all three have been placed in the genus cyanophonia ( bonaparte 1851 , type musica ) .\ni follow aou in listing three north american rosy - finches . some have even suggested further splitting the gray - crowned rosy - finch . they have also been all been lumped into one species in the past . drovetski et al . ( 2009 ) find little genetic difference between the three , suggesting that they may be lumped again .\nthe rest of carpodacus splits into two clades . the first ranges from blyth ' s rosefinch to taiwan rosefinch . the taiwan rosefinch , carpodacus formosanus , has been split from vinaceous rosefinch , carpodacus vinaceus , based on wu et al . ( 2011 ) .\nthe now - reduced serinus comes next , followed by the tibetan serin . it ' s in chionomitris rather than serinus .\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nprzevalski ' s finch , previously called pink - tailed rosefinch , is a relict member of an ancient separate lineage that is as old as , or older than other families of finches ; it belongs in its own monotypic family urocynchramidae , with a name change ( groth 2000 , p\u00e4ckert et al . 2016 )\nclassification of fringillidae revised for v3 . 3 ; see especially zuccon et al . 2012\nsplit gran canaria blue finch from [ tenerife ] blue chaffinch ( sangster et al . 2015 )\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , cf kirwan & gregory 2005 , bli , hbw )\n( tietze et al . 2013 , cf rasmussen & anderton 2005 , ioc 3 . 5 ) . restore english name to great rosefinch\nhas priority for species name . change english name to pink - rumped rosefinch ( hbw , clements , h & m 3 )\n( wu et al . 2011 , tietze et al . 2013 ; cf collar 2004 )\nhawaiian honeycreepers resequenced following pratt 2005 , lerner et al . 2011 ; see also nacc 2015 . needs review of oversplit genera .\nisland populations of the akepa are recognized as separate species ( nacc 2015 - b - 4c ) ; add island name ( hawaii ) to akepa .\nbased on lerner et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeny ; see also pratt 2005 .\n, is preoccupied by a subspecies of greater akialoa . that conflict no longer exists with placement of kauai amakihi in\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 )\n( tschusi , 1901 ) as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , zuccon et al . 2012 , nacc )\nrecognized by bou ( ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 )\npending future analyses ( knox 2001 , ottvall et al . 2002 , marthinsen et al . 2008 , mason & taylor 2015 , bou , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 7 )\ntaczanowski , 1879 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\n( zuccon et al . 2012 , also arnaiz - villena et al . 1999 , nguembock et al . 2009 , ryan et al . 2004 )\nfrom thraupidae to a new monotypic family rhodinocichlidae , which follows calcariidae ( barker et al . 2013 , 2015 ; nacc 2017 - b - 6 ) . eng [ 8 . 1 ] = lower case ' tanager '\nsong a loud\ntew\nfollowed by a rapidly repeated metallic trisyllabic\ntyatlinka - tlinka\n; also has . . .\nseason late may to early aug ; probably two broods . pairs form from break - up of winter flocks , by early may . nest built by female , a cup of . . .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . orange bullfinch ( pyrrhula aurantiaca ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\npresent also , race uncertain ( perhaps nominate ) , on panay , in wc philippines .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . white - cheeked bullfinch ( pyrrhula leucogenis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) ."]}
{"id": 1534, "summary": [{"text": "the wreckfish are a family , polyprionidae , of perciform fish .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are deep-water marine fish and can be found on the ocean bottom , where they inhabit caves and shipwrecks ( thus their common name ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "their scientific name is from greek poly meaning \" many \" and prion meaning \" saw \" , a references to their prominent spiny fins .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they stay together in schools of at least five .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) are a long-lived commercial species in the mediterranean , the south-eastern pacific and the atlantic ocean .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the fish is commonly known as chernia in spanish-speaking latin america , and as cherne in portugal . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "wreckfish", "paragraphs": ["portugal , spain , greece and the u . s . are the largest sources of wreckfish . most wreckfish on the u . s . market are caught domestically .\nwhen you check it out . hats off to wreckfish bistro on stater street for beautifull\na close - up of a tasty dish of wreckfish at michael ' s genuine restaurant .\nwreckfish come from marine fisheries , not farms . they are caught with hydraulic rod and reel .\notherwise , sam ray says he ' ll be out of the wreckfish business , and romo will lose a valuable local resource . the implicit result would be a loss of charleston ' s unique wreckfish cookery altogether .\nsunday 5th novemeber 2017 duck & waffles exec chef dan doherty comes to wreckfish to cook sunday brunch with us .\ntrip limit : individual transferable quota system in place ; only itq shareholders or their designees may commercially harvest wreckfish .\nthe single , greatest threat to the wreckfish is from overfishing ( 1 ) . since the 1970s , fisheries specifically targeting wreckfish have existed ( 1 ) , with the large size , quality flesh and high market price of the wreckfish attracting a lot of interest ( 5 ) . despite a lack of data on some wreckfish populations , it is believed that global wreckfish stocks may now be in decline ( 1 ) . this assumption is based on the fact that wreckfish are slow to reproduce , which makes it susceptible to overexploitation , and due to signs that populations are being overexploited in some areas ( 1 ) . for example , wreckfish fisheries in brazil , bermuda and portugal began to decline within five years of their commencement ( 1 ) . in addition , the habit of wreckfish to form aggregations when spawning increases its vulnerability to overfishing , as large groups are an easy target for fisheries ( 1 ) .\nsix years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we\u2019re trying for another\u2026 this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish\ntom kerridge of the 2 starred hand and flowers , marlow is coming to liverpool to do one night at wreckfish .\nwreckfish are found in temperate and subtropical waters over continental and island slopes ( 4 ) . juvenile wreckfish inhabit the open ocean and are often associated with floating seaweeds and wreckage , as the name implies ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . as adults , wreckfish are demersal , inhabiting the seabed at depths from 40 to 1 , 000 metres ( 5 ) ,\nsix years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we\u2019re trying for another\u2026 this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish .\neffective april 16 , 2012 - 5 % of the annual catch limit for wreckfish has been allocated to the recreational sector .\nidentification & biology : wreckfish are a bass - like species . they are bluish grey on the back and paler with a silvery sheen on the belly . their fins are blackish brown . juveniles have black blotches on their head and body . wreckfish have a big head with a big mouth and a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill cover . wreckfish grow slowly , up to a maximum about 220 pounds and 6 . 5 feet in length . however , a typical wreckfish weighs 40 to 60 pounds and is 2\u00bd to 4 feet long . cousin of grouper and sea bass , wreckfish was first harvested by accident in the south atlantic in the early 1980s . a fisherman was using longline gear to try to recover lost equipment and caught a wreckfish by mistake .\nwreckfish is a relatively slow - growing species . an innovative fisheries management system in the southeastern u . s . mandates conservative fishing .\nadult wreckfish continue to feed on fish , but also consume squid found in their deep water habitat ( 1 ) . during spawning , which takes place between late july and early october , wreckfish come together in aggregations and females release their eggs into the deep ocean water ( 4 ) . being a multiple spawner , wreckfish release multiple batches of eggs during the spawning season ( 4 ) . the oldest known wreckfish was a male , found to be 81 years old ; the oldest known female was 64 years old ( 1 ) .\nsix years down the line and three successful restaurants later , we\u2019re opening another\u2026 this time in liverpool . introducing wreckfish . 23rd october 2017 .\nwreckfish management shows promise some larger , slower - growing fish populations are being managed with apparent success . the north atlantic wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) is one such example . in the mid - 1980s , a few commercial fishermen started catching the wreckfish in areas around the charleston bump , a rocky outcropping on the continental slope off the coast of south carolina . the south atlantic fishery management council soon began formulating a plan to manage this growing fishery . creating this plan was initially difficult , however , because information on the biology of the wreckfish was scarce .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wreckfish ( polyprion americanus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wreckfish ( polyprion americanus )\ntitle =\narkive species - wreckfish ( polyprion americanus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfishing regulations , which may help conserve stocks of wreckfish , are only in place in the usa and new zealand ( 1 ) . in the usa , commercial fishers must have permits , quotas are in place , and wreckfish are not allowed to be caught during the spawning season . the commercial fishery in new zealand also has quotas in place ( 1 ) . elsewhere , particularly in brazil , conservation measures for the wreckfish are worryingly absent ( 1 ) .\nseasonal availability : the wreckfish fishery is closed during their spawning season ( mid - january to mid - april ) . * wreckfish fish is rated a\nbest choice\nby seafood watch . it is also recommended by the sustainable seafood initiative , a group headed up by the s . c . aquarium .\ngot a little something else in the works . . . . . \u2018wreckfish\u2019 , summer herb and veg broth . it\u2019s very green , so healthy right ? ?\nthe wreckfish is a demersal offshore species usually found off rocky and sandy bottoms at a depth range of 100 - 200 m . younger individuals may be epipelagic .\ntwo characteristics of the wreckfish make conservation and management difficult . one is that the wreckfish migrates throughout the north atlantic during its life cycle ; and the other is that all of the wreckfish in the north atlantic ( from europe and america ) seem to come from a single population . nations on both sides of the atlantic must work together to ensure that the population remains large enough to support a fishery . historically , the species has suffered in the hands of industry . the high fishing pressure on the wreckfish around bermuda , for instance , caused its commercial extinction in those waters in the 1980s . u . s . management policy is aimed at preventing that from happening here .\nspend a morning with gary & luke at wreckfish preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .\nwreckfish are a bass - like species . they are bluish grey on the back and paler with a silvery sheen on the belly . their fins are blackish brown . juveniles have black blotches on their head and body . wreckfish have a big head with a big mouth and a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill cover .\nthe u . s . wreckfish fishery is possibly the most sustainable fishery in the world . there are less than 10 boats with commercial wreckfish licenses , and each boat is issued a specific quota for the entire year . fisherman are limited to using bandit rigs , which are large hydraulic reels that send a vertical cable line and multiple baited circle hooks nearly 1 , 500 feet to the bottom . this creates a very selective method of fishing that results in nearly zero environmental impact or bycatch . wreckfish also have no known predators .\nwe are in the process of trying to understand the general biology of the barrelfish , such as how long they live and when they mature . most barrelfish are caught on the blake plateau as bycatch of the wreckfish fishery . however , like the wreckfish in the 1980s , the barrelfish may rapidly become popular . we are already beginning to study this fish so that we will have data to develop a management plan , if necessary . some of the strategies in place for the wreckfish fishery may apply to the barrelfish , as well .\nwreckfish are large predators in the dynamic food chain of the charleston bump . the charleston bump deflects the gulf stream offshore , causing upwelling of nutrient - rich water that supports the growth and production of phytoplankton ( tiny plants ) , and the zooplankton ( tiny animals ) that feed on phytoplankton . fish and squid living in the water column travel toward the surface at night to feed on the zooplankton . during the day , these fish return to the deep to avoid predators and digest their meal in the dark , cooler waters where wreckfish live . wreckfish lurk in caves and under overhangs on the bump and come out to feed on these fish and squid migrating during the day . there are no known predators of wreckfish .\nthe wreckfish has an incredibly large distribution , primarily occurring in the atlantic ocean but also ranging into the mediterranean , southern indian ocean and south - western pacific ocean ( 1 ) .\nin general , wreckfish live in water ranging from 140 feet up to 3 , 300 feet deep . in the first several years of their life , they ' re found in surface waters , often near floating debris . as adults , wreckfish prefer steep , rocky bottoms and deep reefs , which provide food and shelter . they ' re often found near caves and overhangs .\nthe charleston bump , an upwelling of cliffs and ledges off the coast of south carolina that is severe enough to substantially divert the northern flow of the gulf stream itself , is the only commercial atlantic wreckfish zone in the united states . only three boats routinely even try for them . as far as local and sustainable goes , wreckfish is charleston ' s deep sea trophy .\nif you are an atlantic wreckfish , sam ray is not a man you want to meet . neither is micah laroche , who offloads sam ' s boat the lien machine at his cherry point seafood dock at the far end of wadmalaw island . chances are , if you have eaten wreckfish in charleston , it most likely surfaced on the end of ray ' s commercial line .\nmost wreckfish are between 20 and 60 pounds , but can reach weights of well over 200 pounds . this average large size helps create thick , meaty fillets and impressive portions . the meat of wreckfish is much like grouper - - firm , white , and mild with large flakes . the cold , deep water they live in also imparts a clean , slightly sweet taste to the fillet .\nthe wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) is a large , slow - growing , deep - water fish . currently , commercial fishermen catch this fish on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .\nthe wreckfish is classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . the brazilian subpopulation is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nif all goes to plan , we\u2019re hoping to open wreckfish in september 2017 . the bistro will be similar to all of our other restaurants , with a relaxed and welcoming feel and have an 90 cover capacity .\nperes , m . b . and klippel , s . ( 2003 ) reproductive biology of the southwestern atlantic wreckfish polyprion americanus ( teleostei : polyprionidae ) . environmental biology of fishes , 68 : 163 - 173 .\nthe wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) , named for the tendency of juveniles to associate with floating ocean wreckage ( 3 ) , is a large bluish - grey fish , with a paler , silvery underside and blackish - brown fins ( 2 ) . the rough , scaly body is flattened sideways and the caudal , or tail , fin is gently rounded and edged with white . the wreckfish has a large mouth , with the lower jaw projecting considerably beyond the upper jaw ( 3 ) , and a bony ridge protrudes across the upper part of the gill cover ( 2 ) . juvenile wreckfish bear black blotches on the head and body ( 2 ) .\nbarrelfish may become popular like the wreckfish , the barrelfish is a relatively large and probably long - lived , deep - water fish . only the adults are found around the charleston bump area ; the juveniles apparently live elsewhere .\nrecommended preparation : the flavor and texture of the wreckfish is light , delicate and clean - tasting\u2026 it has a flavor similar to grouper but its texture and consistency are similar to swordfish . the meat is firm and white and has a large flake .\na week in advance , i booked a table for sunday brunch at wreckfish bistro . when we arrived , the hostess sat us at a table in front of a speaker . the place was almost empty , so i asked to sit at an equ\nthe information obtained from the wreckfish , together with what we learn about the barrelfish during this expedition , may help us manage the red bream on the blake plateau - - even before we have the chance to learn all we can about this fish .\nour aim has always been to provide perfectly simple food in a relaxed environment , using the best quality produce possible . everything in our restaurants is made from scratch , including fresh bread daily , all stocks and sauces , ice creams and sorbets . wreckfish is no different .\nour aim has always been to provide perfectly simple food in a relaxed environment , using the best quality produce possible . everything in our restaurants is made completely from scratch , including fresh bread , all stocks and sauces , ice creams and sorbets . wreckfish will be no different .\nsam ray is something of a legend out there and probably the most knowledgeable source about atlantic wreckfishing in the world . he ' s been targeting them since the fishery was discovered in 1987 . outside of some agricultural work as a younger man , wreckfish is all he knows .\nwe know little about the barrelfish , but we believe it may move about the north atlantic like the wreckfish . barrelfish are found throughout the north atlantic ( sometimes in different life stages ) , but only large adults are found in the western north atlantic off the coast of south carolina .\nmachias , a . , somarakis , s . , papadroulakis , n . , spedicato , m . t . , suquet , m . , lembo , g . and divanach , p . ( 2002 ) settlement of the wreckfish ( polyprion americanus ) . marine biology , 142 : 45 - 52 .\nwreckfish fishermen do catch red bream from the waters over the blake plateau , though not much information is available on exactly where in the water column it lives . in the canary islands , red bream live in water 400 - 800 m deep . some research indicates that red bream move to deeper waters as they grow and that spawning occurs , at least for the population in the eastern north atlantic , around the canary and madeira islands . they probably do not migrate around the north atlantic , as do the wreckfish . the red bream does , however , appear to be a long - lived , deep - water species .\nthis long - lived fish has two distinct stages in its life history . juvenile wreckfish inhabit the open ocean , where they feed on bony fishes , particularly trachurus species ( jack mackerels ) ( 1 ) . they live for more than two years at the sea surface before settling on the ocean bottom at great depths ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nscientists also worry about the problem of bycatch ( unintentional catching of one species when fishing for another ) of both adult and juvenile wreckfish . for example , the juveniles are often caught in tuna nets in the eastern north atlantic . this could have serious effects on that population since the younger fish would never mature to produce more fish . all of these issues must be considered when determining the best way to manage the wreckfish . to date , the restrictions set in place have helped to keep this population size at a constant , which gives hope to those trying to manage potential fisheries for other deep - water species , like the barrelfish ( hyperoglyphe perciformis ) and the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) .\nin february , 2017 , we held a five day pop up in the currently derelict wreckfish building , where guests were invited to pay what they thought the meal was worth . reservations were launched a month in advance and booked up in less than 10 minutes ( despite all guests knowing that there was no gas , electricity or running water\u2026 ) we had to get seriously creative but we were completely humbled by the response . it made us realise that this is what liverpool wants . opening in a city centre is something new for us , but with the community spirit and neighbourhood feel that liverpool has , as well as the rise in demand for new restaurants in the area , we know wreckfish will fit right in .\nbarnes , m . k . s . 2008 . polyprion americanus wreckfish or stone bass . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\nbut if the southeast atlantic fisheries management council goes through with its proposed change in regulation , it could divvy up the allotted catch between numerous boats , many of which may not even attempt to harvest the fish . proponents of the local fishery prefer that the allotments go to fishermen that have demonstrated a record of achievement , leaving enough annual catch to target the wreckfish full - time .\nokay , so\u2026 wreckfish is a type of fish that lives at the bottom of the sea ( like sea bass ) and twitter ( some of twitter\u2026 ) thought it was a good name for a restaurant . anyway , in november 2016 , we were tipped off about a building on the corner of slater and seel street in liverpool city centre and we immediately fell in love with it .\ntoday , the wreckfish management plan includes a total allowable catch ( tac ) that limits the amount of fish that can be taken by the fishery , an individual transferable quota ( itq ) that limits the landings of each fishermen , restrictions on the types of gear that can be used , and closing of the fishing grounds during the main spawning season ( january 15 through april 15 ) .\nwreckfish are found in the western atlantic ocean from grand banks , newfoundland , to la plata river , argentina , and in the eastern atlantic ocean from norway to south africa . they migrate throughout the north atlantic during their life cycle . although they ' re found all along the u . s . east coast , most of the commercial fishery operates over the charleston bump , located 80 to 100 miles southeast of charleston , south carolina .\nbut even this esoteric fishery is in danger of extinction \u2014 not from overfishing , if you believe the likes of laroche and the men who depend on the catch for their livelihood , but from the regulation of the federal government . recreational fishing for wreckfish is not even allowed , and the south atlantic fishery management is currently considering reducing the annual commercial catch from 2 million pounds to 237 , 000 , effectively reducing each fisherman ' s take by 89 percent .\nandrew zimmern visits miami for an all - new episode of bizarre foods america . andrew visits michael ' s genuine food & drink , a miami hot spot that prides itself on its farm - to - table attitude . here he tries wreckfish , named for its tendency to take up residence in shipwrecks . michael ' s genuine food & drink also posted an interview with andrew on their blog . find more photos , video and a travel guide from this episode here .\nwe\u2019re really lucky because , not only did we find a site that we immediately fell in love with , but we have incredibly supportive landlords . work has already begun on the building , but we will need \u00a3500 , 000 to launch the restaurant . we have an amazingly talented team ready to go and the bank has agreed to lend us \u00a3300 , 000 , but we just need you to help us raise that extra \u00a3200 , 000 to make wreckfish happen\u2026 no pressure .\nenjoying the toil of targeting wreckfish takes a special person , at least according to the people who consider sam a sort of mythic hero .\npeople don ' t understand what he does ,\nchimed in a younger man from a swordfish boat , out of earshot of ray .\nhe ' s out there alone , a hundred miles offshore in the middle of a huge ocean . he ' s burnt a week ' s pay getting out there , and he ' s dropping a line 1 , 200 feet to the bottom of the ocean in the middle of a swirling gulf stream current . if he ' s off by 30 [ feet ] , there ' s not a single fish , and it takes an hour to move to another spot .\nwe ' ve turned what was a derelict building in the centre of liverpool into a 90 cover restaurant , serving simple bistro food . as well as individual tables , we have a communal table available so you can enjoy your meal in some great company . \u200bwe also have a private dining room , which can seat between up to 14 people . perfect for business meetings or for special occasions with friends and family . the room is free of charge , though a deposit is required to secure your booking . \u200bplease call us for more information .\nwe opened sticky walnut in hoole , chester , in january 2011 on a budget that meant famously choosing between an all singing rational combi oven or new tables and chairs . we went for the oven . it was the right decision .\nsince opening , sticky has been awarded catey \u2018menu of the year\u2019 , aa \u2018restaurant of the year\u2019 , cheshire life \u2018restaurant of the year\u2019 and many more amazing awards .\nafter a few very successful years , we decided to open a second bistro , burnt truffle in heswall , thanks to incredible kickstarter supporters . the restaurant has been awarded an aa rosette and received really lovely reviews from the likes of lisa markwell and jay rayner . after burnt truffle , we then launched a third restaurant in 2016 . hispi ( it\u2019s a type of cabbage ) opened its doors in didsbury , south manchester in september 2016 . manchester\u2019s been absolutely amazing and welcomed hispi with open arms . it\u2019s also received lots of lovely reviews and two aa rosettes .\nthankfully we have already secured the site and have the support of our two amazing landlords so we don\u2019t have that risk this time .\ncurry night extravaganza by farokh talati head chef at st john bread & w . 7pm sunday 28th may at burnt truffle\nsummer bbq at burnt truffle , soak in the rays on the piazza del terrazzo with manager adam hosting and wongo & gary throwing shrimps on the barbie .\nspend a morning with gary & wongo at burnt truffle preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .\nspend a morning with gary & rich at hispi preparing lunch , getting to see what goes in to the dishes behind the scenes before sitting down and enjoying lunch together .\na 3 course + coffee private dinner at your home for up to 10 people .\ngary and the gang ( including waiter / waitress ) will turn up and cook a bespoke meal in your home .\ngourmet curry night created and cooked by farokh talati for up to 40 people . exclusive use of any of our four ( hopefully ! ) restaurants on a mutually agreeable date .\ntravel to london get to meet and spend the morning with simon hanging around back stage on channel 4 ' s sunday brunch . then off to the guinea grill for a slap up meal\noften found in caves or shipwrecks , these solitary fish are found on both sides of the atlantic ocean in temperate and sub - tropical waters .\nthis chart shows how much can safely be eaten each month ( assuming no other contaminated fish is consumed ) . the advice is based on epa guidance and the latest mercury data . more on contaminants \u00bb\nthe primary gear used is hydraulic hook - and - line , which has little bycatch and does not damage the seafloor .\noverfishing is a serious problem , but there is reason for hope . edf offers a different approach for recovery that works . more \u00bb\nsaving migratory shark populations is just one way we\u2019re safeguarding cuba\u2019s vast undersea wonders . more \u00bb\nget our news updates and action alerts to find out how you can create solutions that help people and nature prosper .\nconserving and managing america ' s fisheries from three to 200 nautical miles off the coasts of north carolina , south carolina , georgia and florida .\nrecreational and commercial fishermen are required to use dehooking tools when fishing for snapper grouper species .\nthe use of non - stainless steel circle hooks ( offset or non - offset ) is required for all species in the snapper grouper complex when using hook - and - line gear with natural baits in waters north of 28 degrees n . latitude .\nafter the commercial quota is met , all purchase and sale is prohibited and harvest and / or possession is limited to the recreational bag limit . this prohibition does not apply to fish harvested , landed , and sold prior to the quota being reached and held in cold storage by a dealer . quotas are given in gutted weights .\ncommercial snapper grouper vessels must have onboard nmfs approved sea turtle release gear and follow smalltooth sawfish release protocol . see the handling and release protocol from noaa fisheries or call 727 - 824 - 5312 .\nannual catch limit ( acl ) - this species is managed under an acl . see current information on commercial acls ( quotas ) from noaa fisheries .\nopen . the fishery will close september 1 , 2018 - june 30 , 2019 .\nannual catch limit ( acl ) - this species is managed under an acl . see current information on recreational acls from noaa fisheries .\n4055 faber place drive , suite 201 . north charleston , sc 29405 843 - 571 - 4366 phone | 866 - safmc - 10 toll free | 843 - 769 - 4520 fax\neaters ! ! bumped up with lovely spices and flavours . just gorgeous ! will definitely\n18 . the food was excellent and there is a great menu . however i really need to thank the staff on this occasion . they are extremely professional and approachab\nan who brought us our champagne \ufffd , which was a birthday surprise from a friend , to the wonderful lady who took our order and brought us the amazing food . thank you so much for creating such a memorable evening .\nwe booked our table in feb and all i can say it was totally worth the wait . the food is seriously stunning just so good . i would thoroughly\nrecommend it to anyone and we can ' t wait to go back . . . . . t\nally sized table in the corner , but she refused . ( the table remained empty during most of our stay . ) then , after 1 hour and 15 minutes , the wait staff wanted to kick us out - - - sayi\nn was only for 75 minutes and the next booking was arriving soon . the manager actually took my plate although i asked him not to . he then grabbed the coffee mug out of my hand .\nfor me to judge the quality of the food , so i have no idea if it was any good . my friends , however , say they enjoyed it . so if you don ' t mind eating super quick and then being kicked out while you ' re in the middle of a good conversati\n. i hear they do fast food , too . they also won ' t kick you out .\ns nonsense here - just good food well prepared . from the moment you arrive it\u2019s just a feeling of being welcomed and relaxed .\nthe bar area is a very welcome addition for a pre lunch cocktail , the house specials are well worth a try .\nhad a fantastic sunday lunch today . great table right in front of the open kitchen . great to watch the chef and kitchen staff take time and precision over everything\nwent for the early bird 3 course last night - fabulous . i had the ox heart starter , braised beef , some parmesan chips and marmalade pudding and couldnt fault anything\nand gorgeous food . lunch is very good value at \u00a320 for 3 courses and good value wine too . however it would still be fab even if it was considerab\n. but the star of the show was the rice pudding with rhubarb and granola . oh my word ! ! ! we\u2019ll definitely\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npolice audit committee will meet to narrow list of firms next wed . july 11\ntickets for rudolph ( yes , rudolph ) at the npac go on sale this fri . july 13\nvickery ' s , wich doctor featured on beach bites with katie lee airing thurs . july 12\nwic mobile clinic will provide services at n . chs . farmers market this july and september\ni tried farming for a while back home in barnwell , and it nearly drove me crazy ,\nhe told me when i was out at the docks one day last fall ,\nbut then i came out here to cherry point and started fishing and i ' ve never wanted to do anything else .\nwe are already limited with what we can get locally . this will just be one less fish we can source ,\nhe says .\nchefs , like romo , prize the fish for its clean flavor and its affordability as a local alternative to pricier grouper varieties , which it is often compared to .\nit has a nice carcass yield ,\nromo says ,\nand we like to support the local fishery .\nthe fish is so special , in fact , that when it ' s in season ( regulations already close the spawning grounds during much of the year ) , it demands a high level of attention in the local market . romo ' s favorite method for serving it ? naked .\nwhen it ' s here , it comes straight off the boat , and it ' s so clean and fresh , that we make it our ' naked fish ' special \u2014 just a little salt and pepper , and maybe a good sear in a hot pan with a little oil .\nit ' s kind of like gold when it comes in . you sort of fight for it ,\nsays romo .\npolitical turbulence aside , becoming a u . s . citizen remains an exciting prospect 2 comments\ni picked some really great tomatoes corn and a watermelon last week . i ' m going back\u2026\ni had dinner there last night with my family . it ' s a pretty big place with\u2026\ni ' ve been going to this store since it opened . good selection of wine and liquor\u2026\nuneeda sicilian , 2nixons , and second state host a\nblunch\nmash - up tues . july 3\nwatch andrew zimmern cook asopao de pollo y mariscos . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen\nwatch andrew zimmern cook shrimp with green chilies and avocado sauce . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen .\nwatch andrew zimmern cook braised pork with chilies and black beans . then prepare the dish in your own kitchen .\n10 road - trip - worthy summer eats from ' man v . food '\njoin the party ! don ' t miss travel channel in your favorite social media feeds .\ncernia , cernier , cernier atlantique , cernier commun , cernio escourpena , franfr\u00e9 rascas , lucerna , m\u00e9rot gris , m\u00e9rou , m\u00e9rou de bosques , m\u00e9rou fanfr\u00e9 , p\u00e9ro - m\u00e9rot , peskar goat , poisson de bois .\ncherna , chernia , chernoda , girom , jorna , mero chernia , mero de roca , pampol .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndemersal fish that live on or near the ocean bottom . they are often called benthic fish , groundfish , or bottom fish . spawning the production or depositing of large quantities of eggs in water .\nbigelow , h . b . and schroeder , w . c . ( 1953 ) fishes of the gulf of maine . us fish and wildlife service fishery bulletin , 74 ( 53 ) : 1 - 577 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nargentina ; australia ( new south wales , south australia , victoria , western australia ) ; belgium ; brazil ; canada ( newfoundland i , nova scotia ) ; cape verde ; denmark ; france ; ireland ; italy ; netherlands ; new zealand ( north is . , south is . ) ; norway ; portugal ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( tristan da cunha ) ; south africa ; spain ( canary is . ) ; united kingdom ; united states ( district of columbia , florida , georgia , maryland , new jersey , north carolina , south carolina , virginia ) ; uruguay\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfemale picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop\ngreek , poly = a lot of + greek , prion = saw ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 40 - 600 m ( ref . 7251 ) , usually 100 - 200 m ( ref . 36731 ) . deep - water ; 70\u00b0n - 55\u00b0s , 82\u00b0w - 179\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : norway to south africa ( ref . 6633 ) , including the mediterranean , canary islands , madeira , cape verde , and tristan da cunha . western atlantic : newfoundland , canada and gulf of maine to north carolina , usa ( ref . 7251 ) . recorded from uruguay to argentina ( ref . 9050 ) . western indian ocean : st . paul and amsterdam islands ( ref . 6633 ) . southwest pacific : new zealand ( ref . 5755 , 9072 ) .\nmaturity : l m 77 . 9 range ? - 90 cm max length : 210 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; max . published weight : 100 . 0 kg ( ref . 35388 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 10 - 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 13 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 . bluish grey above , paler below with a silvery sheen ; fins blackish brown ( ref . 6633 ) . juveniles have black blotches on head and body ( ref . 6633 ) . body tall , compressed . big mouth with big head and a rough bony ridge across upper part of the gill cover ( ref . 35388 ) .\nadults prefer to inhabit caves and shipwrecks ( ref . 27121 ) . juveniles congregate below floating objects ( ref . 27121 ) . usually solitary . feed on large crustaceans , cephalopods and benthic fishes ( ref . 27121 ) . spawn in the summer ( ref . 35388 ) . are primary gonochorists ( ref . 58421 ) . marketed fresh or frozen ; eaten steamed , fried , broiled , boiled , microwaved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) . minimum depth reported from ref . 6633 .\nwheeler , a . , 1992 . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 . ( ref . 5204 )\n) : 5 . 2 - 19 , mean 9 . 4 ( based on 672 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 8125 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00966 - 0 . 01799 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 \u00b10 . 64 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 05 - 0 . 08 ; tmax = 76 ; tm = 9 - 10 yrs estimated from vbgf ; fec = 3 million ) .\nprior r = 0 . 26 , 2 sd range = 0 . 14 - 0 . 48 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 35 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 31 , based on : 4 k , 1 tmax , 2 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 72 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\npolyprion americanus has a deep and robust body that can reach up to 2 m in length . it has a large head with a rough bony ridge across the upper part of the gill . it has 11 spines on its dorsal fin and as many rays , the second part of the fin being much taller . the anal fin has three spines and 8 - 10 soft rays . the pelvic fins are longer than the pectoral fins . its body is a uniform brown to bluish - grey with a silvery sheen . juveniles may have irregular light and dark marblings on the head and body .\nrecorded in the eastern english channel but may be found throught british and irish waters with the exception of the southern north sea area .\nfroese , r . & pauly , d . , 2007 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2008 - 02 - 18\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nobis , 2018 . global map of species distribution using gridded data . available from : ocean biogeographic information system . www . iobis . org . accessed : 2018 - 07 - 09\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , bauchot , m . - l . , hureau , j . - c . , nielson , j . & tortonese , e . 1986 . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . vol . i , ii & iii . paris : united nations educational , scientific and cultural organisation ( unesco ) .\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncommercial fisheries have traditionally been based on fast - growing shallow - water species that live in the productive waters on the continental shelf . more recently , as fishing technology has improved and the populations of shallow - water species have declined , fishermen have ventured out into deeper waters to find new types of fish to catch .\nthis new deep - water fishery presents a problem for fisheries management . the deep - water fish are larger than their shallow - water counterparts and often grow more slowly . most management models , however , are based on data pertaining to the smaller , faster - growing species . to ensure that the deep - water fisheries will be around for a long time , fisheries scientists are developing new models that take into account the longer life spans and the longer period it takes for these deep - water fish to reach sexual maturity .\na specimen of barrelfish ( hyperoglyphe perciformis ) . we are trying to learn more about the biology of this fish to determine if it can support a fishery on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .\nthe red bream shows commercial potential the red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) is another species with commercial fishery potential on the blake plateau . we know very little about its life cycle . in the canary islands and off the coast of portugal , the fishing pressure on red bream ( and the only other member of the genus , beryx splendens ) has caused the annual catch to decrease in recent years . the same thing is happening in other areas where beryx species are being fished , such as hawaii .\nthe red bream ( beryx decadactylus ) supports fisheries in parts of the north atlantic and may have commercial fishery potential on the blake plateau . click image for larger view .\ndeep - water commercial fisheries will continue to grow . since models for management plans for shallow - water species do not translate to these new target species , fisheries scientists must continue to learn as much as they can about these deep - water fish in order to preserve large stocks for future generations .\ne - mail updates | user survey | contact us | report error on this page | privacy policy | disclaimer | site info | site index revised august 25 , 2010 by the noaa ocean explorer webmaster office of ocean exploration and research | national oceanic and atmospheric administration | u . s . department of commerce urltoken"]}
{"id": 1536, "summary": [{"text": "skip away ( april 4 , 1993 \u2013 may 14 , 2010 ) , a gray thoroughbred race horse , was named america 's champion 3 year old male in 1996 and twice ( 1997 , 1998 ) named america 's champion handicap horse .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "he was also u.s. horse of the year in 1998 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he won 10 grade 1 races for $ 9,616,360 in prize money . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "skip away", "paragraphs": ["both skip away and skip trial ( his sire ) both won the gulfstream park handicap and massachusetts handicap . skip away and skip trial both will have started a remarkable 38 times during their racing careers .\nskip away runs away early from the classic field to win in a sparkling time of 1 : 59 . 16\nthus , the record shows skip away won only 36 percent of his races .\nthoroughbred stallion skip trial , the sire of 1998 horse of the year skip away , died this week at the age of 30 .\nskip away wins the 1996 blue grass stakes . ( anne eberhardt / blood - horse )\nskip away in retirement at hopewell farm in kentucky . ( anne eberhardt / blood - horse )\nblood - horse magazine ranked skip away 32nd among the top 100 thoroughbreds of the 20th century .\nvalid and jockey nik juarez win the grade 3 skip away stakes by 1 3 / 4 lengths saturday .\nso who in his pedigree is\nthe great skip away\nmost like ? the answer maybe revealed by comparing some of the unusual racing achievements of his ancestors with several of the remarkable racing feats of skip away .\nsonny hines picked out skip away for his wife at the 1995 obs february sale partly because of his gray coloring ; carolyn had poor vision , and skip away ' s color made it easier for her to see him .\nhorse racing : he succumbs to complications of pneumonia at 69 . skip away was horse of year in 1998 .\nthere were those who leaned toward formal gold . before an injury ended his career last year formal gold defeated skip away three times , lost to him twice and finished a close second in a race in which skip away was a distant third .\nthe hineses said they turned down a $ 20 - million offer for skip away early in 1998 . skip away ' s career as a stallion began this month at hopewell farm near midway , ky . , where his stud fee is $ 50 , 000 .\none reason hine liked skip away was that he had trained his sire , skip trial , a durable horse who won major races for him in the 1980s and earned $ 1 . 8 million .\nskip away sired 522 foals , including 25 stakes winners from 293 winners , that produced $ 22 , 377 , 318 in earnings .\nthe story of skip away begins with carolyn hine , wife of late hall of fame trainer sonny hine , wishing for a white thoroughbred .\nskip away is in good shape after his hollywood park victory according to sonny hine , who trains the colt for his wife , carolyn .\nbut hine hastens to add ,\nif you were to take the best horse in north america you ' d take skip away .\nhe was the greatest horse i ever had ,\nhine said when skip away was retired to stud at the end in 1998 .\nthe 1997 supplemental payment also covered skip away in the 1998 breeders ' cup , but the race was at churchill downs , a track he never liked . in a race reminiscent of his 12th - place finish in the 1996 kentucky derby , skip away ran sixth in the classic .\nboth nashua and skip away won the jockey club gold cup twice , once as a three year old and once as a four year old .\nthis entry was posted in racing and tagged fort larned , horse racing , skip away , thoroughbred by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .\nfort larned drew away to win the grade 3 skip away stakes at gulfstream park by two and a half lengths over alma d ' oro , setting a new track record in the process . self control finished third .\nskip away , 1998 horse of the year , was represented by his first winner when his daughter heart ofa champion won june 7 at belmont park .\nskip away is a unique horse of remarkable quality and durability . he is sure to become another splendid progenitor in the legacy of great american stallions .\nskip away is the sire of the earners of slightly over $ 510 , 000 to december 31 , 2002 , with seven stakes horses and twelve winners . skip away progeny continue to show solid racetrack performance in 2003 . as longer races are written , i expect that skip away ' s progeny will be even more effective in competition . they will can be expected to get better as they get older . indeed the best is yet to come .\nskip away trainer sonny hine concedes :\nif you were to take the horse far superior in his category you ' d take favorite trick .\na big , strong gray horse standing 16 . 2 hands , skip away had a bone chip in one knee , but this never seemed to bother him\nskip away won 18 races , along with 10 seconds and six thirds , in 38 starts . he earned $ 9 , 616 , 360 , which left him $ 393 , 455 short of cigar ' s earnings record . skip away missed a chance to pass cigar when he finished a disappointing sixth in his last race , the breeders ' cup classic at churchill downs in 1998 . but at least skip away had once beaten cigar , the two - time horse of the year , in the jockey club gold gold cup at belmont park in 1996 . sonny hine said that that was the skip away race he most cherished .\nfort larned , ridden by julien leparoux , wins the skip away in track - record time of 1 : 53 . 92 for 1 3 / 16 miles .\nimagine for yourself and your broodmare band , the many unique benefits that breeding to skip away will offer to your procreation program . certainly , skip away\u2019s soundness and versatility , so absent in our racehorses of today , are now more than ever extremely important to the development of the american thoroughbred of the twenty - first century .\nken mcpeek closely observed skip away with an admiring eye while training at gulfstream park during the mid and late 1990s , gaining a deep respect for trainer sonny hine\u2019s big gray champion . so when a colt he had purchased at auction reminded him of skip away , he viewed the resemblance to the 1998 horse of [ \u2026 ]\nskip away is a horse with very solid proven sire lines throughout his pedigree . consider that their is no northern dancer , mr . prospector , turn - to or buckpasser bloodline in the pedigree of skip away . that provides a wonderful opportunity to outcross your northern dancer , mr . prospector , turn - to or buckpasser line mare .\n\u201cmy memories are my treasures , \u201d said carolyn during a phone interview from her florida home . \u201ceverything about skip away was a blessing . i lived my dream . \u201d\npatchen beauty , a white mare and granddaughter of white beauty , foaled a white skip away filly feb . 8 at warren rosenthal ' s patchen wilkes farm near lexington .\nhopewell farm is suing to recover $ 79 , 500 in breeding fees and taxes from irish american bloodhorse agency , which bred two mares to 1998 horse of the year skip away .\nrick trontz , owner of hopewell farm near midway , ky . , said skip away had been diagnosed with a heart murmur , but the condition proved more serious than initially believed .\nskip away , brilliant winner of saturday ' s breeders ' cup classic in california , has arrived in florida for a rest before being aimed at the gulfstream park handicap in february .\nbred in florida by anna marie barnhart , skip away raced for carolyn hine and was trained by her husband hubert\nsonny\nhine . after a promising 2 - year - old season in which he finished second in the year - end cowdin and remsen stakes ( both g2 ) , skip away seemed a likely contender for the following year ' s classics .\nhere is skip away at his home at hopewell farm in kentucky , may 2009 . his successful racing career made him the 3rd highest earner on the racetrack , after curlin & cigar .\na case was made for gentlemen . his racing resume showed four wins in six starts , including a half - length victory over skip away in their only meeting , the pimlico special .\nporter on pedigrees , by alan porter < br / > the cross that produced swaps stakes surprise winner skipshot appears to be based on an affinity of skip away for halo - line mares .\nsummer wind farm ' s ingot way , whose son skip away was horse of the year in 1998 , was euthanized the morning of march 27 after giving birth to an awesome again colt .\nnow , let\u2019s begin with how the impact of breeding to mr . prospector line mares to skip away . breeding the female descendants of mr . prospector gives inbreeding to the sound nashua since both skip away and mr . prospector both have nashua on the distaff side of their pedigrees . champion nashua won 22 of 30 races over 3 years racing in top company and was retired sound .\nin 1997 , skip away won the breeders ' cup classic but was beaten out by the 2 - year - old favorite trick for horse - of - the - year honors . in 1998 , skip away was beaten in the breeders ' cup , but won the title by a landslide as voters recognized his seven - race winning streak through the first nine months of the year .\nskip away was a three - time eclipse award winner , including horse of the year in 1998 , champion 3 - year - old male in 1996 and champion older horse in 1997 - 98 .\nno man can predict with accuracy whether the visible or the latent characteristics will comprise the make - up of the foal at time of conception . that remains nature\u2019s secret . be that as it may , skip away is truly a remarkable individual whose visible attributes offer unrivaled quality of virtually every important factor of the racehorse . a true physical titan , the mighty skip away is already know for his incredible stamina . skip away\u2019s workouts demonstrate his effortless blinding speed . he can boast of about 100 black type bullet workouts during his career , one of which was 108 : 3 for six furlongs .\nskip away didn ' t duck any challenges , but churchill downs was the one track that stymied him . before his swan - song defeat in the breeders ' cup , he had finished 12th in the 1996 kentucky derby . after finishing second in the ensuing triple crown races , the preakness and the belmont , skip away finished the year with four wins in five starts and was voted divisional champion .\nskip away produced our beautiful mare and passed on incredible soundness , athleticism and jumping skills . he lives on through his foals - a racing superstar !\n- anne burke ( greenacres , wa )\nthe couple hope that the grey can eventually lower the all - time earnings record held by cigar . accordingly , skip away will in 1998 contest only those races exceeding half a million dollars in value .\nbefore skip away , hine had already won more than 1 , 000 races , including the florida derby with technology in 1992 . in 1981 , he trained guilty conscience , who was voted best sprinter .\n\u201cskip trial was a farm stalwart and favorite , \u201d said bridlewood general manager george g . isaacs .\non oct . 17 , i was graciously invited to attend a benefit for old friends , the thoroughbred retirement facility near georgetown , ky . honoring hall of fame members skip away , noor , and precisionist .\nskip away , the 1998 horse of the year and currently third on the all - time leading earners list in north america , dies of heart attack at rick trontz ' hopewell farm near midway , ky .\nlexington , ky . ( ap ) \u2014 skip away , the third - richest north american racehorse in history , died from a heart attack friday at the central kentucky farm where he stood as a stallion .\nas of november 18 , 2014 , skip away has sired 301 winners ( 57 . 7 % ) and 21 stakes ( 4 . 0 % ) winners from 522 foals of racing age per jockey club records\nthe money rolled in , but that seemed incidental . when skip away came to california , earning $ 2 . 28 million for winning the 1997 breeders ' cup classic at hollywood park , the hines traveled on a no - frills airline and celebrated after the race with cheese and crackers in their hotel room . they had to risk a $ 480 , 000 supplementary fee simply to get skip away into the race .\nhine accepted , but his partner in the deal , not wanting to risk an investment on a horse with potential problems , dropped out . then , skip away ' s problem ankle healed on its own .\nskip away , 1998 horse of the year , will stand the 2004 for $ 15 , 000 , down $ 5 , 000 from his past fee , at rick trontz ' hopewell farm near midway , ky .\ngulfstream park ' s broward handicap was renamed the skip away handicap in 2001 . as of 2016 , the race is a grade iii event for 4 - year - olds and up at 9 furlongs on dirt .\nfavorite cigar street edges clear of take charge indy to win gulfstream park ' s skip away stakes ( gr . iii ) by two lengths . he covers the 1 3 / 16 miles in 1 : 56 . 84 .\nduring a career of fierce competition from coast to coast skip away ran against a much larger racing population of horses than nashua , damascus , never bend and man o\u2019 war , his immortal super star ancestors . big , powerful , fast , versatile , and sound , skip away , the 1998 horse of the year , and eclipse award winner in 1996 , 1997 and 1998 is truly one of the most remarkable thoroughbreds to race in the twentieth century .\nchampion steeplechaser slip away and skipshot , who won the swaps stakes , are considered two of his most noteworthy offspring .\nneither the $ 480 , 000 the hineses paid as a supplementary payment to enable skip away to run in the breeders ' cup classic nor the triple crown potential of favorite trick should be entered into the horse of the year equation .\ndubai world cup , dubai golden shaheen , dubai turf , al quoz sprint , happy valley vase , san luis rey , bourbonette oaks , fear the cowboy , skip away , sunland park derby , jack cincinnati casino spiral , and more .\ngottcha gold often likes to set the pace , but the centaur farms florida homebred stalked his way straight to the winner ' s circle march 15 in the $ 150 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park .\ntrainer claude\nshug\nmcgaughey and jockey kent desormeaux , along with equine stars skip away < / a > and flawlessly were announced tuesday as inductees for the class of 2004 for the national museum of racing ' s hall of fame .\nthanks to the marvelous work of his trainer sonny hine , skip away did his racing without the use of extreme medication which is so much a part of today\u2019s racing environment . he wore queen\u2019s plates ( flat horseshoes ) in front and just shoes with toe grabs on his rear feet . his racetrack vet bills were rarely much over $ 100 per month . as sonny\u2019s vets said ,\nif we had to rely on skip away for income , they would quit practicing .\nalthough skip away and favorite trick were considered the most likely to succeed in the horse of the year ballot box race , the names of a few excused absentees were bandied about while the dust was settling from the breeders ' cup races .\nfort larned drew away to win the grade 3 skip away stakes at gulfstream park by two and a half lengths over alma d\u2019oro , setting a new track record in the process . self control finished third . fort larned is a 4 - year - old colt by e dubai trained by i . r . wilkes and ridden by julien leparoux . time [ \u2026 ]\nthis week is a race story headlined , \u201cskipper shipper , \u201d written by steve hettinger recapping skip away ' s victory in the 1996 ohio derby ( g2 ) . the story ran in the june 29 , 1996 issue of the blood - horse .\nfront - running eurosilver recorded his first graded stakes win in 18 months when he held off 21 - 1 outsider twilight road by a half - length in the $ 100 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park saturday .\nas he was a full brother to three - time champion skip away , whom many consider as one of the greatest racehorses of all time , big things were expected from skipingo when he was purchased as a yearling for $ 300 , 000 in 1998 .\nskip away , who ' ll make his first start this year in gulfstream park ' s grade i donn handicap , may be the best horse in north america today as he proved to be when he made his last start on breeders ' cup day .\nskip away raced in the name of carolyn hine , the trainer ' s wife . the hines had no children , and their beloved\nskippy\nbecame an object of affection as they traveled the country , knocking off rivals from new york to california .\nwhen have we last seen a colt like skip away , who could run for 4 consecutive years , maintain first class stakes form , and never leave the racetrack . skip away race all over the country , shrugged off injury while continuing to compete and win top quality races , while running uninterrupted against elite competition in virtually every race of his career ? the answer is maybe never . indeed , in today\u2019s racing world , its seems almost impossible for a horse to compete at the top level of competition and stay sound .\nskip away , as a 5 - year - old campaigned by carolyn hine and her husband , trainer sonny hine , collected 193 votes , almost 83 % of the 233 cast . finishing a distant second , with 34 votes , was awesome again , winner of the breeders ' cup classic and undefeated in six starts , but a horse who ducked many of the big races . skip away won five grade i races , including a trip west for the hollywood gold cup ; awesome again won only two grade i ' s .\nthe winners were honored tuesday night at a dinner in bal harbour , fla . , not far from where the hineses bought skip away as an unraced 2 - year - old for $ 30 , 000 in 1995 . they received a rebate of $ 7 , 500 the next day when x - rays showed that the florida - bred son of skip trial and ingot way had a chipped ankle .\nken and sarah ramsey ' s slip away swept to the lead approaching the springdale course ' s final turn and powered away to a remarkable 25 3 / 4 - length victory in the colonial cup steeplechase at camden , s . c . , on nov . 13 .\nhallandale beach , fla . \u2013 valid bounced back from a disastrous trip in the gulfstream park handicap to prove a popular and relatively easy 1 3 / 4 - length winner over team colors in saturday\u2019s grade 3 , $ 150 , 000 skip away stakes at gulfstream park .\npaul pompa jr . ' s zakocity , who finished third in the gulfstream park handicap ( gr . ii ) behind eddington and pies prospect march 5 , will tote high weight of 117 pounds saturday in the skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park .\nthe rest is left to the breeders , many who have northern dancer and mr . prospector mixes in their broodmare bands . as a stallion skip away , will provides the ingredients needed , to breed a sound , classy , versatile , fast american thoroughbred of the future .\nthe next year , 1997 , skip away won the jockey club gold cup again and finished the season with a six - length win in the breeders ' cup at hollywood , but favorite trick beat him out for horse of the year and the hines were bitterly disappointed .\nbest known as the sire of hall of fame champion and horse of the year skip away ( $ 9 , 616 , 360 ) , skip trial sired 22 crops in a long and distinguished career . skip trial sired 28 stakes winners , 26 stakes - placed runners , and earners of $ 34 , 566 , 723 to date , and his average earnings per starter of $ 85 , 774 ranks him among the top 2 % of sires . he has had 11 starters in 2012 , with one winner and earnings of $ 28 , 329 . pensioned from breeding in 2010 , skip trial has five registered foals of 2009 , and one registered two - year - old of 2012 .\nsonny knew his horse . skip away romped by six lengths in the 1997 classic at hollywood park , setting a record of 1 : 59 : 16 under another new rider , mike smith . the reward for their faith in him was a cool $ 2 . 3 million .\nduring the last 30 years , the horse of the year has won more than 72 percent of his or her races . only two have won less than 50 percent . if skip away is crowned horse of the year he will have the worst winning percentage in this time frame .\ni think skip away kept sonny going ,\ncarolyn hine said following skippy\u2019s induction into the hall of fame .\nhe gave him some more years , more life . skippy wasn\u2019t a horse to us , he was a member of our family . he was a blessing .\nfort larned made his first two starts of the year at tampa bay downs , finishing fourth against mid - level starter handicap competition before returning to win the challenger stakes earlier this month , two performances which set up fort larned for the best race of his career in the grade 3 skip away .\nbut skip away ' s last two races - - against a soft field in the jockey club gold cup at belmont and versus a no - better - than - average field in the breeders ' cup classic - - allowed him to be selected 1997 north america ' s champion older male horse .\nother division winners were skip away , best older male ; answer lively , 2 - year - old male ; banshee breeze , 3 - year - old filly ; buck ' s boy , male on grass ; fiji , female on grass ; reraise , sprinter , and flat top , steeplechaser .\ntime healed skip away ' s ankle , and he finished his four - year career with 18 wins in 38 starts , his purses of $ 9 , 616 , 360 second only to cigar ' s $ 9 , 999 , 815 . because skip away wasn ' t eligible , carolyn hine supplemented him into the 1997 breeders ' cup at hollywood park for $ 480 , 000 . he won by six lengths , earning $ 2 . 1 million . but favorite trick went undefeated in eight starts , becoming the first 2 - year - old to win horse of the year since secretariat in 1972 .\nand carolyn never had any problem spotting skip away . he finished in the top three in all but four of his 38 races , winning 18 times with 10 second - place finishes and six third - place showings for earnings of $ 9 , 616 , 360 while providing memories to last a lifetime .\nskip away ' s stud fee had declined as a stallion in recent years , but trontz said he did have some success \u2014 although none of his progeny matched his own success on the racetrack . hopewell ' s website says he produced 48 stakes winners accounting for more than $ 17 million in earnings .\nsonny hine bought skip away for $ 30 , 000 at an auction in ocala , fla . , but after the sale learned that the colt might need surgery for an ankle chip . the seller , hilmer schmidt , offered hine a $ 7 , 500 discount to cover the cost of the surgery .\nskip away is inbred 5x5 to mahmoud . he is a half brother to ingot ' s dance away ( by gate dancer ) , dam of grade iii winner dance away capote ( by capote ) and stakes winner platinum couple ( by tale of the cat ) . his dam , ingot way , is a stakes - winning full sister to grade iii winner ingot ' s ruler and is out of ingot , a winning daughter of iron ruler . the next dam in the tail - female line , glorious night , is a winner by 1953 kentucky derby winner dark star out of the count fleet mare queen fleet\nthe last time bowman ' s band raced 8 1 / 2 furlongs he lost the hal ' s hope handicap ( gr . iii ) to puzzlement by a neck . perhaps he ' ll have the advantage this time around as he competes in saturday ' s skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) .\ncolorful sonny hine , the trainer who bought skip away , a problematic , unraced colt , for $ 22 , 500 and retired him four years later with a horse - of - the - year title and near - record earnings of $ 9 . 6 million , died friday at a hospital in miami .\nit turned out to be quite a deal all the way around ,\nhine said as skip away ' s spectacular career wound down .\ni got the horse for only $ 22 , 500 , i got rid of a partner and now my wife can go shopping any time she wants .\nhowever , his 3 - year - old debut failed miserably to meet those expectations as skip away was eased in distress in a 1 1 / 16 - mile allowance at gulfstream in early january . one month and 180 degrees later , he posted a 12 - length drubbing in a race with similar conditions .\nthe hines , who met on a blind date , were married for 37 years . in 1995 , skip away was a birthday gift for carolyn hine , who wanted a gray horse so that she ' d be able to easily see him when he ran . she suffered from impaired vision in her right eye .\nskip away ( usa ) gr . h , 1993 { 14 - f } dp = 5 - 6 - 8 - 1 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 75 - 38 starts , 18 wins , 10 places , 6 shows career earnings : $ 9 , 616 , 360\nif you remember the very sad story , that skip ' s fury died in a slaughterhouse in 2002 . she was by skip trial . . somebody tried to rescue her but she was already checked by a vet and ther was no way back for her . i wonder if the owner had any idea about it . . .\nskip away , a son of skip trial ( winner of the 1985 ohio derby ) , added grade 1 wins in the haskell invitational handicap , the woodbine million stakes , and the jockey club gold cup to earn his first of four year - end championships which included horse of the year in 1998 . upon retirement he had 10 grade 1 victories in total , including his six - length romp in the 1997 breeders ' cup classic and would be enshrined in the racing hall of fame in 2004 .\nskip away raced for carolyn hine and was trained by hubert\nsonny\nhine . he won 18 of 38 races and earned $ 9 , 616 , 360 - - third best on the all - time north american money list behind curlin and cigar\u2014and was inducted into racing\u2019s hall of fame in his first year of eligibility in 2004 .\nhallandale beach , fla . - fort larned , who has shown steady improvement since getting to florida this winter , became a track record holder as well as a graded stakes winner for the first time after registering an impressive 2 1 / 2 - length victory over alma d\u2019oro in saturday\u2019s $ 100 , 000 skip away at gulfstream park .\none of skip away ' s career highlights was defeating cigar in the first of two victories in the jockey club gold cup . he also won the grade 1 blue grass stakes , woodbine million and buick haskell invitational as a 3 - year - old , as well as the breeders ' cup classic and hollywood gold cup later in his career .\nit ' s politics ,\nsonny hine said at the time , but a year later , with skip away well on his way to the title that had eluded him , he seemed to toss off his grudge when he said :\nit ' s like today ' s fish . you wrap it in yesterday ' s newspaper .\nken and sarah ramsey ' s homebred slip away is named 2010 champion steeplechaser based on his 25 - plus length score in the colonial cup hurdle stakes ( nsa - i ) .\nthe public is invited to the national museum of racing ' s annual hall of fame ceremony , monday , aug . 9 at the fasig - tipton sales pavilion . members of the hall of fame class of 2004 include trainer claude\nshug\nmcgaughey , jockeys kent desormeaux and jimmy winkfield , and thoroughbred champions bowl of flowers , flawlessly , and skip away .\nas good as he was at ages 3 and 4 , skip away saved the best for last . in his final year of racing , at age 5 , skippy won seven of nine starts and earned $ 2 . 7 million . the campaign included seven consecutive wins\u2014five of them in grade i stakes\u2014at six different tracks . he carried 130 pounds or more in two of those wins . his attempt to score back - to - back wins in the breeders\u2019 cup classic failed when the horse finished sixth at churchill downs , reinforcing a belief that he never had an affinity for the surface at the louisville , ky . , oval . honored with a second eclipse as champion older male , skip away was also voted horse of the year .\naccording to eclipse award election rules , the winner must get a plurality of votes from two of the three blocs , and skip away dominated all three . he received 121 of the 142 turf writers ' votes , 46 of 55 from the daily racing form and 26 of 36 from track racing secretaries . one ballot apparently didn ' t list a choice for horse of the year .\nhi stealingkat skip away ' s always been a tough sales horse . . . but that ' s probably not a surprise . for starters . . . i suggest he was overpriced ( especially at the outset of his career as a stallion ) . . . which seemed to generate some negative comment . . . while at the same time raising the bar on expectations ( based on an advertised stud fee of $ 50k ) . although an elite super - star race horse ( champion and horse of the year ) . . . $ 9 . 6 mil earner skip away lacks a\nfancy\npedigree . . . and his sire ( skip trial ) was never the kind of horse that generated\nbuzz .\nthe proof may be in the pudding ( and possibly shed some light on the discussion ) when you consider that skip away himself was hammered - down for $ 30k as a two - year - old in training . although arguably a good two - year - old himself . . . sa was not a brilliant - fast early stakes - winner ; the kind that might have generated the enthusiasm ( and possible\ntalk\n) that often seems to stoke the market . as might have been expected skip away rarely gets the\nearly\nkind that often seem to capture the imagination . . . and draw attention to their sire ( s ) . his lack of two - year - old pizzazz seems to exclude him ( probably to a very large degree ) as a pinhookers ' sire . . . which arguably affects his sales numbers . all things considered . . . i suggest that he is turning out to be a genuine and consistent sire of some very nice race horses , including a relatively high - percentage of stakes - horses . it would not surprise me to see sa sire some top handicap horses . . . and continue to sire many allowance . . . stakes and graded horses . . . and be stamped as that kind of sire . i suggest that skip away is proving to be a very solid sire . . . and making believers out of many former naysayers . respectfully\nsonny , who was diagnosed with cancer in 1996 , died in 2000 at age 69 . skip away , inducted into the hall of fame in 2004 , succumbed to an apparent heart attack 10 years after his trainer passed . he is buried at the old friends farm in georgetown , ky . carolyn carries on , still very much in love with sonny and the horse of their dreams .\nthat said , his first few crops have been wonderful in terms of soundness and consistency . one of my favorite horses to follow is a skip away mare by name of muir beach . . . of her last 6 runs , all have been listed stakes and she has won most of them . she runs dirt or turf , from 6f to 8 . 5f and usually wins with style .\ni bought skip trial for $ 25 , 000 ,\nhine said .\nhe had chips in a couple of ankles and his knees , but it didn ' t bother him .\nskip away was arguably at his best at 5 , when he was honored as horse of the year in 1998 . although he failed to repeat in the classic , again struggling with a churchill downs surface that can be a difficult adjustment for some horses , his final season was highlighted by a seven - race winning streak \u2013 all with bailey at the reins - that included five grade 1 victories .\nchampion nashua is the sire of skip away\u2019s very successful broodmare sire diplomat way . arlington - washington futurity winner diplomat way whose race record includes 46 starts with 14 wins , 10 seconds and 7 thirds , winning or placing in 19 stakes , is the sire of 34 stakes winners . more significant is the fact that diplomat way is broodmare sire of 50 mares who have produced 65 stakes winners from his 245 daughters for an outstanding 20 % stakes producing mares . diplomat way boasts an impressive total broodmare sire earnings of $ 46 , 241 , 361 . the noted runners from these mares encompass 6 champions including skip away and prominent stakes winners , farma way ( $ 2 , 867 , 175 - g1 ) , exclusive partner , general practitioner , explosive bid , frosty the snowman , la soufriere , etc .\ntale of the cat has sired grade one winner my trusty cat out of a mare by private account , from the damascus line , and private account can be brought in through private terms ( sire of afternoon deelites ) , corporate report , personal flag , secret hello and unaccounted for ( who is potentially particularly interesting ) . there are also two tale of the cat line stakes winners out of mares by time for a change ( sire of fly so free and time bandit ) . other damascus strains to consider are gilded time , crusader sword , eastern echo , ogygian , skip away and skip trial .\n< a href =\nurltoken\ntarget =\n_ blank\n> skip away < / a > , a four - time eclipse award winner and the second leading north american earner of all - time , was elected into racing ' s hall of fame in his first year of eligibility . his trainer , the late hubert\nsonny\nhine , was inducted into the hall of fame last august .\n, fort larned notched his first graded win in the skip away , which was contested over a track that was rated fast . the bay colt came into the race off of a 1 1 / 4 - length victory in the march 3 challenger stakes at tampa bay downs . in his 2012 debut in february , he had finished fourth in a 1 1 / 16 - mile handicap event at tampa bay .\ntrainers shug mcgaughey and nick zito and 1998 horse of the year skip away are among the candidates for election to the national museum of racing ' s hall of fame in their first year of eligibility , museum president john t . von stade announced monday , april 4 . more than 140 members of the racing media will vote on the hall of fame , and the one winner in each category will be announced via teleconference on may 25 .\nskip away\u2019s 4 - year - old campaign eventually brought a jockey change from shane sellers to jerry bailey ; the new team prospered by rattling off eight consecutive victories . the big decision that year involved whether to pay $ 480 , 000 to supplement the florida - bred to the breeders\u2019 cup classic . the hines never had much before their beloved \u201cskippy\u201d arrived and he was treated with the affection of a child they never had , adding to the complexity of the situation .\nthe couple settled on skip away , purchasing him for $ 30 , 000 , only to be told by their veterinarian to return him because x - rays revealed bone chips in one ankle . although the hines did so , they were so disappointed that sonny pulled over at the side of the road . there was something about that horse . they returned to speak to the seller , who provided a $ 7 , 500 discount to cover an ankle operation that proved unnecessary .\nunder the steady hand of hine , a former f . b . i . agent who had been invaluable to the government because he spoke mandarin chinese fluently , skip away seemed to get better with every race . his first stakes win came as a 3 - year - old , when he routed eventual preakness winner louis quatorze by six lengths in the blue grass stakes and set a stakes record on a wet - fast track at keeneland race course in lexington , ky .\nthe son of skip trial , out of the diplomat way mare ingot way , was 17 years old . as a sire , he is represented by 20 stakes winners . he stood at hopewell farm since his retirement following his 1998 campaign .\nstuart janney ' s homebred hunting has not raced since a third - place finish behind evening attire in the dec . 8 queens county handicap ( gr . iii ) , but the 5 - year - old son of coronado ' s quest could return to winning form in the $ 150 , 000 skip away handicap ( gr . iii ) at gulfstream park . he ' ll tackle gottcha gold , dr . pleasure , better than bonds , and others in the march 15 event .\nchampions never bend and nashua are sons of nasrullah who appear in skip away\u2019s pedigree in the form of his descendants . you can inbreed to nasrullah with bold ruler line horses like seattle slew mares or secretariat mares using a different inbreeding pattern than that which is conventionally used . this is another approach to breeding soundness and not giving up speed which is so much a desirable part of the american thoroughbred . new york maiden special weights and allowance winner , heart of a champion is inbred .\nfoaled at indian hill farm in florida , skip away was bred by anna marie barnhart . he was owned by carolyn hine , whose husband hubert\nsonny\nhine purchased the colt for her as a birthday gift for us $ 30 , 000 at the 1995 ocala breeders sales february 2 - year - olds in training sale . after learning that the colt had a chip in his knee , ms . barnhart agreed to refund us $ 7 , 500 of the colt ' s purchase price to cover the cost of knee surgery , which never took place . skip away was trained by sonny hine , and the hines turned down a us $ 5 million offer for their beloved colt following his impressive win in the 1996 toyota blue grass stakes . following his retirement from racing , \u201cskippy\u201d entered stud at hopewell farm in kentucky in 1999 . he died of a heart attack at hopewell in 2010 and was buried at the old friends thoroughbred retirement farm near georgetown , kentucky .\n\u201ci could not possibly be more thrilled than to be more than 100 miles away from washington swamp spending my evening with all of you and with a much , much larger crowd , and much better people , \u201d trump told the crowd then .\na tough , consistent competitor , skip away failed to win a classic race but did everything else that could be expected of a top american racehorse . for three consecutive seasons , he danced all the major dances on the east coast , earning the nickname \u201cthe iron horse , \u201d and he made a successful raid on california at age 5 . except at churchill downs , a track he clearly loathed , he could always be counted on to give his best . his record at stud was unimpressive .\nchampion never bend , who boasts a races record is 23 starts with 13 wins , 4 seconds and 4 thirds is the sire of mill reef and courtly dee . he is also the sire of iron ruler , the very successful broodmare sire of skip away\u2019s second dam . jerome stakes winner iron ruler , whose race record includes 35 starts with 9 wins , 13 seconds and 9 thirds , winning or placing in 22 stakes races , is the sire of 30 stakes winners including preakness - g1 winner aloma\u2019s ruler . iron ruler is the broodmare sire of 50 stakes winners including the prominent stakes winners stalwart , box office gold , muskoka wyck , avie\u2019s copy , etc . the first winner by skip away is heart ofa champion who is inbred 5s x 4d to never bend and is also inbred to nasrullah 5s x 6s x 6d x 5d x 7d . thus the fantastic speed of heart of a champion can easily be attributed to the never bend inbreed . keep in mind that the speed ball is four generations free of inbreeding .\nthe race was supposed to do two things \u2013 offer a fitting new york swan song to locally based cigar and provide clarity on a somewhat muddled three - year - old division . the latter was accomplished in spades , the former just slightly less so . perhaps he was too far back . perhaps at the age of six cigar had lost a step . perhaps , as he had received the baton from a gray rival , it was time to pass it on to one . whatever the reason , cigar\u2019s furious late rally fell just a head shy of skip away , half his age and on the improve . cigar would go on to a third place finish in the breeders\u2019 cup classic pushing his earnings to $ 9 , 999 , 815 , a record at the time , and take home his second straight champion older horse and horse of the year trophies . skip away was named that year\u2019s champion three - year - old , twice champion older horse , 1998\u2019s horse of the year , and retired with earnings of $ 9 , 616 , 360 . both were inducted in to the hall of fame .\nalthough there were those who referred to him as\nsonny whine ,\nbecause of his penchant for complaining when his luck went bad , hine was a congenial , roly - poly horseman who followed his father into racing . on the night sonny hine graduated from high school in 1948 , he hitchhiked to the charles town track in west virginia to start a training career that peaked with the fortuitous arrival of skip away , voted best 3 - year - old colt in 1996 , best older male in 1997 and ' 98 , and horse of the year in ' 98 .\nskip away and his ancestors , represent the much needed racing soundness , now so absent in the american thoroughbred . we need to face the fact that the racing soundness of the american thoroughbred has become a crisis situation . let us not blame the trainers and the racing surfaces for causing so many break downs , but rather the way in which horses are being bred in the united states . far to many horses are retired to stud with very short racing careers . their unsoundness is passed on and then inbred which virtually guarantees more weaknesses for the racehorses to be born in the future .\nthe death of skip trial was announced by bridlewood farm in ocala , florida , where he had stood for his entire stud career , since 1988 . he had been pensioned from stud in 2010 and was euthanized on may 1 owing to the infirmities of old age and will be buried in the farm cemetery\nthe kennedy center honors is not the first major televised event that potus has decided not to attend . in february , he announced he would skip the white house correspondents\u2019 dinner , which was held on april 29 . the event ultimately went on without him , hosted by the daily show \u2018s hasan minhaj .\nfifteen days after his belmont attempt , the hines shipped skip away to cleveland for the $ 300 , 000 ohio derby ( g2 ) at 1 1 / 8 miles on the dirt june 26 . facing nine other sophomores , the odds - on favorite with jockey jose santos had little trouble dismissing the coolmore - connected victory speech by 3 1 / 2 lengths . another 9 1 / 4 lengths back was clash by night in third . the nine - furlong time was 1 : 47 4 / 5 , just off the 1 : 47 2 / 5 track record set by smarten when he took the 1979 ohio derby .\nin his next two starts , skippy showed the derby effort was an anomaly by running second in both the preakness stakes ( gr . i ) and belmont stakes ( gr . i ) . in one of his best performances of the season , skip away won a stretch duel with cigar to take the jockey club gold cup ( gr . i ) . with a seasonal tally of 6 - 2 - 2 in 12 starts and additional wins in the woodbine million and buick haskell invitational handicap ( both gr . i ) , the tough little colt was honored with an eclipse award as champion 3 - year - old male of 1996 .\nhe was bred in florida by anna marie barnhart , who inherited the mare ingot way following the death of her husband in 1984 .\nskippy ,\nas he was affectionately called by his owner and trainer , was raised in florida at hilmer schmidt\u2019s indian hill farm . consigned by indian hill to a 2 - year - olds in training sale in ocala , skip away was purchased by the hines for $ 30 , 000 . following the purchase , however , the new owners detected a bone chip in skippy\u2019s knee and the breeder agreed to discount the purchase price by $ 7 , 500 , the cost of surgery to correct the problem . the surgery was never performed on the horse .\nskippy\u2019s 4 - year - old season began slowly , as he failed to win in his first four efforts . but he rounded into form sufficiently enough to complete the year with a 4 - 5 - 2 record in 11 starts and earnings of $ 4 . 1 million . included in his triumphs that year were impressive wins in the jockey club gold cup and breeders\u2019 cup classic ( both gr . i ) , the latter in which he romped by six lengths . honored as champion older male horse , skip away was denied an eclipse award as horse of the year , an honor that went to 2 - year - old champion favorite trick . carolyn hine was also honored with an eclipse as outstanding owner .\njerry bailey , who rode skip away in all of his races last year , missed on a fourth consecutive eclipse award for jockey when gary stevens was named on 164 of the 234 ballots that were cast . for stevens , who was voted into the racing hall of fame in 1997 , this was an eclipse that was long overdue . he led the country in purses with $ 19 . 3 million , despite missing almost two months because of surgery on both knees , and rode silverbulletday and escena , who also won titles . silverbulletday , champion 2 - year - old filly , was the easiest winner , getting all the votes in her division except one that went to stablemate excellent meeting . escena outpolled the undefeated sharp cat , 135 - 94 , in the voting for best older female .\nledecky lapped three swimmers in her timed - final heat of the 1 , 500 , unheard - of in an international competition . she finished 40 meters ahead of her nearest challenger , lauren boyle of new zealand , who finished in 15 : 55 . 69 . describing the race as \u201cprobably one of my most painful races , \u201d ledecky said , \u201ci didn\u2019t want to come away from the meet with a little bit of , like , oh , that was just o . k . so i just dug in deep . \u201d"]}
{"id": 1538, "summary": [{"text": "the campbell 's mona monkey , also known as campbell 's guenon and campbell 's monkey , ( cercopithecus campbelli ) , is a species of primate in the family cercopithecidae found in the ivory coast , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea-bissau , liberia , senegal , and sierra leone .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was named for henry dundas campbell , in 1838 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "lowe 's mona monkey was previously considered a subspecies of campbell 's mona monkey .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the international union for conservation of nature has rated this species as being of \" least concern \" because it has a wide range and is able to adapt to degraded habitats . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "campbell ' s mona monkey", "paragraphs": ["lowe ' s mona monkey was previously considered a subspecies of campbell ' s mona monkey .\nwolf ' s mona monkey was previously considered a subspecies of the crested mona monkey .\ncampbell ' s mona monkeys , boabeng - fiema monkey sanctuary . # 2 - youtube\ncampbell ' s mona monkeys , boabeng - fiema monkey sanctuary . vitts in ghana 2010\nmore campbell ' s mona monkeys , boabeng - fiema monkey sanctuary . vitt family , ghana 2010\nwolf ' s mona monkey - cercopithecus wolfi a . meyer , 1891 - details - encyclopedia of life\nand arnold et al . ( population differences in wild campbell\u2019s monkeys alarm call use ,\nkeenan , s . , lemasson , a . , & zuberbu\u00a8hler , k . ( 2013 ) . graded or discrete ? a quantitative analysis of campbell\u2019s monkey alarm calls .\nwolf ' s mona monkey is known to associate with several guenon and non - guenon species such as the black crested mangabey , the red - tailed monkey , the angola colobus , allen ' s swamp monkey , and the bonobo . no viable offspring or interspecific mating occurs during its associations with other primates .\nwhen forming associations with other primates it is necessary that there is a difference in diet or feeding height between the species to reduce competition . when in a mixed group , wolf ' s mona monkey will move and forage at a mean height of 17 metres . wolf ' s mona monkey is mainly found in association with the red - tailed monkey ( which forages at 12 m ) and the black crested mangabey ( which forages at 21 . 5 m ) , two species with similar diets to wolf ' s mona monkey . these mixed groups most likely form for predator detection .\nspectrographic illustrations of the different loud call types produced by male campbell ' s monkeys in different contexts .\nlemasson a , gautier jp , hausberger m ( 2003 ) vocal similarities and social bonds in campbell ' s monkey ( cercopithecus campbelli ) . comptes rendus biologies 326 : 1185\u20131193 .\nwolf ' s mona monkey is also sexually dimorphic in size . males weigh , on average , almost twice as much as females ( 4 . 5 kg and 2 . 5 kg respectively ) .\nbasic acoustic measurements of the stem of the six different loud calls produced by adult male campbell ' s monkeys .\nthe wolf ' s mona monkey ( cercopithecus wolfi ) , also called wolf ' s guenon , is a colorful old world monkey in the cercopithecidae family . it is found in central africa , primarily between the democratic republic of the congo and uganda . it lives in primary and secondary lowland rainforest and swamp forest .\nzuberb\u00fchler k ( 2001 ) predator - specific alarm calls in campbell ' s guenons . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 50 : 414\u2013422 .\ncampbell ' s monkeys appear to combine the same calls in different ways , using rules of grammar that turn sound into language .\nkamara , t . 2001 . saddam ' s oil and taylor ' s timber . urltoken\nis most commonly found in the democratic republic of congo and areas in uganda . there are three subspecies of wolf\u2019s monkey :\nlemasson , a . , ouattara , k . , bouchet , h . , & zuberb\u00fchler , k . ( 2010 ) . speed of call delivery is related to context and caller identity in campbell\u2019s monkey males .\nwolters s , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2003 ) mixed - species associations of diana and campbell ' s monkeys : the costs and benefits of a forest phenomenon . behaviour 140 : 371\u2013385 .\n, are very colorful . their color is used in intraspecific communication for recognizing individuals , species , and potential mates . wolf ' s mona monkey is dark grey with a red\nsaddle\non its back . the pelage depends on the subspecies .\nlemasson , a . , zuberb\u00fchler , k . , & hausberger , m . ( 2005 ) . socially meaningful vocal plasticity in campbell\u2019s monkeys .\nouattara , k . , lemasson , a . & zuberb\u00fchler , k . ( 2009a ) . campbell\u2019s monkeys use affixation to alter call meaning .\nzuberb\u00fchler , k . ( 2002 ) . a syntactic rule in forest monkey communication .\nouattara k , lemasson a , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2009 ) the alarm call system of female campbell ' s monkeys . anim behav 78 : 35\u201344 .\nkuhn . j . ( 2013 ) . do campbell\u2019s monkeys have linguistic morphology ? seminar paper , nyu . available online march 10 , 2014 , from\nthe diet of wolf ' s mona monkey differs depending on location . although predominantly a frugivore , it may also forage for seeds and insects for protein . since it has no adaptations for leaf eating , its leaf diet mainly consists of young and easily digestible leaves .\nlemasson , who is further investigating campbell ' s monkey talk by measuring their reactions to recorded calls , suspects that a dense jungle environment drove the evolution of syntax . since the monkeys had trouble seeing each other , they compensated by talking .\nouattara , k . , lemasson , a . , & zuberb\u00fchler , k . ( 2009b ) . campbell\u2019s monkeys concatenate vocalizations into context - specific call sequences .\narnold , k . , keenan , s . , lemasson , a . , & zuberb\u00fchler , k . ( 2013 ) . population differences in wild campbell\u2019s monkeys alarm call use . manuscript , university of st andrews .\n) . when a mixed group was involved in the association , it always lasted for over an hour . interactions occurred once every seven hours . associations mainly occurred while the bonobos were feeding or resting . wolf ' s mona monkey was found to feed in the trees while the bonobo fed or rested .\narnold k , pohlner y , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2008 ) a forest monkey ' s alarm call series to predator models . behav ecol sociobiol 62 : 549\u2013559 .\nlemasson ' s analysis was based on a vast set of recordings , gathered from 10 monkey groups observed for two full years in their african rain forest homes .\nzuberb\u00fchler k ( 2002 ) a syntactic rule in forest monkey communication . anim behav 63 : 293\u2013299 .\nlemasson a , hausberger m , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2005 ) socially meaningful vocal plasticity in adult campbell ' s monkeys ( cercopithecus campbelli ) . j comp psychol 119 : 220\u2013229 .\namong cercopithecines , forest guenons such as wolf ' s mona monkey have very developed cheek pouches . these cheek pouches are second only to macaques . the evolution of these cheek pouches in both genera may be a response to the increased potential for interspecific competition in the mixed - species associations which these monkeys frequently form .\narnold , k . , pohlner , y . , & zuberb\u00fchler , k . ( 2008 ) . a forest monkey ' s alarm call series to predator models .\ncitation : ouattara k , lemasson a , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2009 ) campbell ' s monkeys use affixation to alter call meaning . plos one 4 ( 11 ) : e7808 . urltoken\nthere is little hard data on threatened and declining species in the gambia . there has been a considerable decline in the diversity of large mammalian species , which commenced during the latter part of the nineteenth century . from the species in the gambia in the late 1960s , it was estimated that of the 67 species of mammals listed , 13 had become extinct and a similar number were threatened with extinction ( dpwm 1991 ) . a number of species of mammals still migrate into the gambia including roan antelope ( hippotragus equinus ) and campbell\u2019s mona monkey ( cercopitheocus mona campbell ) , wild dogs ( lycoon pitus ) and lio ( panthera leo ) still infrequently enter the eastern end of the gambia , invariably as vagrants from niokolokoba national park in senegal .\naccording to lemasson and to jared taglialatela , a chimpanzee communication researcher at clayton state university , it ' s too soon to say whether the monkey talk is proto - human .\nlemasson a , hausberger m ( 2004 ) patterns of vocal sharing and social dynamics in a captive group of campbell ' s monkeys ( cercopithecus campbelli campbelli ) . j comp psychol 118 : 347\u2013359 .\nlemasson a , blois - heulin c , jubin r , hausberger m ( 2006 ) female social relationships in a captive group of campbell ' s monkeys . american journal of primatology 68 : 1161\u20131170 .\nouattara , k . , zuberb\u00fchler , k . , n\u2019goran , e . k . , gombert , j . - e . , & lemasson , a . ( 2009c ) . the alarm call system of female campbell\u2019s monkeys .\ncitation :\ngenerating meaning with finite means in campbell\u2019s monkeys .\nby karim ouattara , alban lemasson , and klaus zuberbuhler . proceedings of the national academy of sciences , vol . 106 no . 48 , december 7 , 2009 .\nprimates , this is not the case with the bonobo . no aggressive interactions occurred during the study period . the red - tailed monkey (\nkarim ouattara , alban lemasson , klaus zuberb\u00fchler ( 2009 ) ,\ncampbell ' s monkeys use affixation to alter call meaning\n, plos one 4 ( 11 ) : e7808 , doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0007808\nhere , we studied the alarm calling behavior of free - ranging campbell ' s monkey males in natural and experimental predator situations . we were particularly interested in how males concatenated their repertoire of six call types into call sequences . to this end , we sought to describe the principles governing the organization of sequences in terms of composition and call order and how the different sequences related to external events .\nkarim ouattaraa , alban lemassona , and klaus zuberb\u00fchler ( december 22 , 2009 ) ,\ncampbell ' s monkeys concatenate vocalizations into context - specific call sequences\n, pnas 106 ( 51 ) : 22026\u201322031 , doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0908118106\nriede t , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2003 ) pulse register phonation in diana monkey alarm calls . journal of the acoustical society of america 113 : 2919\u20132926 .\nmeyer , ab ( 1894 ) .\nremarks on an african monkey , cercopithecus wolfi\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london : 83\u201384 .\nin one study , wolf ' s mona monkeys were found associating with bonobos within 20 metres for an average time of 20 minutes ( although sometimes for over an hour ) . these interactions were mainly initiated by , and departed by , the guenons ; this indicates that the guenons most benefited from these associations . although the\nthe birth season for wolf ' s mona monkey is from june through december due to rainfall and resource availability . it lives in a single male / multi - female group . it is female philopatric , with males dispersing from the group at sexual maturity . because one male controls several females there is extreme competition for the alpha male position . females , on the other hand , are generally amicable and participate in grooming and allomothering . unlike macaques there are no strong linear dominance hierarchies .\nzuberb\u00fchler k , no\u00eb r , seyfarth rm ( 1997 ) diana monkey long - distance calls : messages for conspecifics and predators . anim behav 53 : 589\u2013604 .\nthe degree to which the communication system found in campbell ' s monkey is unique or a general feature of primate communication is currently unknown . we suspect the latter , especially for forest primates whose vocal skills must have been under considerable pressure by natural selection due to high levels of predation and low levels of visibility in their dim habitats . the lack of articulatory control , which characterizes nonhuman primates , may have favored the evolution of combinatorial signaling .\nthompson , h . s . s . 1993 . status of white - necked picathartes \u2013 another reason for the conservation of the peninsula forest , sierra leone . oryx 27 : 155 - 158 .\noates , j . f . , m . abedi - lartey , w . s . mcgraw , t . t . struhsaker and g . h . whitesides . 2000 . extinction of a west african red colobus monkey . conservation biology 14 : 1526 - 1532 .\n\u201cwak - oo\u201d calls are given to the same events as \u201chok - oo\u201d calls ( eagles , other flying animals , diana monkey eagle alarms ) , but not to neighbours .\nriede t , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2003 ) the relationship between acoustic structure and semantic information in diana monkey alarm vocalization . journal of the acoustical society of america 114 : 1132\u20131142 .\nthough some researchers have ascribed syntax to animals , it ' s never been formally demonstrated \u2013 until now .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nanstey , s . 1991 . wildlife utilization in liberia . wwf and liberian forestry development authority , uk .\ncomments : c . mona species group . mcallan and bruce ( 1989 ) argued that the original publication of this species should be : the analyst , 24 : 298 - 299 [ publ . 2 july 1838 ] . does not include lowei : see kingdon ( 1997 )\nzuberb\u00fchler , k . , no\u00eb , r . r . , & seyfarth , r . m . ( 1997 ) . diana monkey long - distance calls : messages for conspecifics and predators .\nseyfarth , r . m . , cheney , d . l . , & marler , p . ( 1980b ) . vervet monkey alarm calls : semantic communication in a free - ranging primate .\nuniversit\u00e9 de rennes 1 , laboratoire d\u2019\u00e9thologie animale et humaine , umr 6552 \u2013 c . n . r . s .\nwolf ' s monkeys occasionally raid local agricultural crops and have a potential for carrying diseases that can be contagious to humans .\nseyfarth , r . m . , cheney , d . l . , & marler , p . ( 1980a ) . monkey responses to three different alarm calls : evidence of predator classification and semantic communication .\nthe study was conducted in the ta\u00ef national park ( 5\u00b050\u2032n , 7\u00b021w ) , ivory cost , the largest remaining block of intact rainforest in west africa . data were collected between january 2006 and september 2007 on two groups of campbell ' s monkeys ( cercopithecus c . campbelli ) that were fully habituated to the presence of human observers . campbell ' s monkeys routinely form polyspecific groups with other primates , particularly diana monkeys , which whom they spend 77\u201389 % of their time during feeding , travelling and resting [ 29 ] . campbell ' s monkeys live in small one - male groups with 3\u20137 adult females with their offspring [ 23 ] . the two study groups have been followed on a regular basis since the early 1990s and all individuals can be recognised individually . we had additional access to four other groups that were partly habituated to human observers . during the study period , we observed one replacement of the single adult male in one habituated group . the new male became quickly habituated to human observers , which effectively increased the sample size of habituated individuals to n = 3 .\nwolf ' s monkeys are probably important in seed dispersal of food trees and they may contribute to pollination when they drink nectar .\nnowak , r . 1999 . walker ' s primates of the world . baltimore , maryland : the johns hopkins university press .\nthe third sequence also consisted of a pair of boom calls followed by a k + sequence ( overall median = 12 calls ; range : 9\u201316 calls ; n = 76 ) , but here the sequence was interspersed with 1\u20137 h + calls ( fig . 2 ) . this combined sequence was recorded from all four habituated males and two semihabituated groups and always in response to neighboring campbell ' s monkey groups or single stranger males , suggesting that it functioned in territorial defense . to further test this hypothesis , we investigated whether the location of call production varied in systematic ways . we predicted that sequences given in the periphery of a group ' s home range contained significantly more h + calls than sequences given in the center , which turned out to be the case ( fig . 3 ; fisher ' s exact test , p < 0 . 001 ) .\nsavill , p . s . and j . e . d . fox . 1967 . trees of sierra leone . government printers .\nin earlier work , we have shown that campbell ' s monkey males use an affixation rule to increase the size of their call repertoire . adding the suffix \u201coo\u201d to krak ( k \u2192 k + ) or hok ( h \u2192 h + ) calls altered these calls ' meanings in predictable ways ( 50 ) . here , we describe regularities at another level , i . e . , in how monkeys combined this repertoire of six call types into nine distinct call sequences ( fig . 2 ) . these call combinations were not random , but the product of a number of principles , which governed how semantic content was obtained .\nwe develop a formal semantic analysis of the alarm calls used by campbell\u2019s monkeys in the tai forest ( ivory coast ) and on tiwai island ( sierra leone ) \u2014two sites that differ in the main predators that the monkeys are exposed to ( eagles on tiwai vs . eagles and leopards in tai ) . building on data discussed in ouattara et al . ( plos one 4 ( 11 ) : e7808 ,\nmulavwa , m . 1991 . notes on the call of mona monkeys ( cercopithecus wolfi ) in the mabali forest : frequency of emission and daily activities . pp . 1 in a ehara , t kimura , o takenaka , m iwamoto , eds . primatology today proceedings of the xiii congress of the international primatological society . amsterdam : elsevier science publishers .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\ndavies , g . and b . birkenhager . 1990 . jentink\u2019s duiker in sierra leone : evidence from the freetown peninsula . oryx 24 : 143 - 146 .\nmayers , j . , s . anstey and a . peal . 1992 . liberia . pages 214 - 220 in j . a . sayer , c . s . harcourt , and n . m . collins , editors . the conservation atlas of tropical forests : africa . iucn and macmillan publishers , united kingdom .\nschel am , tranquilli s , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2009 ) the alarm call system of black - and - white colobus monkeys . j comp psychol 123 : 136\u2013150 .\n* brandon keim ' s twitter stream and reportorial outtakes ; wired science on twitter . brandon is currently working on a book about ecosystem and planetary tipping points . *\npapworth s , b\u00f6se as , barker j , zuberb\u00fchler k ( 2008 ) male blue monkeys alarm call in response to danger experienced by others . biology letters 4 : 472\u2013475 .\nlike other primates , wolf ' s monkeys also extensively use grooming for tactile social communication . the use of chemical cues , such as pheromones , is likely , but undocumented .\nare these results relevant for understanding the evolution of syntax ? as outlined before , this system pales in contrast to the communicative power of grammar ; using calls in different sequences , even highly predictable sequences , is not the same as grammar . nevertheless , the call sequences observed in this primate were not the results of individuals responding to serial or compound stimuli ( such as \u201cwater\u201d and \u201cbird\u201d combined to \u201cwaterbird\u201d ) . in campbell ' s monkeys , the different sequences were given to highly discrete external events with very little conceptual similarities .\nwe carried out long - term observations and predator model experiments to investigate how free - ranging male campbell ' s monkeys of ta\u00ef national park , ivory coast , communicated about external events . in previous research , we found that males and females produced different alarm calls that , in some cases , were combined into meaningful sequences [ 23 ] , [ 31 ] - [ 34 ] . here , we were interested in how acoustically flexible males were with some of their alarm call types , and how they applied this variation to external events . our study showed that male campbell ' s monkeys produced six different loud alarm calls in response to disturbing or dangerous events . \u201cboom\u201d calls were acoustically and contextually unique , whereas the other five calls shared a number of acoustic features . the most relevant finding was that these five calls consisted of a call stem that differed in terms of the basic frequency contours and could be followed by an optional suffix - like small and inconspicuous vocal unit , which altered the semantic content of the full call in significant and predictable ways .\nhohmann and surbeck published in 2008 that bonobos sometimes do hunt monkey species . having observed a group of bonobos in salonga national park for five years they witnessed five incidents where bonobos preyed on groups of monkeys . their research indicates it was deliberate hunting , where a group of bonobos would coordinate their actions\u2014contrary to their normal hunting behaviour , which is quite solitary and less purposeful . in three occasions the hunt was successful and infant monkeys were captured , once a redtail monkey and twice a cercopithecus wolfi . the spoils , however , were distributed quite peacefully among the members of the group . [ 17 ] [ 18 ]\nlaboratoire ethos \u201cethologie animale et humaine\u201d , u . m . r . 6552 - c . n . r . s . , universit\u00e9 de rennes 1 , station biologique , paimpont , france\nwolf ' s monkeys are frugivorous , but they supplement their diet heavily with leaves , seeds , and flowers . at salonga national park in the democratic republic of congo , wolf ' s monkeys have been recorded consuming 32 % fruit ( 4 % fleshy and 27 % arils ) , 27 % seeds , 29 % leaves , and 11 % flowers . though not a primary means of sustenance , wolf\u2019s monkeys will occasionally feed on nectars and insects if they are readily available . the principal feeding time for this species is during the early morning and early afternoon .\ncall sequences to leopards were always composed of krak ( k ) calls , sometimes combined with krak - oo ( k + ) calls ( median = 21 calls ; range : 12\u201335 ; n = 26 ; fig . 2 ) . in the sequences recorded from the three most habituated males , we found that the level of urgency was associated with a high proportion of k calls in the sequence . sequences with just k calls were given in response to real leopards and leopard models . k + calls were far more common when callers responded to leopard vocalizations or diana monkey leopard alarm calls . compared to real leopards and leopard models , k calls were given significantly less often to leopard vocalizations and diana monkey leopard alarm calls ( fisher ' s exact tests , p < 0 . 001 ; fig . 4 b ) .\nwhen comparing human language to primate communication systems , such as this one , a number of interesting similarities and fundamental differences emerge . first , male campbell ' s monkeys are limited to a relatively small range of messages that they can convey to their audience . this is partly because callers do not take full advantage of the potential of their communicative system . for example , they do not inverse the order of calls ( e . g . , ab to ba ) to generate differences in meaning , and a large number of other possible call combinations are not realized . second , human language is symbolic in the sense that signalers can inform listeners about referents that are not physically present ( 55 ) . in campbell ' s monkeys , we only observed calling in response to real life experiences , and some observations suggested that callers did not attempt to inform others . further research will have to test whether some of the observed contingencies between acoustic morphology and external events were intentionally produced or biproducts of other processes . whatever the outcome , our results demonstrate that the evolution of complex morphology has begun early in primate evolution , long before the emergence of hominids , and hence preceded the evolution of intentional communication .\nsayer , j . a . , c . s . harcourt , and n . m . collins . 1992 . the conservation atlas of tropical forests : africa . iucn and simon & schuster , cambridge .\nwhether their rudimentary syntax echoes the speech of humanity ' s evolutionary ancestors , or represents an emergence of language unrelated to our own , is unclear . either way , they ' re far more sophisticated than we thought .\noates , j . f . , gippoliti , s . & groves , c . p . ( 2008 ) . cercopithecus campbelli . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 4 january 2009 .\nguschanski , k . , krause , j . , sawyer , s . , valente , l . m . , bailey , s . , finstermeier , k . , sabin , r . , gilissen , e . , sonet , g . , nagy , z . t . , lenglet , g . , mayer , f . , & savolainen , v . ( 2013 ) . next - generation museomics disentangles one of the largest primate radiations .\nspecies and related genera . wolf ' s monkeys have ischial callosities ( callus - like areas of skin on the buttocks ) . this provides a degree of comfort while sitting on branches and night resting . these callosities are typical of the family\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\noccupies primary and secondary lowland rainforest habitats . wolf ' s monkeys are commonly found in swamp forests and secondary forests along riverbanks . they spend a majority of their time between 15 and 25 meters high in the canopy where they forage and sleep .\ngrubb , p . , t . s . jones , e . edberg , e . d . starin , j . e . hill . 1998 . mammals of ghana , sierra leone , and the gambia . tenderine press , london , uk .\nthe gambian forest contributes immensely to the gambia\u2019s economy and the social well being of gambia\u2019s population and provide several environmental services . in additional to maintaining the micro - climatic balance , the stabilisation of the river banks and providing life support systems to many other plants , animals and aquatic life , forests are important to the local communities who depend on them for food , medicines , wood products for construction and energy ( particularly to women who rely on the forests for their subsistence ) . particularly important forest products are for women .\nwolf ' s monkeys are one of the species hunted in the bushmeat market . their meat provides food to local inhabitants and a product to trade for other goods . they are also likely to play a role in the regeneration of healthy forests through seed dispersal .\nbakarr , m . i . , b . bailey , d . byler , r . ham , s . oliverieri , m . omland . 2001 . from the forest to the sea : biodiversity connections from guinea to togo . conservation international , washington d . c .\nkingdon ( 1997 ) included this taxon within his cercopithecus mona superspecies group , groves ( 2001 ) followed the same arrangement whereas grubb et al . ( 2003 ) considered it the nominate subspecies of c . campbelli . the latter treatment was followed for the 2008 red list assessment . groves ( 2005 ) classified c . lowei as a distinct species and that approach is now followed here ( mittermeier et al . 2013 ) , hence the former nominate subspecies is now the species - concept for c . campbelli . this is an updated assessment to reflect the promotion of the nominate subspecies to species - level and the inclusion of information previously contained within the former species - level assessment .\nthe four habituated males were directly observed in dense forest vegetation for a total focal duration of 43 h ( male 1 , 11 months ; male 2 , 6 months ; male 3 , 15 months ; male 4 , 2 months ) . scan animal samples ( n = 4 , 425 ) were collected every 30 min , during which we recorded ( i ) the presence of other monkey species and ( ii ) the location within the group ' s home range . we also collected ad libitum samples from all habituated and semihabituated groups during \u22482 , 000 h total contact time . this enabled us notably to report on the response of males to their main predators , leopards ( n = 3 ) and crowned eagles ( n = 11 ) .\nthe baobolon wetland reserve was designated as a ramsar site upon the gambia\u2019s ratification of the ramsar convention in 1996 . a comprehensive study of baobolon along with two additional sites , nuimi national park and the tanji wetland complex , was conducted in 1997 with a view to designating them as ramsar sites .\nstuart , s . n . , r . j . adams and m . d . jenkins . 1990 . biodiversity in sub - saharan africa and its islands : conservation , management and sustainable use . occasional papers of the iucn species survival commission no . 6 . iucn , gland , switzerland .\na first sequence , recorded from all four habituated males and one semihabituated male , consisted of k + calls only ( median = 15 calls ; range : 3\u201325 ; n = 18 ; fig . 2 ) . this sequence was rare and given to any auditory sign of a predator , typically after hearing diana monkey alarm calls ( n = 15 / 18 ) or , more rarely ( n = 3 / 18 ) , after hearing predator vocalizations , but never to any visual signs of a predator .\njenkins , m . and a . hamilton . 1992 . biological diversity . pages 26 - 32 in j . a . sayer , c . s . harcourt , and n . m . collins , editors . the conservation atlas of tropical forests : africa . iucn and macmillan publishers , united kingdom .\nvooren , f . and j . sayer . 1992 . c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire . pages 133 - 142 in j . a . sayer , c . s . harcourt , and n . m . collins , editors . the conservation atlas of tropical forests : africa . iucn and macmillan publishers , united kingdom .\nrelative distribution of different call types within predator sequences with varying levels of predator threat . ( a ) eagle , ( b ) leopard . fisher exact test ( * * * , p < 0 . 001 ) were used to compare the relative contribution of obligatory ( black ) vs . optional ( white ) call types in low threat situations ( 1 , mainly diana monkey alarms ; 2 , playback of predator vocalizations ) or high threat circumstances ( 3 , visual predator models ; 4 , real predator encounters ) .\nbefore each experiment , the following conditions had to be met : ( i ) the study group was aware of the presence of human observers for at least 30 min ; ( ii ) no alarm calls were produced for at least 30 min ; ( iii ) the predator model ( or playback speaker ) was positioned ahead of the group ' s estimated travel direction ensuring that no associated monkey species could detect it first . one observer ( k . o . ) and one field assistant were necessary for these experiments . the observer walked with the group and recorded the male ' s behavior , while the assistant operated the predator model . for eagle trials , the model or loudspeaker was positioned at an elevation of 2\u20133 m off the ground . for leopard trials , the model or loudspeaker was positioned on the ground . eagle shrieks were recorded in the study area ; leopard growls were purchased from the national sound archives , london . all acoustic stimuli were broadcast with a sony wmd6c professional walkman connected to nagra dsm speaker - amplifier with the amplitude level adjusted so that the calls sounded natural and could be clearly heard by the group .\nnot much information is known about the parental investment of wolf ' s monkeys , though it has been observed that infants will ride on the backs of their mothers for the first few months after birth . female young stay in their natal group , male young disperse from their natal group when they become independent .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nobservations were conducted in 15 - min blocks under a focal animal sampling regime ( 56 ) between 08 : 00 and 17 : 00 gmt . during each observation period , the observer ( k . o . ) recorded all loud calls produced by the focal male . the single adult male is the only one to produce loud calls in the group , so there was no risk of confusion in terms of caller identification . if the male produced a loud call , the observer determined its likely cause among the following : ( i ) predator , presence of a leopard ( panthera pardus ) or crowned eagle ( stephanoaetus coronatus ) ; ( ii ) intergroup , presence of neighboring group ( usually inferred by loud calls of their adult male ) ; ( iii ) tree / branch , crashing sound of falling tree or large branch ; ( iv ) monkey alarm , diana monkey eagle or leopard alarm calls ( 54 ) ; and ( v ) cohesion and travel , male spatially separated far from the group ( < 30\u201350 m ) or beginning of group travel after spatial separation .\none way of studying language evolution is to compare the communicative abilities of humans and animals . parallels with human language can be found at various levels , both in terms of production and comprehension . particularly relevant are cases of social influences on vocal development ( 1 ) , cases of infant babbling ( 2 ) , and other types of vocal learning ( 3 \u2013 5 ) . in some species , there is evidence for population - wide convergence effects in the form of culturally transmitted dialects [ e . g . , starlings ( 6 ) , whales ( 7 ) , and japanese macaques ( 8 ) ] . in terms of pragmatic use , there is good evidence that call production can be influenced by specific audiences ( 9 , 10 ) . in terms of comprehension , primates and possibly many other species are able to assign meaning to different calls if there is a strong relation between a call ' s acoustic morphology and its eliciting context ( 11 \u2013 14 ) . in some species , there is some evidence for hemispheric specialization when processing conspecific calls [ e . g . , horses ( 15 ) , campbell ' s monkeys ( 16 ) , rhesus macaques ( 17 ) , starlings ( 18 ) , and sea lions ( 19 ) ] .\nthe second sequence type consisted of a pair of boom calls followed by a k + sequence ( median overall = 10 calls ; range : 4\u201315 calls : n = 53 ; fig . 2 ) . this combined sequence , recorded from all four habituated males , was mainly given to falling trees or branches with no other noticeable disturbance ( 85 % ) . in the remaining cases ( 15 % ) , the sequence was given in response to fights between other monkey species in the canopy , although this usually led to branches falling as well .\nthe majority of call sequences to crowned eagles were composed of wak - oo ( w + ) and krak - oo ( k + ) calls , sometimes with the addition of hok ( h ) and hok - oo ( h + ) calls ( median = 25 calls ; range : 15 to 40 ; n = 38 ; fig . 2 ) . by analyzing in more details the sequences produced by the three most habituated males , we found that high levels of urgency were associated with a high proportion of h and h + calls in the sequence . there was a significant difference in the proportion of h and h + calls if the caller spotted a real eagle or encountered the eagle model compared to when he only heard eagle vocalizations or diana monkey eagle alarm calls ( fisher ' s exact test , p < 0 . 001 ; fig . 4 a ) .\nthis ecoregion also has a diverse fauna ( martin 1991 , happold 1996 , bakkar et al . 1999 ) . there are nearly 1 , 000 vertebrates recorded in ta\u00ef national park , and the park holds viable populations of the near - endemic pygmy hippopotamus ( hexaprotodon liberiensis , vu ) . in the order artiodactyla , two duikers , jentink\u2019s duiker ( cephalophus jentinki , vu ) and zebra duiker ( cephalophus zebra , vu ) are strictly endemic to this ecoregion . the liberian mongoose ( liberiictis kuhni , en ) is also strictly endemic , and another small carnivore , johnston\u2019s genet ( genetta johnstoni , dd ) , is known from small populations in liberia and c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire ( hayman 1958 , schlitter 1974 , taylor 1989 , 1992 ) . miller\u2019s striped mouse ( hybomys planifrons ) is the only other strictly endemic mammal , although more than 15 species of mammal are regarded as near - endemic , with all of these species shared only with the adjacent eastern guinea lowland forest and / or the guinea montane forest ecoregions .\nmammals : a list of mammals complied in the late 1960\u2019s indicated that there are 67 species of mammals but may have omitted many of the smaller rodents ( rodentia ) and bats ( chiroptera ) . the most recent assessment ( murphy , 1998 ) , puts the total number of mammals at 99 including marine mammals recorded form gambian waters .\nsome calls were given to a broad , others to a narrow range of events . crucially , \u201ckrak\u201d calls were exclusively given after detecting a leopard , suggesting that it functioned as a leopard alarm call , whereas the \u201ckrak - oo\u201d was given to almost any disturbance , suggesting it functioned as a general alert call . similarly , \u201chok\u201d calls were almost exclusively associated with the presence of a crowned eagle ( either a real eagle attack or in response to another monkey ' s eagle alarm calls ) , while \u201chok - oo\u201d calls were given to a range of disturbances within the canopy , including the presence of an eagle or a neighbouring group ( whose presence could sometimes be inferred by the vocal behaviour of the females ) . on a few occasions , \u201chok\u201d and \u201chok - oo\u201d calls were produced in response to a flying squirrel , whose silhouette somewhat resembles a flying eagle , but never to any other large bird .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin forest guenons , the single adult male of the group mainly vocalizes in response to predators and other significant external disturbances ( 5 , 48 , 53 ) . females are vocally active in social situations ( 44 \u2013 46 ) and to predators to which they produce a diverse alarm call repertoire that encodes information about predator type and level of threat ( 47 ) . whether campbell ' s monkeys produced these calls to intentionally inform others about the event they have experienced cannot be decided with our data . some observations suggest not . for example , it is puzzling that males produce loud calls in response to the thundering sound of falling trees , as all other group members will have perceived the event as well . the collapse of a large tree provides a significant danger to arboreal animals and fatalities are not unusual . thus , calling males may have the urge to advertise their uninjured state and provide an acoustic focal point for scattered or disoriented group members , rather than attempting to inform others about the danger .\nwolf ' s monkeys give birth to one offspring at a time , though twins occur rarely . most births occur from june to december when there is the greatest abundance of food . gestation length is from 160 to 170 days and the young are nursed for 3 months after birth . females produce their first young at 4 to 5 years old .\nlaboratoire ethos \u201cethologie animale et humaine\u201d , u . m . r . 6552 - c . n . r . s . , universit\u00e9 de rennes 1 , station biologique , paimpont , france , centre suisse de recherches scientifiques , abidjan , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , laboratoire de zoologie et de biologie animale , universit\u00e9 de cocody , abidjan , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire\nthe total staff demand was estimated based on the assumptions that the gfmc is implemented country - wide and that fd\u2019s administrative structure is further streamlined by putting afforestation under divisional management , abolishing the beekeeping section , up - grading training and adaptive research , merging the extension unit with the cf unit , and by transferring management responsibilities to local communities represented by forest committees .\nwe are grateful to \u201coffice ivoirien des parcs et r\u00e9serves\u201d ( oipr ) for permission to conduct research in the ta\u00ef national park . our special gratitude goes to the field assistants of the ta\u00ef monkey project for all their invaluable help during data collection and for their stamina and support during the political turmoil of the previous years . we are equally grateful to n ' goran kouakou elizer , gombert jean emile , tecumseh fitch , catherine blois - heulin , laurence henry , isabelle charrier , julia fischer and martine hausberger for various contributions , including h\u00e9l\u00e8ne bouchet , pascaline legouar , v\u00e9ronique biquand and muriel guernion for their help with the statistics .\nimpressive as that was , however , it was still relatively one - dimensional , not much different from verbalizations heard in many animal species , from other non - human primates to songbirds . the team ' s latest findings , published monday in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences , describe something far more complicated : syntax , or principles of word sequence and sentence structure .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\n) . when these birds are spotted by wolf ' s monkeys , they will sound an alarm call and retreat to the ground . though less common , leopards also pose a threat to this species . more recently , humans have become a major predator of this species for the bush meat market . in addition , their primary habitat is being destroyed at an extremely rapid pace for lumber .\nforest resources are a source of biological diversity in themselves . the forest resources are also important for the conservation of biological diversity and for overall environmental protection . a good amount of vegetative cover for the land provides a good measure against soil erosion and other forms of land degradation . the gambia\u2019s biodiversity resources are under increasing pressures and there is an alarming decline in both faunal and floral specie numbers .\nalthough private forest both natural and plantations are foreseen in the forest policy and legislation , to date only one private gmelina plantation of about 100 ha exits which was even established before the new policy was formulated . at the moment the fd\u2019s highest priority is to bring as much as possible of forest reserves under community management . considering the increasing wood demand , however the fd should pay equal attention to promotion and supporting private woodlots .\nharcourt , c . , g . davies , j . waugh , j . oates , n . coulthard , n . burgess , p . wood and p . palmer . 1992 . sierra leone . pages 244 - 250 in j . a . sayer , c . s . harcourt , and n . m . collins , editors . the conservation atlas of tropical forests : africa . iucn and macmillan publishers , united kingdom .\nbakarr , m . i . , b . bailey , m . omland , n . myers , l . hannah , c . g . mittermeier and r . a . mittermeier . 1999 . guinean forests . pages 239 \u2013 253 in r . a . mittermeier , n . myers , p . r . gil and c . g . mittermeier . hotspots : earth\u2019s biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions . toppan printing company , japan .\nbeing an arboreal quadruped , wolf ' s monkeys have forelimbs and hindlimbs that are fairly equal in length giving it an intermembral index number close to 100 . the head and body length of males varies from 445 to 511 mm with an average of 485 mm . the length of the tail in males ranges from 695 to 822 mm with an average of 779 mm . there has not been enough data collected from females to adaquetely determine these measurements .\nwe thank the office ivoirien des parcs et r\u00e9serves for permission to conduct research in the ta\u00ef national park , the field assistants of the ta\u00ef monkey project for all their invaluable help during data collection , and n . elizer , g . emile , c . blois - heulin , v . biquand , h . bouchet , j . fischer , m . hausberger , and the gis ( groupement d ' int\u00e9r\u00eat scientifique ) \u201ccerveau , comportement , soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u201d for support and discussions . this work was supported by the european commission ( sixth framework programme , what it means to be human ) , european science foundation eurocore programmes ( origin of man language and languages ) , the wissenschaftskolleg zu berlin , the french ministry of foreign affairs ( egide ) , and the centre suisse de recherches scientifiques in abidjan .\nthe wildlife conservation et , 1977 , has defined protected areas as any area of land set aside by the government for purposes of preserving and managing the habitat and ecology , including any forest park or local sanctuary . the current protected area system in the gambia comprises six national parks and nature reserves under the mandate of the department of parks and wildlife management , dpwm covering a total land area of 39 , 772 ha i . e . about 3 . 7 % of the gambia\u2019s land area .\nplantation establishment , using gmelina aborea was the main preoccupation of the department of forestry in the years between 1953 and 1985 . a total of about 13000 hectares of monoculture of gmelina aborea and very small amount of tectona grandis were planted mainly in the western division . the high cost of plantation establishment and fire protection as well as to conserve biodiversity caused the department to reconsider it\u2019s forest management priorities and potentials and since 1985 , a policy decision was reached to re - orient forestry department to focus more on natural forest management .\nperelman , p . , johnson , w . e . , roos , c . , seu\u00e1nez , h . n . , horvath , j . e . , moreira , m . a . m . , kessing , b . , ponitus , j . , roelke , m . , rumpler , y . , schneider , m . p . c . , silva , a . , o brien , s . j . , & pecon - slattery , j . ( 2011 ) . a molecular phylogeny of living primates .\nthe gambia has designated 6 protected areas for the conservation of wildlife resources . in addition to fulfilling that function , the protected areas also contain significant amounts of plant species , particularly the rare plant species . the total area under this form of land use currently stands at around 3 . 4 % of the gambia\u2019s total land area . following the ratification of the international convention on biological diversity in 1994 , the government of the gambia under the auspices of its department of parks and wildlife management elaborated the biodiversity strategy and action plan ( bsap ) . the bsap provides a coherent framework for the management of the gambia\u2019s biological resources on a sustainable basis as well as to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising . one of the policy objectives of the bsap is to increase the area under wildlife to about 5 % of the total land area of the gambia . furthermore , the policy also aims to involve local communities in the management of biological resources . the implementation of such a policy is likely to promote to the better management and enhancement of forest - based biodiversity .\nthe herpetofauna is also diverse ( welch 1982 ) , and contains a large number of endemic species . in the amphibians there are 13 strictly endemic species and a number of others shared with the eastern guinea lowland forest ecoregion . the strict endemics include the rare frog merlin\u2019s clawed frog ( pseudhymenochirus merlini ) known only from guinea and sierra leone ( chabanaud 1920 , menzies 1967 ) , and the freetown long - fingered frog ( cardioglossa aureoli ) , which is only known from the mountains close to freetown in sierra leone . other notable endemics include the tai river frog ( phrynobatrachus taiensis ) , liberian long - fingered frog ( cardioglossa liberiensis ) and ivory coast toad ( bufo danielae ) ( schi\u00f8tz 1964 , 1967 , wcmc 1994 , harcourt et al . 1992 , vooren and sayer 1992 ) . the reptile fauna is less rich in endemics , with three strictly endemic species and thirteen shared only with other ecoregions in the upper guinea forest block . the strict endemics are los archipelago worm lizard ( cynisca leonine ) , benson\u2019s mabuya ( mabuya bensonii ) and liberia worm snake ( typhlops leucostictus ) .\nlemasson ' s team previously described the monkeys ' use of calls with specific meanings in a paper published in november . it detailed the monkeys ' basic sound structures and their uses :\nhok\nfor eagle ,\nkrak\nfor leopard ,\nkrak - oo\nfor general disturbance ,\nhok - oo\nand\nwak - oo\nfor general disturbance in forest canopies . a sixth call ,\nboom ,\nwas used in non - predatory contexts , such as when calling a group together for travel or arguing with neighboring groups .\nto leopards , males sometimes produced pure k sequences ( n = 9 / 26 ) , but if k + calls were added , then typically toward the end of the sequence . we compared the number of k and k + calls in the first and second half of the sequences and found a significant difference ( fisher ' s exact test , p < 0 . 001 ) . to crowned eagles , most sequences began with a series of h ( 16 of 38 sequences ) and typically ended with a series of k + ( 36 of 38 sequences ) . this specific order probably reflected the decrease in urgency or threat perceived by the caller . if w + or h + were produced , then they appeared more or less randomly throughout the sequence without any detectable patterns , while h and k + followed the ordering outlined before . there was a significant difference between the number of h and k + at the beginning and at the end of sequences ( fisher ' s exact test , p < 0 . 001 ; n = 38 ) , which had the effect that the distribution patterns differed significantly between the four call types ( \u03c7 2 test x 2 = 311 . 3 ; dl = 21 ; p < 0 . 001 ) ."]}
{"id": 1539, "summary": [{"text": "pachypsylla is a genus of psyllids .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "each of its four species lay eggs on the leaves of the celtis occidentalis tree .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "upon hatching , the young psyllids become encased in a \" gall \" which the young leaf parts grow in response to the infestation .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "species of pachypsylla include pachypsylla celtidisgemma ( hackberry bud gall maker ) , pachypsylla celtidismamma ( hackberry nipplegall maker ) , pachypsylla celtidisvesiculum ( hackberry blistergall psyllid ) and pachypsylla venusta ( petiolegall psyllid ) . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pachypsylla", "paragraphs": ["figure 4 . petiole gall psyllid nymph , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\nwhat made you want to look up pachypsylla ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\npachypsylla venusta is a gall - forming psyllid ( insecta : hemiptera ) specializing on hackberry trees , which are widely distributed in the united states .\nfigure 2 . adult hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\ngenome size of pachypsylla venusta ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) and the ploidy of its bacteriocyte , the symbiotic host cell that harbors intracellular mu . . . - pubmed - ncbi\ngenome size of pachypsylla venusta ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) and the ploidy of its bacteriocyte , the symbiotic host cell that harbors intracellular mutualistic bacteria with the smallest cellular genome .\nfigure 3 . petiole gall psyllid nymph , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , with gall showing individual compartments . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . hackberry , celtis occidentalis l . ( celtidaceae ) , is a host for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by don hall , university of florida .\nfigure 8 . sugarberry , celtis laevigata willd . ( celtidaceae ) , is a host for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) . photograph by don hall , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . apical view of abdomen of petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , showing abdominal cutting teeth ( scanning electron micrograph ) . photograph by harvey l . cromroy , university of florida .\nfigure 5 . dorsal view of tip of abdomen of petiole gall psyllid , pachypsylla venusta ( osten - sacken ) , showing abdominal cutting teeth ( scanning electron micrograph ) . photograph by harvey l . cromroy , university of florida .\nbiosystematics of hackberry psyllids ( pachypsylla ) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids yang , m . - m . & c . mitter . 1993 . the ecology and evolution of gall - forming insects . united states dept . of agriculture .\nthe genome of the bacterial symbiont carsonella from pachypsylla venusta has been sequenced and represents one of the most extreme cases of genome reduction ever identified . at only 160 kb in size , this bacterial genome lacks many genes thought to be essential for cellular life , making this system an important model for elucidating the genomic mechanisms of host - symbiont interactions .\nyang m - m , mitter c . 1994 . biosystematics of hackberry psyllids ( pachypsylla ) and the evolution of gall and lerp formation in psyllids ( homoptera : psylloidea ) : a preliminary report . in : price pw , mattson wj , baranchikov yn . ( editors ) the ecology and evolution of gall - forming insects . u . s . d . a . forest service ( north central forest experiment station ) general technical report nc - 174 . st . paul , minnesota . pp . 172 - 185 .\ninfested hackberry trees do not seem to be harmed by these galls , but their abundance makes hackberry leaves look pretty ugly .\nin september and october , people who have hackberry trees , or live in neighborhoods where there are hackberry trees , often notice tiny greyish bugs that congregate on their homes , on window screens , front doors and siding . these insects are attracted to lights at night and , at 1 / 10\nlong , are tiny enough to pass through ordinary window screen . people describe these bugs as gnats , flies or fleas . the photo above hackberry gall psyllid on the tip of a pencil !\nthese insects are adult hackberry gall psyllids ( pronounced , sill - ids ) . another name is\nhackberry nipple gall maker\n. under magnification , they look like miniature cicadas ( what people in nebraska commonly call\nlocusts\n) , which makes perfect sense , because they are in same order ( homoptera ) as cicadas , leafhoppers and aphids .\nin the fall , these insects are looking for cracks and crevices to squeeze into so they can hibernate without succumbing to lethal temperatures . normally , they overwinter under the bark of trees , but psyllids don ' t distinguish between\ngood\nand\nbad\noverwintering locations so they also squeeze into cracks and crevices around windows , doors and siding . those that come inside are likely to die .\nhackberry psyllids are not harmful to people or pets and will not attack house plants , stored products or furnishings . they are a temporary nuisance . as temperatures get colder , their activity will decrease and hibernation will set in .\nhackberry psyllids are so annoying that people sometimes ask about spraying hackberry trees to control them . during the summer , psyllids are protected inside the gall ( photo right ) from insecticides sprayed on the leaves so foliar treatments won ' t be effective then . unfortunately , by the time psyllids emerge and start to move out of the trees , it is probably too late to achieve effective chemical control by spraying the trees .\na more effective preventative approach would be to treat trees in the spring to kill newly hatched nymphs before the onset of gall formation . but , because egg laying occurs over a period of several weeks beginning when new leaves unfold from the bud , several foliar insecticide applications would be needed . the labor involved makes this approach impractical , especially with large trees .\ntreating hackberry trees with a systemic insecticide to kill psyllids when they feed would be ideal , but this proactive approach means planning ahead . check out systemic insecticides at your home and garden store . one fairly new systemic product , bayer advanced garden tree & shrub control , contains imidacloprid which provides year - long control . it controls sucking insects , like aphids , psyllids , lacebugs and scale insects . it is even pretty easy to use . after determining the amount needed ( based on the diameter of the tree ) , just mix the liquid insecticide in water and pour around the base of the tree . when using any insecticide product , be sure to read and follow all label directions .\nspraying with insecticides is not recommended . people who are really\nbugged\nby this problem and just have to do something can try hosing down their siding with water . this is likely to drown many of the psyllids , but , as long as temperatures are warm , more may show up the next day . a fine mesh window screen ( 18 mesh ) may be small enough to prevent entry through open windows . for those insects that get inside , sucking them up with a vacuum cleaner is very effective .\nagain , once the psyllids get indoors they will die in your home - even if you do absolutely nothing .\nthis article was written by dr . barb ogg , phd , extension educator emeritus and it appeared in the nebline newsletter . the information was updated november 2015 by soni cochran , extension associate .\nnebraska extension in lancaster county is your on - line educational resource . the information on this web site is valid for residents of southeastern nebraska . it may or may not apply in your area . if you live outside southeastern nebraska , visit your local extension office\nnebraska extension in lancaster county 444 cherrycreek road , suite a , lincoln ne 68528 402 - 441 - 7180 | lancaster @ urltoken office hours are 8 a . m . - 4 : 30 p . m . , monday through friday with the exception of designated holidays . learn more about us\nin lancaster county , the 4 - h youth development program is a partnership between nebraska extension and the lancaster county government .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nbut are smaller and with wing pattern usually more diffuse . tuthill notes that the sudden narrowing midway of the ventral valve of the female genital segment is the most reliable way to distinguish the two species\nthe psyllids of america north of mexico : ( psyllidae : homoptera ) ( subfamilies psyllinae and triozinae ) tuthill , l . d . . 1943 . iowa state college journal of science 17 : 443 - 660 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nas its name implies , the hackberry petiole gall psyllid forms woody galls on the leaf petioles of its hackberry ( celtis spp . ) hosts . our native florida hackberry , celtis laevigata willd . , is called sugarberry . the petiole gall psyllid is usually not sufficiently abundant to cause serious damage to its host , but gall infested leaves are unsightly during late fall and winter .\nfigure 1 . petiole gall on sugarberry , celtis laevigata . photograph by jerry f . butler , university of florida .\nthe petiole gall psyllid is found throughout the range of its four hackberry hosts - from connecticut to idaho , southwest to arizona and southeast throughout florida .\nadult petiole gall psyllids are fairly large for psyllids ( 5 . 0 to 6 . 0 mm to tip of folded wings ) and resemble small cicadas . they are dark colored with tawny markings . the dorsum of the thorax is longitudinally striped . the forewings are whitish with black spots . the full - grown nymph has a green head with brown markings and a green thorax with four light reddish - brown longitudinal stripes . the wing pads of nymphs are brown . the abdomen is green with dark brown transverse bands .\nlast instar nymphs emerge from the galls in spring and molt to the adult stage as new leaves are opening on the host trees . the apex of the abdomen of the last instar nymph is armed with heavily sclerotized teeth which the nymph uses to cut its way out of the woody gall by wagging the tip of the abdomen .\nsubspherical galls form around the young nymphs . galls are polythalamous ( having several developing individuals in separate compartments ) with each compartment lined with wax . i have found as many as 13 nymphs per gall . nymphs develop throughout the summer and overwinter as last instars . as in the other species of gall - forming hackberry psyllids , many petiole gall psyllid nymphs are parasitized by hymenoptera larvae .\ninfested leaves die in the fall instead of undergoing abscission and do not fall from the trees . heavily infested trees are recognizable during the winter by the presence of the dead leaves after uninfested leaves have fallen from the tree .\nbecause significant damage to the tree does not result from infestation , control of hackberry petiole gall psyllids is not recommended .\ncarsonella ruddii , the endosymbiont of the hackberry petiole gall psyllid , is remarkable for having the smallest known bacterial genome with only about 160 , 000 base pairs - only about 1 / 3 the size of the next smallest genome which is found in an aphid endosymbiont , buchnera sp . ( nakabachi et al . 2006 ) .\nthere are three hymenopterous parasitoids listed from the hackberry petiole gall psyllid ( krombein et al . 1979 ) .\ntwo trees in the family celtidaceae are hosts for the hackberry petiole gall psyllid . these are hackberry , celtis occidentalis l . , and sugarberry , celtis laevigata willd .\nbaumann , p . 2006 . diversity of prokaryote - insect associations within the sternorrhyncha ( psyllids , whiteflies , aphids , mealybugs ) . in bourtzis k , miller ta ( editors ) . insect symbiosis . crc press , boca raton , florida . vol . 2 : pp . 1 - 24 .\njohnson wt . 1988 . insects that feed on trees and shrubs . 2nd edition . cornell university press . ithaca , new york . pp . 452 - 453 .\nkrombein kv , hurd jr . pd , smith dr , burks bd . 1979 . catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 1 . symphyta and apocrita ( parasitica ) . smithsonian institution press . washington , d . c . 1198 pp .\nnakabachi a , yamashita a , toh h , ishikawa h , dunbar he , moran na , hattori m . 2006 . the 160 - kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont carsonella . science 314 ( issue 5797 ) : 267 .\ntuthill ld . 1943 . the psyllids of america north of mexico ( psyllidae : homoptera ) . iowa state college journal of science . pp . 534 - 535 .\nphotographs : jerry f . butler and harvey l . cromroy , university of florida\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nlike many closely - related hemipterans such as whiteflies , aphids , and mealybugs , psyllids have a nutritionally imbalanced diet consisting primarily of plant sap . to compensate for the paucity of essential amino acids and other required nutrients in their diets , these insects have evolved ancient and intimate symbiotic relationships with intracellular bacteria that are capable of synthesizing these compounds .\na complete genome from this gall - forming psyllid will also provide a valuable resource for investigating plant - insect interactions and gall - induction .\nplease cite the following publication when using this dataset : sloan , d . b . , nakabachi , a . , richards , s . , qu , j . , murali , s . c . , gibbs , r . a . , & moran , n . a . ( 2014 ) . parallel histories of horizontal gene transfer facilitated extreme reduction of endosymbiont genomes in sap - feeding insects . molecular biology and evolution , 31 ( 4 ) , 857 - 871 . urltoken\ndata were generated by the baylor college of medicine ' s i5k pilot project .\nsequence generation for assembly . for this project we are generating fairly high coverage in a number of different insert sized libraries . the assembly strategy is based around a seed allpaths assembly ( the broad allpaths assembler ) followed by seed assembly improvement using homegrown tools , atlas - link and atlas - gapfill , which can significantly improve the results . thus we generate sequence data to enable the allpaths assembly . as of nov 2011 this is : - 40x genome coverage in 180bp insert library ( 100bp reads forward and reverse ) ; and 40x 3kb insert data . to enable better scaffolding and local gap filling we additionally generate 500bp , 1kb , 2kb , and 8kb insert sizes at > 20x coverage .\nplease cite the use of our resources : doi : 10 . 1093 / nar / gku983\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nadvanced science institute , riken , 2 - 1 hirosawa , wako , saitama 351 - 0198 , japan . bachi @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1543, "summary": [{"text": "amauroclopius ornatus is an assassin bug that is thought to prey upon bees .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "a. ornatus is associated with the cativo tree of colombia ( prioria copaifera leguminosae / caesalpinioideae ) .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "wygodzinsky reported an individual of a. ornatus to be found feeding on a bee .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "probably a. ornatus feeds upon euglossine bees , as these bees are known to use the resins of the prioria tree in their nest construction .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "other apiomerini also show these kinds of associations with bees and plant resins . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "amauroclopius ornatus", "paragraphs": ["the species seems to be associated with ponerobia bipustulata and amauroclopius ornatus as all three were found on the same tree ( prioria copaifera ) .\nno one has contributed data records for amauroclopius yet . learn how to contribute .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe genus consists of two described species , both of which are found in south america .\nbeharus is a monotypic genus of assassin bugs belonging to the family reduviidae . its one species , b . cylindripes , is found in south america , though not restricted to the amazon basin .\nthis page was last modified on 29 march 2013 , at 08 : 33 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
{"id": 1544, "summary": [{"text": "melanothrix semperi is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by rothschild in 1917 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the philippines ( mindanao ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wings of the adults are similar to melanothrix nymphaliaria , but are less black .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the abdomen is yellow with black transverse bands . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "melanothrix semperi", "paragraphs": ["biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nrisiocnemis seidenschwarzi is a species of damselfly in the family platycnemididae and the only known species in the genus risiocnemis .\nobenbergerula is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles .\nthe seashore earwig ( anisolabis littorea ) is a species of earwig in the family anisolabididae .\nnicrophorus apo is a species of burying beetle found in mindanao in the philippines .\ntrigonopterus palawanensis is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from the philippines .\northetrum serapia known as the green skimmer is a freshwater dragonfly in the libellulidae family .\nstatilia apicalis is a far - ranging species of mantis found in asia , africa , and oceania .\ntenodera angustipennis is a species of mantis native to asia and nearby areas of oceania .\nconlephasma enigma is a wingless , ground - dwelling species of stick insect in the genus conlephasma , and is found on mount halcon , on the philippine island of mindoro .\nlumawigia is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles .\nderoplatys philippinica , common name philippines dead leaf mantis , is a species of dead leaf mantis from the philippines .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1546, "summary": [{"text": "turneria frenchi is a species of ant in the genus turneria .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "described by forel in 1911 , it is endemic to australia , but original specimens of the ant have been lost , and its placement in a genus has been in question .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the ant has been transferred various times , notably being transferred to stigmacros in 1990 but then put back into turneria in 1992 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "turneria frenchi", "paragraphs": ["tree of life web project . 2004 . turneria . version 06 september 2004 ( temporary ) .\ncombination in stigmacros : shattuck , 1990 pdf : 105 ; in turneria : taylor , 1992a pdf : 67 .\nturneria is a genus of ants that belongs to the subfamily dolichoderinae . known from australia , they form small colonies of fewer than 500 workers , and nest in trees and twigs .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 1\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nall taxa currently being used ( valid names ) , both living and fossil .\ninvalid taxa , those not currently being used ( includes synonymys , etc . )\nthe following 200 pages are in this category , out of 22 , 524 total .\nthis page was last modified on 4 july 2011 , at 05 : 43 ."]}
{"id": 1548, "summary": [{"text": "anacampsis sacramenta is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by keifer in 1933 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "anacampsis sacramenta", "paragraphs": ["anacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362\nanacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65\ngelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nanacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,\ne . e . a . de cuba\nanacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\nanacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\n820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nchlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine\ncrypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nlarva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30\nlita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ngelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega\n= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121\ngelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ngelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1553, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia multistrigata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is widespread in the western united states , including alberta , arizona , california , colorado , idaho , montana , nevada , new mexico , oregon , saskatchewan , utah , washington and wyoming .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "eupithecia multistrigata", "paragraphs": ["a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris , c . d . , 2018 . geometridae : larentiinae : eupitheciini ( part ) . lepidoptera of north america , part 14 . contributions of the c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university ( over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 33 . 26m ; p . 230 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nscoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by robert a . martin on 8 november , 2012 - 1 : 45pm last updated 9 november , 2012 - 10 : 13pm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted ."]}
{"id": 1558, "summary": [{"text": "moses ( 1819 \u2013 after 1830 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from april 1822 to may 1823 he ran five times and won four races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1822 , when three years old , he won all three of his races and became the second of six colts owned by members of the british royal family to win the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "his subsequent career was restricted by injuries and he was retired after sustaining his only defeat .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he had limited success as a sire of winners and was exported to germany in 1830 . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "moses ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for almighty moses . almighty moses is a gelding born in 2011 august 31 by god ' s own out of centoria\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for moses ( nzl ) . moses ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2013 november 15 by zacinto out of bering island\nthe horse will not appreciate the cast and will goose step once it is applied . every effort should be made to keep the animal quiet and calm while moving into the trailer . the horse can throw a cast quite easily if not secured properly or allowed to panic . move the trailer to the horse rather than the horse to the trailer . use chest and butt bars to immobilize the horse once trailered . distraction can be provided with treats or feed . discuss transportation of the horse with the veterinarian .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\n10021 baseline rd e ( 685 . 57 mi ) moses lake , washington 98837\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\nmighty moses candy ride ( arg ) / trusten , by mt . livermore - 2013\nmoses austin\u2019s tomb . the tomb of moses austin and his wife maria brown austin is located at the presbyterian church in potosi , missouri . [ courtesy of library of congress ]\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\ntiata burns is a certified horse association master instructor in western english and jumping . she h . . .\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nthe battle for moses austin here is a link to the texas state cemetery\u2019s account of the battle between the officials of potosi , missouri , and the state of texas over the remains of moses austin .\nclover a motherly horse who silently questions some of napoleon ' s decisions and tries to help boxer after his collapse .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\n\u201cno country yet known furnishes greater indications of an inexhaustible quantity of lead mineral , and so easily obtained . \u201d\u2014moses austin\nmoses a tame raven and sometimes - pet of jones who tells the animals stories about a paradise called sugarcandy mountain .\nthe current race record for almighty moses is 0 wins from 25 starts with prizemoney of $ 27 , 135 . 00 .\n\u201cto remain in a country where i had enjoyed wealth in a state of poverty i could not submit to . \u201d\u2014moses austin\n\u201ctell dear stephen that it is his dieing fathers last request to prosecute the enterprise he had commenced . . . \u201d\u2014moses austin\nmoses : i lived through the outbreak . thank god i did not get infected . but i had some terrible moments .\non 7 may the prince received a forfeit when mr wilson withdrew his horse seedling from a three - mile match against the derby winner .\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\nboxer a dedicated but dimwitted horse who aids in the building of the windmill but is sold to a glue - boiler after collapsing from exhaustion .\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nthe current race record for moses ( nzl ) is 0 wins from 6 starts with prizemoney of $ 2 , 100 . 00 .\n\u201cnotwithstanding the unpleasent situation i was in , i could not but be charmed with the country i had pass . d . \u201d\u2014moses austin\nmoses austin land survey . moses austin received land next to mine \u00e1 breton from the spanish government in 1800 . the town and austin\u2019s land can be seen in this survey by u . s . surveyor general antoine soulard . [ courtesy of the missouri state archives ]\nmoses : dr . dada , dr . brisbane , dr . borbor . everyone that i look up to , they all died .\nsubtitle : although many people lost their lives to ebola , dr . moses and his team saved 236 lives in only two months .\nmollie a vain horse who prefers ribbons and sugar over ideas and rebellion . she is eventually lured off the farm with promises of a comfortable life .\nstadtholder ( gb ) ch c 1742 ( roundhead - young nanny , by hartley ' s blind horse ) . sire line darley arabian . family 41 .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nmoses austin & co . on march 28 , 1812 , moses austin advertised in the missouri gazette that his partnership with john rice jones was ending and all of their merchandise was for sale . [ st . louis missouri gazette , march 28 , 1812 , page 3 , column 2 ]\n_ _ _ _ . moses austin : his life . san antonio : trinity university press , 1987 . [ ref f508 . 1 au772g ]\na new book , anthony flint ' s wrestling with moses , documents in fascinating detail this struggle , which has even been turned into a new children ' s book entitled genius of common sense . interestingly , jacobs ' s own book about urban planning , the death and life of great american cities ( 1961 ) , only makes passing reference to moses , even if moses did think those few remarks libellous . so why the prizefight ?\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\ngardner , james alexander . lead king : moses austin . st . louis : sunrise publishing co . , 1980 . [ ref f508 . 1 au772 ]\nsubtitle : dr . moses didn ' t only lose patients to ebola . his mentors , colleagues and good friends also lost their lives to this disease .\nsir thomas had four engagements at newmarket in the spring of 1790 . on 19 april he was defeated in a 500 guinea match race against mr wentworth ' s horse gustavus .\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\njacobs checked moses ' s mad worship of the car and his despotic excesses . but in a world of faux cobblestones , pedestrian zones and hanging baskets , aren ' t we a little nostalgic for moses ' s obsessive audacity - for an era when planners could transcend the nimbies to execute grand gestures in the public interest ?\nazuz : a horse and its rider recently survived a 300 - foot fall from a trail in california . neither was seriously injured , but they both became trapped in a deep raven . after airlifting the rider to the hospital , rescuers did the same favor for the animal . look at this , it ' s a flying horse . it was blindfolded and sedated and then flown to a highway in a harness . from there , the horse , which reportedly only had some cuts and scratches was loaded to a trail and eventually returned home .\ndurham hall . moses austin named his new home after his birthplace in durham , connecticut . [ the state historical society of missouri , photograph collection ( 027100 ) ]\nchedworths moses ( gb ) b . h , 1746 { } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nmorris , tony ; randall , john ( 1990 ) . horse racing : records , facts , champions ( third edition ) . guinness publishing . isbn 0 - 85112 - 902 - 1 .\nwrestling with moses is published by random house . genius of common sense , by glenna lang and marjory wunsch , is released in the uk by david r godine in october .\nmoses ( gb ) b . h , 1819 { 5 - b } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nhaxalls moses ( usa ) b . h , 1816 { 12 - b } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nsweepstakes ( gb ) [ bolton ] ch c 1722 ( bloody shouldered arabian - snell ' s mare , by gase ' s horse - mare , by lister turk ) . sire line bloody shouldered arabian .\ngardner , james a . , papers , c . 1910 , 1930s\u20131980s ( sunp2917 ) this collection contains research notes and an unpublished version of historian james a . gardner\u2019s biography of moses austin .\npark , guy brasfield ( 1872 - 1946 ) , papers , 1932 - 1937 ( c0008 ) folder 2086 contains a number of historical summaries of missourians important to texas , including moses austin .\nmoses and stephen f . austin papers , 1676 , 1765 - 1889 this website provides a description of the austin papers at the briscoe center for american history , university of texas at austin .\nin the power broker , his 1974 biography of moses , anthony caro makes him seem as fascinating a character as the devil himself , while one might also glean from flint ' s book that moses was a second stalin who would have liked to relocate all those he had the power to evict to a gulag in queens . in slashing through the most rundown areas , moses most often displaced the poor ; critics described slum clearance as\nnegro removal\n, and dismissed the modernist towers surrounded by parks that re - housed those who were relocated as\nghettos - within - ghettos\n.\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\nmoses austin was an american merchant and lead miner who brought national attention to america\u2019s mineral wealth . he built communities on the frontiers of virginia and missouri , and laid plans for the colonization of texas .\ngracy , david b . , ii . \u201cmoses austin . \u201d our heritage . v . 22 , no . 1 ( october 1980 ) , pp . 5\u201311 . [ ref 929 . 3 t312sag ]\nalthough cameronian was found to be running a temperature after the race he soon recovered . his connections were unable to explain his poor effort , with darling explicitly ruling out the possibility of the horse having been\ngot at\n.\nwashington county ( mo . ) . probate records , 1813 - 1886 ( r0632 ) volume 1 in this set contains information on several court cases related to settling the estate of moses austin after his death .\ngold medalist tendai zimuto strides home while silver medalist moses tarakinyu ( 1903 ) overtakes lesotho\u2019s mapasela mahloko as they dash for the finish line in the 5 , 000m race . in the background is the cheering crowd\nthe race of the day was the 5 , 000m men final as it provided some spectacular competition that saw the zimbabwean duo of tendai zimuto and moses tarakinyu coming first and second respectively . zimuto clocked 15min , 19 : 61sec , while his fellow countryman moses tarakinyu who was third until the last 100metres as he made a sprint of his life , crossed the line in 15min , 21 : 69seconds to claim silver .\nmoses austin never fully recovered from his bout with pneumonia . he overworked himself trying to settle his financial affairs and became so ill that he could not even dismount his horse by himself during a trip to emily\u2019s house . austin was bedridden for several days , and on his deathbed , passed the responsibility of colonizing texas to his son , stephen f . austin , who is remembered today as \u201cthe father of texas . \u201d on june 10 , 1821 , moses austin died . he was still $ 15 , 000 in debt . maria lived in poverty in herculaneum until her death three years later . emily had their bodies moved to potosi in 1831 .\nmoses and his brother bought the land around their mine in order to expand the business , built a town for their workers called austinville , and spent a lot on transportation improvements . this expansion caused debt , which worsened when the virginia capitol roofing project failed . in 1794 they tried to sell the mine but could not find a buyer . around this time , moses read an account of the vast mining potential of spain\u2019s\n\u201c . . . we have reason to flatter ourselves that not only the interest of this state but the united states in general . . . is interested in the success of our undertaking . \u201d\u2014moses and stephen austin\n_ _ _ _ . \u201cmoses austin and the development of the missouri lead industry . \u201d gateway heritage . v . 1 , no . 4 ( spring 1981 ) , pp . 42\u201348 . [ ref f550 m69gh ]\nin september , the duchess ran without success at the st leger meeting . she was the only horse to oppose blacklock in the doncaster stakes and the doncaster club stakes but was beaten by the younger horse in both races . in the four mile doncaster cup she started favourite but finished fourth of the six runners behind rasping . [ 21 ] for the third consecutive year she ended her season at richmond where she finished third to doctor syntax and juggler in the gold cup . [ 22 ]\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nthe state of texas recognizes moses austin as an important historical figure . when a texan undertaker was sent to relocate austin\u2019s body to the texas state cemetery in 1938 , the local government of potosi stopped him . after a legal battle over austin\u2019s remains , the state of texas decided instead to honor austin with a statue in san antonio the next year . moses austin\u2019s grave site in potosi remains near the spot where his majestic durham hall once stood .\nas a merchant , moses austin learned how to judge the value of trade items and began the lifelong practice of buying and selling on credit , since cash was often hard to come by at this time . in 1783 moses started a shop near stephen\u2019s business in philadelphia . there he fell in love with mary brown ( whom he called maria ) and married her on september 28 , 1785 , after opening a branch of his business in richmond , virginia .\nas austin\u2019s finances collapsed and his social standing declined , he made plans to leave missouri . on may 12 , 1820 , austin sold his lead - shot facility in herculaneum for $ 2 , 000 and used the money for a trip to the spanish territory of texas . after making preparations for several months in arkansas with stephen f . , moses borrowed a horse and departed in october for texas with richmond , one of stephen f . \u2019s slaves . they arrived in late december .\nwere abandoned on the day before the race , despite the fact that he had been performing well in exercise . some reports claim the colt\nwent amiss\n, while others state that batson was unwilling to risk his horse on the prevailing hard ground .\nin 1789 moses and stephen became partners in a mine on the virginia frontier . initially , they were greatly successful . they convinced the u . s . congress to raise a tax on lead imported from foreign countries , which encouraged people to buy american lead . they also were paid to put a lead roof on the virginia state capitol building . more good news came in 1793 when stephen f . austin , moses\u2019s son and brother stephen\u2019s namesake , was born .\nsir thomas ' s final appearance came on 10 may when he ran in a 50 guinea sweepstakes\nfrom the end of the rowley mile to the end of the beacon corse\n. he finished fourth of the five runners behind mr dawson ' s horse coriander .\naustin attempted to remedy his financial problems by leasing a large number of slaves to work in the mines , but this proved too costly and only caused more debt . moses tried placing stephen f . in charge of the mine , but it did not help . as a final attempt to change their fortunes , moses and his son stephen f . helped start a new bank , called the bank of st . louis . their finances were utterly ruined when the bank failed during the\nmoses austin was born in durham , connecticut , on october 4 , 1761 . he was the youngest of nine children born to elias austin and eunice phelps austin . as a child , moses attended durham\u2019s small community schoolhouse . although his formal education was limited , he developed a love of books . both of his parents died by the time he was fifteen . afterward , austin moved to middletown , connecticut , where his brother stephen gave him a loan to start a merchant shop .\nuntil 1913 , there was no requirement for british racehorses to have official names , [ 3 ] and the horse who later became known as the duchess competed in 1811 as mr . w . wilson ' s b . f . by cardinal york , dam by beningbrough .\nproperty for sale in september 1820 , moses austin sold the mine \u00e1 breton tract , including his large estate , in order to pay off his debts . [ st . louis missouri gazette , september 20 , 1820 , page 3 , column 6 ]\nthe following is a selected list of books , articles , and manuscripts about moses austin in the research centers of the state historical society of missouri . the society\u2019s call numbers follow the citations in brackets . all links will open in a new tab .\ngarraty , john a . , and mark c . carnes , eds . \u201cmoses austin . \u201d american national biography , v . 1 . new york : oxford university press , 1999 . pp . 766\u201367 . [ ref 920 am37 v . 1 ]\nphillips , charles , and alan axelrod , eds . \u201cmoses austin . \u201d encyclopedia of the american west , v . 1 . new york : simon & schuster macmillan , 1996 . p . 117 . [ ref 978 p541 1996 v . 1 ]\nwhen jacobs joined this community action as a mere foot soldier , she hadn ' t yet become a public figure , but moses ' s power and influence were already in retreat . in 1960 he resigned as parks commissioner , construction coordinator and chairman of slum clearance to become chief executive of the 1964 world ' s fair . for obvious dramatic reasons , flint is keen for moses to appear as\nthe man behind the curtain\n, the wizard that jacobs rendered impotent in her later campaigns . in truth , her real bogey - figures were two earlier planning theorists , ebenezer howard and le corbusier . they were the two men who had , she felt , many years earlier set the flawed agenda for city planning that paternalists such as moses were now imposing all over america .\nshortly after austin returned to virginia in march 1797 , the price of lead dropped by about half because the congress lowered its tax on foreign lead . moses dropped out of his partnership with stephen , who went bankrupt , and the two had a major falling out over money . after moses received permission from the spanish , he left for missouri in june 1798 with a small group of men , women , children , and slaves . after a trip fraught with illness and death , they reached mine \u00e1 breton in october .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\nin the past , a horse with a broken leg was a dead horse . even though fracture repair surgery has long been possible and is internally very similar to the techniques used in humans and domestic animals , the successful healing of fractures in horses is heavily dependant upon the stabilization done in the field and the ability to immobilize the limb after surgery . great strides have made in the post - surgical immobilization of fractures meaning more and more horses are able to survive leg fractures , but the owner must take certain crucial steps before surgery is attempted to ensure that repair is a possibility .\nsir thomas reappeared as a four - year - old in the jockey stakes over the four - mile beacon course at newmarket on 28 april . eleven of the thirteen entries were withdrawn and sir thomas won at odds of 1 / 10 from his only remaining opponent , lord derby ' s horse director .\nseymour ( gb ) b c 1807 ( delpini - bay javelin , by javelin ) . sire line highflyer . family 3 - a . bred by the duke of hamilton he sired the second dam of the derby winner amato ( br c 1835 velocipede ) . although the derby winner moses ( b c 1819 ) is generally assumed to have been sired by seymour , the second covering stallion , moses was advertised in the racing calendar as\ngot by whalebone , his dam by gohanna , out of grey skim\n[ weatherby ' s 1824 : 502 ] .\non the way back , austin discovered that a fellow traveler , jacob kirkham , was trading in illegal livestock . kirkham then stranded moses and richmond in the wilderness without horses or supplies . that night , austin survived an attack by a wild panther , but both he and richmond caught\nthe horse must be calmed before any assessment or treatment of the injury can or should be attempted . a thrashing animal is not only very dangerous to handlers ; it may cause more damage to the fracture which may make healing more difficult . the veterinarian will administer tranquilizers and pain medications to facilitate examination and splinting .\nbreeder : william haxall state bred : va officially registered as\nmoses ( haxwell ' s )\n. his sire\nsir harry\nwas bred by mr . cookson , g . b . and he was sent to virginia , u . s . a . in 1804 . ( close )\ngeorge washington carver was born in kansas territory near diamond grove , missouri , during the bloody struggle between free - soilers and slaveholders . his father , a slave on a nearby farm , was killed shortly before carver was born . carver himself became the kidnap victim of night riders while still a baby . with his mother and brother , james , he was held for ransom . before they were rescued , his mother died . moses carver , a german farmer , ransomed ( traded ) the infant carver for a $ 300 race - horse . thus he was orphaned and left in the custody of a white guardian from early childhood .\naustin , moses . a memorandum of m . austin\u2019s journey from the lead mines in county of wythe in the state of virginia to the lead mines in the province of louisiana west of the mississippi , 1796 - 1797 . n . p . , 1900 . [ ref f516 . 1 au77 1900 ]\nmighty moses ( usa ) ch . c , 2013 { 8 - c } dp = 3 - 2 - 6 - 1 - 0 ( 12 ) di = 2 . 00 cd = 0 . 58 - 11 starts , 2 wins , 4 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 146 , 150\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud\u2019s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\nbuehler , h . a . , \u201cthe wythe lead mines , \u201d 1917 ( c2092 ) this manuscript submitted to the missouri historical review gives biographical information about the men , such as moses austin and his brother stephen , who owned or operated the wythe lead mines in wythe county , virginia , between 1750 and 1812 .\nbreckenridge , clarence edward ( 1877 - 1963 ) , papers , 1897 - 1960 ( c1037 ) folder 10 in this collection contains a speech delivered on march 21 , 1949 , before the u . s . house of representatives by a . s . j . carnahan , entitled \u201cmoses austin and the lure of lead . \u201d\nit was only when moses tried to bring light and air into the city that he was charged with elitism . like jacobs , he wanted to democratise space - it was just his techniques that were different . he compared himself to baron haussmann , whose\ndictatorial talents enabled him to accomplish a vast amount in a very short time , but also made him many enemies , for he was in the habit of riding roughshod over all opposition\n. like haussmann , moses thought the end always justified the means , that the old should make way for the new , that the medieval warren should make way for glorious parks , apartment buildings and boulevards .\nseverely disrupted business on the western frontier as well . in 1812 the mine produced about half of its 1808 total . when maria , brown , and emily ran out of money on a trip to philadelphia in 1811 , they had to live off the charity of others for two years because moses could not afford to bring them home .\nour signature program , united neigh , addresses the high school graduation rate of at - risk youth in the lynchburg area . participants follow a program that instills self - confidence , a strong sense of personal responsibility , recognition of the value of teamwork , civic responsibility , and real - life workplace skills . this is accomplished through a bond of trust with a horse whose background is , too often , just as painful as their own . tutors are available each session to work with the youth on their schoolwork . a rule of the program is that horse work always comes second to school work . to date we have a 100 % high school graduation rate among its participants , and most impressive a 100 % rate of the participants continuing their education .\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\nmissouri , ste . genevieve . archives , 1756 - 1930 ( c3636 ) folder 113 contains images of legal paperwork referring to james bryan\u2019s ( moses austin\u2019s son - in - law ) administration of austin\u2019s estate after his death . folder 304 contains legal papers and handwritten letters from austin regarding lawsuits with matthew mullins , robert greer , and bartholemew butcher and michel butcher .\njacobs , a journalist for the now - defunct\narchitectural forum\n, was the most vocal critic of the planning philosophy to which moses adhered in his prolific 34 - year career , and she successfully fought such schemes as his lower manhattan expressway , that would have put a 10 - lane straight line across greenwich village , soho , little italy , chinatown and the lower east side . but their paths crossed only once , in 1958 , at a board of estimates hearing to decide the fate of washington square park . moses wanted to extend fifth avenue through the square , ostensibly to ease congestion in greenwich village ' s dense maze of streets , but also to reward developers building on 10 blocks he ' d razed to the south .\nthe contemporary turf observer , the druid , noted ,\nthis horse [ camel ] was as good as an annuity of 800 pounds [ sterling ] to mr . theobald [ his second owner ] for several seasons after the performances of touchstone had brought him so prominently into notice . . .\nwhile in the possession of egremont , he spent the 1830 season at the grosvenor eaton stud , which was when he got touchstone on banter . after that , he was sold to william theobald , and stood thereafter at theobald ' s stockwell stud near clapham . next to touchstone , camel ' s best son was launcelot , a full brother to touchstone , who won the champagne stakes at age 2 and at age three placed second for the epsom derby and then went on to win the st . leger , narrowly beating the better horse , maroon .\nour programs are growing , as there is a great need for both horse rescue and therapeutic riding opportunities . it is because of you that we are successful ! please take the time to look through our website to see all the things we are doing ! if you want to support us and become a part of the brook hill family , click here to find out how you can help us continue to help both horses and people !\nstamford ( gb ) br c 1794 ( sir peter teazle - horatia , by eclipse ) . sire line highflyer . family 30 . bred by sir frank standish he won the doncaster cup in in 1797 and 1798 and the royal plate at york in in 1799 . described as a compact horse with much quality he sired viscount ( gr c 1809 ) , young wryneck ( ch f 1809 ) and mother goose ( ch f 1805 ) .\nin may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred racing experts asking them to name the ten best horses of the 19th century . in july of that year the results of the poll were published as a ranking list . although his racing career had ended more than fifty years earlier , plenipotentiary was ranked eighteenth , having been placed in the top ten by fifteen of the voters . he was the second highest - placed horse of the 1830s behind\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o\u2019brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .\nsterling ( gb ) b c 1868 ( oxford - whisper , by flatcatcher ) . sire line sterling . family 12 - a . considered to be a game , determined horse he won the liverpool cup . he retired to the yardley stud where he was among the top twenty champion sires four times . he sired the derby winner harvester ( br c 1881 ) , and three two thousand guineas winners : enterprise ( ch c 1884 ) , enthusiast ( ch c 1886 ) and paradox ( b c 1882 ) .\njacobs ' s children often played in the historic park and joined the battle to preserve it : they proved effective at collecting signatures , and were sometimes outfitted with sandwich boards that proclaimed ,\nsave the square !\n( which had a double meaning in the hip village ) . not used to defeat , moses stormed out of the hearing shouting furiously :\nthere is nobody against this - nobody , nobody , nobody but a bunch of , a bunch of mothers .\nsir thomas ( 1785 \u2013 after 1790 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse . in a career that lasted from october 1787 to may 1790 he ran thirteen or fourteen times and won nine or ten races . in 1788 he became the first horse owned by a member of the british royal family to win the epsom derby , having been bought as a two - year - old by the prince of wales who later became king george iv . following his win in the derby , sir thomas raced in the prince ' s ownership with some success until 1790 .\ngalileo\u2019s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .\naustin\u2019s inability to pay his enormous debts led to a wave of lawsuits from his creditors . he became so desperate for money that he was willing to sell mine \u00e1 breton for less than one - third of its market value , but still could not find a buyer . on march 11 , 1820 , moses austin was arrested and put in jail for failing to pay his debts . ten days later , mine \u00e1 breton was seized by the government ; eventually it was sold to settle a portion of austin\u2019s debt .\nmy perfect home : moses is an adorable yearling and is enjoying life at the ispca national animal centre . he loves attention and is looks forward to his daily handling . the ispca equine staff have been doing lots of ground work with him and he is turning into a lovely confident young boy . he is a quick learner and in the right experienced home he will be a real gem . he will require a 1 - 2 acre paddock with secure fencing and access to a stable or field shelter . my story : moses was rescued from ballinasloe horse fair in 2016 by ispca inspectors . he was malnourished and full of worms but once he was treated for parasites , he soon put on condition with a good nutritious diet and he started to improve right away . he was very badly handled , fearful of people and very head shy . the kind volunteers and staff at the national animal centre showed him the kindness he deserved and handled him every day and he slowly became to trust humans again . he spends his days with his other yearling buddies in the field and yard getting up to mischief . he is a different boy now and trots over to greet new visitors . we are delighted he made a full recovery and has firmly put his past behind him . contact us : we match each equine with a suitable new home where they will be loved and cared for , for the rest of their lives . all equines are vaccinated , micro - chipped and have a passport . stallions and colts are gelded before rehoming . for more information please call 0433325035 or fill out our rehoming form at the following link urltoken\nmoses austin was an important businessman and community builder on america\u2019s frontier . he helped found austinville in virginia , and washington county and the cities of potosi and herculaneum in missouri . he improved transportation , trade links , and mining methods in these areas , and brought national attention to their mineral wealth . he also started the process of the colonization of texas . many americans moved to texas after austin received permission to colonize , and the territory ended up declaring its independence from mexico in 1836 . nine years later , texas became the twenty - eighth state of the united states .\nstate historical society of missouri , typescript collection ( c0995 ) item # 2 in this collection contains a speech delivered before the annual meeting of the texas agricultural workers\u2019 association , which gives a brief history of the austin family . item # 147 references major events in the life of the austin family . item # 393 contains a short summary of austin\u2019s life from a speech made at the dedication of the austin - pitcairn roadside park near festus , missouri . item # 447 contains the henry r . schoolcraft papers , which includes schoolcraft\u2019s correspondence with moses and stephen f . austin .\nsnail ( gb ) [ wharton ' s or old ] c 17120c ( whynot - mare , by wilkinson ' s arabian ) . sire line fenwick barb . family 43 . he was first called old smales but his name was corrected in an old match book and the name snail is used in other pedigrees . he ran in 1718 for the duke of wharton without apparent success and he may have raced earlier for mr blacket . he sired young kitty burdett ( b f 1720 ) , milkmaid ( b f 1720 ) and the 4th dam of pharoah * ( b c 1753 chedworth ' s moses ) .\nswordsman ( ire ) b c 1796 ( prizefighter - zara , by eclipse ) . sire line king herod . family 2 - b . owned by mr whaley he was said to have comparable shape , bone , sinew and strength to any horse in ireland . standing 15 hands 3 inches his beauty was matched by his turf performance . he won seven king ' s plates , a sweepstakes and a match . he covered at the curragh for a fee of six guineas for blood mares . he sired medora ( b f 1813 ) the dam of the st leger winner rockingham ( b c 1830 humphrey clinker ) and the chester cup winner the cardinal ( br c 1827 waxy pope ) .\nspark ( gb ) [ old ] c 1700c ( honeycomb punch - wilkes ' old mare , by hautboy ) . sire line taffolet barb . family 11 . the general stud book notes that his dam , hautboy mare , may be grey wilkes [ gsb 1 : 383 ] , making him a half - brother to old country wench ( gr f 1712c snake ) and her sisters . this is confirmed by heber , who says :\nspark , son of the famous honeycomb punch , and out of the robinson hautboy mare , bred by mr wilks , and was the dam of the dam of regulus\n[ heber 1754 : 238 ] . he may have been the same horse as frampton ' s spark . the earl of bristol recorded in his diary that his famous horse wenn beat mr frampton ' s sparke on may 8 , 1708 [ royal studs : 207 ] . along with several useful daughters , he got offspring from sister to hanniball for cuthbert routh from 1723 to 1729 . spark mare was the 2nd dam of sampson ( b c 1745 blaze ) . another spark mare was the 2nd dam of * spark ( c 1733c aleppo ) , who was sent to america where he was a useful stallion at the stud of benjamin tasker in maryland . and yet another spark mare was the dam of the smiling ball colt , who sired bald partner ( ch c 1743 ) .\nin 2007 , a triumvirate of revisionist exhibitions tried to remind us that moses , for all his many power - crazed faults , was once a popular figure . he was pugnacious and intransigent , but he was a bully , at least at first , for the people , using his power to bulldoze through the golf courses and country estates of the wealthy so that anyone would have easy access to the parks and beaches he created . flint tallies his impressive achievements :\n13 bridges , two tunnels , 637 miles of highways , 658 playgrounds , ten giant public swimming pools , 17 state parks , and dozens of new or renovated city parks\n.\nspark ( gb ) [ tasker ' s ] c 1733c ( aleppo - sister to look - about - you , by bartlet ' s childers ) . sire line darley arabian . family 28 . bred by charles , 2nd lord tankerville , in northumberland , and later owned by charles fleetwood , of middlesex . the latter presented him to frederick , prince of wales , who in turn presented him to charles , 5th lord baltimore . imported in 1747 by benjamin tasker , he was the first english horse to reside in maryland . he stood at tasker ' s belair stud until his death in 1756 . he sired the full siblings hopper ' s pacolet ( gr c 1750c ) and gantt ' s mille ( f 1752c ) .\non december 8 , 1796 , moses austin and one of his workers set out on a two - thousand - mile round - trip journey through pristine wilderness to what is now southeast missouri . as they approached the mississippi river , they got lost in a huge snowstorm , ran out of food , and ended up sixty miles off course . in missouri , austin met john rice jones , an american who became his business partner and translator to the territory\u2019s french population , and commandant fran\u00e7ois vall\u00e9 of ste . genevieve , another future business partner , who led austin to a place with exceptionally rich lead deposits called mine \u00e1 breton . austin soon made a formal request for this land to the spanish government .\nlap - dog ' s brother , spaniel ( 1828 ) , resembled his sire , whalebone , in that he was a small , long horse . he was a weedy youngster , and was sold to lord lowther for 150 guineas as a yearling and placed in training with joe rogers . he debuted at newmarket in a sweepstakes over the two year old course ( almost 3 / 4 of a mile ) for juveniles , and ran second to zany in a field of seven . he failed to place in newmarket ' s july stakes , and in a \u00a350 juvenile race in october , both also over the tyc , and then ran third the nursery stakes ( carrying 7 st . - 12 lb to the 8 stone plus carried by the other four runners ) over the ditch mile in october .\nan early close friend of carver was henry a . wallace ; the pair knew each other for forty - seven years . wallace said that carver often took him on botanical ( relating to plants ) expeditions , and it was he who first introduced wallace to the mysteries of plant fertilizers . carver was a shy and modest bachelor , an unmarried man . an attack of whooping cough ( a contagious disease that attacks the respiratory system ) as a child had permanently caused him to have a high - pitched tenor voice . he considered it a high duty to attend classes and was seldom absent . in 1908 he returned to the west to visit his ninety - six - year - old guardian , moses carver , and to visit the grave of his brother , james , in missouri .\nbrook hill is unique as it combines horse rescue and rehabilitation with a therapeutic riding program . as a fully accredited member of the global federation of animal sanctuaries , we have rescued and rehabilitated over 450 horses since our inception in 2001 . more than half of those rescued and rehabilitated horses are thoroughbreds , and we are one of only a few organizations in the us to be fully accredited by the thoroughbred aftercare alliance , providing the best possible care for our retired thoroughbred athletes . along the way , brook hill discovered the magic of the combination of horses and people ; how they inspire and enrich the human spirit , healing both the body and the mind . as a member center of the professional association of therapeutic horsemanship international ( path ) , brook hill farm provides equine assisted activities for youth and adults . through hard work and love the participants care for and heal their rescue horses , and very often find healing themselves .\nane jacobs is often portrayed as an almost mythic figure , locked with robert moses in an epic battle for the future of new york . she was the mother and determined journalist with owlish glasses and grey thatch of hair who cruised around greenwich village on a bicycle , her handbag stowed in a wicker basket on the handlebars . he was new york ' s seemingly unstoppable construction tsar , the man the press nicknamed\nbig bob the builder\n, a master of backroom politics who was chauffeur - driven around the five boroughs in a black stretch limousine with pigskin seats . he wanted to tear down her house , neighbourhood , and much of the rest of new york so that he could cover it with superblocks and expressways . she took him on - david v goliath - and won . but was the dynamic as straightforward as that ?\non a recent visit to hudson street i found that a third of the stores and restaurants on jacobs ' s block are empty . jacobs died in 2006 , but her cast of shopkeepers were swept away by gentrification , of which , ironically , she represented the first wave , many years ago . the white horse tavern , where dylan thomas used to prop up the bar , has expanded down the street and is clogged with tourists , but chelsea cricket , which apparently offered designer clothing for toddlers in the storefront of jacobs ' s old home , closed earlier this year , as did the popular italian restaurant next door and two other eateries on the block - their windows whitewashed on the inside as the recession creates its own urban blight . a man with a moustache , whom jacobs would no doubt have thought a\ncharacter\n, was sitting on one of these empty stoops shouting at passers - by ,\nare you unhappy ?\nflexible ( 1822 ) was bred at petworth and sold as a yearling to a mr . bartley , who soon therafter sold him to john mytton , who owned longwaist . flexible was out of themis , a sorcerer daughter , and true to his breeding , was a good distance horse . at age three he won a match at epsom , beating velasquez , followed by a win of the original stakes at bath . he placed second to mephistopheles in the st . leger stakes at cheltenham , and at the same meeting won \u00a375 in a race against six other mostly older horses , but could only run third in the cheltenham cup , won by longwaist , who was still owned by fulwar craven . he went on to win the stourbridge cup , the town plate ( in two - mile heats ) at warwick , and shrewsbury ' s st . leger stakes ; he also ran second for warwick ' s st . leger stakes , beaten by doctor faustus .\njacobs is not only a hero of grassroots activists , but has set the agenda for urban planning for half a century . her utopian vision of greenwich village life has been exported unquestioningly to the rest of the world , where an urban stage set provides a background for disneyland - like islands of social fantasy that hardly relate to the rest of the city ( think of covent garden , which was also saved from an expressway ) ; suburbs have also been retrofitted so that they resemble little villages . in new york , many of the historic districts she helped save from the lower manhattan expressway , such as soho ' s cast - iron district , have become open - air museums or malls for tourists that are just as soulless as the cultural centres and high - rises she so abhorred . in these entertainment zones , any semblance of street ballet is swamped by the marching of out - of town consumers , most of whom got there via the bridges and tunnels moses built ."]}
{"id": 1561, "summary": [{"text": "the red-vented barbet ( psilopogon lagrandieri ) is a species of bird in the family megalaimidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in cambodia , laos and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red - vented barbet", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . red - vented barbet 2 . red - vented barbet 3 . red - vented barbet\nred - vented barbet ( psilopogon lagrandieri ) is a species of bird in the megalaimidae family .\nc . 29\u201334 cm . large , green to bronzy - green barbet . both sexes of nominate race with head mostly brown , greyish on sides and throat , blue line over eye ; red undertail - . . .\nshort , l . l . & horne , j . f . m . ( 2018 ) . red - vented barbet ( psilopogon lagrandieri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis article is part of project megalaimidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each asian barbet , including made - up species .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : psilopogon lagrandieri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\npsilopogon lagrandieri ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus megalaima .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon to locally common ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nallied to p . virens , but not particularly closely . races not particularly well defined . two subspecies currently recognized .\nj . p . verreaux , 1868 \u2013 s laos , e cambodia and s vietnam .\nloud song or call of \u201ckyaa\u201d , \u201ckyow\u201d or \u201cyowt\u201d notes , singly , or . . .\nevergreen and semi - evergreen forest ; occurs in lowlands and on forested slopes and ridges , to 2100 . . .\neats fruits such as figs , and insects , but details poorly known . food carried to nestlings in s vietnam included fleshy fruits ( mainly\ndata from specimens suggest season jan\u2013jul . male and female of pair probably sing together in territorial formation or maintenance ; . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon to common ; often one of commonest barbets in its rather limited range , where it appears to be widespread . this species . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nreplaces megalaima ; recent study found psilopogon to be nested within megalaima # r and former has priority . incorporates xantholaema and mesobucco .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 510 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\ndo you want to translate into other languages ? have a look at our english - portuguese dictionary .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\nthis article is part of project piciformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each woodpecker and ally , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic ."]}
{"id": 1562, "summary": [{"text": "stangeia xerodes is a moth of the pterophoroidae family that is found in most of mainland australia , the ryukyu islands , java and sri lanka .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 millimetres ( 0.39 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on cleome , cajanus cajan and acacia .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they are about 12 millimetres ( 0.47 in ) long , cylindrical and moderately stout .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the head is yellowish with an orange tinge , while the colour of the other segments is uniform pale yellow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "stangeia xerodes", "paragraphs": ["donald hobern marked\nstangeia xerodes\nas trusted on the\nstangeia xerodes\npage .\nstangeia xerodes ( meyrick , 1886 ) : bigot & drouet ( 2014 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie ] bigot , l . & drouet , e . 2014 . donn\u00e9es compl\u00e9mentaires sur les pt\u00e9rophores de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie et description d ' une nouvelle sous - esp\u00e8ce ( lepidoptera , pterophoridae ) . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france , 119 ( 3 ) : 387 - 390 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmeyrick , e . 1886 ,\non the classification of the pterophoridae\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , pp . 1 - 21\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 731daaf7 - f85d - 4723 - 8e04 - 40772424169b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 521ff45c - 7d85 - 4306 - b4a5 - 23ffbd30111e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 318847\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nis brown with short hairs . the back of each segment has a pair of black - tipped pale grey warts . the caterpillars have been reported feeding on the new shoots of :\nthe adult moth is brown with white markings . the legs have dark lines running lengthwise . the moth has a wingspan of about 1 cm . it is a keen feeder on nectar , having a remarkably long tongue .\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , figs . 30 . 18 , 53 . 5 , p . 333 .\nthis page contains pictures and information about plume moths in family pterophoridae that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\nthis is a small moth family . moths in family pterophoridae are known as plume moths . plume moths are from small to medium in size . they are easily recognized . when rest , they hold out their wings hight and at right angle to their long thin body . they have simple and short antenna . their legs are long . their wings are narrow and with one to two clefts .\nthe caterpillars are usually with short hairs on body . they feed on flowers and leaves openly during daytime .\ni . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 53 . 5 .\nthis moth comes to window light at night . we often see them outside our windows in mid summer .\ni . f . b . common , melbourne university press , 1990 , p343 .\nall data on natureshare is licensed under a creative commons attribution 2 . 5 australia license .\nfree : natureshare is , and will always be , a free and open service .\nwarranty : natureshare services and all software are provided on an\nas is\nbasis without warranties of any kind , either express or implied , including , without limitation , fitness for a particular purpose . your use of the services is at your sole risk . we do not guarantee the accuracy or timeliness of information available from the service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngielis , c . , 2003 . review of the pterophoridae from new guinea , with descriptions of eight new species ( lepidoptera ) . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 77 ( 21 ) : 349 - 391 .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\n: angiospermivora regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\n: euheteroneura regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1563, "summary": [{"text": "eucereon rogersi is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by herbert druce in 1884 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in costa rica , panama , as well as on guadeloupe and st. kitts . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "eucereon rogersi", "paragraphs": ["if you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of eucereon sp . ( large size ) .\n, found in the whole island , but rare in mesophilic and xerophilic zones .\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1566, "summary": [{"text": "agonum consimile is a species of ground beetle in the platyninae subfamily .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was described by leonard gyllenhaal in 1810 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it inhabits countries like finland , latvia , moldavia , norway , russia , sweden , and the united states . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "agonum consimile", "paragraphs": ["maintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae ) of the maritime provinces of canada . . . c . g . majka , y . bousquet , & s . westby . 2007 . zootaxa 1590 : 1\u201336 .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ncanada : alberta , flatbush ( w of , athabina dist . , near hughes ' farm )\ncanada : alberta , lesser slave lake ( east end , 8 . 1 km n of slave lake )"]}
{"id": 1568, "summary": [{"text": "lutz 's poison frog ( ameerega flavopicta ; formerly epipedobates flavopicta ) is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae found in bolivia and brazil .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , rivers , intermittent freshwater marshes , and rocky areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "lutz ' s poison frog", "paragraphs": ["the lutz ' s poison frog is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . more\nlutz ' s poison frog is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . manu poison frog - the manu poison frog or rana venenosa is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . more\nthe lutz ' s poison frog ( epipedobates flavopictus ) is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is found in bolivia and brazil . more\nlutz ' s poison frog by reptiles and amphibians on apr 4 , 2010kingdom : animaliaphylum : chordataclass : amphibiaorder : anurafamily : dendrobatidaegenus : epipedobatesspecies : e . flavopictusthe lutz ' s poison frog ( epipedobates flavopictus ) is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is . . . more\nlutz ' s poison frog - 1 reference result poison dart frogs since 1996 - dart frog info , links , supplies , feeder insects and frogs ! urltoken frogs find rhode island frogs rhode island ' s online local search . rhodeisland . local . more\nthe lutz ' s poison frog is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nit is of note that lutz ' s poison dart frog has non - webbed , toad - like feet , but still manages to cruise through the water with surprising ease .\nlutz ' s poison frog , ameerega flavopicta only on the serra , ph , r spot - legged poison frog , ameerega picta only on the new serra , ph , r rough - skinned green treefrog , hypsiboas cinereascens ph by karen on the serra treefrog species , osteocephalus cf . more\nlutz ' s poison dart frog , ( ameerega flavopicta ) , is a species of poison dart frog . it is endemic to brazil . lutz ' s poison dart frog is also the only dendrobatid that is semi - aquatic . a strong swimmer , it can outpace most other small frogs and can stay submerged for up to five minutes . it prefers to remain close to the surface , however . on land , a . flavopicta is shy and reclusive , but in water it is extremely bold .\norder : anura family : dendrobatidae genus : ameerega species : flavopicta authority : ( a . lutz , 1925 )\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthe bolivian population is geographically separated from the main population in brazil , and could be a distinct species .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from southeastern ( minas gerais , goi\u00e1s , and tocant\u00edns ) , northern ( par\u00e1 ) , and northeastern ( maranh\u00e3o ) , brazil . it has also been recorded from five localities in the eastern bolivian mountain ranges . it has been recorded from 400 - 1 , 500m asl .\na diurnal species found in rock crevices at creek margins in rupestrian fields , within the vegetation on a forest waterfall and amidst leaf - litter . eggs are laid on the litter and tadpoles are then carried by their parents to streams where they develop further . it does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance .\nagriculture , both crops and livestock , as well as logging , mining , fires and dam construction are major threats to the species\u2019 habitat . it is in the international pet trade , but not at a level to constitute a threat to the species .\nclaudia azevedo - ramos , rog\u00e9rio bastos , paula cabral eterovick , d\u00e9bora silvano . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is known from southeastern ( minas gerais , goi\u00e1s , and tocant\u00edns ) , northern ( par\u00e1 ) , and northeastern ( maranh\u00e3o ) , brazil . it has also been recorded from five localities in the eastern bolivian mountain ranges . it has been recorded from 400 - 1 , 500m asl . a diurnal species found in rock crevices at creek margins in rupestrian fields , within the vegetation on a forest waterfall and amidst leaf - litter . eggs are laid on the litter and tadpoles are then carried by their parents to streams where they develop further . it does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance . agriculture , both crops and livestock , as well as logging , mining , fires and dam construction are major threats to the species\u2019 habitat . it is in the international pet trade , but not at a level to constitute a threat to the species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n: the principle aim of this site is to provide information useful to improving outcomes for humans suffering from envenoming or poisoning by animals , plants or mushrooms . we make a reasonable attempt to verify accuracy of information listed on this site . however , we cannot access every published paper of potential relevance , either because they are not available to us or are in a language we cannot translate internally . equally , we cannot list knowledge which is not yet reported or known . it should not be assumed that humankind currently knows all there is to know about any species , even for common species . further , we cannot control how users will interpret the information provided on this site . we therefore do not accept legal responsibility for use of the information provided and we require that all users use information from this site at their own risk .\nall rights reserved . best viewed in internet explorer 5 + - 800x600 resolution or higher .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1570, "summary": [{"text": "polypedates colletti ( collett 's tree frog or black-spotted tree frog ) is a species of frog in the family rhacophoridae found in indonesia , malaysia , thailand , and possibly brunei .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "polypedates colletti", "paragraphs": ["larval identities of ansonia hanitschi inger , 1960 ( amphibia bufonidae ) and polypedates colletti ( boulenger , 1890 ) ( amphibia rhacophoridae ) from east malaysia ( borneo ) . pdf\nlarval identities of ansonia hanitschi inger , 1960 ( amphibia : bufonidae ) and polypedates colletti ( boulenger , 1890 ) ( amphibia : rhacophoridae ) from east malaysia ( borneo ) .\npolypedates colletti \u2014 g\u00fcnther , 1895 , novit . zool . , 2 : 501 . dring , 1982 , in anderson et al . ( eds . ) , gunung mulu national park : 293 .\npolypedates colletti is an elegant tree frog with a conspicuously acute snout . most specimens have an hour - glass shaped figure on their backs . coloration is usually shades of brown , but we have also seen more grayish individuals .\nrhacophorus ( rhacophorus ) colletti \u2014 ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 121 . dubois , 1987\n1986\n, alytes , 5 : 77 .\nrhacophorus colletti boulenger , 1890 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1890 : 36 . type ( s ) :\nzurich museum\n( presumably zmz ) . type locality :\nlangkhat\n, sumatra , indonesia .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\ncollett ' s whipping frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 113 ) .\nblack - spotted tree frog ( nutphund , 2001 , amph . thailand : 143 ) .\ncollett ' s tree frog ( nutphund , 2001 , amph . thailand : 143 ) .\ncollett ' s treefrog ( chan - ard , 2003 , photograph . guide amph . thailand : 150 ) .\npeninsular thailand to sumatra , borneo , natuna islands , and islands of the south china sea ; southern vietnam ( minh hai ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nthis frog is most often seen at a suitable breeding pond where adults perch in 1 - 2 m height on vegetation . for reproduction this species seems to prefer stagnant pools of water in the forest ( uprooted trees , flooded depressions ) with clear water and leaf litter bottom . size of adults : up to 50 mm in males , 80 mm snout - vent length in females .\ntadpoles have a unique marbled pattern on head , trunk , and tail . the iris rim is red . the tail terminates in a thin flagellum . tadpoles grow up to 33 mm total length .\nwe have seen tadpoles resting motionless on leaf litter or hovering in the water column of black - water ponds . they move slowly by beating their flagellum but can move rapidly when disturbed . during the day they hide under leaf litter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is found from extreme southern thailand ( taylor , 1962 ) throughout peninsular malaysia ( berry , 1975 ) , and from scattered localities across borneo and sumatra and natuna in indonesia . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest , especially in areas between known sites . it ranges up to 600m asl .\nit is generally an uncommon to rare species where it occurs in mainland southeast asia and sumatra ( low numbers collected by , for example , grandison , 1972 and dring , 1979 ) . in borneo , it appears to be common in flat , swampy rainforests .\nit lives in lowland marshy evergreen rainforest areas , mainly in flat terrain . it can be found in primary and in mildly disturbed selectively logged forest . it forms breeding aggregations around temporary rain pools .\nit is not known to be specifically threatened , though ongoing deforestation throughout its range is a concern .\nit occurs in a number of protected areas . effective preservation of lowland forests is essential for this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nofficial url : file : / / / c : / documents % 20and % 20settings / administrato . . .\nunimas institutional repository is powered by eprints 3 which is developed by the school of electronics and computer science at the university of southampton . more information and software credits .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nplease note flash is required to use the features of this site . please update your flash player .\nsorry , this item is accessible for uk higher education and further education institutions only . confirm your institution to obtain access\nlog in to add and display this item in your personal list of favourites on the right hand side of this page .\nthe british library board acknowledges the intellectual property rights of those named as contributors to this recording and the rights of those not identified . legal and ethical usage \u00bb\nlog in to add a term that describes this item and help make it easier to find .\ntropical heath forest by a swampy area of kerangas forest vegetation known as ' kerapah ' , on an extensive quartzite plateau , 1 and a1 / 2 metres up on a 4 centimetres of diameter trunk of ' pole ' tree in dry weather .\nrecording of mating calls , 1 male participant visually identified , with the sound of insects in the background .\ncan you tell us more about the context of the recording ? or can you share information on its content - timings of key sections or important details ? please add your notes . uninformative entries may not be retained ."]}
{"id": 1571, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia yangana is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador and peru .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 24 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale grey , crossed by darker grey lines , forming blackish dashes on the veins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are paler grey , without markings towards the costa . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia yangana", "paragraphs": ["ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n7unnamed at date of publication of brehm ( 2003 ) , hence there reported as ' ischnopteris sp . nr . chryses '\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nresearch collections of the national museum of natural history are available to the public via a standard web interface . a total of 5 , 209 , 737 specimen records are currently available from this facility . of these , approximately 292 , 000 represent all of the museum\u2019s available extant biological primary type specimen records . last indexed october 7 , 2015"]}
{"id": 1574, "summary": [{"text": "the redfin pickerel ( esox americanus americanus ) is a subspecies of freshwater fish belonging to the pike family ( esocidae ) of the order esociformes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "not to be confused with its close relatives , the grass pickerel and the chain pickerel , this fish is unique in the fact that it has brightly colored red fins .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "like all pikes , the redfin pickerel is an ambush predator , lying amongst thick vegetation in wait for smaller , more agile prey to enter within its range of attack . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "redfin pickerel", "paragraphs": ["all fishing buy , redfin pickerel fish , habitats , characteristics , fishing pickerel methods .\ngrass and redfin pickerel are typically top predators in their habitats . the protozoan parasites of these pickerel include\nredfin pickerel , compared to grass pickerel , have a shorter , broader snout . also , their pelvic and pectoral fins are red . redfin pickerel total lengths average between 150 - 200mm . also , redfin pickerel grow faster than grass pickerel ( sternberg , 1987 ) . redfin pickerel have a complete lateral line with 94 - 117 scales , and 3 - 5 , usually 4 , submandibular pores .\ncontinue to collect distribution data on redfin pickerel to monitor their status in new hampshire .\nin the wild , the maximum life span of grass pickerel is 7 years . in north carolina , the expected lifespan of redfin pickerel is 5 - 7 years . according to sternberg ( 1987 ) , grass and redfin pickerel can reach a maximum age of 8 years old in the wild . female redfin pickerel live longer than males . grass and redfin pickerel are not kept in captivity .\ninvestigate the impacts of urbanization and habitat fragmentation on redfin pickerel populations in southeastern new hampshire .\nthere is no parental care after spawning with grass and redfin pickerel young . after spawning , the adult pickerel abandon the eggs .\ncrossman , e . 1962 . the redfin pickerel , esox a . americanus in north carolina .\nredfin pickerel - esox americanus , is a species of freshwater fish in the pike family esocidae . it is also known as : grass pickerel , mud pickerel , little pickerel , banded pickerel , redfinned pike and barred pickerel . the redfin pickerel is an atlantic coast form , its range extending from new york south to eastern drainages in georgia and all the way down to the gulf of mexico .\nthat exists in the urinary tract of pickerel . trematode parasites of these pickerel are\nchain pickerel the redfin pickerel , however , has a shorter snout and a black bar below the eye that angles slightly towards the rear .\ndo not stock redfin pickerel together with any fish less than 1 / 3 of the pickerel ' s body length . redfin pickerel will not do well with very active or aggressive fish ; such a combination often results in the pickerel becoming ragged as well as barely eating for lack of opportunities .\nthe redfin pickerel also known as grass pickerel , little pickerel , and barred pickerel is a very popular for they active fighting sport fish even it is a very small size . redfin pickerel hit well in the winter months , and even through the ice . pickerel will savagely attack schools of baitfish , or individuals , whatever is the easiest prey at the time . the best locations for redfin pickerel in the winter is along points , with drop - offs near deeper water , and areas that contain some underwater cover and vegetation nearby .\nrecreational fishing is common throughout the lower river . this redfin pickerel is one of many fishes caught by this fisherman .\n) . grass pickerel and redfin pickerel are distributed from the st . lawrence river drainage in southern canada and the finger lakes southward to lake okeechobee , florida . grass pickerel mainly exist west of the appalachian mountain chain , along the mississippi river regions . redfin pickerel exist mainly east along the atlantic slope . grass pickerel replace redfin pickerel in the drainages of the gulf of mexico , the mississippi river , and in ontario . grass pickerel were introduced to idaho , colorado , utah , washington , western pennsylvania , maryland , western new york , and potentially even wisconsin ( cosewic , 2005 ) .\nthe reddish tinted fins will usually , but not always distinguish the redfin pickerel from its larger cousin , the chain pickerel . also note the backward slanting black bar beneath the eye . in the chain pickerel this bar would be vertical .\ngrass pickerel are known in nature to hybridize with redfin pickerel , chain pickerel , and northern pike ( serns and mcknight 1977 , schwartz 1962 , schwartz 1981 ) . artificial hybrids between muskellunge and grass pickerel lived at least 18 months ( tenant and billy 1963 , crossman and buss 1965 ) .\nhabitat . grass and redfin pickerel inhabit quiet or small lakes and swamps , bays and backwaters , and sluggish pools of streams . both prefer heavy vegetation in clear waters , but the grass pickerel favors waters with neutral to basic acidity , and the redfin inhabits comparatively acidic waters .\nlife history : redfin pickerel are the smallest member of the pike family , attaining a maximum length of about 12 inches . redfin pickerel spawn in early spring by laying strings of eggs over vegetation or submerged branches in shallow water . its prey consists of invertebrates and small fish . redfin pickerel appear to be well adapted to living in headwater stream habitat and have been captured in surprisingly small streams with very low flow .\ngrass pickerel have a higher egg count than redfin pickerel . according to crossman ( 1962 ) , of 10 3 - 4 - year - old redfin pickerel females sampled , the average primary egg count was 269 . 4 with a range of 186 - 542 , and the total egg count was estimated at 3716 . 2 with a range of 722 - 4364 ( crossman , 1962 ) . a single redfin pickerel was compared to a grass pickerel of similar size and the egg count varied significantly . the redfin had 186 primary , or mature eggs , with a total egg count of 3 , 672 while the grass pickerel had 803 and 15 , 732 respectively ( crossman , 1962 ) .\ngrass and redfin pickerel reach sexual maturity as early as age one when the males are at least 188mm in total length and females are 109mm total length . the pickerel are usually able to spawn by age 2 .\nlike all pike , the redfin pickerel is an ambush predator . this lifestyle dictates much of its tank and feeding requirements . as an ambush predator , under normal circumstances , it will not chase food around a tank . pickerel prefer to lay very still amidst some cover and wait for food to pass by it . redfin pickerel will barely breath to achieve full effect .\nlife history / behavior . reaching sexual maturity when they are roughly 2 years old and at least 5 inches long , grass and redfin pickerel spawn in the late fall , the early winter , or the spring ; grass pickerel require water temperatures between 36\u00b0 and 54\u00b0f , and redfin favor waters approaching 50\u00b0f . spawning takes place in heavily vegetated , shallow areas , and the backs of the fish appear at the surface as they scatter eggs in small batches over the vegetation . grass pickerel may produce twice as many eggs as do redfin pickerel . they do not build nests . the grass pickerel ' s eggs hatch in 11 to 15 days , the redfin pickerel ' s in 12 to 1 4 days , without the protection of the parents .\ncrossman , e . j . 1962 . the redfin pickerel esox a . americanus in north carolina . copeia 1962 ( 1 ) : 114 - 123 .\nthe redfin pickerel is the eastern half of the esox americanus subspecies twins . the other is northwest pennsylvania\u2019s grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) . the redfin\u2019s native range is along the atlantic coast from massachusetts to florida . in the gulf coast and southeast states , it mixes and interbreeds with the grass pickerel . the redfin is a common small pickerel in the delaware river watershed in pennsylvania . it is found rarely in the susquehanna river watershed . in pennsylvania , there is no natural overlap in the geographic distribution of these subspecies .\nof a pound in weight ; the redfin pickerel generally grows faster and slightly longer than the grass pickerel . the alltackle world record for the grass pickerel is a 1 - pound indiana fish ; for the redfin pickerel , the record is a 1 - pound , 15 - ounce new york fish . they can live up to 8 years , although they usually live 5 years or less . females live longer and grow larger than males .\nyounger grass and redfin pickerel diets vary from the diet of adult pickerel . until they are about 50 mm in size , juveniles primarily rely on small crustaceans , like cladocerans or amphipods , and aquatic insects for food .\none of the most distinctive characteristics identifying young redfin pickerel is a silvery - green stripe spanning the region from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal fin . also , their fins are not fully red , only the tips of their fins contain any red pigmentation . juvenile redfin pickerel are typically between 10 - 20mm in length at the time of hatching and grow rapidly . scales do not appear on young redfin pickerel until they are at least 50mm .\ndescription : redfin pickerel look similar to the chain pickerel , except smaller , with a more blunt snout and an olive to yellowish green coloration compared to the deeper green color of the chain pickerel . its most distinctive features are its reddish colored fins and a backwards slanting black vertical bar beneath the eye .\npiscivorous , but will eat other live foods such as grubs and insects . it is extremely difficult to achieve a diet of artificial food with redfin pickerel or pikes altogether .\nthe redfin pickerel is the smallest member of the pike family . they have dark , vertical barring on sides . the opercle is fully scaled and there is a forward slashing\nscar\nthrough the eye . the snout is shorter than in other pikes . the redfin variety of\nthe grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) is a subspecies of the redfin pickerel and a small member of the pike family ( esocidae ) . in addition to the distinguishing family features ( large mouth ; many teeth ; forked tail ; and posterior dorsal and anal fins ) , the grass pickerel has the following characteristics :\nthese pickerel are scrappy fighters , but their small size limits their popularity as sport fish . they can be caught on minnows , streamers , small spinners , spoons and plugs . redfin pickerel are a lot of fun to catch on light spinning tackle .\nthe grass pickerel subspecies could be mistaken for the redfin , if their ranges were not so distinct . the grass pickerel is distributed throughout the mississippi river watershed . the redfin is an east coast fish . where their ranges cross along the gulf coast , from louisiana to florida , the two small pickerel interbreed . in pennsylvania , grass pickerel are found in northwestern pennsylvania , in both the lake erie and allegheny river watersheds , especially where the land has been glaciated . the grass pickerel\u2019s subspecies name \u201c vermiculatus \u201d means \u201cwormlike , \u201d describing the wavy markings on the fish\u2019s sides .\n) if they are found in the same geographic area . grass and redfin pickerel have a lateral line system , which is a sensory canal system made up of pores and sensory organs . this is useful in detecting water pressure / movement changes . grass and redfin pickerel use ram style ambush when capturing prey . this means that the pickerel move towards their prey by propelling themselves forward , at first slowly , then curving their bodies to help propel themselves at the fastest acceleration they can reach .\nyou may feed your pickerel 0 - 2x / day depending on selected diet . pickerel typically need a brief\nwarm - up\nperiod before they begin to feed .\nconservation / management : although redfin pickerel are relatively common in southern new england , populations in new hampshire are limited to the southeastern corner of new hampshire where aquatic habitats are rapidly becoming degraded due to increasing development pressure .\nspecies of the family esocidae are usually the top predators in their environments . grass and redfin pickerel are cannibalistic at times and can be predators to themselves . though they are rarely caught for sport fishing purposes , humans (\nbreeding season february - march and for grass pickerel , possibly again in august - november .\nlocally almost all species of north american esocids are present . northern pike , chain pickerel , grass pickerel , redfin pickerel , and even muskellunge are found in lake champlain . the northern pike and the chain pickerel are very abundant where the other pickerel are common . the muskellunge is present but not nearly as common as the other species . pikes are considered game fish by many , but the pickerel because of its smaller size is not widely sought after . as a fisherman of many years on the lakes and ponds of northern vermont i would definitely attest to the belief that the pikes are an exciting and vicious predator in the aquatic world of lakes , rivers , and ponds .\nhabitat : the redfin pickerel prefers shallow weedy backwaters in stands of aquatic vegetation or thick overhanging grasses and shrubs . it is often found in smaller watersheds than the chain pickerel . in new hampshire it is frequently found in streams flowing through abandoned beaver ponds in very small watersheds that may dry up in some years .\nredfin pickerel inhabit the weedy shallows of slow - moving streams , as well as lakes and ponds . although they are usually found over a soft , mud bottom , redfin pickerel prefer the water itself to be clear . they can live in naturally acidic water , like that which flows from the tannicstained bogs in pennsylvania\u2019s northeast region . they can tolerate swampy waters with low oxygen content and brackish waters , where fresh water and ocean salt water mix .\nredfin pickerel spawn in spring , when the water temperature reaches about 50 degrees . the sticky eggs are randomly broadcast in the shallows over underwater vegetation and other organic debris . the eggs , which hatch in about two weeks , receive no parental care . unlike larger pikes , the redfin does not include fish as a primary part of its diet . instead , it feeds on small crustaceans , crayfish , aquatic insects and other invertebrates . the small size of redfin pickerel , as well as their restricted shallow - water habitat , may be why so few fish are on their menu .\npickerel occur naturally only in eastern n america . the group consists of 2 species : esox niger , chain pickerel ; e . americanus , divisible into 2 forms , redfin pickerel , which grows to 35 cm , and the slightly smaller grass pickerel . in canada , 1 or more species occur in limited portions of the country from southern ns to ontario , inhabiting smaller , warm waters ( eg , ponds , small streams , bays of lakes ) . only the chain pickerel , growing to about 50 cm long and 1 . 4 kg , is of any consequence as a sport fish .\ncrossman , e . j . 1980 . esox americanus ( gmelin ) , redfin pickerel and grass pickerel . pp . 131 in d . s . lee et al . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .\nredfin pickerel lives in lowland streams , bays and ponds with thick vegetation , and it is known in eight atlantic slope watersheds plus champlain . this small pickerel is not known to have overlapping range with its close relative , grass pickerel . it is likely to be non native to the few higher elevation waters of the adirondacks where it has been caught . the distributional range and abundance has grown in the lower hudson watershed .\n\u2022 pike is the mainly referred name while pickerel is used to refer certain species of esox .\nchain pickerel spawn in early spring , when water temperatures are in the high 40s to low 50s . the spawning period lasts about one week . chain pickerel are also reported to spawn in the fall , but the survival rate of eggs and young is suspected to be low . the sticky eggs , 6 , 000 to 8 , 000 typically deposited by each female , are scattered over underwater weeds . chain pickerel have been known to hybridize in the wild with redfin pickerel , because their spawning site choices and breeding times overlap .\ngrass and redfin pickerel are not notable gamefish due to their small size , but are sometimes caught on accident by game fisherman . if pickerel are caught and not thrown back , they can be eaten as food . according to sternberg ( 1987 ) , their meat is described as white , flaky , and sweet - tasting but bony .\n) , move between 40m - 75m per hour in the spring , 15m - 40m in the summer , and 26m - 55m in the fall . there has been no documentation of a home range for grass and redfin pickerel , but it is likely that they travel in a similar seasonal pattern . grass and redfin pickerel are mostly sedentary when not in spawning season , when they will migrate to other areas , and only travel in response to water level changes or to feed .\naccording to crossman ( 1962 ) , the growth of newly hatched grass or redfin pickerel is relatively rapid . the fry hatch with no scales , an unsegmented spinal chord , and a notochord that spans to the tip of the rounded caudal fin . once the fry reach approximately 30mm their vertebrae begin to segment and the urostyle begins to develop . by 20mm , their lateral lines have developed . the pickerels ' scales appear when they are approximately 50mm and form behind the head and pelvic area . once the pickerel have reached 65mm they become fully scaled and their caudal fin becomes completely formed and forked , and the urostyle is completely developed and spine completely segmented . grass pickerel grow faster than redfin pickerel , which grow 25 - 35mm a year . like most fish , pickerel exhibit indeterminate growth .\na management plan for the grass pickerel was published in 2012 . it provides a summary of current knowledge , identifies threats to the species and its habitat and recommends measures to maintain and improve grass pickerel populations .\ngrass and redfin pickerel spawn in the late winter to early spring months , with grass pickerels occasionally spawning a second time in the late summer to early winter months . spawning occurs in heavily vegetated floodplains , swamps , and tributary streams that are sometimes so shallow ( less than 30 . 5cm ) , that the male and female pickerel are out of the water .\ngrass and redfin pickerel are piscivorous , meaning they eat other fish . the diet of grass pickerel 50 - 100mm consists mainly of small crustaceans and aquatic insects , such as members of the orders trichoptera ( caddisflies ) and odonata ( dragonflies and damselflies ) . their diet also includes crayfish and some fish , like sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) and fish of the genus\nredfin pickerel are listed as a species of\nleast concern\non the iucn red list and have no special status on the federal endangered species list , through cites list , or on the state of michigan list . according to cosewic ( 2005 ) , grass pickerel were designated a species of special concern in canada in 2005 . major threats here include of loss of habitat from dredging and the deepening , or channelization , of wetland areas that the grass pickerel inhabit .\nthe grass pickerel is often mistaken for the young of northern pike and , less often , the muskellunge .\na management plan for the grass pickerel was published in june 2011 . it provides a summary of current knowledge , identifies threats to the species and its habitat and recommends measures to maintain and improve grass pickerel populations .\nchain pickerel has a wide range of food preference such as small fishes , frogs , crabs , mice , crayfish , and many other aquatic animals . chain pickerel is larger than american pickerel with an average bodyweight of about three pounds and a length of about 54 centimetres . there is a characteristic chain - like colouration pattern on the greenish sides . overall , the pickerel species seem to be small versions of the pike fishes .\nming , a . 1968 . life history of the grass pickerel , esox americanus vermiculatus , in oklahoma .\nthe torpedo - shaped redfin pickerel has numerous sharp teeth in a relatively pointed snout making it perfectly designed for its ambush\u2013type feeding behavior . due to its small size , sport fishing for the species is limited primarily to coastal areas where the ideal habitat for growth exists .\npike are long , slender , \u201cduck - billed\u201d predator fish , popular with anglers for the great size some species attain and for their sporting fight . four species of the pike family live in the northern hemisphere . the grass pickerel and redfin pickerel ( the two are closely related subspecies ) , the chain pickerel , the northern pike and the muskellunge are native to north america and to pennsylvania . the northern pike is one of the few fish whose natural range includes both north america and eurasia .\nfemale grass and redfin pickerel are polyandrous , meaning that they have more than one male mate . a group of one female pickerel and 1 - 3 male pickerel swim along , scattering fertilized eggs . the eggs and milt , or semen , are ejected from the respective fishes and mixed together by lashing their caudal fins . the fertilized eggs are spread over areas that are dense with aquatic vegetation and are usually closer to the shore than other members of the family esocidae , like the northern pike (\nthe pikes , pickerels , and muskellunge make up the small family esocidae in the order salmoniformes . the family consists of only five species , e . niger , e . americanus , and e . masquinongy , which are confined to north america , e . reicherti , which resides in siberia , and e . lucius which is found across the northern hemisphere ( smith 1985 ) . the esocids of north america are commonly called ; northern pike e . lucius , muskellunge ( or muskie ) e . masquinongy , chain pickerel e . niger , the redfin pickerel e . americanus americanus , and a subspecies of the redfin , the grass pickerel e . americanus verminiculus .\njust - hatched chain pickerel fry attach themselves to plant stems during the absorption of the yolk sac . young chain pickerel eat aquatic insects and crustaceans , and are eaten by larger fish . as they grow , chain pickerel increasingly consume fish , which become the mainstay of their diet . at one year old , chain pickerel are about seven inches long . after four years , they are about 15 inches . their natural lifespan is eight to 10 years .\ngrass and redfin pickerel reach sexual maturity between ages 1 - 3 years old . they are some of the first fish to spawn , with the process occurring in the late winter to early spring ( february - april ) when water temperatures are drawing near 4 - 10 \u00b0c . grass pickerel occasionally spawn more than once a year with the second spawning season in the late summer - early winter ( august - november ) . on occasion , grass pickerel have been known to migrate to streams from lakes to spawn .\ne . j . crossman . 2006 . pickerel . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .\ngrass and redfin pickerel are diurnal , meaning they are most active and do most of their activities like feeding and spawning in the daytime . grass and redfin pickerel are relatively solitary fish , and interact little with other species beyond acts of predation . though pickerel are solitary , their larvae gather in nursery areas in weedy swamps . when not in spawning season , they are sedentary and do not travel very far daily , but they do migrate to other areas in order to spawn . they will travel out of their area to feed , or in response to water level changes , but this is not as frequent . this is how they become isolated or trapped in pools of water that are not part of the stream or channel . grass pickerel usually orient themselves with their head toward the shore or edge of the water .\nthe grass pickerel and the redfin pickerel are two nearly identical subspecies of esox americanus , differing only slightly in range . because they occur only in small populations and are of small size , they have little importance as sportfish , although they are significant predators in many waters of more prominent small sportfish . the white , sweet flesh of these members of the esocidae family is bony , but it has an excellent flavor .\ncrossman , e . j . . 2006 . pickerel . the canadian encyclopedia urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .\npickerel , common name for 3 closely related carnivorous , soft - rayed freshwater fishes in the pike family ( esocidae ) .\ncrossman , e . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . pickerel . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken\ncrossman , e . . r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . pickerel . retrieved july 9 , 2018 from urltoken\nweinman , m . , t . lauer . 2007 . diet of grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) in indiana streams .\nfood and feeding habits . grass and redfin pickerel are largely piscivorous , feeding mainly on other fish , such as minnows , although they occasionally eat aquatic insects , small crayfish , and frogs . they will remain virtually motionless among the vegetation for hours at a time , waiting to dart out and seize a potential meal .\nthe river has also lost its population of brook trout , fallfish and other species that depend upon flowing water . these fish cannot survive the low - flow problems of the river . the fish community is now dominated by three fish species that can tolerate warm , ponded conditions : redfin pickerel , american eel and pumpkinseed .\nchain pickerel are the most abundant and widely distributed member of pennsylvania\u2019s pike family . they are also the most often caught , biting the angler\u2019s bait or lure readily . the chain pickerel\u2019s original range was atlantic and gulf coast tributaries , but the fish has been introduced elsewhere . in pennsylvania , chain pickerel are restricted to the delaware , susquehanna and potomac river watersheds . they are most common in the glaciated pocono northeast .\ne . j . crossman , r . the canadian encyclopedia . ( 2006 ) . pickerel . retrieved july 9 , 2018 , from urltoken\ncrossman , e . j . .\npickerel .\nin the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985\u2014 . article published february 8 , 2006\ne . j . crossman .\npickerel\nin the canadian encyclopedia . historica canada , 1985\u2013 . article published february 7 , 2006 . urltoken\n. adult grass pickerel 100 - 199mm consume mostly sunfish and minnows ( family cyprinidae ) . larger pickerel 200 - 340mm consume a diet mainly of fish , most of which are sunfish . being daytime eaters , they hide in submerged aquatic vegetation to wait out the prey that they visually locate .\ndistribution : redfin pickerel are native to the atlantic coastal plain and reach the northern extent of their range in new hampshire . there are a few isolated populations in maine , where the species is listed as state endangered . in new hampshire , the species is restricted to lower elevation rivers and streams along the coastal plain in the lower merrimack and southern coastal drainages .\nthis entry was posted in fish and wildlife , guest author and tagged army corps of engineers , augusta shoals , downstream flows , environmental concerns , fish and wildlife , fish habitat , redfin pickerel , savannah national wildlife refuge , savannah river , savannah river basin , shoals spider lily , thurmond dam , us fish and wildlife service , usfws . bookmark the permalink .\ncrossman , e . j . .\npickerel\n. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 8 feb 2006 .\ncrossman , e . j . .\npickerel\n. the canadian encyclopedia . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 8 feb 2006 .\n. the maximum age is about 8 years , but the usual life span is 7years . there is little difference in growth between males and females , although females live longer . redfin pickerels rarely exceed 12 inches long .\n1 . age and growth on average , it takes about five years for chain pickerel to reach 2 pounds , and they rarely attain a weight of more than 4 pounds . their growth rate is usually faster in lakes than in streams . chain pickerel have a maximum life span of about 9 years .\ne . j . crossman\npickerel\nthe canadian encyclopedia . eds . . toronto : historica canada , 2006 . web . 9 jul . 2018 .\namong the most aggressive of all game fish , chain pickerel will eagerly attack any kind of lure , particularly those with plenty of action or flash . although pickerel don ' t have the following of the larger game fish species , their explosive strikes and powerful runs make them an exciting challenge on light tackle .\nin the southeastern ozarks , this game fish ' s presence alternates with that of the chain pickerel , with one or the other predominating at any one locality .\ndistribution . in north america , grass pickerel range from the great lakes basin north to southern ontario in canada and to michigan , wisconsin , and nebraska ; they also occur in the mississippi river and gulf slope drainages west of the pascagoula river in mississippi to the brazos river in texas . redfin pickerel are found in atlantic slope drainages , from the st . lawrence river drainage in quebec to southern georgia ; they also occur in gulf slope drainages from the pascagoula river in mississippi to florida . populations for both species are generally small on a local level .\ngrass pickerel rarely grow over 12 inches long , so an adult grass pickerel could be mistaken for an immature northern pike or muskellunge , except for the scaling that covers its cheeks and gill covers . grass pickerel are usually not as distinctly marked as redfins , and they do not have a red tinge to their fins . the sides and back are greenish to grayish , and the flanks have lighter , dusky streaks that curve and tend to be vertical . the streaks may look like bars or just shadowy , wandering lines . grass pickerel have a black bar beneath the eyes , which trails slightly backward . the fins are amber or dusky with no markings .\nhybridizes in nature with e . niger ( chain pickerel ; crossman 1980 ) . most similar to e . niger , from which it can be readily separated from as an adult on the basis of color pattern : irregular vertical bars compared to the reticulate or honey combed pattern markings on the flank of the chain pickerel ( ross 2001 ) .\nwillis , d . , j . jolley , d . willis . 2008 . characteristics of a grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) population in pony lake , nebraska .\nredfin pickerels have 15 to 36 dark , wavy , vertical bars and reddish - orange lower fins . otherwise the coloration is similar to that of chain pickerels . there is a dark , backward - slanting bar below the eye . the snout is shorter and broader than that of a chain pickerel . normally there are 11 to 13 branchiosstegal rays on the underside of the lower jaw . the cheek and gill covers are completely scaled .\n5 . habitat and range chain pickerel prefer water temperatures in the upper 70s , warmer than those favored by pike and muskies . the fish flourish in clear , weedy lakes , ponds and reservoirs and in slow - moving reaches of warm - water streams . they spend most of their time in shallow water ( less than 10 feet deep ) . pickerel move deeper in very hot weather or , if shallow cover such as lily pads or a dock is present , to shady spots where the water is cooler . when water temperatures decline in the fall , pickerel will move to the outside edges of weed beds . chain pickerel are found through much of the midwest as well as in the northeast and south .\nthe chain pickerel weighs from sixteen to thirty two ounces and are about seventeen inches long [ 5 ] . some distinguishing markings are the green and bronze coloring and a dark bar underneath each eye [ 6 ] . chain pickerel lay their eggs early so that their young may feed upon the young of other fish which lay their eggs later [ 7 ] .\n* * 6 . fishing tips * * a light spinning outfit spooled with 6 - pound - test mono is ideal . spinners and spoons rank among the most popular lures , but these toothy predators will strike almost any kind of lure , including crankbaits , jigs and topwater plugs . weed - resistant lures such as spinnerbaits and weedless spoons are necessary when working lily pads or other heavy vegetation . flyfishermen catch plenty of pickerel on large streamers and hair bugs . to prevent bite - offs , use a short wire leader . chain pickerel are slimier than most fish , so use a towel to hold the fish when removing the hook . clean a pickerel as if it were a small pike ; pickerel have\ny\nbones .\ndescription : ( anatomy of a fish ) the redfin pickerel is a narrowly elongated fish with a duck - like snout that is short and wide . the body is brown to dark olive in color with numerous wavy horizontal bars with a white belly . the fins are often bright orange - red to red , especially in spawning adults . a black bar slants backward toward the gill flap or operculum from the eye , and can sometimes be vertical .\nthe lateral line system is present in every fish species . it is a sensory canal system that detects the changes in water pressure and water movement through open pores and sensory organs , which is useful in detecting prey . lateral lines are made up of pores that can span from the head to the caudal fin . redfin pickerel have a complete lateral line , meaning it reaches from the head to the caudal fin , with 94 - 117 scales and grass pickerel have a lateral line with fewer than 110 scales . both pickerel have 3 - 5 submandibular pores which , along with the lateral line , are connected to the cephalic lateralis canal system ( sensory canals on the head ) . these pores are open , located under the jaw , and aid the lateral line in the detection of water pressure and movement changes .\nbreeding interval spawn once in the late winter and early spring months for a period of 2 - 4 weeks . grass pickerel occasionally spawn again in the late summer to early winter months .\nbecker ( 1983 ) indicated that , in wisconsin , grass pickerel are eaten by catfishes ( ictaluridae ) , sunfishes ( centrarchidae ) , yellow perch ( perca flavescens ) , and grass pickerel . extensive accounts of diets of common piscivorous birds - - osprey ( pandion haliaetus ) , common loon ( gavia immer ) , double crested cormorant ( phalacrocorax auritus ) , common merganser ( mergus merganser ) , belted kingfisher ( ceryle alcyon ) , and great blue heron ( ardea herodias ) - - in the birds of north america series ( poole and gill , eds . , 1992 - 2002 ) were checked . none of the literature surveyed indicated that the grass pickerel was eaten by any of these fish - eating birds that are common in the same habitats . an assumption prevails that grass pickerel may be detrimental to northern pike , and kleinert and mraz ( 1966 ) suggested that management efforts should be made that would prevent the spread of the pickerel .\nas this species is associated with heavily vegetated areas and deeper pools , it is sensitive to raparian damage from livestock or to any erosional problems resulting in increased sedimentation , bank failure , and loss of vegetation ( ross 2001 ) . populations negatively affected where streams are channelized and denuded of vegetation and where swamps have been drained ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) . e . americanus eaten by catfishes , sunfishes , yellow perch , and redfin pickerel themselves ( becker 1983 ) .\ncannibalism occurred infrequently , and there appears to be no evidence that this fish gorges on fishes . in ontario , rarely were there more than two fishes in the stomach of a grass pickerel .\n(\ncosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada\n, 2005 ; pitcher , 1986 ; ross , 2013 ; wallus , et al . , 1990 )\nchain pickerel can grow to more than 30 inches long , but one of 25 inches and four or five pounds is considered a trophy in pennsylvania . the state record is an eight - pounder . two - pound pickerel are common where the fish have enough to eat . the chain pickerel hides easily in its weedy habitat , with its dark , greenish - yellow back , fading to lighter yellow - green along the sides . over the sides is a pattern of dark chainlike markings that gives the fish its name . the belly is white . a dark mark , like a clown\u2019s painted tear , appears below each eye . the fins are unmarked and pale . as is typical of pickerel , both the cheek and the opercle , or gill cover , are fully scaled . chain pickerel have a long snout . the distance from the tip of the nose to the front of the eye is greater than the distance from the back of the eye to the end of the gill cover .\naccording to page and burr 1991 , the redfin pickerel has a fully scaled cheek and opercle . there is a black suborbital bar slanted toward the posterior . the dorsal surface is dark olive - brown and the ventral side ranges from white to amber colored . there are typically 15 - 36 dark bars on the lateral side of the adults . there are between 11 - 13 branchiostegal rays ; about 4 submandibular pores ; and 92 - 118 lateral scales ( page and burr 1991 ) .\nmale and female grass and redfin pickerel are patterned alike , but females tend to be larger than males in specimens over 200mm . ming ( 1968 ) examining grass pickerel in oklahoma , found females weighed more and grew to longer lengths than males did over the 4 years this study was conducted . specifically , females averaged 127g , 197g , 248g , and 306g in the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , and 4th years of the study respectively , whereas males were averaged 123g , 195g , and 235g ( no 4th year ) in the same time period . the total lengths of male and female grass pickerel follow the same trend ; 3 - year - old females had average lengths of 140mm , 203mm , and 245mm through years 1 - 3 respectively . males were smaller than females through the same time period , with average lengths of 132mm , 194mm , 235mm ( ming , 1968 ) .\n3 . habits and spawning behavior although chain pickerel are primarily fish eaters , they will take just about any kind of food . besides fish , other common food items include frogs , crayfish and mice . chain pickerel prefer to stake out spots on the edges of weed beds and waylay prey as it passes . in early spring , when the water temperature rises into the mid - 40s , chain pickerel move into shallow , weedy bays to spawn . they drape gelatinous strings of eggs up to 3 feet long over aquatic vegetation , sticks and logs . the parents then abandon the eggs and make no attempt to protect the fry .\ngrass pickerel scatter their adhesive eggs over underwater plants , when water temperatures in the spring rise to the low 50s , generally april . they may also spawn in the fall , but the survival of the fry is probably very low , and they may occasionally hybridize with northern pike . with its small size , the grass pickerel eats few fish , but feasts instead on invertebrates , aquatic insects , crayfish and other crustaceans .\nhaving slow to moderate currents and abundant aquatic vegetation or undercut banks , in swamps and isolated overflow pools of rivers . the young occur in schools , but adults are solitary , aggressive predators . an individual will lie motionless along the edge of aquatic vegetation or an undercut bank for long periods . when unsuspecting prey appears , the fish darts out , grasps the prey , and swallows it head first . large insect larvae , crayfishes , and fishes are staples of the adult diet . redfin pickerel live to 6 years ;\njones creek individuals were parasitized by 11 organisms , mostly trematodes , in virtually all internal organs . only three protozoans appeared dense enough to affect the health of grass pickerel ( crossman 1962a , see also ming 1968 ) .\ncommittee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . cosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada . none . ottawa : committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . 2005 .\nalthough northern pike and muskellunge reach large sizes and are esteemed as game fishes , the grass pickerel seldom reaches a size to be of interest to fishers . their sleek , muscular , torpedo - shaped \u201cengineering\u201d is worthy of admiration .\nhoyle , j . , h . gill , a . weatherley . 1986 . histochemical characterization of myotomal muscle in the grass pickerel , esox americanus vermiculatus ( leseuer ) , and the muskellunge , e . masquinongy ( mitchell ) .\nthe most effective method of using a minnow trap for redfin is to place the trap in a location where a fur trapper would place a trap for beaver or otter . that is , locate a narrow passageway in the stream through which any fish traveling upstream or downstream would need to pass , an opening between two rocks for example , where the water is a foot deep or less and fast moving . if all other paths are blocked or difficult to pass through , then a minnow trap carefully place in this opening will be extremely effective . i often raise the trap slightly by placing some small flat rocks underneath the trap . this will bring the trap closer to the surface where redfin often travel . the trap may need to be left for several days . i have found that often all the pickerel in an area will relocate at once , often after a rainfall , filling traps placed in this method .\n(\ncosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada\n, 2005 ; crossman , 1962 ; ming , 1968 ; parnell , et al . , 1994 ; sternberg , 1987 ; trautman , 1986 )\n(\ncosewic assessment and status report on the grass pickerel esox americanus vermiculatus in canada\n, 2005 ; crossman , 1962 ; ming , 1968 ; parnell , et al . , 1994 ; wallus , et al . , 1990 )\nthe cheeks and gill covers on the redfin pickerel are fully scaled , while the top of the head has few if any scales . a darkened vertical bar beneath the eye slants slightly backward . in cross section , the body is oval or cigar - shaped . the back is dark green to brown . color patterns on the sides are variable , from a green - and - white reticulate pattern resembling that of a brick wall to green , forward - slanting vertical bars . along the lower sides , fingerlike green projections extend downward and forward onto a cream or yellow venter .\nchain pickerel live in and around weedbeds and sunken stumps and logs in natural lakes , swampy ponds and manmade impoundments . they can also be found in the sluggish parts of clear streams and in the naturally acidic , tannin - stained waters that drain boggy wetlands , as in northeastern pennsylvania . chain pickerel are commonly shallow - water dwellers , but they can live in deep lakes . they don\u2019t travel far from their selected home areas , and they tolerate a wide temperature range .\ngrass pickerel live in the marshy areas of lakes and ponds , as well as in slow - flowing sections or backwaters of clear streams . they are usually found in and around dense , rooted aquatic vegetation over a soft , silt bottom .\npike , pickerel , and muskellunges collectively make seven species under one genus , esox , which is a genus of freshwater fish . esox is the only extant genus of the family : esocidae . being members of the same genus , both pike and pickerel share many features in common , yet there are some exhibited differences between them . this article intends to summarize the interesting features of both pike ( 3 species ) and pickerels ( 2 species ) and to discuss the difference between them .\ngrass and redfin pickerel reside in aquatic areas where there are large spans of aquatic vegetation . they are mainly found in relatively shallow ( less than 2 meters ) and warm ( 24 - 27 degrees celsius ) swamps , lakes , backwaters , and slow - moving pool habitats within stream channels that are clear . usually , they reside in bodies of water that have muddy bottoms , but they can also exist in rocky substrates . they are mainly a freshwater species , but have been reported to be found in the brackish waters of new york and new jersey and occasionally in brackish water around the chesapeake bay .\nkleinert , s . j . and mraz . 1966 . life history of the grass pickerel ( esox americanus vermiculatus ) in southeastern wisconsin . pp . 1 - 40 . tech . bull . , no . 37 , wisconsin conservation department , madison .\nredfin pickerel can at times reach weights in excess of 1 pound throughout the vast majority of its range in the south they are restricted to sizes of 4 to 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . elongate body . they colored dark olive to brown above , with lighter sides , with dark greenish - yellow to brown wavy bars ; dark bar under eye slopes down and back ; fins reddish , without dark spots . head long ; snout short , with straight profile ; 4 sensory pores on each side of lower jaw ; 11\u201313 ( usually 12 ) branchiostegal rays . cheek and opercle fully scaled . lateral line complete , with 97\u2013118 scales .\nif you accidentally capture a grass pickerel in quebec , it is very important to advise the centre de donn\u00e9es sur le patrimoine naturel du qu\u00e9bec of your catch , and to release the fish back into the water in a manner that maximizes its chances of survival .\npickerel , common name for 3 closely related carnivorous , soft - rayed freshwater fishes in the pike family ( esocidae ) . in parts of canada , the name is applied , erroneously , to the wwalleye . the name is derived from an english diminutive of pike .\nchain pickerel are solitary predators , feasting on fish , which they stalk through the underwater weedbeds , as well as crayfish , large aquatic insects , frogs and other small animal life that gets into the water . they feed during the day , especially at dawn and dusk , and are active through the winter , under the ice , so they can be caught by ice anglers . in ponds where they overpopulate and outstrip their food source , chain pickerel may become stunted \u201cpencil pike , \u201d or \u201chammer handles , \u201d small in size and thin .\ninteractions with other species of fishes were limited to predation and food . in jones creek , there were 22 other species of fishes , but the grass pickerel preyed on only nine . the central mudminnow , umbra limi , and the golden shiner , notemigonus crysoleucas were dominant prey items . golden shiners were preyed upon in relation to their relative abundance rather than selection ( crossman 1962a ) , but crossman ( 1962b ) suggested that the grass pickerel selected for the central mudminnow . ming ( 1968 ) noted that , in oklahoma , of 76 species of fishes captured , only 44 of them could be said to be\nclosely associated\nwith the grass pickerel . those species were in the following families : lepisosteidae , amiidae , clupeidae , cyprinidae , catostomidae , ictaluridae , anguillidae , centrarchidae , percidae , sciaenidae and atherinidae .\nfecundity : moderately large number of small demersal , adhesive eggs ( crossman 1980 ) . mature eggs average 1 . 9mm in diameter and are golden yellow ; range from 843 to 4584 mature eggs for grass pickerel of 160 - 325 mm tl ( kleinert and mraz 1966 ) ."]}
{"id": 1575, "summary": [{"text": "trisopterus esmarkii , the norway pout , is a species of fish in the cod family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the barents sea , north sea , baltic sea , off the coasts of norway , iceland , the british isles and elsewhere in the northeast atlantic ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it prefers depths between 100 and 200 m ( 330 \u2013 660 ft ) , but occurs from 50 to 300 m ( 160 \u2013 980 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "norway pout can reach 35 cm ( 14 in ) , but are more common at around 19 cm ( 7.5 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is extensively fished , mostly for conversion into fishmeal , with 877,910 t taken in 1974 , and only 39,223 t taken in 2008 . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "trisopterus esmarkii", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock chose to hide data on\ntrisopterus esmarkii ( nilsson , 1855 )\n.\nraitt , d . f . s . 1968a . synopsis of biological data on the norway pout trisopterus esmarkii ( nilsson , 1855 ) . f . a . o . fish . biol . synopses , ( 33 ) 1968 : 32 p . , 7 fig .\ntrisopterus esmarkii is the direct target of small - mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil ( ices 2007 ) . this species population is also impacted by other commercial species , as it is an important prey species of other commercially important fishes , such as cod , saithe , haddock , mackerel and whiting .\ntrisopterus esmarkii is restricted to the northeastern atlantic ocean , where it is distributed from svalbard and the southwest barents sea , south to the english channel , including bear island , around iceland and at the faroe islands ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 50 to 300 metres .\nscientific synonyms and common names trisopterus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) synonyms : gadus esmarkii nilsson , 1855 , scand . fauna , 4 : 565 ( after esmark , 1844 ; christianiafjord ) . gadus esmarkii : smitt , 1893 , 1 : 508 , fig . 122 , pl . xxviiia ( col . fig . i ) sund , in andersson et al . , 1942 , 1 : 184 , pl . 52 ( col . ) . trisopterus esmarkii : svetovidov , 1948 : 143 , fig . 22 , pl . vll ( fig . 2 ) , pl . xlv , pl . lxx ( fig . 3 ) raitt , 1968a ( 33 ) : 1 , fig . 1 - 2 wheeler , 1969 : 270 , fig . trisopterus esmarki : andriashev , 1954 : 156 , fig . 77 . common names : norway pout [ en ] \u00f6gerp\u00e5l [ no ] spaerling [ da ] stintdorsch [ de ] tacaud norv\u00e9gien [ fr ] kever [ ne ]\njustification : trisopterus esmarkii , the norway pout , is distributed from the southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , around iceland and at the faeroe islands . it is caught in the industrial fishery and estimates of ssb from the only available stock assessment in the north sea fluctuates over the past 30 years due to variable recruitment and short - life span caused by high natural mortality , with no observable trend . within the last 10 years ( three generation lengths ) there is also no observable trend . fishing mortality has been reduced due to implementation of bi - annual recommendations for total allowable catch . trisopterus esmarkii is therefore listed as least concern .\nsweet , n . a . 2008 . trisopterus esmarkii norway pout . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken\n( of gadus esmarkii nilsson , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of trisopterus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe norway pout is dark greeny brown dorsally , with distinct silver sides and a small but conspicuous dark spot above the base of the pectoral fin . the maximum recorded size for this species is 35 cm . trisopterus esmarkii has an elongate body whose depth is less than the head is long . the snout is pointed with a prominent lower jaw and large mouth extending to the level of the middle of the pupil . its eyes are large , greater than the snout length . it has a conspicuous moderately long , thin chin barbel . there are 3 dorsal and 2 anal fins , with the origin of the anal fin positioned below or slightly behind the first dorsal interspace .\ntrisopterus esmarkii is a relatively abundant gadoid in the north sea and barents sea . a stock assessment in the north sea ( including skagerrak and kattegat ) shows ssb for this species in the north sea as widely fluctuated over the past 30 years ( 1983\u20132014 ) with an apparent increase in biomass from the mid - 2000s to 2013 . this is a short - lived species . the abundance of this species is closely linked to recruitment , which has varied considerably over the last decade ( ices 2014 ) . due to the relatively short lifespan of this species , stock dynamics are highly variable . this species is also fished in the industrial fishery ( e . g . harvested for fishmeal and oil ) throughout the region , but no other stock assessments are available .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - norway pout , fr - tacaud norv\u00e9gien , sp - faneca noruega .\nlower jaw slightly longer than upper . greatest body depth less than head length . colour : grey - brown dorsally , sides silvery belly white ; a dark blotch at upper edge of pectoral base .\nsouthwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , around iceland , and at the faeroe islands .\nbenthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottomsat depths of 50 - 300 m , but mostly found between 100 and 200 m . first maturity is reached at 2 years ( l4 to 15 cm ) and sex ratio of adults in the north sea is 93 males : 57 females . a 15 to 19 cm fish lays 27 000 to 51 200 eggs ; the spawning period extends from january to july ( mostly from march to may ) . migrates for spawning between the shetland islands and norway and out of the skagerrak , the mayor spawning grounds being located between nw scotland , norway , faeroe islands and iceland . growth is rapid : at 1 year , 13 cm ; 2 years , 19 cm ; 3 years , 21 cm ; maximun age is 4 to 5 years . it is a pelagic feeder , mostly on planktonic crustaceans ( copepods , euphausids , shrimps , amphipods ) but also on small fish and various eggs and larvae .\nan exceptional specimen reached 35 cm ; however , less than 20 cm is the more ordinary size .\nthe catch reported for 1987 in the fao yearbook of fishery statistics was 208 864 t , down from 428 374 t in 1979 . major exploiting countries are denmark ( ca . 119 000 t ) , norway ( ca . 81 000 t ) and the faeroe islands ( ca . 10 000 t ) , using bottom trawls and danish seines . the major fishing grounds are the northern north sea and skagerrak and to a lesser extent , the norwegian more coast , between 100 and 250 m depth . the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 112 556 t . the countries with the largest catches were denmark ( 57 441 t ) and norway ( 51 067 t ) . used mainly for fish meal and oil .\nfao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . daniel m . cohen tadashi inada tomio iwamoto nadia scialabba 1990 . fao fisheries synopsis . no . 125 , vol . 10 . rome , fao . 1990 . 442p .\ngreek , tris = thrice + greek , pteron = wing , fin ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 50 - 300 m ( ref . 54932 ) , usually 100 - 200 m ( ref . 54932 ) . temperate ; 79\u00b0n - 48\u00b0n , 27\u00b0w - 30\u00b0e ( ref . 54932 )\nnortheast atlantic : southwest barents sea , sometimes at bear island , south to the english channel , - and the bay of biscaye ( ref . 90172 ) - , around iceland and faeroe islands .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 11 - 15 cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 ) ; common length : 19 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4645 ) ; max . reported age : 5 years ( ref . 273 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . gray - brown dorsally , silvery on sides , white on belly . a dark blotch is at the upper edge of the pectoral - fin base .\nbenthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottoms . mostly found between 100 and 200 m . feeds mostly on planktonic crustaceans ( copepods , euphausiids , shrimps , amphipods ) but also on small fish and various eggs and larvae ( ref . 1371 ) . caught mainly for reduction to fishmeal ( ref . 3383 ) , trout pellets , fodder ( ref . 35388 ) .\noviparous , sexes are separate ( ref . 205 ) . migrates for spawning between the shetland islands and norway and out of the skagerrak . major spawning grounds are northwestern scotland , norway , faeroe islands and iceland .\ncohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )\n) : 5 . 9 - 10 . 1 , mean 7 . 8 ( based on 185 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00535 - 0 . 00710 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 3 . 02 - 3 . 10 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 36 ; tm = 2 . 3 ; tmax = 5 ; fec = 27 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 88 , 2 sd range = 0 . 48 - 1 . 60 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 13 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 3 , based on : 2 m , 6 k , 7 tgen , 1 tmax , 3 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]\ndyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]\nnilsson , s . ( 1855 ) . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna . f\u00f6rsta h\u00e4ftet . lund . i - xxxiv + 1 - 768 . page ( s ) : 565 [ details ]\nwheeler , a . ( 1992 ) . a list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the british isles . j . fish biol . 41 ( suppl . a ) : 1 - 37 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 565 [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of boreogadus esmarki ( nilsson , 1855 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhabitat benthopelagic to pelagic over muddy bottoms . mostly found between 100 and 200 m . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nnorway pout is a benthopelagic to pelagic species which is typically found over muddy bottoms at depths of 50 to 300 meters , but more commonly between 100 and 200 meters . it feeds primarily on copepods ( bromley et al . 1997 ) , but also consumes decapod larvae , mysids and euphasiids ( gordon 1977 ) . norway pout is an important prey species in the north sea ecosystem ( ices 2011 ) . this species spawns in the north sea at depths of > 100 m , with a peak in spawning occurring between march and april , with more northern populations ( off the coast of norway ) spawning in late march and continuing through to june . the principal spawning area of norway pout in the north sea is in the northwestern region ( nash et al . 2012 ) . this species most likely spawns only once , and natural mortality is significantly correlated with sexual maturity , sex , growth and intra - specific stock density , indicating that this species may die as a direct or indirect result of spawning ( nielsen et al . 2012 ) . females are generally more abundant than males , with female dominance increasing by age ( albert 1994 ) . males mature younger than females ( age at 50 % maturity : males = 1 . 2 years , females = 1 . 5 years ) ( lambert et al . 2009 ) and longevity is four to five years . generation length is therefore estimated to be about two to three years .\nthis species is a direct target of small - mesh fisheries for fish meal and fish oil ( ices 2007 ) . it is primarily caught using bottom trawls and danish seines ( cohen et al . 1990 ) .\nharvest control rules based on total allowable catches are in place for norway pout and are frequently re - evaluated due to this species ' short lifespan ( ices 2014 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nnorway pout belongs to the cod family and lives in schools . it is commonly found in the northern north sea . it is rare to find it along the dutch coast . this species likes to swim close to the bottom . other fish species such as mackerel , coal fish , whiting , haddock and cod love to eat norway pout . all together , these species consume an estimated 1 . 3 million tons of norway pout in the north sea per year . the norwegian and danish industrial fleet used to fish norway pout on a large scale , however interest in this fish species decreased in the mid 1980s . norway pout is still used as food for fish farms and cattle .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfinrays 23 - 29 ; first anal finrays 26 - 31 , second anal finrays 25 - 31 .\ngrey - brown on back , dull silvery on sides , belly more pale .\nandersson , k . a . , ed . 1942 . fiskar och fiske i norden . 1 , fiskar och fiske i havet . stockholm , xvi + 540 pp . , 83 col . pl . , 230 fig . 2 , fiskar och fiske i sj\u00f6r och floder : pp . xvii - xxiv + 541 - 1016 , fig . 231 - 426 , col . pl . 84 - 128 . ( new edition in 1954 , 2 : pp . 425 - 769 , 190 fig . , 42 col . pl . )\nandriashev , a . p . 1954 . ryby severnykh morei sssr . izv . akad . nauk sssr . moskwa - leningrad . ( english trans . 1964 , jerusalem , ipst , 617 pp . , 300 fig . )\nehrenbaum , e . 1905 - 1909 . eier und larven von fischen der nordischen planktons , teil i , 1905 , 4 : iv + i 1 - i 216 + iii , fig . 1 - 82 ; teil ii , 1909 , 10 : i 217 - i 413 , fig . 83 - 147 .\nfries , b . f . ; ekstr\u00f6m , c . u . ; sundevall , c . j . 1893 - 1895 . a history of scandinavian fishes , rev . and compl . by f . a . smitt , stockholm & paris , i , 1893 : pp . 1 - 566 + viii , fig . 1 - 134 ; ii , 1895 : pp . 567 - 1240 , fig . 135 - 380 ; atlas , pt . i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii ; pt . ii , 1895 , pl . xxvii a - liii .\nnilsson , s . 1855 . skandinavisk fauna . fjerde delen : fiskarna , lund : xxxiv + 768 p .\nschmidt , e . j . 1905 - 1906 . the pelagic post - larval stages of the atlantic species of gadus , part i . meddr . kommn havunders . , ser . : fisk . , 1905 , 1 ( 4 ) : 77 pp . , 16 fig . , 3 pl . ; part ii , ibid . , 1906 , 2 ( 2 ) : 20 pp . , pl . i .\nschmidt , w . 1968 . vergleichend morphologische studie \u00fcber die otolithen mariner knochenfische . arch . fischwiss . , 19 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 96 , 184 fig . , 25 pl .\nscott , t . 1906 . observations on the otoliths of some teleostean fishes . 24 . rep . fishery bd scotl . , 1905 [ 1906 ] , 3 : 48 - 82 , 5 pl .\nsmitt , f . a . 1893 - 1895 . ( ed . ) a history of scandinavian fishes , stockholm and paris , atlas , i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii .\nsmitt , f . a . ed . , 1893 - 1895 . see fries , b . f . ; ekstr\u00f6m , c . u . ; sundevall , c . j . , 1893 - 1895 .\nsvetovidov , a . n . 1948 . [ gadiformes . fauna u . s . s . r . , fishes ] , 9 ( 2 ) : 222 pp . , 39 fig . , pl . i - lxxii ( in russian , transl . jerusalem , 1962 , 232 pp . ) .\nwheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .\nthe norway pout fishery is relatively small and confined principally to norway and denmark . the by - products are probably blended into other fishery by - products and not available as a separate product . blue whiting is a large fishery primarily confined to the eu and northern european countries with a smaller catch controlled by 25 other countries .\nreports the landings and potential yield of fish oil from these fisheries . blue whiting fish oil is a potential source of omega - 3 fatty acids and\npresents some fatty acid profile data on blue whiting , southern blue whiting and norway pout .\n) , which can dive into the krill sl at depth during daytime or when it is closer to the surface during its upward dvm during night - time or in response to some physical forcing under certain circumstances .\namong these predators , baleen whales are unique , since they do not feed on individuals but on bulk amounts of krill , targeting aggregations that they engulf in mouthfuls . the whales take advantage of krill swarming behaviour which is otherwise a beneficial anti - predation strategy (\n) . nevertheless , aggregation may not be completely ineffective against whale predation , since it at least minimises the spatial extent of the krill distribution and makes it harder for roaming predators to detect them . however , once a predator has detected the edge of an aggregation , the probability of it being of considerable biomass is high , since aggregations often extend over kilometre scales (\nhow do changes in the ocean environment affect the productivity of marine fish ? apart from the obvious effects of temperature on metabolic rates , it is most likely that changes in the ocean environment manifest themselves through the food web . according to the hypothesis of bottom - up control , productivity at higher trophic levels is limited by primary production . just as a rising tide floats all boats , one would expect an increase in primary production to benefit all the species that rely on this production . we might expect to find the best evidence for bottom - up control in ecosystems with seasonal production and relatively simple food chains , such as boreal and upwelling ecosystems . in the north sea there have been parallel changes in abundance of phytoplankton , zooplankton , herring , and seabirds , which can be interpreted as bottom - up control of the pelagic food chain . during the gadoid outburst in the north sea , recruitment of five demersal species \u2013 cod , haddock , whiting , saithe , and norway pout \u2013 increased by a factor of 4 or 5 between the early and late 1960s . the gadoid outburst has been interpreted as bottom - up control of recruitment by zooplankton abundance and availability . though the gadoid outburst ended in the 1980s , debate continues on the cause of this phenomenon .\ngiven that primary production limits production at higher trophic levels , species replacements may be caused by competition for limiting resources . according to accepted ecological methods , for species to compete , they must use the same resource , which must be in limiting supply . removal of one species should result in increased use of the resource by the other species . because of the difficulty of manipulating marine fish populations it has been very difficult to demonstrate competition , except for some sedentary species such as reef fishes . for many fish species that are mobile and differ in their feeding preferences , opportunities for interference competition are few . however , the species may still compete if one species eats food that the other species would have eaten . the limited energy in a food web may be channeled to one species or another , and this partitioning process can be considered exploitative competition .\nfor example , sardines and anchovies have a broad diet overlap and may potentially compete . the japanese sardine fluctuations (\n) have been explained with a cyclic advantage hypothesis . a mathematical model of this hypothesis , which incorporates competition between the sardines and the other species groups , is able to reproduce the sequential replacement of the species groups . the replacement of the gadoids on georges bank by elasmobranches can also be interpreted as competition between the species groups . the abundance of the two species groups is inversely related in phase space (\n) , and reciprocal negative interaction terms were estimated between these groups in a multispecies model . as there is little predation between the gadoids and elasmobranches , the negative interaction terms support the competition hypothesis . an alternative hypothesis is that the different species groups simply respond differently to varying oceanographic conditions . however , this simplistic explanation begs the question of what changes in the environment caused the dramatic fluctuations and whether these changes occurred in the food web .\nthe bottom - up hypothesis implies that prey density limits the feeding rate , growth and production of predators . the best evidence of this limitation is shifts in the mean size at age of predator species in response to changing prey abundance . for example , the growth rate of icelandic cod was significantly related to the biomass of capelin , one of its primary prey species (\n) . faster - growing cod mature at a younger age and larger females produce more eggs ; hence faster growth rates should translate to higher per capita fecundity . however , care must be taken when interpreting size - at - age data because growth rates are influenced by factors in addition to food availability , such as temperature .\none of the most widely expressed concerns about the intensive and selective fishing activities of humans is that they will lead to imbalances in ecosystem function which have ramifications for non - target species . thus fishers who capture small \u201cforage fishes\u201d such as sardines or pilchards\n( nilsson ) will compete with other predators in the marine ecosystem . industrial fisheries in the north sea , for example , accounted for over half the total catch by the late 1980s (\n) . there is increasing pressure to manage marine ecosystems with a view to ensuring the well - being of birds and marine mammals rather than maximizing fish production for humans . moreover , some fishery biologists have also expressed concern about the\nintensive fishing of forage fishes since these may provide food for more valuable fished species .\n) , but these reductions may lead to responses in non - target species through changes in competitive interactions and predator\u2013prey relationships . the indirect effects of fishing on trophic interactions in marine ecosystems have become a major concern of the conservation movement (\n) and a good scientific basis for management decisions is essential . in addition , it is in this field that improved links between fish population biology and ecology would have particular benefits . the current debates amongst fisheries ecologists invoke comparison with debates about the relative roles of \u201ctop down\u201d ( predator ) or \u201cbottom up\u201d ( environmental and prey ) control in ecosystems and the relative significance of \u201cdonor controlled\u201d dynamics ( in which victim populations influence enemy dynamics but enemies have no significant effect on victim populations ) in food webs .\n) but empirical evidence suggests it is wrong to assume that most predator\u2013prey relationships are tightly coupled and that the removal or proliferation of one species which eats another will result in detectable changes in ecological processes . in particular , simplistic models of predator\u2013prey interactions often take no account of prey switching , ontogenetic shifts in diet , cannibalism or the diversity of species in marine ecosystems and thus they often fail to provide valid predictions of changes in abundance . in\nwe review the empirical evidence for and against the proliferation of prey species following the removal of their predators . this is of particular significance because it has been suggested that the deliberate removal of predatory fishes ( or other top predators ) may allow fishers to harvest more of their prey (\njones , 1982 ; grigg et al . , 1984 ; munro and williams , 1985\nbirds and mammals may prey on marine fishes and humans compete with them as top predators . in\nwe consider whether the removal or proliferation of prey has significant impacts on predator populations , discussing the relative roles of fisheries and environmental change in determining the availability of prey and how these processes affect the abundance and life histories of predators .\n) and yet there have been marked changes in the species that dominate the biomass and yield from many of the most productive marine fisheries . there has been much debate as to whether these changes are natural fluctuations in marine\nwe consider the significance of species replacements and whether these have been stimulated by fisheries which remove biomass and therefore reduce interactions between species which formerly competed with , or ate , one - another . in\ncompositional analyses have been used both for characterisation and for authentication purposes . the lipid content and to a greater extent the fatty acid composition of tissue lipids of animals are closely related to diet , making these suitable markers for identifying wild or cultured production methods . chromatographic techniques are the methods of choice for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures , the old bligh and dyer method (\n) being the most frequently used to isolate and purify lipids from biological materials . it is based on a liquid - liquid extraction , a mild treatment so as to minimise oxidative decomposition of fish lipids due to their highly unsaturated structure .\nmost of the gc techniques developed to study fish lipids require a derivatisation step prior to analysis . transesterification with methanol is the most commonly used ; the fatty acids are then studied as fatty acid methyl esters or fames . most studies have focused on the liver oil or the fish flesh ; however ,\nother parts of the fish have also been investigated . for example , for atlantic salmon , total lipid content and composition have been characterised for different anatomical fractions : skin , red and white muscle , belly flap , dorsal fat depot , backbone , head , visceral tissue , liver (\nthe long chain n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ( pufa ) are the most characteristic components of fish lipids , the main polyenoic acids being eicosapentaenoic acid ( epa or 20 : 5n - 3 ) and docosahexenoic acid ( dha or 22 : 6n - 3 ) . levels of linoleic ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) and linolenic ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) acids , more commonly found in vegetable oils , are generally low in marine lipids . feed formulations used in aquaculture are made up of fishmeal and fish oil , often derived from species such as capelin , menhaden ( brevoortia spp . ) , sand eel , sprat , norway pout , blue whiting , horse mackerel , atlantic herring ( clupea spp . ) , anchovy ( engraulis spp . ) , and pilchard . since fatty acid profiles can vary from species to species , these differences can be found in the farmed fish fed on specific fishmeal . with declining fish stocks and the corresponding growth in the use of fishmeal and fish oil for aquaculture , there is a move towards incorporating plant - derived products such as soybean meal or vegetable oils in the fish feed . the variations in fatty acid profiles due to these changes also offer a useful means of differentiating between wild and farmed fish .\nvarious studies have confirmed these differences in fatty acid composition in wild and cultured fish .\nreported dissimilarities in fatty acid profiles of the flesh lipids of cultured and wild sea bass , with oleic acid ( 18 : 1n - 9 ) and linoleic acid ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) being significantly higher in the farmed fish . both these fatty acids can be linked to the use of plant - derived oils in the feed . on the other hand , cultured sea bass contained lower amounts of epa and dha , with a higher ratio of n - 3 to n - 6 in the wild fish .\non the characterisation of the fatty acid compositions of cultured and wild sturgeon , it was found that wild sturgeon have lower levels of dha or epa . the higher amounts of long chain n - 3 fatty acids in the cultured fish were attributed to the use of herring or menhaden in the fishmeal .\npotential fraudulent practices do not always entail substituting cheaper farmed fish for its more valuable wild counterpart . in areas where fishing rights are restricted , to protect certain fish populations for instance , there is the potential for endemic fish species to be illegally sold as cultured fish .\nused fatty acid composition and chemometric data treatment to discriminate between wild and farmed largemouth bass , black and white crappies , all freshwater fish that are popular with anglers . this study focused on four main fatty acids : linoleic ( 18 : 2n - 6 ) , linolenic ( 18 : 3n - 3 ) , arachidonic ( 20 : 4n - 6 ) and docosahexaenoic ( 22 : 6n - 3 ) . the statistical models built up using different data treatments all gave good classification rates were obtained for the wild and cultured species . this work was unusual in that it examined juvenile , age - 0 , rather than adult fish .\nalthough it has been clearly demonstrated that fatty acid composition is closely linked to the fish feed , there are other factors that may affect the overall profile , such as age , fatty acid metabolism and so on . add to this the possible changes in the feed composition to farmed fish to reflect available supplies , and the fact that the diet of wild fish can vary with season , migration patterns and other external factors , it is clear that most discriminant models based on fatty acid profiles may be subject to a number of uncontrolled variables . to provide a more robust solution it is probably best to envisage other complementary methods .\nm in length landed 248 , 036 tonnes of seafood worth \u00a3159 . 1 million in 2010 (\n) . bottom trawlers , however , dominate the uk fleet in terms of vessel numbers and days spent at sea , and the target roundfish and flatfish species are caught as part of a mixed fishery . the food web of the north sea is complex , and there is a trade - off in the yields of different species . for example , low fishing mortality on cod is predicted to lead to an increase in its spawning stock biomass ( ssb ) but a decrease in the ssb and yield for whiting and haddock through their increased direct predation by cod . effects may cascade , with the potential to also increase the ssb and yield for herring , sandeel , norway pout and sprat due to their reduced predation by whiting and haddock (\npresent the ices data for the top 25 finfish species caught in the north sea and the top 19 recorded invertebrate species . the data are a fascinating window on the social , ecological and economic history of the north sea . some major trends evident , such as the disappearance of herring and the gadoid outburst are examples of nature determining landings (\n) . others , such as the catches of blue whiting , mackerel and wolf fish show how technological advance or culinary fashions can encourage fishers to target new species . latterly declines in landings of some species are clearly , at least in part , a result of over - exploitation ( e . g . cod and whiting ) . other declines may be the result of climate change , managing down exploitation or mis - management (\n) . decreases in landings of bivalves such as mussels and oysters reflect a shift from fisheries to mariculture for these species ( david jarrad , shellfish association of great britain , pers . com . ) .\njennings and lee , 2012 ; jennings et al . , 1999 ; rijnsdorp et al . , 1998 ; stefc , 2012\n) . these fishing footprints are also affected by the local seabed substrate type . mixed sediments are the predominant bottom type in the north sea . coarser sands are dominant in the shallower more tidally active south . mud is generally more prevalent in the deeper northern parts , with substantial areas of exposed bedrock found mainly around the coasts of scotland and norway .\nat the finer scale , there remain significant gaps in our empirical understanding about both the spatial and temporal effects of fishing gear\u2013habitat interactions . this uncertainty is manifest when attempts are made to value the economic benefits and costs of restricting fishing over large spatial scales (\n) , with assumptions made on the impact of different fishing gears reflecting pre - conceived biases . indeed , this knowledge deficit has become increasingly relevant to the debates over management measures for mpas , particularly the ongoing revision of fishing activities to be restricted in european marine sites ( emss ) ,\nand current debates on the management restrictions to be placed in mczs . importantly , regional scale modelling exercises reveal that there are trade - offs in designing mpa networks to achieve different sets of conservation objectives (\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\na benthopelagic to pelagic species found over muddy bottoms , at depths between 100 to 200 m .\nnorway pout is an important food item in the diet of several prime species including hake , cod , whiting and pollack . this is a highly commercial species caught mainly for fishmeal .\nspawns from january to july off of north and north west scotland , faroes , iceland and norweigan coast .\nfishbase , 2000 . fishbase . a global information system on fishes . [ on - line ] http : / / www . fishbase . org , 2001 - 05 - 03\nhowson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]\nnational biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017\nobis , 2018 . global map of species distribution using gridded data . available from : ocean biogeographic information system . www . iobis . org . accessed : 2018 - 07 - 09\nwheeler , a . , 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . london : macmillan .\nworms 2007 . the world register of marine species ( worms ) . http : / / www . marinespecies . org , 2008 - 10 - 31\nmarine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) \u00a9 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .\nthe information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken"]}
{"id": 1579, "summary": [{"text": "alucita wamenaensis is a moth of the alucitidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gielis in 2009 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in papua new guinea . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "alucita wamenaensis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for wamenaensis definition . you find here wamenaensis meaning , synonyms of wamenaensis and images for wamenaensis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word wamenaensis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word wamenaensis and , of course , wamenaensis synonyms and on the right images related to the word wamenaensis .\n\u2014 a\u00b7l\u00f9\u00b7ci\u00b7ta s . f . ts entom . farfalla del genere alucita | con iniz . maiusc . , genere della famiglia degli pteroforidi { { line } } { { / line } } varianti : alucida . data : 1829 . etimo : dal lat . scient . al\u016bc\u012dta , da alucita zanzara \u2026\n^ some cite zeller , 1841 as author ; this is incorrect , as zeller ' s\nalucitina\nis a junior synonym of the family alucitidae , not the genus alucita .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : only known by the holotype . probably the smallest species from new guinea .\npapua localities : new guinea : wamena ( baliem valley ) . details in gazetteer .\ngielis , c . , 2009 . additions to the alucitidae of papua , indonesia ( lepidoptera ) . bolet\u00edn sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa 44 : 15 - 33 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nalucitina\nredirects here . as used by zeller in 1841 , this refers to\nrhipidophora\nredirects here . in botany , this refers to a genus of\na genus in its own right , and it remains so until today . however , some subsequent authors believed linn\u00e9 ' s name to be invalid , and established alternate names for this genus . but while the oldest of these ,\n. version of 2004 - nov - 05 . retrieved 2011 - oct - 15 .\n\u2014 \u25ba sustantivo femenino zoolog\u00eda mariposa nocturna de peque\u00f1o tama\u00f1o cuya larva da\u00f1a los cereales . ( sitotroga cerealella . ) \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\nthis category is maintained by wikiproject stub sorting . please propose new stub templates and categories here before creation .\nthis category is for stub articles relating to moths of the superfamily alucitoidea . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { alucitoidea - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .\nthe following 200 pages are in this category , out of approximately 213 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nheterocera papua and west - papua ( indonesian new guinea ) w . a . s . world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph | christophe avon - urltoken\nheterocera papua and west - papua ( indonesian new guinea ) w . a . s . world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1582, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) is a species of songbird in the family nicatoridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in kenya , malawi , mozambique , somalia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , dry savanna , and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it occurs south to around mtunzini in northern kwazulu-natal , south africa , and is regularly reported from lowland areas north through to east africa , including inland areas along the zambezi river .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this species was formerly called the \" yellow-spotted nicator \" although this is no longer the case , with that name now belonging solely to the central african western nicator . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "eastern nicator", "paragraphs": ["eastern nicator ( previously called \u2013 yellow - spottted nicator ) geelvleknikator nicator gularis this eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger . . . more\neastern nicator , kruger national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\nlike bush - shrikes , eastern nicator has a hook to the tip of the upper mandible .\nthe eastern nicator , with its heavy bill and curved tip almost like a shrike , could possibly be closer to the shrikes as to the bulbuls .\nh . chittenden and g . upfold . 2008 . eastern nicator . [ online ] ( updated 14 june 2008 ) available at : urltoken [ accessed 12 march 2009 ] .\nthe shy and elusive eastern nicator is one of the most interesting sand forest birds in lowland forest in southern africa . the status of the nicator family has been the subject of much debate and has been placed in both the shrike and bulbul families in the past . indeed , the name given to the southern african representative nicator gularis in the 1940 edition of the birds of south africa by austin roberts was yellow - spotted shrike ! it was subsequently moved from the shrike family to that of the bulbuls and given the name yellow - spotted nicator . with three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots , the current name eastern nicator is a far better one . the nicators are probably best placed in a family of their own as they have morphological and behavioral similarities to both the shrike and bulbul families .\nthis eastern nicator made my day when i spotted it on a recent birding trip to the kruger national park where it was foraging in the underbrush and thickets . i first recorded this bird when it was still called yellow - spotted nicator . i liked the name as it is quite an apt description of the bird . during this recent trip at punda maria , i spotted the bird now going by its new name \u2013 eastern nicator \u2013 and thus it is sort of also a first . the beautiful call of this bird is quite striking .\nthe eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) , a member of the bulbuls family , is a shy and elusive bird that inhabits the lowland forest in southern africa . it was previously called the yellow - spotted shrike , then the yellow - spotted nicator and recently renamed the eastern nicator due to three different nicator species in africa , all with yellow spots . . . nicators are known to follow animals and catch prey as they are flushed out by the moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is \u2018loosa\u2019 which means ' the one that keeps watch over animals ' . view this sighting on tracking the wild here : urltoken subscribe for more interesting videos : urltoken follow us on : tracking the wild : urltoken facebook : urltoken twitter : urltoken google + : urltoken instagram : urltoken download our wildlife social media app : iphone app : urltoken android app : urltoken\nfishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . eastern nicator ( nicator gularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndistribution of eastern nicator in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\noccurs in the lowlands of east africa , extending from kenya to northern mozambique and zambia , south to southern africa . here it is uncommon and retiring , silently descending to the undergrowth if disturbed although it sometimes perches prominently near its nest to call . it is found across mozambique , swaziland , northern and south - eastern zimbabwe , eastern limpopo province and kwazulu - natal . it generally prefers lowland secondary , evergreen and coastal forest , dense undergrowth of miombo ( brachystegia ) woodland , moist thornveld and riverine forest .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nicator gularis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\neastern nicator is one of those frustrating shy birds that sticks to dense vegetation and is more easily heard than seen , eluding many an experienced birder . on the 10th january 2008 , i ( gu ) was fascinated to witness a bird flapping on the ground like an injured butterfly . this species adapts this strategy when disturbed near a nest to distract and lure intruders away from any possible threat to their eggs or chicks . i was standing less than 2 m from the nest that had a young chick less than 4 days old . the nest was placed about half a meter above the ground on a lateral branch of a jackal - coffee tricalysia lanceolata shrub . the habitat was sandforest , in bonamanzi game reserve just south east of hluhluwe , kwazulu - natal , south africa .\nthe call of eastern nicator is loud and explosive , unlike that of any of the shrikes or bulbuls in the region so is an easy bird to locate in dense lowland woodland , their preferred habitat . they regularly use call posts , and these are normally in large emergent woodland trees . surprisingly , their nests are built down low , usually under one , or one and a half meters above the ground . they closely resemble the flimsy flat twig structures of telophorus bush - shrikes , and are unlike the cup - shaped nests of bulbuls . on finding a nest , one would be forgiven for thinking it could be that of a either a bush - shrike or wood - dove , so frail is the structure that one is frightened the eggs or small chicks would slip through the thin twig platform .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the population in southern mozambique has been estimated to number over 10 , 000 birds ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nmap updated : added a dot in munyati river ( zimbabwe ) ; enlarged shade in middle zambezi valley ( zambia ) and zambezi region ( namibia ) . eoo updated .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22713100a118717050 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbird glimpsed flying between perches , 5 - 7m high , in mature brachystegia woodland .\na surprisingly confiding individual , interspersing calling with foliage bathing . foliage bathing would be done whilst emitting a typical contact call . was one of two individuals .\nwas tape recording a large red colobus feeding party ( a few jumps and a few high pitched sounds can be heard ) , when i afterwards noted this species of bird ! a bradypterus ' s ' tick - click ' calls may be heard . towards the end a tauraco can be heard in the distance\nsome imitations - e . g . the square - tailed drongo ( the ' pitch ' - call ) which again resemble the call of the african goshawk\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan adult bird typically skulking deep in the subcanopy cover of damp coastal forest .\nlindsay hansch , paul van giersbergen , morten venas , steve garvie , markus lilje , mauriravasini .\noften considered conspecific with n . chloris . populations of zambezi valley ( from zambia e to c mozambique ) described as race phyllophilus , based on paler and browner forecrown , more greyish - yellow hindcrown and neck , and brighter upperparts , but differences slight . monotypic .\ns somalia , se kenya , ne & e tanzania ( including zanzibar , also scattered records farther w ) , s zambia , extreme ne namibia ( zambezi region ) # r , parts of n , e & se zimbabwe , and much of malawi and s mozambique s to ne south africa ( kwazulu - natal ) and e swaziland ; disjunct population in extreme se drcongo and adjacent nw zambia .\n20\u201323 cm ; male 40\u201363 g , female 29\u201341 g . distinctive , shrike - like bulbul with relatively heavy hooked bill , conspicuous pale yellow spots on wings , . . .\nsong , from high well - concealed perch , less frequently from exposed one , starts with a few low notes . . .\ncoastal forest and lowland rainforest , riparian forest , evergreen and deciduous thickets , . . .\narthropods , including large orthopterans , beetles ( coleoptera ) and caterpillars . occurs singly or in pairs ; occasionally joins mixed - . . .\nnesting recorded in jun and nov\u2013dec in kenya and tanzania , and birds in breeding condition oct\u2013may ( from beginning of short . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon and locally common to common in different parts of range . population in s mozambique estimated to be at least 10 , 000 birds . . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nsystematic position long debated ; traditionally classified within a broad family laniidae based on similarities in coloration and bill morphology , or placed with malaconotidae ( formerly part of laniidae ) or with pycnonotidae on morphological grounds . analyses of feather proteins and early studies of dna - dna hybridization both favoured placement in pycnonotidae , but genus unique in several morphological and other features ( including nest structure ) . recent dna studies place it in a separate family , probably close to alaudidae and panuridae # r # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthe source of much debate , it is has been placed with the bush - shrikes ( malaconotidae ) and with bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ) . as it resembles both of these families in many aspects , it might also be best to place it in its own family .\nit eats insects , mainly foraging in the tree canopy , gleaning prey from leaves and branches while occasionally flicking its wings . it may also descend to the ground to feed , occasionally plucking ectoparasites from large mammals or hawking the insects they disturb . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nadult at nest with a skink to give to the chick . [ photo hugh chittenden \u00a9 ]\nadult removing a faecal sack from the nest . [ photo guy upfold \u00a9 ]\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference : vog . ost . - afr . [ finsch & hartlaub ] p . 360\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 664 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\ndtd / xhtml1 - transitional . dtd\nwe photographed and watched the bird for most of the day . it was overcast and quite cool so the bird spent most of the time brooding the naked chick and occasionally feeding for short spells . food for the young chick consisted of mainly of invertebrates such as mantids and grasshoppers , but did also bring in caterpillars and an unidentified small skink .\ndistraction display by the female on the ground near the nest , and a young featherless chick on the nest .\nphotographing at a nest like this has its challenges . light , or rather the lack of light in the under canopy can either be an advantage or disadvantage . we used two large flashes to fill in shadows and light the bird , but also tried to use ambient light to get a natural looking background . later the dark undercanopy had the advantage of little ambient light so that flight and action shots were possible with flash as the only light source . with an hour of photographing at the nest , the bird became extremely tame and allowed us to enter or exit our hides without being frightened off its nest .\nlizard prey fed to the young chick ; invertebrate prey was however most commonly brought to the nest .\nnicators often follow animals such as warthog and nyala to catch prey flushed by these moving animals . the zulu name for the bird is an extremely apt one \u2018loosa\u2019 which means one that keeps watch over animals , describing the habit very well .\npilanesberg national park is a malaria free big 5 game reserve , located in north west province and is about two hours\u2019 drive from johannesburg .\nthrough the years , with intervals , i have successfully raised 3 orphaned southern fiscals / common fiscals \u2013 in those days still called fiscal shrikes . the last one a male , lived in my house per . . . more\nthere is a rich diversity of birdlife in southern africa and more than 850 bird species , which is roughly 8 % of the world\u2019s bird population , can be found in south africa alone . the total bird sp . . . more\nthe spotted eagle - owl is a medium sized species of owl , one of the smallest of the eagle - owls and is a very successful hunter . it has a length of 45 centimetres , weight 480 \u2013 850 g , a wingspan o . . . more\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern ."]}
{"id": 1583, "summary": [{"text": "anarsia idioptila is a moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1916 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( bengal ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey , irregularly sprinkled with blackish , and irrorated with whitish towards the costa and on the posterior half .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are five oblique dark fuscous marks on the costa from one-fifth to three-fourth , the median largest .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a blackish dot towards the costa near the base and a short subcostal line of black scales about one-third .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "an indistinct blackish dash is found in the middle of the disc .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , thinly scaled and subhyaline except towards the apex and termen . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anarsia idioptila", "paragraphs": ["ananarsia idioptila ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nanarsia idioptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia chiangmaiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia conica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia lewvanichae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia melanoplecta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia procera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia spatulana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia eleagnella kuznetsov , 1957 ; zool . zhurn . 36 ( 7 ) : 1096\nanarsia ulneongensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; korean j . ent . 26 : 343\nanarsia asymmetrodes park , 2014 ; ent . res . 44 : 18 ; tl : baengnyeongdo\nanarsia callicosma janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 214\nanarsia pinnata meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 69\nanarsia pustulata janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 32\nanarsia ulneongensis ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 275\nanarsia amegarta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 360 ; tl : java\nanarsia hippocoma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland\nanarsia sibirica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia vinsonella viette , 1957 ; m\u00e9m . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 8 : 163\nanarsia altercata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia amegarta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia eburnella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia ephippias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nanarsia epotias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia eutacta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nanarsia eutacta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia geminella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia halimodendri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia libanoticella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia longipalpella rebel , 1907 ; denksch . akad . wiss . wien . 71 ( 2 ) : 124\nanarsia melanchropa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia nuristanella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia omoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia sthenarota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia veruta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia aleurodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : mesopotamia , museyib\nanarsia altercata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia crassipalpella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 78\nanarsia ephippias meyrick , 1908 ; ent . mon . mag . 44 : 197 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia euphorodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : china , shanghai\nanarsia inserta [ sic , recte incerta ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\nanarsia luticostella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 332 ; tl : biskra\nanarsia nigrimacula janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : umkomaas\nanarsia reciproca meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : madras , coimbatore\nanarsia retamella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 331 ; tl : gafsa\nanarsia sthenarota meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nanarsia triglypta meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : pusa , bihar\nanarsia veruta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 148 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia didymopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia epotias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia mitescens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton\nanarsia sagmatica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nanarsia albibasella janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 253 ; tl : sw . africa\nanarsia amalleuta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : three sisters\nanarsia anthracaula meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : new hebrides , efate\nanarsia beitunica li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia bimaculata ponomarenko , 1989 ; ent . obozr . 68 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : gomotaezhnoe , primorskii krai\nanarsia choana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\nanarsia decora li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia elongata park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 64 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\nanarsia eximia li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia largimacularis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia magnibimaculata li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia melanchropa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 281 ; tl : india , dehra dun\nanarsia novitricornis li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia omoptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nanarsia sibirica park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 78 ; tl : novosibirsk\nanarsia squamerecta li & zheng , 1997 ; acta zool . hung . 43 ( 2 ) : ( 121 - 132 )\nanarsia balioneura meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\nanarsia eburnella christoph , 1887 ; in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9pid . 3 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 14\nanarsia libanoticella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ; tl : lebanon\nanarsia sciotona meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : cape colony , east london\nanarsia spartiella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; [ fe ]\nanarsia spicata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nanarsia subfulvescens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nanarsia acaciae walsingham , 1896 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 278 ; tl : sw . arabia , aden\nanarsia anisodonta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 14\nanarsia arachniota meyrick , 1925 ; bull . soc . ent . egypte 9 ( 1 - 3 ) : 210 ; tl : egypt\nanarsia carbonaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 299 ; tl : barberton , waterval onder\nanarsia chaonella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 61 ; tl : taiwan , tapei co . , taihoku\nanarsia incerta ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : ryukyus , japan\nanarsia permissa meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : sw . africa , windhoek\nanarsia triaenota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : gooty\nanarsia citromitra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia geminella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : herat , afghanistan\nanarsia nigricana park , 1991 ; jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 494 ; tl : suweon , gyunggi prov .\nanarsia vectaria meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas\nanarsia aspera park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 57 ; tl : taiwan , orchid is . , 4km sw hungta\nanarsia isogona meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nanarsia melanoplecta meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia pensilis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nanarsia sagittaria meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 4 ) : 774 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nanarsia nimbosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 300 ; tl : three sisters , pretoria , waterval onder\nanarsia nimbosa ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nanarsia acerata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia acrotoma meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 169 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\nanarsia lechriosema bradley , 1982 ; j . nat . hist . 16 ( 3 ) : 375 ; tl : norfolk i . , mt bates , 290m\nanarsia stylota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya and patipola , ceylon\nanarsia semnopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 79 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali ; portuguese east africa , magude\nanarsia tortuosella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 ; tl : chingi , salt range , w pakistan\nanarsia psammobia falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nanarsia tricornis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 168 ; tl : maskeliya , perdeniya and haldamulla , ceylon\nanarsia arsenopa meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 72 ; tl : british east africa , nairobi forest\nanarsia epiula meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 418 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nanarsia gajiensis park & ponomarenko , 1996 ; acta zool . hung . 42 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : mt gaji - san , gyungnam prov . , korea\nanarsia leucophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nanarsia ovula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia paraisogona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia protensa park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\nanarsia tortuosa ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 90 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nanarsia halimodendri christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 297 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 69 ; tl : turkmenistan\nanarsia inculta walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 112 , pl . 5 , f . 49 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nanarsia nigricana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nanarsia nuristanella amsel , 1967 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 26 ( 3 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : nuristan , afghanistan\nanarsia silvosa ueda , 1997 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : japan , honshu , oita pref . , shonai town , shiramiz\nanarsia minutella ; sattler , 1976 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 34 ( 2 ) : 140 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nanarsia stepposella ponomarenko , 2002 ; far east . ent . 115 : 2 ; tl : russia , tuva republic , 50\u00b044 ' n 93\u00b008 ' e , east tannu ola mts , irbitei , 1000m\nanarsia taurella bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia ulmarata bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 134 , pl . 5 , f . 15 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nanarsia phortica meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , kegalle , haldamulla and undugoda , ceylon ; n . coorg ; kuching , borneo\nanarsia malagasyella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : madagascar , env maroantsetra , forest station farankaraina , route navana , km 16 , 5 , antoroka valley , 100m\nanarsia choana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ueda , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 61 : 272 ; park & bae , 2018 , zootaxa 4399 ( 2 ) : ( 272 - 280 )\nanarsia molybdota meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 417 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; carnarvon , perth and york , west australia\nanarsia bimaculata ; park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 496 ; ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 113\nlarva on ( in seed pods ) acacia edgworthii , a . farnesiana walsingham , 1896 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1896 : 279\nananarsia acerata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 50\nananarsia acrotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aleurodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on albizzia sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria antisaris meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton\nananarsia arachniota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia aspera ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nchelaria austerodes meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 22 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nananarsia belutschistanella amsel , 1959 ; stuttgart . beitr . naturk . 28 : 33 ; tl : baluchistan , iran\nananarsia belutschistanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\njapan , korea , primorye , china ( jilin ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on maackia amurensis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria bipinnata meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : gifu , japan\nananarsia bipinnata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on elaeagnus multiflora , e . umbellata , acer ginnala , quercus sp . ueda , 1997 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 48 ( 2 ) : 83\nnothris centrospila turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : qeensland , brisbane\nananarsia didymopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nromania , s . ukraine , seeu , altai , transcaucasia , turkmenistan , kazakhstan , afghanistan . see [ maps ]\nananarsia eleagnella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nananarsia elongata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 51\nlarva on arachis hypogaea ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 54\nchelaria eriozona meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista ; portuguese east africa , magude\nananarsia euphorodes ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia gajiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nguiera bradley , 1969 ; bull . ent . res . 59 ( 1 ) : 79\nlarva on halimodendron eichvaldii ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 55\ns . india , laos , china ( zhejiang , yunnan ) , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on schima sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nceu , seu , asia minor , n . africa , syria , caucasus , transcaucasia , afghanistan , china , india , australia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . avium , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . insititia\nlarva on prunus spinosa , malus spp . , amerniaca spp . , persica spp . , cerasus spp . , amygdalus spp . , acer tataricum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nnothris minutella turati , 1929 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 23 : 124 , f . 4\nlarva on glycine max park , 1991 , jpn . j . ent . 59 ( 3 ) : 495\nlarva on cajanus indicus meyrick , 1918 , exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 147\ns . india , ceylon , laos , thailand , shanghai , taiwan , queensland . see [ maps ]\ngelechia patulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 635 ; tl : ceylon\nlarva on prunus salicina , nephelium sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\nananarsia pensilis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 52\ns . india , ceylon , thailand , laos , borneo . see [ maps ]\nananarsia protensa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on elaeagnus pungens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia reciproca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagittaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia sagmatica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria sciograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 80 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nlarva on ( in fruit ) mimusops capensis meyrick , 1927 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353\nseu , ceu , sw . siberia , transbaikalia , libya , asia minor , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on sarothamnus scoparius , genista tinctoria , lembotropis nigrans , ulex spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\nananarsia stylota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nchelaria tortuosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : matale , ceylon\nananarsia tortuosella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triaenota ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nananarsia triglypta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 53\nlarva on inga dulcis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 56\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nin la faune entomologique de i ' ile de lar r\u00e9union . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ( except\u00e9 les tordeuses et les g\u00e9om\u00e9trides )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018"]}
{"id": 1585, "summary": [{"text": "udea adversa is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by philpott in 1917 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 20 \u2013 21 mm for males and females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ferruginous , but brighter along the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an irregular transverse outwardly-oblique white discal dot at the middle and a dark , obscurely indicated second line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are yellow with the discal dot and terminal band fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "udea adversa", "paragraphs": ["udea adversa is a moth in the crambidae family . it was described by philpott in 1917 . it is found in new zealand . [ 1 ]\nhave a fact about udea cyanalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for udea cyanalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nudea is a genus of moths of the family crambidae . they are mostly native to eurasia and the new world . there are over 200 species . about 41 are native to hawaii .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the otago institute , 5th september , 1916 , received by editors , 30th december , 1916 , issued separately , 16th july , 1917 . ]\n\u2642 . 33\u201334 mm . head and thorax dark grey . palpi grey , stout , and rather short . antennae in \u2642 moderately serrate , fasciculate - ciliated to apex . abdomen pale fuscous - grey . forewings rather short , costa almost straight , apex rounded , termen evenly rounded , oblique ; grey , rather bluish - tinted ; an irregular double interrupted black line at \u2153 ; orbicular moderate , rounded , open above and beneath , ringed with ochreous - white margined with black ; claviform irregularly rounded , touching first line , black ; reniform broad , ringed with ochreous - white , black - margined ; an obscure dentate median dark line passing between orbicular and reniform ; second line indicated by a chain of black lunules ; subterminal line parallel to termen , ochreous - white , anteriorly black - margined , serrate ; a series of black dots on termen : cilia fuscous with paler basal line . hindwings dark shining fuscous ; a black line round termen : cilia pale fuscous with a darker median line .\nnearest to a . moderata ( walk . ) , but the stigmata , especially the prominent reniform , are quite different .\ntaken at waiouru in march by mr . h . w . simmonds . i am indebted to dr . j . a . thomson , of the dominion museum , for the opportunity of describing this form , two good examples having been forwarded by him for that purpose . type ( \u2642 ) in coll . dominion museum .\n\u2642 . 34 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey slightly tinged with brown ; terminal joint of palpi rather elongate . antennae in \u2642 very shortly ciliated . abdomen ochreous - brown . forewings , costa almost straight , apex rectangularly rounded , termen bowed , slightly oblique ; olive - grey ; veins marked with white interrupted by black dots ; lines almost obsolete , faintly indicated by white scales ; orbicular well defined , ovate , filled with white , finely margined with black ; reniform rather narrow , bluntly projecting at lower anterior corner , white - ringed , finely margined with black ; termen serrately margined with white : cilia brown . hindwings fuscous - grey - brown : cilia grey with darker median line .\nthe form of the stigmata differentiates this species from its allies . it has a peculiarly neat and smooth appearance .\ntitahi bay ( wellington ) , december . the type ( coll . m . o . pascoe ) is the only example at present known .\n\u2642 . 17\u201320 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen dark reddish - brown sprinkled sparsely with grey and black . antennae black , annulated with\nwhitish , in \u2642 ciliate - fasciculate , ciliations 4 . forewings triangular , costa slightly sinuate , apex obtuse , termen angulated at middle , subsinuate beneath ; dark dull - reddish - brown ; numerous obscure bluish - green and black transverse lines ; upper half or second line frequently more prominently greenish and followed by a rather broad reddish band , a thin waved bluish - green subterminal line usually present : cilia fuscous - grey , suffusedly barred and mixed with darker . hindwings in \u2642 slightly but broadly projecting on middle of termen ; dark greyish - fuscous ; veins dotted with whitish scales , dorsal fasciae hardly indicated : cilia as in forewings .\nnear c . rivalis philp . , but much darker in appearance , the details of wing - shape also show considerable differences .\nmount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in january . the male was found commonly in a restricted spot at about 3 , 250 ft . no females were obtained .\n\u2642\u2640 . 22\u201325 mm . head , palpi , thorax , and abdomen grey sprinkled with black . palpi in \u2640 3\u00bd , in \u2642 slightly less . antennae in \u2642 evenly ciliated , \u00be . forewings rather narrow , costa hardly arched , termen bowed , strongly oblique ; fuscous - grey , irrorated with black , sometimes with faint pink suffusion ; numerous waved white lines , more prominent on apical half of wing ; margin of the slightly darker basal portion of wing sharply and triangularly indented opposite discal spot ; a black line along termen : cilia whitish - grey with fuscous median line . hindwings , termen unevenly rounded , in \u2642 deeply sinuate above middle ; greyish - white with numerous incomplete waved bluish lines : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous .\nnearest to c . sphragitis ( meyr . ) , but showing no greenish coloration .\nqueenstown and ben lomond discovered by mr . m . o . pascoe , who secured several examples of each sex in november and december . types : \u2642 in coll . m . o . pascoe , \u2640 in coll . a . philpott .\n\u2642 . 30 mm . head , palpi , and antennae purplish - grey . thorax fuscous - brown mixed with grey . abdomen fuscous - grey with some reddish scales laterally . forewings moderate , triangular , costa moderately arched , apex subacute , termen sinuate , oblique ; whitish - grey with faint purplish tinge ; markings dark purplish - fuscous , basal line thick , evenly curved , projecting angularly at middle ; anterior margin of median band inwardly oblique beneath costa at \u2153 , thence broadly excurved to dorsum at \u00bc ; posterior margin from \u2154 costa to \u00be dorsum , with strong broad apically - indented projection at middle ; traces of a thin waved white subterminal line ; an oblique suffused purplish - fuscous fascia from apex : cilia grey , obscurely barred with fuscous , tips whitish . hindwings elongate , termen angularly projecting at middle , purplish - grey ; basal half darker , being marked off by a median fascia parallel to termen : cilia as in forewings . undersides . forewings ochreous - reddish with the upper markings faintly reproduced , hindwings ochreous - reddish , terminal half suffused with whitish .\nnearest to h . triphragma ( meyr . ) , from which it differs chiefly in the shape of the posterior margin of the median band .\ndiscovered by mr . j . h . lewis at broken river , canterbury . seven or eight examples were taken , but i have not been able to ascertain the dates of capture .\nin form of wing and markings this species approaches x . cedrinodes meyr . from the greenish forms of the genus it is at once distinguished by its much larger size .\nmount cleughearn , hunter mountains , at about 3 , 250 ft . common in january at flowers of dracophyllum longifolium . the female appears to be rare ; out of nineteen specimens taken only one belonged to that sex .\n\u2642\u2640 . 34 mm . head , thorax , and abdomen whitish - ochreous finely sprinkled with fuscous . antennae in \u2642 , with rather short pectinations . forewings triangular , costa strongly arched , sinuate at middle , apex moderately sharp , termen subsinuate , oblique ; ochreous - grey - whitish ; termen broadly margined with greyish - fuscous ; costal edge very narrowly fuscous ; a thin curved brown line near base ; first line ( anterior edge of median band ) irregularly subdentate , curved , brown , from \u2153 costa to \u2153 dorsum ; second line ( posterior edge of median band ) irregular , slight triple projection at middle , excurved beneath , from \u2154 costa to \u00be dorsum , brown ; an obscure waved pale subterminal line : cilia greyish - ochreous . hindwings ochreous - grey - whitish ; a median fascia and a broad terminal band greyish - fuscous : cilia greyish - ochreous .\none of each sex taken at clarence river and coverham ( marlborough ) in february and march by dr . j . a . thomson and mr . h . hamilton . types ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) in coll . dominion museum .\n\u2642 . 35\u201338 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - brown . antennae , stalk whitish , annulated with black , pectinations 2 mm . abdomen black , densely strewn with yellowish - white scales , anal tuft ochreous . forewings moderate , costa hardly arched , almost straight , termen bowed , oblique ; light ochreous - brown , often densely strewn with white scales ; markings white ; first line bent outwardly beneath costa , thence inwardly oblique to dorsum , posteriorly dark - margined , often obsolete on upper portion ; a suffused median shade sometimes present ; second line broad , inwardly\noblique , twice sinuate , anteriorly dark - margined ; a thin dark line parallel to second line , sometimes obsolete ; subterminal broad , waved , parallel to termen : cilia yellowish - white , barred with fuscous , and with a fuscous basal line . hindwings rather narrow ; brownish - fuscous , densely sprinkled with grey - whitish on basal \u2154 ; two parallel curved white fasciae beyond middle , second sometimes obsolete . cilia as in forewings . undersides ochreous - brown ; second and subterminal lines of forewings and post - median lines of hindwings usually indicated ; a dark discal spot on both wings .\n\u2640 . 16 mm . semiapterous . forewings oblong , apex subacute , termen hardly rounded , oblique . hindwings oblong , slightly narrower than forewings , termen and dorsum slightly concave . legs and antennae normally developed . palpi small and not densely haired . legs fuscous , tarsal joints annulated with white . the rest of the insect is white minutely speckled with dark fuscous , and with a slight ochreous tint on head and anterior portion of thorax .\nin this species the antennal pectinations reach their highest development , and it is significant that this is comcident with the semiapterous condition of the female . it is probable that n villosa is an offshoot from n . orphnaea ( meyr . ) , that species being attached to rocky and shingly ground , while the former has become adapted to areas covered with more ample vegetation .\ncommon from december to february in well - grassed situations at from 3 , 000 ft . to 4 , 000 ft . the male was first met with on the hump ( waiau ) in 1910 , and was subsequently found on the hunter mountains . the female was not discovered till december , 1915 , when three specimens were taken by mr . c . c . fenwick on the hump . so far , the two localities mentioned are the only ones in which the species has been observed , but in all probability it also occurs on the intervening princess range .\n\u2642\u2640 . 24\u201326 mm . head , palpi , and thorax dark ochreous - brown , in \u2640 lighter . abdomen ochreous - grey - brown . forewings elongate , costa slightly arched at base , thence almost straight , apex rectangular , termen bowed , not oblique ; brownish - ochreous , finely sprinkled with black and , in \u2640 , with grey ; a rather broad central ochreous - white streak from base to \u2156 , margined with blackish beneath and round apex , a suffused and interrupted whitish transverse fascia at \u2154 , second line prominent , white , shortly oblique towards termen , thence straight to before tornus , margined anteriorly with a series of black dashes : cilia fuscous - grey , tips and a series of obscure basal dots white . hindwings fuscous - grey , in \u2640 slightly ochreous - tinged : cilia grey - whitish with a fuscous median line .\nnot far removed from o machaeristis meyr . , but differing in the presence of the well - defined second line , the basal streak is also much shorter .\ndiscovered by mr . m . o . pascoe on cecil peak , wakatipu , at an altitude of about 6 , 000 ft . the examples ( two of each sex ) were secured early in january and on the 25th february . types in coll . m . o . pascoe .\n\u2642 . 29\u201332 mm . head and palpi ochreous - brown . thorax brown with broad suffused ochreous - whitish central stripe . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings moderate , somewhat oblong , costa rather strongly and evenly\narched , apex subacute , termen subsinuate , oblique ; greyish - ochreous - brown ; a narrow whitish - ochreous stripe beneath costa from base to apex ; extreme costal edge brown , dilated on apical half ; a rather broad straight white central stripe , narrowly margined above and beneath with brown ; an obscure whitish - ochreous streak along dorsum : cilia grey - whitish , darker round tornus . hindwings dark brownish - fuscous : cilia whitish - ochreous with fuscous basal line .\nnearest to c . oppositus philp . , but the forewings are not dilated posteriorly and there are several minor distinctions in the character of the pale stripes .\nlongwood range . five males amongst rough herbage on the open tops at about 2 , 700 ft . in december .\n\u2642 . 20 mm . head and thorax ochreous - brown . palpi elongate , whitish beneath . antennae in \u2642 moderately bipectinate ; brown . abdomen greyish - ochreous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen almost straight , slightly oblique ; pale ochreous - brown , darker basally ; first line whitish , slightly sinuate and inwardly oblique , broadly margined posteriorly with blackish - brown ; reniform 8 - shaped , upper half filled with blackish - brown , lower half brown - ringed , pale ; some dark suffusion beneath costa between first and second lines ; second line thin , indistinct , pale , clearly margined anteriorly with blackish - brown , broadly indented below costa and irregularly dentate on lower half : cilia ochreous with interrupted blackish - brown basal line . hindwings and cilia ochreous - grey ; lunule and subterminal line fuscous .\nextremely similar to s . acompa meyr . , but somewhat broader - winged . the antennal structure of the male at once distinguishes it .\nmount cleughearn , hunter mountains , in an open spot in the forest at about 2 , 750 ft . three specimens in december and january .\ndistinguished from m . notata ( butl . ) , its nearest ally , by the outwardly - oblique discal spot of forewings .\ndiscovered by mr . g . w . howes at queenstown in the last week of february , 1912 . mr . c . e . clarke has since secured the species in the same locality about the middle of february .\n\u2642 25\u201328 mm . ; \u2640 22 mm . head and palpi ochreous - grey mixed with brown , palpi 3 . antennal ciliations of \u2642 1\u00bd . thorax purplish - brown sprinkled with brown . abdomen ochreous - grey . forewings elongate - triangular in \u2642 , suboblong in \u2640 , costa almost straight , without fold , apex\nobtuse , termen subsinuate , hardly oblique ; dull grey - brown with purplish gloss and numerous obscure strigulations of reddish or fuscous ; margin of basal patch usually indicated by a more pronounced irregular strigula ; median fascia from \u2153 costa , irregular , outwardly oblique , inner margin only marked : cilia grey mixed with brown . hindwings fuscous - grey , obscurely mottled with darker cilia grey with darker basal line .\nin point of size comparable only with e elephantina ( meyr . ) , but that species appears to be widely dissimilar in colour and markings . in some specimens of e . tenebrosa the markings are almost entirely obsolete .\nben lomond , in february . discovered by mr . c . e . clarke , who has kindly placed at my service for description a series of six males and one female . types ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) in coll c . e . clarke .\n\u2642 . 14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax white . antennae whitish , darker towards apex . abdomen fuscous - grey . forewings narrow , slightly dilated basally ; leaden - fuscous , beneath fold shining white ; median portion of fold margined with black , an obscure ochreous subcostal stripe from \u00bc to \u00be ; some ochreous scales round tornus : cilia fuscous . hindwings and cilia fuscous .\nan obscure form , nearest s . caminora meyr . , but the head in that species is yellowish .\nrare . a single specimen taken at invercargill in november , 1906 . mr . c . e . clarke has recently secured a second example at broad bay , dunedin , also in november . this latter specimen , being in excellent condition , has been made the type .\n\u2642 . 11 mm . head dark shining brown , with prismatic reflections palpi loosely scaled , fuscous - brown , mixed with shining grey - whitish internally except at apex . antennae dark fuscous . thorax dark brass - coloured . abdomen dark fuscous , anal tuft grey . forewings lanceolate ; shining brass - coloured , a snow - white stripe on costa from before middle to apex , attenuated anteriorly : cilia white on costa , grey on termen . hindwings and cilia fuscous - grey .\nnearest g . cionophora ( meyr . ) in wing - shape ; in ground - colour resembling g . codonias meyr . and g . transversella walk . , but somewhat paler than either of these species .\nthe hump ( waiau ) , and mount burns , hunter mountains . from december to february at elevations of from 3 , 000 ft . to 3 , 500 ft .\n\u2642 . 15 mm . head white , sprinkled with fuscous . antennae white , basal joints greenish . palpi whitish , second joint outwardly brownish - fuscous except at apex , terminal joint outwardly narrowly brownish - fuscous at base and apex . thorax greyish - green , with a pair of black posterior median dots . abdomen grey - whitish . legs , anterior pair fuscous annulated with whitish , posterior pair grey , tarsi annulated with fuscous .\nforewings , costa subsinuate , apex broadly rounded , termen oblique beneath , dorsal half irregularly suffused with pink ; costal half irrorated with fuscous and black ; a rather prominent black dot on costa at \u00bd and a number of blackish strigulae on apical third ; a distinct black discal dot ; cilia brownish - pink ; a broad black bar on tornus preceded by a narrow fuscous bar and followed by two small black patches . hindwings elongate - ovate , with a ridge of long hairs on basal portion of vein 1 c directed towards lower median ; shining greyish - white : cilia white , round apex brownish - pink ; an obscure dark basal line .\nnear o . prasinodes meyr . , but that species is not described as having any pink suffusion in forewings , and there are other differences .\nrowallan ( waiau ) , in coastal forest . a single specimen taken by mr . c . c . fenwick in december . type in coll . c . c . fenwick .\n\u2642 . 15 mm . head fuscous , the loose hair - scales tipped with greyish . palpi comparatively elongate , second joint rough beneath , terminal joint rather pointed ; fuscous tipped with greyish . antennal . ciliations \u00bd . thorax and abdomen purplish - fuscous . forewings , costa subsinuate , apex round - pointed , termen bowed , oblique ; dull purplish - fuscous ; markings creamy white ; a large triangular patch on dorsum reaching from \u00bc to \u00bd , its apex about middle of disc ; an obscure dot on costa above this , sometimes obsolete , an inwardly - oblique short fascia on costa beyond middle ; a similar but smaller one before apex and an outwardly - oblique one between these two ; a small triangular patch before tornus ; three or four minute dots in apical half of wing : cilia purplish - fuscous with a white bar beneath apex and at tornus , and a broad white patch at middle . hindwings and cilia light fuscous .\nthe hump , at about 3 , 000 ft . i have met with it rarely in december and february ; mr . c . c . fenwick has also a specimen taken in december at the same locality .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nwalker , f . 1863 ,\ncrambites & tortricites\n, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 27 , pp . 1 - 286\nmeyrick , e . 1888 ,\non the pyralidina of the hawaiian islands\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1888 , pp . 209 - 246\nmeyrick , e . 1884 ,\non the classification of australian pyralidina\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1884 , pp . 277 - 350\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0000eb92 - 046e - 4663 - b9f3 - 6cd1e0f9918a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 03cd495f - 98c6 - 46c6 - 8bd8 - b267f39a495c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 286414b8 - e384 - 439a - a70c - d76ce4414540\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b9ad7a5b - 4135 - 4926 - a84e - 498d3bad5fc1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 53e76ed9 - dab5 - 43eb - b70e - 05c5e4e96eb4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 242500\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1586, "summary": [{"text": "heppnerographa ecuatorica is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 12.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is yellowish brown , but paler beyond the end of the median cell near a whitish streak .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish cream , but more fuscous outwards . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "heppnerographa ecuatorica", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for ecuatorica definition . you find here ecuatorica meaning , synonyms of ecuatorica and images for ecuatorica copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ecuatorica . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ecuatorica and , of course , ecuatorica synonyms and on the right images related to the word ecuatorica .\nheppnerographa circinnata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to venezuela .\nhave a fact about heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for heppnerographa tricesimana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe species described to this date from venezuela are listed . 34 new species and 9 new genera are described :\nrazowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . two species are new to venezuela :\nse da un listado de las especies descritas de venezuela hasta la fecha . se describen 34 nuevas especies y 9\nrazowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . dos especies son nuevas para venezuela :\nmentioned in the literature ( e . g . , bosc\u00e1n mart\u00ednez & godoy 1990 ) , there has been no compre -\nhensive or even summary treatment of the tortricid fauna of that country . even the most significant con -\ntribution to our knowledge of the venezuelan fauna , amsel\u2019s ( 1956 - 1957 ) listed only two tortricids .\nthe goal of the present paper is to provide the first general overview of the tortricidae of venezuela .\ntities or taxonomic status . instead , the primary objective is to present a list of all species described from\nwork . where relevant , new data on some of the known species also are presented . although preliminary ,\nthis study represents a critical first step in understanding the tortricid fauna of venezuela .\nof the 45 species described from venezuela , two are synonyms . in the descriptive part of this pa -\nper we add 34 new species , bringing the total to 79 . in comparison to other south american countries ,\nseen through a comparison of taxonomic studies on specific groups of neotropical tortricinae ( e . g . ,\nadamski 2003 ; brown , 1999 ; razowski , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 ; razowski & becker , 2000 ) .\nthus any comparison among countries or regions is premature at present . however , even with our lim -\nited knowledge it appears that the most diverse tribes in the neotropics ( i . e . , cochylini , euliini ) also are\nextremely species - rich in venezuela , but these are the groups that have received the greatest attention .\ncordillera de m\u00e9rida , province m\u00e9rida , venezuela . two of them , monte zerpa and la culata , are situ -\nated in the central part of the massive called the serran\u00eda de la culata . the third , p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , is\nchama ( 8\u00ba 36\u2019 n , 71\u00ba 10\u2019 w ) on the southern slopes of the serran\u00eda de la culata . the site is at 3025 m\nelevation near a trail leading from m\u00e9rida to p\u00e1ramo de los conejos , in forest - paramo ecotone . the\ncloud forest vegetation at the site is relatively undisturbed , largely exhibiting its primary character .\nas follows : 2000 m , 14 . 8\u00ba c ; 2500 m , 11 . 8\u00ba c ; 3000 m , 8 . 7\u00ba c . mean precipitation in m\u00e9rida is 1743\nmm at 1600 m and 2025 mm at 2000 m ( veillon , 1989 ) . during the dry season , which extends from\njanuary to the end of march , the slopes of the mountains are free of clouds only early in the morning .\nlater in the day clouds build up quickly , and the sun usually is completely obscured between 11 . 00 and\np\u00e1ramo zumbador to the south and by p\u00e1ramo la negra to the north . the collection site , quebrada de\ncot\u00edes facing southwards toward bailadores , about 300 m below the upper limit of the cloud forest .\nzone between the cloud forest and subparamo vegetation . the climate of this part of the mountains is\ncharacterized by high precipitation , low temperatures , strong winds , and limited sunshine .\npowered by batteries . collections were made consistently between 19 . 00 and 22 . 30 hrs .\n. \u2013 collection site in p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n on the road from bailadores to pregonero .\nholotype , male : \u201cvenezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batall\u00f3n , p\u00e1ramo el rosal , v\u00eda san jos\u00e9 de bol\u00ed -\nvar , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 40 .\nparatypes : male , venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batall\u00f3n , p\u00e1ramo el rosal , v\u00eda san jos\u00e9 de bol\u00ed -\nvar , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1966 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; male : venezuela , p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , quebrada de los p\u00edos ,\n2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak .\ndescription : male . wing span 24 mm ( 23 mm in one paratype ) . head cream , labial palpus 1 . 5 ,\ndirty white sprinkled with brownish ; thorax brownish . forewing weakly expanding terminally , termen\nbasally and near dorsum , mixed with rust in posterior half of wing . costa tinged grey basally , costal\nand terminal dots blackish . pattern brown in form of two elongate marks extending from median area\nof costa connected in median cell by a paler mark ; some brownish dots at mid - termen . cilia cream ; a\nfew divisions brown . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish at apex ; cilia pale cream .\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , m\u00e9rida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii - 1996 , leg .\ndescription : male . wing span 21 mm . head grey , labial palpus over 2 , greyish sprinkled with dark\ngrey ; vertex and thorax brownish . forewing broadest at 2 / 3 where costa bent . ground colour cream\nsprinkled dark brown . cilia cream with brown divisions . hindwing cream slightly tinged brownish to -\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , tachira , p . n . batall\u00f3n , p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , san jos\u00e9 de bol\u00edvar , 4 -\niii - 1996 , 2950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 80 . allotype , female : venezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , vuelta\nde lola , 23 - ii - 1996 , 1950 m , leg . j . wojtusiak ; gs 79 .\ndescription : male . wing span ca 35 mm . labial palpus 4 , whitish sprinkled with brownish ; vertex\nand thorax slightly browner . forewing pale brownish cream , densely sprinkled and suffused with\nbrownish especially along dorsum ; three brown dots at costa subapically . cilia concolorous with\nground colour . hindwing cream , slightly tinged with brownish apically , with fine brownish strigulation .\ndistinctly suffused with brown ; brown suffusion on vein cua1 . hindwing slightly darker than in male ,\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 105 ) : papillae anales slender , tapering terminad , well sclerotized ; apophy -\netymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; greek : cholo - lame .\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , m\u00e9rida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg .\ndescription : male . wing span 26 mm . head whitish , labial palpus whiter above , tinged pale\nochreous to middle laterally ; thorax white cream , base of tegula tinged brownish . forewing slightly ex -\npanding terminally , termen fairly oblique . ground colour white cream , sprinkled and partially suffused\nand costal markings pale brownish ; some brown dots along termen . cilia concolorous with ground\netymology : the species name refers to the asymmetry of the sacculus ; latin : claudia - lame .\ndescription : female : wing span ca 26 mm . head and thorax whitish , labial palpus ca 2 . 5 .\nbrown spot and tornal spot ; broad subterminal brownish grey blotch extending from tornus to costa .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 106 ) : eighth tergite large , rounded proximally ; apophyses long ; sterigma ex -\nposterior part rather small , armed with a pair of wing - shaped lateral plates ; corpus bursae small , spinose .\nis much larger . the female genitalia differ from all known species of the tribe .\ndirected proximally ; vesica with three strong , capitate , spine - like cornuti .\netymology : the genus name is an anagram of the type - species . feminine .\nholotype , male : \u201cvenezuela , p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , quebrada de los p\u00edos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j .\nwojtusiak\u201d ; gs 75 . allotype , female ( gs 74 ) and one paratype , male with same labels .\ndescription : male . wing span ca 17 mm . head pale brownish cream , labial palpus ca 3 , browner\nthan head ; thorax slightly darker than head , tegula with postbasal brown strip . forewing expanding\nposteriorly ; costa weakly convex ; apex fairly long ; termen oblique , sinuate . ground colour pale brown -\nwith brown proximal edges . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing , browner in apical third .\nhindwing cream , tinged yellowish in distal third , with weak strigulation . cilia cream . male paratype\nfemale : as described for male , except darker , with distinct brown median fascia .\nmale genitalia ( figs 51 , 52 ) : as described for the genus .\nsal thorns present on all but median portion ; juxta small ; aedeagus slender , vesica without cornuti .\nin the broad uncus , broad gnathos arms , and thorny transtilla . the dorso - basal process of the\npowell & brown , 1991 it differs in lack of sclerite of corpus bursae . they also are similar to\nm , 4 - iii ; monte zerpa 3070 m , , 20 - ii ; la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .\ndescription : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head brownish grey , labial palpus ca 3 , brownish lateral -\nly , greyish above ; thorax brownish , scaled with grey . forewing expanding terminally ; costa convex ;\napex rather short ; termen fairly oblique , slightly sinuate . ground colour reddish , densely sprinkled grey ,\nstrigulated rust - red ; costal half of underside tinged ferruginous . cilia brownish ochreous to mid - termen ,\nconcolorous with ground colour towards tornus . hindwing creamy white with grey strigulation in apex\narea ; cilia whitish . forewing of paratype rubbed , much more grey than in holotype .\nfemale : as described for male , except one paratype browner , with dense darker strigulation .\nmale genitalia ( fig . 53 ) : uncus broad ; socius slender ; gnathos arms broad , dentate latero - posteri -\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 108 ) : papilla analis broad ; anteostial part of sterigma very large , rather\ndescription : male . wing span 21 mm . head and thorax brownish grey , labial palpus ca 4 , brown -\nsuffused with purple rust , with darker strigulae and dots . trace of median marking and indistinct sub -\napical spots brown . cilia grey . underside brownish grey , orange rust in costal third . hindwing dirty\netymology : the species name refers to its type locality , mt . zerpa .\nholotype female : \u201cvenezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtu -\ndescription : female . wing span 26 mm . head dirty cream , vertex slightly darker ; labial palpus ca\n6 , browner ; thorax cream , tinged with brownish grey . forewing weakly expanding terminad ; costa con -\nvex to before middle ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat sinuate . ground colour cream brown , suffused\nwith brown , sprinkled and dotted with dark brown . markings pale grey brown , dotted with blackish\nterminal fascia parallel to termen , followed by terminal suffusion . underside tinged with brownish fer -\nruginous mainly in apex third and subcostally . hindwing cream ; strigulae and spots greyish ; cilia\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 109 ) : papilla analis large , broadening proximally ; apophyses very slender .\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , la culata , 3500 m , 4 - ii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusi -\ndescription : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax chestnut brown , labial palpus ca 3 , brown -\ner , tinged grey above . forewing slightly expanding terminally ; costa curved outward mostly in distal\nthird ; apex very short ; termen rather not oblique to 2 / 3 . wing chestnut brown , sprinkled brownish ;\nstrigulation and veins browner . cilia paler than wing , tinged with pinkish . hindwing cream , slightly\ntinged brownish on periphery , with weak strigulation . cilia cream brownish , paler towards anal portion\nmale genitalia ( figs . 56 , 57 ) : uncus slightly convex postmedially ; socius slender in basal half ; ter -\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , quebrada de los p\u00edos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j .\ndescription : male . wing span ca 30 mm . head and thorax whitish scaled brownish ; labial palpus\nca 3 , dark brown , whitish dorsally . forewing broad , somewhat expanding terminally ; costa convex ,\nmostly at middle ; apex rounded ; termen weakly oblique . ground colour whitish , sprinkled greyish rust\nespecially in dorsal half of wing , with pinkish grey in terminal third and in part at costa . markings grey\nly . cilia concolorous with ground colour , brownish grey in costal third . hindwing greyish cream ,\nwhiter towards base , densely strigulated cream grey ; cilia ( worn ) concolorous with wing .\ndiagnosis : this species is easily distinguished by it large size and distinct colouration . it likely is\netymology : the specific epithet refers to large size of the moth ; greek : colossos - gigantic .\ngnathos broad , minutely bristled terminally ; terminal plate strong , short . costa of valva distinct ; disc\nlarge lateral sclerites connected by membrane ; juxta simple ; aedeagus slender , bifid .\nis distinct in the shapes of the transtilla , uncus , and eighth abdominal segment of the female .\netymology : the genus name is an anagram of the name of type - species .\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batall\u00f3n , p\u00e1ramo el rosal , v\u00eda san jos\u00e9 de bol\u00ed -\nvar , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 25 . allotype , female from p\u00e1ramo el rosal , 3000 m , 3 -\ndescription : male . wing span 24 mm ( in paratypes 24 - 26 mm ) . head ochreous cream , labial pal -\npus over 2 . 5 , darker ; thorax rusty ochreous . forewing somewhat expanding posteriorly ; costa gently\nconvex ; apex short , slightly oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellow , tinged ochreous ; strigula -\ntion , dots , and some veins brownish ochreous . markings brownish ochreous with some browner dots\nfasciae ; apex tinged rust . cilia darker than ground colour , brown at apex , more ochreous cream at tor -\nslender , dorsal arm one thirds as long , twice as broad ; coecum penis slender ; cornuti absent .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 110 ) : papilla analis rather well sclerotized ; apophyses posteriores long ;\napophyses anteriores very short ; ostium in a collar , open proximally ; antrum sclerite small . otherwise\nvar , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 27 .\nparatypes : 4 males : venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batall\u00f3n , p\u00e1ramo el rosal , v\u00eda san jos\u00e9 de\ndescription : male . wing span 26 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 2 ,\nslightly browner . forewing broadest at middle ; termen oblique , almost straight . ground colour cream\nbrownish , sprinkled with brownish . markings brown , consisting of costal remnants of postbasal fascia\nand median fascia , subapical suffusion and a curved row of dots representing subterminal fascia . cilia\nconcolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , somewhat mixed with brownish on periphery ; cilia\ncream . variation . some specimens with brownish ground colour and more complete brown markings .\nmale genitalia ( figs . 62 , 63 ) : uncus rather short , with strong lateral lobes ; gnathos simple ; valva\nminal process ; vesica with a single , long cornutus ; anellus above aedeagus provided with bristles .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 111 ) : sterigma large , rather weakly sclerotized , with median postostial plate\nand postero - lateral spinulate lobes ; antrum short , broad [ corpus bursae damaged ] .\nseven specimens collected by j . wojtusiak , of which 4 from cordillera de m\u00e9rida , m\u00e9rida , monte\nvuelta de lola , 22 - ii ; 1 from cordillera de m\u00e9rida , m\u00e9rida , monte zerpa , 3250 m , 13 - ii .\nthe species was known from a few specimens from different parts of venezuela . the male geni -\ndescription : male . wing span 22 mm . head cream , thorax more yellow , with brown basal spot of\ntegula ; labial palpus 1 . 5 , brownish along middle of outer side . forewing slightly expanding terminad ;\napex rather short ; termen somewhat oblique , weakly sinuate . ground colour yellowish cream ; costal\ned with one another by small prominences of subtornal and submedian parts of their edges . cilia con -\ncolorous with ground colour . hindwing whitish cream , slightly darker at apex , with traces of greyish\npecially in the possession of a strong process of the postbasal part of sacculus .\netymology : the name refers to the presence of a long terminal plate of the gnathos ; ceros - a horn .\ndescription : male . wing span ca 20 mm . head and thorax snow white ; labial palpus ca 2 , tinged\ntively straight , weakly oblique . ground colour white , with traces of grey dorsal dots , somewhat darker\ndarker marks . cilia whitish , browner at apex , with rust divisions medially . hindwing white , tinged\nfrom ecuador , from which it can be distinguished by the broad distal part of the uncus . the colouration\nis very distinct : ground colour of the forewing clear white , with the blotches brownish black .\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , quebrada de los p\u00edos , 2950 m , 4 - iii - 1996 . leg . j .\ndescription . male . wing span 16 mm . head dirty cream ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 tinged brown espe -\ncially dorso - laterally ; thorax cream tinged with brownish . forewing not expanding posteriorly ; costa\nweakly convex ; apex short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , rather straight . ground colour cream\ntinged pale yellowish brown , darker in distal half , strigulated and partly suffused with brownish . mark -\nminal fasciae indistinct , greyish brown . cilia concolorous with ground colour . hindwing cream , whiter\nat base , more brownish yellow on periphery , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia concolorous\nbroadening terminally ; aedeagus broad to middle , with slender terminal part ; cornutus small .\netymology : the name refers to the type - locality , quebrada de los p\u00edos .\nbasal third ; in hindwing m3 - cua1 very close to one another at median cell .\nmembrane , each with a large apodeme of muscle ; aedeagus slender ; caulis small ; cornutus a single spine .\neral parts of the sterigma , the presence of distinct apodemes , and a broad aedeagus . in the shapes of un -\ndescription : male . wing span 13 mm . head and thorax brown ; labial palpus ca 2 , creamy , brown\nalong middle of second joint and terminally . forewing weakly expanding terminally , broadest at 2 / 3 of\ncosta where distinctly bent . wing brown with indistinct darker transverse lines in posterior half ; cilia\nbrown . hindwing dirty whitish in basal part , brownish on periphery ; cilia pale brownish .\nmale genitalia ( figs . 70 , 71 ) : as described for the genus .\ndescription : male . wing span 22 mm . head pale ochreous cream , thorax brownish grey , tegula\nedged laterally with cream ; labial palpus 1 . 3 , pale brownish , cream terminally . forewing weakly ex -\npanding terminally , termen rather not oblique , tolerably straight . ground colour cream , slightly tinged\nochreous , sprinkled and dotted with brown . markings brown , consisting of remnants of basal blotch ,\nmedian fascia , and subterminal fascia . cilia cream ; divisions brown . hindwing brownish , cilia mostly\nvar , 2900 m , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 7 .\ndescription : male . wing span 29 mm . head and thorax creamy brownish ; labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ,\nstraight ; apex triangular followed by distinct concavity of termen . ground colour cream brownish\nveins ; distal part of wing more strongly suffused , with small cream spots . costa spotted brown ; sub -\napical blotch divided into three costal and one inner spots ; some brown dots present . median fascia\nrudimentary , diffuse , brownish . cilia [ worn ] cream brown with brownish basal line . hindwing cream ,\ntinged with brownish in apical third , with weak brownish strigulation . cilia cream , tinged with pale\netymology : the species name is derived from the name of type locality : batall\u00f3n .\none specimen from venezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , m\u00e9rida , monte zerpa , 3070 m , 20 - ii .\nsimilar male genitalia from various countries from mexico to ecuador . an examination of the female\ngenitalia should resolve the conspecificity of the venezuelan specimens with those from costa rica .\nm , 4 - iii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak\u201d , gs 35 .\ndescription : male . wing span 20 - 23 . 5 mm , 2 mm in holotype . head pale brownish , thorax darker\nbrown , labial palpus brown , 1 . 5 . forewing slightly expanding terminally , termen fairly oblique , rela -\nbrownish scales and browner strigulation . markings chestnut brown , dark brown in costal and median\nblotch accompanied by a subtornal spot . cilia ochreous , blackish at apex , greyer at tornus . hindwing\nwhitish , mixed with pale brownish cream in distal half , with indistinct brownish strigulation . cilia\ncream brownish , whitish in anal area . variation . ground colour of forewing more or less dark , in some\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 112 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma large ; ductus bursae long with rather\nfers in the rounded apical part of the uncus , the short cornuti , and the long ductus bursae .\netymology : the specific epithet is based on the spanish name \u201ccordillera\u201d or mountain range .\ndescription : male . wing span 17 mm . head brownish , labial palpus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax brownish ,\nweakly oblique , relatively straight . ground colour dirty pink , rather dark , with ill - defined strigulae .\nmarkings dark brown , paler in basal and distal part of wing where tinged yellowish or grey . basal\nto costal and subterminal parts ; terminal fascia ill - defined , best developed below apex . cilia pale rust .\ntinguished by its much shorter uncus and smaller valva . the ventral aspect of the uncus is similar to\netymology : the name refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : ferrugineus - rusty .\nleg . j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 71 . paratype an identically labelled male .\npus ca 1 . 5 ; thorax concolorous with head , scaled with brown . forewing costa convex to middle then\ning mid - costa . ground colour pale brownish cream , sprinkled with brownish , with some brown suffu -\nsions and costal dots . markings ill - defined , consisting of brown remnants of basal blotch , median fas -\ncia , and subterminal fascia ; spot at apex . cilia brownish cream . hindwing cream , darker on periphery ;\nsimilar externally and in the male genitalia . it is readily distinguished by the large , broad , terminally\ndescription : male . wing span 19 mm . head cream , vertex tinged brownish , labial palpus over 2 ,\nbrowner ; thorax brownish cream with browner suffusions . forewing distinctly expanding terminally , ter -\nmen oblique weakly concave towards middle . ground colour white cream , somewhat glossy in distal third\nof wing ; suffusions pale ochreous . markings ochreous , browner at dorsum in form of transverse fasciae ,\ndorsum where ochreous scaled with brownish black . cilia pale cream ; divisions light ochreous . hindwing\nwhitish cream tinged pale ochreous in distal area , with brownish ochreous strigulation . cilia white cream .\netymology : the name refers to the shape of end of socius ; circinnatus - rounded .\nholotype male : \u201cvenezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusi -\ndescription : wing span ca 22 mm . head and thorax greenish , labial palpus ca 3 , white dorsally\nand terminally , black laterally ; base of tegula black . forewing expanding posteriorly , costa weakly con -\ning mid - costa . ground colour greenish white along distal half of costa , edges of median blotch and sub -\nlarge , black , greyer subcostally , atrophying at costa . cilia greenish white with some black scales at\napex and mid - termen . hindwing white tinged greyish brown in apex area ; cilia white .\netymology : the species epithet refers to colouration of forewing ; latin : chlorizans - verdant .\nwing rs - m1 strongly approaching to one another in basal thorn ; m3 - cua1 on a very short stalk .\ncolliculum membranous ; cingulum weakly sclerotized extending distally ; cornuti two , funnel - shaped .\nmini as the shape of cornuti , sterigma and signa show . its supposed autapomorphies are the shape of\n3250 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak\u201d ; 1 specimen : \u201cvenezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , m\u00e9rida , monte\nzerpa , 3270 m , 24 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak ; 1 specimen : \u201cvenezuela , cordillera de m\u00e9rida , la culata ,\ndescription : wing span 19 - 20 mm . head greyish with slight brownish cream admixture ; labial\npalpus ca 3 , broad terminally , brownish ; thorax slightly darker than head . forewing slender ; costa gen -\ntly gradually convex ; termen somewhat oblique , slightly concaving towards middle . ground colour\nof costa ochreous rusty . markings grey sprinkled or spotted with brownish grey ; basal blotch incom -\nplete , darkest along middle , protruding as a median rust spot , marked with black at dorsum . median\nish . cilia whitish suffused with greyish , grey at apex and near middle distally . hindwing whitish tinged\nmale genitalia ( figs 86 , 87 ) : as described with the genus .\ndescription : in male costal fold slender reaching mid - costa . venation : in forewing remnant of\ncosta ; termen oblique , distinctly concave at middle . ground colour creamy in basal half and in specu -\nof wing black . cilia blackish grey . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish creamy in distal third ; cilia\nwojtusiak\u201d ; gs 74 . paratypes : 1 male from stan tachira , p . n . batall\u00f3n , p\u00e1ramo el rosal , v\u00eda san jos\u00e9 de\nbol\u00edvar , 2900 m , 4 - iii and 1 male : venezuela , p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , quebrada de los p\u00edos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .\ndescription : wing span 17 mm . head , thorax and end of labial ( 1 . 5 ) palpus white the latter with\ntwo black fasciae , head tinged sea - green . forewing slender , expanding terminad with costa hardly con -\nvex ; termen oblique to beyond middle , then convex ; costal fold to beyond middle . ground colour white\nsea - green , whitish along costa and inside speculum . costal and median areas black to termen beneath\ncolorous dots ; basal area strigulated with whitish . cilia black - grey with whitish interruptions near mid -\netymology : the species name refers to the geographic name quebrada de los p\u00edos .\niii ; 1 specimen in cordillera de m\u00e9rida , la culata , 3400 m , 16 - ii .\nthis species was described and known to date only from colombia . the description of genitalia\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 114 ) : ovipositor long ; cup - shaped part of sterigma long probably fusing\ndescription : wing span ca 20 mm . head whitish , labial palpus over 2 concolorous dorsally ,\nbrownish laterally with two brown strips ; thorax creamy , base of tegula brown . forewing somewhat ex -\nat middle ; costal fold slender reaching to beyond third of costa . ground colour whitish slightly sprin -\nkled and strigulated with brown ; costal strigulae blackish , dorsal dots minute . markings brownish\naccompanied by much lighter subdorsal part and terminal fascia . cilia whitish strongly mixed with\nblackish , white at tornus . hindwing whitish tinged with grey in terminal third , with darker strigulation ;\ntermen more oblique , indistinctly concave . ground colour tinged pale ochreous especially toward apex ,\ndotted brown - black throughout . markings brown - black , distinct ; median fascia beneath median cell\ngrey and pale ochreous ; terminal fascia rust ochreous brown edged between apex and mid - termen .\nly ; arms of henion slender , long ; aedeagus proportionally small , slender .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 115 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma short , postostial part broad , straight ter -\nminally ; cingulum sclerite long ; signa two , one smaller than the other .\ndisc bristled and hairy ; anellus forming a broad sclerite around aedeagus ; this last slender , simple .\nis distinct by large dentate socii , the long , rod like uncus and the well sclerotized anellus .\netymology : the genus name is referable to the locality name , la culata in the cordillera de m\u00e9rida .\ndescription : wing span 18 mm . head pale ochreous creamy , thorax slightly darker ; labial palpus\nca 2 , creamy brown with two brown transverse fasciae . forewing slightly expanding terminad , costa\nta and obliquely from there to before tornus ; paler green suffusion in middle subterminally . strigulation\nlines . dorsum brownish black to middle and towards tornus , paler from mid - costa to apex . cilia grey -\nmale genitalia ( figs 96 , 97 ) : uncus very long , slender , pointed ; socius very broad , dentate . other -\netymology : the species name refers to the shape of socii ; latin : asymmetricus - asymmetric .\ndescription : wing span 20 mm . head and thorax greenish white ; labial palpus broad , greenish\nabove , black in ventro - lateral part . forewing slender , expanding terminally ; costal fold to middle ; apex\nshort , rounded ; termen oblique , concave just beneath middle . ground colour greenish , with white spots\nbefore and beneath apex . markings and spots along costa and dorsum black ; median fascia tinged pale\nby means of pale ochreous and greyish suffusions . cilia greenish , black at apex . hindwing whitish\ndescription : wing span 16 mm . head whitish , brownish laterally , labial palpus ca 2 , analogically\ncoloured with whitish terminal joint ; thorax whitish , tegula brown . forewing slightly expanding termi -\nmiddle of costa , brownish grey . ground colour whitish sprinkled and dotted with brownish ; costal\nlum ; the latter without inner spots or refractive markings ; terminal area greyish brown , apex darker .\ncilia whitish densely scaled with brown , brownish terminally . hindwing whitish tinged pale brownish\ndescription : wing span ca 21 mm . head creamy brown , head paler , labial palpus ca 3 , rather con -\ncolorous , paler basally . forewing not expanding terminally , apex rounded , termen oblique , concave be -\nneath middle . ground colour creamy brownish sprinkled with brown ; a few brown dots along dorsum .\ncilia brownish grey , whitish at tornus . hindwing slender , creamy , tinged with brownish distally ; cilia\nincision ; cucullus rather small , ovate , without pollex ; aedeagus slender , fairly long .\nzeller , 1877 from colombia . it differs from it in much shorter uncus and more elongate extending ven -\ndescription : labial palpus long , costal fold of forewing absent or rudimentary . venation : in forewing\nsite base of chorda ; in hindwing rs - m1 closely approaching basally , m3 - cua1 stalked to middle .\nslender , ventral incision short ; cucullus slender , long ; aedeagus short ; henion short .\nin olethreutini but the female genitalia are of the eucosmine type . two species included .\n3070 m , 20 - ii - 1996 , leg . j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 15 .\ndescription : wing span 21 mm in holotype , 20 mm in female paratype . head and thorax creamy\nsparcely scaled with brownish grey ; labial palpus 3 , white with brownish marks . forewing weakly ex -\nminal markings indistinct ; speculum with a few brown dots . cilia ( worn ) , whitish . cilia creamy ,\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 116 ) : sclerite of cingulum weak ; signa equal in size .\nleg . j . wojtusiak\u201d ; gs 117 . allotype an identically labelled female , gs 118 .\ndescription : wing span 26 mm in holotype , 23 mm in paratype . forewing broad , costa convex ,\napex very short , rounded ; termen weakly oblique , somewhat concave beneath apex . ground colour\nwith similar suffusions between veins of posterior fourth of wing . costal strigulae blackish brown , con -\ndots ; other markings ill - defined . cilia creamy with blackish median line and a few dividings . hindwing\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 117 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma fairly broad with rather differentiated\nproximal portion ; sclerite of cingulum fairly well developed ; one signum large , one minute .\netymology : the species name refers to the number of species included in the genus .\none specimen from p\u00e1ramo el batall\u00f3n , quebrada de los p\u00edos , 2950 m , 4 - iii .\nthe authors express special thanks to dr . john w . brown , washington , usa , who not only dis -\ncussed some important systematic questions but also edited the text of this paper . we also thank dr .\njoaquin baixeras , valencia , spain and mr . kevin r . tuck , london , england , for comparing specimens\nwith their material in their care and providing taxonomic suggestions . we also thank mr . artur czekaj\nfor digital arrangement of plates , dr . jolanta g\u00f3rska - andrzejak for preparation of the genitalia and mr .\nfor digital arrangement of the plates . we want to express our special thanks to dr .\ntomasz pyrcz for his help and assistance in the field work . the field works were supported by the grant\nds - zoological museum of jagiellonian university , 1996 . we want also thank dr . angel l . viloria and\nmr . jes\u00fas camacho , caracas , venezuela , for their assistance in the field , and mr . magaly quiroz , cara -\nbrown , j . w . , 1999 . \u2013 a new euliine genus from costa rica and venezuela ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . \u2013\n: 138 - 152 . checklist , part 2 , hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea .\nrazowski , j . & becker , v . o . , 2000 . \u2013 a review of the new world chlidanotini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . \u2013\nrazowski & wojtusiak , sp . n . , paratype ( gs 5 ) ;\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1591, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa baracana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new jersey , missouri , alberta , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , ohio , pennsylvania and vermont .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phtheochroa baracana", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\nmetzler , e . h . and j . w . brown . 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ? society 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1594, "summary": [{"text": "opisthoproctus soleatus is a species of fish in the family opisthoproctidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was first described in 1888 by l\u00e9on vaillant .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species lives in most tropical seas , but is more common from western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola and in the south china sea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "o. soleatus can grow to a standard length of 10.5 centimetres ( 4.1 in ) and usually live from about 500 to 700 metres ( 1,600 to 2,300 ft ) deep .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "opisthoproctus soleatus", "paragraphs": ["froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) .\nopisthoproctus soleatus\nin fishbase . february 2012 version .\njustification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) opisthoproctus soleatus is circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters and is thought to be rare . however , it is described as more common in the northeastern atlantic and adjacent regional waters than other areas of its range . life history information is limited for this species . opisthoproctus soleatus is not of interest to fisheries and there do not appear to be any major threats . therefore , o . soleatus is assessed as least concern .\ntrewavas , e . 1933 . on the structure of two oceanic fishes , cyema atrum gunther and opisthoproctus soleatus vaillant . proc . zool . . soc lond . . 2 : pp . 601 - 614 , pl . 1 - 2 .\nillustrations and photographs of freshly caught sole - bearing opisthoproctids ( a\u2013d ) . a , monacoa grimaldii , after zugmayer ( 1911 ) . b , m . grimaldii , zmub 18926 , freshly caught , photo by d . shale . c , opisthoproctus soleatus , after brauer ( 1906 ) . d , o . soleatus , photo by s . johnson . note the large snout and developed anal fin in m . grimaldii separating the two genera .\nbekker , v . e . 1968 . novye darmye o mezopelagicheskikh rybakh roda opisthoproctus vaillant . vop . ikhtiol , 8 ( 2 ) 49 : 241 - 246 .\nscientific synonyms and common names opisthoproctus soleatus vaillant , 1888 synonyms : opisthoproctus soleatus vaillant , 1888 , poissons , exp\u00e9d . scient . ' travailleur ' et ' talisman ' : 105 , pl . 14 ( sg . l - la ) ( off coast of mororco ) . holotype : mnhn no . 83 - 62 . opisthoproctus soleatus : brauer , 1906 : 15 , pl . 1 ( fig . 8 - 10 ) murray & hjort , 1912 : 90 , 94 , 602 , 611 , fig . 72 schmidt , 1918 : 28 , fig . 18 roule & angel , 1933 : 35 , pl . 2 ( fig . 16 - 19 trewavas , 1933 : 601 , fig . 4 - 8 , pl . 2 parr , 1937 : 33 , fig . 9 - 13 maul , 1949 : 19 , fig . 7 marshall , 1960 : 27 , fig . 14d cohen , 1964 : 65 , fig . 20 bertelsen & munk , 1964 : 4 , fig . 1 - 5 bekker , 1968 : 241 geistdoerfer et al . , 1971b : 1181 . common names : none\nbertelsen , e . ; munk , 0 . 1964 . rectal light organs in the argentinoid fishes opisthoproctus and winteria . dana rep . , ( 62 ) : 17 p . , pl . 1 - 2 .\nsnout slightly pointed , relatively rounded , not protruding into tube ( 10\u201315 % sl ) ; anal fin retrorse , often absent ; sole length approx . 90 % sl ; dorsal fin base approx . 20 % sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . opisthoproctus soleatus\nfish illustrations included for all short - bodied opisthoproctids and other representative protacanthopterygians , including all sole pigmentation patterns currently recognized in the genus monacoa . note the relatively large molecular distance separating the two genera opisthoproctus and monacoa , supporting generic status based on morphology .\nalthough united by the sole , the two opisthoproctus species show striking differences concerning the snout and in the configuration of the anal fin ( fig 1 ) . these differences convinced chapman [ 17 ] of generic status and he erected o . grimaldii to grimaldia grimaldii , although renamed to monacoa grimaldii by whitley [ 18 ] as the former name was linked to a previously described genus of amphipods . the only subsequent change to the classification of sole - bearing opisthoproctids occurred when cohen [ 19 ] removed the genus name monacoa , largely because only two sole - bearing opisthoproctids were known and therefore rendering generic status trivial . considering the substantial morphological differences between the two previously recognized species , in combination with the two additional species presented in the current study , and including unambiguous molecular support , the generic status of monacoa is resurrected and opisthoproctus is from here on only used in reference to o . soleatus .\nthe protacanthopterygian mitogenomic ml - phylogenetic tree shows the family opisthoproctidae sister family to the argentinidae . short - bodied opisthoproctids are found monophyletic with sole - bearing opisthoproctids representing the sister clade to macropinna microstoma . the three species of monacoa are found relatively distinct from other ophistoproctids , including opisthoproctus soleatus , with interspecific edge lengths ranging between 4\u20136 % within monacoa . the juvenile specimen included shows almost 100 % dna sequence similarity to adults of m . griseus , with only 12 ( 0 . 07 % ) and 14 ( 0 . 08 % ) base pairs differences comparing the whole mitogenomes . the atlantic species m . grimaldii and the pacific species m . griseus are supported as sister taxa , both constituting a sister clade to the pacific m . niger . all nodes are supported by bootstrap values of 100 except a node denoting two specimens of m . griseus showing almost complete dna sequence identity ( fig 6 ) .\nthe orientation of the anal fin base changes through development , being almost horizontally positioned in the juveniles and transforming into the oblique or almost vertical position observed in adult monacoa species . the anal fin is located on the outer posterior margin of the sole , with the transformation into adulthood resulting in a different orientation also noted by schmidt [ 47 ] when only one juvenile specimen was known . noteworthy , the anal fin is present in juveniles of the closely related o . soleatus , although becoming reduced , retrorse or disappears in larger specimens .\nin order to avoid confusion utilizing comparative material degraded by preservation without molecular tissue available , we have not included eastern pacific and indian ocean material for the purpose of this study . inclusion of additional preserved material would only confuse the species separation at this point ( fig 4 ) . we note that bekker [ 42 ] only listed o . soleatus from the indian ocean , monotypic and considered circumglobal at this point . considering the mesopelagic habitat of monacoa spp . , we expect m . griseus and m . niger to be present across the pacific ocean .\nfresh material is therefore needed in order to establish pigmentation and distribution patterns of monacoa spp . more satisfactorily . however , indications are that m . grimaldii is found in the atlantic ocean and m . griseus and m . niger are found in the pacific ocean . this is supported from pigmentation patterns listed for the type material of m . grimaldii by zugmayer ( table 3 ) that unambiguously show both specimens to have the four - spot pattern ( fig 5b ) . the two specimens of m . grimaldii have only 31 verterbrae as opposed to 34 or more in m . niger and m . griseus . however , the latter is based on few specimens ( tables 2 and 3 ) . chapman [ 17 ] noted that the differences observed between m . grimaldii and o . soleatus warrant generic status and we confirm this notion with two new species of monacoa and mitogenomic data ( figs 3 and 6 ) .\nthe light and dark musculatures of m . grimaldii specimens , preserved in ethanol only , are apparently not taxonomic informative , as this feature is also found in formalin fixed and ethanol preserved specimens of m . griseus . however , the holotype of m . niger shows a very different body coloration ( scale pockets ) freshly caught compared to congeners and probably distinguishes this species on this feature ( fig 3 ) . one formalin fixed specimen is showing a very dark body color ( ams i . 25919 - 001 ) and one juvenile is also appearing much darker than the other preserved juvenile specimens ( ams i . 20942 - 001 ) . we have tentatively identified them as m . niger although the body coloration of the different species is also an issue that requires future verification from fresh material and subsequent fixation ( figs 3 and 4 ) . variation in body color was noted by bekker [ 42 ] although only as variable between m . grimaldii and o . soleatus .\nthe family opisthoproctidae ( barreleyes ) constitutes one of the most peculiar looking and unknown deep - sea fish groups in terms of taxonomy and specialized adaptations . all the species in the family are united by the possession of tubular eyes , with one distinct lineage exhibiting also drastic shortening of the body . two new species of the mesopelagic opisthoproctid mirrorbelly genus monacoa are described based on pigmentation patterns of the \u201csole\u201d\u2014a unique vertebrate structure used in the reflection and control of bioluminescence in most short - bodied forms . different pigmentation patterns of the soles , previously noted as intraspecific variations based on preserved specimens , are here shown species - specific and likely used for communication in addition to counter - illumination of down - welling sunlight . the genus monacoa is resurrected from opisthoproctus based on extensive morphological synaphomorphies pertaining to the anal fin and snout . doubling the species diversity within sole - bearing opisthoproctids , including recognition of two genera , is unambiguously supported by mitogenomic dna sequence data . regular fixation with formalin and alcohol preservation is shown problematic concerning the retention of species - specific pigmentation patterns . examination or photos of fresh material before formalin fixation is shown paramount for correct species recognition of sole - bearing opisthoproctids\u2014a relatively unknown issue concerning species diversity in the deep - sea pelagic realm .\ngreek , opisthe = behind + greek , proktos = anus ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 300 - 800 m ( ref . 6542 ) , usually 500 - 700 m ( ref . 6542 ) . deep - water ; 51\u00b0n -\ncircumglobal in tropical to temperate waters . eastern atlantic : western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola ( ref . 6542 ) . south china sea ( ref . 74511 )\nmaturity : l m ? , range 1 - ? cm max length : 10 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6542 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 13 ; anal spines : 0 . sides of body dark ; head below and behind eye sprinkled with large melanophores ; snout translucent ventrally , transparent dorsally ( ref . 6597 ) . anal fin either with 2 - 3 rudimentary rays or not visible externally ( ref . 6597 ) .\nmesopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . probably not exhibiting vertical migration ( ref . 6686 ) . the limits of its distribution coincide with the 400m - isotherm for 8\u00b0c ( ref . 6542 ) .\nqu\u00e9ro , j . - c . , 1990 . opisthroproctidae . p . 241 - 243 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 6542 )\n) : 1 . 5 - 5 . 7 , mean 3 . 1 ( based on 89 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters and is known to be rare . it is not of interest to fisheries and there do not appear to be any major threats . it is listed as least concern .\nis circumglobal in temperate to tropical waters ( carter 2002 ) . this species is also reported from the south china sea and over the iberian basin ( byrkjedal\noccurs from western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola in the eastern atlantic . the depth range for this species is 300 - 800 m but it usually occurs from 500 - 700 m ( quero 1990 ) . this species has also been reported from the gulf of guinea at 4 , 000 m ( noaa 2012 ) .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; brunei darussalam ; cameroon ; cape verde ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; colombia ; comoros ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; gabon ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guernsey ; guyana ; haiti ; hong kong ; india ; indonesia ; ireland ; jamaica ; japan ; jersey ; kenya ; kiribati ; liberia ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; martinique ; mauritania ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; montserrat ; morocco ; mozambique ; nauru ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; palau ; panama ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; puerto rico ; r\u00e9union ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( ascension , saint helena ( main island ) ) ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; seychelles ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; solomon islands ; somalia ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sri lanka ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; tokelau ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; tuvalu ; united kingdom ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , johnston i . , us line is . ) ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; viet nam ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; wallis and futuna ; western sahara ; yemen\nspecies in the family opisthoproctidae are oviparous , feed mainly on small crustaceans , mostly copepods and have pelagic eggs and larvae ( carter 2002 ) .\nthe limits of its distribution coincide with the 400 m - isotherm for 8\u00b0c ( qu\u00e9ro 1990 ) . the maximum length for\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n: iiving mainly between 500 and 700 m , but ranging between about 300 and 800 m . probably not a vertical\nbrauer , a . 1906 . die tiefseefische . 1 . systematischer teil . wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' valdivia ' , iena , 15 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 432 , 18 pl . , 176 fig .\ncohen , d . m . 1964a . suborder argentinoidea . mem . sears found . mar . res . , new haven , 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 1 - 70 .\ngeistdoerfer , p . ; hureau , j . c . ; rannou , m . 1971b . liste pr\u00e9liminaire des esp\u00e8ces de poissons de profondeur r\u00e9colt\u00e9es au cours de la campagne ' noratlante ' du n . o . jean charcot en atlantique nord ( aout - octobre 1969 ) . bull . mus . hist . nat . , paris , 42 ( 6 ) : 1177 - 1185 .\nmarshall , n . b . 1960 . swimbladder structure of deep - sea fishes in relation to their systematics and wology . ' discovery ' rep . , 31 : 1 - 122 , 47 fig . , pl . 1 - 3 .\nmurray , j . ; hjort , j . 1912a . the depths of the ocean . a general account of the modern science of oceanography based largely on the scientific researches of the norwegian steamer michael sars in the north atlantic . london , 1912 : pp . xx + 821 , 575 fig . , unnumbered fig . , 4 maps , 9 pl .\nparr , a . e . 1937 . concluding report on fishes with species index for articles 1 - 7 . ( fishes of the third oceanographic expedition of the ' pawnee ' . ) bull . bingham oceanogr . coll , 3 ( 7 ) : 79 pp . , fig . 1 - 22 .\nroule , l . ; angel , f . 1933 . poissons provenant des campagnes du prince albert i de monaco . r\u00e9sult . camp . scient . prince albert 1 , 86 : pp . 1 - 115 .\nschmidt , e . j . 1918b . argentinidae , microstomidae , opisthoproctidae , mediterranean odontostomidae . rep . dan . oceanogr . exped . mediterr . , 1908 - 1910 , 2 , biol . ( as ) : pp . 1 - 40 , 23 fig . , 4 charts .\nvaillant , l . 1888 . poissons in exp\u00e9ditions scientifiques du ' travailleur ' et du ' talisman ' pendant les ann\u00e9es 1880 - 1883 . masson , paris , 406 pp . , 28 pl .\nmaul , g . e . 1949d . lista sistem\u00e1tica dos peixes da madeira , 2 : 41 p . ( see also 1948b ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 1 . 5 - 5 . 7 , mean 3 . 1 ( based on 89 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\natp synthase or complex v ) produces atp from adp in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain . f - type atpases consist of two structural domains , f\n- containing the membrane proton channel , linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk . during catalysis , atp synthesis in the catalytic domain of f\nis coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nmesopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . probably not exhibiting vertical migration ( ref . 6686 ) . the limits of its distribution coincide with the 400m - isotherm for 8\u00b0c ( ref . 6542 ) .\ncircumglobal in tropical to temperate waters . eastern atlantic : western ireland to mauritania and from sierra leone to angola ( ref . 6542 ) . south china sea ( ref . 74511 )\n10 . 5 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6542 ) )\nsides of body dark ; head below and behind eye sprinkled with large melanophores ; snout translucent ventrally , transparent dorsally ( ref . 6597 ) . anal fin either with 2 - 3 rudimentary rays or not visible externally ( ref . 6597 ) .\ndepth range based on 76 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 61 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 30 - 3000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 1 . 749 - 22 . 330 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 158 - 38 . 732 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 089 - 36 . 537 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 036 - 6 . 178 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 2 . 808 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 953 - 145 . 704 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 30 - 3000 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 1 . 749 - 22 . 330 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 158 - 38 . 732 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 089 - 36 . 537 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 036 - 6 . 178 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 034 - 2 . 808 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 953 - 145 . 704 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nbathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 300 - 800 m ( ref . 6542 ) , usually 500 - 700 m ( ref . 6542 )\ndepth : 300 - 800m . from 300 to 800 meters . habitat : bathypelagic . females off hawaii mature at about 6 mm . eggs and larvae are pelagic ( ref . 6686 ) . the limits of its distribution coincide with the 400m - isotherm for 8\u00b0c ( ref . 6542 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nknown for their barrel - shaped eyes which are used to find their prey .\nthey are found in tropical - temperate waters , throughout the atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans .\nwhat little is known of barreleye reproduction indicates that the eggs and sperm are released directly into the water .\nglass frogs are generally small , ranging from 3 to 7 . 5 cm ( 1 . 2 to 3 . 0 in ) in length .\nduring the breeding season they live along rivers and streams where they lay their eggs on leaves that overhang the water .\nand has a horrific haircut . ( i\u2019m pretty sure that that\u2019s not his real hair . )\ntrump tower is a 58 - story , mixed - use skyscraper at 725 fifth avenue , at the corner of east 56th street in midtown manhattan , new york city .\nthere was no reproduction of the trump , it has been here since the world began .\nthe trump has always been a pompous , know - it - all jerk , and he always will be .\nzebra duikers are found only in closed - canopy rainforests in west africa and they are very sensitive to forest disturbance .\nzebra duikers breed year - round . mothers hide their babies for the first 2 - 3 weeks after birth and visit it , on average , four times daily for nursing . young zebra duikers have a bluish cast to their coat and very closely - spaced stripes . beginning at two months of age , the coat gradually turns golden ; adult coloration is reached by 7 - 9 months .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : poulsen jy , sado t , hahn c , byrkjedal i , moku m , miya m ( 2016 ) preservation obscures pelagic deep - sea fish diversity : doubling the number of sole - bearing opisthoproctids and resurrection of the genus monacoa ( opisthoproctidae , argentiniformes ) . plos one 11 ( 8 ) : e0159762 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2016 poulsen et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information file .\nfunding : this research was funded by mext / jsps kakenhi grant number 26291083 , jst ( crest ) and the canon foundation . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nillustrations of the \u201csole\u201d and hyaloid body ( reflector ) found in species of the genus monacoa ( a\u2013b ) . a , the sole\u2014a large flattened structure covered with large pigmented scales . b , light organ and hyaloid body ( reflector ) , controlling bioluminescence . bioluminescence is produced in the large black light organ , a modification of the distal intestinal tract , situated above the anal opening . modified for monacoa after bertelsen & munk [ 12 ] .\nnomenclatural acts : the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken / \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 713edab6 - 040a - 4067 - a842 - de592a82f29a . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .\nphotographs , x - rays and sole pigmentation patterns of type and comparative material included for both morphological and molecular comparisons in this study .\nethanol fixation used for all specimens\u2013type material 99 . 5 % and comparative material 70 % . scale bars equal 10 mm ( a\u2013f ) . a , monacoa niger , new species , holotype , cbm - zf 14683 . note the strong pigmentation along the entire sole ( anterior part partly damaged ) . b , monacoa grimaldii , zmub 18926 , ( b * newly caught with specimen shown in fig 1b ) . c , m . grimaldii , zmub 18977 ( anterior part partly damaged ) . d , monacoa griseus , new species , holotype , cbm - zf 14677 . e , m . griseus , new species , paratype , cbm - zf 14681 ( anterior part partly damaged ) . f , m . griseus , new species , paratype , cbm - zf 14757 ( juvenile ) . insert shows protruding rectal organ being particular distinct in juveniles compared to adults .\nmonacoa niger sp . nov . holotype ( unique ) . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14683 ) , 48 . 0 mm sl unsexed specimen . holotype caught december 24\u201325 2013 , 22 : 43\u201300 : 40 local time , north - north - east off american samoa ( 05\u00b005 ' s , 170\u00b003 ' w ) at depth 0\u2013520 m ( station 2 ) .\nmonacoa griseus sp . nov . holotype . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14681 ) , 63 . 9 mm sl unsexed specimen . holotype caught january 13 2014 , 17 : 20\u201319 : 15 local time , east of new zealand ( 40\u00b006 ' s , 169\u00b058 ' w ) at depth 0\u2013521 m ( station 9 ) .\nparatype . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14677 ) , 64 . 5 mm sl unsexed specimen . paratype caught january 13 2014 , 17 : 20\u201319 : 15 local time , east of new zealand ( 40\u00b006 ' s , 169\u00b058 ' w ) at depth 0\u2013521 m ( station 9 ) .\nparatype . natural history museum and institute , chiba ( cbm - zf 14757 ) , 17 . 8 mm sl unsexed specimen . paratype caught january 13 2014 , 17 : 20\u201319 : 15 local time , east of new zealand ( 40\u00b006 ' s , 169\u00b058 ' w ) at depth 0\u2013521 m ( station 9 ) .\nmonacoa grimaldii . zoological museum university of bergen , bergen ( zmub 18926 ) , 28 . 6 mm sl unsexed specimen . caught june 28 , 2004 , at 42\u00b047 ' n , 29\u00b032 ' w off the mid - atlantic ridge in the north atlantic at fishing depth 0\u2013795 m .\nzoological museum university of bergen , bergen ( zmub 18977 ) , 34 . 0 mm sl unsexed specimen . caught june 30 , 2004 , at 41\u00b042 ' n , 29\u00b060 ' w off the mid - atlantic ridge in the north atlantic at fishing depth 205\u2013684 m .\nadult formalin fixed and alcohol preserved specimens of monacoa spp . ( a\u2013f ) , and juvenile formalin fixed and alcohol preserved specimens of monacoa spp . ( g\u2013i ) . the following species designations ( \u201ccf\u201d ) are tentative . a , monacoa cf . niger , ams i . 25919 - 001 . b , monacoa cf . griseus , ams i . 21744 - 001 . c , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 16494 - 030 . d , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 21366 - 001 . e , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 16492 - 025 . f , m . cf . griseus , ams i . 24031 - 002 . g , m . cf . niger , juvenile , ams i . 20942 - 001 . h , m . cf . griseus , juvenile , ams i . 19751 - 022 . i , m . cf . griseus , juvenile , ams i . 21748 - 001 .\nmonacoa cf . niger . ams i . 20942 - 001 , 17 . 1 mm sl ( east of cape york , queensland , australia ) ; ams i . 25919 - 001 , 33 . 1 mm sl ( east of crowdy head , new south wales , australia ) .\nmonacoa cf . griseus . ams i . 21748 - 001 , 15 . 9 mm sl ( east of botany bay , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 19751 - 022 , 17 . 3 mm sl ( 33\u00b020 ' s , 152\u00b017 ' e ) ; ams i . 21748 - 001 , 17 . 7 mm sl ( east of botany bay , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 20064 - 058 , 25 . 7 mm sl ( east of sydney , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 16492 - 025 , 33 . 3 mm sl ( east of sydney , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 16494 - 030 , 33 . 6 mm sl ( east of sydney , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 21744 - 001 , 47 . 4 mm sl ( east of wilsons promontory , victoria , australia ) ; ams i . 21366 - 001 , 49 . 8 mm sl ( east of newcastle , new south wales , australia ) ; ams i . 24031 - 002 , 56 . 0 mm sl ( east of newcastle , new south wales , australia ) .\nillustrations of sole pigmentation patterns found in the genus monacoa ( a\u2013d ) . a , m . niger . b , m . grimaldii . c , m . griseus . d , m . griseus ( juvenile ) . juveniles of all monacoa species are likely appearing similar to m . griseus illustrated here .\netymology : the genus name monacoa is re - erected in this study and was constructed by whitley [ 18 ] without giving any etymological reason for the chosen name . however , it is likely referring to the state of monaco in which the research expedition that sampled the two syntypes originated .\nsuggested vernacular name : long - nosed mirrorbellies . japanese : hikari - deme - nigisu .\nsize : species of monacoa are deep - bodied and relatively small fishes with a maximum sl of 64 . 5 mm for m . griseus reported at present ( this study ) . the total lengths are considerably longer although caudal fin rays always damaged .\nmonacoa niger sp . nov . : this species shows black sole pigmentation along the entire sole and possibly have a darker or more blackish body color compared to congeners ( scale pockets are darker ) . the black streak on the sole possibly consists of distinct patches posteriorly ( fig 3a and fig 5a ; table 2 ) . the holotype is slightly damaged on the sole and variation of the sole pigmentation pattern in this species must be assessed with future fresh material .\nfour different sole pigmentation patterns have currently been observed within monacoa ( a\u2013d ) and are explained in the results section .\ncbm - zf 14683 ( holotype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017322 / genseq - 1 mitogenome .\nzoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c7619c68 - c720 - 43d8 - 9400 - afef7e9be840 .\nmonacoa griseus sp . nov . : this species shows a greyish anterior part of the sole , abruptly changing just in front of the pelvic fins , to a dense pigmented posterior part . the two adult specimens of this species ( fig 3d\u20133e ; fig 5c ; table 2 ) show in addition a relatively weak irregular large blotch just in front of the change in pigmentation , centered approximately below the anterior part of the dorsal fin in the vertical plane . scale pockets are possibly relatively light .\ncbm - zf 14681 ( holotype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017326 / genseq - 1 mitogenome .\ncbm - zf 14677 ( paratype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017328 / genseq - 2 mitogenome\ncbm - zf 14757 ( paratype ) . genbank / genseq : ap017324 / genseq - 2 mitogenome\nnote : cbm - zf 14757 is a juvenile , confirmed as m . griseus from identical molecular dna sequences . juveniles discussed below .\nzoobank lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 1e9ddcc2 - 0ac2 - 41e6 - 93b5 - db9398d34058 .\nonly zmub specimens included with molecular data . all specimens , included with \u201ccf\u201d , are tentative due to formalin fixation possibly changing pigmentation patterns . sole patterns a\u2013d correspond to fig 5 .\nfour sole pigmentation patterns ( a\u2013d ) have been identified in the genus monacoa from this study and we have designated them as follows ; a ) a black streak of pigmentation , likely patchy at the posterior end , running along the entire sole , possibly covering most of the sole , although variation not presently known ( m . niger \u2014 fig 5a ) ; b ) four - spot pattern , including two distinct larger patches in between two weaker smaller patches , all located at the posterior part of the sole ( m . grimaldii \u2014 fig 5b ) ; c ) greyish uniform sole pattern in the anterior part , with a stronger tint in the anterior - posterior direction , with the posterior part abruptly turning much darker , with a poorly defined weaker patch present immediately in front of the abrupt change ( m . griseus \u2014 fig 5c ) ; d ) uniform sole with minute scattered pigmentations in no distinct patterns , appearing iridescent in fresh material ( currently observed in all juveniles across species\u2014 fig 5d ) . preservation is an important caveat concerning patterns of sole pigmentation and is discussed below . the sole pigmentation patterns of all species and the juvenile are illustrated in fig 5 .\netymology : monacoa niger sp . nov . the species derivative is originating from latin \u201cniger\u201d ( black ) referring to the black streak of pigmentation present on the sole . suggested vernacular name : black mirrorbelly . japanese : kuro - hikari - deme - nigisu .\netymology : monacoa griseus sp . nov . the species derivative is originating from latin \u201cgriseus\u201d ( grey ) referring to the uniform greyish anterior part of the sole lacking distinct patterns of pigmentation . suggested vernacular name : grey mirrorbelly . japanese : haiiro - hikari - deme - nigisu .\nsnout slightly pointed , relatively rounded , not protruding into tube ( 10\u201315 % sl ) ; anal fin retrorse , often absent ; sole length approx . 90 % sl ; dorsal fin base approx . 20 % sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nsnout prominent , protruding into distinct tube ( 18\u201325 % sl ) ; anal fin present , easily discernible , situated on posterior outer margin of sole ; sole length approx . 80 % sl ; dorsal fin base approx . 25 % sl ( genus\nanterior part of sole without distinct pigmentation , posterior part darkly pigmented or showing distinct pigmented blotches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3\nmitogenomic phylogeny of argentiniformes and sole - bearing opisthoproctids using other protacanthopterygians as outgroups .\nindications are that m . grimaldii is the only species present in the atlantic ocean between approximately 45\u00b0n and 45\u00b0s , m . griseus is apparently the common monacoa species in the southwestern pacific ocean and m . niger is a tropical pacific species , although the latter is only confidently known from the holotype at present . the two ams specimens identified as m . cf . niger in this study are both from the southwestern pacific ( figs 4 and 7 ) . however , formalin fixed / alcohol preserved material are currently ambiguous concerning proper species identification ( see below ) and future molecular data and examination of fresh specimens with intact sole patterns should determine distributions more adequately .\nsquared records are tentatively identified from formalin fixed material ( fig 4 ) . reprinted from urltoken [ 39 ] under a cc by license , with permission from t . grajeda ( urltoken ) .\nthe depth ranges reported in past literature include catch data of monacoa in bathypelagic depths below 2000 m . however , no reliable data are present from closing nets and we question the occurrence of these fishes in bathypelagic depths . we note that all material used in this study were caught in mesopelagic depths above 800 m with the exact catch depths unknown .\nallometric growth changes are present in monacoa witnessed in for example the body depth to sl ( tables 1 \u2013 3 ) . this character was noted by bekker [ 42 ] to separate the two genera of sole - bearing opisthoproctids . however , the inclusion of data on several juveniles in this study shows this character ambiguous .\nthe juvenile snout of m . griseus is comically and proportionately enormous compared to the adult equivalent concerning width , length and girth ( fig 3d\u20133f ) . large snout function is also speculative at this stage . however , opisthoproctids are likely pelagic throughout most life stages , although adults might be more or less demersal [ 16 ] . large surface area for detecting water movement and organism - emitted substances seems likely at this point .\nthe peculiar appearance and lack of diagnostic traits for species identification in juveniles has obviously confused in the past . for example , clarke & wagner [ 51 ] tentatively referred a 17 . 0 mm specimen caught off hawaii to m . grimaldii , although with reservations [ 52 ] . as no juveniles that unambiguously can be referred to m . niger are known and can be compared to m . griseus ( cbm 14757 ) , we note only that the central pacific and hawaii waters possibly have both m . niger and m . griseus present .\ns1 file . jupyter notebook illustrating the illumina data processing and assembly of mitogenomes using mitobim .\nwe thank all the crew and scientists onboard the r / v hakuho - maru for assistance and sampling , e . katayama , t . p . satoh and g . shinohara ( nsmt ) for tissues and help during tsukuba visits for jyp , h . j . walker ( sio ) , k . maslenikov ( uw ) , g . langhelle ( zmub ) and d . bray ( nmvm ) for tissues , d . shale ( mar - eco ) and s . johnsen ( duke uni . ) for courtesy of photos , j . hlidberg for courtesy of illustrations , k . and e . hj\u00f8rne for help with illustrations , e . hiromitsu ( bsku ) for specimen loan , a . m . orlov ( vniro ) and s . w . knudsen ( zmuc ) for literature , k . graham , a . hay , j . king , m . lockett , m . mcgrouther , k . parkinson , j . paxton and s . reader ( ams ) for help with x - rays , photography and logistics , and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments . we owe a special thanks to t . fukuchi ( cbm ) for help during jyp\u00b4s visit to chiba in 2014 . zff . masatoshi moku passed away before the submission of the final version of this manuscript . jan yde poulsen accepts responsibility for the integrity and validity of the data collected and analyzed .\nconceived and designed the experiments : jyp ib m . moku m . miya . performed the experiments : jyp ts m . miya . analyzed the data : jyp ch . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : jyp ts ch ib m . moku m . miya . wrote the paper : jyp . taxonomy : jyp . finalized manuscript : jyp ts ch ib m . miya .\nfroese r , pauly d , editors . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication 2011 . available :\nbetancur - r r , wiley e , bailly n , miya m , lecointre g , ort\u00ed g . phylogenetic classification of bony fishes , version 3 . 2014 . available :\nahlstrom eh , moser hg , cohen dm . argentinoidei : development and relationships . in : moser hg , richards wj , cohen dm , fahay md , kendall aw jr , richardson sc , editors . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . lawrence , ka : am soc ichthyol herpetol spec publ ; 1984 1 : pp . 155\u2013169 .\njohnson gd , patterson c . relationships of lower euteleostean fishes . in : stiassny mlj , parenti lr , johnson gd , editors . interrelationships of fishes . new york , ny : academic press ; 1996 . pp . 251\u2013332 .\nishiguro nb , miya m , nishida m . basal euteleostean relationships : a mitogenomic perspective on the phylogenetic reality of the \u2018\u2018protacanthopterygii\u201d . mol phylogenet evol . 2003 ; 27 : 476\u2013488 . pmid : 12742752\nwagner hj , douglas rh , frank tm , roberts nw , partridge jc . a novel vertebrate eye using both refractive and reflective optics . curr biol . 2009 ; 19 : 108\u2013114 . pmid : 19110427"]}
{"id": 1595, "summary": [{"text": "chelidonichthys capensis , the cape gurnard , is a species of sea robin native to the western indian ocean where they occur at depths of from 10 \u2013 390 metres ( 33 \u2013 1,280 ft ) and in such countries as mozambique and namibia .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the species is 75 centimetres ( 30 in ) tl in length and lives maximum to the age of 16 .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is of commercial importance as a food fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "cape gurnard", "paragraphs": ["with reverso you can find the french translation , definition or synonym for cape gurnard and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of cape gurnard given by the french - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , gr\u00e9visse\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . fishstat . cape gurnard ( dimensionmember ) . ( latest update : 27 nov 2013 ) accessed ( 9 jul 2018 ) . uri : urltoken\ngurnards are caught between cape agulhas and the great kei river at depth shallower that 110m . management is considered to be largely effective . management is mainly directed at the target species hake ( msc certified ) and sole in the form of total allowable catch ( tac ) and permit limitations . a fishery conservation project ( fcp ) was developed to test a co - management approach for 10 non - target species in the sector . other concerns include the lack of information on impacts to sensitive shark , skates and ray populations as well as impacts to the seabed . efforts are underway to improve the scientific observer coverage at sea for this sector to better understand ecosystem impacts .\nwwf - sa recognition of the et project as an fcp for the inshore trawl fishery is temporarily on hold until there is agreement between rights holders in the sector on the continued implementation of the et project .\ngurnards ( chelidonichthys sp ) are long lived , endemic fish found on sandy or silty bottoms at depths from 10 m to 390 m . they are one of the most commonly caught bycatch species in both the inshore and offshore trawl sectors , however , they seem resilient to fishing pressure and stocks are currently believed to be under - exploited .\ngurnards are caught as bycatch in inshore trawl fishery for hake ( msc certified ) and sole using trawl nets . the fishery gear consists of trawl nets that are dragged along the seabed at depths in the area from the coast to the 110 m isobath or to 20 nautical miles from the coast , whichever is the greater distance . demersal trawling is known to damage the seabed ; the extent and impact of this damage remains unknown . trawling is not a selective fishing method and a number of other species are often caught in the nets ( fish , sharks and rays ) . substantial effort has been made to reduce seabird deaths through the use of tori lines and substantial effort is underway to better manage the principal bycatch stocks through a co - management pilot programme .\ngurnards are caught as bycatch within the within the offshore demersal trawl industry for hake using trawl nets that are dragged along the seabed at depths typically ranging from 110 m to 800 m ( known as \u201cdemersal trawl nets\u201d ) . the fishery gear consists of trawl nets that are dragged along the seabed at depths typically ranging from 110 m to 800 m . this type of trawling is known to damage the seabed ; the extent and impact of damage remains unknown . there are efforts underway to better understand benthic impacts , recovery potential , and to mitigate damage . trawling is not a selective fishing method and a number of other species are often caught in the nets ( fish , sharks and rays ) . substantial effort has been made to reduce seabird deaths through the use of tori lines and s research is underway to understand the impacts on key bycatch species .\ngurnards are caught as bycatch on the continental shelf edge and upper slope along the west coast from the namibian border southwards and on the south coast primarily around the agulhas bank . management is mainly focused on the target species ( hake ) in the form of total allowable catch ( tac ) , effort limitation and various permit conditions . there are some ecosystem - based management measures already in place such as precautionary catch limits on monkfish and kingklip and limited fishing areas . the ongoing fishery conservation project ( fcp\n) aims to improve the management of the main bycatch species as well as address any potential impacts on sharks , rays and other sensitive marine species .\ntrawl nets are dragged along the seabed at depths between 110 and 800 metres . demersal trawling is known to damage the seabed and is non - selective , resulting in the incidental bycatch of a number of species ( fishes , sharks , rays and seabirds ) . seabird bycatch has been reduced thanks to the introduction of tori lines , coloured streamers that deter birds , and improved methods for disposing fish discards .\ntrawl nets are dragged along the seabed up to 20 nautical miles from the coast or 110 metres deep , whichever is further . demersal trawling is known to damage the seabed and is non - selective , resulting in the incidental bycatch of a number of species ( fishes , sharks , rays and seabirds ) . seabird bycatch has been reduced thanks to the introduction of tori lines , coloured streamers that deter birds .\nstarted in 2004 , sassi was established to drive change in the local seafood industry by working with suppliers and sellers of seafood , as well as informing and inspiring consumers to make sustainable seafood choices .\nvolunteering can make a real difference to your own life and the lives of those around you . we welcome all sustainable seafood champions prepared to donate their time and effort .\nbecome a regular wwf - sassi supporter and help us ensure that the planet has enough sustainable seafood for future generations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nelongate red fish with large head encased in bony plates . pectorial fin large with a thin black blotch ans white or pale blue spots on the inner side . pectorial fin rays present . dorsal surface reddish and is white or pinkish below .\nsea robins have six spiny\nlegs\n, three on each side . these legs are actually flexible spines that were once part of the pectoral fin . over time , the spines separated themselves from the rest of the fin , developing into feeler - like\nforelegs .\nthe pelvic fins have been thought to let the fish\nwalk\non the bottom , but are really used to stir up food\nfound from estuaries to edge of continental shelves over sand and sandy shell seabed ( ref . 9258 ) . reported to be often found in rivers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou want to reject this entry : please give us your comments ( bad translation / definition , duplicate entries . . . )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary , become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\nthe urltoken website brings together statistics , maps , pictures , and documents on food and agriculture from throughout the fao organization in one convenient location . this means that instead of searching multiple sites and sources , you will be able to go to one central place in order to collect or view the data that interests you . to assist in data retrieval , the site provides an efficient search engine as well as easy - to - use navigation menus .\nheads up ! we will have a convenient download format available for this resource soon .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . 2012 . fishstat . rome , italy : fao .\nfood and agriculture organization of the united nations . ( 2012 ) . fishstat . rome , italy , fao .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nking place in the fifthyear of growth for both males and females . gut content analysis showed c . capensis to bean opportunistic feeder preying preferentially on the benthic crustaceans goneplax angulataand mursia cristimanus . landings from the commercial linefishery were insignificant whilst those for thecommercial trawl fishery ranged from 500 tonnes to 3250 tonnes b ~ tween 1984 to 1995 , and indicated that this species forms an important component of the south african trawlfishery bycatch . a first approximation of fishing mortality ( 0 . 36 year - i ) for the inshorecommercial trawl fishery was higher than that of natural mortality ( 0 . 25 year - i ) suggestingsome fishing pressure on this species on the agulhas bank . however this fishing mortalityvalue was significantly less than that for fo . 1 ( 4 . 78 year - i ) that was estimated using a yieldper - recruit model . viii"]}
{"id": 1599, "summary": [{"text": "the finnieston crane or stobcross crane is a disused giant cantilever crane ( hammerhead crane ) in the centre of glasgow , scotland .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is no longer in working order , but is retained as a symbol of the city 's engineering heritage .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the crane was used for loading cargo , in particular steam locomotives , onto ships to be exported around the world .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "it is one of four such cranes on the river clyde , a fifth one having been demolished in 2007 , and one of only eleven giant cantilever cranes remaining worldwide .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the crane can be seen in the background of news broadcasts from bbc pacific quay . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "finnieston crane", "paragraphs": ["finnieston crane is a listed and the north rotunda and custom house are b listed .\nfinnieston crane glasgow - retained as a symbol of the city ' s engineering heritage .\nit is officially known as the stobcross crane ( or , to the navigation trust as clyde navigation trustees crane # 7 ) , but its proximity to finnieston quay , and the fact that it was intended to replace the previous finnieston crane , has led to its being popularly known as the finnieston crane .\ndeacon blue singer ricky ross photographed in front of the finnieston crane . picture : robert perry\noblique aerial view centred on the bridge with finnieston cantilever crane adjacent , taken from the n .\nthe finnieston crane is one of glasgow\u2019s most iconic monuments - and one of its most unusual .\nthe finnieston crane ( also known as the stobcross crane ) is the largest of the cantilever cranes , of which four remain along the river .\nthere are only 15 surviving cantilever structures like the finnieston crane in britain , seven of which are in scotland .\na bright yellow question mark has been hung from glasgow\u2019s finnieston crane as a tribute to the scottish artist george wyllie .\nambitious plans to house a restaurant at the top of glasgow ' s finnieston crane have taken a huge step forward .\nalthough the finnieston crane was actually part of the stobcross quay and should accurately be referred to as the stobcross crane ; it derives its title from the crane it was built to replace ; the old finnieston crane which stood just at the end of the squinty bridge , the actual locations can be seen in the map above .\nthe finnieston crane is a crane and landmark in glasgow , scotland . it is now disused but is retained as a symbol of the city ' s engineering heritage .\nranald macinnes , principal inspector with historic scotland , said :\nthe finnieston crane is a much - loved glasgow landmark .\nfinnieston in glasgow has been named the hippest place to live in the uk .\n[ 1 ] the finnieston crane in 1957 . ( source : ben brooksbank / wikimedia commons ) [ 2 ] the docks in 1950 . ( source : rcahms ) [ 3 ] the \u201cfinnieston crane\u201d at stobcross quay , 1955 . ( source : burrell collection photo library , 1955 survey / the glasgow story ) [ 4 ] the finnieston crane holding the straw locomotive by george wyllie , 1987 ( source : wikimedia commons ) [ 5 ] story on a planned restaurant up the finnieston crane . ( source : evening times , 06 / 09 / 06 ) [ 6 ] the 1892 ordnance survey overlaid with the original location of the finnieston crane .\nhello gordon , was there ever a titan crane located in the broomielaw just east of finnieston street . this is to settle a discussion .\nno future events currently found at finnieston crane in glasgow ( view past events ) . check out the similar venues below or view events in glasgow .\nthe finnieston crane , floodlit during the glasgow garden festival in 1988 . the crane was situated directly opposite the festival site , which was on the south bank of the river clyde . a straw locomotive by artist george wyllie was hung from the end of the crane .\nmr wyllie ' s most memorable pieces of public art included a straw locomotive suspended from the finnieston crane in glasgow and a paper boat launched on the river clyde .\nfinnieston crane news 8 oct 2015 \u2013 we were advised today by e - mail of plans now with glasgow city council , to apparently build a 10 storey hotel complex \u201cwith massive interactive billboards on the street and blocking vies of the now iconic buildings at finnieston street . \u201d\nuse this fun activity sheet to challenge your class to create their own version of glasgow ' s finnieston crane . this resource is available in standard and super eco colour .\nthe \u2018finnieston crane\u2019 , actually the proper description should be the \u2018stobcross crane\u2019 was built in the early 1930s to replace a 130 ton steam crane which was located about 100m upstream of it . it was called the finnieston crane . the reason for removing it was to make way for a high level bridge at the location now occupied by the clyde arc ( squinty bridge ) . ships would have been able to pass under it . however , the great depression in the late 1920s put paid to the idea of building a bridge the until the start of the 21st century . as a result the old finnieston crane remained in use and it\u2019s intended replacement was completed and called the stobcross crane ( or crane no 7 in the clyde navigation trust\u2019s plant inventories ) . there had been an earlier stobcross crane of around 50 ton swl , which was big in its day\ni\u2019d like to know why , on both our visits to glasgow , you\u2019ve neglected to take us on an illegal nighttime climb of the finnieston crane . seems an oversight to me \ud83d\ude42\nthe finnieston or stobcross giant cantliever crane by cowans sheldon and co . of carlisle and cleveland bridge and engineering co . ( cantilever ) was buit in 1931 ( operating from 1932 ) .\nfor ( associated and adjacent ) stobcross quay ( ns 5674 6532 ) and finnieston cantilever crane ( ns 57103 65151 ) , see ns56ne 123 . 00 and ns56ne 123 . 01 respectively .\nthe finnieston crane has loomed over the clyde since 1932 and stands 165ft high , with a 253ft cantilever . when it was commissioned in 1926 , its owners , the clyde navigation trust christened it with the catchy moniker , clyde navigation trustees crane # 7 .\nin the years since , the finnieston crane has been the subject of a great deal of speculation . while the crane itself is category a listed , there have been many attempts to ' turn it into something\u2019 but of course , it already is something .\n\u2022 the titan crane at clydebank - once towering over the john brown shipyard the crane is now a tourist attraction . picture : stephen mansfield\nit is a monument to glasgow and a symbol of everything that glasgow has both lost and gained in the 20th century . if the finnieston crane never moves again , it will forever be something .\nthe new macron - designed \u2018built for glasgow\u2019 kit features the warriors\u2019 standard colours of black and light blue , with a design of the famous finnieston crane on light blue panels on the side of the shirt .\nthe finnieston ( or stobcross ) crane is a perfect example of maritime engineering . it was built for one purpose only - to load glasgow - built railway carriages onto ships to be transported all over the world .\nthe crane mostly carried steam locomotives which were brought down from the railyards in springburn for export . the crane would wheecht them up and onto the waiting ships .\na spokeswoman for clydeport said :\nwe have had further meetings with glasgow city council regarding plans to develop the finnieston crane into a restaurant with office buildings looking on to the clyde - and the response has been positive .\nit was a 130 ton steam crane built in the 1890s and a sister crane was built in the princes dock in front of govan town hall . a third heavy lift crane , called the clyde villa crane was located on plantation quay at the berth now occupied by the paddle steamer waverley ( the quay was renamed pacific quay in the past few years )\nthe greenock crane is the one my grandfather climbed back when he worked in the yard .\ndescribed as\na buzzing neighbourhood\n, finnieston has undergone a host of changes in recent years which helped it beat london ' s bllackhorse road to the top spot .\nthe cantilever crane was built for the clyde navigation trust by cowans , sheldon & co of carlisle , to replace the trust ' s crane at finnieston . work on the crane , which had a lifting capacity of 175 tons ( 178 tonnes ) , was completed in 1932 . the crane was used to lift boilers and engines into new ships , and to load heavy goods such as locomotives and tanks . the domed roof in the background belongs to the south rotunda on mavisbank quay , which contained the entrances and hoists which gave access to the glasgow harbour tunnel .\nthe opening of the queen ' s dock and the railway spelt the end of stobcross house and finnieston . cut and built in giffnock stone , the dock transformed the area into a city service centre , legacies of which are still evident . it was filled for the scottish exhibition centre . only the finnieston crane , 1932 , by cowans sheldon , now recalls the mercantile bustle . the crane could load railway engines and tanks on to cargo ships , which is said to be one reason for its survival . otherwise the engineering works have gone .\nit is a giant - cantilever crane , measuring 50 . 24metres ( 165 ft ) tall with a 77 metre ( 253 ft ) cantilever jib . it has a lifting capacity of 175 tons . it can be ascended either by a steel staircase or an electric lift . the actual finnieston crane was located a bit further upriver on the site now occupied by the city inn .\nthe imposing form of the finnieston crane also features in willie rodger\u2019s 100 foot long mural for the exhibition centre rail station painted in 1988 . the kirkintillock - born printmaker works with the economical lines of lino - cut , producing bold imagery that captures the character of the city and its people .\ninitially called the stobcross crane ( or , to give it its much stiffer formal title , the clyde navigation trustees crane # 7 ) , the structure is a permanent reminder of glasgow\u2019s once - mighty industrial past , but the city\u2019s current inhabitants - especially artists - have made use of the crane\u2019s dominance of the skyline .\na major glasgow hotel has already expressed an interest in developing the crane which is in a prime location .\nin 1987 the glasgow sculptor george wylie created a memorable and poignant artwork , the straw locomotive , for the finnieston crane in 1987 . made from straw in the form of a full size locomotive , the sculpture processed slowly through the streets , then dangled from the crane for two weeks , twisting slowly in the wind , before being brought down and set ablaze , as a commemoration of this once vital industry .\nthere are some absolutely stunning images of the city taken from the crane at night here , by the cycleologist .\nhaving lived directly on the clyde for a few years , i really grew to love this view . it was industrial and dramatic and the showstopper was when the waverley paddlesteammer would sail past my window on it\u2019s way down the clyde\u201d . the clyde has transformed completely over the past few decades and with all the shipyards more or less gone , the finnieston crane and the titan crane stand as monuments to what went before .\nplans can be viewed on the council website : 15 / 02220 / dc site formerly known as 200 finnieston street , glasgow . erection of hotel with ancillary facilities , car parking and associated works .\nopen only seasonally from may to october each year , bungee jumps from the crane\u2019s summit are available on limited dates .\nstraw locomotive was a 78ft effigy of a steam engine constructed from steel , straw and chicken wire that wyllie suspended from the landmark finnieston crane in may 1987 . it was later taken to springburn engineering works , once the heart of the glasgow locomotive industry , and set ablaze in what the artist described as a viking funeral .\nthe crane was commissioned in 1926 by the clyde navigation trust , the operators of the port and dock facilities in glasgow .\nthe opening of the queen\u00bfs dock and the railway spelt the end of stobcross house and finnieston . cut and built in giffnock stone , the dock transformed the area into a city service centre , legacies of which are still evident . it was filled for the scottish exhibition centre ( see below ) . only the finnieston crane , 1932 , by cowans sheldon , now recalls the mercantile bustle . the craine could load railway engines and tanks on to cargo ships , which is said to be one reason for its survival . otherwise the engineering works have gone .\nthe clydebank crane is the only grade \u2018a\u2019 listed structure in clydebank . it is one of five titans designed for the clyde shipyards by william arrol . the crane was one of the key targets for destruction in wwii but managed to survive the blitz .\nas scotland\u2019s manufacturing sector declined in subsequent decades , so did the use of the crane . it was last operational in 1988 - the docks that housed the crane were closed much earlier , in 1969 . at the time of its construction , it was the largest hammer - head crane of its type in europe - now , it is one of only 11 cantilever cranes in existence .\na giant straw sculpture in the shape of a locomotive , designed by scottish artist george wyllie , was hung from the crane in 1987 . as a tribute to wyllie , who passed away in 2012 , a question mark was hung from the crane in tribute . lately , the crane has been a temporary pub , a musical instrument , and a vertigo - inducing platform for stunt cycling .\nit\u2019s true . you can\u2019t have a party up the top a\u2019 that finnieston cran but you can read this post and learn all about it . if history\u2019s taught us one thing , it\u2019s that learning\u2019s much more fun than parties .\nclydebank shipbuilder john brown & co ltd awarded arrol a design and build contract for the crane in december 1905 . they specified an overhead rotating cantilever with a fixed jib . sometimes called a hammerhead crane because of its shape , this type came to be much used in ship construction and for loading extremely heavy items , such as locomotives , into vessels . construction of the clydebank crane began in 1906 .\nit is part of a series of events that pay homage to the life of wyllie , who died last may . the artist adopted the question mark as his trademark , reflecting his interest in questioning conventional artforms . one of his most famous artworks was the straw locomotive , a sculpture that was hung from the finnieston crane for several months in 1987 , before being taken down and burned .\ncommissioned in the first years of the 20th century , the crane was built in the heart of the shipbuilding hub of clydebank and finished in 1907 . a hundred years later , titan crane reopened as one of scotland\u2019s most unique tourist attractions , acting as a lookout point over glasgow .\nthe titan crane on queens quay at clydebank , west of glasgow , is the oldest giant cantilever crane in the world . fewer than 60 such cranes were built worldwide , the overwhelming majority of them by sir william arrol & co \u2014 at may 2011 it was thought that only 11 were extant , four of them along the river clyde . the clydebank crane is no longer operational but has been refurbished and can be visited .\ngordon , you mention that a \u2018scale model\u2019 was made of the govan titan crane . any idea where this is currently located ? i know that some equipment from the crane ( hoists etc . ) was sent to the scottish maritime museum in irvine . any information would be much appreciated !\ntwo bulging packs of lessons have been created , one for primary and one for secondary children , with innovative ideas for teaching youngsters about the crane in every subject from using the geometry of the crane in maths , to drawing it in art and writing reports on it in english lessons .\ni ' m glad they ' ve chosen the guy that runs gamba and papingo . these are very pleasant places to eat and i ' m relieved that they are going for the exclusive end of the market rather than some sort of tgi friday clone . i think , on balance , i ' m pleased at the crane being put to this new use but i hope they take care not to obliterate the crane ' s silhouette by building within the crane ' s tower and i hope that the proposed office block doesn ' t distract from the majestic isolation of the crane .\nthe crane passed its commissioning tests and was accepted by john browns on 24 april 1907 . despite being a major target during the war , the crane and shipyard survived the devastating clydebank blitz in march 1941 . more information on the clydeside blitz can be found at the blitz on clydeside website .\na century - old crane that has been transformed into a popular tourist attraction , the titan is one of scotland ' s most unusual engineering feats .\nthough derigged and no longer operational , the crane has been used for several high profile arts projects . one of the most well - known took place in 1987 , when the artist george wyllie used the crane to suspend a straw locomotive for eight weeks , before being ceremoniously burned . in 2013 , artist bill fontana captured the sounds of the crane by attaching microphones to it , turning it into a musical installation in a project commissioned by the glasgow unesco city of music project . the crane features prominently as part of a newly redeveloped riverscape , and forms part of the backdrop to bbc and stv news broadcasts .\nkey to its success is passing on memories , and former workers at the yard have been recruited to relate their days under the shadow of the titan crane .\n\u201cit was me , ma sister and ma da , and we wur huvin\u2019 a party . but somehow we wur huvin\u2019 it up the top a\u2019 that finnieston cran . that\u2019s whut makes me \u2018hink it nevur happened ' cuz that canny be done . \u201d - dee dee , limmy\u2019s show\nthe titan towers 150 ft over the clyde , and on a clear evening you can see the mighty cantilever crane from miles away , thanks to its nightly illuminations .\noriginally known as the stobcross crane , it was built for the clyde navigation trust by cowans , sheldon & co of carlisle in 1932 . the cantilever crane stands 195 feet high and has a hammerhead jib of 152 feet . it was used to transfer boilers and engines into new vessels and load heavy machinery such as railway locomotives onto freighters .\ntoday the crane remains as a landmark , a category a listed structure , and one of the most identifiable images of glasgow . during the 1988 glasgow garden festival ( sited on the princes dock on the opposite bank of the river ) a full - size replica locomotive , made from straw by local sculptor george wyllie , was suspended from the crane .\nconnected to a spur of the stobcross railway , the crane ' s primary purpose was to lift massive boilers and engines onto new ships ; at the time glasgow was one of the leading shipbuilding cities in the world . with the decline of the shipbuilding industry , the crane survived with a secondary use , loading heavy machinery \u00e2\u20ac\u201c mainly springburn ' s then renowned locomotives \u00e2\u20ac\u201c for export . with the downturn in seafaring trade , use of the crane continued to decline and it fell completely into disuse in the early 1990s .\nthe crane ' s capacity was 175 tons . it is 175 ft high with a 152 ft jib which could make a full revolution , of 1 , 000 ft at the tip of the jib , in 3\u00bd minutes . it was built by the carlisle firm cowans , sheldon & co . at the time it was the largest hammerhead crane in europe .\njust next to a junkyard , and itself next to a listed building of the former diesel works , this crane is visible from the m8 as you approach glasgow from the west .\nbuilt in 1926 at the time it was the largest hammer - head crane anywhere in europe ( standing at 59 metres , 195 feet ) and it was always in great demand .\nit also has a rather cleverly designed sloping glass wall which allows a full view of the crane from inside \u2013 no mean feat when it is almost directly below this 150ft giant .\nthe steel sculpture , called the big clyde question mark , weighs a ton and was hoisted into place to hang from the crane\u2019s arm , where it will remain until next february .\nadvertisementnow clydeport is carrying out a feasibility study to ensure the giant cantilever crane could be successfully developed into what would be a unique dining experience with fine views over the river clyde .\nthe scale model of the crane you are referring to sat in the entrance foyer of sir william arrol & co . ltd where i worked for five years . . from memory it was a model of the crane built in belfast for harland & wolff . just for clarity folks none of these cranes are \u201ctitan\u201d cranes , they are giant cantilever cranes . best regards gordon campbell\ndirections : from the crane continue along the riverside to the rotunda . it ' s now a straight path all the way along to the suspension brideg at the end of the walk .\nin the 1980s the crane came to be regarded as a symbol of glasgow ' s industrial past . although seldom used for its original purpose , the crane is still in working order . in the past it has been used to load tanks onto ships , and could do so again , should the need arise . it is sometimes used for fundraising events such as abseiling .\nconnected to a spur of the stobcross railway , the crane ' s primary purpose was the lifting of heavy machinery \u2013 mainly springburn ' s then renowned steam locomotives \u2013 onto ships for export . with the decline of locomotive manufacturing and other heavy engineering in the city during the 1960s , use of the crane continued to decline and it fell completely into disuse in the early 1990s .\nthe fifth crane , at govan , despite also being category a listed , was demolished in 2007 . sadly , the justification was that the yard needed the space to remain economically viable , and the only option was to demolish the crane . despite the fact a scale model of it was made , i still feel its a shame that it couldn\u2019t have been moved or otherwise retained for display elsewhere .\nduring construction , small sub - assemblies of the cantilever weighing just a few tons were lifted by means of hand - powered cranes and riveted in place after first fixing with temporary bolts and adjusted for alignment etc . for lifting the heavier sections of machinery , a steam powered crane was provided . the crane was initially fitted with two ' hoists ' the main one able to lift very heavy loads of up to 150tons and a 30ton ' auxiliary ' hoist to ensure that the crane remained useful for lifting lighter loads , as the very heavy lifts were comparatively few . this lifting capacity was increased to 200tons in 1938 to assist with the war effort .\nthe docks having long since been filled in to be replaced with the scottish exhibition and conference centre and the clyde auditorium . the north rotunda ( part of the defunct clyde harbour tunnel ) stands next to the crane .\nit is a 174 ft high cantilever crane built in the 1920s , and it began operating in 1932 with the rather unornamental job of lifting railway carriages , engines and other heavy structures onto ships docked on the river clyde .\ni reckon its a horrible idea . any insertion of occupiable space into the crane would destroy its integrity as an object . it would end up as quite a disneyesque object that would trivialise the industrial heritage of its origins .\nlittle else remained of the town after the blitz \u2013 just eight houses in this town of 47 , 000 souls remained untouched \u2013 but the titan crane was undamaged , a symbol of the industry and survival which had created this community .\nthe steel superstructure was bolted together in sections , adjusted for alignment and then riveted . pieces of the sub - assembly and the machinery were lifted into place either by manually operated derricks or a steam - powered crane , depending upon weight .\norignally part of john brown\u2019s yard in clydebank , this crane now has a lift and staircase erected next to it , allowing the visitor to see the town from a unique angle . the view from the top is stunning , to say the least\u2026\nin the third line of photos , you can see renowned scul ? tor george wyllie\u2019s straw locomotive which was suspended from the crane during the 1988 garden festival . the locomotive was brought to the crane down the old route from the railworks in springburn before being taken back up the road where it was burned on the derelict site of the old hyde park works , revealing wyllie\u2019s trademark question mark . if you\u2019re going to plough in with some heavy handed imagery , plough in with some viking heavy handed imagery .\nthe titan , weighing in at more than 800 tonnes , was erected at the brown\u2019s shipyard , the former site of which is just north of the crane ' s location . its steel frame is 49m high , with cantilever frames 45 . 7m and 27 . 4m long , rotating above a square lattice girder tower some 12m wide . the crane is founded on boulder clay on four concrete piles extending 23m below ground level . the centreline of the tower is just 10 . 7m from the edge of the quay .\nthe crane is an a - listed building and , while we have been told historic scotland are in principle happy with the concept , we are currently conducting a full feasibility study into the development to ensure any work carried out complies with appropriate regulations .\nduring 1988 garden festival a huge straw built locomotive was suspended from the crane as a nostalgic reminder . it is one of the emblems of glasgow , partly for its iconic status in the cities industrial past and partly because of the way it still dominates the skyline .\nhowever , today ' s residents will never line the banks of the clyde to watch a ship launch from here again , as all that remains of the famous john brown ' s shipyard is the titan crane which made such giant vessels possible . since a 3m refit of the crane in 2007 , via government - owned regeneration company clydebank re - built , installed a lift , visitors have been able to visit the top in just seconds rather than the 30 minutes it took the original operators to climb the ladders to the top .\nimagine the movement in the cantilever as you get out towards the end . rather him than me ! to give you an idea of the movement in the crane check out bill fontana\u2019s silent echoes project which lets you hear every yawning creak of the structure moving in the wind .\nmad , but genius mad . if they can put a table on top of battersea power station , this should be a doddle . be good to see the crane brought back to productive use . i presume it will require a lift and fit out similar to the clydebank titan .\nthe crane was never meant to be an object to be looked at and admired , it was there to be used . it ' s integrity would be ruined by leaving it dormant . any conversion into a useable space would have to be done incredibly sympathetically , and carefully however .\nit survived the bombs of the second world war and enabled the construction of some of the world ' s most famous ships . ahead of the opening of an education centre in its honour , our reporter traces the history of clydebank shipbuilding and the structure that made it possible , the titan crane\nanother consideration was the height to which the crane would have to lift a load in order to clear the structure of the ship , known as the ' lifting range ' , and the distance out from the quay side a load could be taken , known as the ' radial capacity ' .\nhaha what a good idea . although it could end up ruining the industrial look and historic aspect of the crane in the process . it would have to be done very tastefully , minimalistic almost . . . but i ' d eat there ( if i had the money ) . . .\nthe crane ' s image is used extensively in the media , including by bbc scotland news programmes and for the quintessentially glaswegian crime drama taggart . it stands as a symbol to the industrial heartland that glasgow and clydeside were in the early to mid - 20th century , and of the downturn of those industries .\npeter harford - cross , of the architectural firm , says :\nthe idea was we would have this big bank of windows looking right up at the crane and in bad weather some of the children could sit here and draw it while others had a lesson in the interactive area . it wasn ' t easy !\nperhaps its a political sort of notion but i beleive that there is an integrity to it only as a crane and a certain poignancy to it sitting there disused . the very machinery of the trade that made glasgow what it is sitting there idle speaks more poetically than a base commercial reuse of a structure just because its avaiable .\ncreated by the firm collective architecture , the glass - fronted building contains an open - plan classroom area with benches and a whiteboard area , as well as models of some of the famous vessels built using the crane as well as a display of trinkets , photographs and documents , such as letters sent by passengers from the ships themselves .\nin 1988 its future was secured when it was given a - listed status , putting it on a par with edinburgh and stirling castle . that was to be a lonely future , however , as in 1999 the yard and engineering works on the 100 - acre site was sold , closed and eventually demolished . the titan then stood alone in clydebank , a survivor of the industry which had created it . it had built some of the most famous and largest sea - going vessels the world had ever seen : from the world ' s largest ship , the lusitania , to the clyde ' s biggest ship , the queen mary , warships during the second world war with their heavy artillery and the royal yacht britannia . but it wasn ' t a solitary survivor , 11 titans still exist around the world from australia to japan , and three others , including the finnieston crane up - river , still stand on the banks of the clyde .\non 19 november 1968 , above the crowds watching the qe2 launch , 150 feet ( 46 metres ) tall and motionless , stood the blue giant titan crane that had made it possible to build the iconic ship . it had stood in the same spot for decades , rising above the flames and destruction as the town burned during the bombing raids of the second world war .\nthere is still an arrol titan on the tyne and the one and only titan built by babcock & wilcox of renfrew for j samuel white\u2019s shipyard at cowes on the isle of wight is still standing but not in good nick . there was an arrol designed titan at the royal australian navy base at sydney until earlier this year but it was under a demolition order and may well be gone now . it was built during ww2 to replace an arrol - built titan at the royal navy base at singapore which had been destroyed by british forces just in advance of the japanese invasion to prevent it from falling into enemy hands . another scottish - built titan still stands in the harbour at nagasaki , japan . it was built by motherwell bridge engineering for the mitsu bishi shipyard there . it was to be the marker the us air force would use to drop the atomic bomb in 1945 . however , the weather was very cloudy and they failed to find the crane as a result of which the crane survived but the bomb landed in a more residential area of nagasaki . today the crane is regarded as a sort of memorial to those who died .\nhowever , many lamented the fact there was nothing here but the view and the memories which would soon disappear with time . in a bid to preserve the history for a new generation , an education centre , built at the bottom of the crane , will open next tuesday to ensure the tales of this giant icon of a dying trade that touched the lives of millions will live on .\ntotally agree , legs - great idea and good choice of folks to run the joint , but i can only hope they don ' t touch the outside of the crane anymore than they have to . . . it would be such a shame to see such beauty wasted just so people can dine about higher up than usual . . . the outside of this tower needs to be left alone !\nbuild your own delightfully detailed 1 : 1200 scale model of glasgow\u2019s iconic \u2018finnie monster\u2019 crane in photo - etched brass . the ingeniously intricate design features a rotating jib with a sliding trolley , complete with a hook block , just like the real thing . a great gift for the industrially minded and perfect for posting . this make - your - own kit requires no glue to assemble , just concentration and nimble fingers !\n\u201cplease can i urge you to join residents and other local groups to submit an objection to the current planning application as it will completely ruin the now globally recognised glasgow skyline ! ! ! if these plans go ahead it will ruin the local , chic ethos of this eclectic up and coming area , should we allow it to become like las vegas ! ! ! ! ! but mainly the beautiful skyline of glasgow will be completely ruined . in recent years glasgow has hosted many globally recognised events and this will help generate tourism to the city as a whole . finnieston has a fantastic feel about it and there is no place for a ten story hotel there , i am sure there would be better suited locations for it . \u201d\ni don ' t think the idea is necessarily bad - lots of industrial structures by the ruhr in germany no longer needed for their orginal purpose have been reused very sucessfully - but i ' d struggle to imagine how you could put a sufficiently large restaurant up there without siginificantly compromising the crane . i think the jules verne restaurant in the eiffel tower is meant to be very good ( food wise ) , though maybe that ' s the exception that proves the rule .\nclydebank rebuilt ltd , a local urban regeneration company , acquired 4ha of the site , including the crane , in 2004 . work to restore it began the following year and was completed in july 2007 under engineer arup ' s supervision , at a cost of about \u00a33 . 75m . the task included installing a lift tower and illuminating the structure after dark . it is open to the public between may and september , and can accommodate up to 60 people on the jib . the original operating machinery has been preserved .\nfar below , thousands of men and women poured out of clydebank ' s factories . foremen at the nearby singer sewing machine factory ordered workers not to leave , but in vain , as the crowds swarmed out of the doors regardless , along streets towards the river to a spot underneath the shipyard ' s giant crane . this was a moment no - one in this town wanted to miss : one still etched on the hearts and memories of those who were there \u2013 the launching of the rms queen elizabeth 2 .\nfor versatility , the crane was equipped with two hoists . the main one was capable of lifting 152 tonnes , and the auxilliary 30 . 5 tonnes . its operating machinery ( except the roller path ) was supplied by stothert & pitt of bath . the original lifting capacity was increased to 203 tonnes in 1938 , when world war ii navy ships , such as the battleship hms duke of york ( keel laid 1937 , launched 1940 ) , were being fitted out . though clydebank suffered in the heavy enemy bombing of march 1941 , the titan was not damaged .\nthese unforgettable scenes in 1968 had their roots in a decision more than 60 years earlier by shipyard owners and sheffield steelmakers john brown & co , who took the forward - thinking step to order the latest in technology : the world ' s first electrically - driven cantilever crane , from the same firm which made the forth rail bridge and london ' s tower bridge . it could be controlled by one man and lift tremendous weights of up to 150 tonnes , allowing the yard to create the biggest ships in the world , heaving the enormous steam boilers and engines the ocean - going giants needed .\nhowever , he does have one abiding regret \u2013 that he left before he had a chance to work on the qe2 .\nthat was the curse of my life . it went against the grain with me that i never worked on it . a lot of people in clydebank have a love affair with that ship .\nat the time of the launch he was working in the singer factory when the managers made an announcement :\nthey told us , ' nobody is to leave your place to watch . ' but they might as well have been talking to that crane out there . everyone just walked out and they couldn ' t sack everyone .\nlocal author james cowan described a trip up the crane and to the far end of the jib in 1935 : ' a noticeable peculiarity of each lateral movement was that it was not continuous , but took place in gentle jerks of a few inches at a time . the object of this is to prevent the load at the end of the cables acquiring a swinging motion , which would soon render the accurate placing of any load a matter of great difficulty and danger . . . i saw the heavy machinery . . . placed in a few minutes into a space where there was hardly an inch to spare on one side or the other , all the directions during this delicate operation being conveyed to the craneman by signs , and blasts on a whistle . . . '\ndestroy its integrity as an object ? what the * * * * does that mean ? why not breathe life into the old beast ? let it become a functional object again in a new era . open it up to the public and people from all over the world and of all ages - then when they are there you can educate them and remind them of its great past and glasgow ' s former industrial might . most people at the moment dont bat an eyelid or think theres that big old crane . this is a positive , why just let it sit there as a dead monument to the past ? let it be alive and productive once more . there are thousands of dead cranes , statues and monuments around the world - why not do something different . i cant see this as anything but a positive .\nordnance survey licence number 100057073 . all rights reserved . \u00a9 copyright and database right 2018 .\nyou must be signed in to do this . please login or register now .\nprince ' s dock and queen ' s dock , glasgow . oblique aerial photograph taken facing north - west .\nqueen ' s dock and prince ' s dock , glasgow . oblique aerial photograph taken facing north - west .\nprince ' s and queen ' s docks , glasgow . oblique aerial photograph taken facing north - west . this image has been produced from a print .\none of four surviving on the clyde , the other three being : formerjohn brown shipyard , glasgow ( sir wiliam arrol and co . , 1907 , 150 tons ) ; watt dock greenock , inverclyde ( sir wiliam arrol and co . , 1917 , 150 tons ) and former barclay curle north british diesel engine works , south street , glasgow ( sir william arrol and co . , 1920 , 150 tons ) , it is one of 11 surviving worldwide .\ntaken from\ngreater glasgow : an illustrated architectural guide\n, by sam small , 2008 . published by the rutland press urltoken\nvisited by rcahms ( agch ) 13 may 2015 , information from martin conlon 14 december 2015 .\nselected writings and things . not all the entries are about old cinemas . honest .\nboth my grandfathers have links to shipbuilding on the clyde ; my maternal grandfather worked on the qe2 , and many other ships ; his speciality was working on propellar shafts . my paternal grandfather was a clerk in the yard at greenock . both would have been very familiar with the titan cranes that make up such an iconic part of the shipbuilding heritage of the river .\n42 were built originally around the world , of which 40 were designed by willaim arrol ltd . 27 of those were in the uk , of which ( in 1988 ) 15 still existed , of which 7 were in scotland .\nuntil quite recently , there were five titan cranes left on the clyde ; there were also two at rosyth on the east coast .\nthe most famous titan ; this can be seen in the background of most bbc scotland news studio reports .\nthe rosyth cranes appear to have been demolished around 1990 ; a great photo of one of these cranes can be seen on the rcahms website here .\nthere\u2019s something about these titan cranes \u2013 their elegance as objects designed to do a job , but in the best possible way \u2013 that reminds me of the forth bridge ; in some ways , they are all practical , but at the same time , they become beautiful , and well worth fighting to make sure some remain .\nold buildings fan , ex - scientist , software dev , old cinemas buff , occasional boffin & cow - wrangler . too many books , too few bookshelves .\ni * think * it is part of glasgow museum\u2019s collections now \u2013 not sure how you\u2019d go about finding it though . can put you in touch with someone at gm if you\u2019d like ?\nold buildings fan , ex - scientist , software dev , old cinemas buff , occasional boffin & cow - wrangler . too many books , too few bookshelves . co - editor of @ scottishcinemas and works at @ archhfund\nrt @ mrtimdunn : lots of chat today about # oxfordstreet not being pedestrianised . simple solution ! just follow the 1951 proposal for a bennie\u2026 3 days ago\nrt @ emilyvcole : now here ' s something i hadn ' t thought about before - the protection given to monuments during the second world war . the ' sh\u2026 4 days ago\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n> biography of hunter > more modern industrial machinery > show me other items from the 1900s > show me more in west dumbartonshire > all items by sir william arrol & co . ltd > all items by adam hunter > all items by arup\nall the remaining titan cranes along the clyde are category a listed structures . two were also constructed by arrol and are each capable of lifting 152 tonnes . they can be found at james watt dock , greenock ( 1917 ) , and scotstoun , glasgow ( 1920 ) . the third was built by cowans sheldon & co ltd at stobcross quay , glasgow ( 1931 ) and has a lifting capacity of 178 tonnes . a fifth was demolished in 2007 .\nas shipbuilding , and later oil rig construction , at the site dwindled , the clydebank titan became neglected . it was last used in the mid 1980s , and was designated category a in april 1989 . the shipyard closed on 31st july 2001 and was dismantled in 2002 .\nhi , this is a comment . to delete a comment , just log in and . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin 1955 partick camera club set out to create a photographic survey of glasgow . as the project progressed , other camera clubs joined and each was allocated a district of the city to photograph . glasgow museums exhibited the photographs at kelvingrove art gallery and museum and at the people ' s place , and in 1956 the exhibition was shown at the palace of art in bellahouston park . the photographs are now part of glasgow museums ' collections .\nthe legal part of the listing is the address / name of site only . all other information in the record is not statutory .\nlisting is the way that a building or structure of special architectural or historic interest is recognised by law through the planning ( listed buildings and conservation areas ) ( scotland ) act 1997 .\nwe list buildings of special architectural or historic interest using the criteria published in the historic environment scotland policy statement .\nthe statutory listing address is the legal part of the listing . the information in the listed building record gives an indication of the special architectural or historic interest of the listed building ( s ) . it is not a definitive historical account or a complete description of the building ( s ) . the format of the listed building record has changed over time . earlier records may be brief and some information will not have been recorded .\nlisting covers both the exterior and the interior . listing can cover structures not mentioned which are part of the curtilage of the building , such as boundary walls , gates , gatepiers , ancillary buildings etc . the planning authority is responsible for advising on what is covered by the listing including the curtilage of a listed building . for information about curtilage see urltoken . since 1 october 2015 we have been able to exclude items from a listing . if part of a building is not listed , it will say that it is excluded in the statutory address and in the statement of special interest in the listed building record . the statement will use the word ' excluding ' and quote the relevant section of the historic environment scotland act 2014 . some earlier listed building records may use the word ' excluding ' , but if the act is not quoted , the record has not been revised to reflect current legislation .\nif you want to alter , extend or demolish a listed building you need to contact your planning authority to see if you need listed building consent . the planning authority is the main point of contact for all applications for listed building consent ."]}
{"id": 1601, "summary": [{"text": "sepiola knudseni is a species of bobtail squid native to the eastern atlantic ocean , specifically northwest and west africa , from the canary islands to the gulf of guinea .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it lives on the inner continental shelf .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "s. knudseni lives at depths of 32 to 90 m. females of this species are on average considerably larger than males .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "they grow to 18 mm and 8.5 mm in mantle length , respectively .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected in the atlantic ocean ( 06 \u00b0 17 \u2032 n 03 \u00b0 27 \u2032 e ) and is deposited at the zoologisk museum of the kobenhavns universitet in copenhagen . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "sepiola knudseni", "paragraphs": ["sepiola knudseni is a species of bobtail squid native to the eastern atlantic ocean , specifically northwest and west africa , from the canary islands to the gulf of guinea .\nthese characteristics are from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) . naef places inioteuthis as a subgenus of sepiola .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\ntaxon validity : [ fide nesis ( 1987a : 132 ) ] . repository : zmuc holotype [ fide kristensen and knudsen ( 1983 ) ] . type locality : 6 17 ' n , 3 27 ' e ( atlantic ocean )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nleach w . e . ( 1817 ) . synopsis of the orders , families and genera of the class cephalopoda . the zoological miscellany ; being descriptions of new or interesting animals . 3 ( 30 ) : 137 - 141 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 140 [ details ]\n( of heterosepiola grimpe , 1922 ) grimpe g . ( 1922 ) . systematische \u00fcebersicht der europ\u00e4ischen cephalopoden . sitzungsberichte der naturforschenden gesellschaft zu leipzig . 45 - 48 : 36 - 52 . page ( s ) : 42 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n3 - 4 suckers at the base of the hectocotylus ( left arm i ) .\nstalks of the subsequent 4 suckers form tubercules of the copulatory apparatus which can be transformed into hooks or lobes .\ndistally the arm is thickened and suckers and stalks of the two series are somewhat separated forming a basket ; some suckers often enlarged .\nfigure . oral views of arms i of mature males of s . aurantiaca ( a ) , s . steenstrupiana ( b ) , s . ligulata ( c ) , s . robusta . drawings from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) .\nanterior margin of ventral mantle with narrow indentation for funnel and adjacent rounded projections .\nfigure . ventral view of the mantle of s . aurantiaca , mature female , 13 mm ml . compare with title illustration . drawing modified from naef ( 1921 - 23 ) .\nalong the eastern margin of the atlantic ocean from norway to western africa ; along the western margin of the pacific ocean from sakhalin and the south kuril islands off russia , japan , philippines and singapore ( nesis , 1982 / 87 ) .\nnaef , a . 1921 - 1923 . die cephalopoden . fauna e flora del golfo di napoli , monographie 35 , vol i , parts i and ii , systematik , pp 1 - 863 .\nnesis , k . n . 1982 / 87 . abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world ' s ocean . 385 + ii pp . light and food industry publishing house , moscow . ( in russian . ) . translated into english by b . s . levitov , ed . by l . a . burgess ( 1987 ) , cephalopods of the world . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , nj , 351pp\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 2 / 17 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1602, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris xanthodeta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa ( mpumalanga ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16-17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are lilac-fuscous with the costa narrowly deep orange throughout and with a dark fuscous terminal line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris xanthodeta", "paragraphs": ["dichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ntype species : dichomeris ligulella h * ubner , 1818 . by subsequent designation by walsingham , 1911 . biologia centrali - americna . insecta . lepidoptera - heterocera 4 : 87 .\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris isa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 103 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : tenkiller lake , 3 mi w blackgum , sequoyah co . , oklahoma\ndichomeris badiolineariella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 154 , f . 4 , 17 - 18 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m\ndichomeris balioella ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 149 , f . 2 , 12 - 13 ; tl : thailand , loei , phu rua , ~ 800m"]}
{"id": 1603, "summary": [{"text": "sir tatton sykes ( 1843 \u2013 1860 ) , who also raced under the name tibthorpe , was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from spring 1846 to summer 1848 he ran eleven times and won four races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a three-year-old in 1846 he won two of the three races which became known as the triple crown , taking the 2000 guineas at newmarket and the st leger at doncaster .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was considered by some to have been unlucky when he was narrowly defeated in the epsom derby .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the rest of his career was a disappointment as he won only one race in the next two seasons .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after being retired to stud he had some success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "sir tatton sykes", "paragraphs": ["sir tatton sykes monument , sledmere : address , phone number , sir tatton sykes monument reviews : 4 . 5 / 5\nsir tatton sykes ' memorial on the road to driffield from sledmere , east yorkshire .\nsir tatton sykes ' s 5 - generation coefficient of inbreeding is 3 . 14 % .\nit was the sykes family of sledmere house we have to thank for this , specifically the fourth baronet , sir tatton sykes , and his son the fifth baronet , also sir tatton .\nsledmere stud , one of the most important thoroughbred nurseries of the last 200 years is founded by sir tatton sykes .\nshe was discovered on february 15 at the home she shared in sledmere , east yorkshire , with her husband jeremy sykes , brother of sir tatton sykes .\nhis background notwithstanding , sir tatton sykes was not quite the textbook victorian squire . he would be largely unknown today to anyone other than racing , church and local historians , if not for the fact that sir tatton sykes was a gentleman of peculiar likes and dislikes .\nsir tatton sykes was inbred 3x4 to comus , meaning dat dis stawwion appears in bof de dird and fourf generations of his pedigree .\nt he englishman was sir mark sykes . the frenchman was fran\u00e7ois georges picot . 1\nsir tatton was clearly an odd ball - loved by his tenants but not by his son .\ntatton sykes in england & wales , death index , 1866 - 1920 & 1984 - . . .\n. . . sophia frances pakenham ( born sykes ) , katherine lucy cholmondeley ( born sykes ) , christopher sykes , eleanor sutton ( born sykes ) , emma jul . . .\nthe name\nsir tatton sykes\nhas a ring of distinction to it , and around sledmere in yorkshire , it has indeed been distinguished for quite some time . the name has been used by several generations of the sykes family , right down to the current sir tatton sykes , 8th baronet sledmere , who still inhabits the ancestral home .\n\u201cher husband jeremy was very patient with her and received much valued support from lord and lady swinton and her brother - in - law sir tatton sykes .\n. . . louisa ann sykes , sophia frances pakenham ( born sykes ) , emma julia davies - cooke ( born sykes ) , elizabeth beatrice herbert ( born sykes ) , l . . .\n. . . christopher sykes , sophia frances pakenham ( geb . sykes ) , emma julia davies - cooke ( geb . sykes ) , katherine lucy cholmondeley ( geb . sykes ) , . . .\nit was the younger sir tatton who was chiefly responsible for this astonishing legacy of churches . \u201csir tatton sykes ii has been called england\u2019s greatest 19th century church builder , \u201d says catharine otton - goulder , from bainton , who jointly founded the east yorkshire churches trust nearly ten years ago and who has worked tirelessly to protect the sykes churches .\ntoday sledmere house is lived in and looked after by 70 - year - old sir tatton sykes , the 8th baronet and one of the great yorkshire characters . sir tatton , a bachelor with a penchant for wearing cowboy boots , has stamped his own personality on the house , which gives it a unique and very personal feel .\nhe was a crucial figure in middle east policy decision - making during the first world war and his papers are a very rich source of material on policy . he was succeeded at sledmere by sir richard sykes 7th baronet ( 1905 - 1978 ) who was succeeded by the current owner sir tatton sykes ( 8th baronet ) .\nat stud , sir tatton sykes sired a few good winners , but was not a great success . he was based at a stud farm owned by mr eyke at stanton , near shifnaw in shropshire . the best of his progeny were de fiwwy ronzi , who won de prix de diane and mr sykes , who won de cesarewitch handicap . [ 5 ] sir tatton sykes died in may 1860 at stanton from\nan infwammation of de bowews\n. [ 20 ]\nmiss sykes ( fl . 1850 ) , miniaturist after sir francis grant pra ( kilgraston 1803 - melton mowbray 1878 ) , artist\nsir tatton sykes ii died on may 4 , 1913 , at the grand age of 87 . and throughout the bank holiday period next weekend all of the celebrated sykes churches on the yorkshire wolds will be open to the public , to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his death .\nmiss sykes ( fl . 1850 ) ( 2 ) sir francis grant pra ( kilgraston 1803 - melton mowbray 1878 ) ( 85 )\nbill scott has scored on a record nine occasions in this classic . jack spigot was his first winning ride in 1821 , while 25 years later he was also on board sir tatton sykes in 1846 for win number nine .\nthe estate as it presently exists was established by sir christopher sykes after the land was originally bought by wealthy hull merchant mark kirkby in 1721 .\nhistory lovers get a bonus at sledmere with a small museum devoted to the wagoners\u2019 special reserve , established by sir mark sykes , sixth baronet .\ndoncaster , later later to win the derby and ascot gold cup is bred at sledmere stud , by sir tatton sykes . a mainstay of the famous eaton stud he was later to sire the derby winner and premier sire bend or .\nhis solution was to have the late sir tatton discreetly removed inside a hollowed out sofa . sir tatton ' s heir found disguising the deceased as upholstery undignified , and insisted that\nhowever my father leaves this hotel , he shall leave it like a gentleman\n. eventually , something more fitting to his station was devised .\nat doncaster in september , twewve horses ran in de st . leger stakes , wif sir tatton sykes being made joint favourite wif brocardo at odds of 3 / 1 . biww scott ' s condition was cwosewy monitored , wif wiwwiam oates prepared to take de ride in case of drunkenness , but he arrived at de start compwetewy sober . [ 15 ] scott tracked de weaders on sir tatton sykes , den moved forward in de straight to dispute de wead wif iago , a cowt from de stabwe of his broder john scott . the two scott horses drew cwear of de oder runners , wif sir tatton sykes prevaiwing by hawf a wengf after making a\ntremendous rush\nin de cwosing stages . the win was weww - received , wif scott being woudwy cheered by de yorkshire crowd . [ 16 ] the originaw sir tatton sykes , who was den seventy - five years owd and a popuwar racecourse figure , wed his eqwine namesake into de winner ' s encwosure . [ 17 ] on his finaw start of de season , sir tatton sykes was beaten by iago in de grand duke michaew stakes at newmarket after he had\nswerved at de finish\n. [ 14 ]\nthe grounds were landscaped and 1000 acres of trees planted . the entire village of sledmere was relocated . sir christopher left a vast estate of nearly 30 , 000 acres and a large mansion set in its own 200 acre parkland which survives in the family to the present day . his son , sir mark masterman sykes 3rd baronet ( 1771 - 1823 ) , was a knowledgeable collector of books and fine arts , but these were sold when he died childless and was succeeded by his younger brother , sir tatton sykes 4th baronet ( 1772 - 1863 ) . sir tatton , had an interest in agricultural techniques and horse racing .\nif any member of the sykes family who was to be buried at sledmere expected a memorial over their resting place , sir tatton would have none of it while he was master . his dislike of headstones condemned his relatives to unmarked graves .\nthe last episode of sir tatton sykes ' life was like something out of fawlty towers . he died at the metropole hotel , london , in 1913 , leaving the manager agonising about the effect a corpse might have on the living guests .\nno fewer than 18 rural churches in east and north yorkshire were built or restored by sir tatton sykes of sledmere house . next weekend , to mark the centenary of his death , they will all be open to the public . stephen lewis reports\nowner : sir tatton sykes acreage : approx . 150 acres type : was public , now private stallions : river falls ( 2002 : \u00a3800 ) previous stallions : ardkinglass , insan , claude monet , waki river , superpower , prince sabo , factual\nportrait miniature , chalk on cartridge paper , sir tatton sykes , 4th bt ( after sir francis grant pra ) , by miss sykes ( fl . 1850 ) . c . 1850 . rectangular . half - length portrait of a man , turned slightly to the right , gazing at the spectator , blue eyes , fair hair and ruddy complexion , aged about 50 . sky background . reduced head and shoulders from a portrait by sir francis grant , p . r . a\nthe sykes family has been major landholders around sledmere for centuries , and made improvements in the agriculture of the district . the sir tatton of interest here , born in 1826 , was in many ways typical of the landed gentry of his time : proprietorial and quite comfortably off . apart from the income from the estate , extra profits came from the breeding of thoroughbred horses , and sledmere remains an eminent thoroughbred stud . a 19th century sledmere champion was actually named sir tatton sykes , presumably out of family pride .\neach , with 100 added , \u00bbvas won by sir r . pigot ' s\nsledmere tenants had to put up with more from sir tatton than his summary execution of rogue flowers , as their domestic lives were affected by another of his dislikes . for reasons known only to himself , he had an aversion to the use of front doors , and frontal entry was forbidden at sledmere . to reinforce the message , sir tatton had houses built with false front doors .\nwhat does the present owner sir tatton sykes , see as future challenges for his home and estate ? \u201ci believe our main challenges at sledmere are threefold : first it must remain commercially successful to ensure it continues as an entity and as one of the main economic drivers in the area .\nat epsom on 27 may , sir tatton sykes started at odds of 10 / 1 for de derby in a fiewd of twenty - seven runners . biww scott had reportedwy been drinking heaviwy on de morning of de race and had a wong and noisy argument wif de racecourse starter , which resuwted in him missing de start and being weft behind by de oder runners . [ 4 ] scott made up de wost ground and was abwe to bring sir tatton sykes drough de fiewd to chawwenge for de wead in de straight . in de cwosing stages , however , it became cwear dat scott was in no condition to ride a strong finish and despite briefwy taking de wead his cowt was caught and beaten by pyrrhus the first . [ 10 ] after de race scott was reported to de racecourse stewards and fined \u00a35 for\ndisobeying orders\nand\nusing improper wanguage\n. [ 11 ] whiwe many bwamed scott for his horse ' s defeat , oders pointed out dat sir tatton sykes was a difficuwt horse to ride and may weww have been beaten on merit by de winner . [ 12 ] on his first start after his epsom defeat , sir tatton sykes started 4 / 7 favourite but faiwed to finish de course in de norf derby stakes at newcastwe racecourse on 23 june after swipping on de turn and drowing his jockey . [ 13 ] at york in august , sir tatton sykes won de knavesmire stakes , beating wrestwer\nin a canter\n. [ 14 ]\nsledmere monument is a stone structure standing 120 feet high along the b1251 on garton hill and is visible for miles around . the monument was built in memory of the 4th baronet , sir tatton sykes , by his friends and neighbours in 1865 . the inscription reads : \u2018erected to the memory of sir tatton sykes baronet by those who loved him as a friend and honoured him as a landlord . \u2019 a heavy wooden door at the base of the monument leads to a spiral staircase up to a small chamber at the top . the views from here , as you can imagine , are stunning .\noddly enough , laurence sterne once unsuccessfully applied for a job as richard sykes\u2019s chaplain . there\u2019s a sternean quality to some of the stories here , not least the obsessive building of fortifications in the garden with which the young sir mark sykes amused himself . the eccentricities , too , have a whiff of tristram shandy . one sir tatton couldn\u2019t abide parsons ; another hated flowers ( he forbade the villagers to grow them ) and front doors ( he forbade the villagers to use them ) .\nthis chart excludes winners descending from melbourne ' s sons , west australian and sir tatton sykes ; refer to the godolphin arabian sire line chart to view grand national winners and other top steeplechasers who descended from those tail - male lines . this chart has been reformatted from a chart provided by andreas haberbeck .\njeremy , the brother of bachelor baronet sir tatton sykes , was in hospital in hull . says younger brother , writer christopher sykes : \u2018a friend in the village had arranged to drive annabel to visit jeremy . but when he knocked on the door of her house , he couldn\u2019t get a response . he was concerned about going inside on his own , so he went over to pamela\u2019s for help .\nin among the artefacts bought by the family\u2019s successive generations of wealthy merchants are the present sir tatton\u2019s collection of ceramic pigs . they\u2019re not necessarily valuable \u2013 he \u201cjust has a thing about pigs\u201d , say the staff .\nmargaret richardson , who brought her home , had become friendly with mrs sykes through the church .\nhe was a man of puritanical habits whose only son , sir tatton sykes 5th baronet ( 1826 - 1913 ) , developed into a rather withdrawn man who sold his father ' s stud for \u00a330 , 000 and restored seventeen churches . he married jessica cavendish - bentinck ( d . 1912 ) and they had one son , sir mark sykes 6th baronet ( 1879 - 1919 ) . sir mark travelled in the middle east and wrote ' through five turkish provinces ' and ' the caliph ' s last heritage ' . he married edith gorst and their honeymoon took them to paris , rome , constantinople and jerusalem .\nsir tatton benvenuto mark sykes , a conservative mp from yorkshire , had already played a part in one of the greatest disasters of the great war for the allies , being the first to suggest to winston churchill , the first lord of the admiralty , that it would be a good idea to land troops in gallipoli .\nrichard sykes married mary kirkby , co - heiress to the sledmere estates of mark kirkby , and , secondly , martha donkin . two of his sons , joseph sykes ( 1723 - 1805 ) and richard sykes ( 1706 - 1761 ) , managed the family business jointly and joseph sykes bought estates around west ella and kirk ella . richard sykes demolished the old sledmere house and built a new one in 1751 , planting 20 , 000 trees on the wolds . he married twice but died without leaving an heir and the estates passed to another brother - mark sykes ( 1711 - 1783 ) , rector of roos , and 1st baronet .\nsir tatton sykes was born in 1843 from a mare by margrave . jockey william scott , who was an alcoholic , purchased him for \u00a3100 as a yearling from william hudson , who had bought his dam , in foal to melbourne , from j . stables , a farmer near brigham in yorkshire . when scott bought him , he named the colt tibthorpe , after the village where a friend of his was born . after his 2 , 000 guineas win , scott renamed him in honor of sir tatton sykes , the yorkshire sportsman and owner of sledmere , who had periodically employed scott , one of the most successful of the great yorkshire jockeys who was then nearing the end of his career .\ntwo or three years ago , i was invited with my rather posh then girlfriend to a grand party up in yorkshire somewhere , and we were billeted for the night with a fellow guest who lived nearby . our host was one sir tatton sykes , bt \u2014 known around those parts , as \u2018sir satin tights\u2019 \u2014 an immensely dapper and personable toff , who showed not a flicker of dismay at our dishevelled clothes and overnight luggage scrunched up into old woolworths bags .\nsir tat\u2019s son , also named tatton , was similarly eccentric in his dress , wearing eight coats at the same time , and discarding them throughout the day in order to keep his body temperature constant . the 5th baronet didn\u2019t marry until he was 48 \u2013 and then disastrously , having chosen a beautiful , but wayward , 18 - year - old bride called jessie cavendish - bentinck . jessie , known as lady satin tights , reportedly took a string of lovers , ran up massive debts and almost , but not quite , brought ruin on sledmere and the sykes . as if that wasn\u2019t enough for sir tatton , disaster struck in 1911 , when fire raged through the house and reduced it to ashes and rubble . rumour has it that sir tatton refused to leave his burning house until he had finished his pudding . whatever the truth of this somewhat scurrilous tale , the house was beautifully restored by sir tatton\u2019s son mark , before mark died suddenly from a virulent strain of spanish flu while helping to broker peace at the paris conference after the first world war in 1919 . he was only 40 .\nby the time the house opens to the public the 14 rooms they can visit must be in tip - top shape . if sledmere house\u2019s owner , sir tatton sykes , has friends staying for a house party or shoot , then cynthia\u2019s team will have the added workload of dusting , tidying and vacuuming bedrooms and bathrooms and replacing sheets and towels every day .\n\u201cthe music room and sir tatton\u2019s private sitting room are quite cluttered because he uses them regularly , as he does most of the rooms seen by visitors . this afternoon he may well be in there reading and writing . but he\u2019s not that tidy . \u201d\nduring his life , sir tatton benvenuto mark sykes succeeded \u2013 quite literally \u2013 in leaving his mark on the world map . as the british government ' s lead negotiator in a secret 1916 deal with france to carve up the ottoman empire , he laid the groundwork for the boundaries of much of the present - day middle east and , according to some critics , its current conflicts .\nthe sykes family settled in sykes dyke near carlisle in cumberland during the middle ages . william sykes ( 1500 - 1577 ) , migrated to the west riding of yorkshire , settling near leeds , and he and his son became wealthy cloth traders . daniel sykes ( b . 1632 ) , was the first member of the family to begin trading in hull and amassed a fortune from shipping and finance . richard sykes ( 1678 - 1726 ) diversified further , concentrating on the flourishing baltic trade in pig iron and the wealth of the family was built on this in the first half of the eighteenth century .\na man who disliked flowers , gravestones and front doors had to like something . sir tatton liked milk pudding , thinking it the best food for his sensitive stomach . he liked it so much that he travelled with his chef , to ensure that he would not be without\nstarted at 10 / 1 . ridden by his trainer ' s uncle , the forty - four - year - old sam day , pyrrhus the first was not among the early front - runners , but had moved up to join the leading group on the turn into the straight . sir tatton sykes , who had made up a great deal of ground after being left behind at the start ,\non inheriting sledmere in 1863 , one of sir tatton ' s first moves was to have the lawns and gardens on his personal domain ploughed up . sir tatton disliked flowers . he saw them as nasty , untidy things , and had them banned from the nearby village . if he happened to spot any blooms that escaped the prohibition , he would deal with them with a blow of his walking stick .\nif you wish to grow flowers , grow cauliflowers ,\nhe told a tenant who persisted in having a bit of colour about the place .\njockey bill scott rode the first of his record 9 winners of the st leger some 8 years later and was successful on : jack spigot ( 1821 ) , memnon ( 1825 ) , the colonel ( 1828 ) , rowton ( 1829 ) , don john ( 1838 ) , charles the twelfth ( 1839 ) , launcelot ( 1840 ) , satirist ( 1841 ) and sir tatton sykes ( 1846 ) .\neighty - nine years after he died in a flu pandemic , the body of sir mark sykes was dug up last week & ndash ; in the hope that his uniquely preserved remains may help provide a weapon against the killer virus . by cahal milmo\nnone of the sykeses , in this account , seems to have been drab . some were local legends ( like the indefatigable horseman and sheep - drover , old sir tatton ) ; some featured in national scandals ( like the next sir tatton , who ended up in a terrible courtroom showdown with his gambling - addicted , alcoholic wife ) ; a good few served in parliament . sledmere\u2019s inhabitants \u2014 inconveniently for the author , though he handles it ably \u2014 passed the same three or four names back and forth . there have been three sir tattons , for example , and though the present one seemed to me nice and mostly sane , the previous two were both stinkers , and mad to boot .\nsquire watt of bishop burton ( nr . beverley ) wins the st . leger with home bred altisidora , trained by t . sykes\none hundred years ago this week , sir mark sykes was at a meeting in downing street persuading herbert asquith\u2019s war cabinet to accept a plan he had drawn up with the french diplomat , fran\u00e7ois georges - picot , to carve up the middle east between britain and france .\nbaron de hirsch died in 1896 , and la fl\u00e8che was the inevitable headline - maker when his bloodstock was dispersed at auction . sir tatton sykes made the successful bid of 12 , 600gns that meant she spent the rest of her life at sledmere , but her stud career proved less productive than one might have hoped . she was barren nine times , delivered one set of dead twins , and had a filly who died as a yearling .\nsledmere village ( all but two houses ) belongs to the estate , and many a new baby is baptised in the church built by a previous sir tatton . it all sounds sort of medieval but then sledmere is a blissful place whose charm lies in being in some ways forgotten by the march of time .\n\u201ci love being asked questions by visitors , whether they\u2019re about sir tatton\u2019s pigs or why the chains on the chandeliers are covered in cloth . i spend a week\u2019s holiday a year visiting other stately homes , and many don\u2019t feel like living homes , but this does \u2013 because it is . it\u2019s so friendly . \u201d\nan inquest heard mrs sykes , 58 , younger daughter of the late sir alexander macdonald of sleat and the late lady mary macdonald , of thorpe hall , rudston , had struggled with alcohol addiction and attended several clinics . empty bottles of wine and vodka were found in the house .\nisis , in its rampage through syria and iraq , has declared that one of its main goals is to right the wrongs of sykes - picot . it has even produced a video called \u201cthe end of sykes - picot\u201d . abu bakr al - baghdadi , the group\u2019s \u201ccaliph\u201d , in his address at the great mosque in mosul pledged : \u201cthis blessed advance will not stop until we hit the last nail in the coffin of sykes - picot . \u201d in london , the recent commons debate was about whether air strikes would be extended across the now non - existent sykes - picot border from iraq to syria , although one wonders if much was known about sykes - picot by many of the mps present .\nchestnut colt , 1809 . by sorcerer - houghton lass by sir peter godolphin arabian sire line . matchem sire line quick chart . family 25 .\nthe inquest heard that earlier that day lady swinton had found mrs sykes \u201ca little unsteady on her feet\u201d when she had gone to her house to take the dog for a walk . they returned to the villa just before 9am in time for mrs sykes to get her lift to church .\nshe said mrs sykes was coping \u201cbut very worried about jeremy ; like all people who drink i know , it didn\u2019t appear to excess . \u201d\nsykes was a pioneer of agriculture in the yorkshire wolds , which , at the time of his succession , were described as a \u2018barren waste\u2019 .\nthere is the odd nit to pick : sterne\u2019s christian name is misspelled ; stoke poges is , i think , regarded as the best candidate rather than a dead cert to have been the setting for gray\u2019s \u2018elegy in a country churchyard\u2019 ; and evelyn waugh\u2019s gadabouts were bright young \u2018things\u2019 rather than \u2018people\u2019 . also , sykes swa llows whole some stories about the feats of mad old sir tatton that surely can\u2019t be true . can you really ride a horse 400 miles in 61 hours ?\nthe sykes family itself features an array of colourful and eccentric aristocrats , striding through the ages like the cast of an extravagant costume drama . one of the most extraordinary was sir tatton \u2018tat\u2019 sykes , the 4th baronet , said to be one of the great sights of yorkshire in his prime , who sold a copy of the gutenberg bible to support his foxhounds and racing stables , and who wore 18th century dress until the day he died , aged 91 , in 1863 . among other attributes , he was a first - class bare - fisted boxer and amateur jockey , who rode down to london from sledmere in his eighties .\nwhen the mighty australian champion carbine left his homeland aboard the liner orizaba on april 13 , 1895 to start a new phase of his stud career in great britain , those thousands who saw him off and those who greeted him upon his arrival on english soil , had every reason to think the stallion ' s future was bright . he had been a good stallion in australia , and was purchased by the duke of portland as an outcross to the st . simon and donovan blood prevalent in his stud . unfortunately , over the next several years , carbine failed to live up to expectations - - until the appearance of spearmint , undoubtedly the best horse carbine sired as both a racetrack performer and a progenitor . in the spring of 1902 , an elderly sir tatton sykes , master of the prestigious sledmere stud , was looking for a good young mare to add to his already deep broodmare band . during a visit to the duke of portland ' s welbeck abbey stud to check on two of his mares , which were scheduled to be bred to st . simon and carbine , the old gentleman asked the groom where a good mare might be obtained . john huby , welbeck ' s stud groom , told sir tatton that there was a mare in residence belonging to sir james duke named maid of the mint . after a long walk in inclement weather to see the mare in her paddock , sir tatton decided he had to have her . sir james duke put a price of \u00a31500 on her , with \u00a3500 more to be paid if she produced a colt the next spring , she recently having been pronounced in foal to carbine . sir tatton duly paid the price , and also the extra \u00a3500 the next spring , for maid of the mint produced spearmint , a fine bay colt with a blaze and a white sock on his left foreleg .\nmrs sykes was well - known for her charity work and was a keen supporter of riding for the disabled at rudston and the bridlington ladies lifeboat guild .\nthere has already been a memorial service in the chapel at the sykes\u2019s sledmere estate . adds the friend : \u2018it has all been very sad and very unexpected . \u2019\nwith privilege and breeding on his side , sir tatton lived the life of an english gentleman . he travelled extensively , and exceeded the general orbit of his class by venturing as far as japan and mexico . his experience of the world did not stand in the way of his commitment to victorian piety , as he provided endowments for the building of several churches in yorkshire .\nthis transcribed and searchable work by sir william musgrave contains 10 , 000s of brief obituaries . the work is a reference point for other works containing information on an individual .\nthe second sir tatton also bred john o ' gaunt ( 2nd in both the 1904 2000 guineas and derby and sire of st . leger winner and important sire swynford ) , hapsburg ( eclipse s ) and lemonora ( grand prix de paris - which in those days held comparable prestige to the arc today ) . john o ' gaunt was by triple crown winner isinglass out of 1000 guineas , oaks and st . leger winner la fleche . la fleche was bought on sir tatton ' s behalf ( ie . by his wife ! ) for a record 12 , 600 guineas in 1896 . however he initially refused to accept her , thinking the price too much , and this great racemare endured two weeks at sledmere train station before finally arriving at the stud !\nsir tatton sykes stayed in training as a four - year - owd but faiwed to reproduce his best form . in apriw he ran in de port stakes over two miwes at newmarket ' s craven meeting , but was easiwy beaten by sting , after which he was sowd by scott to captain o ' kewwy . [ 5 ] at ascot in june he contested de emperor ' s pwate in which he finished unpwaced behind the hero over two and a hawf miwes . [ 18 ] later dat summer he won a \u00a3500 match race against the traverser over one miwe at york .\nwere it not for the fact that sir mark ' s body was hermetically sealed by a thick layer of lead , the story of his life would have passed quietly into history .\nhe was succeeded at sledmere by his one surviving child , christopher sykes ( 1749 - 1801 ) , who was mp for beverley 1784 - 90 . in 1770 he made a fortuitous marriage with elizabeth egerton of tatton whose inheritance of \u00a317 , 000 from her father was hugely augmented by her inheriting her brother ' s cheshire estates and another \u00a360 , 000 from her aunt in 1780 . christopher sykes sold off shipping interests and government stock and he and his wife expanded the sledmere estate . they bought and enclosed huge areas of land for cultivation and built two new wings to the house .\nsir mark ' s descendants are delighted that his influence may reach a different sphere of human endeavour . his grandson , christopher sykes , said :\nwe were all agreed that it was a very good thing and should go ahead . it is rather fascinating that maybe even in his state as a corpse , he might be helping the world in some way .\nthey had six children . sir mark was elected mp for central hull in 1911 and occupied himself for the early part of the first world war establishing the waggoner ' s special reserve . from may 1915 he was called to the war office by lord kitchener and is largely remembered for the part he played in forging an inter - allied agreement about the middle east in 1916 called the sykes - picot agreement . while in paris during the peace conference sir mark contracted influenza and died at the age of only 39 . see the museum in the old courtyard\nthe sykes family were a rich mercantile and banking family from hull , who were looking to expand their interests inland into rural east yorkshire . they inherited the sledmere estate through their relationship with the equally wealthy kirkby family , and richard sykes , an energetic and far - sighted man , began work immediately to transform sledmere into the superb stately home that it is today .\nthe brother of charity stalwart annabel sykes , who was found dead after losing a long battle with drink , has told of his regret at the \u201csad and wasteful\u201d way her life ended .\nbooks and journals borg , alan ( author ) , war memorials , ( 1991 ) , 95 girouard , m , the return to camelot : chivalry and the english gentleman , ( 1981 ) macmillan , m ( author ) , peacemakers , ( 2001 ) , 385 - 455 neave , d ( co - author ) , neave , s ( co - author ) , the victoria history of the county of yorkshire : east riding volume viii , ( 2008 ) pevsner , n , neave , d , the buildings of england : yorkshire - york and the east riding , ( 1995 ) , 692 - 693 banbury , paj , ' the sledmere cross ' in yorkshire archaeological journal , , vol . 72 , ( 2000 ) , 193 - 216 websites moore , temple lushington ( 1856\u20131920 ) , accessed 10 nov 2015 from urltoken sykes , sir mark , sixth baronet ( 1879\u20131919 ) , accessed 10 nov 2015 from urltoken sykes , sir tatton , fourth baronet ( 1772\u20131863 ) , accessed 10 nov 2015 from urltoken war memorials online , accessed 1 february 2017 from urltoken war memorials register , accessed 1 february 2017 from urltoken other a modern crusader , daily sketch , 6 april 1921 fifth yorks war memorial , hull daily mail , 9th august 1919 , column 4 , page 4 hull daily mail , page 4 , column 5 memorial to sir mark sykes , m . p . and col . j . a . r . thomson , d . s . o . - yorkshire post and leeds intelligencer , 22 march 1921 , column 6 , page 8 queen eleanors cross at sledmers - leeds mercury , 21st september 1899 , column 8 , page 7 sir mark sykes and colonel thomson , memorials unveiled at sledmere , yorkshire herald , 4 april 1921\nif you just explore the house , though , you don\u2019t get the whole sledmere experience . the sykes influence and heritage permeates the whole village from the roman catholic chapel to the sledmere monument . the chapel is the perfect place for a spot of quiet contemplation and prayer . dedicated to sir mark sykes , the 6th baronet , it has the prettiest of ceilings painted by tom errington . the artwork took four years to complete and depicts the four winged creatures of the evangelist in the chancel and in the nave , a variety of birds including a swan , heron , swallow and lapwing .\nduring her long life lily agnes was a great racemare , and an even finer broodmare . her mother , polly agnes , was a product of the famed sledmere stud , but she had been such a tiny and weak foal , that sir tatton sykes , the owner of the stud , gave her to his stud groom , james snarry . the catch was that sir tatton wanted the scrawny filly removed immediately from his property . little polly agnes was kept as a broodmare by her new owner , and he sent her to macaroni , a derby winner . the result was lily agnes . not much was expected of lily agnes as a racer , described as a\n. . . light - fleshed , ragged - hipped , lop - eared filly .\nduring her turf career she developed into a roarer , but that did not prevent her from winning . in training from two through the age of five , she won 19 races at distances ranging from five furlongs to three miles . among the races she captured were the northumberland plate , the great ebor handicap , and the doncaster cup .\nvillage cross / first world war memorial . erected in 1896 - 8 to the designs of temple moore , built by thompsons of peterborough , with mr g mills being the foreman of the masons and john barker of kennington undertaking the ornamental carving . converted to a war memorial in 1918 , designed by sir mark sykes , with effigies manufactured and engraved by gowthorpe and sons , memorial brass engravers of london .\nthis monument can bee seen from miles away and close up is massive , it was built by the tenants of the sykes estate and you can view the surrounding countryside and open clear sky ' s .\nin the case of the countess of swinton , who has stayed close to both her first husband , jeremy sykes , and his second wife , annabel , it has proved a bitter - sweet experience .\nthe cowt who wouwd become sir tatton sykes was bred near driffiewd by a farmer named hudson , uh - hah - hah - hah . he was a bright bay horse standing 15 . 2 hands high wif warge , drooping ears , a white bwaze and one white foot and was described as having a\nqwiet and dociwe\ntemperament . [ 1 ] he was sired by mewbourne , a member of de godowphin arabian sire - wine who went on to get de tripwe crown winner west austrawian and de outstanding fiwwy bwink bonny . [ 2 ] his dam , an unnamed mare by margrave went on to produce de important broodmare lady ewizabef . [ 3 ]\nampleforth - educated jeremy , 65 , married pamela in 1982 and they divorced in 1996 after she fell for swinton . he is heir to his brother , who is known to his circle as sir satin tights .\nat a solemn service before sunset in a rural yorkshire churchyard eight days ago , a battered lead - lined coffin was reburied hours after being opened for the first time in 89 years . as prayers were recited , samples of the remains of sir mark sykes , the aristocratic diplomat and adventurer whose grave had been exhumed , were being frozen in liquid nitrogen and transported to a laboratory with the aim of saving millions of lives .\nat a time when we are on the verge of the first influenza epidemic of the 21st century , the samples we have taken from sir mark have the potential to help us answer some very important questions .\nit will take several months to study the 17 samples taken from sir mark ' s remains before any new findings are confirmed from the exhumation project , which has been chronicled by bbc1 ' s inside out documentary series .\nin a statement read to the inquest , her brother sir ian macdonald of sleat said : \u201cit was apparent from her early 20s she was a great party girl and enjoyed a drink . regretfully over time her drinking became worse . \u201d\nsledmere is a village of design , not accident . it is an estate village which was built to support the magnificent 18th century sledmere house , which is owned by the sykes family , and it is they who have created and shaped this very special place . there had been a manor house at sledmere from medieval times , when wolves used to roam the forbidding countryside , but this fascinating story really starts in 1748 , when the sykes family first moved to sledmere .\nthe stud flourished with it ' s boarders as well . owners who have used the stud in the past include charles engelhard ( of nijinsky fame ) , jack swift ( mount rosa stud ) , daniel wildenstein , who boarded the brilliant pawneese here ( see copgrove page for more information on the wildenstein operation in yorkshire ) and the marquesa de moratella , who now owns jim joel ' s former property , the historic childwick bury stud . another long term patron was mrs . margaret butler who owned and bred that good middle distance horse k - battery , later to stand at theakston stud . indeed not only was k - battery reared at sledmere , but his dam was actually bought from the stud . sir tatton sykes had the occasional filly in training with jimmy fitzgerald .\nwhen the friend christopher barr was unable to find her he called on lady swinton \u2013 mr sykes\u2019 first wife \u2013 who lives nearby , and they both went to the villa to look for her . they discovered her body in the downstairs lavatory .\non the morning of february 15 , mrs sykes , of the villa , sledmere , had attended communion at all saints\u2019 church in driffield , and was due to be taken by a friend to visit her husband who was in castle hill hospital for surgery .\nit was announced in september 2002 however that a large part of the stud would be closed down . basically the boarding side , which has served the stud so well in recent years , is ceasing , with some of the 40 boxes being used to improve facilities for the tourists who visit the stately home . the stud will instead concentrate on the breeding side , albeit only in a small way as they currently only have 2 broodmares . on a more positive note sir tatton sykes is a part owner in stanley leisure sprint cup g1 , prix de la foret g1 , hackwood stakes l , st . leger yearling stakes and redcar trophy winner somnus ( champion older sprinter in 2004 ) , who spent his formative years at the stud , and whose dam was originally based there . the intention is to re - invest some of his share of the ever - increasing prize money this money spinner is generating into improving the quality of the sykes broodmares . meanwhile since late 2006 trainer declan carroll has utilised around 50 of the boxes at sledmere together with 2 grass gallops and an all - weather gallop .\nspearmint is profiled in chapter 12 of sir charles leicester ' s bloodstock breeding ( 1957 , j . a . allen & co . ltd . ; re - released by the same publisher in 1983 as a 2nd edition updated and revised by howard wright ) .\nhe also liked maintaining a constant temperature , and went to extraordinary ends to do so . sir tatton would leave the house wearing a series of colour - coded overcoats , designed to fit over each other in the correct sequence . as the outside temperature dictated , he would remove coats and leave them where they fell . local children received a reward of a shilling for each coat collected and returned . in addition to the overcoats , the pursuit of the right temperature involved the wearing of two pairs of trousers , and sometimes demanded the removal of shoes and socks and placing the feet out a window .\none of the most illuminating of his lists \u2014 if only because it reminds you how incredibly horrible it must have been living in the 18th century \u2014 is that of the ailments sledmere\u2019s builder , kindly old richard sykes , suffered from . in addition to excruciating gout he had\n\u201cthe church of st edith is a jewel , \u201d notes an official guide to what is known as the sykes church trail , a route which takes in many of the churches . \u201ccome and be dazzled by the sheer opulence of victorian ornament inside this medieval church . \u201d\na friend tells me : \u2018it is unclear whether she had a heart attack or stroke , but the funeral has been arranged for thursday at rudston church , which is near annabel\u2019s family home , thorpe hall \u2014 she is the daughter of the late clan chief , sir alexander macdonald of sleat . \u2019\nthe great sir henry cecil won the first of his 4 st legers \u2013 all achieved in the same decade , in 1980 , thanks to light cavalry , a colt owned by jim joel . light cavalry\u2019s main rival was the major dick hern colt watermill who was unable to match joe mercer\u2019s colt .\nthere are also a number of very individual bedrooms , including red bedroom , which features a mahogany four - poster bed that belongs to the george iii period ; the orange bedroom with a dressing table and stool were designed and made by david linley furniture ; and the chinese bedroom with a chinese - style chippendale bed which originally came from grimston garth , another yorkshire house designed by john carr . the turkish room is also remarkable , designed for sir mark sykes , 6th baronet , by an armenian artist , david ohanessian , and is a copy of one of the sultan ' s apartments in istanbul .\nit is not , however , easy to undo the damage that has been done by colonial greed and arrogance . the legacy of sykes - picot is not just the turmoil in the middle east and north africa ; it is in the jihad which has been coming to paris and london with such devastating effect .\nwhile negotiating terms of the peace negotiations to end the first world war in paris early in 1919 , sir mark became one of the estimated 50 million victims of the so - called spanish flu and died in his hotel near the tuilleries gardens . like many victims , he was in his prime at just 39 .\nher gp dr guy clarkson , also in a statement , said he\u2019d personally seen mrs sykes on three occasions \u2013 including in october 2010 when she had fallen and broken her collar bone after drinking . he added : \u201cat that time she said she was back on track and was going to attend alcoholics anonymous . \u201d\nthe italian occupation of libya , and the suppression of its population , was a spin - off from sykes - picot . the current semi - anarchic state of the country is due to another anglo - french production , the overthrow of the gaddafi regime for which david cameron and nicolas sarkozy were the chief cheerleaders .\nsledmere was built midway through the 18th century by the author\u2019s great - great - great - great - great - grandfather \u2014 a prosperous hull merchant named richard sykes \u2014 on the site of an old tudor grange on an unpromising bit of land in the yorkshire wolds . it became , as each inheritor followed his own bent , a lovely area of landscaped parkland , a repository of objets d\u2019art , a stud farm , and the home of a library containing a gutenberg bible . the history of the sykes clan , as they migrated from trade to gentry , moved in and out , too , of the wider history of the country .\ni particularly loved the large partner\u2019s desk in the middle of the library , whose multitude of drawers revealed , when opened , all kinds of curiosities : old coins , medals , bills , pieces of chandelier , seals , bits of broken china , etchings , ancient letters and the charred foot of an early sykes martyr .\nhis remains were sealed in a lead - lined coffin , according to the customary practice of the era , and transported to sledmere house , the handsome stone mansion in east yorkshire which has served as the sykes family seat since the 1780s . he was buried in the graveyard of st mary ' s church , adjoining the house .\nkurdish as well as arab aspirations were stymied by sykes - picot . any chance of a change to it disappeared when the british discovered oil in kirkuk . today , as the upheavals in the middle east have given fresh impetus to the hopes of an autonomous kurdistan , the perceived iniquities of the agreement are again being aired loudly .\na year later doncaster was the setting as commanche run provided an emotional record 28 th classic victory for jockey lester piggott , breaking frank buckle\u2019s long - standing record . however , 1984 saw piggott part company with trainer sir henry cecil and that meant he would lose the 1985 ride on a filly of great potential : oh so sharp ."]}
{"id": 1605, "summary": [{"text": "metanephrops is a genus of lobsters , commonly known as scampi .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "important species for fishery include metanephrops australiensis ( australian scampi ) and metanephrops challengeri ( new zealand scampi ) .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it differs from other lobsters such as homarus and nephrops norvegicus in that its two main claws are of equal size , rather than being differentiated into a crusher and a pincher .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "there are 18 extant species recognised in the genus : metanephrops andamanicus ( wood-mason , 1891 ) metanephrops arafurensis ( de man , 1905 ) metanephrops armatus chan & yu , 1991 metanephrops australiensis ( bruce , 1966 ) metanephrops binghami ( boone , 1927 ) metanephrops boschmai ( holthuis , 1964 ) metanephrops challengeri ( balss , 1914 ) metanephrops formosanus chan & yu , 1987 metanephrops japonicus ( tapparone-canefri , 1873 ) metanephrops mozambicus macpherson , 1990 metanephrops neptunus ( bruce , 1965 ) metanephrops rubellus ( moreira , 1903 ) metanephrops sagamiensis ( parisi , 1917 ) metanephrops sibogae ( de man , 1916 ) metanephrops sinensis ( bruce , 1966 ) metanephrops taiwanicus ( hu , 1983 ) metanephrops thomsoni ( bate , 1888 ) metanephrops velutinus chan & yu , 1991 a further three species are known from fossils : metanephrops jenkinsi feldmann , 1989 \u2013 late cretaceous metanephrops motunauensis jenkins , 1972 \u2013 pliocene metanephrops rossensis feldmann et al. , 1993 \u2013 late cretaceous", "topic": 14}], "title": "metanephrops", "paragraphs": ["this armored monster is really dangerous if you ' re under water . do you think you ' re safe just because there ' s no water near you ? metanephrops can cast an entire sea against you !\nchan , t . - y . and h . - p . yu , 1987 . metanephrops formosanus sp . nov . , a new species of lobster ( decapoda , nephropidae ) from taiwan . crustaceana , 52 : 172 - 186 , text fig . 1 , pls 1 , 2\nchan et al . ( 2009 ) recently showed that the banded and non - banded forms of metanephrops thomsoni were widely genetically divergent . the banded ( widespread ) form is now treated as a distinct species and named after a recent fossil , wongastacia taiwanica hu , 1983 ( see also tshudy et al . 2007 ) .\nnephrops and metanephrops are commercially exploited genera within the family nephropidae ( clawed lobsters ) . commercial fisheries for each genus exist in the northern and southern hemispheres and utilise trawling or trapping for capture . despite a relative lack of dedicated disease surveys on lobsters from these fisheries , several important symbionts and pathogens have been described . the most significant known pathogen of metanephrops ( challengeri ) is a microsporidian parasite ( myospora metanephrops ) which causes destruction of the skeletal and heart muscles of infected lobsters while the most significant known pathogen of nephrops ( norvegicus ) is a dinoflagellate parasite assigned to the genus hematodinium . this parasite has been responsible for an ongoing epidemic in fished populations of n . norvegicus in northern europe since at least the early 1980s and since then extensive studies on its life history and pathogenesis have occurred . despite these research efforts significant gaps exist in our knowledge of the effects of parasites such as hematodinium on the fished and non - fished portions of nephrops populations and on the effect of fishery practices on the spread of infection . furthermore , little is known about the effect of this ( and other ) pathogens on cohort survivability and the likelihood that early life stages will be effectively recruited to the fishery . this review summarises the available literature on diseases of these two lobster genera and provides an assessment of future research needs in this discipline .\nthis species is commercially harvested for food in korea and taiwan , generally by trawl - net fishing ( takeda 2001 ) . in taiwan it is often caught together with metanephrops formosanus ; it is less numerous but fetches a higher market price ( chan and yu 1987 ) . for both species the harvest is year - round although catches are not large ( chan and yu 1987 ) . this species is also exported under the name\npacific scampi\n. the catch is declinding in taiwan though no good fishery statistics are available . large amount of this species caught from the south china sea are imported to taiwan ( t . - y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nholthuis , l . b . 1991 . fao species catalogue . vol 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . 125 ( 13 ) : 292 p . [ details ]\nthe\nexpected\nis short term of expected average breeding time . this is the estimate time of a specific combination to get the desired results , after an average fail times . in other words , this time is used for comparing between combinations . the lesser the time is , the faster the combination will give you the right monster . there is also the breeding statistic percent , which is a bar with the percentage . this indicates how fast does it take to breed a x monster between different combinations .\nfirst , every combination has specific results with correspond chances . it ' s not difficult to calculate a average fail breeding time from the given combination . ( please note that average fail breeding time is different from expected average breeding time ! ) .\naverage fail breeding time = sum of all ( chance * breeding time of single result ) , exclude the target monster .\nchance of the desired monster : when the combination has x chance for the monster m , you have to breed about ( average ) 1 / x times to get the monster m , statistically ! if nothing got wrong , you will have that monster on the 1 / x try . therefore , you will have to\nused\n( 1 / x - 1 ) times for failing , the expected time will be expected average breeding time = average fail breeding time * ( 1 / x - 1 ) .\nthe x chance to get pandaken is 0 . 3 , so the eabt = afbt * ( 1 / 0 . 3 - 1 ) = 70 seconds\ndo the same steps , we got eabt of firesaur + greenasaur = 1m 53s .\nnow , you will see the first combination gives pandaken faster ( or more efficient ) than the second one , in a same period of time . that ' s what expected average breeding time is used for .\nthis metric is only used for comparing avg . time between the combinations . the fastest ( least time ) combination will be base as 100 % . other combinations if slower ( longer time ) will be decreased below 100 % , depends on how much it is longer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbatchelor , a . , de silva , r . , dyer , e . , kasthala , g . , lutz , m . l . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , h . t . , soulsby , a . - m . & whitton , f .\nhas been assessed as least concern . this species is fished for , both on a subsistence level and commercially , and there is evidence that stocks have been depleted within part of its range . however , this is not believed to being having an impact on the global population , which is broadly distributed throughout the indian oceana and central western pacific .\nbrunei darussalam ; china ( fujian , guangdong , guangxi , hainan ) ; hong kong ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ( kalimantan , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; kenya ; macao ; malaysia ; myanmar ( coco is . , myanmar ( mainland ) ) ; singapore ; somalia ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; viet nam\naccording to chan and yu ( 1991 ) this species is actually quite poorly known . this is because most of the previous records , including commercially - caught specimens , belong to different species . it was caught in small quantities off the northeast coast of somalia ( van zalinge 1988 ) and kenya ( de sousa 1988 ) , and more regularly in southern zanzibar at depths of 205 - 300 m ( jiddawi and pandu 1988 ) . its highest abundance was thought to be in the south china sea ( carpenter and niem 1998 ) , though this is now severely depleted due to fishing pressure ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species ranges from 250 - 750 m in depth , but is mostly found between 300 - 450 m ( holthuis 1991 ) . its substrate is hard mud , and it\npossibly lives in burrows\naccording to holthuis ( 1991 ) .\nthis species is fished both at a subsistence level , and at a commercial level ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthis species was mentioned as\na potential fishery resource off hong kong\n( longhurst 1970 ) . holthuis ( 1991 ) thought this was likely to be true in other parts of its range . this was due to its size and habitat , on trawlable seabeds , and it was described as\nthe only species [ of lobster ] of some commercial importance at this time in the western indian ocean\n( fischer and bianchi 1984 ) . it was caught in small numbers by trawling off the coast of somalia ( van zalinge 1988 ) , and in greater numbers at the southern end of the zanzibar channel where it is not exploited ( jiddawi and pandu 1988 ) . attempts in kenya to develop offshore trawling were unsuccessful ( de sousa 1988 ) . chan and yu ( 1991 ) supposed that due to its large size , commercial trawling of this species may be viable ; however , it is unknown how widely this has been taken on since then .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . this species is harvested commercially , though it is not known to what extent this is impacting upon the global population other than that landings are in decline . research efforts need to focus on establishing a monitoring program from which to estimate rates of decline before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .\nthis species is commercially caught in tawian , although in smaller numbers compared to related species ( chan and yu 1991 ) . the reason for this is unknown ; it may be due to it being more difficult to catch ( inhabiting deeper and more rocky areas difficult to trawl ) , or less abundant ( chan and yu 1991 ) .\nthis species is found on rocky sea floors at depths of 150 - 450 m ( chan and yu 1991 ) .\nthis species is fished commercially in taiwan , and fetches a high price at markets ( nt $ 300 - 400 / kg ) due to its large size ( chan and yu 1991 ) .\nthis species is caught for human consumption ; however ,\nit is less common in the markets than other species\n( holthuis 1991 : 68 ) . the catch of this species is declining but there is a lack of fishery statistics from which to calculate rates of decline ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . research efforts need to focus on establishing a monitoring program for this species to determine rates of decline .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . this species is heavily fished throughout its range and declines in the catch have been reported . however , no catch statistics are available from which to determine stock status . further research is needed on fishing effort and harvest levels before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .\nthis species is distributed from southern japan , south korea , china , and taiwan , to the south china sea ( takeda 2001 ) .\nthis species appears to be abundant around taiwan ( chan and yu 1987 ) .\nthis species is found on sandy mud bottoms at depths of between 50 m and 500 m . in the east china sea females are generally ovigerous from mid - september to mid - april , and lay less than 1 , 500 eggs ( holthuis 1991 , wallner and phillips 1995 ) . peak catches of this species occur at night - time ( aguzzi et al . 2003 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . monitoring of the harvest levels and fishing effort is needed .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . further information on the impact of commercial exploitation on its population size and trends is required . this species is harvested throughout much of its range . despite anecdotal and observational evidence from fishermen about population declines , there is a lack of quantitative data from which to quantify rates of decline . further research is recommended to determine the abundance of this species and the impact of trawling before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .\nthis species occurs off the pacific coast of japan : from choshi , honshu to the east coast of kyushu ( holthuis 1991 ) .\nthis species is found in mud substrate at depths of 200 - 440 m , preferring 200 - 300 m ( holthuis 1991 ) .\nthis species is fished using pots and by commercial trawlers throughout its range ( holthuis 1991 ) . it is sold both fresh and frozen , and is a highly - prized gourmet species . it is mainly fished in chiba , suruga bay , the boso peninsula , and sagami bay during the cold seasons ( chan and yu 1991 , okamoto 2008 ) .\nthe stock of sagami bay appears not to be large , and is threatened by high fishing pressure . so far this has not caused a significant change in the size distribution of the catch , although this may be due to the aggregating nature of this species into size groups ( chan and yu 1991 ) . over - fishing has resulted in decreased numbers . rearing of juveniles in captivity has been successful ( okamoto 2008 ) . however the lack of catch per unit effort data makes it difficult to interpret these observations .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . studies have investigated captive rearing of this species with some success ( okamoto 2005 , 2008 ) . this is part of a project initiated to develop land - based aquaculture in order to restock overfished areas ( e . g . , suruga bay ) ; something which has not been achieved with any nephropid lobster ( okamoto 2008 ) . further work is needed to determine the impact of trawling on populations , especially those which might be affected by high fishing pressure . if there is evidence that populations are being severely impacted further measures may need to be introduced ( if not already in place ) to limit the size and / or timing of catches . these include : license limitation ; vessel restrictions ; seasonal closures or periods of no fishing and minumum size limits . although chan and yu ( 1991 ) reported no change in size distribution in harvested populations .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . this species is only known from the coast of taiwan , and is harvested regularly and declines in the catch have been reported . further research is required to assess the population size of this species , as well as the impact of commercial exploitation before a more accurate assessment can be made .\nthis species is only known from the northeast and south coasts of taiwan ( holthuis 1991 ) .\nthis species is found at depths of 150 - 400 m , preferring depths of approximately 250 m , with mud or sand substrates ( holthuis 1991 ) . spawning is in late autumn ( holthuis 1991 ) .\naccording to chan and yu ( 1987 , 1991 ) this species is caught regularly and throughout the year . it constitutes part of the major catch of\nspp . in taiwan , with fresh specimens fetching a high price in local markets ( chan and yu 1987 , 1991 ) . however , catches are low and not constant , likely due to the difficulty of trawling this species ( it occurs near deep , rocky areas ) , and the relatively small size of the stock ( chan and yu 1991 ) . furthermore , local fisherman reported no change in the size of catches over time despite frequent collection of juveniles ( chan and yu 1991 ) , though catch of this species is known to be declining in recent years ( t . y . chan pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species is fished commercially by baby shrimp trawlers ( chan and yu 1991 ) , however it is known what impact commercial exploitation is having on the population numbers of this species .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further work is recommended to determine present population size and the impact of commercial exploitation .\nthis article or section is in the process of being built or revamped . if you have anything to contribute then please , make helpful contributions or wait for this banner to be removed .\nname is a combination of\nmetal\nand\nnephropidae ,\nthe scientific name for lobsters .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\ntype locality :\nchallenger\nstation 204a , . . . lat . 12\u00b043 ' n . , long . 122\u00b09 ' e . ; between samboangan [ = zamboanga ) and manila ; depth , 100 fathoms [ = 182 m ] ; bottom , green mud\n. male lectotype in\nindo - west pacific region : korea ( korea strait ) , china ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea ) , japan ( from tosa bay on the east coast of shikoku island , and the west coast of kyushu south to the ryukyu islands ) , taiwan , andthe philippines ( off tablas ) .\nfemales are generally caught in the east china sea from the middle of september to the middle of april . the larval development has been described by uchida and dotsu ( 1973 : 23 - 35 ) .\nmaximum total body length about 15 cm , usually not more than 12 cm .\nin korea the species is offered for sale at the busan markets . according to uchida and dotsu ( 1973 : 23 ) the species\nis usually caught in the east china sea by trawl net fishing and used as food\n. in taiwan the species is sold in markets , and its price is higher than that of\n: 48 ) . motoh , dimaano and pution ( 1978 : 22 ) mention that\na kind of red shrimp ( probably nephrops thomsoni )\nis caught by a bobo (\na kind of baited trap\n)\nat deeper water exceeding to 40 m\n, in mindanao , philippines .\n, report voyage challenger , zool . , 24 : 185 , pl . 25 fig . 1 , pl . 26 figs . 1 - 9 .\nchina ( province of taiwan ) : te - chia shia ( also used for other species of the genus ) .\nbaba , k . , k . - i . hayashi and m . toriyama , 1986 . decapod crustaceans from continental shelf and slope around japan . the intensive research of unexploited fishery resources on continental slopes : 1 - 336 , figs 1 - 22 , coloured figs 1 - 176 . ( japan fisheries resource conservation association , tokyo ) .\nbate , c . s . , 1888 report on the crustacea macrura collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report scientific results voyage challenger , ( zool ) , 24 : i - xc , 1 - 942 , text figs . 1 - 76 , pls 1 - 150 .\nmotoh , h . , m . dimaano and n . putian , 1978 . ecological survey of the giant tiger prawn , penaeus monodon and other edible crustaceans in mindanao ( sept . 3 to 18 , 1978 ) : 1 - 40 , figs 1 - 17 ( aquaculture department seafdec , iloilo ) .\nuchida , t . and y . dotsu , 1973 . on the larva hatching and larval development of the lobster , nephrops thomsoni . collection of the t . s . nagasaki maru of nagasaki university . iv . bulletin faculty fisheries nakasaki university , 36 : 23 - 35 , figs 1 - 7\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\neuropean community reference laboratory for crustacean diseases , centre for environment , fisheries and aquaculture science ( cefas ) , barrack road , weymouth , dorset dt4 8ub , united kingdom . grant . stentiford @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1607, "summary": [{"text": "bebearia partita , the falcate forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the republic of the congo , the democratic republic of the congo ( mongala , uele , ituri , north kivu , tshopo , equateur , kinshasa , cataractes , kwango , sankuru and lualaba ) and uganda ( bwamba and toro ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on hypselodelphys species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "bebearia partita", "paragraphs": ["bebearia partita ; ypm ent 422418 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05\nbebearia partita ; ypm ent 422414 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05\nbebearia partita ; ypm ent 422420 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; robert h . carcasson ; 1956 - 05\nbebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46\nrevision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon\nbebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana\nbebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1\nbebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 \u2642 only\n, butterflies of the world part ix ( 9 ) , nymphalidae iv - bebearia . edited by erich bauer and thomas frankenbach keltern\nbebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu\nbebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui\nbebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2\nbebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\ndefining species groups is a convenient way of subdividing well - defined genera with a large number of recognized species . bebearia species are so arranged in assemblages called\nspecies groups\nbut ( not superspecies , but an informal phenetic arrangement ) . these may or may not be clades . as molecular phylogenetic studies continue , lineages distinct enough to warrant some formal degree of recognition become evident and new groupings are suggested , but consistent ranking remains a problem .\neuryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo\nguinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724\npapilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56\ne . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast\n: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )\naterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar\ncameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe\ncameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250\nzaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24\ne . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia\nsenegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8\nnigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]\neuryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus\npapilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8\naterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490\ncoastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267\ncameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo\naurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74\neuryphene tessmanni gr\u00fcnberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea\neuryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera\neuryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon\nzaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .\nevena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangw\u00e9 , ogov\u00e9 valley\neuryphene ducalis gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbicyclus smithi ; ypm ent 406180 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05\nbicyclus smithi ; ypm ent 412904 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05\neuriphene barombina ; ypm ent 422169 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 06\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 yale university . all rights reserved . privacy policy its , campus community technologies , web technologies\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nin appearance . the females , especially , are very similar on their uppersides . the undersides of\n: hillside books . isbn 9783931374501 and supplement 3 - detailed text in french .\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 40 et seq .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 19 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 1608, "summary": [{"text": "sepia ivanovi is a species of cuttlefish native to the southwestern indian ocean , probably throughout southeast africa , including kenya , mozambique , to the mouth of the zambezi river .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it lives at depths to 50 m. s. ivanovi grows to a mantle length of 70 mm .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected near mombasa , kenya ( 04 \u00b0 03 \u2032 s 40 \u00b0 00 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is deposited at the zoological museum in moscow . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "sepia ivanovi", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is sepia ivanovi ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the sepia ivanovi species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of sepia ivanovi species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species sepia ivanovi .\nhow to identify sepia ivanovi marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species sepia ivanovi . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species sepia ivanovi are marked in green .\nwhere is sepia ivanovi found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species sepia ivanovi can be found .\ngps coordinates of sepia ivanovi , kenya . latitude : - 4 . 0500 longitude : 40 . 0000\nsepia ivanovi is a species of cuttlefish native to the southwestern indian ocean , probably throughout southeast africa , including kenya , mozambique , to the mouth of the zambezi river .\na new species of cuttlefish , sepia vecchioni ( cephalopoda , sepiidae ) from colachal coast , south india .\nsepia is a genus of cuttlefish encompassing some of the best known and most common species . the name of the genus is the latinized form of the greek \u03c3\u03b7\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 , s\u0113p\u00eda , cuttlefish .\n^ whiteaves , j . f . 1897 . on some remains of a sepia - like cuttle - fish from the cretaceous rocks of the south saskatchewan . the canadian record of science 7 : 459\u2013462 .\nhewitt , r . ( 1978 ) .\nthe preservation of the shells of sepia in the middle miocene of malta\n. proceedings of the geologists ' association 89 : 227\u2013237 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0016 - 7878 ( 78 ) 80013 - 3 .\nthis genus is probably the most speciose in the cephalopoda . because of the great variability among species , the genus is best defined by the other two genera ; that is , sepia is the sepiid that doesn ' t have the major characters that define metasepia and sepiella .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkhromov , d . n . , c . c . lu , a . guerra , zh . dong et al . / n . a . voss , m . vecchione et al . , eds .\nsystematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )\nsweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .\ntaxon validity : [ fide khromov et al . ( 1998 ) ] . repository : zmmgu holotype n - 172 [ fide khromov et al . ( 1998 ) ] . type locality : mombasa , zambezi ( south - east africa )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u00a9 richard e . young , katharina m . mangold ( 1922 - 2003 )\nbeaks : representative descriptions can be found here : lower beak ; upper beak .\nfunnel component of locking apparatus without pit - like depression at midpoint of groove .\ndepth range based on 5379 specimens in 84 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2958 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 795 . 5 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 6 . 055 - 28 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 32 . 133 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 112 - 38 . 661 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 362 - 6 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 2 . 285 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 63 . 602 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 795 . 5 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 6 . 055 - 28 . 954 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 32 . 133 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 112 - 38 . 661 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 1 . 362 - 6 . 244 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 054 - 2 . 285 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 380 - 63 . 602 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nthe species listed above with an asterisk ( * ) are questionable and need further study to determine if they are a valid species or a synonym . the question mark ( ? ) indicates questionable placement within the genus .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1610, "summary": [{"text": "eosqualiolus is an extinct genus of sharks in the family dalatiidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by sylvain adnet in 2006 , and the type species is e. aturensis , which existed during the middle eocene of what is now france .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "a new species , e. skrovinai , which existed in what is now slovakia during the miocene period , was described by charlie j. underwood and jan schlogl in 2012 , and named in honour of michal \u0161krovina .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "e. skrovinai was described from 14 fossil teeth ; 9 upper and 5 lower , some of which were partial and some were complete . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "eosqualiolus", "paragraphs": ["miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from . . . | download scientific diagram\nfig . 6 . miocene squaliform sharks eosqualiolus and squaliodalatias teeth from cerov\u00e1 section in mal\u00e9 karpaty , slovakia . a\u2013g . eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . a . snm z 27455 , bed 8\u20139 , lower tooth in labial ( a 1 ) and lingual ( a 2 ) views . b . holotype , snm z 27456 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( b 1 ) and lingual ( b 2 ) views . c . snm z 27457 , bed 8\u20139 , lower tooth in labial ( c 1 ) and lingual ( c 2 ) views . d . snm z 27458 , bed 14 , lower tooth in labial ( d 1 ) and lingual ( d 2 ) views . e . snm z 27459 , bed 20\u201321 , upper tooth in labial ( e 1 ) and lingual ( e 2 ) views . f . snm z 27460 , bed 17\u201318 , upper tooth in labial ( f 1 ) and lingual ( f 2 ) views . g . snm z 27461 , bed 8\u20139 , upper tooth in labial ( g 1 ) and lingual ( g 2 ) views . h . squaliodalatias sp . , snm z 27462 , bed 8\u20139 , lower tooth in labial ( h 1 ) and lingual ( h 2 ) views .\nteeth assigned to the species eosqualiolus skrovinai from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d\u2081 ) and lingual ( d\u2082 ) views . ( e ) upper tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) upper tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lingual ( f\u2082 ) views . ( g ) upper tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nsampling of latest burdigalian ( miocene ) silty clays from the mal\u00e9 karpaty mountains in the slovakia revealed a deep\u2212water , low diversity shark fauna . the fauna is dominated by teeth of very small squaliform sharks , including two new species , eosqualiolus skrovinai sp . nov . and paraetmopterus horvathi sp . nov . the generic composition of the squaliform fauna is more similar to that known from the eocene than that of today , suggesting a post\u2013early miocene faunal turnover within this clade , at least locally . nectobenthic , non squaliform sharks are rare , but include the new sawshark species pristiophorus striatus sp . nov . , while minute teeth of an enigmatic taxon described here as nanocetorhinus tuberculatus gen . et sp . nov . probably indicate the presence of a previously unrecorded planktivore . the unusual composition of the fauna , with the complete absence of taxa known to be of medium to large size , suggests an unusual , and probably very stressed , palaeoenvironment .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nkey words : squaliformes , dalatidae , etmopteridae , pristiophorus , sharks , miocene , slovakia , paratethys .\ncharles j . underwood [ c . underwood @ urltoken ] , department of earth and planetary science , birkbeck , malet street , london wc1e 7hx , uk ; jan schlogl [ schlogl @ urltoken ] , department of geology and palaeontology , faculty of natural sciences , comenius university , mlynsk\u00e1 dolina g1 , bratislava 842 15 , slovakia .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( for details please see urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\n\u2020 protosqualus sigei ( cappetta , 1977 ) locality : st . dizier / wissant , france cen . : westfalen , germany\n\u2020 squalus alsaticus ( andreae , 1892 ) oligocen locality : gellik , belg . ; espenhein , germany ; szczein , poland ; france ;\n\u2020 squalus crenatidens ( arambourg , 1952 ) paleog\u00e9n locality : khouribga , morocco ; ypr . : stafford county , va\n\u2020 squalus huntensis ( case & capetta , 1997 ) locality : hunt co . ,\n\u2020 squalus serriculus ( jordan & hannibal , 1923 ) miocen locality : kern co . , ca ; ishikawa , japan\n\u2020 centrophoroides latidens ( davis , 1887 ) locality : san . / maast . : europe , sahel alma , lebanon\n\u2020 centrophoroides worlandensis ( case , 1987 ) locality : worland , washakie co .\n\u2020 isistius triangulus ( probst , 1879 ) upper miocen locality : venezuela ; plio . : beaufort co .\n\u2020 squaliolus schaubi ( smith & radcliffe , 1912 ) miocen locality : s . france ; tortona , n . italy ; gumma , japan\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncompagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed . , 1999 : checklist of living elasmobranchs . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . 471 - 498 .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .\nnelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 357 - 374\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nexplore extinct life by family groupings ( i . e . , cladistic relationships )\nexplore extinct life by geological time period ( i . e . , when the life form lived )\nexplore extinct life by geographic location ( i . e . , where the fossils were found )\nexplore extinct life by paleontologist / author ( i . e . , person ( s ) who named the life form )\nexplore fantasy life forms shaped by the human mind and experience ( i . e . , fictional creatures & monsters )\nthe ' cross ' symbol indicates that this life form is globally extinct whereas the ' heart ' symbol indicates that at least one species of this life form still exists today .\nimages of collectibles ( scans / photos of cards , stickers , etc . ) are available in the detail page\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nchimaera ( edaphodon ) bucklandi , edaphodon bucklandii , edaphodon cf . bucklandi , ganodus bucklandi\nchimaera ( psittacodon ) sedgwickii , edaphodon cf . sedgwicki , edaphodon sedgwicki , psittacodon sedgwickii\ncarcharias subulata , carcharias subulatus , cretolamna subulata , lamna subulata , lamna ( odontaspis ) cf . subulata , lamna ( odontaspis ) subulata , odontaspis subulata , scapanorhynchus cf . subulatus , scapanorhynchus subulata , scapanorhynchus ( odontaspis ) subulatus\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nsharks appear in the fossil record between 450 and 420 million years ago ( all possible specimens older than 420 million years old are fragmentary and disputed ) , and have been important marine ( and in the carboniferous and permian , freshwater ) predators ever since . they form an important part of the marine fossil record in many areas , and are occasionally used for stratigraphy ( dating rocks ) , though often they are usually only represented by their teeth , which are mineralized and grown and shed throughout their lives , rather than their skeletons , which are comprised entirely of cartilage , and consequently have poor preservational potential .\nin a paper published in the journal acta palaeontologica polonica on 12 january 2012 , charles underwood of the department of earth and planetary science at birkbeck college and jan schlogl of the department of geology and paleontology at comenius university describe a collection of deepwater shark ' s teeth from the cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality in the mal\u00e9 karpaty mountains in slovakia . this is a claypit noted for a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the early miocene of the central paratethys sea . these fossils are thought to be important , as while shark teeth are well represented in the fossil record , deepwater sharks are relatively poorly known .\nten incomplete specimens are referred to the genus galeus ( sawtooth catsharks ) , though not assigned to any species . these are small specimens , the largest being about 0 . 7 mm . the genus galeus first appears in the fossil record in the early miocene of france , and is widespread in the atlantic and pacific today .\nteeth assigned to the genus galeus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) anterolateral tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( c ) posterior tooth in labial view . ( d ) anterior tooth in labial view . ( e ) anterolateral tooth in labial view . ( f ) a nterolateral tooth in labial view . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\na single , 2 . 2 mm , broken tooth is assigned to the genus squatina ( angel sharks ) . modern angel sharks are found globally in tropical and temperate seas ; most species are restricted to shallow waters , though one species , the sand devil ( squatina dumeril ) is known to migrate seasonally into deep water . angle sharks are flattened sharks resembling skates and rays ( to which they are not closely related ) and living on the sea bottom . angel sharks are considered to belong to a separate order ( squaliformes ) which first appears in the fossil record in the late jurassic , with members of the modern genus ( squatina ) known from the middle cretaceous .\npartial tooth assigned to the genus squatina from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nthree oral and one incomplete rostral teeth ( rostral teeth are projections on the side of the snout of a sawshark or sawfish ) are referred to the genus pristiophorus ( five - gilled sawsharks ) , and assigned to a new species , pristiophorus striatus . sawsharks resemble sawfish ( which are also sharks ) , but are found in deepwater , while the sawfish are shallow - water dwellers . the two groups are not closely related , sawfish being related to skates and rays ( batoidea ) . the oldest sawsharks appear in the lart cretaceous of the lebanon , about 85 million years ago , modern sawsharks are found in the indian and pacific oceans as well as the caribbean , though their fossil record suggests they were more widely distributed for much of the tertiary .\nteeth assigned to the species pristiophorus striatus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( h ) l ateral tooth in labial ( h\u2081 ) , occlusal ( h\u2082 ) , and basal ( h\u2083 ) views . ( i ) partial rostral tooth in lateral view . ( j ) a nterior tooth in labial ( j\u2081 ) , occlusal ( j\u2082 ) , and basal ( j\u2083 ) views . ( k ) lateral tooth in labial ( k\u2081 ) and basal ( k\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\na large number ( 236 ) of teeth are assigned to the genus squaliolus ( pygmy sharks or deep - sea dogfish ) , and tentatively to the species squaliolus schaubi , a species previously described from the miocene of france . modern pygmy sharks are small deepwater species with specialized organs that house bioluminescent bacteria . they are a form of kitefin shark ( dalatiidae ) , a group that first appear in the fossil record in the early cretaceous of germany .\nteeth tentatively assigned to the species squaliolus schaubi from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) male lower tooth in labial view . ( e ) lower symphyseal tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lingual ( f\u2082 ) views . u pper tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in labial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . ( i ) u pper tooth in labial ( i\u2081 ) and lingual ( i\u2082 ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in labial view . ( k ) upper tooth in la bial ( k\u2081 ) and lingual ( k\u2082 ) views . ( l ) upper posterior tooth in labial ( l\u2081 ) and lingual ( l\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n, which is named after michal \u0161krovina , described as the first person to encourage jan schlogl in to pursue an interest in palaeontology .\n, though not assigned to a species due to its poor condition . fossils assigned to this genus have previously been found from the late cretaceous of lithuania and the eocene of france .\ntooth assigned to the genus squaliodalatias from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . in labial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n( lantern sharks in the family etmopteridae ) , small , deepwater sharks with light producing organs , found more - or - less globally today . the earliest known lantern sharks are from the eocene of france .\nteeth assigned to the genus etmopterus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) l ower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) l ower posterior tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial view . ( g ) u pper tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n( rasptooth dogfish ) , a second type of lantern shark . the genus is previously known from a single modern species from the pacific and some teeth from the eocene of france .\nteeth tentatively assigned to the genus miroscyllium from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( h ) lower symphyseal tooth in la bial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . ( i ) lower tooth in labial ( i\u2081 ) and lingual ( i\u2082 ) views . ( j ) lower lateral tooth in labial ( j\u2081 ) and lingual ( j\u2082 ) views . ( k ) lower tooth in labial ( k\u2081 ) and lingual ( k\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nteeth assigned to the species paraetmopterus horvathi from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) lower tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) lower tooth in labial ( b\u2081 )\nand lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) lower tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) lower tooth in labial ( d\u2081 ) and lingual ( d\u2082 ) views . ( e ) lower tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) lower tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lingual ( f\u2082 ) views . ( g ) upper anterior tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . ( h ) upper tooth in la bial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views . ( i ) upper tooth in labial ( i\u2081 ) and lingual ( i\u2082 ) views . ( j ) upper tooth in la bial ( j\u2081 ) and lingual ( j\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\na single tooth is assigned to the family somniosidae ( sleeper sharks ) , a widespread group of sharks that first appear in the fossil record in the late cretaceous of germany .\ntooth assigned to the family somniosidae from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . in labial ( k\u2081 ) and lingual ( k\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n( butterfly rays ) . modern butterfly rays are typically shallow water species , often found in brackish estuarine waters . the genus has a sparse fossil record , but is known from the palaeocene of india , spreading around europe , the middle east and africa in the eocene and reaching the americas in the oligocene .\ntooth assigned to the genus gymnura from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . in occlusal ( i\u2081 ) and basal ( i\u2082 ) views . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\n, of uncertain affinities , but considered to probably be a neoselachian ( the group that includes all extant sharks , skates and rays ) . the genus name\nteeth assigned to the species nanocetorhinus tuberculatus from the early miocene cerov\u00e1\u2212lieskov\u00e9 locality . ( a ) tooth in labial ( a\u2081 ) and lingual ( a\u2082 ) views . ( b ) tooth in labial ( b\u2081 ) and lingual ( b\u2082 ) views . ( c ) tooth in labial ( c\u2081 ) and lingual ( c\u2082 ) views . ( d ) tooth in labial ( d\u2081 ) and lingual ( d\u2082 ) views . ( e ) tooth in labial ( e\u2081 ) and lingual ( e\u2082 ) views . ( f ) tooth in labial ( f\u2081 ) and lateral ( f\u2082 ) views . ( g ) tooth in labial ( g\u2081 ) and lingual ( g\u2082 ) views . ( h ) tooth in labial ( h\u2081 ) and lingual ( h\u2082 ) views , detail ( h\u2083 ) . underwood & schlogl ( 2012 ) .\nwhile the majority of these sharks belong either to extant genera or extant families , the assemblage is on the whole closer to the deepwater sharks of the eocene than to modern shark assemblages , suggesting that there has been more turnover in deepwater shark populations since the miocene than between the eocene and the miocene . one remarkable feature of this assemblage is the small size of all the sharks present ; based upon the available material underwood & shlogl estimate that none of the sharks were more than 40 cm in length , though they do not offer any hypothesis as to why this was the case .\nsee also a new species of eagle ray from the northwest pacific , a hybodont shark from the middle permian of northern arizona , fossil tapeworm eggs from the permian , satellite tracking manta rays off the coast of mexico and new species of catshark from the galapaagos .\nstudied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .\ndolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .\nmagnitude 7 . 1 earthquake in puebla state , mexico , kills at least 225 people .\nselenium , arsenic and molybdenum in the bowland shale and related deposits in england , wales and ireland .\nthis blog would be impossible without the work of countless scientists ( and others ) throughout the world . where possible i do my best to credit them , but there will always be many more who remain unmentioned ; this does not imply i am ungrateful for their contributions . any errors or inaccuracies are , of course , my own .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies ."]}
{"id": 1613, "summary": [{"text": "the bonin flying fox , bonin fruit bat ( pteropus pselaphon ) , or in japanese ogasawara giant bat ( \u30aa\u30ac\u30b5\u30ef\u30e9\u30aa\u30aa\u30b3\u30a6\u30e2\u30ea ogasawara \u014dk\u014dmori ) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is endemic to four islands ( chichijima , hahajima , north iwo jima , and south iwo jima ) in ogasawara islands , japan .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "bonin flying fox", "paragraphs": ["information on the bonin flying fox is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bonin flying fox ( pteropus pselaphon )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bonin flying fox ( pteropus pselaphon )\ntitle =\narkive species - bonin flying fox ( pteropus pselaphon )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndansk | just dance 2015 m . lassemedhatten | what does the fox say ! - knp 2015\nthis is the navigation link for moving toward in this page . go to main contents\nclassified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nboninsaartenlenkko\nto\npteropus pselaphon lay , 1829\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\n[ 0971 ] jones et al . ( 2003 ) , biological correlates of extinction risk in bats ( pubmed )\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 1615, "summary": [{"text": "glyphipterix ortholeuca is a moth in the family glyphipterigidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from south africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark bronzy-fuscous with an erect somewhat pointed whitish streak from the dorsum at one-fourth , reaching three-fourths across the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are prismatic violet-blue-metallic , finely black-edged .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are six slender streaks rising from white dots on the costa , the first at one-third somewhat oblique , reaching half across the wing , the others direct , the second shorter , the third and fourth reaching nearly half across the wing , the last two short .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a rather short erect streak is found from the dorsum beyond the middle , and one from before the tornus reaching half across the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a dot in the disc beyond the middle , one towards the termen above the middle , two on lower part of the termen , and one on the termen beneath the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "glyphipterix ortholeuca", "paragraphs": ["glyphipterix ortholeuca is a moth in the family glyphipterigidae . it is known from south africa .\nglyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by h\u00fcbner in 1825 .\nglyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by h\u00e3\u00bcbner in 1825 . . . .\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , karkloof , i , leg . a . j . t . janse .\nmeyrick e . 1921b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 2 ) : 49\u2014148 .\nv\u00e1ri , l . , kroon , d . m . , & kr\u00fcger , m . 2002 . classification and checklist of the species of lepidoptera recorded in southern africa . simple solutions , chatswood australia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1616, "summary": [{"text": "anatrachyntis vanharteni is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by koster in 2010 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the united arab emirates . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "anatrachyntis vanharteni", "paragraphs": ["anatrachyntis philocarpa ; sinev , 1998 , ent . obozr . 78 ( 1 ) : ( 138 - 149 )\nanatrachyntis incertulella ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\nanatrachyntis ptilodelta ; sinev , 1998 , ent . obozr . 78 ( 1 ) : ( 138 - 149 ) ; [ afromoths ]\nanatrachyntis japonica ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 199\nanatrachyntis rileyi ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\nanatrachyntis ( cosmopteriginae ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1040 ; [ me5 ] , 129 , 20 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\nanatrachyntis badia ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1042 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 55 ; [ fe ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlegrand h . 1966 . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res des \u00eeles seychelles et d ' aldabra . - m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( a ) 37 ( 1965 ) : 1\u2013210 , pls . 1\u201316 .\nfamily . it was described by koster in 2010 . it is found in the\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 6 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 24 february 2018 , at 04 : 45 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\n= pyroderces ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 46 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nstagmatophora acris meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 283 ; tl : mah\u00e9\nflorida , louisiana , california , . . . , canary is . , spain , france , great briain , holland . see [ maps ]\nsathrobrota badia hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 75 ; tl : south florida\nlarva on ( seed pods ) cassia occidentalis , ( cones ) pinus hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 47\npyroderces bicincta ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 71 ; tl : eala\nbiorrhizae sinev , 1986 ; trudy vses . ent . obsch . 67 : 67\npyroderces carpophila ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 72 ; tl : eala\npyroderces cecidicida ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 72 ; tl : likete - sur - lomela\njava , . . . , e . africa , somalia , uganda , mozambique , zaire . see [ maps ]\nstagmatophora floretella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 144\nstagmatophora gerberanella legrand , 1965 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 60\npyroderces gymnocentra meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 148 ; tl : eala\nstagmatophora hieroglypta meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 282 ; tl : mah\u00e9\npyroderces holotherma meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : eala\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ aucl ]\nlarva on pandanus zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044\npyroderces megacentra meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 59 ; tl : fiji , dreketi r .\npyroderces orphnographa meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 1 ) : 29 ; tl : eala\npyroderces palmicola ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 73 ; tl : equateur , flandria\npyroderces philocarpa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 451 ; tl : mesopotamia , baghdad\npyroderces philogeorga meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 428\npyroderces ptilodelta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 570 ; tl : china , shanghai\narkansas - florida , texas , arizona , antilles , . . . , galapagos is . , . . . , uganda , . . . , queensland , canary is . . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nacl ] , # 1512 ; [ aucl ] ; landry , 2001 , revue suisse zool . 108 ( 3 ) : 528 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1044 ; [ me5 ] , 130 , 21 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\nlarva on panicum torridum , rochea , samanea saman , sapindus oahuensis zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1047\nparasites agathis hawaiicola , apanteles , idechthis , perisierola emigrata , pristomerus hawaiiensis , trathala flavo - orbitalis zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 1047\npyroderces risbeci ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ; rev . zool . bot . afr . 33 : 277 ; tl : senegal , bambey\npyroderces similis bradley , 1953 ; proc . hawaii . ent . soc . 15 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : fiji , viti levu , lami , suva\nsweu , cyprus , morocco , egypt , . . . , malawi , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on ( cotton bolls , and . . . ) elaeis guineensis , eriodendron anfractuosum [ me5 ] , 132\nstagmatophora tentoria meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 283 ; tl : mah\u00e9\nstagmatophora tripola meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; tl : pretoria\npyroderces veris ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 75 ; tl : eala\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nzimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nholotype \u2642 , rmnh ; 23 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slide gielis 5810 , 5811 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide adamski 5669 , rmnh ; paratypes 28\u2642 , 28\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10536\u2640 , lnk ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slides diakonoff 10535\u2640 , 10537\u2640 , lnk , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide m . bippus re - 1866\u2642 ( rmnh . ins910262\u2642 ) , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide van der wolf 9852 , rmnh ; paratype \u2640 , genitalia slide van der wolf 9853 , uaeic .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 6332\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 3\u2640 , genitalia slide koster 6335\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7086\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 3\u2642 , genitalia slide van der wolf 9870\u2642 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide koster 5970\u2642 , tlmf ; paratypes 12\u2642 ; 10\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 5971 , 5975 , 5976 , rmnh , tlmf , rmca , minga , coll . aarvik , oslo .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7695\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 7602\u2642 , 7654\u2642 , 7498\u2642 , 7500\u2640 , 7977\u2642 , rmnh , tmsa , zmhb .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7443\u2642 , rmca ; paratypes 25\u2642 , 8\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 7995\u2642 , 5731 , 7462 , 7496\u2640 , 7724 7725\u2640 , 7701\u2642 , 7702\u2642 , 7726\u2642 , 7727\u2642 , 7703\u2642 , 7982\u2642 , 7987\u2642 , 7974\u2642 , rmca , rmnh , bmnh , zmhb , nhmo .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide koster 7457\u2640 , nhmo ; paratypes 2\u2640 . rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7723\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 7721\u2642 , 8204\u2642 , 7490\u2640 , nhmo , bmnh , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7486\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 23\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 8017\u2642 , 7262\u2640 , 7263 , 7692\u2642 , 8022\u2642 , tmsa , samc , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 6175\u2642 , leg . rmnh ; paratypes 10\u2642 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 4837\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 15\u2642 , 25\u2640 , rmnh , zmuc , zin , zfmk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5706 , rmnh ; paratype\u2640 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5711 , coll . asselbergs .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 68 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 82 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 2\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 69 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 86 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh .\nsyntypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , rmnh , not found ( munroe et al . 1958 : 77 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 72 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 86 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide schouten 101 , rmnh ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 32\u2640 , rmnh , bmnh , tmsa , rbins , mhng , mnhn , rmca , lnk , coll . schouten .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide bm 12086 , bmnh ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slide schouten 153 , 389\u2013392 , rmnh , mhng , coll . schouten .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bm 17482 , bmnh ; paratypes 12\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides bm 12104 , 17480 , 17481 , 17487 , schouten 449 , bmnh , rmnh , nmk .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 3\u2640 , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 71 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 84 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 83 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 72 ) , rmnh ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 76 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 2\u2640 , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 87 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 87 ) , genitalia slide diakonoff 1743\u2642 , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 69 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 71 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype \u2642 , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 71 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 82 ) , rmnh ; 4 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lvovsky 3652 , rmnh ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 4\u2640 , rmnh , zin .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide kaila 4519 , rmnh ; paratype \u2640 , genitalia slide kaila 4884 , uaeic .\nholotype \u2642 , sdei ; 32 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , sdei , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , zmuc ; paratypes 21\u2642 , 3\u2640 , zmuc , bmnh , zsm , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see fletcher 1967 : 94 ) , rmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide g 13827\u2640 , zsm ; paratypes1\u2642 and 2\u2640 , genitalia slide g 13828 , zsm , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 15 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1 ex . ( gender not stated ) , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide lehmann 25 / 012011\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotpe \u2642 , genitalia slide e . van nieukerken 3861\u2642 , rmnh ; paratype\u2640 , genitalia slide e . van nieukerken 3940\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , sanc ; allotype \u2640 , sanc ; paratypes 51\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slides sanc , tmsa , deus , bmnh , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 6\u2642 , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 6810\u2642 , tmsa , bmnh , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bourgogne ( 1964a : 897 ) , rmnh ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bourgogne ( 1959 : 1235 ) , genitalia slide bourgogne 1776\u2642 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , mnhn ; paratypes 21\u2642 , rmnh , nhmw , mnhn , zmhb , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4461\u2642 , nhmo ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide c . gielis 5629\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide c . gielis 4473\u2642 , nhmo ; paratypes 5\u2640 , genitalia slides c . gielis 5623\u2640 , 5732\u2640 , nhmo , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5692\u2642 , rmnh ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5716\u2640 , coll . asselbergs .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5663 , rmnh ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5664 , coll . asselbergs .\nholotype \u2642 , rmnh , lost ( see munroe et al . 1958 : 85 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 73 ) , rmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by munroe et al . ( 1958 : 85 ) , rmnh ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , 1\u2640 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5724 , rmnh ; paratypes 5\u2642 and 6\u2640 , rmnh , uaeic , coll . asselbergs .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5657 , rmnh ; paratype \u2640 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5696 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5681\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5700\u2640 , rmnh , coll . asselbergs .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5652 , rmnh ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 1\u2640 , genitalia slide asselbergs 5658 , rmnh , coll . asselbergs .\nholotype \u2642 , mnhn ; allotype \u2640 , mnhn ; paratypes 9\u2642 , 17\u2640 , mnhn , bmnh , rmnh , cmp .\nholotype \u2642 , mnhn ; allotype \u2640 , mnhn ; paratypes 19\u2642 , 3\u2640 , mnhn , bmnh , rmnh , coll . basquin , darge , turlin .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 6318\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 12\u2642 , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 5468\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 17\u2642 , rmnh , zmuc , zmhb , dei , zsm .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide gaedike 5474 , rmnh ; paratypes 58\u2642 , rmnh , zmuc , dei , zmhb .\nholotype \u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 7\u2640 , rmnh , coll . bippus .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 4503\u2642 , nhmw ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 4500\u2640 , nhmw ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides diakonoff 4504 , 4505 , 4506 , 4507 , 4509 , 4543 , nhmw , rmnh , zsm ( see diakonoff 1963a : 476 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 7316\u2642 , rmnh ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 7317\u2640 , rmnh ; paratypes 26 ( gender not stated ) , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 2213\u2642 , mnhn ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 2214\u2640 , mnhn ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , mnhn , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10315\u2642 , lnk ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10316\u2640 , lnk ; paratypes 26\u2642 , 14\u2640 , lnk , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10498\u2642 , lnk ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10507\u2640 , lnk ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 2\u2640 , lnk , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10640\u2642 , rmnh ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10641\u2640 , rmnh ; paratypes 14\u2642 , 6\u2640 , genitalia slides diakonoff 4584 , 4677 , 10716 , pzdw , rmnh , tmsa .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10475\u2640 , mnhn ; paratypes 9\u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10476\u2640 , mnhn , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10504\u2642 , lnk ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10518\u2640 , lnk ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10522\u2640 , lnk , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10509\u2642 , nhmb ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10510\u2640 , nhmb ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 10503 , nhmb , lnk , rmnh ."]}
{"id": 1617, "summary": [{"text": "synodontis clarias , known as the red tailed synodontis , or the mandi , is a species of upside-down catfish that that occurs widely in the waters of northern africa .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was first described by swedish zoologist carl linnaeus in 1758 as silurus clarias .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the original specimens were obtained in egypt , near cairo .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the meaning of the species name clarias is not certain , but may possibly have been used to mean \" bright \" or \" clear \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "synodontis clarias", "paragraphs": ["key words : synodontis clarias , helminth , parasites , proteocephalus , laguna lekki , lagos , nigeria .\nkey words : synodontis clarias , helmintos , par\u00e1sitos , proteocephalus , laguna lekki , lagos , nigeria .\nsynodontis annectens boulenger 1911 linking or joining , believed to be intermediate in form between s . sorex and s . clarias\nspecies of the genera proteocephalus have also been documented in some synodontis species , for instance proteocephalus beauchampi occurred in synodontis schall , and proteocephalus synodontis in synodontis batensoda and in s . schall .\nlateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . \u00a9\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . clarias means lively .\nthe rich fish fauna of the lagoon includes heterotis niloticus , gymnarchus niloticus , clarias gariepinus , malapierurus electricus , synodontis clarias , chysichthys nigrodigitatus , parachanna obscura ; mormyrus rume , calabaricus calamoichthys , tilapia zilli , tilapia galilae , hemichromis fasciatus and sarotherodon melanotheron ( kusemiju 1981 ) .\naccording to the host - parasite checklist of khalil and polling ( 1997 ) none of the collected parasites described above have been recorded for s . clarias . therefore , this study is the first scientific record of these helminth parasites in synodontis clarias . the parasite w . acuminata has only been documented to infect s . membranaceus in sudan .\nakinsanya and otubanjo ( 2006 ) also found w . acuminata from clarias gariepinus collected from lekki lagoon . the prevalence of w . acuminata in different fish species could be an indication that there is no strict host specificity by this parasite . other species of wenyonia however have been found in some synodontis species : w . longicauda ( woodland , 1937 ) occurred in synodontis gambiensis , wenyonia minuta ( woodland , 1923 ) in chrysichthys auratus , and wenyonia virilis ( woodland , 1923 ) in svnodontis batensoda , synodontis schall and synodontis clarias ( khalil and polling , 1997 ) . wenyonia species has therefore been known to infect members of the family mochokidae .\nsynodontis : ancient name for an undetermined fish from the nile ( cuvier 1816 ) .\nmonitor - synodontis are food hogs and slow eaters may not get enough to eat .\nsynodontis clarias is easily recognised by its distinct colour pattern and long dorsal fin spine . i would suggest that you would expect to pay around \u00a325 - \u00a350 . 00 per fish ( 2008 u . k . prices ) depending upon size .\nsynodontis membranaceus ( geoffroy st . hilaire 1809 ) referring to membranes on maxillary and mandibular barbels\ns . but once the featherfin synodontis grows well past four inches their identity becomes clear .\nthere are no documented reports of aquarium spawnings of synodontis clarias as far as i am aware , most likely due to the fact that this catfish is not commonly imported . they are documented as forming distinct pairs during spawning scattering their eggs over the substrate .\nbaron , v . d . , orlov , a . a . , and golubtsov , a . s . , african clarias catfish elicits long lasting weak electric pulses ,\nyes - they can be kept with other synodontis if the tank is large with many hiding places .\nas a catfish in the wild , it would have spent its days at the bottom of the rivers and lakes prowling for food with its three pairs of barbells ( another characteristic feature of this catfish , since only three other synodontis sport three pairs of barbells - synodontis decorus , synodontis clarias and synodontis flaevitaeniatus ) . being opportunistic and not such a finicky eater , it would have eaten whatever fits in its mouth . in the aquarium it will eat flakes , shrimp pellets and whatever falls at the bottom , but the diet should be enriched with frozen bloodworms and shrimp to keep its diet in a healthy balance .\nthe behaviour of the featherfin is peaceful , even with the other synodontis , and he is a marvel to watch .\nthe prevalence of the nematode species of the genera raphidascaroides is the first scientific reports in synodontis clarias of lekki lagoon . rajyalakshmi ( 1995 ) also collected a new species of this nematode genera from the intestine of hammer - headed shark , sphyrna zygaena ( linnaeus ) in sisakhapatnam , and this new species did not coincide with the description of already known species .\nsynodontis bastiani daget 1948 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) bastian ( no other information available ) , who collected type\nsynodontis dekimpei paugy 1987 in honor of p . de kimpe , mus\u00e9e royal de l\u2019afrique centrale ( tervuren ) , who collected type\nsynodontis macrops greenwood 1963 macro - , large ; ops , eye , referring to larger eye compared to the similar s . schall\nakinsanya , b . & o . a . otubanjo . 2006 . helminth parasites of clarias gariepinus ( clariidae ) in lekki lagoon , lagos , nigeria . rev . biol . trop . 54 : 93 - 99 . [ links ]\nthree hundred and sixty two specimens of s . clarias were examined for parasitic helminth fauna . all helminthic infections observed and recorded were restricted to the intestine . one hundred and forty specimens were found to be infected ( 38 . 2 % ) .\nsynodontis : ancient name for an undetermined fish from the nile ( cuvier 1816 ) acanthomias : very spiny . pertaining to the humeral process .\nfeatherfin synodontis have not been successfully bred in home aquariums , though they have been bred in fish farms with the help of added hormones .\nmusschoot , t . , and p . lal\u00e8y\u00e8 . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1303\u00961331 .\ntable 2 shows intestinal helminth infections in relation to size of s . clarias . the group with a length between 10 - 15 cm showed 42 . 1 % of infection , the group with a length between 16 - 20 cm showed 36 . 6 % of infection , the group with a length between 21 - 25 cm showed 48 . 1 % of infection , and the group with a length between 26 - 30 cm showed 50 % of infection . the weight of the specimens examined ranged between 29 . 0 and 174 . 10 g . there was no relationship between sex and size in relation to gastrointestinal helminth infections in s . clarias . see the scatter diagram of male , female and combined sexes of s . clarias ( figs 1 - 3 ) .\nwriting for us this month ( august 2009 ) is regular contributor chris ralph . he is having a look at a member of the mochokidae family and one of the more impressive looking syno ' s , synodontis clarias . i now hand you over to chris for his in depth look at this african catfish . ynodontis clarias belongs to the family mochokidae from africa ; namely cameroon , chad , egypt , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , nile , senegal and sudan and is documented as being found in lakes and rivers . this catfish is also documented as being found in the gambia and volta basins ; niger including the b\u00e9nou\u00e9 river .\nsynodontis longispinis pellegrin 1930 longus , long ; spinis , spine , described as a variety of s . batesii with a longer dorsal - fin spine\nfossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\nsynodontis gobroni daget 1954 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) gobron , a volunteer at laboratoire de diafarab\u00e9 ( mail ) , who collected type\nsynodontis irsacae matthes 1959 of i . r . s . a . c . ( institut pour la recherche scientifique en afrique centrale ) , matthes\u2019 employer\nsynodontis thysi poll 1971 in honor of poll\u2019s mus\u00e9e de l\u2019afrique centrale colleague , dirk thys van den audenaerde ( b . 1934 ) , who collected type\ndescription : s . clarias has maxillary barbels branched , 5 - 9 mandibular teeth only . the color of the adult is gray with a white belly and tail red . the dorsal soft rays extended its by black filaments . lt : 31cm , d : 1 . 11 kg .\ncollection and examination of specimens for parasites : from march 2003 to april 2004 , a total of 362 randomly selected fresh specimens of s . clarias obtained from lekki lagoon were purchased at oluwo market , epe , lagos , nigeria . the fresh specimens were immediately examined for gastrointestinal helminth parasites .\nsynodontis obesus boulenger 1898 fat , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to less - elongate body shape compared to s . serratus , with which it had been misidentified\nsynodontis soloni boulenger 1899 in memory of alexandre solon , a young traveler who died in congo after helping capt . capra ( no other information available ) collect fish\nthe featherfin synodontis is considered to be one of the ' upside - down ' catfish species . like their well - known relatives , the upside - down catfish\nthe featherfin can swim upside down at will . they are called squeakers because they produce a squeaking sound as a warning to both predators and competitors during spawning time . the squeaking is accomplished by rubbing the spines of its pectoral fins into grooves on its shoulders . other common names they are known by include featherfin catfish and featherfin synodontis . they are also referred to as the lace cat or synodontis lace catfish , though this name is more often applied to its very similar cousin the lace synodontis\n6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a\u2013b ) \u2026 synodontis\nsynodontis haugi pellegrin 1906 in honor of protestant missionary ernest haug ( d . 1915 ) , a correspondent of m\u00faseum national d\u2019histoire naturelle ( paris ) , who collected type\nsynodontis polyodon vaillant 1895 poly , many ; odon , tooth , referring to greater number of mandibular teeth ( ~ 75 ) compared to s . schall ( ~ 25 )\nday , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548\u0096552 .\nsynodontis robbianus smith 1875 \u2013 anus , belonging to : rev . alexander robb , who provided specimens from the \u201cold calavar district of tropical africa , \u201d including type of this one\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193\u0096202 .\nsanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 89\u009699 .\nsynodontis nummifer boulenger 1899 nummus , coin ; fero , to bear , referring to 1 - 2 rounded ( i . e . , coin - like ) black spots on the sides\nin nigeria the demand for fish exceeds supply and the proportion of animal protein in the diet is generally low . parasitic diseases of fish seem to be one of the major problems confronting fish culturists . the squeaker or upside - down catfish synodontis clarias ( linnaeus , 1758 ) is a benthopelagic , potamodromous fresh water fish that inhabits water with a ph range of 6 . 5 - 9 . 5 ( reids 2004 ) . the fish has been reported to present dioecism with external fertilization ( breeder and rosen 1966 ) .\nalthough it will grow to around the 12\u00bc\nmark ( 30 . 5cm ) in the aquarium it is reported to grow to twice this size in its natural habitat . the genus synodontis sports three pairs of barbels 1pair : maxillary , 1 pair : outer mandibular and one pair of inner mandibular barbels that are branched ( filaments ) . there are only three species that have filaments on their maxillary barbels as well as the mandibular , and they are , s . clarias , s . decorus and s . flavitaeniatiatus .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 85\u009697 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98\u0096113 .\nfeatherfin synodontis ( eupterus ) is a relatively peaceful community fish , that cohabitates in my 90g tank with 5 bumblebee gobies , one gold nugget pleco , one zebra . . . ( more ) alexander\nfeatherfin synodontis ( eupterus ) is a relatively peaceful community fish , that cohabitates in my 90g tank with 5 bumblebee gobies , one gold nugget pleco , one zebra pleco and one gold line pleco .\nsynodontis courteti pellegrin 1906 in honor of m . ( probably monsieur ) courtet , member of french 1902 - 1903 mission to study the region between ubangi river and lake chad , during which type was collected\nmicrosynodontis boulenger 1903 micro - , small , referring to small size of m . batesii ( 10 cm tl ) , i . e . , a small synodontis ( all other species are small , too )\nsynodontis robertsi poll 1974 in honor of ichthyologist tyson r . roberts ( b . 1940 ) , who helped collect type during a national geographic society expedition to zaire ( now democratic republic of the congo ) in 1973\nsynodontis serpentis whitehead 1962 snake , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to marbled pattern on caudal peduncle of juveniles ( e . schraml , pers . comm . ) , which resembles the marbled pattern seen on many constrictors\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99\u0096154 .\nsynodontis polli gosse 1982 in honor of belgian ichthyologist max poll ( 1908 - 1991 ) , for his revision of the genus [ replacement name for s . eurystomus matthes 1959 , preoccupied by s . eurystomus pfeffer 1889 ]\narticle supplied by alex gourgiotopoulos of kingston , ontario - the featherfin synodontis originates from the rivers of the white nile in africa . it is also know as the squeaker synodontis or the featherfin squeaker . the featherfin is a catfish whose name originates from the greek words \u201csyno\u201d meaning \u201cclose\u201d and \u201codontis\u201d meaning \u201ctooth\u201d , which refers to the teeth of the lower jaw of the fish that are spaced close together . the second attribute of its name , \u201ceupterus\u201d , refers also to the greek word \u201cbeautiful wings\u201d , which refers to its dorsal fin . the featherfin belongs to the family of mochokidae and shares its place among approximately 170 species , 50 of which belong to the same group of synodontis .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294\u0096300 .\nthe high worm burden in the intestine of the fish may be due to its omnivore nature . khalil ( 1971 ) , van as and basson ( 1984 ) , reported that a variety of adult stage tapeworms occur in native african fish especially the caryophyllaeidae as well as one amphilinid representative , the segmented pseudophyllideans , and proteocephalidae . these findings coincide with the present study which also isolated caryophyllaeid and proteocephalid cestodes from s . clarias .\nwilloughby , n . g . 1974 . the ecology of the genus synodontis ( pisces : siluriodei ) in lake kainji , nigeria . ph . d . thesis , university of southampton , u . k . 288 p . [ links ]\nkoblm\u00fcller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .\nsynodontis acanthomias boulenger 1899 acanthus , thorn ; omias , perhaps from the greek omos , shoulder or humerus , referring to humeral process armed with spines ( name may also refer to s . omias , to which this species had incorrectly been identified )\nwas described by boulenger in 1901 . they inhabit much of central africa , including nigeria , chad , sudan , ghana , mali , niger , and cameroon . they are found in the famous white nile river system as well . other common names they are known by include featherfin catfish , featherfin synodontis , synodontis lace catfish , and lace cat . due to their wide distribution they are not considered threatened and are listed as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list of endangered species .\ntable 1 shows the presence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in relation to sex of s . clarias in lekki lagoon , lagos , nigeria . a total of 196 male specimens were examined and 97 were infected with helminth parasites , which shows an infection of 37 . 8 % of the total sample . a total of 166 female specimens were examined and 43 were infected with helminth parasites , which shows an infection of 23 . 5 % of the total sample .\nse muestrearon aleatoriamente un total de 362 espec\u00edmenes de synodontis clarias , los cuales fueron sometidos a an\u00e1lisis parasitol\u00f3gicos . los especimenes fueron recolectados durante un per\u00edodo de un a\u00f1o del lago lekki , nigeria . la existencia de infecciones gastrointestinales fue de un 38 . 7 % del total de espec\u00edmenes examinados , lo cual represent\u00f3 114 espec\u00edmenes infectados con par\u00e1sitos helmintos . los gusanos helmintos encontrados incluyen dos c\u00e9stodos , especies de proteocephalus , wenyonia acuminata , y una especie de nem\u00e1todo , raphidascaroides sp . los espec\u00edmenes machos ( 196 ) presentaron una tasa de infecci\u00f3n mayor ( 37 . 8 % ) que la presentada por hembras ( 23 . 5 % ) . la cantidad total de gusanos par\u00e1sitos fue alta ( 678 ) y fue independiente del sexo y la talla del pez .\nfriel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 3\u009612 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 45\u009656 .\nsynodontis ornatissimus gosse 1982 very ornate or decorated , referring to its \u201cstriking\u201d coloration ( translation ) , with many black spots on body and dorsal fin and black bands on tail [ replacement name for s . ornatus boulenger 1920 , preoccupied by s . ornatus pappenheim 1914 ]\nde weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngouni\u00e9 and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121\u0096128 .\nsynodontis vanderwaali skelton & white 1990 in honor of zoologist ben van der waal , university of venda ( south africa ) , who collected type , for his donations of fishes from northern namibian rivers to the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology and the albany museum\nnine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .\ncomments by lemulepr : - this fish is very beautiful . but as most big mouth fish , they will eat whatever fits inside it . thats why most people recommend to not mix small tetras with cichlids . the thing with the neons is that they are small , not so fast , and during the night they tend to\nsleep\nin the bottom . synodontis are kind of nocturnal , so probably they found a snack there . guppies appear bigger because their tails and tend to stay on the top , where is safer in this case ( this is only my opinion ) . synodontis require a 50 gallon tank , as they can grow big . if you want to keep the synodontis , think about adding bigger tank mates . can be other cichilds or bigger tetras , like the congo , emperor , buenos aires , black skirts , etc . rainbows are medium size and fast moving . keep an eye on the guppies , but there is always something about the guppies that help them survive with weird tanks mates , with bigger tanks , better fish behavoir ( my opinion ) . hth pd : synodontis like hidding , so provide a\ncave\n. be careful with its spikes , as they can harm you when they protude through the fish net .\neven more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water\u2019s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .\nsynodontis ricardoae seegers 1996 in honor of cicely kate ricardo ( later ricardo - bertram , 1912 - 1999 ) , who , together with ms . r . j . owen , collected in the lake rukwa drainage ( where this species occurs ) and co - authored several important papers on the fishes of east and central africa\nrecently , i added one synodontis angelicus after changes in the tank , that made it more structurally complex ( meaning adding more hiding spaces in the form of rocks and caves , but also mopani wood - specially treated , so it doesnt give the water a tea colour , but it maintains its nutritional characteristics . - )\ns . clarias is also a non - guarding , substratum and open water egg scatterer , oviparous , and distinct pairing during breeding ( breeder and rosen 1966 ) . this fish species has been reported to occur in different ecosystems such as benue river , ( paugy and roberts 1992 ) , in the zoogeographic realm of ethiopia ( gosse 1986 ) , in kainji lake ( willoughby 1974 ) , in lake chad ( gosse 1986 ) , in niger , ( paugy et al . 1994 ) , and in the nile river , senegal and volta ( gosse 1986 ) . the genus synodontis belongs to the family mochokidae and is the most common for commercial purposes ( reed et al . 19 67 ) . twenty - one species of this genus have been reported in nigerian inland waters and most of these have also been found within the sudanean and guinean zones ( mcconnell 1965 , reed et al . 1967 ) .\nnematode species of the genera raphidascaroides have not been documented to infect any species of synodontis . akinsanya et al . ( 2007 ) , in a comparative study of the parasitic helminth fauna of two fish species , collected species of the nematode genus raphidascaroides from the stomach of gymnarchus niloticus collected from lekki lagoon , lagos , nigeria .\nbanhawy , m . a . , m . fa . saoud , i . m . anwar & m . k . el - naffar . 1975 . the histopathological effects of tine parasitic tapeworm wenyonia virilis on the ileum and liver of the silurid fish synodontis schall . ann . zool . 11 : 83 - 101 . [ links ]\nthese synodontis are not picky about their aquarium conditions . little maintenance has to be done to keep them in good condition . regular siphoning of the gravel is recommended to remove waste and keep the tank in a clean state . the recommended water change is 10 - 15 % every other week to keep up with the bio - load . .\nbeyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .\nall in all not a beginners fish , not in the sense of managing to keep them , but of their aggressive behavior towards other inhabitants in the community tank . best left to catfish enthusiasts who know the nature of this animal and can spot problems and are on hand to remedy them , such as moving from the tank any fish that is getting bullied . i am not being pessimistic here as i think that the genus synodontis is a fascinating group of fish and my tanks have always housed one or two as their interaction in the tank when feeding or just going about their business is worth it alone in keeping them . the side map shows where the first discovery of synodontis acanthomias was made by boulenger in 1899 .\nfeatherfin catfish prefer living near muddy or rocky bottoms of rivers in their natural habitat , preying upon insect larvae and even eating algae . they prefer moderately fast flowing rivers . like most catfish , they are primarily scavengers and will eat most available items that are edible . featherfin synodontis enjoy each other\u2019s company in the wild and often live in small , fluctuating groups .\nwould it be ok to keep a featherfin squeaker in a 55 gallon tall tank with 1 yoyo loach ( i lost the rest to skinny disease ) , 1 banjo catfish , 3 johanni cichlids , 1 synodontis nigritis , and 1 upside down cat . could i get a featherfin squeaker , and two peacock eels as well ? ? ? thanks ! - ? ? ?\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . \u00a9\nlittle is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .\nthe featherfin squeaker enjoys the company of its own genus , but like the majority of synodontis they have an intricate hierarchy system , mainly based on size . the most dominant featherfin will get the best hiding place . the ' species internal ' bullying is rarely life threatening but can cause substantial stress which may lead to illness . watch for any individual fish getting bullied too much . featherfins are often an excellent addition in african cichlid tanks .\nsynodontis are known as squeaker catfish because they produce a squeaking sound by rubbing the spines of the pectoral fins into grooves on the shoulders . they use this sound as a warning to both predators and competitors during spawning time . like their relatives the upside - down catfish , they can also swim upside down at will . for idedntification , their distinctive characteristics are the long , flowing fins , delicately spotted body , and their eventual adult size .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as \u2018squeakers\u2019 and \u2018upside - down catfishes . \u2019 these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\nhow to cite this article : midhat a . el - kasheif , mohammad m . n . authman and seham a . ibrahim , 2012 . environmental studies on synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) ( pisces : siluriformes : mochokidae ) in the river nile at gizza sector , egypt : biological aspects and population dynamics . journal of fisheries and aquatic science , 7 : 104 - 133 . doi : 10 . 3923 / jfas . 2012 . 104 . 133 url : urltoken\nfeatherfin catfish have a flattened underside and triangular flanks leading up to their sharp , spined dorsal fin that develops lacy extensions on the adults . the barbels are quite pronounced and very flexible allowing them to seek food and warn other competitors off with a \u2018tickle\u2019 . these catfish are often spotted or patterned with varying degrees of browns and sometimes grays . called featherfin synodontis , they are particularly noted for their huge , feathery fins . because featherfins can range greatly in color , they can easily be confused with similar\nfreshwater fishes are important and valued resources for food , sport and ornament ( authman et al . , 2009 ) . catfishes of the genus synodontis , belonging to the family mochokidae , support the commercial fisheries in egypt ( mekkawy and hassan , 2011 ) . so , the present investigation into the biology of s . schall was meant to shed more light into the dynamics of its populations , in the river nile at gizza , for understanding their role in biodiversity , as well as their fishery development in egypt .\nthe featherfin is quite hardy and can be forgiving and accommodating to a variety of water conditions and tankmates ( since it has the protection of his spiked fin ) , making it an ideal beginner ' s fish . it is relatively peaceful in temperament , and despite its omnivorous nature , hardly ever bothers other bottom dwellers even if they are very small in size , but can be picky with its tankmates , harassing the unlucky one that it dislikes . synodontis eupterus is also quite moody in attitude , therefore it should have caves to dwell in and feel at ease . they usually like a piece of bogwood or a raised area at the bottom of the tank , preferably to overview the tank from a pot of clay and to patrol to show who is the boss . it is not advised to put more than one of its species in a tank , since it can be very territorial with its own and it is a loner . nevertheless , other species of synodontis can be added , but keep in mind the prospect of aggressive behaviour toward some synos and also some plecos .\nbuenos aires tetra , danios , dwarf gourami , emperor tetra , flame tetra , harlequin rasbora , head and tail light tetra , kuhli loach , mollies , platy , red eye tetra , rosy barb , sailfin molly , serpae tetra , silver dollar , silver hatchetfish , silver tip tetra african and south american cichlids , provided they are not small . caution should be used in combining with other synodontis and plecos , as the featherfin can sometimes be aggressive toward these . there are sad stories out there about the plight of neon tetras with the featherfin .\nsynodontis acanthomias is found in the rivers of the congo basin of africa in the country of zaire which is now renamed the democratic republic of the congo . it was first discovered by boulenger in 1899 in boma , leopoldville , just south of the capital kinshasa on the congo river near the confluence with the south atlantic ocean in the aforementioned country . the holotype resides in the natural history museum , london . as mentioned previously this is quite an aggressive syno and can grow quite large . its certainly not in the same league as s . schall but never the less still a bit of a ' grump ' when housed especially with its own kind .\nfeatherfin synodontis are omnivores that feed on insect larvae , algae , and any other foods source they can scavenge in the wild . in the aquarium they are not hard to feed at all . they are enthusiastic eaters will consume nearly any food they can locate with a rambunctious attitude . even though they prefer to be under cover during day time , the tantalizing smell of food in the water will often bring them out of their domain for a good feasting time . meaty foods , vegetable tablets , and anything in between will be appreciated by these hardy eaters . brine shrimp and blood worms ( either live or frozen ) , or even small earthworms are an excellent once a week snack .\nwe studied the effects of illumination and alarm pheromone on emition of specialized electric discharges in the broadhead catfish clarias macrocephalus ( clariidae , siluriformes ) during aggressive - defensive interactions . the discharges were recorded with a special hardware in two adult fish of a similar size placed into an aquarium , during a period of 24 h , under alternating 30 - min - long light ( 700 lx ) and dark periods . the electrical activity of the broadhead catfish was found to be higher in the dark than under the light ; by the end of the trial , the frequency of electrical discharges gradually decreased . the overall number of discharges recorded in different pairs of the fish was significantly different , which is evidence of individual variability in the electrical activity . changes in the illumination regime in many cases increased the emition of electrical discharges , which could be a result of a stress - response . however , the stimulation of the fish by alarm pheromone ( extract of the skin , 0 . 5 g / l ) caused no pronounced changes in the electrical activity . it is supposed that aggressive motivation caused in the broadhead catfish by the presence of another individual of the same species dominated over the defensive response initiated by the alarm pheromone and , thus , dominated in the development of the electrical response .\na minimum 50 gallon aquarium is recommended for a full sized featherfin squeaker . this synodontis catfish enjoys a tank with lots of hiding places , particularly driftwood . they have fun chasing each other around all the tunnels and holes , while feeling secure under the driftwood . once they find their favorite spot , they will stay there much of their lives unless the tank is revamped or a competitor out competes them for the space . porous rocks , such as the tufa used for african cichlid tanks , are also welcomed by these catfish . substrate should be sand or some type of smooth gravel to reduce the chance of barbel damage . plants also provide cover , but they must be tough and resilient since these catfish often shove\u0080\u0099 away anything in their path .\nthe river nile is considered one of the most important fishery resources in egypt ( authman et al . , 2009 ) . it contributes about 7 . 99 % ( 87335 tons ) of the annual total egyptian fish production ( gafrd , 2009 ) . according to bishai and khalil ( 1997 ) survey , 71 fish species have been recorded in the nile system from egypt , 22 species are common in the commercial catch while 49 are rare ( el - kasheif et al . , 2007 ) . among the nile fishes , fishes of family mochokidae ( squeakers and upside - down catfishes ) ( nelson , 2006 ) are one of the most common groups and includes 4 genera and 7 species in egypt ( bishai and khalil , 1997 ) one of these species is synodontis schall .\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a \u2018stick\u2019 by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . a species made distinctive by its red tail . both sexes have this although it is not clear if it is present in young fish .\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncatalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . \u00a9\nvigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .\n1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2\n1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5\n2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e\u2013f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) \u2026 chiloglanis\n2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3\n3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) \u2026 atopodontus\n3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4\n4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae \u2026 atopochilus\n4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 euchilichthys\n5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c\u2013f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6\n5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7\n6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) \u2026 microsynodontis\n7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 acanthocliethron\n7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8\nchapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130\u0096135 .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1\u0096628 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 13\u009623 .\njubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .\nng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 1\u009613 .\notero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141\u0096169 .\nroberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151\u0096178 .\nsato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 58\u009659 .\nseegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . mus\u00e9e royal de l\u0092afrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1\u0096407 .\nseegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .\nstewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177\u0096230\nvigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73\u0096136 .\nwinemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 1043\u00961061 ."]}
{"id": 1618, "summary": [{"text": "the boodie ( bettongia lesueur ) , also known as the burrowing bettong , is a small marsupial .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "its population is an example of the effects of introduced animals on australian fauna and ecosystems .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "once the most common macropodiform mammal on the whole continent , the boodie now only lives on off-lying islands and in a newly introduced population on the mainland at shark bay .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this animal , first collected during an 1817 french expedition of the west coast , was named after charles lesueur , an artist and naturalist who accompanied a previous french expedition .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "b. lesueur is known by many common names , including the tungoo , lesueur \u2019s rat-kangaroo , and the short-nosed rat-kangaroo . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "boodie", "paragraphs": ["everybody by this time is looking at the boodie , and the boodie is steadfastly regarding stephen gower .\nboodie cave is located on the second bluff in the centre of the photograph .\n\u201c boodie \u201d in oxford dictionaries , oxford university press , accessed 2012 september 12 .\nsurveys of the barrow and boodie islands subspecies have been opportunistic ( richards 2007 ) .\nafraid they ' ll try to take the boodie away from him , i guess .\ncontrol / management of weeds on bernier , dorre , boodie , barrow and faure islands .\nthere are an estimated 3400 individuals on barrow island and 200 on boodie island ( richards 2007 ) .\njessie\u2019s research examines the translocation success of the nationally vulnerable burrowing bettong ( bettongia lesueur ) or \u2018boodie\u2019 .\npeter veth ( left ) with thalanyi elders anne hayes , roslyn davison and jane hyland at boodie cave .\nlead archaeologist peter veth excavating a rich layer of dietary remains and artefacts below the surface of boodie cave .\nto see ' m s ' ill shaken up an ' duddy , he looks just like a tattie boodie .\nthe boodie ( or burrowing bettong ) was once widespread across the rangelands to nsw and queensland . ( image :\nthe total extent of occurrence of the barrow and boodie island subspecies of the burrowing bettong is approximately 233 km\u00b2 ( short & turner 1991 ) . the total area of barrow and boodie islands combined is 23 503 hectares ( ecosure 2009 ) .\nthe barrow and boodie islands subspecies of the burrowing bettong occur on the aforementioned islands off western australia . the small population on boodie island was reintroduced from nearby barrow island in the 1990s after the death of the last individuals on boodie island in 1985 during a poisoning campaign targeting the black rat ( rattus rattus ) ( burbidge 1999 ; short & turner 1993 ) .\ncomb . : boodie - bo , \u201ca bug - bear , an object of terror\u201d ( abd . 1825 jam . 2 ) .\nthe western australian department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) manages boodie and barrow islands as nature reserves ( richards 2007 ) .\nthese dates make boodie cave one of the earliest known locations in the settlement of australia and the earliest site anywhere near the coast .\nboodie cfs \u00e9 a cadeirinha de bicicleta que permite transportar crian\u00e7as at\u00e9 22kg e aplica em bicicletas com bagageiras . a cadeirinha boodie apresenta um design cl\u00e1ssico e \u00e9 compat\u00edvel com a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de capacete . com apoios de p\u00e9s ajust\u00e1veis em 4 posi\u00e7\u00f5es , reten\u00e7\u00e3o de p\u00e9s e cinto de seguran\u00e7a com 3 pontos de ajuste , boodie \u00e9 o modelo cl\u00e1ssico da marca e n\u00e3o necessita de qualquer ferramenta adicional para ser instalado ou removido .\nthe barrow and boodie island subspecies is the smallest of three subspecies : the mainland subspecies , now extinct ; the shark bay subspecies ; and the barrow and boodie islands subspecies . mainland individuals were the largest ( short & turner 1999 cited in richards 2007 ; strahan 1998 ) .\nwhen boodie cave was first occupied , barrow island was part of the mainland , with the shoreline between 10 and 20 kilometres further west .\nthe work on boodie island was the first attempt in australia to eradicate black rats in the presence of a threatened , non - target mammal .\nboodie n . 1\n. dictionary of the scots language . 2004 . scottish language dictionaries ltd . accessed 9 jul 2018 < urltoken >\nboodie cave provides the earliest evidence for coastal living in australia and gives us an indication that coastal resources have been important to people since initial colonisation .\nthe earliest dates for occupation of boodie cave , based on results from four international dating laboratories , are between 51 , 100 and 46 , 200 years ago .\nmarine shells dating up to 40 , 000 years ago were excavated from boodie cave , including this baler shell artefact dating to around 6 , 800 years ago .\nboodie ff \u00e9 a cadeirinha de bicicleta que permite transportar crian\u00e7as at\u00e9 22kg e aplica no quadro da bicicleta . compat\u00edvel com tubos redondos e ovais \u00e9 ideal para crian\u00e7as at\u00e9 aos 22 kg . a cadeirinha boodie apresenta um design cl\u00e1ssico e \u00e9 compat\u00edvel com a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de capacete . com apoios de p\u00e9s ajust\u00e1veis em 4 posi\u00e7\u00f5es , reten\u00e7\u00e3o de p\u00e9s e cinto de seguran\u00e7a com 3 pontos de ajuste , boodie \u00e9 o modelo cl\u00e1ssico da marca e pode ser instalado em bicicletas com e sem bagageiras .\ndr jeff short holding young boodie . jeff has played a primary role in the scientific effort which has brought boodies back to mainland australia . ( image : csiro )\ndietary remains in addition to shell artefacts , incised shells , shell beads and thousands of stone artefacts show that boodie cave was a frequently visited location on the landscape .\nthreatened species of the northern territory - burrowing bettong ( inland subspecies ) , boodie bettongia lesueur graii ( pavey , c . , 2006d ) [ information sheet ] .\nold boodie warrens are still readily observed in central australia , particularly in calcareous country where excavated stones and gravels form humps or mounds around the entrance of long abandoned warrens .\nthe introduction of exoctic animals such as the european red fox , feral cats and the european rabbit contributed to the disappearance of the boodie . foxes and cats preyed upon the boodie and rabbits may have also played a part in their decline by competing for food and shelter although there is some evidence they may have co - existed in shared burrows .\nthe results from radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating techniques from four independent dating laboratories show that boodie cave was first occupied between 51 , 100 and 46 , 200 years ago .\ngovernment of western australia , 2006 .\nburrowing bettong ( boodie )\n( on - line ) . department of conservation and land management . accessed november 14 , 2006 at urltoken .\nsome body or boodie , o ' some kin ' or ither , had come roun ' the way , an ' wi ' nae mickle swither , by them frae the shambles the carcase was torn .\nthe boodie belongs to the family potoroidae , which includes the rat - kangaroos , potoroos , and other bettongs . four species make up the genus bettongia . also , three subspecies of bettongia lesueur exist :\nwe argue that boodie cave was used as an inland hunting shelter between about 50 , 000 and 30 , 000 years ago before becoming a residential base for family groups by 8 , 000 years ago .\nfauna species profiles - burrowing bettong ( boodie ) bettongia lesueur ( quoy and gaimard , 1824 ) ( western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) , 2010e ) [ information sheet ] .\n1985 , australia ' s amazing wildlife , page 304 , the bettongs live in moderately dry country and with the exception of the boodie , which digs burrows , all make nests of grass on the ground .\nthe boodie is very vocal and makes a variety of squeals , hisses and grunts and they move in a bipedal fashion , not making use of their tail or fore - limbs for support , except when stationary .\n\u201cboodie cave was used predominately as a hunting shelter between about 50 , 000 and 30 , 000 years ago before becoming a residential base for family groups after 10 , 000 years ago , \u201d prof . veth said .\nastron has been engaged since 2004 to control weeds on boodie island for chevron australia pty ltd . the long term objective is to eradicate buffel grass ( cenchrus ciliaris ) , which once dominated the vegetation on parts of the island .\nit was typical for the boodie to be shot by farmers protecting their crops that were being eaten by the species . in addition , agricultural practices ( such as establishing crops and pastures ) removed much of this species preferred habitat .\nlocated on the northwestern coast of barrow island , boodie cave is optimally positioned near the edge of the australian continental shelf . for most periods of lower sea level this cave would have been within the foraging range of the pleistocene coastline .\nhowever , the boodie , once common over much of southern australia , is now only found in numbers on offshore islands on the mid - west coast . boodies are sociable animals and since they dig burrows , considerable warrens can be formed .\nthe decline of the boodie on the mainland commenced in the nineteeth century and had disappeared from victoria and nsw by the 1860s and from south - western australia by the 1930s . however , it persisted until approximately the 1940s in some central desert areas .\nfor the past five years an international team of 30 scientists has been working in collaboration with the buurabalayji thalanyji aboriginal corporation and kuruma marthudunera aboriginal corporation on boodie cave , a deep limestone cave on the remote barrow island , off the western australia coast .\nother marsupial forms are more unique in their adaptations for example the boodie ( bettongia lesueur ) a shy , strictly nocturnal rat kangaroo , possessing small pointed canine teeth to help fed on other small animals . it makes its nest in a burrow , industriously collecting material for it in a most ingenious way . it picks up a few straws in its mouth , stacks them in a bundle on the ground and then pushes them back over its long tail with its hind legs . the tail then curls up tightly so that the straw is effectively baled and the boodie move away by hopping . boodies locomote using only their back legs which have very long feet . an animal like the boodie may have been the ancestor to the spectacular radiation of bipedalism that resulted in the kangaroos and wallabies\nsince the initial early dates for boodie cave were reported in 2015 , our team has been forensically analysing the archaeological and palaeoenvironmental remains , as well as re - dating the site to build up a robust picture of the lives of the people who lived here .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . bettongia lesueur barrow and boodie islands subspecies in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 58 : 19 + 1000 .\nthe boodie was once the most widespread of all the potoroids . its range extended right across western australia and the northern territory , through south australia into western new south wales , south - western queensland and north - western victoria . except for reintroductions , it is extinct on mainland australia and occurs naturally only on bernier , dorre , barrow and boodie islands off the west australian coast . black rats caused its extinction on boodie island but a successful eradication of the rat has enabled the boodie to be re - introduced to the island bearing one of its common names . the boodie has been successfully reintroduced into mainland west australia in the francois peron national park . it is also being reintroduced into fenced fauna reserves in south australia and new south wales . given that the species was once widespread across the rangelands of australia , it occupied a range of open habitat types . its current habitat on the islands off the coast of western australia is low heath , scrub and hummock ( spinifex ) grassland . however , introduction show is that it can live in spinifex grasslands , chenopod shrublands and mallee . the species need to burrow and so a rocky substrate obviously precludes its occupation of some areas . the burrows , however , have persisted in some parts of the rangelands and certainly can be found in new south wales rangelands in national parks such as kinchega national park .\nthreats to the habitat of the barrow and boodie islands subspecies include : disturbance by oilfield activities , especially gravel extraction and road construction ; fire ; and exotic invasive species ( butler 1987 ) . disease and climate change are also identified as potential threats ( richards 2007 ) .\nbefore its extinction on the mainland , the boodie served a very important function in the australian grassland ecosystem . as it foraged , it mixed organic matter into the soil , spreading fungi and seeds . this mixing also increased water absorption into the soil and reduced the combustible material under trees , decreasing the likelihood of fire . these actions helped maintain the balance of trees , shrubs , and grasses . the loss of small , ground foraging animals after european settlement contributed to widespread soil deterioration . also , the boodie may have helped to thin woody weeds on rangeland by grazing shrubs regenerating after fires .\nthe boodie once lived in a range of dry subtropical and tropical habitats , from open eucalyptus and acacia woodlands to arid spinifex grasslands . in its current range on the islands , it seems to prefer open triodia ( spinifex ) and dune habitats , but will burrow anywhere except places with rocky substrate .\ncurrent taxonomic research based on mitochondrial dna and morphological data indicates that two separate species might be contained within bettongia lesueur ( richards 2005 ) . fossil and subfossil remains also point to the presence of two sympatric taxa similar to the two extant populations on barrow and boodie and the ones on bernier and dorre .\nlongevity for the barrow and boodie island subspecies is not recorded . however , the bernier and dorre islands subspecies ( shark bay ) have a life span of over three years , and the reintroduced population at heirisson prong ( also shark bay ) contains eleven year old individuals ( richards 2007 ; short & turner 1999 ) .\nthe boodie is nocturnal , sheltering during the day in burrows and foraging widely at night for food . locomotion is mainly with the hind legs . the forelimbs are used for support when the boodie is stationary . this bettong exhibits a slow gait and fast gait . the fast gait ( or bipedal hop ) is characteristic of the macropodiforms and uses only the hind limbs , with the forelimbs held close to the body and tail acting as a counterbalance . the slow gait ( or quadrupedal crawl ) is used during foraging and other unstressed times . nighttime movement is usually fairly limited , averaging less than 200 m . however , researchers have measured this marsupial traveling 2 . 2 km searching for food . one individual tracked on barrow island traveled 5 km . b . lesueur uses scent to locate food , which it digs up with the claws on its strong forelimbs . the boodie will even climb into low shrubs to find food . demonstrating little interspecific interactions , bettongs are apparently undisturbed by run - ins with other non - predators .\nproposed factors leading to its overall decline include the general diversion of environmental resources to humans and introduced species , a reduction in vegetative cover by introduced herbivores and changed fire regimes , predation by introduced foxes , direct killing by people , predation by cats ( particularly on islands ) , competition from rabbits , and competition from black rats on boodie island .\nthe boodie is the exception amongst the rat - kangaroos as it eats few if any fungal fruit - bodies . rather it predominately eats roots and tubers along with some bulbs , leaves and stems of plants , seeds . in the island populations , it may eat some carrion scavenging along the sea shores . on the mainland , fruit such a quandong is eaten along with various native yams .\n[ prob . from gael . bodach ( cf . gael . bodach rocais , a scarecrow ) , influenced by bo , bu , a hobgoblin . bodach is used to designate the ghostly familiar of several highland families \u2014 e . g . the bodach glas or grey spectre of the grants of rothiemurchus . see jam . 1808 s . v . boodie and etym . note to bamullo . ]\nthe diets of boodies and european rabbits have been compared at herrison prong in shark bay ( wa ) . greatest overlap in diets occurred in summer ( 56 % overlap ) when boodies ate seeds , stems and the foliage of shrubs and rabbits ate roots , stems and browse from some shrubs . overlap was less in winter ( 43 % ) when the boodie diet was more typical of the rat - kangaroos with 19 - 23 % hypogeal fungi , along with fruit and forbs . rabbits similarly ate forbs but browsed the foliage and stems of shrubs . there is a widespread belief that rabbits were a significant cause of the mainland extinction of boodies through competition for food and shelter . the herrison prong study has cast doubt on both assertions . boodies better utilised common resources and boodie and rabbit diets diverged . boodies maintained populations when rabbits boomed and then busted as they depleted pasture under unfavourable conditions . boodies typically forage in areas where the canopy cover is above the average for the habitat , and ground cover and height is relatively high . livestock , particularly sheep , remove such cover and so the introduction of pastoralism , not the rabbits , cats and foxes that followed , is the prime cause of boodie extinction .\nresearchers have proposed many possible causes for the boodie ' s decline on mainland australia , which began once australia was colonized . nineteenth - century colonists killed boodies , considering them a destructive garden pest . as ranches spread over the grasslands , livestock grazing reduced vegetation cover , shrinking their habitat . also , introduced species such as foxes , cats , and rabbits took a severe toll on the boodie , especially on islands . rabbits competed with them for food and shelter , and the foxes and cats became their major predators . the theory that rabbits compete with boodies for food has been disputed in a study done in 2002 although further investigation is needed . finally , the indigenous australians maintained certain fire regimes , and when these ceased , the habitat probably changed . by the 1960s , all the boodies on the mainland were extinct .\nthis bettong had one of the most extensive continental ranges of any of the australian marsupials , originally occurring in all mainland states except perhaps queensland over the region from about 14 degrees south in the northwest down to the extremity of the southeast coast ( 37 degrees 50 minutes south ) , and from the west coast almost across to the great dividing range in new south wales . it had disappeared from victoria and new south wales by the 1860 ' s . it remained common in parts of central and southwestern australia until the 1930 ' s . by 1966 it appeared to be virtually extinct over most of its former range , with remnant pockets possibly remaining in northwestern and central australia . it was common on bernier and dorre islands . by 1987 it occurred only on barrow , boodie , dorre and bernier islands off of western australia ; by 1992 had become extinct on boodie island .\nthe barrow and boodie islands subspecies of the burrowing bettong is a compact marsupial with grey fur , and a ventral surface that tends to be lighter . legs , feet and tail are yellowish in colour . it has short , rounded ears , grows to 28 cm in length and has a fat tail which grows to 21 . 5 cm in length . in some animals , the tail has a distinctive white tip ( strahan 1998 ) .\nwas once one of the most widespread mammals inhabiting the australian mainland . it could be found in all suitable habitats throughout mainland australia , yet by the early 1960\u2019s had become extinct on the mainland and could only be found on the australian islands of bernier and dorre in shark bay , and boodie island and barrow island near the pilbara coast . burrowing bettongs used to live on dirk hartog island , but have gone extinct from there as well .\nin late 2004 , calm ( now wa dec ) established a recovery team for marsupials of shark bay to coordinate conservation actions for the subspecies including the barrow and boodie islands subspecies ( richards 2007 ) . through this team , wa dec has prepared the western barred bandicoot perameles bougainville , burrowing bettong bettongia lesueur and banded hare - wallaby lagostrophus fasciatus recovery plan 2007 - 2011 ( richards 2007 ) . recovery objectives that relate to the burrowing bettong include :\nin 1817 the french ship uranie anchored off dirk hartog island in shark bay as part of its exploration of the west coast of australia . its crew collected a specimen of a small kangaroo unknown to science . it was subsequently described and named after charles le sueur , the artist and naturalist on a previous french expedition to the islands in 1802 . it became known as lesueur ' s rat - kangaroo bettongia lesueur . today it is more commonly known as the burrowing bettong or boodie .\nbetween 1988 and 1990 csiro conducted surveys of bernier , dorre , barrow , and boodie islands to establish the size and stability of populations of endangered mammals . surveys in 1988 and 1989 revealed a population of some 5 , 000 bettongs distributed between three islands . barrow island ( 240 square kilometres ) contained the greatest number with some 3 , 500 animals . subsequent surveys have revealed that these populations fluctuate strongly in size , building up steadily over several years of average to above average rainfall and then crashing in drought .\nthe boodie like most of the rat - kangaroos has a gestation period just shorter than the oestrous cycle and thus has a post - partum oestrus with mating taking place very soon after the current pouch young vacates the pouch permanently . they show embryonic diapause and breed continuously regardless of season but some bias towards the wetter winter months was noted on bernier and dorre islands . pouch life is around 4 months and thus they are able to produce more than one young per year but island populations do not reach the theoretical maximum of three young .\nand sea eagles ; on barrow island , monitor lizards appear to be a significant predator . before its extinction on the mainland , the boodie served a very important function in the australian grassland ecosystem . as it foraged , it mixed organic matter into the soil , spreading fungi and seeds . this mixing also increased water absorption into the soil and reduced the combustible material under trees , decreasing the likelihood of fire . these actions helped maintain the balance of trees , shrubs , and grasses . the loss of small , ground - foraging animals after european settlement contributed to widespread soil deterioration . also ,\nthe boodie once lived in a range of dry subtropical and tropical habitats , from open eucalyptus and acacia woodlands to arid spinifex grasslands . in its current range on the islands , it seems to prefer open triodia ( spinifex ) and dune habitats , but will burrow anywhere except places with rocky substrate . the burrowing bettong eats a variety of foods , such as seeds , fruits , flowers , tubers , roots , succulent leaves , grasses , fungi , termites , and marine refuse . it will also raid vegetable gardens . current populations fluctuate , building up during the years with average or good rainfall and crashing during drought years . these marsupials are known to live at least three years in the wild .\nburrowing bettongs were once widespread across arid and semi - arid areas in the south , central and western parts of australia . their range contracted dramatically following european settlement and extant populations are now present only on a small number of islands off the coast of western australia . re - introductions to predator - proof enclosures have resulted in the successful establishment of a number of populations in western australia , new south wales and south australia . three sub - species , with distinct ranges , are recognised : b . lesueur graii ( mainland australia , now extinct ) , b . lesueur lesueur ( bernier and dorre islands , shark bay , wa ) and b . lesueur unnamed subspecies ( barrow and boodie islands , wa ) .\nif conditions were good , the boodie mated throughout the year , utilising a polygynous mating system . males did not appear to have dominance hierarchies ; rather , they defended females against other males . some females seemed to establish associations with other females ; whether these contribute to increased reproductive success is unknown . gestation lasts 21 days , with only one young per litter . like other marsupial newborns , the newborn was altricial . about four months elapse until weaning . after young leave the pouch , they take 6 - 7 months to sexually mature . females mated the day after giving birth , and the fertilised egg arrested development until the young was weaned . in captivity , females are able to bear three young per year .\nthe rat - kangaroos have fared very poorly with the advent of agriculture and pastoralism compounded by the introduction of competitors ( european rabbits and hares ) and predators ( red foxes and domestic cats ) . the potoroids generally have much reduced ranges relative to the first settlement of australia by europeans and two of the 10 species are extinct . the most dramatic of the declines is the boodie ( burrowing bettong ) which was widespread across the rangelands of australia and ended up marooned on a few offshore islands in western australia . reintroductions are in progress and this species is on the first hops to making a comeback on the mainland . like the potoroids , the musky rat - kangaroo has lost much of its habitat in the highly prized real - estate of the tropics .\nit is abundant on barrow ( total 3 , 400 individuals ) , bernier ( total of 650 individuals ) , and dorre ( 1 , 000 individuals ) . these populations appear to be stable ( richards 2005 ) . the populations on bernier and dorre islands ( and presumably barrow island and possibly mainland populations ) are known to undergo extreme fluctuations in response to rainfall and drought ( short et al . 1997 ) . estimates for the reintroduced island populations are as follows : boodie ( few hundred ) , faure island ( 150 individuals ) ; it is extinct on dirk hartog island ( burbidge and short 2008 ) . reintroduced mainland populations include : arid recovery ( 500 ) , scotia ( 300 ) ; heirisson prong ( 20 ) . populations are increasing where reintroduced .\nthe boodie is a small , rat - like marsupial with short , rounded ears and a lightly haired , thick tail . this animal has a pointed rostrum and beady black eyes , hind limbs longer than the forelimbs , and large hind feet . this bettong is yellow - gray above and light gray below . its short , dense fur feels soft and woolly . the animal bears a faint hip stripe and a distinctive white tail tip . this tail is weakly prehensile and used to carry nest material . about the size of a wild rabbit , this little marsupial weighs an average of 1 . 5 kg . head and body length is an average of 40 cm . little to no sexual dimorphism seems to exist . however , morphology varies among subspecies and between islands .\nif conditions are good , the boodie seems to mate throughout the year , probably using a polygynous mating system . males do not seem to have dominance hierarchies ; rather , they defend females against other males . some females seem to establish associations with other females ; whether these contribute to increased reproductive success is unknown . gestation lasts 21 days , with only one young per litter . like other marsupial newborns , the newborn is altricial . about four months elapse until weaning . after young leave the pouch , they take six to seven months to mature sexually . females mate the day after giving birth , and the fertilized egg arrests development until the young is weaned . this is an example of facultative embryonic diapause . in captivity , females are able to bear three young per year .\nthis species is endemic to australia , where it was formerly widespread in central , southern , and south - western parts of the country . while it is now presumed to be extinct on the australian mainland , it persists in insular populations on bernier and dorre islands in shark bay ( western australia ) and on barrow island off the pilbara coast ( western australia ) ( richards 2005 ; burbidge and short 2008 ) . there are reintroduced populations on faure island in shark bay and boodie island ( both western australia ) , as well as on the mainland in scotia wildlife sanctuary ( new south wales ) , arid recovery reserve at roxby downs ( south australia ) , and heirisson prong ( western australia ) ( all three mainland sites are fenced reserves within the historical range of the species ) .\nonce present in all mainland states except queensland , the boodie survived as three remnant populations on small offshore islands . these islands include bernier and dorre islands in shark bay and barrow island off the northwest coast of western australia . the marsupial was listed on the 2006 iucn red list as vulnerable due to acute restriction of its area of occupancy to less than 100 km\u00b2 . in 2008 , however , due to successful conservation efforts both by government agencies and the private sector , boodies have been listed on the 2008 iucn red list as near threatened , as its range and population have increased , and are still increasing . newly established populations included herrison prong on mainland shark bay by the dec , as well as faure island , scotia sanctuary , and yookamurra sanctuary , which were established by the australian wildlife conservancy .\nmodelo boodie cfs seguran\u00e7a maior prote\u00e7\u00e3o lateral cresce com a sua crian\u00e7a : cinto de seguran\u00e7a ajust\u00e1vel em 3 pontos fivela de seguran\u00e7a \u00e0 prova de crian\u00e7a 1 autocolante refletor traseiro fivela de seguran\u00e7a \u00e0 prova de crian\u00e7a . forma ergon\u00f3mica para usar com o capacete conforto cresce com a sua crian\u00e7a - 3 op\u00e7\u00f5es de altura para qualquer o cinto de seguran\u00e7a cresce com a sua crian\u00e7a - apoio de p\u00e9s ajust\u00e1vel em 4 posi\u00e7\u00f5es outras caracter\u00edsticas n\u00e3o necessita de ferramentas , \u00e9 f\u00e1cil montar o porta - beb\u00e9 no porta - bagagem . isto significa que \u00e9 f\u00e1cil trocar e guardar a cadeira . . o boodie cfs \u00e9 fornecido totalmente montado e , por isso , pode ser usado assim que se retira da caixa . capacidade de mover a cadeira para a frente e para tr\u00e1s , de acordo com o tamanho da crian\u00e7a e da bicicleta . normas em conformidade com t\u00fcv gs - en 14344 caracter\u00edsticas t\u00e9cnicas sistema de fixa\u00e7\u00e3o ao porta - bagagem encaixa em bicicletas com porta - bagagem em conformidade com a norma iso 11243 - 120 a 175 mm - at\u00e9 25 kg . encaixa em tubos de porta - bagagem entre 10 e 16 mm recomendado para bicicletas de 26\ne 28\nesta cadeira n\u00e3o pode ser montada em bicicletas com amortecedores traseiros . esta cadeira n\u00e3o pode ser montada em bicicletas de corrida , com guiador invertido ( quando usada para efeitos de corrida ) . esta cadeira n\u00e3o pode ser montada em ve\u00edculos motorizados tal como motos , ciclomotores e scooters . peso da crian\u00e7a 9 to 22 kg esta cadeira apenas \u00e9 adequada para o transporte de crian\u00e7as com um peso m\u00e1ximo de 22 kg ( e para crian\u00e7as com idades recomendadas entre os 9 meses e os 5 anos - sendo o peso a vari\u00e1vel decisiva ) . peso da cadeira 2 , 32 kg dimens\u00f5es da cadeira largura 398 x altura 756 x profundidade 344\nmodelo boodie ff seguran\u00e7a maior prote\u00e7\u00e3o lateral cresce com a sua crian\u00e7a : cinto de seguran\u00e7a ajust\u00e1vel em 3 pontos fivela de seguran\u00e7a \u00e0 prova de crian\u00e7a 1 autocolante refletor traseiro cinto de seguran\u00e7a extra no quadro forma ergon\u00f3mica para usar com o capacete . conforto cresce com a sua crian\u00e7a - 3 op\u00e7\u00f5es de altura para colocar o cinto de seguran\u00e7a cresce com a sua crian\u00e7a - apoio de p\u00e9s ajust\u00e1vel em 4 posi\u00e7\u00f5es outras caracter\u00edsticas encaixa em bicicletas com ou sem porta - bagagem . - capacidade demover a cadeira para a frente e para tr\u00e1s , em 3 posi\u00e7\u00f5es , de acordo com o tamanho da crian\u00e7a e da bicicleta . a abra\u00e7adeira permite colocar / retirar o porta - beb\u00e9 da bicicleta em segundos apertando o bot\u00e3o . isto tamb\u00e9m significa que \u00e9 f\u00e1cil trocar ou guardar a cadeira . todas as ferramentas e o kit de montagem necess\u00e1rios para a fixa\u00e7\u00e3o est\u00e3o inclu\u00eddos . normas em conformidade com t\u00fcv gs - en 14344 caracter\u00edsticas t\u00e9cnicas sistema de fixa\u00e7\u00e3o ao quadro compat\u00edvel com bicicletas com ou sem porta - bagagem compat\u00edvel com tubos redondos ou ovais entre28 a 40 mm a abra\u00e7adeira requer um comprimento de 80mm para instala\u00e7\u00e3o recomendado para bicicletas 26\ne 28\n. esta cadeira n\u00e3o pode ser montada em bicicletas com quadros de carbono , triangulares e quadrados esta cadeira n\u00e3o pode ser montada em bicicletas com amortecedores traseiros esta cadeira n\u00e3o pode ser montada em bicicletas de corrida , com guiador invertido ( quando usada para efeitos de corrida ) . esta cadeira n\u00e3o pode ser montada em ve\u00edculos motorizados tal como motos , ciclomotores e scooters . peso da crian\u00e7a 9 to 22 kg esta cadeira apenas \u00e9 adequada para o transporte de crian\u00e7as com um peso m\u00e1ximo de 22 kg ( e para crian\u00e7as com idades recomendadas entre os 9 meses e os 5 anos - sendo o peso a vari\u00e1vel decisiva ) . peso da cadeira 3 , 27 kg dimens\u00f5es da cadeira largura 398 x altura 756 x profundidade 344\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlamoreux , j . & hilton - taylor , c . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is small and it is known from just 6 - 8 locations , making it close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion b1 . the natural populations of this species are considered stable and reintroduced populations are increasing , habitat for the species is considered stable , and although there are major threats potentially from introduced predators , fire , and disease , this species has genuinely improved in status since the prior assessment . the species occurs naturally on 3 islands , and has been introduced to another 5 localities . there is , however , uncertainty as to whether 2 of these reintroduction sites can be counted as\nself - sustaining\n, and thus be included in the number of locations used in the assessment . this species is also close to qualifying as having\nextreme fluctuations\nin population , which would also qualify it for a threatened category .\nthis species is found in arid and semi - arid areas of shrubland and woodland , on sandy or loose soils . currently it is found in areas with calcrete rock and sandy areas . it is nocturnal and omnivorous , and lives as loose colonies in a complex warren of underground burrows . the females breed throughout the year and usually give birth to a single young three times a year ( j . richards pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is listed as a threatened species under australian law . bernier , dorre , and barrow islands are all protected areas , as are all the areas where the species has been reintroduced . studies are underway into the taxonomic identity of remaining populations . there is a need to actively manage and monitor populations . this species is listed on appendix i of cites . a recovery plan for the species has been developed for the 2005 - 2010 period ( richards 2005 ) . recommendations in this plan include : protect wild populations and their habitat so that the species does not fall below the level of natural fluctuations ; maintain captive populations ( currently there are captive breeding populations at yookamurra wildlife sanctuary , scotia wildlife sanctuary , and return to dryandra field breeding facility ) ; use of population viability analysis to compare the viability of wild , current and potential reintroduced populations , and ; enhance community participation and education . the recovery plan also recommends initiating three reintroductions to the mainland within a five year period ( 2005 - 2010 ) ( richards 2005 ) . there have been reintroduction attempts in the past . many of these failed do to the presence of introduced predators , and it is clear that success of reintroductions requires sites to be free from cats and foxes . there is a proposed reintroduction to dirk hartog island , which is not possible unless feral cats there have been eradicated ( a . burbidge pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n\u2018paisley had a gecko to release and we saw two bilbies and two burrowing bettongs . \u2019\n\u2018the company which values its boodies , bandicoots and other animals on its balance sheet , issued shares at a $ 2 . 50 when it listed . \u2019\n\u2018when we started , people didn ' t know what bilbies and boodies and bettons and numbats were , and now they do . \u2019\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\nalso known as lesueur\u2019s rat kangaroo , the burrowing bettong is similar in appearance to a rat .\nburrowing bettongs can live in simple burrows or large warrens with over 100 entrances inhabited by more than 50 individuals .\nthe burrowing bettong is a marsupial and the only burrowing member of the kangaroo family ( 4 ) ( 5 ) though , as its other common name , the lesueur\u2019s rat kangaroo , indicates , it actually bears some resemblance to a rat . originally there were two subspecies , bettongia lesueur graii and bettongia lesueur nova , though the former subspecies is now extinct ( 1 ) . like a kangaroo , it has well developed , muscular hind limbs and short muscular forearms . the head is small with a pointed muzzle , short rounded ears and beady black eyes ( 6 ) . this mammal is covered in short dense hair which is brown to grey in colour , and has been described as \u2018woolly\u2019 as its hair is softer than that of other bettong species . burrowing bettongs also bear a faint hip stripe on the body and a distinctive white tail - tip ( 2 ) .\nburrowing bettongs are strictly nocturnal and use scent to locate food , which they then dig out of the ground using their muscular limbs . this species feeds on tubers , bulbs , seed nuts , plants and fungi , termites and marine refuse ( 4 ) . burrowing bettongs have also been observed eating carrion and raiding vegetable gardens ( 4 ) .\nsocial groups consist of one male and several females . they dig and occupy a simple burrow which may have a short tunnel and 1 - 2 entrances or a large warren with more than 100 entrances . one of these warrens may house more than 50 individuals from several groups . males are aggressive towards other males and defend the females in their group ( 4 ) .\nfemales produce up to three litters each year with one offspring per litter , though twins are occasionally born . females will mate again shortly after giving birth . however , the second offspring is not born for around four months as embryonic development is delayed . this allows the first - born to be nurtured by the mother and gives it a better chance of survival ( 4 ) . if the first young dies , embryonic development of the following offspring begins . gestation lasts for only 21 days , and sexual maturity is attained within one year ( 4 ) .\nthis species no longer exists on mainland australia , and until recently was only found on three islands off the coast of western australia : barrow , dorre and bernier island ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . following a successful reintroduction by the australian wildlife conservancy ( awc ) in 2002 , this species is now also found in faure island ( 7 ) .\nthis small marsupial inhabits a variety of habitats from spinifex deserts to woodlands ( 5 ) .\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nthis australian species has been completely lost from the mainland , though in 1855 - 56 they were reported as being abundant . they were considered as agricultural pests by farmers who settled in australia in the 19th century , and were shot and poisoned in their hundreds ( 2 ) . introduced feral animals such as foxes are thought to have kept their numbers low , as has competition from other introduced species such as rabbits , cattle and black rats ( rattus rattus ) ( 4 ) . increased grazing and changes to fire regimes have also significantly reduced vegetation cover for this species ( 5 ) .\nthe four islands on which this species occurs have been declared as nature reserves ( 5 ) . dirk hartog island and the gibson desert nature reserve have also been recommended as sites for translocation of populations following the success on faure island ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . in addition , research is underway to identify the causes of this species\u2019 decline so that conservation practices are well informed ( 5 ) . the western australian department of conservation and land management ( calm ) is responsible for the conservation of this species and it is hoped that these new efforts will enable this unique species to recover ( 5 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nmarsupial a diverse group of mammals characterised by their reproduction . the embryo is born 11 - 35 days after conception . the tiny newborn crawls into the marsupium ( pouch ) and attaches to a teat where it stays for a variable amount of time . they also differ from placental mammals in their dentition . nocturnal active at night . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nrichardson , b . j . and walton , d . w . ( 1989 ) fauna of australia : mammalia . australian government publishing service , canberra .\nkennedy , m . ( 1992 ) australian marsupials and monotremes , an action plan for their conservation . iucn , gland , switzerland .\nmacdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , london .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - burrowing bettong ( bettongia lesueur )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - burrowing bettong ( bettongia lesueur )\ntitle =\narkive species - burrowing bettong ( bettongia lesueur )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , population estimates , history of distribution , threats and reasons for decline ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( weight , habitat , age to maturity , gestation period , birth season , birth rate , early development , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references\npictures : burrowing bettong # 1 ( 28 kb jpeg ) ( milamba aust . ) ; burrowing bettong # 2 ( 62 kb jpeg ) ( aust . wildl . cons . )\n* * * the burrowing bettong is the only burrowing species of the kangaroo family .\n* * * it uses scent to locate its food , which it then digs out of the ground .\n* * * in the 19th century it was considered a destructive pest of settlers ' gardens .\nthe burrowing bettong weighs about 2 kg ( 4 . 4 lb ) but can be lighter in some areas .\non the mainland , habitats ranged from open eucalypt or acacia woodland with a grass and shrub understory to sandridge desert covered with spinifex hummocks and sparse shrubs . in island habitats the vegetation cover consists of a variety of shrubs , herbs and grasses .\nthe burrowing bettong is one of the species that live in the southwest australia biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .\nsexual maturity is attained within a year . females apparently are capable of giving birth when about 200 days old .\nundelayed gestation is about 21 days . ( but see birth rate below . )\na female burrowing bettong can produce up to three litters per year . breeding may go on throughout the year in some areas , but in the bernier island population most births occur between february and september .\njust after one young is born the female mates again , but because of embryonic diapause development is delayed , and the second young is not born for about four months , unless the first young is lost .\nthe young leaves the pouch at about 115 days after birth but is not weaned for a further 3 - 10 weeks .\nit mainly consumes tubers , bulbs , seed nuts and the green parts of plants . some communities have been known to eat fungi , termites and marine refuse , as well as to raid vegetable gardens .\na male and several females form a social group and occupy a burrow . the burrow may be a simple structure with only 1 - 2 entrances and a short tunnel , or a large warren with more than 100 entrances . one of these warrens may house more than 50 individuals . males are aggressive toward one another , and seem to defend groups of females but not a particular territory . females generally are amicable , but sometimes will establish a territory and exclude other females .\naust . wildl . cons . , burbidge & mckenzie 1989 , burton & pearson 1987 , cons . intl . , earth sanct , flannery 1990 , iucn 1966 , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , kennedy 1992 , maxwell et al . 1996 , milamba aust . , nowak & paradiso 1983 , short & turner 1994\n\u00a9 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .\nthis species is unique among the kangaroos in that it shelters underground in burrows or large communal warren systems . bettongs are approximately the size of a wild rabbit , are stocky in build and pugnacious in disposition . they are strictly nocturnal , sheltering during the day in burrows and foraging widely at night in search of seeds , fruits , flowers , tubers and roots and succulent leaves and grasses . they will often climb into low shrubs to feed ."]}
{"id": 1619, "summary": [{"text": "aholcocerus ronkayorum is a moth in the cossidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in pakistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey , but dark at the veins and light between them .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey with a reticulate pattern . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "aholcocerus ronkayorum", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for ronkayorum definition . you find here ronkayorum meaning , synonyms of ronkayorum and images for ronkayorum copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ronkayorum . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ronkayorum and , of course , ronkayorum synonyms and on the right images related to the word ronkayorum .\nhave a fact about aholcocerus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for aholcocerus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nalmost two years ago , we launched pubmed journals , an ncbi labs project . pubmed journals helped people follow the latest biomedical literature by making it easier to find and follow journals , browse new articles , and included a journal news feed to track new arrivals news links , trending articles and important article updates .\npubmed journals was a successful experiment . since september 2016 , nearly 20 , 000 people followed 10 , 453 distinct journals . each customer followed 3 journals on average .\nthough pubmed journals will no longer exist as a separate entity , we hope to add its features into future ncbi products . we appreciate your feedback over the years that made pubmed journals a productive test of new ideas .\nncbi labs is ncbi\u2019s product incubator for delivering new features and capabilities to ncbi end users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nroman v . yakovlev altai state university ( south siberian botanical garden ) , pr . lenina 61 , barnaul , 656049 , russia . tomsk state university , laboratory of biodiversity and ecology , lenina pr . 36 , 634050 tomsk , russia .\naidas saldaitis nature research centre , akademijos str . 2 , lt\u201308412 vilnius - 21 , lithuania\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara cesa news nr . 96\nfull text of\ncentre for entomological studies ankara cesa news nr . 96\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1620, "summary": [{"text": "viettessa margaritalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1899 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the democratic republic of congo ( west kasai , katanga ) , mozambique , sierra leone and tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "viettessa margaritalis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about viettessa bethalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for viettessa bethalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , northern cape ] , cape colony , deelfontein , leg . sloggett .\nhampson g . f . 1913b . descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamily pyraustinae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 1\u201338 ; ( 69 ) : 299\u2013319 .\nmey w . 2011 . basic pattern of lepidoptera diversity in southwestern africa . - esperiana memoir 6 : 1\u2013316 .\nobservation - silvery , pinkish moth - southern africa . description : one of the moths we found in the early evening on our table . it is shiny white , with pink / reddish parts on the rear end of the wings and a golden frame on the outside of the wings . it was about 10mm in length\none of the moths we found in the early evening on our table . it is shiny white , with pink / reddish parts on the rear end of the wings and a golden frame on the outside of the wings . it was about 10mm in length\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\namsel h . g . 1953 . neue kleinschmetterlinge aus nordwest - afrika . - bulletin de l ' institut fondamental d ' afrique noire 15 ( 4 ) : 1441\u20131460 .\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1623, "summary": [{"text": "epichorista siriana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10.5 \u2013 12 mm for males and about 14 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings deep brownish ochreous , mixed with dark fuscous in males .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in female , the forewings are reddish ochreous , with a few dark fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of the females are whitish . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "epichorista siriana", "paragraphs": ["epichorista siriana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in new zealand .\n( tortrix siriana , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 1881 , 521 . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nparva , alis ant . m . ochreo - brunneis , fusco - sparsis , f . saturate ochreis , puncto disci nigro ; post . m . nigrescentibus , f . albidis .\ntaken in plenty in january amongst long grass near hamilton , on the skirts of the forest . this , as well as the other species , appears to be very local .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npalpi subascending . thorax with posterior crest . forewings with 7 to termen , separate . hindwings without basal pecten , 3 and 4 connate , 5 rather approximated , 6 and 7 closely approximated at base .\namongst examples of this species from karori sent by mr . hudson is a female , which is quite similar in colouring to the male . when , however ,\ni originally described the species , from a series taken by myself at hamilton , i treated a widely different female specimen with reddish - ochreous forewings and whitish hindwings as being the other sex of the species ; after reconsideration of the specimens , all taken together in the same locality , this still seems to me to be probably correct . i desire to direct the attention of collectors to this peculiar case ; it ought not to be difficult to determine whether the species has a dimorphic female ( which would be unprecedented in this group ) , or whether there is some error .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1625, "summary": [{"text": "conorbiinae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family conidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this subfamily has also been written by several authors as \" conorbinae \" .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "( and was a long time considered a subfamily of the turridae . bouchet , kantor et al. elevated in 2011 the subfamily conorbiinae to the rank of family conorbidae . this was based on anatomical characters ( radular tooth and shell characters ) and a dataset of molecular sequences of three gene fragments", "topic": 17}], "title": "conorbiinae", "paragraphs": ["vera - pel\u00e1ez . 2004 . genotina genotae new species and new genus and genota nigeriensis new species of the subfamily conorbiinae ( gastropoda , turridae ) . systematic , biogeography , stratigraphy and phylogeny of conorbis , genotina and genota genera . pliocenica , 4 : 95 - 106\nvera - pel\u00e1ez . 2004 . genotina genotae new species and new genus and genota nigeriensis new species of the subfamily conorbiinae ( gastropoda , turridae ) . systematic , biogeography , stratigraphy and phylogeny of conorbis , genotina and genota genera . pliocenica , 4 : 95 - 106 [ details ]\n( of genota nigeriensis vera - pel\u00e1ez , 2004 ) vera - pel\u00e1ez . 2004 . genotina genotae new species and new genus and genota nigeriensis new species of the subfamily conorbiinae ( gastropoda , turridae ) . systematic , biogeography , stratigraphy and phylogeny of conorbis , genotina and genota genera . pliocenica , 4 : 95 - 106 [ details ]\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nappendix 2 : list of all the family and subfamily names available for the conoidea .\na new genus - level classification of the conoidea is presented , based on the molecular phylogeny of puillandre et al . in the accompanying paper . fifteen lineages are recognized and ranked as families to facilitate continuity in the treatment of the names conidae ( for \u2018cones\u2019 ) and terebridae in their traditional usage . the hitherto polyphyletic \u2018turridae\u2019 is now resolved as 13 monophyletic families , in which the 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera are placed , or tentatively allocated : conorbidae ( 2 ( sub ) genera ) , borsoniidae ( 34 ) , clathurellidae ( 21 ) , mitromorphidae ( 8 ) , mangeliidae ( 60 ) , raphitomidae ( 71 ) , cochlespiridae ( 9 ) , drilliidae ( 34 ) , pseudomelatomidae ( = crassispiridae ) ( 59 ) , clavatulidae ( 14 ) , horaiclavidae new family ( 28 ) , turridae s . s . ( 16 ) and strictispiridae ( 2 ) . a diagnosis with description of the shell and radulae is provided for each of these families .\ncomparison of the last two conoidean classifications with the new classification proposed in this article . a . taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 1 elevated to familial rank by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 2 absent in taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . b . proposed classification . c . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) . \u2020 fossil taxa .\ngenus - group names have been allocated to the newly defined families based on the following critera : our aim was to provide an exhaustive list of conoidean genus - group names based on recent type species or reasonably recognized as recent in the literature . genera present exclusively in the fossil record are not included . in very few cases , obviously erroneous attribution of recent species to entirely fossil genera also excluded these genera from our listing . junior homonyms and nomina nuda are also not included because they are unavailable for nomenclatural purposes . when the status of a nominal genus is uncertain , we adopted a \u2018valid until synonymized\u2019 approach ; that is , a name is regarded valid ( irrespective of our opinion ) if it has not been synonymized in literature . the names of synonyms are placed after corresponding valid names ( the synonyms applied to the valid subgenus name are positioned after the subgenus name ) . all the genus and subgenus names are also listed in alphabetic order in appendix 1 .\n( 1 ) 224 genera were assigned to a family based on shell characters , and phenetic resemblance to those genera with radula and / or molecular characters available ; those are marked 1 .\n( 2 ) 103 genera were classified on the basis of radula morphology ( both our own and published data ) , and congruence between radula and molecular characters for those genera that were sequenced ; these are marked 2 .\n( 3 ) 98 genera were classified in a family on the basis of the molecular data ; these are marked 3 .\n( 4 ) 63 genera and subgenera do not fall easily into the morphological groups resulting from the preceding steps , but they have tentatively been assigned to a family as a working hypothesis ; these genera are preceded by a question mark .\n( 5 ) 173 subgenera and / or synonyms are also listed ; subgenera are in parentheses , synonyms in square brackets .\nto illustrate the range of radular types in the molecularly defined clades , the radulae were extracted as far as possible from the specimens used for the molecular analyses or from conspecific specimens ( after rehydration when soft parts had been dried ) , cleaned with diluted bleach , rinsed in distilled water , mounted on stubs , air dried , coated with gold - palladium , and investigated with a jeol jsm 840a scanning electron microscope . some of the previously photographed radulae ( examined by yuik and / or j . d . taylor ) were additionally illustrated .\nfor radular descriptions we mostly followed the terminology accepted and discussed by kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . in radular formulae , the parentheses indicate partial or complete fusion of lateral and rachidian teeth ( for more details , see kantor , 2006 ) .\nalthough the names conoidea and toxoglossa are used interchangeably in the taxonomic literature , we have avoided the name toxoglossa because ( i ) it is not typified and cannot be used for a family\u2013group name , and ( ii ) many of the included taxa do not have a toxoglossate radula . within the conoidea , ranking of the clades was determined by a conservative approach , thus retaining the names terebridae and conidae s . s . ( the latter including the cone snails profundiconus , californiconus , conasprella , conus and taranteconus ) in their accustomed usage at family rank . an alternative would have been to recognize only two families , conidae sensu taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and turridae ( including the turridae , terebridae , drilliidae and pseudomelatomidae ) , with the resulting inconvenience that conidae s . s . and terebridae , although monophyletic , would lose their traditional usage and the vast associated literature dealing with these names that largely ignores the taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) classifications .\nfourteen clades of rank equivalent to conidae s . s . and terebridae are recognizable from the molecular phylogenetic tree ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . forty - three family\u2013group names within conoidea are nomenclaturally available ( appendix 2 ) , of which five are based on a genus with a fossiltype species ( andoniinae vera - pelaez , 2002 ; cryptoconinae cossmann , 1896 ; hemiconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; johnwyattidae serna , 1979 ; siphopsinae le renard , 1995 ) . these five cannot be applied to a molecular clade and will not be used in our classification . names were applied to clades based on the position of their type genus in the tree . if more than one family\u2013group name was applicable , the valid name was determined by priority . if the type genus of a nominal family name was not sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar genus used in the analysis .\nbecause the molecular taxon sampling is still too patchy for such levels , we have abstained from extending the classification below family level ( i . e . subfamilies , tribes ) , even when some molecular clades obviously match previously recognized \u2018subfamilies\u2019 ( e . g . californiconinae , oenopotinae , zemaciinae , zonulispirinae ) . they are all included in a family ( appendix 2 ) , without precluding their usefulness and potential taxonomic validity .\neach family ( except the conidae and terebridae , already extensively covered and illustrated in other recent works , e . g . r\u00f6ckel , korn & kohn , 1995 ; terryn , 2007 ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) is illustrated by one or several shells , radulae and protoconchs , covering the morphological variability of the group . as far as possible , specimens used for the molecular analyses were used for illustration . however , since a substantial part of the morphological variability was not covered by our dataset , shells and radulae of other specimens are also illustrated .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to large or very large , normally 20\u201350 mm , up to 170 mm high , conical or biconical , with narrow aperture and short siphonal canal . shell with considerable internal remodelling due to inner wall resorption . spiral sculpture usually developed , axial sculpture absent or in form of shoulder tuberculation . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , shallow to moderately deep . operculum present , small , with terminal nucleus . radula of marginal hypodermic teeth , generally harpoon - shaped , barbed at tip , often with complex inner structure of folds and serration , base small and swollen , tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally , rarely laterally . subradular membrane vestigial . teeth can be attached to the membrane by long or very long flexible ligament . tooth wall forms several overlapping layers .\nremarks : in conidae and the other families that are included in this major clade ( family conidae sensu taylor et al . , 1993 ) , the radula consists only of marginal teeth that are usually enrolled with completely overlapping edges ( hypodermic ) . teeth at their formation in the radular sac are already enrolled and they are attached to the radular membrane only by their bases , sometimes through a long flexible ligament . in the \u2018turrids\u2019 with enrolled teeth , these are attached to the membrane along most of its length ( kantor & taylor , 2000 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the conidae is currently in preparation ( c . meyer , personal communication ) .\ndiagnosis ( from tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) : \u201cradular tooth : anterior fold is usually present ; basal spur is directed toward the apex of the tooth or parallel with the tooth base ; the waist , base and c - fold are absent ; terminating cusps , serratins and accessory process are also absent . shell characters : the interior of the shell is extensively remodelled including the columellar region ; nodules are absent but cords may be present . shells can be squatly conical to elongated or biconical . \u201d\nradulae . borsoniidae . a . genota mitriformis ( wood , 1828 ) * * , mnhn im200742293 ( shell : fig . 2 m ) . b . borsonia sp . * * , mnhn im200717932 ( shell : fig . 2 d ) . c . bathytoma neocaledonica puillandre et al . , 2010 * * , mnhn im200717857 ( shell : fig . 2 e ) . d . borsoniidae gen . 1 * * , mnhn im200717911 ( shell : fig . 2 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to large ( 5\u201380 mm ) , fusiform to biconic , sometimes with strong to obsolete columellar pleats . sculpture usually well developed , axial ribs sometimes obsolete to absent . siphonal canal short to moderately long . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep . protoconch when multispiral with up to five whorls , initially smooth and then with arcuate axial riblets , when paucispiral up to two smooth whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus , fully developed to missing . radula of hypodermic marginal teeth that usually have a weakly developed solid basal part , often attached to the ligament ( marked by an arrow on fig . 3 c ) . tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally or , sometimes , laterally . at their tip teeth can have weak to rather strong barb ( s ) ( genota , fig . 3 a ) . overlapping of the tooth edges is weak ( fig . 3 c ) . in zemacies , the radula is completely absent .\nremarks : this is a rather heterogeneous group . obviously , it is not fully resolved as it is based on molecular data and comprises rather conchologically different clades . this could be explained by the fact that many taxa of this group are among most ancient of conoideans , known since the palaeocene ( zemacies , borsonia , tomopleura ) or eocene ( bathytoma , genota , microdrillia ) . the loss of apomorphies by mutation could be more important for old taxa ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) .\nthe names borsoniinae bellardi , 1875 , and pseudotominae bellardi , 1875 , were established simultaneously . as first revisers , under art . 24 of the iczn code , we here give precedence to the former over the latter .\nshells . a\u2013f . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t9 , 09\u00b033 . 5\u2032n , 123\u00b049 . 5\u2032e , 97\u2013120 m , sl 5 . 8 mm ( radula : fig . 5 a ) . b . comarmondia gracilis ( montagu , 1803 ) , mnhn , le brusc , cap sici\u00e9 , provence , france , 40\u2013100 m , sl 23 mm . c . etrema cf . tenera ( hedley , 1899 ) * * , mnhn im200717869 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s21 , 09\u00b041 . 7\u2032n , 123\u00b050 . 9\u2032e , 4\u201312 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . glyphostoma rostrata sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw896 , 20\u00b016\u2032s , 163\u00b052\u2032e , 315\u2013350 m , sl 21 . 5 mm . e . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn , touho , new caledonia , 20\u00b045 . 2\u2032s , 165\u00b016 . 3\u2032e , intertidal , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 5 b ) . f . strombinoturris crockeri hertlein & strong , 1951 , lacm 747\u201337 , off isabel island , mexico , 18\u201333 m , sl 47 . 5 mm . g\u2013i : mitromorphidae . g . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . m2 , 09\u00b032 . 8\u2032n , 123\u00b045 . 9\u2032e , 0\u20132 m , sl 9 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 6 a ) . h . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) * , mnhn im200742339 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b8 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b046 . 1\u2032e , 3 m , sl 3 . 1 mm ( radula : fig . 6 b ) . i . anarithma sp . * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s5 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b046 . 1\u2032e , 2\u20134 m , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 6 c ) . abbreviation and symbols : sl , shell length ; * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen . photo credits : b . buge ( c ) , m . g . harasewych and d . tippett ( f ) , p . maestrati ( d , e ) .\nradulae . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 ( shell : fig . 4 a ) . b . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 e ) . c . lienardia jousseaumei ( hervier , 1896 ) , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b7 , 9\u00b035 . 9\u2032n , 123\u00b051 . 8\u2032e , 4\u201330 m . symbol : * , sequenced species .\nradulae . mitromorphidae . a . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 g ) . b . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) , mnhn im200742339 ( shell : fig . 4 h ) . c . anarithma sp . * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 i ) . symbol : * , sequenced species .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , 3\u201330 mm , usually 5\u201310 mm high , biconic , of mitriform shape . sculpture rather smooth , with dominant spiral elements . aperture narrow , with or without 1\u20133 columellar pleats , sometimes with denticles within . siphonal canal short or indistinct . anal sinus from indistinct to rather shallow indentation on weakly pronounced subsutural ramp . protoconch multispiral or paucispiral , up to 4 . 5 smooth whorls . no operculum . radula of hypodermic , marginal , relatively short , awl - shaped teeth with large swollen solid basal part ( fig . 6 ) . distinct ligaments present , short . tooth canal opening subterminally or laterally . at their tip , teeth can have a weak barb ( fig . 6 c ) .\nremarks : mitrolumninae was established as a substitute name for diptychomitrinae . mitromorphidae and mitrolumninae were published the same year but mitromorphidae ( 19 may 1904 ) has priority over mitrolumninae ( 31 august 1904 ) .\nradulae . mangeliidae . a . benthomangelia trophonoidea ( schepman , 1913 ) , mnhn im200717835 ( shell : fig . 7 c ) . b . toxicochlespira pagoda sysoev & kantor , 1990 * * , mnhn im200717925 ( shell : fig . 7 o ) . c . mangeliinae gen . 2 . mnhn im200910331 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s26 , 9\u00b041 . 50\u2032n , 123\u00b051 . 00\u2032e , 21 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . eucithara cf . coronata ( hinds , 1843 ) * * , mnhn im200717900 ( shell : fig . 7 f ) . e . anticlinura sp . * * , mnhn im200742513 ( shell : fig . 7 e ) . f . mangeliidae gen . sp . , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t26 , 9\u00b043 . 3\u2032n , 123\u00b048 . 8\u2032e , 123\u2013135 m . g . mangelia powisiana ( dautzenberg , 1887 ) . plymouth , england , after taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\nradulae . raphitomidae . a . buccinaria pendula bouchet & sysoev , 1997 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . cp948 , 20\u00b033\u2032s , 164\u00b057\u2032e , 533\u2013610 m . b . daphnella pulvisculus chino , 2006 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw927 , 18\u00b056\u2032s , 163\u00b022\u2032e , 444\u2013452 m . c . gymnobela yoshidai kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , norfolk 2 , st . dw2058 , 24\u00b040\u2032s , 168\u00b040\u2032e , 591\u20131032 m . d . kermia irretita ( hedley , 1899 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1419 , 20\u00b055 . 6\u2032s , 167\u00b004 . 5\u2032e , 0\u20135 m . e . daphnella cladara sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , lithist , st . cp09 , 24\u00b053\u2032s , 168\u00b022\u2032e , 518\u2013540 m . f . daphnella mitrellaformis ( nomura , 1940 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . dw1649 , 20\u00b054\u2032s , 167\u00b001\u2032e , 150\u2013200 m . g . miowateria sp . , mnhn , fidji , musorstom 10 , st . cp1354 , 17\u00b043\u2032s , 178\u00b055\u2032e , 959\u2013963 m . h . spergo fusiformis ( kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 ) , mnhn , tongatapu , tonga , bordau 2 , st . cp1566 , 21\u00b002\u2032s , 175\u00b018\u2032w , 530\u2013531 m .\nremarks : this is the largest and most variable taxon in the conoidea , as concerns the number of species , with the largest vertical range ( intertidal to hadal depths ) .\nradulae . cochlespiridae . a . cochlespira radiata ( dall , 1889 ) , mnhn , se brazil , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . b\u2013c . sibogasyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717701 ( shell : fig . 11 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell of moderate size , about 20\u201330 mm , up to 100 mm high , high - pagodiform to fusiform , with a tall spire and usually a long siphonal canal . axial sculpture poorly developed or absent , subsutural ramp usually smooth . anal sinus deep , on subsutural ramp . protoconch paucispiral , smooth . operculum with terminal nucleus . radula 1\u20130 - r - 0\u20131 . rachidian broad , subrectangular or arched , with a single rather large cusp ( fig . 12 ) , rarely absent ( some aforia ) . marginal teeth duplex , with well developed accessory limb .\nremarks : this is a clade with poor congruence between molecular and shell characters . the contents of most genera need revision and the family limits remain uncertain .\nsibogasyrinx was proposed as a subgenus of leucosyrinx for two species characterized by a low position of the peripheral angle . during our examination of radulae of species provisionally attributed to leucosyrinx , two distinct radulae types were found , differing in the presence of the rachidian , without apparent congruence with shell morphology . in sibogasyrinx pyramidalis , the type species of sibogasyrinx , as well as in the sequenced specimen ( fig . 11 b ) , the radula is characterized by the presence of a well - developed rachidian . although the sequenced specimen is conchologically closer to typical leucosyrinx , the molecular sequence suggests affinities to cochlespira .\nradulae . drilliidae . a\u2013b . splendrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200717847 ( shell : fig . 11 l ) . c . clavus exasperatus ( reeve , 1843 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1420 , 20\u00b047 . 7\u2032s , 167\u00b009 . 35\u2032e , 4\u20135 m . d . imaclava pilsbryi ( bartsch , 1950 ) , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . e . cruziturricula arcuata ( reeve , 1843 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100541 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00\u201334 , 08\u00b026 . 24\u2032n , 79\u00b009 . 14\u2032w , 66\u201368 m ( shell : fig . 11 i ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , usually 15\u201325 mm , up to 50 mm high , with a rather high spire and usually truncated base . spiral sculpture often obsolete . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep , ( sub ) symmetrical , sometimes tubular . protoconch usually paucispiral ( up to two whorls ) , smooth or abapically carinate . operculum with terminal nucleus . radular formula 1 - 1 - r - 1 - 1 , rarely 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 , central tooth small , from narrow unicuspid ( fig . 13 b ) to subrectangular with additional cusps ( fig . 13 c ) , rarely reduced to completely absent . lateral teeth broad , pectinate , and arched , marginal teeth from simple flat and sharply pointed ( fig . 13 a ) to duplex with slightly thickened edges and to loosely enrolled with the small barb near the tip ( imaclava , fig . 13 d ) .\nradulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . tiariturris spectabilis berry , 1958 * * , nhmuk moea 20100540 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 34 , 08\u00b026 . 24\u2032n , 79 09 . 14\u2032w , 66\u201368 m ( shell : fig . 14 q ) . b . comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , mnhn , new caledonia , montrouzier , st . 1269 , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . c , d . comitas sp . * * , mnhn im200717918 ( shell : fig . 14 a ) . e , f . crassiclava turricula ( sowerby , 1834 ) , off nacascola , west side of bahia culebra , costa rica , after kantor et al . ( 1997 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\nradulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . leucosyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717846 ( shell : fig . 14 g ) . b . zonulispira sp . * * , nhmuk moea 20100536 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08\u00b019 . 50\u2032n , 78\u00b047 . 71\u2032w , 25\u201332 m ( shell : fig . 14 v ) . c . carinodrillia dichroa pilsbry & lowe , 1932 * * , nhmuk moea 20100530 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08\u00b019 . 50\u2032n , 78\u00b047 . 71\u2032w , 25\u201332 m ( shell : fig . 1 j ) . d . ptychobela suturalis ( gray , 1838 ) * * , det . j . a . todd , yk , nhmuk moea 20100560 , off southern hong kong , sta . 71 . e . cheungbeia robusta ( hinds , 1839 ) * , nhmuk moea 20100557 , coll . b . morton , off southern hong kong , sta . 70 ( shell : fig . 14 k ) . f . inquisitor sp . * * , mnhn im200717851 ( shell : fig . 14 e ) . symbols : * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to rather large , 15\u2013100 mm high , claviform to fusiform . spiral and axial sculpture generally well developed , often strong . subsutural fold often present . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , usually moderately deep to very deep , often constrained by callus rendering anal sinus subtubular . protoconch usually paucispiral , sometimes multispiral , with up to three whorls , smooth or sometimes axially or spirally sculptured on later whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus .\n1 - ( 1 - r - 1 ) - 1 \u2013 comitas type ( includes also knefastia and antiplanes ) . the central formation is rather variable in degree of development of the rachidian tooth and fusion of three teeth . in some comitas ( fig . 15 c , d ) , the central formation looks like single well - defined tooth [ as in comitas murrawolga ( garrard , 1961 ) ] , while in comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , knefastia and antiplanes , the rachidian is totally reduced and the formation appears as two poorly developed paired plates ( reduced laterals ) ( fig . 15 b ) . marginal teeth in comitas and knefastia flat , broadly oval , with thickened edges and teeth tips and without pronounced accessory limb . in antiplanes marginal teeth narrowly elongate , with well - developed accessory limb .\n1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 \u2013 crassiclava type . differs from the comitas type by the better defined laterals ( fig . 15 e , f ) that are low , arcuate and sharply curved towards the midline of the ribbon .\n1 - 0 - r - 0 - 1 \u2013 pseudomelatoma type ( also includes hormospira and tiariturris , fig . 15 a ) . rachidian with strong cusp and subrectangular base ( contrary to the other types with a central formation formed by fused lateral and rachidian ) . despite neither ontogeny nor folding of the radula have been examined , we tentatively treat this structure as a true rachidian . marginal teeth simple , solid and strongly curved , attached to the membrane by rather a narrow base and free along most of their length .\n1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 \u2013 most genera of the family . marginal teeth elongated , narrow , flat , with thickened edge ( e . g . funa , carinodrillia , fig . 16 c ) , or trough - shaped in transverse section , sometimes with small barb near the tip ( cheungbeia , fig . 16 e ) , which may become semi - enrolled ( e . g . pyrgospira , pilsbryspira , zonulispira , fig . 16 b ) , to nearly hollow , where limbs overlap at significant length of the teeth ( ptychobela , fig . 16 d ) .\nremarks : anatomically , pseudomelatomidae is the most variable family of conoidea . most genera were formerly included in the subfamily crassispirinae , but the nomenclaturally valid name for this clade is pseudomelatomidae . its constituents includes several taxa that were previously recognized as separate ( sub ) families : zonulispirinae , characterized by semi - enrolled marginal radular teeth ( a character found in several branches of the clade ) , and pseudomelatominae , defined on the basis of the very characteristic solid marginal teeth and strongly developed rachidian .\nthe genus leucosyrinx has long been a convenient genus for placement of turreted - fusiform species , mostly from deep water of the atlantic and indo - pacific . currently , it is a mixture of species of probably different taxonomic position , and the membership of the genus needs revision . the type species from the northern atlantic , leucosyrinx verrilli ( dall , 1881 ) , has a radula consisting of only duplex , rather robust marginal teeth ( powell , 1966 : text fig . b12 ) , a radula type also found by us in indo - pacific species ( fig . 16 a ) . a second type of radula is found in sibogasyrinx , originally described as a subgenus of leucosyrinx , and which clusters in the molecular tree with the cochlespiridae ( see under that family ) . in our study , true leucosyrinx appears to be sister to the pseudomelatomidae , but this relationship has poor support . as a working hypothesis , we tentatively include leucosyrinx in the pseudomelatomidae . clavatulidae gray , 1853\nradulae . clavatulidae . a , b . turricula nelliae ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100551 , danang , vietnam . c . pusionella compacta strebel , 1914 * * , mnhn im200717830 ( shell : fig . 17 b ) . d . toxiclionella tumida ( sowerby , 1870 ) , south africa , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . e . clavatula xanteni nolf & verstraeten , 2006 * * , mnhn im200717829 ( shell : fig . 17 c ) . f . gemmuloborsonia colorata ( sysoev & bouchet , 2001 ) * * , mnhn im200717849 ( shell : fig . 17 a ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrow , see text .\nremarks : the genus gemmuloborsonia represents a sister group to the ( clavatulidae + horaiclavidae ) clade , but this node is not well supported . because it resembles much more the clavatulidae than the horaiclavidae in terms of shell and radular characters ( fig . 18 f ) , gemmuloborsonia is provisionally included in the former family . if further studies support that hypothesis , then the diagnosis of the clavatulidae should be amended to account for the presence of weak columellar pleats and multispiral turridae - type protoconch present in gemmuloborsonia . horaiclavidae new family\nradulae . horaiclavidae . a . paradrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200742475 ( shell : fig . 17 n ) . b . inkinga sp . , mnhn ( shell : fig . 17 j ) . c . ceritoturris pupiformis ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) * * , mnhn im200717888 ( shell : fig . 17 i ) . d . horaiclavus splendidus ( a . adams , 1867 ) * * , mnhn im200717840 ( shell : fig . 17 h ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrows , see text .\nremarks : this family shares many characters with pseudomelatomidae , conchologically differing by a small stout shell with short siphonal canal and usually poorly developed spiral sculpture .\nradulae also are rather similar to many representatives of pseudomelatomidae and no clear cut distinctions were found . genera currently included in horaiclavidae have been usually included in the crassispiridae ( = pseudomelatomidae ) , and the clear molecular - based division between the two clades seems to be not so clearly reflected in shell - based distinction . therefore , the generic composition of the family is somewhat provisional and needs confirmation by further molecular data and / or a detailed analysis of conchological and radular characters .\nshells . turridae . a . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 * * , mnhn im200717684 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . dr087 , 15\u00b038 . 5\u2032s , 167\u00b015 . 1\u2032e , 13 m , sl 57 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 c ) . b . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . fs84 , 15\u00b033 . 6\u2032s , 167\u00b016 . 6\u2032e , 8\u20139 m , sl 15 . 5 mm ( radula : fig . 21 d ) . c . decollidrillia nigra habe & ito , 1965 , zmmu uncatalogued , southern kurile islands , sl 12 . 8 mm . d . lophiotoma acuta ( perry , 1811 ) * * , mnhn im200717860 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r44 , 09\u00b033 . 3\u2032n , 123\u00b043 . 9\u2032e , 2 m , sl 44 . 0 mm . e . turridrupa acutigemmata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) , new caledonia , 46 m , sl 26 . 5 mm . f . turris babylonia ( linnaeus , 1758 ) * * , mnhn im200717754 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r42 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b052 . 6\u2032e , 8\u201322 m , sl 79 . 4 mm . g . gemmula rarimaculata ( kuroda & oyama , 1971 ) * * , mnhn im200717838 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2533 , 22\u00b018\u2032s , 159\u00b028\u2032e , 360\u2013370 m , sl 13 . 7 mm . h . ptychosyrinx chilensis berry , 1968 , usnm 870005 , s of coquimbo , chile , 31 . 1\u00b0 s , 71 . 8\u00b0 w , 179\u2013187 m , sl 21 . 1 mm . i . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 , philippines , panglao 2005 , st . cp2363 , 09\u00b006 . 0\u2032n , 123\u00b025 . 0\u2032e , 437\u2013439 m , sl 21 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 e ) . j . cryptogemma corneus ( okutani , 1966 ) , zin 58809 / 1 , off shikotan i . , kurile islands , 1450\u20131530 m , 12 . 3 mm . abbreviation and symbol : sl , shell length ; * * , sequenced specimen .\nradulae . turridae . a . turridrupa cf . armillata ( reeve , 1845 ) , mnhn im200740773 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2607 , 19\u00b033\u2032s , 158\u00b040\u2032e , 400\u2013413 m . b . gemmula kieneri ( doumet , 1840 ) , mnhn , vanuatu , musorstom 8 , st . cp1123 , 15\u00b007\u2032s , 166\u00b055\u2032e , 262\u2013352 m . c . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 , mnhn im200717684 ( shell : fig . 20 a ) . d . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 ( shell : fig . 20 b ) . e . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 ( shell : fig . 20 i ) . f . turris crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) , mnhn , ile ouen - baie du prony , st . 80 , 22\u00b031s , 166\u00b028e , 33 m , ss 39 mm . symbols : * * , sequenced specimen .\nremarks : this group is well defined by its usually narrowly fusiform shell with obsolete axial sculpture and peripheral anal sinus . however , the genus lucerapex , although fully conforming conchologically , occupies a position on the tree ( sister group to turridae + terebridae ) that excludes it from the turridae . it is nevertheless tentatively included here in turridae .\nradulae . a , b . strictispiridae . strictispira paxillus ( reeve , 1845 ) , british virgina islands , ansp . a . teeth detached from the membrane and showing the large median flange . b . two teeth , showing the large median flange attached to the membrane . photo submit : j . d . taylor ( a . b ) . c . conorbidae . benthofascis lozoueti sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn im200742331 ( shell : fig . 2 o ) .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized , to 20 mm , claviform . spiral and axial sculpture well developed , shoulder with a marked subsutural fold . anal sinus deep , laterally directed . parietal callus well developed . protoconch paucispiral in all species examined , smooth . operculum leaf - shaped , with terminal nucleus . radula consisting of a pair of solid awl - shaped marginal teeth that have a prominent flange , located above the base of the tooth and firmly attached to the radular membrane .\nremarks : we did not obtain any material of strictispiridae for molecular analysis and the position of the family group remains unclear . the shell resembles that of pseudomelatomidae and the shape of the radular marginal teeth is also somewhat similar to pseudomelatoma , hormospira and tiariturris , but it differs in the absence of the rachidian . among the examined species of strictispira , s . paxillus is characterised by rather unusual characters , such as the absence of the venom gland together with very large and powerful odontophore ( kantor & taylor , 1994 ) . until molecular data are available , we conservatively treat this family as valid , following taylor et al . ( 1993 ) .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to large , 8\u2013270 mm , usually 30\u2013100 mm high , auger - shaped , with high to very high multiwhorled spire and flattened shell profile , aperture relatively small . siphonal canal short , anal sinus not pronounced . protoconch with up to 5 smooth whorls when multispiral . radular formula 1\u20130 - 0 - 0 - 1 but radular apparatus absent in many species . marginal teeth range from solid and curved to hypodermic , with or without small barb at the tip . hypodermic teeth without solid bases . in some species ( e . g . impages hectica ) the walls of the teeth are penetrated by numerous holes .\nthe authors thank b . a . marshall , m . g . harasewych , r . n . kilburn , m . j . tenorio , j . k . tucker and d . tippett for constructive comments and help in completing the lists of genera and subgenera . a . e . fedosov , j . d . taylor , j . mclean , m . g . harasewych and d . l . tippett supplied shell and radula pictures . j . a . todd provided specimens for dissection and photography . barbara buge curated and photographed the voucher specimens in mnhn .\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . subfamily turrinae\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 2 . subfamily clavatulinae\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 3 . subfamily borsoniinae\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 4 . subfamily drilliinae , crassispirinae and strictispirinae\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 5 . subfamily taraninae\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 6 . subfamily mangeliinae , section 1\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 6 . subfamily mangeliinae , section 2\nturridae [ s . l . ] ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 7 . subfamily crassispirinae , section 2\nturridae ( s . l . ) of southern africa and mozambique ( mollusca : gastropoda : conoidea ) part 8 . conidae : subfamily mangeliinae , section 3\nthe new zealand recent and fossil mollusca of the family turridae . with general notes on turrid nomenclature and systematics\nthe molluscan families speightiidae and turridae . an evaluation of the valid taxa , both recent and fossil , with lists of characteristic species\n( see bouchet and rocroi , 2005 for details ) . the status of names including only fossil genera is not discussed\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nmolluscabase ( 2018 ) . conorbidae de gregorio , 1880 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 153962 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nbouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\n( of conorbis adamii bozzetti , 1994 ) bozzetti , l . 1994 . nuova specie dalle filippine . world shells 9 : 60 - 62 , 4 figs . [ english title also given as\na new species from philippines\n; serial also referred to as : mondo di conchiglie . ] [ details ]\nknudsen , j . ( 1952 ) marine prosobranchs of tropical west africa collected by the atlantide expedition , 1945\u201346 . videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening i kjobenhavn , 114 , 129\u2013185 , 3 pls . page ( s ) : 176 , pl . 1 fig . 12 [ details ]\n( of genota marchandi pin , 1996 ) pin , m . ( 1996 ) . il genere genota h . & a . adams 1853 ( conacea : turridae ) delle coste occidentali africane , con descrizione di genota marchandi n . sp . la conchiglia . 28 ( 279 ) , 53 - 56 . [ details ]\nryall p . , horro j . & rol\u00e1n e . 2013 . a revision of the genus genota h . & a . adams , 1853 ( gastropoda : conoidea : borsonidae ) from west africa . iberus , 31 ( 2 ) : 1 - 17 . [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of genota marchandi pin , 1996 ) ryall p . , horro j . & rol\u00e1n e . 2013 . a revision of the genus genota h . & a . adams , 1853 ( gastropoda : conoidea : borsonidae ) from west africa . iberus , 31 ( 2 ) : 1 - 17 . [ details ]\n( of genota marchadi [ sic ] ) ardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 37 , fig . 222 [ details ]\n( of genota nigeriensis vera - pel\u00e1ez , 2004 ) ryall p . , horro j . & rol\u00e1n e . 2013 . a revision of the genus genota h . & a . adams , 1853 ( gastropoda : conoidea : borsonidae ) from west africa . iberus , 31 ( 2 ) : 1 - 17 . [ details ]\nbouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life . [ details ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbouchet , p . ; fontaine , b . ( 2009 ) . list of new marine species described between 2002 - 2006 . census of marine life .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ntraditionally , all cone shells have been included in the linnean genus conus . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) have recently proposed an alternative shell - and radula - based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones . in worms , we currently still recognize a single family conidae ( following puillandre et al . 2011 ) , but tucker & tenorio ' s 80 genera classification is presented as\nalternative representation\n. [ p . bouchet , 14 aug . 2011 ]\nconidae ( also see coninae ) is a taxonomic grouping of predatory sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily conoidea . some classifications of the cone snails , including the 2014 classification , group only cone snails in the family conidae . other classifications have previously grouped the cone snails in a subfamily of this family , the coninae .\nuntil 1993 , with the taxonomic changes proposed by taylor , et al . ,\ntaxonomic changes as of 2009 and 2011 , based upon molecular phylogeny ( see below ) , have elevated the subfamilies which were previously in the family turridae to the status of families in their own right , leaving the family conidae once again containing the species which were traditionally placed in that family .\nthe family conidae currently ( march 2015 ) contains over 800 recognized species , while linnaeus knew only 30 valid species .\nconinae fleming , 1822 \u2014 synonyms : conulinae rafinesque , 1815 ( inv . ) ; textiliinae da motta , 1995 ( n . a . )\nclathurellinae h . adams & a . adams , 1858 \u2014 synonyms : defranciinae gray , 1853 ( inv . ) ; borsoniinae a . bellardi , 1875 ; pseudotominae a . bellardi , 1888 ; diptychomitrinae l . bellardi , 1888 ; mitrolumnidae sacco , 1904 ; mitromorphinae casey , 1904 ; lorinae thiele , 1925 sensu opinion 666\nraphitominae a . bellardi , 1875 \u2014 synonyms : daphnellinae casey , 1904 ; taraninae casey , 1904 ; thatcheriidae powell , 1942 ; pleurotomellinae f . nordsieck , 1968 ; andoniinae vera - pelaez , 2002\nin 2009 john k . tucker and manuel j . tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies ( which resorb their inner walls during growth ) was based upon a\n( which are a distinct large and diverse group ) from the cone snails , and creates a number of new families .\nin 2011 bouchet et al . proposed a new classification in which several subfamilies have been raised to the rank of family :\nbased on mitochondrial dna and nuclear dna testing , and builds on the prior work by j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , but does not include fossil taxa .\nrecognized extant genera within the cone snails as per j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) , include : .\nand the genera recognized by tucker & tenorio 2009 are considered to be\nalternate representations\n.\n. using 329 species , the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses . the results suggested that the authors should place all cone snails in a single family , conidae , containing four genera :\nfollowing taylor et al . in 1993 , and prior to 2011 a large number of diverse genera were included within the family conidae , however as a result of molecular phylogeny studies in 2011 many of these genera which were in the family conidae ( commonly known as turrids ) have been moved back to the turridae or placed in new families within the superfamily conoidea . the following list of genera is maintained for historical reasons :\nthere are around 30 records of humans killed by a cone snail . human victims suffer little pain , because the venom contains an analgesic component . some species can kill a human in under 5 minutes , from where the name\ncigarette snail\nas one only has time to smoke a cigarette before dying . the molluscs can attack if provoked and can sting through a wetsuit with their harpoon , which resembles a transparent needle .\nnormally cone snails ( and many species in the superfamily conoidea ) use the venom to immobilize prey . it consists of a mixture of peptides , called conopeptides . their venom is made up of 10 to 30 amino acids , but occasionally as many as 60 . the venom of each cone snail species may contain as many as 200 pharmacologically active components . it is estimated that more than 50 , 000 conopeptides can be found because every species of cone snail is thought to produce its own specific venom .\ncone snail venom , in more recent years , has come to interest biotechnologists and pharmacists because of its potential medicinal properties . production of synthetic conopeptides has started , using solid - phase peptide synthesis .\nw - conopeptide , from the species conus magus is the basis of the analgesic drug prialt , an approved treatment for pain said to be 1000 times as powerful as morphine and used as a last resort in specific application . conopeptides are also being looked at as anti - epileptic agents and to help stop nerve - cell death after a stroke or head injury . conopeptides also have potential in helping against spasms due to spinal cord injuries , and may be helpful in diagnosing and treating small cell carcinomas in the lung .\nfleming j . ( june 1822 ) . the philosophy of zoology , a general view of the structure , functions and classification of animals 2 . constable & co . , edinburgh , 618 pp . , conidae is on the page 490 .\npiper r . ( 2007 ) . extraordinary animals : an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals , greenwood press .\ntaylor j . d . , kantor y . i . & sysoev a . v . ( 1993 ) .\nforegut anatomy , feeding mechanisms , relationships and classification of conoidea ( toxoglossa ) ( gastropoda )\n. bull . nat . hist . mus . ( zool . ) 59 : 125\u2013169 .\nbouchet p . , rocroi j . - p . , fr\u00fdda j . , hausdorf b . , ponder w . , vald\u00e9s \u00e1 . & war\u00e9n a . ( 2005 ) .\nclassification and nomenclator of gastropod families\n. malacologia : international journal of malacology ( hackenheim , germany : conchbooks ) 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1\u2013397 . isbn 3925919724 . issn 0076 - 2997 .\ntucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . , at p . 133\np . k . bandyopadhyay , b . j . stevenson , j . p . ownby , m . t . cady , m . watkins , & b . olivera ( 2008 ) , the mitochondrial genome of conus textile , coxi - conii intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 46 : 215 - 223 .\ns . t . williams & t . f . duda , jr . ( 2008 ) , did tectonic activity stimulate oligo - miocene speciation in the indo - west pacific ? evolution 62 : 1618 - 1634 .\nr . l . cunha , r . castilho , l . ruber , & r . zardoya ( 2005 ) , patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus conus from the cape verde islands systematic biology 54 ( 4 ) : 634 - 650 .\nt . f . duda , jr . & a . j . kohn ( 2005 ) , species - level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus conus , molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34 : 257 - 272 .\nt . f . duda , jr . & e . rolan ( 2005 ) , explosive radiation of cape verde conus , a marine species flock , molecular ecology 14 : 267 - 272 .\nb . vallejo , jr . ( 2005 ) , inferring the mode of speciation in the indo - west pacific conus ( gastropoda : conidae ) , journal of biogeography 32 : 1429 - 1439 .\nn . puillandre , s . samadi , m . boesselier , a . sysoev , y . kantor , c . cruaud , a . couloux , & p . bouchett ( 2008 ) , starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot : molecular phylogeny of the\nturrid\n( neogastropoda : conoidea ) , molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47 : 1122 - 1134 .\nbouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , sysoev a . & puillandre n . ( 2011 ) .\na new operational classification of the conoidea\n. journal of molluscan studies 77 : 273 - 308 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyr017 .\ntucker , j . k . & stahlschmidt , p . ( 2010 ) a second species of pseudoconorbis ( gastropoda : conoidea ) from india . miscellanea malacologica 4 ( 3 ) : 31 - 34 .\nwatkins , m . , corneli , p . s . , hillyard , d . , & olivera , b . m . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of conus chiangi ( azuma , 1972 ) ( gastropods : conidae ) . the nautilus 124 ( 3 ) : 129 - 136 .\ntucker , j . k . , tenorio , m . j . & stahlschmidt , p . ( 2011 ) the genus benthofascis ( gastropoda : conoidea ) : a revision with descriptions of new species . zootaxa 2796 : 1 - 14 .\ntucker , j . k . & tenorio , m . j . ( 2011 ) new species of gradiconus and kohniconus from the western atlantic ( gastropoda : conoidea : conidae , conilithidae ) . miscellanea malacologica 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .\npetuch , e . j . & sargent , d . m . ( 2011 ) new species of conidae and conilithidae ( gastropoda ) from the tropical americas and philippines . with notes on some poorly - known floridian species . visaya 3 ( 3 ) : 116 - 137 .\npetuch & drolshage ( 2011 ) compendium of florida fossil shells , volume 1 mdm publications , wellington , florida , 432 pp .\nurltoken classification : traditionally , all cone shells have been included in the linnean genus conus . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) have recently proposed an alternative shell - and radula - based classification that recognizes 4 families and 80 genera of cones . in worms , we currently still recognize a single family conidae ( following puillandre et al . 2011 ) , but tucker & tenorio ' s 80 genera classification is presented as\nalternative representation\n. [ p . bouchet , 14 aug . 2011 ]\nn . puillandre , e . strong , p . bouchet , m . boisselier , v . couloux , & s . samadi ( 2009 ) ,\nidentifying gastropod spawn from dna barcodes : possible but not yet practicable\n, molecular ecology resources 9 : 1311 - 1321 .\ntucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) , systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods , conchbooks , hankenheim , germany , 295 pp .\nbiggs , j . s . , watkins , m . showers corneli , p . and olivera , b . m . ( 2010 ) . defining a clade by morphological , molecular , and toxinological criteria : distinctive forms related to conus praecellens a . adams , 1854 ( gastropoda : conidae ) . nautilus 124 : 1 - 19 ( naming new species and moving species from kurodaconus to turriconus ) .\nnature 429 , 798 - 799 ( 24 june 2004 ) doi : 10 . 1038 / 429798a\nbecker s . & terlau h . ( 2008 ) .\ntoxins from cone snails : properties , applications and biotechnological production .\napplied microbiology and biotechnology 79 ( 1 ) : 1 - 9 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00253 - 008 - 1385 - 6 .\nkaas , quentin ; yu rilei ; jin ai - hua ; dutertre s\u00e9bastien ; craik david j ( jan 2012 ) .\nconoserver : updated content , knowledge , and discovery tools in the conopeptide database\n. nucleic acids res . ( england ) 40 ( database issue ) : d325\u201330 . doi : 10 . 1093 / nar / gkr886 . pmc 3245185 . pmid 22058133 .\nkohn a . a . ( 1992 ) . chronological taxonomy of conus , 1758 - 1840\n. smithsonian institution press , washington and london .\nmonteiro a . ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . the cone collector 1 : 1 - 28 .\ntaylor , j . d . , kantor yu . i . & sysoev a . v . ( 1993 ) .\nforegut anatomy , feeding mechanisms , relationships and classification of conoidea ( toxoglossa ) ( gastropoda )\n. bull . nat . hist . mus . ( zool . ) 59 : 125 - 169 .\nberschauer d . ( 2010 ) . technology and the fall of the mono - generic family the cone collector 15 : pp . 51\u201354\npuillandre n . , meyer c . p . , bouchet p . , and olivera b . m . ( 2011 ) , genetic divergence and geographical variation in the deep - water conus orbignyi complex ( mollusca : conoidea ) , zoologica scripta 40 ( 4 ) 350 - 363 .\npuillandre n . , duda t . f . , meyer c . , olivera b . m . & bouchet p . ( 2015 ) . one , four or 100 genera ? a new classification of the cone snails . journal of molluscan studies . 81 : 1 - 23\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 17 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconidae is a taxonomic family of minute to quite large sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily conoidea .\ncurrent taxonomic changes as of 2009 and 2011 , based upon molecular phylogeny ( see below ) , have elevated the subfamilies which were previously in the family turridae to the status of families in their own right , leaving the family conidae once again containing the species which were traditionally placed in that family .\nthe family conidae currently still contains well over 600 recognized species , which traditionally have all been placed in the genus conus .\nclathurellinae h . adams & a . adams , 1858 \u2014 synonyms : defranciinae gray , 1853 ( inv . ) ; borsoniinae a . bellardi , 1875 ; pseudotominae a . bellardi , 1888 ; diptychomitrinae l . bellardi , 1888 ; mitrolumnidae sacco , 1904 ; mitromorphinae casey , 1904 ; lorinae thiele , 1925 sensu opinion 666\nrecognized extant genera within the cone snails as per j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) , include :\nnote : an asterisk * indicates genera that are considered to be within the family conilithidae by tucker & tenorio 2009 ."]}
{"id": 1626, "summary": [{"text": "struthiomimus ( meaning \" ostrich mimic \" , from the greek \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2/stroutheios meaning \" of the ostrich \" and \u03bc\u1fd6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2/mimos meaning \" mimic \" or \" imitator \" ) is a genus of ornithomimid dinosaurs from the late cretaceous of north america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "ornithomimids were long-legged , bipedal , ostrich-like dinosaurs with toothless beaks .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the type species , struthiomimus altus , is one of the more common small dinosaurs found in dinosaur provincial park ; its abundance suggests that these animals were herbivores or omnivores rather than pure carnivores . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "struthiomimus", "paragraphs": ["' struthiomimus samueli belongs to struthiomimus ' according to w . a . parks 1928\nstruthiomimus was medium sized among other dinosaurs , light in build and had long limbs and a long neck . the brain of struthiomimus is noted for being large in proportion to its small skull . struthiomimus also had large eyes .\n, chosing the name\nstruthiomimus\n- which means\nostrich mimic\n.\na dead struthiomimus is about to be eaten by the three remaining pack of velociraptors .\nthe carcasse of struthiomimus was stripped clean by the velociraptors before the 2 carnotaurs came .\nit is thought that struthiomimus would have had feathers , being of the coelurosauria family .\nstruthiomimus has been found in great numbers since the first discoveries , and has often changed the minds of scientists as each new piece of the struthiomimus puzzle has been garnered and considered .\n' struthiomimus samueli is recombined as dromiceiomimus samueli ' according to d . a . russell 1972\nstill today scientists hope for further discovery regarding struthiomimus , in order to better understand its lifestyle and demise .\nstruthiomimus was a species of dinosaur that existed during the cretaceous period . it looked like an ostrich , hence , that is how it got its name , which means\nostrich mimic\n. several struthiomimus appeared in disney ' s 2000 film , dinosaur .\n. what this means , is that although struthiomimus was not closely related to lizards , it did have similarly shaped pelvic bones .\nbelow is a struthiomimus skeleton in jigsaw puzzle form . if you can correctly assemble the puzzle you will be admitted to the portion of the collection with all of the struthiomimus bones . ( to skip the puzzle , click on the link below the puzzle . )\nstruthiomimus lived during the late cretaceous period , about 76 million years ago in what is now wyoming , utah , usa ; and in alberta , canada . struthiomimus was another dinosaur which its hindlimbs were made for speed . its back legs were powerful and struthiomimus was a lightly built dinosaur . struthiomimus is thought to have lived in herds . it had a long and curved neck , at the top , a small head with a toothless beak . it had powerful arms , and its fingertips ended with a curved claw . struthiomimus had a long , stiff tail . this carnivore used its speed and great eye sight to hunt for food and to escape from predators .\nclassification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : stem - aves order : ornithomimosauria family : ornithomimidae genus : struthiomimus species : s . altus\nthe name struthiomimus actually means \u201costrich mimic , \u201d or ostrich copycat . this dinosaur was actually the first ornithomimosaur to be discovered . like other members of this group , it is believed that struthiomimus probably ate bugs , seeds , berries , and just about anything else it could find .\nstruthiomimus was about 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) long , and about 4\u00bd ( 1 . 4 meters ) tall at the hips .\ndiscoveries of fossilized struthiomimus bones are generally sparse , disarticulated and fragmented , the bones being hollow , weak and crushed over time . there are several struthiomimus species types : s . altus , s . brevetertius , s . samueli , s . currellii , s . ingens and s . sedens .\nlike the other dinosaurs , the struthiomimus in the herd were trying to get to the nesting grounds for safety and survival . not all of them survived ; at least one perished from thirst and starvation and was eaten by velociraptors , its carcass picked clean to the bones . at the end of the movie , the surviving struthiomimus make it to the nesting grounds and live in peace and harmony . none of the struthiomimus speak in this movie .\n- a member of a group of related bipedal dinosaurs that included the ancestors of birds ( although struthiomimus was not itself an ancestor of birds ) .\nthis scene , taken from a short stop - motion film which was later re - used in a special hosted by christopher reeve in the late 1980s , is what truly sparked my interest in dinosaurs and solidified one of my favorite prehistoric creatures : struthiomimus altus . in reality , deinonychus lived several million years before struthiomimus , and realistically , struthiomimus could have easily outrun those slow little ambush predators , had they gotten out into the open . struthiomimus , along with other ornithomimids , were built for speed , and ( based on trackway evidence and hind limb ratio studies ) could have reached speeds exceeding 40mph .\nin the primeval world section of the disneyland railroad , three struthiomimus can be seen drinking from a small pond in a desert area . however , it ' s possible that these can be a different species of dinosaur related to struthiomimus , since none of the dinosaurs ' names are mentioned on the ride .\nthe appearance of struthiomimus in many films and television programs has lent an awareness of the life of prehistoric dinosaurs for years . popularized by our modern culture , the dinosaur has been portrayed in toys also . in a popular scene , the challenging life of struthiomimus was depicted by showcasing the likely sequence of struthiomimus feeding on exposed dinosaur eggs , subsequently losing its attention and fighting off their mother and , eventually to be mauled by a pair of carnivores moments later .\nstruthiomimus was a lightweight member of the prehistoric dinosaur world . named officially as \u201costrich mimic\u201d ( greek ) , struthiomimus is a genus of the ornithomimidae family from the late cretaceous period of alberta , canada . the actual history of struthiomimus is plagued with inadequate information and convolution . initial discoveries were inaccurately assigned and it was many years before an adequate number of fossilized bone specimens prompted today\u2019s greater accuracy in assignation . family members include ornithomimus , sinornithomimus , gallimimus and dromiceiomimus .\na close relative of ornithomimus , which it closely resembled , struthiomimus (\nostrich mimic\n) galloped across the plains of western north america during the late cretaceous period .\nstruthiomimus was a herbivore / omnivore . it lived in the cretaceous period and inhabited north america . its fossils have been found in places such as texas , montana and colorado .\n\u2026the ostrichlike dinosaurs , such as struthiomimus , ornithomimus , gallimimus , and dromiceiomimus , had long hind legs and must have been very fleet . the dromaeosaurs , such as deinonychus , velociraptor \u2026\nfull reference : h . f . osborn . 1916 . skeletal adaptations of ornitholestes , struthiomimus , tyrannosaurus . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 35 ( 43 ) : 733 - 771\nnotes : found in alberta , canada , struthiomimus is the best known of all ornithomimids . like other ornithomimids , struthiomimus was built for speed , with large hind legs and a tail that could be stiffened to provide balance and the ability to make quick turns . it had no teeth , but it is still a carnivore eating soft foods such as eggs , insects , and small animals .\nstruthiomimus was initially regarded as a carnivore , but has since come to be considered omnivorous . being an opportunistic feeder , this dinosaur would have enjoyed plants and small animals , insects , fish and carrion .\nwith its long and powerful hind limbs , struthiomimus was a powerful mover and runner . it is thought that the entire defense of struthiomimus would have been its haste and speed in flight ( running ) . it\u2019s theorized that this dinosaur would have been capable of sprinting fifty miles per hour , and commonly cruised at thirty to forty miles per hour . its tail would have been quite useful in form and balance .\nstruthiomimus was first discovered in 1901 when lawrence lambe found scattered remains that were largely incomplete . however , subsequent discoveries would prove to enlighten scientists as to a truer origin of this prehistoric animal . in 1914 , barnum brown discovered a nearly complete skeleton at the red deer river site in alberta and further described struthiomimus , although again inaccurately . many discoveries and assignations have taken place since , up until as recently as 1998 .\nfurther reading - skeletal adaptations of ornitholestes , struthiomimus , tyrannosaurus . - bulletin of the american museum of natural history 35 ( 43 ) : 733 - 771 - h . f . osborn - 1916 . - struthiomimus brevetertius - a new species of dinosaur from the edmonton formation of alberta . - transactions of the royal society of canada , series 3 . 20 ( 4 ) : 65 - 70 . - w . a . parks - 1926 . - struthiomimus samueli , a new species of ornithomimidae from the belly river formation of alberta . - university of toronto studies , geology series 26 : 1 - 24 . - w . a . parks - 1928 . - a new specimen of struthiomimus altus from alberta , with comments on the classificatory characters of upper cretaceous ornithomimids . - canadian journal of earth sciences 18 : 518 - 526 . - e . l . nicholls & a . r . russel - 1981 .\nmost theropods were carnivorous . struthiomimus and other related taxa appear to be exceptions . the toothless beak ( see image to right ) would have been well suited for eating either insects or perhaps soft plant tissues or seeds and fruits .\nthe beak of struthiomimus had a straight edge . since its fingers appear to have been largely immobile , it has been suggested that they may have been bound together as a single unit , as a webbed foot would be for a creature of the coast or shoreline . it is theorized that struthiomimus was a shore - dweller and could have been a filter feeder at times , in addition to the plant life of leaves from trees and shrubberies , along with buds and grasses . struthiomimus likely still could have grasped at branches with its forelimbs and webbed fingers . its long neck would have been useful both in the water and out , reaching the tops of trees and into the depths of the shallowest waters .\nsince struthiomimus has no teeth , and teeth are the most abundant and easiest means to recognize the presence of a specific dinosaur type , we have only a few phalanges from the foot that we can definitely attribute to this taxon in our collection .\nstruthiomimus was probably an omnivore - although there have also been theories that it may have been a carnivore ( meat - eater ) , herbivore ( plant - eater ) , or even a filter feeder ( straining food from water like a flamingo ) .\nstruthiomimus is notable for its lack of general defense against the more carnivorous and powerful dinosaurs of its time . however , this was a fast animal that had powerful legs and is compared to today\u2019s ostrich in speed , strength , nimble nature and even its likely feathers .\nstruthiomimus was an ornithomimosaur , or ostrich - like dinosaur . the ornithomimosaurs , which came in a variety of species , were all very similar to one another . they typically had toothless beaks , long slender fingers , and were bipedal , meaning they walked on only two legs .\nunlike the ridiculously - named struthiosaurus ( the\nostrich lizard\nthat ' s an armoured , four - legged , nodosaurid ankylosaur ) , struthiomimus ( the\nostrich mimic\n) actually boasts some similarities to its namesake . it has long legs , a small toothless skull , and the ability to outrun most things , just like the modern ostrich ( struthio ) . however , so does a dinosaur called ornithomimus , and that ' s exactly where struthiomimus spent the best part of two decades , having been assigned there as ornithomimus altus by lawrence lambe in 1902 .\nexcept for its speed , struthiomimus appears to have been unprotected . however , appearances can be deceptive . this specimen was equipped with formidable claws on its hands ( left ) and feet ( right with phalanges ) that certainly could have been turned to defensive use should the occasion require .\n, there has been considerable debate about the diet of struthiomimus . based on its straight - edged beak , some scientists believe it to have been an omnivore . other scientists have thought it to be a carnivore ( meat - eater ) , because some of its relatives were carnivores . many scientists ( including\ndinosaur genera found in the park include brachylophosaurus , centrosaurus , chasmosaurus , chirostenotes , corythosaurus , daspletosaurus , dromaeosaurus , edmontonia , elmisaurus , euoplocephalus , gorgosaurus , gryposaurus , hesperonychus , lambeosaurus , leptoceratops , ornithomimus , panoplosaurus , parasaurolophus , prosaurolophus , ricardoestesia , saurornitholestes , stegoceras , struthiomimus , styracosaurus , and troodon .\nthe legs ( hind limbs ) of struthiomimus were long , powerful and seemingly well - suited to rapid running , much like an ostrich . the supposed speed of struthiomimus was , in fact , its main defense from predators ( although it may also have been able to lash out with its hind claws when cornered ) , such as the dromaeosaurids ( e . g . saurornitholestes and dromaeosaurus ) and tyrannosaurs ( e . g . daspletosaurus and gorgosaurus ) , which lived at the same time . it is estimated to have been able to run at speeds between 50 to 80 km / h ( 31 to 50 mph ) .\na well - known example is struthiomimus . most were ostrich - sized and were adapted for fast running , with particularly long foot bones , or metatarsals . the largest was deinocheirus from asia , known only from one specimen consisting of complete arms and hands almost 3 metres ( 10 feet ) long\u2014nearly four times longer than those\u2026\nthe tracks are all of three - toed animals ( that is , three toes to walk on \u2013 digitgrade stance ) . the narrow toes and their overall size indicate the bird - like prints of a type of bipedal dinosaur belonging to the theropod group \u2013 ornithomimids . these light , cursorial dinosaurs had compact bodies , long tails , long necks and very long legs . they were swift runners and palaeontologists believe that some of the larger species such as the four metre long struthiomimus ( struthiomimus sedens ) , that lived in north america during the late cretaceous ( campanian faunal stage ) , could have reached speeds in excess of sixty kilometres an hour .\nstruthiomimus was of a medium size , bipedal and bird - like in appearance . its long rear limbs appear to be built for great speed and distance coverage , like that of today\u2019s ostrich . while struthiomimus stood about four feet at the hips , actual height to the head was more like fourteen feet . the head of struthiomimus was very small in proportion to the rest of its body , including the brain . the head was slender and seemed a simple extension from the much larger body and long neck . the jaws of this omnivore were edentulous . its tail must have been quite useful in balance and aerodynamics , since it consisted of significantly more vertebrae than either its neck or back . the tail of this ostrich like dinosaur was stiff , and most significant to its build and performance , with at least 35 tail vertebrae and only six to the hip area and thirteen in the back . it is surprising that the neck , although very long , had only ten vertebrae .\n) have suggested struthiomimus was probably a herbivore ( plant - eaters ) - its hands seem well - adapted to hooking branches and fern fronds . finally , there is also a possibility that it may have lived on the shoreline and been a filter feeder , straining water for food particles in a way similar to modern flamingo birds .\nthis study provides the first description of an ornithomimid bonebed known from north america , and one of only three such sites worldwide . although the taxonomic identity of the specimens could not be determined beyond the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus , it provides further evidence of gregarious behavior in ornithomimids , and highlights some of the outstanding problems within ornithomimid classification .\nthe arms of struthiomimus were long and slender and sported the longest hands of any ornithomimid . the three fingers were all about the same length , with slightly curved and particularly long claws . the forearm to the fingers were immobile ( no wrist ) , with only slight mobility of the fingers themselves . its arms have been compared to those of a sloth .\nstruthiomimus was about 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) long , and about 4\u00bd ( 1 . 4 meters ) tall at the hips . it is believed to have weighed around 330 pounds ( 150 kilograms ) . it was probably a fast - runner , perhaps being able to reach speeds of 30 to 50 miles per hour ( 50 to 80 kilometers per hour ) .\nstruthiomimus pronunciation : strooth - ee - uh - my - mus translation : ostrich mimic also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : tetanurae superfamily : ornithomimosauria ( of the microorder coelurosauria ) family : ornithomimidae height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 12 feet ( 3 . 7 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous\nthe phylogenetic analysis of the dry island bonebed ornithomimid specimens generated 5 most parsimonious trees each of 75 steps length ( consistency index = 0 . 667 , retention index = 0 . 747 ) . the strict consensus of those five trees is shown in figure 5 , with bootstrap ( 100 , 000 replicates ) and bremer support values indicated . ornithomimus + struthiomimus + dry island specimens form an unresolved polytomy nested within ornithomimidae , sister clade to qiupalong henanensis .\nstruthiomimus sedens , the ostrich - mimic dinosaur ( strouthion - ostrich , mimos - mimic ) was a medium - sized ( up to 15 feet long ) ostrich - like theropod found in the lance formation and in other upper cretaceous deposits in north america . this creature appears to have been a fast runner that may have relied upon its speed to escape from other carnivorous dinosaurs that might have wanted to make a meal out of this tasty morsel .\nthe stratigraphic position of the specimens can also be of assistance in the taxonomic identification of the bonebed material ( figure 6 ) . known ornithomimid material from the section of the horseshoe canyon formation containing the bonebed ( tolman member / unit 4 , above the drumheller marine transgression ) almost exclusively represents ornithomimus edmontonicus ( six skeletons in various states of completeness ) , with the exception of one specimen of struthiomimus altus [ 1 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 21 ] . this further supports the placement of the bonebed specimens within the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus [ 11 ] , [ 16 ] . although only one specimen of s . altus is currently known from this unit , it contains diagnostic forelimb material that makes misidentification unlikely [ 13 ] . in combination with the inconclusive phylogenetic and pca results , we conclude that an exact species determination for the dry island bonebed material cannot be confirmed at this time .\nthis ornithomimid (\nbird mimic\n) dinosaur was distinguished from its more famous cousin by its slightly longer arms and stronger fingers , but because of the position of its thumbs it couldn ' t grasp food quite as easily . like other ornithomimids , struthiomimus likely pursued an opportunistic diet , feeding on plants , small animals , insects , fish or even carrion ( when a kill was left unattended by other , larger theropods ) . this dinosaur may have been capable of short sprints of 50 miles per hour , but had a less taxing\ncruising speed\nin the 30 to 40 mph range .\nname : struthiomimus \u202d ( \u202costrich mimic\u202d ) \u202c . phonetic : stru - fee - oh - mime - us . named by : henry fairfield osborn\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1917 . synonyms : ornithomimus altus , \u202d \u202cornithomimus sedens . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202creptilia , \u202d \u202cdinosauria , \u202d \u202csaurischia , \u202d \u202ctheropoda , \u202d \u202cornithomimidae . species : s . \u202d \u202caltus\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cs . \u202d \u202csedens . diet : uncertain but possibly an omnivore . size : 4 . 3\u202d \u202cmeters long , \u202d \u202c1 . 4\u202d \u202cmeters high at the hip . known locations : canada , \u202d \u202calberta\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cdinosaur park formation and horseshoe canyon formation . \u202d \u202cusa\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202chell creek formation . time period : late campanian / early maastrichtian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : many individuals .\nbonebeds can provide a wealth of anatomical , taphonomic , and ontogenetic information about the specimens preserved within them , and can provide evidence for inferred behavior . the material described here represents the first known bonebed of ornithomimids in north america , and the fourth record of an ornithomimosaur bonebed in the world . partial skeletons representing three individuals are preserved in this assemblage , each comprising primarily portions of the posterior postcrania ( pelvis , hind limbs and tail ) . all three individuals are morphologically similar , although one is larger in overall size . given the stratigraphic position of the site , and the morphology of the postcrania , the preserved material represents a taxon from the clade containing ornithomimus and struthiomimus . pedal ungual morphology is examined and found to be too variable to be useful in distinguishing these species taxonomically . this site provides additional evidence of gregarious behavior in ornithomimids and the first probable record of that behavior in north american forms .\nspecimens were prepared from their plaster jackets using standard paleontological preparation techniques . taphonomic condition scales used in this study follow ryan et al . [ 2 ] . to assess the relationship of the dry island bone bed specimens described here to other ornithomimid taxa we scored them for a cladistic data matrix ( table s2 ) , modified from xu et al . [ 16 ] . the \u2018dry island bonebed specimens\u2019 were scored as a combination of cmn 12068 , 12069 , and 12070 , which were coded the same for each specimen and therefore analyzed as a single operational taxonomic unit . we performed a phylogenetic analysis using tnt [ 34 ] , with a traditional wagner search with 1000 replicates using tree bisection reconnection branch swapping . a principal component analysis ( pca ) was performed in an attempt to further classify the dry island ornithomimid bonebed specimens beyond the polytomy resolved in the phylogenetic analysis . the pca was performed using the lengths , proximal and distal heights , and proximal and distal widths of each pedal phalanx from the dry island bonebed specimens and several articulated specimens of ornithomimus and struthiomimus ( cmn 8632 [ o . edmontonicus ] , cmn 930 [ s . altus ] , rom [ royal ontario museum , toronto , canada ] 852 [ \u201c o . edmontonicus \u201d ] , rom 851 [ o . edmontonicus ] , rom 797 [ \u201c o . edmontonicus \u201d ] ) , rom 1790 [ \u201c s . altus \u201d ] ) . left / right averages were produced for each specimen , and unshared material was removed . the full list of measurements can be found in table s3 . a canonical variate analysis ( cva ) was then performed , on the measurements identified in the pca as most affecting the variation , to test the significance of clustering in the morphospace . the pca and cva were performed on these data using past [ 35 ] . resultant plots can be found in figures s1 and s2 , respectively . no permits were required for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\n! \u0084\u00f0h0a\u0084\u00e2\u00a6\u0083a\u00a7i\u00a6\u009fj\u009ak u4\u00f5sms\u00b5u\u00f6\u00f3 _ \u00edf\u00f5\u00ec\u0086p\u00a5\u00fbu \u00e3\u00fbu\u00e3\u0010\u0093 shs j\u00e7 \\ uk\u00b4\u00f6\u00f40a\u0084\n, & \u0010ha\u0082\u0016\u0083\u0004\u0018a\u0082 0\u0083m\u0006\u009bamsl - \u00e8pi\u0084\u00f0a4\u00f3m4\u0018i4\u00fc ) \u0006\u00e3\u00fa\u00f0\u00f3m0\u00b6\u0083m5\u00fb\u00b5m4\u00e80 > \u0083 \u00b8\u00fd\u00f8t\u00e8\u0010\u00e9\u0090 ! \u00e88\u00fa\u00afh ; mddxb\n\n\u008de\u00b0a \u00f0a\u0006\b4\u0018m\u0006\u0010\u0089\u0011\u0095hdc\u0004\u0018 \u00e1t\u00f3a\u0084\u00f3\u00bb\n\u00b8 \u00f3l & n ; : * \u00e2 \u00f3\u00b4\u00ef\u0086\u0016\u00f3 [ & \u00e84\u00f3 / k\u0086\u0014\u00bc \u0084\u00e1 a\u00a6 \\ ' i\u0090 ` xa0\u00b6\u00a2\u0018y1\u0088\u0088\u0088\u0088\u0088\u0088\u0086\u0015 ; \bdd0\u0084d\u0018 @ \u00e2\u0011\u0010i\u0093\u0006\u0081\u00a6 \u00a1e\u00f6w eac\u009c\u009c\u008a\u0098\u0090\u0081xa\u00984\u0018l\u0013\by ! \u0005zki\u00a6\u0098l\u00e5\u00a8\u00eci <\n\u0016\u0093\u0006\u00102 ( \u00e0\u0081\u00a1 f\u00e4tdddi8\u0018 ! \u0011\u0012\u0086\n4 ! \u0093\u00fe\u0087\u0095h4 \u00ea\b\u0010h\u0018b , \u00b0p\u0083\bdd\u008d ! \u00bab\n\u001a\u0011\u0011\u0011\u0011\u0011\u0011\u00fe6\u00e2v\u00ea\u00fa\u00ed + i [ j\u00eb\u00b4\u0015\u00ae \u00a8\u00b0\u00a3\u00f96 ) \u00b5 \u00fe @ } \u0090b\u00acd\u00dfb & \u00fa\u00e6\u000e\u0013 & \u00f9 ! \u00b72\n\u00a7\u0018 : d\u00f8\u00f4\na\u0006\byn . ! s\u00b0p\u00e7c ` \u00e7r * ` \u0084\u00fdq\u0096\u00e2\u0081\u00ee\u00f4\u00ec \u00f9tw\u00e0\u009c ' \u00f6 \u00a6\u009ai\u0099je\u007f\u0089 ( r\u0080\u00e7e ` \u0081\u0006vj\u0018\bcn\u009d\u00fa ~ \u009e\u009a ` \u0083a\u00a6\u009e\u009ak\u00f3\u00f3\u00d7\u00f3\u00e2 \u00f5n\u00ee \u00f3 n\u00f5\u00be\u00e88 } \u00fe\u00b7\u00e4o\u0007\u00e3\u00b4\u00d7\u00ba\u00a7\u00f3\u00bb\u00ab\u00f5wp\u00e5\u00b9 ` . \u000e \u000e\u0088\u00a3\u00b4f\u00ec884\u00e1\u00f3\u0007\u00d7\u00f4\u00e1 \u00e1\u00f7\u00ad , ; \u00b8pjd \u00e5b\u0083q\u0092\u00fb } \u00fd\u00fd . \u0093\u00fc ; \u00e6\u00fd\u0082\u00ef + \u0081\u00f5\u00957gb\u00eb\u007f\u00f3uw } \u00ec\u0096u\u00e7 ] 6\u00bb\u00f3\u00f6\u00b2w _ \u00ffz\u00a8o \u008c\u007f\u00e1 \u00ae\u009f\u00b5\u00a7 \u00ff\u00fa } 28oq\u00ff\u00f0\u00e1 } - \u007f\u00af\u00fe\u00af\u00ff\u00fc\u007f\u00eb\u00fd\u007f\u00e1\u00ad\u00ff\u00ff\u00f9\u0014u\u00bf\u00ff\u00ffi\u007f _ \u007fz { k\u00eb\u00f2 _ \u008f\u00ff\u00af\u00bf\u00b5\u00d7\u00fb\u00e8gz\u00fa\u00d7\u00af _ \u00f3 \u007f\u00fd\u00af\u00eb\u00fa\u00eb _ \u00ff\u00fb\u00e3\u00bc\u009b\u0094z\u00aa\u00eb\u00ff\u00af\u00be\u00ff\u00fc\u009b\u00f8\u00a4vu\bm\u0091 | \u008e2s : \u008a @ \u0082\u001a\u00e1\u000e \u0084d\u00ecxn\u008e\u00e5\u0012\u00eb\u00af\u00ff\u00ae\u00bd\u007fb\u00f0i\u00a1\u0006\u0011 ph\u001ah3\u00a8rh\u000eu\u0007 % \u00a3\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzelenitsky , darla k . ; therrien , fran\u00e7ois ; erickson , gregory m . ; debuhr , christopher l . ; kobayashi , yoshitsugu ; eberth , david a . ; hadfield , frank\nscience , volume 338 , issue 6106 , pp . 510 - ( 2012 ) . ( sci homepage )\npreviously described feathered dinosaurs reveal a fascinating record of feather evolution , although substantial phylogenetic gaps remain . here we report the occurrence of feathers in ornithomimosaurs , a clade of non - maniraptoran theropods for which fossilized feathers were previously unknown . the ornithomimus specimens , recovered from upper cretaceous deposits of alberta , canada , provide new insights into dinosaur plumage and the origin of the avian wing . individuals from different growth stages reveal the presence of a filamentous feather covering throughout life and winglike structures on the forelimbs of adults . the appearance of winglike structures in older animals indicates that they may have evolved in association with reproductive behaviors . these specimens show that primordial wings originated earlier than previously thought , among non - maniraptoran theropods .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\ndinosaurs have a new family tree . find out how it has changed and what the new tree reveals about dinosaurs ' origins and evolution .\nthese popular dinosaur reconstructions from the 1960s are no longer scientifically accurate . can you spot the errors ?\nfossil poo may not be a glamorous fossil find , but it can reveal a lot about prehistoric animals .\ncheck out the range of dinosaur toys , games , books and clothes in the museum shop .\nfind out the many ways you can join dippy the museum ' s famous diplodocus cast on his natural history adventure .\nroarrr . come face - to - face with some of the museum ' s most famous dinosaurs .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ncopyright 2018 . kids dinosaurs . kids know it network . all rights are reserved .\nads help our organization grow to help people learn more and develop our site . maintenance is not cheap .\n( meaning \u201costrich mimic\u201d ) was about 2 . 5 metres ( 8 feet ) long and was obviously adapted for rapid movement on strong , well - developed hind limbs . the three - toed feet were especially birdlike in that they had exceedingly long\n( foot bones ) , which , as in birds ( and some other dinosaurs ) , did not touch the ground .\nhad a small , light , and toothless skull perched atop a slender and very flexible neck ; the jaws were probably covered by a rather birdlike horny beak . the forelimbs were also long and slender , terminating in three - fingered hands with sharp claws adapted for grasping . the hand , as in all members of the\n) , is diagnostic in that all three fingers are nearly the same length .\nornithomimus , ( genus ornithomimus ) , ostrichlike feathered dinosaurs found as fossils in mongolian , european , and north american deposits dating from 125 million to 66 million years ago during the cretaceous period . ornithomimus was about 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long , and , although it was a theropod dinosaur , it was likely omnivorous . its\u2026\ndinosaur , the common name given to a group of reptiles , often very large , that first appeared roughly 245 million years ago ( near the beginning of the middle triassic epoch ) and thrived worldwide for nearly 180 million years . most died out by the end of the cretaceous period , about 66 million\u2026\ncretaceous period , in geologic time , the last of the three periods of the mesozoic era . the cretaceous began 145 . 0 million years ago and ended 66 million years ago ; it followed the jurassic period and was succeeded by the paleogene period ( the first of the two periods into which the tertiary\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\ndinosaur jungle dinosaur crosswords dinosaur facts amazing dinosaurs classification ornithischia ankylosaurs ceratopsians marginocephalia ornithopods pachycephalosaurs stegosaurs saurischia prosauropods sauropods theropods definition diet eggs extinction family tree fossils footprints life span living dinosaurs ? myths timeline triassic period jurassic period cretaceous period world african dinosaurs antarctic dinosaurs asian dinosaurs australian dinosaurs european dinosaurs indian dinosaurs n . american dinosaurs s . american dinosaurs dinosaur jokes dinosaur museums australia dinosaur museums canada dinosaur museums uk dinosaur museums usa dinosaur museums dinosaur names dinosaur pictures dinosaur scientists charles darwin mary anning sir richard owen more dinosaur scientists dinosaur types allosaurus ankylosaurus apatosaurus baryonyx brachiosaurus centrosaurus ceratosaurus coelophysis deinonychus dilophosaurus diplodocus euoplocephalus iguanodon kentrosaurus lambeosaurus maiasaura megalosaurus microraptor monoclonius pachycephalosaurus parasaurolophus pentaceratops protoceratops saltopus saurolophus seismosaurus spinosaurus stegosaurus styracosaurus supersaurus triceratops tyrannosaurus rex velociraptor more dinosaur types dinosaur word search other prehistoric animals aetosaurs ambulocetus ammonites andrewsarchus archaeopteryx basilosaurus belemnites brontotheres chalicotheres champsosaurs coelacanth cynodonts dicynodonts dimetrodon gastornis\nwe do hope that you find this site useful . we welcome people linking to this website or citing us .\nurltoken is copyright \u00a9 2006 - 2018 , answers 2000 limited disclosure : our company ' s websites ' content ( including this website ' s content ) includes advertisements for our own company ' s websites , products , and services , and for other organization ' s websites , products , and services . in the case of links to other organization ' s websites , our company may receive a payment , ( 1 ) if you purchase products or services , or ( 2 ) if you sign - up for third party offers , after following links from this website . unless specifically otherwise stated , information about other organization ' s products and services , is based on information provided by that organization , the product / service vendor , and / or publicly available information - and should not be taken to mean that we have used the product / service in question . additionally , our company ' s websites contain some adverts which we are paid to display , but whose content is not selected by us , such as google adsense ads . for more detailed information , please see advertising / endorsements disclosures our sites use cookies , some of which may already be set on your computer . use of our site constitutes consent for this . for details , please see privacy . click privacy for information about our company ' s privacy , data collection and data retention policies , and your rights . contact us privacy terms of use advertising / endorsements disclosures\nt . rowe and r . l . cifelli . 1992 . the campanian terlingua local fauna , with a summary of other vertebrates from the aguja formation , trans - pecos texas . journal of vertebrate paleontology 12 ( 4 ) : 472 - 493\ns . g . lucas and n . j . mateer . 1987 . dinosaurs , the age of the fruitland and kirtland formations , and the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in the san juan basin , new mexico . j . e . fassett and j . k . rigby , jr . ( eds . ) , the cretaceous - tertiary boundary in the san juan and raton basins , new mexico and colorado , geological society of america special paper 209 : 35 - 50\nr . s . lull and n . e . wright . 1942 . hadrosaurian dinosaurs of north america . geological society of america special paper 40 : 1 - 242\nstaurikosaurus pronunciation : stor - ik - uh - sawr - us translation : ( southern ) cross lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal superorder : dinosauria order : saurischia ( not confirmed ) suborder : theropoda ( not confirmed ) family : height : 2 . 5 feet ( 0 . 8 meters ) length : 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) weight : 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) period : late triassic\nnotes : found in southern brazil and argentina , staurikosaurus is one of the earliest known and most primitive dinosaurs . it appears to predate the saurischian and ornithiscian orders , having characteristics of neither . however , new studies suggest that staurikosaurus , eoraptor and herrerasaurus are definite theropods and probably do not predate a split between the two orders .\nstegoceras pronunciation : steg - oss - er - us translation : covered horn , or horny roof also known as : description : herbivore , bipedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : pachycephalosauria family : pachycephalosauridae height : 3 . 5 feet ( 1 . 1 meters ) length : 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) weight : 100 pounds ( 45 . 4 kg ) period : late cretaceous\nnotes : first discovered in montana and alberta , canada , stegoceras is the best known of all north american\nbone - head\ndinosaurs . the relatively large brain of this dinosaur was encased in a dome of 3 inches ( 7 . 6 cm ) thick bone divided into two parts . the males had larger and thicker domes than the females . small spikes fringed the back of the head . stegoceras males may have butted competing males for mating territory but it is unlikely that they butted heads as commonly portrayed .\nstegosaurus pronunciation : steg - uh - sawr - us translation : roof lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : thyreophora infraorder : stegosauria family : stegosauridae height : 14 feet ( 4 . 3 meters ) length : 28 feet ( 8 . 5 meters ) weight : 6 , 000 pounds ( 2 , 722 kg ) period : late jurassic\nnotes : stegosaurus is the only plated dinosaur ever found in western north america . the large triangular plates that ran along its back were probably arranged in a double row , and its tail was armed with four long spikes . the plates may have served the purpose of regulating stegosaurus ' internal temperature , dissipating heat when turned from the sun , absorbing heat when faced into the sun . the size of plates may also have made stegosaurus appear larger to predators and served to deter them from attacking .\nstenopelix pronunciation : sten - uh - pay - lix translation : narrow helmet , or narrow pitcher also known as : description : herbivore , bipedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia family : height : 2 . 5 feet ( . 76 meters ) length : 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) weight : period : early cretaceous\nnotes : discovered in germany , stenopelix had a narrow parrot - like beak .\nstokesosaurus pronunciation : stokes - uh - sawr - us translation : stokes ' s lizard also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : tetanurae micro - order : carnosauria ( not confirmed ) family : height : 7 feet ( 2 . 1 meters ) length : 13 feet ( 4 meters ) weight : period : late jurassic\nnotes : this dinosaur may have been related to the tyrannosaurid albertosaurus . it was discovered in utah and named for lee stokes , american paleontologist .\nstruthiosaurus pronunciation : strooth - ee - o - sawr - us translation : harsh lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : thyreophora infraorder : ankylosauria family : nodosauridae height : 1 . 5 feet ( . 46 meters ) length : 5 ( 1 . 5 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous\nnotes : found in austria , struthiosaurus is the smallest known ankylosaur . its head had no armor ; however , its sides were probably well protected .\nstygimoloch pronunciation : stig - ih - moe - lock translation : demon from the river styx also known as : description : herbivore , bipedaly order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : pachycephalosauria family : pachycephalosauridae height : 4 feet ( 1 . 2 meters ) length : 6 . 6 feet ( 2 meters ) weight : period : late cretaceous\nnotes : stygimoloch received its name from the unusual appearance of its skull , which is adorned with three or four massive spikes , the largest of which was about 4 inches ( 100 mm ) long . like other pachycephalosaurs , stygimoloch may have used its horns in butting heads with rivals , like present - day bighorn sheep .\nstyracosaurus pronunciation : stih - rak - uh - sawr - us translation : spiked lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : ornithischia suborder : marginocephalia infraorder : ceratopsia micro - order neoceratopsia family : ceratopsidae height : 9 feet ( 2 . 7 meters ) length : 17 feet ( 5 . 2 meters ) weight : 6 , 000 lb ( 2 , 722 kg ) period : late cretaceous\nnotes : found in alberta , canada , styracosaurus was a short - frilled ceratopsian with 6 long spikes along the edge of its frill . its snout was shaped like a parrot ' s beak . and on its snout grew a horn that was nearly 2 feet ( 0 . 6 meters ) long and 6 inches ( 15 cm thick ) . possibly it used this great horn for self - defense .\nsupersaurus pronunciation : soo - per - sawr - us translation : super lizard also known as : description : herbivore , quadrupedal order : saurischia suborder : sauropodomorpha infraorder : sauropoda family : diplodocidae height : 65 feet ( 20 meters ) length : 120 feet ( 36 . 6 meters ) weight : 120 , 000 pounds ( 54 , 432 kg ) period : late jurassic\nnotes : an immense dinosaur found in colorado in 1972 by\ndinosaur jim\njensen , supersaurus had a 39 - foot long neck . most notable about the rather incomplete material is a scapula or shoulder bone 8 feet long , which suggests an overall height of 65 feet . supersaurus is a diplodocid , characterized by a long , narrow head , very long neck , and a tail that ended in a tapering whiplash . the same quarry that produced supersaurus also produced ultrasauros .\nsyntarsus pronunciation : sin - tar - sus translation : fused ankle also known as : description : carnivore , bipedal order : saurischia suborder : theropoda infraorder : ceratosauria family : podokesauridae height : 4 . 5 feet ( 1 . 4 meters ) length : 9 . 8 feet ( 3 meters ) weight : 65 pounds ( 29 . 5 kg ) period : early jurassic\nnotes : found in zimbabwe and arizona , syntarsus was a slender predator with short arms and long legs with fused foot bones . related to coelophysis .\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nstood about 3 . 7 meters long and 1 . 4 meters ( 4 ' 6\n) tall at the hips and weighed around 150 kg ( 330 lb ) .\nhenry fairfield osborn , in 1917 . of the specimens found in alberta , some were found in and under piles of ash , suggesting a forest fire may have killed them .\nwere long , powerful and seemingly well - suited to rapid running , much like an ostrich . the supposed speed of\nwas , in fact , its only defence from predators , such as the dromaeosaurs ( e . g .\n) , which lived at the same time . it is estimated to have been able to run at speeds between 50 to 80 km / h ( 30 to 50 mph ) .\nits neck was slender and ended in a small , toothless , beaked skull , with relatively large eyes . the ' arms ' of\nsloths . it also had the typical characteristics of most ornithomimids : a long , stiff tail and a toothless beak .\nshrimp and possibly eggs from other dinosaurs . some paleontologists noted that it was more likely to be a carnivore given that it was nested within the likewise carnivorous theropod group . this theory has never been discounted but osborn , who described and named the dinosaur , proposed that it probaby ate buds and shoots from trees , shrubs and other plants , using its forelimbs to grasp branches and its long neck to enable it accurately to select particular items .\n, before the later more balanced depictions with stiffened horizontal tails and bodies were widely accepted . this newer view creates an image much more reminiscent of modern flightless birds , such as the ostrich to which this dinosaur ' s name refers .\nthis reference article is mainly selected from the english wikipedia with only minor checks and changes ( see urltoken for details of authors and sources ) and is available under the gnu free documentation license . see also our disclaimer .\nan international group of researchers led by bradley mcfeeters , currently a ph . d . student at carleton university in ottawa , canada , has announced the discovery of a new ostrich - mimic dinosaur ,\n, from the lower dinosaur park formation near dinosaur provincial park , alberta . the new species lived about 76 million years ago during the late cretaceous period . research describing the new species is published online in the\n( rat - iv - ate - eez ) would have resembled a modern ostrich , but with long , fingered arms instead of wings , and a long tail . it would have been approximately 3 . 3 meters ( 11 feet ) long , about 1 . 5 meters ( 5 feet ) tall and weighed about 90 kilograms ( 200 pounds ) .\n, but lacks the key diagnostic characters of that species , \u201d said mcfeeters . \u201cwe can tell that it is a new species based on features of its skull , tail , pelvis and feet , including the shape of the long bones of the feet .\nskull ( without lower jaw ) of rativates evadens , a newly described ostrich mimic dinosaur from alberta . credit : journal of vertebrate paleontology\nfield locality where the partial skeleton of rativates evadens was discovered near dinosaur provincial park in alberta in 1934 . credit : indiana university press , 2005\nbradley mcfeeters of carleton university led research describing a new species of ostrich mimic dinosaur . credit : michael j . ryan\ndr . michael ryan of the cleveland museum of natural history co - described a new species of ostrich - mimic dinosaur . credit : laura dempsey , cleveland museum of natural history\n( latin ratis + vates ) means \u201cratite ( large flightless bird ) foreteller\u201d and alludes to the paradox of an ostrich mimic dinosaur existing before ostriches . the name\nmeans to evade , in reference to this swift - footed dinosaur\u2019s ability to evade predators in the late cretaceous , as well as its recognition as a new species 80 years following the discovery of the original fossil .\nlacked teeth and , similar to birds , had beaked mouths . they are believed to have been omnivorous , meaning they ate plants , insects and other small animals . their long , powerful legs would have made them fast runners ( like the\n, also from alberta , is known to have had a downy covering over most of its body . it may have had true feathers as well .\nto analyze its growth and determined it was at least eight years old and nearly adult - sized at the time of death . this is only 80 percent as long , and half as massive as , the adult size of the closely related\n, that is estimated to have weighed approximately 175 kilograms ( ~ 385 pounds )\n, said co - author thomas cullen , a ph . d . candidate at the university of toronto .\n\u201cthis suggests that there are at least two differently - sized , but closely - related dinosaur species that lived together on the ancient landscape , similar to what we see today in the closely related predators like foxes , coyotes and wolves , \u201d said mcfeeters\u2019 former co - supervisor and co - author claudia schr\u00f6der - adams , of the department of earth sciences at carleton university .\nis another exciting example of a new species of dinosaur being discovered among museum collections , \u201d said ryan . \u201cthese valuable collections allow modern researchers to build on the work of earlier scientists to advance what we know about the ancient earth and provide new insights into evolution . \u201d\nenter your email address to subscribe to cleveland museum of natural history ' s weekly enews .\nis derived from the greek\nstrouthion\n( ostrich ) and\nmimos\n( mimic ) because the shape of its head , neck and legs are similar to those of a modern ostrich .\n( nmc 930\u2014a partial skeleton ) was discovered in the oldman formation ( belly river group ) , steveville , alberta , canada , by lawrence lambe in 1901 .\n\u2022 l . m . lambe ( 1902 )\nnew genera and species from the belly river series ( mid - cretaceous )\n.\n, a new species of ornithomimidae from the belly river formation of alberta\n.\n\u2022 parks , w . a . , ( 1933 )\nnew species of dinosaurs and turtles from the upper cretaceous formations of alberta\n.\n\u2022 d . a . russell ( 1972 )\nostrich dinosaurs from the late cretaceous of western canada\n.\ntime stands still for no man , and research is ongoing . if you spot an error , or want to expand , edit or add a dinosaur , please use\n. where applicable , these images link to the artist ' s credit page . please respect their conditions for re - use .\nyup , we use cookies . but it doesn ' t make us bad people .\nthe ornithomimidae ( ostrich mimics ) , so called as their skeletons superficially resemble modern , ground living birds are known from extensive fossil material from the northern hemisphere . however , the discovery of a set of dinosaur tracks , in south australia indicates that theropods such as members of the ornithomimidae may have roamed gondwanaland too . these trackways support body fossil evidence that suggest that these dinosaurs were indeed common in the southern hemisphere . indeed , the tracks made during the cretaceous period provide evidence of such dinosaurs living in polar regions in the southern hemisphere . scientists have speculated that with these trace fossils , plus evidence from dig sites in northern latitudes , the \u201costrich mimics\u201d may have been warm - blooded .\nas the dinosaurs roamed the southern polar regions , they left a series of distinctive three - toed prints in the wet , sandy soil as they crossed a flood plain . over time , these trace fossils became compacted into cliffs and it was anthony martin ( emory university ) who discovered them in what is now victoria , ( australia ) .\nall together he found twenty - four complete prints , their different sizes perhaps representing different species or may be juveniles and adults of a single type of dinosaur .\na single three - toed print can be made out in the picture , the ruler helps to provide scale .\nthe tracks indicated that the theropods were of three different sizes , ranging from the size of a chicken to around the size of a crane . their size and fossil bones found at other locations in victoria , suggest to the researchers that these tracks represent evidence of \u201costrich mimics\u201d .\nthe slabs of sandstone were found along the rocky and remote milanesia beach in otways national park , west of melbourne . the rough surf pounds the coastal cliffs , frequently fracturing slabs and breaking them away from the cliff face . when the tracks were made , australia was connected to antarctica and was located much closer to the south pole , as a part of the ancient continent of gondwanaland . it is thanks to amazing fossil sites such as the famous dinosaur cove and east gippsland locations ( victoria , australia ) that scientists have learnt about the incredible fauna and flora of the cretaceous polar regions .\nmartin set off on the trail toward the footprints among the ragged slabs scattering the shore after he noticed ripple marks and trace fossils of insect burrows ."]}
{"id": 1628, "summary": [{"text": "sabahtortrix is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species , sabahtortrix montana , which is found on sabah in malaysia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the habitat consists of primary montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish , cream along the costa preserved as some spots , otherwise suffused green .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are some black-brown dots and refractive spots and there is subterminal grey suffusion in the dorsosubterminal area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are cream brown with rust-brown hairs and suffusion at the base . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "sabahtortrix", "paragraphs": ["sabahtortrix is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family . it contains only one species , sabahtortrix montana , which is found on sabah in malaysia .\nabstract : ten genera and eighteen species are treated , of which six genera ( shafferograptis tuck & amp ; razowski , gen . n . , merguinia razowski , gen . n . , cordatijuxta razowski , gen . n . , sabahtortrix razowski , gen . n . , spinacleris razowski , gen . n . , curioseboda razowski , gen . n . ) and eighteen species ( shafferograptis michaeli tuck & amp ; razowski , sp . n . , merguinia merguinea razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis alleni razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis katmandana razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis phulchokia razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis viridphantasma razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia tarica razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia solomensis razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia impetigo razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis dipterocarpi razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis cypta razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis engis razowski , sp . n . , cordatijuxta thailandiae razowski , sp . n . , sabahtortrix montana razowski , sp . n . , acleris kerincia razowski , sp . n . , acleris schiasma razowski , sp . n . , spinacleris inthanoni razowski , sp . n . , curioseboda probola razowski , sp . n . ) are described as new .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nebscohost | 82150962 | descriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\ndescriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nsource : shilap revista de lepidopterologia . sep2012 , vol . 40 issue 159 , p315 - 335 . 21p .\ncopyright of shilap revista de lepidopterologia is the property of sociedad hispano - luso - americana de lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder ' s express written permission . however , users may print , download , or email articles for individual use . this abstract may be abridged . no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy . users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract .\nfor access to this entire article and additional high quality information , please check with your college / university library , local public library , or affiliated institution .\nimportant user information : remote access to ebsco ' s databases is permitted to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal , non - commercial use . however , remote access to ebsco ' s databases from non - subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non - subscribing institution .\nbrachiolia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npanegyra is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npareboda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\napotoforma kakamegae is a species of moth of the tortricidae family that is endemic to kenya .\nberyllophantis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nelaeodina is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nherotyda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nanameristes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .\npseudocroesia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\naleimma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\napotoforma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\narchigraptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nsanguinograptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1630, "summary": [{"text": "delias pratti is a species of butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the type was described by george hamilton kenrick in 1909 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in papua new guinea , the type location is the foja mountains .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 50 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings and hindwings are black , the forewings are without markings and the hindwings have an inner white area between the cell and inner margin and between the base and outer margin to vein four . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "delias pratti", "paragraphs": ["buy butterflies for sale pieridae : delias pratti set 2 from arfak online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect butterflies for sale pieridae : delias pratti set 2 for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .\ndelias pratti ; [ ebw ] ; [ baur ] , 135 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 14\ndelias pratti kenrick , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 : 177 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : warmasin , 6000ft\nits actually delias kristianiae , which is closely related to the well known species delias pratti . photographs below . this is one of the species that i told henk van mastrigt ( the describer ) , that i was not totally convinced that it was a new species , but may turn out to be a new subspecies only ( the undersides are identical ) . however , owing to the fact that it was found in the foja mountains , and d . pratti is from the arfak mountains , at the other end of the island , and that the uppersides are very different , i was prepared to go along with him for the time being , but i told him not to be too surprised to find other intermediate specimens in between from other unexplored areas . the first two are d . kristianiae , the third & fourth d . pratti .\ndelias pulla talbot , 1937 ; monogr . gen . delias ( 6 ) : 585\ndelias waterhousei talbot , 1937 ; monogr . gen . delias ( 6 ) : 555\ndelias keda talbot , [ 1937 ] ; monogr . gen . delias ( 6 ) : 579\ndelias campbelli maria talbot , 1937 ; monogr . gen . delias ( 6 ) : 588 ( preocc . delias mariae joicey & talbot , 1916 )\ndelias acalis perakana talbot , 1928 ; monogr . gen . delias ( 1 ) : 30 ; tl : perak , malaysia\ndelias patrua shan talbot , 1937 ; monogr . gen . delias ( 6 ) : 266 ; tl : s . shan states , myanmar\ndelias klossi chrysanthemum ; yagishita , 1993 , in yagishita nakano & sadayuki , an ill . list of genus delias : pl . 129 , f . 6\ndelias klossi chrysanthemun [ sic ] ; yagishita , 1993 , in yagishita nakano & sadayuki , an ill . list of genus delias : 271 ( part )\ndelias dice mitisana f . leucana ; [ baur ] , 128 , f .\ndelias hiemalis hiemalis ; [ mastrigt ] : 49 , f . 133 - 136\ndelias hiemalis flabella ; [ mastrigt ] : 50 , f . 137 - 141\ndelias autumnalis michiae ; [ mastrigt ] : 56 , f . 161 - 164\ndelias hyparete luzonensis f . mindanaensis ; [ bor ] , 139 , f .\ndelias sanaca atsukoae nakano , 1993 ; ill . list . delias world : 11 , pl . 93 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : nan , thailand\ndelias nysa caledonica nieuwenhuis & howarth , 1969 ; ent . bericht . 29 : 86\n? delias dice mitisana f . latoclavata ; [ baur ] , 129 ( note )\ndelias leucobalia jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 585\ndelias nais maprikensis yagishita , 1993 ; in yagishita nakano & sadayuki , an ill . list of genus delias : 142 , 143 , pl . 60 , f . 9\ndelias mesoblema jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 584\ndelias callista jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 582\ndelias luctuosa jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 584\ndelias hapalina jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 583\ndelias isocharis rothschild & jordan , 1907 ; dt . ent . zs 1907 : 191\ndelias alepa jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 585\ndelias sigit ; [ mastrigt ] : 25 - 26 , f . 43 - 46\ndelias narses heller , 1896 ; ent . nachr . 22 ( 12 ) : 178\ndelias alberti rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 454\n? delias niasana var . amarilla kheil , 1884 ; rhopalocera ins . nias : ?\ndelias belladonna yukaae nakano , 1993 ; ill . list . delias world : 11 , pl . 98 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : nan , n . thailand\ndelias itamputi hypomelas rothschild & jordan , 1907 ; dt . ent . zs 1907 : 190\ndelias hallstromi sanford & bennett , 1955 ; entomologist 88 ( no . 1100 ) : 2\ndelias gilliardi sanford & bennett , 1955 ; entomologist 88 ( no . 1100 ) : 2\n= delias lativitta yunnana ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 79\ndelias menooensis menooensis ; [ mastrigt ] : 19 - 21 , f . 23 - 28\ndelias menooensis boschmai ; [ mastrigt ] : 21 - 22 , f . 29 - 32\ndelias bobaga bobaga ; [ mastrigt ] : 22 - 23 , f . 33 - 36\ndelias bobaga homeyo ; [ mastrigt ] : 24 - 25 , f . 37 - 42\ndelias walshae sanaeae ; [ mastrigt ] : 28 - 30 , f . 57 - 65\ndelias catocausta catocausta ; [ mastrigt ] : 33 - 36 , f . 75 - 81\ndelias catocausta eefi ; [ mastrigt ] : 36 - 37 , f . 82 - 85\ndelias roepkei roepkei ; [ mastrigt ] : 42 - 44 , f . 99 - 110\ndelias roepkei cieko ; [ mastrigt ] : 44 - 46 , f . 111 - 122\ndelias autumnalis autumnalis ; [ mastrigt ] : 53 - 54 , f . 147 - 153\ndelias nakanokeikoae yagishita , 1993 ; in yagishita nakano & sadayuki , an ill . list of genus delias : 1 - 2 , 263 ; tl : west irian , ilu - mulia\ndelias nakanokeikoae jali ; [ mastrigt ] : 58 - 59 , f . 167 - 168\ndelias klossi chrysanthemum f . deluna mastrigt , 2000 ; neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : 64\ndelias aruna irma fruhstorfer , 1907 ; soc . ent . 21 ( 23 ) : 179\ndelias doylei sanford & bennett , 1955 ; entomologist 88 ( no . 1100 ) : 4\ndelias nysa ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 159 , f . 21\ndelias albertisi ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 158 , f . 16\ndelias clathrata ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 159 , f . 7\ndelias mariae ; [ ebw ] ; [ mastrigt ] : 18 , f . 19 - 22\ndelias ellipsis de joannis , 1901 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1901 : 207\ndelias dohertyi rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 4 ) : 661 ( preocc . delias dohertyi oberth\u00fcr , 1894 ) ; tl : timor , dili ( fatunaba , 2500ft )\ndelias ladas ; grose - smith & kirby , 1895 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 2 : ( delias ) 17 , pl . 5 , f . 4 - 6 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias caliban ; grose - smith & kirby , 1897 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 3 : ( delias ) 26 , pl . 7 , f . 6 - 7 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias sphenodiscus roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 200\ndelias argentata roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 199\ndelias abrophora roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 193\ndelias toxopei roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 210\ndelias nais odilae gotts & ginn , 2004 ; aust . ent . 31 ( 2 ) : 49\ndelias iltis ; grose - smith & kirby , 1901 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 3 : ( delias ) 32 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias surya mitis , 1893 ; dt . ent . z . iris 6 ( 1 ) : 132\ndelias zelima mitis , 1893 ; dt . ent . z . iris 6 ( 1 ) : 131\ndelias lativitta tongi mell , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : ( ? )\ndelias adelma mitis , 1893 ; dt . ent . z . iris 6 ( 1 ) : 130\ndelias parthenia staudinger , 1892 ; dt . ent . z . iris 5 ( 2 ) : 449\ndelias aruna f . seriata fruhstorfer , 1907 ; soc . ent . 21 ( 23 ) : 180\ndelias parennia roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 252\ndelias palawanica staudinger , 1889 ; dt . ent . z . iris 2 ( 1 ) : 24\ndelias chrysoleuca mitis , 1893 ; dt . ent . z . iris 6 ( 1 ) : 138\ndelias periboea livia fruhstorfer , 1897 ; berl . ent . zs . 41 ( 4 ) : 396\ndelias walshae walshae ; yagishita , 1993 , in yagishita nakano & sadayuki , an ill . list of genus delias : 272 - 273 , figs ; [ mastrigt ] : 27 , f . 47 - 50\ndelias shirozui ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 106\ndelias chrysomelaena prodigialis fruhstorfer , 1911 ; ent . rundschau 28 ( 24 ) : 185 ; tl : halmaheira\ndelias cuningputi ibelana roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 201\ndelias nais holophaea roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 213\ndelias alepa orthobasis roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 233\ndelias surprisa ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 106\ndelias taiwana ; wileman , 1909 , annot . zool . japon . 7 ( 2 ) : 95 \u2640\ndelias aglaia cyrania fruhstorfer , 1913 ; ent . rundschau 30 ( 16 ) : 92 ; tl : hainan\ndelias catocausta nigerrima roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 238\ndelias dorimene avenda fruhstorfer , 1912 ; ent . rundschau 29 ( 1 ) : 5 ; tl : ceram\ndelias kazueae ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 106\ndelias rothschildi holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 1 ) : 81 ; tl : buru\ndelias nigidius miskin , 1884 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1884 ( 1 ) : 93\ndelias stollii butler , 1872 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1872 ( 3 ) : 32\ndelias hyparete domarana fruhstorfer , 1911 ; ent . rundschau 28 ( 24 ) : 187 ; tl : domoran\ndelias fasciata rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 4 ) : 662 ; tl : sumba\ndelias sambawana rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 4 ) : 662 ; tl : sambawa\ndelias singhapura indistincta fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 42 ( 3 / 4 ) : 335\ndelias kuehni kuehni ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 105\ndelias kuehni prinsi ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 105\ndelias kuehni sulana ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 105\ndelias battana ariae ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 106\ndelias totila heller , 1896 ; ent . nachr . 22 ( 12 ) : 177 ; tl : new britain\ndelias itamputi ribbe , 1900 ; insekten - b\u00f6rse 17 ( 42 ) : 330 ; tl : aroa r .\ndelias fascelis jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 587 ; tl : mt goliath\ndelias bornemanni ribbe , 1900 ; insekten - b\u00f6rse 17 ( 39 ) : 308 ; tl : aroa r .\ndelias nais maprikensis ; funahashi , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 60 ( 4 ) : 241\ndelias nais odilae ; funahashi , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 60 ( 4 ) : 242\ndelias weiskei ribbe , 1900 ; insekten - b\u00f6rse 17 ( 42 ) : 329 ; tl : aroa r .\ndelias ligata ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 159 , f . 14 ( text )\ndelias malayana pendlebury , 1933 ; j . fed . malay st . mus . 17 ( 2 ) : 380\ndelias benasu benasu ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 105\ndelias ninus grisea fruhstorfer , 1896 ; soc . ent . 11 ( 17 ) : 139 ; tl : nias\ndelias discus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 158 , f . 16 ( text )\ndelias neyi ribbe , 1900 ; insekten - b\u00f6rse 17 ( 39 ) : 308 ; tl : aroa r .\ndelias gabia mavroneria fruhstorfer , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 6 ) : 32 ; tl : new guinea\ndelias timorensis gardineri fruhstorfer , 1904 ; stettin ent . ztg 65 ( 2 ) : 345 ; tl : tenimber\ndelias belisama euanthes ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 70 ( note )\ndelias ( pierinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 105\ndelias battana fruhstorfer , 1896 ; soc . ent . 11 ( 2 ) : 9 ; tl : battan , celebes\ndelias balimensis ; orr & sibatani , 1985 , ty\u00f4 to ga 36 ( 1 ) : 11 , f . 16\ndelias bornemanni nais jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 587 ; tl : mount goliath\n= delias nais nais ; funahashi , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 60 ( 4 ) : 241\ndelias nais denigrata joicey & talbot , 1926 ; encycl . ent . ( b3 ) 2 ( 1 ) : 3\ndelias castanea ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 13\ndelias buruana ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 27 , f . 3\ndelias belladonna endoi yagishita , 1993 ; in yagishita nakano & sadayuki , an ill . list of genus delias : 12 , pl . 98 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : mt . lang - bian , s . vietnam\ndelias wilemani jordan , 1925 ; novit . zool . 32 ( 3 ) : 281 ; tl : forosa , arizan\ndelias lativitta f . naga tytler , 1939 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . : ( ? )\ndelias aglaia curasena fruhstorfer , 1908 ; ent . wochenbl . 25 ( 9 ) : 38 ; tl : lake candidius\ndelias aglaia balabaca fruhstorfer , 1911 ; ent . rundschau 28 ( 24 ) : 186 ; tl : balabac i .\ndelias elongata ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 12\ndelias niepelti ; grose - smith & kirby , 1901 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 3 : ( delias ) 29 , pl . 8 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ ebw ] ; [ baur ] , 144\ndelias callistrate massinissa fruhstorfer , 1914 ; ent . rundschau 31 ( 6 ) : 33 ; tl : yule i .\ndelias ethire doherty , 1886 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 55 pt . ii ( 3 ) : 262\ndelias niasana kheil , 1884 ; rhopalocera ins . nias : 35 , pl . 4 , f . 22 - 23\ndelias minerva fruhstorfer , 1896 ; soc . ent . 11 ( 14 ) : 115 ; tl : lombok i .\ndelias ? furvus ; butler , 1872 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1872 ( 3 ) : 36\ndelias rothschildi kenrick , 1909 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 4 : 180 , pl . 7 , f . 2 , 6 ( preocc . delias rothschildi holland , 1900 ) ; tl : momi , 4000ft\ndelias singhapura singhapura ; [ bor ] , 122 ; [ bmp ] : 84 , pl . 7 , f . 1\ndelias tahanica rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 675\ndelias georgina zenobia ; [ bmp ] : 84 , pl . 7 , f . 4 ; [ bor ] , 124\ndelias georgina keda ; [ bmp ] : 84 , pl . 7 , f . 3 ; [ bor ] , 124\ndelias ganymedes filarorum ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 1\ndelias schoenigi schoenigi ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 10\ndelias nausicaa fruhstorfer , 1902 ; stettin ent . ztg 63 ( 1 ) : 358 ; tl : kina balu , borneo\ndelias dumasi rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 671\ndelias ladas grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 3 ) : 585 ; tl : new guinea\ndelias microsticha microsticha ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 3\ndelias argentata argentata ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 5\ndelias caroli caroli ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 4\ndelias flavistriga ilagaensis ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 5\ndelias weiskei weiskei ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 8\ndelias tessei conspectirubra ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 7\ndelias leucias roepkei nieuwenhuis & howarth , 1969 ; ( preocc . ) ; tl : mandated new guinea , telefomin , 1700m\ndelias nieuwenhuisi poponga ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 9\ndelias alepa orthobasis ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 11\ndelias eximia rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 677\ndelias wollastoni bryophila ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 27 , f . 6\ndelias belladonna malayana ; [ bmp ] : 84 , pl . 7 , f . 7 ; [ bor ] , 128\ndelias lativitta leech , 1893 ; butts china japan corea ( 2 ) : 422 , pl . 35 , f . 1\ndelias subnubila leech , 1893 ; butts china japan corea ( 2 ) : pl . 35 , f . 7 - 8\ndelias distanti staudinger , 1889 ; dt . ent . z . iris 2 ( 1 ) : 23 ; tl : malaysia\ndelias pasithoe parthenope ; [ bor ] , 130 ; [ bmp ] : 88 , pl . 7 , f . 8\ndelias pasithoe nigrescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 38 ; tl : cochin china\ndelias pandecta staudinger , 1889 ; dt . ent . z . iris 2 ( 1 ) : 23 ; tl : palawan\ndelias acalis perakana ; [ bor ] , 132 ; [ bmp ] : 83 , pl . 7 , f . 9\ndelias ninus alluviorum fruhstorfer , 1905 ; ent . zs . 19 ( 14 ) : 75 ; tl : w . sumatra\ndelias niepelti anamesa ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 15\ndelias belisama var . erubescens staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 78\ndelias belisama balina fruhstorfer , 1908 ; int . ent . zs . 2 ( 38 ) : 238 ; tl : bali\ndelias descombesi eranthos fruhstorfer , 1905 ; soc . ent . 20 ( 15 ) : 113 ; tl : perak , malakka\ndelias oraia oraia ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 26 , f . 1\ndelias oraia bratana ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 26 , f . 2\ndelias diaphana diaphana ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 26 , f . 3\ndelias eumolpe eumolpe ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 25 , f . 4\ndelias aruna rona rothschild , 1898 ; novit . zool . 5 ( 1 ) : 98 ; tl : roon i .\ndelias levicki rothschild , 1927 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 19 ( 113 ) : 563\ndelias apoensis apoensis ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 13\ndelias dormene avenda ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 28 , f . 13\ndelias agostina annamitica fruhstorfer , 1901 ; soc . ent . 16 ( 13 ) : 98 ; tl : s . vietnam\ndelias iere grose - smith , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 1 ) : 87 ; tl : new guinea\ndelias hyparete despoliata ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 24 , f . 10\ndelias aruensis mitis , 1893 ; dt . ent . z . iris 6 ( 1 ) : 110 ; tl : aru\ndelias kuehni ; [ ebw ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 105\ndelias angiensis ; orr & sibatani , 1985 , ty\u00f4 to ga 36 ( 1 ) : 14 , f . 27 - 28\ndelias kenricki ; orr & sibatani , 1985 , ty\u00f4 to ga 36 ( 1 ) : 21 , f . 22 - 24\ndelias bornemanni ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 161 , f . 1 ; [ baur ] , 136\ndelias belladonna hedybia jordan , 1925 ; novit . zool . 32 ( 3 ) : 286 ; tl : tenasserim ; shan states\ndelias belladonna perspicua fruhstorfer , 1910 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 130 ; tl : n . myanmar\ndelias ottonia semper , 1890 ; reisen philipp . ( 5 ) : 235 , pl . 34 , f . 7 - 9\ndelias walshae ilu mastrigt , 2000 ; neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : 28 , f . 51 - 56 ; tl : mulia\ndelias descombesi adonarensis rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 677\ndelias splendida rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 4 ) : 661 ; tl : timor , oinanissa ; dili\ndelias aruna arovana fruhstorfer , 1913 ; ent . rundschau 30 ( 21 ) : 124 ; tl : rossel or arova i .\ndelias agostina orita fruhstorfer , 1910 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 183 ; tl : n . vietnam\ndelias melusina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : celebes\ndelias xelianthe grose - smith , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 1 ) : 86 ; tl : british new guinea\ndelias candida teuthrania fruhstorfer , 1913 ; dt . ent . z . iris 27 ( 3 ) : 136 ; tl : obi\ndelias sacha grose - smith , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 75 ; tl : obi i .\ndelias sacha gilolensis rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 673\ndelias hyparete panayensis rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 672\ndelias bagoe restricta rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 674\ndelias fragalactea ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 152\n? delias insularis rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 673\ndelias schoenbergi choiseuli rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 453 ; tl : choiseul solomon is .\ndelias sambawana everetti rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 672\ndescriptions of some new species of the genus delias from north new guinea , recently collected by mr . c . e . pratt\ndelias prinsi martin , [ 1913 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 4 ) : 227 ; tl : celebes\ndelias stresemanni rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 1 ) : 110 ; tl : manusela , central ceram , 650m\ndelias sagessa sagessa ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 32 / 33 , f . 5\ndelias frater far ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 22 , pl . 32 / 33 , f . 7\ndelias catisa aurostriga ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 22 , pl . 32 / 33 , f . 6\ndelias callima callima ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 32 / 33 , f . 2\ndelias persephone staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 2 ) : 355 ; tl : waigeu i .\ndelias funerea buruana rothschild , 1899 ; novit . zool . 6 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : mt . mada , buru\ndelias lativitta yunnana ; [ mrs ] , 234 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 79 ( note )\ndelias benasu martin , [ 1913 ] ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 4 ) : 225 ; tl : celebes\ndelias aglaia beata fruhstorfer , 1905 ; ent . zs . 19 ( 14 ) : 76 ; tl : mergui , s . myanmar\ndelias clathrata limata jordan , 1930 ; novit . zool . 35 ( 3 ) : 277 ; tl : edie creek on herzog mountain\ndelias hemianops ; sakuma , 1999 , futao 31 : 14 ; [ mastrigt ] : 30 - 32 , f . 66 - 70\ndelias descombesi eranthos ; [ bor ] , 133 ; [ bmp ] : 84 , pl . 7 , f . 11 - 13\ndelias cathara grose - smith , 1893 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 34\ndelias candida candida ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 2 - 3\ndelias hyparete metarete ; [ bor ] , 138 ; [ bmp ] : 83 , pl . 7 , f . 14 - 16\ndelias lucina distant & pryer , 1887 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 19 ( 112 ) : 270\ndelias mitisi staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 2 ) : 352 ; tl : sula is .\ndelias periboea alorensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 44 ( 1 / 2 ) : 64 ; tl : alor\ndelias lara ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 159 ;\ndelias agoranis grose - smith , 1887 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 20 : 266 ; tl : burma\ndelias blanca uichancoi jumalon , 1975 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 26 ( 2 ) : 46 , f . 3 ; tl : bilar , bohol\ndelias aroae yabensis f . brevifascia joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 308\ndelias yabensis ; orr & sibatani , 1985 , ty\u00f4 to ga 36 ( 1 ) : 13 , f . 2 , 29 - 31\ndelias hyperapproximata ; orr & sibatani , 1985 , ty\u00f4 to ga 36 ( 1 ) : 17 , f . 4 - 5 , 11\ndelias approximata ; orr & sibatani , 1985 , ty\u00f4 to ga 36 ( 1 ) : 15 , f . 3 , 14 - 15\ndelias frater jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 585 ; tl : west irian ( mt . goliath )\ndelias patrua var . formosana matsumura , 1909 ; ent . zs . 23 ( 19 ) : 92 ; tl : formosa ( horisha )\ndelias ab . fasciata dufrane , 1947 ; bull . ann . soc . ent . belg . 83 ( 1 / 2 ) : 47\ndelias bobaga mastrigt , 1990 ; tijdschr . ent . 133 : 200 , f . 3 , 7 ; tl : kamu valley , 1700m\ndelias diaphana semper , 1878 ; verh . ver . nat . unterh . hamburg 3 : 114 ; tl : mt . kinuta , mindanao\ndelias rothschildi ; [ ebw ] ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 28 , f . 10\ndelias poecila [ sic ] g\u00fcntheri kalis , 1933 ; tijdschr . ent . 76 ( 1 - 2 ) : 75 ; tl : halmaheira\ndelias vidua joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 304 ; tl : buru\ndelias georgina georgina ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 70 ( note ) ; [ bor ] , 124\ndelias simanabum hagen , 1894 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 1 ) : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 3\ndelias blanca capcoi jumalon , 1975 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 26 ( 2 ) : 46 , f . 2 ; tl : amlan , negros oriental\ndelias waterstradti rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 175 ; tl : halmaheira\ndelias momea ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 159 , f . 21 ( text ) ; [ bor ] , 126\ndelias lecerfi joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 307 ; tl : menoo valley\ndelias aroae pheres jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 588 ; tl : mt . goliath , 5 - 7000ft\ndelias nais ; joicey & talbot , 1922 , bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 309 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias nais denigrata ; [ baur ] , 136 ; funahashi , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 60 ( 4 ) : 241\ndelias caroli ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 161 , f . 1 ( text ) ; [ baur ] , 135\ndelias marguerita joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 315 ; tl : menoo river\ndelias boyleae butler , 1885 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 58 ; tl : darjiling\ndelias kandha doherty , 1886 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 55 pt . ii ( 3 ) : 262 ; tl : eastern ghats\ndelias acalis shinkaii morita , 1998 ; wallace 4 ( 2 ) : 28 , pl . 12 ; tl : tam dao , n . vietnam\ndelias hiemalis nemangkawi mastrigt , 2000 ; neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : 52 , f . 145 - 146 ; tl : irian jaya , tembagapura\ndelias belisama glauce ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 70 ( note ) ; [ bor ] , 134\ndelias descombesi lydia fruhstorfer , 1897 ; berl . ent . zs . 42 ( 1 / 2 ) : 15 ; tl : s . flores\ndelias honrathi mitis , 1893 ; dt . ent . z . iris 6 ( 1 ) : 134 , pl . 3 , f . 1\ndelias inferna butler , 1871 ; lepid . exotica ( 8 ) : 63 , pl . 24 , f . 6 ; tl : cape york\ndelias hyparete hyparete ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 70 ( note ) ; [ bor ] , 138\ndelias metarete butler , 1879 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 1 ( 8 ) : 550 ; tl : malaysia\ndelias hyparete diva fruhstorfer , 1899 ; berl . ent . zs . 44 ( 1 / 2 ) : 61 ; tl : n . borneo\ndelias rosenbergi chrysoleuca ; [ bor ] , 138 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 107\ndelias mitisi mitisi ; [ bor ] , 140 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 107\ndelias mitisi banggaiensis ; [ bor ] , 140 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 107\ndelias sch\u00f6nbergi isabellae rothschild & jordan , 1901 ; novit . zool . 8 ( 4 ) : 403 ; tl : isabel , solomon is .\ndelias nysa caledonica ; [ baur ] , 128 ( text ) ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 289\ndelias dice ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 157 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias enniana ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 157 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias chrysomelaena ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 155 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias caliban grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 404 ; tl : fergusson i .\ndelias pheres angabungana talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 42 ; tl : papua new guinea , angabungana r .\ndelias hypomelas rubrostriata joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 312 ; tl : mt kunupi\ndelias itamputi ; grose - smith & kirby , 1901 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 3 : ( delias ) 30 , pl . 8 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 159 , f . 18 ; [ baur ] , 132\ndelias kummeri ; grose - smith & kirby , 1901 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 3 : ( delias ) 29 , pl . 8 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 159 , f . 14 ; [ baur ] , 139\ndelias sanaca oreas ; fujioka , 1970 , spec . bull . lepid . soc . japan ( 4 ) : 5 ; [ bor ] , 126\ndelias aglaia goda \u2640 f . flavifascia joicey & talbot , 1924 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 3 ) : 566 ; tl : pajacombo\ndelias albertisi albiplaga joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 318 ; tl : meno valley\ndelias hemianops sanaeae sakuma , 1999 ; futao 31 : 14 - 15 , pl . 2 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : pass valley\ndelias catocausta eefi mastrigt , 1990 ; tijdschr . ent . 133 : 200 , f . 4 , 8 ; tl : irian jaya , tembagopura 2000m\ndelias mira excelsa jordan , 1930 ; novit . zool . 35 ( 3 ) : 278 ; tl : edio creek , westside of herzog mts 6100ft\ndelias mira excelsa ; parsons , 1998 , butts . of papua new guinea : 320 ; [ mastrigt ] : 40 , f . 92 - 96\ndelias oraia doherty , 1891 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 60 pt . ii ( 2 ) : 189 ; tl : sumbawa i .\ndelias madetes ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 150 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias aruna rana swinhoe , 1916 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 18 ( 108 ) : 481 ; tl : amboina\ndelias harpalyce f . adina couchman , 1954 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 88 : 76 ; tl : moe , vict .\ndelias callistrate grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 403 ; tl : fergusson i .\ndelias echidna ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 155 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias isse ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 154 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias hypopelia hagen , 1898 ; ent . nachr . 24 ( 13 ) : 194 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : mentawej\ndelias hyparete jataka fruhstorfer , 1906 ; ent zs . 20 ( 15 ) : 99 , ( 16 ) : 106 ; tl : batu i .\ndelias salvini butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 153 ; tl : new britain\n? delias bagoe nusana fruhstorfer , 1905 ; ent . zs . 19 ( 17 ) : 89 , f . 1 ; tl : nusa - laut\ndelias poecilea ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 158 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias themis soteira ; [ bor ] , 122 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 28 , f . 6\ndelias k\u00fchni var . ? sulana staudinger , 1895 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 2 ) : 354 ; tl : sula is .\ndelias enniana obsoleta rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 178 ; tl : mysol island\ndelias enniana majoripuncta joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 303 ; tl : mefor i .\ndelias blanca blanca ; [ bor ] , 126 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 28 , f . 5\ndelias blanca nausicaa ; [ bor ] , 126 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 28 , f . 2\ndelias momea hageni ; [ bor ] , 126 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 6\ndelias chrysomelaena chrysomelaena ; [ baur ] , 129 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 4\ndelias ladas levis joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 306 ; tl : dutch new guinea\ndelias aroae angiensis talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 43 ; tl : angi lakes , arfak mts . , 6000ft\ndelias phaeres [ sic ] approximata f . rectimargo joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 309\ndelias eudiabolus rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 179 ; tl : upper aroa river\ndelias nigropunctata joicey & noakes , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 59 , pl . 4\ndelias iltis iltis ; [ baur ] , 136 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 31 , f . 2\ndelias callista callipareia ; [ baur ] , 137 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 4\ndelias luctuosa luctuosa ; [ baur ] , 137 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 3\ndelias ornytion ornytion ; [ baur ] , 140 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 27 , f . 4\ndelias sanaca perspicua ; [ bor ] , 126 ; huang , 2001 ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 78 ( note )\ndelias apriate h\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ; verz . bek . schmett . ( 6 ) : 91 ? [ = cramer : pl . 258 ] \u2642\ndelias albertisi albertisi ; [ baur ] , 142 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 15\ndelias mariae walshae roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 239 , 258 ; tl : ibele valley , 2250m\ndelias belisama balina ; [ bor ] , 134 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 25 , f . 2\ndelias madetes honrathi ; [ baur ] , 145 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 26 , f . 4\ndelias madetes neohannoverana rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 179 ; tl : new hanover\ndelias levicki levicki ; [ bor ] , 134 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 14\ndelias gabia zarate ; [ baur ] , 147 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 28 , f . 8\ndelias echidna echidna ; [ baur ] , 146 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 28 , f . 12\ndelias mavroneria mavroneria ; [ baur ] , 147 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 28 , f . 9\ndelias isse isse ; [ baur ] , 148 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 28 , f . 15\ndelias isse echo ; [ baur ] , 148 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 29 , f . 1\ndelias ennia mysolensis rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 176 ; tl : mysol island\ndelias ennia saturata rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 177 ; tl : goodenough island\ndelias hyparete aurago ; [ bor ] , 138 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 24 , f . 7\ndelias mindanaensis mitis , 1893 ; dt . ent . z . iris 6 ( 1 ) : 139 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5\ndelias hyparete palawanica ; [ bor ] , 138 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 24 , f . 11\ndelias hyparete ciris fruhstorfer , 1910 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 125 ; tl : siam ; tonkin ; cochin china ; tenasserim\ndelias rosenbergii var . catamelas staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 77 ; tl : minahassa , celebes\ndelias rosenbergi salayerana rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 172 ; tl : salayer island\ndelias schoenbergi schoenbergi ; [ baur ] , 152 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 24 , f . 3\ndelias schoenbergi choiseuli ; [ baur ] , 152 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 24 , f . 4\ndelias timorensis moaensis rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 173 ; tl : moa island\ndelias timorensis romaensis rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 173 ; tl : roma island\ndelias timorensis ardesiaca rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 173 ; tl : dammer island\ndelias mysis rosselliana rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 174 ; tl : rossel island\ndelias sambawana minerva ; [ bor ] , 140 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 24 , f . 2\ndelias poecila poecila [ sic , recte poecilea ] ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 24 , f . 1\ndelias clathrata clathrata ; talbot , 1937 , monogr . gen . delias ( 6 ) : 354 ; [ baur ] , 142 ; parsons , 1998 , butts . of papua new guinea : 320 , pl . 38 , f . 953 - 954 ; [ mastrigt ] : 11 , f . 1 - 6\ndelias k\u00fchni [ = kuehni ] honrath , 1886 ; berl . ent . z . 30 ( 2 ) : 295 , pl . 6 , f . 2\ndelias ladas waigeuensis joicey & talbot , 1917 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 20 ( 117 ) : 217 ; tl : waigeu\ndelias subapicalis orr & sibatani , 1985 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 36 ( 1 ) : 16 , f . 10 ; tl : new guinea , nondugl , 5500ft\ndelias nais aegle ; [ baur ] , 136 ( text ) ; funahashi , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 60 ( 4 ) : 241\ndelias nais holophaea ; [ baur ] , 136 ( text ) ; funahashi , 2010 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 60 ( 4 ) : 241\ndelias phippsi joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 315 ; tl : menoo valley ; mt kunupi\ndelias belladonna surprisa martin , 1913 ; dt . ent . z . iris 27 ( 2 ) : 109 , ( 3 ) : 126 ; tl : celebes\ndelias pasithoe dione ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 20 / 21 , f . 10 , back f . 10\ndelias inexpectata ; tuzov , 1995 , actias 2 ( 1 - 2 ) : 118 ; [ mastrigt ] : 46 - 48 , f . 123 - 132\ndelias nakanokeikoae nakanokeikoae ; mastrigt , 1996 , neue ent . nachr . 38 : 37 ; [ mastrigt ] : 57 - 58 , f . 165 - 166\ndelias dorylaea var . altivaga fruhstorfer , 1895 ; stettin ent . ztg . 55 ( 4 - 6 ) : 121 , pl . 4 , f . 8\ndelias sacha ; grose - smith & kirby , 1896 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 2 : ( delias ) 21 , pl . 6 , f . 5 - 6 ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 158 ; [ ebw ]\ndelias rosenbergi saleyerana [ sic ] ; [ bor ] , 138 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 107\n? delias maga grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 405 ; tl : sud - est island\ndelias emilia rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 1 ) : 314 ( repl . tachyris weiskei ribbe , 1900 ) ; tl : aroa r .\ndelias aroa [ sic ] balimensis roepke , 1955 ; nova guinea ( n . s ) 6 ( 2 ) : 204 ; tl : irian jaya , balim river\ndelias sinak mastrigt , 1990 ; tijdschr . ent . 133 : 200 , f . 1 , 5 , 17 ; tl : irian jaya , route mulia - sinak\ndelias rileyi joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 306 ; tl : menoo valley , 6000 - 8000ft\ndelias yofona schr\u00f6der & treadaway , 1982 ; ent . z . 92 : ( 334 - 338 ) ; tl : danau paniai ( wissel lakes ) , irian jaya\ndelias campbelli joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 313 ; tl : menoo river , 3500 - 5000\ndelias hapalina conspectirubra joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 312 ; tl : menoo river ; mt kunupi\ndelias wollastoni abmisibilensis mastrigt , 1990 ; tijdschr . ent . 133 : 202 , f . 10 , 14 ; tl : irian jaya ; abmisibil 1920m ; river oktanglap\ndelias belladonna hedybia ; [ bor ] , 128 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 20 / 21 , f . 8\ndelias henningia henningia ; [ bor ] , 128 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 20 / 21 , f . 11\ndelias acalis pyramus ; [ bor ] , 132 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 6\ndelias dymas de nic\u00e9ville , 1894 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 63 pt . ii ( 1 ) : 44 , pl . 5 , f . 7\ndelias discus honrath , 1886 ; berl . ent . z . 30 ( 1 ) : 130 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : new guinea\ndelias catocausta jordan , 1912 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 3 ) : 591 - 592 ; tl : mt goliath 5 - 7000ft , central dutch new guinea\ndelias mira reversa rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 675 ; tl : sattleburg inlands , 1500m\ndelias klossi gome mastrigt , 2000 ; neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : 60 - 62 , f . 173 - 178 ; tl : ilaga , river namungun , 2350m\ndelias klossi chrysanthemum ; tuzov , 1995 , actias 2 ( 1 - 2 ) : 119 ; [ mastrigt ] : 62 - 64 , f . 179 - 187\ndelias descombesi descombesi ; [ bor ] , 133 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 25 , f . 6 , 8\ndelias eumolpe grose - smith , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 16 ) : 312 ; tl : kina balu mtn\ndelias agostina agostina ; [ bor ] , 136 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 27 , f . 13 - 14\ndelias dives de nic\u00e9ville , 1897 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 66 pt . ii ( 3 ) : 562 , pl . 1 , f . 1\ndelias ennia limbata rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 177 ; tl : sud - est island\ndelias bagoe bagoe ; [ baur ] , 152 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 9\ndelias argenthona argenthona ; [ baur ] , 153 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 8\ndelias periboea periboea ; [ bor ] , 140 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 13\ndelias mysis mysis ; [ baur ] , 151 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 11\ndelias mysis maforensis rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 175 ; tl : suer , mafor island\ndelias caeneus caeneus ; [ baur ] , 150 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 7\ndelias singhapura acuta rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 172 ; tl : karo , se . sumatra\ndelias zenobia pendlebury , 1939 ; j . fed . malay st . mus . , 18 ( 3 ) : 382 , pl . 6 , f . 2 , 6\ndelias ladas ladas ; [ baur ] , 130 ( text ) ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 30 , f . 2\ndelias dives rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 1 ) : 313 , pl . 2 , f . 14 ( preocc . ) ; tl : owgarra\ndelias bakeri ; [ ebw ] ; [ baur ] , 137 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 6\ndelias kummeri f . ligata rothschild , 1904 ; novit . zool . 11 ( 1 ) : 313 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : new guinea\ndelias ligata dealbata ; [ baur ] , 139 ( text ) ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 21 , pl . 31 , f . 10\ndelias discus neyi ; [ baur ] , 142 ( text ) ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 20 , pl . 31 , f . 1\ndelias sigit mastrigt , 1990 ; tijdschr . ent . 133 : 200 , f . 2 , 6 ; tl : irian jaya , central bergland , ilaga , river jila\ndelias aurantiaca [ sic , recte aurantia ] ; [ ebw ] ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 25 , f . 3\ndelias biaka ; [ ebw ] ; [ baur ] , 147 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 19 , pl . 28 , f . 14\ndelias ennia nigidius ; [ baur ] , 149 ( text ) ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 18 , pl . 28 , f . 7\ndelias euphemia grose - smith , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 334 , pl . 12 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : biak\ndelias fasciata ; grose - smith & kirby , 1895 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 2 : ( delias ) 12 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 153 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bor ] , 140\ndelias singhapura ; grose - smith & kirby , 1893 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 2 : ( delias ) 9 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 2 ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 156 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bor ] , 122\ndelias caliban satisbona rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 175 ; tl : goodenough island , 2500 - 4000ft\ndelias geraldina ; grose - smith & kirby , 1895 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 2 : ( delias ) 16 , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 3 ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 155 ; [ ebw ] ; [ baur ] , 131\ndelias pheres hyperapproximata rothschild , 1925 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 15 ( 90 ) : 675 ; tl : rawlinson mts , inland huon gulf\ndelias pheres endela jordan , 1930 ; novit . zool . 35 ( 3 ) : 279 ; tl : new guinea , weswt side of herzog mts , edie creek , 6100ft\ndelias cuningputi ; grose - smith & kirby , 1901 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 3 : ( delias ) 30 , pl . 8 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 159 , f . 10 ; orr & sibatani , 1986 , ty\u00f4 to ga 37 ( 1 ) : 6\ndelias oktanglap mastrigt , 1990 ; tijdschr . ent . 133 : 201 , f . 9 , 13 ; tl : irian jaya ; sterren gebergte ; abmisibil 1920m ; river oktanglap\ndelias pasithoe ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 839 ; [ bor ] , 130 ; [ mrs ] , 232\ndelias crithoe bromo ; [ bor ] , 130 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 1 - 2\ndelias ninus parthenia ; [ bor ] , 132 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 16 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 4 - 5\ndelias klossi okse mastrigt , 2000 ; neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : 64 , f . 188 - 189 ; tl : irian jaya , star mountains , abmisibil , river okse\ndelias niepelti arfakensis joicey & talbot , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 318 ; tl : dutch new guinea , arfak distr .\ndelias splendida ; grose - smith & kirby , 1895 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 2 : ( delias ) 13 , pl . 4 , f . 4 - 5 ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 149 ; [ ebw ] ; [ baur ] , 144\ndelias karo hagen , 1894 ; dt . ent . z . iris 7 ( 1 ) : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : mt . karo\ndelias omissa rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 179 ; tl : upper aroa river , british new guinea\ndelias salvini ; grose - smith & kirby , 1889 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 1 : ( delias ) 2 , pl . 1 , f . 5 - 6 ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 154 ; [ ebw ] ; [ baur ] , 152\ndelias periboea livia ; [ bor ] , 140 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 17 , pl . 22 / 23 , f . 14 - 15\ndelias mysis goodenovii rothschild , 1915 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 15 ( 85 ) : 174 ; tl : goodenough island , 2500 - 4000ft\ndelias sambawana ; grose - smith & kirby , 1895 , rhop . exot . [ 1 ] 2 : ( delias ) 12 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 3 ; butler , 1897 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 153 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bor ] , 140"]}
{"id": 1632, "summary": [{"text": "commatica placoterma is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1918 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in colombia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10-11 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark grey , more or less suffusedly irrorated whitish , becoming blackish posteriorly , especially along the posterior half of the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are cloudy and blackish , with the plical obliquely before the first discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a short fine oblique white striga from the costa at three-fourths and an oval whitish blotch lying along the termen , more or less suffusedly mixed fuscous on the lower portion , with two fine blackish dashes and the terminal edge black .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "commatica placoterma", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for placoterma definition . you find here placoterma meaning , synonyms of placoterma and images for placoterma copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word placoterma . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word placoterma and , of course , placoterma synonyms and on the right images related to the word placoterma .\ncommatica placoterma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 146 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft\ncommatica pterygota meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ncommatica hexacentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 73 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\ncommatica phanocrossa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 72 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\ncommatica servula meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 72 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\ncommatica stygia meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 71 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ncommatica xanthocarpa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 73 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\ncommatica chionura meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 240 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ncommatica lupata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 239 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ncommatica nerterodes meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 239 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ncommatica parmulata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 241 ; tl : british guiana , bartina\ncommatica acropelta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 238 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ncommatica cyanorrhoa meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 241 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ncommatica emplasta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 240 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ncommatica eremna meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 19 ; tl : bolivia , songo\ncommatica metochra meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 238 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ncommatica crossotorna meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; colombia , cali , 500ft\ncommatica palirrhoa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 72 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , r . napo\nbifuscella ( forbes , 1931 ) ( anacampsis ) ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376\nuntomia cryptina walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 76 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ngelechia extremella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 625 ; tl : ega\nmexico , colombia , brazil ( amazonas , rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]\nsimoneura ophitis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 73 , f . 16 , pl . 2 , f . 29 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nwalsingham , 1911 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nthe gelechiidae is similar to other gelechioid families in that its members have a scaled proboscis and strongly recurved labial palpus , but differs from other gelechioid families by having a combination of the following characters : 1 ) hindwing subrectangular to trapezoidal with sinuous or concave termen and prominent apex , 2 ) forewing lanceolate to elongate\u2013ovate with cup absent , 3 ) the retinaculum of the wing\u2013coupling mechanism on the radial vein of the female forewing , 4 ) labial palpus long , second segment often with ventral brush , third segment long , acute , rarely with short dorsal brush of rough scales , 5 ) male gnathos forming a pair of lateral , articulated , symmetrical sclerites with an articulated , mesial hook ( hodges , 1986 , 1999 ) ."]}
{"id": 1633, "summary": [{"text": "stenoglene dehanicus is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by strand in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , the central african republic and the democratic republic of congo ( orientale ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "stenoglene dehanicus", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for dehanicus definition . you find here dehanicus meaning , synonyms of dehanicus and images for dehanicus copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word dehanicus . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word dehanicus and , of course , dehanicus synonyms and on the right images related to the word dehanicus .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nmoths of the central african republic represent about 240 known moth species . the moths ( mostly nocturnal ) and butterflies ( mostly diurnal ) together make up the taxonomic order lepidoptera .\nthis is a list of moth species which have been recorded in the central african republic .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 31 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1636, "summary": [{"text": "diadectomorpha are a clade of large reptile-like amphibians that lived in euramerica during the carboniferous and early permian periods and in asia during late permian ( wuchiapingian ) , and are very close to the ancestry of the amniota .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they include both large ( up to 2 meters long ) carnivorous and even larger ( to 3 meters ) herbivorous forms , some semi-aquatic and others fully terrestrial .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the diadectomorpha seem to have evolved during late mississippian times , although they only became common after the carboniferous rainforest collapse and flourished during the late pennsylvanian and early permian periods . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "diadectomorpha", "paragraphs": ["diadectomorpha have been nested in and out of the amniota . they\u2019re in here .\nlinks : diadectomorpha ; phylogeny of stegocephalians ( note figures of limnoscelis ) ; biology 356 .\ndiadectomorpha : ( limnoscelis + diadectidae ) + * . or limnoscelis + ( diadectidae + * ) .\nkissel , r . a . , 2010 : morphology , phylogeny , and evolution of diadectidae ( cotylosauria : diadectomorpha ) . \u2013phd dissertation , university of toronto , canada .\nkissel , r . 2010 . morphology , phylogeny , and evolution of diadectidae ( cotylosauria : diadectomorpha ) . thesis ( graduate department of ecology & evolutionary biology university of toronto ) .\nkissel , r . a . , 2010 : morphology , phylogeny , and evolution of diadectidae ( cotylosauria : diadectomorpha ) . \u2013phd dissertation , university of toronto , canada , [ url : urltoken ]\n\u201csimilarly , michel laurin ( 1996 ) uses the term in a cladistic sense to refer to only the most advanced reptile - like amphibians . thus his definition include the ( diadectomorpha and solenodonsauridae ) and the amniotes . \u201d\nis the taxon basal to all other lepidosauromorpha including diadectomorpha , chelonia and lepidosauria . ( sorry , cut off from bottom of cladogram , fig . 1 ) . it was considered the most complete captorhinid from the late permian .\nlimnoscelis paludis ( diadectomorpha - limnosceliidae ) , early pemian , texas and new mexico an animal very close to the ancestry of amniotes . length about 1 . 5 meters life reconstruction , by dmitry bogdanov ( larger image ( wikimedia ) )\nberman , d . s , s . s . sumida , and t . martens . 1998a . diadectes ( diadectomorpha : diadectidae ) from the early permian of central germany , with description of a new species . annals of carnegie museum 67 : 53 - 93 .\n\u201chowever , michael benton ( 2000 , 2004 ) makes the anthracosaurs a paraphyletic order within the superorder reptiliomorpha , along with the orders seymouriamorpha and diadectomorpha , thus making the anthracosaurians the \u201clower\u201d reptile - like amphibians . in his definition , the group encompass the embolomeri , chroniosuchia and possibly the family gephyrostegidae . \u201d\nty - jour ti - new cranial material of the rare diadectid desmatodon hesperis ( diadectomorpha ) from the late pennsylvanian of central colorado t2 - annals of the carnegie museum . vl - 64 is - 4 ur - urltoken pb - published by authority of the board of trustees of the carnegie institute , cy - [ pittsburgh ] : py - 1995 sp - 315 ep - 336 sn - 0097 - 4463 au - berman , david s au - sumida , stuart s er -\nfigure 1 . most parsimonious tree . the nodes are numbered in alphabetical order from the in - group node up . when a name is given , the letter designating the node is omitted but it is still reserved for this node . several clades are named in the text but could not be labeled on the figure . these include the following clades : k ( embolomeri ) , n ( seymouriamorpha ) , y ( apoda ) , z ( gymnophiona ) , aa ( salientia ) , ab ( anura ) and ad ( diadectomorpha ) . 4\nsynapsida ^ diadectomorpha ( ? ) sauropsida amphibian ( anamniote ) - grade taxon has ever managed to invade the niche of terrestrial herbivore , and a causal reason has been suggested for this . the endosymbionts required for digestion of high fiber vegetation must be obtained immediately after hatching fromterrestrial microbial decomposers ( modesto , 1992 ; zug , 1993 ; hotton and beerbower , 1994 ; hotton et al . , this volume ) . this constraint therefore prevents anamniote ( aquatically reproducing ) taxa from feeding on high - fiber vegetation . the fact that advanced diadectomorphs invaded this niche suggests that diadectomorphs had evolved the amniote egg .\n@ article { bhlpart226640 , title = { new cranial material of the rare diadectid desmatodon hesperis ( diadectomorpha ) from the late pennsylvanian of central colorado } , journal = { annals of the carnegie museum . } , volume = { 64 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ pittsburgh ] : published by authority of the board of trustees of the carnegie institute , 1901 - } , author = { berman , david s and sumida , stuart s } , year = { 1995 } , pages = { 315 - - 336 } , }\nrelatively few large - scale phylogenetic studies on early tetrapods have been performed , and the origin of amniotes has generally been studied separately from the origin of lissamphibians . studies on the origin of amniotes usually only dealt with anthracosaurs ( carroll , 1970a ; gauthier et al . , 1988 ) because these have been presumed to be the closest relatives of amniotes . a consensus emerged that diadectomorpha is the sister - group of amniota whereas seymouriamorphs are among the next closest relatives of amniotes ( panchen and smithson , 1988 ; laurin and reisz , 1995 ) . research on the origins of lissamphibians concluded that\ndissorophoids\nwere the closest relatives of lissamphibians ( trueb and cloutier , 1991 ) .\nname : diadectes ( penetrating bite ) . phonetic : die - ah - deck - tees . named by : edward drinker cope - 1878 . synonyms : nothodon , empecocles , helodectes , empedias , chilonyx , bolbodon , diadectoides , animasaurus . classification : chordata , amphibia , reptiliomorpha , diadectomorpha , diadectidae . species : d . sideropelicus , d . lentus , d . tenuitectus , d . carinatus , d . sanmiguelensis , d . absitus . type : herbivore . size : between 1 . 5 and 3 meters long . known locations : usa , concentration in the texas red beds . time period : asselian through to the kungurian of the permian . fossil representation : many specimens are known allowing for accurate reconstruction .\ncomments : traditionally considered the most primitive diadectomorphs , although a recent analysis ( kissel 2010 ) makes them the sister group to the diadectidae . limnoscelid - like in appaerance , but tending to an omnivorous or herbivorous diet . only one species is known , a single late surviving form , essentially a\nliving fossil\nco - existing with its more advanced and successful contemporaries . from wikipedia : tseajaia was described from a single , fairly complete specimen and was given its own family by robert l . carroll . it was originally thought to be an seymouriamorph ( moss 1972 ) additional finds allowing for a better taxonomic analysis indicate they belong in the diadectomorpha , as the sister group to the large and more derived diadectidae . tseajaia itself being a fairly generalized form , gives a reasonable indication of the build and looks of the closest relatives of the amniotes ( berman et al 1992 , kissel 2010 )\nto study the impact of the topology ( that only represents a consensus of current phylogenies ) and internal branch lengths ( that are not known and difficult to estimate within nested clades that appear simultaneously in the fossil record ) , two strategies have been used . a second topology , incorporating relationships between the main clades from panchen and smithson ( 1988 ) was examined . this was done because the topology suggested from these authors represents the \u201ctraditional\u201d point of view and because it presents a great number of differences with the preferred phylogeny ( fig . 2 ) . in this phylogeny , only the relationships between the large clades are different ; the topology within temnospondyls , \u201cmicrosaurs , \u201d nectridea , baphetidae , seymouriamorpha , anthracosauria ( embolomeres and gephyrostegus ) , and cotylosauria ( diadectomorpha and amniota ) is identical to that of the main phylogeny ( fig . 1 ) . this reflects the fact that few phylogenies ( sometimes only one ) are present within these clades ( temnospondyls are an exception ) .\nfurther reading - a new diadectes . - the american naturalist 12 : 565 . - e . d . cope - 1878 . - new or little known reptiles and amphibians from the permian ( ? ) of texas . - bulletin of the american museum of natural history 28 : 163 - 181 . - e . c . case - 1910 . - a description of the skulls of diadectes lentus and animasaurus carinatus . - american journal of science 33 ( 30 ) : 339 - 348 . - e . c . case & s . w . williston - 1912 . - early permian vertebrates from the cutler formation of the placerville area , colorado . - united states geological survey professional papers 503 - c : c1 - c46 - g . e . lewis & p . p . vaughn - 1965 . - diadectes ( diadectomorpha : diadectidae ) from the early permian of central germany , with description of a new species . - annals of carnegie museum 67 ( 1 ) : 53 - 93 . d . s . berman , s . s . sumida & t . martens - 1998 .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > new cranial material of the rare diadectid desmatodon hesperis ( diadectomorpha ) from the late pennsylvanian of central colorado < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > berman , david s < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > sumida , stuart s < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 64 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > annals of the carnegie museum . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ pittsburgh ] : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > published by authority of the board of trustees of the carnegie institute , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 64 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 315 < / start > < end > 336 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1995 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\n( eds sumida , s . s . & martin , k . l . m . ) 353\u2013398 ( academic , san diego , ( 1997 ) .\ndeposition , diagenesis and structures of the cheese bay shrimp bed , lower carboniferous , east lothian .\nshrimp - bearing sedimentary successions in the lower carboniferous ( dinantian ) cementstone and oil shale groups of northern britain .\nreport on the fossil fishes collected by the geological survey of scotland from the shales exposed on the shore near gullane , east lothian .\nfrom the vis\u00e9an of east kirkton , west lothian , scotland and the amniote stem .\nwe thank s . finney for preparation of the specimen and assistance with photographs . this work was supported by an nerc grant ( to j . a . c . ) .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\n$ more derived axis - atlas complex ; $ sacrum with at least 2 vertebrae , $ robust claws on pes ; $ loss of lateral line system .\nlinks : phylogeny of stegocephalians ; amphibia et reptilia ngiana ( chinese ) ; v the four other mass extinctions . atw020623 .\ncotylosauria : stem amniota + * : tseajaia + ( limnoscelis + diadectidae ) .\n1 . 5 - 3 m ; some fully terrestrial ;\nswollen\nneural arches ; some ( diadectes ) herbivorous .\ncomments : primitive , small to large , carnivorous diadectomorphs . these animals must have lived a very similar life to ophaicodontid , varanopsid , and sphenacodontid pelycosaurs , which they resembled in overall size and shape ; presumably relied on niche partitioning . teeth retained labyrinthodont infolding of the enamel , and were pointed and slightly recurved at the tip ( carroll 1967 , via wikipedia ) traditionally divided into two genera , limnoscelis and limnostygis , although these may be synonyms\ncomments : highly successful clade of large herbivores , include the largest animals of their time and teh first exploitation of vegetable matter by tetrapods . previously tentrapods ( amphibians and reptiles ( ) had been carnivores only , feeding on insects , crustacea and other invertebrates , fish , and smaller tetrapods . this means that eco \\ ystems were inefficent ( becaise of long food chains , and tied to water or water margins . while edphosaurs were also herbivores , they never challenged the supremacy of the diadectids . diadectid extinction at the end of the early permian allowed caseid pelycosaurs to replace them as the large herbivores ; they were in turn replaced by herbivousrous therapsids ( dinocephalia and anomodonts ) later in the permian .\nleft : life reconstruction of diasparactus zenos , by dmitry bogdanov . length 1 . 35 metres . wikipedia , gnu free documentation / creative commons attribution below left : the skulls of orobates , oradectes , silvadectes and diadectes from kissel 2010 , via david peters , reptile evolution . scale bar = 2 cm . below right : cladogram from kissel 2010 via wikipedia :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : cotylosauria according to m . laurin and r . r . reisz 1995\nsee also colbert 1946 , gauthier et al . 1989 , gauthier et al . 1988 , haughton and brink 1954 , huene 1954 , kissel and lehman 2002 , lewis and vaughn 1965 , martens et al . 2005 , olson 1947 , price 1947 and romer 1956\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntspace is a free and secure research repository established by university of toronto libraries to disseminate and preserve the scholarly record of university of toronto . learn more\n\u00a9 2018 university of toronto . all rights reserved . tspace @ urltoken | telephone : 416 - 946 - 0113 university of toronto libraries , 130 st . george street , toronto , on m5s 1a5 canada\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlevis & vaughn , 1965 ; l . perm . swnam . | | - - \u2020\ngenera et species indet . ( berman & henrici , 2003 ) ] l . perm . ceu . ` - - + ? - \u2020\nliu , j . & bever , g . s . , 2015 : the last diadectomorph sheds light on late palaeozoic tetrapod biogeography . \u2013biology letters : vol . 11 , # 5 , in press [ doi : 10 . 1098 / rsbl . 2015 . 0100 ]\nberman , d . s . & henrici , a . c . , 2003 : homology of the astragalus and structure and function of the tarsus of diadectidae . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 77 , # 1 , pp . 172 - 188\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1967 : a limnoscelid reptile from the middle pennsylvanian . \u2013journal of paleontology : vol . 41 , # 5 , pp . 1256 - 1261\nclack , j . a . , 1998 : a new early carboniferous tetrapod with a m\u00e9lange of crown - group characters . \u2013nature : vol . 394 , 2 july , pp . 66 - 69\nlaurin , m . & reisz , r . r . , 1992 : a reassessment of the pennsylvanian tetrapod romeriscus . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 12 , # 4 , pp . 524 - 527\nlaurin , m . & reisz , r . r . , 1997 : a new perspective on tetrapod phylogeny . 9 - 59 in sumida , s . s . & martin , k . l . m . , 1997 : amniote origins : completing the transition to land . \u2013academic press , san diego , 1997 , pp . x - 510\nlee , m . y . s . & spencer , p . s . , 1997 : crown - clades , key characters and taxonomic stability : when is an amniote not an amniote ? 61 - 84 in sumida , s . s . & martin , k . l . m . , 1997 : amniote origins : completing the transition to land . \u2013academic press , san diego , 1997 , pp . x - 510\npaton , r . l . , smithson , t . r . , & clack , j . a . , 1999 : an amniote - like skeleton from the early carboniferous of scotland . \u2013nature : vol . 398 , 8 april , pp . 508 - 513\nruta , m . & milner a . r . & coates , m . i . , 2000 : the scottish carboniferous tetrapod caerorhachis bairdi \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 20 , # 3 , suppl . to # 3 ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nlimnoscelis ( new mexico and colorado ) and limnostegis ( nova scotia ) ; williston ( 1911b ) , carroll ( 1967 ) , fracasso ( 1980 ) , berman and sumida ( 1990 ) , and berman ( 1993 ) .\ndesmatodon ( colorado , new mexico , and pennsylvania ) and diasparactus ( new mexico ) ; case ( 1908 ) , case and williston ( 1913 ) , romer ( 1952 ) , vaughn ( 1969 , 1972 ) , fracasso ( 1980 ) , berman ( 1993 ) , eberth and berman ( 1993 ) , and berman and sumida ( 1995 ) .\nlimnosceloides ( new mexico and west virginia ) limnoscelops ( colorado ) , and limnoscelid ( utah ) ; romer ( 1952 ) , vaughn ( 1962 ) , lewis and vaughn ( 1965 ) , langston ( 1966 ) , and berman ( 1993 ) .\ntseajaia ( new mexico and utah ) ; vaughn ( 1964 ) , moss ( 1972 ) , and berman ( 1993 ) .\nfigure 3 . late carboniferous distributions of the diadectomorph families limnoscelidae ( l ) and diadectidae ( d ) . localities , latitidue and longitude may be found in appendix 1 .\n( 1860 ) , geinitz and deichmuller ( 1882 ) , olson ( 1947 , 1967 , 1975 ) , langston ( 1963 ) , lewis and vaughn ( 1965 ) , berman ( 1971 , 1993 ) , and berman and martens ( 1993 ) .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nbiodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to\u2026 urltoken\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nwe use cookies to improve our service and to tailor our content and advertising to you .\nyou can manage your cookie settings via your browser at any time . to learn more about how we use cookies , please see our cookies policy\naccess this article for 1 day for : \u00a323 / $ 37 / \u20ac30 ( inc . vat )\nplease note : your email address is provided to the journal , which may use this information for marketing purposes .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , and its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\ndiadectes was a large reptile - like tetrapod that lived in the late carboniferous and early permian periods . fossils of diadectes have been discovered in new mexico , colorado , oklahoma and texas ( usa ) and one species described from germany .\ndiadectes latibuccatus cope 1878a ; empecocles latibuccatus ( cope 1878a ) ; empedias latibuccatus ( cope 1878a ) ; bolosaurus rapidens cope 1878a ; chilonyx rapidens ( cope 1878a ) ; empedocles alatus cope 1878a ; empedias alatus ( cope 1878a ) ; diadectes molaris cope 1878b ; empedocles molaris ( cope 1878b ) ; empedias molaris ( cope 1878b ) ; diadectes phaseolinus cope 1880b ; empedias phaseolinus ( cope 1880b ) ; helodectes paridens cope 1880b ; helodectes isaaci cope 1880b ; empedias fissus cope 1883 ; diadectes biculminatus cope 1896 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe phylogeny of early groups of amniotes has been in a state of flux in the last few years , but the first phylogeny based on a data matrix was published in the eighties ( gauthier et al . , 1988 ) . the origins of mammals and saurians from early synapsids and early diapsids , respectively , has been relatively non - controversial , but the origin of turtles has been problematic . the most widespread view , at least until the last few years , was that the closest extinct relatives of turtles were the captorhinids ( gaffney & mc kenna , 1979 ; gaffney & meylan , 1988 ; gaffney , meylan , & wyss , 1991 ; gauthier et al . , 1988 ) . the study of gauthier et al . ( 1988 ) is probably the best documented study supporting close affinities between captorhinids and turtles :\nthis study is also significant in giving the first phylogenetic definitions for the names of many amniote taxa . in this tree , parareptiles are not closely related to turtles , but gauthier et al . ( 1988 ) were not confident in this part of their tree ( which is why they did not erect a formal parareptilia ) .\nlaurin & reisz ( 1995 ) suggested that many of the taxa that gauthier et al . ( 1988 ) considered parareptiles represented early relatives of turtles . furthermore , laurin & reisz ( 1995 ) suggested that mesosaurs were the closest known relatives of reptiles :\nthis study used a terminology derived from olson ( 1947 ) . unfortunately , this terminology includes some junior synonyms ( according to the rules of priority suggested by de queiroz & gauthier in 1990 , 1992 , and 1994 ) of the taxa defined by gauthier et al . ( 1988 ) and the terminology used in the main phylogeny ( in the page on amniota ) corrects this .\nlee ( 1995 , 1996 ) studied in detail the phylogeny of the presumed relatives of turtles , and argued that pareiasaurs are the closest known relatives of turtles , rather than procolophonids ( as argued by laurin & reisz , 1995 ) . furthermore , he believed that pareiasaurs are the stem - group of turtles ( some pareiasaurs are more closely related to turtles than to other pareiasaurs ) . his phylogeny is as follows :\nall the studies mentioned above agree that turtles are the sister - clade of saurians among extant amniotes . however , the old idea that turtles are closely related to placodonts ( broom , 1924 ) has been revived recently ( rieppel , 1994 , 1995 ; rieppel & debraga , 1996 ; debraga & rieppel , 1997 ) . if this theory is accurate , turtles are saurians and are more closely related to lepidosaurs than to archosaurs .\nan exhaustive list of autapomorphies of various amniote taxa cannot be provided here , but a sample of these characters can be given . the list given below assumes that the phylogeny presented at the beginning of the page on amniota is essentially correct . phylogenetic definitions , when available , are also given for the main taxa . amniote classification can be summarized as such :\nparts of the phylogeny are poorly documented ( most of the unnamed clades ) and will not be discussed below . furthermore , if the suggestion of modesto ( 1999 ) that mesosaurs are anapsids is accepted , this classification and the list of apomorphies will have to be modified .\namniota is defined as\nthe most recent common ancestor of extant mammals and reptiles , and all its descendants\n( gauthier et al . , 1988 ) . it is divided into two stem - based taxa : synapsida ( mammals and their extinct relatives ) and sauropsida ( reptiles and their fossil relatives ) . the autapomorphies of amniota are listed in the\ncharacteristics\nsection of the tree of life page .\nsauropsida is defined as\nreptiles plus all other amniotes more closely related to them than they are to mammals\n( gauthier , 1994 ) . the characters supporting sauropsida include the following :\npresence of a single coronoid . synapsids and the diadectomorph limnoscelis have two coronoid elements . the coronoids are bones on the dorsomedial surface of the lower jaw .\nsupinator process parallel to humeral shaft and separated from it by a groove . in synapsids and diadectomorphs , the supinator process is strongly angled relative to the shaft .\npresence of a single pedal centrale . two centralia were present in the tarsus ( ankle ) of synapsids and diadectomorphs .\nreptilia is defined as\nthe most recent common ancestor of extant turtles and saurians , and all of its descendants\n( gauthier et al . , 1988 ) . characters supporting reptilia include :\ntabular small . the tabular ( a bone on the posterolateral corner of the skull table ) of early synapsids and diadectomorphs is large , but reptiles have only a small tabular , when it is present .\nsuborbital foramen present ( fig . 1b - d ) . the suborbital foramen is a small hole near the lateral edge of the palate , between the pterygoid , palatine , and ectopterygoid ( or jugal , when the ectopterygoid is absent ) . this structure was not found in early synapsids and diadectomorphs ( fig . 1a ) .\nsupraoccipital anterior crista present . the supraoccipital of mesosaurs , synapsids , and diadectomoprhs lacks anterior parasagittal flanges . the supraoccipital of reptiles has a paired anterior parasagittal flange called an anterior crista .\nsupraoccipital plate narrow . the supraoccipital is a bone in the back of the braincase . the supraoccipital plate of mesosaurs , synapsids , and diadectomorphs is broad and extends farther laterally than the postparietal .\nfigure 1 . amniote skulls in palatal view . a , cotylorhynchus , a lower permian synapsid ; b , captorhinus , a lower permian romeriid ; c , procolophon , a triassic anapsid ; d , proganochelys , the oldest known turtle ( upper triassic ) . redrawn from a , laurin & reisz ( 1995 ) ; b , heaton ( 1979 ) ; c , carroll & lindsay ( 1985 ) ; and d , gaffney ( 1990 ) . abbreviations : bc , braincase ; ec , ectopterygoid ; m , maxilla ; n , nasal ; pa , palatine ; pm , premaxilla ; ps , parasphenoid ; pt , pterygoid ; q , quadrate ; qj , quadratojugal ; s , stapes ; sq , squamosal ; v , vomer .\nanapsida is defined as\nextant turtles , and all other extinct taxa that are more closely related to them than they are to other [ extant ] reptiles\n( gauthier et al . , 1988 ) . characters supporting anapsida include :\nforamen orbito - nasale enclosed between prefrontal , lacrimal , and palatine . there is no foramen between these bones in diapsids , synapsids , and diadectomorphs .\nanterior lateral maxillary foramen distinctly larger than other foramina . in romeriids , mesosaurs , synapsids , and diadectomorphs , several small foramina ( holes ) may be present on the lateral surface of the maxilla , but none of these foramina is much larger than the others .\nquadratojugal expanded dorsally ( fig . 2c , d ) . the quadratojugal of romeriids , mesosaurs , synapsids , and diadectomorphs is a low bone narrowly exposed on the lateral surface of the cheek ( fig . 2a , b ) .\nfigure 2 . amniote skulls in lateral view . a , cotylorhynchus , a lower permian synapsid ; b , captorhinus , a lower permian romeriid ; c , procolophon , a triassic anapsid ; d , proganochelys , the oldest known turtle ( upper triassic ) . redrawn from a , laurin & reisz ( 1995 ) ; b , heaton ( 1979 ) ; c , carroll & lindsay ( 1985 ) ; and d , gaffney ( 1990 ) . abbreviations : bc , braincase ; e , epipterygoid ; f , frontal ; l , lacrimal ; m , maxilla ; n , nasal ; p , parietal ; pm , premaxilla ; po , postorbital ; pof , postfrontal ; prf , prefrontal ; pt , pterygoid ; q , quadrate ; qj , quadratojugal ; sq , squamosal ; st , supratemporal ; t , tabular .\ntemporal emargination bordered by quadratojugal and squamosal ( fig . 2c , d ) . the temporal emargination supports a tympanum in turtles , and the presence of a slender stapes in several anapsids suggests that a tympanum appeared fairly early in this group . there is no temporal emargination in romeriids , mesosaurs , and synapsids ( fig . 2a , b ) .\njaw articulation anterior to occiput ( fig . 1c , d ) . the jaw articulation of romeriids , mesosaurs , synapsids , and diadectomorphs is at the level of the occiput ( fig . 1a , b ) .\nedentulous ectopterygoid . the ectopterygoid bears a shagreen of small denticles in romeriids , early synapsids , and diadectomorphs .\nstapedial dorsal process unossified . the stapes of most early romeriids , mesosaurs , synapsids , and diadectomorphs has an ossified dorsal process .\nsacral ribs with narrow distal contact . the sacral ribs of romeriids , mesosaurs , and synapsids are broad distally and a broad contact between successive ribs leaves only a small gap . the sacral ribs of anapsids are more slender and contact each other distally .\niliac blade dorsally expanded . the iliac blade of romeriids , mesosaurs , and synapsids has a long , low posterodorsal process and lacks an anterior expansion . the iliac blade of anapsids has a dorsal expansion directly above the acetabulum , a short anterior process , and it is short posteriorly .\nfigure 3 . skulls of early amniotes in dorsal view . a , cotylorhynchus , a lower permian synapsid ; b , captorhinus , a lower permian romeriid ; c , procolophon , a triassic anapsid ; d , proganochelys , the oldest known turtle ( upper triassic ) . redrawn from a , laurin & reisz ( 1995 ) ; b , heaton ( 1979 ) ; c , carroll & lindsay ( 1985 ) ; and d , gaffney ( 1990 ) . abbreviations : bc , braincase ; f , frontal ; j , jugal ; l , lacrimal ; m , maxilla ; n , nasal ; p , parietal ; pa , palatal ; pm , premaxilla ; po , postorbital ; pof , postfrontal ; pp , postparietal ; prf , prefrontal ; qj , quadratojugal ; sq , squamosal ; st , supratemporal ; t , tabular .\nprocolophonia is defined as\nthe most recent common ancestor of pareiasaurs , procolophonids , and testudines ( chelonia ) , and all its descendants\n( laurin & reisz , 1995 ) . it is diagnosed by several autapomorphies , including the following :\npineal foramen close to fronto - parietal suture ( fig . 3c ) . the pineal foramen of most other amniotes is located close to the mid - length of the interparietal suture , or slightly anterior to this ( fig . 3a , b ) .\ntabular absent ( fig . 3c , d ) . most other amniotes have a tabular ( fig . 3a ) , but this bone has been lost convergently in captorhinids ( fig . 3b ) .\ncranio - quadrate space large . in most other amniotes , the cranio - quadrate space ( the space between the braincase and the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid ) is narrow and the paroccipital process and the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid converge posterolaterally ( fig . 1a , b ) . in procolophonoids , pareiasaurs , and turtles , the cranio - quadrate space is wide and the paroccipital process is parallel to the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid ( fig . 1c , d ) .\npterygoid palatal ramus not reaching level of internal naris ( fig . 1c , d ) . the palatal ramus of millerettids , romeriids , mesosaurs , and early synapsids extends anteriorly medial to the internal naris ( fig . 1a , b ) .\ntransverse flange of pterygoid directed anterolaterally ( fig . 1c , d ) . the transverse flange of other amniotes extends transversely or posterolaterally from the area of the basicranial articulation ( fig . 1a , b ) .\ncultriform process short ( fig . 1c , d ) . the cultriform process of other amniotes is long ( fig . 1a , b ) .\nparoccipital process antero - posteriorly expanded . the paroccipital process of most other amniotes is a broad , thin , vertical flange .\nquadrate condyle articular surfaces nearly flat and antero - posteriorly short . in other amniotes , the articular surfaces of the quadrate are strongly convex and short .\nastragalus and calcaneum ( two ankle bones ) sutured or fused to each other .\nromeriida is defined as\nextant saurians , and all other taxa that are more closely related to them than they are to anapsids\n( gauthier et al . , 1988 ) . romeriida possesses the following autapomorphies :\npostorbital separated from supratemporal ( fig . 3b ) . the postorbital contacts the supratemporal in most anapsids ( fig . 3c ) , in mesosaurs , in early synapsids ( fig . 3a ) , and in diadectomorphs .\nsupratemporal small ( fig . 3b ) . the supratemporal is large in most other groups of amniotes ( fig . 3a , c ) .\ncaniniform maxillary tooth present . romeriids have a large anterior maxillary tooth ( fig . 2b ) . most other early amniotes have a relatively homodont dentition and no anterior maxillary tooth is much larger than the other teeth ( fig . 2a , c ) .\nquadrate anterior process short ( fig . 1b ) . the anterior process of the quadrate extends anteriorly along more than 55 % of the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid in most other amniotes ( fig . 1a , d ) .\nanterior pleurocentra keeled ventrally . the anterior pleurocentra of other amniotes is rounded ventrally .\nmetapodials overlapping . the proximal heads of the metapodials of other amniotes barely contact each other . the metapodials of\nprotorothyridids\nand diapsids are expanded proximally and overlap the metapodial lateral to them .\nwe thank miss diane scott for scanning the figures of amniote skulls , and ms . patricia lai for proof - reading this page .\nbroom r . 1924 . on the classification of the reptiles . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 51 : 39 - 65 .\ncarroll r . l . & w . lindsay . 1985 . cranial anatomy of the primitive reptile procolophon . canadian journal of earth sciences 22 : 1571 - 1587 .\nde queiroz , k . & j . gauthier . 1990 . phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy : phylogenetic definitions of taxon names . systematic zoology 39 : 307 - 322 .\nde queiroz , k . & j . gauthier . 1992 . phylogenetic taxonomy . annual review of ecology and systematics 23 : 449 - 480 .\nde queiroz , k . & j . gauthier . 1994 . toward a phylogenetic system of biological nomenclature . trends in ecology and evolution 9 : 27 - 31 .\ndebraga m . & o . rieppel . 1997 . reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles . zoological journal of the linnean society 120 : 281 - 354 .\ngaffney e . s . 1990 . the comparative osteology of the triassic turtle proganochelys . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 194 : 263 .\ngaffney , e . s . & m . c . mc kenna 1979 . a late permian captorhinid from rhodesia . american museum novitates 2688 : 1 - 15 .\ngaffney , e . s . & p . a . meylan 1988 . a phylogeny of turtles . in m . j . benton ( ed . ) the phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods : 157 - 219 . oxford : clarendon press .\ngaffney e . s . , p . a . meylan , & a . r . wyss . 1991 . a computer assisted analysis of the relationships of the higher categories of turtles . cladistics 7 : 313 - 335 .\ngauthier j . a . 1994 . the diversification of the amniotes . in : d . r . prothero and r . m . schoch ( ed . ) major features of vertebrate evolution : 129 - 159 . knoxville , tennessee : the paleontological society .\ngauthier , j . , a . g . kluge , & t . rowe . 1988 . the early evolution of the amniota . in m . j . benton ( ed . ) the phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods , volume 1 : amphibians , reptiles , birds : 103 - 155 . oxford : clarendon press .\nheaton m . j . 1979 . cranial anatomy of primitive captorhinid reptiles from the late pennsylvanian and early permian oklahoma and texas . bulletin of the oklahoma geological survey 127 : 1 - 84 .\nlaurin , m . & r . r . reisz . 1995 . a reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny . zoological journal of the linnean society 113 : 165 - 223 .\nlee , m . s . y . 1995 . historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of ' parareptiles ' . biological reviews of the cambridge philosophical society 70 : 459 - 547 .\nlee m . s . y . 1996 . correlated progression and the origin of turtles . nature 379 : 812 - 815 .\nmodesto s . p . 1999 . observations on the structure of the early permian reptile stereosternum temidum cope . palaeontologia africana 35 : 7 - 19 .\nolson e . c . 1947 . the family diadectidae and its bearing on the classification of reptiles . fieldiana geology 11 : 1 - 53 .\nrieppel , o . 1994 . osteology of simosaurus gaillardoti and the relationships of stem - group sauropterygia . fieldiana geology 1462 : 1 - 85 .\nrieppel o . 1995 . studies on skeleton formation in reptiles : implications for turtle relationships . zoology - analysis of complex systems 98 : 298 - 308 .\nrieppel o . & m . debraga . 1996 . turtles as diapsid reptiles . nature 384 : 453 - 455 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\nthis page is an article that is attached to a branch of the tree of life .\ntol articles provide more in - depth information about important features of a given group of organisms .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nscientists have found evidence that about 2 . 4 million years ago a gene regulating jaw muscles mutated and may have led to the more graceful human jaw we see today . which statement most closely explains the link between jaw size and hominid evolution\nsome characteristics of recently discovered organism are listed in the table . based on the given characteristics , this organism would be classified in which kingdom\nthe classification of four birds are listed . based on the classification which two birds are most closely related\nscientists are studying the evolutionary history of a group of plants in the us . what information about the organisms best helps the scientists to determine the evolutionary relationships among them\nmany scientists think that the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells originated in independent prokaryotes . which characterisitc of mitochondira most strongly supports this conclusion\nmodern classification of the related organisms in a diagram . which two groups are most closely related\n- like taxon first crawled out on dry land . then , according to the widely accepted paradigm , certain lineages returned to the water while others ventured forth onto higher and drier environs .\n( lrt , 1033 taxa ) documents a bushier conquest of land , occurring in at least seven devonian waves until the beachhead was secured by our reptile ancestors .\ndr . jennifer clack and her team have shown us that fish / amphibians can have limbs ( acanthostega and ichthyostega ) and not be interested in leaving the water . that comes later and later and , well , seven times all together .\nfigure 1 . colosteus relatives according to the lrt scaled to a common skull length . their sizes actually vary quite a bit , as noted by the different scale bars . only pholidogaster and colosteus are taxa in common with traditional colosteid lists .\nhad small limbs with toes . the smaller , but equally scaly and eel - like\n, reduced those limbs to vestiges , showing they were not that important for getting around underwater in that wriggly clade . neither shows signs of ever leaving the water and phylogenetically neither led to the crawling land tetrapods . however , like the living peppered moray eel (\nfigure 2 . greererpeton reduced to a blueprint of body parts . here there may be one extra phalanx on pedal digit 5 and one missing on pedal digit 2 compared to sister taxa . so an alternate is shown with that repair . the skulls at left are juveniles .\nwere likewise flat - and long - bodied aquatic forms that seem unlikely to have been able to support themselves without the natural buoyancy of water . their descendants in the lrt likewise look like they were more comfortable lounging underwater like living\nthe hellbender has working lungs , but gill slits are often retained , although only immature specimens have true gills ; the hellbender absorbs oxygen from the water through capillaries of its side frills . \u201d\nonly rarely do hellbenders leave the water , perhaps to climb on low pond rocks . if the\nfigure 3 . pederpes is a basal taxon in the whatcheeria + crassigyrinus clade .\n( with its flattened skull ) appear to have opted for a return to a watery environment . and who could blame them ? in any case , their big lumbering bodies were not well adapted to clambering over dry obstacles , like rocks and plants , that made terrestrial locomotion more difficult . and the biggest best food was still in the water . no doubt limbs helped many of them find new ponds and swamps when they felt the urge to do so , like living crocs . and they probably left the water after some of the smaller and more able taxa listed below .\ntook the first steps toward more of a land - living life . the nostrils shifted forward , but were still tiny , at first . bur the ribs were slender without any overlap . perhaps this signaled improvements in lung power . larger nostrils appeared in\n. all these taxa were still rather large and lumbering and so were probably more at home in the water .\nfigure 5 . eucritta in situ and reconstructed . note the large pes in green .\nlike ancestors . one descendant clade begins with a several long - bodied , short - legged salamander - like taxa . discosauriscus is one of these . it begins life in water , but grows up to prefer dry land . seymouria is the culmination of this clade .\n, a short - legged , flat - bodied aquatic taxon . that plesiomorphic taxon gives rise to legless\ntheir marriage to or divorce from water varies across a wide spectrum in living taxa .\nfigure 7 . various stem amniotes ( reptiles ) that precede tulerpeton in the lrt . so these taxa likely radiated in the late devonian . and taxa like acanthostega and ichthyostega are late - survivors of earlier radiations documented by the earlier trackways .\nno one should have ever said you have to look like a typical reptile to lay an amnion - covered egg . and if they did , they were not guided by a large gamut phylogenetic analysis .\nthis clade become fully divorced from needing water for reproduction , but basal members still liked the high humidity and wet substrate of the swamp .\n. these were small agile taxa with relatively long legs that would have had their genesis in the late devonian . their first appearance in the fossil record was much later . the development of the amnion - enclosed embryo may have taken millions of years . the first phylogenetic reptiles appear in the form of amphibian - like\n, according to the lrt , from distinct clades that were more or less ready to do so and in different ways . and , of course , odd extant fish , like the peppered moray eel (\n) continue this tradition . what will they eventually evolve into , given enough time ?\nthe fin to limb transition : new data , interpretations , and hypotheses from paleontology and developmental biology . annual review of earth and planetary sciences . 37 : 163\u2013179 .\njarvik : postcranial anatomy , basal tetrapod interrelationships and patterns of skeletal evolution . earth and environmental science transactions of the royal society of edinburgh .\npolydactly in the earliest known tetrapod limbs . nature 347 : 66 - 69 .\ndiurnal , land - based predation on shore crabs by moray eels in the chagos archipelago . coral reefs 28 ( 2 ) : 387\u2013397 .\non the fish - like tail in the ichtyhyostegid stegocephalians . meddelelser om gr\u00f8nland 114 : 1\u201390 .\nfigure 1 . the complete skull of anthracosaurus greatly resembles its relative , neopteroplax .\nanthracosaurus russelli ( huxley 1863 , panchen 1977 , clack 1987 ; westphalian , late carboniferous , 310 mya , skull length 40cm ; figs . 1 , 2 ) was originally considered a labyrinthodont . the wide , yet pointed , triangular skull and tall orbits recall traits found in labyrinthodonts , like sclerocephalus , and in the basal tetrapod , tiktaalik . here , in the large reptile tree ( lrt , 967 taxa ) , anthracosaurus nests with neopteroplax ( fig . 3 ) as a derived embolomere , the clade that likely gave rise to seymouriamorpha , lepospondyli and reptilia\nhas an inverted teardrop shape . the marginal and palatal fangs are quite large . although flattened in dorsal view , comparisons suggest the jaw margin was convex , as in\nis basal in the embolomeri . those giant marginal and palatal fangs indicate a predatory niche .\nfigure 2 . left : anthracosaurus chimaera from clack 1987 . right : older tracing in dorsal view of the complete skull and palatal view attributed to anthracosaurus from an online photo . the narrower skull is made of several different specimens ( chimaera ) and produces a loss of resolution in the lrt .\n( fig . 2 ) based on a chimaera of specimens . unfortunately , plugging that data into the lrt produced loss of resolution over several nodes . using the older single skull in dorsal view had no such problems .\nfigure 3 . neopteroplax has a skull quite similar to the older single skull of anthracosaurus and they nest together in the lrt .\n\u201cgauthier , kluge and rowe ( 1988 ) defined anthracosauria as \u2018amniota plus all other tetrapods that are more closely related to amniotes than they are to amphibians\u201d ( amphibia in turn was defined by these authors as a clade including lissamphibia and those tetrapods that are more closely related to lissamphibians than they are to amniotes ) . \u201d\nin this definition non - amniote anthracosauria does not include anthracosaurus , but only silvanerpeton and gephyrostegus in the lrt because more basal taxa are also basal to amphibians .\n\u201cas ruta , coates and quicke ( 2003 ) pointed out , this definition is problematic , because , depending on the exact phylogenetic position of lissamphibia within tetrapoda , using it might lead to the situation where some taxa traditionally classified as anthracosaurs , including even the genus anthracosaurus itself , wouldn\u2019t belong to anthracosauria .\nlaurin ( 2001 ) created a different phylogenetic definition of anthracosauria , defining it as \u201cthe largest clade that includes anthracosaurus russelli but not ascaphus truei\u201d .\nin the lrt ascaphus , the tailed frog , is derived from the large clade , the embolomeri , that includes anthracosaurus . however the small clade that includes just anthracosaurus and neopteroplax does not include the tailed frog .\nin the lrt the embolomeri are basal to eucritta and the seymouriamorpha , which are basal to the reptilia ( = amniota ) and lepospondyli ( including amphibia ) . the chroniosuchia and gephyrostegus are both amphibian - like reptiles in the lrt .\ns the exact phylogenetic position of lissamphibia within tetrapoda remains uncertain , it also remains controversial which fossil tetrapods are more closely related to amniotes than to lissamphibians , and thus , which ones of them were reptiliomorphs in any meaning of the word . \u201d\n( amphibia : anthracosauria ) from the northumberland coal measures . palaeontology 30 ( 1 ) : 15 - 26 .\ndescription of anthracosaurus russelli , a new labyrinthodont from the lanarkshire coalfield . quartery journal of the geological society 19 : 56 - 58 .\nhuxley . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , b . 269 : 581 - 640 .\nhuxley ( amphibia : labyrinthodontia ) and the family anthracosauridae . philosophical transactions of the royal society b . 279 ( 968 ) : 447\u2013512 ."]}
{"id": 1637, "summary": [{"text": "scratch , also known as scratch ii ( foaled 1947 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the prix du jockey club and the classic st leger stakes in 1950 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "scratch won the solario stakes in england as a two-year-old and emerged as one of the best of a very strong generation of french-trained colts in the following year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the prix de guiche and prix greffulhe in the early part of the year and then defeated the year 's outstanding three-year-old colt tantieme in the prix du jockey club .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the autumn of 1950 he won the st leger by defeating vieux manoir , who had beaten him in the grand prix de paris .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the prix jean prat as a four-year-old before being retired to stud where he had an unremarkable record as a sire of winners in europe and south america . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "scratch ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["i give credit to whoever made the outline of this horse and of course scratch .\na scratch in horse racing simply means that a horse that was entered to run in a race will not be running in that race .\nsome people near red lodge thought a horse was in distress and stuck on a pipe . turns out the horse just wanted to scratch her belly .\ncoloured the horse in according to what my dream horse would look like . the background i drew from scratch and was inspired by halloween costume which was a cobweb dress .\ndeclared - in u . s . , a horse withdrawn from a stake in advance of scratch time . in europe , a horse confirmed to start in a race .\ngrandsire - grandfather of a horse , sire of the horse ' s dam .\n\u201criders and handlers should be encouraged to scratch rather than pat their horses as a reward . \u201d\nlearning how to properly scratch your horse is one of the best training tools you can have . a horse is a body oriented animal , so speaking to it through body language is the best way to communicate .\ni think i would have a revolt on my hands if i didn ' t give my horses a good scratch every day .\ndel mar stewards said on thursday that the scratch of smogcutter would be referred to the racing board\u2019s investigators for a possible complaint .\nquarter horse - breed of horse especially fast for a quarter of a mile , from which its name is derived .\nbreak ( a horse ) - to accustom a young horse to racing equipment and methods , and to carry a rider .\nbritish researchers presented findings at the recent international equitation science conference in denmark that a scratch on the wither was more effective as a reward than a pat .\nsometimes a scratch isn\u2019t the decision of the connections of a horse . before each race a horse is inspected - typically by a race official called a steward and a veterinarian . if there is any reason that they believe that the horse will not be able to run his best , that he will potentially create a dangerous situation in a race , or that he is not likely to fairly represent the bettors who back him then they have the ability to scratch any horse . they can do so any time from the day before a race to minutes before the race starts .\nthere are all sorts of reasons that a horse can be scratched from a race . first off is because of a decision by an owner or a trainer . sometimes a trainer will enter a horse in two or more different races at the same time , and then wait until closer to the day of the race to decide which one sets up better for the horse . other times , a trainer will scratch a horse if the conditions of the racing surface aren\u2019t going to be ideal - like if rain has made a turf course too soft for a horse to run his best , for example . a trainer could also scratch a horse if they aren\u2019t happy how the horse has trained leading up to the race , or if they have concerns about his health and readiness .\nrewarding a horse by giving him a good scratch is the best training tool you can use . scratching is how horses communicate happiness and contentment in the wild , and by using this natural body language , you will communicate directly with your horse in a better way than voice or training equipment alone .\ni am also a firm believer in scratching . my horses love it and it is great for bonding . my horse will stop eating to get a neck scratch . he absolutely loves it when i dig my nails in along his crest .\neased - chart caller ' s assessment of a horse that is being deliberately slowed by the jockey to prevent injury or harm to the horse .\nmuzzle - nose and lips of a horse . also a guard placed over a horse ' s mouth to prevent him from biting or eating .\nit\u2019s rare to find an acreage property of this size so close to everything and it\u2019s a fantastic opportunity to develop a truly unique retirement village from scratch , \u201d mr bentley said .\nlead pony - horse or pony who heads parade of field from paddock to starting gate . also a horse or pony who accompanies a starter to post .\nleg up - to help a jockey mount his horse . also a jockey having a mount . also to strengthen a horse ' s legs through exercise .\nschooling - accustoming a horse to starting from the gate and to teach him racing practices . in steeplechasing , more particularly to teach a horse to jump .\nthis studio is dedicated to creating and sharing fun , horse - themed games .\nall win / place / show bets involving a scratched horse will be refunded .\nbreeze - working a horse at a moderate speed ; less effort than handily .\nhand ride - urging a horse with the hands and not using the whip .\npost position - position of stall in starting gate from which a horse starts .\nsilks - jacket and cap worn by riders which designate owner of the horse .\nspit box - receptacle for urine and blood taken from a horse for testing .\nstall walker - horse that moves about his stall and frets rather than rests .\nthe best place to scratch your horse is where the withers meet the neck . naturally , this is an area a horse cannot reach itself , so it is an area that is like the middle of the human back . anything that can access it and give it a good scratching is welcome and will be sought after . so using this area as a training tool by giving the horse a reward scratching is just good sense .\nno websites or painting apps or whatever aloud it has to be all done on scratch . ( sorry but it just isn ' t fair to those who can ' t do it . )\nscratch ( fr ) ch . h , 1947 { 14 - f } dp = 20 - 8 - 8 - 14 - 2 ( 52 ) di = 1 . 60 cd = 0 . 58\nthe trio concluded : \u201cwe found that patting was less effective than wither scratching , with the latter resulting in responses similar to those found in positive horse - horse interaction .\nbit - bar in horse ' s mouth by which he is guided and controlled .\nbottom - stamina in a horse . also , sub - surface of racing strip .\nexercise rider - male or female rider who is aboard a horse in the mornings .\nnear side - left side of a horse , side on which he is mounted .\nshort - a horse in need of more work or racing to reach winning form .\ntimber topper - jumper or steeplechase horse . more properly horses jumping over timber fences .\ngraduate - winning first time , horse or rider . also , graduate of the claiming ranks - a horse , that has moved up to allowance , stakes or handicap racing .\neach portion of an exacta / trifecta / superfecta involving a scratched horse will be refunded .\nblack type - designation for a stakes winner or stakes - placed horse in sales catalogues .\ncuppy ( track ) - a surface which breaks away under a horse ' s hoof .\ndropdown - a horse meeting a lower class of rival than he had been running against .\nequipment - whip , blinkers , etc . gear carried by a horse in a race .\nnose - smallest advantage a horse can win by . in england called a short head .\noverweight - surplus weight carried by a horse when the rider cannot make the required weight .\nshow bet - wager on a horse to finish in the money ; third or better .\nstrip - markings of a horse . white hairs running part - way down the face .\nhe was the last horse to be named a champion at 2 , 3 and 4 .\nit took me about 3 years to learn to canter my horse correctly ! just because someone owns a horse , it doesn ' t mean that they are a perfect rider . don ' t make the assumption that all horse owners are fantastic riders , they really are not .\nbleeder - horse who bleeds during or after a workout or race due to ruptured blood vessel .\ncalk - projection bottom of shoe to give horse greater traction , especially on a wet track .\nhead - a margin between horses . one horse leading another by the length of his head .\nlug ( in or out ) - action of a tiring horse , bearing in or out .\nshank - rope or strap attached to a halter or bridle by which a horse is led .\nstar - small patch of white hair on a horse ' s forehead . also a credit a horse receives from being forced out of an overcrowded race , giving him priority in future races .\nstickers - calks on shoes which give a horse better traction in mud or on soft tracks .\ntaken up - a horse pulled up sharply by his rider because of being in close quarters .\nspectacular bid was the last horse to be named a champion at 2 , 3 and 4 .\nfrank zanzuccki , executive director of the new jersey racing commission , advised the meadowlands via email that the \u201ccommission does not have the legal authority to scratch a horse ( s ) already entered based on conditions imposed solely on one trainer by a racetrack operator . therefore , your request to have these horses scratched must be denied . \u201d\nupdate : according to a report at urltoken , the new jersey racing commission notified the meadowlands late tuesday afternoon that the track \u201cdoes not have the legal authority\u201d to scratch the two horses trained by chris oakes from the breeders ' crown .\nhey everyone ! i was bored , so i decided to try doing a galloping horse run cycle .\nbrace ( or bracer ) - rubdown liniment used on a horse after a race or a workout .\ncenter of distribution - the balance point of speed and stamina influences in a horse ' s pedigree .\nconformation - a horse ' s build and general physical structure ; the way he is put together .\nmaiden - a horse who has not won a race . also applied to non - winning rider .\nmorning glory - horse who performs well in morning workouts but fails to reproduce that form in races .\npinhooker ; pinhook - to buy a horse at auction fo r the purpose of reselling him later .\nstripe - a white marking running down a horse ' s face to bridge of nose or below .\nhe was ranked 10th in a blood - horse poll of the top horses of the 20th century .\nanother spot is along the backbone , but be cautious . the backbone can be sensitive , so scratch more gently and watch your horses reaction . if he stretches out and wiggles his upper lip , he is enjoying it and you should continue .\nall art by me ! ( except for the running horse in the background from google images which i edited ) i credit urltoken for the horse neigh ( when about to run ) , and the user\naudio productions\non youtube for the horse gallop sound effect . all other sound effects by me .\nin order to be able to post messages on the the horse forum forums , you must first register .\nbred - a horse is bred at the place of his birth . also , the mating of horses .\nfalse favorite - horse who is bet down to favoritism when others would appear to outclass him on form .\nflatten out - when a horse drops his head almost on straight line with body . may indicate exhaustion .\nridden out - refers to a horse that wins under a vigorous hand ride but is not being whipped .\nsteadied - a horse being taken in hand by his rider , usually because of being in close quarters .\nof course , the connections of uncle mo dismiss any claims the horse doesn ' t have the distance .\nim pretty sure that any horse owner who happily offers you the chance to ride really isnt going to be judgemental about your confidence at canter . . heck it takes years as a part time rider to get the hang of it and even then you can be back to scratch with a change of horse . as long as you are safe on board , not aggressive or hard on the mouth , i would think most owners are happy to see someone having the pleasure of a ride .\nplease choose a username you will be satisfied with using for the duration of your membership at the horse forum .\n\u201canecdotal evidence and opinion suggest that patting is meaningless or even aversive to the horse , \u201d they told delegates .\n\u201cwither scratching could potentially increase horse / human bonding and act as a more effective reward , \u201d they said .\nthe horse , colors background etc . are all by me . so if you use anything please credit me !\ncloser - a horse who runs best in the latter part of the race , coming from off the pace .\ngallop - a type of gait , a fast canter . also , to ride a horse at that gait .\nicing - standing a horse in a bucket of ice or applying ice packs to the legs to encourage circulation .\nmare - female horse 5 years old or older . also , female of any age who has been bred .\noverlay - a horse going off at a higher price than he appears to warrant based on his past performances .\nprep ( or prep race ) - a workout or a race to prepare a horse for a future engagement .\nrefuse - when a horse will not break from the gate . in jumping races , balking at the jump .\ni haven ' t found a place yet that both horses don ' t like to be scratched . t ' s eyes close and walka moves towards me if i stop as if to say\nhey don ' t stop\n. i think scratching and rubbing are ways to help build a relationship with a horse and show affection . wish someone would scratch and rub me ! ! ! !\nbald ( or bald face ) - white face of horse , including eyes , nostrils or part of the latter .\nchecked - a horse pulled up by his jockey for an instant because he is cut off or in tight quarters .\ncolors - racing silks - jacket and cap - worn by riders to denote the owner ( s ) of horse .\nfees - amount paid to rider or the cost of nominating , entering or starting a horse in a stakes race .\nhorse - broadly , in any thoroughbred regardless of sex . specifically , an entire male 5 years old or older .\nneck - unit of measurement , about the length of a horse ' s neck ; a quarter of a length .\nrun - out bit - a special type of bit to prevent a horse from bearing out ( or in ) .\nsubscription - fee paid by owner to nominate horse for a stakes race or to maintain eligibility for a stakes race .\navila said masochistic was plagued by knee and tibia injuries as a young horse , which postponed the start of his career . thursday , avila said that masochistic was given the sedative because the horse has a tendency to try to bite stable staff .\nafter all , you don ' t have to canter your friend ' s horse if you don ' t want to .\nbandage - strips of cloth wound around the lower part of a horse ' s legs for support or protection against injury .\ncooling out - restoring a horse , usually by walking , to normal temperature after becoming overheated in a race or workout .\ncribber ( a wind sucker ) - a horse who clings to objects with his teeth and sucks air into his stomach .\ndosage diagram - a diagram showing the number and placement of chefs - de - race in a horse ' s pedigree .\ndosage index - mathematical reduction of the dosage diagram to a number reflecting a horse ' s potential for speed or stamina .\ngait - the ways in which a horse can move - walk , trot , canter , gallop , run , etc .\nlength - length of a horse from nose to tail , about 8 feet . also distance between horses in a race .\nif you have multiple selections in your pick 3 or pick 4 , each combination will be scored according to the ' top pick scratch rules ' . the host track / authority governs the settlement rules for scratched horses in pick wagers , operating in accordance with one of two different settlement rules :\n3 . if the host track doesn\u2019t offer a consolation payout , you will be refunded if a horse is scratched in one leg of your ticket , or if the first leg of your ticket wins and a horse is scratched in the second leg .\nacross the board - a bet on a horse to win , place and show . if the horse wins , the player collects three ways ; if second , two ways ; and if third , one way , losing the win and place bets .\na duck , a goose , a goat , and a horse all entered the barn at different times one day last week .\nclimbing - a fault in a horse ' s stride in which , instead of reaching out , his action is abnormally high .\nfront - runner - a horse who usually leads ( or tries to lead ) the field for as far as he can .\nsaddle cloth - cloth under the saddle on which number ( and sometimes horse ' s name ) denoting post position is displayed .\nwhip - instrument , usually of leather , with which rider strikes horse to increase his speed . also called bat and gad .\nnz connemara soc . nz farriers assn . aust / nz friesian soc . nz hanoverian soc . irish draught horse soc . advertising options\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nstate - bred - a horse bred in a particular state and thus eligible to compete in special races restricted to state - breds .\noh no ! we ' re having trouble displaying this scratch project . if you are on a mobile phone or tablet , try visiting this project on a computer . if you ' re on a computer , your flash player might be disabled , missing , or out of date . visit this page to update flash .\nscratching down on the chest , between the front legs , is another great spot . again , be cautious , as in the wild , a horse will nip at another horse in the chest when he wants to play , so make sure your horse knows you are going to touch him there for scratching purposes . watch his reaction and make sure you are ready to move if he nips at you .\ni don ' t\nsmack\n, but i do pet , kinda like petting a dog . more of a pat , with me saying\nthank you\n. when my kids get off the horses , they go to the head , fuss them & say\nthank you\n. i try to scratch at the withers , but my mustang usually backs away . if i get him along the mane behind the ear , he ' s like putty in my hands . if i actually scratch in the ear . . . . . that ' s all she wrote ! he ' d stand there for hours if i had the strength ! lol\nwhen riding , you can use the arrow keys to move the horse around . ( i drew all the sprites and background myself ) tell me if there are any glitches and if i should add anything new ! ( i havent finished the costumes for the riding horse yet )\nalso - eligible - a horse officially entered , but not permitted to start unless the field is reduced by scratches below a specified number .\nblinkers - device to limit a horse ' s vision to prevent him from swerving from objects or other horses on either side of him .\nblowout - a short , final workout , usually a day or two before a race , designed to sharpen a horse ' s speed .\nbreather - restraining or easing off on a horse for a short distance in a race to permit him to conserve or renew his strength .\nit was really exciting to see him ,\nbaffert said .\nhe ' s still the sweet , kind horse he is .\nthree riders interacted with their horses during the test and 15 patted their horse on test completion , with 12 continuing patting for over a minute .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\npast performances - a compilation in daily racing form of a horse ' s record , including all pertinent data , as a basis for handicapping .\nrundown - of a horse , to suffer abrasions on the heels as a result of contact with the dirt and sand of the track surface .\nshadow roll - usually a lamb ' s wool roll half way up the horse ' s face to keep him from seeing his own shadow .\ntongue strap - strap or tape bandage used to tie down a horse ' s tongue to prevent it from choking in a race or workout .\nyou can remix if you want , pls just say who originally made it and get rid of the logo ( horse gif at the start ) .\nif you have bet on a horse that has been scratched then , in most cases , your ticket will be void and your money will be returned . there is an exception , though . in multi - race bets - like a pick four or pick six , for example - they will not cancel your entire ticket because one horse is scratched . instead , they will turn your bet on the scratched horse into a bet on the favorite .\nthe horse ' s mental maturity . they ' re all different . again , if breaking means riding to you then add in physical maturity too .\ntry to enjoy riding your friend ' s horse , you can just take it easy and have a plod around . i don ' t know if it ' s an option to have lessons on this horse if you get on ? either way i hope it goes well for you , keep us posted !\nlead ( or lead pad ) - weights carried to make up the difference when a rider weighs less than the poundage a horse is assigned to carry .\non the very face of it , the introduction of a synoptic end - point - assessment may look like a retrograde step , a shift away from the idea that modular assessment , particularly via coursework , offers a fairer evaluation of performance over time . however , it takes only a light scratch of the surface to reveal that the situation is far less reactionary than it appears .\n1 . if the first leg of your ticket loses , the entire ticket is considered a loss , even if a horse is scratched in the second leg .\nnot having a perfect canter wouldn ' t prevent me from letting you ride my horse . i own him and i don ' t have a perfect canter .\n1 . if one of the coupled horses gets scratched and the rest of the entry runs , your wager will have action on the running horse ( s ) .\nmembers are allowed only one account per person at the horse forum , so if you ' ve made an account here in the past you ' ll need to continue using that account . please do not create a new account or you may lose access to the horse forum . if you need help recovering your existing account , please\ndaniel deusser and cornet d\u2019amour . a pat may not be all it\u2019s cracked up to be in the eyes of a horse . \u00a9 paul harding / lewis harding photography\nriders patted more on the right side of the horse ( 59 percent ) than the left ( 22 percent ) , or both sides simultaneously ( 19 percent ) .\nfaltered - used for a horse that was in contention early and drops back in the late stages . it is more drastic than weakened but less drastic than stopped .\nan iconic central coast horse stud farm is set to become a beachside green haven for retirees after fetching a regional record - making sale price of $ 12 million .\nwhen a horse is scratched , it means that it has been taken out of the race before the start of the race . a horse may be scratched in the days leading up to a race or the day of , right up until post time . our system marks scratches in the race pane so that you can ' t wager on them . however , if you wager on a horse prior to it being scratched from the race , we follow the official payout results posted by the host track .\ngive the horse food and water by feeding ( apple ) and watering ( puddle ) him . try to keep his ' thirst ' and ' hunger ' meter at 0 ( if your horse ' s thirst or hunger meter says - 1 , he ' s eaten more then he needs ! ) ! thirst goes up faster then hunger .\nspit the bit - when a horse quits running against the bit , usually because of fatigue ; often said disdainfully :\nluck lady really spit out the bit\n.\njust be careful , about ur health . to clarify , your horse will die , if you don ' t feed it heaps and heaps and heaps . ( just saying )\n2 . you will receive a consolation payout , provided the host track offers one , if a horse is scratched in one leg of your ticket and the other leg wins .\nfield horse ( or mutuel field ) - two or more starters running as a single betting unit , when there are more entrants than positions on the totalisator board can accommodate .\nprop - refusing to break with field from gate . standing flat - footed . also , when a horse suddenly stops running a full speed by extending his forefeet as\nbrakes .\nrundown bandages ( or wraps ) - bandages on the hind legs , usually with a pad inside , to keep a horse from\nburning\nor scraping his heels when he races .\nallowances - weight permitted to be reduced because of the conditions of the race or because an apprentice is on a horse . also , a weight females are entitled to when racing against males .\nbar shoe - a horse shoe with a rear bar to protect an injured foot ; bar shoes may be worn with aluminum pads to protect a bruised frog , or my be worn alone .\ntwitch - a device usually consisting of a stick with a loop of rope at one end , which is placed around a horse ' s nose and upper lip and twisted to curb fractiousness .\nhe was losing weight and had little appetite , bad signs for a horse .\nwhen you talk about surviving versus racing , i was worried about surviving ,\nrepole said last week .\nhello fellow turtles , humans , and horses ! i re - did ominouscat ' s horse animation and added color and a background to it ! i might have overdone the clouds tho . . .\nbefore i bought my own horse i shared various horses for about 10 years . the most successful shares were the ones where i go on well with the owner and communicated well with them . if you are honest and straightforward , you will hopefully find a successful share pretty easily . but also be warned that some horsey people are pretty nutty and not everyone will be 100 % honest . always see the owner ride the horse before you do , and trust your gut instinct . if you don ' t feel comfortable riding the horse then there is no shame in getting off and walking away . privately owned horses vary hugely in their training and experience , and for a rider wanting to gain confidence and experience you need to ensure the horse you share is well trained and well mannered .\nuncle mo , with jockey john r . velazquez , captures the kelso horse race at belmont park in new york on oct . 1 , 2011 . ( new york racing association / associated press )\nthat would be spectacular bid ' s last defeat , as he won the 1979 meadowlands cup and then all nine of his starts at four . the end came on sept . 20 , 1980 , in the woodward , when the scratch of marlboro cup winner winter ' s tale prompted the connections of temperence hill and dr . patches to also pull out of the race , giving spectacular bid a walkover in the final race of a career that was quite fittingly , spectacular .\nthe horse with a misspelled name finally did what racing fans were waiting 37 years for , won the triple crown . now american pharoah can settle down to a life of leisure on the kentucky bluegrass .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nbobble - a bad step away from the starting gate , usually caused by the track breaking away from under a horse ' s hoof and causing him to duck his head or nearly go to his knees .\nodds - on - odds of less than even money . in england it is simply called\non ,\nthus a horse\n5 - 4 on\nis actually at odds of 4 - 5 .\nwhat age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? summer of 3rd year - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? she was strong enough to take a saddle - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . very difficult here , my girl was a homebred so had 3 years of correct handling / prep so putting on saddle and backing took 3 days unknown horse you have to play it as you go along - what is the first step you take ? my homebred could already lunge / long line . so introduce saddle on lunge , then hop on - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? teach the horse respect and able to move the horse around and control - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? yes , but these were\nfailed\nattempts so where more of a re - backing or attempt 2 , 3 , 4 . . . . . . . incorrect prep and not ensuring the horse had accepted the stages as you go . - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? yes i back in the summer prior to starting ridden work - gives them time to grow and mature further , before coming in at 4 ready to start work\ngo for it & be yourself . watch how the owner handles & rides the horse , that should give you a fair idea of what to do , and don ' t be afraid to ask the owner how her & her horse prefer things done - the majority of owners like their horses how they are & don ' t want someone trying to change things . relax & enjoy , what have you got to lose ?\nrepole isn ' t shy about which uncle mo horse he will be cheering for on saturday \u2014 the one he owns . outwork is out of a mare , nonna mia , that repole named after his grandmother .\nhancock and her colleagues , as part of their study , also looked at the use of patting in a ridden situation , assessed footage of 16 horse - rider pairs at the 2012 london olympics games competing in dressage .\ncondition race - an event with conditions limiting it to a certain class of horse . such as : fillies , 3 - year - olds , non - winners of two races other than maiden or claiming , etc .\nwe do not change members ' usernames upon request because that would make it difficult for everyone to keep track of who is who on the forum . for that reason , please do not incorporate your horse ' s name into your username so that you are not stuck with a username related to a horse you may no longer have some day , or use any other username you may no longer identify with or care for in the future .\nso , i just kinda need some confirmation . i know how to look after a horse - grooming etc , as well as mucking out if need be , and the owner agreed to teach me how to tack up and check if i got it right if i needed . would you let me look after / ride your horse ? i really want to know what to expect as a response , since i hate going into things blind .\n- what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? end of 3yo year or beginning of 4yo - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? generally when i buy them i don ' t have my own land and can ' t afford to keep anything younger - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . depends on the horse , but i tend to hack them alone from the start . so 3 - 5 weeks depending on horse - what is the first step you take ? once they are happy being handled then saddle cloth and then roller , firstly in the stable then walking - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? really simplified otherwise would be really long saddle cloth , roller then bit led in above and short lunge in trot swap roller for saddle and repeat , then add dangling stirrups and repeat long rein including out and about all through the above jump about and bang / jiggle the saddle on occasion and stand on something high next to them lay over and lead in walk swing leg over and get on lead in walk lunge in trot off lunge make sure i can turn / stop then hack for at least a month - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? only when i have had horses others have tried to break first , never if i have done from scratch - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? not a fan of turning away myself , but they don ' t work that hard . 3 - 4 days a week of gentle hacking . obviously it depends on the horse , but this is the basic plan i use . how long each stage takes will depend on the horse though . don ' t like schooling breakers so do tend to hack earlier than some . i am lucky we have good , safe hacking and so many horses about drivers tend to be pretty good .\nit matters a lot\nif outwork wins , repole said .\ni ' ve got to root for my own horse . losing to a son of uncle mo is not going to make me feel any better .\nwhat age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? three or four . - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? how well grown is the horse , mentally and physically , and what plans do i have for it going forward . - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . as long as it takes - but normally 6 - 8 weeks . - what is the first step you take ? teach the horse to lunge . - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? lunge , saddle , rider . bit / bridle normally much later , if at all . - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? no , but then i have only done 9 or 10 . - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ? i have done with endurance horses - start as a four year old , then turn out for say 3 months and then start legging up for their first season at five . however the three year old that has just been started is not an endurance horse , so she will just keep pottering along three or four days a week . read more at urltoken\ni have been riding professionally at the highest levels for 43 years and i would be one of the 15 riders patting . the rider that was stroking probably did not finish well and was telling their horse \u201ci love you anyway ! \u201d\nrabbit - a horse that is considered to have little chance of winning a race but is entered purely to ensure a fat pace and tire out the other front - runners , softening up the competition for the benefit of an entrymate .\nfunny , many of the places she said to scratch , a mare would be upset if you scratched them there . i notice she says\nhe\nso maybe its a gelding / stallion itchy spots article . my mare hates getting scratched at the wither / neck area . she also hates the chest area being scratched . every mare i own wants to have their butts scratched . its so embarrassing to be out with them in the pasture . every one of them will walk up and after the initial greeting , turn their butts to me for a good scratching .\nthe horse the connections of smogcutter scratched to avoid running against , masochistic , won thursday ' s first race by 2 1 / 2 lengths over passing game , with minimal urging from jockey victor espinoza . he paid $ 2 . 80 .\nthe colt had won his first four races , before a disappointing third in the wood memorial . something was going on with the horse but no one quite knew what . still , he was installed as the favorite for the kentucky derby .\n, one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event for three - year - old colts and fillies , it is run annually in september at\ncast - a horse is a cast when he lies down in the stall in such a way that he is too close to the wall , and there is a danger that he may not be able to get up by himself without injury .\ngrab a quarter - to strike the side of a front foot with a hind foot . this is racetrack jargon that would be expressed more clearly by saying that the horse overstepped or overreached and cut himself ; reserve grabbed a quarater for direct quotes .\nowners david frankham and brian carmody withdrew smogcutter from thursday\u2019s first race at del mar to protest the presence of a rival horse that tested positive for a sedative in march , but whose trainer , a . c . avila , has yet to be sanctioned .\nbay - color of horse varying from yellowish tan ( light bay ) to brown or dark , rich shade of mahogany ( sometimes listed as dark bay or brown ) with black points - black mane , tail and shadings of black low on the legs .\nthe decision to scratch and retire i\u2019ll have another with swelling in his left front leg on the day before the belmont stakes cost him a shot to become the 12th triple crown winner , but owner j . paul reddam still stands to make millions in stud fees . while the three - year - old colt would likely have commanded an even greater fee had he raced and won saturday , most bloodstock agents and other experts expect him to garner $ 5 million to $ 10 million as a sire . here\u2019s a look at the post - belmont careers \u2013 both on and off the track \u2013 of the 11 triple crown winners .\nminus pool - a mutuel pool caused when one horse is so heavily played that , after deductions of state tax and commission , there is not enough money left to pay the legally prescribed minimum on each winning bet . the racing association usually makes up the difference .\nsuper red , as fans knew him , ran his final race at the canadian championship in toronto in october 1973 . he went to stud under the terms of a then - record $ 6 . 08 million syndication deal , which helped pay off the estate taxes of his owner\u2019s father . ( syndication deals spread the inherent gamble associated with high - stakes breeding across multiple buyers , who purchase shares in the horse . each share grants the owner the right to breed a mare of his or her choosing with the syndicated horse once a year for as long as the horse lives . ) secretariat retired as the sixth - leading money winner of all - time , but had mixed success as a stallion . he was put down on oct . 5 , 1989 , after suffering from laminitis , an incurable hoof condition .\na horse can be scratched leading up to the race if there is an accident of some sort . horses can be scratched because they flip when they are getting saddled , because they throw their rider on the way to the gate , or they are unruly in the gate .\nin a phone interview on wednesday evening , frankham said that he and carmody were protesting a lack of action beyond the redistribution of the purse by the california horse racing board regarding masochistic\u2019s positive for the tranquilizer acepromazine , found in a post - race test conducted on march 15 .\nthe following tracks apply to the ' substitute favorite scratch rules ' : arlington park , australia a , australia b , australia c , australia d , balmoral park , belterra park , beulah park , calder race course , canterbury park , delta downs , dubai meydan , emerald downs , fairmount park , fort erie , gulfstream park , hastings park , hoosier park , indiana downs , laurel park , lone star park , maywood park , meadows , northfield park , oaklawn park , parx racing , penn national , pimlico , plainridge , portland meadows , prairie meadows , remington park , retama park , ruidoso downs , sam houston race park , suffolk downs , sunland park , thistledown , and woodbine .\nthe star of uncle mo ' s first crop is nyquist , the undefeated 3 - year - old and presumptive favorite for saturday ' s race , followed by outwork , who won the wood memorial at aqueduct . the third horse is mo tom , who has won three of seven races .\nmike watchmaker , national handicapper for the daily racing form , has nyquist ranked first but has continually mentioned the horse ' s distance capability . his comment in the latest derbywatch was :\nimposing record , has now won at 9 furlongs , if not quickly . ten furlongs remains the question .\nin her study , hancock and her fellow researchers observed 16 horse / rider combinations in the grand prix special dressage test of the 2012 olympic games in london . overall , pats dominated any other type of non - aid contact : riders issued 350 pats throughout the grand prix competition and only three strokes .\ntriple crown , in british horse racing , championship attributed to a colt or filly that in a single season wins the races known as the two thousand guineas , the derby , and the saint leger . in britain the term triple crown is also applied\u2014though far less commonly\u2014to a filly that in a single season\u2026\ngainsborough , ( foaled 1915 ) , english racehorse ( thoroughbred ) who won the british triple crown , consisting of the two thousand guineas at newmarket , the derby at epsom downs , and the saint leger at doncaster in 1918 . the horse later became a stud of worldwide importance , being the sire of the\u2026\nthe following tracks apply to the ' void scratch rules ' : albuquerque , aqueduct racetrack , arapahoe park , belmont park , california expo , charles town , churchill downs , del mar , delaware park , dover downs , ellis park , evangeline downs , evangeline quarter , fair grounds , finger lakes , fonner park , freehold raceway , golden gate fields , harrington raceway , hawthorne , hazel park , keenland , kentucky downs , los alamitos , louisiana downs , meadowlands , monmouth , monticello raceway , mountaineer park , northville , pleasenton , pocono downs , presque isle downs , red mile , santa anita park , santa rosa , saratoga , solano , tampa bay downs , turf paradise , turfway park , yavapai downs , yonkers , and zia park .\nlunging , first in a rope halter , then free lunge . they need to walk , trot , canter on command and be paying attention to me throughout . ground driving with and with out saddle , over poles and bending . then we work under saddle in the arena for a couple months until i ' m sure they will listen to aids and give to pressure . again , depends on the horse . also , i typically had only two days a week to work with them . if you can work them more often , and if they ' re ready maybe it ' s weeks rather than months . but i base it on the horse .\ni am currently studying for my degree in equitation science and need to do some research for an assignment on a chosen area of interest . i want to find out people ' s different approaches and experiences when dealing with youngsters ? i would be very grateful for some feedback on these questions below . thank you very much for your time . - what age is the horse when you start the breaking in process ? - what informs your decision to start the breaking process ? - how long would you normally expect it to take roughly ? - from the very beginning to being ridden out alone . - what is the first step you take ? - what are the stages of breaking a horse in you would usually use ? - have you experienced any behavioural problems when breaking in ? if so what and why do you think they happened ? - would you ever start the process , turn the horse away and start again at a later date for any reason ? if so what reason ?"]}
{"id": 1640, "summary": [{"text": "colomesus is a genus of pufferfishes confined to tropical south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "apart from differences in size , the two species are superficially similar , being green above , white below , and patterned with black transverse bands across the dorsal surface .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "c. asellus is commonly found in the aquarium trade while c. psittacus due to its size and more specialized requirements is not found as often . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "colomesus", "paragraphs": ["the analyses included the following taxa : tetraodon nigroviridis , tetraodon biocellatus , sphoeroides testudineus , lagocephalus laevigatus , colomesus asellus , colomesus psittacus , and the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage .\na ) colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . \u2013 tocantins ( holotype pnt . uerj . 405 highlighted in white ) ; b ) colomesus asellus \u2013 iquitos ; c ) colomesus asellus \u2013 bel\u00e9m .\ncolomesus psittacus is a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there no indications at present time of declines from harvesting .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for colomesus psittacus however its distribution overlaps with several marine protected areas .\ncolomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 9b8accb5 - ff55 - 4514 - 901b - 6366fb6ea307\nthe hydrodynamic trails of lepomis gibbosus ( centrarchidae ) , colomesus psittacus ( tetraodontidae ) and thysochromis ansorgii ( cichlidae ) investigated with scanning particle image velocimetry .\nthe hydrodynamic trails of lepomis gibbosus ( centrarchidae ) , colomesus psittacus ( tetraodontidae ) and thysochromis ansorgii ( cichlidae ) investigate . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nhere we used both morphological and molecular methodologies in an integrative taxonomical approach to investigate the diversity of the amazonian freshwater pufferfishes of the genus colomesus based on specimens collected from three distinct populations from both brazil and peru . additionally , we describe a new colomesus species from the upper tocantins drainage based on both morphological and molecular data .\nthe neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) result trees are presented in figures 2 and 3 , respectively . the genus colomesus was recovered as monophyletic inside the group formed by the sampled sphoeroides species , in except for sphoeroides pachygaster . lagocephalus was recovered in a basal phylogenetic position in relation to sphoeroides and colomesus , therefore corroborating recent results such as those presented by [ 43 ] \u2013 [ 45 ] .\nbased on a comprehensive analysis including both morphological and molecular methodologies using the cytochrome c oxidase i gene , we were able to discuss aspects of the phylogeny and phylogeography of the south american freshwater pufferfishes of the genus colomesus .\nthe use of molecular systematic techniques together with morphological methodologies confirmed the identification of a new cryptic pufferfish species from the upper tocantins drainage , colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . morphological features such as the color pattern , the absence of dermal flaps across the chin , the distinct \u2018inverted v\u2019 opercle shape , and the caudal peduncle morphology , all support the description of colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . , as a new pufferfish species from the south american freshwater drainages .\ntyler , j . c . , 1964 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 116 : 119 - 148 a diagnosis of the two species of south american puffer fishes ( tetraodontidae , plectognathi ) of the genus colomesus .\nthe color pattern of colomesus tocantinensis nov . sp . is essentially the same as that of colomesus asellus , with five transverse dark bars across the dorsal region of the body . a dark blotch on the underside of the caudal peduncle , which is a state used by [ 46 ] to diagnose colomesus asellus , is present or absent , being vestigial to unobservable or absent in several specimens . the interspaces between the dark bars are light yellow , with gradually decreasing pigmentation and becoming white in the ventral region ( figure 6 ) . however , the light yellow to pale pattern presented by c . tocantinensis nov . sp . clearly contrasts with the gold - yellow pattern present in specimens from iquitos and bel\u00e9m .\ncolomesus was recovered deep inside the group formed by the remaining sphoeroides species , therefore suggesting sphoeroides as paraphyletic , with s . pachygaster being recovered as basal in relation to all the remaining sphoeroides species in all the analyses . additionally , colomesus was also recovered as the sister - taxa of the group formed by the species sphoeroides nephelus , s . tyleri , and s . greeleyi in the nj result , although it was recovered as the sister - taxa of s . greeleyi in the ml results .\ndeep sequence divergence was observed regarding the freshwater colomesus from the tocantins drainage ( figure 5 ) . the mean sequence divergence of the specimens from both bel\u00e9m and iquitos was estimated at 1 . 079 % , while the tocantins distances ranged from 1 . 955 % to 3 . 063 % , with a mean distance of 2 . 166 % . the observed sequence divergence values together with the congruence observed from both molecular and morphological phylogenetic approaches used here suggest the existence of an overlooked species within the genus colomesus .\ncoi amplicons were obtained from all the specimens included in the analyses . the obtained sequences clearly identified both previous accepted colomesus species ( c . asellus and c . psittacus ) , therefore being in accordance with the previous morphological diagnose presented by [ 46 ] .\nthe neighbor - joining ( nj ) and maximum - likelihood ( ml ) trees that encompass the genera triodon , diodon , chilomycterus , lagocephalus , tetraodon , takifugu , sphoeroides , and colomesus , were constructed using the mega 5 . 06 software [ 40 ] .\nour molecular results based on the coi marker agrees with the recent results such as [ 43 ] \u2013 [ 45 ] , and suggest that the genus sphoeroides should be revised , mainly regarding the phylogenetic position recovered for the genus colomesus , deeply nested within the sphoeroides tree , and the basal position recovered for s . pachygaster . we plan further investigations along these lines to reconcile any conflicts between these molecular hypotheses presented herein and morphologically based interpretations [ 47 ] of the phylogeny of the taxa of colomesus , sphoeroides , and lagocephalus .\ncitation : amaral crl , brito pm , silva da , carvalho ef ( 2013 ) a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data . plos one 8 ( 9 ) : e74397 . urltoken\naraujo - lima , c . a . r . m . , d . savastano , and l . cardeliquio jord\u00e3o , 1994 - revue d ' hydrobiologie tropicale 27 ( 1 ) : 33 - 38 drift of colomesus asellus ( teleostei : tetraodontidae ) larvae in the amazon river .\nkrumme , u . , h . keuthen , u . saint - paul , and w . villwock , 2007 - brazilian journal of biology 67 ( 3 ) : 383 - 392 contribution to the feeding ecology of the banded puffer fish colomesus psittacus ( tetraodontidae ) in north brazilian mangrove creeks .\nspecimens of colomesus asellus were collected from three distinct populations with about 2200 km of mean distance separating them . the collection localities were ilha do mosqueiro , bel\u00e9m , brazil ; upper tocantins river - porto nacional , tocantins , brazil ; and nanay river - iquitos , peru ( figure 1 ) .\namazon puffer fish aka colomesus asellus are awesome fish . they are generally considered as peaceful and get to about 4 inches and can live in planted tanks with other fish . if you ' ve enjoyed this video and haven ' t already subscribed to our channel , please click that subscribe button now .\namaral , c . r . l . , p . m . brito , d . a . silva and e . f . carvalho , 2013 - plos one 8 ( 9 ) : 1 - 15 a new cryptic species of south american freshwater pufferfish of the genus colomesus ( tetraodontidae ) , based on both morphology and dna data .\nwithin the genus colomesus , it can be immediately identified from congeners by its larger adult size , possession of 17 - 19 ( vs . 13 - 16 ) pectoral - fin rays , presence of 6 ( vs . 5 ) transverse dark bands dorsally on the body , and predominantly brackish , coastal ( vs . freshwater , fluvial ) ecology .\ncolomesus : from the ancient greek \u03c7\u03c9\u03bb\u00f3\u03c2 ( chol\u00f3s ) , meaning \u2018physically defective , crippled\u2019 , and \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u200e ( m\u00e9sos ) , meaning \u2018middle\u2019 , presumably in reference to the frontal bones being narrowed , not connected to the orbit , and with the elongated postfrontals connected to the prefrontals ( see gill 1884 , also note misspelling of \u03c7\u03c9\u03bb\u00f3\u03c2 as \u03ba\u03bf\u03bbo\u03c2 ) .\noliveira , j . s . , s . c . rego fernandes , c . a . schwartz , c . bloch jr . , j . a . taquita melo , o . r . pires jr . , and j . c . de freitas , 2006 - toxicon 48 ( 1 ) : 55 - 63 toxicity and toxin identification in colomesus asellus , an amazonian ( brazil ) freshwater puffer fish .\nin lateral view , the skull is characterized by the wide preopercle with about 110 degrees between both horizontal and vertical rami ( figure 7 ) , with the preopercular canal running along its anterior border , and by the opercle which is divided in two distinct regions , having ventral and posterior wings , the herein called \u201cinverted v\u201d shape , distinct from the condition found in all other examined specimens of colomesus ( figure 10 ) . the subopercle is sturdy , with two small dorsal processes .\npuffer flesh is toxic and can cause clinical poisoning and human mortality , although it is regarded as a delicacy in certain countries . the predominant toxin , usually either tetrodotoxin or saxitoxin , is dependant on species , geographic area , and time of year . the toxins are not produced by the fishes themselves , but by bacteria living in symbiotic association , or they are acquired via the food chain . colomesus species accumulate saxitoxin , although it is unclear whether eating their flesh represents a danger to humans .\namong the amazonian taxa exploited by the ornamental fish industry in south america are those of colomesus [ 2 ] , a genus confined to south america , with what is presently considered two species , c . asellus and c . psittacus . c . asellus [ 3 ] is spread in the entire amazon , tocantins - araguaia drainages , and coastal environments from the amazon mouth to venezuela , being the only freshwater puffers on that continent . c . psittacus [ 4 ] is found in coastal marine and brackish water environments from cuba and the northern coast of south america to sergipe in brazil .\nwithin the genus colomesus , c . asellus can be immediately identified by possessing a unique transverse row of dermal flaps across the chin which is absent in its congeners c . psittacus and c . tocantinensis . it can be further told apart from the very similar c . tocantinensis by possession of 10 ( vs . 9 in c . tocantinensis ) anal - fin rays , 11 ( vs . 10 ) dorsal - fin rays , a triangular ( vs . notched ventrally , appearing as an inverted v ) opercle , base colour in dorsal portion of body golden yellow ( vs . light yellow to pale ) .\ncolomesus species diagnosed by six to seven basal pterygiophores and nine rays in the anal fin ( contra ten to eleven in both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; ten basal pterygiophores and rays in the dorsal fin ( contra eleven for both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) ; the absence of dermal flaps across the chin ( contra its presence uniquely in c . asellus ) ; a caudal peduncle with eight vertebrae ; and an opercle with a posterior ventral border subdivided in a ventral and a posterior region , the herein called \u201cinverted v\u201d shape ( contra the triangular opercle exhibited by both c . asellus and c . psittacus ) .\nalthough the influence of marine incursions after the miocene is still under debate , the caribbean ( or miocene ) marine incursion , via the llanos basin ( colombia - venezuela ) , is well accepted based on both geological and paleontological evidence , suggesting that these incursions may have isolated marine taxa within the western south america freshwater environments [ 48 ] \u2013 [ 52 ] . this might be the case for the freshwater tetraodontids . as pointed by [ 53 ] , this scenario predicts that the distribution of the marine sister groups of marine lineages should be related with the caribbean or western atlantic , the age of freshwater taxa should be coincident with marine incursions , and the biogeographic congruence should be observed among multiple unrelated taxa , conditions only partially filled by the genus colomesus .\nthe skull is partially similar to those found in colomesus asellus described and figured by [ 46 ] , although the frontals exhibit a wide posterior border and prominently participate in the orbital margin ( figures 7 \u2013 9 ) . the prefrontals are triangular and articulate medially with the ethmoid , which posteriorly articulates with the frontals and anteriorly with the palatines ( figure 8 ) . the supraoccipital is roughly triangular and well developed , with an elongate posterior process which covers the first vertebrae ( figure 8 ) . the sphenotics articulate postero - laterally with the frontals and , in the examined specimens , they neither contact nor closely approach the prefrontals . the lateral wing of the sphenotics is only partially developed ( figure 8 ) . posterior to the sphenotics , the pterotics ( figures 7 and 8 ) articulates posteriorly with the slender supracleithrum and medially with the epiotics , which articulates medially with the supraoccipital ( figure 9 ) .\nthe genus colomesus is restricted to south america ( amaral et al . 2013 ) . tetraodontids are characterized by a tough skin that is often covered with small spinulous scales , a beak - like dental plate divided by a median suture , a slit - like gill opening anterior to the base of the pectoral fin , no pelvic fins , no fin spines , a single usually short - based dorsal fin , a single usually short - based anal fin , and no ribs . they are capable of inflating their abdomens with water when frightened or disturbed and are capable of producing and accumulating toxins such as tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in the skin , gonads , and liver . the degree of toxicity varies by species , and also according to geographic area and season ( allen and randall 1977 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . fishes in the family tetraodontidae have the smallest vertebrate genomes known to date ( neafsey and palumbi 2003 )\ngreek , kolos = short , truncated + greek , mesos = a half ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : 10 - ? ; depth range 1 - 40 m ( ref . 5217 ) . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 29 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 71685 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 11 . body except for snout , pectoral base and caudal peduncle covered with prickles ; teeth fused into plates , two plates on each jaw ; nostril with two openings ; body dark green dorsally with six transverse black bars , white ventrally ; fins dusky green or dark brown ( ref . 13608 ) .\nsolitary or in groups of 2 or 3 individuals but never in schools ( ref . 35237 ) . inhabits shallow inshore waters usually on soft bottoms . frequently found in freshwater ( ref . 13608 ) . when threatened , it becomes inflated like a balloon , in order to ward off predators . carnivorous , feeding mainly on mollusks which crushes with its powerful teeth ( ref . 35237 ) . of negligible commercial importance and usually not marketed ( ref . 5217 ) .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , r . cipriani , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , m . hendrickx , a . j . lemus , r . m\u00e1rquez , j . m . poutiers , g . robaina and b . rodriguez , 1992 . fichas fao de identificaci\u00f3n de especies para los fines de la pesca . gu\u00eda de campo de las especies comerciales marinas y de aquas salobres de la costa septentrional de sur am\u00e9rica . fao , rome . 513 p . preparado con el financiamento de la comisi\u00f3n de comunidades europeas y de norad . ( ref . 5217 )\n) : 25 . 6 - 28 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 210 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02570 ( 0 . 01637 - 0 . 04036 ) , b = 2 . 86 ( 2 . 73 - 2 . 99 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 5 - 15 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 13614 )\nsouth america : amazon river basin from peru to maraj\u00f3 island , including tributaries araguaia and guapor\u00e9 rivers ; orinoco river basin near the mouth ; essequibo river basin .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 79673 )\nfound mostly in freshwater and coastal streams , but can tolerate brackish water . sometimes kept in aquariums ( ref . 26938 ) .\nortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 . annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru . smithson . contrib . zool . ( 437 ) : 1 - 25 . ( ref . 6329 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03236 ( 0 . 01891 - 0 . 05537 ) , b = 2 . 85 ( 2 . 71 - 2 . 99 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 51 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter , k . e . , comeros - raynal , m . , harwell , h . & sanciangco , j .\nis known from the gulf of paria to northern brazil where it is common and locally abundant in mangrove creeks and estuaries at depths ranging from 0 to 32 metres . it appears to be common and abundant in parts of its range .\nis a component of the marine aquarium trade , however there are no indications of population declines from harvesting at present time . there have been no documented population declines in\n, however due to its affinity with mangroves this species may be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .\n, however its distribution overlaps with several marine reserves in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\n2010 ) . its range extends eastward the gulf of paria and orinoco river region on the eastern coast of venezuela to the amazon river basin in northern brazil . it is found as far south as sergipe in brazil ( amaral 2013 ) . it is known from marine and freshwaters around trinidad and tobago ( tyler 1964 , philip\n. 2013 ) . it is also found in cuba ( amaral 2013 ) . it can also be found in freshwater , and is known from several hundred kilometres upstream in the amazon and its tributary river system .\nis a dominant component of northern mangrove estuaries , both numerically and by weight .\n2007 ) accounting for between 19 and 52 % of total catch mass ( giarrizzo and krumme 2009 ) . this species is the second most abundant estuarine species in tidal mangrove creeks of the lower caet\u00e9 estuary , with population density and biomass fluctuating seasonally ( barletta\n2003 ) but with a continuous occurrence ( giarrizzo and krumme 2009 ) . in mangrove creeks in northern brazil , there were no major changes in the mean size of juvenile\n2013 ) . this species exhibited a geographic consistence in abundance in northern brazilian estuaries ( between 7 . 7 % and 11 . 4 % ) ( vilar\nare very common in museum collections ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . org , 2014 - 03 - 17 ) .\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range .\nis thought to have relatively continuous reproductive activity in brazilian mangrove creeks ( giarrizzo and krumme 2009 ) . different estuarine habitats are inhabited by different size classes of resident\n, and are likely connected by regular tidal migrations ( giarrizzo and krumme 2009 ) . the estimated consumption / biomass ratio of this species in a mangrove estuary in northeastern brazil was 8 . 8 , which was relatively low - q / b ratios varied from between 2 . 3 for\nis a component of the aquarium trade , and is exported from brazil , colombia , and peru ( prang 2007 ) . in brazil , this species is of no commercial interest to fishermen and is rarely marketed due to its toxicity ( krumme\n2007 ) . under the name baiacu , this species is valued for its medicinal properties . the bile and liver oil are used to treat breast cancer , backache , and warts ( alves and rosa 2007 ) . the japanese name for this species is kuro - obifugu .\nmay be experiencing population declines due to habitat loss in parts of its range . it is taken as bycatch in the laulao catfish (\nglobally , 16 % of mangrove species are at elevated risk of extinction . particular areas of geographical concern include the atlantic and pacific coasts of central america , where as many as 40 % of mangroves species present are threatened with extinction . ( polidoro et al . 2010 ) . in the caribbean , approximately 24 % of mangrove area has been lost over the past quarter - century ( fao 2007 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npsittacus : from the ancient greek \u03c8\u03b9\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u200e ( psittak\u00f3s ) , meaning \u2018parrot\u2019 , persumably in reference to this species\u2019 beak - like mouthparts .\nthis species\u2019 known range extends eastwards from the parque nacional natural tayrona in magdalena department , colombia , across northern venezuela , the gulf of paria and orinoco delta , then southwards via the guyanas and past the mouth of the amazon , with the southernmost records from sergipe state in northeastern brazil . it is also known from trinidad and tobago and caribbean islands including the greater antilles , lesser antilles , and bahamas .\nrecords from the middle and upper amazon basins appear to represent misidentifications of the congener c . asellus .\nalthough it does penetrate the lower basins of rivers , particularly the amazon where it has been collected from the rio xingu several hundred kilometres from its mouth , this species is predominantly an inhabitant of mangrove swamps , estuaries , and other such saline habitats .\nit is particularly common in tidal channels , shallow inshore lagoons , and the lower reaches of rivers .\nis suggested as a bare minimum , but even this may prove too small for long - term care .\nchoice of d\u00e9cor is not especially critical though it should be maintained in a well - decorated set - up , perhaps containing some driftwood roots or branches in order to mimic its natural mangrove habitats .\nit is intolerant of organic waste and require spotless water in order to thrive . moderate levels of dissolved oxygen and water movement are also recommended , meaning additional powerheads , pumps , etc . , should be employed as necessary . a linear flow pump may prove a useful addition , while weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % should be considered mandatory .\nwild examples can be delicate and sensitive to white spot / ich post - import , so a lengthy quarantine period may be required . maintenance in pure freshwater may also present problems , so the addition of marine salt to a standard gravity of \u22651 . 010 is recommended .\nchiefly carnivorous and feeds almost exclusively on molluscs and crustaceans such as cirripedia ( barnacles ) and brachyuran crabs , taking increasingly mobile prey as it matures . there is also evidence to suggest seasonal changes in diet , with crabs favoured during drier periods .\nin the aquarium offer unshelled crab legs , cockles , mussels , prawns , etc . tetraodontids lack true teeth , the jawbone itself being modified into four fused toothlike structures . these grow continuously at a surprising rate , so such a diet is essential in order to maintain them at a reasonable length .\njuveniles apparently form loose aggregations in the wild , but in the confines of an aquarium this species is likely to prove aggressive in all but the largest systems .\nthis species is also referred to as \u2018parrot puffer\u2019 in the ornamental trade , although it is not a popular aquarium fish .\nother defining characters of tetraodontids include a tough skin usually covered with small spines , a beak - like dental plate divided by a median suture , a reduced gill opening anterior to the pectoral - fin base , no pelvic fins or spinous fin rays , typically short - based dorsal and anal fins , and no ribs .\nbloch , m . e . and j . g . schneider , 1801 - gottlob schneider , saxo . berolini . sumtibus auctoris impressum et bibliopolio sanderiano commissum : i - lx + 1 - 584 m . e . blochii , systema ichthyologiae iconibus cx ilustratum . post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit , correxit , interpolavit jo .\ncamargo , m . , t . giarrizzo , and v . isaac , 2004 - ecotropica 10 : 123 - 147 review of the geographic distribution of fish fauna of the xingu river basin , brazil .\ngill , t . n . , 1884 - proceedings of the united states national museum 7 ( 26 - 27 ) : 411 - 427 synopsis of the plectognath fishes .\nhelfman , g . , b . b . collette , d . e . facey , and b . w . bowen , 2009 - wiley - blackwell : 1 - 736 the diversity of fishes : biology , evolution , and ecology , 2nd edition .\nnelson , j . s . , 2006 - john wiley & sons , hoboken , n . j . : i - xix + 1 - 601 fishes of the world . 4th edition .\nphillip , d . a . t . , d . c . taphorn , e . holm , j . f . gilliam , b . a . lamphere and h . l\u00f3pez - fern\u00e1ndez , 2013 - zootaxa 3711 ( 1 ) : 1 - 64 annotated list and key to the stream fishes of trinidad & tobago .\nreis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds ) , 2003 - edipucrs , porto alegre : i - xi + 1 - 729 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . cloffsca .\nthe best way to identify c . asellus from c . psittacus is the number of bands on their back . c . asellus having 5 when c . psittacus having 6 . the black band at the nose doesn\u2019t count . even if the band is very faint , it counts .\nasellus : derivation unclear ; possibly from the latin asellus , meaning \u2018small donkey\u2019 .\noccurs throughout much of the amazon basin in brazil , colombia , peru , and ecuador , including the amazonas / solim\u00f5es main channel plus the rios par\u00e1 , tocantins , jari , xingu , tapaj\u00f3s , uatum\u00e3 , madeira , trombetas , negro , purus , tef\u00e9 , japur\u00e1 / caquet\u00e1 , juru\u00e1 , juta\u00ed , i\u00e7\u00e1 / putomayo , javary , ampiyacu , amacayac\u00fa , napo , nanay , mara\u00f1\u00f3n , and ucayali , with its range extending at least as far upstream as pucallpa in eastern peru .\nthere are also numerous records from drainages north of the amazon mouth including the essequibo and waini in guyana , and lower orinoco in venezuela . it appears to be absent from french guiana and suriname .\nhas been recorded in lower , middle , and upper river basins with habitats including sandbars , beaches , floodplain lakes , banks with overhanging vegetation , and fast - flowing rapids over bedrock , boulders , and stones . it is mostly collected from habitats with high oxygen levels , suggesting that it may be sensitive to low oxygen availability .\nit is adaptable , penetrating into tributaries of the upper amazon , but also occuring in the amazon and orinoco delta regions , although it does not tend to be found in highly acidic black - waters .\nthe maximum recorded length in wild specimens is 128 mm , but aquarium reports suggest 70 \u2013 80 mm to be typical .\nchoice of d\u00e9cor is not especially critical though it should be maintained in a well - decorated set - up . the addition of floating or overhanging vegetation and driftwood roots or branches also seems to be appreciated .\nthis species is intolerant of organic waste and require spotless water in order to thrive . moderate levels of dissolved oxygen and water movement are also recommended , meaning additional powerheads , pumps , etc . , should be employed as necessary . a linear flow pump may prove a useful addition , while weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % should be considered mandatory .\nwild examples can be delicate and sensitive to white spot / ich post - import , so a lengthy quarantine period may be required .\ntetraodontids lack true teeth , the jawbone itself being modified into four fused toothlike structures . these grow continuously at a surprising rate , so offer regular meals of shelled invertebrates such as snails , crab legs , cockles , etc . , in order to maintain them at a reasonable length . there is some evidence to suggest that aufwuchs form a significant proportion of the natural diet , therefore it may be worth permitting or even encouraging algal growth on hard items of d\u00e9cor .\nadditional foods can include chopped shellfish , small earthworms , and live or frozen chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , artemia , etc . dried products should not form the principal component of the diet , although pelleted formats with a very hard consistency may prove useful .\nnot aggressive as such but unsuitable for the general community aquarium , and best - maintained alone or in a larger set - up with other fluvial fishes .\nthis species naturally forms loose aggregations and can behave nervously in the absence of conspecifics . ideally a group of 6 or more should be purchased .\nthis species exhibits a spawning strategy comparable to that of marine puffers and in contrast to the majority of freshwater tetraodontids , with high fecundity , relatively small eggs , and no parental care . limited studies in the central amazon basin suggest that spawning occurs in main river channels or close to banks at the mouths of floodplain lakes and tributaries during periods of high water . the pelagic larvae are washed into nursery zones in floodplain lakes where they complete their development , returning to river channels when flood waters recede .\nthis species is also referred to as \u2018south american puffer\u2019 , \u2018sap\u2019 , \u2018amazonian puffer\u2019 , \u2018peruvian puffer\u2019 , or \u2018brazilian puffer\u2019 in the ornamental trade .\nit is distinguished from c . psittacus by its smaller adult size ( max . 128 mm sl vs . 289 mm sl in c . psittacus ) , possession of 13 - 16 ( vs . 17 - 19 ) pectoral - fin rays , presence of 5 ( vs . 6 ) transverse dark bands dorsally on the body , and predominantly freshwater , fluvial ( vs . brackish , coastal ) ecology .\nm\u00fcller , j . and f . h . troschel , 1849 - im auftrag sr . m\u00e4jestat des k\u00f6nigs von preussen ausgef\u00fchrt von richard schomburgk v . 3 . berlin : 618 - 644 fische . in : reisen in britisch - guiana in den jahren 1840 - 44 .\nortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 - smithsonian contributions to zoology 437 : iii + 1 - 25 annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru .\nits really hard to identify c . asellus from c . psittacus , the best way i found out is to count the black bars on their body . c . asellus has 5 bars and c . psittacus has 6 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tetrodon psittacus bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmy amazonian , a . k . a . patagonian puffer fish , i love him ! i breed snails for him in a separate 2 , 5 gallon tank . he also loves frozen bloodworms , but he really needs snail to keep his teeth at correct size .\ntypes of freshwater puffer fish for your aquarium | golden puffer , dwarf , amazonian etc .\nmy own fish store tour . freshwater pufferfish , nano fish , rare plecos , planted aquariums .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ninstitut f\u00fcr zoologie der rheinischen friedrich - wilhelms - universit\u00e4t bonn , poppelsdorfer schloszligbeta ; , d - 53115 bonn , germany . hanke @ urltoken\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 amaral et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this study was supported by the brazilian national counsel of technological and scientific development and funda\u00e7\u00e3o carlos chagas filho de amparo \u00e0 pesquisa do estado do rio de janeiro . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nthe tetraodontidae is an acantomorpha fish family with circumglobal distribution composed of 189 species in 19 genera , occurring in seas , estuaries , and rivers between the tropical and temperate regions [ 1 ] . they are mainly characterized by their typical four large dental plates ; the ability to inflate their body in stressful situations ; the presence of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin / saxitoxin in its tissues , being responsible for numerous cases of fatal poisoning in many countries , including brazil ; and by having the smallest genome among vertebrates , therefore being considered as a model for the genome evolution of the group .\nmainly located in tropical and subtropical regions all around the world , including the amazon region , the ornamental fish industry is one of the largest transporters of live animals and plants with an annual trade volume estimated at u $ 15\u201325 billion [ 5 ] \u2013 [ 7 ] , in a scenario where species identification problems , mainly related to border biosecurity are not rare .\nthe dna barcode is a widely accepted tool for species determination mainly due to its enhanced attention on standardization and data validation [ 8 ] , being a rapid and low cost method of identification [ 9 ] . the use of dna barcoding techniques has been utilized in many taxa , including bacteria , birds , bivalves , butterflies , fishes , flies , macroalgae , mammals , spiders , sprigtails , and also for plants [ 10 ] \u2013 [ 27 ] .\nthe dna barcode technique for metazoans uses a short ( \u223c650 bp ) and standardized gene region from the mitochondrial 5\u2032 region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) for a rapid and cost - effective animal identification . this has been demonstrated to be an effective fish identification tool in numerous situations , including consumer protection [ 28 ] \u2013 [ 30 ] , fisheries management / conservation [ 31 ] , border biosecurity in the ornamental fish trade [ 5 ] , and in the identification of overlooked or cryptic species [ 32 ] .\nmap of south america showing the northern hydrology and the localities where the specimens were collected ( grey and green marks ) .\nno statement from an ethics committee was necessary , and the manuscript did not involve any endangered or protect species . all samples were extracted from dead specimens collected with appropriate permissions under authorization number 22512 issued by sisbio / instituto chico mendes de conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da biodiversidade . we used the ice - slurry method for killing following [ 33 ] as they are tropical warm water species and the collected specimens are all smaller than 5 cm sl . all specimens were preserved in alcohol . the reported localities do not include protected areas .\nthe electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to \u201cpublic library of science\u201d .\nin addition , this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the proposed online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken \u201d . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 033a323a - 18f7 - 4788 - 8405 - 32d78bf65b13 .\nspecimens from all three localities were cleared and stained following the methodology of [ 34 ] .\nthe molecular systematic analyses used newly determined sequences obtained from the mitochondrial barcode marker coi as well as previously published sequences obtained from the ncbi and bold databases .\nfor the newly determined sequences , a fragment of epaxial musculature was submitted to the standard protocol for dna extraction and purification from the qiagen qiaamp dna ffpe tissue kit . the fragments were amplified and sequenced using the primers vf2 _ t1 and fishr2 _ t1 [ 35 ] \u2013 [ 37 ] . all primers were appended with m13 tails on sequencing reactions . the pcr profile consisted of 2 min at 95\u00b0c , 35 cycles of 30 sec at 94\u00b0 , 40 sec at 52\u00b0c , and 1 min at 72\u00b0c , with a final extension step for 10 min at 72\u00b0c . sequencing reactions were performed with the use of the bigdye\u00ae terminator v . 3 . 1 cycle sequencing kit ( applied biosystems , inc . ) , with 25 cycles of 10 sec at 95\u00b0c , 5 sec at 50\u00b0c and 4 min at 60\u00b0c . sequencing products were processed in an abi 3500 capillary system ( applied biosystems , inc . ) .\nthe chromatograms were checked and aligned using the bioedit 7 . 053 [ 38 ] software with its built - in clustalw routine [ 39 ] . the alignment was visually inspected for accuracy and to minimize missing data . all the newly determined sequences are available at the bold database ( urltoken ) under the project acronym pufer . the genbank accession numbers for all newly determined and previously published sequences used in the present manuscript are summarized in table 1 . the dataset consisted of a 651 bp coi matrix , and we used the mega 5 . 06 software [ 40 ] to determinate the tn93 + g + i as the most appropriate model of sequence evolution based on the akaike criterion ( aic ) [ 41 ] .\nthe neighbor - joining sequence divergences were calculated based on the kimura two parameter ( k2p ) distance model [ 42 ] on bold workbench and mega 5 . 06 software [ 40 ] . the haplotype determination was carried with the use of the server fabox ( urltoken ) .\nthe k2p divergence distances between congeneric species ranged from 5 . 557 % to 12 . 394 % with a mean distance of 8 . 546 % , while the uncorrected k2p distance ranged from 0 to 4 . 472 % within species . the mean k2p distance within the analyzed populations was 0 . 657 % and the mean normalized distance within species is 1 . 079 % ( figure 4 ) .\ndistribution of k2p distances ( % ) for coi : a ) within species ; b ) within genera ; c , normalized distribution of k2p distance ( % ) within species .\nthe specific epithet tocantinensis refers to the type locality , porto nacional , state of tocantins , brazil .\nthe specimens are from the tocantins river near porto nacional , state of tocantins , brazil .\nthe holotype ( pnt . uerj . 405 ) is 29 , 62 mm sl ( figure 6 ) , with 10 , 37 mm hl ; the entire type - series ranges from 27 . 02 mm to 34 . 9 mm sl . the meristic and morphometric data of the type series is presented in table 2 . the extent of the dorsal and ventral lateral lines is similar to those found in c . asellus . the prickles extend along the dorsal , lateral , and ventral surfaces of the body , from the level of the eye to the origin of the dorsal fin .\nthe nasal sac is higher than that presented in the specimens of c . asellus . two large lateral and anteromedial nostrils are present . they are similar to those found on c . psittacus , rather than the two small nostrils exhibited by c . asellus . the anterior surface of the nasal sac is smooth while the posterior surface of it is folded as in c . psittacus , exhibiting a \u201ct - shaped\u201d ridge with a relatively small dorsal flap . this flap seems much smaller than the one found on c . asellus , although more flexible when compared to c . psittacus .\nthe presence of dermal flaps across the chin is another character used by [ 46 ] to distinguish c . asellus from c . psittacus . no dermal flaps could be seen in the examined specimens from the tocantins river , although they are always present in examined specimens from iquitos and bel\u00e9m .\na ) left photograph of the head ; b ) anatomical interpretations . abbreviations : ang , angular ; art , articular ; boc , basioccipital ; brstgs , branchiostegals ; cl , cleithrum ; den , dentary ; epi , epiotic ; ethm , ethmoid ; exo , exoccipital ; fr , frontal ; hyo , hyomandibula ; ecptg , ectopterygoid ; mept , mesopterygoid ; mtptg , metapterygoid ; mx , maxilla ; op , opercle ; pal , palatine ; pcl . l / r , ventral post - cleithrum left and right ; pfr , prefrontal ; pmx , premaxilla ; pop , preopercle ; pro , prootic ; psph , parasphenoid ; pto , pterotic ; qua , quadrate ; r , radials ; scl , supracleithrum ; soc , supraocciptal ; sop , subopercle ; sphe , sphenotic ; sym , sympletic ; vo , vomer . scale bar equals 5 mm .\na ) top photograph of the head ; b ) anatomical interpretations . abbreviations : epi , epiotic ; ethm , ethmoid ; exo , exoccipital ; fr , frontal ; pal , palatine ; pfr , prefrontal ; pmx , premaxilla ; pto , pterotic ; scl , supracleithrum ; soc , supraocciptal ; sphe , sphenotic . scale bar equals 5 mm .\nthe parasphenoid is elongate and does not exhibit any developed dorsal flange ( figures 7 and 9 ) . the hyomandibula is roughly triangular and has a slender ventral region ; its wide head articulates dorsally with the sphenotics , and its upper posterior edge with the anterior end of the opercle ( figure 7 ) .\nthe palatine is wide and somewhat triangular , with a robust anterior process for the maxilla ( figure 7 ) . the maxilla is robust , with an anterodorsal region articulating with the premaxilla and a posterior expanded region , medially concave for muscle insertion . the ectopterygoid articulates dorsally with the palatine and ventrally with the anterodorsal border of the quadrate . the metapterygoid is wide and composes almost the entire ventral orbital region ( figure 7 ) . it articulates anteriorly with the mesopterygoid ( figure 7 ) , and with the posterior end of the large and triangular quadrate ( figure 7 ) . the quadrate exhibits a well - developed posteroventral spine articulating posteriorly with the slender symplectic ( figure 7 ) , and anteriorly with the articular . the articular is \u201cl\u201d shaped and articulates anteriorly with the robust dentary and ventrally with the small angular ( figure 7 ) .\nfive branchiostegal rays ( figure 7 ) are present and the branchial apparatus is strikingly similar in all the examined specimens ( figure 11 ) .\nthe pectoral girdle is robust and formed by a wide cleithrum , somewhat triangular and posteriorly expanded , articulating dorsally with the slender supracleithrum . the supracleithrum articulates ventrally with the two postcleithra ; a slender dorsal postcleithrum , followed by the posteriorly expanded ventral postcleithrum ( figure 7 ) . there are four radials and sixteen pectoral fin rays ( figure 7 ) .\nthe axial skeleton has 19 vertebrae . the dorsal fin originates between vertebrae 7\u20138 and has ten basal pterygiophores and ten fin rays ( figures 12 \u2013 14 ) . the anal fin is located beneath the 9 th vertebra and has six basal pterygiophores and nine fin rays .\na ) left photograph of the unpaired fins and caudal endoskeleton ; b ) anatomical interpretations . abbreviations : e , epural ; h , dorsal hypural plate ; h - h , ventral hypural plate fused with the ural centrum ; phy , parhypural ; pu , pre - ural vertebrae ; pbd , dorsal - fin basal pterigiophores ; pba , anal - fin basal pterigiophores . scale bar equals 5 mm .\nthe caudal skeleton ( figure 12 ) has a wide ural centrum formed by the preural centrum 1 , the ural centrum , the ventral hypural plate , and the postero - dorsal expansion which articulates anteriorly with the almost triangular epural , and posteriorly with the dorsal hypural plate ( figure 12 ) . eleven caudal fin rays , five dorsal and six ventral , are present in all of the specimens , both the uppermost and the two lowermost rays are unbranched .\nit was recently proposed [ 55 ] , based on the distribution of characiforms , that recent marine incursions would have isolated fish populations in upland terrains or refuges , where lineage divergence is maximized , followed by dispersal episodes back to the lowlands . the \u201cmuseum hypothesis\u201d predicts that lowlands exhibit a higher number of species , but lower levels of endemism , than highlands , and that the upland refuges would represent areas of high endemism .\nlooking on the molecular phylogeny of the serrasalmids pygocentrus and serrasalmus , [ 56 ] proposed a phylogenetic test which predicts that basal lineages in a phylogeny of widespread fishes would occur in highland areas , and lowland lineages would have originated only during the last 5 ma . additionally , [ 57 ] studying the genetics of symphysodon cichlids , indicated the effects that marine incursions would have in population structure , stating that populations in upland terrains or refuges would exhibit reduced genetic variation , while populations in lowlands would represent multiple upland sources , therefore exhibiting a high level of genetic variation , and that populations in lowlands would show a demographic pattern of expansion .\nour results recovered the upper tocantins lineages in a basal position in relation to all the remaining specimens , with the sequences being collapsed in uniquely two haplotypes ( figure 5 ) , the first one ( h1 ) , represented by eight sequences , and the second haplotype ( h2 ) , represented by a unique sequence . this suggests low genetic variation , at least among the studied sampling , and a history initially related with the eastern amazon , followed by a subsequently expansion to the western south america .\nthe tocantins - araguaia drainage is the fourth largest brazilian drainage , draining part of the northern end of the brazilian shield directly to the eastern end of the amazon basin . it exhibits a recent geomorphological history , within a still tectonically active sedimentary basin with recent subsidence episodes , which are related with the high load of sediments observed within the basin , leading the development of the bananal plain , in the lower part of the drainage , mainly during the quaternary [ 58 ] \u2013 [ 59 ] .\nfinally , our results reinforce the upper tocantins drainage as an area of high endemism within the tocantins - araguaia drainage , although the composite nature of the entire drainage is unquestionable .\nwe would like to thank dr . james c . tyler ( smithsonian institution , washington ) for his support and helpfull comments on the manuscript . we are also grateful to dr . francesco santini ( universit\u00e1 degli studi di torino ) , dr . doroth\u00e9e huchon ( tel aviv university ) , and an anonymous reviewer for the valuable suggestions during the review of the manuscript , dr . leonor gusm\u00e3o and dr . antonio amorim ( universidade do porto ) for the comments during the initial discussion of the results , yuri modesto ( universidade do estado do rio de janeiro ) for the specimens from the tocantins drainage , l\u00facio paulo machado and diogo de mayrink ( universidade do estado do rio de janeiro ) for the specimens from iquitos ; ms . sandra raredon ( smithsonian institution , washington ) for the x - rays of tetraodontids , dr . richard pyle ( hawaii biological survey ) for the lsid numbers , and kleyton m . c . severiano and anna carolina chaves ( universidade do estado do rio de janeiro ) for the technical assistance ."]}
{"id": 1644, "summary": [{"text": "septalites is a genus of cornulitid tubeworms .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "their shells lack vesicular wall structure and have a smooth lumen filled with numerous transverse septa .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "they are externally covered with transverse ridges .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "their fossils are known only from the silurian of gotland . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "septalites", "paragraphs": ["septalites is a genus of cornulitid tubeworms . their shells lack vesicular wall structure and have a smooth lumen filled with numerous transverse septa .\nspecial offer 7 - 9 day lights , 4 cases for the price of 3 ( \u00a342 . 17 for 20 )\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nour price is lower than the manufacturer ' s\nminimum advertised price .\nas a result , we cannot show you the price in catalog or the product page . you have no obligation to purchase the product once you know the price . you can simply remove the item from your cart .\nour answering services work from 9 . 30 am to 5 . 50 pm monday * to saturday .\n\u00a9 2018 st pauls . all rights reserved . st pauls is an activity of the priests and brothers of the society of st paul who proclaim the gospel through the media of social communication .\nthe church buying group can provide you with a large range of furniture and church supplies backed by our excellent service and unrivalled value - for - money deals .\nwe started out buying on behalf of churches but we now offer the same great savings to anyone from village halls to schools , to local authorities , to private companies and even to individuals wanting to take advantage of our ability to buy in large quantities from manufacturers and pass the savings onto our customers .\nstay up to date with news and promotions by signing up for our newsletter .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site requires javascript enabled to work correctly . you may be able to browse our goods without it but are likely to have issues purchesing anything . click here for instructions on enabling it .\nthis site requires cookies for account access and purchasing . it looks like cookies are disabled in your browser . to find out more about our cookie usage policy click here then to find out about changing your browser cookie settings click here ( this link opens in a window ) .\nthis site requires cookies for account access and purchasing . you can review our use of cookies in our cookie policy , or accept and close this bar now .\nmonday to friday : 9am to 4 . 45pm plus some tuesday evenings during term - time"]}
{"id": 1645, "summary": [{"text": "inga roseomarginella is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by august busck in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in french guiana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are shining ocherous white with dark brown dusting , and with the entire costa and terminal edge broadly rosy red .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the dark brown scales are irregularly sprinkled over the wing with a first and second discal spot basely emphasized .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a dark brown line runs from the apical fourth of the costa in an outward curve across the wing to the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are very light lemon yellow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "inga roseomarginella", "paragraphs": ["inga roseomarginella ( busck , 1911 ) : heppner ( 1984 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] heppner , j . b . 1984 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera checklist : part i micropterigoidea - immoidea . dr w . junk publishers , the hague , boston , lancaster . 112 pp .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\n: angiospermivora regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\n: euheteroneura regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )\ndescription : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nfaceted search & find service v1 . 17 _ git7 as of may 29 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nstathmopodinae arauzona walker , [ 1865 ] basalis walker , [ 1865 ] moorei busck , 1913 snellenia walsingham , 1889 flavipennis ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( eretmocera ) latipes ( walker , [ 1865 ] ) ( tinaegeria ) stathmopoda herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1853 boocara butler , 1880 placostola meyrick , 1887 erineda busck , 1909 agrioscelis meyrick , 1913 kakivoria nagano , 1916 antischema meyrick , 1922 filicula clarke , 1978 tinaegeria walker , 1856 croconympha meyrick , 1921 fasciata walker , 1856 nephelozyga meyrick , 1930 ochracea walker , 1856 aeneiceps ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( eretmocera ) pyromantis meyrick , 1921\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nauthor - richard l . brown uploaded on 4 september 2009 ; last updated on 19 august 2015"]}
{"id": 1649, "summary": [{"text": "tursiops truncatus , commonly known as the common bottlenose dolphin or the atlantic bottlenose dolphin ( and in older literature simply as the bottlenose dolphin , a term now applied to the genus ) , is the most well-known species from the family delphinidae .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "common bottlenose dolphins are the most familiar dolphins due to the wide exposure they receive in captivity in marine parks and dolphinaria , and in movies and television programs .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "t. truncatus is the largest species of the beaked dolphins .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "they inhabit temperate and tropical oceans throughout the world , and are absent only from polar waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "all bottlenose dolphins were previously known as t. truncatus , but recently the genus has been split into three species , t. truncatus , t. aduncus ( indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin ) and t. australis ( burrunan dolphin ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "although t. truncatus has been traditionally called the bottlenose dolphin , many authors have used the name common bottlenose dolphin for this species since two other species of bottlenose dolphins were described .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the dolphins inhabit warm and temperate seas worldwide .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "considerable genetic variation has been described among members of this species , even between neighboring populations , and so many experts believe multiple species may be included within t. truncatus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "common bottlenose dolphin", "paragraphs": ["the common bottlenose dolphin is one of the most commonly observed dolphins in coastal waters throughout the world . it also maintains large populations offshore , but is not as common as other open water dolphins , such as the short - beaked common dolphin and others .\ntaxonomy of bottlenose dolphins family delphinidae genus tursiops the genus tursiops contains two species : common bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus and the indo - pacific bottlenose dolphin tursiops aduncus . more recently a third species has been described burrunan dolphin tursiops australis .\npowell jr , wells rs . recreational fishing depredation and associated behaviors involving common bottlenose dolphins (\nsummary of half - weight association indices for common bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus near savannah , georgia .\nthe maximum observed swim speed of a common bottlenose dolphin was about 18 mph ( 29 km / hr ) for a very short distance .\nberens mccabe ej , gannon dp , barros nb , wells rs . prey selection by resident common bottlenose dolphins (\nits presence in aquariums and dolphinariums is also very common which makes it the most familiar and recognized species of dolphin .\nadd your name to stop the reintroduction of deadly longlines off the u . s . west coast and protect common bottlenose dolphins !\na social species , the bottlenose dolphin may live in groups of 100s of individuals .\nbottlenose dolphin sightings ( n = 13 ) associated with catfish decapitation in the ngomx .\nstephen leatherwood , randall r . reeves . the bottlenose dolphin . elsevier , 2012 .\nthe common bottlenose dolphin swims in all of the world ' s tropical and temperate seas . some populations are strictly local ; others migrate extensively . there are offshore and inshore populations as well . in california , coastal common bottlenose dolphins stay close to shore between cabo san lucas to just north of san francisco .\nthe common bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) , which is the most widely recognized dolphin species , is found worldwide in warm and temperate seas . in contrast , the indian ocean bottlenose dolphin ( t . aduncus ) inhabits continental shelf areas of the indian ocean and the waters fringing southeast asia , indonesia , \u2026\nthe bottlenose dolphin is recognized today as two distinct species\u2014the common bottlenose dolphin and the indo - pacific bottlenose dolphin . the common bottlenose dolphin can be found around the world in tropical and temperate oceans . they live in groups numbering about a dozen individuals , and learn at an early age the complex social skills they need to survive . dolphins live off fish , and they work cooperatively to herd their prey to the surface for easier feeding . because they live so close to the shore , they are threatened by bycatch , coastal development and environmental degradation .\na trained coastal bottlenose dolphin reached depths of 1 , 280 feet ( 390 m ) .\nclark ls , cowan df , pfeiffer dc . morphological changes in the atlantic bottlenose dolphin (\ndos santos me , coniglione c , louro s . feeding behaviour of the bottlenose dolphin ,\nthe bottlenose dolphin has a broad diet , preying on a range of fish and invertebrate species .\nbalmer b , sinclair c , speakman t , quigley b , barry k , cush c , et al . extended movements of common bottlenose dolphins (\nrommel s . osteology of the bottlenose dolphin . in : leatherwood s , reeves rr , editors . the bottlenose dolphin . san diego , ca : academic press ; 1990 . p . 29\u201349 .\nits range is about 230 feet ( 70 m ) . field studies have shown that the common bottlenose dolphin uses its echolocation only as necessary . field studies have shown that individuals do not continuously produce clicks .\nbottlenose dolphin - tursiops truncatus . a dolphin surfs the wake of a research boat on the banana river - near the kennedy space center . credit : public domain\nstandardization and application of metrics to quantify human - interaction behaviors by the bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops spp . )\nthe bottlenose dolphin is sleek and streamlined and can travel at speeds of up to 35 km per hour .\nbalmer b , wells r , nowacek s , nowacek d , schwacke l , mclellan w , et al . seasonal abundance and distribution patterns of common bottlenose dolphins (\nshane sh . comparison of bottlenose dolphin behavior in texas and florida , with a critique of methods for studying dolphin behavior . in : leatherwood s , reeves rr , editors . the bottlenose dolphin . san diego , ca : academic press ; 1990 . p . 541\u201358 .\nperrtree rm . begging behavior by the common bottlenose dolphin tursiops truncatus near savannah , georgia : prevalence , spatial distribution , and social structure . m . sc . thesis , savannah state university , savannah , ga . 2011 .\na newborn bottlenose dolphin calf swimming alongside its mother at seaworld amusement park , san diego , california , 2009 .\nlocations and time frames of observed severed catfish heads associated with bottlenose dolphin sightings in the northern gulf of mexico .\nscientists recognize two bottlenose dolphin ecotypes ( forms ) : coastal and offshore . in the northwest atlantic , bottlenose dolphin coastal and offshore ecotypes can be differentiated by skull and body measurements as well as by characteristics of their blood .\nthis species is hunted for human consumption and for use as fishing bait in several places around the world , but global numbers are generally considered to be in good shape . population trends for common bottlenose dolphins are not well known , but scientists believe this dolphin to be a species of least concern . in the united states and some other places , the common bottlenose dolphin is given complete legal protection as a result of it being a highly intelligent , marine mammal .\nthat night , in the dolphin bar , i showed them a bbc film about the latest research on dolphin intelligence .\nprobably you have seen how this dolphin confidently approaches humans and jumps in the air . the bottlenose dolphin is very common in dolphinariums due to its excellent adaptability and relatively easy training . it is an intelligent animal , and most knowledge about dolphins is the result of research made on this species .\nidentification commmon bottlenose dolphins are a combination of gray tones lighter on the underside and darker on the upper part of the body . they have a distinct medium - sized beak . not all dolphins with a distinct beak are common bottlenose dolphins\nshane sh . behavior and ecology of the bottlenose dolphin at sanibel island , florida . in : leatherwood s , reeves rr , editors . the bottlenose dolphin . san diego , ca : academic press ; 1990 . p . 245\u201365 .\nin the water , common bottlenose dolphins make an incredible array of squeaks , grunts , grinds , and whines . these sounds fall into three categories : whistles , echolocation clicks , and pulse sounds . additionally , dolphins communicate non - vocally through touch . common bottlenose dolphins , like most dolphins , are highly social . they form many kinds of social groups ; mother - calf pairs , bands of mothers , and large societies . common bottlenose dolphins never fall completely asleep because their breathing is under voluntary control , when not resting , dolphins are among the fastest swimmers of all marine mammals achieving speeds up to 22 mph in bursts of speed . common bottlenose dolphins eat a variety of fish as well as crabs , squid , shrimp , and similar prey .\nmortalities and serious injuries from entanglement in recreational and commercial fishing gear are currently among the most serious threats to bottlenose dolphin .\nlockyer , c . 1990 . review of incidents involving wild , sociable dolphins , worldwide . in : the bottlenose dolphin .\nthe bottlenose dolphin is found right around the coast of australia and can sometimes be seen catching waves with surfers in sydney .\nthe california common bottlenose dolphin coastal population is estimated to be a mere 323 dolphins . the offshore bottlenose population within 300 miles of the west coast of north america may be more than 3 , 000 , and to the south of the mexican border , surveys have yielded an overall estimate of 336 , 000 dolphins .\nammpa standardized information : bottlenose dolphin . association of marine mammal parks and aquariums ( 2 / 21 / 2011 ) 25 pp .\nconnor r . c , smolker r . a . \u201cpop\u201d goes the dolphin : a vocalization male bottlenose dolphins produce during consortships .\nridgway s . h . the central nervous system of the bottlenose dolphin . in : leatherwood s , reeves r , editors .\nperrtree rm , kovacs ck , cox tm . standardization and application of metrics to quantify human - interaction behaviors by the bottlenose dolphin (\ncommon bottlenose dolphins have a wide distribution and can be found in coastal and continental shelf waters in tropical and temperate zones . found in most enclosed and semi - enclosed seas , for example the black sea and the mediterranean sea , they also frequent river mouths , lagoons and shallow bays . unfortunately , bottlenose dolphins have a high rate of accidental mortality through bycatch . other threats to this species include direct hunting in japan and other countries , chemical and noise pollution , and habitat degradation . in some countries they are still captured live and exported for public display . the iucn classify the common bottlenose dolphin as of least concern worldwide . however , many inshore bottlenose dolphins exist in small , relatively isolated populations and these groups may be especially vulnerable to human activities . for example there remains only one resident population in the north sea and the black sea common bottlenose dolphin is classified as endangered .\ncoastal common bottlenose dolphins are primarily found in groups of 2 to 15 individuals . these associations are fluid , often repeated but not constant . solitary coastal animals can be observed in various regions of the world .\nsinclair c . comparison of group size , abundance estimates and movement patterns of common bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops truncatus ) in mississippi sound , mississippi : m . sc . thesis , louisiana state university ; 2016 .\njanik v . m , slater p . j . b . context - specific use suggests that bottlenose dolphin signature whistles are cohesion calls .\ntwo forms of bottlenose dolphin are currently recognised - the ' inshore ' form and the ' offshore ' form , which could possibly be different species . the bottlenose dolphin is commonly seen in groups or pods , containing anything from two or three individuals to more than a thousand .\nthe rounded region of a dolphin ' s forehead is called the melon . the melon contains fat and plays an important role in dolphin echolocation .\nthe oldest dolphin in human care was born on february 27 , 1953 and resided for 61 years at marineland dolphin adventure in marineland , florida .\nthe bottlenose dolphin is the most well - known of all dolphins , likely because of its frequent appearances on television and in film and its popularity with the captivity industry . they were one of the first species ( and continue to be the most popular ) regularly captured live for display purposes and by the us navy for \u2018research ' . bottlenose dolphins are highly intelligent , adaptable predators , capable of problem solving , tool - use and exhibiting some flexibility in terms of prey . until recently all bottlenose dolphins were classified as the same species , tursiops truncatus . in recent years , however , a distinct species found in the indo - pacific region has been recognised , tursiops aduncus , hence now the recognition of 2 species of bottlenose dolphin ; the\ncommon\n( t . truncatus ) and the\nindo - pacific\n( t . aduncus ) bottlenose dolphin . in addition , the population found in the black sea is recognised as a separate subspecies , t . t . ponticus , the black sea common bottlenose dolphin .\ncitation : kovacs cj , perrtree rm , cox tm ( 2017 ) social differentiation in common bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops truncatus ) that engage in human - related foraging behaviors . plos one 12 ( 2 ) : e0170151 . urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlifespan : most dolphins live long lives . the bottlenose dolphin can live over 40 years , and the orca can live to be 70 or 80 !\nthe average dive duration for the coastal bottlenose dolphin ranges from 20 to 40 seconds . the maximum voluntary breath hold recorded was 7 minutes 15 seconds .\ninjurious catfish spines found during the necropsy of a single bottlenose dolphin ( 176 cm male , seus id no . ser13 - 1180 , mmpl1312 ) .\nstudies of bottlenose dolphins suggest that the most sensitive areas on the dolphin ' s body are the blowhole region and areas around the eyes and mouth .\ndolphin lover\ni like this website because it helped me on my animal adaptations project . i got so many adaptations about the bottle nose dolphin .\nthe common bottlenose dolphin is the best known species and inhabits warm and temperate waters of the world . it is in fact only absent from polar waters . the grey , 2 - 4 meter ( 6 . 6 - 13 feet ) long dolphin lives in pods of typically 15 animals near shores \u2014 offshore groups of several hundreds have been seen \u2014 and uses sound for echolocation and communication .\nchromosome banding techniques have proven useful in bottlenose dolphin population studies . in some areas , scientists can identify individuals and determine relationships among dolphins in a group .\nburdin v . i , reznik a . m , skornyakov v . m , chupakov a . g . communication signals of the black sea bottlenose dolphin .\n\u2026species are the common and bottlenose dolphins ( delphinus delphis and tursiops truncatus , respectively ) . the bottlenose , characterized by a \u201cbuilt - in smile\u201d formed by the curvature of its mouth , has become a familiar performer in oceanariums . it has also become the subject of scientific studies because of its intelligence and ability to\u2026\ncitation : ronje ei , barry kp , sinclair c , grace ma , barros n , allen j , et al . ( 2017 ) a common bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) prey handling technique for marine catfish ( ariidae ) in the northern gulf of mexico . plos one 12 ( 7 ) : e0181179 . urltoken\ngonzalvo j , valls m , cardona l , aguilar a . factors determining the interaction between common bottlenose dolphins and bottom trawlers off the balearic archipelago ( western mediterranean sea ) . j exp mar biol ecol . 2008 ; 367 : 47\u201352 .\ndolphin - human interaction behaviors , including begging , depredating , patrolling , provisioning , and scavenging as defined previously [ 20 \u2013 22 ] , are common in the waterways near savannah , georgia . common bottlenose dolphins exhibited human - interaction behaviors on 69 . 6 % of days and 23 . 5 % of sightings near savannah in 2009 and 2010 [ 22 ] . the most common human - interaction behavior observed was begging ( 22 . 4 % of sightings ) [ 22 ] . in addition , 59 individuals were observed interacting with humans at least once , yielding 20 . 1 % of identified animals in the population known to interact with humans [ 22 ] .\nrichard c connor . dolphin social intelligence : complex alliance relationships in bottlenose dolphins and a consideration of selective environments for extreme brain size evolution in mammals . 2007 .\nsmolker r . a , mann j , smuts b . b . the use of signature whistles during separations and reunions among wild bottlenose dolphin mothers and calves .\nbarros nb , odell dk . food habits of bottlenose dolphins in the southeastern united states . in : leatherwood s , reeves rr , editors . the bottlenose dolphin . san diego , ca : academic press ; 1990 . p . 309\u201328 .\nj . , giovos i . , mazzariol s . 2015 . prevalence of epidermal conditions in common bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops truncatus ) in the gulf of ambracia , western greece . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 463 : 32 - 38 . urltoken\nbarros nb , wells rs . prey and feeding patterns of resident bottlenose dolphins (\nrossbach ka , herzing dl . underwater observations of benthic - feeding bottlenose dolphins (\nindo - pacific bottlenose dolphins are abundant , but the overall population is unknown .\nreiss d , mccowan b . spontaneous vocal mimicry and production by bottlenose dolphins (\njohn elliott reynolds , randall s . wells , and samantha d . eide . the bottlenose dolphin : biology and conservation . gainesville : university of florida , 2000 .\nconnor r . c , heithaus m . r , barre l . m . complex social structure , alliance stability and mating access in a bottlenose dolphin \u2018super - alliance\u2019\nrichards d . g , wolz j . p , herman l . m . vocal mimicry of computer generated sounds and vocal labeling of objects by a bottlenose dolphin ,\na tagged offshore dolphin reached depths of 1 , 614 feet ( 492 m ) .\n. 2008 ) and this may have reduced predation pressure considerably . other potential dolphin predators\nthere is a strong likelihood that eventually the dolphin may be harmed or even killed .\na bottlenose dolphin ' s skin color is gray to dark gray on its back , fading to white on its lower jaw and belly . this coloration , a type of camouflage known as countershading , may help conceal a dolphin from predators and prey . when viewed from above , a dolphin ' s dark back surface blends with the dark depths . when seen from below , a dolphin ' s lighter belly blends with the bright sea surface . some bottlenose dolphins show spots on their bellies or light streaks along their sides . many populations of indo - pacific bottlenose dolphins are ventrally spotted .\na bottlenose dolphin ' s dorsal fin is often falcate ( curved back ) , although the shape is quite variable . it is located at the center of the back .\n) at sanibel island , florida . in : leatherwood s , reeves rr , editors . the bottlenose dolphin . academic press , san diego ; 1990 . pp 245\u2013265 .\n. 1994 , tudela 2004 ) represents another fishery - related threat to bottlenose dolphins . though impact at the basin level is probably low , it may be significant locally and a few bottlenose dolphin deaths suspected to have been caused by explosives have been reported .\nhouser ds , finneran jj . a comparison of underwater hearing sensitivity in bottlenose dolphins (\nthe size of bottlenose dolphin groups varies according to biogeographic region , prey availability , activity and other factors . most encounters have been with groups of fewer than ten individuals ( bearzi\n) . it has been said that healthy bottlenosed dolphin populations indicate a healthy marine ecosystem .\na dolphin ' s pectoral flipper contains five digits similar to that of a human hand .\nnearctic , neotropical , atlantic ocean , pacific ocean : common bottlenose dolphins , t . truncatus are found primarily in temperate and tropical waters of the atlantic and pacific ocean and adjoining seas . in us waters , bottlenose dolphins range as far north as cape hatteras , nc in the summer and in the west to point conception , ca . they are found off the coasts of hawaii and florida year - round . t . aduncus is also common in the temperate and tropical waters of the indian ocean and adjoining seas , including the red sea .\nthere are two species of bottlenose dolphins , the common bottlenose dolphin ( scientific name : tursiops truncatus ) and the indo - pacific bottlenose dolphin ( scientific name : tursiops aduncus ) . bottlenose dolphins can be found in temperate and tropical waters . they are frequently seen within 20 miles ( 32 km ) of shore in harbors , bays , lagoons , estuaries , around islands and in large rivers . in the pacific ocean , these dolphins range from northern japan and southern california , to australia and chile . they can also be found in the atlantic and southwestern indian ocean along with the baltic , mediterranean and black seas . the only waters in which bottlenose dolphins are not found are cold waters ranging from 45 degrees poleward in either hemisphere . some bottlenose dolphins have been known to stay in the same location throughout their lives , while others have been seen migrating to other parts of the ocean .\nrigley l , vandyke v , cram p , rigley i , editors . shallow water behavior of the atlantic bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) . proc pa acad sci ; 1981 .\nthe mean and maximum half - weight association indices for non - trawler ( nt ) and trawler ( t ) common bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus near savannah , georgia , as well as non - begging ( nb ) and begging ( b ) dolphins . standard deviations are in parentheses .\nmean half - weight association indices between pairs of common bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus near savannah , georgia that associate with trawlers ( t ) and do not associate with trawlers ( nt ) , and separately for dolphins that are beggars ( b ) and non - beggars ( nb ) .\ncitation :\ncommon bottlenose dolphins , tursiops truncatus ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nurian kw , wells rs . bottlenose dolphin photo - identification workshop : march 21\u201322 , 1996 , charleston , south carolina . noaa technical memorandum nmfs - sefsc - 393 . 92 pp .\nwells r . s . the role of long - term study in understanding the social structure of a bottlenose dolphin community . in : pryor k , norris k . s , editors .\nscott md , wells rs , irvine ab . a long - term study of bottlenose dolphins on the west coast of florida . in : leatherwood s , reeves rr , editors . the bottlenose dolphin . san diego , ca : academic press ; 1990 . p . 235\u201344 .\nallen sj , bejder l , krutzen m . why do indo - pacific bottlenose dolphins (\nbottlenose dolphins live in a variety of habitats , from coastal waters to the open ocean .\ncaldwell m . c , caldwell d . k . individual whistle contours in bottlenose dolphins (\ncan environmental heterogeneity explain individual foraging variation in wild bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops sp . ) ?\nlewis j , schroeder w . mud plume feeding , a unique foraging behavior of the bottlenose dolphin in the florida keys . gulf mex sci . 2003 ; 21 ( 1 ) : 92\u20137 .\nfood source : officially , the main purpose of the dolphin hunt is to provide dolphin meat to the japanese people . but only a small minority of people in japan actually eats the meat . during our many campaigns in japan , we even got the impression that dolphin meat is considered \u201ctrashy , \u201d unlike the much more expensive whale meat . dna tests on meat labeled \u201cwhale meat\u201d in japanese markets have sometimes revealed the meat is , in fact , dolphin meat . whale meat sells for more money than dolphin meat ; so japanese consumers are tricked into buying dolphin meat falsely labeled as \u201cwhale\u201d meat .\nthe sound of human speech falls well within this range , so dolphin can hear what we say .\nljungblad dk , scoggins pd , gilmartin wg . auditory thresholds of a captive eastern pacific bottle\u2010nosed dolphin ,\nbest r . c , da silva v . m . f . amazon river dolphin , boto ,\ntavolga m . c , essapian f . s . the behavior of the bottle - nosed dolphin (\ng . , fortuna c . m . , reeves r . r . 2009 . ecology and conservation of common bottlenose dolphins tursiops truncatus in the mediterranean sea . mammal review 39 ( 2 ) : 92 - 123 . doi 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2907 . 2008 . 00133 . x\nshane s . the population biology of the atlantic bottlenose dolphin , tursiops truncatus , in the aransas pass area of texas . m . sc . thesis : texas a & m university ; 1977 .\nthe bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) is the second place in a list of species with a higher encephalization ratio ( eq ) , which compares the mass of the encephalon against its body size .\nbottlenose dolphins have been seen with groups of toothed whales such as spotted dolphins , stenella attenuata .\nsmolker r . a , pepper j . whistle convergence among allied male bottlenose dolphins ( delphinidae ,\ncommon bottlenose dolphins and other dolphins are thought to be some of the smartest animals on the planet , challenging the great apes ( chimps and gorillas ) for the top spot . they are also extremely curious and often approach people to investigate . their intelligence is likely both a result of and a driver of their complex social structures . they generally live in small groups and organize complex , group behaviors when mating and hunting . their preferred prey includes small , schooling fishes and squids . adult common bottlenose dolphins have no known predators , and juveniles are likely only rarely taken by large sharks or perhaps other predatory marine mammals .\ncommonly seen in aquariums , sea parks , tv shows , and movies , the bottlenose dolphin is a wildly recognizable cetacean ( marine mammal ) . in the wild , bottlenose dolphins inhabit the temperate and tropical oceans around the world , with coastal populations entering into bays , estuaries , and river mouths .\nbottlenose dolphins have been known to interact with humans . a bottlenose dolphin that was named percy resided off the coast of cornwall , england . he followed local fishing boats , played with their crab pots , and even allowed strangers to hang onto his dorsal fin as he pulled them through the water .\ncaldwell m . c , caldwell d . k , tyack p . l . review of the signature\u2013whistle hypothesis for the atlantic bottlenose dolphin . in : leatherwood s , reeves r . r , editors .\ndolphin watch , one of western australia ' s premier citizen science projects , focuses on one of the swan canning riverpark ' s most iconic species ; indo - pacific bottlenose dolphins ( tursiops aduncus ) .\ndolphinariums are always looking for ways to obtain more dolphins . this is because , unbeknownst to the public , dolphins die prematurely in captivity at a very high rate . many times , the dolphin hunters of taiji will drive a large school of bottlenose dolphins , pilot whales , or false killer whales into the killing cove , and dolphin trainers and marine mammal veterinarians flock to the scene to seek out the best - looking dolphins for their display facilities . by doing business with the dolphin killers , they are helping to maintain the dolphin drive hunts . a live dolphin sold to live in captivity can go for as much as $ 155 , 000us , whereas the meat only brings in $ 500 - 600us , depending on the size of the dolphin . the captivity industry is a major reason that the dolphin slaughter is still going on .\na single blowhole , located on the dorsal surface of the head , is covered by a muscular flap . the flap provides a water - tight seal . a bottlenose dolphin breathes through its blowhole . the blowhole is relaxed in a closed position . to open the blowhole , the dolphin contracts the muscular flap .\nthe species is listed in appendix ii of cites . the bottlenose dolphin has been afforded special protected status under annex ii of the european union\u2019s habitats directive . commercial hunting of black sea cetaceans including bottlenose dolphins was banned in 1966 in the former ussr , bulgaria and romania , and in 1983 in turkey .\ntwo days after arriving in japan , i was in the dolphin hunters ' co - operative in taiji .\ndive into the science of dolphin cognition with researchers studying how these amazing creatures make sense of their world .\nultrasound image of a dolphin fetus from national geographic\u2019s book , in the womb : animals by michael sims .\nall sighting data including sighting locations and human - interaction behaviors observed and dolphin group size ; sighting data by individual dolphins ; beg and trawler status for each dolphin ; and social clusters with beg and trawler status .\nthe dolphin ' s sleek , fusiform body , together with its flippers , flukes , and dorsal fin , adapt this animal for ocean life . a dolphin ' s forelimbs are pectoral flippers . as it swims , a dolphin uses its pectoral flippers to steer and , with the help of the flukes , to stop .\nbottlenose dolphins routinely swim at speeds of about 5 - 11 kph ( 3 - 7 mph ) .\n. 2008 , 2010 ) . reduced carrying capacity ( i . e . , fewer prey available ) due to overfishing was proposed as one explanation for the low densities of bottlenose dolphins in the adriatic and ionian seas . conversely , bottlenose dolphin densities tend to be high in areas where prey is still abundant ( bearzi\ncommon bottlenose dolphins can be quite large , reaching weights of up to 1400 pounds ( ~ 640 kg ) and lengths of 12 . 5 feet ( ~ 4 m ) . they are relatively long - lived ( 40 - 50 years ) and reach sexual maturity at ages between 5 and 14 years old . some individuals are known to be reproductively active for their entire lives , a rare characteristic among mammals . like all mammals , common bottlenose dolphins reproduce through internal fertilization , and females give birth to live young . juveniles are able to swim from the moment they are born , but they are totally dependent on nursing their mothers\u2019 milk for nearly two years .\nno other dolphin species is known , studied and beloved in the world more than the bottlenose dolphin . charismatic , playful and intelligent are some of the words often associated with this dolphin . and it has been presented in several manifestations of human culture such as films , literature , television , and much more , but not only in modern times , since the age of the greek civilization , there are records of interaction with this cetacean .\nas of 2010 , the oldest dolphin in the wild was 60 years , documented in the sarasota bay population .\nthe dolphin becomes familiar with the presence of one or more people who have deliberately attempted to habituate it \u2013 this process may be assisted or even initiated by the dolphin . at this stage , the dolphin interacts with only a limited number of people in the water . behaviour may include swimming in close proximity or diving side by side ; the dolphin being touched including having its dorsal fin held to allow swimmers to be pulled along by the animal .\na bottlenose dolphin ' s diet usually consists of a wide variety of foods including fish , squid and crustaceans . an adult dolphin may eat 15 - 30 pounds ( 6 . 8 - 13 . 5 kg ) of food each day . bottlenose dolphins do not use their teeth to chew their food . instead , they swallow their meal whole and head first to avoid the spines present on many of the fish they like to eat .\nconnor r . c , wells r , mann j , read a . the bottlenose dolphin : social relationships in a fission\u2013fusion society . in : mann j , connor r , tyack p , whitehead h , editors .\ntheir intelligence , friendly disposition , and \u201csmiling\u201d faces make bottlenose dolphins popular in large aquariums and with divers .\nalthough they have little to no sense of smell , bottlenose dolphins have other well - developed sensory organs .\npatterson em , mann j . the ecological conditions that favor tool use and innovation in wild bottlenose dolphins (\nmullin k , lohoefener r , hoggard w , roden c , rogers c . abundance of bottlenose dolphins ,\nsize : the familiar bottlenose dolphin is around 8 feet ( 2 . 5m ) long and weighs between 440 - 660 lbs ( 200 - 300kg ) . because the forty species of dolphins are so diverse , they range in size . the smallest of the dolphin species , maui ' s dolphin , is around 4 feet ( 1 . 2m ) long and weighs around 90 lbs ( 40 kg ) . the largest dolphin species is the orca , or killer whale . male orcas grow to about 25 feet in length and weigh about 19 , 000 pounds .\nthe bottlenose dolphin is still an abundant species , despite incidental kills by the fishing industry . however , habitat degradation and pollution are of increasing concern for bottlenose dolphins . pollution is thought to have resulted in some cases of mass die - offs which occurred off the coast of the united states of america and in the gulf of mexico .\nsome researchers think that the size and complexity of the brain at birth is a better measure of intelligence . if that statement holds up , however , once more the dolphin comes out on top . the bottlenose dolphin has a brain mass at birth that is 42 . 5 % of the brain mass of an adult . in contrast , human babies at birth have 28 % of their adult counterparts . at 18 months , the brain mass of a bottlenose dolphin is 80 % of the adults , while humans don\u2019t achieve this level until the age of three or four .\ndolphin hunters was broadcast on tuesday , 9 november , 2004 , in the uk on bbc two at 1930 gmt .\noily mucus is secreted that lubricates the eye , washes away debris and possibly streamlines the eye as the dolphin swims .\nusing echolocation , a dolphin can determine size , shape , structure , composition , speed , distance , and direction .\nlinear epidermal tears at right are typical of dolphin rake marks and are near the point of amputation in each sch .\nin front of the melon , a bottlenose dolphin has a well - defined rostrum ( snout - like projection ) . the rostrum is typically 7 to 8 cm ( 3 in . ) long , marked by a lateral crease .\nindirect but convincing evidence of dolphin abundance in historical times can be found in early accounts describing interactions with fisheries and systematic attempts to exterminate dolphins ( including bottlenose dolphins ) in mediterranean coastal waters ( bearzi et al . 2008 ) .\nfishermen sometimes shoot bottlenose dolphins because they believe the dolphins are competing with them for fish and other desirable catch .\nresearchers have observed bottlenose dolphins chasing and displacing other species of dolphins from prime bow - riding spots in waves .\nduffy - echevarria ee , connor rc , aubin djs . observations of strand - feeding behavior by bottlenose dolphins (\nstolen m , leger js , durden wn , mazza t , nilson e . fatal asphyxiation in bottlenose dolphins (\nsee leatherwood and reeves ( 1990 ) . ross and cockroft ( 1990 : 124 ) considered aduncus to be synonymous with truncatus . hall ( 1981 : 885 - 887 ) considered nesarnack and gillii distinct species , and synonymized truncatus with nesarnack . opinion 1413 of the international commision on zoological nomenclature ( 1986 ) conserved truncatus montagu , 1821 and suppressed nesarnack lac\u00e9p\u00e8de , 1804 . rice ( 1998 : 106 ) provisionally recognized t . t . truncatus ( bottlenose dolphin ) , t . t . ponticus ( black sea bottlenose dolphin ) and t . t . gillii ( cowfish ) . the relationship of tursiops gephyreus ( south american bottlenose dolphin ) , to either t . truncatus or t . aduncus remains uncertain .\nthis is an inshore bottlenose dolphin photographed in the texas coastal waterway by david berg on a bill drummond trip . to see the whooping cranes at aransas nwr . passengers on the boat could distinctly hear the communication clicks between the dolphins .\nin northwest atlantic bottlenose dolphin studies , researchers determined that dolphins within 7 . 5 km ( 4 . 65 mi . ) of shore were coastal ecotypes . dolphins beyond 34 km ( 21 mi . ) from shore were offshore ecotypes .\nthe dolphin ' s auditory nerve is about twice the diameter of the human eighth nerve ( connecting the inner ear to the brainstem ) leading to more rapid sound processing for dolphins . in addition , a dolphin ' s auditory nerve supply is about three times that of humans \u2014 possibly providing more ultrasonic information to a dolphin ' s central nervous system for echolocation .\nproducing educational materials ( and japanese translation services ) to distribute to the japanese public about the dangers of eating dolphin meat .\nbut , the dolphin hunters surprised me . they were not the callous animal rights abusers i had been led to expect .\nthe shark bay dolphin society is large and apparently unbounded . we have currently identified over 600 dolphins in our approximately 200 km\njust like human skin , dolphin skin constantly flakes and peels as new skin cells replace old cells . a bottlenose dolphin ' s outermost skin layer may be replaced every two hours . this sloughing rate is nine times faster than in humans . this turnover rate ensures a smooth body surface and probably helps increase swimming efficiency by reducing drag ( resistance to movement ) .\nbottlenose dolphin females produce a single calf in the summer after a gestation period of 12 months . the calf suckles for up to 18 months and stays close to the mother until it reaches four or five years of age ( 7 ) .\nthe bottlenose dolphin has a vast diet based on the consumption of fish , cephalopods , and crustaceans . but , given their extensive and differentiated distribution , their feeding habits vary depending on the region they inhabit and the habitat where they dwell .\nwe usually receive this question from the dolphin hunters who make a living hunting dolphins . government officials in japan are trying to turn the dolphin slaughter issue into one of \u201ccultural imperialism . \u201d but we are not telling the japanese people what to do . on the contrary , we are fighting for the japanese public\u2019s constitutional right , given in article 21 of the japanese constitution , to know the facts about an issue that the taiji dolphin hunters and their government are systematically hiding from them . most people in japan have no idea that the dolphin slaughter is going on . and they have no idea that the dolphin meat that is served to their children in their schools\u2019 lunch programs or sold in markets is poisoned with mercury . the taiji dolphin hunters once told us that the public has no right to know about the dolphin hunts and the mercury contamination of dolphin meat . we say the japanese public has every right to know about it . they have a right to make up their own minds regarding their food culture , rather than have the government and some few dolphin hunters dictate to them what their \u201cculture\u201d should be .\nthe dolphin institute states that bottlenose dolphins and other marine mammals face a number of conservation threats due to anthropogenic , or human - induced , impacts on the marine environment . among the common threats to dolphins are habitat degradation , boat traffic , fishing interactions , pollution and direct takes . find them all further explained here . it is protected in the u . s . by the marine mammal protection act . they are still generally plentiful in numbers , but are already almost depleted in some areas .\nconnor r . c , heithaus m . r , barre l . m . super - alliance of bottlenose dolphins .\nm\u00f6ller l . m , beheregaray l . b . genetic evidence of sex - biased dispersal in resident bottlenose dolphins (\nfor several years , the dolphin drive hunt in taiji had taken place from the beginning of october through march . in recent years , however , the dolphin hunters in taiji have started the dolphin - killing season in early september . in the past few years , the dolphin hunters , due to a lack of demand for dolphin meat in japan ( inspired by our efforts to educate people about the high mercury levels in the meat ) have ended the hunts a month early , at the end of february , rather than the end of march . some harpooning of dolphins continues offshore of taiji in march and sometimes in april .\nbottlenose dolphins generally do not need to dive very deeply to catch food . depending on habitat , most bottlenose dolphins regularly dive to depths of 3 - 46 m ( 10 - 150 ft . ) . they are , however , capable of diving to some depth . under experimental conditions , a trained dolphin dove 547 m ( 1 , 795 ft . ) .\na coastal and oceanic species , the bottlenose dolphin occurs in a range of habitats from open water and lagoons to rocky reefs ( 10 ) . it also occurs in large estuaries and even the lower reaches of rivers and harbours ( 6 ) .\nbottlenose dolphins living in high seas feed on several species of fish and pelagic squids , while dolphins near the coasts consume fish and benthic invertebrates found in coastal areas . the diet of any dolphin depends on the availability of prey in the environment .\nthe bottlenose dolphin engages in unihemispheric slow wave sleep ( usws ) in which one half of its brain is in a sleep state , while the other half maintains visual and auditory awareness of the environment , while allowing it to surface to breathe .\nin the atlantic ocean , bottlenose dolphins are found from nova scotia to patagonia and from norway to the tip of south africa . they are the most abundant dolphin species along the united states ' coast from cape cod through the gulf of mexico .\nbottlenose dolphins breed year round once they reach maturity ( 5 - 10 years for females and 10 years for males ) . ultrasound images of pregnant dolphins show that at 9 weeks , the dolphin fetus starts swimming inside the womb . these images also reveal that dolphin fetuses develop hind limbs which later retract and disappear before the calf is born . in fact , in 2006 , japanese fishermen found a bottlenose dolphin whose limbs didn\u2019t disappear . these limbs served as a second set of flippers . this phenomenon of hind limbs developing and then retracting in utero points to the idea that dolphins evolved from four - legged land animals .\ntaiji dolphin hunters also caught ten orca whales in 2007 for captivity . they have all subsequently died an early death in captivity .\nlongitudinal muscles of the back and peduncle ( tail stock ) move the flukes up and down to propel a dolphin through water .\nthe accumulation of chemicals and heavy metals released into the environment by human activities continues to impact dolphin populations both directly and indirectly .\nherman l . h . intelligence and rational behaviour in the bottlenosed dolphin . in : hurley s , nudds m , editors .\nthe dolphin appears and remains in a new home range , sometimes restricting itself to a small , protected part of the range often < 1km2 . dolphin may follow boats ( usually fishing boats ) or inspect fishing gear , but does not yet approach humans .\nfor reasons that are not fully understood , bottlenose dolphins are sometimes encountered which are living on their own . this seems very odd for what is normally a highly sociable species , and which more usually lives in a group . however , the same thing has been recorded for other species of social cetaceans including belugas and orcas , and solitary dolphins are actually quite common around the world .\nincidents of injuries attributed to catfish ingestion ( n = 38 ) found in stranded bottlenose dolphins in the southeastern united states .\nhubard cw , maze - foley k , mullin kd , schroeder ww . seasonal abundance and site fidelity of bottlenose dolphins (\nwatwood s . l , tyack p . l , wells r . s . whistle sharing in paired male bottlenose dolphins ,\ndolphins have acute vision both in and out of the water . a dolphin ' s eye is particularly adapted for seeing under water .\nbottlenose dolphins live in fluid social groups . in the past , bottlenose dolphin groups have been referred to as pods \u2014 social groups of unchanging composition . more recently , long - term studies of bottlenose dolphins have now shown that their group composition changes . bottlenose dolphins commonly swim in groups of 2 to 15 individuals . several groups may temporarily join ( for several minutes or hours ) in open ocean waters to form larger groups during which the dolphins may change associates . in general , group size tends to increase with water depth and openness of habitat . this may correlate with foraging strategies and protection . some group members establish strong social bonds .\nthe bottlenose dolphin faces a number of threats including human disturbance , entanglement in fishing nets , and hunting . like all cetaceans it is vulnerable to chemical and noise pollution . the captivity industry that supplies the world aquarium trade is also a problem ( 8 ) .\ndaura - jorge fg , cantor m , ingram sn , lusseau d , sim\u00f5es - lopes pc . the structure of a bottlenose dolphin society is coupled to a unique foraging cooperation with artisanal fishermen . biol lett . 2012 ; 8 : 702\u2013705 . pmid : 22552635\nthe presence of both begging and associating with shrimp trawlers within the same study area provides a unique opportunity to examine the social structure of a group of dolphins as it pertains to two different human - related foraging behaviors . this study attempts to determine whether the social structure of common bottlenose dolphins near savannah , georgia is differentiated based on begging or associating with shrimp trawlers and the implications of any such differentiations .\nbottlenose dolphins live in fluid social groups . although some dolphins may repeatedly associate with one another , these associations are rarely permanent .\nsargeant bl , wirsing aj , heithaus mr , mann j . can environmental heterogeneity explain individual foraging variation in wild bottlenose dolphins (\ngannon dp , barros nb , nowacek dp , read aj , waples dm , wells rs . prey detection by bottlenose dolphins ,\ntorres lg , read aj . where to catch a fish ? the influence of foraging tactics on the ecology of bottlenose dolphins (\n. 1996 , o\u2019shea and aguilar 2001 ) , the risk of disease outbreaks in bottlenose dolphins in the mediterranean may be considerable .\nmann j , sargeant b . like mother , like calf : the ontogeny of foraging traditions in wild indian ocean bottlenose dolphins (\nthe dolphin ' s dorsal fin contains no bone , cartilage , or muscle . the shape varies among individuals but it is usually falcate .\nthe dolphin becomes habituated to new range and may start to follow boats . local people aware of its presence may attempt to swim with the animal . dolphin appears curious but remains at a distance from swimmers . may bow ride or inspect ropes , chains and buoys , etc .\nbottlenose dolphins are very social animals known for their carefree and playful behavior . often times , bottlenose dolphins can be seen living in groups called pods . these groups may contain only a few members or many hundreds when different pods meet up and join one another . bottlenose dolphins have been known to hunt in groups , taking turns chasing through schools of fish or cornering fish against sandbars or mudbanks .\nbottlenose dolphin calves are born in the water after a gestation period of one year and suckle for about 18 months . they remain with the mother for about four years . they are a long - lived species , with an extensive life span of up to 45 years .\nthe bottlenose dolphin occupies a wide range of habitats , giving it access to a huge variety of organisms including invertebrates , bottom - dwelling fish and squid , plus the full range of pelagic ( oceanic ) fish species . bottlenose dolphins are a very social species and feed together , although they are known to feed alone . they also take advantage of human - induced prey abundance and regularly approach fishing trawlers .\nlarge bottlenose dolphins in the pacific may be 3 . 7 m ( 12 ft . ) and weigh 454 kg ( 1 , 000 lb . ) . in the mediterranean , bottlenose dolphins can grow to 3 . 7 m ( 12 ft . ) or more .\nmaresh jl , fish fe , nowacek dp , nowacek sm , wells rs . high performance turning capabilities during foraging by bottlenose dolphins (\nmarley sa , cheney b , thompson pm . using tooth rakes to monitor population and sex differences in aggressive behaviour in bottlenose dolphins (\n. 2001 ) . bottlenose dolphins elsewhere have experienced mass mortality from such outbreaks , e . g . in black sea waters ( birkun\nbottlenose dolphins are probably the species of dolphins more researched , and most of this investigation is oriented to measure and assess their intelligence .\nconnor r . c , smolker r . a , richards a . f . two levels of alliance formation among male bottlenose dolphins (\njanik v . m , sayigh l . s , wells r . s . signature whistle shape conveys identity information to bottlenose dolphins .\nmann j , connor r . c , barre l . m , heithaus m . r . female reproductive success in bottlenose dolphins (\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the bottle nosed dolphin article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nthey also have an excellent sense of hearing . sounds travel through their lower jaw to their inner ear . bottlenose dolphins communicate with each other using a collection of chirps , whistles , and clicks . they create these sounds using nasal sacs in their heads and their blowholes . each dolphin has a signature whistle used to identify itself . when lost or isolated , a dolphin uses the signature whistle to call out to the group ."]}
{"id": 1650, "summary": [{"text": "leptozestis chionomera is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 8-10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dull whitish with some scattered black scales below the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "leptozestis chionomera", "paragraphs": ["syntomactis chionomera lower , 1900 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 25 ( 3 ) : 421 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nleptozestis ( parametriotinae ) ; kaila , mutanen & nyman , 2011 , molecuar phylogen . evol . 61 : 804 - 805 ; heikkil\u00e4 , mutanen , kekkonen & kaila , 2013 , cladistics ( 2014 ) : 8\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproceedings of the linnean society of the new south wales . ( journal , magazine ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : proceedings of the linnean society of the new south wales . publisher : sydney . isbn / issn : 0370 - 047x oclc : 476489959\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nadd tags for\nproceedings of the linnean society of the new south wales .\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nsyntomactis anagrapta meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 382 ; tl : newcastle , new south wales\nsyntomactis antithetis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 388 ; tl : adelaide , south australia\nsyntomactis argoscia lower , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 175 ; tl : melbourne\nsyntomactis autochroa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 333 ; tl : victoria , gisborne\nsyntomactis capnopora meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 384 ; tl : murrurundi and picton , new south wales\nsyntomactis cataspoda meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 383 ; tl : quorn , south australia\nsyntomactis charmosyna meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 456 ; tl : south australia , adelaide\nsyntomactis crassipalpis turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 74\nsyntomactis crebra meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 53 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis cyclonia meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 383 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis decalopha lower , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 175 ; tl : penola , south australia\nsyntomactis ecstatica meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 386 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis epiphrixa meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 386 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis epochaea meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : kanara , ganesh - gudi\nsyntomactis eximia meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 390 ; tl : albany , west australia\nsyntomactis gnophodes lower , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 176 ; tl : melbourne , victoria\nsyntomactis harmosta meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 388 ; tl : geraldton , west australia\nsyntomactis hestiopa meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 380 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis melamydra lower , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 177 ; tl : melbourne , victoria\nsyntomactis melanopa meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 384 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis ochlopa meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 381 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; georges bay , tasmania ; albany , geraldton and york , west australia\nsyntomactis oxyptera lower , 1900 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 25 ( 3 ) : 420 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nsyntomactis parascia meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 385 ; tl : albany , west australia\nsyntomactis perinephes lower , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 176 ; tl : melbourne , victoria\nsyntomactis phylactis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 387 ; tl : geraldton , west australia\nsyntomactis polychroa lower , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 176 ; tl : melbourne , victoria\nsyntomactis psarotricha meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 382 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis psoralea meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 386 ; tl : blackheath ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; healesville , victoria\nsyntomactis sedula meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 381 ; tl : newcastle , sydney and mt kosciusko ( 2700ft ) , new south wales\nsyntomactis spodoptera turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 74\nsyntomactis strophicodes meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : queensland , townsville\nsyntomactis tephras meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 385 ; tl : port lincoln , south australia\nsyntomactis toreutica meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 387 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nsyntomactis tropaea meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 387 ; tl : adelaide and wirrabara , south australia ; carnarvon , west australia\nsyntomactis valida meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nturner , 1923 new australian micro - lepidoptera proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 58 - 81\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word cataspoda . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word cataspoda and , of course , cataspoda synonyms and on the right images related to the word cataspoda .\nthis is the place for cataspoda definition . you find here cataspoda meaning , synonyms of cataspoda and images for cataspoda copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 1652, "summary": [{"text": "thalpomys is a genus of south american rodents in the tribe akodontini of family cricetidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "two species are known , both found in the cerrado tropical savanna ecoregion of central brazil .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they are as follows : cerrado mouse ( thalpomys cerradensis ) hairy-eared cerrado mouse ( thalpomys lasiotis )", "topic": 29}], "title": "thalpomys", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkarvakorvahiiru\nto\nthalpomys lasiotis thomas , 1916\n.\nthalpomys lasiotis type specimen belongs to the genus bolomys , the correct name for this species should be t . reinhardti ( bonvicino and marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmarinho filho , j . , bonvicino , c . r . & vieira , e .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to some degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .\nthis species occurs in a wide range of habitat , including open grasslands , cerrado , and wet grasslands ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nalthough habitat destruction is occurring , it is not considered a major threat to this species ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nmarinho filho , j . , bonvicino , c . r . & vieira , e . 2017 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern , although the species is not abundant and is patchy within its wide distribution , it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( eisenberg and redford 1999 ) .\nthe species is very difficult to capture in surveys , although it is commonly found in owl pellets ( bonvicino and marinho - filho pers . comm . ) . the species is rare relative to other species in the genus ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nthis rodent occurs in open grasslands areas , in campo cerrado transition zones ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) . its distribution is patchy .\nsome populations are threatened by habitat destruction and fragmentation ( marinho - filho pers . comm . ) .\nwe thank to the programa de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em ecologia , coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de aperfei\u00e7oamento de pessoal de n\u00edvel superior ( capes ) and the conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cient\u00edfico e tecnol\u00f3gico ( cnpq ) for the graduate scholarships to rs and crr ; cnpq also provided a research grant to jmf and undergraduate scholarships to the people who helped in the field : marina de carvalho , leonardo gomes , leonardo henriques , and david cho . we also thank the funda\u00e7\u00e3o de empreendimentos cient\u00edficos e tecnol\u00f3gicos ( finatec ) for the funding and the personnel at \u00e1guas emendadas ecological station for their help with capture licenses .\nalho cjr ( 2005 ) intergradation of habitats on non - volant small mammals in the patchy cerrado landscape . arq museu nac rio janeiro 63 : 41\u201348\nalho cjr , pereira la ( 1985 ) population ecology of a cerrado rodent community in central brazil . rev bras biol 45 : 597\u2013607\nalho cjr , pereira la , paula ac ( 1986 ) patterns of habitat utilization by small mammal populations in cerrado biome of central brazil . mammalia 50 : 447\u2013460 . doi :\n( rodentia , cricetidae ) in an atlantic forest area , santa catarina island , southern brazil . biotemas 22 : 143\u2013151\nlangguth , 1975 ( rodentia , cricetidae ) . mamm chromosom newsl 24 : 176\u2013182\narnason an , schwarz cj ( 1999 ) using popan - 5 to analyse banding data . bird study 46 ( suppl ) : 157\u2013168 . doi :\nbonvicino cr , cerqueira r , soares va ( 1993 ) habitat use by small mammals of upper araguaia river . rev bras biol 56 : 761\u2013767\n) for inventorying small mammals in the cerrado of central brazil . stud neotrop fauna environ 38 : 1\u20135 . doi :\nwaterhouse ( rodentia , sigmodontinae ) from the cerrado of central brazil . rev bras zool 20 : 301\u2013307 . doi :\nburt wh ( 1943 ) territoriality and home range concepts as applied to mammals . j mammal 24 : 346\u2013352 . doi :\nc\u00e2mara t , murta r ( 2003 ) mam\u00edferos da serra do cip\u00f3 . puc minas , museu de ci\u00eancias naturais , p 129\ncarmignotto ap ( 2005 ) pequenos mam\u00edferos terrestres do bioma cerrado : padr\u00f5es faun\u00edsticos locais e regionais . phd thesis , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo .\ncerqueira r ( 2005 ) fatores ambientais e a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o de marsupiais e roedores no leste do brasil . arq museu nacional rio janeiro 63 : 29\u201339\ncolli gr , bastos rp , ara\u00fajo ab ( 2002 ) the character and dynamics of the cerrado herpetofauna . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 266\u2013284\nd\u2019\u00e9lia g ( 2003 ) phylogenetics of sigmodontinae ( rodentia , muroidea , cricetidae ) , with special reference to the akodont group , and with additional comments on historical biogeography . cladistics 19 : 307\u2013323\ndietz jm ( 1983 ) notes on the natural history of some small mammals in central brazil . j mammal 64 : 521\u2013523 . doi :\neisenberg jf , redford kh ( 1999 ) mammals of the neotropics . the northern neotropics , the central neotropics ecuador , peru , bolivia , brazil . university of chicago press , chicago\neiten g ( 1972 ) the cerrrado vegetation of brazil . bot rev 38 : 271\u2013292 . doi :\nfernandez fas ( 1995 ) m\u00e9todos para estimativas de par\u00e2metros populacionais por captura , marca\u00e7\u00e3o e recaptura . in : perez - neto pr , valentin jl , fernandez fas ( eds ) oecologia brasiliensis , vol 2 . t\u00f3picos em tratamento de dados biol\u00f3gicos , rio de janeiro , pp 01\u201326\n( rodentia : muridae ) in an amazonian savanna . j trop ecol 11 : 419\u2013428 . doi :\ngaines ms , mcclenaghan lr jr ( 1980 ) dispersal in small mammals . ann rev ecol syst 1 : 163\u2013196 . doi :\n( sigmodontinae , cricetidae ) with description of a new species . j nat hist 24 : 763\u2013783 . doi :\njaksic fm ( 1986 ) predation upon small mammals in shrublands and grasslands of southern south america : ecological correlates and presumable consequences . rev chil hist nat 59 : 201\u2013221\nkrebs cj ( 1999 ) ecological methodology , 2nd edn . addison weasley longman , ny , usa , p 605\nlacher te jr , mares ma , alho cjr ( 1989 ) the structure of a small mammal community in a central brazilian savanna . in : eisenberg jf , redford kh ( eds ) advances in neotropical mammalogy . sandhill crane press , gainesville , pp 137\u2013162\nlidicker wz jr ( 1975 ) the role of dispersal in the demography of small mammals . in : golley f , pretrusewicz k , ryskowski l ( eds ) small mammals : their productivity and population dynamics . cambridge university press , cambridge , pp 104\u2013120\nlima jefw , silva em ( 2008 ) hidrografia . in : fonseca fo ( ed ) \u00e1guas emendadas . seduma , bras\u00edlia , pp 110\u2013116\nmaia jmf , baptista gmm ( 2008 ) clima . in : fonseca fo ( ed ) \u00e1guas emendadas . seduma , bras\u00edlia , pp 101\u2013109\n( rodentia : muridae ) in an amazonian savanna . j trop ecol 11 : 179\u2013188 . doi :\nmares ma , braun jk , gettinger d ( 1989 ) observations on the distributions and ecology of the mammals of the cerrado grasslands of central brazil . ann carnegie mus 58 : 1\u201360\nmarinho - filho js , rodrigues fhg , juarez km ( 2002 ) the cerrado mammals : diversity , ecology , and natural history . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 266\u2013284\n( rodentia : cricetidae ) in southern chile . j anim ecol 55 : 281\u2013293 . doi :\nmyers n , mittermeier ra , mittermeier cg , da fonseca gab , kent j ( 2000 ) biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities . nature 403 : 853\u2013858\no\u2019connell m ( 1989 ) population dynamics of neotropical small mammals in seasonal habitats . j mammal 70 : 532\u2013548 . doi :\noliveira - filho at ( 1992 ) floodplain \u201cmurundus\u201d of central brazil : evidence for the termite - origin hypothesis . j trop ecol 8 : 1\u201319\noliveira - filho at , ratter ja ( 2002 ) vegetation physiognomies and woody flora of the cerrado biome . in : oliveira ps , marquis rj ( eds ) the cerrados of brazil . ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna . columbia university press , new york , pp 91\u2013120\n( rodentia , sigmodontinae ) in a grassland among atlantic forest fragments . mamm biol 75 : 270\u2013276 . doi :\nprevitali ma , mauricio l , meserve pl , kelt da , guti\u00e9rrez jr ( 2009 ) population dynamics of two sympatric rodents in a variable environment : rainfall , resource availability , and predation . ecology 90 : 1996\u20132006 . doi :\nredford kh , eisemberg jf ( 1992 ) mammals of the neotropics . the southern cone , vol 2 . university of chicago , chicago , p 429\nribeiro jf , walter bmt ( 1998 ) fitofisionomias do bioma cerrado . in : sano sm , almeida sp ( eds ) cerrado : ambiente e flora . embrapa , bras\u00edlia , pp 89\u2013166\nsantos ral , henriques rpb ( 2010 ) varia\u00e7\u00e3o espacial e influ\u00eancia do habitat na estrutura de comunidades de pequenos mam\u00edferos em \u00e1reas de campo rupestre no distrito federal . biota neotropica 10 : 31\u201338 . doi :\nsilveira l ( 2004 ) ecologia comparada e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da on\u00e7a - pintada ( panthera onca ) e on\u00e7a - parda ( puma concolor ) no cerrado e pantanal . 235 p . phd thesis , universidade de bras\u00edlia , bras\u00edlia\nsimonetti ja ( 1989 ) microhabitat use by small mammals in central chile . oikos 56 : 309\u2013318 . doi :\nvieira mv ( 1997 ) dynamics of a rodent assemblage in a cerrado of southeast brazil . rev bras biol 57 : 99\u2013107\nvieira em , baumgarten lc ( 1995 ) daily activity patterns of small mammals in a cerrado area from central brazil . j trop ecol 11 : 255\u2013262 . doi :\nwhite gc , garrot ra ( 1990 ) analysis of wildlife radio - tracking data . academic , new york , p 383\nwilson de , reeder dm ( eds ) ( 2005 ) mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd edn . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland , p 2142\nwolda h ( 1980 ) seasonality of tropical insects . i . leafhoppers ( homoptera ) in las cumbres , panama . j anim ecol 49 : 277\u2013290\nlangguth , 1975 ( rodentia , cricetidae ) . rev bras gen\u00e9tica 10 : 199\u2013208\nzar jh ( 1999 ) biostatistical analysis , 4th edn . prentice hall , upper saddle river , new jersey , p 663\nribeiro , r . , rocha , c . r . & marinho - filho , j . acta theriol ( 2011 ) 56 : 275 . urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : akodontini . recognized as a genus , as initially diagnosed , by gyldenstolpe ( 1932 ) ; reclassified as a subgenus of akodon by ellerman ( 1941 ) and so observed by cabrera ( 1961 ) , or considered a subjective synonym of bolomys ( reig , 1987 ) . see hershkovitz ( 1990a ) for availability of genus - group name , its differentiating characters from typical akodon , and definition of included species\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis species is confined to the cerrado of central brazil ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1653, "summary": [{"text": "stomopteryx prolapsa is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1918 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark fuscous with a large white subtriangular spot on the dorsum before the tornus , reaching half across the wing , and a similar costal spot slightly beyond and nearly confluent with it .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "stomopteryx prolapsa", "paragraphs": ["stomopteryx prolapsa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 137 ; tl : ceylon , puttalam\nstomopteryx mongolica piskunov , 1975 ; ( ? preocc . stomopteryx mongolica povoln\u00fd , 1975 )\nstomopteryx difficilis janse , 1951 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 3 ) : 247\nstomopteryx flavipalpella j\u00e4ckh , 1959 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 89 : 85\nstomopteryx ochrosema meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 : 131\nstomopteryx officiosa janse , 1951 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 3 ) : 250\nstomopteryx pallidipes janse , 1951 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 3 ) : 252\nstomopteryx trachyphylla janse , 1960 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 2 ) : 223\nstomopteryx ( stomopteryx ) mongolica povoln\u00fd , 1975 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . nat . hung . 67 : 177 ; tl : ch\u00f6vsg\u00f6l aimak , 4km nw m\u00f6r\u00f6n , 1500m\nstomopteryx nugatricella rebel , 1893 ; stettin ent . ztg 54 ( 1 - 3 ) : 50\nstomopteryx hungaricella gozm\u00e1ny , 1957 ; acta zool . hung . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 111\nstomopteryx maledicta meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nstomopteryx rastrifera meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 137 ; tl : ceylon , puttalam\nstomopteryx neftensis ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )\nstomopteryx subnigricella ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )\nstomopteryx bathrarcha meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 76 ; tl : rhodesia , sawmills\nstomopteryx kermella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 328 ; tl : a\u00efn - kerma ( constantine )\nstomopteryx quadripunctella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 327 ; tl : a\u00efn - sefra ( oran )\nstomopteryx basalis ; [ nhm card ] ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nstomopteryx flavoclavella zerny , 1935 ; m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . maroc . 42 : 139 , pl . 2 , f . 21\nstomopteryx nigricella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )\nstomopteryx orthogonella ; [ nhm card ] ; bidzilya & karsholt , 2013 , nota lepid . 36 ( 1 ) : 78 ; [ fe ]\nstomopteryx frivola meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 330 ; tl : cape province , sneeuw kop , wellington , 5000ft\nstomopteryx phaeopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 136 ; tl : peru , oroya ( 12200ft ) , huancayao ( 10650ft )\nstomopteryx praecipitata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 137 ; tl : kanara , kumbarvada ; bombay , belgaum ; bengal , pusa\nstomopteryx biangulata meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : british s . e . africa , bela vista\nstomopteryx radicalis falkovitsh & bidzilya , 2003 ; proc . zool . mus . kiev nat . taras shevchenko univ . 1 ( 1 ) : ( 113 - 147 )\nparapsectris anxia meyrick , 1917 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : cape colony , prince albert\nargodoris ( meyrick , 1936 ) ( gelechia ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 43\nanacampsis bivittella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 324 ; tl : gafsa ; tunisia\naristotelia bolschewickiella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 109\nanacampsis circaea meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : haenertsburg\nanacampsis cirrhocoma meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 193 ; tl : [ s . africa , ] new hanover\nleuronoma credula meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 343 ; tl : s . rhodesia , shangani\nacraeologa delotypa janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 255 ; tl : transvaal\nacraeologa descarpentriesella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 223\nlarva on deverra scoparia walsingham , 1905 , ent . mon . mag . 41 : 124\ndiscolorella turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 164 , pl . 6 , f . 7\ngelechia elachistella stainton , 1859 ; ann . mag . nat . hist ( 3 ) 3 : 213 ; tl :\nnorthern dezerta\nanacampsis elaeocoma meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 19 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nleuronoma eremopis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 67 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nfalkovitshi piskunov , 1987 ; zool . zh . 65 ( 1 ) : 149\ninotica gaesata meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 66 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts\nanacampsis geryella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 323 ; tl : g\u00e9ryville , oran\nacraeologa grandidierella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 222\nunipunctella turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 166 , pl . 6 , f . 10\nlita lineolella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 584\ngelechia luticoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : bombay , kaira\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( deuterotinea ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 258\nanacampsis maraschella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 107 ; tl : marasch\nsymmoca multilineatella lucas , 1932 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 37 : 168 ; tl : a\u00efn - leuch\nbryotropha nigricella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 316 ; tl : biskra\nanacampsis oncodes meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 285 ; tl : three sisters\ngelechia orthogonella staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 307\nplurivittella ( turati , 1930 ) ( kahelia ) ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 69 : 81\nyunusemrei ko\u00e7ak , 1986 ; priamus 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ( repl . gelechia submissella frey , 1880 )\ntelphusa schizogynae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 936 , pl . 51 , f . 12 ; tl : tenerife , puerto orotava\nlarva on ( in stem galls ) schizogyne sericea walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 936\nsphenodoxa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\nanacampsis splendens staudinger , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 90\nbryotropha subnigricella dufrane , 1955 ; mem . soc . ent . belg . 27 : 191\nsymplegadopa meyrick , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 158 [ ? ]\ntenuisignella turati , 1924 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 164 , pl . 6 , f . 8\ntesserapunctella ( amsel , 1935 ) ( gelechia ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 300\nanacampsis thoracica meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : haenertsburg\nacraeologa xanthobasalis janse , 1963 ; moths s . afr . 6 ( 3 ) : 255 ; tl : transvaal\nacraeologa xerochroa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 66 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nzanoni turati , 1922 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 61 : 175\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nnotes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t . v . wollaston , esq . ; with descriptions of some new species\nzerny , 1935 ; zerny , 1936 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete m\u00e9m . soc . sci . nat . maroc . 42 : 1 - 163 , pl . 1 - 2\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of anacampsini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word praecipitata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word praecipitata and , of course , praecipitata synonyms and on the right images related to the word praecipitata .\nin china .\nhome of ichneumonoidea\n. taxapad . * * * * y sick ki yu . 1997\u20132012 . . . .\nthis is the place for praecipitata definition . you find here praecipitata meaning , synonyms of praecipitata and images for praecipitata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken"]}
{"id": 1654, "summary": [{"text": "arbacia dufresnii is a species of sea urchin of the family arbaciidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its armour is covered with spines .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "a. dufresnii was first scientifically described in 1825 by blainville . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "arbacia dufresnii", "paragraphs": ["( of arbacia dufresnei ) larrain , a . p . 1975 . los equinoideos regulares fosiles y rec\u00edentes de chile . gayana zoolgia 35 , 5 - 189 . [ details ]\n( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) david , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 76 [ details ]\n( of echinus dufresnii blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris dufresnii ( blainville , 1825 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) dufresnii ( blainville , 1825 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of arbacia schythei philippi , 1857 ) philippi a . ( 1857 ) . vier neue echinodermen des chilenischen meeres . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 23 : 130 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 131 - 132 [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1941 ) . echinoderms of tristan de cunha . results norwegian scientific expedition tristan da cunha 1937 - 38 . 7 : 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 7 - 8 [ details ] available for editors\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1941 ) . echinoderms of tristan de cunha . results norwegian scientific expedition tristan da cunha 1937 - 38 . 7 : 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 7 - 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of arbacia dufresni ) lessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 580 [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) lessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 140 [ details ]\n( of arbacia alternans ( troschel , 1872 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of arbacia dufresnei ) larrain , a . p . ( 1982 ) . implications of two fossil arbaciids ( echinoidea , arbaciidae ) from the pliocene of northern chile . in : lawrence , j . m . ( ed . ) : echinoderms : proceedings of the international conference / tampa bay / 14 - 17 september 1981 . p . 99 . page ( s ) : 99 [ details ]\n( of arbacia crassispina mortensen , 1910 ) mortensen , t . 1910 . the echinoidea of the swedish south polar expedition . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der schwedischen s\u00fcdpolar expedition 6 / 4 , 1 - 114 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 32 - 36 ; pl . 5 : figs . 1 - 3 , pl . 15 : figs 1 , 4 - 5 , 7 , 11 , 14 [ details ]\nlessios , h . a . , lockhart , s . , collin , r . , sotil , g . , sanchez - jerez , p . , zigler , k . s . , perez , a . f . , garrido , m . j . , geyer , l . b . , bernardi , g . , vaquier , v . d . , haroun , r . & kessing , b . d . 2012 . phylogeography and bindin evolution in arbacia , a sea urchin genus with an unusual distribution . molecular ecology 21 , 130 - 144 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nkroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .\n( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) alternans troschel , 1872 ) troschel , f . h . ( 1872 ) . die familie der echinocidariden ( 1 ) . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 38 : 293 - 356 . page ( s ) : 307 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris schythei philippi , 1857 ) philippi a . ( 1857 ) . vier neue echinodermen des chilenischen meeres . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte . 23 : 130 - 148 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 131 - 132 [ details ]\ndavid , b . , t . chon\u00e9 , a . festeau & c . de ridder ( 2004 ) . antarctic echinoids , an interactive database . editions universitaires dijon . cd rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris schythei philippi , 1857 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 - 580 [ details ]\n( of echinocidaris ( agarites ) alternans troschel , 1872 ) mortensen , t . ( 1935 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . ii . bothriocidaroida , melonechinoida , lepidocentroida , and stirodonta , 647 pp . , c . a . reitzel & oxford university press , copenhagen & london . page ( s ) : 579 [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\naf030828 genomic dna translation : aac38902 . 1 af030854 \ufeff , af030853 genomic dna translation : aac38915 . 1 af030856 \ufeff , af030855 genomic dna translation : aac38916 . 1 af030858 \ufeff , af030857 genomic dna translation : aac38917 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 1655, "summary": [{"text": "epipomponia multipunctata is a moth in the epipyropidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the foprewings are deep black , with bands of small dark blue spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniform smoky-black . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "epipomponia multipunctata", "paragraphs": ["part 6 / 8 . richards , a . g . , jr . the noctuoid moths of the galapagos islands from the collections of the allan hancock foundation . the genus bulia walker in mexico and central america . ( lepidoptera , phalaenidae ) . the male genitalia of epipomponia multipunctata ( druce ) ( lepidoptera , epipyropidae ) . pp . 233 - 276 , plates 28 - 34 . 1941 .\nh i allan hancock pacific expeditions volume s numbers 6 , 7 , 8 the noctuoid moths of the galapagos islands from the collections of the allan hancock foundation ( plates 28 - 31 ) the genus bulia walker in mexico and central america ( lepidoptera , phalaenidae ) ( plates 32 , 33 ) the male genitalia of epipomponia multipunctata ( druce ) ( lepidoptera , epipyropidae ) ( plate 34 ) by a . glenn richards , jr . zoological laboratory university of pennsylvania\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nvolume 1 fraser , c . mcl . general account of the scientific work of the velero iii in the eastern pacific , 1931 - 41 . 1943 .\npart 1 . historical introduction , velero iii , personnel , pp 1 - 48 , plates 1 - 16 .\npart 2 . geographical and biological associations , pp 49 - 258 , plates 17 - 128 .\npart 3 . a ten year list of the velero iii collecting stations , pp . 259 - 432 , charts 1 - 115 .\npart 1 . ziesenhenne , f . c . a new brittle star from the galapagos islands , pp 1 - 6 , plate 1 . 1935 .\npart 2 . myers , g . s . , and e . d . reid . description of a new blennioid fish of the genus acanthemblemaria from the pacific coast of panama . pp 7 - 10 , 1936 .\npart 3 . manter , h . w . a new genus of distomes ( trematoda ) with lymphatic vessels , pp . 11 - 22 , plate 2 . 1937 .\npart 4 . wilson , c . b . parasitic copepods taken during the third hancock expedition to the galapagos islands . pp 23 - 30 , plate 3 . 1937 .\npart 5 . meserve , f . g . some monogenetic trematodes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific . pp 31 - 90 , plates 4 - 10 . 1938 .\npart 6 . gilbert , p . t . three new trematodes from the galapagos marine iguana amblyrhynchus cristatus . pp . 91 - 108 , plates 11 - 12 . 1938 .\npart 7 . ginsburg , isaac . eight new species of gobioid fishes from the american pacific coast . pp . 109 - 122 . 1938 .\npart 8 . hanna , g . d . , and l . g . hertlein . land and brackish water mollusca of cocos island . pp . 123 - 136 . 1938 .\npart 9 . cuckler , a . c . nematode parasites of the galapagos land iguana . pp . 137 - 166 , plates 13 - 15 . 1938 .\npart 10 . scott , hugh . a new species of nycteribiidae ( diptera , pupipara ) from islands in the gulf of california . pp . 167 - 172 , plate 16 . 1939 .\npart 11 . clark , h . l . a remarkable new genus of sea urchin ( spatangidae ) . pp . 173 - 176 , plate 17 . 1939 .\npart 12 . strong , a . m . , and l . g . hertlein . marine mollusks from panama collected by the allan hancock expedition to the galapagos islands , 1931 - 1932 . pp . 177 - 246 , plates 18 - 23 . 1939 .\npart 13 . coe , w . r . revision of the nemertean fauna of the pacific coasts of north , central and northern south america . pp . 247 - 324 , plates 24 - 31 . 1940 .\npart 14 . manter , h . w . digenetic trematodes of fishes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific . pp 325 - 498 , plates 32 - 50 . 1940 .\npart 15 . van cleave , h . j . the acanthocephala collected by the allan hancock pacific expedition , 1934 . pp . 499 - 530 , plates 51 - 55 1940\npart 16 . manter , h . w . the geographical distribution of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of the tropical american pacific . pp . 531 - 548 . 1940 .\npart 1 . steere , w . c . mosses of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor . pp . 1 - 14 , plate 1 . 1936 .\npart 2 . drouet , francis . myxophyceae of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor , pp . 15 - 32 , plates 2 - 3 , 1936 .\npart 3 . dodge , c . w . lichens of the g . allan hancock expedition of 1934 , collected by wm . r . taylor , pp . 33 - 46 . 1936 .\npart 4 . allan , w . e . plankton diatoms of the gulf of california obtained by the g . allan hancock expedition of 1936 . pp . 47 - 60 , fig . 1 . 1937 .\npart 5 . cupp , e . e . , and w . e . allen . plankton diatoms of the gulf of california obtained by allan hancock pacific expedition of 1937 . pp . 61 - 100 , plates 4 - 15 , 1 map . 1938 .\npart 6 . sparrow , f . k . jr . , phycomycetes recovered from soil samples collected by w . r . taylor on the allan hancock 1939 expedition . pp . 101 - 114 , plates 16 - 17 . 1940 .\npart 7 / 8 . dawson , e . y . field observations on the algae of the gulf of california . a review of the genus rhodymenia with descriptions of new species . pp . 115 - 182 , plates 18 - 30 . 1941 .\npart 9 . hedrick , joyce . some lichens from the american tropics collected by r . w . taylor . pp . 183 - 188 . 1942\npart 10 . dawson , e . y . the marine algae of the gulf of california . pp . 189 - 454 , plates 31 - 77 . 1944 .\npart 1 . hydroids of the 1934 allan hancock pacific expedition . pp . 1 - 106 , plates 1 - 15 . 1938 .\npart 2 . hydroids of the 1936 and 1937 allan hancock pacific expeditions . pp . 107 - 128 , plates 16 - 18 . 1938 .\npart 3 . hydroids of the 1932 , 1933 , 1935 and 1938 allan hancock pacific expeditions . pp . 129 - 154 , plates 19 - 21 . 1938 .\npart 4 . distribution of the hydroids in the collections of the allan hancock expeditions . pp . 155 - 178 . 1939 .\npart 5 . hydroids of the allan hancock pacific expeditions since march , 1938 . pp . 179 - 336 , plates 22 - 42 . 1948 .\npart 1 . glassell , s . a . three new anomuran crabs from the gulf of california . pp . 1 - 6 . 1938 .\npart 2 . garth , j . s . new brachyuran crabs from the galapagos islands . pp . 7 - 50 , plates 1 - 10 . 1939 .\npart 3 . garth , j . s . some new species of brachyuran crabs from mexico and the central and south american mainland . pp . 51 - 128 , plates 11 - 26 . 1940 .\npart 4 . schmitt , w . l . the stomatopods of the west coast of america based on collections made by the allan hancock expeditions , 1933 - 38 . pp . 129 - 226 , 33 text - figs . 1940 .\npart 5 . cornwall , i . e . a new genus and species of barnacle from ecuador . pp . 227 - 232 , plate 27 . 1941 .\npart 9 . hilton , w . a . pycnogonids from allan hancock expeditions . pp . 277 - 340 , plates 35 - 48 . 1942 .\npart 10 . garth , j . s . the littoral brachyuran fauna of the galapagos archipelago . pp . 341 - 602 , plates 49 - 87 , 1 text fig . 1946 .\npart 11 . garth , j . s . distribution studies of galapagos brachyura . pp . 603 - 638 , charts 1 - 10 . 1946 .\npart 1 . cushman , j . a . and irene mcculloch . a report on some arenaceous foraminifera , pp . 1 - 114 , plates 1 - 12 . 1939 .\npart 2 . lalicker , c . g . , and irene mcculloch . some textulariidae of the pacific ocean . pp . 115 - 144 , plates 13 - 16 . 1940 .\npart 3 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some noniondae in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 145 - 178 , plates 17 - 20 . 1946 .\npart 4 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some virgulininae in the collections of the allen hancock foundation . pp . 179 - 230 , plates 21 - 28 . 1942 .\npart 5 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . the species of bulimina and related genera in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 231 - 294 , plates 29 - 36 . 1948 .\npart 6 . cushman , j . a . , and irene mcculloch . some lagendae in the collections of the allen hancock foundation . pp . 295 - 364 , plates 37 - 48 . 1950 .\npart 1 / 2 . aphroditidae to pisionidae . pp . 1 - 156 , plates 1 - 28 . new species of polychaetous annelids from southern california . pp . 157 - 172 , plates 29 - 30 . 1939 .\npart 3 . chrysopetalidae to goniadidae , pp . 173 - 288 , plates 31 - 44 . 1940 .\npart 4 . spionidae . some contributions to the biology and life history of spionidae from california , with keys to species and genera and descriptions of two new forms . pp . 289 - 324 , plates 45 - 48 . 1941 .\npart 5 . pectinariidae with a review of all species from the western hemisphere . pp . 325 - 346 , plates 49 - 52 . 1941 .\npart 1 . hill , alex . a new genus of brittle stars , amphicontus . pp . 1 - 6 , plate 1 . 1940 .\npart 2 . ziesenhenne , f . c . new ophiurans of the allan hancock pacific expeditions , pp . 7 - 60 , plates 2 - 9 . 1940 .\npart 3 . deichmann , elisabeth . the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii during the years 1932 to 1938 . part i . dendrochirota . pp . 61 - 196 , plates 10 - 30 . 1941 .\npart 4 . ziesenhenne , f . c . new eastern pacific sea stars . pp . 197 - 224 , plates 31 - 34 . 1942 .\npart 5 . clark , h . l . a report on the echini of the warmer eastern pacific , based on the collections of the velero iii . pp . 225 - 352 , plates 35 - 71 , text - figs . 1 - 3 . 1948 .\npart 1 . seale , alvin . report on fishes from allan hancock expeditions in the california academy of sciences . pp . 1 - 46 , plates 1 - 5 . 1940 .\npart 2 . reid , e . d . a new genus and species of pearl fish , family carapidae , from off gorgona island , colombia . pp . 47 - 50 , plate 6 . 1940 .\npart 3 . herald , e . s . a key to the pipefishes of the pacific american coasts with descriptions of new genera and species . pp . 51 - 64 . 1940 .\npart 4 . myers , g . s . , and c . b . wade . four new genera and ten new species of eels from the pacific coast of tropical america . pp . 65 - 112 , plates 7 - 16 . 1941 .\npart 5 . myers , g . s . and c . b . wade . the pacific american atherinid fishes of the genera eurystole , nectarges , coleotropis , and melanorhinus . pp . 113 - 150 , plates 17 - 19 . 1942 .\npart 6 . myers , g . s . and c . b . wade . new fishes of the families dactyloscopidae , microdesmidae , and antennariidae from the west coast of mexico and the galapagos islands with a brief account of the use of rotenone fish poisons in ichthyological collecting . pp . 151 - 180 , plates 20 - 23 . 1946 .\npart 7 / 8 . wade , c . b . two new genera and five new species of apodal fishes from the eastern pacific . new fishes in the collections of the allan hancock foundation . pp . 181 - 238 , plates 24 - 32 . 1946 .\npart 2 / 3 . polychaetous annelids from california , including the descriptions of two new genera and nine new species . pp . 239 - 310 , plates 19 - 26 . paraonidae , magelonidae , longosomidae , ctenodrilidae , and sabellariidae . pp . 311 - 390 , plates 27 - 42 . 1944 .\npart 1 . dickinson , m . g . sponges of the gulf of california . pp . 1 - 252 , plates 1 - 97 . 1945 .\npart 2 . deichmann , elisabeth . the holothurioidea collected by the velero iii and iv during the years 1932 to 1954 . part ii . aspidochirota . pp . 253 - 352 , 9 plates . 1958 .\ntaylor , w . r . pacific marine algae of the allan hancock expeditions to the galapagos islands . 528 p . , 100 plates . 1945 .\npart 1 . steere , w . c . the bryophyta of the allan hancock expedition of 1939 . pp . 1 - 4 . 1946 .\npart 2 . gentry , h . s . land plants collected by the velero iii . allan hancock pacific expeditions 1937 - 1941 . pp . 5 - 245 , 15 plates , 3 maps . 1949 .\npart 3 . dunkle , m . b . plant ecology of the channel islands of california . pp . 247 - 386 , 6 plates , 12 figs . 1950 .\nvolume 14 . osburn , r . c . bryozoa of the pacific coast of america .\npart 3 . cyclostomata , ctenostomata , entoprocta , and addenda . pp . 612 - 841 , plates 65 - 82 . 1953 .\npart 1 . hartman , olga . goniadidae , glyceridae and nephytidae . pp 1 - 181 , plates 1 - 19 , text - figs . 1 - 3 . 1950 .\npart 2 . hyman , libbie h . some polyclad flatworms from the galapagos islands . pp . 183 - 210 . 1953 .\npart 3 . hartman , olga . orbiniidae , apistobranchidae , paraonidae and longosmidae . pp . 211 - 394 , plates 20 - 44 , 1 map . 1957 .\npart 1 . durham , j . w . , and j . l . barnard . stony corals of the eastern pacific collected by the velero iii and velero iv . pp . 1 - 110 , plates 1 - 16 . 1952 .\nvolume 17 . dawson , e . y . marine red algae of pacific mexico .\npart 1 . bangiales to corallinaceae subf . corallinoideae . pp . 1 - 240 , 33 plates . 1953 .\npart 1 . barnard , j . l . amphipoda of the family ampeliscidae collected in the eastern pacific by the velero iii and velero iv . pp . 1 - 138 , plates 1 - 38 . 1954 .\npart 2 . walton , b . c . the genus pylopagurus ( crustacea : anomura ) in the pacific with descriptions of two new species . pp . 139 - 173 , plates 39 - 43 . 1954 .\npart 3 . barnard , j . l . the amphipod family phoxocephalidae in the eastern pacific ocean , with analyses of other species and notes for a revision of the family . pp . 175 - 375 , plates 1 - 75 , chart 1 . 1960 .\npart 1 . hartman , olga . quantitative survey of the benthos of san pedro basin , southern california . 1 preliminary results . pp 1 - 202 , plates 1 - 7 , 2 charts . 1955 .\npart 1 . soot - ryen , tron . a report on the family mytilidae ( pelecypoda ) . pp . 1 - 176 , plates 1 - 10 , text - figs . 1 - 78 . 1955 .\npart 2 . rost , helen . a report on the family arcidae ( pelecypoda ) . pp . 177 - 250 , plates 11 - 16 , text - figs . 79 - 95 . 1955 .\ngarth , j . s . brachyura of the pacific coast of america ; oxyrhyncha : majidae . 2 vols . ( 854 p . , 85 plates , 9 text - figs . ) . 1958 .\nvolume 22 hartman , olga , and j . l . barnard . the benthic fauna of the deep basins off southern california .\npart l . introduction and preliminary report . pp . 1 - 68 , plates 1 - 2 , chart 1 . 1958 .\npart 2 . systematics , summaries and results . pp . 69 - 297 , plates 1 - 19 , map . 1960 .\ngrau , gilbert . pectinidae of the eastern pacific . 308 pp . , 57 plates . 1959 .\nhaig , janet . the porcellanidae ( crustacea anomura ) of the eastern pacific . 440 p . , 41 plates , col . front . , 12 text - figs . 1960 .\nhartman , olga . polychaetous annelids from california . 226 p . , 34 plates , col . front . 1961 .\nvolume 26 . dawson , e . y . marine red algae of pacific mexico .\npart 1 . cerimiales : ceramiaceae , delesseriaceae . pp . 1 - 207 , plates 1 - 50 . 1962 .\npart 1 . topography , water , and sediments , by k . o . emery and jobst hulsemann . 80 p . , 22 figs . , tables . 1963 .\npart 2 . biology , by olga hartman . 424 p . , 27 figs . , tables . 1963 .\npart 3 . systematics : polychaetes , by olga hartman . 93 p . 45 figs . 1963 .\npart 4 . systematics : isopoda , by g . schultz . 56 p . , 15 plates . 1966 .\npart 5 . systematics : amphipoda , by j . l . barnard . 166 p . , 46 plates . 1966 .\nimage from page 294 of\nallan hancock pacific expeditions . [ reports ]\n( 1938 )\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\nimage from page 700 of\nallan hancock pacific expeditions . [ reports ]\n( 1938 )\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about epipogium aphyllum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epipogium aphyllum ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1658, "summary": [{"text": "the underworld windowskate ( fenestraja plutonia ) is a species of cartilaginous fish in the family rajidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is also known as the pluto skate .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the underworld windowskate is known from patches of continental slope in the western atlantic ocean between the coasts of the southern united states and suriname . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "fenestraja plutonia", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : fenestraja plutonia [ orgn ] .\nexternal morphology of fenestraja and gurgesiella . adult male 232 mm tl . . . | download scientific diagram\nfigure 3 : external morphology of fenestraja and gurgesiella . adult male 232 mm tl ( zmh 119851 ) of fenestraja plutonia ( garman , 1881 ) in ( a ) dorsal and ( b ) ventral views , as well as adult male holotype 424 mm tl ( zmh 25046 ) of gurgesiella dorsalifera mceachran & compagno , 1980 in ( c ) dorsal and ( d ) ventral views .\nfenestraja maceachrani ( s\u00e9ret 1989 ) in honor of john d . mceachran ( b . 1941 , note latinization of \u201cmc\u201d to \u201cmac\u201d ) , for his major contributions to skate and ray systematics\n( of raja plutonia garman , 1881 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of breviraja plutonia ( garman , 1881 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gurgesiella plutonia ( garman , 1881 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification : fenestraja plutonia is a small ( to 27 cm tl ) deepwater skate known from depths of 293\u20131 , 024 m with a patchy distribution in the western central atlantic . virtually nothing is known of this species ' biology . no information is available on interactions with fisheries and while it is a potential bycatch of deeper water demersal trawling , its wide bathymetric range probably provides it with refuge at depth . however , at present this species cannot be assessed beyond data deficient .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwestern central atlantic : recorded from north carolina to florida keys , bahamas , northeastern gulf of mexico , costa rica , colombia , venezuela , guyana and suriname ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) .\nbathydemersal deepwater species reported at depths from 293\u20131 , 024 m ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . maximum size 27 cm total length ( tl ) , and males mature at about 23 cm tl ( mceachran and carvalho 2002 ) . reproduction is presumably oviparous , like other skates . little else is known of the biology of this species .\nno specific information is available on the bycatch of this species in any fisheries but it may be vulnerable to bycatch in deepwater trawl fisheries off southern usa , in the gulf of mexico , and potentially elsewhere . there is probably some refuge for this species in deeper water beyond the depth of current fishing activities .\nfurther surveys are required to better define the species ' distribution , depth range and biology . careful monitoring should also be undertaken should fisheries expand to greater depths in the region . the development and implementation of management plans ( national and / or regional e . g . , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa sharks ) are required to facilitate the conservation and sustainable management of all chondrichthyan species in the region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin , fenestra , - ae = small hole or opening in a bone + latin , raja , - ae = a fish , raja sp . ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 290 - 750 m ( ref . 28767 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 3 cm tl ( female )\nfirst and dorsal confluent . thorns on anterior part of tail and disc are larger and more conspicuous . upper surface from pale yellowish brown to darker greyish brown , purplish brown or mouse gray . lower surface yellowish white ( ref . 6902 ) .\ndeep water species ( ref . 6902 ) . oviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . eggs have horn - like projections on the shell ( ref . 205 ) .\noviparous , paired eggs are laid . embryos feed solely on yolk ( ref . 50449 ) .\nmceachran , j . d . and k . a . dunn , 1998 . phylogenetic analysis of skates , a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs ( chondrichthyes : rajidae ) . copeia 1998 ( 2 ) : 271 - 290 . ( ref . 27314 )\n) : 8 . 5 - 15 . 9 , mean 11 . 5 ( based on 77 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00302 ( 0 . 00137 - 0 . 00665 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 03 - 3 . 39 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncompagno , leonard j . v . / hamlett , william c . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndeep water species ( ref . 6902 ) . oviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . eggs have horn - like projections on the shell ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\n( of raja acanthiderma fowler , 1947 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nreports on the results of dredging , under the supervisionof ' alexander agassiz , along the atlantic coast of the united states during the summer of 1880 , by the u . s . coast survey steamer\nblake ,\ncommander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xii . reports on the selachians .\n( garman , 1881 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nfirst and dorsal confluent . thorns on anterior part of tail and disc are larger and more conspicuous . upper surface from pale yellowish brown to darker greyish brown , purplish brown or mouse gray . lower surface yellowish white\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 28 . 08 . 01 , php script by cmilitante , 04 / 03 / 10 , last modified by cmilitante , 11 / 12 / 12\natlantoraja menni 1972 atlanto , referring to distribution of a . castelnaui and a . cyclophora in southwestern atlantic ocean ; raia , latin for ray or skate\nbathyraja ishiyama 1958 bathy , deep , referring to deepwater habitat of b . trachouros ; raia , latin for ray or skate\nbathyraja diplotaenia ( ishiyama 1952 ) diplo , double ; taen , band or ribbon , referring to how ventral fin is divided into \u201cdouble ribbons\u201d ( i . e . , deeply notched between anterior and posterior lobes )\nbathyraja eatonii ( g\u00fcnther 1876 ) in honor of naturalist and explorer rev . alfred edmund eaton ( 1845 - 1929 ) , who collected type\nbathyraja ishiharai stehmann 2005 in honor of hajime ishihara ( b . 1950 ) , stehmann\u2019s \u201cskatology\u201d colleague and friend for more than 25 years , who devoted his life\u2019s research to chondrichthyan fishes , producing important revisions of north pacific bathyraja\nbathyraja longicauda ( de buen 1959 ) longus , long ; cauda , tail , referring to long caudal region , 52 . 9 % of total length in holotype\nbathyraja maccaini springer 1971 in honor of antarctic zoologist john c . mccain ( b . 1939 , note latinization of \u201cmc\u201d to \u201cmac\u201d ) , collector of the type , aboard the m / v hero in 1967 ( mccain later became a senior research scientist at the university of petroleum and minerals , dharan , saudi arabia , where he investigated the effects of oil spills in the persian gulf )\nbathyraja richardsoni ( garrick 1961 ) in honor of l . r . richardson , victoria university of wellington , \u201cfor his extensive contribution to deep water research in new zealand , and especially in cook strait where the type specimen was taken\u201d\nbathyraja schroederi ( krefft 1968 ) in honor of william c . schroeder ( 1895 - 1977 ) , woods hole oceanographic institution , for his outstanding contribution to the study of western atlantic elasmobranchs\nbathyraja shuntovi dolganov 1985 in honor of russian zoologist vyacheslav shuntov ( b . 1937 )\nbathyraja tunae stehmann 2005 in honor of m . sc . student lic . mar\u00eda cristina oddone f . , nicknamed \u201ctuna , \u201d the \u201cmost enthusiastic elasmobranch student\u201d stehmann has ever met ; \u201cthe author wishes her luck in her further career , and that all her dreams may come true . \u201d\nbathyraja tzinovskii dolganov 1983 in honor of arctic oceanographer vladimir diodorovich tzinovskiy ( b . 1964 , also spelled tzinovsky ) , p . p . shirshov institute of oceanology ( moscow ) , who collected type\nbathyraja smirnovi ( soldatov & pavlenko 1915 ) in honor of \u201cmr . smirnov , \u201d inspector of fishes , who collected fishes from the sea of okhotsk\nbrochiraja heuresa last & s\u00e9ret 2012 latinized from the greek heuresis ( that which is found , discovered ) , based on the ancient greek heureka ( \u201ci have found it\u201d ) or , in modern english , \u201c eureka , \u201d referring to its being discovered among a collection of skates the authors initially thought represented a different species , b . aenigma\nbrochiraja microspinifera last & mceachran 2006 micro - , small , being a dwarfed version of its larger new zealand sibling species , b . spinifera\nirolita waitii ( mcculloch 1911 ) patronym not identified but clearly in honor of zoologist and museum director edgar r . waite ( 1866 - 1928 ) , who works on fishes are frequently cited by mcculloch\nnotoraja ishiyama 1958 etymology not explained , perhaps notos , back , referring to numerous prickles on dorsal surface , or notos , south , referring to occurrence of n . tobitukai in \u201csouthernmost regions within the seas inhabited by the northern members\u201d of breviraja ; raia , latin for ray or skate\nnotoraja inusitata s\u00e9ret & last 2012 unusual or strange , referring to its \u201cstrange\u201d appearance , i . e . , head and disk morphology resembling some species of sinobatis , bathyraja and insentiraja\nnotoraja tobitukai ( hiyama 1940 ) in honor of t . tobituka , under whose direction the trawling fishery survey collected the type\npavoraja alleni mceachran & fechhelm 1982 in honor of ichthyologist gerald r . allen ( b . 1942 ) , western australia museum ( perth ) , who furnished the authors with specimens\npavoraja pseudonitida last , mallick & yearsley 2008 pseudo - , false , i . e . , although this species may superficially resemble p . nitida , such an appearance is false\npsammobatis g\u00fcnther 1870 psammos , sand , referring to sandy point , magellan strait , argentina , type locality of p . rudis ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray\npsammobatis normani mceachran 1983 in honor of ichthyologist j . r . ( john roxborough ) norman ( 1898 - 1944 ) , british museum ( natural history ) , who first described this ray but identified it as p . scobina in 1937\npseudoraja bigelow & schroeder 1954 a pseudo - , or false , raja : authors believed lack of dorsal fin and well - developed caudal fin on p . fischeri were sufficiently distinct to forbid its placement in rajidae\npseudoraja fischeri bigelow & schroeder 1954 in honor of zoological artist e . n . fischer , for the \u201cskillful portrayals of elasmobranchs\u201d featured in many publications by bigelow and schroeder\nrhinoraja taranetzi dolganov 1983 in honor of the \u201ceminent expert\u201d on fishes of the far - eastern seas of the u . s . s . r . , anatoly yakovlevich taranetz ( 1910 - 1941 ) [ often placed in bathyraja ]\ncruriraja hulleyi aschliman , ebert & compagno 2010 in honor of percy alexander \u201cbutch\u201d hulley ( b . 1941 ) , iziko south african museum , for his \u201cpioneering\u201d research on southern african skates ( where this skate occurs )\ngurgesiella de buen 1959 etymology not explained ; probably derived from gurges , abyss , referring to deepwater habitat of g . furvescens\namblyraja frerichsi ( krefft 1968 ) in honor of th . frerichs , captain of the research vessel walther herwig , from which type was collected , for \u201chis keen interest in deep - sea catches , which assured us many precious discoveries\u201d ( translation )\nberingraja ishihara , treloar , bor , senou & jeong 2012 bering , referring to the bering sea , where b . binoculata and b . pulchra are presumed to have originated since they are allopatrically distributed on both sides of the sea ; raia , latin for ray or skate\nbreviraja colesi bigelow & schroeder 1948 patronym not identified , possibly in honor of angler and amateur shark and ray biologist russell j . coles ( 1865 - ? )\ndactylobatus clarkii ( bigelow & schroeder 1958 ) in honor of robert s . clark , for his 1926 revision of european skates and rays\ndentiraja whitley 1940 denti - , referring to numerous denticles embedded in skin of raja dentata ( = dentiraja lemprieri ) , i . e . , a denticulated raja\ndentiraja australis ( macleay 1884 ) southern or australian , this being the first time macleay has known of a \u201ctrue\u201d skate ( i . e . , raja and its relatives ) being found in port jackson\ndentiraja confusa ( last 2008 ) referring to previous confusion with two other australasian skates , d . cerva and zearaja nasuta\ndentiraja endeavouri ( last 2008 ) \u201cafter the ill - fated f . i . s . endeavour , the federal fisheries survey vessel that was responsible for collecting the first specimens of this species and so many of australia\u2019s continental shelf fishes in the early 20th century before it along with all hands was lost at sea in 1914\u201d\ndentiraja lemprieri ( richardson 1845 ) in honor of deputy assistant commissary - general f . j . lempriere , \u201cto whose exertions the ichthyology of van diemen\u2019s land [ tasmania ] is much indebted\u201d\ndipturus bullisi ( bigelow & schroeder 1962 ) in honor of marine biologist harvey r . bullis , jr . , for providing the batoid fishes collected during the exploratory cruises of u . s . fish and wildlife service vessels in the gulf of mexico , caribbean and along the south american coast\ndipturus campbelli ( wallace 1967 ) in honor of g . g . campbell , \u201cwho was instrumental in the establishment of a marine biological research institute on the east coast of south africa\u201d\ndipturus crosnieri ( s\u00e9ret 1989 ) in honor of carcinologist alain crosnier ( b . 1930 ) , who initiated the deep trawling surveys off madagascar in the 1970s , and who entrusted s\u00e9ret with his valuable collection of madagascar skates\ndipturus doutrei ( c adenat 1960 ) in honor of m . p . doutre , veterinary surgeon , labaortoire national de l\u2019\u00e9levage et de recherches v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires , dakar , senegal , and chief fisheries officer for senegal , off the coast of which this skate occurs ( note : doutre named a cod , merluccius polli cadenati , after cadenat the same year )\ndipturus garricki ( bigelow & schroeder 1958 ) in honor of j . a . f . ( jack ) garrick ( 1928 - 1999 ) , victoria university college , wellington , for his work on the elasmobranchs of new zealand\ndipturus gigas ( ishiyama 1958 ) large , i . e . , being the largest member of a raja subgenus ishiyama named tengujei ( now a junior synonym of dipturus )\ndipturus intermedius ( parnell 1837 ) presumably referring to its being intermediate in form between d . batis and d . oxyrinchus\ndipturus olseni ( bigelow & schroeder 1951 ) in honor of yngve h . olsen , assistant editor of the authors\u2019 \u201cfishes of the western north atlantic\u201d monographs , for his \u201cexcellent editorial work\u201d\ndipturus oregoni ( bigelow & schroeder 1958 ) in recognition of the fishery explorations of the u . s . fish and wildlife service vessel oregon in the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea\nleucoraja malm 1877 leukos , white , referring to pale color of l . fullonica and l . lintea ( = rajella lintea ) ; raia , latin for ray or skate\nleucoraja compagnoi ( stehmann 1995 ) in honor of leonard j . v . compagno , for his \u201cfundamental contributions to chondrichthyan systematics , mainly on sharks , and his research devoted to south african chondrichthyans\u201d\nleucoraja leucosticta ( stehmann 1971 ) leukos , white ; stiktos , spotted or blotched , referring to relatively indistinct pale blotching on upper disc in contrast to clearly defined , small circular white spots in symmetric pattern of l . circularis\nleucoraja wallacei ( hulley 1970 ) in honor of j . h . wallace , oceanographic research institute ( durban ) , whose 1967 study of east coast south african rajiform fishes is a companion to wallace\u2019s 1970 study covering the west and south coasts\nneoraja stehmanni ( hulley 1972 ) in honor of skate taxonomist matthias stehmann ( b . 1943 ) , institut f\u00fcr seefischerei ( hamburg )\nokamejei heemstrai ( mceachran & fechhelm 1982 ) in honor of ichthyologist phillip c . heemstra , rhodes university ( grahamstown ) , who furnished specimens of the new species and for being \u201cextremely cooperative\u201d in supplying the authors with elasmobranch material from south africa\nokamejei hollandi ( jordan & richardson 1909 ) in honor of zoologist - paleontologist william j . holland ( 1848 - 1932 ) , director of the carnegie museum , for supporting the authors\u2019 study of taiwanese fishes\nokamejei schmidti ( ishiyama 1958 ) patronym not identified , presumably in honor of soviet ichthyologist petr yulievich schmidt ( 1872 - 1949 ) , who identified this skate as raja fusca ( = o . kenojei ) in 1931\norbiraja powelli ( alcock 1898 ) in honor of lt . frederick thomas powell of the indian navy , \u201ca colleague , in the old marine survey branch of the service , of captain [ robert ] moresby , \u201d hydrographer , maritime surveyor and draughtsman\nrajella stehmann 1970 diminutive of raja , referring to small size of type species r . fyllae\nrajella bathyphila ( holt & byrne 1908 ) bathys , deep ; philios , loving , i . e . , lover of the deep , referring to its deepwater ( up to 2050 m ) habitat\nrajella bigelowi ( stehmann 1978 ) in honor of the late henry b . bigelow ( 1879\u20131967 ) , woods hole oceanographic institution , who , with william c . schroeder , wrote numerous standard - setting publications on cartilaginous fishes , especially among the rajid fauna of the western atlantic ; by resurrecting r . bathyphila , bigelow and schroeder provided the first comprehensive description and illustrations of this new species\nrajella eisenhardti long & mccosker 1999 in honor of e . roy eisenhardt , director emeritus of the california academy of sciences , for \u201cgenerously\u201d assisting the authors and their colleagues\nrajella kukujevi ( dolganov 1985 ) in honor of ichthyologist efim izrailevich kekuev ( b . 1947 , also spelled kukujev and kukuyev ) , atlantic scientific research institute of marine fisheries & oceanography ( atlantniro )\nrostroraja ackleyi ( garman 1881 ) in honor of lieut . seth m . ackley ( 1845 - 1908 ) , united states navy , \u201cto whose energy and enthusiasm we were indebted for much valuable assistance\u201d\nrostroraja cervigoni ( bigelow & schroeder 1964 ) in honor of ichthyologist and marine biologist fernando cervig\u00f3n marcos ( b . 1930 ) , estacion de investigaciones marinas de margarita , for the opportunity to describe the venezuelan specimens\nrostroraja velezi ( c hirichigno f . 1973 ) in honor of juan v\u00e9lez d . , instituto del mar del per\u00fa , for his dedication to ichthyology and for collaborating with chirichigno f .\nspiniraja whitley 1939 spini - , spiny , referring to how raja ogilbyi ( = s . whitleyi ) \u201cdiffers from true raja in being very spiny above and below\u201d ; raia , latin for ray or skate\nspiniraja whitleyi ( iredale 1938 ) in honor of australian ichthyologist - malacologist gilbert percy whitley ( 1903 - 1975 ) , as a replacement name for the preoccupied raja scabra ogilby , which whitley had used in a recent article ; \u201cmr . whitley\u2019s oversight , \u201d wrote iredale , \u201cis the more remarkable as he and i pride ourselves that we carefully check all of our references many times , yet even with our meticulousness errors may slip through\u201d ; whitley later wrote that iredale \u201csupplied a barrage of vigorous criticism\u201d\nzearaja whitley 1939 etymology not explained , perhaps zea , a kind of grain , referring to its rough disk , or an abbreviation of new zealand , referring to type locality of z . nasuta ; raia , latin for ray or skate\nanacanthobatis von bonde & swart 1923 a - , without , akantha , thorn , referring to smooth skin of a . marmorata ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray\nschroederobatis hulley 1973 patronym not identified but clearly in honor of william c . schroeder ( 1895 - 1977 ) , woods hole oceanographic institution , co - author of type species , a . americanus ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray\nsinobatis hulley 1973 sino - , of sinica ( china ) , probably referring to south china sea distribution of s . melanosoma and s . borneensis ; batis , greek for a flat fish , usually applied to a skate or ray\nsinobatis kotlyari stehmann & weigmann 2016 in honor of alexander kotlyar ( b . 1950 ) , p . p . shirshov institute of oceanology , russian academy of sciences , who collected type in 1979 ; through his \u201ckind assistance\u201d the authors were able to \u201creconstruct and verify from his original logbook\u201d the type locality\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based\nto help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .\nthere are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :\nthe taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .\namong shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .\nsome abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .\nfollowing is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .\noccasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .\nif you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .\nincludes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .\nincludes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .\nphylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .\nsubphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .\nclass chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .\nsubclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .\nsubclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .\nnarcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .\nnarcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .\nnarcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .\ntemera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )\nj . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011\ntarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile\nrhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013\ncallorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .\nchimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .\nhydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .\nhydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .\nhydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous\nharriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .\np . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada\nthanks to institutional support and generous donors , our collection of historical artifacts , documents , photography and media , now numbers close to 37 , 000 .\nthe national museum of african american history and culture , like all other smithsonian museums , hopes to benefit from donations of historical artifacts , archival documents , and works of art . if you have an important item you believe the museum should consider for its permanent collections , start by submitting our collections information form .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5 : 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\nthe richard gilder graduate school embraces graduate training , post - doctoral fellowships , and undergraduate training programs at the museum , through both independent activities and partnerships with universities .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\ndatabase copyright proquest llc ; proquest does not claim copyright in the individual underlying works .\nyour library or institution may also provide you access to related full text documents in proquest ."]}
{"id": 1661, "summary": [{"text": "the four-eyed fishes are a genus , anableps , of fishes in the family anablepidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they have eyes raised above the top of the head and divided in two different parts , so that they can see below and above the water surface at the same time .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "like their relatives , the onesided livebearers , four-eyed fishes only mate on one side , right - \" handed \" males with left - \" handed \" females and vice versa .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "these fish inhabit freshwater and brackishwater and are only rarely coastal marine .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they originate from lowlands in southern mexico to honduras and northern south america . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "four - eyed fish", "paragraphs": ["a\nfour - eyed\nfish swims along the surface with eyes appearing both in and out of the water .\neye development in the four - eyed fish anableps anableps : cranial and retinal adaptations to simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision .\neye development in the four - eyed fish anableps anableps : cranial and retinal adaptations to simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision . - pubmed - ncbi\nin the case of the\nfour - eyed fish ,\nor anableps , and its sister species a . microlepis and a . dowei , the fish have two large eyes .\nbrenner , m . and u . krumme . 2007 - j . fish biol . 70 ( 2 ) : 406 - 427 . tidal migration and patterns in feeding of the four - eyed fish anableps anableps l . in a north brazilian mangrove .\nthe four - eyed name derives from the fact that it divides each pupil into two , one above the water and one below ,\nlead author gregory owens told discovery news .\nan anableps ' eye at the water surface . the fish actually has only two eyes , and the four - eyed name\nderives from the fact that it divides each pupil into two , one above the water and one below ,\nresearcher gregory owens explained .\nto compensate for this problem , certain other marine dwellers , such as archerfish , have to mentally calculate refraction to find the true position of objects they encounter . the\nfour eyed\nanableps instead sees a broader angle .\none of the strangest fish in the world is anableps anableps , commonly called the \u2018four - eyed fish\u2019 because of the unique configuration of its eyes . 1 these are large and bulging , like those of a frog , and are located on the top of its head so that it swims with its eyes half in and half out of the water .\n\u2026\u201cfour - eyed fish\u201d of the genus anableps , which cruises the surface meniscus with the upper part of the eye looking into air and the lower part looking into water . it makes use of an elliptical lens , with the relatively flat sides adding little to the power of the cornea and the\u2026\nkanungo , j . , s . k . swamynathan and j . piatigorsky . 2004 - exp . eye res . 79 ( 6 ) : 949 - 956 . abundant corneal gelsolin in zebrafish and the ' four - eyed ' fish , anableps anableps : possible analogy with multifunctional lens crystallins .\n\u2026the eye of anableps , the four - eyed fish , so named because each eye is a double structure . the eye is set high on the head and the upper part projects above the water . the cornea is divided by a horizontal band of pigment , separating an upper , strongly convex part from a\u2026\nnew research explains how the fish simultaneously sees in these two very different environments .\ndoes this fish really have four eyes ? the generic name\nanableps\nis derived from the greek for\nup - looking .\nas you can see from the picture at the left , the fish appears to be gazing meditatively upward , as though it were trying to remember how to multiply 9 x 16 .\nduring neap tides the fish were observed feeding on exposed areas of mud in the furo do meio .\n( family anablepidae , order atheriniformes ) . four - eyed fishes are surface dwellers and have eyes adapted for seeing both above and below the water surface . the eyes are on top of the head , and each is divided into two parts , an upper half for vision in air , and a lower half for vision in water ; hence , the common name . the\nthe fish literally ' surf ' the peak of the flood tide into temporarily - inundated zones . . .\nspiny - finned fish , any member of the superorder acanthopterygii , including four orders of marine and freshwater fishes having fins with some spiny ( as opposed to soft ) rays\u2014atheriniformes , beryciformes , zeiformes , and lampridiformes . the atheriniform is the best known of the spiny - finned group , \u2026\nthe vision system and associated over water and under water lifestyle comes at a price , though . as one might imagine , it ' s not hard for predators to miss a bug - eyed fish skimming along the surface . but anableps is forever on the lookout , with large areas of its brain devoted to vision .\nhomepage : urltoken facebook : urltoken twitter : urltoken + + + this is none of my own tanks . in this video you can see a fish tank of a zoo aquarium called\nallwetterzoo m\u00fcnster\n. we have videos of many tanks of this zoo . + + + the population of this tank : - largescale four - eyed fish / vierauge ( anableps anableps ) - more coming soon ( if you are intrested in helping me classifying the other species in this tank , post your suggestions ) + + + intro : 5xlmusic weitere informationen unter urltoken + + + ver\u00f6ffentlichung des videomaterials mit der freundlichen genehmigung des allwetterzoos m\u00fcnster . weitere informationen unter urltoken\nfour - eyed fishes are classified as order atheriniformes , suborder cyprinodontoidei , family anablepidae , genus anableps . they live in shallow , muddy freshwater streams in central america and mexico , are born live , and grow from 4\u20136 cm ( 1 . 5\u20132 . 5 inches ) at birth to 15\u201330 cm ( 6\u201312 inches ) . they usually travel in schools , cruising the surface to feed on insects and other small invertebrates . return to text .\nthe red and green algae upon which the fish feed during high tide is clearly visible on these mangrove stilt roots in the high inter - tidal zone .\nin nature it has a diverse , but highly adapted , feeding strategy dependant on environmental conditions . at low tide it seldom forages at all except during neap tides when fish carcasses or small quantities of mud are consumed . terrestrial insects along the shoreline may also be attacked with the fish leaping onto the exposed banks .\nat the waterline , the eyes are divided by a band of epithelium ( tissue ) into upper and lower parts , with separate corneas and retinas , which function for aerial and underwater vision respectively . 2 , 3 the lens is more egg - shaped than convex and can focus two images simultaneously , one from above the water and the other from below ( see diagram ) . this means that the fish\u2019s two eyes actually function as four eyes ; hence its name .\nterrestrial insects and small crabs of the family grapsidae are the other main sources of food ; these are captured by jumping attacks or the fish leaping onto the stilt roots themselves . the above water eye is actually thought to have evolved to allow the fish to exploit such high protein food sources ; for example , small crabs climb down the stilt roots to moisten their gills and the fish is able to sneak up on them before using its elongated body to launch a powerful leap . gammarid amphipods , snails , mussels and worms are also eaten in smaller amounts .\nduring high tides , when the fish move into inundated first order channels to feed , the majority of the diet is composed of red macroalgae ( catanella and bostrychia spp . ) which grows on the exposed mangrove stilt roots at around the average high water level . this activity is thought to be mutually beneficial as the fish perform a cleaning function which is useful to the trees in terms of growth and productivity . the water in the temporary channels is very clear compared to the turbid main channel so the fish also use the below water part of the eye to search for submerged algae and other items .\nthe fish does not actually have four eyes , but the eye is divided to allow the fish to see both above and below the waterline . a narrow band of epithelium divides the upper and lower halves of the eye . each half of the eye has a separate pupil , iris and cornea , but the retina is divided . both halves of the eye use the same lens , with the upper light path traveling through the short axis of the lens , while the lower light path travels through the long axis . this dual use of the lens corrects for the different behavior of light in air and in water , with the underwater lens face more strongly curved . the underwater half of the eye projects an image to the upper half of the retina , while the part of the eye above water projects to the lower retina .\nthe upper eye must be occasionally wetted to prevent dehydration , but when the fish is completely submerged , the image from the upper half of the eye is out of focus . click here for more information about the anableps eye .\nwhen anableps is looking out into the air , the light rays pass through the shorter width of the lens , which gives good distance vision for locating its prey of insects ; it also means that the fish is difficult to catch , as it can see fishermen approaching ! from under the water , the light rays pass through the full length of the lens , so that the fish is near - sighted under water . 4 one is reminded of a bifocal lens in spectacles .\nthe researchers suspect that anableps used to just have eyes suitable for the aerial environment . over time , they think the fish lost green sensitivity in the lower eye halves , gaining yellow sensitivity there for better aquatic vision , particularly in muddy yellow water .\nhe said several fish , amphibians , pigeons , other birds and certain primates , including humans , all possess what is known as\nintraretinal variability ,\nmeaning that variations in spectral sensitivity exist across the retina , which is a delicate , light - sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball .\nfish , any of more than 30 , 000 species of vertebrate animals ( phylum chordata ) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world . living species range from the primitive , jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks , skates , and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes . most\u2026\ndevelopment is viviparous , with the young nourished by nutrient diffusion across the reproductive tract of the female . the fry are retained until they reach a length of about 45 mm . probably because of the size of the young fish at\nbirth\nonly 14 to 20 embryos develop from a brood . sexual maturity occurs at about 9 months .\nthere are three species in the genus anableps . the species found in the james r . record aquarium is anableps anableps . the genus belongs to the order cyprinodontes , small , often colorful livebearing fish with complex behaviors . the famous desert pupfish is also in this order . anableps is found in coastal waters from the yucatan peninsula to the equator .\ntwo horizontal flaps of the iris are thought to reduce glare from the water surface . these adaptations allow the fish to see above and below the water simultaneously , and because there exists no predator which specialises on anableps the split eye is thought to have evolved specifically in order to allow exploitation of the narrow ecological niche between aquatic and terrestrial habitats .\nwe used in situ hybridization with opsin riboprobes to map cone opsin expression in the retina of a . anableps . this was repeated for jenynsia onca , a species with normal eye morphology in the sister genus to anableps . recently , both species have had their cone opsin repertoires characterized , revealing nine genes in a . anableps , ( one sws1 , two sws2 , two rh2 and four lws genes ) , and eight in j . onca ( one less lws gene ) [ 9 , 10 ] . by studying j . onca , we have inferred ancestral expression patterns and identified changes that have evolved in concert with the unique eye morphology of a . anableps .\ninhabits brackish - water rhizophora mangrove forests where it has come to forge an extraordinary existence at the water\u2019s edge of inter - tidal zones . these constantly fluctuating habitats are subjected to at least one , usually two , daily tidal movements and this fish has evolved to move with the water , inhabiting the shallow margins of permanent water channels during low tide and moving into inundated zones to forage when the water level rises .\nfor the study , owens , a university of victoria biologist , and his colleagues analyzed the eyes of the fish , focusing on light - sensitive proteins called visual opsins . each is most sensitive to a particular wavelength of light . humans , for example , have three visual opsins sensitive to blue , green and red light . they absorb light at slightly different wavelengths , enabling us to see those three colors and others .\nthe unique visual system allows the fish to avoid a problematic phenomenon\nsnell ' s window ,\nwhich occurs when you are underwater while looking up out of the water . due to the refraction of light at the water ' s surface , after a certain angle you no longer see out of the water , and instead see a reflection on the water ' s surface . thus , your field of vision is limited to about 96 degrees .\nthis is supposed to mean that \u2018right - sided\u2019 males are only able to copulate with \u2018left - sided\u2019 females and vice versa . however sf members who have kept this species found that the gonopodium is flexible to a certain degree meaning it\u2019s possible that males can mate with any partner . certainly if the former theory is true then the fish have 50 % less chance of finding a suitable partner compared with other livebearers , though perhaps they occupy such a unique ecological niche that no evolutionary bottleneck has occurred .\nit\u2019s exposed to highly variable salinity levels between 5 - 30\u2030 in the wild so water chemistry isn\u2019t too much of a concern ; for ease of maintenance a specific gravity between 1 . 005 - 1 . 015 is normally recommended . apart from this the most important provision is shallow water with a depth of 15cm / 6\u2033 or so being more than adequate ; the fish will spend almost all their time at the water surface and actually bob back up to the surface in a cork - like fashion if submerged for too long .\nduring low water the fish congregated in marginal zones of the main channel ( usually < 1 m away from the bank ) and the authors hypothesised that this allows them to maximise foraging time by always being close to the mouths of the temporary channels , as well as providing protection against potential predators and preventing them being swept away by strong currents in the central , deeper section . large areas of mud and sand banks are exposed during these periods and some individuals were observed to leap out of the water to lay in the sun , often for minutes at a time .\nthe best conditions for foraging were found to be at spring tide during daylight hours when the water level is highest and the fish are able to take full advantage of the above water eye ( see \u2018notes\u2019 ) , whereas when high tide occurred during the night less individuals were found to migrate . there is an initial rapid rise in water levels as the tide comes in and young specimens were observed swimming at the peak of the first wave to enter the marginal creeks , with adults behind . this \u2018first flood rise\u2019 was the trigger for the \u201cvirtual disappearance of a . anableps from the main channel\u201d .\nthe encyclopaedia britannica describes anableps as \u2018an extreme example of adaptation to life near the air - water interface\u2019 . 5 if this is the case , how did it develop its multi - functional eyes , beginning as an ordinary fish with normal , single - function eyes ? it is extremely difficult to see how something as complex as this could develop by gradual stages , and the more parts that have to develop , the greater the difficulty . this includes the complex brain setup needed to simultaneously decode the double images being received by the two retinas . how did all this evolve until it was fully functional ?\narcherfish ( toxotes chatareus ) experience a similar light environment to a . anableps and have had their vision studied using msp [ 4 ] . they were found to have double cones in the dorsal retina that were most sensitive to the most prevalent wavelengths of upwelling light . however , unlike a . anableps , double cones in the ventro - nasal retina in archerfish were shifted to even longer wavelengths , suggesting that the ventral exclusion of lws opsin expression seen in three surface - dwelling , cyprinodontiformes fish has not occurred . this implies that other features beyond light environment , such as phylogeny or the visual tasks required , may affect opsin expression .\nfieldwork by brenner and krumme ( 2007 ) in the furo do meio , a tidally - influenced tributary of the caet\u00e9 mangrove estuary located to the north of bragan\u00e7a city , 200 km south of the amazon delta , revealed that these daily migrations are entirely related to feeding ( see \u2018diet\u2019 ) . at low tide the permanent channel of the tributary measures just 30 m across , but during high water this increases to between 50 m in its upper reaches and 400 m near its mouth . smaller channels around its margins therefore become temporarily flooded and the fish move into these to forage , sometimes up to 1 km away from the main tributary .\nin situ hybridization was used to characterize the topography of cone photoreceptor subtypes . anableps anableps and j . onca exhibited uniform distributions of cones expressing sws1 , sws2b and rh2 - 2 ( figure 2 and figures in the electronic supplementary material ) . neither species exhibited detectable sws2a expression in the retina . species - specific differences were noted for the rh2 - 1 - expressing cones . in j . onca , rh2 - 1 had uniform expression across the retina in all sections , whereas adult a . anableps had rh2 - 1 in a large number of ventral cone cells and in a small patch of cones at the dorsal tip of the retina . this pattern was observed in all adults . in juveniles , rh2 - 1 expression was confined to a smaller number of cells in the ventral half of the eye , or was entirely absent . the lws riboprobe , which was designed to bind all lws paralogues , revealed inter - individual and interspecific differences in lws cone photoreceptor distributions . in j . onca , lws - expressing cones were limited to the dorsal retina in two fish ( a male and a female ) and to a transverse streak in the middle of the eye in one male . in a . anableps , lws cones were detected only in the dorsal half of the retina . this pattern appears to be the inverse of the rh2 - 1 cone distribution ( figure 1 ) .\n[ hd ] tank of the giants : 13200 us gallon / 50 . 000 liter landschafts - aquarium @ aquazoo [ 7 / 52 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe findings , published in the latest royal society biology letters , help to explain how animal visual systems , including human ones , evolve in response to different light environments .\nthe scientists determined that the top part of anableps ' eyes , the set that sticks out of the water , possess opsins sensitive to green . the bottom half of the eyes , actually in the water , are sensitive to yellow . the entire eye has genes sensitive to ultraviolet , violet and blue light .\nthis tells us that anableps is more sensitive to yellow light from the water and green light from the air ,\nowens said .\nwe hypothesize that this functions to match their sensitivity with the light available . the water anableps lives in is generally muddy ( mangrove forests of northern south america ) and in this muddy water yellow light transmits best .\nall lightning on earth may have its roots in space , new research suggests .\nkaren carleton , an assistant professor in the university of maryland ' s department of biology , told discovery news that\nwhat dr . owens and his colleagues are seeing is quite reasonable .\nshe said\nit seems probable that anableps has\nfine tuned\nits eyes\nfor its two visual tasks .\nshelby temple of the university of bristol ' s visual ecology group also supports the new findings , saying that they have\nadded yet another example of a vertebrate that has the potential to have different spectral sensitivity in different parts of its field of view .\ntemple concluded ,\nnow we just need to try and understand why so many animals may be sensitive to different wavelengths of light in different directions .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nanableps seems to be designed for asymmetrical mating . in females , a single large scale covers the cloaca and opens either to the left or to the right . in males , the anal fin is adapted as a funnel for sperm transfer , and similarly extends either to the right or the left of the body .\nfertilization is internal , and males and females have to be appropriately matched . right - handed males outnumber left - handed males about 60 : 40 with about the same proportion of the appropriately structured females .\nanableps is primarily a surface feeder and its view of surface activity makes it difficult to catch , except with long - handled nets .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\n( ed . ali , m . a . ) 609\u2013617 ( plenum , new york , 1975 ) .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\ncomparison of anablepid eye morphology . ( a ) a . anableps eye at the water surface . the dorsal cornea receives light from the aerial environment , while the ventral cornea receives light from the aquatic environment . dc , dorsal cornea ; vc , ventral cornea . photo by andreas werth . ( b ) jenynsia onca female . the eye is morphologically normal in this species . photo by leo van der meer . ( c ) a schematic of a sagittal section of an a . anableps eye . light paths are indicated . green and yellow dots indicate rh2 - 1 and lws gene expression , respectively . ael , aerial line - of - sight ; aql , aquatic line - of - sight ; l , lens ; on , optic nerve ; dt , dorsal tip of the retina ; d , dorsal retina ; m , medial retina ; v , ventral retina . ( d ) in situ hybridization images of adult a . anableps labelled with the rh2 - 1 or lws riboprobe . cone cells expressing the gene of interest are purple . the brown area is retinal pigment epithelium .\nsummary of expression domains for each gene tested in a . anableps and j . onca . ( a ) the visual spectrum as seen by humans with putative spectral sensitivity for each opsin tested . numbers are in nanometres . ( b ) schematic of eyes with dorsal on top , ventral on bottom . coloured areas indicated expression , while dotted bars indicated areas of polymorphic expression . cropped microscope images are retinal sections probed using each riboprobe . cone cells expressing the gene of interest are purple .\nanableps anableps ' remarkable eyes simultaneously sample photons from terrestrial and aquatic habitats . in situ hybridization with six riboprobes demonstrated that a . anableps and the closely related j . onca express at least five cone opsins ( sws1 , sws2b , rh2 - 1 , rh2 - 2 and lws ) , possibly more given the redundancy of our lws probe .\nthe wavelength of maximal sensitivity for a visual pigment ( and consequently the photoreceptor expressing it ) can be determined by microspectrophotometry ( msp ) or in vitro protein reconstitution [ 13 , 14 ] . by comparing maximal sensitivity data from a . anableps and its relatives obtained using these techniques , we have endeavoured to assign specific opsin genes to cone cell spectral sensitivities : sws1 ( 356\u2013365 nm , uv ) , sws2b ( 405\u2013425 nm , violet ) , rh2 - 2 ( 452\u2013472 nm , blue ) , rh2 - 1 ( 492\u2013539 nm , green ) and lws ( 543\u2013576 nm , yellow ) ( figure 2 a and discussed in supplementary materials ) . while these represent the value for individual opsin proteins , multiple proteins may be found co - expressed in a single cone , causing intermediate sensitivity values for the photoreceptor .\nearly msp work showed no difference in the prevalence of different cone cells between retinal halves [ 15 ] . however , our in situ hybridization experiments , which are better suited to assess photoreceptor distributions because they sampled more photoreceptors by several orders of magnitude , did detect differences : the dorsal retina , used for aquatic vision , has cone photoreceptors that express sws1 , sws2b , rh2 - 2 and lws , while the ventral retina , used for aerial vision , expresses sws1 , sws2b , rh2 - 2 and rh2 - 1 ( figure 2 ) . from these observations , we predict that wavelength sensitivity differs in the dorsal and ventral regions of the retina .\nthe reduction of rh2 - 1 expression and retention of lws expression in the dorsal retina suggest that a . anableps has enhanced sensitivity to long wavelength light ( 543\u2013576 nm ) in the aquatic field of view . this enhanced sensitivity could be advantageous in the brackish waters of the mangrove forests and river deltas that a . anableps inhabits , as these often contain dissolved organic matter that shifts light abundance to longer wavelengths [ 17 ] . light measurements taken in similar mangrove habitat showed that downwelling light is most prevalent at approximately 500 nm , while upwelling light peaks at approximately 580 nm [ 4 ] . we propose that , by the differential expression of rh2 - 1 and lws , a . anableps is better able to match its double cones to the background light in each field of view .\nwe thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful suggestions . we were supported by nserc discovery grants ( j . s . t . ) and graduate scholarship ( g . l . o . ) , as well as university of victoria graduate fellowships ( g . l . o . and d . j . r ) . we thank the university of victoria advanced imaging centre for their assistance .\nswitch in rod opsin gene expression in the european eel , anguilla anguilla ( l . )\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the biology letters web site .\neditor\u2019s note : as creation magazine has been continuously published since 1978 , we are publishing some of the articles from the archives for historical interest , such as this . for teaching and sharing purposes , readers are advised to supplement these historic articles with more up - to - date ones suggested in the related articles below .\nthis configuration of the eyes enables anableps to search for food in one habitat ( air ) and at the same time watch out for predators in another habitat ( water ) . when it sees a predator approaching through the water , it escapes by leaping out of it , which is a reason why this species is not very suitable for keeping in a small home aquarium . another unusual habit is that when swimming it continually ducks its head under the water . this is because , unlike most land animals , it does not have a tear duct to keep the eye moist and so must duck to prevent its eyes from drying out .\n) . this accounts for the formation of all the parts of the eyes and the needed complementary parts of the brain , with everything functional from the beginning .\n\u2018the cornea is divided by a horizontal band of pigment , separating an upper , strongly convex part from a lower , flatter division . the iris has a pair of projections , partially dividing the pupil into two . \u2019 encyclopaedia britannica , 19 : 252 , 1992 . see also ibid 1 : 668 . return to text .\nusing a camera as a rough analogy , we can think of the cornea as the \u2018window\u2019 in front of the lens , and the retina as the surface on which the image is focused , somewhat like the film in a camera . from there , electrical signals send this visual information to the brain , where the signals are processed into mental images . return to text .\nedward migdalski and george fichter , the fresh and salt water fishes of the world , bay books , sydney , australia , 1976 , p . 186 . return to text .\nmyrtle beach , sc . an all - inclusive conference and summer vacation rolled into one !\nwe have supplied this link to an article on an external website in good faith . but we cannot assume responsibility for , nor be taken as endorsing in any way , any other content or links on any such site . even the article we are directing you to could , in principle , change without notice on sites we do not control .\nthe bible declares : in the beginning god created the heavens and the earth . genesis 1 : 1\ncreation ministries international ( cmi ) exists to support the effective proclamation of the gospel by providing credible answers that affirm the reliability of the bible , in particular its genesis history .\ncmi has offices in australia , canada , singapore , new zealand , united kingdom , south africa and united states of america .\natheriniform , any member of the order atheriniformes , containing 15 families of marine and freshwater spiny - finned fishes , including the flying fishes ( see photograph ) , needlefishes , silversides , and cyprinodonts . the last group , the cyprinodontidae , is an abundant tropical and subtropical family\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nperez ln 1 , lorena j 1 , costa cm 1 , araujo ms 1 , frota - lima gn 1 , matos - rodrigues ge 2 , martins ra 2 , mattox gm 3 , schneider pn 4 .\ninstituto de ci\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas , universidade federal do par\u00e1 , bel\u00e9m , par\u00e1 , brazil .\ninstituto de ci\u00eancias biom\u00e9dicas , universidade federal do rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro , brazil .\ndepartamento de biologia , universidade federal de s\u00e3o carlos , campus sorocaba , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil .\ninstituto de ci\u00eancias biol\u00f3gicas , universidade federal do par\u00e1 , bel\u00e9m , par\u00e1 , brazil schneider @ ufpa . br .\npmid : 28381624 pmcid : pmc5394668 doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2017 . 0157\nthe anableps eye . ( a ) anableps anableps adult female specimen . ( b ) close - up view of the a . anableps eye ; dorsal and ventral corneas and pupils are visible . ( c ) schematic of the visual aerial and aquatic inputs ( sagittal view of the eye ) . rpe , retinal pigmented epithelium ; onl , outer nuclear layer ; inl , inner nuclear layer ; gcl , ganglion cell layer ; on , optic nerve ; dr , dorsal retina ; dp , dorsal pupil ; vr , ventral retina ; vp , ventral pupil ; ch , choroid ; l , lens ; ir , iris ; ps , pigmented strip ; dc , dorsal cornea ; vc , ventral cornea ; do , dorsal ; ve , ventral ; di , distal ; pr , proximal . scale bars : 1 cm ( a ) , 0 . 5 cm ( b ) .\neye development during larval stages . anableps anableps larvae at stage 1 ( a , b ) , stage 2 ( c , d ) , stage 3 ( e , f ) , stage 4 ( g , h ) , stage 5 ( i , j ) and stage 6 ( k , l ) . figures to the right are higher magnification images of ocular region . scale bars : 5 mm ( a , c , e , g , i , k ) , 500 \u00b5m ( b , d , f , h , j , l ) .\nneurocranium ontogeny . anableps anableps neurocranium at stage 3 ( a , b ) , stage 4 ( c , d ) , stage 5 ( e , f ) stage 6 ( g , h ) and in the adult ( i , j ) . panels show dorsal ( left ) and lateral ( right ) views . boc , basioccipital ; epbar , epiphyseal bar ; epo , epiotic ; epopr , epiotic process ; ethpla , ethmoid plate ; exoc , exoccipital ; fro , frontal ; intsp , interorbital septum ; lamorb , lamina orbitonasalis ; let , lateral ethmoid ; mfl , membranous flap ; otcap , otic capsule ; par , parietal ; pro , prootic ; pto , pterotic ; psph , parasphenoid ; soc , supraoccipital ; sph , sphenotic ; tm , taenia marginalis ; trcom , trabecula communis ; the frontal and the interorbital septum are denoted in bold . scale bars : 1 mm .\n= 5 , mean and standard deviation were calculated for a total of 27 eye sections ) . (\n= 2 ; biological replicates for each larval stage of development ) . dr , dorsal retina ; vr , ventral retina ; l , lens ; ir , iris ; ps , pigmented strip ; dc , dorsal cornea ; vc , ventral cornea ; rpe , retinal pigmented epithelium ; is , inner segments ; os , outer segments ; onl , outer nuclear layer ; opl , outer plexiform layer ; inl , inner nuclear layer ; ipl , inner plexiform layer ; gcl , ganglion cell layer . scale bar : 200 \u00b5m .\nasymmetric opsin gene expression in the larval retina . ( a ) analysis of the pattern of expression of five visual opsins in ventral retina , relative to the dorsal retina , as determined by qpcr . the relative expression values were determined using the 2 \u2212\u03b4\u03b4ct method . bars represent mean in log 2 scale \u00b1standard deviation of biological and technical replicates ( n = 9 ; three biological and three technical replicates ) . student ' s t - test was used to assess statistical significance between samples ( * * p < 0 . 01 and * * * p < 0 . 001 ) . ( b \u2013 k ) in situ hybridizations of visual opsins in eye sections of larvae of a . anableps : rh1 ( b , c ) , rh2 - 1 ( d , e ) , rh2 - 2 ( f , g ) , sws2b ( h , i ) and lws ( j , k ) . left column shows expression pattern in portions of the dorsal retina , as well right column in the ventral retina . scale bars : 0 . 05 mm . ( l \u2013 o ) immunofluorescence assay showing opsin expression on the dorsal and ventral retina in a . anableps at stage 6 . ( l , m ) immunostaining showed that rhodopsin is expressed equally in the dorsal and ventral retina . ( n ) opsin l / m monoclonal is only expressed in the dorsal retina . ( o ) opsin l / m monoclonal expression is not detected on the ventral retina . onl , outer nuclear layer ; inl , inner nuclear layer ; gcl , ganglion cell layer . cryosections are 20 \u00b5m thick . scale bars : 50 \u00b5m ( b \u2013 k ) and 200 \u00b5m ( l \u2013 o ) .\nfemale of a . anableps . the pale stripe running down the dorsal surface is an identifying feature for this species .\nthe furo do meio is a tidal tributary of caet\u00e9 bay , brazil and a typical habitat of this species .\n. . . whereas during low tide they typically congregate in large groups . this and the previous image were taken off the coast of suriname .\na . anableps during low tide in the main channel of the furo do meio .\noccurs along much of the north - east south american coastline from the gulf of paria ( the shallow , brackish inland sea which separates trinidad and tobago from venezuela ) through guyana , suriname and french guiana and past the amazon delta in brazil as far as the parna\u00edba river estuary at the border between the states of maranh\u00e3o and piau\u00ed .\nsympatric species in the furo do meio included colomesus psittacus , sciades herzbergii , pseudauchenipterus nodosus and hyporhamphus roberti .\nsurface area is far more important than height but this species is unsuitable for all but the largest aquaria ; a tank with base dimensions of 150 cm x 45 cm should be the minimum considered , and even this could only house half a dozen adults at most . given that it\u2019s known to congregate in large groups at low tide , often comprising several hundred individuals , it\u2019s clearly more suited to public than private aquaria .\ntemperature : strictly a tropical species ; the temperature should be maintained between 25 \u2013 31 \u00b0c .\nin captivity most dried foods are accepted but should not form the principal component of the diet , and it\u2019s best to use a product with added spirulina or similar . gut - loaded drosophila fruit flies , bloodworm , artemia and chopped earthworms are excellent treats and good results have been reported using a home - made , gel - based recipe containing a mixture of seafood and fresh vegetables . feed twice daily to mimic its natural feeding cycle and note that a poor diet may be associated with reproductive problems ( see \u2018breeding\u2019 ) .\nbest kept in a species - only display and may predate on much smaller fishes but in very large tanks can be combined with peaceful estuarine fishes . some poecilia spp . are suitable and if geography is ignored monodactylus and bottom - dwelling gobies such as stigmatogobius sadanundio are possibilities . avoid vigorous surface - dwellers such as toxotes spp . or voracious feeders like scatophagus as this species has no natural competitors .\nit should be maintained in a group of at least six , preferably a dozen or more as it can behave nervously in the absence of conspecifics . aggression is rare except in gravid females ( see \u2018breeding\u2019 ) .\nfemales grow considerably larger than males and the latter possess a prominent gonopodium . this has a different structure to that seen in poeciliid livebearers having a scaled , tubular structure .\nanableps species are viviparous and mating usually presents few problems provided you have a mixed - sex group . the genital opening of the female is covered by a hinged flap of skin known as the foricula , and most aquarium literature suggests that both this and the gonopodium of the male are naturally - orientated to the left or right depending on the individual .\ngestation takes around 12 weeks and the female\u2019s appetite increases significantly during this period . just before giving birth she becomes hostile towards any other tankmates and will attempt to find a quiet spot to release the young . these are fully - formed , measure around 40 - 50mm and are able to accept quite large morsels of food immediately .\nmany breeders have experienced problems with young being born prematurely , often with sections of the gut protruding through an opening in the abdomen . this leaves them susceptible to infection but in some cases they can be saved via removal them to a separate tank containing sterile water . it\u2019s unknown whether such issues relate to water quality , diet , sexual maturity or stress but we\u2019d suggest isolating gravid specimens and offering a varied diet containing both high protein items and algae .\nthe eye of anableps species is split horizontally by a band of epithelial tissue . it has two corneas , two pupils , a single , egg - shaped lens and one retina that\u2019s also split into two sections . the lens is oval and asymmetric with the upper part flattened as in the human eye and the lower section curved as in most other fishes . the upper cornea is thicker and enriched with glycogen which possibly helps to protect it from drying and uv irradiation .\nthe family anablepidae also includes the genera oxyzygonectes ( monotypic ) and jenynsia ( 13 species ) . they\u2019re members of the order cyprinodontiformes so are related to killifish , goodeids and poeciliid livebearers . anableps is the only genus to have developed specialised eye morphology and but jenynsia species are also viviparous .\nghedotti , m . j . and e . o . wiley . 2003 - in : carpenter ( 2003 ) . the living marine resources of the western central atlantic . v . 2 . anablepidae ."]}
{"id": 1662, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found on the malay peninsula , sumatra and borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "yellow - bellied bulbul", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 2 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 3 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > sonogram 4 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 5 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult and juvenile 6 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult and juvenile 7 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > juvenile 8 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > sonogram 9 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 10 . yellow - bellied bulbul 11 . yellow - bellied bulbul 12 . yellow - bellied bulbul 13 . yellow - bellied bulbul 14 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 15 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 16 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 17 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 18 . yellow - bellied bulbul 19 . yellow - bellied bulbul 20 . yellow - bellied bulbul 21 . yellow - bellied bulbul 22 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 23 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > preening 24 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 25 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 26 . yellow - bellied bulbul 27 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 28 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 29 . yellow - bellied bulbul 30 . yellow - bellied bulbul 31 . yellow - bellied bulbul 32 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult feeding 33 . yellow - bellied bulbul > > adult 34 . yellow - bellied bulbul 35 . yellow - bellied bulbul 36 . yellow - bellied bulbul 37 . yellow - bellied bulbul 38 . yellow - bellied bulbul 39 . yellow - bellied bulbul 40 . yellow - bellied bulbul\nyellow - bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .\nother synonyms german : schwefelb\u00fclb\u00fcl english : yellow - bellied bulbul , yellow - bellied bulbul ( nominate ) spanish : bulbul barbudo de cabeza gris french : bulbul \u00e0 calotte grise , bulbul \u00e0 calotte grise ( nominal ) , bulbul \u00e0 calotte grise ( nominale ) , bulbul \u00e0 calotte grise ( race nominale ) italian : bulbul barbuto testagrigia latin : alophoixus phaeocephalus phaeocephalus , criniger phaeocephalus phaeocephalus , ixos ( trichixos , less . ) phaeocephalus\nstreak - eared bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi is split into two monotypic species , ayeyarwady bulbul pycnonotus blanfordi , and streak - eared bulbul pycnonotus conradi ( garg et al . 2016 ) . note that the english name \u201cstreak - eared bulbul\u201d now is applied to a different scientific name ( conradi , not blanfordi ) .\nolive bulbul contains three subspecies : viridescens , and two subspecies that previously were classified under gray - eyed bulbul ( iole propinqua ) , lekhakuni and cinnamomeoventris .\nfrom\nblack - crested bulbul\nto\nblack - capped bulbul , with split of multiple species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 , fishpool & tobias 2005 )\nthe prigogine ' s greenbul has olive - green upperparts ; yellow throat ; gray lores .\ntuesday , 19th april 2011 , congkak recreation forest , selangor another bird that i was waiting for , now months passed , is this yellow - bellied bulbul . got the bird alright . a few position too - but , the bird just refused to show to me the belly ! what can i do ?\nolive bulbul iole virescens is split into two species , following manawatthana et al . ( 2017 ) : a monotypic cachar bulbul iole cacharensis ; and olive bulbul iole viridescens . revise the range of cachar bulbul from \u201cnortheastern india ( assam ) ; population in eastern bangladesh possibly also this subspecies ( or is nominate virescens ? ) \u201d to \u201cnortheastern india ( assam ) and eastern bangladesh\u201d .\nthe mauritius bulbul has mainly gray plumage ; black crown , eye - line ; orange bill ; pink legs .\nfishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . yellow - bellied bulbul ( alophoixus phaeocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncriniger is a genus of songbirds in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae . the species of criniger are found in western and central africa .\nthe rare blue - wattled bulbul may be a hybrid ( williams 2002 ) , but more evidence needed ( dickinson and dekker 2002 ) .\nthe little greenbul has mainly green upperparts with brown wings , upper - tail ; pale grayish - green underparts ; brown bill ; light yellow - brown feet .\nthe red - billed bristlebill has brown - olive upperparts ; rufous tail ; yellow underparts ; grayish - blue orbital skin . male has red eyes ; female brown eyes .\n20\u201320\u00b75 cm ; 23\u201340 g . large , brightly coloured , relatively retiring bulbul , eyes contrasting sharply with pale face , elongated chin and throat often puffed . . .\na deeper forest bulbul , often alone ; here seen feeding and singing . the subspecies a . p . diardi has a clear / noticeable yellow tip to the tail . although described as having no crest , davison ( 1999 ) describes is as \u201cabsence of a crest is diagnostic\u201d , this is not that precise . they have the ability to raise crest feathers , and often do so . - amar\npieplow , n . d . , and c . d . francis . 2011 . song differences among subspecies of yellow - eyed juncos ( junco phaeonotus ) . wilson journal of ornithology 123 : 464 - 471 .\nthis bulbul is found in broad - leaved forests , cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas , but himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter . the western ghats birds may make movements related to rain .\nmil\u00e1 , b . , p . aleixandre , s . alvarez - nordstr\u00f6m , and j . mccormack . 2016 . more than meets the eye : lineage diversity and evolutionary history of dark - eyed and yellow - eyed juncos . pages 179 - 198 in e . d . ketterson and j . w . atwell ( editors ) , snowbird . university of chicago press , chicago .\nin accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , yellow - breasted chat ( icteria virens ) is removed from parulidae ( new world warblers ) and is placed in a new monotypic family , icteriidae ( yellow - breasted chat ) , following barker et al . ( 2013 , 2015 ) . aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release ( august 2018 ) . in the interim , position icteriidae to follow emberizidae ( old world buntings ) , calyptophilidae ( chat - tanagers ) , phaenicophilidae ( hispaniolan tanagers ) , nesospingidae ( puerto rican tanager ) , spindalidae ( spindalises ) , zeledoniidae ( wrenthrush ) , and teretistridae ( cuban warblers ) .\nthe taxonomy is complex with this and several other currently recognized species earlier treated as subspecies of hypsipetes madagascariensis . within asia , h . ganeesa has often been listed as a subspecies of h . leucocephalus , but is increasingly treated as a separate species restricted to the western ghats ( south of somewhere near bombay ) and sri lanka , the square - tailed black bulbul . the subspecies from sri lanka humii is then placed under this species .\nin accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , the monotypic group yellow - eyed junco ( baird\u2019s ) junco phaeonotus bairdi is elevated to species rank as baird\u2019s junco junco bairdi . this split is based on \u201cmorphology ( miller 1941 ) , vocalizations ( howell and webb 1995 , pieplow and francis 2011 ) , and genetics ( mccormack et al . 2012 , friis et al . 2016 , mil\u00e1 et al . 2016 ) \u201d ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .\nthe black bulbul is 24\u201325 cm in length , with a long tail . the body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black , depending on the race . the beak , legs , and feet are all red and the head has a black fluffy crest . sexes are similar in plumage , but young birds lack the crest , have whitish underparts with a grey breast band , and have a brown tint to the upperparts . they have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts .\nin accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , the genus mitrospingus is removed from thraupidae ( tanagers and allies ) and is placed in a new family , mitrospingidae ( mitrospingid tanagers ) , following barker et al . ( 2013 , 2015 ) . aos - nacc also revised the linear sequence of families in the nine - primaried oscines ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , but we defer completely following the new sequence until our next release ( august 2018 ) . in the interim , position icteriidae to follow emberizidae ( old world buntings ) , calyptophilidae ( chat - tanagers ) , phaenicophilidae ( hispaniolan tanagers ) , nesospingidae ( puerto rican tanager ) , spindalidae ( spindalises ) , zeledoniidae ( wrenthrush ) , teretistridae ( cuban warblers ) , and icteriidae ( yellow - breasted chat ) .\nbulbuls are short - necked and slender . the tails are long and the wings short and rounded . in almost all species the bill is slightly elongated and slightly hooked at the end . they vary in length from 13 cm to 29 cm . overall the sexes are alike , although the females tend to be slightly smaller . the soft plumage of some species is colourful with yellow , red or orange vents , cheeks , throat or supercilia , but most are drab , with uniform olive brown to black plumage . species with dull coloured eyes often sport contrasting eyerings . some have very distinct crests . bulbuls are highly vocal , with the calls of most species being described as nasal or gravelly . bulbuls eat a wide range of different foods , ranging from fruit to seeds , nectar , small insects and other arthropods and even small vertebrates . the bulbuls are generally monogamous .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nis a recently described species ( woxvold et al . 2009 ) . it is sister to\nis in prevailing usage . based on\nturdo\u00efde de gourdin\nof homblon & jacquinot , 1844 referenced in gray , 1847 . see mayr & greenway , 1960 ( peters checklist , ix )\nnigeria to s sudan , w kenya . s drcongo , nw zambia and n angola\nnow considered to be a plumage variant of icterine greenbul ( collinson et al . 2017 )\nrwenzori mts , itombwe and mt . kabobo ( e drcongo ) , w uganda , w rwanda and n burundi\nmontane tiny greenbul is split from { lowland ] tiny greenbul [ fuchs et al . 2011a ]\nbased on genetic studies . but genetic divergence may support species status . manawatthana et al . 2017\nas a junior synonym . fishpool & tobias , 2005 . the population from sabah is vocally and genetically distinct and likely represents an unnamed taxon . the subspecies epithet\n( type speciemen from e kalimantan ) has been erroneously applied to this population . eaton et al 2016 , rheindt in . litt . ( see manawatthana et al . 2017 ) .\nkuroda , 1922 as a synonym . permanently invalid . dickinson & christidis , 2014 .\ndalupiri , calayan and fuga is . ( n of luzon in n philippines )\nis a member of the afrotropical clade of bulbuls ( pycnonotidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )\ncheke & hume 2008 , bli . conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .\nmanchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis ; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h . diphone . an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically ( alstr\u00f6m et al . 2011b ) . see rasmussen & anderton 2005 , bli re original split of cettia canturians , including borealis from c . diphone .\niczn opinion 2215 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65 : 327 - 328 , 2008 .\ncorrect gender agreement ; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )\ngenetically embedded in monticola ; move before m . rupestris ( zuccon & ericson 2010a )\nfrith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .\nfrith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .\nrestore inland plover to peltohyas ; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel ; resequence following lapwings , their sister group ( baker et al . 2007 ; fjeldsa comm )\nfuchs et al 2008 ; correct error in v2 . 5 ; correct gender agreement\ncorrect gender agreement ; \u201cwe are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 ( 2 ) : 960 , indeed masculine . in turdus guajanus by statius m\u00fcller , guajanus is adjectival ( much [ too ] long to explain ) ; thus hydrornis guayanus is ok . \u201d ( n . david 7 / 9 / 2010 )\nchlorophoneus viridis , c . dohertyi , c . quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus , rhodophoneus , all merged into telophorus ( fuchs et al 2004 , fjeldsa comm )\nmalcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif , fjeldsa comm )\n\u201c lopesi \u201d is an unjustified emmendation . fide alan peterson , peter ryan ( hbw 11 )\npnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family ( gelang et al . 2009 )\ncorrect spreadsheet re 2 . 0 change of genus ( p . kovalik 7 / 2010 )\nnew family includes melocichla , sphenoeacus , achaetops , macrosphenus , sylvietta , cryptillas , and possibly graueria and hemitesia ( johansson et al . 2007 , 2008 , tif ) . move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .\nmove dohm\u2019s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] ( voelker et al . 2009 )\nbush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif )\nseparate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )\nmove yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al 2003 , moyle et al 2009 ) ; recognition of subclades under review .\nrichmond ( 1917 ) , fide alan peterson . ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .\nrecording modified with audacity 2 . 2 . 0 : - normalized ( - 0 . 50 db ) - high pass filter ( 2000 hz / rolloff 48 db ) - low pass filter ( 5500 hz / rolloff 48 db ) - fade in / fade out\n[ id . ? does not match other recordings : nk ] ref . : borneo2 : 0 : 35 - 1 : 08\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\naccording to some recent authors # r , deep mtdna divergences and clear plumage differences suggest that nominate race and connectens may represent two separate species , with sulphuratus and diardi together constituting a third species ; delimitation of races in borneo is complex , variation appearing clinal , and perhaps only extremes merit recognition ; further study required , including investigation of vocal differences and identification of exact areas of overlap of taxa in borneo ( where species probably present throughout ) . three putative races ( caniceps , rufocaudatus , cantori ) merged with nominate ; medius ( long petah , in e borneo ) indistinguishable from sulphuratus . four subspecies recognized .\n( hartlaub , 1844 ) \u2013 extreme s myanmar ( extreme s tenasserim ) , s thailand , peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( including bintang , lingga , bangka , belitung , siberut and sipura ) and n natuna is .\n( bonaparte , 1850 ) \u2013 c borneo ( e sarawak and w sabah s to se kalimantan ) .\n( finsch , 1867 ) \u2013 w borneo ( s from r baram ) .\ncalls with subdued harsh , slightly buzzy \u201cwhi\u2019ee whi\u2019ee whi\u2019ee\u201d , or ( . . .\nbroadleaf evergreen forest , well - developed secondary growth ( having relatively closed canopy , and . . .\na generalist , eating both fruit and insects . at kerau , in peninsular malaysia , parties visiting fig (\nbreeds apr\u2013aug . rate of retrapping in lowland forest in peninsular malaysia suggests that pair probably territorial . clutch 2 eggs . . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally fairly common to common throughout much of range . extinct in singapore for at least five decades , following deforestation . in mature . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\noften merged into african criniger , but molecular study # r indicates that african and asian members of this family are only distantly related . phylogeographical study # r reveals apparent presence of a ring species complex in indomalayan region , and this is supported by analytical study # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan adult singing / calling while perched on a tree ( approx . 3 - 4m in height ) .\ndavid cooper , jmittermeier , holger teichmann , marco valentini , ken havard , manakincarmelo , chairunas adha putra , paul van giersbergen , markus lilje , pedroyayadrums .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally fairly common to common throughout its range ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nalophoixus phaeocephalus phaeocephalus : malay pen . , sumatra , bangka , belitung and north natuna is .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 645 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : alophoixus phaeocephalus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nestablished by coenraad jacob temminck in 1820 , the name criniger is latin for\nlong - haired\n( from crinis , meaning\nhair\nand gerere , meaning\nto carry\n) . [ 1 ]\ncatalogue of the birds in the british museum : passeriformes , or perching birds . cichlomorph\u0153 : pt . iii - iv , containing the . . . family timeliid\u0153 ( babbling - thrushes ) by r . b . sharpe\nhuntley , jerry w . ; harvey , johanna a . ; pavia , marco ; boano , giovanni ; voelker , gary ( 2017 ) .\nthe systematics and biogeography of the bearded greenbuls ( aves :\n) reveals the impact of plio - pleistocene forest fragmentation on afro - tropical avian diversity\n.\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nblack bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects , and they are often seen in small groups , either roosting or flying about in search of food . they are particularly fond of berries . they are known to feed on a wide range of berries including celtis , rosa , melia and ehretia in the himalayas . the feed on the nectar of salmalia , erythrina , rhododendron and other species . they make aerial sallies for insects . they can be quite noisy , making various loud cheeping , mewing and grating calls . the himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid , throwing back its neck when calling .\nit builds its nest in a tree or bush ; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses , dry leaves , mosses , lichens and cobwebs . the lining is made up of ferns , rootlets and other soft material . both sexes participate in nest construction . two or three eggs form the usual clutch . in southern india , nesting activity begins from february and rises to a peak in may . the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 13 days and the chicks fledge after about 11 or 12 days . nest predators include birds of prey ( black - winged kite ) , snakes ( ptyas mucosus ) . adults of h . ganeesa have been known to be preyed on by the crested goshawk .\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nthe updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklistv2017 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( 6th , 2007 ) .\ngray - breasted partrige arborophila orientalis is split into four monotypic species , following mees ( 1996 ) : malaysian partridge arborophila campbelli ; roll\u2019s partridge arborophila rolli ; sumatran partridge arborophila sumatrana ; and gray - breasted partridge arborophila orientalis .\nmees , g . f . 1996 . geographical variation in birds of java . publications of the nuttall ornithological club number 26 . cambridge , massachusetts .\nin accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , northern harrier circus cyaneus is split into two monotypic species : hen harrier circus cyaneus , of the old world , and northern harrier circus hudsonius , of north america . this split is based on \u201cdifferences in morphology , plumage , and breeding habitat ( grant 1983 , thorpe 1988 , dobson and clarke 2011 , etherington and mobley 2016 ) commensurate with differences between other recognized species of circus \u201d ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .\nchesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2017 . fifty - eighth supplement to the american ornithological society\u2019s check - list of north american birds . auk 134 : 751 - 773 .\ndobson , a . d . m . , and m . l . clarke . 2011 . inconsistency in the taxonomy of hen and northern harriers : causes and consequences . british birds 104 : 192\u2013201 .\netherington , g . j . , and j . a . mobley . 2016 . molecular phylogeny , morphology and life - history comparisons within circus cyaneus reveal the presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages . avian research 7 : 17 .\nthorpe , j . p . 1988 . juvenile hen harriers showing \u2018marsh hawk\u201d characters . british birds 81 : 377\u2013382 .\nthe validity of tanna ground - dove alopecoenas ferrugineus formerly was questioned ( peters 1937 ) , but this species now is widely accepted ( stresemann 1950 , greenway 1958 , dutson 2011 ) . insert this species , with range \u201cformerly tanna island ( vanuatu ) . extinct ; not reported since 1774\u201d , immediately following thick - billed ground - dove alopecoenas salamonis .\ndutson , g . 2011 . birds of melanesia . the bismarcks , solomons , vanuatu and new caledonia . christopher helm , london .\ngreenway , j . c . , jr . 1958 . extinct and vanishing birds of the world . special publication number 13 . american committee for international wild life protection , new york , new york .\npeters , j . l . 1937 . check - list of birds of the world . volume iii . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .\nstresemann , e . 1950 . birds collected during capt . james cook\u2019s last expedition ( 1776 - 1780 ) . auk 67 : 66 - 88 .\nthe status of norfolk ground - dove alopecoenas norfolkensis formerly was confused ( peters 1937 ) , but this species now is widely accepted as valid ( goodwin 1970 , gill et al . 2010 , forshaw 2015 ) . insert this species , with range \u201cformerly norfolk island ( australia ) . extinct since ca 1800\u201d , immediately following white - throated ground - dove alopecoenas xanthonurus .\nforshaw , j . m . 2015 . pigeons and doves in australia . csiro publishing , clayton south , victoria , australia .\ngill , b . j . , b . d . bell , c . k . chambers , d . g . medway , r . l . palma , r . p . scofield , a . j . d . tennyson , and t . h . worthy ( checklist committee , ornithological society of new zealand ) . 2010 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . te papa press and the ornithological society of new zealand , wellington , new zealand .\ngoodwin , d . 1970 . pigeons and doves of the world . second edition . british museum ( natural history ) , london and cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\nglossy swiftlet collocalia esculenta is split into multiple species , and the sequence of species of collocalia swiftlets is revised . following rheindt et al . ( 2017 ) :\nsubspecies collocalia esculenta natalis is elevated to species rank as a monotypic christmas island swiftlet collocalia natalis .\nsubspecies affinis , elachyptera , cyanoptila , vanderbilti , and oberholseri are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as plume - toed swiftlet collocalia affinis .\nsubspecies marginata and septentrionalis are removed from glossy swiftlet and are recognized as gray - rumped swiftlet collocalia marginata .\nsubspecies isonota and bagobo are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as ridgetop swiftlet collocalia isonota .\nwe recognize tenggara swiftlet collocalia sumbawae , which includes subspecies sumbawae and a newly described subspecies , sumbae . revise the range description of nominate sumbawae from \u201cw lesser sundas ( sumbawa , sumba , flores and besar ) \u201d to \u201cwestern lesser sundas ( sumbawa ; population on flores and besar possibly also this subspecies ) \u201d . following sumbawae , insert newly described sumbae schodde , rheindt , and christidis 2017 , with range \u201cwestern lesser sundas ( sumba ) \u201d .\nsubspecies neglecta and perneglecta are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as drab swiftlet collocalia neglecta . revise the range description of nominate neglecta from \u201ce lesser sundas ( roti , dao , semau , timor and jaco ) \u201d to \u201clesser sundas ( sawu , roti , semau , and timor ) \u201d . revise the range description of subspecies perneglecta from \u201calor , sawu , wetar , kisar , romang , damar and tanimbar is . \u201d to \u201clesser sundas ( alor , wetar , and kisar ) ; populations on romang , damar and tanimbar possibly introgressant with glossy swiftlet\u201d .\nsubspecies uropygialis and albidior are removed from glossy swiftlet , and are recognized as satin swiftlet collocalia uropygialis .\nbeehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\ndickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .\npeters , j . l . 1940 . check - list of birds of the world . volume iv . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .\nrheindt , f . e . , l . christidis , j . a . norman , j . a . eaton , k . r . sadanandan , and r . schodde . 2017 . speciation in indo - pacific swiftlets ( aves : apodidae ) : integrating molecular and phenotypic data for a new provisional taxonomy of the collocalia esculenta complex . zootaxa 4250 : 401 - 433 .\nin accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , magnificent hummingbird eugenes fulgens is split into two species : rivoli\u2019s hummingbird eugenes fulgens , and talamanca hummingbird eugenes spectabilis . this action is based on an assessment of the degree of plumage differences between them . a phylogenetic survey by zamudio - beltr\u00e1n and hern\u00e1ndez - ba\u00f1os ( 2015 ) also revealed a genetic divergence between rivoli\u2019s and talamanca hummingbirds .\nzamudio - beltr\u00e1n , l . e . , and b . e . hern\u00e1ndez - ba\u00f1os . 2015 . a multilocus analysis provides evidence for more than one species within eugenes fulgens ( aves : trochilidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 90 : 80 - 84 .\nin accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , emerald toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus is split into two species : northern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus prasinus , which includes subspecies wagleri , prasinus , warneri , virescens , volcanius , maxillaris , caeruleogularis , and cognatus ; and southern emerald - toucanet aulacorhynchus albivitta , which includes subspecies lautus , griseigularis , albivitta , phaeolaemus , dimidiatus , and cyanolaemus . this split is based on \u201cdifferences in phenotype and genetic results consistent with those differences ( puebla - olivares et al . 2008 , bonaccorso et al . 2011 , winker 2016 ) \u201d ( chesser et al . 2017 ) .\nwithin northern emerald - toucanet , change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus wagleri from emerald toucanet ( wagler\u2019s ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( wagler\u2019s ) . change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus [ prasinus group ] from emerald toucanet ( emerald ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( emerald ) . subspecies stenorhabdus , with range \u201csubtropical s mexico to w guatemala and n el salvador\u201d , and subspecies chiapensis , with range \u201cmts . of extreme s mexico ( mt . ovando , chiapas ) \u201d , both are considered to be junior synonyms of virescens ( peters 1948 , monroe 1968 ) , and are deleted . revise the range description of virescens from \u201cse mexico ( chiapas ) to honduras and nicaragua\u201d to \u201csoutheastern mexico , guatemala , belize , western el salvador , honduras , and northern nicaragua\u201d . change the english name of the polytypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus caeruleogularis / maxillaris from emerald toucanet ( blue - throated ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( blue - throated ) . change the english name of the monotypic group aulacorhynchus prasinus cognatus from emerald toucanet ( violet - throated ) to northern emerald - toucanet ( violet - throated ) .\nwithin southern emerald - toucanet , change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet ( santa marta ) aulacorhynchus prasinus lautus to southern emerald - toucanet ( santa marta ) aulacorhynchus albivitta lautus . change the names of the monotypic group emerald toucanet ( gray - throated ) aulacorhynchus prasinus griseigularis to southern emerald - toucanet ( gray - throated ) aulacorhynchus albivitta griseigularis . change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet ( andean ) aulacorhynchus prasinus albivitta / phaeolaemus to southern emerald - toucanet ( andean ) aulacorhynchus albivitta albivitta / phaeolaemus . change the names of the polytypic group emerald toucanet ( black - throated ) aulacorhynchus prasinus [ atrogularis group ] to southern emerald - toucanet ( black - throated ) aulacorhynchus albivitta [ atrogularis group ] .\nbonaccorso , e . , j . m . guayasamin , a . t . peterson , and a . g . navarro - sig\u00fcenza . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and systematics of neotropical toucanets in the genus aulacorhynchus ( aves , ramphastidae ) . zoologica scripta 40 : 336 - 349 .\nmonroe , b . l . , jr . 1968 . a distributional survey of the birds of honduras . ornithological monographs number 7 . american ornithologists\u2019 union .\npeters , j . l . 1948 . check - list of birds of the world . volume vi . harvard university press , cambridge , massachusetts .\npuebla - olivares , f . , e . bonaccorso , a . espinosa de los monteros , k . e . omland , j . e . llorente - bousquets , a . t . peterson , and a . g . navarro - sig\u00fcenza . 2008 . speciation in the emerald toucanet ( aulacorhynchus prasinus ) complex . auk 125 : 39 - 50 .\nwinker , k . 2016 . an examination of species limits in the aulacorhynchus \u201c prasinus \u201d toucanet complex ( aves : ramphastidae ) . peerj 4 : e2381 .\neach of the two monotypic groups of horned parakeet is recognized as a separate species , following juniper and parr ( 1998 ) and boon et al . ( 2014 ) : horned parakeet ( horned ) eunymphicus cornutus cornutus becomes horned parakeet eunymphicus cornutus , and horned parakeet ( ouvea ) eunymphicus cornutus uvaeensis becomes ouvea parakeet eunymphicus uvaeensis .\nboon , w . - m . , o . robinet , n . rawlence , v . bretagnolle , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and g . k . chambers . 2008 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic differentiation within the horned parakeet ( eunymphicus cornutus ) and its affinities to cyanoramphus and prosopeia . emu 108 : 251 - 260 .\njuniper , t . , and m . parr . 1998 . parrots : a guide to parrots of the world . yale university press , new haven , connecticut .\nwe add a new species , the recently described tatama tapaculo scytalopus alvarezlopezi ( stiles et al . 2017 ) , with range \u201cpacific slope of colombian andes ( western antioquia south to southwestern valle del cauca ) \u201d . position tatama tapaculo to immediately follow ecuadorian tapaculo scytalopus robbinsi . tatama tapaculo is the species that long has been known to birders as \u201calto pisones tapaculo\u201d ; alto de pisones is a site at the edge of tamat\u00e1 national park . please note that the validity of this new species has not yet been reviewed by aos - sacc .\nstiles , f . g . , o . laverde - r . , and c . d . cadena . 2017 . a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the western andes of colombia . auk 134 : 377 - 392 .\nthe monotypic group cardinal myzomela ( samoan ) myzomela cardinalis nigriventris is elevated to species rank as samoan myzomela myzomela nigriventris , following pratt and mittermeier ( 2016 ) .\npratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .\nin accord with aos - nacc ( chesser et al . 2017 ) , northern shrike lanius excubitor is split into two species : great gray shrike lanius excubitor , with subspecies excubitor , homeyeri , and leucopterus ; and northern shrike lanius borealis , with subspecies sibiricus , bianchii , mollis , funereus , and borealis . this split is based on \u201cdifferences in plumage and mtdna ( johnsen et al . 2010 , olsson et al . 2010 , peer et al . 2011 ) \u201d ( chesser et al . 2017 ) ; in particular , northern shrike is more closely related to other species than it is to great gray shrike ( olsson et al . 2010 ) .\njohnsen , a . , e . rindal , p . g . p . ericson , d . zuccon , k . c . r . kerr , m . y . stoeckle , and j . t . lifjeld . 2010 . dna barcoding of scandinavian birds reveals divergent lineages in trans - atlantic species . journal of ornithology 151 : 565\u2013578 .\nolsson , u . , p . alstr\u00f6m , l . svensson , m . aliabadian , and p . sundberg . 2010 . the lanius excubitor ( aves , passeriformes ) conundrum\u2014taxonomic dilemma when molecular and non - molecular data tell different stories . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 347\u2013357 .\npeer , b . d . , c . e . mcintosh , m . j . kuehn , s . i . rothstein , and r . c . fleischer . 2011 . complex biogeographic history of lanius shrikes and its implications for the evolution of defenses against avian brood parasitism . condor 113 : 385\u2013394 .\nthe extinct genus turnagra , which we previously treated as a single , monotypic species , piopio turnagra capensis , is split into two species , following oliver ( 1955 ) , holdaway et al . ( 2001 ) , and gill et al . ( 2010 ) : a monotypic north island piopio turnagra tanagra , with range \u201cformerly new zealand ( north island ) . extinct ; last confirmed report in 1902\u201d ; and a polytypic south island piopio turnagra capensis , with subspecies minor and capensis .\nadd a previously overlooked subspecies , turnagra capensis minor , with range \u201cformerly new zealand ( stephens island ) . extinct ; last reported 1897\u201d ( gill et al . 2010 ) .\nwith the split of turnagra into two species , and the addition of subspecies minor , revise the range description of nominate capensis from \u201cformerly new zealand . extinct ; last reported 1963\u201d to \u201cformerly new zealand ( south island ) . extinct ; last confirmed report in 1905\u201d .\nholdaway , r . n . , t . h . worthy , and a . j . d . tennyson . 2001 . a working list of breeding bird species of the new zealand region at first human contact . new zealand journal of zoology 28 :\noliver , w . r . b . 1955 . new zealand birds . a . h . & a . w . reed , wellington , new zealand .\nsilktail lamprolia victoriae is split into monotypic species , following andersen et al . ( 2015b , 2017 ) : taveuni silktail lamprolia victoriae , and natewa silktail lamprolia klinesmithi .\nandersen , m . j . , p . a . hosner , c . e filardi , and r . g . moyle . 2015b . phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67 : 336\u2013347 .\nandersen , m . j . , j . d . manthey , a . naikatini , and r . g . moyle . 2017 . conservation genomics of the silktail ( aves : lamprolia victoriae ) suggests the need for increased protection of native forest on the natewa peninsula , fiji . conservation genetics in press : doi : 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 017 - 0979 - x .\nsuperb bird - of - paradise is split into three species , following irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) . confusingly , the name superba also is transferred from one population to another ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) . the resulting species are vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda , with subspecies niedda and the newly described subspecies inopinata ; greater superb bird - of - paradise lophorina superba , with subspecies superba , addenda , and latipennis ; and a monotypic lesser superb bird - of - paradise lophorina minor .\nunder vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina niedda ) , add a newly described subspecies , lophorina niedda inopinata irestedt et al . 2017 , with range \u201cmountains of the bird\u2019s head peninsula , west papua , new guinea\u201d . insert this subspecies immediately following the entry for the species vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise lophorina niedda . note that the range attributed to this subspecies corresponds to the range formerly attributed to subspecies superba , a name that now is applied to a population in the western highlands of new guinea , and which represents a different species , greater superb bird - of - paradise .\nrevise the range description of subspecies niedda from \u201cw new guinea ( mt . wondiwoi in wandammen peninsula ) \u201d to \u201cmountains of the wandammen peninsula , bird\u2019s neck , west papua , new guinea\u201d .\nregarding greater superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina superba ) , irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) conclude that the name superba , previously applied to the population in the mountains of the bird\u2019s head peninsula , instead should refer to the population of the central highlands of new guinea . also , subspecies feminina , with range \u201cw new guinea ( weyland mts . to hindenberg mts . ) \u201d , is considered to be a junior synonym of superba ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) . revise the range description of superba from \u201cw new guinea ( arfak and tamrau mountains ) \u201d to \u201cmontane western new guinea , from the kobowre mountains ( west papua , indonesia ) to the sepik - strickland river divide ( western papua new guinea ) \u201d .\nfollowing irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) , resurrect subspecies addenda iredale 1948 , previously considered to be a synomym of feminina ( mayr 1962 ) , with range \u201ceastern ranges of new guinea , from the yuat - strickland river divide and the base of the southeastern peninsula , papua new guinea\u201d . insert subspecies addenda immediately following subspecies superba .\nrevise the range description of subspecies latipennis from \u201ce new guinea ( central and e highlands to mts . of huon pen . ) \u201d to \u201ceastern new guinea ( mountains of the huon peninsula , and presumably also the herzog and adelbert ranges ) \u201d .\nlesser superb bird - of - paradise ( lophorina minor ) is monotypic . subspecies sphinx , known from a single specimen , with range \u201cmountains of extreme se new guinea\u201d , is considered to be a junior synonym of minor ( irestedt et al . 2017 ) , and is deleted . revise the range description of minor from \u201cmountains of se papua new guinea\u201d to \u201csoutheastern papua new guinea ( mountains of the papuan peninsula , west at least to the wharton range ) \u201d .\nirestedt , m . , h . batalha - filho , c . s . roselaar , p . g . p . ericson , l . christidis , and r . schodde . 2017 . phylogeny , biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird - of - paradise species complex , lophorina - ptiloris ( aves : paradisaeidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society in press .\nmayr , e . 1962 . family paradisaeidae , birds of paradise . pages 181 - 204 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of the birds of the world . volume xv . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\neach of the two groups in magnifcent riflebird is recognized as a separate species , following beehler and swaby ( 1991 ) , beehler and pratt ( 2016 ) , and irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) : a polytypic magnificent riflebird ptiloris magnificus , including subspecies magnificus and alberti ; and a monotypic growling riflebird ptiloris intercedens .\nbeehler , b . m . , and r . j . swaby . 1991 . phylogeny and biogeography of the ptiloris riflebirds ( aves : paradisaeidae ) . condor 93 : 738 - 745 .\ngarg , k . m . , r . tizard , n . s . r . ng , e . cros , a . dejtaradol , b . chattopadhyay , n . pwint , m . p\u00e4ckert , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . genome - wide data help identify an avian species - level lineage that is morphologically and vocally cryptic . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 102 : 97 - 103 .\ndickinson , e . c . , and l . christidis . 2014 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 2 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .\nmanawatthana , s . , p . laosinchai , n . onparn , w . y . brockleman , and p . d . round . 2017 . phylogeography of bulbuls in the genus iole ( aves : pycnonotidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society 120 : 931 - 944 .\nrand , a . l . , and h . g . deignan . 1960 . family pycnonotidae . pages 221 - 300 in e . mayr and j . c . greenway , jr . ( editors ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume ix . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\ngray - brown white - eye zosterops cinereus is split into two species , following hayes et al . ( 2016 ) : pohnpei white - eye zosterops ponapensis , and kosrae white - eye zosterops cinereus .\nhayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91\u2013127 .\nblack - chinned laughingthrush trochalopteron cachinnans does not belong in the genus trochalopteron , but instead is placed in the newly described genus montecincla ( robin et al . 2017 ) . position montecincla immediately following red - tailed laughingthrush trochalopteron milnei . each of the two monotypic groups of black - chinned laughingthrush is elevated to species rank ( praveen and nameer 2012 , robin et al . 2017 ) : black - chinned laughingthrush ( banasura ) trochalopteron cachinnans jerdoni becomes banasura laughingthrush montecincla jerdoni ; and black - chinned laughingthrush ( nilgiri ) trochalopteron cachinnans cachinnans\npraveen , j . , and p . o . nameer . 2012 . strophocincla laughingthrushes of south india : a case for allopatric speciation and impact on their conservation . journal of the bombay natural history society 109 : 46 - 52 .\nrobin , v . v . , c . k . vishnudas , p . gupta , f . e . rheindt , d . h . hooper , u . ramakrishnan , and s . reddy . 2017 . two new genera of songbirds represent endemic radiations from the shola sky islands of the western ghats , india . bmc evolutionary biology 17 : 31 .\nkerala laughingthrush trochalopteron fairbanki does not belong in the genus trochalopteron , but instead is placed in the newly described genus montecincla ( robin et al . 2017 ) . position montecincla immediately following red - tailed laughingthrush trochalopteron milnei . each of the two monotypic groups of kerala laughingthrush is elevated to species rank ( praveen and nameer 2012 , robin et al . 2017 ) : kerala laughingthrush ( palani ) trochalopteron fairbanki fairbanki becomes palani laughingthrush montecincla fairbanki ; and kerala laughingthrush ( travancore ) trochalopteron fairbanki meridionale becomes ashambu laughingthrush montecincla meridionale .\nthe monotypic group blue - throated flycatcher ( chinese ) cyornis rubeculoides glaucicomans is elevated to species rank as chinese blue flycatcher cyornis glaucicomans ( zhang et al . 2015 ) . revise the range description from \u201cs china ( sichuan , guizhou , w hubei and shaanxi ) \u201d to \u201cbreeds southern china ( southern shaanxi and western hubei to sichuan and guizhou ) ; winters southwestern thailand and the thai - malay peninsula\u201d .\nzhang , z . , x . wang , y . huang , u . olsson , j . martinez , p . alstr\u00f6m , and f . lei . 2015 . unexpected divergence and lack of divergence revealed in continental asian cyornis flycatchers ( aves : muscicapidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 94 : 232 - 241 .\nwhite - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis is split into two species , based on liu et al . ( 2016 ) : a polytypic himalayan rubythroat calliope pectoralis , including subspecies pectoralis , confusa , and ballioni ; and a monotypic chinese rubythroat calliope tschebaiewi .\nliu , y . , g . chen , q . huang , c . jia , g . carey , p . leader , y . li , f . zou , x . yang , u . olsson , and p . alstr\u00f6m . 2016 . species delimitation of the white - tailed rubythroat calliope pectoralis complex ( aves , muscicapidae ) using an integrative taxonomic approach . journal of avian biology 47 : 899 - 910 .\nin accord with aos - sacc ( proposal 676 ) , sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis is split into three monotypic species , based on lamicchaney et al . ( 2015 ) . aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species ; provisionally we use the following nomenclature : vampire ground - finch geospiza septentrionalis ; genovesa ground - finch geospiza acutirostris ; and sharp - beaked ground - finch geospiza difficilis .\nlamichhaney , s . , j . berglund , m . s\u00e4llman alm\u00e9n , k . maqbool , m . grabherr , a . martinez - barrio , m . promerov\u00e1 , c . - j . rubin , c . wang , c . , n . zamani , b . r . grant , p . r . , grant , m . t . webster , and l . andersson . 2015 . evolution of darwin\u2019s finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing . nature 518 : 371\u2013375 .\nin accord with aos - sacc ( proposal 676 ) , large cactus - finch geospiza conirostris is split into two species , based on lamicchaney et al . ( 2015 ) . aos - sacc has not yet determined english names for these species ; provisionally we use the following nomenclature : espa\u00f1ola cactus - finch geospiza conirostris , which is monotypic ; and genovesa cactus - finch geospiza propinqua , which includes subspecies propinqua and darwini .\nfriis , g . , p . aleixandre , r . rodriguez - estrella , a . g . navarro - sig\u00fcenza , and b . mil\u00e1 . 2016 . rapid postglacial diversification and long - term stasis within the songbird genus junco : phylogeographic and phylogenomic evidence . molecular ecology 25 : 6175\u20136195 ."]}
{"id": 1663, "summary": [{"text": "hilarographa gunongana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sarawak .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 8.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is pale , dirty orange in the form of three lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "hilarographa gunongana", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for gunongana definition . you find here gunongana meaning , synonyms of gunongana and images for gunongana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word gunongana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word gunongana and , of course , gunongana synonyms and on the right images related to the word gunongana .\ngunongana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : sarawak , gunong mulu national park , r . g . s . expedition base camp . holotype : bmnh . male .\n101 . gogana 102 . gorgana 103 . government of telangana 104 . governor of telangana 105 . grapholita tristrigana 106 . guillermo blest gana 107 . hagana 108 . haifa zangana 109 . harungana 110 . hentaigana 111 . hilarographa gunongana 112 . hilarographa marangana 113 . hilarographa pahangana 114 . hilarographa quinquestrigana 115 . hiragana 116 . hirigana 117 . history of telangana 118 . house in fata morgana 119 . hurigana 120 . igana 121 . jai bolo telangana 122 . jaya jaya he telangana 123 . jean - louis magana 124 . jean louis magana 125 . jean tigana\nhilarographa jonesi , the psychedelic jones moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .\ndulciana meyrick , in wagner , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , lepid . cat . ( 13 ) : 24 . no type\nbryonota meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nburuana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : buru , holotype : bmnh . male .\neriglypta meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 478 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmethystis meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nthaliarcha meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , par . lectotype : bmnh . male .\neuphronica meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , r trombetas . lectotype : bmnh . male .\niquitosana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 213 . tl : peru , iquitos . holotype : bmnh . male .\nparambae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : ecuador , paramba . holotype : bmnh . male .\nplectanodes meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 480 . tl : peru , ro napo . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nbaliana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , bali . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncharagnotorna razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 210 . tl : bolivia , cuatro ojos . holotype : bmnh . male .\nperakana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , perak . holotype : bmnh . female .\nxanthotoxa meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 329 . tl : brazil , amazonas , teffe . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbelizeae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : belize , upper raspacula valley . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmariannae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 212 . tl : brazil , parana , castro . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntemburonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nuluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbellica meyrick , 1912 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 37 . tl : suriname , dutch guiana ( paramaribo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nhainanica razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : china , hainan , porten . holotype : bmnh . male .\njohnibradleyi razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : thailand , doi suthep pui . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmarangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : sw . sumatra , marang . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrampayoha razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrobinsoni razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . female .\nsipiroca razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : sumatra , utara , sipirok . holotype : bmnh . female .\nancilla razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : india , bombay , castle rock . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncalyx razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , kanshirei . holotype : bmnh . female .\nobinana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : moluccas islands , obi major island . holotype : bmnh . female .\northochrysa meyrick , 1932 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 274 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , neu - bremen . holotype : nhmv . female .\nsoleana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : indonesia , seram , operation releigh . holotype : bmnh . male .\nauroscripta razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : amboyna [ indonesia , maluku islands ] , holotype : bmnh . female .\nkhaoyai razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : thailand , khao yai nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrenonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : siam , renong , low country forest . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbosavina razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : papua new guinea , southern highlands , bosavi . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncelebesiana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : s . celebes ,\nlow country\n. holotype : bmnh . male .\nhexapeda meyrick , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 99 . tl : guyana , british guiana [ guyana ] ( bartica ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nmuluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : sarawak , guanong , mulu nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .\npahangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : malaysia , west pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .\ngentinga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : malaysia , w . pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntasekia razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : malaysia , perak , tasek , temenggor , sungei halong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nfergussonana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 268 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux islands , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . male .\nodontia razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 113 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmeekana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux is . , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncastanea razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 157 . tl : ecuador , prov . pichincha , pacto , r ? o mashpi . holotype : mzuj . male .\nuthaithani razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : w . thailand , uthai thani , huai kha khaeng , khao nang ram . holotype : bmnh . male .\nshehkonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : hong kong , kadoorie agric . research centre , shek kong n . t . . holotype : bmnh . male .\npyranthis meyrick , 1907 ( hilarographa ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 32 : 91 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( st . aignan island ) . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nsepidmarginata razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 112 . tl : colombia , cauca department , western cordillera , pasto - tumaco rd . , cerro cuesbi forest res . , nambi . holotype : mzuj . female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbathychtra razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 20 km e baos , san francisco . holotype : smfl . male .\ncladara diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 33 . tl : indonesia , east borneo , balikpapan , mentavir river . holotype : ncb . female .\ncrocochorista diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 479 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar , mt . toenggangan . holotype : ncb . male .\ncymatodes diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 482 . tl : indonesia , lesser sunda islands ( sumba island , mao marroe ) . holotype : ncb . female .\ndolichosticha diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 32 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar . holotype : ncb . female .\ndulcisana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 415 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . male .\nexcellens pagenstecher , 1900 ( thaumatographa ) , zoologica 29 : 230 tl : papua new guinea , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngrapholithana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proano - inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .\nmacaria diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 46 . tl : indonesia , west java , gede - panggrango mountains , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . female .\nmesostigmatis diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 42 . tl : taiwan , rantasian . holotype : usnm . male .\noenobapta diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 28 . tl : indonesia , west java , buitenzorg . holotype : ncb . male .\nphlox diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 40 . tl : indonesia , southeast java , mt . smeroe , ranoe daroengan . holotype : ncb . female .\nplurimana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . female .\nquinquestrigana walker , 1866 ( carpocapsa ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 35 : 1796 . tl : brazil , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .\nfirmana felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( carpocapsa ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 10 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrefluxana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro . holotype : bmnh . female .\nribbei zeller , 1877 ( setiostoma ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 189 . tl : panama , chiriqui . holotype : bmnh . female .\nswederiana stoll , in cramer , 1791 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , papillons exotiques s ( suppl . ) : 75 . tl : surinam , holotype : unknown . unknown .\ntrabaena felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( grapholitha ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 9 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . unknown . [ lost ]\ntornoxena diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 50 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . ged panggrango , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . male .\nundosa diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 45 . tl : new guinea , northwest new guinea ( sorong ) . holotype : ncb . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\n126 . jerry gana 127 . joe vagana 128 . jogentagana 129 . john sparagana 130 . jorge huneeus gana 131 . joseph lagana 132 . karangana 133 . katagana 134 . kingdom of fergana 135 . lagana 136 . legana 137 . legislature of telangana 138 . leia organa 139 . lingana 140 . list of airports in telangana 141 . list of birds of telangana 142 . list of cabinet ministers of telangana 143 . list of chief ministers of telangana 144 . list of cities in telangana 145 . list of dams and reservoirs in telangana 146 . list of districts in telangana 147 . list of governors of telangana 148 . list of mandals in telangana 149 . list of municipalities in telangana 150 . list of national highways in telangana\n151 . list of people from telangana 152 . list of power stations in telangana 153 . list of revenue divisions in telangana 154 . list of self - immolations in telangana 155 . list of self immolations in telangana 156 . list of state highways in telangana 157 . longana 158 . lugana 159 . luis magana 160 . madragana 161 . magana 162 . mahiyangana 163 . makashule gana 164 . malagana 165 . man ' y\u014dgana 166 . mana telangana 167 . mangana 168 . manyogana 169 . manyougana 170 . many\u014d - gana 171 . many\u014d gana 172 . mardonio magana 173 . margana 174 . margaret singana 175 . mashugana\n176 . meconella oregana 177 . megana 178 . meri doli tere angana 179 . meshugana 180 . meshuggana 181 . michel thierry atangana 182 . mohammed abba gana 183 . monastery of mangana 184 . morgana 185 . mourgana 186 . moussa diagana 187 . mungana 188 . muthiyangana 189 . n ' gana 190 . nagana 191 . namaste telangana 192 . namasthe telangana 193 . naringana 194 . nasi bogana 195 . nava telangana 196 . naval air station agana 197 . nebelat el hagana 198 . neeta dhungana 199 . nehale lya mpingana 200 . nehale mpingana\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1665, "summary": [{"text": "diduga annutata is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on sumbawa and borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have pale brown wings with dark brown fasciae . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "diduga annutata", "paragraphs": ["diduga amoenusa bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\ndiduga nota bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\ndiduga spinosusa bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nhave a fact about diduga trichophora ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for diduga trichophora ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about diduga rufidiscalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for diduga rufidiscalis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndiduga annulata hampson , 1900 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . , 2 : 539 .\ndiduga annulata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 448 , pl . 8 , f . 445\ndiduga excisa hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 107 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los ba\u00f1os\ndiduga metaleuca hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 108 ; tl : philippines , luzon , los ba\u00f1os\ndiduga pectinifer ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 448 , pl . 8 , f . 7c , 454\ndiduga trichophora ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 7d , 450\ndiduga haematomiformis van eecke , 1920 ; zool . meded . 5 ( 13 ) : 126 ; tl : preanger , w . java\ndiduga albicosta is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found in india ( nilgiris ) , sri lanka and on bali .\ndiduga annulata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 539 , f . 394 ; tl : sambawa\ndiduga ciliata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 447 ; tl : pulo laut , borneo\ndiduga trichophora hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 541 , f . 397 ; tl : bali\ndiduga pectinifer hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 540 , f . 396 ; tl : pulo laut\ndiduga rufidisca hampson , 1898 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 11 ( 3 ) : 439 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndiduga barlowi holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 448 ; tl : brunei , 300m , ulu temburong\ndiduga plumosa hampson , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 406 ; tl : sumbawa , tambora\nselect a genera blavia walker - blavia caliginosia walker chrysoscota hampson - chrysoscota brunnea swinhoe - chrysoscota cotriangulata sp . n . stictane hampson gen . rev . - stictane serrata sp . n . - stictane parvipectinata sp . n . - stictane ciliata sp . n . - stictane filiformis sp . n . - stictane pectinata sp . n . - stictane muara sp . n . narosodes moore - narosodes punctana walker - narosodes hampsoni draudt tampea snellen - tampea reversa walker - tampea accepta butler comb . n . - tampea nodosa sp . n . - tampea sp . 2053 neoduma hampson - neoduma ectozona hampson tospitis walker - tospitis nulliferana walker darantasia walker - darantasia cuneiplena walker - darantasia seria sp . n . heliosia hampson - heliosia monosticta hampson stictosia hampson - stictosia flexilisana walker - stictosia flava van eecke comb . n . - stictosia crocea sp . n . - stictosia decubitana walker stat . rev . eurosia hampson - eurosia melanopera hampson diduga moore - diduga annulata hampson - diduga pectinifer hampson - diduga trichophora hampson - diduga dorsolobata sp . n . - diduga ciliata sp . n . - diduga barlowi sp . n . hemonia walker - hemonia orbiferana walker - hemonia rotundata snellen\ndiduga dorsolobata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 449 , pl . 8 , f . 446 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt kinabalu\ndiduga albicosta hampson , 1891 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 8 : 53 , pl . 140 , f . 17 ; tl : nilgiri plateau\ndiduga plumosa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 810 , pl . 41 , f . 36 ; [ nhm card ]\ndiduga costata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob7 ] , 448 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34\ndiduga albida hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 810 , 2 pl . 42 , f . 1 ; tl : dutch new guinea , mimika r .\ndiduga fumipennis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 542 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34\ndiduga rufidisca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 542 , pl . 33 , f . 17 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34\ndiduga albicosta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 540 , f . 395 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 33\ndiduga flavicostata is a moth of the family erebidae . it is found on java , as well as in australia ( the northern territory ) , india , sri lanka , burma , malaysia , china ( jiangxi , taiwan , fujian , guangxi , hainan , sichuan , yunnan ) and japan .\ndiduga flavicostata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 541 , f . 398 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob7 ] , 448 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 34\nthis is one of the paler brown species with dark brown fasciae , the postmedial irregularly but strongly sinuous , and strong stigmata , the reniform a small circle . the male antennae are bipectinate .\nthe genitalia resemble those of the holotype except the aedeagus is shorter . in the abdomen , the apodemes of the eighth tergite are well separate rather than fused in a \u2018y\u2019 and there are conspicuous hair pencils on the intersegmental membrane that were not noted in the holotype . further material is needed to assess the conspecificity of the bornean population with that from sumbawa .\npaidia fumipennis hampson , 1891 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 8 : 52 , pl . 140 , f . 7 ; tl : nilgiri plateau , 7000ft\nbali , java , sumatra , borneo , s . burma . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nstudien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon\nthe moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in\nthe fauna of british india\n. part i - ii\nsnellen , 1879 lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten tijdschr . ent . 22 : 61 - 126 , pl . 6 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nsumbawa is an indonesian island , in the middle of the lesser sunda islands chain , with lombok to the west , flores to the east , and sumba further to the southeast .\nalas strait separates lombok and sumbawa , two islands of indonesia in west nusa tenggara province .\nalor ( pulau alor ) is the largest island in the alor archipelago located at the eastern lesser sunda islands that runs through southeastern indonesia , which from the west include such islands as bali , lombok , sumbawa , komodo , and flores .\nthe amboina box turtle ( cuora amboinensis ) , or southeast asian box turtle is a species of asian box turtle .\namphidromus perversus is a species of air - breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family camaenidae .\nthe asian paradise flycatcher ( terpsiphone paradisi ) is a medium - sized passerine bird native to asia that is widely distributed .\nthe water monitor ( varanus salvator ) is a large lizard native to south and southeast asia .\natalaya is a genus of eighteen species of trees and shrubs known to science , of the plant family sapindaceae .\nthe australasian zone is an ecological region that is coincident , but not synonymous ( by some definitions ) , with the geographic region of australasia .\nthe kingdom of bali refer to a series of hindu - buddhist kingdoms that once ruled some parts of the volcanic island of bali , in lesser sunda islands , indonesia .\nthe bali sea ( laut bali ) is the body of water north of the island of bali and south of kangean island in indonesia .\nthe bali\u2013sasak languages are a group of closely related languages spoken in the western lesser sunda islands ( bali and west nusa tenggara ) .\nthe barred dove , ( geopelia maugei ) is a small dove which is native and endemic to the lesser sunda islands in indonesia .\nthe batu hijau mine is an open pit copper - gold mine operated by newmont mining corporation ' s subsidiary company pt newmont nusa tenggara ( pt newmont ) .\nbibasis sena , commonly known as the orange - tailed awl , is a butterfly belonging to the family hesperiidae .\nbima ( indonesia : kota bima ) is a city on the eastern coast of the island of sumbawa in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .\nbima bay ( indonesian : teluk bima ) is a major waterway on the north side of the island of sumbawa , and is adjacent to bima city and bima regency ( formerly sultanate of bima ) .\nthe bima language , or bimanese , is the language of the eastern half of sumbawa island , indonesia , which it shares with the sumbawa language .\nbima regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nthe bima sultanate was a muslim state in the eastern part of sumbawa in indonesia , at the site of the present - day regency of bima .\nboiga cynodon , commonly known as the dog - toothed cat snake , is a nocturnal species of rear - fanged colubrid snake endemic to asia .\nthe borders of the oceans are the limits of the earth ' s oceanic waters .\nthe burmese python ( python bivittatus ) is one of the five largest species of snakes in the world ( about the third - largest as measured either by length or weight ) .\na caldera is a cauldron - like volcanic feature usually formed by the collapse of land , following a volcanic eruption .\nthe common pierrot ( castalius rosimon ) marrku savela ' s website on lepidoptera evans , w . h . ( 1932 ) the identification of indian butterflies , ser no h11 . 1 , pp 214 is a small butterfly found in south asia that belongs to the lycaenids , or blues family .\ncempi bay ( indonesian : teluk cempi ) or cempi gulf is a bay which borders the southern part of dompu regency of sumbawa island facing the indian ocean .\ncentral lombok regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nthe central\u2013eastern malayo - polynesian ( cemp ) languages form a putative branch of the nuclear malayo - polynesian languages consisting of over 700 languages .\nthe red lacewing ( cethosia biblis ) is a species of heliconiine butterfly belonging to the nymphalidae family .\nchristianity in indonesia is the country ' s second - largest religion , after islam .\nclaoxylon is a flowering plant genus in the spurge family , euphorbiaceae , comprising dioecious subshrubs to small trees .\ncocos malays are a community that form the predominant group of the cocos ( keeling ) islands , which is now part of australia .\na crater lake is a lake that forms in a volcanic crater or caldera , such as a maar ; less commonly and with lower association to the term a lake may form in an impact crater caused by a meteorite , or in an artificial explosion caused by humans .\ncultural properties of indonesia are those items defined by indonesian law as of\nimportant value for history , science , and culture\n, and include both man - made artefacts and natural objects .\nthe cylindrophiidae are a monotypic family of nonvenomous snakes containing the genus cylindrophis found in asia .\ndalem baturenggong , also called waturenggong or enggong , was a king ( dalem ) of bali who is believed to have reigned in the mid 16th century .\ndalem di made was a king of bali who may have reigned in the period 1623\u20131642 .\ndalem seganing was a king of bali who reigned in the first half of the 17th century , his exact dating being still uncertain .\ndammerman ' s wart frog , limnonectes dammermani , is a species of frog in the dicroglossidae family endemic to the lesser sunda islands of indonesia , where it can be found on flores , sumbawa , and lombok .\nbanded blue pierrot discolampa ethionmarrku savela ' s website on lepidoptera is a contrastingly marked butterfly found in south asia that belongs to the blues or lycaenidae family .\ndompu ( indonesia : kota dompu ) is a town and the administrative capital of the dompu regency , located in the eastern part of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province of west nusa tenggara .\ndompu regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nthe dutch east indies ( or netherlands east indies ; nederlands - indi\u00eb ; hindia belanda ) was a dutch colony that became modern indonesia following world war ii .\ndysoxylum is a flowering plant genus of trees and shrubs , constituting part of the mahogany family ( meliaceae ) .\neast lombok regency is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nthe extreme weather events of 535\u2013536 were the most severe and protracted short - term episodes of cooling in the northern hemisphere in the last 2 , 000 years .\nflores is one of the lesser sunda islands , an island arc with an estimated area of 14 , 300 km\u00b2 extending east from the java island of indonesia .\nthe flores green pigeon ( treron floris ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .\nthe flores hawk - eagle ( nisaetus floris , formerly spizaetus floris ) , is a long raptor in the family accipitridae .\ngelgel is a village ( desa ) that is situated in the regency ( kabupaten ) of klungkung , on the island of bali , indonesia .\nindonesia is an archipelagic island country in southeast asia , lying between the indian ocean and the pacific ocean .\nvenezuela is a country in south america , and part of caribbean south america , bordering the caribbean sea and the north atlantic ocean , \u2116 between colombia and guyana .\nthe gili islands ( tiga gili , kepulauan gili ) are an archipelago of three small islands \u2014 gili trawangan , gili meno and gili air \u2014 just off the northwest coast of lombok , indonesia .\ngoniobranchus kuniei is a species of very colorful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chromodorididae .\nthe great jay ( graphium eurypylus ) , also known as the pale green triangle , is a species of tropical butterfly belonging to the papilionidae family .\nhasora taminatus , tol web page on marrku savela ' s website on lepidoptera .\nthe history of bali covers a period from the paleolithic to the present , and is characterized by migrations of people and cultures from other parts of asia .\nhms tiptoe ( pennant number p332 ) was a british submarine of the third group of the t class .\nhorsfield ' s fruit bat ( cynopterus horsfieldii ) is a species of megabat native to south east asia .\nhylarana florensis , commonly known as the floresian frog or flores frog , is a species of true frog in the genus hylarana .\nhypselodoris bullockii is a species of colorful sea slug or dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family chromodorididae .\nthe following is an alphabetical list of topics related to the republic of indonesia .\nwas the third of six vessels in the of light cruisers , and like other vessels of her class , she was intended for use as the flagship of a destroyer flotilla .\nwas the third and final vessel in the of medium - sized minelayers of the imperial japanese navy , which was in service during world war ii .\nthe javan spitting cobra ( naja sputatrix ) also called the southern indonesian cobra , or indonesian cobra , is a stocky and highly venomous species of spitting cobra native to indonesia .\nkomodo is one of the 17 , 508 islands that compose the republic of indonesia .\nkrakatoa , east of java is a 1969 american disaster film starring maximilian schell and brian keith .\nlabuhan lombok is a port town in eastern lombok , indonesia , 74 kilometres east of the city of mataram .\nthere is a wide variety of languages spoken throughout asia , comprising a number of families and some unrelated isolates .\nlast man standing and latterly last woman standing ( known in the united states as last one standing and also known by the discovery channel title of six versus the world ) is a bbc reality tv show that was first aired on 26 june 2007 .\nlava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption and the resulting rock after solidification and cooling .\nthe lesser sunda islands or nusa tenggara (\nsoutheastern islands\n) are a group of islands in maritime southeast asia , north of australia .\nthe following is a list of globally significant earthquakes during the 21st century , listing earthquakes of magnitude 7 and above , or which caused fatalities .\nbeaches in indonesia are extensive , characterized by coral reefs , deposits from volcanoes , rich marine biodiversity , strong ocean currents , and associated with diverse cultural traditions .\nthis is a list of reigning constituent monarchs , including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs .\nthis page gives a list of domestic animals , also including a list of animals which are or may be undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation .\nthis is a list of the horse breeds usually considered to be native to indonesia .\nthis list of indonesian islands by area includes all indonesian islands in descending order by area .\nthis list of islands by area includes all islands in the world greater than 2 , 500 km2 and several other islands over 500 km2 , sorted in descending order by area .\nthis is a list of islands in the world ordered by their highest point .\naccording to a 2002 survey by national institute of aeronautics and space ( lapan ) , the indonesian archipelago has 18 , 307 islands .\nnatural disasters in indonesia can usefully be divided into major disasters , medium level disasters , and lesser disasters which although causing less damage are very common across indonesia .\nthe list of shipwrecks in 2014 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during 2014 .\nthe list of shipwrecks in february 1942 includes all ships sunk , foundered , grounded , or otherwise lost during february 1942 .\nthis is a list of ultra prominent peaks ( with topographic prominence greater than 1 , 500 metres ) in the malay archipelago .\nthe geography of indonesia is dominated by volcanoes that are formed due to subduction zones between the eurasian plate and the indo - australian plate .\nlombok institute of flight technology , also known as lift , is an indonesian higher learning institution specializing in theoretical and practical aeronautical science education .\nlombok international airport ( bandar udara internasional lombok ) is a new airport on the island of lombok in indonesia .\nlycodon capucinus , also known as the common wolf snake , is a species of colubrid snake , which is commonly found in the indo - australian archipelago .\nmakassan trepangers from the southwest corner of sulawesi visited the coast of northern australia\nfrom at least the eighteenth century\nto collect and process trepang ( also known as sea cucumber ) , a marine invertebrate prized for its culinary and medicinal values in chinese markets .\nthe manggarai are an ethnic group found in western flores in the east nusa tenggara province , indonesia .\nmataram ( indonesian : kota mataram ) is the capital of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nm\u00fcllenbach is an ortsgemeinde \u2013 a municipality belonging to a verbandsgemeinde , a kind of collective municipality \u2013 in the cochem - zell district in rhineland - palatinate , germany .\nnot to be confused with pulau medang , senayang , lingga islands medang island ( indonesian : pulau medang ) is an island off the north coast of sumbawa , west of moyo island , in the flores sea .\nthe milky stork ( mycteria cinerea ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae .\nmount rinjani or gunung rinjani is an active volcano in indonesia on the island of lombok .\nmount tambora ( or tamboro ) is an active stratovolcano which is a peninsula of the island of sumbawa in indonesia .\nmoyo ( older spelling mojo ) is an island in indonesia ' s west nusa tenggara province .\nnewmont mining corporation , based in greenwood village , colorado , usa , is one of the world ' s largest producers of gold , with active mines in nevada , indonesia , australia , new zealand , ghana and peru .\nnorth lombok regency ( kabupaten lombok utara ) is a ' ' kabupaten ' ' of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nthe nuclear malayo - polynesian languages are a branch of the austronesian family , proposed by wouk & ross ( 2002 ) , that are thought to have dispersed from a possible homeland in sulawesi .\nthe common rose ( pachliopta aristolochiae ) is a swallowtail butterfly belonging to the pachliopta genus , the roses , or red - bodied swallowtails .\nthe palapa oath ( sumpah palapa ) was an oath taken by gajah mada , a 14th - century prime minister of the javanese majapahit empire described in the pararaton ( book of kings ) .\nthe papuan languages are those languages of the western pacific island of new guinea , and neighbouring islands , that are neither austronesian nor australian .\npersebi stands for persatuan sepakbola bima ( en : football association of bima ) .\npersisum stand for persatuan sepakbola indonesia sumbawa ( en : football association of indonesia sumbawa ) .\npetrus albertus van der parra ( 29 september 1714 \u2013 28 december 1775 ) was governor - general of the dutch east indies from 1761 to 1775 .\nporphyry copper deposits are copper orebodies that are formed from hydrothermal fluids that originate from a voluminous magma chamber several kilometers below the deposit itself .\npt newmont nusa tenggara is a subsidiary company of newmont mining corporation that operates their batu hijau mine in indonesia on the island of sumbawa .\nraba ( indonesia : kota raba ) is a city in the bima regency , on the eastern part of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .\nramphotyphlops braminus is a blind snake species found mostly in africa and asia , but has been introduced in many other parts of the world .\nrattan ( from the malay rotan ) is the name for the roughly 600 species of palms in the tribe calameae ( greek ' k\u00e1lamos ' .\nthe reticulated python ( python reticulatus ) is a species of python found in southeast asia .\nthe rufous - bellied hawk - eagle ( lophotriorchis kienerii ) is a bird of prey in the family accipitridae that is found in the forested regions of tropical asia .\nthe sabalana islands ( kepulauan sabalana ) are an atoll in the flores sea in indonesia , lying just north of the lesser sunda islands , closer to sumbawa than sulawesi .\nsail indonesia is a series of sailing and other events for yachts conducted each year in indonesia .\nsaleh bay ( indonesian : teluk saleh ) is the largest bay in the island of sumbawa , indonesia , roughly on the north central part .\nsangeang api ( gunung api or gunung sangeang ) is an active complex volcano on the island of sangeang in indonesia .\nsanggar bay ( indonesian : teluk sanggar ) is a major bay on the island of sumbawa , southwest of the sanggar peninsula and mount tambora .\nthe sape strait ( indonesian : selat sape ) or sapie strait is a strait connecting the flores sea to the sumba strait .\nthe sasak language is spoken by the sasak ethnic group , which make up the majority of the population of lombok , indonesia .\nthe sasak people live mainly on the island of lombok , indonesia , numbering around 3 . 6 million ( 85 % of lombok ' s population ) . they are related to the balinese in language and race , although the sasak are predominantly muslim while the balinese are hindu .\nsavu ( also known as sawu , sabu , sawoe , havu , hawu , hawoe ) is the largest of a group of three islands , situated midway between sumba and rote , west of timor , in indonesia ' s eastern province , east nusa tenggara .\nthe savu sea ( or the sawu sea ) is a small sea within indonesia named for the island of savu ( sawu ) on its southern boundary .\nthe scaly thrush ( zoothera dauma ) is a member of the thrush family turdidae .\nshirakiopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family euphorbiaceae first described as a genus in 1999 .\nsongket is a fabric that belongs to the brocade family of textiles of indonesia , malaysia and brunei .\nthe state of east indonesia ( negara indonesia timur , old spelling : negara indonesia timoer ) was a post - world war ii federal state ( negara bagian ) formed in eastern netherlands east indies by the netherlands in 1948 .\na stratovolcano , also known as a composite volcano , is a conical volcano built up by many layers ( strata ) of hardened lava , tephra , pumice , and volcanic ash .\nsultan muhammad salahudin airport , also known as bima airport , is an airport located at in the southern outskirt of bima , on the island of sumbawa , west nusa tenggara , indonesia .\nsumba ( pulau sumba ) is an island in eastern indonesia , is one of the lesser sunda islands , and is in the province of east nusa tenggara .\nthe sumba pony and sumbawa pony are named after the islands on which they are bred - - sumba and sumbawa island respectively .\nthe sumba\u2013flores languages , approximately synonymous with bima\u2013sumba , are a proposed group of austronesian languages ( geographically central\u2013eastern malayo - polynesian languages ) spoken on and around the islands of sumbawa ( eastern ) , sumba , and western\u2013central flores in the lesser sundas .\nsumbawa besar is a town with 56 , 337 inhabitants at the 2010 census on the indonesian island of sumbawa .\nsumbawa ( sumbawarese ) is the language of the western half of sumbawa island , indonesia , which it shares with bima .\nsumbawa or samawa people are an ethnic group of people who live in the western and central region of sumbawa island , which comprises west sumbawa regency and sumbawa regency .\nsumbawa regency ( kabupaten sumbawa ) is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nthe sunda arc is a volcanic arc that produced the islands of sumatra and java , the sunda strait and the lesser sunda islands .\nthe sunda megathrust is a fault that extends approximately 5 , 500 km ( 3300 mi ) from myanmar ( burma ) in the north , running along the southwestern side of sumatra , to the south of java and bali before terminating near australia .\nsundacarpus is a genus of conifers containing a single species sundacarpus amarus , belonging to the family podocarpaceae .\nthe sunset lorikeet ( trichoglossus forsteni ) , also known as the scarlet - breasted lorikeet or forsten ' s lorikeet , is a species of parrot that is endemic to the indonesian islands of bali , lombok , sumbawa , tanahjampea ( between sulawesi and flores ) , and kalaotoa ( between sulawesi and flores ) .\na supervolcano is any volcano capable of producing a volcanic eruption with an ejecta mass greater than 1015 kg .\ntaliwang ( indonesia : kota taliwang ) is a town in the west sumbawa regency , on the western cost of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .\ntambora is a lost village and culture on sumbawa island buried by ash and pyroclastic flows from the massive 1815 eruption of mount tambora .\ntambora is the poorly attested non - austronesian ( papuan ) language of the tambora culture of central sumbawa , in what is now indonesia , which was wiped out by the 1815 eruption of mount tambora .\ntelephone numbers in indonesia have different systems for land lines and mobile phones : land lines use area codes , while mobile phones do not .\nthe tengah islands are a group of islands in the flores sea in indonesia , lying just north of the lesser sunda islands , scattered off the north coast of mount tambora in sumbawa .\nthis is a timeline of indonesian history , comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in indonesia and its predecessor states .\ntourism in indonesia is an important component of the indonesian economy as well as a significant source of its foreign exchange revenues .\npt transnusa aviation mandiri , operating as transnusa air services , usually shortened to transnusa , is an indonesian domestic airline serving the east of indonesia , mainly nusa tenggara and southern sulawesi .\ntravira air ( iata : tr ) is an airline based in jakarta , indonesia .\ntrigonopterus aeneomicans is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .\ntrigonopterus allotopus is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .\ntrigonopterus cupreus is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .\ntrigonopterus dacrycarpi is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .\ntrigonopterus parasumbawensis is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .\ntrigonopterus pauxillus is a species of flightless weevil in the genus trigonopterus from indonesia .\ntrimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in asia from the indian subcontinent throughout southeast asia , china and the pacific islands .\nthe white - lipped pit viper ( trimeresurus albolabris ) is a venomous pit viper species endemic to southeast asia .\ntrimeresurus albolabris insularis is a venomous pit viper subspecies found in indonesia and east timor .\nthe haliphron birdwing ( troides haliphron ) is a birdwing butterfly confined to sulawesi and the lesser sunda islands .\nthe common birdwing ( troides helena ) is a butterfly belonging to the family papilionidae .\nuss paul jones ( dd - 230 / ag\u2013120 ) was a ' ' clemson ' ' - class destroyer in the united states navy during world war ii .\nvolcanology of canada includes lava flows , lava plateaus , lava domes , cinder cones , stratovolcanoes , shield volcanoes , submarine volcanoes , calderas , diatremes , and maars , along with examples of more less common volcanic forms such as tuyas and subglacial mounds .\nwallacea is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly indonesian islands separated by deep water straits from the asian and australian continental shelves .\nthe wallacean drongo or greater wallacean drongo ( dicrurus densus ) is a species of bird in the dicruridae family .\nwaworada bay or waworada gulf ( indonesian : teluk waworada ) is a slender bay facing the indian ocean on sumbawa island , in the bima regency of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nwest lombok regency ( kabupaten lombok barat ) is a regency ( kabupaten of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara . it is located on the island of lombok and the capital is gerung .\nwest nusa tenggara ( nusa tenggara barat \u2013 ntb ) is a province of indonesia .\nwest nusa tenggara state museum ( indonesian museum negeri nusa tenggara barat ) is a state museum located in mataram , lombok island , indonesia .\nwest sumbawa regency ( kabupaten sumbawa barat ) is a regency ( kabupaten ) of the indonesian province of west nusa tenggara .\nthe white - faced heron ( egretta novaehollandiae ) also known as the white - fronted heron , and incorrectly as the grey heron , or blue crane , is a common bird throughout most of australasia , including new guinea , the islands of torres strait , indonesia , new zealand , the islands of the subantarctic , and all but the driest areas of australia .\nwoha is the capital of the bima regency , on the eastern part of the island of sumbawa , in central indonesia ' s province west nusa tenggara .\nthe year 1816 is known as the year without a summer ( also the poverty year , the summer that never was , year there was no summer , and eighteen hundred and froze to death ) , because of severe climate abnormalities that caused average global temperatures to decrease by 0 . 4\u20130 . 7 \u00b0c ( 0 . 7\u20131 . 3 \u00b0f ) .\nthe yellow - crested cockatoo ( cacatua sulphurea ) also known as the lesser sulphur - crested cockatoo , is a medium - sized ( approximately 34 cm long ) cockatoo with white plumage , bluish - white bare orbital skin , grey feet , a black bill , and a retractile yellow or orange crest .\nthe zebra dove ( geopelia striata ) also known as barred ground dove , is a bird of the dove family columbidae , native to southeast asia .\nthe meridian 117\u00b0 east of greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the north pole across the arctic ocean , asia , the indian ocean , australasia , the southern ocean , and antarctica to the south pole .\nthe meridian 118\u00b0 east of greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the north pole across the arctic ocean , asia , the indian ocean , australasia , the southern ocean , and antarctica to the south pole .\nthe meridian 119\u00b0 east of greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the north pole across the arctic ocean , asia , the indian ocean , australasia , the southern ocean , and antarctica to the south pole .\nthe 1815 eruption of mount tambora , on the island of sumbawa in indonesia , was one of the most powerful in recorded history and is classified as a vei - 7 event .\nthe year 1815 in science and technology involved some significant events , listed below .\nthe 1917 bali earthquake occurred at 06 : 50 local time on 21 january ( 23 : 11 on 20 january utc ) .\nthe 1977 sumba earthquake ( also called the sumbawa earthquake ) occurred approximately south of bima , sumbawa , and beneath the indian ocean , at .\nthe 1994 java earthquake occurred on june 3 at off the coast of indonesia .\nthe 19th century ( 1 january 1801 \u2013 31 december 1900 ) was the century marked by the collapse of the spanish , first and second french , chinese , holy roman and mughal empires .\nthe 8th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 8 degrees south of the earth ' s equatorial plane .\nthe 9th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 9 degrees south of the earth ' s equatorial plane .\nunionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia \u2013 dictionary . it gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships .\nall the information was extracted from wikipedia , and it ' s available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license .\ngoogle play , android and the google play logo are trademarks of google inc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndidugua argentilinea , the silvered prominent , is a species of prominent moth in the family notodontidae .\ndharuggi - rajgan is a village situated in the union council mulhal mughlan chakwal district of the punjab province , pakistan .\ndhuggar is a village in nakodar in jalandhar district of punjab state , india . it is located 19 km from nakodar , 56 km from kapurthala , 43 km from district headquarter jalandhar and 169 km from state capital chandigarh .\ndidugu is a village in guntur district of the indian state of andhra pradesh . it is located in amaravati mandal of guntur revenue division .\nthe deryni novels are a series of historical fantasy novels by the american author katherine kurtz .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1667, "summary": [{"text": "depressaria prospicua is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1914 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 19 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish ochreous , tinged here and there with brownish , with some scattered blackish specks and with a blackish-grey spot on the base of the costa , its edge marked with a black dot above the middle of the wing , the corresponding dorsal space whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the first discal stigma is black , with an additional dot obliquely before and rather above it , both these surrounded with white suffusion .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the second discal stigma is white edged with dark fuscous , sometimes with an indistinct white dot before and slightly above it .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "all these dots are more or less surrounded with ochreous-brown suffusion , sometimes forming a longitudinal streak and there is an undefined angulated subterminal fascia of brownish suffusion .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "some dots formed of two or three black specks each are found around the posterior part of the costa and termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are ochreous whitish slightly tinged with grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "depressaria prospicua", "paragraphs": ["depressaria prospicua meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\ndepressaria prospicua is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by edward meyrick in 1914 . it is found in south africa . the wingspan is 19\u201320 . . .\ndepressaria genistella walsingham , 1903 ; ent . mon . mag . 39 : 266\ndepressaria radiosquamella walsingham , 1898 ; ent . mon . mag . 34 : 132\ndepressaria hystricella m\u00f6schler , 1860 ; wien . ent . monats . 4 : 275\ndepressaria subalbipunctella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 78\ndepressaria irregularis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090\ndepressaria krasnowodskella hannemann , 1953 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 314\ndepressaria kollari zeller , 1854 ; linn . ent . 9 : 336 ; tl : sidney\ndepressaria bupleurella heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 171\ndepressaria beckmanni heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 179\ndepressaria nemolella svensson , 1982 ; ent . scand . 13 ( 3 ) : 293 ; tl : sweden\ndepressaria ivinskisi lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )\ndepressaria hannemanniana lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )\ndepressaria rjabovi lvovsky , 1990 ; ent . obozr . 69 ( 3 ) : ( 638 - 655 )\ndepressaria zelleri staudinger , 1880 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 15 ( 2 - 3 ) : 300\ndepressaria assalella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 343 ; tl : gafsa\ndepressaria chlorothorax meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , nazareth\ndepressaria compactella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 133\ndepressaria niphosyrphas meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 5 ) : 120 ; tl : s . ussuri\ndepressaria saharae tabelli buchner , 2017 ; zookeys 684 : 143 ; tl : canary is . , tenerife , guimar\ndepressaria aurantiella tutt , 1893 ; ent . rec . j . var . 4 : 241 ; tl : deal\ndepressaria lacticapitella klimesch , 1942 ; zs . wiener entver . 27 : 148 , pl . 12 , f . 1\ndepressaria pentheri rebel , 1904 ; ann . mus . wien 19 : 360 , pl . 5 , f . 26\ndepressaria basicostata matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo\ndepressaria artemisiella mcdunnough , 1927 ; can . ent . 59 : 271 ; tl : seton l . , british columbia\ndepressaria discipunctella var . helladicella rebel , 1906 ; berl . ent . z . 50 ( 3 / 4 ) : 311\ndepressaria fuscipedella chr\u00e9tien , 1915 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 84 : 343 ; tl : frenda , oran\ndepressaria leptotaeniae clarke , 1933 ; can . ent . 65 : 87 , pl . 4 ; tl : pullman , washington\ndepressaria hofmanni stainton , 1861 ; nat . hist . br . tineina 6 : 176 , pl . 5 , f . 2\ndepressaria pyrenaella sumpich , 2013 ; ent . rec . j . var . 125 ( 3 ) : ( 114 - 118 )\ndepressaria taciturna meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : simla\ndepressaria clausulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : ngqeleni , west pondoland\ndepressaria colossella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 133 ; tl : tjutjuje\ndepressaria saharae gaston & vives , 2017 ; arquivos ent . 17 : 352 ; tl : spain , burgos , la vid , 850m\ndepressaria floridella mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 186 , pl . 4 , f . 14\ndepressaria basicostata ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 31 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]\ndepressaria panurga meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 289 ; tl : cape colony , knysna\ndepressaria reticulatella bruand , 1851 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 39 ; tl : france\ndepressaria orthobathra meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : natal , umkomaas ; zululand , nkwaleni\ndepressaria indecorella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 25 ; tl : orenburg\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria juliella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 91 ; tl : pecos , new mexico\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) hystricella ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 11\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) taciturna ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) nomia ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) irregularis ; buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 , centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 10\ndepressaria sp . b ; mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 40 ( modoc co . , ca )\ndepressaria ultimella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 166 , pl . 17 , f . 6 ; tl : lewes\ndepressaria cinderella corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 29 ; tl : portugal , alto alentejo , serra de s\u00e3o mamede , minhota , 650m\ndepressaria cervicella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 130 , ( 53 ) f . 431 - 432\ndepressaria despoliatella erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 101 , pl . 6 , f . 113 ; tl : maracanda\ndepressaria rhodoscelis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft\ndepressaria ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ fe ]\ndepressaria multifidae clarke , 1933 ; can . ent . 65 : 85 , pl . 4 ; tl : snake r . , whitman co . , opposite clarkston , washington\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 3 , 4 ; tl : ten sleep , wyoming\ndepressaria macrotrichella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 26 ; tl : schahkuh , n . iran\ndepressaria villosae corley & buchner , 2018 ; ent . rec . j . var . 130 : 105 ; tl : portugal , tr\u00e1s - os - montes , par\u00e2mio , vilarinho , 780m\ndepressaria nomia butler , 1879 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 3 : 82 , pl . 60 , f . 13 ; tl : yokohama\ndepressaria atrostrigella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 168 , pl . 35 , f . 194 ; tl : aweme , manitoba\ndepressaria palousella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 171 , pl . 48 , f . 284 ; tl : pullmann , washington\ndepressaria constancei clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 5 , f . 2 , 9 ; tl : yreka , siskiyou co . , california\ndepressaria betina clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 9 , f . 3 , 10 ; tl : gilmer , klickitat co . , washington\ndepressaria moya clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 13 , f . 4 , 11 ; tl : hornbrook , siskiyou co . , california\ndepressaria kailai lvovsky , 2009 ; zoosyst . rossica 18 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : kazakhstan , 43\u00b024 ' n 75\u00b002 ' e , dzhambul prov . , 70km nne of frunze , 950m\ndepressaria ( group hystricella - taciturna ) bayindirensis buchner , kemal & kizildag , 2018 ; centr . ent . stud . misc . pap . 170 : 11 ; tl : turkey , izmir , bayindir\ndepressaria besma clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 14 , f . 5 , 12 ; tl : fort lewis , pierce co . , washington\ndepressaria armata clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; tl : slate peak , whatcom co . , washington , 6500 '\ndepressaria f . / sp . ? albiocellata staudinger , 1871 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 7 ( 1870 ) : 247 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; tl : greece\ndepressaria schellbachi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 10 , f . 6 , 13 ; tl : sshohone point , grand canyon , arizon , 7050 '\ndepressaria angelicivora clarke , 1952 ; smithson . misc . collec . 117 : 15 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : macdonald pass , 15 mi w of helena , montana , 6100 '\ndepressaria eleanorae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 178 , pl . 38 , f . 204 , pl . 47 , f . 279 ; tl : hymers , ontario\ndepressaria artemisiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 927 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria cinereocostella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 921 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 185 , pl . 37 , f . 201 , pl . 48 , f . 285 ; tl : yakima , yakima co . , washington\ndepressaria sp . a ; mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39 ( park co . , wy , lemhi co . , ca , alpine co . , ca , modoc co . , ca )\ndepressaria togata ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 12 , 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 939 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria alienella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 12 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 926 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 182 , pl . 36 , f . 200 , pl . 48 , f . 286 ; tl : snake r . , whitman co . , wahsington , opposite clarkston\ndepressaria angustati clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 189 , pl . 36 , f . 198 , pl . 48 , f . 287 ; tl : skyline ridge , mt baker distr . , whatcom co . , washington , 6200 '\ndepressaria atrostrigella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 20 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; [ nacl ] , # 918 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria schellbachi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 125 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 931 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angelicivora ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 932 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria yakimae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 148 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 71 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 934 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria moya ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 95 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; [ nacl ] , # 936 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria besma ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 23 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 937 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria pteryxiphaga ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 118 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; [ nacl ] , # 938 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria armata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 18 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; [ nacl ] , # 940 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria angustati ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , pl . 5 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 941 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria juliella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 923 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria eleanorae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 50 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 21 - 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 925 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria constancei ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 38 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 928 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria whitmani ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 930 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria leptotaeniae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 81 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 , pl . 4 , f . 40 - 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 933 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria multifidae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 95 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 935 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndepressaria betina ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 23 , 32 - 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 929 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , western cape ] , cape colony , cape town , leg . r . m . lightfoot .\nmeyrick e . 1914b . descriptions of south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 : 243\u2014257 .\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 57 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\neu , . . . , nova scotia , s . canada , british columbia - arizona , washington . see [ maps ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\nlarva on heracleum lanatum , pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\ncanary is . , france , ausria , s . germany , . . . . see [ maps ]\neu , . . . , washington , british columbia , montana , sw . manitoba . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63 ; [ nacl ] , # 919 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia drancunculoides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 63\nmorocco , tunisia , spain , hungary , sicily , dalmatia , asia minor , palestine , . . . . see [ maps ]\nmarcella marcidella walsingham , 1907 ; ent . mon . mag . 43 : 215\nlarva on ( for prangosella ) prangos ferulacea walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 268\nlibya , eu , caucasus , . . . , mongolia . see [ maps ]\nbadiella frustratella rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 97\nhungary , balkans , greece , sweu , asia minor , palestine . see [ maps ]\nlarva on pimpinella villosa corley & buchner , 2018 , ent . rec . j . var . 130 : 105\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 ; [ nacl ] , # 924 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 924 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on cicuta douglasi hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 , oenanthe sarmentosa mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nswitzerland , dalmatia , balkans , sicily , . . . . see [ maps ]\nthoracella m\u00fcller - rutz , 1922 \u00b2 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 13 ( 5 ) : 237\n603x653 ( ~ 83kb ) russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 9 . 5 . 2009 , photo \u00a9\nsweu , sardinia , sicily , dalmatia , croatia , asia minor , palestine . see [ maps ]\nlarva on conopodium capillifolium corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 31\nceu , hungary , dalmatia , austria , . . . , = . see [ maps ]\ndanilevskyi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 73\ndjakonovi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 82\nfilipjevi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 80\nillepida hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 461\njugurthella ( lucas , 1849 ) ( haemylis ) ; explor . sci . alg\u00e9rie ( zool . ) 3 : 411 , pl . 4 , f . 10\nkarmeliella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 295\nkasyi hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 239\nkondarella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75\nlongipennella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75\nmanglisiella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 78\nparahofmanni hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 564\npetronoma meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 475\nplatytaeniella hannemann , 1977 ; dt . ent . z . 24 ( 1 - 3 ) : 41\nschaidurovi lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 75\nsibirella lvovsky , 1981 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 103 : 80\nspectrocentra meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 593\nsubhirtipalpis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 463\ntabghaella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294\nvarzobella lvovsky , 1982 ; ent . obozr . 61 ( 3 ) : 582\nsw . manitoba , nova scotia - na . georgia , nebraska . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 921 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on oxypolis rigidior , sium suave , cicuta maculata , carum carvi , ligusticum scoticum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 64\nwashington , oregon , wyoming , utah , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on cicuta occidentals hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 65 , cicuta maculata mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nnova scotia , connecticut , s . canada , british columbia - california , arizona , northwest territories . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 926 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on artemisia , achillea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67\nlarva on artemisia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 67\nlarva on lomatium californicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 78\nlarva on lomatium nudicaule , l . triternatum , l . columbianum , l . dissectum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 68 , lomatium triternatum mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70\nlarva on lomatium macdougalii hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70\nlarva on angelica arguta hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 70 mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium dissectum mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39 , leptotaenia multifida ?\nlarva on pteryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72\nlarva on lomatium columbianum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 72 , lomatium grayi , pteryxia terebinthina var . californica , p . terebinthina var . foeniculacea mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium vaginatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74\nlarva on lomatium utriculatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74\nlarva on preryxia terebinthina hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 74 , pteryxia terebinthina var . calcarea mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nmontana , british columbia - arizona , oregon , washington . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 939 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lomatium ambiguum , lomatium triternatum macrocarpum , perideridia bolanderi , preryxia terebenthina foeniculacea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75 , lomatium togata , brandegei mckenna & berenbaum , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 1 ) : 39\nlarva on lomatium brandegei hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 75\nlarva on lomatium angustatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 76\npleurota aragonella seebold , 1899 ; dt . ent . z . iris 11 ( 2 ) : 297 ( ragonot i . l . )\noecophora pavoniella amary , 1840 ; eserc . accad . aspir . nat . , napoli 2 ( 1 ) : 84 , pl . 6 , f . 1a - b\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nnat\u00fcrliche familien des thierreichs . aus dem franz\u00f6sischen , mit anmerkungen und zus\u00e4tzen in latreille ,\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )\nexploration scientifique de l ' algerie pendant les annees 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . histoire naturelle des animaux articules ( 3 ) insectes\nsp . n . - a confused species from south - western europe ( lep . : depressariidae )\nzeller , 1854 die depressarien und einige ihne nahe stehende gattungen linn . ent . 9 : 189 - 403 , pl . 2 - 3\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about , follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nstaff numbers at the meyrick increased slightly to 122 , with staff costs totalling \u20ac2 . 39m . the firm also operates the nearby g hotel and is unlimited and not required to file annual accounts but a source close to the edwards holdings group said . . .\nedward meyrick frs was an english schoolmaster and amateur entomologist . he was an expert on microlepidoptera and some consider him one of the founders of modern microlepidoptera systematics .\nedward meyrick frs ( 24 november 1854 \u2013 31 march 1938 ) was an english schoolmaster and amateur entomologist . he was an expert on microlepidoptera and some consider him one of the founders of modern microlepidoptera systematics .\nedward meyrick was educated at marlborough college and trinity college , cambridge . meyrick began publishing notes on microlepidoptera in 1875 , but when in december , 1877 he gained a post at the king ' s school , parramatta , new south wales , there were greater opportunities for indulging his interest . he stayed in australia for ten years before returning to england to teach classics at marlborough college and become a corresponding member of the linnean society of new south wales . he was the author of handbook of british lepidoptera ( 1895 ) and exotic microlepidoptera ( mar . 1912 \u2013 nov . 1937 ) , the latter consisting of four complete volumes and part of volume five . he also wrote a great number of academic articles .\nmeyrick was a fellow of the royal entomological society of london and a fellow of the royal society . his huge collection of specimens ( over 100 , 000 ) is at the natural history museum , london . it is believed that he had collected more specimens than anyone else .\nquotations : samuel chadwick e . m . bounds edward meyrick goulburn john wesley spurgeon eric ludy art katz songs : duel of fates - john williams phantom . . .\nexaeretia lusciosa is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by edward meyrick in 1915 . it is found in peru and chile . the wingspan is 20\u201321 mm .\nmarissa speaks to ivan brehm , chris salans , will meyrick and olivier bendel at the opening of the world gourmet summit 2015 at one farrer hotel .\nerechthias dracaenura is a moth of the tineidae family . it is endemic to s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 , an island off the western equatorial coast of central africa . the species was . . .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\nanthidiellum butarsis is a species of leaf - cutting bee in the genus anthidiellum , of the family megachilidae .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1669, "summary": [{"text": "the arnhem leaf-nosed bat ( hipposideros inornatus ) is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it lives in the sandstone areas of kakadu national park ( northern territory , australia ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is most often considered to be a subspecies of hipposideros diadema . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "arnhem leaf - nosed bat", "paragraphs": ["the arnhem leaf - nosed bat is a medium - sized very pale brown bat . it has large , pointed ears and a well - developed nose - leaf .\narnhem long - eared bat , northern long - eared bat and pygmy long - eared bat ( plate 63 ) .\n2009 .\nleaf - nosed bat\n( on - line ) . encyclopaedia britannica online . accessed february 27 , 2009 at urltoken .\ndescribes the arnhem leaf - nosed bat hipposideros inornata , its conservation status , appearance , distribution , ecology , threatening processes and conservation management . a list of relevant references is provided . ( pdf file , 417 kb )\narnhem leaf - nosed bats are present in monsoon forest , eucalyptus forest and woodlands , and open heath on sandstone plateaus usually close to water . they roost in caves or abandoned mine adits . the largest known roost possibly contains between 20 and 50 individuals . its diet includes beetles , moths , cockroaches , and leaf - hoppers ( woinarski and milne 2005 ) .\nimages of bat species found in the northern territory . note : list to be complete\ndewey , t . 2011 .\nhipposiderinae ( old world leaf - nosed bats )\n( on - line ) . grzimek ' s animal life . accessed april 25 , 2011 at urltoken .\nmembers of hipposideridae are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the old world . these old world leaf - nosed bats are found in africa , southern asia , the philippine islands , the solomon islands , and australia .\nthe presence of insectivorous bats indicates suitable roosting sites nearby and intact and healthy feeding habitat . the disappearance of arnhem leaf - nosed bat from litchfield national park highlights the extreme sensitivity of this species to disturbance . the most likely cause is humans visiting roosting caves , a threat which is now under control . rarity of the species may indicate a shortage of suitable , undisturbed roost sites , but may also reflect health of the broader landscape .\nkunz , t . , p . racey . 1998 . bat biology and conservation . washington and london : smithsonian institution press .\nthis bat roosts in caves or abandoned mines in cool drafty areas , close to water , but may also use tree hollows . it forages in riparian areas and in eucalypt tall open forests , where it feeds on flying insects and other small animals . restricted to the northern territory , it is only known to occur on the western arnhem land sandstone massif , although it was formerly found in litchfield national park .\nhand , s . j . and archer , m . 2005 . a new hipposiderid genus ( microchiroptera ) from an early miocene bat community in australia . palaeontology 48 ( 2 ) : 371\u2013383 .\nmckean , j . l . 1970 ,\na new subspecies of the horseshoe bat , hipposideros diadema from the northern territory , australia\n, western australian naturalist , vol . 11 , pp . 138 - 140\nmany hipposiderid species have a small sac just posterior to the nose leaf . the sac , which is possessed primarily by males , secretes a waxy substance that may be used during mating season to attract mates or fend of potential rivals .\nhipposiderids cause little economic damage . there are no known pathogens specific to hipposideridae that are harmful to people or domesticated animals . however , bats occasionally roost in occupied buildings , which can be destructive and has the potential to spread disease . any species of bat infected with rabies could potentially bite and transmit the pathogen to humans .\na defining characteristic of hipposiderids is their elaborate noseleaf . the noseleaf consists of fleshy protrusions on top of a u - shaped rhinarium ( i . e . , the wet surface surrounding the nostrils ) . hipposiderids have an erect transverse leaf within the noseleaf as well as smaller accessory leaflets . the common name of many genera corresponds to the shape of the noseleaf . for example ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medell\u00edn , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )\njustification : listed as vulnerable because the overall number of mature individuals is estimated to be between 300 and 999 mature individuals . currently the proven population of the species is less than 250 mature individuals , but this is almost certainly due to limited sampling . the distribution of this species falls within a large , well - managed protected area and its numbers are considered to be stable .\nit is quite a rare and restricted species , with only three roosting sites ( a disused mine adit and two caves ) known ( milne and richards 2008 ) . this species is almost certainly under - recorded as much of the kakadu escarpment in which it lives has not been surveyed ( d . milne pers . comm . ) . although the proven populations of this species are quite small , it is very unlikely that the overall population is > 300 mature individuals ( d . milne pers . comm . ) .\nit is potentially threatened by loss of suitable roosting sites in mines . disappearance from litchfield national park may be due to human visitation ( g . richards pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan not required , as the approved conservation advice for the species provides sufficient direction to implement priority actions and mitigate against key threats ( 19 / 11 / 2015 ) .\nlisted as vulnerable ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nwoinarski , j . , a . burbidge & p . harrison ( 2014 ) . the action plan for australian mammals 2012 . csiro publishing , victoria , australia .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . hipposideros inornatus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 03 : 50 + 1000 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 31119c6c - ef15 - 43f0 - a10f - 87f4d22788e5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3caa8731 - 43c1 - 43df - a5bf - 2179c668ca79\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6aee58a2 - 41ae - 4638 - 8735 - 210db9951812\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c89e9095 - 0dd4 - 4f19 - ac70 - 014426d7c238\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 616550\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncompiled by gabriel crowley & mark ziembicki based on woinarski j . c . z . , pavey c . , kerrigan r . , cowie i . & ward s . 2007 . lost from our landscape - threatened species of the northern territory . northern territory department of natural resources , environment and the arts , darwin .\nby managing for a high habitat diversity that will ensure an abundance of prey . maximise habitat diversity by establishing a fire regime that ensures patches of both recently burnt and long - unburnt country . control feral animals that either reduce abundance of prey or degrade their habitat . do not disturb known roost sites .\nbullen r . d . and mckenzie n . l . ( 2009 ) .\naerodynamic cleanliness in bats\n. australian journal of zoology 56 , 281 - 296 .\nbullen r . d . and mckenzie n . l . ( 2009 ) . < i > australian journal of zoology < / i > 56 , 281 - 296 .\n( roundleaf bats ) , which consists of 76 species . the remaining genera are\nalso varies in length and texture . they may have small or large ears , and some species\u2019 ears are interconnected along the dorsal surface of the head . the appearance of the noseleaf is highly variable among genera . hipposiderids show a great deal of diversity in roosting behavior and reproductive habits and show slight differences in feeding habits from genus to genus .\nhill , j . , j . smith . 1992 . bats : a natural history . austin , tx : university of texas press .\nnowak , r . 1994 . walker ' s bats of the world . baltimore : johns hopkins university press .\nwilson , d . , d . reeder . 2005 . mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press .\nsimmons , n . , t . conway . 1997 .\ntree of life web project\n( on - line ) . rhinolophidae . horseshoe bats . . accessed february 26 , 2009 at urltoken .\nhave two circular lateral leaflets , the smaller of which is superimposed onto the larger , resulting in a noseleaf resembling the petals of a flower . differences in noseleaf characteristics are commonly used to discern between genera . these ' appendages ' are thought to be related to nasal echolocation , and may help to focus and modify echolocation signals .\nmolars , and a u - or horseshoe - shaped rhinarium . however , hipposiderids can be differentiated from rhinolophids using a number of different characteristics . hipposiderids generally have a more rounded noseleaf , while the noseleaf of rhinolophids is spear - like and pointed . hipposiderids have only two bones in each toe , while rhinolophids have three in all except the first toe , which has two . rhinolophids always have three lower premolars on each side of the mandible and hipposiderids have only two . the two families also differ in the structure of their shoulder and hip girdles . finally , rhinolophids have a sella , a flattened leaflet in the middle of the noseleaf structure , that is not present in hipposiderids .\njones , g . 2001 . bats . pp . 754 - 785 in d macdonald , ed . the encyclopedia of mammals . oxfordshire , uk : andromeda oxford limited .\nhipposideridae inhabits tropical and subtropical habitats and roosting preferences vary by genera . hipposiderids have been found roosting in caves , mines , hollow trees , buildings , and man - made underground compartments like cellars and tombs . in africa ,\nroost in the inner walls of wells , in caves , and in man - made structures . though\nlive in forests and generally roost in trees , in taiwan they have been discovered in abandoned japanese bomb shelters , also known as pillboxes .\nalthough little information is available on the diets of most hipposiderid species , they are considered to be primarily insectivorous . those species that have been studied prefer cicadas , cockroaches , termites , and beetles . the beetle larvae prey of\nlive in wild figs , which results in the addition of small amounts of fruit to their otherwise insectivorous diet .\nhipposiderids have excellent echolocation , and catch most of their prey via aerial hawking and gleaning . they usually fly only a few meters above the ground while echolocating for potential prey . although most species are thought to prey on flying insects , some occasionally feed on flightless insects such as\n. hipposiderids are generally territorial and hunt and feed within a specific range . for example , members of the genus\n, have been observed flying more than a mile through the desert to their feeding territory . often , hipposiderids bring captured prey back to their roost prior to consumption . when chewing , the jaws of hipposiderids move side - to - side and up and down , simultaneously . this shearing motion helps break down the chitinous exoskeleton of insect prey .\ngraham , g . , f . reid . 1994 . bats of the world . new york : st martin ' s press .\nnowak , r . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world : fifth edition . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .\nwalton , d . , b . richardson . 1989 . fauna of australia volume 1b : mammalia . canberra , australia : australian government publishing service .\nas insectivores , hipposiderids help control insect pest populations . while little information exists on potential endoparasites of hipposiderids , like most\nhipposiderids are preyed upon by a number of small nocturnal mammals with the ability to capture them mid - flight or locate their roosts . in many localities , the major predator of hipposiderids is\n, which are sometimes able to locate their roosting sites . during flight , hipposiderids can be captured and eaten by various birds of prey including\nhave been known to locate hipposiderid roosts . in conjunction with their ability to fly , the nocturnal lifestyle of bats helps reduce predation as does the colonial roosting behavior of many species .\n, members of the family hipposideridae have relatively small eyes , indicating that vision may not be as important as echolocation for navigation and foraging purposes . however , vision may be used to detect objects past the range of echolocation . hipposiderids , like all\nthomas , j . , c . moss , m . vater . 2004 . echolocation in bats and dolphins . chicago : university of chicago press .\ninformation regarding the lifespan of hipposiderids is limited , as a majority of species in this family are not well - known . however , some species have been found to live more than 10 years .\nnot enough information is known about hipposiderid mating systems to make accurate generalizations about the family as a whole ; however , research on individual species provides limited but important insight . only one example of a polygynous mating in hipposiderids is known . colonies of\n, which can contain up to 500 , 000 individuals , are divided into small harems consisting of one adult male and several adult females , with whom the male mates . mating occurs seasonally , during the fall , and females give birth to a single young during spring after storing sperm over winter .\nmate in october and give birth in april . although birthing season varies slightly , coinciding with peak rainy season when food is most abundant ,\ngive birth in april north of the equator and in october south of the equator .\nmate in november and give birth in late april . although the specific times vary among species , birthing among hipposiderids generally occurs during spring . female hipposiderids give birth to a single young per pregnancy . gestation lasts from 90 days in\nin south africa . females typically carry their young for a few weeks after giving birth . for example ,\nproduce a single young , which the female carries for 20 to 22 days . age at weaning , age at first flight , and age at independence appears to vary according to latitude . species subject to greater seasonality appear to mature more quickly than those resident to more tropical regions . in at least one species ,\nof nigeria , delayed implantation occurs . the egg does not implant in the uterine lining for up to 2 months after fertilization , and as a result , young are born when prey are more abundant , directly before the rainy season .\nfemales are the primary care givers in hipposiderids . female typically carry their young for a few weeks after birth and prior to weaning . females have\npubic teats\n, which their young hold on to during the carrying period . little is known of lactation and weaning in hipposiderids . however , lactation lasts for about 40 days in the genus\nare usually weaned at 7 weeks old . tropical species are thought to be weaned by 8 to 20 weeks and time to independence appears to vary according to latitude , as tropical species reach sexual maturity between 16 and 24 months , and temperate species reaching sexual maturity by 6 to 8 months .\nslaughter , b . , d . walton . 1970 . about bats : a chiropteran biology symposium . dallas : southern methodist university press .\nhave been subjected to severe range contraction due to deforestation , which has resulted in a population reduction of 20 % in just the last 5 years .\nhave had nearly all of their native range destroyed and now only roost in the homes of three different villages in central india . due to deforestation ,\ncan be found in a single cave on the island of guinea , and are classified as critically endangered . if conservation efforts are to be successful , habitat loss must be slowed and reforestation projects should be encouraged in critical habitat areas .\niucn , 2008 .\niucn 2008 red list\n( on - line ) . accessed february 15 , 2009 at urltoken .\nas insectivores , hipposiderids help control insect pest populations that might otherwise spread disease or damage crops . the guano of hipposiderids is locally used as a nitrogen rich fertilizer .\n, malcolm c . mckenna and susan k . bell proposed a division of hipposideridae ( called rhinonycterinae in their work ) into three\nsimmons , 2005 , pp . 365\u2013379 ; mckenna and bell , 1997 , pp . 306\u2013307 ; other sources cited for specific genera\nziegler , 2000 , p . 652 ; hand and kirsch , 2003 , table 3 ; cf . mckenna and bell , 1997 , p . 305 ( excluded from rhinonycterinae )\narcher , m . , arena , d . a . , bassarova , m . , beck , r . m . d . , black , k . , boles , w . e . , brewer , p . , cooke , b . n . , crosby , k . , gillespie , a . , godthelp , h . , hand , s . j . , kear , b . p . , louys , j . , morrell , a . , muirhead , j . , roberts , k . k . , scanlon , j . d . , travouillon , k . j . and wroe , s . 2006 . current status of species - level representation in faunas from selected fossil localities in the riversleigh world heritage area , northwestern queensland . alcheringa special issue 1 : 1 - 17 . isbn 0 - 9757894 - 5 - 7\nbenda , p . and vallo , p . 2009 . taxonomic revision of the genus triaenops ( chiroptera : hipposideridae ) with description of a new species from southern arabia and definitions of a new genus and tribe . folia zoologica 58 ( monograph 1 ) : 1\u201345 .\nhand , s . j . and kirsch , j . a . w . 2003 . archerops , a new annectent hipposiderid genus ( mammalia : microchiroptera ) from the australian miocene . journal of paleontology 77 ( 6 ) : 1139\u20131151 .\nhutcheon , j . m . and kirsch , j . a . w . 2006 . a moveable face : deconstructing the microchiroptera and a new classification of extant bats . acta chiropterologica 8 ( 1 ) : 1\u201310 .\nmckenna , m . c . and bell , s . k . 1997 . classification of mammals : above the species level . new york : columbia university press , 631 pp . isbn 978 - 0 - 231 - 11013 - 6\nsimmons , n . b . 2005 . order chiroptera . pp . 312\u2013529 in wilson , d . e . and reeder , d . m . ( eds . ) . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . 3rd ed . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press , 2 vols . , 2142 pp . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0\nziegler , r . 2000 . the bats ( chiroptera , mammalia ) from the late oligocene fissure fillings herrlingen 8 and herrlingen 9 near ulm ( baden - w\u00fcrttemberg ) . senckenbergiana lethaea 80 ( 2 ) : 647\u2013683 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nwe are making changes to our business . andrew isles books will now focus on secondhand and antiquarian books , as well as natural history art . this means we will be retreating from stocking new books , until sold out . we are not closing ! it ' s still business as usual . our shop hours have changed . we are closed monday , open 10 am to 4 . 30 pm other weekdays and 9 am to 12 . 30 pm saturday . contact us if you wish to see us outside these hours . noleen glavish of nokomis publications will occupy the new book niche , and we encourage customers to visit her website and make contact : urltoken or contact @ urltoken\nkeep up - to - date by subscribing to our free email book lists in over 20 subject categories .\noriginal watercolour by frank knight from menkhorst and knight ' s field guide to the mammals of australia [ 15291 ] . 29 . 5 cm x 42 cm unframed . .\ni ' d like to be notified of new arrivals in the following categories ."]}
{"id": 1676, "summary": [{"text": "sanfilippodytes bertae , or bert 's predaceous diving beetle , is listed as an endangered species of beetle currently residing in southern alberta , canada , and is protected under the federal species at risk act .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it has no current subspecies .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species belongs to the taxonomy of arthropods , kingdom animalia , class insecta , order coleoptera , superfamily dytiscoidea and family dytiscidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "sanfilippodytes bertae", "paragraphs": ["recovery strategy for the bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada .\nfigure 4 . global geographic locations of sanfilippodytes bertae ( map courtesy of ottomm education ) .\nfigure 5 . geographic locations of sanfilippodytes bertae captures in southern alberta , canada ( map courtesy of ottomm education ) .\n\u00e9galement disponible en fran\u00e7ais sous le titre \u00e9valuation et rapport de situation du cosepac sur l\u2019hydropore de bertha ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) au canada .\nrecovery strategy for the bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada . : en3 - 4 / 251 - 2017e - pdf - government of canada publications - urltoken\nrecovery strategy for the bert ' s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada\n( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) ( pdf format , 592 . 63 kb )\nissued also in french under title : programme de r\u00e9tablissement de l\u2019hydropore de bertha ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) au canada . cover title . includes bibliographical references ( p . 18 - 19 ) .\ncosewic . 2009 . cosewic assessment and status report on the bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle sanfilippodytes bertae in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . vii + 27 pp .\nrecovery strategy for the bert ' s predaceous diving beetle ( sanfilippodytes bertae ) in canada [ proposed ]\n( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) ( pdf format , 588 . 79 kb )\nfigure 3 . sanfilippodytes , s . pacificus \u2013group and s . vilis \u2013group ( in part ) . male aedeagus\ncosewic . 2009 . cosewic assessment and status report on the berts predaceous diving beetle sanfilippodytes bertae in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . vii + 27 pp . online . available : urltoken\nfigure 1 . sanfilippodytes bertae specimen showing dorsal features collected near fort macleod , ab from j . b . wallis entomology collection at the university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba , canada . ( photo courtesy of r . e . roughley , university of manitoba . )\nfigure 2 . sanfilippodytes bertae specimen showing dorsal features collected near fort macleod , ab from j . b . wallis entomology collection at the university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba , canada . ( photo courtesy of r . e . roughley , university of manitoba . )\nsanfilippodytes bertae is currently not globally or regionally listed . the new locality for bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle is immediately south of head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump , a unesco world heritage site . almost certainly this locality shares the groundwater system with the unesco site but there is no specific protection .\nfigure 3 . sanfilippodytes , s . pacificus \u2013group and s . vilis \u2013group ( in part ) . male aedeagus . sets of three consecutive letters indicate dorsal , ventral and lateral views . for s . bertae , g = dorsal , h = ventral and i = lateral .\nproduction note : cosewic acknowledges the late dr . robert e . roughley and also jennie a . knopp for writing the status report on bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle , sanfilippodytes bertae , prepared under contract with environment canada . this report was overseen and edited by paul catling , co\u2013chair , cosewic arthropods specialist subcommittee .\nall beetles undergo complete and radical metamorphosis with four discrete and distinctive stages \u2013 egg , larval , pupal and adult stages . based on what is known about the biology of other species of predaceous diving beetles ( larson et al . 2000 ) , the egg , larval and adult stages are aquatic and are found in the hydrosphere . the pupal stage occurs in a nearby terrestrial , and dry , part of the habitat . there have been no life history studies published concerning s . bertae ( roughley and larson 2000 ) or any other species within the genus sanfilippodytes ( franciscolo 1979 , larson 2000 ) .\nin addition to the search effort described under \u201cpopulation sizes and trends \u2013 search effort\u201d as part of this report , there has been extensive survey of museum collections and field work in the prairie provinces in connection with the national research council of canada monograph on the diving beetles of canada ( larson et al . 2000 ) of which the report writer is a co\u2013author . specifically this work involved in all collections with substantial holdings of canadian material including 42 collections ( listed by larson et al . 2000 , p . xiii ) . many species equally small and equally inconspicuous as s . bertae are included in this monograph , and they are widespread with extensive distributions and often less specific habitat requirements . field work by entomologists studying springs has been extensive involving the visitation of many hundreds of sites in the prairie region alone , and although not all of the habitat of s . bertae has been surveyed , enough has been surveyed to allow some reliable conclusions to be drawn . consequently information on the distribution , status and habitat of s . bertae in canada presented here is considered reliable .\nfigure 14 . south bank of the oldman river immediately east of the highway 2 bridge ( in background ) , west of fort macleod ( facing west ) . note massive snow plow scoop wedged into the bank . the spring and seep habitat required by s . bertae is so small that such anthropogenic disturbances could completely destroy the habitat . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )\nfigure 15 . south bank of the oldman river , immediately east of the highway 811 bridge ( in background ) , east side of the town of fort macleod ( facing southwest ) . note manmade mesh bank armouring , likely to protect the bank from natural erosion forces . the spring and seep habitat required by s . bertae is so small that such anthropogenic disturbances could completely destroy the habitat . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )\nthere is no evidence of the length of time required for the larvae to develop , pupate and emerge as adults , other than the observation of timing of collection of adults . there is also no evidence to suggest that the life cycle of s . bertae is anything but annual and likely involves spring breeding and oviposition with larval development during the summer , followed by a brief terrestrial pupation . the overwintering stage is the adult . bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetles require springs and seepage areas with the appropriate fine\u2013grained substrate of sand and other fine particulates ; and undisturbed areas with mosses over fine particulate soil ( necessary for pupation ) .\ndispersal overland or by means of flight is highly unlikely because finding the appropriate habitat by this means is problematic because it is so small and fragmented . dispersal presumably does occur but unlike most insects which use their wings for dispersal , this species probably seldom flies . during routine dissection of male genitalia , presence of flight wings was noted for all specimens examined . despite this observation , no flight records exist for any member of this genus , including s . bertae ( based on decades of research on this group by the report writers ) . it is probable that local , regional dispersal occurs via movement within the hydrosphere to appropriate surface openings .\nthe adult appearance is typical of the genus except elytral markings . adult specimens are less than 3 mm in length , rather broadly oval in shape ( length : width = 1 . 84 to 1 . 94 ) . the head and pronotum are dark brown and the elytra are yellowish brown without yellowish spots or markings ( figures 1 and 2 ) . larvae of this species are not known ; however , larvae belonging to the genus sanfilippodytes are characterized in larson et al . ( 2000 , p . 857\u2013 as instar ii and iii larvae ) . as with all dytiscids there would be 3 instars of larvae with the first stage ( instar i ) being smaller in size and qualitatively distinct from later instar larvae .\nin addition to searches of museum collections ( see under \u201cdistribution\u201d ) , recent field work has also been carried out . efforts to find s . bertae were conducted in the areas surrounding the collection of the original type specimens near the highway 2 crossing of the oldman river in southern alberta . this field work was intended to : a ) determine population sizes ; b ) confirm extreme rarity ; c ) gather information on threats ; and d ) acquire biological information relevant to assessment . extensive spring , summer and fall sampling efforts over a period of 18 days ( approx . 180 hours ) resulted in only two specimens being recovered from a new location near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump .\nearlier\u2013collected specimens ( 1984 ) were obtained along the steep , high river banks of the oldman river near the highway 2 crossing ( figure 5 ) . this corresponds to latitude ~ 49\u00b043\u203232\u2033 n 113\u00b023\u203251\u2033 w . the river and its banks lie under the jurisdiction of the provincial and federal governments . land north of the crossing is privately owned . the land immediately southwest of the crossing is the oldman river recreation area open for camping and picnics and it is under provincial legislation . the land southeast of the crossing appeared to be private lands and a privately owned campground . maps show the area to be river valley wilderness park , under provincial jurisdiction . currently there is no protection in this area of previous historical records for s . bertae .\nthe historical distribution of s . bertae ( figure 5 ) includes two and possibly three localities . these are : 1 ) the northwest bank of the oldman river immediately upstream of the highway 2 crossing west of fort macleod , alberta ; 2 ) fort macleod ; and 3 ) the newly discovered locality near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump . localities # 1 and 2 may represent the same locality and therefore the same population ; however , this remains unclear . the only record since 1984 and the only extant population is location a . substantial search effort in 2007 failed to reveal additional localities ( see under population sizes and trends \u2013 search effort ) , nor was the fort macleod locality ( or localities ) rediscovered and they are thought to be destroyed .\nin addition to the anthropogenic forces affecting the habitats of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle , the required habitat is inherently sensitive due to its rare and fragile state . the oldman river watershed lies within the parkland natural ecozone which stretches across the bottom of alberta , saskatchewan and manitoba . it is the most heavily altered ecosystem within alberta and only 3 % of the natural environment is believed to remain within this parkland ecozone which runs along the bottom of alberta , saskatchewan and manitoba ( environment canada 1996 ) . schindler and donahue ( 2006 ) warn of the coming drought that alberta will face in the next few decades as a result of human pressures on the system , natural environmental fluctuations and climate change , but there remains some debate on how serious this is likely to be . they also report that summer flows in the rivers of alberta have declined in the last 100 years , with the watersheds in central and southern alberta demonstrating the most dramatic declines . fluctuating water levels could influence the availability of habitat sites for s . bertae .\na small green , thin\u2013meshed dip net ( similar to the ones used in home fish aquariums ) was gently rubbed along the moss and algae or vegetation found along the springs / seeps or wetted areas in a sweeping motion with several passes to ensure the entire microhabitat was sampled . the contents of the net were then placed into the top of three circular metal sieves of decreasing mesh size ( 50 , 100 and 250 \u00b5m ) and left in the sun . this forces aquatic organisms to move out of the heat at the top of the sieves into the very bottom layer where they are then separated from the detritus , vegetation and debris . insects small enough to fit through the last sieve size ( including specimens of s . bertae ) were suctioned by mouth into an aspirator . the other layers of the sieve were searched visually for any invertebrates , which were removed by aspiration into a small vial . all insect and invertebrate specimens collected were immediately preserved in 95 % ethanol and shipped to the university of manitoba for expert identification by dr . r . e . roughley . the specimens are now housed in the j . b . wallis museum at the university of manitoba .\ncosewic status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk . this report may be cited as follows :\ncosewic secretariat c / o canadian wildlife service environment canada ottawa , on k1a 0h3 tel . : 819\u2013953\u20133215 fax : 819\u2013994\u20133684 e\u2013mail website\ncover illustration / photo : bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle - - photo provided by author .\n\u00a9 her majesty the queen in right of canada , 2010 . catalogue cw69\u201314 / 584\u20132010e\u2013 pdf isbn 978\u20131\u2013100\u201314979\u20130\nreason for designation despite extensive searches , this canadian endemic species is known from only two locations in southern alberta , one of which has been destroyed . it is limited to springs and seepage areas along steep cliff edges or river bends . its habitat is declining due to trampling by livestock and lowering of the water table due to withdrawals for irrigation .\nthe historical distribution of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle includes 2 and possibly 3 localities : 1 ) the northwest bank of the oldman river immediately upstream of the highway 2 crossing west of fort macleod , alberta ; 2 ) fort macleod itself ; and 3 ) the newly discovered locality near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump . localities # 1 and 2 may represent the same locality and therefore the same population ; however , this remains unclear . the only record since 1984 and the only extant population is location 3 .\nthe life history characteristics of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle remain a mystery . all predaceous water beetle larvae and adults are predaceous , principally eating invertebrates , probably enchytraeid worms and aquatic larvae of flies ( diptera ) . there is no evidence to suggest that the life cycle is anything but annual and likely involves vernal breeding and oviposition with larval development during the summer , followed by a brief terrestrial pupation . the over\u2013wintering stage is the adult . dispersal is probably minimal ( despite presence of fully formed flight wings ) .\nextensive spring , summer and fall sampling efforts over a period of 18 days ( approx . 180 hours ) in 2008 resulted in only two specimens being recovered from a new location near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump . examination of specimens in 42 collections and extensive field work prior to this had revealed only 2 localities .\nonly 42 specimens of this species were known previously ( collected in 1984 ) from potentially two locales near fort macleod . these specimens provided the material for the original description of the species . during the course of field research , no further specimens were collected at the type locality , near fort macleod , alberta despite repeated intensive search efforts in and around the fort macleod area to locate this habitat . however , two additional specimens were collected at another locale near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump ( the oasis ) . the population size of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle is unknown , but as with most species , a minimum population of several hundred individuals would likely be required to sustain a viable population . the data at hand is insufficient to speculate about fluctuation of these populations .\nbert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle is currently not globally or regionally listed . a new locality for bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle is immediately south of head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump , a unesco world heritage site . almost certainly this locality shares the groundwater system with the unesco site .\nthe committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) was created in 1977 as a result of a recommendation at the federal\u2013provincial wildlife conference held in 1976 . it arose from the need for a single , official , scientifically sound , national listing of wildlife species at risk . in 1978 , cosewic designated its first species and produced its first list of canadian species at risk . species designated at meetings of the full committee are added to the list . on june 5 , 2003 , the species at risk act ( sara ) was proclaimed . sara establishes cosewic as an advisory body ensuring that species will continue to be assessed under a rigorous and independent scientific process .\nthe committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) assesses the national status of wild species , subspecies , varieties , or other designatable units that are considered to be at risk in canada . designations are made on native species for the following taxonomic groups : mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fishes , arthropods , molluscs , vascular plants , mosses , and lichens .\ncosewic comprises members from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency , four federal entities ( canadian wildlife service , parks canada agency , department of fisheries and oceans , and the federal biodiversity information partnership , chaired by the canadian museum of nature ) , three non\u2013government science members and the co\u2013chairs of the species specialist subcommittees and the aboriginal traditional knowledge subcommittee . the committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species .\na species , subspecies , variety , or geographically or genetically distinct population of animal , plant or other organism , other than a bacterium or virus , that is wild by nature and is either native to canada or has extended its range into canada without human intervention and has been present in canada for at least 50 years .\na wildlife species no longer existing in the wild in canada , but occurring elsewhere .\na wildlife species that may become a threatened or an endangered species because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats .\na wildlife species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk of extinction given the current circumstances .\na category that applies when the available information is insufficient ( a ) to resolve a species\u2019 eligibility for assessment or ( b ) to permit an assessment of the species\u2019 risk of extinction .\n* formerly described as \u201cvulnerable\u201d from 1990 to 1999 , or \u201crare\u201d prior to 1990 . * * formerly described as \u201cnot in any category\u201d , or \u201cno designation required . \u201d * * * formerly described as \u201cindeterminate\u201d from 1994 to 1999 or \u201c isibd \u201d ( insufficient scientific information on which to base a designation ) prior to 1994 . definition of the ( dd ) category revised in 2006 .\nthe canadian wildlife service , environment canada , provides full administrative and financial support to the cosewic secretariat .\nholotype . male , in cnc . ft . macleod , alberta . 31 iii 1984 , lot 1 , b . f . and j . l . carr .\nparatypes . 28 specimens from same locality and collector ( 16 . iii . 1980 , 31 . iii . 1984 , 5 . v . 1984 ) and 12 specimens labelled alta , old man r . , ft . macleod , may 5 , 1984 , carr and larson , deposited in various museums ( rom , cmn , univ . man . ) .\nlength = 2 . 3 to 2 . 8 mm ; width = 1 . 2 to 1 . 5 mm ; length : width = 1 . 84 to 1 . 94 . body form oval , depressed , widest anterior to middle and relatively evenly rounded laterally .\ncolour yellowish brown , with lighter elytra contrasting with brownish red head and pronotum . head dorsally reddish yellow except anterior margin paler , yellow ; head ventrally with gula yellowish and genae darker , yellowish red to brown . antenna yellow to yellowish red ; palpi yellow . pronotum with medial area on disc dark brown to piceous with very broadly lighter , reddish to yellowish margins ; elytron yellow to yellowish red , some specimens gradually darkening medially to very light brown ; epipleuron yellow to yellowish red . ventral surface largely brown , except pronotum laterally , metasternum medially , posterior margin of metacoxal plates and abdominal sterna laterally , yellowish . legs yellowish .\nhead with very small , moderately sparse and evenly spaced punctures . pronotum with disc with small punctures medially ( much larger than those on head ) , punctures somewhat larger and more dense toward margins , posterior margin with many punctures in subconfluent row , punctures dense on posterolateral angle . elytron with punctures small , fine and not particularly dense , punctation dual with micropunctures obscured by microsculpture ; epipleuron impunctate or with a few , scattered shallow punctures . metasternum laterally with small , dense , subconfluent punctures , metacoxal plate with punctures very small and sparse on disc , punctures separated by 4 to 5 times their diameter , anterolaterally with punctures obscured by shallow , oblique impressions . abdominal sterna laterally with fine , quite sparse punctures ; sternum 6 with punctures very small and fine and quite sparse . microreticulation evident over entire dorsal and ventral surface .\npronotal bead narrower , not as wide as a median antennomere . pronotum with posterolateral angle obtuse ; basal margin sinuate on each side of basomedial lobe . elytron with lateral margin gently curving upward in lateral aspect , epipleuron visible almost to shoulder . prosternum without a medial convexity anterior to base of process ; process with declivity poorly developed , file obsolete , prominence low and inconspicuous , blade relatively narrow and elongate , much longer than wide , with lateral margins broadly inflated and broadly excavated medially , medial convexity absent or low and rounded and visible only in apical \u00bc ; apex broadly rounded . metacoxal lines widely separated anterior to metacoxal processes , metacoxal lines almost parallel and diverging only slightly proximally . metatrochanter relatively large , length of metafemur : length of metatrochanter less than 1 . 80 .\nsternum 6 not dimorphic apically , with apex evenly rounded . males and females very similar ; males with protarsomeres 1 to 3 slightly expanded and with larger scales on ventral surface . aedeagus ( figure 3 ) , in ventral aspect , abruptly widened distally to form apical blade , with a small , shallow , u\u2013shaped notch , in lateral aspect , the form is thick with the apical blade poorly differentiated , in dorsal aspect , with low but distinct dorsal flanges and wide , broad apical lobes ( roughley and larson 1991 ) .\nthere are no subspecies of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle nor is there noticeable variation among the available specimens and the entire taxon is confined to a very small geographic location . there is thus a single designatable unit .\nthe historical distribution of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle is one or two point source sampling locations along the north banks of the oldman river at the crossing of hwy 2 , east of fort macleod in southern alberta . the species is only known from this locale and now the recently discovered locale at the oasis ( figure 5 ) . the global range is thus confined to a small portion of canada .\nalthough it is possible that the distribution is more widespread throughout the northwestern great plains and rocky mountain foothills , the species is very rare and evidently geographically restricted , and substantial increases in area of occupancy at least are not anticipated . the extent of occurrence is 2\nis limited to springs and seepage areas and the mainstem or tributaries of the oldman river in southern alberta . with respect to locality # 1 , a key element is that the springs and seepage areas flowed out of the near\u2013vertical river banks at about the level of the high water ( vernal flood ) mark . field surveys of springs and seeps in the region surrounding the first sampling locale recovered one specimen from the output point source of a spring which was the headwater of a tributary to the oldman river , near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump ( locality 3 , the \u201coasis\u201d ) . the oasis , is not associated with a major river course but does represent spring and seep habitat in the area . the habitat at this spring was characterized by a faint trickle of water exiting a crevice approximately half\u2013way down a rocky cliff (\n. the crevice where the spring exited the rock contained wet mosses and algae . the spring drained into a narrow lush channel which contained a ground of saturated soil and grasses , a small near\u2013stagnant channel and trees . this area was aptly nicknamed \u201cthe oasis\u201d by the researchers (\n) . no other habitat like it was found in the area . the path of the outflow of the oasis could not be followed to its termination , but it would appear from aerial photos that it does not connect as tributary to the oldman river . currently small remnants of the above\u2013described spring and seep habitat exist in southern alberta . further field studies are required to determine the full habitat requirements of\nfigure 6 . current location of captures near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump , alberta ( facing west ) . detail of the spring habitat contained within the oasis area , observed in front of dr . r . e . roughley . note lush moss vegetation along outlet of spring . the oasis area contained a lot of waste refuse likely blown into the crevice from the high winds observed in the area . ( photo courtesy of jennie kno pp . )\nfigure 7 . the \u201coasis\u201d , an area that drops below the normal landscape of smooth hills , high winds and low vegetation by approximately 5\u20138 m ( facing east , hwy 785 is to the north ) . a spring , which exited a crevice in the rock near the beginning of the dip into the oasis , contained wet mosses and algae . the spring drained into a narrow lush channel which contained a ground of saturated soil and grasses , a small near\u2013stagnant channel and trees . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )\nfigure 8 . the \u201coasis\u201d view from bottom of the cliff area , facing the location of the spring ( facing west ) . the spring drains into this narrow lush channel which contained a ground of saturated soil and grasses , a small near\u2013stagnant channel , trees and shrubs . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )\nthe only historical habitats for this species near fort macleod appear to have been eliminated , perhaps due to a recent bridge upgrade at the hwy 2 crossing of the oldman river . currently bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle occurs only within the most highly altered landscape in alberta . in this area cattle have congregated , in moist areas of springs , probably much more so than native ungulates ever did ( e . g . lockwood and debrey 1990 ) . the result is extensive fouling and trampling of spring habitat , and this has continued up to the present and the number of undisturbed springs has continuously declined ( roughly and larson 1991 , p . 137 ) .\nsite . although this area is not currently under major development , there is no specific protection of the habitat .\nthe life history characteristics of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle remain unknown . presently there are 24 described species assigned to this exclusively nearctic genus ( nilsson 2001 ) . some aspects of the life history of this species can be assembled as a testable hypothesis that provides a basis for present and future observations . the species assigned to this genus live in a limited variety of habitats\u2013from caves and winter\u2013early spring rain pools to springs and seeps .\nin terms of life history pattern , and based on collecting effort , this species appears to fall into one of five quite different categories of life history of temperate species outlined by nilsson et al . ( 1986 ) . based on the dates of collection , this is likely a species with one generation per year that breeds in the spring , uses a good portion of the summer for larval development and overwinters in the adult stage .\nall predaceous water beetle larvae and adult forms are predaceous , principally eating invertebrates , probably enchytraeid worms and aquatic larvae of flies ( diptera ) ( larson et al . 2000 ) .\nadults of this genus are collected from the interstitial spaces among sand , small stones , moss , and bits of other plant debris at springs and seeps within the larger habitat of short\u2013grass prairie or arid grassland . the clean water provided from groundwater sources appears to be a requirement of this species ( larson et al . 2000 ) .\nthe extent to which bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle could adapt to changing conditions is unclear but the habitat specificity suggests little adaptability .\nseveral people of the peigan first nations reserve were questioned as to the presence of the beetle ; however , no one had seen such an organism . they did refer us to spring or seep sites in the area said to be located on the hills behind the town of spring point , at the intersection of spring point r and hwy 785 . despite extensive searching , these spring locations could not be located and are presumed to exist only for a short period early in the season .\nany wet areas , including stream and pond edges were sampled even if springs and seeps were not present . sampling of these habitats occurred for two reasons : 1 ) there was very little water , including springs and seeps , in the entire area searched so any wet habitats found were sampled , and 2 ) the life history of the species is unknown therefore all aquatic habitats were searched for its presence .\nonly 42 specimens of this species were known previously ( collected in 1984 ) and only 2 additional specimens were collected recently . population size is unknown , but as with most similar species , a minimum population of several hundred individuals would likely be required to sustain a viable population .\nthe data at hand is insufficient to speculate about fluctuation . there appears to have been a decline from 3 or 2 to 1 population since the populations at fort macleod could not be relocated .\nbecause the species is apparently endemic to canada , rescue from outside cannot be anticipated .\nbert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle has only been found in springs that have not or are little impacted by cattle ( roughley and larson 1991 ) . these species are rare compared to relatives of higher elevation that occupy pristine alpine springs .\nappears to require a very specific habitat within springs and seepages in an undisturbed area with mosses over fine particulate soil ( necessary for pupation ) and the appropriate fine\u2013grained substrate of sand and other fine particulates . major threats to the habitat of this species are limited water availability (\n, roughley and larson 1991 ) due to aggregation of livestock at these fragile habitats . trampling from livestock hooves ( and ranch vehicles ) damages the outlets of springs and seepages often creating muddy conditions or simply destroying the habitat of\nbert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle populations are believed to be reproductively isolated . this is thought to be true because of the size of the beetle and the distances it would have to travel in an extremely windy climate to locate rare pockets of microhabitats which could only potentially result in finding another population . a new locality for bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle immediately south of head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump represents only approximately 2 . 0 m\u00b2 of suitable habitat . the connectivity of groundwater tables and the potential to locate other populations through this means is unknown .\nother serious threats to these fragile point sources of habitat are lowering water levels and less water availability in the oldman river basin . this situation is aggravated by groundwater withdrawals ; ranching practices ; feedlots ; high water withdrawals and demands for agricultural irrigation ; increasing water demands resulting from a booming economy and subsequent rapid growth . impoundments which would drown the habitat as well as municipal and industrial development including oil and gas , also represent threats to the sensitive spring habitat . \u201cthere are almost 10 , 000 oil and gas wells in the oldman river basin , almost 600 confined livestock feeding operations [ feedlots ] , about 50 recreational site developments and 85 wastewater treatment facilities\u201d ( oldman river basin water quality initiative 2008 ) .\nfigure 9 . map of mean annual natural river discharge for major rivers in alberta , canada . ( courtesy of alberta environment 2008 . )\nfigure 10 . current location of captures in the oasis near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump , alberta ( top of the oasis cliff , facing west ) . this particular spring runs out of the grassy land above the depression which leads into the oasis . notice the cattle trampling and farm vehicle tracks throughout the spring outflow habitat .\nfigure 11 . cattle droppings within the oasis habitat . these droppings could result in contamination of the water quality in the surrounding aquatic habitat . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )\nimpoundments along the oldman river would drown the spring or seep habitat or result in lowered water levels along the course of the river . impoundments are present in great numbers along the oldman river to divert water for crop irrigation (\n) , for the oil and gas industry as well as for human recreation creating a manmade lake for sailing and windsurfing at the oldman river resevoir . crop irrigation and feedlot demands are the second largest use of water in alberta . in 1989\nbeing for irrigation . in 1989 , 93 % of the water used for irrigation in alberta came from the bow and the oldman river systems ( alberta environment 2008 ) . commercial and urban development is inevitable in a growing economy that results from an increase in human population in the province ( schindler and donahue 2006 ) .\nfigure 12 . irrigation channel north of head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump ( near twp 102 , facing south ) , used to divert water from nearby watercourses for use in agricultural irrigation . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )\nfigure 13 . irrigation equipment north of head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump ( near twp 104 , facing south ) . ( photo courtesy of jennie knopp . )\n) and the effects of climate change pose serious concerns of lowering groundwater tables and in turn the existence of the springs and see pages required by bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle .\n[ observed , estimated , inferred , or suspected ] percent [ reduction or increase ] in total number of mature individuals over the last [ 10 or 5 years , or 3 or 2 generations ] .\n[ projected or suspected ] percent [ reduction or increase ] in total number of mature individuals over the next [ 10 or 5 years , or 3 or 2 generations ] .\n[ observed , estimated , inferred , or suspected ] percent [ reduction or increase ] in total number of mature individuals over any [ 10 or 5 years , or 3 or 2 generations ] period , over a time period including both the past and the future .\ntrend in [ area and / or quality ] of habitat both general habitat type and specific occupied habitat have declined .\nthe most serious threats to the single known site and to these fragile point sources of habitat in general are lowering water levels in the oldman river basin and aggregation of livestock . other potential threats along the oldman river basin ( along with the associated coulees , springs and seeps ) include : groundwater withdrawals ; ranching practices ; feedlots ; high water withdrawals and demands for agricultural irrigation ; increasing water demands resulting from a booming economy and subsequent rapid growth ; impoundments which would drown the habitat ; municipal and industrial development including oil and gas ; increasing demands for water for use in industry and domestic use ; human recreation , reproductive isolation ; drought ; and ; climate change .\nreasons for designation : despite extensive searches , this canadian endemic species is known from only two locations in southern alberta , one of which has been destroyed . it is limited to springs and seepage areas along steep cliff edges or river bends . its habitat is declining due to trampling by livestock and lowering of the water table due to withdrawals for irrigation .\ncriterion a ( decline in total number of mature individuals ) : not applicable . no population information .\ncriterion b ( small distribution range and decline or fluctuation ) : meets endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) . eo and iao are below thresholds , the species is known from a single location , and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the species\u2019 habitat .\ncriterion c ( small and declining number of mature individuals ) : not applicable . no population information .\ncriterion d ( very small population or restricted distribution ) : meets threatened d2 as it is known from a single location , and is prone to stochastic events with continuing threat of trampling and water withdrawal .\nthis species is named in honour of mrs . bertha ( bert ) f . carr of calgary who helped collect the type series . bert , along with her husband , john , has been a tremendous source of specimens , information and inspiration for this project .\nbergsten , j . a . t\u00f6yr\u00e4 , and a . n . nilsson . 2001 . intraspecific variation and intersexual correlation in secondary sexual characteristics of three diving beetles ( coleoptera : dytiscidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society . 73 ( 2 ) : pp . 221\u2013232 .\ndanks , h . v . and d . d . williams . 1991 . arthropods of springs , with particular reference to canada : synthesis and needs for research . memoirs of the entomological society of canada .\nenvironment canada . 1996 . state of canada ' s environment . government of canada , ottawa .\nlarson , d . j . , y . alarie , and r . e . roughley . 2000 . predaceous diving beetles ( coleoptera : dytiscidae ) of the nearctic region , with emphasis on the fauna of canada and alaska . nrc research press , ottawa .\nlockwood and debrey , 1990 j . a . lockwood and l . d . debrey , a solution for the sudden and unexplained extinction of the rocky mountain grasshopper ( orthoptera : acrididae ) , environ . entomol . 19 ( 1990 ) , pp . 1194\u20131205 .\nnilsson , a . n . 2001 . dytiscidae . world catalogue of insects , 3 , 1\u2013395 .\nnilsson , a . n . and h . s\u00f6derberg . 1986 . abundance and species richness patterns of diving beetles ( coleoptera , dytiscidae ) from exposed and protected sites in 98 northern swedish lakes . hydrobiologia . 321 ( 1 ) : pp . 83\u201388 .\noldman river basin water quality initiative . 2008 . oldman river basin water quality initiative .\nroughley , r . e . and d . j . larson . 1991 . aquatic coleoptera of springs in canada . memoirs of the entomological society of canada . 155 : 125\u2013140 .\nschindler , d . w . and w . f . donahue . 2006 . an impending water crisis in canada\u2019s western prairie provinces . proceedings of the national academy of science . 103 ( 19 ) : pp . 710\u20137216 .\nthe late dr . robert e . roughley was a professor of entomology at the university of manitoba . he studied the taxonomy and ecology of water beetles in canada , australia and costa rica for more than 25 years . he obtained his ph . d . from the university of alberta with a world revision of the genus dytiscus ( coleoptera , dytiscidae ) in 1982 . in addition , he conducted research on conservation and management of tallgrass and mixed grass prairie using invertebrate groups . he was also the curator of the j . b . wallis museum of entomology , department of entomology , university of manitoba , winnipeg , manitoba r3t 2n2 .\njennie a . knopp has a b . sc . in zoology with a minor in entomology from the university of guelph in ontario . jennie has been a professional aquatic biologist for the past 5 years . she has worked on aquatic organisms , including aquatic insects , in nunavut , northwest territories , ontario and alberta . jennie is currently completing her m . sc . degree on integrating scientific and traditional knowledge in northern aquatic ecosystems , at trent university in ontario .\nrob and jennie have worked together previously when they taught the 2006 boreal and arctic entomology course , along with dr . peter kevan , in churchill manitoba . the course was offered through the university of the arctic .\nthe only known record of the species was collected in 1984 and all specimens are presently housed at the j . b . wallis museum at the university of manitoba . specimens will be more widely distributed to other collections and museums in the future . robert e . roughley was the curator of the museum . the research of the senior report writer has included the examination of 42 collections ( listed by larson et al . 2000 , p . xiii ) .\nthe minister of the environment and climate change is the competent minister under sara for the bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle and has prepared this recovery strategy , as per section 37 of sara . to the extent possible , it has been prepared in cooperation with the province of alberta , as per section 39 ( 1 ) of sara .\nrecovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph boulevard gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\narchived information is provided for reference , research or recordkeeping purposes . it is not subject to the government of canada web standards and has not been altered or updated since it was archived . please contact the authoring department to request a format other than those available .\nview en3 - 4 - 251 - 2017 - eng . pdf ( pdf , 579 kb ) . this document has been archived on the web .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .\nthe historical distribution of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle includes 2 and possibly 3 localities : 1 ) the northwest bank of the oldman river immediately upstream of the highway 2 crossing west of fort macleod , alberta ; 2 ) fort macleod itself ; and 3 ) the newly discovered locality near head\u2013smashed\u2013in buffalo jump . localities 1 and 2 may represent the same locality and therefore the same population ; however , this remains unclear . the only record since 1984 and the only extant population is location 3 . ( updated 2017 / 05 / 30 )\nthe life history characteristics of bert\u2019s predaceous diving beetle remain a mystery . all predaceous water beetle larvae and adults are predaceous , principally eating invertebrates , probably enchytraeid worms and aquatic larvae of flies ( diptera ) . there is no evidence to suggest that the life cycle is anything but annual and likely involves vernal breeding and oviposition with larval development during the summer , followed by a brief terrestrial pupation . the over\u2013wintering stage is the adult . dispersal is probably minimal ( despite presence of fully formed flight wings ) . ( updated 2017 / 05 / 30 )\nthe bert ' s predaceous diving beetle is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .\nto know if this species is protected by provincial or territorial laws , consult the provinces ' and territories ' websites .\nplease note : not all cosewic reports are currently available on the sara public registry . most of the reports not yet available are status reports for species assessed by cosewic prior to may 2002 . other cosewic reports not yet available may include those species assessed as extinct , data deficient or not at risk . in the meantime , they are available on request from the cosewic secretariat .\ndespite extensive searches , this canadian endemic species is known from only two locations in southern alberta , one of which has been destroyed . it is limited to springs and seepage areas along steep cliff edges or river bends . its habitat is declining due to trampling by livestock and lowering of the water table due to withdrawals for irrigation .\nhis excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , hereby acknowledges receipt , on the making of this order , of assessments conducted under subsection 23 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada with respect to the species set out in the annexed schedule .\nthe purpose of the order amending schedule 1 to the species at risk act is to add 18 species to schedule 1 , the list of wildlife species at risk ( the list ) , and to reclassify 7 listed species , pursuant to subsection 27 ( 1 ) of sara . this amendment is made on the recommendation of the minister of the environment based on scientific assessments by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) and on consultations with governments , aboriginal peoples , stakeholders and the canadian public .\nas part of its strategy for protecting wildlife species at risk , the government of canada proclaimed the species at risk act ( sara ) on june 5 , 2003 . attached to the act is schedule 1 , the list of the species that receive protection under sara , also called the list of wildlife species at risk . please submit your comments by february 4 , 2011 for species undergoing normal consultations and by february 4 , 2012 for species undergoing extended consultations .\nenvironment and climate change canada\u2019s three - year recovery document posting plan identifies the species for which recovery documents will be posted each fiscal year starting in 2014 - 2015 . posting this three year plan on the species at risk public registry is intended to provide transparency to partners , stakeholders , and the public about environment and climate change canada\u2019s plan to develop and post these proposed recovery strategies and management plans . however , both the number of documents and the particular species that are posted in a given year may change slightly due to a variety of circumstances . last update april 18 , 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1678, "summary": [{"text": "barbodes is a genus of small to medium-sized cyprinid fish native to tropical asia .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the majority of the species are from southeast asia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "many species are threatened and some from the philippines ( lake lanao ) are already extinct .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "several members of this genus were formerly included in puntius . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "barbodes", "paragraphs": ["diet and feeding ecology of two sizes of barbodes gonionotus ( = puntius gonionotus ) and oreochromis sp . in ricefields in bangladesh\nbarbodes : from the latin barbus , meaning \u2018barbel\u2019 , and ancient greek \u03b5\u1f36\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 ( - oides ) , meaning \u2018form , likeness\u2019 .\ntypical sympatric species include rasbora sarawakensis , barbodes banksi , b . sealei , hemirhamphodon pogonognathus , betta taeniata , and nemacheilus saravacensis .\ndiet and feeding ecology of two sizes of barbodes gonionotus ( = puntius gonionotus ) and oreochromis sp . in ricefields in bangladesh .\ntaxonomic notes : barbodes carnaticus was described by jerdon ( 1849 ) from bhavani river , nilgiris . the placement of this species in the genus barbodes must be examined . it is closer to puntius and needs a new generic name ( m . arunachalam pers . comm . ) .\ndiet and feeding ecology of two sizes of barbodes gonionotus ( = puntius gonionotus ) and oreochromis sp . in ricefields in bangladesh - aquatic commons\nbarbodes carnaticus is very wide and with no perceived population declines in spite of some specific threats identified . the species is therefore assessed as least concern .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . barbodes carnaticus ( jerdon , 1849 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\na species of barbodes with 28\u201332 lateral line scales ; 10\u201312 predorsal scales ; two pairs of barbels ; dorsal fin inserted slightly nearer to tip of snout than base of caudal fin , its last undivided ray osseous , strong and smooth ; ; rostral barbel black ; four or five fine and faint longitudinal stripes above lateral line .\nin addition , the following characters are useful in identification of barbodes spp . : last simple dorsal - fin ray serrated posteriorly ; rostral barbels present ( except in b . aurotaeniatus ) ; maxillary barbels present ; lips smooth and thin , postlabial groove interrupted medially ; lateral line complete or not , with 22\u201332 scales on lateral line row on body ; \u00bd4 / 1 / 4\u00bd scale rows between dorsal - fin origin and ventral midline in front of pelvic - fin base ; 12 circumpeduncular scale rows ; 12\u201315 gill rakers on first gill arch .\nbarbodes carnaticus is endemic to the western ghats ( dahanukar et al . 2004 ) . known from rivers in the states of kerala , tamil nadu and karnataka including cauvery , krishna ( jayaram 1999 ) , moyar ( rajan 1963 , arunachalam et al . 2000 ) , kabini , bhavani , bharathapuzha , chalakudy , periyar , pambar , muvattupuzha , manimala , pamba , achenkovil , karamana , neyyar ( shaji and easa 2003 , chhapgar and mankadan 2000 , kurup et al . 2004 ) , chaliyar ( r . raghavan and a . ali pers . obs . ) . ooty lake ( jayaram 1999 ) . besides it has also been reported from the water bodies inside the mudumalai wildlife sanctuary ( manimekalan 1998 ) , from the drainages in the dharmapuri district of tamil nadu ( rema devi and raghunathan 1999 ) and from kolli hills of eastern ghats ( arunachalam and johnson 1998 ) . the record from tambraparini ( johnsingh and vickram 1987 ) is erroneous ( johnson and arunachalam pers . comm . ) . the report from southern kerala is also doubtful ( m . arunachalam pers . comm . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nlatin , barbus = barbel + greek , oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 31 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . fresh specimen color dark green dorsally , whitish on sides , and overcast with brassy or golden , especially on belly ; top of head and snout blackish with pearly epidermal spots also on suborbital and opercle ; fins pale or with roseate flush . 11 scales from nape to dorsal ; 2 . 5 scale rows between ventrals and lateral line . wide short snout without prominent protuberances .\nherre , a . w . c . t . , 1924 . distribution of the true freshwater fishes in the philippines . i . the philippine cyprinidae . philipp . j . sci . 24 ( 3 ) : 249 - 307 . ( ref . 2929 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . preserved color dusky above , pale yellowish on sides and belly ; colorless fins ; scales with concentric striae . eyes with gelatinous eyelid ; blunt snout round - tipped , 3 . 5 - 4x in head . 11 - 13 scales between nape and dorsal ; 3 scale rows between ventrals and lateral line .\ncaught among pond weeds of the shallow bays of the lake . considered a food fish in the region .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 . preserved color faded yellowish brown , darker dorsally . 9 scales between nape and dorsal ; 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 scales between ventral origin and lateral line . snout with distinct hump ; dorsal base with highly scaly sheath .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00672 - 0 . 03410 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .\nand needs a new generic name ( m . arunachalam pers . comm . ) .\nrema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .\nthere is no information on the population of this endemic barb . reports from southern kerala ( thomas\nto be a rare species . there are also reports of past decline in the catches of\n( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) . a recent study from chalakudy river ( manojkumar and kurup 2010 ) indicated that the growth coefficient\nprefers large pools in rivers and streams ( daniels 2002 ) , where the adults have a tendency to hide under bedrock , boulders and within caves although m . arunachalam ( pers . comm . ) indicates the species to be a ' sporty ' fish . they feed on the fruits and seeds that fall from the canopy above . the adults migrate upstream for spawning and breeds in the flood waters along rivers during the monsoons . the fry can be found in these waters during september to december ( daniels 2002 ) . the young of\nare seen in groups along the banks of rivers and reservoirs , while the mature carps are rarely seen along the banks ( biju 2005 ) . longevity of the species which was estimated as 4 - 5 years ( manojkumar and kurup 2010 ) is doubtful ( m . arunachalam , r . kumar pers . comm . ) .\nis a much preferred food fish and are caught from wherever they occur . they form minor fisheries in several reservoirs located in the cauvery drainage .\nis threatened by a wide range of factors including decline in habitat quality due to destructive fishing practices such as poisoning and dynamiting , altered river flow due to construction of dams , competition with exotic and transplanted carps and pollution from point sources .\nat key habitats need to be determined to devise appropriate conservation plans . milt cryopreservation and captive breeding protocol have been developed at nbfgr ( v . s . basheer pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis species can also be found in the sungai rayu river in kuching district , sarawak .\nspecimen from the batang kayan drainage in sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) .\nkuchingensis : named for kuching division , sarawak state , malaysia ( borneo ) , from where the type series was collected .\ndescribed from \u201918 miles east of kuching , sarawak state , borneo , east malaysia\u2019 and apparently endemic to western borneo with a range extending into the indonesian province of west kalimantan ( kalimantan barat ) where it\u2019s known from the kapuas river system , including the lake system of danau sentarum .\npredominantly found in shallow forest streams containing clear water , sometimes in the pools that form at the base of waterfalls .\nsubstrates may comprise smooth , water - worn rocks and boulders of varying sizes , sand or gravel , often with submerged woody structures , leaf litter , and aquatic plants from genera such as cryptocoryne or barclaya .\nit\u2019s also been recorded from ancient peat swamps and associated black water streams with tannin - stained water , negligible mineral content and ph as low as 3 . 0 or 4 . 0 .\nnot difficult to keep in a well - maintained set - up , though we recommend aquascaping the tank to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .\nthis can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches , and while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the d\u00e9cor .\nsince it naturally occurs in relatively pristine habitats it\u2019s intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires more - or - less spotless water in order to thrive .\nthough torrent - like conditions are unnecessary it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate water movement , plus weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % tank volume should be considered routine .\nwild fish are probably foragers feeding on diatoms , algae , organic detritus , small insects , worms , crustaceans , and other zooplankton .\nin the aquarium it\u2019s easily - fed but the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia , and artemia , alongside good quality dried flakes and granules , at least some of which should include additional plant or algal content .\nthis species makes an ideal addition to a peaceful community of riverine fishes including other similarly - sized , peaceful cyprinids plus botiid , nemacheilid , or robust balitorid loaches .\nif geography isn\u2019t an issue it can actually be combined with most peaceful fish of a size too large to be considered food and that have a bold enough disposition to not be intimidated by its size and active nature .\nas usual , thorough research is the best way to avoid problems when selecting compatible fish communities .\nmaintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less skittish but result in a more effective , natural looking display .\nin addition , any aggressive behaviour will normally be contained as the fish concentrate on maintaining their hierarchical position within the group .\nadult males develop a more intense colour pattern than females and exhibit noticeable tubercules on the head when in spawning condition .\nadult females tend to grow a little larger , are heavier - bodied , and less colourful .\nthis species is rarely - exported for the aquarium hobby but is available on occasion .\nthe name b . kuchingensis is frequently misapplied , however , with subadult forms of b . everetti and some populations of the geographically - variable b . lateristriga regularly traded as such .\nthe latter was described from java and may represent a complex containing several as yet unnamed species .\nthough closely - affiliated with and superficially very similar to b . lateristriga , b . kuchingensis sensu stricto can be told apart by presence of a prominent row of dark spots along the lateral line , plus a short , horizontally - orientated streak extending from the upper part of the operculum as seen in the images here .\nin b . lateristriga the lateral markings usually form a solid stripe and there is no streak extending from the operculum .\nthis species was formerly included in the genus puntius which was for a number of years viewed as a polyphyletic catch - all containing over 100 species of small to mid - sized cyprinid until pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) published a partial review covering south asian members .\nthe majority of sub - himalayan puntius species were reclassified and new genera dawkinsia , dravidia ( subsequently amended to haludaria ) , and pethia erected to accommodate some of them , with the remainder either retained in puntius or moved to the existing systomus assemblage , though the definition of the latter was altered meaning some southeast asian species formerly placed there could no longer be considered members .\nherre , a . w . c . t . , 1940 - bulletin of the raffles museum no . 16 : 5 - 26 new species of fishes from the malay peninsula and borneo .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\nkottelat , m . and e . widjanarti , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 139 - 173 the fishes of danau sentarum national park and the kapuas lakes area , kalimantan barat , indonesia .\npethiyagoda , r . , 2013 - zootaxa 3646 ( 2 ) : 199 haludaria , a replacement generic name for dravidia ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .\npethiyagoda , r . , m . meegaskumbura , and k . maduwage , 2012 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 23 ( 1 ) : 69 - 95 a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) .\nroberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .\ntweedie , m . w . f . , 1961 - bulletin of the raffles museum no . 26 : 178 - 182 notes on malayan fresh - water fishes . 9 . regional differentiation in the colour pattern of puntius lateristriga .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 12 . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 2060 )\nasia : myanmar ( ref . 4832 ) and from mekong of thailand through indonesia ( ref . 12693 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 ) ; common length : 10 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12693 )\noccurs from sea level to at least 2000 m above sea level and is commonly found below waterfalls in isolated mountain streams and on small islands inhabited by few other freshwater fishes ( ref . 2091 ) . inhabits medium to large rivers , stagnant water bodies including sluggish flowing canals and brooks of the middle mekong ( ref . 12975 ) . found in middle to bottom depths in fairly shallow waters where it feeds on zooplankton , insect larvae and some vascular plants . probably does not migrate ( ref . 12693 ) .\nroberts , t . r . , 1989 . the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) . mem . calif . acad . sci . 14 : 210 p . ( ref . 2091 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00530 - 0 . 01498 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 \u00b10 . 29 se ; based on food items .\nasia : mekong , chao phraya and small coastal drainages of the gulf of thailand .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 )\ndistinguished from the other species of the genus in having a single pair of barbels ( maxillary ) , a complete lateral line and ( in most specimens ) four small , vertically elongated black spots on the sides ( above beginning of lateral line , below dorsal - fin origin , below posterior end of dorsal - fin base and on caudal peduncle ) and one on the back below dorsal - fin origin . the spots are more distinct in preserved specimens than in fresh ones ( ref . 27732 ) .\ninhabits small flowing streams , canals , ditches and occasionally impoundments ( ref . 12693 ) . found in medium to large rivers , stagnant water bodies including sluggish flowing canals and brooks of the middle mekong ( ref . 12975 ) . occurs in running waters of the lower mekong ( ref . 36667 ) . feeds mainly on zooplankton and insect larvae . breeds during the rainy season . half - grown young are caught in march ( ref . 12693 ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 42 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2929 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . color dark blackish brown dorsally , paler on sides , yellowish brown on belly ; fins dusky . low dorsal profile with hump behind nape . 9 scales between nape and dorsal . resembles c . katolo but with shorter pectorals and ventrals , fewer scales between dorsal and head , and different coloration .\ninhabits pools in clear water streams in the forest and the foothills , usually over sandy to rocky substrate ( ref . 56749 ) .\nkottelat , m . and a . j . whitten , 1996 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi : additions and corrections . periplus editions , hong kong . 8 p . ( ref . 13275 )\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 2009 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of 2 july 2009 . catalog databases of cas cited in fishbase ( website ) . ( ref . 81932 )\nasia : endemic to lake lanao ( lumbatan and dansalan ) , lanao province , mindanao island , philippines .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 4 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 10885 )\nherre , a . w . c . t . , 1953 . check list of philippine fishes . res . rep . u . s . fish wild . serv . ( 20 ) : 1 - 977 . ( ref . 280 )\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 10 . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 30\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7020 )\noccurs in forest streams of the foothills zones , usually in clear , slow to fast flowing waters , preferring quieter areas along the shores ; commonly found in shallow waters ( less than 5 - 15 cm ) such as puddles in the forest ( ref . 56749 ) . feeds on worms , crustaceans insects and plant matter ( ref . 7020 ) .\nkottelat , m . , a . j . whitten , s . n . kartikasari and s . wirjoatmodjo , 1993 . freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong . 221 p . ( ref . 7050 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 34 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\njustification : harrison and stiassny ( 1999 ) consider this species to be possibly extinct . the matter has been referred to the relevant specialist group for a decision .\noccurs in lake lanao . the species was described from the type and only specimen collected by herre at lumbatan , a town on the south shore of the lake ( e . capuli pers . comm . 1996 ) .\nexploitation : fish is the main diet for people in the area and the human population has increased . traditional fishing methods have been superseded by the use of poison ( tigaw , labo , towa ) and dynamite , which kill almost everything ( including the fry ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\njustification : this is a widespread species with no known major threats . it is therefore assessed as least concern .\nthe species has a very wide distribution in southeast asia . it is recorded in numerous river drainages from the malay peninsula ( peninsular thailand river systems ; presence in the maeklong is uncertain ( c . vidthayanon pers . comm . 2011 ) ) to indonesia ( java , sumatra ( batavia , buitenzorg , tjampea , sadingwetan , tjipanas ; roberts 1989 ) and kalimantan ( kapuas river ) ) and sarawak .\nthis species is locally common . the status of the population in java is unknown .\nthis species is found in forested submontane to hill streams and waterfalls with clear water , sandy gravel or rocky boulder bottoms ( roberts 1989 ) .\nthis species is popular in the aquarium trade , and is locally consumed in households .\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . < a href = ' urltoken ' target = ' _ blank ' > www . fishbase . org , version ( 10 / 2011 ) . < / a >\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\nfroese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .\na general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .\nred list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 conservation actions : currently there is no specific action plan directed towards ambassis dussumieri . research on the population status , ecology and threats to the species is essential .\ns . s . mishra , laishram kosygin , p . t . rajan and k . c . gopi , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) : 1\u2013235 + 26 plates . ( published by the director , zoological survey of india , kolkata )\npotamodromous . migrating within streams , migratory in rivers , e . g . saliminus , moxostoma , labeo . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nriede , k . 2004 global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany . 329 p .\ndescribes the periodic movement of organisms from one locality to another ( e . g . , for breeding ) . usually includes locality , timing , and hypothesized purpose .\n60 . 0 cm ( male / unsexed ; ) ; max . published weight : 12 . 0 kg\ntalwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nfound in large pools and riffles of rapid rivers and streams . adults are observed to hide under bedrocks , boulders and undercuttings . feeds on allochthonous fallen leaves and seeds . does not breed in ponds but spawns in flooded rivers during monsoon months . spawns in july - august and fry are available in september to december .\nsummary of general nature of feeding interactions . for example , basic mode of nutrient uptake ( autotrophy , heterotrophy , coprophagy , saprophagy ) , position in food network ( top predator , primary producer , consumer ) , diet categorization ( detritovore , omnivore , carnivore , herbivore ) . specific taxa are treated under associations ( specifying predators or prey ) and associatedtaxa .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\n2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded july 2006 .\ntalwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran 1991 inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p . robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott 1991 world fishes important to north americans . exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 21 ) : 243 p .\nknown or potential benefits of the species for humans , at a direct economic level , as instruments of education , prospecting , eco - tourism , etc . it includes published material or suggestions from the author or others . in any event , the source must be explicitly quoted . can include ecosystem services . however , benefits to ecosystems not specific to humans are best treated under risk statement ( what happens when the organism is removed )\na checklist of the fishes of kerala state is presented , along with their scientific and common name . . .\ndistribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , < i > neolissochilus wynaadensis < / i . . .\nthe wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs . . .\ncepf western ghats special series : fishes of river bharathapuzha , kerala , india : diversity , distributi . . .\nwe present here a comprehensive account of the diversity , distribution , threats , and suggest conser . . .\nrecords of the endemic and threatened catfish , < i > hemibagrus punctuates < / i > from the southern western . . .\nthe nilgiri mystus , hemibagrus punctatus , a rare bagrid catfish endemic to the western ghats , has b . . .\nfreshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape , southern western ghats , india , with notes on som . . .\na systematic , updated checklist of freshwater fish species of the west - flowing drainages of the ash . . .\ncepf western ghats special series : checklist of the fishes of the achankovil forests , kerala , india wi . . .\nwe report the results of an ichthyofaunal inventory carried out in the achankovil reserve forest in . . .\nreply to \u201cneed for further research on the freshwater fish fauna of the ashambu hills landscape : a resp . . .\nthe freshwater fish fauna of new amarambalam reserve forest ( narf ) in the southern western ghats ( k . . .\ndiversity , distribution and assemblage structure of fishes in streams of southern western ghats , india . . .\ndiversity , distribution and assemblage structure of fishes were studied in 10 selected streams of s . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nnaga , the iclarm quarterly , 21 ( 3 ) , pp . 13 - 19 .\npdf ( the document ' s language is english . ) - requires a pdf viewer such as gsview , xpdf or adobe acrobat reader\naquatic commons is hosted and maintained by the unesco / ioc project office for iode , oostende , belgium .\naquatic commons is powered by eprints 3 which is developed by the school of electronics and computer science at the university of southampton . more information and software credits .\ndifferentiated from p . binotatus in having a dark wedge - shaped marking ( vs . a round spot ) on the sides of the body immediately below the dorsal fin . however , since there seems to be a considerable amount of variation in the markings between populations , if may also mean that banksi and binotatus represent 2 extreme color forms of a single species .\nfound in a variety of small streams in lowland and foothills , usually with clear water ( ref . 56749 ) .\nng , h . h . and h . h . tan , 1999 . the fishes of the endau drainage , peninsular malaysia with descriptions of two new species of catfishes ( teleostei : akysidae , bagridae ) . zool . stud . 38 ( 3 ) : 350 - 366 . ( ref . 36133 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00832 ( 0 . 00450 - 0 . 01537 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) ."]}
{"id": 1679, "summary": [{"text": "percopsidae is a family of fish in the order percopsiformes , with one extant genus with two species , both endemic to north america , and two known fossil genera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are small fish with weak fin spines , and an adipose fin similar to those of trout .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they feed on insects and small crustaceans . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "percopsidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30b5\u30b1\u30b9\u30ba\u30ad\u79d1\nto\npercopsidae\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : northern north america . scales ctenoid and cycloid . naked head . dorsal fin spines 1 or 2 ; soft rays 9 - 12 . anal fin spines 1 or 2 ; soft rays 6 or 7 . pelvic fin insertion subthoracic ; pelvic rays 8 . attains a maximum length of 20 cm .\ngreek , perke = perch + greek , ops = similar ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nmecklenburg , catherine w . , t . anthony mecklenburg , and lyman k . thorsteinson\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npikkulohiahven\nto\npercopsis transmontana ( eigenmann & eigenmann , 1892 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita removed a common name in an unknown language from\npercopsis omiscomaycus ( walbaum , 1792 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita added an unknown common name in an unknown language to\npercopsis omiscomaycus ( walbaum , 1792 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : percopsiformes according to r . betancur - r et al . 2013"]}
{"id": 1683, "summary": [{"text": "heliocheilus thomalae is a moth in the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species has a wingspan of 19 \u2013 20 mm ( 0.75 \u2013 0.79 in ) and the holotype was caught in gomba , district of amani , tanzania .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "gaede named this species after miss thomala , preparator at the berlin museum f\u00fcr naturkunde who draw his attention on this species . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "heliocheilus thomalae", "paragraphs": ["the purple topper ( heliocheilus lupatus ) is a moth in the noctuidae family .\nthe spotted straw moth ( heliocheilus turbata ) is a moth in the noctuidae family .\nthe millet head miner moth ( heliocheilus albipunctella ) is a moth in the noctuidae family .\nthe paradoxical grass moth ( heliocheilus paradoxus ) is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .\nthe heliothine genus heliocheilus grote is recalled from synonymy with heliothis ochsenheimer on the basis of a forewing modification in the male . raghuva moore and canthylidia butler are synonymized with heliocheilus . six species of heliocheilus are recognized to occur in africa , the adults of five are redescribed and the sixth described as new . figures of the adults and genitalia of all species are provided . lectotypes of raghuva multiradiata hampson , raghuva thomalae gaede , raghuva albipunctella de joannis and heliocheilus mekrana brandt are designated , and twelve specific synonymies are proposed . abstract . le genre heliocheilus grote est r\u00e9tabli , sur la base d ' une modification de l ' aile ant\u00e9rieure chez le m\u00e2le , apr\u00e8s avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en synonymie avec heliothis ochsenheimer . raghuva moore et canthylidia butler sont mis en synonymie avec lui . six especes ft heliocheilus se rencontrent en afrique , l ' une d ' entre elles est decrite ici pour la premiere fois , les adultes des cinq autres red\u00e9crits . les adultes et les genitalia de toutes les esp\u00e8ces sont figure\u00e9s . des lectotypes de raghuva multiradiata hampson , raghuva albipunctella de joannis , raghuva thomale gaede , et de heliocheilus mekrana brandt sont d\u00e9asing\u00e9s . douze synonymies au niveau specifique sont propos\u00e9es .\njahrg . 9 ( 1915 - 1916 ) - internationale entomologische zeitschrift . - biodiversity heritage library\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . 13 developmental times in days from eggs to different life stages of millet head miner reared on pearl millet spikes enclosed in exclusion cages in a field at sador\u00e9 , niger , 1996 . existing information on millet head miner includes its biology ( vercambre 1978 , gahukar 1984 , ndoye 1992 , youm 1995 ) , systematics ( laporte 1977 , matthews 1987 , huddleston and walker 1988 ) , life history ( vercambre 1978 ; guevremont 1982 guevremont , 1983 bayoun et al . 1995 ) , distribution and population dynamics ( ma\u00efga 1985 ; gahukar 1987 gahukar , 1990 nwanze and sivakumar 1990 ; ndoye 1992 ) , percentage of crop loss in the sahel ( guevremont 1982guevremont , 1983 gahukar et al . 1986 ; nwanze 1991 ; nwanze and sivakumar 1990 ) , management ( guevremont 1982guevremont , 1983 gahukar 1984 ; gahukar et al . 1986 ; bhatnagar 1987 bhatnagar , 1989using daily rainfall records from 1961 to 1990 , sivakumar et al . ( 1992 ) calculated the average length of growing season in niamey , niger , to be 109 d . . . .\neuxoa ustulata n . sp . , allied to euxoa perexcellens ( grote ) , is described from northern california . adults and genitalia of both species are illustrated .\nthivolleo , a new genus with two new species from africa ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea , crambidae , pyraust . . .\nthivolleo gen . n . is erected for three species , one known : t . xanthographa hampson , 1913 comb . n . , and two new species : t . albicervix sp . n . and t . meruensis sp . n . the three species occur in africa . the genitalia and adults of all species are illustrated . the genus is tentatively placed near pronomis munroe & mutuura , 1968 .\nthe species of acentropinae recorded from africa are listed and described with illustrations of the adults and genitalia . ten new synonymies are established . the following species are described new to science : parapoynx zambiensis , argyrophorodes angolensis , a . suttoni , elophila acornutus , e . ealensis , e . minima , nymphicula hexaxantha , eoophyla belladotae , e . cameroonensis , e . carcassoni , e . . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new species of diathrausta lederer , 1863 from africa ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea , crambidae , spilomel . . .\ndiathrausta semilunalis sp . n . is described from southern africa . the adult , genitalia , and tympanal organs are illustrated . its placement in diathrausta is discussed . cangetta fulviceps ( hampson , 1917 ) comb . n . is excluded from the genus diathrausta .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses ."]}
{"id": 1684, "summary": [{"text": "argema mimosae ( african moon moth ) is a giant silk moth of the family saturniidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "similar in appearance to the giant madagascan moon moth ( argema mittrei ) , but smaller , this moth can be found widely in eastern africa and more locally in southern africa , including near the east coast of south africa .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "an adult can measure 10 to 12 centimetres ( 3.9 to 4.7 in ) across its wingspan and 12 to 14 centimetres ( 4.7 to 5.5 in ) from head to the tip of its elongated ' tail-like ' second pair of wings .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its forward wings have a distinctive grey-coloured ' furry ' leading edge , giving a very rough surface , presumably for aerodynamic reasons .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "apart from the eye-like markings on its wings , the colouring and shape of the wings give the appearance of a piece of foliage , especially the ' tail-like ' structures of the rearmost wings which resemble a dried out leaf stem - presumably for camouflage in its natural environment . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "argema mimosae", "paragraphs": ["we received african moon moth ( argema mimosae ) eggs but unfortunately only have a single live larva .\ncocoons belonging to argema mimosae , or african moon moths . couple epiphora thrown in as well . # insectlicious # insect # macro # entomology # giantsilkmoth # silkmoth # moth # argemamimosae # argema # mimosae # africanmoonmoth # cocoon # epiphora\nafrican moth cocoons finally came ! argema mimosae and epiphora bauhiniae , all set up in their eclosure enclosures . # moth # silkmoth # saturniidae # insectlicious # insect # argema # mimosae # argemamimosae # cocoon # epiphora # epiphorabauhiniae # lepidoptera\nargema mimosae , kometenfalter - l5 raupe wow , was f\u00fcr eine tolle zucht , bis hierhin . nur ein ausfall . die raupen werden sich wohl bald einspinnen . a fantastic breeding ! this species makes me happy every day . they are now in l5 and going to spin the cocoon soon . # argema # happy # mimosae # saturniidae\nbe the first to write a review for african moon silkmoth ( a . mimosae ) cocoons\nhi , i noticed the south african luna moth on your website and thought you would like to know it is argema mimosae \u2013 commonly called either luna moth or moon moth . kind regards aaron in london\nbeing shy is sometimes being perfect . . . . just like this # touchmenot # mimosae # natural\nanother big male shown here , and another female popped sometime last night . 4 out of 19 so far . # argemamimosae # argema # mimosae # africanmoonmoth # moth # silkmoth # insect # lepidoptera # saturniidae # insectsofinstagram\n# argema # mimosae # african # moon # moth # from # kenya # to # konya # butterfly # garden # turkey # igclub _ butterfly # butterfly . ir # king _ insects # total _ butterflies # kelebek\nhi michelle , we believe the moth in question looks more like argema mimosae , and since argema mittrei is found in madagascar , and the moth in question was in south africa , we believe the identification that aaron in london provided long ago is the correct one . thanks for bringing this to our attention and we have now provided links from our entry .\n@ urltoken - # argema # mimosae # african # moon # moth # from # kenya # to # konya # butterfly # garden # turkey # igclub _ butterfly # butterfly . ir # king _ insects # total _ butterflies # kelebek\ni feel like i ' ve been waiting on these guys * forever * . 18 more to go ! # argemamimosae # africanmoonmoth # argema # mimosae # moonmoth # moths # moth # silkmoth # saturniidae # lepidoptera # insect # photography # macro\nit looks like he ' s got pupils in his eyes , ha . african moon moth male ! # argemamimosae # argema # mimosae # africanmoonmoth # africa # insect # lepidoptera # saturniidae # silkmoth # moth # macro # photography # instagood # insectsofinstagram\ninsects pollinate the flowers . elephants , antelope , giraffe , zebra and many others browse the leaves . the tree bears a wealth of fruit for other living organisms , including humans . the larval stage of the beautiful green african moth argema mimosae feeds on marula leaves .\nargema mimosae - kometenfalter , l4 die raupen wachsen pr\u00e4chtig . bisher gab es nur 2 ausf\u00e4lle . amberbaum ist ein tolles futter f\u00fcr sie und die raupen sind einfach traumhaft sch\u00f6n . ich halte sie bei hohen temperaturen ( 25 - 30\u00b0c ) und 40 - 70 % luftfeuchte an gew\u00e4ssertem futter . the caterpillars are growing very well on liquidambar . i ' ve lost just 2 larvae yet . i think liquidambar is the best footplant for this specie . they love it ! this species is just wonderful ! # wonderful # argema # mimosae # l4 # loveit \u2764\ufe0f\nnew arrivals : african moon moths ! see these special beauties while you can at # bloomsandbutterflies , open daily through sept . 17 , with butterfly releases at 1 and 3pm . # africanmoonmoth # argema # mimosae # saturniidae # moths # mothsofinstagram # franklinparkconservatory # asseenincolumbus # expcols # lifeincbus\nthere are 12 species in the genus argema , of which 7 are found in the oriental region , 4 in africa , and one on madagascar .\nthe african moon moth ( argema mimosae ) is a giant silk moth of the family saturniidae . similar in appearance to the giant madagascan moon moth ( argema mittrei ) , but smaller , this moth can be found near the east coast of south africa . an adult can measure 10 - 12 centimetres across its wingspan , and 12 - 14 centimetres from head to the tip of its elongated ' tail - like ' second pair of wings .\nargema mimosae - kometenfalter , kokon ( bau ) die letzten raupen bauen sich ihr kokon . nach , zun\u00e4chst eher kleinen kokons , sind diese echt gro\u00df und massig . charakteristisch f\u00fcr die kokons der art sind die l\u00f6cher im kokon . wenn das kokon fertig ist sieht man dies am besten . the last caterpillars are spinning they ' re cocoon . after some smale ones there are now very big and havy ones . # mimosae # butterflybreeding # amazing\nlookit that belly full of eggs . * hopes for a male soon * # argemamimosae # argema # mimosae # africanmoonmoth # moonmoth # moths # moth # silkmoth # saturniidae # lepidoptera # insectsofinstagram # insects # photography # macro # instagood # nailpolish # chippednailpolish # femmeftm # transgender # trans # transdude\n( argema mimosae - boisduval ) wingspan 100mm with trailing tails up to 50mm long in the male . widely distributed from south and central africa . one of the most magnificent of moths . not an easy species but rarely offered and well worth a try . warmth and humidity required . lfp . liquidamber and eucalyptus , sumach , walnut .\nargema mimosae - species dictionary - southern africa - interactions - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhe is still pumping his wings up ! what a beautiful big moth . i ' m in love , i really do \ud83d\udc96 # argemamimosae # argema # mimosae # africanmoonmoth # moonmoth # moonmoths # moths # mothsofinstagram # mothstagram # insectsofinstagram # insectagram # insecta # insect # butterfly # butterflies # vlinder # vlinders # mot # motten # saturniidae # lepidoptera # entomology # biology # silkmoth # silkmoths\nthis is a photo of the same pupa i posted two weeks ago . if you look closely , you can see the wing pattern coming through . last night he finally emerged , but unfortunatly he wasn ' t able to fully pump up his wings so he looks very crumpled \ud83d\ude14 # argema # mimosae # lepidoptera # breeding # entomology # insects # pupa # moths # butterfly # butterflies # saturniidae # african # moon # moth\nreordering my butterfly and moth box . so many beautiful colors and some nice species \ud83d\udc96 mostly bred by myself and they died on a natural death\ud83c\udf3f\ud83c\udf3a # graellsiaisabellae # graellsiaisabelae # graellsia # isabellae # spanishmoonmoth # danausplexippus # danaus # plexippus # hamadryas # graphiumweiskei # saturniapavonia # argemamimosae # argema # mimosae # africanmoonmoth # mothsofinstagram # mothstagram # mothsofinstagram # insectsofinstagram # insectagram # insecta # insect # saturniidae # lepidoptera # entomology # biology # silkmoth # silkmoths # lepidopterist # entomologist # biologist\ncan ' t stop snapping photos lol ! such pretty coloring . female african moon moth . she ' s already laying her eggs , so she ' s in the fridge now to increase her lifespan a bit , in the hopes a male will hatch out soon . her eye spots remind me of today ' s solar eclipse . # argemamimosae # argema # mimosae # africanmoonmoth # moonmoth # moth # silkmoth # insect # lepidoptera # saturniidae # ihaveweirdhobbies # instagood # macro # photography # solareclipse\njuancho ( mimosa sensitiva ) . . . . . . . . . . . # photo # photograph # photography # photographer # photographerlife # photographylover # photographylife # photographylovers # naturephotography # mimosae # mimosasensitiva # mimosapudica # plantas # plantae # naturaleza # macetas # naturelovers # bestnatureshot # green # canon # canon80d # 50mm # naturally # sense # sensitive # life\nas the first step in this investigation of structure\u2013property\u2013function relations in silkworm cocoons , we simply analysed the composition and morphology of 25 different cocoon types reported elsewhere [ 15 ] . scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) analysis of the outer surfaces of the silkworm cocoons illustrates the wide range of structures evolved by a moth in lepidoptera of important silk producing order ( figure 2 ) . at the most general level , all of the cocoons have a connected and porous fibre structure . while cocoons like b . mori have a highly porous non - woven structure , other cocoons like saturnia pyri and actias luna have very low porosity with the fibres densely packed and bonded by an almost continuous film of sericin . some of the cocoons have a lattice structure with large fabricated holes with sizes up to 5 mm , e . g . caligula simla and caligula cachara . there are also cocoons combining both non - woven fibre structure and a fibre mesh structure with large holes , e . g . cricula trifenestrata and argema mimosae .\n# my _ clicks \ud83d\udcf1 # today ' s _ click common name : # chhui _ mui # lajadu # lajwanti # touch _ me _ not botanical name : # mimosa _ pudica scientific classification : - # kingdom : # plantae # division : # spermatophyta # subdivision : # angiosperm # class : # dicotyledonae # subclass : # polypetalae # series : # calyciflorae # order : # rosales # family : # leguminosae # subfamily : # mimosae # genus : # mimosa # species : # m . pudica\nupdate : ( 03 / 15 / 2008 ) moth identification what\u2019s that bug : giant silk moths the top picture on this page , \u201csouth african luna ( like ) moth , \u201d dated 04 / 08 / 06 , is of argema mittrei , also known as the comet moth or madagascan moon moth . i came across a picture of it while searching for identification of another moth just prior to accessing your site . what a coincidence . i generally would not write this long after an entry was posted , but i found no other reference to this beautiful creature on urltoken . michelle gill\nnon sono una donna addomesticabile .\n( a . merini ) - ever - { free reminder of the day } ~ ~ # quote # quotes # citazioni # frasi # aldamerini # mimosa # mimose # floral # flowermagic # flowerporn # flowers # flowerslovers # flowersofinstagram # flowerstagram # flowerstyles _ gf # yellow # macro # macrophotography # macrophoto # mimosae # upclose # mimosa # macro _ captures # macro _ freaks # macro _ spotlight # ig _ macro # ig _ captures # macroshots # macro _ brilliance # macro _ vision # macroshotz\na look back at the conceptual beauty editorial\nmimosae\nfor @ thestormmagazine * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ph : @ kqphotography ( using @ profotousa + @ nikonusa gear ) mu : @ nikkilopezmua hair : @ hair . by . hare model : @ amandadilks loc : los angeles ca * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * @ createbeautymag # kareemquowphotography # clean # cinematic # conceptual # conceptarchitect # mimosae # moth # beauty # internationalphotographer # laphotographer # ukphotographer # createbeautymag # makeupjunkie # picoftheday # makeupaddict # conquer _ la # conceptualphotography # profotousa # celebratelight # lightshaping # nikon # losangeles # californialove # love # art # professionalprofessionals # ysfwm # ss # photorep # adagency * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *\nhere is my # 2017bestnine i\u2019d like to thank you all for being so welcoming into this community and all the support given , i really do appreciate it . sorry the posts have been slowing down lately , being winter there\u2019s not much to post insect wise generally lol . i will continue of course when i find interesting things to show you ! next year shall be great , many beautiful species that i can\u2019t wait to see and show you all . once again thank you for everything ! # bestnine # 2017 # moth # lepidoptera # photo # photography # nature # wildlife # winter # entomology # science # biology # crazymothboy # atlasmoth # mimosae # silkmoth # saturniidae # sphingidae # hawkmoth # thankyou\none of the most beautiful lepidopterans of the earth , but first of all one of the largest , lives in madagascar\u2019s rainforests : the madagascan moon moth or comet moth ( argema mittrei ) . with a wingspan up to 20 cm , it exceeds nearly all lepidopterans worldwide , only the atlas moth ( attacus atlas ) from asia , belonging to the same family of emperor moths ( saturniidae ) , becomes even bigger . actually , the insect with its bright yellow color and the long tail is not a butterfly as many people think , but a moth . accordingly it is nocturnal and not flying at daytime . males and females can be easily distinguished : females have broader and rounder wings , and a much shorter tail . the antennae give another hint : males wear long , plumose ones , females not .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntanzania , pwani region , ruvu forest reserve , 230 m , 08 . iii . 2014 , leg . ph . darge .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide sat 890\u2642 , coll . darge ; allotype \u2640 , coll . darge ; paratypes 17\u2642 , coll . darge .\ndarge ph . 2014g . nouvelles esp\u00e8ces de micragone provenant des for\u00eats c\u00f4ti\u00e8res de tanzanie et des motagnes de l ' uganda ( lepidoptera , saturniidae , saturniinae , micragonini ) . - saturnafrica 20 : 3\u201313 , pls . a\u2013d .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsouth african luna moth hi : we just came back from a trip to south africa where we found this large luna moth on the wall of our lodge . it looks slightly different from its american cousins , but there is a family resemblence . diane & mark\nhi diane and mark , your moth is surely luna - like . this tailed saturnid moth is probably in a different genus than the luna , but it is definitely in the same family . we might eventually have a species name .\nhi urltoken acrually been doing some private research myself of theses moths and i have been a little obsessed with the luna moth for years now . i\u2019m pretty sure that this picture is not a luna moth but is actually a madagacar comet moth , ( argemi mittrei ) . it is the only moth that is very similar to the luna but has extra long tails that are red with the yellow at the end . the luna is generally a consistant pale to lime green throughout the entire wings , except the false eyes . while the comet moth has wings that vary between yellow and green , with false eyes and spots .\nthanks for your input . we may write to bill oehlke to get his opinion .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail . you can also subscribe without commenting .\nmake my day tomato bugs mysteries wtb ? down under 10 most beautiful spiders snow bugs food chain bug bug humanitarian award invasive exotics the big 5 unnecessary carnage bug love buggy life cycles buggy accessories gems from our archives virginia beach aquatic bugs countdown 10 000 edible insects : tasty morsels buggy vocabulary words northern california wtb ? mt . washington nasty reader award bug of the month unidentified calendar 2011 milkweed meadow household pests top 10 fanmail virginia what ' s on my woody plant ? gift shop goldenrod meadow worst bug stories ever ! ! ! gardening blog\nplease enter your username or e - mail address . you will receive a new password via e - mail .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section provides information relevant to cofactors . a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active . some cofactors are inorganic , such as the metal atoms zinc , iron , and copper in various oxidation states . others , such as most vitamins , are organic . < p > < a href = ' / help / cofactor ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding < a href =\nurltoken\n> lipids < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> glycans < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> protein cross - links < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / mod _ res ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nevery purchase includes a 30 - day money - back guarantee . we sell thousands of products each week to buyers from all over the world . take a look at these unfiltered reviews !\nwe have the largest print - on - demand fulfillment network in the world with 15 manufacturing centers in five different countries .\nplace your order today , and it will be on its way to you within 2 - 3 business days .\nyou ' ve got questions . we ' ve got answers . visit our frequently asked questions page to view them all .\nif you can ' t find the answers to your question on our faq page , please submit a support ticket , and our staff will respond to your question ( s ) right away .\nwe ' ve shipped over 1 million items worldwide for our 500 , 000 + artists . each purchase comes with a 30 - day money - back guarantee .\nsilkworm cocoons have evolved a wide range of different structures and combinations of physical and chemical properties in order to cope with different threats and environmental conditions . we present our observations and measurements on 25 diverse types of cocoons in a first attempt to correlate physical properties with the structure and morphology of the cocoons . these two architectural parameters appear to be far more important than the material properties of the silk fibres themselves . we consider tensile and compressive mechanical properties and gas permeation of the cocoon walls , and in each case identify mechanisms or models that relate these properties to cocoon structure , usually based upon non - woven fibre composites . these properties are of relevance also for synthetic non - woven composite materials and our studies will help formulate bio - inspired design principles for new materials .\nsilk materials have received much attention in recent years because of their attractive combinations of mechanical strength and toughness as well as the environmentally benign conditions under which the materials are processed from concentrated protein solutions to solid fibres [ 1 ] . however , silkworm cocoons , which are best known as the main commercial source of silk material ( primarily for textiles ) , are themselves remarkable natural composite materials . while the commercial silkworm bombyx mori has been cultivated by man for about five thousand years , a wide range of wild silkworms have evolved independently over the world over hundreds of thousands of years , and each has a slightly different combination of morphology and properties that have adapted to cope with diverse local environments .\na cocoon is a natural silk composite with a non - woven structure made of continuous silk fibres conglutinated by sericin bonding matrix . as a biological structural material , it has a hierarchical structure that we assume has been optimized through evolutionary pressures over millions of years to provide the optimum protection for the silkworm pupae as they transform into moths , and are exposed to a wide range of threats such as physical attack from animals , birds or insects , or more subtle threats such as bacteria or simply harsh environmental conditions . the key point here is that they are all , in themselves , optimized for function and that we should be able to learn from this wide range of optimized structure\u2013property\u2013function relations in cocoons . figure 1 shows a hierarchical set of pictures of the b . mori cocoon structure , from the full cocoon to the individual fibre\u2013sericin combination . these cocoons have been cultivated for yield and ease of reeling of the silk fibres and for their whiteness in textiles , so their morphology is an open non - woven form that can be unwound relatively easily after soaking in mild degumming agents .\nthe hierarchy of the morphology of a bombyx mori cocoon . ( online version in colour . )\necologists have suggested that wild silkworm cocoons have evolved ( i ) for protection against diverse threats and also ( ii ) to regulate the environment such as to help conserving / blocking water or regulating the flow of gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide for the pupae as they develop [ 2 , 3 ] . in order to test these hypotheses , a limited amount of research has been conducted recently to investigate the mechanical properties and gas diffusability of silk cocoons from b . mori and hyalophora cecropia . for example , zhao et al . tested the tensile properties of b . mori cocoons and found them anisotropic with graded - layer properties [ 4 , 5 ] . the h . cecropia cocoons and fibres have also been measured by reddy et al . [ 6 ] . blossman - myer et al . [ 7 ] have found that b . mori cocoon did not obstruct the exchange of respiratory gases between the pupa and the environment .\nin a focused study of three specific cocoon types with a non - woven fibre composite structure , we have previously shown that a quantitative understanding of the mechanism for their tensile mechanical properties offers a novel design route for a remarkably wide range of fibre and particulate composite materials , from paper and nanofibre mats to concrete and polymer - bonded explosives [ 8 ] . here , we extend our study of silkworm cocoons to the much wider range of highly diverse cocoon types from 25 different silkworm species comprising a broad range of morphologies and physical properties . we also discuss how the different structures might control natural tensile , compressive and gas diffusion properties . we believe this study will be the basis for further biomimetic studies into the design and manufacture of artificial fibre composites with novel morphologies and associated material properties . after all , these are the same key properties that are important in both standard non - woven fibre composites and other materials for engineering applications [ 9 \u2013 14 ] . cocoon materials have evolved and been optimized in their property combinations and have a wide range of different morphologies with similar silk .\nmorphology of silkworm cocoons . inset : photos of silkworm cocoons . scale bars : 200 \u00b5m .\ncocoons could have either a multiple - layer or a single - layer structure . here , we would like to define a layer in a cocoon as a two - dimensional fibre arrangement with few fibre connections or interweaving to other adjacent two - dimensional fibre arrangements . most of the cocoons examined by us have multiple layers parallel to the surface direction with sericin bonds between them . the interlayer bonding could be either strong with only little space between layers ( e . g . s . pyri , opodiphtheara eucalypti ) , or relatively weak to form a three - dimensional non - woven structure in the cocoon ( e . g . b . mori , antheraea pernyi ) . the cocoon of antheraea roylei has a double cocoon structure with a large and irregular outer \u2018bag\u2019 enclosing an inner cocoon shell without any connections . at the other extreme , some of the cocoons have only a single layer , e . g . actias and cricula cocoons .\ncalcium oxalate crystals can be found on some of the cocoon surfaces [ 16 ] , and this feature may have a functional role . the side lengths of a crystal vary from 1 to 30 \u00b5m with the crystals being attached to the fibres and filling the gaps between then , thereby decreasing cocoon porosity . in the a . roylei cocoon , only the inner cocoon shell has crystals on its surface . the wider function of calcium oxalate has not yet been investigated in detail and this trait of many cocoons is hence still little understood .\nevery one of the cocoons discussed here has a different combination of morphological features and hence also different combinations of mechanical and diffusion properties . it is this diversity of optimized forms that we investigate here for guides to mechanisms that control properties , which can then be exploited by biomimetic synthetic analogues .\nsilk fibres that are spun into cocoons are in the form of a bave , i . e . a pair of fibroin brins with a sericin covering . this wet or moist covering binds the fibres together and acts as the non - woven composite matrix phase for the cocoon . we tested for reference non - degummed fibres with intact sericin coatings unravelled from cocoons in order to examine whether inherent fibre brin properties may play a statistically significant role in cocoon properties . figure 3 b shows that the fibre strength has little correlation ( r 2 = 0 . 2 ) with cocoon strength , which is typical of the poor correlation between fibre and cocoon properties . otherwise , figure 3 a shows a few characteristic average stress\u2013strain curves for a number of silk types . all the fibres share a similar initial modulus and a yield at 2\u20134 % strain . importantly , most fibres have a strain at break around 16 per cent . initial inspection of the data may give the impression of high variability between silk types , but a comparable plot for a single silk type , a s . pyri fibre , demonstrates comparable sample variability ( figure 3 c ) . we find that samples taken from different layers in cocoons differ significantly , and even spatially close samples can be very different due to factors such as bending of the fibres in the motion the worm makes while spinning the cocoon . other observations on b . mori report different tensile properties in different parts of the cocoon [ 17 , 18 ] .\ntensile behaviour of silk fibres . ( a ) average stress versus strain curves of different silk fibres . ( b ) no correlation between cocoon and fibre strength , r 2 = 0 . 2 . ( c ) variation in fibre properties , ( saturnia pyri fibre ) .\nwe will see later that the main fibre parameters that enter models for cocoon properties are low strain elastic modulus and activation strain to break . here , we suggest that all the different fibres tested have essentially the same effective properties for cocoon fabrication .\nit has amply been demonstrated already that the degumming process can have considerable effects on silk fibre properties [ 19 , 20 ] relieving us from demonstrating the mechanical behaviour of fibres degummed with different agents . the harsh degumming procedures required for highly bonded cocoons can severely degrade the structure and properties of the fibres themselves [ 19 ] . at the simplest level , non - degummed fibres in figure 3 would have larger cross - sectional areas than degummed owing to the weaker sericin layer , leading to a lower strength and modulus values compared with the literature .\nall of our cocoons have a similar general form to their tensile stress\u2013strain deformation profile in the plane of the cocoon wall . the stress rises with strain to a maximum value and the gradient of this curve can change once or twice through apparent yield points until stress falls relatively rapidly after the maximum . looking at all the stress\u2013strain profiles in figure 3 , we see that these yield points are quite consistent in strain 12\u201318 % across almost all the cocoons , but their combinations and permutations in stress create an interesting diversity .\nwe categorized the cocoons into four types based on their tensile behaviour and their microstructure ( figure 4 ) . \u2018lattice\u2019 cocoons ( figure 4 a ) have only a loose scaffold structure made up of a few fused fibre bundles supporting the cocoon frame with large pores . the fibres sustain the load when the cocoon is stretched and the stress drops rapidly when the fibre bundles break . \u2018weak\u2019 cocoons ( figure 4 b ) have high porosity and weak interlayer bonding . the inter - fibre bonding breaks gradually with increasing strain , and the stress peaks at 15\u201320 % strain and drops gradually when the unbonded fibres unravel from the non - woven structure . \u2018brittle\u2019 cocoons ( figure 4 c ) usually have a low porosity and strong interlayer bonding or a single layer structure . a crack starts from the sericin - binding matrix and grows perpendicular to the tensile load , leading to fibre breakage and a dramatic stress drop at 15\u201325 % strain . \u2018tough\u2019 cocoons ( figure 4 d ) can be grouped into a fourth type , in which the cocoons have medium porosity and interlayer bonding . these cocoons have the most complex stress\u2013strain profiles , with multiple yield points below 20 per cent strain and then a rapid failure in the range 40\u201360 % strain , where the sericin binder matrix fragments and the fibres pull apart as a global unravelling .\ntensile behaviour of silkworm cocoons . ( a ) \u2018lattice\u2019 cocoons . sem pictures of c . simla . left : surface structure , scale bar : 200 \u00b5m . right : breaking mechanism , scale bar : 1 mm . ( b ) \u2018weak\u2019 cocoons . sem pictures of b . mori . left : surface structure , scale bar : 200 \u00b5m . right : breaking mechanism , scale bar : 20 \u00b5m . ( c ) \u2018brittle\u2019 cocoons . sem pictures of s . pavonia . left : surface structure , scale bar : 200 \u00b5m . right : breaking mechanism , scale bar : 1 mm . ( d ) \u2018tough\u2019 cocoons . sem pictures of s . cynthia . left : surface structure , scale bar : 200 \u00b5m . right : breaking mechanism , scale bar : 1 mm .\nin previous work [ 8 , 21 ] , we observed that some of the more obviously non - woven structured cocoons follow the open cell foam model developed by zhu et al . [ 22 ] whereby the elastic modulus of the cocoon is controlled by density ( governed by the porosity of the cocoon and packing density of the fibres ) and the elastic modulus of the fibres through a process of bending of the fibres between bonding junctions . as the fibres have very similar modulus values and density from our experimental results , the cocoons simply follow a gibson\u2013ashby type [ 23 ] of relation very approximately in density squared , which is plotted in figure 5 to illustrate the general overall trend in our dataset . however , we emphasize that this is only a trend , and that the many variables in cocoon morphology would not be expected to give a simple relation across the whole dataset .\ntensile behaviour of silkworm cocoons : modulus versus density squared r 2 = 0 . 41862 . ( online version in colour . )\nwe have developed a quantitative model to describe the damage mechanism for a very limited group of representative cocoons from three species : b . mori , a . pernyi and o . eucalypti [ 8 , 21 ] . these cocoons were selected because they display three distinct levels of porosity from the sericin distribution between the fibres in sem micrographs . this selection of cocoons gave clear indications of a general mechanism for cocoon tensile properties , where the contributions of sericin binder , fibre and the connectivity level of binding between fibres could be quantified by a self - consistent set of activation parameters in strain to describe the gradual loss of structural interfibre bonding connectivity in the composite , which manifests itself as a gradually decreasing modulus up to a percolation threshold of connectivity for rapid failure , where half of the bonding connectivity is lost under strain . the model is illustrated in figure 6 , which shows the stress\u2013strain profile of cocoons with different extents of inter - fibre bonding , which is quantified by the numerical labels on the curves , representing the single variable parameter of inter - fibre bonding contribution to the cocoon modulus in the model .\nmodel for nonwoven cocoons with different amounts of interfibre bonding , where the cocoon strength is bounded by dashed lines for percolation strain and the strength of the sericin binder . ( online version in colour . )\nthe data displayed in figure 6 demonstrate the limits of cocoon strength , as the dashed line envelope bounded by the percolation strain for loss of bonding connectivity and the upper stress bound of the individual strength of the sericin binder . here , we define percolation strain as the strain at which the silk network in cocoons loses connections and behaves like an unconnected fibre arrangement . while the model is very simple and does not consider detailed features of cocoon morphology , comparison with experimental observations in figure 3 shows that it captures the key features of most of the cocoon stress\u2013strain profiles . all the samples have a gradual reduction of the modulus as connectivity is lost and a percolation threshold follows . two critical strains , 6 and 16 per cent , are observed in all of the curves , which represent sericin and fibre failure individually according to the model .\nthe \u2018tough\u2019 cocoons ( figure 4 d ) would have a third higher activation strain at around 60 per cent associated with the interfibre bonding connectivity , depending on their individual morphologies . however , this activation strain is not usually observed directly as a yield point because global failure usually precedes it . the \u2018brittle\u2019 cocoons ( figure 4 c ) with low porosity and a high bonding area , in contrast , usually fail by crack propagation through the compact combination of fibres and matrix , and their strength often has an upper limit of about 130 mpa , which is the strength of the sericin matrix . we also note that fibres break during the catastrophic failure of the material at their model characteristic failure strain of about 16 per cent . on the other hand , the \u2018weak\u2019 cocoons ( figure 4 b ) have a high porosity and the structure fails when about half of the bonding between fibres breaks , and the unbonded fibres are pulled out with hardly any fibre breaks , which is represented as a long tail in the stress\u2013strain curves .\nfuture work will add further refinements to the model and attempt to emulate the properties of all types of cocoon .\nall cocoons under compressive stress perpendicular to the plane of the walls have consistent stress - density behaviour . due to their initial loose structure at the beginning of compression up to about 0 . 5 mpa , the stress increases slowly with a relatively large increase in density .\nthe compressive behaviour of cocoons is classified into three categories ( figure 7 ) . of main interest here are cocoons with a porous three - dimensional non - woven structure , shown as the central block of stress - density curves in figure 7 b with structures of a form shown in the micrograph . either side of this central block , the low - density \u2018lattice\u2019 cocoons ( figure 7 a ) and the high - density \u2018brittle\u2019 cocoons ( figure 7 c ) are difficult to compress above the 0 . 5 mpa level , since compression is against a solid fibre or composite material , with no effective pores to compact in the compression axis .\ncompressive behaviour of silkworm cocoons . ( a ) cocoons with lattice structure , c . trifenestrata ( light grey lines ) ; ( b ) cocoons with weak interlayer bonding , b . mori ( solid lines ) ; ( c ) cocoons with strong interlayer bonding or single layer , o . eucalypti ( dark grey dashed lines ) . scale bar ( a \u2013 c ) : 200 \u00b5m .\n] for wood composites . this model treats a composite mat structure as a system of bending beams , in a similar fashion to the open cell foam model used for tensile deformation , but with a different geometry of forces applied to beam segments between the bonded contact points . the number of contact points and the length of the bending segments of fibre decrease with increasing density , thereby increasing the compressive stress in a highly nonlinear manner . the model predicts that compressive pressure ,\nin the case of our non - woven cocoons , the power of 5 for pressure on density is found to be a characteristic of the consolidation of the non - woven structure , as shown in figure 8 , where cocoons from the central block of figure 7 b are plotted in a log\u2013log pressure\u2013density graph against a reference curve ( red ) with a power 5 in density . thus , the model developed for wood - based composites appears to work well for non - woven cocoon structures , and suggests that the dominant mechanism for compaction resistance is fibre bending .\ncompressive behaviour of silkworm cocoons : log\u2013log stress versus density . the dashed line is a straight line of 10 to the power of 5 to illustrate the model relation of equation ( 2 . 1 ) .\nwe can suppose that gas and water vapour diffusion must play an important role in the development of pupae in cocoons and perhaps control the barrier characteristic of the cocoon to threats such as bacteria [ 7 ] . however , at the moment we have no quantitative information about the biological role of diffusion . here , we report our observations on gas diffusion through cocoons as a physical process and make an initial attempt to demonstrate how the structural and morphological features of different cocoons affect diffusion properties .\nas detailed in the experimental section , we quantified the rate of gas ( diethyl ether ) through a cocoon by measuring the weight loss of liquid by evaporation and diffusion through a section of cocoon mounted on the end of an otherwise impermeable tube . we found that the mass loss was almost linear with time , so to compare the different cocoons in each test , we classified the absolute diffusion rate results in terms of cocoon morphology into four groups as shown in the micrographs at the bottom of figure 9 and grouped in the associated bar chart by colour as a guide to the main contributory features that controlled diffusion . clearly , all the cocoons reduce the speed of gas diffusion with cocoon thickness , porosity and calcium oxalate crystals affecting rate of diffusion . actias selene , a . luna and o . eucalypti cocoons all have low porosity which allow them to conserve the gas , and hence the cocoons have lowest gas diffusion rate among the specimens tested . cocoons with calcium oxalate crystals on the surface also have lower gas diffusion rate , e . g . those produced by hyalophora gloveri , antheraea frithi , s . pyri , samia canningi and gonometa postica , etc . this may be due to the dense crystals filling the pores . actias atlas , b . mori and c . cachara cocoons have a high - porosity structure , leading to high gas diffusion rate .\ngas diffusability ( diethyl ether ) of silkworm cocoons . top : comparison of diffusability speed of different cocoons . from left to right : a . luna , o . eucalypti , s . pyri , a . selene , h . gloveri , a . frithi , s . canningi , a . mylitta , a . pernyi , l . katinka , a . polyphemus , a . yamamai , g . postica , a . atlas , b . mori , c . cachara , a . roylei , no cocoon . bottom : morphologies of example cocoons . ( a ) cocoons with low porosity and no calcium oxalate : o . eucalypti . ( b ) cocoons with medium porosity and calcium oxalate : a . frithi . ( c ) cocoons with medium porosity and no calcium oxalate : l . katinka . ( d ) cocoons with high porosity and no calcium oxalate : c . cachara . scale bar ( a \u2013 d ) : 200 \u00b5m . ( online version in colour . )\nwithout making a detailed analysis of the diffusion results at this stage in our work , figure 10 shows that density of the cocoons has a sensible correlation with gas diffusion rate , i . e . a higher density slows down the permeation rate of gas ( diethyl ether ) through the cocoon .\ngas diffusion ( diethyl ether ) rate of silkworm cocoons plotted as the rate of normalized mass loss against the density . r 2 = 0 . 51802 . ( online version in colour . )\nwe present our observations and measurements on 25 diverse types of cocoon in a first attempt to correlate physical properties with the structure and morphology of the cocoons , which appears to be more important than the differences in the properties of the silk fibres themselves . we find that the inter - fiber variability of properties is similar to that of an individual fibre type , and that the important fibre properties of low strain modulus and strain to failure for cocoon properties are similar for all the fibre types tested .\nwe tested tensile and compressive mechanical properties and gas permeation of the cocoon walls , and in each case identify mechanisms or models that relate these properties to cocoon structure . for tensile properties in the plane of the cocoon walls , we identify four different types of cocoon behaviour . however , the same generic mechanisms are seen in all types of cocoon . the connectivity of inter - fiber bonding plays a dominant role in stress\u2013strain properties , and failure conditions are determined either by the percolation strain for loss of bonding connectivity or sericin binder strength , whichever is the lower ."]}
{"id": 1686, "summary": [{"text": "hexagonaria is a genus of colonial rugose coral .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "fossils are found in rock formations dating to the devonian period , about 350 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "specimens of hexagonaria can be found in most of the rock formations of the traverse group in michigan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "fossils of this genus form petoskey stones , the state stone of michigan .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "hexagonaria is a common constituent of the coral reefs exposed in devonian fossil gorge below the coralville lake spillway and in many exposures of the coralville formation in the vicinity of coralville , iowa . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "hexagonaria", "paragraphs": ["the hexagonaria coral ( hexagonaria percarinata ) is commonly and incorrectly referred to as the \u201cpetoskey stone . \u201d\n3 . ) what is the diameter of a single polyp in this fossilized hexagonaria percarinata .\nhexagonaria coral head with several simulated coral polyps as an example of how this creature may have looked in life .\nhexagonaria fossils , at center , with partial crinoid fossils , above and to the left , seen at the devonian fossil gorge outside iowa city , iowa .\nhexagonaria percarinata stumm , 1969 - fossil rugose coral from the devonian of michigan , usa . ( polished surface ; field of view ~ 3 . 2 cm across )\nrounded hexagonaria coral as found on the beach near charlevoix . in many cases it is hard to discern what they are until they are moistened with water to reveal the delicate structure .\nasexually , the corals produce \u201cbuds\u201d that grow from the main coral animal . budding slowly expands the size of the colonies . the hexagonaria buds in this manner . some of the hexagonaria coral heads found in michigan were several feet in diameter , indicating that the corals were quite old . one coral head in the lafarge north america quarry in alpena is in excess of 20 feet in diameter\nthe requirements to log this cache are to email me the answers to questions 1 , 2 and 3 at my profile : 1 . ) what is the height of this fossilized hexagonaria percarinata .\ntoday the fossilized remains of the hexagonaria percarinata are found in the limestone of the traverse group . near petoskey they are found the the gravel point formation and in the alpena area they are found in alpena limestone .\nthis is a beautifully detailed fossil coral colony quarried from near assa zag morocco in the western sahara . the genus appears to be hexagonaria and it would be devonian in age , 350 - 400 million years old . hexagonaria is a genus of colonial rugose coral . fossils are found in rock formations dating to the devonian period , about 350 million years ago . fossils of this genus form petoskey stones , the state stone of michigan\nbeach & lake gravel in this area consists of many lithologies , including fossiliferous limestone clasts and worn fossil corals ( favositids & colonial rugosans ) . hexagonaria is a colonial rugose coral ( animalia , cnidaria , anthozoa , rugosa , phillipsastraeidae ) .\nthe city of petoskey , michigan gets its name from an old ottawa indian chief , ignatius petosega . \u201cpet - o - sega\u201d means \u201crays of the rising sun\u201d . petoskey stones are so - named in reference to the dark - colored \u201ceye\u201d & radiating lines of individual hexagonaria corallites .\nthe hexagonaria are found across the state of michigan along lakeshores and rivers in sediments commonly called the traverse group . they are rounded fragments of the coral hexagonaria . some of these coral reefs still lie beneath the ground and under the water of little traverse bay . due to the waves and abrasive action of the sand , these stones are rounded and washed up on the beach . the action of ice also brings these stones into shallow water . the best time to hunt for petoskey stones is in the spring as soon as the ice melts . i have even seen locals donning wet suits and walking in waste deep water as ice floats by , picking up the stones before they even reach shore .\nthe soft living tissue of the coral was called a polyp . at the center of this was the area where food was taken in , or the mouth . this dark spot , has been filled with mud or silt that petrified after falling into the openings . surrounding the openings were tentacles that were used for gathering food and drawing it into the mouth . the living hexagonaria percarinata coral thrived on plankton that lived in the warm sea . calcite , silica and other minerals have replaced the first elements of each cell . each separate chamber , then , on each petoskey stone , was a member of a thriving colony of living corals . for that reason the hexagonaria percarinata is called a colony coral .\nthe \u201cofficial \u201cstate stone\u201d of michigan is the petoskey stone , the local name for rounded pebbles or cobbles of the fossil coral hexagonaria percarinata stumm , 1969 . petoskey stones have been weathered & eroded from fossiliferous limestones of the traverse group ( middle devonian ) . they are particularly common in the vicinity of little traverse bay & the town of petoskey ( northwestern lower peninsula of michigan ) .\npetoskey stones were mass coral colonies of hexagonaria , percarinata . each hexagon ( very visible in the stone ) held a single animal which opened a mouth exposing its tentacles in order to take in food . the tentacles were also used to sting any organism or other corallite that came too close . calcite , silica and other minerals replaced the original corallite exoskeleton over many millions of years .\neach corallite of the hexagonaria is made up of a usually six - sided \u201ccompartment\u201d that adjoins the others in the colony and creates an elaborate hexagon . the radiating lines one sees in the petoskey stone are the septa and theca . the septa are the lines of division between each corallite , and the theca are the internal radiating lines . theses patterns of hexagon shapes and radiating lines are what eventually give the petoskey stone its uniqueness among rocks .\nthe \u201cofficial state stone\u201d of michigan is the petoskey stone , the local name for rounded pebbles or cobbles of the fossil colonial rugose coral hexagonaria percarinata . petoskey stones have been weathered & eroded from fossiliferous limestones of the traverse group ( middle devonian ) . they are particularly common in the vicinity of little traverse bay & the town of petoskey ( northwestern lower peninsula of michigan ) . beach & lake gravel in this area consist of many lithologies , including fossiliferous limestone clasts and worn fossil corals ( favositids & colonial rugosans ) .\nto paleontologists , this coral truly does not become a \u201cpetoskey stone\u201d until someone slices and polishes it ( and charges lots of money for it ) . in its natural form , it is really a piece of hexagonaria coral . scattered along the northern lower peninsula shorelines of lakes huron and michigan , this fossil holds natural attraction for people . one can sometimes see this coral , rounded by relentless waves , worn smooth and showing its beautiful internal structure . it is easy to see that rock hounds , jewelry makers and almost everyone would be taken by this striking fossil .\njr\u0089\u00a4\n\u00d76\u0081\u00f8\u001b\u008e\u00e6vqh\u009b \u00fb\u00fd\u00e6\u00ebe0z\u008fx\u00e6\u00e0\u00f5 ? x\u00e9v\u00f432\u00b6tk\u00e4\u00bd > \u00e93 : \u00f3t @ \u00f9\u00fbzt - 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\u00e9\u00a5\u00bf\u00e0\u00ee ^ \u00f6\u00e5\u00f5 * juxo\u00ee ~ \u00be\u00f6\u0017\u0017\u0015\u00d7\u00a6\u0082w\u00a6\u00e3\u00ee \u00f3\u00e7\u00f4\u00e6sns ~ \u0087\u00a8\u0018\u0095\u00f3\u000ed\u0003o\u0095\u00fb ] \u001b\u0088\u00fa\b\u0019v , \u0087p ~ fh\u00e2\u00ab [ \u0081\u00ea\u00df $ \u00ef\u00ff - ? \u0094\u00e9aq\u00fd\u009f } & bv ; \u0084hh / \u001a\u00b8\u00b44o \u0087\u00b7s\u00e7\u009d\u00b6\u00e6 + k\u008c\u00ad\u00b0 # \u009ei\u007fu\u00ee \u00ea ) \u00f6\u00e9\u00acfuov ! \u00ef\u0091 % \u00e6\u0086i\u0086\u001b . # \u0001 @ q\u0082k\u0089\u008a\u00e9 # \u00aa\u00aa\u00a4\u00f4\u00f8\u00b5\u00b1\u001a\u00fb\u000f 8\u0013\u00efe\u00e6\u00f1x\u009e ~ \u009d\u00fd ? \u00f7al\u0006\u0092 } @ \u00a3 + 4\u00fa\u0097\u00ad\u008e\u00bd\u0002w\u00b0\u0090 \u008e\u00f9\u00f8c\u00bc\u0093t \u0080\u00bd\u00f8h\u0098x\u00b0\u0092 $ g\u001b . \u00fbr\u00a7p ? \u00fcwrg\u00a1 \u00a5 ? \u0083\u00d7\u00f5\u00f4 ? \u00e3lq \u00f0\u00a6\u00e4\u00e3\u0005\u00ffd @ x\u0098\u0010 z\u0015\u00b5\u00e3\u0083\u00e3\u00fev\u0093\u00fb\u00b2 \u00e0\u00e4\b\u008d\b { \u00872e\u009co\u00fc\u0092\u00ffm\u00a8\u00f0tt - j . d & ( r\u008b\u0091y\u00a1g\u00ee\u0018\u00f2f < \u00e9\u00b0b\u00fa\u0094\u0005 { = \u00df 2w\u00ff\u007f\u00ff % ( hz\u0090 ! \u00dfks\u001b $ \u009e\u009e\u008a \u0011\u00ac & \u00f4\u00b6 { x\u00e1\u0010kh | \u00eb\u00e0\u0083\u007f\u00a6\u0093i\u000f\u00bb\u0082\u0005\u0005\u000ft\u00f1wjr\u00df \u00ee\u00dfyi\u00b0s\u00f8\u00aa\u00f4\u001a\u00bc\u00af\u00f8\u0098\u00e6\u0098\u00fd\u00b6k\u00f0\u0099 } \u00e2\u00b6 % \u00a9 ; \u00b2\u00e0b9z\u00fcl\u00edvy < \u0090\u00ae\u00e7 - \u00f8f\u00f4\u007f\u008b\u00f9p\u00fe\u0092 + \u00d7go\u00a3\u00ae\u00f8 @ \u00ff } cv\u00ec\u0091 = 9x $ hs\u0095\u001a b ] o\u009c\u0095\u00f1a\u00a9 % \u00ad\u00ec ^ ] \u00f3qy\u00e5\u0099\u0003 ) \u00bb = h\u00fe % k ( \u00f8\u0001\n\u0091\u00fd\u0019\u00f9\u00fes\u00f5 | \u0084 * \u00fao\u0089\u00b7\u00e2\u00e0\u009c\u00b7\u00e8\u00efy % \u00ac\u00b8\u0013\u00b4 ] 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\u00f9 - \u00e8\u00e8\u00bc\u0087\u00a9\u00fab ) \u0003 ~ bd # \u001a\u00af\u00bd\u00e6\u0013\u00f1\u00e3a - \u00e1 ) \u00a3\u0082 ; \u00e4\u00e2uyk\u00b4\u00e2\u0004 { \u00ff { aae\u0012eh\u0087\u00b2 ~ \u001bl\u00b4yr\u00b1\u00fb ) \u00f1\u00dfn\u009a\u00e0\u0012\u009e ( \u0005\u0099l\u00eae\u001a + ~ \u00e6\u00eaj @ _ + \u0089l\u00ea9\u0016\u00bd > \u0087\u009d\u00aa / a \u00b12f\u0084\u00b8 ; [ ta\u00ac\u00ac\u008e\u0007\u0019\u00a4\u00f6\u00ef\u009d\u00a8\u00f7\bb \u00e3\u00f7\u0093\u00fd\u00e3\u008e\u00a6\u00e8\u00bbv ~ + k\u00f0 7\b\u00048\u0083\u008de $ \u00f4\u0084\u00a5\u00bc\u0007bn\u00b9\u00f9 < \u008a2\u00e0ph + g\u00ee\u00b4\u00be\u00b56j\u00e0\u0005 \\ c ? e\u00e2\u00a9\u00fd\u00e5 swz ' \u00a3\u00bc\u0000 ] \u00e2\u0080\u0080\u0086\u00fc < \u00eb\u00b5 ) \u0089\u0015\u0096\u0010\u00a7 \u00f4\u00ba\u0088j\u00e8\u00f2\u00b4 / \u00f5\u00b3n\u0094 \u00a4\u0093\u00b4\u00f9\u00f5a\u00a1q \u0087\u00872\u008c\u0018\u00eb\u00fbg . \u0098 \u00e7\u00f9ux + \u0089 , * \u00ac\u0089\u0001\u00b5\u00e7a\u00f9\u00f4\u00f5\n\u00fa\u0095\u00f9\u00fe4 + \u0001\u00eb [ \u00b1j\u00b5n * z \\ \u00f0\u00f9d\u0099\u00a3\u00eb @ \u00ada\u00b0mj 8\u0012h\u00fb \b % \u00a1\u00a7\u00fc\u00b6\u00fb\u0096\u00f0\u00f8v\u00f9\u00f36zs\u00aa\u0003\u0099\u00b1\u00eb\b ! \u0018\u00b1\u0016\u00bc\u00e7m\u00fb\u00153r\u00f8\u00bd\u00f3\u0017\u00b1 _ \u0011\u00f3\u0086m\u008d p\u00e8a\u00ee\u0017\u00b8 _ z\u00d7\u00f2\u00e1yw\u0084\u0091r\u00ec\u0016\u00fc\u00fb\u0015\u00b5 | \u00ffcl \u00ee\u00e5\u0094\u00eej\u008do\u00f6\u0091\u009a4fx\u00e2\u00f2\u00fa\u00b4 { \u0088\u008c\u00a19\u00fd\u00f6h\u00b8 _ 8\u0089\u0080 { g\u00afrw\u00b6\u00f0e\u00e2g\u00e7\u007fx _ \u00e9\u008e\u00e0 ~ \u00ed\u00ee\u00e7\u00f7\u00a1\u0099f\u0097\u0082\u00ff\u0013\u0095\u00b8\u00e4g\b\u009b\u00f0\u00f2ed\u009d t\u00e6\u00ff , + \u00ac\u00e1 \u0002 $ \u000et\u00ef\u00ea\u00f0\u00e5\u009e\u000f\u007f ( \u0006\u00ea\u00ea\u00ed\u00e7\u00a3\u0019\u0081m\u00a1y\u00b8i\u00e8\u008c\u00fd\u00ba > \u00fb\u0012\u00e1\u00ef @ \u00e6y\u00e1g\u00028\u00fe\u00e5\u00ac [ et\u00e4 / \u00e2\u00e3 kp\u00f3\u00fd \u00ee { \u00b8\u00e8 ( \u00e4 ( \u00e1j\u0097 | \u00f5\u0006\u0012\u0018\u00e6 [ \u0088\u00f4\u00e1\u00a44y\u0011\u0093\u00f3\u0016f\u00f2\u00ba\u00f9\u00ae\u00a7 + ac\u0001 @ \u0007r\u00b2q + . o\u00e5\u001b\u00f8u\u0097\u00e2 = \u00fe\u0090 $ \u0007\u00a7\u0018w\u00fc\u00abfu\u00b2\u0004 ' \u0010\u00aa = \u00efu\u00b27\u00bcdx \\ \u00f2d\u0091o\u00fa\u0011o\u009am\u00f9\u00ea\u00eae0n\u0086\u0092 . \u0088m\u00e4 # n < \u0002 c0\u00b6\u00b2\u00fa\u00ac\u0003 \\ \u0019\u00a7h\u00e0\u00fc\u009c\u00e2\u00a9\u00a3\u0017 \u00ed , \u00fd ) m\u00a9l\u00ed\u00edr1 ` \u00e5\u00a6\u00f0 ] \u00ab\u0004\u00e1\u0090\u0013p\u0010 ] v\u0002p\u0015\u0003\u0084\u00b4\u00f2\u00e4\u00bd\u0003zm\u00e7\u00a9 \u0094\u00a3\u0006\u0001z ] \u00ac\u008a\u0018\u00b5k\u0081\u0013t * \u00e5\u00fb\u00ef\u00f3\u00b0 ` ) \u001a\u00bf\u00aa ! x\u00fe # \u00a7\u00b2z @ \u0084\u0089i\u008b\u00ea\u00807\u00eci\u0011 } \u00e1\u00e1 + kg > [ \u0080\u00b1\u00e5 + t\u00a4\u008aa\u00a1\u00e4\u00ab\u0098\u00e2\u009c\u00eb [ \u00b4\u0000\n\u000eyb\u00b8 \u0080b4\u000fq\u00fc v\u0019\u00f0\u00e1\u0004n\u008e\u00fe \u0091\u00f8\u0006i\u0099 =\n` \u00fa\u009fn\u00e9\u00ac\u0082\u00e5e\u00e2\u00f0\u00e6\u0013n\u00e2\u009c\u0017\u0084n ; \u0095\u008a\u00a3\u008f \\ # & o ; \u00be \u00acg\u00b4\u00f9 \u00f9u\u00e9iu\u00e5 % p ~ \u00f4u ; \u00e9\u009b\u00bf\u00878\u00e0\u0081a\u00fb\u0013\u00a7\u00ea\u00ee\u00fd\u00e8 \u009f\u0001\u0090\u00f4 \\ \u00ae { _ \u00e9vkp\u00e9\u00b2 @ ) | \u00f3\u00bc\u0014k\u00d7c\u009e\u0019\u008e\u00a3uv ~ c\u00e5\u0081n\u0012\u00b4\u00f5\u0005\u00f0\u00f0\u00b3\u00b6 & 5\u00e7\u0007\u00f4 ? \u00b1\u009c > ws\u0010\u00e5\u00e94\u0095\u00fc\u00f7 ) \u00e2 ! \u00e3\u0003\u00e4 | \u00b5\u00ff ; e\u008c < \u00e2\u00ef\u0017\u0088o\u00bdy \\ \u00f4\u008d\u00fb\u000fv\u00fa\u0080 / 5\u00ae0\u00e9 < \u0003a\u008bq\u008df\u00f5\u00b7 { ax\u00bf\u008bpy ) ? ^ cq\u0091\u00e3\u00e1z ! c \u00ed\u0083\u00a7\u00f5 ) \u00f0q\u0007\u00a9\u00f7\u00a6\u0087 & #\nonce removed from the water , however , it quickly dries and loses its bright polished shine . in order to achieve that permanent shine , it is necessary to polish the rock by sanding and grinding it with various grits of sandpaper and abrasives , finally finishing it with a polishing compound in order to bring out the beautiful luster of the stone . then it is a petoskey stone .\ncorals live in a symbiotic relationship with a variety of marine algae . although these corals had tentacles similar to those of sea anemones and were able to capture food such as plankton and even small fish , the algae provided much of what the corals needed for survival . food such as plankton was captured by tentacles and brought down to the center where the mouth and stomach was located . the algae used a process called photosynthesis to provide additional energy to the coral polyp . in turn , the hard exoskeleton of the coral and stinging tentacles provided protection for the algae . the coral polyp produced waste products that the algae needed for its survival . because sunlight is needed for the algae photosynthesis and sunlight only penetrates the ocean to a certain depth , the corals only grow in shallow waters of 30 to 150 feet .\ncorals are marine organisms that are made up of many \u2014 sometimes thousands \u2014 of hard calcium carbonate exoskeletons called corallites . each corallite contains a polyp , or an individual multi - cellular animal . there are two major types of corals found in michigan : solitary corals growing by themselves , and colonial corals growing in a tight community of genetically identical polyps . the polyp is the actual living individual creature that inhabits each corallite . as the coral grows it extends the calcium carbonate exoskeleton and seals off part of the base . corals can reproduce asexually and sexually .\ncertain corals also reproduce sexually , releasing both sperm and egg into the marine environment . the mixing of the two results in the production of larvae , which then float in the ocean currents . within two days to three weeks , the larvae attach themselves to rocks or other corals on the reef to begin their lives as reef builders .\nthe name petoskey came from an old odawa indian legend . it is said that a french fur trader named antoine carre came to michigan and traveled extensively in the area now known as petoskey , where he met and married an odawa princess . in time he was adopted by the local odawa tribe and eventually was made their chief . it is further told that in the spring of 1787 , while traveling with his wife on his way from near present - day chicago , he camped near what is now kalamazoo . during the night , his wife gave birth to a son . it is legend that as the morning sun rose , the rays of the sun fell upon the infant\u2019s face , and his father pronounced his name to be petosegay and predicted that he would be an important person . the translation of the odawa \u201cpetosegay\u201d means sunbeam , or rising sun or rays of dawn .\npetosegay became a fur trader like his father and also became quite wealthy . he owned much land in the petoskey area , and a community was settled on the shores of little traverse bay . the present location of the city of petoskey stands as a tribute to petosegay . because these rounded and water tumbled fossils were found in great abundance on the shores of little traverse bay , they became known as petoskey stones .\nthe petoskey stone was made the state stone of michigan by legislative action . house bill 2297 was signed by then - gov . george romney in 1965 , thus elevating this fossil to the prestigious position it now holds around the world as something one must seek , find or purchase when visiting michigan .\nlearn how you can help the mackinac center provide incisive , accurate and timely analysis of critical policy issues .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\na taxonomic genus within the family disphyllidae \u2013 fossil corals from the devonian period .\nthis page was last edited on 20 october 2015 , at 19 : 47 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nit\u2019s a fossil coral . why is it called a petoskey stone ? because many of their kind are found abundantly in and around the lake michigan shores near the northern city of petoskey , michigan ( usa ) !\ncould the remains of a coral which thrived in tropical warm waters possibly find its way to michigan ? because 350 million years ago during the devonian time period much of north america was covered by warm shallow seas . later , the corals were buried under deep layers of sediment . millions of years after that , when the great glaciers retreated , they scraped and dug into those forgotten layers of earth . the glaciers deposited them where we can now enjoy the good fortune of discovering their mysteries .\nthis is where i share my fossil discoveries enhanced with photographs and illustrations . i also write about them at urltoken along with other subjects including places of interest in my community , gardening , poetry and more . click one of the links below to visit there . all rights reserved \u00a9 fossillady 2011\nthe place of nature in the ' ordinary ' spiritual life through meditation using macro photography to illustrate .\nwe ' re already living in the future . it ' s just not evenly distrbuted yet .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nuse this space to describe your geocache location , container , and how it ' s hidden to your reviewer . if you ' ve made changes , tell the reviewer what changes you made . the more they know , the easier it is for them to publish your geocache . this note will not be visible to the public when your geocache is published .\nplease note use of urltoken services is subject to the terms and conditions in our disclaimer .\nthis area has been covered with blocks of limestone brought here from a nearby quarry . a nice park runs along the shore where these blocks can be found .\nyou will need a tape measure and a camera to full fill the logging requirements for this earthcache . also bring a bottle of water to wet the fossil as this makes it much easier to see it .\n4 . ) post with your log a photo of yourself holding your gps with the breakwater in the background .\na fossil ( from latin fossus , literally\nhaving been dug up\n) is any rocky remains of a past living organism preserved in earth ' s bedrock . the fossilization process typically occurs when a plant or animal ' s remains sinks to the bottom of a body of water . sediments then cover the remains protecting it from scavengers and the elements . this slowed the decaying process of the harder body parts . over time the sediments become rock and water seeped through the rock dissolving the hard body parts . this would leave a hollow cavity that is then filled in by dissolved minerals in the same water that dissolved the hard body parts .\nfossilization is an rare occurrence as the majority of most living organisms are soft and these parts decay quickly . due to the combined effect of decomposition and simple mathematical chance , fossilization tends to favor organisms with hard body parts , those that were widespread , and those that existed for a long time before going extinct . on the other hand , it is very unusual to find fossils of small , soft bodied , geographically restricted and geologically ephemeral organisms , because of their relative rarity and low likelihood of preservation .\nthe rock you are looking for came from a nearby quarry to provide protection of the shoreline . the mine safety rules restrict the access to mines and quarries unless you have proper safety training . it is about 3 ' x 3 ' square and can be easily spotted walking along the rock blocks near the shoreline . this angle favors the best view .\n\u00a9 2000 - 2018 groundspeak , inc . all rights reserved . groundspeak terms of use | privacy policy\na genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived in what is now north america during the late cretaceous period , about 76 . 5 - 73 million years ago\nsome images used in this set are licensed under the creative commons through urltoken . click to see the original works with their full license .\nmainpage register newest messages informative posts general forum locations forum identification forum trade forum trilobites group members member rules website help search in community activity agenda the collection of . . .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nif you have an interest in local history , why not take it back a few hundred million years ? studying fossils and learning to identify them can be wonderful activities for families and individuals \u2014 and you don\u2019t have to journey far to find them .\njohn oostenryk , assistant curator at augustana college\u2019s fryxall geology musuem , says fossil explorers will find marine and invertebrate fossils in the area from the sirulian and devonian geologic periods and also plant fossils , although they are more frail .\n\u201ci am enthusiastic about inspiring kids and adults to investigate their surroundings . most have some inquisitive \u2018science\u2019 in themselves , \u201d says oostenryk . \u201cthe critical thinking that goes into getting out of the house and checking into \u2018stuff\u2019 is important in so many ways . \u201d\nto find fossils , go anywhere you\u2019d find rocks , such as creeks or rivers or ravines , and look for patterns . the riprap rock used to halt erosion along riverbanks and other areas is often rife with fossil life , too , although it may not be \u201clocal . \u201d\n\u201cwhen i look at a rock , i look for openings , or voids , or patterns and shapes , \u201d oostenryk says .\nplant fossils will have a black coating over the top of the cast , which is actually carbon , and it doesn\u2019t last long in the air , according to oostenryk .\nfor a surefire way to spot some fossils , head to the devonian fossil gorge at coralville lake in coralville , iowa . in 1993 , raging floodwaters washed out about 15 feet of silt and sand exposing the devonian bedrock below .\nthis unique window into iowa\u2019s geologic past features fossilized tropical ocean marine life from the seafloor that is approximately 375 million years old . terry escher , natural resource specialist for the u . s . army corps of engineers at coralville lake , explains that it was once south of the equator and covered in warm tropical waters .\nat the fossil gorge , visitors can see fossilized marine life including brachiopods , crinoids , favocites , and , of course , coral , including a completely fossilized coral reef home to many other fossilized species .\nthe fossil gorge includes six huge limestone monoliths with interpretive displays overlooking the gorge . brochures with a map are available to direct visitors through the gorge and aid in identification of species . discovery points are marked with plaques embedded in the rock .\nadmission is free , and the gorge is open dusk until dawn . visitors should wear comfortable shoes . at the fossil gorge , the policy is \u201clook , touch , but don\u2019t take . \u201d in fact , there are fines for removing anything from the gorge .\n\u201cplease leave it so that the people coming out the next week can see it , too , \u201d escher says . she recommends instead taking photographs of fossils seen in the gorge or located elsewhere .\nfor help in identifying fossils you\u2019ve located on your own , oostenryk recommends online research . locate a bedrock geologic map for your state through a google search and identify what geologic periods are present on the map in your area .\nfrom there , search for prevalent fossils from those periods , and you\u2019ll find many resources and line drawings online to aid in the identification process . other guides may be found at your local library .\nor , get assistance from the fryxall geology museum , during its open season ( which corresponds with the academic year , august through may ) . when the fryxall is not open , oostenryk says other great regional resources for fossil identification and education are the museum of natural history at the university of iowa and the state geologic survey .\nyou can also join a local rock and fossil club to keep your interest going and your knowledge growing . the blackhawk gem and mineral club , online at urltoken , is based in the quad - cities . oostenryk also recommends the cedar valley rock and minerals society , based in cedar rapids , online at urltoken .\nradish magazine is published monthly by the dispatch and rock island argus , 1033 7th st . ste . 101 , east moline , il 61244 . | terms of use | privacy policy\nthis item will be shipped through the global shipping program and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nestimated delivery dates - opens in a new window or tab include seller ' s handling time , 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{"id": 1687, "summary": [{"text": "isichthys henryi is a species of freshwater elephantfish in the family mormyridae and the only member of its genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it occurs in coastal river basins in west africa , ranging as far southeast as the kouilou-niari river .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a length of about 29 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "isichthys henryi", "paragraphs": ["mormyrus cobitiformis peters ( = isichthys henryi ) tooxlong river , west africa . syntypes zmb 11891 ( 2 ) .\nisichthys henryi is a demersal species . it possesses electroreceptor ' s over the entire head , the dorsal region and some parts of the ventral region ; absent from the side and the caudal peduncle where the electric organ is located . the electric organ discharge ( eod ) rates are of low frequency and sexually dimorphic as to waveform ( m\u00f8ller 1995 ) .\ncentral africa assessment : isichthys henryi is distributed throughout lower guinea , including the cross river of nigeria / cameroon ( kadem toham and teugels 1998 ) , the sanaga , the kribi , the ntem , the ogowe , the ivindo , the coastal streams around mayumba , and in the coastal drainages in congo - brazzaville , including the kouilou . elsewhere it is known from the coastal rivers of guinea , sierra - leone , liberia , and from the niger .\nthis species is known from guinea , sierra leone and liberia , and then from nigeria to the democratic republic of congo . central africa : isichthys henryi is distributed throughout lower guinea , including the cross river of nigeria / cameroon ( kadem toham and teugels 1998 ) , the sanaga , the kribi , the ntem , the ogowe , the ivindo , the coastal streams around mayumba , and in the coastal drainages in congo , including the kouilou . western africa : it is found in west africa from the coastal basins of guinea , sierra leone and liberia , and from ogun as well as from coastal reaches of rivers in western nigeria and the lower niger .\ngreek , isos = equal + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 0 - ? . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 )\nafrica : coastal basins of guinea , sierra leone and liberia ( ref . 81274 ) and the niger basin through cameroon and gabon to the kouilou river basin ( ref . 81635 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 28 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2915 )\npossesses electroreceptors over the entire head , the dorsal region and some parts of the ventral region ; absent from the side and the caudal peduncle where the electric organ is located . electric organ discharge ( eod ) rates are of low frequency and sexually dimorphic as to waveform ( ref . 10011 ) .\nbigorne , r . , 1990 . mormyridae . p . 122 - 184 . in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux saum\u00e2tres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , and orstom , paris . ( ref . 2915 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00471 - 0 . 01537 ) , b = 2 . 68 ( 2 . 52 - 2 . 84 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central and western africa .\nthis species is harvested for human consumption , as well as the aquarium trade .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsnoeks , j . , brummett , r . , nicanor , a . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , stiassny , m . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . , smith , k . & allen , d .\njustification : the species is widespread within the central africa assessment region and is assessed as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndaget , j . , j . - p . gosse , and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde , eds .\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nurltoken offers up - to - date information and background reports about aquaristics , terraristics , vivaristics .\nas known from world ' s famous aqualog and terralog reference books , our goal is to offer a photo and information about the care and breeding of every tropical fish . in close co - operation with the highly renown wholesaler aquarium glaser , we always extend and update our ornamental fish lexicon with new varietys , rarities und imports .\nour blog features many exciting news ; natural habitats as well as respective biotope tanks and aquarium plants will be presented . in additon , we cover topics for experts such as biology , technology and how to breed all kind of species .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ngill , t . n . 1863 . description of a new generic type of mormyroids and note on the arrangement of the genus . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 14 ( 9 ) : 443 - 445 .\nbigorne , r . ( 1990 ) mormyridae . : p . 122 - 184 . in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux saum\u00e2tres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , and orstom , paris .\ncastelo , r . ( 1994 ) biogeographical considerations of fish diversity in bioko . : biodiversity and conservation 3 : 808 - 827 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ndaget , j . , j . - p . gosse , and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde , eds . , 1984 : null . check - list of freshwater fishes of africa . vol . 1 . 410 .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k ( 2001 ) \u010desk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo\u010dich\u016f v . ryby a rybovit\u00ed obratlovci ( pisces ) ii . , nozdrat\u00ed ( sarcopterygii ) , paprskoploutv\u00ed ( actinopterygii ) [ chrupav\u010dit\u00ed ( chondrostei ) , kostnat\u00ed ( neopterygii ) : kostl\u00edni ( semionotiformes ) - bezostn\u00ed ( clupeiformes ) ] . : n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd\u011ble\u00ed ) , praha .\niscandari , n . ( 1977 ) a list of the freshwater fishes and some shrimps of sierra leone with their vernacular names in mende , temne and limba . : bull . inst . mar . biol . oceanogr . , fourah bay coll . , univ . sierra leone , 2 ( 1 ) : 54 - 56 .\nkamara , a . b . ( 1977 ) a list of the estuarine and marine fishes and some shellfishes of sierra leone , with their common names in either krio or english . : bull . inst . mar . biol . oceanogr . , fourah bay coll . , univ . sierra leone , 2 ( 1 ) : 47 - 53 .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\ndescription of a new generic type of mormyroids and note on the arrangement of the genus p . 444 .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , share alike cc by - sa licence .\nif you respond to an existing comment , please click on the reply link under the corresponding text .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nupload attachment ( allowed file types : jpg , gif , png , maximum file size : 8mb ."]}
{"id": 1691, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia tenuiscripta is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brownish fuscous tinged with greenish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale grey , with traces of darker grey curved lines . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia tenuiscripta", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder eupithecia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av eupithecia sj\u00e4lv\neupithecia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ing\u00e5r i familjen m\u00e4tare .\neupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\neupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide mey 63 / 09\u2642 , lacking head and right forewing ( see mey 2011 : 195 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , samc ( dissected by slide not found , see kallies 2016 : 30 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10352\u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny , bmnh ; paralectotypes 3\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10238\u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide koster 7486\u2642 , rmnh ; paratypes 23\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slides koster 8017\u2642 , 7262\u2640 , 7263 , 7692\u2642 , 8022\u2642 , tmsa , samc , rmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide bassi 3439\u2640 , tmsa ; paratypes 3\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides bassi 3381 , 3445 , 3618 , 3930 , pyralidae 16425 , tmsa , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 19\u2642 , 24\u2640 , genitalia slides bassi 3578\u2642 , 3771\u2642 , 3753\u2640 , 5193 , 5210 , tmsa , samc , zmhb , coll . kroon , bassi .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 14\u2642 , 17\u2640 , genitalia slides bmnh pyralidae 21453 , 21454 , tmsa , samc , zmhb , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 62 ) , genitalia slide 150\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 6\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nparalectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 62 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 64 ) , genitalia slide 154\u2642 , wing slide 40 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 192\u2642 , wing slide 44 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10301 , bmnh [ in original description 3 specimens cited ] .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 89 ) , genitalia slide janse 189\u2642 , wing slide 29 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , abdomen missing , designated by janse ( 1968 : 89 ) , genitalia slide 3214\u2642 , wing slide 3403 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10235\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 143\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10151\u2642 , bmnh [ in the original description 4 specimens were mentioned ] .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10152 , bmnh ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10151 , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 187 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 190\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10236\u2640 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 144\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 6\u2642 , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 208\u2642 , samc , gozm\u00e1ny 10150\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 146\u2642 , wing slide 13 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10237 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 109 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 194\u2642 , wing slide 46 , samc ; paralectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10300\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 ( not \u2642 as mentioned in the original description , see janse 1950 : 114 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; 3 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype , abdomen missing ( see janse 1960 : 170 ) , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratypes 3\u2642 , bmnh , not traced ( see kr\u00fcger 2001a : 235 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratypes ( number not stated , see kr\u00fcger 2001a : 136 ) , genitalia slide 1395 , 10881 , tmsa , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 34 - 08 , samc ; paratypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide 14238 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 9732 , tmsa ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 6\u2640 , genitalia slides 9733 , 9734 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc [ not found , kr\u00fcger 2002 : 44 ] ; paratype \u2642 , genitalia slide 1386 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2640 , samc ( probably lost , see kr\u00fcger 2002 : 78 ) .\nholotype \u2640 , not \u2642 as stated in the orginal description ( see janse 1933 : 45 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 10401\u2642 , type no 7898 , tmsa ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide 10402\u2640 , type no 7899 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 31b6 , 217 , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 31b8\u2642 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , samc or bmnh ( see kr\u00fcger 1998a : 336 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 850\u2642 , type no 7981 , tmsa ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 11\u2640 , genitalia slides sam 31b7 , 9685 , 10408 , 11296 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 10443\u2640 , type no 7900 , tmsa ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide sam 31b4 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen eaten ( see janse 1933 : 107 ) , samc ; paratypes \u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by kr\u00fcger ( 2001a : 96 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen lost ( see kr\u00fcger 2001a : 58 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1933\u20131935 : 309 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , samc , not found ( see janse 1933\u20131935 : 263 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide sam109\u2642 , samc ; metallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide g7646\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide sam127\u2642 , samc ; metallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide g7297\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide sam106\u2642 , samc ; metallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide g7190\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2640 [ not \u2642 as stated in original description ] , genitalia slide sam108\u2640 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by janse ( 1942 : 26 ) , genitalia slide bmnh 20477\u2642 , bmnh ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , much worn ( see warren 1914 : 508 , janse 1942 : 40 ) , samc .\nsyntypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , samc ( not found , see zolotuhin & gurkovich 2009a : 36 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , in bad condition , destroyed by museum beetle ( see janse 1948 : 174 , scoble 1978b : 110 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , destroyed ( see scoble 1978b : 110 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; allotype \u2640 , tmsa ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 5\u2640 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; allotype \u2640 , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide 5353\u2642 , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , type no 1658 , genitalia slide 11191\u2642 , tmsa ( see kiriakoff 1964b : 214 ) ; paratype 1\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type no 1690 , genitalia slide 2394\u2642 , tmsa ( see kiriakoff 1964b : 220 ) ; allotype \u2640 , type no 1691 , tmsa ; paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 [ number not stated ] , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , samc ; paratype \u2640 , genitalia slide 1664\u2640 , tmsa ( see kiriakoff 1964b : 215 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by janse ( 1942 : 74 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , usnm ; paratypes 8\u2642 , genitalia slide usnm 20954\u2642 , usnm , anic , samc , tmsa .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by v\u00e1ri ( 1962 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as type by janse ( 1942 : 72 ) , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide bmnh 2210 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 28 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 176\u2642 , wing slide 43 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 178\u2642 , wing slide 37 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 74 ) , genitalia slide 163\u2642 , wing slide 32 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide 164\u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , disgnated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 60 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 142\u2642 , wing slide 18 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10241\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 82 ) , genitalia slide janse 166\u2642 , wing slide 27 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 188 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 188\u2642 , wing slide 21 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 87 ) , genitalia slide janse 168\u2642 , wing slide 22 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 47 ) , genitalia slide janse 147\u2642 , wing slide 8 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 189 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 145\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide janse 152\u2642 , samc ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide janse 153\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 151\u2642 , wing slide 39 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 66 ) , genitalia slide janse 156\u2642 , wing slide 41 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 67 ) , genitalia slide janse 157\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 69 ) , genitalia slide janse 159\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 70 ) , genitalia slide janse 161\u2642 , wing slide 42 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 81 ) , genitalia slide janse 162\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing , samc ( see mey 2011 : 191 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 22886 , bmnh ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 3\u2640 , genitalia slides 22887 , 16016 , 16017 , bmnh , tmsa , samc , coll . kovtunovich , ustjuzhanin .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 17065 , bmnh ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nsyntypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , in bad condition ( see meyrick , 1912c : 53 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; allotype \u2640 , tmsa ; paratypes 42\u2642 , 36\u2640 , tmsa , bmnh , samc , mnhn , usnm , sanc , nmb .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bengtsson ( 2014 : 67 ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1472x\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see bengtsson 2014 : 197 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bengtsson ( 2014 : 203 ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1496x\u2642 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 ( not \u2640 as stated in the original description ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1476x\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by bengtsson ( 2014 : 143 ) , genitalia slide bengtsson 1474x\u2642 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , smns ; paratypes 71\u2642 , 32\u2640 , genitalia slides bartsch 2010 - 14\u2642 , 2011 - 15\u2642 , smns , tmsa , samc , coll . riefenstahl .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides som 018 , som 019\u2642 , wing venation slide som 034 , tmsa , samc , sans , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 4\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides janse 1223\u2642 , 1369\u2642 , glyc 008\u2640 , tmsa , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 62\u2642 , tmsa , samc , sanc , bmnh , usnm , mnhn , rmca , deus .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 205\u2642 , wing slide 2 , designated by gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri ( 1973 : 135 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide bradley 4672\u2642 , bmnh , samc [ in the original description 5\u2642 were mentioned ] . .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated a sholotype by janse ( 1968 : 37 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 141\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10230\u2640 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated a sholotype by janse ( 1968 : 27 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 139\u2642 , wing slide 56 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10156\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 43 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 180\u2642 , wing slide 12 , samc ; paralectotypes 5\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10297\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 81 ) , samc .\nlectotype , worn , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 48 ) , wing slide 14 , samc ; paralectotype , samc ; the second paralectotype could not be found in the meyrick collection , bmnh ( see gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri 1973 : 181 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type no . 4714 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 98 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 8124\u2642 , wing slide 3481 , tmsa ; paralectotype \u2642 , type no . 4715 , wing slide 3406 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 51 ) , genitala slide v\u00e1ri 183\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10204 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 52 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 140\u2642 , wing slide 15 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 29 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 177\u2642 , wing slide 4 , samc ; paralectotypes 4\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10161\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 55 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 184\u2642 , wing slide 17 , samc ; paralectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10233\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 80 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 80 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 83 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 167\u2642 , wing slide 10 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10260\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 84 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 120\u2642 , wing slide 19 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 86 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 187\u2642 , wing slide 20 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10231\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 84 ) , wing slide 28 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 91 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 191\u2642 , wing slide 23 , samc ; paralectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10239\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 107 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 193\u2642 , wing slide 45 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2640 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10268\u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 119 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 200\u2642 , wing slide 53 , samc ; paralectotype \u2640 , could not be located ( gozm\u00e1ny & v\u00e1ri 1973 : 55 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 93 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10242\u2642 , wing slide 30 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 94 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 170\u2642 , wing slide 35 , samc ; 11 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 117 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 203\u2642 , wing slide 51 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , abdomen missing ( see janse 1968 : 118 ) , wing slide 52 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 174\u2642 , wing slide 3 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gozm\u00e1ny 10155\u2642 , bmnh .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated as holotype by janse ( 1968 : 118 ) , genitalia slide v\u00e1ri 207\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2642 , genitalia slides gozm\u00e1ny 10173\u2642 , 10174\u2642 , wing slide 31 , samc , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 7187 , samc ; paratypes 18 ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 146 , samc ; paratype 1\u2640 , not dissected , 1\u2642 , genitalia slide 147 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017189 , abdomen missing ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 222 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016921 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 215 ) , genitalia slide 241\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 215 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 218 ) , genitalia slide 259\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , abdomen missing , samc ; 6 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , of which 4 in bmnh , 2 remaining not found ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 219 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016858 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 215 ) , genitalia slide 243\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016976 , genitalia slide 242\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016981 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 220 ) , abdomen damaged , samc ; paralectotypes 3\u2640 , samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 220 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep a017199 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 221 ) , genitalia slide 2857 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 221 ) ; neallotype \u2640 , genitalia slide 3022\u2640 , bmnh ( see diakonoff 1959a : 41 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 ( not \u2642 as stated in the original description ) , type sam - lep - a017400 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 223 ) , genitalia slide 244\u2640 , samc ; paralectotypes 5\u2640 , samc , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 223 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016891 , genitalia slide 262\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a017025 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 221 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 222 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017065 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 221 ) , genitalia slide 240\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , samc , bmnh ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 221 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016856 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 216 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016937 , genitalia slide 245\u2642 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , abdomen missing ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216 ) , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016870 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 217 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 217 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016938 , genitalia slide 247\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016956 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 216 ) , genitalia slide 264\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016939 , genitalia slide 248\u2642 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016943 , genitalia slide 249\u2642 , samc ; paratypes 2\u2640 , bmnh ; a \u2640 labeled as paratype in samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 216\u2013217 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017097 , abdomen missing , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 ( not \u2640 as stated in the original description ) , type sam - lep - a017112 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 223 ) , genitalia slide 253\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 ( not 1 as stated in the orig . description , see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 224 ) , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017117 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 224 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paralectotypes 2\u2642 , not dissected , bmnh , 1\u2642 samc not found ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 224 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017136 , genitalia slide 254\u2642 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017138 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 224 ) , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2640 , abdomen missing , samc ; 1 specimen , undissected , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 224 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - 017063 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 222 ) , abdomen missing , samc ; paratype 1\u2640 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide a9 , samc ; paratypes 3\u2642 and 1\u2640 and 1 specimen , isea .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016903 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 214 ) , genitalia slide 257\u2642 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2642 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 215 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017156 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 225 ) , genitalia slide 255\u2642 , samc ; 1 paralectotype , bmnh ; 1 paralectotype , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 225 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a017168 , genitalia slide 256\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016877 , genitalia slide 260\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016890 , genitalia slide 261\u2642 , samc .\nholotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016841 , genitalia slide 246\u2640 , samc .\nlectotype \u2642 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 223 ) , genitalia slide 4632\u2642 , samc ; paralectotypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 223 ) .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a016989 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 219 ) , samc ; 3 paralectotypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 219 ) .\nlectotype \u2642 , type sam - lep - a016986 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 219 ) , genitalia slide 251\u2642 , samc ; 3 paralectotypes 2\u2642 , bmnh , samc ; 1\u2640 , not found ( razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 219 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 141 , samc ; paratype 1\u2642 , not dissected , samc .\nlectotype \u2640 , type sam - lep - a017143 , designated by razowski & kr\u00fcger ( 2013 : 225 ) , genitalia slide 258\u2640 , samc ; paralectotype 1\u2640 , bmnh ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 225 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide diakonoff 3008 , samc ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide diakonoff 3009 , samc . paratypes 2\u2640 , samc .\n3 syntypes ( gender not stated ) , type sam - lep - a016836 , samc ( see razowski & kr\u00fcger 2013 : 220 ) .\n4 syntypes \u2642 , \u2640 , samc , bmnh ; not found ( see gershenson & ulenberg 1998 : 92 ) .\nholotype \u2640 , samc ; not found ( see gershenson & ulenberg 1998 : 107 ) .\nholotype \u2640 , bmnh , not retrieved ( see lewis & sohn 2015 : 121 ) ; \u2642 , samc ( see mey 2015b : 94 ) ."]}
{"id": 1692, "summary": [{"text": "the deep-dwelling moray ( gymnothorax bathyphilus ) is a deepwater moray eel found in the south pacific ocean , around easter island .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum length of about 76 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the type specimen was taken at a depth of 250 m.", "topic": 18}], "title": "deep - dwelling moray", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about deep - dwelling moray ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for deep - dwelling moray ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ngreek , gymnos = naked + greek , thorax , - akos = breast ( ref . 45335 )\nsoutheast pacific : easter i . and desventuradas is . ( ref . 89357 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 76 . 4 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 28618 )\nlight yellowish - gray background with irregularly - placed roundish dark blotches . visible , small black dots of lateral line pores around and behind head .\ntype specimen taken from a depth of 250 m ( ref . 33021 ) .\npeque\u00f1o , g . , 1989 . peces de chile . lista sistematica revisada y comentada . rev . biol . mar . , valparaiso 24 ( 2 ) : 1 - 132 . ( ref . 9068 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00095 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00197 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 54 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; demersal . subtropical , preferred ? ; 25\u00b0s - 28\u00b0s , 110\u00b0w - 76\u00b0w ( ref . 89357 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis article has been rated as stub - class on the project ' s quality scale .\nthis article has been rated as low - importance on the project ' s importance scale .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization ."]}
{"id": 1695, "summary": [{"text": "the capsalidae is a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans , which includes about 200 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the monophyly of the capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in the haptor ( the posterior attachment organ ) , and was confirmed by molecular phylogeny .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "capsalids are parasite on various organs of marine fish ( teleosts and elasmobranchs ) , including skin , fins and gills .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp. are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "capsalidae", "paragraphs": ["the capsalidae is a family of monopisthocotylean monogeneans , which includes about 200 species .\nfamily ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .\nprice , e . w . ( 1939 ) north american monogenetic trematodes iii . the family capsalidae ( capsaloidea ) .\nthe capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .\nadelaide research & scholarship : family ties : molecular phylogenetics , evolution and radiation of flatworm parasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) .\nbychowsky , b . & nagibina , l . ( 1967 ) new capsalidae ( mono - genoidea ) from pacific fishes .\negorova , t . p . ( 1994b ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily trocho - podinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .\negorova , t . p . ( 1997 ) a taxonomic review of the subfamily bene - deniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) .\niwata , k . ( 1990 ) ectoparasitic trematodes from marine fishes of kyusyu , japan . i . the family capsalidae ( monogenea ) .\nthe capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . - pubmed - ncbi\na revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963\nvelasquez c . c . 1982 : monogenea ( capsalidae ) from philippine marine fishes . proc . helminthol . soc . wash . 49 : 176 - 184\nthe monophyly of the capsalidae is supported by possession of accessory sclerites in the haptor ( the posterior attachment organ ) , and was confirmed by molecular phylogeny .\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp\negorova t . p . 1999 : systematics of the subfamily entobdellinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 33 : 420 - 425 . ( in russian . )\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp .\negorova t . p . 1994b : about a new genus , megalobenedenia ( capsalidae : trochopodinae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 76 - 78 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 2000c : new monogeneans of the genus dionchus ( capsalidae : dionchinae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 252 - 258 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 2000d : recent composition of the subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 34 : 295 - 301 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 1994a : a taxonomic review of the subfamily trochopodinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 28 : 81 - 91 . ( in russian . )\negorova t . p . 1997 : a taxonomic review of the subfamily benedeniinae ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) . parazitologiya 31 : 438 - 451 . ( in russian . )\nthe subfamily encotyllabinae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with the description of alloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . and encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . | springerlink\na revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species\nwhittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopistho - cotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes .\negorova t . p . 2000b : occurrence of monogeneans of the subfamily capsalinae ( capsalidae ) - parasites of marine fishes . parazitologiya 34 : 111 - 117 . ( in russian . )\nmonogenea of arabian gulf fishes : 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates - sciencedirect\nrevision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea\na revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae )\nrevision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea | springerlink\nbravo - hollis , m . ( 1958 ) trematodos de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuatro monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .\ncolorni a . 1994 : hyperparasitism of amyloodinium ocellatum ( dinoflagellida : oodinidae ) on neobenedenia melleni ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . dis . aquat . org . 19 : 157 - 159 go to original source . . .\nbravo - hollis , h . m . ( 1958 ) trematodes de peces marinos de aguas mexicanas . xiv . cuarto monogeneos de la familia capsalidae baird , 1853 , de las costas del pacifico , incluyendo una especie nueva .\nogawa , k . shirakashi , s . and ishitani , h . 2014 . insemination of the monogenean neobenedenia girellae ( capsalidae , benedeniinae ) . parasitology international , vol . 63 , issue . 2 , p . 473 .\negorova t . p . 2000a : entobdella hippoglossi ( monogenoidea , capsalidae ) from a perch - like fish from the pacific ocean and new data on sessilorbis limopharynx . parazitologiya 34 : 70 - 74 . ( in russian . )\nwhittington , ian d . 2004 . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , vol . 51 , issue . 2 , p . 109 .\nbuhrnheim , u . , gomes , d . c . & varela , m . c . ( 1973 ) alguns tremat\u00f3deos monogen\u00e9ticos da fam\u00edlia capsalidae baird , 1853 , em peixes do oceano atl\u00e2ntico \u2013 costa continental portuguesa e costa do norte da \u00e1frica .\ntimofeeva t . a . 1995 : new species of the genera pseudallobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 and lagenivaginopseudobenedenia yamaguti , 1966 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) in the indo - pacific . syst . parasitol . 32 : 71 - 77 go to original source . . .\njustine j . - l . , mattei x . 1987 : phylogenetic relationships between the families capsalidae and dionchidae ( platyhelminthes , monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) indicated by the comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis . zool . scr . 16 : 111 - 116 go to original source . . .\ngusev a . v . , timofeeva t . a . 1986 : the ciliary cells and chaetotaxy of the larvae of nitzschia sturionis ( abildgaard , 1794 ) . ( monogenea , capsalidae ) . tr . zool . inst . 155 : 55 - 61 . ( in russian . )\njustine j . - l . , mattei x . , euzet l . 1991 : ultrastructure of spermatozoa in two monopisthocotylean monogeneans : encotyllabe sp . ( capsalidae ) and tetraonchoides sp . ( tetraonchoididae ) . ann . parasitol . hum . comp . 66 : 173 - 178 go to original source . . .\nsep\u00falveda , f . a . and gonz\u00e1lez , m . t . 2014 . molecular and morphological analyses reveal that the pathogen benedenia seriolae ( monogenea : capsalidae ) is a complex species : implications for yellowtail seriola spp . aquaculture . aquaculture , vol . 418 - 419 , issue . , p . 94 .\ndeveney m . r . , chisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . 2001 : first published record of the pathogenic monogenean parasite neobenedenia melleni ( capsalidae ) from australia . dis . aquat . org . 46 : 79 - 82 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwheeler t . a . , beverley - burton m . 1987 : nasicola hogansi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from bluefin tuna , thunnus thynnus ( osteichthyes : scombridae ) , in the northwest atlantic . can . j . zool . 65 : 1947 - 1950 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , horton m . a . 1996 : a revision of neobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) including a redescription of n . melleni ( maccallum , 1927 ) yamaguti , 1963 . j . nat . hist . 30 : 1113 - 1156 go to original source . . .\nwhittington , i . d . ( 2004 ) . the capsalidae ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) : a review of diversity , classification and phylogeny with a note about species complexes . folia parasitologica , 51 ( 2 - 3 ) , 109 - 122 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2004 . 016 .\ningram , abigail l . and parker , andrew r . 2005 . the anatomy and attachment mechanism of the haptor of acapsalasp . ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : capsalidae ) on the blue marlin , makaira nigricans ( istiophoridae ) . journal of natural history , vol . 39 , issue . 42 , p . 3633 .\nwhittington i . d . , ernst i . 2002 : migration , site - specificity and development of benedenia lutjani ( monogenea : capsalidae ) on the surface of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( pisces : lutjanidae ) . parasitology 124 : 423 - 434 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\negorova t . p . 1989 : a taxonomic analysis of the subfamily capsalinae ( monogenoidea ; capsalidae ) . in : b . i . lebedev ( ed . ) , parazitologicheskie issledovaniya : sbornik nauchnykh trudov . dal ' nevostochnoe otdelenie . akademiya nauk sssr , vladivostok , pp . 46 - 54 . ( in russian . )\nwhittington , i . d . , deveney , m . r . , morgan , j . a . t . , chisholm , l . a . & adlard , r . d . ( 2004 ) a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocoty - lea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences .\nbullard s . a . , benz g . w . , overstreet r . m . , williams e . h . jr . , hemdal j . 2000b : six new host records and an updated list of wild hosts for neobenedenia melleni ( maccallum ) ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . comp . parasitol . 67 : 190 - 196\nkardousha m . m . 2002 : monogenea of arabian gulf fishes . 1 . descriptions of three capsala spp . ( capsalidae ) including capsala naffari n . sp . infecting mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis from coasts of emirates . parasitol . int . 51 : 327 - 335 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . , fukudome m . , wakabayashi h . 1995a : neobenedenia girellae ( hargis , 1955 ) yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured marine fishes of japan . j . parasitol . 81 : 223 - 227 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nbarse , ann m . and bullard , stephen a . 2012 . redescription and new host record of capsala laevis ( monogenoidea : capsalidae : capsalinae ) from gill of roundscale spearfish , tetrapturus georgii ( perciformes : istiophoridae ) in the northwestern atlantic ocean . journal of parasitology , vol . 98 , issue . 4 , p . 735 .\ndyer w . g . , poly w . j . 2002 : trimusculotrema schwartzi n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the skin of the stingray dasyatis zugei ( elasmobranchii : dasyatidae ) off hong kong , china . syst . parasitol . 51 : 217 - 225 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ngarcia r . g . g . f . , pradi - garcia m . m . , del valle m . t . , rodriguez - diego j . g . 2000 : nuevas especies de hospederos y localizacion para pseudobenedenia nototheniae y pseudobenedenoides shorti ( monogenea : capsalidae ) en peces antarticos . rev . salud anim . 22 : 61 - 63\nogawa k . , bondad - reantaso m . g . , wakabayashi h . 1995b : redescription of benedenia epinepheli ( yamaguti , 1937 ) meserve , 1938 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from cultured and aquarium marine fishes of japan . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 52 : 62 - 70 go to original source . . .\ntingbao , yang kritsky , delane c . and yuan , sun 2004 . revision of allobenedenia yamaguti , 1963 ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) with the description of a . zhangi n . sp . from epinephelus fasciatus ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the south china sea . systematic parasitology , vol . 59 , issue . 3 , p . 223 .\nperez ponce de leon g . p . , mendoza - garfias b . 2000 : a new species of sprostoniella bychowsky and nagibina , 1967 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from chaetodipterus zonatus ( osteichthyes : ephippidae ) in chamela bay , mexico . j . parasitol . 86 : 811 - 814 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nperkins , elizabeth m . donnellan , steve c . bertozzi , terry chisholm , leslie a . and whittington , ian d . 2009 . looks can deceive : molecular phylogeny of a family of flatworm ectoparasites ( monogenea : capsalidae ) does not reflect current morphological classification . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 52 , issue . 3 , p . 705 .\nklassen g . j . , beverley - burton m . , locke a . 1989 : a revision of entobdella blainville ( monogenea : capsalidae ) with particular reference to e . hippoglossi and e . squamula : the use of ratios in taxonomy and key to species . can . j . zool . 67 : 1869 - 1876 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , barton d . p . 1990 : a new genus of monogenean parasites ( capsalidae : benedeniinae ) from stingrays ( rajiformes : dasyatidae ) with a description of a new species from the long - tailed stingray himantura uarnak forsskal from queensland , australia . j . nat . hist . 24 : 327 - 340 go to original source . . .\nkritsky d . c . , fennessy c . j . 1999 : calicobenedenia polyprioni n . gen . , n . sp . ( monogenoidea : capsalidae ) from the external surfaces of wreckfish , polyprion americanus ( teleostei : polyprionidae ) , in the north atlantic . j . parasitol . 85 : 192 - 195 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , morgan j . a . t . , chisholm l . a . , adlard r . d . 2004 : a preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the capsalidae ( platyhelminthes : monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) inferred from large subunit rdna sequences . parasitology 128 : 511 - 519 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , deveney m . r . , wyborn s . j . 2001a : a revision of benedenia diesing , 1858 including a redescription of b . sciaenae ( van beneden , 1856 ) odhner , 1905 and recognition of menziesia gibson , 1976 ( monogenea : capsalidae ) . j . nat . hist . 35 : 663 - 777 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . , beverley - burton m . 1994 : benedenia rohdei n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the gills of lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef , queensland , australia , with a description of the oncomiracidium . syst . parasitol . 28 : 5 - 13 go to original source . . .\n, currently in the benedeniinae , should perhaps be placed in a separate subfamily . an additional analysis was made which omitted 3 capsalid taxa ( for which only short sequences were available ) and all outgroup taxa because of alignment difficulties . sequence length increased to 693 bases and good branch support was achieved . the benedeniinae was again paraphyletic . higher - level classification of the capsalidae , evolution of the entobdellinae and issues of species identity in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : plos one publisher : san francisco , ca : public library of science . isbn / issn : 1932 - 6203 oclc : 969745500\npublic library of science . ; national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\n# national institutes of health ( u . s . ) . pubmed central .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nmolecular phylogenetics and evolution ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : molecular phylogenetics and evolution publisher : orlando , fla . : academic press isbn / issn : 1055 - 7903 oclc : 231794612\nseries : translation series ( virginia institute of marine science ) ; no . 1 .\nwashington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , c1961 .\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover .\n@ book { bhl31704 , title = { monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / } , copyright = { no known copyright restrictions as determined by scanning institution } , url = urltoken note = urltoken - - - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . } , publisher = { washington , d . c . : american institute of biological sciences , } , author = { bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , } , year = { 1961 } , pages = { 656 } , keywords = { classification | platyhelminthes | trematoda | } , }\nty - book ti - monogenetic trematodes : their systematics and phylogeny / ur - urltoken pb - american institute of biological sciences , cy - washington , d . c . : py - 1961 n1 - translation of : monogeneficheskie sosalshchiki , ikh systema i filogeniia . - - - includes facsim . of original t . p . - - -\ntranslation of a russian monograph , ninth in a series\n- - cover . - - - series statement from p . v . - - - includes indexes . au - bykhovskii , b . e . ( boris evseevich ) , kw - classification kw - platyhelminthes kw - trematoda er -\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nfolia parasitol ( praha ) . 2004 jun ; 51 ( 2 - 3 ) : 109 - 22 .\nmonogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , north terrace , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . whittington . ian @ urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbray , r . a . ( 2001 ) . monogenea , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 142 - 146 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ninternational journal that covers all branches of parasitology , including morphology , taxonomy , molecular biology , host - parasite relationships , parasite evolution , biochemistry , physiology and immunology .\nabildgaard p . c . 1794 : beskrivelse af en nye snylte - orm , funden paa horn - fiskens gieller ( axine belones ) . skr . naturh . - selsk . , kiobenhavn . 3 : 59 - 60\nal - mathal e . m . 2002 : identification of some monogenetic trematodes from some arabian gulf fish in saudi arabia . j . egypt . soc . parasitol . 32 : 959 - 967\nboeger w . a . , kritsky d . c . 1997 : coevolution of the monogenoidea ( platyhelminthes ) based on a revised hypothesis of parasite phylogeny . int . j . parasitol . 27 : 1495 - 1511 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nboeger w . a . , kritsky d . c . 2001 : phylogenetic relationships of the monogenoidea . in : d . t . j . littlewood and r . a . bray ( eds . ) , interrelationships of the platyhelminthes . taylor and francis , london and new york , pp . 92 - 102\nbullard s . a . , benz g . w . , braswell j . s . 2000a : dionchus postoncomiracidia ( monogenea : dionchidae ) from the skin of blacktip sharks , carcharhinus limbatus ( carcharhinidae ) . j . parasitol . 86 : 245 - 250 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nbychowsky b . e . 1957 : monogenetic trematodes , their systematics and phylogeny . izdatel ' stvo akademii nauk sssr , moscow . ( in russian : english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . , 1961 ) , 627 pp\nchisholm l . a . 1998 : ciliated cells and chaetotaxy of the larvae of seven species of monocotylid monogeneans ( platyhelminthes ) from heron island , great barrier reef , australia . parasitol . res . 84 : 828 - 834 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nchisholm l . a . , wheeler t . a . , beverley - burton m . 1995 : a phylogenetic analysis and revised classification of the monocotylidae taschenberg , 1879 ( monogenea ) . syst . parasitol . 32 : 159 - 191 go to original source . . .\nchisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . 1998 : morphology and development of the haptors among the monocotylidae ( monogenea ) . hydrobiologia 383 : 251 - 261 go to original source . . .\nchisholm l . a . , whittington i . d . , fischer a . b . p . 2004 : a review of dendromonocotyle ( monogenea : monocotylidae ) from the skin of stingrays and their control in public aquaria . folia parasitol . 51 : 123 - 130 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\ncribb b . w . , chisholm l . a . , gould r . , whittington i . d . 2003 : morphology , ultrastructure and implied function of ciliated sensory structures on the developmental stages of merizocotyle icopae ( monogenea : monocotylidae ) . microsc . res . techniq . 62 : 267 - 276 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nernst i . , whittington i . , corneillie s . , talbot c . 2002 : monogenean parasites in sea - cage aquaculture . austasia aquacult . february / march 2002 : 46 - 48\nfroese r . , pauly d . 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( in russian . )\ntimofeeva t . a . 1990 : phylogenetic relationships of capsalids and dionchids and the position of the latter in the system of monogeneans ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) . tr . zool . inst . 221 : 3 - 16 . ( in russian . )\ntimofeeva t . a . , gaevskaya a . v . , kovaleva a . a . 1987 : capsalids ( monogenea ) of the notothenioid fishes from the atlantic region of antarctica and subantarctica . tr . zool . inst . 161 : 78 - 93 . ( in russian . )\nvan beneden p . j . 1856 : note sur un trematode nouveau de maigre d ' europe . bull . acad . r . belg . , classes sci . 23 : 502 - 508\nvan beneden p . j . 1858 : memoire sur les vers intestinaux . j . - b . bailtiere et fils , paris , 376 pp\nwhittington i . d . 1994 : graham c . kearn . an appreciation . int . j . parasitol . 24 : 481 - 486 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . 1996 : benedeniine ( capsalid ) monogeneans from australian fishes : pathogenic species , sitespecificity and camouflage . j . helminthol . 70 : 177 - 184 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , chisholm l . a . 2003 : diversity of monogenea from chondrichthyes : do monogeneans fear sharks ? in : c . combes and j . jourdane ( eds . ) , taxonomie , ecologie et evolution des metazoaires parasites . ( livre hommage a louis euzet ) . tome 2 . pup perpignan , france , pp . 339 - 363\nwhittington i . d . , corneillie s . , talbot c . , morgan j . a . t . , adlard r . d . 2001b : infections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis . j . fish dis . 24 : 421 - 425 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , cribb b . w . , hamwood t . e . , halliday j . a . 2000 : host - specificity of monogenean ( platyhelminth ) parasites : a role for anterior adhesive areas ? int . j . parasitol . 30 : 305 - 320 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1991 : the adhesive attitudes of some gill - parasitic capsalid monogeneans . j . helminthol . 65 : 280 - 285 go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1992 : the eggs and oncomiracidia of encotyllabe spp . and the relationship between encotyllabines and other capsalid monogeneans . parasitology 104 : 253 - 261 go to original source . . .\nwhittington i . d . , kearn g . c . 1993 : a new species of skin - parasitic benedeniine monogenean with a preference for the pelvic fins of its host , lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef . j . nat . hist . 27 : 1 - 14 go to original source . . .\nyamaguti s . 1963 : systema helminthum . volume iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . interscience publishers , new york , 699 pp\nyamaguti s . 1965 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i . pac . sci . 19 : 55 - 95\nyamaguti s . 1966 : new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , ii . pac . sci . 20 : 419 - 434\nyamaguti s . 1968 : monogenetic trematodes of hawaiian fishes . university of hawaii press , honolulu , 287 pp\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthree species of the genus capsala including capsala naffari n . sp . , c . neothunni ( yamaguti , 1968 ) and c . nozawae ( goto , 1894 ) are recorded and described from the buccal cavity of mackerel tuna euthynnus affinis caught from emirate coasts . capsala naffari can be differentiated by its lateral spiniform teeth , which extend posteriorly , small measurements compared with the closely resembled c . gotoi and relatively large testes . this is the first record of the genus capsala from arabian gulf fishes and e . affinis is a new host record .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright material removed from digital thesis . see print copy in university of adelaide library for full text .\nitems in dspace are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\ncapsalids are parasite on various organs of marine fish ( teleosts and elasmobranchs ) , including skin , fins and gills . several capsalid species , such a neobenedenia spp . are pathogenic , especially on maricultured fish .\ngenera as recognized in worms are listed below . recent molecular analyses have shown that several genera , which were defined on morphological characters , are not monophyletic .\nmenziesia and nitzschia have their equivalent in the botanical nomenclature : menziesia ( a flowering plant ) and nitzschia ( a diatom ) .\nal - mathal , e . m . ( 2002 ) identification of some monogenetic tream - atodes ( sic ) from some arabian gulf fish in saudi arabia .\nevdokimova , e . b . ( 1969 ) new species of monogeneans from bony fishes of patagon shelf .\n. world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , 18 march 2004 .\ngoto , s . ( 1894 ) studies on the ectoparasitic trematodes of japan .\n( perciformes : haemulidae ) from the great barrier reef , australia with a revision of the genus .\nhussey , c . g . ( 1986 ) some monogenean parasites of marine perci - form fishes of kuwait .\njohnston , t . h . ( 1929 ) remarks on the synonymy of certain tristo - matid trematode genera .\njohnston , t . h . ( 1931 ) new trematodes from the subantarctic and antarctic .\nklassen , g . j . , beverley - burton , m . & locke , a . ( 1989 ) a revision of\nlawler , a . r . & hargis , w . j . , jr ( 1968 ) monogenetic trematodes from the southern pacific ocean . part v . monopisthocotyleids from australian fishes , the subfamily trochopodinae .\nlester , r . j . g . & sewell , k . b . ( 1989 ) checklist of parasites from heron island , great barrier reef .\npaperna , i . & kohn , a . ( 1964 ) report on monogenetic tremat - odes collected from east mediterranean .\nsuriano , d . m . & beverley - burton , m . ( 1979 )\ntimofeeva , t . a . ( 1990 ) phylogenetic relationships between the capsalids and the dionchids and the position of the latter in the monogenea ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea ) .\nn : mamkaev , yu . v . & joffe , b . i . ( eds )\nwu j . , lu j . & woo n . y . s . ( 2002 ) a new species and a new chinese record of monogeneans from marine fishes in the south china sea ( trematoda : monogenea ) .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1965 ) new monogenetic trematodes from hawaiian fishes , i .\nalloencotyllabe caranxi n . g . , n . sp . is found in groups of 9\u201315 specimens attached close together to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body , a prohaptor with large spines , an armed penis which lies in a pouch and a vaginal pouch guarded by two sets of glands . encotyllabe kuwaitensis n . sp . is attached individually to the lower pharyngeal plate of caranx sp . it is characterized by having an elongate body and tandem testes . e . spari is reported from the lower pharyngeal tooth plate of plectorhynchus cinctus , p . pictus and p . schotaf . all fish hosts were caught in kuwaiti waters in the arabian gulf . the subfamily encotyllabinae is reviewed and the genus neoencotyllabe is regarded as a genus inquirendum . the new genus is attached to the subfamily encotyllabinae .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nbikhovskii ( bychowsky ) b . e . ( 1957 ) [ monogenetic trematodes , their systematics and phylogeny . ] moscow : akademiya nauk ssr , 509 pp . [ english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . ( 1961 ) washington , dc : american institute of biological sciences , 627 pp .\ng . n . , sp . n . ( monogenea ) from marine fishes .\nlawler , a . r . ( 1971 ) zoogeography and host - specificity of the superfamily capsaloidea price , 1936 ( monogenea : monopisthocotylea ) .\nmeserve , f . g . ( 1938 ) some monogenetic trematodes from the galapagos islands and the neighboring pacific .\nsproston , n . g . ( 1946 ) a synopsis of the monogenetic trematodes .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1934 ) studies on the helminth fauna of japan . part 2 . trematodes of fishes . i .\nyamaguti , s . ( 1963 ) systema helminthum , vol . iv . monogenea and aspidocotylea . new york : interscience publishers , 699 pp .\nkhalil , l . f . & abdul - salam , j . b . syst parasitol ( 1988 ) 11 : 139 . urltoken\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nbrazenor , alexander k . bertozzi , terry miller , terrence l . whittington , ian d . and hutson , kate s . 2018 . dna profiling reveals neobenedenia girellae as the primary culprit in global fisheries and aquaculture . molecular phylogenetics and evolution ,\nogawa , kazuo and shirakashi , sho 2017 . skin fluke infection of cultured marine fish . fish pathology , vol . 52 , issue . 4 , p . 186 .\njin , woo jun 2015 . phylogenetic study on microcotyle sp . ( monogenea ) from common dentex ( dentex dentex ) in the mediterranean sea , greece . african journal of biotechnology , vol . 14 , issue . 33 , p . 2532 .\nzhang , juan wu , xiangyun li , yanwei zhao , mengwei xie , mingquan and li , anxing 2014 . the complete mitochondrial genome of neobenedenia melleni ( platyhelminthes : monogenea ) : mitochondrial gene content , arrangement and composition compared with two benedenia species . molecular biology reports , vol . 41 , issue . 10 , p . 6583 .\nchaudhary , a . and singh , h . s . 2013 . description of two new species of the genus thaparocleidus jain , 1952 ( monogenea , dactylogyridae ) from freshwater fish in india : morphological and molecular phylogenetic evidence . journal of helminthology , vol . 87 , issue . 02 , p . 160 .\nwu , x . y . zhu , x . q . xie , m . q . and li , a . x . 2006 . the radiation of haliotrema ( monogenea : dactylogyridae : ancyrocephalinae ) : molecular evidence and explanation inferred from lsu rdna sequences . parasitology , vol . 132 , issue . 05 ,\nolson , peter d . and tkach , vasyl v . 2005 . vol . 60 , issue . , p . 165 .\npulido - flores , griselda and monks , scott 2005 . monogenean parasites of some elasmobranchs ( chondrichthyes ) from the yucat\u00e1n peninsula , mexico . comparative parasitology , vol . 72 , issue . 1 , p . 69 .\npresent address : department of plant and microbial biology , university of california berkeley , ca 94720 - 3102 , usa .\n( udonellidae ) . trees were constructed using maximum likelihood , minimum evolution and maximum parsimony algorithms . an initial tree , generated from sequences 315 bases long , suggests that capsalinae , encotyllabinae , entobdellinae and trochopodinae are monophyletic , but that benedeniinae is paraphyletic . analyses indicate that\nmonogenean research laboratory , parasitology section , the south australian museum , adelaide , south australia 5000 , australia . tel : + 61 8 8207 7463 . fax : + 61 8 8207 7222 . e - mail : whittington . ian @ urltoken\n[ in russian : english translation edited by hargis , w . j . jr . , 1961 . ]\nthe complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28s rrna gene . implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rrna in higher eukaryotes\npaup * phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b8 ( ppc )\ninfections of seriola quinqueradiata temminck & schlegel and s . dumerili ( risso ) in japan by benedenia seriolae ( monogenea ) confirmed by morphology and 28s ribosomal dna analysis\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours ."]}
{"id": 1696, "summary": [{"text": "anacampsis poliombra is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1922 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey , suffusedly irrorated white , with some scattered dark fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an oblique mark of dark fuscous suffusion beneath the costa at one-fifth and an oblique suffused dark fuscous streak from the dorsum at one-fifth reaching more than half across the wing , containing a subdorsal tuft .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are blackish , with the plical beneath the first discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a cloudy elongate dark fuscous spot on the middle of the costa and an irregular whitish line from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus , slightly angulated in the middle and somewhat incurved on the upper half , preceded by a fascia of dark fuscous suffusion which is broader on the lower half .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "an elongate spot of dark fuscous suffusion follows this above the angle and there are dark fuscous marginal dots around the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , darker posteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anacampsis poliombra", "paragraphs": ["anacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65\nanacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362\ngelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nanacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,\ne . e . a . de cuba\nanacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\nanacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\n820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nchlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine\ncrypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nlarva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30\nlita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ngelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega\n= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121\ngelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ngelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1698, "summary": [{"text": "monda afra is a moth in the psychidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by george thomas bethune-baker in 1927 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 32 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are black above vein two and the terminal area is more greyish and axtends onto the termen , the rest of the wing subhyaline white .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are subhyaline white , slightly greyish next the termen . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "monda afra", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for monda definition . you find here monda meaning , synonyms of monda and images for monda copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word monda . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word monda and , of course , monda synonyms and on the right images related to the word monda .\nreview : part of london ' s toi toi musik collective , the subsequent imprint is now on its fourth outing since nicola kazimir and barbir ' s opener , and this collaborative ep makes for a mighty fine addition to a neat lit tee catalogue . yakine ' s\nstorm 88\nis the right sort of deep house joint to lead the way into darker parts of the dancefloor , which fits in just right into\nsession 2\nfrom t - wyn , a fiery bundle of technoid sounds with an experimental edge . on the b - side , ibrahim afra goes loose and explorative on the open - minded groove that is\njanuary\n, whereas\ncheese\nby t - wyn offers some form of techno relief , and afra ' s\nfarewell summer\nsteps into the hip - hop zone with its slow and break - ridden groove for the move .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , kwazulu - natal ] , natal , pietermaritzburg , e . l . 18 . xii . 1916 , leg . c . b . hardenberg .\nholotype \u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 2\u2642 , both abdomen missing ( see janse 1919b : 139 ) , tmsa .\na junior subjective synonym of manatha aethiops hampson , 1910 ; synonymized by bourgogne ( 1973 : 366 ) .\njanse a . j . t . 1919b . south african bagworms : a new subgenus and species of the genus acanthopsyche , and a re - description of trichocossus arvensis janse . - annals of the natal museum 4 : 137\u2013141 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322df21e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325007f2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 333d36ec - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbeccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 47fb3124 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nmonday : late again , today , he ' d be in trouble though he ' d say he was sorry , he ' d have to hurry out the bus . tuesday : horace was so sad , he ' d never had a girl that he could care for , and if he was late once more , he ' d be out .\ndon ' t be afraid , just knock on the door , well he just stood there mumblin ' and fumblin ' . then a voice from above said ,\nhorace wimp , this is your life , go out and find yourself a wife . make a stand and be a man , and you will have a great life plan .\nwednesday : horace met a girl , she was small and she was very pretty , he thought he was in love , he was afraid .\nthursday : asks her for a date , the cafe down the street tomorrow evening , his head was reeling , when she said\nyes o . k .\nwhen she says\ngladly .\nhorace cries . sunday : everybody ' s at the church , when horace rushes in and says\nnow here come my wife , for the rest of my life .\nand she did .\nour full range of studio equipment from all the leading equipment and software brands . guaranteed fast delivery and low prices .\nour full range of dj equipment from all the leading equipment and software brands . guaranteed fast delivery and low prices .\nreview : since launching in 2013 , jennifer and lowris ' aeternum music imprint has established itself as one of the standout labels on the parisian techno scene . here , the label delivers its first compilation : a quietly impressive double - pack featuring tracks from seven members of the growing aeternum family . there ' s naturally much to admire throughout , from the weird , bass - heavy wonkiness of cabanne ' s quirky opener ,\nkarim\n, to the woozy , techno - influenced , analogue deep house shuffle of seuil ' s\nelevate\n. elsewhere , martinez impresses with a chunk of sub - heavy tech - house bounce (\nminor box solution\n) , and yakine takes a trip into space via the intergalactic shuffle of\nmoontalk\n.\nreview : calling upon a strong contingent of contemporary house innovators , london ' s half baked crew make the leap to a vinyl - only release in utterly fine style . le loup steps up first with a cleanly delineated groover that calls upon a lilting string hook and crisp drums to tap into a forgotten well of micro house imagination . it ' s a vibe carried through each of the tracks on the record in different twists , with ordell coming up trumps with a woozy , squinting meander into detuned hum and slackjawed rhythm . seuil is in an equally downtempo mood on\nteoparti\n, throwing in plenty of brushed cymbals and tricksy percussion without ever sounding overly busy , while yakine takes a slightly snappier stance with cheeky rhodes stabs and a prim shuffle to get early doors heads bobbing .\nreview : with just a few releases to their name , lumiereslanuit ( or lln for fans of brevity ) has already carved a niche for itself amongst current minimal techno labels , thanks to records from vadim svoboda and roger gerressen . these two records fully qualified the london - based french label ' s intent to offer well crafted sounds for the discerning collector and selector - much the same can be said about this third slab from french producer yakine . pressed on heavyweight vinyl , the three tracks here see josselin guerrache veer through classic maurizio style dub techno (\npressure feed\n) and billowing ambient techno (\nwater flood\n) before ending on the wonderfully trippy\ncold atom\n.\nreview : paris - based yakine was there at when minimal turned techy , and when techy was kept minimalistic . ever since those late naughtiest years , the producer has been crafting his sound by searching for the perfect groove , and we think he ' s found it with this latest ep for the disjoint label . these three tunes are more mechanical than his previous efforts ; the opener\nst val 017\nboasts a mean electro bass at its core , with\neach day\nalso choosing to adopt a more brown loop beat a - la industriale , and\nt beat\npumping out more dread than dance grooves .\nonly available to uk residents over 18 , subject to terms and conditions . more info here .\nthese rates of finance are based on this specific product and can be applied for once this item has been added to the cart . adding other products to your cart may change the rate of finance or deposit required .\nall image and audio content is used by permission of the copyright holders or their agents , and / or according to fair dealing as per the uk copyright , designs and patents act 1988 .\nwe ' d like to know what you think of juno ' s website . please send us your comments and suggestions via our\nhandsel hand\nsel , n . [ written also hansel . ] [ oe . handsal , hansal , hansel , as . hands ? lena giving into hands , or more prob . fr . icel . handsal ; hand hand + sal sale , bargain ; akin to as . sellan to give , deliver . see sell , sale . ] 1 . a sale , gift , or delivery into the hand of another ; especially , a sale , gift , delivery , or using which is the first of a series , and regarded as on omen for the rest ; a first installment ; an earnest ; as the first money received for the sale of goods in the morning , the first money taken at a shop newly opened , the first present sent to a young woman on her wedding day , etc . their first good handsel of breath in this world . - - fuller . our present tears here , not our present laughter , are but the handsels of our joys hereafter . - - herrick . 2 . price ; payment . [ obs . ] - - spenser . handsel monday , the first monday of the new year , when handsels or presents are given to servants , children , etc .\nmarimonda mar ` i * mon\nda , n . [ sp . ] ( zo [\no ] l . ) a spider monkey ( ateles belzebuth ) of central and south america .\nmonday mon\nday ( m [ u ^ ] n\nd [ asl ] ; 48 ) , n . [ oe . moneday , monenday , as . m [ = o ] nand [ ae ] g , i . e . , day of the moon , day sacred to the moon ; akin to d . maandag , g . montag , ohg . m [ = a ] natag , icel . m [ = a ] nadagr , dan . mandag , sw . m [ * a ] ndag . see moon , and day . ] the second day of the week ; the day following sunday .\nwhitmonday whit\nmon ` day , n . ( eccl . ) the day following whitsunday ; - - called also whitsun monday .\nfor his 1971 hit\nchick - a - boom ( don ' t ya jes ' love it )\n."]}
{"id": 1699, "summary": [{"text": "dance partner , ( japanese : \u30c0\u30f3\u30b9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc , foaled 25 may 1992 ) is a japanese thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "from the first crop of foals sired by sunday silence she won four of her twenty-five races and finished second nine times in a racing career which lasted from january 1995 until december 1997 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was unraced as a juvenile , but in 1995 she won the yushun himba and won the jra award for best three-year-old filly .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a four-year-old she won the keian hai and the queen elizabeth ii commemorative cup and won the jra award for best older filly or mare .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she failed to win as a five-year-old and was retired from racing at the end of the year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "apart from her victories she was placed in the oka sho , prix de la nonette kyoto daishoten and takarazuka kinen ( twice ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she has had success as a broodmare , producing several good winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "dance partner", "paragraphs": ["dance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins\nand nicol ' s first nicoldancechallenge dance partner is . . . miguel rodriguez !\n\u201cso it\u2019s nice that i get people who have tweeted me since eastenders and are now watching me on dance dance dance .\ndance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins - youtube\nmix - dance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins\ndance partner challenge - ft . d - trix & matt steffanina - merrell twins | reaction\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for dance partner . dance partner is a filly born in 2005 november 14 by danehill dancer out of add tinsel\nin 2012 , westerman co - founded spoke n motion dance , a nonprofit integrated dance company .\nthe actor , who played paul coker on the bbc soap , and his real - life partner are performing some of the most iconic dance routines ever on itv sunday night talent show dance dance dance . and he says it has made the couple stronger .\nand nicol ' s first nicoldancechallenge dance partner is . . . miguel rodriguez ! - videos | the star online\nfocuses on the dance and secretly \u201cgifts\u201d you one of the greatest partner dances in the world , west coast swing .\nwill young has been accused of giving his strictly dance partner the runaround after failing to show up for a rehearsal in cornwall .\nnoah galloway and dance partner sharna burgess dazzled audiences on the most recent season of \u201cdancing with the stars . \u201d courtesy abc / adam taylor\nphamaly and fiorino ' s company ballet arts theatre collaborated to perform at\ndance event 2000 .\nit was there that westerman met and was paired with her long - term dance partner , david mineo . the connection was instant .\nto be teri ' s dance partner has been quite an interesting , unique experience ,\nmineo says .\nshe ' s just a beautiful spirit .\nhowever , it is important to remember that ( almost ) every partner you encounter has something very , very valuable to teach you on the dance floor . this can either be from a habit they have , or the level they are dancing at . today , we endeavor to discern what you stand to gain from every social dance partner .\ntheir romance ended in 2010 , and a few weeks later flavia admitted she was dating her latest dance partner , actor jimi mistry , who she went on to marry .\nno one is holding me hostage in this room , making me wear a dress and dance with a man . i want to learn how to dance .\n' it happens as people get close . it is the bond you have with your partner . '\n\u201cthere is still all to play \u2013 or dance \u2013 for , \u201d jonny teases .\nthese are things you can focus on in a dance to get the most out of the dance \u2013 but not about what you can give to the dance . if you can focus on a positive that you can gain from the dance , it sometimes helps you also give back in positive energy to create a fun and constructive experience for yourself .\nbut pro dance janette manrara is clearly having none of it \u2013 delivering what could be seen as a reminder to celebrity hoofer gemma atkinson that her pro partner aljaz skorjanec is very much married .\nflavia cacace , 35 , was in a long - term relationship with her dance partner vincent simone when she was partnered with matt di angela in 2007 . he was eight years her junior .\nsome contestants have ended relationships to engage in a romance with their dance partner on the show , but the source noted that in caroline ' s case , this wasn ' t the reason .\nwesterman started dancing with an all - wheelchair square dance team called the colorado wheelers . the feelings of flying and being free are two of the reasons she loves to dance .\nsearch 55 , 978 dancers by dance style , age , height , proficiency , etc .\nsusan was dance captain and understudy for the leads , while ryan was a troupe dancer .\nshe met her former partner on set of bbc drama hotel babylon , and the couple married in december 2012 .\nwhen she was 11 , she decided she wanted to dance , and her parents were supportive .\nknowledge management platform . it allows users to manage learning and research . visit defaultlogic ' s other partner sites below :\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nyou will not use the service for any purpose outside of the intended purpose of this site which is personal person - to - person contact for the purpose of finding a dance partner and that such relationship shall be on equal grounds such that neither partner shall be paying the other partner for partnering . some forbidden uses of this site include : offering dance instruction or other services for pay , advertising or soliciting products for pay , soliciting contributions , distributing articles , newsletters , announcements , conducting surveys or polls , or any large scale mailings to our members ;\n\u201cseeing her take on that dance i couldn\u2019t be more proud to have her as my girlfriend . \u201d\nml drunk in street and had taken an overdose because partner had left her . police report contains no reference to the children .\ncoronation street actor sean ward had to hit back at rumours on wednesday that he ' d had a ' series of rows ' with actress girlfriend georgia may foote after her dance routine involved her pecking her professional partner on the lips .\nthe 29th annual international conference and festival of blacks in dance is honoring dance industry trailblazer robert battle , the artistic director of alvin ailey american dance theater , when it meets in dallas , texas on january 25 - 29 , 2017 . robert battle is the conference luncheon keynote speaker and will participate in a panel discussion .\nhowever shortly after the show ended , the 44 - year - old tv host split from her long - term partner dominic cotton .\nthe new los angeles dance film festival has announced the lineup and event details for its inaugural screening . the festival will feature a diverse range of fictional and non - fictional short dance films from filmmakers from around the world .\nincident with new partner mr kresolek , who was arrested for assault . ml had broken finger from being shut in the door . children present\nshe said she had spent years campaigning in favour of gay and lesbian rights and was now just happy to dance .\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding\nif you are still in the process of learning to dance at an average level , don\u2019t worry ; it\u2019s normal . when you are engaging in learning , it\u2019s really hard to try to be creative . it\u2019s more important at this point to keep your partner comfortable .\nkatya jones is one of strictly ' s newest dance professionals , having joined the show in 2016 during its fourteenth season .\ndisco partner scorched the inner turf course in the jaipur invitational stakes ( g3t ) in a world - record 1 : 05 . 67 for six furlongs\nthe move follows a backlash by lgbt activists against the lesbian writer and comic susan calman for agreeing to dance with a man .\nthe dance council of north texas ( dcnt ) recently announced that its scholarship application site is open for 2017 . student dancers aged\nbbc presenter natasha , 43 , soon split from long - term partner mike barnard while brendan , 39 , dumped his fianc\u00e9e and fellow dancer camilla dallerup .\nspoleto festival usa has announced the program for its 41st annual event , taking place may 26 - june 11 , 2017 , in charleston , south carolina . dance highlights include a range of innovative contemporary dance companies from around the globe , including france\u2019s ballet - meets - hip - hop duo wang ramirez , israel\u2019s l - e - v , and the new york - based gallim dance .\nstill , final claim did run out a resounding winner of her first start beyond sprints , and she clearly has to be considered very useful , even if time alone will show how she compares with such leading female classic hopefuls as ahmatir or dance every dance .\ned balls was katya ' s first partner and they had a good run , making it through to week ten thanks to their comedy performances before being eliminated .\nas well as staging ballets by robbins , peter martins , and christopher wheeldon , among others , millepied has choreographed eighteen ballets for a wide range of companies , from abt to the dutch national ballet . in 2010 , he amplified his profile exponentially\u2014and the reach of classical dance\u2014when he choreographed the dance sequences and appeared as an exacting dance partner in darren aronofsky\u2019s feverish ballet drama black swan , through which he met its star , natalie portman . the couple were soon romantically involved . they married in 2012 and have a three - year - old son , aleph .\n\u2018i\u2019m just hoping not to fall at the end of the dance ! \u2019 she explained ahead of the series opener earlier this month .\nperidance capezio center , one of new york city\u2019s leading dance organizations , has carefully selected a dynamic roster of 21 innovative dance companies and choreographers for its presentation at apap 2017 , the association of performing arts presenters conference . performances are set for january 7 and 8 .\nthat\u2019s all on my mind at the minute . but no , i guess that\u2019s what it is about the curse \u2013 you have to dance sexually and that . it\u2019s so mortifying actually \u2013 they got us in a room together and we had to dance with the partners , every single one , and you have to just dance with them , have body contact with them , and you\u2019ve only just met .\ncoles , a former member of the pop duo the communards , said he would be more than happy to dance with a male partner on the show , adding :\ni think it ' s a good year to do it actually , with the 50th anniversary of the sexual offences decriminalisation act .\n\u201crun the night\u201d is back on monday , january 30 ! as one of new york city ' s most explosive dance competitions , you won\u2019t want to miss it ! choreographers will present movement in various dance styles , including hip - hop , contemporary , jazz , tap and more .\nstrictly hit the headlines for all the wrong reasons during season one . viewers were transfixed by the apparent close bond between newsreader natasha kaplinsky and her hunky partner brendan cole .\nfrom the most scandalous affairs to shock marriage splits and jaw - dropping break - ups , femail looks back at the top dance floor dramas .\nthe following is a selective list of summer dance festivals and events . it is national in scope but concentrates on the northeast . new york city\nandrea studied during her time in ' riverdance ' and now lectures in computer science at dit . the couple run brennan irish dance in newbridge .\nblazed through a quarter - mile in : 21 . 43 and a half - mile in : 43 . 04 while disco partner raced off the pace in eighth . turning for home , disco partner and irad ortiz jr . rallied along the hedge then split horses to surge past pure sensation on their way to a half - length victory over favorite\nkristina \u2013 who has also dated vincent simone and ex partner joe calzaghe \u2013 said there have been other couples , yet she is the only one to be ' attacked ' .\nms luczak drunk and claimed she had been assaulted by her ' ex - partner ' \u2013 would not cooperate with ; olice . referral to social services and health visitor notified .\npure sensation ' s win last year had been the north american record for six furlongs on turf . disco partner finished second by a neck in last year ' s jaipur .\n\u00a9 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter .\nlike millions of other tv viewers , i had watched noah and his partner dance on \u201cdancing with the stars\u201d and had heard about some of the adversities he had overcome . i told him i would like to interview him and do a story for alabama living . \u201csure , ask me anything you want , \u201d he replied .\nyes . connection to music and musicality is closely related . musicality in your dance comes after you learn how to hear and connect to music . \ud83d\ude42\nhe was the first person who saw me as a dancer , not a person with a disability who wanted to dance ,\nwesterman says .\nkristina rihanoff was recently forced to defend her romance with strictly partner ben cohen insisting that their relationship only began once his 11 year marriage to wife abby had come to an end .\n\u201cthe beauty of this show is that , yes , we do all have dance backgrounds but we\u2019re not all the same . chrissy and i went to musical theatre school but give us a hip hop number or street dance and we will struggle . chrissy never feels cool enough for those types of songs . \u201d\nnuvo dance convention has entered its 10th year of touring , firmly establishing its influence on the dance industry . directed by ray leeper and produced by break the floor productions , it officially launched its 2016 - 17 season back in september . after a holiday break , nuvo resumed its season last weekend in orlando .\nproject dance has announced it will host its new york city signature event in nine major cities in 2017 . the event , which occurs over a three - day weekend , includes dance classes , motivational forums , networking and a free all - day dance concert held in a prominent downtown location . this year\u2019s cities include houston , orlando , paris , san francisco , oklahoma city , new york city , bogota ( colombia ) , lima ( peru ) and greenville .\nwith subject\nremove _ partner _ wanted _ ad\nand quote your red ad reference no . in it . and please tell us if your search was successful ! thank you .\nthe most exciting point in the race came near mid - stretch as pure sensation began to tire and disco partner was tipped out by ortiz where he fired between his stablemate and green mask .\noles says he will not be wearing his reverend\u2019s dog collar every week , with some of the routines requiring him to dance spray tanned and \u201cbare - chested\u201d .\nelite performance challenge ( epc ) is heading into its 7th year of hosting enjoyable and efficient dance competition experiences . its 2017 season launches in nashville , tn on\nmr pelka reported that ml had arrived at his home with the children because she had been arguing with her new partner mr a , who had been drinking heavily and had smashed up the home .\nwe ' re a community of dancers of all ages with a passion for dance . members use urltoken to connect with others for social and / or competitive dancing .\nloved alfonso & witney , sadie & mark and jonathan & allison . it was hard to watch lolo ' s dance . . . and everything that followed that .\nthe vail dance festival kicks off its 29th year with a season of new collaborations , artist debuts , and world premieres on july 29 , 2017 . directed by former new york city ballet star damian woetzel , the season will run through august 12 and will feature the tap dance innovator michelle dorrance as artist - in - residence .\n\u201csharna burgess came to birmingham and taught me how to dance . she did all the choreographing , selected music , and sharna remained my dance partner all through the \u2018dancing with the stars\u2019 contest . sharna and jamie kept encouraging me ; both were great motivators . i thought we would be out after the first show but we made it all the way to the finals . this is when i asked jamie to marry me on the show . it was a complete surprise to jamie and even to some of the \u2018dancing with the stars\u2019 staff .\nalman added : \u201ci have protested , i have picketed , i have fought , i have been spat on , i have been punched - and i want to dance . \u201d\ndirectors paula dell - beasley and jill s . reeves are excited to launch their 5th anniversary season of fusion national dance competition this month ! kicking off january 28 in birmingham , al , the competition will be touring to 16 cities total in 2017 , culminating with the stars of fusion dance challenge in daytona beach , fl on june 22 - 25 .\neveryone has their favourite social dance partners \u2013 which is awesome . sometimes we just get those oh - so - sweet , buttery smooth dances that make us feel amazing all over .\nif you can enjoy any of these dances without thinking and breaking it down , do it \u2013 that\u2019s the most fun way to social dance . however , if you are someone who feels \u2018trapped\u2019 in less than ideal dances , this is a good way to re - invent the way you are thinking about the dance to really turn it into a positive experience .\n) to the dance team , which featured a young , unknown jennifer lopez . as a launching pad alone , it remains one of the most significant sketch shows of the \u201990s .\nthe chen dance center , located in the heart of new york city ' s chinatown , continues its mission of offering arts education , artistic creation , and presentations to educate and engage people in asian american culture , history and social issues . in 2017 , the chen dance center company , h . t . chen and dancers , will go on another tour .\nthe casualty actress , who plays dr zoe hanna in the bbc medical drama , is now said to be dating business partner scott carey , 42 . together , the pair set up the food firm keep me fresh .\nit was hard when i had to give out to him for not doing something right , or being out of line . sometimes you go harder on your partner , to make an example ,\nsays susan .\ndirected by president and founder steve wappel , starquest performing arts competition will soon launch its 24th year of dance events with its first regionals on january 26 - 29 in long island , ny and lancaster , pa . in total , starquest will host more than 60 dance competitions in 2017 , including the open world finals set for texas , ohio and virginia this summer .\nthis registry will prospectively collect data from patients diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease to observe the restenosis rates in peripheral arteries compared with subjects enrolled in the dance trial ( mercator medsystems tsp0149 ) .\nthe key is to try new things slowly and see where you can go with it , rather than trying to rush through . this keeps you and your partner safe . also , hang out in the awkward place of \u2018how do i get out of this ? \u2019 and see if you can find a new way to continue the movement . essentially , re - wire your brain away from feeling uncomfortable with the unknown in dance .\nshake the ground : the ultimate dance competition is preparing to kick off its 2017 regionals this month . stg will launch its new tour in west palm beach , fl on january 20 and 21 .\nkaren and anthony met in the courtly setting of the ucd sports hall when their company was rehearsing . it was 1999 and karen remembers being taken aback by the suntanned dance captain in the tracksuit .\nthe new york city dance alliance foundation ( nycdaf ) , a forward - thinking charity committed to shaping the future lives and training of young dancers , returns to the joyce theater in nyc on january 30 with destiny rising . a yearly fundraising performance benefiting nycdaf\u2019s college scholarship program , the evening will present 2016\u2019s scholarship beneficiaries , a commission by nycda\u2019s rachel kreiling , and guests from prominent professional dance companies .\n\u201cthe video is very sexy , \u201d jonny reveals . \u201cthe dance is harder than you think . chrissy was incredibly nervous and it was already a stressful week with the scoreboard now going back to nothing .\nthis is the follow who already knows where they want to go \u2013 and they\u2019re going to go there . not pleasant , but also gives you a valuable opportunity to work on how to care for your partner \u2013 and perhaps discover something new .\nthe humane society has been among the critics , and joining me today are the president of seaworld , joel manby , and his new partner in seaworld ' s transition wayne pacelle , president of the humane society . welcome to both of you .\ni say ( almost ) every partner to account for the handsy or mean dancers that occasionally find their way onto our precious social dance floors . when someone is disrespecting you or hurting you ( emotionally or physically ) , there isn\u2019t much to learn \u2013 aside from how to stand your ground . here , i would say feel free to use your voice and do whatever you need to in order to keep the social floor a pleasurable and safe place .\nin march 1996 , mayano top gun was matched against the 1993 japanese horse of the year narita brian in the hanshin daishoten and was beaten into second place . in june at kyoto he recorded his biggest success as a four - year - old when he won the takarazuka kinen over 2200 metres , beating sunday branch and the mare dance partner . later in the year he finished second to bubble gum fellow in the autumn edition of the tenno sho .\nto provide a comparator dataset to the investigational dance trial , which has the same enrollment criteria as this observational trial but includes the investigational use of a local drug therapy to limit inflammation caused by mechanical revascularization .\nthe daughter of golden thatch had won both the ascot fillies nursery and the kenilworth fillies futurity for jockey robert sweetman , and stable rider weichong mawing made way for sweetman to partner the filly again at gosforth park . why tamper with a winning combination ?\noleg vladimirovich ovsyannikov ( russian : \u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043e\u0432\u0441\u044f\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 ; born 23 january 1970 ) is a russian former competitive ice dancer . with partner anjelika krylova , he is the 1998 olympic silver medalist and two - time ( 1998 , 1999 ) world champion .\nin one incident in 2008 , luczak , 27 , was reported as being in the street having taken an overdose ' because her partner had left her ' , although no reference was made to daniel who would have been six months old at the time .\nthey still dance occasionally , if requested to .\nwe normally would get up and do a set together \u2013 bits and pieces of steps from the show . that ' s what people like to see .\nco - created by kellese key and lacey simmons , swankfit\u2122 focuses on the amazing dance cardio workout . it\u2019s different , it\u2019s fun and it opens your eyes to a different world if you choose to seek it .\nok , so maybe this isn\u2019t exactly the best interpretation of what your dance style is . maybe this is more contact improv , or a little too much solo dancing . maybe you love that , maybe you don\u2019t .\nthis is the happy place . both of you share the same level of dance , so it\u2019s not intimidating . both of you will likely have a similar level of proficiency , so you\u2019ll generally understand the same concepts .\nif i ' m dancing with a partner , they can take me by the hand and propel me across the floor or stage ,\nshe explains .\nand my hands , my arms , are completely free to do whatever i want to do .\nseaworld announced it will end it ' s orca breeding program , phase out orca performances and partner with the humane society of the u . s . npr ' s robert siegel speaks with seaworld president and ceo joel manby and humane society president and ceo wayne pacelle .\ndiane , several weeks overdue , finally goes into labor . wilkes tries to keep an abusive man away from his family by admitting him for back pain and doping him up . jack and lisa take a ballroom dance class .\nbut , the bottom line is there\u2019s nothing like a musical partner to get you to hear the music . see if you can understand what they\u2019re hitting in the music . what are they hearing ? why are they accenting it ? are they hitting it smoothly or sharply ?\nhi , my name is kellese key , and i am about to share with you the greatest fitness program on earth ! welcome to swank university , the only university of it\u2019s kind , breeding fitness & partner dancing as one . we have built an incredible program just for you ! two intensely fun - filled days of swanking to get you sharing the swanklife with everyone in your area ! it\u2019s fun and it\u2019s different ! different for dance , different for fitness\u2026 a marriage that creates a fitness phenomenon !\nhaving danced in more than 6 , 000 shows , niamh retired from dancing last year and became dance director and production coordinator . padraic still plays the lead , with other beautiful young females . how does that feel for niamh ?\nwe did some insane dance lifts with our friends d - trix & matt steffanina ! tell us who you think won and which dance lift was your favorite ! : ) watch the videos we did on their channels & subscribe ! \u25b6 d - trix ' s video : urltoken \u25b6 matt ' s video : urltoken \u25b6subscribe to merrell twins : urltoken shoutout to : urltoken for the dance lift videos ! snapchat : @ merrelltwins twitter : urltoken twitter : urltoken twitter : urltoken instagram : urltoken instagram : urltoken instagram : urltoken facebook : urltoken weheartit urltoken urltoken check out our other videos : real food vs . gummy urltoken our first fight urltoken what ' s worse than that urltoken get merrell twins merch : urltoken\nthe following year they started stealing breaks between the dance numbers .\nyou ' d sit backstage and have a chat and that developed into something . relationships move very quickly \u2013 it ' s an intense environment ,\nadds karen .\nassistant chief constable garry forsyth , of west midlands police , said the force had improved its safeguarding children processes and information - sharing with partner agencies and accepted there needed to be ' a more holistic approach when dealing with multiple incidents involving domestic abuse , in particular where children reside ' .\ndisco partner had a great trip ,\nclement said .\nirad had him placed in a good position , and he was able to take advantage and move forward to finish in the end . irad has been riding great and he did a good job again here today .\npro\u2019s make us feel like we can literally . do . anything . i mean , who even thought we could do that many spins or lead that super - cool pattern ? this is obviously a good marker of how well i dance !\nespecially if it\u2019s a dance existing outside the normal confines of the \u2018rules\u2019 , just go with the musicality . it\u2019s the best way to have fun \u2013 and learn something awesome . these kinds of dances are very often my favourite ( within reason ) .\nso , have fun with it ! these have the potential to be your best dances : you feel like you can dance , without feeling terrified of messing up . here is where you remind yourself that social dancing is about connecting and having fun !\nof course , then you get to the seventh dam , a daughter of case ace by the name of raise you , and it hits you over the head that maybe the dam of raise a native sent a zygote or two to the dance .\nall six swan species perform this sort of mating dance , albeit with some variations . australian black swans have special feathers for attracting a mate . the eurasian bewick ' s , whooper and whistling swans call softly to each other after they have mated .\nindeed , but when did this young handsome man get to show off to his clever , beautiful girl ?\nthe first number in the second half was a big ceili number and we were partners in the dance , so that was very close quarters .\nbut despite their name , mute swans are anything but silent . their courtship\ndance\nis accompanied by a range of hissing and grunting sounds . the idea that swans only sing when they are dying , the so - called swan song , is a myth .\nlauren hunter , a 15 - year - old from california , was named one of the eight prizewinners of the 2017 prix de lausanne international ballet competition over the weekend . along with seven other competitors , she was awarded a scholarship that will allow her to choose among the 68 prestigious partner schools and companies of the competition .\nwere all bred by patricia generazio , who patronized disco rico heavily over the years and contributes mightily to the regional influence of the stallion : at the disco and pure disco were conceived in maryland and foaled in new jersey while disco partner was conceived and foaled in new york . that\u2019s a lot of breeder and stallion awards .\nseaworld to end orca breeding program in partnership with humane society seaworld announced it will end it ' s orca breeding program , phase out orca performances and partner with the humane society of the u . s . npr ' s robert siegel speaks with seaworld president and ceo joel manby and humane society president and ceo wayne pacelle .\nwe had crossed paths \u2013 irish dancing is a small world . i was assistant dance captain . i was very serious about it . he was more outgoing , in the middle of everything , not as serious about the dancing , he knuckled down later ,\nrecalls andrea .\ntrained by christophe clement , disco partner completed six furlongs in 1 : 05 . 67 on the firm turf , which lowers by more than a second the previous course record set in last year ' s jaipur when pure sensation won in 1 : 06 . 76 . equibase reports the time also is a world record for six furlongs on turf .\nas well as divorcing , swans do occasionally\ncheat\n. but it ' s really only female australian black swans that are regularly unfaithful . around 1 in 7 eggs reared by a black swan male will not be his , almost always because the female has copulated with a different male just in case she cannot have offspring with her partner .\nas a four - year - old , ovsyannikov fell ill with pneumonia . after he recovered , doctors recommended to his parents that he enroll in some kind of sport , preferably in a fresh air environment . initially a singles skater , he switched to ice dance at the age of 10 .\n\u201cafter i appeared in men\u2019s health i started getting calls from tv shows . \u2018dancing with the stars\u2019 asked me to come to los angeles . i told them i couldn\u2019t leave my kids that long . they said , \u2018fine , we\u2019ll send a dancer to birmingham to teach you how to dance . \u2019\nthey may be a little off - time , and they may be a bit rough - around - the - edges . those are definitely not dance shoes , and no seasoned dancer would ever wear that outfit for a night of heavy dancing . perhaps they\u2019re terrified , or perhaps they\u2019re really really excited .\nfly on a wall is an atlanta - based multidisciplinary group of artists that produces work that includes elements of dance , acting , music , design and visual art . the collective will soon present prism 2 , an intimate evening of open research and development centered around a floating floor suspended by harp string and monofilament .\naaron announces he ' s leaving chicago hope for a teaching position at harvard . shortly thereafter he begins to suffer from a brain aneurysm . the aneurysm sends him into a trance state where he hallucinates several strange fantastical experiences , including chicago hope doctors in song and dance sketches and jeffrey geiger ' s advice on life .\nwell , that means you know what to expect . which means you can work on refining your technique and style \u2013 while trying not to backlead . if you aren\u2019t having fun with this dance but want to take something away from it , refine yourself . it makes it fun for you , and gives you something back .\nfor the 2017 - 18 season , ballet bc is looking for full - time artists and apprentices , as well as young dancers to participate in the company\u2019s summer dance intensive . to fill these spots , the 30 - year - old ballet company based in vancouver , canada , will hold auditions in new york city and montr\u00e9al , qc .\nsunday silence flourished in japan and became one of their leading sires over the last decade , topping their sire list from 1995 through 2001 . out of nine crops so far , he has sired 934 foals with 822 starters and 517 winners . of these , 75 are stakes winners and 10 were champions . five of his progeny have earned over $ 5 million with the top earner being special week who retired in 1999 with earnings of $ 9 , 346 , 435 , while his total progeny earnings are over $ 323 million so far . his champion offspring include dance partner ( twice japanese champion ) and to the victory ( who finished second in the 2001 dubai world cup ) , and stay gold ( winner of the 2001 hong kong vase ) .\nhowever , the distaff side of disco partner would seem to be less than first - class when it comes to extraordinary achievements . his broodmare sire , numerous , was a graded winner by mr . prospector , and concorde\u2019s tune was a serious sprint sire up and down the east coast , and the next four dams ( by silver buck , secretariat , tompion , and native dancer ) produced little of note .\nthus began an 11 - year on - off - on - off relationship . susan moved home to dublin in 2005 and ryan became a musical hit , and eventually followed her . the couple got married in 2011 and have a six - month - old baby , toby . susan teaches adult irish dance classes and ryan is recording his second album .\nnew york city ' s famed doug varone and dancers has had a lot to celebrate recently . in addition to kicking off its 30th anniversary season , which will include numerous home performances and intensives , the company was recently named as a recipient of a national dance project ( ndp ) touring award from the new england foundation for the arts ( nefa ) .\nanybody from any level of dance background or any level of physical ability is more than welcome in the company ,\nshe says , beaming .\ni don ' t believe in auditions . i think auditions are necessary in some instances , but i choose not to use them for spoke n motion because i feel like people with disabilities are judged enough .\nthis registry will prospectively collect data from patients diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease to observe the correlation between the levels of mcp - 1 , c - reactive protein and mmp - 9 after angioplasty or atherectomy procedures in peripheral arteries compared with subjects enrolled in the dance trial ( mercator medsystems tsp0149 ) . objective measurement of biomarkers will be performed by a contract laboratory to avoid bias .\nrussell hobby , general secretary of the national association of head teachers , said : ' naht firmly believes that the leaders and staff of little heath acted properly on the information available and within the limits of the powers they had been given . it is extremely important to remember that no amount of vigilance by a school can compensate for the wilful misdirection of a deceptive and manipulative individual . daniel was murdered by his mother and her partner , not by his school . '\nwhen you ' re on tour it ' s like one big happy family , and suddenly romance blossoms ,\nshe says .\nwhen he joined , he was always the kidder , cracking the jokes , full of life . i just loved the way he made me laugh . he would dance up beside me in the line and under his breath , he would try to tell me stories .\nfox has renewed its emmy award - winning so you think you can dance for a 14th season . from 19 entertainment and dick clark productions , sytycd will return this summer , back to its original system of featuring adult dancers between the ages of 18 - 30 . auditions are set for new york ( march 4 - 6 ) and los angeles ( march 17 - 19 ) . all potential contestants must register online .\nin the meantime , he has been getting his new house in order , installing sprung dance floors in the studios and nurturing in - house collaborators . \u201cit\u2019s very exciting for an organization that you hear is so tough to change , \u201d he tells me . \u201cbut i found people who had a real desire to move forward . we have a lot to do , but i\u2019m putting the bar as high as i can . \u201d\nthis prodigious rate of coupling - off is hardly surprising . twenty million people in 46 countries have seen the music and dance spectacular . a lot of boys have danced with a lot of girls and lots of girls with girls and boys with boys ( though so far , all the marriages are between opposite sexes ) . many buses have been slept on , many minibars cracked open and many weary nights spent in strange lands .\n\u201crio continues to give his racing owner , christopher trakas , trainer / jockey jacqueline falk and breeder duchess views farms , great enjoyment and pride as they remain part of \u2018team rio , ' \u201d said seamonds . \u201ci was very proud that the jockey club used his story to inspire others at last year ' s ownerview national thoroughbred ownership conference and i know that he has inspired others to look at thoroughbreds as their equine dance partners . \u201d\ndr . wilkes treats identical teenagers with the same rare heart ailment , losing one in the process . kate treats a 10 - year - old who nearly died after sniffing glue , and learns her daughter does the same . aaron interviews a man for inclusion in a study by dr . frank . diane debates taking maternity leave . mcneil isn ' t sure whether a man has sentiment or politics at heart when he insists life - saving surgery be taken on his sister , over her same - gender partner ' s wishes .\n[ chuck lutsky ] , carol huston [ marianne lutsky ] , robert cicchini [ tony mangelli ] , angela paton [ irene ] , lesli margherita [ antoinette mangelli ] , robert d . vito [ kurtis lutsky ] , aaron spann [ davey lutsky ] , kenny ortega [ ellston mccool ] , ariel felix [ dr . raoul chammora ] , jonathan nichols [ cop ] , tim mcfadyen [ nurse juan numero ] , alx goldfarb [ nurse jodi ] , jane clark [ nurse ] , miranda garrison [ dance instructor ]\nin many ways it was a surprise appointment\u2014an internal promotion was expected\u2014and millepied has confessed that the very possibility initially made his \u201chead spin . \u201d he does have a history with the place , having created three ballets for the company ( including amoveo , with music by philip glass ) , but , he says , \u201ci didn\u2019t go to the school , so i\u2019m essentially an outsider . \u201d daunted by the old - fashioned rigor of the french ballet school system , millepied opted instead to train at the school of american ballet in new york . he joined the corps de ballet of new york city ballet in 1995 , and , mentored by jerome robbins , rose swiftly through the ranks to become a soloist three years later , and a principal dancer in 2001 . he retired from the company in 2011 to create the l . a . dance project with composer nico muhly and three others . \u201che was a lovely dancer , with a wonderful stage personality , \u201d _ the new york times\u2019 _ s roslyn sulcas tells me , \u201ca wonderful partner , and something of a virtuoso himself . but i\u2019m not sure he entirely fulfilled his promise as a dancer\u2014he had many different kinds of focuses . \u201d\nabc press release : it\u0092s # myjammonday on \u0093dancing with the stars\u0094 the 12 celebrity couples will perform to their favorite song tuesday\u0092s results show to feature a special dance performance with julianne hough and musical performances by sia and nico & vinz \u0093episode 1902\u0094 \u0096 it\u0092s # myjammonday this week on \u0093dancing with the stars . \u0094 the 12 remaining celebrities dance to their favorite songs on monday , september 22 ( 8 : 00 - 10 : 01 p . m . , et ) on the abc television network . monday\u0092s show kicks - off with a spectacular opening number featuring the full cast and judges dancing to a medley of the judges\u0092 favorite songs . each couple will then perform a variety of dances , including the cha cha , foxtrot , jive and rumba , to their favorite jam . each couple\u0092s pick for # myjammonday is : jonathan bennett & allison holker : \u0093sing\u0094 by ed sheeran tommy chong & peta murgatroyd : \u0093higher\u0094 by gloria estefan randy couture & karina smirnoff : \u0093satisfaction ( i can\u0092t get no ) \u0094 by otis redding betsey johnson & tony dovolani : \u0093girls just wanna have fun\u0094 by cyndi lauper bethany mota & derek hough \u0093all about that bass\u0094 by meghan trainor janel parrish & valentin chmerkovskiy : \u0093call me maybe\u0094 by carly rae jepsen alfonso ribeiro & witney carson : \u0093gettin\u0092 jiggy wit it\u0094 by will smith sadie robertson & mark ballas : \u0093she\u0092s country\u0094 by jason aldean antonio sabato jr . & cheryl burke : \u0093adorn\u0094 by miguel tavis smiley & sharna burgess : \u0093boogie wonderland\u0094 by earth , wind & fire lea thompson & artem chigvintsev : \u0093land of 1000 dances\u0094 by wilson pickett michael waltrip & emma slater : \u0093girls in bikinis\u0094 by lee brice \u0093episode 1902a\u0094 - - \u0093dancing with the stars : the results\u0094 two - night event continues on tuesday , september 23 ( 8 : 00 - 9 : 00 p . m . , et ) where one couple will be eliminated by combining the judges\u0092 scores from monday night\u0092s performance with the public votes . judge julianne hough takes to the ballroom floor and will dance in a number featuring derek hough and the male pros . the show will feature pop star sia performing her hit single \u0093chandelier , \u0094 accompanied by a dance performance by maddie ziegler and pro allison holker . later in the show nico & vinz will perform their hit \u0093am i wrong . \u0094 urltoken\n27 . the practice years : 1996 - 2004 in the courtroom , the practice bears a bit more similarity to the staid presence of law & order than the often wacky hijinks of l . a . law , except it likely had more genuine heart than either of those shows . the practice succeeded because it truly liked to dive into the motivations of its characters as they attempted to operate their exceedingly busy and challenging boston law firm . the series made dylan mcdermott a tv star as the idealistic senior partner , bobby donnell , a complex character who was simultaneously the show\u2019s moral center while often being forced to make contradictory decisions for the sake of the firm . it was the finest pure legal drama of the \u201990s .\nif your issue is you\u2019re not able to hear or connect to the music , you need to spend some time thinking about music , listening to music , and educating yourself about the music . depending on what style you dance , there are some good resources out there . you may want to even look at learning about music theory or speaking with a music teacher . this will allow you to more readily understand how to be \u2018musical\u2019 . when you are musical , you don\u2019t require a lot of moves because you can use what you have already in a creative and interesting way to \u2018hit\u2019 the music .\n' riverdance ' is , like any travelling tribe , self - sustaining , a reversion to that which kept us going since before civilisation began . but there is something special about this social experiment . we saw it from the moment michael flatley ( a self - confessed playboy ) skidded on stage at the interval of the 1994 eurovision , leaping with a maniacal desire ireland didn ' t hitherto associate with its rigid native dance ; in the body language between he and the luscious jean butler , who glares at him while he rends her by the waist . bill whelan ' s music had a goosepimpling quality . that and the intoxication of its success created a frisson that couldn ' t but percolate around cast and crew .\nabc press release : pitbull to guest judge and perform on \u0093dancing with the stars , \u0094 monday , october 20 the nine remaining couples will perform to pitbull\u0092s hits and favorite songs \u0093episode 1906\u0094 \u0096 international superstar pitbull returns to the ballroom and for the first time joins julianne hough , carrie ann inaba and bruno tonioli as a guest judge monday , october 20 ( 8 : 00 - 10 : 01 p . m . , et ) on \u0093dancing with the stars . \u0094 pitbull will kick - off the night with a steamy performance of his hit single \u0093fireball\u0094 followed by the nine remaining celebrities performing to a mix of his hits and personal favorite songs . dance styles will include salsa , rumba , foxtrot , tango and jazz . at the end of the night , one couple will face elimination . urltoken\n82 . full house years : 1987 - 1995 full house is probably the quintessential sappy family sitcom of the \u201990s , the kind of show that was the butt of jokes from every late - night comedian who thought he was somehow skewering polite society by making fun of its cheesiness or adorable kid actors . the story of a widowed father raising his three daughters in san francisco with the help of his brother - in - law and goofy best friend , it was pure sap , but a guilty pleasure for plenty of viewers who wouldn\u2019t have watched anything else in the same genre . it offered a little something for everyone\u2014kids liked the silly voices and characters of joey , women liked the beefcake that was john stamos , and families liked the cute kids , especially michelle , who was turned into a marketing empire by mary - kate and ashley olsen . but even more than michelle , what says \u201c\u201990s\u201d more than stephanie tanner leading a dance party to marky mark and the funky bunch ?\nlord walpole ' s miss slamerkin ( b f 1729 ) , bred by general philip honeywood , won her only start , the 100 guineas prince ' s cup at newmarket in april of 1735 , defeating lord weymouth ' s\nhambleton mare ,\notherwise called jenny - come - tye - me , who had won the king ' s plate at black hambleton , yorkshire , in 1734 [ pick 1 : 98 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1700, "summary": [{"text": "scopula actuaria is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1861 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found throughout the oriental tropics of india , sri lanka , from afghanistan and taiwan to the southern moluccas and timor .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found on the chagos archipelago . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "scopula actuaria", "paragraphs": ["select a genus & species ignobilia prout - ignobilia urnaria guen\u017ee zythos fletcher - zythos turbata walker - zythos avellanea prout - zythos strigata warren - zythos obliterata warren antitrygodes warren - antitrygodes divisaria walker - antitrygodes pseudagrata sp . n problepsis lederer - problepsis plenorbis prout - problepsis apollinaria guen\u017ee - problepsis borneamagna sp . n - problepsis delphiaria guen\u017ee - problepsis achlyobathra prout scopula schrank - scopula inficita walker - scopula actuaria walker - scopula usticinctaria walker - scopula mecysma swinhoe - scopula opicata fabricius - scopula adeptaria walker - scopula insolata aequibrachiata ssp . n - scopula flavinsolata sp . n - scopula annularia swinhoe - scopula planidisca bastelberger - scopula pulchellata fabricius - scopula parodites prout - scopula pithogona prout - scopula brookesae holloway - scopula sp . ? albiflava warren - scopula coangulata prout - scopula voluptaria prout - scopula ? pallidiceps warren - scopula pauperata prout - scopula leucopis prout - scopula quadratisparsa holloway - scopula vacuata guen\u017ee - scopula subdecorata warren - scopula hyphenophora warren - scopula succrassula prout - scopula sp ? sybillaria swinhoe - scopula melinau sp . n - scopula nesciaroides sp . n - scopula asymmetrica sp . n - scopula phallarcuata sp . n - scopula deflavarioides sp . n - scopula 18361 - scopula 9015 - scopula 9012 , 18422\nhave a fact about scopula actuaria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for scopula actuaria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nngu ? n : wikipedia . c c trang : 34 . ch ng : scopulini , sterrhini , daea , idaea , scopula , anisodes , scopula rubiginata , scopula ternata , idaea subsaturata , scopula limboundata , idaea rusticata , idaea emarginata , scopula actuaria , idaea pallidata , idaea muricata , idaea fuscovenosa , idaea inquinata , scopula junctaria , idaea mustelata , idaea humiliata , scopula ornata , scopula immutata , chrysocraspeda , idaea serpentata , scopula marginepunctata , scopula immorata , euacidalia , scopula decorata , acratodes , idaea ochrata , idaea degeneraria , scopula nigropunctata , dithalama , epicosymbia , idaea subsericeata , idaea trigeminata , idaea mediaria , idaea deversaria , scopula cacuminaria , idaea dimidiata , idaea sylvestraria , idaea straminata , craspediopsis , brachyglossina , anisodes obstataria , dasybela , idaea contiguaria , idaea laevigata , problepsis , dizuga , scopula imitaria , eumacrodes , idaea dilutaria , cleta , chorizomena , problepsis achlyobathra , lophophleps phoenicoptera , cinglis , epicleta , idaea infirmaria , hyriogona , scopula rubraria , idaea inversata , dithalama cosmospila , zythos , idaea filicata , bytharia , rhodometra , schematorhages , polygraphodes , thysanotricha , somatina , strophoptila , myrice , mnesterodes , pareupithex , xenocentris , zeuctoneura , hemipogo , problepsiodes , silvaspica , euphenolia , hirthestes , odontoptila , ptychopoda , brachyprota , cysteophora , hemipogon , neochrysa , pogonogya , prospasta , ptenopoda , pythodora , carphoxera , deinopygia , lophosis , psilephyra , synomila , cacorista , janarda , limeria , omopera , sterrha , lobura , pyctis , paota , streblopoda , palaeaspilates , heteroctenis , longipalpa , leptacme , hemigymnodes , eremocentra , phrissosceles , streptopteron , stibarostoma , trirachopoda , pachythalia , prostenodes , conchocometa , crypsiplocia , mesotrophe , platisodes , xenoprora , emmesura , perixera , pisoraca , plocucha , antitrygodes , scopula optivata , chlorocraspedia , pleionocentra , glossotrophia , eueupithecia , protoproutia , ptychamalia , isoplenodia , trichoclada , ustocidalia , lipocen . . .\nherbulot c . 1992g . nouveaux scopula de la r\u00e9gion \u00e9thiopienne . - lambillionea 92 ( 1 ) : 78\u201388 .\nherbulot c . 1985b . trois nouveaux scopula du natal ( l\u00e9pid . geometridae ) . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de mulhouse 15 ( 2 ) : 17\u201319 .\nherbulot c . 1972a . les scopula malgaches du groupe de rubrosignaria ( mabille ) ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de mulhouse 2 ( 1 ) : 13\u201316 .\nscopula - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nwalker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 22 : 752 .\ncerata lengths show wide variation ( see fig 193 ) . s . heba prout ( new guinea to solomons ) is closely related .\noriental tropics to taiwan , afghanistan ( ssp . sheljuzhkoi ) and timor ( ssp . nigranalis ) , s . moluccas . also from the chagos archipelago in the indian ocean .\nbornean material seen is from tenom in the lowlands of sabah , and several specimens were taken in cocoa plantations at tuaran in 1997 .\nyunus & ho ( 1980 ) recorded this species as feeding on theobroma ( cocoa , sterculiaceae ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthere is some variability in the ornamentation of the male eighth sternite throughout its range , even within a single locality .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - 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2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , western caucasus , lower volga , southern urals .\nbulgaria , greece ( mainland ) , macedonia , russia , turkey ( european part ) , ukraine .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nschrank f . von paula 1802 . fauna boica . durchgedachte geschichte der in baiern einheimischen und zahmen tiere . zweyter band zweyte abtheilung . - \u2014 2 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013412 .\ntype species : phalaena paludata linnaeus , 1767 . systema naturae ( edn 12 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 873 . by subsequent designation by prout , 1906 . the entomologist 39 : 266 .\nherbulot c . 1955a . nouveaux sterrhinae malgaches ( lepid . geometridae ) . - le naturaliste malgache 7 ( 2 ) : 181\u2013189 , pl . 6 .\nguen\u00e9e a . m . 1858a . in : boisduval , j . a . b . & guen\u00e9e , a . histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . ix . uranides et phal\u00e9nites . tome i . - \u2014 9 : 1\u2013xxxvii , 1\u2013514 .\nwalker f . 1861a . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxii . \u2013 geometrites ( continued ) . - \u2014 22 : i\u2013iv , 499\u2013755 .\nwarren w . 1911 . description of some new geometridae and pyralidae from south africa . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 1 ) : 19\u201330 .\nwarren w . 1897a . new genera and species of moths from the old - world regions in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 4 : 12\u2013130 .\nholland w . j . 1894b . new and undescribed genera and species of west african noctuidae . - psyche 7 : 7\u201310 , 27\u201334 , 36 , 47\u201350 , 67\u201370 , 83\u201390 , 109\u2013128 , 141\u2013144 , pls . 1\u20135 .\nswinhoe c . 1909 . new species of indo - malayan and african lepidoptera . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 3 ( 14 ) : 89\u201398 .\nprout l . b . 1932a . voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911\u20131912 ) . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . iii . geometridae . - m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france 29 ( 5 ) : 375\u2013512 .\np\u00fcngeler r . 1894 . acidalia adelpharia n . sp . - stettiner entomologische zeitung 55 : 76\u201377 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1986 . lepidoptera of saudi arabia : fam . cossidae , sesiidae , metarbelidae , lasiocampidae , sphingidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , arctiidae , nolidae , noctuidae ( heterocera ) ; fam . satyridae ( rhopalocera ) ( part 5 ) . - fauna of saudi arabia 8 : 262\u2013323 .\nberio e . 1937a . nuove specie di eteroceri noctuidae \u2013 lymantriidae \u2013 limacodidae \u2013 geometridae . - annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova 58 : 174\u2013181 .\nwarren w . 1902b . new african drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 9 : 487\u2013536 .\nhausmann a . 2009b . new and interesting geometrid moths from sokotra islands ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 99 : 95\u2013104 .\nprout l . b . 1932c . new genera and species of sterrhinae ( fam . geometridae ) . - novitates zoologicae 37 : 229\u2013251 .\nwarren w . 1899b . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 3 ) : 288\u2013312 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1949b . the lepidoptera of the kingdom of egypt , part 2 . - bulletin of the society fouad i entomology 33 : 381\u2013460 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nhausmann a . 2009c . new and interesting geometrid moths from dhofar , southern oman ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 99 : 111\u2013128 .\nprout l . b . 1915a . new genera and species of african geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 22 : 311\u2013385 .\nwallengren h . d . j . 1863 . lepidopterologische mittheilungen . iii . - wiener entomologische monatschrift 7 ( 5 ) : 137\u2013151 .\nhampson g . f . 1910c . zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories : lepidoptera phalaenae . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1910 ( 2 ) : 388\u2013510 , pls . 36\u201341 .\nwalker f . 1861b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxiii . \u2013 geometrites ( continued ) . - \u2014 23 : i\u2013iv , 757\u20131020 .\nwalker f . 1875 . lepidoptera . \u2013 in : melliss , j . c . ( ed . ) , st . helena : a physical , historical , and topographical description of the island , including its geology , fauna , flora , and meteorology . - \u2014 : i\u2013xii , 1\u2013410 .\nbastelberger m . j . 1909b . ein neues genus und neun neue afrikanische geometriden eus meiner sammlung . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 3 ( 18 ) : 100\u2014101 .\nprout l . b . 1934a . new species and subspecies of geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 39 ( 2 ) : 99\u2013136 .\nlederer j . 1853a . versuch , die europ\u00e4ischen lepidopteren in m\u00f6glichst nat\u00fcrliche reihenfolge zu stellen . die spanner . - verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft wien 3 : 165\u2013270 .\nwarren w . 1905e . new african thyrididae , uraniidae , and geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 12 : 380\u2013409 .\npagenstecher a . 1907 . in : voeltzkow , a . reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903\u201305 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 . systematische arbeiten , bd 2 , hft 2 ( lepidoptera heterocera von madagaskar , den comoren und ostafrika : uraniidae , geometridae , noctuidae , pyralidae , thyrididae , . . . - \u2014 2 ( 2 ) : 93\u2013146 , pl . 6 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1949a . middle east lepidoptera , ix [ sic , recte x ] . new species and forms from arabia and persia , with a description of the genus tamsola from iraq . - bulletin of the society fouad i entomology 33 : 353\u2013372 .\nswinhoe c . 1904c . on the geometridae of tropical africa in the national collection . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1904 ( 3 ) : 497\u2013590 .\nlederer j . 1855b . beitrag zur eine schmetterlings - fauna von cypern , beirut und einem theile kleinasiens . - verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft wien 5 : 177\u2013254 , pls . 1\u20133 .\nherbulot c . 1965a . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res geometridae du haut sambirano ( madagascar ) . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 69 ( 1964 ) : 253\u2013258 .\njanse a . j . t . 1933\u20131935 . the moths of south africa . volume ii . geometridae ( concluded ) . - \u2014 2 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013448 , pls . 1\u201315 .\nprout l . b . 1925d . new species of geometridae ( lepidoptera ) in the collections of the south african museum . - annals of the south african museum 19 ( 4 ) : 579\u2013600 , pls . 16\u201317 .\nbrandt w . 1938 . beitrag zur lepidopterenfauna von iran . neue gattungen , arten , und formen . - entomologische rundschau 55 : 497\u2013505 , 517\u2013523 , 548\u2013554 , 558\u2013561 , 567\u2013569 .\nfletcher d . s . 1955 . geometridae . exploration du parc naturel d ' upemba . mission g . f . de witte 1946\u20131949 . - \u2014 32 ( 5 ) : 79\u201392 .\nwarren w . 1898a . new species and genera of the families thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 5 : 5\u201341 .\nprout l . b . 1933\u20131938 . geometridae ( fauna africana , part 16 ) . \u2013 in : seitz . a . ( ed . ) , die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . - \u2014 16 .\nherbulot c . 1994b . geometridae ( lepidoptera ) r\u00e9colt\u00e9s \u00e0 sokotra par le dr . j . - g . canu . - lambillionea 94 ( 3 ) : 389\u2013393 .\nprout l . b . 1927a . a list of the geometridae ( lep . het ) known to occur in the island of s\u00e3o thom\u00e9 , with descriptions of some new species collected by mr . t . a . barns . - transactions of the entomological society of london 75 ( 1 ) : 187\u2013200 , pl . 20 .\nwalker f . 1863a . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxvi . \u2013 geometrites ( continued ) . - \u2014 26 ( 1962 ) : i\u2013iv , 1479\u20131796 .\nkarisch t . 2001a . zur geometridenfauna von bioko ( lepidoptera ; geometridae ) . - lambillionea 101 ( 1 ) : 161\u2013184 .\nwarren w . 1901d . drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 8 : 202\u2013217 .\nwarren w . 1900a . new genera and species of thyrididae and geometridae from africa . - novitates zoologicae 7 : 90\u201398 .\nmabille p . 1900 . lepidoptera nova malgassica et africana . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 68 ( 1899 ) ( 4 ) : 723\u2013753 .\nwarren w . 1914 . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera in the south african museum . - annals of the south african museum 10 ( 12 ) : 467\u2013510 , pls . 40\u201341 .\nhampson g . f . 1903f . lepidoptera ii : moths i . \u2013 in : forbes h . o . ( ed . ) , the natural history of socotra and abd el k\u00fbri . a monograph of the islands . - \u2014 : 319\u2013340 , pl . 20 .\nkheil n . m . 1909 . lepid\u00f3pteros de la guinea espa\u00f1ola . - memorias de la real sociedad espa\u00f1ola de historia natural 1 ( 28 ) : 483\u2013506 .\nwarren w . 1899a . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 1 ) : 1\u201366 .\ndistant w . l . 1892a . contribution to a knowledge of the entomology of the transvaal . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 6 ) 10 : 407\u2013408 .\nprout l . b . 1913b . new south african geometridae . - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 194\u2013225 .\nherbulot c . 1978e . nouveaux sterrhinae africains et malgaches ( lep . geometridae ) . - nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 8 ( 3 ) : 345\u2013349 .\nprout l . b . 1934b . new congo geometridae . - revue de zoologie et botanique africaines 26 ( 1 ) : 82\u201397 .\nwalker f . 1860b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxi . \u2013 geometrites ( continued ) . - \u2014 21 : i\u2013iv , 277\u2013498 .\nstaudinger o . 1892b . neue arten und variet\u00e4ten von pal\u00e4arktischen geometridae aus meiner sammlung . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris 5 ( 1 ) : 141\u2013260 .\nmabille p . 1880c . comptes rendus . diagnoses lepidopterorum malgassicorum . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de belgique 23 : xvi\u2013xxvii .\nwarren w . 1898b . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 5 : 221\u2013258 .\nprout l . b . 1917a . new geometridae ( lepidoptera ) in the south african museum . - annals of the south african museum 17 ( 1 ) : 47\u201377 .\nwarren w . 1903c . new african thyrididae and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 10 : 271\u2013278 .\nhampson g . f . 1899c . the expedition to sokotra . vi . descriptions of one new genus and fourteen new species of moths . - bulletin of the liverpool museums 2 ( 2 ) : 35\u201339 , pl . 1 .\nprout l . b . 1911c . new african geometridae . - the entomologist 44 : 292\u2013295 .\nfletcher d . s . 1978a . geometridae ( lepidoptera ) collected by dr . j . szunyoghy in tanzania . - acta zoologica hungarica 24 ( 1\u20132 ) : 41\u2013105 , pl . 1 .\nhausmann a . 1999 . geometrid moth species from yemen ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - esperiana 7 : 283\u2013305 , pls . 1\u20135 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1990 . an illustrated , annotated catalogue of the macro - heterocera of saudi arabia . \u2013 in : b\u00fcttiker , w . & krupp , f . ( eds . ) . fauna of saudi arabia . - fauna of saudi arabia 11 : 91\u2013250 .\nhausmann a . & hebert p . 2009 . order lepidoptera , family geometridae ( part 2 ) the geometridae of the uae revised in the light of mtdna data . \u2013 in : van harten , a . ( ed . ) arthropod fauna of the uae . - \u2014 2 : 468\u2013479 .\ndebauche h . r . 1938a . geometridae ( lep . het . ) . explorations du parc national albert . mission g . f . de witte ( 1933\u20131935 ) . - \u2014 20 : 1\u201356 , pls . 1\u20136 .\nprout l . b . 1916b . geometridae . \u2013 in poulton , e . b . on a collection of moths made in somaliland by mr . w . feather . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 1 ) : 91\u2013182 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nprout l . b . 1922c . geometridae . \u2013 in : prout , l . b . & prout , a . e . , new south african heterocera . - annals of the transvaal museum 8 ( 3 ) : 149\u2013186 , pl . 1 .\nherbulot c . 1970 . lepidoptera geometridae du tsaratanana ( madagascar nord ) . - m\u00e9moires o . r . s . t . o . m . 37 : 157\u2013166 , pls . 13 , 13bis .\nguen\u00e9e a . m . 1858b . in : boisduval , j . a . b . & guen\u00e9e , a . histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . x . uranides et phal\u00e9nites . tome ii . - \u2014 10 : 1\u2013584 .\nherbulot c . 1999a . nouveaux geometridae de l ' \u00eele de bioko , guin\u00e9e equatoriale ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 16 ( 2 ) : 147\u2013153 .\nherbulot c . & viette p . 1952 . mission de l ' office national antiacridien au tibesti - tchad ( 1949 ) . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 121 : 77\u201392 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1982a . insects of saudi arabia . lepidoptera : fam . cossidae , zygaenidae , sesiidae , lasiocampidae , bombycidae , sphingidae , thaumetopoeidae , thyretidae , notodontidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , noctuidae , ctenuchidae ( part 2 ) . - fauna of saudi arabia 4 : 271\u2013331 .\nprout l . b . 1922a . new and little - known geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 29 : 327\u2013363 .\nwalker f . 1869b . in : chapman t . , on some lepidopterous insects from congo . - proceedings of the natural history society of glasgow 1 : 325\u2013378 , pls 5\u20137 .\nherbulot c . 1962b . nouveaux geometridae des seychelles . - lambillionea 62 ( 3\u20136 ) : 31\u201333 .\nfletcher d . s . 1963a . exploration du parc national albert ( deuxi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) . 1 . geometridae ; 2 . noctuidae . - \u2014 15 ( 1 ) : 1\u201370 , 14 pls . ; 2 : 71\u2013155 , 14 pls .\nwarren w . 1905b . new species of geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 12 : 34\u201340 .\nzeller p . c . 1847a . verzeichnis der vom prof . dr . loew in der t\u00fcrkeij und asien gesammelten lepidoptera . - isis von oken 40 ( 1 ) : 3\u201339 .\nwarren w . 1904b . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 11 : 461\u2013482 .\nbastelberger m . j . 1909c . beschreibung 7 neuer exotischer geometriden ( lep . ) . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1909 ( 2 ) : 316\u2013319 .\nguen\u00e9e a . m . 1862 . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 in : maillard , l . , notes sur l ' \u00eele de la r\u00e9union ( bourbon ) ( annexe g ) . - \u2014 : 1\u201372 ; pls . 12\u201313 .\nlegrand h . 1958 . nouveaux l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res des \u00eeles s\u00e9chelles et cosmoledo . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 63 : 142\u2013146 .\nherbulot c . 1954b . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res g\u00e9om\u00e9trides de la reserve naturelle int\u00e9grale du mont nimba . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res g\u00e9om\u00e9trides . - m\u00e9moires de l ' institut fran\u00e7ais d ' afrique noire 40 ( 2 ) : 301\u2013333 , pl . 1 .\npaulian r . & viette p . 1956 . essai d ' un catalogue biologique des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res des environs de tananarive . - m\u00e9moires de l ' institut scientifique de madagascar ( e ) 6 : 141\u2013281 , pls . 1\u201312 .\nprout l . b . 1923b . new geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 30 ( 2 ) : 191\u2013215 .\nboisduval j . b . a . 1833a . faune entomologique de madagascar , bourbon et maurice . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . avec des notes sur les moeurs , par m . sganzin . - \u2014 : 1\u2013122 , pls . 1\u201316 .\nwarren w . 1900c . new genera and species of american drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae and geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 7 ( 2 ) : 117\u2013225 .\nherbulot c . 1966b . nouveaux geometridae du sud - ouest de madagascar . - bulletin mensuel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 linn\u00e9enne de lyon 35 ( 5 ) : 216\u2013221 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1980a . lepidoptera : fam . cossidae , limacodidae , sesiidae , lasiocampidae , sphingidae , notodontidae , geometridae , lymantriidae , nolidae , arctiidae , agaristidae , noctuidae , ctenuchidae . \u2013 in : wittmer & b\u00fcttiker ( eds . ) , fauna of saudi arabia 2 . - fauna of saudi arabia 2 : 179\u2013240 .\nherbulot c . 1965c . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res geometridae du tibesti . - lambillionea 63 ( 5\u20138 ) : 25\u201340 .\nbutler a . g . 1875b . on a collection of lepidoptera from southern africa , with descriptions of new genera and species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 394\u2013420 .\nprout l . b . 1931a . a list of the geometridae collected by mr c . l . collenette in british somaliland with descriptions of new species . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 262\u2013272 .\nfawcett j . m . 1916 . notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911\u201313 . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1916 ( 4 ) : 707\u2013737 , pl . 1 .\nhausmann a . 1998a . new and interesting geometrid moths from the oman ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . - mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 88 : 85\u201398 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1977b . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1975 . lepidoptera : part i families cossidae , pyralidae , geometridae , sphingidae , arctiidae , lymantriidae and noctuidae . part ii a list of further lepidoptera - heterocera from oman . part iii pyral . . . - journal of oman studies special rep . 1 : 155\u2013178 .\nwarren w . 1901a . new thyrididae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the ethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 8 : 6\u201320 .\nhausmann a . 2006 . the geometrid moth species from yemen \u2013 with 50 new records for the country and description of 20 new taxa ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - esperiana 12 : 9\u201362 , pls . 12\u201321 .\nherrich - sch\u00e4ffer g . a . w . 1843\u20131855 . systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu jakob h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge . die sch\u00e4rmer , spinner und eulen . - \u2014 2 : 1\u2013450 , pls . 1\u2013124 .\nfabricius j . c . 1798 . supplementum entomologia systematicae . - \u2014 : 1\u2013572 .\nbrandt w . 1941a . beitrag zur lepidopterenfauna von iran ( 3 ) . \u2013 neue agrotiden nebst faunenverzeichnissen . - mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 31 ( 3 ) : 835\u2013863 .\nwarren w . 1897b . new genera and species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 4 : 195\u2013262 ; pl . 5 .\nherbulot c . 1957a . r\u00e9sultats de l ' exp\u00e9dition zoologique du professeur dr . hakan lindberg aux \u00eeles du cap vert durant l ' hiver 1953\u201354 . no 12 lepidopt\u00e8res geometridae . - commentationes biologicae , societatis scientiarum fennica 16 ( 10 ) : 1\u20138 , pl . 1 .\nthierry - mieg p . 1905 . description de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux . - le naturaliste 27 : 191\u2013193 .\nprout l . b . 1916a . new south african geometridae . - annals of the transvaal museum 5 ( 3 ) : 151\u2013179 , pl . 25 .\nsterneck 1933 . [ title ] . - zeitschrift des \u00f6sterreichischen entomologischen vereins 18 : 9 .\nprout l . b . 1928b . nouvelles geometridae africaines de la collection audeoud . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9ristes de gen\u00e8ve 6 ( 1 ) : 19\u201332 , pl . 1 .\nwarren w . 1909b . new species of uraniidae and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 16 : 110\u2013122 .\nprout l . b . 1935 . scientific results of the vernay - lang kalahari expedition , march to september 1930 . the geometridae . - annals of the transvaal museum 17 ( 1 ) : 1\u201313 .\nfabricius j . c . 1794 . entomologia systematica emendata et aucta . secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adjectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus . - \u2014 3 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013349 .\nwalker f . 1863c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxviii . \u2013 tortricites & tineites . - \u2014 28 : i\u2013iv , 287\u2013561 .\nherbulot c . 1985a . sur quelques geometridae des comores ( lepidoptera ) . - nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 2 ( 1 ) : 45\u201349 .\nsnellen p . c . t . 1872 . bijdrage tot de vlinder - fauna van neder - guinea , zuidwestelijk gedeelte van afrika . - tijdschrift voor entomologie 15 : 1\u2013110 , pls . 1\u20138 .\nwalker f . 1866b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxxv . \u2013 supplement part 5 . - \u2014 35 : i\u2013iv , 1535\u20132040 .\nrebel h . 1907a . lepidopteren aus s\u00fcdarabien und von der insel sokotra . - denkschriften der \u00f6sterreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , wien 71 ( 2 ) : 31\u2013130 , pl . 1 .\nprout l . b . 1916c . new african geometridae . - novitates zoologicae 23 : 272\u2013286 .\ndebauche h . r . 1937 . entomological expedition to abyssinia , 1926\u201327 : lepidoptera , geometridae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 20 : 320\u2013344 , pls . 7\u20138 .\nherbulot c . 1972c . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res geometridae de l ' andringitra ( madagascar centre ) . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 77 ( 5\u20136 ) : 140\u2013154 , pls . 1\u20132 .\nle cerf f . 1924 . contribution \u00e0 la faune des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de l ' erythr\u00e9e . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 93 : 193\u2013210 .\nrebel h . 1948 . neue heteroceren aus aegypten . - zeitschrift der wiener entomologischen gesellschaft 32 ( 1947 ) ( 5\u20137 ) : 49\u201360 .\nfelder c . , felder r . & rogenhofer a . f . 1865\u20131875 . reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . abtheilung 2 , heft 4 , lepidoptera . atlas der heterocera . - \u2014 2 ( 4 ) : 1\u201320 , pls . 1\u2013140 .\nbastelberger m . j . 1908b . neue exotische acidaliden aus meiner sammlung . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 2 ( 5 ) : 33\u201334 .\nprout l . b . 1919b . new species and forms in the joicey collection . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 9 ) 4 ( 22 ) : 277\u2013282 .\nstaudinger o . 1871b . beitrag zur lepidopterenfauna griechenlands . - horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 7 ( 1870 ) ( 1 ) : 3\u201366 ; ( 2\u20133 ) : 67\u2013282 ; ( 3 ) : 283\u2013304 , pls . 1\u20133 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1952a . lepidoptera recently taken in arabia . - bulletin of the society fouad i entomology 36 : 135\u2013174 , pl . 1 .\nwiltshire e . p . 1980b . the larger moths of dhofar and their zoogeographic composition . - journal of oman studies special rep . 2 : 187\u2013216 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nbulgaria , greece , italy , romania , the soviet union - the european part of yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , trans - baikal , lower volga , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , tuva , south west siberian , south ural .\nbulgaria , greece ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , macedonia , romania , russia , ukraine , croatia ."]}
{"id": 1701, "summary": [{"text": "archaeomanta is an extinct genus of eagle ray that lived from the cretaceous to the middle neogene .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is one of the oldest known manta ray relatives .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is known from north africa , the middle east , the u.k. , the u.s. , and uzbekistan . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "archaeomanta", "paragraphs": ["additions to the eocene fishfauna of belgium . 4 . archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgium and north african palaeogene .\nfig . 1 archaeomanta melenhorsti hgt = 3 . 0 , wid = 1 . 0 , dep = 1 . 8 mm nanjemoy formation , virginia\nfull reference : j . herman . 1979 . additions to the eocene fish fauna of belgium ; 4 , archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgian and and north african palaeogene . tertiary research 2 ( 2 ) : 61 - 67\nherman , j . , 1979 , additions to the eocene fish fauna of belgium . 4 . archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgian and north african palaeogene . tertiary research , 2 ( 2 ) , p . 61 - 67 .\nherman , j . , 1979 . additions to the eocene fish fauna of belgium . 4 . archaeomanta , a new genus from the belgian and north african palaeogene . tertiary res . , 2 ( 2 ) , p . 61 - 67 .\nthese teeth are easily recognized by their peg - like design and bulbous root . unlike the living manta ray , the crown rises directly from the root , bears a median ridge and is fully covered with enameloid . two species have been assigned to the genus , archaeomanta priemi herman 1979 which appears to be relegated to the upper paleocene of morocco , and the more widely distributed eocene species , a . melenhorsti herman 1979 . noubhani & cappetta ( 1997 ) note an undescribed archaeomanta species from the danian ( lower paleocene ) of morocco .\nthis species was only found in the upper , sandy part of the quarry . described with specimens found in layer 13 ( herman , 1979 ) ; this specimen was found in layer 5 , the boundary between clay and sand . in more than 10 years we never found a single archaeomanta tooth in the clay itself . the species is common in the upper ypresian of the ouled abdoun basin in morocco , but is in belgium only very occasionally found .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nknown only from isolated teeth , this genus was erected to accommodate fossil teeth similar in design ( outwardly at least ) to the extant species manta birostris . these teeth have been reported from upper paleocene through middle eocene sediments of europe , africa and north america . if attention is given to smaller teeth , those from this genus appear to be abundant when present .\ntertiary research , 2 ( 2 ) : 61\u201367 , 5 fig . , 1 pl .\nherman , 1979 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n* * mouse over a fossil for a slightly enlarged view of the specimen and to show collector info . click on an image to have it open full size in a new window ."]}
{"id": 1702, "summary": [{"text": "mecyna fuscimaculalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by grote in 1878 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from texas and alberta . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "mecyna fuscimaculalis", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1704, "summary": [{"text": "palatobaena is an extinct genus of baenid turtle .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it was first named by gaffney in 1972 and the type species is palatobaena bairdi .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it based on a fragmentary skull from the fort union formation of the bighorn basin of wyoming .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the two other species are p. gaffneyi ( a complete skull from eocene ( wasatchian north american land mammal age ) ) and p. cohen which existed in hell creek formation , north dakota during the late cretaceous period ( maastrichtian age ) . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "palatobaena", "paragraphs": ["belongs to palatobaena according to j . d . archibald and j . h . hutchison 1979\nrevision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) with the description of a new species ( postilla ) : j . david archibald : urltoken books\nrevision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) with the description of a new species ( postilla ) : urltoken j . david archibald : books\nfull reference : j . d . archibald and j . h . hutchison . 1979 . revision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) , with the description of a new species . postilla 177 : 1 - 19\nty - jour ti - revision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) , with the description of a new species t2 - postilla . vl - 177 ur - urltoken pb - peabody museum of natural history , cy - new haven , conn . : py - 1979 sp - 1 ep - 19 sn - 0079 - 4295 er -\n@ article { bhlpart83271 , title = { revision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) , with the description of a new species } , journal = { postilla . } , volume = { 177 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { new haven , conn . : peabody museum of natural history , [ 1950 ? ] - c2004 . } , author = { } , year = { 1979 } , pages = { 1 - - 19 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > revision of the genus palatobaena ( testudines , baenidae ) , with the description of a new species < / title > < / titleinfo > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 177 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > postilla . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> new haven , conn . : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > peabody museum of natural history , < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 177 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 1 < / start > < end > 19 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1979 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ntype specimen : ucmp 114529 , a skull ( complete skull lacking right orbital region , sutures not co - ossified , slightly distorted ) . its type locality is upper meniscotherium , which is in a wasatchian fluvial sandstone in the wasatch formation of wyoming .\nfull reference : e . s . gaffney . 1972 . the systematics of the north american family baenidae ( reptilia , cryptodira ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 147 ( 5 ) : 245 - 312\nparent taxon : palatobaeninae according to t . r . lyson et al . 2016\nsee also archibald and hutchison 1979 , bryant 1989 , carroll 1988 , estes 1976 , gaffney 1972 , holroyd et al . 2001 , holroyd and hutchison 2002 , hutchison 1992 , hutchison and holroyd 2003 , lyson and joyce 2010 and lyson and joyce 2011\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nnew haven , conn . : peabody museum of natural history , [ 1950 ? ] - c2004 .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nin fiction , nonfiction , mysteries , children ' s books , and much more .\nprime members enjoy free two - day shipping and exclusive access to music , movies , tv shows , original audio series , and kindle books .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping , unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits ."]}
{"id": 1705, "summary": [{"text": "the flammulated bamboo tyrant ( hemitriccus flammulatus ) , also called flammulated pygmy tyrant is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in amazonian peru and bolivia , and the bordering states of brazil 's northwest , the north region .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this tyrant is a small brown bird , with darker brown wings and a short tail ; it has a whitish breast , black legs and eyes , and a short , sharp-pointed bill , for hawking insects in flight . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "flammulated bamboo tyrant", "paragraphs": ["the flammulated pygmy - tyrant is also commonly known as the flammulated bamboo - tyrant ( ridgely and tudor 1994 , clements and shany 2001 , valqui 2004 ) . the name \u201cbamboo - tyrant\u201d has not yet been accepted by the south american classification committee , but potentially could be , once the taxonomic relationships of species in the tody - tyrant clade ( which includes hemitriccus , myiornis , lophotriccus , atalotriccus , poecilotriccus , and todirostrum ) are more fully understood .\nforest ( fragment ) with bamboo ( parque zoobot\u00e2nico / universidade federal do acre ) .\nspurts of notes . 1 km from the lodge grounds in mixed guadua bamboo and advanced secondary forest growth .\nclock , b . ( 2018 ) . flammulated bamboo - tyrant ( hemitriccus flammulatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nabout half a km from the lodge grounds in guadua bamboo growth . occasional wing - whirr can be heard .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common but patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 16 - 17 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nformerly considered conspecific with h . diops and h . obsoletus . two subspecies recognized .\nberlepsch , 1901 \u2013 e peru ( san mart\u00edn s to madre de dios ) , nw brazil ( acre , and r mequ\u00e9ns in rond\u00f4nia ) and n bolivia ( e to e beni , s to cochabamba ) .\n( todd , 1915 ) \u2013 e bolivia ( r surut\u00fa , in w santa cruz ) .\n11 cm ; 8\u00b78\u201311\u00b77 g . nominate race has crown and upperparts plain olive - green , dull whitish to buff - white supraloral spot and narrow eyering ; wings and tail plain olive ; . . .\nsharp \u201ctic\u201d notes and fast rising trill , \u201ctik - trrrrrr\u00edp\u201d , remarkably similar in tone to , but . . .\narthropods . stomach contents in se peru contained 19 prey items , of which beetles ( coleoptera ) 33 % , hemipterans 18 % , homopteran bugs ( . . .\nnot globally threatened . fairly common but local . fairly common in tambopata - candamo reserved zone and manu national park and biosphere reserve , in peru ; and beni and pil\u00f3n . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nvaried assemblage of genera , most of which have traditionally been grouped together , but detailed sequence now modified on basis of genetic findings # r # r # r . type genus currently subsumed into mionectes .\nname based on triccus , a junior synonym of todirostrum , whereas todirostrini is a junior synonym of triccini # r .\nincorporates snethlagea , idioptilon , microcochlearius , euscarthmornis and ceratotriccus , in recent times all most commonly used as subgenera . moreover , genetic data suggest that , as currently defined , present genus is not monophyletic # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 156 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 154 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 546 side a track 8 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 153 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 150 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 148 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 147 seq . a )\ndistance to mike : 7 m . series of two calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a270\nseries of two calls . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc6b768\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 014 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : hemitriccus flammulatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1706, "summary": [{"text": "the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) , also known as malayan gharial , sunda gharial and tomistoma , is a freshwater crocodilian native to peninsular malaysia , borneo , sumatra and java .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list , as the global population is estimated at fewer than 2,500 mature individuals .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the specific name schlegelii honors the german herpetologist hermann schlegel . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "false gharial", "paragraphs": ["the false gharial , also known as the malayan gharial or false gavial , that arrived at amsterdam zoo artis last year , has passed away . according to artis , the dominant mating behavior of the male gharial was what killed her .\nbreeding season false gharial breeding occurs during the wet seasons : november - february and april - june .\nthe false gharial is classified as \u201cendangered\u201d by the iucn and is listed on appendix i of cites .\nclockwise from top left : the false gharial , tomistoma schlegelii ; american crocodile , crocodylus acutus ; indian gharial , gavialis gangeticus ; and american alligator , alligator mississippiensis .\nevidence for placing the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) into the family gavialidae : inferences from nuclear gene sequences .\nguess i didn ' t think that one through though the teeth you showed me were from a ganges gharial , the teeth of a false gharial are only slightly better .\ncrocodile specialist group , 2000 .\ntomistoma schlegelii ( false gharial , malayan gharial , sunda gharial , tomistoma , tomistoma )\n( on - line ) . iucn redlist of threatened species . accessed september 29 , 2012 at urltoken .\nr . b . steubing , e . lading , and j . jong , \u201cthe status of the false gharial (\ncompared to the true gharial , the false gharial is smaller and has a shorter snout . there are small populations mostly in indonesia . surveys suggest the largest group lives in borneo .\n( bezuijen , et al . , 1997 ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ;\nfalse gharial\n, 2012 )\n( mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;\nfalse gharial\n, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 )\nevidence for placing the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) into the family gavialidae : inferences from nuclear gene sequences . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe false gharial is placed in the order crocodylia ( 25 species ) and family crocodylidae ( 16 species ) . recent evidence of its relationship to the indian gharial may lead to a reclassification in the family gavialidae .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii )\ntitle =\narkive species - false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsaint louis zoo . 2012 .\nfalse gharial\n( on - line ) . saint louis zoo . accessed september 29 , 2012 at urltoken .\nthe difference between false gharial and indian gharial jaws was brought home to me when i first tried to urge a false gharial out of my way while servicing its exhibit . with indian gharials , there was a chance that the jaw might be damaged if an animal struck the \u201ccroc pole\u201d ( a thick pole used to nudge crocs and keep them at a safe distance ) ; the first time a male false gharial hit my pole it splintered and flew out of my hands . he and his mate charged and , now unarmed , i fled out the exhibit service door .\nsince this animal was once called \u201cfalse\u201d gharial , then there must also be a true gharial , right ? yes ! compared to most other crocodilians ( crocodiles and alligators ) , both true and malayan gharials have long , slender snouts . so how do you tell if a gharial is true or false ? for one thing , they don ' t look exactly alike - - the malayan gharial doesn ' t grow as big as a true gharial , and its snout is somewhat shorter . for another thing , they don ' t live in the same areas - - malayan gharials live inindonesiaandmalaysia , while true gharials are found in northernindiaand surrounding countries . so now you know how to tell if a gharial is true or \u201cfalse\u201d ( malayan ) !\nthe slender snout is well adapted for catching fish but the false gharial exhibits a more generalised diet ; also eating insects , crustaceans and small mammals ( 2 ) .\nthe false gharial inhabits heavily - vegetated peat swamps and slow - moving \u201cblack water\u201d rivers . there is evidence that it occasionally enters the tidal portions of certain rivers .\ngharial\noriginates from the hindi word\nghara\nwhich is a clay pot with a long neck , much like the snout shape of an adult male gharial .\nstuebing , r . , m . bezuijen , m . auliya , h . voris . 2006 . the current and historical distribution of tomistoma schlegelli ( the false gharial ) .\ni was especially struck by the false gharials\u2019 jaws . i had previously worked with a related species , the indian gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) . the indian gharial feeds primarily upon fish that are captured with uniquely - long and slender jaws . the false gharial\u2019s jaws are also elongated , but they are in no way slender ! up close , the massive bones and muscles that anchor these powerful weapons are readily apparent . it was easy to imagine that , as i had read in field reports , wild false gharials regularly dined on proboscis monkeys and other sizable mammals .\ntomistoma , the scientific name for the malayan gharial , means\nsharp mouth\nin greek .\nthe gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) is one of two surviving members of the family gavialidae , a long - established group of crocodile - like reptiles with long , narrow jaws . the gharial ( sometimes called the \u2018indian gharial\u2019 or \u2018gavial\u2019 ) is the second - longest of all living crocodilians .\n( bezuijen , et al . , 2010 ; britton , 2012a ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;\nfalse gharial\n, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 )\n( bezuijen , et al . , 1997 ; britton , 2012a ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;\nfalse gharial\n, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 )\n( britton , 2012a ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;\nfalse gharial\n, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 ; stuebing , et al . , 2004 )\nthe false gharial is listed on the iucn endangered species list . they are native to peninsular malaysia , borneo , sumatra and sarawak , but the current population estimate is below 2 , 500 .\ngharials have elongated , narrow snouts that are similar only to its relative , the false gharial , ( tomistoma schlegelii ) . the snout shape varies with the age of the gharial . the snout becomes progressively thinner the older the gharial gets . the bulbous growth on the tip of the males snout is called a \u2018ghara\u2019 ( after the indian word meaning \u2018pot\u2019 ) , only present in mature individuals .\nthe only predator of larger false gharials appears to be the salt water crocodile , crocodylus porosus .\na secretive nature keeps the false gharial shrouded in mystery . the few field studies that have been carried out ( please see below ) indicate that it has been exterminated from much of its range .\nm . r . bezuijen , g . j . w . webb , p . hartoyo , r . w . s . samedi , and s . c . manolis , \u201cthe false gharial (\nfalse gharials are opportunistic carnivores . they have been reported to grab monkeys ( crab - eating macaques (\ndigimorph - 3d images of gharial skull . slow to load but worth the effort . must install quicktime viewer\nfossil and morphological data on tomistoma schlegelii ( false gharial ) show closest resemblance to crocodylidae . but recent molecular data show closer resemblance to g . gangeticus , causing some authors to place it in the gavialidae ( brochu , 2003 ) .\nthe research highlighted the difficulties involved in studying rare crocodiles in remote areas . staniewicz spent around nine months over 2009 - 12 attempting to assess the size of the false gharial population on mesangat lake , and to learn more about how they live .\nadult false gharials are usually safe from predators due to their large size . eggs and hatchlings preyed upon by wild pigs (\nartis has two false gharials : a 51 - year - old female and a male whose age is unknown . gharials can live to be a hundred . the false gharials at artis amsterdam royal zoo are part of the european breeding programme ( eep ) for this species . artis is investing in research . the zoo has been trying to produce young crocodiles for years and decided to keep only one species of crocodile to create more space for the animals . that species is the threatened false gharial .\nr . b . stuebing , m . r . bezuijen , m . auliya , and h . k . voris , \u201cthe current and historic distribution of tomistoma schlegelii ( the false gharial ) ( m\u00fcller , 1838 ) ( crocodylia , reptilia ) , \u201d\nthis research is about captive breeding of false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) at zoo negara , malaysia . the false gharial is a large fresh water crocodile . once widespread species currently can be found only in peninsular malaysia , west borneo , java and sumatra . with habitat destruction being the main contributor to their disappearance , it is believed that there are fewer than 2500 individuals left in the wild . the species is listed on appendix 1 ( endangered ) of the convention of international trade of endangered species ( cites ) .\nfalse gharials are freshwater crocodiles that are found throughout indonesia ( including kalimantan , eastern sumatra , western java , and western borneo ) , parts of malaysia ( including peninsular malaysia and sarawak ) , and brunei . there have been unconfirmed reports of false gharials in vietnam and sulawesi , indonesia . they are assumed to be extirpated in southern thailand , where they have not been seen since the 1970s . false gharial populations are isolated and occur in low densities throughout their range . the largest known populations are in sumatra and kalimantan , with smaller established populations in malaysia . the highest density population of false gharials is in tanjung puting national park in kalimantan .\nboth malayan and true gharials are also sometimes called gavials . it ' s believed that this term began as a misspelling of gharial .\nbezuijen , m . , p . hartoyo , m . elliott , b . baker . 1997 . second report on the ecology of the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) in sumatera . project tomistoma : i - 38 . accessed february 28 , 2013 at urltoken .\nalthough some ambitious field studies have been undertaken ( please see \u201cfurther reading\u201d , below ) , we know surprisingly little of the false gharial\u2019s life in the wild . unlike most large crocodilians , it is quite secretive , and dwells in habitats that are difficult to survey .\na very early gharial - like fossil is known from morocco ' s 60 million years - old rocks ( hua & jouve 2004 ) .\nmathew , a . , m . ganesan , r . majid , c . beastall . 2011 .\nbreeding of false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) at zoo negara , malaysia\n( on - line pdf ) . zoo negara . accessed september 25 , 2012 at urltoken .\nthe false gharial is a crocodilian with a long , thin snout , with razor - sharp needle - like teeth . it is with this implement that the male gharial grasps the female to\nshow its dominance\n, the zoo explained . from an autopsy , it seems that the mating behavior was a bit too rough for the female . she had wounds all over her body . eventually , she died of suffocation .\n( bezuijen , et al . , 2010 ; crocodile specialist group , 2000 ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;\nfalse gharial\n, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 ; stuebing , et al . , 2004 ; stuebing , et al . , 2006 )\ndespite being a feature in many zoos across south east asia and europe during the 20th century , the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) is one of the least understood of the crocodilians . research over the last 20 years has revealed a few details , but it is still largely an enigma .\nsometimes referred to as\ngavial\nwhich is probably a misspelling of gharial . the family and genus names have not been changed to reflect this error .\nalthough the gharial can do this with some speed when required , when in water , the gharial is the most nimble and quickest of all the crocodiles in the world . their tail seems overdeveloped and is laterally flattened , more so than other crocodiles , this enables it to achieve the excellent water locomotive abilities .\nstaniewicz was able to document the stomach contents of juvenile false gharials she captured . this showed their diets include insects , frogs , spiders and fish .\n( bezuijen , et al . , 2010 ; britton , 2012a ; crocodile specialist group , 2000 ; mathew , et al . , 2011 ; pfaff , 2004 ;\nfalse gharial\n, 2012 ; staniewicz , 2011 ; stuebing , et al . , 2004 ; stuebing , et al . , 2006 )\ngharials are most adapted to the calmer areas in the deep fast moving rivers . the physical attributes of the gharial do not make it very suited for moving about on land . in fact the only reasons the gharial leaves the water is to either bask in the sun or to nest on the sandbanks of the rivers .\nprobably the most controversial living crocodilian is the false gharial , tomistoma , a slender - snouted form from malaysia , sumatra , and borneo . in phylogenetic analyses based on morphological characters , it is usually recovered within crocodylidae , which would mean that its similarities to gharials represent convergent evolution . however , molecular data suggests that tomistoma and the\ntrue\nindian gharial , gavialis gangeticus , are each others ' closest relatives . if that is the case , then the similarities between the\ntrue\nand\nfalse\ngharials are homologies inherited from a common ancestor , and it is the similarities between tomistoma and crocodiles that are convergent .\nthe false gharial is an unusual freshwater crocodilian ( a group that includes alligators , crocodiles , caimans and the gharial ) about which very little is known . like the gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) from which it gets its common name , this species has a slender snout ( 2 ) . juveniles are dark / chocolate brown with black banding on the tail and body , a creamy white belly and dark blotches on the jaws ; much of this colouration is retained into adulthood ( 2 ) . controversy over the taxonomy of this species remains , as morphological features ( other than the snout shape ) suggest it belongs in the family crocodylidae where it is currently placed , but recent biochemical and immunological evidence suggests a closer relationship with the gharial , indicating it should also be placed in the family gavialidae ( 3 ) .\nactually , this one may not be as close as we think . . . . . . . the largest living crocodile skull ever found belonged to a false gharial . while not as robust a snout as a niloticus or saltie , it is still much more lethal than that of a true gharial . based on the size of the skull , maximum length is in the 6meter range . a true\nmonster\nmore than capable of taking down a large lemon shark . - paleorod - o\ntomistoma schlegelii is also known by english common name as freshwater malayan gharial or false gharial or tomistoma or sunda gharial whereas its local name in sarawak is \u201cbuaya jejulong . \u201d this species is listed under international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list as vulnerable species [ 1 ] and listed under appendix of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna ( cites ) . in peninsular malaysia , it is protected under wildlife conservation act 2010 . it is also listed as a protected animal in the sarawak wild life protection ordinance ( 1998 ) ; hence , any hunting , killing , or selling of wild tomistoma in the state is prohibited .\nwillis , r . e . , l . r . mcaliley , e . d . neeley , and l . d . densmore iii . 2007 . evidence for placing the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) into the family gavialidae : inferences from nuclear gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 43 ( 3 ) : 787 - 794 .\nonce found throughout much of southeast asia , the false gharial is now extinct in thailand , vietnam and sulawesi . today it survives only on the malay peninsula , borneo , sumatra and kalimantan . in the early 2000\u2019s , a remnant population was discovered in western java . additional surveys are needed ( please check here urltoken for survey updates ) .\nhistorically found in south east asia throughout the malay peninsula and also on sumatra and borneo ( 3 ) . today the false gharial appears to be extinct in thailand and is seen only at low densities ( although populations are widespread ) in malaysia and indonesia ( 3 ) . there are unconfirmed reports of sightings in vietnam and sulawesi ( 3 ) .\nthe life span of the gharial is not exactly known , however , it is thought to be around the same span as other reptiles being 50 \u2013 60 years in the wild .\npfaff , c . 2004 .\nnorth american regional false gavial studbook\n( on - line pdf ) . san diego zoo . accessed september 25 , 2012 at urltoken .\nfalse gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) * family : crocodylidae , * subfamily : tomistominae , * genus : tomistoma , * species : t . schlegelii , * phylum : chordata , * class : reptilia , * order : crocodilia * type : reptile , * diet : carnivore , * average lifespan in the wild : 40 to 60 years , * size : 12 . 25 to 15 . 5 ft ( 3 . 6 to 4 . 5 m ) , * weight : 2 , 200 lbs ( 977 kg ) , * protection status : endangered . * * did you know ? the gharial ' s scientific name , gavialis gangeticus is based on a misspelling of the hindi word ghariyal . * * * tomistoma schlegelii ) , also known as the malayan gharial , false gavial , or tomistoma is a freshwater crocodile of the crocodylidae family with a very thin and elongated snout . more info : urltoken\nharshman j , huddleston cj , bollback jp , parsons tj , braun mj ( 2003 ) true and false gharials : a nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia . syst biol 52 : 386\u2013402\nthe false gharial is extinct in several countries and is threatened elsewhere by dam building , gold mining , incidental capture in fishing nets , and the over - harvesting of fish . fewer than 2 , 500 adults are believed to remain , but accurate surveys are lacking . fortunately , several populations are located within reserves that also shelter orangutans and other creatures better known to the public .\nharshman , j . , c . huddleston , j . bollback , t . parsons , m . braun . 2003 . true and false gharials : a nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia .\ni\u2019ve helped to grab , tie and transport adult false gharials on four occasions , and each experience confirmed my belief that these heavily - armored creatures are among the world\u2019s most physically impressive reptiles . i\u2019ve \u201cwrestled\u201d with other large crocs in the course of my work ( please see marsh crocodile photo ) , but none battled as hard or seemed as \u201cindestructible\u201d as did false gharials .\nfalse gharial eggs have a soft inner membrane and harder , calcified shell . crocodilian sex is determined by temperature rather than genetics . incubation lasts approximately 90 days and young resemble small adults upon hatching . hatchlings are equipped with an \u201cegg tooth\u201d , a pointed structure on the end of the snout that allows the hatchling to slice through the egg shell ; this recedes a few weeks after hatching .\nbased on morphological analyses , extant members of the order crocodylia are divided into three families , alligatoridae , crocodylidae , and gavialidae . gavialidae includes one species , the gharial , gavialis gangeticus . in this study we have examined crocodilian relationships in phylogenetic analyses of seven mitochondrial genomes that have been sequenced in their entirety . the analyses did not support the morphologically acknowledged separate position of the gharial in the crocodilian tree . instead the gharial joined the false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) on a common branch that was shown to constitute a sister group to traditional crocodylidae ( less tomistoma ) . thus , the analyses suggest the recognition of only two crocodylia families , alligatoridae and crocodylidae , with the latter encompassing traditional crocodylidae plus gavialis / tomistoma . a molecular dating of the divergence between alligatoridae and crocodylidae suggests that this basal split among recent crocodilians took place \u2248140 million years before present , at the jurassic / cretaceous boundary . the results suggest that at least five crocodilian lineages survived the mass extinction at the kt boundary .\nfalse gharials are long - lived animals with an estimated lifespan in the wild of 60 to 80 years , similar to that of other crocodilians . reports show that captive specimens have a shorter lifespan .\nfalse gharials are not considered to be a threat to humans . there has been only one documented case of an attack on a human , and one documented attack on a cow in eastern kalimantan .\nthe false gharial , which may exceed 16 feet in length , is the least - studied of the large crocodilians , and among the rarest . it has been bred in captivity only 3 times in the last 60 years ( once at the bronx zoo , prior to my tenure ) and few us zoos exhibit them today ; 28 reside in european zoos , while south america is home to 1 specimen .\nit would be very hard for either of these animals to severely damage the other , at parity . lemon shark ' s have gracile teeth and are not known for being able to predate on large prey , especially a crocodilian with placoderms , while the gharial ' s slender jaws and teeth are poorly designed to attack a stocky prey like the lemon shark . parity = stalemate , maximum weight = moderate advantage to gharial .\nthe gharial enclosure was remodeled as well . deeper water , extra pools , a water fall and banks where the reptiles could lay eggs . all of this was to ensure a suitable environment for the reproduction to commence .\nthe long , slender jaws of young false gharials indicate that they are fish specialists . the jaws thicken with age , allowing adults to take monkeys , small deer , birds , snakes , turtles and other creatures .\nthe gharial\u2019s iucn red list status was changed from endangered to critically endangered in 2007 , after surveys suggested the population had halved in five years at india\u2019s national chambal sanctuary , where most of the species are thought to live . .\nslender - snouted crocodile ( mecistops cataphractus ) , photographed in captivity by thesupermat . i originally thought that this photo actually showed a false gharial ( tomistome schlegelii ) but a clearer dorsal view of the same animal reveals the scute pattern of mecistops ; it is definitely not a tomistoma ( see below ) . image licensed under creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported , 2 . 5 generic , 2 . 0 generic and 1 . 0 generic license .\ngharial decline follows the decline of other riverine taxa now endangered or nearly extinct including the ganges river dolphin ( platanista gangetica ) and the mugger crocodile ( crocodylus palustris ) as well as many waterfowl and fish species . ( choudhury et al 2007 )\nthe scute pattern present on the anterior part of the dorsal shield , and in the cervical shield , shows that the crocodile shown above is indeed a slender - snouted crocodile ( mecistops cataphractus ) , not a false gharial ( tomistoma schlegelii ) . photo by thesupermat , licensed under creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported , 2 . 5 generic , 2 . 0 generic and 1 . 0 generic license . diagrams of scute patterns from ross & mayer ( 1983 ) .\n\u201cproject crocodile was held up as a poster child for crocodile conservation , but with the benefit of hindsight there were some fundamental failings , \u201d says colin stevenson , a leading gharial expert , and the author of one of the international zoo yearbook papers .\nfalse gharials drew me into an even more dangerous incident some years later . seven cuban crocodiles ( crocodylus rhombifer ) broke through a wall and invaded an exhibit housing a pair of false gharials . i and two co - workers waded in and tried to separate the enraged combatants while also protecting one another from attack . in the ensuing two hour battle , we escaped injury and were able to separate the animals . many bore bite wounds , but crocs have amazing immune systems , and all healed without further complications .\nthe role of false gharials in their ecosystem is not completely understood due to a lack of study in the wild . they are large predators , preying on a variety of animals and keeping their populations in check . their distribution overlaps with that of siamese crocodiles (\nthe concentration of giant crocs in the miocene of south america is especially remarkable . the alligator mourasuchus , caiman purussaurus , and gharial gryposuchus all lived alongside one another . they must have specialized in different environments or types of prey to have coexisted successfully at such large sizes .\nartis is committed to promoting the conservation of false gharials , not just within the zoo but also elsewhere . to that end , it is supporting a project in the danau sentarum national park in indonesia that was set up to preserve these wonderful creatures . the most serious threats to the false gharials ' survival are loss of habitat due to deforestation and agriculture , hunting and the removal of eggs from their nests . the peat bogs in the danau sentarum national park are an important breeding ground and are essential to the survival of this species .\nthe leg muscular system of the gharial is not suited to enable the animal to raise the body off the ground ( on land ) in order to achieve the high - walk gait , being able only to push its body forward across the ground in a movement called \u2018body sliding\u2019 .\ni find it difficult to express just how fortunate i\u2019ve been in having had the chance to work with 12 crocodilian species in the wild and captivity . breeding dwarf caimans , wrestling orinoco crocodiles into boats , getting up close and personal to gomek ( a giant , now famous salt water croc ) , rearing indian gharials\u2026these and many other experiences remain etched in my memory . one species in particular cemented my interest in the group , and remains as much a mystery today as it was when i first saw it some 40 years ago \u2013 the massive false gharial , tomistoma schlegelii .\nthe idea that cataphractus might not be especially close to crocodylus is not actually novel . john e . gray gave this species its own genus \u2013 mecistops \u2013 back in 1844 . more recently , aoki ( 1976 , 1992 ) argued that mecistops should be treated as a distinct genus , and as a close relative of gharials and false gharials . indeed , the common name african gharial has sometimes been used for this species . that last idea hasn ' t been supported by other work ( both molecular and morphological ) ; anyway , the name mecistops is now back in business for the slender - snouted crocodile .\nin the 1970s the gharial came to the brink of extinction and even now remains on the severely endangered species list . the conservation efforts of the environmentalists in cooperation with several governments has led to some reduction in the threat of extinction . some hope lies with the conservation and management programs in place as of 2004 .\ndespite the practical difficulties she encountered , staniewicz believes her confirmation of the existence of a relatively healthy population of false gharials at the site provides a useful lesson . \u201cpeople tend to assume that pristine , undisturbed habitats are more worthy of conserving than places that has already been harmed or modified , \u201d she says .\na successful insemination does not necessarily mean that fertilisation will actually take place . whether the female has been fertilised will probably become evident this summer . little is known about the gestation period of false gharials . once the eggs have been laid , the incubation period is approximately 90 days , depending on the temperature .\n) , from which false gharials get their common name . false gharials have a streamlined body and muscular tail , eyes and nostrils on top of the head , and a palatal valve that prevents water from entering the throat while underwater . they are known to grow to 4 - 5 m in length and may grow even larger . there are records of captive adults weighing from 93 - 201 kg . both adults and juveniles have dark , sometimes chocolate brown coloration , with black banding on the tail and body and dark patches on the jaws . the belly is cream - colored or white . males are longer and heavier than females .\nfalse gharials are opportunistic carnivores . they have been reported to grab monkeys from river banks , submerging and drowning their prey or beating it against the bank . other prey items include wild pigs , mouse deer , dogs , otters , fish , birds , turtles , snakes , monitor lizards , and aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates .\nin some ways the most visually striking of all the crocodilians , the gharial ( gavialis gangeticus ) has long , narrow jaws lined with rows of razor - sharp teeth . males use the bulbous growths on the tips of their snouts to generate buzzing snorting sounds to attract females and warn off rivals . they can reach 6m in length .\nin 1975 the indian government launched the crocodile project to protect the gharial , along with the mugger and saltwater crocodiles . the scheme focused on creating sanctuaries , captive breeding , research and \u201chead - starting\u201d - protecting young crocodiles captured from the wild either as eggs or as hatchlings until they are strong enough to defend themselves against predators upon release .\nthe following year over 100 juvenile and young adults were found dead in mysterious circumstances . evidence from radio - tagging studies that revealed new details of gharial behaviours , such as parental care , also helped researchers pinpoint the cause of the mass deaths to a stretch of the chambal river that includes a bridge known to be used locally as a tipping place .\nsadly , i learned that they too have weaknesses . in time , zoos began experimenting with sedatives as a means of rendering crocodile relocations less dangerous for both keeper and kept . unfortunately , little was known about the effects of medications designed primarily for mammals , and we lost two adult false gharials to complications arising from the use of ketamine .\nthe gharials numerous needle - like teeth are perfect for holding on to struggling , slippery fish . although primarily fish eaters , some individuals have been known to scavenge dead animals . the gharial is not thought to be a man - eater . despite its immense size , its jaws make it physically incapable of devouring any large mammal , including a human being .\nin many cases , human jewellery has been found in the bellies of dead gharials ( this is most likely from scavenging human corpses which are floated down river in the ganges , or scavenging cremated remains that have been dumped into the ganges ) . the gharial also swallows jewellery , stones , sticks and the like to act as \u2018gastroliths\u2019 ( hard objects that aid in digestion and buoyancy management ) .\nthe extant crocodylians comprise 23 species divided among three families , alligatoridae , crocodylidae , and gavialidae . currently , based on morphological data sets , tomistoma schlegelii ( false gharial ) is placed within the family crocodylidae . molecular data sets consistently support a sister - taxon relationship of t . schlegelii with gavialis gangeticus ( indian gharial ) , which is the sole species in gavialidae . to elucidate the placement of t . schlegelii within the extant crocodylians , we have sequenced 352bp of the dentin matrix protein 1 ( dmp1 ) nuclear gene in 30 individuals and 424bp of the nuclear gene c - mos in 74 individuals . molecular analysis of the dmp1 data set indicates that it is highly conserved within the crocodylia . of special note is a seven base - pair indel ( gtgcttt ) shared by t . schlegelii and g . gangeticus , that is absent in the genus crocodylus , osteolaemus , and mecistops . to date , c - mos is the largest molecular data set analyzed for any crocodylian study including multiple samples from all representatives of the eight extant genera . analysis of these molecular data sets , both as individual gene sequences and concatenated sequences , support the hypothesis that t . schlegelii should be placed within the family gavialidae .\ncommunication among false gharials has not been observed in the wild . from observed mating behaviors , it can be assumed that they communicate visually , tactilely and through olfaction . although most crocodilians use a variety of calls to communicate with their own species and to other animals , these have not been recorded for false gharials and , in fact , their mating has been observed to be silent , rather than accompanied by calls . all crocodilians possess integumentary sense organs located in the skin and covering much of the animal\u2019s body including the body , tail , cloaca and inner surfaces of the legs , as well as on the head and jaws . these are likely used to detect changes in pressure caused by touch or the movement of prey in water ; this sense is likely used for hunting in murky water .\nfalse gharials were once hunted for their skins , but their skins are not currently considered commercially valuable . in the mesangat area , their eggs are collected for use in traditional medicine . there is a good deal of research being done to learn more about the roles these animals play in their environments , as well as to determine whether they should be placed in the family crocodylidae or the family gavialidae .\nthere is debate over this species\u2019 taxonomic classification . false gharials are currently listed included in the family crocodylidae based on fossil evidence and morphological similarities to extant crocodiles . other data , including biochemical , immunological and molecular characters suggest a closer relationship to the family gavialidae . studies of nuclear genes suggest the grouping of tomistomine and gavialine crocodilians into one taxon , which would comprise a sister group to the crocodylidae . other crocodilian researchers suggest considering tomistominae and gavialinae as sister taxa .\nmuch is unknown about the reproduction of false gharials . the male at artis was showing mating behaviour \u2013 blowing bubbles in the direction of the female \u2013 which prompted the zoo to examine whether he had produced healthy sperm . male gharials have a penis that they insert into the female ' s cloaca during mating . reptiles , like birds , have a cloaca , which is an orifice in the body that serves as the opening for the digestive , urinary and reproductive tracts .\nthe maximum recorded length and weight is 340 cm and 183 kg . urltoken adult males weigh 150 to 250 kg ( 330 to 550 lb ) , while females are about 3 . 2 m ( 10 ft ) long and weigh an average of 90 kg ( 200 lb ) urltoken weight favours the gharial , but assuming this encounter occurs in the water , maybe the shark can exploit a swimming advantage . the gharials jaws too , seem like it would struggle to kill a decent sized shark .\nhabitat destruction caused by the construction of dams , channelling and deforestation amongst others has been the main cause of the decline of this species and continues to be its main threat to this day . intensive hunting in some areas , especially sumatra , in the mid 20th century also contributed greatly to the decline in population numbers . further threats come from fishing practices , with false gharials either becoming caught in nets , poisoned by toxins used to kill fish , or else loosing their food source to local fishermen .\nhabitat destruction caused by the construction of dams , channelling and deforestation amongst others has been the main cause of the decline of this species and continues to be its main threat to this day ( 3 ) . intensive hunting in some areas , especially sumatra , in the mid 20th century also contributed greatly to the decline in population numbers ( 3 ) . further threats come from fishing practices , with false gharials either becoming caught in nets , poisoned by toxins used to kill fish , or else loosing their food source to local fishermen ( 2 ) .\nfalse gharials spend most of their time submerged in shallow wallows or mud - holes , with only their eyes and nostrils visible . crocodilians are capable of staying underwater for long periods of time . they usually submerge for 10 - 15 minutes , but can stay submerged for as long as 2 hours to avoid a perceived threat . this is accomplished by slowing down their metabolism and reducing oxygen consumption . basking behavior is likely used to aid in thermoregulation , though it is not often observed . it has been suggested that these animals may occasionally occupy burrows .\nfalse gharials are found in a variety of habitats throughout their range , including lowland freshwater swamp forests , flooded forests , peat swamps , lakes , and blackwater streams and rivers . they are also found on the fringes of rainforests near slow - moving rivers . their preferred habitats are peat swamp areas with low elevation and acidic , slow - moving muddy water ; they are also found in secondary forest habitat , characterized by more defined river channels and banks , higher ph and elevation , and a lack of peat mounds . this species needs terrestrial areas for basking and nesting .\nduring my years with the bronx zoo , i was lucky enough to have 4 adult false gharials under my care , including the only proven breeders in the western hemisphere . they were huge beasts , the largest of which topped 600 pounds in weight . each had been in the collection for 20 - 30 years when i began working with them . i clearly recall seeing these same animals when visiting the zoo as a teenager , but their increased size did not fully register until i dug out some old food cards . upon arrival at the zoo , they were feeding upon goldfish\u2026they now downed whole chickens without effort , and were capable of taking much larger meals !\nvery little is known about the natural mating behaviors of false gharials ; most details are from captive breeding programs , with a few acocunts from the wild . courtship behavior and nesting appear to take place during the rainy season in both cases . males approach females in the water , swimming around them . in some cases , this is accompanied by both animals hitting each other with their tails , in others copulation proceeds immediately . the male mounts the female , wrapping his tail around and under hers . copulation occurrs once a day for several days to a week , and is accompanied by a strong odor . one captive breeding program in malaysia had success housing a group of 3 males and 1 female . the female chose the largest male and appeared to stay near him during the courting period . when 2 females were kept in the same enclosure with the males , no mating occurred and it is theorized that females living in close proximity may suppress breeding in one another .\nfalse gharials are mound - nesting crocodilians that lay very large eggs ( records up to 9 . 5 cm long and 6 . 2 cm wide ) , with a total mass approximately double that of any other species ( eggs may weigh up to 155 gm each ) . mounds are usually constructed on land at the shady base of a tree near water , using sand and vegetation including peat , twigs , tree seeds , and dried leaves . females have been observed beginning nest building a month or more after copulation and laying a clutch of 20 - 60 eggs 1 - 2 weeks after beginning to nest . after eggs are laid , more vegetation is added to the top of the nest by the female . mounds typically measure 45 - 60 cm high and 90 - 110 cm in diameter . eggs are laid just above ground level and the temperature within the nest fluctuates depending on the environment and rainfall ( records in captivity of 26\u00b0c - 32\u00b0c ) . eggs hatch after 90 - 100 days . captive breeding initiatives have shown that abundant vegetation improves the chances of breeding because it provides more cover and nesting material for the female . both sexes reach sexual maturity at around 20 years of age ( females measuring 2 . 5 - 3 m in length ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe evolutionary relationship of tomistoma with other crocodilians was debated for many years , and the species was usually aligned with the true crocodiles ( crocodylidae ) based on morphological evidence ( norell 1989 , tarsitano et al . 1989 , brochu 1997 ) . molecular studies since the 1980s suggest a closer relationship to gavialis ( densmore 1983 , densmore and dessauer 1984 , gatesy and amato 1992 , harshman et al . 2003 , mcaliley et al . 2006 ) . a recent molecular study found that tomistoma shares gene sequences with gavialis which are absent from crocodylus , mecistops ( see shirley 2010 ) and osteolaemus , suggesting tomistoma should be placed within the family gavialidae ( willis et al . 2007 ) .\nreasons for change a downgrade in iucn red list status from endangered to vulnerable is warranted because surveys indicate the species persists over a wide global range . it has clearly declined in many areas and ongoing habitat loss suggests these declines are continuing .\nbrunei darussalam : few crocodile surveys conducted to date ( e . g . das and charles 2000 , cox 2006 ) and possibly none targeting inland swamp forests , where t . schlegelii are most likely to occur . a crocodile photographed by an expatriate resident in 2005 at tutong river was confirmed by rbs ( from examination of the photograph ) to be a t . schlegelii ( stuebing et al . 2006 ) . there is no reason to suggest this was a released individual and it is the first confirmed national record .\njava \u2013 status unclear . koningsberger ( 1913 : 376 ) noted ( in translation ) \u2018whether , apart from c . porosus , t . schlegelii also occurs in java , is a question that cannot be answered with certainty . . \u2019 . meer mohr ( 1921 ) noted ( in translation ) \u2018according to strauch , t . schlegelii occurs in java\u2026the only specimen from java is in the museum in stuttgart [ germany ] . . . the origin of this specimen is uncertain . . . further work is required to clarify the status of t . schlegelii in java . . \u2019 . more recently , unconfirmed local reports of t . schlegelii have been obtained from one site , ujung kulon national park ( auliya 2002 ) . the most detailed account of crocodiles for this park is by hoogerwerf ( 1970 ) , who does not mention the species . given the small size of the park and modified nature of surrounding lands , any populations are presumably small .\nkalimantan \u2013 confirmed records are from tanjung puting national park ( central kalimantan province ; e . g . galdikas and yeager 1984 , galdikas 1985 , simpson 2004 , auliya et al . 2006 ) , the mahakam and belayan river systems and mesangat lake ( east kalimantan province ; endert 1927 , meijard and sozer 1996 , ross et al . 1998 , staniewicz 2011 ) and upper kapuas river area , danau sentarum and gunung palung national parks ( west kalimantan province ; bezuijen et al . 2004 and references therein ; simpson and mediyansyah 2009 ) ; no con\ufb01rmed wild records from south kalimantan province . the species is likely to persist in many other locations in kalimantan , and the limited number of confirmed localities probably reflects low sampling effort .\nsumatra \u2013 all known records are from eastern sumatra , east of the barisan mountain ranges ( bezuijen et al . 1998 ) . scattered populations persist from north sumatra to south sumatra provinces , with an isolated population in way kambas national park ( lampung province ) . the range of t . schlegelii in sumatra has declined by at least 30 % since the 1950s due to hunting and habitat loss ( bezuijen et al . 1998 ) .\nthailand : status unclear . reported to have occurred ( e . g . smith 1916 , taylor 1970 ) but records vague and inconclusive . no reports since at least the 1970s ; previous authors have postulated the species may be extirpated ( humphrey and bain 1990 , ratanakorn 1994 ) or that historical records may have referred to localities in northern peninsular malaysia ( stuebing et al . 2006 ) .\nviet nam : status unclear . a wild crocodile captured in 1967 was reported to be this species ( mucelli 2005 ) . given the severe threats facing two confirmed crocodile species in viet nam , crocodylus siamensis and c . porosus , it seems likely that even if t . schlegelii was historically present , it has been extirpated .\ntomistoma schlegelii is a cryptic species and swamp forest habitats are difficult to access : many surveys may have under - recorded or not detected its presence . compared with spotlight densities for some other crocodilians , which may reach densities of tens or hundreds of individuals per kilometre , all recorded densities of t . schlegelii are low . repeat spotlight counts at two sites in sumatra indicate that densities declined over a seven - year period , which coincided with intensive logging and burning in these sites ( bezuijen et al . 2002 ) .\nfew other methods to estimate abundance have been applied to t . schlegelii . a mark - recapture study was conducted from 2010 - 2011 at mesangat lake ( east kalimantan province , indonesia ) but few individuals have been recaptured ( staniewicz 2011 ) . nest census methods have not been applied to t . schlegelii because nests are located in swamp forest and are highly cryptic .\ntomistoma schlegelii is a freshwater , mound - nesting species . it is among the largest of the extant crocodilians , with males attaining lengths up to 5 + m ( bezuijen et al . 1998 , 2004 ; authors pers . obs . ) . it is restricted primarily to lowland swamps , lakes and rivers . most records are from peat swamp and freshwater swamp forest ( stuebing et al . 2006 ) , which historically encompassed most of the lowlands of borneo , eastern sumatra , and peninsular malaysia .\nm\u00fcller ( 1838 ) stated the diet of t . schlegelii comprised fish , monitor lizards ( varanus ) , waterbirds and mammals . predation of monkeys by t . schlegelii has been observed ( galdikas and yeager 1984 , galdikas 1985 , yeager 1991 ) . stomach contents of juvenile wild t . schleglii included shrimp ( bezuijen et al . 1998 ) and other invertebrates ( staniewicz and behler 2010 ) .\nother scientific studies of t . schlegelii have included assessment of its taxonomic status ( see taxonomic notes ) , anatomy and skin qualities ( e . g . boulenger 1896 , king and brazaitis 1971 , brazaitis 1973 , fuchs 2006 ) , potential impacts of climate change ( bickford et al . 2010 ) , conservation effectiveness of protected area networks ( r\u00f6dder et al . 2010 ) , and captive breeding and management ( see conservation measures ) .\nsmall - scale opportunistic collection of wild individuals and eggs occurs in some regions , for sale to crocodile farms and / or consumption . previously hunted in some regions for skins and / or meat .\ntomistoma schlegelii is listed under appendix i of cites . captive individuals are held in zoos and private facilities ( mainly crocodile farms ) around the world , and probably number a few thousand individuals in total . the largest captive population is at utairatch crocodile farm in thailand ( over 700 individuals ) . successful breeding has occurred at jong ' s crocodile farm ( sarawak ) , utairatch and pattaya crocodile farms ( thailand ) , and irregularly at zoos in malaysia , europe and north america ( ttf 2006 , r . sommerlad in litt . ) . the provenance of most captive individuals is unclear ; many wild - caught t . schlegelii held in captivity may have limited value for conservation purposes unless their original provenance can be determined .\nin 2003 , the iucn crocodile specialist group ( csg ) formed the tomistoma task force ( ttf ) , a group of csg members who coordinate the csg\u2019s efforts for t . schlegelii conservation . ttf activities comprise fundraising for \ufb01eld research , international awareness - raising , and hosting of a ttf website . fund - raising events have been held in north america and europe , largely due to the voluntary efforts of bs , r . sommerlad and other csg members . two t . schlegelii student projects have been co - funded and are the first detailed autecological studies of the species . ttf reports have been prepared on global conservation priorities ( bezuijen et al . 2003 ) and husbandry standards for captive breeding of t . schlegelii ( shwedick and sommerlad 2000 , shwedick 2006 ) . in 2008 , a ttf workshop was held and a re - assessment of global conservation priorities was undertaken ."]}
{"id": 1707, "summary": [{"text": "trychnopalpa is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the only member of the genus was described by edward meyrick in 1913 , and it was separated by a. j. t. janse in his 1958 the moths of south africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "povolny gave the same member of this genus the now synonymised generic name synthesiopalpa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus contains only one species , trychnopalpa fornacaria , which is found in south africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brown , with the markings dark grey or fuscous irrorated with black .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the basal third is irregularly and suffusedly spotted , and on the dorsum wholly suffused with blackish , the middle third of the dorsum suffused with dark grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are moderately large and black , the plical beneath the first discal , the second discal resting on an irregular dark tornal blotch , a triangular costal blotch above this .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are some suffused spots around the posterior part of the costa and termen , sometimes suffused into an apical patch .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , paler anteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "trychnopalpa", "paragraphs": ["space destined for new content such as comments , updates , suggestions , constructive criticism , questions and answers about\ntrychnopalpa\n, doubts and solutions that help other visitors , users , students , professionals , etc . | be the first ( soon ) to send a feedback related to : trychnopalpa |\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nacampsia westwood , 1840 , misspl . ; accompsia bruand , 1850 , missp . ; brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 ; brachicrossata hartmann , 1880 , missp . ; cathegesis walsingham , 1910 ; telephila meyrick , 1923\naganippe chambers , 1880 ; phaetusa chambers , 1875 , preocc . ( wagler , 1832 [ aves ] ) ; evippe chambers , 1873 ; tholerostola meyrick , 1917\nanacompsis desmarest , [ 1857 ] , missp . ; tachyptilia heinemann , 1870 ; tuchyptilia kirby , 1871 , missp . ; tachiptilia chambers , 1878 , missp . ; tachyptilix hartmann , 1880 , missp . ; agriastsi busck , 1919 , missp . ; tachoptilia daltry , 1926 , missp . ; trachyphilia le marchand , 1947 , missp . ; trachyptilia le marchand , 1947 , missp .\nergatis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . blackwall , 1841 ; eucatoptus walsingham , 1897\nmicrosetia stephens , 1829 ; chrysia bruand , 1850 ; nomia clem . , 1860 , preocc . by latr . , 1804 ; chrysopora clem . , 1860 ; nannodia heinemann , 1870 ; chrysesthia agassiz , 1847\nevagora clemens , 1860 , preocc . ( peron & lesueur , 1810 [ coelenterata ] ) ; eidothea chambers , 1873 , preocc . ( risso , 1826 [ mollusca ] ) ; eidothoa chambers , 1873 ; coleotechnistes riley , 1891 ; eucordylea dietz , 1900 ; pulicalvaria freeman , 1963 ; coleotechnistes busck , [ 1903 ] , missp . ; hapalosaris meyrick , 1917\nproclesis walsingham , 1911 ; lioclepta meyrick , 1922 ; deoclana fletcher , 1929 , missp .\nanorthosia clemens , 1860 ; begoe chambers , 1872 ; epicorthylis zeller , 1873 ; malacotricha zeller , 1873 ; mimomeris povolny , 1978 ; sagaritis chambers , 1872 ; trichotaphe clemens , 1860 ; vazugada walker , 1864 ; oxybelia hubner , [ 1825 ] ; rhinosia treitschke , 1833 ; rhobonda walker , 1864 , preocc . ( walker , 1863 [ choreutidae ] ) ; carna walker , 1864 , repl . name ; preocc . ( gistel , 1848 [ echinodermata ] ) ; gaesa walker , 1864 ; eurysara turner , 1919 ; euryzansla turner , 1919 ; macrozanchla turner , 1919 ; brochometis meyrick , 1923 ; acanthophila heinemann , 1870 ; mimomeris povolny , 1978\ndowngraded to denote a subgenus of kiwaia philpott , 1930 by sattler 1988 , nota lepidopterologica10 ( 4 ) : 233 .\nlamprotes heinemann , 1870 , preocc . ( r . l . , 1817 ) ; argyritis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . ( hubner , [ 1821 ] )\natoponeura busck , 1914 , preocc . ( szepligeti , 1905 [ hymenoptera ] )\nparalechia busck , [ 1903 ] ; heringia spuler , 1910 , preocc . ( rondani , 1856 ) ; heringiola strand , 1917\nchelaria haworth , 1828 ; hypatina : stephens , 1835 , misspel . ; tituacia walker , 1864 ; stomylia snellen , 1878 ; allocota meyrick , 1904 , preocc . ( motschulsky , 1860 ) ; cymatomorpha meyrick , 1904 ; deuteroptila meyrick , 1904 ; semodictis meyrick , 1909 ; allocotaniana strand , 1913 , repl . name ; episacta turner , 1919\nneda chambers , 1874 , preocc . ( mulsant , 1850 ) ; pycnobathra lower , 1901 ; autoneda busck , [ 1903 ] ; toxoceras chretien , 1915\ncleodora steph , 1834 , preocc . ( peron & lesueur , 1810 ) ; parasia duponchel , [ 1846 ] ; archimetzneria amsel , 1936\nparelectra meyrick , 1925 , preocc . ( dognin , 1914 [ noctuidae ] )\nnoeza walker , 1866 , preocc . ( meigen , 1800 [ diptera ] ) ; neochrista meyrick , 1923\nsattleria capuse , 1968 , preocc . ( povolny , 1965 ) ; klaussattleria capuse , 1968\npycnostola : meyrick , 1918 , misspel . ; pynocstola : meyrick , 1918 , missp .\ntelea stephens , 1834 , preocc . ( hubner , [ 1819 ] [ saturniidae ] ) ; aphanaula meyrick , 1895 ; hinnebergia spuler , 1910 ; microlechia turati , 1924 ; lita kollar , 1832\nsilotroga kirby , 1871 , missp . ; nesolechia meyrick , 1921 ; syngenomictis meyrick , 1927 ; sitotrogus matsumura , 1931 , missp . ; sitotrega borg , 1932 , missp . ; sititroga costa lima , 1945 , missp .\npoecilia heinemann , 1870 , preocc . schneider , 1801 ; gibbosa omelko , 1988\ninotica meyrick , 1913 ; instica sharp , 1915 , missp . ; araeologa meyrick , 1921 ; stomopterix turati , 1922 , missp . ; stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe , 1935 , missp .\nharpagus steph . , 1834 , preocc . ( vigors , 1824 ) ; stomopteryx sensu auctt . , preocc . ( heinemann , 1870 )\nteleia heinemann , 1870 , preocc . ( hubner , [ 1825 ] ) ; telphusa sensu auctt . , preocc . ( chambers , 1872 )\nthiotrica inoue , 1954 , missp . ; thistricha meyrick , 1885 ; reuttia hofmann , 1898\nnevadia caradja , 1920 , preocc . ( walcott , 1910 [ trilobita ] )\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngenus : synthesiopalpa povolny , 1966 . acta ent . bohemoslovaca 63 : 147 .\ntype - species : gelechia fornacaria meyrick , 1913 . ann . transv . mus . 3 : 289 .\ntype specimens : ? type status ? country : ? locality , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\njanse a . j . t . 1958 . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae - \u2014 6 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013144 , pls . 1\u201332 .\ntype species : gelechia fornacaria meyrick , 1913 . annals of the transvaal museum 3 : 289 . by original designation and monotypy .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2013336 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndon ' t use this space to send another requests as content removals , claims , complaints , or to warn about errors that occurred on this page . please ,\nturcopalpa povoln\u00fd , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 98 ; ts : turcopalpa glaseri povoln\u00fd\nscrobipalpa africana povoln\u00fd , 1968 ; acta sci . nat . brno 2 ( 3 ) : 10\nturcopalpa africana ; povoln\u00fd , 1976 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 73 ( 1 ) : 41 ; povoln\u00fd , 1977 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 74 ( 5 ) : 335 ; [ nhm card ]\nturcopalpa glaseri povoln\u00fd , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 100 ; tl :\nanatolien , eregli , salzstepe\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\npovoln\u00fd , 1977 neue funde von gnorimoschemini ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) aus iran und afghanistan acta ent . bohemoslov . 74 ( 5 ) : 322 - 338\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nyou just need to enter the word you are looking for a rhyme in the field . in order to find a more original version you can resort to fuzzy search . practically in no time you will be provided with a list of rhyming words according to your request . they will be presented in blocks depending on the number of letters .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about trychtichlorate ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for trychtichlorate ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1711, "summary": [{"text": "tranquil star ( foaled in 1937 ) was one of the hardiest and best performed australian-bred thoroughbred race-mares .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she is the only mare to have won the double of the caulfield stakes , now known as the yalumba stakes , and the cox plate , which is the most prestigious weight-for-age ( wfa ) race in australia .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "tranquil star had 111 starts and won over distances ranging from 5 furlongs ( 1,000 metres ) to 14 furlongs ( 2,800 metres ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "she was later inducted into the australian racing hall of fame . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "tranquil star", "paragraphs": ["\u201cthe tranquil star was the tranquil place we were looking for . strongly recommended ! \u201d\nthanks for tranquil star . that would have taken a while . 111 starts .\nracing at mentone tranquil star ' s final bow ( 1946 , march 25 ) .\nlock in a great price for the tranquil star - rated 10 by recent guests .\nnote : tranquil star ( 1942 ) is the only mare to complete the double .\namounis , grand flaneur , northerly , octagonal , super impose , the barb & tranquil star .\nwhere we found bay ronald four generations back on tranquil star\u2019s sire\u2019s side , we see dark ronald on her dam\u2019s side and bay ronald is the fifth generation previous to tranquil star on the dam\u2019s side .\n29 . justin cinque \u2013 tranquil star ( b . 1937 ) 111 / 23 / 20 / 12 ( 21 % ) tranquil star only had a winning strike rate of one in five but she\u2019s this high in my list because of her great longevity and versatility . tranquil star started racing in 1939 when world war ii began .\nwe\u2019d love your help . let us know what\u2019s wrong with this preview of a tranquil star by primo levi .\n11 ) - champion mare tranquil star won two cox plates \u2013 1942 and 1944 after having run third in 1941 .\ntranquil star ' s form was unpredictable : in 18 of her races she was beaten favourite . yet the public loved her .\nall rooms at the guest house are fitted with a seating area . the units at the tranquil star include air conditioning and a wardrobe .\nthe star lineup ends at 4 p . m . with a rollicking tucson trivia game show hosted by the star\u2019s david fitzsimmons .\nmelbourne , sunday . \u2014tranquil star , winner of the c . m . lloyd stakes , will fulfil her engagement in the sydney . . .\ntranquil star produced nine foals . her daughter tranquil dawn was the fifth dam of the 2002 golden slipper winner , calaway gal . her colt tranquil sun by helios won seven races in melbourne . another colt by helios , tranquil glow , won 11 races , nine of them steeplechases . in her last effort in 1956 , she foaled night ride by landau , a five - race winner .\nmon 25 mar 1946 - the argus ( melbourne , vic . : 1848 - 1957 ) page 11 - racing at mentone tranquil star ' s final bow\ntranquil star , winner of the cox plate previously in 1942 , had injured her jaw so badly in the final race of the 1944 season that it had to be wired . still , it didn ' t stop her five months later in the cox plate . an iron horse in more ways than one , tranquil star had 111 starts compared with makybe diva ' s 36 . unlike the diva , though , tranquil star wasn ' t as good at two miles .\nthe standard deluxe guestroom is one out of three rooms on the property that can be booked individually . to view or book these rooms , go to airbnb and type the tranquil star luxury grand deluxe room ( \u00a355 per night ) . repeat this for the tranquil star luxury supreme deluxe room ( \u00a365 per night )\nthe argus ( melbourne , vic . : 1848 - 1957 ) , mon 25 mar 1946 , page 11 - racing at mentone tranquil star ' s final bow\nmy personal opinion is the tranquil star bed and breakfast should be awarded a 5 star rating with merits . my stay was the best i have ever had even when i have stayed in 5 star hotels , they don ' t match the personal service ron & christine provided which i have to say was outstan\u2026\ntranquil star was sired by gay lothario from great britain and lone star . even though her dam was a non - winner , her sire was legendary , having given rise to winners who brought in a combined total of \u00a3 266 , 000 in earnings .\ntranquil star\u2019s sire was gay lothario . he grandsire was gay crusader , a very capable racer that won a world war i version of the british triple crown that was unfortunately limited to 10 races . the fourth generation previous to tranquil star reveals the british horse bay ronald that had and has had considerable influence in thoroughbred lines , even to this day .\ntranquil star won her third mackinnon stakes in her final season as an eight - year - old . one of the horse she beat was 2007 hall of fame inductee flight .\n\u2013 11 / 3 / 44 flemington vrc c . m . lloyd stakes 12 furlongs , 8st 2lb ( williamson ) 2nd tranquil star ( 9st ) , 2min 36\u00bdsec , head\nmakybe diva was a seven - year - old mare , albeit to european time . tranquil star was the only other mare of the same vintage to take the time - honoured event .\na tranquil star , the first new american collection of primo levi previously untranslated fiction to appear since 1990 , affirms his position as one of the twentieth century ' s most enduring writers .\nthe others are tranquil star ( 1942 - 1944 ) , flight ( 1945 - 1946 ) dane ripper ( 1997 ) , makybe diva ( 2005 ) and pinker pinker ( 2011 ) .\ncaulfield cup ( same year ) ( 2015 winner mongolian khan ) : 4\u2014northerly ( 2002 ) ; tobin bronze ( 1967 ) ; rising fast ( 1954 ) ; tranquil star ( 1942 ) .\ntranquil star is the only mare to complete this double , while rising fast in 1954 also won the melbourne cup , turnbull stakes , mackinnon stakes and queen elizabeth stakes in an unparalleled spring campaign .\nunder the ownership of mr . t . g jones and arthur cobden and trained by ron cameron , tranquil star went on to win a total of \u00a3 26 , 690 during her illustrious career .\nfor seven seasons tranquil star was the darling of the victorian racing public , starting in 111 races between 1939 and 1946 . despite her sometimes erratic performances , her courage and longevity won the affection of racegoers .\nget a sports star to visit your old secondary school as part of our free schools initiative .\nthe 1986 running was billed as a battle between the kiwi stars bonecrusher and our waverley star .\ntranquil star certainly defies expectation when compared to current thoroughbreds . her inconsistency adds somewhat to her charm and when she raced , she was quite popular . these days , the melbourne racing club runs the group 3 tranquil star stakes in her honour and she will best be remembered as a horse that was not afraid to work , was not afraid of top - flight - competition , and successfully passed her abilities to future generations .\nhigh caste , though defeated by tranquil star last saturday , is still highly tancied for the futur [ ? ] y and for some of the other big races of the autumn carnival in melbourne . . . .\nlegendary jockey scobie breasley rode a record five cup winners including champion mare tranquil star in 1942 , skipton 1943 , counsel ( 1944 ) and st fairy ( 1945 ) . his last winner was peshawar in 1952 .\ncaulfield stakes ( 2015 winner criterion ) , cox plate & mackinnon : 5\u2014so you think ( 2010 ) ; rising fast ( 1954 ) ; amana ( 1943 ) ; tranquil star ( 1942 ) ; ajax ( 1938 ) .\n\u2013 5 / 2 / 44 moonee valley williamstownrc c . f . orr stakes 1 mile , 8st ( williamson ) , 2nd cacique ( 8st ) , 3rd tranquil star ( 8st 8lb ) , 1min 37\u00bcsec , \u00bd length\nreturning to racing in the spring of 1944 , tranquil star won her second cox plate and mackinnon stakes . in her final season as an eight - year - old she won her third mackinnon stakes and the william reid stakes .\nthe tranquil star is a unique luxury boutique guest house nestled in a quiet cul - de - sac among modern and the irregular styled houses of the early mandinka settlers . it ' s considered to be an oasis of calm .\nin the season of 1944 - 1945 , tranquil star won the w . s cox plate at the age of seven , becoming the second horse to achieve this prestigious feat at that age and the only mare to do so .\nhe dominated melbourne racing during the war years and four of his five caulfield cup victories came in successive years , 1942 ( tranquil star ) , 1943 ( skipton ) , 1944 ( counsel ) and 1945 ( st fairy ) .\nthe chris waller - trained mare joined hall of famers sunline , tranquil star and flight as mares to have won the weight - for - age event more than once when she backed up last year\u2019s win with another dominant display .\n\u00a9 northern star ltd 2018 . unauthorised reproduction is prohibited under the laws of australia and by international treaty .\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\nall rights reserved . copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 star media group berhad ( co no 10894 - d ) .\nthe pictures show members of hitler\u2019s wehrmacht enjoying picnics in a sunny meadow and sipping tea and eating biscuits at a tranquil garden party .\nthe current race record for i am a star is 7 wins with prizemoney of $ 1 , 188 , 200 .\nthe latest edition of the michelin guide has awarded two new scottish restuarants with the highest accolade of a coveted star .\n7 individuals for 10 wins\u2014pinker pinker ( 2011 ) ; makybe diva ( 2005 ) ; sunline ( 2000 , 1999 ) ; dane ripper ( 1997 ) ; surround ( 1976 ) ; flight ( 1945 , 1946 ) ; tranquil star ( 1944 , 1942 ) .\n' a tranquil star ' - - the last of seventeen short stories which gives its name to this selection of previously unpublished pieces in translation - - is as good a place as any to start a consideration of this collection . it begins with a discussion of the inadequacy of superlatives ( immense , colossal , extraordinary ) to give indications of comparative size , especially when it comes to stars . al - ludra is the now not - so - tranquil star when it comes to its convulsive , cataclysmic end ; how to describe an\nhorses trainer shane nichols cannot wait to get his group i - winning filly i am a star back to the races .\n\u00a9 copyright 2018 arizona daily star , 4850 s . park ave . tucson , az | terms of use | privacy policy\n2nd - 3 16 / 04 / 1941 . 3l x 4l randwick , sydney , nsw , aus ajc cumberland plate 14f . 2816m . 8 . 4 . 52 . 5kg 3 . 13 . 75 . 8 / 13f tranquil star 8 . 2 5 / 2 1st\nhe dominated melbourne racing during the war years and four of his five caulfield cup victories came in successive years , 1942 ( tranquil star ) , 1943 ( skipton ) , 1944 ( counsel ) and 1945 ( st fairy ) . his fifth was on peshawar in 1952 .\ntranquil fury :\nladdie . . . don ' t you think you should . . . rephrase that ?\n( laddie happily obliges . )\nrequire , by luskin star . unplaced . dam of 6 named foals , 5 to race , 2 winners , inc : -\neriska , in argyll , and the three chimneys in skye , have each been given a star in the 2015 michelin guide .\n2nd - 7 5 / 04 / 1941 . 4l x 1l run at randwick , sydney , nsw , aus ajc chipping norton plate 10f . 2011m . 9 . 0 . 57kg 2 . 08 . 0 . 9 / 4 . tranquil star 8 . 4 20 / 1 1st\n2nd - 7 4 / 03 / 1941 . 5l x 3 . 5l flemington , melbourne , vic , aus vrc st . leger 14f . 2816m . 8 . 10 . 55 . 5kg 2 . 59 . 25 . 10 / 9f tranquil star 8 . 7 3 / 1 1st\nthis episode was lovingly revisited via time travel in the star trek : deep space nine episode\ntrials and tribble - ations\n.\n2nd - 4 15 / 02 / 1941 . hd x 2 . 5l run at flemington , melbourne , vic , aus vatc st . george stakes 9f . 1810m . 9 . 0 . 57kg 1 . 56 . 25 . 1 / 2f tranquil star 8 . 0 7 / 1 1st\n4th - 7 5 / 04 / 1941 . 4l x 1l run at randwick , sydney , nsw , aus ajc chipping norton plate 10f . 2011m . 8 . 6 . 53 . 5kg 2 . 08 . 0 . 20 / 1 . tranquil star 8 . 4 20 / 1 1st\n1st - 14 2 / 11 / 1940 . 1 . 25l x 3l flemington , melbourne , vic , aus vrc victoria derby ( g1 ) 12f . 2414m . 8 . 10 . 55 . 5kg 2 . 32 . 0 . 11 / 8f tranquil star 8 . 5 14 / 1 2nd\ntranquil star is a great place to stay . based in a busy location which is great for local shops and transport links , the venue is located in a quiet road , free from traffic . the interior is very tastefully decorated to a high and modern standard , the rooms and ensuites airy and c\u2026\nthis property is 12 minutes walk from the beach . 4 . 3 miles from tanji bird reserve , the tranquil star is set in tanji and features a garden and free wifi . all rooms boast a flat - screen tv with satellite channels and a private bathroom . each room is equipped with a balcony .\nthere are seventeen short essays in this collection of primo levi ' s writings . ' a tranquil star ' is a brief read in just one hundred and sixty pages . although the writing flows in a pleasing style , the subject matter of most of these previously unpublished stories varies from quirky to decidedly weird .\ni originally meant to stay for just over a week in the tranquil star , but because i had such a fabulous experience i extended by 2 further nights . i couldn ' t have asked for anymore . i was given the very vest treatment from start to finish , from the collection from the airport to\u2026\nat six years , tranquil star had to contend with second position in 3 successive losses to amana . she came second in caulfield stakes , albeit by a narrow margin , and came second to amana on two more occasions in v . r . c melbourne stakes and l . k . s mackinnon stakes .\n\u25a0the only mares to win are tranquil star ( 1942 , 1944 ) , flight ( 1945 - 1946 ) , dane ripper ( 1997 ) , sunline ( 1999 - 2000 ) , makybe diva ( 2005 ) and pinker pinker ( 2011 ) . two , more joyous and southern speed , run this year .\nrace reviews hey doc\u2019s class was enough to claim the group iii aurie\u2019s star handicap ( 1200m ) off a light preparation at flemington on saturday .\nsotheby ' s inc . ( via public ) / three ground - breaking works by titans of modern art to star in summer season : miro\n1st - 6 15 / 10 / 1941 . 2l x 1 . 25l run at flemington , melbourne , vic , aus vatc caulfield stakes ( g1 ) abt 9f . abt 1800m . 9 . 0 . 57kg 1 . 52 . 5 . 4 / 1 . tranquil star 8 . 9 4 / 1 2nd\nthe only mares to win are tranquil star ( 1942 , 1944 ) , flight ( 1945 - 1946 ) , dane ripper ( 1997 ) , sunline ( 1999 - 2000 ) and makybe diva in 2005 . em in 1946 , the cox plate was run in two divisions when the winners were flight and leonard .\nthe 1942 - 1943 racing season was a vital time in tranquil star\u2019s career and it found her at her very best . it is safe to say that this was her peak season because she famously won the caulfield stakes and the cox stakes double ; a feat which had never been achieved by any other mare in history .\n\u201cdo you know tucson ? do you know books ? come to the star tent , prove your stuff and join the fun ! \u201d he says .\nshe outstayed the war \u2013 tranquil star won the 1946 william reid over 1200m . as a three - year old she won the vrc st leger over 2800m . in between she won three majors including two cox plates and a caulfield cup . she also won three mackinnons , a caulfield stakes , a chipping norton and a memsie .\n1st - 9 25 / 10 / 1941 . 1 . 5l x 0 . 75l moonee valley , melbourne , vic , aus mvrc w . s . cox plate ( g1 ) 9 . 5f . 1911m . 9 . 4 . 59kg 1 . 58 . 25 1 / 3f tranquil star 8 . 9 6 / 1 2nd\ntranquil star also had wins in mooney valley quality handicap , caulfield cup where she carried 8 stone 12 lbs in a competitive field , which included past winners of melbourne cup including skipton , colonus and dark felt . she also won the w . s cox plate and the vrs lks mackinnon stakes and the c . m lloyd stakes .\nthirteen other fine dining establishments across scotland retained a coveted one star and edinburgh remains the foodie capital , with five one - starred restaurants in city alone .\njust a little less than 80 years ago , however , distance versatility and racing longevity were not so rare , as we hope to demonstrate with our examination of 2008 australian racing hall of fame inductee tranquil star . she represents half of the class of 2008 , since only her and another mare , wenona girl , qualified for entrance that year .\nhorses group i winner i am a star has come through her robert sangster stakes effort in good order but will not go on to the goodwood at morphettville .\ndickinson will be playing the star version of \u201cnot my job\u201d \u2014 a blatant ripoff of the \u201cwait , wait\u201d game \u2014 at 2 : 30 p . m .\nrising star el segundo has the odds stacked against him as he prepares to battle a jinxed saddlecloth in saturday ' s $ 2 . 5 million caulfield cup .\ncaulfield guineas ( press statement ) : 4\u2014red anchor ( 1984 ) ; surround ( 1976 ) ; rajah sahib ( 1968 ) ; star affair ( 1965 ) .\na favourite of celebrities and royalty , the loss of inverlochy castle hotel\u2019s prestigious food star , in the 2015 michelin guide , will come as a huge blow .\ntranquil star also won the v . r . c edward manifold stakes , the v . a . t . c st georges stakes , and the v . r . c st leger stakes . she took second spot in the victoria derby , which she lost to lucrative and she came second in the v . r . c oaks the same season .\n3rd - 7 5 / 04 / 1941 . 4l x 1 . 0l run at randwick , sydney , nsw , aus ajc chipping norton plate 10f . 2011m . 9 . 0 . 57kg 2 . 08 . 0 . 4 / 6f tranquil star 8 . 4 20 / 1 1st high caste 9 . 0 9 / 4 2nd \u00a3a 50 . 00\nrace reviews sydney is almost certain be the next stop for i am a star after her dominant win in friday night\u2019s sunline stakes ( 1600m ) at moonee valley .\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\nthe star is offering singular lineup of journalist - authors who rely on deep reporting , muscular writing and down - to - earth humor to find truth and tell stories .\ni didn ' t actually read all the stories - - though i thought they were good , i got tired of the sort of bite - sized format . bear meat , which i read in a magazine at some point , is wonderful . even better was a tranquil star , a meditation on the failures of language - - a neat way to end a story collection .\na tranquil star is a collection of previously unpublished short stories by primo levi . i wonder if levi could be called italy ' s kurt vonnegut , jr . ? there are science fiction stories , stories with no characters and stories full of surprises and quirks . my favorites are\nthe death of marinese ,\nthe sorcerers\nand\nthe girl in the book .\na tranquil star is a collection of primo levi ' s fiction , and more than a few of the stories struck me more as academic exercises than fully developed works . levi had a wonderful imagination , though , and thought up plenty of novel ideas . the title story is the best one , an amazing one , really , that in a few pages tells us about the inadequacy of human language to describe the universe as we know it now ; what it would be like to be living on a planet whose star has just gone nova ; the celestial obs\nconason , as most of the star authors , will be making presentations at other locations at the festival . conason\u2019s three other presentations include discussions on \u201cclickbait\u201d and freedom of the press .\nworld champion super star looking for 13 wins in a row including 9 at group 1 . keeps getting better and better and on what we saw last year she loves the valley .\n\u201ctranquil star brusubi is truly a peaceful bay to relax after an eventful day . the hospitality of the owners is of a rare excellence and sincerity , it was such a pleasure to me to spend time with both of them . the staff were always there for me to ensure that my holiday was exceptional . meals were different every evening and so delicious ! tranquil star is right next to a busy highway but effortlessly holds its tranquillity . it took only 15 - 20 mins to walk to the beach , the nearest towns and places of interest are 10 + mins drive by a taxi . i also used the opportunity to buy some natural beauty products that are available to purchase at the boutique . it was an extraordinary experience tailored just for me . i loved it and i will come again < 3\u201d\nsunday ' s ceremonial procession from montgeron to paris was characteristically tranquil prior to the 10 - lap criterium circling the champs d ' elysee , though there was a storyline focusing on a team sky rider other than froome .\n\ub207 tranquil star brusubi is truly a peaceful bay to relax after an eventful day . the hospitality of the owners is of a rare excellence and sincerity , it was such a pleasure to me to spend time with both of them . the staff were always there for me to ensure that my holiday was exceptional . meals were different every evening and so delicious ! tranquil star is right next to a busy highway but effortlessly holds its tranquillity . it took only 15 - 20 mins to walk to the beach , the nearest towns and places of interest are 10 + mins drive by a taxi . i also used the opportunity to buy some natural beauty products that are available to purchase at the boutique . it was an extraordinary experience tailored just for me . i loved it and i will come again < 3\nat six - years - old , tranquil star could manage only one win , and suffered a severe injury at her 78th start when she fell and suffered a fractured jaw . only her iron constitution and the patient attention of her trainer enabled her to survive . trainer ron cameron fed the mare with glucose at short intervals , night and day , until the broken jaw mended and she could eat again .\ngroup 1 racing the context has changed but i am a star will need to emulate the superstar sunline if she is to win saturday\u2019s group i doncaster mile ( 1600m ) at randwick .\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\ntranquil star made 111 starts ( 4 . 44 times as many as black caviar , 3 . 08 as many as makybe diva ) and won at distances ranging from 1 , 000 to 2 , 800 metres . she began racing in 1939 as a two - year - old and did not retire until 1946 , when she competed as an eight - year - old , averaging nearly 16 starts per season .\nthis tranquil star wasn\u2019t supposed to be so tranquil . maybe it was too big : in the far - off original act in which everything was created , it had received an inheritance too demanding . or maybe it contained in its heart an imbalance or an infection , as happens to some of us . it\u2019s customary among the stars to quietly burn the hydrogen they are made of , generously giving energy to the void , until they are reduced to a dignified thinness and end their career as modest white dwarfs . the star in question , however , when some billions of years had passed since its birth , and its companions began to rarefy , was not satisfied with its destiny and became restless\u2014to such a point that its restlessness became visible even to those of us who are \u201cvery\u201d distant and circumscribed by a \u201cvery\u201d brief life .\n( 2014 winner adelaide ) : 9\u2014so you think ( 2010 , 2009 ) ; fields of omagh ( 2006 , 2003 ) ; northerly ( 2002 , 2001 ) ; sunline ( 2000 , 1999 ) ; kingston town ( 1983 , 1982 , 1981 ) ; tobin bronze ( 1967 , 1966 ) ; hydrogen ( 1953 , 1952 ) ; flight ( 1946 , 1945 ) ; tranquil star ( 1944 , 1942 ) .\nhowever , bonecrusher and our waverley star staged a two - horse war from the 600m but 10 rivals were having a crack at makybe diva at that point . not for long , though .\n' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential\ntranquil star ' s wikipedia entry cites douglas barrie ' s figure of \u00a326 , 690 in prize - money . pring has a figure of $ 52 , 380 ( or \u00a326190 ) . i have calculated her stake earnings at \u00a329 , 940 ( $ 59 , 880 ) which is considerably more . neither barrie nor pring provided a year by year breakdown of stakewinnings and i cannot find any obvious reason for such a discrepancy .\neig\u2019s next book , a muhammad ali bio that required 500 interviews and four years of work , will be published oct . 3 . eig speaks at the star tent at 4 p . m .\nthe following season , tranquil star had 2 wins , 4 seconds and she finished third on 4 occasions . she lost to lucrative in the caulfield stakes and to beau vite in the 1941 - 1942 mooney valley w . s cox plate . moreover , she came second in the underwood stakes and cf orr stakes . her wins were in the v . r . c c . m lloyd stakes and moonee valley alister clark stakes .\nsponsors : the ua and the arizona daily star are named sponsors and tucson medical center is the presenting sponsor . net proceeds will promote literacy in southern arizona through the tucson festival of books , a nonprofit organization .\nthe 32 - year - old team sky star captured the general classification honours sunday in paris , capping off a three - week effort that saw the rangy brit guided to victory courtesy of a stacked team sky .\namong the cox plate heroes of last century were heroic ( seven times champion australian sire ) , phar lap , chatham , ajax , beau vite , tranquil star , flight , hydrogen , rising fast , noholme ( a good sire in america ) , tulloch , tobin bronze ( sired good winners america ) , kingston town , octagonal , strawberry road ( successful sire in america ) , bonecrusher , rubiton , better loosen up , saintly , might and power and sunline .\ncaulfield stakes ( criterion ) : 15\u2014ocean park ( 2012 ) ; so you think ( 2010 ) ; northerly ( 2001 ) ; might and power ( 1998 ) ; almaarad ( 1989 ) ; bonecrusher ( 1986 ) ; kingston town ( 1981 & 1982 ) ; family of man ( 1977 ) ; gunsynd ( 1972 ) ; rising fast ( 1954 ) ; amana ( 1943 ) ; tranquil star ( 1942 ) ; ajax ( 1938 ) ; young idea ( 1936 ) .\nlighter and softer : star trek has its share of dark , tension - filled , anvil - dropping plots . this is not one of them . interestingly , this has made it one of the more popular episodes .\n' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby\nthe star is among the venues that will fill the university of arizona mall saturday and next sunday , march 11 - 12 , for presentations , panel discussions , workshops , book signings and other book - centric activities .\nneptune ' s kingdom , ch . c . 1966 , star kingdom ( ire ) - - llanwryst , by pan ( fr ) . race summary : 55 starts . 9 - 10 - 9 $ 29 , 785\nperiodic table was in my to read list but couldn ' t find it in the library . that ' s when i came across this book . i like the short stories :\nmagic paint\n,\nknall\n,\nthe fugitive\n,\none night\n,\nbureau of vital statistics\nand\na tranquil star\n. favorite will be\nthe fugitive\nand i ' m sure i will be on the look out for\nthe periodic table\n' ' it was a knock ' em down , drag ' em out type of affair , ' ' trainer lee freedman commented later . ' ' it was the most thrilling since bonecrusher and our waverley star . ' '\na tranquil star i remember being blown away by this story when i read it in the new yorker . it ' s what led me to get this book and it holds up . boy is this a good short story . i feel like it might make a good monologue the book overall all of the stories in this book are great . some of them are exceptional . i am really happy i read this book and i think anyone who enjoys short stories will enjoy it as well .\nphar lap ( 1930 - 31 ) , chatham ( 1932 - 34 ) , young idea ( 1936 - 37 ) , beau vite ( 1940 - 41 ) , tranquil star ( 1942 - 44 ) , flight ( 1945 - 46 ) , hydrogen ( 1952 - 53 ) , tobin bronze ( 1966 - 67 ) , sunline ( 1999 - 00 ) , northerly ( 2001 - 02 ) , fields of omagh ( 2003 - 06 ) and so you think ( 2009 - 10 ) .\nlance o ' sullivan on our waverley star ( 3 - 1 ) decided to make a move at the 800 metres and he was tracked every step of the way by gary stewart on bonecrusher ( 10 - 9 on ) .\nfollowing multiple wins at last year\u2019s starproperty awards , which included the coveted all - star award : top ranked developer of the year , ioi properties group bhd has further solidified its status as one of the heavyweights of the industry .\na tranquil star is a collection of primo levi ' s fiction , and more than a few of the stories struck me more as academic exercises than fully developed works . levi had a wonderful imagination , though , and thought up plenty of novel ideas . the title story is the best one , an amazing one , really , that in a few pages tells us about the inadequacy of human language to describe the universe as we know it now ; what it would be like to be living on a planet whose star has just gone nova ; the celestial observations of arabs during a time when european science had gone to sleep ; and the complicated personal life of the astronomer who has just now discovered this nova on one of his photographic plates .\na tranquil star est un recueil de 17 br\u00e8ves nouvelles de primo levi . elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crites \u00e0 diverses \u00e9poques ( la premi\u00e8re remonte \u00e0 1949 ) , l ' ensemble est in\u00e9gal , mais certaines nouvelles sont int\u00e9ressantes , comme gladiators , o\u00f9 des gladiateurs affrontent des automobilistes dans une ar\u00e8ne . one night est une histoire troublante , un train qui s ' immobilise sur des rails \u00e0 cause de feuilles mortes . je crois que ma pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e est the magic paint , qui parle d ' une sorte de peinture pour attirer la chance\nif , as saul bellow wrote of levi ' s autobiography the periodic table ,\nthere is nothing superfluous here , everything this book contains is essential\n, one can ' t say the same for a tranquil star . some of these stories , interesting as their core ideas are , ranging from historical fiction to autobiography to science fiction , seem irresponsibly written and unfinished . i can ' t help but wonder what would have happened if levi had developed these stories to their full potential . for me , however , there i\n\u201cthe pursuit of truth and the passion to share it widely\u201d is the overarching theme of the arizona daily star pavilion at the tucson festival of books , says john m . humenik , a festival co - founder and member of its board of directors .\nmackinnon stakes : 20\u2014so you think ( 2010 ) ; better loosen up ( 1990 ) ; rising prince ( 1985 ) ; dulcify ( 1979 ) ; tobin bronze ( 1966 ) ; sir dane ( 1964 ) ; aquanita ( 1962 ) ; tulloch ( 1960 ) ; rising fast ( 1954 ) ; hydrogen ( 1953 ) ; flight ( 1946 ) ; tranquil star ( 1944 , 1942 ) ; amana ( 1943 ) ; beau vite ( 1941 , 1940 ) ; ajax ( 1938 ) ; rogilla ( 1933 ) ; phar lap ( 1931 , 1930 ) .\nafter one of our days , the surface of the star had reached the orbit of its most distant planets , invading their sky and , together with the remains of its tranquillity , spreading in all directions\u2014a billowing wave of energy bearing the modulated news of the catastrophe .\ndancefloor doll , by voodoo rhythm . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1200m to 1600m , a $ 106 , 100 , mvrc crown lager s . , l , vatc jackson group h . , cci insurances h . , 3d vrc wakeful s . , gr . 2 , vatc tranquil star s . , l , mvrc jefferson ford h . , 4th vrc oaks , gr . 1 . half - sister to full and by , makepeace ( dam of mon mekki , make a scene ) . dam of 12 named foals , 8 to race , 3 winners , inc : -\nsun sally , by horbury . 7 wins from 1200m to 2000m , a $ 77 , 870 , vrc wakeful s . , gr . 2 , av kewney s . , gr . 2 , ajc flight s . , gr . 2 , reginald allen h . , l , 2d ajc oaks , gr . 1 , vrc oaks , gr . 1 , queensland oaks , gr . 1 , vatc tranquil star s . , gr . 3 . half - sister to fire band , susie who ( dam of roman senator ) . dam of 8 named foals , all raced , 3 winners .\nthe author of the syndicated \u201cask amy\u201d advice column , which runs in the star , and of the memoir , \u201cthe mighty queens of freeville , \u201d will be at the festival introducing her latest book , \u201cstrangers tend to tell me things\u201d at 2 : 30 p . m .\nslated to turn 33 in may as the\nspring classics\nseason kicks off on belgian cobbles , froome is by no means too old to win a fifth general classification title , though the 2017 installment did reveal some dents in the nairobi - born star ' s armour .\n25 ) - on the subject of bonecrusher he ran third to our poetic prince in 1988 but in 1986 he had been victorious by a neck over fellow new zealander our waverley star . just to show the strength of the new zealand breeding industry back then , it\u2019s a fact that eight of the first nine across the line in 1988 were bred in new zealand . in order of finish they were bonecrusher , our waverley star , the filbert , dandy andy , drought , dinky flyer , tristram and ma chiquita . australian bred stallion drawn got in the road and ran sixth .\nchampions are scattered all through the list of past winners , and there are many horses that have won both the yalumba stakes and the cox plate , which is the most prestigious weight - for - age race in australia . the list of yalumba and cox plate winners includes northerly ( 2001 ) , might and power ( 1998 ) , almaarad ( 1989 ) , bonecrusher ( 1986 ) , kingston town ( 1981 & 1982 ) , family of man ( 1977 ) , gunsynd ( 1972 ) , rising fast ( 1954 ) , amana ( 1943 ) , tranquil star ( 1942 ) , ajax ( 1938 ) and young idea ( 1936 ) .\n\u201csenior dogs are wonderful , \u201d says coffey . \u201cthey\u2019re calm , mellow , sweet and lovable , and \u2014 major bonus ! \u2014 they\u2019re usually already house - trained . dogs in this \u2018golden age\u2019 \u2014 over the age of about 6 or 7 \u2014 often make ideal pets for people with busy lives or for people who simply want snuggly , tranquil companionship .\na tranquil star est un recueil de 17 br\u00e8ves nouvelles de primo levi . elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crites \u00e0 diverses \u00e9poques ( la premi\u00e8re remonte \u00e0 1949 ) , l ' ensemble est in\u00e9gal , mais certaines nouvelles sont int\u00e9ressantes , comme gladiators , o\u00f9 des gladiateurs affrontent des automobilistes dans une ar\u00e8ne . one night est une histoire troublante , un train qui s ' immobilise sur des rails \u00e0 cause de feuilles mortes . je crois que ma pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9e est the magic paint , qui parle d ' une sorte de peinture pour attirer la chance . the sorcerers d\u00e9montre comment l ' homme moderne ne sait pas fabriquer ce dont il a besoin dans la vie de tous les jours .\nanamato ( damsire whiskey road * ) : 4 wins & $ 966 , 892 , inc . sajc australian oaks ( g1 ) , vrc a . v . kewney s . ( g2 ) , mvrc moonee valley oaks ( g2 ) , sajc sires ' produce s . ( g3 ) ; 2d vrc danehill s . ( g3 ) , mrc tranquil star s . ( g3 ) , ajc fernhill h . ( lr ) , 3d vrc oaks ( g1 ) , hollywood park american oaks invitational s . ( g1 ) , vrc wakeful s . ( g2 ) , bloodhorse breeders s . ( g3 ) , mrc kevin hayes s . ( lr ) .\n8th - 13 17 / 08 / 1940 . nk x 0 . 75l moonee valley , melbourne , vic , aus mvrc kiata hcp 6f . 1207m . 9 . 3 . 58 . 5kg 1 . 13 . 0 . 7 / 1 . aurie ' s star 9 . 11 5 / 1 1st\n4th - 11 25 / 09 / 1937 . \u00bd nk x 0 . 75l moonee valley , melbourne , vic , aus mvrc quality hcp 6f . 1207m . 8 . 9 . 55kg 1 . 11 . 5 ( ecr ) 25 / 1 . aurie ' s star 8 . 7 5 / 2f 1st\nout of her 111 starts , tranquil star won 23 . she ran second 20 times and third 12 times . considering the level of the races she did win , it is hard to conceive of what could have caused her to run unplaced in over half of her races . her most serious injury was a broken jaw that threatened her as a six - year - old . if it must be granted that she was versatile and durable , it must also be acknowledged that she was unpredictable at times . she jumped as favourite in 18 of her races , only to be beaten . nine of her wins were principal races at the time that now would be considered group 1 .\nupon a time , somewhere in the universe very far from here , lived a peaceful star , which moved peacefully in the immensity of the sky , surrounded by a crowd of peaceful planets about which we have not a thing to report . this star was very big and very hot , and its weight was enormous : and here a reporter\u2019s difficulties begin . we have written \u201cvery far , \u201d \u201cbig , \u201d \u201chot , \u201d \u201cenormous\u201d : australia is very far , an elephant is big and a house is bigger , this morning i had a hot bath , everest is enormous . it\u2019s clear that something in our lexicon isn\u2019t working .\nreturning in the spring as a four - year old , dulcify became a star of world racing . he was responsible for one of the all - time great performances in australian racing history \u2013 a cox plate victory by seven lengths and the most aesthetically - pleasing win ( black caviar and frankel aside ) you\u2019ll ever see .\nbred at st alban ' s stud near geelong , tranquil star had an uneventful two - year - old season , with two moderate wins from 11 starts . as a three - year - old she showed her real quality with wins in the edward manifold stakes , st george stakes and vrc st leger . in her only visit to sydney , she took out the chipping norton stakes and the cumberland plate . her four - year - old season was ordinary , with just two wins and a number of placings from 21 starts . she came back to form with a vengeance as a five - year - old with six wins , including the caulfield stakes , caulfield cup , cox plate and mackinnon stakes .\nperceptive will be aware of the harnessed aggression , the immense forcefulness , magnetic intensity , and often strangely hypnotic personality under the tranquil , but watchful composure of scorpio . in conventional social gatherings they are pleasant to be with , thoughtful in conversation , dignified , and reserved , yet affable and courteous ; they sometimes possess penetrating eyes which make their shyer companions feel naked and defenseless before them .\nthirty years after 29 - year - old myron c . cramer enlisted in the army as a cavalry private in the washington national guard , he reached the pinnacle of his career on december 1 , 1941 , as he exchanged his colonel ' s eagles for the two - star rank of major general as judge advocate general of the army .\nsuperstar kingston town won the cox plate a record three times ( successive years ) and others who won it twice last century were phar lap , chatham , young idea , beau vite , tranquil star , flight , hydrogen and tobin bronze . sunline won it twice , but in separate centuries , scoring in 1999 and 2000 . she finished second in 2001 behind northerly ( protest unsuccessful ) and fourth when he joined the elite band of dual cox plate winners in 2002 . since then the cox plate winners have included fields of omagh ( by cox plate winner rubiton , successful 2003 and 2006 ) , makybe diva ( gb ) ( 2005 ) , so you think ( 2009 and 2010 ) , ocean park ( 2012 ) and adelaide ( 2014 ) .\nof this restlessness arab and chinese astronomers were aware . the europeans , no : the europeans of that time , which was a time of struggle , were so convinced that the heaven of the stars was immutable , was in fact the paradigm and kingdom of immutability , that they considered it pointless and blasphemous to notice changes . there could be none\u2014by definition there were none . but a diligent arab observer , equipped only with good eyes , patience , humility , and the love of knowing the works of his god , had realized that this star , to which he was very attached , was not immutable . he had watched the star for thirty years , and had noticed that it oscillated between the fourth and the sixth of the six magnitudes that had been described many centuries earlier by a greek , who was as diligent as he , and who , like him , thought that observing the stars was a route that would take one far . the arab felt a little as if it were his star : he wanted to place his mark on it , and in his notes he called it al - ludra , which in his dialect means \u201cthe capricious one . \u201d al - ludra oscillated , but not regularly : not like a pendulum ; rather , like someone who is at a loss between two choices . it completed its cycle sometimes in one year , sometimes in two , sometimes in five , and it didn\u2019t always stop in its dimming at the sixth magnitude , which is the last visible to the naked eye : at times it disappeared completely . the patient arab counted seven cycles before he died : his life had been long , but the life of a man is always pitifully brief compared with that of a star , even if the star behaves in such a way as to arouse suspicions about its eternity .\nmiss finland ( damsire woodman * ) : 2005 / 06 champion 2yo filly of australia , 11 wins & $ 4 , 632 , 775 , inc . stc golden slipper s . ( g1 ) , vrc oaks ( g1 ) , australian guineas ( g1 ) , mrc 1000 guineas ( g1 ) , stc storm queen s . ( g1 ) , mrc memsie s . ( g2 ) , angus armanasco s . ( g2 ) , h . d . f . mcneil s . ( g3 ) , tranquil star s . ( g3 ) , vrc talindert s . ( lr ) ; 2d ajc champagne s . ( g1 ) , mrc blue diamond s . ( g1 ) , underwood s . ( g1 ) , caulfield s . ( g1 ) , vrc edward manifold s . ( g2 ) , 3d mrc futurity s . ( g1 ) .\nthe winner of the 1993 pulitzer prize for national reporting , an associate editor at the washington post , and author of several books including \u201cbarack obama : the story , \u201d \u201cwhen pride still mattered : a life of vince lombardi , \u201d and \u201conce in a great city : a detroit story , \u201d maraniss will be in the star tent at 1 p . m . sunday , march 12 .\ntoday around the various websites there ' s plenty happening . on urltoken there ' s the first of two big montages of photos from the ipswich greyhounds yesterday and hong kong last sunday . on urltoken inter dominion 2013 nominations closed yesterday , so there is all the news on that . on urltoken there is a big free night next saturday night at tabcorp park at melton where a cavalcade of star pacers are appearing .\nempires choice ( nz ) ( damsire star way ) : 3 wins & $ 848 , 575 , inc . qtc queensland derby ( g1 ) , btc rough habit plate ( g3 ) ; 2d stc pago pago s . ( g2 ) , ajc skyline s . ( g3 ) , frank packer plate ( g3 ) , stc golden rose s . ( g3 ) , ajc carbine club s . ( lr ) .\nthe star tent will be situated near the new monument to the uss arizona on the ua mall that outlines the actual size of the ship that was destroyed dec . 7 , 1941 , when the japanese bombed pearl harbor and launched the u . s . into world war ii . the monument has 1 , 177 bronze medallions , each engraved with the name , birthdate and home state of a sailor or marine who died on the ship .\ndelano ( white face ) leading around the home turn in the autumn stakes at mentone . he j maintained his advantage to give j . johnson his first winning ride . anticipation . studies in ex - pression \u00a1n richmond ' s football practice match on saturday . tranquil star made her last public ap - pearance before a large crowd at olympic park yesterday . a . breasley was in the saddle , and trainer r . cameron in attendance . \u00ed u . x ^ chips fly in the handicap woodchop at the sports carnival at olympic park yesterday in aid or the children ' s hospital rebuilding appeal . w . basse , a . maxwell , and g . hyatt are the competitors . left : last golf competition leo waller played in was in changi pow camp . he is shown hitting off for kingswood on saturday in the , pennant match at kew . exciting finish of e grade 100 yards at olympic park on saturday . m . ryan ( geelong guild ) won from a . davidson ( williamstown ) .\nastrodame ( flying spur ) . 4 wins from 1200m to 1600m , a $ 515 , 925 , mvrc wh stocks s . , gr . 2 , vrc maltby h . , rsl p . , mrc clamms seafood classic h . , 2d mrc angus armanasco s . , gr . 2 , vrc frances tressady s . , gr . 3 , mrc autumn s . , l , bint marscay 2yo h . , 3d vrc av kewney s . , gr . 2 , rose of kingston s . , gr . 2 , matron s . , gr . 3 , mrc tranquil star s . , gr . 3 , boronia s . , l , vrc western health cup h . , mrc classic caulfield ladies ' day vase h . , archie yuille 2yo h . , 4th vrc edward manifold s . , gr . 2 , mvrc woodstock mile oaks , gr . 2 , wh stocks s . , gr . 2 , vrc let ' s elope s . , gr . 3 , waltzing lily h . , l .\nour room was of a high standard and we enjoyed a delicious meal in the restaurant . but what stood out was the high level of service provided by the owners . we were attending a family funeral and , overhearing our conversation about problems with a flower order , they put us in touch with a local florist who quickly sorted out the problem for us . all in all , their attention to detail and to meeting their guests ' needs made what could have been a stressful stay into a calm and tranquil experience . we will definitely be staying there again .\nover the course of almost two years , from january 1940 to september 1941 , mir\u00f3 worked on the constellations with a seamless devotion and unrelenting concentration that distracted him from the hostile political climate of war - torn france and later spain . femme et oiseaux is one of the first ten compositions the artist executed during his exile in france following the outbreak of the spanish civil war . mir\u00f3 was living in the village of varengeville on the coast of normandy , where he could work in tranquil seclusion whilst also being inspired by the dramatic cliffs and constantly changing sky and seascape .\nmuch interest , because the variable stars are so many , and also because , starting in 1750 , it was reduced to a speck , barely visible with the best telescopes of the time . but in 1950 ( and the message has only now reached us ) the illness that must have been gnawing at it from within reached a crisis , and here , for the second time , our story , too , enters a crisis : now it is no longer the adjectives that fail but the facts themselves . we still don\u2019t know much about the convulsive death - resurrection of stars : we know that , fairly often , something flares up in the atomic mechanism of a star\u2019s nucleus and then the star explodes , on a scale not of millions or billions of years but of hours and minutes . we know that these events are among the most cataclysmic that the sky holds ; but we understand only\u2014and approximately\u2014the how , not the why . we\u2019ll be satisfied with the how ."]}
{"id": 1715, "summary": [{"text": "amphitorna brunhyala is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by shen and chen in 1990 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( guangdong and fujian ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "amphitorna brunhyala", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for brunhyala definition . you find here brunhyala meaning , synonyms of brunhyala and images for brunhyala copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word brunhyala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word brunhyala and , of course , brunhyala synonyms and on the right images related to the word brunhyala .\nneoreta brunhyala song , xue & han , 2012 , comb . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nfigures 90 \u2013 98 . male genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 90 , oreta angularis ; 91 , o . insignis ; 92 , o . extensa ; 93 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 94 , o . griseotincta ; 95 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 96 , neoreta olga ; 97 , n . purpureofascia ; 98 , n . brunhyala .\nfigures 116 \u2013 130 . aedeagus of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 116 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 117 , o . pavaca sinensis ( paratype of o . zigzaga ) ; 118 , o . trispinuligera ; 119 , o . liensis ; 120 , o . sanguinea ; 121 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 122 , o . angularis ; 123 , o . insignis ; 124 , o . extensa ; 125 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 126 , o . griseotincta ; 127 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 128 , neoreta olga ; 129 , n . purpureofascia ; 130 , n . brunhyala .\nfigures 33 \u2013 53 . adults of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 cm ) . 33 , oreta pavaca sinensis ( holotype of o . fusca ) ; 34 , ditto ( holotype of o . unichroma ) ; 35 \u2013 36 , o . trispinuligera , 35 , holotype ; 37 , o . trispinuligera ( holotype of o . ankyra ) ; 38 , o . liensis ; 39 , o . sanguinea ; 40 , o . eminens ; 41 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . , holotype ; 42 \u2013 43 , o . angularis ; 44 \u2013 45 , o . insignis ; 46 , o . extensa ; 47 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 48 , o . griseotincta ; 49 , o . bilineata ; 50 , spectroreta hyalodisca ( holotype of s . fenestra ) ; 51 , neoreta olga ; 52 , n . purpureofascia ; 53 , n . brunhyala , paratype .\nfigures 131 \u2013 158 . the eighth segment of oretinae . 131 , oreta vatama tsina ; 132 , o . andrema ; 133 , o . obtusa dejeani ; 134 , o . speciosa ; 135 , o . brunnea ; 136 , o . loochooana loochooana ; 137 , o . loochooana timutia ; 138 , o . pulchripes ; 139 , o . turpis ; 140 , o . hoenei hoenei ; 141 , o . hoenei inangulata ; 142 , o . hoenei tienia ; 143 , o . paki ; 144 , o . ancora ; 145 , o . trispina ; 146 , o . pavaca pavaca ( holotype of o . zigzaga ) ; 147 , o . trispinuligera ; 148 , o . liensis ; 149 , o . sanguinea ; 150 , o . inflativalva sp . nov . ; 151 , o . angularis ; 152 , o . insignis ; 153 , o . extensa ; 154 , o . griseotincta ; 155 , spectroreta hyalodisca ; 156 , neoreta olga ; 157 , n . purpureofascia ; 158 , n . brunhyala .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbeccaloni , george ; et al . , eds . ( february 2005 ) .\n2011 : notes on the genus spectroreta warren ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) from china with description of a new species .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nsong , wenhui , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2012 , revision of chinese oretinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) , zootaxa 3445 , pp . 1 - 36 : 33\n, contr . shanghai inst . entomol . , 9 : 167 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , figs 2 : a - c ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : fujian ( siecas ) .\n. , 21 ( 5 ) : 252 , fig . 1 ( adults only ) , 4 ( genitalia ) . holotype 3 , china : guangdong , nankunshan ( scau ) , syn . nov .\nmaterial examined . china , fujian : jian\u2019ou , wanmulin , viii . 1988 , coll . shen shuigen , 132 \u01a5 ( holotype , allotype and 1 paratype ) ( siecas ) .\n( borneo , sumatra , peninsular malaysia ) in the following characters : the forewing apex is distinctly falcate , and the outer margin under the apex is straight in the male , and slightly expanded in the female ; a shallow excavation is present on the tornal angle ; the apex of the hind wing is notched . the wing pattern has similar transparent patches to those found in\nin recognition of the similar socii , gnathos , and the bilobed signum . the valva is broad and blunt at apex , and bears a hooked basal process ; the sacculus is well developed , and tapering ; the saccus is distinct from those of other species of\n, being well developed , and the aedeagus has a developed cornutus . sternite 8 is protruding and well sclerotized medially . the female genitalia have a large bilobed signum in the corpus bursae .\n, though they have a similar uncus , socii and pair of median processes of the gnathos . the saccus of\n, and find that in both cases it is only slightly convex . while recognising these differences we leave\nfor the present , since it does not seem to fit any other presently established genus , but this point may need revisiting in the future .\nfigures 171 \u2013 180 . female genitalia of oretinae ( scale bar = 1 mm ) . 171 , oreta pavaca sinensis ; 172 , oreta trispinuligera ; 173 , o . liensis ; 174 , o . sanguinea ; 175 , o . eminens ; 176 , o . angularis ; 177 , o . insignis ; 178 , o . fuscopurpurea ; 179 , o .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1716, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter ulicicolella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from great britain , spain , france , italy and greece .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 6 \u2013 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on ulex species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the spines , shoots or bark of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter ulicicolella", "paragraphs": ["phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( gorse midget ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nphyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva\narticle : phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva\ndetails - phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva - biodiversity heritage library\nsteve and myself had a search for early - emerging day flyers last week at hartlebury common - i was keeping my eye out for leaf mines , namely those of phyllonorycter ulicicolella .\nty - jour ti - phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva t2 - the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . vl - 117 ur - urltoken pb - s . n . cy - [ london : py - 2005 sp - 169 ep - 170 sn - 0013 - 8916 au - edmunds , rob ( r edmunds @ ntlworld com ) er -\n@ article { bhlpart194668 , title = { phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva } , journal = { the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation . } , volume = { 117 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ london : s . n . } , author = { edmunds , rob ( r edmunds @ ntlworld com ) } , year = { 2005 } , pages = { 169 - - 170 } , }\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > phyllonorycter ulicicolella ( stt . ) ( lep : gracillariidae ) - a first description of the larva < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > edmunds , rob ( r edmunds @ ntlworld com ) < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 117 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > the entomologist & # 39 ; s record and journal of variation . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> [ london : < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > s . n . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 117 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 169 < / start > < end > 170 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2005 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nthis nationally scarce ( nb ) species is found in heathland and grassland in southern england and also northwest england .\n) . the mines are difficult to find but can be fairly distinctive when seen .\nthe mines in the photos shown were all within a metre of the ground on bushes that were at least 2m high .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 23 : 27 : 37 page render time : 0 . 3695s total w / procache : 0 . 4423s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npossibly under - recorded as mine is almost invisible so seldom encountered except as an adult .\nrecorded in 6 ( 9 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na rarely found mine . the larva feeds in the epidermis and in this mine a clear area can be seen at the top of the mine , with frass deposited lower down ( british leafminers ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nadult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : widespread in southern england ( british leafminers ) including fleet , hampshire ( british leafminers ) ; dorset , durham , east norfolk , east suffolk , hertfordshire , south essex west cornwall and west norfolk ( nbn atlas ) .\ndistribution elsewhere : continental europe including french mainland , greek mainland , italian mainland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nresident . rare , and in danger of extinction in east sussex ; undetected in west sussex since it was last listed in 1905 . single - brooded , flying mainly during june and july , although this has yet to be confirmed in sussex . larvae feed on ( the bark of ) gorse and dwarf gorse . ( pratt , 2011 )\na maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species .\nfor moth sightings in and around herefordshire and worcestershire . we can also help with id ' s .\nafter two and a half hours searching , this was the most promising candidate i found . there aren ' t many photographs to refer to , but i can ' t think of anything that would mine a gorse needle in this way . any opinions ?\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken"]}
{"id": 1720, "summary": [{"text": "the mindanao horned frog or southeast asian horned toad ( megophrys stejnegeri ) is a species of amphibian in the megophryidae family .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it is endemic to the philippines .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , and intermittent rivers .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "mindanao horned frog", "paragraphs": ["the mindanao horned frog is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe mount malindang national park on mindanao is currently one of the few protected areas providing a safe haven to some populations of the mindanao horned frog ( 1 ) .\nthe mindanao horned frog is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) , considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mindanao horned frog ( megophrys stejnegeri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mindanao horned frog ( megophrys stejnegeri )\ntitle =\narkive species - mindanao horned frog ( megophrys stejnegeri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nit is vitally important that more information is collected on the biology and true range of the mindanao horned frog , in order to determine the best methods of protecting it ( 6 ) .\nlike other species in the genus megophrys , the mindanao horned frog is likely to have a large head and mouth , making it well - adapted to swallowing relatively large prey ( 3 ) .\nburger , r . m . ( 2000 ) taxon management account : malaysian horned frog . dallas zoo , dallas , texas .\nmindanao horned frogs are endemic to the philippines . its relatively small distribution makes it vulnerable to a range of threats including habitat destruction and degradation .\nthe mindanao horned frog has a relatively small distribution , and it is therefore vulnerable to a number of specific threats across its range . the primary threats to this species include logging activity in the lowland forests of the philippines , as well as contamination of nearby mountain streams and rivers due to mining activity and agricultural runoff , which are resulting in the destruction of the mindanao horned frog\u2019s natural habitat ( 1 ) .\nthe mindanao horned frog is endemic to the philippines ( 4 ) . it has been observed in a number of provinces , including basilan , bohol , leyte , mindanao , dinagat , biliran and samar , but it is possible that its distribution may be more extensive than this ( 1 ) .\nburger , r . m . , ( 2000 ) . taxon management account : malaysian horned frog , megophyrs montana nasuta . in frog forum . retrieved 10 november 2013 , from http : / / www . frogforum . net\n- although it is called the mindanao horned frog , you can still find this creature in bohol . its natural habitat is a subtropical or moist lowland forest . it is mostly found near a fresh water supply when it can lay its eggs or in dense underbrush , leaf litter , or other fallen object covering the ground . the number of mindanao horned frogs are decreasing in number because of deforestation and ' ' kaingin ' ' .\nthe mindanao horned frog ( megophrys stejnegeri ) is a member of the large and ancient megophryidae family , which diverged from the other amphibian families roughly 70 million years ago . more commonly known as the \u2018asian toadfrogs\u2019 , this diverse family contains around 136 species of frog , which range in size from 2 to 12 . 5 centimetres long .\nthe mindanao shrew rat ( crunomys melanius ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in the philippines . endemic to camiguin , leyte , and mindanao .\nreptiles canada - a beautiful collection or horned frogs get together for a photoshoot and flaunt their impressive coloration .\nthe mindanao horned frog ( megophrys stejnegeri ) is a member of the large and ancient megophryidae family , which diverged from the other amphibian families roughly 70 million years ago . more commonly known as the \u2018asian toadfrogs\u2019 , this diverse family contains around 136 species of frog , which range in size from 2 to 12 . 5 centimetres long ( 2 ) .\nventral view of the frog . note the mottled appearance of the abdominal surface .\nst concern in view of its wide distribution throughout all islands of the mindanao paic and presumed large population .\nmegophrys nasuta adopting a crouched position , enabling it to blend into the leaf litter ( . . . perhaps a crouching frog thinks it is a hidden frog . . )\nthe mindanao horned frog spends the majority of its time hiding among detritus and leaf litter , on the floor of lowland and montane rainforests . it is generally found close to mountain streams , which it requires for breeding , and the tadpoles of this species can usually be found in secluded pools along these streams ( 1 ) .\n- the giant visayan frog is considered endangered because of habitat loss . the habitat of this frog is a subtropical or moist lowland forests . this frog is part of the dissglossidae family . giant visayan frogs can be found in moist lowland forests in cebu , panay and siquijor\nfound this little frog on a rainy day going to a waterfall near calinan / bukidnon tropical jungle .\nthis nocturnal frog is terrestrial to semi - arboreal . it relies on its camouflage to avoid predation .\nthere is a need for improved protection on mindanao , leyte , samar , and bohol to protect the remaining forest on these islands .\nfield herp forum - grumpy frog may have met his match in the intimidating gaze of the megophrys nasuta .\nthe mindanao shrew rat ( crunomys melanius ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae . it is found only in the philippines .\ncoeliccia exoleta is a philippine endemic species , confined to mindanao and camiguin islands . so far , the species has been recorded in 12 sites . the species has a very fragmented range and occurs in low numbers . it was recorded once in camiguin , and there is reference in muller ' s collection to several sites in mindanao . surveys of several of the mindanao sites in recent years have failed to find the species .\nthe slender mud frog ranges across hong kong , southern china , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , and malaysia .\nthis montane frog prefers forests and streams at elevations above 4 , 950 ft ( 1 , 400 m ) .\nthe mindanao treeshrew ( urogale everetti ) , also called the philippine tree shrew , is a species of treeshrew endemic to the mindanao region in the philippines . it is the only member of the genus urogale . the scientific name commemorates british colonial administrator and zoological collector alfred hart everett .\namphibian species as a whole are hugely under threat . around 32 percent of amphibian species are currently threatened with extinction , while a further 43 percent have declining populations ( 5 ) . species that are restricted to a small geographic area , such as the mindanao horned frog , are most at risk of extinction due to changes in their habitat , often as a result of human influence and climate change ( 6 ) .\nthe asian horned frog is nocturnal . its impeccable camouflage makes it extremely difficult to see on the forest floor . if it is discovered , either during the day or at night , it will crouch down further into the leaf litter and wait for the disturbance to go away .\nreptile forums uk - great pictures of a striking pair of ceratophrys cornuta , a less common species of pacman frog .\nthis species is currently known from a few mountains on north - western mindanao island , in the philippines . listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat on mindanao in the philippines .\nthe malayan horned frog was first described by the german ornithologist and herpetologist hermann schlegel in 1858 . it is often touted as a charismatic species due to its unusual appearance \u2013 a pair of horn - like skin projections on its head , and an extended , pointed snout . betrayed by its loud metallic \u2018honk\u2019 for a\nin singapore , this species is easily distinguished from other frog species due to the prominence of its triangular projections of\nhorns\nand snout .\nthe bana leaf litter frog is nocturnal and terrestrial ; it spends most of its time taking refuge in the leaf litter deep in the forest .\ndorsal view of m . nasuta adult . the frog\u2019s excellent camouflage is largely due to both body shape and colour patterns that closely mimic that of dried leaves .\ndraco mindanensis , commonly known as the mindanao flying dragon , is a lizard species endemic to the philippines . characterized by a dull grayish brown body color and a vivid tangerine orange dewlap , this species is one of the largest of the genus draco . it is diurnal , arboreal , and capable of gliding . the mindanao flying dragon inhabits regions of primary and secondary - growth forests . there appears to be a dependence on primary dipterocarp forest for this species ' survival . d . mindanensis is noted for being a bioindicator for the forested regions of mindanao . threatened heavily by deforestation , the iucn has listed d . mindanensis as vulnerable . currently , there are no specific conservation efforts being made to preserve the species . rather , there are projects that target the protection of the habitats in which the mindanao flying dragon lives .\nthe mindanao brown dove ( phapitreron brunneiceps ) is a threatened species of bird in the family columbidae . it is endemic to forests on the philippine islands of mindanao and basilan , but it has not been recorded from the latter island since 1937 . it is threatened by habitat loss and hunting . until recently , it was considered conspecific with the tawitawi brown dove and collectively called the dark - eared brown dove .\nthe philippine leafbird ( chloropsis flavipennis ) is a species of bird in the chloropseidae family . it is endemic to the philippines . it is found in the islands of mindanao , leyte , and cebu . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss . its stronghold appears to be mindanao , with populations small in leyte and in cebu , the species could already be extinct .\nreaching 100 - 120 mm in snout - vent length ( svl : the length from snout to vent ) and females capable of reaching a svl of up to 160 mm ( malkmus et al . , 2002 ) . the species is characterized by the existence of prominent triangular projections on its upper eyelids and snout : these appendages create what looks like \u201chorns\u201d from which its common name , the \u2018horned\u2019 frog , is derived .\nwildenhues , m . , rauhaus , a . , bach , r . , karbe , d . , van der straeten , k . , hertwig , s . t . , ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) : husbandry , captive breeding , larval development and stages of the malayan horned frog megophrys nasuta ( schlegel , 1858 ) ( amphibia : anura : megophryidae ) . amphibian and reptile conservation 5 ( 3 ) : 15 - 28\nthe normal species , ceratophryne dorsata , [ can be found ] from guyana and brazil , will become just as big as a normal frog ( sometime in the future but not now ) .\nthreatened heavily by deforestation , the iucn has listed d . mindanensis as vulnerable . currently , there are no specific conservation efforts being made to preserve the species . rather , there are projects that target the protection of the habitats in which the mindanao flying dragon lives .\n. these tubercles serve to identify individual frogs as tubercle presence , shape , number and location on body surface vary from individual to individual . the colour of the frog allows it to blend in with the colour of leaf\ncongrats , shauming ! this is a great series ! i ' ve seen this frog only once , also in calinan , but it was a very long time ago . i hope they ' re still there . . .\ndraco mindanensis , commonly known as the mindanao flying dragon , is a lizard species endemic to the philippines . characterized by a dull grayish brown body color and a vivid tangerine orange dewlap , this species is one of the largest of the genus draco . it is diurnal , arboreal , and capable of gliding .\ndespite its grumpy and disapproving demeanour , this species is actually shy in nature and will crouch down , motionless , when startled or disturbed . this is part of the frog ' s strategy to avoid detection and for greater camouflage among the leaf litter .\nthis species is known from basilan , biliran , bohol , dinagat , leyte , samar , and many parts of mindanao , in the southern and eastern islands of the philippines . it is found from around sea level up to 1 , 800 m asl ( diesmos et al . 2014 ) . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest .\nasian toadfrogs vary from being extremely common to exceedingly rare . the slender mud frog ( leptolalax pelodytoides ) has a vast distribution and during the breeding season can be the most abundant species in a stream habitat . on the other hand , sung ' s slender frog ( leptolalax sungi ) is known only from a 50 - yd ( 50 m ) stretch of one mountain stream . efforts are being made to protect the rapidly disappearing habitat in which asian toadfrogs live . as of the year 2002 , no asian toad - frogs were listed as endangered or threatened by the iucn .\nbickford , d . , ng , t . h . , qie , l . , kudavidanage , e . p . , and bradshaw , c . j . ( 2010 ) . forest fragment and breeding habitat characteristics explain frog diversity and abundance in singapore . biotropica 42 ( 1 ) , 119 - 125 .\nthe head of the frog is relatively large and broad as compared to its body size with a hidden tympanum . the tympanum can be described as\n. . . diagonally placed , rounded below , somewhat angular on upper edge , [ and ] separated from eye by a distance greater than greatest diameter of tympanum\n( taylor , 1962 ) .\nmales are 2 . 3\u20132 . 9 in ( 57 . 2\u201373 . 0 mm ) long , and females are 3 . 1\u20133 . 3 in ( 79 . 9\u201384 . 2 mm ) long . this heavy - bodied frog has a head that is broad and flat . the limbs are slender and short and seem disproportionately small for the body . the protruding eyes are dark , except for the upper third , which is white . the pupil is vertical . a narrow white membrane is visible around the margin of the eye . from above , the bana leaf litter frog is uniformly dark brown with red spots on the flanks and hind limbs ; the belly is gray with minute white spots .\nhowever , the protection of the rest of the forested areas of the philippines requires much work ( 1 ) . conservation international and the critical ecosystem partnership fund have been working to support conservation and increase conservation awareness throughout the philippines , including in areas such as east mindanao . however , there are fears that in the already established national parks , land is being disturbed by human settlements and the boundaries of protected areas are not being properly enforced ( 7 ) .\nmales grow up to 1 . 43 in ( 36 . 2 mm ) in length and females up to 1 . 79 in ( 45 . 4 mm ) . this bizarre toothless frog has a narrow mouth and an extremely truncated snout . small , pointy tubercles are present above the eye and leaflike venations are on the back . the color of the back ranges from light to dark brown , with some irregular mottling on the head and back . the pupil is diamond - shaped , and the iris is golden brown .\nmegophrys nasuta is known to inhabit mature rainforest or swamp forest , where its characteristic loud \u201chonk\u201d call can be heard especially during the early hours of dusk and just before rain : it is then that calling frequency increases , as opposed to almost solitary calls during the later hours of the night . this may be due to those periods being suitable breeding periods for the frog - it is perhaps useful to note here that most frogs usually call ( period of greatest vocalization ) in the later hours of dusk ( bickford et al . , 2010 ) .\nmales grow up to 1 . 31 in ( 33 . 4 mm ) and females to 1 . 62 in ( 41 . 2 mm ) . an elongate frog , it is orange to light brown , with irregular dark brown mottling on the back and head . the chin and belly are creamy white , and the slender limbs have black transverse bars . the upper lip includes several vertical black bars and one cream - colored vertical bar at the apex of the snout . small tubercles may be scattered along the back . the tadpole is long and slender and has a subterminal mouth . the body and tail are light brown , and the edges of the tail fin are translucent .\nasian toadfrogs come in just about every size and shape imaginable . the largest species , the broad - headed toad ( brachytarsophrys ) , attains a maximum length of 6 . 6 in ( 168 mm ) , and the smallest species , the borneo frog ( leptobrachella ) , is a mere 0 . 7 in ( 17 . 8 mm ) long . females are typically larger than males , except among the moustache toads ( vibrissaphora ) and two species of alpine toads ( scutiger ) . other sexually dimorphic characters include keratinized nuptial patches on the chest and fingers of breeding male alpine toads and cateyed frogs ( oreolalax ) and bizarre keratinized spines seen on the upper lip of the male moustache toad during the breeding season .\nmales grow to 1 . 7\u20133 . 6 in ( 44\u201392 mm ) in length and females to 2 . 6\u20134 . 4 in ( 67\u2013111 mm ) . this is a stocky , large - bodied frog with a bizarre , elongated\nhorn\non the upper eyelid and , in some forms , a fleshy appendage projecting off the nose . this skin is smooth , except for one or two pairs of fleshy ridges that extend from behind the head to the groin . the color of the back is light brown to reddish brown , occasionally with a few black tubercles . the flanks bear numerous fleshy tubercles and are slightly darker in color than those on the back . the color and overall shape of this species is a perfect imitation of a dried leaf . the pupil is vertical , and the iris is dark brown . tadpoles have a funnel mouth , and the body and tail are brown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2017 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . american museum of natural history , new york , usa available at : urltoken .\nthis species was removed from the synonymy of megophrys montana by iskandar ( 1998 ) , where it had been placed previously by inger ( 1954 ) .\nthis terrestrial species inhabits primary and secondary montane and lowland rainforests and is dependent on mountain streams where it breeds . individuals of this species are found among leaf litter , or exposed on the forest floor , near tree roots and standing water pools ( plaza and sanguila 2015 ) . tadpoles are suspension feeders and prefer quiet pools in streams . it apparently has a wide tolerance of ecological disturbance ( sanguila et al . 2016 ) .\nthe species is traded at low levels for the domestic pet trade ( philippines red list assessment workshop may 2017 ) .\nsome subpopulations of this species are protected in national parks , such as mount malindang national park , and other protected areas , including mount apo natural park .\nmore information is needed on this species ' distribution , population status , ecology , and threats . additional taxonomic studies are recommended given this species ' widespread distribution ( plaza and sanguila 2015 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngenerally , megophrys species spend much of their time quietly hidden in leaf litter , where they hunt prey and hide from predators . however , when defending a territory against a potential rival , they have been known to rear up and inflate their lungs to make them look bigger , before screaming loudly and leaping at their opponent ( 2 ) .\nmembers of the genus megophrys tend to move about using short hops , as their large body size relative to their short legs makes larger jumps more difficult ( 4 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nstuart , s . n . , chanson , j . s . , cox , n . a . , young , b . e . , rodrigues , a . s . l . , fischman , d . l . and waller , r . w . ( 2004 ) status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide . science , 306 ( 5702 ) : 1783 - 1786 .\nsodhi , n . s . , bickford , d . , diesmos , a . c . , lee , t . m . , koh , l . p . , brook , b . w . , sekercioglu , c . h . and bradshaw , c . j . a . ( 2008 ) measuring the meltdown : drivers of global amphibian extinction and decline . plos one , 3 ( 2 ) : e1636 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nwow , thanks for all the compliments , been busy setting up business in kota kinabalu lately , surely will continue spotting for pn .\nawesome series shauminglo . . ! congrats for the sotd . . : - )\nfantastic pictures sir ! and a fine spotting ( english accent ) ! : p for real tho . good stuff .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncaptive bred reptile forums uk - see photos of a wicked looking megophrys stejnegeri owned by brian santos .\nit ' s that time of the year in wisconsin when many repti . . .\nthis is an excellent write - up on how to prepare for the . . .\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks , we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added . if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers , we will notify you !\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,\npassion for books .\nand\npassion for books . books for your passion .\nare registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .\nuniversity of san carlos school of law and governance , pelaez st . , cebu city\nhombron ' s kingfisher or the blue - capped kingfisher ( actenoides hombroni ) is a species of bird in the family alcedinidae endemic to the philippines . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical , moist , lowland forests and subtropical or tropical , moist , montane forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nalthough called a warty pig , facial warts of this species are small and only found in males . these pigs are best recognized by the white stripe which runs over the bridge of the nose behind the mouth .\nnumbers of wild visayan warty pigs are not available , but the species has lost 95 % of its former range in recent times and is highly endangered .\nfound only on one tiny island in the philippines , the camiguin forest rat is a little - known species as it has only been known to scientists since 2002 . the camiguin forest rat has soft , thick dark reddish - brown fur , which is slightly paler on the underside . the snout and the sides of the face are covered in dark grey hairs . the camiguin forest rat has small , nearly naked ears , relatively large forefeet , and long , wide hindfeet . the relatively short tail , which measures less than the head and body length , is almost entirely hairless .\nthe grey imperial pigeon ( ducula pickeringii ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae . it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , and the philippines . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and plantations . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthe dinagat gymnure ( podogymnura aureospinula ) is a species of mammal in the family erinaceidae . it is endemic to the philippines . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nany bird of the order passeriformes ) bird . this species of passerineformes has been declared as a critically endangered species last january 24 , 2014 , according to www . philstar . com . it was feared to be extinct , because of the clearance of most of the islands forests , but it was rediscovered in 1992 in a small patch of limestone forest in\n- the visayan warty pig has been considered endangered due to the destruction of its habitat , specifically the forest . this species can be found in panay , negros , cebu and aklan . they mainly feed on cultivated vegetables , fallen fruits and root crop .\n- the tarsier is a primate found in the bohol . the tarsier jumps tree to tree to hunt for their food , tarsiers are insect based , they mainly eat insects by pouncing on them at the right time . tarsiers are born with fur and their eyes open and can climb trees within an hour of birth . the majority of tarsier species are now endangered or threatened , and some are designated critically endangered .\n- the philippine flying lemur locally known as ' ' kagwang ' ' is one of the two species of flying lemurs , the only two living species in the order dermoptera ( arboreal gliding mammals found in southeast asia ) . this species shows sexual dimorphism , which means when the female is larger than the male . this species is categorized as the least concern endangered species .\n- the black shama can be found in the forests of cebu . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , and plantations . it is threatened by habitat loss from kaingin farming and deforestation .\n- the panay cloudrunner is the second largest cloud rat , a squirrel like rodent that can be found in the island of panay . the late date of discovery was because the lack of forest cover on panay lead to the island being largely ignored by biologists . the lack of habitat has brought this cloud rat species to be categorized as an an endangered species .\n- is a species of bird of the zosteropidae family , in the genus dasycrotapha . it is classified as vulnerable sue tot he loss of habitat , deforestation and kaingin farming .\n- is a megabat that mostly lives on negros island . two small populations were also found on cebu island in the philippines . like other bare - backed fruit bats , its wings meet along the midline of their bodies , making it a very agile flier . by the mid - 1980 ' s , the fruit bat vanished because of replacing the lowland forest to a sugar cane plantation , but was later rediscovered last 1996 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndorsal ( back ) view of adult megophrys nasuta individual : the\nhorns\n, snout , vent , tubercles and dorsolateral folds are labelled .\nthe arms and legs are also marked by the mottled appearance \u2013 arms are moderate in size , and fingers are widened at the tips , and lack webbing between . toes , however , show signs of webbing , while displaying similar widening at the tips as fingers ( inger , 1966 ) .\nor plants by animals ) in the litterfall of the forest grounds ( inger , 1966 ; wildenhues , 2012 ) .\n42 ( gosner , 1960 ; inger , 1984 ) . tadpoles posses a distinctly shaped oral groove formed from the horizontal expansion of the lips , which results in a dorsally oriented funnel - mouth \u2013 this structure is unique to megophryid species ( inger , 1984 ) . juvenile frogs are similar in colour to adults with noticeable protrusions at the eyelids and snout , although these are not fully formed .\nfor more details and pictures , please refer to the ' biology ' section below .\nmegophrys nasuta pair in amplexus . note the obvious size difference between the male ( smaller individual ) and female : a clear example of sexual dimorphism . ( click picture to find out more about sexual dimorphism )\nmegophrys nasuta exhibits inguinal amplexus : a type of amplexing position where the male clasps the female around her pelvic region . males typically rest their feet on the female\u2019s thighs ( see picture ) . this posture is typically maintained for hours , ( sometimes even for weeks ) , and pairs will usually not break away from the stance even when disturbed ( burger , 2000 ; wildenhues et al . , 2012 ) .\neggs are laid either adhered to surfaces in water or partially submerged in streams . oviposition ( that is , egg laying ) is usually conducted beneath structures such as submerged logs or rocks . the large white eggs ( of about 2 cm in diameter , including glutinous layer ) are glutinous and laid attached to each other ( wildenhues , 2012 ) . the larvae take approximately one week to hatch following egg deposition . the larvae are white and heavily dependent upon the yolk for sustenance and as a energy reservoir : following the early days of hatching , they remain motionless on the stream\u2019s bottom .\npartial view of megophrys nasuta egg clutch : eggs are usually laid partially submerged in water under structures such as dead wood or rocks .\nside view of megophrys nasuta tadpole . the tunnel shaped mouth is clearly observed here .\nthe larvae , when hatched , are a pale white in colour , and are attached to their yolk reservoir : a week later , they develop brownish pigment . larvae begin to metamorphsose in about two and a half months , although this may be delayed to up to seven months , depending upon development temperature . captive breeding of megophrys nasuta has shown that lower temperature of development ( ranging from about 19\u00b0c to 22\u00b0c ) would result in a longer and slower development rate , while higher temperatures led to quicker development rates . however , larvae that developed quicker resulted in smaller metamorphs and juveniles as compared to that raised in lower temperatures ( wildenhues et al . , 2012 ) .\nlarvae commence development from metamorphs ( gosner stage * 45 ) into juvenile frogs ( gosner stage 46 ) where their tail is completely resorbed from about three to seven months following egg deposition .\n* gosner stages define different stages of the developing anuran young : from its two cell stage ( gosner stage 1 ) to when it has completely resorbed its tail ( gosner stage 47 ) .\njuvenile megophrys nasuta . this individual had a snout - vent length of 18 mm and was found hiding along stream bank vegetation .\nmegophrys nasuta is known to be a voracious opportunistic predator . adults are observed to feed on crickets , cockroaches , locusts , worms , slugs , and even snails , although this list is likely more diverse ( obst et al . , 1984 ; burger , 2000 ; wildenhues et al . , 2012 ) . its cryptic colouration and camouflage aid in its feeding strategy , allowing it to prey on smaller unsuspecting animals on the forest ground .\nfront view of m . nasuta tadpole . note the funnel - shaped mouth .\nthe large funnel mouth shape of m . nasuta tadpoles is a specialized structure for its feeding strategy . the funnel creates a suction that channels in water , which carries fine food particles such as algae , plankton and microbes . the tadpole then utilizes its internal oral ridges ( fine folds in its oral cavity ) to filter and select for appropriately sized and appropriate food in the water ( inger , 1954 ; burger , 2000 ) .\nmegophrys nasuta is known to primarily occur in mature rainforest - it is a forest specialist . the species inhabits lowland and submontane forests , and is usually found in the vicinity of clear forests stream : which serves as a necessary habitat for its tadpole and breeding grounds ( inger , 1954 ; berry , 1975 ; dring , 1979 ) . in singapore , it is found in the more pristine forested areas of bukit timah nature reserve , in addition to more mature swamp - forest in central catchment nature reserve ( teo & rajathurai , 1997 ) .\nadult frogs are completely terrestrial in nature , although usually always found near streams . tadpoles , however , spend their entire larval period in streams , and are often observed congregated on the sides of streams : they are known to favour the root mats of streamside vegetation , and areas of dead leaves accumulation , possibly as these are areas of greater plankton abundance ( inger , 1954 ; burger , 2000 ) .\nglobally , the native range of m . nasuta stretches from yala , southern thailand , throughout the malay peninsula , singapore , sumatra , borneo , till the natuna islands .\nin singapore , m . nasuta is confined within the central catchment nature reserves ( ccnr ) and bukit timah nature reserve ( btnr ) . due to sensitivity of this species\u2019 location in singapore , the exact sites within the reserves cannot be revealed .\nmap of singapore . locations of megophrys nasuta are found within the shaded areas .\nthe international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) lists m . nasuta as a taxon of \u2018 least concern \u2019 due to its presumed wider distribution range , and population size ( van dijk et al . , 2004 ) . however , forest fragmentation coupled with habitat destruction and loss threatens population size\u2014this is further compounded by harvesting for the pet trade ( wildenhues , 2012 ) .\nfrogs often serve as indicators of ecosystem health . some frogs - such as forest specialists like megophrys nasuta , are particularly sensitive ( and susceptible ! ) to changes in the environment : such as rising temperature , a drop in precipitation , and even the presence of pollutants in the stream . in fact , because frogs ( like many amphibians ) are partly aquatic and partly terrestrial , this makes them even more vulnerable to environmental changes and decline .\na comprehensive survey of the amphibians in singapore was carried out from 1993 to 1997 by teo and rajathurai of the vertebrate study group of singapore\u2019s nature society . the survey , carried out over four years with a six year pre - survey period ( 1987 to 1993 ) , listed 36 records of m . nasuta in singapore , confined to bukit timah nature reserve and catchment nature reserve . this was corroborated in part by m . nasuta records from \u2018the pangolin\u2019 , a quarterly bulletin of singapore\u2019s vertebrates published by the malayan nature society singapore ( lim , 1998c , 1989c , 1989d , 1990c , 1995 ) . however , current knowledge regarding this species\u2019 current status in singapore is lacking or unpublished .\n\u201czij hebben in het algemeen de kenmerken der kikvorschen ; maar hun kop is veel grooter en plat ; hun muil is buitengewoon wijd , en hunne bovenste oogleden zijn meer of min puntig verlengd . men vindt hen in zuid - amerika en achter - indie . \u201d\n\u201cthey generally have the characteristics of the frogs , but their head is much larger and flat ; their mouth is extremely wide , and their upper eyelids are more or less pointed extended . one can find them in south america and back indies . \u201d\nhowever , m . nasuta does look similar to other megophrys species ( all of which are not found in singapore ) . there are currently five recognized species under the megophrys ( frost , 2011 ) .\npalpebral projections with wide large head . ventral surface is mottled light - dark brown in colour .\nwith a wide large head . similar in morphology to m . nasuta , but is lacking the elongated pointed snout .\ntubercles on skin surface . tubercles greater in number as compared to that in m . nasuta . body colour ranges from dark brown to greyish\noriginal description of m . nasuta ( page 56 - 57 ) . extracted from schlegel , h . [ 1858 ] . image courtesy of biodiversity heritage library .\nschlegel orignally placed m . nasuta within the ceratophryne genus - this was later revised several times and finally placed under megophrys in 1929 by gee and boring ( gee & boring , 1929 ) .\n\u201czij hebben in het algemeen de kenmerken der kikvorschen ; maar hun kop is veel grooter en plat ; hun muil is buitengewoon wijd , en hunne bovenste oogleden zijn meer of min puntig verlengd . men vindt hen in zuid - amerika en achter - indie .\n, van guyana en brazilie , wordt nogeens zoo groot als onze gewone pad . zij heeft , door haren grooten kop , een ge - drogtelijk aanzien , is echter met zeer fraaije groene en roode kleuren versierd . op java wordt eene bruine soort ,\nthey generally have the characteristics of the frogs , but their head is much larger and flat ; their mouth is extremely wide , and their upper eyelids are more or less pointed extended . one can find them in south america and back indies .\nshe has , because of her big head , an ugly [ appearance ] , however [ it ] is decorated with beautiful green and red colours .\non java you find a brown species , cer . montana which is of the same size of the other amphibians , which is replaced on sumatra by a related specie , cer . nasuta , which has one pointed skin flap to the muzzle .\ndr . albert gunther was a german zoologist and herpetologist who described more than 340 species . however , he mistakenly identified adult megophrys montana males as megophrys nasuta females ( then referred to as megalophrys montana and megalophrys nasuta ) - and only discovered his error when he was presented with specimens of larger size that were females , as compared to the smaller sized males that he dealt with ( gunther , 1873 ) . dr gunther also mistakenly brought this information to charles darwin \u2013 who in his book \u2018the descent of man , and selection in relation to sex\u2019 , incorrectly wrote about the \u2018differences\u2019 between the\nmales\nand\nfemales\nof megalophrys montana , although these were in fact two different species .\ntype specimen : two syntypes , rmnh 2143 , deposited in the national museum of natural history , leiden , the netherlands ( miracle et al . , 2007 )\nmaximum likelihood of amphibian phylogeny : megophrys nasuta ( boxed in red ) is seen to be in the same clade with brachytarsophrys and xenophrys . numbers at node are maximum likelihood boot - strap values . ( source : adapted from science direct ; direct permission not obtained , but within the limits of fair use )\na recent study conducted by pyron and wiens in 2011 based on analysis of sequence data from 12 genes : three mitochondrial and nine nuclear reflects the position as megophryidae as the sister taxon to pelobatidae .\nmegophryidae is accepted as monophyletic \u2013 this is based on analyses carried by frost et al . , using comparative anatomical character evidence of haas ( 2003 ) , with dna sequences from mitochondrial transcription unit h1 and several nuclear genes : h3 , rhodopsin , tyrosinase and the large ribosomal subunit 28s ( frost et al . , 2006 ) .\nbarcode obtained from bold systems from data deposited in genbank , ncbi . ( clicking on the image will take you to the boldsystems databse )\n. the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox i ) gene sequence is available on genbank .\n2 . wild singapore ' s page on amphibians in singapore : a blog on singapore ' s wildlife .\nberry , p . y . ( 1975 ) . family rhacophoridae . the amphibian fauna of peninsular malaysia . tropical press , kuala lumpur . pp . 90 - 109 .\ndavison , g . w . , ng , p . k . , and ho , h . c . ( 2008 ) . the singapore red data book : threatened plants & animals of singapore . nature society ( singapore ) .\ndring , j . c . m . ( 1979 ) . amphibians and reptiles from northern trengannu , malaysia , with descriptions of two new geckos : cnemaspis and cyrtodactylus . bull . brit . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . ) 34 ( 5 ) : 181 - 241 , i pi . 17 figs .\nfrost , d . r . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . h . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . , de sa , o . r . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green . d . a . and wheeler , w . c . ( 2006 ) . the amphibian tree of life . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 1 - 291 .\nfrost d . r . ( 2011 ) . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 5 ( 31 january 2011 ) . [ online : electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , new york ] . available : urltoken [ accessed 10 november 2013 ]\ngee , n . g . and boring , a . m . ( 1929 ) , peking nat . hist . bull . , vol . 4 , pt . 2 , pp . 20 , 40\ngosner , k . l . ( 1960 ) . a simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification . herpetologica 16 ( 3 ) , 183 - 190 .\ngunther , a . c . l . g . ( 1873 ) contribution to our knowledge of ceratophrys and megalophrys . annals and magazine of natural history , series 4 , 11 : 417 - 419 . available : http : / / urltoken [ accessed 14 november 2013 ]\nhaas , a . ( 2003 ) . phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primarily larval characters ( amphibia : anura ) . cladistics , 19 ( 1 ) , 23 - 89 .\ninger r . f . ( 1954 ) . systematics and zoogeography of philippine amphibia . fieldiana zoology 33 , 183 - 531 . natural history museum , chicago , illinois . p . 531\ninger , r . f . ( 1966 ) , the systematics and zoogeography of the amphibia of borneo . fieldiana ( zool . ) 52 , 1 - 402 , 71 figs .\ninger , r . f . , shaffer , h . b . , koshy , m . , and bakde , r . ( 1984 ) . a report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the ponmudi , kerala , south india . part 1 . journal of bombay natural history society 81 ( 2 ) , 406 - 427 .\nlim , k . k . p . , ( 1989c ) . recent reports : amphibians . the pangolin , malayan nature society singapore branch 2 ( 3 )\nlim , k . k . p . , ( 1989d ) . recent reports : amphibians . the pangolin , malayan nature society singapore branch 2 ( 4 )\nlim , k . k . p . , ( 1990c ) . recent reports : amphibians . the pangolin , malayan nature society singapore branch , 1 ( 3 )\nlim , k . k . p . , ( 1995 ) . recent reports : amphibians . the pangolin , malayan nature society singapore branch\nlim , k . k . p . and yang , c . m . ( 1991 ) . \u2018an annotated checklist of the amphibians of singapore , with emphasis on material in the zoological reference collection\u2019 , raffles bulletin of zoology 39 , 21 5 - 233 .\nleong , t . m . , and chou , l . m . ( 1999 ) . larval diversity and development in the singapore anura ( amphibia ) . raffles bulletin of zoology 47 , 81 - 138 .\nmiracle , m . e . g . , ostende , l . , & arntzen , j . w . ( 2007 ) . type specimens of amphibians in the national museum of natural history , leiden , the netherlands . zootaxa , 1482 , 25 - 68 .\nobst , f . , k . richter , and u . jacob . ( 1984 ) . atlas of reptiles and amphibians for the terrarium . neptune , city , nj : t . f . h . , publishing , inc . .\npyron , a . r . , & wiens , j . j . ( 2011 ) . a large - scale phylogeny of amphibia including over 2800 species , and a revised classification of extant frogs , salamanders , and caecilians . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 61 ( 2 ) , 543 - 583 .\ntaylor , e . h . 1962 . the amphibian fauna of thailand . university of kansas science bulletin 43 ( 8 ) : 267 - 599 .\nteo , r . c . h . and rajathurai , s . ( 1997 ) . mammals , reptiles and amphibians in the nature reserves of singapore \u2013 diversity , abundance and distribution . in chan , l and corlett , r . t . ( eds ) , biodiversity in the nature reserves of singapore . ( pp . 353 \u2013 425 ) . singapore : national parks board .\nvan dijk p . p . , iskandar d . , and inger r . ( 2004 ) . megophrys nasuta . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . [ online ] . available : www . iucnredlist . org . [ accessed : 10 november 2013 ] .\nthank you for reading this web - page ! should you have any queries or comments , spot an error in the information above or perhaps have more local ( singapore ) information about this species , please feel free to drop me an email at prar . selv @ gmail . com . : ) your comments are very much appreciated , and will help in adding to our knowledge of this species in singapore .\ncontributions to urltoken are licensed under a creative commons attribution share - alike 3 . 0 license . portions not contributed by visitors are copyright 2018 tangient llc tes : the largest network of teachers in the world\n2018 copyright . all rights reserved . the sponsored listings displayed above are served automatically by a third party . neither the service provider nor the domain owner maintain any relationship with the advertisers . in case of trademark issues please contact the domain owner directly ( contact information can be found in whois ) . privacy policy\nall asian toadfrogs have eight vertebrae and intervertebral discs that are not fused to adjacent vertebrae at the time of metamorphosis . the sacral diapophyses are dilated , and the pectoral girdle is arciferal , with a long bony sternum . on the roof of the mouth the neopalatines are absent ; to compensate ,\na palatal process of the maxilla is elongated . asian toadfrogs share a common ancestor with north american and european spadefoot toads ( pelobatidae ) and parsley frogs ( pelodytidae ) . some researchers have recognized these three families as the suborder pelobatoidea . asian toadfrogs can be distinguished from their sister groups by their paddle - shaped tongue and a hyoid that is simplified and elongated ; the hyoid lacks any remnant of a cartilaginous connection to the back of the skull .\nthe broad - headed toads are sit - and - wait predators , consuming fairly large prey that may be moving along the forest floor . little else is known about the foraging activities of the remaining species . random examination of stomach contents has found that moths , spiders , crickets , cockroaches , beetles , scorpions , centipedes , and snails are all potential prey of asian toadfrogs .\nfunnel - mouth tadpoles feed on minute particles on the surface of the water . while feeding , the larvae position their upturned lips at the level of the water . taking advantage of the gentle currents that they prefer , they simply allow water and any small particles on the surface film to flow over the edge of the funnel and into the mouth . papillae ( small fleshy fingerlike projections ) around the lips direct the food particles into the mouth . when the papillae come in contact with a particle that is too large , the tadpole quickly dives to avoid the obstruction and resurfaces to resume the feeding process . the non\u2013funnel - mouth tadpoles of leptobrachiinae all forage on the detritus or algae that accumulate in streams . one study has shown that in the same microhabitat , leptobrachine larvae consume food particles that are on average three times the size of what the funnel - mouth tadpoles eat .\nin seasonal climates breeding activity occurs during the wet season . in vietnam , this is typically late fall to early spring , and it may last one to two months . in these climates , it is not uncommon to find peak breeding activity when evening temperatures are 41\u201344\u00b0f ( 5\u20137\u00b0c ) . males also may be heard calling during the day , but these efforts are never made with the enthusiasm that is heard at night . female leaf - litter frogs from borneo are full of eggs in january , june , july , and august ; these equatorial megophryids may breed all year round ."]}
{"id": 1721, "summary": [{"text": "the bluehead wrasse or blue-headed wrasse ( thalassoma bifasciatum ) is a species of saltwater fish in the wrasse family ( labridae ) of order perciformes native to the coral reefs of the tropical waters of the western atlantic ocean .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "individuals are small ( less than 110 mm standard length ) and rarely live longer than two years .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "they form large schools over the reef and are important cleaner fish in the reefs they inhabit . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "bluehead wrasse", "paragraphs": ["information on the bluehead wrasse is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe spawning , growth , and general behavior of the bluehead wrasse . . . : ingenta connect\nestrogenic control of behavioral sex change in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum . - pubmed - ncbi\nmanipulations of the avt system shift social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in the bluehead wrasse .\nthe bluehead wrasse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nhunt von herbing , i . & w . hunte . 1991 . spawning and recruitment of the bluehead wrasse\nmanipulations of the avt system shift social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in the bluehead wrasse . - pubmed - ncbi\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - juvenile bluehead wrasse\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - juvenile bluehead wrasse\ntitle =\narkive photo - juvenile bluehead wrasse\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncleaner wrasse ( species of wrasse ) collects and eats dead tissue and parasites accumulated in the mouth of large marine fish .\nsemsar k , godwin j ( 2004 ) multiple mechanisms of phenotype development in the bluehead wrasse . hormones and behavior 45 : 345\u201353 .\nthe bluehead wrasse is a small - bodied wrasse that lives on coral reefs of the caribbean sea and its adjacent waters ( florida , bermuda , and the gulf of mexico ) . as a result of its interesting mating system ( discussed below ) , the bluehead wrasse is one of the best - studied reef fishes on caribbean reefs .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - bluehead wrasse - overview\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - bluehead wrasse - overview\ntitle =\narkive video - bluehead wrasse - overview\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfigure 4 and 5 . models of suppression and subsequent process of sex change following the loss of the tp male in the bluehead wrasse .\nsemsar k . and l . godwin . 2004 . multiple mechanisms of phenotype development in the bluehead wrasse . horm behav . 45 : 345\u2013353 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - bluehead wrasse ( thalassoma bifasciatum )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - bluehead wrasse ( thalassoma bifasciatum )\ntitle =\narkive species - bluehead wrasse ( thalassoma bifasciatum )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsemsar , k . and j . godwin ( 2004 ) multiple mechanisms of phenotype development in the bluehead wrasse . hormones and behavior 45 : 345 - 353 .\nwarner rr , swearer se ( 1991 ) social control of sex change in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum ( pisces : labridae ) . biological bulletin 181 : 199\u2013204 .\nwrasse can reach 4 to 98 inches in length , depending on the species .\nthe blue head wrasse is rated by the iucn as an animal of least concern .\nwrasse can be part of large school ( group of fish ) or live solitary life .\nin the absence of dominant males , the larger females of the group can display sex reversal or change and replace the absent dominant males . this behavior is referred to as protogyny . bluehead wrasse harem\nsemsar k , kandel flm , godwin j ( 2001 ) manipulations of the avt system shift social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in the bluehead wrasse . hormones and behavior 40 : 21\u201331 .\nexpression across female ( a ) , initial phase male ( b ) , and terminal phase male bluehead wrasse ( c ) . darkfield images of silver grain localization and density were taken at 100\u00d7 total magnification .\nwarner , r . r . and s . e . swearer . 1991 . social control of sex change in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum ( pisces : labridae ) . biol . bull . 181 : 199\u2013204 .\nthe bluethroat wrasse can be recognised by its colouration . it occurs on rocky reefs of southern australia .\nmarsh ke , creutz lm , hawkins mb , godwin jj ( 2006 ) aromatase immunoreactivity in the bluehead wrasse brain , thalassoma bifasciatum : immunolocalization and co - regionalization with arginine vasotocin and tyrosine hydroxylase . brain research 1126 : 91\u2013101 .\nthe bluehead wrasse is too small to be eaten but is captured for display in public and private aquaria . currently , scientists do not believe that the species is at any risk of extinction , and population sizes are apparently stable . however , it is important to continue to monitor bluehead wrasse populations in order to ensure that any changes resulting from capture of adults or from expected negative trends in coral reef health throughout its range will be identified at an early stage .\nwrasse belong to the labridae family . with 60 genera and over 500 species , wrasse are one of the largest families of coral reef fish . the size of wrasse in an aquarium varies considerably within each genus , but most reach an average size of six inches in length . in the wild , the largest member of this family grows to an adult size of over six feet . wrasse are closely related to parrotfish , and can be recognized by their bright colors and elongated body with a pointed snout . wrasse are found throughout the world in all marine habitats . most wrasse are schooling fish , but others may be found in a harem or as individuals when young . most wrasse bury themselves in the sand at night , and also when threatened .\nsome species of wrasse go through drastic color changes from juvenile to adult form . most species of wrasse have no characteristics that differentiate males from females , and the breeding of these fish in an aquarium is extremely difficult .\nwrasse is marine fish that belongs to the labridae family . there are more than 500 species of wrasse that can be found in tropical and subtropical waters of indian , pacific and atlantic ocean . wrasse inhabits coastal areas , rocky shores , coral reefs , tidal pools and sandy sea floor . few species of wrasse are part of human diet . wrasses are very popular among aquarists because of their colorful bodies . some species , such as humphead wrasse , are listed as endangered due to over - fishing and destruction of coral reefs ( their habitat ) .\nwrasse can survive 3 to 30 years in the wild ( most species live from 3 to 5 years ) .\nwrasse is a carnivore ( meat - eater ) . its diet is based on small invertebrates ( crabs , shrimps , mollusks , snails and sea urchins ) and fish . wrasse occasionally follows large marine predators and collects leftover of their meals .\nsemsar , k . , f . l . m . kandel , and j . godwin ( 2001 ) manipulations of the avt system shifts social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in the bluehead wrasse . horm . behav . 40 : 21 - 31 .\nwarner , r . r . and e . t . schultz . 1992 . sexual selection and male characteristics in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum : mating site acquisition , mating site defense , and female choice . evolution . 46 ( 5 ) : 1421\u20131442 .\nwarner , r . r . and swearer , s . e . ( 1991 ) , social control of sex change in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum ( pisces : labridae ) . biol . bull . 181 : 199 - 204 . ( october , 1991 )\nred night shrimp ( rhynchocinetes rigens ; left ) are the most popular prey item for lionfish in bermudian waters . the invasive predators also feast on bluehead wrasse , which remove parasites from other fish species . photos by franco banfi ( left ) and paul starosta / via getty images\nsome wrasse adapt well to life in an aquarium , but others may require special attention and should only be kept by very experienced aquarists . wrasse must have an aquarium with a well - sealed lid , along with fine substrate , and good water conditions .\nmarsh - hunkin , k . e . , h . m . heinz , m . b hawkins , and j . godwin ( 2013 ) estrogenic control of behavioral sex change in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum . integrative and comparative biology 53 ( 6 ) : 951 - 9 .\nlema , sean c . , melissa a . slane , kelley e . salvesen , john godwin ( 2012 ) variation in gene transcript profiles of two v1a - type arginine vasotocin receptors among sexual phases of bluehead wrasse ( thalassoma bifasciatum ) . general and comparative endocrinology 179 : 451 - 464 .\nk semsar , fl kandel , and j godwin , manipulations of the avt system shift social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in the bluehead wrasse : hormones and behavior [ horm . behav . ] . vol . 40 , no . 1 , pp . 21 - 31 . aug 2001 .\nsome wrasse are referred to as cleaner fish , and will set up a station on the reef to pick parasites and dead tissue from larger fish , including predators . most cleaner wrasse are recognized by other reef fish , and are not eaten by larger fish on the reef .\nbester , c .\nbluehead .\nflorida museum of natural history : ichthyology . 2012 . florida museum of natural history . 27 may 2012 < urltoken > .\nmarsh , k . e . , l . m . creutz , m . b . hawkins , and j . godwin ( 2006 ) . aromatase immunoreactivity in the bluehead wrasse brain , thalassoma bifasciatum : immunolocalization and co - regionalization with arginine vasotocin and tyrosine hydroxylase . brain research 1126 : 91 - 101 .\nexpression data from bluehead wrasse brain cdna microarrays generated in our lab indicated that zic2 was upregulated in terminal phase males relative to both females and ip males ( passador - gurgel and godwin , unpublished data ) . this study focuses on the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and the possibility that zic2 mrna abundance is elevated specifically in tp males relative to females and ip males in this key integrative area for male - typical courtship and sexual behavior [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] , [ 26 ] . a second goal was to characterize the distribution of zic2 mrna expression in the brain of the bluehead wrasse using in situ hybridization .\nnucleotide sequence alignment of the confirmed z ic2a partial nucleotide sequence isolated from thalassoma bifasciatum ( bluehead wrasse ; hq423137 . 1 ) aligned with gasterosteus aculeatus zic2a ( three - spined stickleback ; bt027912 . 1 ) . nucleotides indicated with \u201c * \u201d represent identical nucleotides when our clone was aligned with stickleback zic2a sequences from the ncbi database .\nlarson et , norris do , summers ch ( 2003b ) monoaminergic changes associated with socially induced sex reversal in the saddleback wrasse . neuroscience 119 : 251\u2013263 .\nkoulish , s . and kramer , c . r . ( 1989 ) , human chorionic gonadotrophin ( hcg ) induces gonad reversal in a protogynous fish , the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum ( teleostei , labridae ) . j . exp . zool . , 252 : 156 - 168 . doi : 10 . 1002 / jez . 1402520207\nwrasse has pointed snout , thick lips and prominent ( outward oriented ) canine teeth . it has elongated body covered with smooth scales and long dorsal and anal fins .\nbluehead wrasses are generalist foragers and eat a variety of prey . they are known to forage for small invertebrates and crustaceans on the reef surface , target individual zooplankton in the water above the reef surface , and clean the parasites off of larger species . as they are one of the most common small - bodied fishes on reefs , bluehead wrasses are eaten by many different species of predatory fishes .\nin summary , zic2 is widely expressed in the adult bluehead wrasse brain , including regions that regulate sexual behavior and function . the function of zic2 remains relatively unstudied in adult animals generally and this work is therefore novel in adult teleosts . we have also provided evidence of sexual phenotype differences in zic2 expression in the preoptic area . together with evidence of roles in neural differentiation and dopaminergic signaling in other species , these sexual phenotype differences in bluehead wrasses suggest a potential role in their remarkable sexual plasticity . further research involving mechanistic approaches will be necessary to explore this possibility .\nlarson et , norris do , gordon grau e , summers ch ( 2003a ) monoamines stimulate sex reversal in the saddleback wrasse . general and comparative endocrinology 130 : 289\u2013298 .\nit gets its common name from the adult coloration , which includes an obviously blue head on an otherwise green body . juveniles are solid yellow , or nearly so , with a black spot on the dorsal fin . the numerical success of the bluehead wrasse is apparent to anyone who has visited a caribbean reef ; it is one of the most common species in that region .\npredatory threats to the blue head wrasse include the trumpetfish , red hind , greater soapfish , and yellowfin grouper ( bester ) . they are not predated by humans , but may be used as baitfish .\nty - jour ti - social control of sex change in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum ( pisces : labridae ) t2 - the biological bulletin . vl - 181 ur - urltoken pb - marine biological laboratory , cy - woods hole , mass . : py - 1991 - 10 - 01 sp - 199 ep - 204 do - 10 . 2307 / 1542090 sn - 0006 - 3185 au - warner , r r au - swearer , s e er -\nsemsar , k . , f . l . m . kandel , and j . godwin . 2001 . manipulations of the avt system shift social status and related courtship and aggressive behavior in the bluehead wrasse . hormones and behavior . 40 : 21 - 31 . semsar k . and l . godwin . 2003 . social influences on the arginine vasotocin system are independent of gonads in a sex - changing fish . j neurosci . 23 ( 10 ) : 4386\u20134393 .\nwrasse can bury itself in the sand or quickly swim away ( thanks to well developed pectoral and caudal fins ) , to escape from predators . some species hide among the large tentacles of mushroom coral and sea anemones .\nbut , is that fair to the lionfish ? sure , humans created this problem , which endangers red night shrimp , bluehead wrasses and countless other animals . a lionfish , however , is a living creature too \u2014 one that didn\u2019t purposefully migrate into our waters .\ncolor of the body depends on the species , habitat , age and gender . wrasse can be white , yellow , orange , red , purple , blue , green , grey , brown or black and covered with numerous bars , stripes and markings .\n@ article { bhlpart30476 , title = { social control of sex change in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum ( pisces : labridae ) } , journal = { the biological bulletin . } , volume = { 181 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { woods hole , mass . : marine biological laboratory , } , author = { warner , r r and swearer , s e } , year = { 1991 - 10 - 01 } , pages = { 199 - - 204 } , }\ncaution is required with : dwarf angelfish , anglers & frogfish , anthias , basslets , blennies , butterflyfish , cardinalfish , clownfish , eels , filefish , goatfish , gobies , groupers , grunts & sweetlips , hawkfish , hogfish , lionfish & scorpionfish , parrotfish , puffers , squirrelfish , triggerfish and wrasse .\nshapiro , d . y . 1979 . social behavior , group structure , and the control of sex reversal in hermaphroditic fish . adv . studies behav . 10 : 43 - 102 . warner , r . r . 1982 . mating systems , sex change , and sexual demography in the rainbow wrasse , thalassoma lucasanum . copeia . 653 - 661 .\nbluehead wrasses are carnivorous and usually feed on zooplankton , the eggs of other fish , and small bottom - dwelling organisms . juveniles and initial phase individuals in particular may participate in cleaning stations , consuming dead material and parasites off of the bodies and out of the gills of larger fish as they pass through the station . which food source they capitalize on depends largely on ocean current and reef condition ( oceana ) .\nfemales produce and release thousands of eggs during the spawning season . some wrasses show parental care . males guard eggs laid in the algae or various cavities until they hatch . other species of wrasse produce planktonic eggs which freely float , carried by ocean currents . incubation period lasts 24 hours on a temperature of 27 degrees of celsius ( lower temperature prolongs incubation period ) .\n. again , much like avt , 11 - kt is affected by the fluctuation of cortisol ; elevated cortisol levels results in the inhibition of 11 - kt synthesis , thereby keeping gonads intact in suppressed ip females as well as allowing ip males to retain their reproductive function without the tp coloration since the lack of 11 - kt production does not affect testosterone levels . in fact , ip fish , both male and female , have undetectable levels of 11 - kt . as closely related they are to each other in terms aiding sex change in the bluehead wrasse , 11 - kt and avt systems can act independently of each other . 11 - kt does not increase avt mrna expression nor is it necessary for the display of such expression . however , 11 - kt could still play a role in the responsiveness to exogenous avt\nthe bluethroat wrasse can be recognised by its colouration . juveniles and females are greenish to reddish with a dusky bar behind the pectoral fin . the body scales have pale centres . males are brown to bluish - grey , with a white band across the body below the soft portion of the dorsal fin . the head is grey , the chin and throat are blue and the lips are yellow .\nmunday , p . l . , j . w . white , and r . r . warner . 2006b . a social basis for the development of primary males in a sex - changing fish . proc . r . soc . lond . , b , biol . sci . 273 : 2845\u20132851 . peacock , richard .\nsex change in nature - coral reef fish .\nevolution faq . web . 14 nov . 2010 . < urltoken > . petersen , c . w . , r . r . warner , d . y . shapiro , and a . marconato . 2001 . components of fertilization success in the bluehead wrasse , thalassoma bifasciatum . behavioral ecology . 12 : 237 - 245 . perry a . n . and m . s . grober . 2003 . a model for social control of sex change : interactions of behavior , neuropeptides , glucocorticoids , and sex steroids . horm behav . 43 ( 1 ) : 31e\u20138 .\nlionfish also disrupt reef ecosystems by targeting baby bluehead wrasses and other cleaner fish . \u201ccleaning stations are areas on the reef where our [ native ] predators don\u2019t eat the other fish , \u201d flook said . akin to how we go to doctors to get checkups , the reef fish have these areas , which are like no - feed zones . except lionfish don\u2019t abide . flook said lionfish target these cleaning stations in bermudian waters , not only eating the cleaners but all the fish in need of a tune - up .\nas previously mentioned , when the dominant tp male disappears from his harem , the largest ip female is prompted to take over . once the largest fish of the harem detects the absence of the territorial dominant male , it immediately undergoes transitional changes in order to replace the missing leader . this process is a response to a social cue that is regulated by the change in hormones . during sex change , there are rapid changes in behavior , such as increased aggression and the beginnings of typical t - tp male courtship conduct , as well as permanent color change . additionally , the gonads in the ip female change dramatically . that is , the ovaries of the ip female that contain no detectable testicular tissue are transformed into perfect testes . within a week of changing from a large , yellow wrasse to a large , blue and green wrasse , the former female is already producing sperm and fertilizing the eggs laid by the females in the territory .\nmost research involving the blue head wrasse revolves around its ability to change sex . in a study by robert warner and stephen swearer , social control of sex change was studied . they found that \u201coverall , there was a very strong response to the removal of tp and [ early terminal phase ] males on the experimental reefs\u201d ( warner ) . following the removal of the tp males , it was always the largest individuals in the group that took their place as dominant males .\nwhat is the neurochemical basis of such changes ? to recap , aggression and courtship behavior demonstrated by t - tp males is a means of suppressing sex change in ip females as well as nt - tp males . only when the suppression condition is lifted can sex change take place or be completed ( ross , 1989 ) . the dominated fish are placed under chronic social stress , thereby increasing their levels of cortisol ( perry and grober , 2003 ) . the changes in the levels of cortisol in turn affect the expression of arginine vasotocin ( avt ) . cortisol and avt have an inverse relationship . for the bluehead wrasse , behavioral sex change is associated with an increase of avt . thus , t - tp males have low levels of cortisol and high levels of avt while the reverse is true for ip females and males . for the suppressed fish , the high amounts of cortisol promote the pathway for estrogen production in the gonads , which accounts for their lower levels of avt and their lack of typical t - tp male behavior .\nzic has been studied primarily in relation to development , but we found widespread expression of zic2 mrna in the brain of adult bluehead wrasses . expression was high in the granule cells of the cerebellum , as in other species examined to date , but is also present in a variety of other brain areas . these areas include the thalamus , hypothalamus , habenula , torus semicircularis , torus longitudinalis , medial longitudinal fascicle , and various telencephalic regions . we also found that zic2 mrna was more abundant in the preoptic area of terminal phase ( tp ) males than in either females or the female - mimic initial phase ( ip ) males , but found no significant differences in zic2 mrna in the habenula or cerebellum across sexual phenotypes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is widespread in the northwestern atlantic and is common in many parts of its range . although it is collected for the aquarium trade , and is closely associated with reef habitat , these are not currently considered to be a threat to this species global population . it listed as least concern .\nthis species is common in the tropical waters of the western central atlantic ocean , and is found in bermuda , florida , the gulf of mexico , and the caribbean sea to venezuela and trinidad and tobago .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthis species has been noted as one of the \u2018top ten\u2019 species of fish on the export list in florida ( wood 2001 ) and puerto rico ( sadovy 1992 ) . an ornamental fishery evaluation study found that 844 individuals were harvested per annum across the la parguera and rinc\u00f3n regions , puerto rico ( richard et al . 2006 ) .\nthere are no major threats known for this species , although it is closely associated with coral reefs and shows high site fidelity . adults remain on their home reefs , with no emigration or immigration after settlement ( warner and hoffman 1980 ) . habitat destruction may pose a local threat to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwe are restoring the world\u2019s wild fish populations to serve as a sustainable source of protein for people .\nsign our petition to tell grubhub to take shark fin off the menu now \u2013 before the ocean\u2019s most iconic predators disappear .\nwe have already protected over 3 . 5 million square miles of ocean and inumerable sea life - 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( t . f . h . publications inc , new jersey , 2001 ) . rudie h kuiter , fairy & rainbow wrasses and their relatives , 1st ed . ( tmc publishing , chorleywood , uk , 2002 ) in house resources : adam mangino , eli fleishauer urltoken name\nyou may not duplicate , copy , or reuse any portion of the photos / html / css or visual design elements without our express written permission . any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nimage quest marine the moos poffley end witney oxfordshire ox29 9uw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 704050 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1993 779203 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / stock\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nmaster tracks 33 west park clifton bristol avon bs8 2lx united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 973 6833 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 923 7090 neil @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nby clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .\narkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\n\u2026such as young blueheads ( thalassoma bifasciatum ) and labroides species , act as cleaners for larger fishes . they pick off and eat the external parasites of groupers , eels , snappers , and other fishes that visit them periodically . this cleaning service is also performed by various other small fishes and by certain shrimps .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfigure 3 . the differentation of gonads and the changes the ovaries undertake into to become a tesis . all juveniles first develop a rudimentary female gonad that can differeniate into either primary testis or ovary . ( munday et al . , 2006 )\nin addition to avt , serum 11 - ketotestostrone ( 11 - kt ) is involved with the transition from an ip female to a tp male . whereas avt is responsible for the behavioral aspect of the sex change , 11 - kt is responsible for the physical aspect . as the primary androgen in fish , increased 11 - kt , accompanied by a sharp drop of serum estradiol ( e2 ) , is the key component of the conversion of the ovary into a testis . additionally , increases in 11 - kt is correlated with the development of color change typical to that of the tp male\ninterestingly enough , neither the development nor the maintenance of male - typical behavior depends on the presence of gonads ( semsar and godwin , 2004 ) . in fact , ovariectomy does not prevent the development of male behavior in socially dominant females ( godwin et al . , 1996 ) . thus , increases of avt occur regardless of whether sex - changing females have gonads or not . this lends itself to the theory that male behavior assumption is purely dependent on attaining social dominance .\nmechanism the physical characteristics and procedures in which a trait is able to express itself .\narginine vasotocin ( avt ) a hormone that is responsible for the expression of sociosexual behavior in vertebrates .\nserum 11 - ketotestostrone ( 11 - kt ) and serum estradiol ( e2 ) types of steroid hormones .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nt . bifasciatum is a reef - dwelling fish found primarily throughout the caribbean and gulf of mexico . they are found as far north as the carolinas and as far south as brazil . they frequent shallow reef areas , mangroves , and sea grass beds . they may occur in schools , especially when feeding . juveniles are known to recede into sea anemones for protection from predation , but they must avoid the stinging tentacles and ingestion by the anemone ( bester ) .\nt . bifasciatum is a brightly colored fish with multiple possible color variations depending on stage of development . the juvenile phase is generally an overall yellow coloration , while the initial phase ( ip ) is characterized by a \u201cdusky blue color with irregular white stripes\u201d ( beletsky , 2010 ) . variations include dark spots or stripes and may depend on location . the most notable color phase is that of the supermale , or terminal phase ( tp ) male . these individuals have a bright blue head adjacent to a dark bar , white bar , another dark bar , and a blue - green or yellow - green body ( bester ) . fins may have dark bars or spots as well .\nreproduction normally occurs toward the middle of the day when the ip fishes form large groups and release gametes into the water . the supermales form harems of courted females and reproduce with each female separately .\na study conducted by koulish and kramer explored the effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin ( hcg ) on protogynous fish . in 1 - 6 weeks , after treatment with hcg , 80 % of the fish displayed signs of sex reversal ( compared to 11 % control ) ( koulish ) .\nbeletsky , l . ( 2010 ) . belize and northern guatemala . northampton : interlink books .\ncomputer generated map for thalassoma bifasciatum ( un - reviewed ) . www . aquamaps . org , version of aug . 2010 . web . accessed 29 may . 2012 .\nit occurs from the central coast of new south wales south to tasmania and west to eastern south australia .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nthe species occurs on rocky reefs . juveniles are found in shallow weed habitats in bays and estuaries . adults are usually seen on deeper rocky reefs to depths of about 40 m but have been trawled from water down to 160 m .\nedgar , g . j . 1997 . australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters . reed books . pp . 544 .\ngomon , m . f . & b . c . russell in gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & r . h . kuiter ( eds ) . 1994 . the fishes of australia ' s south coast . state print , adelaide . pp . 992 .\nhutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .\nkuiter , r . h . 2000 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . gary allen . pp . 437 .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nstand out and be remembered with prezi , the secret weapon of great presenters .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\ngreek , thalassa = the sea + greek , soma = body ; the colour of the sea ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 40 m ( ref . 9710 ) , usually 3 - 30 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 26\u00b0c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 33\u00b0n - 8\u00b0n , 98\u00b0w - 59\u00b0w\nwestern atlantic : bermuda , florida ( usa ) , southeastern gulf of mexico and throughout the caribbean sea to northern south america .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26340 ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 3420 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 10 - 11 . body elongate ; 3 primary color phases , the smallest with a black mid - lateral stripe which continues as pale red blotches on head ; back above stripe yellow on reef fish and whitish on fish from inshore non - reef areas , and body below white . the largest phase , has a bright blue head and a green body with two broad vertical black bars anteriorly which are separated by a light blue interspace ; this phase is always male . the small yellow phase with the black stripe may be either male or female ( ref . 13442 ) .\ninhabits reef areas , inshore bays and seagrass beds . feeds mainly on zooplankton and small benthic animals , but may also feed on ectoparasites of other fishes ( ref . 9626 ) . spawn at midday throughout the year ( ref . 26938 ) . a protogynous hermaphrodite ( ref . 55367 ) . generally of no interest to fisheries because of its small average size ( ref . 5217 ) .\na diandric species ( ref . 55367 ) . sex reversal is completed in more than 3 - 4 weeks ( ref . 34185 , 34257 ) . length at sex change = 8 . 3 cm tl , forms leks during breeding ( ref . 55367 ) .\nrobins , c . r . and g . c . ray , 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 354 p . ( ref . 7251 )\n) : 25 - 28 . 1 , mean 26 . 8 ( based on 222 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00524 - 0 . 01589 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 7 ; tmax = 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nif order under $ 350 shipping charge will be calculated base on the actual shipping weight . all livestock orders are shipped via next day air . if other shipping method is chosen we will modify the shipping method . live rock and sand are ship using 2nd day service . drygoods , aquarium supplies , and reptile supplies are ship using ground service unless specified . all livestock orders must be shipped overnight via ups or fedex priority overnight to reduce transit time . orders generally ship within 1 - 2 business shipping days . all livestock are shipped wednesday and will be deliver thursday morning . you will receive a confirmation email with your tracking number when your order has shipped .\nsaturday delivery must be made by special request by email or phone . saturday delivery is an extra $ 26 charge .\nin the interest of meeting your schedule , if 70 % of your order is in stock , it will be shipped . any missing items or substitutions will be marked on your order and your total will be adjusted accordingly . if you would prefer to be contacted if we are missing items , please let us know when placing your order in the comment field . however , this may delay your order . due to the nature of our products , we cannot backorder live animals .\nif your shipping address is different from your credit card billing address , please make sure your card issuer has listed this shipping address as an\nauthorized\naddress . we verify all addresses with visa , mastercard , discover and american express .\nups generally requires a signature for delivery . you or someone authorized by you , must be present to sign for a shipment if you choose to have it delivered to your home or office .\norders not held for pick up at the fedex / ups facility when temperatures are greater than 90 degrees or lower than 40 degrees .\norders placed during extreme weather will not be cover under our alive arrive guarenteed .\nif the weather delay a flight , or closes an airport , you live stock will be delayed . fedex has no control over the weather , nor does freshmarine . com .\nif your live stock is delay , damaged , or never delivered due to severe weather condition , fedex will not honor guarantees , and therefore neither can freshmarine . com .\nurltoken only ships within the continental u . s . excludes hawaii , alaska , and puerto rico\nthey are generally compatible with : large angelfish , boxfish , damselfish and tangs & surgeons .\nthey are not compatible with : batfish , pseudochromis , seahorses & pipefish and sharks & rays .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 discovery communications , llc . the world ' s # 1 nonfiction media company .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspawning season of wrasses takes place all year round in tropical waters or during the warm period of year in subtropical and temperate areas .\nsome wrasses are born as females , but they change sex and transform into males later in life . these individuals are scientifically known as protogynous hermaphrodites .\nlarvae are part of plankton during the first month of their life . after that period , they become large enough to join the community on the coral reefs .\n\u201cthe problem with the lionfish is it\u2019s like darwin\u2019s nightmare , \u201d oliver steeds said , standing on the deck of the baseline explorer .\na late afternoon sun dwindled over the 146 - foot research vessel , as it sat anchored in st . george\u2019s harbour on bermuda\u2019s northeast corner . licks of ocean water dried off a gold - plated submersible parked next to steeds , the director of a deep ocean exploration project called the nekton mission , as he recounted the basics of the invasive species .\n\u201clionfish are chowing their way through the food chain , because they don\u2019t have any predators , \u201d steeds said .\nthe first lionfish sightings occurred off the florida coast in the mid - 1980s . lionfish hail from the indo - pacific , but due to their ruby stripes and daggerlike spines , they are a favorite among exotic pet owners . scientists now believe that it was u . s . owners dumping adult lionfish into public waters that allowed a local population to establish itself . ( in 1992 , hurricane andrew famously washed out a tank of six lionfish into biscayne bay , florida , which people often inaccurately cite as the start of the invasion . )\nsince then , lionfish have terrorized atlantic waters , their ferocious appetites upsetting the balance of reef ecosystems . such was the case near the bahamas between 2003 and 2009 , where lionfish overconsumed juvenile parrotfish and other young plant eaters . the result : algae bloomed with abandon , choking the reef ecosystems at a 150 - to 200 - foot depth . coral coverage shrank by as much as 88 percent in places ; sponge coverage by 96 percent .\nmap of the lionfish spread based on sightings from 1985 to 2015 . data by u . s . geological survey . image by adam sarraf\n\u201cin u . s . waters , we know the lionfish are consuming a number of economically important species too , like snapper , grouper and even spiny lobster , \u201d said ocean ecologist james morris of noaa\u2019s national ocean service . what\u2019s more , lionfish multiply swiftly . a single female spawns every two to three days and can lay 2 million eggs in a year .\ntwo species of lionfish \u2014 pterois volitans and pterois miles \u2014 now threaten reef ecosystems across the western atlantic and the caribbean .\nbut a solution may be on the way , in the form of a robot .\nin a way , the lionfish terminator \u2014 not the robot\u2019s official name \u2014 is cousin to a vacuum cleaner .\nthe idea surfaced in the fall of 2015 , when colin angle , the ceo for irobot and the maker of the roomba robotic vacuum , paid a visit to friends on bermuda . during the visit , angle and his wife , biochemist erika ebbel joined a group of locals and sailed offshore for a dive . with them was chris flook , who had a long relationship with lionfish .\nas a collector of marine specimens for the bermuda aquarium , museum and zoo , flook had been one of the first people to notice lionfish in bermudian waters in the early 2000s . for unknown reasons , sightings began to surge up and down the atlantic around the turn of the millennia .\n\u201cthe first one i saw , i thought \u201coh , that\u2019s pretty cool . lionfish aren\u2019t supposed to be here , so maybe somebody\u2019s released it , \u201d flook said . \u201cthen very quickly i started to notice over time , we were losing small fish from these areas . \u201d\nlionfish began outcompeting bermudian predators , like groupers , for food . groupers feed in spurts , flook said . they eat and then chill out for a few days . by comparison , lionfish feed constantly , which flook and other experts blame on a hunting technique developed in their native range . in the indo - pacific , small species see the spiked barbs and know to retreat , so the lionfish must work hard for its meals . fish in the atlantic , however , are naive to the danger and don\u2019t flee .\nleft : marine ecologist chris flook filets a lionfish . flook was one of the first to notice bermuda\u2019s lionfish invasion in the early 2000s . right : alex chequer of the ocean support foundation holds up an adult lionfish prior to a research dissection . photo by megan crigger\nflook did early experiments when he noticed the invaders , where he put lionfish and bermuda\u2019s dominant reef predator in separate tanks . he then collected juvenile bream fish from an enclosed bay , which he suspected had never come in contact with a grouper or lionfish .\n\u201c [ the bream ] did exactly what we thought . they would stay away from the grouper because they knew at some point that grouper was going to try to eat them , \u201d flook said . \u201cin the lionfish tank , it was actually surprising how quickly the breams swam up to the lionfish to try and hide next to it . the lionfish ate every single one . \u201d\nas the invasion grew , flook and a collection of local divers founded the bermuda lionfish task force , which holds daily dives and fishing tournaments to rid their waters of the invasive species .\non that fall day , while the group ate their catch on the boat , flook and the other bermudians recounted these stories of the lionfish , and angle had a thought .\n\u201che envisioned building a robot to kill lionfish , \u201d recalled geoffrey gardner , a native bermudian , a friend of angle\u2019s and fellow mit alumnus . \u201cand that was the beginning of rise . \u201d\nafter the trip concluded , the angles laid the foundation for robots in service of the environment ( rise ) .\nthe independent , nonprofit company has recruited a league of engineers and scientists \u2014 all volunteers \u2014 to establish a skynet for lionfish . gardner , for instance , is coordinating the robot testing . meanwhile , ed williams , an rov ( remotely operated underwater vehicle ) designer at robo nautica in california , is pitching in weekends to engineer prototypes .\njohn rizzi , a retired entrepreneur and navy veteran , was appointed as the group\u2019s executive director . \u201cin order to attack the problem of lionfish in the western atlantic , you need maybe thousands of machines , \u201d rizzi said . \u201cto do that , you have to be able to build them reliably , inexpensively . \u201d\ntwo rov designs are leading the way . one model carries a spear gun , matching how human divers typically harvest lionfish . the second model will electrocute the lionfish by using a robot arm equipped with two metal electrodes .\n\u201cwhen the probes get to either side of the fish , you basically zap it , \u201d rizzi said . to start , each model will sport video cameras , so a pilot can guide the rovs from onshore or inside a boat . but the team\u2019s long - term plan is autonomous underwater robots that hunt lionfish on their own .\nrise\u2019s other leading prototype would use a pressure - powered speargun to cull lionfish . spearing is considered a humane method for collecting lionfish . this model will begin field tests in september . photo by ed williams , robo nautica\none of the first steps in development , especially for the zapper model , is observing how lionfish might react to an approaching robot . but here\u2019s one advantage for the rise team . due to their venomous barbs , lionfish have few predators . as a result , they don\u2019t automatically flee when approached .\nto keep other nearby fish from being zapped , rizzi and the other designers are relying on ocean chemistry . saltwater is highly conductive , so they expect it should act almost like a straight wire between the two electrode plates . the team is testing the shocking mechanism on lionfish in aquariums before rolling out the design into oceans . rise hopes these robots will appeal to fishermen , who are looking for ways to supply lionfish to restaurants \u2014 a growing sustainable market ."]}
{"id": 1723, "summary": [{"text": "terthreutis duosticta is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in taiwan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is cream , the costal and terminal area tinged with ochreous brownish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the strigulae are brownish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish cream . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "terthreutis duosticta", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about terthreutis jingae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for terthreutis jingae ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about terthreutis bulligera ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for terthreutis bulligera ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about terthreutis argentea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for terthreutis argentea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about terthienyl ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for terthienyl ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 1725, "summary": [{"text": "the texas ( gray ) wolf ( \u2020 canis lupus monstrabilis ) is a possible extinct subspecies of gray wolf , distinct from the texas red wolf ( canis rufus var . \" rufus \" ) , whose range once included southern and western texas and northeastern mexico .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is darker than its more northern cousins , and has a highly arched frontal bone .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "as of 2005 , it is considered a valid subspecies by msw3 , though it is classed as either a synonym of c. l. nubilus or c. l. baileyi by the united states fish and wildlife service . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "texas wolf", "paragraphs": ["get instant insider access to exclusive texas history content and a free texas almanac .\n\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeff\ufeffamerica\u2019s \u2018other wolf\u2019 was reintroduced to the wild after a last - ditch roundup in texas .\ntexas will have to watch the recovery from afar . wendy connally of tpwd\u2019s wildlife diversity program says the agency considers the red wolf extirpated in texas with no plans for recovery here .\nuploaded on june 15 , 2010 . published by the texas state historical association .\nglynn riley , a government trapper who witnessed the red wolf\u2019s final days in texas , sees something wild and majestic in the red wolf . he is known for saying that \u201ca mountain with a wolf on it stands a little taller . \u201d\nat one time , there were two species of wolves in texas : the southeastern red wolf ( canis rufus ) and the once more widespread gray wolf ( canis lupus ) . the favorite among southwest conservationists is a subspecies of the gray wolf called the mexican gray wolf ( canis lupus baileyi ) .\ntexas was wolf country and the wolf is as much a part of texas natural history as the armadillo . but while armadillos are thriving , the future of the mexican wolf in texas is not secure . in the late 90s , mexican wolves were released into the greater gila area into arizona and eventually new mexico . these wolves have struggled to survive for a variety of reasons - - most of them because of conflict or perceived conflict between humans and wolves .\ncopyright 2018 texas wolfdog project . \u0003all rights reserved . privacy policy\u0003 website design by keystone resources .\nwhat did texas lose when the red wolves were carried away ? some might say good riddance .\nthe texas gray wolf was classified as subspecies canis lupus monstrabilis in 1937 by biologist edward a . goldman . it became extinct just 5 years later in 1942 .\nour guide reminded us several times that the greatest enemy of the wolf is man . wolves have been hunted to extinction in many regions ( including texas ) . the destruction of the wolf population has been a huge conservation issue for decades .\nwolf / wolfdog assistance : if you need assistance with a wolf or wolfdog , see our wolfdog help page . if you are thinking about a wolf or wolfdog as a pet , please read this page .\nreleasing wolves in texas will not be an easier sell than it was in new mexico and arizona . still , there are many reasons why wolves should be released in texas , and especially in big bend country . the first reason is that wolves belong in the lone star state . they are part of the natural heritage of texas , and should be returned to their rightful place .\nstatus though the texas gray wolf is considered by many to be a distinct subspecies , other versions of wolf taxonomy recognized the subspecies as belonging to either canis lupus baileyi or canis lupus nubilus . as stated above , they became extinct just 5 years after first being recognized as a separate subspecies .\nin the canid family , the red wolf seems to suffer from middle child syndrome .\nsome folks in southeast texas still report seeing red wolves or something like them roaming the prairies and marshes of the area . certainly , some red wolf genes would have been passed down through the years so that a little bit of the red wolf still lives on in the coyotes of the bayou country .\nafter the red wolf roundup , a captive breeding program was set up at the point defiance zoo in tacoma , wash . the breeding program was expanded to zoos across the country , and in texas , fossil rim wildlife center in glen rose , the texas zoo in victoria and the fort worth zoo have captive red wolves and participate in the program .\nhabitat it could once be found from southeastern new mexico throughout central texas , all the way down to the mexican border and into louisiana .\noriginally listed as endangered march 11 , 1967 . mexican gray wolf listed as an endangered subspecies april 28 , 1976 . reintroduced population of mexican gray wolf listed as experimental nonessential in portions of az and nm on jan . 12 , 1998 . minnesota population reclassified as threatened march 9 , 1978 . currently extirpated from texas .\nwhy is there a dog at a wolf sanctuary ? evidently once the label \u201cwolf\u201d is slapped onto a canine it can be incredibly difficult to remove , even if it is incorrect .\nso , of course , with less than two weeks left in texas , one of my main missions was to meet some wolves face to face .\ndistribution in texas . the gray wolf formerly ranged over the western two - thirds of the state , but now is extirpated over all of the west , including texas . the last authenticated reports of gray wolves in texas are of two males , the skulls of which were donated to sul ross state university . according to james scuddy , one wolf was shot december 5 , 1970 , on the cathedral mountain ranch , 27 km south of alpine , brewster county . the other was trapped several days before december 28 , 1970 , on the joe neal brown ranch located at about the point where brewster , pecos , and terrell counties meet .\nin south central texas the wolf hunt survives as a living fragment of a wild past . dogs , pickup trucks , campfires and an occasional howl in the desolate night are the background for hunters ' tales of wily predators made even more clever by civilization\nmexican wolves once roamed across west texas , new mexico , arizona and northern mexico . after a century of persecution , poisonings , trapping and a great deal of ignorance , the last wolves were recorded in arizona , new mexico and in texas in 1970 . all three of these remaining mexican lobos were killed .\nevery donation , no matter the size , helps tremendously . to financially support saint francis wolf sanctuary ,\nsaint francis wolf sanctuary is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit charity in montgomery , texas , whose mission is to rescue and provide a loving , exceptional home to non - releasable wolves and wolfdogs , and to educate the public about these animals .\nphoto of captive mexican gray wolf m968 at sevilleta courtesy of the u . s . fish and wildlife service\nin 1962 , an austin college professor named howard mccarley sounded the alarm about the red wolf and its unexpected spiral toward extinction . he pointed out that what people thought were wolves were actually coyotes or wolf - coyote hybrids .\nthe wolf\u2019s howl helped reveal the dire situation . in the mid - 1960s , biologists went in search of the red wolf in places across the southeast where the wolf was thought to live . they drove back roads at night playing taped wolf howls \u2014 a sound the wolves can\u2019t resist answering \u2014 and listened for a response . the choruses of answering howls came from both wolves and coyotes , and they focused in on the howls that were distinctly wolfish .\na mountain without a wolf on it , then , must stand a little shorter , and a state without a wolf , well , will have to settle for the long - faded howls of a misunderstood creature of the night .\nthe injustice of removing wolves with the desire of making this permanent has been a tragedy on many levels . that last wolf wandering across brewster county had to wonder what was happening .\nwhere have all the others gone ?\nit must have wondered . yet that was not the last wolf to die in texas . sul ross state university ( srsu ) in alpine , texas , picked the wolf ( also known as the lobo ) as their mascot as early as 1924 when there still had to be a number of wolves wandering across the borderlands . the first lobo mascot was given to the university in 1925 . it was kept in captivity and appeared at games . history does not record what happened to this individual .\nthe extirpation of the wolf over most of its former range released predator pressure on such big game as deer , which in part created a serious problem of overpopulation of this game animal in several localities in texas . that wolves play a valuable role in the economy of big game animals is frequently overlooked .\nadditionally , many of the wolfdogs who wind up in sanctuaries were once pets . the legality of owning a wolfdog varies from state to state ( and in texas , from county to county ) .\ngray wolf . the gray wolf ( canis lupus ) , popularly called the\nloafer\nor the\nlobo ,\nonce flourished in texas but is now practically extinct there . the male of this large , doglike carnivore weighs some 130 pounds and reaches six feet from tail - tip to nose . the gray wolf is an intelligent social animal with powerful jaws and a distinctive mournful howl . its young are born in late winter in litters of five to fourteen , after a sixty - three - day gestation period . the lobo typically dens in a crevice of a rocky bluff ; the rugged eastern edge of the llano estacado afforded a favorite location . the geographical range of the gray wolf was confined to south and west texas , southeast new mexico , and northeast mexico . the lobo , styled the marathon runner of texas fauna , can reach speeds of twenty - two to twenty - eight miles an hour for the first two miles , and thereafter trot at eleven or twelve miles an hour for the next five to eight miles . thus it can outrun its prey in an extended chase .\nthe second and last lobo mascot arrived at srsu in 1966 . reports say this wolf arrived from tucson and was given the name sully . they later discovered that the wolf was a female and was thereafter referred to as miss sully . i remember seeing miss sully in a small cage on the main drive through the campus . the cage had virtually no shelter , and was small and confined . in my eyes , this was a terrible way to treat any animal . miss sully died in 1974 . some coward decided they didn\u2019t even like this one captive wolf in texas and they threw poisoned meat into her cage . no doubt miss sully died a horrible death and the killer was never brought to justice . she deserved better , as did the thousands of wolves in west texas that went before her .\nthe fish and wildlife service con\u00adsiders the red wolf a distinct species , though its taxonomic status isn\u2019t completely clear and debate is ongoing .\nall of us at texas wolfdog project hope to provide current and potential new owners with the information and resources to better care for their wolfdog and / or wolfdogs they may share their life with in the future .\nnot far from the urban sprawl of houston , nestled among rural farms and untouched fields , lies what is known as the best kept secret of montgomery , texas : a safe haven for wolves and wolfdogs alike .\nthe coyote is the trickster in native american lore \u2014 clever and highly adaptable . the gray wolf is a cunning , fearsome creature . the red wolf is \u2026 what , exactly ? the problem was that red wolves had mostly died off before anyone could study them in the wild . the red wolf is somehow considered less \u201cwolfy\u201d than the gray wolf , yet it\u2019s more than just a large coyote . like other wolves , red wolves live in small packs . they feed on rabbits , raccoons and nutria ; they are elusive and generally avoid humans .\nthe wild population now clocks in at 100 to 130 animals , with 175 more in captivity . reintroduction of the red wolf stands as a true conservation triumph \u2014 it was the first predator restored after being declared extinct in the wild and paved the way for future wolf reintroductions .\nall copyrighted materials included within the handbook of texas online are in accordance with title 17 u . s . c . section 107 related to copyright and \u201cfair use\u201d for non - profit educational institutions , which permits the texas state historical association ( tsha ) , to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship , education , and inform the public . the tsha makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law .\nfor generations , wolves have evoked hatred and fear in people . it was government policy to eradicate red wolves until people realized there were hardly any left . passionately persecuted with gun , trap and poison , they almost disappeared . once , red wolves roamed as a top predator across the southeastern u . s . , from florida to texas and as far north as pennsylvania . by the 1960s , through predator control and habitat loss , they were reduced to a sliver of marginal habitat in the bayou country along the gulf coast . in texas , the red wolf had its last stand .\nof course , it isn\u2019t all bleak . while wolves have yet to be reintroduced into the wild in texas , other parts of the united states , such as yellowstone national park , have enjoyed huge successes in their programs .\nthey were dismayed by what they found . the red wolf no longer roamed its familiar territory . the biologists determined that the only red wolves remaining were hemmed in along a stretch of coast in southeastern texas and southwestern louisiana . it seemed to be an unlikely final redoubt for the forest - loving wolf \u2014 coastal prairies and marshes that are a stone\u2019s throw from hous\u00adton , galveston and beaumont , in the shadow of one of the most industrialized areas of the country , an area of rice farms , cattle ranches and oilfields .\nour human woman - chasing wolves come well by their names . the male wolf has an exceptionally strong sex drive , and before his lifetime mate has arrived on the scene , he will sometimes go prospecting among the young ladies of the nearest domestic canine community . in red river county in northeast texas the offspring of one of these clandestine trysts had all the physical characteristics of a wolf but the head of a bulldog . wolves have been known to break into shacks housing female dogs in heat , spend long happy hours under the texas moon and leave their female friends with gaudy , purple memories . earl needham knows a man who mated a wolf with a black and tan , a hound dedicated with every fibre of its being to the slaughter of wolves . the offspring was a house divided .\nhe didn ' t know whether to hunt himself ,\nsays needham ,\nor hunt himself !\na 1970 texas parks and wildlife department survey of red wolves , using a hand - cranked air - raid siren on the back of a pickup to elicit howls , found at least 100 wolves , mainly in jefferson , cham\u00adbers and liberty counties .\nit is this adaptability , this extrasensory survival instinct , that makes the red wolf so formidable a quarry . even when 40 or 50 hounds jump a wolf , the odds remain strongly in the wolf ' s favor .\nsome people say the dogs has the same chance the wolf has ,\nsays needham ,\nbut experience has showed that ' s just not true .\nthe wolves will sometimes relay the dogs . with the pack in hot pursuit , a second wolf will cut across the trail and take the whole pack of hounds with him . after an hour or so at a 15 - to 20 - mile - an - hour pace , the second wolf will hand the pack back to the first wolf , now well rested . after four or five hours of this , the hounds will be so exhausted that they will lose all chance of making a kill . sometimes three or four wolves will separate a hound from the pack and make a kill of their own , first nipping the dog ' s hamstring to immobilize him and then applying the coup to the dog ' s throat .\nsaint francis wolf sanctuary could always use an extra set of helping hands . if you want to help make a difference we have multiple positions available . see our\nthe gray wolf is a close relative of domestic dogs . its thick fur ranges in color from creamy white , reddish - brown , to shades of gray and black . gray wolves are the largest species of wolf and range between 50 - 90 pounds and 4 - 5 feet long . adult males are larger than adult females .\nwolves bark , whimper and growl , too , but it\u2019s the howl that fascinates us . in texas , the red wolf\u2019s howl echoed for the last time across the forests and plains more than 30 years ago , when biologists rounded up the final ragtag group of wolves in a last - ditch effort to save the species . today , the howls of wild red wolves can be heard only on a marshy peninsula of eastern north carolina , where they were reintroduced after being declared extinct in the wild . this past summer i joined about 30 people there for a red wolf \u201chowling safari\u201d and heard their wild call .\nthe hero of this melodrama set to music is , of course , the noble wolf , and no one respects the tawny reddish animal more than earl needham .\nhe is the galliest critter and the smartest critter you ever seen , and it takes a mighty smart hound dog to keep up with him ,\nsays needham , who speaks in a wondrously clear and simple texas twang that would have gladdened the ears of george bernard shaw .\nyou could live on a acre of land with a wolf family for years and years and you ' d never even know they was there .\none reason is that the wolf does not hunt near his den , lest he give away the whereabouts of his defenseless pups . says needham :\nsometimes i ' ll get a call from some rancher that wolves is chewing up his turkeys or his sheep , and will i come out with my hounds and catch him . first thing i do is i don ' t even bother looking for the wolf within three , four miles of that ranch . if a wolf is killing on a ranch , that means his den is nowheres near .\nsaint francis wolf sanctuary is growing thanks to the amazing support of people like you , and will need to relocate by 2019 . for more info and to help , visit our\ngray wolves were once found throughout north america . historically , gray wolves were found over the western 2 / 3 of the state . today , none remain in texas . its status in mexico is unknown , and it may be extirpated ( no longer exists in mexico ) .\nthe saint francis wolf sanctuary is the only facility of its kind in the area , and houses fifteen gorgeous animals ( as of september 2015 ) , all with varying degrees of wolf and dog in them . it\u2019s truly a unique haven for these animals : a place where they are given lives as close as possible to those they would have in the wild .\nit\u2019s been a rough journey for america\u2019s \u201cother wolf , \u201d full of cliffhangers and near - catastrophes . as a species , it has been to the brink of oblivion and back . today , the red wolf is an endangered species success story , though many challenges still stand in the animal\u2019s way . this year marked the 25th anniversary of its reintroduction into the wild .\nin the case of the wolf , a few of the traits they look for include muzzle shape , forehead slope , ear shape , and , of course , that distinctive eye color .\nto understand wolf hunters like needham , one first has to throw out all previous conceptions of hunting . wolf hunting is a visual and an auditory experience , an affair of the senses . no shots are fired , and there is no ridiculous stomping through jungles and forests . mainly , wolf hunters spectate . in the absence of train whistles they drive their pickups to the outback , sound loud police sirens across the night , listen for answering cries from wolves and then release their hounds as close to the wolves as possible , all in the hope of starting a\nrace ,\nthe long run that may take wolf and hounds 100 miles in diminishing circles before the quarry goes down in a frenzy of snapping teeth or , as is more commonly the case , until the wolf gets away . while this is transpiring , the hunters sit alongside their pickups , drinking coffee , telling wolf - and - bull stories and reveling in the cacophony of a pack of hounds hot on the scent .\nthat is the real reason we are here ,\nsays burly earl needham .\nthe sounds and the hounds .\nred wolves , lanky predators native to the southeast , are smaller than gray wolves and larger than coyotes . their coats aren\u2019t truly red but range from tan to black with reddish highlights . in texas , red wolves lived in the eastern part of the state and gray wolves in the west .\ntwo issues , however , continue to plague the red wolf recovery . the coyote continued its eastward march and since the mid - 1990s has taken up residence near the red wolf . the constant crush of coyotes is like that throbbing headache that won\u2019t go away . worried about hybridization , wildlife managers have been sterilizing the coyotes and putting them back as placeholders to keep other coyotes out .\njust take a look at this fabulous video by sustainable human about the long - term influence wolf reintroduction has had on yellowstone . yes , they have actually changed the geography of the park .\nanswer : though all of our animals are fed a balanced raw diet , if that cannot be properly maintained by any potential adopters or owners , texas wolfdog project recommends a high quality , grain free kibble for normal , everyday feeding . some wolfdogs , usually high contents , can be intolerant to certain grains / processed foods .\nour tour guide helped to dispel some common myths about wolves ( myth # 1 : wolves are openly aggressive toward humans ) , as well as provided a brief history lesson , explaining how dogs came to be . he also talked a bit about the modern laws regarding the ownership of wolfdogs , which vary by county in texas .\nneedham ' s own wolf dogs come in all shapes and sizes , for the test of a wolf dog is not his pedigree but whether , when the issue is joined , the hound will tangle willingly with the slashing teeth of a wolf . as needham puts it ,\nsome hunters won ' t use anything but a registered dog ; the pedigree got to be three feet long . but that paper don ' t run that wolf . trial and error is what you use till you got the right dog . i ' ve used all kinds of hounds : walkers , julys , blue ticks , triggs , black and tans , goodmans and what we call ' potlickers , ' mixed breeds . they cost me about $ 150 apiece , and if i get one good dog out of every coupla dozen i buy i figure i ' m lucky .\nafter a dog has learned how to hunt wolves , he must be kept in shape , like any other athlete , and the only way to keep him in shape is to keep him running wolves .\nit ' s like trainin ' a fighter to fight ,\nsays needham .\nyou got to have those dogs hard as arn to catch wolves . so you got to hunt ' em . they won ' t exercise , and if you don ' t hunt ' em for a few weeks they get fat and sloppy and short in the wind .\nthe discerning reader already will have noted a strong similarity between wolf hounds and baseball pitchers , in matters other than appearance . both can function like machines so long as they keep in motion , but as soon as they stop for any appreciable length of time they stiffen up and become useless . fay autry , a county commissioner in east texas , learned this the painful way and is still paying a stiff price in smart remarks by his friends . autry ' s dogs had spent four hours catching a wolf and working it over , and now the animal was presumed dead . autry had roped the wolf and dragged it out of the brush when he noticed that one of his dogs was lagging behind as though injured . he let go of the wolf to administer to the dog , and when he turned around the\ndead\nwolf was gone . not one of the dogs in the pack had deigned to give chase .\nthey were so tired and sore ,\nsaid the rueful autry ,\nthat they wouldn ' t even look for the trail .\nneedham had a similar experience . a wolf , certified dead by a coroner ' s jury of wolf hunters , was pitched over a barbed - wire fence toward needham .\nthat wolf came down on his four feet and took right off into the cedar brush ,\nneedham recalls .\nlucky i had one big old dog left with enough energy to go catch him again . the rest of my hounds had cooled out .\nto any but close friends , these insinuations about the dogliness of a man ' s pack would be fighting words , but these men are old hunting partners , and no blood is drawn . soon the hour , the wind and the temperature are deemed correct , and the hunters file out , load their pickups with hounds and listen to commander in chief earl needham ' s final words of advice , spoken in a pure texas idiom :\ny ' all go to whar you blowed the sireen the other night . carl , you know whar you blowed the other night ? we goin ' up to ernie bee ' s and listen . i ' m just gonna go back in on that hill so if they howl i can turn loose on ' em . and y ' all ' ll know whar we at if we don ' t come down outa there now ?\nin a cloud of exhaust fumes the convoy of dog - carrying trucks takes off into the black texas night , and another wolf hunt is on . till dawn it continues , like a battle , with needham deploying his troops , reassembling his dogs , sending his hunters far up backcountry roads to sound their\nsireens\nand occasionally joining them all around a camp - fire , there to chew some coffee and some fat . observing this frustrating night , when not a wolf is heard or seen but only miles and miles of wolf tracks that might have been made by phantoms , an outsider gets the impression that the prospect of executing a wild animal is just a peg to hang the evening on , a texas way of staying up all night with the boys and getting away with it .\ncharacteristics on average , they had a small to medium build . though they were not quite as small as the mexican wolf . most were of a rather dark color , though some specimens have shown that they were occasionally white .\nanswer : 12 - 18 years , though this can largely depend on the dog breeds in the mix and the wolf content . either way , wolfdog ownership is a serious commitment for several years / the duration of their life .\nthe red wolf program broke new ground again when it started a program called pup fostering , where captive - born pups are placed in dens with wild litters and raised as wild wolves \u2014 an innovation that helped increase the population .\nanswer : there is no simple answer for this because this greatly depends on the individual animal and the amount of wolf that has been inherited . generally speaking , your lower content or animals that express more dog like traits overall will be more easily adaptable to home type living , possibly even being inside full time without any incidents . an animal that has inherited and expresses more wolf like traits , tend to require an owner experienced with these behaviors as well as proper containment and enrichment outside . short , supervised sessions in a \u201cwolf proofed\u201d environment is usually the extent of a higher content wolfdogs inside time due to their nature to investigate with their mouths , despite all attempts to curb this behavior .\npublic outcry for establishing populations of mexican wolves in the american southwest actually began in texas . in the 70s , rick lobello , an employee at big bend , began gathering support for the release of the species in the park . that has yet to happen , but a debt is owed to rick for starting the process . now is the time to do this .\nbut the ultimate offense against the code of the hunt is the dog that gets too smart , the so - called\ncutting dog .\nhe ' ll chase that wolf with the rest of the pack for a while ,\nsays needham ,\ntill he figures out the pattern the wolf ' s runnin ' in . wolves usually run in circles , five or six miles around , and they keep passin ' the same checkpoints over and over again during the race . now this smart dog ' ll dope this out , and he ' ll find a spot where the wolf is crossin ' and lay there waitin ' for him , and when that wolf comes by the dog ' ll take out after him ahead of the pack . now we consider that downright unfair . we try to make the race equal to all the dogs , and this cuttin ' dog is cheatin ' because he ' s not makin ' the whole race . so we get rid of him .\nthe wolf sanctuary itself is not a huge complex . you can see most of the enclosures without moving , if you\u2019re standing in the right spot . as a result , the tour is more heavily geared towards educating visitors and introducing them to the animals .\nwhile all the organizations participating in urltoken share the common goal of recovering the mexican gray wolf , individual groups can , and sometimes do , differ in their approaches to specific issues . \u00a9 2016 - view our privacy policy - contact us : info @ urltoken\nthe ever - adaptable coyote had been increasingly taking over territory from the shattered red wolf . red wolves had lost their foothold so badly that they were interbreeding with coyotes . and in the delirium of disaster , the resulting \u201chybrid swarm\u201d was threatening to overtake the species .\nhabits . the gray wolf inhabits forests , brushlands , or grasslands , preferring broken , open country in which suitable cover and denning sites are available . formerly , wolves occurred commonly in the grassland plains of the buffalo on which they relied for their chief food supply .\npart of the reason it has become so easy to ban or regulate wolfdogs is because there is no usda approved rabies vaccine for wolfdogs crosses in the united states . this is used as leverage against owners to ban , regulate or otherwise deny vet care to many wolfdogs . avoiding the use of the words wolf , hybrid , wolfdog or wolf mix on any paperwork could save your animals life . finding a vet that will provide your wolfdog with all the proper vaccinations ( including rabies ) as well as a legal rabies certificate is extremely important .\neach of the animals comes with its own story . some were brought here from the houston area , while others come from as far away as alaska . each has found a safe , secure home under the attentive care of the volunteers at the saint francis wolf sanctuary .\nwith homo sapiens slowly vanishing from the landscape , wildlife has moved back in . wildcats and gophers abound , blackbirds blot out the sun in flights of tens of thousands , roadrunners and larks and hawks wheel about . the armadillo , once a rare sight , considers the area around flatonia to be his levittown and provides the wolf with a steady staple of diet . sometimes hunters will find as many as 50 vacant armadillo shells around wolf dens . but few men share the wolf ' s enthusiasm for the flavor of the\npoverty pig .\nsays hunter bill stulting :\nwe barbecued a armadiller once , but it was a old one and the longer i chewed it the bigger it got . i threw it away .\non wolf hunts at night one sees armadillos gnawing away at roots in the fields ; they look like miniature knights of yore all dressed for the lists but , unlike knights , they are easily frightened . sometimes their first reaction to danger is a jump straight up in the air , right out of the terrytoons , followed by a 50 - yard dash that would do credit to bob hayes .\nandrew sansom , former tpwd executive director , says he led an effort to get red wolves released on matagorda island in the 1990s . he liked the idea of having the wolf back near its final stronghold , but federal officials , pointing to the threat of coyotes , thought differently .\nthen , he went on to discuss the different phenotypes ( science word of the day ! a phenotype is a fancy word for a physical trait , like eye color ) that help the volunteers determine whether an animal is a wolf , a dog , or a mix of the two .\nit has been argued that the lobo ' s impact on the frontier range was a good one because it reduced the numbers of old , weak , and infirm animals . this view was likely true when the lobo ' s main prey was the buffalo . by the late 1870s , after hide - hunters had reduced the southern buffalo herd to near extinction , stockmen introduced herds of the domestic cow . the lobo ' s role then changed dramatically . the wolf apparently liked the best available cows as well as the sick ones . stockmen complained bitterly . it was not unusual for a rancher to find a prime cow missing ten pounds of flesh from a rear loin . furthermore , the wolf had a reputation for blatant overkill ; once , eight cows were found dead or dying , and evidence suggested that a single wolf had been there . recent books have confirmed that the lobo killed beyond its needs .\nanswer : wolfdogs are any cross of a wolf bred to a dog , a wolfdog bred to another wolfdog or a wolfdog bred to a dog with varying amounts of wolf heritage . the majority of wolfdogs being produced now are from wolfdog to wolfdog pairings . pure wolves are not as common for private ownership breeding in recent years . wolfdogs are purposely bred and sold by breeders in many states across the united states . wolves are not pulled from the wild for stock . most foundation animals have been captive bred and raised for over 40 years , dating back to the fur farms in the 60\u2019s and 70\u2019s .\nanswer : this is also a question that would be dependent on the individual animal\u2019s temperament and experience with children . texas wolfdog project generally advises that wolfdogs should not be in homes with children under 12 . due to the size of most wolfdogs , sometimes heightened drives and resource guarding , placing an animal in an experienced home or one without kids is usually the best option for all parties involved , especially if that animal has never previously been raised around or exposed to younger children .\nat one point , several red wolves got it into their heads that when needham loaded his hunting dogs into his truck and drove off into the night the safest place to be was right there at the camp house , the jumping - off spot .\ni ' d come back from huntin ' all night , without a sign of any wolf , and my dogs ' d be all whupped out , and we ' d find wolf tracks all around the camp house . while we was off huntin ' ' em , them scouns was back there tryin ' to dig under the fence and get the dogs ' dinner .\nearl needham , a middle - aged cattleman from the little cow town of flatonia , texas , is in no immediate peril of being mistaken for a werewolf , though even his best friends would have to admit that there are points of resemblance . at night long strings of empties rattle through flatonia , and when the engineers whistle for the crossing there often is heard an answering call from out on the range . the wolves of texas , after all these years , are still inclined to think of the night trains as brethren , and their answering howls easily could be taken from the sound track of a werewolf movie . no hair grows on earl needham ' s face when these cries are heard across the prairie , but in other respects he is likely to emulate our movie hero . carefully remembering to open the door first , needham rushes into the night , jumps into his pickup truck , drives out to his camp house , assembles his pack of hounds and rides to the hunt .\nwolf hunters can tell exactly what ' s going on during a hunt by the sounds made by their dogs , by what they call the dog ' s\nmouth .\nwe got all kinds ,\nneedham says ,\nand you just have to learn to tell ' em apart , one by one . we got dogs that on a cold trail they may be bawlin ' , wailin ' and squallin ' . then they get on up there close to that wolf and they ' ll begin to chop a little bit , shorter barks . they ' re changin ' their mouth now , and you can tell from this how things are goin ' . course , there ' s different mouth dogs\u2014some of them are squallin ' mouth dogs till they start runnin ' , but a squallin ' mouth dog don ' t usually give as much mouth when he starts to runnin ' a wolf . there ' s chop mouth , coarse mouth , fine mouth , horn mouth that sounds like a horn , and bawlin ' dogs . we got a dog that ' s a goose - mouth dog and another one is a turkey - mouth dog : talk , talk , talk , talk , like a old turkey gobbler . we got dogs with high screamin ' mouths that gives a lot of mouth , very loud , and they scare a wolf and make ' em move out and tire their - selves . when my dogs take out after a wolf , i can tell each dog and what he ' s doing and what his mouth means . you get to know ' em . it ' s just like you listenin ' to a crowd of people and you can recognize different voices .\nwith time running out , the government took desperate and drastic action : it decided to remove the red wolves and put them in captivity with hopes of reintroducing them into the wild someday . despite the hope and intent of the endangered species act , wildlife managers decided to make the red wolf extinct in the wild in order to save it .\nthe gray wolf eats animals ranging from mice to cows and spends around one - third of its time in search of food . it becomes engorged by eating a fifth of its weight at a single meal , then goes three or four days without food . though it usually runs in packs , pioneer texans also noted that the lobo hunts in pairs . the female snaps at a cow ' s nose , while the male watches for an opportunity to dart in and sever the victim ' s hamstring . because the gray wolf often eats its victims alive , one stockman called it the\ncruelest predator .\nin the 1880s in dakota country , theodore roosevelt called it the\nbeast of waste and desolation .\nthe demise of mexican wolves in texas was complete by 1970 . in that year , two were killed in december at separate locations in brewster county where big bend national park is located . under natural conditions , wolves fed on a large variety of animals , with deer making up a large percentage of the total . opportunistically , they will feed on just about anything , including rabbits , squirrels , birds and reptiles . when natural game is scarce , wolves may take livestock , but in a functioning , healthy ecosystem this is the exception , not the rule .\nas if the poor hound dog doesn ' t have enough problems , he is expected to follow a code of ethics as strict and inflexible as the rules for admission to the junior league .\nsilent trailing ,\nfor example , is a major breach of the code . a silent trailer will jump a wolf track and go off in quiet pursuit , single - o , leaving the pack far behind . if he catches up to the wolf , he won ' t be able to make the kill alone and may well pay the supreme penalty for his rashness . the proper behavior for a dog that cuts a wolf ' s trail is to bark bloody murder , thus bringing the whole pack into the chase and improving the odds . the converse of the silent trailer is the dog that begins barking just for the sheer dizzy joy of being out in the country of a pleasant evening .\nwe call this kind of dog a babbler ,\nsays needham .\nhe shoots off his mouth for nothin ' and drags the whole rest of the pack with him .\na smart wolf will run straight for a hole in a barbed - wire fence in the dead of night ; the hounds will come caterwauling up , slam into the barbed wire , then waste time trying to find the hole . in the meantime , the wolf has come back through the fence via another hole . wolves even have learned to run along the highway , a most unnatural place for so wild an animal . the pavement does not hold scent as well as brush , and auto fumes make it hard for the hounds to pick up what little scent there is . wolves will run through herds of cattle , confusing the issue still more , or take a shortcut through a backyard , mixing scents with the local watchdogs .\nin 1973 , congress passed the endan\u00adgered species act , and the red wolf was one of the first animals listed . the first goal was to protect the wolves in their remaining territory , and the government started trapping coyotes to prevent the red wolves from being genetically swamped . the effort didn\u2019t work . the wolves were surrounded by an ever - encroaching sea of coyotes .\nwolf dogs are trained and treated like scholarship athletes at ucla . needham ' s own pack runs from 15 dogs up ; the number is always changing , because hounds are killed by wolves and new dogs are brought in and others die when they get to be about 6 , old age for a working wolf hound . needham has no stomach for training his own dogs ; he has found the necessary techniques too offensive to his own gentle nature .\nthe way they train dogs to fight wolves ,\nhe says ,\nis they ' ll catch coyotes in traps and they ' ll tie the coyotes ' mouths , which is cruel , and i ' ve never been able to do anything like that in my life . then they ' ll turn the coyote loose and let the young dogs catch him and kill him . when the dogs learn how to do that , they ' ll let one coyote go without his mouth being tied , and then the dogs ' ll learn a little more . they get some of those hounds so highly trained they ' ll tear through a screened wire so they can get at a wolf .\n\u201cred wolves , which are big - eared and short - coated , slender , spindly , stilt - legged for coursing through the southern marshes or under tall forests , have always impressed observers as being rather rudimentary and unemphatic for wolves , \u201d writes edward hoagland in his essay \u201clament of the red wolf . \u201d \u201cbehaviorally they resemble gray wolves ; ecologically they are more like coyotes . \u201d\nthese wolfdogs are sold as pets to individuals who do not have a full understanding of what they are getting themselves into . often , the owners realize very quickly that wolfdogs do not make ideal pets . they have the wary instincts of a wolf , dislike feeling trapped indoors , and may not easily trust humans . as a result , they are often abandoned , through no fault of their own .\nseriously , there aren\u2019t words to express the beauty of these animals . she made three whole passes , and seemed to love having her back scratched \u2014 her leg even motored a little , like my pups at home . it was definitely possible to see her more wolf - like traits , though . her long , athletic legs , narrow chest , and those yellow - tinted eyes are a dead giveaway .\n\u201cit seems like you\u2019re going backward , \u201d says david rabon , coordinator of the red wolf recovery program for the u . s . fish and wildlife service . \u201cyou\u2019re given this new piece of legislation to go out there and save the planet , save these species . and one of the first things you do is go : \u2018we\u2019ll extirpate them in the wild . \u2019\u201d but , he added , it was the right thing to do .\nsoon the excuse may be gone . civilization , that implacable enemy of hunter and hunted alike , is approaching flatonia ; a freeway is inching across from san antonio to houston , and earl needham reckons that it will pass\nright behind my dog pen .\nnothing would kill wolf hunting faster than an uncrossable modern turnpike . earl talked to the authorities about this encroachment on his constitutional right to foray all over the country in search of the red wolf ,\nand i told them they ' re agonna have to build them a underpass for my dogs to run .\nthen , with the look of a stubborn old texan digging in for a long range war , needham added :\nyes sir , that ' s all they are to it !\nwith his code of ethics , his faithful hound dogs and his chili pateens all going for him , needham would seem to be the favorite .\nalso like major league pitchers , wolf hounds are expected to perform as specialists , not as all - round stars . their job is to find , chase and kill wolves , and nothing else but wolves . and if their attention wanders off to other forms of wildlife , they are sent back to the minors . to chase anything but wolves is called\ntrashing ,\nand a dog that\ntrashes\nis subjected to stiff punishment .\na lot of hunters will whup the whey out of a dog that trashes ,\nsays needham ,\nand i ' ve even known ' em to shoot their own dogs in the tail with a light load of no . 7 shot from a . 410 . it ' s like a sharp spray , but the noise scares ' em , and pretty soon they learn that they ' re gonna get hurt if they open on anything but a wolf trail ."]}
{"id": 1727, "summary": [{"text": "chrysotoxum cautum is a species of hoverfly .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in southern britain and europe east into the palearctic but is normally encountered in small numbers .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae are thought to feed on root aphids .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults are usually found on the edges of woodland or scrub or along hedgerows where they visit a wide range of flowers . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "chrysotoxum cautum", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\netel\u00e4nsarvikirvari\nto\nchrysotoxum cautum ( harris , 1776 )\n.\nchrysotoxum cautum - large species , female with long dense hairs on thoracic dorsum . antennal segment 1 shorter than segment 2\ntergites of investigated species , lateral view . a , chrysotoxum festivum a ; b , chrysotoxum festivum b ; c , chrysotoxum elegans ; d , chrysotoxum elegans \u2013intermediate form ; e , chrysotoxum octomaculatum .\ninvestigated localities . a , chrysotoxum festivum a ; b , chrysotoxum festivum b .\nthin - plate - spline deformation grids shape differences . a , males of chrysotoxum festivum a and chrysotoxum festivum b ; b , females of chrysotoxum festivum a and chrysotoxum festivum b ; c , males of chrysotoxum festivum a and chrysotoxum elegans ; d , females of chrysotoxum festivum a and chrysotoxum elegans ; e , males of chrysotoxum festivum b and chrysotoxum elegans ; f , females of chrysotoxum festivum b and chrysotoxum elegans . differences between the species were exaggerated five - fold to make them more visible .\nchrysotoxum tomentosum giglio - tos , 1890 : 159 stat . nov . corresponds to chrysotoxum festivum b\nfig . 5 . superimposed outline drawings showing wing shape differences between analysed species . a , chrysotoxum vernale and chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . ; b , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . and chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . ; c , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . and chrysotoxum vernale .\npilosity on mesoscutum , lateral view . a , chrysotoxum festivum a ; b , chrysotoxum festivum b .\nit just doesn ' t quite seem to have markings which match cautum or verralli when i check ' google ' .\nfig . 10 . male genitalia . a , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . , lateral view ; b , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . , dorsal view ; c , chrysotoxum festivum , lateral view ; d , chrysotoxum festivum , dorsal view ; e , chrysotoxum vernale , lateral view ; f , chrysotoxum vernale , dorsal view .\nfig . 11 . abdomen , dorsal view . a , chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . ; b , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . ; c , chrysotoxum vernale .\nfigure 1 . adult female hover fly , chrysotoxum cautum ( harris ) , showing resemblence of some hover fly species to yellowjackets . photograph by david a . iliff , cheltenham , england .\nfig . 6 . superimposed outline drawings showing surstylus shape differences between chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . and chrysotoxum vernale .\nfig . 14 . distribution maps of the material examined . a , chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . ; b , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . ; c , chrysotoxum vernale .\nfig . 13 . right surstylus of the male genitalia , lateral view . a , chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . ; b , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . ; c , chrysotoxum vernale .\nfig . 8 . thoracic scutum of males , lateral view . a , chrysotoxum vernale ; b , chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov .\nhead of male , anterior view . a , chrysotoxum festivum a ; b , chrysotoxum festivum b ; a , width of black vitta .\nfig . 9 . thoracic pleura , lateral view . a , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . ; b , chrysotoxum vernale ; c , chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . dotted areas indicate yellow colour ( kepst , katepisternum ) .\na small dumpy chrysotoxum looking like a diminutive c . cautum or chubby c . verralli . the first two antennal segments are very short ( like cautum ) but the third segment is very long . the male has dense , dark eye hairs . this is the only chrysotoxum with a northern - biased distribution and is frequent in sheltered , scrubby parts of heathland , moorland and open structured woodland , particularly in upland districts of britain . the larvae feed on ant - associated aphids . nbn map : urltoken bnsys0000006893\nchrysotoxum festivum ( linnaeus , 1758 : 593 ) corresponds to c . festivum a\nfig . 7 . scatter plot of factor loadings of two pc scores showing the positions of chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . and chrysotoxum vernale in the environmental space .\nright surstylus of male genitalia , lateral view . a , chrysotoxum festivum a ; b , chrysotoxum festivum b ; a , length of surstylus ; b , width of surstylus .\na review of the palaearctic species of the genus chrysotoxum mg . ( diptera , syrphidae )\nch . cautum should be correct . however , a good picture of the antennae is needed to compare the length of the segments ( this is the first question the key http : / / web . archiv . . . x _ key . html asks ) . in your fly the third segment seems to equal the first and second together , which is fine for ch . cautum . the colouring fits well , too . regards , sundew\nthe european chrysotoxum species can be grouped according to the proportional length of the basoflagellomere : species with basoflagellomere shorter than scape and pedicel together , chrysotoxum bicinctum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , chrysotoxum elegans loew , 1841 , chrysotoxum festivum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , chrysotoxum gracile becker , 1921 , chrysotoxum lineare ( zetterstedt , 1819 ) , c . montanum sp . nov . , chrysotoxum octomaculatum curtis , 1837 , c . orthostylum sp . nov . , chrysotoxum parmense rondani , 1845 , chrysotoxum tomentosum giglio - tos , 1890 , c . vernale and chrysotoxum verralli collin , 1940 ; species with basoflagellomere longer than scape and pedicel together , chrysotoxum arcuatum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , chrysotoxum cisalpinum rondani , 1845 , chrysotoxum cautum ( harris , 1776 ) , chrysotoxum fasciolatum ( de geer , 1776 ) and chrysotoxum intermedium meigen , 1822 . within the group with a relatively short basoflagellomere , masseti et al . ( 2006 ) defined the morphological festivum group , c . bicinctum , c . festivum , c . elegans , c . octomaculatum , c . parmense and c . vernale , excluding characters such as the colour of femur and lateral margin of terga 3 and 4 . based on morphology , c . tomentosum , c . montanum sp . nov . , and c . orthostylum sp . nov . are likely to belong to the festivum group ( sensu masseti et al . , 2006 ) . these three species have the yellow fasciae on terga 3 and 4 not reaching the lateral margin of the tergum , but the festivum group ( sensu masseti et al . , 2006 ) includes some species with yellow fasciae reaching the lateral margin . further morphological and molecular analyses are required to access the concept of a festivum group .\nfig . 1 . location of the 16 analysed landmarks on the right wing in the chrysotoxum vernale .\nchrysotoxum tomentosum , male genitalia . a , epandrium , dorsal view ; b , hypandrium , lateral view .\nchrysotoxum festivum , c . orthostylum sp . nov . ( femora wholly yellow ) , and c . tomentosum\nsang - wook s , ho - yeon h . 2013 . clarification of previously confused chrysotoxum sapporense and chrysotoxum graciosum ( insecta : diptera : syrphidae ) in east asia based on morphological and molecular data . animal cells and systems 17 : 277 - 289 .\nchrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . , c . orthostylum sp . nov . ( femora black basally ) , and c . vernale\nboxplot of mean centroid size showing differences in wing size between chrysotoxum festivum a , c . festivum b , and c . elegans .\nfig . 2 . location of the 30 analysed semi - landmarks on the right surstylus of the male genitalia in the chrysotoxum vernale .\nthe social wasp - mimicking hoverfly chrysotoxum cautum must be a strong contender for the most handsomely marked british fly species . the subterfuge ( batesian mimicry ) is enhanced by the adoption of a flight pattern and buzz very similar to that of the social wasps that are being mimicked and it is very likely that any predators already wise to the hazards of being stung will avoid the perceived risk and leave this fly well alone . there are several other members of the chrysotoxum genus with very similar markings so close examination of the relative lengths of the antennal segments will be required in order to unequivocally separate the species .\nhabitat and flowers visited . chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . has been found flying with other chrysotoxum species in the grassy edges of conifer forests at high altitudes in serbia and montenegro . in fyr macedonia , c . orthostylum sp . nov . has been found resting on lapsana and chrysanthemum leaves in wet meadows .\ngiglio - tos e . 1890 . le specie europee del genere chrysotoxum meig . atti della r . accademia delle scienze di torino 26 : 134 - 165 .\nrefinements to couplets in the key to the palaearctic chrysotoxum in violovitsh ( 1974 ) are provided below , based on the results presented here , as well as those in nedeljkovi\u0107 et al . ( 2013 ) . chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . , c . vernale and specimens of c . orthostylum sp . nov . with femora black basally would key out to c . vernale ( sensu lato ) in violovitsh ( 1974 ) ; specimens of c . orthostylum sp . nov . with femora wholly yellow would key out to chrysotoxum festivum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( s . l . ) . chrysotoxum festivum and chrysotoxum tomentosum giglio - tos , 1890 , which also have yellow fasciae on terga 2 - 4 not reaching the lateral margins of tergum , would key out to c . festivum ( s . l . ) .\nhabitat and flowers visited . this species has been found with other chrysotoxum species in the grassy edges of conifer forests at high altitudes . flowers visited : no data .\nadditional material . holotype of chrysotoxum collinum : m , museo \u201cla specola\u201d coll . rondani holotypus ( red label ) / 357 / chrysotoxum vernale ( = collinum rnd . ) / rev . ( overwritten by hand on \u2018det . \u2019 ) m . daccordi 1985 [ lsf ] . for further non - type additional material see table s1 .\ntwo or three legs of each specimen were used for total genomic dna extraction from 25 chrysotoxum dry specimens ( table s2 ) , following chen et al . ( 2010 ) . material analysed included 22 specimens of the c . vernale a , two specimens of the c . vernale b and one of third chrysotoxum species . dna voucher specimens are deposited in fsuns .\nfig . 12 . terga 3 - 5 , dorsal view , chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . a , male ; b , female ( t , thorn - like process ) .\nviolovitsh na . 1974 . a review of the palaearctic species of the genus chrysotoxum mg . ( diptera , syrphidae ) . \u044d\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 ( entomological review ) 53 : 196 - 217 .\nchrysotoxum verralli - restricted to south - east england and the midlands . very similar to elegans but smaller and with black at front of tergite 2 mostly straight , not curved as in elegans .\nsommaggio d . 2001 . the species of the genus chrysotoxum meigen , 1822 ( diptera , syrphidae ) described by giglio tos . bollettino del museo regionale di scienze naturali , torino 1 : 115 - 126 .\nin the world approximately 150 chrysotoxum species has been recorded so far ( evenhuis et al . , 2008 ) . peck ( 1988 ) listed 69 species of this genus occurring in the palaearctic of which 23 occur in europe .\nmasetti a , luchetti a , sommaggio d , burgio g , mantovani b . 2006 . phylogeny of chrysotoxum species ( diptera : syrphidae ) inferred from morphological and molecular characters . european journal of entomology 103 : 459 - 467 .\namongst the most striking of all british hoverflies , chrysotoxum species are boldly marked with yellow and black and have distinctly elongated antennae . although the genus is distinctive , identification to species level can be tricky and may require close examination of the abdominal markings in combination with other characters .\nnedeljkovi\u0107 z , a\u010danski j , vuji\u0107 a , obreht d , \u0111an m , st\u00e5hls g , radenkovi\u0107 s . 2013 . taxonomy of chrysotoxum festivum linnaeus , 1758 ( diptera : syrphidae ) - an integrative approach . zoological journal of the linnean society 169 : 84 - 102 .\na preliminary examination of named specimens of chrysotoxum vernale loew , 1841 resulted in the identification of two different morphotypes according to the colour of long pile on thoracic scutum of males : yellow ( morphotype a ) and black ( morphotype b ) ( nedeljkovi\u0107 , 2011 ) . in addition , a new chrysotoxum taxon sharing with morphotypes a and b an antenna with basoflagellomere shorter than scape and pedicel together and abdominal terga with yellow fasciae not reaching the lateral margins was recognized . the main objective of the present study is to test using an integrated approach , whether these morphotypes correspond to different species .\nmusca arcuata and m . festiva linnaeus , 1758 ( currently chrysotoxum arcuatum and c . festivum ) and m . citrofasciata de geer , 1776 ( currently xanthogramma citrofasciatum ) ( insecta , diptera ) : proposed conservation of usage of the specific names by the designation of neotypes for m . arcuata and m . festiva\nopinion 1982 ( case 3090 ) . musca arcuata linnaeus , 1758 and m . festiva linnaeus , 1758 ( currently chrysotoxum arcuatum and c . festivum ) and m . citrofasciata de geer , 1776 ( currently xanthogramma citrofasciatum ) ( insecta : diptera ) : specific names conserved by the designation of neotypes for m . arcuata and m . festiva\nveli\u010dkovi\u0107 n , obreht d , \u0111an m , ko\u010di\u0161 tubi\u0107 n , vuji\u0107 a . 2012 . cytochrome oxidase i gene variation in genus chrysotoxum ( diptera , syrphidae ) . pp . 63 - 68 in : sabin i , ed . , proceedings of the xivth international symposium \u2018young people and multidisciplinary research\u2019 , timis\u00b8oara . timisoara , romania : editura politechnica .\nchrysotoxum species are present in all bio - geographic regions except for australasia . in the palaearctic region 71 species are recorded , 24 of which are present in europe ( vockeroth , 1969 ; violovitsh , 1974 ; peck , 1988 ; nedeljkovi\u0107 et al . , 2013 ) . these wasp - mimics can be separated from other syrphid genera by the yellow and black body colouration ( yellow maculae in thoracic pleura and yellow fasciae in abdominal terga ) , the very long antenna and the convex , margined abdomen ( thompson and rotheray , 1998 ) . chrysotoxum adults are found in many habitat types ( speight , 2013 ) and their poorly known larvae are associated with ants and / or root aphids ( rotheray , 1994 ) .\nworldwide , syrphids ( diptera : syrphidae ) play important ecological roles in nature . adults are usually conspicuous flies that feed on pollen and nectar from a wide range of plants in numerous habitats ( rotheray and gilbert , 2011 ) . in europe , syrphids are one of the better studied diptera families . however , the taxonomy of certain groups is still provisional and uncertain , such as the genus chrysotoxum meigen , 1803 ( speight , 2013 ) .\ndiagnosis . medium to large species ( 15 - 17 mm , n = 10 ) ; r = 1 : 0 . 8 : 1 . 8 ; vertical and frontal triangles with black pile ; scutum with black pile ( fig . 8b ) ; katepisternum completely black ( fig . 9c ) or with a very small yellow macula ; scutellum with long black pile ; male genitalia very similar to that in c . vernale ; surstylus 1 . 3 times longer than hypandrium ( excluding superior lobes and aedeagus ) ; epandrium plus surstylus 1 . 2 - 1 . 3 times longer than hypandrium ( excluding superior lobes and aedeagus ) ; in female frons black , with two triangular pollinose maculae . chrysotoxum montanum has longer wings than c . vernale . chrysotoxum montanum occurs only at high altitude . ml tree based on mtdna coi gene revealed a clear separation of c . montanum from c . vernale .\nthree morphologically related taxa , c . elegans loew , 1841 , c . festivum , and c . gracile becker 1921 share the following morphological characters : first flagellomere short ( shorter than scape and pedicel together ) and yellow legs . chrysotoxum gracile , clearly separable by the longer scape than pedicel from c . elegans and c . festivum , is not included in the present study . based on mtdna and internal transcribed spacer 2 ( its2 ) , c . festivum and c . elegans appeared in the same clade ( masetti et al . , 2006 ) .\ntaxonomic notes . in this new species , the katepisternum colour ranges from completely black ( fig . 9c ) to black with a small yellow macula anteriorly . chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . can be separated from c . orthostylum sp . nov . and c . vernale by the colour of the long pile on the scutum , which are black in c . montanum sp . nov . ( fig . 8b ) and yellow in the other species . for further morphological differences between c . montanum sp . nov . and c . vernale see table 2 .\nparalectotypes ( designated here ) . 1f labelled as 16 / 547 / vernale f loew alte sammlung / austria alte sammlung / chrysotoxum vernale f loew * ( nhmw ) . 20 specimens labelled as \u2018coll h . loew\u2019 and seven specimens not labelled but supposed to be part of loew\u2019s collection and have been collected in pozna\u0144 ( j . ziegler , in lit . ) ; 10 of the 20 \u2018coll h . loew\u2019 specimens are labelled as \u2018wien schiner\u2019 ( 4 specimens ) , \u2018florenz mann\u2019 ( 3 specimens ) , \u2018syrakus zeller\u2019 ( 1 specimen ) , \u2018spanien\u2019 ( 1 specimen ) , \u2018paris\u2019 ( 1 specimen ) ( zhmb ) .\nan integrative taxonomic approach revealed two taxa within chrysotoxum festivum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( diptera , syrphidae ) , c . festivum a and c . festivum b . in addition to morphological differences , results also showed significant distinction in geometric morphometrics of wings and surstyli , and in dna sequence data ( nuclear its2 sequences ) between c . festivum a , c . festivum b , and the closely related species c . elegans loew , 1841 . from examination of type material , the name c . tomentosum giglio - tos , 1890 is proposed for c . festivum b , and the taxon is redefined . \u00a9 2013 the linnean society of london\nthe taxon tomentosa was originally described as a variety of chrysotoxum festivum based on material from the alpine region of piemonte and surrounding localities alagna and valsesia , valdieri , val dell ' orco , santa redegunda in stiria ( giglio - tos , 1890 ) . z . nedeljkovi\u0107 and a . vuji\u0107 examined the lectotype designated by sommaggio ( 2001 ) labelled as follows : 20\u201368 / ch . festivum linn . var . tomentosa giglio - tos ( handwritten ) / ch . festivum var . tomentosa ( handwritten ) lectotype / mzut - mrsn torino , coll . bellardi box 12 . the redescription of c . tomentosum is based on the examination of lectotype and additional studied material .\nchrysotoxum festivum linnaeus , 1758 . described based on a male specimen bm 1937 - 539 as musca festiva . type locality : \u2018europa\u2019 . the lectotype of musca festiva was designated by thompson et al . ( 1982 : 155 ) . neotype : male . type locality : germany , schneverdingen , l\u00fcneberg heath , n . germany , leg . t . h . rowsell and b . j . clifton in 1937 was designated by p . j . chandler ( iliff & chandler , 2000 ) and is deposited in bmnh . it was examined by n . wyatt in october 2012 , a . ricarte in january 2013 , and also via photos by z . nedeljkovi\u0107 in october 2012 .\nthe pca reduces the bioclim variables ( table 1 ) to three pcs with eigenvalue \u2265 1 . 88 % of the variation . separation among species were statistically significant along pc1 and pc2 ( anova , pc1 : f 1 , 302 = 141 . 26 ; p < 0 . 00000 , fisher lsd post hoc test p < 0 . 00000 ; pc2 : f 1 , 302 = 155 . 27 ; p < 0 . 00000 , fisher lsd post hoc test p < 0 . 00000 ) , but not along pc3 ( f 1 , 302 = 1 . 90 ; p < 0 . 168397 ) . because of this , pc3 was excluded in the interpretation of results . the precipitation - related pc1 explained 61 % of the total variation , while the temperature - and altitude - related pc2 explained 17 % of the total variation ( table 1 ) . the scatter plot of pc1 against pc2 illustrated a clear niche separation between c . vernale and c . montanum sp . nov . chrysotoxum vernale occurs across a wide temperature range , precipitation and altitude ( fig . 7 ) , while c . montanum sp . nov . occurs in a much narrower range of temperatures . chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . occurs only at high altitudes with high precipitation , and its distribution is strongly influenced by the precipitation in the coldest and wettest quarters of the year ( bio19 , bio12 , bio16 and bio13 ) .\nchrysotoxum vernale was described from an unspecified but large ( \u201cunter vielen exemplaren . . . \u201d ) number of specimens , both males and females . some males studied by hermann loew were collected in the place where he was working at the time of the description ( \u201c . . . hier gefangen . . . \u201d ) : pozna\u0144 ( \u201cposen\u201d ) , poland . apart from this , no other data about the type locality of c . vernale are given in the original description . in the zmhb there are 27 specimens of c . vernale belonging to loew\u2019s collection ( j . ziegler , in lit . ) ; of these specimens only 20 are labelled as \u2018coll . h . loew\u2019 and further information is not provided in the available data bases at the zmhb ( sven marotzke , in lit . ) . these specimens were examined here to confirm the colour of scutum pile , which was yellow . two named specimens ( male and female ) of c . vernale from the \u2018old collection\u2019 ( \u201calte sammlung\u201d ) at the nhmw were also examined ; the female is labelled as \u2018 chrysotoxum vernale f loew * \u2019 ( handwritten ) . no information about the locality where the nhmw specimens were collected is available , but loew\u2019s type material is usually marked with an asterisk ( * ) ( a . vuji\u0107 , pers . obs . ) . we consider that the specimens examined both in zmhb and nhmw belong to the type series of c . vernale and the nhmw male is designated as lectotype in order to stabilize this species concept .\nfor surstyli , outline shape was studied . surstyli of 51 chrysotoxum males were analyzed : 21 of morphotype a and 30 of morphotype b . the right surstylus was taken off using pins . surstyli were mounted in hoyer\u2019s medium on a microscopic slide and immobilized with a cover slip . in the absence of clearly - identifiable , homologous , anatomical loci , 30 semi - landmarks were generated ( fig . 2 ) . for each specimen semi - landmarks were drawn twice to reduce statistical error . to superimpose semi - landmarks , coordgen7 . 14 and an integrated semiland module were used following a distance - minimising protocol to minimize the shape differences due to the arbitrary nature of semi - landmark positions along the curve ( bookstein , 1997 ; zelditch et al . , 2004 ) .\ndiagnosis . large to medium size species ( 11 - 15 mm , n = 10 ) ; r = 1 : 0 . 6 : 1 . 5 ; vertical and frontal triangle with yellow pile ; scutum with long yellow pile ( male ) ( fig . 8a ) ; katepisternum with a yellow macula ( fig . 9b ) ; scutellum mainly with long yellow pile ; basal third of pro - and mesofemora black ; surstylus 1 . 2 - 1 . 3 times longer than hypandrium ( excluding superior lobes and aedeagus ) ( fig . 13c ) ; epandrium plus surstylus 1 . 1 - 1 . 2 times longer than hypandrium ( excluding superior lobes and aedeagus ) ( fig . 10e ) ; in female , frons black , with two rectangular pollinose maculae . chrysotoxum vernale has larger wings than c . montanum . additionally , it has wide temperature , precipitation and altitude range .\nsignificant differences in wing size and shape between c . montanum sp . nov . , c . vernale and c . orthostylum were detected ( fig . 5a ) . inconspicuous but statistically significant differences in surstylar shape between c . montanum sp . nov . and c . vernale were also revealed with a geometric morphometric analysis ; this is the second example after that of nedeljkovi\u0107 et al . ( 2013 ) in which geometric morphometry of genitalia has successfully contributed to the separation of cryptic syrphid species . in addition , niche divergence analysis reveals that c . montanum sp . nov . is more specialised than c . vernale . chrysotoxum montanum sp . nov . occurs only at high altitudes with high precipitation , while c . vernale is able to thrive in a wider range of environmental conditions of temperature , precipitation and altitude . the sympatric ( e . g . in fyr macedonia , golema poljana ) and synchronic ( early may to mid - august ) distributions of c . montanum sp . nov . and c . vernale also support their taxonomic separation .\nthe anova of wing centroid size showed significant differences between c . vernale and c . montanum sp . nov . ( males : f 1 , 117 = 8 . 99 ; p < 0 . 00331 , tukey\u2019s post hoc test p < 0 . 01227 ; females : f 1 , 117 = 81 . 12 ; p < 0 . 00000 , tukey\u2019s post hoc test p < 0 . 00010 ) . anova test and tukey\u2019s post hoc test showed significant differences in wing size between c . orthostylum sp . nov . and c . vernale ( f 1 , 182 = 6 . 69 ; p < 0 . 01045 , tukey\u2019s post hoc test p < 0 . 00969 ) and c . orthostylum sp . nov . and c . montanum sp . nov . ( f 1 , 166 = 30 . 12 ; p < 0 . 00000 , tukey\u2019s post hoc test p < 0 . 00000 ) . chrysotoxum vernale has larger wings than c . montanum sp . nov . and c . orthostylum sp . nov . ( fig . 4b ) .\nthin - plate spline deformation grid allows recognition of wing regions that are contributing to the discrimination . the main differences in wing shape between c . festivum a and c . festivum b are in the basal and apical parts of the wing and in wing length . males of c . festivum a have a wider basal part ( landmarks 1 and 16 ) and narrow medial ( landmarks 7 and 8 ) and apical ( landmarks 3 and 6 ) parts of the wing ( fig . 10a , b ) . the major wing deformations affecting c . elegans and c . festivum a occur in the medial part of the wing and are associated with landmarks 7\u201313 , and in the apical part of wing associated with landmarks 3\u20135 ( fig . 10c , d ) . the deformation grid indicates that the shape difference between c . elegans and c . festivum b is due to wing width and associated with displacement of all landmarks . chrysotoxum elegans is characterized in having a generally narrower wing than c . festivum b , especially in the male ( fig . 10e , f ) .\ntaxonomic notes . chrysotoxum orthostylum sp . nov . can be distinguished from c . montanum sp . nov . and c . vernale by the abdomen shape , which is slender and nearly parallel - sided in c . orthostylum sp . nov . ( fig . 11b ) but more oval in other species ( fig . 11a , c ) . in addition , the posterior corners of tergites 3 and 4 in c . orthostylum sp . nov . are developed into thorn - like processes ( fig . 12a , b ) , while in similar species these corners are blunter . the katepisternum of c . orthostylum sp . nov . has a yellow macula ( fig . 9a ) , which is more reduced or even absent in c . vernale and c . montanum sp . nov . ( fig . 9b , c ) . males of c . orthostylum sp . nov . can be separated from other species by the long surstylus , which is 3 . 3 - 3 . 7\u00d7 ( n = 5 ) longer than wide in c . orthostylum sp . nov . ( fig . 13b ) but 2 . 8\u00d7 or less in the other species ( fig . 13a , c ) . in addition , the shape of the hypandrium apex is rectangular in c . orthostylum sp . nov . ( fig . 10a ) and more triangular in c . festivum ( fig . 10c ) and c . vernale ( fig . 10e ) .\nda correctly classified the material studied in accordance with the three defined species . the overall classification success of the da was 92 . 95 % which indicates wing shape is a reliable predictor of interspecific discrimination . of the 249 digitalisations , only 21 were misclassified . canonical variate analysis conducted on shape variables gave two highly significant axes . the first canonical axis ( cv1 ) , with 65 . 4 % of total variation , separated c . vernale from c . orthostylum sp . nov . ( wilks\u2019 lambda = 0 . 09515 ; \u03c7 2 = 662 . 18 ; p < 0 . 00000 ) . the second canonical axis ( cv2 ) , with 34 . 6 % of total variation , separated c . vernale and c . orthostylum sp . nov . from c . montanum sp . nov . ( wilks\u2019 lambda = 0 . 38388 ; \u03c7 2 = 269 . 52 ; p < 0 . 00000 ) ( fig . 4a ) . the superimposed outline drawings showing major wing deformations between c . vernale and c . montanum sp . nov . occur in the central and distal part of wing and are associated with landmarks 2 , 4 , 5 and 9 - 11 ( fig . 5a ) . major differences in wing shape were found in the central part of the wing ( landmarks 2 , 7 - 11 ) of c . orthostylum sp . nov . and c . vernale ( fig . 5c ) , and in the central ( landmarks 7 , 8 , 12 and 13 ) and apical parts in c . orthostylum sp . nov . and c . montanum sp . nov . ( landmarks 4 and 5 ) ( fig . 5b ) . chrysotoxum vernale has wider wings , while c . orthostylum sp . nov . longer wings .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nfauna europaea is europe ' s main zoological taxonomic index . scientific names and distributions of all living , currently known , multicellular , european land and freshwater animal species are available in one authoritative database .\nfauna europaea provides access to its rich and quality - checked data via this public web portal that also links to other key biodiversity services . it is installed as a taxonomic backbone in a wide range of biodiversity services and actively contributes to biodiversity informatics innovations in various initiatives and ec programs . fauna europaea started in 2000 as an ec funded fp5 project and provides a unique taxonomic reference for many user - groups such as scientists , governments , industries , nature conservation communities and educational programs . fauna europaea was formally accepted as an inspire standard for europe , as part of the european taxonomic backbone established in pesi . today it is hosted by the museum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin .\nthis site is powered by the edit platform for cybertaxonomy and supported by eu bon ( urltoken ) . eu bon - building the european biodiversity observation network , presents an innovative approach towards the integration of biodiversity data and information systems , both from in - situ and remote sensing data sources . the eu bon project is a 7th framework programme funded by the european union under contract no . 308454 .\ndue to significant security issues and a warning received from the german federal office for information security , the old fauna europaea site ( urltoken ) urgently had to be closed and is unfortunately no longer available . all requests to this site are automatically redirected to the new portal , also directly available under fauna - eu . org .\nthe new fauna europaea portal first launched in late 2016 provides access to all taxonomic and geographic distribution information currently contained in the fauna europaea database by directly searching for individual taxa . through a search request , also the full taxonomic tree is available for further navigation .\nhowever , a number of functionalities ( e . g . to obtain a list of species for any taxon above the genus level , to offer export / download functionalities for species lists / distributions ) as well as some statistics available at the old site are not yet implemented at the new site , which is still under development . these functionalities will be implemented in the near future , as well as further improvements on display and functions . also , pending updates on the taxonomic and geographic content in the database will be tackled , but may still take some time due to limited personnel and resources available .\nmany thanks for your understanding and we apologize for all inconveniences . in case of urgent need of specific information currently not accessible from the site , please , do contact us .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na relatively large robust boldly marked grassland hoverfly species , widespread in southern britain and europe , usually seen flying near hedgerows , woodland edges and scrubby areas in small numbers where they visit a wide range of flowers . they are most often seen from june to october with a peak in mid july to early august . wing length 10 - 13mm ( 0 . 4 - 0 . 5in ) .\nis similar to several hoverfly species and care is needed for identification . the abdominal patterning has two straight black bars thinly joined in the centre per segment , with the pattern towards the rear falling short of the segment edge and gradually becoming more like the shape of a whales fluke .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou can not post a blank message . please type your message and try again .\nhtml public ' - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en ' ' urltoken '\nhello , can this hoverfly be identified by foto ? i caught it on may 10th , 2011 , on the light . location : germany , rhineland - palatinum , 53572 unkel , river rhine valley , dry and warm habitat . i already posted this fly 1 1 / 2 years ago , with another photo , but never got an answer . perhaps this photo is better for an identification . thanks in advance , michael\nwhy didn\u00b4t the upload work ? there were nop spaces , dots etc . in the name . one more try : michael stemmer attached the following image : [ 71 . 88kb ]\nthank you , sundew ! this helps me a lot . greetings from the river rhine valley , michael\njump to forum : diptera ( adults ) diptera ( eggs , larvae , pupae ) other insects , spiders , etc . fossils asilidae forum syrphidae overviews rearing diptera methodology what should i use ? what is new ? interesting literature about the website ( requests , discussion , errors , etc . ) international congress of dipterology 7 general queries the lounge distribution queries queries submitted as articles\nusername password not a member yet ? click here to register . forgotten your password ? request a new one here .\ndue to fact this site has functionality making use of your email address , any registration using a temporary email address will be rejected .\nhelp again can any1 give me the full title of kulon . allat . kozlem thx\ncopyright \u00a9 2004 - 2018 paul beuk , images in diptera gallery and forum of their respective owners powered by php - fusion copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by nick jones . released as free software without warranties under gnu affero gpl v3 . simpleasthat\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe family syrphidae , also known as hover flies , flower flies , and syrphid flies , is one of the largest families of diptera with over 5 , 000 described species ( capinera 2004 ) . they are called hover flies because they can hover while in mid - flight , lingering in one place much like a hummingbird . while many diptera are detrimental to humans , most syrphid flies are beneficial . the larvae of some species ( for example , allograpta obliqua ) are natural predators of aphids , and many of the adults are important crop pollinators ( weems 1951 ) .\nhover fly adults are often brightly colored and are commonly mistaken for the bees and wasps that they resemble ( mimic ) in appearance and behavior ( catts and mullen 2002 ) . many are black with either white , yellow , or orange bands across the abdomen and similar in shape to bees and wasps . they also have similar flight behavior and feed on pollen and nectar ( brower and brower 1965 , heal 1979 ) . this type of mimicry is called batesian mimicry because the mimic , although it is not dangerous to predators , benefits because the model is dangerous to predators ( bates 1961 ) . in other words , predators may avoid bees , wasps and yellowjackets because they can inject toxins by stinging , so predators also avoid the flower flies that are mistaken for bees and wasps ( gilbert 1986 ) .\nfigure 2 . adult female eastern yellowjacket , vespula maculifrons ( buysson ) . photograph by bruce marlin , http : / / cirrusimage . com .\nthe species eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) , commonly known as the drone fly ( adult ) or rat - tailed maggot ( immature ) , is a mimic of the european honey bee apis mellifera linnaeus ( golding et al . 2001 ) , and was introduced from europe around 1875 ( gilbert 1986 ) . the rat - tailed maggot is probably the source of biblical writings that depict honey bees spontaneously developing from dead animals . this is because female drone flies can lay their eggs in carcasses ( osten - sacken 1893 ) .\nfigure 3 . adult female drone fly , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) . photograph by lloyd spitalnik , copyright 2006 . www . lloydspitalnikphotos . com , used with permission .\nfigure 4 . adult honey bee , apis mellifera linnaeus . photograph by zachary huang , urltoken .\nadult e . tenax are important pollinators of many crops and wildflowers , while their larvae occasionally are pests around livestock ( day 2008 ) and cause accidental myiasis in humans ( catts and mullen 2002 ) . myiasis occurs when fly larvae infest humans and other vertebrate animals and feed on the host ' s living tissue ( lakshminarayana et al . 1975 ) , and is a common occurrence in certain other dipteran species , such as bot flies ( human bot fly , horse bot fly ) and screwworms .\nthe rat - tailed maggot is cosmopolitan , occurring on every continent except antarctica and ranges to the highest latitudes in the north ( metcalf 1913 ) . it is absent in the extreme southern latitudes and in arid areas of europe , asia , and africa ( thompson 1999 ) . in the united states , it is found as far north as alaska and south through california and florida ( milne and milne 1980 ) .\negg : the egg is white in color , has an elongate shape , and is covered in a sticky substance ( milne and milne 1980 ) .\nlarva : the following information is from metcalf ( 1913 ) . the aquatic larva has a cylindrical shape with patches of horizontal folds dividing the body into segments , between which the cuticle is smooth . at the division of each body segment , two rows of flexible hairs are visible . the larva has a highly specialized organ on the posterior end ( siphon ) that acts as a respiratory appendage and also looks like a tail , thus giving them their nickname\nrat - tailed maggot .\nthe siphon can be several times the length of the body .\nfigure 5 . larva of the rat - tailed maggot , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) , about two and a half inches in length . photograph by walter reeves , the georgia gardener .\nfigure 6 . larvae of the rat - tailed maggot , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) , in dirty , polluted water within a tire . photograph by tami ansley , atlanta , ga .\nfigure 7 . larvae of the rat - tailed maggot , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) , in manure . photograph by j . keith waldron , cornell university .\npupa : the pupa looks very similar to the larva but is shorter and thicker ( gilbert 1986 ) . however , unlike the larva the pupa has two pairs of cornua , or horn - like bumps , located on the thorax ( metcalf 1913 ) . the siphon remains present in the pupa but generally locks in a curved position over the back ( metcalf 1913 ) .\nfigure 8 . rat - tailed maggot pupa , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) . photograph by unknown .\nadult : the following information is from milne and milne ( 1980 ) . the adult drone fly can be over half an inch in length . they can be easily differentiated from honey bees because they lack a constricted waist between the thorax and the abdomen , and they only have two wings , while honey bees have four . short , brownish - yellow hairs are located on the thorax and the first segment of the abdomen . the body is dark brown to black in color , with yellow - orange marks on the side of the second abdominal segment while a narrow yellow - orange band crosses the third abdominal segment .\nlike many other fly species , males can easily be distinguished from females because they have larger eyes that almost touch , while females have smaller eyes that are spaced further apart . flies from the family syrphidae can be distinguished from all other fly species by the identification of a spurious vein , or\nfalse vein .\nthis vein does not terminate at the end of the wing or at another vein but has a free end , and is not as sclerotized as the other wing veins ( metcalf 1913 )\nfigure 9 . adult male drone fly , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) . photograph by lloyd spitalnik , copyright 2006 . used with permission .\nfigure 10 . adult female drone fly , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) . photograph by lloyd spitalnik , copyright 2006 . www . lloydspitalnikphotos . com , used with permission .\nfigure 11 . spurious vein that is indicative of all syrphidae flies . illustration from maxwell lefroy , manual of entomology , 1923 .\nthe drone fly undergoes complete metamorphosis with three larval instars . usually two to three generations are produced each year ( gilbert 1986 ) . however , there are many gaps in our understanding of the drone fly life cycle and more research is needed to provide detailed information on the life cycle .\neggs : eggs are deposited near the surface of foul water or decaying organic material , and are laid in masses with the eggs side by side , perpendicular to the ground ( metcalf 1913 ) . it is not known how long it takes for eggs to hatch .\nfigure 12 . larvae of the drone fly , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) , sharing their habitat with mosquito larvae . the drone fly larvae are represented by the dimples where their siphons are attached to the surface of the water . photograph by phillip e . kaufman , university of florida .\npupae : pupation occurs in a drier environment than where the larvae develop . this is usually just below the soil surface , where they remain for eight to 10 days ( gilbert 1986 , milne and milne 1980 ) . cornua that appear on the pupa are thought to aid in respiration during the pupation period as the trachea within the siphon becomes unusable ( metcalf 1913 ) .\nadults : females will feed on pollen once they emerge from the pupa in order to obtain the necessary nutrients to complete reproduction ( gilbert 1986 ) . subsequent meals will consist mainly of nectar to provide the energy necessary for activity ( gilbert 1986 ) . adult drone flies often feed on nectar from daisies , chrysanthemums , and asters ( gilbert 1986 ) . the adults prefer yellow flowers , leading to their importance in the pollination of yellow - flowered crops ( ilse 1949 ) .\nmale e . tenax tend to be territorial . observations suggest that males may live in the same territory their entire lives where they mate , feed , and groom , defending this area against other insects ( wellington and fitzpatrick 1981 ) . mating can occur while the pair is flying , with the male uppermost , or terrestrially while resting on foliage ( rogers and walker 1916 ) . after mating , adult rat - tailed maggot females lay clusters of about 20 eggs near dirty , contaminated water , sewage , or decomposing organic substances ( milne and milne 1980 ) .\nadults can be found from late march to early december and most often in september and october ( gilbert 1986 ) . in the late autumn months , females from the latest generation will mate and find a secure place to overwinter . the sperm remain alive , nourished by fat reserves from the female , while her eggs remain undeveloped until the spring ( kendall and stradling 1972 ) . after overwintering , the female emerges and lays from 80 to 200 eggs , and the cycle begins again ( kendall and stradling 1972 ) .\neristalis tenax is usually not a serious pest , but occasionally the larvae can become a nuisance in livestock areas , where they are often abundant in manure lagoons and holding pits ( kaufman et al . 2000 ) . during the summer , larvae can migrate from these sites in massive numbers as they seek dry pupation sites ( day 2008 ) . the migrations can cause many problems , such as contamination of livestock feed , short circuits from accumulations in electrical boxes , and congregations in barn stalls , egg cartons , and other unwanted places ( kaufman et al . 2000 , day 2008 ) .\nfigure 13 . a dairy farm lagoon in upstate new york . photograph by j . keith waldron , cornell university .\nfigure 14 . rat - tailed maggots of the drone fly , eristalis tenax ( linnaeus ) , infesting a dairy farm lagoon in upstate new york . photograph by j . keith waldron , cornell university .\nthe drone fly is reported to have caused accidental myiasis , which occurs when fly larvae inhabit a living host by accident , usually because of the ingestion of contaminated food in humans ( lakshminarayana et al . 1975 ) . this can transpire in four ways : intestinal or gastric , nasal , auricular , or anal , with intestinal or gastric being the most common ( rogers and walker 1916 , herms 1969 ) . the larvae are able to survive gastric fluids , possibly due to the fact that they are adapted to living in polluted habitats ( aguilera et al . 1999 ) . myiasis from e . tenax becomes apparent when the host notices the larvae in their bowel movements ( lakshminarayana et al . 1975 , aguilera et al . 1999 ) . symptoms of this condition include diffuse abdominal pain and diarrhea , and can easily be treated with medication which expels the larvae from the body ( lakshminarayana et al . 1975 , aguilera et al . 1999 ) .\nbecause e . tenax larvae live in highly polluted water , lagoons and manure pits need to be kept in the best condition possible . not allowing the manure to extend through the surface of the water can help prevent fly development ( lyon 1995 , day 2008 ) . physical blockades between lagoons and barns / coops can prevent larvae from migrating to the barns / coops when searching for pupation sites , and will keep the pupating larvae in a non - essential area ( lyon 1995 , day 2008 ) . agitating the lagoons frequently by pumping , especially during the warm summer months can disrupt larval development .\naguilera a , cid a , regueiro bj , prieto jm , noya m . 1999 . intestinal myiasis caused by eristalis tenax . journal of clinical microbiology 37 : 3082 .\nbates hw . 1862 . contributions to an insect fauna of the amazon valley . lepidoptera : heliconidae . transactions of the linnean society 23 : 495 - 566 .\nbrower jz , brower lp . 1965 . experimental studies of mimicry . 8 . further investigations of honeybees ( apis mellifera ) and their dronefly mimics ( eristalis spp . ) . the american naturalist 99 : 173 - 187 .\ncapinera jl . 2004 . flies . pp . 875 - 883 . in encyclopedia of entomology , vol . 2 . capinera jl [ ed . ] . kluwer academic publishers , dordrecht , the netherlands .\ncatts ep , mullen gr . 2002 . myiasis ( muscoidea , oestroidea ) . pp . 319 - 348 . in mullen g , durden l [ eds . ] , medical and veterinary entomology . academic press an imprint of elsevier , san diego , ca .\nday er . ( 2008 ) . livestock area fly control . virginia tech extension . urltoken ( 5 february 2009 ) .\ngilbert fs . 1986 . hoverflies . cambridge university press , cambridge , england .\ngolding yc , ennos ar , edmunds m . 2001 . similarity in flight behaviour between the honeybee apis mellifera ( hymenoptera : apidae ) and its presumed mimic , the dronefly eristalis tenax ( diptera : syrphidae ) . the journal of experimental biology 204 : 139 - 145 .\nheal j . 1979 . colour patterns of syrphidae ii . eristalis intricarius . heredity 43 : 229 - 238 .\nherms wm . 1969 . herms ' s medical entomology 6th ed . james mt , harwood rf [ eds . ] , the macmillan company , london , england .\nibrahim ia , gad am . 1978 . the occurrence of paedogenesis in eristalis larvae ( diptera , syrphidae ) . journal of medical entomology 12 : 268 .\nilse d . 1949 . colour discrimination in the drone fly eristalis tenax . nature 163 : 255 - 256 ."]}
{"id": 1730, "summary": [{"text": "tellina tenuis , the thin tellin , is a species of marine bivalve mollusc in the family tellinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found off the coasts of north west europe and in the mediterranean sea where it lives buried in sandy sediments .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "bivalves are molluscs with a body compressed between two usually similar shell valves joined by an elastic ligament .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "there are teeth at the edge of the shell and the animal has a muscular foot , gills , siphons , mouth and gut and is surrounded by a mantle inside the shell . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "tellina tenuis", "paragraphs": ["scientific synonyms and common names tellina tenuis da costa , 1778 tellina exigua poli , 1791 tellina polita pulteney , 1799 non tellina polita poli , 1795 non tellina polita spengler , 1798 tellina exigua var . alba costa o . g . , 1830 tellina exigua var . flavescens costa o . g . , 1830 tellina hyalina deshayes , 1835 non tellina hyalina gmelin , 1791 tellina exigua deshayes , 1835 non tellina exigua gmelin , 1791 tellina tenuis var . angusta philippi , 1836 non tellina angusta gmelin , 1791 macoma commutata monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . flavida monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . pudibunda monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . albida monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . major monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . minor monterosato , 1884 tellina exigua var . aurantia monterosato , 1884 tellina tenuis var . aita de gregorio , 1885 tellina tenuis var . browni de gregorio , 1885 tellina tenuis var . jeffreysi de gregorio , 1885 tellina tenuis var . brevior b . d . d . , 1886 tellina bourguignati locard , 1886 tellina tenuis var . maxima b . d . d . , 1886 tellina tenuis var . minuta b . d . d . , 1886 tellina carnaria sensu von born , 1780 non linn\u00e9 , 1758 tellina incarnata sensu chemnitz , 1782 non linn\u00e9 , 1758 tellina planata sensu pennant , 1777 non linn\u00e9 , 1758 tellina tenuis sensu auct . non da costa , 1778 tellina exilis sensu brusina , 1866 non lamarck , 1818 angulus tenuis\nworms - world register of marine species - tellina tenuis var . angusta philippi , 1836\ndana campbell marked\nn136 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\ntellina tenuis\npage .\nin kames bay the density of tellina tenuis falls in a progressive manner from l . w . m . to h . w . m .\ndistribution tellina tenuis was found in both periods in the western near - coastal zone . in addition , the species was also observed in . . .\nthe size - frequency curves and density of tellina tenuis in the other bays at l . w . m . correspond with those of half - tide in kames bay .\nthe present paper deals with the results of investigations into certain phases in the life - history of the bivalve mollusc tellina tenuis carried out during the autumn of 1926 and 1927 .\nthe tellina tenuis population in kames bay seems to be composed of four year - groups , one of which is almost unrepresented . collections from neighbouring bays indicate that older groups may be present .\ndana campbell marked\nn136 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\ntellina crassa\npage .\ndana campbell marked\nn136 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\ntellina pulchella\npage .\ndana campbell marked\nn136 _ w1150\nas trusted on the\ntellina squalida\npage .\ndekker , r and beukema , j . j 1999 . relations of summer and winter temperatures with dynamics and growth of two bivalves , tellina tenuis and abra tenuis , on the northern edge of their intertidal distribution . journal of sea research , vol . 42 , issue . 3 , p . 207 .\nholme , n . a . 1950 . population - dispersion in tellina tenuis da costa . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 29 , issue . 02 , p . 267 .\nbarnett , peter r . o . 1985 . the effect of temperature on the growth of planktonic larvae of tellina tenuis da costa . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 89 , issue . 1 , p . 1 .\nansell , alan d . and trevallion , ann 1967 . studies on tellina tenuis da costa i . seasonal growth and biochemical cycle . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 1 , issue . 2 , p . 220 .\nmcintyre , a . d . 1970 . the range of biomass in intertidal sand , with special reference to the bivalve tellina tenuis . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 50 , issue . 03 , p . 561 .\nthe two closely related species , t . tenuis and t . fabula , are both plentiful in kames bay , but their range is not coincident .\nbuchanan , j . s . 1978 . cytological studies on a new species of rickettsia found in association with a phage in the digestive gland of the marine bivalve mollusc , tellina tenuis ( da costa ) . journal of fish diseases , vol . 1 , issue . 1 , p . 27 .\nyoung tellina tenuis , passing the 2 - mm . sieve but retained by the 1 - mm . sieve , were found in kames bay in august , chiefly below l . w . m . , but in october plentifully distributed up to half - tide and in lesser numbers higher up the shore .\nin kames bay tellina tenuis ranges from a little below h . w . m . to depths of about 4 fm . the maximum concentration of about 1000 per sq . m . is found at l . w . m . springs and the numbers decrease to zero at h . w . m . and 4 fm .\ndistribution tellina tenuis was found in both periods in the western near - coastal zone . in addition , the species was also observed in the area of the hinder banks , but only in the 1994 - 2001 period . the frequency of occurrence in both periods was relatively low and the species never reached high density levels ( maximum 30 ind . / m2 ) . [ details ]\nhabitat tellina tenuis occurs in a wide range of sediments : median grain size of 150 to 500 \u03bcm . the main restrictive factor appears to be the mud content : the species only occurs in sediments with a mud content < 20 % . the relative occurrence of 10 % in sediments with a mud content of 40 - 50 % is considered an outlier and hence seen as unreliable . [ details ]\nthe dispersion of tellina tenuis da costa in the laboratory was analysed by the clark and evans nearest - neighbour test and by the kolmogorov - smirnov one - sample test . the dispersion was random , with a slight tendency toward aggregation that was independent of density . in the field , the dispersion was analysed by the clark and evans nearest - neighbour test and by the x 2 approximation to fisher ' s coefficient of dispersion . the dispersion was again random , this time with a slight tendency toward spacing out that was independent of density . the tendency toward aggregation displayed in the laboratory was independent of the dispersion pattern shown at the start of the experiment , and also unaffected by the edge of the container . the apparent randomness suggests that t . tenuis is primarily a suspension feeder , but may be a deposit feeder under certain environmental conditions .\nprediction of safe levels of effluent discharge have in the past been largely based on the results of short term acute toxicity tests ( lc 5 0 s ) . such tests are usually carried out in unnatural experimental conditions , and in consequence the results are of only limited value . there is a need to enlarge the concept of the routine bioassay test to include quantitative measurement of the effects of pollutants on behaviour , physiology and metabolism . this paper describes a simple rapid bioassay test in which the effect of pollutants on the burrowing of the bivalve tellina tenuis has been used as a quantitative measure of pollutant effect .\ndescription a thin , strongly flattened shell with an irregular oval shape . front edge broadly rounded , back edge tapering in a clear angle . the back is somewhat less acuminate than in the tellina fabula . the shell surface is practically smooth with only fine growth lines . measures up to 30 mm long . the colour varies from white with dark colour bands to pinkish red . [ details ]\nthe thin tellin is a species which regularly washes ashore . you usually find both valves still attached to one another . the connecting ligament between the two shell halves is namely very strong . the thin tellin is reasonably easy to find on the sand thanks to its pink to orange color . this colorful shellfish usually lives hidden in the sea bottom , where it ' s difficult to find despite its color . for food and oxygen , it extends its siphons out of the sand and filters the water . the thin tellin closely resembles the baltic tellin but is more delicate , flatter and lighter .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\novate , posterior shortened , wedge - shaped and curves to the right when viewed from dorsal side . anterior gently sloping and broadly curved at anterior margin .\nprominent mid - brown band extending less than a third the way to the posterior margin .\n2 cardinals in each valve . in lv anterior bifid , posterior very weak . in rv posterior bifid . 2 laterals in rv , anterior short but prominent , posterior small , below nymph plate . 1 short posterior lateral in lv .\npallial sinus very deep , extends upwards and almost to anterior adductor and is confluent with the pallial line . cruciform muscle scars visible .\nwhite / pink / orange / yellow external colouration more intense and covering more of the shell .\na burrower in sand and silty sand . lives from the mid intertidal to approximately 10m . widely distributed around all coasts .\nbut lacks the scissulate sculpture , is not so narrow and less acute posteriorly .\nthe marine life information network for britain and ireland ( marlin ) provides information for marine environmental management , protection and education . it is a centre of excellence in spatially based and time - series marine biological information and supports good stewardship in the marine environment .\nnational biodiversity network ' s gateway . use it to explore uk biodiversity data , as contributed by participating data providers .\nmarbef marbef , a network of excellence funded by the european union and consisting of 94 european marine institutes , is a platform to integrate and disseminate knowledge and expertise on marine biodiversity , with links to researchers , industry , stakeholders and the general public .\nm . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne\njust behind the midline directed inwards and backwards , almost touching . approximately oval in outline with the\nwhite , pink , rose , orange or yellow in colour and various shades of each , normally in irregular bands , exceptionally each valve may be differently coloured .\nis transparent , glossy . inside of shell coloured like the outside but normally fainter .\na deep burrower in sand or mud . this habit has had effect in developing a powerful\ninhabits fine sand generally from about the middle of the intertidal zone to a depth of a few metres . it sometimes occurs in very large populations , particularly near low water - mark , where it may be the most abundant macro - invertebrate , its numbers steadily decreasing up the beach , where the sands dry out appreciably at low tide , or as coarse sand is met . the depth to which the animal burrows depends on the state of the tide and may be 10 . 16 - 12 . 7 cm , when the tide is out but less at high tide .\nhaas , f . , 1926 . lamellibranchia . in grimpe , g . & wagner , e . : die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee .\nhayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .\npoppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1993 . european seashells . vol . ii . 221 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .\nseaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .\nstep , e . , 1927 . shell life . 421 pp . frederick warne & co . , ltd , london .\ntebble , n . , 1966 . british bivalve seashells . 212 pp . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . london .\nphilippi r . a . ( 1836 ) . enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium , quae in itinere suo observavit . vol . 1 . schropp , berlin [ berolini ] : xiv + 267 p . , pl . 1 - 12 , available online at urltoken ; = article & id ; = 355 & itemid ; = 167 page ( s ) : 27 [ details ]\ncheck list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nda costa e . m . ( 1778 ) . historia naturalis testaceorum britanniae , or , the british conchology . london : millan , white , elmsley & robson . xii + 254 + viii pp . 17 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 210 - 211 [ details ]\ndescription a thin , strongly flattened shell with an irregular oval shape . front edge broadly rounded , back edge tapering in a clear . . .\nlong term trends in the macrobenthos of the belgian continental shelf ( macrobel ) .\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 52 [ details ]\nzamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des c\u00f4tes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammb\u00f4 . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nbackeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgi\u00eb [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nvan zweeden , c . ; van asch , m . ; van den ende , d . ; troost , k . ( 2013 ) . het kokkelbestand in de nederlandse kustwateren in 2013 . imares wageningen report , c115 / 13 . imares wageningen ur : ijmuiden . 46 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nfilippova , nadezhda a . gerasimova , alexandra v . and maximovich , nikolay v . 2015 . methodical recommendations for the description of soft bottom communities in the littoral zone . marine biology research , vol . 11 , issue . 10 , p . 1076 .\njenkins , stuart r . moore , pippa burrows , michael t . garbary , david j . hawkins , stephen j . ing\u00f3lfsson , agnar sebens , kenneth p . snelgrove , paul v . r . wethey , david s . and woodin , sarah a . 2008 . comparative ecology of north atlantic shores : do differences in players matter for process ? . ecology , vol . 89 , issue . sp11 , p . s3 .\nhill , s . burrows , m . t . and hughes , r . n . 2000 . increased turning per unit distance as an area - restricted search mechanism in a pause - travel predator , juvenile plaice , foraging for buried bivalves . journal of fish biology , vol . 56 , issue . 6 , p . 1497 .\nwoodin , sarah ann 1999 . shallow water benthic ecology : a north american perspective of sedimentary habitats . austral ecology , vol . 24 , issue . 4 , p . 291 .\nbridges , todd s . farrar , j . daniel gamble , elayne v . and dillon , tom m . 1996 . intraspecific density effects in nereis ( neanthes ) arenaceodentata moore ( polychaeta : nereidae ) . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 195 , issue . 2 , p . 221 .\niribarne , oscar fernandez , miriam and armstrong , david 1994 . does space competition regulate density of juvenile dungeness crab cancer magister dana in sheltered habitats ? . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 183 , issue . 2 , p . 259 .\nbrey , thomas 1991 . interactions in soft bottom benthic communities : quantitative aspects of behaviour in the surface deposit feederspygospio elegans ( polychaeta ) andmacoma balthica ( bivalvia ) . helgol\u00e4nder meeresuntersuchungen , vol . 45 , issue . 3 , p . 301 .\nburd , brenda j . nemec , amanda and brinkhurst , ralph o . 1990 . advances in marine biology volume 26 . vol . 26 , issue . , p . 169 .\nfeder , howard m . and bryson - schwafel , bridget 1988 . environmental studies in port valdez , alaska : a basis for management . vol . 24 , issue . , p . 117 .\ngamito , sofia l . berge , john a . and gray , john s . 1988 . the spatial distribution patterns of the foraminiferanpelosinacf . arborescenspearcey in a mesocosm . sarsia , vol . 73 , issue . 1 , p . 33 .\nholte , b\u00f8rge and gulliksen , bj\u00f8rn 1987 . benthic communities and their physical environment in relation to urban pollution from the city of troms\u00f6 , norway . sarsia , vol . 72 , issue . 2 , p . 133 .\nwilson , james g . and shelley , colin 1986 . the distribution of nucula turgida ( bivalvia : protobranchia ) from dublin bay , ireland , and the effect of sediment organic content . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 66 , issue . 01 , p . 119 .\nambrose , william g . 1986 . experimental analysis of density dependent emigration of the amphipodrhepoxynius abronius . marine behaviour and physiology , vol . 12 , issue . 3 , p . 209 .\ntamaki , akio 1985 . detection of non - interference within a mobile polychaete species . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 90 , issue . 3 , p . 277 .\nwilson , w . herbert 1984 . non - overlapping distributions of spionid polychaetes : the relative importance of habitat and competition . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 75 , issue . 2 , p . 119 .\nnicolaidou , a . moraitou - apostolopoulou , m . and ignatiades , l . 1983 . a survey of estuarine benthic , zoo - planktonic and phytoplanktonic communities of amvrakikos gulf , ionian sea . marine ecology , vol . 4 , issue . 3 , p . 197 .\nanderson , d . john and kendziorek , marshal 1982 . spacing patterns in terebellid polychaetes . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 58 , issue . 2 - 3 , p . 193 .\nreise , k . 1979 . spatial configurations generated by motile benthic polychaetes . helgol\u00e4nder wissenschaftliche meeresuntersuchungen , vol . 32 , issue . 1 - 2 , p . 55 .\nin the exe estuary is shown to be uniformly distributed , indicating a significant degree of \u2018over - dispersion\u2019 .\narea it is shown that fewer individuals than would be expected occur less than 1 in . from their nearest neighbour , and none occurs closer than 0\u00b76 in .\nwhen the population density was artificially increased on the shore the same characteristic spacing was found at a moderate density , but not at a rather higher density .\nit is suggested that spacing is correlated with the foraging activities of the inhalent siphon on the soil surface .\nvery dense populations have been found by stephen in other areas , indicating that the size of the \u2018territory\u2019 does not limit density . his results show no evidence of the same phenomena as observed in the exe .\nstudies on the scottish marine fauna . additional observations on the fauna of the sandy and muddy areas of the tidal zone\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\natkins , d . : on the ciliary mechanisms and interrelationships of lamellibranchs . part iii . q . jl microsc . sci .\nbailey , n . t . j . : statistical methods in biology , 200 pp . london : english universities press 1959\nblackman , g . e . : statistical and ecological studies on the distribution of species in plant communities . ann . bot . ( n . s . )\nblegvad , h . : food and conditions of nourishment among the communities of invertebrate animals found on or in the sea bottom in danish waters . rep . dan . biol . stn\nclark , p . j . and p . c . evans : distance to nearest neighbour as a measure of spatial relationships in populations . ecology\nclark , r . b . and a . milne : the sublittoral fauna of two sandy bays on the isle of cumbrae , firth of clyde . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .\n\u2014 territorial behaviour and dispersion in some marine invertebrates . res . pop . ecol .\ncrisp , d . j . : territorial behaviour in barnacle settlement . j . exp . biol .\neisma , d . : the distribution of benthic marine molluscs off the main dutch coast . neth . j . sea res .\nheip , c . : on the significance of aggregation in some benthic marine invertebrates . proc . eur . mar . biol . symp .\njackson , j . b . : bivalves : spatial and size frequency distributions of two intertidal species . science , n . y .\nsay ( protobranchia ) : an experimental approach . biol . bull . mar . biol . lab . , woods hole\nmeadows , p . s . and j . i . campbell : habitat selection and animal distribution in the sea : the evolution of a concept . proc . r . soc . edinb .\n\u2014 and k . a . mitchell : an analysis of inter - and intraspecific aggregations in two sympatric species of hermit crab ( decapoda , anomura , paguridae ) . mar . behav . physiol .\nmitchell , k . a . : habitat selection by hermit crabs , ph . d . thesis , university of glasgow 1975\npielou , e . c . : an introduction to mathematical ecology , 286 pp . new york : john wiley 1969\npohlo , r . h . : confusion concerning deposit feeding in the tellinacea . proc . malac . soc . lond .\nprobert , p . k . : the bottom fauna of china clay waste deposits in mevagissey bay , ph . d . thesis , university of london 1973\nrosenberg , r . : spatial distribution of an estuarine benthic faunal community . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nsiegel , s . : non - parametric statistics for the behavioural sciences , 312 pp . tokyo : mcgraw hill , kogakusha 1956\n\u2014 studies on the scottish marine fauna : the fauna of the sandy and muddy areas of the tidal zone . trans . r . soc . edinh .\n\u2014 studies on the scottish marine fauna : additional observations on the fauna of the sandy and muddy areas of the tidal zone . trans . r . soc . edinb .\nda costa iii . aspects of general biology and energy flow . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nwatkin , e . e . : the macrofauna of the intertidal sand of kames bay , millport , buteshire . trans . r . soc . edinb .\nyonge , c . m . : on the structure and adaptations of the tellinacea , deposit feeding eulamellibranchia . phill . trans . r . soc . ( ser . b )\ncardoso , ricardo s . galhardo , ludmila b . and cabrini , tatiana m . b . 2015 . population ecology and secondary production of congeneric bivalves on a sheltered beach in southeastern brazil . journal of shellfish research , vol . 34 , issue . 3 , p . 931 .\naabel , jens petter 1983 . morphology and function in postmetamorphalabra alba ( bivalvia : tellinacea ) . sarsia , vol . 68 , issue . 3 , p . 213 .\nwikander , per bie 1980 . biometry and behaviour inabra nitida ( m\u00fcller ) anda . longicallus ( scacchi ) ( bivalvia , tellinacea ) . sarsia , vol . 65 , issue . 3 - 4 , p . 255 .\nreading , c . j . 1979 . changes in the downshore distribution of macoma balthica ( l . ) in relation to shell length . estuarine and coastal marine science , vol . 8 , issue . 1 , p . 1 .\nrasmussen , erik 1973 . systematics and ecology of the isefjord marine fauna ( denmark ) . ophelia , vol . 11 , issue . 1 , p . 1 .\nmuus , kirsten 1973 . settling , growth and mortality of young bivalves in the \u00f8resund . ophelia , vol . 12 , issue . 1 - 2 , p . 79 .\nmoore , hilary b . 1972 . advances in marine biology volume 10 . vol . 10 , issue . , p . 217 .\nhughes , roger n . 1969 . a study of feeding in scrobicularia plana . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 49 , issue . 03 , p . 805 .\nholme , n . a . 1953 . the biomass of the bottom fauna in the english channel off plymouth . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 32 , issue . 01 , p . 1 .\nquayle , d . b . 1952 . xx . \u2014the rate of growth of venerupis pullastra ( montagu ) at millport , scotland . proceedings of the royal society of edinburgh . section b . biology , vol . 64 , issue . 04 , p . 384 .\nholme , n . a . 1949 . the fauna of sand and mud banks near the mouth of the exe estuary . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 28 , issue . 01 , p . 189 .\nstephen , a . c . 1931 . notes on the biology of certain lamellibranchs on the scottish coast . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , vol . 17 , issue . 02 , p . 277 .\ncollections in the intertidal zone and below l . w . m . , were made in a number of bays in the cumbrae and neighbourhood , kames bay , millport , being selected for intensive study .\nthe size - frequency distribution shows a regular gradation from the lower to the higher levels . at l . w . m . and below individuals of small size predominate , while at h . w . m . they are proportionately few .\nthe rate of growth may therefore be influenced by the density of population as well as by the habitat .\nthe amount of young brood on the bottom seems to vary considerably from year to year , being large and small in alternate years .\neipe sperms were found from may onwards and ova were rounding off in june .\nthe food usually consists of vegetable detritus , but during the spring increase diatoms appear almost exclusively in the gut .\n. min . agri . fish . invest . , series ii , vol . vi , no . 2 ,\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nandronikov , v . b . : heat resistance of gametes of marine invertebrates in relation to temperature conditions under which the species exist . mar . biol .\nda costa . i . seasonal growth and biochemical cycle . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nbailey , n . t . j . : statistical methods in biology , 200 pp . london : english universities press 1959\nbarnes , h . : climatological and salinity data for millport , scotland . glasq . nat .\nbayne , b . l . , p . a . gabbott and j . widdows : some effects of stress in the adult on the egg and larvae of\nbliss , c . i . : the calculation of the dosage mortality curve . ann . appl . biol .\nbrett , j . r . : some lethal temperature relations of algonquin park fishes . univ . toronto stud . biol . ser .\nclark , r . b . and a . milne : the sublittoral fauna of two sandy bays on the isle of cumbrae , firth of clyde . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .\n) ii . the effects of temperature increasing at a known constant rate . j . exp . biol .\nde wilde , p . a . w . j . : influence of temperature on behaviour , energy metabolism and growth of\n: proceedings of the ninth european marine biology symposium , pp 239\u2013257 . ed . by h . barnes . aberdeen : university press 1975\nevans , r . g . : the lethal temperatures of some common british littoral molluscs . j . anim . ecol .\nhenderson , j . t . : lethal temperatures of lamellibranchiata . contr . can . biol . fish . ( n . s . )\nhutchison , v . h . : critical thermal maxima in salamanders . physiol . zo\u00f6l .\njansson , b . - o . : diurnal and annual variation of temperature and salinity of interstitial water in sandy beaches . ophelia\njohnson , r . g . : temperature variation in the infaunal environment of a sand flat . limnol . oceanogr .\nkennedy , v . s . and j . a . mihursky : upper temperature tolerances of some estuarine bivalves . chesapeake sci .\n\u2014 , w . j . roosenburg , h . h . zion and m . castagna : temperature - time relationships for survival of embryos and larvae of\n: marine ecology . vol . 1 . environmental factors , pt 1 . pp 407\u2013514 . ed . by o . kinne . london : wiley interscience 1970\nloosanoff , v . l . , w . s . miller and p . b . smith : growth and setting of larvae of\nmcerlean , a . j . , j . a . mihursky and h . j . brinkley : determination of upper temperature triangles for aquatic organisms . chesapeake sci .\nnewell , r . c . and b . l . bayne : a review on temperature and metabolic acclimation in intertidal marine invertebrates . neth . j . sea res .\nsimpson , r . : physical and biotic factors limiting the distribution and abundance of littoral molluscs on macquarie island ( sub antarctica ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol .\nsouthward , a . j . : note on the temperature tolerance of some intertidal animals in relation to environmental temperatures and geographical distribution . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .\nspeakman , j . n . and p . a . krenkel : quantification of the effects of rate of change on aquatic biota . wat . res .\ntebble , n . : british bivalve seashells , 212 pp . london : trustees of the british museum ( n . h . ) 1966\nk . v . singarajah , john moyse , e . w . knight - jones\nrichard w . eppley , robert w . holmes , john d . h . strickland"]}
{"id": 1732, "summary": [{"text": "brasilennea arethusae is a fossil species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family cerionidae , from the paleocene itabora\u00ed basin , brazil .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "brasilennea arethusae is the largest species in the genus brasilennea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was one of the first fossils found in itabora\u00ed basin and its name makes reference to the fact that it is a terrestrial species : the name is in honor of arethusa , a sylvan nymph and one of the hesperides from greek mythology . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "brasilennea arethusae", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define brasilennea arethusae in a sentence and how is the word brasilennea arethusae used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528brasilennea arethusae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528brasilennea arethusae\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528brasilennea arethusae\u9020\u53e5 , brasilennea arethusae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nclade panpulmonata clade eupulmonata clade stylommatophora informal group sigmurethra | superfamilia = urocoptoidea | familia = cerionidae | genus = { extinct } brasilennea | species = { extinct } b . arethusae | binomial = brasilennea arethusae | binomial _ authority = maury , 1935 | synonyms = } } brasilennea arethusae is a fossil species of air - breathing . . .\nbrasilennea arethusae var . minor trindade , 1956 : 18 ( pl . 3 , figs . 1e , 2e ) .\nstylommatophora family cerionidae genus brasilennea maury , 1935 ( figs . 3 - 26 )\n\n' brasilennea arethusae\n' is a fossil species of air - breathing land snail , a arethusa , a sylvan nymph and one of the hesperides from greek mythology .\nbrasilennea arethusae maury , 1935 : 4 - 6 , figs . 1 - 5 ; salvador et al . 2011 : 445 - 447 , fig . 1 , a - g , l .\nbrasilennea guttula salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 ( figs . 1 - 4 ) .\nincluded species : b . arethusae maury , 1935 ; b . guttula salvador & simone , 2012 ; b . minor trindade , 1956 .\n- following salvador et al . ( 2011 ) , the genus brasilennea is considered a cerionidae , not a streptaxidae ;\nb . arethusae usually has stronger ribs ( and fewer per whorl ) than other brasilennea species . quensen & woodruff ( 1997 ) attribute such strong ribs to protection against predators in cerion r\u00f6ding , 1798 ; the ribs strengthen the shell structure and make it harder for predators ( in this case , crabs ) to crush it . however , b . arethusae ' s possible predators are unknown : there is no record of crabs in itabora\u00ed or other possible predators known for crushing shells , such as beetles ( symondson , 2004 ) ; still , some small mammals , also potential predators ( allen , 2004 ) , do occur in itabora\u00ed , but possibly not in the same sequence as the brasilennea ( bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) . in any case , the shell of b . arethusae would be more resistant to predation due to its strong ribs .\netymology : maury ( 1935 ) considered the newfound species very similar to the african genus ennea and thus named the new genus brasilennea , meaning\nbrazilian ennea\n.\nshell shape , structure and sculpture : in respect to the general shell shape , brasilennea strongly resembles the typical cerionidae : a thick , pupiform and multispiral shell , with acuminated apex ( triphasic sensu gould , 1989 ) , hollow columella ( at least in first whorls ) , and the shape , placement and size of aperture ( schileyko , 1999b ) . also , b . arethusae has strong and regularlyspaced ribs that become less oblique towards the shell aperture , as commonly seen in cerionids ( schileyko , 1999b ) . the ribs in the other brasilennea species are weaker , but still raised and well - marked .\ndiscussion : b . minor was originally described as a smaller sympatric variety of b . arethusae by trindade ( 1956 ) , but it was lately elevated to the category of species by brito ( 1967 ) , using the sympatry as one of the reasons for such . b . minor specimens are smaller than the smallest specimen of b . arethusae , showing no overlapping in size distribution . b . minor shows a smaller number of whorls than the other brasilennea species : usually 9 ( 8 or 10 whorls are not uncommon ) . the whorls of b . minor are more convex and its shell is weaker and thinner than the other species . it has a greater number of ribs and they are also weaker . the basal furrow in the body whorl is more weakly marked . b . minor also shows some variation in shell shape besides whorl number as , for example , thinner and more elongated specimens ( fig . 25 ) ; however , in a broader sense , this variation seems to be less than what is seen in b . arethusae .\nos calc\u00e1rios da bacia de itabora\u00ed ( paleoceno m\u00e9dio ) , rio de janeiro , brasil , abrigam uma rica fauna de gastr\u00f3podes pulmonados do paleoceno m\u00e9dio , tanto terrestres quanto dulciaqu\u00edcolas . no presente trabalho realiza - se uma extensiva revis\u00e3o taxon\u00f4mica dessa paleofauna . duas novas esp\u00e9cies , eoborus fusiforme e gastrocopta itaboraiensis , s\u00e3o descritas , assim como um novo g\u00eanero , cortana . a classifica\u00e7\u00e3o revisada encontra - se do seguinte modo : austrodiscus lopesi ( charopidae ) ; biomphalaria itaboraiensis ( planorbidae ) ;\nbrachypodella\nbritoi ( urocoptidae ) ; brasilennea arethusae , brasilennea guttula , brasilennea minor ( cerionidae ) ; bulimulus fazendicus , bulimulus trindadeae , cortana carvalhoi , cyclodontina coelhoi , itaborahia lamegoi , leiostracus ferreirai , plagiodontes aff . dentatus ( orthalicidae ) ; cecilioides sommeri ( ferussaciidae ) ; eoborus rotundus , eoborus sanctijosephi , eoborus fusiforme ( strophocheilidae ) ; gastrocopta mezzalirai , gastrocopta itaboraiensis ( gastrocoptidae ) ; temesa magalhaesi ( clausiliidae ) . a esp\u00e9cie strobilopsis mauryae foi considerada sin\u00f4nimo de brasilennea arethusae ; bulimulus sommeri sin\u00f4nimo de itaborahia lamegoi ; e vorticifex fluminensis sin\u00f4nimo de eoborus sanctijosephi . a bacia conta com os registros f\u00f3sseis mais antigos das fam\u00edlias orthalicidae , gastrocoptidae , ferussaciidae e strophocheilidae . al\u00e9m disso , os registros de itabora\u00ed das fam\u00edlias charopidae , clausiliidae , cerionidae , e urocoptidae est\u00e3o entre os mais antigos do mundo e , dentre esses , os de cerionidae , clausiliidae e urocoptidae merecem destaque por estarem bem afastados das distribui\u00e7\u00f5es atuais das fam\u00edlias . ademais , os registros de itabora\u00ed s\u00e3o os mais antigos para os g\u00eaneros austrodiscus , brachypodella , bulimulus , cecilioides , cyclodontina , eoborus , gastrocopta , leiostracus , plagiodontes e temesa . h\u00e1 tr\u00eas g\u00eaneros end\u00eamicos na bacia : brasilennea , cortana e itaborahia . discuss\u00f5es adicionais sobre paleobiogeografia e evolu\u00e7\u00e3o dessa paleofauna s\u00e3o oferecidas .\ngeographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality . the precise stratigraphic occurrence can ' t be assessed ; probably sequence s1 , the same sequence of occurrence of the other brasilennea species ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . 2006 ) .\ndiagnosis : shell bigger than other species . greatest width in central portion of shell . sculptured by stronger whorls , usually in lesser quantity . in some specimens , weaker ribs , in greater quantity ( similar to the other brasilennea species ) , may also occur in some specimens .\ndiscussion : b . guttula is smaller than b . arethusae but larger than b . minor , and has more whorls than both ( b . guttula has 14 , while b . arethusae has 10 - 11 and b . minor has 8 - 9 ) . the most striking difference , however , is its\nwater drop\nshape , i . e . , an acuminate spire ( the other species have wide , dome - shaped first whorls ) . regarding the other typical features of the genus , b . guttula shares all of them : the shell strength , the smooth protoconch , the sculpture pattern , the suture pattern and the most prominent feature of the genus , the two furrows on the body whorl . nevertheless , the holotype ( the only specimen known ) has the last portion of the body whorl broken , so for now there is no clue indicating if the peristome has a doubled aspect or if there was a parietal lamella and / or a columellar lamella as in the other two brasilennea species .\nsalvador , r . b . ; rowson , b . & simone , l . r . l . 2011 . rewriting the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian paleocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies , 77 : 445 - 447 . [ links ]\nthere are 20 species in the itaborahian fauna ( including four entirely new species ; marked in bold on the list below ) , which is a fair amount of diversity . almost all of them are land snails , with the exception of the freshwater biomphalaria species . the genera brasilennea , cortana and itaborahia are endemic to the basin .\nsalvador , r . b . ; rowson , b . ; simone , l . r . l . 2011 . re - writing the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian paleocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies 77 : 445 - 447 . [ pdf ]\ntherefore , here we propose that the specimens previously classified as s . mauryae are in fact juveniles of b . arethusae ( or fragments of it , namely the top of the spire ) . besides all the characters of the supposed specimens of s . mauryae being identical to what is found in the top region of the shell of b . arethusae ( like sculpture pattern , aperture shape , umbilicus shape , absence of teeth and lamellae etc . ) , they do not present a single character that could allow their classification as strobilopsids , such as long parietal lamellae , greatly extending themselves towards the shell ' s interior , and a thickened and reflected lip ( schileyko , 1998a ) . moreover , no deflection of the peristome was detected in the specimens identifiable as s . mauryae , another necessary character for confirming the generic attribution .\ncerionidae : this family was not officially present in the basin until the recent revision of the genus brasilennea by salvador et al . ( 2011 ) , as it was previously classified in streptaxidae . there are three brasilennea species in itabora\u00ed , which together consist on the second oldest record of cerionidae . the oldest is a probable cerion , named c . acherontis , from the upper cretaceous of montana , usa ( roth & hartman , 1998 ) . even if itabora\u00ed ' s record is not the oldest , its location is very interesting , for the basin is greatly removed from the family ' s recent distribution : the islands of florida and the caribbean islands ( fig . 98 ) . despite the absence of recent cerionids in south america , it can be seen that the family ' s distribution included this area in the beginning of the cenozoic . it is even possible that , at that time , cerionidae had a more ample distribution , occurring from northwestern usa ( c . acherontis ) to rio de janeiro ( brasilennea ) .\nsalvador , r . b . ; rowson , b . ; simone , l . r . l . 2011 . rewriting the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian palaeocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies 77 : 445\u2013447 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyr021\nsalvador r . b . , rowson b . & simone l . r . l . ( 2011 ) . re - writing the fossil history of cerionidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) : new family assignment of the brazilian paleocene genus brasilennea maury , 1935 . journal of molluscan studies . 77 : 445 - 447 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nimportant characters in the familiar allocation of b . britoi are : the conical - turriform shell shape , sculpture pattern and the body whorl detached from previous whorl , very common in urocoptidae ( schileyko , 1999a ) . the original illustration of ferreira & coelho ( 1971 : p . 471 , fig . 8 ) shows the body whorl greatly detached from the previous one . however , this degree of detachment is not seen in the specimens - the body whorl is only slightly detached ( fig . 88 ) . brachypodella britoi , as brasilennea arethusae , has few ribs per whorl , but they are raised and strong . quensen & woodruff ( 1997 ) relates these ribs to a greater protection against shell - breaking predators in cerion r\u00f6ding , 1798 . unfortunately , there is no known malacophagous predator in itabora\u00ed in sequence s1 .\ndiscussion : in the original description of e . sanctijosephi , the specific epithet had a hyphen , which has reappeared in some recent works , but must be omitted obeying the iczn ( 1999 ) rules ( articles 11 . 2 and 32 . 5 . 2 . 4 . 1 ) . e . sanctijosephi is certainly the largest pulmonate in itabora\u00ed basin and the second species with the most numerous record ( the first is brasilennea arethusae ) . e . sanctijosephi differs from e . rotundus salvador & simone , 2012 by its larger size , conic shell , oval aperture , less reflected peristome and the way in which the upper palatal region of outer lip meets with the preceding whorl accompanying its outline . also , it differs from e . fusiforme sp . nov . by its much larger size , conic shell , less acuminated spire , slightly convex whorls and orthocline aperture .\ndiscussion : b . arethusae is the type species of the genus by original designation and monotypy ( maury , 1935 ) . it is larger than the other species , presenting usually 11 whorls , though a few specimens have 10 whorls . a single specimen has 9 whorls ( fig . 13 ) , but it seems to be anomalous , since it also shows a slightly different shell shape , with the lip largely reflected and without the doubled aspect , and does not have the parietal lamella . the shell shape can vary slightly in the last whorls , which can be thinner and present the aperture more centrally located ( notably in the holotype , figs . 10 - 11 ) . in the same manner , the ribs in some specimens ( ~ 40 % ) can be weaker and more abundant ( figs . 10 - 12 ) , like those of other brasilennea species .\ntherefore , during the beginning of the cenozoic , it seems likely that the morphological variation in the shells of cerionidae would be greater , as shown by brasilennea . this would not be a complete surprise , since the family ' s ancestral stock may have also originated the urocoptidae as suggested by uit de weerd ( 2008 ) , a family with great morphological variation ( schileyko , 1999a ) .\nspiral furrows on body whorl : the furrows in brasilennea ' s body whorl are well - marked and deeply set and comprise the most striking diagnostic feature of the genus . this feature is not known in cerionidae , but some urocoptids do show a single furrow in their body whorl ( schileyko , 1999a ) , such as in the genera apoma beck , 1837 , brachypodella beck , 1837 , mychostoma albers , 1850 and spirostemma pilsbry & vanatta , 1898 .\nferreira & coelho ( 1971 ) described strobilops mauryae ( figs . 14 - 15 ) , stating that it could be taken for fragments of b . arethusae and also that maury ( 1935 ) had committed such error when defining the paratype of b . arethusae ( amnh , 24239 ; fig . 16 ) as a juvenile . ferreira & coelho ( 1971 ) gave the key character to place their specimens in the genus strobilops pilsbry , 1893 : a tooth ( or\nwell - developed basal fold\n) in the aperture ' s basal region . teeth and lamellae are typical of the family strobilopsidae , which , for many authors , contain only the genus strobilops , and are essential to the family ' s taxonomy ( schileyko , 1998a ) . in the illustration of s . mauryae presented by ferreira & coelho ( 1971 : 469 , fig . 6 ) , such tooth can be clearly seen . however , examining the type material , we saw that only the holotype ( figs . 14 - 15 ) presented such tooth . further examination revealed that the supposed tooth was in fact a grain of sediment attached to the shell .\nbrasilennea arethusae maury , 1935 : 4 ( figs . 1 - 5 ) ; oliveira , 1936 : 4 ; mezzalira , 1946 : 18 ; paula couto , 1949 : 11 ; magalh\u00e3es & mezzalira , 1953 : 221 ( pl . 64 , fig . 262 , 262\u00ba ) ; trindade , 1956 : 15 ( pl . 3 , figs . 1c , 2c ) ; zilch in wenz , 1959 - 60 : 578 ( fig . 2025 ) ; brito , 1967 : 18 ( pl . 3 , fig . 6 ) ; jaeckel , 1969 : 822 ; parodiz , 1969 : 186 ( pl . 19 , figs . 3 , 12 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 396 ( pl . 1 , fig . 9 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 51 ( pl . 15 , fig . 430 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ( fig . 74 ) ; salvador et al . , 2011 : 445 ( fig . 1a - g , l ) ; salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 ( figs . 5 - 6 ) .\naperture , peristome and lamellae : the basic shape of brasilennea ' s aperture is the same as in cerionidae , especially when considered together with the complete peristome , virtually straight parietally , and its duplicated aspect ( parallel lamella sensu maury , 1935 , projecting itself forwards , away from the lip , for a couple of millimeters ) . the apertural dentition is also very similar to the typical cerionidae , with a single , strong median parietal lamella reaching the peristome and also a spiral columellar lamella .\nbrasilennea minor : brito , 1967 : 19 ( pl . 3 , figs . 7 , 8 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 397 ( pl . 1 , fig . 10 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 51 ( pl . 15 , fig . 431 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 60 ( fig . 75 ) ; salvador et al . , 2011 : 445 ( fig . 1h - k ) ; salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 ( figs . 7 - 8 ) .\nbrasilennea maury , 1935 : 3 ; oliveira , 1936 : 4 ; mezzalira , 1946 : 18 ; magalh\u00e3es & mezzalira , 1953 : 221 ; trindade , 1956 : 15 ; zilch in wenz , 1959 - 60 : 578 ; brito , 1967 : 18 ; jaeckel , 1969 : 822 ; parodiz , 1969 : 186 ; palma & brito , 1974 : 396 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 51 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ; salvador et al . , 2011 : 445 ; salvador & simone , 2012 : 2 .\ndiscussion : brasilennea was originally placed in the family streptaxidae . however , due to many morphological characters shared with cerionidae , and also to the fact that the similarities shared with streptaxidae were superficial , the genus was recently transferred to cerionidae by salvador et al . ( 2011 ) . since this topic was well explored elsewhere , it will not be discussed here ; instead we present only the formal diagnosis and description and limit ourselves to comparisons with other cerionidae ( and urocoptidae , when informative , since these two families were deemed sister taxa by uit de weerd , 2008 ) .\nmaury , c . j . ( 1935 ) . new genera and new species of fossil terrestrial mollusca from brazil . american museum novitates . 764 : 1 - 15 . , available online at urltoken ; = y page ( s ) : 4 - 6 , figs 1 - 5 [ details ]\n( of strobilops mauryae ferreira & coelho , 1971 \u2020 ) ferreira , c . s . ; coelho , a . c . s . ( 1971 ) . novos gastr\u00f3podes pulmonados da bacia calc\u00e1ria de s\u00e3o jos\u00e9 de itabora\u00ed , rj , brasil . geocronologia . anais da academia brasileira de ci\u00eancias . 43 ( supl . ) : 463 - 472 . page ( s ) : 469 , fig . 6 [ details ]\n( of strobilops mauryae ferreira & coelho , 1971 \u2020 ) salvador , r . b . ; simone , l . r . l . ( 2013 ) . taxonomic revision of the fossil pulmonate mollusks of itabora\u00ed basin ( paleocene ) , brazil . pap\u00e9is avulsos de zoologia . 53 ( 2 ) : 5 - 46 . page ( s ) : 9 - 11 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmaury ( 1935 : 6 ) considered the horizon from which this species was collected as\nprobably miocene , but possibly as young as pliocene .\nsalvador et al . ( 2011 : 445 ) report the itaborai limestones to be of paleocene age .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ni museu de zoologia , universidade de s\u00e3o paulo . caixa postal 42 . 494 , 04218 - 970 , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brasil ii e - mail : salvador . rodrigo . b @ urltoken iii e - mails : lrsimone @ urltoken , lrlsimone @ urltoken\nkey - words : itabora\u00ed ; middle paleocene ; mollusca ; pulmonata ; rio de janeiro .\npalavras - chave : itabora\u00ed ; mollusca ; paleoceno m\u00e9dio ; pulmonata ; rio de janeiro .\nitabora\u00ed basin is located in the municipality of itabora\u00ed ( fig . 1 ) , rio de janeiro state , brazil , and is one of the smallest basins in the country : it has an elliptical shape , with ~ 1 , 400 m in its biggest axis , ~ 500 m in the smallest and ~ 125 m of maximum depth ( rodrigues francisco & cunha , 1978 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) . despite its small size , itabora\u00ed basin houses an astounding fossil record in its limestones .\nthese limestones started to be explored in 1933 for the production of cement , and fossils were found there almost as soon as the excavations had begun . the first fossils discovered were the gastropods , but , as excavations proceeded , many other were found , including plants , mammals , reptiles , birds , palynomorphs , coprolites and , of course , more mollusks ( maury , 1929 , 1935 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) . these fossils alongside the basin ' s geology were studied almost exclusively by researchers of two institutions from rio de janeiro : the museu nacional ( national museum ) and the divis\u00e3o de geologia e mineralogia of the departamento nacional de produ\u00e7\u00e3o mineral ( division of geology and mineralogy of the national department of mineral production ) .\nthe exploration lasted until 1984 , at which point the vast majority of itabora\u00ed ' s outcrops were already destroyed by the quarrying , and little of its limestone remained . after the limestone extraction ceased , the quarry was abandoned and a lake formed in the basin , leaving the few remaining outcrops underwater ( bergqvist et al . , 2008 ) . therefore , it is currently hard to obtain new fossil specimens from itabora\u00ed , as they can only be found in a few restricted sites above water level . as such , any posterior work depended heavily upon data from the literature and museum specimens ( e . g . , medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) . still , itabora\u00ed is a very important fossiliferous site and on december 12 , 1985 a park was created for its preservation , called parque paleontol\u00f3gico de s\u00e3o jos\u00e9 de itabora\u00ed ( beltr\u00e3o et al . , 2001 ; bergqvist et al . , 2008 ) .\naccording to the last works that listed the fossil mollusks from itabora\u00ed , there are 18 ( simone & mezzalira , 1994 ) or 17 species ( bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) in the basin . three more ( two new species and a new occurrence ) were added to this list by salvador & simone ( 2012 ) . in any case , up to this moment the studies dealing with itabora\u00ed basin ' s molluscan fauna consist almost exclusively of the original descriptions ; no taxonomic revision under a larger scope has been so far produced . as such , many taxonomic problems and inconsistencies have been readily identified , most stemming from the fact that the original descriptions were overly based on comparisons with european genera and species . therefore , this work intends to review the taxonomy of the entire itaborahian molluscan fauna . as the original descriptions ( with the exception of maury , 1935 ) are too brief and incomplete , we expand and complement them , figuring all type material and other well - preserved specimens , and offering a proper diagnosis for each taxon . additionally , two new species , previously misidentified , were found in museum collections and are described herein .\nitabora\u00ed basin is a small tectonic depression dating from the mesozoic , probably related to the tectonic activities during the separation of gondwana ; it rests on a pre - cambrian crystalline basement , over the brazilian southeastern continental rift ( beurlen & sommer , 1954 ; rodrigues francisco & cunha , 1978 ; rodrigues francisco , 1989 ; medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; sant ' anna & riccomini , 2001 ; sant ' anna et al . , 2004 ) . the basin was then filled by carbonatic sediments during the paleocene ( rodrigues francisco & cunha , 1978 ; medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) . the resulting limestones were named\nitabora\u00ed formation\nby oliveira ( 1956 ) , but this name was almost never used afterwards ; the majority of authors prefer simply\nitabora\u00ed basin\n. we follow this practice here .\nthe first work dealing with the basin ' s geology ( leinz , 1938 ) defined three rock horizons : laminated limestone , gray limestone and eluvial sediment . this definition still remains basically valid , having received only posterior refinements . the most up - to - date geological profile ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) defines and names two stratigraphic sequences for the basin ' s paleocene limestones : sequence s1 lies at the bottom , directly above the pre - cambrian rocks ; and sequence s2 consists of sediments that filled fissures opened in s1 by water activity .\nsequence s1 is composed of an intercalation of carbonatic rocks of chemical and detrital origins . the chemically originated rocks ( named facies a ) are mainly travertine , linked to hydrothermal activity inside the basin . the grey detrital limestones ( facies b ) are the product of gravitational and hydrodynamic fluxes towards the basin ' s interior and contain all known fossil mollusks as well as some plant , reptilian and mammalian remains . facies c is composed of oolitic - pisolitic limestone , being associated to facies a .\nsequence s2 is also carbonatic and the result of torrent and gravitational flows . its clastic rocks contain the bulk of the basin ' s fossil vertebrate fauna as well as plants and palynomorphs . a third sequence , named s3 , is composed of conglomerates and was deposited on top of the others much later , in the eocene - oligocene . it harbors reptilian and mammalian fossils .\nafter much disagreement about itabora\u00ed basin ' s age , the mammalian fossils allowed the correlation with the upper paleocene fauna of rio chico formation , argentina ( paula couto , 1952 ) . it is currently agreed that both sequences s1 and s2 belong to a time interval ranging from the end of the lower paleocene to the beginning of the upper paleocene ( from about 59 to 57 ma , according to bergqvist et al . 2006 ) , which has been informally named\nmiddle paleocene\n( marshall , 1985 ; medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ) . sequence s1 is younger , of itaborahian age ( according to the nomenclature of the south american land mammalian age ) , while s2 is partly itaborahian and partly riochican ( bergqvist & ribeiro , 1998 ) .\ninstitutional abbreviations : amnh : american museum of natural history , new york , usa . dgm : divis\u00e3o de geologia e mineralogia ( recently transformed into the mct ) , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil . mct : museu de ci\u00eancias da terra , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil . mnrj : museu nacional , rio de janeiro , rj , brazil . mzsp : museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , sp , brazil .\nexamined material : the material from itabora\u00ed analyzed here ( 79 lots ; 322 specimens ) includes all the types and is housed in the collections of the above mentioned institutions . unfortunately , the holotypes of two species ( austrodiscus lopesi and biomphalaria itaboraiensis ) are lost , i . e . they could not be located in the museums that housed them , respectively mnrj and dgm . only the reasonably well - preserved specimens , i . e . those useful for analysis , were included . the specimens in bad preservational state , including internal molds , were mostly excluded . since most of the basin ' s outcrops are gone and further explorations commonly do not result in good material , all the specimens presented here are from museum collections . in large part , this is the same material used in the species ' original descriptions , but it also contains specimens from later collecting .\nshell terminology and measures : we follow here the terminology of moore et al . ( 1952 ) and cox ( 1955 ) for molluscan shells and their structures . additionally , we follow breure ( 1979 ; p . 10 , figs . 1 - 7 ) for the terminology of whorl convexity and the umbilicus and tillier ( 1989 ; p . 7 , fig . 1c ) for the terminology of the peristome regions ( fig . 2 ) . all shell measures presented here ( fig . 2 ) are in accordance with moore et al . ( 1952 ) : h = shell length ( or height ) ; d = greatest width ( or diameter ) of shell ; s = spire length ( without the aperture ) ; h = aperture height ; d = aperture width ; \u03b8 ' = spire angle ( the\nmean spire angle\nsensu moore , 1960 , approximated to the closest multiple of five ) . all measures were taken with a digital caliper or , in the case of microgastropods ( smaller than 5 mm ) , with the aid of coreldraw \u00ae graphics suit x5 . unfortunately , not every shell is well - preserved or even completely preserved and thus some measures could not be precisely taken or taken at all ( such imprecise measures are indicated by italicized numbers ) . when specimens are abundant , the mean and standard deviation is presented . the whorl counting method follows janssen ( 2007 ) , i . e . , excluding the semicircular nucleus of the protoconch , and thus the total number of whorls can vary a little ( \u00bc to \u00bd whorl ) when compared to other works .\nnomenclatural update : here we follow the work of bouchet et al . ( 2005 ) for the nomenclature of families and sub - families , with the addition of the more recent work of uit de weerd ( 2008 ) with the urocoptoidea . therefore , a few nomenclatural changes had to be made in the classic literature of itaborahian molluscan fauna : ( 1 ) the family bulimulidae is now considered a subfamily of orthalicidae ; ( 2 ) likewise , odontostomidae is now considered a subfamily of orthalicidae ; ( 3 ) the family megalobulimidae is now considered a subfamily of strophocheilidae .\nwe also follow the works of schileyko ( 1998a , 1998b , 1999a , 1999b , 2000 , 2001 ) , which offers the description and diagnosis of families , subfamilies and genera based on morphological characters . other works , dealing more specifically with one or other taxon , were also followed ; among these , the works of breure ( 1978 , 1979 ) on the bulimulinae stand out .\ngeographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from itabora\u00ed basin : limestone sequence s1 ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) .\ndiagnosis : shell pupiform ( expect for b . guttula : spire sharply acuminated ) . ribs regularly spaced . greatest width in central portion of shell length . body whorl with two well - marked spiral furrows , one central and the other basal . peristome complete , well - marked and with duplicated aspect . single and strong median parietal lamella , reaching the peristome . columellar lamella present .\nre - description : shell dextral , pupiform ( expect for b . guttula : spire sharply acuminated ) , with greatest width in central portion of shell length . columella hollow , at least in first whorls . whorls flat to slightly convex . suture well - marked , linear , practically perpendicular ( horizontal ) to columellar axis , becoming more oblique towards last whorls . shell sculptured by well - defined and raised ribs , regularly spaced , becoming less oblique towards last whorls . first two to three whorls ( protoconch ) smooth ; transition to teleoconch clear . body whorl with two well - marked spiral furrows ( one central and the other basal ) , that can be seen as two parallel folds in shell ' s inner surface . aperture large , approximately semicircular , with parietal and columellar lips straight ; other lip regions rounded . peristome complete , well - marked , virtually straight parietally , with duplicated aspect ( parallel lamella sensu maury , 1935 , projecting itself forward ) . single and strong median parietal lamella reaching peristome . columellar lamella present . umbilicus narrow .\nstrobilops mauryae ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 469 ( fig . 6 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 397 .\nstrobilopsis mauryae : simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 49 ( pl . 14 , fig . 413 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 60 ( fig . 76 ) . ( error )\nparatypes : amnh 24238 ( 1 specimen , examined ; fig . 12 ) , 24239 ( 1 specimen , examined ; fig . 16 ) .\ntype locality : limestones of parque paleontol\u00f3gico de s\u00e3o jos\u00e9 de itabora\u00ed , rio de janeiro , brazil . park ' s center coordinates : 22\u00ba50 ' 20\ns , 42\u00ba52 ' 30\nw .\ngeographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality : sequence s1 ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) .\netymology : due to the terrestrial habits of the species , maury ( 1935 ) dedicated it to arethusa ( sometimes also spelled arethousa ) , a nymph from greek mythology . there are mentions to two nymphs of such name in the myths : one is a nereid ( or even a goddess of springs ) while the other is one of the hesperides ( ker\u00e9nyi , 1951 ) . maury did not specify which one she was referring to , stating only that it was a\nsylvan nymph\n. thus , the name probably refers to the latter since the previous is a water - related being .\nmeasures ( in mm ) : holotype : 11 whorls ; h = 23 . 6 ; d = 13 . 2 ; s = 15 . 9 ; h = 7 . 5 ; d = 6 . 1 . paratypes : amnh 24238 : 11 whorls ; d = 12 . 6 ; s = 15 . 8 . amnh 24239 ( juvenile ) : 6 or 7 whorls ( shell apex covered by sediment ) ; h = 4 . 1 ; d = 7 . 7 ; s = 1 . 8 ; d = 3 . 2 . mean ( n = 35 ) : 11 whorls ( eventually 10 ) ; h = 21 . 6 \u00b1 2 . 2 ( max 24 . 9 ; min 17 . 3 ) ; d = 11 . 6 \u00b1 1 . 2 ( max 14 . 4 ; min 9 . 4 ) ; s = 14 . 9 \u00b1 1 . 7 ; h = 6 . 9 \u00b1 0 . 9 ( max 7 . 8 ; min 5 . 2 ) ; d = 5 . 5 \u00b1 1 . 0 ( max 6 . 9 ; min 3 . 2 ) .\nexamined material : types . dgm 4222 - i ( 1 specimen ) , 4998 - i ( 8 specimens ) , 5002 - i ( 25 specimens ) , unnumbered ( 7 specimens ) ; mnrj 3346 - i ( 2 specimens ) , 3348 - i ( 2 specimens ) , 4338 - i ( 5 specimens ) ; mzsp 86321 ( 20 specimens ) , 86322 ( 1 specimens ) , 86324 ( 4 specimens ) . type material of strobilops mauryae : mnrj 5020 - i ( holotype ) , 5021 - i ( paratype , 4 specimens ) .\nholotype : mct 6940 - i ( examined ; figs . 17 - 21 ) .\netymology : the name refers to the species ' intriguing shell shaped as a water drop .\ndiagnosis : outline shaped like water drop ( spire sharply acuminate ) instead of pupiform . greatest width on body whorl . larger number of whorls ( about 14 ) .\nmeasures ( in mm ) : holotype : 14 whorls ; h = 13 . 6 ( aperture broken ) ; d = 6 . 5 ; s = 11 . 3 .\ndiagnosis : shell small ( smallest species in genus ) . greatest width in central portion of shell . profile of whorls slightly convex . sculptured by large number fine ribs . basal furrow in body whorl more weakly marked .\nre - description : shell small , multispiral , pupiform , with acuminated apex . greatest width in central portion of shell ; diameter ~ \u00bd shell length . spire angle ~ 45\u00ba . protoconch dome shaped , blunt , smooth ; transition to teleoconch clear . columella hollow ( at least on first whorls ) . profile of whorls slightly convex . suture well - marked , linear , practically perpendicular ( horizontal ) to columellar axis , becoming more oblique towards last whorls . sculptured by fine and raised ribs , regularly distributed , becoming less oblique towards last whorls , and in large numbers ( ~ 70 on penultimate whorl ) . body whorl with two spiral furrows , one central and the other basal , placed equidistantly from the upper furrow and the bottom of the shell ; basal furrow more weakly marked than the upper one . aperture large , orthocline , approximately semicircular ( parietal and columellar lips straight , others rounded ) ; ~ \u2153 shell length . peristome complete and well - marked , with duplicated aspect ( parallel lamella sensu maury , 1935 , projecting itself forwards away from the lip for a couple of millimeters ) . single and strong median parietal lamella , reaching the peristome and extending itself towards shell ' s interior up until ~ \u00bc of body whorl . columellar spiral lamella extending itself towards interior . body whorl ~ \u00bd shell length . umbilicus narrow .\nmeasures ( in mm ) : holotype : 9 whorls ; h = 9 . 0 ; d = 5 . 0 ; s = 6 . 3 ; d = 2 . 1 . mean ( n = 16 ) : 9 whorls ( eventually 8 or 10 ) ; h = 11 . 6 \u00b1 1 . 9 ( max 14 . 9 ; min 8 . 4 ) ; d = 5 . 8 \u00b1 0 . 6 ( max 6 . 7 ; min 4 . 8 ) ; s = 7 . 9 \u00b1 1 . 2 ; h = 3 . 6 \u00b1 0 . 2 ( max 3 . 9 ; min 3 . 2 ) ; d = 3 . 2 \u00b1 0 . 4 ( max 4 . 0 ; min 2 . 5 ) .\nexamined material : holotype . dgm 4224 - i ( 1 specimen ) , 4999 - i ( 9 specimens ) , unnumbered ( 1 specimen ) ; mnrj 3346 - i ( 1 specimen ) , 4338 - i ( 2 specimens ) ; mzsp 86323 ( 2 specimens ) .\naustrodiscus lopesi ferreira & coelho , 1989 : 193 ( figs . 1 - 2 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 15 , fig . 417 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 .\ngeographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality . there is no information in the literature about which sequence this species occurs .\netymology : species dedicated to the zoologist dr . hugo s . lopes ( instituto oswaldo cruz , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .\ndiscussion : the genus austrodiscus parodiz , 1957 is normally allocated to the family endodontidae ( schileyko , 2001 ) , a family endemic to the pacific islands ( solem , 1976 , 1979 , 1981 ) . schileyko ( 2001 ) still considers that endodontidae contains some species in south america and on saint helena island , but other authors state that these species actually belong to charopidae , a family with a broader distribution : the americas , the pacific islands , oceania southern africa and saint helena island ( solem , 1981 ; fonseca & thom\u00e9 , 1993 ) . it has been a common practice in revisionary work dealing with the supposed american endodontids to reallocate them in charopidae , as in fonseca & thom\u00e9 ( 1993 ) , who dealt specifically with austrodiscus . such resolution is here adopted .\nall type material of austrodiscus lopesi ( totaling 9 specimens , according to ferreira & coelho , 1989 ) has disappeared ; it could not be found in the museum ' s collection ( mnrj ) or in the records of lent material ( since it is common practice in this institution not to lend type material ) . unfortunately , no additional material exists .\nferreira & coelho ( 1989 ) , when describing the species , decided for its placement in the genus austrodiscus due to its smooth protoconch . however , this character was contested for the genus by fonseca & thom\u00e9 ( 1993 ) , who stated that the protoconch is sculptured . however , this character cannot be confirmed only by the illustration in the species original description . without having the type material , it is impossible to conduct a proper taxonomic revision and thus the allocation of a . lopesi in the genus austrodiscus could not be confirmed or contested . as such , the only alteration proposed here is the change in a . lopesi ' s familiar allocation , transferring it from endodontidae to charopidae .\nfamily clausiliidae subfamily neniinae genus temesa h . & a . adams , 1855 temesa magalhaesi ( trindade , 1953 ) comb . nov . ( figs . 27 - 33 )\nclausilia magalhaesi trindade , 1953 : 40 ( fig . 1 ) ; brito , 1967 : 14 ( pl . 3 , figs . 4 , 5 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 397 ( pl . 1 , fig . 6 ) ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 14 , fig . 414 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ( fig . 71 ) .\netymology : species dedicated to prof . j\u00falio de magalh\u00e3es ( faculdade nacional de filosofia , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .\ndiagnosis : shell cylindrical - fusiform , broad and robust , with acuminated apex . ribs very thin and weak . parietal lamella high , vertical ; apparently the single lamella present .\nre - description : shell medium - sized , sinistral , multispiral , thin ( but broad for genus ) , cylindricalfusiform , with acuminated apex . greatest width in central portion of shell ( antepenultimate whorl ) ; diameter ~ \u2153 shell length . spire angle ~ 20\u00ba . protoconch flattened , blunt , smooth . profile of whorls slightly convex , eventually flat . suture well - marked , oblique ( diagonal ) to columellar axis . sculptured by fine ribs ( ~ 85 on penultimate whorl ) , oblique to columellar axis . body whorl not thinned , adnate to the spire . peristome weakly reflected , supposedly complete . parietal lamella high , vertical , median , reaching the peristome and extending itself towards interior . apparently without other teeth and / or lamellae .\nmean measures ( in mm ; n = 4 ) : 10 whorls ( eventually 11 ) ; d = 5 . 1 \u00b1 0 . 2 ( min 4 . 8 ; max 5 . 3 ) .\ndiscussion : the only clausiliid from itabora\u00ed basin was originally placed in the genus clausilia dreparnaud , 1805 . however , clausilia is a recent genus from central europe , of the european subfamily clausiliinae . due to this biogeographical incongruence and additional morphological characters , here we opted for the reallocation of c . magalhaesi in a genus of neniinae , a strictly latin american subfamily ( schileyko , 2000 ) . it is also important to emphasize that all latin american species of clausilia have been reallocated in genera of neniinae ( schileyko , 2000 ) .\nthere is only a single recent clausiliid in brazil , nenia orbignyi ancey , 1892 , in the state of mato grosso ( simone , 2006 ) , despite nenia h . & a . adams , 1855 being a caribbean - endemic genus ( loosjes & loosjes - van bemmel , 1966 ) . moreover , schileyko ( 2000 ) restricted the genus to a single species , n . tridens ( chemnitz , 1786 ) , from puerto rico . as such , the most obvious choice for the generic reallocation of c . magalhaesi would perhaps be the genus nenia , which supposedly occurs in brazil . however , due to doubts regarding the classification of the brazilian species n . orbignyi and also to the astounding similarity of the itaborahian fossil to the recent south - american genus temesa h . & a . adams , 1855 , c . magalhaesi is here reallocated to this later genus . despite being absent in brazil , temesa occurs in various neighboring countries : peru , bolivia , colombia , and , with some doubt , in argentina ( loosjes & loosjes - van bemmel , 1966 ; schileyko , 2000 ; nordsieck , 2005 ) .\nthe decision for the reallocation in temesa is due to a vast array of shared morphological characters : cylindrical - fusiform and thin shell , spire with acuminated apex , protoconch present ( i . e . , non - decollated ) , number of whorls ( 10 or 11 ) , body whorl not thinned and adnate to the spire , peristome weakly deflected , absence of lamellae or teeth in the aperture ( besides the parietal lamella ) . usually , the lamellae of temesa species cannot be seen in the aperture ; they can be found in the inner portion of shell . unfortunately , the presence of additional lamellae could not be assessed in this fossil due to the specimens ' state of preservation : there is not even one specimen with an intact aperture , only one has part of the aperture preserved ( figs . 28 - 33 ) . however , to discover if the other lamellae are present or not , it would be necessary to break the aperture and part of the body whorl and , due to the small number of specimens , this course of action was discarded .\ntemesa magalhaesi differs from the other species in the genus mainly by its broader and more robust shell and the spire apex sharply acuminated . the genus does not possess the clausilial apparatus , a typical structure in the family ; however , such structure is not often preserved in the fossil record .\nfamily ferussaciidae genus cecilioides f\u00e9russac , 1814 cecilioides sommeri ( ferreira & coelho , 1971 ) comb . nov . ( figs . 34 - 35 )\ncarychium sommeri ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 467 ( fig . 4 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 391 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 49 ( pl . 14 , fig . 405 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 59 ( fig . 70 ) .\nholotype : mnrj 5016 - i ( xamined ; figs . 34 - 35 ) .\netymology : species dedicated to prof . friedrich w . sommer ( divis\u00e3o de geologia e mineralogia do departamento nacional de produ\u00e7\u00e3o mineral , dnpm , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .\ndiagnosis : shell oval . aperture sub - oval . peristome reflected , slightly thickened .\nre - description : shell diminutive , oval , smooth , with blunt spire apex ; 6 whorls ( eventually 5 ) . greatest width on body whorl ; width ~ \u00bd shell length . spire angle ~ 50\u00ba . protoconch smooth , blunt , broad , domeshaped . profile of whorls flattened . suture weakly marked , practically perpendicular ( horizontal ) to columellar axis . aperture small , orthocline , sub - oval ; ~ 2 / 5 shell length . teeth or lamellae absent . peristome reflected , slightly thickened . body whorl ~ \u00bd shell length . umbilicus imperforated .\nmeasures ( in mm ) : holotype : 6 whorls ; h = 2 . 6 ; d = 1 . 3 ; s = 1 . 5 ; h = 1 . 0 ; d = 0 . 8 .\ndiscussion : the species was originally described in the genus carychium , a holartic genus and one of the few exclusively terrestrial animals of the family ellobiidae ( morton , 1955 ; barker , 2001 ) . the apertural dentition is conspicuous in the family ( martins , 1996 ) and was the single character used by ferreira & coelho ( 1971 ) in their original classification . these authors stated that the species presented a\ngreatly evident\nsingle columellar tooth . in the original illustration presented by them ( ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 468 , fig . 4 ) , such tooth can be clearly seen . however , after examining the type specimens , only the holotype seemed to possess this tooth . further examination under stereomicroscope revealed that the supposed tooth was in fact a grain of sediment placed in such a manner that a quick glance could take it for an actual shell structure . after this grain was removed , a toothless aperture was revealed . therefore , the original classification of this species in that genus , done exclusively due to the apertural dentition , is mistaken . in the absence of such dentition , we propose here the reallocation in the family ferussaciidae .\ncecilioides consobrina ( orbigny , 1841 ) . the two species of geostilbia , g . gundlachi ( pfeiffer , 1850 ) and g . blandiana crosse , 1886 , were both previously classified in the genus cecilioides ( morretes , 1949 ; salgado & coelho , 2003 ) . we propose here that the itaborahian species is reallocated in the genus cecilioides .\nthe oval shell shape of cecilioides sommeri is very similar to the norm in this genus and is especially similar to c . consobrina due to the more cylindrical shell and to the aperture less elongated in the upper palatal region . meanwhile , geostilbia species show more acuminated spires , giving a more conical aspect to their shells . c . sommeri differs from the other species in the genus by the sub - oval aperture and by the reflected and lightly thickened peristome . such characters are not uncommon in the family , occurring in some species of the european genus ferussacia risso , 1826 ; however , the latter show more acuminated spires and much larger sizes .\nfamily orthalicidae subfamily bulimulinae genus bulimulus leach , 1814 bulimulus fazendicus maury , 1935 ( figs . 36 - 37 )\nbulimulus fazendicus maury , 1935 : 7 ( figs . 10 , 11 ) ; oliveira , 1936 : 5 ; mezzalira , 1946 : 18 ; magal h\u00e3es & mezzalira , 1953 : 218 ( pl . 64 , fig . 257 ) ; trindade , 1956 : 14 ( pl . 3 , figs . 1d , 2d ) ; brito , 1967 : 16 ( pl . 2 , fig . 1 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 393 ( pl . 1 , fig . 3 ) ; breure , 1979 : 137 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 15 , fig . 420 ) ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 57 ( fig . 64 ) .\nbulimulus ( sensu lato ) fazendicus : parodiz , 1969 : 182 . itaborahia fazendicus : breure , 1978 : 237 .\nparatype : amnh 24242 ( 1 specimen , examined ; fig . 37 ) .\ngeographic and stratigraphic occurrence : known only from the type locality : sequences s1 and s2 ( medeiros & bergqvist , 1999 ; bergqvist et al . , 2006 ) .\netymology : reference to place of discovery , the then called fazenda s\u00e3o jos\u00e9 , of which itabora\u00ed basin was a part .\ndiagnosis : shell small , narrow . spire high . profile of whorls flat . aperture small and narrow , elliptical and slightly trapezoid .\nre - description : shell small , conical - oval , narrow , with acuminated apex . spire high ; 8 whorls . shell smooth , except for growth lines . greatest width on body whorl ; width ~ \u00bd shell length . spire angle ~ 55\u00ba . protoconch apparently smooth ; transition to teleoconch not clear . suture well - marked , slightly oblique ( diagonal ) to columellar axis . profile of whorls flat . aperture small and narrow , orthocline , elliptical and slightly trapezoid ; ~ \u2153 shell length . lamellae or teeth absent . peristome thin , weakly reflected ( only in the columellar region ) . body whorl ~ \u2153 shell length . umbilicus narrow , partially covered by the lip .\nmeasures ( in mm ) : holotype : 8 whorls ; h = 16 . 4 ; d = 9 . 1 ; s = 10 . 5 ; h = 6 . 1 ; d = 5 . 1 . paratype : 8 whorls ; h = 16 . 3 ; d = 9 . 1 ; s = 10 . 6 ; h = 6 . 1 ; d = 5 . 5 .\nexamined material : types . dgm unnumbered ( 8 specimens ) ; mnrj 4339 - i ( 4 specimens ) ; mzsp 86326 ( 1 specimen ) .\ndiscussion : protoconch sculptural pattern is an important character in bulimulinae taxonomy ( breure , 1978 , 1979 ; schileyko , 1999a ) . the shell of bulimulus fazendicus is completely smooth , including the protoconch . this could be a diagnostic feature of this species but could also be a preservation artifact , since this kind of sculpture is very delicate and can be easily erased during fossil diagenesis . this same statement is valid for the others orthalicids from itabora\u00ed . maury ( 1935 ) comments that one specimen showed vertical ribs on the second or third whorl and breure ( 1978 ) says that the protoconch of b . fazendicus shows vertical ribs ; however , this character could not be confirmed .\nmaury ( 1935 ) , citing a personal communication from henry a . pilsbry , stated that b . fazendicus does not seem to be closely related to any other bulimulus species . however , b . fazendicus is very similar to highspired species that also present a narrow aperture such as b . felipponei marshall , 1930 . b . fazendicus differs from the other species by its slightly flattened whorls , suture more weakly marked and trapezoid aperture ( broader than tall ) .\nbulimulus trindadeae ferreira & coelho , 1971 : 470 ( fig . 7 ) ; palma & brito , 1974 : 394 ; breure , 1979 : 137 ; simone & mezzalira , 1994 : 50 ( pl . 15 , fig . 424 ) .\nitaborahia trindadeae : bergqvist et al . , 2006 : 58 ( fig . 69 ) .\nholotype : mnrj 5022 - i ( examined ; figs . 38 - 39 ) .\netymology : species dedicated to prof . nic\u00e9a m . trindade ( faculdade nacional de filosofia , rio de janeiro , brazil ) .\ndiagnosis : shell small , conical , narrow . spire high . aperture elliptical , tall and narrow .\nre - description : shell small , conical , narrow . spire high . shell smooth , except for growth lines . greatest width ( supposedly ) on body whorl ; width ~ \u2153 shell length . spire angle ~ 35\u00ba . protoconch blunt , apparently smooth ; transition to teleoconch unclear . profile of whorls slightly convex . suture well - marked , oblique ( diagonal ) to columellar axis ; less oblique on first whorls . aperture supposed elliptical , tall and narrow , orthocline ; ~ 2 / 5 shell length .\nmeasures ( in mm ) : holotype : probably 6 whorls ; h = 9 . 4 ; d = 3 . 3 ; s = 5 . 4 . paratype : probably 6 whorls ; h = 5 . 6 ; d = 2 . 6 .\ndiscussion : the few specimens of b . trindadeae are in a bad state of preservation , including the type specimens : the apertures are broken or completely covered by sediment . it is impossible to even tell if a shell is an adult or not and , therefore , the precise number of whorls could not be counted . in the same manner , it is impossible to confirm the presence of teeth or lamellae . however , as stated below , there is a set of characters that guarantees its validity as a distinct species ."]}
{"id": 1734, "summary": [{"text": "condica punctifera is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in southern florida and on the bahamas , cuba , jamaica , hispaniola and puerto rico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 27 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are brown with a large reniform spot which is often accented with gray-white in the lower half .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a black basal dash .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are suffused with black-brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "condica punctifera", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about condica punctifera ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for condica punctifera ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb owlet moths and kin ( noctuoidea ) \u00bb owlet moths ( noctuidae ) \u00bb condicinae \u00bb condicini \u00bb condica \u00bb condica punctifera - hodges # 9701 . 1 ( condica punctifera )\ncelaena punctifera walker , [ 1857 ] 1856 , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 10 : 263 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncelaena semifurca walker , 1857 , list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , 11 : 732 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1737, "summary": [{"text": "epermenia meyi is a moth in the epermeniidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gaedike in 2004 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in ethiopia , kenya and malawi . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "epermenia meyi", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about epermenia leucomantis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epermenia leucomantis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about epermenia triacuta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epermenia triacuta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about epermenia insecurella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epermenia insecurella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nholotype \u2642 , type no . 00401729 , genitalia slide gaedike 3339\u2642 , zmuc ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 6\u2640 , zmuc , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 7004\u2642 , nmk ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 5\u2640 , sdei , rmca , coll . agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , rmca ent 000003212 , rmca ; paratypes 18\u2642 , 12\u2640 , rmca , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 4960\u2642 , zmhb ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 2\u2640 , zmhb , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 4923\u2642 , mnhn ; paratypes 7\u2642 , 4\u2640 , mnhn , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , sdei ; 32 paratypes \u2642 , \u2640 , sdei , rmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , nmk ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 2\u2640 , sdei , nhmo , coll . agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , zmhb ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides gaedike 7528\u2642 , 7527\u2640 , zmhb , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 7047\u2642 , rmca ent 000003199 , rmca ; paratypes 2\u2642 , 1\u2640 , 1 specimen without abdomen , rmca , sdei , nhmo .\nholotype \u2642 , nmk ; paratypes 6\u2642 , nmk , sdei , coll . agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 705\u2642 , rmca ent 000003247 , rmca ; paratypes 1\u2642 , 1\u2640 , 2 specimens without abdomen , rmca , zsm , sdei , coll . agassiz .\nholotype \u2642 , sdei ; allotype \u2640 , genitalia slide geometridae 17533\u2640 , bmnh ; paratype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2640 ( not \u2642 as stated in the original description , see bartsch & berg 2012 : 31 ) , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide petersen 2226\u2642 , sdei ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 5988\u2642 , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 7910\u2642 , zsm ; paratypes 5\u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 5986\u2642 , zsm , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 7911\u2642 , zsm ; praatypes 6\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides gaedike 5991 , 5987 , 5989 , 5990 , zsm , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 6011\u2642 , zmuc ; paratypes genitalia slides gaedike 6186\u2642 , derra 6405\u2642 , 6406\u2642 , zmuc , sdei , coll . derra .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 2013\u2642 , zsm ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 2483\u2642 , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , sdei ; paratypes 6\u2642 , 2\u2640 , genitalia slides gaedike 7934 , 7959 , 7931 , sdei , coll . st\u00fcbner .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 8083\u2642 , zmhb ; paratype 1\u2642 , genitalia slide gaedike 5994\u2642 , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , lnk ; paratypes 7\u2642 , 1 specimen , lnk , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , zmuh ; paratypes 2x11 , genitalia slide gaedike 5978\u2642 , zmuh , sdei .\nholotype \u2642 , sdei ; paratypes 11\u2642 , genitalia slides gaedike 7923\u2642 , 7953\u2642 , 7954\u2642 , sdei , coll . st\u00fcbner .\nholotype \u2642 , zmuc ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 1\u2640 , genitalia slides gaedike 8085\u2642 , 7908\u2640 , 7909\u2642 , derra 5173\u2642 [ lost ] , sdei , zmuc , zmuh .\nthe sabinet african epublications ( sa epublications ) service has been available online to clients with great success since 2001 . this service is the most comprehensive , searchable collection of full - text african electronic journals available on one platform which focuses on information originating from or pertaining to africa . read more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nnew or poorly known epermeniidae of the afrotropis ( lepidoptera : epermenioidea ) | f\u00f6rderverein des deutschen entomologischen instituts e . v .\ncontributions to entomology , volume 63 , issue 1 , p . 149 - 168 ( 2013 )"]}
{"id": 1738, "summary": [{"text": "trimeresurus kanburiensis is a species of pit viper found in only a few areas of thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "highly venomous , it is an arboreal but heavily built species with a brown or tawny coloration .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "no subspecies are currently recognized . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "trimeresurus kanburiensis", "paragraphs": ["trimeresurus kanburiensis smith 1943 : 519 trimeresurus kanburiensis \u2014 welch 1994 : 115 trimeresurus kanburiensis \u2014 cox et al . 1998 : 22 trimeresurus kanburiensis \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 337 trimeresurus kanburiensis \u2014 gumprecht et al . 2004 cryptelytrops kanburiensis \u2014 malhotra & thorpe 2004 trimeresurus ( trimeresurus ) kanburiensis \u2014 david et al . 2011 trimeresurus kanburiensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 742 cryptelytrops kanburiensis \u2014 chan - ard et al . 2015 : 286\nvenomous ! trimeresurus venustus has been considered as a synonym of t . kanburiensis and therefore many literature references to t . kanburiensis are likely to refer in fact to t . venustus . t . kanburiensis also has been confused with t . purpureomaculatus .\nthe description of the rare thai species trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 is expanded on the basis of recently collected specimens . we provide a detailed comparison with trimeresurus venustus , a species described from south thailand and regarded by several authors as a synonym of trimeresurus kanburiensis . the existence of 14 characters differentiating the populations referred to trimeresurus kanburiensis from those regarded as trimeresurus venustus definitely supports the validity of this latter species .\ntrimeresurus venustus vogel 1991 trimeresurus venustus \u2014 welch 1994 : 117 trimeresurus venustus \u2014 manthey & grossmann 1997 : 411 trimeresurus venustus \u2014 gumprecht et al . 2004 trimeresurus venustus \u2014 david et al . 2004 cryptelytrops venustus \u2014 malhotra & thorpe 2004 trimeresurus ( trimeresurus ) venustus \u2014 david et al . 2011 trimeresurus venustus \u2014 livigni 2013 : 396 trimeresurus venustus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 743 cryptelytrops venustus \u2014 chan - ard et al . 2015 : 287\ngumprecht , a . 2002 . eine ungew\u00f6hnliche zeichnung bei trimeresurus kanburiensis smith 1943 . sauria 24 ( 1 ) : 45 - 46 - get paper here\ngumprecht a . ( 2002a ) , \u00abeine ungew\u00f6hnlich zeichnung bei trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943\u00bb , sauria , 24 ( 1 ) , 45 \u2013 46 .\nvenomous ! synonymy : regarded as a synonym of trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 by mcdiarmid et al . ( 1999 ) . older literature references to t . kanburiensis are likely to refer in fact to this taxon . similar species : closely related to c . macrops .\nbulian j . ( 2001 ) , \u00abhinweise zur lebensweise und haltung der bambusotter trimeresurus kanburiensis \u00bb , reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) , 31 ( october / november ) , 62 \u2013 66 .\nrediscovery and redefinition of malcolm smith\u2019s trimeresurus kanburiensis in thailand , with a report of envenoming . transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene , 86 : 95 - 99 .\ngumprecht a . ( 2002b ) , \u00abbriefe an die redaktion . nochmal : trimeresurus kanburiensis \u00bb , reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) , 7 ( 5 ) ( no . 37 ) , 4 \u2013 5 .\n. it is hence important to note that literature before 1992 may have mentioned c . purpureomaculatus when referring to c . kanburiensis .\ndavid et al . ( 2011 ) considered some of the genera of malhotra & thorpe to be subgenera of the genus trimeresurus , creating new combinations such as\ntrimeresurus ( parias ) flavomaculatus\n,\ntrimeresurus ( popeia ) popeiorum\n,\ntrimeresurus ( viridovipera ) stejnegeri\n, etc . [ 14 ]\ntrimeresurus ( craspedocephalus ) borneensis \u2013 david et al . , 2011 [ 3 ]\ngumprecht a . ( 2001 ) , \u00abdie bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de . teil iv : checkliste der trimeresurus - arten thailands\u00bb , sauria , 23 ( 2 ) , 25 \u2013 32 .\ngumprecht a . ( 1998a ) , \u00abdie bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de . teil ii . die grossaugenbambusotter trimeresurus macrops kramer , 1977\u00bb , sauria , 20 ( 3 ) , 25 \u2013 36 .\ndavid , p . , g . vogel , m . sumontha , o . s . g . pauwels & l . chanhome 2004 . expanded description of the poorly known pitviper trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 , with confirmation of the validity of trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 . russ . j . herpetol . 11 ( 2 ) : 81 - 9 - get paper here\nwhether this species of trimeresurus lays eggs or bears live young is as yet unknown . [ 6 ]\ndavid , p . , g . vogel , m . sumontha , o . s . g . pauwels & l . chanhome ( 2004 ) expanded description of the poorly known pitviper trimeresurus kanburiensis smith , 1943 , with confirmation of the validity of trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 ( reptilia : serpentes : crotalidae ) . russian journal of herpetology , 11 ( 2 ) : 81 - 90 .\nvogel g 1991 . eine neue trimeresurus - art aus thailand , trimeresurus venustus sp . nov . ( reptilia : serpentes : crotalidae ) . sauria 13 ( 1 ) : 23 - 28 - get paper here\nvogel g . ( 1991 ) , \u00abeine neue trimeresurus - art aus thailand , trimeresurus venustus sp . nov . ( reptilia : serpentes : crotalidae ) \u00bb , sauria , 13 ( 1 ) , 23 \u2013 28 .\nwarrell , d . a . , s . looareesuwan , a . f . stimson & r . a . hutton ( 1992 ) rediscovery and redefinition of malcolm smith ' s trimeresurus kanburiensis in thailand , with a report of envenoming . transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 86 : 95 - 99\ngumprecht a . and bulian j . ( 2003 ) , \u00abdie bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de . teil viii : nachtr\u00e4ge und anmerkungen zur checkliste der trimeresurus - arten thailands\u00bb , sauria , 25 ( 4 ) , 15 \u2013 17 .\ntrimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species , but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans .\nwarrell d . a . , looareesuwan s . , stimson a . f . , and hutton r . a . ( 1992 ) , \u00abrediscovery and redefinition of malcolm smith\u2019s trimeresurus kanburiensis in thailand , with a report of envenoming\u00bb , trans . r . soc . trop . med . hyg . , 86 , 95 \u2013 99 .\ngumprecht a . ( 2003 ) , \u00abdie bambusottern der gattung trimeresurus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de . teil vii : anmerkungen zur biologie , haltung und nachzucht von trimeresurus sumatranus ( raffles , 1822 ) \u00bb , sauria , 25 ( 1 ) , 37 \u2013 44 .\n, but some authors ( e . g . , warrell et al . , 1992 ; mcdiarmid et al . , 1999 ) considered it conspecific with t . kanburiensis , a species described from the kanchanaburi area of western\n. the new species resembles trimeresurus kanburiensis and t . venustus ( assigned to cryptelytrops by malhotra & thorpe 2004 - see above ) in pattern , but has a short , spinose hemipenis more reminiscent of species such as t . stejnegeri , assigned to viridovipera by malhotra & thorpe ( 2004 ) . orlov et al . retain the species in the genus trimeresurus due to stated difficulties in assigning the new species to one or other of the genera described or revalidated by malhotra & thorpe ( 2004 ) .\nthe diet of trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals , including lizards , amphibians , birds , rodents , and other small mammals .\nmalhotra a , thorpe rs , 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) .\nmost species in the genus trimeresurus are relatively small , primarily arboreal species , with thin bodies and prehensile tails . however , trimeresurus flavoviridis ( the okinawa habu ) can reach a total length ( including tail ) of 242 cm ( 7 ft 9 in ) , and is one of the longest pit vipers in east asia . most trimeresurus species are typically green in color , but some species also have yellow , black , orange , red , or gold markings .\nlike most viper species , many of the species in the genus trimeresurus are ovoviviparous , bearing live young . however , some species such as t . flavoviridis , t . kaulbacki , and t . macrolepis are oviparous , lay eggs . also , the reproductive biology of some trimeresurus species is as yet unknown .\nboulenger ga . 1890 . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . reptilia and batrachia . secretary of state for india in council . ( taylor and francis , printers . ) london . xviii + 541 pp . ( trimeresurus , p . 425 & trimeresurus gramineus , pp . 429 - 430 . )\ntrimeresurus borneensis is a venomous pit viper species endemic to the island of borneo . [ 1 ] no subspecies are currently recognized . [ 3 ] [ 5 ]\nlike most viper species , many of the species in the genus trimeresurus are ovoviviparous , bearing live young . however , some species such as t . flavoviridis , t . gramineus , t . kaulbacki , and t . macrolepis are oviparous , lay eggs . also , the reproductive biology of some trimeresurus species is as yet unknown .\nmalhotra & thorpe ( 2004a ) and david et al . ( 2004 ) analysed the affinities of the pitviper trimeresurus venustus vogel 1991 . the species was described from southern\n) a review of morphological variation in trimeresurus popeiorum ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) , with the description of two new species . zootaxa 727 : 1 - 63 .\nstejneger , l . 1927 . the green pit viper , trimeresurus gramineus , in china . proceedings of the united states national museum 72 ( 19 ) : 1 - 10 .\nspecies in the genus trimeresurus are found in southeast asia from india including regions of north chotanagpur ofjharkhand to southern china and japan , and the malay archipelago to timor . [ 1 ]\nmalhotra and thorpe . 2004b . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 ( 2004 ) 83\u2013100\nc . purpureomaculatus venom was found to be relatively highly lethal compared to other asian pit - vipers in the ( historical ) trimeresurus genus ( tan , armugam & tan , 1989 ) .\nmalhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe ( 2004a ) reassessment of the validity and diagnosis of the pitviper trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 . herpetological journal 14 : 21 - 33 .\nmalhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe 2004 . reassessment of the validity and diagnosis of the pitviper trimeresurus venustus vogel , 1991 . the herpetological journal 14 ( 1 ) : 21 - 33\ngumprecht a . and ryabov s . ( 2002 ) , \u00abdie gattung trimeresurus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de , 1804 \u2014 zum kenntnisstand der forschung\u00bb , draco , 12 ( 4 ) ( no . 12 ) , 31 \u2013 44 .\nthe genus trimeresurus ( sensu lato ) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000 , resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex . most authors now recognise the genus protobothrops for the species cornutus , flavoviridis , jerdonii , kaulbacki , mucrosquamatus , tokarensis , xiangchengensis , [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] since these have been shown not to be closely related to other trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses .\nmalhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe ( 2004 ) a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83\u2013100\nregenass u . and kramer e . ( 1981 ) , \u00abzur systematik der gr\u00fcnen grubenottern der gattung trimeresurus ( serpentes , crotalidae ) \u00bb , rev . suisse zool . , 88 ( 1 ) , 163 \u2013 205 .\nmalhotra a , thorpe rs ( 2004 ) .\na phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis )\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83 - 100 .\npope ch , pope sh . 1933 . a study of the green pit - vipers of southeastern asia and malaysia , commonly identified as trimeresurus gramineus ( shaw ) , with description of a new species from peninsular india .\nmalhotra , a . & r . s . thorpe ( 2004b ) a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83\u2013100 .\nhoge a . r . and de lemos romano s . a . ( 1974 ) , \u00abnotes on trimeresurus brongersmai hoge 1969 ( serpentes , viperidae , crotalinae ) \u00bb , mem . inst . butantan , 38 , 147 \u2013 158 .\nmalhotra , a . , thorpe , r . s . , 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 , 83 - 100 .\nin addition , malhotra and thorpe ( 2004 ) [ 10 ] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus , splitting trimeresurus into seven genera . their proposed arrangement ( including species described since 2004 ) is shown in the table below :\nmalhotra a . and thorpe r . s . ( 2000 ) , \u00aba phylogeny of the trimeresurus group of pit vipers : new evidence from a mitochondrial gene tree\u00bb , mol . phylogen . evol . , 16 ( 2 ) , 199 \u2013 211 .\ndas , indraneil . 2002 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of india . ralph curtis books . sanibel island , florida . 144 pp . isbn 0 - 88359 - 056 - 5 . ( trimeresurus gramineus , p . 65 . )\ndas , indraneil . 2006 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of borneo . ralph curtis books . sanibel island , florida . 144 pp . isbn 0 - 88359 - 061 - 1 . ( trimeresurus borneensis , p . 57 . )\nin recent years , research on the genus trimeresurus has revealed a number of instances of paraphyly and cryptic species . as of 2007 , the species included in trimeresurus sensu lato ( brattstrom 1964 ) had been separated into 11 different genera , although fewer genera are now generally recognized as a result of new phylogenetic data ( e . g . , malhotra and thorpe 2004 a , b , 2005 , guo et al . 2007 and references therein ; guo et al . 2009 ; hoser 2012 and references therein ) .\nmalhotra , a . and r . s . thorpe . 2004a . maximizing information in systematic revisions : a combined molecular and morphological analysis of a cryptic green pitviper complex ( trimeresurus stejnegeri ) . biological journal of the linnean society 82 : 219 - 235 .\nmalhotra , anita & thorpe , roger s . 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83 \u2013100 [ erratum p . 680 ] - get paper here\nlac\u00e9p\u00e8de , b . g . 1804 . m\u00e9moire sur plusieurs animaux de la nouvelle - hollande dont la description n ' a pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e . annales du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle , paris 4 : 184 - 211 . ( trimeresurus , p . 209 . )\nreviews of the following genera or of parts of these genera are currently made : amphiesma , dendrelaphis , tropidolaemus , ahaetulla , lycodon , trimeresurus , pareas , pseudorabdion , xenochrophis and oligodon investigations on the philippines , china , sumatra and india brought interesting new regional results , too .\nsumontha m , kunya k , pauwels osg , nitikul a , punnadee s ( 2011 ) .\ntrimeresurus ( popeia ) phuketensis , a new pitviper ( squamata : viperidae ) from phuket island , southwestern thailand\n. russian journal of herpetology 18 ( 3 ) : 11 - 17 .\nmalhotra , a . and r . s . thorpe . 2005 . erratum to \u201ca phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) \u201d [ mol . phylogenet . evol . 32 ( 2004 ) 83\u2013100 ] . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34 : 680\u2013681 .\nherrmann , h . - w . , t . ziegler , a . malhotra , r . s . thorpe & c . l . parkinson ( 2004 ) redescription and systematics of trimeresurus cornutus ( serpentes : viperidae ) based on morphology and molecular data . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 211 - 221\ntrimeresurus is a genus of venomous pit vipers found in asia from the indian subcontinent throughout southeast asia , china and the pacific islands . currently at least 35 species are recognized . [ 2 ] common names include asian palm pit vipers , [ 3 ] asian lanceheads and asian lance - headed vipers . [ 4 ]\nlac\u00e9p\u00e8de bg ( 1804 ) .\nm\u00e9moire sur plusieurs animaux de la nouvelle - hollande dont la description n ' a pas encore \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9e\n. annales du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle , paris 4 : 184 - 211 . ( trimeresurus , new genus , p . 209 ) . ( in french ) .\ndavid p , vogel g , dubois a , 2011 . on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lace\u0301pe\u0300de , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) .\nevolution of south - east asian pitvipers , genus trimeresurus from molecular studies . in : thorpe , r . s . , w\u20acuster , w . , malhotra , a . ( eds . ) , v enomous snakes , ecology , evolution and snakebite . symposium of the zoological society of london , 70 : 115\u2013118 .\npope c . h . and pope s . h . ( 1933 ) , \u00aba study of the green pit - vipers of southeastern asia and malaysia , commonly identified as trimeresurus gramineus ( shaw ) , with description of a new species from peninsular india\u00bb , am . mus . novitates , 620 , 1 \u2013 12 .\norlov , n . l . , s . a . ryabov , b . n . thanh & h cuc , t . 2004 . a new species of trimeresurus ( ophidia : viperidae : crotalinae ) from karst region in central vietnam . russ . j . herpetol . 11 ( 2 ) : 139 - 149 - get paper here\ndavid , patrick ; gernot vogel & alain dubois 2011 . on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lace\u0301pe\u0300de , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2992 : 1\u201351 - get paper here\nsumontha , m . , kunya , k . , s . g . pauwels , o . , nitikul , a . , and punnadee , s . ( 2011 ) .\ntrimeresurus ( popeia ) phuketensis , a new pitviper ( squamata : viperidae ) from phuket island , southwestern thailand\n. russian journal of herpetology . 18 ; 3 : 11 - 17 .\ndavid , patrick ; vogel , gernot ; dubois , alain . 2011 . on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2992 : 1 - 51 .\ndavid , patrick ; vogel , gernot ; dubois , alain ( 2011 ) .\non the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lac\u00e9p\u00e8de , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae )\n. zootaxa 2992 : 1 - 51 .\nmalhotra a . and thorpe r . s . ( 1996 ) , \u00abnew perspectives on the evolution of south - east asian pit vipers ( genus trimeresurus ) from molecular studies\u00bb , in : venomous snakes . ecology , evolution and snakebite , r . s . thorpe , w . w\u00fcster , and a . malhotra ( eds . ) , symp . zool . soc . london , 70 [ \u00ab1997\u00bb ] , 115 \u2013 128 .\nthe thrombin - like enzyme in the venom was isolated and characterized , and termed purpurase . anti - purpurase raised from the venom was found to cross - react with venoms of other pit - vipers in the former trimeresurus genus ( now seven genera ) , but not with that of other crotalids . hence , this lends support to the notion that the seven genera are more closely related to each other than to other genera of pit - vipers ( tan , 2010 ) .\ntype locality : limestone hills near kanburi , south - western siam [ = kanchanaburi , thailand ] .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nchan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here\ncox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .\ndas , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here\ngrismer , l . lee ; tri , ngo van ; grismer , jesse l . 2008 . a new species of insular pitviper of the genus cryptelytrops ( squamata : viperidae ) from southern vietnam . zootaxa 1715 : 57 - 68 - get paper here\ngumprecht , a . ; tillack , f . ; orlov , n . l . ; captain , a . & ryabow , s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitje books , berlin , 368 pp .\nmcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & tour\u00e9 , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists\u2019 league , 511 pp .\nsmith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .\ntaylor , e . h . 1965 . the serpents of thailand and adjacent waters . univ . kansas sci . bull . 45 ( 9 ) : 609 - 1096 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwelch , k . r . g . 1994 . snakes of the world . a checklist . i . venomous snakes . kcm books , somerset , england .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchan - ard , t . , grismer , l . & stuart , b .\njustification : this species is listed as endangered because it has a restricted distribution of little more than 3 , 000 km\u00b2 , it is present in fewer than five locations , and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to illegal harvest for pet trade . although the species is present in a protected area and is legally protected , better enforcement of the law is needed to avoid or limit population declines .\nthis species is known with certainty only from kanchanaburi ( = kanburi ) province in western thailand , on the border with myanmar , where it is known only from sai yak and thong pha phum districts ( t . chan - ard pers . comm . september 2011 ) . it also likely occurs in adjacent kayin state , myanmar , but it has not yet been documented there ( leviton\n. 2008 ) . it occurs at elevations of up to 600 m . its known extent of occurrence is around 3 , 000 km\u00b2\nthere is no information on its population size . the species is known only from a few specimens ( smith 1943 , taylor 1965 , david\nsmith ( 1943 ) obtained the holotype in limestone hills ( = limestone karst ) . this species occurs in bamboo forests up to 600 m of elevation .\nthis species occurs in a protected area . field surveys are needed to determine its natural history and extent of its geographic range ( including its presence in adjacent myanmar ) . the species is legally protected from export from thailand for the pet trade . all international trade is illegal , therefore compliance of the law should be enforced .\nchan - ard , t . , grismer , l . & stuart , b . 2012 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ngeneral shape small in length , slender , cylindrical bodied snake with a prehensile tail . can grow to a maximum of at least 0 . 69 metres ( few recorded specimens ) . head is large , triangular shaped and distinct from narrow neck . snout is relatively short when compared with other species of this genus . eyes are medium in size with vertically elliptical pupils . dorsal scales are strongly keeled . dorsal scale count 19 - 19 - 15 .\nhabitat elevations up to about 1000 metres in hilly ( limestone ) terrain in primary forest , particularly in the bamboo vegetation around kanburi , sw thailand .\ndescription : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .\ntreatment summary bites by this species cause moderate , possibly major local & systemic effects , including coagulopathy / bleeding & shock . urgently assess & admit all cases . antivenom therapy is probably the key treatment , especially for coagulopathy .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\nantivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npatrick david , gernot vogel , montri sumontha , olivier s . g . pauwels , lawan chanhome\nanonymous ( 1986 ) , snakes \u2014 the serpents fauna of thailand , thai red cross society , bangkok .\nbulian j . ( 1999 ) , \u00ab\u00fcber die schlangenfauna eines gartens in s\u00fcdthailand\u00bb , elaphe , 7 ( 4 ) , 61 \u2013 67 .\nbulian j . ( 2003 ) , \u00ab . . . und action ! auf der suche nach reptilien in s\u00fcdthailand\u00bb , draco , 4 ( 15 ) , 39 \u2013 43 .\nburger w . l . ( 1971 ) , genera of pitvipers ( serpentes : crotalidae ) . ph . d . dissertation , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( ks , usa ) .\nchan - ard t . ( 2002 ) , \u00abkheo phetchakhat [ green killers ] \u00bb , adv . thailand geogr . ( bangkok ) , 7 ( 51 ) , 114 \u2013 132 .\nchan - ard t . , grossmann w . , gumprecht a . , and schulz k . - d . ( 1999 ) , amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand . an illustrated checklist [ amphibien und reptilien der halbinsel malaysia und thailands . eine illustrierte checkliste ] , bushmaster publ . , w\u00fcrselen ( germany ) .\nchanhome l . , cox m . j . , wilde h . , jintakoon p . , chaiyabutr n . , and sitprija v . ( 1998 ) , \u00abvenomous snakebite in thailand . i . medically important snakes\u00bb , military med . , 163 ( 5 ) , 310 \u2013 317 .\ncoborn j . ( 1991 ) , the atlas of snakes of the world , t . f . h . publ . co . , neptune ( nj , usa ) .\ncox m . j . ( 1991 ) , the snakes of thailand and their husbandry , krieger publishing co . , malabar ( fl , usa ) .\ncox m . j . , van dijk p . p . , nabhitabhata j . , and thirakhupt k . ( 1998 ) , a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand , new holland publishers , london \u2013 cape town \u2013 sydney \u2013 singapore .\ndavid p . and ineich i . ( 1999 ) , \u00ables serpents venimeux du monde : syst\u00e9matique et r\u00e9partition\u00bb , dumerilia , 3 , 3 \u2013 499 .\ndavid p . and pauwels o . s . g . ( 2000 ) , \u00abbook review . chan - ard t . , grossmann w . , gumprecht a . , and schulz k . - d . ( 1999 ) , amphibians and reptiles of peninsular malaysia and thailand . an illustrated checklist [ amphibien und reptilien der halbinsel malaysia und thailands . eine illustrierte checkliste ] . bushmaster publications , w\u00fcrselen , germany\u00bb , russ . j . herpetol . , 7 ( 1 ) , 87 \u2013 90 .\ndowling h . g . ( 1951 ) , \u00aba proposed standard system of counting ventrals in snakes\u00bb , br . j . herpetol . , 1 ( 5 ) , 97 \u2013 99 .\ndowling h . g . , minton s . a . , jr . , and russell f . e . ( 1966 ) , poisonous snakes of the world . a manual for use by u . s . amphibious forces , government printing office , washington ( dc , usa ) .\nfrank n . and ramus e . ( 1995 ) , a complete guide to scientific and common names of reptiles and amphibians of the world , n . g . publishing inc . , potsville ( pa , usa ) .\ngolay p . , smith h . m . , broadley d . g . , dixon j . r . , mccarthy c . j . , rage j . - c . , sch\u00e4tti b . , and toriba m . ( 1993 ) , endoglyphs and other major venomous snakes of the world . a checklist , azemiops s . a . herpetol . data center , a\u00efre \u2013 gen\u00e8ve .\ngreen h . w . and campbell j . a . ( 1992 ) , \u00abthe future of pitvipers\u00bb , in : biology of the pitvipers , j . a . campbell and e . d . brodie , jr . ( eds . ) , selva , tyler ( tx , usa ) , pp . 421 \u2013 427 .\ngumprecht a . ( 1998b ) , \u00abtrutnau , ludwig : schlangen im terrarium / ludwig trutnau ; stuttgart : ulmer ( datz - terrarienb\u00fccher ) , bd . 2 giftschlangen ; 4 . , neu bearb . und erw . aufl ; 1998\u00bb , sauria , 20 ( 4 ) , 46 .\nharding k . a . and welch k . r . g . ( 1980 ) , venomous snakes of the world . a checklist , pergamon press , oxford .\nhoge a . r . and romano hoge s . a . r . w . l . ( 1981 ) , \u00abpoisonous snakes of the world . part i . check - list of the pit vipers viperoidea , crotalinae\u00bb , mem . inst . butantan , 42 / 43 [ 1978 / 1979 ] , 179 \u2013 310 .\nhow r . a . , schmitt l . h . , and suyanto a . ( 1996 ) , \u00abgeographical variation in the morphology of four snake species from the lesser sunda islands , eastern indonesia\u00bb , biol . j . linn . soc . , 59 , 439 \u2013 456 .\ninger r . f . and marx m . ( 1965 ) , \u00abthe systematics and evolution of the oriental colubrid snakes of the genus calamaria \u00bb , fieldiana zool . , 49 , 1 \u2013 304 .\niskandar d . t . and colijn e . ( 2001 ) , a checklist of southeast asian and new guinean reptiles . part i . serpentes , biodiversity conservation project ( indonesian institute of sciences \u2013 japan international cooperation agency \u2013 the ministry of forestry ) , the gibbon foundation and institut of technology , bandung .\njintakune p . and chanhome l . ( 1995 ) , ngoo phit nai prathet thai [ the venomous snakes of thailand ] , queen saovabha memorial institute , thai red cross society , bangkok [ in thai ] .\nklemmer k . ( 1963 ) , \u00abliste der rezenten giftschlangen . elapidae , hydrophiidae , viperidae und crotalidae\u00bb , in : die giftschlangen der erde , behringwerk - mitteilungen , sonderband , marburg \u2013 lahn , pp . 253 \u2013 464 .\nkundert f . ( 1974 ) , fascination , verlag f . kundert , spreitenbach .\nkundert f . ( 1984 ) , das neue schlangenbuch in farbe , albert m\u00fcller verlag , z\u00fcrich .\nleviton a . e . ( 1968 ) , \u00abthe venomous terrestrial snakes of east asia , india , malaya , and indonesia\u00bb , in : venomous animals and their venoms , w . b\u00fccherl , e . e . buckley , and v . deulofeu ( eds . ) , acad . press , new york \u2013 london , pp . 529 \u2013 576 .\nlim f . l . k . and lee m . t . - m . ( 1989 ) , fascinating snakes of southeast asia . an introduction , tropical press sdn . bhd . , kuala lumpur .\nmanthey u . and grossmann w . ( 1997 ) , amphibien and reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens , natur und tier - verlag , m\u00fcnster .\nmcdiarmid r . w . , campbell j . a . , and tour\u00e9 t\u2019s . a . ( 1999 ) , snake species of the world . a taxonomic and geographical reference . vol . 1 , the herpetologists\u2019 league , washington ( dc , usa ) .\nmehrtens j . m . ( 1987 ) , living snakes of the world in color , sterling publ . co . , new york .\nnootpand w . ( 1971 ) , poisonous snakes of thailand , thai zoological center , bangkok .\nnutphand w . ( 2001 ) , patterns of the snakes in thailand , amarin printing and publishing public co . , ltd . , bangkok [ in thai ] .\norlov n . , ananjeva n . , barabanov a . , ryabov s . , and khalikov r . ( 2002 ) , \u00abdiversity of vipers ( azemiopinae , crotalinae ) in east , southeast , and south asia : annotated checklist and natural history data ( reptilia : squamata : serpentes : viperidae\u00bb , in : collectanea herpetologica . essays in honour of fritz j\u00fcrgen obst , u . fritz ( ed . ) , faun . abh . mus . tierkd . dresden , 23 , 177 \u2013 218 .\nreitinger f . f . and lee j . k . s . ( 1978 ) , common snakes of south east asia and hong kong , heinemann , hong kong \u2013 singapore \u2013 kuala lumpur .\nsiegel s . ( 1956 ) , nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences , mcgraw - hill kogakusha , new york \u2013 toronto \u2013 london \u2013 tokyo .\nsmith m . a . ( 1928 ) , \u00abtwo vipers new to siam\u00bb , j . nat . hist . soc . siam , 7 ( 3 ) , 194 .\nsmith m . a . ( 1930 ) , \u00abthe reptilia and amphibia of the malay peninsula from the isthmus of kra to singapore , including the adjacent islands ( a supplement to dr . g . a . boulenger\u2019s reptilia and batrachia , 1912 ) \u00bb , bull raffles mus . , 3 , i \u2013 xv , 1 \u2013 149 .\nsmith m . a . ( 1943 ) , the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese subregion . reptilia and amphibia . vol . iii . serpentes , taylor and francis , london .\nsokolov v . e . ( ed . ) ( 1988 ) , dictionary of animal names in five languages . amphibians and reptiles , russkii yazyk , moscow .\nsuvatti c . ( 1950 ) , fauna of thailand , dept . of fisheries , bangkok .\ntaylor e . h . ( 1965 ) , \u00abthe serpents of thailand and adjacent waters\u00bb , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 45 ( 9 ) , 609 \u2013 1096 .\nthirakhupt k . ( 2000 ) , \u00abamphibians and reptiles\u00bb , in : review of biodiversity research in thailand , biodiversity research and training program , bangkok , pp . 149 \u2013 171 .\nthumwipat b . and nutphand w . ( 1982 ) , treatment of patients bitten by venomous snakes and venomous snakes of thailand , thai zoological center , bangkok [ in thai ] .\ntrutnau l . ( 1981 ) , schlangen im terrarium . band 2 . giftschlangen , eugen ulmer , stuttgart .\ntrutnau l . ( 1998 ) , schlangen im terrarium . band 2 . giftschlangen . 4 . neu bearb . und erw . aufl . , eugen ulmer ( datz - terrarienb\u00fccher ) , stuttgart .\nviravan c . , looareesuwan s . , kosakarn w . , wuthiekanun v . , mccarthy c . j . , stimson a . f . , bunnag d . , harinasuta t . , and warrell d . a . ( 1992 ) , \u00aba national hospital - based survey of snakes responsible for bites in thailand\u00bb , trans . r . soc . trop . med . hyg . , 86 , 100 \u2013 106 .\nwarrell d . a . ( 1995 ) , \u00abclinical toxicology of snakebite in asia\u00bb , in : handbook of clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons , j . meier and j . white ( eds . ) , crc press , boca raton \u2013 new york \u2013 london \u2013 tokyo , pp . 493 \u2013 594 .\nwelch k . r . g . ( 1988 ) , snakes of the orient . a checklist , robert f . krieger publ . co . , malabar ( fl , usa ) .\nwelch k . r . g . ( 1994 ) , snakes of the world . a checklist . 1 . venomous snakes , r and a research and infomation ltd . and kcm books , taunton ( sommerset , uk ) .\nw\u00fcster w . , golay p . , and warrell d . a . ( 1997 ) , \u00absynopsis of recent developments in venomous snake systematics\u00bb , toxicon , 35 ( 3 ) , 319 \u2013 340 .\nholotype : zmb 48045 ; paratypes : zmb , bmnh ; zsm 127 / 1990 ( given as zsm 127 . 1990 in the original description ) , male , \u201cthung song , provinz nakhon si thammarat , s\u00fcd - thailand\u201d , collected by j . krimmer , no date ; zsm 128 / 1990 ( given as zsm 128 . 1990 in the original description ) , adult , same locality , collected by g . vogel , 09 . 1989 .\nlivigni , f . ( ed . ) 2013 . a life for reptiles and amphibians , volume 1 . chimaira , frankfurt , 495 pp . - get paper here\nmanthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien s\u00fcdostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here\nrostral scale as deep as broad or broader than deep ; upper head - scales small , smooth , imbricate ; supraocular scale narrow , rarely broken up ; internasals in contact or separated by one or two scales ; 8 to 13 scales on a line between the supraoculars ; usually one or two , rarely three , series of scales between the suboculars and the labials ; 9 to 12 upper labials , second usually forming the anterior border of the loreal pit , third largest ; temporal scales smooth .\ndorsal scales more or less distinctly keeled , in 21 ( rarely 19 or 23 ) rows . ventrals 145 - 175 ; anal scale entire ; subcaudals in two rows 53 - 76 .\nupper parts usually bright green , rarely yellowish , greyish , or purplish brown , with or without black , brown , or reddish spots ; usually a light , white , yellow , or red streak along the outer row of scales ; end of tail frequently yellow or red ; lower parts green , yellow , or whitish .\nthe range of this species has been restricted to southern india . it is also rarely seen near harishchandragad and some other mountain ranges of western ghats aka sahyadris in maharashtra .\nt . gramineus is ovoviviparous . adult females gives birth to 6 to 11 young ones , which measure up to 4 . 5inches in length .\nmcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , tour\u00e9 t . 1999 . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , volume 1 . herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .\nkhaire , n . 2006 . a guide to the snakes of maharashtra , goa and karnataka . indian herpetological society . pune , india . ( photographic guide with 61 species . )\nthe fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia , vol . iii .\n. secretary of state for india . ( taylor & francis , printers ) . london . xii + 583 pp . , 166 figures . (\nmehrtens jm . 1987 . living snakes of the world in color . new york : sterling publishers . 480 pp . isbn 0 - 8069 - 6460 - x .\nu . s . navy . 1991 . poisonous snakes of the world . us govt . new york : dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .\nparker hw , grandison agc . 1977 . snakes - - a natural history . second edition . british museum ( natural history ) and cornell university press . 108 pp . 16 plates . lcccn 76 - 54625 . isbn 0 - 8014 - 1095 - 9 ( cloth ) , isbn 0 - 8014 - 9164 - 9 ( paper ) .\ngumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitjebooks berlin . 1st edition . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .\ncantor , t . e . 1839 . spicilegium serpentium indicorum [ parts 1 and 2 ] . proc . zool . soc . london 7 : 31 - 34 , 49 - 55 .\ngumprecht , a . ; tillack , f . ; orlov , n . l . ; captain , a . & ryabow , s . 2004 . asian pit vipers . geitje books . berlin . 368 pp .\nrussell , p . 1796 . an account of indian serpents , collected on the coast of coromandel ; containing descriptions and drawings of each species , together with experiments and remarks on their several poisons . george nicol . london . viii + 91 pp . + plates i . - xlvi .\ngeneral zoology , or systematic natural history : vol . iii . , part ii\n. g . kearsley . ( thomas davison , printer ) . london . iv + pp .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nindia ( assam ) , nicobar islands , myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , southern china ( fukien , hainan , kwangsi , kwangtung ) , hong kong , west malaysia , indonesia ( sumatra , borneo , sulawesi , java , madoera , lombok , sumbawa , komodo , flores , sumba , roti , timor , kisar , wetar ) .\nvietnam : bach ma and tonkin . occurs in rainforests at low elevations . also in central vietnam . [ 5 ]\nphilippine islands : agutayan , batan , camiguin , catanduanes , dinagat , jolo , leyte , luzon , mindanao , mindoro , negros and polillo .\npeninsular thailand , west malaysia , singapore and indonesia ( sumatra and the nearby islands of bangka , simalur , nias , batu and the mentawai islands .\nindia ( assam ) through northern myanmar to tibet , china ( hupeh , szechwan and yunnan ) and vietnam .\nindia ( assam ) and bangladesh to myanmar , china ( fukien , kwangshi , kwantung and szechwan ) and taiwan .\nsumontha , kunya , s . g . pauwels , nitikul & punnadee , 2011 [ 7 ]\nnorthern india , myanmar , thailand , west malaysia , vietnam and indonesia ( sumatra , the mentawai islands of siberut , sipora and north pagai , and on the island of borneo ) .\nsouthern thailand , west and east malaysia ( sabah and sarawak ) and indonesia ( borneo , sumatra , the mentawai islands of siberut and north pagai , simalur and java .\nindia ( assam and the andaman islands ) , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , west malaysia , singapore and indonesia ( sumatra ) .\nindia ( assam ) , and nepal through myanmar and thailand to china ( kwangsi , kwangtung , hainan , fukien , chekiang , yunnan ) and taiwan .\nsouthern thailand , west and east malaysia ( sabah and sarawak on borneo ) and indonesia ( bangka , billiton , borneo , sumatra and the nearby islands of simalur , nias , and possibly the mentawai islands [ sipora ] ) .\nt . andersonii theobald , 1868 . commonly called anderson ' s pit viper , found in the andaman islands of india .\nt . barati regenass & kramer , 1981 . commonly called barat ' s bamboo viper , found in indonesia .\nt . fucatus vogel , david & pauwels , 2004 . commonly called the siamese peninsula pit viper and found in southern thailand , myanmar , malaysia .\nt . insularis kramer , 1977 . commonly called the white - lipped island pit viper and found in indonesia .\nt . malcolmi loveridge , 1938 . commonly called malcolm ' s pit viper and found on borneo ( indonesia ) .\nt . nebularis vogel , david & pauwels , 2004 . commonly called the cameron highlands pit viper and found in west malaysia ( cameron highlands ) .\nt . sabahi regenass & kramer , 1981 . commonly called sabah ' s bamboo viper and found on borneo , indonesia .\nt . truongsonensis , ryabov , thanh & cuc , 2004 . found in central vietnam .\nt . venustus vogel , 1991 . commonly called the beautiful pit viper and found in southern thailand .\n. commonly called wirot ' s pit viper and found in thailand and west malaysia .\nthis new arrangement has been followed by many , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] but not all [ 8 ] [ 13 ] subsequent authors .\nmcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , tour\u00e9 t ( 1999 ) . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , volume 1 . washington , district of columbia : herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .\nmehrtens jm ( 1987 ) . living snakes of the world in color . new york : sterling publishers . 480 pp . isbn 0 - 8069 - 6460 - x .\nunited states navy ( 1991 ) . poisonous snakes of the world . new york : u . s . government / dover publications inc . 203 pp . isbn 0 - 486 - 26629 - x .\ngumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s ( 2004 ) . asian pitvipers . first edition . berlin : geitjebooks . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .\nyang , j . - h . ; orlov , n . i . ; wang , y . - y . ( 2011 ) .\na new species of pitviper of the genus protobothrops from china ( squamata : viperidae ) .\nzootaxa 2936 : 59 - 68 .\nkraus f , mink dg , brown wm ( 1996 ) .\ncrotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial dna sequence data\n. copeia 1996 : 763 - 773 .\ncastoe ta , parkinson cl ( 2006 ) .\nbayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers ( viperidae : serpentes )\n. mol . phylogenet . evol . 39 : 91 - 110 .\ngrismer ll , grismer jl , mcguire ja ( 2006 ) .\na new species of pitviper of the genus popeia ( squamata : viperidae ) from pulau tioman , pahang , west malaysia\n. zootaxa 1305 : 1 - 19 .\nvogel g ( 2006 ) . venomous snakes of asia / giftschlangen asiens . frankfurt am main : terralog , edition chimaira .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nthailand is home to a large variety of vipers . the majority are pit vipers that are easily recognized by the presence of a heat - sensing pit on each cheek . at this point , the siamese russell\u2019s viper , daboia siamensis , is the only viper in thailand that lacks the heat - sensing pits . at the same time it is also arguably the most dangerous of all the vipers . being terrestial , very well camouflaged , equiped with a highly potent , nasty venom , and living mostly in farm lands , it is like a living landmine .\nthe vipers are one of our favorite groups of snakes . there is just something about their usualy stout bodies , triangular heads and most of all the look in their eyes .\nin the coming years the viper species list will likely increase quite a bit . we have seen various vipers that will likely be described as new species in the near future .\ncm ) , with a maximum total length of 7 . 9 feet / 242\n. it is slenderly built and gracefully proportioned with a large head . the tail , however , is not\nthe color pattern consists of a light olive of brown ground color , overlaid with elongated dark green or brownish blotches . the blotches have yellow edges , sometimes contain yellow spots , and frequently fuse to produce wavy stripes . the belly is whitish with dark coloring along the edges .\ngiven is\namakarima island ( one of the loo - choo group )\n( = keramashima , ryukyu islands ) .\nand cultivated fields . found on rock walls and in old tombs and caves .\n. bold and irritable , it can strike quickly and has a long reach .\nmating takes place in early spring and up to 18 eggs are laid in mid - summer . the hatchlings , which emerge after an incubation period of 5\u20136 weeks , are 10 inches ( 25\n, was introduced in 1910 . although the effects of this introduction have not been studied , in other such cases the negative effects on species of native\nis 2 per 1 , 000 people , which is very high . the venom of this species is of high toxicity containing cytotoxin and haemorrhagin components ,\nif a bite victim receives medical care promptly , bites are not life - threatening . however , 6 - 8 % do suffer permanent disability .\n( \u30cf\u30d6\u9152 ) . ( sake in japanese can refer to any alcoholic beverage . ) in this case , the sake is a\n( \u6ce1\u76db ) , alleged to have medicinal properties . the production includes the snakes in the fermentation process and it is sold in bottles that may or may not contain the body of a snake .\ngumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitjebooks . berlin . 1st edition . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .\nbrown jh . 1973 . toxicology and pharmacology of venoms from poisonous snakes . springfield , illinois : charles c . thomas . 184 pp . lcccn 73 - 229 . isbn 0 - 398 - 02808 - 7 .\nhays wst , conant s . 2007 . biology and impacts of pacific island invasive species . 1 . a worldwide review of effects of the small indian mongoose , herpestes javanicus ( carnivora : herpestidae ) . pacific science 61 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 .\nurltoken \u6c96\u7e04\u770c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5e73\u621023 \u5e74\u306e\u6bd2\u86c7\u54ac\u75c7 \u6c96\u7e04\u770c\u885b\u751f\u74b0\u5883\u7814\u7a76\u6240 . according to this report , 8901 snakebites from this snake are reported during 1964 - 2011 in okinawa prefecture ( amami excluded ) . among those , fatalities are 53 . so , fatality rate is around 0 . 6 % ."]}
{"id": 1739, "summary": [{"text": "sphex pensylvanicus is a species of digger wasp , commonly known as the great black wasp .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it lives across most of north america and grows to a size of 20 \u2013 35 mm ( 0.8 \u2013 1.4 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the larvae feed on living insects that the females paralyze and carry to the underground nest . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "sphex pensylvanicus", "paragraphs": ["and then there is this specimen of the katydid hunter sphex pensylvanicus l . :\nsphex ichneumoneus ( linn . ) sphex pensylvanicus linn . isodontia auripes ( fernald ) isodontia mexicana ( saussure ) palmodes dimidiatus ( degeer ) prionyx atratus ( lepeletier )\ndistribution . \u2014sphex pensylvanicus occurs throughout most of the united states north to the forty - third parallel ( fig . 15 ) .\nsphex pensylvanicus linnaeus ( figs . 15 , 85 , 87 ) sphex pensylvanica linnaeus , 1763 , centuria insect rar . , p . 30 . holotype \u2640 , pennsylvania ( bmnh ) .\nsphex transversus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 141 . \u2642 .\nsphex acutus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 150 . \u2642 .\nsphex craspedotus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 96 . \u2640 .\nsphex peckhami fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 93 . \u2642 .\nsphex dubius fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 139 . preocc .\nappears to be less frequently encountered across its range than sphex ichneumoneus ( based on u . of michigan museum of zoology , division of insects page on s . pensylvanicus with map of michigan records .\nsphex pilosiis fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 120 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex aculeatus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 145 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex novitus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 147 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex parapolitus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 51 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex floridensis fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 126 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex uniariiis leopardus fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 125 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex willistoni fernald , 1934 . no . amer . and w . indies sphex , p . 91 , fig . 37 . \u2640 .\nsphecid wasp videos - from brown bag productions - dick walton has some video clips of several species of sand wasps , including eremnophila aureonotata and sphex pensylvanicus . excellent video of nesting behavior ! ( 08 / 31 / 2006 )\ntype - species : sphex cyanea fabricius . desig . by patton , 1880 .\ntype - species : sphex spirifex linnaeus . desig . by bingham , 1897 .\ntype - species : sphex spiiifex linnaeus . desig . by latreille , 1810 .\ntype - species : sphex niveatus dufour . desig . by pate , 1937 .\nsphex pensylvanica linnaeus , 1763 . centuria ins . rar . , p . 30 .\nsphex thomae fabricius , 1775 . systema ent . , p . 346 . \u2642 .\nsphex flavipunctata christ , 1791 . naturgesch . class . nomencl . , p . 301 .\ntype - species : sphex flavipennis fabricius . desig . by internatl . comn . zool .\ntype - species : sphex occitanica lepeletier and serville , desig . by fernald , 1906 .\ntype - species : sphex albisectus lepeletier and serville . desig . by kohl , 1885 .\nsphex , 167 pp . these are not reliable for identification of many north american species .\nsphex caerulea linnaeus , 1763 . centuria ins . rar . , p . 30 . preocc .\nsphex chlomrgyrica costa , 1862 . mus . zool . napoli , ann . 1 : 66 .\nsphex ( isodontia ) macrocephaius fox , 1890 . ent . news 1 : 137 . \u2640 .\nsphex cressoni smith , 1908 . nebr . univ . , studies 8 : 329 . \u2642 .\nsphex arvensis floridensis fernald , 1933 . ent . news 44 : 236 . nom . nud .\nsources : benntinen , justin and evan preisser . 2009 . \u201cavian kleptoparasitism of the digger wasp sphex pensylvanicus , \u201d can . ent . 141 ( 6 ) : 604 - 608 . evans , howard e . 1963 . wasp farm . ithaca , ny : comstock publishing associates ( cornell university press ) . 178 pp .\nsphex caementaria drury , 1773 . illus . nat . hist . , v . 2 , index .\nsphex affinis fabricius , 1793 . ent . system . , v . 2 , p . 203 .\ntype - species : sphex sabulosa linnaeus . desig . by intematl . comn . zool . nomencl .\nsphex cyanea fabricius , 1775 . systema ent . , no . 5 , p . 346 . preocc .\nsphex dubitaia cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 213 . \u2640 .\nsphex lauta cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 212 . \u2640 .\nsphex aurocapillus templeton , 1841 . ent . soc . london , trans . 3 : 51 . a questionable\nsphex fuliginosa dahlbom , 1843 . hym . europaea , v . 1 , p . 425 . preocc .\nsphex servillei lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . 3 : 336 . \u2642 .\nsphex helfragei cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 212 . \u2640 .\nsphex rufiventris cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 211 . \u2640 .\nsphex ( priononyx ) femigineus fox , 1892 . ent . news 3 : 170 . \u2640 . preocc .\nfew north american wasps are as conspicuous as the great black wasp , sphex pensylvanicus . this all - black insect with violet reflections on its wings is so large as to sometimes be mistaken for a tarantula hawk wasp . males average 22 millimeters in body length , while females are about 28 millimeters ( up to 35 mm ) and more robust .\nsphex flavomaculata degeer , 1773 . mem . hist . ins . , v . 3 , p . 588 .\nsphex micans taschenberg , 1869 . ztschr . gesam . naturw . halle 34 : 419 . \u2640 . preocc .\nsphex jamaica christ , 1791 . naturgesch . class . nomencl . ins . , p . 292 . emend .\nsphex mexicana taschenberg , 1869 . ztschr . gesam . naturw . halle 34 : 416 . \u2642 . preocc .\nsphex texana cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc . trans . 4 : 212 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex abdominalis cresson , 1872 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 4 : 211 . \u2642 . preocc .\nsphex spiniger kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 428 . \u2642 .\nsphex princeps kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 398 . \u2640 .\nsphex chrysophorus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 300 . \u2640 .\nsphex lanciger kohl , 1895 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 10 : 55 . \u2642 .\nsphex auriflua perty , 1834 . delect . anim . articul . brasil . , p . 142 . a questionable synonym .\nsphex lanierii guerin , 1844 . iconogr . regne anim . , ins . , v . 3 : 433 . \u2642 .\nsphex congener kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 418 . \u2640 .\nsphex violaceipenyiis lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 349 .\nsphex laeviventris cresson , 1865 . ent . soc . phila . , proc . 4 : 463 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex excisus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 362 . \u2642 .\nsphex harti fernald , 1931 . ent . soc . amer . , ann . 24 : 450 . n . name .\nsphex kennedyi murray , 1938 . ent . soc . amer . , ann . 31 : 36 . n . name .\nsphex suynptuosa costa , 1862 . mus . zool . napoli , ann . 1 : 66 . s . k questionable synonym .\nsphex pensylvanicus aka the great black wasp . this black wasp with yellow antennas ( anthers ) is a species of digger wasp . they hunt for insects and pluralize them so that larvae can feed on living insect . the black wasp is approximately 1 to 1 . 4 inch long with slander body . the sting from this wasp is painful but it does not cause swelling . this wasp is also an important pollinator .\nsphex singularis smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 261 . \u2642 .\nsphex flavovestita smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 253 . \u2642 .\nsphex habena say , 1832 . new sp . n . amer . ins . chiefly of louisiana , p . 14 . \u2640 .\nsphex croesus lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 351 . \u2640 .\nsphex ichneumoneus \\ ar . fuiviventris kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 431 .\nsphex apicalis smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 262 . \u2640 .\nsphex elegans smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 262 . \u2642 .\nsphex morio kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 321 . \u2642 . preocc .\nsphex doumerci lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 357 . \u2640 .\nsphex { priononyx ) laerma cameron , 1897 . ann . and mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 370 .\nsphex ( harpactopus ) edwardsi cameron , 1903 . amer . ent . soc , trans . 29 : 230 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex dorsalis lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 347 . \u2642 .\nsphex aurulenta guerin , 1835 . iconogr . regne anim . , planches anim . invert . , pi . 70 , fig . 2 .\nsphex joergenseni brethes , 1913 . buenos aires mus . nac . de hist . nat . , an . 24 : 120 . \u2642 .\nsphex philadelphica lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 340 . \u2640 .\nsphex apicalis harris , 1835 . in hitchcock , rpt . geol . mineral . bot . zool . mass . , p . 588 .\nsphex ( palmodes ) praestans kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 323 . \u2640 .\nsphex labrosa harris , 1835 . in hitchcock , rpt . geol . mineral . bot . zool . mass . , p . 588 .\nsphex atrata lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 355 . \u2640 .\nsphex fervens linnaeus , 1758 . syst . nat . , ed . 10 , p . 569 . 9 . type from west indies or\nsphex pilosus nudus murray , 1938 . ent . soc . amer . , ann . 31 : 28 . \u2642 , \u2640 . preocc .\nsphex flavipes smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 263 . \u2640 . preocc .\nsphex dimidiatus lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . hym . , v . 3 , p . 352 . \u2642 . preocc .\nsphex chichimecus saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 40 . \u2642 .\nsphex tepanecus saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 41 . \u2642 .\nsphex lucae saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 41 . \u2640 .\nsphex apicalis saussure , 1867 . reise d . novara , zool . , v . 2 , hym . , p . 38 . preocc .\nsphex platensis brethes , 1908 . buenos aires mus . nac de hist . nat . , an . 17 : 146 . \u2642 , \u2640 .\nsphex yiigropilosus rohwer , 1912 . u . s . natl . mus . , proc . 41 : 465 . 9 . this is a questionable\npat , this looks to me like sphex pennsylvanica , a hunter of katydids . your description sounds small , though . i have seen plenty of s . pennsylvanica females that greatly exceed the great golden digger wasps ( sphex ichneumoneus ) in size . in flight they look gigantic , of course !\nsphex ( chlorion ) nearcticus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 186 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex ( chlorion ) occultus kohl , 1890 . k . k . naturhist . hofmus . , ann . 5 : 187 . \u2640 , \u2642 .\nsphex ornata lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 344 . 9 , tj .\nsphex tibialis lepeletier , 1845 . hist . nat . ins . , hym . , v . 3 , p . 339 . \u2640 . preocc .\nsphex ( palmodes ) daggyi murray , 1951 . u . s . dept . agr . , monog . 2 : 974 . n . name .\nsphex dimidiatus degeer , 1773 . mem . pour servir a i ' hist . des ins . 3 : 577 , pi . 30 , fig . 5 . \u2642 .\nsphex instabilis smith , 1856 . cat . hym . brit . mus . , v . 4 , p . 263 . 9 . n . amer . possibly a senior\nmy work on tr programs was partially inspired by the \u201ctote units\u201a\u201d of miller , galanter , and pribram who proposed them as a model of behavior . i was also aware of the work on animal behavior by ethologists , such as nicholas tinbergen and konrad lorenz . could tr programs serve as a model of some aspects of animal behavior ? in my 1998 ai textbook , artificial intelligence : a new synthesis , i repeated ( on p . 82 ) the following description ( from a book by dean wooldridge ) of the behavior of the solitary wasp , sphex pensylvanicus :\ninsects of cedar creek - - they label as\nsphex species\n, but mention\ns . pennsylvanicus\non the sphecidae family page . phenology lists occurence in july and august .\n( special thanks to pat shorter , an undergraduate member of the marek lab , for taking the photo of our infected sphex wasp ! she also took the photos of the cissites auriculata beetle in our previous post . )\nsphex pensylvanicus aka the great black wasp insects . it ' s is very angry . this bee sometime nursery bee . this black wasp with yellow antennas ( anthers ) is a species of digger wasp . they hunt for insects and pluralize them so that larvae can feed on living insect . the black wasp is approximately 1 to 1 . 4 inch long with slander body . the sting from this wasp is painful but it does not cause swelling . this wasp is also an important pollinator . our social pages : facebook : urltoken pintertest : https : urltoken instragram : urltoken twitter : urltoken # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # copyright disclaimer : video information source : urltoken music source : urltoken\nwell , maybe it ' s 25 mm or more . they move so fast , it is rather hard to get a feeling for the size . i ' m sure you are correct . it is about the size of sphex ichneumoneus , a species i do know . patrick coin durham , north carolina\nthis wasp , in the genus sphex , is a member of the family sphecidae ( sfee - ci - dee ) , the thread - waisted wasps , or digger wasps , which are all solitary . relatives include mud daubers and the very closely related great golden digger wasp ( s . ichneumoneus ) . many famous naturalists have written entertaining , fascinating accounts of this and other digger wasps ; those of howard ensign evans ( \u201cwasp farm\u201d ) and j . henri fabre are highly recommended .\nit seems javascript is either disabled or not supported by your browser . to view this site , enable javascript by changing your browser options and try again .\nexplore an aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nthe academy\u2019s institute for biodiversity science and sustainability is at the forefront of efforts to understand two of the most important topics of our time : the nature and future of life on earth .\nbased in san francisco , the institute for biodiversity science and sustainability is home to more than 100 research scientists and nearly 46 million scientific specimens from around the world\u201438 , 000 of which are alive and on display in the academy\u2019s steinhart aquarium . the institute also leverages the expertise and efforts of the academy ' s aquarium biologists and more than 100 international research and field associates and 450 distinguished fellows .\nthrough expeditions around the globe , captive breeding programs , and investigations in the lab , the institute\u2019s scientists strive to understand the evolution and interconnectedness of life . through these same efforts , as well as through partnerships , community outreach , and public engagement initiatives , the institute aims to guide critical conservation decisions and address the challenge of sustainability .\nwith nearly 46 million scientific specimens from around the world , the academy\u2019s research collections provide one of the best records of life on earth , both now and in the past . this vast library of life\u2014available to scientists around the world , both in person and online\u2014helps us track the spread of disease , predict the impact of climate change , and much more .\ndespite intensive efforts to document life on earth , scientists estimate that more than 90 percent of the species on our planet have yet to be discovered . academy scientists are racing to discover new species and determine their place on the tree of life\u2014with the ultimate goal of protecting them before they disappear .\nto provide the best conservation recommendations , we must understand not only what lives where , but also how species reproduce , interact with one another and respond to threats . to address this need , academy scientists map species distributions , analyze reproductive strategies , study food web and other ecosystem interactions , and more .\ndetailed knowledge about the evolution , distribution , and interconnectedness of life on earth allows academy scientists to make thoughtful conservation recommendations and participate in critical discussions about sustainability challenges . through partnerships with governments and conservation organizations , community outreach , captive breeding programs , and public engagement initiatives , academy scientists are helping to shape a sustainable future for our planet .\naccess our online collections or set up an in - person visit . anthropology botany entomology herpetology ichthyology invertebrate zoology & geology ornithology & mammalogy\na governing group of approximately 450 distinguished scientists , academy fellows have made notable contributions to one or more of the natural sciences and help further the reach of our research and education initiatives through individual and collaborative efforts with academy researchers . nominated by their colleagues and selected by the board of trustees , academy fellows remain members of the fellowship for life .\nfor more than 160 years , academy scientists have been working to discover and document biodiversity around the world\u2014from the tops of the highest mountains to the depths of the oceans .\nscientists use advanced rebreather technology for deep dives into unexplored areas of the ocean .\nacademy scientists study an unusual adaptation in a number of new guinea bird species : toxic skin and feathers .\nour scientists study the rich diversity of marine invertebrates , including corals , mollusks , urchins , and more .\nwe believe discovery is just the first step in our work\u2014sharing our findings with community leaders , governments , and science enthusiasts of all ages is a critical part of our mission .\nresearchers , using the academy ' s collections , have discovered when avian pox arrived on the galapagos islands .\ntake a virtual expedition with us to investigate the amazing diversity of life on this planet .\npeter roopnarine discusses his work with fossils and his adventure with a six - foot squid .\nby working with partners and the general public , developing captive breeding programs , and training the next generation of scientists , we are tackling some of today\u2019s biggest sustainability challenges .\nacademy researchers are among the first to study\u2014and breed in captivity\u2014tiny , fascinating pygmy seahorses .\nlearn more about the academy ' s citizen science program , and join an upcoming bioblitz or biodiversity survey .\nsnapshot cal coast is a citizen science effort across california to document our coastal biodiversity .\nscience - based solutions for a better future\u2014now on exhibit at the academy and at planetvision . com .\nthe california academy of sciences is a renowned scientific and educational institution dedicated to exploring , explaining , and sustaining life on earth . based in san francisco\u2019s golden gate park , it is home to a world - class aquarium , planetarium , and natural history museum\u2014all under one living roof .\nstay curious\u2014every thursday at nightlife . sign up for event updates and exciting announcements .\nsign up for the academy\u2019s monthly newsletter and get a promo code for 10 % off at our online retail store .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nnearctica lists it as pensylvanica , which is wrong because the gender of the genus is male .\nprovision nests ( in burrow in soft earth ) with katydids or grasshoppers . ( univ . florida lists : tettigoniidae in genera microcentrum and scudderia . ) usually about three are placed in a nest .\nevans , pp . 49 - 51 , 55 - 56 describes life history .\nbohart , r . m . and a . s . menke . 1963 . a reclassification of the sphecinae with a revision of the nearctic species of the tribes sce1iphronini and sphecini ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) . univ . calif . publ . ent . 30 : 91 - 182 .\nkaufman field guide to insects of north america eric eaton , kenn kaufman . 2006 . houghton mifflin .\ninsects of north carolina c . s . brimley . 1938 . north carolina department of agriculture .\namerican insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .\ninsects in kansas glenn a . salsbury and stephan c . white . 2000 . kansas dept . of agriculture .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .\nhover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .\nall about insects , spiders , and other arthropods , focusing on north america north of mexico .\nthis is also a common and widespread species , ranging from southeast canada to northern mexico , and as far west as southern california . it is absent from the pacific northwest , and while i lived in arizona for a decade , i did not encounter this species there , either . it is perhaps most abundant along forest edges in deciduous woodlands , sumac thickets , gardens , and fields with scattered trees .\nhabitat preference is governed by the need for the adult wasps to find flower nectar to fuel their flight ; and for females to find katydid prey . milkweed ( asclepias spp . ) , thoroughworts ( eupatorium spp . ) , mountain mint ( pycnanthemum spp . ) , buttonbush ( cephalanthus occidentalis ) , camphorweed ( pluchea spp . ) , rattlesnake master ( eryngium yuccifolium ) , white sweet clover ( melilotus alba ) , and goldenrod ( solidago spp . ) are among this wasp\u2019s favorite rest stops . females dig burrows in soft soil , usually in sheltered spots such as the dirt floors of abandoned barns or other outbuildings .\nthough they are solitary , several females may nest in close proximity to one other . each burrow is an angled tunnel about an inch in diameter and over one foot long . at the end of the burrow is a chamber from which other cells are added over time . the female leaves the nest entrance open while she goes about finding katydids . her prey can be enormous . adult greater angle - wing katydids ( microcentrum rhombifolium ) can be 52 - 63 millimeters long and are quite heavy . the lesser angle - wing katydid ( m . retinerve ) is another prey species , as is scudderia furcata , the fork - tailed bush katydid . an average of three paralyzed katydids goes into each cell in the nest , a single egg being laid on the first of those victims .\nthe wasp larva that hatches from the egg feeds and grows for about ten days , eventually reaching a length of 30 - 35 millimeters , and a diameter of 7 - 10 millimeters . larval insects are almost always larger than the adult stage because so much energy is spent in the pupal stage . the larva probably passes the winter in a pre - pupal state , pupating the following spring and then emerging in summer .\nfemale great black wasps are incredibly successful at finding katydids . one field researcher , reverend john a . frisch of woodstock college in maryland plugged the nest entrances in one aggregation . the result was 252 katydids piled up in only five days . that worked out to an average of nearly 17 katydids per wasp per day ( evans , 1963 ) . the wasps fly with that heavy load , too .\nhauling a large , heavy katydid back to the nest can attract unwanted attention , and one entomologist in rhode island observed house sparrows ( passer domesticus ) and , to a lesser degree , gray catbirds ( dumetella carolinensis ) intercepting female wasps and relieving them of their paralyzed prey . as many as one - third of return trips by all the female wasps observed ended this way : empty - handed ( benntinen & preisser , 2009 ) .\nthe adult wasps themselves can be parasitized by paraxenos westwoodi , one of the insects called stylopids or \u201ctwisted - wing parasites . \u201d wasps that have deformities of the abdominal segments , often with a bullet - like capsule or two protruding between segments , are victims of stylopids .\nan interesting piece of historical trivia is that this species was the first insect subject of a paper by a naturalist native to north america . observations of the great black wasp by john bartram ( philadelphia ) were presented to the royal society ( royal society of london for improving natural knowledge ) by peter collinson in 1749 . the species was not officially described until 1763 by carl linnaeus .\nnice post eric ! i ' ve grown fond of these wasps since the summer , when i was finding many of them . they seem to like hanging around japanese knotweed ( fallopia japonica ) flowers as well .\nhi , diane ! the females are certainly capable of stinging , but you have to literally molest one to get it feeling threatened enough to deploy its stinger . plus , males ( which are anatomically incapable of stinging ) are far more common at flowers in my experience . females are busy digging nests and hunting katydids .\ni had to post a comment because i just discovered these wasps in my garden today ; i ' d never seen them before . i live in the pacific northwest ( medford , or ) - was surprised to read that they are supposed to be absent here . one of these beauties was enormous - about the length of my little finger - and i saw 2 others that were a bit smaller . i had to find out what kind of wasp they are and my search led me here . great informative post ! i am a first year beekeeper and am frequently out observing them , and the bumble bees , in the yard , that ' s how i discovered the great black wasps . how exciting that they are here !\nstephanie : you may have a different wasp altogether . i ' d love to see an image of what you are talking about , and learn what kind of prey it is bringing in . i ' m thinking it is a species of palmodes , or even prionyx , rather than the subject of this blog post . i lived in oregon the first 27 years of my life and never saw a great black wasp there , either .\nthe description fits closely to a smaller black wasp we have here in oregon . grants pass . about 30 mi from medford . same description down to the oil sheen on black wings . just seems smaller . so perhaps a subspecies of some kind ?\nhi , jed . i grew up in oregon , and i think you are most likely describing one of the podalonia species of cutworm wasps . i have done a couple of posts here on podalonia . they are very common in the western u . s .\neric i have these wasps under the deck of my front door , they have never bitten anyone and my family has learned to just walk by them or ignore them but when people come to the front door it is pretty scary to be swarmed by these big black wasps . every year we seem to get more and more and they love the minnesota sun in july . any ideas on how to get them to move on or move out ? nancyb\ni ' m sorry , nancy , but my business is not to suggest\npest control\nfor what are essentially harmless insects . unless you physically grab a female wasp , you are not going to get stung . period . the wasps use landmarks to locate their nests , and are circling the guests at your door because they interpret the people as new landmarks ( or the wasps are simply disoriented by the sudden appearance of a person ) .\nhello eric , as with nancy i have seen a wasp that looks a lot like this one , as far as if it is or is not i will give you what i can . i may be able to find the body of the wasp . we can ' t take risks , allergies . but i noticed it when it flew into a small hole in the inside of my hose reel for storring the garden hose . it was carrying a long piece of dryed grass . this wasp was much larger than the normal wasps i get . i would guess about 2 / 3ds larger .\nfred , what you are describing is a\ngrass - carrier\nwasp , same family as the great black wasp , but different genus and different nesting behavior . here ' s one of my blog posts about them : urltoken\nwe are trying to identify a huge black flying bug and it looks a lot like the great wasp , and it lives in a crevice in our garage . we noticed one , now it seems we have 3 . it ' s living in a small hole in the corner of the garage where the garage door meets the ground . do you think this is a great wasp or some other type based on what i ' ve noted . i have not seen it bring back food of any type so far .\ntook me awhile to find your comment since it was in a\nreply\nto someone else ' s comment . . . . i honestly don ' t know .\nhuge\nis relative , so it could be a blue mud dauber i suppose , or maybe a * male * great black wasp that is simply roosting there . i ' d have to see it myself to be able to say for certain .\nif these wasps are not in the pacific northwesr why do you suppose i found one in my garden , in the bamboo with an ant on it ' s stinger ? i live on the pennisula in nw washington state .\nhi , debra : i imagine you probably found a different kind of wasp altogether . in my response to stephanie gentry above , i suggested she might have seen a palmodes wasp instead . . . . ants will antagonize wasps that visit aphid colonies they are guarding . the ants will also scavenge dead insects , even very large ones .\nhi eric - i live in bellevue ( suburb of omaha , i see you ' re coming to visit the zoo - it is awesome , so enjoy yourself ) , and this afternoon one of these wasps must have gotten trapped in my garage and buzzed in past me into the basement . not knowing if it was going to sting me , i ' ve pretty much left it alone . the lights are out down there now so no idea where it is . i will be using the treadmill down there in the morning ( it is too hot and humid to run outside ) and i ' m wondering if this wasp will be trying to find it ' s way outside . i ' d love to help it , but it ' s a bug . . . . and it could hurt me or the dogs . . . . suggestions that will save us all a little hurt ? : - ) thanks !\nhi , kelley ! most insects trapped indoors fly to light , so if you have a window or windows in your basement , it will fly to those . then just put a glass or other transparent container over the insect and slip a card between bug and the window , trapping the insect inside the container . then you can release it outdoors . that said , this species is in no danger of going extinct , so if you must kill it , then don ' t feel * too * guilty .\ngreetings ! i found one of these lovely , iridescent blue - black babies hanging around on the white goosefoot ( chenopodium album ) outside my back door ( milan , mi ) . it was terrifying my children ( ages 5 and 3 ) so they wouldn ' t use the door . i looked it up and happened upon your page ! thanks for the great information ! we ' re all pleased to learn it won ' t sting us , but big , black flying things are scary nonetheless ! i ' m going to try removing the plant it seems to favor ( there ' s a bunch elsewhere in the yard ) to see if the wasp hangs out around the door less . i ' m sure her nest is somewhere in the crumbling cinderblock wall of our small porch right there , so she probably won ' t go too far , but if we can get in and out of the door without a two - inch wasp in our faces , that ' d be lovely . : )\njust discovered these burrowing under my house in upstate south carolina . any reason to be concerned ?\nhi , june . no reason for concern . just don ' t disturb them for the week , more or less , that they need to nest . you wouldn ' t likely get stung anyway , but locations suitable for nesting are sometimes hard to come by for solitary wasps and bees .\nyou do not indicate a geographic location , but i would bet you are describing the blue mud dauber , which sometimes nests in attics and can find its way downstairs from there . please find someone who can vacuum them up , or usher them into containers to be released outdoors . since they are solitary , you won ' t get stung unless you actually grab one ( and it is likely to fly away before you could do that anyway ) . please refrain from chemical sprays in the interest of your own health , and that of your family and pets . i ' d happily help personally were it possible to be all places at once .\nthank you for this wonderful description . i just saw one of these huge great black wasps tenderly sipping nectar from butterfly weed ( a type of milkweed ) in my garden . i live in rhode island . we have nesting house sparrows and mockingbirds in the yard . i can ' t wait to see the birds steal a katydid from the wasp , i ' ll be on lookout . i just hope i ' m not too close to become entangled . thanks again . i ' ve never seen one of these wasps before , and now i know all about it .\nwould you consider it safe to leave them alone if these black hornets have built a nest up inside of the wall / ceiling at the entryway to our back porch ? we can ' t see the nest without taking the ceiling apart . i don ' t want to spray or kill them , but i don ' t want the nest to grow and multiply over the summer and winter until we have a serious problem on our hands .\nyou are describing some other kind of wasp . the great black wasp is solitary and nests in the ground , not between walls or in attics .\nhello eric ! great black wasps were the subject of my august ' nature of merrickville ' column in the local monthly . your blog and scilog were among my sources . i saw my first great blacks in the last week - - near bishop ' s mills ontario and at montebello in western quebec . talk about huge ! ! my article assured folks that they were not aggressive and also described ichneumonidae , as another example of fascinating parasatoid wasps . i was a bug - fearing kid ( and adult ) and terrified of spiders . if anyone had told me that i would grow up to be the bug lady , i ' d have laughed in their faces . but it was the specialization of wasps that got me interested , the truth about when spiders bite that calmed my phobia and the fine teachings of many mentors ( the likes of thee ) , when i began teaching at a nature museum , that propelled me in this direction . my thanks to you and your kin for my new - found love of insects .\nwow , i am not sure i ' ve ever been paid a higher compliment . thank you so much !\njust found a set of nests right by my backyard gate in nj . there are nearly a dozen holes , but i ' m finding more around the property everyday now that i know what to look for . we realized that they are docile and can walk right over them , but any idea how to encourage future generations to move on ? i don ' t mind their presence , just not directly underfoot which scaressentially the kids and excited the dog .\nthere is no guarantee they will nest again there next year . did you see them last year ? also , pretty sure soil composition and texture dictates where they can nest . unless you want to replace * that * , not sure you can easily dissuade them from nesting where they will . that said , i empathize with your dilemma .\nwe didn ' t see them at all last year , though my neighbor just told me that he ' s had them for years in a rocky section of his yard . and while we have a lot of clay in our soil , there ' s no way we ' ll try to replace it . our neighborhood is mostly wooded and\npests\nare just part of the fun .\nthank you so much for the information . we are from michigan . we have been fascinated by two of these for over a week . we never knew we had this many katydids on our 10 acres ! they keep bringing them back like little troopers . today we noticed that the one entrance ( under a good sized rock ) wasn ' t having the normal activity . we looked in and found a fat toad sitting there ! . would he have eaten the wasp ? thanks again .\ni wouldn ' t put it past a toad to eat * any * thing . lol ! that said , the wasp could also have finished her nest and the toad came afterwards . thank you so much for sharing your story ! i live for this kind of feedback , especially from folks who are observant and express their awe as you have here . made my day . : - )\ni was stung by one of these last year . about 3 times by the same little wasp , and damn it hurts . was out riding my scooter when i felt like i was shot in the stomach twice . figured i could just ride it off till i got home ( about 1 / 4 mile ) , but after the third sting . . . . . absolutely not . had to pull over and when i lifted my shirt he went flying off . the sting didn ' t swell a whole lot , but hurt a million times more than a paper wasp or a honey bee sting . i have been stung a couple more times sense then ( all while out riding ) . they don ' t seem to be aggressive , but if they get under your shirt while out riding they will sting you and damn it hurts .\ni am sorry you had this experience ! the great black wasp is a very large insect , so i wonder if it was not another kind of wasp that got you .\nmy daughter got stung on 3 days ago by what i believe to be a great black wasp . it was on her school bus and must have attached itself to her bookbag or jacket . when she got home and took off her bookbag and jacket it stung her in the forearm . it was just after she was stung i saw the wasp crawling on the couch behind her . it was over an inch in length and all black . she had very little reaction to the sting . in fact , there was no swelling or redness that evening . however the following day she had redness and swelling in an area the size of a lemon . the second day , the swelling and redness increased from her elbow to wrist . today it is extended to her finger tips and past her elbow . i took her to the doctor and she has serum sickness . i am just wondering if it could be something other than a great black wasp . are there any other insects that look just like a great black wasp ?\noh , dear . well , first , my sincerest wishes for your daughter ' s full and speedy recovery . there are certainly many species of wasps similar to the great black wasp , so without seeing the specimen , or at least an image , i can ' t say one way or the other . you don ' t give a geographic location , either , so for all i know this happened in peru . . . . one thing for sure : reaction to stings often has more to do with a given individual ' s immune system reaction than the venom composition of the insect . i would ask the doctor for advice on first aid for future stings to mitigate potentially dangerous reactions .\nsorry i forgot to tell you my location . i live in pennsylvania . i wish i had a picture to show you . i could only describe it as about 1 . 5 inches in length , completely black , and very long legs .\ncould easily be this wasp . . . . but as i said previously , i can ' t be certain without seeing the specimen .\nwe live in the middle of a hundred acre farm in nw ohio . that ' s a lot of loose dirt ! on our farm we have a half acre vegetable garden and tons of perennial and annual flowers so i could see where these wasps could really be helpful . but recently we attached an outdoor shower to our home and i ' m not sure if that stirred them up or what because we have about 30 - 40 swarming around our front porch . they may not be the exact same ones because we ' ve seen them going in and out of paper nests under the soffit of our porch and dormers . we have knocked those down . but they seem too small to house so many wasps ! we can ' t really determine where they all are coming from and what to do with them . we have to do something because we have grandchildren that are coming soon and we literally can not use our front porch because there are so many of them swarming around ! my question is , is there an extremely large shiny black wasp that builds paper nests in nw ohio ? it ' s not a mud dobber i ' ve had those before . and how can i move them without killing them ? how can i find their nest ?\ndebbie , thanks for reaching me through allexperts as well , and for including the images that prove conclusively that what you have are blue mud dauber wasps , chalybion californicum . the males congregate to\nsleep\ntogether overnight in some nook or other sheltered spot . male wasps don ' t sting , so no worries .\nthat sounds more like a grass - carrier wasp ( isodontia sp . ) or a blue mud dauber ( chalybion californicum ) . great black wasp nests in the ground , and would not be crawling under siding even to hunt katydids .\nhello eric , i must say i have never been a big bug fan . i ' ve always had an innate fear of all flying bugs , and as i ' ve never been stung , a built in radar for bees and wasps . tonight i met the great black wasp . it landed on my leg . i did my usual hysterical dance , it fell off my leg , and before i knew it i had stepped on it . i had never seen anything so large , so close to me . then i noticed it was carrying a giant katydid which was at least 63 mm . it was all new to me . the only big bug i ' ve seen close up was a giant black grasshopper back home in alabama . here in south bend , indiana , it ' s usually beesness as usual . i then did some research on this glorious wasp . i truly regret that i got in the way of her task of getting that katydid to her nest . thank you for such a wonderful introduction to a wasp i think i can actually bee friends with . regards dee b\ndee : thank you so much for sharing your story . i am always delighted to hear this kind of thing . i often think i am making little difference , so thanks for letting me know i have an impact . : - )\nthey have been terrifying me for almost a week before i stumbled across your blog today . i was pretty sure this was the species but after finding two alive ( sedated ) katydids at the entrance to our barn , my suspicions are confirmed . so happy to know these are a bunch of essentially single moms looking to rear some young in my horse barn , and that they are not aggressive . boy they look intimidating ! ! i have a bunch of holes in the barn floor ( millings ) , a substrate which they obviously find irresistable because my efforts have not been successful to have them vacate the barn completely , but merely to relocate !\nchristie , thank you so much for sharing your story .\nsingle moms\nthey truly are ! what a great way to put it . thank you also for your tolerance , and efforts to identify your\nguests .\nyou help restore my faith in humanity . : - )\nin chicago , facing lake michigan , and six stories up , we have what look to me like great black wasps . but , rather than katydid , these wasps seem to be harvesting spiders . since we have plenty of spiders , it ' s quite helpful . do you think these are actually great black wasps , or merely close relatives ?\ndefinitely * not * great black wasps if they are going after spiders , and nesting on a building . mud daubers , sceliphron caementarium , chalybion californicum , and trypoxylon politum should all be in your area , so it could be any one of those .\nhi eric i do a lot of container gardening every summer so i ' m outside a lot . the past few days i ' ve seen this large flying black creature entering and exiting a half inch crack in my concrete patio . came in this evening and typed in horse fly . that wasn ' t it so i tried big black wasp . bingo ! i planted a lot of different plants to attract pollinators . white clover and milkweed . this wasp also likes the hibiscus - like flowers on okra . i ' m glad to know this wasp is harmless as i have an epi - pen with me every time i go outside . i know enough not to mess with wasps . in fact there are a lot of them in my garden . i ' ve even had them land on me and i freeze and they leave cause i don ' t have any pollen . i ' ll enjoy watching this making it ' s nest . how long do you think it will be around ? i live in se tn . so glad i found your post .\nhi , anne ! well , since you have made your property so hospitable to other creatures , i suspect your big black wasp will be around for at least the next few days to finish * this * nest , then maybe start another one elsewhere in your yard . thank you for the kind compliments !\nevery morning , and throughout the day , i have multiple wasps , that i believe to be great blacks , in my garage . they congregate on the window of an access door , which i open and then ' scoot ' them out . there seems to be a never ending supply as this has been going on for some time . i live in buffalo , mn . any idea why this is . thanks , roy\ni think what you have is a harmless , nightly congregation of male blue mud dauber wasps , chalybion californicum . they are known for this behavior . nice of you to escort them out . the female wasps hunt spiders as food for their offspring , but they usually don ' t join the males at night , sleeping by themselves in most cases ."]}
{"id": 1741, "summary": [{"text": "the black-headed gull ( chroicocephalus ridibundus ) is a small gull that breeds in much of europe and asia , and also in coastal eastern canada .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "most of the population is migratory and winters further south , but some birds reside in the milder westernmost areas of europe .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some black-headed gulls also spend the winter in northeastern north america , where it was formerly known as the common black-headed gull .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "as is the case with many gulls , it was previously placed in the genus larus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus name chroicocephalus is from ancient greek khroizo , \" to colour \" , and kephale , \" head \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the specific ridibundus is latin for \" laughing \" , from ridere \" to laugh \" . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "black - headed gull", "paragraphs": ["the black - headed gull is a medium - sized gull and our commonest inland gull .\nthe black - headed gull is a common gull in europe and is found well inland .\nthe black - headed gull has a multipurpose body plan . agile in the air , it\u2019s also nimble on the ground and yet quite at home paddling on the water . black - headed gull & great black - headed gull\ndescription : black - headed gull is a widespread species , very noisy and opportunist feeder .\npredators and anti - predators of the black - headed gull ( larus ridibundus l . )\na common gull of the old world , black - headed gull is a rare , but regular visitor to eastern north america .\nbuild up your gull id skills by learning to recognise two ideal reference species : common gull and herring gull .\ncommon black - headed gull , chroicocephalus ridibundus ( protonym , larus ridibundus ) , linnaeus , 1766 , also known as the ( northern ) black - headed gull , photographed at cheshire , northwest england , uk .\nsome aspects of reproductive behavior in the black - headed gull ( larus ridibundus l . ) and related species\nseen from a distance or in poor light , the black - headed gull\u2019s chocolate - brown head appears blackish , but the great black - headed gull ( larus ichthyaetus ) has a truly pure - jjr black head . both have white \u2018eyelids , \u2019 but these are more striking in the larger great black - headed gull . its bill is yellow and red , with a narrow black band separating the two colors . its legs and feet are also bright yellow . the great black - headed gull is less common than the black - headed gull , breeding in scattered colonies on coastal marshes and lakes on steppes across central and southern asia . unlike the black - headed gull , most migrate to winter on the caspian sea and indian ocean .\nthe silver gulls seldom came within 1 metre of the black - headed gull when it was swimming . on the thursday as we initially approached , a silver gull came within half a metre ( or vice versa ) near a corner of the pond . both gulls called and the black - headed gull appeared to peck in the direction of the silver gull . after about 10 or 15 seconds the silver gull moved away . the black - headed gull appeared to be dominant .\ncommon black - headed gull in breeding plumage , paarl bird sanctuary , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker \u00a9 ]\nkrigged density surfaces for black - headed gull , in the breeding season . covers uk waters and uses esas data .\nthe black - headed gull is one of the few hooded gulls that does not actually have a black head during breeding . its hood is dark chocolate brown .\nkrigged density surfaces for black - headed gull , in the non - breeding season . covers uk waters and uses esas data .\nfind out more about black - headed gulls on birdfacts and the wider countryside report .\nblack headed gulls : licence for retailers and restaurateurs to sell eggs - gov . uk\nthe black - headed gull is found on lakes , rivers , marshes , estuaries , bogs , moors , seacoasts , and bays .\nflight : black - headed gull performs quick and active flight . it also may soar and glide , and it catches flying insects while flying .\nget a general licence to sell black - headed gull eggs for human consumption if you ' re a retailer or restaurateur ( licence gl23 ) .\na hooded gull in summer is likely to be the ubiquitous black - headed gull , but there are a couple of other species that sport the same summer finery . would you be able to pick out a little or mediterranean gull from the crowd ?\nall year round the adult black - headed gull has silver grey upperparts and white underparts , and dark red bill and legs . the wings have black wing - tips and a white edge along the forewing ( which separates it from the common gull ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black - headed gull ( larus ridibundus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black - headed gull ( larus ridibundus )\ntitle =\narkive species - black - headed gull ( larus ridibundus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n[ 0856 ] van dijk et al . ( 2012 ) , new longevity records of black - headed gull , with comments on wear and loss of aluminium rings\nblack - headed gulls are the commonest inland gull , particularly in n england , scotland and wales . large colonies along the south and east coasts of england .\nbehaviour : black - headed gull feeds on varied food items such as aquatic and terrestrial insects , earthworms , marine invertebrates , some fish , grains and berries .\nblack - headed gull sometimes engages in piracy from other seabirds , and may take eggs at terns\u2019 colonies . this species may feed alone or in noisy flocks .\non saturday 19th october 1991 , a local birder brian kane rang the broome bird observatory to report a dark headed gull at the broome sewage ponds , maybe a laughing gull in full breeding plumage . the following are the notes of the observations that i made leading up to the confirmation by the observatory wardens that the gull was in fact a black - headed gull , and the first known sighting in australia .\nconservationists , including the rspb , have also expressed concerns over the impact the practice could be having on the black - headed gull population , which is in long - term decline .\nthe black - headed gull thrives close to humans , as it has learned to exploit the rich feeding provided by agricultural land , dumps and hand - outs in city - center parks .\nthis licence lets you sell the eggs of black - headed gulls ( chroicocephalus ridibundus ) if you\u2019re a retailer or restaurateur .\nthe black - headed gull fitted almost all the details that we had for it except for some slight inconsistencies . these included a pale yellow eye ring rather than the whitish colour described . the legs as illustrated were much redder and brighter than the darker legs that we observed . the fact that the black - headed gull is a migrant at this time of year was a factor in its favour .\nthe black - headed gull ranges throughout most of europe and asia and is the most common gull in the uk , although they have been spotted in eastern canada and the northeastern united states . some populations are migratory . they tend to be found near water , sometimes plunge - diving for small fish in the wake of boats . some sources claim black - headed gulls rarely venture out to sea , which is typical for most gull species , whilst others say they winter at sea .\ncantos , f . , a . alonso - gomez , m . delgado . 1994 . seasonal changes in fat and protein reserves of the black - headed gull , larus ridibundus , in relation to migration .\n' black headed gull ' hand pulled 8 colour screen print by fiona hamilton . printed on fabriano printmaking paper . paper measures 25cm x 35cm . signed , titled and numbered by the artist . edition of 20 .\nvoice : black - headed gull is a noisy bird . the usual call is a screaming \u201ckarr\u201d or \u201ckreeay\u201d , both high - pitched . we can also hear a sharp \u201ckek - kek\u201d when the bird is feeding .\nbefore the fax arrived to confirm the identification , we had ruled out several species with dark hoods that we knew of because of details such as size ( little gull ) , colour ( franklin ' s gull ) , tail ( sabine ' s gull ) , windows in the primaries ( saunder ' s gull ) , and wing patterns ( laughing gull ) or a combination of many inconsistencies .\nblack - headed gulls ' eggs , which can sell for up to \u00a35 each , were once the exclusive preserve of aristocrats with coastal estates .\nthe bird was seen by local birders on the sunday . meanwhile , bruce located a british book by vere benson which opened the possibility of the bird being a black - headed gull , but the information was extremely limited .\nstienen , e . , a . brenninkmeijer . 1999 . keep the chicks moving : how sandwich terns can minimize kleptoparasitism by black - headed gulls .\nthis gull is widespread in britain , in inland areas as well as by the coast ( 5 ) . the black - headed gull is particularly common at inland sites in north england , scotland and wales ( 3 ) . in winter the british population is augmented by birds from continental europe ( 5 ) . this gull has a wide global breeding range that extends through the palaearctic ( 4 ) .\non the bank there appeared to be no interaction between the gulls , even though on the saturday two silver gulls were standing within half a metre of the black - headed gull allowing us a very good comparison of size and colour .\nthe scarcer mediterranean gull is very similar in appearance , but is a paler grey , lacks the black wing tips , has blood - red bill and legs and a truly black head that extends from the nape into the neck .\ndiet : black - headed gull feeds on both aquatic and terrestrial insects and invertebrates , some fish , variety of grains and berries . it takes offal from fishing boats and refuse inland . it may steal food from other gulls by harassment .\nthe black - headed gull is a rare visitor to north america , turning up in small numbers along the northern atlantic coast . records began to increase in the mid - 1900s , and the first nesting attempt was discovered in newfoundland in 1977 .\nblack - headed gulls are omnivorous birds , consuming insects , small fish and berries . they also eat earthworms and other invertebrates stirred up by plows tilling fields .\nwe often see black - headed gulls flying overhead , circling on thermals , or flying in search of them , but none have ever landed in the garden .\nblack - headed gull is territorial as numerous gulls\u2019 species . the size of the territory depends on the size of the species and the number of pairs . during disputes , the dark hood is aggressive feature , whereas the white nape means the submission .\nrange : black - headed gull breeds in most parts of europe and asia , but also in coastal eastern canada . the most part of populations are migratory and move southwards in winter . but other populations of the westernmost of europe are resident or dispersive .\nwith a world population of more than three million , the black - headed gull is abundant . it faces no severe threats \u2014 the only dangers to nesting birds are flooding , predation of eggs and young by mammals , and egg - harvesting by humans .\nnuyets , e . , a . buit , e . van der zee . 1996 . the influence of age on the acquirement of a perch in the black - headed gull ( larus ridibundus l . ) : new data and a review of the literature .\nhowever , conservationists disagree . black - headed gulls have been given an\namber\nstatus by the rspb , meaning it is a species of\nconservation concern\n.\nthe black - headed gull is a small gull . it is 13 - 15 inches in length with a wingspan of 39 - 42 inches . it has a red bill , a white belly and breast , a soft - gray back , red legs and feet , and gray wings tipped in black . in breeding season , it has a dark brown face and head . in winter , its head and face are white , and it has a black spot on each side of its head . males and females look alike .\nthe black - headed gull breeds throughout much of europe and asia , typically in april and may . they construct a shallow scrape on the ground , and line it with a few feathers and vegetation . the female lays 2 - 3 eggs and both parents tend the chicks .\nblack - headed gulls only have dark heads during the breeding season . during the winter , they have white heads with dark brown smudges on the sides . \u00a9 moss taylor / bto\nreproduction : breeding season starts in late march , and egg - laying occurs in late april and may . black - headed gull nests in colonies of several tens of pairs ( sometimes more ) . nests are built about one metre apart from each other , and they can often touch .\nthe black - headed gull is found in extreme northeastern canada and in greenland , iceland , and northern europe and asia . it winters in the southern regions of its breeding grounds south to africa and asia . in the united states , it is sometimes found along the atlantic coast in winter .\nprotection / threats / status : populations of black - headed gulls are important . some declines and increases are observed according to the range , but this species is not threatened at this moment .\nthe black - headed gull is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . included in the birds of conservation concern green list ( low conservation concern ) ( 3 ) . receives general protection in great britain under the wildlife and countryside act ( 4 ) .\nin europe the black - headed gull is found scavenging in flocks in parks , but it is rarely found in this situation in north america . perhaps this difference is because it usually is found associating with large flocks of bonaparte ' s gulls , which do not eat refuse or scavenge food from people .\ngroothuis , t . , l . van mulekom . 1991 . the influence of social experience on the ontogenetic change in the relation between aggression , fear and display behaviour in black - headed gulls .\nthe black - headed gull nests in colonies . the nest is usually a scrape lined with vegetation and shells . the female lays 1 - 3 eggs and incubates them for 22 - 26 days . both parents care for and feed the chicks . the chicks fledge when they are 35 - 42 days old .\nprevot - julliard , a . , r . pradel , j . lebreton , f . cezilly . 1998 . evidence for birth - site tenacity in breeding common black - headed gulls , larus ridibundus .\nblack - headed gulls mainly feed on animal material such as insects and earthworms but they will also take plant material and household waste . rubbish tips can become favoured foraging sites , as can newly ploughed fields .\nthe black - headed gull is an extremely successful species , adapting to man - made change to its environment very well . the species has to be controlled in some areas as they harass and predate higher risk species . nonetheless , there numbers have declined sharply in recent years and so they are now amber list species of conservation concern .\nnot really a black - headed bird , more chocolate - brown - in fact , for much of the year , it has a white head . it is most definitely not a ' seagull ' and is found commonly almost anywhere inland . black - headed gulls are sociable , quarrelsome , noisy birds , usually seen in small groups or flocks , often gathering into larger parties where there is plenty of food , or when they are roosting .\nblack - headed gulls are generally regarded as being one of the easiest gulls to identify . during the breeding season they sport a dark brown head , although during the winter this is reduced to a smudge behind the eye .\non monday , the black - headed gull spent most of its time swimming and feeding . we disturbed it several times by approaching too close . most times it landed on the bank with the silver gulls , or back on the pond . once it flew less than 100m to a shallower pond , and then back again when it was disturbed there .\nblack - headed gulls were rare inland over 100 years ago . however , they now use inland sites for breeding , roosting and foraging and are the gull species most commonly seen in urban and suburban gardens . inland breeding colonies can range from fewer than 10 pairs to over 20 , 000 and are found throughout the country , including in central london .\njuveniles of this small two - year gull species are identified by the reddish plumage on their upperparts and their pale yellow bill with a black tip ( yeah , i know you can ' t see the bill in this picture ) .\nmale ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .\nthere are 47 gull species in the family laridae . most gulls have pale plumages ( gray above and white below ) , but the ivory gull ( pagophila eburnea ) is all - white and ross\u2019s gull ( rhodostethia rosea ) has pink underparts . gulls live at sea or in wetland habitats and nest in colonies . relatives include terns in the family sternidae and skuas in the family stercorariidae .\nthe gull swam with its head held high , frequently dipping its bill presumably to catch small prey near or just below the surface of the water . there were no noticeable mannerisms that indicated if the gull was successful or not . the gull swam laps near one side of the pond of no particular preferred length ( about 1m to 20m were observed ) and reversed direction at no particular place or for any discernible reason . the laps were shorter when we were closer . the gull made none or several dips on each lap .\nversatile in feeding . searches for food while walking or swimming , or swoops down to take items from surface while flying ; sometimes catches insects in high flight . black - headed gulls also steal food from each other and from other birds .\nin winter , the black - headed gull is found in a wide range of habitats including coastal marshes , farmland , rubbish tips , urban parks , gardens and playing fields ( 5 ) . usual breeding habitats include marshes , ponds , lakes , bogs , gravel pits and dry sites next to water bodies , such as sand - dunes and moorland ( 4 ) ( 3 ) .\nblack - headed gull are abundant , and expanding their range in europe . the north american waterbird conservation plan estimates a population of 40 breeders , and 400 non - breeders in north america , and lists them as a species of moderate concern . they rate a 15 out of 20 on the continental concern score and are not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top\ndespite their name , black - headed gulls don\u2019t have black heads . during the breeding season their heads are dark chocolate brown , and in the winter they are white with dark brown smudges on the side . they have a dark red bill and legs . juveniles have brown shoulders and wing feathers , gradually gaining the adults\u2019 grey / silver coloured wings over a couple of years .\nthe detailed descriptions in grant ' s paper identify the gull as being in its adult or second ( northern hemisphere ) summer plumage which it has from march to october . this makes it highly likely that the gull will moult into its non breeding winter plumage within the next few weeks .\nbruce and i returned at 10 : 30am on the monday . the bird was still there and we stayed for two hours observing from within 15m at times , although i was distracted for about 30 minutes looking at yellow wagtails , etc . bruce took more photos . i spent most of the time updating the notes i made on saturday , and looking for the features mentioned by vere benson such as no windows in the primaries . we now knew that it wasn ' t a laughing gull , and the chances of it being a black - headed gull were improving .\nthe fax of the paper by grant made the identification very simple . it is described as easily separable from all gulls except the others in this group ( slender - billed , bonaparte ' s , grey - headed and black - headed gulls ) , the best point being the white along the leading edge of the outer wing in flight . the brown hood of summer adults is diagnostic among the west palaearctic gulls .\non thursday , stuart visited the sewage ponds at about 7 : 30am and then picked up the fax . the bird had returned , and he confirmed the details and took some photos . kira , bruce and i had been on a tour , but we visited the sewage ponds at 11 : 15am and observed the gull for 40 minutes . bruce took more photos . we confirmed the white wedge and leading edge on the top of the wing , and the dark patch under the primaries . the fax confirmed what we now knew - that the bird was a black - headed gull .\na small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .\non thursday , the gull spent all of its time swimming and feeding . even if it flew when we approached too close , it landed back on the pond .\nif the gull stays until march , it will be interesting to see if it returns to the northern hemisphere or stays on longer like the laughing gulls in cairns .\nthe bbo wardens kira and stuart jackson found the japanese field guide donated by a member of the japanese delegation of the jamba conference held in broome a week earlier . the black - headed gull was shown as a non - breeding migrant to japan ( and further south ) from central asia . the details that we knew matched , but there were also important details that we had not noted , and we did not know if there were any other gulls that might be possible .\nthe japanese field guide describes the habitat of the black - headed gull as inland waters or coastal . this gull seems to have a definite preference for the sewage ponds , this pond in particular , and even the same side of this pond . there are about 10 ponds at the sewage works , five others which appear to be identical . however , the silver gulls seem to prefer this pond and one other , although most spend their time loafing on the bank . there are many other places around broome where silver gulls congregate in numbers such as the main town oval , cable beach , the pearl coast zoo and near the crab creek mangroves .\nresponse : this is a common black - headed gull , chroicocephalus ridibundus , in winter plumage . gulls are all placed into the taxonomic family , laridae . the smallest species take two years to reach adulthood ( known as\ntwo - year gulls\n) , whilst medium - sized species are three - year gulls and the largest species are four - year gulls . juveniles have distinct plumages that correspond to each year , so a skilled birder can determine the age of a young bird .\nhabitat : black - headed gull frequents marshes , fresh and brackish ponds and lakes for breeding , but some populations may nest is relatively dry sites such as sand dunes and beaches . all year round , this species frequents a wide variety of habitats such as shallow water ( coastal or inland ) , rivers and estuaries . it may be found inland , at fairly low elevation , and within towns and cities if water is available . this species lives from temperate areas to the boreal forest edges of palaearctic .\nwinter plumage adults , like the individual in this photograph , have a white head with a large dark smudge behind their eyes , red bill and legs and , in flight , their long slender wings show a large white triangle on the upper leading edge . adults in breeding plumage are distinct from all other black - headed ( chroicocephalus ; from the greek chroa for colour and cephalus for head ) gulls because their heads are not black at all ; their head is a rich chocolate brown .\nboth sexes are similar . juvenile has buff to darker brown markings on the upperparts and upperwing coverts . tail shows black terminal band . bare parts are duller .\nthis is the gull most frequently seen in urban and suburban gardens and is seldom given a second thought when seen in city centres during winter . in fact this is a fascinating and quite recent development \u2013 the first black - headed gulls wintered in central london only 100 years ago . inland breeding colonies range from fewer than 10 pairs up to a staggering 20 , 000 pairs and tend to be associated with old gravel pits and sewage works . we are now in a situation where inland breeding colonies actually outnumber coastal ones .\n37\u201343 cm ; 195\u2013325 g ; wingspan 94\u2013110 cm . two - year gull . the breeding adult has the frontal hood dark chocolate brown to dusky blackish , with blackish border . . .\nthe identification was hampered by a lack of information for what turned out to be a very easy bird to identify . the observatory would very much appreciate the ( tax deductible ) donation of reference books for the identification of international gulls , seabirds , waders , ducks , etc such as the black - headed gull , garganey , ruff ( reeve ) , little ringed plover and pacific swallow . field guides are a help , but they don ' t describe the many age variations that are possible , or details such as migration .\ngardens seem to become more important for black - headed gulls during the coldest winter months of january and february because food is harder to find . however , bto garden birdwatch results show that they are increasingly visiting throughout the year . outside of winter , individuals visiting gardens are often likely to be immature , non - breeding birds from local colonies .\nthese gregarious birds are usually seen in flocks or small groups ( 3 ) . they feed on worms , other soil invertebrates , scraps , rubbish , carrion and fish ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . during winter , black - headed gulls roost on open water , typically fresh water , although they may occasionally make use of sheltered estuaries ( 5 ) .\nburger , j . , gochfeld , m . , kirwan , g . m . , christie , d . a . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . black - headed gull ( larus ridibundus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nadult in non - breeding plumage has white head with blackish spots on the ear - coverts and two dusky blurred bands on the crown . reddish bill is black - tipped .\nduring the early 19th century , black - headed gulls were quite rare . however , a dramatic population increase throughout the 20th century saw their breeding population rise to over 100 , 000 pairs . while their breeding population is still growing , their winter numbers have fallen by over 30 per cent in the last 25 years and they are an amber listed bird of conservation concern .\nwhile most of our breeding population are resident birds , it is estimated that more than two - thirds of black - headed gulls wintering in the uk have come from mainland europe . this migration happens from late summer with earlier arrivals thought to be young birds from western europe . birds often seem to be site - faithful , returning to the same place year after year .\nby taking a single egg , the collectors often delay the time it takes for the gull to lay a full clutch until after the spring tides , which would otherwise swamp their nests and destroy the eggs .\nis distinguished by its dark brown or grayish - black frontal hood . its eye crescents ( primarily behind the eye ) , neck , and underparts are all white as is the tail . the upper wing coverts , secondaries , inner primaries , and back are gray . the secondaries are tipped with white ; the white outer primaries have black tips and edges . other identifying characteristics of\nwith caution , the bird could be approached comparatively closely ( between 10m and 15m ) , especially when it was on the water . it did not appear to be disturbed when several pacific black ducks and grey teal took off close by during our initial approach . it also ignored a flock of 40 black kites , even when some kites passed overhead fairly closely ( within 10m ) .\nbrian had first seen the bird at about 8am . he made a note of many of the details , and then called someone in melbourne who suggested that it could be a laughing gull . brian then rang the observatory .\nsome recent authors place this species and other \u201cblack - headed gulls\u201d in genus ichthyaetus ( see l . ichthyaetus ) . present species originally described as a race of l . melanocephalus , and then known only from one specimen ; subsequently suspected of being an aberrant l . brunnicephalus or a hybrid l . brunnicephalus \u00d7 l . ichthyaetus . since breeding colonies discovered in 1970 , almost universally considered a distinct species . monotypic .\nadaptability is key to the success ^ easily pleased of the black - headed gull , and the colonies prefer fljrt only major habitats that it can\u2019t land near water . exploit at some stage in the year are forests and mountainous areas . breeding colonies are located on flat lowland areas or upland plateaus near calm and shallow freshwater , such as lakes , reservoirs , gravel pits or slow - moving rivers . it also breeds on both fresh - and saltwater marshes and in reedbeds , as well as on drier sites , from sand dunes to moorland . outside the breeding season , the gull flies long distances in search of food . in the north , it moves south in winter . other populations don\u2019t disperse so far ; traveling to sheltered coastal estuaries and man - made habitats , including refuse dumps , sewage plants , gravel pits , farmland , golf courses , parks and even gardens .\nin the summer , the adult has a dark chocolate brown head ( but not nape and neck ) , but in the winter it has only a small black smudge to the rear of each eye .\nthese gulls nest in colonies , within which pairs defend small territories . they will defend these territories from other birds using ritualised displays ( 7 ) . two to three eggs are produced which are incubated for up to 26 days . after a further 35 days the chicks will have fledged ( 3 ) . black - headed gulls are fairly long lived , with a maximum recorded life - span of 32 years ( 3 ) .\nin the winter , they often form large flocks , sometimes with other gull species : roosting on lakes and reservoirs at night , feeding on farmland , fields and landfill sites in the daytime , and flying in large formations between the two .\nwings in flight . there was a thin black band on the trailing edge of the outer primaries with nothing between . there was a bright white wedge on the leading edge of the primaries joining ( but not as wide as ) the black band . the white continued along the leading edge of the full wing . the remainder of the top of the wing was silver grey . there was a dark patch and smudges underneath the primaries . the remainder of the underneath was whitish .\nthe common name of this species is inaccurate , as adult black - headed gulls ( larus ridibundus ) have a chocolate - brown head in summer ( 5 ) . in winter , this brown hood retreats and the birds have a largely white head with a dark spot behind the eye ( 5 ) . other distinguishing features include the prominent white leading edge of the upper wing , which is visible from a fair distance , the tern - like slender wings and the reddish coloured bill and legs ( 2 ) . juveniles are different in appearance to adults ; they have ginger - brown coloured upperparts and a yellowish bill with a black tip ( 2 ) . this is a noisy species during the breeding season , producing a loud kwarr call and a short kwup ( 6 ) .\ncall . the call was very similar to a silver gull , although it could be distinguished when both called together . it probably had a slightly higher tone . it called once while it was preening , a couple of times as it took off , and a few times when the silver gulls were too close when it was swimming .\nin the non breeding season its normal range is shown extending southwards to include parts of africa , india , the malay peninsula , sumatra ( but not java , borneo or the philippines ) and japan . it is described as the commonest gull throughout most of its range , so it is somewhat surprising that it has not been sighted in australia before .\nit was difficult to approach the gull within 20m when it was on the bank , but i suspect that this was largely because the silver gulls would take off en masse . if you approached very cautiously the silver gulls took off in ones and twos . there were 40 to 100 silver gulls on the bank compared to about 10 at most on the water .\ninclude its red legs and bill , and dark brown eyes . non - breeding adults have a white head , with only some blackish coloring on their nape . juvenile birds are recognized by the beige to darker brown markings on their back and upper wing coverts . also , they have a black terminal tail band . the species is sexually monomorphic .\nif you looked for them , there were many small circular ripples on the surface of the water indicating the presence of small insects or other prey . there might possibly have been more near the bank of the pond that the gull prefers , but i made no rigorous comparison . i did not check the other ponds either . the wind did not appear to be a factor as it blew from different directions on the saturday and monday .\non wednesday , mavis russell ( a volunteer at the bbo ) and i returned to the sewage ponds at 4 : 15pm . the gull was not there and had not returned when we left at 5 : 30pm . however , it was low tide and very little else was there either . we met a local who had seen the bird at about 7am that morning . after some problems , the fax of a paper by grant in british birds arrived in the late afternoon but could not be collected .\nburger , j . , gochfeld , m . , sharpe , c . j . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . relict gull ( larus relictus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nbruce ferry ( the assistant warden ) arranged to meet brian at 3pm , and i was invited along . the bird was there and we observed it from distances ranging from 50m to 20m for a period of 40 minutes before it was disturbed and left the area . the conclusion was that it may be a laughing gull ( based on the limited information in simpson & day ) , but that there were a number of details that did not seem to fit , such as the head colour and wing markings . bruce took a number of photos .\nwings when not in flight . the wings were slightly but noticeably greyer than the silver gulls . there was no hint anywhere of any brown . the primaries had black tips without any windows , unlike the silver gulls . the wings crossed in a deep v when the bird was swimming . i can ' t remember if the left or the right wing was usually above the other . the bottom of the wing was sometimes partly tucked into the body feathers when the bird was on the bank .\nadult in breeding plumage has dark chocolate - brown frontal hood including head , chin and throat . according to the attitude , this hood seems to vary in size . the neck is white . the upperparts , including back , upperwing coverts , secondary and inner primary feathers are grey . the secondaries are tipped white . the outer primaries are white with black tips and edges . tail is white . the underparts are white ( or with pink wash in norway populations ) . eyes are dark brown , with two white crescents . bill , legs and feet are deep red .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\none ringed individual was at least 32 . 9 years of age the last time it was re - identified [ 0856 ] . there is also an anecdotal report of a specimen living 63 years in the faroe islands [ 0444 ] , but its authenticity is dubious .\n[ 1143 ] nussey et al . ( 2013 ) , senescence in natural populations of animals : widespread evidence and its implications for bio - gerontology ( pubmed )\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\nashpole , j , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , ekstrom , j . , malpas , l .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the overall population trend is not known but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species breeds in north - east north america and across much of europe and asia , excluding the north of each continent ( northern scandinavia and north russia ) , and south asia . some populations in north america and the milder areas of europe are resident , with the remaining populations wintering to the south over a large range , encompassing much of the southern coast of asia and europe , and the central and northern coast of africa ( del hoyo\nits diet consists predominantly of aquatic and terrestrial insects , earthworms and marine invertebrates ( e . g . molluscs , crustaceans and marine worms ) ( del hoyo\nconservation actions underway the following information refers to the species ' s european range only : the species is listed under the african eurasian waterbird agreement . within the eu it is listed on annex ii of the birds directive . within europe it is listed in 43 marine important bird areas . in the eu it is listed in 928 special protection areas . conservation actions proposed the following information refers to the species ' s european range only : management plans established for protected sites , including monitoring and enforcement from disturbance and removal of eggs .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22694420a111823721 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\non tuesday , stuart phoned raou headquarters in melbourne and asked for details of any relevant gulls to be faxed .\nthe most noticeable aspect was that the bird never stayed still . on the water , it continually swam back and forth feeding . on the bank , it preened .\non the saturday , the bird was initially swimming with a few silver gulls , but it spent most of its time preening itself amongst a loose flock of silver gulls on the bank between two ponds . it flew back to the pond when we approached closer than 20m , and it eventually left the area altogether .\nthe preening of its wings and body was mostly with its bill , although on one occasion it scratched its head with its right foot . we mostly saw it preening on the saturday when we were more concerned about the details of identification rather than its behaviour .\nsize . when the bird was on the bank , it was approximately the same size as the silver gulls that were very close to it , or very slightly smaller if there was any difference . however , when it was swimming it appeared slightly but noticeably larger than the silver gulls , but this may have been because of its more upright posture .\nhead . the head was a dark chocolate brown colour mostly , although the forehead and down to the bill was lighter . the line of the edge of the hood was distinct . from the rear it was level with the eyes . from the side , the line was slightly more vertical than diagonal . from the front , the line could be clearly seen below the throat . also from behind when it was swimming , the neck appeared much thinner than the head , probably because of its upright posture .\neye ring . the bird had a pale yellow or cream coloured eye ring , although the front half ( or part of it ) was often not apparent . the eye was dark .\nbill . the bill was a very deep red colour , and was similar in shape and size to the silver gulls . there was no significant difference in the colour of the tip of the bill .\nlegs . the legs were also a very deep red colour , very similar to the darkest leg colour of the silver gulls . they were a similar length to the silver gulls . the legs did not quite extend to the end of the tail in flight .\nbody . the back of the head , the front and the belly were a clean white . from memory the colour of the back in flight was silver grey , but it might have been white .\ntail . the tail was a clean white above and below in flight . it was very slightly rounded and was occasionally fanned wider . the underneath of the tail appeared discoloured when the bird was swimming , but this was due to the reflection of the colour of the water .\ngape . the inside of the mouth was a bright red when it opened its bill to call .\nits breeding distribution is shown extending from central and southern europe ( including the uk ) through to central continental asia but not including japan .\nbroome is one of the most important sites in the world for migratory birds . in particular , october is near the end of the arrival of hundreds of thousands of migratory waders from the northern hemisphere representing over 30 species including asian dowitchers , redshanks and broad - billed sandpipers . october is also the beginning of the arrival of other species such as dollarbirds , yellow wagtails and barn swallows .\nthe sewage ponds in particular have been the site of uncommon sightings in the past at this time of year such as wood sandpipers , long - toed stints , gallinago spp snipe , little ringed plovers , garganey and a ruff ( or reeve ) .\nit is therefore not surprising that a vagrant from asia or europe should be found in broome , especially at this time of the year .\nplease note that the gate to the sewage ponds is kept chained and locked by the local water authority . you should get permission from them before visiting . however , the wardens of the broome bird observatory have been given a key and have permission to take groups to the sewage ponds . they also have permission to visit many places on the roebuck plains cattle station which is otherwise off limits .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nseagull eggs , a delicacy highly sought after by the nation ' s top restaurants , could soon be off the menu because of a shortage of collectors .\nthey are now a staple of top restaurants such as wiltons , le gavroche , the ivy and le caprice , gentlemen ' s clubs such as white ' s , brooks ' s and boodle ' s , and are also sold at harrods and fortnum and mason .\nthe eggs are growing in popularity and around 40 , 000 eggs a year are sold in the uk . but suppliers say the industry could soon disappear .\nthere are about 25 people who have a licence to collect the eggs but sources in the industry say that only around a third of these , all over retirement age , are still actively involved .\nnatural england will only grant licences to people with a\ntraditional claim\n, meaning that there is little chance of new collectors entering the market .\nsteven downey , who supplies about three - quarters of the seagulls ' eggs sold in the uk each year through his company , chefdirect , said :\ngiven that there seems to be a reluctance to issue new licences to people , it is something that will die out .\ni know the pickers are finding it harder and harder to get licences . it feels a bit like the arguments over foxhunting . and if attitudes don ' t change , we will lose them .\nthe eggs are traditionally eaten hard - boiled , with celery salt , but as they have become increasingly fashionable , so chefs have experimented more with them .\nat le gavroche , in central london , this year , they will be served poached , either with artichokes , smoked salmon and caviar , or with chicken , truffles and foie gras .\nemmanuel landr\u00e9 , manager at the restaurant , said :\nat the beginning , many people are alarmed to be eating seagulls ' eggs . it is not something you expect to eat . but they are always very happy with them at the end .\nit is a very , very popular food . it makes a huge impact . i had never heard about it when i was in france . there are very strict regulations governing it . we have been serving seagulls ' eggs for 40 years and i don ' t see why we should change ."]}
{"id": 1742, "summary": [{"text": "amolops gerbillus is a species of frog found in asia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is native to northern and northeastern india , tibet ( china ) , and myanmar , and possibly to bhutan and nepal .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its common names include yembung sucker frog and gerbil stream frog .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is a semi-aquatic frog occurring in hill streams . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "amolops gerbillus", "paragraphs": ["amolops ( amolops ) gerbillus \u2014 dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 321 .\namolops gerbillus \u2014 fei , ye , and huang , 1990 , key to chinese amph . : 165 .\ndana campbell added the english common name\ngerbil frog\nto\namolops gerbillus ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\ndana campbell added the english common name\nyembung sucker frog\nto\namolops gerbillus ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\ndana campbell added the english common name\ngerbil stream frog\nto\namolops gerbillus ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\ndana campbell added the english common name\nsmall - eared torrent frog\nto\namolops gerbillus ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\ndana campbell added the english common name\ngerbil ' s stream frog\nto\namolops gerbillus ( annandale , 1912 )\n.\nthe reported occurrence in myanmar of this species has now been attributed to amolops bellulus .\nrana gerbillus \u2014 zhao and adler , 1993 , herpetol . china : 142 .\nrana ( hylorana ) gerbillus \u2014 boulenger , 1920 , rec . indian mus . , 20 : 127 - 130 .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . amolops gerbillus ( annandale , 1912 ) . [ online ] bhutan biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . amolops gerbillus ( annandale , 1912 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nrana gerbillus annandale , 1912 , rec . indian mus . , 8 : 10 . holotype : zsic 16925 , according to dinesh , radhakrishnan , gururaja , and bhatta , 2009 , rec . zool . surv . india , occas . pap . , 302 : 69 . type locality :\nyembung , abor foot - hills at an altitude of 1 , 100 . ft .\n, arunachal pradesh , india ( in region claimed by china ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from northeast india ( meghalaya , arunchal pradesh , assam , nagaland and west bengal ) . records in fei ( 1999 ) from xizang province near the border with india require confirmation . it is found at elevations of between 100 and 1 , 700m asl .\na semi - aquatic species found in hill streams . calling takes place on the stream banks and eggs are deposited on stones at the stream edge .\nit is threatened by changes in water management ( dam construction ) and unspecified agricultural pollution .\nthis species has been recorded from dihang - dibang biosphere reserve and mouling national park ( arunachal pradesh , india ) . recent field studies including this species have been undertaken by roy ( 1999 ) , brodoli and borah ( 1998 - 2002 ) and chanda ( 1994 ) . it is protected by national legislation in india .\nsushil dutta , mohammed firoz ahmed , saibal sengupta , debjani roy , sabitry bordoloi . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nyembung sucker frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 97 ) .\ngerbil stream frog ( das and dutta , 1998 , hamadryad , 23 : 64 ; dinesh , radhakrishnan , gururaja , and bhatta , 2009 , rec . zool . surv . india , occas . pap . , 302 : 68 ) .\nsmall - eared torrent frog ( fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 232 ) .\ngerbil frog ( chanda , 2002 , handb . indian amph . : 108 ) .\ngerbil ' s stream frog ( mathew and sen , 2010 , pict . guide amph . ne india : 72 ) .\nsouthern slope of himalayas in xizang ( china ) , northern and northeastern india ( sikkim , assam , meghalaya , nagaland , mizoram , manipur , west bengal , and arunachal pradesh ) and adjacent myanmar ; possibly in bhutan and nepal .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nnew version of the portal has been deployed , some features are still under development and may not work temporarily .\nthis paper presents the state - of - the - knowledge on herpetofauna ( reptiles and amphibians ) of bhut . . .\nwe present the results of a rapid herpetofaunal inventory conducted in royal manas national park . . .\nthis report gives a summary of the status of amphibian study in bhutan and a checklist of amphib . . .\n< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >\ncalling takes place on the stream banks and eggs are deposited on stones at the stream edge . eggs are laid on moist rocks . the tadpoles are also found clinging on rocks of the stream can move vertically or horizontally on wet rocks with the help of adhesive sucker .\ndescribes reproductive physiology and behavior , including mating and life history variables . includes cues , strategies , restraints , rates .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\ndepressed head and rounded snout . canthus rostralis is very distinct ; tympanum is distinct and round . fingers are slender , free and with a large disc at tip ; toes are with large disc , and toes are almost completely webbed . skin is feebly granulated . dorsally greenish , marbled with black . on the fore and hind limbs there are irregular pattern of alternate and pale cross bands . . tympanum is dark brown is colour . ventrally the skin is pale yellow or white\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\nthis species is found round the year , in and around hilly stream and waterfalls with rocky base . the species of frog can stick vertically on rocks and can easily move up the rock of the stream .\nrelations that living organisms have with respect to each other and their natural environment . variables of interest to ecologists include the composition , distribution , amount ( biomass ) , number , and changing states of organisms within and among ecosystems .\nit occupies terrestrial and freshwater habitat . they are seen in numbers in the crevices of the rocks of the streams which are kept wet by sprinkling water of the stream .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\ndr . chandra barooah & lani sarma ( 2016 ) assam science technology and environment council .\nincludes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nit is threatened by changes in water management ( dam construction ) , mining and unspecified agricultural pollution .\nfrost , darrel r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 03 - 04 - 2017 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa .\ndiversity and distribution of herpetofauna and evaluation of their conservation status in the barail . . .\na herpetofaunal inventory of barail wildlife sanctuary and adjacent regions , assam , north - eastern indi . . .\nan inventory of amphibian and reptiles from the barail wildlife sanctuary and its surroundi . . .\nthis document is no longer available on zsi website so hosting it here . ,\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the"]}
{"id": 1746, "summary": [{"text": "nectophrynoides laevis , the smooth forest toad , is a species of toad in the family bufonidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is endemic to tanzania .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , subtropical or tropical low-altitude grassland and swamps .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "a single specimen was collected in 2002 and it was first described in 2004 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "nectophrynoides laevis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about nectophrynoides laevis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for nectophrynoides laevis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ncitation : - nectophrynoides laevis . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2014 . nectophrynoides laevis . the iucn red list of threatened species 2014 : e . t54840a16949825 . urltoken\nthis species is named for the latin ' laevis ' meaning smooth and referring to the skin surface .\nextensive long term research in this area has identified more than 135 endemic species of plants , two endemic species of birds ( uluguru bush shrike and loveridges sunbird ) , six endemic species of amphibians ( hyperolius tornieri , nectophrynoides laevis , nectophrynoides cryptus , nectophrynoides pseudotornieri , scolecomorphus uluguruensis , probreviceps uluguruensis ) , two endemic species of reptiles ( typhlops uluguruensis , xyeledontophis uluguruensis ) and one endemic small mammal ( myosorex geata ) .\nwake m . h . ( 1980 ) , \u00abthe reproductive biology of nectophrynoides malcolmi ( amphibia : bufonidae ) , with comments on the evolution of reproductive modes in the genus nectophrynoides \u00bb , copeia , 1980 , 193 \u2013 209 .\nthis toad from the nectophrynoides genus is one of 15 amphibian species in tanzania that have been described for the first time . | frogs and toads | pinterest \u2026\nnectophrynoides laevis menegon , salvidio , and loader , 2004 , tropical zool . , 17 : 107 . holotype : bmnh 2000 . 233 , by original designation . type locality :\nuluguru south forest reserve , uluguru mountains , morogoro region , eastern tanzania ( 7\u00b0 01\u2032 - 7\u00b0 12\u2032 s , 37\u00b0 36\u2032\u201437\u00b0 45\u2032 e )\n.\ncannatella d . c . and de s\u00e1 r . o . ( 1993 ) , \u00ab xenopus laevis as a model organism\u00bb , syst . biol . , 42 , 476 \u2013 507 .\nweisz p . b . ( 1945 ) , \u00abthe normal stages in the development of the south african clawed toad , xenopus laevis \u00bb , anat . rec . , 93 , 161 \u2013 169 .\nspecies description : menegon m , salvidio s , loader sp 2004 five new species of nectophrynoides noble 1926 ( amphibia anura bufonidae ) from the eastern arc mountains , tanzania . trop . zool . 17 : 97 - 121\nlamotte m . and xavier f . ( 1972a ) , \u00ables amphibiens anoures \u00e0 d\u00e9veloppement direct d\u2019afrique . observations sur la biologie de nectophrynoides tornieri ( roux ) \u00bb , bull . soc . zool . france , 97 , 413 \u2013 428 .\ngurdon j . b . and hopwood n . ( 2000 ) , \u00abthe introduction of xenopus laevis into developmental biology : of empire , pregnancy testing and ribosomal genes\u00bb , int . j . devel . biol . , 44 , 43 \u2013 50 .\nlandstr\u00f6m u . , l\u00f8vtrup - rein u . , and l\u00f8vtrup s . ( 1975 ) , \u00abcontrol of cell division and cell differentiation by deoxynucleotides in the early embryo of xenopus laevis \u00bb , cell differ . , 4 , 313 \u2013 325 .\nthe species authority is : menegon , m . , salvidio , s . , and loader , s . p . ( 2004 ) . \u201cfive new species of nectophrynoides noble 1926 ( amphibia anura bufonidae ) from the eastern arc mountains , tanzania . \u201d\nlamotte m . and xavier f . ( 1972b ) , \u00abrecherches sur le d\u00e9veloppement embryonnaire de nectophrynoides occidentalis angel , amphibien anoure vivipare . 1 . les principaux traits morphologiques et biom\u00e9triques du d\u00e9veloppement\u00bb , ann . embryol . morphogen . , 5 , 315 \u2013 340 .\ndettlaff t . a . and rudneva t . b . ( 1975 ) , \u00abthe clawed frog xenopus laevis daudin\u00bb , in : t . a . dettlaff ( ed . ) , objects of developmental biology , nauka , moscow , pp . 392 \u2013 441 [ in russian ] .\nthis medium - sized nectophrynoides is known only from the uluguru north forest reserve within the uluguru mountains of eastern tanzania and is considered endangered . its large hands and feet , expanded toe tips , fingers webbed at the base , indistinct parotid glands , and lack of a tympanum make it distinguishable from other species of the genus .\ndel pino e . m . , steinbeisser h . , hoffmann a . , dreyer c . , campos m . , and trendelenburg m . f . ( 1986 ) , \u00aboogenesis in the egg - brooding frog gastrotheca riobambae produces large oocytes with fewer nucleoli and low rna content in comparison to xenopus laevis \u00bb , differentiation , 32 , 24 \u2013 33 .\na medium - sized nectophrynoides with short slender limbs . the dorsum is light , with dark sides . many individuals have a dark mid dorsal stripe . the tympanum is clearly visible . parotid glands are raised with dark edges and are longer than they are wide . toe and finger tips are not expanded and may be rounded or slightly pointed . fingers are webbed only slightly at the base . toes are partially webbed ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nresembling a small n . viviparus in body shape but lacking tympanum , massive parotoids and glands on limbs . it is easily distinguished from n . poyntoni , n . vestergaardi , n . minutus and n . tornieri by the absence of a tympanum . differing from n . wendyae , n . frontierei and n . cryptus in having expanded tips of fingers ( the latter two species occasionally have a weakly discernible tympanum , outlined under the skin ) . n . laevis can be distinguished from n . pseudotornieri by its shorter hindlimbs ( sul / hindlimb = 1 . 20 versus 1 . 12 in n . pseudotornieri holotype ) , the absence of hand webbing , and clearly raised parotoid glands , which are longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye . n . asperginis differs from n . laevis in having rounded finger tips , absence of parotoids , and by being smaller with dark dorsolateral bands ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .\na medium - sized nectophrynoides with a broad head , protruding eyes and large hands and feet relative to other members of the genus . the dorsum is light brown with irregular darker brown markings . this species lacks a tympanum . the parotid glands are present , but small and indistinct . they are located in the scapular region and are shorter than the length of the eye . the toe tips are expanded and the tips of some of the digits are truncate . fingers are webbed at the base . toes are partially webbed ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nwhile vitamin a deficiency is relatively well recognized in amphibians , hypervitaminosis a is also described in the literature . although many studies describing hypervitaminosis a are in amphibians deliberately given excess vitamin a for experimental purposes , this condition can arise in captive amphibians supplemented with too much vitamin a . for example , hypervitaminosis seems to frequently occur in x . laevis that are fed mammalian liver tissue or whole rodent pups , both of which have relatively high vitamin a levels compared to typical invertebrate feeder species [ densmore and green , 2007 ] . the effects of excess dietary vitamin a may affect the skin ( causing ulceration or excess shedding ) and liver ( causing fibrosis or hepatocellular degeneration ) , as well as weight loss [ pessier , 2013 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\njustification : listed as data deficient since it has only recently been discovered , and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\nthis species is known only from uluguru south forest reserve , in the uluguru mountains in eastern tanzania . the altitude of this locality is not known , but it is likely to be greater than 2 , 000 m asl .\nthere is no information on its population status as it is known only from a single specimen collected in april 2002 .\nthere is no information on the habitat and ecology of this species . it could be a species of montane forest , or montane grassland , or possibly high - altitude swamps . the details of its breeding biology are unknown , but it is assumed to be ovoviviparous , like other member of its genus , with internal fertilisation before giving birth to tiny toadlets .\nthe threats that this species might face are unknown , although much of uluguru south forest reserve is very remote and faces few threats .\nuluguru south forest reserve is the only protected area that this species is known from so far , but this area is not generally managed for biodiversity conservation . targeted searches are required to determine the distribution of this species . further research is also needed into the population status , ecology , threats , and use and trade of this species . it is listed on cites appendix i .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nthis website will serve as a gateway for information regarding african amphibian species , where participants will write and edit species pages , upload images , and maintain bibliographic resources . the goal of this website is to develop an authoritative , community - driven resource for information on african amphibians . we expect this to be a key resource for both the public and experts in the field , including those who may not have access to original descriptions , taxonomic changes , and updates of species distributions from scientific journals . in addition to serving as a stand - alone resource , this scratchpad will feed content directly into the encyclopedia of life ( eol ) and amphibiaweb .\nhave something to contribute ? you can become a member by creating a new account ( click log in ) or emailing dr . breda zimkus ( bzimkus @ urltoken ) .\nspecial thanks to eol for supporting breda zimkus with a rubenstein fellowship in 2010 / 2011 . content is continually being added by members , so please visit often !\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nlisted as data deficient since it has only recently been discovered , and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nsmooth forest toad ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 110 ) .\nknown only from the type locality ( uluguru south forest reserve , 2000 m elevation , uluguru mountains , morogoro region , eastern tanzania ) .\nchanning and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 110 , provided an account . harper , measey , patrick , menegon , and vonesh , 2010 , field guide amph . e . arc mts . tanzania and kenya : 136\u2013137 , provided a brief account .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 1 . < www . iucnredlist . org >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfeedback : - if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page , please provide us with feedback .\nget updates and an exclusive news when you sign up to our free newsletter .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) . all rights reserved . disclaimer - the malaysian government , and ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the usage of any information obtained from this website . by entering this site , you acknowledge and agree that no portion of this site , including but not limited to names , logos , trademarks , patents , sound , graphics , charts , text , audio , video , information or images are either mybis property or the property permitted by third - party and shall not be used without prior written approval from the owner ( s ) .\nbest viewed using latest mozila firefox , google chrome and internet explorer 10 with resolution 1024 x 768px or above . version 2 . 0 / 2016\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis species is known only from uluguru south forest reserve , in the uluguru mountains in eastern tanzania ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthe male holotype , the only known specimen , measured 24 . 8 mm in snout - vent length ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .\nthis species lacks a tympanum . the dorsum is light gray with irregular dark markings and is smooth with small warts . parotid glands are twice as long as their width . a very small amount of webbing is present on the toes . fingers lack webbing . finger tips are expanded and slightly truncate . a thin dark line runs along the center of the ventral surface . a pale vertebral stripe was present on the single individual collected ; however this is a trait that varies among individuals in other species ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nthere is no information on the habitat and ecology of this species . it could be a species of montane forest , or montane grassland , or possibly high - altitude swamps . the altitude of the type locality is also not known , but it is likely to be greater than 2 , 000 m ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthere is no information on its population status as it is known only from a single specimen collected in april 2002 ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthe details of its breeding biology are unknown , but it is assumed to be ovoviviparous , like other member of its genus , with internal fertilisation before giving birth to tiny toadlets ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthe iucn red list ( 2010 ) categorizes this species as data deficient since it has only recently been discovered , and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthe threats that this species might face are unknown , although much of uluguru south forest reserve is very remote and faces few threats ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nuluguru south forest reserve is the only protected area that this species is known from so far , but this area is not generally managed for biodiversity conservation ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nnamed for the latin ' pseudo ' meaning false or seeming , indicating the species overall similarity to n . tornieri .\nthis species is known only from the uluguru north forest reserve on the eastern slopes of the northern part of the uluguru mountains , eastern tanzania . it appears to have a very restricted distribution ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthe body appears dark brown dorsally . the dorsum is finely marbled with different shades of brown . the sides are slightly darker than the dorsum with more contrasted and extensive marbling . hands and feet are lighter in colour . the belly is creamy with sparse condensation of melanophores mainly on throat and limbs . in the living specimen the dorsum and head were light brown . iris was gold ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .\nthe holotype , a male , measured 25 . 0 mm , and the single paratype , a female , measured 29 mm from snout to urostyle ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .\nresembling n . tornieri in body shape but substantially larger . easily distinguished from n . tornieri , n . poyntoni , n . vestergaardi , n . minutus and n . viviparus by the absence of tympanum . differing from n . wendyae , n . cryptus and n . frontierei in having expanded tip of fingers ( the two latter species sometimes also have a weakly discernible tympanum under the skin ) . n . laevi s has shorter hindlimbs ( sul / hindlimb = 1 . 20 versus 1 . 12 in n . pseudotornieri holotype ) , lacks hand webbing and has clearly raised parotoid glands , longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye . n . asperginis has rounded finger tips , is smaller with dark dorsolateral bands , and has a more developed webbing ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .\nthis species is known only from tall , submontane rainforest between 1080 and 1345 m ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthere is no information on the population status of this species as it is known from only two specimens , collected in 1996 and 2000 ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nhides under logs during the day and perch on vegetation approximately 1 m off the ground at night ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nreproduction is assumed to be similar to that of other species in the genus with internal fertilization and live birth ( harper et al . , 2010 ) .\nthe iucn red list ( 2010 ) categorizes this species as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km 2 , all individuals are in fewer than five locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat on the uluguru mountains , tanzania ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthe submontane forest on the eastern slopes of the uluguru mountains has been extensively cleared , mainly due to agricultural encroachment , wood extraction , and expanding human settlements ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nit occurs in the uluguru north forest reserve , but this area is not generally managed for biodiversity conservation and is in need of improved management . further survey work is needed to determine the current population status of this species ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthe uluguru mountains are one of the blocks within the eastern arc range , and consistently rank in the top three of the blocks in terms of overall species values ; many species are endemic just to this area .\nforest habitat on the uluguru mountain range has been reduced from over 300 km 2 to around 220 km 2 over the past 50 years , and is now largely confined to a number of forest reserves \u2013 the two largest being uluguru north forest reserve ( 83 . 57 km 2 ) and uluguru south ( 172 . 93 km 2 ) \u2013 both of which contain significant biodiversity .\nthe uluguru mountains are also of critical importance for the provision of water to the ruvu river , especially during the dry season . water flows from the ruvu have been declining over the past 50 years and hence better protection for the remaining forests in the watershed of this river might help reverse this situation and thereby improve the situation for millions of people in dar es salaam .\nforty four eastern arc endemic vertebrates are also found in the uluguru mountains . some species are confined to only one or other of these reserves . many of these species are regarded as threatened with extinction .\nthe two dense forest endemic birds of the ulugurus have been studied to a significant degree in recent years . a census of the uluguru bush shrike in year 2000 indicated there were at least 1 , 200 pairs of this bird , mainly in uluguru north forest reserve , with some in the degraded public land forest outside the reserve . a further survey in 2006 showed that the bird also occurs on the eastern flanks of the uluguru south forest reserve , and hence the bunduki gap is a real conservation issue for the long term survival of this forest dwelling bird .\nloveridge\u2019s sunbird is another endemic bird of the uluguru mountains , where it is known from uluguru north , uluguru south and bunduki forest reserves . a census in year 2000 indicated a population range between 21 , 000 and 166 , 000 individuals ( with a median estimate of 37 , 000 individuals ) . as the species is found in all three of the higher altitude reserves on the ulugurus , then maintaining forest connection between them is important .\nin 1955 the uluguru north and south reserves were joined by natural forest across the bunduki gap . over the past 50 years this forest has been cleared back to the reserve boundaries , creating a deforested gap of farmland .\na new nature reserve has been proposed that includes the uluguru north , uluguru south , bunduki frs and a strip of land in the bunduki corridor ( 106 . 5 ha ) that joins the three reserves . the total area of the proposed nature reserve is 24 , 115 . 09 ha . this nature reserve , if formally gazetted , would allow the forest vegetation of the bunduki gap to regenerate and re - establish the connection between the forests of the three reserves in the area .\ndoggart , n . , j . lovett , b . mhoro , j . kiure and n . burgess ( 2005 ) . biodiversity surveys in the forest reserves of the uluguru mountains , tanzania . wcst and tfcg , dar es salaam , tanzania . 200 pages . see\nrodgers , w . a . & burgess , n . d . ( 2006 ) . the conservation of the uluguru mountains : learning lessons from the past . miombo 29 : 6 - 9 .\nbatulaine , g . ( 2007 ) . assessment of baseline ecological and socio - economic factors for forest restoration planning in the bunduki gap , uluguru mountain forests of tanzania . unpublished m . sc . thesis , sokoine university of agriculture .\nthis website and the report was funded and co - produced by the wildlife conservation society .\nthis species is named for wendy clarke , wife of the describer , barry clarke ( channing and howell , 2006 ) .\nhas rounded toes . in addition , the two species can be easily differentiated by their advertisement calls . from\n, a species that also has rounded tips on its digits , the parotid gland shape , hind and forelimb ratios , and the dorsal pattern may all be used to discern these two species . from\n, the focal species can be differentiated by the latter lacking large glands on the limbs and being smaller in size .\nit is unclear if the coloration described by the species authority is in life or in preservative . the dorsal surface of the holotype specimen is primarily various shades of brown . scattered , darker blotches are common . a black stripe is present from the tip of the snout to the end of the parotid glands . a light brown mid - dorsal stripe with a black outline is present . beige coloration occurs on the sides of the head , the upper arms , and the dorsal surface in an upside - down \u201cv\u201d shaped marking , outlined in black . the dorsal glands have concentrations of melanophores on pale pink areas in the pattern of interrupted stripes . the ventral surface is gray with a few melanophores ( menegon et al . 2004 ) .\nthe dorsal pattern varies between specimens . the coloration may be mostly shades of brown , or many darker / black blotches may be present on the dorsal surface of the head , body and legs . dark , possibly interrupted , stripes may also run from the snout to the scapular parotoids or along the vertebral line ( menegon et al . 2004 ) .\n) in the iringa region of southern tanzania at elevations of 1 , 200 m . the forest is located on the south - eastern slopes of the udzungwa mountains , which is part of the eastern arc mountain chain . the habitat of\nis submontane rain forest . the emergent layer reaches 50 m in this area , and the canopy is 30 to 40 m high . this species , as well as\n, was common along the mkalazi stream when it was described ( menegon et al . 2004 , menegon and salvidio 2005 ) .\nis active during the evening on leaves 60 \u2013 160 cm above the ground . during the day they could be found in hiding places under fallen trees and large pieces of wood ( menegon et al . 2004 ) .\nis inferred to be an ovoviviparous or lecithotrophic species due to their small clutches of large , yolky eggs ( liedtke et al . 2014 ; menegon et al . 2004 ) . menegon et al . ( 2004 ) reported clutch sizes of 8 and 10 large , yolky eggs in dissected specimens .\n. males call near streams and vegetation in the late afternoon or after sunset . the monophasic call consists of high - pitched notes in a series of pulse trains . each pulse lasts for 60 ms , and has a dominant frequency of 2 . 9 khz and a second harmonic is emphasized at 8 . 7 khz . the inter - pulse duration is 80 ms . a single pulse train has a duration of 1 s ( 6 - 8 pulses ) , and the interval between pulse trains is 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 s . the high frequency of the call may help distinguish the call from the noise of low frequency water turbulence .\n, which is similar in size and shape , but can differentiated based on toe - tip shape and advertisement call ( menegon et al . 2004 ) .\nis a hyper - endemic and very rare frog species from the uzungwa scarp forest reserve ( barratt et al . 2014 ) . it is listed as \u201ccritically endangered\u201d on the iucn red list and is threatened by habitat loss . the\npopulation is said to be declining , but this species may already be extinct ( iucn 2015 ) .\n\u201d was named in honor of professor john poynton ( menegon et al . 2004 )\nbarratt , c . , tonelli , e . , menegon , m . , doggart , n . , bowkett , a . , harris , w . e . , howell , k . , ngalason , w . , loader , s . ( 2014 ) . ' ' fragmented habitats and species : the challenges of amphibian conservation in tanzania today . ' '\n. the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t54842a13323022 . urltoken downloaded on 15 june 2016 .\nliedtke , h . c . , m\u00fcller , h . , hafner , j . , nagel , p . , and loader , s . ( 2014 ) . ' ' interspecific patterns for egg and clutch sizes of african\nmenegon , m . , salvidio , s . , and loader , s . p . ( 2004 ) . ' ' five new species of\nnoble 1926 ( amphibia anura bufonidae ) from the eastern arc mountains , tanzania . ' '\nmelissa headley ( mheadley at rams . colostate . edu ) , colorado state university\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nthe species is named in honour of martin vestergaard , a danish zoologist , who first recognised the population as being an undescribed species .\nthis endangered toad is known only from the west usambara mountains in north - eastern tanzania . it can be distinguished by the presence of the a tympanum and continuous elongate parotid gland , as well as toe tips that are rounded rather than truncate .\nthe iucn red list ( 2010 ) categorizes this species as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the west usambara mountains , tanzania ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nit occurs in the university of dar es salaam ' s forest reserve at mazumbai , but additional protection of the habitat in the west usambara mountains is needed ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nin some parts of the west usambaras its habitat is probably being lost , especially due to agricultural encroachment , commercial logging , wood extraction , and expanding human settlements ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nit is assumed that populations are decreasing ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nit is probably terrestrial as some animals were found inside a rotten log ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nin preservative the body appears always bicoloured , with sides darker than dorsum . the pale brown colour appearance is the result of a mixture of a very pale surface together with very small condensations of melanophores . a light maxillary patch is usually present and may be conspicuous . outer edge of parotoid glands is darkened . a clearly raised glandular ridge on outer margin of eyelids is discernible . there is almost always a fine dark mid dorsal vertebral line from snout to urostyle present ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .\nholotype , a female , measured 24 mm from snout to urostyle . females are larger in size ( menegon et al . , 2004 ) .\nthis species is known only from the west usambara mountains in north - eastern tanzania . there are records from the shume - magamba forest reserve , the mazumbai forest reserve , and the ambangulu estate ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nall records have been from montane and submontane forest between 1230 and 2000 m , including in the ecotone between forest and ericaceous vegetation . the type series was collected in montane forest dominated by ocotea usambarensis and podocarpus sp . ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nthere is little information available on its population status . however , the fact that 23 specimens have been found widely over the west usambara mountains , despite limited survey effort , suggests that it is not uncommon in suitable habitat within its small range ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nreproduction is assumed to be similar to that of other species in the genus with internal fertilization and live birth . one female was found containing 18 embryos ( menegon et al . , 2004 )\nthe iucn red list ( 2010 ) categorizes this species as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km2 , all individuals are in fewer than five locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat on the uluguru mountains , tanzania ( menegon and loader , 2004 ) .\nprotozoa are of little consequence in laboratory rats in recent decades ( national research council , 1991 ; kohn and barthold , 1984 ) .\nare nonpathogenic and produce no disease ; however , microscopists must be able to distinguish pathogenic from nonpathogenic species . the presence of nonpathogenic species indicates that the person has been exposed to fecal contamination .\ndo not always produce symptoms or they may remain after symptoms have resolved . asymptomatic individuals may serve as reservoirs for the infection . detection of a potentially pathogenic protozoan does not necessarily prove that the organism is causing the illness . patients may have diarrhea caused by other organisms , such as\n, a urogenital flagellate , is also considered pathogenic , and may cause mild to severe vaginitis and other urogenital problems .\nalthough many people worldwide are infected with e . histolytica , only a small percentage develop clinical symptoms . morbidity and mortality caused by e . histolytica vary , depending on geographic area , organism species ( e . histolytica vs e . dispar ) and the immune status of the patient .\n( brumpt 1925 ) , which is noninvasive and does not cause disease . during the past several years , extensive work has been published related to the pathogenesis of\nspp . the true role of this organism in terms of colonization or disease and the relevance of organism numbers require additional clarification . in studies of patients with irritable bowel syndrome , there are patients in whom the presence of\nthere is evidence to indicate there are several subtypes / strains / species , and there may be a relationship between subtype and pathogenicity , only some of which will be responsible for increased intestinal permeability and symptoms .\n, group a and group b , associated with different degrees of virulence . group a appears to be more pathogenic and is associated with symptomatic infection . isoenzyme and molecular studies also support the differences between these two groups .\nhowever , it appears there may be both pathogenic and nonpathogenic variants . evidence for two genetically distinct forms has been obtained using polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) - restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ribosomal genes .\nis site - specific and usually cannot survive outside the urogenital system . after introduction , proliferation begins , with resulting inflammation and large numbers of trophozoites in the tissues and the secretions . nutrient acquisition and cytoadherence , immune system evasion and regulation of virulence genes are virulence factors associated with pathogenesis .\nit appears that interference with trichomonads ' mucin receptors and proteinases may form a strategy to prevent colonization with this pathogenic flagellate .\nsome infections with b . coli produce no symptoms , while others cause symptoms with severe dysentery similar to that seen in patients with amebiasis . symptoms usually include diarrhea or dysentery , tenesmus , nausea , vomiting , anorexia and headache . insomnia , muscular weakness and weight loss have also been reported . diarrhea may persist for weeks to months prior to the onset of dysentery . there may be tremendous fluid loss , with a type of diarrhea similar to that seen in cholera or in some coccidial or microsporidial infections .\nmay penetrate the mucosa with cellular infiltration in the area of the developing ulcer , which may extend to the muscular layer . the ulcers may vary in shape , and the ulcer bed may be full of pus and necrotic debris . although the number of cases is small , extraintestinal disease has been reported ( peritonitis , urinary tract , inflammatory vaginitis ) .\nacute malaria is a medical emergency demanding immediate diagnosis and treatment ; quinine or artemisinin derivatives , usually in combination with other antimalarial drugs , are effective .\nafrican trypanosomiasis ( sleeping sickness ) is treated with toxic arsenical drugs ; the west african form responds to eflornithine .\nsouth american trypanosomiasis ( chagas\u2019 disease ) is a chronic condition that is difficult to treat .\nleishmaniasis takes various forms ; the most dangerous is visceral leishmaniasis ( kala azar ) . antimonial compounds , antifungal drugs or miltefosine are used for treatment .\namoebiasis , giardiasis and trichomoniasis occur worldwide ; they usually respond to 5 - nitroimidazole drugs such as metronidazole .\n, meaning animal , is a phylum comprising some of the morphologically simplest organisms of the animal kingdom . most species are unicellular , eukaryotic and microscopic in size ; most are free - living and motile , but some have commensalistic , mutualistic or parasitic relationships . approximately 10 , 000 of the described living species are parasitic .\ninfect most vertebrate and invertebrate species and have developed the capacity to adapt to living in most host organs .\n, unlike almost all helminths , can replicate ( sexually , asexually or both ways ) within the host ' s body\u2014a phenomenon that largely explains their survival , as well as the overwhelming infections that develop from single exposures .\n. those of medical importance include organisms that infect blood and tissue and those capable of causing disease of the intestinal and urogenital tracts . the blood and tissue\n, cryptosporidiosis , and trichomoniasis . this latter disease is confined to the urogenital system and is caused by\n. the species of ciliate involved was not reported , and although a cutaneous route of infection was suspected , this could not be confirmed .\nhave been mentioned to occur in amphibians , but lesions are not as well - documented as they are in fish .\n, however , appear to be missing some of the organelles you would expect to find in a typical eukaryote .\nis an example of a eukaryotic protist that lacks mitochondria , peroxisomes , and has a very underdeveloped endomembrane system .\ngenerates the atp energy it needs through an anaerobic metabolic pathway , located in the cytoplasm of the cell that relies on the use of enzymes that contain iron\u2013sulfur ( fe\u2013s ) cofactors . these\nare involved in redox reactions and electron transport pathways that lead to atp synthesis . biosynthesis of the fe\u2013s cofactor in turn , requires the activity of a highly conserved class of proteins known as\nis a medically relevant parasitic protozoan that is responsible for diarrheal diseases that affect hundreds of thousands of people and animals worldwide . ingestion of food or water contaminated by\ncysts leads to the infection of host organisms . once inside a host , the cyst opens up to release one or two\ncycle . the trophozoites populate the intestine of the host , causing a variety of unpleasant symptoms and producing more cysts that are released to continue the cycle of infection and disease .\nisc proteins are highly conserved from bacteria to humans . what are the implications of this statement ?\ndrugs used to treat giardia infections work by entering the cytoplasm of the trophozoite and disrupting atp production . why would such a drug be safe for use in humans and animals ?\n( microsporidea now possibly grouped with fungi ) . relationships range from commensal to parasitic . many\npoynton and whitaker , 2001 ; green et al . , 2003 ; pessier , 2002\ncan be transmitted through water and from aquatic vegetation or feeder fish to amphibians .\nentamoeba cysts are swallowed and directly colonize the colon . trophozoites can spread to the kidney and liver . oodinium and trichodina are external parasites that affect the skin and gills of aquatic amphibians . ingestion of infected fly larvae is the likely source of plistophora myotropica in wild toads . trypanosoma infects the blood of wild amphibians and has an indirect life - cycle and is unlikely pathogenic .\nsigns of amebiasis include dehydration , anorexia , and emaciation . feces are loose and bloody ; vomiting may also occur . ascites may be noted with hepatic and renal involvement .\ncauses the skin and gills to become grayish in color . debilitation occurs in chronic cases . reddened gills and\nand other ciliates . animals affected by trypanosomiasis may be asymptomatic or may die acutely .\nentamoeba causes lesions of the colonic mucosa , suppurative nephritis , and hepatic abscesses . cysts may be found in the liver and kidney . splenomegaly is seen in amphibians that die acutely from trypanosomiasis . necropsy findings associated with plistophora include muscle atrophy and pale streaks in myofibers .\ncan be identified by fecal examination ( though difficult and often unrewarding ) , pcr , or colonic wash . skin scrapings and gill biopsies will demonstrate external\nmg / kg po sid for 3\u20135 days ) . aquatic species may be treated with 50\nmg / kg po sid ) . trypanosomiasis may respond to a quinine sulfate bath ( 30\nmin ) or acriflavin baths ( constant 0 . 025 % bath for 5 days ) . copper sulfate has also been used , but this compound can be toxic in some amphibian species and is not recommended (\n) . all treatments may not lead to total resolution , but instead a decrease in parasitic burden .\naffected animals should be separated from community groups ; they should be handled last , and equipment should not be shared . tanks should be cleaned and sanitized , and water should be changed more frequently . attention to the environment and prevention of reinfection are important considerations . vectors should be excluded from animal facilities (\nincoming animals should be quarantined and evaluated for presence of disease and / or pathogenic organisms . food items and aquarium plants should be treated before introduction ( short salt bath followed by thorough rinsing and 1 - to 2 - h acriflavin bath ) . whenever possible , purchase colony - reared animals and food items from reliable sources .\nsubclinical infections of hemoparasites can confound hematologic and physiologic data . overt protozoal disease can decrease research populations and render data questionable . cryptosporidiosis infection of animal could cause health concerns for humans as well .\nare a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide , either in developing or in western countries . some of those able to infect humans by the oral route have long been known to cause disease , but others are only now being increasingly recognized as pathogenic in immunocompromised hosts , especially in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( aids ) . they are very diverse in epidemiology , symptomatology , treatment , and preventive measures .\nin immunocompetent hosts most infections are asymptomatic , but overt local or systemic symptoms may be present , which may be severe in some cases . however , protozoal infections are particularly troublesome , sometimes life - threatening , in immunocompromised patients .\n, but sometimes more intense manifestations do occur , including abdominal cramps , flatulence , anorexia , vomiting , malabsorption , weight loss , and fever . in aids patients , insuperable chronic watery diarrhea with malabsorption and , eventually , wasting syndrome may be due to some of these parasites .\nblood , pus , and mucus in stools are the result of invasion of the intestinal wall and common only in intestinal infection by entamoeba histolytica , which is also able to cause systemic infection , especially liver abscesses , manifested by fever , weight loss , abdominal pain , and hepatomegaly .\nspp . and , while intestinal infection is thought to be asymptomatic , parasites in muscle may cause swelling and pain . microsporidia have only recently been recognized as human pathogens in aids and very few cases have been reported in non - aids patients .\nto chemotherapy correlates roughly with metabolism and , accordingly , with species . several drugs are active against different\n. for some of them , e . g . , diloxanide furoate , the exact mechanism of action is still uncertain . others , e . g . , metronidazole , are broad - spectrum antibiotics , interfering with the dna of susceptible infectious agents .\n. most of these drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy and treatment of pregnant women often must be delayed until after delivery .\nmetronidazole is effective against most flagellates and amoebae and is an alternative choice in the treatment of balantidium coli . other nitroimidazoles ( tinidazole and ornidazole ) have similar activity and less untoward side - effects , including headache , metallic taste , nausea , vomiting , and diarrhea .\nemetine and dehydroemetine have considerable side - effects , gastrointestinal and systemic , and are reserved only for extraintestinal amoebiasis . they are not active against e . histolytica in the bowel and diloxanide furoate , tetracycline , paramomycin , or iodoquinol must be added in order to treat simultaneous intestinal infection .\niodoquinol is also effective against dientamoeba fragilis ( sensitive also to paramomycin and tetracycline ) and is used as an alternative drug against balantidium coli . infections due to giardia intestinalis may be treated with quinacrine , metronidazole , or furazolidine . tetracycline is the drug of choice against b . coli and d . fragilis . iodoquinol must be used with great caution , as it may cause myelitis and optic atrophy . this is the reason why it is no longer available in most developed countries .\ntreatment of protozoal diseases in aids patients is far from satisfactory . there is no effective specific therapy for microsporidia or cryptosporidium spp . , perhaps the most common agent of infection of the bowel in aids . isospora belli and sarcocystis spp . respond poorly , if at all , to antifolates , which include co - trimoxazole , sulfadiazine , and pyrimethamine .\n, foodborne and waterborne infections , although surely underestimated , seem rare . good sanitary conditions and personal hygiene are keystones in preventing these infections . protozoal cysts and oocysts differ in sensitivity to adverse conditions ( heat , desiccation , freezing , chlorination ) and some are amazingly resistant .\nin countries with poor sanitary conditions , water should be boiled and uncooked vegetables and unpeeled fruits avoided , as they may have been washed with contaminated water . flies and other arthropods may also be vehicles for fecal contamination of food . but even when a visitor takes every possible precaution to avoid these infections , a local food handler , even in the best hotel , may be a cyst passer not aware of the elementary rules of personal hygiene .\nfor some species there are several possible animal reservoirs , which lessens the effectiveness of preventive measures . even for these species with humans as the only hosts , patients in some institutions , especially those who are mentally handicapped , are a difficult group to control . the occurrence of sexual transmission of some\nby oral\u2013anal and oral\u2013genital sex is also considered important and is difficult to control .\nand helminths have complex life cycles and have adapted to exist within the hostile environment of one and sometimes several hosts . the distribution of these infectious agents parallels the poor socioeconomic conditions in the developing world . however , with widespread travel , infections due to these agents are being seen more frequently in non - endemic settings . in addition , with the increasing number of immunosuppressed patients ( infected with human immunodeficiency virus [ hiv ] , or after transplant or chemotherapy ) worldwide , disease manifestations can be more frequent , severe , and aggressive . central to the clinician\u2019s approach to the patient with a central nervous system ( cns ) infection with a protozoan or helminthic organism is a thorough travel history , and an increased index of suspicion . once such an infection is suspected , appropriate workup can be initiated .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nalcala a . c . ( 1962 ) , \u00abbreeding behavior and early development of frogs of negros , philippine islands\u00bb , copeia , 1962 , 679 \u2013 726 .\nalcala a . c . and brown w . c . ( 1982 ) , \u00abreproductive biology of some species of philautus ( rhacophoridae ) and other philippine anurans\u00bb , philippine j . biol . , 11 , 203 \u2013 226 .\naltig r . and crother b . i . ( 2006 ) , \u00abthe evolution of three deviations from the biphasic anuran life cycle : alternatives to selection\u00bb , herpetol . rev . , 37 , 321 \u2013 325 .\namphibiaweb ( 2012 ) , information on amphibian biology and conservation , berkeley , california : electronic database accessible at http : / / amphibiaweb . org . accessed : january 10 , 2012 .\nanstis m . , roberts j . d . , and altig r . ( 2007 ) , \u00abdirect development in two myobatrachid frogs , arenophryne rotunda tyler and myobatrachus gouldii gray , from western australia\u00bb , rec . western australian mus . , 23 , 259 \u2013 271 ."]}
{"id": 1748, "summary": [{"text": "hilarographa youngiella is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including washington and vancouver island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are brown with many fine white lines and prominent black spots at the anal angle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "hilarographa youngiella", "paragraphs": ["hilarographa zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 187\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nclick on the thumbnail image to view the details and photo for a specific specimen .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nclick on the moth icon to view the details and photo for a specific specimen .\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe superfamily tortricoidea currently includes only one family , the tortricidae . there are close to 9000 species worldwide , and over 1200 occur in the united states . the tortricoidea are most closely related to the cossoidea ( common 1990 ) , although to what extent is not certain .\nthe tortricidae includes three subfamilies , the tortricinae , the olethreutinae , and the chlidanotinae . general characteristics of the adult are as follows :\nthe antennae are less than 2 / 3rds the length of the forewing ( or slightly more than half the length of the forewing ) .\nlabial palpi are rough - scaled and usually porrect , the third ( or apical ) segment is shorter than the second and usually horizontal .\nthe base of the forewing in many males has a costal fold which contains an expandable hair pencil of scent scales .\nmany olethreutinae and some tortricinae have a pecten of hairs present near the base of cu2 on the hindwing ( see wing illustrations below ) .\nin the male , the frenulum is a single bristle which hooks beneath sc on the forewing .\nin the female , the frenulum consists of three finer bristles which hook on a raised gropu of scales beneath cu2 on the forewing .\nthe following diagrams illustrate the venation of a\ntypical\nmoth from the family tortricidae ; both of these examples are from the subfamily olethreutinae . ( illustrations adapted from heinrich , 1923 , following the nomenclature of borror et al . , 1989 . )\nthe subfamily tortricinae contains 11 tribes ( scoble 1992 ) , and its members are more widely distributed in the southern hemisphere . this is the tortricid subfamily with the least specialized male genitalia , which is a characteristic of the group , as listed below . two characteristics of the tortricinae ( from scoble 1992 ) are :\nthe juxta and the aedeagus are usually articulated rather than fused in the male genitalia .\nthe subfamily tortricinae contains 6 tribes ( scoble 1992 ) , and its members are more widely distributed in the northern hemisphere . this is the largest of the three tortricid subfamilies , containing at least 3 / 4 of all tortricid species ( miller 1987 ) . two characteristics of the olethreutinae ( from scoble 1992 ) are :\nin the male genitalia , the aedeagus is fused with the anellus and juxta .\nthere is an\nexcavation\nat the base of the valva in the male genitalia .\nthere is a deep , dorso - longitudinal invagination of each of the valvae in the male genitalia .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2007 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author ."]}
{"id": 1749, "summary": [{"text": "rhopobota bucera is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in shaanxi , china .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 12.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costa has seven pairs of strigulae ( fine streaks ) .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "rhopobota bucera", "paragraphs": ["bucera zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 278 . tl : china , shaanxi province , yangling . holotype : nutc . male .\nhave a fact about rhopobota utumaculana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for rhopobota utumaculana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about rhopobota myrtillana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for rhopobota myrtillana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about rhopobota hortaria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for rhopobota hortaria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nutumaculana swatschek , 1958 ( rhopobota ) , abh . larvalsyst . insekten 3 : 163 no type\nnaebana park , in shin , 1983 ( rhopobota ) , illustr . flora fauna korea , 27 ( insecta ) 9 : 978 . no type\nlatisocia razowski , 2009 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 129 . tl : vietnam , mai chau . holotype : mnhu . male .\nmetastena diakonoff , 1984 ( rhopobota ) , ent . basil 9 : 400 . tl : indonesia , west sumba , pogobina . holotype : nhmb . male .\nbaoxingensis zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 373 . tl : china , sichuan province , baoxing county . holotype : nkum . male .\nbicolor kawabe , 1989 ( rhopobota ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 62 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi inthanon . holotype : opu . male .\nancyloides kuznetzov , 1988 ( rhopobota ) , ent . obozr . 67 : 628 . tl : north vietnam , vinhphu province , tamdao . holotype : zmas . male .\nbiloba zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 375 . tl : china , fujian province , mt . wuyi . holotype : nkum . male .\nhamata zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 376 . tl : china , guizhou province , mt . fanjing . holotype : nkum . male .\nmou razowski , 2013 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 41 : 80 . tl : new caledonia , mt . mou . holotype : bmnh . female .\npunctiferana kuznetzov , 1988 ( rhopobota ) , ent . obozr . 67 : 627 . tl : north vietnam , vinhphu province , tamdao . holotype : zmas . male .\nzhengi zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 377 . tl : china , fujian province , mt . wuyi . holotype : nkum . male .\ncornifera razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 178 . tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina . holotype : vbc . male .\ncornuta razowski , 1995 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 23 : 132 . tl : saudi arabia , makkah , bani omar . holotype : nhmb . female .\ngranpiedrae razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 177 . tl : cuba , santiago , gran piedra . holotype : vbc . female .\nplatyceria razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 179 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra . holotype : vbc . male .\nventriloba razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 175 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestro . holotype : vbc . male .\nfalcata nasu , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , ent . sci . 2 : 127 . tl : japan , hokkaido , oshamanbe - cho , shizukari . holotype : opu . male .\nlacteicaput razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 177 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , sao joaquim . holotype : vbc . male .\nlarocana razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 172 . tl : brazil , parana , morro de meio . holotype : vbc . male .\nlatispina zhang & li , 2012 ( rhopobota ) , zootaxa 3478 : 378 . tl : china , zhejiang province , mt . tianmu , houshanmen . holotype : nkum . male .\nmayarica razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 174 . tl : cuba , holguin pin . , mayari . holotype : vbc . male .\nancylimorpha razowski , 2009 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 128 . tl : vietnam , sa pa , fan si pang mountains . holotype : mnhu . female .\ncicatrix razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 351 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( central valley ) . . holotype : cmnh . female .\nfloccoa zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 278 . tl : china , hunan province , sangzhi . holotype : nutc . male .\nfurcata zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 275 . tl : china , gansu province , wenxian . holotype : nutc . male .\nmonospina razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 176 . tl : cuba , pinar del rio , sierra rosario . holotype : vbc . male .\nmostardana razowski & becker , 2010 ( rhopobota ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 173 . tl : brazil , rio grande do sul , mostardas . holotype : vbc . male .\nnova razowski , 2009 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 128 . tl : vietnam , sa pa , fan si pang mountains . holotype : mnhu . female .\norbiculata zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 276 . tl : china , gansu province , kangxian . holotype : nutc . male .\nbostrichus diakonoff , 1983 ( rhopobota ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 16 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac four . holotype : ncb . male .\nhypomelas diakonoff , 1983 ( rhopobota ) , zool . verh . leiden 204 : 15 . tl : indonesia , sumatra , mt . bandahara , bivouac one . holotype : ncb . male .\nfanjingensis zhang , li & wang , 2005 ( rhopobota ) , entomol . fenn . 16 : 276 . tl : china , guizhou province , mt . fanjing . holotype : nutc . male .\nilexi kuznetzov , 1969 ( rhopobota ssp . ustomaculana ) , ent . obozr . 48 : 365 . tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir island , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . female .\nsvetlanae kuznetzov , 2003 ( rhopobota ) , ent . obozr . 82 ( 3 ) : 737 . tl : vietnam , south vietnam ( gialai province , kannak ) . holotype : zmas . female .\nbiqueter razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 46 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .\nmacroceria razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 350 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( pedernales , 5 km ne los arroyos ) . holotype : cmnh . male .\nokui nasu , 2000 ( rhopobota ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 : 21 . tl : japan , honshu , nara prefecture , mt . takatori - yama . holotype : opu . male .\nokui nasu , 2000 ( rhopobota ) , trans . lepid . soc . japan 51 : 21 . tl : japan , honshu , nara prefecture , mt . takatori - yama . holotype : opu . male .\nrabopis razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 48 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .\ntentaculana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 26 . tl : ecuador , province loja , via saraguro - loja , zenen alto . holotype : mzuj . male .\ntungurahuana razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 48 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 17 km e banos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . female .\nunidens razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 351 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( la vega , 9 km se constanza , near valle nuevo ) . holotype : cmnh . male .\nmicroceria razowski , 1999 ( rhopobota ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 351 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( peravia , 3 km sw la nuez , tributary to ro las cuevas ) . holotype : cmnh . male .\ncununcusia razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 46 . tl : ecuador , loja province , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .\nlongicornia razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 47 . tl : ecuador , zamora - chinchipe province , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .\nvermuncus razowski & pelz , 2011 ( rhopobota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 47 . tl : ecuador , zamora - chinchipe province , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger station . holotype : smfl . male .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\namphigonia diakonoff , 1968 ( erinaea ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 257 ( 1967 ) : 91 . tl : philippine islands , luzon , benguet sub - province , haights place , pauai . holotype : bmnh . male .\nantrifera meyrick , in caradja & meyrick , 1935 ( eucosma ) , mat . microlepid . fauna chin . prov . : 56 . tl : china , tien - mu - shan . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nargyrophenga diakonoff , 1950 ( acroclita ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 ( 4 ) : 276 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\nblanditana kuznetzov , 1988 ( griselda ) , ent . obozr . 67 : 622 . tl : north vietnam , vinhphu province , tamdao . holotype : zmas . male .\nnielseni kawabe , 1989 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 58 . tl : thailand . chieng mai province , huai nam dang . holotype : opu . male .\nclivosa meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 855 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ndietziana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 92 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , hazelton . lectotype : amnh . female .\neclipticodes meyrick , in caradja & meyrick , 1935 ( acroclita ) , mat . microlepid . fauna chin . prov . : 52 . tl : china , tien - mu - shan . holotype : bmnh . female .\nfalcigera diakonoff , 1950 ( acroclita ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 ( 4 ) : 278 . tl : ? , ( kegalle ) . holotype : bmnh . female .\nfinitimana heinrich , 1923 ( kundrya ) , bull . u . s . natn . mus . 123 : 192 . tl : usa , new hampshire , rockingham co . , hampton . holotype : usnm . male .\ngrypodes meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 856 . tl : sri lanka , ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( maskeliya ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nvulturina meyrick , 1936 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 610 . tl : indonesia . java , mt . gede . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nhortaria meyrick , 1911 ( acroclita ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 36 : 241 . tl : australia , victoria . holotype : bmnh . female .\nphilobrya meyrick , 1920 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 344 . tl : australia . queensland , toowong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nkaempferiana oku , 1971 ( griselda ) , konty 39 : 354 . tl : japan , honshu , iwate prefecture , morioka . holotype : eihu . female .\nlatipennis walsingham , 1900 ( ancylis ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 439 tl : japan , holotype : bmnh . female .\nleucognoma clarke , 1976 ( eumarissa ) , insects micronesia 9 : 32 . tl : micronesia , guam , mt . alifan . holotype : usnm . male .\nmacrosepalana oku , 1971 ( griselda ) , konty 39 : 356 . tl : japan , honshu , wakayama prefecture , kii - oshima . holotype : eihu . male .\nmultiplex meyrick , 1911 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 860 . tl : sri lanka , ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( opiya ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nmyrtillana humphreys & westwood , 1845 ( sericoris ) , brit . moths transf . 2 : 146 . tl : united kingdom , great britain ( hazelrock , near ashburton ) . holotype : bmnh . unknown .\nlatifasciana peyerimhoff , 1863 ( ephippiphora ) , bull . soc . hist . nat . colmar 3 ( 1862 ) : 131 . tl : france . alsace . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nvacciniana lienig & zeller , 1846 ( grapholitha ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1846 ( 3 ) : 248 . tl : poland . ( near glogw ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnaevana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 41fig . 261 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngeminana stephens , 1852 ( lithographia ) , list specimens br . anim . colln . br . mus 10 : 99 . tl : united kingdom . great britain ( whittlesea , near yorkshire ) . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nilicifoliana kearfott , 1907 ( epinotia ) , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 23 : 158 . tl : usa . north carolina , black mountains , mt graybeard . lectotype : amnh . male .\nluctiferana walker , 1863 ( sciaphila ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 342 . tl : canada . hudson bay , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . female .\nmalivorella matsumura , 1931 ( laspeyresia ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1072 tl : korea . lectotype : eihu . male .\nmicrorrhyncha meyrick , 1931 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 127 . tl : india . parachinar . holotype : bmnh . female .\nunipunctana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : : 454 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nvacciniana packard , 1869 ( anchylopera ) , guide study ins . : 338 . tl : usa . massachusetts . holotype : mcz . unknown .\nrelicta kuznetzov , 1968 ( griselda ) , ent . obozr . 47 : 583 . tl : russia , kuril islands , kunashir island , near sernovodsk . holotype : zmas . male .\nsafidana razowski , 1963 ( epinotia ) , acta zool . cracov . 8 : 259 tl : iran , fars , sineh safid . holotype : lnk . male .\nscleropa meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 857 . tl : sri lanka , ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( namumukuli ) . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nshikokuensis oku , 1971 ( griselda ) , konty 39 : 356 . tl : japan , shikoku , tokushima pre - fecture , mt . tsurugisan . holotype : eihu . male .\nstagnana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( torrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 131 . tl : austria , vienna . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nberolinensis amsel , 1932 ( epiblema ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 18 . tl : germany . berlin . holotype : lnk . female .\ncaricana guenee , 1845 ( eriopsela ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 163 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\ncuphana duponchel , in godart , 1842 ( sciaphila ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 150 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nfractifasciana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 466 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nqueketana curtis , 1850 ( spilonota ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 2 ) 5 : 112 tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : demv . unknown .\nresupinatana kennel , 1901 ( semasia ) , dt . ent . z . iris ( 1900 ) 13 : 270 . tl : spain . valesia , aragonia . lectotype : mnhu . male .\nundana fabricius , 1787 ( pyralis ) , mantissa insectorum 2 : 237 . tl : austria . no type\nvepretana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 61 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsymbolias meyrick , 1912 ( acroclita ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 858 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ntoshimai kawabe , 1978 ( griselda ) , tinea 10 : 186 . tl : japan , shikoku , kagawa prefecture , okushoiri . holotype : usnm . male .\nustomaculana curtis , 1831 ( steganoptycha ) , br . ent . 6 : folio 376 . tl : united kingdom , great britain ( vicinity london ) . syntype ( s ) : demv . unknown .\ndorsivittana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 20fig . 142 . no type\ndorsivittana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( steganoptycha ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 280 . tl : czech republic / poland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nverditer hampson , 1891 ( teras ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 8 : 143 . tl : india , nilgiri hills . holotype : bmnh . female .\nchlorantha meyrick , 1907 ( erinaea ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 141 . tl : sri lanka . ceylon [ sri lanka ] ( maskeliya ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nvisenda kuznetzov , 1973 ( griselda ) , ent . obozr . 52 : 682 . tl : china , south shensi , tapaishan , tsinling . holotype : mgab . male .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1750, "summary": [{"text": "acleris oxycoccana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta , british columbia , indiana , maine , manitoba , michigan , minnesota , newfoundland , ontario , pennsylvania , west virginia and wisconsin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13-15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the colouration of the forewings is quite variable , ranging from uniform deep black-brown with scattered ruddy scaling to bright red-brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on chamaedaphne calyculata and prunus pumila . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "acleris oxycoccana", "paragraphs": ["the name oxycoccana was proposed by packard ( 1869 ) based on the host plant vaccinium oxycoccos ( cranberry ) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nurltoken lists leatherleaf ( chamaedaphne calyculata ) and sand cherry ( prunus pumila ) as host plants .\npackard , a . s . 1869 . guide to the study of insects , and a treatise on those injurious and beneficial to crops : for the use of colleges , farm - schools , and agriculturists . p . 334\ncontributed by jason j . dombroskie on 31 march , 2011 - 2 : 56pm additional contributions by steve nanz , ceiseman , randy hardy last updated 14 february , 2018 - 6 : 09pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncanada : alberta , j . j . collett natural area ( 11 km ne of lacombe )\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 1751, "summary": [{"text": "antaeotricha disjecta is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by philipp christoph zeller in 1854 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in costa rica , the guianas , bolivia and brazil ( para ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "antaeotricha disjecta", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for disjecta definition . you find here disjecta meaning , synonyms of disjecta and images for disjecta copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word disjecta . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word disjecta and , of course , disjecta synonyms and on the right images related to the word disjecta .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1753, "summary": [{"text": "eois roseocincta is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in guyana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale yellow , slightly deeper yellow along the costa and hind margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are many oblique rosy streaks on the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings have a rosy submarginal band , a faint cell spot and a rosy outer line . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eois roseocincta", "paragraphs": ["scopula roseocincta is a moth of the family geometridae . it is found in south africa and tanzania . [ 2 ]\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nwarren w . 1899a . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions . - novitates zoologicae 6 ( 1 ) : 1\u201466 .\npinhey e . c . g . 1975 . moths of southern africa . descriptions and colour illustrations of 1183 species . - \u2014 : i\u2014iv , 1\u2014273 , pls . 1\u201463 .\njanse a . j . t . 1933\u20141935 . the moths of south africa . volume ii . geometridae ( concluded ) . - \u2014 2 ( 1 ) : 1\u2014448 , pls . 1\u201415 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nde prins , j . & de prins , w . ( 2017 ) .\nthis page was last edited on 3 may 2018 , at 20 : 20 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session ."]}
{"id": 1754, "summary": [{"text": "protospinax is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish found in the solnhofen limestones of southern bavaria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a difficult taxon to accommodate in taxonomies .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "formerly known from only two specimens , further museum specimens were discovered at the museum of comparative zoology of harvard university in the 1990s , having been misidentified as squatina and heterodontus .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "protospinax was about 1.7 m in length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "protospinax", "paragraphs": ["on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria\non two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectans gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria .\narticle : on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria\ndetails - on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria - biodiversity heritage library\nfull reference : a . s . woodward . 1919 . on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus , sp . nov . and protospinax annectans , gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria . proceedings of the zoological society of london 13 : 231 - 235\nty - jour ti - on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria t2 - proceedings of the zoological society of london . vl - 1918 ur - urltoken pb - academic press , [ etc . ] , cy - london : py - 1918 sp - 231 ep - 235 do - 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 1918 . tb02093 . x sn - 0370 - 2774 er -\n@ article { bhlpart69987 , title = { on two new elasmobranch fishes ( crossorhinus jurassicus sp . nov . and protospinax annectens gen . et sp . nov . ) from the upper jurassic lithographic stone of bavaria } , journal = { proceedings of the zoological society of london . } , volume = { 1918 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : academic press , [ etc . ] , 1833 - 1965 . } , author = { } , year = { 1918 } , pages = { 231 - - 235 } , }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\n$ ectethmoid process absent ; $ loss of suborbital shelf ; $ orbitostylic jaw suspension ; $ basitrabecular process ( ? ) present ; $ precaudal hemal arches complete ; $ dorsal fin with basal but no spine .\nscoop - shaped rostrum ; spiracle large ; fin spines present ; no anal fin ; benthonic , cold marine .\nlinks : courtnay museum : animal classification ; squalomorpha ; miss a wittrick ; cartilaginous fishes ; atw021204 .\ncharacters : ~ 170 cm ; teeth with moderate labial visor [ k03 ] ; may be hump - like structure is indicated just below the apex on the lingual face [ k03 ] ; triangular and elongate and / or massive lingual uvula [ k03 ] ; labial face triangular in labial view and more or less flat [ k03 ] ; basal edge of the labial face is concave [ k03 ] ; cutting edge is continuous and rectilinear without any crenulations or serrations [ k03 ] ; lateral cusplets absent [ k03 ] ; teeth with central foramen [ k03 ] ; broad pectoral fins ; pelvic fins anterior and overlapped by pectorals .\nlinks : sharkfriends paleo - shark page ; abstracts - part 1 : amesbury through ellis ; sanstitre ; tiburonesg . html ; hors - s\u00e9rie requins ; jurasico . htm spanish ) ; the american elasmobranch society hompage ; helicoprion ( recreaci\u00f3n ) helicoprion ( f\u00f3sil ) echinochimaera ( . . . . ; articles - dino hunter cites to two newish articles ) ; neoselachian remains ( chondrichthyes , elasmobranchii ) from the . . . description of some tooth species ) .\nreferences : kriwet ( 2003 ) [ k03 ] , maisey ( 1993 ) atw040722 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ntype specimen : bmnh p8775 . its type locality is eichst\u00e4tt , solnhofen ( bmnh collection ) , which is in a tithonian lagoonal / restricted shallow subtidal lime mudstone in the solnhofen formation of germany .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nproceedings of the zoological society of london , 1918 : 231\u2013235 , 1 pl .\nwoodward , 1918 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\npublic domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection .\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\nunderwood & ward , 2004 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018"]}
{"id": 1755, "summary": [{"text": "syllectra erycata is a moth in the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from florida , texas and the antilles ( jamaica , guadeloupe , martinique , st. kitts , hispaniola , cuba , puerto rico , st. lucia , grenada ) to brazil , peru , surinam and bolivia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 35 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "syllectra erycata", "paragraphs": ["syllectra erycata ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 30 , f . 68\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nguadeloupe , petit - bourg , hauteurs l\u00e9zarde , 31 - xii - 83 .\nlegend male genitalia ( jpg 88 kb ) . back to the list of noctuidae\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1756, "summary": [{"text": "scrobipalpula caustonae is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by landry in 2010 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on the galapagos islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 3.5 \u2013 4 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are creamy white with a diffuse pattern of brown , mostly tinged orange lightly , with darker brown patches sub - and postmedially along the midline .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "scrobipalpula caustonae", "paragraphs": ["scrobipalpula caustonae landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 728 , 699 ( list , as symmetrichema caustonae ) ; tl : galapagos , florana , punta cormoran\nscrobipalpula artemisiella , the thyme moth , is a moth in the gelechiidae family .\nscrobipalpula diffluella , the essex groundling , is a moth of the gelechiidae family .\nscrobipalpula manierreorum priest , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : michigan , marquette co .\nscrobipalpula inornata landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 723 , 699 ( list ) ; tl : galapagos , espa\u00f1ola , bahia , manzanillo\nscrobipalpula antiochia powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 ; holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california , contra costa co . , antioch dunes national wildlife refuge\nscrobipalpula gutierreziae powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 ; holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california , antioch nat . wildlife refuge , contra costa co .\nscrobipalpula equatoriella landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 726 , 699 ( list ) ; tl : galapagos , santa cr\u00faz , est . cient . charles darwin\nscrobipalpula ramosella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 40 ; [ me6 ] , 197 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula diffluella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 55 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 199 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula tussilaginis ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 60 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 201 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula densata ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 722 , 699 ( list )\nscrobipalpula potentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2020 ; [ nhm card ] ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 26\nscrobipalpula ( gnorimoschemini ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 26 ; [ me6 ] , 194 , 31 ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 722 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nscrobipalpula psilella ; povoln\u00fd , 1964 , acta soc . ent . cechoslov . 61 : 341 ; povoln\u00fd , 1969 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 66 : 379 ; povoln\u00fd , 1976 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 73 ( 1 ) : 49 ; povoln\u00fd , 1977 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 74 ( 3 ) : 197 ; povoln\u00fd , 1977 , acta ent . bohemoslov . 74 ( 5 ) : 335 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 43 , 40 ; povoln\u00fd , 1998 , : 340 ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 16 ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 109 ; [ me6 ] , 195 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 26 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 26 ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 722\nlarva on senecio douglasii powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 17\nlarva on artemisia canadensis kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 161\nphthorimaea crustaria meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 42 ; tl : peru , lima\ngelechia ( doryphora ? ) daturae zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 359\nswitzerland , austria , germany , norway , finland , latvia , s . urals . see [ maps ]\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 55 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 199 , 31\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 55 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 199 , 31\nlarva on erigeron sp . , homogyne alpina , aster alpinus , bellidiastrum michelii , erigeron politus huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 59 , erigeron acer , e . acer politus [ me6 ] , 200\naristotelia ephoria meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : peru , matucana , 7780ft\ngnorimoschema erigeronella braun , 1921 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 73 : 7 ; tl : glacier park station\nphthorimaea gregalis meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 43 ; tl : peru , lima\ngregariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 339 , pl . 4 , f . 109\nlarva on gutierrezia californica powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 17\ngnorimoschema hemilitha clarke , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3508 ) : 81 ; tl : masatierra , bahia cumberland\nephysteris hodgesi povoln\u00fd , 1967 ; acta ent . mus . natn . pragae 37 : 119 ; tl : arizona , coconino co . , fort valley , 7 . 5mi nw flagstaff\nisochlora ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 280\ngnorimoschema lutescella clarke , 1934 ; can . ent . 66 : 172 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : washington , pullman\nscrobipalpulopsis lycii powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 ; holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 15 ; tl : california , san clemente is . , west cove , los angeles co .\nalberta , british columbia , manitoba , michigan , ontario , quebec . see [ maps ]\nlarva on eurybia ( aster ) macrophylla adamski , landry , nazari & priest , 2014 , j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 122\ngnorimoschema melanolepis clarke , 1965 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 117 ( 3508 ) : 83 ; tl : masafuera , quebrada de las casas\nphthorimaea ochroschista meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : texas , alpine and fort davis , 5000ft\nparachiquitella povoln\u00fd , 1968 ; acta sci . nat . brno 2 ( 3 ) : 16\ngelechia physaliella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : kentucky\nphthorimaea polemoniella braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 1 ) : 13 ; tl : brown co . , ohio\nlarva on polemonium reptans braun , 1925 , trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 1 ) : 14\ngnorimoschema potentella keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 238\nlarva on horkelia californica powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 16\neu , naf , russia , mongolia , afghanistan , china ( jilin ) , . . . , nepal , japan . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 43 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 195 , 31\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 43 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 195 , 31\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 40 ; [ me6 ] , 195 , 31\nlarva on artemisia campestris , a . maritima , a . vulgaris , helichrysum arenarium , aster amellus huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 50 , chrysanthemum , centaurea scabiosa , aster tripolium , a . amellus , erigeron acer [ me6 ] , 196 , anaphalis , gnaphalium powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 16\ngnorimoschema radiatella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 758 ; tl : pullman , washington\nlita ramosella m\u00fcller - rutz , 1934 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 2 ) : 120\nlarva on erigeron sp . , centaurea pindicola , achillea holosericea huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 53 , artemisia umbelliformis [ me6 ] , 198\nphthorimaea sacculicola braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 1 ) : 13 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\ngnorimoschema semirosea meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : texas , forestburg and alpine , 5000ft\nphthorimaea stirodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 385\nphthorimaea trichinaspis meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 41 ; tl : peru , lima\nengland , france , netherlands , germany , switzerland , austria , poland , italy , hungary , greece , turkey . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 60 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 201 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= ; huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 60 , 40 ; [ me6 ] , 201 , 31\nlarva on tussilago farfara , petasites huemer & karsholt , 1998 , nota lepid . 21 ( 1 ) : 62\nlita pygmaeella heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . schweitz ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) : 259\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\ncontribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tude des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du nord de l ' afrique ( suite ) . description et \u00e9thologie de trois esp\u00e8ces nouvelles [ lep . gelechidae ]\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1757, "summary": [{"text": "princaxelia jamiesoni is a species of amphipod crustacean described in 2010 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the type material of princaxelia jamiesoni was collected on september 30 , 2008 from a depth of 7,703 metres ( 25,272 ft ) in the japan trench ( 36 \u00b0 14.96 \u2032 n 142 \u00b0 49.01 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "further material was collected in 2009 from the izu-ogasawara trench ( 27 \u00b0 22.09 \u2032 n 143 \u00b0 13.49 \u2032 e ) at a depth of 9,316 m ( 30,564 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is named after alan jamieson , a marine biologist from the university of aberdeen . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "princaxelia jamiesoni", "paragraphs": ["this new species , the jamiesoni , is only the fourth species of princaxelia to be discovered .\nit\u0092s a new species of shrimp and it\u0092s been named princaxelia jamiesoni after the university of aberdeen scientist who discovered it in trenches at the bottom of the north west pacific ocean .\ndr . jamieson and his hadeep colleagues head off to japan again tomorrow ( march 4 ) where , among other things , they hope to observe and collect further specimens of princaxelia jamiesoni .\nl\u00f6rz , a . n . ( 2010 ) . trench treasures : the genus princaxelia ( pardaliscidae , amphipoda ) . zool . baetica , 21 : 65 - 84 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthe genus princaxelia was named after prince axel of denmark ( 1888 - 1964 ) in 1959 after the great danish galathea expeditions recovered the first specimens of this kind of shrimp . the last species to be found was in 1977 .\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\nhorton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fi\u0161er , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garc\u00eda , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; l\u00f6rz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; v\u00e4in\u00f6l\u00e4 , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nand it\u0092s almost four decades since the last \u0092new\u0092 member of this shrimp family was discovered .\ndr . alan jamieson from the university\u0092s oceanlab was on a \u0091hadeep\u0092 research cruise when the shrimp - or amphipods - were filmed and caught in the japan trench in 2008 at 7703m deep and then again in 2009 at the nearby izu - bonin trench at depths of 9316m .\nthe research fellow is research manager of the hadeep project \u0097 a collaboration involving the universities of aberdeen and tokyo which is investigating life in the deepest parts of the ocean .\ndr . jamieson said : \u0093we caught lots of the usual animals on both research cruises however in amongst our haul were these long white creatures which no - one knew anything about .\n\u0093the samples eventually came back to aberdeen and those unknown species sat under my desk for over two years until our next hadeep trip took us to new zealand where i met amphipod taxonomist dr . anne - nina loerz .\n\u0093i told her about these long white spiky things that we had filmed and caught and was delighted when she said she was an expert in such creatures . \u0094\ndr . jamieson sent the samples to dr . loerz who then established that they were a new species .\nthe taxonomist then named them after dr . jamieson saying his \u0093dedication to trench research is greatly advancing the scientific knowledge about deep sea biology . \u0094\ndr . jamieson , who is originally from edinburgh , added : \u0093it is an extraordinary creature with a long elongated body thought to facilitate swimming over great distances . yet it is extremely manoeuvrable at short ranges , capable of fast predatory attacks .\n\u0093it is another example of the extraordinary creatures that inhabit the most extreme depths of the oceans and to have this one named after me is a great honor , both for me , and my family . \u0094\nand the specimens themselves are currently residing in the national science museum of tokyo .\nscientists investigating in one of the world\u0092s deepest ocean trenches - - previously thought to be void of fish - - have discovered an entirely new species .\na scientist from the university of aberdeen is leading a team of international researchers whose work will continue our understanding of life in the deepest oceans , and contribute to the global census of marine life .\n( physorg . com ) - - a new species of dinosaur is named somewhere in the world every two weeks . but are they all new species , or do the newly - discovered bones really belong to a dinosaur already identified ?\n( physorg . com ) - - evidence from the challenger deep - - the deepest surveyed point in the world ' s oceans - - suggests that tiny single - celled creatures called foraminifera living at extreme depths of more than ten kilometres . . .\nhe ' s not well known like president bush and musician neil young , but philadelphian frank gallagher now has something in common with them : he has a new species named after him .\nrare footage of marine creatures putting on deep sea ' lightshows ' on the floor of the atlantic ocean has been captured by scientists using the latest technology . so many animals were squirting luminescence into the water . . .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\na new species of shrimp found several miles below the ocean has been named after the university of aberdeen scientist who made the discovery .\nthe creature , which is white and about 6cm long , was discovered at the bottom of the north west pacific ocean .\ndr jamieson said :\nit is another example of the extraordinary creatures that inhabit the most extreme depths .\nhe was on a research mission , in conjunction with colleagues based in toyko , when the shrimp were caught on camera .\ndr jamieson said :\nwe caught lots of the usual animals . however , in amongst our haul were these long white creatures which no - one knew anything about .\ndr jamieson said :\nit is an extraordinary creature with a long elongated body thought to facilitate swimming over great distances .\nyet it is extremely manoeuvrable at short ranges , capable of fast predatory attacks .\nto have this named after me is a great honour , both for me and my family .\ntheresa may names a new uk foreign secretary after boris johnson quits over her brexit strategy .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\n) at a depth of 9 , 316 m ( 30 , 564 ft ) . it is named after alan jamieson , a marine biologist from the university of aberdeen .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . the most recent information on amphipods from the north - west pacific area come from the results of the sojabio expedition to the sea of japan ( golovan et al . , 2013 ) . up to now in north - west pacific 50 benthic and demersal amphipod species from 24 families have been recorded ( bellan - santini , 1990 ; birstein andvinogradov , 1955 , 1958 ; birstein and vinogradova , 1960 ; bulycheva , 1936 ; golovan et al . , 2013 ; gurjanova , 1951gurjanova , , 1955kamenskaya , 1977kamenskaya , , 1980kamenskaya , , 1981kamenskaya , , 1995kamenskaya , , 1997l\u00f6rz , 2010a , 2010b margulis , 1967 ; narahara et al . , 2012 ; pirlot , 1933 ; stebbing , 1888 ; thurston , 2000 ; vinogradov , 1993 ) . . . .\nthe marine fauna of new zealand and the ross sea : amphipoda , synopiidae ( crustacea ) .\ninvestigate the taxonomy of described species of oedicerotidae and dexaminidae ( lepechinellids ) using an integrated morphological and molecular approach .\nepimeria horsti sp . nov . , collected from new zealand seamounts at 970\u20131156 m depth , is described in detail . this increases the number of known species of new zealand epimeriidae to four . additionally epimeria bruuni barnard , 1961 , previously known only from the kermadec trench at 2470 m depth , is redescribed using new material collected from young nicks seamount , hikurangi plateau . a key is . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsynopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria . . .\n59 zootaxa issn 1175 - 5326 ( print edition ) issn 1175 - 5334 ( online edition ) abstract two recent voyages to the ross sea in 2004 and 2008 collected over 3000 benthic amphipoda . the composition of 30 amphipod families is presented , and a focus is given to the family epimeriidae from which a new species described . epimeria larsi sp . nov . from 1950 m depth , is the deepest occurring species of the . . . [ show full abstract ]\ndeep - sea rhachotropis ( crustacea : amphipoda : eusiridae ) from new zealand and the ross sea with key t . . .\nthe amphipod genus rhachotropis has a worldwide distribution . four species new to science are described , increasing the total number of rhachotropis species to 59 . only one species was previously known from new zealand and none from the ross sea . two species rhachotropis chathamensis sp . nov . and r . delicata sp . nov . were collected at the same station in 420 m depth off eastern new zealand ; r . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe eusirid genus rhachotropis s . i . smith , 1883 has a worldwide distribution and the largest bathymetric range known from any amphipod genus . a large , charismatic , colourful species was collected below 800 m at two sites 1000 km apart on the southern kermadec ridge and on the chatham rise in the south - western pacific off eastern new zealand . the new species , rhachotropis oweni is described , . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsynopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria . . .\nl\u00f6rz , anne - nina ( 2009 ) : synopsis of amphipoda from two recent ross sea voyages with description of a new species of epimeria ( epimeriidae , amphipoda , crustacea ) . zootaxa 2167 : 59 - 68 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 189125\ntip : right - click and select\nsave link as . .\nto download video\nall the youtube media you download are downloaded directly from youtube cdn . \u00a9 2018 downloadyoutubehd"]}
{"id": 1761, "summary": [{"text": "cardiaspina fiscella , the brown basket lerp or brown lace lerp , is a jumping plant louse species in the genus cardiaspina originally found in australia .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it spread to new zealand where it was found in 1996 near the auckland airport .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it feeds on eucalyptus , especially swamp mahogany , and is found in victoria , eastern new south wales , and southeastern queensland , as well as the capital territory ( act ) around canberra and on norfolk island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "cardiaspina fiscella has five nymphal instars , and as the instars moult they add a layer to their outside covering ( casing ) , known as the \" lerp \" . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "cardiaspina fiscella", "paragraphs": ["cardiaspina fiscella spreads from forest health news 64 , june 1997 . port environs inspections in auckland have shown the rapid spread of cardiaspina fiscella since first reported in auckland in may 1996 . severe infestations are noted\u2026\npossible control for cardiaspina fiscella from forest health news 62 , april 1997 . another major event during my visit to australia was the identification of a possible biological control for cardiaspina fiscella , ( the recently introduced lerp making\u2026\nbrown lace lerp cardiaspina fiscella recorded in new zealand from forest health news 53 , june 1996 . the brown lace lerp , cardiaspina fiscella , was collected from eucalyptus botryoides close to auckland airport on 14 . 5 . 96 and later in papatoetoe in south\u2026\ncardiaspina fiscella ( a - adult , b - larva , c - lerp , d , e - damage on . . . | download scientific diagram\nparasitoid on cardiaspina fiscella from forest health news no . 95 , april 2000 . the health of eucalyptus saligna and eucalyptus botryoides trees in the northern half of the north island can be expected to improve as\u2026\nfig . 3 . cardiaspina fiscella ( a - adult , b - larva , c - lerp , d , e - damage on leaves ) ; eucalyptolyma maideni ( f - adult , g - lerp on leaf ) .\ncardiaspina resistant eucalypts from forest health news 87 , july 1999 . eucalypts form a distinctive part of our landscape , so it ' s always sad to see stag - headed or dying trees . dead ones are good for\u2026\nv . 113 = no . 493 - 496 ( 1991 ) - proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . - biodiversity heritage library\nlist of contributors v . 1 - v . 10 ( 1 . . .\nthe lichens of norfolk island . 2 : the genera cladonia , pertusaria , pseudocyphellaria and ramalina\nfossil flowers of ceratopetalum sm . ( family cunoniaceae ) from the tertiary of eastern australia\nnotes and discussion . occurrence of a neosilurid catfish ( neosilurus sp . ) in the paroo river , murray - darling basin\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\neucalypt psyllids in california from forest health news 113 , november 2001 . like their counterparts in new zealand , eucalypt growers in california continue to experience problems with recurring introductions of australian eucalyptus psyllids . the blue gum psyllid , ctenarytaina\u2026\nbrown lace lerp hyperparasitoid found in new zealand from biosecurity new zealand issue 68 , june 2006 . a parasitic microwasp associated with brown lace lerp , a pest of some eucalypts , has been newly recorded from new zealand . the new\u2026\nprotecting our eucalyptus trees wednesday , june 20 , 2018 scion are undertaking community pre - consultation on a proposed biological control of the eucalyptus tortoise beetle . eucalyptus plantations are a recognisable part of new zealand\u2019s diversified forestry industry . they provide pulp and\u2026\nforest industry reputation damaged by mobilisation of forest harvest residues sunday , may 27 , 2018 the successful prosecution of a forest management company by the marlborough district council has been endorsed by the forest owners association . merrill and ring has been fined $ 39 , 000 and ordered\u2026\nbiosecurity levy proposal tuesday , may 15 , 2018 as it affects plantation forest owners . consultation document : the new zealand forest owners association ( foa ) and the nz farm forestry association ( ffa ) acting on behalf of new zealand plantation forest\u2026\nforest industry backing judgment against forest companies monday , april 23 , 2018 forest industry associations are supporting penalties imposed in the district court against bay of plenty forest owner whitikau holdings and two harvesting contractors . the companies pleaded guilty to charges laid\u2026\nnew free online forest productivity calculator for small growers sunday , march 25 , 2018 a new online calculator for radiata pine and douglas - fir productivity is now available , free of charge . the forecaster calculator was built for owners and advisors of small forests , who\u2026\nconsultation starts on fumigant for forest industry to replace methyl bromide tuesday , february 27 , 2018 a significant milestone has been reached in replacing methyl bromide as the standard fumigant for export logs and timber . the environmental protection authority has just released application details for approval\u2026\nbillion tree planting timetable gives industry confidence wednesday , february 21 , 2018 forest owners say the announcement of the timetable for the government\u2019s billion tree ten year project will give confidence that the massive afforestation is a serious proposition . the forestry minister\u2026\ncutting rights proposal jeopardising government\u2019s billion tree and climate change mitigation goals saturday , february 03 , 2018 the forest owners association is against the proposal the overseas investment office should approve or decline sales of forest cutting rights . the foa says it would jeopardise the government\u2019s ambitions\u2026\njim anderton\u2019s legacy contribution to forest industry sunday , january 07 , 2018 the forest owners association is paying tribute to jim anderton for his contribution to the forest industry . president peter clark says jim anderton had a keen eye for the significance\u2026\ngovernment recognises forestland and farmland different cases for overseas investment wednesday , november 29 , 2017 the forest owners association says the government would be jeopardising its billion - tree target if it hadn\u2019t separated forest and farmland in its ministerial directive to the overseas investment office . the\u2026\nfarm foresters says foresters should check all selling options for best returns monday , november 27 , 2017 new zealand farm forestry association president neil cullen recommends small - scale forest owners check what offers might be available from local timber processors when they go to sell their woodlots . nzffa , \u2026\nscion is the leading provider of forest - related knowledge in new zealand formerly known as the forest research institute , scion has been a leader in research relating to forest health for over 50 years . the rotorua - based crown research institute continues to provide science that will protect all forests from damage caused by insect pests , pathogens and weeds . the information presented below arises from these research activities .\nclose to auckland airport on 14 . 5 . 96 and later in papatoetoe in south auckland . in australia it has been recorded on\neucalyptus botryoides , e . robusta , e . saligna , e . grandis , e . tereticomis\nin south - east queensland . adults of this australian psyllid species are 3 . 4 mm in length , from head to wing tip . they possess a short robust body with head at right angles to plane of body . antennae are about equal to width of the head . legs are stout with 2 very small claws . general colour is light brown ; head straw coloured ; thorax with several medium brown patches ; abdomen brownish black , with yellow or red caudal margin on each segment ; forewings transparent ; veins uniformly light brown . the nymphs produce attractive lattice - like , shell shaped lerps , found on the underside of leaves . dimensions c . 4 . 1 mm from hinge to apex , c . 5 . 4 mm across . general colour is light brown , darker near hinge with a darker band where the ribs begin to fan out ; and is moderately convex . nymphs can move freely underneath the lerp and can sometimes be seen moving on the undersides of leaves outside of the lerp .\na survey to delimit the extent of the infestation is underway . ( geoff ridley , editor )\nthis information is intended for general interest only . it is not intended to be a substitute for specific specialist advice on any matter and should not be relied on for that purpose . scion will not be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , consequential or exemplary damages , loss of profits , or any other intangible losses that result from using the information provided on this site . ( scion is the trading name of the new zealand forest research institute limited . )\n. last month ( fhnews 94 : 1 ) we reported the discovery of this parasitoid , identified for forest research by dr jo berry ( hymenopterist at nzac , landcare research , auckland ) , in the northland and auckland bioregions . parasitised nymphs have now been located between whangarei in the north and waihi ( coromandel bioregion ) in the south . further collections of\nby entomologists funded by the new zealand farm forestry association . the project reached the stage of applying to the environmental risk management authority for permission to import into containment at mt albert research centre , auckland . in may 1999 , erma granted this permission as long as strict controls , designed to minimise the likelihood of accidental release from the secure containment facility , were followed . however it was never imported and instead has become another accidental introduction . at this stage the risk posed by\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1762, "summary": [{"text": "the amazonian hocicudo , oxymycterus amazonicus , is a species of rodent in the cricetidae family from south america .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is found in the amazon basin in brazil where it lives in moist lowland forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is a common species with a large range and is rated by the iucn as being of \" least concern \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "amazonian hocicudo", "paragraphs": ["oxymycterus amazonicus ( amazonian hocicudo ) oxymycterus angularis ( angular hocicudo ) oxymycterus caparoae ( mt . capara\u00f3 hocicudo ) oxymycterus dasytrichus ( atlantic forest hocicudo ) oxymycterus delator ( spy hocicudo ) oxymycterus hiska ( small hocicudo ) oxymycterus hispidus ( hispid hocicudo ) oxymycterus hucucha ( quechuan hocicudo ) oxymycterus inca ( incan hocicudo ) oxymycterus josei ( cook\u2019s hocicudo ) oxymycterus nasutus ( long - nosed hocicudo ) oxymycterus paramensis ( paramo hocicudo ) oxymycterus quaestor ( quaestor hocicudo ) oxymycterus roberti ( robert\u2019s hocicudo ) oxymycterus rufus ( red hocicudo )\nyou selected amazonian hocicudo ( english ) . this is a common name for :\nthe amazonian hocicudo , oxymycterus amazonicus , is a rodent species from south america . it is found in brazil . . . .\njanos dp , sahley ct ( 1995 ) rodent dispersal of vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in amazonian peru . ecology 76 : 1852\u20131858\nbrown woolly monkey _ _ _ _ _ _ ( in northwest amazonian brazil , and southeast colombia , northeast ecuador , and extreme northern peru , east to the river negro and south to the river solimoes - napo , in primary rainforest ) lagothrix lagotricha the brown woolly monkey is the largest primate in amazonia , aside from man .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . collecting localities recorded so far from voucher - specimens suggest a broad distribution in the lower amazon and a high likelihood to occupy disturbed forest or secondary brush formations ( gon\u00e7alves and oliveira pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is distributed along the madeira , xing\u00fa , tocantins and tapaj\u00f3s river basins , in the brazilian states of mato grosso , rond\u00f4nia and par\u00e1 ( oliveira and gon\u00e7alves 2015 ) .\nno population estimates are available for this species , but its records suggest stable population sizes ( oliveira and gon\u00e7alves 2015 ) .\nthis species is found in lowland moist forests of the amazon river basin . it inhabits secondary growth forest and brush formations ( oliveira and gon\u00e7alves 2015 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c2a8c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c2b9b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322daf70 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322db071 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3677c1c6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ntom orrell ( custodian ) , dave nicolson ( ed ) . ( 2018 ) . itis global : the integrated taxonomic information system ( version jun 2017 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 77a85e18 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ninfonatura species index : 301 - 350 of 479 records in family muridae of order rodentia .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : data presented in infonatura at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of april 2007 . note : this report was printed on .\ntrademark notice :\ninfonatura\n, natureserve , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : \u00a9 2007 natureserve , 1101 wilson boulevard , 15th floor , arlington virginia 22209 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\ncitation : infonatura : animals and ecosystems of latin america [ web application ] . 2007 . version 5 . 0 . arlington , virginia ( usa ) : natureserve . available : http : / / infonatura . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\ncitation for bird range maps : ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nacknowledgement statement for bird range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for mammal range maps : patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\nacknowledgement statement for mammal range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\ncitation for amphibian range maps : iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2006 . global amphibian assessment . urltoken , version 1 . 1 .\nacknowledgement statement for amphibian range maps :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with iucn , conservation international and the global amphibian assessment .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nfeedback request : using the comment form , please note any errors or significant omissions that you find in the data . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the network of users .\nles cric\u00e9tid\u00e9s sont une famille extr\u00eamement diversifi\u00e9e de rongeurs . c\u2019est l\u2019une des plus grandes familles de mammif\u00e8res . la plupart des cric\u00e9tid\u00e9s ressemblent \u00e0 des souris ou des rats : ils ont un petit corps un peu allong\u00e9 , ils sont gris ou marron avec une longue queue , de grands yeux , de grandes oreilles et des moustaches . cependant , les formes du corps dans ce groupe varient . les cric\u00e9tid\u00e9s sont petits ( 8 g ) \u00e0 grands ( 2 kg ) . le dimorphisme sexuel varie selon les esp\u00e8ces : dans certains cas , les m\u00e2les sont plus gros que les femelles , et dans d\u2019autres cas , les femelles sont plus grandes que les m\u00e2les . certaines esp\u00e8ces ne pr\u00e9sentent pas de dimorphisme sexuel du tout . il existe diverses sp\u00e9cialisations pour les diff\u00e9rents modes de vie au sein de ce groupe , comme par exemple de longues griffes puissantes ( geoxus ) adapt\u00e9es pour creuser , alors que la partie palm\u00e9e des pattes arri\u00e8re et la queue en gouvernail des rats musqu\u00e9s sont adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 la nage .\nisthmomys flavidus ( yellow isthmus rat ) isthmomys pirrensis ( mt . pirri isthmus rat )\noligoryzomys andinus ( andean pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys arenalis ( sandy pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys brendae ( brenda\u2019s colilargo ) oligoryzomys chacoensis ( chacoan pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys delticola ( delta pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys destructor ( destructive pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys eliurus ( brazilian pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys flavescens ( yellow pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys fornesi ( fornes\u2019 colilargo ) oligoryzomys fulvescens ( fulvous pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys griseolus ( grayish pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys longicaudatus ( long - tailed pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys magellanicus ( magellanic pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys microtis ( small - eared pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys nigripes ( black - footed pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys stramineus ( straw - colored colilargo ) oligoryzomys vegetus ( sprightly pygmy rice rat ) oligoryzomys victus ( st . vincent pygmy rice rat )\nbienvenue dans le monde des mammif\u00e8res is proudly powered by wordpress and the theme adventure by eric schwarz entries ( rss ) and comments ( rss ) .\nnous utilisons des cookies pour vous garantir la meilleure exp\u00e9rience sur notre site . si vous continuez \u00e0 utiliser ce dernier , nous consid\u00e9rerons que vous acceptez l ' utilisation des cookies .\nwikinow lets you discover the news you care about , follow the topics that matter to you and share your favourite stories with your friends .\nurltoken - & nbspthis ; website is for sale ! - & nbspneagir ; resources and information .\na new species of litomosoides is described from sigmodontine murids occurring in the rain forests of misiones , argentina . litomosoides anguyai n . sp . , a parasite of the abdominal cavity of oxymycterus misionalis , belongs to the sigmodontis group and is closely related to l . legerae and l . oxymycteri . the new species is differentiated by the salient amphids , an asymmetrical annular thickening of the buccal capsule , by the arrangement of the head and tail papillae , and the shape and size of the microfilaria .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nchitwood , b . c . ( 1938 ) some nematodes from the caves of yucatan .\ncrespo , j . ( 1982 ) ecolog\u00eda de la comunidad de mam\u00edferos del parque nacional iguaz\u00fa , misiones .\nn . sp . de la cavidad peritoneal de la rata de los ca\u00f1averales de tabacal , salta .\nn . sp . from the ashy opossum in brazil ( nematoda : filarioidea ) .\n( nematoda : filarioidea ) in sigmodontines ( rodentia : muridae ) from rio de la plata marshland , argentina .\nsigmodontinae is the second - largest subfamily of muroid rodents , with 377 species and 74 genera in eight tribes . members of this group , the new world rats and mice , display a vast array of habits and physical characteristics that is surpassed in scope only by the\nmusser , g . , m . carleton . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . d wilson , d reeder , eds . mammal species of the world . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .\nsigmodontines range from tierra del fuego north throughout south america , central america , and mexico , and into the united states as far north as nebraska and new jersey . they are also found on the galapagos islands .\nnowak , r . 1999 . walker ' s mammals of the world , vol . ii . baltimore and london : the johns hopkins university press .\nsigmodontines are small to medium - large muroid rodents - - head and body length ranges from 62 to 360 mm , tail length ranges from 30 to 330 mm , and they weigh 7 to 455 grams . they are extremely diverse in body form , resembling\n, which has the formula 1 / 1 , 0 / 0 , 0 / 0 , 2 / 2 = 12 . the\n) . each molar has a longitudinal enamel crest ( mure or murid ) . the molars range from\n, and the third molars are usually smaller than the second molars . sigmodontine skulls generally have flat\nis of parallel construction . all other sigmodontine skull characteristics vary widely . a skeletal characteristic shared by most sigmodontines is the presence of a prominant neural spine on the second thoracic vertebra . finally , sigmodontines have one - or two - chambered stomachs , and the tongue bears a single circumvallate papilla .\ncarleton , m . , g . musser . 1984 . muroid rodents . pp . 289 - 379 in d wilson , d reeder , eds . orders and families of recent mammals of the world . new york : john wiley and sons .\nsigmodontines live in a wide range of habitat types , including grasslands , deserts , wet and dry forests , scrub forests , savannahs , steppes , agricultural areas , marshes , swamps , streams , sandy coastlines , barren highlands , alpine meadows , and human habitations . they live at elevations from sea level to over 5 , 500 meters .\nthese rodents are herbivorous , omnivorous , or carnivorous . foods consumed by the group as a whole include : grasses , seeds , fruit , berries , fungi , lichen ,\nsigmodontines are primary and higher - level consumers , and they are food for a wide range of other animals . some species are commensal with humans , depending on human food stores or agriculture to survive . others take advantage of burrows made by other animals , such as armadillos (\n. some , as mentioned in the previous section , rely on other animals to help them avoid predation . finally , sigmodontines may be important dispersers of mycorrhizal fungi ( mangan and adler 2000 ) .\nmangan , s . , g . adler . 2000 . consumption of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by terrestrial and arboreal small mammals in a panamanian cloud forest . journal of mammalogy , 81 ( 2 ) : 563 - 570 .\n. the neutral - colored coats of sigmodontines may help them blend in with their background . most species are vigilant and agile , helping them to avoid predation . semiaquatic species avoid predation by quickly diving into the water when threatened . one sigmodontine species ,\nsigmodontines perceive their environment using vision , hearing , touch , smell , and taste . hearing and olfaction may be especially important , as auditory and chemical cues are often used for communication . sigmodontines make a variety of squeaking sounds in social contexts , and they can detect and produce ultrasounds . territorial males use their urine and feces to scent - mark their domains .\nsigmodontines have short lives . most do not make it past their first birthday . in captivity , some species have lived as long as five years .\nmost sigmodontines have a promiscuous mating system . during mating , a copulatory plug forms and seals the female ' s reproductive tract , preventing subsequent males from successfully fertilizing the female ' s eggs .\nmany rodents are prolific breeders and sigmodontines are no exception . they breed year round or seasonally , and during a year or season females often have two to three , or even six to seven litters . ovulation is spontaneous , and females of many species have a postpartum estrus , becoming pregnant again just a few hours after giving birth . in some species , the embryos do not implant until the current litter is weaned ; gestation after implantation occurs usually lasts 20 to 30 days . some species can have as many as 13 young in a litter , although many have just three to five . the young are altricial and open their eyes anywhere from 1 to 11 days after birth . they are weaned as early as five and as late as 30 days . female sigmodontines reach sexual maturity several weeks before males do . some have been known to give birth at just four weeks of age . other species mature much later , and do not reproduce until they are at least four months old .\nsigmodontine females generally do not have any help in caring for their young . most build nests out of plant material where they raise their babies . the young are altricial , and they nurse for 5 to 30 days . in a few species , the young remain with the mother for a few days after weaning is complete .\n) sigmodontine species on the iucn ' s red list of threatened species . in addition , three species are lacking sufficient data to be assessed , and five species have gone extinct recently ( both\niucn , 2004 .\n2004 iucn red list of threatened species\n( on - line ) . accessed june 29 , 2005 at urltoken .\nseveral sigmodontine species are considered household or agricultural pests . they raid buildings , gnawing on and destroying household goods and food stores , and they damage crops . some also carry diseases such as haemorrhagic fever .\nsome sigmodontines are used in laboratory disease research . others are trapped for their fur .\nas part of a larger definition of sigmodontinae . when those genera are included , the species count numbers at least 508 . their distribution includes much of the\nsigmodontines proceeded to diversify explosively in the formerly isolated continent . they inhabit many of the same\nthe\nthomasomyini\nfrom the atlantic forest of brazil are generally thought to be not especially related to the\nreal\nthomasomyini from the northern andes and amazonia . the genera wiedomys and sigmodon are generally placed in their own tribe , and the\nphyllotines\nirenomys , punomys , euneomys , and reithrodon are considered incertae sedis .\nd ' el\u00eda , g . ; luna , l . ; gonz\u00e1lez , e . m . ; patterson , b . d . ( february 2006 ) .\non the sigmodontinae radiation ( rodentia , cricetidae ) : an appraisal of the phylogenetic position of rhagomys\n. molecular phylogenetics and evolution ( elsevier ) 38 ( 2 ) : 558\u2013564 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 08 . 011 . pmid 16213166 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbrazil , par\u00e1 state , right bank lower rio tapaj\u00f3s , fordl\u00e2ndia ; 03\u00ba40\u2032s , 55\u00ba30\u2032w .\nlower amazon basin , south of the rio amazonas between the rios tocantins and madeira , c brazil , as least as far south as nw mato grosso ( per additional localities reported by musser et al . , 1998 : 239 ) .\nconsidered a small size - class species , principally compared with o . nasutus ; sister species to o . delator according to phylogenetic analysis of cytochrome b data ( hoffmann et al . , 2002 ) .\nat present , 4 , 700 species of extant mammals are recognized in the world , 1 , 100 of which occur in south america . bolivia is home to one third of all south american mammal fauna . to date , 319 species of native mammals have been recorded ; this number is expected to continue to increase in the future . new species and genera are still being described . consequently , a complete picture of bolivia\u2019s mammal fauna is not yet available . a summary of current knowledge is presented .\nactualmente est\u00e1n reconocidas en el mundo 4 , 700 especies de mam\u00edferos vivientes , de las cuales 1 , 100 se registran en suram\u00e9rica . bolivia sirve de hogar a una tercera parte de toda la fauna de mam\u00edferos suramericana . hasta la fecha se han registrado 319 especies de mam\u00edferos aut\u00f3ctonos y se espera que dicha cifra siga aumentando en el futuro . nuevas especies y g\u00e9neros est\u00e1n siendo descritos , por lo que a\u00fan no es posible ofrecer una imagen completa de la fauna de mam\u00edferos de bolivia . se presenta un resumen de los conocimientos acumulados hasta ahora .\nanderson s ( 1985 ) lista preliminar de mam\u00edferos bolivianos . cuadernos vi , zoolog\u00eda 3 : 5\u201316\nanderson s ( 1991 ) a brief history of bolivian chiropterology and new records of bats . bull amer mus nat hist 206 : 138\u2013144\nanderson s ( 1993 ) los mam\u00edferos bolivianos : notas de distribuci\u00f3n y claves de identif\u00efcaci\u00f3n . instituto de ecolog\u00eda , colecci\u00f3n boliviano de fauna . la paz\nanderson s ( 1997 ) mammals of bolivia , taxonomy and distribution . bull amer mus nat hist 231 : 1\u2013652\nanderson s , koopman kf , creighton gf ( 1982 ) bats of bolivia : an annotated checklist . amer mus novit 2750 : 1\u201324\nanderson s , riddle br , yates tl , cook ja ( 1993 ) los mamiferos del parque nacional ambor\u00f3 y la regi\u00f3n de santa cruz de la sierra , bolivia . special publication , the museum of southwestern biology 2 : 1\u201358\nanderson s , webster dw ( 1983 ) notes on bolivian mammals 1 : additional records of bats . amer mus novit 2766 : 1\u20133\nanderson s , yates tl , cook ja ( 1987 ) notes on bolivian mammals 4 . the genus\n( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) in the eastern lowlands . amer mus novit 2891 : 1\u201320\ncole fr , reeder dm , wilson de ( 1994 ) a synopsis of distribution patterns and the conservation of mammal species . j mamm 75 : 266\u2013276\ncook ja , anderson s , yates tl ( 1990 ) notes on bolivian mammals 6 . the genus\n( rodentia , ctenomyidae ) in the highlands . amer mus novit 2980 : 1\u201327\neisentraut m ( 1983 ) im land der chaco - indianer . biotropic - verlag , baden - baden\nergueta p , de morales c ( eds ) ( 1996 ) libro rojo de los vertebrados de bolivia . centro de datos para la conservaci\u00f2n , la paz\nglanz we , anderson s ( 1990 ) notes on bolivian mammals . 7 . a new species of\n( rodentia ) and relationships of the abrocomidae . amer mus novit 2991 : 1\u201332\n( cebidae , platyrrhini ) , a preliminary taxonomic review . fieldiana zool ns 55 : 1\u2013109\ngardner and creighton , 1989 ( marmosidae , marsupialia ) : a taxonomic review with notes on general morphology and relationships . fieldiana zool ns 79 : 1\u201356\n( sigmodontidae , muroidea ) , with a critical review of the generic content . fieldiana zool ns 79 : 1\u201343\nfrom isla mocha , chile ( mammalia : octodontidae ) . z s\u00e4ugetierkunde 59 : 27\u201341\nhutterer r ( 1995 ) unbekannte s\u00e4ugetierwelt : \u00fcbersicht der seit 1985 beschriebenen arten . tier und museum ( bonn ) 4 : 77\u201388\nhutterer r ( 1997 ) archaeozoological remains ( vertebrata , gastropoda ) from prehispanic sites at pail\u00f3n , bolivia . beitr allgemein vergl arch\u00e4ol 17 : 325\u2013341\niba\u00f1ez c ( 1985 ) notas sobre distribuci\u00f3n de quiropteros en bolivia ( mammalia , chiroptera ) . hist nat argentina 5 : 329\u2013333\niba\u00f1ez c , cabot j , anderson s ( 1994 ) new records of bolivian mammals in the collection of the estaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica de donana . donana , acta vertebrata 21 : 79\u201383\niba\u00f1ez c , ochoa g j ( 1989 ) new records of bats from bolivia . j mamm 70 : 216\u2013219\nmorell v ( 1996 ) new mammals discovered by biology\u2019s new explorers . science 273 : 1491\nfrom the cloud forest of eastern cochabamba department , bolivia ( rodentia : sigmodontinae ) . occas pap mus zool univ michigan 720 : 1\u201328\n( muridae : sigmodontinae ) , with emphasis on peru and bolivia . miscell publ mus zool univ michigan 177 : 1\u2013104\n( rodentia , muridae ) and the description of a new subspecies . amer mus novit 2890 : 1\u201317\npacheco v , de macedo h , vivar e , ascorro c , arana - card\u00f3 r , solari s ( 1995 ) lista anotada de los mamiferos peruanos . occas pap conserv biol 2 : 1\u201335\npatterson bd ( 1992a ) mammals in the royal natural history museum , stockholm , collected in brazil and bolivia by a . m . ollala during 1934\u20131938 . fieldiana zool ns 66 : 1\u201342\npatterson bd ( 1992b ) a new genus and species of long - clawed mouse ( rodentia : muridae ) from temperate rainforests of chile . zool j linn soc 106 : 127\u2013145\npatterson bd , feigl ce ( 1987 ) faunal representation in museum collections of mammals : osgood\u2019s mammals of chile . fieldiana zool ns 39 : 485\u2013496\npatterson bd , pacheco v , solari s ( 1996 ) distributions of bats along an elevational gradient in the andes of south - eastern peru . j zool lond 240 : 637\u2013658\npatton jl , myers p , smith mf ( 1990 ) vicariant versus gradient models of diversification : the small mammal fauna of eastern andean slopes of peru . in : peters g , hutterer r ( eds ) vertebrates in the tropics . zoologisches forschungsinstitut und museum alexander koenig , bonn , pp 355\u2013371\npine rh ( 1982 ) current status of south american mammalogy . in : mares ma , genoways hr ( eds ) mammalian biology in south america , 27\u201337 . special publ ser pymatuning lab ecol univ pittsburgh vol 6\npr\u00fcmers h , winkler w ( 1997 ) arch\u00e4ologische untersuchungen im bolivianischen tiefland . erster bericht des projektes grigot\u00e1 . beitr allgem vergl arch\u00e4ol 17 : 343\u2013393\nredford kh , robinson jg ( 1986 ) the game of choice : patterns of indian and colonist hunting in the neotropics . amer anthopol 89 : 650\u2013667\nroosevelt ac , lima da costa m , lopes machado c , michab m , mercier n , valladas h , feathers j , barnett w , imazio da silveira m , henderson a , sliva j , chernoff b , reese ds , holman ja , toth n , schick k ( 1996 ) paleoindian cave dwellers in the amazon : the peopling of the americas . science 272 : 373\u2013384\nsalazar , j , campbell ml , anderson s , gardner sl , dunnum jl ( 1994 ) new records of bolivian mammals . mammalia 58 : 123\u2013128\nstahl pw ( ed ) ( 1995 ) archaeology in the lowland american tropics . cambridge university press , cambridge\ntarifa t ( 1996 ) mamiferos . in : ergueta p , de morales c ( eds ) libro rojo de los vertebrados de bolivia , centro de datos para la conservaci\u00f2n , la paz , pp 165\u2013264\nmorgan , linares , and ray , 1988 , reported for southeastern brasil , with paleoecological comments ( phyllostomidae , desmodontinae ) . mammalia 55 : 456\u2013459\nvoss rs , emmons lh ( 1996 ) mammalian diversity in neotropical lowland rainforest : a preliminary assessment . bull amer mus nat hist 230 : 1\u2013115\nwilson de , cole fr , nichols jd , rudran r , foster ms ( eds ) ( 1996 ) measuring and monitoring biological diversity : standard methods for mammals . smithsonian institution press , washington\nwilson de , reeder da ( eds ) ( 1993 ) mammal species of the world , 2nd edition . smithsonian institution press , washington\nwilson d , salazar b j ( 1990 ) los murcielagos de la reserva de la bi\u00f3sfera \u201cestaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica beni\u201d , bolivia . ecologia en bolivia 13 : 47\u201356\nyensen e , tarifa t , anderson s ( 1994 ) new distributional records of some bolivian mammals . mammalia 58 : 405\u2013413\nhutterer r . ( 2001 ) diversity of mammals in bolivia . in : barthlott w . , winiger m . , biedinger n . ( eds ) biodiversity . springer , berlin , heidelberg\nspecies in this classification . to view subspecies , varieties and populations select the species .\nsome of the font group participants in september 2006 who saw the animals & birds noted above .\none - striped opossum ( t1 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( in the itarare region of sao paulo ) monodelphis unistriata monodelphis unistriata is possibly extinct . it is only known from a specimen collected prior to 1842 .\nlinnaeus ' s mouse opossum ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( has been called the murine mouse opossum ( from colombia to southeast brazil , in forest , roadside brush , and gardens ) marmosa murina a linneaus ' s mouse - opossum photographed during a font tour this little animal has been in the nest of an hornero .\nmaned three - toed sloth ( t2 ) ( bre ) ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ se ( from bahia to sao paulo , in remnant patches of atlantic forest ) bradypus torquatus br : preguica de coleira a rare maned three - toed sloth . bradypus torquatus , clinging on the trunk of a cecropia tree ( photographed by marie gardner during the font march ' 08 brazil tour ) rabbits - family leporidae\nrusset rice rat _ _ _ _ _ _ ( in southern brazil , eastern paraguay , and northeast argentina ) euryoryzomys ( formerly oryzomys ) russatus what was oryzomys kelloggi , the kellogg ' s rice rat , is now part of euryoryzomys russatus . oryzomys kelloggi was said to occur in minas gerais in the region of the fazenda sao geraldo .\nbrazilian rice rat ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ hylaeamys ( formerly oryzomys ) laticeps ( change of genus for this & other species in this group in 2005 ) what was oryzomys seuanezi , the seuanez ' s rice rat , is now part of hylaeamys laticeps .\ncaparao grass mouse ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( in minas gerais , on mt . caparao ) akodon mystax\ncandango mouse ( bre ) ( now extinct ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( in the brasilia region ) juscelinomys candango the name for the genus juscelinomys was derived from that of the brazilian president juselino kubitschek de oliveira who created the city of brasilia , where juseclinomys candango was found in 1965 . subsequently , however , its habitat was overtaken by urban sprawl , and the species is now presumed to be extinct . two other species in the juscelinomys genus occur in bolivia , in addition to the species listed here .\n( when these photos were taken ) , but during every font tour in that area .\npantanal cat ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ms ( was part of the pampas cat ) leopardus braccata br : gato palheiro the pantanal cat ( formerly part of the more - southerly pampas cat ) photographed at night during the font tour in mato grosso do sul in september 2006 .\nocelot ( t3 ) ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ms , mt leopardus pardalis br : gato maracaja , or jaguatirica an ocelot photographed at night during the font tour in mato grosso do sul in september 2006 . this wonderful animal has been seen nicely during numerous font tours in that area .\ncrab - eating fox ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ms , mt cerdocyon ( has previously been dusicyon ) thous ( the single member of its genus ) br : cachorro - do - mato ( or graxaim ) above & below : crab - eating foxes photographed at night during our brazil tour in mato grosso do sul in september 2006 . the species has been seen during every font tour in that area .\nshort - eared dog ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ af atelocynus ( has previously been dusicyon ) microtis ( the single member of its genus ) br : cachorro do mato the short - eared dog is a rarely seen animal .\nthe giant otters above were photographed during a font tour in the pantanal of brazil .\ncrab - eating raccoon ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ms , mt procyon cancrivorous br : mao - pelada a crab - eating raccoon photographed at night during the font brazil tour in mato grosso do sul in september 2006 .\nsouth american coati ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ig , mn , ms , mt , se nasua nasua br : quati or quatimunde above : two photos of the south american coati below : a group of them seen during the font brazil tour in august 2008 . ( photo below courtesy of trevor & pamela sims ) sheath - tailed bats - family emballonuridae\ngreater fishing bat ( also called bulldog bat ) ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ af , ms , mt ( from mexico to southern brazil and northern argentina , in lowlands forest , and at lakes , rivers , and along coasts ) noctilio leporinus the wingspan of noctilio leporinus is a meter , or 3 feet . in flight after dark , a greater fishing , or bulldog bat ( photo by burke korol )\npied tamarin ( t1 ) ( bre ) ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ am ( has been called pied bare - faced tamarin ) saguinus bicolor ( now considered a distinct species ) in previous taxonomy , there were 3 subspecies of what was called the brazilian bare - faced tamarin . these were : pied bare - faced tamarin , saguinus bicolor bicolor , martin ' s bare - faced tamarin , saguinus bicolor martinsi , ochraceous bare - face tamarin , saguinus bicolor ochraceous . the pied bare - faced tamarin ( seen during the font 2005 brazil tour ) i s restricted to a 30 kilometer radius of manaus . the other 2 species ( or subspecies ) probably range between the lower rivers uatuma and cumina ( erepecuru ) ; their range limits are not precisely known . br : sauim ( or sagui de cara nua or sagi de duascores )\nwhite - tufted ( or common ) marmoset ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( in northeast brazil , in piaui , ceara , paraiba , pernambuco , alagoas , and northern bahia ) callithrix jacchus the white - tufted marmoset originally occurred along the northeastern coast of brazil from the state of piaui to that of bahia . through the release of captive individuals , it also occurs now in southeastern brazil , where the first sighting in the wild in rio de janeiro was in 1929 . today it is common in the area of that city . the white - tufted marmoset was described by linnaeus in 1758 . white - tufted marmoset\nblack howler monkey ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ mn , ms , mt ( in south - central brazil , and in eastern bolivia south to paraguay and northeast argentina , in forests ) alouatta caraya br : guariba or bugio ( male : black ; female : brown ) above : male black howler monkey below : female black howler monkey photographed during our tour in mato grosso do sul in september 2006 .\nbrown howler monkey ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ mn , se ( in east - central and southeast brazil , from bahia to rio grande do sul , and in northeast argentina in misiones , in atlantic forest ) alouatta guariba ( formerly a . fusca ) br : bugio ( howler monkeys are locally called\nbarbados\n, or\nbeards\n, in minas gerais , because of the long hair covering their large throat sacs . ) above : a male brown howler monkey photographed during the font tour in minas gerais , brazil in october 2009 below : 2 brown howler monkeys during that same tour . this species is endangered , found only in remnants of the atlantic forest of southeast brazil . ( both photos by marie gardner )\nblack bearded saki ( t2 ) ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( in northeast brazil in maranhao , in lowland rainforest of the amazon basin ) chiropates satanas the dark - nosed bearded sakis were split in 2003 into the following species in addition to chiropates satanas . previously these were considered subspecies .\nblack - striped capuchin ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ig ( in southern brazil , and in northern argentina , paraguay , and bolivia , in forests ) sapajus ( formerly cebus ) libidinosus br : macaco prego cebus libidinosus has been called the black - striped tufted capuchin .\nsouthern muriqui ( t1 ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( was called\nwoolly spider monkey\n) ( in southeast brazil , in remnants of atlantic forest in rio de janeiro and sao paulo ) brachyteles arachnoides the two former subspecies brachyteles a arachnoides & brachyteles arachnoides . hypoxanthus became two distinct species in 1995 , based on geographical distribution and morphological differences . genus lagothrix\ntucuxi ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ am ( or\ngray dolphin\n) sotalia fluviatilis br : tucuxi the tucuxi is found in south american rivers draining into the atlantic & the caribbean . it occurs throughout the entire amazon river basin , and also in coastal waters north to panama , occasionally to costa rica .\ncommon bottlenose dolphin ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ rs tursiops truncatus common bottlenose dolphins have been seen during font brazil tours from shore by a rock jetty extending about 2 miles out to sea , in rio grande do sul .\npygmy brocket ( deer ) ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ig ( also called bororo ) mazama nana br : veado the pygmy brocket deer is rare in a small geographic range .\nsao paulo bororo ( t3 ) ( bre ) _ _ _ _ _ _ mazama bororo in 1992 , mazama bororo was reported to a be new species . that classification was predominantly based upon karyotype differences between other mazama species and the specimen found . the captive individual used for the analysis was from capao bonito , in sao paulo state . mazama bororo has a small population , and is said to be declining due to hunting and habitat loss . the total population has been estimated as 5 , 500 individuals , with mature animals being a fraction of the number . it is limited to the coastal atlantic forest in brazil . though small , the population area of mazama bororo has more than 3 , 600 square kilometers of protected areas , a number of which are connected with each other , forming one of the biggest blocks of atlantic forest in brazil .\nbrazilian tapir ( t3 ) ( * ) ( ph ) _ _ _ _ _ _ af , ms , mt tapirus terrestris br : anta above : a young brazilian tapir below : an adult and a young the photo below was taken at a animal scientific research facility in paraguay during a font tour ( mostly in brazil ) in august 2008 . this tapir is an endangered species in paraguay . ( lower photo by pamela sims ) manatees - family trichechidae\nwere seen by the rio cristalino ( in northern mato grosso ) during our august 1995 tour .\nboth adult and juvenile ( larger and smaller ) giant otters were seen during font tours in the rio cristalino in august 1996 , and in the pantanal in august 2003 . two giant otters were seen closely during the font brazil tour in august 2008 . they were first seen resting on the steps of a wooden dock along a river ' s edge .\nspectacled caiman ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ af , ms , mt , rs caiman crocodilus yacare ( including the jacare caiman subspecies in the pantanal ) a spectacled caiman photographed during our tour in mato gross do sul in september 2006 . below is a caiman in brazil vertically in the water . .\nbright green snake ( sp . ) ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ af ( swimming across rio cristalino )\nsulphur butterfly ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ af phoebis sp .\nleaf - cutter ants ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ af , rs , ug atta sp ."]}
{"id": 1763, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter engelhardiae is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from the nepal .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 6 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on engelhardia spicata .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine has the form of a rather small blotch occurring upon the upper side of the leaves , usually situated along the leaf-margin or on the space between two lateral veins .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "it is oval or circular in form .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is whitish , blistered or weakly wrinkled and without any distinct ridges in accomplished condition . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter engelhardiae", "paragraphs": ["chapters : phyllonorycter apparella , phyllonorycter crataegella , phyllonorycter basistrigella , phyllonorycter tritaenianella , phyllonorycter celtisella , phyllonorycter issikii , phyllonorycter symphoricarpaeella , phyllonorycter salicifoliella , phyllonorycter lucetiella , phyllonorycter aeriferella , phyllonorycter mespilella , phyllonorycter albanotella , phyllonorycter messaniella , phyllonorycter corylifoliella , phyllonorycter ostryaefoliella , phyllonorycter leucographella , phyllonorycter fitchella , phyllonorycter robiniella , phyllonorycter staintoniella , phyllonorycter kuhlweiniella , phyllonorycter lucidicostella , phyllonorycter emberizaepenella , phyllonorycter tiliacella , phyllonorycter populiella , phyllonorycter turanica , phyllonorycter argentifimbriella , phyllonorycter morrisella , phyllonorycter salictella , phyllonorycter obscuricostella , phyllonorycter tristrigella , phyllonorycter scudderella , phyllonorycter quercifoliella , phyllonorycter medicaginella , phyllonorycter distentella , phyllonorycter platani , phyllonorycter deserticola , phyllonorycter mildredae , phyllonorycter mariaeella , phyllonorycter harrisella , phyllonorycter roboris , phyllonorycter conista , phyllonorycter hagenii , phyllonorycter blancardella , phyllonorycter muelleriella , phyllonorycter strigulatella , phyllonorycter heegeriella , phyllonorycter sorbi , phyllonorycter geniculella , phyllonorycter argentinotella , phyllonorycter erugatus , phyllonorycter pastorella , phyllonorycter oxyacanthae , phyllonorycter olivaeformis , phyllonorycter sagitella , phyllonorycter tenerella , phyllonorycter quercialbella , phyllonorycter celtifoliella , phyllonorycter esperella , phyllonorycter mannii , phyllonorycter salicicolella , phyllonorycter nigrescentella , phyllonorycter malella , phyllonorycter froelichiella , phyllonorycter lautella , phyllonorycter quinqueguttella , phyllonorycter hilarella , phyllonorycter apicinigrella , phyllonorycter uhlerella , phyllonorycter stettinensis , phyllonorycter populifoliella , phyllonorycter fragilella , phyllonorycter acanthus , phyllonorycter klemannella , phyllonorycter ulmifoliella , phyllonorycter millierella , phyllonorycter acerifoliella , phyllonorycter clemensella , phyllonorycter myricella , phyllonorycter penangensis , phyllonorycter kearfottella , phyllonorycter joannisi , phyllonorycter dubitella , phyllonorycter caryaealbella , phyllonorycter rileyella , phyllonorycter schreberella , phyllonorycter comparella , phyllonorycter junoniella , phyllonorycter cerasicolella , phyllonorycter rajella , phyllonorycter nipigon , phyllonorycter juncei , phyllonorycter propinquinella , phyllonorycter himalayana , phyllonorycter insignitella , phyllonorycter luzonica , phyllonorycter auronitens , phyllonorycter abrasella , phyllonorycter viminetorum , phyllonorycter helianthemella , phyllonorycter latus , phyllonorycter nicellii , phyllonorycter kumatai , phyllonorycter malayana , phyllonorycter yamadai , phyllonorycter spinicolella , phyllonorycter engelhardiae , phyllonorycter nepalensis , phyllonorycter tribhuvani , phyllonorycter belotella , phyllonorycter connexella , phyllonorycter kisoensis , phyllonorycter triarcha , phyllonorycter lantanella , phyllonorycter diaphanella , phyllonorycter cinctata , phyllonorycter parisiella , phyllonorycter pseuditeina , phyllonorycter delitella , phyllonorycter trifasciella , phyllonorycter oreas , phyllonorycter trinotella , phyllonorycter pruinosella , phyllonorycter ovalifoliae , phyllonorycter drepanota , phyllonorycter ilicifoliella , phyllonorycter scabiosella , phyllonorycter hostis , phyllonorycter insignis , phyllonorycter scopariella , phyllonorycter anderidae , phyllonorycter ringoniella , phyllonorycter carpini , phyllonorycter acutissimae , phyllonorycter elmaella , phyllonorycter klimeschiella , phyllonorycter martiella , phyllonorycter japonica , phyllonorycter cydoniella , phyllonorycter pygmaea , phyllonorycter cephalariae , phyllonorycter rubicola , phyllonorycter sublautella , phyllonorycter pterocaryae , phyllonorycter maestingella , phyllonorycter dentifera , phyllonorycter joz .\nguldmalar \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1822 . guldmalar ing\u00e5r i familjen styltmalar . phyllonorycter aberrans\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvad betyder guldmalar ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av guldmalar . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av guldmalar sj\u00e4lv\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n( that means the book is composed entirely of articles from wikipedia that we have edited and redesigned into a book format . if you would prefer to read the unedited articles in their old format for free , we have provided a list of the article titles under\nchapters\nbelow . simply go to wikipedia and use their search form to locate each individual article . )\nto download a pdf ebook for $ 9 . 99 please click the download link . we recommend you pay by credit card . if you ask paypal to pay from your bank account it will take them up to four business days to send your order to us . you can read the ebooks on your pc , kindle , nook , ipad , android or other mobile device ; see our faq page for instructions .\nto download four books a month online for free simply join our library book club for $ 14 . 99 a month . then login to your account before clicking the download link .\nto get a printed copy , click the paperback link for a list of resellers .\ndownloads marked\npdf / scan\nmay have notations , faded type , yellowed paper , missing or skewed pages or be free elsewhere . paperbacks marked\nocr\nmay have numerous typos , missing text , with no illustrations or indexes . books with wikipedia or wikia in the author field have content which was on those sites as of the publication date .\nview website in \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 | \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 | catal\u00e0 | \u010desky | dansk | deutsch | \u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac | espa\u00f1ol | suomi | fran\u00e7ais | \u0939\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926\u0940 | hrvatski | indonesia | italiano | \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea | \u65e5\u672c\u8a9e | \ud55c\uad6d\uc5b4 | lietuvi\u0173 | latvie\u0161u | nederlands | norsk | polski | portugu\u00eas | rom\u00e2n\u0103 | \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 | sloven\u010dina | sloven\u0161\u010dina | \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 | svenska | filipino | \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 | ti\u1ebfng vi\u1ec7t | \u4e2d\u6587 ( \u7b80\u4f53 ) | \u4e2d\u6587 ( \u7e41\u9ad4 ) | \u00a9 2018 . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1764, "summary": [{"text": "compsoctena ostracitis is a moth in the eriocottidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1913 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in south africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous-whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "compsoctena ostracitis", "paragraphs": ["compsoctena ostracitis is a moth in the eriocottidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1913 . [ 1 ] it is found in south africa . [ 2 ]\ncompsoctena primella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 87\nmelasina ostracitis meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 334 ; tl : noordkaap\ncompsoctena - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n[ south africa , cape province ] , noordkaap , i , leg . jeffrey .\nmeyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267\u2014336 .\nmelasina cyclatma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 746 ; tl : transvaal , ne . pretoria district\nalavona indecorella walker , 1863 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 28 : 515\nmelasina aedifica meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 744 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\nmelasina aethalea meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 1 ) : 159 ; tl : khasi hills\nmelasina brachyctenis meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 364 ; tl : cape colony , vryburg\nmelasina fossoria meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 310 ; tl : transvaal , junction of crocodile and marico rivers\nmelasina microctenis meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina dermatodes meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina autoderma meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : matabeleland , bulawayo\nmelasina byrseis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 518 ; tl : belgian congo , elisabethville\nmelasina agria meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 27 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : pretoria\nniphocosma ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( melasina ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 483\nmelasina susurrans meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 82 ; tl : woodbush village\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe wingspan is about 16 mm . the forewings are ochreous - whitish with the costal edge blackish at the base . the hindwings are light grey . [ 3 ]\nmeyrick , e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 334 archived march 15 , 2016 , at the wayback machine .\nthis page was last edited on 20 may 2018 , at 05 : 27 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthe granular ringlet ( ypthima granulosa ) is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .\nzenonia zeno , the orange - spotted skipper , orange - spotted bellboy or common bellboy , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .\ncometaster pyrula , commonly known as the faint owl moth or ying - yang moth , is a species of moth of the erebidae family .\npontia helice , the meadow white , is a butterfly in the family pieridae .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1766, "summary": [{"text": "mobula munkiana , commonly known as the manta de monk , munk 's devil ray , pygmy devil ray , or smoothtail mobula , is a species of ray in the family myliobatidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in tropical parts of the eastern pacific ocean , ranging from the gulf of california to peru , as well as offshore islands such as the galapagos , cocos , and malpelo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "munk 's devil ray was first described in 1987 by the italian ecologist giuseppe notarbartolo di sciara . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mobula munkiana", "paragraphs": ["( 14 ) the saw fishes anoxypristis cuspidate , pristis clavata , pristis pectinata , pristis zijsron , pristis pristis , the mobula rays mobula mobular , mobula japonica , mobula thurstoni , mobula tarapacana , mobula eregoodootenkee , mobula kuhlii , mobula hypostoma , mobula rochebrunei and mobula munkiana fall under the cfp which offers the appropriate instruments for the eu to contribute to managing their protection when adding these species to appendix i and ii to the convention .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - smoothtail mobula ( mobula munkiana )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - smoothtail mobula ( mobula munkiana )\ntitle =\narkive species - smoothtail mobula ( mobula munkiana )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnature picture library - a large group of munk & apos ; s devil / smoothtail mobula rays ( mobula munkiana ) galapagos islands , ecuador , pacific ocean - bra . . .\n6 . other parties to the convention have submitted proposals to amend appendices i and ii to the convention for the species ursus maritimus , all subspecies of the panthera leo , kobus kob , eudorcas rufifrons , otis tarda , calidris pusilla , calidris tenuirostris , cardellina canadiensis , carcharhinus falciformis , sphyrna lewini , sphyrna mokarran , anoxypristis cuspidate , pristis clavata , pristis pectinata , pristis zijsron , pristis pristis , mobula mobular , mobula japonica , mobula thurstoni , mobula tarapacana , mobula eregoodootenkee , mobula kuhlii , mobula hypostoma , mobula rochebrunei and mobula munkiana , manta alfredi and anguilla anguilla .\nhaving viewed the footage of mobula munkiana in the gulf of california , mr stewart was able to confirm that both females and males jump .\nview image of m . munkiana may jump to identify an aggregation to others ( credit : octavio aburto / ilcp )\nbentfin devil ray , lesser devil ray , smoothtail mobula , thurston\u2019s devil ray .\nbizzarro , j . j . , smith , w . d . & clark , t . b . 2005 . mobula munkiana . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 3 august 2007 .\nthe nine mobula species range in size from the largest , mobula mobular , which can reach 5 . 2 meters dw , to the smallest , mobula eregoodootenkee , which averages only 1 . 1 meters dw 10 . mobulas can be found in temperate and tropical waters worldwide . some mobula species are range restricted , such as mobula kuhlii and mobula eregoodootenkee , found only in the indian and western pacific oceans respectively . other species , such as mobula tarapacana and mobula thurstoni , are thought to be circumglobal 2 , 11 . since information on the distribution of this genus is based on sparse records and misidentification is common , the estimated ranges of individual species , and even some species classifications , will likely change in the coming years .\nall mobula are likely to be at risk of over - exploitation by both targeted and artisinal fisheries , due to their similar biological and behavioural characteristics . the lack of specific records of mobula landings at the species level , mainly as a result of the difficulty in distinguishing between the different mobula in the field makes assessment of the conservation status of individual mobula species extremely difficult .\n10 - bizzarro , j . j . , smith , w . d . & clark , t . b . 2006 . mobula munkiana . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . .\ntw3621 - d . smoothtail mobula rays ( mobula munkiana ) , an aggregation of hundreds of the 2 to 3 foot wide rays are feeding on plankton at night . also called munk\u00f5s devil ray and pygmy devil ray . baja , mexico , sea of cortez , pacific ocean . photo copyright \u00a9 brandon cole . all rights reserved worldwide . urltoken\ntw3621 - d - brandon _ cole - mobula _ rays _ at _ night _ photo . jpg\nmobula munkiana , the manta de monk , munk ' s devil ray , pygmy devil ray , or smoothtail mobula , is a species of fish in the myliobatidae family . it is found in colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico , nicaragua , panama , and peru . its natural habitats are shallow seas and subtidal aquatic beds .\nsoaring high above the waves as easily as a bird , mobula rays appear perfectly designed for this astonishing aerobatic display .\nhis team has also uncovered what is thought to be a m . munkiana nursery ground , where juveniles were feeding along the shore , close to where the aggregations and jumping typically happen .\na revisionary study of the genus mobula rafinesque , 1810 ( chondrichthyes : mobulidae ) , with the description of a new species .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - smoothtail devil ray ( mobula thurstoni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - smoothtail devil ray ( mobula thurstoni )\ntitle =\narkive species - smoothtail devil ray ( mobula thurstoni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nnotobartolo - di - sciara , g . ( 1987 ) natural history of the rays of the genus mobula in the gulf of california . fishery bulletin , 86 ( 1 ) : 45 - 66 .\n\u201calong these lines , we ' re thinking that the m . munkiana may be jumping to identify the aggregation to other nearby individuals . in theory , this would increase the density and overall number of individuals , providing a higher mate choice ability and increasing the likelihood that any one individual gets to mate . \u201d\nthe smoothtail mobula occurs in coastal waters of the eastern pacific , from the gulf of california , mexico , south to peru , and inclusive of the galapagos , cocos , and malpelo islands ( 1 ) .\n\u201cbecause of this , we know that the mobula aggregations in the gulf of california are extremely vulnerable to human impacts , and the greatest threat is most likely bycatch in drift gill net fisheries , \u201d says mr stewart .\nmobula rays can reach heights of more than two metres ( 6ft 6ins ) , remaining airborne for several seconds , but their landings are much less graceful , creating a loud bang as they belly - flop back into the sea .\n2 - notarbartolo di sciara , g . 1987 . a revisionary study of the genus mobula rafineque , 1810 ( chondrichthyes : mobulidae ) with the description of a new species . zoological journal of the linnean society , 91 : 1 - 91\n11 - clark , t . b . , smith , w . d . & bizzarro , j . j . 2006 . mobula thurstoni . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . .\nnotarbartolo - di - sciara , g . ( 1987 ) a revisionary study of the genus mobula , rafinesque , 1810 ( chondrichthyes : mobulidae ) with the description of a new species . zoological journal of the linnean society , 91 : 1 - 91 .\nmore research is vital to determine the impact of target and non - target fisheries on the smoothtail mobula . it is thought likely that the availability of additional fisheries information will reveal an urgent need for conservation measures including restrictions on harvest and trade ( 1 ) .\nwhat is known about mobula rays is that they reach sexual maturity late and their investment in their offspring is more akin to mammals than other fishes , usually producing just a single pup after long pregnancies , all of which makes them extremely vulnerable to commercial fishing .\nas large species which feed low in the food chain , mobula can be viewed as indicator species for the overall health of the ecosystem . studies have suggested that removing large , filter - feeding organisms from marine environments can result in significant , cascading species composition changes .\nmobula rays\u2019 elusive nature and skittish behaviour in front of divers has made them difficult to observe in the wild , except when they breach the water . mr stewart explains that even large aggregations , like the one in the gulf of california , can sometimes be hard to find , as they can occur in different locations and at slightly different times of the year .\nrecent research has revealed that manta and mobula rays have the highest brain mass to body mass ratio of all elasmobranchs , comparable to some birds and mammals . they exhibit high maneuverability , and increased social and cognitive abilities 16 . divers cite numerous examples of manta rays cooperating and accepting help when entangled in lines , and many report that injured manta rays even seem to seek assistance .\nthe smoothtail mobula is thought to commonly forage along the seafloor , with mysid shrimp being its main prey , but more research is needed to assess feeding behaviour and dietary preferences ( 1 ) . likewise , very little is known about its migratory habits , other than that it is common in the gulf of california over winter , when other mobulid species are rare or absent ( 6 ) . it reproduces ovoviviparously , with each mature female producing just a single pup per litter ( 1 ) .\nthe seas surrounding the arabian peninsula , including the red sea , the gulf of aden , the gulf of oman and the arabian / persian gulf , contain very important habitat for these fascinating and vulnerable species , and a better understanding of their ecology and status is urgently needed to secure their survival . a description of the biology , ecology and conservation status of devil rays found in the seas of arabia is ongoing . this also includes the re - description of a little - known species , mobula kuhlii .\nowing to its schooling behaviour and apparent benthic feeding habit , the smoothtail mobula is highly vulnerable to gillnet fishing . as may be expected of a highly mobile schooling species , large numbers are caught episodically in traditional fisheries in the gulf of california . although there is no fishery information outside of mexico , there is also a high possibility that it is caught as bycatch in numerous other fisheries throughout its range . consequently , there is great concern that catch rates may be unsustainable , particularly given this species\u2019 low reproductive output ( 1 ) .\nthe group of cartilaginous fish in the family mobulidae ( mobulid rays ) consists of two genera , manta and mobula , with two and nine species respectively 1 , 2 . all mobulid rays have diamond shaped bodies , wing - like pectoral fins used for propulsion , and five pairs of gill slits . they usually inhabit pelagic zones 3 , 4 . mobulids are often called \u201cdevil rays\u201d because of the cephalic fins on the front of their heads that resemble \u201chorns\u201d . the cephalic fins unfurl and help guide water into their mouths , and modified gill features filter zooplankton and small fish , their primary food sources 5 - 7 .\nin common with other species in the mobulidae family , the smoothtail mobula has long , pointed , pectoral fins which it strokes up and down , like wings , for propulsion ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . on either side of the head , and in front of its prominent eyes , are two fleshy lobes that project forward to funnel food into the mouth ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the dorsal fin is small , and the tail is long , flattened and spineless . the upper surface of its body is generally dark purplish to mauve - grey , while the underside is white , becoming blue - grey towards the \u2018wing - tips\u2019 ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nhaving only been discovered as recently as 1988 , information on the biology of the smoothtail mobula is still relatively fragmentary ( 1 ) . however , it is well known for forming large schools , appearing as conspicuous dark patches slowly cruising along the shallow coastline . typically , its occurrence in any particular location is unpredictable , with large numbers sometimes gathering in an area for a few days , before disappearing for weeks or even months ( 1 ) ( 6 ) . another remarkable feature of this species is the frequency with which individuals breach the water\u2019s surface , often simultaneously . the breaching behaviour is characterised by a variety of acrobatic manoeuvres , including head over tail somersaulting and high vertical leaps , followed by loud belly slaps ( 6 ) .\nmarine ; pelagic - oceanic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 15 m ( ref . 58018 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 220 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 28023 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9256 )\npelagic species forming schools in coastal and oceanic waters , but also found near the bottom . found singly , in small groups , or in schools ( ref . 12951 ) . feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans , but also takes small schooling fishes ( ref . 12951 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) .\nmceachran , j . d . and g . notarbartolo di sciara , 1995 . mobulidae . mantas , diablos . p . 759 - 764 . in w . fischer , f . krupp , w . schneider , c . sommer , k . e . carpenter and v . niem ( eds . ) guia fao para identification de especies para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . 3 vols . fao , rome . ( ref . 9256 )\n) : 22 . 2 - 28 . 5 , mean 23 . 5 ( based on 368 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 60 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 56 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe relatively recent description of this species and similarity of morphology among mobulids may account for common misidentifications of this ray .\nkyne , p . m . , notarbartolo - di - sciara , g . , fowler , s . l . & compagno , l . j . v . ( shark red list authority )\neastern pacific from the gulf of california , m\u00e9xico to peru , including the galapagos , cocos , and malpelo islands ( robertson and allen 2002 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nbenthic the lowermost region of an aquatic habitat , the bottom . bycatch in the fishing industry , the part of the catch made up of non - target species . dorsal fin in fish , the unpaired fin ( s ) found on the back of the body . ovoviviparously ovovivipary is a method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then \u2018born ' live . pectoral fins the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills . they are generally used for balancing and braking .\ngrove , j . s . and lavenberg , r . j . ( 1997 ) the fishes of the gal\u00e1pagos islands . stanford university press , california .\ncampbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .\nurltoken urltoken inc . 77 - 6425 kuakini hwy . ste c2 - 200 kailua kona , hi 96740 usa info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nnotarbartolo - di - sciara , 1987 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 271482 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ( 1990 ) . catalogue of the genera of recent fishes . california academy of sciences , san francisco , california .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlike other rays , the smoothtail devil ray has a distinctive disc - like body with large , triangular pectoral fins that function like \u2018wings\u2019 , propelling it swiftly through the water column ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the mouth is located on the underside of the head , while the front of the head is equipped with two distinctive paddle - shaped lobes that channel food towards the mouth . the moderately long tail is flattened towards the base , and lacks the barbed spine exhibited by some ray species . above , this devil ray is dark blue to black , while the underside is white , becoming silvery towards the tips of the \u2018wings\u2019 ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nchupa sangre , chupasangre , diablo , diablo chupasangre , diablo manta , manta , muci\u00e9lago .\nin common with many other mobulid species , there is a dearth of information on the natural history of the smoothtail devil ray . based on studies in the gulf of california , mexico , this devil ray appears to have a highly specialised diet , with euphasiid shrimp and , to a slightly lesser extent , mysid shrimp being the main prey items . it is not known to form large schools , a behaviour exhibited by some of its close relatives , but instead is usually observed solitarily or in small groups of two to six ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .\nin common with many elasmobranchs , mating , birthing and juvenile life predominately take place in shallow waters . it reproduces ovoviviparously , with each female producing just a single pup per litter , which develops within an egg inside the mother ' s body but emerges alive after hatching . the gestation period is around 12 months ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe smoothtail devil ray is currently known from scattered locations in the indian , pacific , and atlantic oceans , but is probably circumglobal in tropical and sub - tropical waters ( 1 ) ( 5 ) .\noccurs along coastlines , to depths of less than 100 metres ( 1 ) .\nthe smoothtail devil ray is taken as both a target species and as bycatch in fisheries in mexico , indonesia and the philippines , and is almost certainly landed in other countries across its range . the greatest concern is in southeast asia , where catches and demand are increasing , owing in particular to a rise in the value of gill - rakers in the asian medicinal market . given its low reproductive potential , this species is unlikely to be able to tolerate the current levels of exploitation ( 1 ) .\nit is crucial that additional research is carried out to establish the true impact of target and non - target fisheries on the smoothtail devil ray . unfortunately , elasmobranch fisheries are generally unmanaged in most regions within this species range . furthermore , in some areas fishing regulations are poorly enforced , such as in the philippines where mobulids are still being caught illegally despite a ban put in place in 1998 . in the long run , the development and implementation of international management plans may be vital for the survival of the smoothtail devil ray and other mobulids ( 1 ) .\nbycatch in the fishing industry , the part of the catch made up of non - target species . elasmobranch subclass of cartilaginous fish that includes sharks , skates and rays . gill - rakers a series of bony , comb - like projections located along the front edge of the gill arch . mobulid species within the modbulidae family ovoviviparously ovovivipary is a method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then \u2018born ' live . pectoral fins the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills . they are generally used for balancing and braking .\nallen , g . r . and robertson , d . r . ( 1994 ) fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . crawford house press , bathhurst , uk .\nmanta trust catemwood house corscombe dorchester dorset dt2 0nt united kingdom info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nnotarbartolo di sciara , 1987 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\n. pelagic species forming schools in coastal and oceanic waters , but also found near the bottom . found singly , in small groups , or in schools\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\npelagic species forming schools in coastal and oceanic waters , but also found near the bottom . found singly , in small groups , or in schools ( ref . 12951 ) . feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans , but also takes small schooling fishes ( ref . 12951 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) .\neastern pacific from the gulf of california , mxico to peru , including the galapagos , cocos , and malpelo islands ( robertson and allen 2002 ) .\npelagic - oceanic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; marine ; depth range 0 - 15 m ( ref . 58018 )\noceanodromous . migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas , as tunas do . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\npelagic species forming schools in coastal and oceanic waters , but also found near the bottom . found singly , in small groups , or in schools ( ref . 12951 ) . feeds mainly on planktonic crustaceans , but also takes small schooling fishes .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) .\ndevil rays ( batoid species belonging to the family mobulidae ) are highly evolved elasmobranchs that have abandoned life on the sea bottom to swim in the water column and near the surface , where they feed on small fishes and zooplankton . some ( e . g . , manta rays ) have reached a very large body size .\nliaising with the manta trust , an ngo dedicated to mobulid science and conservation , and actively participating to the drafting of a global strategy for the conservation of mobulid rays ( work in progress ) .\n, and probably endemic to the region . considering the extremely low reproductive potential of the species , its limited range , and threats deriving from both directed and accidental captures in fisheries , giant devil rays were assessed as endangered in iucn\u2019s\nfor giant devil rays seasonally gathering off gaza ( palestinian territories ) in late winter , a collaborative work was started in 2015 with professor mohammed abudaya , an ichthyologists from the local university with the support of the mava foundation , to study the phenomenon , suggest mechanisms for impact mitigation on this endangered species , and satellite tag some individual rays to study their migratory behaviour within the mediterranean .\ng . , lauriano g . , pierantonio n . , ca\u00f1adas a . , donovan g . , panigada s . 2015 . the devil we don\u2019t know : investigating habitat and abundance of endangered giant devil rays in the north - western mediterranean sea . plos one 10 ( 11 ) : e0141189 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0141189 open access\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nkm364948 genomic dna translation : aiz03095 . 1 km364949 genomic dna translation : aiz03096 . 1 km364950 genomic dna translation : aiz03097 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe genus manta includes the larger manta birostris ( oceanic manta ) , the smaller manta alfredi ( reef manta ) , and a possible third species , manta . cf birostris 1 both m . birostris and m . alfredi are circumglobal in overall range , and overlap in some locations 8 . m . cf birostris , is likely limited to the gulf of mexico and western caribbean 1 . manta birostris has a maximum wingspan ( disk width , or dw ) of seven to nine meters 1 , 3 . manta alfredi has a maximum 4 to 5 meter disk width 9 , and usually occupies tropical areas .\nall mobulids are aplacental , viviparous species , meaning that they give birth to fully developed live young 4 , 7 , 12 , and typically bear only a single pup with each pregnancy 12 , 13 . while the lifespan and age at sexual maturity are not yet known for many mobulid species , long - term studies of m . alfredi populations in various locations indicate a life history incompatible with targeted commercial fishing .\nfor example , female m . alfredi are believed to reach maturity at 8 - 10 years 9 , however female m . alfredi in an extensively studied population in the maldives showed no mating scars and did not become pregnant for a number of years after reaching mature size . these observations indicate that female m . alfredi in some subpopulations may not mate until an age of 15 years or more 14 .\nm . alfredi near a mozambique study site and in maui had a biennial reproductive period with some females pupping in consecutive years 13 , while in the maldives , the reproductive cycle appears to be significantly slower , with female m . alfredi giving birth on average to only one pup every five years 14 . m . alfredi have been confirmed to live at least 30 years 17 and both manta species are believed to live 40 years and possibly longer 9 , 15 .\n1 \u2013 marshall , a . d . 2009 . biology and population ecology of manta birostris in southern mozambique . phd thesis , university of queensland\n3 - compagno , l . j . v . 1999 . checklist of living elasmobranchs . in : hamlett , w . c . ( ed ) . sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . maryland : john hopkins university press . p 471\u2013498\n4 - deakos , m . h . 2010a . ecology and social behavior of a resident manta ray ( manta alfredi ) population off maui , hawai\u2019i . phd thesis , university of hawai\u2019i , manoa , hawai\u2019i .\n5 - maigret , j . and ly , b . 1986 . . les poissons de mer de mauritanie . science nat . , compi\u00e8gne .\n6 - notarbartolo di sciara , g . and hillyer , e . v . 1989 . mobulid rays off eastern venezuela ( chnodrichthyes , mobulidae ) . copeia , 3 : 607 - 614 .\n7 - compagno , l . j . v . and last , p . 1999 . mobulidae . in : capenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . ( eds ) , fao species identification fuide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific ( volume 3 . batoid fishes , chimeras and bony fishes . part 1 ( elopidae to linophymidae ) ) . rome : fao .\n8 - kashiwagi , t . marshall , a . d . , bennett , m . b . , and ovenden , j . r . 2011 . habitat segregation and mosaic sympatry of the two species of manta ray in the indian and pacific oceans : manta alfredi and m . birostris . marine biodiversity records : 1 - 8 .\n9 - marshall , a . , bennett , m . b . , kodja , g . , hinojosa - alvarez , s . , galvan - magana , f . , harding , m . , stevens , g . & kashiwagi , t . 2011 . manta birostris . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . .\n12 - marshall , a . , ishihara , h . , dudley , s . f . j . , clark , t . b . , jorgensen , s . , smith , w . d . , and bizzarro , j . j . 2006 . manta birostris . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species , version 2010 . 4 www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded 12 february 2011 .\n13 - marshall , a . d . and bennett , m . b . 2010 . reproductive ecology of the reef manta ray manta alfredi in southern mozambique . journal of fish biology , 77 ( 1 ) : 169 - 190 .\n14 - anderson , r . c . , adam , m . s . , kitchen - wheeler , a . , and stevens , g . 2010 . extent and economic value of manta ray watching in maldives . tourism in marine environments , 7 ( 1 ) : 15 - 27 .\n15 - marshall , a . d . , dudgeon , c . l . and bennett , m . b . 2011 . size and structure of a photographically identified population of manta rays manta alfredi in southern mozambique . marine biology , 158 ( 5 ) : 1111 - 1124 .\n16 - ari , c . 2011 . encephalization and brain organization of mobulid rays ( myliobatiformes , elasmobranchii ) with ecological perspectives . the open anatomy journal , 3 : 1 - 13 .\n17 - clark , t . b . 2001 . population structure of manta birostris ( chondrichthyes : mobulidae ) from the pacific and atlantic oceans . ms thesis , texas a & m university , galveston , tx\ndiamond - shaped bodies and wings aren ' t the only things that [ . . . ]\nshark savers is a program of wildaid , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization . copyright \u00a9 2018 wildaid . all rights reserved .\nclosely related to sharks but with long , flat bodies and wing - like pectoral fins , they are ideally suited to swooping through the water yet seem equally at home in the air , so much so that they have earned the name \u201cflying rays\u201d .\nthis behaviour - filmed in the gulf of california , mexico , as part of a new bbc / discovery coproduction television series - can last for 24 hours and happens as many hundreds of rays shoal together to form huge aggregations .\n\u201csitting in a boat in the midst of these aggregations is akin to sitting in a pot of popcorn as the kernels explode into the air . everywhere you look mobulas are leaping out of the water and landing with a loud smack , sometimes just a couple of meters from you , \u201d says joshua stewart , from the gulf of california marine program at scripps institution of oceanography , who studies rays in mexico and across the world .\n\u201cthe mobulas launch themselves straight up out of the water at top speed , and most often they land flat on their belly . however , sometimes they seem to lose control and do flips and twists before reconnecting with the water . \u201d\nin order to shed some light on these animals mr stewart applies some of his findings from his research into the larger manta rays he completed with the manta trust . for example , he knows that manta rays have to start their leaps fairly deeply , in order to build up enough speed to leave the water .\n\u201cas far as we can tell , all mobulid rays jump , as do their myliobatid ( eagle rays ) cousins . many theories have been suggested [ as to why they jump ] , from feeding , courting , communicating , and ridding themselves of parasites , \u201d he says .\n\u201cwhile the jumping behaviour may occur during feeding or courting events , we believe that the most likely purpose of the jumping behavior is communication , which could have a variety of applications in different behavioral scenarios . however it is very likely that mantas , mobulas and eagle rays jump for a variety of reasons . \u201d\n\u201cthere\u2019s some evidence to suggest that females mate immediately after giving birth , \u201d says stewart .\n\u201cthis is pure speculation , but it ' s possible that the females could give birth in the nursery habitat and then mate shortly thereafter in the same area . \u201d\nin the maldives reef mantas ( manta alfredi ) have been observed jumping at the beginning of a feeding frenzy .\n\u201cwe believe that they ' re jumping to inform other mantas in the area that food is available , and using the jumping as a sort of signal to aggregate , \u201d mr stewart says .\nas a species that likes to come together , they are an easy target for fishermen and many rays can be caught in a single attempt . fishing spawning aggregations of other species is known to cause numbers to plummet .\n\u201chuge numbers of these animals are moving through relatively constricted geographic areas and just a few large catches could have dramatic negative impacts on their populations . \u201d\nmr stewart is now planning research to confirm the reasons behind the aggregating behaviour in the gulf of california and how many of the population is represented , as well as further work on seasonal locations and habitat use .\nin the uk you can watch episode two of ' shark ' on thursday 14th may at 21 : 00 bst , on bbc one . it will be broadcast at a later date in other countries .\nthis photo is not free . it is not in the public domain . this photo is a copyrighted work , registered with the us copyright office . rights to reproduction of photograph granted only with prior written permission , issuance of a valid license , and payment i\nall text and images copyright \u00a9 brandon cole . all rights reserved worldwide . no image is to be downloaded , copied , duplicated , modified , sampled , redistributed , archived , etc . , in whole or in part , without the express prior written authorization of brandon cole . these images are not free . please contact us to arrange an appropriate usage fee : tel 509 - 535 - 3489 ; e - mail : brandoncole @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nlast , p . , white , w . , de carvalho , m . , s\u00e9ret , b . , stehmann , m . and naylor , g . 2016 . rays of the world . csiro publishing , clayton .\nwith a circumglobal distribution , the bentfin devil ray is found in tropical , subtropical , and temperate waters of the pacific , atlantic , and indian oceans ( couturier et al . 2012 ) . this species probably occurs in many other locations from which it has not yet been identified . it was documented in australian waters from a few sightings off mackay and port douglas ( queensland ) and at ningaloo reef ( western australia ) from where it was previously unconfirmed ( last and stevens 2009 ) .\nthere are no historical baseline population data and global population numbers are unknown for any devil ray species . however , regional , genus - wide declines are inferred based on catch landings , trawl - survey indices , and diver sightings ( couturier\ndevil rays have population sizes likely one or two orders of magnitude greater than manta rays , have larger geographic ranges , and larger migratory movements . this makes devil rays more challenging to assess than manta rays . by comparison , manta rays can be easily locally depleted because they appear to be restricted geographically , and hence declines are likely to be genus - wide . the bentfin devil ray is less frequently encountered in catches compared to other species of devil ray , which makes this species particularly difficult to assess compared to devil rays that are more frequently encountered ( e . g . , the chilean devil ray ) . given the paucity of data across the entire\ngenus , most population trend data for devil rays are not species - specific . hence , most of the decline rates in this assessment were necessarily inferred from these genus - wide declines . local population trend data are available from market landings , a trawl survey index , and diver surveys .\ngiven the patchy nature of the bentfin devil ray\u2019s occurrence , its range has been divided into seven regions for the purpose of this assessment : indo - west pacific , central pacific , eastern pacific , western atlantic , eastern atlantic , indian ocean , and australia . next , the status of this species in each of these regions was considered , before drawing these together into a global estimate of population reduction .\nin indonesia , catches of the bentfin devil ray were recorded in the country\u2019s three largest devil ray landing sites ( tanjung luar , lombok ; lamakera , solor ; cilacap , west java ) . landed mobulid ( devil and manta ray ) catch was estimated to have declined by 77\n. 2015 ) . local population depletions can be inferred from an increase in the number of operating fishing vessels concurrent with these landed catch declines . the number of vessels catching devil rays from tanjung luar has increased since 2014 but any longer - term trend is unquantifiable owing to a lack of effort data . from lamakera however , the number of vessels fishing devil rays has approximately doubled since 2001 ( s . lewis , unpublished data ) . although this species is suspected to be naturally rare compared to its congener the chilean devil ray ( compagno 1999 ) based on catch proportions , in tanjung luar it was the most commonly caught devil ray species from 2013\u201314 , making up 49 % of total catch ( lewis\nthere appears to have been a recent expansion and collapse of devil ray fisheries due population depletion in bohol , philippines . historically , from the 1900s to 1960s the devil ray fishing grounds were inshore ( within five km of shore ) , but subsequently expanded to offshore waters extending over the jurisdiction of municipal waters ( 15 km from the coastline ) following fleet modernization in the 1970s . by 2014 , the devil ray fishing grounds had contracted to a smaller area in the northeast of the bohol sea , suggesting a decrease in devil ray fishing effort led by several factors including a possible depletion of fishing grounds and decrease in financial viability of the fishery , compared to historical records ( j . acebes and a . ponzo , unpublished data ) .\ninterviews with fishermen in the philippines indicate villages take as many as 1 , 000 devil rays per year , and the number of villages and fishermen participating in the fishery expanded through 2002 . this is concurrent with declines in catch rates , therefore local population declines can be inferred but not quantified ( alava\npopulation reductions can be suspected or inferred from three forms of data : ( i ) diver sightings from cocos island , ( ii ) bycatch rates in tuna purse seine fleet , and ( iii ) fisheries landings in peru .\n. 2015 ) . over this time period , devil rays were generally rare and seen on only 7 % of dives . while species - level identifications were not available in this study , area dive operators report the chilean devil ray as the species generally sighted ( e . herreno , pers . comm . 2012 ) , so it is unclear whether the bentfin devil ray occurs in lower numbers or not at all . the degree to which this index reflects wider population reduction remains to be fully understood , however , the cocos island is one of the world\u2019s oldest marine protected areas , and lies within the area of activity of the eastern tropical pacific tuna purse seine fisheries , which take large numbers of devil rays as incidental catch ( croll\n. 2015 ) . fishing effort and species - specific data from this region are currently unavailable for quantification of declines .\nthe inter - american tropical tuna commission ( iattc ) catch and bycatch data for devil rays from purse seine fisheries in the eastern pacific between 1998 and 2009 show a significant increase from < 1t in 1998 to > 80t in 2006 , and a subsequent decline over three years until 2009 , where the reported catch was 40t ( hall and roman 2013 ) . while population trends cannot be directly taken from grouped species bycatch data such as these , this pattern may be indicative of overall devil ray population declines following overexploitation in the region , depending on the corresponding trajectory of fishing effort .\nalready in the early 1980s concern existed over the sustainability of bentfin devil ray catch in the gulf of california ( mexico ) . growth overfishing may have been occurring as 72 % of individuals caught were immature ( notarbartolo di sciara 1988 ) . since this study in the 1980s , however , no data have been published on the bentfin devil ray in these waters , so it is impossible to determine catch trends over time .\n. 2010 ) , to 135t in 2013 ( imarpe 2014 ) , although reported devil ray landings fluctuate considerably from year to year . llanos\n. ( 2010 ) describe all the devil rays landed as the bentfin devil ray , but these statistics probably also include the chilean devil ray . this is likely , as a more recent fishery survey found mobulid landings in tumbes between 2013 and 2014 to consist mainly of the spinetail devil ray ("]}
{"id": 1767, "summary": [{"text": "the mud catshark or brown catshark , bythaelurus lutarius , is a species of catshark in the scyliorhinidae family .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is found in mozambique and somalia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is the open seas of the western indian ocean , from mozambique to somalia , between latitudes 13 \u00b0 n and 29 \u00b0 s , at depths between 340 and 765 m .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can grow up to 34 centimetres ( 13 in ) long . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "bythaelurus lutarius", "paragraphs": ["froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) .\nhalaelurus lutarius\nin fishbase . july 2006 version .\njustification : bythaelurus lutarius is a deepwater catshark endemic to east africa , apparently patchily distributed from somalia and mozambique . it may be taken as bycatch , although its depth range ( 338 to 766 m ) and small size does not make it susceptible to significant fisheries pressure . there are no population estimates and life history data are limited , although it has a potential low fecundity . further information is required and the situation should be re - assessed as deepwater fisheries expand in the region .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\na deepwater tropical catshark of the continental slope occurring on or just above bottom on mud substrates at 338 to 766 m ( compagno et al . 1989 ) . apparently ovoviviparous . matures at 31 to 34 cm tl ( male ) and 31 to 39 cm tl ( female ) , size at birth 10 cm tl . feeds on cephalopods , small bony fishes and crustaceans ( bass et al . 1975 ) .\nmay be taken as bycatch in trawl fisheries . no details available , but due to its depth range , it is likely to be caught on an irregular basis . the situation should be re - assessed as deepwater fisheries expand in the region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nspringer , s . & d ' aubrey , j . d . ( 1972 )\ntwo new scyliorhinid sharks from the east coast of africa , with notes on related species .\n( springer & d ' aubrey , 1972 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\n. dull grey - brown , paler ventrally , with few poorly defined dorsal saddles that may be visible ( ref .\n) . found on the continental slope on or just above muddy substrates . feeds on cephalopods , small bony fishes , and crustaceans\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nlife > eukaryotes > opisthokonta > metazoa ( animals ) > bilateria > deuterostomia > chordata > craniata > vertebrata ( vertebrates ) > gnathostomata ( jawed vertebrates ) > . chondrichthyes > elasmobranchii > galeomorphii > carcharhiniformes > scyliorhinidae\na slender , plain brown dwarf catshark with a moderately long snout , short labial furrows , and no crest of enlarged denticles on caudal fin .\nupper slope in tropics , on or just above mud substrate at 338 to 766 m .\nbears 2 young . feeds on cephalopods , small bony fish , and crustaceans .\ntext by leonard j . v . compagno , david a . ebert and malcolm j . smale\nhtml public ' / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en ' ' urltoken '\nthis page was last modified on 27 june 2014 , at 08 : 29 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
{"id": 1768, "summary": [{"text": "aroga trilineella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from texas , arizona , colorado and california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale grey irregularly mixed brownish with scattered dark grey specks , a broad fuscous suffusion occupying the median longitudinal third from the base and whole apical area , which is preceded by an undefined transverse shade of light ground colour .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a black streak along the fold from near the base to beyond one-third , and one in the disc from above the apex of this to the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , lighter in the disc anteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "aroga trilineella", "paragraphs": ["aroga temporariella sattler , 1960 ; rev . fr . ent . 27 : 236\naroga mesostrota ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 120\naroga argutiola hodges , 1974 ; can . ent . 106 ( 9 ) : 987 ; tl : michigan , alcona co .\naroga atraphaxi bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 301 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1100m\naroga panchuli bidzilya , 2009 ; shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302 ; tl : tadzhikistan , kondara , 1400m\naroga balcanicola huemer & karsholt , 1999 ; microlep . europe 3 : 160 , 32 ; tl : maced . occ . drenovo bei kavadar\naroga mesostrepta ; [ nhm card ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\naroga alleriella busck , 1940 ; bull . s . calif . acad . sci . 39 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : alabama , mobile\naroga controvalva li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 87 , 89 ; tl : chengcheng , shaanxi , 1000m\naroga danfengensis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica 41 ( 1 ) : 85 , 89 ; tl : danfeng , shaanxi , 680m\naroga gozmanyi park , 1991 ; ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 117 ; tl : mt kumgang , kangweon prov . , korea\naroga epigaeella ; [ nacl ] , # 2189 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 21\naroga flavicomella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ me3 ] , 157 , 32 ; [ fe ]\naroga websteri clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 273 , pl . 29 , f . 5 - 5c , pl . 32 , f . 15 ; tl : pullman , washington\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\ngelechia acharnaea meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , alpine , 7000ft\nseu , turkey , urals , iran , turkmenia , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 302\ngelechia camptogramma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 58\ngelechia chlorocrana meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 348 ; tl : texas , forestburg\ngelechia eldorada keifer , 1936 ; calif . dept . agric . , bull . 25 : 240\n= gelechia trialbamaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 858\ngelechia eriogonella clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 247 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , pullman\nkorea , seu , s . russia , irkutsk , buryatia , kazakhstan . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica , p . cerasus [ me3 ] , 158\ngelechia leucanieella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 180 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia morenella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 317 ; tl : morena and pine valley , san diego , california\nlarva on atraphaxis pyrifolia bidzilya , 2009 , shilap revta lepid . 37 ( 147 ) : 303\ngelechia paraplutella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 181 ; tl : san diego , california\ngelechia paulella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona ; colorado\ngelechia rigidae clarke , 1935 ; can . ent . 67 : 249 ; tl : washington , whitman co . , rock lake\ngelechia trialbamaculella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 250\ngelechia unifasciella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 865 ; tl : arizona , williams\ngelechia xyloglypta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 22 ; tl : california , venice\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nstudien \u00fcber die lepidopterenfauna der balkanl\u00e4nder . iii . teil . sammelergebnisse aus montenegro , albanien , mazedonien und thrazien\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1770, "summary": [{"text": "nymphonidae is a family of sea spiders which has representatives in all the oceans .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this family contains some 250 species , most of which are found in the genus nymphon .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "nymphonid bodies are between 1 and 15 mm long , the extent between the points of the legs reaching 150 mm .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "most species are predators of hydroids . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "nymphonidae", "paragraphs": ["which taxonomic groups does the family nymphonidae belong to and what are the different nymphonidae genus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the family nymphonidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e6\u30e1\u30e0\u30b7\u79d1\nto\nnymphonidae\n.\nwhich are the most common photographed nymphonidae genus ? below , you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\nchild ac ( 1995 ) antarcic and subantarctic pycnogonida iii . the family nymphonidae . in : cairns s ( ed ) antarctic and subantarctic pycnogonida : nymphonidae , colossendeidae , rhynchothoracidae , pycnogonidae , endeididae , and callipallenidae . american geophysical union , washington dc , pp 69\u2013111\n( ab292208 ) were obtained from ddbj / embl / genbank . these species belonging to callipallenidae and nymphonidae were used as out - group referring to the previous molecular phylogenetic studies (\nchild c . a . ( 1995 ) . antarctic and subantarctic pycnogonida . 3 . the family nymphonidae . biology of the antarctic seas xxiii . , 1 - 68 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nbamber , r . n . ; el nagar , a . & arango , c . p . ( eds ) ( 2018 ) . pycnobase : world pycnogonida database . nymphonidae wilson , 1878 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 1566 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nmonophyly of nymphonidae is better supported than that of the ammotheidae as shown in cladistic and molecular phylogenetic analyses ( arango , 2002 , 2003 ; arango and wheeler , 2007 ; nakamura et al . , 2007 ) . ascorhynchidae , which was originally established by hoek ( 1881 ) , is revived for the group including ascorhynchus and eurycyde isolated from the traditional ammotheidae ( nakamura et al . , 2007 ; bamber et al . , 2015 ) . chow et al . ( 2012 ) made the first molecular phylogenetic study including nymphonella ( n . tapetis from japan ) . their 18s rdna data strongly suggested a close affinity between nymphonella and ascorhynchus ; the position of nymphonella within ascorhynchidae however , was , not determined .\nvery large , as long as the three following segments together , neck short , frontal part greatly expanded . abdomen comparatively small and cylindrical .\nwell developed ; scape somewhat swollen at the tip ; hand very large , longer than the scape , almost bare , arcuate ; fingers elongated , as long as the palm , both incurved and with sharply pointed tips ; teeth on the inner margin of the immobile finger larger and less numerous than on the mobile finger .\nslender , twice as long as the proboscis ; 2nd segment longer than the 3rd one , the two outer segments very slim and elongated , last segment the shortest .\nwith ten segments present in both sexes ; longer than the body length ; 4th and 5th segments equal in length , terminal part longer than the 5th segment , marginal spines stout , triangular acuminated , with more or less serrated edges .\ncolour reddish - yellow . length of the body up to 15 mm ; the extent between the points of the ambulatory legs reaching 150 mm .\nscientific synonyms and common names nymphon str\u00f8mii kr\u00f8yer nymphon str\u00f6mii kr\u00f8yer phalangium marinum str\u00f8m nymphon grossipes abildgaard ( non fabr . ) nymphon giganteum goodsir\nsars , g . o . , 1891 . pycnogonidea . the norwegian north - atlantic expedition , 1876 - 1878 , xx : 1 - 163 .\nsorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .\nthe sea spiders characteristic body form involves a cephalon and trunk comprising four body segments , each of which bears a pair of walking legs . in addition , the cephalon bears an anterior triradiate proboscis , and primitively a pair of chelifores , a pair of palps , and a pair of ovigerous legs ( ovigers ) , these last being a feature exclusive to the pycnogonida . dorsally , the cephalon primitively bears an ocular tubercle with four eyes . variations on this theme include atrophy or loss of chelifores , o palps and / or ovigers , and , particularly in deeper water forms , loss of eyes and even of the ocular tubercle . further , there are six polymerous species known , four having five pairs of legs and two having six pairs .\nthese relatively simple creatures with relatively small bodies and long legs , have gut diverticula extending into chelifores and along the legs , and the last trunk segment bears a small abdomen with a distal anus . sea spiders lack respiratory organs or structures , and gas exchange occurs through the cuticle ; recently woods et al ( 2017 ) demonstrated how sea spiders use gut movements for internal transport of oxygen .\nwhere reproduction is known , the male carries the eggs attached to the ovigers , whence they hatch either as a protonymphon larva or as an advanced postlarva . a review of the different pathways of postembryonic development in pycnogonida is found in brenneis et al . ( 2017 ) . pycnogonids have no active dispersal ability , but some taxa , for example species of anoplodactylus and bathypallenopsis , are passively dispersed by medusa , achieving wide geographical distributions . the antarctic species nymphon australe is known as circumpolar , however , it is yet not clear what dispersal mechanisms are involved .\nfeeding is generally understudied , but appears to be restricted to sessile animals and , occasionally , algae : certain species from epizoic communities on rocks or algae are known to feed on bryozoans , cnidarians and filamentous algae . the diet of the many species collected from soft sediments is unknown . the biology of sea - spiders is markedly understudied . the most recent comprehensive review of their biology is by arnaud & bamber ( 1987 ) . extensive bibliographies are to be found in fry & stock ( 1978 ) and nakamura & child ( 1991 ) .\nthe fossil record is still sparse ( only four pycnogonid fossil records where known by early 2000s ) but new forms have described in recent years . so far , there is one known species from the upper ordovician ( ca . 450 ma ) , one from the lower silurian ( ca . 425 ma ) , five from the lower devonian hunsr\u00fcck slate ( germany ) ( ca . 400 ma ) , and three from the jurassic ( 150 ma ) .\npycnobase is based on bamber\u2019s ( 2007 ) attempt of a holistic interpretation of the pycnogonida classification , with subsequent amendments : notably , nymphonella moved to the ascorhynchidae , pycnofragilia added to the ascorhynchidae , and pycnosomia added to the phoxichilidiidae . however , these and other groupings are yet to be tested under a robust and comprehensive phylogenetic approach , in a follow up to the phylogeny in arango & wheeler ( 2007 ) .\nit is evident from recent surveys , both from shallow waters and particularly in the deep sea , that numerous species of pycnogonid await discovery . at the same time , molecular analyses are indicating the existence of cryptic species in what had been thought to be widespread taxa . this database must therefore be a working document and it will certainly continue expanding , hopefully contributing to a better understanding of the world\u2019s pycnogonids .\nbamber , r . n . ; el nagar , a . & arango , c . p . ( eds ) ( 2018 ) . pycnobase : world pycnogonida database . accessed at urltoken on 2018 - 07 - 09\nif any data constitutes a substantial proportion of the records used in secondary analysis , the editor ( c . arango ) or managers of the database should be contacted . in any case , there are additional data which may prove valuable to such analyses .\nthe site welcomes input from colleagues and visitors who detect errors or omissions . note that sadly , roger bamber passed away in february 2015 and aliya el nagar who played a key role developing the database is no longer associated to the maintenance of pycnobase . the current editor strives to maintain the website as both a comprehensive and an up - to - date resource through regular updates .\nwe are very grateful to david staples , franz krapp and yoshie takahashi for discussions and input ( and thereby improvements ) .\narango cp , wheeler wc . 2007 . phylogeny of the sea spiders ( arthropoda , pycnogonida ) based on direct optimization of six loci and morphology . cladistics , 23 : 1\u201339 .\narnaud f & bamber rn . 1987 . the biology of pycnogonida . advances in marine biology , 24 : 1 - 96 .\nbamber , rn . 2007 . a holistic re - interpretation of the phylogeny of the pycnogonida latreille , 1810 ( arthropoda ) . in : zhang , z . - q & shear , w . a . ( eds ) : linnean tercentenary . progress in invertebrate taxonomy . zootaxa , 1668 : 295 - 312 .\nbrenneis , g , bogomolova , e , arango , cp , krapp , f . 2017 . from egg to \u201cno - body\u201d : an overview and revision of developmental pathways in the ancient arthropod lineage pycnogonida . frontiers of zoology , 14 : 6 . doi 10 . 1186 / s12983 - 017 - 0192 - 2\ndunlop ja , arango cp . 2005 . pycnogonid affinities : a review . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research , 43 : 8\u201321 .\nfry wg & stock jh . 1978 . a pycnogonid bibliography . in , sea spiders ( pycnogonida ) . zoological journal of the linnean society of london , 63 ( 1 + 2 ) : 197 - 238 .\ngiribet g , edgecombe gd . the arthropoda : a phylogenetic framework . in : minelli\na , boxshall g , fusco g , editors . arthropod biology and evolution molecules , development , morphology . heidelberg : springer verlag ; 2013 . p . 17\u201340 .\nnakamura k . & child c . a . 1991 . pycnogonida from waters adjacent to japan . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 512 : 74pp .\nhansson , h . ( 2004 ) . north east atlantic taxa ( neat ) : nematoda . internet pdf ed . aug 1998 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhedgepeth , j . w . 1949 report on the pycnogonida collected by the albatross in japanese waters in 1900 and 1906 . the proceedings of the united states national museum ( 98 ) : [ details ]\nstock , j . h . , 1955 . pycnogonida from the west indies , central america and the pacific coast of north america . papers from dr th . mortensen ' s pacific expedition 1914 - 1916 . videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening i kj\u00f8benhavn , 117 : [ details ]\nbamber r . n . 2010 . sea - spiders ( pycnogonida ) of the northeast atlantic . keys and notes to the identification of species . the linnean society of london & the field studies council ; the dorset press . 250pp . [ details ]\nhedgpeth , j . w . , 1948 . the pycnogonida of the western north atlantic and the caribbean . proceedings of the united states national museum , 97 ( 3216 ) : 157 - 342 ; 4 - 53 , 3 charts . [ details ]\njennifer hammock split the classifications by smithsonian type specimen data from nymphon to their own page .\nc . michael hogan selected\ndescription\nto show in overview on\nnymphon gracile leach , w . e . , 1814\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nnymphon gracile leach , w . e . , 1814\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\nclick on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 747 seconds . )\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nthese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .\nthe edison - chouest offshore crew , raytheon personnel , and scientific participants of the asrv laurence m . gould in the 2004 and 2006 antarctic cruises ( lmg 04 - 14 and lmg 06 - 05 , respectively ) are gratefully acknowledged for their help and logistical support . this work was supported by a national science foundation grant to kmh ( opp - 0338218 ) and an australian biological resources study ( abrs ) grant to cpa ( 204 - 61 ) . this work is au marine biology program contribution # 41 .\nsupplementary figure 1 . bayesian analysis of combined coi + 16s collapsed haplotype dataset using the gtr + i + g model of substitution , displaying only the clade containing nymphon australe and the outgroup nymphon paucituberculatum . inset displays the entire tree topology . haplotype designations ( roman numerals ) correlate to data presented in figure 3 and supplementary table 3 ( eps 878 kb )\n: growth rates of newly hatched larvae and juveniles . in : stanyck e ( ed ) reproductive ecology of marine invertebrates . university of south carolina press , columbia , pp 61\u201376\narango cp ( 2002 ) morphological phylogenetics of the sea spiders ( arthropoda : pycnogonida ) . org divers evol 2 : 107\u2013125 . doi :\narango cp ( 2003 ) molecular approach to the phylogenetics of sea spiders ( pycnogonida , arthropoda ) using nuclear ribosomal dna and morphology . mol phylogenet evol 28 : 588\u2013600 . doi :\narango cp , wheeler wc ( 2007 ) phylogeny of the sea spiders ( arthropoda , pycnogonida ) based on direct optimization of six loci and morphology . cladistics 23 : 1\u201339 . doi :\naris - brosou s , excoffier l ( 1996 ) the impact of population expansion and mutation rate heterogeneity on dna sequence polymorphism . mol biol evol 13 : 494\u2013504\narnaud f , bamber rn ( 1987 ) the biology of pycnogonida . adv mar biol 24 : 1\u201395\narndt a , smith j ( 1998 ) genetic diversity and population structure in two species of sea cucumber : differing patterns according to mode of development . mol ecol 7 : 1053\u20131064 . doi :\navise jc ( 2000 ) phylogeography : the history and formation of species . harvard university press , cambridge\navise jc , arnold j , ball rm jr , bermingham e , lamb t , neigel je et al ( 1987 ) intraspecific phylogeography : the mitochondrial dna bridge between population genetics and systematics . annu rev ecol syst 18 : 489\u2013522\nayre dj , hughes tp ( 2000 ) genotypic diversity and gene flow in brooding and spawning corals along the great barrier reef , australia . evol int j org evol 54 : 1590\u20131605\nbamber rn , el nagar a ( 2008 ) pycnobase : pycnogonida world database .\nbargelloni l , lorenzo z , derome n , lecointre g , patarnello t ( 2000 ) molecular zoography of antarctic euphasiids and notothenioids : from species phylogenies to intraspecific patterns of genetic variation . ant sci 12 ( 3 ) : 259\u2013268 . doi :\nbogomolova ev , malakhov vv ( 2003 ) larvae of sea spiders ( arthropoda , pycnogonida ) from the white sea . entomol rev ( engl transl ) 83 ( 2 ) : 222\u2013236\nclarke a , johnson nm ( 2003 ) antarctic marine benthic diversity . oceanogr mar biol ann rev 41 : 47\u2013114\nclarke a , barnes dka , hodgson da ( 2005 ) how isolated is antarctica ? trends ecol evol 20 : 1\u20133 . doi :\nclement m , posada d , crandall ka ( 2000 ) tcs : a computer program to estimate gene genealogies . mol ecol 9 : 1657\u20131659 . doi :\ncrandall ka , templeton ar , sing cf ( 1994 ) intraspecific phylogenetics : problems and solutions . in : scotland rw , siebert dj , williams dm ( eds ) models in phylogeny reconstruction . systematics association special , vol 52 . clarendon press , oxford , pp 273\u2013297\ndayton pk , robilliard ga , paine rt ( 1970 ) benthic faunal zonation as a result of anchor ice at mcmurdo sound , antarctica . academic press , london\ndell rk ( 1972 ) antarctic benthos . adv mar biol 10 : 1\u2013216 . doi :\nduffy je ( 1993 ) genetic population structure in two tropical sponge - dwelling shrimps that differ in dispersal potential . mar biol ( berl ) 116 : 459\u2013470 . doi :\ndunlop ja , arango cp ( 2005 ) pycnogonid affinities : a review . j zool syst evol res 43 : 8\u201321 . doi :\nfarris js , kallersjo m , kluge ag , bult c ( 1995 ) constructing a significance test for incongruence . syst biol 44 ( 4 ) : 570\u2013572 . doi :\noxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates . mol mar biol biotechnol 3 : 294\u2013299\nfry wg , hedgpeth jw ( 1969 ) pycnogonida . colossendeidae , pycnogonidae , endeidae , ammotheidae . nz dep sci ind res bull part 7 : 1\u2013139\nfu x ( 1996 ) new statistical test of neutrality for dna samples from a population . genetics 143 : 557\u2013570\ngordon i ( 1944 ) pycnogonida . reports of the british . aust nz antarct res expedition b5 : 1\u201372\n, a southern african marine gastropod with lecithotrophic development . mar biol ( berl ) 129 : 123\u2013137 . doi :\nhall ta ( 1999 ) bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt . nucleic acids symp ser 41 : 95\u201398\nhedgpeth jw ( 1947 ) on the evolutionary significance of the pycnogonida . smithsonian miscellaneous collection , 106 : 1\u201353 , 1 pl\n. in : moore rc ( ed ) treatise on invertebrate paleontology , vol . part p , arthropoda 2 . geological society of america and university of kansas press , lawrence , kansas , pp p171\u2013p173\nhedgpeth jw ( 1962 ) introduction to seashore life of the san francisco bay region and the coast of northern california . university of california press , berkeley\n( crustacea , isopoda ) . in : huiskes ahl , giekes wwc , rozema j , schorno rml , van der vies sm , wolff wj ( eds ) antarctic biology in a global context . backhuys publishers , leiden , pp 135\u2013139\nhellberg me ( 1996 ) dependence of gene flow on geographic distance in two solitary corals with different larval dispersal capabilities . evol int j org evol 28 : 1167\u20131175 . doi :\nhempel g ( 1985 ) on the biology of polar seas , particularly the southern ocean . wiley , new york\nhewitt gm ( 1999 ) post - glacial re - colonization of european biota . biol j linn soc 68 : 87\u2013112\nhewitt gm ( 2001 ) speciation , hybrid zones and phylogeography\u2014or seeing genes in space and time . mol ecol 10 ( 3 ) : 537\u2013549 . doi :\nhoskin mg ( 1997 ) effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structure of three species of prosobranch gastropods . mar biol ( berl ) 127 : 647\u2013656 . doi :\nhuelsenbeck jp , ronquist f ( 2001 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees . bioinformatics 1 : 754\u2013755 . doi :\nacross the drake passage in the southern ocean . j hered 99 ( 2 ) : 137\u2013148 . doi :\n( olivi ) ( prosobranchia , mollusca ) . hydrobiologia 193 : 99\u2013108 . doi :\nkumar s , tamura k , nei m ( 2004 ) mega3 : integrated software for molecular evolutionary genetics analysis and sequence alignment . brief bioinform 5 : 150\u2013163 . doi :\nspp . ) with and without pelagic larval dispersal . mar biol ( berl ) 137 : 835\u2013845 . doi :\nmarko p ( 2004 ) \u201cwhat\u2019s larvae got to do with it ? \u201d disparate patterns of post - glacial population structure in two benthic marine gastropods with identical dispersal potential . mol ecol 13 : 597\u2013611 . doi :\nmauchline j ( 1984 ) pycnogonids caught in bathypelagic samples from the rockall trough , northeastern atlantic - ocean . j nat hist 18 ( 2 ) : 315\u2013322 . doi :\nmayr e ( 1970 ) populations , species and evolution : an abridgement of animal species and evolution . harvard university press , cambridge\nmunilla t ( 2001 ) synopsis of the pycnogonids from antarctic and subantarctic waters . polar biology 24 : 941\u2013945\nnakamura k , kano y , suzuki n , namatame t , kosaku a ( 2007 ) 18s rrna phylogeny of sea spiders with emphasis on the position of rhynchothoracidae . mar biol ( berl ) 153 : 213\u2013223 . doi :\nnylander jaa ( 2004 ) mrmodeltest v2 . program distributed by the author . evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university\npalumbi sr , martin ap , romano s , mcmillan wo , stice l , grabowski g ( 1991 ) the simple fool\u2019s guide to pcr . university of hawaii , honolulu\npearse js , bosch i ( 1994 ) brooding in the antarctic : \u00f6stergren had it nearly right . in : david b , guille a , feral j - p , roux m ( eds ) echinoderms through time . b . balkema , rotterdam , pp 111\u2013120\npechenik ja ( 1999 ) on the advantages and disadvantages of larval stages in benthic marine invertebrate life cycles . mar ecol prog ser 177 : 269\u2013297 . doi :\npicken gb ( 1980 ) reproductive adaptations of antarctic benthic invertebrates . biol j linn soc 14 : 67\u201375 . doi :\npoulin e , feral j - p ( 1996 ) why are there so many species of brooding antarctic echinoids ? evol int j org evol 50 : 820\u2013830 . doi :\nrozas j , s\u00e1nchez - delbarrio jc , messeguer x , rozas r ( 2003 ) dnasp , dna polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods . bioinformatics 19 : 2496\u20132497 . doi :\nschneider s , roessli d , excoyer l ( 2000 ) arlequin : a software for population genetics data analysis . university of geneva , geneva\nsimon c , frati f , beckenbach a , crespi b , liu h , flook p ( 1994 ) evolution , weighting and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequence and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers . ann entomol soc am 87 : 651\u2013701\nsimpson rd ( 1977 ) the reproduction of some littoral molluscs from macquarie island ( sub - antarctic ) . mar biol ( berl ) 44 : 135\u2013142 . doi :\nslatkin m ( 1985 ) gene flow in natural populations . annu rev ecol syst 16 : 393\u2013430 . doi :\nsotka ee , palumbi sr ( 2006 ) the use of genetic clines to estimate dispersal distances of marine larvae . ecology 87 ( 5 ) : 1094\u20131103 . doi :\nstewart jr , lister am ( 2001 ) cryptic northern refugia and the origins of the modern biota . trends ecol evol 16 ( 11 ) : 608\u2013613 . doi :\ntajima f ( 1989 ) statistical methods to test for nucleotide mutation hypothesis by dna polymorphism . genetics 123 : 585\u2013595\ntempleton ar ( 1998 ) nested clade analysis of phylogeographic data : testing hypotheses about gene flow and population history . mol ecol 7 : 381\u2013397 . doi :\nthajte s , hillenbrand c - d , larter r ( 2005 ) on the origin of antarctic marine benthic community structure . trends ecol evol 20 : 534\u2013540 . doi :\nthiel m , gutow l ( 2005 ) the ecology of rafting in the marine environment . ii . the rafting organisms and community . oceanogr mar biol ann rev 43 : 279\u2013418\nvermeij gj ( 1978 ) biogeography and adaptation : patterns of marine life . harvard university press , cambridge\nvermeij gj , palmer ar , lindberg dr ( 1990 ) range limits and dispersal of mollusks in the aleutian islands , alaska . veliger 33 : 346\u2013354\nwares jp , cunningham cw ( 2001 ) phylogeography and historical ecology of the north atlantic intertidal . evol int j org evol 55 ( 12 ) : 2455\u20132469\nfrom the atlantic sector of antarctica . mar biol ( berl ) 152 ( 4 ) : 895\u2013904 . doi :\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnymphon gracile leach , 1814 : godet et al . ( 2010 ) [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] godet , l . , le mao , p . , grant , c . & olivier , f . 2010 . marine invertebrate fauna of the chausey archipelago : an annotated checklist of historical data from 1828 to 2008 . cahiers de biologie marine , 51 : 147 - 165 .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nnymphon gracilipes miers , 1875 : miers ( 1875 ) : 76 . [ description originale ] miers , e . j . 1875 . descriptions of new species of crustacea collected at kerguelen ' s island by the rev . a . e . eaton . annals and magazine of natural history , 16 ( 91 ) : 73 - 76 . [ urltoken ]\nmiers ( 1875 ) : 76 . [ statut pour les \u00eeles subantarctiques ] miers , e . j . 1875 . descriptions of new species of crustacea collected at kerguelen ' s island by the rev . a . e . eaton . annals and magazine of natural history , 16 ( 91 ) : 73 - 76 . [ urltoken ]\nmunilla et al . ( 2009 ) : 104 . [ statut pour les \u00eeles subantarctiques ] munilla , t . , & soler membrives , a . 2009 . check - list of the pycnogonids from antarctic and sub - antarctic waters : zoogeographic implications . antarctic science , 21 ( 02 ) : 99 - 111 .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\nauthor _ text : pushkin , a . f . , 1993 display _ name : nymphon pseudogracilis pushkin , a . f . , 1993 nomenclatural _ code : iczn scientific _ name : nymphon pseudogracilis source _ authority : col 2011 checklist valid _ catalog _ term _ fg : 1\ncanonical name : nymphon pseudogracilis name string : nymphon pseudogracilis pushkin , a . f . , 1993\ncanonical name : nymphon pseudogracilis name string : nymphon pseudogracilis a . f . pushkin , 1993\nbarnes , 1968 elliot et al . , 1990 hayward and ryland , 1990 helfer , 1936 king and crapp , 1971 king , 1974 meisenheimer , 1928 sars , 1891\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe fauna wetland indicator species list ( wisl ) has been compiled to support the determination of whether a site is a wetland . wetland indicator species ( wis ) have adapted to living in wetlands and are dependent on them for all or part of their lives . some spend a major part of their life there , whereas others only use them for critical stages of their life cycle , such as breeding and larval development .\nthe presence of a wis at a site does not , in itself , confirm the site to be a wetland , but is one line of evidence towards determining the wetland status of a site .\nspecies are dependent on water and need to be immersed in water , or floating upon water , for their total life cycle .\nrequire water for most of their life cycle stages or for a critical stage in their development .\nthe wisl includes mainly the more common fauna species . most rare species and all vagrant fauna species have not been included . species , other than those listed , may also be wetland indicator species for a certain locality given expert recommendation and reliable site specific data .\nmost marine species are also not included in the wisl as the wetland definition excludes marine water more than 6m below low tide .\nknowledge of the species geographic distribution and behaviour will aid interpretation of some recorded observations . expert advice may be required when wis are recorded in an area without other identifiable wetland characteristics as the species may be :\ntravelling between wetlands ( e . g . crayfish , eels , crocodiles and birds )\nusing adjacent non - wetland habitat for a period of their life cycle or lifestyle ( e . g . chelidae freshwater turtles laying eggs on dry ground )\nforced into less preferred non - wetland habitat due to overpopulation pressures ( e . g . swamp rat ) .\nthe species groupings below are divided into subgroupings which contain species with similar habitat needs and behaviours . the wis lists have been grouped in 7 tables and are all at a species level except for insects and spiders .\nthere is little knowledge about queensland\u2019s freshwater crustaceans . expertise should be sought when using class crustacea as a wetland indicator species as some species are considered amphibious during their life cycle and may appear outside the wetland environment .\nthis section includes only the macro freshwater crustacean species within class crustacea , order decapoda and family either palaemondae ( freshwater crabs ) or parastacidae ( freshwater crayfish ) .\nall wild fish\u2014chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fish ) and osteichthyes ( bony fish ) \u2014recognised as recorded within queensland are considered to be wis , depending on their typical habitat\u2019s physical characteristics as compared to those described in the queensland wetland program wetland definition .\nthe fish species in this list largely belong to the freshwater fish that are bed spawners ( demersal ) with the non - floating eggs sinking to the water column bed or adhering to submerged rocks or vegetation .\nother fish ( diadromus ) are dependent on estuarine and lower freshwater habitat early in their life cycles . the free floating young then move from the estuarine to the marine environment for their mature lives either breeding at sea or returning to estuarine or freshwater environments to breed .\nsome species move downstream to breed in the brackish water or even seawater and then migrate upstream ( catadromous ) . examples of these are australian perch and barramundi .\nmore extensive queensland fish species lists are available from the department of agriculture and fisheries ) . queensland\u2019s watercourses and estuaries are populated by freshwater and estuarine elasmobranchs ( rays , bull sharks , sawfish ) . the taxonomy , distribution and status of these creatures are poorly known and because of this expert guidance is essential if considering these as wetland indicator species .\nnote that species that may spend a part of their life in a marine environment are outside the scope of this guideline .\nthese creatures live most of their lives in aquatic ecosystems and are therefore considered wetland indicators .\nfrogs are amphibians , usually going through 3 distinct life cycle stages from eggs to aquatic larvae ( tadpole ) and air breathing adults . expert opinion should be sought as these animals may live at least one stage of their life cycle outside wetland habitats . the frog species selected for these lists are the most hydrophilic frog species whose life cycle fits within the queensland wetlands program wetland definition ( animals that are adapted to and dependent on living in wet conditions for at least part of their life cycle ) .\nthese frog species are considered to live an entirely aquatic life . one species is noted as being in seepage areas . as most members of the family microhylidae lay eggs on the land and are arboreal or terrestrial\nthese species do not spend all life stages ( egg , tadpole or maturity ) within the aquatic environment . these species can be indicators of wetland conditions , but require expert interpretation of their associations with wetlands .\nfor these species , the aquatic environment is essential for the early life stages ( egg and tadpole ) , and the mature stage is not aquatic but burrowed except for breeding events . therefore , these species are only an indicator for possible wetland conditions in the egg and tadpole stages , and during breeding events .\nthe birds listed in the following tables are selected for their close relationship with wetlands . to assist with identification , the lists have been divided into categories of species that share similar behaviour and habitats .\nthese lists include species that are easy to identify but are not complete lists of wetland species . uncommon and vagrant species are not included . it is important to note that some species in these lists may be recorded out of wetland habitats because they migrate or move during dry periods . this does not interfere with their status of wetland indicators but means that data used as wetland indication may require expert interpretation .\nit is also important to recognise that while most wader birds breed in wetlands of the northern hemisphere , they remain faithful to wetland sites when in australia .\nthese species are wetland specialists but do not spend their entire life in the water environment .\ndownload a list of all fauna wetland indicator species ( except insect and spider ) in . csv format\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nwe obtained the nucleotide sequence of 18s rdna of nymphonella tapetis , a pycnogonid endoparasitic on some bivalves , together with that of other species belonging to ascorhynchidae hoek , 1881 . the phylogenetic tree based on these sequences as well as those of selected species from a database strongly supports the monophyly of ascorhynchidae and the inclusion of nymphonella in the family . nymphonella seems to be an aberrant form in the ascorhynchidae , but multi - gene analysis with more species is required for the exact determination of the taxonomic position of the genus .\nin this study we used the nucleotide sequences of 18s rrna with a selected taxon - sampling for analysis to discuss the taxonomic position of nymphonella in ascorhynchidae .\n( adult male , off kii - nagashima , mie , no further data ) .\ngenomic dna was isolated from absolute ethanol - preserved specimens using ez1 dna tissue kit ( qiagen , valencia , ca , usa ) . depending of the size of specimens , a whole leg or a part of leg was cut off from body , and macerated with a plastic pestle in a\ntube containing the lysis buffer ( buffer g2 ) and proteinase k . the tubes were then kept at\nuntil the tissues were completely lysed . isolation of genomic dna was performed using ez1 advanced instrument ( qiagen ) according to the manufacturer\u2019s instructions .\nfor pcr amplification , 10 ng of genomic dna was used for each reaction . amplification was made in a\nfor kod fx neo and 0 . 5 unit of dna polymerase ( kod fx neo ; toyobo , tokyo , japan ) . amplification of the 18s rrna region was carried out using primers 18su and 18sl (\n. the dna fragments were separated with electrophoresed in a 0 . 7 % agarose gel , and were purified using qiaquick gel extraction kit ( qiagen ) . nucleotide sequences were determined with an abi 3730 dna analyzer ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca , usa ) using a bigdye terminator v3 . 1 cycle sequencing kit ( applied biosystems ) . sequences produced in this study are deposited in ddbj / embl / genbank as follows ;\n) . there were a total of 1435 positions containing with gaps in the final dataset and missing data were eliminated . the evolutionary history was inferred by using the maximum likelihood ( ml ) method based on the\nwith mega6 . initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically by applying neighbor - joining ( nj ) and bionj algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the maximum composite likelihood approach , and then selecting the topology with superior log likelihood value . the tree is drawn to scale , with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site . ml bootstrap values were determined using 1000 replicates . we also performed the nj method (\n) using same data set and calculated bootstrap values ( 1000 replicates ) . nucleotide sequences of 18s rrna from\nthe phylogenetic tree by the nucleotide sequences of 18s rrna using the ml method is shown in fig . 1 . the identical tree - topology was obtained with the nj method .\nphylogenetic relationships of sea spiders deduced from the ml method using nuclear encoding 18s rdna gene partial sequences . the tree with the highest log likelihood\nis shown . the sequences determined in the present study are indicated by closed circle . numbers above branches indicate bootstrap values of ml ( left ) and nj ( right ) analysis .\nthe traditional taxonomic system of pycnogonids was based on gross morphology , particularly the presence / absence of head appendages ( stock , 1994 ; bamber , 2007 ) . recent analyses using modern techniques , however , reveal that some of the families are apparently polyphyletic ( arango , 2002 , 2003 ; arango and wheeler , 2007 ; nakamura et al . , 2007 ) . isolation of ascorhynchus and eurycyde from their traditional placement in ammotheidae was well supported by morphology , molecules , and their combined analyses ( arango , 2002 ; arango and wheeler , 2007 ; nakamura et al . , 2007 ) .\nnakamura et al . ( 2007 ) revived ascorhynchidae for the two genera although their tree showed a paraphyletic ascorhynchus . arabi et al . ( 2010 ) pointed out , however , that the paraphyletic pattern was due to the mis - rooting probably due to an inappropriate selection of out - group . in this study , the phylogenetic tree by the nucleotide sequences of 18s rrna shows a very high support for the ascorhynchus - eurycyd - clade both in the ml and the nj methods ( fig . 1 ) . the monophyly of the family was not strongly supported by 18s - based analyses of chow et al . ( 2012 ) . it was presumed that a high similarity of sequences of out - group species suppressed the probabilities and bootstrap values in their tree ( nei and kumar , 2000 ) .\nin pycnogonids , the taxon sampling and the sequences are still not sufficient for a detailed phylogenetic reconstruction . in addition , more biological information is required for an appropriate evaluation on the evolution of their traits , e . g . , endoparasitism in n . tapetis .\nthe authors would like to thank dr . masato kiyomoto and dr . mamiko hirose , tateyama marine laboratory , marine and coastal research center , ochanomizu university for their kind assistance in providing some materials . this study was supported by jsps kakenhi grant - in - aid for scientific research ( b ) , no . 26292105 . this paper is dedicated to the memory of the late dr . roger n . bamber , a great inquirer of the various aspects in pycnogonid biology .\nthe last of the arctic voyages , being a narrative of the expedition of hms assitance . under the command of captain sir edward belcher\nnouvelle signalisation du genre nymphonella ohshima \u00e0 banyuls - sur - mer : nymphonella lecalvezi n . sp .\nspecial section i : on marine cheliceriforms \u2013 in memory of roger bamber , from a symposium at the 8th international crustacean congress , 18 - 23 august 2014 , frankfurt am main , germany , guest - edited by claudia j . arango\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription ."]}
{"id": 1771, "summary": [{"text": "bore head was one of queensland \u2019s best staying thoroughbred racehorses with wins in five cups , the ipswich , queensland , caulfield , australian and doomben .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "he was a bay colt foaled in 1959 by double bore ( gb ) , his dam , mauna kea was by brimstone ( gb ) .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "bore head 's half brother hillside , by todman , was another useful galloper .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "brother and sister robert chaplain and carmel burke owned hillside and bore head , trained by d. judd and ron dillon .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "bore head won the 1963 queensland cup with fred clarke in the saddle , carrying just 7 stone 1 pound , defeating booberanna , 1964 ipswich cup ( dead-heat with isaacson ) , 1965 caulfield cup , 1965 qtc moreton handicap , 1965 qtc sir winston churchill stakes and in 1967 the australian cup and the doomben cup .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "he was placed in several other top staying races including the brisbane cup and moonee valley cup ( twice ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after winning the doomben cup bore head had a further 31 race starts without a victory .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after winning the 1965 caulfield cup , many thought he stood a good chance in the melbourne cup of that year ( won by light fingers , trained by bart cummings ) .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "but he lost his chance when the horse in front of him fell , taking bore head and another horse down in a three-horse tumble .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "jockey fred clarke was convinced that bore head was on his way to winning the cup that day .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the following year he placed twelfth in the race behind another cummings trained horse , red handed . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "bore head", "paragraphs": ["the diamond bore head is a component from the railcraft mod . this component is used to operate the tunnel bore properly . it is the piece that allows the bore to break blocks , like the iron bore head and the steel bore head . this bore head has a durability of 6000 , and allows the tunnel bore to mine obsidian . this head mines blocks 40 % faster than the iron bore head .\ndiamond bore head is an item added by the railcraft mod . it is a type of bore head , and each tunnel bore needs one of these to properly function . the diamond bore head has a durability of 6 , 000 ( enough for a tunnel bore to mine a 700 block - long passageway ) and can mine obsidian . the diamond bore head mines 40 % faster than the iron bore head .\nthe steel bore head is the next greatest bore head . it has 3000 uses , twice as many as the iron bore head , and breaks blocks 20 % faster . it can dig a tunnel more than 330 blocks long .\nthe diamond bore head is the best bore head available , costing 9 diamonds due to the diamond block in the crafting recipe . with 6000 uses , it can dig a tunnel more than 660 blocks long . also , it is 40 % faster than the iron bore head . this is the only bore head that can mine obsidian .\nthe iron bore head is the first tier of bore heads . it is the cheapest , yet the slowest and with the least durability . an iron bore head can dig 1500 blocks before breaking , enough to dig a tunnel more than 160 blocks long .\noops . . . there aren ' t any events involving bore head . you can help by contributing .\nit goes in the head slot of the tunnel bore ' s gui . it will begin mining as soon as it has a head , tracks , fuel , and ballast .\noops . . . we don ' t have any stories , photos or videos about bore head . you can help by contributing .\n. they are the components that allow the tunnel bore to dig . there are 3 types of bore heads : iron , steel , and diamond .\n3 - point bore gaging system . . . for accurate and precise measurement of internal diameters .\nthroughout my childhood my mom packed boar ' s head sandwiches in my lunchbox . now , i am creating wonderful memories for my family by serving the same delicious boar ' s head sandwiches . it ' s a tradition built with love .\ns head is proud to now be served in select supermarkets , gourmet stores and delicatessens throughout the usa and puerto rico .\nby clicking sign up i agree to receive news , promotions and information from boar ' s head . see our privacy policy\nsign up for our dish worthy newsletter to stay up to date on the latest boar ' s head products , recipes , and entertaining ideas .\ntriga - bore is the result of over 30 years of design and manufacture of 3 - point bore gaging systems . ideal for solving internal diameter measurement problems on the shop floor and inspection areas , the system is available in a large measuring range for specific applications . mechanical and electronic dial gages as well as linear probes can be used as specified .\n- true - bore heads have a large measuring range and are supplied with fixed anvils eliminating operator error . 24 heads cover . 236\n- 7 . 87\n( 6 - 200mm ) range .\nwe ' re a boar ' s head household . although i do all the grocery shopping for the family and all the cooking yet don ' t eat meat . i still buy the best for my family !\naustralia . title reads ' bore head wins in exciting finish ' . gv . crowded stands at caulfield racecourse , australia . various shots of racecourse crowds , boards , bookies . various shots from the starting stalls , the caulfield cup race gets under way . a close finish of the race showing bore head winning the race . ms . winner receiving the trophy . ( comb . f . g . ) date found in the old record 29 / 10 / 1965 . film id : 3140 . 27 a video from british path\u00e9 . explore our online channel , british path\u00e9 tv . it ' s full of great documentaries , fascinating interviews , and classic movies . urltoken for licensing enquiries visit urltoken british path\u00e9 also represents the reuters historical collection , which includes more than 120 , 000 items from the news agencies gaumont graphic ( 1910 - 1932 ) , empire news bulletin ( 1926 - 1930 ) , british paramount ( 1931 - 1957 ) , and gaumont british ( 1934 - 1959 ) , as well as visnews content from 1957 to the end of 1979 . all footage can be viewed on the british path\u00e9 website . urltoken\nboar ' s head meats are the bomb ! i ' ve been eating them since i was a teenager . i love the roast beef and cajun turkey ! all of them actually . and their cheeses are equally good especially pepper jack and sharp cheddar ! huge fan . . .\nregarded as the best handicap stayer produced in queensland winning five cups - ipswich , queensland , caulfield , australian and doomben . his overall record is unfair because he had 31 starts after taking the 1967 doomben cup without winning . he was placed in several other top staying races including the brisbane cup and moonee valley cup ( twice ) . however , his best effort was winning the 1965 caulfield cup when he spanked the ultimate melbourne cup runner - up ziema . his jockey fred clarke went to his grave swearing he would have won the 1965 melbourne cup had he not fallen . throughout bore head ' s career he was trained by r . dillon and d . judd .\n/ home / queensla / public _ html / system / plugins / pi . linkage . php\nham embodies the american epicurean spirit and honors the bourbon - making legacy this region is known for .\nmasterfully crafted and patiently smoked with reclaimed charred oak bourbon barrel wood chips for a refined bourbon flavor . view all recipes\nuncured smoked ham pairs perfectly with a mildly sweet fig jam and sharp wisconsin cheddar for an unexpected twist on a breakfast classic .\nuncured smoked ham is paired with grilled vegetables and a light vinaigrette for the perfect summer pasta salad .\nuncured smoked ham . the subtle notes of sweet and savory are sure to make it an instant favorite .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\n- unique system design requires only two handles to accommodate the entire range of 24 heads .\n- accurate calibration and linearity checks can also be made using flexbar ' s calibrated ring gages .\ncart contains ( { { shoppingcart . totalquantity } } item ( s ) :\nwould you like to receive emails from flexbar about new products , special offers and events ? of course you do ! use this simple form to submit your email address today .\nfor ieee to continue sending you helpful information on our products and services , please consent to our updated privacy policy .\na not - for - profit organization , ieee is the world ' s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity . \u00a9 copyright 2018 ieee - all rights reserved . use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions .\nthis page was last edited on 8 march 2016 , at 00 : 02 .\ncontent is available under cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . game content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of their respective publisher and its licensors . all rights reserved . this site is a part of curse , inc . and is not affiliated with the game publisher .\n9 jul - ftb continuum v1 . 4 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n5 jul - ftb revelation v2 . 2 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n20 jun - ftb horizons iii v1 . 8 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n20 jun - ftb revelation v1 . 2 . 0 beta * is now available on our launcher and twitch app ! changelogs / server files : \u2026 urltoken\n14 jun - back in march , the ftb team travelled to los angeles to take part in the minefaire convention . there we showed off\u2026 urltoken\nthis page was last modified on 1 january 2017 , at 04 : 19 . content is available under creative commons by - nc - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted .\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nsteve , i know you are not resting in peace . i know you ' re with us . support hr - 200 groundswell - opposing catch share embezzlements for the gulf of alaska\nsupport small boat fishermen . support hr - 200 - book review - rough waters : our north pacific small fishermen ' s battle\nliberals heads are going to explode ! happening now : nunes wants president trump to declassify all documents on the fisa warrants used to spy on trump\u2019s campaign . he believes the warrants were \u2018100 percent fraudulent\u2019 ! thank you \u2066\nmesothelioma victims center urges any commercial fisherman with mesothelioma due to asbestos exposure to call .\nsorry , andy , i am absolutely * not * buying that graph . it ' s fraudulent . it shows lots of recent years warmer than 1998 , which is wildly different than uah satellite data . also , there is * no * way that the last 2 decades were that much warmer than 1930 - 1950 .\ndirty cops andrew weissmann and robert mueller hacked the code and broke into paul manafort ' s storage locker . they then gave 2 ap reporters the code to manafort ' s locker . ap reporters broke in , reported on the contents in a news story , thus giving mueller goods to get a warrant\n\u201cboth memos say the ap revealed a code number to access the unit . \u201d hahahah holy shit , reporters view themselves as deputies of the fbi .\nhundreds of men working tirelessly in risky conditions to save these boys . humanity at its very best .\nalexandria ocasio - cortez just changed bio on campaign website after most politicians will lie , cheat and steal to further their political aspirations . she is just another in the herd\nlet your friends , family and co - workers know . if trump nominates a right - wing reactionary to the supreme court , as is widely expected , we must mobilize the american people to defeat that nomination .\n/ trump - has - outsourced - his - supreme - court - 13056987 . php\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in ."]}
{"id": 1774, "summary": [{"text": "the greater horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) is a european bat of the rhinolophus genus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "its distribution covers europe , africa , south asia and australia .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it is the largest of the european horseshoe bats and is thus easily distinguished from other species .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species is sedentary , typically travelling up to 30 km between the winter and summer roosts , with the longest recorded movement being 180 km .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the species is notable as having the oldest recorded age for any european bat , with a bat living for over 30 years .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the frequencies used by this bat species for echolocation lie between 69 \u2013 83 khz , have most energy at 81 khz and have an average duration of 37.4 ms.", "topic": 25}], "title": "greater horseshoe bat", "paragraphs": ["can be distinguished from the lesser horseshoe bat by size . the forearm of the greater horseshoe bat is longer than 45mm .\nthe photograph on the left shows an adult greater horseshoe bat with an offspring .\nparentage , reproductive success and breeding behaviour in the greater horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) .\nthe greater horseshoe bat prefers traditionally managed farmland , with grazing pasture and broad - leaved woodland .\nlynn , jennifer .\ninteresting facts about the greater horseshoe bat\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nlynn , jennifer .\ninteresting facts about the greater horseshoe bat .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / interesting - greater - horseshoe - bat - 5547 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nlongley m ( 2003 ) greater horseshoe bat project 1998\u20132003 . english nature report no . 532 . natural england , uk\nlynn , jennifer . ( n . d . ) . interesting facts about the greater horseshoe bat . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / interesting - greater - horseshoe - bat - 5547 . html\nbat conservation trust . ( 2000 ) . greater horseshoe bat : rhinolophus ferrumequinum . [ internet ] , london , bat conservation trust . available from : urltoken . [ accessed 20 january 2001 ] .\n\u0095 the photograph on the left shows a typical habitat of greater horseshoe bats .\ngb - level population trends for greater horseshoe bat from the hibernation survey and the roost count are shown on this page .\nthe diet of greater horseshoe bats mainly consists of lepidoptera and coleoptera ( vaughan , 1997 ) . greater horseshoe bats forage using perch - hunting , hawking and gleaning strategies .\nrossiter sj , burland tm , jones g , barratt em . characterization of microsatellite loci in the greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum .\naverage values for a greater horseshoe bat echolocation call , as given by vaughan et al . ( 1997 ) , are listed below :\nthe photograph on the left shows cockchafer remains found beneath a feeding perch of greater horseshoe bats .\ncharacteristics of 38 microsatellite loci , used in parentage analysis , when amplified in greater horseshoe bats .\npopulation trends are also calculated for greater horseshoe bat at a country - level for england and wales . this species is not found in scotland .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - greater horseshoe bat hunting and feeding\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - greater horseshoe bat hunting and feeding\ntitle =\narkive video - greater horseshoe bat hunting and feeding\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - greater horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - greater horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum )\ntitle =\narkive species - greater horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are approximately 100 species of horseshoe bats which belong to the rhinolophus genus . the single species of greater horseshoe bats , or rhinolophus ferrumequinum , is the largest species of horseshoe bats , who get their names from the facial flesh that resembles the horseshoe .\nmaximum age recorded in europe is 30 years ( schober & grimmberger , 1989 ) . greater horseshoe bats have the longest recorded age of any european bat .\nthe greater horseshoe bat is one of britain ' s largest , found in southwest england and south wales . it is also found in north africa and asia . the species is known for its unique mouth structure and monogamous mating habits . the greater horseshoe bat population is declining , making conservation efforts a priority .\n\u0095 the greater horseshoe bat is listed in the uk biodiversity action plan and is one of the rarest mammal species in the united kingdom . the main threats facing greater horseshoe bats are the loss of roost sites and foraging areas ( duverg\u00e9 & jones , 2003 )\nthis complex of abandoned stone mines provides suitable hibernation conditions for a range of bat species and has a long history of usage by greater horseshoe bats rhinolophus ferrumequinum .\ndepartment of the environment and energy ( doee ) 2017 . rhinolophus philippinensis greater large - eared horseshoe bat in species profile and threats database . doee , canberra .\n( least horseshoe bat ) with cross - amplification in five related species . cons gen 10 : 597\u2013600 .\nas part of the devon greater horseshoe bat project , a camera has been installed in one of our large greater horseshoe roosts . you can see some fantastic live footage on the website of the bats in the roost . the best time to watch it is just before sunset when the bats are flying around inside the roost in preparation to emerge for the night . visit the devon greater horseshoe bat project website to view the live footage .\nthe british population of greater horseshoe bats has declined and is now very fragmented . analysis by rossiter et al . ( 2000b ) showed that welsh populations of greater horseshoe bats are genetically isolated and have relatively low genetic variation .\nthe echolocation call of greater horseshoe bats is constant frequency with a frequency modulated component at the start and end .\n\u0095 greater horseshoe bats are on the verge of becoming a threatened species worldwide ( iucn status , 2001 ) .\nthe greater horseshoe bat is found in central and southern europe but has declined significantly in northern europe . in the uk it is restricted to southern england and south wales .\n) . our first objective was to investigate the effects of climate and land - use changes on greater horseshoe bat populations . we tested the hypothesis that targeted aess would benefit\nransome rd ( 1991 ) greater horseshoe bat . in : corbet gb hs , editor . the handbook of british mammals . oxford : blackwell scientific . pp . 88\u201394 .\nrossiter , s . , j . jones , r . ransome , e . barratt . 2000 . genetic variation and population structure in the endangered greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrmequinum .\nthe greater horseshoe bat earned the title of greater because it is larger than other species of horseshoe bats , which are sometimes called lesser horseshoe bats . the greater horseshoe bat weighs up to 34 grams or about 1 . 2 ounces , and has a body length of 58 to 70 millimeters or 2 . 3 to 2 . 7 inches . this is considerably larger than the lesser horseshoe bats , who may weigh only 5 to 9 grams , or about one - third of an ounce with a body length of 35 to 45 millimeters or approximately 1 1 / 2 to 2 inches .\nthis site in south - west wales contains the main hibernation site for the population associated with pembrokeshire bat sites csac . it may thus be used by up to 5 . 5 % of the uk population of greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum .\nduverg\u00e9 p , jones g ( 1994 ) greater horseshoe bats\u2014activity , foraging behaviour and habitat use . br wildl 6 : 69\nfew species of bats practice fidelity when it comes to mating , but some female greater horseshoe bats return to the same male season after season within polygamous colonies . observed colonies with tagged female greater horseshoe bats have proven that many females mate with the same male during several mating seasons . after a 75 day gestation period , the female horseshoe bat gives birth to one baby bat while hanging upside down and catches her offspring in her wings .\nmarked in blue on the diagram above is a typical foraging path of greater horseshoe bats ( based on russ , 1999 ) .\nransome rd ( 1995 ) earlier breeding shortens life in female greater horseshoe bats . phil trans r soc b 350 : 153\u2013161 .\ncollins j ( 2016 ) bat surveys for professional ecologists : good practice guidelines , 3rd edn . the bat conservation trust , london\nthe greater horseshoe bat ' s name precisely describes the animal ' s most distinct characteristic . the species '\nhorseshoe\nis the u - shaped structure surrounding the bat ' s nose . also called a noseleaf , this fleshy facial feature enhances echolocation , a process that the bat uses to navigate distance and locate prey . the bat makes noises that vibrate and amplify through the nostrils and off the noseleaf , then travels and bounce off surrounding objects , giving the bat direction and leading it to insects to eat .\nthis site in southern england includes the hibernation sites associated with 15 % of the uk greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum population and is selected on the basis of the importance of this exceptionally large overwintering population .\nransome rd ( 2008 ) greater horseshoe bat . in : harris s , yalden dw ( eds ) mammals of the british isles : handbook , 4th edn . the mammal society , southampton , pp 298\u2013306\nthe greater horseshoe bat is rare in the uk with a distribution restricted to south - west england and south wales . it is absent from scotland and northern ireland . it is also recorded in the channel islands .\nknown threats to this bat are roost destruction and disturbance . two mines used by the greater large - eared horseshoe bat as roosts have been disturbed or destroyed . it is also suspected that human roost disturbance of roosts and over - collection from well - known colony sites is affecting the species .\ntrends from both the hibernation survey and roost count show a statistically significant increase in the smoothed population index since the baseline year . overall the population of greater horseshoe bat in great britain is considered to have increased since 1999 .\nnocturnally active , the greater large - eared horseshoe bat captures insects ( beetles and moths ) from the air or surfaces during flight . their flight is slow and fluttery . it lands to rest and to consume its prey .\na recovery plan for cave - dwelling bats , rhinolophus philippinensis , hipposideros semoni and taphozous troughtoni 2001 - 2005 has been developed . the recovery plan outlines management actions for the conservation of the greater large - eared horseshoe bat .\ncitation : ward hl , ransome rd , jones g , rossiter sj ( 2014 ) determinants and patterns of reproductive success in the greater horseshoe bat during a population recovery . plos one 9 ( 2 ) : e87199 . urltoken\nbritain\u2019s population of some 10 , 000 greater horseshoe bats ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) was until recently restricted to south and west wales and south - west england .\nransome rd ( 1989 ) population - changes of greater horseshoe bats studied near bristol over the past 26 years . biol j linn soc 38 : 71\u201382 .\nfrom all years for which data are available ( 1990 - 2016 ) , counts from 201 sites contribute to the overall trend analysis ( sites surveyed in two or more years with greater horseshoe bat recorded in at least one year ) .\nthe distribution of paternities and maternities awarded at > 80 % confidence to a ) 135 breeding males , and b ) 216 breeding females respectively , in the woodchester mansion greater horseshoe bat population over a period of 19 years ( 1993\u20132011 ) .\ninventoried in the uk under the national bat monitoring programme ( walsh et al .\nis easily identified by a horseshoe - shaped flap of skin surrounding the nostrils .\nforaging habitat management - suitable habitat for foraging should be maintained and where possible expanded within 2 km of roost sites . in the case of the greater horseshoe bat , good habitat includes broadleaved woodland and unimproved grassland , rather than coniferous woodland or improved grazing .\nthis horseshoe bat has very large ears and a yellow or grey noseleaf . its large ear length distinguishes it from the eastern horseshoe - bat , rhinolophus megaphyllus , which has smaller ears . its fur is grey to brown on the back and slightly lighter on the belly . it can weigh between 8 . 3 \u2013 16 . 2 g .\nduring the day the bat roosts in caves and mines with high humidity . they often can be found roosting alongside eastern horseshoe - bats . a single young is born in november .\nis the largest horseshoe bat in europe ( schober and grimmberger , 1997 ) . its most distinctive feature is the upper saddle process or noseleaf , the upper part of which is pointed while the lower part is horseshoe shaped ( nowak , 1994 ) . tooth and bone structures distinguish\n) , these recommendations will also be highly beneficial for other bat species ( boughey et al .\nmccracken gf , bradbury jw . paternity and genetic heterogeneity in the polygynous bat , phyllostomus hastatus .\nas its population has started to recover , individuals and small colonies have been recorded as far away as north wales and sussex . unlike the lesser horseshoe bat , it is absent from ireland .\n) emphasized the weak influence of climate for explaining local , long - term bat population trends . similarly , when assessing bat species richness and community composition at a regional scale mehr et al . (\nthe greater large - eared horseshoe bat can be found in north queensland , from townsville to cape york . the smaller form ( sometimes referred to as r . philippinensis achilles ) is restricted to the more northerly parts of the species ' distribution , on iron range and mcilwraith range on cape york .\nthe greater horseshoe bat population of northern europe has declined significantly over the last 100 years ( an estimated decline of 90 % ) , such that the uk population is now restricted to south west england and wales ( although occasional specimens are recorded elsewhere ) . there are currently 35 recognised maternity ( and all year ) roosts and 369 hibernation roosts in the country , with the population estimated to be between 4 , 000 and 6 , 600 individuals . internationally , the greater horseshoe bat occurs throughout the area between the atlantic coast of europe and japan , but the population appears to be declining almost everywhere .\ngreater horseshoe bats ' median emergence is 25 minutes after sunset ( jones & rydell , 1994 ) and they return to the roost 5 - 30 minutes before sunrise ( duverg\u00e9 and jones , 1994 ) .\ndietz m , pir jb , hillen j ( 2013 ) does the survival of greater horseshoe bats and geoffroy\u2019s bats in western europe depend on traditional cultural landscapes ? biodivers conserv 22 : 3007\u20133025 . doi :\nchanges in male reproductive skew ( filled circles ) and cohort size ( open circles ) through time in the woodchester mansion greater horseshoe bat population . because adult females maximally produce one offspring per year , the number of pups born is a proxy for the colony size , which in turn reflects the population size .\nwalsh al , catto cmc , hutson am , racey pa , richardson pw , langton sd ( 2001 ) the uk\u2019s national bat monitoring programme : final report 2001 . the bat conservation trust , london , uk\nmells valley in southern england is selected on the basis of the size of its exceptional breeding population . it contains the maternity site associated with a population comprising about 12 % of the uk greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum population . a proportion of the population also hibernates at the site , though other hibernation sites remain unknown .\nthis site in south - west wales supports approximately 9 . 5 % of the uk greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum population . it represents the species at the north - western extremity of its range . the site contains a mixture of maternity , transitory and hibernation sites and so demonstrates good conservation of features required for survival .\nbat species in the european alps reveals contrasting implications for conservation . biodivers conserv 22 : 2751\u20132766 . doi :\nthis complex of sites on the border between england and wales represents greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the northern part of its range , with about 6 % of the uk population . the site contains the main maternity roost for bats in this area , which are believed to hibernate in the many disused mines in the forest .\n\u0095 a study by duverg\u00e9 and jones ( 1994 ) found that greater horseshoe bats preferred the following habitats ( in descending order ) : pastures with cattle ( either single / mixed stock ) , ancient semi - woodland and pastures with non - cattle stock . woodlands and pasture close to woodland were used to a greater extent in spring and early summer while pasture was predominantly used in summer . rides , footpaths , hedges and treelines were used by greater horseshoe bats when flying in these feeding areas . the bats were generally less than 2m away from these structures .\nthe greater horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) is the larger of the two horseshoe bats found in britain . they are so - named from the horseshoe shaped nose ' leaf ' , used as part of the bat ' s echolocation system . the ears are leaf - shaped and have a sharply pointed tip . the fur is thick , and coloured ash - grey above , and buff underneath . bats are not blind as was once popularly thought . they have good eyesight but rely on their echolocation to navigate and to detect their insect prey . they emit a succession of high - pitched squeaks and judge their position and the location of their prey from the reflected echoes .\ninstall bat gates , fences or develop other appropriate protective systems to prevent human disturbance of roost and maternity sites .\nduverg\u00e9 p , jones g ( 2003 ) habitat use by greater horseshoe bats . in : tattersall f , manley w ( eds ) conservation and conflict : mammals and farming in britain . westbury publishing , west yorkshire , pp 64\u201381\nthe greater horseshoe bat is a relatively large species by british standards ( forearm : 51 - 59 mm ; head and body : 56 - 68 mm ; wingspan : 360 mm ; weight : 13 - 34 g ) , with medium to light brown fur ( often greyer and paler on the animals underside ) , a horseshoe nose - leaf and long legs ( with which it hangs from its roost , often with its wing wrapped around its body ) .\nracey , p . 1982 . ecology of bat reproduction . pp . 57 - 93 in t kruz , ed .\n\u0095 in order to protect greater horseshoe bat colonies , duverg\u00e9 & jones ( 2003 ) suggest that permanently grazed pastures should not be ploughed and used from arable crops and that woodland and hedgerows should be retained . hedegrows should be approximately 4m high and 2 - 3m wide and should not be intensively trimmed . important habitats within 4km of roost sites should be preserved .\neffect size and significance of each fixed variable added to a general linear mixed model built to describe male and female reproductive success respectively in the woodchester mansion greater horseshoe population . mx denotes model number , n denotes sample size , na \u2018not applicable\u2019 ,\nthe 919 maternities assigned during the period between 1993 and 2011 were shared among 216 individual females . female greater horseshoe bats showed considerable variation in total reproductive success among breeding females across the 19 year period , which ranged from one to eighteen pups (\nthe greater horseshoe bat has declined by over 90 percent in numbers during the last 100 years . this is due largely to habitat loss , caused by modern intensive farming methods . the destruction of woods , roosting sites , old pastureland , and the use of chemical insecticides , which have seriously reduced the abundance of their insect prey , have all contributed to this decline .\n( rhinolophidae , chiroptera ) and their cross - utility in 17 other bat species . mol ecol notes 4 : 96\u2013100 .\n) . this case study based on a light - intolerant bat species also highlights another major challenge for bat conservationists : the impact of light pollution on photophobic species at a landscape scale . previous studies have shown that one of the most common mitigation measures for reducing alan , switching street lights off after midnight , fails to mitigate its negative effect on light - intolerant bat species including\ngreater horseshoe bats are declining in numbers in all regions where they dwell . the population has decreased up to 90 percent in a century . increasing human populations , urbanized forests and pastures , and a decreased food supply as the result of insecticides are possible causes of the species ' declining numbers . throughout much of europe , the species is protected by law and its habitats monitored and conserved . in recent years , greater horseshoe bats have become prevalent on organic farms because of the natural , pesticide - free environment afforded .\nerket , h . 1982 . ecological aspects of bat activity rhythms . pp . 201 - 236 in t kruz , ed .\nhave been monitored in the uk by volunteers since 1997 under the national bat monitoring programme ( nbmp ) ( walsh et al .\n) . finally , as lighting near colony roosts is known to have detrimental effects on photophobic bat species ( boldogh et al .\nwe are very grateful to the bat conservation trust for providing data from the national bat monitoring programme ( nbmp ) . the nbmp is run by the bat conservation trust , in partnership with the joint nature conservation committee , and supported and steered by natural england , natural resources wales , northern ireland environment agency , and scottish natural heritage . the nbmp is indebted to all volunteers who contribute data to the programme . the greater horseshoe bat roost count is funded by natural england . we thank jennifer j . freer for proof reading the manuscript , and s . parsons and two anonymous reviewers who made valuable comments and suggestions that helped to improve an earlier version of the manuscript . this study was funded by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council through the south west biosciences doctoral training partnership .\nschmidt , s . , evidence for a spectral basis of texture perception in bat sonar , nature , 1988 , 331 : 617\u2013619 .\nduverg\u00e9 and jones ( 1994 ) found that the diet of greater horseshoe bats mainly consisted of lepidoptera and coleoptera ( 30 - 45 % ) , followed by diptera ( 10 - 20 % ) and hymenoptera ( 5 - 10 % ) , although these proportions change seasonally .\nbarlow ke , briggs pa , haysom ka , hutson am , lechiara nl , racey pa , walsh al , langton sd ( 2015 ) citizen science reveals trends in bat populations : the national bat monitoring programme in great britain . biol conserv 182 : 14\u201326 . doi :\nprotection of roosts - greater horseshoe bats are sensitive to disturbance , especially of their nursery and winter roosts ; consequently these sites need to be protected and entrances left unobstructed ( in some cases , grids that allow access for bats , but prevent human access may be used ) .\nburland tm , barratt em , beaumont ma , racey pa . population genetic structure and gene flow in a gleaning bat , plecotus auritus .\njones g , duverg\u00e9 pl , ransome rd ( 1995 ) conservation biology of an endangered species : field studies of greater horseshoe bats . in : racey pa , swift sm ( eds ) ecology , evolution and behaviour of bats , symposia of the zoological society of london , pp 309\u2013324\n) . therefore we recommend that remaining dark flyways within the bat\u2019s core sustenance zone should be protected and new ones created ( gaston et al .\nthe greater horseshoe bat is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is classified as endangered in the uk , listed under appendix ii of the bonn convention , appendix ii of the berne convention , annexes ii and iv of the ec habitats directive , schedule 2 of the conservation regulations 1994 and protected in the uk under schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act ( as amended ) .\nsouth hams in south - west england is thought to hold the largest population of greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum in the uk , and is the only one containing more than 1 , 000 adult bats ( 31 % of the uk species population ) . it contains the largest known maternity roost in the uk and possibly in europe . as the site contains both maternity and hibernation sites it demonstrates good conservation of the features required for survival .\npark et al . ( 2002 ) studied torpor , arousal and activity in free - living greater horseshoe bats and found that arousal tends to be closely synchronized with dusk . as the temperature increased , the bats ' torpor bout duration decreased , probably because of the increased rate of water loss .\nthe shading illustrates the diversity of this group - the darker the colour the greater the number of species . data provided by wwf ' s wildfinder .\nhorseshoe bats are named after the shape of their noseleaves , a complex horseshoe - shaped fold of skin used to emit echolocational calls and help focus the sound . broad , round wings provide these bats with excellent manoeuvrability and agility in tight spaces , with many species actually able to hover and pick insects off surfaces and spiders ' webs . horseshoe bats also have a unique roosting posture , wrapping their wings around their body and enshrouding themselves . however , the 100 or so horseshoe species have an array of roosting habits , from large cave colonies to hanging in the open among tree branches .\nthis site in south - west england is selected on the basis of the size of population represented ( 3 % of the uk greater horseshoe bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum population ) and its good conservation of structure and function , having both maternity and hibernation sites . this site contains an exceptionally good range of the sites used by the population , comprising two maternity sites in lowland north somerset and a variety of cave and mine hibernation sites in the mendip hills .\n) found a much greater effect of land - use compared to climate . however , the assessment of bat activity and species distributions across broader scales , such as across the british range of species has revealed the great importance of meteorological variables in addition to land - use and landscape characteristics ( walsh and harris\ncsorba , g . , ujhelyi , p . , thomas , n . , horseshoe bats of the world , shropshire : alana books , 2003 .\ngreater horseshoe bats appear in appendix ii of the berne convention ( convention on the conservation of european wildlife and natural habitats ) . this requires that they be strictly protected against deliberate killing , capture , damage / destruction of breeding and nesting sites , disturbance , trading ( including parts and derivatives ) , etc .\ncalculates the log - likelihood of each candidate parent being the true parent relative to an arbitrary individual and then calculates the difference between the two most likely parents ( delta , \u03b4 ) . critical values of \u03b4 are determined by computer simulation , which incorporates a realistic rate of sampling error and also removes a specified proportion of candidate parents to reflect the real world in which not all animals are sampled . since greater horseshoe bat mothers appear to only suckle their own offspring\n) , bat populations of many species seem to be recovering in the great britain as well as in other european countries ( van der meij et al .\ngriffin , d . r . , simmons , j . a . , echolocation of insects by horseshoe bats , nature , 1974 , 250 : 731\u2013732 .\n\u0095 duverg\u00e9 and jones ( 1994 ) found that a range of high - quality foraging areas is essential for the survival of greater horseshoe bats . they therefore suggest the conservation of ancient semi - natural , deciduous and mixed woodlands . pasture with cattle grazing is also very important ( duverg\u00e9 & jones , 1994 ) . thick hedgerows , treelines or fences along the field boundaries should be maintained as prey tends to accumulate on the leeward side of these structures and because they provide perch sites and travel routes for the bats . duverg\u00e9 and jones ( 1994 ) suggest that key habitats within 4km of a greater horseshoe roost site are maintained or improved .\ngreater horseshoe bats often roost in buildings during the summer , and their presence can be detected by piles of excrement on the ground . they leave their roosts just after sunset , and during the summer , spend about an hour feeding before returning . they often feed again just before dawn . at the end of august they stay on the wing all night . greater horseshoe bats mate in autumn , sometimes in late winter or early spring . they form maternity roosts in may and the young are born in mid - july . this species reaches maturity at around three years old and they may live for 30 years . their preferred food is large beetles , such as cockchafers and dung beetles , large moths and caddis flies . they have been observed watching from a regular roost and then flying out to take passing insects . greater horseshoe bats hibernate in caves , cellars or disused mines , from late september to mid - may . they may emerge to feed during mild spells .\nparsons s , jones g ( 2000 ) acoustic identification of twelve species of echolocating bat by discriminant function analysis and artificial neural networks . j exp biol 203 : 2641\u20132656\nbrack , v . , laval , r . k . , food habits of the indiana bat in missouri , j . mammal , 1985 , 66 : 308\u2013325 .\n\u0095 foraging habitats may be lost through changes in land - use or farming practices or the removal of linear features such as hedgerows . greater horseshoe bats may also be at risk from chemicals used on nearby vegetation , if they either come into contact with that vegetation or consume insects that have been sprayed or eaten sprayed food . there is some indication that the use of avermectin worming compounds may impact on bat activity via its effects on insects in the cowpat community ( duverg\u00e9 & jones , 2003 ) .\nthe following habitats are found across the horseshoe bats distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nwe studied the determinants of male and female reproductive success in wild greater horseshoe bats ( rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) by examining patterns of parentage over a 19 year period between 1993 and 2011 . based on a likelihood method , mothers were assigned to 99 . 5 % and fathers to 76 . 8 % of 924 pups born into the woodchester population .\nthis study demonstrates the value of long term , standardised monitoring of bat maternity roosts when assessing the impact of conservation management . in accordance to other studies ( duverg\u00e9 and jones\npetri b , p\u00e4bo s , von haeseler a , tautz d . paternity assessment and population subdivision in a natural population of the larger mouse - eared bat myotis myotis .\n\u0095 roost sites may be lost as buildings ( especially those associated with farms ) are converted or become derelict . a range of buildings are needed for activities such as mating , breeding and night roosting . greater horseshoe bats may also be at risk from chemicals used within roost sites , for example , remedial timber treatment ( duverg\u00e9 & jones , 2003 ) .\n) . furthermore , the potential benefits of aess on bats have so far been assessed using acoustic indexes ( i . e . bat activity ) ( fuentes - montemayor et al .\nbellamy c , altringham j ( 2015 ) predicting species distributions using record centre data : multi - scale modelling of habitat suitability for bat roosts . plos one 10 : e0128440 . doi :\nday j , baker j , schofield h , mathews f , gaston k ( 2015 ) part - night lighting : implications for bat conservation . anim conserv 18 : 512\u2013516 . doi :\nwillis ckr , brigham rm ( 2007 ) social thermoregulation exerts more influence than microclimate on forest roost preferences by a cavity - dwelling bat . behav ecol sociobiol 62 : 97\u2013108 . doi :\nmccracken gf , wilkinson gs ( 2000 ) bat mating systems . in : crichton eg , krutzsch ph , editors . reproductive biology of bats . cambridge : academic press . 321\u2013357 p .\nthe horseshoe bats can be found in a number of locations including : africa , asia , australia , europe , united kingdom . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\ngreater horseshoe bats are a protected species in the u . k . and bats were caught and sampled under licences from english nature and the home office ( ppl 30 / 2513 ) . permission for access to catch bats at the maternity roost was granted by the woodchester mansion trust , and for access to catch bats in caves and mines on land that is privately owned , from the land owners .\nalthough thomas ( 1997 , unpublished thesis ) found very high divergence in mitochondrial dna sequences , csorba et al . 2003 refrained from splitting japanese greater horseshoe bats ( rhinolophus nippon ) from r . ferrumequinum . several subspecies are identified over the range , of which two occur in the western palaearctic : r . f . creticus ( crete ) and r . f . ferrumequinum ( rest of western palaearctic range ) .\nsurlykke , a . , miller , l . a . , the influence of arctiid moth clicks on bat echolocation : jamming or waring ? j . comp . physiol . , 1985 , 156a : 831\u2013843 .\nbontadina f , schmied sf , beck a , arlettaz r ( 2008 ) changes in prey abundance unlikely to explain the demography of a critically endangered central european bat . j appl ecol 45 : 641\u2013648 . doi :\nheim o , treitler jt , tschapka m , kn\u00f6rnschild m , jung k ( 2015 ) the importance of landscape elements for bat activity and species richness in agricultural areas . plos one 10 : e0134443 . doi :\nm\u03c6hl , b . , miller , l . a . , ultrasonic clicks produced by the peacock butterfly : a possible bat - repellent mechanism , j . exp . biol . , 1976 , 64 : 639\u2013644 .\ndoes not hunt in the winter unless the air temperature is warm enough for insect flight , and as a result they hunt less during colder and inclement weather ( racey , 1982 ) . like other microchiropteran bat species ,\nfrey - ehrenbold a , bontadina f , arlettaz r , obrist mk ( 2013 ) landscape connectivity , habitat structure and activity of bat guilds in farmland - dominated matrices . j appl ecol 50 : 252\u2013261 . doi :\nunder domestic legislation , greater horseshoe bats are covered by the wildlife and countryside act 1981 ( as amended ) . under schedule 5 the deliberate killing , injuring , taking , possessing , disturbing and selling ( including parts and derivatives ) as well as damaging , destroying or obstructing any structure or place of refuge etc are prohibited . under schedule 6 , certain methods of killing or taking animals are specifically prohibited , and even humane trapping for research requires a licence .\nboughey kl , lake ir , haysom ka , dolman pm ( 2011a ) effects of landscape - scale broadleaved woodland configuration and extent on roost location for six bat species across the uk . biol conserv 144 : 2300\u20132310 . doi :\nrydell , j . , skals , n . , surlykke , a . et al . , hearing and bat defence in geometrid winter moths , proc . r . soc . lond . b , 1997 , 264 : 83\u201388 .\na female produces one baby which is typically born during june or july ( schober and grimmberger , 1997 ) . young open their eyes at 7 day and can fly during the third to fourth week . after seven to eight weeks , young are ready to leave the roost . females form maternity roosts in warmer places such as attics to care for the young ( schober and grimmberger , 1997 ) . greater horseshoe bats lose their milk teeth before birth ( nowak , 1994 ) .\nrazgour o , hanmer j , jones g ( 2011 ) using multi - scale modelling to predict habitat suitability for species of conservation concern : the grey long - eared bat as a case study . biol conserv 144 : 2922\u20132930 . doi :\nsummer roosts : nursery roosts are found in attics in old buildings which can be accessed by uninterrupted flight and contain up to 200 females ( greenaway & hutson , 1990 ) . greater horseshoe bats wrap their wings around their body and hang freely by the feet . hang with their offspring either singly or in small groups . adult males may be found in nursery roosts but leave when the young are born in mid summer . males hold the same territory each year , and females return here annually .\nthe timing of the births of greater horseshoe bats was studied by ransome and mcowat ( 1994 ) for three colonies in south - west wales and south - west england . birth timing was significantly correlated with spring temperature , with young being born earlier after warmer springs . cold springs and late births led to population declines and male - biased sex ratios at all three sites in 1986 , although all the colonies recovered following subsequent warm springs . births were approximately 18 days earlier when temperatures rose by 2\u00b0c .\nthe relationship between forearm length and paternity success among breeding males between 1993 and 2011 ; larger males had greater annual reproductive success . in addition , male forearm length significantly and positively influenced total male reproductive success over the 19 year period between 1993 and 2011 .\ngreater horseshoe bats have polygynous mating systems although rossiter et al . ( 2000a ) found that some females had offspring from the same male in separate years . fidelity for either individuals or mating sites is likely to explain this behaviour , although it could also be due to sperm competition . females mated with males from their natal colony as well as with males from outside the colony . rossiter et al . ( 2000a ) suggest that gene flow between colonies occurs through male and female dispersal during the mating period .\nin contrast to males , analyses of a long - term dataset provided no evidence that maternity success was significantly skewed among breeding females . female reproductive skew is most commonly reported within cooperatively breeding species [ 21 ] , but has also been documented in populations of mammal species that , like the greater horseshoe bat , exhibit reversed sexual size dimorphism , such as the spotted hyena in which there is aggressive competition for males and female reproductive success is strongly correlated with social rank [ 15 ] . however , a lack of evidence of social hierarchy among female greater horseshoe bats , as well as the lack of skew documented among breeders and the observation that female reproductive success does not relate to body size . all suggest that there is little or no intra - sexual competition among females for males in this population . indeed , almost all females that reach breeding age ( \u22652 years ) do successfully breed . our results are more consistent with male - dominated polygynous breeding systems , where female success is less dependent on body size [ 71 ] . the fact that almost all females , but only a third of males , breed within the woodchester population , despite a relatively even sex ratio , supports the commonly held theory that females are more selective when it comes to choosing mates than males [ 64 ] .\nmehr m , brandl r , hothorn t , dziock f , foerster b , mueller j ( 2011 ) land use is more important than climate for species richness and composition of bat assemblages on a regional scale . mamm biol 76 : 451\u2013460 . doi :\nschnitzler , h . u . , hackbarth , h . , heilmann , u . et al . , echolocation behavior of rufous horseshoe bats hunting for insects in the flycatcher - style , j . comp . physiol . , 1985 , 157a : 39\u201346 .\nthis species is listed in the uk biodiversity action plans ( ukbaps ) , and has been included in english nature ' s species recovery programme . it belongs to a family of animals that have been much maligned over the centuries . however , more people are realising just how fascinating bats are , and they receive a high level of legal protection . the main effort in their conservation is to encourage landowners and farmers to manage their land in ways that benefit the bats . they are also being asked to limit the use of ivermectin insecticides , commonly used for treating cattle . the chemical in the insecticide also poisons the cattle ' s dung , and kills the larvae of dung beetles , one of the greater horseshoe bat ' s principal foods . as more people learn about bats , it is hoped that the efforts to conserve them as a breeding species will gain more support . they are an intriguing group of mammals , and undeserving of their sinister reputation . the bat conservation trust carries out work on surveys and monitoring , and employs many volunteers .\nazam c , le viol i , julien j - f , bas y , kerbiriou c ( 2016 ) disentangling the relative effect of light pollution , impervious surfaces and intensive agriculture on bat activity with a national - scale monitoring program . landsc ecol . doi :\nbesides the extrinsic factors outlined above , intrinsic factors may also have led to the population increase . while it has received little attention in studies on bat populations , the demographic allee effect\u2014defined as a positive relationship between fitness and population size or density ( courchamp et al .\nma , j . , walter m . , liang , b . et al . , differences in diet and echolocation in four sympatric bat species and their respective ecological niches , acta zoologica sinica ( in chinese ) , 2004 , 50 ( 2 ) : 145\u2013150 .\n) , the density of these linear features was evaluated for each landscape . hedgerows and tree lines were digitized using google earth aerial photographs taken between 2010 and 2014 . finally , to consider the potential negative effect of light pollution on horseshoe bats ( stone et al .\nthe relationship between heterozygosity and maternity success among breeding females between 1993 and 2011 ; more heterozygous females had greater annual reproductive success . heterozygosity was also a significant predictor of , and positively correlated with , the total number of pups a breeding female gave birth to between 1993 and 2011 .\nfrom other rhinolophids . the first premolar on the upper jaw protrudes from the row of teeth . often this premolar is very small or non - existent . the third and fourth metacarpal bones in the wings are shorter than those of its relatives ( koopman , 1994 ) . the tragus is absent ( simmons and conway , 1997 ) . the length of the head and body ranges from 57 to 71mm , the tail length ranges from 35 to 43 mm and the forearm from 54 to 61 mm . the wing span ranges from 350 to 400 mm , and the weight from 17 to 34 grams . the greater horseshoe bat can also be identified by its color . the back is brownish gray with a slight tint of red , while the underside is a lighter gray color . the membrane that connects the forearm and tail is brownish gray . young\n) . these studies demonstrated that regardless of the species , the level of bat activity is not significantly different between matched conventional and aes fields . rather , the amount of particular habitat types within the surrounding landscape seems to be more important for bats ( fuentes - montemayor et al .\nthe advantage of large body size in greater horseshoe bats , which are not known to court aerially , suggests that males compete for access to females , and that larger males win these contests more often . however , intra - sexual contests between male greater horseshoe bats over females have not been observed ; instead it is thought females actively seek out and choose males in their underground mating territories . consequently females may choose mates either on the basis of their individual traits or on the basis of the quality of their territories , which might differ in their proximity to the maternity roost , suitability as a hibernaculum or the quality of the surrounding habitat for foraging [ 40 ] . taking these observations into account , the mating system of this species probably contains elements of both female choice and male - male competition , whereby any advantage of larger size to males comes from indirect competition for females via direct competition for mating sites . certainly individual sites are normally only occupied by a single male , who is replaced quickly on disappearance , implying strong competition for sites , and we have identified several important sites where the resident male has consistently high paternity success [ 38 ] .\ngreater horseshoe bats are also protected under annexes ii and iv of the european communities council directive on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora . these cover species of community interest the conservation of which requires the designation of special areas of conservation ( sacs ) ; and species that are in need of strict protection respectively . damage or destruction of breeding sites or resting places is prohibited , and all life stages are protected against deliberate capture , killing or disturbance in the wild ; and keeping , transport , sale / exchange and offering for sale / exchange of specimens .\n) , yet we found no relationship between amount of land under aes and colony size at the spatial scales and time period studied here . the ineffectiveness of aess for enhancing bat populations in farmland - dominated landscapes has also been reported elsewhere in the uk ( fuentes - montemayor et al .\n) . as observed in other bat species , intraspecific competition for food may ( i ) increase flight distances to reach available foraging areas and ( ii ) reduce prey capture rates , both of which may reduce individual fitness . we further found light pollution to be negatively related to colony size .\nin addition to catches at woodchester mansion , surveys of all known caves and mines \u2013 used as mating sites and hibernacula \u2013 within a 25 km radius of the maternity roost are performed during autumn , winter and spring as part of an on - going study of this population [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] , [ 41 ] . during these surveys , greater horseshoe bats present are recorded and , where necessary , ringed and tissue sampled . immigrant adults , especially males , in the population are usually found during these surveys . based on current recapture rates , we estimate that over 90 % of bats in this population have been ringed , including all breeding females [ 38 ] .\nthis study focused on a maternity colony that assembles each summer in the attic of woodchester mansion , gloucestershire , u . k . ( 51\u00b043\u2032n , 2\u00b018\u2032w ) . greater horseshoe bats have been caught and ringed at woodchester mansion for 54 years , and tissue samples have been collected annually from all offspring born into the colony since 1993 as well as their mothers . primary catches , during which new - born pups are ringed and sampled , take place in early to mid - july , at which time most pups are less than 20 days old and still attached to their mothers . july catches also afford an opportunity to sample any adult females in the breeding colony that have not been previously sampled or ringed .\nschnitzler , h . u . , ostwald , j . , adaptations for the detection of fluttering insects by echolocation in horseshoe bats , in advances in vertebrate neuroethology ( eds . ewart , j . p . , capranica , r . r . , ingle , d . j . ) , new york : plenum press , 1983 , 801\u2013827 .\nthe diet of the bat rhinolophus ferrumequinum was studied at the zhi\u2019an village of ji\u2019an city in china , from june to august 2004 . the bats were trained in a laboratory ( volume : 9x4x4 m 3 ) . foraging strategies of the bat were observed at night and prey remains were collected and identified . the results showed that the diet consisted mainly of lepidoptera in summer , including 11 families , more than 30 species of moths , such as noctuidae ( 36 . 6 % by number ) , sphingidae ( 24 . 1 % ) , geometridae ( 13 . 4 % ) and limacodidae ( 9 . 5 % ) . the length of culled wings ranged from 10\u201340 mm ( 97 . 7 % ) . pearson correlation analysis showed that the bat r . ferrumequinum foraged their prey selectively , but not opportunistically . from field studies , two ways were observed in which the bats retrieved their prey including aerial hawking during peak active period of the insects and flycatching during the insects\u2019 non - peak activity period . the bats never gleaned prey from the ground , though they appeared to be well able to detect fluttering moths on the ground .\nthe 919 maternities assigned during the period between 1993 and 2011 were shared among 216 individual females . female greater horseshoe bats showed considerable variation in total reproductive success among breeding females across the 19 year period , which ranged from one to eighteen pups ( figure 1b ) . this apparent skew was not significant when maternity data for all 19 cohorts were pooled and reproductive success was corrected for the number of years each female was breeding during the 19 year period ( b index = \u22120 . 0009 , p = 1 , n = 216 ) . because females can only produce a maximum of one pup each year so there was no variance in reproductive success ( and therefore no reproductive skew ) among breeding individuals within years or among breeders of the same age ( figure 3b ) ."]}
{"id": 1777, "summary": [{"text": "bornella anguilla is a species of sea slug , a nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family bornellidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is widely distributed throughout the tropical waters of the indo-west pacific .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this species can grow up to a length of 8 cm . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "bornella anguilla", "paragraphs": ["bornella anguilla from reunion is . from : yves coze , july 31 , 2003\nworms - world register of marine species - bornella anguilla s . johnson , 1984\nits name ( anguilla = eel ) refers to its method of swimming . while most species of\nrelatively large species of bornella , growing up to 80mm . it has a very characteristic mosaic - like colour pattern . its name [ anguilla = eel ] refers to its method of swimming . while most species of bornella can swim by a lateral flexion of their body , in b . anguilla a muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion . it is reported by johnson to feed on the hydroid plumularia .\nthe rhinophores are on long stalks which bear a ring of long pointed papillae . the oral tentacles are very elaborate sensory appendage , shaped like a hand with long fingers . the name\nanguilla\nmeaning eel , refers to its method of swimming . most species of bornella can swim by a lateral flexion of their body . b . anguilla uses a muscular wave that travels down the body to produce an eel - like swimming motion .\n. i looked up\nanguilla\nand discovered that it means\neel .\nthis had to be it . i also noticed it was described by johnson in 1985 . i emailed scott and he answered right away :\njohnson , scott . 1984 . a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 .\njohnson , s . ( 1984 ) . a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia with anguilliform swimming behavior . micronesica . 19 , 17 - 26 . [ details ]\nreference : \u2022 johnson , s . ( 1984 ) a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . [ for 1983 ]\na key diagnostic for this species is the characteristic mosaic - like color pattern on the body . this relatively large species of bornella , grows up to 80mm in length . this species is found throughout the indo - pacific being reported from south africa to australia , including myranmar , indonesia and fiji .\nthe genus bornella belongs to the dendronotina . the genus has many similarities in shape and natural history to members of the aeolids . members have a series of cerata - like structures on each side of its elongate body and they feed on hydroids . the cerata - like gills do not carry nematocysts like most aeolids .\njohnson , s . ( 1984 ) a new indo - west pacific species of the dendronotacean nudibranch bornella ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) with anguilliform swimming behaviour . micronesica , 19 ( 1 ) : 17 - 26 . [ for 1983 ] yonow , n . and hayward , p . j . ( 1991 ) . opistobranches de l ' \u00eele maurice , avec la description de deux esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ( mollusca : opistobranchia ) revue fran\u00e7aise d ' aquariologie herp\u00e9tologie , 18 ( 1 ) , 1 - 30\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit has a very characteristic mosaic - like colour pattern with orange , yellow and white spots .\na muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion . when disrupted , it swims with a sideways ondulation of its entire body .\nthe anus opens on the right side just below and between the first and second cerata .\nthe reproductive opening is further forward on the right side , below and between the rhinophore and the first cerata .\n) , 18 october 1985 , size : 45 mm . one other from belle mare (\n) , 27 february 1990 , size : 49 mm . and one other from trou aux biches (\na muscular wave travels down the body to produce an eel - like motion .\nscottburgh - 20m - south coast kwazulu - natal , south africa . 21 may 2000 . size : 80mm . photo of head . photo : valda fraser\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe color pattern of this impressive dendronotid is a mosaic of orange , brown and white spots against a black reticulate background . each of the six pairs of cerata , as well as the rhinophoral sheaths , possess a distinctive flap shaped like a rabbit ear with black , white and orange streaks .\nis a rare species , having been reported only twice . it was found in highly exposed locations , both times during the day . one of those occasions was on a basalt cliff at 6 m ( 20 ft ) . though other bornellids can swim using a side - to - side flapping motion ,\nthis species was first recorded in hawaii from south point , big island by john hoover in july , 1998 . it was named for its eel - like swimming motion . it ' s referred to as the\neel nudibranch\nin hoover , 1998 & 2006 .\npola , m . ; rudman , w . b . ; gosliner , t . m . ( 2009 ) . systematics and preliminary phylogeny of bornellidae ( mollusca : nudibranchia : dendronotina ) based on morphological characters with description of four new species . zootaxa . 1975 : 1 - 57 . page ( s ) : 26 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nyonow n . ( 2017 ) . results of the rumphius biohistorical expedition to ambon ( 1990 ) . part 16 . the nudibranchia - dendronotina , arminina , aeolidina , and doridina ( mollusca : gastropoda : heterobranchia ) . archiv f\u00fcr molluskenkunde . 146 ( 1 ) : 135 - 172 . [ details ]\ngosliner t . m . , behrens d . w . & vald\u00e9s a . ( 2008 ) indo - pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs . sea challengers natural history books and california academy of sciences . 426 pp . page ( s ) : 320 [ details ]\nto biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 2 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )\nhtml public\n- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en\nhtml . dtd\nhow would you greet this\ntrick - or - treater\nif it came to your door this halloween ? man \u2013 i think i\u2019d just die . this amazing species looks like something you would see at a chinese new year parade . just look at the facial expression . makes you wonder whos behind that mask .\njohn greenamyer has been diving some twenty - four years with a macro u / w photography pursuit using both still photography and video . his favorite diving areas are png and indonesia with an emphasis on png , especially the milne bay region so popularized for its\nmuck\nphotographic opportunities . as of late he has been keeping company with roger steene and neville coleman on his travels to png and will be diving with them again in the next couple of weeks .\nalan grant and myself took a sunday off in august to travel up to visit john and immerse ourselves in some four hours of still and video photography of branchs . john has some outsanding macro video footage of branchs that hopefully will appear in the near future on a sister site this webmaster is in the process of setting up for streaming video .\nwhen he ' s not diving , john and his wife reside in running springs , california , in the los angeles area . he has his own graphic arts business in cerritos , california .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 2004 . all rights reserved .\nwhile diving at south point on the island of hawai ` i ( the southernmost point of land in the u . s . a . ) , i noticed this unusual nudibranch on the basalt cliffs at a depth of about 20 ft . ( 7 m . ) patterned somewhat like a giraffe , with paddle - like cerata protruding from its back . not recognizing it , i popped it into a clear ziplock bag for a later photography session in anticipation of a new record for hawai ` i .\nimmediately the animal began swimming actively against the side of the bag with the fluid wriggling motions of a tiny eel . confused , i thought for a moment that it was actually a strange fish that mimicked a nudibranch . yet the animal definitely possessed a molluscan foot ; it had to be a slug after all . after taking pictures i let it go . regretfully , there was no way to bring it home to o ` ahu alive . i could only hope that the pictures came out .\ni sent a slide to hawaii ' s reigning nudibranch queen , pauline fiene - severns , and she confirmed the id and also confirmed that it was indeed a new record for hawai ` i .\nalthough scott states that it is primarily a nocturnal species , the specimen i found was out in the open in broad daylight .\nlives in honolulu . he has published two books on marine life of the hawaiian islands . his third , a field guide to the marine invertebrates of the hawaii , will be available approximately february 1999 . with over 600 photographs , it will cover 500 species , including 66 of hawaii ' s most colorful and interesting opisthobranchs .\n\u00a9 the slug site , michael d . miller 1998 . all rights reserved .\nthe nudibranch , flabellina exoptata , is often found on hydroids and is known to feed on them . the nematocysts from hydroids are transfered and stored in cerata , which , when disturbed , are able to release these nematocysts for defense .\nvimeo gives control freaks the power to tweak every aspect of their embedded videos : colors , buttons , end screens , and more ."]}
{"id": 1778, "summary": [{"text": "the blue korhaan or blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) is a species of bird in the otididae family , found in lesotho and south africa .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its call is a series of frog-like croaks , usually uttered in flight .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "its natural habitat is plateau grassland , dry shrubland , arable land and pastureland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "blue korhaan", "paragraphs": ["the rare blue korhaan is exceptionally lovely because of its exquisite blue feathers and pretty black and white striped head .\nblue korhaan , mpumalanga , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg \u00a9 ]\nblue korhaan at its nest with eggs , wakkerstroom , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton \u00a9 ]\nthis beuatiful endemic can be distinguished from other korhaans by its blue neck and belly and contrasting chestnut back .\ndistribution of blue korhaan in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\n55 cm ; 1120\u20131612 g . only bustard with blue - grey neck and underparts . female has duller grey neck and buff ear - \u00adcoverts . immature has black and buff crown , black on . . .\nwe first recorded this near - threatened korhaan in march 2010 while investigating wakkerstroom . we located them at fickland pan , where they were flushed from the thick roadside grass . i am still waiting to get decent photographs of them but am hoping that more early morning trips to devon in south east gauteng will provide just this .\ncollar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . blue bustard ( eupodotis caerulescens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\no ' brien , a . , pilgrim , j . , robertson , p . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .\nthis species is listed as near threatened , as it is suspected to have undergone a moderate decline over the past 3 generations and is expected to undergo a moderately rapid population decline owing to habitat loss to intensive agriculture . further data may show that the species qualifies for a higher threat category .\n. the total south african population has been estimated at 1 , 500 - 5 , 000 individuals , but this may be an underestimate as the population in the former transvaal alone has been estimated to exceed 10 , 000 individuals , with between 1 , 000 and 3 , 000 in the proposed grassland biosphere reserve centred around volksrust and wakkerstroom .\nthe population is estimated to number 12 , 000 - 15 , 000 individuals in total , roughly equivalent to 8 , 000 - 10 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : surveys in the eastern karoo suggest the population has declined there since the 1980s ( shaw et al . 2016 , j . shaw in litt . 2016 ) . declines in its range have also been implied from southern african bird atlas project data , particularly in the north - east of its range ( hofmeyr 2012 , lee et al . 2017 ) , though it has been suggested to be stable elsewhere , and the overall population may still be stable ( hofmeyr 2012 ) . ongoing habitat destruction may lead to future declines .\n. it feeds on insects , scorpions , small lizards and vegetable matter . it apparently benefits from small - scale agriculture , as it regularly forages in crop fields and planted pastures . breeding occurs from august to april , mainly in october and november ( del hoyo\nmonitor rates of habitat loss within its range . protect additional areas of the species ' s habitat .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin the past , this species sometimes isolated in a monotypic genus , trachelotis . monotypic .\ne south africa from mpumalanga s to free state and eastern cape ; also w lesotho .\ncalls mainly at dawn . gives a deep , throaty , two - syllabled '\nhigh grassveld , usually above 1500 m , with short - grazed grassland and termite mounds but no or few . . .\ncaterpillars , grasshoppers , beetles , scorpions and small reptiles ; also grass seeds , flowers and green leaves of various plants . in winter . . .\naug\u2013apr , chiefly oct\u2013nov . nest situated on bare open ground , often in short , thick grass , also in old cropland . eggs 1\u20133 . . .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . currently considered near threatened . reported decline in s and w of range unfounded , although now fairly scarce in lowland lesotho owing . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrelationships uncertain ; further research required . one study suggested that this genus is sister to afrotis # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nendemic to southern africa , occurring in the highveld of south africa surrounding and extending into lesotho . it generally prefers flat or undulating ground in grassland and nama karoo .\nit mainly eats insects , lizards and plant matter , doing most of its foraging by walking along and pecking the ground , often in cultivated fields . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :\nits breeding system is complex , as it can be either monogamous or polygamous , usually in trios with either two males or two females . however it may also breed cooperatively in groups of up to five , together raising a brood and defending the nest against predators .\nthe nest is a simple scrape in the ground , usually between grass tufts tall enough to conceal the incubating bird .\negg - laying season is from september - february , peaking from october - november .\nit lays 1 - 2 , rarely 3 eggs , which are solely incubated by a single female or multiple females ( depending on the size of the family group ) for about 24 - 28 days .\nthe chicks are fed by both parents , leaving the nest soon after hatching to join the family group , who vigorously defend them by chasing away or distracting predators . the young take their first flight at about five weeks old .\nnear - threatened globally and regionally , although its population is decreasing , probably due to habitat loss caused by cultivation , human settlement and afforestation .\nhockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eupodotis caerulescens . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe reference for the information following is\nroberts birds of southern africa\n, 7th edition * edited by par hockey , wrj dean and pg ryan , published by\nthe trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund .\n- this is an old template for this website . please visit the home page for more : birds in sa\n\u00a9 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author .\nall content \u00a9 copyright 2017 nightjar travel ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved .\nwelcome to our website . south africa is awesome and you ' ve come to the right place to help you explore it !"]}
{"id": 1780, "summary": [{"text": "jasus paulensis , also commonly known as the st paul rock lobster , is a species of spiny lobster found in the waters around saint paul island in the southern indian ocean and around tristan da cunha in the southern atlantic ocean .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "at one time the rock lobsters on tristan da cunha were believed to be a separate species known as the tristan rock lobster ( jasus tristani ) , but the use of mitochondrial dna sequencing has shown them to be identical .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "some authorities , for example the iucn , retain them as separate species .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the tristan rock lobster features on the coat of arms and the flag of tristan da cunha . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "jasus paulensis", "paragraphs": ["afrikaans kreef [ from synonym ] for jasus ( jasus ) lalandii ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )\nafrikaans kaapse kreef [ from synonym ] for jasus ( jasus ) lalandii ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )\nenglish cape crawfish [ from synonym ] for jasus ( jasus ) lalandii ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )\nenglish cape crayfish [ from synonym ] for jasus ( jasus ) lalandii ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )\njasus paulensis ( heller , 1862 ) : beurois ( 1971 ) [ statut pour les \u00eeles subantarctiques ] beurois , j . 1971 . r\u00e9gime alimentaire de la langouste jasus paulensis ( heller , 1862 ) des iles saint - paul et amsterdam ( ocean indien ) r\u00e9sultats pr\u00e9liminaires . t\u00e9thys , 3 : 943 - 948 .\ndistribution of jasus spiny lobsters in the mid - latitude southern . . . | download scientific diagram\ngrua , p . , 1963 . maturit\u00e9 , cycle sexuel , soies ovig\u00e8res des langoustes australes femelles jasus paulensis heller , 1863 . etude statistique . comit\u00e9 national fran\u00e7ais recherches antarctiques , 4 : i - viii , 1 - 35 , figs 1 , 2 , graphs 1 - 14\nenglish australian crayfish [ from synonym ] for jasus ( sagmariasus ) verreauxi ( h . milne edwards , 1851 )\nvillacorta - rath c , et al . outlier snps enable food traceability of the southern rock lobster , jasus edwardsii .\nto assess the probe efficiency in non - target species ( i . e . those not used for the initial probe design ) , we assessed the recovery of loci across the modern jasus samples including j . edwardsii , j . frontalis , j . lalandii , j . paulensis and j . tristani .\ngrua , p . , 1960 . les langoustes australes ( jasus lalandii ) . biologie - milieu - exploitation commerciale . terres australes antarctiques fran\u00e7aises , 10 : 15 - 40 , figs\nmorgan emj , green bs , murphy np , strugnell jm . investigation of genetic structure between deep and shallow populations of the southern rock lobster , jasus edwardsii in tasmania , australia .\nfor the target - capture experiment , we collected 87 samples of modern and museum specimens of jasus comprising six species j . edwardsii , j . caveorum , j . frontalis , j . lalandii , j . paulensis and j . tristani . specimens of s . verreauxi ( n = 16 ) were included to evaluate the custom probe set and the efficiency between ddrad and target - capture methods for the validated loci in both methods ( supplementary table s11 ) .\nporobi\u0107 j , canales - aguirre cb , ernst b , galleguillos r , hern\u00e1ndez ce . biogeography and historical demography of the juan fern\u00e1ndez rock lobster , jasus frontalis ( milne edwards , 1837 )\nthe genus jasus encompasses six lobster species ( j . caveorum , j . edwardsii , j . frontalis , j . lalandii , j . paulensis and j . tristani ) that are distributed throughout the southern hemisphere 37 . j . edwardsii is the most widespread species within the genus , whilst the other species maintain limited geographical distributions , with some species known from only a single seamount ( e . g . j . caveorum ) . these species all support valuable fisheries , and have been exploited for more than one hundred years 38 .\npca across and within species based on snp genotypes , where no deamination filter was applied . for each dataset , the sample passed filters and snp pruning was adjusted to allow 0 . 10 maximum missing data per site and maf < 0 . 05 : ( a ) pca across six jasus species , 146 snps and 53 samples passed filters ; ( b ) pca of j . lalandii , 154 snps and 19 samples passed filter ; ( c ) pca of j . edwardsii , 748 variants and 12 samples passed filters ; ( d ) pca of j . paulensis , 124 variants and 14 samples passed filters .\ndeamination and transition / transversion ratio were calculated over filtered variants using vcftools 0 . 1 . 14 60 . snp pruning , diversity indices ( f st , heterozygosity and maf ) and pca were estimated for all jasus species using plink 1 . 9 61 .\nbooth , j . d . & ovenden , j . r . distribution of jasus spp . ( decapoda : palinuridae ) phyllosomas in southern waters : implications for larval recruitment . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 200 , 241\u2013255 ( 2000 ) .\nsample quality of modern and museum jasus specimens . ( a ) box - plot of mean gc content and year since sample collection . ( b ) linear regression between a 260 / a 280 ratio and gc content ; blue dots represent museum samples and red dots represent modern samples .\nmuseum samples ( n = 47 ) were donated by the national institute of water and atmospheric research ( niwa ) and te papa museum ( new zealand ) . the samples were collected in 1967 ( j . lalandii and j . paulensis ) , 1991 ( j . edwardsii and j . lalandii ) and 1995 ( j . caveorum ) . samples were preserved in ethanol / isopropanol ( mostly evaporated ) . in some cases preservation methods were not indicated .\nholthuis , l . b . and e . sivertsen . 1967 . the crustacea decapoda , mysidacea and cirripedia of the tristan da cunha archipelago with a revision of the\nfrontalis\nsubgroup of the genus jasus . results norwegian scientific expedition to tristan da cunha , 52 : 1 - 55 , text figs 1 - 9 , pls 1 - 5\na total of 40 lobsters samples were collected between 2010 and 2015 . the french southern and antarctic lands ( terres australes et antarctiques fran\u00e7aises - taaf ) provided j . paulensis pleopod tissue collected in 2014 . j . lalandii and j . tristani pereiopod samples , collected during in 2015 in south africa and tristan da cunha islands , respectively , were donated by the south african department of agriculture , fisheries and forestry . j . frontalis were sampled in juan fernandez archipelago in 2010 43 , these samples were donated by the universidad de concepcion ( chile ) .\nthe efficiency of the target capture experiment non - target jasus species was assessed using only modern samples ( n = 40 ) . the overall target coverage was given by the mean depth of targets for each species using bedtools 2 . 26 62 . mean coverage ( sample coverage depth ) , heterozygous read rate and gc content of samples were estimated from sample alignments using bbmap ( urltoken ) .\nfigure 1 . distribution of jasus spiny lobsters in the mid - latitude southern hemisphere based on booth ( 2006 ) . sampling locations for the present study were as follows : ( 1 ) st paul and amsterdam islands ; ( 2 ) seamount 150 ( located on the southwest indian ridge ) ; ( 3 ) gough and inaccessible islands ( tristan da cunha archipelago ) ; and ( 4 ) vema seamount .\nprincipal component analysis and scatter plot of locus - specific f st vs observed heterozygosity of jasus species in modern samples . ( a ) and ( b ) 313 snps from the ddrad original probe set ; ( c ) and ( d ) 647 snps from the assembly - based reference . maximum missing data per site was set to 0 . 10 , maf < 0 . 05 , and overall f st was estimated according to weir & cockerham ( 1984 ) .\nnumber of variable loci shared amongst each of six jasus species . ( a ) the left panel displays the number of loci shared among five ( 5 ) , four ( 4 ) , three ( 3 ) and two ( 2 ) species , or found only in a single species ( 1 ) in the assembly - based reference ( black and grey stacked column ) and the corresponding significant blast hits to the original probe set ( grey ) . ( b ) the right panel is a graphic representation of target enrichment hybridization reaction showing library size , captured fragments size and off - target reads . the grey lines represent the 120 - mer probes , the orange lines represent the library fragments and the black arrows represent overlapping / non - overlapping paired - end reads ( read 1 and read 2 ) .\nin order to compare the target - genome divergence among species and its effects on target enriched sequencing , a nonparametric correlation was performed among sequencing yield ( given in number of processed reads ) , mapped reads , gc content , mean coverage and mapping quality for each species using spss v22 . 0 ( ibm corp . , ny , usa ) . univariate analysis of variance was applied to test whether gc content and mean coverage were significantly different among jasus species . the sequencing yield effect was included as a covariate , since it was previously explored as a random factor within a one - way anova analysis and found to be significant . data were checked with levene\u2019s test and logarithm transformed to ensure normality and homogeneity of variance . principal component analysis ( pca ) including all variables was performed using past 3 . 12 ( urltoken ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbatchelor , a . , de silva , r . , dyer , e . , kasthala , g . , lutz , m . l . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , h . t . , soulsby , a . - m . & whitton , f .\nhas been assessed as data deficient . this species was formerly known from a very restricted range ( st paul and new amsterdam islands ) , however a few recent specimens have been collected from other seamounts along the south west indian ridge . this species faces a number of threats including intense harvesting within the st paul and new amsterdam islands eez , and intrinsic threats associated with its small range . the abundance of this species outside of the current fishing grounds is unknown therefore making it difficult to draw any conclusions on the impact of fishing to the global population . further surveys are needed for this species along the seamounts of the south west indian ridge before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .\nthis species was originally only known from the st . paul and amsterdam islands in the southern indian ocean , with a single specimen has also been reported from the kerguelen islands ( holthuis 1991 ) , however recently additional specimens have been collected from seamounts along the south west indian ridge ( j . groeneveld pers . comm . 2011 ) . these indicate that the species is far more widely , but sparsely , distributed along the south west indian ridge than previously thought .\ntypically this species is found on rocky substrates at a depth range of 0 - 60 m , although is most commonly found in the kelp zone at a depth range of 10 - 35 m ( holthuis 1991 ) . females are most commonly taken from may to october , while males are most commonly taken from november to april ( holthuis 1991 ) .\nthis species is harvested as a food source and is taken using lobster pots ( holthuis 1991 ) . only a single ship harvests this fishery , and undertakes two trips per year with each trip lasting up to two months ( biais 2009 ) . recent information from the french rock lobster fishery in the st paul and amsterdam eez shows a consistent catch of around 350 - 400 t ( g . duhamel pers . comm . 2011 ) . \u201cyields ( kg / pot ) are presently increasing along the period 2001 - 2010\u201d ( g . duhamel pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthe major threat to this species is high levels of exploitation . an intrinsic threat is this lobster ' s extremely restricted range . this species is also susceptible to environmental fluctuations for both adult and larval stages , and also to single catastrophic events .\nan annual fishing quota of 400 tonnes is in place for this species . further surveys for this species are needed along the south west indian ridge in order to better understand both distribution and abundance .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbroad and flattened , about as wide as long , much larger than the small spines .\ntype locality :\nst . paul\n, [ = st . paul island in the southern part of the western\n. a report of the catch of a single lobster in kerguelen islands by aubert de la r\u00fce ( 1954 : 119 ) seems very reliable and is well documented ( the specimen was brought up with algae entangled in the anchor of the ship\nloz\u00e8re\n, a catch witnessed by a . berland ) ; but this evidently is a freak occurrence , as no lobster catches have been reported from the kerguelen either before or after this event .\nthe species lives at depths between 0 and 60 m , on rocky or gravel bottom , being most numerous in the kelp zone between 10 and 35 m . egg - layingstarts in may , and\nfemales have been observed until november , or exceptionally early december . females are caught from may to october , while males dominate in most catches from november to april . the animals are nocturnal and feed on plants and ( dead ) animal matter .\ncm ( females ) . the specimes from amsterdam island on the average are slightly smaller than those from st . paul island .\nthe fishing grounds are restricted to the islands of st . paul and amsterdam , the shorelines of which are respectively 12 and\nheller , 1862 , verhandlungen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft wien , 12 : 525 .\naubert de la r\u00fce , e . , 1954 . deux ans aux iles de la d\u00e9solation , archipel de kerguelen : 1 - 316 , pls ( r . juliard , paris ) .\nfischer , w . and g . bianchi ( eds ) , 1984 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) , vol . 5 : pag . var .\nheller , c . , 1862b . neue crustaceen , gesammelt w\u00e4hrend der weltumseglung der k . k . fregatte navara . zweiter vorl\u00e4ufiger bericht . verhandlungen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft wien , 12 : 519 - 528 .\nwilliams , a . b . , 1986 . lobsters - identification , world distribution , and u . s . trade . marine fisheries review , 48 ( 2 ) : 1 - 36 , figs 1 - 80\ncontains the volume of fish catches landed by country or territory of capture , by species or a higher taxonomic level , by fao major fishing areas , and year for all commercial , industrial , recreational and subsistence purpose . more > >\nto define your query , select the items of interest from the selection tabs and choose the entries to show from the display tab . use the hierarchy option to change the grouping of individual items . to expand / collapse aggregated items click the plus / minus symbol beside them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nen - st . paul rock lobster , fr - langouste de st . paul , sp - langosta de st . paul .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nholthuis , l . b . 1991 . fao species catalogue . vol 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . 125 ( 13 ) : 292 p .\nfao species catalogue . vol 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date\nenglish agassiz ' s lobsterette for nephropsis agassizii a . milne - edwards , 1880\nenglish atlantic deep - sea lobster for acanthacaris caeca a . milne - edwards , 1881\nenglish blind deep sea lobster for acanthacaris caeca a . milne - edwards , 1881\nenglish blue spot rock lobster for panulirus longipes ( a . milne - edwards , 1868 )\nenglish blunt slipper lobster for scyllarides squammosus ( h . milne edwards , 1837 )\ndeep sea between 122 and 1400 m , mostly between 122 and 900 m . [ details ]\ndeep sea between 878 and 2560 m , most common between 1100 and 1900 m . [ details ]\ndeep sea from 470 to 1804 m , mostly between 900 and 1400 m ; bottom mud . [ details ]\ndeep sea from 580 to 1160 m , bottom mud or sandy mud . [ details ]\ndeep - sea species from 640 to 1054 m depth . bottom very flat , of soft mud ( ooze ) . possibly a burrowing species . [ details ]\ndepth range from ( 205 - ) 260 to 373 ( - 390 ) m . [ details ]\ndepth range from 0 . 6 to 180m , usually between 0 . 6 and 64m [ details ]\nfound in deep water ( 406m ) , but also in 59 - 61m depth . [ details ]\nin shallow water , from the sublittoral down to 15m depth , in coral reef areas , often on seaward edges of the reef . . . [ details ]\nlittoral zone to 0 . 5m deep , in sheltered bays and estuaries [ details ]\na deepsea species from 293 to 878 m depth ( mostly between 550 and 825 m ) . lives on soft mud bottoms in burrows . [ details ]\nburrowing in muddy sand of the intertidal zone , sometimes under rocks . burrows y - shaped , and about 0 . 6 to 1 . 0m deep [ details ]\ncontinental shelf between 0 and 150 m depth ; usually not deeper than 50 m . found on hard substrates : rock or hard . . . [ details ]\ndeep sea between 137 and 824 m , mostly between 200 and 600 m . bottom : mud or fine sand . [ details ]\ndeep sea between 170 and over 1060 m , usually between 500 and 750 m . on soft muddy substrates . [ details ]\ndeep sea between 420 and 1260 m , mostly between 500 and 800m . on muddy or sandy bottoms . [ details ]\ndeep sea between 655 and 1234 m , most catches between 800 and 1300 m ; substrate sand or mud , sometimes with rubble . [ details ]\ndeep sea between 786 and 2029 m , most catches between 1600 and 1900 m . substrate : mud . [ details ]\ndepth range between 230 and 360 ( - 400 ) m . soft substrate ( mud or coralfine rubble ) . [ details ]\ndepth range from 140 to 640 m ; substrate mud or sandy mud , firm enough for burrowing . [ details ]\ndepth range from 230 to 700 m , most common between 300 and 500 m ; on a substrate of sand or mud . [ details ]\ndepth range from 250 to 750 m , but mostly between 300 and 450 m . substrate of hard mud ; the species possibly lives . . . [ details ]\nfound at 560 m depth ; bottom solid bluish grey mud overlaid by softer brown mud . [ details ]\nin shallow , sometimes slightly turbid coastal waters , from 1 to 8 m depth , with a few records from depths as great . . . [ details ]\nshallow coastal waters , rock pools , etc . the extreme rarity of the species is the cause that very little is known . . . [ details ]\nthe species lives at depths between 0 and 60 m , on rocky or gravel bottom , being most numerous in the kelp zone . . . [ details ]\nthe species lives in coastal waters at depth between 0 and 46 m , on rocky bottoms , sometimes with patches of sand . . . [ details ]\nfrench south and antarctic terr . - postage stamps ( 1955 - 2016 ) - page 8\nuntil you submit the order , another stampworld user may purchase this item . buy more from the same seller and save shipping costs .\nnow showing : french south and antarctic terr . - postage stamps ( 1955 - 2016 ) - 933 stamps .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\nholthuis , l . b . 1991 . fao species catalogue . vol 13 . marine lobsters of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries known to date . fao fisheries synopsis . 125 ( 13 ) : 292 p . [ details ]\nhabitat the species lives at depths between 0 and 60 m , on rocky or gravel bottom , being most numerous in the kelp zone between 10 and 35 m . [ details ]\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncarla a . souza , 1 nicholas murphy , 1 cecilia villacorta - rath , 2 laura n . woodings , 1 irina ilyushkina , 3 cristian e . hernandez , 4 bridget s . green , 2 james j . bell , 3 and jan m . strugnell 5 , 1\nopen access this article is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license , which permits use , sharing , adaptation , distribution and reproduction in any medium or format , as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u2019s creative commons license , unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material . if material is not included in the article\u2019s creative commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use , you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder . to view a copy of this license , visit urltoken .\nin order to obtain a ddrad loci catalogue . this was used as a template to design the mybait\nassembly , using liberal similarity thresholds ( 75 % ) , revealed putative paralogous loci , which were discarded . redundant loci ( present in multiple assemblies ) were synonymized into single loci as described in the methods section . across all three assemblies only 123 loci were shared between the two species , and 2 , 267 were species - specific ( 1 , 219 were from\n. the percentage of missing loci over all samples was 52 . 4 \u00b1 19 . 2 for\nhistograms displaying the number of shared loci among samples in ddrad libraries of j . edwardsii ( a ) and s . verreauxi ( c ) samples . overlapping histograms of target - capture and ddrad representing the percentage of missing data among validated loci in j . edwardsii ( b ) and s . verreauxi i ( d ) .\n) . the enriched loci were sequenced on a single 250 x 2 illumina miseq sequencing run , generating 4 . 6 gbp ( giga base pairs ) of sequence data ( 1 . 29 % sequencing error rate and 84 . 49 % of data above q30 score ) . subsequent trimming and removal of low quality reads and external contaminants resulted in 800 and 174 mbp high - quality data for modern and museum specimens , respectively . the lower sequencing output for museum samples is likely due to low yield dna extracts , which were highly fragmented and possessed a low a\nmuseum samples ( n = 8 ) generated sequencing data sufficient to enable variant calling and were excluded from downstream analysis .\nas the probes were developed with j . edwardsii and s . verreauxi ddrad libraries , we initially examined the probe capture efficiency in these two taxa .\n. in addition , the target - capture approach resulted in less missing data within each species than the ddrad sequencing approach ( fig .\ntarget - capture enriched sequencing and genotyping efficiency between j . edwardsii and s . verreauxi sampling .\nwe were able to re - sequence and validate 54 loci reported in villacorta - rath et al . 15 in eight j . edwardsii samples replicates . besides , the average level of missing data among these loci in our target - capture experiment was 15 . 96 % within j . edwardsii species . it means that the ddrad loci outliers discovered in a previous study 15 were successfully re - sequenced and could be enriched and sequenced in range of populations to investigate genome signatures of selection .\nspecies and a further 112 were shared across at least three species . only two loci were detected from a single species ( fig .\nnumber of reads mapped to original probe set ( ddrad loci ) and assembly - based reference with corresponding levels of similarity threshold ( * ) .\n* overall loci counts across species . * * ( maq \u2265 5 ) .\n) . after discarding snps in linkage disequilibrium , those with greater than 10 % missing data or a minor allele frequency ( maf ) lower than 0 . 05 , 313 informative snps remained across all modern\nsamples . these snps had a mean heterozygosity of 0 . 32 \u00b1 0 . 16 and a global\nof 0 . 15 . pca analyses of this data revealed three main clusters ( fig .\n) , which is unsurprising given that these snps are testing species level differences , however , the remaining snps allow population - level assessment within multiple taxa .\nspecies , including \u2018off - target\u2019 loci ( i . e . flanking regions adjacent to the targeted ddrad loci ) . all\n) . the new assembly - based reference comprised 5 , 940 loci , of which 1 , 773 loci were assigned as off - target reads , rather than artefacts ( fig .\n) , and therefore , an alternative source of informative sequencing data . blast analysis of off - target loci showed 925 significant hits to a\nthe assembly - based reference increased mapping success from 34 . 86 % to 49 . 23 % across the 40 modern\n) . mapping results showed that 1 , 475 ( among 5 , 940 ) loci were monomorphic among specimens . among the variable loci , we found 1 , 731 homologous loci were consistently shared across the five species , 4 , 026 were shared across at least three species and 112 loci were found in only a single species ( fig .\n) . employing an assembly - based reference maximised the use of available reads because it permitted the mapping of loci that were too divergent - in the non - targtet species - to be efficiently mapped to the original probe set .\ndescriptive statistics of mapped data based on the new assembly for modern and museum samples .\nmean coverage and gc content ( gc % ) per sample was compared across species in modern samples . data expressed as mean ( sem ) . a , b , c different superscripts within a column denote significant differences ( p < 0 . 01 ) . adjustment for multiple comparisons : bonferroni .\n) . for example , the heterogeneous mean coverage ( 0 . 631 ; p < 0 . 01 ) and gc content ( 0 . 346 ; p < 0 . 01 ) across species , for example , were both positively correlated with sequencing yield ( supplementary table\n) . however , mean coverage and gc content were not reciprocally correlated . the mean coverage was significantly reduced in\n) , the latter presented the greatest gc content . this implies that , unlike\ngenome was the most divergent as evidenced by higher sequence dissimilarities to the assembly - based reference . in line with this observation , differences in average sequence coverage have been reported in target - capture experiments for species with more than 5 % sequence divergence\noverall 23 , 555 cross - species variants were identified within the 1 , 731 shared loci ( fig .\n) from the assembly - based reference . the diversity of this reference is in accordance with the patterns in the original mapped loci ( table\n( 4 , 106 ) . after removing snps with missing data greater than 10 % , maf lower than 0 . 05 and linked snps , a total of 647 informative snps remained ( 2x increase from the original mapped loci ) . this snp subset displayed a high proportion of polymorphic loci ( 0 . 42 \u00b1 0 . 22 mean heterozygosity ) and low differentiation level ( global\n) . this indicates that they are potentially more informative within species rather than among species comparisons , when compared with those from the mapped probe set . for example , in fig .\nst among species equal to 0 . the pca analyses based on 647 snps revealed four main clusters : ( 1 )\nshould be synonymized ) . the assembly - based data set provided greater separation than the mapped probes , placing\nspecies . this result indicates that differentiation levels among non - target species can be more accurately achieved by building an assembly - based reference of target - enriched sequencing data ; because it takes into account the full diversity of the sequencing dataset .\n) were mapped to the assembly - based reference . the alignments were then compared with modern samples in terms of mean coverage , gc content , read heterozygous rate and snp diversity . prior to this comparison , dna damage patterns were established for each museum sample by tracking and quantifying cumulative substitutions frequencies of c to t at the 5\u2032end and g to a at the 3\u2032end in mapped reads using the mapdamage 2 . 0 software\n( data not shown ) . no evidence of base mis - incorporation bias due to dna damage was found in any of the museum samples .\nin contrast to the modern samples , a significant correlation between gc content and mean coverage ( 0 . 24179 ; p < 0 . 032 ) was found , suggesting that museum samples were highly impacted by sequencing coverage ( supplementary table\n) . the overall gc content among museum samples were quite heterogeneous ( fig .\n) and significantly correlated to the year of collection ( 0 . 483 ; p < 0 . 01 ) and a\n) . we suggest that sequencing coverage was affected by dna fragmentation in museum samples leading to non - uniform representation of targets and heterogeneous gc content in sequencing libraries . however , patterns are difficult to interpret . for example , the highest overall coverage was observed in 50 - year - old\n) . in both sample groups , the mean gc content significantly deviated from the mean of corresponding modern samples ( p < 0 . 01 in both cases ; supplementary table\nmuseum samples were the only samples that demonstrated an increased read heterozygous rate ( p < 0 . 0066 ; in supplementary table\n. it may also be related to the museum preservation methods applied to the specimens .\nratios as low as 1 . 01 and moderate dna concentration above 30\u201340 ng / \u00b5l ( as determined from the a\nvalues ) exhibited acceptable average target coverage with no significant gc % deviations ( fig .\nratio greater than 1 . 0 and spectrophotometric quantification greater than 30 ng / \u00b5l are more likely to generate acceptable sequencing coverage . the a\nratio and dna spectrophotometric quantification cutoff , both prior to sequencing , and when assessing the results of sequencing .\nbecause of the limitations of the museum samples used in this study , the amount of missing data was much higher in these samples . this is likely because the fragmentation bias of dna templates in library preparation led to uneven enrichment and sequencing coverage of targeted loci . the number of loci in each species ranged from 3 , 828 in 25 - year - old\n) when compared with the modern samples . the loci also seem to be less variable , as determined by the number of snp per locus in all species . whilst cumulative substitution bias was not evident in museum samples , the overall deamination level in museum samples of\n) . thus , in order to examine the usefulness of the target capture approach for incorporating museum samples into population genomic studies , we modified the variant - filtering settings to avoid false positive variants as a precaution . strand biased variants , heterozygous snps at the end of reads and snps with deamination pattern found towards the 5\u2032 and the 3\u2032 reads\u2019 ends were filtered out resulting in a slightly different snp set from that used for the modern samples .\nst estimates ( from 0 . 0589 to 0 . 0653 after filtering ) and pca distributions ( supplementary fig .\nst values , suggesting that base modifications due to dna damage are not severe enough to influence overall differentiation or are not present among the variants called . thus , provided historic samples with extreme low coverage ( < 2 . 0x ) are removed , variant call accuracy can be adjusted to diminish base mis - incorporation bias to a negligible level .\nhere , ddrad libraries from two closely related lobster species , j . edwardsii and s . verreauxi were used as genome resources to design probes to capture and enrich genomic libraries of other five closely related species . the target - enriched sequencing generated thousands of informative markers for population genomics application with a small sequencing effort of 4 . 6 gbp only . the enriched sequencing of previously discovered ddrad loci enabled the recovery of 1 , 250 out of 2 , 366 ddrad loci in the species from which the probes were designed , including sample replicates between both methods . thus , it could potentially be used to enrich and re - sequence ddrad loci outliers discovered in previous studies 15 in a range of populations to investigate genome signatures of selection . also , this method circumvents one of the main disadvantages of ddradseq , that being the high level of missing data due to allele dropout .\nremaining ddrad reads were assembled in pyrad 3 . 0 . 4 19 and used to build ddrad loci catalogues within and between species . samples were assembled in three datasets as follows : ( 1 ) j . edwardsii only ; ( 2 ) s . verreauxi only ; and ( 3 ) all samples from both species . for assemblies 1 and 2 we adopted a 95 % similarity threshold within species and for assembly 3 we established an 85 % similarity threshold . a maximum of three mismatches and a maximum of 0 . 5 site heterozygosity were allowed per cluster . to avoid clusters of paralogous loci we discarded all clusters with excessive shared heterozygous snps in more than four individuals and the paralogous filter was set to three . the ddrad loci were considered for probe design ( candidate ddrad loci ) only if they were shared across 10 individuals in assemblies 1 and 2 or 20 individuals in assembly 3 . pyrad assemblies\u2019 settings and outputs are detailed in the supplementary methods s1 .\n, and contigs with more than 90 % similarity across at least 55 % of the fragment length were discarded . highly similar clusters with spurious alignments resulting from low complexity dna sequences ( comprised by mononucleotide repeats ) were also discarded . as capture probes are known to support up to about 12 % sequence divergence\n, 75 % similarity among ddrad loci was used as a limit . remaining repetitive regions among ddrad loci were identified and removed using repeatmasker web server\na total of 2 , 366 loci were finally selected as templates for bait manufacturing : 2 , 358 nuclear loci and eight mitochondrial loci . the mybaits \u00ae set were estimated to cover 322 kb from 5 . 3 gb of j . edwardsii genome , including 80 loci identified as outlier snps putatively under selection in j . edwardsii 15 . in total , 4 , 732 120 - mer mybaits \u00ae probes ( mycroarray ) were manufactured with 2x tiling density and an overlap of 60 bp between probes . probes sequences were deposited at the dryad data repository ( urltoken ) .\ndna was extracted from adult lobsters ( pleopod clip or pereiopod muscle ) and phyllosoma larvae ( leg ) . all dna extractions were performed with the dneasy qiagen kit using spin columns econospin ( epoch life sciences ) . as the museum specimens resulted in low dna yield and purity levels , the isolation protocol was optimized accordingly . for these samples , dna recovery was improved by overnight incubation , final dna elution in 30 \u00b5l of ae buffer with three consecutive washes followed by column centrifugation . dna extraction and library preparation using museum specimens was performed using consumables dedicated to the museum specimens only with different batches for each species .\nsequencing data was processed using the locally developed pipeline carlaseq ( urltoken ) described in detail in supplementary methods s4 . briefly , it involved the first four steps of the pipeline that consisted of adapter trimming , removal of contaminants ( human and microorganisms ) , merging of paired - end reads and de - multiplexing . the paired - end filtered reads were merged and trimmed to fragments up to 220 bp long . reads with average phred score lower than 33 were discarded .\nprocessed reads were mapped to the reference ddrad loci , using bowtie 2 21 with \u2018\u2013very - fast - local\u2019settings . samtools ( urltoken ) was used to sort alignments ( maq \u2265 5 ) . picard 2 . 6 . 0 ( urltoken ) was used to mark pcr duplicates from alignments by identifying fragments that are identical in insert length and related sequence composition . the capture reaction ensures that single strand fragments at a given locus are unlikely to be of equal length unless they are duplicates .\nthe efficiency of the target capture experiment was firstly assessed for the two species ( j . edwardsii and s . verreauxi ) from which the original probes were designed . this data set included 11 j . edwardsii specimens and 16 s . verreauxi , of which eight and 16 samples , respectively , were replicates of the original ddrad libraries sequenced . the number of on - target reads between species was compared using blast . then , mapping success ( bowtie 2 ) and the amount of missing data ( loci counts ) per number of samples were compared between ddrad and target - capture methods for both species .\nc . a . s . wrote the main text , generated the data and performed the analyses . c . a . s . , n . m . and j . m . s . designed the study . c . a . s . , n . m . , j . m . s . , j . j . b . and b . g . conceived the idea and reviewed the manuscript . c . v . r . , l . n . w . , i . i . and c . e . h . collected the samples and contributed to data interpretation . c . a . s . and l . n . w . performed the laboratory work . c . a . s . , n . m . and j . m . s . led the writing of the manuscript with contributions from all authors .\nsupplementary information accompanies this paper at doi : 10 . 1038 / s41598 - 017 - 06582 - 5\npublisher ' s note : springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations .\nfaircloth bc , et al . ultraconserved elements anchor thousands of genetic markers spanning multiple evolutionary timescales .\nbi k , et al . unlocking the vault : next - generation museum population genomics .\nbailey se , et al . the use of museum samples for large - scale sequence capture : a study of congeneric horseshoe bats ( family rhinolophidae )\nhugall af , o\u2019hara td , hunjan s , nilsen r , moussalli a . an exon - capture system for the entire class ophiuroidea .\nsuchan t , et al . hybridization capture using rad probes ( hyrad ) , a new tool for performing genomic analyses on collection specimens .\nmccormack , j . e . , tsai , w . l . e . & faircloth , b . c . sequence capture of ultraconserved elements from bird museum specimens . mol . ecol . resour . doi : 10 . 1111 / 1755 - 0998 . 12466 ( 2015 ) .\nsmith bt , harvey mg , faircloth bc , glenn tc , brumfield rt . target capture and massively parallel sequencing of ultraconserved elements for comparative studies at shallow evolutionary time scales .\nlemmon ar , emme sa , lemmon em . anchored hybrid enrichment for massively high - throughput phylogenomics .\nandrews , k . r . , paul , a , miller , m . r . & luikart , g . trade - offs and utility of alternative radseq methods : reply to puritz\nbaird na , et al . rapid snp discovery and genetic mapping using sequenced rad markers .\nmiller mr , dunham jp , amores a , cresko wa , johnson ea . rapid and cost - effective polymorphism identification and genotyping using restriction site associated dna ( rad ) markers .\n. comment : demystifying the rad fad . 1\u201318 , doi : 10 . 1111 / mec . 12965 ( 2014 ) .\nandrews kr , luikart g . recent novel approaches for population genomics data analysis .\ndacosta , j . m . & sorenson , m . d . amplifiation biases and consistent recovery of loci in a double - digest rad - seq protocol . 9 ( 2014 ) .\nrubin , b . e . r . , ree , r . h . & moreau , c . s . inferring phylogenies from rad sequence data . plos one 7 ( 2012 ) .\n. adapterama iv : sequence capture of dual - digest radseq libraries with identifiable duplicates ( radcap ) . bioarxiv 1\u201322 , doi : 10 . 1111 / jnc . 13494 ( 2016 ) .\nali oa , et al . rad capture ( rapture ) : flexible and efficient sequence - based genotyping .\neaton dar . pyrad : assembly of de novo radseq loci for phylogenetic analyses .\nlangmead b , salzberg sl . fast gapped - read alignment with bowtie 2 .\narnold b , corbett - detig rb , hartl d , bomblies k . radseq underestimates diversity and introduces genealogical biases due to nonrandom haplotype sampling .\ngautier m , et al . the effect of rad allele dropout on the estimation of genetic variation within and between populations .\nweir bs , cockerham cc . estimating f - statistics for the analysis of population structure .\ncosart t , et al . exome - wide dna capture and next generation sequencing in domestic and wild species .\nbi k , et al . transcriptome - based exon capture enables highly cost - effective comparative genomic data collection at moderate evolutionary scales .\nbragg jg , potter s , bi k , moritz c . exon capture phylogenomics : efficacy across scales of divergence .\ndohm , j . c . , lottaz , c . , borodina , t . & himmelbauer , h . substantial biases in ultra - short read data sets from high - throughput dna sequencing . nucleic acids res . 36 ( 2008 ) .\ngroeneveld jc , von der heyden s , matthee ca . high connectivity and lack of mtdna differentiation among two previously recognized spiny lobster species in the southern atlantic and indian oceans .\nginolhac a , et al . improving the performance of true single molecule sequencing for ancient dna .\nparks m , lambert d . impacts of low coverage depths and post - mortem dna damage on variant calling : a simulation study .\nnelson , d . l . & cox , m . m . lehninger principles of biochemestry . w . h . freeman and company 53 , ( sara tenny , 2008 ) .\ncrawford je , lazzaro bp . assessing the accuracy and power of population genetic inference from low - pass next - generation sequencing data .\nliu x , fu y , maxwell tj , boerwinkle e . estimating population genetic parameters and comparing model goodness - of - fit using dna sequences with error estimating population genetic parameters and comparing model goodness - of - fit using dna sequences with error .\nallendorf fw , hard jj . human - induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals .\nphillips , b . f . in lobsters : biology , management , aquaculture & fisheries : second edition ( ed . phillips , b . f . ) 1\u2013474 ( john wiley & sons , ltd , 2013 ) , doi : 10 . 1002 / 9781118517444 .\nfao . fao global aquaculture production statistics database updated to 2013 : summary information . food agric . oraganization united nations 2013 , ( 2015 ) .\n. antarctic krill population genomics : apparent panmixia , but genome complexity and large population size muddy the water .\nthomas l , bell jj . testing the consistency of connectivity patterns for a widely dispersing marine species .\npalero f , abell\u00f3 p , macpherson e , gristina m , pascual m . phylogeography of the european spiny lobster ( palinurus elephas ) : influence of current oceanographical features and historical processes .\nbracken - grissom hd , et al . the emergence of lobsters : phylogenetic relationships , morphological evolution and divergence time comparisons of an ancient group ( decapoda : achelata , astacidea , glypheidea , polychelida )\npeterson , b . k . , weber , j . n . , kay , e . h . , fisher , h . s . & hoekstra , h . e . double digest radseq : an inexpensive method for de novo snp discovery and genotyping in model and non - model species .\nbolger , a . m . , lohse , m . & usadel , b . trimmomatic : a flexible trimmer for illumina sequence data .\nwood de , salzberg sl . kraken : ultrafast metagenomic sequence classification using exact alignments .\nzhang , j . , kobert , k . , flouri , t . & stamatakis , a . pear : a fast and accurate illumina paired - end read merger .\nkearse m , et al . geneious basic : an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data .\nnovak p , neumann p , pech j , steinhaisl j , macas j . repeatexplorer : a galaxy - based web server for genome - wide characterization of eukaryotic repetitive elements from next - generation sequence reads .\nhancock - hanser bl , et al . targeted multiplex next - generation sequencing : advances in techniques of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequencing for population genomics .\ndoyle sr , griffith is , murphy np , strugnell jm . low - coverage miseq next generation sequencing reveals the mitochondrial genome of the eastern rock lobster , sagmariasus verreauxi . mitochondrial .\nrohland n , reich d . cost - effective , high - throughput dna sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture .\nmamanova l , et al . target - enrichment strategies for next - generation sequencing .\nshearer ae , et al . pre - capture multiplexing improves efficiency and cost - effectiveness of targeted genomic enrichment .\nmckenna a , et al . the genome analysis toolkit : a mapreduce framework for analyzing next - generation dna sequencing data .\npurcell s , et al . plink : a tool set for whole - genome association and population - based linkage analyses .\nquinlan ar , hall im . bedtools : a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features ."]}
{"id": 1782, "summary": [{"text": "balaena is a genus of cetacean ( whale ) in the family balaenidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "balaena is considered a monotypic genus , as it has only a single extant species , the bowhead whale ( b . mysticetus ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was first described in 1758 by linnaeus , who at the time considered all of the right whales ( and the bowhead ) as a single species .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "historically , both the family balaenidae and genus balaena were known by the common name , \" right whales \" , however balaena are now known as bowhead whales .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "throughout history , the family balaenidae has been the subject of great taxonomic debate .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "authorities have repeatedly recategorized the three populations of right whale plus the bowhead whale , as one , two , three or four species , either in a single genus or in two separate genera .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in the early whaling days , they were all thought to be a single species , balaena mysticetus .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "eventually , it was recognized that bowheads and right whales were in fact different .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "later , morphological factors such as differences in the skull shape of northern and southern right whales indicated at least two species of right whale \u2014 one in the northern hemisphere , the other in the southern ocean .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "as recently as 1998 , dale rice , in his comprehensive and otherwise authoritative classification , marine mammals of the world : systematics and distribution , listed just two species : balaena glacialis ( the right whales ) and balaena mysticetus ( the bowheads ) .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "a dna study by rosenbaum in 2000 , and another study by churchill in 2007 finally provided clear evidence to conclude that the three living right whale species do comprise a phylogenetic lineage , distinct from the bowhead , and that the bowhead and the right whales are rightly classified into two separate genera .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the right whales , therefore , are now officially in the eubalaena genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the fossil record of balaena , dating to the late miocene , encompasses ten species known from finds in europe , north america , and south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "balena , described by scopoli in 1777 , and leiobalaena , described by eschricht in 1849 , are junior synonyms of balaena . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "balaena", "paragraphs": ["balaena may be derived from the genus balaena , which contains the bowhead whales .\nthe bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) is a species of the family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena , which once included the right whale .\n' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .\nblue balaenas are blue with yellow gas bags . they can drop big balaena sand bags .\n' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland . - youtube\nmix - ' the balaena ' - a whaling song with old photos from dundee , scotland .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nshelden , k . , d . rugh . 1995 . the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus : its historic and current status .\n[ 0021 ] george et al . ( 1999 ) , age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) via aspartic acid racemization\nkovacs m . k . , bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) . environmental monitoring of svalbard and jan mayen . retrieved on 27 may 2014\nwhat made you want to look up balaena ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\n[ 0890 ] zeh et al . ( 2002 ) , survival of bowhead whales , balaena mysticetus , estimated from 1981 - 1998 photoidentification data ( pubmed )\nkrutzikowsky , g . , b . mate . 2000 . dive and surfacing characteristics of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) in the beaufort and chukchi seas .\npurple balaenas are mauve and reddish - purple in coloration with blue gas sacs . they can drop big balaena water bags . they are only found in primordia waters .\nbalaena prisca , one of the five balaena fossils from the late miocene ( ~ 10 mya ) to early pleistocene ( ~ 1 . 5 mya ) , may be the same as the modern bowhead whale . the earlier fossil record shows no related cetacean after morenocetus , found in a south american deposit dating back 23 million years .\nto cite this page : justice , j . 2002 .\nbalaena mysticetus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nsearch for ' balaena mysticetus ' returned 9 matching records . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]\neuropean cetacean society . bowhead whales ( balaena mysticetus ) sighting in the franz josef land area . archived 23 may 2014 at the wayback machine . . retrieved on 24 may 2014\ngeorge , j . , j . bada , j . zeh , l . scott , s . brown . 1999 . age and growth estimates of bowhead whales ( * balaena mysticetus * ) via aspartic acid racemization .\nbowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) scientific name : balaena mysticetus higher classification : balaena rank : species , kingdom : animalia , phylum : chordata , class : mammalia , order : cetacea , suborder : mysticeti , family : balaenidae , genus : balaena , species : b . mysticetus , type : mammal , diet : carnivores , size : about 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length , weight : as much as 100 tons , lifespan : live for more than 100 years , possibly up to 200 years , * * balaena mysticetus , is a species of the right whale family balaenidae , in suborder mysticeti , and genus balaena . a stocky dark - colored whale without a dorsal fin , it can grow 14 m ( 46 ft ) to 18 m ( 59 ft ) in length . this thick - bodied species can weigh from 75 tonnes ( 74 long tons ; 83 short tons ) to 100 tonnes ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) . [ 3 ] they live entirely in fertile arctic and sub - arctic waters , unlike other whales that migrate to low latitude waters to feed or reproduce . the bowhead was also known as the greenland right whale or arctic whale . american whalemen called them the steeple - top , polar whale , [ 4 ] or russia or russian whale . the bowhead has the largest mouth of any animal . more info : urltoken\nford jr , t . j . ; werth , a . j . ; george , j . c . ( 2013 ) .\nan intraoral thermoregulatory organ in the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the corpus cavernosum maxillaris\n.\ngross a . , 2010 background document for bowhead whale balaena mysticetus . the ospar convention and mus\u00e9e des mat\u00e9riaux du centre de recherche sur les monuments historiques . isbn 978 - 1 - 907390 - 35 - 7 . retrieved on 24 may 2014\nclark , c . , w . ellison . 2000 . bioacoustics ( 80 ) - calibration and comparison of the acoustic location methods used during the spring migration of the bowhead whale , balaena mysticetus , off pt . barrow , alaska , 1984 - 1993 .\nwe had a fantastic time at cafe balaena , dean really creates a fabulous atmosphere and his humor that is infectious . my husband thoroughly enjoyed having a banter and laugh with him . the setting on these cool june evenings was warm and inviting with gas heaters . . .\nthe okhotsk sea bowhead is a subpopulation of balaena mysticetus linnaeus , 1758 . see also global assessment for the bowhead whale . genetic analyses have confirmed that the okhotsk sea bowheads are distinct from the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea bowheads and are a separate , isolated subpopulation ( leduc et al . 2005 ) .\ncarl linnaeus first described this whale in the 10th edition of his systema naturae ( 1758 ) . [ 8 ] seemingly identical to its cousins in the north atlantic , north pacific and southern oceans , they were all thought to be a single species , collectively known as the\nright whale\n, and given the binomial name balaena mysticetus .\nthis song , ' the balaena ' , is a whaling song from old dundee ( sung here by lowland folk ) and is taken from a vinyl album i ' ve had for many years . my great grandfather was apparently a whaler from dundee , but i have no idea if he ever sailed on this ' balaena ' ! what i do know is that on one of his trips to greenland he got iced in for so long that when he got back home he walked in and frightened my great grandmother who , of course , had given up hope for his safe return , and took him for a stranger . if he happened to return today he would ( no doubt ) be very disappointed to find that this great grandchild is very anti - whaling ! but the world & its situations have changed greatly in the last 100 or so years ! anyway , i hope you like this great old song & the visuals .\nreilly , s . b . , bannister , j . l . , best , p . b . , brown , m . , brownell jr . , r . l . , butterworth , d . s . , clapham , p . j . , cooke , j . , donovan , g . , urb\u00e1n , j . & zerbini , a . n . ( 2012 ) . balaena mysticetus . the iucn red list of threatened species doi : 10 . 2305 / iucn . uk . 2012 . rlts . t2467a17879018 . en\nhistorical range could have been broader and more southern than that of currently regarded as bowheads had been abundant among labrador and newfoundland ( strait of belle isle ) , and northern gulf of st . lawrence at least until 16th and 17th century although it is unclear this was whether or not due to colder climate of those periods . [ 36 ] distributions of balaena during pleistocene were far more southerly as fossils have been excavated from italy and north carolina , and thus could have overlapped between those of eubalaena based on locations where fossils have been excavated . [ 37 ]\ncurrently , three species of right whales are recognized by scientists . they are the north pacific right whale ( eubalaena japonica ) , the north atlantic right whale ( eubalaena glacialis ) and the southern right whale ( eubalaena australis ) . while recent genetic data supports this three - species taxonomy , right whales in the north atlantic and north pacific are still listed under the endangered species act as a single species ( balaena glacialis ) . separate listing of the north pacific right whale would force the preparation of a recovery plan and other actions to protect the species and its habitat .\nbalaena vista is a development of self catering apartments located in st . helena bay along the west coast of south africa . we offer a combination of one , two and four bedroom units in a rustic location . the apartments offer an unspoilt 180 degree view of the bay , a haven for dolphins and whales throughout the year . the apartments have easy access to shops , restaurants and numerous tourist attractions , including the west coast and boland wine routes , while still within driving distance of the family holiday havens of langebaan and saldanha . more information is provided under the local information section . take a look at our accomodation page to find out more about what we can offer you and your family on your holiday !\nwhat other hervey bay cafe can offer you the stunning views over the marina to fraser island ? at night you can enjoy the beauty as the moon rise over the water or see the raw power of nature as storms light up the sky over fraser island . whether you choose to come for breakfast , lunch or dinner you will be able to choose from an extensive menu that showcases the freshest and finest ingredients that hervey bay and the fraser coast has to offer . we cater for all tastes and all dietary requirements . no matter what time you choose to visit cafe balaena you will always find the atmosphere to be relaxed and easy going . soft music in the background . . . warm sun and gentle breezes in summer . . . cozy warmth on our cool winter nights . . . and the very best that hervey bay has to offer . . . you simply won ' t find a cafe with a better atmosphere in hervey bay .\nshow me : neomonachus schauinslandi arctocephalus pusillus arctocephalus tropicalis arctocephalus forsteri arctocephalus australis arctocephalus galapagoensis arctocephalus philippii a . p . philippii a . p . townsendi callorhinus ursinus zalophus japonicus zalophus californianus zalophus wollebaeki eumetopias jubatus neophoca cinerea phocarctos hookeri otaria byronia odobenus rosmarus erignathus barbatus phoca vitulina phoca largha pusa hispida p . h . ladogensis p . h . saimensis pusa caspica pusa sibirica halichoerus grypus pagophilus groenlandicus histriophoca fasciata cystophora cristata monachus tropicalis monachus monachus monachus schauinslandi mirounga leonina mirounga angustirostris leptonychotes weddellii ommatophoca rossii lobodon carcinophaga hydrurga leptonyx ursus maritimus enhydra lutris lontra felina neovison macrodon eubalaena glacialis eubalaena japonica eubalaena australis balaena mysticetus caperea marginata eschrichtius robustus megaptera novaeangliae balaenoptera acutorostrata balaenoptera bonaerensis balaenoptera edeni b . e . brydei balaenoptera omurai balaenoptera borealis balaenoptera physalus b . p . physalus b . p . quoyi balaenoptera musculus b . m . brevicauda physeter macrocephalus kogia breviceps kogia sima ziphius cavirostris tasmacetus shepherdi indopacetus pacificus hyperoodon ampullatus hyperoodon planifrons mesoplodon hectori mesoplodon mirus mesoplodon europaeus mesoplodon bidens mesoplodon grayi mesoplodon perrini mesoplodon peruvianus mesoplodon bowdoini mesoplodon traversii mesoplodon carlhubbsi mesoplodon ginkgodens mesoplodon stejnegeri mesoplodon layardii mesoplodon densirostris mesoplodon hotaula platanista gangetica inia geoffrensis inia boliviensis lipotes vexillifer pontoporia blainvillei monodon monoceros delphinapterus leucas cephalorhynchus commersonii cephalorhynchus eutropia cephalorhynchus heavisidii cephalorhynchus hectori c . h . hectori c . h . maui steno bredanensis sousa teuszii sousa chinensis sousa plumbea sousa sahulensis sp . nov . sotalia fluviatilis sotalia guianensis tursiops truncatus tursiops aduncus stenella attenuata stenella frontalis stenella longirostris stenella clymene stenella coeruleoalba delphinus delphis delphinus capensis lagenorhynchus albirostris lagenorhynchus acutus lagenorhynchus obliquidens lagenorhynchus obscurus lagenorhynchus australis lagenorhynchus cruciger lissodelphis borealis lissodelphis peronii grampus griseus peponocephala electra feresa attenuata pseudorca crassidens orcinus orca globicephala melas globicephala macrorhynchus orcaella brevirostris orcaella heinsohni neophocaena phocaenoides phocoena phocoena phocoena sinus phocoena spinipinnis phocoena dioptrica phocoenoides dalli trichechus manatus trichechus senegalensis trichechus inunguis dugong dugon hydrodamalis gigas or\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe taxonomy of the bowhead whale is not in doubt . there are four identified subpopulations two of which ( okhotsk sea and east greenland - svalbard - barents sea ) have separate iucn red list assessments .\nthe global ( pan - arctic ) population of the bowhead whale appears to be increasing , due primarily to the well - documented increase in the large bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas subpopulation ( also known as the western arctic population or stock ) . the global population size , at over 25 , 000 animals , is well above the iucn red list vulnerable threshold for a non - declining population . the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort subpopulation ( estimated to be over 16 , 000 and increasing at 3 % per year or more ) may have recovered to near or even above its level prior to commercial whaling . the east canada \u2013 west greenland subpopulation is estimated to exceed 4 , 000 , and has probably been increasing but is still below its pre - whaling level . bowhead whale numbers in the east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea subpopulation remain at a small fraction of pre - whaling abundance with no estimate of trend . the main reduction in the global population occurred before the three - generation time window that would trigger the red list population reduction ( a ) criterion . the east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea and okhotsk sea subpopulations have separate red list assessments , in addition to being included in this global assessment .\nbowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . until recently they have spent much of their lives in and near sea ice and they migrate seasonally to avoid ice entrapment and to take advantage of food concentrations ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . with the reduction of sea ice cover , bowhead whales now occur increasingly in open water during the summer ( moore 2016 ) . the scientific committee of the international whaling commission ( iwc ) has traditionally recognized five stocks named for the regions in which bowheads occur : bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas ; hudson bay \u2013 foxe basin ; davis strait \u2013 baffin bay ; svalbard \u2013 barents sea ( spitsbergen ) ; and okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . movements of tagged bowheads indicating somewhat overlapping ranges , and lack of clear genetic differences , has discredited the traditional distinction between the hudson bay \u2013 foxe basin and the davis strait \u2013 baffin bay populations ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2006 , postma et al . 2006 , alter et al . 2012 , iwc 2012 ) . four main subpopulations are now recognized : bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas ; east canada \u2013 west greenland ; east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea ; and okhotsk sea . the boundary between the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas and eastern canada \u2013 west greenland subpopulations is liable to become more porous as sea ice cover diminishes ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2012 ) .\nwith the exception of the okhotsk sea , genetic divergence between bowhead whales in different parts of their range appears to be low , and there is some evidence of movement between the main areas of occurrence ( iwc 2013 ) . the okhotsk sea subpopulation appears to be genetically and geographically isolated .\nbased on direct observations and telemetry , the summer range of the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas subpopulation extends from chaunskaya guba ( russian federation ) in the western chukchi sea through the beaufort sea and east to amundsen gulf ( canada ) and viscount melville sound ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2012 ) . most of the whales appear to migrate into the bering sea in winter ( iwc 2013 , quakenbush et al . 2012 , citta et al . 2015 ) . in the 19 th century , substantial catches were also taken in summer in the bering sea , but the climatic conditions were quite different then than at the present ( iwc 2013 )\nbowhead whales belonging to the east canada \u2013 west greenland subpopulation are observed in hudson bay , foxe basin , hudson strait , davis strait , baffin bay , gulf of boothia , prince regent inlet , and other waters of the canadian arctic archipelago . tracking of satellite - tagged whales has confirmed movements from foxe basin through fury and hecla strait into the gulf of boothia and prince regent inlet , and from cumberland sound into prince regent inlet , gulf of boothia , foxe basin , and hudson strait , while animals tagged in west greenland moved to prince regent inlet and hudson strait ( heide - j\u00f8rgensen et al . 2012 ) . the whales move out of the summering areas as ice forms in autumn to wintering areas in polynyas ( holst and stirling 1999 ) , unconsolidated pack ice , and open water near the ice edge off west greenland ( reeves and heide - j\u00f8rgensen 1996 ) and eastern baffin island . sightings and strandings have occurred in recent years in the western north atlantic as far south as newfoundland ( ledwell et al . 2007 ) and the gulf of maine ( accardo et al . in press ) .\nthe east greenland \u2013 svalbard \u2013 barents sea subpopulation occurs from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , including the northeast water polynya off northeastern greenland , in the barents sea , in the franz josef land archipelago , and in the kara sea at least as far as far as severnaya zemlya . there have also been sightings further south , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark . vagrants have been observed as far south as the western british isles and france ( de boer\n. 2014 ) . there is no evidence of migration into or out of the okhotsk sea .\n. 2011 ) . bowheads also commonly feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species ( lowry 1993 ) .\nthe seasonal distribution of bowhead whales is strongly influenced by prey availability and pack ice conditions ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter , they occur within areas of sea ice ( stafford\n2015 ) . during the spring , they use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn , they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley\n2017 ) . nearly all life history data come from the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort seas population . female age at sexual maturity is estimated at 18 - 33 years ( rosa\n. ( 2007 ) estimated the mean generation time for bowhead whales to be about 52 years , assuming an age at first reproduction of 20 years . females give birth every 3 - 7 years ( rugh\nlimited subsistence whaling on the bering \u2013 chukchi \u2013 beaufort subpopulation by indigenous people of alaska and chukotka is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( under its aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . small hunts are also authorized in canadian waters under co - management agreements between federal agencies and indigenous communities , and in west greenland under the iwc management procedure . the reported average annual take in alaska and chukotka during 2006 - 15 was about 55 animals struck of which about 75 % were successfully landed ( allison 2017 , suydam et al . 2017 ) .\nextensive commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted bowhead whales throughout their range . commercial whaling for the species has been prohibited under international conventions since the 1930s . the limited subsistence whaling by indigenous communities mentioned above has not impeded the recovery of the affected populations .\naccidental human - caused deaths are relatively few . during 2010 - 15 , two dead - stranded and one live bowhead were observed to be entangled with fishing gear but it was unclear whether the entanglement was the cause of death . of the bowhead whales taken in alaskan hunts during 1990 - 2012 , 12 % showed scars or wounds from fishing gear and 2 % showed scars or wounds from ship strikes ( george et al . 2017a ) .\nthere has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region would affect bowhead whales . effects on diving behavior ( robertson et al . 2013 ) and calling rates ( blackwell et al . 2015 ) in the vicinity of seismic surveys have been observed , but to date there has been no discernible population - level impact . examination of whales taken in subsistence hunts off alaska since 1980 found relatively low levels of morbidity , which would be consistent with an increasing population and good individual animal health ( george et al . 2017b ) .\nduring this century , a profound reduction in the extent and thickness of sea ice in the arctic has occurred and this reduction is predicted to continue , possibly leading eventually to the complete disappearance of sea ice in summer as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( frey et al . 2015 ) . the short - term effects of reduced ice cover on bowhead whales in the western arctic appear to be positive , due to increased feeding opportunities ( george et al . 2015 , moore 2016 ) . however , the long - term effects are less clear . the emergence of bowheads as a separate , ice - adapted species may have coincided with the appearance of sea ice in the late pliocene , and bowheads could lose out to non - ice - adapted species in the long term , but no projections of the time scale of such an eventuality are available ( harington 2008 , iwc 2016 ) .\nthere is also concern that , as the sea ice diminishes , the opening up of the arctic to increased vessel traffic , fishing activities , and extractive industries will increase human - caused impacts on bowhead whales ( reeves et al . 2012 , 2014 ) .\nbowhead whales were legally protected from commercial whaling under the international convention for the regulation of whaling ( icrw ) since its entry into force in 1948 , and by its predecessor the convention on the regulation of whaling since the 1930s . all range states except canada are parties to the icrw . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling of bowhead whales is allowed by the iwc ( the regulatory body established under the icrw ) from the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas stock and off west greenland on the basis of scientific advice ( see threats section ) . hunting by indigenous people in canada is co - managed by the federal government and regional bodies created under land - claim agreements . the bowhead whale has been included in the convention on international trade in endangered species appendix i since 1975 and it is listed on the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals appendix i . bowhead whales are managed under national threatened species legislation in the u . s . a . , canada , and the russian federation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) once inhabited oceans throughout the northern hemisphere . over the last hundred years the population of bowhead whales has been greatly reduced into five geographically secluded stocks . these stocks are : the spitsbergen stock , which inhabit the north atlantic ; the davis strait and hudson bay stocks , which both inhabit the west - northern atlantic ; the okhotsk stock , which are found in the okhotsk sea ; and bering sea stock , found in the area of the bering sea ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . bowhead whales inhabit the arctic ocean and associated seas . they are rarely found below 45 degrees north latitude ( nowak 1999 ) .\nlives in the colder waters of the northern hemisphere . of the current total population , approximately 700 are found in the north atlantic while 7 , 000 are located in the north pacific .\nusually follow the receding ice drifts ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . during summer they can be found in bays , straits , and estuaries ( nowak 1999 ) .\n) . the name\nbowhead\ncomes from their bow - shaped mouth . the lower jaw makes a u - shape around the upper jaw . this lower jaw is usually marked with white spots , contrasting with the rest of the whale ' s black body ( nowak 1999 ) . baleen in the bowhead whale ' s mouth is the largest of any cetacean with 300 baleen plates measuring 300 - 450 centimeters in vertical length . the skull makes up almost one - third of the total body length , is curved and asymetric ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales , on average , are sixty feet in length and weigh around 100 tons . contributing to the whale ' s mass is a two foot thick layer of insulating blubber ( nicklen 2000 ) .\nalso has a small pectoral fin for its size , less than 200 centimeters in length ( nowak 1999 ) . bowhead whale females measure between 16 and 18 meters in length , males measure between 14 and 17 meters in length . bowhead whales weigh from 75 , 000 to 100 , 000 kg .\nthrough songs . it is unknown how long these pair bonds last or how many matings male bowhead whales take part in during mating season .\nusually occurs during late winter and early spring . spring migration takes place soon after this and the female gives birth between april and june , with most births occurring in may . it takes twenty years for a bowhead whale calf to reach sexual maturity . at this time , they can be between 12 . 3 and 14 . 2 m in length ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . females usually reach sexual maturity before males and are also 1 to 2 meters larger than males at this time ( george et al . 1999 ) . in some cases pseudohermaphroditism can occur , leaving a whale to appear female , but also having male sex organs ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\n( george , et al . , 1999 ; shelden and rugh , 1995 )\nbreeding interval typical calving intervals are every 3 to 4 years in bowhead whales .\nwhen a calf is born , its average length is 4 . 25 to 5 . 25 m . calves grow approximately 1 . 5 cm a day . the calf is fed with its mother ' s milk until it is weaned , which occurs between nine and fifteen months after birth . after weaning , growth rate decreases . after births occur , whales segregate into groups in order to migrate . calves and mothers are in the front group . perhaps this is to allow them to be the first to feed on food aggregations that are encountered . for the most part it seems that females take care of the young , although there have been some cases of\ntravelling in groups of three : a mature male , a mature female , and a calf ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\nhas a remarkable lifespan . the average age of animals captured during whaling is estimated at 60 to 70 years old , based on examination of changes in the nucleus of the eye over time . however , several individuals have been discovered with ancient ivory and stone harpoon heads in their flesh and examination of their eye nucleus has resulted in estimated lifespans up to 200 years ( george et al . 1999 ) , making bowhead whales the longest lived mammalian species . there is little knowlege of diseases in\nwhen migrating , bowhead whales divide into three smaller groups in which to migrate during the spring and fall . the groups they segregate into are : subadults , intermediate mature whales , and large adults . each of the five stocks show distinct migration patterns dependent on the supply of food and the extension or recession of the polar ice cap ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\nis a baleen whale , which means that they filter water through baleen plates , feeding on the organisms caught in the plates and pushing the rest of the water out .\ncan sometimes feed opportunistically during the spring migration , but mostly feed during the winter months on their feeding grounds . they eat crustacean zooplankton , epibenthic organisms , and some benthic organisms . crustacean zooplankton , such as copepods , are not important food sources for young\n, but increase in importance with age ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . copepods are small crustaceans , which a bowhead whale can filter at approximately 50 , 000 per minute ( stover 2001 ) .\nsometimes form groups of up to fourteen individuals , in which they make a v - shape formation . in this formation they travel at the same speed and filter feed together ( nowak 1999 ) .\nbowhead whales are protected from predators by their large size . they are also known to take shelter under ice drifts . as the oceanic waters of the polar regions become frozen , bowhead whales will swim beneath the extending polar ice cap . in order to survive under the ice cap ,\ncan break through the ice in order to breathe without making themselves accessible to other marine predators ( stover 2001 ) . in a study in 1995 , it was found that one - third of the animals of the davis strait stock showed scars from killer whale attacks ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\nas both a mode of transportation and a way to encounter fresh food supplies ( lanier 1998 ) . bowhead whales play an important role as predators of plankton in the arctic ocean .\nis a benefit to the whaling industry . because of their large size , one whale can bring a large bounty of whale meat , massive baleen , and the blubber for which it is primarily hunted . in fact ,\nis the most economically valuable of all cetaceans ( nowak 1999 ) . many native people such as eskimos also depend on these resources for the survival of their communities economically by using baleen for tools , blubber for fuel , and whale meat for food and trade ( nicklen 1995 ) .\nmay interfere with humans is in marine fishing . the large bowhead whale has been known to collide with sailing vessels on rare occassions as well as get caught in nets fishing for other oceanic life ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\ninvolve reducing or ending the hunting of this species . agencies who are playing parts in the conservation of the species are the alaskan eskimo whaling commission ( aewc ) and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) . native people have been allowed to take only one whale every two years ( nicklen 2000 ) . whale populations plummeted as a result of a huge expansion in the whaling industry from the 1600s to the early 1900s ( shelden and rugh 1995 ) .\njames justice ( author ) , university of northern iowa , jim demastes ( editor ) , university of northern iowa .\nthe body of water between europe , asia , and north america which occurs mostly north of the arctic circle .\nthe body of water between africa , europe , the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , and the western hemisphere . it is the second largest ocean in the world after the pacific ocean .\nbody of water between the southern ocean ( above 60 degrees south latitude ) , australia , asia , and the western hemisphere . this is the world ' s largest ocean , covering about 28 % of the world ' s surface .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhumans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals . ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\na method of feeding where small food particles are filtered from the surrounding water by various mechanisms . used mainly by aquatic invertebrates , especially plankton , but also by baleen whales .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles , from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\nanimal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )\nraloof , j . 2000 . cetacean seniors : whales that give new meaning to longevity .\nstover , d . 2001 . science and technology : the wisest whale of the sea .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nwhether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .\ndon ' t have an account yet ? sign up . it ' s free and takes five seconds .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\newan maccoll & a . l . lloyd - south australia ( sea shanty )\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations , attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .\ngreat food & vibe . i had dinner & breakfast there . coral trout was very tasty as was the salad that accompanied it . will be back .\nwhile the atmosphere and service was lovely our 2 main meals were like a step back in time when restaurants served frozen fish , tinned pineapple and flavourless , chewy octopus . i\u2019m sorry but i just can\u2019t recommend this place for dinner .\nwe were a group of 12 originally booked as 8 for dinner . we turned up without letting them know and although the restaurant was close to full that went out of there way to fit us in . the menu is quite extensive with tapas options . . .\nwent here twice because it was handy to our apartment and the food and service and cocktails were all good . . . i liked that i could get a sandwich when my partner wanted oysters or a steak ! would definitely go here again . . . we didn ' t book as . . .\ni went with my partner we had scallops and salmon a lovely meal and reasonably priced . lovely place on the water at the boat harbour in hervey bay\ngreat venue , good atomsphere , but grilled prawns with a salad were ice cold and soggy from the freezer , such a shame .\na reasonable fish meal for a little more than we had planned to spend but that is obviously the going price in this area . few gf options . friendly service .\ngreat freshly made food , couldn\u2019t fault it . will definitely be back . wait time took a little bit long .\nlove this place for breakfast , lunch and dinner ! food is always amazing and cocktails are great too ! seafood chowder is delicious and always my choice for dinner . staff are friendly and very helpful . five stars - definitely recommend\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nwhy does your owner feel that calling people boring is funny or in his words it was a joke sir ? why does he feel he has the right to touch people with out first introducing himself is his right ? why does he offer hostile justification for poor judgement and appalling customer interaction ? your owner needs to re think his role in a customer focused industry . not everyone see ' s you as you see yourself\ni and my friends have never experienced what you describe . it seems a friendly staff there as to the owner i don ' t think i know who he is .\nit can take awhile for them to put the reviews up worst luck . i know i have waited for up to a week .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlinnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 75 [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( 2001 ) . tetrapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 375 - 376 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nuniversity of michigan museum of zoology . animal diversity web . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmead , j . g . ; brownell , r . l . jr . ( 2005 ) . cetacea . in wilson , d . e . & d . m . reeder ( eds ) . mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed ) , johns hopkins university press , 2 , 142 pp . 723 - - 743 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrice , d . w . ( 1998 ) . marine mammals of the world . systematics and distribution . society for marine mammalogy special publication . 4 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhershkovitz , p . ( 1966 ) . catalog of living whales . bulletin of the united states national museum . ( 246 ) : 1 - 259 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njefferson , t . a . , m . a . webber and r . l . pitman . ( 2008 ) . marine mammals of the world . academic press , amsterdam . [ details ]\nperrin , w . f . ; w\u00fcrsig , b . ; thewissen , j . g . m . ( 2009 ) . encyclopedia of marine mammals . second edition . academic press : london . isbn 978 - 0 - 12 - 373553 - 9 . xxix , 1316 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ntype specimen type locality greenland seas . no type specimen ; based on the greenland right whale of whalers and authors . [ details ]\nthese whale - like creatures ' dorsal sacs house vaporized biofluid that swells the organs like hot - air balloons , granting them aerial mobility . in rare cases , these dorsal sacs remain inflated after death , resulting in the carcass remaining airborne for years , and causing unique ecologies to form around them .\nthough generally slow , jet mechanisms near their tails allow for high - speed locomotion . they can also shell foes from afar with a kind of biological mortar . monogamous in nature , balaenas produce a single offspring every three years , the rearing of which is handled by both partners . this period of raising young is streaked with irritability , resulting in the predation of creatures that the usually gentle balaenas would typically regard as symbionts .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nmead , james g . , and robert l . brownell , jr . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 1\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\nstatus : cites - appendix i ; u . s . esa - endangered ; iucn - critically endangered ( spitzbergen population ) , endangered ( okhotsk sea subpopulation and baffin bay - davis strait stock ) , vulnerable ( hudson bay - foxe basin stock ) , lower risk ( cd ) ( bering - chukchi - beauf . . .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe taxonomy is not in doubt . there are five traditionally recognised geographical populations . the species was once commonly known in the north atlantic and adjacent arctic as the greenland right whale . however , the common name bowhead whale is now used almost exclusively for the species .\njustification : this species is assessed as not applicable as it is of marginal occurrence in the european mammal assessment region .\nbowhead whales are found only in arctic and subarctic regions . they spend much of their lives in and near the pack ice , migrating to the high arctic in summer , and retreating southward in winter with the advancing ice edge ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . the iwc recognises five stocks : bering - chukchi - beaufort sea ; hudson bay - fox basin ; davis strait - baffin bay ; spitsbergen ; and the okhotsk sea ( rugh et al . 2003 ) . the spitsbergen stock extends from the east coast of greenland across the greenland sea , the barents sea and the kara sea as far as severnaya zemlya , and going as far south as the ice front , exceptionally reaching iceland and the coast of finnmark ( norway ) .\ncurrent population size the range - wide abundance is not known with precision but numbers over 10 , 000 individuals , with 10 , 500 ( 8 , 200 - 13 , 500 ) ( in 2001 ) in the bering - chukchi - beaufort seas ( zeh and punt 2005 ) , and a provisional estimate of 7 , 300 ( 3 , 100 - 16 , 900 ) for a part of the range of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks ( cosens et al . 2006 ) . there are no reliable abundance estimates for the small okhotsk sea and spitsbergen stocks . population trends the bering - chukchi - beaufort ( bcb ) population has been monitored for more than 30 years and has been increasing over this period at an estimated rate of 3 . 4 % ( 1 . 7 % - 5 % ) per year in the presence of subsistence hunting ( zeh and punt 2005 ) . no quantitative estimates of trends in the other bowhead populations are available , but inuit hunters and elders report that they are observing more bowheads in the eastern canadian arctic than they did in the 1960s - 1970s , and that the geographic distribution of the whales has expanded in recent years . no estimates of population trend are available for the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . pre - whaling population sizes all bowhead populations were severely depleted by commercial whaling , which was established in the north - eastern atlantic by 1611 ( ross 1993 ) . basque whalers took bowheads in the north - west atlantic ( labrador ) in the 16th century , but ambiguities over the species identity of whales taken in early commercial whaling make pre - 1600 catch records difficult to interpret . minimum pre - whaling stock sizes are estimated to have been 24 , 000 for the svalbard - barents sea stock , 12 , 000 for the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks , and 3 , 000 for the okhotsk sea stock ( woodby and botkin 1993 ) . the spitsbergen and okhotsk sea stocks are at a small fraction of their pre - whaling levels . demographic parameters a high longevity ( > 100 years ) is suggested by biochemical methods and the finding of old - fashioned stone harpoon heads in harvested animals ( george et al . 1999 ) . if this high longevity is confirmed , it would be among the longest known for a mammal .\nthe seasonal distribution is strongly influenced by pack ice ( moore and reeves 1993 ) . during the winter they occur in areas near the ice edge , in polynyas , and in areas of unconsolidated pack ice . during the spring these whales use leads and cracks in the ice to penetrate areas that were inaccessible during the winter due to heavy ice coverage . during the summer and autumn they concentrate in areas where zooplankton production is high or where large - scale biophysical processes create local concentrations of calanoid copepods ( finley 1990 , finley et al . 1998 ) . small to medium - sized crustaceans , especially krill and copepods , form the bulk of the bowhead ' s diet ( lowry et al . 2004 ) . they also feed on mysids and gammarid amphipods , and the diet includes at least 60 species . bowheads skim feed at the surface and feed in the water column . it has recently been suggested that they also feed near the bottom , but probably do not directly ingest sediments as gray whales routinely do . during surface skim feeding , coordinated group patterns have been observed , including whales feeding in echelon ( v - shaped ) formation .\nheavy commercial hunting , beginning in the 1500s , depleted all populations of bowheads . the bering - chukchi - beaufort sea stock has recovered substantially since the end of commercial hunting in the early 20th century to around 10 , 000 animals , while recent provisional estimates of the hudson bay - foxe basin and baffin bay - davis strait stocks suggest that a significant recovery has probably occurred . there is no reliable evidence of recovery of the svalbard - barents sea and okhotsk sea stocks . limited aboriginal subsistence whaling on the bcb stock ( by native peoples of alaska and chukotka ) is permitted by the iwc on the basis of advice from its scientific committee ( most recently under its new aboriginal subsistence whaling management procedure ) . these takes have not impeded the recovery of the stock . very small takes by indigenous hunters are allowed in canadian waters , so far too few to seriously impede recovery of the stocks , but there will be pressure to increase these takes given the recent , higher population estimates for the eastern canadian arctic . there has been concern since the 1970s that disturbance from oil and gas exploration and extraction activities in the arctic region might affect bowhead whales . there is also evidence of incidental mortality and serious injury caused by entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes ( philo et al . 1992 , 1993 ; finley 2000 ) . environmental threats , such as pollution ( bratton et al . 1993 ) , and disturbance from tourist traffic ( finley 2000 ) may affect bowhead whales but the impacts have not yet been well characterized or quantified . during this century , a profound reduction in the extent of sea ice in the arctic is expected , and possibly a complete disappearance in summer , as mean arctic temperatures rise faster than the global average ( anonymous 2005 ) . the implications of this for bowhead whales are unclear but warrant monitoring ."]}
{"id": 1783, "summary": [{"text": "the sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) is an endangered sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) native to the sacramento \u2013 san joaquin river delta , pajaro , and salinas river areas in california , but widely introduced throughout the western united states .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the sacramento perch 's native habitat is in sluggish , heavily vegetated , waters of sloughs and lakes .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it can reach a maximum overall length of 61 cm ( 24 in ) and a maximum weight of 3.6 kg ( 7.9 lb ) , and it has been reported to live as long as six years .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its adaptability to different habitats is high , and it can survive on a wide variety of food sources .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "as young perch , they consume mainly small crustaceans and eventually move on to insect larvae and then smaller fish as adults . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "sacramento perch", "paragraphs": ["sacramento perch | photo : ren\u00e9 reyes , u . s . bureau of reclamation /\nalthough called the sacramento perch , a . interruptus is not a perch strictly speaking ; the perches are members of the genus perca in family percidae .\nvanicek dc ( 1980 ) decline of the lake greenhaven sacramento perch population . california fish and game 66 : 178\u2013183\nsome of the ponds the perch lives in are within swimming distance of those islands . others live in maintained wetlands in the yolo bypass wildlife area , closer to sacramento . there are sacramento perch in ponds on the uc davis campus that occasionally escape into nearby putah creek , a delta tributary . the sacramento perch might just come back someday after all , given half a chance .\nat least one sunfish family member seems to get along okay with the perch . at point reyes national seashore , both sacramento perch and largemouth bass thrived for some time at abbott ' s lagoons .\nthat ' s borne out by studies of ponds to which the sacramento perch has been introduced , often as a mosquito control method . ( juvenile perch are voracious eaters of mosquito larvae . ) introduce bluegill or green sunfish into a pond in which the perch are doing well , and the perch start to decline . in a research project in yolo county , bluegill drove a pond full of perch to extinction in just two years .\nthe sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) is a sunfish ( family centrarchidae ) native to the sacramento \u2013 san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas river areas in california , but widely introduced throughout the western united states .\nbut one problem that seems specific to the perch is competition for habitat from introduced members of the sunfish family , such as the bluegill and green sunfish . such introduced sunfish tend to be more aggressive than the sacramento perch , and they chase the perch away from favored habitat , including spawning sites .\nthe sacramento perch eats primarily benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) prey , such at insect larvae , snails , and fishes . the species spawns throughout the spring and summer , and eggs hatch in about four days . the sacramento perch is not very aggressive , which often makes it difficult to catch .\nsacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) are members of the sunfish family . they virtually disappeared from california ' s central valley rivers and delta , when their habitat was altered and non native sunfish were introduced . sacramento perch were unable to compete with the black bass , bluegill and crappie , which raided the perch ' s nest . they were first introduced into pyramid lake in 1877 . sacramento perch , unlike the introduced sunfish , do not protect their nests and were steadily replaced in the ecosystem by the bass , crappie and bluegill .\nthe sacramento perch ( archoplites interruptus ) , a sunfish ( centrarchidae ) native only to the central valley of california , has been eliminated from most of its native range . to examine the role of interspecific competition in this decline , a series of experiments were conducted to assess the growth , aggressive behavior , and habitat use of sacramento perch in the presence of bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) , an introduced centrarchid . the experiments indicate that ( 1 ) sacramento perch gain less weight and show reduced growth when placed with bluegill , but that this interaction only occurs with food limitation , and is not affected by overall fish density ; ( 2 ) sacramento perch demonstrate less aggressive behavior than bluegill , but become more aggressive when they are conspicuously larger than bluegill ; ( 3 ) sacramento perch shift their habitat use in the presence of bluegill . overall the results imply that sacramento perch and bluegill exhibit interspecific competition where the mechanism of interaction is aggressive dominance by bluegill . it is suggested that long term persistence of sacramento perch may require a habitat that is free of introduced centrarchid fishes , or one controlled by a naturally variable hydrological regime .\nand yet only a few sacramento perch remain in the native delta habitat , at best . widely planted in stockponds and reservoirs outside its native range , the perch is functionally extinct in the delta and throughout the rest of its limited original range .\ncompetition between the fry of the sacramento perch and several species of eastern centrarchids for food resources may be another factor in the decline of the species . studies have indicated that all young centrarchids have similar food preferences , but the eastern centrarchids have evolved more aggressive feeding techniques than the sacramento perch , and have been observed chasing the latter from feeding areas .\nthe sacramento perch ' s wide tolerance of water conditions includes temperature . the adults can survive in water far warmer than many other delta fish can tolerate : until the water reaches about 72\u00b0 fahrenheit , adult sacramento perch do just fine . warmer than that , and the adults will decline in fitness , leaving to cooler waters if they can . the perch ' s larvae can tolerate even warmer water . that ' s a good thing , because heavily vegetated , shallow , and turbid waters are where sacramento perch tend to spawn . vegetation slows water currents , and suspended silt and organic matter absorb sunlight , both process warming the water .\ntoday , native sacramento perch populations are waning in their natural habitats , but are paradoxically flourishing in habitats into which they have been introduced . despite the decline of the sacramento perch in its native range , it is not endangered , and is doing quite well in several locations outside its natural range . due to its ability to withstand high alkalinity , it has been introduced into several alkaline lakes in nevada , colorado , nebraska , and north and south dakota , and is flourishing where most other centrarchid species cannot survive and reproduce . it has also become established in several california reservoirs where it has been planted , or where young fish were transported through the california aqueduct system into holding reservoirs such as san luis reservoir and o ' neill forebay . in addition , the california department of fish & game has promoted the sacramento perch for introduction into central valley farm ponds . when other centrarchid species are introduced , they often reproductively out - compete the sacramento perch . when left alone in a pond , most centrarchids , sacramento perch included , will develop stunted populations due to overcrowding . these problems make it difficult to establish the sacramento perch in areas that also harbor other centrarchids , but with thriving populations of this fish in lakes outside california , the sacramento perch is far from lost .\neastern species are also more aggressive in their site - selection . with the increase in the population of eastern species in many habitats in california , the sacramento perch is most certainly losing preferred spawning areas to the more aggressive bluegill and other non - native centrarchids . in aquaria , it has been observed that eastern sunfish will actually chase sacramento perch away from preferred spawning areas .\nwebsite editor ' s note : the article below states that sacramento perch\ndon ' t bother to build a nest for the female to lay the eggs in nests .\nthat was true in the references listed for the paper . however , more recent evidence suggest that male sacramento perch can and do build nests for the female to lay eggs , similar to their eastern counterparts . observations were made in aquaria where repeated attempts to cover or bury the nest caused the male to re - build the nest after each attempt . successful spawning did occur . the male sacramento perch also showed some signs of nest guarding from the female . this is by no means to say all sacramento perch build and guard nests , but that the ability is there .\nneeds : see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) .\nthere is no limit on the perch at crowley , but the population seems to be doing fine .\nsacramento perch , adult male . captured from sindicich lagoon , martinez , california in may 2001 . sl = 238 mm . photo by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , california .\nthe effects on the perch have been dramatic . a survey in 1898 - 99 cited a commercial perch fishery in the delta , with more than 400 , 000 pounds of the fish sold some years in san francisco markets . by the 1960s , they were nearly gone from the delta . one adult sacramento perch was caught in a sacramento river survey in 1992 , but fisheries biologists think it unlikely that a self - sustaining population of the species exists anywhere in the central valley . the perch is likewise gone from the salinas and pajaro rivers , and adults are found now and then in clear lake - - possibly escapees from farm ponds .\nto catch the perch now , you have to go to one of three places - crowley lake near bishop , pyramid lake in nevada or lagoon valley lake between fairfield and vacaville . the largest recorded sacramento perch caught in pyramid lake weighed in at 4 lbs , 9 oz ( 1971 ) , which is the current state record .\nperch were historically abundant predators throughout the central valley of california , where they occupied sloughs , lakes , and slow moving rivers . today they are rare in their native waters , but still exist in clear lake and alameda creek / calaveras reservoir , as well as in some farm ponds and reservoirs . they have been introduced through the state including the upper klamath basin , upper pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed , and may exist in sonoma reservoir in the russian river watershed . sacramento perch are most often found in warm reservoirs and ponds where summer temperature range form 18 - 28\u00b0c . sacramento perch are capable of surviving high temperatures , high salinities ( up to 17 ppt ) , high turbidity , and low water clarity . though sacramento perch are often found in clear water among beds of aquatic vegetation , they achieve greater numbers in turbid lakes absent of plants . typically they are found along the bottom of inshore regions . young - of - year perch form shoals in these areas where aquatic and overhanging vegetation provide cover . sacramento perch are most abundant where other\nexamination of 510 stomachs of sacramento perch from five localities showed that they feed primarily by picking insect larvae and snails from the bottom and aquatic plants or by capturing zooplankton , fish , or emerging insects in midwater . the diet varies with season and size of fish but no daily feeding rhythms were found . similarity of their diet to that of bluegill indicates that sacramento perch may have been eliminated from their native habitat through competitive interactions with bluegill .\nintentional stocking for sportfishing . the earliest introduction of sacramento perch took place circa 1877 , into western nevada ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) . nebraska , north dakota , colorado , new mexico , texas , and arizona were all stocked in the 1960s ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) . sacramento perch were discovered in crowley lake , california in the late 1960s , but the exact date and reason for the introduction is not known ( mccarraher and gregory 1970 ) .\nthe perch are showing in 12 - 15 feet in leighton springs , sandy point , and hilton and whiskey bays .\nessentially extinct in its native range since before passage of the u . s . endangered species act in 1973 , the sacramento perch is neither listed nor protected under that law . the remaining perch in clear lake , if any , are considered a california species of special concern , a status that prompts the state to enact management measures to protect the species .\nsacramento perch , juvenile ( 170 days old ) . raised from wild brood fish from sindicich lagoon , concord , california . sl = 68 mm . photographed in january 2002 by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , california .\nhabitat destruction has also contributed to the decline of the sacramento perch in its native habitat , the filling of sloughs in the california delta and the draining of lakes and general reduction of backwater areas have reduced the number of suitable spawning areas substantially .\nsacramento perch , juveniles ( 107 days old ) . raised from wild brood fish from sindicich lagoon , concord , ca . average sl = 32 mm . photographed in october 2002 by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca .\nintroduced sacramento perch , along with many other introduced fishes , may have contributed to the decline of the lost river sucker deltistes luxatus and the shortnose sucker chasmistes brevirostris in the upper klamath drainage in oregon ( u . s . fish and wildlife service 1993 ) .\ndiscussion : the sacramento perch is the only sunfish native to the western united states . in its native range , it declined rapidly as exotic fishes were introduced and its habitat destroyed . it has been introduced into some western lakes that are too alkaline for other fishes .\nmore panfish : crappie fishing at irvine lake might not rival the perch at crowley , but it has been spectacular in its own right .\nsacramento perch ( probably a breeding male , based on dark color ) . captured from sindicich lagoon , martinez , ca in may 2001 . sl = 221 mm . weight = 260 g . photo by chris miller , contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca .\nnorth america : sacramento - san joaquin , pajaro and salinas river drainages in california , usa . widely introduced elsewhere in western usa .\nthat seems to be part of the problem with the sacramento perch disappearing from the delta : introduced fish such as carp and catfish can chase the males off their nests to eat the eggs , and others move in to eat the larvae once the deadbeat dads leave home after hatching .\nkyle , k . and r . kelsey . 2011 . results of the 2011 tricolored blackbird statewide survey . sacramento : audubon california . close\nwhat can be done , if anything , to restore the perch to its native habitat ? a recovery plan for delta native fish species published nearly 20 years ago by the u . s . fish and wildlife service suggests that flooding islands in the delta to provide shallow water habitat might well be the answer , if it ' s done with careful attention paid to controlling the perch ' s competitors . while usfws admitted the sacramento perch has\nlow restoration potential ,\nit suggested that reclaiming diked islands might provide the perch with some of its preferred habitat for spawning and just generally hanging out . the two islands it mentioned , liberty and prospect islands north of rio vista , have since been restored as tidal wetland .\n. aquatic insect larvae and pupae become increasingly important as the fish grow . adult fish may begin to feed on other fish , including young - of - year perch . growth is variable and factors such as diet , overcrowding , and gender affect growth rates . females tend to be larger than males and adult fish grow more in weight than in length . sacramento perch reach sexual maturity in year 2 or 3 and generally spawn from march through early august when water temperatures range from 18 - 29\u00b0c . prior to spawning , perch gather in shallow areas abundant with filamentous algae and\nthe introduction of eastern sunfish species into california has exposed the sacramento perch to the complex world of centrarchid competition . eastern centrarchids generally build and vigorously guard a nest in a preferred spawning area . the female lays her eggs in the nest and is then chased away by the male , who guards the eggs from predators until they hatch and the fry are free - swimming . since the sacramento perch scatters its eggs on the substrate and may provide little or no protection for the eggs , they are left open to predation by introduced catfish , carp , or other centrarchids .\nare absent . they feed by stalking , and prey items vary with time , availability , and fish size . sacramento perch are opportunistic and feeding occurs all day with peaks at dawn and dusk . their diet is more diverse in summer than in winter . young - of - year fish feed primarily on small crustaceans found on plants and in the substrate . juvenile perch in clear lake were found to feed mostly on copepods and later\nthe sacramento perch fishery is undeveloped , but those anglers who have done their homework to find these fish during late spring and early summer are often rewarded with lots of fish . because these fish compete with the trout for available forage , the tribal council has recently approved dropping the bag limit .\n. these assembly areas may also have submerged roots , rock piles , and sticks . male fish begin defending territories along shore where they create shallow nests . they vehemently defend their space until the arrival of a female perch , at which time they begin courting . the male and female perch release eggs and milt simultaneously , and upon completion the female perch abandons the nest . females spawn with multiple males , producing a total of about 8 , 400 - 125 , 000 eggs . egg production varies with body size . male perch guard their nests and the embryos for several days . the emergent larvae are\nthe sacramento perch wasn ' t picky about that habitat . in addition to the streams of the delta and central valley , archoplites once thrived in the salinas and pajaro rivers in the monterey bay area , as well as in clear lake . though the perch did swim in clear , swift - flowing water , it seemed to prefer the other kind : stagnant pools and side - channels , sloughs viscid with algae , ponds choked with emergent vegetation .\nsacramento perch , juvenile ( 5 months old ) . crowley lake strain , reared at contra costa mosquito & vector control district , ca . fl = 131 mm . photographed on 11 / 19 / 09 by chris miller , ccmvcd . note : this fish is a cannibal and grew very fast .\nrange : sacramento , san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas rivers and clear lake , california . introduced in utah , nevada , oregon , and california .\nif any fish native to the delta seemed tailor - made to withstand the drought , it would have to be the sacramento perch . tolerant of a wide range of water quality , the perch can thrive in clear , cold water or warm water so stagnant and thick with algae it would choke a cow . it can survive in slightly brackish water , in water contaminated by runoff , and in muddy ponds only a few inches deep : perfect for the drought - era delta .\ncomments : opportunistic ; diet mainly benthic insect larvae , snails , mid - water insects , zooplankton , and fishes ( moyle et al . 1989 ) . young feed mainly on small crustaceans , but as they grow sacramento perch consume more aquatic insects larvae and pupae . large adults feed mainly on other fishes when available .\nand as with just about every other species of fish - - and species of not - fish - - native to the delta , our massive reengineering of the region ' s waterworks plays a role as well . there are fewer stagnant sloughs with fringing , seasonally flooded wetlands in which the sacramento perch can spawn and grow .\nthe sacramento perch ' s native habitat is in sluggish , vegetated waters of sloughs and lakes . it can reach a maximum overall length of 61 cm ( 24 in ) and a maximum weight of 3 . 6 kg ( 7 . 9 lb ) , and it has been reported to live as long as six years .\nschulz pd ( 1994 ) fish remains from yol - 182 : a prehistoric village in the lower sacramento valley . brienes , west and schulz , davis , ca\nsacramento perch can be considered reproductive deviants in the centrarchid world . they become sexually mature by their second or third year and spawn during late may and early june when water conditions needed for egg development are at their best . the deviant part comes when the males ignore the standard pattern for eastern sunfish ; they don ' t bother to build a nest for the female to lay the eggs in . instead , several males converge near heavily vegetated shallow areas near favorable spawning sites . then each male stakes out a chosen territory for a female to lay eggs in . during the spawning act , the females simply scatter eggs over the territory as the male fertilizes them . some researchers have observed the sacramento perch vigorously guarding the eggs from potential predators , while others have noted little or no post - spawning care of the eggs . in the evolutionary absence of other , competing centrarchid species in california , the sacramento perch probably had no need to develop the complex nest - guarding behavior that sunfishes perform .\nmale sacramento perch are negligent fathers , at least by sunfish family standards . perhaps because they went at least 5 . 3 million years without competition from other sunfishes for nest sites , male perch don ' t guard their nests after the eggs hatch , leaving their larvae vulnerable to predation . they ' re also pretty easy to chase off their nests before the eggs hatch . ( to be fair in this application of human standards to fish childrearing practices , the females leave the nests immediately after spawning . )\nsacramento - - san joaquin , pajaro , and salinas river drainages , and clear lake in lake county , california ( moyle 1976a ; page and burr 1991 ) .\nas is so often the case with common names , the sacramento perch isn ' t actually a true perch . known to science as archoplites interruptus , it ' s a member of the sunfish family , centrarchidae , along with bluegills and largemouth bass . in fact , it ' s the only member of that family native to north america west of the rocky mountains , and has evolved without having to compete with other members of the sunfish family for food or habitat , perhaps since the miocene epoch , which ended 5 . 3 million years ago .\nthe sacramento perch is the only member of the family centrarchidae that naturally occurs west of the rocky mountains . evolving in isolation from the sunfish of the eastern united states , it kept the more primitive body form that closely resembles its fossilized forbears ' body plans . in the california that existed before the europeans arrived , these fish inhabited the sloughs , slow - water rivers , and small lakes of the central valley , as well as clear lake in lake county and the paiaro and salinas rivers . the sacramento perch evolved as one of the top piscivores ( fish - eaters ) in fish communities rich with prey , and in the past could be found in abundance throughout central valley waterways . for native californians , it served as a staple food fish , and , before game fish from the eastern united states were introduced into the state ' s waters in the late 1800 ' s , the sacramento perch was a primary food fish for the early settlers . variable water quality due to alternating periods of flooding and drought in california habitats selected for the ability of this fish to withstand extreme salinities , temperatures , and alkalinities that exclude other fish , including introduced centrarchids .\nreasons : formerly widely distributed and common in much of california ; now restricted to just a couple remaining native populations in california , which are small but persistent ; native habitat is dominated by introduced species , which threaten sacramento perch through competition and predation ; reasonably secure in several watersheds outside native range . based on native populations , rank would be g1 ( g2g3 if introduced populations are considered ) .\nthe sacramento perch , archoplites interruptus , is the only sunfish native to the western united states , where it was historically found in northern and central california . only one native population of the species , located in clear lake , california , currently exists , however . the species is not native to utah , but it has been introduced to several reservoirs in the northern and western parts of the state , including pruess lake .\nusually , the perch don\u2019t come out to play until the summer months . but locals started catching them soon after trout season opened more than two weeks ago , and the bite has been as wide open as the trout .\nan explanatory series focusing on one of the most complex issues facing california : water sharing . and at its core is the sacramento - san joaquin bay delta . stay with urltoken for all the project ' s stories .\nthe sacramento perch is different in several ways from other centrarchids . it takes advantage of different food resources during its life cycle instead of specializing in one certain feeding niche . feeding takes place at any time of the day , with peaks in the dusk and dawn hours . the adults are piscivorous , stalking their prey until they are close enough to inhale it by rapidly expanding their buccal cavities . they are most successful in habitats were they can take on the role of top predator . when stocked in small lakes and ponds , adults continue to feed on aquatic insects when small fish and crustaceans are scarce . nevertheless , sacramento perch will feed opportunistically when presented with an abundance of any type of food such as waterboatmen , aquatic beetles , or small fish . young fish feed primarily on small bottom or plant - dwelling crustaceans and move to larger insect larvae as they grow . extensive beds of emergent aquatic vegetation are important in providing food and cover for the young .\nmanagement requirements : management needed : maintain remaining genetic diversity ( moyle 2002 ) . propagate these fishes in ponds near clear lake and restock the lake with juveniles and adults . see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) .\nshore / boat fishermen can do well using light fly fishing gear , or 6 to 7 ft spinning tackle with 4 pound test line or less . the best lures include plastic minnows , tube baits , spinners , small jigs , and small streamers . the perch can be selective , so try different colored lures ( jigs ) until the bite is on . work lures in or around tufa rocks or off the bottom around submerged tufa rocks for best results . pyramid lake regulations : season is open year round for sacramento perch , from one hour before sunrise to one hour after sunset . there are no set possession limits for these non - native fish , which can compete with smaller native pyramid lake fish for the same food sources . only artificial lures with barbless hooks allowed when fishing in pyramid lake .\nfeeding can take place at any time of the day , with dusk and dawn hours being peak feeding periods . adult perch are mostly piscivorous ( fish eaters ) . however they are opportunistic , feeding on prey like amphipods , beetles , caddisflies , dragonfly / damselfly nymphs , or larger zooplankton ( daphnia , etc ) . during the day , they tend to hang in and around submerged tufa rocks off shore , or near shore tufa rocks ( or other structures ) . tufa rocks are ideal places for perch to set up where they can ambush tui chub minnows or other prey .\nsyntype ; paralectotype for archoplites interruptus catalog number : usnm 280 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of fishes collector ( s ) : a . whipple locality : sacramento river san francisco , cal . , san francisco county , california , united states , north america\nmanagement needed : maintain remaining genetic diversity ( moyle 2002 ) . propagate these fishes in ponds near clear lake and restock the lake with juveniles and adults . see recovery plan for sacramento - san joaquin delta native fishes ( usfws 1995 ) . review distribution and status at least once every 10 years ( moyle 2002 ) .\nthe perch spawn in loose schools , likely due less to any innate gregariousness than to multiple fish finding a location favorable . unlike other sunfish family members , the males don ' t spend time preparing a nest . instead , females lay their eggs in a likely patch of submerged , vegetated silt and one or more males will fertilize the eggs .\nthe sacramento perch is only native centrarchid west of the rocky mountains . it was originally widely distributed throughout the sacramento - san joaquin drainage , in the pajaro and salinas rivers , and in clear lake ( lake county ) , california ( moyle 2002 ) . persisting native populations exist in clear lake ( small population ) and alameda creek ( in gravel pit ponds adjacent to the creek and in calaveras reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . however , the species has been introduced in other locations within the native range ( often upstream of native habitats ) ( moyle 2002 ) , and in several areas outside the native range in california , including the upper klamath basin ( california and oregon ) , pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed ; it may also persist in sonoma reservoir ( moyle 2002 ) . the species has been introduced and currently is established in nevada ( several drainages ) and utah ( garrison reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . introduced populations in several other states apparently no longer exist ( moyle 2002 ) .\nglobal range : ( 1000 - 5000 square km ( about 400 - 2000 square miles ) ) the sacramento perch is only native centrarchid west of the rocky mountains . it was originally widely distributed throughout the sacramento - san joaquin drainage , in the pajaro and salinas rivers , and in clear lake ( lake county ) , california ( moyle 2002 ) . persisting native populations exist in clear lake ( small population ) and alameda creek ( in gravel pit ponds adjacent to the creek and in calaveras reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . however , the species has been introduced in other locations within the native range ( often upstream of native habitats ) ( moyle 2002 ) , and in several areas outside the native range in california , including the upper klamath basin ( california and oregon ) , pit river watershed , walker river watershed , mono lake watershed , and owens river watershed ; it may also persist in sonoma reservoir ( moyle 2002 ) . the species has been introduced and currently is established in nevada ( several drainages ) and utah ( garrison reservoir ) ( moyle 2002 ) . introduced populations in several other states apparently no longer exist ( moyle 2002 ) .\nafter reading ray katula ' s excellent article on the demise of some of california ' s native fishes (\neulogy for the san joaquin river ,\nwinter , 1993 ) , i thought i might try to continue the focus on california ' s finned fauna by highlighting one of the native species mentioned in that article , the sacramento perch . some of the information presented here was gleaned from an ichthyology class i took at cal state hayward under the guidance of one of my favorite professors , dr , sam mcginnes . the dearth of native california species inhabiting state waterways is a sad testament to the tremendous adaptive success of the many introduced non - native fish species in the state . after about nine weeks of seining a wide range of aquatic habitats in central california , our class ' nets brought up very few native species . ray katula isn ' t the only one with bad luck when it comes to fishing for california natives .\nthe conservation of the tricolored blackbird is a matter of increasing concern owing to population declines , and because the species ' habit of nesting in large colonies make it more vulnerable to nest failures that can affect thousands of nests at a single colony . studies in the 1970s reported that the overall population was greatly reduced from that observed during the 1930s . more recently , intensive population surveys in california identified a decline of 37 % between 1994 and 1997 , and a 63 % decline between 2008 and 2014 , followed by an increase of 22 % in 2017 . historically , this species was harvested as food for miners and residents of urban areas , and shooting by farmers attempting to reduce damage to rice and other grain crops in the sacramento valley has been documented since 2007 ( rjm , personal observation ) . the tricolored blackbird has experienced high annual breeding losses due to crop - harvesting activities ( except in 2016 ) and insufficient insect resources , and habitat loss resulting from conversion of rangeland to vineyards , nut orchards , other agricultural crops , and urban development .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe only living member of the genus ; the most\nprimitive\nliving member of the centrarchidae ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as endangered because remaining native extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 square kilometres , native area of occupancy is less than 500 square kilometres , only two native locations remain , distribution is severely fragmented , and habitat quality is likely to be declining .\nthis species is represented by only a couple of remaining native populations , plus several introduced populations . that may be reasonably secure ( moyle 2002 ) . most introduced pond and reservoir populations are not expected to persist over the long term because of changing conditions ( moyle 2002 ) . historically this fish was quite abundant . remaining native populations are small . no reliable population estimates are available . this species has been eliminated from more than 90 percent of the native range over the long term . only two native populations are maintaining themselves ( tenuously ) ; of the introduced populations , those in the upper klamath watershed , pyramid lake ( nevada ) , lower walker river , and owens river are reasonably secure ; most pond and reservoir populations will not persist indefinitely ( moyle 2002 ) .\nnative habitat included sloughs , sluggish rivers , and lakes with beds of rooted and emergent vegetation ; now this fish is found mostly in warm , turbid , moderately alkaline reservoirs or farm ponds , generally where other centrarchids are absent ( moyle 2002 ) . this fish is tolerant of a wide range in water turbity , temperature , salinity , and alkalinity , and large populations may occur in shallow , turbid reservoirs with no aquatic plants ( moyle 2002 ) . in moderately clear water , young stay in or close to submerged vegetation in shallow areas ( moyle 2002 ) . prior to spawning , males establish small territories in shallow areas ( 20 - 75 cm ) heavily vegetated with aquatic macrophytes , filamentous algae , or other cover ( moyle 2002 ) . eggs are deposited in shallow depressions constructed by males ( moyle 2002 ) .\nformerly this fish was widespread and abundant in california , but the population declined rapidly probably due to factors such as habitat destruction , egg predation by non - native fishes , and interspecific competition with introduced centrarchids , especially black crappie ; competition may be the most important cause of the decline ( moyle 1976 , 2002 ) . most introduced populations are isolated and vulnerable to genetic bottlenecks and extirpation .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndeep bodied ( depth up to 2 . 5 times sl ) , laterally compressed , max . 61 cm tl ( 3 . 6 kg )\nplease note , watersheds are at the usgs 8 - digit hydrologic unit code ( huc ) scale , so they often include a lot of sub - watersheds . if a species occurs in any sub - watershed within the huc , the species appears within the huc . link to an epa page that shows hucs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nmoyle ( 1976a ) ; sigler and sigler ( 1987 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of archoplites interruptus are found here .\naccording to mccarraher and gregory ( 1970 ) , survival has been poor in most states . small numbers still persist in private lakes near fort collins , colorado ( walker 1993 ) . no longer present in walker lake , nevada ( sigler and sigler 1987 ) . probably extirpated in arizona . it was known to have reproduced at least once in that state after its introduction in 1968 ( minckley 1973 ) . extirpated in new mexico ( sublette et al . 1990 ) .\nthis is the only native centrarchid west of the rockies . it is declining in its native range due to competition with introduced species ( moore 1968 ; mccarraher and gregory 1970 ; minckley 1973 ) .\n' s warm water fishing with public access . [ online ] . url at urltoken\nrasmussen , j . l . 1998 . aquatic nuisance species of the mississippi river basin . 60th midwest fish and wildlife conference , aquatic nuisance species symposium , dec . 7 , 1998 , cincinnati , oh .\ntilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1993 . lost river ( deltistes luxatus ) and shortnose ( chamistes brevirostris ) sucker recovery plan . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon .\nfuller , p . , 2018 , archoplites interruptus ( girard , 1854 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 11 / 2006 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\ngreek , archo = anus + greek , hoplites = long shield ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 73 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 4 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 9 years ( ref . 72491 )\nadults occur in vegetated sloughs , pools of sluggish rivers and lakes ; now most common in ponds and impoundments ( ref . 5723 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01259 ( 0 . 00749 - 0 . 02115 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 6 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 60 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npyramid lake fisheries , 603 sutcliffe dr . , sutcliffe , nevada 89510 ph : 775 - 476 - 0500 fax : 775 - 476 - 0558\nwhen a young man is found dead in a bookshop at the eastern market , phryne fisher is plunged into the diverse worlds of jewish politics , alchemy , and poison .\ndo\u00f1a teresa makes an offer to andr\u00e9s he can ' t refuse . alicia asks alaya for help with a mysterious package left for her by benjamin .\nthe entrepreneurial spirit is alive and well in california as huell visits the roton rocket , an unsuccessful yet imaginative attempt by a private company to create the first single stage to orbit space vehicle .\nhoping to determine the effect of volcanoes on climate change , george heads to the island nation of vanuatu where he rappels into the fiery crater of one of the world\u2019s most active volcanoes .\noff the coast of west africa , george heads to a remote volcanic island where a river of molten lava is engulfing a mountain village .\ndeep in the amazon , george is determined to retrace theodore roosevelt\u2019s legendary expedition and witness first - hand how deforestation and climate change are affecting one of the earth\u2019s most critical ecosystems .\nprofessional storm chaser george kourounis goes on a global adventure , travelling to some of the most dangerous places on earth .\nthe two - mile pelican bluffs trail has recently opened along the sandstone bluffs of mendocino county .\nin this episode , niklas travels by horse sleigh into the mountainous region of roros , where he enjoys the culinary treats and sites that this old mining town has to offer .\nwe have your guide to the thrills , chills , and spills of the five best county fairs that southern california has to offer .\nthis episode recounts president eisenhower ' s diplomatic confrontations against the soviet union during the early cold war years , crises prompted by aggressive kremlin - sponsored action around the world .\ndeportations , assassinations , and dictator nations : a timeline of u . s . intervention in latin america\na timeline of major events in history that have impacted the latino presence in the u . s .\nkerry kennedy talks about our current political climate , how one person can make a difference in the world every day and her new book about her father , robert f . kennedy .\nin a move that could transform the supreme court for decades , justice anthony kennedy has announced his retirement , giving president trump a chance to pick a second conservative on the high court .\non thursday , attorney general jeff sessions quoted the bible to justify his department\u2019s immigration policies .\nthe epa is facing a major new scandal after it worked with the white house to bury an alarming federal study detailing widespread chemical contamination of the nation\u2019s water supply .\nfrom the carefree beaches of san diego through the rugged , dramatic coastlines to the north , california has been building a trail , over 1 , 000 miles in length , within sight , sound , or smell of the ocean .\nvera is an experienced and brilliant murder investigator in the north east england county of northumberland .\nearth focus\nis an environmental news magazine that features investigative reports and in - depth stories about our changing environment and how it affects people around the world .\nscanning the region , providing seeds of engagement through articles , videos , projects and partners , who are narrating the cultural stories of our region .\nartbound\nexplores and illuminates the cultural issues of our times , providing critical in - depth analysis of how the arts and culture affects our society .\nto learn the truth about his sister ' s mysterious disappearance , a young man infiltrates a hotel in the guise of a footman and begins an investigation .\nthe detroit river , still one of the busiest rivers in the world and a witness to the glory times of american industrialization , today sees desolation and the occasional sunflower field in downtown detroit .\nthe building closed in 1989 , marking the end of william randolph hearst\u2019s empire in los angeles .\nchris clarke was kcet ' s environment editor until july 2017 . he is a veteran environmental journalist and natural history writer . he lives in joshua tree .\nbut that ' s scant good news . bluegill in particular have been a problem . introduced to california waters in the 19th century , bluegill have spread throughout most of the waters of the state .\nthe species isn ' t extinct . aside from those farm ponds up and down the length of california , planted populations still survive in several large reservoirs , including the san luis reservoir in merced county , and alkaline lakes such as pyramid lake north of reno , nevada .\nfor ongoing environmental coverage in march 2017 and afterward , please visit our show earth focus , or browse redefine for historic material . kcet ' s award - winning environment news project redefine ran from july 2012 through february 2017 .\nwe are dedicated to providing you with articles like this one . show your support with a tax - deductible contribution to kcet . after all , public media is meant for the public . it belongs to all of us .\nthe threatened delta smelt is famous , but there ' s another smelt in the bay delta whose decline is worrying wildlife partisans .\nthe splittail was once abundant . now its numbers are dwindling . but it isn ' t protected by either the state or feds .\nit used to be so common that trawlers caught it to send to markets . now , it will likely be extinct in a few years . . . if it isn ' t already .\na q & a will immediately follow with star elsie fisher and writer / director bo burnham .\nthe trump administration has been battling in the courts and on the streets against jurisdictions that call themselves\nsanctuaries ,\narguing that they threaten the rule of law and allow criminal immigrants to roam free .\na newspaperman from the 1950s dives into a legend from over 40 years prior , and identifies a manhunt . but history and legend battle each other and make this story a timeless mystery . did willie boy get away ? you decide .\ndon ' t miss out on urltoken ' s events , stories , breaking news , shows , and new recipes .\nkcetlink , formerly community television of southern california , is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization .\ntrout isn\u2019t the only fishing action making news at crowley lake in the eastern sierra these days .\n\u201cit\u2019s definitely at least a month early , and it\u2019s probably twice as good as it\u2019s been since i\u2019ve been here , \u201d said lane garrett , in his fourth year at crowley fish camp .\n\u201ca couple of employees went out this morning and caught 63 in two hours . \u201d\nmarlon meade , a mini - jig specialist from anaheim , has been among the locals finding excellent action on the silver slabs for three months .\ntravis bozman , 32 , of orange discovered the crappie bite in mid - february while trout fishing and has been into the popular panfish since .\nit was slower than usual saturday with he and his son scout , 4 , ending up with 12 . but most of the time , limits of 25 have been the norm , though he only keeps 10 ."]}
{"id": 1784, "summary": [{"text": "the spotted puffbird ( bucco tamatia ) is a species of puffbird in the family bucconidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical and tropical swamps and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "spotted puffbird", "paragraphs": ["spotted puffbird ; rare specie to find . . - picture of yasuni national park , ecuador\nspotted puffbird ; rare specie to find . . - picture of yasuni national park , ecuador - tripadvisor\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nnystactes tamatia ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus bucco .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 11 . 9 - 12 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : nystactes tamatia . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhumid secondary forest . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nnatural quiet vocalizations from a bird sitting 3 - 4m up off ground . it had been flushed up from 1m up , flew to perch , at which it started vocalizaing ( alarm call ? ) .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 923 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 1785, "summary": [{"text": "pinctada longisquamosa is a species of pearl oyster , a saltwater clam , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family pteriidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species occurs in the tropical western atlantic , from florida to the virgin islands , including the gulf of mexico and the bahamas .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the species was originally described as being from the eastern pacific ocean , but this appears to have been due to an error in the locality data .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "partly because of this confusion , the species has in the past fairly frequently been misidentified as pteria colymbus or as pinctada radiata . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "pinctada longisquamosa", "paragraphs": ["pinctada longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . \u2013 mikkelsen & bieler , 2000 : 376 ( table 1 ) .\npinctada sp . \u2013 brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 [ \u201cimportant florida bay faunal constituent\u201d ] .\npinctada xanthia ( schwengel , 1942 ) . \u2013 mcginty & nelson , 1972 : 11 [ \u201crare\u201d ; name only ] .\nmeleagrina longisquamosa \u201cd\u2019orbigny . \u201d \u2013 arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 : 268 [ name only ] .\navicula longisqvamosa dunker [ error pro longisquamosa ] . \u2013 krebs , 1864 : 131 - 132 [ name only , citing beau , 1858 ] .\navicula ( meleagrina ) longisquamosa dunker , 1852 : 76 - 77 ; \u2013 dunker , 1872 : 12 , pl . 2 , fig . 6 .\navicula longisquamosa dunker . \u2013 s . petit , 1856 : 151 [ name only ] ; \u2013 beau , 1858 : 21 [ name only ] ; \u2013 dall , 1885 : 34 [ name only , citing dunker ( 1852 ) , s . petit ( 1856 ) , beau ( 1858 ) and krebs ( 1864 ) ] .\npinctada radiata [ non pinctada radiata ( leach , 1814 ) ] . \u2013 smith , 1937 : pl . 5 , fig . 6 ; \u2013 pulley , 1952b : pl . 4 , fig . 14 ; \u2013 ? voss & voss , 1955 : 226 ; \u2013 ? abbott , 1958 : 115 ; \u2013 hudson et al . , 1970 : 7 ; \u2013 turney & perkins , 1972 : 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 - 16 , 30 , 31 , figs . 6 , 8 , table 3 ; \u2013 wingard et al . , 1995 : 7 ; \u2013 ishman et al . , 1996 : table 2 ; \u2013 brewster - wingard et al . , 1996 : 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , tables 3 , 4 ; 1997 : 9 , 11 , table 2 ; 1998a : 164 , 166 ; 1998b : 6 , 9 , 12 , 14 , table 2 , figs . 5 , 6 ; \u2013 brewster - wingard & ishman , 1999 : 374 - 376 , fig . 4 .\npteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) . \u2013 hayes , 1972 [ unpubl . ] : 52 - 58 , pl . 2 , fig . 2 , pls . 6 - 8 , 11f ; \u2013 abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5121 ; \u2013 abbott & dance , 1982 : 301 , fig . ; \u2013 espinosa et al . , 1994 : 114 [ \u201crare\u201d , name only , citing arango y molina , 1878 - 1880 ] ; \u2013 camp et al . , 1998 : 9 [ name only ] ; \u2013 brewster - wingard et al . , 2001 : 210 - 212 , 214 - 216 , 218 , 220 , 223 - 225 , 227 , 228 , 230 ; trappe & brewster - wingard , 2001 : fig . 3 , table 1 .\n( of pteria longisquamosa ( dunker , 1852 ) ) turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 29 [ details ]\nmalacolog is a database for research on the systematics , biogeography and diversity of mollusks . malacolog attempts to document all names that have ever been applied to marine mollusks in the western atlantic from greenland to antarctica . the database was described in rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . malacolog also includes dictionaries for gender of names , a bibliography and browse lists for families and geographic ranges , as well as search help and an information model .\nif you use data from malacolog in a scientific paper , please use this citation : rosenberg , g . 2009 . malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url urltoken it is not necessary to cite the date on which malacolog was queried , as a new version number is assigned each time the data are updated .\nmalacolog was first described in : rosenberg , g . 1993 . a database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy , biogeography and diversity , with examples from western atlantic marine gastropods . american malacological bulletin 10 : 257 - 266 .\nto cite the search interface or information model , please use this citation : morris , p . j . and g . rosenberg , 2005 . search interface and documentation for malacolog , an online database of western atlantic marine mollusks . [ www database ( version 4 . 1 . 1 ) ] url http : / / www . malacolog . org .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php , moved to www . malacolog . org , with version 4 . 0 . 2 remaining on urltoken includes 18912 names , of which 6949 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage followed by bivalves , while polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . significant revision of the scheme used to code the status of names and display of information about the status of names .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names . added some dynamic html using walter zorn ' s tooltip library .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17289 names , of which 6170 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods are a work in progress , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 17287 names , of which 6174 are names in current use . malacolog now includes all mollusks , not just gastropods . gastropod species have the most complete coverage , bivalves , polyplacophorans , aplacophorans , monoplacophorans and scaphopods added for the first time , and cephalopods include only a small subset of names .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . includes 14505 names , of which 4894 are names in current use .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . display of parent / child lists in geographic name lists altered to remove repeating references to parent region . added experimental search . php ? nameid = url\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . display of family heirarchy revised .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . substantial revision of familial placements . display of family heirarchy revised , with superfamily , family , and subfamily included . fixed outdated link on another search button . added description page for map drawing url .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised . unlocalized within country added as a geographic region so that complete fauna for countries can be tallied . family assignments revised . format of references occuring in larger works fixed . changed counts of included entries in search results from names to species . added mapping url .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . geographic regions revised ( cuba in particular ) .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of authorship link for names by an author in another authors publication . corrected authorship and added missing synonyms for extralimital synonyms .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . no web interface changes from version 3 . 2 . 2\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . minor changes to format of search results . fixed bugs in bibliography search and added more explanatory text to bibliography search form\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . range and size summary added to result details . form added to search both generic and trivial gender dictionaries from one point . version history table shown on home page .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . made new simplified search interface the standard interface with link to old web interface , uploaded new set of data to web .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . linked new simplified and accessable search page ( on web and in development since early 2002 , but not linked ) to wasp home page .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . fixed display of commas in author , year and fixed several other display problems on web including display of original literal combination , display of partialy blank ranges . display of previous combinations only as combining genera list .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . added parent / child relations of localities . corrected errors in locality abbreviations . fixed display of original combinations , type locality , and maximum size in details .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . removed subgenera ( not maintained ) from full current name .\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses problem fixed . 4974 names currently regarded as valid\nweb served relational database using mysql and php . parentheses displayed incorrectly , format problems with display of taxon records .\nwais indexed gopher search . more than 9000 names treated , with about 4240 currently regarded as representing valid species . described in rosenberg ( 1993 )\nturgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]\nt\u00ebmkin i . ( 2010 ) molecular phylogeny of pearl oysters and their relatives ( mollusca , bivalvia , pterioidea ) . bmc evolutionary biology 10 : 342 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\ndistribution : usa : florida : east florida , west florida , florida keys , dry tortugas ; usa : texas ; mexico : quintana roo ; colombia ; abc islands : curacao ; venezuela : carabobo ; bermuda , bahamas : bimini , andros , new providence , eleuthera , long island ; cuba : pinar del rio , golfo de batabano , north matanzas ; jamaica , puerto rico ; virgin islands : st . thomas\nreferences : mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) llddnsewm ; temkin ( 2009 ) t\nreferences : coan et al . ( 2000 ) s ; mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) s\ncomments : described from the eastern pacific , but type material appears to be mislocalized ( coan , valentich scott & bernard 2000 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nthis site is moderated by ilya t\u00ebmkin on behalf of the contributors who retain copyright . content can be used in accordance with a cc license .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nbiology and ecology of this species were described by mikkelsen et al . ( 2004 ) .\nsmall western atlantic pteriid , with radial rows of narrow shell lamellae , generally bright coloration ( commonly green to yellow ) , thin nacre ( allowing external color and ornamentation to show through shell ) , a relatively strong ridge interiorly delimiting anterior auricle of lv , and anterior dentition with tooth in rv and corresponding socket in lv ; intestine with twisted loop within visceral mass and passing dorsal to heart ; pallial tentacles simple .\nbermuda , peninsular florida ( from st . augustine to the florida keys to the panhandle ) , ? texas , bahamas , greater and lesser antilles , caribbean coast of mexico , colombia , and venezuela .\npteria viridizona dall , 1916b : 403 ; 1916a : 15 [ nomen nudum ] ; \u2013 abbott , 1974 : 440 , no . 5119 ; \u2013 keen , 1937 : 25 [ \u201cextralimital\u201d to eastern pacific fauna ] .\npteria viridozona [ error pro viridizona ] dall , 1916 . \u2013 dall , 1921 : 17 ; \u2013 oldroyd , 1924 : 48 ; \u2013 burch , 1944 : 8 [ \u201cspecimens in the golisch collection taken from the backs of deep sea crabs off san pedro \u2026 a very questionable species with no member of the club sure of what it is\u201d ] ; \u2013 burch , 1945 : 5 [ name only ; \u201cquestionable member of our [ eastern pacific ] fauna\u201d ] .\npteria xanthia schwengel , 1942 : pl . 3 , figs . 1 - 1a [ july , nomen nudum ] , 64 [ october ] ; \u2013 aguayo & jaume , 1948a : 1 ; \u2013 fischer - piette , 1982 : 174 .\npteria colymbus [ non pteria colymbus ( r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) ] . \u2013 tabb & manning , 1961 : 584 .\ntype material and repository : zmb 101 . 674 , 1 pair with byssus attached to rv ; rv 27 . 6 mm h , 35 . 9 mm l ; lv 34 . 0 mm h , 40 . 2 mm l . kind of type and mode of designation : holotype by monotypy . figured by : dunker , 1872 : pl . 2 , fig . 6 ."]}
{"id": 1786, "summary": [{"text": "anabarilius macrolepis is an extinct species of ray-finned fish in the genus anabarilius that was endemic to yilong lake .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is believed that it became extinct when yilong lake dried up in 1981 , as a result of water abstraction for agriculture .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "the species was not observed in 1983-4 , and was declared extinct in 2011 . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "anabarilius macrolepis", "paragraphs": ["zhou , w . and g . - h . cui , 1992 . anabarilius brevianalis , a new species from the jinshajiang river basin , china ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 3 ( 1 ) : 49 - 54 . ( ref . 26693 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : considered to have gone extinct when the yilong lake dried up as a result of water abstraction for agriculture in 1981 . the species was surveyed for in 1983 and 1984 , but was not found , and recent surveys by the kunming institute of technology have also not found the species ( w . zhou pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthe water level of the lake declined since the 1950s . in 1981 the lake completely dried up ( for about 20 days ) as a result of water abstraction for agriculture . the lake is also polluted by increased organic pollution caused by sedimentation from the surrounding catchment .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 33784 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00342 - 0 . 01933 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1789, "summary": [{"text": "acryptolechia torophanes is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1935 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , hubei ) and korea . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "acryptolechia torophanes", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for torophanes definition . you find here torophanes meaning , synonyms of torophanes and images for torophanes copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nacryptolechia torophanes ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word torophanes . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word torophanes and , of course , torophanes synonyms and on the right images related to the word torophanes .\ncryptolechia torophanes meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 81\nacryptolechia facunda ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255\nacryptolechia malacobyrsa ; lvovsky , 2010 , zool . zh . 89 ( 3 ) ent . review 90 ( 2 ) : 255\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n= meleonoma ; park & park , 2016 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 9 ( 4 ) : 485\nassam , japan , n . china , e . china . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces facunda meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\njapan , korea , china ( fujian , henan , jiangxi , shaanxi , sichuan ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\n= ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 35 ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\nchina ( henan , shaanxi , zhejiang , shanghai ) , korea . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwang , 2003 a study of cryptolechia zeller ( lepidoptera : oecophoridae ) in china ( i ) , with descriptions of fifteen new species ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195 - 213\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about acrylat ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for acrylat ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1794, "summary": [{"text": "pyroderces wolschrijni is a moth in the family cosmopterigidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in spain , morocco and on malta .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it has also been recorded from crete , sicily and the united arab emirates .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the wingspan is 7 \u2013 11 millimetres ( 0.28 \u2013 0.43 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from mid april to mid may and again from early july to mid october .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there are probably two generations per year . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "pyroderces wolschrijni", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for wolschrijni definition . you find here wolschrijni meaning , synonyms of wolschrijni and images for wolschrijni copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word wolschrijni . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word wolschrijni and , of course , wolschrijni synonyms and on the right images related to the word wolschrijni .\npyroderces wolschrijni koster & sinev , 2003 ; microlep . europe 5 : 127 , 20 ; tl : espana - alicante , la marina\npyroderces wolschrijni ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 55 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\npyroderces wolschrijni is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family . it is found in spain , morocco and on malta . it has also been recorded from crete , sicily and the united arab emirates .\npyroderces caesaris gozm\u00e1ny , 1957 ; acta zool . hung . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 132\npyroderces eupogon turner , 1926 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 50 : 140\npyroderces amphisaris meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 572 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\npyroderces anthinopa meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\npyroderces euryspora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 571 ; tl : fiji , nadi\npyroderces longalitella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 62\npyroderces oxyptila meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : new ireland\npyroderces argobalana meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 308 ; tl : queensland , cairns\npyroderces hapalodes turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 67\npyroderces paroditis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : fiji , lautoka\npyroderces pogonias turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 66\npyroderces rhizonympha meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 3 ) : 90 ; tl : bengal , pusa\npyroderces tenuilinea turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 67\npyroderces calefacta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 571 ; tl : kanara , supa , ramanguli\npyroderces klimeschi rebel , 1938 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver . 23 : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1\npyroderces is a genus of cosmet moths ( family cosmopterigidae ) . it belongs to subfamily cosmopteriginae . some authors include anatrachyntis here .\npyroderces strangalota meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 572 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 3500ft\npyroderces haemodryas meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 546 ; tl : malay states , kuala selangor\npyroderces syngalactis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : new hebrides , efate , espiritu santo\npyroderces ocreella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 106 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\npyroderces tethysella koster & sinev , 2003 ; microlep . europe 5 : 126 , 20 ; tl : tadzhikistan , tigrovaya balka , env . dzhilikul\npyroderces jonesella legrand , 1966 ; m\u00e9m . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 63 , pl . 4 , f . 9\npyroderces anaclastis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 348 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\npyroderces anoista bradley , 1956 ; bull . br . mus . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 148 ; tl : lord howe is . , mt lidgbird\npyroderces mesoptila meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 347 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\npyroderces pyrrhodes meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 349 ; tl : geraldton , west australia\npyroderces phaeostigma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 146 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\npyroderces klimeschi ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me5 ] , 125 , 20 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166 ; [ fe ]\npyroderces albistrigella ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 48 , pl . 3 , f . 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 1514 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\npyroderces argyrogrammos ; [ nhm card ] ; [ me5 ] , 123 , 20 ; koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54 ; zhang & li , 2009 , zootaxa 2272 : ( 63 - 68 ) ; [ fe ]\npyroderces ( cosmopteriginae ) ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 46 , 16 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; [ aucl ] ; [ me5 ] , 123 , 20 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconstant a . 1885 . notes sur quelques l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux , 3e et derni\u00e8re partie . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 6 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 5\u201316 , pl . 1 .\nmeyrick e . 1909a . new south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 5 : 349\u2013379 .\nthe wingspan is 7\u201311 millimetres ( 0 . 28\u20130 . 43 in ) . adults are on wing from mid april to mid may and again from early july to mid october . there are probably two generations per year .\nproterocosma aellotricha meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 175 ; tl : hamilton\nbatrachedra albistrigella m\u00f6schler , 1890 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 16 : 345 ; tl : puerto rico\ngelechia apparitella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1027 ; tl : new zealand\nceu , seu , n . africa , c . asia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carlina spp . , centaurea spp . koster & sammut , 2006 , nota lepid . 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 54 , carduus spp . , cnicus benedictus , scolymus hispanicus , carthamus lanatus , c . tinctorius , pycnomon acarna [ me5 ] , 124\nlarva on echinops ruthenicus , centaurea orientalis , c . salonitana , cirsium sublaniflorum [ me5 ] , 125\ncentropecta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 52\nanatrachyntis centrophanes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 325 ; tl : coorg , dibidi ; s . india , nilgiris ; assam , khasis\nsyntomactis ? cervinella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 104 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nsyntomactis chalcoptila meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\ndactyliota meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 52\ngelechia deamatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 654 ; tl : auckland , new zealand\ndiplecta meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 606\nanatrachyntis exagria meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 326 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nsyntomactis firma meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 284 ; tl : mah\u00e9\nanatrachyntis hemipelta meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 44 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nhungary , poland , slovakia , italy , austria , romania , mallorca . see [ maps ]\nstagmatophora leptarga meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 54 ; tl : kankau\nmelanosarca meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 148\nanatrachyntis mythologica meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 45 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima\nstagmatophora narcota meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; tl : albert mine , pretoria\nanatrachyntis nephelopyrrha meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 45 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nsesamivora meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 13 - 14 ) : 427\ngracilaria [ sic ] terminella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 855 ; tl : sydney\nstagmatophora urantha meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\nlacciferophaga yunnanea zagulajev , 1959 ; acta ent . sinica 9 ( 4 ) : 312 , f . 1 - 4\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nmat\u00e9riaux pour la connaissance des momphidae pal\u00e9arctiques ( lepidoptera ) . 9 . revue des momphidae europ\u00e9ennes , y compris quelques esp\u00e8ces d ' afrique du nort et du proche - orient\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 4 / 4 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 1795, "summary": [{"text": "\u2020 placostylus cuniculinsulae was a species of large air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family bothriembryontidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to lord howe island , australia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is now extinct . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "placostylus cuniculinsulae", "paragraphs": ["syn . bulimus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , bulimus cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus var . cuniculinsulae ( cox ) , placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ( cox )\nscientific name : placostylus bivaricosus . common name : lord howe flax snail . other names : lord howe placostylus . three subspecies of the lord howe flax snail are currently recognised on the basis of shell morphology ( australian museum 2001 ) ; placostylus bivaricosus bivaricosus , p . bivaricosus cuniculinsulae and p . bivaricosus etheridgei .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2005bn ) . non - approved commonwealth conservation advice on lord howe placostylus ( placostylus bivaricosus ) . available from : urltoken .\nleft : rabbit island flax snail ( placostylus cuniculinsulae ) depiction from ' james c . cox : descriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1872 , 18 - 20 ' urltoken\nlord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricus ( gaskoin , 1855 ) recovery plan ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) , 2001b ) [ state recovery plan ] .\nnew south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 2001a ) . lord howe placostylus placostylus bivaricosus ( gaskoin 1855 ) recovery plan . hurstville , new south wales : new south wales national parks and wildlife service .\nlord howe island placostylus - profile ( nsw office of environment and heritage ( nsw oeh ) , 2012ap ) [ internet ] .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : placostylus bivaricosus j . s . gaskoin , 1854 - id : 3884965709\nblackburn island ( also named as rabbit island ) is a tiny islet within the lagoon of lord howe island . the flax snails of this island were described as a distinct species in the year 1872 . but they are sometimes regarded as a subspecies of the lord howe flax snail ( placostylus bivaricosus cuniculinsulae ) . the flax snails of blackburn island died out already in the 19th century . after the islet ' s vegetation was destroyed by feral animals , the snails and their eggs were eaten by introduced rats ( rattus rattus ) .\nponder , w . & r . chapman ( 1999 ) . survey of the land snail placostylus bivaricosus on lord howe island . unpublished report to new south wales national parks and wildlife service .\nplacostylus bivaricosus ( a large land snail ) - endangered species listing . nsw scientific committee - final determination ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 1997e ) [ internet ] .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . placostylus bivaricosus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 04 : 52 : 50 + 1000 .\nparrish , r . , g . sherley & m . aviss ( 1995 ) . giant land snail recovery plan placostylus spp . , paraphanta sp . threatened species recovery plan series no . 13 . new zealand : threatened species unit , department of conservation .\nsherley , g . , i . a . n . stringer , g . r . parrish & i . flux ( 1998 ) . demography of two land snail populations ( placostylus ambagiosus , pulmonata , bulimulidae ) in relation to predator control in the far north of new zealand . biological conservation . 84 : 83 - 88 .\nsherley , g . ( 1994 ) . translocations of the mahoenui giant weta deinacrida n . sp . and placostylus land snails in new zealand : what we have learnt ? . in : reintroduction biology of australian and new zealand fauna . serena , m : 57 - 63 . surrey beatty and sons , chipping norton , new south wales .\nthe age of sexual maturity and lifespan of the lord howe flax snail are unclear , but related placostylus species in new zealand reach sexual maturity at three to five years and may live for 20 years or more ( parrish et al . 1995 ) . the lord howe flax snail lays small clutches of round eggs in the soil beneath leaf litter , probably during late spring and summer . the eggs hatch into small - shelled snails about 7 mm in length and 5 mm in width . hatchling and juvenile mortality is high ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nrecovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .\n. department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from :\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .\n. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nlisted as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nlisted as extinct ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe lord howe flax snail is a large land snail . it has a pointed , conical shell up to 8 cm long , is medium to dark brown in colour ( weathering to white in older specimens ) and has a thickened lip in mature adults . the soft body parts are black ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2006 ) .\nthe total population of the lord howe flax snail is estimated to be less than 1000 mature individuals . the abundance of dead snail shells provide an indication of the historical widespread abundance of the lord howe flax snail in the mid - island lowlands . in some areas , shells occur in densities of up to 30 shells / m\u00b2 in many parts of the settlement area ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\np . bivaricosus etheridgei has declined in range and abundance . it may survive as a number of small , isolated local populations , based on the identification of hatchling snails collected from leaf litter in the 1970s ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) . given the persistent threats to the species , it is suspected the lord howe flax snail will continue to undergo a reduction in numbers .\nthe two populations of the lord howe flax snail are included in permanent park preserve and environment protection areas ( lord howe island board 1986 ) . however , the majority of recent records are outside the island ' s formal reserve system , with many occurring in the settlement area where they may be at risk from development ( nsw npws 2001a ) .\nthe lord howe flax snail is believed to feed on the fallen dead leaves of broadleaf trees ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\nadult lord howe flax snails are readily identifiable due to their large size and pointed , conical shell . however , juvenile snails may be easily confused with other species and generally require expert identification .\npreparing and distribute educational brochures and erect signage to inform the local community and tourists about the species .\na captive breeding program for the lord howe flax snail has commenced , which engages the help of the local school on lord howe island . the program involves the construction of a number of rat - proof pens , which are provided with shade and appropriate leaf litter , in which breeding populations of the lord howe flax snail may be established and maintained . adult snails reared in the program are released back into natural populations to maintain genetic diversity ( ponder & chapman 1999 ) .\ndocuments relevant to the management of the lord howe flax snail can be found at the start of the profile .\naustralian museum ( 2001 ) . threatened and endangered land snail species . page ( s ) 2001 . australian museum invertebrate zoology internet site .\nbilling , j . ( 1999 ) . the management of introduced rodents on lord howe island . unpublished report by lord howe island board .\nbrazier , j . ( 1889 ) . mollusca . the general zoology of lord howe island ; containing an account of the collections made by the australian museum collecting party , aug . - sept . , 1887 . etheridge , r . , ed . memoirs of the australian museum . 2 : 3 - 42 .\ncurtis , h . s . ( 1998a ) . snail collection - lord howe island . unpublished report to lord howe island board .\ndepartment of environment and climate change ( nsw ) ( 2007 ) . lord howe island biodiversity management plan . department of environment and climate change ( nsw ) , sydney . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - may - 2008 .\nhutton , i . ( 1991 ) . birds of lord howe island : past and present . coffs harbour , nsw : author published .\niredale , t . ( 1944 ) . the land mollusca of lord howe island . australian zoologist . 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 330 .\nlord howe island board ( 1986 ) . lord howe island regional environmental plan 1986 .\npickard , j . ( 1983 ) . vegetation of lord howe island . cunninghamia . 1 : 133 - 265 .\nsmithers , c . , d . mcalpine , p . colman & m . gray ( 1977 ) . lord howe island . special issue of australian natural history . page ( s ) 23 - 26 . sydney : the australian museum .\nsutherland , l . & a . ritchie ( 1977 ) . defunct volcanoes and extinct horned turtles . in : smith , n . , ed . lord howe island . page ( s ) 7 - 12 . australian museum , sydney .\naustralian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2005b ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 37 ) ( 26 / 10 / 2005 ) . f2005l03547 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - nov - 2005 .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\niredale t . ( 1944 ) .\nthe land mollusca of lord howe island\n. australian zoologist 10 ( 3 ) : 299 - 334 , plates 17 - 20 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nsmith , b . j . 1992 ,\nnon - marine mollusca\n, ed . houston , w . w . k . ( ed . ) , zoological catalogue of australia . non - marine mollusca , vol . 8 , australian government publishing service , canberra\niredale , t . 1944 ,\nthe land mollusca of lord howe island\n, the australian zoologist , vol . 10 , pp . 299 - 334\ngaskoin , j . s . 1855 ,\ndescriptions of two new species of land shells\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1854 , p . 152\ncox , j . c . 1872 ,\ndescriptions of new land - shells from australia and the south - sea islands\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1872 , pp . 18 - 20\nhedley , c . 1891 ,\nthe land and freshwater shells of lord howe island\n, records of the australian museum , vol . 1 , pp . 134 - 143\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b525af06 - 7e8a - 4744 - 858a - 56f04065230e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e1dbbc77 - b9b0 - 4250 - 82c3 - 62f45c6029db\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a1e6b79a - 3238 - 4401 - 9765 - 0ea2968c5627\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 468264\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\npoint radius ( mm ) 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the ala .\nthe ala is made possible by contributions from its partners , is supported by ncris and hosted by csiro .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1796, "summary": [{"text": "malacoctenus zonogaster , the belted blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of the americas from baja california to peru including the galapagos islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is an inhabitant of tide pools and rocky shores being found from near the surface to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 8.5 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "malacoctenus zonogaster", "paragraphs": ["the following term was not found in genome : malacoctenus zonogaster [ orgn ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .\n) has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion d2 . this species is only known from a single location ( galapagos islands ) . major threats to this shallow water species are oceanographic environmental changes from enso events and global warming .\nthe belted blenny is the second most common blenny in the galapagos islands ( allen and robertson 1994 ) .\nthe belted blenny is a reef - associated species , found in shallow rocky and coral reef areas to depths of 10 m , as well as in tidepools .\nthere are no known major threats to the belted blenny . however , given its shallow reef habitat and restricted range it may be negatively impacted by localized stochastic events , such as oceanographic environmental changes from current or future enso events and climate change ( soto\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for the belted blenny . however , this species is present in the galapagos marine reserve , the galapagos archipelago particularly sensitive sea area , the galapagos island world heritage site , and the galapagos island man and biosphere reserve ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\ngreek , malakos = soft + greek , kteis , ktenos = comb ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5227 )\nlives in tide pools , shallow , rocky , boulder strewn areas and walls . prefers deeper water habitats ( ref . 5227 ) .\nallen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )\n) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nradios dorsales xx a xxii , 10 - 12 ( usualmente xxi , 11 ) ; radios anales ii , 20 - 22 ( usualmente 21 ) ; radios pectorales 14 ; escamas de la l\u00ednea lateral 57 - 64 ; escamas presentes o ausentes en la l\u00ednea media enfrente de la aleta dorsal , presente en el torso , ausentes en la regi\u00f3n prepectoral ; mand\u00edbulas con una sola fila de dientes c\u00f3nicos grandes ; con dientes vomerinos ; dientes palatinos ausentes ; con cirros en las aberturas nasales , arriba del ojo y en la nuca .\nverdusco en la mitad superior y blanco abajo , con 5 - 6 barras oscuras de forma irregular en el costado ; una mancha oscura grande ( del tama\u00f1o del ojo ) en la mitad superior del op\u00e9rculo , y bandas caf\u00e9 verduscas en la parte inferior de la cabeza y del pecho .\nattributes abundance : com\u00fan . cites : no listado . climate zone : ecuatorial ( costa rica hasta ecuador + gal\u00e1pagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 10 m . depth range min : 1 m . diet : gusanos m\u00f3viles bent\u00f3nicos ; crust\u00e1ceos m\u00f3viles bent\u00f3nicos ( camarones / cangrejos ) . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 2 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 93 ; eastern limit = - 90 ; latitudinal range = 4 ; longitudinal range = 3 . egg type : b\u00e9ntico ; larva pel\u00e1gica . feeding group : carn\u00edvoro . fishbase habitat : asociado a arrecifes . global endemism : pac\u00edfico oriental tropical ( pot ) end\u00e9mico ; pac\u00edfico este end\u00e9mico ; todas las especies . habitat : asociado a arrecife ( arrecife + bordes - columna de agua y fondo suave ) ; rocas ; arrecife ( rocoso y / o coralino ) ; arrecife solamente . inshore offshore : costeros ; solamente costeros . iucn red list : no evaluado / listado . length max : 8 . 5 cm . regional endemism : solo islas ; isla ( s ) ; pot end\u00e9mico ; pot isla ( s ) oce\u00e1nica ( s ) end\u00e9mico ; islas gal\u00e1pagos end\u00e9mico ; todas las especies . residency : residente . salinity : marino ; solo marino . water column position : fondo ; fondo solamente ;\nheller , e . and snodgrass , r . e . , 1903 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xv . new fishes . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 5 : 189 - 229 .\nhumann , p . , 1993 . , reef fish identification : galapagos . , new world publishing : 192pp .\nkendall , w . c . and radcliffe , l . , 1912 . , the shore fishes . reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical pacific , . . . by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , from october , 1904 , to march , 1905 , lieut . commander l . m . garret , u . s . n . , commanding . xxv . , mem . mus . comp . zool . , 35 ( 3 ) : 75 - 171 .\nsnodgrass , r . e . and heller , e . , 1905 . , papers from the hopkins stanford galapagos expedition , 1898 - 1899 . xvii . shorefishes of the revillagigedo , clipperton , cocos and galapagos island . , proc . wash . acad . sci . , 6 : 333 - 427 .\n) : 23 . 5 - 24 . 9 , mean 23 . 8 ( based on 18 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00411 - 0 . 02221 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nhead slender , snout pointed ; a close - set pair of heavily branched nape cirri , a branched cirrus over eye ; 3 - 8 ( 1 - 14 ) pores behind chin , between bases of operculae ; upper part of rear end of top jaw covered by bone under eye ; no small teeth behind outer row of large teeth on upper jaw ; no teeth on sides of roof of mouth ; gill rakers 10 - 13 ; dorsal fin xxi , 11 , ( xx - xxii , 10 - 12 ) , notch between spines and rays ; anal ii , 21 ( 20 - 22 ) ; pectoral 14 ; 3 pelvic soft rays ; 57 - 64 lateral line scales ; belly scales smaller than flank scales ; scales present or absent on midline in front of dorsal fin , present on breast , absent from prepectoral region .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical , preferred ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . ."]}
{"id": 1797, "summary": [{"text": "almita portalia is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by b. landry in 1995 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona and california . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "almita portalia", "paragraphs": ["almita portalia landry , 1995 n . sp . , mem . entom . int ' l . , v . 1 , p . 1 - 242 .\nhave a fact about almita texana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for almita texana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1798, "summary": [{"text": "jackson 's climbing salamander ( bolitoglossa jacksoni ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is endemic to guatemala .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "jackson 's climbing salamander was last seen in 1975 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the salamander is among the 25 \u201c most wanted lost \u201d species that are the focus of global wildlife conservation \u2019s \u201c search for lost species \u201d initiative . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "jackson ' s climbing salamander", "paragraphs": ["but the vision remains tantalizing , as the elusive jackson\u2019s climbing salamander eludes us once more .\njackson\u2019s climbing salamander ( bolitoglossa jacksoni ) , first and last seen by jeremy jackson almost four decades ago . ( photo by sam sweet )\nthe jackson\u2019s climbing salamander is a beautiful species and unique in that it has the inverse coloration of all of the other species in the mexicana group of salamanders . rather than black with yellow bands , the jackson\u2019s climbing salamander is yellow with black bands .\nin 2014 , paul elias and jeremy jackson returned to the cuchumatanes mountain range of guatemala nearly 40 years after they had discovered three new species of salamander there\u2014the jackson\u2019s climbing salamander , the finca chiblac salamander and the long - limbed salamander . they hoped to catch a glimpse of the previously rediscovered finca chiblac salamander and the long - limbed salamander and were in luck on that trip , though the jackson\u2019s climbing salamander remained elusive .\nupdate ( 10 / 30 / 17 ) : the jackson ' s climbing salamander is the first of the search for lost species ' top 25\nmost wanted\nspecies to be found .\nthe following year , a consortium of international groups\u2014including global wildlife conservation and local ngo fundaeco\u2014 joined together to protect some of the last remaining forest home of the three rare salamander species , establishing a reserve called the finca san isidro amphibian reserve . the reserve is home to a treasure trove of amphibian species , including the recently discovered cuchumatan golden toad and the beautiful black - eyed treefrog . elias and jackson discovered jackson\u2019s climbing salamander within a few hundred meters of the reserve\u2019s current borders .\n\u201c we called it the \u2018golden wonder . \u2019 i found the first one under a sheet of bark in a field and , after collecting in this field for weeks without success it was obviously something unusual . what the few photos of the jackson\u2019s climbing salamander that exist don\u2019t show is the brilliance and depth of the coloration . it was an exceptionally beautiful animal . \u201d \u2013jeremy jackson\nwhen paul elias discovered the jackson\u2019s climbing salamander in the mid - 1970s , he named it after colleague jeremy jackson and called it the \u201cgolden wonder\u201d because of its astounding beauty . the species has not been seen since , and eluded a 2014 expedition that gwc launched with elias and jackson to retrace their steps four decades later . this is an elusive cloud forest species , possibly a canopy dweller . if it is not extinct , it is adept at escaping human attention .\nafter a little more than a week in guatemala it is time to start our journey home . but our salamander hunting is not over just yet . before leaving the remote reaches of the cuchumatanes we pay a return visit to a small village where one of the locals excitedly presents us with a salamander that they found close by . it is a beautiful m\u00fcller\u2019s mushroomtongue salamander ( bolitoglossa mulleri ) , an uncommon chocolate brown animal with a splash of yellow running down its back , as if it had walked under a leaky tin of royal yellow paint . it is as close to jackson\u2019s climbing salamander as we will come .\nwhat follows is a firsthand account of a 2014 expedition in search of lost and rare salamanders in guatemala\u2019s cuchumatane mountain range by gwc\u2019s conservation officer , robin moore .\na long - limbed salamander ( nyctanolis pernix ) spotted by jeremy jackson 38 years after he last saw the species . ( photo by robin moore )\n\u201cwe called it the golden wonder , \u201d says jeremy jackson , reminiscing about a salamander that he was the first , and last , to find in the wild 38 years ago . time has not dulled his memory : \u201ci found the first one under a sheet of bark in a field and , after collecting in this field for weeks without success it was obviously something unusual . what the few photos of bolitoglossa jacksoni [ aka jackson\u2019s climbing salamander ] that exist don\u2019t show is the brilliance and depth of the coloration . it was an exceptionally beautiful animal . \u201d\non returning to the cuchumatanes after 38 years , jackson says : \u201ci enjoyed remembering sights and smells and tastes from many years past . i had at least one goose bump moment . it was quite familiar and totally different at the same time . \u201d although he was disappointed that we did not find jackson\u2019s salamander , jackson says he was buoyed by how many nyctanolis we turned up , and is optimistic that something can be done to preserve the salamanders and their home .\nday after day we spend hours with our backs arched sifting through leaf litter , and under the cloak of darkness we enter the forest to illuminate leaves and mossy trunks with our headlamps , willing a brilliant yellow and chocolate brown salamander to appear in front of us . we talk about how amazing it would be to find a jackson\u2019s salamander , and we even allow ourselves to imagine , with a jolt of adrenaline , the prospect .\n, a second potential locality will be explored . this second locality has extant populations of two other rare salamander species (\n\u201cmy having discovered a new salamander species rarely comes up in conversation , \u201d he says . \u201cbut when it does , people are usually surprised if not just a little startled . one of my boys , when he was in fourth grade , told his class that i had a salamander named after me . they all thought i must be just like indiana jones . \u201d he adds , \u201ci\u2019ve always felt honored by paul\u2019s naming it after me . it\u2019s an unusual way to remember an exciting time of my life . \u201d\nit was not until 2009 , during an expedition led by the museum of vertebrate zoology at berkeley , that bradytriton silus was rediscovered 32 years after it was last seen . the following year nyctanolis pernix also re - appeared . still missing , however , was jackson\u2019s salamander , which promptly climbed its way into the top ten \u201cmost wanted\u201d amphibians in the world during the search for lost frogs in 2010 .\nroyal false brook salamander ( pseudoeurycea rex ) in the ethereal pine forests of puerta del cielo . ( photo by robin moore )\nacevedo , m . , wake , d . , elias , p . , rovito , s . , and vasquez , c . ( 2008 ) .\nelias returned to the cuchumatanes the following two summers , bringing jackson to help him . rain - soaked weeks spent exploring forest and lifting logs resulted in the discovery of bolitoglossa jacksoni , which was later named by elias in honor of jackson . but despite months of fieldwork , only two individuals of the species were ever found , and neither elias or jackson could have predicted that , a quarter of a century later , none of the three salamanders that they had discovered would have been seen again .\njuly 14 , 2014 . i am sitting with jeremy jackson and paul elias in a small rural village in the cuchumatanes mountains . elias is studying his original field notes \u2013 every page photocopied and bound , to compare how things are now to how they were then . it is the first time that either of them has been back in 38 years . we are joined by eight others , an eclectic mix that includes the inspirational local amphibian biologist and conservationist carlos vasquez , on a quest to retrace elias and jackson\u2019s steps in search of some of the most elusive of creatures on earth .\nthe long - limbed salamander , nyctanolis pernix , one of two major species discoveries made by paul elias in his first expedition to guatemala in 1974 . ( photo by robin moore )\nthe next day the team returns triumphant with a bradytriton silus\u2013 the only one we will find on the expedition . elias shares jackson\u2019s excitement at seeing the salamanders again , saying , \u201ci was really moved to see both nyctanolis and bradytriton alive and happy in their forest . nyctanolis in particular is just an extraordinary animal ; its nimble ectomorph body with huge alert black eyes , its high speed agility , and its goofy polka dots make it something almost unlike a salamander . i never thought i would see one alive again , and i just could not get enough of watching them . the fact of these two missing links living in that primeval forest on the ancient karst uplands makes one think that the cuchumatanes were the old cradle of the great salamander radiation of central america . \u201d\none of the three properties acquired for the reserve has been named the sabin family salamander sanctuary in honor of businessman andrew sabin\u2019s contributions to amphibian conservation in guatemala and around the world . thanks to additional support from paul elias , marie lossky , focus on nature and the quick response biodiversity fund , which is a 1 % for the planet and weeden foundation fund for high - priority habitat acquisitions for the purpose of protecting biodiversity .\nmayer , k . r . ( 2017 ) . ' ' found : remarkable salamander rediscovery heralds early success for worldwide quest to find and protect lost species ' ' global wildlife conservation . urltoken downloaded on 30 october 2017 .\nafter 11 days of slashing rain - soaked forests in search of rare salamanders , the team parts ways in guatemala city . elias and jackson return to boston to resume their lives as a partner in a private investment firm and a woodworker respectively . while elias remains actively involved in conservation as a trustee of the nature conservancy in massachusetts , jackson had not been in the field in almost four decades prior to our expedition . i am curious as to how people respond when they learn about his previous life as a field biologist .\nour final stop before leaving the cuchumatanes is puerta del cielo\u2013the appropriately named gateway to heaven\u2013to scour mist - shrouded forest for the royal false brook salamander ( pseudoeurycea rex ) . in the ethereal pine forests we find more than a dozen salamanders\u2013it is a fitting end to our expedition .\nin 2014 , gwc conservation officer robin moore traveled with carlos vasquez , coordinator of the amphibian conservation program at fundaeco , and the two men , jeremy jackson and paul elias , who had discovered the finca chiblac and long - limbed salamanders in the 1970s . robin captures that trip\u2013and the exciting re - discovery of those salamanders\u2013in this vivid blog post .\nin the local language q\u2019anjob\u2019al , salamanders are referred to as \u201csleeping child . \u201d it makes sense , then , that \u201cyal unin yul witz\u201d means \u201csleeping child behind mountains . \u201d this consortium of international groups is working to protect some of the last remaining habitat of the finca chiblac salamander ( bradytriton silus ) and the long - limbed salamander ( nyctanolis pernix ) . the natural reserve is also home to the recently discovered cuchumatan golden toad ( incilius aurarius ) and the beautiful black - eyed treefrog ( agalychnis moreletii ) . ten of the 20 amphibian species that live in or near finca san isidro are classified as critically endangered or endangered by the iucn red list .\nthe species was described by elias ( 1984 ) and the type specimen is held at the museum of vertebrate zoology ( mvz 134634 ) . it was named in honor of the collector , jeremy l . jackson , who accompanied paul elias of the mvz on his field expedition to the cordillera de los cuchumatanes and the monta\u00f1as de cuilco of western guatemala ( elias 1984 ) .\nwas rediscovered in the recently established finca san isidro amphibian reserve ( also known as yal unin yul witz ) on the northern slopes of the sierra de los cuchumatanes , guatemala , very close to the original discovery site . a sub - adult found by reserve guard , ramos leon , is only the third specimen ever seen . the species had not be seen since september 1975 , and was listed among the top 25 most wanted species in the world by global wildlife conservation\u2019s the search for lost species ( mayer 2017 ) .\nspirits are high , and it is not long before we strike gold . jackson describes the moment : \u201cwhen i spied that oh - so - familiar pose of a nycatanolis basking in the rain with feet splayed and spine bent with that beautiful long tail hanging down , i was thrilled . it really brought back much of what it had been like in 76 ; going out night after night in the rain . finding a nycatanolis is was very rewarding just as it was years ago . \u201d\nit is our fifth day in guatemala , and we have yet to find a salamander . optimism is beginning to wane . as the light fades and heavy afternoon rain subsides , we don our headlamps and waterproofs and prepare to head into the forest . we target a patch with large buttressed trees\u2013ideal for nyctanolis . in the evening , the salamanders start to emerge from their daytime retreats among the tangle of roots to scale the trees , and so our hope is to find them as they emerge and before they climb out of reach .\nbut what brought jackson to the remote forests of guatemala all those years ago ? his good friend , paul elias . elias had ventured to guatemala for the first time in 1974\u2013his findings had been so remarkable that he was compelled to return . elias writes of that first visit : \u201ci had just completed freshman year and was 18 years old . i had a chance to visit guatemala because my mother was involved in a harvard nutrition study there and offered to buy my ticket . i went to [ eminent herpetologist ] dave wake and asked what i could collect that would be of use to him . he gave me a one - page photocopy of a map of guatemala and circled the cuchumatanes . \u201d\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as data deficient , as although it is currently known only from a single site , there has been little survey work in the area and it is possible that the species is more widespread . the extent of occurrence is poorly known . there is ongoing habitat loss throughout much of the escarpment .\nthis species has only been found within 1km of the type locality on the caribbean escarpment of the western cuchumatanes , departamento huehuetenango , western guatemala . the exact locality is the las nubes sector of finca chiblac , approximately 12km north - northeast of santa cruz barillas , at about 1 , 400m asl . there has been little nearby sampling and the species may range more widely within the escarpment .\nthere is no information on the population status of this species ; it has not been collected since its discovery , despite recent searches .\nthe only two individuals known were taken from under bark from felled logs in a clearing in very wet ( approximately 6 , 000mm annual precipitation ) montane forest . it presumably breeds by direct development and is not dependent upon water .\nsevere habitat loss is known to have taken place at its only known site due to the settlement of refugees and expanding agriculture , and more broadly throughout the range .\nthere are no protected areas near where this species has been found . surveys are urgently needed to establish its current range and population status in the wild .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nspecies , with females reaching 65 mm in standard length ( known from only two specimens ) . this species has few maxillary teeth ( 31 in the young adult female holotype ) and a moderate count of vomerine teeth ( 21 in the holotype ) . it has a simple vertebral tail autotomy mechanism ( see wake and dresner 1967 on tail autotomy in salamanders ) .\nby tail autotomy mechanism and color pattern , a brilliant yellow with a wide mid - dorsal band of chocolate brown bordered by a thin white edge .\n) by virtue of having the dark coloration restricted to the mid - dorsal area ( elias 1984 ) .\ncoloration in life : a brilliant egg - yolk yellow , with a wide dark brown mid - dorsal band edged thinly in white ( with the white edging complete in the young adult female and incomplete in the older adult female specimen ) . in the holotype , the dark brown band originates at the level of the eyelids and runs straight across the head , spanning across the head from the center of one eyelid to the center of the other , then runs down the body , diminishing and finally vanishing just before the tail tip . in the larger female specimen , the brown mid - dorsal band is interrupted by a large , oval spot of yellow on the nape and a break on the tail ; also , a brown spot is present on the otherwise yellow right hind foot . the holotype lacks ventral markings ; it is not known whether the larger adult female lacked ventral markings . the eyes are metallic gold ( elias 1984 ) .\ncoloration in preservative : pale yellow ground color with broad mid - dorsal band of dark brown ; the mid - dorsal brown band begins at the level of the eyelids ( and spans from center to center of each eyelid ) , diminishing gradually toward the tail tip ( elias 1984 ) .\nendemic to western guatemala . the type locality is in the las nubes sector of finca chiblac , roughly 12 km north - northeast of santa cruz barillas , on the caribbean escarpment of the western sierra cuchumatanes , departamento huehuetenango , guatemala , at 1 , 400 m asl . known only from the type locality and a nearby locality within 1 km away , all within finca chiblac . the habitat is very wet subtropical montane rainforest , receiving more than 6 meters of rainfall annually ( elias 1984 ) .\nboth individuals ( a larger adult female and a young adult female ) were found under the bark of felled hardwood logs in forest clearings ( elias 1984 ) . details of the life history are not known but like other members of the genus\n, this species is thought to breed by direct development ( acevedo et al . 2008 ) .\nnothing is known about the population trend for this species . only two individuals were initially found , and no sightings occurred its discovery in 1975 until october 2017 . both the type locality and the broader escarpment area have suffered severe deforestation due to increased agriculture and increased human settlement of refugees from the guatemalan civil war . until 2015 , there are no protected areas near the type locality ( acevedo et al . 2008 ) .\nrange from san luis potosi , mexico , to central panama . all are arboreal and lay eggs that hatch as miniatures of adults and have no aquatic larval stage . hence , they typically are difficult to find ( wake personal communication ) .\nin 1975 at finca chiblac . a team will go out for a short search in mid - october 2010 , led by robin moore of conservation international , and a second team will conduct a more extensive search in mid - november 2010 , led by carlos vasquez of the museo de historia natural , universidad de san carlos de guatemala .\nnew information : in october , 2017 , a subadult of this species was found , photographed ( see photos on amphibiaweb ) and released . it is from a new but undisclosed locality , not far from the type locality . only two\nindividuals have ever been collected and only one specimen was preserved , the young adult female holotype . the larger adult female was brought into captivity at the museum of vertebrate zoology ( mvz ) at u . c . berkeley , where two photographs were taken , but the female either escaped or was stolen from the animal care facility within the first few days of captivity ( t . papenfuss , pers . comm . ; its disappearance was not due to a deliberate release in the field by a student , as dubois and nem\u00e9sio 2007 thought ) .\nalthough one of the two amphibiaweb photos ( of the same specimen ) shows the color of the flanks as being caramel , this is due to underexposure and the color was actually a brilliant egg - yolk yellow , as in the first photograph .\n. in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 2 . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 31 august 2010 .\nelias , p . ( 1984 ) . ' ' salamanders of the northwestern highlands of guatemala . ' '\nparra - olea , g . , garc\u00eda - par\u00eds , m . , wake , d . b . ( 2004 ) . ' ' molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical american genus\nwake , d . b . , and i . g . dresner ( 1967 ) . ' ' functional morphology and evolution of tail autotomy in salamanders . ' '\nedited by kellie whittaker ; updated by ann t . chang ( 2018 - 03 - 26 )\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n\u00a9 2014 amphibian specialist group ( asg ) and amphibian survival alliance ( asa ) . all rights reserved . the asa is a fiscally sponsored program of global wildlife conservation a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) . tax id # 26 - 2887967 .\nthe cuchumatanes mountains were , as far as wake was concerned , a final frontier for exploration in central america . after being dropped off by his parents at a road rising sharply up to a karst plateau , elias hitchhiked as far as he could away from civilization and into uncharted territory , sleeping nights on a dirt floor among \u201cbugs , predatory spiders , scorpions and centipedes that had gathered . \u201d he collected a couple of hundred salamanders in three weeks . \u201ci had no guide to the species in guatemala so i had no idea if i had anything of value or not , \u201d he says .\nwhen elias returned to berkeley he left some of his specimens to soak in water before preserving them . dave wake happened to come across them , and he was astonished . elias recalls : \u201cboth nyctanolis pernix and bradytriton silus were in that collection and turned out to be new genera that were significant missing links in the neotropical plethodontid [ a group of lungless salamanders ] radiation . word traveled to me by rumor in the next day or two and i suddenly discovered that i had found something extraordinary . the rest is history . \u201d\nbradytriton silus , unique in its high , vertically flattened tail , flattened nose and stumpy feet . was rediscovered after 32 years in 2009 . ( photo by robin moore )\nwith two of our target species under the belt , our full attention turns to finding the holy grail : bolitoglossa jacksoni .\n\u201cwhat is different now , \u201d he says , \u201cis the presence of carlos vasquez . i remember on my first visit seeing a man by the name of mario dari . he was president of the university down there , and we checked in with him out of respect . he was assassinated some time after that . there was no one like carlos , and there were no groups [ such as local ngo fundaeco ] that could safely pursue the kinds of programs that are now in existence . there were maryknoll priests , but even they got bumped off . carlos is a very charismatic , intelligent , genuinely nice guy who is exactly the kind of person needed to push in all directions for the betterment of the natural resources in guatemala . \u201d\nthe cuchumatan golden toad ( incilius aurarius ) , a species discovered and described as recently as 2012 . ( photo by robin moore )\nelias too was thrilled to have had the opportunity to return to guatemala with his old friend , something he never thought he would do . \u201ci was delighted to see jeremy treated as a mythic figure at the natural history museum , as he posed in front of posters of bolitoglossa jacksoni , \u201d he says . \u201che deserved to come back to experience that , to see the animals once more , and to close a loop that had been open since his youth . \u201d\nblack - eyed leaf frog ( agalychnis moreletii ) a critically endangered species in the project area . ( photo by robin moore )\nrobin is a scientist , photographer and director of communications at global wildlife conservation . robin has built on his early career research on amphibian and reptiles to devote himself to providing a voice for the vanishing and the forgotten .\nno matter how big or small , there is always something you can do to help spread the conservation message .\n\u00a9 2017 global wildlife conservation . all rights reserved . global wildlife conservation is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) .\nthe cuchumatanes mountain range of guatemala is a last frontier for conservation\u2014vast swathes of forest in the remote northwest of the country harbor unique and rare amphibians , birds and reptiles . here , at la finca san isidro , global wildlife conservation has worked with fundaeco , world land trust , rainforest trust , the international conservation fund of canada and the amphibian survival alliance to support the protection of the most amphibian diverse region in guatemala , with the highest number of species that live here and nowhere else , through the establishment of the yal unin yul witz natural reserve in 2015 . this marks the first protected area in the western highlands of guatemala .\nthe remoteness of the cuchumatanes mountain range has protected much of the forest to date , but increasing pressures from the coffee industry has put these forests at risk . local and international scientists and conservationists have identified the area as one of the highest priorities for conservation action . the establishment of the reserve was a tremendous success for fundaeco and partners , helping to bolster the conservation efforts in this region of the world , but protecting the land is only part of the overall goal . project partners aim to :\ncontinue to carry out more extensive biodiversity surveys for birds , amphibians and reptiles .\nwork with community members , leaders and private land owners to ensure their support and participation in the implementation of sustainable strategies for habitat protection and sustainable development .\nexpand the conservation efforts to the adjacent flooded high mountain area , a magnificent and rare open area that is paradise for amphibians , as well as resident and migratory birds .\nexpand the area of the reserve to the highest elevation in the adjacent mountain el quetzal , to protect the yulwitz river basin that runs through the reserve .\nevaluate the potential establishment of an agroforestry demonstration plot that combines conservation and productivity and looks for the implementation of the best ecological practices as a technical example to be replicated in the region .\nusing this photo this photo and associated text may not be used except with express written permission from david wake . to obtain permission for personal , academic , commercial , or other uses , or to inquire about high resolution images , prints , fees , or licensing , or if you have other questions , contact david wake wakelab [ at ] berkeley . edu . ( replace the [ at ] with the @ symbol before sending an email . )\n0000 0000 0910 0289 copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 uc regents . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1799, "summary": [{"text": "brycon insignis , the tiete tetra , is a species of fish in the family characidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is endemic to the para\u00edba do sul river basin in southeast brazil .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "b. insignis migrates upstream to spawn and has traditionally been important to fisheries , but it is now a threatened species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some authorities recognize b. acuminatus as a separate , possibly extinct species , but recent authorities treat it as a synonym of b. insignis . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "brycon insignis", "paragraphs": ["figure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon m\u00fcller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae )\nstructural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characiformes ) .\nfigure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 in a revision of the cis - andean species of the genus brycon m\u00fcller & troschel ( characiformes : characidae ) | zenodo\nfigure 23 . brycon insignis , mzusp 103045 , 259 . 0 mm sl : brazil , rio de janeiro , rio para\u00edba do sul .\nstructural analysis of oocytes , post - fertilization events and embryonic development of the brazilian endangered teleost brycon insignis ( characifor . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nbrycon insignis is a species of fish in the characidae family . it is endemic to the para\u00edba do sul river basin in southeast brazil . 1999 research suggests it may actually be extinct but no status changes have been made .\nworld conservation monitoring centre 1996 . brycon acuminatus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 4 august 2007 .\ngreek , ebrykon , brykomai = to bite , to gnaw ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 36 . 9 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 38504 )\nlima , f . c . t . , 2003 . characidae - bryconinae ( characins , tetras ) . p . 174 - 181 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 38504 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01202 ( 0 . 00558 - 0 . 02589 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257b0c4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 325d0972 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32ab226b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75c78437 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 10 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nisa\u00fa za 1 , rizzo e , amaral tb , mourad nm , viveiros at .\ndepartment of animal science ( dzo ) , federal university of lavras ( ufla ) , mg , brazil ."]}
{"id": 1800, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis michaeli ) is also known as the east african black rhinoceros .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is a subspecies of the black rhinoceros .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "its numbers are very low due to poaching for its horn and it is listed as critically endangered . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "eastern black rhinoceros", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb diceros bicornis ssp . michaeli ( eastern black rhino , eastern black rhinoceros )\nthere are now three remaining recognized subspecies of black rhinoceros occupying different areas of africa . these subspecies are found in the eastern and southern african countries .\nsubspecies : southwestern black rhinoceros ( d . b . bicornis ) classified as vulnerable ( vu ) ; eastern black rhinoceros ( d . b . michaeli ) and south - central black rhinoceros ( d . b . minor ) are both classified as critically endangered ( cr ) ; western black rhinoceros ( d . b . longipes ) classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\neastern black rhinoceroses have returned to rwanda . it ' s been 10 years since they were last seen in the country .\nblack rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) . an orphan whose mother was killed by poachers in zimbabwe\nsome black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) are under 24 hour armed guard due to risk of poaching africa .\nndeereh d , okita - ouma b , gaymer j , mutinda m , gakuya f ( 2012 ) unusual mortalities of eastern black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) due to clostridial enterotoxaemia in oljogi pyramid sanctuary , kenya . pachyderm 51 : 45 - 51 .\nthe black rhinoceros has brachydont and lophodont teeth , with a thin layer of cement . the white rhinoceros is more specialized , for the cheek teeth are hypselodont and have a thick cement layer . \u2026\ngarnier , j . , m . bruford , b . goossens . 2001 . mating system and reproductive skew in the black rhinoceros .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the black rhinoceros article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nmorgan - davies m ( 1996 ) status of the black rhinoceros in masai mara national reserve , kenya . pachyderm21 : 38 - 45 .\nthe black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) , is sometimes called the \u2018hooked - lip rhino\u2019 . the rhinoceros is a mammal in the order perissodactyla and is native to the eastern and central areas of africa including kenya , tanzania , cameroon , south africa , namibia and zimbabwe . although the rhino is referred to as black , it is actually more of a grey - white colour in appearance . it will sometimes take on the colour of the soil that it lives around .\nof rhinoceros . the black rhinoceros typically weighs between 700 and 1 , 300 kg ( 1 , 500 and 2 , 900 pounds ) ; males are the same size as females . it stands 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 5 metres ( 11 . 5 feet ) long . the black rhinoceros occupies a variety of habitats , including open\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage .\nmassicot , p . 2006 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . animal info . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nthe park has hired anti - poaching units and rhino - tracking teams to keep its new residents safe . and every little bit helps : experts estimate there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhinos left in the wild .\n\u2026species of rhinoceroses are the black or prehensile - lipped rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) and the white or square - lipped rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) . the terms black and white are misleading , since both species are grayish to brownish , but the names are well established in common usage . \u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\ntitle =\narkive species - black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are 3 subspecies of black rhino , the south - central rhino ( diceros bicornis minor ) , which is the most numerous and once ranged from central tanzania south through zambia , zimbabwe and mozambique to northern and eastern south africa .\nthe black rhinoceros inhabits a variety of habitats , ranging from the deserts of namibia through wooded grasslands to broadleaved woodlands and acacia savannahs ( 4 ) .\ngrzimek , b . 2005 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . answers . com . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nlandman m , kerley gi ( 2014 ) elephant both increase and decrease availability of browse resources for black rhinoceros . biotropica 46 : 42 - 49 .\nmajor habitat type tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ; deserts and xeric shrublands biogeographic realm afrotropical range states kenya , namibia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zimbabwe , zambia ( re - introduced ) , botswana ( re - introduced ) . geographical location eastern and southern africa ecological region east african acacia savannas , central and eastern miombo woodlands , namib - karoo - kaokoveld deserts , sudanian savannas\nbrooks , m . 2002 .\nblack rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis )\n( on - line ) . arkive . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nthe black rhinoceros is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nworld wildlife fund , 2004 .\nwwf factsheet : black rhinoceros - diceros bicornis\n( on - line pdf ) . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\nmorgan , s . , r . mackey , r . slotow . 2009 . a priori valuation of land use for the conservation of black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) .\nthe population of the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) fell to about 2 , 400 individuals in 1995 , down from a likely number of several hundred thousand at the start of the 20th century , when it ranged over most of southern africa . the white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ) historically had a smaller geographic\u2026\nthe white and the black ( diceros bicornis ) rhinoceros live in africa , while the indian , the javan ( r . sondaicus ) , and the sumatran ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis ) rhinoceros live in asia . the precarious state of the surviving species ( all but one are endangered ) is in direct contrast to the\u2026\nthe west african rhino ( diceros bicornis longipes ) , the world conservation union ( iucn ) announced on 7 july 2006 that the west african black rhinoceros has been tentatively declared as extinct .\nfigure 1 : the performance of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and with environmental variation of 2 % ( scenario 2 ) and 1 % ( scenario 3 ) .\nthe black rhinoceros is a herbivore that eats leafy plants , branches , shoots , thorny wood bushes and fruit . the black rhinos diet helps to reduce the amount of woody plants which results in more grasses growing for the benefit of other animals .\nhutchins m , kreger md ( 2006 ) rhinoceros behaviour : implications for captive management and conservation . international zoo yearbook40 : 150 - 173 .\nlaw pr , fike b , lent pc ( 2013 ) mortality and female fecundity in an expanding black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis minor ) population . european journal of wildlife research 59 : 477 - 485 .\ndollinger , p . , s . geser . 2008 .\nblack rhinoceros\n( on - line ) . world association of zoos and aquariums - virtual zoo . accessed april 09 , 2009 at urltoken .\ngarnier , j . , w . holt , p . watson . 2002 . non - invasive assessment of oestrous cycles and evaluation of reproductive seasonality in the female wild black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis minor ) .\nblack rhinoceros have been poached to the brink of extinction due to the demand for their horn , both for use in chinese traditional medicine and for traditional dagger handles in yemen , the demand for which exploded in the 1970s due to the increased income of oil - rich gulf states ( 7 ) . it is estimated that between 1970 and 1992 , around 96 percent of the black rhinoceros population was lost ( 8 ) .\nmills ja ( 1997 ) rhinoceros horn and tiger bone in china : and investigation of trade since the 1993 ban . traffic international , cambridge , usa .\ntable 3 : environmental variation ( % ev ) in adult females breeding and mortality rates across various age classes used in the simulation models for the black rhinoceros population , harvest was allowed yearly starting at the age of eight .\nwith less than 5 , 000 black rhino left globally , it is claimed that there are only about 1 , 000 eastern black rhino left apparently . the return of rhinos in rwanda\u2019s akagera national park comes after the re - introduction of lions in 2015 . the rwanda lion conservation efforts has also shown great success over the few years with the population of big cats already doubled and besides , the park has 15 lions at the moment .\nblack rhinos have been on appendix i of cites since 1977 . additionally , black rhinos have been listed since 1980 under the united states endangered species act . black rhinos are listed as critically endangered by the iucn red list . currently , there are four subspecies of black rhinos :\nwalpole mj , morgan - davies m , milledge m , bett p , leader - williams n ( 2001 ) population dynamics and future conservation of a free - ranging black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornis ) population in kenya . biological conservation 99 : 237 - 243 .\nblack rhinos are browsers that feed on items such as twigs , woody shrubs , small trees , legumes , and grass . black rhinos show a preference for\nthere are three subspecies of black rhino , although they all look very similar .\nthe black rhinos habitats are mostly bushy plains , rugged hills and scrub lands .\nfigure 4 : the expected heterozygosity of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .\nfreeman ew , meyer jm , bird j , adendorff j , schulte ba , etal . ( 2014 ) impacts of environmental pressures on the reproductive physiology of subpopulations of black rhinoceros ( dicerosbicornisbicornis ) in addo elephant national park , south africa . conservation physiology 2 : 1 - 13 .\ncitation : soka ge , rija aa and owino a ( 2014 ) modeling black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ) population performance in east africa : the case of lake nakuru national park , kenya . j biodivers endanger species 2 : 126 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2332 - 2543 . 1000126\nfigure 3 : the probabilities of survival of black rhinoceros population without environmental variation ( scenario 1 ) and 1 % environmental variation with the harvest of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , and 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) .\nare used in ancient medicine and many black rhinos have been illegally poached for them .\nfemale black rhinos will use their horns to protect their young from predators such as lions and hyenas . although they are fierce , black rhinos do have a softer side .\nthe black rhino is smaller than the white rhino and is more agile in movement . black rhinos can still show considerable bouts of aggression , even though they are mainly shy and solitary animals . black rhinos tend to live alone , except when breeding and raising offspring .\nfigure 2 : the performance of black rhinoceros population with environmental variation of 1 % and harvesting of 2 males and 2 females on yearly basis ( scenario 4 ) , 2 males and 2 females after every five years ( scenario 5 ) , and 1 male and 1 female every four years ( scenario 6 ) .\nblack rhinoceros are mainly solitary creatures , occupying overlapping home ranges ( 5 ) . in this long - lived species females reach sexual maturity at around five to seven years old and give birth to a single calf every two to four years ( 6 ) . births can occur throughout the year and each calf tends to remain with its mother until the birth of her next offspring . rhinoceros have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell and hearing ( 5 ) . they are inquisitive and often aggressive towards humans and other animals ( 4 ) .\nwe computed the reproductive , survival , and mortality rates by age classes ( table 2 ) which were used in the simulation models . we performed six simulations under different scenarios to assess the performance of black rhinoceros population , and with respect to the best case scenario of no environmental variation and harvesting / translocation ( table 3 ) .\nrhino horn can sell for up to $ 65 , 000 per kilogram on the black market .\nin 1993 , only 2 , 475 black rhinos were recorded . but thanks to successful conservation and anti - poaching efforts , the total number of black rhinos has grown to around 5 , 000 .\n. the first subspecies is listed as vulnerable on the iucn 2008 red list , and the latter three are all listed as critically endangered . conservation efforts to preserve black rhinos include establishing a ban against the horn trade , creating fenced sanctuaries for black rhinos to better protect them from poachers , and dehorning black rhinos to decrease incentive for poaching . with these efforts , the total population of 2 , 400 black rhinos towards the end of the twentieth century increased to 3 , 100 black rhinos by 2001 .\nblack rhinos can go for up to five days without drinking water by obtaining moisture from succulent plants .\nsaid to be on the brink of extinction in the wild . there are only a handful of black\ntable 1 : parameters used in the simulation models for the black rhino population in the study area .\ntable 2 : reproductive , survival and mortality rates for the black rhino population in the study area .\nblack rhinos have a \u2018prehensile\u2019 lip \u2013 \u2018prehensile\u2019 meaning \u2013 adapted for grasping and holding . the black rhinos prehensile lip is used much like a finger to select and pick the twigs and leaves that they prefer .\nbreeding season black rhinos mate throughout the year , with peak breeding seasons depending on the location of the population .\nin the 1970s , more than 50 black rhinos lived in the park , but their population shrank due to poaching .\nto protect black rhinos from poaching and habitat loss , wwf is taking action in three african rhino range countries : namibia , kenya , and south africa . together , these nations hold about 87 % of the total black rhino population .\nmills ja , morkel p , runyoro v , amiyo a , muruthi p , binamungu t , borner m , thirgood s ( 2003 ) management of black rhino in the ngorongoro crater . a report on the ngorongoro black rhino workshop .\nusing their prehensile lip , black rhinoceros feed on the leaves and twigs of a variety of woody plants and herbs ( 4 ) . foraging often occurs in the cool of dawn and dusk ; they spend much of the rest of the day resting in the shade or wallowing in shallow water holes , coating their skin in mud to protect it from the harsh sun and to deter biting flies ( 2 ) .\neffective conservation efforts have seen black rhino numbers inch upwards in recent years after a long and devastating period of hunting and poaching . even so , black rhinos remain critically endangered , with poaching for their horns posing a constant threat to their survival .\nblack rhinos use communal dung heaps , sometimes scraping their feet in the heaps and so leaving a scent as they travel .\neast african black rhino ( d . b . michaeli ) : current stronghold is kenya , with smaller numbers in northern tanzania .\nblack rhinoceroses live in various habitats that range from deserts to grasslands , both tropical and subtropical . they are also present in african forests , especially in areas where grasslands and forests phase into one another . black rhinos generally stay within 25 kilometers of water .\nwambwa e ( 2003 ) disease and health concerns of black rhino in east africa . kenya wildlife service , nairobi , kenya .\nhas relatively poor eyesight , relying more on hearing and smell to detect what is going on around them . the ears of the black\n\u2026white rhinoceroses , as well as black rhinoceroses , assorted species of antelope , wildebeests , zebras , giraffes , and numerous birds . \u2026\nwwf launched an international effort to save wildlife in 1961 , rescuing black rhinos\u2014among many other species\u2014from the brink of extinction . thanks to persistent conservation efforts across africa , the total number of black rhinos grew from 2 , 410 in 1995 to more than 5 , 000 today .\nblack rhinos are the smaller of the two african rhino species . the most notable difference between white and black rhinos are their hooked upper lip . this distinguishes them from the white rhino , which has a square lip . black rhinos are browsers rather than grazers , and their pointed lip helps them feed on leaves from bushes and trees . they have two horns , and occasionally a third , small posterior horn .\nfyumagwa rd , nyahongo jw ( 2010 ) black rhino conservation in tanzania : translocation efforts and further challenges . pachyderm47 : 59 - 65 .\nis the pointed , prehensile upper lip found in black rhinos , as opposed to the square lips found in white rhinos . this lip is used to pick up food such as twigs . additionally , black rhinos have smaller heads , shorter ears , and shorter horns than white rhinos .\nthe african rhino is divided into two species , the black rhino and the white rhino . white rhinos mainly live in south africa , but they have also been reintroduced to botswana , namibia , swaziland , and zimbabwe . southern white rhinos have been introduced to kenya , zambia , and cote d\u2019ivoire . the majority of the black rhino population\u201498 % \u2014is concentrated in four countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe , and kenya . south africa houses 40 % of the total black rhino population . there are some black rhinos in the region spread between cameroon and kenya .\nblack rhino mothers are very affectionate towards their young and will look after them for years , protecting them and teaching them how to survive independently . unlike a white rhino calf , a black rhino calf will run behind its mother . young black rhinos will live with their mother until another sibling is born , they are about 2 years old when this happens and are almost adult size and ready to go off and live independently .\nthe black rhinos skin harbours many external parasites , which are eaten by birds such as the ox peckers and egrets that live with the rhino .\nand then they were hit by a poaching epidemic , which started in the early 1970s - effectively eliminating most black rhinos outside conservation areas as well as severely reducing their numbers within national parks and reserves . about 96 % of black rhinos were lost to large - scale poaching between 1970 and 1992 .\nbreeding interval black rhinos breed every 2 to 2 . 5 years under the most favorable conditions , but interbreeding periods can last up to 4 years .\n. they eat an average of 23 . 6 kg during the course of each day . black rhinos use their characteristic prehensile upper lip to grab plants and guide them into their mouths , where their cheek teeth can do the rest of the work . in addition , black rhinos use their horns to gain access to higher branches by breaking or knocking down plants . scraping bark off of trees is also part of the repertoire of black rhino feeding .\nblack rhinos have a tendency to attack just about anything , this is because of their poor eyesight . black rhinos have been known to attack trees and rocks by mistake . they rely heavily on their strong sense of smell and well developed hearing . if it catches a smell of an unfamiliar presence , then it will instinctively charge mistaking it as a threat . most of their \u2018charges\u2019 are bluffs but because they act in this way , they have been given a bad reputation as being aggressive and dangerous . black rhinos do however , live in harmony with other animals generally . black rhinos will attack other animals though if their territory is threatened , they also fight amongst themselves . black rhinos will fight each other over territory and females \u2013 even courting males and females sometimes fight one another . black rhinos use the larger of their two horns as a weapon when fighting . sometimes it can break off , however , this regenerates and grows back eventually .\nthe black rhino is smaller than the white rhino , although adults can still reach 1 . 5 metres in height and weigh in at 1 . 4 tonnes .\nsouth - western black rhino ( d . b . bicornis ) : more adapted to arid and semi - arid savannahs . now live in namibia and south africa .\nthe black rhino once roamed most of sub - saharan africa , but today is on the verge of extinction due to poaching fueled by commercial demand for its horn .\n. black rhinos browse the densely vegetated savanna for leaves , flowers , buds , fruits , berries and roots which they dig up from the ground using their horns .\nthe gestation period of a female black rhino is 16 months . she will give birth to one single calf . the calf will weigh about 100 pounds at birth .\ncromsigt j , hearne j , heitkonig i , prins h ( 2002 ) using models in the management of black rhino populations . ecological modelling149 : 203 - 211 .\nadult black rhinos are mostly solitary . mother and daughters may stay together for long periods of time , while a female without offspring may join up with a neighbouring female .\ncommunity engagement will also play a role in south africa , where we are looking to conserve black rhino through community governance , training , and identification of alternative livelihood opportunities .\nthe black rhino population in kenya\u2019s tsavo ecosystem was estimated at 6 , 000 to 8 , 000 in the 1970s . by 1989 , there were no more . . .\nuncontrolled hunting in the colonial era was historically the major factor in the decline of black rhinos . today , poaching for the illegal trade in their horns is the major threat .\nboth black and white rhinoceroses are actually gray . they are different not in color but in lip shape . the black rhino has a pointed upper lip , while its white relative has a squared lip . the difference in lip shape is related to the animals ' diets . black rhinos are browsers that get most of their sustenance from eating trees and bushes . they use their lips to pluck leaves and fruit from the branches . white rhinos graze on grasses , walking with their enormous heads and squared lips lowered to the ground .\nthe population performance of black rhinoceros in showed varying fluctuating patterns under different scenarios . for the best - case scenario ( scenario 1 ) , the pattern showed a considerable increase in population ( figure 1 ) . the population achieved stable growth ( \u03bb ) of 1 . 04 after 40 years in 100 years of simulation . the generation times for males and females were equal ( 26 . 7 years ) . the mean final population size for successful cases was 70 . 85 \u00b1 2 . 0 , which was close to the carrying capacity used in the simulation . the expected heterozygosity was 0 . 91 \u00b1 0 . 02 .\nblack rhinos have been killed in increasing numbers in recent years as transnational , organised criminal networks have become more involved in the poaching of rhinos and the illegal trade in rhino horn .\nthe overall life span of the black rhino is between 25 \u2013 40 years , in captivity they live a little longer because they are more protected \u2013 usually to about 45 years old .\ntypically , black rhinos are relatively solitary . males remain solitary until it is time to mate ; females reside with their young offspring in a solitary family unit . there are exceptions , as females without young sometimes associate with other females . the largest black rhino group that has been observed so far has been made up of 13 rhinos , but this was a temporary association .\nblack rhinos have the potential to help create awareness for conservation efforts . additionally , they provide educational value both through biology and through art . black rhino horns are also very valuable for their use in various products , such as traditional chinese medicine and traditional yemen dagger handles . the popularity of their horns is a major reason why the species as a whole is in trouble .\nalthough many charges by black rhinos towards humans and their vehicles turn into innocent advances , some may cause injury or death to humans , or damage to vehicles that results in monetary loss .\nhrabar h , du toit jt ( 2005 ) dynamics of a protected black rhino ( dicerosbicornis ) population : pilanesberg national park , south africa . animal conservation 8 : 259 - 267 .\nblack : 1 to 1 . 5 tn . ( 2 , 000 to 3 , 000 lb . ) white : more than 2 tn . ( 4 , 000 + lb . )\nblack rhinos have two horns , one posterior and one anterior , which are made from keratin instead of bone . the anterior horn is normally longer , measuring 42 to 128 cm , while the posterior horn is 20 to 50 cm . in some cases , black rhinos have a third , posterior horn , which is small . females tend to have longer and thinner horns than males .\nsouthern - central black rhino ( d . b . minor ) : most numerous subspecies . found in south africa , zimbabwe , southern tanzania and reintroduced to botswana , malawi , swaziland and zambia .\nblack rhinos are heavy browsers that restrict woody plants from over - growing in their habitat . this is important because it allows grasses to grow which provides food for many other animals on the grassy plains .\nthe black rhino has a wide vocal range and can possibly communicate the same way as an elephant can by frequencies well below the range of human hearing . breathing is also an important part of rhino communication .\nadult black rhinoceroses are solitary in nature , coming together only for mating . mating does not have a seasonal pattern , however , births tend to be towards the end of the rainy season in drier environments .\na rhino ' s horn is made of keratin fibers , the same material found in hair and fingernails . rhino ' s are often killed because of the belief that their horns have medicinal uses . in september , 2009 brec ' s baton rouge zoo announced the birth of zuri , a female black rhino . she is the only black rhino born in north america that year and one of only three born in zoos worldwide .\nan adult black rhinoceros stands 140 \u2013 170 centimetres ( 57 . 9 \u2013 63 inches ) high at the shoulder and is 3 . 3 \u2013 3 . 6 metres ( 10 . 8 \u2013 11 . 8 feet ) in length . an adult weighs from 800 to 1400 kilograms ( 1 , 760 to 3 , 080 pounds ) , some may weigh 1820 kilograms ( 4 , 000 pounds ) , with the females being smaller than the males . the rhinos two horns on their skull are made of keratin with the larger front horn typically 50 centimetres long , some can measure up to 140 centimetres . sometimes , a third smaller horn may develop . these horns are used for defence , intimidation and digging up roots and breaking branches during feeding .\nexcept for females and their offspring , black rhinos are solitary . females reproduce only every two and a half to five years . their single calf does not live on its own until it is about three years old .\n) sometimes prey on young rhinos . lions also sometimes attack adults . black rhinos use their size and strength as a defense mechanism by charging at their predators both to threaten predators and actively defend themselves and their offspring .\nblack rhinos were once found throughout sub - saharan africa with the exception of the congo basin . even though they are largely solitary animals , they were once so plentiful that it was not unusual to encounter dozens in a single day .\nsuccesses in black rhino conservation over recent years are heartening , but a lot of work remains to be done to counter the current poaching crisis and eventually bring the population up to more than just a fraction of what it once was .\nhas been distributed throughout africa , south of the sahara , with the exception of the congo basin . the current range of black rhinoceroses is bounded by cameroon , kenya , and south africa but their distribution within those limits is fragmented .\nin order to remain cool during especially hot times of the day or season , black rhinos roll in mud to get it all over their bodies . they also make trips to local salt licks to get needed nutrients necessary for survival .\nokita - ouma b , amin r , van langevelde f , leader - williams n ( 2009 ) density dependence and population dynamics of black rhinos ( dicerosbicornismichaeli ) in kenya\u2019s rhino sanctuaries . african journal of ecology48 : 791 - 799 .\nrhinos live in home ranges that can sometimes overlap with each other , and their feeding grounds , wallows , and water holes may be shared . the black rhino is usually solitary , while the white rhino tends to be more social .\nover time , habitat loss has led to isolated , high - density rhino populations . these populations have slow growth rates , which can cause numbers to stagnate and eventually decline . they also raise the risk of disease transmission . to ensure a healthy and growing black rhino population , rhinos from high - density areas must be moved to low density areas with suitable habitat . wwf is supporting these efforts and partnering with government agencies and other ngos to establish new black rhino populations .\nbreeding occurs throughout the year . the gestation period is between 419 and 478 days , with an average interval of 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 years between calves . black rhino calves begin to wean at about 2 months of age .\nnotably , rhinos were last spotted in rwanda about 10 years ago but we on the verge of phasing out . in the 1970s , reports claimed akagera national park had approximately 50 black rhinos but suddenly declined at a very high pace due to regular poaching .\ncritically endangered black rhino lost an estimated 97 . 6 % of its population since 1960 with numbers bottoming out at 2 , 410 in 1995 . when you support african wildlife foundation , you aid in the conservation and growth of endangered species like the rhino .\nspecies ) are involved in a mutualistic relationship where the oxpeckers eat parasites taken from the rhino\u2019s skin . additionally , oxpeckers are able to warn rhinos of approaching predators because their vision is much better than the rhino\u2019s vision . black rhinos are significant herbivores and influence plant communities .\npoaching is the deadliest and most urgent threat to black rhinos . wwf is working with government agencies and partners in namibia , kenya , and south africa to support law enforcement agencies , develop and build on innovative tech solutions , and equip and train rangers to stop poachers .\nthere is large variation in home range size of black rhinos . depending on region and habitat , home range can range from 2 . 6 km ^ 2 to 133 km ^ 2 . habitats with better conditions generally result in smaller home ranges , while poorer conditions result in larger home ranges , presumably because rhinos have to travel further to acquire food and water . black rhinos are not excessively territorial within their home ranges , but dominant males are more likely to express territorial behavior against other dominant males than females and males lower down in the hierarchical system .\ntypical lifespan in the wild is between 30 and 35 years , with little expectation of exceeding 35 years . in captivity , black rhinos can live over 45 years , with the record being 49 years . factors that limit lifespan in the wild include poaching for horns and habitat fragmentation .\nblack rhinos boast two horns , the foremost more prominent than the other . rhino horns grow as much as three inches a year , and have been known to grow up to five feet long . females use their horns to protect their young , while males use them to battle attackers .\nblack rhinos have a sedentary lifestyle and remain in one general area . they are less active during the middle of the day , using mornings and evenings to eat , drink , and move around . when they are startled , they tend to run away from the source . while fleeing , rhinos issue a series of snorts and curl their tails until they calm down . once the initial scare has passed , the rhino\u2019s curiosity kicks in , and it will examine the source with inquisitive charges . even though there is severe danger associated with black rhino charges , the charge normally does not end with serious consequences .\ndo not be fooled by a rhinos lumbering size a black rhino can thunder along at 40 miles per hour ( 64 kilometres per hour ) ! a group of rhinos is sometimes called a ' crash ' an appropriate term for a large and ponderous animal that can crash through just about anything in its way .\nblack rhinos are brownish gray , have two horns , a broad chest , thick skin , poor eyesight , excellent hearing , and a fondness for rolling in the mud . their thick skin acts like protective plating but is sensitive , as the blood vessels are close to the skin\u2019s surface and can easily be scarred .\nblack rhinos feed at night and during the gloaming hours of dawn and dusk . under the hot african sun , they take cover by lying in the shade . rhinos are also wallowers . they often find a suitable water hole and roll in its mud , coating their skin with a natural bug repellent and sun block .\nalthough females reach sexual maturity at 4 - 5 years , they do not have their first calf until they are 6 . 5 - 7 years old . males need to wait until they are 10 - 12 years old before they can claim a territory and mate . black rhinos may reach 40 - 50 years of age .\nconservation status : critically endangered . people of some cultures believe that rhino horn contains medicinal properties . this is most likely not true , however , this is one of the main reasons rhinos are poached . there are fewer than 2 , 550 black rhinos alive today . all five species of rhino are in danger of extinction .\nrhinos are one of the oldest groups of mammals , virtually living fossils . they play an important role in their habitats and in countries like namibia , rhinos are an important source of income from ecotourism . the protection of black rhinos creates large blocks of land for conservation purposes . this benefits many other species , including elephants .\nalthough the color of black rhinoceroses can vary from yellow - brown to dark - brown , the general color is grey . specific skin color depends on the soil conditions within the habitat of each individual . the skin is naked or hairless , with the exception of short , fringe - like hair on the short and rounded ears . on average , black rhinos have a shoulder height between 1 . 4 and 1 . 8 m , a head and body length between 3 and 3 . 75 m , and a weight between 800 and 1400 kg . tail length is generally around 0 . 7 m . although similar in size , males are normally a little larger than females .\nalthough black rhinos use vision , acoustic , and smell senses , their sense of smell is what they rely on most . they have poor vision , with the ability to see only 25 to 30 m away . their sense of hearing is good , but not up to the level of their sense of smell . black rhinos use the pheromones and scents from their feces and urine to mark territories . additionally , they engage in calls to one another that can take the form of the pant - squeal interaction seen in mothers and their infants to loud roars that signify aggression . when a subordinate male enters the territory of a more dominant male , the combination of calls and territorial scents causes the subordinate male to retreat .\ncommunity support and engagement is a cornerstone of wwf\u2019s work , particularly in namibia . hand - in - hand with our namibia partners , we assist communities to set up conservancies and help to foster the knowledge , skills , and capacity required to successfully govern their conservancies and manage their wildlife resources . these communal lands are now home to africa\u2019s largest remaining free roaming black rhino population .\nfor the first week after birth the offspring is hidden by the mother . after that , the mother and calf use specific vocalizations to find one another : the mother pants and the calf squeals . black rhino mothers are very protective of their calves , which is why calves walk behind their mothers . this differs from white rhino females , who have their young walk in front of them . calves are able to browse on their own after one month and able to drink water after 4 to 5 months . black rhino offspring aren\u2019t weaned until 18 months ; after that , the calf remains dependent on its mother for up to 4 years . the basic social unit for females is typically a female and her young offspring , until the offspring is forced into independence by a sibling .\ntoday , black rhinos remain critically endangered because of rising demand for rhino horn , from some asian consumers , particularly in vietnam and china , who use them in folk remedies . a recent increase in poaching in south africa threatens to erase our conservation success , reaching an apex in 2014 when 1 , 215 rhinos were poached . poaching numbers are slowly decreasing\u20141 , 054 were poached in 2016\u2014but poaching continues unabated with numbers remaining unsustainably high .\nthe black rhino is a browser . its triangular - shaped upper lip , which ends in a grasping point , is used to eat a large variety of vegetation\u2014including leaves ; buds ; and shoots of plants , bushes , and trees . it can be found in various habitats that have dense , woody vegetation . the white rhino lives in savannas , which have water holes , mud wallows , shade trees , and the grasses they graze on .\n, thickets , and dry forests , as well as mountain forests and moorlands at high altitudes . it is a selective browser , and grass plays a minor role in its diet . where succulent plants , such as euphorbias , are abundant in dry habitats , it can survive without flowing water . where water is available , drinking is regular and frequent ; black rhinoceroses also dig for water in dry riverbeds . they are normally ill - tempered and unpredictable and may charge any unfamiliar sound or smell . four subspecies are recognized , including one from\nin the wild , the adult black or white rhino has no predators except for humans . rhinos are hunted and killed for their horns . the major demand for rhino horn is in asia , where it is used in ornamental carvings and traditional medicine . rhino horn is touted as a cure for hangovers , cancer , and impotence . their horns are not true horns ; they are actually made of keratin\u2014the same material that makes up our hair and nails . truly , rhino horn is as effective at curing cancer as chewing on your fingernails .\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\nrwanda officially joins the list of african countries with the big five game animals following the recent addition of 10 rhinos to akagera national park with 10 more expected in the country in the next one or two weeks . the rhinos arrived at kigali international airport on tuesday morning from south africa on tuesday morning at around 3 : 30am ( eat ) aboard an etihad airways cargo plane .\nthe rhinos were offloaded under the prompt supervision of a team of veterinary doctors and loaded onto respective trucks as they made their journey to akagera national park .\nthe chief tourism officer ( cto ) of rwanda development board ( rdb ) , belise kariza , south africa\u2019s ambassador to rwanda , george twala and akagera national park manager , jes gruner we among the people who were at hand to receive the rhinos .\nthis major development in rwanda\u2019s tourism industry was partially pushed by african parks , an african non - profit organization that manages national parks on the government\u2019s behalf , the rwanda development board and the howard g . buffett foundation ( main source of the fund ) .\nbefore receiving the 10 beasts , akagera national park \u2013 a savannah protected habitat had since undergone major transformation since african parks took over its management in 2010 .\namong the efforts for the transformation was the establishment of rhino tracking protection team , an anti - poaching unit and the deployment of a helicopter for regular air surveillance . all these efforts are aimed at conserving the rhinos and keeping them away from poaching .\nrwanda development board\u2019s chief executive officer , clare akamanzi says the animals will definitely go a very long way in boosting the rwanda tourism industry .\nseveral wildlife experts have come out to say that the return of rhinos is a true testimony to the country\u2019s endless progress in conservation effort s . peter fearnhead , the chief executive officer of african parks claims the existence of rhinos has greatly been threatened by the illegal rhino horn trade in asia despite the species being a huge symbol of the continent .\nchairman and ceo of the howard g . buffett foundation , howard g . buffett referred to the development a huge another milestone in rwanda\u2019s conservation , and eco - tourism efforts .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe wwf is run at a local level by the following offices . . .\nby a prehensile upper lip ( hence the alternative name of hook - lipped rhino ) , which it uses to feed on twigs of woody plants and a variety of herbaceous plants . they have a particular liking for acacias .\nthe front horn is the longer of the two horns , averaging 50cm in length .\nduring courtship , conflicts over a female may result in the death of one of the competing males .\nhowever , relentless hunting by european settlers saw their numbers quickly decline . by the end of the 1960s , they had disappeared or mostly disappeared from a number of countries , with an estimated 70 , 000 surviving on the continent .\nthe species is currently found in patchy distribution from kenya down to south africa . however , almost 98 % of the total population is found in just 4 countries : south africa , namibia , zimbabwe and kenya .\npowdered horn is used in traditional asian medicine as a supposed cure for a range of illnesses \u2013 from hangovers to fevers and even cancer .\nthe recent surge has been primarily driven by the demand for horn by upper - middle class citizens in vietnam . as well as its use in medicine , rhino horn is bought and consumed purely as a symbol of wealth .\nmake a donation towards much - needed anti - poaching equipment and support for rangers across africa .\npromoting well managed wildlife - based tourism experiences that will also provide additional funding for conservation efforts .\nthe wwf wildlife crime scorecard report selects 23 range , transit and consumer countries from asia and africa facing the highest levels of illegal trade in elephant ivory , rhino horn and tiger parts .\ntraffic is a joint programme of wwf and the world conservation union ( iucn ) that monitors the global wildlife trade . traffic also works in close co - operation with cites .\nfight the destructive harvesting and unregulated trade of one of the most attractive inhabitants of our tropical oceans .\nthis is a place where gorillas , hippos and elephants can be found walking , playing and resting along pristine sandy beaches . . .\nwhen you work with wwf to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature , you give your child , and all children around the world , a chance to get to discover our earth as we know it today .\nyour support will help us build a future where humans live in harmony with nature . $ 5 $ 15 $ 25 $ 50\nrhinos have sharp hearing and a keen sense of smell . they may find one another by following the trail of scent each enormous animal leaves behind it on the landscape .\nthe prominent horn for which rhinos are so well known has also been their downfall . many animals have been killed for the hard , hairlike growth , which is revered for medicinal uses in china , taiwan , hong kong , and singapore . the horn is also valued in north africa and the middle east as an ornamental dagger handle .\n4 . 5 \u2013 6 . 0 ft tall at shoulder ; 10 - 12 . 5 ft long from head to tail\ncome visit kianga and timu mbano in the charles and jennifer johnson land of the giants .\nrhinos soak in mud or roll in dust as protection against sunburn and insect bites .\nall rhinos spend the majority of the morning late afternoon and nighttime eating . during the hottest part of the day , they rest .\nhorns are used to dig up roots and break branches for better access to food .\nthe effort to relocate the animals was sponsored by african parks , a conservation nonprofit that manages national parks on behalf of the government .\neighteen of the endangered species were moved about 2 , 500 miles by cargo plane from south africa to their new home at akagera national park .\nbut akagera seems to be a promising place for savanna dwellers . seven lions were introduced there in 2015 , and their population doubled by 2016 .\npompeo says north korea should follow vietnam ' s example and trust u . s .\nto help conserve this species by working in the field with earthwatch , click here .\nauthenticated ( 27 / 8 / 02 ) by martin brooks . chair , african rhino specialist group . urltoken\nprehensile capable of grasping . subspecies a different race of a species , which is geographically separated from other populations of that species .\nmacdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , uk .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction ."]}
{"id": 1802, "summary": [{"text": "the white-bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) is a small passerine bird which breeds in tropical south america .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found from colombia , venezuela and trinidad south to bolivia and northern argentina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this manakin is found in forests , secondary growth and plantations .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is a small , plump bird about 10.7 centimetres ( 4.2 in ) long .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "males have a black crown , upper back , wings and tail and are otherwise white .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "females are olive-green and resemble female golden-headed manakins .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "at breeding time , males are involved in lekking behaviour on the forest floor during which they puff out their neck feathers .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this is a fairly common species with a wide range , and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being of \" least concern \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "white - bearded manakin", "paragraphs": ["characterisation of microsatellite dna markers in the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) .\nbirdlife international . 2012 . species factsheet : white - bearded manakin manacus manacus . downloaded from birdlife international on 16 april 2012 .\nthe white - bearded manakin is generally uncommon in northern amazonia and southeastern peru where it ranges up to 1000 m along the foothill of the andes . it also occurs in the humid and semi - deciduous forest in tumbez . the white - bearded manakin also occurs in\nmale white - bearded manakin is distinctive across most of its range , and unlikely to be confused with any other species . it is most similar to white - collared manakin ( manacus candei ) , but the geographic distributions of these two species do not overlap ; also , male white - collared manakin has a bright yellow belly . there is contact ( and limited hybridization ) between white - bearded manakin and golden - collared manakin ( manacus vitellinus ) in western colombia . as the name suggests , the white of the collar , throat and breast of white - bearded manakin is replaced in male golden - collared manakin by bright deep yellow , with a green belly . females of the two species are quite similar , but female golden - collared manakin has a yellow tinge to the belly , which is more olive in female white - bearded .\n: manacus from the dutch , manakin , the name a manakin bears in surinam .\nwhite - bearded manakin occupies the understory of the edge of tropical lowland forest and adjacent second growth , where there is a dense understory .\nprotection / threats / status : white - bearded manakin is common in most parts of its range . the species is not threatened at this moment .\ntable s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia .\ndescription : white - bearded manakin , as other manakins\u2019 species , is a small compact bird . its courtship displays are spectacular and occur at communal leks .\nflight : white - bearded manakin performs rapid and complex flight displays . when in flight , this bird produces a kind of whirring noise , as a grasshopper .\ndiet : white - bearded manakin feeds mainly on small fruits . it also consumes insects such as beetles , flies and flying termites . it also takes spiders .\nlill , a . 1974 . social organization and space utilization in the lek - forming white - bearded manakin , m . manacus trinitatis . zeitschrift f\u00fcr tierpsychologie 36 : 513 - 530 .\nhabitat : white - bearded manakin is locally common in gallery woodland and forest edges with dense undergrowth . it also frequents second growths . it is mainly seen below 800 to 1000 metres of elevation .\nthe white - bearded manakin , manacus manacus , is a small passerine bird which breeds in tropical south america . it is found from colombia , venezuela and trinidad south to bolivia and northern argentina .\ncestari , c . 2010 . anting behavior by the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus , pipridae ) : an example of functional interaction in a frugivorous lekking bird . biota neotropica 10 : 339\u2013342 .\nfemale white - bearded manakin also is similar to female chiroxiphia and antilophia manakins , but is smaller , with tarsi that are more orange ; also , antilophia have longer tails , and the females of some species of chiroxiphia ( lance - tailed manakin c . lanceolata and swallow - tailed manakin c . caudata ) have elongated central rectrices .\nas other manakins\u2019 species , the white - bearded manakin performs elaborated and complex figures at leks , involving several males . the lek is the same year after year , and the male spends most of its time in its territory . displays are more active after dawn and in the early afternoon . white - bearded manakin performs three distinct phases during the courtship displays , always with several males , sometimes up to 50 or more .\nolson , d . h . and m . k . mcdowell . 1983 . a comparison of white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) populations and lek systems in suriname and trinidad . auk 100 : 739 - 742 .\nwhite - bearded manakins are widespread in the lowlands of northern and central south america . there is an isolated population west of the andes from southwestern colombia south to extreme northwestern peru . the range also extends more continuously from northern and eastern colombia east across southern venezuela to the guianas and northeastern brazil , and south through eastern ecuador and peru to northeastern bolivia and central and east central brazil . white - bearded manakin is scarce or absent , however , from parts of southwestern amazonia . white - bearded manakin also occurs on trinidad , and from northeastern brazil south to southeastern brazil , eastern paraguay , and northeastern argentina .\ntable s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .\ntable s1 . museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation . - dryad\nthe white - bearded manakin is a widespread species in northern south america from colombia to northern argentina . males of the species gather at communal leks to display for females . the lek display includes the males hopping from vegetation to the ground and is accompanied by loud wing snaps , whirring , and calls . males are black above with white underparts and a white neck collar , while females and immatures are dark olive .\nsnow , d . w . 1962 . a field study of the black and white manakin , manacus manacu s , in trinidad . zoologica 47 : 65 - 104 .\ncestari , c\u00e9sar and pizo , marco aur\u00e9lio 2013 . frugivory by the white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus , pipridae ) in restinga forest , an ecosystem associated to the atlantic forest . biota neotropica , vol . 13 , issue . 2 , p . 345 .\n. the male white - bearded manakin has a black cap and white neck and underparts . birds on the south side of the amazon have white mantle and have paler underparts . birds on the north side of hte amazon have black mantle and darker underparts . the female is olive - green with paler throat and center of the belly . both sexes have orange legs . it forages in the understory of interior forest . the female is similar to a\nbehaviour : white - bearded manakin feeds mainly on small fruits and insects ( mainly eaten by the young ) . fruits are plucked while flying , or sometimes from a perch if the fruit is close enough . insects are caught in flight in low branches . it usually forages alone .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto white - bearded manakin usual call is a slightly trilled \u201cpeerr\u201d uttered at lek . during the displays , the male utters an excited \u201cpee - you\u201d and a high - pitched \u201cchwee\u201d . as other manakins\u2019 species , it produces snaps and other noises with the wings .\nadult male : crown deep black . sides of head ( including the auriculars ) and of neck , and broad collar across nape , white ( constrasting sharply with the black of the crown ) . back , wings and tail deep black . rump and uppertail coverts dark gray . throat and breast white ( and connected to the white nape collar ) ; belly and flanks white , with a gray cast .\nthe bird leaps across to an opposite vertical perch . as it alights , it turns in the air in order to look at the place from which it came . this short flight produces the characteristic snap when the bird takes off . white - bearded manakin male repeats rapidly these movements to and fro between two perches . when several males perform these movements together , we only see jumping black and white silhouettes .\nthe movement patterns of males , females and juveniles of lekking species often differ due to differences in the commitment to lek activities , which may lead to differences in the spatial distribution and dispersal distances of seeds they eat . by sampling seeds in three lek and non - lek areas of the white - bearded manakin (\nrange : white - bearded manakin is resident in tropical regions of south america . it is found in colombia , venezuela and trinidad , and southwards in bolivia and northern argentina . there are two populations in separated ranges , one in the pacific coast of ecuador , and the other in eastern and south - eastern coasts of brazil .\nthe white - bearded manakin lives in trinidad and throughout much of south america . the males court females by snapping their wings with firecracker - like pops . a flurry of males flits rapidly back and forth from one slender , bare sapling to another , a foot above the ground . when the male spots the . . . read more \u00bb\nthe elevational range of white - bearded manakin extends from the lowlands up to 1900 m in colombia , although it usually occurs below 1000 ( hilty and brown 1986 ) , to 1300 m ( but usually below 800 m ) in ecuador ( ridgely and greenfield 2001a ) , to 1000 m in venezuela ( hilty 2003 ) , and to 1000 m in peru ( schulenberg et al . 2010 ) .\nsnow , d . ( 2018 ) . white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmarini , m . \u00e2 . 1992 . foraging behavior and diet of the helmeted manakin . condor 94 : 151 - 158 .\ndescription museum data for the white - bearded manakin specimens in green plumage collected along the magdalena river valley and the eastern llanos in colombia . hyphen indicates absence of geographic coordinates in the specimen label . the data correspond to specimens of the ornithological collections held in instituto de ciencias naturales de la universidad nacional de colombia ( icn ) and museo de historia natural de la universidad de los andes , colombia ( andes ) .\noccurs at the court level , and the spatial distribution of deposited seeds varies with manakin lekking status and the daily period of foraging .\nmanacus are small , short tailed manakins . both sexes have orange tarsi and toes , and males have elongated feathers on the throat . females of all species of manacus are dull olive ; males of all species have a black crown and wings and a broad pale collar across the nape and upper back , but the color of the body plumage is variable across species , in various combinations of white , yellow or orange , and pale olive . the male white - bearded manakin is the whitest member of the genus : the upperparts are mostly black , except for the broad nape collar and a gray rump , and the underparts are almost entirely white , with a gray wash , variable in intensity , on the belly and flanks .\nthe amazing moonwalking manakin bird ! with naturalist , kim bostwick . from the pbs nature documentary deep jungle - new frontiers . read more \u00bb\neight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .\nn2 - eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .\nab - eight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .\nabstract =\neight microsatellite dna markers were isolated and characterized from white bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) using an enrichment cloning procedure . a large number of alleles ( range 9 - 25 ) , and high levels of observed heterozygosity ( mean 0 . 67 ) were resolved in 236 individuals . no evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found , indicating that these markers will be useful for examining genetic relatedness , parentage and population structure in manakins .\n,\nhartert , e . 1912 . [ description of a new subspecies of manakin ] bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club 29 : 63 - 64 .\ndata from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .\nmorphological , territorial , and behavioural characteristics were measured on white - bearded manakin ( manacus manacus ) males from two leks in two consecutive years . these data were combined with data on marker - inferred relatedness to study possible co - variation with mating success . in one year , male size and male condition were correlated with mating success . in both years , males holding courts nearer the lek centre gained more matings . no observed male display behaviour appeared to be an independently important factor in explaining variance in male mating success . successful males made more aggressive displays than non - successful males and more displays were between close relatives . number of aggressive displays increased as the distance between male courts decreased . mating success in the white - bearded manakin is most likely mediated by a combination of morphological and behavioural characteristics , influencing both male\u2013male competition and female choice . females could potentially use centrality on the lek as an indicator of male characteristics . however , levels of relatedness may influence spatial arrangement of males on a lek thereby affecting male\u2013male interactions and ultimately influencing patterns of mating success .\nfriedmann , h . 1944 . a new manakin from cerro yapacana , upper orinoco valley , southern venezuela . proceedings of the biological society of washington 57 : 99 - 100 .\nadult male has black and white plumage . crown , back , wings and tail are black . rump and uppertail coverts are rather grey . on the underparts , chin , throat and breast are white . belly , flanks , vent and undertail coverts are pale grey . undertail feathers are black . the throat shows elongated feathers which play an important role in courtship displays . on the head , lores , forehead and crown are black . cheeks and neck collar are white . bill is blackish , with paler lower mandible . eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are orange - red .\nbrumfield , r . t . , and m . j . braun . 2001 . pylogenetic relationships in bearded manakins ( pipridae : manacus ) indicate that male plumage color is a misleading taxonomic marker . condor 103 : 248 - 258 .\nbostwick , k . s . , and r . o . prum . 2003 . high - speed video analysis of wing - snapping in two manakin clades . journal of experimental biology 206 : 3693 - 3706\nmorales - betancourt ja , casta\u00f1o - villa gj ( 2017 ) data from : males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation .\nreproduction : breeding season varies according to the region . the white - bearded manakin male does not take part in nesting duties . the nest is a small shallow cup built between horizontal twigs , and secured with spider webs . it is usually placed low in vegetation , from 50 cm to 1 , 50 metre above the ground . it is a woven cup , made with rootlets and dead leaves , and the interior is lined with fine and soft materials . the nest - site is often near water . female usually lays two eggs . she incubates during 18 to 19 days , spending long moments on the nest , with brief foraging flights . chicks are fed mainly with insects , and they fledge about two weeks after hatching .\nphiphatsuwannachai , suchada westcott , david a . mckeown , adam and savini , tommaso 2018 . inter - group variability in seed dispersal by white - handed gibbons in mosaic forest . biotropica , vol . 50 , issue . 1 , p . 106 .\nmorales - betancourt ja , casta\u00f1o - villa gj ( 2017 ) males in seemingly female - like plumage do not mimic females : uv reflectance reveals temporal cryptic dimorphism in a manakin species exhibiting delayed plumage maturation . journal of avian biology 49 ( 1 ) : jav - 01467 . urltoken\nwe find several subspecies which vary in size and sometimes in colour extension . m . m . abditivus , with stiff and longer throat feathers . m . m . flaveolus with yellowish tinge in throat and collar . m . m . bangsi is smaller with grey belly and narrower collar . m . m . leucochlamys with more white in mantle and white belly . m . m . maximus is similar in plumage but larger , with longer throat and mantle feathers . m . m . interior with paler grey rump and lower belly and vent . m . m . trinitatis is larger , with broader white collar . m . m . umbrosus with darker grey areas . m . m . manacus is very similar . m . m . expectatus is much smaller . m . m . subpurus with darker grey rump and variation of grey on underparts . m . m . purus with less black on upperparts . m . m . longibarbatus with longer throat feathers and some variations in colour extensions . m . m . purissimus with shorter throat feathers and longer wings . m . m . gutturosus is darker grey below .\nmargareta wieser , luis r figueroa , agustin carrasco , jack piper , lmarce , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , lindolfo souto , paul van giersbergen , mauricio rueda , stephen john jones , andretti . tche , lars petersson , jens thalund , josef widmer , rodrigo paez , wim ten have , samantha klein , alfredo rosas , oswaldocortes , tadeusz stawarczyk , daniel avenda\u00f1o , ken havard , philgunson , emilio white , nigel lallsingh , michael fritzen , hal and kirsten snyder , dilia e . garcia , nick athanas , stanis\u0142aw czyz , ileyne lopes , andre zambolli , stephen romany , steve garvie , barb winterfield , guy poisson , rodrigo y castro , anselmo d affonseca , antonio silveira , dusan m . brinkhuizen , sam , christophe gouraud , jim watt , phil kindermann .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 19 . 1 - 23 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 19 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntu , l . , c . mccabe , and w . tori ( 2013 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\ndavid ascanio , yanayacu biological station , josep del hoyo , keith blomerley , greg baker , carlos gussoni , adrian long , rodrigo y castro , scott olmstead , peter nash , yo\u00ebl jimenez , dani\u00eal jimenez , keith and lynn youngs , sanjiv parasram , antonio silveira , mauricio rueda , richard garrigues .\njoe klaiber , keith and lynn youngs , sclateria , peter boesman , antonio silveira , mauricio rueda .\nwebcams and videos are hosted by third parties . in exchange , you may periodically see 30 - second advertisements . birdnote does not endorse any of the products , services , or causes on third - party pages . all webcams have seasonal changes and may be down for hours , weeks , or months at a time . if this one is not active , please check our video or webcam gallery for more .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown princeton university press \u2013 isbn 069108372x\nfemale is very different with olive - green plumage on upperparts . underparts are duller , rather greyish - olive on throat and belly . breast is more olive - green . juvenile is similar to female . immature male has full adult plumage at one year .\nthe first phase is the commonest . the males jump between vertical twigs situated around the lek . the bird is perched sideways on a vertical stem . at this moment , the long throat feathers are erected as a \u201cbeard\u201d longer than the bill .\nthe second phase is performed occasionally and less common . after the series of jumps from perch to perch , one male remains on the mating perch , quivering , and with the head and the body pointed downwards . then , it hops to the ground , turning in the air , lands with a strange grunting sound , and returns to higher place on the mating perch . then , with rapid small steps , it comes down to the perch with flapping wings . this phase is pre - copulatory .\nthe third phase is often directed to a female approaching the lek . the male crouches while its head is retracted . it sways side to side and flaps the wings , producing the whirring sounds . the long throat feathers are fluffed forwards and upwards as the wings are raised and fanned .\nthe female which visits a lek for mating , usually joins the male in a dance of jumps between a stem and the mating perch , both birds crossing each other in the air . then , the female remains on the mating perch . at this moment , the male performs the pre - copulatory display , ending in the \u201cslide down\u201d the perch onto female\u2019s back .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : manacus manacus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmanacus manacus longibarbatus : lower amazonian brazil ( r . xing\u00fa to r . tocantins )\nmanacus manacus purissimus : e brazil ( r . tocantins to se par\u00e1 and n maranh\u00e3o )\nmanacus manacus purus : n brazil ( r . madeira to r . tapaj\u00f3s and sw par\u00e1 )\nmanacus manacus subpurus : s - cent . brazil ( se amazona , e rond\u00f4nia and nw mato grosso )\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 171 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthe feathers of the throat are somewhat elongated ( and can be projected forward during displays ) . most remiges are stiffened , with thickened , bowed shafts and stiff outer webs . additionally , the distals portions of four outer five primaries are very narrow and stiff .\nadult female : upperparts olive green . underparts paler and grayer , especially on the throat and belly .\njuvenile : very similar to adult female ; body plumage fluffier .\nyoung males\n( age ? ) may have dark shaft streaks on the crown .\nbare parts color data are from junge and meise ( 1958 ) , haverschmidt ( 1968 ) , wiedenfeld et al . ( 1985 ) , and novaes and lima ( 1998 ) .\ntotal length : 10 . 2 cm ( hilty and brown 1986 ) , 10 . 7 cm ( hilty 2003 ) , 10\u201311 cm ( schulenberg et al . 2010 ) , 11 cm ( ridgely and greenfield 2001b )\ntail length ( n = 7 ) , 28 . 5 - 33 . 0 mm\nbill length ( n = 2 ) , 11 . 95 - 12 . 41 mm\ntarsus length ( n = 7 ) , 16 . 82 - 22 . 32\nwing length ( n = 13 ) , 51 . 0 - 57 . 5 mm\nbill length ( n = 13 ) , 10 . 94 - 12 . 67 mm\ntarsus length ( n = 4 ) , 19 . 14 - 20 . 97\nwing length ( n = 4 ) , 53 . 5 - 55 . 0 mm\nbill length ( n = 4 ) , 12 . 44 - 13 . 38 mm\ntarsus length ( n = 3 ) , 16 . 85 - 18 . 76 mm\nwing length ( n = 13 ) , 50 . 5 - 55 . 0 mm\nbill length ( n = 13 ) , 10 . 81 - 14 . 06 mm\nbill length ( n = 3 ) , 11 . 75 - 11 . 96 mm\nwing length ( n = 10 ) , 52 . 0 - 58 . 5 mm\nbill length ( n = 10 ) , 10 . 66 - 12 . 58 mm\ntarsus length ( n = 7 ) , 19 . 54 - 20 . 42\nbill length ( n = 6 ) , 11 . 33 - 12 . 41 mm\ntarsus length ( n = 5 ) , 17 . 31 - 20 . 35\nmass : manacus , male , mean 17 \u00b1 2 g ( range 14 - 20 g , n = 5 ; dick et al . 1984 ) ; female , mean 15 . 5 g \u00b1 3 g ( range 12 - 20 g , n = 4 ; dick et al . 1984 ) . additional data on mass is provided by kirwan and green ( 2011 ) .\nthe century dictionary and cyclopedia ( new york , ny : the century co . , 1889 )\ncopyright \u00a9 2004\u20132018 florida center for instructional technology . clipart etc is a part of the educational technology clearinghouse and is produced by the florida center for instructional technology , college of education , university of south florida .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ncontent in the dryad digital repository is offered\nas is .\nby downloading files , you agree to the dryad terms of service . to the extent possible under law , the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data .\ndryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .\nlatest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod\n> gender male female > action bathing displaying flying mating foraging calling singing > specials action eggs funny nest pairs portraits silhouettes winter feeding gps > month january february march april may june july august september october november december > country egypt antarctica antigua argentina ascension island ethiopia australia bahamas barbados belize bhutan bolivia botswana brazil bulgaria chile china costa rica denmark germany dominica dominican republic ecuador faroe islands falkland islands finland france french guiana gambia georgia ghana greece united kingdom guatemala guyana honduras hongkong india indonesia ireland iceland israel italy jamaica japan cambodia canada cape verde kazakhstan kenya kyrgyzstan colombia croatia cuba lesotho liechtenstein luxembourg madagascar malaysia morocco martinique mauritania mauritius mexico mongolia namibia new zealand netherlands northern mariana islands norway oman austria panama pakistan peru philippines poland portugal reunion romania russia zambia sweden switzerland senegal serbia seychelles zimbabwe singapore slovakia spain sri lanka st . helena sudan south africa south georgia south korea suriname syria taiwan tanzania thailand trinidad and tobago czech republic turkey uganda hungary united states venezuela united arab emirates vietnam cyprus\nwelcome to bia birdimagency . we use cookies . by continuing to use our website , you consent to the use . for further information on cookies , please read our\nshorey , l . behav ecol sociobiol ( 2002 ) 52 : 451 . urltoken\nauthor =\npiertney , { stuart brannon } and l . shorey and j . hoglund\n,\npowered by pure , scopus & elsevier fingerprint engine\u2122 \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v .\ncookies are used by this site . to decline or learn more , visit our cookies page\nbangs , o . 1900 . on the subspecies of manacus manacus ( linn . ) . proceedings of the new england zo\u00f6logical club 1 : 33 - 37 .\nbrumfield , r . t . , r . w . jernigan , d . b . mcdonald , and m . j . braun . 2001 . evolutionary implications of divergent clines in an avian ( manacus : aves ) hybrid zone . evolution 55 : 2070 - 2087 .\ncassin , j . 1851 . descriptions of birds of the genera laniarius , dicrurus , graucalus , manacus and picus , specimens of which are in the collection of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 5 : 347 - 349 .\ncestari , c . , b . a . loiselle , and m . a . pizo . 2016 . trade - offs in male display activity with lek size . plos one 11 : e0162943 .\nchapman , f . m . 1914 . diagnoses of apparently new colombian birds . iii . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 33 : 603 - 637 .\nchapman , f . m . 1924 . descriptions of new birds from ecuador , colombia , peru , and bolivia . american museum novitates number 138 : 1 - 16 .\ncherrie , g . k . , and e . m . b . reichenberger . 1923 . descriptions of proposed new birds from brazil and paraguay . american museum novitates number 58 .\nconcannon , m . r . , a . c . stein , and j . a . c . uy . 2012 . kin selection may contribute to lek evolution and trait introgression across an avian hybrid zone . molecular ecology in press .\ndesmarest , a . - g . 1806 . histoire naturelle des tangaras , des manakins et des todiers . garnery , paris .\ndick , j . a . , w . b . mcgillivray , and d . j . brooks . 1984 . a list of birds and their weights from sa\u00fcl , french guiana . wilson bulletin 96 : 347 - 365 .\ngaletti , m . , and m . a . pizo . 1996 . fruit eating by birds in a forest fragment in southeastern brazil . ararajuba 4 : 71 - 79 .\ngyldenstolpe , n . 1941 . preliminary descriptions of some new birds from the brazilean amazonas . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 33b ( 12 ) : 1 - 10 .\ngyldenstolpe , n . 1945 . the bird fauna of r\u00edo juru\u00e1 in western brazil . kungliga svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar , third series 22 ( 3 ) : 1 - 388 .\ngyldenstolpe , n . 1951 . the ornithology of the rio pur\u00fas region in western brazil . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi second series volume 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 320 .\nhaffer , j . 1967 . speciation in colombian forest birds west of the andes . american museum novitates number 2294 .\nhaverschmidt , f . 1968 . birds of surinam . oliver and boyd , london .\nhellmayr , c . e . 1929 . catalogue of birds of the americas . part vi . field museum of natural history zoological series volume 13 , part 6 . field museum of natural history , chicago , illinois .\nhilty , s . l . 2003 . birds of venezuela . second edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nhilty , s . l . , and w . l . brown . 1986 . a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\njunge , g . c . a . , and g . f . mees . 1958 . the avifauna of trinidad and tobago . zoologische verhandleingen number 37 .\nkirwan , g . m . , and g . green . 2011 . cotingas and manakins . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nlima , c . a . , p . r . sequeira , r . m . m . gon\u00e7alves , m . f . vasconcelos , and l . leite . 2010 . dieta de aves de mata atl\u00e1ntica : uma abordagem baseada em conte\u00fados estomacais . ornitolog\u00eda neotropical 21 : 425 - 438 .\nlopes , l . e . , a . m . fernandes , and m . \u00e2 . marini . 2005 . diet of some atlantic forest birds . ararajuba 13 : 95 - 103 .\nmckay , b . d . , f . k . barker , h . l . mays , jr . , s . m . doucet , and g . e . hill . 2010 . a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the manakins ( aves : pipridae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 733 - 737 .\nnovaes , f . c . , and m . de f\u00e1tima cunha lima . 1998 . aves da grande bel\u00e9m . museu paraense em\u00edlio goeldi , bel\u00e9m .\nolivares , o . m . 1958 . aves de la costa del pacifico , municipio de guapi , cauca , colombia . iii . caldasia 8 : 217 - 251 .\noniki , y . , and e . o . willis . 1999 . body mass , cloacal temperature , morphometrics , breeding and molt of birds of the serra das araras region , mato grosso , brazil . ararajuba 7 : 17 - 21 .\nparkes , k . c . 1961 . intergeneric hybrids in the family pipridae . condor 63 : 145 - 150 .\nrego , p . s . , j . araripe , m . l . v . marceliano , i . sampaio , and h . schneider . 2007 . phylogenetic analyses of the genera pipra , lepidothrix and dixiphia ( pipridae , passeriformes ) using partial cytochrome b and 16s mtdna genes . zoologica scripta 2007 : 1 - 11 .\nridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001a . the birds of ecuador : status , distribution , and taxonomy . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\nridgely , r . s . , and p . j . greenfield . 2001b . the birds of ecuador : field guide . cornell university press , ithaca , new york .\nridgely , r . s . , and g . tudor . 1994 . the birds of south america . volume ii . the suboscine passerines . university of texas press , austin , texas .\nryder , t . b . , and j . d . wolfe . 2009 . the current state of knowledge on molt and plumage sequences in selected neotropical bird families . ornitologia neotropical 20 : 1 - 18 .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , d . f . lane , j . p . o\u2019neill , and t . a . parker iii . 2010 . birds of peru . revised and updated edition . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .\nshorey , l . , s . piertney , j . stone , and j . hoglund . 2000 . fine - scale genetic structuring on manacus manacus leks . nature 408 : 352 - 353 .\nsibley , c . g . 1957 . the evolutionary and taxonomic significance of sexual dimorphism and hybridization in birds . condor 59 : 166 - 191 .\nsnow , d . w . 1979 . family pipridae , manakins . pages 245 - 28o in m . a . traylor , jr . ( editor ) , check - list of birds of the world . volume vii i . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts .\nsnow , d . w . 2004 . family pipridae ( manakins ) . pages 110 - 169 in del hoyo , j . , a , elliott , & d . christie , editors . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 9 . cotingas to pitpits and wagtails . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nsnow , d . w . , and a . lill . 1974 . longevity records for some neotropical land birds . condor 76 : 262 - 267 .\ntello , j . g . , r . g . moyle , d . j . marchese , and j . cracraft . 2009 . phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers , cotingas , manakins , and their allies ( aves : tyrannides ) . cladistics 25 : 429 - 467 .\nth\u00e9ry , m . 1992 . the evolution of leks through female choice : differential clustering and space utilization in six sympatric manakins . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 30 : 227 - 237 .\ntodd , w . e . c . 1928 . five new manakins from south america . proceedings of the biological society of washington 41 : 111 - 113 .\nwiedenfeld , d . a . , t . s . schulenberg , and m . b . robbins . 1985 . birds of a tropical deciduous forest in extreme northwestern peru . pages 305 - 315 in p . a . buckley , m . s . foster , e . s . morton , r . s . ridgely , and f . g . buckley ( editors ) , neotropical ornithology . ornithological monographs number 36 .\nwillis , e . o . 1984 . manakins ( aves , pipridae ) as army ant followers . ci\u00eancia e cultura 36 : 817 - 823 .\nzimmer , j . t . 1936 . studies of peruvian birds . xxii . notes on the pipridae . american museum novitates number 889 .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\noften considered conspecific with all congeners . see also m . vitellinus . almost all geographical variation probably clinal , and some of listed races may be untenable ; full revision of taxonomy needed . form named as \u201c m . coronatus \u201d , known only from type specimen ( \u201cupper amazon\u201d ) , appears to be hybrid between present species and ceratopipra erythrocephala . fifteen subspecies recognized .\nbangs , 1899 \u2013 n colombia ( santa marta region , lower cauca valley , lower and middle magdalena valley ) .\nchapman , 1914 \u2013 sw colombia ( s from sw cauca ) and extreme nw ecuador ( n esmeraldas , imbabura ) .\nchapman , 1914 \u2013 nw & w ecuador ( w esmeraldas and pichincha s to n guayas ) .\nchapman , 1924 \u2013 sw ecuador ( e guayas and extreme w chimborazo s to w loja ) and extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .\nchapman , 1914 \u2013 nw & sc venezuela , colombia e of andes , e ecuador , ne peru ( n of r mara\u00f1\u00f3n ) , and nw brazil ( on upper r negro ) .\n( linnaeus , 1766 ) \u2013 s venezuela ( r casiquiare region , in s amazonas ) , the guianas , and ne brazil n of lower amazon , w to r negro .\ngyldenstolpe , 1941 \u2013 w brazil ( r juru\u00e1 ) , ne peru ( e loreto , madre de dios ) and nw bolivia ( e to r beni ) .\ncherrie & reichenberger , 1923 \u2013 sc brazil ( upper r madeira to w mato grosso ) and n bolivia ( beni , n santa cruz ) .\nbangs , 1899 \u2013 s bank of lower amazon in brazil ( r madeira probably to left bank of r xingu ) .\nj . t . zimmer , 1936 \u2013 s bank of lower amazon in brazil ( right bank of r xingu e to right bank of r tocantins ) .\ntodd , 1928 \u2013 e brazil from right bank of r tocantins e to n maranh\u00e3o .\n( desmarest , 1806 ) \u2013 e & se brazil ( alagoas , bahia and minas gerais s to extreme se mato grosso do sul , e santa catarina and extreme ne rio grande do sul ) , se paraguay and extreme ne argentina ( misiones ) .\nmale calls at lek a rather plaintive , slightly trilled \u201cpeerr\u201d , changing in excitement . . .\nforest edges , especially where woody undergrowth is thick , also low shrubby forest and secondary . . .\nmainly small fruits , also insects . in trinidad study area , fruits of 105 plant species , from 27 families , recorded as eaten ; . . .\nin trinidad , egg - laying in jan\u2013sept ( exceptionally , dec ) , peak may\u2013jun , month of starting varying annually , and up to five . . .\nresident . in radio - tracking study in french guiana , adults largely sedentary when breeding , moving . . .\nnot globally threatened . common in many parts of its wide range , but more local in areas of extensive unbroken forest . common in trinidad ; common in n & c parts of . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ndistribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .\n) , chapman , 1924 . sw ecuador ( e guayas and extreme w chimborazo s to w loja ) and extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) .\n) , chapman , 1914 . nw & sc venezuela , colombia e of andes , e ecuador , ne peru , and nw brazil ( on upper r negro ) .\n) , gyldenstolpe , 1941 . w brazil ( r juru\u00e1 ) , possibly also adjacent ne peru ( e loreto ) .\nschulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .\nmaterial published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )\ncontribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :\ncorbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\n. context - dependence in seed removal by lekking and non - lekking frugivorous birds in brazilian of atlantic forest .\nthe ecology of a tropical forest : seasonal rhythms and long - term changes .\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\ntaxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\npopulation justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\ntrend justification : this species is suspected to lose 19 . 1 - 23 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 19 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nspecial thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .\ncopyright and usage info : my photos are free to use for non - commercial internet use only , up to five for any one purpose , provided that you retain the urltoken imprint or visibly display \u00a9 urltoken with the image . for internet usage , a link from the image to urltoken is required . i would also like to know where the image is being used ."]}
{"id": 1806, "summary": [{"text": "hippelates is a genus of flies in the family chloropidae and are often referred to as eye gnats or eye flies ( the name is also used for members of the old world genus siphunculina ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are very small ( 1.5 \u2013 2.5 millimetres or 0.06 \u2013 0.10 inches long ) flies that frequently congregate around the eyes to lap at the fluids .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are primarily a nuisance pest , and do not bite .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they have been linked with the spread of bovine mastitis in north america , and in certain tropical regions , they are capable of vectoring disease-causing bacteria ( e.g. , yaws ) .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "hippelates pusio is considered to be the vector for anaplasmosis , bovine mastitis , and haemophilus spp. which cause bacterial conjunctivitis or ' pinkeye ' . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "hippelates", "paragraphs": ["lioppelates pusio was first named hippelates pusio by loew in 1872 , and liohippelates bishoppi was described by sabrosky as hippelates bishoppi in 1941 . in 1929 , duda described the genus liohippelates , which now contains the most important common species of eye gnats in the southeastern united states including what was hippelates pusio and hippelates bishoppi .\ntaplin d , zaias n , rebell g . 1967 . infection by hippelates flies . lancet 2 : 472 .\nsabrosky cw . 1941 . the hippelates flies or eye gnats : preliminary notes . canadian entomologist 73 : 23 - 27 .\nmulla ms . 1962 . the breeding niches of hippelates gnats . annals of the entomological society of america 55 : 389 - 393 .\nbigham jt . 1941 . hippelates ( eye gnats ) investigations in the southeastern states . journal of economic entomology 34 : 439 - 444 .\nwhat made you want to look up hippelates ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nliohippelates bishoppi is found from february through september and liohippelates pusio year round . liohippelates pusio can be found from washington to north dakota , south to pennsylvania , as well as california south to mexico and east to the southeastern united states and bermuda ( gni 2010 ) . liohippelates bishoppi is found from saskatchewan to quebec , south to colorado , texas and florida . other liohippelates species found in the southeastern and eastern u . s . are liohippelates bicolor ( coquillett ) and liohippelates pallipes ( loew ) , whereas hippelates species found in the same area include hippelates nobilis loew , hippelates plebejus loew , and hippelates dorsalis loew ( sabrosky 1941 ) .\nsanders da . 1940 . hippelates flies as vectors of bovine mastitis ( preliminary report ) . journal of the american veterinary medical association 97 : 306 - 308 .\nkumm hw . 1935 . the natural infection of hippelates pallipes loew with the spirochete of yaws . royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 29 : 265 - 272 .\nobservations on predation of hippelates collusor and distribution in southern california of associated fauna < legner , e . f . , l . moore and r . a . medved\nkumm hw , turner tb . 1936 . the transmission of yaws from man to rabbits by an insect vector , hippelates pallipes loew . american journal of tropical medicine 16 : 1 - 16\nherms wb , burgess , rw . 1930 . a description of the immature stages of hippelates pusio loew and a brief account of its life history . journal of economic entomology 23 : 600 - 603 .\nduring 1961\u201362 four hymenopterous parasites of the eye gnat , hippelates collusor ( townsend ) , were discovered in the semiarid agricultural regions of southern california . these parasites were found by field - exposing host hippelates pupae for several days between discs of nylon bolting cloth for predator protection . three of the parasites , phaenopria occidentalis fouts , spalangia drosophilae ashmead , and eupteromalus nidulans thomson , were successfully cultured in the laboratory and also studied in field releases . the fourth , trichopria n . sp . , died before propagation could be attempted . in field releases of parasites s . drosophilae was the most efficient species in seeking hippelates pupae in the environments studied .\nhall jr . dg . 1932 . some studies on the breeding media , development , and stages of the eye gnat hippelates pusio loew ( diptera : chloropidae ) . american journal of epidemiology 16 : 854 - 864 .\ndow rp , bigham jt , sabrosky cw . 1951 . sequel to\nhippelates ( eye gnat ) investigations in the southeastern states\nby john t . bigham . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 53 : 263 - 271 .\nhippelates probably contribute to the rapid spread of streptococci throughout the island , and to the frequency of infection with more than one serotype ; they may also contribute to the high incidence of streptococcal skin infection , but this requires further evidence .\nwill fly predators work for hippelates species , i . e . eye gnats ? these are flies , and they breed in rotting organic matter . but elsewhere in your q & r section it is said that fly predators do not work for any kind of gnat .\ntondella mlc , paganelli ch , bortoloho im , tankano oa , trino k and brandileone mcc . 1994 . isolamento de harmophilus aegyptius associado a febre purpurica brasileira de cloropideos ( diptera ) dos generous hippelates e liohippelates . revista do instituto de medicina tropical de s\u00e3o paulo 36 : 105 - 109 .\nan epidemic of acute glomerulonephritis in trinidad led to an investigation into streptococcal skin infection , as most nephritis cases were associated with this . hippelates in this region commonly feed on skin lesions , infected or otherwise . some of these flies captured in the vicinity of infected children were found to be contaminated with streptococcus pyogenes ; 3 species were involved , h . peruanus , h . flavipes and h . currani . the naturally - acquired infection lasted for 28 hours or more , and the flies would return to human bait while still infectious . the hippelates population and the streptococcal skin infection rate at one school showed similar changes .\nthe eye gnats , a genus of flies in the family chloropidae ( fruit flies ) that are attracted to the bodily secretions and fluids of animals and humans , particularly those in the eyes . hippelates is suspected of transmitting certain types of conjunctivitis ( such as pinkeye ) , bovine mastitis , and yaws ( frambesia tropica ) .\nunfortunately the fly predators do not work on hippelates . primarily the fly predators are for flies in the muscidae family , though they will occasionally parasitize those in the calliphoridae and sarcophagidae families . their very limited host range makes them ideal for biological control as they do not pose a risk to non - pest species ; unfortunately , it also means they are unable to control every pest species of fly .\npredatory and scavenger arthropods were surveyed in hippelates collusor ( townsend ) breeding habitats in southern california by using 3 collection methods . a total of 117 different species was collected . the importance of potential predatory species is discussed , and various intensities of natural predation are recorded . there was considerable heterogeneity in predatory activity as influenced by locality , habitat , and seasonal and hourly differences . eggs and 1st - stage larvae sustained the highest predation , with a substantial amount being associated with teneral adults after pupal eclosion .\nboth liohippelates spp . and closely related hippelates spp . occur throughout much of north america ( sabrosky 1941 ) and 270 species have been described ( sabrosky 1987 ) . bingham ( 1941 ) determined during his investigations of liohippelates in the southeastern u . s . that liohippelates pusio was the most common pest of this genus . later that year , sabrosky ( 1941 ) found and described a new species , liohippelates bishoppi , misidentified by bingham as liohippelates pusio , which made up a moderate portion of the southeastern liohippelates .\nphysical barriers , such as screened porches and windows on houses and fly masks or fly sheets ( which resemble a fine cloth mesh , largely impenetrable by even the smallest pests ) on livestock , can provide some relief from annoyance and protection from possible pathogen transmission . sanitation methods to eliminate potential breeding sites , such as reducing manure and organic matter in soil and reducing loose soil matter , may reduce breeding at the location . however , often reducing liohippelates and hippelates breeding sites is nearly impossible in livestock facilities as manure , moisture and soil disturbance are inseparable from animals .\nmembers of the genus liohippelates , formerly hippelates , are very small true flies and a common occurrence in much of north and south america ( sabrosky 1980 , kumm 1935 ) . these non - biting pests are attracted to fluids secreted by the eyes , nose and ears on both humans and animals . some species are attracted to discharge from open wounds and excrement ( goddard 2007 ) . because of their propensity for hovering around the eyes , this genus has been referred to commonly as eye gnats , but are also known as grass flies , eye flies , and fruit flies .\nin 2006 114 people were examined in santa catalina and san joaquin ; 21 patients were clinically diagnosed with trachoma ( 18 . 4 % ) , 15 ( 13 . 2 % ) of them children under 15 years old . all trachoma phases were observed . three women had corneal opacity with poor vision . in the remaining three communities , three women with advanced trachoma with corneal opacity and blindness were detected . the poor quality of living conditions without fresh water and adequate sanitary disposal systems , and the abundance of flies identified as hippelates sp . , are risk factors for the transmission of the disease .\nadvisories are not working correctly for plymouth . the next closest stations are rocky mount , williamston and buckland . begin sprays \u2026\nfrom cotton \u2013 july 2 , 2018 , 03 : 12 pm please consider attending a scouting school this summer . we will post as they become \u2026\nearworm populations ( known as bollworm in cotton ) were relatively low in our system from 2011 to 2016 . arguably , at \u2026\nthis week i have noticed damage on many pin oaks ( quercus falcata ) by oak spider mites ( oligonychus bicolor ) . oak \u2026\nrecent news stories about giant hogweed have raised awareness of this nasty invader . yes , we have giant hogweed in \u2026\nwhen cotton blooms , it\u2019s time to switch sampling and thresholds for plant bugs . this previous article covered management of \u2026\nwe received a confirmed report of basil downy mildew in north carolina . growers are advised to actively scout for \u2026\ncorn is susceptible to damage at three stages ( roughly ) : v1 to v6 , v14 to vt and r1 to r4 . \u2026\nnc state extension is the largest outreach program at nc state university . based in the college of agriculture and life sciences , we reach millions of north carolina citizens each year through local centers in the state ' s 100 counties and with the eastern band of cherokee indians .\nwe have several topic based e - mail newsletters that are sent out periodically when we have new information to share . want to see which lists are available ?\nintegrated pest management ( ipm ) is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines multiple approaches including prevention , avoidance , pest monitoring and suppression in a manner that minimizes public health , economic , and environmental risk . ipm serves as a framework to provide an effective , comprehensive , low - risk approach to protect people and resources from pests .\nultimately , the goal with an ipm program is to help stakeholders deal with pests\u2014insects , plant diseases , weeds , and more\u2014with methods that reduce risks to public health and the environmental while saving money .\nthe north carolina extension ipm program serves as a focal point for team building , communication and stakeholder participation in integrated pest management ( ipm ) within the state . program goals include promoting effective and economical management of pests , reducing risks to human health from pests and pest management practices , and minimizing environmental effects through the adoption of ipm on a variety of crops and settings in north carolina . these goals are achieved by the timely delivery of ipm technology and research information to stakeholders in all regions of the state .\nleadership of the extension ipm program in north carolina is provided by an ipm coordinator ( designated by the director of the north carolina cooperative extension service ) , an established advisory board , and working groups . dr . danesha seth carley , the current ipm coordinator , accepted the nc ipm coordinator position in 2013 .\nthe extension ipm coordinator involves faculty and staff from north carolina state university and north carolina a & t state university in ipm activities across the state , communicates program successes , and maintains stakeholder input via the advisory board and the ipm portal , as well as multiple training sessions and meetings .\nthe advisory board provides advice to the extension ipm coordinator regarding the direction of the ipm program in the state . it is composed of a wide variety of ipm stakeholders , including north carolina state university and north carolina a & t state university faculty , non - governmental agencies , environmentalists , north carolina department of agriculture & consumer services personnel , farmers and agricultural consultants .\nthe north carolina extension ipm program focuses on delivering ipm content to our stakeholders and community members through a variety of activities . the primary activities include information delivery , pest monitoring and data managment , evaluation and needs assessment tools development , and programs to magnify statewide ipm impacts .\nthe extension ipm program is a cooperative effort of the usda nifa , north carolina cooperative extension service , north carolina state university , and north carolina a & t state university . it also works in partnership with the southern ipm center , located at north carolina state university in raleigh , and acts to promote ipm in north carolina and the southern united states .\nfunding for the north carolina extension ipm program is provided by competitive grants from the u . s . department of agriculture\u2019s national institute of food and agriculture ( nifa ) .\nnc state university and n . c . a & t state university work in tandem , along with federal , state and local governments , to form a strategic partnership called n . c . cooperative extension , which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the eastern band of cherokee indians .\nnc state university and n . c . a & t state university are collectively committed to positive action to secure equal opportunity and prohibit discrimination and harassment regardless of race , color , national origin , religion , political beliefs , family and marital status , sex , age , veteran status , sexual identity , sexual orientation , genetic information , or disability .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nmoved from frit flies . id ' d from specimen , now a photo - voucher . thanks john .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\npusio has been evaluated , showing that it is able to transmit the rickettsia up to three days after ingestion of infected erythrocytes [ 23 ] .\n( diptera : chloropidae ) and tabanidae on cattle : its possible role in transmission of anaplasmosis .\nen publicaciones anteriores ) ( mulla 1962 , legner y bay 1965 , legner et al .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncommon name : eye gnats , grass flies , eye flies , fruit flies scientific name : liohippelates spp . ( insecta : diptera : chloropidae )\nfigure 1 . lateral view of an adult liohippelates sp . , from a horse farm in north central florida . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nextremely large aggregations of eye gnats are common in areas that have loose sandy soils , especially in the southern united states . these high concentrations of flies are a great nuisance to humans and animals in rural towns as well as agricultural , recreational and tourist areas . while they do not bite , liohippelates spp . have been implicated in the transmission of several diseases to humans and livestock including human acute conjunctivitis ( pink eye ) . due to the increase of transmission of pink eye and the reduction in labor efficiency caused by extreme numbers of eye gnats in the coachella valley , california , a control project was initiated by the bureau of entomology in the 1920s to focus on the life history and possible control measures for this pest . hall ( 1932 ) subsequently implicated liohippelates pusio ( loew ) as one of the limiting factors in the development of the coachella valley .\nthe majority of the flies encountered in the southeastern region of the united states are liohippelates pusio and liohippelates bishoppi ( sabrosky ) , and as a result the biological information below will focus broadly on these two species .\nadults : adult liohippelates are true flies ( bearing only two wings ) and are very small , approximately 1 . 5 to 2 mm long , and shiny black or grayish in color with clear wings . some species have reddish or yellowish heads . legs tend to be reddish - yellow to brown with brown bands ( hall 1932 ) .\nfigure 2 . lateral view of an adult liohippelates , unknown species . photograph by erika t . machtinger , university of florida .\neggs : the eggs of liohippelates flies are a pearlescent white and approximately 0 . 5 mm long . they are half as wide ( 0 . 25 mm ) as long , resembling a banana with one side curved and one nearly straight ( hall 1932 ) . eggs are deposited below the surface of loose soils .\nlarvae : the larvae hatch in seven to 11 days and feed on organic matter ( kahn 2008 ) . the larvae average 3 mm in length and are a whitish color ( hermes and burgess 1930 ) . larvae are pointed towards the anterior end and rounded towards the posterior . the mouth hook is darker than the rest of the body and curved gently downward .\npupae : the pupae are approximately 2 . 25 mm in length , depending on the media in which larvae developed and grew ( hall 1932 ) , and a reddish - brown color , turning darker as they age . liohippelates pupate in or around sand mixed with organic matter , such as manure , hay and remaining harvested crop debris .\nfigure 3 . primary liohippelates breeding sites in florida include loose soils with organic matter and moisture , as is found on many livestock facilities throughout the state . photograph by erika t . machtinger , university of florida .\nliohippelates spp . are holometabolous , meaning they have four distinct life stages ; egg , larvae , pupa and adult . the life cycle of liohippelates can range from 11 days to three months depending on development conditions such as temperature and moisture ( hall 1932 ) . development from egg emergence to the adult is completed in approximately three weeks during the summer in florida ( bigham 1941 ) and multiple generations can occur each year . breeding sites are primarily those with freshly disturbed soil mixed with organic matter , such as cut grass and hay , and moisture . disturbances can be caused by digging , plowing , harrowing , or even by livestock activities ( bigham 1941 , mulla 1962 ) .\nliohippelates are not host specific and will feed on the fluid from wounds , eyes , nose , and other areas on humans as well as livestock and domestic pets in a variety of situations . while they do not bite , due to their persistent feeding behavior this group of insects is responsible for extreme annoyance to people and animals when they occur in large numbers . in livestock , it has been suggested that high numbers of liohippelates can cause losses in condition , such as weight , due to continuous and unrelieved attack ( hinkle et al . 2001 ) .\nfigure 5 . congregation of adult liohippelates spp . around the eye of a horse . photograph by erika t . machtinger , university of florida .\nmany species of liohippelates have been implicated in the mechanical transmission of several diseases and conditions in humans and livestock . mechanical transmission of pathogens causing disease from liohippelates to humans or livestock occurs when a fly comes in contact with a pathogen , such as a bacterium or virus , and subsequently feeds or rests on a human or animal , transmitting the pathogen from one location to another by contact . as feeding occurs on the blood , mucus , and other fluids around natural orifices of mammals , pathogens can be carried easily into the body .\nhuman acute conjunctivitis , also known as\npink eye\nor\nsore eyes ,\nis caused by one or more bacteria that can be mechanically transmitted by liohippelates . pink eye causes pain , swelling , changes in vision and extreme sensitivity to light ( mideha 2010 ) . incidents of conjunctivitis have been shown to increase during liohippelates outbreaks ( dow and hines 1957 , greenberg 1973 ) . in california , hall ( 1926 ) correlated pink eye to high populations of lioppelates flavipes ( loew ) .\nliohippelates flavipes and liohippelates pallipes have been shown to mechanically transmit the spirochete treponema pertenue , the causative agent of yaws , in jamaica and parts of south america ( kumm 1935 , kumm and turner 1936 , saunders et al . 1936 ) . yaws is a skin infection that causes ulceration and , in severe cases , can affect bone and cartilage . yaws occurs mainly in warm and humid regions of the world , including much of south america , and primarily affects children under the age of 15 . yaws is especially common in poor communities and those in crowded conditions ( dnz 2010 ) .\nfigure 6 . this person has yaws with 8 month - old juxta - articular nodules on the left elbow . photograph by peter perine , cdc .\nliohippelates has been implicated in mechanical transmission of pathogens between animals as well . in cattle , liohippelates can transmit the causative agents of acute bovine mastitis ( sanders 1940 ) and vesicular stomatitis ( taplin et al . 1967 ) . acute bovine mastitis is inflammation of the mammary glands , primarily caused by bacterial infection , which can be extremely painful and compromise milk quality . mastitis may also cause death in extreme cases ( bradley 2002 ) . treatment for mastitis includes the use of antibiotics , which has possible implications in public health as resistant bacterial strains may not respond to treatment ( bradley 2002 ) and milk from treated cattle cannot be sold for human consumption until the required withholding time has elapsed .\nvesicular stomatitis is a reemerging viral disease that presents as lesions on the tongue , coronary bands and other body regions of cattle as well as horses , sheep , goats and pigs ( usda 2007 ) . this disease is remarkably similar in presentation to the deadly foot - and - mouth disease , which was eradicated from the united states in 1929 ( usda 2007 ) and infection can transfer to people who handle infected animals .\nfigure 7 . congregation of adult liohippelates around the puncture wound of a horse . photograph by erika t . machtinger , university of florida .\ncurrently , there is no effective area - wide control . various insecticides , fogs , and soil treatments have been tested , but due to the incredible numbers of flies produced in the soil , area - wide treatment is nearly impossible . insecticides applied on a community level for mosquito control may reduce attack , but development sites quickly repopulate as the insecticide dissipates ( kahn 2008 ) .\nrepellents containing diethyl toluamide ( deet ) provide temporary protection from eye gnats ( hall and gerhardt 2009 ) , and many commercial livestock insecticides that contain pyrethrins , piperonyl butoxide or other common ingredients may provide some relief to animals .\n( bpfsg ) the brazilian purpuric fever study group . 1992 . brazilian purpuric fever identified in a new region of brazil . journal of infectious disease 163 : 516 - 519 .\nbradley a . 2002 . bovine mastitis : an evolving disease . the veterinary journal 164 : 116 - 128 .\n( dnz ) dermnet nz . ( january 2010 ) . yaws . dermnet nz : the dermatology resource . urltoken ( 28 february 2011 ) .\ndow rp , hines jd . 1957 . conjunctivitis in southwest georgia . public heath reports 72 : 441 - 448 .\nfrancy db , moore lg , smith gc , jakob wl , taylor sa , calisher ch . 1988 . epizootic vesicular stomatitis in colorado , 1982 : isolation of virus from insects collected along the northern colorado rocky mountain front range . journal of medical entomology 25 : 343 - 347 .\n( gni ) global names index . ( 2010 ) . global names index - index of scientific names . urltoken ( 28 february 2011 ) .\ngoddard j . 2007 . non - biting flies . pp . 191 - 200 . in physicians guide to arthropods of medical importance , 5th edition . crc press , boca raton , fl . 480 pp .\ngreenberg b . 1973 . flies and disease . vol . 2 . biology and disease transmission . princeton university press , princeton , nj . 856 pp .\nhall rd , gerhardt rr . 2009 . flies ( diptera ) . in mullen gr , durden la ( editors ) , medical and veterinary entomology , second edition . elsevier , burlington , ma . 637 pp .\nharrison ih , da silva ga , pitman m , fleming dw , vranjac a , broome cv . 1989 . epidemiology and clinical spectrum of brazilian purpuric fever . journal of clinical microbiology 27 : 599 - 604 .\nhinkle nc , scholl pj , mock de and warner wb . 2001 . research and extension needs for integrated pest management for arthropods of veterinary importance . pp . 261 - 262 . in geden cj , hogsette ja ( editors ) , proceedings of a workshop in lincoln , nebraska . second edition . 328 pp .\n( itis ) ( 2010 ) . liohippelates . integrated taxanomic information system . urltoken ( 28 february 2011 ) .\nkahn c ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . eye gnats . the merck veterinary manual . urltoken ( 28 february 2011 ) .\nlooper m , stokes sr , waldner dn , and jordan er . ( 2001 ) . feeding waste milk to dairy calves . new mexico state university college of agricultural , consumer and environmental sciences . urltoken ( 28 february 2011 ) .\n( mideha ) infectious disease and environmental health administration . ( 2010 ) . conjunctivitis (\npink eye\n) . maryland department of health & mental hygiene . urltoken ( 05 may 2011 ) .\nsabrosky cw . 1987 . chloropidae . pp . 1049 - 1067 . in mcalpine jf , et al . ( editors ) , manual of nearctic . diptera . volume 2 . research branch agriculture . canada monograph 28 : 675 - 1332 .\nsaunders gm , kumm hw , rerrie ji . 1936 . the relationship of certain environmental factors to the distribution of yaws in jamaica . american journal of hygiene 23 : 558 - 579 .\n( usda ) united states department of agriculture . ( march 2007 ) . information about vesicular stomatitis for the beef producer . urltoken ( 06 may 2011 ) .\npublication date : april 2011 . latest revision : may 2011 . reviewed : october 2015 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ni agree to the terms and conditions . you must accept the terms and conditions .\nthank you for submitting a comment on this article . your comment will be reviewed and published at the journal ' s discretion . please check for further notifications by email .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nnatural infection of nyssomyia neivai ( pinto , 1926 ) ( diptera : psychodidae , phlebotominae ) by leishmania ( viannia ) spp . in brazil\nanalysis of covalent modifications of amyloidogenic proteins using two - dimensional electrophoresis : prion protein and its sialylation .\nopen repair of mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysms with biological grafts : an international multicenter study .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nfemale eye gnats maintained on honey in the laboratory retained more than half their original radioactivity 5 days after being tagged with p 32 . when tagged gnats were released at the center of three concentric circles of traps on a windy day , some moved 25 feet directly upwind but an equally large number was caught 75 feet downwind in traps on the outermost circle , on both sides of the mean downwind direction . releases of tagged gnats \u00bd and 1 mile from a rural population center in southwestern georgia resulted in almost complete penetration of the small town on the day of release . in one test , traps more than a mile from the release box caught 15 gnats in less than 3\u00bd hours after it was opened . chi - square analysis was used to test the hypothesis that tagged gnats are distributed like the wild ones . local departures from an overall equilibrium between tagged and untagged gnats could be recognized , and progress of the dispersal could be followed by comparing successive collections .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nvet , louise e . m . and lenteren , j . c . 2009 . the parasite - host relationship between encarsia formosa gah . ( hymenoptera : aphelinidae ) and trialeurodes vaporariorum ( westw . ) ( homoptera : aleyrodidae ) . zeitschrift f\u00fcr angewandte entomologie , vol . 91 , issue . 1 - 5 , p . 327 .\ngordh , g . legner , e . f . and caltagirone , l . e . 1999 . handbook of biological control . p . 355 .\nmann , j . a . stinner , r . e . and axtell , r . c . 1990 . parasitism of house fly ( musca domestica ) pupae by four species of pteromalidae ( hymenoptera ) : effects of host\u2013parasitoid densities and host distribution . medical and veterinary entomology , vol . 4 , issue . 3 , p . 235 .\nhammond , w . n . o . and neuenschwander , p . 1990 . sustained biological control of the cassava mealybugphenacoccus manihoti [ hom . : pseudococcidae ] byepidinocarsis lopezi [ hym . : encyrtidae ] in nigeria . entomophaga , vol . 35 , issue . 4 , p . 515 .\nhammond , w . n . o . neuenschwander , p . and herren , h . r . 1987 . impact of the exotic parasitoid epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug ( phenacoccus manihoti ) populations . international journal of tropical insect science , vol . 8 , issue . 4 - 5 - 6 , p . 887 .\ndebach , paul huffaker , c . b . and macphee , a . w . 1976 . theory and practice of biological control . p . 255 .\nlegner , e . f . sjogren , r . d . hall , i . m . and washino , r . k . 1974 . the biological control of medically important arthropods . c r c critical reviews in environmental control , vol . 4 , issue . 1 - 4 , p . 85 .\nhorn , david j . 1971 . the relationship between a parasite , tetrastichus incertus ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) , and its host , the alfalfa weevil , hypera postica ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , in new york . the canadian entomologist , vol . 103 , issue . 01 , p . 83 .\n( townsend ) , arranged in clumped or linear distributions , oviposited randomly producing equal numbers of progeny from cither host arrangement . mixed groups of linear and clumped puparia caused changes in behavioral patterns that resulted in reduced progeny production , thus showing parasitization to be nonrandom . host destruction was , nevertheless , greater in an all - clumped distribution , tile greater acceptance of clumped groups resulting in a greater number of progeny . mixed groups involving a choice between linear or clumped distributions demonstrated the greater acceptance of clumped groups . direct observation showed that the all - dumped distribution elicited the greatest overall initial attraction for hosts and subsequent movement to other areas . it was concluded that maximum host destruction resulted when completely random behavior was involved . a recognition of this , however , required a knowledge of behavior , host condition , and progeny production . the question of evaluating an exotic parasite\u2019s effectiveness before introduction is discussed .\nbehavior changes the reproduction of spalangia cameroni , s . endius , muscidifurax raptor , and nasonia vitripennis ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) at increasing fly host densities\nsome mechanisms that affect the sex ratio of nasonia vitripennis ( walk . ) ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) reared from superparasitized house - fly pupae\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\n[ clinical evidence of trachoma in colombian amerindians of the vaup\u00e9s province ] . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nprograma de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores , secretar\u00eda departamental de salud , mit\u00fa , vaup\u00e9s , colombia .\ntrachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the world . in 2008 there were 1 , 300 , 000 persons with blindness caused by trachoma and 8 million with trichiasis , which might eventually lead to blindness . in latin america it has been documented in brazil , guatemala and m\u00e9xico .\nto inform the presence of trachoma for the first time in colombia , amongst amerindians of the department of vaup\u00e9s .\nin 2003 and 2006 the amerindian mak\u00fa communities of san joaqu\u00edn and santa catalina , located 5 km from the border with brazil , were visited . from 2007 to 2009 , san gerardo , san gabriel and nuevo pueblo , at a 35 km distance from san joaqu\u00edn were visited .\ntrachoma exists in colombia , and it is frequent among the studied communities . its focalized distribution makes it amenable to elimination . it is advisable to search for trachoma in other indigenous communities in vaup\u00e9s with similar living conditions .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nask us a question and a member of our support staff will respond as soon as possible .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 ."]}
{"id": 1809, "summary": [{"text": "betta albimarginata is a species of betta endemic to the island of borneo , where it is only found in the indonesian province of kalimantan timur .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it inhabits the shallows ( 5 to 10 cm ( 2.0 to 3.9 in ) ) of forest streams amongst vegetation and debris along the shores .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 2.8 cm ( 1.1 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a mouthbrooding species . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "betta albimarginata", "paragraphs": ["maggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata maennchen . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 7 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 8 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : betta albimarginata 060311 1 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbetta albimarginata kottelat & ng , 1994\npage .\nthis forum is for all discussions of betta fish . let ' s see some pictures of your beautiful betta . be sure to tell us your betta ' s name and talk about it ' s personality . our friendly betta keepers are always eager to see new threads about bettas . so don ' t be shy , start a new thread about your betta , with your betta questions , betta breeding , and other betta stories .\ni\u2019ve got a new mouthbrooding betta \u2013 now what ? michael hellweg . 2003 .\noriginal wild betta imbellis premium quality for sell now . if interesting , please pm\nhow to build infusoria free cultre , easy ,\nfor baby fries .\nbetta fries\nsimilar species would be channoides . note , there has been discussion about breaking albimarginata into 3 species based upon their local data .\nalbimarginata males normally are more intensely colored then females . females tend to have a washed out male look . females ovaries might be visible via spotlighting .\nbetta albimarginata can be housed in pairs , species tanks , and community tanks . pairs can be housed in a 10 gallon tank , groups should be housed in a 20 gallon tank or larger . pairs should be given cover such as caves and plants . in a pair or species situation it is possible that fry could be discovered in the tanks . for best results remove a brooding male .\nalbimarginata is a paternal mouthbrooder and the male incubates from 10 to 15 days with 12 days being very consistent . incubation time can vary with water temperature . females normally initiate spawning . normally between 3 to 40 fry are released .\nnot critical , albimarginata is very tolerant of water chemistry and thrives in almost any type of water as long as it is clean and well filtered however soft acidic water is best . they should be kept at cool to mid 70s f .\ncurrent grow out / breed tanks waiting to cycle . i will wait a good two to three weeks before adding any betta . right now all of my stock are in a ten gallon , and two three gallons .\ncopyright \u00a92004 - 2007 international betta congress inc . all rights reserved . the ibc & ibc - smp logo used on these pages are the registered property of the ibc inc . and can not be used without permission . for questions in regards to this website , contact the smp chairperson last update :\ni just happened to be near my lfs and thought i ' d drop in . they ' ve had a pair of wild caught betta albimarginata that i ' ve had my eye on for a month , but i couldn ' t bring myself to pay 80 bucks for this pair ( they weren ' t the greatest ) . when i went in today the rotting corpse of the female was on the bottom of the 2 gallon tank they were in ( she must have been dead at least three days ) and the male was next . he is painfully thin ( they were trying to feed just flake ) . so although i shouldn ' t have i paid 30 bucks to take the male . i hope some live blackworms and some time in a good sized tank ( the ten gallon ) will whip him back into shape and i can add a touch more wild genes to my stock . i think he was way too expensive for a dying fish ( talked down from 40 ) , but i couldn ' t just leave him there to die . i love these guys too much .\nhere are some questions i ' ve gotten along the way and my answers . q : how long from when the eggs hatch to the point the male spits out the babies ? i ' m asking because i ' m at the point where i can see the babies wiggling through his gills . a : if you see wriggling when it first starts you ' ve got two to three days till he spits them out . the moment i spot eyeballs i move my male into a breeder net ( not a box , the slots in the boxes are too big and the babies slip out ) . once they are spat out the male will only remember them for a day or so . . . and then they will become lunch . so if you want high yield you need to keep babies and parents apart . i had one male spit out too early and all the babies had egg yolk sacs ( it was his second batch ) so i placed them in a cup of water with java moss and they just laid in the moss , three days later they were free swimming ! if you catch them mating or you notice that one day he eats and the next day he doesn ' t , mark that date on the calandar since that they tend to hold for 12 - 15 days ( although i had one dad hold on for 22 days ) and that way you don ' t have worry about spotting wriggling you can just place them in the breeder net on the 11th day . q : what is their adult size ? a : a little over two inches . q : are these passive betta ? a : yes , in fact they do best in schools . they are peaceful to community fish although a regular betta splendid may beat up on them . q : what is the smallest take size ? a : i have heard of people keeping them in two gallons , i suggest at least 10 for adults . q : do they jump ? a : yup . q : how much do you sell them for ? a : i sell full adult sexed pairs for 45 $ . single adult female for 25 . single adult male for 30 ( so just buy the pair . . . giggle ) . sub - adult unsexed single for 20 $ with discounts on schools of 4 or more . 4 unsexed for 75 , 6 unsexed for 100 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nkottelat , m . and ng , p . k . l . 1994 . [ 56 ]\nsungei sanul , trib . of sungei tikung , sungei sebuku basin , kalimantan timur , borneo .\ncmk 9549 ( 4 ) , mzb 5897 ( 1 ) , rom uncat . ( 1 ) , zrc 35121 - 22 ( 2 )\noccurs in forest streams with moderate current , in shallow water ( 5 - 10 cm deep ) in plant roots and leaf litter along the shores . [ 126 ]\nlatin ; albus meaning white and margo meaning margin in allusion to the white margin on the fins .\nlast modification submitted by gerald griffin 02 . 10 . 08 ( mm . dd . yy )\neitjes overgeven schitterend , beetje lang maar aan het eind komt er een ander mannetje ff buurten dat is ook mooi om te zien wat er dan gebeurt .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncomponent of the ubiquinol - cytochrome c reductase complex ( complex iii or cytochrome b - c1 complex ) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain . the b - c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c . contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for atp synthesis .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018function\u2019 section provides information relevant to cofactors . a cofactor is any non - protein substance required for a protein to be catalytically active . some cofactors are inorganic , such as the metal atoms zinc , iron , and copper in various oxidation states . others , such as most vitamins , are organic . < p > < a href = ' / help / cofactor ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nto view links or images in signatures your post count must be 10 or greater . you currently have 0 posts .\nfry care : albi fry are fairly hardy . however , there are a few things they hate . number one : large water changes . never change more than 10 % of their water , and don ' t change their water for the first month . when i move them from the breeder net to the fry tank i take an airline hose and drip acclimate them to the fry tank for over an hour , after that i float them for fifteen minutes to make sure the temp is the same before moving them . in a perfect world the male would be in the fry tank and you ' d move him and not them . . . but i don ' t have enough tanks to do this . do not use breeding boxes , the slits are too large . use a breeding net . do not raise them in the net , there is not enough circulation and they get caught under the plastic frame and die . my first batch of f1 day one ( note the box . . . i lost nearly this whole batch into the tank ) f1 one week later ( belly full of food ) : f1 three weeks later ( albi grow slow , 4 - 6 months to reach adult ) : f1 five weeks old : f1 two months old : f1 two months old showing male colours :\nfry food : i feed live micro / walter / banana worms that i have in one big culture . easy to care for worms , just place them in a container ( with lid ) with some wet oatmeal and a sprinkle of yeast . to collect the worms spray water onto of the oatmeal and sides of container the night before , next morning they will be up on the sides and you can rub them off with a q - tip . i also feed fresh hatched brine shrimp . all live food for a few weeks then i start introducting frozen daphina , and cyclopseze . later crushed micro wafers by hikari . adults / sub - adults get frozen , hikari , and live blackworms . i feed small amounts twice a day .\nfry tank : my current fry tank is a bare bottom picotope stuffed with pellia with a few pieces of slate ( they like to hang out on the slate ) . there is a small hob filter with a sponge over the intake .\nnew born f1 i lost this whole batch to a 50 % water change . learned a hard lesson with that one .\nthis is what happens if you have too much space for your fry tank . these two are the same age . these guys were in a ten gallon and since these are wait and grab predators they tend to stay in once place and wait for food to come to them . which is why i now raise them in a three gallon till they are 1 / 2 inch .\nf2 in a row ! i ' ve since removed the sand . i ' ve made a lot of mistakes along the way , but i ' ve finally gotten to a point where i seem to sort of know what i ' m doing . i currently have 18 fry . five adults . eight sub - adults . i have seven diffrent blood lines from swaping albi with other breeders . in about six months i should be a fully established breeder . i welcome questions ! i spent nearly an hour on the phone with a guy who had just brought home a pair only to find that the male was already holding .\nspeedie 408 just sent me a pic of a pair of albi that they are breeding . . . that just happen to be my babies ! ebichua let them borrow them for breeding . i ' m so proud .\nlooks like you ' re getting a really nice setup going ! congrats on all the fry ! and best of luck with that rescued male . . . hopefully he pulls through . i ' d pp any equipment that you put in that tank with him , though . it ' d be horrible if he brought something in that took out any of the rest of your stock .\nin order to be able to post messages on the the planted tank forum forums , you must first register . please enter your desired user name , your email address and other required details in the form below .\nplease enter a password for your user account . note that passwords are case - sensitive .\noccurs in forest streams with moderate current , in shallow water ( 5 - 10 cm deep ) in plant roots and leaf litter along the shores .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe most chatters online in one day was 17 , 09 - 12 - 2012 . no one is currently using the chat .\ni ' ve macrostoma tastes on a veiltail budget .\nif i drew it it ' d look like a monkey eating a horsradish on the moon or something\nyou need camera help ! ! ! ! they aren ' t much in the looks department .\nhahaha , yes i do . but in my defense , they moved . alot . and the fry were sooooo tiny .\nit is hard to see , but i love that picture of the two looking out from the cleft in the rocks . their little faces look like turtles !\nhaha , they are hard to see . very small fish , crappy camera . i do however have a few new shots of some . here is a male showing off . i believe he was flaring or possibly brooding . i cannot remember . two males , establishing dominancy .\nlol photographing wild bettas of any species seems nearly impossible . i can never seem to get decent shots of mine . i take 50 pictures and i get two where you can actually see the fish .\nin order to be able to post messages on the aquarium forum forums , you must first register . please enter your desired user name , your email address and other required details in the form below ."]}
{"id": 1810, "summary": [{"text": "lachesis acrochorda is a venomous pitviper species found in panama , colombia , ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was formerly considered synonym of lachesis stenophrys .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "its common name is chocoan bushmaster . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "lachesis acrochorda", "paragraphs": ["key words : snake venom , lachesis , lachesis acrochorda , enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay .\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms of adult lachesis melanocephala and lachesis acrochorda .\nno one has contributed data records for lachesis acrochorda yet . learn how to contribute .\naffinity purification of rabbit igg anti - l . acrochorda without anti - b . asper crossreactivity\nthe authors thank prof . bruno lomonte ( instituto clodomiro picado , costa rica ) for identification of peaks of lachesis acrochorda venom ( la sf ) .\nsnake venomics across genus lachesis . ontogenetic changes in the venom composition of lachesis stenophrys and comparative proteomics of the venoms . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe anti - l . acrochorda igg purified by several affinity chromatography steps was highly specific . the sandwich elisa reactivities for known concentrations of l . acrochorda , b . asper , b . schlegelii and p . nasutum whole venoms are shown in figure 1 . concentrations of 2 . 0 ng / ml of l . acrochorda venom gave measurable absorbance signals . no cross - reactivity was observed with other venoms evaluated in the concentration range of 3 . 9 to 1000 ng / ml . ( p < 0 . 01 ) . similar results were observed using b . atrox and c . d . cumanensis venoms ( data not shown ) . higher quantities of l . acrochorda venoms produced dose - dependent absorbance values . similar results were obtained when known concentrations of lachesis venom were put in pooled human serum from healthy individuals ( data not shown ) .\nin the present work the specific igg used in the elisa was employed in affinity chromatography to isolate a specific fraction of lachesis acrochorda venom that did not cross - react with b . asper venom ( i . e . la sf ) . the main components present in this fraction were identified as a lectin and a metalloproteinase .\ngeographical variation in the venom composition of the different lachesis species may explain differences in the frequency and type of clinical features observed ( 8 ) . lachesis genera are frequently distributed in the same regions inhabited by bothrops genus ( 3 ) . the lack of treatment for lachesis bites is still a health problem in some regions , since some clinical observations suggest that bothrops antivenoms are not efficacious at neutralizing lachesis toxins ( 9 ) . thus , as reported by jorge et al . ( 4 ) , patients bitten by lachesis muta muta snakes may die or have persistently incoagulable blood after being treated with bothropic / crotalic antivenoms .\nhohmeister , a . ( 2004 ) der zentralamerikanische buschmeister ( lachesis stenophrys cope 1876 ) im terrarium . : reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 50 ) : 56 - 62\ndistinguishing between bothrops and lachesis bites depends on the identification of the snake or on enzyme immunoassay diagnosis . enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) is a method that has been demonstrated to be efficient for the detection of snake venom ( 10 , 11 ) . thus , the aim of the present study was to develop an enzymatic immunoassay as a basis for immunodiagnostic envenomations caused by lachesis .\n5 . silva j . accidentes humanos por las serpientes de los g\u00e9neros b othrops y lachesis . mem inst butantan . 1980 / 81 ; 44 - 5 : 403 - 23 . [ links ]\n24 . heneine lg , catty d . species - specific detection of venom from snakes of the bothrops and lachesis genera . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 5 ) : 591 - 603 . [ links ]\n16 . diniz mr , oliveira eb . purification and properties of a kininogenin from the venom of lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) . toxicon . 1992 ; 30 ( 3 ) : 247 - 58 . [ links ]\nenvenomations by lachesis spp . are characterized by severe coagulopathy with fibrinogen depletion , edema , hemorrhaging , pain and necrosis which may result in permanent sequelae or even death ( 4 ) . these symptoms are very similar to those of bothrops asper and b . atrox , whereas such distinctive symptoms as profuse sweating , nausea , vomiting , abdominal cramps , diarrhea and hypotension may not be manifested by all victims of lachesis bites ( 4 - 7 ) .\nthe data were subject to non - parametric statistical analysis . results are presented as mean \u00b1 standard error . significant differences between observed absorbance values of l . acrochorda and other venoms were determined by the kruskal - wallis test . a mann - whitney u test was used to determine the detection limit by comparing absorbances at each concentration of all venoms . differences were considered significant at p < 0 . 05 .\n15 . arag\u00f3n - ort\u00edz f , brenes - brenes jr , gubensek f . characterization of a lectin - like protein isolated from lachesis muta snake venom . rev biol trop . 1989 ; 37 ( 1 ) : 79 - 83 . [ links ]\n19 . fuly al , de miranda al , zingali rb , guimar\u00e3es ja . purification and characterization of a phospholipase a 2 isoenzyme isolated from lachesis muta snake venoms . biochem pharmacol . 2002 ; 63 ( 9 ) : 1589 - 97 . [ links ]\ncolombini et al . ( 14 ) showed considerable antigenic cross - reactivity between b . asper / atrox and lachesi s venoms . however , they showed by using species - specific monoclonal antibodies that some molecules were particular to l . m . muta venom in some regions . several proteins had been reported from lachesis species such as a lectin - like dimer protein , with molecular mass of 28 kda , isolated from l . muta venom ( 15 ) . an acidic kininogenin from lachesis muta venom was purified and shown to be a highly stable serine protease with a molecular mass of 27 . 9 kda , and capable of releasing bradykinin from bovine kininogen ( 16 ) . giovanni - de - simone et al . ( 17 ) isolated a kalikrein - like protein from lachesis muta rhombeata from brazil with a molecular mass of 32 kda . several reports about phospholipases a 2 have been published ( 18 - 20 ) . sanchez et al . ( 21 ) identified a serine proteinase of 33 kda , denoted lv - pa , from lachesis muta muta venom ; this toxin selectively converts plasminogen into plasmin in vitro . lv - pa , detected at the rate of 1 . 5 ng of venom per assay , was used to develop a specific elisa to detect lachesis muta muta venom ( 13 ) .\n13 . felicori lf , chavez - olortegui c , s\u00e1nchez ef . specific identification of lachesis muta muta snake venom using antibodies against the plasminogen activator enzyme , lv - pa . toxicon . 2005 ; 45 ( 6 ) : 803 - 06 . [ links ]\n6 . bola\u00f1os r , rojas o , ulloa flores ce . biomedical aspects of 4 cases of snake bites by lachesis muta ( ophidia : viperidae ) in costa rica . rev biol trop . 1982 ; 30 ( 1 ) : 53 - 8 . [ links ]\n7 . otero r , tob\u00f3n gs , g\u00f3mez lf , osorio rg , valderrama r . bites from the bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in antioquia and choc\u00f3 , colombia . report of five accidents . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 2 ) : 158 - 9 . [ links ]\n14 . colombini m , fernandes i , cardoso df , moura - da - silva am . lachesis muta muta venom : immunological differences compared with bothrops atrox venom and importance of specific antivenom therapy . toxicon . 2001 ; 39 ( 5 ) : 711 - 9 . [ links ]\n18 . fuly al , machado ol , alves ew , carlini cr . mechanism of inhibitory action on platelet activation of a phospholipase a 2 isolated from lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) snake venom . thromb haemost . 1997 ; 78 ( 5 ) : 1372 - 80 . [ links ]\n11 . chavez - olortegui c , lopes cs , cordeiro fd , granier c , diniz cr . an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) that discriminates between bothrops atrox and lachesis muta muta venoms . toxicon . 1993 ; 31 ( 4 ) : 417 - 5 . [ links ]\npurified igg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper was labeled with biotin according to the instructions of the manufacturer ( sigma - aldrich , usa ) . briefly , 2 mg of igg was diluted in 1 ml of carbonate buffer , ph 9 . 6 , and mixed with 100 \u00b5l of biotin ( 2 . 2 mg / 1 ml dmso ) . the mixture was incubated at room temperature for four hours . biotin - igg conjugate was separated from free biotin by dialysis against pbs .\nplates of 96 wells ( nunc inc . , usa ) were coated overnight at 4\u00bac with 100 \u00b5l of igg per well at 100 \u00b5g / ml . the anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper was diluted in 50 mm carbonate / bicarbonate buffer , ph 9 . 6 . the plates were then washed five times with washing buffer ( pbs ph 7 . 2 : 0 . 12 m nacl , 0 . 04 m sodium phosphate and 0 . 05 % tween 20 ) . the remaining binding sites were blocked with pbs ph 7 . 2 , containing bovine serum albumin 1 % for two hours at 37\u00bac ( 100 \u00b5l / well ) . afterwards , the plates were washed again five times with washing buffer . next , different concentrations ( 2 up to 1000 ng / ml ) of l . acrochorda , b . asper , b . schlegelii and p . nasutum venoms in sample buffer ( pbs and bovine serum albumin 1 % ) were added to the plates ( 100 \u00b5l / well ) and incubated for one hour at 37\u00bac .\n4 . jorge mt , sano - martins is , tomy sc , castro sc , ferrari ra , ribeiro la , et al . snakebite by the bushmaster ( lachesis muta ) in brazil : case report and review of the literature . toxicon . 1997 ; 35 ( 4 ) : 545 - 54 . [ links ]\n21 . sanchez ef , santos ci , magalhaes a , diniz cr , figueiredo s , gilroy j , et al . isolation of a proteinase with plasminogen - activating activity from lachesis muta muta ( bushmaster ) snake venom . arch biochem biophys . 2000 ; 378 ( 1 ) : 131 - 41 . [ links ]\n22 . otero r , furtado mf , gon\u00e7alves c , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , garc\u00eda me , osorio rg , et al . comparative study of the venoms of three subspecies of lachesis muta ( bushmaster ) from brazil , colombia and costa rica . toxicon . 1998 ; 36 ( 12 ) : 2021 - 7 . [ links ]\nsnakebite is a common and frequently devastating environmental and occupational pathology , especially in rural areas of tropical developing countries ( 1 ) . according to the national health institute of colombia , 3405 snakebite cases occurred in the country during 2009 , of which 3 . 2 % were induced by verrugoso ( lachesis spp . ) ( 2 ) .\n8 . pardal pp , sousa sm , monteiro mr , fan hw , cardoso jl , fran\u00e7a fo , et al . clinical trial of two antivenoms for treatment of bothrops and lachesis bites in the north eastern amazon region of brazil . trans r soc trop med hyg . 2004 ; 98 ( 1 ) : 28 - 42 . [ links ]\n20 . damico dc , lilla s , de nucci g , ponce - soto la , winck fv , novello jc , et al . biochemical and enzymatic characterization of two basic asp49 phospholipase a 2 isoforms from lachesis muta muta ( surucucu ) venom . biochim biophys acta . 2005 ; 1726 ( 1 ) : 75 - 86 . [ links ]\n23 . sanz l , escolano j , ferretti m , biscoglio mj , rivera e , crescenti ej , et al . snake venomics of the south and central american bushmasters . comparison of the toxin composition of lachesis muta gathered from proteomic versus transcriptomic analysis . j proteomics . 2008 ; 71 ( 1 ) : 46 - 60 . [ links ]\ncnbr - activated sepharose 4b was incubated overnight at 4\u00bac with l . acrochorda venom ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in pbs , ph 7 . 2 , and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . previously obtained unbound protein solution was loaded into the column and washed with pbs . the proteins bound to the column were eluted with 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl buffer , ph 3 . 0 . the bound fraction was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris , ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against distilled water , lyophilized , and conserved at - 20\u00bac until use . this fraction was denominated\nigg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper\n.\n9 . bard r , de lima jc , de sa neto rp , de oliveira sg , dos santos mc . inefficacy of bothropic antivenin in the neutralization of the coagulation activity of lachesis muta muta venom . report of a case and experimental confirmation . rev inst med trop s\u00e3o paulo . 1994 ; 36 ( 1 ) : 77 - 81 . [ links ]\n17 . giovanni - de - simone s , aguiar as , gimenez ar , novellino k , de moura rs . purification , properties , and n - terminal amino acid sequence of a kallikrein - like enzyme from the venom of lachesis muta rhombeata ( bushmaster ) . j protein chem . 1997 ; 16 ( 8 ) : 809 - 18 . [ links ]\ncnbr - activated sepharose 4b was incubated overnight at 4\u00bac with igg anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in phosphate buffer ( 0 . 02 m pbs ph 7 . 2 ) and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . the venom of l . acrochorda ( 20 mg / 2 ml ) was loaded in the column and washed with pbs . proteins bound to column were eluted with of 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl , buffer ph 3 . 0 . the bound fraction was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against distillated water , lyophilized , and conserved at - 20\u00bac until use . this fraction was denominated\nl . achrochorda specific fraction\n( la sf ) .\none rabbit ( female 1 . 8 to 2 kg body mass ) was subcutaneously ( sc ) immunized with 1 ml containing 0 . 5 mg / ml of the l . acrochorda venom emulsified in complete freund ' s adjuvant . after 20 days , the animal was sc injected with 1 . 0 mg / ml of venom in incomplete freund ' s adjuvant . two venom boosters of 2 . 0 and 3 . 0 mg , each diluted in incomplete freund ' s adjuvant , were injected at 20 - day intervals . blood was collected from the rabbit one day before immunization ( preimmune sera ) and ten days after the last booster dose . the serum was separated and stored at - 20\u00bac until use .\nhyperimmune sera produced against l . acrochorda venom were used for the purification of rabbit igg by means of a protein a sepharose column ( amersham biosciences ab , sweden ) . three milliliters of rabbit hyperimmunized sera was loaded into the column . the column was washed with 0 . 12 m nacl , 0 . 04 m sodium phosphate and ph 7 . 2 buffer ( pbs ) . the bound protein was eluted with 0 . 1 m glycine - hcl buffer , ph 3 . 0 . the fraction containing total igg was collected into tubes containing 0 . 5 m tris , ph 8 . 8 ( 0 . 5 ml tris / 4 ml solution ) . the fraction was dialyzed against pbs , and conserved at 4\u00bac until use .\nplates were washed five times with washing buffer , and then 100 \u00b5l / well of biotinylated ig g anti - l . acrochorda - not b . asper ( diluted in sample buffer 1 : 100 ) was added and incubated for one hour at 37\u00bac . after washing , streptavidine ( sigma , usa ) diluted in sample buffer ( 1 : 1000 ) was added and incubated for one hour at 37\u00bac . immediately after washing , 100 \u00b5l / well of abts ( sigma , usa ) diluted in citrate 0 . 1 m , ph 5 . 0 , containing 30 % hydrogen peroxide was added and incubated for 30 minutes at 37\u00bac while protected from light . subsequently , the absorbance was obtained at 405 nm in an elisa plate reader ( awareness technology , usa ) . serum samples from people not bitten were included as controls . the assay was repeated six times in duplicate .\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmadrigal m 1 , sanz l , flores - d\u00edaz m , sasa m , n\u00fa\u00f1ez v , alape - gir\u00f3n a , calvete jj .\ninstituto clodomiro picado , facultad de microbiolog\u00eda , universidad de costa rica , san jos\u00e9 , costa rica .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nb . asper venom was coupled to cnbr activated sepharose 4b . for this , cnbr - activated sepharose 4b ( amersham biosciences ab , sweden ) was incubated overnight at 4\u00bac with b . asper venom ( 5 mg / ml gel ) dissolved in 1 ml 0 . 1 m nahco 3 , and 0 . 5 m nacl , ph 8 . 3 ( binding buffer ) . the gel was later treated with 0 . 2 m glycine and incubated at room temperature for two hours . the gel was washed sequentially with binding buffer and 0 . 1 m acetate buffer , ph 4 . 0 . ten milliliters of the prepared affinity matrix was suspended in pbs , ph 7 . 2 , and later packed in a chromatography column ( 12 x 1 . 5 cm ) . the fraction of total igg was loaded into the column and washed with pbs . unbound protein was collected with pbs , ph 7 . 2 . the fraction was dialyzed against pbs , and conserved at 4\u00bac until use .\nthe whole venoms or the fraction la sf was analyzed by sds - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ( sds - page ) using 12 % acrylamide gels ( 12 ) . respective samples of 40 \u00b5g were separated under non - reducing conditions and the gels were stained with coomassie brilliant blue r - 250 . molecular weight markers were run in parallel .\ntwo milligrams of the fraction la - sf was dissolved in 200 \u00b5l of 0 . 1 % trifluoroacetic acid ( tfa ) , centrifuged for five minutes at 13 , 000 rpm , and loaded into a c 18 column ( 250 x 4 . 6 mm , 5 \u00b5m particle ; teknokroma , spain ) using an agilent 1200 chromatograph ( usa ) . elution was performed at 1 ml / minute by applying a gradient towards solution b ( acetonitrile , containing 0 . 1 % tfa ) as follows : 5 % b for five minutes , 5 - 15 % b for ten minutes , 15 - 45 % for 60 minutes , and 4570 % b for 12 minutes . absorbance was monitored at 215 nm , and fractions were manually collected and dried in a vacuum centrifuge ( savant , usa ) for subsequent characterization .\nthe major fractions obtained were separated by sds - page under reducing conditions , using 12 % gels . protein bands were excised from coomassie blue r - 250 - stained gels and subjected to reduction with dithiothreitol and alkylation with iodoacetamide . this was followed by in - gel digestion with sequencing grade bovine trypsin on an automated processor ( progest digilab , usa ) , according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . the resulting peptide mixtures were analyzed by maldi - tof - tof mass spectrometry on an applied biosystems 4800 - plus instrument ( usa ) . the resulting spectra were analyzed using proteinpilot v . 4 ( absciex , usa ) to identify proteins using the uniprot / swissprot database ( 20100622 ) and the paragon \u00ae algorithm method , at a confidence level of 99 % .\n2 . heredia m . informe anual de accidente of\u00eddico . instituto nacional de salud . colombia : sivigila - subdirecci\u00f3n de vigilancia y control en salud p\u00fablica ; 2009 . [ links ]\n3 . campbell ja , lamar ww . the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . ithaca , ny : cornell university press ; 2004 . 436 - 47 p . [ links ]\n10 . theakston rd . the application of immunoassay techniques , including enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa ) , to snake venom research . toxicon . 1983 ; 21 ( 3 ) : 341 - 52 . [ links ]\n12 . laemmli uk . cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage t4 . nature . 1970 ; 227 ( 5259 ) : 680 - 5 . [ links ]\n25 . brunda g , sashidhar rb , sarin rk . use of egg yolk antibody ( igy ) as an immunoanalytical tool in the detection of indian cobra ( naja naja naja ) venom in biological samples of forensic origin . toxicon . 2006 ; 48 ( 2 ) : 183 - 94 . [ links ]\ncorrespondence to : vitelbina nu\u00f1ez rangel programa de ofidismo / escorpionismo , universidad de antioquia medell\u00edn , colombia phone : 574 219 65 35 email : vitelbina . nunez @ urltoken .\nreceived : september 8 , 2011 . accepted : december 20 , 2011 . abstract published online : january 25 , 2012 . full paper published online : may 31 , 2012 . conflicts of interest : the authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest . financial source : universidad de antioquia ( codi project ) , and colciencias ( project 1115 - 459 - 21441 and programa de j\u00f3venes investigadores ) provided the financial grants for this project . ethics committee approval : the present study was approved by the ethics committee of antioquia university , medellin , colombia .\ncaixa postal 577 18618 - 000 botucatu sp brazil tel . / fax : + 55 14 3814 - 5555 | 3814 - 5446 | 3811 - 7241 jvat @ urltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncampbell , jonathan a . and william w . lamar ( 2004 ) the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere , 2 vols . : comstock ( cornell university press ) , ithaca , ny , 962 pp . [ review in science 305 : 182 ]\ncarrera , c . et al . ( 2009 ) gu\u00eda de campo de los peque\u00f1os vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito ( dmq ) . : publicaci\u00f3n miscel\u00e1nea n\u00b0 5 . serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) \u2013 fondo ambiental del mdmq . 1 - 89 pp . imprenta nuevo arte . quito - ecuador .\ncastro , f . ; ayerbe , s . ; calder\u00f3n , j . j . & cepeda , b . ( 2005 ) nuevo registro para colombia de bothrocophias campbelli y notas sobre b . colombianus y b . myersi ( serpentes : viperidae ) . : novedades colombianas 8 ( 1 ) : 57 - 64\ncastro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . ( 2008 ) anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . : biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277\ngarcia , e . ( 1896 ) los ofidios venenosos del cauca . m\u00e9todos emp\u00edricos y racionales empleados contra los accidentes producidos por la mordedura de esos reptiles . : cali : librer\u00eda colombiana , xv + 102 pp .\ngeneral shape very large in length , moderately stout bodied snake with a short tail and laterally compressed tail spine . can grow to a maximum of over 3 . 00 metres . head is somewhat broad and elliptical when viewed from above and distinct from neck . eyes are moderately small with vertically elliptical pupils . snout not elevated . dorsal scales are broad with rounded apices and lack apical pits . mid dorsals have prominent knob - like keels , the height of these keels decrease laterally with the first 3 to 5 scale rows being smooth . distal 13 to 18 subcaudals finely divided into 4 or 5 rows of spine - like scales .\nhabitat elevations up to about 1600 metres in tropical moist to tropical wet forest .\ndescription : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .\ntreatment summary bites likely to cause major local & systemic effects , require urgent assessment & treatment . admit all cases . antivenom important therapy . iv fluids important , avoid hypovolaemic shock .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\nantivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .\naddress : calzada de tlalpan no . 4687 toriello guerra c . p . 14050 mexico , d . f . ,\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher ."]}
{"id": 1815, "summary": [{"text": "the brazilian three-banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus ) is an armadillo species endemic to brazil , where it is known as tatu-bola ( [ t\u0250\u02c8tu \u02c8b\u0254l\u0250 ] , lit . ball armadillo ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is one of only two species of armadillo ( the other is the southern three-banded armadillo ) that can roll into a ball .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it has suffered a 30 % decline in population in the last 10 years . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "brazilian three - banded armadillo", "paragraphs": ["two species of three - banded armadillos are recognized : the brazilian three - banded armadillo ( t . tricinctus ) , and the southern three - banded armadillo ( t . matacus ) . three - banded armadillos are the only armadillo species that can roll into a ball .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo occurs in the cerrado biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . 2005 ) .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus ) and the southern three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes matacus ) are the only species who can roll themselves into a ball .\nhabitat brazilian three - banded armadillos are endemic to brazil , south america . subspecies there are no subspecies of the brazilian three - banded armadillo . interesting facts the word armadillo is spanish for\nlittle armored one\nin brazil they are known as tatu - bola . the southern three - banded armadillo and the brazilian three - banded armadillo are the only two species of armadillo that can completely roll themselves into a ball to defend themselves from predators . similar animals southern three - banded armadillo\nrodrigo castro coordinates the brazilian three - banded armadillo project at the caatinga association and is passionate about the species .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\narmadillos belong to the dasypodidae family . there are 20 species of armadillos , including the nine - banded armadillo , the giant armadillo , the common long - nosed armadillo , and the brazilian three - banded armadillo .\npictures : brazilian three - banded armadillo ( 85 kb jpeg ) ( armad . online ) , related species - southern three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes matacus ) ( 40 kb jpeg ) ( terrambiente )\nthe fact that the three - banded armadillo is a vulnerable species is very fitting .\nthe mascot of the 2014 fifa world cup \u2013 the brazilian three - banded armadillo \u2013 remains vulnerable as its population continues to decline .\nde oliveira , t . g . 1995 . the brazilian three - banded armadillo tolypeutes tricinctus in maranh\u00e3o . edentata 2 : 18 - 19 .\nthe three - banded armadillo is the only species that can roll into a ball for protection .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo , also called the la plata three - banded armadillo , is an armadillo species from south america . it is native to parts of northern argentina , southwestern brazil , paraguay and bolivia .\nit\u2019s official ! the brazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus ) is the mascot of the 2014 fifa world cup which will take place in brazil .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo mainly occurs in caatinga habitat , but it is also found in the eastern parts of cerrado habitat ( iucn 2006 ) .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo is listed as a vulnerable species and is the basis of the fuleco mascot that will feature on official merchandise and souvenirs .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus )\ntitle =\narkive species - brazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\naccording to our latest research in the brazilian market fuleco is known by 95 % of the brazilian population .\nthe three - banded armadillo , named for the three distinctive bands on its shell and found in northeastern brazil , was introduced as the mascot in september .\nover the last 10 - 12 years , the brazilian three - banded armadillo has declined due to heavy hunting , range loss , and habitat loss and degradation ( iucn 2006 ) .\nalthough the brazilian three - banded armadillo was listed as vulnerable by the iucn ( the international union for conservation of nature ) almost two decades ago , its situation is even more desperate now .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is indigenous to central south america , ranging between argentina , brazil , paraguay , and bolivia .\n\u201cthe fact that the three - banded armadillo is a vulnerable species is very fitting , \u201d said fifa secretary general jerome valcke .\nmarinho , j . , m . marques guimar\u00e3es , et al . 1997 . the discovery of the brazilian three - banded armadillo in the cerrado of central brazil . edentata 3 : 11 - 13 .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo occurs in central and northeastern brazil . it has been recorded from the states of bahia , cear\u00e1 , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe , piaui , mato grosso ( extreme east central ) , goias , the federal district , minas gerais ( extreme northwest ) , tocantins . paraiba and rio grande do norte . the brazilian three - banded armadillo has probably disappeared over much of its range , and it occurs at very low population densities . the brazilian three - banded armadillo is estimated to have experienced a population decline of more than 30 % over the last 10 - 12 years . ( iucn 2006 )\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo gave life to fuleco , but fuleco has achieved very little for the three - banded armadillo . we hope that millions of people watching the matches will become aware of the plight of this animal and that the world cup will have an impact on the fate of the species ,\nrodrigo castro told the bbc .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo is easily captured and is hunted for food . its habitat is naturally fragmented and threatened by agricultural development , cutting for charcoal and mining for the underlying calcareous deposits . ( nowak 1999 )\nsouthern three - banded armadillos are the only armadillo species that can roll up into a ball , enclosing its vulnerable parts inside its shell . baby southern three - banded armadillos are born blind and can ' t roll up like this at first .\nthe 9 - banded armadillo has 4 identical pups in every litter , either all male or all female , and the 7 - banded armadillo produces between 8 and 15 identical offspring .\nfifa says more than 1 . 7 million people in brazil took part in the vote to select the name for the three - banded armadillo .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo is found in dry , open country . it is believed to feed mainly on termites , but it may also eat other invertebrates and fruit . it obtains its insect prey by probing into the ground , under bark , and into nests with its powerful forelegs and claws . the brazilian three - banded armadillo occurs in central and northeastern brazil . this armadillo has probably disappeared over much of its range , and it occurs at very low population densities . its population has declined more than 30 % in recent years . the brazilian three - banded armadillo is easily captured and is hunted for food . its habitat is naturally fragmented and threatened by agricultural development , cutting for charcoal and mining .\nlike most armadillos , the southern three - banded is covered in plates of leathery armor that protect it from predator s . but what makes this armadillo special is its ability to roll completely into a ball . the neighboring brazilian three - banded armadillo is the only other armadillo with this adaptation . the adaptation works well in the wild\u2014only jaguars , alligators , and pumas are powerful enough to punch through the protective plates .\n1 . the nine - banded armadillo is the only species found in the u . s .\nyes , they can ! three - banded armadillos tolypeutes sp . ( cingulata : dasypodidae ) dig their own burrows\nuntil its rediscovery in the early 1990s , it was believed that the brazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus ) had become extinct ( 1 ) . this species can be distinguished by its blackish - brown armour plating , which covers the body , head and tail . the plating on the body forms two domed shells , separated by three armoured bands which are joined together by flexible bands of skin . these flexible regions allow the brazilian three - banded armadillo to roll into a ball , thereby protecting its vulnerable underparts . it is one of only two species , the other being the southern three - banded armadillo , capable of this remarkable feat . other distinctive features of the brazilian three - banded armadillo are the second , third and fourth toes of the hind feet , which are fused into a hoof - like claw . by contrast , the fore feet have five separate digits each bearing sharp , powerful claws ( 2 )\nthe three - banded armadillo is among the most poorly known species of armadillo , and is a priority for research , especially in its ecology , conservation , population genetics , reproduction , and threats .\nscientists have called on fifa and the brazilian government to designate parts of the armadillo ' s dry forest habitat as protected areas .\nearlier this month the brazilian environment ministry invited a group of over 30 scientists , including miranda and castro , to meet for a week in the natural reserve of serra das almas , in the northeastern state of ceara , to help draw up a five year national action plan for the conservation of the brazilian three - banded armadillo .\nthe outcome depends to a great extent on fifa . we still hope it will understand this is the first ever world cup that could leave a lasting legacy for biodiversity , helping to save the brazilian three - banded armadillo from extinction\n.\nsao paulo ( ap ) \u2014 brazilians have selected the name\nfuleco\nfor the three - banded armadillo mascot for the 2014 world cup after a three - month voting process that was derided by fans as undemocratic .\nsanborn cc ( 1930 ) distribution and habits of the three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes ) . journal of mammalogy 11 : 61 - 69 . [ links ]\nbrazilian ngo , associa\u00e7\u00e3o caatinga , led the campaign to make the brazilian three - banded armadillo the mascot of the 2014 fifa world cup . the iucn ssc anteater , sloth and armadillo specialist group , along with the nature conservancy , have now joined associa\u00e7\u00e3o caatinga as partners in the next stage of the campaign to increase awareness of this wonderful species and generate additional funding for conservation .\nthree - banded armadillos are blackish brown in color . most animals have three moveable bands , although some possess only two , and others may have four . members of the genus\nthe official 2014 world cup mascot , the brazilian three - banded armadillo ( the tolypeutes tricinctus ) , a creature that is indigenous to brazil , is seen in this undated handout image released to reuters september 16 , 2012 . reuters / fifa / handout\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - southern three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes matacus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - southern three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes matacus )\ntitle =\narkive species - southern three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes matacus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndiet in zoo : the three banded armadillo is fed a diet of insectivore pellets ( moistened in water ) as well as vegetables / fruit and super worms daily .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo can be found in a number of locations including : south america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nthe three - banded armadillo , which is in danger of extinction , rolls up into the shape of a ball when threatened and is commonly found in northeastern brazil .\ncardoso da silva , j . m . and d . c . oren . 1993 . observations on the habitat and distribution of the brazilian three - banded armadillo tolypeutes tricinctus , a threatened caatinga endemic . mammalia 57 ( 1 ) : 149 - 152 .\nfifa and the local organising committee ( loc ) are excited to introduce one of the most high - profile ambassadors of the 2014 fifa world cup\u2122 : a unique brazilian three - banded armadillo ( the tolypeutes tricinctus ) , a creature that is indigenous to brazil .\nthree - banded armadillos can roll completely into a ball . can you think of other animals that have evolved defensive adaptations ?\nsanborn , c . c . ( 1930 ) distribution and habits of the three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes ) . journal of mammalogy , 11 : 61 - 69 .\nbernier d ( 2003 ) north american regional studbook for the southern three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes matacus ) . chicago , lincoln park zoo , 49p . [ links ]\nthe mascot was officially launched as part of brazilian broadcaster tv globo\u2019s weekly fant\u00e1stico entertainment show , where he was welcomed by brazilian football legend and member of the loc management board , ronaldo .\nin the last evaluation of the brazilian list of endangered species last year , the three - banded armadillo moved from ' vulnerable ' to ' in danger ' because it lost nearly 50 % of its habitat in the last 15 years ( three generations for the animal ) ,\nsaid flavia miranda , deputy chair of the anteater , sloth and armadillo specialist group at the iucn .\nsanborn , c . c . 1930 . distribution and habits of the three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes ) . journal of mammalogy 11 ( 1 ) : 61 - 69 .\nfifa said the mascot , unveiled by former brazil striker ronaldo during a television programme late on sunday , represented the three - banded armadillo , an endangered species indigenous to brazil .\nthe following habitats are found across the southern three - banded armadillo distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo faces the dual threats of heavy hunting pressure and habitat loss . this species\u2019 habit of rolling into ball when threatened means that it is easily caught for food , and it has therefore suffered heavy losses throughout its range ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . in addition , its habitat has been degraded and destroyed by expanding agriculture , mining and charcoal harvesting ( 2 ) . with a low reproductive rate , the brazilian three - banded armadillo is unable to tolerate the overexploitation that is occurring and has been driven to extinction in several localities ( 3 )\nhabitat loss is a challenge for many species , including the southern three - banded armadillo . during the 20 th century , the rich rio de la plata river basin underwent agricultural development ; the habitat changed from a flood plain to cultivate d fields of crop s such as soy and sorghum . today , the southern three - banded armadillo is classified as a near threatened species .\nthe name armadillo is spanish and means \u2018little armoured one\u2019 . the most common and populated armadillo is the nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) who has extended its range in central america due to lack of natural predators .\n* * * the brazilian three - banded armadillo and its close relative tolypeutes matacus are the only two armadillos that can completely enclose themselves by rolling into a ball . there is considerable space in its shell into which it can fit its head , legs , and tail when it rolls up .\nbut fifa and the brazilian government were less committed . pressed by an international news agency , fifa declared that fuleco \u201chelped to raise awareness in brazil about the three - banded armadillo and its status of vulnerable species\u201d , but said that the mascot is not being \u201cused to promote specific environmental messages\u201d .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo is threatened by heavy hunting pressure and habitat loss . one of the main causes of deforestation in the caatinga - one of the areas this species of armadillo is found - is the extraction of native forest for the production of firewood . plantations of biofuel crops and cattle ranching are additional problems that significantly affect its habitat .\nanother growing threat to all armadillos is habitat destruction : all species except the nine - banded armadillo dasypus novemcinctus are decreasing in population . five armadillo species are classified as vulnerable .\n\u201cwe are sure that the fact that a threatened species is featured in such an important event will not only trigger conservation initiatives to save the brazilian three - banded armadillo from extinction , but also help increase awareness for biodiversity conservation in general , \u201d said dr mariella superina , chair , iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) anteater , sloth and armadillo specialist group .\nbrazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus ) \u2013 endemic to brazil , south america . one of only 2 species of armadillo that can roll itself into a ball . preferred habitat is savannas and dry woodland . main diet includes ants and termites . also eats mollusks , worms , fruit and carrion . it has a long sticky tongue to lap up ants .\nof the 20 varieties of armadillo , all but one live in latin america . the familiar nine - banded armadillo is the only species that includes the united states in its range .\nthis unique defensive strategy helped the three - banded armadillo survive 140 million years of evolution but it makes it vulnerable to human beings , because when it rolls into a ball it remains still\n.\nthis poorly known species , which is found only in brazil , is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species\u2122 . it was believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1988 in a handful of locations . the brazilian three - banded armadillo is quite unique as when threatened , it rolls up into an almost impenetrable ball with its ears tucked into the shell and the head and tail interlocked to seal the shell completely . it is one of only two species of armadillo ( the other is the southern three - banded armadillo ) that can roll into a ball .\ndue to the fact that the southern three - banded armadillo does not dig a burrow , it is easier to hunt than other armadillo species , and faces high - levels of hunting pressure across its range ( 1 ) ( 5 ) . this threat is compounded by the conversion of large amounts of its species ' habitat to agricultural land . as a result , the southern three - banded armadillo is undergoing a significant decline and may soon warrant threatened status ( 1 ) .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo is the only armadillo species endemic to brazil . while this species has probably disappeared from much of its historical range , it has been recorded in the states of bahia , cear\u00e1 , pernambuco , alagoas , sergipe , piau\u00ed , mato grosso , goi\u00e1s , the federal district , minas gerais , tocantins , para\u00edba and rio grande do norte ( 1 ) .\n\u201cthe mascot will play a key ambassadorial role in the next two years , \u201d said ronaldo , who played in three world cups and was an unused squad member in 1994 , on brazilian television .\nthe topeka zoo is excited about the arrival of their newest southern three - banded armadillo . the spherically prone boy was born may 5 th and is the third offspring of mom , \u2018erin\u2019 , and dad , \u2018mulligan\u2019 .\nthis iucn red list update also includes the re - assessment of the 2014 fifa world cup mascot , the brazilian three - banded armadillo tolypeutes tricinctus . the species is believed to have declined by more than a third over the last 10 to15 years due to a 50 % loss of its dry shrubland caatinga habitat . its status remains vulnerable .\nnine - banded armadillos are known for often giving birth to four identical pups .\nbrazilians choose name for 2014 world cup mascot fifa says more than 1 . 7 million people in brazil took part in the vote to select the name for the three - banded armadillo . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\ngestation for an armadillo lasts 60 to 120 days , depending on the species . some species , such as the southern three - banded armadillo , will have litter sizes that range from one to eight . the young are born with soft , leathery skin , which hardens within a few weeks . they reach sexual maturity in three to 12 months , depending on species .\nthe species , along with the brazilian three - banded armadillo , is the only armadillo capable of rolling into a complete ball for defense and protection . the three characteristic bands that cover the back of the animal allow it enough flexibility to fit its tail and head together , allowing it to protect its underbelly , limbs , eyes , nose and ears from predators . the shell covering its body is armored and the outer layer is made out of keratin , the same protein that builds human fingernails .\nmarinho - filho , j . , guimar\u0103es , m . m . , reis , m . l . , rodrigues , f . h . g . , torres , o . and de almeida , g . ( 1997 ) the discovery of the brazilian three - banded armadillo in the cerrado of central brazil . edentata , 3 : 11 - 13 .\ndue to the fact that the southern three - banded armadillo does not dig a burrow , and has the habit of rolling into a ball when threatened , it is easier to hunt than other armadillo species , and faces high - levels of hunting pressure across its range ( 1 ) ( 5 ) . this threat is compounded by the conversion of large amounts of its species\u2019 habitat to agricultural land . as a result , the southern three - banded armadillo is undergoing a significant decline and may soon warrant threatened status ( 1 ) .\nwhile the three - banded armadillos might be cute , they are just like every animal and part of a food web . historically , this armadillo has been hunted for food and for sale to either zoos or the exotic pet market .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo occurs in two distinct regional ecosystems , the cerrado region in central brazil , characterised by savanna and dry - forest ( 3 ) ; and the caatinga region in north - east brazil , characterised by dry shrubland and thorn forest ( 4 ) . both regions have well defined dry and wet seasons ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\narmadillos are classed as a \u2018threatened\u2019 species except for the nine - banded armadillo whose population is expanding . major threats are habitat loss and over - hunting . armadillo flesh is consumed in the americas by some cultures .\nbut three years after the announcement of the mascot we were disappointed to see that not a single action specifically focused on protecting this endangered species or its habitat had been put into practice by fifa and the brazilian government .\nthe final mascot design was chosen after fifa and the loc had analysed 47 different proposals created by six different brazilian agencies . the designs were further analysed through extensive research carried out amongst its primary target audience , brazilian children between the ages of five and twelve , with the favourite being the armadillo , created by 100 % design .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is commonly found in the most arid parts of the gran chaco ( 1 ) , but also occurs in areas of grassland and marshland between scattered forests in the state of mato grosso , brazil ( 3 ) .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is commonly found in the most arid parts of the gran chaco ( 1 ) , but also occurs in areas of grassland and marshland between scattered forests in the state of mato grosso , brazil ( 3 ) .\nthese days , the san diego zoo and san diego zoo safari park have three - banded armadillos that serve as excellent animal ambassadors , meeting guests up close and making television appearances .\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo ( tolypeutes tricinctus ) can roll itself into a ball so tight that only a puma ' s claws can penetrate its protective shell . but this evolutionary advantage hasn ' t done much to protect the species from humans , who have turned savannah habitats into inhospitable cattle ranches and soybean plantations . once found throughout brazil , the armadillos\u2014one of 20 armadillo species that live through much of north and south america\u2014are now restricted to several shrinking pockets of habitat . scientists estimate that the brazilian species ' s population has dropped by as much as 30 percent in the past decade .\ncuellar e ( 2002 ) census of the three - banded armadillo tolypeutes matacus using dogs , southern chaco , bolivia . mammalia 66 : 448 - 451 . doi : 10 . 1515 / mamm . 2002 . 66 . 3 . 439 [ links ]\nfinally , we asked that the brazilian government to accelerate the completion of the armadillo\u2019s species conservation plan . for 20 years the armadillos have been listed as vulnerable , without any formal plan to improve their status .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is found in a number of protected areas , which provide a refuge from the habitat destruction that is occurring within its range . in addition , a captive population of this species is maintained in north america ( 1 ) .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is found in a number of protected areas , which provide a refuge from the habitat destruction that is occurring within its range . in addition , a captive population of this species is maintained in north america ( 1 ) .\nthe three - banded armadillo has a long , sticky , straw - like pink tongue that allows it to gather up and eat many different species of insects , typically ants and termites . in captivity , armadillos also eat foods such as fruits and vegetables .\nthe remaining forested regions are intensely used as sources of both industrial and domestic fuelwood and extensive livestock ranching . more than 20 million people live within the caatinga , most among the poorest in brazil , boosting the hunting pressure on the three - banded armadillo .\ncontrary to popular belief , not all armadillos are able to encase themselves in their shells . in fact , only the three - banded armadillo can , curling its head and back feet and contorting its shell into a hard ball that confounds would - be predators .\nthe female brazilian three - banded armadillo produces only a single young in each litter , which is born extremely well - developed , having the appearance of a miniature version of the adult . the young is almost immediately able to walk and roll into a ball , but remains with the parent until weaned at around 72 days old . sexual maturity is reached at around 9 to 12 months ( 2 ) .\nconservation message : the biggest threat to their species is hunting pressures . humans find them easy to catch and kill . another major threat to the brazilian three banded armadillo is habitat destruction from both mining ( charcoal ) and agricultural developments in their native ranges . the two things most frequently grown in their home ranges are sugar cane and soybean plantations . other large plots of land are being cleared to house livestock .\nbolkovic ml , caziani sm , protomastro jj ( 1995 ) food habits of the three - banded armadillo ( xenarthra : dasypodidae ) in the dry chaco of argentina . journal of mammalogy 76 : 1199 - 1204 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1382612 [ links ]\nwhat lives in brazil and looks like a football ? brazil\u2019s official world cup mascot . the three - banded armadillo is a mammal native to brazil\u2019s dry tropical forests , and rolls into a ball when threatened . but nearly half of the armadillos\u2019 habitat has been cleared .\nbaby armadillos are called pups . according to the san diego zoo , twin births are common . nine - banded armadillos have four identical pups of the same gender in every litter , and the seven - banded armadillo has eight to 15 identical pups at one time .\nthree - banded armadillos live mainly in brazil\u2019s arid northeast and are threatened by habitat destruction . they are unusual among armadillos in that they can roll up into a ball to defend themselves from predators .\njudging by the many cartoonish depictions of armadillos curling up into tight balls and rolling away , you ' d assume that most species would be capable of this defense mechanism . but the only armadillos equipped with this adorable ability are the two species belonging to the tolypeutes genus , also known as the brazilian and southern three - banded armadillos . all other armadillo species have too many plates , making this kind of flexibility impossible .\nbut then the brazilian government , perhaps worried about its image abroad , finally announced on may 22 , the publication of the species\u00b4 conservation action plan .\nfrom the 11 armadillo species found in brazil , only two have the ability to roll into a ball : the one that inspired the mascot , which is endemic to brazil , and another species , the southern three - banded armadillo , tolypeutes matacus , that can be found not only in southwestern brazil but also in argentina , paraguay and bolivia\n.\nthe southern three banded armadillo is remarkable for being one of the few armadillo species capable of rolling into a ball ( 2 ) . the armour - plating that covers the body is divided into two domed shells , with three armoured bands in between , joined by flexible bands of skin . these flexures allow the body to bend in the middle , snapping the lower edges of the two body shells together , thereby forming an impregnable ball ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . other distinctive features of the southern three - banded armadillo are the second , third and fourth toes of the hind feet , which are fused into a hoof - like claw . by contrast , the fore feet have four separate digits each bearing sharp , powerful claws ( 3 )\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is found from eastern bolivia and south - western brazil , south through the gran chaco region of paraguay , to the province of buenos aires in argentina . it is known to occur from sea level up to elevations of 770 m ( 1 ) .\nbolkovi\u0107 , m . l . , caziani , s . m . and protomastro , j . j . ( 1995 ) food habits of the three - banded armadillo ( xenarthra : dasypodidae ) in the dry chaco , argentina . journal of mammalogy , 76 : 1199 - 1204 .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is found from eastern bolivia and south - western brazil , south through the gran chaco region of paraguay , to the province of buenos aires in argentina . it is known to occur from sea level up to elevations of 770 m ( 1 ) .\nfifa has not responded directly to the challenge set in biotropica magazine , but in a statement sent to the bbc , it said that choosing fuleco as the official mascot\nhas helped to raise awareness in brazil around the three - banded armadillo and its status as a vulnerable species .\nover the next several weeks , hundreds of millions of people around the world will sit and cheer in front of their televisions and computer screens as the 2014 fifa world cup takes place in brazil . some of the world ' s top athletes will be on display during the month - long soccer competition that runs from june 12 through july 13 \u2014 and so will the world cup mascot , a brazilian three - banded armadillo named fuleco .\nthere are 20 armadillo species in the americas ; most live in central or south america . only the nine - banded armadillo is native to the united states . as body size and food sources vary , so do the home range and habitat of each armadillo species . in fact , everything varies when you ' re talking about armadillos !\ngestation period lasts 120 days after which a single , blind infant is born . infants are able to roll into balls within a few hours of birth . infants are weaned at 10 weeks and reach sexual maturity at 9 \u2013 12 months . life span is up to 15 years in the wild . brazilian three - banded armadillos are classed as a \u2018vulnerable\u2019 species .\nwhile these peculiar creatures spend the majority of their time eating or sleeping , armadillos have also been known to get silly from time to time . in the video above , a southern three - banded armadillo named rollie plays with a toy bear at a zoo in green bay , wisconsin .\nthe screaming hairy armadillo gets its name from the sound it makes when threatened .\nthe armadillo mascot for the brazil 2014 world cup poses for photographs in october .\nblackish - brown in coloration , the three banded armadillo can reach between 218 and 273mm in length and weigh 1 . 0 - 1 . 5 kg . it\u2019s shell is comprised of two dome halves that are separated by three individual bands of shell . all of the shells moving pieces are connected by flexible skin . the brazilian and the southern three banded armadillos are the only two species to be able to curl into a complete ball . their tails fit along side their heads perfectly to close any gaps that might allow predators access . both the front and back feet on this armadillo have five toes . in the back , the middle three toes grow together but are separate from the outer toes . in the front , however , all five toes are separate . the front toes each have a long claw on which the animal travels ( he does not actually place his foot on the ground ) . these claws are very powerful and are used to dig .\nover the course of the world cup , it seems obvious that more people will see fuleco than will see actual brazilian three - banded armadillos . the rare animals , which live only in western brazil , were thought to be extinct until they were rediscovered in a few remote locations in the 1990s . today they are considered vulnerable to extinction , mostly due to habitat loss .\nscientific projects aimed at the long - term conservation of the brazilian three - banded armadillo resulting from this funding will be coordinated by the deputy chair of the iucn ssc anteater , sloth and armadillo specialist group , dr fl\u00e1via miranda . projects will include ; scientific research ; campaigns to raise awareness for conservation issues among the general public , especially , the local population ; the creation of protected areas ; and other actions that will help reduce the pressures on the brazilian three - banded armadillo , known locally as \u201ctatu - bola\u201d . found mainly in dry thorn scrub of north - eastern brazil , but also in bush savannah in central brazil , this species of armadillo does not dig holes but instead lives in abandoned burrows . measuring about 27cm , it is nocturnal and feeds on ants and termites as well as any grubs or spiders it encounters . it finds food by shuffling slowly along with its nose to the ground . when it detects prey , it frantically digs a hole and thrusts its nose into it , using its long , sticky tongue to lap up any food it finds .\ndesigners focused on the armadillo ' s cutest qualities to create fuleco the fifa mascot . ( photo of armadillo : heather paul / flickr ; fuleco courtesy of fifa )\nthree - banded armadillos may be found at densities of up to 7 animals per square kilometer . they are primarily solitary , although groups of up to 12 have been observed sharing the same den site during cold spells .\nall armadillos live in central and south america , except for one species . the nine - banded armadillo ranges from argentina to the southern united states , according to the animal diversity web ( adw ) at the university of michigan . since the mid - 19th century , nine - banded armadillos have expanded northward . they have been seen in florida and are now common in missouri . in 2000 , the body of a nine - banded armadillo was found in central illinois , according to adw .\nan armadillo ' s armor is made up of overlapping plates covering the back , head , legs and tail . the number of armored bands identifies the different species , according to the san diego zoo . only one species , the three - banded armadillo , can roll itself into a hard armored ball to defend itself against predators . other armadillo species simply dig a hole quickly and hunker down so that their tender stomach is protected and their armor is the only thing visible .\nalthough all armadillo species originate from south america , only the nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) has made it far enough north into the united states . if you happen to live in the south , it ' s not uncommon to find these critters rooting around in your backyard ( or sadly , on the side of the road ) . this is especially true in hot , rainy environments like texas , which named the nine - banded armadillo its state small mammal .\nthe armadillo , which is in danger of extinction , rolls up into the shape of a ball when threatened . the mascot carries the colors of the brazilian flag \u2014 the armadillo is yellow , with green shorts and a blue shell and tail . it is dressed in a white shirt with the words\nbrazil 2014\nwritten on it .\ntolypeutes comprises tolypeutes matacus ( desmarest , 1804 ) and tolypeutes tricinctus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , both species with the unique ability to roll into an almost perfect ball as a defense mechanism ( eisenberg & redford 1999 , wetzel et al . 2008 ) . these armadillo species have an average head plus body length of 25 cm and an average weight of 1 . 1 kg ( eisenberg & redford 1999 ) . the southern three - banded armadillo , t . matacus , is found primarily in the dry forests of the central region of south america , including western brazil , eastern and southern bolivia , western and northern paraguay , and northern argentina . the brazilian three - banded armadillo , t . tricinctus , occurs exclusively in the semi - arid scrub forests and savannas of the northeastern and central regions of brazil ( wetzel et al . 2008 , feij\u00f3 et al . 2015 ) .\nthe fact that the three - banded armadillo is a vulnerable species is very fitting ,\nfifa secretary general jerome valcke said in a statement .\none of the key objectives through the 2014 fifa world cup is to use the event as a platform to communicate the importance of the environment and ecology .\nthe southern three banded armadillo is remarkable for being one of the few armadillo species capable of rolling into a ball ( 2 ) . the armour - plating that covers the body is divided into two domed shells , with three armoured bands in between , joined by flexible bands of skin . these flexures allow the body to bend in the middle , snapping the lower edges of the two body shells together to form a sphere , with the bony plates covering the head and tail neatly slotting together into a gap between the adjoined body shells , thereby closing it off completely ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . other distinctive features of the southern three - banded armadillo are the second , third and fourth toes of the hind feet , which bear hoof - like claws , while in contrast , the fore feet possess sharp , powerful claws ( 3 ) .\nin order to stop its rapid decline , the brazilian three - banded armadillo requires urgent conservation action . it has been recommended that reintroduction programs be implemented to restore this species to areas of its former range , along with the provision of educational materials to highlight its plight and reduce hunting pressure ( 3 ) . it is uncertain if this species is found in any protected areas , although it hoped that a population might occur in grande sert\u00e3o veredas national park in northern minas gerais ( 1 ) .\nthe caatinga dry forest once covered nearly 845 , 000 square km or about 11 % of the brazilian territory , but has now been reduced to half of its original area .\nowing to its scarcity , relatively little is known about the biology of the brazilian three - banded armadillo ( 2 ) . like other armadillos , the diet of this species is likely to comprise invertebrates , particularly termites and ants , which are obtained by using its powerful fore claws to tear open mounds ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . it does not appear to seek refuge in burrows , and instead relies upon its ability to roll into an impregnable ball when threatened ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\nsmith p ( 2007 ) southern three - banded armadillo tolypeutes matacus ( desmarest , 1804 ) . in : smith p ( ed . ) fauna paraguay : handbook of the mammals of paraguay . vol . 2 . available online at : available online at : urltoken [ accessed : 08 / 08 / 2016 ] [ links ]\nthe giant armadillo can have up to 100 teeth , according to the san diego zoo .\na cute armadillo stands on its hind legs . ( photo : ondrej prosicky / shutterstock )\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is typically yellow or brownish in color . they are among the smaller armadillos , with a total body length of about 8 . 7 to 10 . 6 inches ( 22 to 27 cm ) and a weight of between 2 . 2 and 3 . 5 lbs ( 1 and 1 . 6 kg ) .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo has an interesting mode of locomotion , walking on its hind - legs with the tips of the foreclaws touching the ground ( 3 ) . although when threatened this species is capable of running remarkably quickly to escape , more commonly it curls into a ball , which even strong - jawed predators such as dogs are unable to break open ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . as an additional defence , while curled up , the southern three - banded armadillo will leave a small gap between the edges of the body shells open . when the predator inserts a claw or snout into this gap in an attempt to reach the soft body parts , the armadillo quickly closes it , causing pain and possibly injury to the predator ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nin related news , the southern three - banded armadillo ( t . matacus ) will be the mascot for the 2014\nsport your trainers\ncampaign , where people in scotland will pledge to wear sneakers (\ntrainers\n) in support of that year ' s commonwealth games . that mascot won ' t be a cartoon , though : a real armadillo named dillon , a resident of the edinburgh zoo , will fill the role .\nfifa said the three options were chosen by a\nhigh - profile judging committee\nthat included former brazil player bebeto and brazilian celebrities and politicians . organizers said it wouldn ' t have been feasible to allow fans to send in suggestions because the names needed to fulfill several legal requirements involving trademarks and other rights .\nan armadillo ' s hard shell is simply modified skin that serves as one way this unusual animal protects itself . when an armadillo feels threatened , it usually runs , digs , or presses its body down in the dirt to keep from getting flipped over . the three - banded armadillo is the only species that can roll up into a ball for protection : its teardrop - shaped head plate seals the opening so there are no chinks in the armor . threats to armadillos include domestic dogs , wild cats , birds of prey , and humans .\nfifa said studies showed that the top terms used by the public to describe fuleco included\nbrazilian ,\n' ' nature ,\n' ' friendly\nand\npassion for football .\nwhile nature\u2019s version is light brown in colour , fifa\u2019s mascot is yellow with green eyes and a blue shell , the colours of the brazilian flag , and will be holding aloft a football .\nthe armadillo was named as brazil\u2019s world cup mascot in an attempt to draw attention to its plight , but the brazilian government has been slow to take action . so , could football protect a species ? we thought so , and the results , if not exactly a goal , are hopeful .\nin the looks department , the nine - banded armadillo appears naked , while the pink fairy armadillo is mostly furry and has little shell . in fact , it looks like a mole wearing a fancy , armored headdress and cape ! in the size department , armadillos range in length from the pink fairy armadillo at 3 inches ( 8 centimeters ) to the giant armadillo , which can be up to 5 feet ( 1 . 5 meters ) long from head to tail and weigh up to 132 pounds ( 60 kilograms ) .\nfirst , we asked the brazilian government to fulfil its commitment to the world cup parks project . announced in late 2011 , the brazilian government promised us $ 275 million in infrastructure investments in 26 federal and 21 state and municipal protected areas . but two years later the number of protected areas that received the benefit was reduced to 16 and less than 2 % of the original money was effectively granted .\nwe were able to record other animals visiting the burrows built by t . matacus . we have recorded small rodents , small lizards and teju lizards entering and / or exiting the burrow . hence , three - banded armadillos burrowing habits could be potentially benefiting other species .\nthe southern three - banded armadillo is peculiar amoung armadillos for its rolling behavior . it can completely close its shell around its entire body . usually it leaves a small space between a section of its armor , which it forcefully closes on the hand , finger , or paw of a would - be predator . this shell is also very efficient at trapping air , which is warmed by body heat , and thus conserves heat loss . three - banded armadillos are usually solitary but occasionally group together during cold weather . they do not dig burrows of their own but use abandoned anteater burrows , or they make their dens under dense vegetation .\nfunding the soon - to - be - created park would be good . how ? by donating part of the world cup legacy trust , a multi - million dollar charity fund which will be created after the tournament in brazil , to truly protect the three - banded armadillo and its habitat . that would really be the golden goal of the world cup in brazil .\nphotos : mascot via fifa . armadillo by chris stubbs via wikimedia commons , used under creative commons license\nthe brazilian three - banded armadillo\u2014one of just two armadillo species that can roll into a complete ball\u2014was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in the 1990s . it now exists only in scattered locations , mostly in the eastern portion of the country . in addition to habitat loss , the species is also classified as\nvulnerable to extinction\nbecause of subsistence hunting , according to the international union for conservation of nature and natural resources , and climate change , according to a paper published in august in biological conservation . the paper , by scientists from university of brasilia and the jaguar conservation fund , looked at three different climate change scenarios and found that for all of them the armadillo ' s arid habitats would become unsuitable by the year 2050 . the authors concluded that existing protected habitats in brazil will fail to preserve the species from climate change\nunder any scenario\nand called for the creation of additional reserves .\nthat brings us back to fuleco . a team of scientists recently called for fifa to do more to protect the brazilian three - banded armadillo . specifically , they have called for fifa to protect 1 , 000 hectares ( about 4 square miles ) of the armadillo ' s critical habitat in the caatinga ecosystem for every goal scored over the course of the world cup .\nprotecting the remaining caatinga is extremely urgent ,\njos\u00e9 alves siqueira of the federal university of the valley of s\u00e3o francisco said in a news release in may .\nwe want the choice of one of the caatinga ' s most iconic species as the world cup mascot to be more than just a symbolic one .\nthree - banded armadillos principally eat beetle larvae , although ants and termites are an important portion of the diet during the dry season ( july to november ) . insects are obtained by burrowing into ground nests or under the bark of rotting trees . the animals also include a significant amount of fruit in their diet during the wet season . three - banded armadillos may be found at densities of up to 7 animals per square kilometer . they are primarily solitary , although groups of up to 12 have been observed sharing the same den site during cold spells .\nthis species of armadillo is easily caught by hand . its genetic makeup is very different from most armadillos .\ndescription : three - banded armadillos are typically a yellow or brownish color ranging in size from about 9 - 13 in . when full grown , weighing from 2 - 3 . 5lbs . they have a long , sticky , pink tongue to gather up their food . they have very poor eyesight , and rely on their sense of smell to hunt . just like the nine - banded armadillo can have 8 - 10 bands , they can have 2 - 4 bands . their 2nd , 3rd , and 4th toes on their hind feet are fused together , similar to a hoof . when they walk , they use the tips of their fore claws , even when they are running . they have long powerful forelimbs and claws to help them dig into termite mounds . three - banded armadillos are the only species of armadillo that can roll itself into a ball . they will roll into a ball when they feel threatened ."]}
{"id": 1819, "summary": [{"text": "bebearia paludicola , the swamp palm forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sierra leone , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , the republic of the congo , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of swampy areas in forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on calamus deerratus . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "bebearia paludicola", "paragraphs": ["img _ 1015 bebearia paludicola \u2642 | ( many thanks to t . b . larse\u2026 | flickr\nbebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon\nbebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana\nbebearia ( bebearia ) nivaria ( ward , 1871 ) = euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 = bebearia ( bebearia ) nivaria .\nbebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby\netude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .\nbebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11\nbebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20\nbebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35\nremarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .\netude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania\nbebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46\nrevision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .\nbebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda\nbebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40\netude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq\nbebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance\nbebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley\nbebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .\nbebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi\nbebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga\nbebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1\nbebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch\nbebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1\nbebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon\nbebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon\n= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 \u2642 only\nbebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft\nbebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu\nbebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui\nbebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2\nbebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4\nbebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela\nbebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]\nvan de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43\nbebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]\nbebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]\neuryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo\nguinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\nivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]\neuryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar\neuryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724\npapilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56\ne . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]\naterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast\n: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )\naterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire\neuryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar\ncameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda\neuryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe\ncameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa\neuryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\npapilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250\nzaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania\neuryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24\ne . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia\nsenegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]\neuryphene senegalensis herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98\neuryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277\neuryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8\nnigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]\neuryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus\npapilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?\neuryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )\neuryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2\neyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8\naterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone\neuryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a\neuryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]\nnigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .\neuryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons\neuryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215\neuryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490\ncoastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4\neuryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai\neuryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar\neuriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267\ncameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]\neuryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi\neuryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; \u00f6fvers . k . vetenskakad . f\u00f6rh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi\neuryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo\naurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74\neuryphene tessmanni gr\u00fcnberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea\neuryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?\neuryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons\neuryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station\neuryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons\nnigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire\neuryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station\neuryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera\neuryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria\nsierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]\nguinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria\neuryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river\neuryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state\neuryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon\nzaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .\nevena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv\neuryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala\neuryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast\nromaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar\neuphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest\neuryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons\ne . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]\ne . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]\neuryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangw\u00e9 , ogov\u00e9 valley\neuryphene ducalis gr\u00fcnberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ncontribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae\n( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nlepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species\nnew lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 7 / 2014 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 1821, "summary": [{"text": "the gulf coast jaguarundi ( puma yagouaroundi cacomitli ) is one of four subspecies of jaguarundi .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "two of these subspecies \u2014 the gulf coast jaguarundi and the sinaloan jaguarundi \u2014 are considered endangered and were put on the endangered list on june 14 , 1976 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "these cats are placed under the family felidae and the subfamily felinae because of their small size . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "gulf coast jaguarundi", "paragraphs": ["for more information the recovery plan of the gulf coast jaguarundi can be found here .\nus \u0096 h . y . cacomitli known as the gulf coast jaguarundi , h . y . tolteca called the sinaloan jaguarundi\nreduce the effects of human population growth and development on potential gulf coast jaguarundi habitat in the united states and on the jaguarundi ' s potential survival and mortality .\nwe listed the gulf coast jaguarundi as an endangered species under the act on june 14 , 1976 ( 41 fr 24062 ) . the listed cats of texas and arizona recovery plan ( with emphasis on the ocelot ) was completed in 1990 , and it briefly addressed the jaguar , jaguarundi , and margay , but focused on the ocelot , primarily in texas . the final gulf coast jaguarundi recovery plan only applies to the gulf coast subspecies of jaguarundi .\nassess , protect , and restore sufficient habitat and connectivity to support viable populations and genetic exchange of the gulf coast jaguarundi in southern texas and in mexico .\niucn red list status : not assessed as a subspecies . the gulf coast jaguarundi is listed as endangered under the u . s . endangered species act .\nit finally received a recovery plan from the department of fish and wildlife in the summer of 2014 . the gulf coast jaguarundi is set to recover by the year 2050 .\nsupport efforts to develop more effective survey techniques for jaguarundis and to ascertain the status , better understand ecological and conservation needs , and promote conservation of the gulf coast jaguarundi and its habitats .\nis it a weasel ? a cat ? a puma ? an otter ? the rare gulf coast jaguarundi is often confused for many different species due to its strange appearance resembles its cousins . the jaguarundi cat , ranging from southern texas to eastern mexico , is quite unknown due the small amount of research done on it . for this reason , people are unaware of the fact that the gulf coast jaguarundi is endangered .\ncommon name : jaguarundi kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata ( vertebrata ) class : mammalia order : carnivora family : felidae genus : felinae ( felis ) species : yaguarondi sub species : ( herpailurus yaguarondi fossata ) guatemalan jaguarundi ( h . y . cacomitli ) gulf coast jaguarundi ( h . y . panamensis ) panamanian jaguarundi ( h . y . toleteca ) sinaloan jaguarundi\nthe photo above ( top ) is a shaded region of texas where the jaguarundi is most commonly found . featured above ( bottom ) is a picture of the general area of the gulf coast jaguarundi population . this jaguarundi population is concentrated primarily in south america and mexico , a convenient climate for the jaguarundis .\nthis bobcat - sized feline , known to scientists as puma yagouaroundi cacomitli , has been on the federal endangered species list since 1976 . things haven ' t gotten much better for the jaguarundi since then . and a border wall might finish the gulf coast jaguarundi off allogether .\nfortunately , many people are aware of the critical situation of the gulf coast jaguarundi and some communities around the rio grande valley have begun to restore the cat\u2019s natural habitat , as a means of conservation . if these actions succeed , perhaps the jaguarundi will restore a stable population .\nthe primary known threats to the gulf coast jaguarundi are habitat destruction , degradation , and fragmentation associated with agriculture and urbanization , and , to some extent , border security activities . mortality from collisions with vehicles is also a threat .\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi are an extremely rare species of cat , found only in specific parts of northern america \u2013 in the western gulf coastal grasslands of southern united states and northwestern mexico . these highly endangered weasel - like wild cats are on the brink of extinction , as more and more of their natural habitat is destroyed .\nultimately , the goal of the recovery plan is to recover and delist the gulf coast jaguarundi . if that ' s not possible , an intermediate goal is to move the subspecies from endangered to threatened . the goal will be considered met when at least three or more populations are sustained in the southern texas region and when threats from habitat loss , fragmentation , and degradation have been reduced , as well as the gulf coast jaguarundi no longer being in danger of extinction .\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi , a cat native to mexico and the thornscrub habitat of southern texas , today received a long - overdue \u201crecovery plan , \u201d a document outlining necessary steps to bring the species back from the brink of extinction .\nthe main thing you can do to help the gulf coast jaguarundi is to get the word out there . right now , few people even know the animal exists and that is leading to the decrease in the jaguarundi populations . we are going to lose a species many did not even know existed . if you are in the southern texas area , you can help by reaching out and talking about the jaguarundi . you can reach out to the texas state government and try to express the importance of conserving the gulf coast jaguarundi . stay informed on the recovery of this wonderful animal !\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi eat fish they catch in rivers , as well as small mammals ( such as rabbits and armadillos ) or even jump and catch low flying birds . these wild cats have very advanced senses , making them a somewhat dangerous predator .\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi , a wild cat , looks more like a large weasel or an otter than a feline . it has a long body , short legs , a small head , small rounded ears , and is only a bit larger than your average housecat .\nthe sinaloan jaguarundi ( puma yagouaroundi tolteca ) was originally listed under the act at the same time as the gulf coast subspecies . because all of the current information indicates that the tolteca subspecies occurs entirely outside the united states and has never been confirmed within the united states , the sinaloan jaguarundi was exempted from recovery planning on june 7 , 2011 .\nthe range of the gulf coast jaguarundi is primarily from southern texas , all the way down through mexico , and through parts of south america . in the texas range , the jaguarundis are mainly found in the tamaulipan biotic province , . however , this province type has been declining throughout the twentieth century , therefore causing a decline of gulf coast jaguarundis in the united states . the last known jaguarundi died in the united states in 1986 , when a roadkill specimen was collected on the side of the road . since then , only unconfirmed sightings have been documented . now , gulf coast jaguarundis can only be found in mexico and brazil , where 40 % of them are documented to be found mainly in the tall dense grasses , and the other 60 % prefer the natural undisturbed forest . because of how little is known about the jaguarundi , the current population size is unknown .\nin january this year , the gulf coast jaguarundi at long last received a u . s . fish and wildlife service recovery plan , which is a document outlining the steps necessary to protect the species from extinction . if the plan is funded and implemented , the species could recover to \u201cunendangered\u201d levels by 2050 .\nas felines go , the little jaguarundi - - species name gulf coast jaguarundi ( puma yagouaroundi cacomitli ) - - is a bit unconventional . it actually looks more like an otter or large weasel than a cat , with its long body , short legs , small head , oddly shaped ears , and distinctive fur coat . and at around 11 pounds , it weighs less than many housecats .\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi is found in the tamaulipan biotic province of northeast mexico and south texas . within mexico it occurs in the eastern lowlands and has not been recorded in the central highlands . in southern texas , jaguarundis used dense thorny shrublands . jaguarundis will use bunchgrass pastures if dense brush or woody cover is nearby .\nalso called the otter cat . 4 ssp . endangered : panamanian j . ( herpailurus yagouaroundi panamensis ) , guatemalan j . ( herpailurus yagouaroundi fossata ) , gulf coast j . ( herpailurus yagouaroundi cacomitli ) , sinaloan j . ( herpailurus yagouaroundi tolteca )\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi hunts small rodents , birds , fish , reptiles , and amphibians . this creature is also known to jump into the air to catch low flying poultry like doves . predation often occurs in thornscrubs . recently though , due to habitat loss , they have been venturing on to agricultural properties and pursuing domestic poultry .\njaguarundis as a species seem to be doing okay . but habitat loss has pushed two of the cats ' four subspecies \u2014 the gulf coast and sinaloan jaguarundis \u2014 to the brink of extinction . when the george w . bush administration fortified border barriers in the rio grande valley in the mid - 2000s , biologists warned that the barrier to migration could doom gulf coast jaguarundis on both sides of the rio grande . a solid concrete wall , built with no heed to environmental laws , could only make things far worse .\nin 2008 , while jogging along the rio grande river in south texas , matthew webster spotted something moving . he made out the sleek , dark outline of a cat - like animal . matthew thought that he had caught a glimpse of the elusive gulf coast jaguarundi . the last confirmed sighting of this creature in the . . . full description\nclassified under the puma genus , the gulf coast jaguarundi is closely related to the cougar and the jaguar , however , only 10 % of their size . their long , slender , weasel - like bodies hold a small yet flat head as well as round ears . coming in at around 15 pounds , their bodies reach up to thirty inches while the tails themselves get up to twenty three ! a theory about how these small cats evolved from the puma lineage is that an isolated population of them began to feed on smaller prey to avoid competition with the large cats like saber - toothed tigers or lions . the diet of a carnivorous gulf coast jaguarundi now consists of small mammals , birds , frogs , and fish .\nthe primary threats to the jaguarundi are habitat fragmentation , degradation , and destruction . all of these factors are mainly associated with agriculture , urbanization , border security activities , and vehicle collisions . like previous competition hundreds of years ago , jaguarundis are now competing with bobcats in their northern range , limiting their supply of food . increased precipitation and decreased temperature from climate change is also affecting the gulf coast jaguarundi , causing them to change their habitats .\noff the coast of west africa , george heads to a remote volcanic island where a river of molten lava is engulfing a mountain village .\nthe gulf coast and sinaloan jaguarundi population is rapidly depleting from the destruction of their habitat . in the lower rio grande valley of texas , the jaguarundi habitat is being cleared for farming and from the increased human population . recently , the communities around the rio grande valley have begun to replant native shrubs in order to restore their habitat . this picture comes from a site called big cats on line , copyrighted by andrew garman which has some really nice photos at urltoken\nthe last known jaguarundi in the u . s . died on a roadway in 1986\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi is a subspecies of jaguarundi that historically ranged from the lower rio grande valley in southern texas into the eastern portion of mexico . the last confirmed sighting of this subspecies in the u . s . was in april of 1986 . most jaguarundi habitat in the u . s . is already lost to agriculture or urban development , including over 95 % of thornscrub habitat in the lower rio grande valley . jaguarundis need dense vegetation such as thornscrub to hunt prey , mainly small rodents , reptiles , and birds . preservation of remaining habitat will also help other rare species , including the imperiled ocelot , that share jaguarundi habitat .\nanother concern for environmentalists in relation to these wild cats is the proposed building of the 16 foot wall on the border of mexico and u . s . this project endangers the natural balance in the border area and the number of many animals , including the gulf coast jaguarundi might decrease drastically . even now , it is very rare to see a jaguarundi in the jungle and although there are no precise numbers of their population , it can be estimated as very low .\niucn lists the gulf coast jaguarundi as \u201cendangered\u201d which is mainly due to human actions , that have resulted in destroying most of the wild cat\u2019s natural habitat \u2013 many areas previously suited for them has been cleared and turned into farming zones . it\u2019s also hunted for it\u2019s fur , which has a very attractive natural reddish colour , though extra poacher control has reduced cases of these animals being hunted .\nconservation efforts for animals that are endangered are extremely important to the survival of the species . in the rio grande valley of texas , conservation efforts are being made by replanting the habitual plants in a jaguarundi ' s environments , such as shrubs and bushes . this is in response to the depletion of their habitat in hopes of restoring what the jaguarundi is typically used to . in december 2012 , the u . s . government wrote an article on the recovery plan of the jaguarundi in hopes to remove the jaguarundi from the \u201cact\u201d to not have to protect it any more . the government\u2019s plan basically revolved around the idea that conservation of the gulf coast region was necessary to the survival of the jaguarundi . click below to read the whole article :\nthe jaguarundi is a small wild feline located in the southern part of the american continent , including southern texas , mexico , central and south america . there is also rumored to be a small isolated population of jaguarondi in central florida . the jaguarundi is commonly called the\notter cat\ndue to its otter like appearance . the jaguarundi has an elongated body with relatively short legs and round ears . the jaguarundi also has a long tale much like a panthers . the jaguarundi ranges in colors from black to a light brown color . adult jaguarundi ' s have a solid color cote while younger jaguarundi ' s will have a small speckled or patterned coat . the jaguarundi is a carnivore and eats small animals such as fish and birds .\nwow , i feel flattered . but indeed , more people should know about the jaguarundi : )\nthe gulf coast jaguarundi is a subspecies of jaguarundi that historically ranged from the lower rio grande valley in southern texas into the eastern portion of mexico in the states of coahuila , nuevo leon , tamaulipas , san luis potosi , and veracruz . the last confirmed sighting of this subspecies in the u . s . was in april of 1986 . most jaguarundi habitat in the u . s . is already lost to agriculture or urban development , including over 95 % of thornscrub habitat in the lower rio grande valley . jaguarundis need dense vegetation such as thornscrub to hunt prey , mainly small rodents , reptiles , and birds . preservation of remaining habitat will also help other rare species , including the imperiled ocelot , that share jaguarundi habitat .\nupdating the distribution and population status of jaguarundi , puma yagouaroundi ( \u00e9 . geoffroy , 1803 ) . . .\nwe , the u . s . fish and wildlife service , announce the availability of our final recovery plan for the gulf coast jaguarundi under the endangered species act of 1973 , as amended ( act ) . we have developed this final recovery plan to comply with a september 16 , 2010 , stipulated settlement agreement between wildearth guardians and the secretary of the interior . this species historically occurred in southern texas in the united states , and is currently known to occur in eastern mexico as far south as veracruz .\nboca chica , a finger of mostly undeveloped land in south texas between the brownsville ship channel and a part of the rio grande forming the riverine u . s . - mexico border , is a haven for many endangered and threatened animals . the creatures include the leatherback , loggerhead , hawksbill , green and kemp\u2019s ridley sea turtles , as well as birds like the piping plover , red knot , and northern aplomado falcon . it is also the habitat of two rare cats , the gulf coast jaguarundi and ocelot .\nthe mainland west coast of mexico ( region 27 * ) contains several important areas for waterfowl . these habitats consist of tidal estuaries connected with brackish water marshes along the coast and inland fresh water wetlands and reservoirs . fresh water streams and irrigation water empty into tidal lagoons and create flats , tidal pools , mangrove swamps and emergent vegetation dominated by cattail , bulrush , wigeongrass , muskgrass and algae .\nthese jaguarundi have a reddish or a charcoal gray fur , short ears and short legs . their natural habitat is lowland brush areas , usually close to water . as a true predatory cat , the jaguarundi can both swim and climb very well .\nas with all members of felidae , the jaguarundi walks on four feet , in a digitigrade manner\u2014that is on its toes .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - jaguarundi facts\n( online ) . accessed\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service ( service ) published the plan late yesterday , the result of a settlement agreement with wildearth guardians . despite listing the gulf coast jaguarundi as \u201cendangered\u201d under the endangered species act in 1976 , the service failed to designate critical habitat or write a recovery plan for the critically imperiled cat . guardians challenged the service\u2019s failure to produce a recovery plan specific to the species in 2009 . if the recovery plan is funded and followed , the service predicts the species could be removed from the list of imperiled species in 2050 .\nin 2008 , while jogging along the rio grande river in south texas , matthew webster spotted something moving . he made out the sleek , dark outline of a cat - like animal . matthew thought that he had caught a glimpse of the elusive gulf coast jaguarundi . the last confirmed sighting of this creature in the united states was in 1986 , however . could this rare animal still be living in the u . s . ? in jaguarundi : otter cat , kids go on a real - life adventure with wildlife biologists linda laack and arturo caso as they track these endangered animals in the wild . along the way , children will discover the jaguarundi\u2019s life cycle , diet , behavior , and physical characteristics\u2014and find out what can be done to save this amazing animal . large , full - color photos and a dramatic narrative format will keep readers turning the pages . jaguarundi : otter cat is part of bearport\u2019s america\u2019s hidden animal treasures series .\nfemales produce litters of anywhere from one to four kittens after an approximately seventy to seventy five day gestation period . kittens are born with spots that later disappear , similar to cats such as cougars and lions . at around six weeks of age , kittens begin a diet of solid food , reaching sexual maturity at two to three years old . like any other animal , the gulf coast jaguarundi has a certain time of year in which mating occurs . for this fine creature , mating usually takes place as early as november and as late as the end of december .\njaguarundi .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nthe jaguarundi is mostly terrestrial , preferring to hunt on the ground , but it also is a good climber and is comfortable in trees .\na male will have a home range several times larger than that of the jaguar , who weighs over 10 times more than a jaguarundi .\nhas expressed concern that the presence of the jaguarundi in south texas may be imperiled due to loss of the cat ' s native habitat .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - jaguarundi ( puma yagouaroundi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - jaguarundi ( puma yagouaroundi )\ntitle =\narkive species - jaguarundi ( puma yagouaroundi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\njune 2009 - wildearth guardians files suit against the u . s . fish and wildlife service for failing to develop a recovery plan for the jaguarundi\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\njaguarundi\n.\nin some spanish speaking countries , the jaguarundi is also called leoncillo , which means little lion . other spanish common names for the jaguarundi include :\ngato colorado ,\ngato moro ,\nle\u00f3n brenero ,\nonza ,\nand\ntigrillo\n( caso et al . 2008 ) .\njaguarundi .\nbeacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nhershkovitz , p . 1999 . jaguarundi . pp . 666 in encyclopedia americana , vol . 15 , year 1999 edition . danbury , connecticut : grolier .\nthe jaguarundi is an oddball among cat species \u2013 at first glance it looks more like a large weasel . its long body , small rounded ears , small head , honey - brown eyes , and uniform fur distinguish it from other neotropical cats , such as the spotted ocelot with which it shares its u . s . range . the jaguarundi , weighing around 11 pounds , is smaller than the ocelot and is sometimes killed by the larger cats . this may be part of the reason the jaguarundi is most active during the day , avoiding the nocturnal ocelot . but the jaguarundi may also emerge at night , especially when the moon is full .\nadjacent to the west coast lies 1 . 2 million ha of irrigated agriculture in the state of sinaloa ( including los mochis , guasave , guamuchil and the culiacan agricultural valleys ) and approximately 456 , 000 ha in the state of sonora ( including the yaqui and mayo valleys ) . these upland areas were converted to intensive agriculture during the last 30 to 40 years . as a result there have been major changes to west coast wetlands , as they have become less saline , more densely covered by cattails , and subjected to discharges of agricultural pesticides and fertilizers .\nassure the long - term viability of jaguarundi conservation through partnerships , the development and application of incentives for landowners , application of existing regulations , and public education and outreach .\nthe jaguarundi is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i and appendix ii of cites ( 5 ) .\nthe jaguarundi once ranged throughout southern texas and southeastern arizona , and along both coasts of mexico south into central america . it was especially prevalent in the native brushlands of the lower\n[ note : the jaguarundi species is classed as least concern by the iucn red list . they range from the southern usa down through central and south america to argentina . ]\nthe jaguarundi is listed as least concern on the iucn red list . however , it is believed to be much less abundant than commonly perceived and could even be in near threatened status except for the lack of information to access . the jaguarundi is protected in many nations , including brazil , argentina , uruguay , paraguay , bolivia , mexico , among others .\nthe jaguarundi has short legs and an appearance somewhat like an otter . early german zoologists called the species\nweasel cat\nbecause of its resemblance to members of the family mustelidae . the jaguarundi has short and rounded ears . it tends to be smaller , more elongated , and with sorter limbs than other small neotropical felids ( rick and lundrigan 2004 ) .\nupdating the distribution and population status of jaguarundi , puma yagouaroundi ( \u00e9 . geoffroy , 1803 ) ( mammalia : carnivora : felidae ) , in the southernmost part of its distribution range\n, months after the last american jaguarundi was killed . the jaguarundis were listed because of how fast their population was decreasing , especially in the united states , because of habitat loss .\njaguarundi is the common name for a small - to medium - sized new world wild cat , puma yagouaroundi , characterized by an elongated ,\nweasel\n- like body , short legs , rounded ears , long tail , and an unspotted fur that comes in a few different color morphs . the jaguarundi is found in mexico , central america , and south america .\nmanzani , p . , e . monteiro filho . 1989 . notes on the food habits of the jaguarundi , felis yagouaroundi . mammalia , 53 ( 4 ) : 659 - 660 .\nmccarthy , t . 1992 . notes concerning the jaguarundi cat ( herpailurus yagouaroundi ) in the caribbean lowlands of belize and guatemala . mammalia , 56 ( 2 ) : 302 - 306 .\naccording to the center for biological diversity , jaguarundis disappeared from south texas due to habitat loss to agriculture and residential development . the last known jaguarundi in the state died on a roadway in 1986 .\nthe jaguarundi\u2019s historic range stretched from southeastern arizona and southern texas , through mexico , to portions of south america . in the u . s . , they are found mainly in tamaulipan thornscrub , a habitat that is rapidly disappearing . the most important remaining u . s . stronghold for the jaguarundi is the laguna atascosa national wildlife refuge in texas . the refuge itself is increasingly an island amidst roads , agricultural crops , and development , due to a rapidly increasing human population in the lower rio grande valley . in addition to the threat of habitat loss , the jaguarundi faces greater risk of road mortality .\nthe jaguarundi may have ranged into southeastern north america as well . it\u2019s also known as the otter cat due to its cylindrical shape . it\u2019s closely related to the cougar but is about 10 % its size .\nthe jaguarundi has been recognized as an endangered species since 1976 , and the last known cat in the u . s . died on a roadway in 1986 . the major threat to jaguarundis is habitat loss and fragmentation .\nadult jaguarundis have quite a repertoire of vocalizations they use to greet friends , court lovers , and establish communication between mothers and their litters . scientists who have studied the jaguarundi believe it has at least 13 different calls .\nwith 75 percent of its historic u . s . habitat wiped out , a figure that rises to more than 90 along the coast , the quino checkerspot can ' t afford to lose any more habitat . and even if border wall construction activities don ' t take out the quino ' s habitat along the border , the wall itself may prove a serious blow to the butterfly .\nwhere found : eastern mexico and southern texas , making it the northernmost of eight jaguarundi subspecies . the cats haven ' t been confirmed in the u . s . in nearly three decades , although unconfirmed sightings continue to trickle in .\nbrown , d . e . , and gonzalez , c . a . ( 1999 ) .\njaguarundi ( felis yagouaroundi tolteca )\n. journal of the arizona - nevada academy of science ( 32 ) . pp . 155\u2013157 .\notay mesa mint ( pogogyne nudiuscula ) , a foot - tall , aromatic member of the mint family that sports bright purple flowers , used to be significantly more common , with recorded populations in vernal pools up and down the coast from san onofre into baja . it ' s now known from just seven spots right along the border in the vicinity of otay mesa and the tijuana international airport .\nthe natural habitat of the jaguarundi once ranged from southeastern arizona and southern texas , down though mexico , to areas of south america . in the u . s . , they are found primarily in tamaulipan thornscrub , a rapidly diminishing habitat .\nin january of this year , the u . s . fish and wildlife service finally developed a recovery plan for the species . if the plan is funded and implemented , jaguarundi populations will be returning to the rio grande valley in southern texas .\nnotable conservation programs : none , although the u . s . fish and wildlife service finally published a recovery plan ( pdf ) for the subspecies earlier this month following a lawsuit by wildearth guardians . the plan lists several actions that would be necessary to reestablish jaguarundi populations in texas , including assessing habitat and land connectivity for migration , developing survey techniques to count the animals , and developing partnerships to help promote jaguarundi conservation . fws will also explore the possibility of reintroducing the animals to texas from mexico .\nin addition to its unique appearance , the jaguarundi differs from other small new world cats in many aspects of its biology and behaviour . individuals may travel widely in unusually large home ranges and are more terrestrial than many other species , though are also agile climbers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . the jaguarundi is also much more diurnal than most cats ( 3 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) . the diet consists mainly of small mammals , birds and reptiles , as well as occasional amphibians , fish and larger mammals ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the jaguarundi has been observed to jump up to two metres off the ground to swat at birds in the air ( 6 ) .\nthe recovery plan emphasizes identifying , protecting , restoring , and connecting potential habitat in southern texas . the service also intends to study the feasibility of reintroducing jaguarundi in texas , as well as learn more about these elusive cats through population and habitat surveys .\n2003 . jaguarundi : herpailurus yaguaroundi . pp . 390 in m hutchins , d kleiman , v geist , m mcdade , eds . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , vol . 14 , 2nd edition . farmington hills , mi : gale group .\nthe jaguarundi ( puma yagouaroundi ) is part of the felidae family , which belongs to the carnivora order within the mammals ( class mammalia ) . felidae usually is divided into two subfamilies , pantherinae ( which includes\nbig cats\nlike lions , jaguars , tigers , and leopards ) and felinae ( which includes the\nsmall cats ,\nalthough some can be large , like the cougar ) . the jaguarundi is part of the felinae subfamily and share the same genus , puma , as the cougar ( puma concolor ) .\nwe have black jaguarundi on our property in the mountains of costa rica\u2026 they ' re good at hiding so sightings are not common , but one of our workers saw one just two days ago . feel free to visit our website , if you ' re interested : urltoken\njaguarundis are carnivores and hunt a variety of small mammals , reptiles , birds , frogs , and fish . besides animal matter , jaguarundis stomach contents often contain a small amount of plant material and arthropods . birds are often the prey of choice and the jaguarundi diet usually includes\nthe jaguarundi is closely related to the much larger and heavier cougar , having a similar genetic structure and chromosome count . while both species are in the genus puma it is sometimes classified under the genus herpailurus , and until recently both cats were classified under the genus felis .\nthanks to decades of conservation work , the number of nesting ridleys increased 12 to 17 percent per year in the first decade of this century , but it decreased by 25 percent in 2013 and 45 percent in 2014 compared with 2009 . the decline may be partly due to the deepwater horizon oil spill\u2013data remain confidential as part of the damage assessment process until court cases are settled\u2013as well as shrimp trawling without protective devices , and unusually high and low freshwater inflows into the gulf of mexico .\ndespite the common name , the jaguarundi is much more closely related to mountain lions than it is to jaguars . mountain lions average about ten times the size of jaguarundis , leading scientists to conjecture that an isolated population of cougars may have been forced to subsist on small prey such as rodents and frogs for long enough to evolve a much smaller size . now , the jaguarundi species stretches from southern argentina through the amazon , the northern andes , and central america to mexico , with a minute sliver of south texas at the very northernmost end of the species ' territory .\nowing to its weasel - like appearance , the dark morph jaguarundi is often mistaken for the tayra ( eira barbara ) , a large mustelid , but can be distinguished by the absence of the tayra\u2019s yellowish throat spot ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) , and by having a very long , slender tail with very short hair ( 9 ) . the jaguarundi is quite a vocal cat , with at least 13 distinct calls recorded , including a purr , whistle , scream , chatter , yap , and a bird - like \u201cchirp\u201d ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe iucn recommend that the status of the jaguarundi is regularly reviewed , as it may be more threatened than currently believed ( 1 ) . the species is protected across most of its range , with hunting illegal in many countries ( 1 ) ( 8 ) , and international trade is monitored and controlled under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 5 ) . north and central american populations are particularly at risk , with the jaguarundi now very rare or possibly even extinct in the usa , and also in uruguay ( 8 ) . the tighter cites listing of the northern populations , on appendix i , reflects the more threatened status ( 5 ) . jaguarundi numbers are expected to be relatively low even in protected areas , and further study into the species\u2019 ecology , biology and conservation status has been recommended in order to help protect this unusual cat ( 1 ) .\nthe iucn recommend that the status of the jaguarundi is regularly reviewed , as it may be more threatened than currently believed ( 1 ) . the species is protected across most of its range , with hunting illegal in many countries ( 1 ) ( 8 ) , and international trade is monitored and controlled under the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 5 ) . north and central american populations are particularly at risk , with the jaguarundi now very rare or possibly even extinct in the usa , and also in uruguay ( 8 ) . the tighter cites listing of the northern populations , on appendix i , reflects the more threatened status ( 5 ) . jaguarundi numbers are expected to be relatively low even in protected areas , and further study into the species ' ecology , biology and conservation status has been recommended in order to help protect this unusual cat ( 1 ) .\nthe jaguarundi inhabits a broad range of both open and closed habitats , including rainforest , swamp and savanna woodland , savanna , thickets , and semi - arid thorn scrub . it may also occur in secondary vegetation and disturbed areas , but is thought to prefer areas with at least some dense ground cover ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . a mainly lowland species , the jaguarundi can be found at elevations of up to 2 , 000 metres , though may occur at up to 3 , 200 metres in some areas ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .\nthe jaguarundi inhabits a broad range of both open and closed habitats , including rainforest , swamp and savanna woodland , savanna , thickets , and semi - arid thorn scrub . it may also occur in secondary vegetation and disturbed areas , but is thought to prefer areas with at least some dense ground cover ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . a mainly lowland species , the jaguarundi can be found at elevations of up to 2 , 000 metres , though may occur at up to 3 , 200 metres in some areas ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .\nthe coat of the jaguarundi is unspotted and uniform in color . there are several color morphs , and varying from blackish to brownish gray ( gray phase ) or from foxy red to chestnut ( red phase ) . the two main color phases\u2014dark grayish - black and reddish\u2014were once thought to represent two distinct species ; the gray one called jaguarundi , and the red one called eyra . however , these are the same species and both color phases may be found in the same litter ( caso et al . 2008 ; rick and lundrigan 2004 ) . its coat has no markings except for spots at birth .\nthe jaguarundi is found from central argentina ( at about 39\u00b0s ) , through uruguay , brazil , and paraguay , and north through the rest of south america and through central america to the eastern lowlands of chipinque national park in nuevo leon , mexico and the western lowlands of mexico ( caso et al . 2008 ) . there are reports of the jaguarundi being found as far north as southern texas and arizona in the united states , but such sightings are not well documented ( rick and lundrigan 2004 ) . caso et al . ( 2008 ) report that it is probably extinct in the united states .\n) is a weasel - like cat about twice the size of a large housecat . head and body length can reach up to 31 in ( 80 cm ) ; its tail may be up to 24 in ( 60 cm ) long . its body is slender , its head and ears are small , and its features are flattened . the jaguarundi has two color phases : brownish gray and chestnut . the two color phases were once thought to represent two distinct species ; the gray one called\njaguarundi ,\nand the red one called\neyra ;\nbut they are now recognized as the same species\nthe jaguarundi is considered to be mostly diurnal ( caso et al . 2008 ) , although it may exhibit crepuscular and nocturnal behavior depending on location . it can avoid direct competition with ocelots through diurnal behavior ( rick and lundrigan 2004 ) . they are good swimmers and climbers ( rick and lundrigan 2004 ) .\nthis cat is closely related to the much larger and heavier cougar as evident by its similar genetic structure and chromosome count ; both species are in the genus puma . however , the jaguarundi sometimes is classified under a separate genus , herpailurus and until recently , both cougars and jaguarundis were classified under the genus felis .\nmajor threat : habitat loss and fragmentation . the cats depend on dense vegetation to hunt their prey , which includes everything from birds to rodents to lizards . the jaguarundi is one of the species frequently mentioned as being at risk from the mexico - united states border fence , which would further fragment populations and prevent migration .\ntaxonomy is currently under review by the iucn ssc cat specialist group . johnson et al . ( 2006 ) and eizirik et al . ( 2008 ) placed yagouaroundi in the genus puma . however , agnarsson et al . ( 2010 ) noted that the jaguarundi is not a sister species to the puma . more recently segura et al . ( 2013 ) looked at cranial development within the puma clade and found that while this is similar in cheetah and puma , that of the jaguarundi is quite different . given these phylogenetic uncertainties , and these and other morphological and behavioural differences , the iucn ssc cat specialist group retains this species in herpailurus .\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) estimated more than a 90 percent decline in lower rio grande valley brushland in texas and described the habitat as rapidly disappearing along the rio grande in mexico as well . from 1991 to 2000 alone , approximately 113 , 126 acres of suitable jaguarundi habitat were destroyed in south texas . precious thornscrub in the rio grande valley is disappearing at an alarming rate . that\u2019s a serious blow for both the jaguarundi and the ocelot , which both depend on this increasingly rare habitat type . and , like many other animals on the border between the u . s . and mexico , the jaguarundi is threatened by a myriad of human border activities including immigration , drug trafficking , police and military actions , border installations and fences , and artificial lighting . to create a safe haven for the jaguarundi and a host of other trans - border animals , scientists and land managers on both sides of the border are calling for international cooperation between the u . s . and mexico . this is in stark contrast to the current national u . s . drive to separate the people and ecosystems of the two countries . preservation of the biodiversity of both countries will require a consistent , dedicated effort from the u . s . and mexican governments working in collaboration . but such action has not been forthcoming .\n\u201cthis recovery plan is a long overdue and important step to safeguarding rapidly disappearing jaguarundi habitat , \u201d said taylor jones , endangered species advocate for wildearth guardians . \u201cthese beautiful and rare cats waited nearly forty years for a path to recovery . we call on the service to now fully and effectively implement the recovery plan and prevent this species\u2019 extinction . \u201d\nsketch of the jaw bone of a cat found at the ladds fossil site . click to enlarge . dr . clayton ray thought this specimen was most like the jaw bone of a jaguarundi , but other scientists have concluded it\u2019s from a cat that was more like a margay . this page is from the below referenced paper authored by dr . ray .\nthe jaguarundi are considered to be solitary animals , that hunt and live alone , except for breeding season which occurs from september to november . after a gestation period of 70 days , birth is given to one or two kittens . they remain dependent on the mother for as long a period as two years , which is quite unusual for predatory mammals .\nphoto of a jaw bone of a cat found at the isle of hope site near savannah , georgia . click to enlarge . every measurement of this specimen falls within the size range of both margay and jaguarundi . this means it can\u2019t be conclusively identified . it\u2019s slightly smaller than most specimens identified as leopardus amnicola . page from the below referenced study authored by dr . hulbert .\ndevelopment along the u . s . / mexico border also poses threats to the jaguarundi and many other border species . barriers along the border destroy and fragment habitat , reduce access to habitat and resources , including food and water , and isolate wildlife populations . approximately 70 miles of fence have been proposed in the lower rio grande valley , 56 miles of which are already constructed .\nmuch of the irrigated farmland supported rice production after it was developed . this crop is very beneficial to waterfowl . however , between 1981 and 1998 , rice production has decreased in the state of sinaloa from 65 , 900 to 2 , 400 ha . this was correlated with a drop in use of the region by northern pintail from 880 , 000 birds in 1989 , to 228 , 000 in 1990 and 310 , 000 for 1991 . about 5 , 000 ha of 21 . 2 million ha of agricultural land on the west coast is currently in rice production . these changes are due to production costs in comparison to other crops .\ncontrary to earlier characterizations of this species as relatively common and abundant ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) , research indicates that the jaguarundi is an uncommon , low density species . densities are very low everywhere it has been sampled , and jaguarundis are more commonly found at 0 . 01 - 0 . 05 / km\u00b2 or lower ( de oliveira et al . submitted ) , but reaching up to 0 . 2 / km\u00b2 in a few and restricted high density areas ( caso 2013 ) . the jaguarundi\u2019s density / numbers are negatively impacted by those of the larger sized ocelot ( the \u201cocelot effect\u201d ) ( de oliveira et al . 2010 , caso 2013 ) . considered near threatened in argentina ( diaz and ojeda 2000 ) and threatened in mexico ( semarnat 2010 ) .\njaguarundis plays an important role in terrestrial ecosystems through control of their prey species , which includes small mammals , birds , and other vertebrates . in controlling mice , rats , and rabbits , they also control the population of agricultural pests . the jaguarundi is is not particularly sought after for its fur , but it is suffering decline due to loss of habitat and habitat fragmentation . they also are killed as predators of poultry .\njohn petrey i live in lower alabama , specifically robertsdale , in a rural area . yesterday afternoon a cat crossed the road in front of me . it was light colored , not real big , maybe even about the same size as a domestic cat , but the really unique thing about it was its ' tail was extremely long . i ' ve been looking at photos and this jaguarundi is the closest thing i can find .\nthe recovery plan stresses identifying , protecting , restoring , and connecting potential habitat in southern texas in the rio grande valley . the u . s . fish and wildlife service also intends to evaluate the possibility of reintroducing jaguarundi in texas . scientists know very little about this shy little cat who quickly heads into the underbrush when disturbed . the recovery plan would include improving techniques for tracking the cats and learning more about them through population and habitat surveys .\nthe jaguarundi has a wide distribution across north , central and south america , from southern texas in the united states , south as far as northern argentina ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . it has also been reported from arizona ( 4 ) ( 7 ) , but its status here remains unclear ( 7 ) ( 10 ) , and the species may in fact now be extinct in the united states ( 1 ) .\nthe jaguarundi has a wide distribution across north , central and south america , from southern texas in the united states , south as far as northern argentina ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . it has also been reported from arizona ( 4 ) ( 7 ) , but its status here remains unclear ( 7 ) ( 9 ) , and the species may in fact now be extinct in the united states ( 1 ) .\nthe jaguarundi is a carnivore and preys upon fish , small mammals , reptiles , amphibians , and birds , including rabbits , mice , rats , junglefowl , and iguanas . some plant material and arthropods are also consumed , based on stomach contents ( rick and lundrigan 2004 ) . while the diet is mostly small animals with a mean prey mass of 380 grams , larger sized prey greater than 1 kilogram is not unusual ( caso et al . 2008 ) .\nthe largely diurnal behaviour and open habitats of the jaguarundi mean that it is often the most commonly seen cat within its range , leading to the mistaken belief that it is relatively abundant . now believed to be much less common that previously thought , the species is undergoing a decline , largely as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation as savannas are converted for large - scale agriculture and pasture ( 1 ) . although more flexible in its habitat requirements than many other small cat species , and not commercially exploited for its pelt , the jaguarundi is a notorious predator on domestic poultry , and killing of jaguarundis to protect poultry is considered to have a major impact on its population ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . it may also be caught in traps set for other , commercially valuable species ( 1 ) ( 8 ) , and is thought to suffer from competition with the larger ocelot ( leopardus pardalis ) ( 1 ) .\nthe largely diurnal behaviour and open habitats of the jaguarundi mean that it is often the most commonly seen cat within its range , leading to the mistaken belief that it is relatively abundant . now believed to be much less common that previously thought , the species is undergoing a decline , largely as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation as savannas are converted for large - scale agriculture and pasture ( 1 ) . although more flexible in its habitat requirements than many other small cat species , and not commercially exploited for its pelt , the jaguarundi is a notorious predator on domestic poultry , and killing of jaguarundis to protect poultry is considered to have a major impact on its population ( 1 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . it may also be caught in traps set for other , commercially valuable species ( 1 ) ( 8 ) , and is thought to suffer from competition with the larger ocelot ( leopardus pardalis ) ( 1 ) ."]}
{"id": 1823, "summary": [{"text": "hyrcanogobius bergi , the volga dwarf goby , is a species of goby endemic to the caspian sea where it occurs in fresh , brackish and marine waters along the coast .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "unusually for gobies , this species is almost a pelagic fish .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 3.6 centimetres ( 1.4 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "hyrcanogobius bergi", "paragraphs": ["placed in a separate genus hyrcanogobius by some authors on the basis of slightly different organisation of cephalic sensory pores .\n( of knipowitschia bergi ( iljin , 1928 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nnorthern and southeastern caspian sea ; deltas of ural and volga ; along western coast southward to daghestan .\nhabitat : a near - pelagic coastal marine species ; found in areas with different salinities , including fresh water . biology : lives one year . matures at 18 - 20 mm sl . spawns after first winter , in may - july , down to 2 - 7 m . females probably lay 2 - 3 portions of eggs ( 0 . 4 \u00d7 1 . 0 mm ) , separately attached inside a mollusc shell . adults probably die soon after spawning . feeds on small crustaceans .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nthis near - pelagic coastal marine species is found in areas with different salinities , including freshwater . it lives for a year and matures at 18 - 20 mm sl . spawns after first winter , may - june , down to 2 - 7 m , with females probably laying 2 - 3 portions of eggs ( 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 mm ) , separately attached inside a mollusc shell ; and adults dying soon after spawning . feeds on small crustaceans ( ref . 59043 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1826, "summary": [{"text": "lepidochrysops jacksoni is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in uganda , from the south-western part of the country to tororo and to the north and west madi .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of areas with short grass and lamiates on the rocky slopes of hills and ridges . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lepidochrysops jacksoni", "paragraphs": ["the patrician blue ( lepidochrysops patricia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe potchefstroom blue ( lepidochrysops procera ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops chloauges , the jade blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops solwezii , the roseate blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops longifalces , the msasa blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe highveld blue ( lepidochrysops praeterita ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops inyangae , the nyanga blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops violetta , the violet blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe southern blue ( lepidochrysops australis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe zulu blue ( lepidochrysops ignota ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe ketsi blue ( lepidochrysops ketsi ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe monkey blue ( lepidochrysops methymna ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe peninsula blue ( lepidochrysops oreas ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe koppie blue ( lepidochrysops ortygia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe mouse blue ( lepidochrysops puncticilia ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nthe silvery blue ( lepidochrysops glauca ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops kocak , the giant blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops lukenia , the lukenia blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops peculiaris , the peculiar blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nvan son\u2019s blue ( lepidochrysops vansoni ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops elgonae , the elgon blue , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe swartberg blue ( lepidochrysops swartbergensis ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nloewenstein\u2019s blue ( lepidochrysops loewensteini ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops polydialecta , the lilac giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops arabicus , the arabian giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops kitale , the kitale giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe free state blue ( lepidochrysops letsea ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops parsimon , the western giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe estcourt blue ( lepidochrysops pephredo ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe outeniqua blue ( lepidochrysops outeniqua ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe coastal blue ( lepidochrysops littoralis ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe wineland blue ( lepidochrysops bacchus ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe twin - spot blue ( lepidochrysops plebeja ) is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops quassi , the tailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nwykeham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops wykehami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\npennington ' s blue ( lepidochrysops penningtoni ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\npringle ' s blue ( lepidochrysops pringlei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nswanepoel ' s blue ( lepidochrysops swanepoeli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nquickelberge ' s blue ( lepidochrysops quickelbergei ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nbadham ' s blue ( lepidochrysops badhami ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nthe ball ' s blue ( lepidochrysops balli ) is a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlepidochrysops is a genus of butterfly in the lycaenidae family . the members ( species ) are found in the afrotropical ecozone .\nlepidochrysops hypopolia , known as morant ' s blue ( afrikaans : morant - bloutjie ) , was a species of butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlibert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 72\nseitz , a . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde 13 : die afrikanischen tagfalter . plate xiii 73\nthis page was last modified on 10 may 2016 , at 08 : 12 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) ."]}
{"id": 1828, "summary": [{"text": "euaspidoceras is an extinct ammonoid cephalopod genus that lived during the middle jurassic .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "ancestor of euaspidoceras is probably aspidoceras .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is considered related to genera like orthaspidoceras , simaspidoceras , and intranodites . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "euaspidoceras", "paragraphs": ["euaspidoceras ajax ( h . a . leanza , 1947 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\neuaspidoceras hirsutum ( c . \u00e9 . bayle , 1878 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nricostruzione ammonite gen . euaspidoceras - museo\ng . g . gemmellaro\n- youtube\neuaspidoceras babeaui ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1847 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nancestor of euaspidoceras is probably aspidoceras . it is considered related to genera like orthaspidoceras , simaspidoceras , and intranodites .\neuaspidoceras species may be found in the jurassic of argentina , france , germany , india , italy , madagascar , saudi arabia , spain , the united kingdom and yemen .\nvideo sulla realizzazione della ricostruzione di un ' ammonite in vita ( gen euaspidoceras ) con corpo molle e organi interni . esposta nella sala del mesozoico presso il museo geologico\ng . g . gemmellaro\ndi palermo . il diametro del guscio \u00e8 di circa 1 metro .\nthis is a huge 17 . 7\nwide ammonite fossil from madagascar . it is jurassic in age and it was collected in the mahajanga province . the genus on this one appears to be euaspidoceras . it ' s been lightly polished and this polishing reveals the beautiful suture pattern which lies below the shell . this massive specimen weighs 32 pounds and would make a magnificent display . includes custom stand .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 28 . 2 , shell diameter 77 . 8\nfull reference : a . jeannet . 1951 . stratigraphie und palaeontologie des oolithischen eisenerzlagers von herznach und seiner umgebung . beitr\u00e4ge zur geologie der schweiz , geotechnische serie 13 ( 5 ) : 1 - 240\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 34 . 8 , shell diameter 77 . 2\njavascript seems to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nhours : monday - friday 10 - 5pm saturday 10 - 3pm open late by appointment .\nthe living fossil gallery is a premier crystal and fossil shop based in sydney australia . we supply crystal , minerals and fossils interstate and locally :\nmosman , crows nest , cremorne , neutral bay , balmoral , kiribilli , mcmahons point , waverton , north sydney , naremburn , middle cove , northbridge , cremorne point , lane cove , riverview , longueville , northwood , greenwich , artarmon , chatswood , osbourne park , roseville , lindfield , st leonards , epping , macquarie park , eastwood , willoughby , gladesville , boronia park , linley point , hunters hill , woolwich , huntleys point , east ryde , lane cove west , drummoyne , balmain , roselle , lilyfield , chiswick , wareemba , rodd point , canada bay , five dock .\nthe living fossil gallery sources crystals and minerals for collectors and kids alike from many countries . our aim is to provide the best specimens at the best possible prices . we also are the only premier fossil shop in sydney - personally sourcing world class fossils from australia , africa , south east asia , usa , russia and europe .\nwe offer expertise in both crystal and fossil for quality and type , and we much experience for those wanting natural crystal and fossil as interior design elements .\npremier crystals and fossils sydney . we are sydney ' s premier fossil and crystal gallery - showcasing world class crystals and fossils for collectors , interior designers and for kids !\npremier hand made jewellery based in mosman sydney . we are also a premier gallery for crystals and fossils sydney . we showcase world class crystals and fossils for collectors , interior designers and for kids !\nfossilised rock can make for unique table and giftware . the living fossil gallery sydney specialises in fossil marble platters , fossil plates , and fossil bowls made entirely of natural fossilised rock . we ensure all of our pieces meet our strict quality control inspections . we do not varnish any pieces , and all pieces are natural polished fossil rock . the next time you are thinking of a cheese platter , fruit platter or serving tray - add interest with these ancient , through provoking and durable pieces .\nthis striking and large ammonite is a wonderful find and a beautiful piece to behold . it is characterised by strong nodules in the outer ribbing , which in this beautiful specimen is very well defined and preserved\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\npeltoceras ( peltomorphites ) subeugenii w . j . arkell , 1945 \u2020 ( fossil )\nepipeltoceras bimammatum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1858 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nepipeltoceras semiarmatum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1887 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\ngregoryceras transversarium ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1849 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npeltoceratoides eugeniforme ( w . j . arkell , 1944 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npeltoceratoides ( parawedekindia ) arduennensis ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1848 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nphysodoceras altenense ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1848 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nphysodoceras circumspinosum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1856 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nrursiceras reversum ( w . i . bean in j . leckenby , 1859 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\nunipeltoceras unispinosum ( f . a . von quenstedt , 1847 \u2020 ) ( fossil )\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nammonite fossil from madagascar . it is jurassic in age and it was collected in the mahajanga province . the genus on this one appears to be euaspido\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\ncheck back regularly as new specimens , photographs and 3d models are being added all the time .\non the estate of e . hughes , parish of smeeth , near hythe , kent\nthis site is hosted by the british geological survey and copyright on the website is with the jisc gb3d type fossils online project partners . responsibility for the content of the site lies with the jisc gb3d type fossils online project partners , not with the bgs . photographs and 3d models are made available under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike licence . terms of use are here .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1829, "summary": [{"text": "the harlequin tree frog , rhacophorus pardalis , is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , thailand , and the philippines .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "harlequin tree frog", "paragraphs": ["peek - a - boo ! a nervous harlequin tree frog protects its eyes and displays its colors in brunei .\npeek - a - boo ! a nervous harlequin tree frog protects its eyes and displays its colors in brunei . \u2013 society for the study of amphibians and reptiles\ncitation : ma\u010d\u00e1t , z . , h . ahmad sah , and t . ulmar grafe . 2015 . rhacophorus pardalis ( harlequin tree frog ) . defensive behavior . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 418 .\nthis is another gliding frog , with flaps between the fingers . they are commonly found at the frog pond of kubah national park .\nmedium sized tree frog , with red / orange webbings on leg . pic # 1 was taken with uv light and they seems to have an interesting glow in the eyes .\nzden\u011bk ma\u010d\u00e1t and colleagues were herping in temburong national park in brunei when they spotted a harlequin tree frog and upon attempting to capture the frog saw that it began to behave to protect itself . the frog covered its eyes by rotating its forelimbs to the side of its head and its webbed toes covered both eyes entirely . the frog remained immobile for more than two minutes . during those minutes , the group realized that by rotating its forelimbs , the frog achieved two things : first , protecting its eyes but , second , flashing its red and yellow sides in warning to a potential challenger .\nthe tiger frog was discovered in 2007 in southwestern colombian . little is known about the frog except that it is not believed to be toxic . rather with its bright coloring , the frog seems to be mimicking other poisonous animals to deter predators . this gorgeous frog is threatened by destruction of the forests where it lives .\nthanks , @ drnamgyal . being tree frogs , they also use the webbings in their legs to help them glide from higher up of trees .\nthis frog might be called the planet\u2019s most beautiful frog . it has been a pin - up on dozens of wildlife calendars and cards . but its beauty has a purpose\u2014to help it to survive . when at rest , the frog\u2019s eyes are closed . but if disturbed , the sudden appearance of its bright red eyes may startle a predator for a second or two\u2014enough time for the frog to leap away . with its large toe pads and long thin limbs , it can climb trees easily . the red - eyed tree frog lives in tropical forests from southern mexico through much of central america . we used this frog on a poster we created to help spread awareness of the global amphibian crisis ( you can download the poster for free ) :\na small population of harlequin frogs was discovered about 6 years ago in the rainmaker preserve in costa rica , one of the last remnants of primary rainforest in the central pacific .\nin the monteverde cloud forest preserve of costa rica , there were once so many harlequin frog species ( atelopus ) that it was hard not to step on them when walking alongside streams . but during the 1980s and 1990s , most of these frogs vanished due to deadly infectious diseases brought on by changing water and air temperatures .\nharlequin frogs are usually black or brown with spots or streaks that can be a combination of yellow , orange , red , blue , or green . they live in the moist , tropical forests in central and southwestern south america .\nresearch done in costa rica shows that global warming makes clouds form higher above the forests where they cannot bring as much moisture to the ecosystems below . dry spells are getting longer and in turn , many species are disappearing . rising temperatures also shrink the cloud forests , which forces species to live closer together , spreading fungal diseases . the harlequin frog is on its way to extinction .\nthis lovely frog , native to the subtropical or tropical most lowland forests and rivers of venezuela has translucent skin , to help hide it among the leaves .\nthese handsome frogs seem to have a perpetual smile on their faces . white\u2019s tree frogs are often kept as pets , but they are happiest when left alone in their native home : the woodland and scrub close to water in northeast australia and new guinea .\ni am passing along a care2 petition to urge costa rica\u2019s ambassador escalante to do everything in his power to save this colorful little frog , along with many other endangered species affected by climate change .\nthis frog is among up to 30 different species of frogs that can be found in a small area inside kubah national park , fondly called , the frog pond . the pond is not man - made but rather trampling from wild pigs over hundreds of years . a visit to kubah national park is not complete without a night walk to the frog pond at dusk / night where you will hear amazing sounds , and a recording of this sounds was entered into a competition , which won the most beautiful sound in the world earlier this year ! follow this link to hear to the sound : urltoken\nthe wood frog\u2019s beauty is more subtle that that of its tropical cousins , yet its colors seems to mimic the color of rocks , bark , and fallen leaves in the forests in which it lives . this frog is america\u2019s most northernmost species , ranging from northeast usa to the arctic circle in alaska and canada . wood frogs have already begun hibernating . first they find a place under the leaf litter or in a crack in a log or rock to settle for their winter nap . they\u2019ll slowly begin to freeze as soon as temperatures reach the freezing point . then the frog\u2019s blood will stop flowing , its lungs , heart and muscles will stop functioning , and ice will fill the body cavity : they will go from frog to frogsicle , until they begin to thaw in the warm temperatures of spring .\nthis frog has a bright red head and body speckled with black spots . because of its blue legs , it is also called the blue jeans frog . like many brilliantly - colored animals , the frogs\u2019 bright color serves as a warning\u2014 don\u2019t eat me or you\u2019ll be sorry ! it forages on the forest floor eating small ants and termites , from which it derives the chemicals needed to synthesize the poison . it lives in tropical rainforests of nicaragua , costa rica , and panama .\nthis frog uses its heavily webbed hands and feet to glide . it presumably forages in canopy . it gathers in breeding aggregations in swampy forest , at marshes , ponds and quiet pools , and is common along logging roads where streams are blocked and form pools . the call is a brief raspy chuckle . eggs are laid and tadpoles develop in standing water .\none of the most beautiful of the madagascan frogs , the malagasy rainbow frog is adapted for a burrowing lifestyle . it is able to live under the ground for up to 10 months . but it also has claws on its forefeet to help it cling to vertical canyon walls to escape floods or predators . unfortunately thousands of these frogs are captured every year for the pet trade .\na recent report from the world wildlife fund highlighted the amazing discoveries of the past decade in the amazonian biome . according to the report , between 1999 and 2009 more than 1 , 200 new species of plants and vertebrates were discovered in the amazon \u2013 a rate of one new species every three days \u2013 confirming the amazon as one of the most diverse places on earth . ranitomeya amazonica , another beautiful poision dart frog , is one of the most extraordinary of these newly discovered species . its main habitat is lowland moist forest near the iquitos area in peru .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from several localities in peninsular malaysia ( and pulau tiga island ) and is widespread in sumatra ( including siberut and sipora ) , borneo ( brunei , indonesia and malaysia ) , and the philippines ( mindanao , negros , bohol and luzon ) . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest , especially in areas between known sites . it has been recorded up to 1 , 015m asl .\nit is locally common in intact forest and forest edge but patchily distributed and activity patterns are temporally variable . it can form moderate - sized breeding aggregations .\nit is an inhabitant of primary and secondary rainforest . it breeds at swampy forest pools . it is widely distributed through the forest , probably in higher strata , and descends to the shrub layer and forms breeding aggregations around rain pools , even at the edge of forest .\nits range includes several protected areas . prevention of further deforestation is the most important conservation measure .\narvin diesmos , angel alcala , rafe brown , leticia afuang , genevieve gee , jeet sukumaran , norsham yaakob , leong tzi ming , yodchaiy chuaynkern , kumthorn thirakhupt , indraneil das , djoko iskandar , mumpuni , robert inger , robert stuebing , paul yambun , maklarin lakim . 2004 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsmall to medium in size , with males reaching 39 - 55 mm and females 55 - 71 mm . snout is rounded . fingers iii , iv , v are fully webbed and bear expanded discs . the outer edge of the hand and forearm have a wide flap of skin . toes are fully webbed . the heel has a rounded flap of skin . dorsum is smooth , venter is coarsely granular ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) . males have nuptial pads ( harvey et al . 2002 ) .\ndorsum is tan to reddish brown , often with an x - shaped darker marking on the back . several white spots are often present , with some individuals having yellow or blue spots on the dorsal surfaces . flanks are yellowish with black spots . venter is yellowish with orange reticulation . webbing is orange - red ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) .\nthe tadpole has an oval , deep body , with total length reaching up to 45 mm . the tail has a narrow tip . body is pale light brown . black spots may be present on the body , or just a single spot on the side of the head . spotting pattern can resemble that of\ntadpoles lack white glandular patches on the venter ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) .\npeninsular malaysia ; pulau tiga island ( malaysia ) , sumatra ( indonesia ) , kalimantan ( borneo : indonesia ) , sabah and sarawak ( borneo : malaysia ) , and the southern philippines ( mindanao , negros , bohol and luzon islands ) . occurs from sea level to 1 , 015 m asl . found in both primary and secondary rainforest ( diesmos et al . 2004 ; inger and stuebing 2005 ) .\nthe primary threat is loss of habitat through deforestation ( due to logging ) ( diesmos et al . 2004 ) .\ndiesmos , a . , alcala , a . , brown , r . , afuang , l . , gee , g . , sukumaran , j . , yaakob , n . , tzi ming , l . , chuaynkern , y . , thirakhupt , k . , das , i . , iskandar , d . , mumpuni , inger , r . , stuebing , r . , yambun , p . , and makl 2004 .\n. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 27 april 2009 .\nharvey , m . b . , pemberton , a . j . , and smith , e . n . ( 2002 ) . ' ' new and poorly known parachuting frogs ( rhacophoridae :\ninger , r . f . and stuebing , r . b . ( 2005 ) .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nin this sixth installment of the human stories behind herpetological research , we hear again from \u2026 [ read more . . . ]\nhr june 2018 , volume 49 , number 2 . our cover features an adult pair of rainforest hog - nosed \u2026 [ read more . . . ]\nare you going to jmih ? are you looking for a way to give back to ssar ? we ' re looking for a small \u2026 [ read more . . . ]\nlog in | ssar \u00a9 2018 | all rights reserved . | website by trish roque designs\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nwhile researching our post the 10 weirdest and most unusual frogs on earth , we found so many beautiful frogs we decided to give them their own post . below are 10 of the handsomest princes of the amphibian world .\nthe golden toad became extinct 30 years after its discovery in 1976 . they were found only in the monteverde cloud forest reserve of costa rica , where hundreds would breed in shallow forest pools . the golden toad has become a symbol of the plight of frogs and toads worldwide\u2014we don\u2019t want other amphibians to suffer the same fate as this beautiful creature .\ngolden toad , photo by charles h . smith , u . s . fish and wildlife service\nabout two - thirds of over 110 species of these brightly - colored frogs have vanished since the 1980s . their decline is attributed to the destruction of their native forests , collection by the pet trade , and fungal infection ( chytrid fungus ) .\nsome of the information from this post came from frogs and toads ( a golden guide ) by dave showler , illustrated by barry croucher / wildlife art ltd .\ndisease is the bullet killing frogs , but climate change is pulling the trigger . global warming is wreaking havoc on amphibians and will cause staggering losses of biodiversity if we don\u2019t do something fast .\nhere is more information about the cloud forest of costa rica from the monteverde conservation league .\nto support frogs are green , please click the paypal button below . every donation helps us in our mission to educate !\nvery excited to share the book cover i created for young writer rowan hadley titled : sword of midnight . urltoken\nfrogs are green is raising funds to publish more educational books . won ' t you help with $ 5 a month ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nsmall to medium in size , with males reaching 39 - 55 mm and females 55 - 71 mm . snout is rounded . fingers iii , iv , v are fully webbed and bear expanded discs . the outer edge of the hand and forearm have a wide flap of skin . toes are fully webbed . the heel has a rounded flap of skin . dorsum is smooth , venter is coarsely granular ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) . males have nuptial pads ( harvey et al . 2002 ) . dorsum is tan to reddish brown , often with an x - shaped darker marking on the back . several white spots are often present , with some individuals having yellow or blue spots on the dorsal surfaces . flanks are yellowish with black spots . venter is yellowish with orange reticulation . webbing is orange - red ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) . the tadpole has an oval , deep body , with total length reaching up to 45 mm . the tail has a narrow tip . body is pale light brown . black spots may be present on the body , or just a single spot on the side of the head . spotting pattern can resemble that of rana chalconota , but r . pardalis tadpoles lack white glandular patches on the venter ( inger and stuebing 2005 ) .\nyour spotting has been nominated for the spotting of the week . the winner will be chosen by the project noah rangers based on a combination of factors including : uniqueness of the shot , status of the organism ( for example , rare or endangered ) , quality of the information provided in the habitat and description sections . there is a subjective element , of course ; the spotting with the highest number of ranger votes is chosen . congratulations on being nominated !"]}
{"id": 1831, "summary": [{"text": "percrocutidae is an extinct family of hyena-like feliform carnivores endemic to asia , africa , and southern europe from the miocene through the pliocene , existing for about 17.41 million years .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the first percrocutids are known from the middle miocene of europe and western asia and belonged to the genus percrocuta .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "percrocuta already had large premolars , but did not carry such a massive bite as the later form dinocrocuta , from the later miocene .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "originally , these carnivores were placed with the hyenas in the family hyaenidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "today , most scientists consider the percrocutidae to be a distinct family \u2014 although usually as sister-taxa/immediate outgroup to hyaenidae .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "sometimes it is placed with carnivoran genera , such as stenoplesictis , into the family stenoplesictidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "percrocutidae", "paragraphs": ["revision of some percrocutid carnivorans [ mammalia : eutheria : carnivora : aeluroidea : \u2020percrocutidae ] .\npercrocuta was introduced as a genus of percrocutidae in 1938 . percrocuta ' s relation to the hyaenidae family was debated until 1985 , when percrocuta , dinocrocuta , belbus , and allohyaena were accepted as the four genera of percrocutidae .\nnevertheless , occupying the top of food chain as giant species in steppe landscapes throughout the late miocene , by the end of the late miocene , percrocutidae surrendered their positions to the numerous canidae , presumably mostly due to the more effective social organization of the latter .\npercrocutidae are miocene carnivores whose evolution was distinguished by the strengthening of bone - fracturing adaptations . such adaptations allowed them to quickly assume the position of active carnivores in the steppe landscapes of southern europe , western and central asia , as well as china and northern africa .\np . abessalomi is known only from a skull , two mandibles , and two teeth . these fossils were all collected from the belomechetskaja , georgia area and date from the sixth mammal neogene ( mn ) zone . this species is the best known of the percrocutidae family . p . miocenica is known from only a few mandibles , found in yugoslavia and turkey . these fossils also date from 6 mn .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nbelongs to turritella ( kurosioia ) according to g . rosenberg et al . 2006\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\nmckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals \u2013 above the species level . \u2013columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631\nmorales , j . & pickford , m . , 2006 : a large percrocutid carnivore from the late miocene ( ca . 10\u20139 ma ) of nakali , kenya . \u2013annales de pal\u00e9ontologie : articles in press [ urltoken ] [ doi : 10 . 1016 / j . annpal . 2006 . 07 . 004 ]\nwyss , a . r . & flynn , j . j . , 1993 : a phylogenetic analysis and definition of the carnivora . 32 - 52 in szalay , f . s . , novacek , m . j . & mckenna , m . c . , ( eds . ) 1993 : mammal phylogeny \u2013 placentals . \u2013springer - verlag , new york , 1993\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntime period : the late miocene of eurasia ( 11 . 8 \u2013 11 . 2 mln years ago )\nsize : 1 . 3 m in length , 60 cm in height , 55 kg of weight .\nroman uchytel\u2019s galleries constitute the first resource solely dedicated to the reconstruction of prehistoric animals beyond the dinosaurs . these are not photographs , but rather , artistic recreations from the skeletons of ancient animals that roamed the earth millions of years ago . many of these fascinating creatures are unfamiliar to the public and remain a mystery even to science .\nthat is why the mission of this project is to be a guide to the world of prehistoric fauna - undiscovered and incredibly beautiful .\n\u00a9 2012 roman uchytel . all rights reserved . designed by dreamvention resource of reconstructions of prehistoric animals . return policy privacy policy\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nnew materials from the middle part of the bahe formation are described as dinocrocuta gigantea . review of the species reveals that it is derived in the evolutionary lineage of dinocrocuta , and biochronologically later than vallesian records from turkey . the only possibly related vallesian species from china is crocuta gigantea xizangensis from biru , tibet , which may prove to be conspecific with d . senyureki . based on the mammalian faunal sequence from lantian , and with reference to red clay paleomagnetic data , the duration of d . gigantea in china should be later late miocene , rather than the previously postulated early late miocene ( vallesian equivalent ) age .\ndeux nouveaux sp\u00e9cimens provenant de la partie moyenne de la formation bahe , un fragment de mandibule gauche portant p2\u2013p4 et un fragment de maxillaire gauche portant p3\u2013p4 , sont d\u00e9crits et attribu\u00e9s \u00e0 dinocrocuta gigantea . une r\u00e9vision de cette esp\u00e8ce r\u00e9v\u00e8le sa position d\u00e9riv\u00e9e au sein de la lign\u00e9e \u00e9volutive de dinocrocuta ; cette esp\u00e8ce est biochronologiquement post\u00e9rieure au vall\u00e9sien de turquie . la seule esp\u00e8ce vall\u00e9sienne de chine possiblement reli\u00e9e est crocuta gigantea xizangensis de biru , tibet , qui pourrait \u00eatre consp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 d . senyureki . sur la base de la s\u00e9quence de faunes de mammif\u00e8res de lantian , et en r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux donn\u00e9es pal\u00e9omagn\u00e9tiques de la red clay , d . gigantea pourrait se maintenir , en chine , jusqu ' \u00e0 la fin du mioc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur , et non jusqu ' au d\u00e9but du mioc\u00e8ne sup\u00e9rieur ( \u00e9quivalent au vall\u00e9sien ) , comme postul\u00e9 jusqu ' \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nis an extinct genus of hyena - like feliform carnivores . it lived in europe , asia , and africa , during the miocene epoch .\nwith a maximum length of 1 . 50 m ( 5 ft ) , percrocuta was much bigger than its modern relatives , but smaller than a female lion . like the spotted hyena , percrocuta had a robust skull and powerful jaws . similar to modern hyenids , its hind legs were shorter than the front legs , resulting in a characteristic sloping back . [ 1 ]\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nrevision of some eurhinodelphid toothed whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : odontoceti ] .\na new balaenid mysticete [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added and a revision of balaenidae .\nrevision of some cetotheriid whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : cetotheriidae ] .\nnumerous missing fossil species of baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti ] added .\na new family with one new genus and species of basal baleen whales [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : cetacea : mysticeti : janjucetidae ] added .\nsome missing ceratomorphan perissodactyls [ mammalia : eutheria : ungulata : perissodactyla : ceratomorpha ] added .\nsome missing basal anthropoids [ mammalia : eutheria : primates : anthropoidea ] added .\na new species of emballonurid bats [ mammalia : eutheria : chiroptera : microchiroptera : emballonuridae ] added .\nsome new fossil dormouses [ mammalia : eutheria : rodentia : glirimorpha : myoxidae ] added .\nsome species revisions in hyaenodontine creodonts [ mammalia : eutheria : creodonta : hyaenodontidae : hyaenodontinae ] .\nrevision of basal sloths [ mammalia : eutheria : xenarthra : phyllophaga ] and a new species added .\nrevision of eucynodonts [ synapsida : therapsida : theriodonta : cynodontia : eucynodontia ] added .\nrevision of the phylogeny of swifts and hummingbirds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae : apodiformes ] .\na missing species of basal cypselomorphan birds [ aves : neornithes : cypselomorphae ] added .\na new species of basal birds [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : avialae ] added .\nsome missing and two new species of dromaeosaurids [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria : paraves : dromaeosauridae ] added .\na missing basal coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : theropoda : coelurosauria ] added .\na revision of coelophysoid theropods [ dinosauria : theropoda : \u201cceratosauria\u201d : coelophysoidea ] added .\na new \u201c halticosaurine coelophysoid theropod \u201d [ dinosauria : theropoda : \u201cceratosauria\u201d : coelophysoidea : coelophysidae : \u201chalticosaurinae\u201d ] added .\ntwo new basal titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : macronaria : titanosauriformes ] added .\na new diplodocimorphan sauropod [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : neosauropoda : diplodocimorpha ] added .\na new eusauropod dinosaur [ dinosauria : sauropodomorpha : sauropoda : eusauropoda ] added .\na new species of parrot - peaked dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia : psittacosauria ] added .\ntwo new species of basal horn - faced dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : ceratopsia ] added .\ntwo new species of thick - skulled dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia : marginocephalia : pachycephalosauria ] added .\nrevision of phylogeny of the basal bird - hipped dinosaurs [ archosauria : dinosauria : ornithischia ] .\na new dinosauriform [ archosauria : ornithodira : dinosauriformes : ? dinosauria : ? ornithischia ] added .\na new ctenochasmatid pterosaur [ archosauria : ornithodira : pterosauria : pterodactyloidea : archaeopterodactyloidea : ctenochasmatoidea : ctenochasmatidae ] added .\na new species of crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : crocodylidae : crocodylinae ] added .\na new species of \u201cnettosuchid\u201d caimans [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodylia : alligatoridae : caimaninae ] added .\none new genus and species , and two new species of ziphosuchian crocodiles [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia : ziphosuchia ] added .\nan alternative phylogeny of mesoeucrocodylians [ archosauria : pseudosuchia : crocodyliformes : mesoeucrocodylia ] added .\na new species of gymnophthalmid lizards [ reptilia : diapsida : lepidosauria : squamata : scincomorpha : teiioidea : gymnophthalmidae ] added .\na new elasmosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : elasmosauroidea : elasmosauridae ] added .\na new rhomaleosaurid ( ? ) pliosaur [ reptilia : diapsida : sauropterygia : plesiosauria : pliosauroidea : ] added .\na new choristodere [ reptilia : diapsida : neodiapsida : choristodera ] and and a revison of the group .\na new fossil species of side - necked turtles [ reptilia : parareptilia : testudinata : pleurodira : podocnemidae ] added .\na new basal stegocephalian [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : elpistostegalia : stegocephalia ] added .\nrevision of tetrapodomorph sarcopterygians [ vertebrata : gnathostomata : sarcopterygii : tetrapodomorpha ] added .\na new species of tonguefishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : pleuronectiformes : cynoglossidae ] added .\na new species of scorpionfish [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : scorpaeniformes : scorpaenoidei : scorpaenidae ] added .\ntwo new species of geophagine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : geophaginae ] added .\nfive new species and a new genus of ptychochromine cichlids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : labroidea : cichlidae : ptychochrominae ] added .\nsome missing fossil lutjanids and two new fossil genera [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : lutjanidae ] added .\nrevision of some eocene sparids [ actinopterygii : teleostei : percomorpha : perciformes : percoidea : sparidae ] added .\na new species of killifishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : cyprinodontiformes : cyprinodontoidei : cyprinodontidae : cyprinodontinae : orestiini ] added .\na new species of parasitic catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : trichomycteridae : stegophilinae ] added .\na new species of auchenipterid catfishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : auchenipteridae ] added .\nthree missing species of madtoms [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : siluriformes : ictaluridae : noturus ] added .\na new species of the rasborine genus raiamas [ actinopterygii : teleostei : ostariophysi : cypriniformes : cyprinoidea : cyprinidae : rasborinae ] added .\na new species of bony - tongue fishes [ actinopterygii : teleostei : osteoglossomorpha : osteoglossiformes : ? osteoglossidae ] added .\na new species and several missing ones of gyracanthid acanthodians [ acanthodii : \u2020\u201c climatiiformes \u201d : \u2020 climatiida : \u2020 gyracanthidae ] added .\na new genus and species of pteraspidid agnathans [ vertebrata : \u201cagnatha\u201d : pteraspidomorphi : heterostraci : pteraspidiformes : pteraspididae ] added .\ntwo new fossil lampreys [ chordata : craniata : vertebrata : hyperoartia ] added .\na new species of hagfishes [ chordata : craniata : myxini : myxinidae ] added .\nrevision of ants [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : aculeata : vespoidea : formicidae ] added .\nseveral species of pelecinid wasps [ arthropoda : insecta : hymenoptera : apocrita : pelecinidae ] added .\nrevison of adephaga [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : coleoptera ] and some species added .\nsome palaeontinid hemipterans [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera : hemiptera : auchenorryncha ] added .\na revison of the sphaeropsocid psocodea [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : eumetabola : paraneoptera ] and genera and species added .\npartial revision of web - spinners [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : embiodea ] and a new genus and species added .\na new species and some missng species of rock crawlers [ arthropoda : insecta : neoptera : polyneoptera : notoptera : mantophasmatodea ] added and a partial revision of the group .\na new fossil species and recent european species of julid diplopods [ arthropoda : myriapoda : diplopoda : julida ] , and a revision of diplopod myriapods added .\nrevision of hoplocaridan crustaceans [ arthropoda : schizoramia : crustacea : malacostraca : hoplocarida ] and fossil and recent genera of mantis shrimps added .\nsome missing families and genera nad species of sea scorpions [ arthropoda : schizoramia : chelicerata : eurypterida ] added .\nrevision of nepeid trilobites [ arthropoda : schizoramia : lamellipedia : trilobita : ptychopariida : nepeidae ] added .\na new genus and species of lobopods [ protostoma : arthropodomorpha : lobopoda ] added .\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nardi\u00e7 - mordo\u011fan is a new fossil mammal locality in the karaburun peninsula of western turkey . among its fauna , which is described here , the carnivores are especially interesting , with the most complete specimens ever found of percrocuta miocenica and of a primitive species of hyaenid , of which a new subspecies is described , protictitherium intermedium paralium . this fauna is strongly reminiscent of those of sever - al other middle miocene localities in this area , \u00e7andir , pa\u015falar and in\u00f6n\u00fc in turkey , and prebreza in serbia , and they must all belong to the same mammalian zone . their ungulates attest an open environment which must have been widespread in the turko - balkanic area in serravallian times .\nardi\u00e7 - mordo\u011fan ist ein neue fundstelle auf der karaburun - halbinsel in der westt\u00fcrkei . unter ihre fauna , das ist hier beschreibt , sind die carnivoren besonders interessant , mit die vollst\u00e4ndigste bekannten exemplaren von percrocuta miocenica und von eine primitiv hy\u00e4nen - art , von welche ein neue unterart , protictitherium intermedium paralium , beschreibt ist . die fauna stark gleicht die von mehrere anderen mittelmioz\u00e4n lagerstatten in derselben gebiet : \u00e7andir , pa\u015falar und in\u00f6n\u00fc in t\u00fcrkei , und prebreza in serbien , und sie m\u00fcssen sich allen zu dieselben mammal - zone geh\u00f6ren . seinen huftieren bezeugen ein offenes umwelt , das bei der t\u00fcrko - balkanisch gebiet in serravallien zeit verbreiten mussten .\n, un mastodonte nouveau du plioc\u00e8ne inf\u00e9rieur d\u2019egypte . \u2014 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de france ( 5 )\nnov . gen . deux nouveaux bovid\u00e9s ( artiodactyla , mammalia ) du mioc\u00e8ne moyen . relations phyloge\u0144\u00e9tiques des bovid\u00e9s ant\u00e9 - vall\u00e9siens . \u2014 proceedings of the koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen\n, h . 1973 . neogen und quart\u00e4r der insel chios ( \u00e4g\u00e4is ) . \u2014 phd . freie universit\u00e4t berlin\n1841 . ost\u00e9ographie et description iconographique des mammif\u00e8res r\u00e9cents et fossiles ( carnivores ) . 2 , bailli\u00e8re , paris .\n1997 . a giraffid from the middle miocene of the island of chios , greece . \u2014 palaeontology\n1998 . ruminants ( bovidae and tragulidae ) from the middle miocene ( mn5 ) of the island of chios , aegean sea ( greece ) . \u2014 neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie , abhandlungen\n1892 . la faune de mammif\u00e8res mioc\u00e8nes de la grive - saint - alban ( is\u00e8re ) et de quelques autres localit\u00e9s du bassin du rh\u00f4ne . \u2014 archives du mus\u00e9um d\u2019histoire naturelle de lyon\n1990 . a provisional systematic as - sessment of the miocene suoidea from pasalar , turkey . \u2014 journal of human evolution\n, s . 1996 . provinciality , diversity , turnover , and paleoecology in land mammal faunas of the later miocene of western eura - sia . \u2014 in :\n, h . - w . , eds . , the evolution of western eurasian neogene mammal faunas : 414\u2013448 ( columbia university press ) .\n, l . k . 1973 . fossile wirbeltiere in der fauna von bjelometschesk . \u2014 akademie nauk grusinsk . ssr : 1\u2013138 ( in russian ) .\n1976 . jungterti\u00e4re mastodonten aus anatolien ( t\u00fcrkei ) . \u2014 geologisches jahrbuch ( b )\n1995 . middle miocene ruminants from in\u00f6n\u00fc , central turkey . \u2014 neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie , monatshefte\n, d . in press . ruminants , other than giraffidae . \u2014 in :\n, d . , eds . , geology and vertebrate paleontology of the middle miocene hominoid locality candir ( central anatolia , turkey ) . \u2014 courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg .\n, e . in press . the middle miocene hominoid site of candir , turkey : proboscidea . \u2014 in :\n, d . , eds . , geology and vertebrate paleontology of the middle miocene hominoid locality \u00e7andir ( central anatolia , turkey ) . \u2014 courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg .\n, e . in press . the middle miocene hominoid site of \u00e7andir , turkey : general paleoecological conclusions from the mammalian fauna . \u2014 in :\n1974 . neue elasmotheriini ( rhinocerotidae , mammalia ) aus dem obermioz\u00e4n anatoliens . \u2014 mitteilungen der bayerischen staatsammlung f\u00fcr pal\u00e4ontologie und historische geologie\n1981 . miocene reference section for the coastal parts of west anatolia . \u2014 newsletters on stratigraphy\n2001 . a new late orleanian / early astaracian mammalian fauna from kultak ( milas - mu\u011fla ) , southwestern turkey . \u2014 g\u00e9obios\n1938 . die raubtiere von gombasz\u00f6g nebst einer \u00fcbersicht der gesamtfauna . \u2014 annales musei nationalis hungarici\n1987 . boviden des t\u00fcrkischen mioz\u00e4ns ( k\u00e4nozoikum und braunkohlen der t\u00fcrkei , 28 ) . \u2014 paleontologia i evoluci\u00f6\n, e . 1851 . notice sur la colline de sansan . \u2014 annuaire du d\u00e9partement du gers : 1\u201345 .\nvon 1846 . mitteilungen an prof . bronn gerichtet . \u2014 neues jahrbuch f\u00fcr mineralogie , geologie und pal\u00e4ontologie\n, d . in press . carnivora from the middle miocene hominoid locality of \u00e7andir ( turkey ) . \u2014 in :\n1965 . et\u00fcde des gisements continentaux et des mammif\u00e8res du c\u00e9nozo\u00efque de turquie . \u2014 m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de france , n . s .\n1969 . miocene mammals from the toplitska valley . \u2014 annales g\u00e9ologiques de la p\u00e9ninsule balkanique\n1965 . eine neue hy\u00e4ne ( carnivora , mammalia ) aus dem mioz\u00e4n jugoslawiens und ihre phylogenetische stellung . \u2014 anzeiger der \u00f6sterreichischen akademie der wissenschaften , mathemathisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse\n2000 . the middle miocene mammalian site of belometchetskaya , north caucasus : an important biostratigraphic link between europe and china . \u2014 g\u00e9obios\n1910 . notices of new mammalian genera and species from the tertiaries of india . \u2014 records of the geological survey of india\n1913 . the correlation of the siwaliks with the mammal horizons of europe . \u2014 records of the geological survey of india\n1934 . two species of sheep - like antelope from the miocene of mongolia . \u2014 american museum novitates\n2000 . palaeozoic - early tertiary tethyan evolution of m\u00e9langes , rift and passive margin units in the karaburun peninsula ( western turkey ) and chios island ( creece ) . \u2014 in :\n, j . d . a . , eds . , tectonics and magmatism in turkey and the surrounding area . \u2014 geological society , special publication\n1949 . on the remains of cavicornia ( bovidae , mammalia ) from the middle miocene of the north caucasus . \u2014 dokladi akademie nauk sssr\n1999 . chronostratigraphy , geochronology and biochronology of the miocene \u201ceuropean land mega zones ( elmmz ) \u201d and the miocene \u201cmammal - zones ( mn zones ) \u201d . \u2014 in :\n, eds . , the miocene land mammals of europe : 9\u201324 , m\u00fcnchen ( f . pfeil ) .\n1983 . les elephantoidea mioc\u00e8nes du plateau du potwar , groupe de siwalik , pakistan . 2 .\n, p . 1986 . nouveaux elephantoidea ( mammalia ) dans le mioc\u00e8ne du kenya . \u2014 cahiers de pal\u00e9ontologie , cnrs . \u2014 135 p . , paris .\n1987 . a hypothesis on the homology of proboscidean tusks based on paleontological data . \u2014 american museum novitates\n1996 . listriodontinae ( suidae , mammalia ) , their evolution , systematics and distribution in time and space . \u2014 contributions to tertiary and quaternary geology\n, j . in press . suoidea ( pigs ) from the miocene hominoid locality \u00e7andir in turkey . \u2014 in :\n1995 . carnivore guild structure in the pa\u015falar miocene fauna . \u2014 journal of human evolution\n1991 . the hyaenidae : taxonomy , systematics and evolution . \u2014 fossils and strata"]}
{"id": 1835, "summary": [{"text": "largen 's clawed frog or the sidamo clawed frog ( xenopus largeni ) is a species of frog in the pipidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "endemic to ethiopia its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , freshwater marshes , arable land , and rural gardens .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is classed as endangered due to the decline of its habitat in the ethiopian highlands . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "largen ' s clawed frog", "paragraphs": ["evans , b . j . , bliss , s . m . , mendel , s . a . and tinsley , r . c . 2011 . the rift valley is a major barrier to dispersal of african clawed frogs ( xenopus ) in ethiopia . molecular ecology 20 : 4216\u20134230 .\nlargen , m . j . 2001 . catalogue of the amphibians of ethiopia , including a key for their identification . tropical zoology 14 : 307 - 402 .\n2012 , a . mengistu and s . loader pers . comm . june 2012 ) .\nprotected areas provided by le saout , s . , hoffmann , m . , shi , y . , hughes , a . , bernard , c . , brooks , t . m . , bertzky , b . , butchart , s . h . m . , stuart , s . n . , badman , t . & rodrigues , a . s . l . ( 2013 ) protected areas and effective biodiversity conservation . science , 342 , 803\u2013805\ngower , d . j . , doherty - bone , t . m . , aberra , r . k . , mengistu , a . a . , schwaller , s . , menegon , m . , de sa\u0301 , r . , saber , s . a . , cunningham , a . a . and loader , s . p . 2012 . high prevalence of the amphibian chytrid fungus ( batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) across multiple taxa and localities in the highlands of ethiopia . herpetological journal 22 : 225 - 233 .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nthe most likely threats to this species are forest loss , environmental degradation and aquatic pollution ( from pesticide runoff into water bodies ) resulting from human activities such as small - holder and large - scale agriculture and residential development ( a . mengistu and s . loader pers . comm . june 2012 ) .\nnineteen individuals were collected northwest of the rift and six from the southeast , including the type locality ( evans et al . 2011 ) . this species is considered to be rare within its range and its population is considered to be severely fragmented given that its habitat is patchy and fragmented , its dispersal capacity is believed to be low , and over half of the known population is found in small isolated habitat patches ( b . evans pers . comm . march 2012 , a . mengistu and s . loader pers . comm . june 2012 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\n, its population is considered to be severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in the ethiopian highlands .\n2011 ) . it is known from two sites in the mountains east of the rift valley : between dodola and asela ( the type locality ) at 2 , 651 m asl , and in the arsi mountains at 2 , 467 m asl . further searches have also found this species in areas northwest of the rift valley including two localities at 2 , 390 and 2 , 377 m asl north of mount choke but south of lake tana , and a third locality at 2 , 709 m asl north of lake tana but south of the simien mountains ( evans\nxtent of occurrence ( eoo ) , this is estimated to be 3 , 681 km 2 .\nit is not known to occur in any protected areas nor be near one ( b . evans pers . comm . march 2012 ) . resource and habitat protection are urgently needed given that it is not in a formally protected area . more information is needed on this species ' ecology and tolerance to threats . chytrid has been recorded from this genus but has yet to be screened for in this species ( gower\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\niucn . 2014 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12 june 2014 ) .\ntinsley , r . c . 1995 . a new species of xenopus ( anura : pipidae ) from the highlands of ethiopia . amphibia - reptilia : 375 - 388 .\ntinsley , r . c . and kobel , h . r . 1996 . the biology of xenopus . zoological society of london , clarendon press , london .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncollections are created by eol users to bring together species , multimedia , articles , or even members that have something in common , such as geography , ecology , or a personal meaning . communities can\nfeature\ncollections that are of particular interest and value to them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nenglish turkish online dictionary tureng , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\necoregions provided by world wide fund for nature ( wwf ) . wildfinder : online database of species distributions , ver . 01 . 06 wwf wildfinder\nany of a group of aquatic carnivorous frogs in the xenopus genus , which are very small and have small claws .\nthis page was last edited on 27 march 2018 , at 15 : 32 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy ."]}
{"id": 1836, "summary": [{"text": "the greenface sandsifter ( lethrinops furcifer ) is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers areas with sandy substrates .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 19.5 centimetres ( 7.7 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "greenface sandsifter", "paragraphs": ["do you have greenface sandsifter in your aquarium ? send me please a short paragraph about your experiences with greenface sandsifter . some photo would be handy too . i will place both here . learn more about aquarium filters . more\nphoto\ngreenface sandsifter fish ( lethrinops furcifer )\ncan be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royalty - free license . the image is available for download in high resolution quality up to 3593x2533 .\nthe greenface sandsifter ( lethrinops furcifer ) is a species of fish in the cichlidae family . it is found in malawi , mozambique , and tanzania . its natural habitat is freshwater lakes . references - * kasembe , j . 2005 . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no major widespread threats identified .\noccurs commonly in open sandy habitats in shallow water at depths of 7 m . it feeds by sifting silt from the bottom through its gills , taking invertebrates mainly insect larvae . also feeds on plankton . breeding males construct sand castle - nests on the sand bottom . breeding occurs from may to august . this species is regularly caught in beach seines . known as\nlethrinops green face or lethrinops rounded head\nin the aquarium trade . max . size : males can grow to a maximum total length of about 20 cm .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 19 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4985 )\nfound usually in shallow water over open sand . feeds mainly on insect larvae ( ref . 5595 ) .\neccles , d . h . and e . trewavas , 1989 . malawian cichlid fishes : the classification of some haplochromine genera . lake fish movies , west germany . 334 p . ( ref . 267 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 40 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nunfortunately questions regarding fish , plants , diseases or tank setup will be ignored if submitted via the form below ! in order to ask such a question , please click this link ! the form below shall be used to ask about the website , functionality , issues or to give feedback . thanks a lot !\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling javascript in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nwork properly ! please , consider enabling cookies in order to maximise your user experience while browsing .\nusual size in fish tanks : 16 - 19 cm ( 6 . 3 - 7 . 48 inch )\nrecommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 10 - 18\u00b0n ( 178 . 57 - 321 . 43ppm )\navoid high protein , meaty foods with this fish . quality flakes or pellets should provide the staple diet . brine shrimp and mysis can also be given but take great care not to over feed this fish .\nprovide hiding places in the tank . one male should be added with several females . the males will dig pits in the substrate and the eggs will be laid at the side of these . female sand dwellers are quite delicate , because of this it may be better to remove the male while she is mouth brooding . when the fry are released , they can be fed on newly hatched brine shrimp or crushed flake .\nlethrinops are a very peaceful species of malawi cichlid ; do not put them in a tank with the more aggressive fish . they are bottom dwellers and will feed from there . add rock work to the tank to provide hiding places .\nsera goldy flakes are recommended food for goldfish , however ensure that your goldfish have varied diet .\nall comments must be submitted by registered members . please , click this link to login or register !\nplease , verify whether your login and password are valid . if you don ' t have an account here , register one free of charge , please .\nunfortunately this page doesn ' t allow discussion . please , find any other page that fits your area of interest as over 99 % of our pages allow discussion . the reason why no discussion is allowed here is this page is too general . thanks a lot for understanding ! click here to search , please !\nfound usually in shallow water over open sand . feeds mainly on insect larvae ( ref . 5595 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\ncurrent page requires javascript , this web browser either does not support javascript , or scripts are being blocked . please turn on javascript or use different browser .\n\u00a9 2009 - 2018 . depositphotos , inc . usa . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 1839, "summary": [{"text": "gibberrhynchium is a small afrotropical genus of potter wasps .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it was considered to be monotypic with the only species being gibberhynchium masariforme ( giordani soika 1934 ) , which is widely distributed though central africa ( democratic republic of congo , malawi , tanzania , zambia and zimbabwe ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "a second species , gibberrhynchium gibber , was described by josef gusenleitner in 2002 from the democratic republic of congo . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "gibberrhynchium", "paragraphs": ["afrodynerus monstruosus ( giordani soika , 1934 ) ( eritrea . also palaearctic region )\ncameroon , djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\neritrea , mauritania , nigeria , sudan , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )\nangola , benin , burkina faso , cameroon , democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ghana , guinea bissau , ivory coast , kenya , mali , mozambique , nigeria , republic of congo , republic of guinea , senegal , sierra leone , south africa , sudan , tanzania , uganda , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\n[ probably a synonym of antodynerus oogaster ( gribodo , 1895 ) . the type material ( museum dresden ) was destroyed during world war ii ] ( tanzania )\nburkina faso , democratic republic of congo , gambia , kenya , malawi , mali , mozambique , nigeria , senegal , south africa , tanzania , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\nburkina faso , chad , djibouti , mali . also in the palaearctic region )\nchad , eritrea , ethiopia , niger , somalia . also in the palaearctic region )\nsomalia , south africa , sudan , uganda . also in the palaearctic and oriental regions )\nverde , central african republic , chad ,\ncongo\n, democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ivory coast , kenya , liberia , malawi , mali , mauritania , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , rwanda , senegal , sierra leone , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania , togo , uganda , yemen , zambia , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region . in the malagasy subregion recorded from seychelles ( aldabra , assumption , astove , cosmoledo ) , comoros ( grande comore , anjouan ) , mayotte and madagascar ) .\n. also in the palaearctic region ) . in the malagasy subregion recorded from seychelles ( aldabra )\ncongo\n, democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , gambia , ivory coast , kenya , mali , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , senegal , south africa , tanzania ( tanzania , zanzibar ) , togo , uganda , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )\nangola , democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , somalia , tanzania , yemen , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\n( de saussure , 1852 ) ( angola , botswana , burkina faso , democratic republic of congo , eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , mali , mozambique , namibia , niger , nigeria , senegal , socotra , somalia , south africa , sudan , tanzania ( tanzania , zanzibar ) , yemen . also in the palaearctic region )\n( eustenancistrocerus ) inconstans ( de saussure , 1863 ) ( chad , eritrea , mali , sudan .\nburkina faso , eritrea , ethiopia , mali , niger , senegal , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\nangola , burkina faso , democratic republic of congo , ghana , ivory coast , kenya , republic of congo , senegal , tanzania , togo . also in the palaearctic region )\ndjibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , niger , nigeria , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\ncameroon , democratic republic of congo , ethiopia , mali , niger , senegal ( ? ) , south africa . also in the palaearctic region )\ncameroon , mali , niger , senegal , sudan . also in the palaearctic region )\n( paragris ) spinosuscula de saussure , 1852 ( eritrea , ethiopia , kenya .\n( gribodo , 1884 ) ( eritrea , ethiopia , kenya , somalia , sudan , yemen .\nburkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , gambia , ghana , mali , niger , nigeria , republic of congo , republic of guinea , senegal , somalia , sudan , togo , uganda . also in the palaearctic region )\nburundi , djibouti , kenya , south africa , sudan , tanzania , zimbabwe . also in the palaearctic region )\n. a revision of the vespidae of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , with a list of ethiopian diplopterous wasps .\nlatreille , in south africa , with a revision of the ethiopian species ( hymenoptera . )\na catalogue of the vespidae of the malagasy subregion ( insecta , hymenoptera ) .\na catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part i : introduction , key to genera , genera\na catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part ii : genera\ncarpenter , j . m . , j . gusenleitner , & m . madl . 2010b . a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part iii : classification , additions , corrections and index . linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 42 ( 1 ) : 919 - 1004 .\ncitation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\ncarpenter , j . m . , j . gusenleitner & m . madl . 2010a . a catalogue of the eumeninae ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) of the ethiopian region excluding malagasy subregion . part ii : genera delta de saussure 1885 to zethus fabricius 1804 and species incertae sedis . linzer biologischer beitrage 42 ( 1 ) : 95 - 315 .\nthis page was last edited on 10 april 2018 , at 03 : 01 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis webpage was generated by the domain owner using sedo domain parking . disclaimer : sedo maintains no relationship with third party advertisers . reference to any specific service or trade mark is not controlled by sedo nor does it constitute or imply its association , endorsement or recommendation .\nplagiolabra is a neotropical genus of potter wasps currently containing 2 species found in the gran chaco biogeographical province of central south america .\npostepipona is a genus of potter wasps known from madagascar and the island of socotra in yemen .\nischnogasteroides is an afrotropical and palearctic genus of potter wasps with a single species , ischnogasteroides flavus .\nhypancistrocerus is a rather small neotropical genus of potter wasps which is very close to the genus stenodynerus .\npolybia rejecta is a species of social wasp found in the neotropics region of the world .\npseudonortonia is a fairly large genus of potter wasps with a rich afrotropical fauna , as well as with several species trhoughtout the palearctic and indomalayan regions .\ndelta conoideum , the mason wasp , is a species of potter wasp in the subfamily eumeninae of the family vespidae .\neumenes maxillosus is a species of potter wasp in the subfamily eumeninae of the family vespidae .\npseudodontodynerus is a genus of potter wasps distributed throughout the palearctic , indomalayan and afrotropical regions .\nxanthodynerus is a genus of potter wasps known from the afrotropical and palearctic regions .\ntricarinodynerus is a genus of potter wasps known from the afrotropical and palearctic regions .\ntachymenes is a small ( 3 species currently recognized ) afrotropical genus of potter wasps restricted to southern africa .\nstellepipona is a small ( 7 species currently recognized ) afrotropical genus of potter wasps .\nzetheumenidion is a small afrotropical genus of potter wasps currently containing 5 species , one of them with two recognized subspecies .\npachodynerus carpenteri is a potter wasp classified in the family vespidae , subfamily eumeninae , native to mexico , colombia and venezuela .\npteromenes is a monotypical afrotropical genus of potter wasps known from eastern africa ( kenya and somalia ) .\nextreuodynerus is an afrotropical genus of potter wasps with a single described species extreuodynerus mirificus .\ngastrodynerus is a small south - western nearctic genus of potter wasps with four currently recognized species , all of them found in mexico .\nleucodynerus is a nearctic genus of small sized potter wasps distributed in south western united states and northern mexico .\nanterhynchium is an afrotropical , indomalayan , australian and palearctic genus of potter wasps .\nmontezumia is a primarily neotropical genus of medium to large sized potter wasps geographically ranging from the united states to argentina .\nkatamenes arbustorum is a species of potter wasp in the subfamily eumeninae of the family vespidae .\nemeryrhynchium is a monotypical afrotropical genus of potter wasps known from ecuatorial africa ( democratic republic of congo , equatorial guinea and sierra leone ) .\ncephalastor is a small neotropical genus of potter wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae : eumeninae ) currently containing 14 species .\nmaricopodynerus is a nearctic genus of potter wasps distributed west of the 100\u00b0 western meridian in the united states and mexico .\naruodynerus is an australasian genus of potter wasps known from aru and new guinea .\nhypalastoroides is a neotropical genus of potter wasps with a few nearctic and andean species .\ninterzumia is an afrotropical genus of potter wasps with a single species , interzumia rufonigra ."]}
{"id": 1840, "summary": [{"text": "sody 's yellow house bat ( scotophilus collinus ) is a species of vesper bat .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is native to indonesia , malaysia , and timor-leste .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species was described in 1936 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "sody ' s yellow house bat", "paragraphs": ["scotophilus dinganii ( a . smith , 1833 ) \u2013 african yellow bat , yellow - bellied house bat\nvesper bats - classification . . . scotomanes harlequin bat , scotomanes ornatus genus scotophilus \u2013 yellow bats lesser yellow bat , scotophilus borbonicus sulawesi yellow bat , scotophilus celebensis sody ' s yellow bat . . .\nscotophilus borbonicus ( e . geoffroy , 1803 ) \u2013 lesser yellow bat , r\u00e9union house bat\nvespertilioninae - classification . . . harlequin bat , scotomanes ornatus genus scotophilus \u2013 yellow bats lesser yellow bat , scotophilus borbonicus sulawesi yellow bat , scotophilus . . .\nlist of mammals of madagascar - subclass : theria - infraclass : eutheria - order : chiroptera ( bats ) . . . hesperidus lc pipistrellus raceyi dd genus scotophilus lesser yellow bat scotophilus borbonicus dd scotophilus marovaza robust yellow bat scotophilus robustus lc scotophilus tandrefana family . . .\nall package plans include unlimited data transfer , ip switches , and simultaneous connections . it ' s 13 times faster than vpn .\nscotophilus is a genus of vespertilionid bats commonly called yellow bats . they are found in southern asia and africa .\nour product my ip hide is much faster than web proxies and it ' s compatible with all the websites . it can save your precious time .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nvesper bats ( family vespertilionidae ) , also known as evening bats or common bats , are the largest and best - known family of bats . they belong to the suborder microchiroptera ( microbats ) . over 300 species are distributed all over the world , on every continent except antarctica . it owes its name to the latin word \u2019 ( \u201cbat\u201d ) , from ' , meaning \u201cevening\u201d .\nmolecular data indicate vespertilionidae diverged from molossidae in the early eocene period . the family is thought to have originated somewhere in laurasia , possibly north america . a recently extinct species , synemporion keana , is known from the holocene of hawaii . discovery of extinct bat doubles diversity of native hawaiian land mammals , at the american museum of natural history ; published march 21 , 2016 ; retrieved june 20 , 2016\nthere are four subfamilies of vespertilionidae currently recognized . traditionally supported subfamilies have been redefined since the advent of molecular genetics ; only murininae and kerivoulinae have not been changed in light of genetic analysis . subfamilies that were once recognized as valid , such as nyctophilinae , are no longer acknowledged , as it has been shown that they do not represent a true evolutionary grouping of relevant species . within the yangochiroptera , the closest relatives to the vesper bats are the free - tailed bats of family molossidae . the blunt - eared bat is acknowledged as the potential closest link between vespertilionidae and molossidae , as it is the most basal member of molossidae and has intermediate characteristics of both families .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) , chanson , j . & chiozza , f . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as least concern as this species is widespread , and is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is present in western java , bali , lombok , flores , timor , semau , and roti islands in indonesia , and sabah in malaysian borneo ( simmons 2005 ) , and has also been collected on lembata , and aru islands ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) . it is probably also found on sumba , sawu , and banda islands in indonesia .\nthere is little information available for this species . presumably , it is found in primary and secondary forest .\nit is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , threats and ecology of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 2 / 27 / 2013 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngoodman , steven m . , richard k . b . jenkins , and fanja h . ratrimomanarivo\nsimmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\ncomments : includes pachyotus ; see walker et al . ( 1975 ) . african species revised by robbins et al . ( 1985 ) ; also see peterson et al . ( 1995 )\nhide ip address and unblock websites with lightning fast , stable , and encrypted proxies .\nyou can choose specific countries or ip addresses for automatic switching . the service is always fast and stable .\nuse encrypted connections to unblock websites . one account for multiple devices ( windows , mac , android , and linux ) .\nmoreover , my ip hide is 13 times faster than the vpn . you can read this test report for more details .\ntry my ip hide risk - free . 90 % satisfied , 100 % money back .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans . if not completely satisfied , you will get a full refund . no questions , no fees , no hassle .\none license for unlimited devices , including windows , mac os x , and android . we don ' t limit the simultaneous connections .\nnatively compatible with all the browsers , including chrome , firefox , internet explorer , edge , and safari , requiring no manual settings .\nwe grant a 30 - day money - back guarantee on all plans . if not 100 % satisfied , you will get a full refund . no questions , no hassle .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlist of mammals of indonesia - order chiroptera ( bats ) - family vespertilionidae ( vesper bats ) . . . pipistrellus minahassae pipistrellus papuanus pipistrellus stenopterus pipistrellus tenuis scotophilus celebensis scotophilus collinus scotophilus kuhlii scotorepens . . ."]}
{"id": 1841, "summary": [{"text": "the stripey , microcanthus strigatus , is a species of sea chub native to the pacific ocean from japan and china to australia and east to the hawaiian islands .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it can be found on reefs along the coast and in lagoons at depths from 1 to 140 m ( 3.3 to 459.3 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "stripey", "paragraphs": ["this is the british english definition of stripey . view american english definition of stripey .\n\u2018why there are currently lots of little girls walking around oxford wearing brightly - coloured stripey tights . \u2019\nhe & apos ; s such a stripey , he even has a generic t - shirt that says & apos ; my fave band is { adjective + numeral } ! & apos ;\nthe stripey went underground once the moby versus eminem fiasco petered out .\nthe short , squishy girl that is for some reason always being picked up , squished , and given smooches . she is often the target of other girls who enjoy starting drama with her , yet she ends up brushing it off as if it & apos ; s nothing . stripey is very sensitive and usually kind , unless crabby or irritated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbreaking the mould : words and phrases for things that are new or modern .\nadd the power of cambridge dictionary to your website using our free search box widgets .\nbrowse our dictionary apps today and ensure you are never again lost for words .\n90 % of the time , speakers of english use just 7 , 500 words in speech and writing . these words appear in red , and are graded with stars . one - star words are frequent , two - star words are more frequent , and three - star words are the most frequent .\nthe thesaurus of synonyms and related words is fully integrated into the dictionary . click on the thesaurus category heading under the button in an entry to see the synonyms and related words for that meaning .\na must for anyone with an interest in the changing face of language . the macmillan dictionary blog explores english as it is spoken around the world today .\nany douchebag that hangs out at trendy bars wearing striped button up shirts that they bought at express for men .\nnoun . an avid fan of independent music , the indie music scene , and the garage band duo the white stripes in particular . often used derisively once one & apos ; s favorite band becomes mainstream .\na name given to the striped animal for it & apos ; s significance in the ecosystem .\nankle socks and metallic heels , she appeared alongside liam payne to talk about their duet , for you from the fifty shades freed soundtrack .\nnewborn has been named after prince william ' s new bride , but will be walking the paddocks at pembrokeshire ' s folly farm this week - rather than down the aisle at westminster abbey .\nsummer looks spring and summer runways were full of designers mixing wide stripes with thin , vertical and diagonal stripes , and matching them with florals .\nballs travel around the country , with the one that moves the furthest winning and putting the players in with a chance of scooping pounds 5 , 000 while raising money for charity .\nvest top , as david , 38 , clutched her round the waist on a french riviera break .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nthe verb have is used as an auxiliary verb she has run a lovely , deep , bubble bath . katie had read about the concert in the newspaper . and also as a main verb . see tense . she is having a ba . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\nthe new edition of the remarkable reference features 8 , 000 illustrations . learn more \u00bb\nmerriam - webster references for mobile , kindle , print , and more . see all \u00bb\nthis page was last edited on 8 june 2017 , at 21 : 20 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\n\u2018they took my clothes and gave me the stripy clothes they made us wear . \u2019\n\u2018known for his loud ties and stripy jackets , he quickly became an afternoon television icon . \u2019\n\u2018he was wearing a green anorak - style jacket and a stripy hat , and had carrier bags with him . \u2019\n\u2018beneath stripy western - style pyjamas , her neck , breasts and torso are bound in bandages that cover deep , raw burns . \u2019\n\u2018\u2018it ' s true , \u2019 says a surprisingly chirpy manson , curled up on a sofa in the hotel suite in a funky outfit of stripy dress over skinny jeans . \u2019\n\u2018these stripy yellow marauders from the continent are twice as big as their british counterparts . \u2019\n\u2018dressed in jeans and a stripy top , the 5ft 6in teenager said she started queuing at 11 pm on friday . \u2019\n\u2018i re - entered the harewood estate along an avenue of pines that cast a stripy shadow . \u2019\n\u2018it was the most hideous , black stripy wallpaper but i don ' t want to take it down because it ' s his . \u2019\n\u2018i saw red fish , blue fish , stripy fish , fish with polka dots , urchins , giant clams , sharks and acres of variegated coral waving hello . \u2019\n\u2018under stripy umbrellas belonging to gaily painted hotels , we were drinking cocktails and playing cards . \u2019\n\u2018dressed in a stripy lime blouse and cream slacks , she reaches the sofa , kicks off her shoes and perches on it like a pixie . \u2019\n\u2018people think prisoners go around with stripy shirts , but they will be pleasantly surprised if they visit the prison . \u2019\n\u2018that ' s why the zip on my stripy canvas clothes cover came out asymmetrical . \u2019\n\u2018justin reappears in a billowing white cape , stripy red and white skintight rock trousers and an open white waistcoat . \u2019\n\u2018i like what he has to say about films generally but he still bothers me with his stupid hair and stripy jumpers . \u2019\n\u2018laughing , she says : \u2018people still expect me to have long gothic hair and dress in stripy tights with a pointy hat . \u2019\u2019\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones .\n# lovesocialspanish is not just our hashtag it ' s our passion : we mix all the fun and aliveness of real experiences with the structure of the classroom ( we ' re in a cool spot in old street ) . we run awesome events in pubs , cookery schools and escape rooms on every one of our social spanish courses . yep . . . this is brand new , completely different and we ' re a spanish school like no other .\nreceive a summary of our curricullum and upcoming spanish courses , exclusive discount codes and our regular e - newsletter .\nget your questions answered with a callback from a course tutor in the next few days ( 9am - 8pm , mon - sat ) .\nget meeting people and sharing information from the get go in a social lesson hosted at a gorgeous little pub in islington .\nmid - way way through the term we get you out again - this time to a kitchen where you will learn to prepare amazing tapas with an experienced chef and explore recipes in a central london cookery school .\nleave the classroom but stay connected - with daily interaction using our award - winning app course and classroom chat platform all accessible from your smartphone .\nimprove your pronunciation and get plenty of personal feedback from two teachers in every class .\ntwo passionate teachers with you in each class giving you more chances to get your questions answered and your pronunciation corrected from day one .\ndesigned to put you in the driving seat we provide simple checklists of you what you should know and how fast you are getting there to guide you every step of the way . catch - up if you miss a lesson get all the activites you needed with video support emailed to you if you miss a lesson .\nhave a short conversation as part of our final road test of your skills in a restaurant .\nget a summary of our curricullum and upcoming spanish courses , exclusive discount codes and our regular e - newsletter .\nget the chance to have any questions answered with a follow - up call in the next few days ( 9am - 8pm , mon - sat ) ."]}
{"id": 1842, "summary": [{"text": "the little satilla river is a 28.4-mile-long ( 45.7 km ) freshwater tributary of the satilla river in the u.s. state of georgia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it should not be confused with the tidal little satilla river that is 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the southeast and is an inlet of the atlantic ocean .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the freshwater little satilla river forms at the juncture of big satilla creek and little satilla creek , close to the u.s. route 84 crossing of the two creeks southwest of screven .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the river flows south as the boundary between wayne and pierce counties , then turns more southeast as it becomes the boundary between pierce and brantley counties .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "turning fully to the east , it enters brantley county , is crossed by u.s. route 301 , and joins the satilla river 4 miles ( 6 km ) southeast of hortense . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "little satilla river ( satilla river )", "paragraphs": ["\u00b7 the satilla river basin is composed primarily of the satilla river , little satilla river , and turtle river . some major waterways in the basin include the alabaha river , seventeen mile creek and hurricane creek .\nnote : forecasts are not available for the little satilla river near offerman . only observed stages are available for this point .\no the satilla river is a free - flowing river , unimpeded by dams .\n2 . 5 miles above mouth , little satilla river 8 miles above mouth , little satilla river allied chemical corporation docks , turtle river bailey cut , 0 . 8 miles west of , satilla river barbour island , barbour island river beach creek entrance , cumberland island beach hammock bear river entrance belfast , belfast river bellville point , sapelo river below spring bluff , little satilla river blackbeard creek , blackbeard island blackbeard island bradley point , bradley river brunswick , east river buffalo river entrance , turtle river burnt fort , satilla river cane patch creek entrance ceylon , satilla river champney island , south altamaha river coffee bluff , forest river creighton narrows entrance , crescent river crispen island , turtle river crooked river , cumberland dividings cumberland wharf , cumberland river dallas bluff , julienton river darien , darien river dillard creek , turtle river dog hammock , sapelo river dover bluff , dover creek , little satilla river eagle creek , mud river eagle neck , south newport river egg islands , ossabaw sound floyd creek , 2 . 8 miles above entrance fort jackson , savannah river fort mcallister , ogeechee river frederica river frederick river bridge halfmoon , timmons river hampton river entrance harrietts bluff , crooked river harris neck , barbour island river highway bridge , ogeechee river highway bridge , south brunswick river hudson creek entrance isle of hope , skidaway river jekyll island marina , jekyll creek jekyll point , jekyll sound jointer island , jointer creek jones creek entrance , hampton river kilkenny club , kilkenny creek kings bay nsb , kings bay , cumberland sound kings bay , navy base kings bay , navy base ( sub ) little back river , highway 17 , back river . , savannah river mackay river ( daymark # 239 ) mackay river ( icww ) mud river , at old teakettle creek north entrance , wilmington river north newport river north newport river ( daymark # 119 ) old tea kettle creek ( daymark # 173 ) old tower , sapelo island pine harbor , sapelo river port wentworth , savannah river rockdedundy river ( daymark # 185 ) romerly marsh creek saint simons light saint simons sound bar savannah ( bull street ) savannah river entrance savannah sheraton resort hotel , wilmington river seacamp dock , cumberland island south newport cut , north newport river south newport river south newport river ( daymark # 135 ) sunbury , medway river thomas landing , south newport river threemile cut entrance , darien river thunderbolt , wilmington river todd creek entrance , satilla river tybee creek entrance tybee light , savannah river vernon view , burnside river walburg creek entrance wolf island , south end\nuse this relief map to navigate to tide stations , surf breaks and cities that are in the area of below spring bluff , little satilla river , georgia .\n\u00b7 the satilla river originates in ben hill county , then flows eastward and a little southward for approximately 200 miles , before emptying into st . andrews sound and the atlantic ocean in camden county .\no the main source of drinking water in the satilla river basin is provided by groundwater .\no georgia power company operates its fossil - fueled plant mcmanus by withdrawing water from the turtle river in the satilla river basin .\n\u00b7 there are 52 species of fish that live in the satilla river basin and together they represent 16 families .\no as of 2013 , the epd had issued 2 , 124 agricultural water withdrawal permits in the satilla river basin .\no in early times , the satilla river basin was known for abundant game , and fur trappers tried their skills along the riverbanks . a pre - revolutionary war fort , known as burnt fort , is located where the ga 252 bridge crosses the satilla river .\no in the satilla river basin , there are approximately 34 rivers and streams listed on the 2012 integrated 305 ( b ) / 303 ( d ) list as waters not supporting their designated uses . these impaired waters include roughly 437 miles of rivers and streams in the satilla river basin .\n\u00b7 the satilla river is a blackwater stream consisting of tannins and other natural leachates , which cause the river to have a darkly stained appearance and have unique physical and chemical characteristics and dissolved oxygen characteristics .\no npdes discharge permits : as of 2008 , there are approximately 39 facilities , including industries and municipalities , authorized to discharge wastewater into the satilla river basin pursuant to npdes permits .\n\u00b7 the satilla river basin includes part or all of 15 georgia counties ; however , only two are entirely within the basin . waycross and wray are two cities located in the basin .\n\u00b7 the laura walker state park is the only publicly owned lake in the satilla river basin . this blackwater lake is approximately 110 acres in size and has fisheries for largemouth bass , bluegill , catfish , chain pickerel , and flier .\nflooding on low lying roads , docks and campgrounds along the river basin can be expected .\no historically , the river was part of a large transportation and subsistence network for the expansive creek indian nation .\nextensive inundation of structures and roads along the river basin . evacuations of people or transfer to higher ground is likely .\nsome inundation of structures and roads along the river basin can be expected . evacuations of people to higher ground is possible .\n\u00b7 the basin , which comprises all land areas draining into the river , occupies a total area of 3 , 940 square miles .\n\u00b7 species diversity is limited by acidic water , low alkalinity , extreme variation in flows , and the relatively homogenous habitat present through most of the river .\n\u00b7 crooked river state park is located on the south bank of the crooked river and offers a boat ramp . visitors may venture to the nearby ruins of the tabby mcintosh sugar works mill , built around 1825 . the mill was later used as a starch factory during the civil war . just down the road is the ferry to cumberland island .\nbelow spring bluff , little satilla river , georgia 31 . 1667\u00b0 n , 81 . 6167\u00b0 w 2018 - 07 - 09 mon 7 : 33 pm edt 9 . 1 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 09 mon 8 : 33 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 2 : 07 am edt 0 . 8 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 6 : 30 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 7 : 56 am edt 7 . 8 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 2 : 15 pm edt - 0 . 1 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 8 : 33 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 8 : 33 pm edt 9 . 5 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 3 : 06 am edt 0 . 4 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 6 : 30 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 8 : 56 am edt 8 . 0 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 3 : 12 pm edt - 0 . 4 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 8 : 32 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 9 : 32 pm edt 9 . 9 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 4 : 01 am edt - 0 . 0 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 6 : 31 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 9 : 56 am edt 8 . 3 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 4 : 07 pm edt - 0 . 7 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 8 : 32 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 10 : 28 pm edt 10 . 2 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 10 : 49 pm edt new moon 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 4 : 54 am edt - 0 . 4 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 6 : 31 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 10 : 54 am edt 8 . 5 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 5 : 01 pm edt - 0 . 9 feet low tide\ndover bluff , dover creek , little satilla river , georgia 31 . 0167\u00b0 n , 81 . 5283\u00b0 w 2018 - 07 - 09 mon 6 : 30 pm edt 8 . 5 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 09 mon 8 : 32 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 1 : 07 am edt 0 . 8 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 6 : 30 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 6 : 53 am edt 7 . 3 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 1 : 15 pm edt - 0 . 1 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 7 : 30 pm edt 8 . 9 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 10 tue 8 : 32 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 2 : 06 am edt 0 . 4 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 6 : 30 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 7 : 53 am edt 7 . 5 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 2 : 12 pm edt - 0 . 4 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 8 : 29 pm edt 9 . 3 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 11 wed 8 : 32 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 3 : 01 am edt - 0 . 0 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 6 : 31 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 8 : 53 am edt 7 . 8 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 3 : 07 pm edt - 0 . 7 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 8 : 31 pm edt sunset 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 9 : 25 pm edt 9 . 5 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 12 thu 10 : 49 pm edt new moon 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 3 : 54 am edt - 0 . 3 feet low tide 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 6 : 31 am edt sunrise 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 9 : 51 am edt 8 . 0 feet high tide 2018 - 07 - 13 fri 4 : 01 pm edt - 0 . 8 feet low tide\n\u00b7 general coffee state park is known for interpretation of agricultural history . its heritage farm demonstrates this history with log cabins , a corn crib , tobacco barn , cane mill , barnyard animals and other exhibits . seventeen mile river winds through a cypress swamp with rare and endangered plants . the threatened indigo snake and gopher tortoise also make their homes in this sawgrass community . overnight accommodations include a nicely decorated 19th century cabin . the park was donated to the state by a group of coffee county citizens in 1970 and is named after general john coffee , planter , u . s . congressman and military leader .\nu . s . department of the interior | u . s . geological survey url : page last modified : page contact information : the national map\ngeographic area : united states alabama alaska american samoa arizona arkansas british columbia california colorado connecticut delaware dist . of columbia florida georgia guam hawaii idaho illinois indiana iowa kansas kentucky louisiana maine maryland massachusetts michigan minnesota mississippi missouri montana nebraska nevada new hampshire new jersey new mexico new york north carolina north dakota northern mariana islands ohio oklahoma oregon pennsylvania puerto rico rhode island south carolina south dakota tennessee texas utah vermont virgin islands virginia washington west virginia wisconsin wyoming\nthe operation of this streamgage is funded in cooperation with the georgia department of natural resources , environmental protection division with matching funding from the usgs cooperative water program .\nmost recent instantaneous value : 0 . 00 07 - 09 - 2018 15 : 45 edt\n' enter up to 2 site numbers separated by a comma . a site number consists of 8 to 15 digits '\nmost recent instantaneous value : 5 . 24 07 - 09 - 2018 15 : 45 edt\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsearch by city or zip code . press enter or select the go button to submit request\nhistoric crests ( 1 ) 16 . 40 ft on 04 / 06 / 1948 ( 2 ) 14 . 50 ft on 09 / 29 / 1953 ( 3 ) 14 . 49 ft on 04 / 04 / 2009 ( 4 ) 13 . 76 ft on 03 / 06 / 1991 ( 5 ) 13 . 47 ft on 09 / 08 / 2004 ( 6 ) 13 . 40 ft on 04 / 18 / 1961 ( 7 ) 13 . 30 ft on 03 / 08 / 1984 ( p ) ( 8 ) 13 . 25 ft on 01 / 29 / 1984 ( 9 ) 13 . 25 ft on 05 / 15 / 1979 ( 10 ) 13 . 20 ft on 12 / 07 / 1964 show more historic crests ( p ) : preliminary values subject to further review . recent crests ( 1 ) 9 . 80 ft on 06 / 18 / 2018 ( 2 ) 10 . 21 ft on 06 / 03 / 2018 ( 3 ) 12 . 81 ft on 09 / 12 / 2017 ( 4 ) 9 . 52 ft on 08 / 09 / 2017 ( 5 ) 12 . 67 ft on 01 / 25 / 2017 ( 6 ) 10 . 98 ft on 04 / 06 / 2016 ( 7 ) 10 . 57 ft on 04 / 04 / 2016 ( 8 ) 12 . 13 ft on 02 / 07 / 2016 ( 9 ) 10 . 46 ft on 06 / 12 / 2015 ( 10 ) 10 . 25 ft on 05 / 04 / 2015 show more recent crests ( p ) : preliminary values subject to further review . low water records ( 1 ) 1 . 54 ft on 10 / 02 / 2008 ( 2 ) 1 . 54 ft on 06 / 03 / 2011 ( 3 ) 1 . 58 ft on 11 / 22 / 2010\nthere are no fema national flood hazard layers for the location which you are viewing on esri maps .\nnote : your zoom level may have changed . esri ' s zoom levels must be between 14 and 16 to show national flood hazard layers .\nlatitude / longitude disclaimer : the gauge location shown in the above map is the approximate location based on the latitude / longitude coordinates provided to the nws by the gauge owner .\nthe national weather service prepares its forecasts and other services in collaboration with agencies like the us geological survey , us bureau of reclamation , us army corps of engineers , natural resource conservation service , national park service , alert users group , bureau of indian affairs , and many state and local emergency managers across the country . for details , please click here .\nthis program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful , but without any warranty ; without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose . both the author and the website provider assume no liability for damages arising from use of these predictions . they are not certified to be correct , and they do not incorporate the effects of tropical storms , el ni\u00f1o , seismic events , continental drift , or changes in global sea level .\n\u00b7 a 1988 - 90 land cover interpretation showed 37 percent of the basin in forest cover , 24 percent in wetlands , 2 percent in urban land cover , and 18 percent in agriculture .\n\u00b7 all major commodities that are grown in georgia ( peanuts , corn , cotton , oats , rye , sorghum , soybeans , and tobacco ) are produced in the basin .\n\u00b7 george l . smith state park is best known for the newly refurbished parrish mill , a combination gristmill , sawmill , covered bridge and dam built in 1880 and now open for tours . anglers and canoeists can explore the mill pond , dotted with spanish moss - draped trees and home to the blue heron and white ibis . hikers can experience 11 miles of trails covering wiregrass terrain , home to the rare gopher tortoise , georgia\u2019s state reptile .\nthis email address is being protected from spambots . you need javascript enabled to view it .\nalbania algeria american samoa angola antarctica antigua and barbuda argentina aruba ascension island australia bahamas bahamas bahrain bangladesh barbados belgium belize benin bermuda brazil british virgin islands brunei darussalam bulgaria cambodia cameroon canada cape verde cayman islands chile china cocos islands colombia comoros congo cook islands costa rica c\u00f4te d ' ivoire croatia cuba cyprus denmark djibouti dominica dominican republic east timor ecuador egypt el salvador equatorial guinea eritrea estonia falkland islands faroe islands fiji finland france french guiana french polynesia french southern and antarctic lands gabon gambia georgia germany ghana gilbert islands greece greenland grenada guadeloupe guam guatemala guernsey guinea guinea bissau guyana haiti heard island and mc donald islands honduras hong kong howland island iceland india indonesia iran iraq ireland isleof man israel italy jamaica japan jersey kenya kiribati kuwait latvia lebanon liberia libya lithuania madagascar madeira portugal malaysia maldives malta marshall islands martinique mauritania mauritius mayotte mexico micronesia midway islands missing monaco morocco mozambique myanmar namibia netherlands netherlands antilles new caledonia new zealand nicaragua nigeria niue north korea northern mariana islands norway oman pakistan palau panama papua new guinea peru philippines poland portugal portugal puerto rico qatar reunion romania russia saint kitts and nevis saint lucia samoa sao tome and principe saudi arabia senegal serbia and montenegro seychelles sierra leone singapore slovenia solomon islands somalia south africa south georgia and the south sandwich islands south korea spain spain sri lanka st helena st . pierre and miquelon st . vincent and the grenadines suriname svalbard sweden syria tahiti taiwan tanzania thailand togo tokelau tonga trinidad and tobago tunisia turkey turks and caicos islands tuvalu u s virgin islands ukraine united arab emirates united kingdom united states uruguay vanuatu venezuela vietnam wake island wallis and futuna west bank ( palestine ) western sahara yemen"]}
{"id": 1843, "summary": [{"text": "townsend 's vole ( microtus townsendii ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae , the sister species of m. canicaudus .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in temperate grasslands of british columbia in canada and in the states of washington and oregon in the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "greek root words for \" small ear \" are the source for the genus name microtus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "american naturalist and writer john kirk townsend collected the type specimen in 1835 , which accounts for the second part of the name . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "townsend ' s vole", "paragraphs": ["townsend ' s vole - julia butler hansen - u . s . fish and wildlife service\nno critical habitat rules have been published for the shaw island townsend ' s vole .\n( townsend\u2019s vole ) . in : an atlas of mammalian chromosomes . springer , new york , ny\nrange the townsend\u2019s vole is found in ( but not necessarily limited to ) canada . southeastern british columbia and vancouver island south to northwest california .\nreproduction the townsend\u2019s vole has a high reproductive rate . it is capable of breeding at 3 weeks of age , and can produce up to 13 litters of four to eight young a year .\nthe townsend\u2019s vole is a rodent known to thrive throughout wetlands and grassland meadows . though considered one of the largest vole species around , adults typically weigh between 47 and 82 . 5 grams , and extend to a maximum length of 24 centimeters ( 9 inches ) .\nthomas , w . k . , and a . t . beckenbach . 1986 . mitochondrial dna restriction site variation in the townsend ' s vole , microtus townsendii . can . j . zool . 64 : 2750 - 2756 .\na study by drever et al . ( 2010 ) on rodent predation of seabird eggs found that townsend ' s voles feed exclusively on terrestrial plants .\nthe townsend\u2019s vole has a single pair of incisors in each jaw . these teeth will grow continually throughout its life . it has a high rate of reproduction , and this is one key factor in attributing to the success of this species .\nlook for evidence of vole pathways along wetland edges and grassy fields throughout the refuge .\ntownsend\u2019s voles can be found as far north as triangle island ( a small island north of vancouver island ) , east to chilliwack , and south to northern california .\nidentification & description : the townsend\u2019s vole is from the order rodentia . the largest group of mammals is the rodentia . a rough generalisation is most non - flying mammals are rodents . prairie dogs , beavers , porcupines and many others are classified as rodents .\ngenerations of voles will use the same pathways , sometimes creating 2 inch deep vole trails .\nhedgerows , grassland set - asides , and old fields are prime habitats for townsend\u2019s voles and they are up to eight times more abundant in grassland set - asides than in forage fields .\nhighly significant to a multitude of predators , including herons , owls , and other birds of prey ; and raccoons , skunks , weasels , mink , coyotes , bobcats , and red and gray foxes . snakes , too , feed on these voles . densities as high as 800 voles per hectare have been recorded , and when densities exceed 100 , townsend ' s vole may exclude other small rodents from its range through competition . townsend ' s vole has dark - brownish fur and ears large enough to project above the fur . the ears are small by most standards but large for the\none tell - tale sign that a townsend\u2019s vole is in the area is the presence of tunnels through vegetation along the ground ; these runways are often used throughout many generations of voles and can extend down to five centimeters deep . they spend a great deal of time in their underground burrows where they create an extensive system of traveling , feeding , and nesting corridors overlapping one another .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthe townsend\u2019s vole is one of the largest voles in north america , and it is also very abundant where it occurs . it has dark brownish fur and ears large enough to stick out above its fur . dark brown above , gray below ; feet dusky ; large ears . total length : 15 - 25 cm ; tail : 5 - 8 cm ; mass : 40 - 100 g .\nluckily , their presence attracts many local predators which are drawn to the voles\u2019 activity both day and night , including some threatened species such as the short - eared owl and the barn owl . other species for which the townsend\u2019s vole is of significant importance include snowy owls , northern harriers , rough - legged hawks , and many other raptors , as well as great blue herons , american bitterns , and coyotes .\necology townsend\u2019s vole may be active day or night . their habitat is marshes , wet meadows and riparian woodlands . when numbers are high they may exclude other rodents from its range through competition . their diet includes velvet grass and other grasses , horsetail , alfalfa , clover , rushes , sedges , purple - eyed grass , and buttercups . when green food is still available in winter , the townsend . s vole often stores and eats bulbs at that time . a good swimmer , this vole often constructs the entrances to its burrow system underwater . in summer and winter its nests are constructed of grass . in summer , the nest is placed inside a rounded knoll above water level . in winter , it is placed on dry ground away from water , which might freeze and prevent access . they use runways most of the year except when vegetation in summer is thick enough to completely conceal their bodies and they can move about at will under the cover of the vegetation .\ntheir burrowing habits also assist in increasing soil aeration . despite what many may think , townsend\u2019s voles are impressive swimmers and they will often readily dive into water . in fact , to better escape some predators , they will often make the entrance to their summer burrows underwater .\ntheir capability to reproduce every few weeks between april to october each year , as well as their large litter size of up to nine young per female , make townsend\u2019s voles prime candidates for \u201cpest\u201d status on agricultural land . feeding on the roots of grasses , sedges , and other soft - stemmed plants , as well as fallen seeds and leaves , these voles can chew away quickly at a farmer\u2019s crop .\ntownsend ' s vole occurs on the pacific coast from northern california to british columbia , but this unusually large subspecies is known only from triangle island ( area 1 . 07 sqare km ) just off the nothern tip of vancouver island . it lives in moist grassy areas , salt and freshwater marshes . the island is protected as an ecological reserve . the introduction of predatory species ( e . g . rats , mink ) are the primary threat . its small population and distribution exacerbate its vulnerability to all threats .\nwhat\u2019s good for columbian white - tailed deer is great for salamanders ! the swampy woodlands , marshes and ponds scattered throughout the refuge are a haven for amphibians .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\ndouglass , r . j . 1977 . population dynamics , home ranges , and habitat associations of the yellow - cheeked vole , microtus xanthognathus , in the northwest territories . canadian field - naturalist 91 : 237 - 47 .\nthreatened due to competition with the keen ' s mouse ( peromyscus keeni ) or the potential introduction of a mammalian predator such as mink ( mustela vison ) or rat ( rattus sp ) .\nthe present access restrictions on the ecological reserve should be maintained . ensure that no rats or predators are introduced to triangle island . the interactions of this vole with its abundant seabird cohabitants would make an interesting and useful study to aid in future management questions .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\nthis is not a range map . this species is known to occur somewhere in the shaded regional district ( s ) . the actual range of the species within each regional district may be much smaller .\nfound mostly in lowlands , sea level to 1000 feet , west of the cascades in salt water and fresh water marshes , wet meadows , and in dense herbaceous and hardwood riparian vegetation . not found in coniferous forest or dry brush . invades clear - cuts and coniferous tree farms ( where it eats seedlings ) when these are near marshes or wet meadows . occasionally found higher in the olympics , occurs in the absence of richardson ' s vole , as high as alpine meadows at 5000 to 6000 feet .\nthis large , dark brown vole is abundant in moist fields and sedge meadows . its compact body can be as long as 6 inches . it has a short tail , only between 2 and 3 inches in length , compared to its mouse cousins . voles have black protruding eyes , and large , rounded , visible ears .\nthere are multiple species of voles , also known as field mice , present in the fraser valley . the most common species are microtus townsendii ( townsend\u2019s vole ) and m . longicaudus and m . oregonii . voles are distinctly different from the more familiar house mice . voles have much shorter tails , smaller eyes and ears , and a more rounded snout . voles live in underground nests , but are also active above ground . they generally create runways along the above ground vegetation . voles are active all year round . voles can also be active during both the day and night . there are multiple generations per calendar year with breeding taking place between february and october . due to the relatively large litter size ( 3 - 7 young / litter ) and the short gestation period ( 21 - 23 days ) , voles are very prolific . populations in an area tend to fluctuate in cycles with peak population levels every 2 - 5 years .\nbowman , j . c . , m . edwards , l . s . sheppard , and g . j . forbes . 1999 . record distance for a non - homing movement by a deer mouse , peromyscus maniculatus . canadian field - naturalist 113 : 292 - 293 .\ncastleberry , s . , b . , t . l . king , p . b . wood , and w . m . ford . 2002 . microsatellite dna analysis of population structure in allegheny woodrats ( neotoma magister ) . journal of mammalogy 83 : 1058 - 1070 .\nrecent research has shown that the number of tunnel exits seen on the soil surface is a poor indicator of the extent of the underground tunnel network . the underground network can be much larger than it appears on the surface . the amount of damage done by voles can vary widely between years . thus it is important to always be on the lookout for recent vole activity ( new tunnels and exits ) , in order to help make management decisions .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\njones , j . k . , jr . , r . s . hoffman , d . w . rice , c . jones , r . j . baker , and m . d . engstrom . 1992a . revised checklist of north american mammals north of mexico , 1991 . occasional papers , the museum , texas tech university , 146 : 1 - 23 .\nthe key to reducing damage is habitat reduction through vegetation management . voles prefer habitat with good groundcover for their feeding and nest areas . keep the vegetation around the field edges and along the row middles properly managed through regular mowing or chemical means . eliminating these sites helps keep voles out of the field area and reduces their population numbers . this should be the main method employed by the farmer to control vole populations . since vole populations can fluctuate wildly from year to year , sometimes rodenticide use is necessary . placing the rodenticide bait in areas of high activity ( e . g . in field sections with a lot of damage or tunnels ) can significantly increase their effectiveness . remember that any insecticide bait must be placed in a tamper - resistant bait station to avoid accidental exposure to children , pets or other non - target animals . when using rodenticides it is a good idea to rotate the active ingredient ( or chemical class ) every time to reduce any effects of bait shyness .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnagorsen , d . 1998 . mammals . in b . c . minist . environ . , lands and parks , resour . inventory branch . 1998 . the vertebrates of british columbia : scientific and english names . standards for components of british columbia ' s biodiversity , no . 2 . version . 2 . 0 . resour . inventory comm . victoria , bc . 119pp .\ntonwsend\u2019s voles eat tender marsh and grassland vegetation , and in turn are a rich food source for other refuge wildlife , including owls , coyotes , bobcats and weasels . as with most rodents , voles are productive breeders and can have many broods each year . each litter of young is born and raised in a grassy nest found below or above ground . populations periodically grow and crash ; the cause of this trend is unknown .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\nmicrotus townsendii - inset shows foot tubercle pattern click to enlarge this image . ( 94 kb )\nbachman , j . , 1839 . description of several new species of american quadrupeds , p . 60 . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , part 1 , 8 : 57 - 74 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern because it has a very wide range , there are no major threats , it can be very common , and its population is not thought to be in decline .\nthis species ranges from triangle island , british columbia in canada , south to humbolt bay , california in the united states ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . it occurs from sea level to about 1 , 830 m asl in olympic mountains , to about 915 m asl in cascades , oregon .\ndensities as high as 800 per hectare have been recorded , but populations fluctuate widely .\nit occupies a variety of habitats , but typically occurs in salt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface . the length of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) . diet includes various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint bulbs .\nthis species is not of conservation concern and its range includes several protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t13487a115114983 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntheir fur is dark brown in colour and often tipped with black , while their bellies are dull grey , and they have medium sized ears .\nbreeding breeds from early spring through late summer or early fall ; several litters of 1\u20139 young each ; gestation 21\u201324 days .\ncopyright \u00a9 2002 - 2017 , green timbers heritage society . all rights reserved ! 14225 green timbers way , surrey , bc v3t 0j2 charitable tax number 140388216rr0001\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwilson , d . e . , and d . m . reeder ( editors ) . 1993 . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . second edition . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc . xviii + 1206 pp . available online at : urltoken\nlength of breeding season depends on stage in multiannual abundance cycle . gestation lasts 21 - 24 days . litter size averages 4 - 7 in different areas . in captivity , young are weaned at 15 - 17 days , first estrus at 35 - 80 days ( cornely and verts 1988 ) .\nsalt and fresh marshes , moist meadows ( sometimes dry grass ) , wetlands along streams ; alpine and subalpine meadows . constructs extensive underground burrow systems and runways through grass . burrow entrance may be underwater . nests may be on or below soil surface .\neats various kinds of green vegetation ; grasses , sedges , and forbs , mint ( mentha ) bulbs .\ntriangle island , british columbia , south to humbolt bay , california ; east in british columbia to chilliwack ; in washington to sauk , nisqually flats , and clark county ; in oregon to salem , eugene , and prospect . sea level to about 1830 m in olympic mountains , to about 915 m in cascades , oregon .\nbanfield , a . w . f . 1974 . the mammals of canada . university of toronto press , toronto , canada . 438 pp .\nconroy , c . j . , and j . a . cook . 2000 . molecular systematics of a holarctic rodent ( microtus : muridae ) . journal of mammalogy 81 : 344 - 359 .\nhall , e . r . 1981a . the mammals of north america , second edition . vols . i & ii . john wiley & sons , new york , new york . 1181 pp .\ningles , l . g . 1965 . mammals of the pacific states . stanford university press , stanford , california .\nmoore , d . w . , and l . l . janecek . 1990 . genic relationships among north american microtus ( mammalia : rodentia ) . ann . carnegie mus . 59 : 249 - 259 .\nplante , y . , p . t . boag , and b . n . white . 1989 . macrogeographic variation in mitochondrial dna of meadow voles ( microtus pennsylvanicus ) . can . j . zool . 67 : 158 - 167 .\ntamarin , r . h . , editor . 1985 . biology of new world microtus . american soc . mamm . special publication ( 8 ) : 1 - 893 .\nb . c . conservation data centre . 1993 . species summary : microtus townsendii . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nbreeding range map the green area shows the predicted habitats for breeding only . the habitats were identified using 1991 satellite imagery , other datasets and experts throughout the state , as part of the washington gap analysis project .\ncore zones were the low and mid - elevation forest zones of the west side of the state , where water / wetlands and other moist areas were good habitat . in the olympics , mountain hemlock , sub - alpine fir , and alpine / parkland were also core zones .\npest profile is a recurring feature in this magazine . periodically we pick an agricultural pest to feature and learn more about its biology and control methods .\nthe damage caused by voles is both direct and indirect . voles will chew directly on the roots and crowns of plants causing direct plant decline . voles are present in many crops , but are particularly damaging in highbush blueberries . indirect damage can be caused by the voles tunneling behaviour . these tunnels often run right through the root zone of the plant . these roots are exposed directly to air , causing them to dry out , or to excessive water , causing the roots to drown . indirect damage is also caused by the open wounds being exposed to disease - causing organisms such as root - rotting fungi .\nin my own personal experience , the decline of the plant is usually slow . the root damage done by voles is not easily detected within the first year and is often missed . in that first year after the damage the plants are only slightly stunted ( depending on the severity of the damage ) . it is in the second year that the damage is highly visible on the aboveground plant growth . you will see shorter stems , smaller leaves , and often a slight discolouration of the leaves as the plant struggles to maintain all its normal physiological processes . usually after the third year , the plant is stunted enough for the grower to pull it out and replace it .\ngreg has an intense interest in biology and agricultural systems . plant and insect dynamics have always been in passionate focus . armed with a bsc degree and years of experience in agricultural research , monitoring , and technical sales , greg brings a wealth of knowledge to our writing team .\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 modern media ltd . all rights reserved . responsive web design by raize digital .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe entire area of all regional districts in which the species occurs somewhere is shaded . the actual species range may be much smaller .\nplease note that some recommendations or photographs appearing in this section may not apply to this particular species .\nplease cite these pages as : pearson , mike and healey , m . c . 2012 . species at risk and local government : a primer for bc . stewardship centre of british columbia , courtenay bc .\nalthough its habitat is not threatened , m . t . cowani is restricted to a small , isolated island where unforeseen events such as the introduction of mammalian predators or competitors could cause its extinction .\nknown only from triangle island , a small island with an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 found 46km off northern tip of vancouver island ( nagorsen 1990 ) .\nm . t . cowani is an endemic species , only occurring on triangle island . there has been no inventory on the species although it is assumed that its area of occupancy encompasses all of triangle island .\ntriangle island has an area of approximately 1 . 07 km2 . the occurrence separation distance has not been assessed for this species , but given the small area of triangle island , at this time it is believed to be the only occurrence of m . t . cowani .\ncowan , i . mct . , and c . j . guiguet . 1965 . the mammals of british columbia . handb . no . 11 , b . c . prov . mus . , victoria . 414pp .\nguiget , c . j . 1955 . undescribed mammals ( peremyscus and microtus ) from the islands of british columbia . b . c . prov . mus . rep . b64 - 76 .\nmaser , c . , b . r . mate , j . f . franklin , and c . t . dyrness . 1981 . natural history of oregon coast mammals . pacific northwest forest and range expt . sta . , usda , forest service , gen tech . rep . pnw - 133 : 1 - 496 .\nnagorsen , d . 1990 . the mammals of british columbia : a taxonomic catalogue . mem . no . 4 . royal b . c . mus . , victoria . 140pp .\nfor information on how the cdc determines conservation status ranks . for global conservation status reports and ranks , please visit the natureserve website\nb . c . conservation data centre . 2014 . conservation status report : microtus townsendii cowani . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .\nfor more information on habitat issues , please contact the wdfw habitat program . habitatprogram @ urltoken phone : 360 - 902 - 2534\nstate monitor species are not considered species of concern , but are monitored for status and distribution . they are managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .\nthe wildlife diversity division maintains a state monitor species list that includes animal species for which we monitor status and distribution . little is known about many of these species , but biologists are concerned about their well being .\nthey were classified as endangered , threatened , or sensitive within the previous five years .\nthey require habitat that is of limited availability during some portion of their life cycle .\nthere are unresolved taxonomic questions that may affect their candidacy for listing as endangered , threatened , or sensitive species .\nstate monitor species will be managed by the department , as needed , to prevent them from becoming endangered , threatened , or sensitive .\nspecies already classified in a category that provides adequate management emphasis , survey work , and data maintenance ( e . g . , game animals , game birds , furbearers , etc . ) will not be designated as state monitor species .\nhelp hints : click the links in the column headers to change ascending / descending order of a column .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nnote : range depicted for new world only . the scale of the maps may cause narrow coastal ranges or ranges on small islands not to appear . not all vagrant or small disjunct occurrences are depicted . for migratory birds , some individuals occur outside of the passage migrant range depicted . for information on how to obtain shapefiles of species ranges see our species mapping pages at urltoken\nevidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals in appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding .\nseparate sites separated by less than 1000 meters should be mapped as separate polygons .\nbarriers include : wide highways with heavy traffic ( subjective determination ) and highways with continuous solid barriers that prevent rodent passage ; major water bodies , arbitrarily set at those greater than 50 meters across in ice - free areas and those greater than 200 meters wide if frozen regularly .\ngroup contains most members of the family muridae : mice , voles , lemmings , woodrats , etc .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbanks , e . m . , r . j . brooks , and j . schnell . 1975 . a radiotracking study of home range and activity of the brown lemming ( lemmus trimucronatus ) . journal of mammalogy 56 : 888 - 901 .\nbrooks , r . j . , and e . m . banks . 1971 . radio - tracking study of lemming home range . communications in behavioral biology 6 : 1 - 5 .\ngarland , t . , jr . and w . g . bradley . 1984 . effects of a highway on mojave desert rodent populations . american midland naturalist 111 : 47 - 56 .\njike , l . , g . o . batzli , l . l . geta . 1988 . home ranges of prairie voles as determined by radiotracking and by powdertracking . journal of mammalogy 69 : 183 - 186 .\nkrohne , d . t . , and g . a . hoch . 1999 . demography of peromyscus leucopus populations on habitat patches : the role of dispersal . canadian journal of zoology 77 : 1247 - 1253 .\nmacmillen , r . e . 1964 . population ecology , water relations and social behavior of a southern california semidesert rodent fauna . university of california publications in zoology 71 : 1 - 59 .\nmaier , t . j . 2002 . long - distance movements by female white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus , in extensive mixed - wood forest . canadian field - naturalist 116 : 108 - 111 .\noxley , d . j . , m . b . fenton and g . r . carmody . 1974 . the effects of roads on populations of small mammals . journal of applied ecology 11 : 51 - 59 .\nparks canada . 2000 . vertebrate species database . ecosystems branch , 25 eddy st . , hull , pq , k1a 0m5 .\nrehmeier , r . l . , g . a . kaufman , and d . w . kaufman . 2004 . long - distance movements of the deer mouse in tallgrass prairie . journal of mammalogy 85 : 562 - 568 .\nsmith , m . h . 1965 . dispersal capacity of the dusky - footed wood rat , neotoma fuscipes . american midland naturalist 74 : 457 - 463 .\nstorer , t . i . , f . c . evans , and f . g . palmer . 1944 . some rodent populations in the sierra nevada of california . ecological monographs 14 : 166 - 192 .\nwilkins , k . t . 1982 . highways as barriers to rodent dispersal . southwestern naturalist 27 : 459 - 460 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nnagorsen , david w . 2005 . rodents and lagomorphs of british columbia . royal bc museum handbook . royal bc museum , victoria .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information ."]}
{"id": 1844, "summary": [{"text": "athrips profusa is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale ochreous and a rather thick grey streak along the costa throughout , narrowed towards the base and with a whitish-grey irregular streak within the cell from the base , branching around the margin , with inter-neural branches towards the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a whitish streak partially irrorated with grey beneath the fold from the base to the plical stigma .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is some irregular light grey suffusion along the dorsum from one-third to near the tornus and there is a streak of grey suffusion parallel to the termen from the costa near the apex to the dorsum before tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a black dot beneath the costal streak at one-third , as well as a black linear dot on the lower edge of the intracellular streak towards the base , and one on the upper edge of the subdorsal streak beyond this .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are black , the plical rather obliquely before the first discal , the second discal below the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "three or four black scales are found near the costa at five-sixths and some scattered grey and black scales along the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "athrips profusa", "paragraphs": ["athrips mouffetella ( linnaeus , 1758 ) = athrips mouffetellus = epithectis pedisequella h\u00fcbner , 1796 .\nhave a fact about athrips sisterina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for athrips sisterina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nathrips - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nathrips - species dictionary - southern africa - observations - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ mozambique ] , p . [ ortuguese ] e . [ ast ] a . [ frica ] , belavista , xi , leg . c . j . swierstra .\njanse a . j . t . 1950 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - \u2014 5 ( 2 ) : 61\u2013172 , pls . 33\u201388 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n, 2010 : the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part i : descriptions of seventeen new species ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 9 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , the kaliningrad , nizhne - amur , of baikal , seaside , mid - volzhsky , middle urals , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1849, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris viridescens is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1918 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in india ( assam ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are lilac-grey with a dark purplish median streak from the base to one-fourth and a greyish-blue blotch in the disc at one-third , extending suffusedly almost to the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a broad rather oblique greyish-blue fasciate patch in the disc beyond the middle , extending nearly to the margins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discal space before this and a fascia beyond it are rather dark purplish-fuscous with deep emerald-green reflections .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "beyond this is a metallic-blue trapezoidal blotch occupying the apical and terminal areas , preceded on the costa by a triangular blackish spot before which is a white mark .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dull ochreous , the apical fourth suffused with dark fuscous and with a large basal patch of modified light grey fine scales . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris viridescens", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nunionpedia is a concept map or semantic network organized like an encyclopedia \u00e2\u20ac\u201c dictionary . it gives a brief definition of each concept and its relationships .\nthis is a giant online mental map that serves as a basis for concept diagrams . it ' s free to use and each article or document can be downloaded . it ' s a tool , resource or reference for study , research , education , learning or teaching , that can be used by teachers , educators , pupils or students ; for the academic world : for school , primary , secondary , high school , middle , technical degree , college , university , undergraduate , master ' s or doctoral degrees ; for papers , reports , projects , ideas , documentation , surveys , summaries , or thesis . here is the definition , explanation , description , or the meaning of each significant on which you need information , and a list of their associated concepts as a glossary . available in english , spanish , portuguese , japanese , chinese , french , german , italian , polish , dutch , russian , arabic , hindi , swedish , ukrainian , hungarian , catalan , czech , hebrew , danish , finnish , indonesian , norwegian , romanian , turkish , vietnamese , thai , greek , bulgarian , croatian , slovak , lithuanian , filipino , latvian , estonian and slovenian . more languages soon .\nall the information was extracted from wikipedia , and it ' s available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license .\ngoogle play , android and the google play logo are trademarks of google inc .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 1850, "summary": [{"text": "the eastern spiny mouse or arabian spiny mouse ( acomys dimidiatus ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "they have a wide range , having been found in middle eastern deserts , as well as being prevalent in riverine forests in africa .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this is the only species of spiny mouse which may have black coloration .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "their diet is similar to other species of spiny mouse , consisting mostly of seeds . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eastern spiny mouse", "paragraphs": ["the eastern spiny mouse in captivity may have a lifespan of between 3 and 5 years .\nthe arabian spiny mouse is found in south - western parts of asia and north - eastern africa ( 1 ) .\ncairo spiny mice are also known as egyptian spiny mice , arabian spiny mice , greater wilfred ' s mice , or northeast african spiny mice .\nif it looks like a mouse , behaves like a mouse , walks like a mouse and eats like a mouse , it must be . . . a gerbil ! or at least , a close relative .\nbehavior / temperament : the domesticated eastern spiny mouse has a reputation for being docile and easy - to - handle . they rarely bite unless hurt or very frightened : the most common cause of biting is improper handling . a well - socialized eastern spiny mouse may enjoy climbing and exploring on their owner , though unfortunately they can\u2019t be \u201chousetrained\u201d and may urinate and defecate when being handled .\nomnivorous , it feeds on insects , spiders , snails and various plant materials and seeds . where its range overlaps with that of the golden spiny mouse ( acomys russatus ) , the two species may exploit the same food sources , with the cairo spiny mouse feeding during the night , and the golden spiny mouse , during the day .\nthe basics : named for the course , spine - like hairs on its back , the eastern spiny mouse is a unique option for those fancying a more exotic rodent pet . like the more common fancy mouse , the eastern spiny mouse is curious , dynamic , and interactive . they don\u2019t require a lot of room and are relatively easy to care for . they\u2019re a bit larger than the common mouse and less inclined to quick , darting movements , potentially making them a better option for older children who can handle them gently .\nas well as the spiny fur , which can act as a deterrent to potential predators , the arabian spiny mouse can easily shed its tail , either whole or in part , with no great impact on the mouse , a remarkable feature that can aid the mouse\u2019s escape from a predator ( 2 ) .\nthe eastern spiny mouse has the additional benefit of being a desert species \u2013 they drink less water and their urine may have a less pungent odor than other mice . in the wild , they can be found throughout africa , india , and the middle east . wild animals should never be taken as pets , so it\u2019s important to find a responsible breeder of domestic eastern spiny mice .\nin developing arid regions , the golden spiny mouse has become a small nuisance to agricultural fields that use drip irrigation . in particular ,\nthe egyptian spiny mouse usually produce two litters a year . gestation is about thirty five days and they may produce from 1 to 4 offspring .\nthe egyptian spiny mouse is a small rodent that has a possum - like face and a calm temperament . they are a golden brown color with light patches underneath their eyes and behind their ears . their spines can be black or tan . the overall size for a spiny mouse is 5 to 7 inches . spiny mice may live up to 5 years in captivity .\nthe gray mouse lemur , microcebus murinus , occurs mainly in dry forests in western madagascar , but its distribution extends into humid littoral forests in the south - eastern anosy region . we sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 for 282 m . murinus individuals from 13 south - eastern study sites . the spatial distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes and the varying genetic distances within two haplotype clades indicated a trend of decreasing genetic diversity towards the south - eastern margin of the range . rufous mouse lemurs , microcebus cf . rufus , have a complementary distribution in south - eastern madagascar which does not overlap with that of m . murinus . taken together , the spatial distribution of genetic diversity within m . murinus and the distinct ranges of the two species could indicate a recent expansion of gray mouse lemurs into littoral forests in south - eastern madagascar .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian spiny mouse ( acomys dimidiatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - arabian spiny mouse ( acomys dimidiatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - arabian spiny mouse ( acomys dimidiatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfossil evidence suggests that the cairo spiny mouse ' s ancestors first appeared in africa , in the late miocene epoch about 5 to 11 million years ago .\npopulations are slowly increasing as human progress advances further into deserts and arid regions . this is because human habitation supplies additional food sources for the golden spiny mouse .\nthe cairo spiny mouse , which occurs across much of northern and eastern africa and the middle east , occupies the widest range of all the spiny mouse species . it favors arid rocky canyons and cliffs and gravel plains . it has also adapted well to human settlements , making its home in building crevices , rock walls , date groves and gardens . it appears to relish high temperatures , ranging from the mid 80 ' s to over 100 degrees fahrenheit .\nnote : care should be taken when handling a spiny mouse as the tail is very fragile and can be shed . once lost , it will not grow back .\ncommunication : the animal apparently relies heavily on chemical releases that serve as a primary communication cues for identification of littermates , weaning of offspring and interactions with other spiny mouse species .\nthe golden spiny mouse is a non - aggressive rodent . when in danger or alarmed , it outwardly projects its bristly spines in order to make itself appear larger to a predator .\nhaim , a . , f . rozenfeld . 1998 . spacing behaviour between two desert rodents , the golden spiny mouse acomys russatus and the bushy - tailed gerbil sekeetamys calurus . .\ncairo spiny mouse source : picture taken by olaf leillinger on 2005 - 08 - 13 license : cc - by - sa - 2 . 0 / de and gnu fdl . wikimedia .\ngolden spiny mice live in arid regions consisting of deserts and savannas dominated by rocky crevices .\nthe eastern spiny mouse is nocturnal and is an omnivore ( eats both animals and plants ) , specializes in eating hard - shell snails . it can often be found by the big pile of white empty snail shells it leaves on a rock - shelf or under a bush . an interesting mechanism , perhaps used for defense , is the ability to lose the skin tissue that connects the tail to the body and by that , lose the tail . as opposing to some lizards that do that , the spiny mouse cannot grow\nspiny mice can be housed in a wire cage or an aquarium . the floor of the cage should have a deep bed of shavings in which they can hide and nest . nestboxes or hide boxes may be used to create a suitable environment for a spiny mouse . spiny mice also enjoy playing on exercise wheels . spiny mice require a warmer temperature than most other mice because they have heat resistant fur that is not built to keep them warm in colder temperatures .\nthe cairo spiny mouse breeds throughout the seasons , with the female delivering several litters of two or three pinkies over a year ' s time . extremely maternal , especially just before delivering a litter , she has been known to steal another mouse ' s baby and to groom and nurse it . if she doesn ' t have a baby , she may try to groom an adult mouse .\nscientists at princeton university say the cairo spiny mouse may look like an old world mouse or rat , but it resembles a mongolian gerbil at the molecular level .\nfor mammals ,\nsay the scientists ,\nthis is the largest discrepancy known between a morphological and a molecular classification .\naside from full or partial tail detachment , the eastern spiny mouse has no specific health concerns . they may be susceptible to the same issues that fancy mice do , including respiratory infections ( from drafty situations ) , occlusion ( from overgrowth of teeth ) , bacterial infections ( from unsanitary conditions ) , and diarrhea ( from diet or stress ) .\ndifferent authorities classify african spiny mice into as few as 14 species and as many as 19 . the\ncharacterized by the harsh , inflexible spiny hairs of their upperparts . african spiny mice have large eyes and ears and scaly , nearly bald tails that are shorter than or about as long as the body . the\nappearance / health : the eastern spiny mouse is a small - to - medium sized rodent with an average length of 5 to 7 inches . their bodies are covered in short fur which , when stroked against the direction of the hair follicles , feels coarse and quill - like . their long , slender tails look bare but are actually covered in short bristles \u2013 and be careful : the eastern spiny mouse\u2019s tail can easily detach , an adaptation developed to escape predators . the have a long , pointed snout , large , black eyes , and large oval - shaped ears . the coat is a dark tan with black or grey tips , and white underside . there may be white patches on the backs of the ears . the tail is greyish - brown or buff .\nif attacked by a carnivore such as a caracal or a fennec fox , the cairo spiny mouse may readily forfeit quills and skin patches , and its tail - - the price it pays for escape . if captured , it makes the attacker pay a price for the meal . its spiny hairs are difficult to swallow and irritating to the throat of its predator .\n, but analyses of dental and molecular data suggest that the african spiny mice form a distinctive and separate subfamily , acomyinae . other african rodents proved to be close relatives of african spiny mice and were also reclassified in this subfamily ; these are\nback the tail and will remain with no tail for the rest of its life . the eastern spiny mouse is abundant all around the middle - east from sinai peninsula and arabia in the south to syria and lebanon in the north and south pakistan and iran in the east . it can be found both in the mediterranean and the desert habitats in rocky landscapes . it is less common to find it near human presence although it is not obligatory .\nvegetation changes throughout this region , from east to west , resulting in vegetation communities with varied appearance throughout the spiny thicket . parts of the spiny thicket are completely lacking in species of didiereaceae . alluaudia procera and a . ascendens dominate the eastern portions of the ecoregion . to the west , in the north , there are no emergent alluaudia spp . , but instead this area is dominated by didierea madagascariensis , dwarf baobabs adansonia fony , the very large pachypodium geayi , and delonix spp .\ngolden spiny mice are popular pets in parts of the middle east and can be a food source for pet snakes . spiny mice are easy to maintain and breed in the laboratory ( nowak 1999 ) . this has led to extensive biological and cancer research with these mice .\nthe arabian spiny mouse is thought to be present in a number of protected areas across its range , such as ein gedi nature reserve in israel ( 1 ) , but there are currently no known specific conservation actions in place for this species as it is not considered threatened at this time .\nthe cairo spiny mice eat nearly everything , even fiber mats . they are reported to have dined on the mummies in the tombs of egypt .\nhapke a . , andrianaivo t . b . d . , gligor m . , razafimahatratra e . ( 2012 ) range shifts of mouse lemurs in south - eastern madagascar : evidence from mitochondrial genetic data . in : masters j . , gamba m . , g\u00e9nin f . ( eds ) leaping ahead . developments in primatology : progress and prospects . springer , new york , ny\nis one of the smallest , with a body up to 10 cm long and a tail of less than 2 cm . depending upon the species , fur covering the upperparts may be gray , grayish yellow , brownish red , or reddish . black ( melanistic ) individuals occur in populations of the golden spiny mouse and the\nyoder ad , burns m - m , genin f ( 2002 ) molecular evidence of reproductive isolation in sympatric sibling species of mouse lemurs . int j primatol 23 : 1335\u20131345\neastern spiny mouse has coarse , dark tan and spine - like fur on the upperparts of the body extended from behind the shoulder onto rump . body color varies from pale - brown to brown in color on the upperparts especially mid - dorsum while the underparts and feet white . the ear is large with white patches . whitish suborbital region . tail long , slender , hairless except on closer inspection has short bristles , shorter than the head and body length , upper surface of the tail pale grayish brown and buff or white on the ventral surface . palm and sole of the feet buff and without hairs . claws whitish .\na new species of spiny mouse of the genus acomys ( rodentia , murinae ) is described . this species is distinguished from the three other palearctic species of acomys by its black coloration and in that the baculum terminates distally in a completely cartilaginous trifid rather than a bony or partly bony trifid as in the other species . a key to these species of acomys is provided .\nhousing : eastern spiny mice are best housed in glass aquariums with a mesh cover . as a desert animal , they thrive in warmer temperatures ( around 81 degrees f ) and if kept in a cooler environment , may benefit from the addition of a red heat lamp . the cage should be kept in an area free of drafts or direct sunlight . keep in mind that mice are nocturnal , so keeping their cage in a bedroom might result in unrestful sleep for the human occupants !\nweisrock dw , rasoloarison rm , fiorentino i , ralison jm , goodman sm , kappeler pm , yoder ad ( 2010 ) delimiting species without nuclear monophyly in madagascar\u2019s mouse lemurs . plos one 5 : e9883\nhead and face : the cairo spiny mouse has a sharply - pointed snout , large and erect rounded ears , and prominent black eyes . like all rodents , it has sharp chisel - like teeth - - especially the continuously - growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws - - that are well adapted for gnawing . around its nose and mouth , it has long tactile hairs which it uses to detect objects in darkness .\n. they are also found in southern turkey and on the islands of cyprus and crete . living in rocky , partially vegetated deserts , savannas , and dry woodlands , they den in rock crevices , termite mounds , or other rodents\u2019 burrows . the cairo spiny mouse has the most extensive distribution , extending from northern africa to the indus river ; it lives near or with humans in some parts of its range . the most restricted is\ntype for acomys kempi catalog number : usnm 182901 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : female ; adult preparation : skin collector ( s ) : a . percival year collected : 1911 locality : mount marsabit , n slope , eastern province , kenya , africa elevation ( m ) : 1402\nthe cairo spiny mouse , a social creature , lives in a familial group that often has a dominant male that fights for control . it ' s called by a number of names : a newborn or juvenile may be a\npup ,\nkitten\nor\npinkie ;\nthe female , a\ndoe ;\nthe male , a\nbuck ;\nand the group , a\nhorde ,\na\ncolony ,\na\nnest ,\nor a\nmischief .\nthis species has been recorded from northeastern tanzania ( amani ) and east central tanzania ( kilosa and morogoro regions ) , southeastern democratic republic of the congo , zambia , malawi ( on the nyika plateau ) , zimbabwe , eastern botswana , central mozambique and northern and northwestern south africa ( limpopo province , north - west province , gauteng and mpumalanga ) . it occurs up to 1 , 800 m asl .\nfossils of extinct species trace the ancestry of african spiny mice to the late miocene epoch ( 11 . 2 million to 5 . 3 million years ago ) in africa , where they probably lived in habitats not unlike the dry savannas in which existing species are found .\nhide - aways such as cardboard shelters and wood boxes should be provided for seclusion and privacy . toys such as obstacle courses and wheels are also recommended to keep the mice stimulated and active . wheels should have a solid floor and be big enough that your mouse can run with back straight .\nafter some five and a half weeks of pregnancy , she gives birth - - with no nest - - while she stands , often with the help of another female . the helper mouse may nurse the new mother ' s brood along with her own , an unusual behavior in animal species .\nmice enjoy chewing , and should always be provided with items to gnaw on to prevent tooth overgrowth . acorns , walnuts , and other hard nuts are acceptable for dental health and as a treat . the wood from fruit trees or wood sticks from the pet store are an option that won\u2019t add excess calories to your mouse\u2019s diet .\nall mice are naturally active and inquisitive , and a well - socialized mouse can be gentle and affectionate . they like to run , jump , and climb . they are primarily nocturnal , though they may wake during the day to forage and exercise . they are social creatures and are best kept in pairs or groups brought together while juvenile .\nmost information regarding reproduction in spiny mice has been discovered through studies carried out in captivity , as they can be hard to locate and study in the wild ( 2 ) . females give birth to a litter of up to five young following an approximate six week gestation period ( 3 ) , and it is not unknown for one female to help another with tasks such as cleaning and nursing ( 5 ) . the young are weaned after two weeks and may reach sexual maturity within two months ( 5 ) . spiny mice have a life expectancy of around five years in captivity , but in the wild this may be reduced to around three years ( 2 ) .\n\u2026old world rats and mice , african spiny mice , platacanthomyines , zokors , blind mole rats , and bamboo rats ) . other groups , however , cannot be classified with certainty and may or may not be a hodgepodge of unrelated genera and species ( new world rats and mice , dendromurines , and malagasy rats and mice ) . also unresolved\u2026\ntake up residence in terrain consisting of dried up river beds and hillsides strewn with boulders ( kronfeld et al . 1994 ) . here , they can squeeze between crevices and remain protected from predators . the color of their pelage further aids in blending into the arid landscape . spiny mice don ' t typically have a family home , but live in a small community with other\nyoung spiny mice are born in the presence of numerous females . these females will help the mother by licking and cleaning the newborn and disconnecting the umbilical cord . other lactating females will attempt to steal and adopt these young as their own . no fighting occurs , and this\npolicy\nseems to be understood within the species . thus in essence , newborns are the\nproperty\nof all nursing females within a community ( grzimek 1990 ) . the male ' s role is not significant . he can be found guarding a nest site and finding food during the first few post - natal weeks . parental care mainly occurs by the mother ( s ) in charge . within 3 months the newborns are on their own and sexually mature . typical lifespan is around 3 years .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nthis species lives in semi - arid or dry habitats including rocky and hilly areas , dry deciduous forest and scrub forests . it has also been found in agricultural land and even houses ( 1 ) .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthere are no known significant threats to this species , which is currently considered to not be at risk of extinction ( 1 ) .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ngenus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . nocturnal active at night . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .\nnowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) . walker\u2019s mammals of the world . the john hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .\nvarty , n . ( 1990 ) ecology of the small mammals in the riverine forests of the jubba valley , southern somalia . journal of tropical ecology , 6 ( 2 ) : 179\u2013189 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsee musser and carleton ( 2005 ) for details concerning the relationship between acomys dimidiatus and acomys cahirinus .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis widely distributed species ranges from the sinai peninsula of egypt , lebanon , syria , jordan and israel , through much of the arabian peninsula , southern iraq and iran to southern pakistan ( baluchistan and sindh at 300 to 1 , 200 m asl ) in the east of its range .\nthis species is common in parts of its range ( eg . israel and jordan ) . it was considered to be ' near threatened ' in the united arab emirates by hornby ( 1996 ) .\nthis species has been recorded from several semi - arid or dry habitats , including rocky areas and hilly soils in mediterranean woodland , dry deciduous forest and scrub forests . in egypt the species invades human habitations , and it can also be encountered in agricultural areas .\nit is presumably present in protected areas over much of the species range ( eg . ein gedi nature reserve , israel ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t136471a115208221 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\narmour jal , neumann r , gobert s , jeffreys aj ( 1994 ) isolation of human simple repeat loci by hybridization selection . hum mol genet 3 : 599\u2013605\n( rodentia : muridae ) in africa and asia . israel j zool 40 : 199\u2013214\n) from four montane wadis in the st katherine region of the sinai peninsula in egypt . parasitology 129 : 379\u2013398\ndawson da , horsburgh gj , k\u00fcpper c et al ( 2010 ) new methods to identify conserved microsatellite loci and develop primer sets of high utility\u2014as demonstrated for birds . mol ecol res 10 : 475\u2013494\nglenn tc , schable na ( 2005 ) isolating microsatellite dna loci . methods enzymol 395 : 202\u2013222\nkalinowski st , taper ml , marshall tc ( 2007 ) revising how the computer program cervus accommodates genotyping error and increases success in paternity assignment . mol ecol 16 : 1099\u20131106\nmyers p , espinosa r , parr cs , jones t , hammond gs , dewey ta ( 2006 ) family muridae . the animal diversity web .\nraymond m , rousset f ( 1995 ) genepop ( version 1 . 2 ) : population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenism . j hered 86 : 248\u2013249\nrousset f ( 2008 ) genepop \u2032007 : a complete re - implementation of the genepop software for windows and linux . mol ecol res 8 : 103\u2013106\nroyle nj , hill mc , jeffreys aj ( 1992 ) isolation of telomere junction fragments by anchored polymerase chain reaction . proc r soc lond b 247 : 57\u201361\nrozen s , skaletsky hj ( 2000 ) primer3 on the www for general users and for biologist programmers . in : krawetz s , misener s ( eds ) bioinformatics methods and protocols : methods in molecular biology . humana press , totowa , pp 365\u2013386\nalfadala , s . , dawson , d . a . , horsburgh , g . j . et al . conservation genet resour ( 2013 ) 5 : 519 . urltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbedding or nesting material is essential . aspen shavings , corn cob bedding , or commercially available paper products are preferred , though paper strips , paper towels , cotton , tissue paper , and rags can provide additional bedding or nesting material . cedar and pine shaving volatile aromatic oils that can cause damage and irritation to the respiratory system , and should not be used .\nthe cage should be cleaned often to minimize exposure to ammonia and waste products . the frequency of cleaning will depend on the bedding used and the number of mice . to prevent disease , the entire enclosure should be disinfected at least twice a month .\nfresh water should always be available and best provided in hanging gravity bottle feeders .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nadult size and weight : typically , the animal ' s head and body measure roughly five inches in length and its tail , about four and a half inches ; its weight equals about one and a quarter to one and a half ounces .\ncolor and coat : its back is covered with a grayish brown coat and hedgehog - like bristles , and its belly , with light gray to white softer hairs . its coat helps dissipate heat and regulate body temperatures . its scaly tail has few hairs . threatened , the animal may spread its quills , making it appear larger and more formidable for an adversary .\nbody and legs : it has a plump body , short forelegs and long and powerful hind legs , which it uses for scurrying , hopping and climbing . it has dexterous forepaws , which it uses much like hands , facilitating its mobility .\nunlike most rodents , the newborn , weighing about two - tenths of an ounce , arrives active , fully furred and open eyed . growing rapidly , it will be weaned within about two weeks . it will reach sexual maturity and begin reproducing within some eight and a half weeks . it will continue growing for perhaps three years , and it may live for as long as five years , with males generally living longer than females .\nif the animal evades capture by sacrificing quills and skin patches or its tail , its blood clots exceptionally rapidly , minimizing losses and facilitating healing . however , its tail , which breaks off easily and painfully , never grows back .\nburton , m . , & burton , r . ( 1980 ) the new international wildlife encyclopedia ( purnell ) .\ndesertusa newsletter - - we send articles on hiking , camping and places to explore , as well as animals , wildflower reports , plant information and much more . sign up below or read more about the desertusa newsletter here . ( it ' s free . )\ndesertusa is a comprehensive resource about the north american deserts and southwest destinations . learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment . study desert landscapes and how the geologic features unique to the desert regions are formed . find travel information about national parks , state parks , blm land , and southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the united states . access maps and information about the sonoran desert , mojave desert , great basin desert , and chihuahuan desert , which lie in the geographic regions of arizona , california , new mexico , nevada , texas , and utah in the united states and into mexico .\ndesertusa is a comprehensive resource about the north american deserts and southwest destinations . learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment . find travel information about national parks , state parks , blm land , and southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the united states . access maps and information about the sonoran desert , mojave desert , great basin desert , and chihuahuan desert .\ncopyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken and digital west media , inc . - -\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nis brittle and breaks off readily either as a whole or in part . the\n, is one of the largest , with a body up to 25 cm ( 9 . 8 inches ) long and a shorter tail of up to 7 cm . the\n) , possess the ability to slough off patches of skin when attempting to escape capture from predators . the wounds that remain , which may be painful in appearance , may shrink dramatically within the first 24 hours after the injury . they are covered over by new skin at a rate roughly twice as fast as for wounds of similar size and shape that might occur in adult rats .\nrodent , ( order rodentia ) , any of more than 2 , 050 living species of mammals characterized by upper and lower pairs of ever - growing rootless incisor teeth . rodents are the largest group of mammals , constituting almost half the class mammalia\u2019s approximately 4 , 660 species . they are indigenous to every land area except antarctica , new zealand , \u2026\nasy\u016b\u1e6d , capital of asy\u016b\u1e6d mu\u1e25\u0101fa\u1e93ah ( governorate ) and one of the largest settlements of upper egypt . it lies on the west bank of the nile river , almost midway between cairo and asw\u0101n . the irrigated nile river valley is about 12 miles ( 20 km ) wide at that\u2026\nmiocene epoch , earliest major worldwide division of the neogene period ( 23 million years to 2 . 6 million years ago ) that extended from 23 million to 5 . 3 million years ago . it is often divided into the early miocene epoch ( 23 million to 16 million years ago ) , the middle miocene epoch ( 16 million\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nthis ecological site is preferred habitat for the threatened desert tortoise ( gopherus agassizii agassizii ) . creosote bush shrublands provides a home for an abundance of specialist insect species , for example , creosote bush flowers provide nutrition for over twenty species of bees , and the creosote bush grasshopper ( bootettix argentatus ) feeds solely on creosote leaves ( pavlik 2008 ) . a diverse assemblage of reptiles and mammals are likely to be found in this site . these may include ( based on habitat preferences ) :\nthis site may be used for hiking , wildflower viewing , and aesthetic enjoyment .\ncreosote bush is an important medicinal plant for native americans . it has a very wide range of uses from treatment for consumption , bowl complaints , and menstrual cramps , to induce vomiting , relief for arthritis , rheumatism , aching bones and sprains , congestion and cold , as an antiseptic and disinfectant , dandruff , antispasmodic , to induce urination , gonorrhea , and to cancer treatment . ( this list is not exhaustive ) . urltoken\ncreosote bush stems are used to make weapons , digging tools , and basket handles , and creosote gum is used for knife and awl handles . creosote bush branches are used as thatch in dwelling construction . urltoken\nthere are two major rock types in the ecoregion ; the tertiary limestone of the mahafaly plateau and the unconsolidated red sands of the central south and southeast . this geology corresponds to a major division in the habitat ( du puy and moat 1996 ) . the taller , dense , dry forest on the sandy soils is dominated by didieria madagascariensis , and the more xeric adapted vegetation on the calcareous plateau around lake tsimanampetsotsa is characterized by dwarf species .\nbiodiversity features the ecoregion has the highest percentage of plant endemism in madagascar ( jolly et al . 1984 , davis et al . 1994 , phillipson 1996 ) . forty - eight percent of the genera and 95 percent of the species occurring in the ecoregion are endemic to the island . some of the dominant forest species belong to the endemic family didiereaceae . there are 11 species and 4 genera ( didierea , alluaudia , alluaudiopsis and decaryia ) in this family . some of the endemic plants are extremely rare due to restricted ranges , such as aloe suzannae ( liliaceae ) and the palm , dypsis decaryi , as well as tiny euphorbia herbs , pachypodium spp . , and hibiscus shrubs exploited for the ornamental and nursery trades .\nthe harsh , drought - prone environment has produced extreme adaptations among the plants found here . woody species have long tap roots , swollen storage organs , and waxy caducus leaves . pachycaulous stems are common amongst the succulents , seen in adansonia , pachypodium , and moringa spp . spines are abundant among many plants , including the genera allaudia , pachypodium , mimosa , and didierea , and serve several functions . they protect the plants from moisture seeking animals and combine with large terminal leaves to reduce surface area and moisture loss . in fact , several euphorbia spp . have no leaves and conduct photosynthesis and respiration from the trunk and stems alone . other techniques used to deal with unpredictable rainfall include drying and reviving , toxic sap , and precocial flowering .\nthe red - shouldered vanga and long - tailed ground roller are recorded as\nvulnerable\nspecies on the recent iucn red list of threatened species ( iucn 2000 ) .\nas is the case in many reserves in madagascar , the reserves themselves are not well managed or protected . for example , cattle and goat grazing continues in the fragile coastal habitats of cap st marie , an area of heavy exploitation by succulent plant collectors . a priority - setting workshop held in 1995 identified the following sites as in need of immediate conservation : the region around lake tsimanampetsotsa , fiherenana region , cap st . marie , and the mahafaly plateau ( ganzhorn et al . 1997 ) .\ninvasive plant species , such as prickly pear ( opuntia spp . ) and the rubber vine ( cissus spp . ) , which is only a threat in gallery forest , have increased the degradation of the habitats , especially in disturbed forest areas . as in other regions of madagascar , the collection of endemic species of plants and animals for international trade poses a threat to the integrity of the habitats . illegal collection is a particularly significant threat for the populations of the two endemic species of tortoises and various species of succulent endemic plants .\nreferences cornet , a . 1974 . essai de cartographie bioclimatique \u00e0 madagascar . notice explicative no 55 , orstom , paris .\ndavis , s . d . , v . h . heywood , and a . c . hamilton . 1994 . centres of plant diversity , a guide and strategy for their conservation . wwf and iucn , oxford , uk .\ndonque , g . 1972 . the climatology of madagascar . in biogeography and ecology of madagascar , eds . r battistini , and g . richard - vindard , pp . 87 - 144 . the hague , junk .\ndu puy , d . j . , and j . moat . 1996 . a refined classification of the primary vegetation of madagascar based on the underlying geology : using gis to map its distribution and to assess its conservation status . in w . r . louren\u00e7o ( editor ) . biog\u00e9ographie de madagascar . pp . 205 - - 218 , + 3 maps . editions de l\u2019orstom , paris .\nganzhorn , j . u . , b . rakotosamimanana , l . hannah , j . hough , l . iyer , s . olivieri , s . rajaobelina , c . rodstrom , g . tilkin . 1997 . priorities for biodiversity conservation in madagascar . primate report 48 - 1 , germany .\ngoodman , s . m . 1996 . a subfossil record of galidictis grandidieri ( herpestidae : galidiinae ) from southwestern madagascar . mammalia 60 : 150 - 151 .\ngoodman , s . m . , a . f . a . hawkins , and c . a . domergue . 1997 . a new species of vanga ( vangidae ) from southwestern madgascar . bulletin of the british ornithologists\u2019 club 117 : 5 - 10 .\nhawkins f . , m . rabenandrasana , m . c . virginie , r . o . manese , r . mulder , e . r . ellis and r . ramariason . 1998 . field observations of the red - shouldered vanga calicalicus rufocarpalis : a newly described malagasy endemic . bulletin of the african bird club 5 ( 1 ) : 30 - 32 .\nhumbert , h . 1955 . les territoires phytog\u00e9ographiques de madagascar . in . colloques internationaux du c . n . r . s . , 59 : les divisions \u00e9cologique du monde . moyen d\u2019expression , nomenclature , cartographie . paris , juin - juillet 1954 . ann\u00e9e biologique , 3e s\u00e9rie , 31 : 439 - 448 .\njolly , a . , p . oberl\u00e9 , and r . albignac . 1984 . key environments : madagascar . pergamon press , oxford .\nlangrand , o . 1990 . guide to the birds of madagascar . yale university press , new haven .\nlowry , p . p . ii , g . e . schatz , and p . b . phillipson . 1997 . the classification of natural and anthropogenic vegetation in madagascar . pp . 93 - 123 in : s . m . goodman and b . d . . patterson ( eds . ) . natural change and human impact in madagascar . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .\nmittermeier , r . a . , i . tattersall , w . r . konstant , d . m . meyers , and r . b . mast . 1994 . lemurs of madagascar . conservation international , washington , d . c .\nmorat , p . 1973 . les savanes du sud - ouest de madagascar . m\u00e9moires orstom 68 : 1 - 236 .\nmorris , p . , and f . hawkins . 1998 . birds of madagascar : a photographic guide . yale university press , new haven .\nnicoll , m . e . , and o . langrand . 1989 . madagascar : revue de la conservation et des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es . world wide fund for nature , gland , switzerland .\nphillipson , p . b . 1996 . endemism and non - endemism in the flora of south - west madagascar . pp . 125 - 136 in . w . r . louren\u00e7o ( ed . ) . biog\u00e9ographie de madagascar . editions de l\u2019orstom , paris .\nrakotomalaza , p . j . , and n . messmer . 1999 . structure and floristic composition of the vegetation in the r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale d\u2019andohahela , madagascar . in a floral and faunal inventory of the r\u00e9serve naturelle int\u00e9grale d\u2019andohahela , madagascar : with reference to elevational variation . fieldiana : zoology , new series , 94 : 51 - 96 .\nstattersfield , a . j . , m . j . crosby , a . j . long , and d . c . wege . 1997 . endemic bird areas of the world . priorities for biodiversity conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 7 . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\nsussman , r . w . , g . m . green , and l . k . sussman . 1994 . satellite imagery , human ecology , anthropology , and deforestation in madagascar . human ecology 22 : 333 - 334 .\nudvardy , m . d . f . 1975 . a classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world . iucn occasional paper no . 18 . international union of conservation of nature and natural resources , morges , switzerland .\nwhite f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa , a descriptive memoir to accompany unesco / aetfat vegetation map of africa . unesco , paris .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nthese communities are not evenly distributed , but located near food sources . in areas where human habitation exists ,\ncommunities are dense , especially due to agricultural food sources ( haim and rozenfeld 1998 ) . it has been suggested that , since\nare passive , through time they have been forced into living in arid environments due to competition / exclusion by other more dominant rodents ( kronfeld et al . 1994 ) .\nare light golden brown in appearance on the dorsal surface . the ventral side is white in color however , the entire pelage of this species is bristly with individual , non - prickly spines covering the animal . the bristles tend to be thicker and more abundant dorsally . the ends of the spines are black or grey which gives this species a more light brown appearance instead of bright gold . a single white patch is found below each eye and behind each ear . the dorsal sides of each limb contain a small white patch as well . average body and tail lengths are 7 - 15cm . and 4 - 13cm . , respectively ( grzimek 1990 ) . there is slight sexual dimorphism in size ."]}
{"id": 1852, "summary": [{"text": "anacampsis lignaria is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1926 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the russian far east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16-17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are greyish-ochreous , or light brownish slightly speckled ochreous-whitish and with the costal edge ochreous-whitish except towards the extremities .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are cloudy and fuscous , the plical obliquely before the first discal , sometimes an additional spot midway between the plical and the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are faint ochreous-whitish dots on the costa at three-fourths and the tornus opposite , and sometimes a hardly traceable curved line of ochreous-whitish speckling joining these .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anacampsis lignaria", "paragraphs": ["compsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nanacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65\nhave a fact about anacampsis ferreata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for anacampsis ferreata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about anacampsis hirsutella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for anacampsis hirsutella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nanacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362\ngelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nanacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,\ne . e . a . de cuba\nanacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\nanacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\n820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nchlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine\ncrypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nlarva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30\nlita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ngelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega\n= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121\ngelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ngelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of the russian federation : gorno - altai , transbaikalia , lower amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , seaside , mid - amur , south kuril .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntext & photographs copyright ( c ) 2018 by contributed authors and zenkoku noson kyoiku kyokai co . , ltd .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? 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{"id": 1853, "summary": [{"text": "hilarographa soleana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on seram in indonesia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is creamish , slightly mixed with orange in the form of lines extending from the dorsum .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish with a broad , dark brown apical third . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "hilarographa soleana", "paragraphs": ["soleana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : indonesia , seram , operation releigh . holotype : bmnh . male .\n126 . ficus superba var . henneana 127 . ficus superba var henneana 128 . floceana 129 . floreana 130 . forteana 131 . francesco marino di teana 132 . fritillaria raddeana 133 . gaeana 134 . galbulimima belgraveana 135 . galeana 136 . galeandra stangeana 137 . galleria cereana 138 . geana 139 . gomphrena haageana 140 . grevillea guthrieana 141 . hakea maconochieana 142 . hakea macraeana 143 . hauya heydeana 144 . heleana 145 . heliconia burleana 146 . heliconia schiedeana 147 . helminthoglypta mohaveana 148 . hermenegildo galeana 149 . hernandia drakeana 150 . hilarographa soleana\ndulciana meyrick , in wagner , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , lepid . cat . ( 13 ) : 24 . no type\nbryonota meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nburuana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : buru , holotype : bmnh . male .\neriglypta meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 478 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmethystis meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 479 . tl : peru , jurimaguas . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nthaliarcha meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , par . lectotype : bmnh . male .\neuphronica meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 328 . tl : brazil , r trombetas . lectotype : bmnh . male .\niquitosana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 213 . tl : peru , iquitos . holotype : bmnh . male .\nparambae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : ecuador , paramba . holotype : bmnh . male .\nplectanodes meyrick , 1921 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 480 . tl : peru , ro napo . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nbaliana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , bali . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncharagnotorna razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 210 . tl : bolivia , cuatro ojos . holotype : bmnh . male .\nperakana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 265 . tl : malaysia , perak . holotype : bmnh . female .\nxanthotoxa meyrick , 1920 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 329 . tl : brazil , amazonas , teffe . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbelizeae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 215 . tl : belize , upper raspacula valley . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmariannae razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 78 : 212 . tl : brazil , parana , castro . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntemburonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nuluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : brunei , ulu temburong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbellica meyrick , 1912 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 37 . tl : suriname , dutch guiana ( paramaribo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nhainanica razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : china , hainan , porten . holotype : bmnh . male .\njohnibradleyi razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : thailand , doi suthep pui . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmarangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : sw . sumatra , marang . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrampayoha razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrobinsoni razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : brunei , rampayoh r . . holotype : bmnh . female .\nsipiroca razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 271 . tl : sumatra , utara , sipirok . holotype : bmnh . female .\nancilla razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : india , bombay , castle rock . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncalyx razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 276 . tl : formosa [ taiwan ] , kanshirei . holotype : bmnh . female .\nobinana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : moluccas islands , obi major island . holotype : bmnh . female .\northochrysa meyrick , 1932 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 274 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , neu - bremen . holotype : nhmv . female .\nauroscripta razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 269 . tl : amboyna [ indonesia , maluku islands ] , holotype : bmnh . female .\nkhaoyai razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 275 . tl : thailand , khao yai nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrenonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : siam , renong , low country forest . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbosavina razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 270 . tl : papua new guinea , southern highlands , bosavi . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncelebesiana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : s . celebes ,\nlow country\n. holotype : bmnh . male .\nhexapeda meyrick , 1913 ( hilarographa ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 99 . tl : guyana , british guiana [ guyana ] ( bartica ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nmuluana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : sarawak , guanong , mulu nat . park . holotype : bmnh . male .\npahangana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 264 . tl : malaysia , west pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .\ngentinga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 267 . tl : malaysia , w . pahang , genting tea estate . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntasekia razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : malaysia , perak , tasek , temenggor , sungei halong . holotype : bmnh . male .\nfergussonana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 268 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux islands , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . male .\nodontia razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 113 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .\nmeekana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 266 . tl : papua new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux is . , fergusson island . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncastanea razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 157 . tl : ecuador , prov . pichincha , pacto , r ? o mashpi . holotype : mzuj . male .\nuthaithani razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 272 . tl : w . thailand , uthai thani , huai kha khaeng , khao nang ram . holotype : bmnh . male .\nshehkonga razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 273 . tl : hong kong , kadoorie agric . research centre , shek kong n . t . . holotype : bmnh . male .\ngunongana razowski , 2009 ( hilarographa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 37 : 274 . tl : sarawak , gunong mulu national park , r . g . s . expedition base camp . holotype : bmnh . male .\nabstract : a previous synonimization of thaumatographa walsingham , 1897 with hilarographa is confirmed . the systematic list of the old world species of hilarographini is provided ; embolostoma diakonoff , 1977 and nexosa diakonoff , 1977 are excluded from this tribe . thirty three species of hilarographa zeller , 1877 from the oriental and australian regions are examined of which twenty - nine are described as new : h . pahangana razowski , sp . n . , h . celebesiana razowski , sp . n . , h . baliana razowski sp . n . , h . perakana razowski , sp . n . , h . ancilla razowski sp . n . , h . meekana razowski , sp . n . , h . soleana razowski , sp . n . , h . gentinga razowski , sp . n . , h . johibradleyi razowski , sp . n . , h . fergussonana razowski , sp . n . , h . auroscripta razowski , sp . n . , h . hainanica razowski , sp . n . , h . marangana razowski , sp . n . , h . buruana razowski , sp . n . , h . bosavina razowski , sp . n . , h . sipiroca razowski , sp . n . , h . rampayoha razowski sp . n . , h . uthaithani razowski , sp . n . , h . tasekia razowski , sp . n . , h . emburonga razowski , sp . n . , h . muluana razowski , sp . n . , h . shehkonga razowski , sp . n . , h . gunongana razowski , sp . n . , h . renonga razowski , sp . n . , h . khaoyai razowski sp . n . , h . uluana razowski , sp . n . , h . obinana razowski , sp . n . , h . robinsoni razowski , sp . n . , h . calyx razowski , sp . n . nine new combinations are proposed ( see the list of taxa ) .\npyranthis meyrick , 1907 ( hilarographa ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 32 : 91 . tl : new guinea . new guinea ( st . aignan island ) . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nsepidmarginata razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( hilarographa ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 112 . tl : colombia , cauca department , western cordillera , pasto - tumaco rd . , cerro cuesbi forest res . , nambi . holotype : mzuj . female .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbathychtra razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 20 km e baos , san francisco . holotype : smfl . male .\ncladara diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 33 . tl : indonesia , east borneo , balikpapan , mentavir river . holotype : ncb . female .\ncrocochorista diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 479 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar , mt . toenggangan . holotype : ncb . male .\ncymatodes diakonoff , 1983 ( thaumatographa ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 86 ( 4 ) : 482 . tl : indonesia , lesser sunda islands ( sumba island , mao marroe ) . holotype : ncb . female .\ndolichosticha diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 32 . tl : indonesia , east java , tengger range , nongkodjadjar . holotype : ncb . female .\ndulcisana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 415 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . male .\nexcellens pagenstecher , 1900 ( thaumatographa ) , zoologica 29 : 230 tl : papua new guinea , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngrapholithana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( heppnerographa ) , entomol . zeit . 115 : 170 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proano - inapula , crea - domono . holotype : smfl . male .\nmacaria diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 46 . tl : indonesia , west java , gede - panggrango mountains , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . female .\nmesostigmatis diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 42 . tl : taiwan , rantasian . holotype : usnm . male .\noenobapta diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 28 . tl : indonesia , west java , buitenzorg . holotype : ncb . male .\nphlox diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 40 . tl : indonesia , southeast java , mt . smeroe , ranoe daroengan . holotype : ncb . female .\nplurimana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , amazonas , ega . holotype : bmnh . female .\nquinquestrigana walker , 1866 ( carpocapsa ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 35 : 1796 . tl : brazil , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .\nfirmana felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( carpocapsa ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 10 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrefluxana walker , 1863 ( gauris ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 416 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro . holotype : bmnh . female .\nribbei zeller , 1877 ( setiostoma ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 189 . tl : panama , chiriqui . holotype : bmnh . female .\nswederiana stoll , in cramer , 1791 ( phalaena ( tortrix ) ) , papillons exotiques s ( suppl . ) : 75 . tl : surinam , holotype : unknown . unknown .\ntrabaena felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( grapholitha ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 9 . tl : brazil . amazonas . holotype : bmnh . unknown . [ lost ]\ntornoxena diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 50 . tl : indonesia , west java , mt . ged panggrango , tjibodas . holotype : ncb . male .\nundosa diakonoff , 1977 ( thaumatographa ) , zool . verh . leiden 158 : 45 . tl : new guinea , northwest new guinea ( sorong ) . holotype : ncb . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nsource : shilap revista de lepidopterologia . sep2009 , vol . 37 issue 147 , p261 - 287 . 27p . 68 color photographs .\ncopyright of shilap revista de lepidopterologia is the property of sociedad hispano - luso - americana de lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder ' s express written permission . however , users may print , download , or email articles for individual use . this abstract may be abridged . no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy . users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract .\nfor access to this entire article and additional high quality information , please check with your college / university library , local public library , or affiliated institution .\nimportant user information : remote access to ebsco ' s databases is permitted to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal , non - commercial use . however , remote access to ebsco ' s databases from non - subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non - subscribing institution .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\n101 . drosera roseana 102 . dryandra purdieana 103 . eana 104 . eburneana 105 . ecuato guineana 106 . eilema bueana 107 . eleana 108 . empress of floreana 109 . ephedra breana 110 . erythrina humeana 111 . escobaria aguirreana 112 . estteeana 113 . eucalyptus dalrympleana 114 . eucalyptus kruseana 115 . eucalyptus lansdowneana 116 . eucalyptus seeana 117 . eucosma giganteana 118 . eugenia candolleana 119 . euphorbia bourgeana 120 . euphorbia royleana 121 . eupoecilia kobeana 122 . europeana 123 . eurysacca paleana 124 . fgd - eana 125 . fgd eana\n176 . lewisia sacajaweana 177 . libellula jesseana 178 . litsea leefeana 179 . loveridgeana 180 . lovoa klaineana 181 . macropygia heana 182 . madeana 183 . magnolia schiedeana 184 . magnolia soulangeana 185 . magnolia x soulangeana 186 . maireana 187 . manilkara pleeana 188 . maranta massangeana 189 . margarella whiteana 190 . marina ripa di meana 191 . marino di teana 192 . markea spruceana 193 . marleana 194 . masdevallia barlaeana 195 . masdevallia mooreana 196 . masdevallia rolfeana 197 . meana 198 . medicago noeana 199 . melaleuca buseana 200 . melaleuca howeana\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need ."]}
{"id": 1854, "summary": [{"text": "the grey-headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) is closely related to the slaty-headed parakeet which together form a super-species .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it occurs from the north-eastern states of india , into burma , thailand , cambodia , laos and vietnam .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the binomial of this bird commemorates the german naturalist and explorer otto finsch . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "grey - headed parakeet", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . grey - headed parakeet 2 . grey - headed parakeet 3 . grey - headed parakeet > > male 4 . grey - headed parakeet > > immature 5 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult male 6 . grey - headed parakeet > > immature 7 . grey - headed parakeet > > male 8 . grey - headed parakeet > > juvenile 9 . grey - headed parakeet > > juvenile 10 . grey - headed parakeet > > male 11 . grey - headed parakeet > > female 12 . grey - headed parakeet > > male 13 . grey - headed parakeet 14 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult male 15 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult 16 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult male 17 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult male 18 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult male 19 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult male 20 . grey - headed parakeet > > adult female 21 . grey - headed parakeet > > female\nthis entry was posted in archive , asia , parrots and tagged alexandrine parakeet , blossom - headed parakeet , grey - headed parakeet . bookmark the permalink .\narchived 2012 - 2013 topics : blossom - headed parakeet ( psittacula roseata ) , alexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) and grey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) : request for information .\n24 responses to archived 2012 - 2013 topics : blossom - headed parakeet ( psittacula roseata ) , alexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) and grey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) : request for information .\narchived 2012 - 2013 topics : blossom - headed parakeet ( psittacula roseata ) , alexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) and grey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) : request for information . | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums\ngrey - headed lovebirds prefer finch and canary seed over the sunflower / safflower mixes that most other lovebirds eat .\nthe grey - headed parakeet inhabits montane forest , open mixed deciduous forest , evergreen and semi - evergreen forests and farmlands and cultivated areas with several trees .\nnote : the psittacula finschi , formerly listed as a sub - species of the slaty headed parrot , is now listed as a separate species . the common name is the\ngrey headed parrot / parakeet\n.\nthe diet of the grey - headed parakeet consists mainly of nuts , seeds , grains , grass , shoots , buds , flowers , berries , fruits and legumes .\ngrey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) is a very rare resident and was believed to be extirpated from bangladesh . the only recent sighting is from chittagong hill tracts .\nthe breeding season of these grey - headed parakeet species is from january to march in myanmar . they nest in tree hollows . the clutch usually contains 4 - 5 eggs .\nfledgling slaty headed and fledgling plum headed parrots are almost identical so only purchase young birds from a reputable breeder or reputable bird dealer .\ndescription of adults : bit bigger than the plum headed parrot . compare above close up photo of\nslaty\nwith close up photo of plum headed parrot on\nplum headed parrot\nweb page .\nsub species in country / area of origin : 1 ( the psittacula finschi , formerly listed as a sub - species of the slaty headed parrot , is now listed as a separate species . the common name is the\ngrey headed parrot / parakeet\n. )\nthese parakeet species are altitudinal migrant birds . post breeding dispersal of juveniles takes place . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding . these grey - headed parakeet species have been found to descent to lower altitudes from the upland forests during winter .\nthe global population size of the grey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) has not been quantified . the overall population size is considered to be on a sharp decline . their generation length is 7 . 5 years . these species have large range and population . the grey - headed parakeet is being widely captured for pet trade . in china and cambodia , the trapping pressure is contributing to the decline in the population .\n\u201calexandrine parakeet psittacula eupatria ( birdlife species factsheet ) and grey - headed parakeet psittacula finschii ( birdlife species factsheet ) occupy a similar range to this species and are also suspected to be in decline at an unknown rate owing to habitat destruction and unsustainable levels of exploitation . \u201d\nthe grey - headed parakeet species are distributed in eastern india , bhutan , south - western china , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , myanmar and bangladesh . they are very rare in bangladesh . in india , the grey - headed parakeets occur in the states of assam , meghalaya , manipur , tripura , mizoram and arunachal pradesh . in china , they occur in yunnan province .\nspecies : scientific : psittacula finschii aka psittacula himalayana finschii . . . english : grey - headed parakeet , finsch ' s parakeet . . . dutch : finsch ' parkiet . . . german : finsch edelsittich , burma schwarzkopfedelsittich . . . french : perruche \u00e0 t\u00eate gris de finsch\nspecies : scientific : psittacula himalayana aka psittacula himalayana himalayana . . . english : slaty - headed parakeet , black - headed parakeet . . . dutch : grijskopparkiet . . . german : schwarzkopfedelsittich , himalayasittich . . . french : perruche \u00e0 t\u00eate gris | cites ii - endangered species\nthe grey - headed parrot is relatively common in one nature reserve in xishuangbanna , southwest of china . i once sighted more than 10 individuals in one trip . but the poaching and illegal trade is also going on , within one village , every family has one grey - headed parrot as pet , and some claim a price of $ 80 for one individual .\nand only the adult male has grey on its upper body . they are native on the island of\nblossom - headed parakeet is widely distributed in gujarat and occurs in good numbers all around the state . the species also is observed utilizing wide variety of habitats and seems much adaptive to local changes in habitat as compared to alexandrine parakeet .\nbutler , christopher j . 2003 . population biology of the introduced rose - ringed parakeet psittacula krameri in the uk . university of oxford . department of zoology . edward grey institue of field ornithology . urltoken\nslaty - headed parakeets make excellent pets for owners who understand and meet their needs . some may learn to talk .\nthe important bird and biodiversity areas ( iba ) of grey - headed parakeet in cambodia are keo sema and mondulkiri - kratie lowlands . the ibas in laos are nakai - nam theun , nakai plateau , eastern bolikhamxay mountains , upper xe bangfai , xe khampho / xe pian , phou xiang thong , attapu plain and hin namno .\ntemperament : usually good parents . best housed one pair per aviary . not to be housed with the plum headed parrot or blossom headed parrot as they may hybridize . apart from during the moult , they maintain good feather condition and present well .\ngreen - grey parrot , with body about 30cm long , weight around 100g for males and often 10 - 20 % smaller for females .\nthe monk parakeet is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .\nthe following detail my observation of alexandrine parakeet from bhutan , assam , burma and cambodia .\ncollar , n . 2017 . grey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( ed . ) , handbook of the birds of the world alive , lynx edicions , barcelona . retrieved from urltoken on 15 february 2017 .\nagree that there is concern about the status of these species . grey - headed parakeet has a patchy distribution absent from apparently similar habitats between areas of the northern plains of cambodia . habitat loss is ongoing and will have a devastating effect on these and other species reliant on deciduous dipterocarp forest in the next decade , although the effects may be not be apparent for a few years .\nthe red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) is an accepted subspecies of the red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ; higgins 1999 ) .\nthe habitat loss due to deforestation and logging is threatening the survival of these species . the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the grey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) and has listed it as\nnear threatened\n. the cites ( the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) has listed these parakeets in appendix ii .\nthe grey - headed lovebird ( agapornis canus ) is native to madagascar , but has been introduced to the comoro islands , r\u00e9union , rodrigues , and the seychelles . these birds are generally encountered in flocks of 5 to 30 or more individuals , in flight or feeding ( mainly on grass seeds ) on the ground . they are generally common in madagascar ( at least in more open country in coastal regions ) and in the comoros , but are present in only small numbers in r\u00e9union and rodrigues and have a limited distribution in the seychelles . there are many grey - headed lovebirds in captivity as well .\nterauds , a . , r . gales , g . b . baker & r . alderman ( 2006 ) . foraging areas of black - browed and grey - headed albatrosses breeding on macquarie island in relation to marine protected areas . aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater ecosystems . 16 : 133 - 146 .\ndisturbance by humans and feral pigs and deer , and competition with more plentiful bird species including the introduced rose - ringed parakeet ; the mauritius parakeet seemed doomed to extinction . but with the team of\ngrey - headed lovebirds are strong fliers , and when open , their wings seem larger in relation to their bodies than those of the peach - faced lovebird . they can develop good speed quite quickly and effortlessly , and turn smoothly , though they are not as nimble in the air as the peach - faced lovebirds .\nthe natural range of the slaty - headed parakeet ( psittacula himalayana ) extends from the foothills of western himalayas to arunachal pradesh ( eastern afghanistan to vietnam ) . they migrate down to the valleys for the winters , usually during the last week of october .\nconversely alexandrine parakeet is the rarest parrot in the mondulkiri landscape and appears very scarce and sparsely distributed within the lowland ddf . blosom - headed is also local ( perhaps more associated with denser evergreen forest types ) and not a species i encounter particularly frequently .\nthe original ( natural ) slaty - headed parakeet has a mostly green plumage . the head , however , is dark grey with a slight bluish hue , there are black stripes to the cheeks and a narrow band to nape , with an adjoining bluish - green band . there is a dark red patch to the wing - coverts . the under wing - coverts are greenish - blue . the middle tail - feathers are blue with a green base and yellow tips . the upper beak is red with a yellow tip . the lower beak is yellowish . the irises are whitish and the feet grey .\ncollar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . grey - headed parakeet ( psittacula finschii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\na person must not release into the wild a monk parakeet that has been bred or kept in captivity .\nwe regularly observe alexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) in hazaribag district and also in other part of jharkhand .\nbirdlife international ( 2007b ) : mauritius parakeet - birdlife species factsheet . retrieved 2007 - aug - 28 .\nblossom - headed parakeet ( psittacula roseata ) is a rare resident , scarcely occurs in the hills forests of ne and se bangladesh . c . 20 individuals were recorded in the northern fringe of the sundarbans , bangladesh in october 2009 , which is the only record from that area .\n) , and the similarity of their diet to the monk parakeet also make them a potential agricultural threat . (\nred - crowned parakeet , pyrrhura ( picta ) roseifrons . ( not to be confused with cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) .\n) , also known as finsch\u2019s parakeet , belongs to the family , psittaculidae . these parakeet species are distributed in eastern india , bhutan , south - western china , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , myanmar and bangladesh .\nduring our regular visit and survey to hazaribag wildlife sanctuary , hazaribag , jharkhand , india between 2009 - 2013 , we have observed blossom - headed parakeet ( psittacula roseata ) only five to six times in maximum 5 in number and on few occasion in palamu tiger reserve , jharkhand , india .\nthe monk parakeet is recognised as a\ndomestic bird\nunder the nature conservation ( wildlife management ) regulation 2006 .\ncyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis ( red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) , macquarie island parakeet ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014um ) [ state action plan ] .\nthere are six accepted subspecies of the red - crowned parakeet , two of which are extinct . the only subspecies that occurred in australia are the extinct red - crowned parakeet ( lord howe island ) ( cyanoramphus novazelandiae subflavescens ) and the extinct red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hindwood 1940 ; taylor 1985 ) .\n5 feb . 2006 , cambodia : \u201cseen in much lower numbers than the above ( alexandrine parakeet ) around tmatboey . \u201d\ngrey - headed lovebirds were first imported for european aviculture in the second half of the nineteenth century . when imports were permitted and they were available to aviculture in large numbers , little effort was put into breeding . they prefer to breed in the autumn , and because they have poor tolerance for cold weather breeding in aviculture is generally unsuccessful . they tend to be nervous and easily frightened in an aviary .\nis mainly green but has a distinctive yellow wing patch that is especially visble during flight . it is smaller than the monk parakeet\nwhich are morphologically dissimilar and apparently very closely related among each other , though not to the mauritius parakeet or its immediate relatives .\nthe hen is usually the dominant bird . generally start breeding at about 3 years of age . new pairs should be introduced to each other several months prior to the start of the breeding season so the birds have plenty of time to establish a strong bond between each other . a good pair bond will usually result in better breeding results . the slaty headed parrot will hybridize with the plum headed parrot .\nred - crowned parakeet subspecies from norfolk island and new caledonia are now described as a separate species ( i . e . the norfolk island green parrot ( c . cooki ) and the new caledonian parakeet ( cayanoramphus saisetti ) ) ( boon et al . 2001 ) .\ncampbell , t . s . 2000 . the monk parakeet , myiopsitta monachus . institute for biological invasions . invader of the month . urltoken\nthe slaty - headed parakeet averages 15 . 5 - 16 inches ( ~ 40 cm ) in length , with the tail being ~ 6 to 7 inches ( ~ 158 to 178 mm ) long . slatyheads are bigger than plumheads . the hens are slightly smaller than the cock , the body approximately the same size as that of an eastern rosella .\nmyiopsitta monachus ( monk parakeet ) ; adult , feeding in black olive tree ( bucida buceras ) . palm beach county , florida , usa .\n23 feb . 2012 , cambodia : \u201cmany of this gorgeous parakeet were seen around tmatboey with as many as circa 40 on one day . \u201d\nmancini , j . r . parakeet . hoboken , n . j . : howell book house / wiley pub . , 2006 . isbn 0764599194\nthe red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) inhabited coastal tussock grasslands on subantarctic macquarie island ( forshaw & cooper 1981 ; taylor 1979 ) .\nalso gro katover to distinguish it from the rose - ringed parakeet . the name is mauritian creole , from french ( gros ) cateau vert .\nearly detection is essential for preventing pest establishment . if you have seen a monk parakeet in the wild please contact biosecurity queensland on 13 25 23 .\nalexandrine parakeet is very common in kangra valley of himachal pradesh , india and there are several nests of this bird near my working place and home .\nalexandrine parakeet occupies a much larger range which covers most of the indian subcontinent where p . roseata is absent ( replaced by p . cyanocephala ) .\n: the adult female is entirely green , with a dark green back and wings , a bright green rump , and a paler green chest ; the adult male are similarly colored , except that their entire head and upper chest are a pale grey .\nhas a yellow face and throat and is a significantly smaller bird , approximately half as long as the monk parakeet . budgerigars are native to central australia . (\nthe red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) would have been quite distinctive as it was the only parrot which occurred on macquarie island ( taylor 1979 ) .\ntaylor , r . h . ( 1979 ) . how the macquarie island parakeet became extinct . new zealand journal of ecology . 2 : 42 - 45 .\nthere are no records of the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) cross - breeding with other species in the wild . populations of other subspecies on the chatham and auckland islands occasionally hybridise with the closely - related yellow - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus auriceps ) ( flack 1976 ; nixon 1994 ; taylor 1975 , 1985 ) .\nas a point of clarification i would not associate any of the three species with \u2018evergreen forest\u2019 , \u2018semi - evergreen forest\u2019 or other dense \u2018non - deciduous\u2019 forest types , and have not recorded any of the species from within the interior of large blocks of such habitat . the highest densities that i\u2019ve found have all been in areas dominated by deciduous forest , principally deciduous dipterocarp and [ contentiously named ] mixed deciduous forest . outside of the lowlands grey - headed also extensively uses anthropogenically derived \u2018open - country\u2019 habitats ( often including pines and ddf like vegetation ) .\n( monk parakeet ) eggs hatched asynchronously after 24 days . the hatch rate was just over 50 % . the hatchlings are covered with yellow down and are fed by the parents\ni have noticed alexandrine parakeet in abundance on the outskirts of dharamshala in kangra valley , himachal pradesh , india during winters where it is known to be resident throughout the year .\nthe red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) was endemic to macquarie island , in the southern ocean ( higgins 1999 ) . it was last recorded in 1890 ( taylor 1979 ) . there are no current captive populations of this subspecies and none have been reintroduced into the wild . other red - crowned parakeet subspecies are kept in captivity ( higgins 1999 ) .\nlittle is known of the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) diet , but they are said to have fed on crustaceans and other small invertebrates ( oliver 1955 ; taylor 1979 ) .\nthere is nothing known of the home ranges or territories of the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) . in some subspecies of the red - crowned parakeet , pairs establish breeding territories which are centred around the roosting sites and nest sites , and are defended before and during the breeding season , though territorial behaviour has not been recorded in all subspecies ( greene 1990 ; taylor 1985 ) .\nin some areas , the clearance of the vegetation may not be complete , and may only refer to the removal of the shrubs of the understorey , or even fallen timber . such habitats are uninhabitable for many woodland species , such as the grey - crowned babbler and hooded robin , both of which are threatened by these processes in southern australia .\nto put the decline in parakeets into perspective , deignan ( 1945 ) reported that he saw a single flock of our most widespread parakeet , red - breasted parakeet , p . alexandri , that numbered at least 10 , 000 birds in fang district of chiang mai in 1936 . it would be unusual for me to see more than 50 together , even in the best and least disturbed forest sites in the present era\nmunoz , antonio - roman ; real , raimundo . , 2006 . assessing the potential range expansion of the exotic monk parakeet in spain diversity & distributions . 12 ( 6 ) . nov 2006 . 656 - 665 .\nkibbe , d . p . , and n . j . cutright . 1973 . the monk parakeet in new york . wildlife damage management , internet center for bird control seminars proceedings . university of nebraska , lincoln . urltoken\nassam , india during feb . \u2013 mar . 2001 : i failed to find alexandrine parakeet anywhere east of kaziranga national park . the following is a detailed diary of the areas i explored in far eastern assam and arunachal pradesh\nthe carolina parakeet was the only parrot species native to the eastern united states . the last wild specimen was killed in okeechobee county in florida in 1904 , and the last captive bird died at the cincinnati zoo in 1918 . this was the male specimen\nincas ,\nwho died within a year of his mate\nlady jane .\nit was not until 1939 , however , that it was determined that the carolina parakeet had ceased to be .\n. the females lack the neck collar , and notably possess an all - black beak , unlike the males which have a red upper beak . the latter feature is notably absent in the rose - ringed parakeet as well as the\navery , michael l ; yoder , christi a . ; tillman , eric a . , 2008 . diazacon inhibits reproduction in invasive monk parakeet populations journal of wildlife management . 72 ( 6 ) . aug 2008 . 1449 - 1452 .\n17 march 2011 , vietnam : \u201cgood views of a male with large numbers of red - breasted parakeet at dusk along the cat tien np side of the dong nai river . this species is rarely recorded on tour in vietnam . \u201d\nthe red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) was terrestrial ( forshaw & cooper 1981 ) and is said to have foraged on the seashore , taking invertebrates from piles of beach - cast seaweed ( oliver 1955 ; taylor 1979 ) .\nduring a trip to kaziranga np , assam ( 19 \u2013 25 march 1999 ) i recorded six in the tea estate adjoining the np and then unknown numbers on two subsequent days . during trips to kaziranga np , assam ( 17 - 21 march 1995 and 15 - 19 march 1994 and 21 - 26 february 1989 ) zero blossom - headed parakeets were recorded .\nthe main threat to the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) was predation by feral cats ( felis catus ) , whose numbers increased dramatically following the introduction and population explosion of rabbits ( oryctolagus cuniculus ) ( taylor 1979 ) . large numbers of red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) were also killed for food by sealers in the 19th century . predation by rats ( rattus rattus ) was also a problem ( forshaw & cooper 1981 ; oliver 1955 ; taylor 1975 ) .\nhyman j , & s . pruett - jones . 1995 . natural history of the monk parakeet in hyde park , chicago . wilson bulletin [ willson bull . ] vol . 107 , no . 3 , pp . 510 - 517 . urltoken\nboon , w . m . , c . h . daugherty & g . k . chambers ( 2001 ) . the norfolk island green parrot and new caledonian red - crowned parakeet are distinct species . emu . 101 : 113 - 121 .\noritz - catedral , l . & d . h . brunton ( 2008 ) . clutch parameters and reproductive success of a translocated population of red - crowned parakeet ( cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ) . australian journal of zoology . 56 : 389 - 393 .\nthe young are often left with the parent birds for a month or more and this will generally not cause any problems as the slaty headed parrot usually only has a single clutch per year . the young birds will probably keep learning from the parent birds and benefit from the knowledge they learn . if aggression is observed the effected bird or birds should be immediately removed to another aviary .\n20 \u2013 24 feb . 2012 : notably common with as many as 60 around angkor including many that provide superb views of this impressive parakeet . a further ten were observed at tmatboey . note : according to fred goes my angkor observation is exceptional .\ni\u2019ve regularly observed nesting alexandrine parakeets in south mumbai , india in my childhood . they were not as common as rose - ringed parakeets , but were common nonetheless . in 2008 , the situation was not noticeably different . i still heard and saw them regularly even in urban areas . i don\u2019t know if the population was introduced originally , but they\u2019ve been there for over 20 years . if the number of photos online is any indication , they\u2019re still doing ok . i also heard several on the andamans in 2012 , where they were the scarcest parakeet ( after p . alexandri and p . longicauda ) . my only sightings of p . roseata were in kaziranga , where it is far less common than the abundant p . alexandri . i think many of the comments above from gujarat , jharkhand etc . refer to p . cyanocephala , which is still often called the blossom - headed parakeet .\nboth adults yellow / green in general ; dark grey head ; black chin and wide stripe across lower cheeks , continuing as thin line around hindneck ; inner median wing coverts has small purple / red patch , nearly always missing in female ; central tail feathers long ( shorter in female ) ; upper tail purple / blue and widely tipped with yellow / white . red upper mandible , pale yellow lower . eye pale yellow .\nthe parakeet species inhabit evergreen and semi - evergreen forests , oak , teak , cedar and pine forests , wooded hillsides , deciduous hill forests , partly cultivated farmlands and plantations . it occurs in elevations of up to 2 , 700 meters in montane forests .\nperis , s . t . & r . m . aramburu . 1995 . reproductive phenology and breeding success of monk parakeet myiopsitta monachus in argentina . studies on neotropical fauna and environment vol . 30 , no . 2 , pp . 115 - 119 .\nmonk parakeet is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 . however , by law , everyone has a general biosecurity obligation ( gbo ) to take reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risks associated with invasive plants and animals under their control .\nbuhrman - deever , susannah c ; rappaport , amy r . ; bradbury , jack w . , 2007 . geographic variation in contact calls of feral north american populations of the monk parakeet . condor . 109 ( 2 ) . may 2007 . 389 - 398 .\nrussello , michael a . ; avery , michael l . ; wright , timothy f . , 2008 . genetic evidence links invasive monk parakeet populations in the united states to the international pet trade bmc evolutionary biology . 8 jul 24 2008 . article no . : 217\nsnyder , n . f . r . and k . russell . carolina parakeet ( conuropsis carolinensis ) . in a . poole and f . gill , eds . , the birds of north america . philadelphia , pa : the birds of north america , 2002 .\nmyiopsitta monachus ( monk parakeet ) is a cites - listed species . please follow this link cites - myiopsitta monachus for more details . roughly 5 , 000 species of animals and 28 , 000 species of plants are protected by cites against over - exploitation through international trade .\nthere have not been any comprehensive surveys for the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) . there have , however , been a number of ornithological surveys on macquarie island since the subspecies became extinct ( e . g . mackenzie 1968 ; terauds et al . 2006 ) .\nalexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) is threatened in pakistan because of illegal cage bird trade and destruction of nesting site , i consider this parakeet as nationally critically endangered in pakistan but more research and survey are needed to confirm what\u2019s the status of this bird in the country , as far the global status is considered definitely the bird must be evaluated based on trends from south and south east asia . i presume it has declined in thailand and other south east asia and that\u2019s why this bird must be listed as vulnerable or near - threatened under the iucn criteria .\nmost populations of the red - crowned parakeet have declined since the 19th century ( forshaw & cooper 1981 ; higgins 1999 ; oliver 1955 ) , although most are currently stable and the species , as a whole , is not considered threatened ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) .\nnative to south america , the monk parakeet is a popular cage bird around the world . it has escaped captivity and established feral populations in numerous countries . it is a significant pest in florida , usa , where its large , communal nests cause millions of dollars of damage to electricity infrastructure .\nspreyer , m . f . , and e . h . bucher . 1998 . monk parakeet myiopsitta monachus . the birds of north america , no . 322 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the birds of north america , inc . , philadelphia , pa . urltoken\ntwo small breeding populations of the alexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) were known to occur in north bengal , however recent searches have failed to find them . recent records in bangladesh are all from dhaka city , presumably escapes . sightings of some juveniles indicate that these escapes are possibly also breeding in dhaka city .\nalexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) was a abundant species in dry - deciduous forests of gujarat , especially eastern gujarat and gir forests ( india ) . however , the sightings of these species are have lowered due to extensive poaching by local tribes and the species surely is suffering population decline in gujarat ( india ) .\na translocation program may be suitable for the reintroduction of the red - crowned parakeet ( or norfolk island green parrot ) to macquarie island . although unsuccessful translocation programs have been trialed for the norfolk island green parrot ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hermes et al . 1986 ) , similar programs have been successful for the red - crowned parakeet in new zealand . these programs have been successful with as few as 15 birds , but programs with less than 150 birds cause genetic bottlenecks . low hatchling success in the new zealand program may be the result of inbreeding depression or poor nest box design ( oritz - catedral & brunton 2008 ) .\nrussello , m . a ; saranathan , v . ; buhrman - deever , s . ; eberhard , j . ; caccone , a . , 2007 . characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the invasive monk parakeet ( myiopsitta monachus ) molecular ecology notes . 7 ( 6 ) . nov 2007 . 990 - 992 .\nthough the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) population is said to have been common ( forshaw & cooper 2002 ; oliver 1955 ; taylor 1979 ) , no extreme fluctuations in population numbers were reported . in other subspecies however , fluctuations in population numbers have been reported ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) .\nits scientific name change from psittacula echo had recently found widespread approval . a wealth of circumstantial evidence nowadays suggests that the hypothesized r\u00e9union parakeet ( described earlier as psittacula eques , based on a painting and hearsay reports ) did indeed exist . the r\u00e9union birds were the closest relatives , and presumably conspecific , with the mauritius ones .\nthe red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) was formerly considered common ( forshaw & cooper 2002 ; oliver 1955 ; taylor 1979 ) . it occurred as a single population on macquarie island , but has not been seen since 1890 ( taylor 1979 ) . it is unknown if the subspecies occurred as solitary birds or in flocks .\nfrom a species perspective , the red - crowned parakeet occurs as several small populations on islands in the south - west pacific ocean and the southern ocean , mainly centred on new zealand and the outlying islands of the kermadec , chatham , auckland and antipodes ( forshaw & cooper 1981 ; higgins 1999 ; oliver 1955 ; taylor 1975 , 1985 ; triggs & daugherty 1996 ) .\nthere is no information regarding the detectability of the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) . other subspecies are quiet and unobtrusive and extremely difficult to detect , as their green plumage is well camouflaged among the foliage . they are usually located by the noise of their foraging activities and occasional calls . once detected they are tame and easily approached ( forshaw & cooper 1981 ; higgins 1999 ) .\nparakeets add to the human wonder of nature , with their various colors , behaviors , sounds , and , for some species , ability to mimic human speech . yet , human activities have not always been so beneficial for parakeets . the carolina parakeet was the only parrot species native to the eastern united states , but became extinct in the early twentieth century due to a loss of habitat and overhunting .\n,\nthe ring - necked parakeet , a native of india , is 16 inches long , thus larger than the monk . it is bright green , with a very long blue - green tail , and a large bright red bill . the male has a black throat and a conspicous black ring around its neck . the underwing coverts are yellow .\nthey mainly feed on fruits and grains in their native habitat (\nparakeet is the common term for the members of more than 100 species of small , slender parrots scattered over more than a dozen genera in the subfamily psittacinae of the family psittacidae . parakeets ( or parrakeets ) typically are characterized by a long , tapering tail , are seed - eating , and form flocks . many species , such as the budgerigar ( melopsittacus undulatus ) , are popular as pets and kept in cages .\nnothing is known of the sexual maturity , life expectancy and natural mortality of the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) . age of sexual maturity in populations of other subspecies is also unknown ( higgins 1999 ) , though one juvenile female was seen behaving as mated pair with a male just one week after reaching independence ( greene 1990 ) , and captive birds are said to breed when they are less than one year old ( higgins 1999 ) .\nparakeet is a term that encompasses diverse species , widely scattered taxonomically , within the subfamily psittacinae of the family psittacidae . the term mainly is used for small , long - tailed members of the arini tribe in the americas , and in australia colloquially for many species . the term is descriptive and used for small , long - tailed parrots but does not imply an actual relationship between the different parakeets . not all parakeets have long tails . an older orthography still sometimes encountered is paroquet .\ncollar , n . , boesman , p . , sharpe , c . j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . jandaya parakeet ( aratinga jandaya ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\non the other hand , a recent review argued to maintain species status for the time being . a study skin had been discovered at the royal museum of scotland , explicitly referencing a book description of the r\u00e9union birds . this may be the only material proof of these birds ' existence , or be from mauritius . even in that case , ancient dna analysis of this specimen will give new insight into these questions , because very little data exists on the genetic diversity of the mauritius parakeet in former times .\nalexandrine parakeet ( psittacula eupatria ) is increasing or changing its range in gujarat state india . as till 1980s it was restricted to south gujarat forest areas particularly rajpipla forest division . but since 1998 this species is occurring in many parts of saurashtra ! ! ! i am observing this species in bhavnagar city since 1998 and the population is increasing ! ! i have observed this species readily nesting in an artificial wooden nest box ( approx . 1cuft size ) placed at about 6m height on a tree in a private garden . the increase of population of this species in bhavnagar may be an example of local abundance .\nthe red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) was a medium - sized green parrot ( length about 27 cm ) . the head was bright green with a crimson cap and eye - stripe . the upperparts were bright to dark yellowish - green with a scarlet patch on either side of the rump ( usually concealed by the wings when resting ) , and a greenish - blue leading edge to the wings . the eyes were yellow or red , and the bill was black with a pearly base . sexes appeared similar , but the female was smaller ( forshaw & cooper 1981 ; higgins 1999 ; oliver 1955 ) .\ni have not included my few records of this species for thailand as i\u2019m sure phil round and his thai colleagues will have this well covered . i\u2019m sure i have earlier notes for burma but cannot find them at the moment . i have no records of this species for laos and vietnam . i have not included my records for india outside the north - east as i\u2019m sure others have much more detailed observations from this part of this species\u2019 range . nevertheless , my general sense is that alexandrine parakeet is widespread throughout india but nowhere common and always less common than species such as ring - necked and red - breasted .\nthe carolina parakeet died out because of a number of different threats , and in particular , a loss of habitat and overhunting . to make space for more agricultural land , large areas of forest were cut down , taking away its living space . the colorful feathers ( green body , yellow head , and red around the bill ) were in demand as decorations in ladies ' hats , and the birds were kept as pets . even though the birds bred easily in captivity , little was done by owners to increase the population of tamed birds . finally , they were killed in large numbers because farmers considered them a pest , although many farmers valued them for controlling invasive cockleburs .\ngiven its endemism , the red - crowned parakeet ( macquarie island ) was probably sedentary . however , parakeets were twice seen flying over the sea , away from macquarie island ( falla 1937 ) . it has been suggested that they may have been flying to nearby offshore islets , or been blown out to sea by squalls ( forshaw & cooper 2002 ) . other subspecies are sedentary or resident ( higgins 1999 ) , though birds occurring on archipelagoes may fly between neighbouring islands , sometimes covering up to 40 km over water ( taylor 1985 ) . however , most movements are shorter , usually covering several hundred metres or a few kilometres ( fleming 1939 ; forshaw & cooper 1981 ; higgins 1999 ; taylor 1985 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has been uplisted from least concern on the basis of new information about its population trend . it is listed as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to on - going habitat loss and trapping pressure .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon in china , with variable status elsewhere ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in moderately rapid decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and trapping pressure . anecdotal observations of local trends in some parts of the species ' s range lend support to this suspicion , for example in cambodia since at least the 1990s ( f . goes in litt . 2013 , t . gray in litt . 2013 , r . j . timmins in litt . 2013 ) .\nconservation actions underway the species occurs in multiple protected areas across its range , including kaziranga tiger reserve ( india ) ; nat ma tung national park ( myanmar ) ; doi inthanon and mae ping national parks ( thailand ) ; and kulen promtep national park and mondulkiri protected forest ( cambodia ) . conservation actions proposed conduct regular range - wide surveys to monitor the species ' s population trend . monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation within the species ' s range . list the species under cites . quantify the impacts of capture for trade . conduct awareness - raising activities to reduce trapping pressure and trade . increase the area of suitable habitat within protected areas .\nupdated geographic range , habitat and ecology and conservation actions text fields , and added relevant references .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22685473a111377718 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nkollidoo , 3500\u20135000 feet [ c . 1000\u20131500 m ] , upper salween river , myanmar\nlong considered conspecific with p . himalayana , but the two recorded within 25 km of each other in n bengal and se bhutan ; other evidence , however , suggests that individuals are convergent in this region ; separation as two species therefore remains provisional , but supported by differences in plumage , size ( finschii smaller ) and \u201cmarkedly distinct\u201d vocalizations # r . monotypic .\nindia from n west bengal e through , assam , s china , myanmar and thailand to indochina ; very rare in bangladesh .\nbut smaller with longer tail feathers , slightly paler head , yellower upperparts and darker blue - green underwing - coverts . . .\ncommonest vocalization a strident upslurred pleasant - sounding whistle , \u201cpweeeh ! \u201d . when perched , . . .\nopen mixed deciduous forest , teak forest , secondary growth , cultivation and tea plantations in . . .\njan\u2013mar in c & s myanmar . nest with 4 eggs recorded c . 12 m up in xylia dolabriformis tree .\nin some areas of w myanmar , with up to 100 seen daily , 1995 . locally . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nrecent study suggested that , as currently constituted , this genus may be polyphyletic and that tanygnathus may be embedded within it # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nbird perched on a home made perch . part of the tail appears to be missing .\nthis species has been uplisted from least concern on the basis of new information about its population trend . it is listed as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to on - going habitat loss and trapping pressure .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : psittacula finschii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n) is a medium - sized bird measuring 35 to 40 cm in length . it is very similar to p . himalayana . however it is smaller in size , the tail feathers are longer , the head is paler and the upperparts are more yellow . the nape is pale blue - green .\nimage author : dr . raju kasambe | license : cc by - sa 4 . 0\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 699 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nringneck / long - tailed parakeets . . . ringneck photo gallery . . . ringneck parrots as pets ( behavior and training )\na variety of mutations have been produced , including blue , olive , lutino and albino .\nare either without or with a greatly reduced dark red patch to the wing - coverts .\nhave greenish head and brownish - green cheeks . there is a narrow green band to the nape . the upper and lower beaks are horn - colored with a brownish base to the lower beak . they attain their adult plumage when they are about 30 months old .\nringneck parrots are less demanding than other parrot species , which makes them an excellent choice for someone who wants to\nstep up\nfrom an easy - going and easy - care cockatiel or budgie .\nthey are rather active , and enjoy climbing and playing . to accommodate their need for exercise , they should be provided a roomy cage that allows them to move around freely and toys to entertain themselves with - preferably the size of an amazon or even macaw cage . info on housing your bird\na good quality small parrot mix , in addition to fruits , vegetables , soaked seed consisting of mung beans , milo , wheat and sunflower - and green food , such as dandelions , chicory and endives should be provided .\nsprouted or germinated seeds are usually more easily accepted by\nseed addicts\nthan fresh fruits and vegetables .\nsprouted seeds are healthier as the sprouting changes and enhances the nutritional quality and value of seeds and grains . sprouted seeds are lower in fat , as the process of sprouting utilizes the fat in the seed to start the growing process - thus reducing the fat stored in the seeds .\nsprouted seeds will help balance your bird\u2019s diet by adding a nutritious supply of high in vegetable proteins , vitamins , minerals , enzymes , and chlorophyll .\nsoaked and germinated\noil\nseeds , like niger and rape seeds , are rich in protein and carbohydrates ; while\nstarch\nseeds , such as canary and millets , are rich in carbohydrates , but lower in protein .\nit is an invaluable food at all times ; however , it is especially important for breeding or molting birds . sprouted seeds also serve as a great rearing and weaning food as the softened shell is easier to break by chicks and gets them used to the texture of seeds .\nconsistent training and behavioral guidance from a young age is recommended to ensure potential owners enjoy a bird free of destructive and annoying habits .\nbreeding activities may begin at the end of july , august or early september . average clutch size is 4 to 6 eggs and incubation lasts 24 to 25 days . only the hen incubates , and the male feeds her in the nest . the young fledge at about 6 weeks . it is recommended to check on the chicks to make sure that they are properly fed and attended to . if the parents lack the necessary parenting skills , fostering may become necessary . however , in the rule , they make excellent parents ."]}
{"id": 1859, "summary": [{"text": "the vanikoro flying fox ( pteropus tuberculatus ) , also known locally as basapine , is a species of bat in the family pteropodidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it has only been found in the vanikoro island group located in the southern solomon islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species as a whole was originally known from just a few specimens collected sometime before 1930 but following surveys conducted on the island in the early 1990s did not detect this species again causing the vanikoro flying fox to be listed as extinct .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , the species was rediscovered by a survey conducted in late 2014 which indicated a population in the high hundreds or low thousands and reported all observations . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "vanikoro flying fox", "paragraphs": ["p . mariannus species group okinawa flying fox , pteropus loochoensis mariana fruit bat , pteropus mariannus pelew flying fox , pteropus pelewensis kosrae flying fox , pteropus ualanus yap flying fox , pteropus yapensis p . melanotus species group black - eared flying fox , pteropus melanotus p . molossinus species group lombok flying fox , pteropus lombocensis caroline flying fox , pteropus molossinus rodrigues flying fox , pteropus rodricensis p . neohibernicus species group bismarck flying fox , pteropus neohibernicus p . niger species group aldabra flying fox , pteropus aldabrensis mauritian flying fox , pteropus niger madagascan flying fox , pteropus rufus seychelles fruit bat , pteropus seychellensis pemba flying fox , pteropus voeltzkowi p . personatus species group bismark masked flying fox , pteropus capistratus masked flying fox , pteropus personatus temminck ' s flying fox , pteropus temminckii p . poliocephalus species group big - eared flying fox , pteropus macrotis geelvink bay flying fox , pteropus pohlei grey - headed flying fox , pteropus poliocephalus p . pselaphon species group chuuk flying fox , pteropus insularis temotu flying fox , pteropus nitendiensis large palau flying fox , pteropus pilosus ( 19th century \u2020 ) bonin flying fox , pteropus pselaphon guam flying fox , pteropus tokudae ( 1970s \u2020 ) insular flying fox , pteropus tonganus vanikoro flying fox , pteropus tuberculatus new caledonia flying fox , pteropus vetulus p . samoensis species group vanuatu flying fox , pteropus anetianus samoa flying fox , pteropus samoensis p . scapulatus species group gilliard ' s flying fox , pteropus gilliardorum lesser flying fox , pteropus mahaganus little red flying fox , pteropus scapulatus dwarf flying fox , pteropus woodfordi\nrodriguez flying fox ( pteropus rodricensis ) the rodriguez flying fox ( pteropus rodricensis ) is a critically endangered flying fox ( a type of bat with fox - like features belonging to the suborder megachiroptera ) .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nvanikoro flying fox\n.\nthe rodriguez flying fox ( pteropus rodricensis ) is a critically endangered flying fox ( a type of bat with fox - like features belonging to the suborder megachiroptera ) . ( full text )\ndescription : the rodriguez flying fox ( pteropus rodricensis ) is a critically endangered flying fox ( a type of bat with fox - like features belonging to the suborder megachiroptera ) . ( full text )\np . mariannus species group : okinawa flying - fox ( p . loochoensis )\np . personatus species group : bismark masked flying fox ( p . capistratus )\np . personatus species group : bismarck masked flying fox ( p . capistratus )\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - vanikoro flying fox facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\np . caniceps species group : ashy - headed flying fox ( p . caniceps )\np . melanotus species group : black - eared flying fox ( p . melanotus )\np . poliocephalus species group : big - eared flying fox ( p . macrotis )\np . scapulatus species group : gilliard ' s flying fox ( p . gilliardorum )\np . caniceps species group : ashy - headed flying fox ( p . caniceps )\np . melanotus species group : black - eared flying fox ( p . melanotus )\np . poliocephalus species group : big - eared flying fox ( p . macrotis )\np . scapulatus species group : gilliard ' s flying fox ( p . gilliardorum )\nthe grey - headed flying fox can become very old for a mammal of its size .\nfacts summary : the vanikoro flying fox ( pteropus tuberculatus ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nmammals\nand found in the following area ( s ) : solomon islands .\nafter the gorgeous sunny day yesterday , the weather had turned stormy again with a low cloud level and rocky seas . but there were several interesting things about vanikoro . it was home to several species of flying foxes ( which are not really foxes , a flying fox is a large fruit - eating bat that does not have echolocation ) . but in particular , it has a unique species of flying fox , called very appropriately the vanikoro flying fox . this species was first discovered in the 1930 and when they went back in the 60\u2019s , they couldn\u2019t find any , so it\u2019s been listed as \u201cmostly extinct\u201d , a victim of the logging on vanikoro .\nblack - eared flying fox females nurse and care for their young until they reach independence . in most\nblack - eared flying fox diet consists mainly of fruits and blossoms of rainforest trees . they tend to favor\nfox island , australia , is believed to be home to the largest colony of flying foxes on the continent .\nthe black - eared flying fox is native to various island groups in the indo - pacific . these include the\nthe samoa flying fox or samoan flying fox ( pteropus samoensis ) is a species of flying fox in the pteropodidae family . it is found in american samoa , fiji , and samoa ( where it is known as pe ' a and pe ' a vao ) . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nteanu is almost entirely covered in undisturbed primary forest , which provides vital habitat for rare species such as the critically endangered vanikoro flying fox . tinakula is a refuge for many iucn red listed species since the neighboring nendo island is being negatively impacted by logging and mining , threatening species that are shared between the islands .\nthe gray - headed flying fox , grey - headed flying - fox is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nplay an important role as pollinators and seed dispersers . brooke ( 2001 ) describes this well :\nparticularly on small isolated islands with low biodiversity , flying foxes play an important role in maintaining forests by enabling seed and pollen dispersal . loss of valuable flying fox populations may have a cascading effect on native forest ecosystems .\nwithout flying fox species such as\nrodrigues flying fox ( pteropus rodricensis ) is found on the rodrigues island , in the indian ocean off of the island of madagascar . ( full text )\nteanu forms part of the vanikoro chain of the solomon islands that has been heavily impacted by logging for timber . fortunately , teanu is the most intact and pristine of the region\u2019s islands , but is in dire need of protection . for example , the vanikoro flying fox has lost almost its entire habitat across the island chain , making teanu the last safe refuge for the species . similarly , the fijian kauri pine , an endangered tree species , is wholly dependent on teanu as it is being heavily logged on other islands .\n1999 .\naustralian museum online\n( on - line ) . bats in australia : christmas island flying fox . accessed november 03 , 2006 at urltoken .\nrecent surveys on teanu by oceanswatch confirmed the presence of the vanikoro flying fox , which had not been seen since it was first collected before 1930 . it is assessed as critically endangered due to its presumed small population and restricted range . this flying fox is a solitary creature , roosting individually or occasionally in pairs primarily in the understory of trees that provide food such as coconuts or mangos . the island also contains endangered fijian kauri pine trees whose numbers are in continuous decline as its wood is highly sought after for construction material .\nbut let me happily tell you that the vanikoro flying fox was everywhere on the island . it is not extinct . in fact , it\u2019s considered such a garden pest , eating the bananas and mangos in the garden , that the local catch them and eat them . i unfortunately did not get a good picture of one . but someone else in the expedition did .\nthe samoan flying fox is native to fiji , samoa and american samoa . its habitat is primary or secondary moist forest , plantations , agroforest and the vicinity of villages . unlike most flying foxes , this species roosts alone or in small family groups .\n1999 .\naustralian biological resource study\n( on - line ) . recovery outlines and taxon summaries - christmas island flying - fox . accessed december 01 , 2006 at urltoken .\ntait , jessica ; perotto - baldivieso , humberto l . ; mckeown , adam ; westcott , david a . ( 2014 ) .\nare flying - foxes coming to town ? urbanisation of the spectacled flying - fox ( pteropus conspicillatus ) in australia\n.\nhall , l . ( 1983 )\nspectacled flying fox .\nin ronald strahan ( ed . ) . the mammals of australia , reed books , chatswood , p . 282 .\nbrooke , a . 2001 . population status and behaviors of the samoan flying fox ( * pteropus samoensis * ) on tutuila island , american somoa . zoology , 244 : 309 - 319 .\nit has recently been confirmed that the flying fox spotted on heritage expeditions recent birding the pacific voyage was in fact the vanikoro flying fox . the species is considered by the iucn ( international union for the conservation of nature ) to be critically endangered / possibly extinct . our observation of this elusive species was the first observation since 1926 ( despite the fact that there were surveys carried out in the 1990s looking specifically for it as well ) . the heritage expeditions staff and the passengers onboard the birding the pacific voyage were all extremely pleased with this discovery and to be able to assist in the conservation of the species .\nthe little red flying - fox follows a similar pattern but is six months out of sequence with the other species , its young being born in late autumn or early winter . this species forms enormous breeding camps of up to a million individuals in late spring and early summer . the little red flying - fox is highly nomadic , moving camp every one to two months to feed on new patches of flowering trees .\nrichards , gc & spencer , hj ( 1998 ) .\nspectacled flying - fox , pteropus conspicillatus ( gould , 1850 )\n. in : strahan , r , ed . the mammals of australia .\nwhen at a roost or feeding , flying - foxes \u2018squabble\u2019 loudly . this mixture of screeches and cackles is actually communication and allows them to establish their personal roost sites or feeding territories , ward off rivals , stay in touch with their offspring , and warn others of possible threats . the grey - headed flying - fox is known to have more than 30 specific calls . by listening and watching , it may be possible to link some of the flying - fox ' s behaviour to the calls it makes .\nflying - foxes are social animals usually living in large roosts\u2014as small as a dozen animals but sometimes numbering in the tens or hundreds of thousands . a temporary roost of little red flying - foxes can include as many as one million individuals , with roost trees bending and breaking under their weight . roosts are at their largest during the flying - fox breeding season . young are born in spring and summer .\n, goddess of war ; she was rescued by flying foxes when stranded on an inhospitable island .\nthey release seeds in their droppings , often while flying . this helps maintain the philippine rainforest .\nblack - eared flying foxes help to disperse fruit tree seeds and fertilize areas around roost trees .\nthe samoan flying fox is a medium - sized bat weighing about 450 grams ( 16 oz ) with a wingspan of about 0 . 86 metres ( 2 ft 10 in ) . it has a fox - like face with a pointed muzzle , a brown body and wings and the fur on its head and shoulders is blond or silvery - grey .\nthe aldabra flying fox is one of only four mammals found on aldabra atoll in the seychelles ( 4 ) . its fur is pale brown on the back , with an abundant scattering of silvery - grey hairs . the underparts are yellowish - buff or a warm orange ( 2 ) . like other flying foxes , named for their fox - like faces , this species has relatively long and narrow wings that enable fast and efficient flight ( 5 ) .\nrainey , w . 1990 .\nthe flying fox : becoming a rare commodity . bats . vol 8 , no 1 : 6 - 9\n( on - line ) . accessed 01 / 07 / 04 at urltoken .\nornate flying fox , pteropus ornatus little golden - mantled flying fox , pteropus pumilus philippine gray flying fox , pteropus speciosus small mauritian flying fox , pteropus subniger ( 19th century \u2020 ) p . vampyrus species group indian flying fox , pteropus giganteus andersen ' s flying fox , pteropus intermedius lyle ' s flying fox , pteropus lylei large flying fox , pteropus vampyrus incertae sedis small samoan flying fox , pteropus allenorum ( 19th century \u2020 ) large samoan flying fox , pteropus coxi ( 19th century \u2020 ) genus styloctenium mindoro stripe - faced fruit bat , styloctenium mindorensis sulawesi stripe - faced fruit bat , styloctenium wallacei subfamily rousettinae genus eonycteris - dawn fruit bats greater nectar bat , eonycteris major cave nectar bat , eonycteris spelaea philippine dawn bat , eonycteris robusta genus rousettus - rousette fruit bats subgenus boneia manado fruit bat , rousettus ( boneia ) bidens subgenus rousettus geoffroy ' s rousette , rousettus amplexicaudatus sulawesi rousette , rousettus celebensis egyptian rousette ( egyptian fruit bat ) , rousettus aegyptiacus leschenault ' s rousette , rousettus leschenaulti linduan rousette , rousettus linduensis comoro rousette , rousettus obliviosus bare - backed rousette , rousettus spinalatus subgenus stenonycteris long - haired rousette , rousettus ( stenonycteris ) lanosus madagascar rousette , rousettus ( stenonycteris ) madagascariensis subfamily epomophorinae tribe epomophorini genus epomophorus - epauleted fruit bats angolan epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus angolensis ansell ' s epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus anselli peters ' s epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus crypturus gambian epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus gambianus lesser angolan epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus grandis ethiopian epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus labiatus east african epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus minimus minor epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus minor wahlberg ' s epauletted fruit bat , epomophorus wahlbergi genus epomops - epauleted bats buettikofer ' s epauletted fruit bat , epomops buettikoferi dobson ' s fruit bat , epomops dobsoni franquet ' s epauletted fruit bat , epomops franqueti genus hypsignathus hammer - headed bat , hypsignathus monstrosus genus micropteropus - dwarf epauleted bats hayman ' s dwarf epauletted fruit bat , micropteropus intermedius peter ' s dwarf epauletted fruit bat , micropteropus pusillus genus nanonycteris veldkamp ' s dwarf epauletted fruit bat , nanonycteris veldkampii tribe myonycterini genus lissonycteris angolan rousette , lissonycteris angolensis genus megaloglossus woermann ' s bat , megaloglossus woermanni genus myonycteris - little collared fruit bats s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 collared fruit bat , myonycteris brachycephala east african little collared fruit bat , myonycteris relicta little collared fruit bat , myonycteris torquata\nthere is no information on the mating systems of black - eared flying foxes . in many species of\nspectacled flying foxes are forest dwellers and rainforests are their preferred habitat . they prefer to roost in the middle and upper canopy strata in the full sun . colonies of the spectacled flying fox can be found in rain forests , mangroves , and paperbark and eucalypt forests . [ 2 ] there is evidence of increasing urbanisation . [ 3 ]\nthe large flying fox is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthe flying - fox family also includes four other closely - related species of bat . these are the blossom - bats ( two species ) and the tube - nosed bats ( one species in queensland and one from moa island in torres strait ) .\nthere are four species of flying - fox that you are likely to see in queensland with another two species living in the torres strait islands and a third , the bare - backed fruit - bat dobsonia moluccensis , that only occurs in northern cape york .\nthe spectacled flying fox ' s natural diet is rainforest fruits , riparian zone flowers , and flowers from myrtaceae ( primarily eucalyptus and syzygium species ) and fruits from the moraceae ( figs ) and myrtaceae ( primarily syzygium ) . [ 4 ] [ 5 ]\ntidemann , c . r . ( june 1987 ) .\nnotes on the flying - fox , pteropus melanotus ( chiroptera : pteropodidae ) , on christmas island , indian ocean\n. australian mammalogy ( australian mammal society ) 10 ( 2 ) : 89 .\nthere is also a mystery species , the dusky flying - fox pteropus brunneus that is only known from one specimen taken from percy island , off the central coast of queensland , in the 1870s . it has never been seen again and is believed to be extinct .\nflying - foxes eat flowers and fruit , and sometimes leaves , from over 100 species of native trees and vines . flying - foxes supplement this diet by eating fruit from introduced plants found in gardens , orchards , parks and streetscaping .\nblack - eared flying foxes are important members of their native ecosystems , they are especially important for dispersing tree seeds .\nthe giant golden - crowned flying fox is primarily nocturnal , and can travel at least 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) in one night searching for food . this bat is a pollinator and seed disperser for many fruit trees in the philippines . it uses water for grooming .\nadult males have a maximum wingspan of over 1 meter and they can weigh up to 1 kg . during the day the grey headed flying fox can be found together with small groups to tens of thousands of bats at large ' roosts ' ( camps or colonies ) .\nthe black - eared flying fox is more diurnal than most bats , emerging from its roosts before dusk and feeding on the fruits and flowers of at least twenty - six species of forest trees at least ten of which are introduced species . a single young is born annually .\nflying - foxes and their relatives range in size from the tiny blossom - bats that could fit in the palm of a human hand , through to the more familiar flying - foxes , which can have a wingspan of more than a metre .\nthere are two types of bats\u2014the flying - foxes and their relatives , which are all fruit and nectar feeders , and the insectivorous bats . these two types of bats appear to have evolved separately , making them distinct groups of mammals . the ancestors of today ' s flying - foxes may have evolved from a primitive primate , meaning humans and flying - foxes may actually share a common ancestry .\nthere has been extensive logging in the solomon islands . it\u2019s one of the few resources they have to generate hard cash . and the entire time we were on vanikoro , you could hear chain saws in the distance . which gave the day with the dead , low clouds , very much a \u201clast - chance - to - see\u201d feeling to it .\nthe spectacled flying fox ( pteropus conspicillatus ) , also known as the spectacled fruit bat , is a megabat that lives in australia ' s north - eastern regions of queensland . it is also found in new guinea and on the offshore islands including woodlark island , alcester island , kiriwina , and halmahera .\nis one of the species that is preferred because of its superior taste and low number of ectoparasites . rainey ( 1990 ) described the situation :\nfor the chamorro people of guam and the adjacent commonwealth of northern marianas ( cnmi ) , flying foxes are a traditional delicacy , served at birthdays and other personal and community social gatherings .\nthe flying fox trade had been growing strong since the 1960s and 1981 - 1984 saw large exports of\nseveral bird species in vanuatu are vulnerable simply because of their small natural ranges ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . though subject to reduction by cyclones and consumed by almost all rural vanuatuans , flying - fox populations seem healthy . the saltwater crocodile population has been reduced by hunting and cyclones ( bregulla 1992 )\nbats are the only group of mammals capable of active flight . fossils show that flying - foxes have been a part of the night sky for more than 35 million years . these bats may have been seizing on an opportunity to fill airspace left by the mainly day - flying birds .\nblack - eared flying foxes use their keen vision in low light to navigate . they also use olfaction to find fruits and communicate reproductive status .\nflying - foxes need access to sources of flowering and fruiting trees that can sustain their large roosts . they leave at dusk and use their well - developed sense of smell to find known feeding sites or search for new ones . they can fly up to 50 km in a night in their search for food . the spectacled flying - fox always camps near rainforest and is a specialist fruit - eater known to disperse the seeds of at least 26 species of rainforest canopy tree .\nwith forests continuing to give way to expanding settled areas it is important to watch out for the well - being of remaining flying - fox roosts to ensure the health of the habitats that rely on them . at times , bat counts will be carried out to check how these remaining roosts are coping with the pressures of shrinking habitat .\nthe head and body length is 22\u201325 cm , forearm 16\u201318 cm , weight 400\u20131000 g . a large spectacled flying fox has pale yellow or straw - colored fur around its eyes . the mantle is pale yellow and goes across the back , neck , and shoulders . some have pale yellow fur on the face and top of the head .\nblack - eared flying foxes have dark brown to black fur , except in the chest and neck region where the fur is light brown . the genus\nsimilarly , tinakula also contains endemic bird and mammal species . surveys conducted in 2014 and 2015 confirmed the presence of several iucn red listed species , including the endangered temotu flying fox and the endangered santa cruz ground - dove , whose population has decreased due to habitat loss and hunting . oceanswatch staff recently captured the very first photographs of this threatened dove .\nthe spectacled flying fox was listed as a threatened species under the commonwealth environment protection and biodiversity conservation act of 1991 . they were considered vulnerable due to a significant decline in numbers as a result of loss of their prime feeding habitat [ 2 ] and secluded camp sites . it has also been reported that spectacled flying foxes skim over the surface of water to drink and are sometimes eaten by crocodiles . [ 2 ] the species was classified as\nleast concern\nby the iucn in 2008 . [ 1 ]\nsimilarly , if natural food sources are available at the same time that commercial fruit trees are bearing , flying - foxes are less likely to become a problem .\nthe black - eared flying fox faces a number of threats . destruction of its forest habitat reduces the availability of roosting sites and the animal is hunted by man for food . the crushed bones of this species are used in traditional medicine to relieve asthma symptoms . however , it has proved adaptable to changes in diet and now feeds on a number of introduced species of plant . the\nmegabits constitute the suborder chiropractor , family pterodactyl of the order chiropractor ( bats ) . they are also called fruit bats , old world fruit bats , or flying foxes .\naldabra atoll is well protected , being designated a special reserve in 1976 and a world heritage site in 1982 ( 4 ) . the atoll is only inhabited by a small number of scientists , and so the natural habitat is largely unaffected by the threats and pressures usually associated with human habitation . the sustained protection of the aldabra atoll is essential for the continued precarious existence of the aldabra flying fox ( 6 ) .\nthe mariana fruit bat is a mid - sized bat , neither unusually large nor small for flying foxes ( a flying fox is the nickname to megabats ) and it can weigh up to a full pound ( 577 grams ) . its forearm length ranges from 5 to 6 inches , ( 13 - 15 . 6cm ) ; however the males are usually slightly larger . their abdomens are usually a dark brown to black , while it has gray hairs throughout that appear to be scattered , their shoulders are usually a light brown or golden color , as are their necks while the head is particularly darker in tone .\nthe giant golden - crowned flying fox gets its species name from the golden fur around the head , in sharp contrast to the black body . like all other fruit bats , they have no tail . they are among the largest bats , with a wingspan of 1 . 5\u20131 . 7 metres ( 4 ft 11 in\u20135 ft 7 in ) and weighing 0 . 7\u20131 . 2 kilograms ( 1 . 5\u20132 . 6 lb ) .\n) is the second largest bat in the world by weight , and the largest by wingspan . its species name is p . vampyrus , however it is no vampire bat , this bat is what is called a megabat , being a large fruit bat . they are sometimes called flying foxes ; however they have no direct relation to foxes and only resemble them in passing with the face . the large flying fox has a wingspan of seven feet ( 2 meters ) , and a weight of 3lbs ( 1 . 5kg ) , has small pointed ears , large eyes , and face that is shaped like a foxes . its coloration varies from dark ashen brown , to near black , and their toes have large claws that are curved to help grab onto branches . the large flying fox cannot echolocate , as that is specific to the microbats , and one species of fruit bat that has developed echolocation on its own . instead , the megabats rely on excellent eyesight , and excellent smell to track their prey of fruit , nectar , blossoms , and pollen .\nflying - foxes simply need somewhere to live . however , where huge congregations are conflicting with humans , it may be appropriate to attempt to disperse roosts to another location further away from residential areas .\nlancaster , w . c . ; henson , o . w . ; keating , a . w . ( 1995 ) .\nrespiratory muscle activity in relation to vocalization in flying bats\n.\nmichigan science art . 2002 .\nuniversity of michigan museum of zoology : animal diversity web\n( on - line ) . pteropus ( flying foxes ) . accessed november 03 , 2006 at urltoken .\nyou\u2019ve heard of jean - francois de galaup de la perouse , right ? an beloved 18th century france explorer who is one of primary french claims to this part of the world . unfortunately he disappeared out here and the british were blamed . they went looking for , sent several rescue missions , but it wasn\u2019t until 50 years later that they found evidence that his ships had floundered and sank here on vanikoro . it wasn\u2019t until 2005 that they found the shipwrecks . ( all references to sir john franklin exist only in my head . )\nby living in large numbers , flying - foxes are little affected by predators like pythons , owls and sea - eagles . these predators only take a few individuals , leaving the rest of the roost intact .\nin their travels , flying - foxes disperse seeds in their droppings and carry a dusting of pollen from tree to tree , fertilising flowers as they feed . eucalypts rely heavily on these pollinators , producing most of their nectar and pollen at night to coincide with when bats are active . without flying - foxes , there is less cross - pollination between trees , particularly over larger distances , and less seed is set .\nwas placed on low risk or least concern on the iucn red list . there is a limited number hunted by natives . however , there are concerns that black - eared flying foxes are especially vulnerable because of their restriction to small , oceanic islands and their apparent lack of fear of humans . black - eared flying foxes also tend to be active during the day , making them easier to hunt than other species of\nfujita , m . 1998 .\nflying foxes and economics . bats . vol 6 , no 1 : 4 - 9 .\n( on - line ) . accessed 01 / 08 / 04 at urltoken .\nfor three species of flying - fox ( black , grey - headed and spectacled ) , one young is born in spring or summer after a five to six - month gestation period . young bats are carried by their mother for three or four weeks , fed on milk , and then left at a roost until they start to fly ( at around two to three months old ) . young are weaned when they are five to six months old , allowing the parents to gather in large roosts and mate again .\nspectacled flying foxes typically live to be around 12 to 15 years old , but in captivity can exceed 30 years of age . natural causes of mortality include predation mainly by rufous owls and pythons , death by paralysis tick when bats climb low to the ground to feed , and the death of babies that are born too early when either something goes wrong in the fetus ' development , or the mother suffers from prolonged stress . flying foxes are also frequently killed in human - related incidents such as landing on power lines , and getting entangled in nets or barbed wire . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] most wild flying foxes are assumed to live much shorter lives . [ 6 ]\nflying - foxes rely on well - developed vision to see at night , complemented by an excellent sense of smell to locate food . their large , forward - facing eyes give them binocular vision , while mirror - like retinas reflect and capture the limited available light . their sight allows them to use rivers , roads and other features as navigation aids . and with highly developed memories , flying - foxes can easily find previously - visited feeding sites and roosts .\nthis species is endemic to the aldabra atoll ( approximately 150 km ) in the seychelles . bats have been recorded from all main islands and have been observed flying between islands of the atoll ( hutson 2004 ; von brandis 2004 ) .\nis a medium sized flying fox . adults typically weigh between 400 - 500 grams and have a forearm length of 130 - 150 mm ( brooke , 2001 ) . the body and wings of this bat tend to be dark brown in color with variations in fur color ranging from blonde to grey on the head , neck , and shoulders ( brooke , 2001 ) . banack ( 2001 ) described the hairs of the fur as ,\nseal brown at base with lighter tips\nwith\npale - colored ( yellowish to grayish white ) hairs sprinkled throughout .\nsamoan flying fox is listed on appendix i of cites . continued enforcement of export bans of this species is necessary to aid recovery . domestic legislation to regulate hunting is needed over all the species ' range states . legal protection is present in some protected areas in samoa and the national park of american samoa , which contains important sites for foraging and roosting ( a . brooke pers . comm . ) . local awareness programmes are needed to emphasize the importance of wildlife resources . key sites for roosting and foraging should be identified and protected ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ) . both flying fox species ( pteropus samoensis and pteropus tonganus ) are still under a hunting ban in american samoa , however , this legislation is temporary ( a . brooke pers . comm . ) . there is a ban on hunting any bat in american samoa , but bats are taken for personal consumption as this ban is not widely enforced ( a . brooke pers . comm . ) . in fiji , there is a need to assess the distribution ( particularly its occurrence in the lau group ) and to protect native forests ( palmeirim et al . 2005 ) .\nspectacled flying foxes have one pup annually . females are capable of breeding at one year of age . [ 6 ] males probably do not breed until three to four years of age . they are polygamous ( similar to the grey - headed flying fox , pteropus poliocephalus ) . female to male ratio may be as high as 2 : 1 . [ 6 ] conception occurs april to may . sexual activity is continuous from about january to june . females give birth to one young per year in october to december . juveniles are nursed for over five months , and on weaning , congregate in nursery trees in the colony . the juveniles fly out for increasing distances with the colony at night and are ' parked ' in nursery trees , often kilometres distant from the colony , and are brought back to the colony in the morning . [ 7 ]\nmonson , c . s . ; banack , s . a . ; cox , p . a . ( 2003 ) .\nconservation implications of chamorro consumption of flying foxes as a possible cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - parkinsonism dementia complex in guam\n.\nthe type locality of black - eared flying foxes is the nicobar islands in india . they are found throughout many islands in southeast asia , including the andaman islands in india , the engano and nias islands in indonesia , and christmas island , south of java .\nflying - foxes are crucial to keeping native forests healthy . they play an important role in dispersing seeds and pollinating flowering plants . because flying - foxes are highly mobile , seeds can be moved locally and over great distances . when seeds are able to germinate away from their parent plant , they can have a greater chance of surviving and growing into a mature plant . seed dispersal also expands the gene pool within forests . mature trees then share their genes with neighbouring trees of the same species and this transfer strengthens forests against environmental changes .\nthe long - term solution to living near flying - foxes is having a better understanding of their needs\u2014when areas are being protected and before development . non - residential urban areas , such as parklands , golf courses and even cemeteries , can be planted out with a range of native trees that provide both fruit ( e . g . small - leaved figs ) and nectar ( e . g . eucalypts and melaleucas ) . this would help provide feeding sites for flying - foxes away from residential areas and corridors for them to travel between remnant forests .\ninformation sources hall , l . , and richards , r . ( 2000 ) . flying foxes and fruit and blossom bats of australia . australian natural history series . unsw press . strahan , r . ( ed . ) . ( 1995 ) . mammals of australia , reed .\nthe large flying fox , within the last six months , has gone from being a species of least concern to a species that is now near threatened and possibly and rapidly approaching the endangered status of\nvulnerable\nif habitat destruction and hunting does not stop . being the largest bat by wingspan , and the most visible when in flight , it is no wonder that they make such an easy target for bush meat and those that consider them a delicacy . unfortunately , if this bat goes extinct or decreases in numbers , plants will suffer due to a lack of pollination and seed dispersal . the consequences are far reaching , as all the megabats are heading toward endangerment or worse .\nthe total population is about 300 , 000 and it has been suggested that they have declined in numbers as much as 30 % in the last decade alone . recent research has shown that since 1994 , more than 24 , 500 grey - headed flying foxes have died from extreme heat events alone .\nhigh mobility also makes flying - foxes very effective as forest pollinators . pollen sticks to their furry bodies and as they crawl from flower to flower , and fly from tree to tree , they pollinate the flowers and aid in the production of honey . this reinforces the gene pool and health of native forests .\nsamoan flying fox is restricted to fiji , samoa , and american samoa . in fiji it is known from the islands of vatu vara , cicia , vanua balavu , kadavu , ovalau , taveuni , vanua levu , viti levu , and probably occurs on some medium - sized islands in the lau group ( palmeirim et al . 2005 ) . in samoa , it has been recorded on the islands of ' upolu and savai ' i . in american samoa it has been recorded on tutuila , ofu , and ta ' u ( mickleburgh et al . 1992 ; flannery 1995 ) . the species was prehistorically present in tonga , but was extirpated at the time of polynesian colonization ( koopman and steadman 1995 ) .\nwatching flying - foxes and how they behave and interact with others can help you to understand how these fascinating creatures live : when they have young , what they eat , when they move to new feeding sites , and how changes to the weather and surrounding environment affect their behaviour and health\u2014and warn us about emerging risks to their survival .\nthey are active mostly in the evening into the night , while during the day they roost in large trees with many of their colony members , sometimes numbering in the hundreds . they communicate with each other in high pitch sounds , and a closely related species has at least 30 distinct recorded calls , therefore it is easy to assume that the large flying fox would also have these calls . mating season takes place in the warmer summer months when the blossoms and nectar from many flowers are available for consumption , and usually just one baby bat is born at a time . their feeding habits range , and behavior lends itself to an important ecological niche , as they help pollinate on a grand scale most of the fruit baring trees , and help plant new ones through their digestive system .\nsamoan flying fox appears to be regularly encountered in fiji and american samoa . overall , populations of this species are not large anywhere and may be slowly declining ( a . brooke pers . comm . ) . the population in american samoa has been stable since 1996 and was estimated at approximately 900 animals in the late 1990s ( brooke 2001 ) . in samoa , the populations are scattered , but it is found in all forested areas , while in american samoa this species can be observed , island - wide ( a . brooke pers . comm . ) . in fiji , the species is moderately common in some lowland areas of viti levu and vanua levu ( palmeirim et al . 2005 , 2007 ) . it also occurs on some medium - sized islands , but usually avoids smaller islands .\nwhen not converted to agricultural use , the predominant vegetation type in the santa cruz islands is lowland rain forest . the santa cruz islands have two of the twelve common tree species found in the solomons ( campnosperma brevipetiolata and calophyllum vitiense ) . the islands differ phytogeographically from the rest of vanuatu . because the highest point on vanikoro ( in the santa cruz islands ) is only 924 m , there is no well - developed montane rain forest . however , some montane species , such as metrosideros ornata , are found in the lowlands . other prominent species include gmelina solomoensis ( verbenaceae ) , parinari corymbosa ( rosaceae ) , paraserianthes ( albizia ) falcataria and pterocarpus indicus ( fabaceae ) , and endospermum medullosum ( euphorbiaceae ) . agathis ( kauri pine ) is found in the santa cruz islands , as are dacrydium elatum and several syzygium ( myrtaceae ) species , which are generally montane species elsewhere ( mueller - dombois and fosberg 1998 ) .\nmcnab , b . , m . armstrong . 2001 .\njournal of mammalogy\n( on - line ) . sexual dimorphism and scaling of energetics in flying foxes of the genus pteropus . accessed december 01 , 2006 at urltoken ; = 10 . 1644 % 2f1545 - 1542 % 282001 % 29082 % 3c0709 % 3asdasoe % 3e2 . 0 . co % 3b2 .\nindividuals have much minor variation , with some having unusually light coloration , and others having much darker \u2013 but all within the ranges expected of this bat . they have very large eyes that make it easy for them to see , and rounded ears with a pointed muzzle , giving them the appearance of a canine . this is another reason they are called flying foxes .\nthe small , but apparently healthy , population of aldabra flying foxes is not currently known to be facing any threats , but the tiny distribution of this species makes it incredibly vulnerable to any catastrophic event , whether caused by humans , such as the introduction of a predator to the atoll , or by nature , such as the potentially devastating effects of a cyclone ( 6 ) .\nin 2012 , the queensland government reintroduced the issuing of permits which allows farmers and fruit - growers ( with permits ) to kill limited numbers of flying foxes in order to protect crops . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] the shooting of bats had been banned by the previous qld labor government after advice from the qld animal welfare advisory committee ( awac ) that the practice was inhumane .\nthe binomial name of the large flying fox is pteropus vampyrus , and it belongs to the genus pteropus . within pteropus there are roughly 64 known species of bat , and a probably amount on the scale of tens that are currently unknown , and hundreds that have gone extinct \u2013 possibly recently ; almost all of the species of bats in this genus are threatened or endangered . pteropus belongs to the subfamily pteropodinae , which has around 36 known genera of bat , and an immeasurable number of extinct relatives along with unknown living genera yet to be identified . pteropodinae belongs to the family pteropodidae , which has one other subfamily - macroglossinae . pteropodidae belongs to the suborder megachiroptera , which belongs to the order chiroptera - which includes all bats . under the revised model of mammals , yet to be adopted , chiroptera belongs to the superorder pegasoferae , with the other order being zoomata , which includes the carnivores ,\nyou could lean out of the boat and see the reef fish , the blue lipped clams , the coral just below you . over closer to the mangroves , fish were leaping from the water chased by 3 foot baby black tipped fin shark . from the trees , flying foxes were hanging in astonishing numbers . occasionally you would see them flap slowly overhead , entirely different from the flight of a bird .\nthere is a clear gradient of the mammalian faunas from new guinea , to the bismarck archipelago , through the solomon islands , to vanuatu ; areas of open ocean have acted as an effective filter . except for pteropodid bats , the solomons and bismarcks ( new britain , new ireland ) have many fewer mammals than new guinea . unlike new britain , the solomons , contain no marsupials , and east beyond the solomons there are even fewer mammal species . however , almost all mammal species in vanuatu have their origins in or via new guinea . the only mammals in vanuatu are four pteropodid bats and eight microchiroptera . ( flannery 1995 ) . six of these species are endemic or near endemic ( table 1 ) . of these endemic and near - endemic species , the fijian blossom - bat ( notopteris macdonaldi ) and banks flying - fox ( pteropus fundatus ) are considered vulnerable , and the nend\u00f6 tube - nosed bat ( nyctimene sanctacrucis ) is presumed to be extinct ( iucn 2000 ) .\n, as a whole , is responsible for the pollination and seed dispersal of 300 plants species in southeast asia , tropical africa , and the pacific islands . fujita ( 1988 ) established that humans use more than 450 products that are derived from 134 of these plants . most of these plants are not grown in plantations ; therefore , they absolutely rely on these bats for regeneration . most of these products are used locally , but some are exported . bananas provide a good example of the importance of these bats . although the cultivated varieties do not require pollination for fruit development , most of the 20 known wild species do . these wild bananas are primarily pollinated by bats and these plants in turn , according to fujita ( 1988 ) ,\nprovide important genetic reservoirs for cultivar improvement and for combating disease , such as fungal root rot .\nsome of the other plants pollinated by flying foxes may also have medicinal properties that have not yet been studied .\nbats are usually thought to belong to one of two monopolistic groups , a view that is reflected in their classification into two suborders ( chiropractor and microcomputer ) . according to this hypothesis , all living megabits and micro bats are descendants of a common ancestor species that was already capable of flight . however , there have been other views , and a vigorous debate persists to this date . for example , in the 1980s and 1990s , some researchers proposed ( based primarily on the similarity of the visual pathways ) that the chiropractor were in fact more closely affiliated with the primates than the microcomputer , with the two groups of bats having therefore evolved flight via convergence ( see flying primates theory ) . [ 1 ] however , a recent flurry of genetic studies confirms the more longstanding notion that all bats are indeed members of the same clad , the chiropractor . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] other studies have recently suggested that certain families of micro bats ( possibly the horseshoe bats , mouse - tailed bats and the false vampires ) are evolutionarily closer to the fruit bats than to other micro bats . [ 2 ] [ 4 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nlamoreux , j . ( global mammal assessment team ) , racey , p . a . , medell\u00edn , r . & hutson , a . m . ( chiroptera red list authority )\njustification : listed as critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) because any remaining population is likely to be tiny . the species has not been located since it was last collected , which was likely before 1930 . vanikolo was extensively logged in the 1950s and 1960s ; there is some regeneration now , but logging has once again been proposed . surveys in the early 1990s did not detect this species and it might possibly be extinct . if it does survive , its range is likely very small as the size of the island is only 189 km 2 , and it is probably subject to hunting pressures as well . further surveys are urgently needed to confirm the existence of this species .\nthis species is known only from the island of vanikolo in the southern solomon islands . the island is 189 km 2 .\nit is known from few specimens ; all probably collected before 1930 . surveys in the early 1990s did not detect this species .\nnothing is known about the ecology of this species . other pteropus species bear a single young , and have a lifespan that is approximately 8 or 9 years .\nthis island was extensively logged in the 1950s and 1960s ; there is some regeneration now , and logging has once again been proposed . opportunistic hunting may be a threat to this species .\nit is listed on appendix ii of cites . it is not known if this species is present in any protected areas . further surveys urgently needed to confirm the presence of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclose the former department of environment and heritage protection is merging to form the new department of environment and science . this site will be updated while the new department of environment and science website is being established .\nin turn , native forests provide valuable timber , act as carbon sinks , and stabilise river systems and water catchments , and provide recreational and tourism opportunities worth millions of dollars each year .\nthe following table lists the species found in queensland and where they are likely to occur .\noften roosts under piles of boulders and dense vegetation ; found in northern cape york .\nlives in rainforest in north queensland and also heathland , paperbark swamp and coastal eucalypt forest in southern queensland .\nit can be found in open forest and rainforests along the east coast of mainland australia south of rockhampton .\nthis species is nomadic forming temporary roosts in open forest , woodland , paperbark swamps and mangroves where trees are in flower or fruit . it occurs over much of queensland .\nfound across a range of vegetation types from mangroves to rainforests in cape york and north - east queensland .\noccurs in rainforest on moa island in torres strait but also occurs in papua new guinea and the solomon islands .\nroosts are often semi - permanent , sometimes dispersing seasonally or when food is no longer available nearby , or when an area is overtaken by the impacts of encroaching development ."]}
{"id": 1860, "summary": [{"text": "theba pisana , common names the white garden snail , sand hill snail , white italian snail , mediterranean coastal snail , and simply just the mediterranean snail , is an edible species of medium-sized , air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family helicidae , the typical snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is native to the mediterranean region , however , it has become an invasive species in many other countries worldwide .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "theba pisana is a well-known agricultural pest in numerous parts of the world .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the shell color varies from white to yellow-brown with light brown spiral markings . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "theba pisana", "paragraphs": ["theba pisana ( white garden snail ) ; two adult shells , showing polymorphism .\nglobal metabolite analysis of the land snail theba pisana hemolymph during active and aestivated states .\ntheba pisana : juvenile . ( photo : \u00a9 dr . roy anderson , molluscireland )\nsubspecies theba pisana almogravensis d . t . holyoak & g . a . holyoak , 2016\neffect of testosterone on the ovotestis of the land snail theba pisana . - pubmed - ncbi\ntheba pisana : juveniles . ( photo : \u00a9 f . geller - grimm , wikipedia )\nglobal metabolite analysis of the land snail theba pisana hemolymph during active and aestivated states . - pubmed - ncbi\ntheba pisana ( white garden snail ) ; an aggregation of snails on vegetation . tenby , wales , uk .\nobservation - high concentration of theba pisana - southern africa . description : an unusual concentration of theba pisana ( various sizes , but mostly above 10mm size range ) within 0 . 25 square metre . about 80 theba pisana , 10 corna aspersusm and 5 small conical snails on clump of clivia miniata clump . there were less than about 20 snail\nbarrett bw , 1972 . theba pisana in guernsey , 1971 . journal of conchology , 27 : 391 - 396 .\nrisso , 1826 ; theba was placed on the \u2018official list of specific names in zoology\u2019 , with theba pisana as the type species , and euparypha was placed on the \u2018official index of rejected and invalid generic names in zoology\u2019 . the correct name is therefore theba pisana . this iczn determination took some time to be recognized by those working with the species , many of whom continued to call it euparypha pisana . however , it is now almost always referred to correctly as theba pisana .\nheller j , 1982 . natural history of theba pisana in israel . journal of zoology , 196 : 475 - 487 .\nearly evidence for a virus - like agent infecting the pest snail theba pisana ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) in southern italy .\ncain aj , 1984 . genetics of some morphs in the land snail theba pisana . malacologia , 25 : 381 - 411 .\ntheba pisana ( white garden snail ) ; close - up of an aggregation of snails on vegetation . tenby , wales , uk .\ntheba pisana ( white garden snail ) ; aggregation aestivating on pine sapling . rethymno ( rethymnon ) , crete . august , 2011 .\ntheba pisana ( white garden snail ) ; large aggregation aestivating in doorway . rethymno ( rethymnon ) , crete . august , 2011 .\ncowie rh , 1987 . rediscovery of theba pisana at manorbier , south wales . journal of conchology , 32 : 384 - 385 .\njohnson ms , 1988 . founder effects and geographic variation in the land snails theba pisana . heredity , 61 : 133 - 142 .\n\u201cmy previous research into the mediterranean snail theba pisana identified 30 key neurohormones that were unique only to molluscs , \u201d dr stewart said .\ntheba pisana ( white garden snail ) ; large aggregation , aestivating on plants . rethymno ( rethymnon ) , crete . august , 2011 .\nbaker gh , 1988 . dispersal of theba pisana ( mollusca : helicidae ) . journal of applied ecology , 25 : 889 - 900 .\nbank r , 2007 . fauna europaea : theba pisana . fauna europaea version 1 . 3 . http / / www . faunaeur . org\ncowie rh , 1984 . density , dispersal and neighbourhood size in the land snail theba pisana . heredity , 52 : 391 - 401 .\nturk sm , 1966 . the rediscovery of theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) in cornwall . journal of conchology , 26 : 19 - 25 .\ncowie rh , 1980 . precocious breeding of theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) ( pulmonata : helicidae ) . journal of conchology , 30 : 238 .\nearly evidence for a virus - like agent infecting the pest snail theba pisana ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) in southern italy . - pubmed - ncbi\nhickson tgl , 1972 . a possible case of genetic drift in colonies of the land snail theba pisana . heredity , 29 : 177 - 190 .\njohnson ms ; black r , 1979 . the distribution of theba pisana on rottnest island . the western australian naturalist , 14 : 140 - 143 .\nbarrett bw , 1975 . the sandhill snail theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) in jersey . bulletin annuel de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 jersiaise , 21 : 409 - 412 .\njohnson ms , 1981 . association of shell banding and habitat in a colony of the land snail theba pisana . heredity , 45 : 7 - 14 .\nmienis hk , 1978 . theba pisana in droppings of the stone curlew in israel . argamon , isreal journal of malacology , 6 : 61 - 63 .\ncowie rh , 1982 . studies on the ecology and ecogenetics of the helicid land snail theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) . liverpool , uk : university of liverpool .\ncowie rh , 1984 . ecogenetics of theba pisana ( pulmonata : helicidae ) at the northern edge of its range . malacologia , 25 : 361 - 380 .\nfowles ap ; cowie rh , 1989 . westward extension of the distribution of theba pisana in south wales . journal of conchology , 33 : 186 - 187 .\nhumphreys j ; stephens bd ; turk sm , 1982 . a new british site for theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) . journal of conchology , 31 : 73 .\njohnson ms , 1980 . effects of migration and habitat choice on shell banding frequencies in theba pisana at a habitat boundary . heredity , 47 : 121 - 133 .\nbachuys w , 1972 . notes on theba pisana ustulata ( lowe , 1852 ) the land - snail of the salvage islands . basteria , 36 : 117 - 130 .\ncowie rh , 1986 . reduction in the distribution of the land snail theba pisana in dyfed . nature in wales ( new series ) , 4 : 66 - 70 .\nturk sm , 1972 . a study of the white sand - hill snail theba pisana . journal of the devon trust for nature conservation , 4 : 138 - 142 .\ncowie rh , 1990 . climatic selection on body colour in the land snail theba pisana ( pulmonata : helicidae ) . heredity , 65 ( 1 ) : 123 - 126 .\nhazel wn ; johnson ms , 1990 . microhabitat choice and polymorphism in the land snail theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) . heredity , 65 ( 3 ) : 449 - 454 .\ncowie rh , 1984 . the life - cycle and productivity of the land snail theba pisana ( mollusca : helicidae ) . journal of animal ecology , 53 : 311 - 325 .\ncowie rh , 1985 . microhabitat choice and high temperature tolerance in the land snail theba pisana ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . journal of zoology ( a ) , 207 : 201 - 211 .\nbaker gh ; vogelzang bk , 1988 . life history , population dynamics and polymorphism of theba pisana ( mollusca : helicidae ) in australia . journal of applied ecology , 25 : 867 - 887 .\ncowie rh , 1983 . variation in mantle collar colour in the land snail theba pisana : evidence of climatic selection ? proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 135 : 154 - 162 .\nmcquaid cd ; branch gm ; frost pgh , 1979 . aestivation behaviour and thermal relations of the pulmonate theba pisana in a semi - arid environment . journal of thermal biology , 4 : 47 - 55 .\nspence gc , 1938 . helilx pisana m\u00fcller . journal of conchology , 21 : 72 .\nd\u00fcrr hjr , 1946 . a contribution to the morphology and bionomics of theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) ( gastropoda : helicidae ) . science bulletin , union of south africa department of agriculture , 257 : 1 - 34 .\nbaker gh ; hawke bg , 1990 . life history and population dynamics of theba pisana ( mollusca : helicidae ) in a cereal - pasture rotation . journal of applied ecology , 27 ( 1 ) : 16 - 29 .\nchace ep , 1915 . helix pisana muller in california . the nautilus , 29 : 72 .\nin this study , we have focused on investigating correlations between shell colouration and constitutive as well as inducible po activity in different shell colour morphs of cepaea hortensis , theba pisana and cornu aspersum maximum , applying zymosan a as an immunostimulant .\nit is possible that in california , t . pisana is monitored in case it should spread further .\naestivation ; lc - ms ; metabolites ; metabolomics ; non - aestivated ; phospholipid ; t . pisana\nan unusual concentration of theba pisana ( various sizes , but mostly above 10mm size range ) within 0 . 25 square metre . about 80 theba pisana , 10 corna aspersusm and 5 small conical snails on clump of clivia miniata clump . there were less than about 20 snails visible at the same time in the surrounding garden within about 10 square metres , including on other clivia and geophytic plants with blade leaves . some of these 20 or so snails were wandering on the ground , some on plants .\ndeblock r ; hoestlandt h , 1967 . [ english title not available ] . ( donn\u00e9es biologiques sur le gastropode littoral theba pisana m\u00fcller aux limites septentrionales de son extension . ) comptes rendus de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciences , 265 : 893 - 896 .\nbaker gh , 1991 . production of eggs and young snails by adult theba pisana ( m\u00fcller ) and cernuella virgata ( da costa ) ( mollusca : helicidae ) in laboratory cultures and field populations . australian journal of zoology , 39 ( 6 ) : 673 - 679 .\nt . pisana is readily identified and distinguished from similar - looking species by simple visual inspection of the shell characteristics .\nranger gutknecht pointed me to videos hosted by bill howell , a trail guide instructor at mtrp . the first is a short introduction to the common garden snail , helix vulgaris , and the second is about white garden snails , theba pisana . both species can be found in the park .\nsimilarly , t . pisana will feed on a wide range of agricultural crops and garden and ornamental plants , as follows .\ngittenberger e ; ripken teh , 1987 . the genus theba ( mollusca : gastropoda : helicidae ) , systematics and distribution . zoologische verhandelingen , 241 : 1 - 59 .\ngittenberger and ripken ( 1987 ) only recorded t . pisana as far south as southern morocco , and not even in western sahara\nthis species shares the same habitats than t . pisana in general : the edges of agricultural fields and roads , riparian and ruderal vegetation .\nbaker gh ; beckett s ; thammavongsa b , 2012 . are the european snails , theba pisana ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( helicidae ) , cernuella virgata ( da costa , 1778 ) and cochlicella acuta ( m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( hygromiidae ) attracted by potential food odours ? crop protection , 42 : 88 - 93 . urltoken\nbaker gh , 2008 . the population dynamics of the mediterranean snails cernuella virgata , cochlicella acuta ( hygromiidae ) and theba pisana ( helicidae ) in pasture - cereal rotations in south australia : a 20 - year study . australian journal of experimental agriculture , 48 ( 12 ) : 1514 - 1522 . urltoken ; _ id = ea08031 . pdf\nthere is no evidence that t . pisana is dispersed via non - biotic natural means , such as the wind , although it is possible that snails , especially small ones ( perhaps juvenile t . pisana ) can be blown considerable distances by the wind ( kirchner et al . , 1997 ) .\nwhite garden snail theba pisana . this is another high risk snail for introduction into the pacific northwest . it has established populations in san diego , california , just stops away for ships visiting west coast ports . the white garden snail , also a helicid , is thought to be potentially one of the worst foreign snails as an agricultural pest . it is also the most frequently intercepted exotic snail . theba has remarkable abilities to increase in population once established and can be particularly destructive to ornamental plants and various types of trees . one citrus tree in california was covered with more than 3000 theba pisana snails . it can move 55 meters in one month . the white garden snail is native to the mediterranean countries and great britain . it generally is found in coastal habitats . it has been introduced into australia , the atlantic islands , south africa , and the united states . california is thought to be the only state with established populations .\ncertain other species of theba are extremely similar . distinguishing them is based primarily on the general shape of the shell , whether it is keeled or not , its microsculpture , the structure of the umbilical region of the shell and the shape of the aperture . identification is best achieved using the key of gittenberger and ripken ( 1987 ) . however , these other species of theba are rarely intercepted by quarantine officials and seem not to be highly invasive .\nthe most recent comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the genus theba is by gittenberger and ripken ( 1987 ) . four fossil and ten recent species are recognized . because of variation within some of the species there are 17 species and subspecies in total . how many of the subspecies are valid is open to debate . all species and subspecies , with the exception of t . pisana pisana are restricted to small geographical areas in morocco , the western sahara , the southernmost part of the iberian peninsula and the canary and salvage islands ( bachuys , 1972 ; gittenberger and ripken , 1987 ) .\ntheba pisana generally lays its eggs several inches below the soil surface with an average of 70 eggs per clutch . it takes approximately 20 days for the eggs to incubate ; however , it may take longer in dry weather . this snail typically does not seek cool , dark places to aestivate . they preferentially attach to plants , fences , under stones or other vertical , physical structures . longevity : 2 years .\nthe effect of testosterone on the histological pattern of the gonads of the land snail theba pisana was studied . it was found that testosterone accelerated spermatogenesis , as indicated by the large increase in the number of spermatozoa and the decrease in the number of primary spermatocytes . the diameter of the acini in treated snails was greater than in the normal controls . conversely , testosterone led to reduction of the number of mature ova .\nthe generalist predatory snails euglandina rosea ( from florida ) and gonaxis sp . ( from kenya ) have been introduced to south africa for biocontrol of t . pisana but neither of them became established ( barker and efford , 2004 ) . the facultative predatory snail rumina decollata was said to be able to control but not eradicate t . pisana in california ( anonymous , 1987 ) , although the efficacy of r . decollata has been questioned ( cowie , 2001a ) . extensive screening of diptera , notably sarcophagidae and sciomyzidae , and some nematodes as biocontrol agents has taken place with a goal to control t . pisana in australian agriculture ( see section on natural enemies ) . however , no species has been introduced specifically to control t . pisana because those screened were either ineffective or attacked non - target snails , including native australian species , and no biological control agents were being considered for release against t . pisana in australia as of 2008 ( baker , 2008 ) . ducks were recommended by joubert and walters ( 1951 ) for small scale control of t . pisana in south africa .\nfrom time to time it has been placed in various other genera , viz . heliomanes , carocolla , xerophila , cochlea , tropidocochlis and teba , the last being an incorrect subsequent spelling of theba ( cowie , 1982 ; bouchet and rocroi , 2004 ) .\nthe larval development of muellerius cf . capillaris in aestivating trochoidea seetzenii and theba pisana was delayed : in the first snail 82 % of the parasites remained as second - stage larvae ( l2 ) after as much as 90 days , and in the second snail 60 % remained as l2 after 50 days . reactivation of t . seetzenii after 59 days of aestivation caused the larvae to develop to the third stage ( l3 ) . the number of recovered larvae among t . seetzenii was consistently higher in active vs aestivating snails ( p < 0 . 05 ) . such differences were not evident among t . pisana ( p > 0 . 05 ) . in active t . pisana , larval development was faster than in active t . seetzenii , whereas there were no such differences between aestivating snails of these 2 species . aestivating infected t . seetzenii had lower body weights than same - size active non - infected , as well as infected snails . aestivating infected t . pisana were not weighed , but they too exhibited poor body condition .\nthere is no known mechanism currently in place for rapid response to detection of new infestations of t . pisana , although such mechanisms may be in place in the united states . however , despite the problems caused by t . pisana in california in the early twentieth century and the huge effort to eradicate it , when it was rediscovered in 1985 there was some discussion among officials about what to do about the infestations but little action was taken and t . pisana is still present as far as is known ( r cowie , university of hawaii , usa , personal communication , 2009 ) .\nin the united states , t . pisana is on a list of actionable pests if detected by quarantine officials , and is one of the species listed as of major concern should it be introduced more widely in the united states ( cowie et al . , 2009 ) . the author is not aware of other countries\u2019 regulations regarding t . pisana ( r cowie , university of hawaii , usa , personal communication , 2009 ) .\ncompetition between introduced t . pisana and native land snails in israel has been suggested but remains speculative ( heller and tchernov , 1978 ) . in australia , the impact of t . pisana on natural ecosystems is essentially unknown , although it will feed on native australian plants ( baker , 1989 ) and a native snail species ( bothryembrion melo ) has become rare or gone extinct in areas invaded by t . pisana in western australia ( baker , 2002 ) . in south africa it is said to have \u201cexterminated some native species at cape town by eating all the available vegetable matter\u201d ( quick , 1952 ) , although which \u201cnative species\u201d was not specified .\nother . t . pisana is reported as a garden pest and a pest of ornamental flowers and shrubs ( basinger , 1927 ; d\u00fcrr , 1946 ; joubert and walters , 1951 ; baker , 1986 , 1988 ) .\nbasinger aj , 1923 . eradication of the white snail , helix pisana , at la jolla , california . monthly bulletin of the department of agriculture , state of california , 12 ( 1 - 2 ) : 7 - 11 .\nbasinger aj , 1927 . the eradication campaign against the white snail ( helix pisana ) at la jolla , california . monthly bulletin of the department of agriculture , state of california , 16 ( 2 ) : 51 - 77 .\ndifferent morphs of test snails ; pale and dark morph of c . hortensis ( a ) , pale and dark morphs of t . pisana ( b ) , and pale and dark morph of c . aspersum maximum ( c ) .\npublic awareness in general , the public is almost completely unaware of invasive snails , and this is probably largely true regarding t . pisana despite the extreme abundances it may reach . awareness may be greater in australia since it has a significant economic impact , notably on cereal agriculture , and may generate more news stories than other pest snails / slugs . in particular , t . pisana , along with a number of other exotic species in australia , has significant localised pest status .\nvarious fumigants have also been tried in order to kill t . pisana in shipments of goods and in grain silos but high doses and longer periods of treatment than for insect control proved necessary ( godan , 1983 ; baker , 2002 ) .\nthe following comments relate to the distribution further afield to areas in which t . pisana is known definitively to have been introduced as a result of human activities . in almost no case is the reason for introduction ( deliberate or accidental ) known .\nin andalusia there is an important annual consumption of terrestrial snails , specially t . pisana . every year more than 10 . 000 tm of snails (\ncaracoles\n) are consumed during spring and summer months by andalusians , coming both from natural autochthonous resources and imports ( 95 % from morocco ) . t . andalusica is almost identical to the polymorphic t . pisana ( in commercial terms ) so it forms part of this lucrative business ( arr\u00e9bola , porras , c\u00e1rcaba and ruiz 2004 ) .\nt . pisana is a medium - sized snail with a sub - globular , generally white or off - white shell that often bears a complex pattern of darker markings . it is generally a species of coastal habitats with warm to hot an . . .\nthe only use of t . pisana is as human food , in the mediterranean and possibly in emigrant mediterranean communities in other countries ( the reason for its original import to california ) . the potential market is far too small to result in significant control .\ndeblock r , 1962 . recherches biologiques sur un gastropode pulmon\u00e9 m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e euparypha pisana m\u00fcll aux limites nordiques de son extension . diplome d ' etudes superieures ( sciences naturelles ) ( [ english title not available ] ) . lille , france : facult\u00e9 libre ds sciences .\nin legume - based pastures in australia , t . pisana reduced herbage yield by 23 % in a month , with the clover component reduced by 75 % ( baker , 1989 ) , while baker ( 1992 ) reported 83 % loss of pasture herbage over two months .\nthese are the main impacts on particular crops etc . in particular countries that have been reported in the literature . almost certainly they can be generalized to similar crops in other countries where t . pisana is abundant , but have simply not been reported in the widely accessible literature .\nthe sites where t . andalusica hypothetically lives are globally characterized by a high anthropic influence due to agricultural , urbanism , tourism , pollution . . . on the other hand , this species is harvested for food as well as t . pisana ( see use and trade ) .\nhelix pisana muller , 1774 , verm . hist . , 2 : 60 ; taylor , 1911 , monogr . l . & freshw . moll . brit . is . , 3 : 360 , pl . 30 , 31 ; orcutt , 1919 , nautilus , 33 : 63 .\nbonavita a ; bonavita d , 1962 . [ english title not available ] . ( contribution \u00e0 l\u00e9 ' tude \u00e9cologique d ' euparypha pisana m\u00fcller des rivages m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ens de la provence . note pr\u00e9liminaire . ) pubblicazioni della stazione zoologica di napoli , 32 ( supplement ) : 198 - 204 .\nit has been suggested on various bases , including the occurrence of other theba species only in northwest africa , that the original natural range of t . pisana was confined to morocco ( sacchi , 1971 ; welter - schultes , 1998 ) . however , it is possible that most of its current north african , mediterranean and western european range is natural ( d\u00fcrr , 1946 ; baker and vogelzang , 1988 ; roth and sadeghian , 2003 ) , although possibly a result of post - glacial expansion from morocco ( sacchi , 1971 ) . alternatively , at least some , if not most of its circum mediterranean and western european distribution is a result of human activities in historic times and therefore t . pisana should be considered invasive in these areas where it may reach extremely high abundances . for the most part , the issue is unresolved ( gittenberger and ripken , 1987 ) , although there is some evidence and conjecture regarding specific regions ( see history of introduction / spread ) .\ncitrus . t . pisana is a pest in citrus orchards in israel , libya , other mediterranean countries , south africa and in oases in saudi arabia ( harpaz and oseri , 1961 ; godan , 1983 ; baker , 1986 ) . damage to citrus was the major concern in california ( gammon , 1943 ) , and remains so should t . pisana become widely established again . it will feed on foliage , bark of tender twigs , fruit and blossoms ( basinger , 1927 , quoting de stefani ) . specifically , orange , lemon and grapefruit have been mentioned ( basinger , 1927 ) .\nin california , various chemicals were tested experimentally against t . pisana , although during the eradication campaign only calcium arsenate was deployed ( basinger , 1927 ) . calcium arsenate was also considered effective in south africa ( joubert and walters , 1951 ) ; methiocarb and carbaryl have also been recommended for use in south africa . many other chemicals are available in a range of formulations ( godan , 1983 ; bowen and antoine , 1995 ) . in australia , the widely used molluscicide metaldehyde , in bait formulations , has been traditionally broadcast against t . pisana but is expensive and may have non - target impacts .\nthere is no evidence that t . pisana is dispersed via biotic natural means , for instance being carried by other animals , although it is known for other snail species that they can be carried long distances by birds ( ramsden , 1913 ; anonymous , 1936 ; rees , 1965 ; boag , 1986 ) .\nin addition to impacting crops , t . pisana may have other agricultural impacts as it is an intermediate host of nematodes including the lungworm muellerius capillaris , which is an important parasite of sheep and cattle , although the veterinary significance of these nematodes in australia are not known ( baker and vogelzang , 1988 ; baker , 1989 ) .\nas mentioned above , t . pisana is widely used as a food resource in mediterranean countries and has been shipped to other countries for this reason . however , it can become a public nuisance when it invades urban / suburban areas . the snails crawl up the walls and windows of houses , and in rainy weather it can be difficult to avoid treading on them on sidewalks ( basinger , 1927 ) . unspecified \u2018white snails\u2019 ( i . e . t . pisana and / or cernuella virgata ) are intermediate hosts of a fluke ( brachylaima sp . ) , and young children who have ingested infected snails in south australia have suffered severe gut disorders ( baker , 2002 ) .\nthe major crops affected seriously by t . pisana are cereals , citrus and grapevines , as well as pasture . its major agricultural impacts in australia ( where most work has been done on its ecology and behaviour related to its invasive impacts ) became increasingly evident in the 1980s , especially in cereal crops and pasture ( baker , 2002 ) .\nvegetables . vegetables are impacted in south africa , israel , in oases in saudi arabia , and in most countries where t . pisana occurs ( godan , 1983 ; baker , 1986 ) . the list in the host plants table is derived primarily from godan ( 1983 ) and baker ( 1986 ) . seed carrots are affected in australia .\nt . pisana is widely used as a food item in mediterranean countries , where it can be found in great numbers in local markets . huge numbers of the snail were shipped from europe to california in the early 1900s for food , presumably for sale ( mead , 1961 ) . this appears to be its only positive economic / social value .\ntypically this snail is found in coastal , sandy areas . theba pisana has the potential to increase in number rapidly . this species has been deemed a serious pest and and may be a nuisance because of its ability to aggregate in large numbers . it may occur in numbers of up to 3000 in one tree . this snail possesses the ability to defoliate large trees , including citrus and ornamentals . it also consumes garden crops , seedlings and cereal grains ( e . g . , wheat , barley , oil seeds , seed carrot and legumes ) . in grain producing areas this species will cause direct and indirect losses . direct losses include clogging machinery and directly consuming the crop . indirect losses include contaminating the grain and allowing for the infestation of the grain by secondary fungal pathogens , due to the added moisture they provide .\nseed lucerne and other legume crops . t . pisana is a problem in seed lucerne in france , where the snails feed on the flowers , the slime inhibits pollination , crushed snails block harvesters , and fouled seeds are unmarketable ( baker , 1986 ) . it is a problem in ( unspecified ) legume crops in south africa and australia ( baker , 1986 , 1991 ) .\nt . pisana feeds on a number of plants in its natural habitat , many of which might be unexpected to be palatable because of their toughness ( quick , 1952 ; cowie , 1982 , 1986 ) . however , the distinction between feeding on certain plants and simply using the plants as habitat is not easy to make as there have been no adequate studies of the feeding preferences of t . pisana . there has been some work carried out on the odour attraction of food , in order to inform bait attractants , but no food items tested were found to significantly attract t . pisana ( baker et al . , 2012 ) . some entries in the host plants table , derived from quick ( 1952 ) , johnson and black ( 1979 ) , johnson ( 1980 , 1981 ) , cowie ( 1982 , 1986 ) , and baker and hawke ( 1990 ) , should therefore be treated cautiously . those listed as wild hosts are only those identified as being fed upon in the literature or from personal experience , and those listed as habitat are simply all plants mentioned ( which may be fed upon ) , with no assessment of significance , as none could be reliably made .\npastures . in australia , legume - based pastures ( e . g . annual medics , lucerne , clover ) are seriously damaged and occasionally totally destroyed ( baker , 1986 , 1989 , 2002 , 2008 ) . also , stock reject pasture and hay contaminated with slime trails . in south africa , t . pisana is also a pest of pasture ( joubert and walters , 1951 ; baker , 1986 ) .\nthe spread of t . pisana around the mediterranean and northwards up the coast of western europe from its presumed origin in morocco was probably for the most part post - glacial with some more recent introductions the result of human activities , notably in the northernmost parts of the range . however , little is known of the chronology of introduction or spread , or of the geographic sources . much of the following information is highly conjectural .\nin 1984 , a shipment of barley from south australia was rejected by chile because live snails ( cernuella virgata , though it could easily have been t . pisana ) were included with the grain , this one rejected shipment costed the australian barley board aus $ 1 . 3 million ( baker , 1989 ) . downgrading of barley because of snail contamination can reduce the price paid to farmers from aus $ 160 to aus $ 120 per tonne ( baker , 2002 ) .\nin south africa native shrubs are entirely destroyed by the snails , which eat not only the leaves but also the bark of young branches ( d\u00fcrr , 1946 ) . otherwise , no natural habitat impacts have been documented , although perhaps only because the focus has been on the agricultural impacts of t . pisana . as a major , abundant component of mediterranean ecosystems , in which it may or may not be considered native , its importance must be diverse and pervasive , though little studied or documented .\nshell displaying various colour variants , yellow or white with dark colour bands or spots and often a dark bluish grey apex , juveniles sharply keeled , the keel disappears at the last whorl , aperture often with a light reddish lip inside , margin only reflected at columellar side , umbilicus narrow and half covered by the reflected columellar margin . the apex has a characteristic size in the eastern mediterranean when compared with other species , where there are no other theba species . the umbilicus is also rarely seen in other species , juvenile eobania vermiculata have a considerably larger apex . animal very light yellowish with dark colour bands running from the sides to the upper tentacles , tentacles very long .\nit is not known whether t . pisana should be considered native or not around much of the mediterranean and western europe . even if it invaded much of the region post - glacially , it should still be considered native if that spread was not aided by people . however , in some instances introduction may have been by people , either accidentally or deliberately . detailed investigation of the holocene palaeontological record at numerous localities within this range would shed great insight into the history of the spread of this species .\noriginally , we planned to re - sample zymosan a - injected snails 6 h and 24 h after injection . the 24 h time point was chosen as it has been shown in other molluscs that po activity can increase two - fold within 24 h after zymosan a - injection [ 1 ] . the 6 h time point was chosen in order to test for a possibly earlier po activity induction . however , in c . hortensis and t . pisana , amendments to this schedule were necessary as described below .\nphenoloxidase ( po ) activity levels in different morphs of t . pisana ; test run 1 with base levels and levels 24 h after hemolymph ( hl ) withdrawal , and test run 2 with base levels , levels after hemolymph withdrawal and 24 h zymosan a - exposure and levels after 24 h zymosan a - exposure only ( mean + sd ; n = 10 ; 0 . 01 < p \u2264 0 . 05 : * ; 0 . 001 < p \u2264 0 . 01 : * * ; p \u2264 0 . 001 : * * * ) .\nother crop trees and shrubs . stone fruit , almonds and olives have been reported to be affected ( baker , 1986 , 1988 ) , as have figs ( basinger , 1927 ) . apples , apricots , peaches and plums were listed by d\u00fcrr ( 1946 ) but whether these were attacked by t . pisana or by another invasive snail species , helix aspersa ( now known as either cornu aspersum , cantareus aspersus or cryptomphalus aspersus ) , was not made clear . oil seed crops ( unspecified ) , including seedlings , are affected in australia ( baker , 1986 ) .\nbaker ( 1989 ) reported laboratory experiments demonstrating that t . pisana will feed on the following cereal and pasture plants : barley ( hordeum vulgare ) , wheat ( triticum vulgare ) , perennial rye grass ( lolium perenne ) , tall fescue ( festuca arundinacea ) , cocksfoot ( dactylis glomerata ) , rape ( brassica napus ) , vetch ( vicia sativa ) , clover ( trifolium subterraneum , t . fragiferum ) , barrel medic ( medicago truncatula ) and lucerne ( medicago sativa ) . it did not feed on phalaris ( phalaris aquatica ) and faba bean ( vicia faba ) .\nthe capacity of t . pisana for active , unaided dispersal is limited , as it is for most snails . in south africa snails moved on average about 4 m per year ( hickson , 1972 ) but this was based on movements in isolated patches of vegetation in summer and is probably an underestimate . in western australia , during february \u2013 july , when increased rain promotes snail activity , the average distance moved by marked snails was about 7 m , although one snail moved 40 m and several moved 20 m or more ( johnson , 1981 ) . in south wales , over 100 days during the active summer and early autumn season ( july \u2013 october ) no snail moved more than 3 m ( cowie , 1984c ) . in south australia , marked snails moved up to 13 m in one week and up to 75 m in three months ( baker , 1988 ) . in most of these studies differences in dispersal rates among habitats were reported ( cf . cowie , 1980b ) and may explain , at least in part , the differences among the studies . only one study has addressed the rate of spread of a newly introduced population of t . pisana ( johnson and black , 1979 ) , reporting a rate of population expansion of about 20 m per year from 1925 to 1978 .\nwe would like to thank dr . yvan capowiez and dr . christophe mazzia , laboratoire de toxicologie environnementale , umr \u201c\u00e9cologie des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s\u201d inra / uapv , avignon , france , for sampling t . pisana snails . many thanks also to dr . thomas d\u2019souza , dr . volker scheil , stefanie krais , anja henneberg and diana maier , university of t\u00fcbingen , germany , for scientific and technical support , and to otto sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 , ph . d . , department of aquatic ecology , eawag , d\u00fcbendorf and institute of integrative biology , eth - z\u00fcrich , z\u00fcrich , switzerland , for assistance in po activity calculation . we acknowledge support by deutsche forschungsgemeinschaft and open access publishing fund of tuebingen university .\nonly one study has investigated the molecular genetics of t . pisana . johnson ( 1988 ) compared allozyme variation among introduced populations in western australia , victoria and tasmania ( australia ) and southern france , israel and wales . he demonstrated that the allelic compositions of the australian ( introduced ) samples were consistent with them all having a common source , and that they had the closest similarity to those from southern france , consistent with the original introduction ( s ) being from this area . whether there was one or more introductions to australia and whether the introduction ( s ) were directly from the ultimate source or from an intermediate introduced population ( i . e . in south africa ) could not be determined .\ncereals . one of the main problems caused by t . pisana and one that has received considerable attention is in australian cereals ( baker , 1989 , 1992 , 2002 , 2008 ) . primarily , the problem is that the snails aestivate on the stems and heads of the full grown plants at harvest . not only does this contaminate the harvested crop , which can result in downgrading of the grain or rejection of bulk shipments of grain overseas , with the associated major economic loss , but it also clogs the harvesting machinery . however , the snails also feed on the crops , including on seedlings of wheat and barley ( baker , 1986 , 1989 ) . it is also a cereal pest in south africa ( joubert and walters , 1951 ; baker , 1986 ) .\neradication has been reported in california ( armitage , 1949 ) , some 35 years after the initial introductions . the final resort was the use of flame throwers , which were able to penetrate the nooks and crannies that simply setting fire to the vegetation could not . hand picking was considered essential in order to find the last remaining individuals ( basinger , 1927 ) . use of calcium arsenate bait was also used extensively as part of the eradication campaign ( basinger , 1927 ) . whether eradication was completely successful is open to debate , since t . pisana was discovered again in the 1960s ( supposedly eradicated again ) and again in 1985 , when fire was used in attempts to eradicate them ( anonymous , 1987 ) . as for most snails , eradication is extremely difficult , since in general the snails ( as is the case for most invertebrate species ) are well established and locally widespread before people become sufficiently aware of them to complain or report that there is something new in their environment that may be causing a problem . confirming that every last snail has been killed is extremely difficult .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nkoedoe | vol 50 , no 1 | a153 | doi : urltoken | \u00a9 2008 lizelle j . odendaal , tanya m . haupt , charles l . griffiths | this work is licensed under cc attribution 4 . 0 submitted : 15 april 2008 | published : 10 december 2008\nall articles published in this journal are licensed under the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international ( cc by 4 . 0 ) license , unless otherwise stated . website design & content : \u00a92018 aosis ( pty ) ltd . all rights reserved . no unauthorised duplication allowed . by continuing to use this website , you agree to our privacy policy .\nget specific , domain - collection newsletters detailing the latest cpd courses , scholarly research and call - for - papers in your field .\nm\u00fcller , o . f . 1774 . vermivm terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaceorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . volumen alterum . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 214 , [ 1 - 10 ] . havni\u00e6 & lipsi\u00e6 . ( heineck & faber ) .\nmediterranean region and adjacent atlantic coasts from central morocco to belgium , sw england , s wales , e and s ireland and central atlantic islands . in spain occasionally also in the interior .\n9 - 20 x 12 - 25 mm , diameter in greece usually below 15 mm . diameter 1 . 7 - 1 . 9 mm at 1 whorl , 3 . 7 - 3 . 9 mmm ( 2 wh . ) , 6 . 8 - 7 . 5 mm ( 3 ) , 11 - 12 mm ( 4 wh . ) , 15 - 17 mm ( 4 . 5 wh . )\nusually in coastlands , in or near sandy habitats , in hot climates estivating often directly exposed to the sun , attached to grasses , shrubs or succulent plants . in dunes it can live on nearly bare sand poorly fixed by grasses . in the north the snails do not estivate but they climb on plants in dry weather . does not survive serious winter frosts . often associated with cochlicella acuta and cernuella virgata , but can live slightly deeper inside pure sandy habitats and is usually more common than c . acuta . in france 40 - 80 oval eggs ( diameter 1 . 5 mm ) are deposited from june to october under stones , between roots or in the soil , hatchling size 2 mm . in greece maximum shell size is attained after 2 years , maturity is reached at half maximum shell size after 1 year .\ncommon near beaches , one of the most common snails in coastal regions from s portugal to greece . introduced to sw great britain and ireland since at least the 1700s , still spreading along frost - free coastal localities . a subspecies from coastal habitats in spain is on the red list ( the . pi . arietina , endangered , g\u00f3mez moliner et al . 2001 ) .\nreferences : nobre 1913 : 186 , germain 1930 : 181 , nobre 1941 : 91 , hickson 1972 , bar 1978 , kerney & cameron 1979 : 202 , johnson 1981 , lazaridou - dimitriadou & daguzan 1981 , kerney et al . 1983 : 280 , cowie 1984 ( 3 papers ) , heller & gadot 1984 , cowie 1985 , liebegott 1986 ( greece : v\u00f3rii spor\u00e1des ) , gittenberger & ripken 1987 : 32 , baker 1988 , baker & vogelzang 1988 , prieto & altonaga 1988 : 6 ( n spain ) , smallridge & kirby 1988 , cowie 1990 , falkner 1990 : 234 , manganelli et al . 1995 : 33 , dhora & welter - schultes 1996 : 167 , welter - schultes & wiese 1997 ( 2 papers ) , welter - schultes 1998 : 91 , ondina et al . 1997 , kerney 1999 : 202 , sch\u00fctt 2001 : 468 , mart\u00ednez - ort\u00ed et al . 2004 , quintana cardona 2006 ( menorca , introduced ) , welter - schultes 2008 : 80 , welter - schultes 2012 : 627 ( range map ) , vardinoyannis et al . 2012 : 40 ( cyprus ) .\nprovoost , s . ; bonte , d . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . animated dunes : a view of biodiversity at the flemish coast [ levende duinen : een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de vlaamse kust ] . mededelingen van het instituut voor natuurbehoud , 22 . instituut voor natuurbehoud : brussel , belgium . isbn 90 - 403 - 0205 - 7 . 416 , ill . , appendices pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of janthina alba anton , 1838 ) beu a . g . ( 2017 ) . evolution of janthina and recluzia ( mollusca : gastropoda : epitoniidae ) . records of the australian museum . 69 ( 3 ) : 119 - 222 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 163 [ details ]\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nis a medium - sized snail with a sub - globular , generally white or off - white shell that often bears a complex pattern of darker markings . it is generally a species of coastal habitats with warm to hot and arid climates , although it extends into cooler and wetter habitats in northwest europe . its range includes almost all the mediterranean coastline , extending up the atlantic coast of europe . the extent to which this range is natural is not certain . morocco has been suggested as its region of origin . beyond this european / mediterranean range , the major regions to which it has been introduced are south africa ( first recorded 1881 ) ,\n, in all three regions rapidly becoming an invasive pest . it is frequently intercepted by quarantine officials both associated with shipments of goods and in personal luggage , indicating that it is both accidentally and deliberately transported over long distances . it is also readily transported relatively short distances , for instance attached to vehicles . once introduced , its high rate of growth and reproduction and ability to reach extremely high population densities make it a potentially serious and difficult to control pest . it is listed as a potential pest of quarantine significance in the united states .\nwas placed within it . hartmann ( 1844 [ in 1840 - 1844 ] ) placed it in his new monotypic subgenus\nis very variable in terms of its shell appearance , primarily in the patterning of bands and other markings on the shell . by the start of the twentieth century , no fewer than 27 \u2018species\u2019 , all in fact referable to\n, as well as by taylor ( 1906 - 1914 ) , who also dealt with the plethora of varietal and sub - varietal names given to shells with subtle differences in shell shape and colour / pattern , few of which have any taxonomic meaning , as taylor recognized , but are purely descriptive of the immense range of variation especially in shell colour / pattern .\nis generally a species of coastal , often sandy ( e . g . dunes ) habitats with warm to hot and arid climates . its range includes almost all the mediterranean coastline , extending up the atlantic coast of europe as far as the southernmost part of the netherlands , southwest england and wales and eastern ireland , and to the madeiran ( records on the salvages are in fact of a different\n) and canary archipelagos , especially in sandy areas close to the sea . it extends inland notably in spain , portugal , southern and western france , italy , algeria and morocco , although it is generally less abundant in such localities than it is near the coasts (\nalthough reported in germany ( godan , 1983 ) , whether it ever became established is doubtful ( r cowie , university of hawaii , usa , personal communication , 2009 ) . it is almost certainly present in monaco due to presence all along this part of the french and italian coasts ( r cowie , university of hawaii , usa , personal communication , 2009 ) .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\ntaylor , 1906 - 1914 ; d\u00fcrr , 1946 ; joubert and walters , 1951 ; quick , 1952 ; mcquaid et al . , 1979 ; sanderson and sirgel , 2002 ; eppo , 2014\ntaylor , 1906 - 1914 ; bank , 2007 ; cameron et al . , 2007\ntaylor , 1906 - 1914 ; germain , 1908 ; gittenberger and ripken , 1987 ; cowie , 1990 ; cameron and cook , 2001 ; cameron et al . , 2006 ; bank , 2007 ; cameron et al . , 2007\ncowie , 1984b ; taylor , 1906 - 1914 ; pennant , 1777 ; deblock , 1962 ; cowie , 1982 ; humphreys et al . , 1982 ; cowie , 1983 ; cowie , 1986 ; cowie , 1987 ; fowles and cowie , 1989 ; cowie , 1990 ; eppo , 2014\nas non - native in their studies in the greek islands , but with no explanation . it has been found in deposits in malta dating to as early as the second or third centuries ad but not earlier (\n) so may be a roman introduction . in the channel islands , france , italy ( sicily ) , the balearic islands ( majorca ) , madeira and the canary islands ( fuerteventura ) it has been reported in holocene deposits of unspecified age (\n- 1914 ) but whether truly fossil or the result of mixing of strata involving modern shells is not known , as was hinted at by taylor ( 1906 - 1914 ) regarding madeira .\nits entire northwest european distribution may be fairly recent , although this has been demonstrated or inferred on a sound basis for only a few locations . it was deliberately introduced to the english channel coast of belgium ( ostend ) in 1868 from algeria (\nas the possible source of the northern french and belgian populations . it was not then reported from belgium until 1934 (\n, probably took place between 1962 and 1987 . taylor ( 1906 - 1914 ) and\nhad been found in pleistocene dunes in northern france near the belgian border close to the english channel , but this report and accurate dating of the shells has not been verified . introduction to the channel island of guernsey was from jersey in 1860 , deliberately for \u201cnaturalization\u201d (\n) . if its presence in jersey is as a result of an introduction , then this occurred before 1912 , as it was recorded there by taylor ( 1912 in 1906 - 1914 ) , who also reported it in pre - neolithic deposits . the origins of the uk populations are probably post - glacial ("]}
{"id": 1862, "summary": [{"text": "margarinotus is a genus of beetles belonging to the family histeridae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this genus is mainly characterized by several characters of the male genitalia .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "most species may be distinguished by the emarginate outline of the anterior margin of the mesosternum and by the complete inner subhumeral striae on elytra . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "margarinotus", "paragraphs": ["description of a new margarinotus species with additional notes about two histerids from nepal ( col . , histeridae )\nthe nearctic species margarinotus ( ptomister ) immunis ( erichson , 1834 ) discovered in slovakia ( coleoptera : histeridae ) .\nthe holotype of margarinotus ( paralister ) longus ( bickhardt , 1910 ) is re - described and figured . a key to the species of the subgenus paralister bickhardt , 1917 of the genus margarinotus marseul , 1853 from the balkans is given .\ninitially looks to be margarinotus . can you post a lateral shot and also a shot of the lateral edge of the pronotum ?\nthe nearctic species margarinotus ( ptomister ) immunis ( erichson , 1834 ) discovered in slovakia ( coleoptera : histeridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\na review of california margarinotus marseul ( coleoptera : histeridae : histerinae : histerini ) , with descriptions of two new species caterino m . s . 2010 . the coleopterists bulletin 64 : 1\u201312 .\nsubgenera not yet in the guide ( represented in na by a single species each ) are margarinotus s . str . ( m . guttifer ) and stenister ( m . obscurus , adventive from europe )\nthe species is primarily found on carrion , but also occasionally on decomposing plant matter ( bousquet & lapalante 2006 ) . it is known in gsmnp from only a single record from 1959 at the edge of the park at 370 m elevation .\nthis widespread and abundant eurasian species has been introduced into eastern n america , where it is known from southern manitoba and tennessee and south carolina . the southwestern border of the range is unclear ( bousquet & lapalante 2006 ) .\ndevelopment of these pages was supported by grants from discover life in america and the national science foundation ( deb - 0516311 ) .\nbousquet , y . and s . laplante . 2006 . coleoptera histeridae . the insects and arachnids of canada . part 24 . nrc research press , ottawa . 485 pp .\nkovarik , p . w . and m . s . caterino . 2000 . histeridae . pp . 212 - 227 in : arnett , r . h . and m . c . thomas ( eds . ) american beetles . vol . 1 . crc press , boca raton - london - new york - washington .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . and a . n . reichardt . 1976 . histeroidea . fauna of the ussr . vol . v ( 4 ) . nauka : moscow - leneingrad . 433 pp .\nposted 13 august 2007 , a . k . tishechkin , louisiana state arthropod museum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nformerly known as paralister carbonarius . approx 6 mm long and 4 mm wide . this beetle has a rounded shape and is uniformly black with well separated lines of studded holes on the elytra . the shortened elytra leave two of the seven tergites exposed . the antennae are angled and clubbed .\nvarious habitats , but can be found in dung , carcases and decomposing fungi .\nthe larvae and adult forms of histeridae have been known to feed on dung , carrion , decomposing vegetation , other insects , larvae , and pupae .\noccasional in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 20 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ncorresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .\nthe last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;\nthe last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .\nthis point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :\nthis status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .\nparticular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as\nno probable or definite\n) .\nin the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .\nwarning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntom\u00e1\u0161 lackner czech university of life sciences , faculty of forestry and wood sciences , department of forest protection and entomology , kam\u00fdck\u00e1 1176 , cz - 165 21 praha 6 \u2013 suchdol , czech republic .\nbickhardt , h ( 1910 ) beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der histeriden iv . entomologische bl\u00e4ttern , 6 , 177\u2013186 .\nkryzhanovskij , o . l . & reichardt , a . n . ( 1976 ) zhuki nadsemeystva histeroidea ( semeystva sphaeritidae , histeridae , synteliidae ) . [ beetles of the superfamily histeroidea ( families sphaeritidae , histeridae , synteliidae ) ] . in : fauna sssr , zhestokrylye , vyp . 4 . nauka , leningrad , pp . 1\u2013434 . [ in russian ]\nlackner , t . , mazur , s . & newton , a . ( 2015 ) family histeridae . in : l\u00f6bl , i . & l\u00f6bl , d . ( eds . ) , catalogue of palaearctic coleoptera . vol . 2 . hydrophiloidea \u2013 staphylinoidea , part 1 . brill publishers , leiden , boston , pp . 76\u2013130 .\nmazur , s . ( 1984 ) a world catalogue of histeridae . polskie pismo entomologiczne , 54 ( 3\u20134 ) , 1\u2013376 .\nmazur , s . ( 1997 ) a world catalogue of the histeridae . genus \u2013 international journal of the invertebrate taxonomy , supplement , 1\u2013373 .\nmazur , s . ( 2011 ) a concise catalogue of the histeridae . warsaw university of life sciences , sggw press , warsaw , 332 pp .\n\u00f4hara , m . ( 1994 ) a revision of the superfamily histeroidea of japan ( coleoptera ) . insecta matsumurana , new series , 51 , 1\u2013283 .\ny\u00e9lamos , t . ( 2002 ) coleoptera , histeridae . in : ramos m . a . , tercedor . j . a , bell\u00e9s - ros x . , gos\u00e1lbez - noguera , j . , sierra , \u00e1 . g . , mayol , e . m . , piera , f . m . , marino , j . s . & gonz\u00e1les , j . t . ( eds . ) , fauna ib\u00e9rica . vol . 17 . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , csci , madrid , pp . 1\u2013411 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npoole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 1 ( coleoptera , strepsiptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md . available online : urltoken\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\ncontributed by mark s . romero on 16 july , 2013 - 6 : 47pm last updated 18 september , 2013 - 12 : 10pm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nthe insects and arachnids of canada . part 24 . coleoptera histeridae bousquet y . , laplante s . 2006 . nrc research press , ottawa . 485 pp .\nthe beetles of northeastern north america , vol . 1 and 2 . downie , n . m . , and r . h . arnett . 1996 . the sandhill crane press , gainesville , fl .\ncontributions to the knowledge of atlantic canadian histeridae ( coleoptera ) c . g . majka . 2008 . zookeys 2 : 189 - 202 .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nczech university of life sciences , faculty of forestry and wood sciences , department of forest protection and entomology , kam\u00fdck\u00e1 1176 , cz - 165 21 praha 6 - suchdol , czech republic . ; email : tomaslackner @ me . com .\nwarsaw university of life sciences , faculty of forestry , department of forest protection and ecology , nowoursynowska 159 bld . 34 , 02 - 776 warszawa , poland . ; email : slawomir . mazur @ wl . sggw . pl .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; 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{"id": 1863, "summary": [{"text": "epicephala mirivalvata is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in fujian and hainan , china .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on breynia fruticosa and breynia rostrata . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "epicephala mirivalvata", "paragraphs": ["statistics of eggs laid by epicephala mirivalvata on breynia female flowers at three locations .\nepicephala mirivalvata zhang , hu , wang & li , 2012 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank\nannual fruit stage of breynia fruticosa and life history of epicephala lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata in yingge mountain of hainan , china .\nannual fruit stage of breynia fruticosa and epicephala rostrata , and life history of e . lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata in tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden of xiamen , china .\nstatistics of oviposition scars made by epicephala lativalvaris on breynia fruits at five locations .\nepicephala moths sucking nectar on female flowers of breynia fruticosa ( a ) and b . rostrata ( b ) .\nin hainan , b . fruticosa has six fruit periods per year , lasting from the first period in early january to the sixth period in late november . epicephala lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata have six generations correspondingly , lasting from the first generation in middle january to the sixth generation in late december ( table s1 ) .\na single larva of both e . lativalvaris and e . mirivalvata needs to consume all six seeds within a fruit to develop into maturity . mature larvae ( the last instar ) gnawed a hole in the fruit wall and exited , then produced cocoons and turned into pupae on leaves of hosts or the ambient plants . pupal stage of e . lativalvaris lasted 9\u201315 days , and pupal stage of e . mirivalvata lasted 9\u201312 days . adults of both epicephala species could survive 3\u20135 days by sucking nectar for nutrition ( figure s1 ) .\nepicephala lativalvaris collecting pollen grains on male flower of breynia fruticosa ( a ) and actively pollinating for breynia fruticosa ( b ) and b . rostrata ( c ) . e . lativalvaris inserting ovipositor through calyx lobe and ovary to lay eggs on b . fruticosa ( d ) and b . rostrata ( e ) . ( f ) egg of e . lativalvaris . e . mirivalvata laying eggs between ovary and calyx lobe on b . fruticosa ( g ) and b . rostrata ( h ) . ( i ) egg of e . mirivalvata . ( e ) egg .\nwe analyzed the coi genes of e . lativalvaris and epicephala sp . ex b . fruticosa [ 11 ] , and found that the pairwise distance between them is 0 . moreover , epicephala sp . ex b . fruticosa would leave scars on host flowers after ovipositing , which is similar to e . lativalvaris . based on the above information , we could conclude that the epicephala species pollinating b . fruticosa in kawakita and kato [ 11 ] is e . lativalvaris .\n( a ) e . lativalvaris with spine - shaped apex . ( b ) e . mirivalvata with blunt apex . ( o ) ovipositor . ( a ) antrum . ( db ) ductus bursae . ( cb ) corpus bursae .\nepicephala lativalvaris li , wang & zhang , 2012 and e . mirivalvata li , wang & zhang , 2012 are two small nocturnal moths that are distinctly different in morphology [ 17 ] . females have a different oviposition mode due to having a differently shaped ovipositor ( figure 5 ) . however , they obligately and jointly pollinated b . fruticosa in hainan and fujian , and pollinated b . rostrata in fujian .\nfigures 1 \u2013 6 . adults of epicephala spp . 1 , e . lanceolaria sp . nov . , paratype 3 ; 2 , e . lativalvaris sp . nov . , paratype 3 ; 3 , e . mirivalvata sp . nov . , paratype \u01a5 ; 4 , e . vitisidaea sp . nov . , paratype \u01a5 ; 5 , e . bipollenella sp . nov . , paratype \u01a5 ; 6 , e . eriocarpa sp . nov . , paratype \u01a5 .\nzhang , jing , hu , bingbing , wang , shuxia & li , houhun , 2012 , six new species of epicephala meyrick , 1880 ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) associated with phyllanthaceae plants , zootaxa 3275 , pp . 43 - 54 : 48 - 49\nfigures 7 \u2013 12 . male genitalia of epicephala spp . 7 , e . lanceolaria sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . bhy 08332 ; 8 , e . lativalvaris sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10007 ; 9 , e . mirivalvata sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10080 ; 10 , e . vitisidaea sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10041 ; 11 , e . bipollenella sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10056 ; 12 , e . eriocarpa sp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 11038 .\ncitation : zhang j , wang s , li h , hu b , yang x , wang z ( 2012 ) diffuse coevolution between two epicephala species ( gracillariidae ) and two breynia species ( phyllanthaceae ) . plos one 7 ( 7 ) : e41657 . urltoken\nepicephala adults repeatedly rubbed proboscis against stigma to deposit pollen grains on all stigmas ( figure 2 : b , c ) . they would pace back and forth to pollinate all flowers on one branch , and female flowers were pollinated in this way as to pollinate most efficiently .\n( a ) the maximum - parsimonious tree of epicephala moths ( length , 486 ; ci = 0 . 519 ; ri = 0 . 518 ) . ( b ) the maximum - likelihood tree of epicephala moths ( - ln likelihood = 1628 . 20777 ; transition / transversion ratio = 2 ; empirical frequencies : a = 0 . 29923 , c = 0 . 16930 , g = 0 . 14101 , t = 0 . 39046 ) . numbers above branches are bootstrap values . red branches refer to the species involved in this study .\nwe observed epicephala moths during full anthesis and recorded their visiting behavior in detail , with particular attention paid to their nocturnal activities . we recorded the time that the moths spent on pollination , oviposition and pollen collection , and observed how they used their proboscis to collect pollen and pollinate flowers , and where they oviposited . we collected developing and mature fruits and put them in a cylindrical plastic box ( 8 . 5 cm\u00d712 . 0 cm ) to rear epicephala larvae . we then recorded how and when the larvae left fruits to cocoon and emerge .\nadult specimens examined in this study were collected from their hosts or reared from fruits in captivity . dissection of female flowers of breynia plants and female genitalia of epicephala moths was conducted under an olympus sz11 stereo - microscope . photographs were taken with a canon g10 digital camera in the field and the illustration of genitalia were prepared with an olympus c\u20137070 wide zoom digital camera .\nwe extracted genomic dna of epicephala moths from the fruits we reared , and extracted genomic dna of b . rostrata from silica - gel dried leaves collected in tianzhu mountain , fujian . the method of dna extraction followed the ctab procedure [ 19 ] . we pcr - amplified the coi gene fragments using primers lepf1 and lepr1 [ 20 ] , and pcr - amplified the matk gene fragments using primers 570f and 1710r [ 21 ] .\nmale flowers of b . fruticosa ( a ) and b . rostrata ( b ) with stamens concealed in calyxe which can be visited by epicephala moths only . female flowers ( c ) and fruit ( d ) of b . fruticosa with excurved stigmas and discal calyx sepals . female flowers ( e ) and fruit ( f ) of b . rostrata with stigmas erect and reflexed calyx sepals . ( cs ) calyx sepals . ( s ) stigma .\nthe presence of oviposition scars and eggs on fruits was considered to have a one\u2013to\u2013one correspondence [ 11 ] . we randomly examined 23 flowers in hainan ( yingge mountain ) and 179 flowers in fujian ( tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden ) to search for eggs ( table s3 ) ; and randomly examined oviposition scars on 1162 fruits in hainan ( yingge mountain , wuzhi mountain and jianfeng mountain ) and 974 fruits in fujian ( tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden ) to acquire the egg amount of epicephala moths ( table s4 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnot stated ,\ntwo perfect types\n, ansp ( busck 1903 : 191 ) ; 2 syntypes ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .\nclemens , b . 1859 . contribution to american lepidopterology . - no . 2 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia [ 1859 ] : 317\u2013328 .\nhandfield , l . 2002 . additions , corrections et radiations \u00e0 la liste des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du qu\u00e8bec . - fabreries 27 ( 1 ) : 1\u201346 .\npohl , g . r . , landry , j . - f . , schmidt , b . c . , lafontaine , j . d . , troubridge , j . t . , macaulay , a . d . , van nieukerken , e . j . , dewaard , j . r . , dombroskie , j . j . , klymko , j . , nazari , v . & stead , k . 2018 . annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies ( lepidoptera ) of canada and alaska . - \u2014 : 1\u2013580 .\nszab\u00f3ky , c . 2014 . new data to the microlepidoptera fauna of hungary , part xvi ( lepidoptera : autostichidae , coleophoridae , gelechiidae , gracillariidae , pyralidae , tortricidae ) . - folia entomologica hungarica / rovartani k\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek 75 : 173\u2013182 .\nbaur , h . 2005 . determination list of entomophagous insects nr . 14 . - iobc / wprs bulletin 28 ( 11 ) : i\u2013vii , 1\u201371 .\nswisslepteam 2010 . die schmetterlinge ( lepidoptera ) der schweiz . eine kommentierte , systematisch - faunistische liste . - \u2014 : 1 - 349 .\nheppner , j . b . 2013 . florida lepidoptera biodiversity : distributions and phenologies . - lepidoptera novae 6 ( 2\u20134 ) : 65\u2013128 .\ngrehan , j . r . , parker , b . l . , nielsen , g . r . , miller , d . h . , hedbor , j . d . , sabourin , m . & griggs , m . s . 1995 . moths and butterflies of vermont ( lepidoptera ) . a faunal checklist . - \u2014 : i\u2013xi , 1\u201395 .\nzeller , p . c . 1873 . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter , besonders der microlepidopteren . zweite abtheilung . - verhandlungen der kaiserlich - k\u00f6niglichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 23 : 201\u2013334 , pls . 3\u20134 .\nbrower , a . e . 1984 . a list of the lepidoptera of maine , part 2 : the microlepidoptera , section 2 ; cosmopterigidae through hepialidae . - \u2014 114 : i\u2013x , 1\u201370 .\nchambers , v . t . 1878b . art . iv . tineina and their foodplants . - bulletin of the united states geological and geographical survey of the territories 4 ( 1 ) : 107\u2013124 .\nneedham , j . g . , frost , s . w . & tothill , b . h . 1928 . leaf - mining insects . - \u2014 : viii + 351 pp . .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . - memoirs of the american entomological institute 69 : 1\u2013824 .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 zhang et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) . funder\u2019s website : urltoken . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nfemale flowers ( a ) and fruits ( b ) with erect stigmas and flat calyx sepals . female flowers ( c ) and fruits ( d ) with excurved stigmas and reflexed calyx sepals . ( cs ) calyx sepals . ( s ) stigma .\nwe found some plant individuals are difficult to identify , because they possess double morphological characters of both b . fruticosa and b . rostrata : three individuals ( figure 1 : a , b ) in hainan with erect stigmas ( characteristic of b . rostrata ) and flat calyx sepals ( characteristic of b . fruticosa ) ; nineteen individuals ( figure 1 : c , d ) in fujian with excurved stigmas ( characteristic of b . fruticosa ) and reflexed calyx sepals ( characteristic of b . rostrata ) .\nthe result of the hand - pollination hybridization experiment showed that there are no reproductive barriers between b . fruticosa and b . rostrata . 90 % b . fruticosa female flowers ( n = 50 ) with pollen grains from b . rostrata developed , so did 94 % b . rostrata female flowers ( n = 50 ) with pollen grains from b . fruticosa ( table s7 ) .\nplant species . ( a ) the maximum - parsimonious tree of phyllantheae plants ( length , 179 ; ci = 0 . 933 ; ri = 0 . 985 ) . ( b ) the maximum - likelihood tree of phyllantheae plants ( - ln likelihood = 2922 . 8917 ; transition / transversion ratio = 2 ; empirical frequencies : a = 0 . 30688 , c = 0 . 16491 , g = 0 . 15206 , t = 0 . 37615 ) . numbers above branches are bootstrap values . red branches refer to the species involved in this study .\ndiffuse coevolution firstly advanced and defined by janzen ( 1980 ) [ 14 ] . he defined coevolution as an evolutionary change in a trait of the individuals in one population in response to a trait of the individuals of a second population , followed by an evolutionary response by the second population to the change in the first . diffuse coevolution occurs when either or both populations in coevolution are represented by an array of populations that generate a selective pressure as a group [ 14 ] .\nbreynia fruticosa and b . rostrata are sister taxa , which suggests that the pollinators they are sharing might have pollinated their ancestor , and that this pollination system maintained after the speciation of b . fruticosa and b . rostrata .\nfrom november 2009 to september 2011 , we carried out field observations on breynia fruticosa in yingge mountain nature reserves ( alt . 200\u2013755 m , 18\u00b050\u2032\u201319\u00b012\u2032n , 109\u00b015\u2032\u2013109\u00b050\u2032e ) , wuzhi mountain national nature reserves ( alt . 512\u2013720 m , 18\u00b049\u2032\u201318\u00b059\u2032n , 109\u00b032\u2032\u2013109\u00b043\u2032e ) and jianfeng mountain national nature reserves ( alt . 807\u2013973 m , 18\u00b023\u2032\u201318\u00b052\u2032n , 108\u00b044\u2032\u2013109\u00b002\u2032e ) in hainan , china ; and on b . fruticosa and b . rostrata in wanshi botanical garden ( alt . 28\u2013201 m , 117\u00b053\u2032\u2013118\u00b025\u2032e , 24\u00b025\u2032\u201324\u00b054\u2032n ) and tianzhu mountain national forest park ( alt . 50\u2013200 m , 24\u00b035\u2032\u201324\u00b039\u2032n , 117\u00b053\u2032\u2013117\u00b057\u2032e ) in fujian , china .\nto make sure whether the hybridization could happen between b . fruticosa and b . rostrata , we performed a hand - pollination hybridization experiment in wanshi botanical garden . we respectively selected 50 non - pollinating female flowers of b . fruticosa and b . rostrata . we gathered pollen grains from male flowers of b . fruticosa and hand - pollinated female flowers of b . rostrata , and from male flowers of b . rostrata and hand - pollinated female flowers of b . fruticosa . we bagged these pollinated flowers with fine netting ( 0 . 5 mm mesh ) , and seven days later , we counted and calculated their developmental rate ( figure s2 ) .\nmaximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood analyses of coi and matk were performed using paup v . 4 . 0 b10 [ 25 ] . both maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood heuristic searches were conducted with equal weight , 1000 and 100 replicates of random addition analyses respectively , and tree bisection - reconnection branch swapping . the robustness of maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood trees were assessed by non - parametric bootstrapping with 1000 and 100 replicates respectively .\nhand - pollination hybridization experiment of breynia fruticosa and b . rostrata . ( a ) flowers bagged with fine netting . ( b ) hand - pollinated b . rostrata with pollen of b . fruticosa . ( c ) non - pollinated female flower of b . fruticosa . ( d ) developed female flowers of b . fruticosa with pollen of b . rostrata . ( e ) non - pollinated female flower of b . rostrata . ( f ) developed female flowers of b . rostrata with pollen of b . fruticosa .\nwe appreciate fuchen shi for identifying breynia plants , to yanru yin for her assistance in the field . special thanks are given to members of tianzhu mountain national forest park and yingge mountain nature reserves for their support and kind help in the field . this research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) .\nconceived and designed the experiments : hl sw . performed the experiments : jz bh xy zw . analyzed the data : jz hl . wrote the paper : jz sw hl .\njanzen dh ( 1979 ) how many babies do figs pay for babies ? biotropica 11 : 48\u201350 .\nweiblen gd ( 2002 ) how to be a fig wasp . annual review of entomology 47 : 299\u2013230 .\n( euphorbiaceae ) . proceedings of the national academy of science 100 ( 9 ) : 5264\u20135267 .\npellmyr o ( 2003 ) yuccas , yucca moths , and coevolution : a review . annals of the missouri botanical garden 90 : 35\u201355 .\nehrlich pr , raven ph ( 1964 ) butterflies and plants : a study in coevolution . evolution 18 : 586\u2013608 .\nwiebes jt ( 1979 ) co - evolution of figs and their insect pollinators . annual review ecology and systematics 10 : 1\u201312 .\npellmyr o , leebens - mack j , huth cj ( 1996 ) non - mutualistic yucca moths and their evolutionary consequences . nature 380 : 155\u2013156 .\nassociation . proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences 276 ( 1656 ) : 417\u2013426 .\nkawakita a ( 2010 ) evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the tribe phyllantheae ( phyllanthaceae ) . plant species biology 25 : 3\u201319 .\nmoth ( gracillariidae ) . american journal of botany 91 ( 9 ) : 1319\u20131325 .\njanzen dh ( 1980 ) when is it coevolution . evolution 34 ( 3 ) : 611\u2013612 .\nmachado ca , robbins n , gilbert mtp , herre ea ( 2005 ) critical review of host specificity and its coevolutionary implications in the fig / fig\u2013wasp mutualism . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa . ( suppl . 1 ) 6558\u20136565 .\nli bt , gilbert mg ( 2008 ) flora of china . missouri botanical garden press . usa 11 : 635 pp .\nmeyrick , 1880 ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) associated with euphorbiaceae plants . zootaxa 3275 : 43\u201354 .\ncorlett rt ( 1993 ) reproductive phenology of hongkong shrubland . journal of tropical ecology 9 ( 4 ) : 501\u2013510 .\ndoyle jj , doyle l ( 1987 ) a rapid dna isolation procedure for small amounts of fresh leaf tissue . phytochemical bulletin 19 : 11\u201315 .\npark ds , suh s - j , oh hw , hebert pdn ( 2010 ) recovery of the mitochondrial coi barcode region in diverse hexapoda through trna - based primes . bmc genomics 11 : 423 .\nsamuel r , kathriarachchi h , hoffmann p , barfuss mh , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2005 ) molecular phylogenetics of phyllanthaceae : evidence from plastid\ninferred from patterns of mitochondrial dna evolution . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 91 : 6491\u20136495 .\ncaterino ms , sperling fa ( 1999 ) papilio phylogeny based on mitochondrial cytochrome i and ii genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 11 ( 1 ) : 122\u2013137 .\nkathriarachchi h , samuel r , hoffmann p , mlinarec j , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2006 ) phylogenetics of the tribe phyllantheae ( phyllanthaceae ; euphoriaceae sensu lato ) based on nrits and plastid\ndna sequence data . american journal of botany 93 ( 4 ) : 637\u2013655 .\nswofford dl ( 2005 ) paup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10 . sinauer . sunderland . massachusetts . usa .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nsouth africa , transvaal [ limpopo ] , soutpansberg district , louis trichardt , 06 . vi . 1923 , leg . l . v\u00e1ri .\nv\u00e1ri , l . 1961 . south african lepidoptera . vol . i . lithocolletidae . - transvaal museum memoir 12 : 238 pp . 112 pls .\n* a large , irregular , transparent , whitish blotch - mine on upperside of leaf with greenish - brown discoloration .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\na ) . during pollen collection , female adults intermittently spread proboscis several times to get more pollen grains . they only collected pollen grains in one male flower each time effectively , which could pollinate more than ten female flowers in the same or different plants .\nb , c ) . they would pace back and forth to pollinate all flowers on one branch , and female flowers were pollinated in this way as to pollinate most efficiently .\nspecies exhibited similar behavior of pollen collection and pollination , but their oviposition behavior was visibly different .\nmoths often gave complementary pollination to make sure there are enough pollen grains for female flowers . on rare occasion , they would not lay eggs if disturbed .\nare closely related , their hybrid offsprings could survive and possess double characters of both species . this hypothesis is supported by the fact that some plant individuals in tianzhu mountain and wanshi botanical garden have double characters of both\n, but we did not find it in this study . we only found three individuals with characters of both\nwas either very small or has disappeared . the plants with double characters in hainan may imply that\ndoes and plays a secondary role in this mutualism . this is closely associated with female ovipositor structures and oviposition mode .\nd\u2013f ) . so the external influence imposed on egg hatching could be greatly reduced , and the newly hatched larvae could instantly feed on seeds to ensure a higher survival rate . on the contrary ,\ng\u2013i ) . so both eggs and newly hatched larvae were exposed to the influence of environmental factors . moreover , the newly hatched larvae had to bore into the ovary , which could increase the mortal hazard and eventually decrease the population size . the phylogenetic analysis of\nmoths ; female flowers bear free calyx and styles , which is likely to be accessed by other flower visitors . the two\nthis research was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( no . 30930014 ) . funder\u2019s website : urltoken . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nsamuel r , kathriarachchi h , hoffmann p , barfuss mh , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2005 )\nkathriarachchi h , samuel r , hoffmann p , mlinarec j , wurdack kj , et al . ( 2006 )\ntype material . china : hainan province : holotype 3 , yingge mountain nature reserves ( 19 \u00b002\u02b9n , 109 \u00b0 50 \u02b9e ) , 4 . ix . 2010 , leg . bingbing hu , genitalia slide no . zj 10062 . paratypes : 3 \u01a5\u01a5 , 3\u20134 . ix . 2010 , leg . bingbing hu , 1 \u01a5 , 5 . vi . 2010 , leg . jing zhang , same locality as holotype ; 1 3 , mt . limu ( 19 \u00b0 10 \u02b9n , 109 \u00b0 46 \u02b9e ) , 700 m , 15 . iv . 2008 , leg . binbin hu & haiyan bai ( by light trap ) ; fujian province : 1 3 , mt . tianzhu ( 24 \u00b0 36 \u02b9n , 117 \u00b0 59 \u02b9e ) , xiamen , 23 . viii . 2010 , leg . jing zhang .\n) . tegumen broad ligulate . costa with basal half narrow and parallel dorsoventrally , distal half broadened gradually to rounded apex ; apex obliquely rounded ; with dense long setae near apical and ventral margins ; transtilla elongate triangular , acute at apex . sacculus shorter than costa , irregularly triangular , about 2 . 5 times as wide as costa at base , gradually narrowing towards acute apex ; dorsal margin conspicuously arched ; ventral margin nearly straight , with a broad rectangular plate along basal 2 / 5 , its outer margin incised ; distal 1 / 3 scattered with teeth , dentate ventrally . vinculum u - shaped , blunt posteriorly ; saccus slender , straight , as long as vinculum , acute at apex . phallus broad and straight , longer than costa ; cornuti consisting of six small spines at distal 1 / 3 , a dorsoapical tooth and a large ventroapical thorn ; in some individuals , phallus with some indistinct teeth and a large ventroapical thorn .\nsp . nov . in appearance , but can be separated from the latter by the forewing dorsally with a distinct broad white band , and the sacculus not very broad but quite differently shaped in the male genitalia ; and the ostium bursae anteriorly not bearing a semicircular sac and the longer antrum in the female genitalia .\netymology . the specific name is derived from the latin prefix miri - , meaning bizarre , and the word valvatus , meaning valvular , in reference to the peculiar sacculus .\nsp . nov . , paratype , slide no . hbb 10020 ; 14 ,\nsp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10054 ; 16 ,\nsp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 10068 ; 17 ,\nsp . nov . , paratype , slide no . zj 11013 ; 18 ,\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 1864, "summary": [{"text": "alcedo is a genus of birds in the kingfisher subfamily alcedininae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the genus was introduced by carl linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his systema naturae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the type species is the common kingfisher ( alcedo atthis ispida ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "alcedo is the latin for \" kingfisher \" .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the genus contains the following seven species : cerulean kingfisher ( alcedo coerulescens ) blue-banded kingfisher ( alcedo euryzona ) shining-blue kingfisher ( alcedo quadribrachys ) blue-eared kingfisher ( alcedo meninting ) common kingfisher ( alcedo atthis ) half-collared kingfisher ( alcedo semitorquata ) blyth 's kingfisher ( alcedo hercules ) unlike many kingfishers , all members of alcedo are specialist fish-eaters .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they all have some blue feathers on their upper-parts and most species have a black bill . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "alcedo", "paragraphs": [", separate this clade from alcedo ( moyle et al . 2007 ; fjelds\u00e5 comm )\n\u00a9 2014 - 2018 alcedo srl cui : ro350278 / reg . com . : j40 / 2896 / 1991\nalcedo bistro & bar is a family run business , serving fresh high quality british and european cuisine , with excellence .\nunfamiliar with this area of london we booked alcedo based on other reviews for a large group after a local event . we were not disappointed and everyone enjoyed the food , ambience and the hospitality of angel and his staff . if we are back in the . . .\newald , c . y . , hourihan , j . m . , bland , m . s . , obieglo , c . , katic , i . , moronetti mazzeo , l . e . , alcedo , j . , blackwell , t . k . , and hynes , n . e . ( 2017 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nthe coraciiformes ( sensu stricto ) is the sister group to the monophyletic piciformes ( prum et al . 2015 ) .\naf : angola , se dr congo and s tanzania to n botswana , zimbabwe , malawi and mozambique .\n. fry et al , 1988 ; fry , 2001 , hockey et al . 2005\ns himalayas to indochina , the malay pen . , sumatra , java , borneo and the philippines\nnew guinea , w papuan islands , d ' entrecasteaux arch . and the louisiade arch .\ns malay pen . , sumatra , w sumatra islands , riau arch . , bangka and belitung , java and borneo\nbohol , cebu , negros , samar , leyte , calicoan , biliran and siquijor is . ( c and ec philippines )\ncollared kingfisher species complex includes torresian kingfisher , islet kingfisher , pacific kingfisher , mariana kingfisher , melanesian kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements 2015 ) . more to come\npacific kingfisher split from collared kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 ) ; additional proposed splits include fiji (\nofu , olosega and tau is . ( manua is . in american samoa )\nvanua levu , taveuni , viti levu , koro , ovalau and ngau is . ( fiji )\nfollows fry et al , 1992 . but see h & m4 for species status\nrusty - capped kingfisher is split from guam [ micronesian ] kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 ) . \u2018rusty - capped ' kingfisher is the recommended english name , not palau kingfisher ( pratt , comm )\npohnpei kingfisher is split from guam [ micronesian ] kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 )\nniau kingfisher is split from mangareva [ tuamoto ] kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2015 , clements et al . 2015 )\nnigeria e to w sudan , uganda and kenya , and s to s angola , n namibia and botswana , zimbabwe and south africa .\ns malay pen . , borneo , s philippines , sw sulawesi , sula is . , sumatra and java to lombok\nsulawesi , moluccas , w papuan islands , new guinea , bismarck arch . and louisiade arch .\nmonotypic following fry ch , k fry & a harris . 1992 , woodall , 2001 . includes\n( king 1997 , rasmussen & anderton 2005 , lim et al . 2010 ) suggest past episodes of secondary contact and introgression . revisit status of\nto moluccan dwarf kingfisher with splits of this species complex ( andersen et al . 2013 )\nsplit from moluccan ( variable ) dwarf kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2013 )\nau : w papuan islands , new guinea , aru is . and d ' entrecasteaux arch .\nau : new hanover , new ireland and lihir is . ( bismarck arch . )\nau : buka and bougainville e to choiseul and santa isabel ( w and c solomons is . )\nsplit from moluccan ( variable ) dwarf kingfisher ( andersen et al . 2013 ) .\n, now split ( andersen et al . 2013 ) they lack vocal or behavioral differences that would support species status of\nau : vellalavella , new georgia and rendova is . ( wc solomons is . )\nnorthern silvery kingfisher split from [ southern ] silvery kingfisher ( collar 2011b , andersen et al . 2013d ) . gender agreement invariable ( h & m 4 : 338 ) .\nw papuan islands , w , s and e new guinea , d ' entrecasteaux arch . , and aru is .\nw papuan islands , w , s and e new guinea , aru is . , kai is . and d ' entrecasteaux arch .\nbuka and bougainville east to choiseul , santa isabel and florida is . ( n and nc solomons is . )\nma , sa : nicaragua to n bolivia , se brazil . also w colombia , nw ecuador\nhokkaido i . ( n japan ) and s kuril is . ( russia )\ncaroli linnaei . . . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis .\nif you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .\nthank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .\nsign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .\nbhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !\nthere was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .\nthis page was last edited on 16 june 2017 , at 15 : 47 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nfor optimal survival , an animal has to process complex environmental information to generate the appropriate physiological responses . however , the mechanisms through which animals process complex information remain unknown . recently , we have identified different neuropeptide signaling pathways that are involved in processing distinct sensory cues to promote different physiological outputs : ( i ) the neuromedin u signaling pathway in mediating the food - type influence on development and lifespan and ( ii ) specific insulin - like peptides in promoting distinct developmental switches under certain environments . in the future , we plan to elucidate how these neuropeptides encode and process environmental information to manage different physiological outputs , e . g . , development versus lifespan .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\ntripadvisor gives a certificate of excellence to accommodations , attractions and restaurants that consistently earn great reviews from travellers .\nspent a fantastic evening here last friday night . food was excellent and reasonably priced as was the wine . the atmosphere was great and the staff very helpful and friendly . well worth a visit\ni came here with my son before a football match . very nice warm welcome , very fast and good service . the burgers we both ate were fantastic - home made and very flavoursome . highly recommended .\nfantastic welcoming service every time . food always spot on , never even had a minor complaint or suggestion . lovely atmosphere . any friends and family i take here are always impressed .\nwe arrived at 3 . 10 but were welcomed for lunch . relaxed friendly service . food was delicious with generous portions . the prices were so good including wine . such a lucky find .\nthird time visiting and it won ' t be our last . amazing food , great service and atmosphere . angel and all the staff can ' t do enough for you . highly recommend .\nreally enjoyed our meal the prawn starter was excellent as was the belly pork - all our meals were good . we were really well looked after - will return .\ni recently visited with some friends for a christmas party and the hospitality was second only to the food ! very enjoyable and accommodating , it felt like we were hosted by old friends . i recommend the prawns and pork belly . i\u2019ll be back soon !\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 1865, "summary": [{"text": "the american carrion beetle ( necrophila americana , formerly silpha americana ) is a north american beetle of the family silphidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it lays its eggs in , and its larvae consume , raw flesh ( particularly that of dead animals ) and fungi .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the larvae and adults also consume fly larvae and the larvae of other carrion beetles that compete for the same food sources as its larvae . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "american carrion beetle", "paragraphs": ["the american carrion beetle should not be confused with the endangered american burying beetle . both insects are part of the same north american beetle family known as silphidae . the black larvae have an armored look to them .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the american carrion beetle .\nnot to be confused with the non - endangered american carrion beetle ( necrophila americana ) in the same family .\nthe american carrion beetle helps to complete the circle of life , though their diet is usually something living things avoid .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1991 . american burying beetle recovery plan\nfor more information about how to control the american carrion beetle , contact clegg\u2019s online or via phone at 888 - 672 - 5344 .\ncitation : ratcliffe , b . c . 1997 . endangered american burying beetle update . urltoken\nwe keep american carrion beetles at our zoo whenever possible . look for them at the insectarium .\nnicrophorus americanus , also known as the american burying beetle or giant carrion beetle , is a critically endangered species of beetle endemic to north america . it belongs to the order coleoptera and the family silphidae . the carrion beetle in north america is carnivorous , feeds on carrion and requires carrion to breed . it is also one of the few species of beetle to exhibit parental care . the decline of the american burying beetle has been attributed to habitat loss , alteration , and degradation , and they now occur over less than 10 % of their historic range .\namerican burying beetles are the largest carrion - feeding insects in north america , growing up to 35 mm in length . most carrion beetles of the genus\nunless you\u2019re in the habit of examining carcasses , you may never come across a carrion beetle .\nthe american burying beetle is endangered statewide and nationally . restoration efforts are under way . this brightly patterned beetle specializes in cleaning carrion from the landscape , burying dead mice , birds , and other creatures .\nthe mites get rid of maggots and their eggs so there is more food for the carrion beetle .\namerican burying beetles are scavengers , attracted to decaying vegetation and carrion . adults feed on a wide range of species as carrion . they also consume live insects .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service , division of endangered species . 1997 . the american burying beetle\nyour carrion beetle must not exceed a certain size , or must be placed beneath the seat in front of you .\nthe american burying beetle is a carrion - feeding beetle of the family silphidae . the species is distinct and there are no proposed subspecies or species forms . it is one of the most striking beetle species in canada due to its large size and the brilliant orange markings on its otherwise black body .\nhabitat : considering the broad geographic range formerly occupied by the american burying beetle , it is unlikely that vegetation or soil type were historically limiting . today , the american burying beetle seems to be largely restricted to areas most undisturbed by human influence .\nmanagement research needs : identification and management information on the optimum carrion - producing vertebrates for the american burying beetle is needed . research on optimum carrion availability will provide information that is necessary for sampling , management and reintroduction efforts . population modeling information is needed .\nstatus : the american burying beetle was listed as an endangered species in 1989 ( federal register 54 : 29652 - 29655 ) .\nmites are known to frequently attach themselves to the american carrion beetle as it moves from one dead carcass to another . at each stop along the way , the mites drop from the beetle to also feed on the dead flesh . therefore , from a pest control standpoint , this type of beetle poses a dual challenge .\nkozel , a . j . 1990 . suggested survey protocol for nicrophorus americanus , the american burying beetle . diss . boston university .\nthe american burying beetle is a carrion - feeding beetle of the family silphidae . the species is distinct and there are no proposed subspecies or species forms . it is one of the most striking beetle species in canada due to its large size and the brilliant orange markings on its otherwise black body . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 11 )\nwe captured it for later identification , and amanda ran it down . this is a carrion beetle . there are several species of carrion beetles , all in the family silphidae . there are over 20 , 000 species of beetle in north america . beetles are incredibly diverse . therefore , it did not surprise me to learn that there are several dozen species of carrion beetle in minnesota . this is probably in the genus\nin the 1980s , entomologists documented the decreasing abundance of the american burying beetle across its range . collecting records indicate that east of the appalachian mountains the american burying beetle declined in a generally north to south direction , and the decline was well underway , if not complete , by 1923 .\ncommon names : american carrion beetle - named for its primary carrion food source . american emphasizes that it is endemic to north america east of the rocky mountains . carrion comes from the latin word caro meaning flesh . burying beetle \u2013 a carrion - eating beetle so named because it buries the animal carcass for longer term consumption . scientific names : necrophila americana - the generic name if from the greek nekros , meaning\ndead body\nand philos , meaning\nloving\nin reference to its primary food source . the species name is a latinized form to reflect its american provenance . nicrophorus carolinus \u2013 the burying beetle genus is also a derivative of nekros as above with the addition of the greek phoros meaning \u2018to carry . \u2019 the species name is reference to its first identification in the carolinas .\ncarrion beetles and maggots eat they same thing , so they compete with each other for food . but carrion beetles have a secret weapon they use to get rid of some of the maggots and get more food for themselves . carrion beetles carry tiny little mites on their backs . the mites travel with the beetle to a dead carcass , where they eat the eggs of maggots and the smallest maggots , creating more space and food for carrion beetles . some scientists think that the mites take care of carrion beetles by cleaning off bacteria the the beetle picks up from living on dead animals . below is a picture of a carrion beetle with mites on its back .\nthe carrion beetle pays a huge cost carrying the mites around wherever it goes , because they are heavy and affect its ability to move and fly . but otherwise , the mites do nothing \u2026 . they just hang on for the ride , waiting for the beetle to locate a dead mouse . then , when the beetle does located a dead mouse , the mites do not eat it . rather , they eat the maggots , the fly eggs , and larva of anything that is not a carrion beetle . they clean the carcass of the potential competitors of the carrion beetle\u2019s larva .\nas scavengers , american burying beetles play an important role in recycling decaying materials .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus )\ntitle =\narkive species - american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1991 . american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) recovery plan . newton corner , massachusetts . 80 pp .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1991 . american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) recovery plan . newton corner , massachusetts . 80 pp .\nthe adults\u2019 voracious appetite for maggots certainly helps eliminate competition for their offspring . the carrion beetle larvae feed on the carcass , which would quickly be devoured by maggots without the intervention of the adult silphids . a few carrion beetle species feed on plants , or even more rarely , prey on snails or caterpillars .\nthe beetles themselves are black with a yellow shoulder area , although the coloring varies to a degree from northern to southern areas . the beetles can resemble bumble bees when they are in flight . by contrast , the larger american burying beetle features shiny black and orange - red coloration . also , the burying beetle is about 1 . 0 to 1 . 4 - in long , while the smaller american carrion beetle is 0 . 5 to 0 . 9 - in long .\npopulations of american burying beetles have been extirpated from 90 % of their original range .\nthe american burying beetle is the largest carrion beetle in north america ( 2 ) . it has extremely distinctive colouration , being shiny black with bright orange markings ; there are four orange bands on the wing cases ( known as ' elytra ' ) , but unusually the pronotum and face also have orange markings ( 2 ) .\nthe american burying beetle is the largest carrion beetle in north america ( 2 ) . it has extremely distinctive colouration , being shiny black with bright orange markings ; there are four orange bands on the wing cases ( known as ' elytra ' ) , but unusually the pronotum and face also have orange markings ( 2 ) .\noops \u2026 bad example i guess since the mites are useful to the beetle .\nan annotated checklist of the iranian carrion beetles ( coleoptera : staphylinoidea : silphidae ) .\nkozol , a . j . 1981 . ecology and population genetics of the endangered american burying beetle , nicrophorus americanus . dissertation , boston university , boston . 164 pp .\nkozol , a . j . , m . j . amaral & t . w . french . 1994 . the reintroduction of the american burying beetle on penikese island , massachusetts . american association of zoological parks and aquariums , annual conference proceedings 1994 : 112 .\nthe american burying beetle is the largest carrion - frequenting insect in north america ; it may reach a length of l l / 2 inches . like many other carrion beetles in the genus nicrophorus , it is shiny black and distinctively marked with two bright orange bands on each wing cover . unlike any other species , however , the pronotum ( the shield - like area just behind the head ) of the american burying beetle is also orange , and there is a small orange patch on the face between the eyes . while nebraska has 11 species of nicrophorus , only the american burying beetle has the orange pronotum , and it can be readily distinguished from the other , more common species .\nspecific habitat preference of american burying beetles is unknown . like many endangered species , this species seems largely confined to areas with the least human influence . american burying beetles thrive in areas with an abundance of carrion and have been found in grasslands , scrublands and forest edges .\nlarge ( 20 - 40 mm ) endangered burying beetle occurring in eastern north america .\n. a beetle provides mites with access to food and means of dispersal , and the mites clean the beetle of microbes and fly eggs that are carried up from carrions .\nzoo staff lay traps with the hope of locating american burying beetles in missouri . ( credit :\ncarrion beetles and individuals of some species of mites can have a symbiotic relationship . each derives a benefit from the other . the mites climb aboard the carrion beetle to be transported to new food supplies they could never reach by foot . the mites in turn eat the eggs and freshly hatched maggots of flies that compete with beetle larvae for the food source . therefore , a mite - laden beetle is more likely to have offspring that survive .\ncarrion beetles , like the american burying beetle , recycle carcasses , ultimately returning valuable nutrients to the soil . in addition , this beetle might be an\nindicator species ,\nor one that tells us whether or not its environment is healthy . understanding why its numbers have decreased so drastically may give us indications of problems with both its habitat and our environment .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 1991 . american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) recovery plan . [ by c . raithel ] newton corner , massachusetts . 80 pp .\nthe american burying beetle , ( nicrophorus americanus ) oliver is a member of the carrion beetle family silphidae . carrion beetles , as their name implies , are an important part of a vast host of scavengers that are responsible for recycling decaying materials back into the ecosystem . they are also referred to as burying beetles or sexton beetles . there are 570 species of silphids found worldwide , and 31 of them occur in north america . there are 18 species in nebraska .\ncarrion beetles visiting pig carcasses during early spring in urban , forest and agricultural biotope . . .\nhistorical records offer little insight into what type of habitat was preferred by the american burying beetle . current information suggests that this species is a habitat generalist , or one that lives in many types of habitat , with a slight preference for grasslands and open understory oak hickory forests . however , the beetles are carrion specialists in that they need carrion the size of a dove or a chipmunk in order to reproduce . carrion availability may be the greatest factor determining where the species can survive .\na scene from stephen king ' s latest novel ? not at all . the creatures are carrion beetles , also commonly known as burying beetles , and they are on of nature ' s most efficient and fascinating recyclers . but , like several other insect species , these beetles are nearing extinction . the american burying beetle , the largest of the north american carrion beetles , has so drastically declined in numbers and range that , in july 1989 , it was added to the federal endangered species list .\nbiologists have not unlocked the mystery why the american burying beetle has disappeared from so many areas . widespread use of pesticides may have caused local populations to disappear . the dramatic disappearance of this insect from many areas , however , took place before widespread use of ddt . lack of small carcasses to bury would prevent the species from reproducing , and changes in land use has reduced the quantity of small - to medium - sized birds and mammals preferred by the american burying beetle . even the extinction of the once ubiquitous passenger pigeon may have had a ripple effect on carrion feeders like this beetle .\nratcliffe , b . 2008 .\nthe american bury beetle : an endangered species\n( on - line ) . entomology : university of nebraska state museum . accessed october 13 , 2008 at urltoken .\nas i learnt just two days ago ( from a carrion beetle that was also crawling with mites ) , they don\u2019t just eat dead mice and such but are also very fond of cat food .\nthe american burying beetle has been recorded historically from at least 150 counties in 35 states in the eastern and central united states , as well as along the southern fringes of ontario , quebec and nova scotia in canada . collecting records indicate that east of the appalachian mountains the american burying beetle declined in a generally north to south direction , and the decline was well underway , if not complete . by 1923 .\ncarrion beetles come in many sizes . some are very small while others can get as big as 1 . 4 inches ( or about 35 mm ) . the average size of a carrion beetle is 1 / 2 inch . they have flat , flexible bodies that allow them to crawl under dead animals .\nthe earliest record for the american burying beetle in nebraska is 1921 , although it undoubtedly occurred here before that time . they were again collected in 1957 and have been sporadically recorded since that time . the westernmost north american record for the american burying beetle is near north platte , nebraska . the most recent sightings ( 1992 - 1997 ) are from lincoln , dawson and cherry counties . the available information suggests that this species occurs rarely and locally , primarily in undisturbed areas in the eastern two - thirds of the state .\nguarisco , h . 1997 . discovery of the federally endangered american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) in the chautauqua hills of southeastern kansas . transactions of the kansas academy of science 100 : 116 - 122 .\njust give that beetle a hunk of meat . put beetle & meat in a glass jar with a ventilated lid . hours of fun for the whole family ( until it starts to stink ) .\nas adults , most carrion beetles feed on maggots , as well as on the decomposing carcass they inhabit .\nbiologists return each year to penikese island to study the survival and growth of the beetle population . hopefully , their annual visits will provide clues about the environmental conditions american burying beetles must have to live and reproduce .\nthe american burying beetle is now found in only six states : nebraska , rhode island , oklahoma , south dakota , kansas , and arkansas . there are now ongoing attempts to reintroduce it into ohio and massachesetts .\nratcliffe , b . c . & m . l . jameson . 1992 . new nebraska occurrences of the endangered american burying beetle ( coleoptera : silphidae ) . coleopterists bulletin 46 ( 4 ) : 421 - 425\nabout an inch and a half long , the american burying beetle can be identified by its striking , distinctive coloring . the body is shiny black , and on its wing covers are four scalloped , orange - red markings . most distinctively , there is an orange - red marking on the beetle ' s pronotum , a large shield - like area just behind the head . the american burying beetle has orange facial markings and orange tips on the antennae . the beetles are strong fliers , moving as far as a kilometer in one night .\nthe american burying beetle is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .\nduring the daylight hours of the spring , summer and fall months , american carrion beetles will arrive at the carcasses of dead animals several hours after the flies arrive . there , they mate and begin to lay their own eggs .\nthe carrion beetles ( coleoptera : silphidae ) of nebraska brett ratcliffe . 1996 . university of nebraska state museum .\na symbiotic relationship - carrion beetles and mites - bandelier national monument ( u . s . national park service )\nrhode island division of fish and wildlife . american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) recovery plan . newton corner , massachusetts : u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1991 . accessed december 12 , 2008 at urltoken .\nthe immediate goal of conservation efforts is to reduce the threat of extinction by creating captive and wild populations . biologists have attempted to establish a beetle population releasing laboratory - raised american burying beetles on penikese island and nantucket island in massachusetts . biologists return each year to both islands to study the survival and growth of the beetle population .\nelytron : one of two wing cases on a beetle that protects its wings ( plural : elytra ) .\nrange : the american burying beetle has been recorded historically from at least 150 counties in 35 states in the eastern and central united states , as well as along the southern fringes of ontario , quebec and nova scotia in canada . the american burying beetle has been found in nebraska , rhode island , oklahoma , arkansas , south dakota and kansas . reintroductions are ongoing on nantucket island , ma ; wah ' kon - tah prairie , mo ; and in ohio .\nthe american carrion beetle is also known by its scientific name , necrophilia americana . it gets its name from the prominent role that the flesh of dead animals plays in its existence . for example , it lays its eggs in or around carrion , and the larvae that emerge then feed on the animal remains . the beetles are also known to feed on fungi and rotting fruit . this article will discuss where these beetles live , what they look like and their life cycle .\nthe decline of the american burying beetle is probably the result of an interplay of several complex factors that include ( 1 ) artificial lighting that decreases populations of insects active at night , ( 2 ) changing sources of carrion because of habitat alteration , ( 3 ) isolation of preferred habitat because of land use changes , ( 4 ) increased edge effect harboring more vertebrate competitors for carrion and ( 5 ) the possibility of reduced reproduction because of some genetic characteristic of the species .\nconsidering the broad geographic range formerly occupied by the american burying beetle , it is unlikely that vegetation or soil type were historically limiting . today , the american burying beetle seems to be largely restricted to areas most undisturbed by human influence . in nebraska , the sandhills is just such an area , and it is there that the beetles have been recently rediscovered . gothenburg , brady , north platte and the valentine national wildlife refuge are all locales in which beetles are now found .\nunited states department of the interior , fish and wildlife service . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of the endangered status for the american burying beetle . federal register vol . 54 , no . 133 . july 13 , 1989 .\nthere are about 30 species in north america north of mexico , some more common than others . one , the american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) , is a federally endangered species . although some types of carrion beetles can be crop pests , most of them perform a vastly important service \u2014 transforming rotting corpses into the much less offensive form of their own bodies .\ndescription : the american burying beetle is a large black insect with two distinct orange bands on each elytra ( wing covers ) . the pronotum ( shield - like structure behind the head ) is orange with a black border . each antennae is tipped with orange and there is an orange patch on the head . this large beetle is about 1 . 5 inches long .\ni remember reading that one of the reasons for the demise of carrion beatles in na was the extinction of the passenger pigeon .\nthe larvae spend about a week feeding off the carcass then crawl into the soil to pupate , or develop . mature american burying beetles emerge from the soil 45 to 60 days after their parents initially bury the carcass . adult american burying beetles live for only 12 months .\nsome species will fly to porch lights on summer evenings , so you may get lucky and find one on your front door . while we might find the carrion beetle\u2019s diet rather distasteful , these scavengers provide a vital ecological service - disposing of carcasses .\namazing to think that something that feeds on rotting carcasses would be offended by the odor a beetle produces . go figure .\nbacklund , d . c . & g . m . marrone . 1997 . new records of the endangered american burying beetle , nicrophorus americanus olivier , ( coleoptera : silphidae ) in south dakota . coleopterists ' bulletin 51 ( 1 ) : 53 - 58 .\nin the ecological sense , carrion beetles don ' t like flies , mostly because fly maggots compete directly with beetle larvae . as a way to diminish competition , adult carrion beetles begin consuming maggots as soon as the fly larvae hatch . this allows a window of opportunity in which carrion beetles can mate and lay their own eggs before fly maggots have consumed the carcass completely . unfortunately for the beetles , flies just keep on coming and laying eggs , so it ' s almost impossible to eat all the maggots that result . it would be great for carrion beetles if they had assistance in keeping flies at bay and , in fact , they do !\ngodwin , w . b . & v . minich . 2005 . status of the american burying beetle , nicrophorus americanus olivier , ( coleoptera : silphidae ) at camp maxey , lamar county , texas . interagency final report to texas army national guard . 19 pp .\nbacklund , d . , m . marcuson , d . ashton . 2001 .\namerican burying beetle\n( on - line ) . the natural source : an educator ' s guide to south dakota ' s natural resources . accessed october 13 , 2008 at urltoken .\nkozol , a . j . , m . p . scott & j . f . a . traniello . 1989 [ 1988 ] . the american burying beetle , nicrophorus americanus : studies on the natural history of a declining species . psyche 95 : 167 - 176 .\ncarrion beetles face a special problem that we see here and there in the world of animals , and when it occurs there is often an interesting adaptive result . ( this is how we know adaptation is a real thing and the diversity we see in nature is often the result of adaptatoin . ) carrion beetles lay their eggs in or on the body of dead mammals or birds . but dead mammals and birds are somewhat rare , especially the relatively undisturbed ones , the ones that are not about to be digested by something . therefore , a carrion beetle that has a trait that maximizes the use of this rare resource will have a selective advantage over carrion beetles that don\u2019t .\namerican burying beetles have been lost from the majority of their former range ; populations in the east had largely disappeared by the 1920s , whilst the decline in the american midwest was well documented in the 1980s ( 2 ) . one of the major causes of this decline in abundance is the fragmentation of available habitat ; leading to changes in the availability of carrion , increased competition , and the isolation of remaining popualtions ( 2 ) .\namerican burying beetles have been lost from the majority of their former range ; populations in the east had largely disappeared by the 1920s , whilst the decline in the american midwest was well documented in the 1980s ( 2 ) . one of the major causes of this decline in abundance is the fragmentation of available habitat ; leading to changes in the availability of carrion , increased competition , and the isolation of remaining popualtions ( 2 ) .\ndetermining a single cause for the decline of the american burying beetle would simplify and facilitate its recovery . unfortunately , the decline is probably the result of an interplay of several complex factors that include ( 1 ) artificial lighting tha decreases populations of nocturnally active insects , ( 2 ) changing sources of carrion because of habitat alteration , ( 3 ) isolation of preferred habitat because of land use changes , ( 4 ) increased edge effect harboring more vertebrate competitors for carrion and ( 5 ) the possibility of reduced reproduction because of some genetic characteristic of the species .\nlomolino , m . , j . creighton , g . schnell , d . certain . 1995 . ecology and conservation of the endangered american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) . conservation of biology , 9 / 3 : 605 - 614 . accessed december 12 , 2008 at urltoken .\n. . . species in the subfamily silphinae ( e . g . oiceoptoma noveboracense , or the american carrion beetle , necrophila americana ) utilize large vertebrate carrion ( > 300 g ) as oviposition sites , and their offspring develop by feeding on the carrion or by preying on larvae of flies or other scavengers ( knox & scott 2006 ; dekeirsschieter et al . 2011 and references therein ) . by contrast , members of the genus nicrophorus ( ' burying beetles ' , subfamily nicrophorinae ) show a unique set of behaviours by monopolizing , burying and breeding on small vertebrate carcasses ( 2\u2013300 g ) , preferably of small rodents or birds ( pukowski 1933 ; eggert & m\u20ac uller 1997 ; scott 1998 ) . . . .\ncarrion beetles are a family of beetles that feed on the bodies of dead and decaying animals . when an animal dies in the woods , it immediately begins to decompose or rot . carrion beetles eat the rotting flesh of dead animals so they are a very important kind of beneficial bug called\ndecomposers\n. if you remember the meaning of two different words , you will remember why this beetle is a beneficial bug .\ncarrion beetles have many different weapons that they use to protect themselves against attack by other predators . their defense systems also allow them to live comfortably and grow in different kinds of environments . many carrion beetles blend into their environment and can not be seen easily because they are dark black and brown in color . however , there are other carrion beetles that have bright colors like orange , yellow or red . this bright coloring warns predators to keep away . animals with bright colors can be poisonous , so the bright colors of some carrion beetles make predators think they are poisonous .\na matter of taste \u2013 the natural history of carrion beetles , by brett c . ratcliffe , curator of insects , university of nebraska state museum\namerican carrion beetles are found in most areas of the united states that are east of the rocky mountains . they more commonly reside in moist environments , and they will be more active on warmer days . as the beetles fly about , their sense of smell alerts them to the presence of dead animals .\ncarrion beetles are found all over the world . there are 46 different kinds in north america , many of which are found in the united states .\npreserve selection and design considerations : preserves must contain a continued abundance of food sources for these beetles . carrion must be between 50 and 200 grams .\nin 1983 the american burying beetle was included as an endangered species in the invertebrate red book published by the intemational union for the conservation of nature . in the united states , it was proposed as an endangered species in 1988 and was placed on the state and federal endangered species lists in august 1989\nspecifically it is the largest native species , american burying beetle ( nicrophorus americanus ) , that is now extirpated throughout most of eastern north america . they prefer chipmunk - sized carcasses , and the elimination of passenger pigeons as an abundant food source is one of several hypotheses proposed to explain their decline .\namerican burying beetles were listed as an endangered species by u . s . fish and wildlife service in 1989 . they are currently considered critically endangered by the iucn and are likely extirpated from michigan . habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are largely held responsible for the decline of this species . habitat fragmentation and deforestation has reduced populations of species that become carrion in which this species broods . increased competition with other scavengers has also contributed to the population decline of american burying beetles .\namerican burying beetles are scavengers . adults hunt for decaying carcasses , which are either used as a source of food or are buried for future use by larvae .\nmuch has been done to understand the life history of the american burying beetle and promote its recovery . a recovery plan was prepared by the u . s . fish and wildlife service . the plight of the american burying beetle was publicized . factors responsible for the decline were investigated . information was solicited on all collection records . studies of reproductive ecology and population status were conducted . surveys of historical collection localities were carried out . captive breeding populations were established . captive - raised beetles were reintroduced to a historic site at penikese island , massachusetts . the population there is being monitored and added to as necessary .\nthe family silphidae is a fairly small beetle group , with just 175 species known worldwide . of these , about 30 species inhabit north america .\nmanagement requirements : because the american burying beetle has a highly vulnerable status in the wild , the two known natural populations ( block island , rhode island and eastern oklahoma ) should be protected and maintained . another requirement is maintaining captive populations for reintroducing the beetle to its historical habitat . maintaining proper habitat ( mature forests ) , and enhancing new habitat is very important . enhancing new habitat and open fields can be done by mowing , grazing and burning .\namerican burying beetles typical live 1 year . newly emerged adults remain in the soil during the winter season and mate in the summer . adults die after raising their offspring .\nthis larva was found in the grass behind the laundry ; the adult male was found in the powercut across rt . 613 . neither were apparently near any carrion .\nlook no further than your nearest road kill if you want to collect specimens in the family silphidae . carrion beetles inhabit the remains of dead vertebrates , munching on maggots and consuming the corpse . as gross as that sounds , it ' s an important job . carrion beetles also go by the common names burying beetles and sexton beetles .\neggs laid singly on / near carrion . larvae hatch in a few days , feed in or under carcass , and pupate in a nearby soil cell . adults overwinter .\nmilne , l . j . and m . milne . 1976 . the audubon society field guide to north american insects and spiders . a . a . knopf , new york .\ncarrion beetles are important in terrestrial ecosystems , consuming dead mammals and promoting the recycling of organic matter into ecosystems . most forensic studies are focused on succession of diptera while neglecting coleoptera . so far , little information is available on carrion beetles postmortem colonization and decomposition process in temperate biogeoclimatic countries . these beetles are . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . carrion beetles can be used in forensic entomology as bioindicators . silphids and principally burying beetles ( nicrophorus spp . ) are widely studied in various contexts including biology and ecology ( ratcliffe 1996 ; scott 1998 ; dekeirsschieter et al . 2011 ) . these studies are absent on iranian carrion beetles and can be valuable research programs . . . .\nramel , g . 2008 .\ngordon ' s burying beetle page\n( on - line ) . the earthlife web . accessed october 13 , 2008 at urltoken .\n, including american burying beetles , have shiny black wings with distinctively marked bright orange bands on each wing cover . unlike other species , however , american burying beetles also have a pronotum , a shield - like area just behind the head . they also have a small orange patch on their face between the eyes . in males this patch is square , while it is triangular in females\namerican burying beetles provide care for their young from the time of birth until adolescence . this type of behavior is typically not observed among invertebrates outside of social bees , wasps , and termites .\nsoon after death , carcasses release volatile chemicals that attract carrion insects including silphidae . nevertheless , it is not known which chemical cues are involved in the attractiveness of the carcass . so far , little information is available on the chemical ecology of carrion beetles , particularly concerning the subfamily of silphinae . the biological role of selected cadaveric volatile . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhistorically found throughout the eastern united states and into southern canada ( 2 ) , this burying beetle is today restricted to populations in a handful of central states ( 3 ) .\nhistorically found throughout the eastern united states and into southern canada ( 2 ) , this burying beetle is today restricted to populations in a handful of central states ( 3 ) .\nof principal importance to the beetles and their young is burial of the food resource , which effectively removes it from intense competition by maggots , other carrion - feeding insects and even mammal scavengers .\nof principal importance to the beetles and their young is burial of the food resource , which effectively removes it from the arena of intense competition by maggots , other carrion - feeding insects and even mammal scavengers . carrion is an ephemeral , unpredictably encountered food source , and its\nbonanza\nnature is so valuable to the prospective parents that they bury it to keep it from being stolen .\nother theories for the decline exist . ddt was unlikely responsible , for the decline had occurred 25 years before ddt was used . a species specific disease is unlikely , though not impossible . populations of other carrion beetle species have remained largely intact . american burying beetles appear to have broad habitat tolerances , so direct habitat loss was unlikely responsible initially . once populations of burying beetles become isolated , though , habitat loss can become an important factor . movements between habitats occurs less frequently . genetic variation suffers . interspecific competition at the genus level also comes into play once a species is geographically isolated .\nhistorical records show that this beetle once lived in 35 states , the district of columbia , and three canadian provinces . now , natural populations are known to occur in only four states : rhode island , oklahoma , arkansas , and nebraska . biologists are not sure what led to the disappearance of this insect from so many areas and are attempting to determine the reasons for its decline . as part of this ongoing research , and in an attempt to establish another beetle population , biologists have released laboratory - raised american burying beetles on penikese island in massachusetts , historical habitat of the animal .\nseveral groups of beetles eat carrion . those in the carrion beetle family are flattened , usually black , often with markings of red , orange , or yellow . the shell - like forewings ( elytra ) have a distinctive shape , wider toward the end of the body and narrower toward the front . in many species , the elytra are too short to cover the final 1 to 3 segments of the abdomen tip . the antennae are distinctively clubbed , often with minute hairs or colors at the very tip . these beetles often secrete or spray foul - smelling substances , or just plain smell bad themselves .\nthe bright bands of red or orange on the wings of many carrion beetles warn potential predators that they won\u2019t make a very delicious meal , so don\u2019t bother tasting them . there\u2019s something to be said for the old adage \u201cyou are what you eat . \u201d carrion beetles , after all , feed on rotting flesh , and all the bacteria that goes along with it . silphids apparently taste and smell like death .\nthe famous entomologist j . henri fabre wrote that carrion beetles make \u201ca clearance of death on behalf of life . \u201d when we overcome our revulsion , we , too , can appreciate these interesting little grave diggers .\nthe emerging beetle larvae will feed on both the raw flesh and the other larvae within it . the adult beetles will often consume other feeding insects to eliminate competition for food . this makes it easier for the beetle larvae to adequately feed and survive . the larvae eventually burrow into the surrounding soil where they spend the winter . they emerge from their pupal stage the next spring , and they mature into adult beetles .\nmy favorite spotting of one of these beetles was floating in a swimming pool . the beetle was not moving anymore and the mites were huddled away from the slowly encroaching water . it was \u201ctitanic\u201d in miniature .\nscott , m . p . & j . f . a . traniello . 1987 . behavioral cues trigger ovarian development in the burying beetle nicrophorus tomentosus . j . insect physiol . 33 : 693 - 696 .\nin addition to the known populations in rhode island and oklahoma , american burying beetles were collected in ontario , kentucky , arkansas , missouri and nebraska as late as 1970 . if the species still exists in these areas , it is very localized .\nthe specific habitat requirements of this species are not fully understood and it appears that the availability of carrion may be the limiting factor . in nebraska , beetles have been observed in grassland prairie , scrubland and forest edges ( 2 ) .\nthe specific habitat requirements of this species are not fully understood and it appears that the availability of carrion may be the limiting factor . in nebraska , beetles have been observed in grassland prairie , scrubland and forest edges ( 2 ) .\nlomolino , m . , j . creighton . 1996 . habitat selection , breeding success and conservation of endangered american burying beetle nicrophorus americanus . biological conservation , 77 / 2 - 3 : 235 - 241 . accessed december 12 , 2008 at urltoken ; = c & _ searchstrid = 1736308362 & _ rerunorigin = google & _ acct = c000050221 & _ version = 1 & _ urlversion = 0 & _ userid = 10 & md5 ; = ae8948e2d37cc281ab2230acd41e4ee0 & searchtype ; = a .\nfisher , richard m , and robert d tuckerman .\nmimicry of bumble bees and cuckoo bumble bees by carrion beetles ( coleoptera : silphidae ) .\njournal of the kansas entomological society 59 . 1 ( 1986 ) : 20 - 25 .\nthough carrion beetles as a family range in size from just a few millimeters to as long as 35 mm , most species we commonly encounter top 10 mm in length . silphids have clubbed antennae , and tarsi ( feet ) with 5 joints .\ncarrion beetles also have chemical defenses . they secrete a strong , smelly odor that irritates other bugs and small animals . they can even spray the odor at predators to keep them away . they move the end of their abdomen around and spray in all directions .\nthe larvae spend about a week feeding off the carcass then crawl into the soil to pupate , or develop . mature n . americanus beetles emerge from the soil 45 to 60 days after their parents initially bury the carcass . adult american burying beetles live for only 12 months .\nrotting vegetation and dead animals may not sound good to you , but this insect finds it all pretty tasty . nature ' s leftovers are its bread and butter ! this distinctive beetle is found on a variety of dead animals including mammals , fishes , snakes and frogs . breaking down all of this garbage into useful soil nutrients is a dirty job , but carrion beetles are good at it . their life cycle is so well known that forensic investigators use them to investigate the time of death of human remains .\npeck , s . b . & m . m . kaulbars . 1987 . a synopsis of the distribution and bionomics of the carrion beetles ( coleoptera : silphidae ) of the conterminous united states . proceedings of the entomological society of ontario 118 : 47 - 81 .\n. . . carrion is rather ephemeral and unpredictable food source therefore species have to be able to locate it quickly and at the right moment ( dekeirsschieter et al . , 2011 ) . this is crucial especially in severe competition of other necrophagous species . . . .\nafter burial , the beetles strip away fur or feathers and work the mass into a compact ball . they will then\ninoculate\nthe remains with secretions that preserve the carrion and modify the course of decomposition . the female constructs a short chamber above the carrion in which she lays from 10 to 30 eggs . returning to the carcass , she prepares a conical depression on top of it . both parents regurgitate droplets of partly digested food into the depression . the fluid accumulates as food for the larvae that hatch in a few days .\n. . . one domain is that of forensic entomology , applying the study of insects and other arthropods to criminal investigation . so far , only recently more extensive research on forensic application of beetle data has started ( dekeirsschieter et al . , 2011b ; matuszewski , 2012 , matuszewski et al . , 2008matuszewski & szafa\u0142owicz , 2013 ) . carrion ( whether human or animal ) is often referred to as a functional ecosystem ( barton et al . , 2013 ; villet , 2011 ; colijn , 2014 ) . . . .\ncarrion beetles and other decomposers are important because they get rid of dead matter by eating it and breaking it down into smaller pieces that can be placed back into the ecosystem . the small pieces of dead animals become nutrients that other animals and plants can feed on . some kinds of carrion beetles actually bury small animal carcasses so that they can lay their eggs on it ( the eggs will be safer under the ground ) . when carcasses are buried , they decompose faster and don ' t smell as much - helping to keep our environment cleaner .\nan impressive example of adaptive behaviour and the complexity of relationships between species . when i first saw the picture , i thought the mites were simply parasiting the beetle , but the truth turns out to be far less simple and more fascinating . thanks for sharing !\nthe mites on nicrophorus are not always beneficial : blackman , s . w . 1997 . experimental evidence that the mite poecilochirus davydovae ( mesostigmata : parasitidae ) eats the eggs of its beetle host . journal of zoology 242 ( 1 ) : 63 - 67 .\nanderson , r . s . & s . b . peck . 1985 . the insects and arachnids of canada . part 13 . the carrion beetles of canada and alaska ( coleoptera : silphidae and agyrtidae ) . publication 1778 , research branch agriculture canada , ottawa . 121 pp .\ndavis , l . r . , jr . 1980 . notes on beetle distributions , with a discussion of nicrophorus americanus olivier and its abundance in collections ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae , lampyridae , and silphidae ) . coleopterists bulletin 34 ( 2 ) : 245 - 251 .\nalthough this species historically ranged from southern maine to south dakota and south to texas and florida ( temperate eastern north america ) , and was widely distributed within its range , the american burying beetle is currently known to exist in only two locations . one population is on block island , rhode island . the other is a recently discovered population in eastern oklahoma . habitats occupied on block island include maritime shrub thickets and grazed fields ( coastal moraine grasslands ) . oklahoma sites are representative of the forest / pasture ecotone and open pastures in a ridge and valley area of that state .\nkozol , a . j . , j . f . a . traniello & s . m . williams . 1994 . genetic variation in the endangered burying beetle nicrophorus americanus ( coleoptera : silphidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america 87 : 928 - 935 .\nwhen a dead person is found , forensic scientists analyze the age and life cycle stages of carrion beetles present and thus can determine an approximate time of death \u2014 which helps solve crimes . also , by competing with fly maggots , burying beetles help control the numbers of flies that annoy people .\nthis is known as the life / lunch dichotomy . in the competition for the use of the meaty carcass of a dead mouse , if the fly loses out it gives up the equivalent of lunch \u2026 there are still other opportunities , in this case , poop , for it\u2019s young to eat . the carrion beetle , however , may be giving up its life ( or the life of its offspring , really ) because mouse carcasses are very rare , so if the one carcass it manages to locate is eaten up by fly maggots , it\u2019s offspring will not survive .\nn . americanus is between 25 and 45 mm long and can be identified by its striking , distinctive coloring . the body is shiny black , and on its wing covers are four scalloped , orange - red markings . most distinctively , there is an orange - red marking on the beetle ' s pronotum , a large shield - like area just behind the head . n . americanus has orange facial markings and orange tips on their large antennae . the beetle is nocturnal and is a strong flier , moving as far as a kilometer in one night .\nwhile the relationship between beetle and mites is not as black and white as described it is interesting to see evolutionary principles applied to this detail of nicrophorus behavior . of course , the beetle\u2019s efforts to secure the rare resource for its offspring go much further \u2013 when the pair prepares the carcass for burial they reshape it and may well get rid of or destroy other eggs / larvae . they also stay underground and feed their young larvae \u2013 overall a level of involvement that\u2019s rare in beetles and understandable under the premises that you describe in your third paragraph ."]}
{"id": 1866, "summary": [{"text": "oriana ( 1807 \u2013 after 1826 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won the classic oaks stakes at epsom downs racecourse in 1810 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the northern-trained filly won the oaks on her first appearance and finished third against colts in the st leger stakes at doncaster in her only other race that year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she won one of her three races in 1811 and was later exported to become a broodmare in ireland . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "oriana ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["oriana horse racing form , betting odds , breeding and other horse racing information .\nthoroughbred horse ( nz ) [ 1992 ] . oriana ( nz ) is a mare born in 1992 by blue razor out of tempted , trained by the k j thomson stable .\nshe was beaten by mr . mellish ' s horse eagle ( full brother to\n, eleanor lost a 100 - guinea gold cup race to mr . dawson ' s horse\nsuzannah welby\u2019s reigning horse of the year show champion took the hack title , ridden by jo bates .\ndon\u2019t miss the full royal windsor report in this week\u2019s horse & hound , on sale thursday 18 may .\nat the newmarket - craven meeting , eleanor received 200 guineas from mr . sitwell after his horse fieldfare forfeited a three - mile match race . at the same meeting eleanor ran third to sir hedworth williamson ' s horse\noriana and jimmy were very welcoming and know their stuff . i had a great time riding along the beach and through the rainforest . reasonable price also .\namelia bevan piloted sharon moss\u2019s lovely grey tiger oats to take the ladies show horse ( side - saddle ) title .\nthe horses were beautiful , the people were kind . i would definitely recommend a beach horseback ride with caribe horse riding club .\noriana ( usa ) b . m , 1860 { 25 } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nthe stud has bred champions in both the dressage arena , bef futurity , studbook grading and the show ring ( royal international horse show and horse of the year show ) as well as quality all - rounders who provide their owners with great fun and pleasure .\nafter standing riding horse champion , annabel jenks\u2019 diamonds are forever went on to stand overall reserve supreme on sunday afternoon with allister hood .\nmary ann : 1791 filly , 2nd to eliza in a king ' s plate . dam to oaks winner oriana ( 1807 , by beningbrough ) , and ashton ( 1799 ) .\nmiss oriana m , 1953 { 14 - e } dp = 2 - 2 - 2 - 0 - 12 ( 18 ) di = 0 . 38 cd = - 1 . 00\nmorris , tony ; randall , john ( 1990 ) . horse racing : records , facts , champions ( third edition ) . guinness publishing . isbn .\noriana ( gb ) br . m , 1911 { 16 - c } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 16 ( 16 ) di = 0 . 00 cd = - 2 . 00\nlady oriana ( gb ) b . f , 1974 { 1 - g } dp = 25 - 0 - 3 - 0 - 2 ( 30 ) di = 7 . 57 cd = 1 . 53\ni had a great tour with oriana & jimmy . we went through the jungle and along the beach . in the jungle jimmy spotted some animals and could tell a lot about the nature & wildlife . the horses were in a very , very good condition & well trained - which made me very happy and therefore the tour was great ! as not all horses in costa rica are in a healthy and good condition it was very cool to see , that these two care so much for their horses . i talked a lot with oriana & you see directly that she really loves her horses and knows how to handle & care for them ! if you are a horse lover & want to support well care , i definitely recommend caribe horse riding !\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nrandall , john ; tony morris ( 1985 ) . horse racing : the records . guinness superlatives ltd . pp . 43\u201356 . isbn 0 - 85112 - 446 - 1 .\nabelson , edward ; john tyrrel ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books . pp . 58\u201364 . isbn 1 - 873626 - 15 - 0 .\nour focus at oriana is providing excellent care and a safe , professional environment for our clients and horses . our horses are family . our equestrian facility features two state of the art barns , one with 21 stalls and another with 8 stalls .\nwe had a blast , great with our 11 and 15 year old . . . learned a lot about the history of the area and the fauna . would absolutely do again . . . wonderful for beginners and families . oriana took great pictures .\nthe horsin ' around review that says the show has too many horse puns is nothing but horse puns . also , note the ad on the other page for hank after dark . that ' s the\nuncle hanky\non the girls ' shirt from episode 2 , and the same guy in the billboard for hey , i think you can dance . oh , and the reviewer ' s last name is a horrifying parasite .\n, eleanor finished last in a field of four horses to lord darlington ' s horse muly - moloch . at the first october meeting in newmarket , eleanor regained her three - year - old form and defeated the mare\noriana stables is a full service hunter / jumper show facility offering excellent care , top quality training , knowledgeable staff , and a friendly atmosphere . we offer horse boarding and personalized riding lessons for our boarders in a fun , friendly environment . our goal is for you to reach all of your horseback riding dreams in a fun and educational environment . the farm is convenient to cary , apex , raleigh , durham and research triangle park in central north carolina . you will not find a more premier a , aa show barn in this area . browse our site and\non returning to the uk in the summer of 2012 sacha went to work for the team behind horse of the year show as the equestrian manager and most recently has been appointed the senior administrator for the national pony society . she has been an evaluator for the bef futurity series and occasionally takes small groups of breeders on guided tours to germany . she has previously written breeding articles for horse & hound , e - venting and the british breeder magazine , and publishes the breeding british blog .\nroyal windsor horse show may have come to an end , but we\u2019re still celebrating the beautiful horses and ponies crowned champions in the grounds of her majesty\u2019s castle . here is a selection of some of the winners snapped by h & h ; \u2019s photographer .\n, winning 350 guineas . she also won the king ' s plate from sister to gouty a few days later . at the second october meeting at newmarket , her last engagement of the season , eleanor won \u00a350 in a stakes race by beating the prince of wales ' horse shock .\n' s colt czar peter . at the second october meeting , she was second to bustard in a gold cup race . at the houghton meeting , she was again second in a gold cup race to the horse stretch . in the last three starts of her career , eleanor did not place .\nthe oaks stakes is a group 1 flat horse race in great britain open to three - year - old thoroughbred fillies . it is run at epsom downs over a distance of 1 mile , 4 furlongs and 10 yards ( 2 , 423 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in early june .\nall horses receive daily turnout alone or in small groups . our paddocks feature horse - safe fencing and quality grass . we like to ensure that our horses receive the best nutritional care . our horses are fed high quality grain according to their vet\u2019s specifications . the best quality timothy or orchard hay is provided at least twice daily .\nan account of a chesnut horse , call ' d smiling ball . this famous horse leaps mares all this season at richmond in yorkshire , for one guinea a mare leaps and tryals , and one shilling the man . he was bred by mr gase of panton in lincolnshire ; he was got by a son of the acklam merlin ; mr gase bought him out of yorkshire ; he made him so good a hunter , that he never would suffer him to be trained ; he was thought one of the best hunters in the kingdom . ball ' s dam was bred by mr curwen of workington ; she was got by mr curwen ' s old bay barb , which was mr pelham ' s afterwards ; she was the dam of lord gower ' s chance gelding , out of a mare that was got by old spot , out of a daughter of old woodcock , ( not mr bethel ' s woodcock ) and full sister to a horse that minchel had , call ' d westbury , which he said , when tryed , was the best young horse he ever had . this is a true pedigree i have under mr pelham ' s hand , by mr curwen ' s book . ball is now coming 15 years old , sound of his wind , and free from any cough , and clear of all material blemishes . the horse was bought by john turner of mr gase , who had him some time , and then sold him to the right hon . the earl of essex ; after he had done running , his lordship gave him to john turner , who was servant to his lordship the time he had him in training , and saw all his performances\u2026 [ newcastle courant . 28 feb 1735 - 6 . numb . 566 . ]\nsir harry : 1795 brown colt , won the derby in 1798 , then imported into america for the highest price ever paid for a horse ever brought there . sired medora ( oaks winner , daughter gulnare also won the oaks ) , and was a leading sire in the united states , producing haxall ' s moses ( 1816 ) and sir alfred ( 1806 ) .\nher sire , sorcerer , was bred by sir charles bunbury and was a half - brother of the 1801 derby winning mare eleanor . sorcerer was an unusually large black horse who won several important races and became a successful breeding stallion . his progeny included the derby winner smolensko , the 2000 guineas winners wizard and trophonius , and the oaks winners morel and sorcery . [ 3 ] sorcerer was the leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1811 , 1812 and 1813 . [ 4 ]\nwas bred by me , and got by my horse called belgrade the 2d , which got my volunteer , bashaw , primate and garnet , to which last he is full brother . \u2026his dam was got by hipp , his grandam by the duke of bolton ' s horse call ' d poker , his great grandam by mr pullen ' s chesnut arabian , out of a mare called garnet , which was got by mr place ' s white turk , out of a natural barb mare , which belong ' d to oliver cromwell . hipp was got by old tifter , out of volunteer ' s grandam . poker was got by the arab , which got grey ramsden . pullen ' s chestnut arab , got morton ' s merlin , & c . place ' s white turk , got commoner , & c . old tifter was a son of the thoulouse barb , out of young cream cheeks . - - - all which account as above set down , i do believe to be true . witness my hand , / marma . wyvill .\npipylina ( 1803 ) , out of rally , and so sister to pipylin , had a modest career on the turf for her owner , lord foley . her daughter , young pipylina ( 1822 , by orville ) , produced july stakes winner forester . a second daughter , by selim ( 1812 ) , continued her tail - female line , which included a branch of winners in poland , and epsom derby winner plenipotentiary and the fallow buck . mary ann ( 1791 , from a young marske mare ) was a winner , and at age five ran second to the great race mare eliza in a king ' s plate over 4 miles at york . in the stud she produced oaks winner oriana ( 1807 , by beningbrough ) , and her brother , the good runner ashton ( 1799 ) . her female line continued ( family 18 - a ) , and included colorado king ( 1959 ) an important racehorse in south africa . a sister to mary ann , monica ( 1792 ) also bred on .\nowner description : have you always dreamed of riding a beautiful horse on a picturesque beach ? what about exploring the jungle in a very eco - friendly way ? make the very most of your time in puerto viejo by joining an exclusive horseback ride along one of the most incredible , and undeveloped coast of costa rica . our tours combine both beach and jungle and range from relaxing rides , perfect for families to private rides for more experienced riders . if you prefer quality over quantity or poorly maintained horses , then our horseback riding adventure is for you . your guide has a life long experience with horses , our horses are all healthy , well fed and taken care of . security is our main concern , and we are the only stable to offer helmets and back protection . we have special gentle horses to accommodate children from 6 years old on . we also offers special package such as swimming with the horses , honeymooners special , wedding events . . . just ask !\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbay colt , 1791 . by king fergus - mare by herod darley arabian sire line : king fergus branch . king fergus sire line quick chart . family # 7\norville , out of the four - mile race mare evelina , by the great sire , highflyer , was an exceptionally stout runner standing over 16 hands , with a powerful , stocky body . he won the st . leger at doncaster for his owner and breeder , lord fitzwilliam , and later won a number of plates and sweeps at various venues , including newmarket , for the prince of wales . in the stud he got five classic winners and led the sire ' s lists twice ; among his offspring were derby winner and two - time leading sire emilius , and the good runner muley , sire of three classic winners .\nscud got some other good runners , including mariner and sheldrake , out of goosander , but none of his sons were able to carry the sire line forward . scud ' s son , steeltrap ( 1815 , from prophetess ) , bred by thornhill , was sold to australia in 1823 and was a famous stallion there ; his influence is still felt in australia and new zealand through his daughters , seen in the colonial families c2 , c4 , and c16 .\nscud ' s oaks - winning daughter shoveler ( family 6 - c ) , was a\nsmall , lengthy , and blood - like whole - coloured bay mare\nwho bred on , with a successful branch in poland and one that produced some classic winners and stayers in australia . her sister , sea - mew ( 1815 ) also bred on , and sea - mew ' s son , st . nicholas ( 1827 ) won some races and got two - time winner of the goodwood stakes , orelia , and two sons , yorkshire and nicholas , who were sent to the u . s . where they had some influence in bloodstock breeding .\nbeningbrough ' s son harefoot ( 1799 ) was out of a daughter of drone , and was half - brother to st . leger winner staveley , by shuttle . running for his owner j . wardell , and sold several times during the course of his career , he won the oatlands at newmarket craven meeting , and a several matches at newmarket , a sweepstakes at bibury , and was second to bustard in a king ' s plate at canterbury and to orville in the brighton gold cup . he was retired to stud at the end of 1805 , but left no mark as a stallion .\nbeningbrough got some good running daughters , and was a successful broodmare sire whose daughters produced classic winners and other good runners . oaks winner briseis , who bred the dual - classic winner corinne , has already been mentioned . rosette ( 1803 ) produced st . leger winner reveller , later a good sire . miss nancy ( 1803 ) had a st . leger winner in her good running daughter , the duchess ( 1813 , by cardinal york ) . johanna southcote ( 1811 ) produced oaks winner variation .\nrosette ( 1803 ) , bred and owned by henry peirse , whose stud was near bedale in yorkshire , ran for over six years . her dam was rosamond , by tandem , who also produced a unnamed sister to rosette , from whom the irish stallion solon ( 1897 ) , the prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner samos ( 1932 ) and other good winners descended in tail - female . rosette won the doncaster prince ' s stakes , the union cup at preston , city purses at york , the richmond cup , and a number of other races at catterick and other north country venues .\nold woodcock mare ( woodcock ) spot mare ( curwen ' s spot ) sister to westbury ( curwen bay barb ) devonshire turk mare ( devonshire turk ) childers mare [ wyvill ' s ] ( bartlet ' s childers ) sister 1 to volunteer ( young belgrade ) miss windsor ( godolphin arabian ) signora ( snap ) sister to fandango ( mark anthony ) miss furey ( trumpator ) . . . . . 18 - a\nthe most recent common ancestor of this family is a mare by bartlet ' s childers . two of her daughters have living descendants : a mare by the scarborough colt , and a sister to volunteer , by young belgrade ( alias belgrade 2d ) . today ' s largest branch was started by miss windsor , a 1754 mare by the godolphin arabian out of sister to volunteer ; three of her daughters by snap founded lines that persist to the present .\nbartlet ' s childers mare , bred by sir m wyvill , in 172 , her dam , by the devonshire turk , out of sister to westbury , by the curwen bay barb - curwen old spot - old woodcock . 1735 b c volunteer , by y belgrade . . . sir m wyvill 17 f by ditto . . . sir m wyvill 17 f by ditto . . . sir m wyvill * 17 f by godolphin arabian . . . sir m wyvill 17 f by the scarboro ' colt . . . sir m wyvill * this mare produced 1772 , b c king hiram , by eclipse , mr o ' kelly waxy , paynator , thunderbolt ( sorcerer ) , smolensko , colsterdale , ellington , ashton , souvenir , poussin , bertram , etc , are descended in direct line from this mare .\nher son , wyvill ' s volunteer , however , had been a fixture of gsb since the introductory volume in 1791 .\nvolunteer , sir m wyvill , 1735 , young belgrade - bartlet ' s childers - devonshire chesnut arabian - sister to the d . of somerset ' s westbury , by the curwen bay barb .\nsir marmaduke wyvill , the 6th baronet ( 1692 - 1754 ) was appointed postmaster general of ireland in 1736 . it appears that some of his running horses went with him to ireland , since there are numerous advertisements in irish newspapers for horses of his breeding . after sir marmaduke died in 1754 , his stud at constable - burton ( near bedale in yorkshire ) was advertised for sale . there was also notice in an irish newspaper that part of his stud was\nsold on the sod\nat the curragh . it is known that sir marmaduke did keep a stud book ( some pedigrees from\nbrown ' s copy of sr m : wyvills stud book\nwere preserved in ld rockingham ' s papers ) . however , based on omissions in gsb , it appears that the compilers never had access to sir marmaduke ' s original records .\nthe produce list of this mare needs revision . entries in the calendars and advertisements in ireland indicate that there was at least one full brother to volunteer . the number of full sisters is also in question ; evidence suggests possibly two , although one might be sufficient to account for the number of produce claimed for a sister of volunteer . in addition , lord godolphin ' s records ( see c m prior ,\n, 1935 ) do list produce by the godolphin arabian out of three different mares belonging to sir marmaduke wyvill . these mares include volunteer ' s sister , but there is no record of volunteer ' s dam having been bred to the godolphin arabian . this raises the possibility that the pedigree of\nif gsb is correct in its statement that the bartlet ' s childers mare was bred by sir marmaduke wyvill , then he probably owned this mare as well . a memorandum included in lord godolphin ' s records ( see c m prior ,\nvolunteer ' s sister was got by a colt of my own breed called bellgrade , and out of a daughter of bartlett ' s childers , out of a daughter off ye late d : of devonshire ' s chesnut arabian , out of a daughter of ye bay barb , wch was full sister to ye duke off somerset ' s westburry , as mr pelham certifyed to me . / ma : wyvill\nthis hipp was also sire of the dam of the spectacle mare ( dam of three sons of the godolphin arabian : tarquin , alfred , and lord rockingham ' s godolphin hunter ) .\n, by curwen ' s bay barb , dam by curwen ' s old spot .\n. the latter won \u00a32042 in common plates\nin four summers\nracing from 1726 - 1729 according to this advertisement .\n( 1935 ) on pp 178 - 9 . henry purefoy said that\nit was about the year 1711 when i myself saw 8 or 10 of his racehorses breathed on ye common or green , by monk ' s house , on straw litter , for a mile around .\npurefoy further stated that minshull started breeding about the year 1697 . he was a papist , like henry curwen , so it is not surprising that at least some of his horses were of mr curwen ' s breeding .\nwestbury was mentioned in correspondence of the duke of somerset in 1716 . in may he was to be found\nin old stables\nand\ncoughing ;\nin june\nwestbury bled , blanketted ,\nwestbury bled again\nand\nwestbury eating well , coughing and heaving little .\nin july he was ill and described as rattling in the head and throat , by august , he was coughing only at night , but in october was\nheaving worse .\nthe dates at which he raced aren ' t known , but sir marmaduke described him as having the whip at newmarket .\nmare by curwen ' s old spot ( dam of westbury ) . this mare does not have an entry in gsb ; she is at present known only as a cross in pedigrees . likewise there is no known historical information about mr curwen ' s spot , although the fact that some pedigrees refer to him as marshall ' s spot is consistent with his sire being called the marshall or selaby turk\nthe property of mr marshall ' s brother , stud - master to king william , queen anne and king george the first\n( cheny 1743 ) . a best guess puts spot ' s foaling date at about 1690 , with get estimated to have been foaled between 1695 and 1710 . a\ngrey called spott\nwas purchased by king william from mr burnett for \u00a3100 ( j p hore , the history of newmarket and the annals of the turf , iii , 1886 , p371 ) in 1698 , but given that spot was a very common name , this may have been another spot entirely .\nthis mare does not have an entry in gsb , and is another who is presently only known as a cross in pedigrees .\nher sire has not been identified , although there are advertisements with pedigrees referring to a very early woodcock .\na bay stone colt , three years old , got by a son of the ball ' d galloway [ royal ball ] , \u2026 and out of a childer ' s mare , got by mr wm . ovington ' s childer ' s , who was full brother to the duke of devonshire ' s childers ; her dam by snake ; her dam by pullen ' s rockwood ; her dam by the bellarby turk , sire of wyndham and crutches ; her dam by brimmer ; her dam by\n, out of a royal mare of mr darcey ' s of sedburgh . [\nboth the woodcock ' s mentioned by cheny were probably too late for these pedigrees : darcy ' s woodcock ( said to have been son of bustler ) had definitely dated get from 1716 through 1724 , and woodcock ( by old merlin , son of bustler ) had two definitely dated get in 1719 and 1720 .\nit is impossible to tell , at this time , if one of these woodcock ' s went on to be used as a stallion .\nkeren happuch she does not appear in the american stud book . the evidence is supplied by three certificates , including one by william lightfoot , jr , which stated that he purchased from sir ferdinando poole at lewes ,\nhis favourite mare ,\nkeren happuch , at that time in foal to her half - brother waxy . other certificates indicate that\nbland ' s waxy mare\nof the american stud book was the daughter of keren happuch , imported in utero , and known as miss shipton [ e1 : 306 - 310 ] . keren happuch ran in the colours of sir ferdinando in england , where she was a winner [ pick 4 : 353 ] .\ntarquin mare in the pedigree for young marske mare ( dam of rhoderic dhu ) , tarquin mare is said to be by\ntarquin , or brother to tarquin\n[ gsb 1 / 5 : 316 ] . however , it seems likely that this mare ' s dam was got by tarquin . according to information in lord rockingham ' s records [ wwm / r193 / 34a ; sheffield archives ] , the brothers to tarquin were alfred ( raced in ireland and advertised there in 1760 ) and lord rockingham ' s godolphin hunter . the godolphin hunter , as far as is now known , was a private stallion in lord rockingham ' s stud , where he had known foals from about 1757 to 1763 . tarquin was advertised at public stud for at least the years 1751 - 1758 . in addition the only known source to name this mare ' s dam - sire as\ntarquin ' s brother\nwas mr tattersall in two advertisements in 1789 and 1790 . other sources ( advertisements for telemachus and apollo as well as pedigrees in pick ' s calendars ) gave tarquin . the most authoritative source appears to be sir c monck , who bought one of this mare ' s fillies by young marske , and showed the editor of gsb ( 3 / 3 ( 1855 ) : 95 ) a certificate given him at the time of purchase , naming tarquin .\ninformation about manto , one of the great matriarchs of the southern hemisphere , is sometimes contradictory .\n. this was corrected in the following edition . under the buzzard mare ( sister to lynceus ) , bred by mr goodison , in 1802 , her dam rose , by sweetbriar , out of merliton , by snap :\n, by ditto [ soothsayer ] , attributed to mr goodison . * it was erroneously stated in the last edition that this mare was sent to new south wales , and there called manto ; but manto must have been out of one of the other sisters to lynceus [ gsb 2 / 4 : 27 ] .\nshe was foaled in 1817 [ ausb 1 ] , corrected to 1822 [ ausb 2 : 225 ] and her dam said to be a sister to lynceus . a further note indicates that manto was not the dam of john of paris , was not entered in gsb , and was probably from one of the sisters to lynceus foaled in 1800 or 1803 , was bred by dick goodisson , and was imported into nsw by mr icely in 1825 [ ausb 3 : 318 ] .\nher arrival was noted in a newspaper , and further reports illuminate her life in australia .\n. she sailed from london the 7th , and plymouth the 16th of july , and rio de janeiro the 27th august . passengers ;\nof the firm of messrs . icely and hindson ; lieutenant rose , r . n ; mr . j . t . tiacomb ; mr . w . brien ; mr . john evans , and 2 servants [ the sydney gazette and new south wales advertiser , sunday 25 december 1825 , p 2 ] .\nmr . icely was so fortunate the other day as to be favoured with the first thorough - bred colt that ever was dropped in the colony , out of that excellent looking creature which mr . icely imported a few months ago on the columbia . it is a filly foal , colour bay , with black legs . its dam stands 16 hands and an inch high , and is one of the noblest animals , without exception , in the country [ the sydney gazette and new south wales advertiser , saturday 6 may 1826 , p 3 ] .\nthe fair was not well attended , though many respectable colonists from varions parts of the country were present .\n, which he imported last year , and which has since dropped a pure foal , was to be distinguished amongst the show of fine horses that certainly are a credit to the proprietors , and an honour to the country , the australian company ` s entire horses , as well as those of private individuals were to be seen prancing to and fro with all the pride and blood of true britons . if it were for nothing else , the australian agricultural company should receive the unanimous thanks of the colonists , for the fine breed of horses they have introduced , and we really think that mr . icely is as much entitled to the gold medal for importing the first blood mare , so noble a creature too , as mr . jones was for the first importation of saxon sheep [ the sydney gazette and new south wales advertiser , saturday 7 october 1826 , p 3 ] .\nto be sold by auction , by mr . samuel lyons . on friday , the 29th of june instant at 10 for 11 o ` clock , at the royal hotel , george street , sydney . valuable racing stud , the thoroughbred stock consists of the following brood mares and foals of the best english blood , and will afford an eligible investment to breeders for the turf , or the indian market .\n; her dam , rose , by sweetbriar , out of merliton , by snap ; soothsayer , by sorcerer , out of golden locks , by delpini ; her dam , violet by shark , syphon , quick ` s charlotte , & . c . & c . - vide stud book , vol . ii . pp . 46 and 138 . manto is the dam of chancellor , the winner of the governor ` s and brisbane cups of 1832 , and is stinted to bay camerton .\ncornelia , out of manto ( no . i ) ; foaled in may , 1826\n; her sire , grasshopper , by grasshopper , out of a sorcerer mere , dam of red rose ; her dam by anvil , out of lilly of the valley , by eclipse . stinted to bay camerton .\nno . iii . problem , a chesnut filly , rising 3 years , by theorem , out of manto ( no . i ) .\nno . iv . fairy , a bay filly , foaled in november , 1831 , by emigrant , out of manto ( no . i ) .\nno . v . brougham , a black colt rising 2 years , by bay camerton , out of cornelia ( no . ii ) .\nno . vi . brenda , a bay filly foaled in november , 1831 , by emigrant , out of cornelia , ( no . ii . )\ncornelia was the first foal of manto in australia , and according to the newspaper ( above ) she was the first thoroughbed foaled in australia . her date of birth is said to be 1825 , although newspaper reports indicate she was foaled in 1826 ( see above also ) .\nthe races at parramatta , wednesday 1st october 1828 , reported in sydney monitor saturday 4th october 1828 . the second race was for the sweepstakes of 75 guineas . heats once round the course . four horses started . mr bayley ` s b h australian , aged 5ys ;\n; sir j jamison ` s g g abdallah , aged 6ys ; mr lawson ` s c f nell gwynne , aged 3ys . a better race than this is seldom seen . mr icely ` s blood filly though so young , gave the crack horses something to do to beat her . abdallah lost some of his character . australian was much admired . he won the race with comparative ease . nell gwynne made fine play [ sydney monitor , saturday 4th october 1828 ] .\ncossack sources vary on the date of birth of cossack from 1846 to 1848 . however , the australian stud book says 1848 [ ausb 1 : 114 ] which is corrected to 1847 [ ausb 2 : 126 ] .\nio io ' s date of birth also varies . the charles elliot new zealand stud book ( 1862 ) says 1856 [ 1 : 11 ] and the new zealand stud book ( 1899 - 1900 ) says 1855 [ 1 : 61 ] .\nraupo and renga these two fillies were switched in error as the new zealand stud book explains . it has been a matter of common notoriety that on an order for delivery of the filly by diomedes from waimea , another filly by diomedes from phoebe was in error substituted , which mistake was never rectified . public attention has recently been drawn to the confusion in pedigrees which has resulted , both mares having been prolific breeders . proof has been adduced of the substitution , and though it is , unfortunately , too late to make the correction in the present volume , hence - forth the descendants of raupo will be traced through waimea to the no 18 family , and those of renga through phoebe to the colonial taproot woodstock [ nz - sb 4 ( 1909 ) : xxvi ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\nwe have two riding rings . our 150\u2032 by 250\u2032 outdoor arena features premium all - weather rubber footing for safety and performance year - round .\nour covered arena provides year - round protection from the elements , and is professionally lighted for evening riding . it measures 80\u2032 by 130\u2032 and is surrounded by sturdy 4 board fencing . skylights provide filtered light during the day and nighttime riding is a breeze with three banks of high intensity lights .\nboarding rates include blanketing , individual turn - out , and a custom feeding regimen . please inquire for board prices . full - training is available . contact us today !\nthe toby edmonds - trained tyzone is the ramornie handicap favourite ahead of his stablemate havasay .\ninvited for the second year running to ride at the vodacom durban july meeting in greyville , nooresh juglall made the trip to south africa count with one winner \u2013 just like last year .\nbon hoffa\u2019s g1 winning son bon aurum will stand at glen eden stud in victoria this spring .\nexciting sprinter nature strip was a sale ring reject who could be racing for a share of $ 13 million in the everest in october after recording another brilliant win at flemington on saturday .\nclick here for an in - depth description of racing and sports\u2019 racing analytics .\n* state exclusions apply . please check t & cs of each offer with the bookmaker . all offers / promotions on this site exclude nsw residents .\nthis site is maintained by racing and sports ( \u00ae ) pty ltd ( abn 093 360 108 ) (\nr & s ;\n) . copyright in all r & s ; materials is owned by racing and sports pty ltd ( r & s ; ) . racing and sports is a registered trademark . r & s ; takes all care in the preparation of information appearing on the site , but accepts no responsibility nor warrants the accuracy of the information displayed . this information is provided for entertainment purposes only . all information including race fields and tab numbers should be checked with an official source . * t & c ; and state exclusions may apply . ( ras - www02 )\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nthe information provided on this thoroughbred racing sa limited website has been compiled for your convenience . trsa makes no warranties about the accuracy or completeness of any information contained on this website .\npaul mortimer\u2019s randalstown rolex stood cob champion , ridden by his producer robert walker .\nthe shades of grey syndicate\u2019s bloomfield excelsior stood open hunter champion , the first time his producer jayne ross has won this title .\nthe senior ridden spoils went to joanne parker\u2019s lovely dartmoor , ridden by tyra - louise parker .\nharriet dennison was in the saddle of the dianne brereton - owned heritage mountain and moorland ( m & m ) ridden champion .\nthis grey sparkled in the sunshine to take the working hunter pony title for owner / rider georgina horsley - gubbins .\nthis stunning piebald took the coloured in - hand championship for debbie gottschalk , presented by mollie sibthorpe - musk .\nbankswood savoir faire got the nod from the judges to take the amateur hack title with hayley patterson .\nlibby grota piloted the show hunter pony champion for owner emma edwards - brady .\nthe coloured ridden championship went the way of emma wallace\u2019s volatis orianna , who is produced by jayne ross and carried miranda wallace in the ring .\nthe queen\u2019s ex - racehorse went through to the supreme after winning his retraining of racehorses class , and her majesty was on hand to watch the bay stand overall supreme with katie jerram .\narabs were back in windsor\u2019s show ring this year , and oas plashaal ( claire doxey ) landed the pure - bred ridden arab accolade , which was presented by chief steward nigel hollings . don\u2019t miss his guest column in this week\u2019s h & h ( on sale 18 may ) .\njill day\u2019s roan topped a strong four - year - old hunter class with robert walker in the saddle .\nthe lynne goodyear - owned barkway precocious ( jake berrett ) took mini show pony spoils .\nthere was more success for producer jayne ross in the novice hunter championship , which was claimed by bella malim\u2019s rising five - year - old bloomfield valhalla .\nthis lisa hall - owned chestnut lifted the part - bred and anglo arab title .\nowner john elliot presented stuffynwood primrose , who was crowned the m & m supreme in - hand champion .\nthis team ahern - produced eight - year - old took the show pony title for owner nicole donaldson , piloted by her daughter mia donaldson .\nthe amateur cob title went to aughnacliffe high peak , ridden by angela hunt .\nby submitting your information , you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy & cookies policy .\nwe ' d also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like . your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time . please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages .\n\u00a9 copyright ti media limited . all rights reserved . terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nthe cleverness starts even before you hit\nplay\non the first episode of season 2 of bojack horseman : the\nepisode\nmenu button is missing the\nd\n( it ' s up by the\nseason\ndrop - down menu ) .\nit ' s a subtle nod to the netflix series ' fans , who ' ll remember bojack ( will arnett ) stealing the d from the famed hollywood sign to impress diane ( alison brie ) in season 1 . from there , the details only get more delightful . there are callbacks , set - ups , puns , minutiae that no one in their right mind would have taken the time to think up , much less animate . but that ' s part of what makes the wonderfully absurd world of bojack such a joy to enter , and we ' d be remiss in not pointing out every last clever little thing we could see , both for the benefit of you , the viewer , and to give props to the brains behind the show . here ' s everything we noticed from episodes 1 - 3 . ( plus : the hidden gems from episodes 4 - 6 , episodes 7 - 9 and episodes 10 - 12 . )\nsebastian st . clair is on the tv in the background of the opening credits sequence now .\nthat ' s actually george takei narrating\nold dumb life , brand new attitude .\nthe sign on the locker to the left of corduroy jackson - jackson would like you to get\nfreaky at the preakness ,\npresented by\nchicken 4 dayz .\n( you ' ll see why we ' re pointing that out in episode 5 . )\na dog in a chicken costume , and a chicken in a dog costume .\ntodd has a sleeping cap under his regular skullcap and is reading the\nraw as hell\nnovel\nsandwich\nby\natonement\nauthor ian mcewan .\nrutabaga ' rabitowitz ' s guitars are signed by : woodchuck berry , eddie van whalen , and b . b . king cobra .\nherb ' s 1988 calendar has january 1 on a friday , which is correct . no one in the world would have noticed or cared if this tiny detail were not correct , but that ' s how these guys roll .\nrutabaga has a goodnight moon painting on his wall that strongly implies he ' s the young rabbit in the story . also , his bonsai tree is a carrot .\nbojack ' s mom ' s contact photo is a lit cigarette , and the call answer / ignore buttons are a little more colloquial .\nthe bartender at this seafood restaurant is a squid . ( also , there is a lobster patron . )\nit ' s 2012 magazine takes us back to when everyone was really into psy and\nlolarious\nautocorrects .\nbojack was on the cover of person magazine with steve urkel ( who inspires todd ' s transformation in episode 3 ) .\nbellican ' s bar is right around the corner from a liquor store called\nbooze .\nthe san fur nando valley ! also , note the multi - species - family decal on the purple sedan , which , according to the vanity license plate , belongs to a female roller derby enthusiast .\nmbn head of programming wanda pierce ' s ideas : the kirk cameron show , hey , i think you can dance , having david copperfield disappear the world trade center .\nsignature attractions at todd ' s disneyland : mr . todd ' s wild death coaster , gabe jr . ' s grease fire of the caribbean , cinderella ' s magical pile of used mattresses . also , todd gave himself an exception for the height rule , and his face is on all the balloons .\nthere are honeycombs all over the park ( y ' know , ' cause of the worker bees ) . and mr . peanutbutter ' s friend erica makes her first non - appearance this season !\nerica ! you can ' t be here\u2014this place is filled with children !\nat the ' 50s diner bojack and wanda go to , marlin brando is serving stellas ( and a corona light ) .\nyet another appearance from\nwoodchuck berry .\n( and other clever animal - musician mashups . )\nthere are already billboards up for hey , i think you can dance with hank hippopopalous .\nhuh , alex sure looks like the americans ' matthew rhys , doesn ' t he ? ( he ' s voiced by joel mchale . ) perhaps because\u2014spoiler alert for 10 minutes from now\u2014he ' s a kgb spy .\nspy shit .\nalso , character actress margo martindale update : still in prison .\nlittle girl is wearing a shirt with a hippopotamus on it that says\nuncle hanky\n\u2014hank hippopopalous .\nthere are 11 gazelle ( or perhaps impala ) jurors . the 12th is a lion , and they are all leaning away from him . bonus : the otter judge is referred to as\nyour otter .\non the disneyland ( or\ndiisneyland\n) articles of incorporation ,\nanaheim\nis also misspelled .\noh no they disn ' nt !\nthe worker bees all have flowers in their drinking glasses .\nin this issue of it ' s 2015 magazine : a red - and - green dress that is either blue or white .\nthe baboon from episode 1 is still jogging by bojack ' s place . in fact , he jogs by in just about every episode .\nnot only did someone tape up a janky cardboard sign for todd ' s disneyland , but the bear on the california state flag is wearing clothes .\na ) goat with a\ngoatful dead\nt - shirt . b )\nas long as the ratings don ' t dip below a dismal 15 million a night ,\nherb is saying , which is how you know it ' s the 1980s . network execs today would claw a production assistant ' s eyes out to get 15 million viewers a week .\nthere are literal vultures circling herb ' s funeral . ( they are in suits , though . )\n- sibling actors jake and maggot gyllenhaal -\nthat pakistani girl who keeps winning nobel prizes ,\na . k . a . malala yousafzai\n( note that herb and bojack ' s deer / dear friend charlotte is in the photo in the lower right - hand corner . )\nherman ' s hermit crabs : a reference to the 1960s british band herman ' s hermits .\ntina the bear - nurse is eating all the salmon hors d ' ouevres .\nlike diisneyland , bojack ' s lemon - lime soda from the ' 90s is\nsquiirt .\nback in the ' 90s , the l . a . lakers signed shaquille o ' seal .\na ) there is an aa chapter right next to a biker bar called\nthe watering hole ,\nwhich is frequented by water buffalo bikers . even better , there ' s a crocodile on the sign . truth in advertising . b ) there is a skin heads anonymous chapter on the same block . c ) a childcare center is in between these things , next to a gun store .\nhow many of bojack horseman ' s hundreds of hidden jokes , puns , sight gags and pop culture references did you spot ? see what you missed in episodes 1 - 3 , episodes 4 - 6 , episodes 7 - 9 and episodes 10 - 12 .\nkeep up with which shows are must - see , all the stories you need to read , sweepstakes and contest opportunities , and much more . . . all delivered directly to your inbox !\nvolatis stud was founded by sacha shaw in 2004 with the purchase of the first two broodmares , foxwood polo and dee dee g . in those early days the aim was to breed super all round athletes that could turn a hoof to any discipline , and ideally coloured .\nin more recent years the emphasis has switched to focusing on the breeding of top class sporthorses . the aim is to cross top quality proven mares from the finest motherlines with the best stallions , to breed exceptional sporthorses with that little bit extra . temperament and athleticism are the most important considerations , but rigorous attention is paid to finding the right match for each mare , in terms of type , conformation and pedigree . the mares are all highly graded in multiple studbooks .\nvolatis stud is the fulfilment of a lifetime\u2019s ambition and dreams . owned and managed by sacha shaw , volatis is a place where dreams are born and allowed to soar . the word volatis is itself derived from the latin word volo , which means to fly or soar , the sentiment of which the following quotation from the shakespeare play henry v captures perfectly - \u2018 when i bestride him i soar , i am a hawk . he trots the air , the earth sings when he touches it . \u2019\nsacha was born into a national hunt racing family , and as a teenager competed in a number of disciplines at home in zambia . she represented zambia as a junior in show jumping and was also eventing at intermediate level from the age of 14 . after graduating with a business law degree she re - schooled a number of ex - racehorses , and after some years working in accountancy , decided to make the move to working full time with horses . as well as running a successful livery yard , she spent some years managing the famous daldorn stud for lady benton - jones and producing her young horses for the show ring .\nat the start of 2010 sacha sold the majority of the breeding stock and moved to germany to work for the world famous paul schockemohle at his stallion station and competition yard in muhlen . this proved to be an immensely educational experience , working with , and riding , top class athletes , some of whom have gone on to international championship careers . sacha had always followed the german breeding scene with interest , visiting stallion approvals and shows , but to be immersed in the centre of it was extremely enlightening ."]}
{"id": 1869, "summary": [{"text": "rheocles is a genus of madagascar rainbowfish .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "rheocles has a restricted distribution , being found only in certain forested freshwater habitats in the central and eastern highlands of madagascar including the nosivolo river .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the genus appears to feed almost exclusively on allochthonous material , primarily insects falling onto the water surface . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "rheocles", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )\ntitle =\narkive species - rheocles ( rheocles vatosoa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nrheocles is an exclusively freshwater genus of madagascan bedotiid ecologically restricted to heavily forested streams ( stiassny 1990 ) .\nrheocles vatosoa begins to spawn in late october and early november and is believed to have an extended breeding season ( 2 ) . based on the reproductive behaviour of a closely - related species , rheocles alaotrensis , along with an absence of aquatic plants in its habitat , it is thought that rheocles vatosoa deposits its eggs in patches of coarse gravel ( 2 ) .\nbased on recent work , rheocles alaotrensis is now considered to be restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .\nrheocles species belong to the family bedotiidae and are closely related to the madagascar rainbowfishes . many of the differences that separate the genera rheocles and bedotia are skeletal and are difficult for the average hobbyist to detect . externally , the presence of a bedotia notch on the premaxillae ( upper jaw ) of malagasy rainbowfish helps to readily distinguish bedotia from rheocles in all known species . cichlids of madagascar > >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - katrana ( rheocles alaotrensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )\ntitle =\narkive species - zono ( rheocles wrightae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na freshwater species , rheocles vatosoa occupies clear waters of both rapidly flowing rivers and small brooks , over gravel or coarse sand bottoms ( 2 ) .\nrheocles wrightae is distributed along mangoro catchment in madagascar . a subpopulation is also found in the upper reaches of the lakato river ( ravelomanana unpublished data ) .\nnot much is known about the captive husbandry of rheocles species , which is both bad news and good news . this is bad news because not only are rheocles species hard to get hold of , but the little that we know about them shows that they can be finicky when it comes to captive care .\ndescription of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031\nthis species is known from lac alaotra , upstream of maningory and betsiboka rivers , in madagascar . a recent ambatovy project study discovered that the rheocles alaotrensis occurring in mangoro system is a new species , and the rianila subpopulation is also a new species . therefore , rheocles alaotrensis is restricted to alaotra and the surrounded lakes and maningory system .\nalthough there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for rheocles vatosoa , the catchment of streams in the lokoho basin is now protected by the marojejy national park ( 1 ) .\nmales defend a small territory that is typically centered around a landmark , such as a rock or collection of mops . they display rapid up - down swimming motions when ripe females approach . rheocles species lay small sticky eggs on the aquarium substrate . unlike bedotia species that typically lay their eggs in tight clusters , rheocles species lay their eggs singly and prefer a firm substrate to spawning mops .\ndetails - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 - biodiversity heritage library\nthe type series and all available specimens of rheocles vatosoa have been collected in upper reaches of the lokoho river in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( stiassny et al . 2002 ) .\nvery little information is available on the biology of rheocles vatosoa . its diet appears to be somewhat opportunistic , consisting of both terrestrial insects , likely to have fallen into the water from overhanging trees , and aquatic insect larvae ( 2 ) .\nrheocles derhami only known from amboaboa and mangarahara rivers in the sofia drainage . recent surveys ( 2013 - 2014 ) only found one specimen in amboaboa near the marotandrano village . no other subpopulations are found elsewhere ( pers . obs . ) .\neggs hatch in six to eight days at temperatures near 80 degrees fahrenheit . rheocles fry are small and will have trouble consuming brine shrimp nauplii as their first food so have an infusoria culture or some vinegar eels for starting foods . keep in mind that rheocles fry are extremely fragile for the first few months of life , and attempting to move young ones to a rearing aquarium often leaves you with nothing to rear . it is best to move the parents and leave the fry where they hatch .\nrheocles alaotrensis was caught in the middle of alaotra lake where the depth was about one metre . the water was coloured between red or yellow . the lake substrate was silt . it is found is forested and semi - forested streams and small lakes .\nrheocles species grow to an average total length of 3 inches with larger individuals reaching close to 3\u00be inches . two species \u2014 r . vatosoa and r . derhami \u2014 show constant sexual dichromatism while the other five species are monochromatic outside the reproductive season .\nwhat the heck are silversides from madagascar , you might ask . well , these small sleek fishes belong to the genus rheocles and are found , for the most part , in cooler faster flowing waters around madagascar\u2019s northern territories . however , just to make things difficult , paul loiselle , ph . d . , recently discovered a new species of rheocles in the far south near ft . dauphin . there are currently seven species recognized in this genus , which was first described in 1891 . killifish of madagascar > >\nstiassny , m . l . j . ( 1990 ) notes on the anatomy and relationships of the bedotiid fishes of madagascar : with a taxonomic revision of the genus rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) . american museum novitates , 2979 : 1 - 33 .\nstiassny , m . l . j . , rodriguez , d . m . and loiselle , p . v . ( 2002 ) rheocles vatosoa , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the lokoho river basin in northeastern madagascar . cybium , 261 : 71 - 77 .\nloiselle , p . v . and stiassny , m . l . j . ( 2003 ) rheocles , malagasy rainbowfish , aona . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .\nty - book ti - description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 ur - urltoken py - 1992 au - reinthal , peter . au - stiassny , melanie l . j . er -\nstiassny , m . l . j . and d . m . rodriguez , 2001 . rheocles derhami , a new species of freshwater rainbowfish ( atherinomorpha : bedotiidae ) from the ambomboa river in northeastern madagascar . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 12 ( 2 ) : 97 - 104 . ( ref . 39832 )\nthroughout its range , rheocles vatosoa is found predominately in clear streams over gravel or coarse sand bottoms . such streams are characterized by soft , slightly acidic to moderately alkaline water , total and carbonate hardness value < 1\u00b0dh , electrical conductivity between 23 and 30\u00b5s / cm and ph values between 6 . 8 and 7 . 5 .\nfiltration was easily supplied with undergravel filter plates covered in small - diameter gravel and supplemented with air - driven sponge filters . this filtration was sufficient for 15 specimens in a 50 - gallon aquarium . i see no reason to forego canister or hang - on filters if that is your preference , and rheocles species might appreciate the increased flow rate .\nmalagasy silversides live in waters ranging from 5 . 0 to 8 . 5 ph , low hardness ( less than 3 dkh ) and cool temperatures usually lower than 73 degrees fahrenheit . analysis of gut contents shows that , like pachypanchax and bedotia species , rheocles species are somewhat opportunistic feeders that prey on both aquatic insects and terrestrial insects that fall into the water .\nrheocles vatosoa is currently known only from the lokoho river in north - eastern madagascar , where it occurs in the upper and middle reaches of the main river channel in the general vicinity of the town of andapa ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . it typically occurs between 400 and 940 metres above sea level ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nthe second challenge with rheocles species is disease . like the malagasy cichlids , malagasy silversides are highly susceptible to ich ( ichthyophthirius multfiliis ) infection and it can be deadly if not caught in time . treatment with an over - the - counter ich medication ( malachite and formalin - based , if possible ) coupled with increased temperatures between 78 and 82 degrees does the trick .\nin andreba village , the rheocles alaotrensis fishery is very important . they use mosquito nets as seine . significant quantities of this species go to ambatondrazaka , moramanga and antananarivo markets . the alaotra lake habitat loss is well studied by moreau ( 1977 ) . continued deforestation throughout its range is a threat . the species is also threatened by the alien invasive species of channidae and xiphophorus helleri .\njustification : based on recent survey work this species is more widespread than previously hypothesized . the eoo is still less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 , it is known from four separate locations , and the habitat quality is declining , largely due to the impacts of deforestation . rheocles wrightae is therefore assessed as endangered . it should however be noted that taxonomic work is required to confirm the species range .\nmore worrisome is the rheocles susceptibility to a bloatlike condition , at least in wild - caught specimens . the founder population i worked with in denver developed bloat after one year in captivity . abdominal swelling with sudden listlessness defied both water parameters adjustment and pharmaceutical use and eventually caused 100 - percent mortality in the population . subsequent generations seem less prone to bloat and no definitive cause was ever identified .\nrheocles alaotrensis males undergo a dramatic color change when coming into breeding condition , with unpaired fins becoming a deep red with the main body a dark , sooty black . i would hazard a guess that in the four other species that are normally monochromatic ( r . wrightae , r . pellegrini , r . sikorae and r . lateralis ) , a distinct change in coloration is associated with spawning .\n@ book { bhl170907 , title = { description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 } , url = urltoken note = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { reinthal , peter . and stiassny , melanie l . j . } , year = { } , pages = { 0 } , }\nrheocles alaotrensis , r . vatosoa and r . wrightae have all been kept in aquaria for varying lengths of time . the lake alaotra silverside ( r . alaotrensis ) was bred at the denver zoo for four generations before populations stopped breeding and began showing severe signs of physical malformation . during that time , we found that although our r . alaotrensis were collected in soft acidic waters with an average temperature of 66 degrees , they reproduced quite readily in our tap water ( ph of 7 . 2 , 8 dgh , 3 dkh ) with temperatures ranging from 75 to 82 degrees . we were never able to determine what caused the malformations and die off of our populations ; hypotheses included inbreeding depression and mercury poisoning of the founders .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 14 - 19 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 15 - 21 ; vertebrae : 35 - 38 . rheocles derhami is readily distinguished from r . sikorae and r . wrightae by length of upper jaw ( 32 - 41 % hl versus 46 - 58 ) and absence of black pigmentation of genital papilla , from r . pellegrini by number of gill rakers on lower limb of first arch ( 9 - 10 versus 6 - 7 ) , from r . lateralis by caudal peduncle length ( 67 . 3 - 78 . 6 % sl versus 84 . 6 - 96 . 7 ) , and from r . alaotrensis by absence of chest and belly scales and paired predorsal scale rows ( ref . 39832 ) . in life males normally light grey , the second dorsal , anal and caudal fins are bright silvery blue , the throat region is orange - red , light grey females are not brightly colored ; preserved specimens are creamy yellow , scale rows in dorsal midline heavily pigmented and darkened ( ref . 39832 ) .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > description of a new species of rheocles ( atherinomorpha , bedotiidae ) from the nosivolo tributary , mangoro river , eastern malagasy republic . american museum novitates ; no . 3031 < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > reinthal , peter . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > stiassny , melanie l . j . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> book < / genre > < origininfo > < dateissued > 1992 < / dateissued > < / origininfo > < physicaldescription > < form authority =\nmarcform\n> print < / form > < / physicaldescription > < language > < languageterm authority =\niso639 - 2b\ntype =\ntext\n> english < / languageterm > < / language > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nthe museum is open daily from 10 am to 5 : 45 pm except on thanksgiving and christmas .\nthe science computer cluster facility is a major resource used to advance and support our research and educational initiatives . the science clusters are used by museum research scientists , postdoctoral fellows , graduate and undergraduate students whose work relies heavily on high - end capability computing in areas of biology , genomics , astrophysics , and anthropology .\namnh scientists are at the forefront of developing and utilizing cutting - edge approaches in computing paradigms to address problems of broad application in the biological and physical sciences . for instance , researchers in invertebrate zoology have developed and implemented phylogenetic algorithms that are used by scientists around the world . while those in astrophysics , in collaborations with scientists world - wide , use high - resolution numerical simulation techniques to bring life to the hayden planetarium space shows .\nfurther , as part of the core mission of the museum , to educate , train and disseminate information , the clusters are leveraged to promote the significance of high - performance computing within today ' s society for science and engineering through our educational programs .\nthe richard gilder graduate school embraces graduate training , post - doctoral fellowships , and undergraduate training programs at the museum , through both independent activities and partnerships with universities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\na recent study done by the ambatovy project revealed that the rianila and mangoro subpopulations are genetically different from the alaotra subpopulation .\njustification : the species has a restricted eoo ( 170 km\u00b2 ) , is found in a single location threatened by the spread of invasive alien species , and suffers an ongoing decline and loss of habitat , primarily due to conversion to rice fields . the species is therefore assessed as endangered .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is still abundant in nosivolo tributaries and around anosibe an ' ala and mangabe . it is rarer in the upper reaches of the mangoro river to the north of moramanga ( ravelomanana , unpublished data ) .\nthe main threats are habitat loss and degradation through siltation caused by deforestation of a small remaining forested region ; and competition / predation from exotic invasive species .\nsome populations of this species are inside of different protected areas : corridor ankeniheny zahamena , couloir forestier anjjozorobe angavo , marolambo and nosivolo .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )\nreinthal , p . n . and m . l . j . stiassny , 1997 . revision of the madagascan genus ptychochromoides ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with description of a new species . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 7 ( 4 ) : 353 - 368 . ( ref . 26236 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nafrica : central east madagascar , lake alotra , maningory river system ; anjozorobe and in the tributaries of betsikiboka on the west slope of madagascar .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4114 )\nmaug\u00e9 , l . a . , 1986 . atherinidae . p . 277 - 279 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4114 )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nendangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : a recently described species known from the lokoho and andapa river basins , madagascar . even though the catchment of the streams in the lokoho basin is protected by the marojejy and anjanaharibe sud national parks , the restricted range ( eoo less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 ) , single location ( based on the threat from invasive alien species ) , and a continued decline in habitat extent and quality outside the national park ( mainly due to deforestation and rice farming ) , lead to an assessment of endangered for this species .\nin forested streams within portions of its range , this species is still abundant . within the andapa basin and in andrakata river , this speces is now very rare .\nfishery activity using mosquito net is common in the andapa rice fields . during the time period of our observations , this species was completely extirpated from this area ( ravelomanana , pers . obs . )\nongoing deforestation , mosquito net fishery activity and the presence of the exotic species : gambusia holbrooki , xiphophorus hellerii and channa maculata pose the principal threats to the long - term survival of r . vatosoa . the central part of the species range has also been converted into extensive areas of rice fields where this species is no longer present .\nraminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r & velosoa , j .\njustification : this species is very restricted in the mandolotra river where it is only found in the clear running headwaters . it has an eoo of approximately 10 km\u00b2 is found at a single location and suffers from the impacts of ongoing habitat decline and invasive species resulting in a continuing decline in the quality of habitat . the species is therefore assessed as critically endangered .\nthis species is known only from the mandolotra river affluent of nosivolo river in madagascar .\nit was still abundant at the two places where it was found in 2007 ( ravelomanana pers comm . ) at the headwaters and confluence of the mandolotra and the nosivolo rivers .\nloss of habitat quality following significant levels of deforestation . competition and predation from gambusia holbrooki and xiphophorus maculatus are also threats . overfishing with mosquito nets is also a threat .\nraminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .\njustification : until the past decade , this species had not been collected since the 1930s , largely because its exact type locality was not known . in the past decade , additional specimens have been collected from the region of the type locality . however , there are little data available upon which to base statements about the quality of its habitat or the size of its population . it is assessed as data deficient .\nthe single known locality for r . pellegrini is given by nichols and lamonte ( 1931 ) as being\none day west of andapa .\nthe fish were collected by a . l . rand and p . a . dumont who were participants in the\narchibold expedition\nto the island ( stiassny , 1990 ) . subsequent specimens have been collected from this region in the past decade . it is endemic to madagascar .\nsubpopulations in the region of the type locality are extant and appear relatively stable .\ndeforestation and resulting habitat degradation in the region is a threat to this species .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthe nucleosome is a histone octamer containing two molecules each of h2a , h2b , h3 and h4 assembled in one h3 - h4 heterotetramer and two h2a - h2b heterodimers . the octamer wraps approximately 147 bp of dna .\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nauthenticated ( 17 / 08 / 10 ) by dr . paul v . loiselle , curator of freshwater fishes , new york aquarium . pvl2413 @ urltoken\nkiener , a . ( 1963 ) poissons , p\u00eache et pisciculture \u00e0 madagascar . centre technique forestier tropical , nogent - sur - marne .\ndr . paul v . loiselle curator of freshwater fishes new york aquarium surf ave . and west 8th st . brooklyn ny 11224 united states of america tel : ( 718 ) 265 - 3406 fax : ( 719 ) 265 - 3420 ploiselle @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nraminosoa , n . , randrianizahaisa , h . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .\nthis species is only known from a single location , a tributary of the sofia river in madagascar . the species was formerly abundant in this area as recorded by stiasnny et al . ( 1992 ) but surveys in 2013 ( tsilavina ravelomanana , brian zimmerman et al . ) found only one specimen despite extensive survey .\nthe species was formerly found in clear , pristine river habitat . it occurs in the upper part of the catchment where the water is relatively cool .\nthis species is facing a significant degree of habitat loss , which is the main cause of its decline . sedimentation changes the main river facies into shallow pools and runs . this kind of habitat is not suitable for this species especially when it is exposed to the sun , as the temperature climbs .\nthis species also faces huge overfishing pressure . local fishers use mosquito nets for fishing in the shallows and they practice poisoning in deep sections .\ncr\u00e9\u00e9e le 28 janvier 1976 , la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d\u2019ichtyologie s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et internationalis\u00e9e rapidement . malgr\u00e9 un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n\u2019ont pas vari\u00e9 depuis 1976 . c\u2019est pour r\u00e9pondre au quatri\u00e8me point de ses objectifs \u2013 assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d\u2019une publication sp\u00e9cifique \u2013 que la revue cybium fut cr\u00e9\u00e9e d\u00e8s 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l\u2019initiative de publier ou d\u2019aider \u00e0 publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l\u2019objet ou non de num\u00e9ros sp\u00e9ciaux de la revue .\ncybium , \u00e9dit\u00e9e par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise d\u2019ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synth\u00e8se , des r\u00e9sum\u00e9s de th\u00e8se , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations int\u00e9ressant les membres de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 ou l\u2019ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets trait\u00e9s doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l\u2019ichtyologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale , fondamentale ou appliqu\u00e9e , qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse de poissons d\u2019eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .\nthe europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite\nvous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des r\u00e9sum\u00e9s et quelques photos .\nseminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )\nphysiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki\ng . prestes - carneiro , p . b\u00e9arez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki\nnamed for patrick de rham , director of the aquatic conservation network ( ref . 39832 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 39832 )\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 40 se ; based on food items .\nbonus content from the november 2009 fama magazine article fishes from the red island .\naquarium d\u00e9cor and lighting should attempt to mimic forested streams , so save the compact fluorescents and bubble curtains for other species . spawning mops or live plants can provide appropriate cover and subdued lighting is best for these somewhat skittish fishes .\nthe katrana is one of a family of small , colourful fish , the bedotiidae or madagascan rainbowfish , which inhabit the waters of madagascar . this species is one of the largest in the family , with an attractive yellow , pink and brown body ( 3 ) . male and female katranas can be distinguished by the colour of their fins ; while the male\u2019s fins are bright red , those of the female have a pale rose colouration ( 4 ) .\nthe katrana is a schooling fish ( 5 ) , which feeds primarily on insects that have fallen into the water from the surrounding vegetation , as well as aquatic insect larvae ( 6 ) .\nthe eggs of the katrana are adhesive and attach to the stream banks and vegetation , preventing them from being swept away to unfavourable habitats . after spawning , the katrana leaves its eggs unguarded ( 7 ) ( 8 ) . the eggs hatch in 10 to 14 days , and the resulting fry ( young fish ) are capable of swimming and feeding as soon as they hatch ( 9 ) .\nendemic to madagascar , the katrana is found in lake alaotra , the largest lake on the island , as well as the maningory and rianila river systems and tributaries of the betsiboka river ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .\nthis freshwater species inhabits small rivers and streams that are clean , silt - free and well oxygenated , often with over - hanging vegetation ( 5 ) , as well as the open waters of lake alaotra ( 4 ) .\nthis small , colourful fish is threatened by an increase in human activities in the areas surrounding its habitat . large - scale slash - and - burn deforestation , such as that occurring around lake alaotra ( 10 ) , results in soil erosion and run - off into the surrounding rivers and streams . the increased silt suspended in the water disrupts water flow , smothers fish eggs , and generally creates an unfavourable environment ( 6 ) .\nthere is also an active fishery for this species in lake alaotra ( 4 ) . heavy fishing pressure has resulted in the katranas in the lake having a much smaller average length than that of populations inhabiting rivers ( 9 ) .\ninvasive fish species , introduced by humans to increase fishery productivity , are an ever - increasing problem to the native fishes of madagascar . it is not known how precisely these species displace the native fishes , but it is suspected a mix of predation and competition is responsible ( 6 ) .\nalthough there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the katrana in its natural environment , denver zoo is working on a captive breeding programme ( 11 ) and there are several broad - spectrum projects working on wetland preservation in the region ( 12 ) . while this species is currently doing much better than previously expected , like the other species in its family the katrana is still under considerable threat ( 1 ) .\nmaug\u00e9 , l . a . ( 1986 ) atherinidae . in : daget , j . , gosse , j . p . and thys van den audenaerde , d . f . e . ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa . volume 2 . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren .\nreinthal , p . j . , riseng , k . j . and sparks , j . s . ( 2003 ) water management issues in madagascar : biodiversity , conservation and deforestation . in : crisman , t . l . , chapman , l . j . , chapman , c . a . and kaufman , l . s . ( eds . ) conservation , ecology and management of african fresh waters . university press of florida , florida .\nbreder , c . m . and rosen , d . e . ( 1966 ) modes of reproduction in fishes . natural history press , new york .\nmutschler , t . ( 2003 ) lac alaotra . in : goodman , s . m . and benstead , j . p . ( eds . ) the natural history of madagascar . university of chicago press , chicago .\nandrianandrasana , h . t . , randriamahefasoa , j . , durbin , j . , lewis , r . e . and ratsimbazafy , j . h . ( 2005 ) participatory ecological monitoring of the alaotra wetlands in madagascar . biodiversityand conservation , 14 : 2757 - 2774 .\ninformation on the zono is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 1871, "summary": [{"text": "broscus cephalotes is a species of nocturnal , coastal ground beetle found throughout most of europe .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "its habitat in europe spans from western europe into western siberia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the species was introduced recently ( circa 1975 ) in the eastern areas of canada .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the beetle has since spread farther south and west into the united states .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the carabidae family , of which broscus cephalotes is a part , is generally considered as a family that is beneficial to humans due to their predatory habits .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "their varied diet often includes crop pests and other small organisms . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "broscus cephalotes", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\njymykiit\u00e4j\u00e4inen\nto\nbroscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nkopfl\u00e4ufer\nto\nbroscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\nmatalin , a . v . and budilov , p . v . , \u201cgeographical variability of sexual and age structure of populations and the life cycle in broscus cephalotes ( coleoptera , carabidae ) , \u201d zool . zh .\n297 . larochelle , a . and m . - c . larivi\u00e8re . 1989 . first records of broscus cephalotes ( linnaeus ) ( coleoptera : carabidae : broscini ) for north america . the coleopterists bulletin 43 : 69 - 73 .\nbroscus cephalotes attacks everything : in our experiments , its most preferred prey was woodlice and ants . co - specific beetles were attacked by a broscus at the opening of its tube when they run across . in most cases , fights started and ended without any obvious reason . a real hunting behavior could not be observed . the fighting behavior can be characterized as catch - as - catch - can and , in our experiments , was displayed most frequently under artificial daytime conditions . it is interpreted as fighting for prey .\nbroscus cephalotes ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : godet et al . ( 2010 ) [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] godet , l . , le mao , p . , grant , c . & olivier , f . 2010 . marine invertebrate fauna of the chausey archipelago : an annotated checklist of historical data from 1828 to 2008 . cahiers de biologie marine , 51 : 147 - 165 .\ncarabus cephalotes linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 414 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmi\u00e6 . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : large ( 16 - 23mm ) dull black ground beetle which burrows under stones and driftwood , preying on supralittoral amphipods and isopods . on the seaward edge of sand dunes around the coast .\nworld distribution : a eurosiberian wide - temperate species ( 64 ) found across west and central europe to western siberia . recently reported as an introduction to the eastern seaboard of the united states ( larochelle , 1989 ) .\necology : a strongly thermoxerophilic species favouring loose , dry sand and confined to coastal habitats in ireland , although it also occurs inland in europe . mostly recorded from bare sand between the strandline and the front of fore dunes on sandy coasts , more rarely on sparsely vegetated fore dunes .\nthis site requires the use of cookies to function . it also uses cookies for the purposes of performance measurement . please see our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\nbrill\u2019s mybook program is exclusively available on brillonline books and journals . students and scholars affiliated with an institution that has purchased a brill e - book on the brillonline platform automatically have access to the mybook option for the title ( s ) acquired by the library . brill mybook is a print - on - demand paperback copy which is sold at a favorably uniform low price .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > brill < / portalid > < sessionid > osen85mx52mh - y5zjgudrf8a . x - brill - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 239 . 66 . 229 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531171394849 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nfor more content , see archives n\u00e9erlandaises de zoologie ( vol 1 - 17 ) and animal biology ( vol 53 and onwards ) .\nthe 24 carabid species investigated appeared to be polyphagous , but not equally so . among species showing a smaller degree of polyphagy , oligophages and specialized feeders were distinguished , the latter species specializing on collembolans . the\nphytophagous\ngenera amara and harpalus were found to behave similarly to the generalists . cannibalism was not observed , although larvae , among which it may well occur , were not studied . specialists are mainly confined to the carabinae , and the literature suggests that they can also be distinguished by their morphology and behaviour , which reflect their specialization . it seems unlikely that their specialization is in response to food shortage .\nfunctional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus in the rabbit ( oryctolagus cuniculus l . )\nfunctional morphology of the head of the perch ( perca fluviatilis l . ) : an electromyographic study\nlegakis , a . ( 2001 ) . insecta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 323 - 324 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nmuller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission r\u00e9gionale de biologie r\u00e9gion nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsiobhan leachman added an association between\nn102 _ w1150\nand\npterostichus cristatus\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\ntronquet ( 2014 ) : 115 . [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de france . revue de l\u2019association roussillonnaise d\u2019entomologie , 23 ( suppl\u00e9ment ) : 1 - 1052 .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 17 december , 2017 - 9 : 52am\nthis article is available online . abstract : sixty - nine carabid species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in 37 genera and 19 tribes were documented from cove point , calvert county , maryland , during surveys from 2010 to 2016 . three species , anisodactylus haplomus chaudoir , pterostichus permundus ( say ) , and stenocrepis mexicana ( chevrolat ) are documented for the first time from maryland .\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 20 september , 2017 - 9 : 38am\nnew species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and [ . . . ]\nby igor m . sokolov , yuliya y . sokolova , and christopher e . carlton\nfull title : new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and phylogeography of the a - langdoni species group a . cieglerae and a . pusillus are described .\nby will , k . , madan , r . , hsu , h .\nedited abstract : additions to the list of carabidae known for nevada , usa and carabid beetles found in the great basin national park , nv are reported with notes on ecology and identification resources . for 79 species of carabids , the authors present 57 new state records , two state records previously reported in online resources [ bugguide ] , one confirmation of a previous questionable record for the state , and report 22 records for the great basin national park that includes three new state records . this paper is available online .\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 13 june , 2017 - 3 : 02pm\npp 67 - 92 in\nthe distributional history of the biota of the southern appalachians . part i . invertebrates .\nedited by p . c . holt , r . l . hoffman , and c . w . hart jr . barr writes on the distribution and natural history of endemic carabid species of the southern appalachians .\ncontributed by peter w . messer on 19 december , 2015 - 12 : 59pm\nground beetles from the quantico marine corps base : 2 . thirty additional species from recent collections ( coleoptera : carabidae )\n. in both quantico papers , differences and similarities between carabids found at quantico and plummers island are discussed most thoughtfully .\nnatural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : [ . . . ]\nnatural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : an analysis of fauna in relation to size , habitat selection , vagility , seasonality , and extinction .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncorresponding author : andrey v . matalin ( ur . akhcot @ nilatam _ a ) .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\npitfall trapping is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify terrestrial arthropods ( barber 1931 ) . the simplicity of the method and the possibility of data standardization are the main advantages of their application in numerous entomological studies . pitfall trapping is easy , and as such arthropods can be captured in different places at the same time . this explains the extensive use of pitfall traps in ecological investigations of ground beetles ( scherney 1959 ; skuhrav\u00fd 1959 ; nov\u00e1k 1964 ; kabacik - wasylik 1970 ; tietze 1973 ; den boer 1977 ; brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 ; \u00f8stbye and h\u00e4gvar 1996 ; gryuntal 2008 ; makarov and matalin 2009 ) .\nthe last case clearly illustrates the probable scales of migration in carabidae , showing that populations are often incapable of reproducing in such environments . however , it still remains unclear whether this situation is general or not . we can assume that the proportion of species with incomplete demographic spectra represented in pitfall traps is higher in disturbed habitats , while in undisturbed or moderately disturbed habitats , the sex and age structures of the populations are more or less balanced .\nin the present study , we highlight a key methodological problem that the actual community structure ( e . g . , the roles of individual species ) cannot be understood based on pitfall counts alone . we also demonstrate how demographic analysis can be used to address this problem .\nground beetle communities in the lake elton region , volgograd area , south - eastern russia ( 49o12 . 47\u2019n , 46o39 . 75\u2019e ) were studied in 2006\u20132007 . lake elton is situated within the botkul - bulukhta drainless desert depression , which belongs to the caspian lowland . a strongly pronounced salt - dome structure is characteristic of this region , and desert steppes are typical plant associations in most of the habitats present ( nekrutkina 2006 ; safronova 2006 ) . dense reedbeds occur in the river valleys , in gullies at lakesides there are trees and shrubs , while lakesides near the mouth of most large rivers are characterised by salt - marshes . near the village of elton , all desert steppes are fragmented or transformed into pastures .\npitfall trapping was conducted in 10 habitats : six zonal characteristic of this particular biogeographical area , and four azonal present in a variety of biogeographical areas ( walter 1973 ; chernov 1975 ) . three selected habitats were located near the village of elton , while seven were placed on the north - western shore of lake elton , on the right bank of the river khara ( for more details see makarov and matalin 2009 ) . zonal habitats were represented by sagebrush and sagebrush - grassland steppe with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbances ( strong near elton village , moderate on the northern slope of mt . ulagan , and weak in the watershed of river khara ) . azonal habitats were chosen along salinity and solar irradiation gradients ( strong in the lakeside salt - marsh , moderate in the salina on the floodplain terrace of river khara , and weak in reedbeds along river khara ) .\nplastic cups of 0 . 5 l capacity and 95 mm upper diameter containing 4 % formaldehyde solution as a preservative were used . in each habitat , 10 traps were arranged along transects at 10 m intervals . the traps were checked every ten days from 10 may to 31 october in 2006 and from 1 april to 10 may in 2007 .\nall captured carabids were dissected . based on gonad condition ( gilbert 1956 , skuhrav\u00fd 1959 , van heerdt et al . 1976 , wallin 1989 ) , as well as on the degree of wear - and - tear of the mandibles , claws and cuticle ( houston 1981 , brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 , butterfield 1986 , davies 1987 ) , six physiological states in the adults of both sexes were distinguished .\nrecently emerged beetles with soft and pale cuticle ; mandibles and claws sharp . ovaries thin , white or translucent without any trace of developing oocytes ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts very thin . testes thin and dull or relatively large and white ; accessory glands always thin and poorly visible .\ncuticle fully hardened and coloured ; mandibles and claws pointed . ovaries compact , opaque and white , with or without distinctly visible oocytes , but always without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts long and thin . testes opaque and white ; accessory glands no longer than half of the abdominal length , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\ncuticle slightly worn ; mandibles and claws hardly or distinctly dulled . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent or yellowish , hardly visible ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and white or cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and white or light - yellow , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .\ncuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws dull . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea distinctly light or dark brown ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and cream - coloured or light - brown , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .\ncuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws as a rule distinctly dull . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , often deposited above last developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and cream - coloured or yellow ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow or light - brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\ncuticle very worn ; mandibles and claws blunt . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured or light - brown , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , as a rule deposited under the developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and yellow or brown ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow , yellow - orange or brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .\nthe separation between parental and ancestral generations was somewhat subjective and should be interpreted with caution . however , in most cases this separation was not required for the reasonable interpretation of demographic structures of the studied populations .\ndetection of the chronology of the maximum activity of the above - mentioned groups of specimens in the key stages of their life cycles as a result of feeding , reproduction or preparation for hibernation , forms the basis of our analysis . in such an approach , the quantitative recording of eggs , larvae , and pupae is not required . moreover , we can evaluate the demographic spectra of a local population from small numbers ( several dozen ) of individuals .\n) . during this sequence , the abundance of species can be high or low . for example , in the reedbeds along the river khara in early spring , peaks of abundance in the populations of\n) . in spite of this , both species are characterised by a complete demographic spectrum .\nchronology of changes in periods of activity of individual \u2018age\u2019 groups , characterised by female gonad condition , in \u2018spring\u2019 ( a ) and \u2018autumn\u2019 ( b ) breeding carabid beetles ( t \u2013 teneral , im \u2013 immature , m \u2013 mature , sp \u2013 spent beetles ) .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of pogonus transfuga ( a ) and brachinus hamatus ( b ) from reedbeds along the river khara , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( t \u2013 teneral , im \u2013 immature , m \u2013 mature , sp \u2013 spent beetles ; solid lines below graphs parental generation , dashed lines below graphs \u2013 new generation ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ; 1 , 2 , 3 \u2013 first , second and third ten - day periods per month , respectively ) .\n) , the same order of physiological conditions of the adults is observed , but without an aestivation parapause . as in the previous case , the abundance of species can vary widely . for example , in the grass - forb steppe , the abundance of\n) , yet the sex and age structure in the populations of both species was complete .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of calathus ambiguus from grass - forb steppe with amygdalus nana ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of ulagan mountain ( b ) , in 2006 ( breaks in the periods of activity of immature specimens correspond to the time of aestivation parapause ; see figure 2 for further explanations ) .\nimportantly , in all these cases there are clear changes in successive waves of activity of different adult \u2018age\u2019 groups . it should be noted that in populations of many carabid species , the individuals of ancestral generations ( which live and breed during two or more years ) are often represented . in these cases the pattern of change in the physiological conditions can be blurred because separate successive waves of activity overlap each other .\nthus , it is not abundance , but rather a regular change in the physiological condition that allows for a reconstruction of the life cycle at the local population scale , and this must be regarded as the criterion for the successful existence and breeding of a population in a particular habitat . species that meet these demands are considered \u2018residents\u2019 and their habitats \u2018residential\u2019 .\nan incomplete demographic spectrum of a population means that the probability of a complete life cycle in a particular habitat is low to zero . such a situation is often followed by extremely high abundance levels . in reedbeds from the end of june until the end of july ,\nwas by far the most numerous carabid beetle collected , with abundance levels of 1753 , 7047 , 3770 and 2830 for successive ten - day periods . without information on the physiological conditions of individuals , this species may be considered dominant in this habitat . however , mature females were completely absent from the demographic spectra in this local population of\n) . in these cases a reproductive phase in the demographic spectra of the local populations was absent .\nseasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of harpalus rufipes from reedbeds along the river khara ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from the lakeside salt - marsh ( b ) , in 2006 ( see figure 2 for further explanations ) .\nyet the presence of mature specimens is not necessarily evidence of successful breeding . for example , in lakeside salt - marshes , the demographic spectrum of\nwas mainly represented by mature specimens . the abundance of spent beetles was very low , while teneral and immature beetles were completely absent (\n) . the lack of young specimens in the demographic spectrum of this species provides evidence of immigration of mature beetles . species with incomplete demographic spectra are here considered \u2018migrants\u2019 and their habitats as \u2018transit\u2019 .\nthe spatial distribution of carabid species is determined by the availability both of habitats and landscape suitable for the complete realization of their life cycle . so the same habitat can be residential for one species and transit for another . among the examples discussed above , reedbed is a residential habitat for\n) . at the same time , various habitats offer different living conditions to the same species . the sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of the ulagan mountain is a residential habitat for\nin summary , the demographic structures of 66 carabid species found in the lake elton region were analyzed . the other 109 carabid species were represented by only one or two individuals ( appendix ) . considering the differences in abundance and demographic structure of the populations , three groups of carabidae of the studied habitats can be distinguished :\nresidents with their life cycles completed in a given habitat . in such species , migration forms only a facultative part of the life cycle . the catches of different species vary widely and sometimes differ by two orders of magnitude .\nmigrants that are characterised by relatively high numbers , yet rarely dominant , but with an incomplete demographic structure in particular habitats . because their reproduction and development are observed in different habitats , their roles in specific assemblages would be minor . migration forms both facultative and obligatory parts of their life cycles .\nsporadic species with very low numbers , probably not associated with a particular habitat , neither during migration nor reproduction .\nwithout question , residents interact both with their prey and with each other in a particular habitat . sporadic species are hardly important to a carabid community because of their low abundance levels . the role of migrants in the local carabid community remains unknown , with possible interactions between the migrants and residents . first , even very high numbers of migrants in relatively small - sized habitats do not reflect the condition of the populations of other carabid species . for example , in reedbeds of an area of 1 km2 , more than 13 000 specimens of\nwere trapped . this equates to a population density of about six individuals per square meter . this is a very high value . for example , the pest threshold of\n, is two - three individuals per square meter . hence , if the captured specimens of\nfed in this habitat and interacted with other species , we would expect changes in the demographic parameters of residents during this period . however , this is not the case , because the dynamics of the demographic structure in the populations of resident carabid beetles failed to change during this period (\n) . second , relatively high numbers and species diversity levels of migrants were recorded at some seemingly unsuitable sites . these sites included the lakeside salt - marsh with high salt concentrations , poor vegetation and soil , as well as occasional floods . under these conditions , only some specialist\nseasonal variation in abundance curves and reproduction aspects in four resident carabid species coupled with abundance of a migrant - species harpalus rufipes from reedbeds , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( r and l right and left y axis , respectively ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ) .\nhabitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages with the labile component dominant and subdominant species ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\nhabitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages without the labile component resident species only ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\n\u201cstable\u201d and \u201clabile\u201d components can be recognized in ground - beetles communities ( makarov and matalin 2009 ) . the former includes species whose life cycles are realized in certain habitats ( residents ) , while the latter comprises species that are not capable of breeding in particular habitats ( migrants and sporadic species ) .\nthe ratio of stable to labile components in the studied habitats varied strongly and was not always in favour of residents . resident species comprised only 6\u201335 % of the species list and 15\u201390 % of total abundance . in zonal habitats , residents formed the dominant part of the assemblage . more than 65 % of total abundance and 15\u201335 % of total species diversity consisted of resident species . in azonal habitats the labile component prevailed . these species accounted for about 75 % of the fauna and about 80 % of total abundance (\n) . only in zonal habitats did results from pitfall trapping adequately reflect the state of the carabid community while azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .\nspecies diversity and the share of labile / stable components in particular habitats in the lake elton region , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( black bars \u2013 labile component , white bars \u2013 stable component , line \u2013 number of species ; n ( sp . ) \u2013 number of species ) .\nfirstly , criteria for determining the most abundant , or dominant species inevitably vary . the abundance of migrants in some cases is one order of magnitude higher than that of residents . therefore , estimating the faunistic or community features based solely on abundant or dominant species , fail to solve the problem and can even worsen the situation . in reedbeds , for example , 36 migrant species made up about 83 % of the total abundance . the complex of dominants in this community , as identified by the usual criterion ( abundance exceeding 5 % ) while discarding the demography of individual species , contains only two polyzonal migrants\nnumbers of the 10 most abundantly collected carabid species in reedbeds with regards to migrants ( a ) and residents only ( b ) . dominant species are in bold text , combined data for 2006 / 07 ; n ( ex . ) \u2013 number of specimens ( after makarov and matalin 2009 ) .\nsecondly , common information regarding the habitat preferences of particular species , as well as indicator species , is considerably altered . in our case , all studied habitats belong to two contrasting groups : dry desert steppes and riparian , more or less halophilic habitats . as such , variation in carabid populations is expected . when analyzing the habitat distribution of all dominants - subdominants , we find more or less eurytopic species inhabiting both zonal dry steppes on floodplain terraces and azonal alluvial salt - marshes . the grouping of dry steppes is very poor and contains one or two species which occur in one to three habitats , as a rule . in contrast , the inhabitants of salt - marshes are very diverse and peculiar . interestingly , the woodland in the \u2018biological\u2019 ravine supports not only a native carabid beetle community , but also a peculiar species ,\n) . results from an analysis of the habitat distribution based solely on residents are distinctly different . only one species ,\n, can be labelled eurytopic because it reproduces in nine of the ten studied habitats . the communities of carabid beetles on floodplain terraces and in flood - plains are clearly isolated from each other . each of them includes the main body of oligotopic species and a few stenotopic ones . finally , the riverine woodland does not have a native carabid community and can be considered a transit habitat for practically all carabid species (\nbecause we have only very few examples that illustrate more or less close relations between ground beetles and their habitats , we are unable to assess the commonality of the situation described in the present study . however , it is conceivable that migrants in a carabid beetle community contribute to diversity estimates . based on results from this study , some preliminary conclusions can be made .\na study of the demographic structure of local populations and an assessment of the migratory / residential status of particular carabid species are possible ways to increase the reliability of pitfall trapping information .\nup to 65\u201375 % of species diversity , both of particular habitats and the landscape as a whole , can comprise of non - residential carabid species , i . e . migrants .\nresults from pitfall traps adequately reflect the state of carabid communities only in zonal habitats . azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .\nknowledge concerning the composition of carabid communities , as well as study techniques , need to be significantly updated . no statistical method is capable of correcting the errors inferred from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping results .\nwe extend our thanks to all colleagues who assisted in our work , especially to the directors of the elton natural park , mrs yulia nekrutkina ( volgograd , russia ) and viktor gerdt ( elton , russia ) , as well as to dr . artem zaitsev ( moscow state pedagogical university , moscow , russia ) . we also want to thank professor sergei golovach ( institute for problems of ecology and evolution , moscow , russia ) for a critical review of the text , to dr . gabor l\u00f6vei ( university of aarhus , denmark ) for fruitful discussions on the subject of the present paper , as well as to mr . stephen venn ( university of helsinki , finland ) and professor andrei alyokhin ( university of maine , orono , usa ) , who kindly checked the english . this study was financially supported by the russian foundation for basic research ( projects nos 09 - 04 - 01311 and 09 - 04 - 08112 ) .\nclassification of the carabid species from the elton lake region in migrant ( m ) , resident ( r ) and sporadic ( s ) species , based on their abundance and demographic spectrum in each habitat type ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .\nzuphium ( s . str . ) olens olens ( p . rossi , 1790 )\narnoldi kv , sharova ikh , klyukanova gn , butrina nn . ( 1972 )\nground - beetles ( carabidae , coleoptera ) of the streletskaya steppe near kursk and their seasonal activity dynamics .\n, moscow state pedagogicla institute publisher , moscow , 215\u2013230 [ in russian ] .\nthe influence of different types of soil pollution on the population structure of ground beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in grozny ( chechen republic ) .\nphd thesis , moscow , russia : moscow state pedagogical university ; [ in russian ] .\nlife - cycles of ground - beetles ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in an agro - landscape in the south of the kuban - cisazov lowland .\nphd thesis , moscow , russia : moscow state university ; [ in russian ] .\nnumber of eggs in the ovaries of some carabidae ( coleoptera ) species in various pine stands on fresh coniferous forest habitats .\nphenology of ground beetles and its ecological significance in some of the main habitat types of southern europe .\nin : den boer pj , mossakowski d , luff ml , weber f . 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( 2003 )\nthe influence of the manner of pitfall traps setting in forest habitat on their catchability .\nto the question of the use of soil traps for the study of the distribution and interactions of entomofauna elements on the soil surface .\nabout updating the quantity estimation applying the methods of exhaustive catches using of pitfall traps .\nn\u0115kter\u00e9 \u010dist\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jako n\u00e1vnada v zemn\u00edch pastech p\u0159i studio st\u0159evl\u00edkovit\u00fdch ( carabidae ) .\nground - beetle comunities in the lake elton region , southern rusia : a case study of a local fauna ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . in : golovatch si , makarova ol , babenko ab , penev ld ( eds ) species and communities in extrem environments . festschrift towards the 75th anniversary and a laudatio in honour of academician yuri ivanovich chernov .\nvariability of seasonal dynamics of activity in ground beetle pterostichus melanarius ill . ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in different forest types .\n, institute of biology of latvian academy of science publisher , riga , 55\u201356 [ in russian ] .\nthe phenology and population structure of loricera pilicornis ( f . ) ( coleoptera , carabidae ) in agrocoenosis .\nin : desender k , dufr\u00eane m , loreau m , luff ml , maelfait j - p . ( eds )\nspecific features of life cycle of pseudoophonus ( s . str . ) rufipes deg . 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( coleoptera , carabidae ) .\nin : den boer pj , thiele hu , weber f . ( eds )\ntrapping efficiency of carabid beetles in glass and plastic pitfall traps containing different solutions .\nthe influence of different age classes on the seasonal activity and reproduction of four medium - sized carabid species inhabiting cereal fields .\nwork tt , buddle cm , korinus lm , spence jr . ( 2002 )\npitfall trap size and capture of three taxa of litter - dwelling arthropods : implications for biodiversity studies .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\ncaption below print : ' 1 . c\u00e9phalacanthe ; 2 . c\u00e9phalopt\u00e8re ; 3 . c\u00e9phalote ; 4 . c\u00e9ph\u00e9e ; 5 . cephus '\ncondition : good ; suitable for framing . however , please note : the image shown may have been taken from a different example of this print than that which is offered for sale . the print you will receive is in good condition but there may be minor variations in the condition from that shown in the image . please check the scan for any blemishes prior to making your purchase .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nplease make sure that you ' ve entered a valid question . you can edit your question or post anyway .\nthere was a problem completing your request . please try your search again later .\nvisit the delivery destinations help page to see where this item can be delivered .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping , unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\ntaken at gvaot hakurkar , ness ziona , israel . shot with a galaxy s5\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nfeeding ecology of grassland - inhabiting carabid beetles ( carabidae , coleoptera ) in relation to the a . . .\nin 1979\u20132008 , serological investigation of carabid beetles as predators of the colorado potato beetle was carried out in the fields of potato and other solanaceae crops in nine regions of russia , moldova , and ukraine . the fraction of carabid beetles feeding on the pest in the potato , tomato , and egg - plant fields grows with the duration of the pest presence in the region and is proportional to its population density ."]}
{"id": 1872, "summary": [{"text": "tephris cyriella is a species of snout moth in the genus tephris .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by erschoff in 1874 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in spain , romania and turkmenistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 20 \u2013 23 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "tephris cyriella", "paragraphs": ["tephris verruculella is a species of moth in the family pyralidae . it was described by ragonot in 1887 . it is found in russia ( transcausia ) , morocco and israel . . . .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / es\nurltoken\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 1873, "summary": [{"text": "choristostigma perpulchralis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in mexico ( tehuacan , veracruz ) and the united states , where it has been recorded from new mexico and texas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 18 \u2013 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are bright yellow with a bright pink costa and terminal area , as well as a pink antemedial line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white and the terminal area is yellowish suffused with pink scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing in march , may and september . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "choristostigma perpulchralis", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nwarren , w . 1892 . description of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british museum collection . the annals and magazine of natural history . p . 440 .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\nannotated check list of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) of america north of mexico scholtens , b . g . , solis , a . m . 2015 . zookeys 535 : 1\u2013136 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 535 . 6086 .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhampson , 1899 . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 188 , pl . 50 , fig . 24 . .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 9 july , 2013 - 9 : 17pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 3 : 51pm\ndavis mountains ( private ranch ) , jeff davis county , texas , usa june 5 , 2016 size : fw 10mm .\nph . at a porchlight on a private ranch in the davis mountains . adds a jeff davis co . record for bg . mpg shows a previous record for the county as well .\n= diasemia ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 213\nbotis plumbosignalis fernald , 1888 ; ent . amer . 4 : 37 ; tl : colorado\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2\nwarren , 1892 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british - museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 172 - 179 , ( 52 ) : 294 - 302 , ( 53 ) : 389 - 397 , ( 54 ) : 429 - 442\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1874, "summary": [{"text": "gibbovalva kobusi is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from china ( guizhou , zhejiang , hunan and guangxi ) and japan ( hokkaid\u014d and honsh\u016b ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 6.5-9.2 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on magnolia kobus .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they probably mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "gibbovalva kobusi", "paragraphs": ["a review of the genus gibbovalva ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae : gracillariinae ) from china .\ngibbovalva clavata sp . n . is similar to gibbovalva magnoliae and gibbovalva tricuneatella in the aedeagus lacking a flap - like process , but it is distinguishable by the forewing markings . in gibbovalva clavata , basal 1 / 3 of forewing is white with four black costal specks ; apical 2 / 3 of forewing has four white fasciae , whereas in gibbovalva magnoliae forewing has a v - shaped speck at base and five white fasciae and in gibbovalva tricuneatella forewing has three white fasciae which markedly dilate towards wing fold . in addition , gibbovalva clavata resembles gibbovalva quadrifasciata ( stainton ) in the male genitalia , as in both species the ventral surface of valva is covered with lanceolate setae , but it is distinguishable by other characters .\ngibbovalva kumata & kuroko , 1988 , in : kumata , kuroko and ermolaev , 1988 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 40 : 3\nthe paper presents four chinese species belonging to the genera metriochroa busck , eumetriochroa kumata , and gibbovalva kumata & kuroko ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) , including two new species : metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , is newly recorded from china . photographs of adults and figures of the genital structures are provided , along with keys to the chinese species of metriochroa , eumetriochroa , and gibbovalva .\ncontribution to the knowledge of the genus gibbovalva kumata et kuroko , 1961 ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) with description of g . squamosa sp . n . from west africa .\nadults . 1 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 2 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 3 metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . 4 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 2000 \u03bcm .\nmale genitalia . 5 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 6 eumetriochroa hederae kumata 7 metriochroa alboannulata bai sp . n . 8 gibbovalva clavata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 \u03bcm .\nof the four gracillarid moth species treated in the present paper , eumetriochroa hiranoi is newly recorded from china , and metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . and gibbovalva clavata sp . n . are new to science .\na new species of gibbovalva , with antennal scape bearing a ventral flap and valva with a costal process as for other members of the genus , with which it also shares the fore wing markings and characteristics of vinculum and saccus . the basal 1 / 3 of the forewing of gibbovalva clavata sp . n . is white in ground color and has four black costal specks ; the distal 2 / 3 is ochreous yellow in ground color and has four white fasciae . the valva is blade - shaped , the costa possesses a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 ; saccus is thumb - shaped with rounded apex ; the aedeagus does not have a flap - like process , and its thorn - like cornuti are arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to subapex .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfabricius , j . c . 1794 . entomologia systematica emendata et aucta . secundum . classes , ordines , genera , species adjectis synonimis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus . - \u2014 3 ( 2 ) : 287\u2013349 .\nprinz , j . 1903 . nachtrag zur lepidopterenfauna von lang - enzersdorf bei wien . - jahresbericht des wiener entomologischen vereines 13 : 43\u201350 .\nmerzheerskaya , o . i . , litvinova , a . n . & molchanova , r . v . 1976 . lepidoptera of belorussia . catalogue . - \u2014 : 1\u201330 .\nde fr\u00e9 , c . 1858 . catalogue des microl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de la belgique . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de belgique 2 : 45\u2013162 .\nbeiger , m . 1979 . materials to the knowledge of mining insects iof bulgaria . - polskie pismo entomologiczne 49 : 485\u2013534 .\nhandfield , l . 1997 . liste des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du qu\u00e9bec et du labrador . - fabreries 7 ( suppl\u00e9ment ) : 1\u2013155 .\nmeyrick , e . 1927a . a revised handbook of british lepidoptera . - \u2014 : 1\u2013914 .\nferguson , d . c . 1975 . host records for lepidoptera reared in eastern north america . - technical bulletin . united states department of agriculture , washington ( 1521 ) : 1\u201349 .\npohl , g . r . , landry , j . - f . , schmidt , b . c . , lafontaine , j . d . , troubridge , j . t . , macaulay , a . d . , van nieukerken , e . j . , dewaard , j . r . , dombroskie , j . j . , klymko , j . , nazari , v . & stead , k . 2018 . annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies ( lepidoptera ) of canada and alaska . - \u2014 : 1\u2013580 .\npohl , g . r . , cannings , r . a . , landry , j . - f . , holden , d . g . & scudder , g . g . e . 2015 . checklist of the lepidoptera of british columbia , canada . - \u2014 : 294 pp . .\npohl , g . r . , anweiler , g . g . , schmidt , b . c . , kondla , n . g . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . - zookeys 38 : 1\u2013549 .\nmann , j . 1867a . schmetterlinge gesammelt im j . 1866 um josefsthal in der croat . milit\u00e4rgrenze . - verhandlungen der kaiserlich - k\u00f6niglichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 17 : 63\u201376 , pl . 9 .\nnickerl , o . 1894 . catalogus insectorum faunae bohemicae iii . die kleinschmetterlinge ( microlepidoptera ) b\u00f6hmens . - \u2014 : i\u2013vi , 1\u201338 .\nfrey , h . 1856 . die tineen and pterophoren der schweiz . - \u2014 : 1\u2013430 .\nzeller , p . c . 1847b . die gracilarien . - linnaea entomologica 2 : 303\u2013383 , 585\u2013586 , pl . ii .\nduponchel , p . a . j . 1838\u20131840 . in : godart , j . - b . , histoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ou papillons de france . tome 11 . nocturnes . tome huiti\u00e8me . - \u2014 : 1\u2013720 , pls . 287\u2013314 .\nsz\u00f6cs , j . 1981b . angaben \u00fcber die minierenden motten aus budapest und umgebung . - folia entomologica hungarica / rovartani k\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek 42 ( 2 ) : 209\u2013220 .\nzeller , p . c . 1850a . verzeichniss der von herrn jos . mann beobachteten toscanischen microlepidoptera . - entomologische zeitung , stettin 11 ( 5 ) : 139\u2013162 .\namsel , h . g . 1936c . zur kenntnis der kleinschmeterlingsfauna sardiniens . - ver\u00f6ffentlichungen aus dem deutschen kolonial - und \u00fcbersee - museum in bremen 1 ( 3 ) : 344\u2013365 , pl . 15 .\nlienig , f . 1846 . lepidopterische fauna von lievland und curland . - isis , oder enzyklop\u00e4dische zeitung von oken ( 1846 ) ( 3\u20134 ) : 175\u2013302 .\nivinskis , p . & pakalni\u0161kis , s . wagner 1984 . microlepidoptera of lithuania ( gracillariidae ) . - lietuvos tsr mokslu akademijos darbai 1 ( 85 ) : 26\u201336 .\nwagner - rollinger , c . 1974 . les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du grand - duch\u00e9 de luxembourg ( et des r\u00e9gions limitrophes ) . - archives de l ' institut grand - ducal , section des sciences 36 : 285\u2013358 .\nkuznetzov , v . i . & baryshnikova , s . v . 1998 . brief catalogue of the mining moths of the fam . gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) of russia and adjacent countries . - trudy zoologicheskogo instituta , rossijskaya akademija nauk 274 : 1\u201360 .\nde graaf , h . w . 1853 . nederlandsche schubvleugelige insekten [ lepidoptera ] . \u2013 - in : herklots , j . a . bouwstoffen voor eene fauna van nederland . eerste deel . - \u2014 : 1\u201357 .\ngr\u00f8nlien , n . 1924 . mikrolepidoptera fra voss og indre - hardanger samt enkelte andre lokaliteter . - norsk entomologisk tidsskrift 2 ( 1 ) : 39\u201352 .\ncaradja , a . 1920 . beitrag zur kenntnis der geographischen verbreitungder mikrolepidopteren des palaearktischen faunengebietes nebst beschreibung neuer formen . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift\niris\n, dresden 34 : 75\u2013179 .\nkuznetzov , v . i . 1981 . fam . gracillariidae ( lithocolletiidae ) - leaf blotch miners . in : medvedev , g . s . ( ed . ) , a guide to the insects of the european part of the ussr . lepidoptera . vol . 4 . lepidoptera . part 2 . - \u2014 : 1\u2013786 , chapter pagination : 149\u2013311 .\nskala , h . 1937a . minen aus mittel - und s\u00fcdeuropa ( fortsetzung und schluss ) . - zeitschrift des \u00f6sterreichischen entomologen - vereines 22 : 10\u201311 , 19\u201320 .\nmacek , j . 1976 . untersuchungen zur hyponomologischen fauna sloweniens . ii . - acta entomologica jugoslavica 12 : 59\u201365 .\nbenander , p . 1944 . sveriges lithocolletider ( gracilariidae ) [ sic ] . - opuscula entomologica 9 : 79\u2013137 .\nmann , j . 1862 . verzeichniss der im jahre 1851 bei brussa in kleinasien gesammelten schmetterlinge . - wiener entomologische monatschrift 12 ( 6 ) : 356 - 409 , 1 pl . .\ngershenzon , z . s . & kholtshenkov , v . a . 1974 . in : vasiljev , v . p . ( ed ) , [ pests of agricultural crops and forestry plantations . vol . 2 . pests ( continuation ) , vertebrata ] . - \u2014 : chapter pagination : 236\u2013244 .\ngilmore , d . , slade , d . & stewart , b . 2014 . moths of glamorgan . - \u2014 : 422 .\nhaworth , a . h . 1828 . lepidopterae britannicae . pars iv cum indice finali . - \u2014 : [ part 4 pagination : 512\u2013609 ] .\nbrower , a . e . 1984 . a list of the lepidoptera of maine , part 2 : the microlepidoptera , section 2 ; cosmopterigidae through hepialidae . - \u2014 114 : i\u2013x , 1\u201370 .\ngrehan , j . r . , parker , b . l . , nielsen , g . r . , miller , d . h . , hedbor , j . d . , sabourin , m . & griggs , m . s . 1995 . moths and butterflies of vermont ( lepidoptera ) . a faunal checklist . - \u2014 : i\u2013xi , 1\u201395 .\nnielsen , m . c . 1998 . preliminary list of michigan moths : the microlepidoptera . - newsletter of the michigan entomological society 43 ( 4 ) : 1 , 4\u201314 .\nnotes : records of china , russian far east and japan refer to misidentifications of other species ( kuznetzov 1999 : 17 ) . the record of japan ( issiki 1957 : 30 ) is a misidenfification of gracillaria japonica kumata , 1982 ( see kumata 1982a : 11 ) . this species was introduced to north america from europe . it was first found in ontario ( canada ) in 1923 and in washington ( u . s . a . ) in 1927 ( pohl et al . 2015 : 43 ) .\nkollar , j . & hrubik , p . 2009 . the mining species on woody plants of urban environments in the west slovak area . - acta entomologica serbica 14 ( 1 ) : 83 - 91 .\nhrub\u00fd , k . 1964 . prodromus lepidopterorum slovaciae . - \u2014 : 962 pp . .\nde crombrugghe de picquendaele , g . 1906 . catalogue raisonn\u00e9 des microl\u00e9pdopt\u00e8res de belgique . - m\u00e9moires de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de belgique 13 : 1\u2013155 .\nbuhr , h . 1935 . mecklenburgische minen . iii . lepidopteren - minen . - stettiner entomologische zeitung 96 : 131\u2013159 , 262\u2013292 .\nvoigt , g . 1929 . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der minen und ihrer erreger , sowie beobachtungen \u00fcber das vorkommen von minen im rheingau und benachbarten rheinischen gebieten . - jahrbuch nassauer verein f\u00fcr naturkunde 80 : 24\u201374 .\nmato\u0161evic , d . , pernek , m . , dubravac , t . & baric , b . 2009 . research of leafminers on woody plants in croatia . - \u0161umarski list 83 ( 7\u20138 ) : 381\u2013390 .\njaro\u0161 , j . & spitzer , k . 2002 . food plants of lepidoptera associated with an alder carr forest in south bohemia ( central europe ) . - acta musei bohemiae meridionalis in cesk\u00e9 budejovice 42 : 5\u201360 .\nbrischke , c . g . a . 1880 . die blattminirer in danzig ' s umgebung . - \u2014 : 58 pp .\nszulczewski , j . w . 1932 . przyczynek do fauny motyli drobnych poznania i okolicy . beitrag zur kleinschmetterlingsfauna von poznan und umgegend . - polskie pismo entomologiczne 11 ( 1\u20134 ) : 119\u2013132 .\nmitterberger , k . 1909 . verzeichnis der im kronlande salzburg bisher beobachteten mikrolepidopteren . - \u2014 : 1\u2013358 .\nbaldizzone , g . 2004 . i microlepidoptera del parco naturale alpi marittime ( italia , piemonte ) ( lepidoptera ) . - bollettino del museo regionale di scienze naturali \u2013 torino 22 ( 1 ) : 1\u2013318 .\nde graaf , h . w . & snellen , p . c . t . 1866 . microlepidoptera in nederland waargenomen . \u2014 in : herklots , j . a . bouwstoffen voor eene fauna van nederland 3 . - \u2014 : 234\u2013317 .\nrobinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hern\u00e1ndez , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . - memoirs of the american entomological institute 69 : 1\u2013824 .\nb\u00fcttner , f . o . 1880 . die pommerschen , insbesondere die stettiner mikrolepidoptern [ sic ] . - stettiner entomologische zeitung 41 : 383\u2013473 .\nsteudel , w . & hofmann , e . 1882 . verzeichniss w\u00fcrttembergischer kleinschmetterlinge . - jahreshefte des vereins f\u00fcr vaterl\u00e4ndische naturkunde in w\u00fcrttemberg 38 : 143\u2013262 .\npopescu - gorj , a . 1995 . lepidoptera from the surroundings of the town sinaia and from bucegi mountains ( romania ) . - travaux du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle\ngrigore antipa\n35 : 161\u2013220 .\nbrown , s . c . s . 1947 . caloptilia h\u00fcbn . , a genus of tineina . - proceedings of the south london entomological and natural history society : 157\u2013167 , 2 pls .\nivinskis , p . , pakalni\u0161kis , s . & puplesis , r . 1985 . augalus minuojantys vabzdziai . - \u2014 : 1\u2013240 .\nemmet , a . m . 1988 . a field guide to the smaller british lepidoptera . second edition . - \u2014 : 1\u2013288 .\nhartig , f . 1964 . microlepidotteri della venezia tridentina e delle regioni adiacenti . parte iii . ( fam . gelechiidae - micropterigidae ) . - studi trentini di scienze naturali , rivista del\nmuseo di storia naturale della venezia tridentina\n41 ( 3\u20134 ) : 1\u2013292 .\nkusdas , k . & reichl , e . r . 1990 . die schmetterlinge ober\u00f6sterreichs . tell 6 : microlepidoptera ( kleinschmetterlinge ) . - \u2014 6 : 332 pp . .\ndufrane , a . 1957 . microlepidopteres de la faune belge ( huiti\u00e8me note ) . - bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 33 ( 32 ) : 1\u201316 .\nlangmaid , j . r . & young , m . r . 2016 . microlepidoptera review of 2015 . - entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 128 ( 6 ) : 279\u2013307 .\ndraghia , i . , nastase , i . & nemes , i . 1979 . contribution \u00e0 la connaissance des insectes mineurs de moldavie . - travaux du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle\ngrigore antipa\n20 : 301\u2013308 .\nkoch , g . 1856 . die schmetterlinge des s\u00fcdwestlichen deutschlands , insbesondere der umgegend von frankfurt , nassau und der hessischen staaten . - \u2014 : 1\u2013498 .\nlhomme , l . 1934 . excursion au pays des mines et description d ' une esp\u00e8ce nouvelle de lithocolletis . - l ' amateur de papillons 7 ( 8 ) : 108\u2013112 , 113\u2013121 , 129\u2013138 , 161\u2013169 .\nhering , m . 1934a . minenstudien 14 . - zeitschrift f\u00fcr pflanzenkrankheiten ( pflanzenpathologie ) und pflanzenschutz 44 ( 2 ) : 49\u201370 .\nkozlov , m . v . 1996 . patterns of forest insect distribution within a large city : microlepidoptera in st peterburg [ sic ] russia . - journal of biogeography 23 ( 1 ) : 95\u2013103 .\nopheim , m . 1977 . revision of microlepidoptera in the collections of zoological museum , oslo i . - atalanta norvegica 3 ( 1 ) : 5\u201315 .\nlarsen , c . s . 1916 . fortegnelse over danmarks microlepidoptera . - entomologiske meddelelser 11 : 28\u2013319 .\ndraghia , i . 1971 . donn\u00e9es concernant les insectes mineurs de la zone du futur lac artificiel\nportile de fier\n. - travaux du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle\ngrigore antipa\n11 : 335\u2013338 .\nklimesch , j . 1950 . contibuto alla fauna lepidopterologica del trentino . - studi trentini di scienze naturali , rivista del\nmuseo di storia naturale della venezia tridentina\n27 ( 1\u20133 ) : 11\u201368 .\namyot , m . 1864 . histoire de la teigne syringelle ( tinea syringella fabr . ) . - annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 4 : 5\u201312 .\ntreitschke , f . 1833 . die schmetterlinge von europa . - \u2014 9 ( 2 ) : 1\u2013294 .\nnolcken , j . h . w . 1870 . lepidopterologische fauna von estland , livland und kurland . microlepidoptera . heft . iv . - arbeiten des naturforschervereins zu riga , neue folge 2\u20134 : 1\u2013849 .\nbalevski , n . 1998 . some new species of the braconid parasitoid fauna of bulgaria ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) isolated from different new lepidopterous insect hosts . - acta entomologica bulgarica 4 ( 2\u20134 ) : 11\u201316 .\njakimavicius , a . & ivinskis , p . 1983 . parasites braconids of lepidoptera reared for the first time in lithuania in 1976 - 1980 . - acta entomologica lithuanica 6 : 76\u201385 .\nrazowski , j . & wiackowski , s . k . 2000 . contribution to the knowledge of braconidae ( hymenoptera ) parasitoids of lepidoptera . - wiadomosci entomologiczne 18 ( 4 ) : 247\u2013250 .\nrotheray , g . e . & bland , k . p . 1992 . xanthandrus comtus ( harris ) ( dipt . , syrphidae ) breeding in scotland . - entomologist ' s monthly magazine 128 ( 1532\u20131535 ) : 57\u201358 .\nvidal , s . & buszko , j . 1990 . studies on the mining lepidoptera of poland . viii . chalcidoid wasps reared from mining lepidoptera ( hymenoptera , chalcidoidea ) . - polskie pismo entomologiczne 60 : 73\u2013103 .\ndoganlar , m . 1980 . two new species of chrysocharis foerster and a new synonymy and record of sympiesis foerster ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ; eulophidae ) from western canada . - t\u00fcrkiye bitki koruma dergisi 4 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013129 .\nzhu , c . - d . & huang , d . - w . 2001 . a study of chinese elachertus spinola ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) . - zoological studies 40 ( 4 ) : 317\u2013354 .\nsawoniewicz , j . & buszko , j . 1994 . ichneumonidae ( hymenoptera ) reared from mining lepidoptera in poland . - wiadomosci entomologiczne 13 ( 1 ) : 55\u201361 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n1 department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , no . 73 , east street north of the city , changzhi , 046011 shanxi province , p . r . china\n2 school of life and environmental science , gannan normal university , south of college road , economic - technological development area , ganzhou , 341000 jiangxi province , p . r . china\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\neumetriochroa kumata , 1998 and metriochroa busck , 1900 are small genera of gracillariidae oecophyllembiinae ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . the genus eumetriochroa contained four new species worldwide when it was erected ( kumata , 1998 ) , namely eumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , eumetriochroa kalopanacis kumata , 1998 and eumetriochroa miyatai kumata , 1998 . a new species , eumetriochroa araliella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 , was subsequently added to the genus ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . accordingly , five species are currently recognized in eumetriochroa worldwide , all of them originally recorded from japan . larvae are leaf - miners on aquifoliaceae , araliaceae , and styracaceae . to date eleven plant species in seven genera have been recorded as host plants of eumetriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 , 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) . prior to this study , eumetriochroa was represented in china by only one species , eumetriochroa hederae , firstly reported there by kobayashi et al . ( 2011 ) .\nthe genus metriochroa contains twelve described species worldwide . there are seven species in the afrotropical region , three in the palearctic region , and one each in the oriental and nearctic regions . metriochroa was not recorded in china until metriochroa symplocosella kobayashi , huang & hirowatari , 2013 was described on the basis of chinese material ( kobayashi et al . 2013 ) . a total of twenty plant species in twelve genera of six families are known as host plants of metriochroa . eleven species in five genera of the family oleaceae serve as the most common host plants for the larvae of metriochroa ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2013 ; de prins and de prins 2015 ) .\nall adult specimens were obtained after by rearing from immature stages . adult external morphology was examined by using a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope , and photographs were taken with a leica dfc - 450 digital camera connected to a leica m - 205c stereomicroscope . genitalia were prepared following the methods of li and zheng ( 1996 ) . dissections of genitalia were conducted under an olympus szx - 7 stereomicroscope . genital morphology was examined with an olympus bx - 53 microscope , and the illustrations were prepared by using an olympus dp - 26 digital camera connected to the olympus bx - 53 microscope . terminology follows kumata ( 1998 ) and kumata et al . ( 1988 ) .\nall specimens studied are deposited in the insect collection , department of bioscience and biotechnology , changzhi college , changzhi , shanxi , china ( iccc ) .\neumetriochroa kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 83 .\nkumata ( 1998 : 85 , figs 1 , 2a , 12a , b , 14a , 17 , 18a , 22a , 24a , b ) .\nfemale genitalia . 9 eumetriochroa hiranoi kumata 10 eumetriochroa hederae kumata . scale bar 500 \u03bcm .\neumetriochroa hiranoi kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana ( n . s . ) 54 : 96 .\nde prins & de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2013 : 119 ) .\n2\u2642\u2642 , 2\u2640\u2640 , china . feng shan , ganzhou , jiangxi province , 8 september 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu and chengqing liao ; genitalia slide nos\neumetriochroa hederae kumata , 1998 , insecta matsumurana . ( n . s . ) 54 : 85 .\nde prins and de prins ( 2005 : 185 ) , kobayashi et al . ( 2011 : 28 ) .\nchina . 1\u2642 , daqiutian , jiulian mountain , jiangxi province , 18 january 2013 , leg . xiaohua dai ; 2\u2640\u2640 , yangling national forest park , chongyi county , jiangxi province , 700 m , 10 march 2012 , leg . jinshui liang ; genitalia slide nos\naraliaceae : hedera sinensis ( tobler ) hand . - mazz . ; hedera rhombea ( miq . ) bean ( kumata 1998 ; kobayashi et al . 2011 ) .\n) , especially in fore wing markings . their fore wing has a white stripe situated between the third and fourth fasciae which extends from the dorsal edge of the third fascia towards costa to the middle of the fourth fascia . this character was not recorded by\nin the original description based on japanese specimens . in addition , instead of the fourth fascia as described by kumata , it is the apex of the fifth fascia which is edged with remarkable darker spots . however , the structures of the male ( fig .\n) are in accordance with the original description , which provides us confidence to assign the specimens reared in china to this species .\nmetriochroa busck , 1900 , proceedings of the united states national museum 23 : 244 .\nwing venation of metriochroa alboannulata bai , sp . n . scale bar 500 \u03bcm .\nflagellum of metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . has six white rings on distal part . forewing has two silvery white fasciae : one placed at the basal 1 / 4 and is slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , the other situated preapically ; forewing possesses white costal and dorsal specks , two of them at the middle , and opposite each other , and one near the tornus . valva is divided into dorsal and ventral portions by a sclerotized ridge , the former shorter than the ventral one . aedeagus is tubular , and with a clavate cornutus on vesica .\nforewing markings of metriochroa vary notably . metriochroa alboannulata sp . n . is similar to metriochroa argyrocelis v\u00e1ri , 1961 and metriochroa celidota bradley , 1965 in forewing with obvious white or silvery white markings . these characteristics easily distinguish these species from other members of the genus .\nmetriochroa alboannulata is close to metriochroa celidota in forewing with two silvery white fasciae , especially as the first fascia is present at the basal 1 / 4 in both species . however , in metriochroa alboannulata the first fascia is evident and joins with dorsum , and the second fascia is closer to the apex of forewing than in metriochroa celidota ; in addition , metriochroa alboannulata has a silvery white speck near tornus , which does not occur in metriochroa celidota .\nboth metriochroa alboannulata and the female of metriochroa argyrocelis ( forewing markings of male metriochroa argyroscelis are clearly dissimilar from those of metriochroa alboannulata ) have a silvery white fascia at the basal 1 / 4 of forewing , and a silvery white speck near tornus , but they differ in the following characteristics : in metriochroa alboannulata , the fascia is of uniform width , and is narrower than that of metriochroa argyrocelis , in which it gradually widens towards dorsum ; in addition , in place of the fascia near the apex of forewing and the silvery white bar - shaped specks at the middle of costa and dorsum present in metriochroa alboannulata , metriochroa argyrocelis has two silvery white specks at the middle and basal 3 / 4 of costa , respectively .\n) . wingspan 6 . 5\u20137 . 5 mm . head fuscous with metallic luster . antenna fuscous , flagellum with six white rings on distal part . labial palpus whitish - yellow , with the outer side of second and third segments fuscous . thorax , tegula , and fore wing fuscous . fore wing shining with purple ; two silvery white fasciae present , first fascia at the basal 1 / 4 , and slightly outwardly angulate on wing fold , second fascia at subapex and outwardly oblique ; costa and dorsum with an outwardly oblique bar - shaped silvery white speck each at the middle , costal speck longer than the dorsal one ; dorsum with a silvery white speck near tornus ; cilia grayish - brown , those on termen with median and apical fringe lines of black spots , which run parallel with termen . hindwing and its cilia fuscous . legs fuscous . external surface of profemur and mesofemur , internal surface of metafemur ochreous white ; protibia basally , mesotibia and extremities of metatibia ochreous white ; both ends of first tarsomeres , apical tarsomeres and the apex of other tarsomeres white . abdomen dorsally fuscous , ventrally ochreous white , anterior margin of each sternite fuscous .\n100 \u03bcm in length , with widely rounded apex . tuba analis bilobed apically , with setae on each lobe . vinculum y - shaped ; saccus\n160 \u03bcm in length , about three times as long as wide ; inner surface with a sclerotized longitudinal ridge which divides the valva into dorsal and ventral portions ; dorsal portion slightly shorter than ventral one , with obliquely truncated apex , and covered with a group of partite scales on its distal part ; ventral portion with spine - like setae on its rounded apex . aedeagus tubular ,\n700 \u03bcm long , obliquely truncated along apical 2 / 7 , pointed apically ; vesica with a clavate cornutus , which is approximately 160 \u03bcm long .\nholotype \u2642 . china . wuzhifeng , shangyou county , jiangxi province , 2 january 2013 , leg . chengqing liao ; genitalia slide no .\nthe specific name is composed of \u201c albus \u201d and \u201c annulatus \u201d , meaning \u201cwith white ring\u201d , referring to the flagellum of antenna with white rings on its distal part .\n) . wingspan 7 . 0 mm . head white , with frons fuscous . labial palpus white , second segment apically and third segment basally with a fuscous spot on their outer side . thorax white , its sides edged with fuscous line ; tegula fuscous with white apex . basal 1 / 3 of forewing white , with four black specks along costa , of which the last one smallest ; distal 2 / 3 of forewing ochreous yellow with fuscous band along costa and four white , nearly equally spaced fasciae which obliquely extend outwards from costa to dorsum ; two basal fasciae , approximately twice the width of the two distal ones , enclose a black spot on costa . cilia black from dorsal third fascia to costal fourth fascia , white at the apical angle , the remaining cilia pale grey . hind wing and its cilia pale grey . legs with coxae and tarsi white ; tarsi with three fuscous rings , the last tarsomere ochreous yellow apically . profemur fuscous ; protibia white in basal 1 / 3 , the remaining part fuscous . mesofemur with external surface fuscous , internal surface ochreous white ; mesotibia white , with three fuscous rings , of which one at the basal 1 / 3 , two at the distal part . metafemur white , external side with a fuscous spot at base and middle respectively ; metatibia white , with a median fuscous ring , the last tarsomere fuscous apically .\n) . tegumen approximately 400 \u03bcm long , tongue - like , slightly wider on apical half , densely covered with fine setae on ventral and dorsal surfaces and with a sparse row of longer setae on each side . valva approx . 600 \u03bcm long , blade - shaped , slightly narrowed at base , obliquely truncated at apex and almost parallel - sided ; costa straight with a clavate process at the basal 1 / 6 , dorsum slightly upcurved near apex ; inner surface covered with usual setae except for lanceolate setae clustered on distal part . saccus thumb - shaped , rounded apically . aedeagus nearly 650 \u03bcm long , tapering to a pointed apex from around the distal 1 / 4 ; vesica with acute , thorn - like cornuti arranged in rows from basal 1 / 3 to aedeagus subapex , some cornuti arranged between apical 1 / 5 and apex being larger than others . antero - dorsal apodeme of the eighth tergite approx . 150 \u03bcm long , with slender sclerotization extending caudad to the middle of the eighth tergite ; eighth sternite with a pair of very slender invaginations , nearly equal in length to dorsal apodeme .\nholotype \u2642 . china , jiulian mountain , longnan , jiangxi province , 600 m , 30 march 2012 , leg . jiasheng xu ; genitalia slide no .\nthe species name is derived from the latin \u201c clavatus \u201d , meaning \u201cclavate\u201d , in reference to the costal process of valva .\nwe are most grateful to mr . paolo triberti of the museo civico di storia naturale of verona , for his help in providing valuable references . financial assistance rendered by the national nature science foundation of china ( no . 41361009 and no . 31260116 ) , the natural science foundation of jiangxi province , china ( no . 20132bab204008 ) , the program for the philosophy and social sciences research of higher learning institutions of shanxi province , china ( pssr . no . 2012331 ) , and the natural science foundation of shanxi province , china ( no . 2011011033 - 3 ) are gratefully acknowledged .\nbai h , xu j , dai x ( 2016 ) two new and one newly recorded species of gracillariidae from china ( lepidoptera ) . zookeys 559 : 139\u2013150 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 559 . 6812\nde prins w , de prins j . ( 2005 ) gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) . in : landry b . ( ed . )\ntwo species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) new to china , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis and eumetrichroa .\nkobayashi s , huang gh , nakamura a , hirowatari t . ( 2013 )\nfour new species of gracillariidae ( lepidoptera ) from china and japan , and description of the pupal morphology of the genera corythoxestis , eumetriochroa , guttigera , and metriochroa .\njapanese species of the subfamily oecophyllembiinae r\u00e9al et balachowsky ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , with descriptions of a new genus and eight new species .\njapanese species of the acrocercops - group ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) , part ii .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 00ae2bb9 - 8ca9 - 4b6e - 987b - f248941cc710\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1005153e - 6ed2 - 4bbd - aaa2 - e7eb969741c0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b66675be - 63d1 - 41b4 - b6d0 - d881ae1c1b46\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 94bbce20 - 840d - 44c7 - 9b22 - 787929abf607\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 260206\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1875, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red-faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250,000 km \u00b2 .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , c\u00f4te d'ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "yellow - winged pytilia", "paragraphs": ["scientific name : pytilia phoenicoptera = red winged . pytilia hypogrammica = yellow winged pytilia .\ncommon name / s : aurora finch , aurora waxbill , crimson winged pytilia , red faced pytilia , red winged pytilia , yellow winged pytilia .\nstatus in ( australian ) captivity : red winged = secure . red faced and yellow winged are harder to find .\na / a vol 59 no . 2 feb 2005 page 25 - 26 ( yellow winged pytilia - cover photo ) .\nthe yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) , also known as the red - faced pytilia , is an african estrildid finch . it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 250 , 000 km 2 .\nstrike three in formulating my tree of pytilia genetics was / is the continuing debate as to the notion of the \u2018split\u2019 red - winged pytilia . some say that if a red - winged pytilia has one yellow parent it must be a split \u2013 in other words even though it looks like a red - winged pytilia it carries the gene for yellow wing colour in its genetic make up and if two such splits are mated together then it is possible to obtain yellow winged offspring .\nthe basics : the yellow - winged pytilia is a dashing african waxbill that shares a very close relationship ( and sometimes the name aurora finch ) with the red - winged pytilia . the rather rare yellow - wing is found in mostly open country in western central africa .\ni have had no experience in keeping the yellow - winged pytilia , a colour variation of the red - faced pytilia , which is difficult to obtain and is kept by a few breeders , predominantly in victoria and tasmania . the red - faced pytilia is the dominant species , so let us hope that the dedicated few who are lucky enough to own the yellow - winged pytilia will have much success in keeping them .\ncost ( victoria ) per pair : - red faced ( approx . ) $ 250 . red winged approx . $ 100 . yellow winged approx . $ 500 .\ngreen - winged pytilia - pytilia melba - this common species of finch belongs to the family estrididae . it is found throughout most of sub - saharan af\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nappearance : the adult male yellow - winged pytilia is much like the red - winged pytilia , a bird with a gray background color that possesses barred underparts and a red rump . however , his primary feathers are yellow instead of red , and he has a bright red face and a black tail . the female lacks the red face and is overall somewhat duller .\nin australia , the melba finch pytilia melba and the aurora finch pytilia phoenicoptera are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades . in recent years , there has been increased interest in the red - faced pytilia pytilia hypogrammica and its very close look - alike , the yellow - winged red - faced pytilia , which is a colour variation with the same scientific name . it is not a subspecies .\nbreeders can have a struggle setting up pairs . it ' s a tough call to distinguish the yellow - winged pytilia female from its cousin , the red - winged pytilia . the birds may agree about that , since the two species apparently hybridize where they overlap in the wild . in captivity , you might sometimes encounter a red - faced , red - winged pytilia which turns out to be a yellow - winged pytilia with a bit of red - wing in its background . the red wing color is dominant over the yellow . australian breeders in particular have noted that they may have trouble finding pure - bred examples of either of these two species . fortunately , the hybrid is beautiful and requires the same care .\nbehavior / temperament : the yellow - winged pytilia is held in high regard by serious aviculturists as a peaceful aviary bird but the pure form may have been somewhat forgotten in the rush to create the more colorful red - faced red - winged pytilia hybrid . the nickname red - faced aurora adds to the confusion as well . this species does not like humans disturbing or checking their nest .\nhousing : yellow - winged pytilias will show beautifully in a large planted aviary , but you must monitor the situation to make sure that there is enough cover and nest sites for all the birds to nest safely without conflict . you should not allow them to share quarters with melba finches or other pytilias , because they will hybridize . an additional issue is that the feisty male melba finch may attack other red - faced birds , including his cousin , the yellow - winged pytilia .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . yellow - winged pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe red - winged and yellow - winged pytilias are very similar in appearance with the males of both \u2018types\u2019 having the distinctive red head and , as the name suggests , with one having red wings and the other yellow . i once read somewhere that the husbandry for all three was very similar but it has been our experience that the aurora is the far easier species to propagate than either of the other \u2018types\u2019 .\nbasic seed mix should include canary seed , white french millet , japanese millet , and yellow and red panicum .\nthe family of finches called pytilia are a colourful and popular group of finches that are always in demand by australian and overseas aviculturists alike .\nthe red - faced pytilia ( pytilia hypogrammica ) is a beautiful species that has gained popularity in recent years . it is very similar in nature to the aurora finch , although the plumage is more colourful . as the cock becomes older , the colourful plumage intensifies . the hen is slightly darker in colour than the aurora finch hen .\nmaybe , just maybe , this all came about because of the infusion of aurora blood that went into both the red & yellow - winged forms throughout their journey in our aviaries . every honest pytilia keeper will cite an example of where they purchased a pair of red - wing pytilas only to find they had a red - wing cock and a\nhen\nnormal aurora male ! ! i even know of one person who used to cull these\ngrey headed hybrids\nuntil i assured him that they were normal auroras and not some new hybrid at all .\nfast forward a few months and he rang me back and said he had just had a \u2018hen\u2019 yellow - wing dna sexed and it confirmed that the bird was a cock \u2013 yes , a yellow - wing cock with no red head at all ! ! following that a few people i knew started to report similar \u2018occurrences\u2019 within their flocks . turned out that these startling throwback hens were in fact startling throwback cocks ! !\nsome breeders have enjoyed success in large cages that give the birds room to fly , court , and exercise , without coming into contact with competitors . a good size for each pair would be 36\u201d wide by 24\u201d deep by 18\u201d tall . have barriers between the cages so that the pairs can hear but not see each other . all pytilias are sensitive to cold and damp , so your aviary yellow - winged pytilias will need access to warm , dry winter quarters .\nhowever , you cannot ultimately expect much success with yellow - winged pytilias unless you provide a good supply of live insects . variety may be important , and you may wish to construct a home trap for collecting small moths , beetles , and so on , as well as providing the standard small commercial insects like mealworms and waxworms . in the wild , they prefer termites , and some australian breeders have experimented with supplying termites , but most homeowners won ' t be willing to risk it .\nnow when we first reached the top of a breeder\u2019s sale list and were able to obtain 2 pairs of both yellow & red - wings there were a few differences that appear to have disappeared from the present day birds available in australia .\nsome unscrupulous breeders may attempt to pass off an aurora finch hen for a red - faced pytilia hen , so be aware of this and buy only from reputable breeders . the husbandry of this species is identical to that of the aurora finch .\nsome say this is set in concrete other say it is not . unfortunately i cannot contribute to this debate suffice to say that when i once had a cock yellow - wing and a hen red - wing breed in a holding aviary all six youngsters had red wings .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pytilia hypogrammica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ndiet : the pytilias have thinner beaks and larger bodies than the other waxbills , reflecting the fact that they crack fewer seeds and devour more insects . true , the backbone of the diet is a high quality small seed mix , fresh enough to sprout \u2013 and you should test it by sprouting regularly . the yellow - winged pytilias love the milky seeding heads of grasses , in addition to the sprouts . . you should also supply a finely chopped salad that includes greens , apple , carrot , and broccoli , as well as eggfood and / or a high quality finch pellet that the birds will eat .\nhow do i know ? well , i also received one of these birds - supposedly a hen pytilia but in reality a cock aurora \u2013 and when paired to a normal hen aurora produced me a couple of nests of normal healthy auroras . not a red head feather on any of them i hasten to add ! !\nhealth wise they have a reputation for suddenly \u2018fluffing up\u2019 with very few fully recovering . if you have them autopsied the usual cause of death comes back as liver damage but we have yet been able to pin - point the causes of this . droppings show the usual signs of malabsorption and tend to be a cheesy yellow colour and very large .\n[ home ] [ up ] [ aberdeen finch ] [ african silverbill ] [ aurora finch ] [ bamboo parrotfinch ] [ bengalese mannikin ] [ black headed nun ] [ black headed siskin ] [ black rumped waxbill ] [ canary ] [ chaffinch ] [ cordon bleu waxbill ] [ cuban finch ] [ dybowski ' s twinspot ] [ eurasian siskin ] [ european greenfinch ] [ european serin ] [ european siskin ] [ golden song sparrow ] [ goldfinch ] [ green backed twinspot ] [ green singing finch ] [ green strawberry finch ] [ grey headed silverbill ] [ grey singing finch ] [ himalayan greenfinch ] [ hooded red siskin ] [ hooded yellow siskin ] [ jacarini finch ] [ java finch ] [ javan munia ] [ lavender waxbill ] [ linnet ] [ melba finch ] [ mexican rose finch ] [ orange breasted waxbill ] [ orange cheeked waxbill ] [ oriental greenfinch ] [ peale ' s parrotfinch ] [ peter ' s twinspot ] [ pin tailed parrotfinch ] [ plain backed sparrow ] [ purple finch ] [ purple grenadier waxbill ] [ pytilia ] [ red billed firefinch ] [ red crested cardinal ] [ red crested finch ] [ red faced parrotfinch ] [ red headed parrotfinch ] [ redpoll finch ] [ red strawberry finch ] [ rufous backed mannikin ] [ st . helena seedeater ] [ st . helena waxbill ] [ saffron finch ] [ silver headed nun ] [ spice finch ] [ tri coloured nun ] [ tri coloured parrotfinch ] [ violet eared waxbill ] [ white bellied canary ] [ white rumped munia ] [ yellowhammer ] [ yellow rumped serin ] [ yellow rumped siskin ]\nthe melba finch ( pytilia melba ) is considered the most colourful of this group and as such is the most popular . this particular species always catches the eye of beginners and experienced breeders alike . in recent years there has been a very high demand for these finches . however , as the numbers available to meet this demand are low , there has been a fairly sharp increase in this bird\u2019s retail price .\nthe most obvious was the colour of the hens \u2013 these were vivid grey much akin to the cock aurora and nothing at all like the dour hen aurora . the hens also had fine stippling of black lines through the chest feathers and were striking in their own right . this is no longer the case with many hen red & yellow - wings resembling hen auroras and it is a rarity to see the dark coloured hens .\nthe pytilia species discussed have similar housing and feeding requirements . i feed a basic commercial finch mix during the non - breeding season . as the breeding season commences i add niger seed , maw , linseed and black and white lettuce seed . i also introduce a dry egg and biscuit mix along with plan madeira cake . the birds show more interest in grit , when they start nesting . during this period i substitute the basic small plain grit for a mix containing charcoal , canundra shell and baked crushed fowl eggshells .\ndue to their less colourful plumage the aurora finch ( pytilia phoenicoptera ) is not as popular as the melba finch . however , in my experience , this species is easier to breed and keep than the melba finch and is not as aggressive or as intimidating . their reliance on livefood is high but not as high as that of the melba finch . they tend not to be as tight sitters as melba finches so nest inspections or disturbance should be avoided . as these birds like thick , well - protected nest sites , plenty of tea - tree branches lining the aviary shelter is a definite asset .\nof the pytilia family , the melba finch is the most heavily reliant on livefood . they will abandon chicks if a good supply of livefood is not continuously supplied . this reliance on livefood has seen a geographical trend , as to where this bird is more popularly kept . in the past , larger inner city areas have not been recognised as a stronghold for this bird . this species was bred in areas with large population of termites . in new south wales the species has been bred in numbers in the hunter valley and the southern highlands , where there are plenty of termites . in recent years , breeders from non - traditional areas are having success by offering the birds bush fly maggots instead of termites .\nso if you are looking for the ultimate finch breeding challenge you could do worse than consider tackling the pytilia family . a large group of australian breeders worked tirelessly to ensure that we would have all three species remaining in our aviaries for years to come so the rest of us mere mortals owe it to them to preserve their\nlegacy\n! before purchasing these species try and gain as much information from breeders as possible and be prepared for some heartbreak along the way , but stick to it as these are one of the most stunning finches available to us . if after several attempts you have not managed to \u2018crack\u2019 this species you can always join us at finch keepers anonymous where you can announce yourself with\nhi , my name is\u2026\u2026 . . and i\u2019ve been keeping pytilis for too long ! ! !\nwe\u2019ll all understand ! ! !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartamento de inmunologia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense de madrid , avenida complutense s / n , 28040 madrid , spain .\nestrildid finches are distributed throughout africa , south asia , australia and neighbouring islands in the indian and pacific oceans . some specific phylogenetic and systematic debated questions have been clarified in the present study by mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequencing of 61 species of estrildids and subsequent analyses of results by both bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methodologies . our results support that estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 , 5 million years ago ) . this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches\u2019 radiation starting time and also with the biggest hymalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like a dryer weather in tibetan plateau and china deserts . the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds . the most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india . more estrildid species will be studied in order to further establish this group phylogeography . in addition , monophyletic radiations include species from different continents . finally , ploceinae genus quelea finches is a group separate and basal from estrildini and viduini species in our dendrograms .\nopen access will revolutionize 21 st century knowledge work and accelerate the diffusion of ideas and evidence that support just in time learning and the evolution of thinking in a number of disciplines .\nit is important that students and researchers from all over the world can have easy access to relevant , high - standard and timely scientific information . this is exactly what open access journals provide and this is the reason why i support this endeavor .\npublishing research articles is the key for future scientific progress . open access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information , and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community .\nopen access journals are a novel concept in the medical literature . they offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals , including physicians , medical students , clinical investigators , and the general public . they are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information .\nopen access journals are extremely useful for graduate students , investigators and all other interested persons to read important scientific articles and subscribe scientific journals . indeed , the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality . this is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals .\nopen access journals represent a major break - through in publishing . they provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues . relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers . articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world ' s leading authorities .\nopen access journals have transformed the way scientific data is published and disseminated : particularly , whilst ensuring a high quality standard and transparency in the editorial process , they have increased the access to the scientific literature by those researchers that have limited library support or that are working on small budgets .\nnot only do open access journals greatly improve the access to high quality information for scientists in the developing world , it also provides extra exposure for our papers .\nopen access ' chemistry ' journals allow the dissemination of knowledge at your finger tips without paying for the scientific content .\nin principle , all scientific journals should have open access , as should be science itself . open access journals are very helpful for students , researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals . the articles are high standard and cover a wide area .\nthe widest possible diffusion of information is critical for the advancement of science . in this perspective , open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements .\nopen access journals are very useful for all scientists as they can have quick information in the different fields of science .\nthere are many scientists who can not afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals . open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information .\nopen access journals have become a fundamental tool for students , researchers , patients and the general public . many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis . the articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas .\nthese journals provide researchers with a platform for rapid , open access scientific communication . the articles are of high quality and broad scope .\nopen access journals are probably one of the most important contributions to promote and diffuse science worldwide .\nopen access journals make up a new and rather revolutionary way to scientific publication . this option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists .\nopen access journals are freely available online throughout the world , for you to read , download , copy , distribute , and use . the articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields .\nopen access journals offer an innovative and efficient way of publication for academics and professionals in a wide range of disciplines . the papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are indexed in : major international databases . i read open access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study .\nit is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals . researchers , faculty members , and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of bentham science publishers ltd . in this category .\nmale having red wings , as well as red face , described as p . lopezi ( type from near bunda , in central african republic ) , but considered a morph or , possibly , a race of present species ; further study required . monotypic .\nw guinea e to s chad and w central african republic ( on r shari ) , s to coastal ghana and togo .\n12\u00b75 cm ; 14\u00b73 - 15 g . male has face from forehead to ear - coverts and down to cheek and throat red , lores grey ; crown to back grey , rump and uppertail - coverts red . . .\nalarm call notes rise from 1 khz to 2\u00b74 khz ( most energy at 2\u00b76 khz and an overtone at 3\u00b74 khz ) , . . .\nmature s guinean woodland and derived bushland , edges of riverine forest , coastal thickets , woods . . .\nsmall grass seeds ; also insects , mainly termites ( isoptera ) and ants ( formicidae ) . in examination of contents of 19 stomachs , seeds found . . .\nseason oct\u2013jan in nigeria . courting male bows to female , tail angled toward her , and calls ; in another display , male holds feather in . . .\nnot globally threatened . uncommon to locally fairly common ; uncommon to rare in several parts of range . rare in liberia , and uncommon to rare in burkina faso and benin ; . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as scarce and little known ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\naverage size : 11 - 13 centimeters ( 4 . 5 - 5 in . )\nthese birds are beautiful and sweet , and while very friendly , unlike most finches they are not easily handled , but make for great viewing and companionship . their chirps are lovely . these birds prefer the company of many of their peers , so dont keep just one ! i love finches for their sweet quality . these birds will build their own nest in the brush or will use a finch nest box but do like a small plant pot with an open end attached to the wall , so make sure you give them a space to cuddle ! .\nto those with a scientific bent is a denizen of sierra leone , north - east guinea through to cameroon in africa .\nthe aurora or p . phoenicoptera is a common exotic finch species which is a free breeder and has a charming quiet disposition in the aviary .\nsimilar to the blue - cap i believe the frequency of live food delivery is a key factor with this species . they eat both smaller & mini mealworms and maggots with relish but , naturally , favour termites ( white ants ) when feeding young . in case you do not feed termites relax as we have bred them here in tasmania without them as have a number of english aviculturists that ian spoke to .\nthey seem ambivalent to green food and soaked / sprouted seed in my aviaries but a mate tells me his birds love the lowe - type blended vegetable mix he feeds \u2013 yet our initial stock came from the same source ! ! they also love the african waxbill mix we feed as outlined in an earlier edition of australian birdkeeper \u2013 in fact blue - caps . orange cheeks and pytilias seem to be drawn to this mix .\na general finch mix is fed \u2013 we use elenbee seeds clifton finch mix \u2013 supplemented with a little extra red panicum .\ni have also seen them build behind seed hoppers , bowls and small cages in their aviary \u2013 unfortunately eggs can be and regularly are lost if the nest is not supportive enough ! i favour the medium sized cane wicker baskets feely available in good pet outlets . white medium sized emu feathers are favoured to line the nest while swamp / november / blown grass is a firm favourite for the nest proper . if made solely from this grass the nest has a propensity to be brittle and non - supportive so watch that eggs do not fall through !\npairs are variable as to nest inspection so know your birds well before checking nests . young pairs seem to be infertile for their first few nests so it is not such a bad idea to inspect nests to avoid them spending days sitting on clear eggs or even laying fresh eggs amid old , rotten ones !\nin keeping with the aurora they are a placid species and we do not recommend keeping them in with the more boisterous finches as they tend to be dominated by such species . in my specialist flights i keep them with a pair of blue - capped waxbills in a 3x1m flight .\nchicks are black and easily identified if found jettisoned on the floor . i have had some success rearing difficult finches under the\nnew\njavan munias but they have baulked at rearing pytilias so far !\nas a general rule of\nfinchkeepers thumb\nwe recommend a 3 monthly worming regime supplemented with coccidian control medication at least 3 times a year or even concurrently with your worming program \u2013 depending upon your climatic conditions .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\n* small bird with generally green - grey plumage * the male has a prominent res ' mask ' . red upperside of the tail . * size : about 12 cm\nas an aviary species , the melba finch can be aggressive in mixed collections . one of my hens killed three cocks in succession until i caught her in the act . this species can be overzealous when protecting their nests .\nthese birds require an enclosed aviary where they can seek shelter from bad weather . long periods of wet weather are not good for this species and they will succumb if adequate shelter is not provided .\nin australia , the melba finch and the aurora finch are extremely popular and have been kept with good breeding results , for decades .\nduring the breeding season , livefood is increased and is essential . termites are excellent and have been the most widely used . as termites are becoming harder to obtain , i now supply bush fly maggots with great success . all my birds take these without hesitation . to provide dietary variety i also feed mealworms . some breeders have had success using fruit fly and crickets .\ngreenfoods in the form of summer grass , winter grass , chickweed and seeding millets are also consumed . these species are not as reliant on greenfood as our native finch species , however they will consume a reasonable amount .\nthese species will breed in very dense cover and show no preference for live shrubs over tea - tree branches . my birds have bred in both nest boxes , tins and gourds and sometimes build their own nests . nests are lined with feathers , coconut fibre and finer grasses such as november grass .\nnest disturbances or inspections must not be undertaken as the finches will toss young out easily . once they breed they can produce nests in quick succession . it is wise to house only compatible pairs in the breeding aviary , and previous young should be removed , as unmated adults or previous young are inquisitive and can cause disturbances to nesting pairs .\nthe clutch size is usually 4 - 6 eggs with a reasonably high fertility rate of 70 - 75 % . incubation lasts for approximately 13 days with fledglings leaving the nest three weeks later .\nas with many species , chicks will often leave the nest early and are difficult to return to the nest . in warm weather i place a good quantity of soft grass on the shelter floor , which in my set - up is separate from the flights and the chicks snuggle up in this for a few days until they fly . in cold weather i put them in a carry box overnight and return them to the aviary the next morning .\nif these birds are provided with good quality food and well - sheltered aviaries they will thrive and produce many healthy chicks . they are a long - lived and hardy species that deserve a place in your aviary .\n\u00a9 2018 hawkesbury finch club . all rights reserved . website by roy peake .\nthe hawkesbury finch club is a branch of the finch society of australia inc . and has been established since 1986 . we are located at the castlereagh community hall , on the corner of\nat the foot of the blue mountains . it will only take you approximately 13 minutes from the mulgoa road exit on the m4 . the club meets at 7 . 30pm on the fourth wednesday of each month , except december .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 087 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nwe specialise in xxxxxxxx birds / product contact us on : ( 0x ) xxxx xxxx or e - mail us @ . . . . . . . . . . . . .\ntemperament : do well in a mixed finch collection with one pair of these birds per aviary . generally less aggressive than the melba finch .\nlength : approx . 115 - 120 mm ( or about 4 . 5 - 5 inches )\ncolour (\nnormal\ncolour ) : refer photo / s above if available .\nread notes on\nfinches - non australian\nweb page and use in conjunction with details outlined on this page .\nlevel of knowledge required : beginner / intermediate / advanced / specialist breeders only .\ngovernment regulations & by - laws : refer to\ngovernment laws\nweb page .\nhousing requirements : click on\nhousing birds\nweb page for general details on the housing of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .\nthe aurora finch likes a planted aviary . the aurora finch likes to forage on the ground so care must be taken to ensure the floor of the aviary or cage is kept clean . mating and courtship may take place at ground level so it is preferable to have an open area on the floor of the aviary . the open area on the floor is often covered with a layer of dry sand .\nthey can be bred in a canary style breeder cage of about 900mm long x 400mm high x 400mm deep ( 36 x 16 x 16 inches ) . only one breeding pair per cage .\ndo not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . the aurora is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization .\ndiet / feeding : click on\nfeeding birds\nweb page for general details on the nutrition of non australian finches or read on for specific details for this finch .\nthe aurora finch requires a good quality finch seed mix , seeding grasses and some fruits ( e . g . apple ) and vegetables . leafy green vegetables can be offered , e . g . silverbeet , cos lettuce & endive . sprouted or soaked seed if available . live food is not essential during the non - breeding season but is beneficial . live food is essential during the breeding season . mealworms are commonly used . small crickets can be used .\nnesting months : spring to early autumn , but may breed year round if conditions are suitable .\nnesting receptacles : the aurora finch will build a dome shaped nest in a shrub or dry brush such as tea tree . equally it will build a nest in a wide variety of artificial nests .\nnest : the cock bird will make a dome shaped nest from grasses , coconut fibre , moss and soft materials . nest is lined by the hen with feathers and soft fine grasses .\nwho incubates the eggs : hen at night / cock / both share during the day .\nthe nest is usually built at mid height in the aviary . nest inspections are not recommended . young should be removed from the parent birds as soon as they are fully independent so as to avoid possible aggression from a parent . more details on finch nests and a selection of finch nest photos can be located on the\nnests\n,\nfinch nests\nand\nfinch nest photos\nweb pages . click on\nup\nthen\nnests\nthen\nfinch nests\nand\nfinch nests photos\nin the navigation bars .\nbreeding : egg colour white . clutch / s per year 3 . eggs per nest 3 - 5 . incubation approx . 12 - 13 days . fledge approx . 21 days . independent approx . another 3 - 4 weeks .\ndo not mix the different types of aurora finch as the birds will hybridize . live food is essential during the breeding season . nest inspections are generally not tolerated . adequate new nest material must be available for the hen to rebuild the old nest or build a new nest for the next clutch . the aurora finch is closely related to the melba finch and should not be housed with melba ' s so as to avoid hybridization . it is best to restrict the adult breeding pair to 3 clutches per breeding season .\nyoung birds ( when they become fully independent ) must be removed when bred in a cage . generally safe to remove the young from the parent birds about 4 weeks after they have left the nest .\nartificial incubation , hand rearing or fostering will not be covered on this web site . it is too complex and diverse in nature to be attempted here . refer\nspecific references\nas listed below and\ngeneral references\nlistings .\nhealth issues : refer\navian health issues\nweb page for information and references .\nworming and parasite control and quarantine requirements of new birds or sick birds are considered to require veterinary advice and therefore not covered on this web site . refer above option\navian health issues\nweb page .\navian medicine is advancing at a rapid pace . keep updating your knowledge and skills .\ngeneral references : refer to references listed on\nbook references\nweb page .\na / a vol 59 no . 11 nov 2005 page 255 - 259 ( background notes on some african waxbills ) .\na / a vol 25 no . 2 feb 1971 page 21 - 22 .\nabk vol 18 issue 11 . oct - nov 2005 page 676 - 681 ( what ' s genetically pure and what ' s not )\nabk vol 15 issue 3 . jun - jul 2002 page 157 - 158 .\nurltoken is one of the world ' s largest and most informative avian or bird web sites . copyright urltoken 2002 - 2008 inc . all rights reserved . disclaimer : this web site has been compiled from material provided from a large number of sources . personal experience and personal contacts have been used . results vary according to factors such as environmental factors , aviary design and the physical and genetic backgrounds of all living birds / animals . every endeavour has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material but no responsibility is accepted by urltoken for the accuracy of the material on this web site . the intent of this web site is to provide a\ncare sheet\nformat and provide general material only . readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making any decisions relating to their own interests .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nit is commonly found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , the democratic republic of the congo , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , ghana , guinea , liberia , nigeria , sierra leone and togo .\norigin and phylogeny has been obtained by antonio arnaiz - villena et al . [ 2 ] estrildinae may have originated in india and dispersed thereafter ( towards africa and pacific ocean habitats ) .\n- - module : hatnote - - - - - - - - this module produces hatnote links and links to related articles . it - - - - implements the and meta - templates and includes - - - - helper functions for other lua hatnote modules . - -\nlocal libraryutil = require ( ' libraryutil ' ) local checktype = libraryutil . checktype local marguments - - lazily initialise module : arguments local yesno - - lazily initialise module : yesno\nlocal function getargs ( frame ) - - fetches the arguments from the parent frame . whitespace is trimmed and - - blanks are removed . marguments = require ( ' module : arguments ' ) return marguments . getargs ( frame , { parentonly = true } ) end\nlocal function removeinitialcolon ( s ) - - removes the initial colon from a string , if present . return s : match ( ' ^ : ? ( . * ) ' ) end\nfunction p . findnamespaceid ( link , removecolon ) - - finds the namespace id ( namespace number ) of a link or a pagename . this - - function will not work if the link is enclosed in double brackets . colons - - are trimmed from the start of the link by default . to skip colon - - trimming , set the removecolon parameter to true . checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' findnamespaceid ' , 2 , removecolon , ' boolean ' , true ) if removecolon ~ = false then link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) end local namespace = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) : ' ) if namespace then local nstable = mw . site . namespaces [ namespace ] if nstable then return urltoken end end return 0 end\nfunction p . formatpages ( . . . ) - - formats a list of pages using formatlink and returns it as an array . nil - - values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local ret = { } for i , page in ipairs ( pages ) do ret [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( page ) end return ret end\nfunction p . formatpagetables ( . . . ) - - takes a list of page / display tables and returns it as a list of - - formatted links . nil values are not allowed . local pages = { . . . } local links = { } for i , t in ipairs ( pages ) do checktype ( ' formatpagetables ' , i , t , ' table ' ) local link = t [ 1 ] local display = t [ 2 ] links [ i ] = p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end return links end\nfunction p . makewikitexterror ( msg , helplink , addtrackingcategory ) - - formats an error message to be returned to wikitext . if - - addtrackingcategory is not false after being returned from - - module : yesno , and if we are not on a talk page , a tracking category - - is added . checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 1 , msg , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' makewikitexterror ' , 2 , helplink , ' string ' , true ) yesno = require ( ' module : yesno ' ) local title = mw . title . getcurrenttitle ( ) - - make the help link text . local helptext if helplink then helptext = ' ( help ) ' else helptext = end - - make the category text . local category if not title . istalkpage and yesno ( addtrackingcategory ) ~ = false then category = ' hatnote templates with errors ' category = string . format ( ' % s : % s ' , mw . site . namespaces [ 14 ] . name , category ) else category = end return string . format ( ' % s ' , msg , helptext , category ) end\n- - format link - - - - makes a wikilink from the given link and display values . links are escaped - - with colons if necessary , and links to sections are detected and displayed - - with\n\u00a7\nas a separator rather than the standard mediawiki\n#\n. used in - - the template .\nfunction p . formatlink ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local link = args [ 1 ] local display = args [ 2 ] if not link then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no link specified ' , ' template : format hatnote link # errors ' , args . category ) end return p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) end\nfunction p . _ formatlink ( link , display ) - - find whether we need to use the colon trick or not . we need to use the - - colon trick for categories and files , as otherwise category links - - categorise the page and file links display the file . checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 1 , link , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ formatlink ' , 2 , display , ' string ' , true ) link = removeinitialcolon ( link ) local namespace = p . findnamespaceid ( link , false ) local colon if namespace = = 6 or namespace = = 14 then colon = ' : ' else colon = end - - find whether a faux display value has been added with the | magic - - word . if not display then local prepipe , postpipe = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) | ( . * ) $ ' ) link = prepipe or link display = postpipe end - - find the display value . if not display then local page , section = link : match ( ' ^ ( . - ) # ( . * ) $ ' ) if page then display = page . . ' \u00a7 ' . . section end end - - assemble the link . if display then return string . format ( ' % s ' , colon , link , display ) else return string . format ( ' % s % s ' , colon , link ) end end\n- - hatnote - - - - produces standard hatnote text . implements the template .\nfunction p . hatnote ( frame ) local args = getargs ( frame ) local s = args [ 1 ] local options = { } if not s then return p . makewikitexterror ( ' no text specified ' , ' template : hatnote # errors ' , args . category ) end options . extraclasses = args . extraclasses options . selfref = args . selfref return p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) end\nfunction p . _ hatnote ( s , options ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 1 , s , ' string ' ) checktype ( ' _ hatnote ' , 2 , options , ' table ' , true ) local classes = { ' hatnote ' } local extraclasses = options . extraclasses local selfref = options . selfref if type ( extraclasses ) = = ' string ' then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = extraclasses end if selfref then classes [ # classes + 1 ] = ' selfref ' end return string . format ( '"]}
{"id": 1877, "summary": [{"text": "the snow-capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) is a species of bird in the pipridae family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in the amazon basin of brazil and far north-eastern bolivia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "snow - capped manakin", "paragraphs": ["snow , d . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . snow - capped manakin ( lepidothrix nattereri ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 24 . 5 - 28 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nprobably a close relative of l . vilasboasi and l . iris . two subspecies recognized .\n( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) \u2013 c brazil s of middle amazon ( from r madeira s to calama , e to r tapaj\u00f3s and its affluents ) .\n( hellmayr , 1903 ) \u2013 sc brazil from upper r madeira ( s of calama ) e to c mato grosso ( e to upper r xingu drainage ) , s to extreme ne bolivia ( ne santa cruz ) .\nmale 8\u00b75 cm , 8 g ; female 9\u00b72 cm , 8\u00b78 g . male is green above , with contrasting white cap and white lower back to uppertail - coverts ; flight - feathers and tail blackish with . . .\nsmall insects and a spider recorded in stomach contents ; probably also takes small fruits .\na nest found in dec 2008 contained two eggs ; the nest was in a small sapling 50 cm above the ground , and was a neatly woven cup slung . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally common to uncommon . poorly known species ; known to occur in amaz\u00f4nia ( tapaj\u00f3s ) national park , in brazil , and . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\noften merged with pipra , but genetic data support its separation # r # r . genus name was claimed to be preoccupied by an insect genus ( of thysanura : silverfish , firebrats and relatives ) named by menge , also in 1854 , so replacement name neolepidothrix was proposed # r ; however , menge\u2019s original spelling was lepidotrix , and in genus - group names these two are not homonyms , while in any case bonaparte\u2019s name appears to have priority # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 372 side b track 1 seq . a )\npreviously published on avocet as av10127 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen . gps : google earth . could be song\ndistance to mike : 10 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm08a220\ndistance to mike : 20 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , gallery forest . ref : nkm06a215\nperch height 7 m . distance to mike : 13 m . series of calls , male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest . ref : nkm01a215\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 187 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njennifer hammock split the classifications by clements checklist resource and clements checklist resource from lepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 ) to their own page .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nlumilakkitanssija\nfrom\nlepidothrix nattereri ( p . l . sclater , 1865 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 1882, "summary": [{"text": "alosa kessleri , also referred to as the caspian anadromous shad , the blackback , or the black-spined herring , is a species of clupeid fish .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is one of the several species of shad endemic to the caspian sea basin .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this is an anadromous species which ascends from the caspian to the volga river up to the volgograd to spawn .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "before the construction of th volgograd dam it migrated up to the kama and oka tributaries .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "few fish enter the terek and ural rivers .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "while the migration upstream is broken , it seems the fish have found new breeding grounds south of the dam , and the population is now abundant .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the species may be threatened by commercial and illegal fishing in the caspian sea and at the mouth of the volga during the migration , though . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "alosa kessleri", "paragraphs": ["some basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . )\nsome basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . )\nsome basic population parameters of the black sea shad ( alosa kessleri pontica eichw . ) [ 1983 ]\nfreyhof j , kottelat m ( 2008 ) alosa kessleri the iucn red list of threatened species v 2014 . 3\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2015 ) .\nalosa kessleri\nin fishbase . feb 2015 version .\n( of alosa pontica kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neuryhaline , anadromous , northward migration in spring ( march / april ) , but sometimes as early as february or even january ) , a little distance from the shore . no feeding by a . kessleri kessleri during migration up rivers whereas a . kessleri volgensis feed en route .\n( of caspialosa kessleri kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of clupea kessleri grimm , 1887 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caspialosa kessleri bergi tanassiychuk , 1940 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of clupeonella kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caspialosa kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caspialosa caspia kessleri ( grimm , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caspialosa kessleri volgensis natio imitans berg , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nspawns in rivers . some enter with ripe gonads and spawn in the lower reaches or even delta ( a . kessleri volgensis ) , others enter unripe and reach as much as 500 km upstream . the young descend in late summer and autumn .\nspawns in rivers . some enter with ripe gonads and spawn in the lower reaches or even delta ( a . kessleri volgensis ) , others enter unripe and reach as much as 500 km upstream . the young descend in late summer and autumn .\nbody fairly elongate , more ` herring - like ' than ` shad - like ' . total gill rakers 59 to 155 ( as in a . caspia ) , thick , coarse and shorter than gill filaments in some , long , thin and equal to or longer than gill filaments in others ( i . e . a . kessleri volgensis ) . teeth well developed in both jaws . other caspian shads have less than 50 gill rakers , except a . caspia which is deep - bodied .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . body fairly elongate , more ` herring - like ' than ` shad - like ' . total gill rakers 59 to 155 ( as in a . caspia ) , thick , coarse and shorter than gill filaments in some , long , thin and equal to or longer than gill filaments in others ( i . e . a . kessleri volgensis ) . teeth well developed in both jaws . other caspian shads have less than 50 gill rakers , except a . caspia which is deep - bodied .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncaspian sea from where adults ascend volga ( only few fish enter ural and terek ) to spawn . earlier reached upriver up to kama and oka systems . migrations now blocked by volgograd dam . there are indications it has formed landlocked populations in volga reservoirs .\nstill relatively abundant and stable below the volgograd dam where it appears to have found new spawning grounds . juveniles are regularly found in the delta of the volga . in 2000 the estimated number of mature individuals in the caspian was 12 , 000 , 000 ( n . bogutskaya , pers comm . )\nhabitat : at sea , pelagic , in a wide variety of habitats . migrates to middle reaches of large rivers , spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost - still water bodies such as river bays , river eddies and flood plains . biology : anadromous . migrates upriver to spawn at 4 - 5 years . enters rivers with unripe gonads . some spawn 2 - 4 seasons , but most females die after spawning . spawners appear along the coast in march - april , entering rivers april - may when temperatures reach about 9\u00b0c , peaking at 12 - 15\u00b0c . spawning run originally lasted 30 - 50 days . spawning starts in may - august when temperature rises above 15\u00b0c , and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15 - 23\u00b0c . spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p . m . eggs are bathypelagic . spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed . in autumn , they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter . juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer , remaining there until maturity . at sea , feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton , crustaceans and small fish .\nthe damming for the volga river ( main spawning river ) in the 1950 ' s and 1960 ' s , blocked most of the spawning grounds . currently the major threat to the species is commercial and illegal fishing in the caspian sea and at the mouth of the volga during the migration . the flow regulation from the volgograd dam ( which is dependant on energy demand ) is also a threat to the species as the species needs a large flow in april to the beginning june for optimal spawning conditions .\nthere is a canal which has been constructed to allow fish to pass the volgograd dam , so some fish occasionally get past .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlatin , alausa = a fish cited by ausonius and latin , halec = pickle , dealing with the greek word hals = salt ; it is also the old saxon name for shad =\nalli\n; 1591 ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - oceanic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 85 m ( ref . 188 ) . temperate ; 55\u00b0n - 35\u00b0n , 42\u00b0e - 58\u00b0e ( ref . 188 )\neurope : caspian sea from where adults ascend volga ( only few fish enter ural and terek ) to spawn . earlier reached upriver up to kama and oka system . migration now blocked by volgograd dam . may have formed land - lock populations in volga reservoirs .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 32 - 44 cm max length : 52 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; common length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 2 kg ( ref . 56523 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 56523 )\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00556 - 0 . 01363 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 3 - 5 ; fec = 135 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 64 , 2 sd range = 0 . 42 - 0 . 98 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 45 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 21 , based on : 1 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caspialosa volgensis bergi tanassiychuk , 1940 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caspialosa volgensis imitans berg , 1948 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n52 . 0 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ) ; max . published weight : 1 , 200 g ( ref . 56523 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 56523 )\nhabitat : at sea , pelagic , in a wide variety of habitats . migrates to middle reaches of large rivers , spawning close to shores in main channel and in almost - still water bodies such as river bays , river eddies and flood plains . biology : anadromous . migrates upriver to spawn at 4 - 5 years . enters rivers with unripe gonads . some spawn 2 - 4 seasons , but most females die after spawning . spawners appear along the coast in march - april , entering rivers april - may when temperatures reach about 9c , peaking at 12 - 15c . spawning run originally lasted 30 - 50 days . spawning starts in may - august when temperature rises above 15c , and lasts as long as temperatures remain at 15 - 23c . spawning is most intensive between 4 and 10 p . m . eggs are bathypelagic . spent fish migrate back to the sea to feed . in autumn , they move to the southern part of the sea to overwinter . juveniles migrate to the sea or to estuaries during their first summer , remaining there until maturity . at sea , feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton , crustaceans and small fish .\npelagic - oceanic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; freshwater ; brackish ; marine ; depth range 0 - 85 m ( ref . 188 )\ndepth : 0 - 85m . recorded at 85 meters . habitat : pelagic .\nanadromous . fish that ascend rivers to spawn , as salmon and hilsa do . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nwhile the migration upstream is broken , it seems the fish have found new breeding grounds south of the dam , and the population is now abundant .\nthe species may be threatened by commercial and illegal fishing in the caspian sea and at the mouth of the volga during the migration , though .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations ."]}
{"id": 1883, "summary": [{"text": "the richtersveld katydid ( africariola longicauda ) is a species of katydid that is endemic to the richtersveld national park in south africa .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it occurs in semi-arid habitats of the karoo biotope .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by livestock grazing and climate change . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "richtersveld katydid", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about richtersveld katydid ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for richtersveld katydid ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthe richtersveld katydid ( africariola longicauda ) is endemic to the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , south africa , and areas immediately adjacent to it .\nthe park boasts excellent bird watching opportunities , as well as a diverse range of animals including grey rhebok , duiker , steenbok , klipspringer , kudu , hartmann ' s mountain zebra , baboon , vervet monkey , caracal and leopard . the threatened richtersveld katydid is endemic to the area .\nthis species is known to occur only within the semi - arid habitats of nama and succulent karoo within richtersveld national park .\n) is endemic to the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , south africa , and areas immediately adjacent to it .\nno specific conservation measures are in place for this species , but it is only known to occur within a protected area , richtersveld national park .\nin june 2007 , the\nrichtersveld cultural and botanical landscape\n, just to the south of the national park and an area of equivalent size and beauty , was named a unesco world heritage site . unlike the national park , the richtersveld community conservancy , which forms the core zone of the world heritage site , is not subject to diamond mining and is as a result the more pristine of the two areas .\nwith water so scarce , life in the richtersveld depends on moisture from the early morning fog . locals call it ' ihuries ' or ' malmokkies ' and it makes survival possible for a range of small reptiles , birds and mammals .\nlocated in south africa ' s northern namaqualand , this arid area represents a harsh landscape where water is a great scarcity and only the hardiest of lifeforms survive . despite this , the richtersveld is regarded as the only arid biodiversity hotspot on earth , with an astonishing variety of plant , bird and animal life ( much of which is endemic ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe greatest threat to this species is habitat destruction caused by livestock over - grazing and climate change .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npart of the area is inscribed on unesco ' s world heritage list due to its cultural values , but remains a favourite amongst nature travellers to south africa , the landscape is sometimes described as\nmartian\n. though barren and desolate at first glance , closer examination reveals the area to be rich in desert lifeforms , with an array of unique species specially adapted for survival .\nthe northern part of the area was proclaimed as a national park in 1991 after 18 years of negotiation with the local community , who continue to live and graze their livestock in the area . it has an area of\nhaving been recorded in mid - summer . nights are cool and bring with them heavy dew . this unique climate is what has fostered such a unique ecosystem .\nhome to c . 650 plant species , this park boasts the world\u2019s largest diversity of succulents and represents an example of one of the most interesting mega - ecosystems in the world , the karoo .\nthe area is home to a number of rather unusual plants , many of which are found nowhere else on earth . chief among these is the\nhalfmensboom\n( pachypodium namaquanum welw . ) . literally translated , this means\nhalf - person tree\nand the name comes from the tree ' s resemblance to the human form ; its top consists of a grouping of thick , crinkled leaves , generally leaning northwards , which can make it look almost like a human head .\nthese trees are revered by the indigenous nama people as the embodiment of their ancestors , half human , half plant , mourning for their ancient namibian home .\nalso found here are gnarled kokerbooms , other tall aloes , and a variety of other unusual succulents , such as aloe pearsonii .\nand is entirely responsible for management of the world heritage site . both areas are used by traditional nomadic / transhumance herders to practice their ancient lifestyle and culture . it is the last place where the traditional way of life of the\n( of whom the nama are the largest surviving clan ) who once occupied the entire south - western part of africa , survives to any great extent . the\nis declared under the cultural criteria of the world heritage convention although it is recognised that the cultural values of the community and their continued existence are intrinsically connected to the environment .\nfor official site names , see each article or the list of world heritage sites in south africa .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright\nthe following 157 pages are in this category , out of 157 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\n{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }\nmix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection ."]}
{"id": 1885, "summary": [{"text": "skania is a middle cambrian fossil arthropod that is closely related to the early cambrian primicaris larvaformis from the chengjiang biota , china .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it bears a superficial resemblance to the ediacaran organism parvancorina .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "a single specimens of skania are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise < 0.01 % of the community . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "skania", "paragraphs": ["other deposits : skania sundbergi lin et al . 2006 from the kaili formation , china .\nskania \u2013 from skana , the name of a glacier near mount robson , british columbia , canada .\nskania fragilis was first described by walcott ( 1931 ) in a posthumous monograph published by his assistant charles resser . resser compared skania to the trilobites and naraoia . however in a redescription by delle cave and simonetta ( 1975 ) , it was suggested instead that skania was closely related to the ediacaran taxon parvancorina minchami glaessner 1958 . this affinity has been much discussed ( gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ; lin et al . 2006 ) , and skania has also been compared extensively with primicaris zhang et al . 2003 . skania and primicaris have also been interpreted as juveniles ( protaspides ) of naraoiids ( hou and bergstr\u00f6m , 1997 ) .\nthe ecology of skania is poorly known because the details of its morphology remain enigmatic . the form of the appendages is assumed to be biramous based on the overall similarity with primicaris , which possesses biramous appendages , meaning that both animals may have walked on the seafloor , using their filamentous appendages for oxygen exchange and occasional swimming . skania lacks eyes , so it likely used its antennae to sense the environment . the feeding strategy is unknown .\nthe m / f skania is a modern passenger and freight unit , of a service standard comparable to the polonia ferry . it has been in the unity line colours since 2008 . it can take on board up to :\nskania fragilis ( rom 60752 ) \u2013 part and counterpart ( first and second rows ) . complete specimen showing antennae . specimen length = 11 mm . specimen dry \u2013 polarized light ( left column ) and wet ( right column ) . raymond quarry .\ndelle cave , l . and a . m . simonetta . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic position of aysheaia ( onycophora ? ) and of skania ( undetermined phylum ) . monitore zoologico italiano new series , 9 : 67 - 81 .\nthe skania ferry guarantees a high comfort of travelling . on the unit there are 194 cabins : for 2 , 3 or 4 persons , de - luxe class included . every cabin is air conditioned , it has its own bathroom and extra facilities for passengers . the guests travelling on the ferry may also use comfortable airplane style armchairs .\ntime for a meal ? on the skania ferry everyone will find something suitable for their needs and tastes . at the travellers disposal there are , amongst others , an \u0105 la carte restaurant , a self - service restaurant and snacks and drinks bars . over 400 people can be served there at the same time . dishes for gourmets are exquisite and sophisticated , and for people looking for a fast meal - tasty and cheap . bon appetite !\non the skania ferry there is no place for boredom . 85 members of the crew take care to make the journey as pleasant as possible . during the cruise one may dance in a disco , play in a casino with a roulette and slot - machines or admire sea views on the open deck . it is also worth doing shopping in a well - stocked shop . the highest quality cosmetics , sweets , alcohol one can buy at very reasonable prices . and the kids will be thrilled by a playground room and the holiday club of the little viking . what a cruise it is going to be !\nthe skania ferry is a perfect place for organising a conference or a company trip . on the ferry there are two conference rooms - for 60 and 48 persons . the rooms are separated with a sliding door so if there is such a need , there could even be a meeting organised for 110 people ! at your request we can prepare individual decoration of the rooms and extra attractions . and if there is such a need , there is also a possibility of prolonging the conference in one of the hotels in ystad , trelleborg , malm\u00f6 , \u00e4ngelholm or copenhagen . so let ' s get to work !\nskania has a single , undifferentiated , soft dorsal shield that is roughly kite - shaped . the dorsal shield is rounded at the front of the head , and tapers towards the posterior of the body , ending in a pair of short margin spines at the posterior end . at the point of maximum width there are sharp genal spines directed posteriorly . the posterior margin of the head is delineated by a narrow rim that is strongly arched forward , with the cephalic region occupying one - quarter of the exoskeletal length . a midgut is preserved in the axial region of the body trunk . appendages are poorly preserved but consist of a pair of anterior antennae and ten or more paired body limbs .\nthe affinity of skania is controversial , but most agree it is related to the arthropods . it is similar to primicaris ( lin et al . , 2006 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ) , and both taxa have been compared to soft - bodied trilobites like naraoia ( walcott , 1931 ; zhang et al . , 2007 ; hou and bergstr\u00f6m , 1997 ) . other researchers suggest these taxa are related to the enigmatic ediacaran taxon parvancorina ( delle cave and simonetta , 1975 ; gehling , 1991 ; conway morris , 1993 ; simonetta and insom , 1993 ) , with all three taxa forming a clade in sister group position relative to the trilobites ( lin et al . , 2006 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncurrent links for doi : 10 . 2110 / palo . 2003 . p05 - 070r\nthis article is available from multiple sources . please click on the service to which you have a subscription to obtain access . if you don ' t have a subscription , clicking will allow you to obtain pay - per - view access .\nthe society for sedimentary geology is an international not - for - profit society based in tulsa , oklahoma . through its network of international members , the society is dedicated to the dissemination of scientific information on sedimentology , stratigraphy , paleontology , environmental sciences , marine geology , hydrogeology , and many additional related specialties .\nmega rc model truck collection vol . 1 ! rc mb arocs , rc scania , rc man , rc trucks , rc us truck\nscania r620 v8 longline p . van den blucke ( sth ) france interior - black amber replica ( hd )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfragilis \u2013 from the latin fragilis , \u201cbrittle , \u201d referring to the delicate nature and small size of the animal .\nholotype \u2013 usnm 83950 in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa .\nmiddle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .\nconway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossil in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america . palaeontology , 36 : 593 - 635 .\ngehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , p . 181 - 223 . in b . p . radhakrishna ( ed . ) , the world of martin f . glaessner . geological society of india , bangalore .\nhou , x . and j . bergstr\u00f6m . 1997 . arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . fossils and strata , 45 : 1 - 116 .\nlin , j . , s . m . gon iii , j . g . gehling , l . e . babcock , y . zhao , x . zhang , s . hu , j . yuan m . yu and j . peng . 2006 . a parvancorina - like arthropod from the cambrian of south china . historical biology , 18 : 33 - 45 .\nsimonetta , a . m . and e . insom . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria . bolletino di zoologia , 60 : 97 - 107 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 85 : 1 - 46 .\nzhang , x . , d . shu and d . h . erwin . 2007 . cambrian naraoiids ( arthropoda ) : morphology , ontogeny , systematics , and evolutionary relationships . palaeontological society memoir , 68 : 1 - 52 .\nthanks to numerous facilities and entertainment spots the journey passes fast and in a very pleasant way . in the gastronomy and entertainment areas travellers may have a meal in a bar or a restaurant , dance in a disco , do some shopping and play in a casino .\na great advantage of the ferry is a night departure from the ports and the alternating journey times with the polonia ferry . it offers the opportunity for convenient , even one - day long trips to sweden . on the way to scandinavia , travellers may have a nap - and then they wake up relaxed and ready for the rest of the journey or sightseeing .\ncafeteria : 128 places , open : 05 : 30 - 07 : 00 , 11 : 30 - 19 : 30 ( low season : 11 : 30 - 15 : 00 , 17 : 00 - 19 . 30 ) 21 : 30 - 24 : 00\nunity line limited sp . z o . o . oddzia\u0142 w polsce raiffeisen bank polska s . a . 34 1750 1077 0000 0000 2287 7647\nunity line limited sp . z o . o . oddzia\u0142 w polsce raiffeisen bank polska s . a . 10 1750 1077 0000 0000 2293 3272\nenter your e - mail address and gain access to information about unity line ' s new offers , promotions and special offers . newsletter . regulations . link . content newsletter . regulations\nyou share the above data ( especially your e - mail address ) for the purposes of receiving commercial information from unity line limited based in limassol ( republic of cyprus ) .\nyour address has been added to our database . we have just sent you an e - mail with instructions how to confirm your booking .\nwe would like to be able to notify you about new products and offers prepared especially for you .\nyour address has been added to our database . we have sent you an e - mail with instructions on how to confirm your registration .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n> > t h e m e b y r o x i e < < < theme by roxie | urltoken 2016 \u24d2 all rights reserved . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >\nyooo ! i ' m kanae and this is my multi - fandom blog . it ' s heavy on my otps and favorite characters , so please do check them out before following . buy me a coffee ? | |\nholy crap , the cg fandom is every bit as delusional if not worse then i remembered it to be . can\u2019t believe that in year of the lord 2k18 there\u2019s still people that deny how dear shirley was to lelouch\u2019s heart and even people that try to defend rolo\u2019s character and make him out to be something he was not at all or cling to lelouch being the cart driver . like ? ? it\u2019s been a decade since the series ended ? ? ?\n\u201cthat\u2019s right , harry\u2026 come on , think of something happy\u2026\u201d \u201csomething happy ? \u201d he said , his voice cracked . \u201cwe\u2019re all still here , \u201d she whispered , \u201cwe\u2019re still fighting . come on , now\u2026\u201d there was a silver spark , then a wavering light , and then , with the greatest effort it had ever cost him , the stag burst from the end of harry\u2019s wand .\nand there you\u2019d be wrong about the rebuilds but right about the manga . though i wouldn\u2019t say i\u2019m a bigger fan of it ; i take each of them as their own canon , so while i have my preferences the original nge comes before everything else .\nrc to sebastian : \u201ca servant shall not open their mouth without the master\u2019s permission . you are an earsore . \u201d\n1 second later , rc to oc : \u201caww , i\u2019m so glad that i was able to meet you , my only family in this world , again . * smile * \u201d\nif lizzy shows up to draw a sword on the shinigami again when / if they threaten r ! ciel , all these months without her will have been worth it .\nhonestly , i\u2019ve been expecting r ! ciel to call her and for her to reveal she\u2019s been there all along , just like tanaka and undertaker were . and for her arrival to be the cliffhanger of the chapter , since o ! ciel seeing her and knowing that she knows and lizzy seeing him with r ! ciel in the room is going to be everything .\nbut badass lizzy ? lizzy vs the otherwordly again ? ohhh man . even if it\u2019s just a couple of panels before undertaker gets the situation under control , i\u2019m so here for it .\nhereditary was pretty good . really heavy on eerie atmosphere and not ridiculous jump scares with bad sound design . my only grievance is that it really goes out of it\u2019s way to be subtle and focus on visual story telling until the very end betrays that . it just randomly turns into a big exposition dump right before credits roll . not sure if that was the producers wanting to spell it out to dummies or what . would recommend it though , especially if you\u2019re all about slow burns and atmosphere .\nas always , i haven\u2019t watched the movie myself , these are what i got from various fan accounts online . the plot development generally remained the same , but there are several brief ( relative to overall plot ) but major changes . ( source : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 with the twitter ones can only be viewed from pc if you don\u2019t have the fusetter account )\nnow that\u2019s out of my chest , i seriously hope to be more active this summer ! ! not only for free ! 3rd season but also because lizzy should hopefully already be back in the manga by then . maybe even some darlifra depending on how that ends lol\nharurinharu , mc x aigis , cielizzy , eruri & kiznaiver . with a dash of eren / annie and stony .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01\nlegg , d . a . 2015 , the morphology and affinities of . . . bulletin of geosciences , 90 , 509 - 518 .\nbulletin of geosciences published by \u00a9 czech geological survey , w . bohemia museum pilsen individual sponsors issn : 1802 - 8225 ( online ) , 1214 - 1119 ( print )\n, from the middle cambrian ( series 3 , stage 5 ) burgess shale formation ( yoho national park , british columbia , canada ) , is redescribed based on 14 new specimens reposited at the royal ontario museum . these specimens provide a clearer picture of the morphology of this taxon and help to resolve conflicting opinions regarding potential homology of particular features . specifically , the anchor - shaped anterior , which has been compared to a similar structure in the putative precambrian arthropod\n, weakening claims that crown - group arthropods were present in the neoproterozoic . the removal of these taxa from arthropoda is in keeping with recent molecular clock analyses , which demonstrate a cambrian diversification of euarthropoda . a phylogenetic analysis resolved\n, united by the presence of a cordiform dorsal shield . similarities between these taxa and marrellids may indicate that the elongate posterior spines of\nand related taxa , and the dorsal shield of acercostracans have a common origin akin to the carapace anlagen of extant crustaceans .\nbengtson , s . 2000 . teasing fossils out of shale with cameras and computers .\nbeurlen , k . 1930 . vergleichende stammesgeschichte grundlagen , methoden , probleme unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der h\u00f6heren krebse .\nconway morris , s . 1993 . ediacaran - like fossils in cambrian burgess shale - type faunas of north america .\ncrabb , p . 2001 . the use of polarised light in photography of macrofossils .\ndelle cave , l . & simonetta , a . m . 1975 . notes on the morphology and taxonomic positon of\n( arthropoda , marrellomorpha ) from the middle cambrian burgess shale , british columbia , canada .\ngehling , j . g . 1991 . the case for ediacaran fossil roots to the metazoan tree , 181 - 223 .\ngoloboff , p . a . 1999 . analysing large data sets in reasonable times : solutions for composite optima .\ngoloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . & nixon , k . c . 2008 . tnt , a free program for phylogenetic analysis .\nharrington , h . j . 1968 . general description of trilobita , o38 - o117 .\ngen . et sp . nov . and heterochronic events in early crustacean evolution .\nhou , x . g . & bergstr\u00f6m , j . 1997 . arthropods from the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china .\nhou , x . g . , ramsk\u00f6ld , l . & bergstr\u00f6m , j . 1991 . composition and preservation of the chengjiang fauna - a lower cambrian soft - bodied biota .\nlee , m . s . y . , soubrier , j . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . rates of phenotypic and genomic evolution during the cambrian explosion .\nlegg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . & edgecombe , g . d . 2013 . arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies .\nlegg , d . a . , sutton , m . d . , edgecombe , g . d . & caron , j . - b . 2012 . cambrian bivalved arthropod reveals origin of arthrodization .\nlin , j . p . , gon iii , s . m . , gehling , j . g . , babcock , l . e . , zhao , y . l . , zhang , x . l . , hu , s . x . , yuan , j . l . , yu , m . y . & peng , j . 2006 . a\nnixon , k . c . 1999 . the parsimony ratchet , a new method for rapid parsimony analysis .\nolesen , j . 2013 . the crustacean carapace : morphology , function , development , and phylogenetic history , 103 - 139 .\nortega - hern\u00e1ndez , j . & brena , c . 2012 . ancestral patterning of tergite formation in a centipede suggests derived mode of trunk segmentation in trilobites .\nrota - stabelli , o . , daley , a . c . & pisani , d . 2013 . molecular timetrees reveal a cambrian colonization of land and a new scenario for ecdysozoan evolution .\nschram , f . r . & koenemmann , s . 2004 . are the crustaceans monophyletic ? , 319 - 329 .\nsimonetta , a . m . & delle cave , l . 1981 . an essay in the comparative and evolutionary morphology of palaeozoic arthropods . origine dei grandi phyla dei metazoi . accademia\nsimonetta , a . m . & insom , e . 1993 . new animals from the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) and their possible significance for the understanding of the bilateria .\nsiveter , d . j . , briggs , d . e . g . , siveter , d . j . , sutton , m . d . , legg , d . & joomun , s . 2014 . a silurian short - great - appendage arthropod .\nsiveter , d . j . , fortey , r . a . , sutton , m . d . , briggs , d . e . g . & siveter , d . j . 2007 . a silurian \u2018marrellomorph\u2019 arthropod .\nstormer , l . 1944 . on the relationships and phylogeny of fossil and recent arachnomorpha .\ntreatise on invertebrate paleontology . part r . arthropoda vol 4 ( 1 ) .\nvan roy , p . , orr , p . j . , botting , j . p . , muir , l . a . , vinther , j . , lefebvre , b . , el hariri , k . & briggs , d . e . g . 2010 . ordovician faunas of burgess shale - type .\nvannier , j . & chen , j . y . 2002 . digestive system and feeding mode in cambrian naraoiid arthropods .\nwaggoner , b . m . 1996 . phylogenetic hypotheses of the relationships of arthropods to precambrian and cambrian problematic fossil taxa .\nwalcott , c . d . 1931 . addenda to descriptions of burgess shale fossils .\nwills , m . a . , briggs , d . e . g . , fortey , r . a . , wilkinson , m . & sneath , p . h . a . 1998 . an arthropod phylogeny based on fossil and recent taxa , 33 - 105 .\nzhang , x . l . , han , j . , zhang , z . f . , liu , h . q . & shu , d . g . 2003 . reconsideration of the supposed naraoiid larva from the early cambrian chengjiang lagerst\u00e4tte , south china ."]}
{"id": 1887, "summary": [{"text": "macrocilix nongloba is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chu and wang in 1988 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china ( sichuan , jiangxi , chejiang ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 13-18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are externally similar to macrocilix orbifera . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "macrocilix nongloba", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for nongloba definition . you find here nongloba meaning , synonyms of nongloba and images for nongloba copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nongloba . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nongloba and , of course , nongloba synonyms and on the right images related to the word nongloba .\nthis is a successive report on the chinese drepaninae dealing with 2 genera , i . e . auzata and macrocilix . both genera are endemic to e . asia especially presenting a rich fauna in china . [ new taxa discussed include a . amaryssa sp . nov . , a . semilucida sp . nov . , a . plana sp . nov . , m . ophrysa sp . nov . , m . nongloba sp . nov . , m . trinotata sp . nov . , and m . mysticata campana ssp . nov . ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncajviewer7 . 0 supports all the cnki file formats ; adobereader only supports the pdf format .\nbhou io xiang henordokcidenia kolegio de agrikulturo la shaanxi - a ir . stltuto de zoologio ; studo drepanedoj el shaanxi provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1982 - 04\nchou io xiang he nordokcidenta kolegio de agrikulturo , wugong , shaanxi . la shaanxi - a instituto de zoologio , xi ' an , shaanxi . ; studo de drepanedoj el yunnan provinco ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 1984 - z1\nguo zheng - fu ~ 1 , ding dong - sun ~ 2 ( 1 . jiangxi provincial academy of forestry , nanchang , jiangxi 330046 , china ; 2 . jiangxi provincial station of forest disease and pest control , nanchang , jiangxi 330077 , china ) ; butterfly fauna analysis of the natural reservation of guanshan , jiangxi province [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2005 - 02\nxie xiao - jian1 , ren ze - jun1 , ding dong - sun1 , lin yu - jian2 ( 1 . forest pest control station of jiangxi province , nanchang , 330077 ; 2 . college of agronomy , jiangxi agriculture university , nanchang 330045 ) ; the species of lymantriidae insects from jiangxi province [ j ] ; jiangxi plant protection ; 2007 - 01\nding dongsun1 , zhu xianchao2 , huang xianlin3 , qiu ningfang1 ( 1 . jiangxi forest pest control station , nanchang jiangxi 330077 , china ; 2 . leqing city yandang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325614 , china ; 3 . leqing city xiangyang town forest station , leqing zhejiang 325619 , china ) ; tettigonioidae and geographical distributions of insect from jiangxi lushan nature reserve [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 03\nzhen benguang1 , chen chunquang1 , zhuo chuansen1 , cheng yong1 , jia fenghai2 ( 1 . jinggang mountain national reserve management bureau , ji ' an jiangxi 343600 , china ; 2 . nanchang university , nanchan jiangxi 330031 , china ) ; lepidoptera lycaenidae new records in jiangxi [ j ] ; jiangxi forestry science and technology ; 2007 - 04\nsong hong - min1 , 2 , zhang qing - fen1 , han xue - mei1 , xu yan1 , 3 , xu ru - mei 1 * * ( 1 ministry of education laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , beijing normal university , beijing 100875 , china ; 2 ministry of laboratory for biological - active substances and functional food , beijing union university , beijing 100083 , china ; 3 institute of animal and plant quarantine , administry of quality supervise and inspection and quarantine , beijing 100029 , china ) ; climex : professional biological software for predicting potential distribution of species . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2004 - 04\nliu yuanfu , associate professor ( the research institute of tropical forestry , caf guangzhou 510520 ) . ; the insect fauna of the jianfengling forest area , hainan island - - thyrididae [ j ] ; forest research ; 1993 - 03\nding dong - sun1 , zeng zhi - jie1 , chen chun - fa1 , lin yu - jian2 , wu he - ping3 , xu xiang - rong3 , yu ze - ping3 ( 1 . forest pest control and quarantine bureau of jiangxi , nanchang 330077 , jiangxi , china ; 2 . jiangxi agricultural university , nanchang 330045 , jiangxi , china ; 3 . guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi , yifeng 336300 , jiangxi , china ) ; insect fauna analysis of guanshan mountain natural reserve in jiangxi [ j ] ; forest research ; 2009 - 03\n\u00a92006 tsinghua tongfang knowledge network technology co . , ltd . ( beijing ) ( ttkn ) all rights reserved\nby hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1988 . it is\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\ngenetic results of embryo transfer in cattle . i . case of a closed herd\n. this study aimed to determine the practical application of vascular lab studies in determining limb salvage outcomes in injured patients with concerning clinical examinations . a retrospective review of the trauma registry at a level i center was c . . .\nabdulkadyrov , k . m . ; rukavitsyn , o . a . ; bessmel & apos ; tsev , s . s . ; martynkevich , i . a . ; saltykova , l . b . ; sidorova , z . iu . ; blinov , m . n . ; shcherbakova , e . g . ; shilova , e . r .\n. to elucidate feasibility of accurate diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia ( cml ) without cytogenetic and molecular - genetic investigations as well as to specify cml diagnostic criteria , clinicohematological parameters were compared in two groups of . . .\n. although their impact on global sulphur supplies is currently rather small , the smaller exporters in the arabian gulf have found a niche in markets in their locality . their contribution world - wide is expected to become increasingly significant in . . .\n. a rare case of gummatous syphilis of the scalp involving underlying bones in a 50 years old male is reported . the diagnosis was confirme , d by history , clinical examination , serological and radiological findings . salient radiological features regar . . .\n. in this paper , new quantitative linear ( hlf ratio : high frequency / low frequency spectral power ratio ) and non - linear parameters ( zc : zero crossing and fd : fractal dimension ) which can assist the physician in real - time decision whether a shunt is r . . .\n. this study was undertaken to describe the musculoskeletal manifestations in a selected population of 26 patients with biopsy - proven osteomalacia ( om ) and provide a literature update . the 26 patients with biopsy - proven om were selected from a total . . ."]}
{"id": 1888, "summary": [{"text": "symmetrischema atrifascis is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1917 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in peru .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 9 \u2013 10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark grey irrorated with white and with a blackish dot beneath the costa near the base , as well as an oblique blackish bar from the costa at one-fourth to the fold .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discal stigmata are blackish , indistinctly edged with ochreous beneath , and with the plical ochreous , slightly before the first discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are indistinct whitish opposite marks on the costa at three-fourths and the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale slaty-grey , in males with a very long dense black expansible hairpencil lying along the costa from the base to two-thirds . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "symmetrischema atrifascis", "paragraphs": ["phthorimaea atrifascis meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft\nsymmetrischema inexpectatum povoln\u00fd , 1967 ; acta ent . mus . natn . pragae 37 : 60\nsymmetrischema capsicivorum povoln\u00fd , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 209 ; tl : peru , lambayeque\nsymmetrischema kendallorum blanchard & knudson , 1982 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 628 ; tl : texas , nueces co . , north padre island\nsymmetrischema striatellum ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27\nsymmetrischema ( gnorimoschemini ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27 ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list )\nsymmetrischema escondidella landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list ) ; tl : galapagos , santa cruz , est . cient . charles darwin , el barranco , s 00\u00b044 . 291 ' , w 90\u00b0 18 . 107 ' , 22m\nsymmetrischema tangolias ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27\n= ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730\nphthorimaea altisona meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 46 ; tl : peru , huancayo , 10650ft\nardeola ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 280\nborsaniella ( k\u00f6hler , 1939 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ; an . soc . cient . argent . 128 : 370\ngnorimoschema capsica bradley & povoln\u00fd , 1965 ; bull . ent . res . 56 ( 1 ) : 58 ; tl : lesser antilles\ngnorimoschema cestrivora clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 : 288 , f . 4 - 4d ; tl : tucuman , argentina\nchelaria conifera meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ngnorimoschema fercularia meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : texas , fort davis ( 5000ft ) , alpine ( 5000 - 8000ft )\ninsertum povoln\u00fd , 1988 ; revta inst . cienc . nat ecol . 1 : 77\nlarva on physalis virginiana var . spathulaefolia blanchard & knudson , 1982 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 630\ngnorimoschema lectulifera meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : texas , fort davis and alpine , 5000ft\nphthorimaea loquax meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft\ndepressaria pallidochrella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 7 ) : 126 ; tl : kentucky\neucatoptus striatella murtfeldt , 1900 ; can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 163\nlarva on ( berries ) solanum nigrum murtfeldt , 1900 , can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 164\nperu , new south wales , . . . , california . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27\n= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28\nlarva on ( for _ gnorimoschema tuberosella ) solanum tuberosum busck , 1931 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 33 ( 3 ) : 60 , solanum nigrum powell & povoln\u00fd , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13\ngelechia ( teleia ? ) ventralella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 116\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsangmi lee and richard l . brown mississippi entomological museum , box 9775 , mississippi state , ms 39762 e - mail ( sl ) : microlepi @ urltoken\nnealyda dietz , 1900 accincta meyrick , 1923 bicolor ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( didactylota ) bougainvileae e . m . hering , 1955 leucozostra meyrick , 1923 pisoniae busck , 1900\nmegacraspedus zeller , 1839 neda chambers , 1874 , preocc . by mulsant , 1850 pycnobathra lower , 1901 autoneda busck , 1903 , repl . name toxoceras chr\u00e9tien , 1915 megacraspedas in barnes & mcdunnough , 1917 , missp . exilis walsingham , 1909 isophrictis meyrick , 1917 actiella barners & busck , 1920 monochroa heinemann , 1870 catabrachmia rebel , 1909 absconditella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) palpiannulella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia )\naristotelia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] ergatis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by blackwall , 1870 isochasta meyrick , 1886 eucatoptus walsingham , 1897 aphiltra meyrick , 1917 argyractis meyrick , 1923 calculatrix meyrick , 1923 chalybeichroa ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) chalybochroa meyrick , 1925 , emend . corallina walsingham , 1909 cosmographa meyrick , 1917 crassicornis walsingham , 1897 cynthia meyrick , 1917 cytherae meyrick , 1917 dasypoda walsingham , 1910 diolcella forbes , 1931 elachistella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) erycina meyrick , 1917 eupatoriella busck , [ 1934 ] hieroglyphica walsingham , 1909 howardi walsingham , 1909 lignicolora forbes , 1931 naxia meyrick , 1926 oribatis meyrick , 1917 pantalaena ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) paphia meyrick , 1917 parephoria clarke , 1951 paterata meyrick , 1914 penicillata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) perfossa meyrick , 1917 radicata meyrick , 1917 perplexa clarke , 1951 probolopis meyrick , 1923 pudibundella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) intermediella ( chambers , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) pulicella walsingham , 1897 ) pyrodercia walsingham , 1910 roseosuffusella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) belella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rubidella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) rubensella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) pudibundella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , misid . ( not zeller , 1873 ) sarcodes walsingham , 1910 saturnina meyrick , 1917 squamigera walsingham , 1909 subrosea meyrick , 1914 trossulella walsingham , 1897 vagabundella forbes , 1931 veteranella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( tachyptilia ) vicana meyrick , 1917\nagnippe chambers , 1872 evippe chambers , 1873 phaetusa chambers , 1875 , preocc . by wagler , 1832 aganippe chamber , 1880 , missp . tholerostola meyrick , 1917 aequorea ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( recurvaria ) aulonota ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) evippeella busck , 1906 leuconota ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) plutella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( phaetusa ) omphalopa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( tholerostola ) plumata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia )\nrecurvaria haworth , 1828 lita kollar , 1832 telea steph . , 1834 , preocc . by h\u00fcbner , 1819 aphanaula meyrick , 1895 hinnebergia spuler , 1910 microlechia turati , 1924 annulicornis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) eromene ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) febriculella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) filicornis ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) flagelifer walsingham , 1910 flagellifera meyrick , 1925 , missp . insequens meyrick , 1931 intermissella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) kitella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) melanostictella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) merismatella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) nothostigma meyrick , 1914 ornatipalpella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) ostariella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) penetrans meyrick , 1923 picula walsingham , 1910 pleurosaris meyrick , 1923 putella busck , 1914 rhicnota walsingham , 1910 rhombophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sartor walsingham , 1910 saxea meyrick , 1923 senariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sticta walsingham , 1910 synestia meyrick , 1939 thiodes meyrick , 1917 thysanota walsingham , 1910 trigonophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) xanthotricha meyrick , 1917\ncoleotechnites chambers , 1880 evagora clemens , 1860 , preocc . by p\u00e9ron & lesueur , 1810 eidothea chambers , 1873 , preocc . by risso , 1826 eidothoa chambers , 1873 , missp . eucordylea dietz , 1900 pulicalvaria freeman , 1963 hapalosaris meyrick , 1917 coleotechnistes in busck , [ 1903 ] , missp . elucidella ( barnes & busck , 1920 ) ( eucordylea ) petulans ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( hapalosaris ) vagatioella ( chambers , 1873 ) ( eidothoa [ sic ] ) dorsivittella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) schistophila chr\u00e9tien , 1899 fuscella forbes , 1931\nexoteleia wallengren , 1881 paralechia busck , 1903 heringia spuler , 1910 , preocc . by rondani , 1856 heringiola strand , 1917 , repl . name ithycosma ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia )\ntelphusa chambers , 1872 adrasteia chambers , 1872 adrastia kirby , 1874 , missp . geniadophora walsingham , 1897 auxoptila meyrick , 1926 callitechna meyrick , 1914 praefinita ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( mompha ) delatrix meyrick , 1923 distictella forbes , 1931 extranea ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( poecilia ) hemicycla meyrick , 1932 latebricola meyrick , 1932 medulella busck , 1914 melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 obligata busck , 1914 ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 orgilopis meyrick , 1923 penetratrix meyrick , 1931 perspicua ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) quinquedentata ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) ripula walsingham , 1911 smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 translucida ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( bryotropha )\nthiotricha meyrick , 1886 reuttia hofmann , 1898 thiotrica inoue , 1954 , missp . thiothricha hartig , 1956 , missp . argoxantha meyrick , 1914 aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 cleodorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) godmani ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( polyhymno ) laterestriata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) sciurella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) argoxantha meyrick , 1914\nstomopteryx heinemann , 1870 inotica meyrick , 1913 instica sharp , 1915 , missp . acraeologa meyrick , 1921 stomopterix turati , 1922 , missp . stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe , 1935 , missp . phaeopa meyrick , 1918\nfriseria busck , 1939 acaciella ( busck , 1906 ) ( telphusa ) caieta hodges , 1966 cockerelli ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) lindenella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) malindella ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) sarcochlora ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( gelechia ) infracta ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticaput ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticeps ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . nona hoges , 1966 paphlactis ( meyrick , 1912 ) ( gelechia ) repentina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia )\ngelechia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] guinea bruand , 1850 galechia desmarest , [ 1857 ] , missp . cirrha chambers , 1872 oeseis chambers , 1875 mesogelechia omelko , 1986 gelecia watt , 1920 , missp . bathrochlora meyrick , 1932 bufo walsingham , 1911 cacoderma walsingham , 1911 caespitella zeller , 1877 cerussata walsingham , 1911 chlorocephala meyrick , 1932 clopica meyrick , 1931 concinna walsingham , 1911 creberrima walsingham , 1911 cuneifera walsingham , 1911 delapsa meyrick , 1931 diacmota meyrick , 1932 dolbyi ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elephantopis meyrick , 1936 exclarella m\u00f6schler , 1890 flammulella walsingham , 1897 gnathodoxa meyrick , 1926 goniospila meyrick , 1931 hetaeria walsingham , 1911 impurgata walsingham , 1911 lapidescens meyrick , 1916 , repl . name lithodes walsingham , 1911 , preocc . ( not meyrick , 1886 ) leptospora meyrick , 1932 nephelophracta meyrick , 1932 neptica walsingham , 1911 nigripectus walsingham , 1911 nucifer walsingham , 1911 nucifera meyrick , 1925 , emend . ophiaula meyrick , 1931 ophiomorpha meyrick , 1935 pertinens meyrick , 1931 petraea walsingham , 1911 picrogramma meyrick , 1929 platydoxa meyrick , 1923 pleroma walsingham , 1911 protozona meyrick , 1926 rhypodes walsingham , 1911 scotodes walsingham , 1911 sonorensis walsingham , 1911 suspensa meyrick , 1923 synthetica walsingham , 1911 tannuolella rebel , 1917 thymiata ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( nothris ) traducella busck , 1914 veneranda walsingham , 1911 xylobathra meyrick , 1936\ngnorimoschmea busck , 1900 lerupsia riedl , 1965 neoschema povolny\u00b4 , 1967 atriplicella keifer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 borsaniella k\u00f6hler , 1939 cestrivora clarke , 1950 cestivora hayward , 1969 , missp . dudiella busck , 1903 euchthonia ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( phthorimaea ) exacta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) involuta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) motasi povolny\u00b4 , 1976 perfidiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) saphirinella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) urosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea )\nphthorimaea meyrick , 1902 phtyrimaea turner , 1919 , missp . phthorimoea povolny\u00b4 & zakopal , 1951 , missp . pthorimaea issiki , 1957 , missp . phthorimea diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . phtorimea oei - dharma , 1969 , missp . argentinae povolny\u00b4 , 1989 euchthonia meyrick , 1939 ferella ( berg , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) impudica walsingham , 1911 interjuncta meyrick , 1931 jamaicensis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) operculella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) terrella walker , 1864 , preocc . by d . & s . , 1775 solanella boisduval , 1874 tabacella ( ragonot , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) sedate ( butler , 1880 ) ( gelechia ) epicentra meyrick , 1909 robusta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 sphenophora ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia )\ngnorimoschema busck , 1900 gnorimochema dyar , [ 1903 ] , missp . lerupsia riedl , 1965 larupsia soffner , 1967 ventralella ( zeller , 1877 )\nscrobipalpula povolny\u00b4 , 1964 acuta povolny\u00b4 , 1990 albolineata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 atra povolny\u00b4 , 1987 chiquitella ( busck , 1909 ) ( gnorimoschema ) conifera ( meyrick , 1916 ) ( chelaria ) crustaria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) daturae ( zeller , 1877 ) ( doryphora ) densata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gnorimoschema ) laciniosa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ephoria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) falcate povolny\u00b4 , 1987 fjeldsai povolny\u00b4 , 1990 flava povolny\u00b4 , 1987 gregalis ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) gregariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) hastata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 henshawiella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ochreostrigella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not chambers , 1875 ) incerta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 ilyella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) incerta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 isochlora ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) latisaccula povolny\u00b4 , 1987 latiuncula povolny\u00b4 , 1987 megaloander povolny\u00b4 , 1987 melanolepis ( clarke , 1965 ) ( gnorimoschema ) motasi povolny\u00b4 , 1976 omicron povolny\u00b4 , 1987 pallens povolny\u00b4 , 1987 patagonica povolny\u00b4 , 1977 psilella ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1855 ) ( gelechia ) quinoae povolny\u00b4 , 1997 radiata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 rosariensis povolny\u00b4 , 1987 stirodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) subtenera povolny\u00b4 , 1987 tenera povolny\u00b4 , 1987 transiens povolny\u00b4 , 1987 trichinaspis ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea )\nkeiferia busck , 1939 tildenia povolny\u00b4 , 1967 brunnea povolny\u00b4 , 1973 chloroneura ( meyrick , 1923 ) colombiana povolny\u00b4 , 1975 elmorei ( keifer , 1936 ) ( gnorimoschema ) funebrella povolny\u00b4 , 1984 griseofusca povolny\u00b4 , 1984 gudmanella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) n . comb . keiferioides ( povolny\u00b4 , 1987 ) ( scrobipalpula ) lobata povolny\u00b4 , 1990 lycopersicella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) lenta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) lycopersicella ( busck , 1928 ) ( phthorimaea ) preocc . by walsingham , 1897 propria povolny\u00b4 , 1990 rusposoria povolny\u00b4 , 1979 subtilis povolny\u00b4 , 1984 vitalis povolny\u00b4 , 1990\nchionodes , h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] chionoda h\u00fcbner , [ 1826 ] , missp . oxycryptis meyrick , 1912 argosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) consona ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) dryobathra ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) eburata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) icriodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) lacticoma ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) litigiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) mediofuscella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) vagella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) fuscoochrella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) liturosella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) rhedaria ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) pentadora ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) perissosema ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( gelechia ) salva ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( phthorimaea ) , repl . name leucocephala ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not lower , 1893 ) spiridoxa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia )\nfaculta busck , 1939 inaequalis ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) inaequalis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) preocc . by busck , 1910 anisectis ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) clistrodoma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) stegasta meyrick , 1904 biniveipunctata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) bosqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) basqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) , missp . bosquella ( chambers , 1878 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . costipunctella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) capitella ( fabricius , 1794 ) ( alucita ) capitatus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ( ypsolophus ) , repl . name robustella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rivulella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) comissata meyrick , 1923 donatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) phalacra ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) postpallescens ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) scoteropis meyrick , 1931 zygotoma meyrick , 1917\nuntomia busck , 1906 acicularis meyrick , 1918 alticolens walsingham , 1911 alticolans meyrick , 1925 , emend . horista walsingham , 1911 juventella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( ypsolophus ) latistriga walsingham , 1911 melanobathra meyrick , 1918 rotundata walsingham , 1911\nbattaristis meyrick , 1914 duvita busck , 1916 acroglypta meyrick , 1929 amphiscolia meyrick , 1914 ardiophora meyrick , 1914 atelesta meyrick , 1914 bistrigella ( buskc , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) concisa meyrick , 1929 coniosema meyrick , 1922 curtella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) emissurella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) severella ( walker , 1864 ) ( cryptolechia ) fuliginosa ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) dorsalis ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) astroconis ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( compsolechia ) ichnota meyrick , 1914 melanamba meyrick , 1914 nigratomella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicilinella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicistrigella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( parasia ) orthocampta meyrick , 1914 parazela meyrick , 1929 perinaeta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( anacampsis ) prismatopa meyrick , 1914 rhythmodes meyrick , 1929 sphenodelta meyrick , 1922 stereogramma meyrick , 1914 symphora ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) syngraphopa meyrick , 1922 syngraphora meyrick , 1925 , missp . synocha meyrick , 1922 tricentrota meyrick , 1931 unistrigella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis )\nholophysis walsingham , 1910 hoplophysis mcd . , 1939 , missp . anoma walsingham , 1910 autodesma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) auxiliaris ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) barydescma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) quadrimaculata walsingham , 1910 stagmatophoria walsingham 1910 tentatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) xanthostoma walsingham , 1910\nchelariinae crasimorpha meyrick , 1923 infuscate hodges , 1963 peragrata meyrick , 1923 prostomeus busck , 1903 brunneus busck , 1903 hypatima h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] chelaria haworth , 1828 hypatina stephens , 1835 , missp . allocota meyrick , 1904 cynestomorpha meyrick , 1904 deuteroptila meyrick , 1904 semodictis meyrick , 1909 allocotaniana strand , 1913 episacta turner , 1919 cellaria neave , 1939 , missp . cheleria lhomme , [ 1948 ] , missp . euchorda ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( chelaria ) hora ( busck , 1914 ) ( psoricoptera )\nsemophylax meyrick , 1932 apicepuncta ( busck , 1911 ) ( psoricoptera ) praesignis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( anisoplaca ) apicipuncta ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( chelaria ) , emend .\nsitotroga heinemann , 1870 silotroga kirby , 1871 , missp . nesolechia meyrick , 1921 syngenomictis meyrick , 1927 sitotrogus matsumura , 1931 , missp . sitotrega borg , 1932 , missp . sititroga costa lima , 1945 , missp . cerealella ( olivier , 1789 ) ( alucita ) hordei ( kirby , 1815 ) ( tinea ) arctella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) melanarthra ( lower , 1900 ) ( gelechia ) palearis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( epithectis ) ochrescens ( meyrick , 1938 ) ( aristotelia ) coarctella zeller , 1877\ndichomeridinae acompsia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] acampsia westwood , 1840 , missp . accompsia bruand , 1850 , missp . brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 brachicrossata hartmann , 1880 , missp . cathegesis walsingham , 1910 angulifera walsingham , 1897 psoricopterella ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( brachycrossata ) vinitincta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( cathegesis )\nanorthosia clemens , 1860 sagaritis chambers , 1872 , preocc . by billberg , 1820 [ crustacea ] anorthodisca gaede , 1937 , missp . capillata walsingham , 1911 punctipennella clemens , 1860 gracilella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( sagaritis )\nhelcystogramma zeller , 1877 ceratophora heinemann , 1870 chambersella ( murtfeldt , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) subalusella ( chambers , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) parvipulvella ( chamber , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) inaequepulvella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) subalbella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) , emend . subalbella meyrick , 1925 , emend . convolvuli ( walsingham , 1908 ) ( trichotaphe ) crypsilychna meyrick , 1914 dryadopa meyrick , 1918 effera ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( lecithocera ) emigrans ( meyrick , 1921 ) ( lecithocera ) cornuta ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . luminosa ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . leucopleura meyrick , 1914 perceptella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb .\nbrachmia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] braclunia stephens , 1834 , missp . cladodes heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by solier , 1849 [ coleoptera ] ceratophora heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by gray , [ 1835 ] [ reptilia ] eudodacles snellen , 1889 , repl . name aulacomima meyrick , 1904 apethistis meyrick , 1908 lyrella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) virescens walsingham , 1911 brachyacma meyrick , 1886 lathontogenes walsingham , 1897 paraspistes meyrick , 1905 lipatia busck , 1910 paraspistis busck , 1914 , missp . brachyaema povolny\u00b4 , 1964 , missp . lathontogonus diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . brachiacma common , 1970 , missp . lathontogenes hodges , 1983 , missp . palpigera ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( gelechia ) adustipennis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( lathontogenus ) iolocha ( meyrick , 1905 ) ( paraspistes ) crotalariella ( busck , 1910 ) ( lipatia ) epichorda turner , 1919\nonebala walker , 1864 helcystogramma zeller , 1877 dectobathra meyrick , 1914 adaequata ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) adequate clarke , 1969 , missp . anisopa ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( anacampsis ) archigrapha meyrick , 1929 carycastis ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) cerinura ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia ) chalyburga ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) daedalea ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elliptica ( forbes , 1931 ) ( trichotaphe ) meconitis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( trichotaphe ) ribeella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( helcystogramma ) rusticella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) sertigera ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( helcystogramma ) stellatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) symbolica ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) tegulella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( trichotaphe ) servilis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) trichocyma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia )\ndeoclona busck , 1903 proclesis walsingham , 1911 lioclepta meyrick , 1922 deoclana fletcher , 1929 , missp . complanata ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( lioclepta ) eriobotryae busck , 1939 xanthoselene ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( proclesis ) xanthoselena meyrick , 1925 , emend .\nadullamitis meyrick , 1932 adullanitis gaede , 1937 , missp . emancipate meyrick , 1932\nanthistarcha meyrick , 1925 antistarcha costa lima , 1945 , missp . binocularis meyrick , 1929 geniatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( gelechia )\nbeltheca busck , 1914 anterethista meyrick , 1914 antherethista gaede , 1937 , missp . phosphoropa ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( anterethista ) picolella busck , 1914 heteractis ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( anterethista )\ncommatica meyrick , 1909 apopira walsingham , 1911 acropelta meyrick , 1914 bifuscella ( forbes , 1931 ) ( anacampsis ) chionura meyrick , 1914 crossotorna meyrick , 1929 cryptina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) cyanorrhoa meyrick , 1914 emplasta meyrick , 1914 eremna meyrick , 1909 extremella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) falcatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rostella ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) hexacentra meyrick , 1922 lupata meyrick , 1914 metochra meyrick , 1914 nerterodes meyrick , 1914 palirrhoa meyrick , 1922 parmulata meyrick , 1914 phanocrossa meyrick , 1922 placoterma meyrick , 1918 pterygota meyrick , 1929 servula meyrick , 1922 stygia meyrick , 1922 xanthocarpa meyrick , 1922\ncompsosaris meyrick , 1914 gompsosaris gaede , 1937 , missp . flavidella ( busck , 1914 ) ( recurvaria ) testacea meyrick , 1914\npavolechia busck , 1914 desmaucha meyrick , 1918 argentea busck , 1914 chrysostoma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( desmaucha ) pelocnistis meyrick , 1932 xylozona meyrick , 1932 perioristica walsingham , 1910 chalcopera walsingham , 1910 phylopatris meyrick , 1923 terpnodes meyrick , 1923 promolopica meyrick , 1925 epiphantha meyrick , 1925 ptilostonuchia walsingham , 1911 ptilonostychia fletcher , 1929 , missp . plicata walsingham , 1911 satrapodoxa meyrick , 1925 regia ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia ) sclerograptis meyrick , 1923 oxytypa meyrick , 1923 simoneura walsingham , 1911 ophitis walsingham , 1911 sorotacta meyrick , 1914 bryochlora meyrick , 1922 viridans , meyrick , 1914 stachyostoma meyrick , 1923 psilodoxa meyrick , 1923 stagmaturgis meyrick , 1923 catharosema meyrick , 1923 steremniodes meyrick , 1923 sciactis meyrick , 1923 stereodmeta meyrick , 1931 xylodeta meyrick , 1931 stibarenches meyrick , 1930 bifissa meyrick , 1930 symphanactis meyrick , 1925 hetaera ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( ptocheuusa )\nsynactias meyrick , 1931 micranthis meyrick , 1931 tabernillaia walsingham , 1911 tabernillaea meyrick , 1925 , emend . ephialtes walsingham , 1911\ntecia kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 fapua kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 lata kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 orsotricha meyrick , 1914 brachypsaltis meyrick , 1931 scrobischema povolny\u00b4 , 1980 albinervella ( kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 ) ( fapua ) arnicella ( clarke , 1942 ) confirmans strand , 1910 kiefferi kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 petasitis ( pfaffenzeller , 1867 ) petrella ( busck , 1915 ) solanivora ( povolny\u00b4 , 1973 ) subalbata ( meyrick , 1931 ) tetradymiella ( busck , 1903 ) venosa ( butler , 1883 ) mendozella kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 baccharisella ( brethes , 1917 ) ( holcocera ) vergarai ( povolny\u00b4 , 1980 ) ( scrobischema ) thrypsigenes meyrick , 1914 thripsigenes clarke , 1955 , missp . colluta meyrick , 1914 furvescens meyrick , 1914 trichembola meyrick , 1918 idiarcha meyrick , 1931 zelosyne walsingham , 1911 olga meyrick , 1915 poecilosoma walsingham , 1911 \u201cgaea\u201d lilloi k\u00f6hler , 1941 , mispl .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation ."]}
{"id": 1889, "summary": [{"text": "phyllonorycter deserticola is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south-western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 2.9-3.8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late july to early october in two generations , with the second generation overwintering .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on populus species , including populus fremontii , populus deltoides wislizeni , populus x parryi ( populus freemontii x populus trichocarpa ) .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they mine the leaves of their host plant . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "phyllonorycter deserticola", "paragraphs": ["home \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb ribbed cocoon - maker and leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillarioidea ) \u00bb leaf blotch miner moths ( gracillariidae ) \u00bb lithocolletinae \u00bb phyllonorycter \u00bb salicaceae - feeding species ( phyllonorycter salicaceae - feeding species ) \u00bb phyllonorycter deserticola - hodges # 0748 . 1 ( phyllonorycter deserticola )\nphyllonorycter deserticola davis & deschka , 2001 , n . sp . , smithsonian contributions to zoology , v . 614 , p . 1 - 89 .\nphyllonorycter deserticola is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is found in restricted , mostly arid habitats over a broad portion of the south - western united states and northern mexico from southern utah to durango and west to northern california .\ndavis & deschka , 2001 . biology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic .\nbiology and systematics of the north american phyllonorycter leafminers on salicaceae , with a synoptic catalog of the palearctic donald r . davis & gerfried deschka . 2001 . smithsonian contributions to zoology 14 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 3 . 31f ; p . 56 . book review and ordering\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\n( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the forewing length as 2 . 8 - 3 . 5 mm .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) description of the adults , including the genitalia , and the immature stages is available in pdf .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the flight period as late july to early october .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) reported the larvae are leaf miners of the following .\ndavis & deschka ( 2001 ) provides a detailed description of the life cycle .\n. university of california press , pl . 3 , fig . 31 ; p . 56 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 25 august , 2013 - 3 : 58pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 12 : 00pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthe length of the forewings is 2 . 9 - 3 . 8 mm . adults are on wing from late july to early october in two generations , with the second generation overwintering .\nthe larvae feed on populus species , including populus fremontii , populus deltoides wislizeni , populus x parryi ( populus freemontii x populus trichocarpa ) . they mine the leaves of their host plant .\nthe specific name is derived from the latin desertum ( a waste place ) and cola ( dwelling in ) , in reference to the general habitat of this species .\n1 \u2642 , genitalia slide gd ( no number ) ( j\u00e4ckh 1972 : 552 ) .\nholotype \u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 31\u2642 and 86\u2640 , plus 199 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . dimi\u0107 ; genitalia slides gd1978 , gd1989a ( \u2642 ) and gd1964 , gd1982 , gd1987 ( \u2640 ) ; 6 paratypes in eihu ; 40 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nr . usnm30779 , gd1704 , usnm ; paratypes 4\u2642 and 10\u2640 in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd478 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2\u2640 , genitalia slide gd489 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1881\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 115 specimens \u2642 , \u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . burmann , 4\u2640 in tmlf ( see huemer & erlebach 2003 : 101 ) . 2 paratypes in bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1081 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 20 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slides gd1089 , gd1090 , gd1082 , gd1003 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . 7 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1872 , z547 , tlmf ; paratypes 29\u2642 and 35\u2640 , genitalia slides bmnh30491 , gd1852 , 1856 , 1863 , trb249 , 1897 , 1898 , 1911 , 1912 , 1916 , 1985 , 2001 , 2002 , 2165 , 2661 , 2684 , 2714 , 2719 , etc . , bmnh , eihu , sehu , tlmf , zmhb , zmuc , zin , zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide usnm30777 , gd1410 , usnm ; paratypes 86\u2642 and 76\u2640 in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ucb , usnm , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd331 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4\u2642 and 2\u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . glaser .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1376 , lnk ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 2\u2640 , genitalia slides gd1378 , gd1383 , lnk .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd468 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 36 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . glaser .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide usnm - 30776 , gd1549 , usnm ; paratypes 25\u2642 and 23\u2640 in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) and usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd736 , nhmw ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 1\u2640 , plus 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , nhmw .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd864\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , in nhmw ; paratypes 1\u2642 and 1\u2640 , genitalia slide gd865 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . kasy ( vienna ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide nr . usnm30778 , gd1312 , usnm ; paratypes 8\u2642 and 9\u2640 in coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ansp , usnm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1055\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 555 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; 8 paratypes in eihu ; 12 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1894 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 14 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slide \u2640 gd1916 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd924 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 140 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . in total 8 paratypes in zsm .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1715 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 2\u2642 and 3\u2640 , genitalia slide gd1757 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1893\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 53 ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , genitalia slide gd1917\u2640 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd1483\u2642 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 35 specimens ( \u2642 and \u2640 ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; 2 paratypes , eihu .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide gd930 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 4\u2640 , genitalia slide gd936 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) .\nin this paper we work with the assumption that items giving synonyms in dictionaries are primarily of assistance in the case of text production problems . we assume furthermore that\ndoes not prevail between lexemes but rather between textual items in concrete texts . accordingly a rich . . . . . . selection of synonyms in text production dictionaries will offer the possibility to select the appropriate item \u00e2\u0080\u0093 but only for mother - tongue speakers . we are not discussing items giving synonyms in learners ' dictionaries and school dictionaries . from a selection of existing dictionaries it shows , as could . . . . . . be expected , that there is no uniform lexicographic practice but also numerous ways of dealing with synonyms that offers very little assistance to the intended target users of a specific dictionary . this could be due to the fact that too often the inclusion and presentation of synonyms are done without taking . . .\nthe researcher also interviewed native speakers of the dialect . the study . . . the word '\n' means sameness of meaning , i . e . , a relationship in which more . . . whether absolute\nexists in owere\u00e2\u0080\u0093igbo or not . . . . . . ' close this book ' .\nexists in owere\u00e2\u0080\u0093igbo , a dialect of the igbo language predominantly spoken by the people of owerri , imo state , nigeria , has become a thorny issue . while some linguistic scholars strive to establish that absolute\nand some coserian disciples\u00e2\u0080\u0099 contributions ( be they direct or indirect concerning this issue . the largest part of this article , however , presents our own contribution to the study of\n, whose starting point was coseriu\u00e2\u0080\u0099s integral linguistics , considered as an epistemological frame of reference . we have tried to apply , within the general study of\n( lexical , phraseological and lexico - phraseological , distinctions such as : language as activity [ en\u00e3\u00a9rgeia ] , competence [ d\u00e3\u00bdnamis ] and product [ \u00e3\u00a9rgon ] to its three levels ( universal , historical and individual ; norm and system ; historical language and functional language , etc . as far as we are concerned , we were interested in pointing out , for each of coseriu\u00e2\u0080\u0099s levels in turn , the difference between\nin potentia ( the virtual or potential one . we also aimed at drawing attention to the importance of competence ( mainly the idiomatic and expressive ones in the analysis of different types of\nthe norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of\nfull text available the norm in current canonical translation dictionaries with afrikaans and english as the treated language pair is an undiscriminated grouping of partially synonymous translation equivalents . these are separated by commas as sole markers of\n. lexicographers should reject this practice and embrace the view that absolute synonyms are just as rare as absolute equivalents . in most cases members of a target language synonym paradigm will be partial synonyms demanding some form of contextual guidance in order to distinguish them from other equivalents in the paradigm .\n. two particular motivations will be discussed , as well as ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented .\nthe first motivation arises from a group of problematic phenomena that effect contextual divergence between the source and target language . stylistic and register divergence should necessitate contextual guidance . lexicographical labels are the most frequently used discriminators , but in south african dictionaries they are applied too sparingly and inconsistently . other possible discriminators will also be discussed .\nis however different equivalents for various usages of a lemma . ways in which equivalent discrimination can be implemented in these cases , will be discussed in detail .\nlastly , it will be shown that without a new , more effective method of indicating and ordering target language synonyms , none of the major changes that are pleaded for , will bear fruit .\nthe type material of six species of anthribidae from chile and one from peru , originally described as stenocerus schoenherr and stenorrhynchus philippi & philippi and later transferred to hylotribus jekel , was reexamined . these species are stenocerus asperatus blanchard , 1851 , stenocerus aspis erichson , 1847 , stenocerus posticalis philippi & philippi , 1864 , stenocerus quadratipennis germain , 1854 , stenorrhynchus quadrinotatus philippi & philippi , 1864 , and stenocerus tuberculosus blanchard , 1851 . lectotype designations were made for hylotribus asperatus , hylotribus quadratipennis , and hylotribus tuberculosus . new synonyms were established as follows : hylotribus signatipes ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . quadratipennis ( germain , 1854 ) syn . n . , = h . quadrinotatus ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . , hylotribus asperatus ( blanchard , 1851 ) = h . posticalis ( philippi & philippi , 1864 ) syn . n . . while , hylotribus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) from peru was transferred to piesocorynus dejean , 1834 and a new combination and\nproposed , piesocorynus aspis ( erichson , 1847 ) n . comb . = piesocorynus gracilicornis ( jekel , 1855 ) syn . n . the genus hylotribus is defined with five species from chile and six from brazil , and the chilean species are redescribed with illustrations . a new key to all species is included .\nfull text available the author intends to present a possibility of parametrising legal terminology in order to reveal semantic and systemic relations at the intralingual and interlingual levels . the scope of the research comprises selected legal terminology from the following legal systems : polish , british , american and european union . the research methods used include : ( i the analysis of comparable texts , ( ii the method of parametrisation of the legal linguistic reality , ( iii the concept of adjusting translation to the communicative needs and requirements of the recipient community . the research hypothesis is that parametrisation of legal terminology in respect of semantic and systemic relations may be a useful tool in organising and comparing terminology for the purpose of legal translation . first the relation of\nbinding terms at the intralingual and interlingual levels in the light of systemic and genre - related relations is discussed . the proposal is illustrated with examples of legal terms and the networks of relations binding them in english and polish . the conclusions are that such an approach is systematic and provides a translator with information necessary to render communicatively efficient translations .\ntwo common and problematic leucochrysine species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider ) and l . ( l . ) pretiosa ( banks ) ( neuroptera , chrysopidae ) : redescriptions and\nwe dedicate this article to the memory of sergio de freitas , fcav - unesp , jaboticabal , s\u00e3\u00a3o paulo , brazil ( deceased , 2012 ) . he was an active and enthusiastic neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of francisco sosa . leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species - leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia ( schneider , 1851 ) and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa ( banks , 1910 ) . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new\nfor each of the species - for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) ampla ( walker , 1853 ) , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) walkerina nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ; for leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) erminea banks , 1946 . the\nof leucochrysa delicata nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1925 with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) varia or leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) phaeocephala nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) angrandi ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1911 ) , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ) variata ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ) . to help stabilize leucochrysa taxonomy , lectotypes are designated for allochrysa pretiosa and allochrysa variata . finally , leucochrysa vegana nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .\nthe eye - catching cicada hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) comb . n . in indonesia and the pacific : taxonomie status ,\nthe new combination hamza ciliaris ( linnaeus ) is proposed for a cicada species widely distributed in maluku ( = moluccas ) , timor , banda , kei and banggai islands , the philippines , and the palau group of the caroline islands . the\nis a subject of research in various subfields of linguistics and related disciplines , each of these focussing on particular aspects of this phenomenon . through the use of coseriu ' s theory , it is possible to refine our understanding of ' expressions with the same or similar meaning ' and to provide a coherent description of the causes and the effects arising from the choice between them in texts that may otherwise remain non - transparent and inexplicable . this paper presents a method for analyzing the actual relationships between such expressions in a corpus , a way of exploring their functions in texts , and some possible benefits for understanding the notion of\nfull text available we\u00e2 review the three species currently placed in the genus xylopertha gu\u00e3\u00a9rin - m\u00e3\u00a9neville , 1845 , and describe a new species , xylopertha elegans sp . \u00e2 nov . , from turkey . we\u00e2 propose the following new\n: xylopertha gu\u00e3\u00a9rin - m\u00e3\u00a9neville , 1845 ( = paraxylogenes damoiseau , 1968 ; xylopertha reflexicauda ( lesne , 1937 ( = paraxylogenes pistaciae damoiseau , 1968 . we\u00e2 give details of the sexual dimorphism , and summarise information on the distribution and biology of all species . a key to the species of xylopertha is provided .\nfull text available nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ( its2 rdna and partial sequences of the cytochrome coxidase subunit i ( coi mtdna and white gene ndna were obtained from specimens of anopheles nuneztovari a collected in macap\u00e3\u00a1 ( state of amap\u00e3\u00a1 , \u00e3\u0093bidos , prainha and almeirim ( state of par\u00e3\u00a1 , itacoatiara and parintins ( state of amazonas , brazil , and compared with previously published sequences of a . nuneztovari s . l . results of the bayesian phylogenetic analyses performed using either coi or combined its2 , coi and white gene sequences suggest that an . nuneztovari b / c is distinct from specimens obtained in the amazonas / solim\u00e3\u00b5es river basin . anopheles goeldii , currently in\nwith an . nuneztovari , was described from individuals collected in belterra ( = fordl\u00e3\u00a2ndia in the tapaj\u00e3\u00b3s river , state of par\u00e3\u00a1 , southern amazonas river . morphological comparisons of the characteristics of the male genitalia indicated that an . nuneztovari a and an . goeldii are similar but distinct from an . nuneztovarib / c by the apex of the aedeagus . in considering the results of the phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons , an . goeldii is resurrected from\nwith an . nuneztovari . additionally , anopheles dunhamiis reported for the first time in parintins . this species can be distinguished from an . goeldiiby characters of the male genitalia and molecular data .\ntwo common and problematic leucochrysine species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider and l . ( l . pretiosa ( banks ( neuroptera , chrysopidae : redescriptions and\nfull text available leucochrysa mclachlan is the largest genus in the chrysopidae , yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention . we treat two problematic and common leucochrysa species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 leucochrysa ( leucochrysa varia ( schneider , 1851 and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa pretiosa ( banks , 1910 . both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized . recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems . we identify new\nfor each of the species \u00e2\u0080\u0093 for l . ( l . varia : leucochrysa ( leucochrysa ampla ( walker , 1853 , leucochrysa internata ( walker , 1853 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa walkerina nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 ; for l . ( l . pretiosa : leucochrysa erminea banks 1946 . the\nof leucochrysa delicata nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1925 with l . ( l . pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype . the following species , which were previously synonymized with l . ( l . varia or l . ( l . pretiosa , are reinstated as valid : leucochrysa phaeocephala nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1929 , leucochrysa ( leucochrysa angrandi ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1911 , and leucochrysa ( leucochrysa variata ( nav\u00e3\u00a1s , 1913 . finally , leucochrysa vegana nav\u00e3\u00a1s 1917 is considered a nomen dubium .\nrelying on her own previous research on runosongs and proverbs demonstrating the mutual dependency of alliteration and parallelism typical to runosong ( sarv 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , the results of syntactic analysis of runosong texts in h . metslang\u00e2\u0080\u0099s dissertation ( 1978 , juhan peegel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s definition of poetical synonyms in runosong ( peegel 2004 , and ewald lang\u00e2\u0080\u0099s concept of quasisynonymy ( lang 1987 , the author proposes the definition of the canonical parallelism of runosong as follows : it is a grammatical verse parallelism where all or some of the syntactic elements of the main verse have corresponding parallels in the successive lines representing the same general notion , and interpreted in the context of the parallelism as semantically equivalent , irrespective of their semantic relations in the colloquial language ( equivalence ,\n, metonymy , metaphor , analogy , antonymy , hyponymy etc . . because of this semantical equivalence , the parallel words can be selected and combined into the parallel verses according to their formal features enabling the metrical alignment and alliteration . the article also points to the problems with the classification of runosong parallelism to the analogous and synonymous by wolfgang steinitz ( 1934 , widely used in the runosong discourse : although analogy and\nprobably represent the most remarkable semantic relations between the parallel lines , it is not easy to make clear distinction between synonymous and analogous lines ( or concepts\u00e2\u0080\u0094even in the colloquial non - poetic language the synonyms are usually not equivalent in all aspects of meaning ; the regular use of poetical synonyms in runosongs makes it impossible at all\u00e2\u0080\u0094the geese , ducks , and grouses as different birds are analogous in the colloquial language , but synonymous in the runosong all denoting the group of maidens .\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales ) to the\nabstract firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae ; boraginales to the\nfull text available firensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\nthe typification of cordia flavescens aubl . , the transfer of firensia scop . from cordia l . ( cordiaceae , boraginales ) to the\nof ocotea aubl . ( lauraceae ) , and the identity of the species of firensia .\nfirensia scop . was based on cordia flavescens aubl . , a species described and illustrated from a mixed collection that scopoli never transferred to firensia . the genus included three additional species formally named by rafinesque . currently the four species are placed in three different families and none retained the epithet accepted by scopoli or given by rafinesque for reason of priority . a lectotype is designated for cordia flavescens that places firensia in the\ntripaphylus musteli ( van beneden , 1851 ) ( copepoda , siphonostomatoida , sphyriidae ) is redescribed from an adult female collected from the branchial chamber of a starry smooth - hound , mustelus asterias cloquet ( carcharhiniformes , triakidae ) , captured in the english channel off portland , uk . the new account of t . musteli is the first based on a complete adult female and highlighted the lack of a robust distinction separating tripaphylus richiardi , in anonymous , 1878 and paeon wilson , 1919 prompting us to relegate paeon to a junior subjective synonym of tripaphylus . in the light of this\nthe eight former species of paeon are transferred to tripaphylus as follows : t . ferox ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . elongatus ( wilson , 1932 ) new combination , t . vassierei ( delamare deboutteville & nu\u00e3\u00b1es - ruivo , 1954 ) new combination , t . lobatus ( kirtisinghe , 1964 ) new combination , t . asymboli ( turner , kyne & bennett , 2003 ) new combination , t . versicolor ( wilson , 1919 ) new combination , t . australis ( kabata , 1993 ) new combination , and t . triakis ( castro romero , 2001 ) new combination . comparisons between terminology used in this report and that in the literature indicate that all transformed adult females of tripaphylus probably possess a full complement of cephalic appendages and maxillipeds . all limbs , with the exception of the maxillae share a general morphological similarity to the corresponding appendages of conspecific males . the maxilla of the transformed adult female of tripaphylus is a small digitiform protuberance associated with a swelling in some species .\nfull text available synonyms entitle the same thing , but they connect this with different names and in this way through the name they uncover different features of the same thing . synonyms consider words which identify one unique concept , word which are the same or similar in their meaning , which are , in the some way , interlocked in the language and serve for enhance of details and making difference in fine nuances of concept meaning . different terms for the same concepts in terminology usually come from diffe - rent sources of terms derivation . especially , there is a lot of terms in terminology which developed spontaneously , thereafter in more unorganized terminologies because in the process of organizing of terminology is intend to push out the synonyms . in the time of constitution of each science , actually constituting of concepts related to it , there is no systematical approach in selecting of their denotation , but they are accepting as they come in to the language .\nwith scolopendra alternans leach ( chilopoda , scolopendromorpha , scolopendridae ) : an enigmatic species - group needing phylogeographic analysis , with an overview on the origin and distribution of centipedes in the caribbean region .\nwith scolopendra alternans leach , 1815 , is proposed . a neotype specimen of scolopendra longipes is designated . scolopendra longipes has a restricted range from the dry tortugas up through the florida keys of monroe county into the mainland florida counties of collier and dade southeast to the bahamas , while scolopendra cubensis is endemic to cuba . characters distinguishing s . longipes , and s . cubensis from s . alternans are illustrated and compared using digital photography , micrography and morphometric data . it is suggested that what has been considered scolopendra alternans from southern florida through the caribbean and into northern south america is probably an evolving species - group that has undergone major diversification sometime during the paleocene and early eocene ~ 65 . 5 - 50 million years ago ( ma ) , mainly due to geographic isolation caused by a combination of plate tectonics and 100 , 000 year cycles of glaciation / deglaciation .\nwith aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . lectotype and paralectotypes are designated larval , pupal and both sexes of adult stages are redescribed and illustrated . bionomics include a picture of a brreding place . diagnostic characters for distinguishing rhyacophilus from other species of the scapularis group are provided . some data about known distribution are presented . aedes ( ochlerotatus rhyacophilus costa lima \u00e3\u00a9 retida da sinon\u00e3\u00admia con aedes ( ochlerotatus scapularis ( rondani . s\u00e3\u00a3o designados lect\u00e3\u00b3tipo e paralect\u00e3\u00b3tipos . as formas larval , pupal e adulta de ambos os sexos s\u00e3\u00a3o redescritas e acompanhadas de ilustra\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00b5es representativas desses est\u00e3\u00a1dios , al\u00e3\u00a9m do aspecto de um criadouro natural . apresentam - se caracteres diagn\u00e3\u00b3sticos que permitem separar rhyacophilus das outras esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do grupo scapularis , e alguns dados sobre a distribui\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00a3o geogr\u00e3\u00a1fica at\u00e3\u00a9 agora conhecida .\nfor a . heteroclyta el g\u00e3\u00a9nero argentino de escarabajos estercoleros anomiopsoides ( scarabaeidae : scarabaeinae : eucraniini : descripcci\u00e3\u00b3n de una especie nueva y nuevas sinonimias para a . heteroclyta\nfull text available the taxonomy of the genus anomiopsoides blackwelder is revised . the species a . catamarcae mart\u00e3\u00adnez and a . aurita ( burmeister are placed in\nwith a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . anomiopsoides fedemariai sp . nov . is described from argentina . the genus anomiopsoides now consists of four species : a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . and a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . a key is presented for the identification of the species of anomiopsoides . se hace una revisi\u00e3\u00b3n de la taxonom\u00e3\u00ada del g\u00e3\u00a9nero anomiopsoides blackwelder . las especies a . catamarcae mart\u00e3\u00adnez y a . aurita ( burmeister son consideradas como sin\u00e3\u00b3nimos de a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se describe una especie nueva , a . fedemariai sp . nov . , especie nueva de argentina . el g\u00e3\u00a9nero anomioposoides consiste ahora en cuatro especies , a . biloba ( burmeister , a . cavifrons ( burmeister , a . fedemariai sp . nov . y a . heteroclyta ( blanchard . se presenta una clave para la identificaci\u00e3\u00b3n de las especies de anomiopsoides .\nexamination of holotypes of tilloclytus ( coleoptera : cerambycidae : anaglyptini ) in the fernando de zayas collection ( havana , cuba ) and the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university reveals that t . elongatus zayas ( 1975 ) is a new synonym of t . rufipes fisher ( 1942 ) . . . .\nthe romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical ter . . .\nsagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 and sagitta zetesios fowler , 1905 are compared . the characters in which they differ have no specific value so that the two are considered to belong to one species : sagitta planctonis steinhaus , 1896 .\nexperiments were performed to verify the fact that an excess of either manganese , zinc , copper , cobalt or nickel will induce iron - deficiency chlorosis in plants . other toxic effects such as stunting and lower leaf necrosis may also occur . these effects were reproduced with flax grown in water - cultures without molybdenum . in these experiments , it has been further shown that it is possible to reduce the severity of iron deficiency symptoms , caused by an excess of any one of the above elements , by increasing the supply of molybdenum to the solution . various concentrations of added molybdenum up to 20 ppm have been used .\ntwo studies examined college students ' ability , when presented with two sequential adjectives , to make relatedness judgments and antonym and synonym judgments . the studies found that judgments were fastest for direct antonyms , even when compared to synonyms of similar relatedness . ( contains 17 references . ) ( mdm )\nfull text available the romanian medical terminology has been enriched quite a lot lately . this phenomena was not only due to the significant influence of the english language , but also because of the relationships developed between the already existing terms and the new ones . thus , the present study comprises the analysis on romanian medical terms of englsih origin and their native synonymous correspondents in the romanian medical terminology . the dictionnaries used to select the synonymous pairs of medical terms were the medical dictionary ( 2010 and the great dictionary of neologisms ( 2008\nabstract considerable confusion exists within capsicum ( solanaceae ) regarding the status and typification of several names , in part due to misidentifications . some types were destroyed in berlin during the second world war , some have not been found by modern systematics , while others exhibit uncertain locality data or contain material from more than one species . fourteen lectotypes , synonyms , and a new name , capsicum eshbaughii barboza nom . nov . , are proposed here . pmid : 22171173\ndirectional dictionaries\n. . . . examples from groot woordeboek / major dictionary , . . . examples of such divergence which may require labelling ( or even more . . . . . selection and presentation of ready equivalents in a translation dictionary .\nfull text available abstract background ideally each life science article should get a \u00e2\u0080\u0098structured digital abstract\u00e2\u0080\u0099 . this is a structured summary of the paper\u00e2\u0080\u0099s findings that is both human - verified and machine - readable . but articles can contain a large variety of information types and contextual details that all need to be reconciled with appropriate names , terms and identifiers , which poses a challenge to any curator . current approaches mostly use tagging or limited entry - forms for semantic encoding . findings we implemented a \u00e2\u0080\u0098controlled language\u00e2\u0080\u0099 as a more expressive representation method . we studied how usable this format was for wet - lab - biologists that volunteered as curators . we assessed some issues that arise with the usability of ontologies and other controlled vocabularies , for the encoding of structured information by \u00e2\u0080\u0098untrained\u00e2\u0080\u0099 curators . we take a user - oriented viewpoint , and make recommendations that may prove useful for creating a better curation environment : one that can engage a large community of volunteer curators . conclusions entering information in a biocuration environment could improve in expressiveness and user - friendliness , if curators would be enabled to use synonymous and polysemous terms literally , whereby each term stays linked to an identifier .\nfull text available the genus histioneis ( = parahistioneis contains an excessive number of poorly described species , often based on the observation of a single specimen and ignoring the intraspecific variability . in order to investigate the validity of the species and to suggest synonyms , the original illustrations of all known species of histioneis are reproduced and grouped based on the morphological similarity . the scarce records and the uncertainties on the identification at the species level are responsible of the lack of biogeographical information . large and highly ornamented species tended to appear in tropical waters , whereas smaller and less ornamented species showed a wider distribution and they can also found in temperate waters such as the mediterranean sea . rev . biol . trop . 55 ( 2 : 459 - 477 . epub 2007 june , 29 . el g\u00e3\u00a9nero histioneis ( = parahistioneis tiene una cantidad excesiva de especies , descritas insuficientemente y a menudo a partir de un solo esp\u00e3\u00a9cimen , ignorando la variabilidad intra - espec\u00e3\u00adfica . con el objetivo de investigar la validez de las especies y sugerir sin\u00e3\u00b3nimos , aqu\u00e3\u00ad se presentan las ilustraciones originales de histioneis agrupadas seg\u00e3\u00ban su parecido morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico . las escasas observaciones de histioneis y las dudas en la identificaci\u00e3\u00b3n a nivel de especie son responsables de la falta de informaci\u00e3\u00b3n sobre su distribuci\u00e3\u00b3n geogr\u00e3\u00a1fica . las especies de mayor tama\u00e3\u00b1o y m\u00e3\u00a1s ornamentadas son t\u00e3\u00adpicas de aguas tropicales . las especies m\u00e3\u00a1s peque\u00e3\u00b1as y menos ornamentadas presentan una distribuci\u00e3\u00b3n m\u00e3\u00a1s amplia y pueden encontrarse tambi\u00e3\u00a9n en aguas templadas , como el mar mediterr\u00e3\u00a1neo .\n- , \u00e4\u008d . 3267 ( 2012 ) , s . 65 - 68 issn 1175 - 5326 r & d ; projects : ga mk dc08p02ouk004 institutional research plan : cez : av0z50070508 institutional support : rvo : 60077344 keywords : platyonitis oberthueri subject riv : eg - zoology impact factor : 0 . 974 , year : 2012 urltoken\nin this study , based on a morphological analysis , the resurrection of the name anolis ustus cope 1864 , is proposed for populations from the yucat\u00e3\u00a1n peninsula ( campeche , yucat\u00e3\u00a1n , and quintana roo , mexico , and belize ) , formerly referred as anolis sericeus hallowell , 1856 . anolis ustus differs from anolis sericeus by its mean snout - vent length and number of gorgetal scales in males , in tibia length and head width in females , and dorsal and ventral scales for both sexes . in addition , anolis ustus has a small dewlap of similar size between males and females , whereas in anolis sericeus males have a dewlap much larger than that of the females . these characteristics allow anolis ustus to be identified within the anolis sericeus complex . in this study , a description of the characteristics of the hemipenis is also provided , and its importance in the taxonomy of anolis is discussed .\nof katianna coeruleocephala handschin , 1920 ( collembola : katiannidae ) with bourletiella viridescens ( bourletiellidae ) .\nkatianna coeruleocephala was described by handschin in 1920 from poespo , java . it was collected in december , 1896 by dr . zehntner with the collecting details given as rotten\nlouv\n( leaves ? ) from live orchard . handschin ( 1920 ) labelled his figures of the species ( p . 146 ) as katianna coerulescephala but the first spelling of the species name ( p . 145 ) has priority . katianna coeruleocephala has never been recollected . the only mention of the species in the literature since 1920 has been by suhardjono ( 1989 ) in a check list for indonesia and suhardjono ( 2012 ) who listed it as present on java and provided the main characteristics of the genus katianna b\u00e3\u00b6rner , 1923 . she stated it was a\nnew\n( translate as endemic ? ) species in java with a preferred habitat in cold and damp litter but no comment was made on the taxonomic status of the indonesian species .\nfive new species , and one new genus of cerambycidae are described : drycothaea vulcanica sp . nov . ( calliini ) , from ecuador ( holotype male deposited in amnh : napo , 29 . x . 1988 , j . s . miller leg . ) ; perissomerus machadoi sp . nov . ( neoibidionini ) , from paraguay ( holotype male deposited in mzsp : alto paraguay , 30 . xi . 2002 , di iorio leg . ) ; cacostola carinata sp . nov . ( onciderini ) , from brazil ( holotype female deposited in mzsp : rio grande do norte , ix . 2008 , d . r . r . fernandes et al . leg . ) ; ypomacena gen . nov . ( apomecynini ) from brazil to include y . monnei sp . nov . ( holotype male deposited in mnrj : bahia , xi . 1970 , roppa leg . ) , and y . gibbosa sp . nov . ( holotype female deposited in mnrj : rio de janeiro , 31 . x . 1969 , alvarenga & seabra leg . ) . dorcasta prolongata fisher , 1947 is proposed as a new synonym of bebelis lignea ( bates , 1866 ) . bisaltes ( bisaltes ) fuchsi breuning , 1971 is proposed as a new synonym of bisaltes ( bisaltes ) buquetii thomson , 1868 . additionally , sixteen new states records for brazil , and three country records for bolivia are provided .\nbathygobius fuscus ( r\u00e3\u00bcpp . ) gobius fuscus r\u00e3\u00bcppell , atl . reise n . afr . fische 1828 , p . 137 . gobius punctillatus r\u00e3\u00bcppell , l . c . , p . 138 . gobius soporator cuvier & valenciennes , hist . nat . poissons xii . 1837 , p . 56 . gobius albopunctatus cuvier & valenciennes , l . c . , p . 57 . gobius nebulopunctatus cuvier &\nmolecular and biometric assessment and redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) are provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is found to be a junior subjective synonym of m . . . .\nmolecular and biometric assessment and subsequent redescription of myzodium mimulicola ( drew & sampson ) is provided . new host and distributional data for north america are presented , including the first record from alaska . the current study determined that myzodium knowltoni ( smith & robinson ) is a . . .\nthe author takes in the comprehension of neoplatonism and christianism in dionisio the areopagita in order to demonstrate what this philosopher owes to platonic and christian theology . she considers the work of proclus ( especially his commentary to parmenides and platonic theology ) and its relation with dionisio\u00e2\u0080\u0099s de divinis\neight known species of demidospermus ( dactylogyridae , monogenea ) were collected from siluriform fishes from reservoir of the itaipu hydroelectric power station , paran\u00e3\u00a1 , brazil . four of them are recorded for the first time in brazil , enlarging their geographical distribution : demidospermus armostus , demidospermus anus , demidospermus bidiverticulatum and demidospermus valenciennesi . demidospermus labrosi is synonymized with demidospermus cornicinus and demidospermus mandi with demidospermus leptosynophallus and reported from two new hosts . demidospermus paravalenciennesi and demidospermus uncusvalidus were also collected .\nfull text available in this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 , comb . n .\nand exclusion of stethotes baly from the fauna of new caledonia ( coleoptera , chrysomelidae , eumolpinae ) .\nin this work , several taxonomic problems affecting the recently erected genus acronymolpus samuelson , 2015 , endemic to new caledonia , are addressed . two of the three new caledonian species described in stethotes baly are transferred to acronymolpus and their priority is recognized over the names proposed in the revision of this genus . moreover , different forms of acronymolpus always found in sympatry , one reddish and larger , and the other black and smaller , were each given species status in that revision , but they are recognized here as the females and males , respectively , of the same species . the taxonomic summary of these discoveries is : ( i ) a . bertiae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2007 ) , comb . n . = a . meteorus samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . turbo samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . ; and ( ii ) a . jourdani ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2013 ) , comb . n . = a . gressitti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . , and a . joliveti samuelson , 2015 , syn . n . new distribution data and the male genitalia and the spermatheca of the two valid species of acronymolpus are described for the first time with reference to taxonomically important characters . finally , the last new caledonian species described in stethotes is recognized here as a member of the endemic genus taophila heller : t . mandjeliae ( jolivet , verma & mille , 2010 ) , comb . n .\ntaxonomic revision of the neotropical pirate spiders of the genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( araneae , mimetidae ) with the description of five new species .\nwe revise the neotropical spider genus gelanor thorell , 1869 ( mimetidae ) . gelanor is distributed from northeast mexico to southern uruguay , from sea level to 1 , 600 m . we describe five new species of gelanor and report eleven new\n) , gelanor consequus o . p . - cambridge , 1902 ( = gelanor depressus chickering , 1956 new\n) , gelanor innominatus chamberlin , 1916 , gelanor latus ( keyserling , 1881 ) ( = gelanor mixtus o . p . - cambridge , 1899 new\n) and gelanor zonatus ( c . l . koch , 1845 ) ( = gelanor distinctus o - p . cambridge , 1899 new\n) . in addition , we describe for the first time the males of g . altithorax and g . consequus . species descriptions are provided for all ten species in the genus , together with a compilation of available data , including type specimens , type localities and morphological diagnoses . light and electron microscope images and updated data on known geographical distributions , are also provided . we also discuss the phylogenetic placement of gelanor in mimetidae .\njuncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its\nare given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . . . . . juncus planifolius is reported for the first time from north america . bibliographic notes on this species and its\nare given . its distribution , dispersal and relationships within the genus are discussed . . . .\nis undesirable . in this article an attempt is made to show that functional differences in meaning can distinguish two apparently synonymous verbs in modern italian .\niodophanus carneus and i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : independent taxonomic identity or\n? a study of their morphology and isozymes iodophanus carneus e i . testaceus ( ascomycota - pezizales : \u00e2\u00bfidentidades taxon\u00e3\u00b3micas independientes o sinonimia ? estudio morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico e isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1tico\nfull text available the aim of this study was to delimit two iodophanus species : i . carneus and i . testaceus , based on morphological characteristics and electrophoretic patterns of their intracellular isozymes . twenty monosporic strains were used , including five belonging to i . granulipolaris as a control . fourteen isozyme systems were tested , and the five having the best resolution selected : aspartate aminotransferase , esterases , alkaline phosphatase , glutamate dehydrogenase , and superoxide dismutase . these analyses confirmed the similarity between i . carneus and i . testaceus , since they both produced the same band patterns , which were in turn different from the band pattern of i . granulipolaris . so , as we couldn\u00e2\u00b4t find any character wich permit us to classify the isolated studied during this work in defferent species , we believe that i . testaceus shoul be consider as a synonym of i . carneus . el objetivo del presente trabajo fue la delimitaci\u00e3\u00b3n taxon\u00e3\u00b3mica de dos especies del g\u00e3\u00a9nero iodophanus : i . carneus e i . testaceus a partir de caracteres morfol\u00e3\u00b3gicos y de los patrones electrofor\u00e3\u00a9ticos de isoenzimas intracelulares . para ello se utilizaron veinte cepas monosp\u00e3\u00b3ricas , cinco de las cuales pertenecientes a i . granulipolaris que fueron utilizadas como control . se probaron catorce sistemas isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1ticos y se eligieron los cinco con mejor resoluci\u00e3\u00b3n : aspartato amino transferasa , esterasa , fosfatasa alcalina , glutamato dehidrogenasa y super\u00e3\u00b3xido dismutasa . el an\u00e3\u00a1lisis de los patrones isoenzim\u00e3\u00a1ticos corrobor\u00e3\u00b3 la silimitud existente entre i . carneus e i . testaceus , ya que los patrones de bandas obtenidas para estas dos especies fueron iguales y diferentes de i . granulipolaris . entonces , al no encontrar ning\u00e3\u00ban caracter que nos permita separar a los aislamientos estudiados en este trabajo en dos especies distintas , proponemos a i . testaceus como un sin\u00e3\u00b3nimo de i . carneus .\nfull text available \u00e3\u0089 apresentado um estudo morfol\u00e3\u00b3gico detalhado da cabe\u00e3\u00a7a , do t\u00e3\u00b3rax e do abdome de tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies pr\u00e3\u00b3ximas de castn\u00e3\u00adideos neotropicais . o posicionamento taxon\u00e3\u00b4mico dessas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies \u00e3\u00a9 ainda bastante controverso . antes do desenvolvimento do presente estudo , duas dessas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies pertenciam ao g\u00e3\u00aanero telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner , 1825 e uma ao g\u00e3\u00aanero monot\u00e3\u00adpico castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( esp\u00e3\u00a9cie - tipo : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . a hip\u00e3\u00b3tese de alguns autores de incluir as tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do complexo t . licus em um \u00e3\u00banico g\u00e3\u00aanero \u00e3\u00a9 aqui sustentada com base em evid\u00e3\u00aancias morfol\u00e3\u00b3gicas de cabe\u00e3\u00a7a , t\u00e3\u00b3rax e abdome . castniomera houlbert torna - se sin\u00e3\u00b4nimo de telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner compreendendo as seguintes esp\u00e3\u00a9cies : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 e telchin atymnius ( dalman combina\u00e3\u00a7\u00e3\u00a3o nova . as tr\u00e3\u00aas esp\u00e3\u00a9cies do complexo t . licus s\u00e3\u00a3o ilustradas com desenhos e fotografias coloridas . a detailed morphological study of head , thorax , and abdomen is provided for three closely related species of neotropical sun - moths . the taxonomic position of these species is controversial . prior to the present study two of these species belonged to the genus telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner , 1825 , and one to the monotypic genus castniomera houlbert , 1918 ( type species : castnia atymnius dalman , 1824 . the hypothesis of some authors of placing the three species in a single genus is here supported on morphological evidences from head , thorax , and abdomen . castniomera houlbert is treated as synonym of telchin h\u00e3\u00bcbner comprising the following species : telchin licus ( drury , 1773 , telchin syphax ( fabricius , 1775 , and telchin atymnius ( dalman new combination . the three species of the t . licus complex are illustrated with line drawings and color photographs .\n, and antonymy as cognitive - linguistic factors in children from 3 to 6 years of age ) .\ntests and confirms hypothesis that a four - stage process exists in the understanding and use of synonyms , antonyms , and tautologies in children ages three to six . the results of this study challenge widely held theories on cognitive development . ( 45 references ) ( let )"]}
{"id": 1890, "summary": [{"text": "ostertagia ostertagi , commonly known as the medium or brown stomach worm , is an important parasitic nematode ( round worm ) of cattle .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "o. ostertagi can also be found to a lesser extent in sheep , goats , wild ruminants and horses .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the species causes ostertagiosis , which is potentially fatal in cattle .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it is found worldwide and is economically important to cattle industries , particularly those found in temperate climates .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the abomasal nematode o. ostertagi is a clade v nematode of the order strongylida , the family trichostrongylidae and genus ostertagia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "ransom first described the genus ostertagia in 1907 , which currently contains approximately 15 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all species of the genus ostertagia infect domestic or wild ruminants .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these species form a large and complex group , the taxonomy of which has not been fully elucidated . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "ostertagia ostertagi", "paragraphs": ["aspects of the biology of ostertagia ostertagi in relation to the genesis of ostertagiasis .\nthe pathology following single infections of ostertagia ostertagi in calves . - pubmed - ncbi\npathophysiological and parasitological studies on ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves . - pubmed - ncbi\ndevelopment of immunity to ostertagia ostertagi ( trichostrongylidae : nematoda ) in pastured young cattle .\ncomparative morphology of ostertagia mossi and ostertagia dikmansi ( trichostrongylidae ) from odocoileus virginianus and comments on other ostertagia spp . from the cervidae\neffect of experimental ostertagia ostertagi infection or chronic pentagastrin treatment on abomasal pathophysiology and morphology of goats .\ncomparative morphology of ostertagia mossi and ostertagia dikmansi ( trichostrongylidae ) from odocoileus virginianus and comments on other ostertagia spp . from the cervidae | springerlink\naspects of the biology of ostertagia ostertagi in relation to the genesis of ostertagiasis . - pubmed - ncbi\nostertagia and teladorsagia spp , parasitic brown stomach worms of cattle , sheep and goats . biology , prevention and control . ostertagiasis . ostertagia lyrata , ostertagia ostertagii , teadorsagia circumcincta , teladorsagia pinnata , ostertagia circumcincta\ndevelopment of immunity to ostertagia ostertagi ( trichostrongylidae : nematoda ) in pastured young cattle . - pubmed - ncbi\nfox mt ( 1993 ) pathophysiology of infection with ostertagia ostertagi in cattle . vet parasitol 46 : 143\u2013158 .\nostertagia species are found throughout temperate and subtropical areas of the world . the cattle species , ostertagia ostertagi is particularly important in temperate areas wherever cattle are raised .\narmour j , bruce rg . inhibited development in ostertagia ostertagi infections - - a diapause phenomenon in a nematode .\nanalysis of the translationally controlled tumour protein in the nematodes ostertagia ostertagi and caenorhabditis elegans suggests a pivotal role in egg production .\nmichel jf , lancaster mb , hong c , berrett s . plasma pepsinogen levels in some experimental infections of ostertagia ostertagi in cattle .\nanalysis of the translationally controlled tumour protein in the nematodes ostertagia ostertagi and caenorhabditis elegans suggests a pivotal role . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nmichel jf , lancaster mb , hong c ( 1973 ) ostertagia ostertagi : protective immunity in calves . the development in calves of a protective immunity to infection with ostertagia ostertagi . exp parasitol 33 : 179\u2013186 . 0014 - 4894 ( 73 ) 90023 - 4 [ pii ] .\nassessing the agreement between ostertagia ostertagi elisa tests performed using the crude adult antigen and the adult and larval stage 4 excretory / secretory antigens .\nostertagia ostertagi in various stages of development . a unembryonated egg . b early embryonated egg . c embryonated egg . d first - stage larvae , l1\nassessing the agreement between ostertagia ostertagi elisa tests performed using the crude adult antigen and the adult and larval stage 4 excretory . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nmichel jf , lancaster mb , hong c : ostertagia ostertagi : protective immunity in calves . the development in calves of a protective immunity to infection with ostertagia ostertagi . exp parasitol . 1973 , 33 ( 1 ) : 179 - 186 . 10 . 1016 / 0014 - 4894 ( 73 ) 90023 - 4 .\nfenbendazole ( white drench ) and levamisole ( clear drench ) against ostertagia ostertagi was less than fully effective on 43 % and 53 % of farms tested , respectively .\npge occurs when parasitic infestations in the abomasum and intestines result in inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa . in the uk ostertagia ostertagi is of biggest concern with cooperia contributing to disease .\nritchie jd , anderson n , armour j , jarrett wf , jennings fw , urquhart gm . experimental ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves : parasitology and pathogenesis of a single infection .\ndisease caused by o . ostertagi is divided into two forms , type i and type ii .\nidentification and mean number of each species of abomasal nematode identified are presented in table 4 . ostertagia leptospicularis ( o . l ) 67 % and spiculopteragia asymmetrica ( s . a . ) 26 % were the predominant ostertagia - type species present . present but in lower numbers were spiculopteragia spiculoptera ( s . s ) 5 % and ostertagia ostertagi ( o . o ) 2 %\nross jg , dow c : the course and development of the abomasal lesions in calves experimentally infected with the nematode parasite ostertagia ostertagi . brit vet j . 1965 , 121 : 228 - 233 .\ntrefoil factor 3 immunofluorescent staining ( green ) , combined with dapi staining ( blue ) . formalin fixed , paraffin - embedded abomasum sections of holstein cows after ostertagia ostertagi infection were stained . ( a ) negative control , ( b ) exposed to o . ostertagi for 60 days . original magnification 20\u00d7 .\nthese worms are often called \u2018osties\u2019 or \u2018osters\u2019 , short for ostertagia . however , the worm was reclassified in the early 1990s , with the genus name changing from ostertagia to teladorsagia . while ostertagia is a name still commonly used , they are also now called \u201ctellies\u201d , short for teladorsagia .\nostertagia ostertagii infects mainly cattle , but also sheep , goats and other domestic and wild ruminants .\nmarkovits , judit eva ,\neffect of experimental ostertagia ostertagi infection or chronic pentagastrin treatment on abomasal pathophysiology and morphology of goats .\n( 1986 ) . lsu historical dissertations and theses . 4193 . urltoken\nthe datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and its additional files . ostertagia ostertagi its2 sequence : genbank accession number ab245021 . 2 | : 1 , 036\u20131 , 126 bp .\nvercauteren , isabel , peter geldhof , iris peelaers , et al . \u201cdefining the composition of ostertagia ostertagi excretory - secretory products . \u201d molecular and cellular biology of helminth parasites , abstracts . 2002 . print .\nthis report is about the identification of parasite ostertagia ostertagi in cattle with persistent diarrhea . a farmer brought the fecal samples to national veterinary laboratories , islamabad from the village \u201ccharaa\u201d , islamabad . he was having total of four animals including one cattle and three calves . cattle approximately 8 year old and have persistent diarrhea with the interval of 2 months after microscopic fecal examination it was conformed that animal was infested by ostertagia ostertagi .\nefficacy of levamisole , moxidectin oral , moxidectin injectable and monepantel against ostertagia - type nematodes in deer .\nour main objective was to assess whether feeding sainfoin has an effect on pathophysiological and parasitological measurements in calves experimentally infected with the most pathogenic and prevalent gin of cattle in temperate regions : ostertagia ostertagi and cooperia oncophora .\nvercauteren i , geldhof p , peelaers i , claerebout e , berx g , vercruysse j . defining the composition of ostertagia ostertagi excretory - secretory products . molecular and cellular biology of helminth parasites , abstracts . 2002 .\npredilection sites of adult ostertagia and teladorsagia worms are the stomach ( abomasum ) and the upper small intestine .\ndisease is caused by maturation of ostertagia ostertagi larvae ( ostertagiosis ) in the abomasum ( fourth stomach ) . unlike disease caus + ed by lungworm and liver fluke , pge does not usually cause clinical disease in adult cattle .\nthe following table summarizes the relevant information about ostertagia ostertagi , a nematode parasite of cattle found commonly throughout temperate areas of the world , and haemonchus contortus a nematode of sheep found throughout the world in warm temperate and subtropical areas .\n' type ii ostertagiasis : ostertagia ostertagi may become hypobiotic in the autumn and if these infestation are heavy , lots of hypobiotic larvae reactivate in the spring . this causes severe acute gastritis ( fibrinous or haemorrhagic ) , and even sudden death .\nvercauteren , isabel , peter geldhof , iris peelaers , edwin claerebout , g berx , and jozef vercruysse . 2002 . \u201cdefining the composition of ostertagia ostertagi excretory - secretory products . \u201d in molecular and cellular biology of helminth parasites , abstracts .\nlectin staining with ueai ( a - l - fucosyl terminals ) . carnoy ' s fixed , paraffin - embedded abomasum sections of holstein cows after ostertagia ostertagi infection were stained . ( a and c ) negative control , ( b and d ) exposed to o . ostertagi for 21 days . original magnification 20\u00d7 ( left panels ) , 40\u00d7 ( right panels ) .\ncitation : li rw , wu s , li w , huang y , gasbarre lc ( 2011 ) metagenome plasticity of the bovine abomasal microbiota in immune animals in response to ostertagia ostertagi infection . plos one 6 ( 9 ) : e24417 . urltoken\nas already mentioned , ostertagia and teladorsagia are the most damaging worms of cattle in regions with temperate and cool climate .\nas leaders in parasite control bimeda have a range of anthelmintics which can be used to successfully treat ostertagia and cooperia .\ndeer , anthelmintic resistance , anthelmintic efficacy , gastrointestinal parasites , ostertagia , levamisole , moxidectin injection , moxidectin oral , monepantel .\nthe main roundworm of cattle is ostertagia ostertagi , known commonly as the brown stomach worm . control of ostertagia will incidentally control other roundworms of lesser importance such as the small\u00e5 intestinal worm ( cooperia sp ) . occasionally , the stomach hairworm ( trichostrongylus . axei ) can be the predominant parasite but , more importantly , it is the only roundworm species that infects both sheep and cattle .\nbrown stomach worm occurs in most sheep and goat areas of australia and is a major parasite in winter rainfall districts . it is relatively rare in queensland . the brown stomach worm of cattle , ostertagia ostertagi is known to infect angora goats , but not sheep .\nlectin staining , subjectively described from + + ( very strong ) to - ( absent ) during a primary infection with o . ostertagi .\npurewal a , fox mt , shivalkar p , carroll ap , uche ue , vaillant c , watkinson a ( 1997 ) effects of ostertagia ostertagi on gastrin gene expression and gastrin - related responses in the calf . j physiol 498 ( pt 3 ) : 809\u2013816 .\nthere are two types of disease caused by ostertagia . the signs of each type result from the same damage to the abomasum :\nostertagia and teladorsagia spp , parasitic brown stomach worms of cattle , sheep and goats . biology , prevention and control . ostertagiasis .\nacquired immunity against cooperia spp . and ostertagia spp . in calves : effect of level of exposure and timing of the midsummer increase\nalthough there are a number of nematode parasites known to be present in wa cattle only the two species that make up the bulk of typical worm burdens are reported here . these two species are cooperia oncophora ( hair worm ) and ostertagia ostertagi ( brown stomach worm ) .\nthe mcdonnell genome institute and collaborators are sequencing the bovine stomach worm , ostertagia ostertagi . this is the most economically important parasite of cattle throughout temperate regions of the world . globally , these small reddish brown worms are the major cause of parasitic gastritis ( ostertagiosis ) of ruminants .\nclaerebout e , hilderson h , meeus p , de marez t , behnke j , huntley j , vercruysse j : the effect of truncated infections with ostertagia ostertagi on the development of acquired resistance in calves . vet parasitol . 1996 , 66 ( 3\u20134 ) : 225 - 239 .\nin this paper we describe molecular characterization of opa , an ostertagia polyprotein , and its potential to induce protection against homologous infection in cattle .\nthere were four ostertagia - type nematode species identified in the deer on this farm . the two spiculopteragia species of ostertagia - type nematodes ( s . spiculoptera and s . asymmetrica ) present are host specific to deer . ostertagia leptospicularis is a deer species but it has been reported in both sheep and cattle in new zealand ( mckenna 1997 ) . ostertagia ostertagi is an important cattle nematode previously only observed in white - tail deer in new zealand ( mckenna 1997 ) but made up 2 % of the ostertagia - type species present in these deer and 3 % on another te anau deer farm ( lawrence et al 2012 ) . it is worthy of note that the sheep ostertagia - type nematode ( teladorsagia ) was not present on this farm and in fact has never been identified in farmed deer in new zealand to date . on this farm moxidectin pour on was not evaluated and all of the ostertagia - type species were well controlled by moxi . spiculopteragia asymmetrica was the species showing the least efficacy to moxo on this farm . technically resistance to an anthelmintic can only be claimed if the dose rate to provide efficacy has been determined . the dose rate in deer for moxo has not been determined and therefore we cannot claim spiculopteragia asymmetrica is resistant on this farm . interpretation of the efficacies of oxo and levo is not appropriate in light of previous discussion regarding the need to determine / re - evaluate the correct dose of these anthelmintics in deer . previous reports on new zealand deer farms indicated ostertagia - type species exhibiting resistance to macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics . ostertagia leptospicularis was resistant to moxidectin pour on ( lawrence et al 2012 ) , ostertagia leptospicularis and spiculopteragia spiculoptera to moxidectin pour on and moxi ( lawrence 2011 ) , and ostertagia leptospicularis resistant to moxidectin pour on and ostertagia leptospicularis , spiculopteragia spiculoptera and spiculopteragia asymmetrica to ivermectin oral ( hoskin et al 2005 ) .\nthe internal transcribed spacer 2 ( its2 ) is a candidate diagnostic marker of the pathogenic cattle nematode ostertagia ostertagi . the aims of this study were : ( i ) to document and quantify how the development of o . ostertagi eggs affects its2 copies under different storage conditions , and ( ii ) to suggest optimal storage conditions for faecal samples in a diagnostic pipeline that involves detection and semi - quantification by real - time semi - quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( qpcr ) .\nli rw , hou y , li c , gasbarre lc : localized complement activation in the development of protective immunity against ostertagia ostertagi infections in cattle . vet parasitol . 2010 , 174 ( 3 - 4 ) : 247 - 256 . 10 . 1016 / j . vetpar . 2010 . 08 . 037 .\nsome of the drenches in group 1 ( benzimidazoles ) have lesser and a more variable effect on the immature and inhibited stages of ostertagia than previously thought .\ndata ( mean \u00b1 sd ) representing worm burden by sieving , percentage males and female fecundity based on the number of eggs in utero from 16 female worms per animal . the calves were experimentally infected with ostertagia ostertagi and cooperia oncophora and fed a tannin - rich diet ( group sf ) or a control diet ( group co )\nthe common stomach worms of cattle are haemonchus placei ( barber\u2019s pole worm , large stomach worm , wire worm ) , ostertagia ostertagi ( medium or brown stomach worm ) , and trichostrongylus axei ( small stomach worm , see trichostrongylus sp in horses ) . in some tropical countries , mecistocirrus digitatus , a large worm up to 40 mm long , is present . h placei is primarily a parasite in tropical regions , whereas o ostertagi and , to a lesser extent , t axei are found in more temperate climates . adult male haemonchus are up to 18 mm long , females up to 30 mm . ostertagia adults are 6\u20139 mm long , and trichostrongylus , ~ 5 mm .\nthe objectives of this study were first to molecularly characterize the ostertagia polyprotein allergen ( opa ) ( e . g . , to determine the genomic organization , expression pattern , and immunolocalization ) and then to investigate the protective capacities of both purified native opa ( nopa ) and recombinant opa ( ropa ) in cattle challenged with o . ostertagi .\nits2 copies of four developmental stages of ostertagia ostertagi . sample mean of its2 copies ( molecules \u03bcl - 1 ) illustrated on the y - axis plotted against each developmental stage ( x - axis ) . error bars indicate standard error of the mean ( sem ) . asterisks denote statistical significance : * * * = p < 0 . 0001\nvercauteren , isabel , geldhof , p . , peelaers , i . , claerebout , e . , berx , g . , & vercruysse , j . ( 2002 ) . defining the composition of ostertagia ostertagi excretory - secretory products . molecular and cellular biology of helminth parasites , abstracts . presented at the molecular and cellular biology of helminth parasites .\nli rw , hou y , li c , gasbarre lc ( 2010 ) localized complement activation in the development of protective immunity against ostertagia ostertagi infections in cattle . vet parasitol 174 : 247\u2013256 . s0304 - 4017 ( 10 ) 00492 - 9 [ pii ] ; 10 . 1016 / j . vetpar . 2010 . 08 . 037 [ doi ] .\nexternal structural changes of adult ostertagia ostertagi recovered from calves fed sainfoin for 58 days . scanning electron microscopy of representative worms recovered 42 days post - infection from control group ( co ) ( a , b ) or sainfoin group ( sf ) ( c , d ) . left column : tail of the female worm ; right column : close view of the cuticle\nat present , the control of ostertagia ostertagi infections in cattle largely depends on the use of chemical antihelminthic drugs . residues of introduced chemicals in foodstuffs and the environment have become a serious consumer concern . reports of resistance to antiparasitic drugs for a closely related parasite , cooperia species , in cattle ( 5 , 31 ) make the development of alternative control systems even more urgent .\nthe predominant worm type present in all 6 con deer was ostertagia - type and interestingly there were no cooperia present . the large intestinal parasite oesophagostomum was present in 3 of the six deer . table1 ; faecal larval culture ( flc ) worm type control group averagehaemonchus - ostertagia - type 69 % trichostrongylus 11 % cooperia - oesophagostomum / chabertia 20 % nematodirus -\nearly attempts to protect cattle against the abomasal nematode o . ostertagi with irradiated larval vaccines ( 2 ) or with crude somatic ( 12 ) and excretory - secretory ( es ) products ( 13 ) were not successful . moderate levels of protection were obtained in calves immunized with gut membrane glycoproteins of o . ostertagi ( 24 ) . recently , it was shown that vaccination of cattle with es products of adult ostertagia worms enriched for cysteine proteinases by thiol - sepharose chromatography reduced the fecal egg counts by 60 % compared to the counts in the control group ( 11 ) .\ntranscript expression in different developmental stages . this figure represents the number of transcripts expressed in each stage and the percent of those transcripts that are constitutively - expressed in c . oncophora ( a ) and o . ostertagi ( b ) . ( c ) c . oncophora and ( d ) o . ostertagi depict the number of transcripts up - regulated , down - regulated and specific to a given stage .\ntable 2 : group mean total worm counts for adult and immature ostertagia - types . anthelmintic treatment group efficacy against ostertagia - type adults . oster - type adults oster - type larvacontrol 1495 17moxi % efficacy 0100 % 67moxo % efficacy 3297 . 9 % 173oxo 42271 . 8 % 173levo 42371 . 7 % 118moxi + oxlevo 0100 % 14 . 5zolo 20086 . 6 % 14\nconcurrent with the diarrhea of o ostertagi and t axei infections , and with the anemia of heavy haemonchus infection , there is often hypoproteinemia and edema ( rare in o ostertagi infections ) , particularly under the lower jaw ( bottle jaw ) and sometimes along the ventral abdomen . heavy infections can result in death before clinical signs appear . other variable signs include progressive weight loss , weakness , rough coat , and anorexia .\nnote that routine treatment of adult cows after their second calving is not needed . individual cows in this group may be treated if they are scouring or losing condition because of infection with ostertagia .\na lot of research has been carried out on vaccines , but so far no really effective one is available against ostertagia and / or teladorsagia worms . to learn more about vaccines against parasites of livestock and pets\nno fluorescence was detected in sections of ostertagia developed with preimmune rabbit serum ( fig . 2i ) or with the irrelevant rabbit serum ( antiscabies serum ) or in the conjugate controls ( data not shown ) .\ncooperia oncophora and ostertagia ostertagi are among the most important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle worldwide . the economic losses caused by these parasites are on the order of hundreds of millions of dollars per year . conventional treatment of these parasites is through anthelmintic drugs ; however , as resistance to anthelmintics increases , overall effectiveness has begun decreasing . new methods of control and alternative drug targets are necessary . in - depth analysis of transcriptomic data can help provide these targets .\nmost infections are mixed with other gastrointestinal roundworms ( e . g . cooperia spp , haemonchus spp , nematodirus spp , trichostrongylus spp , etc . ) which worsen the damage caused by ostertagia and / or teladorsagia worms .\n' type i ostertagiasis : ostertagia ostertagi is ingested by calves in their first year at grass . the parasites colonise the gastric glands of the fundus and pylorus and then 17 - 21 days after ingestion , the parasites reach maturity and emerge from the gastric glands . emergence in sufficient numbers causes extensive pathological changes - chronic gastritis . a thickened , hyperplastic , non - functional gastric mucosa is formed , meaning impaired function in the gut resulting in diarrhoea and hypoalbuminaemia .\nin an experiment in which 2 plots of pasture were contaminated , one at the end of september and the other in mid - december , with larvae of ostertagia ostertagi and cooperia oncophora , it was found that the ability of these larvae to interrupt their parasitic development increased and then decreased at much the same rate on either plot . seasonal effects , which might have been expected to accelerate these changes in larvae put on the pasture in december , were minimal .\nschematic overview of the study design . anaerobic samples ( n = 9 \u00d7 2 ) contained 10 g of freshly recovered faeces with ostertagia ostertagi eggs and stored in vacuum bags under anaerobic conditions . samples were subjected to either 4 \u00b0c or 25 \u00b0c for duration of 0 to 336 h . to stop egg development the samples were frozen at - 20 \u00b0c . subsequently , o . ostertagi were isolated and differentiated to developmental stage . finally , 25\u00d7 o . ostertagi eggs or l1 were counted and transferred to a clean petri dish . this was done in triplicates of each sample and its2 copies were quantified by qpcr . aerobic samples ( n = 9 \u00d7 2 ) were produced identically to anaerobic samples but eggs were isolated from faeces before storage and differentiated immediately at each time point . a total of 108 biological replicates were subjected to qpcr semi - quantification . abbreviations : epg , eggs per gram ; its2 , internal transcribed spacer 2 ; qpcr , real - time semi - quantitative polymerase chain reaction\nthat infect cattle , sheep and goats and other wild ruminants . worms of these genera are also called brown stomach worms . in the past most species were considered as belonging to the genus ostertagia . they have very similar features and life cycles .\nostertagia and other roundworms of cattle have a simple direct life cycle , as shown in figure 1 . an important feature of this life cycle is that it consists of two stages ; the free - living stage on pasture and parasitic stage in cattle .\nthe con group slaughtered on the 16th october had an average of 1495 ostertagia - type adults ( range 250 \u2013 2650 ) . based on this result , the trial proceeded . all treated deer were slaughtered on the 31st october . the anthelmintics had the following efficacy against the adult ostertagia - type nematodes : moxi 100 % , moxo 97 . 9 % , oxo 71 . 8 % , levo 71 . 7 % , moxi + oxlevo 100 % and zolo 86 . 6 % ( table 2 ) .\npelleted sainfoin as a sole feed significantly reduced the population of o . ostertagi in young calves . our promising results confirm the potential value of sainfoin and perhaps other tannin - rich forages with a high percentage of prodelphinidins in integrated control of bovine ostertagiosis . although o . ostertagi is the main species responsible for reduced productivity in grazing calves , the apparent lack of effect against c . oncophora is a drawback and may hamper the practical use of sainfoin as a \u201cbroad - spectrum\u201d anthelmintic forage . more research is needed to address the background of the lacking effect against c . oncophora .\nabubucker s , zarlenga ds , martin j , yin y , wang z , mccarter jp , gasbarree l , wilson rk , mitreva m : the transcriptomes of the cattle parasitic nematode ostertagia ostartagi . vet parasitol . 2009 , 162 ( 1\u20132 ) : 89 - 99 .\nclustering of stages based upon the number of transcripts in a stage containing a specific interpro domain . ( a ) c . oncophora ; ( b ) o . ostertagi . a lower - range scale ( 0 to 3 + ) was used to better illustrate the similarities and differences between the stages .\npre - type 2 phase : calves at end of first grazing season ( from october ) accumulate large population ( greater than 100 , 000 ) of ostertagia el4 ( arrested stage ) . disease is caused by l3 ingested in late autumn . there are usually no clinical signs .\nostertagia ostertagi . the nematode grows and develops in the gastric glands of the abomasum which it leaves just before it becomes an adult , approximately 17 - 21 days after infection . during its time in a gastric gland , the nematode grows about 100 fold . therefore we can predict that this growth will result in erosion of the secretory epithelium and also that swelling of the gland will occur . in heavy infections these erosive effects can be widespread resulting in heavy losses of secretory cells and significant reductions in the output of hcl and pepsinogen . these changes are summarized in the table below .\ndistribution of kegg categories associated with up - regulated transcripts . the number of up - regulated transcripts in free - living and parasitic life stages associated with kegg categories is compared in ( a ) c . oncophora and ( b ) o . ostertagi . * indicates significance ( p < 0 . 05 ) .\nadditional file 2 : figure s1 : length distribution of peptides with and without homologues in other species . description : histogram of the length of peptides that have homologues in other species and those that do not have homologues i . e . are unique to either c . oncophora or o . ostertagi . ( tiff 249 kb )\non sections of ostertagia parasites clear red fluorescence was observed in the intestinal cells of l3 animals ( fig . 2b ) , in the cuticle of l4 animals ( fig . 2d ) , and in the cuticle and hypodermis of both male and female adult worms ( fig . 2f and h ) .\nthe aims of this study were : ( i ) to document and quantify how the development of o . ostertagi eggs affects its2 copies under a multitude of storage conditions , and ( ii ) to suggest optimal storage conditions for faecal samples / bovine nematode eggs in a diagnostic pipeline that involves detection and semi - quantification by molecular methodologies .\nsimcock dc , joblin kn , scott i , burgess dm , rogers cw , pomroy we , simpson hv ( 1999 ) hypergastrinaemia , abomasal bacterial population densities and ph in sheep infected with ostertagia circumcincta . int j parasitol 29 : 1053\u20131063 . s0020 - 7519 ( 99 ) 00065 - x [ pii ] .\nivermectin is a cost effective treatment for gastrointestinal roundworms . at the therapeutic dose ivermectin will successfully treat the inhibited stage of ostertagia making it an excellent choice . bimeda provide ivermectin in an injectable and pour - on form and also in combination with clorsulon ( bimectin plus ) which can be used to treat liver fluke .\nhistochemical staining of carnoy ' s fixed , paraffin - embedded abomasum sections of holstein cows after ostertagia ostertagi infection . pas ( a - d ) stained mucins in pink ; ab - pas ph 2 . 5 ( e - h ) stained neutral mucins in magenta and acidic mucins in blue ; hid - ab ( i - n ) stained sialylated mucins in blue and sulphated mucins in brown . ( a , e , i ) negative control , ( b , f , l ) infected for 14 days , ( c , g , m ) infected for 21 days , ( d , h , n ) exposed for 60 days . original magnification 10\u00d7 .\nthe amino acid sequences of all visible bands , as determined by maldi - tof mass spectrometry analysis , showed that all of the protein bands represented nopa or ropa . the nopa band , however , comprised traces of a protein homologous to a 17 - kda l3 es antigen of ostertagia ( embl accession no . aj318472 ) .\ngo term associations with transcripts expressed in each stage . for each phase of the life cycle ( free - living or parasitic ) several prevalent go terms are listed . * indicates a given term is significantly - enriched in that life cycle stage ( p < 0 . 05 ) . ( a ) c . oncophora ; ( b ) o . ostertagi .\nfifteen jersey male calves ( 2\u20134 month - old ) were allocated into two groups and fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets mainly composed of sainfoin pellets ( group sf ; n = 9 , three pens ) or concentrate and grass - clover hay ( group co ; n = 6 , two pens ) . after 16 days of adaptation , all animals were experimentally infected with 10 , 000 and 66 , 000 third - stage larvae of ostertagia ostertagi and cooperia oncophora , respectively . egg excretion , blood parameters and bodyweights were recorded throughout the study . worms were harvested by sieving for quantification and scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) 42 days post - infection ( dpi ) when the calves were necropsied .\nmoxidectin pour on has been the formulation of moxidectin which has consistently shown resistance by ostertagia - type nematodes on all deer farms evaluated to date ( n = 6 ) . with this knowledge and the desire to evaluate additional treatment groups , budget restraints meant that moxidectin pour on was not included as a treatment option in this trial .\nit is important to stress that an ostertagia vaccine in cattle needs to be an antifecundity vaccine ( 30 ) . as the number of worm eggs shed during the first part of the grazing season determines the number of infective larvae in the pasture in the second half of the grazing season , reduction in egg excretion should be the target . also , because the fecundity of ostertagia is highly regulated by host immunity ( 23 ) and fecal egg output can be strongly reduced without a reduction in the number of worms ( 9 , 4 ) , the number of eggs per gram is the best parameter for evaluation of the protective efficacy of ostertagia antigens ( 30 ) . analogous with observations on the effects of antihelminthic boli on gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle ( 8 ) , it can be stated that vaccination with nopa that results in a 60 % reduction in the number of eggs per gram for at least 2 months is sufficient to protect first - grazing - season calves from ostertagiosis without interfering with the development of natural immunity .\nin order to create anaerobic conditions , faeces containing o . ostertagi eggs were vacuum - packed using an easily available kitchen machine . while purified o . ostertagi eggs will quickly disrupt due to pressure if they are vacuum - packed ( data not shown ) , storage of eggs in faeces was essential to secure the integrity of the parasites and maintain a realistic evaluation of the vacuum packing strategy . thus , faeces were only present during storage of the anaerobic samples but not during storage of aerobic samples , and therefore the outcome may potentially have been influenced by other factors such as e . g . ph and humidity rather than oxygen tension . incorporation of an inhibition control by spiking a non - related target to the samples could confirm any presence of potential inhibitors .\ndistribution of protein homologues in free - living nematodes , strongylida parasites , and non - strongylida parasites . the percent of homologues in each of the three databases as well as the overlap between the databases is shown . ( a ) . c . oncophora ; ( b ) . o . ostertagi . for species included in each of the three databases please see the materials and methods .\nthe numbers of ostertagia - type larvae present in the control group was very low and as a result no conclusions can be drawn as to efficacy of the various anthelmintics against larvae from this trial . trichostrongylus nematodes were present in the con but in low numbers ( average 23 ) . all treatment groups were clear except the levo group ( average 2 ) .\nthe pour - on formulations of levamisole have also given variable results in adult cattle in winter . the concentration of the drug in these formulations has been increased in response to these findings , but the lack of effect of levamisole on the inhibited larvae of ostertagia means that levamisole - based drenches are not ideally suited for use in beef cattle over 12 months old .\nyoung animals are more often affected , but adults not previously exposed to infection frequently show signs and succumb . ostertagia and trichostrongylus infections are characterized by profuse , watery diarrhea that usually is persistent . in haemonchosis and mecistocirrus infection , there may be little or no diarrhea but possibly intermittent periods of constipation . anemia of variable degree is a characteristic sign of both these infections .\nin an attempt to dissect mechanisms underlying protective immune responses to ostertagia ostertagi infections in cattle , which develops very slowly and requires a prolonged exposure before becoming effective , we developed partially immune animals using multiple drug - attenuated infections . while host mechanisms underlying the development of long - term protective immunity have recently been discussed [ 4 ] , the gut microbiota of ruminants has not been systematically characterized until recently [ 8 ] \u2013 [ 10 ] . three - way interactions between the host , its microbiota and parasites are little understood . in this study , we characterized the bovine abomasal microbiota using metagenomic tools . our results provided the first piece of evidence that a minimal disruption in the bovine abomasal microbiota by the parasitic nematode may contribute equally to the restoration of gastric function in immune animals .\nhertzberg h , guscetti f , lischer c , kohler l , neiger r , et al . ( 2000 ) evidence for a parasite - mediated inhibition of abomasal acid secretion in sheep infected with ostertagia leptospicularis . vet j 159 : 238\u2013251 . 10 . 1053 / tvjl . 1999 . 0475 [ doi ] ; s1090 - 0233 ( 99 ) 90475 - 6 [ pii ] .\nthe organization of the coding sequence of opa in genomic dna of ostertagia could indicate that there is only one copy of the opa gene . this is the case for the genes encoding npas of other nematodes , such as dirofilaria immitis ( 6 ) , brugia pahangi ( 27 ) , brugia malayi ( 27 ) , and d . viviparus ( 1 ) . the nopa antigen was located in the intestinal cells of ostertagia l3 and in the cuticle and hypodermis of l4 and adult parasites . similarly , immunostaining of di5 antigen , the opa homologue of d . immitis , was apparent in the hypodermis and the cuticle of the parasite ( 22 ) . in caenorhabditis elegans , npas have been found to bind fatty acids and retinol ( reviewed in reference 15 ) . in parasitic nematodes however , the major function of npas is to alter the host tissue environment to the parasites ' advantage ( 16 ) . the results of the immunolocalization analysis together with the western blot results indeed suggest that opa is secreted . release of opa into the environment could occur directly from the gut with the l3 stage or from the cuticle via the hypodemis with ostertagia l4 and adults .\nthe third - stage larvae ( l3 ) cannot feed , because they retain the cuticle (\nskin\n) from the second stage ( l2 ) as a protective sheath , but can survive for long periods within the dung pat . they can also move some distance away from the dung pat . the parasitic stage of the life cycle of ostertagia begins when a beast ingests l3 larvae .\nthis study characterized transcriptomes from multiple life stages from both c . oncophora and o . ostertagi . these data represent an important resource for studying these parasites . the results of this study show distinct differences in the genes involved in the free - living and parasitic life cycle stages . the data produced will enable better annotation of the upcoming genome sequences and will allow future comparative analyses of the biology , evolution and adaptation to parasitism in nematodes .\nimmunolocalization of opa . sections of l3 ( a and b ) , l4 ( c and d ) , and male ( e and f ) and female ( g and h ) adult o . ostertagi parasites were incubated with monospecific antibodies to opa , and antibody binding was detected by using alexa fluor - conjugated anti - rabbit immunoglobulin . female adult o . ostertagi parasites were also incubated with negative ( preimmune ) rabbit serum ( at a 1 / 2 , 000 dilution in 2 % hs ) ( i ) . panels a , c , e , and g are phase - contrast micrographs , and panels b , d , f , h , and i are fluorescence microscopy micrographs ( signal indicated by red fluorescence except in panel i ) . ic , intestinal cells ; i , intestine ; g , gonads ; h , hypodermis ; c , cuticle . bars = 25 \u03bcm .\ngenerally , es products are considered to be essential for the development and survival of the parasite within the host and are targets for vaccine development ( 17 ) . immunoscreening of cdna libraries of both larvae ( third - stage larvae [ l3 ] and l4 ) and adults of ostertagia with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against es products led to identification of 15 genuinely secreted proteins with potential protective capacities ( 28 ) .\nadult parasites of o . ostertagi were microscopically - selected from abomasal contents from animals killed 28 days post infection . cooperia oncophora eggs , l1 , l2 , l3sh and l3ex were also collected as described above . the l4 were obtained by baermannization of intestinal contents and washings from animals euthanized 10 days post infection ; adult worms were microscopically collected from animals euthanized 21 days post infection and further partitioned into male [ m ] and female [ f ] worms .\nthis occurs when ostertagia ostertagi infective larvae ( l3 ) are ingested by calves in their first or second year at grass . the parasites then take refuge in the gastric glands of the abomasum in order to undergo their period of development . if many worms emerge simultaneously then it can cause severe physical damage to the lining of the abomasum resulting in chronic gastritis . disease is observed in late summer / early autumn and is accountable to the \u2018mid - summer rise\u2019 when temperatures increase and many larvae quickly develop . affected calves will present with a decreased / total loss of appetite accompanied by a sudden onset profuse , green diarrhoea . generally many animals within the group are affected . these calves will suffer a severe loss of body condition ( 20 - 60kg ) which will greatly increase the time taken to finish ( up to three months extra ) . one paper suggests losses of up to \u00a3100 per head .\no . ostertagi infections can prompt protective immunity to ostertagiosis , making the species a good candidate for vaccine development . having a whole genome sequence for the species could also help with the development of novel methods to control these parasites in livestock , including defining the mechanisms underlying drug susceptibility and resistance with the possibility of extending the useful life of existing drugs and improving diagnostics in this area , as well as providing the means to study the host - parasite interaction in whole animals .\nhaemonchus contortus . in this example , unlike ostertagia , the parasite matures on the mucosal surface of the the abomasum . therefore its growth and development has little effect on the mucosa and makes no contribution to its pathogenic potential . despite the fact that adult haemonchus are no more than 1cm long , they are voracious blood feeders and it is this blood loss that is entirely responsible for the pathophysiological changes and clinical signs we see in haemonchosis .\nalthough these findings indicate the presence of resistance in the ml group in cooperia oncophora on more than half of farms tested , it is unlikely that farmers using ml drenches are experiencing a major effect in terms of worm disease or production loss . this is because cooperia is considered to have a relatively less severe effect than most other species . importantly , the injectable mls were fully effective against ostertagia , which is the more important of the species .\nfriesian calves given a low level infection of the abomasal parasite ostertagia ostertagi over a six week period displayed a mild diarrhoea with high faecal egg counts and elevated plasma pepsinogen values . at necropsy on day 23 abomasal lesions characteristic of ostertagiasis were widespread . at 42 and 84 days oedema and congestion were also prominent . total worm burdens on days 23 and 42 were similar but a marked decrease had occurred by day 84 . feed digestibility and nitrogen economy were not markedly affected but radioisotopic measurements demonstrated an increase in albumin disappearance and catabolic rates , and plasma faecal clearance during the course of the infection . prior administration of a morantel sustained release bolus to a group of similarly infected calves reduced the total worm burdens to less than 50 per cent of those recorded in the infected calves on days 23 and 42 and this fell to 3 per cent on day 84 . abomasal damage and the adverse pathophysiological changes associated with infection were prevented in this group .\nthere was a total of 1393 transcripts identified as encoding putatively - secreted peptides of which 538 were enriched in at least one stage . it was determined that free - living stages tended to have more of these transcripts in common with each other than with the parasitic stages . parasitic stages tended to have a common pool of secreted peptides as well . the exception to this was c . oncophora l4 which shared more secreted peptides with the free - living stages than with the other parasitic stages . the 5 % of domains most prevalent in the secreted peptides were very similar between the two species . transthyretin - like , metridin - like shk toxin , saposin b , and cap domains were among the most prevalent for secreted proteins in both species . two insulin domains were among the most prevalent in secreted peptides of c . oncophora but were absent from o . ostertagi . ves allergen was found in 16 secreted peptides of o . ostertagi but was found in only one secreted peptide of c . oncophora .\neggs of ostertagia ostertagi were obtained from fresh faeces and stored at 4 \u00b0c or 25 \u00b0c under aerobic or anaerobic ( vacuum packing ) conditions . development was monitored by microscopy for up to 336 h , and the its2 copies were determined by qpcr from a fixed number of parasites . under aerobic conditions at 25 \u00b0c , embryonation and a significant increase of its2 copies ( p < 0 . 0001 ) were observed after 12 h . at 4 \u00b0c , embryonation occurred after 168 h with a trend towards increased its2 copies . anaerobic conditions inhibited egg development at both temperatures and no significant increase in its2 copies was noticed ( p = 0 . 90 ) . its2 copies were analysed for each parasite stage : first - stage larvae ( l1 ) exhibited significantly higher copy numbers ( 20 , 353 \u00b1 1 , 950 ) than unembryonated eggs ( 568 \u00b1 168 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) with lower coefficient of variation ( 33 vs 266 % ) .\nlog - transformed its2 copies plotted against developmental stages of ostertagia ostertagi throughout the four sub - experiments . a 4 \u00b0c under aerobic conditions . b 25 \u00b0c under aerobic conditions . c 4 \u00b0c under anaerobic conditions . d 25 \u00b0c under anaerobic conditions . the x - axis indicates storage time . distributions ( % ) of developmental stages are plotted on left y - axis ( white bar : unembryonated eggs ; brown bar : early embryonated eggs ; green bar : embryonated eggs ; yellow dotted bar : l1 larvae ; shaded bar : decomposed parasites ) . developmental stage was determined from photographs of 15 randomly selected eggs from each of nine time points . log - transformed its2 copies are plotted on right y - axis and are indicated by a black line . its2 copies were obtained from qpcr analysis of biological triplicate samples containing dna from 25 parasites ( eggs or larvae ) . error bars indicate standard error of the mean ( sem ) of log - transformed its2 copies\ntable 4 : mean worm count and anthelmintic efficiency by ostertagia - type species o . o o . l s . a s . scontrol 30 1002 389 75moxi 0 0 0 0 % efficacy 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % moxo 0 0 32 0 % efficacy 100 % 100 % 91 . 8 % 100 % oxo 0 333 42 42 % efficacy 100 % 66 . 8 % 44 % 44 % levo 0 186 152 85 % efficacy 100 % 81 . 4 % 60 . 9 % 0 %\ntype 2 occurs when the ostertagia ( l3 ) ingested in late autumn do not emerge immediately and instead remain in the gastric glands in a hypobiotic state . these larvae are stimulated to emerge in the late winter / early spring ( feb - may ) and if the infestation is heavy then they will cause great damage as they do so . this causes an acute gastritis and in severe cases sudden death . routine treatment at housing and or when housed will prevent this which is preferable as response to treatment is generally very poor .\nspecies - level microbial composition in the bovine abomasal microbiota was analyzed using cd - hit - otu ( wu et al . , 2011 , submitted ) . a total of 90 . 3\u00b12 . 9 otu were identified in each abomasal microbial community . seventy two otu were present in the abomasal microbial communities of all 6 immune animals and likely represented the core microbiome of the abomasal microbial community . the community was dominated by 4 otu , which accounted for approximately 50 % of all 16s rdna sequences in control animals . among them , 2 otu ( otu # 1 , 22 . 9 % and otu # 7 , 8 . 1 % ) were annotated to the genus prevotella while the rest 2 otu belonged to bacteroidales and succinivibrio . ostertagi ostertagi infection significantly impacted only 2 otu in immune animals ( unadjusted p value < 0 . 05 ) . the relative abundance of otu # 32 ( lineage : catabacteriaceae ) was increased from 0 . 4 % in control to 1 . 0 % in infected animals while the relative abundance of otu # 25 decreased from 0 . 3 % in control to 0 . 1 % in infected animals ( p < 0 . 05 ) .\nworms can readily be seen and identified in the abomasum , and small petechiae may be visible where the worms have been feeding . the most characteristic lesions of ostertagia infection are small , umbilicated nodules 1\u20132 mm in diameter . these may be discrete , but in heavy infections they tend to coalesce and give rise to a \u201ccobblestone\u201d or \u201cmorocco leather\u201d appearance . nodules are most marked in the fundic region but may cover the entire abomasal mucosa and may be accompanied by a rise in gastric ph to 6\u20137 . as a result , pepsinogen will no longer be converted to pepsin and may leak across the damaged epithelium , leading to high plasma levels . there is also evidence that adult ostertagia can cause direct hypersecretion of pepsinogen . the increased abomasal ph may also stimulate production of gastrin and thus hypergastrinemia , which is closely associated with the inappetence that may accompany infection . this parasite - associated drop in intake has been shown to be largely responsible for impaired weight gain . edema is often marked and , in severe cases , may extend over the abomasum and into the small intestine and omentum .\naerobic storage of o . ostertagi eggs at 25 \u00b0c led to a significant increase in its2 copies after 12 h due to embryonation and subsequent hatching . in contrast , anaerobic storage ( vacuum packing ) at 25 \u00b0c completely inhibited egg development and any undesirable semi - quantification bias for up to 336 h . hence , vacuum packing is an optimal storage strategy prior to molecular diagnostic analyses . alternatively , aerobic storage at 4 \u00b0c for up to 72 h can be used . due to high copy numbers and lower genetic variation , the l1 stage may be considered for diagnostics and further molecular research .\naerobic storage of o . ostertagi eggs at 25 \u00b0c led to a significant increase in its2 copies from 12 h due to embryonation and subsequent hatching . in contrast , anaerobic storage ( vacuum packing ) at 25 \u00b0c completely inhibited egg development and any undesirable semi - quantification bias for up to 336 h . hence , vacuum packing is an optimal storage strategy prior to molecular diagnostic analyses . alternatively , aerobic storage at 4 \u00b0c for up to 72 h can be used . due to high copy numbers and less genetic variation , the l1 stage may be considered for diagnostics and further molecular research .\nthe objective of this study was to determine the agreement between elisa tests conducted using three o . ostertagia antigens : crude adult worm , larval stage 4 ( l4 ) excretory / secretory ( es ) and adult es . this study was carried out on 289 holstein cows from five herds in prince edward island and one herd in nova scotia . composite milk samples of these cows were collected ( between may and september 2002 ) from the respective provincial laboratories and sent to the atlantic veterinary college where each sample was tested for antibodies to o . ostertagi using an indirect microtitre elisa test . results were expressed as optical density ratio ( odr ) values . each milk sample was tested with three elisa tests , with each test using a different o . ostertagi antigen . there was a slight rise in odr values of both adult antigens , between may and august , with higher values obtained using the adult es antigen . l4 es odr values were generally higher than those for both adult antigens during the study period , except for may . there was a more dramatic rise in l4 es odr values between may and august . rises in odr in may and end of july coincided with periods of mass maturation of l4 to adult worms . the results of the study showed that the concordance correlation coefficient ( ccc ) between tests performed using both es and the crude antigens were low ( crude adult versus adult es = 0 . 31 , crude adult versus l4 es = 0 . 30 ) . the highest ccc was observed between tests done using both es antigens ( ccc = 0 . 56 ) . generally , the study results suggest that the antibody response ( detectable by the elisa ) is mainly directed against es antigens ( especially l4 ) than the crude adult worm antigen ."]}
{"id": 1892, "summary": [{"text": "parvulastra vivipara , the tasmanian live-bearing seastar , is a tiny , uniformly orange-yellow seastar , up to 15 mm across .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the species usually has five short arms and is a rounded , pentagon shape .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "morphological variation is common and three , four or six arms are occasionally present .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is endemic to coastal waters in southeast tasmania . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "parvulastra vivipara", "paragraphs": ["parvulastra vivipara ( tasmanian live - bearing seastar ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014wb ) [ state action plan ] .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . parvulastra vivipara in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 36 : 25 + 1000 .\npatiriella vivipara . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nthis tiny seastar , called patiriella vivipara is listed as endangered under the threatened species protection act 1995 .\nscientific name : patiriella vivipara common name : tasmanian live - bearing seastar other names : live - bearing seastar , cushion star the species is conventionally accepted ( dartnall 1969 ) .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 2001b ) . salinity tolerance of patiriella vivipara , a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . the tasmanian naturalist . 123 : 36 - 46 .\nbyrne , m . ( 1996 ) . viviparity and intragonadal cannibalism in the diminutive asterinid sea stars patiriella vivipara and p . parvivipara . marine biology . 125 ( 3 ) : 551 - 567 .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 1999a ) . will the introduced european green crab impact upon patiriella vivipara , the rare endemic seastar ? . the tasmanian naturalist . 121 : 26 - 28 .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 1999b ) . will the introduced northern pacific seastar impact upon patiriella vivipara , the rare endemic seastar ? . the tasmanian naturalist . 121 : 29 - 32 .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 2001a ) . updated information and previously unpublished observations on patiriella vivipara , a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . the tasmanian naturalist . 123 : 24 - 35 .\nthreatened species survey of patiriella vivipara and gazameda gunnii in southport lagoon for the southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) .\nrowland , m . ( 2001 ) . education and monitoring program for the endangered tasmanian seastar - patiriella vivipara : project report & action plan for the woodbridge environment group . woodbridge , tasmania : marine and coastal research tasmania .\nprestedge , g . k . ( 1998 ) . the distribution and biology of patiriella vivipara ( echinodermata : asteroidea : asterinidae ) a seastar endemic to southeast tasmania . records of the australian museum . 50 : 161 - 170 .\nbyrne , m . & a . cerra ( 1996 ) . evolution of intragonadal development in the diminutive asterinid sea stars patiriella vivipara and p . parvivipara with an overview of development in the asterinidae . biological bulletin . 191 : 17 - 26 .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2009av ) . commonwealth listing advice on patiriella vivipara . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009k ) . approved conservation advice for patiriella vivipara ( tasmanian live - bearing seastar ) . canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .\n( of patiriella vivipara dartnall , 1969 ) dartnall , a . j . ( 1969 ) . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea , asterinidae ) from tasmania . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 93 ( 3 ) : 294 - 296 , 1 plate . page ( s ) : 294 [ details ]\ntasmania department of primary industries & water ( tas . dpiw ) ( 2006a ) . threatened species survey of patiriella vivipara and gazameda gunnii in southport lagoon for the southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 . hobart , tasmania : marine environment section , marine farming branch ( tas . dpiw ) .\nit is a tiny orange - yellow seastar , with adults only reaching up to 13mm across . it is endemic to tasmania which means it is only found here . the name p . vivipara comes from the seastar ' s ability to produce live young instead of eggs . this is known as viviparity . the newborn seastar is a tiny replica of its parent . this is tasmania ' s only known endemic , vivaparous seastar so it is very special .\np . vivipara is threatened because it only occurs in a limited area . all the known populations occupy less than 3 hectares . they are restricted to rocky reefs in the tidal zone and seem to prefer living under rocks near the high tide mark . this puts them at great risk from changes to their habitat . for example , they are at risk from pollution such as eutrophication or sedimentation which are threats at pittwater . another threat to seastars is from collectors who collect specimens for aquariums . it is also thought that the introduced nz seastar p . regularis could be competing with it . this seastar came to australia in a batch of oysters earlier this century .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .\n. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\nrecovery plan not required , a recovery plan will have limited benefit for the species . the actions covered by the conservation advice are considered to be sufficient at this time ( 17 / 06 / 2009 ) .\nguidelines for natural values surveys - estuarine and marine development proposals ( natural and cultural heritage division , 2015a ) [ management plan ] .\ndartnall , a . j . 1969 . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 93 ( 3 ) : 294 - 296 fig . 1 pl . 29 [ 294 , pl . 29 ( a - f ) ] .\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar is endemic to south - east tasmania . it is known from 13 isolated subpopulations within the south tasmanian natural resource management region ( tssc 2009av ) .\nthe extent of occurrence for the tasmanian live - bearing seastar has been estimated to be approximately 2600 km 2 , in the sheltered waters of south - east tasmania from d ' entrecasteaux channel to norfolk bay . however , much of the area is considered unsuitable for the species due to inappropriate substrate and depth of water ( deeper than 1 . 2 m ) ( m . wapstra 2007 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe area of occupancy is estimated to be 1000\u00962000 m 2 . this figure is based on relatively accurate estimates of the extent of most extant subpopulations totaling approximately 1024 m 2 . however , published accounts of the extent of the largest subpopulation ( pitt water ) , the most recently discovered subpopulation ( southport lagoon ) and historical accounts of subpopulations considered extinct , are not available . given the extent of all other subpopulations , it is highly unlikely that the inclusion of these subpopulations would result in more than a doubling of the estimated area of occupancy . this is due to the restriction of the species to specific substrates within the very narrow littoral zone ( m . wapstra 2007 , pers . comm . )\nthe species is known reliably from 13 locations ( prestedge 2001a ) , however , the subpopulations at two , or possibly three , of these locations are believed to be extinct ( prestedge 2001a ; rowland 2001 ) .\nit is believed that the colony at woodbridge was introduced there in late 1995 . they originally came from pitt water and had been on display at the marine discovery centre at woodbridge . this colony was released from their small aquarium onto the shore at woodbridge , due to concerns for adequate care over the christmas period . this proved to be an unplanned , but successful relocation . no tasmanian live - bearing seastars had been recorded from this site prior to the relocation ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nthe species ' distribution is severely fragmented as all known subpopulations are small and isolated . the sites are separated by distances that exceed the presumed dispersal capacity of the species ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nin dartnall ' s ( 1969 ) original survey , the species was recorded from three localities ( pitt water , roches beach and eaglehawk neck ) .\nhoggins ( 1976 cited in rowland 2001 ) estimated the size of subpopulations at midway point , tinderbox and eaglehawk neck .\nprestedge ( 1998 ) also monitored subpopulations of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar on the shore at pitt water between 1976 and 1982 , and eaglehawk neck , roches beach and fortescue bay in february 1998 .\nduring the 1990s additional new colonies were recorded mainly as a result of unsystematic private surveys ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nrowland ( 2001 ) undertook an assessment of the abundance of tasmanian live - bearing seastars at a number of locations in south - east tasmania , excluding the pitt water subpopulations .\npolanowski ( 2002 ) undertook surveys and population counts at several of the known sites , and located a new subpopulation at mays point , lauderdale .\nin 2006 a survey of the species at southport lagoon ( for the purpose of developing a management plan for the area ) was conducted over five days from october to december . seven colonies , varying from a few individuals to several hundred seastars , were recorded ( tas . dpiw ) 2006a ) .\nthe discovery of a subpopulation during the 2006 survey at southport lagoon ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) , extended the known distribution for the species , and is the most southerly record known . the results from this survey indicate that there may be other subpopulations of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar not yet discovered in similar habitat in the surrounding area , but these are unlikely to significantly extend the distribution of the species ( tas . dpiw 2006a ) .\nthe estimated population size ( excluding the pitt water subpopulation ) is approximately 27 000 individuals ( rowland 2001 ) . no comprehensive surveys have been undertaken to estimate the subpopulation size at pitt water . however , an approximate estimate of 326 000 tasmanian live - bearing seastars in the pitt water subpopulation , has been made on the basis of existing data and the total length of inhabited shoreline . this estimate is based on limited data , and more detailed surveys would be required to confirm its accuracy ( polanowski 2002 ) .\nthe species is known from 13 isolated subpopulations which vary in abundance from less than 20 to several thousands ( tas . pws 2003 ) . these are considered subpopulations due to the extent of their geographical separation and the limited dispersal potential of the species ( prestedge 1998 ) .\nmateria ( 1994 ) suggests that the oyster cove subpopulation became extinct because of eutrophication of their habitat due to surrounding aquaculture practices , however , there are indications that the species never existed there ( rowland 2001 ) .\n1 . prestedge 1998 2 . prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 3 . polanowski 2002 ; prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 4 . polanowski 2002 5 . polanowski 2002 6 . rowland 2001 7 . prestedge 1998 ; rowland 2001 8 . prestedge 2001a 9 . polanowski 2002 ; prestedge 1998 , rowland 2001 10 . prestedge 2001a ; rowland 2001 11 . rowland 2001 12 . prestedge 2001a 13 . materia 1994 ; rowland 2001 14 . rowland 2001 15 . tas . dpiw 2006a\nthere is insufficient information available to determine if this species undergoes extreme natural fluctuations in population numbers . however , there has been an increase in the number of colonies and in population numbers since 1990 and the species is thought to experience a boom - bust cycle ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar is believed to live for 8\u009610 years ( prestedge 1998 ) .\nnone of these reserves are actively managed for the species , although the southport lagoon conservation area subpopulation is within an area covered by a management plan ( tas . dpiw 2006b ) that has made recommendations for the species , and the pitt water nature reserve subpopulation has been actively managed and monitored as part of the redevelopment of the sorell causeway ( aquenal 2001 ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar lives in rocky areas in the upper intertidal zone , usually under rocks or in crevices . they appear to have a water depth limit , being found from just below the high water mark to a depth of approximately 1 . 2 m at high water ( prestedge 2001a ) . the species prefers gently sloping , sheltered shores , characterised by rocks often no more than 20\u009630 cm high . the species was originally believed to have a strong affinity with sandstone , however it has been found to inhabit a variety of substrates including dolerite , sedimentary rock , basalt , concrete and house bricks ( prestedge 2001a ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar does not overlap with any epbc act - listed threatened ecological communities ( tssc 2009au ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar feeds , unselectively , on the film of algae and microbes coating the surface of submerged rocks ( bryant & jackson 1999b ; polanowski 2002 ) . the tasmanian live - bearing seastar feeds at night and on dull , overcast days ( prestedge 1998 ) . it is an extra - oral ( outside of the mouth ) feeder and can evert ( push out ) its voluminous cardiac stomach to a diameter larger than that of its body . tasmanian live - bearing seastars often have their stomach fully everted and in contact with the substratum , indicating that digestion is likely to take place outside the body ( polanowski 2002 ) .\ninsufficient information is available to determine daily seasonal patterns of movement for this species . it is unknown whether the species has a home range or territory .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar is distinctive in the field due to its orange - yellow colour , making it easily detected even against a background of similar coloured substrate . it can be distinguished from similar species of patiriella spp . by its orange - yellow underside ( bryant & jackson 1999b ) .\nthe tasmanian live - bearing seastar can be surveyed at low tide , by walking the littoral zone and searching for the species by visual assessment of the substrate . lifting rocks by hand ( where possible ) to search for the species may also be undertaken ( prestedge 1998 ; tas . dpiw 2006a ) . surveying at night , or on overcast days , is recommended because the seastars are more visible as they emerge from hiding and move onto the top of rocks to feed ( polanowski 2002 ) .\nminister ' s reasons for recovery plan decision a recovery plan is not considered to be necessary for this species as a recovery plan will have limited benefit for the species . the actions covered by the conservation advice are considered to be sufficient at this time .\nin 2001 , part of the pitt water subpopulation of tasmanian live - bearing seastars came under threat from the necessary replacement of the bridge spanning the sorell causeway . the tasmanian department of infrastructure energy and resources undertook a relocation exercise during april\u0096may 2001 . the tasmanian live - bearing seastars were removed from the causeway and placed at a number of relocation sites chosen during a relocation survey . a total of 21 368 seastars were relocated and a number of monitoring sites were established for future ongoing monitoring of seastar subpopulations ( aquenal 2001 ) .\nensure infrastructure or development activities in areas where the tasmanian live - bearing seastar occurs do not adversely impact on known subpopulations .\nprotect subpopulations of the listed species through the development of conservation agreements and / or convenants .\ndevelop and implement a management plan for the control and eradication of the northern pacific seastar and new zealand seastar in the local region .\nprestedge ( 1998 , 2001a ) published articles on a study into the biology and distribution of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .\nprestedge ( 1999a , 1999b ) published articles on two separate experiments investigating the impact of the european green crab ( carcinus maenas ) and the northern pacific seastar on the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .\nprestedge ( 2001b ) published an article on the salinity tolerance of the species .\nrowland ( 2001 ) undertook population surveys and produced an education and monitoring program for the species .\npolanowski ( 2002 ) submitted an honours thesis on the feeding behaviour , distribution and population genetics of the tasmanian live - bearing seastar .\nbyrne and cerra ( 1996 ) conducted a study on the evolution and development of the species ( and one other closely related species ) .\naquenal ( 2001 ) . tasman highway sorell causeway bridge and approaches design and construction seastar relocation plan . report on relocation june 2001 . hobart , tasmania : department of infrastructure energy and resources .\nbryant , s . & j . jackson ( 1999b ) . tasmania ' s threatened fauna handbook : what , where and how to protect tasmania ' s threatened animals . hobart , tasmania : threatened species unit , parks and wildlife service .\ndartnall , a . j . ( 1969 ) . a viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania . in : proceedings of the linnaean society of nsw .\nmateria , c . j . ( 1994 ) . a study of native asteroids in south eastern tasmania . wildlife report 94 / 9 . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service , and the tasmanian museum and art gallery .\npolanowski , a . ( 2002 ) . the feeding behaviour , distribution and population genetics of the endangered seastar . hons . thesis .\ntasmania department of primary industries & water ( tas . dpiw ) ( 2006b ) . southport lagoon conservation area , george iii monument historic site & ida bay state reserve management plan 2006 . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service , department of primary industries and water . available from : urltoken .\ntasmania parks and wildlife service ( tas . pws ) ( 2003 ) . seastars endemic to tasmania . threatened species fact sheet . hobart , tasmania : tasmania parks and wildlife service . available from : urltoken .\nwapstra , m . ( 2007 ) . personal communications . hobart , tasmania : environmental consulting options tasmania .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2009j ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 80 ) ( 17 / 06 / 2009 ) . f2009l02541 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 30 - jun - 2009 .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ndartnall , a . j . 1969 ,\na viviparous species of patiriella ( asteroidea : asterinidae ) from tasmania\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 93 , no . 3 , pp . 294 - 296 fig . 1 pl . 29\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0ba1dcbb - 295a - 4ace - 9f97 - e5f483eec9e3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 14881b18 - 098e - 43c4 - 8895 - 118476526e13\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 91092607 - 3f20 - 4e4a - be1b - 3fbbb90f4fa0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c1ddef26 - 4a09 - 4c23 - b1d7 - 5459d754dcb1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ef8cbfc1 - 545b - 4e8c - 9845 - ec2938bc7960\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 591036\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntasmania ' s first signal station has been restored more than 200 years since it began operation on mount nelson .\nplanned ecological burns in southwest national park will help regenerate important habitat areas for the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot .\np . vivapara was first described from the pittwater area by a . j . dartnall in 1968 . the seastar is only known to have been recorded in five locations in tasmania . these are : roches beach , lauderdale ; pittwater lagoon , midway point ; tesselated pavement , eaglehawk neck ; fortescue bay and powder jetty , howden . despite searching it has not been seen at howden since the development of an aquaculture farm and changes to the foreshore occurred .\nresearch has been undertaken by christine rowland of marine and coastal research tasmania . a number of people have been researching the seastars abundance and current distribution as well as physico - chemical factors such as temperature , salinity and habitat type . this type of research is necessary so that suitable recovery plans can be developed and implemented to prevent this species from becoming endangered or extinct .\nit is very important that local people are educated about marine species , especially about the importance of not collecting specimens . many of our invertebrates are becoming threatened through over collection , especially butterflies , coral and other marine life .\nanother seastar we may soon see included on tasmania ' s threatened species list is smilasterias tasmaniae . there are 3 dried specimens at the australian museum in sydney , believed to be all that remained of a species last seen in the 1960s . then in 1994 the species was ' rediscovered ' by c . rowland here in tasmania . she considers them likely to be listed as vulnerable .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ncytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water . subunits 1 - 3 form the functional core of the enzyme complex . co i is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme . electrons originating in cytochrome c are transferred via the copper a center of subunit 2 and heme a of subunit 1 to the bimetallic center formed by heme a3 and copper b .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> function < / a > section describes the catalytic activity of an enzyme , i . e . the chemical reaction it catalyzes . this information usually correlates with the presence of an ec ( enzyme commission ) number in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section . < p > < a href = ' / help / catalytic _ activity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section describes the metabolic pathway ( s ) associated with a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / pathway ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthis protein is involved in the pathway oxidative phosphorylation , which is part of energy metabolism .\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >"]}
{"id": 1893, "summary": [{"text": "dallasaurus ( \" dallas lizard \" ) is a basal mosasauroid from the upper cretaceous of north america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "along with russellosaurus , dallasaurus is one of the two oldest mosasauroid taxa currently known from north america .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "this small semi-aquatic lizard measured less than a meter in length , compared to such gigantic derived mosasaurs as tylosaurus and mosasaurus , each exceeding 14 meters . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "dallasaurus", "paragraphs": ["# dallasaurus has a great evolutionary importance as it is considered to be the most basal # mosasaur . dallasaurus is considered to be the most dista\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nfossil study suggests that dallasaurus possessed movable flippers resembling limbs . this indicated that this animal possessed a semi aquatic life style . dallasaurus was thus considered to be among the earliest tetrapods .\na model of dallasaurus turneri sits in front of a mosasaur at the dallas museum of natural history .\ncaudal vertebrae of dallasaurus turneri ( tmm 43209 - 1 ) ; a - c \u2013 anterior . . . | download scientific diagram\nturner took the remains to paleontologists at the dallas museum of natural history , but it took several years before scientists dubbed the find dallasaurus turneri .\ndallasaurus has a great evolutionary importance as it is considered to be the most basal mosasaur . dallasaurus is considered to be the most distant ancestor to the fierce and sleek marine reptiles that were predators of the ocean . they were believed to be preying on the fish and other marine fauna .\nturner took the remains to paleontologists at the dallas museum of natural history , but it took several years before scientists dubbed the find dallasaurus turneri .\ndallasaurus retained complete limbs , hands and feet suitable for walking on land , whereas later mosasaurs evolved their limbs into flippers , the new study reports .\nthe ancient lizard , named dallasaurus turneri , measured three feet ( about a meter ) long and lived 92 million years ago in shallow seas that covered what is now texas .\nuntil the discovery of dallasaurus , however , only five primitive forms with land - capable limbs were known , all of them found in the middle east and the eastern adriatic .\none aspect of polcyn and bell\u2019s research is the revelation that dallasaurus retained complete limbs , hands and feet suitable for walking on land , whereas later mosasaurs evolved their limbs into flippers .\nsouthern methodist university ( smu ) . 2005 . and dallas museum of natural history announce missing fossil link : dallasaurus smu news release november 16 , 2005 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .\nscientists and museum curators hope to reconstruct the more than 100 identifiable skeletal pieces that make up dallasaurus and put them on display within a few years at the dallas museum , which owns them .\npolcyn and bell painstakingly pieced together an understanding of the anatomy and natural history of dallasaurus from the bones turner discovered and from some matching skeletal remains at the texas memorial museum at the university of texas in austin .\nwith the aid of computer science and smu ' s visualization laboratory , polcyn has been able to simulate what dallasaurus looked like , and how , based on skeletal remains , he would swim and move from land to sea . an artist has taken polcyn ' s visualization work even one step further by creating a life - sized model of dallasaurus , a work that is soon to be on display at the museum along with the computer simulation .\nword of dallasaurus is now reaching the scientific community with a special issue of the netherlands journal of geosciences , featuring an article by southern methodist university paleontologist michael polcyn and gordon bell jr . of guadalupe national park in texas .\ndallasaurus represents a missing link in the evolution of a group of creatures called mosasaurs , prehistoric animals that started out on land , but evolved in the seas and dominated the oceans at the same time dinosaurs ruled the land .\non wednesday , the museum unveiled a model of dallasaurus , not nearly as threatening as its oversized descendant with a slim body and only 3 feet of length . it looks somewhat like a komodo dragon , its closest living relative .\nhowever , we are not concerned with one of the larger species . we are interested in a little three foot long specimen discovered in texas . most mosasaurs have flippers , dallasaurus turneri has limbs similar to other land lizards . from\nthe reptile , now known as dallasaurus turneri , is identified in a special issue of the netherlands journal of geosciences published this month . the article was written by paleontologists michael polcyn of southern methodist university and gordon bell jr . of guadalupe national park .\nthey describe dallasaurus , a three - foot long lizard who lived 92 million years ago in the shallow seas and shores of what was then a stretch of texas mostly under water , and also used the fossil to better understand the mosasaur family tree .\nso mosasaurs were side - to - side swimmers , and one of the genera taken to represent the early stage of their evolution is dallasaurus . this was not a gigantic sea monster . dallasaurus was small \u2013 less than three feet long \u2013 and it did not have the highly - modified tail and flippers of the later , open - ocean mosasaurs . for example , the upper arm elements of dallasaurus were relatively long \u2013 preserving a more archaic anatomical construction \u2013 than the shortened upper arm elements which helped keep the flippers stable for their roles as rudders in later mosasaurs . ( similar modifications of the upper arm can be seen in whales , too . the mechanics of swimming provided the selective pressure for parts of these very difference animals to be adapted in similar ways . )\nmosasaurs lived and became extinct alongside dinosaurs . later mosasaurs grew up to 45 feet in length . until the discovery of dallasaurus , however , only five primitive forms with land - capable limbs were known , all of them found in the middle east and the eastern adriatic .\nfull reference : g . l . bell and m . j . polcyn . 2005 . dallasaurus turneri , a new primitive mosasauroid from the middle turonian of texas and comments on the phylogeny of mosasauridae ( squamata ) . netherlands journal of geosciences 84 ( 3 ) : 177 - 194\nfurther reading - dallasaurus turneri , a new primitive mosasauroid from the middle turonian of texas and comments on the phylogeny of the mosasauridae ( squamata ) . - netherlands journal of geoscience ( geologie en mijnbouw ) 84 ( 3 ) pp . 177 - 194 . - g . l . bell jr . & m . j . polcyn - 2005 .\nthe lizard is an important link in the evolution of mosasaurs , which lived in the age of dinosaurs and evolved fin - like limbs , polcyn said . dallasaurus , the name given the fossil by polcyn and bell , is unusual because it shows an earlier version of the mosasaur with tiny feet and hands . the marine animals later developed paddles .\ndallasaurus was a 3 - foot lizard that lived 92 million years ago in shallow seas and shores of what is now texas . it is a missing link in the evolution of a group of creatures called mosasaurs , prehistoric animals that started out on land , but evolved in the seas and dominated the oceans at the same time dinosaurs ruled the land .\nalthough a small number of primitive mosasaur have been known to retain land - capable limbs , they were thought to be an ancestral group separate from the later fin - bearing forms . dallasaurus represents a clear link to one lineage of the later forms and the first time researchers can clearly show mosasaurs evolved fins from limbs within the different lineages of mosasaurs .\nthe advanced fin - bearing mosasaurs have been grouped into three major lineages . although a small number of primitive mosasaur have been known to retain land - capable limbs , they were thought to be an ancestral group separate from the later fin - bearing forms . dallasaurus represents a clear link to one lineage of the later forms and the first time researchers can clearly show mosasaurs evolved fins from limbs within the different lineages of mosasaurs .\nlizards had nearly 150 million - year - long history on land ; then in the late cretaceous , the final stage of the age of dinosaurs , one group moved into the sea and rose to the very top of the food chain ,\npolcyn said wednesday .\nstarting out as small animals like dallasaurus , they mastered their new marine environment and rose to become the top predator in their ecosystem , the t . rex of the ocean .\nhowever till date scientists are unable to confirm whether dallasaurus was oviparous or viviparous in nature . some schools still believe that both the processes were still missing . fossil studies indicate that the later mosasaurs were too large to return to land to conceive . but again evolution suggests that the reptiles were very quick to adapt to the physiology of live birth . fossil studies of ichthyosaurus have revealed this . the example of keichousaurus can also be mentioned regarding this context . live birth is as a phenomenon that is still observed in some lizards today . sea snakes have been reported to be conceiving by live birth .\nname : dallasaurus \u202d ( \u202cdallas lizard\u202d ) \u202c . phonetic : dal - las - ore - rus . named by : g . \u202d \u202cl . \u202d \u202cbell jr\u202d & \u202cm . \u202d \u202cj . \u202d \u202cpolcyn\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c2005 . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202creptilia , \u202d \u202csquamata , \u202d \u202cmosasauridae , \u202d \u202cmosasaurinae . species : d . \u202d \u202cturneri\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c . diet : carnivore . size : up to\u202d \u202c1\u202d \u202cmeter long . known locations : usa , \u202d \u202ctexas , \u202d \u202cdallas county\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202ckamp ranch limestone . time period : turonian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : 2\u202d \u202cpartial specimens , \u202d \u202ctogether represented by a partial skull and disarticulated post cranial remains .\nlindgren and co - authors only looked at four representative mosasaur genera \u2013 dallasaurus , clidastes , mosasaurus , and plotosaurus \u2013 but together these creatures cover almost the entire span of mosasaur history and provide a rough idea of how the lizards changed through the cretaceous . as might be expected , earlier mosasaurs lived nearer to shore in shallow environments , whereas later , more specialized forms \u2013 such as plotosaurus \u2013 were open ocean cruisers which have been found in deposits indicating deeper environments . the rough picture is similar to that seen among fossil whales \u2013 easing into coastal environments and only later spreading far and wide . the same is true of the way the vertebrae of mosasaurs became evolutionarily modified for swimming . in early mosasaurs , the tail vertebrae were more or less the same and unspecialized . by the time of mosasaurus and plotosaurus , however , the tail had become divvied up into several different functional regions which enhanced swimming ability .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na lizard whose fossilized bones were discovered near dallas , texas , 16 years ago is a missing link in the evolution of extinct swimming reptiles known as mosasaurs , a new study says .\nis unusual , because it had tiny feet and hands suitable for walking on land . later mosasaurs developed fin - like limbs and came to dominate the seas at the time when dinosaurs ruled the land .\nthis study paints a much more complex picture of the evolution of [ mosasaurs ] than previously thought ,\nsaid michael polcyn , a paleontologist at southern methodist university in dallas .\nfossils in 1989 while searching through dirt turned up by bulldozers at a construction site near dallas .\nremains of early mosasaurs have been difficult to find . they are only found in areas once covered by water and are quick to deteriorate .\nthis is the first well - preserved early mosasaur found in north america . only five primitive specimens have been found before , all of them in the middle east and along the adriatic sea .\nto have this discovery in our own backyard is a terrific find ,\nsaid anthony fiorillo , curator of the dallas museum of natural history and an smu paleontology professor .\nthe discovery included more than 100 identifiable skeletal pieces , composing about 80 percent of the animal .\nget our news delivered directly to your desktop\u0097free . how to use xml or rss\nlisten to your favorite national geographic news daily , anytime , anywhere from your mobile phone . no wires or syncing . download stitcher free today .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , and its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nwhen amateur fossil hunter van turner discovered a small vertebra at a construction site near dallas 16 years ago , he knew the creature was unlike anything in the fossil record .\nscientists now know the significance of turner ' s fossil as the origin of an extinct line of lizards with an evolutionary twist : a land - dwelling species that became fully aquatic .\nthe creature is just now being described publically in a special issue of the netherlands journal of geosciences by southern methodist university paleontologist michael polcyn and gordon bell jr . of guadalupe national park in texas .\nthis is pretty close to the beginning of the mosasaur family tree ,\nsays dallas museum of natural history earth sciences curator anthony fiorillo .\nit is the most complete mosasaur retaining all of its limbs found in north america .\nthe late cretaceous period was a time of very warm temperatures and rising sea levels .\nas the earth warmed and the seas rose , small land - dwelling lizards took to the oceans and developed increasing levels of seagoing capabilities , and over 30 million years , eventually evolving into the top predator of their domain before becoming extinct some 65 million years ago\npolcyn said .\nmeanwhile van turner , the amateur , has his legacy securred in the form of the creature ' s last name , turneri .\nnot all major discoveries are made by highly trained paleontologists ,\nsaid fiorillo .\nthe observant individual , even kids , can still make an important find .\nfor the science geek in everyone , live science offers a fascinating window into the natural and technological world , delivering comprehensive and compelling news and analysis on everything from dinosaur discoveries , archaeological finds and amazing animals to health , innovation and wearable technology . we aim to empower and inspire our readers with the tools needed to understand the world and appreciate its everyday awe .\nelon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : mosasaurinae according to g . l . bell and m . j . polcyn 2005\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\namateur fossil hunter van turner felt certain he had found something important during his search of earth turned up by bulldozers making way for a new subdivision in dallas county .\nsixteen years later , scientists finally confirmed that turner had discovered the first well preserved early mosasaur found in north america \u2014 a prehistoric lizard that lived 92 million years ago that evolved into what some call the\nt . rex of the ocean .\nscience marches slowly , and my biggest fear all along has been that another specimen of the same animal would be found , and it would be described , and i would lose any first claim to it ,\nsaid turner , an internet technology manager in the central texas town of mason .\nthat never happened , and it kind of reassured the rarity of the animal .\nbefore this discovery , only five primitive forms of the animal with land - capable limbs were known , and all of them were found over the last century in the middle east and the eastern adriatic , polcyn said .\nthis is exciting to us . it tells us the origin of mosasaurs ,\nsaid anthony r . fiorillo , curator of earth sciences at the dallas museum of natural history , which displays a much larger reconstructed mosasaur with sharp teeth and a massive jaw .\ni call him todd ,\nsaid ross mcmillan , the ponytailed sculptor who worked with polcyn for months to painstakingly construct the lifelike piece .\nwhen you look at his face , doesn ' t he look like a todd ?\nfiorillo and polcyn said turner ' s find , made at cedar hill south of dallas , highlights the importance of contributions made by amateur fossil hunters to science .\nthis just goes to show you that what you want is a lot of people looking for stuff ,\nturner said .\nyou want them to be able to recognize important finds or have the people who can do it .\nright now , the skeletal pieces , comprising about 80 percent of the animal , are being kept at smu for study . a similar specimen , also acquired and donated by turner , is at the texas memorial museum at the university of texas at austin .\nmosasaurs lived in the shallow seas and shores of a stretch of texas around dallas and fort worth that was mostly under water back then , polcyn said . the animals evolved into the top predator of their domain before becoming extinct 65 million years ago .\nthe lizard is not related to the 13 - foot oceanic crocodile discovered recently in argentina , polcyn said . the discovery of that creature , given the scientific name dakosaurus andiniensis and nicknamed\ngodzilla ,\nwas reported last week in scienceexpress , the online edition of the journal science .\ncopyright 2005 the associated press . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten or redistributed .\nit was also seen in discovery channel ' s monsters resurrected\nt - rex of the deep\n.\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ntype specimen : tmm 43209 - 1 , a partial skeleton ( fragmentary disarticulated skull and significant portions of a postcranial skeleton ) . its type locality is cedar hill , tmm 43209 , which is in a turonian marine limestone in the kamp ranch limestone formation of texas .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\na mosasaur , cf . plotosaurus , from the upper maastrichtian quiriquina formation in central chile\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe mosasaurs are species of aquatic reptiles that are related to lizards ( to be more precise the varanoid lizards - of which the komodo dragon is a good example ) . during the upper cretaceous they reached their peak . almost 20 genera are recognized for this period with the largest approaching 30 feet . they were ocean going carnivores that ate almost anything that swam in the sea . below are some representitive species .\ni was unable to find any pictures of the fossil , but here is a reconstruction of what it is believed to look like .\nafarensis is a 3 . 5 - 2 . 8 million year old hominin from the kada hadar member of the hadar formation in the middle awash , ethiopia . he is approximately 41 inches tall , weighs approximately 60 pounds and has a cranial capacity of a whopping 410 cc ( approximately ) . afarensis is currently considered to be transitional between apes and humans and displays some traits of both . since he spends a lot of time on the couch watching monster movies , some observers question whether he is an obligate biped ( although no one has observed him climbing a tree ) . he also has a blog called\nloyalty to petrified opinion never broke a chain or freed a human soul . . .\nit isn ' t faith that makes good science . . . it ' s curiosity\nthis man wishes to be accorded the same privilege as a sponge . he wishes to think !\ni want you to grab life by its little bunny ears and get in its face . . .\nthere are bad laws and cruel laws and the people who enforce them are both bad and cruel . . .\nwith the first link , the chain is forged . the first speech censored , the first thought forbidden , the first freedom denied , chains us all irrevocably .\njean - luc picard , star trek : the next generation\nthe whole edifice of the haeckelian program became irrelevant when developmental biologists shifted their efforts to understanding mechanisms of embryonic development . it became explicitly incorrect with the demise of lamarckian heredity in the face of mendalian genetics in the early twentieth century . - rudolf raff , the shape of life : genes , development , and the evolution of animal form\nthese human foibles is obtained when the proponent of a questionable scientific doctrine endeavors to maintain it against all possible odds by misrepresentation , misinformation and suppression of contradictory data , and by insinuating unfairness in opponents of his views .\nunique understanding and potentialities . these he owes to no one but himself , and it is to himself that he is responsible . he is not the creature of uncontrollable and undeterminable forces , but his own master . he can and must decide and manage his own destiny .\nwhoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster . and when you look into the abyss , the abyss also looks into you .\nbut when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such government , and to provide new guards for their future security .\nbut i had gradually come , by this time , to see that the old testament from its manifestly false history of the world , with the tower of babel , the rainbow at sign , etc . , etc . , and from its attributing to god the feelings of a revengeful tyrant , was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the hindoos , or the beliefs of any barbarian .\ncharles darwin : the autobiography\neverhart , m . j . and pearson , g . 2014 . an isolated squamate dorsal vertebra from the late cretaceous greenhorn formation of mitchell county , kansas . kansas academy of science , transactions 117 ( 3 - 4 ) : 261 - 269 . | mike everhart - urltoken\neverhart , m . j . and pearson , g . 2014 . an isolated squamate dorsal vertebra from the late cretaceous greenhorn formation of mitchell county , kansas . kansas academy of science , transactions 117 ( 3 - 4 ) : 261 - 269 .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nsince the early 1980\u2019s , the story of how whales walked into the sea has become one of the most celebrated of all evolutionary transitions . pakicetus , ambulocetus , rodhocetus , and many , many more \u2013 these fossil whales with legs have beautifully demonstrated how land - dwelling mammals became adapted to life at sea . but , between 50 and 40 million years ago or so , whales were just going through a transition that many other vertebrate groups had gone through before . they were not the first vertebrates to return to the sea , nor were they the last , and a paper recently published in paleobiology by paleontologists johan lindgren , michael polcyn , and bruce young has traced the history of how a very different group of animals got their sea legs .\nmosasaurs were formidable oceanic predators . take a komodo dragon , put flippers on it , and , in some cases , blow it up until it\u2019s over 40 feet long and you\u2019ll have some idea of what these cretaceous marine lizards were like . their fossil record \u2013 stretching over 27 million years \u2013 is also relatively well - known , and so the mosasaurs provided lindgren and colleagues with a good opportunity to see how these peculiar animals evolved .\nthe first thing you need to know about mosasaur evolution is that the way they swam was constrained by their anatomy . whales provide a good counterpoint . the ancestors of whales were wolf - like animals which carried their limbs under their bodies , and when they walked their spines undulated in an vertical plane . that\u2019s why whales swim by beating their tails up and down \u2013 their mode of swimming is the product of an anatomical precondition from when their ancestors dwelt on land . the ancestors of mosasaurs , on the other flipper , moved like lizards \u2013 that is , their spines were more flexible from side to side . it\u2019s no wonder , then , that mosasaurs swam by beating their tails back and forth , just like fish and that other group of famous marine reptiles , the ichthyosaurs .\na handful of recent discoveries have helped paleontologists better understand just how much some of the later mosasaurs became modified to life at sea . mosasaurs have traditionally been reconstructed with long , thin , lizard - like tails . they did not appear to have any specialized tail fins as seen in the shark - like ichthyosaurs . yet evidence that some mosasaurs had such structures has now been found . skeletons of plotosaurus and platecarpus appear to exhibit downward kinks in the posterior part of the tail which could have supported fleshy tail fins . ( significantly , the part of the tail which supports the tail fin kinks upwards in sharks but downwards in marine reptiles \u2013 perhaps as a result of some kind of constraint or contingency . ) these mosasaurs are be another case - with ichthyosaurs and crocodiles - of marine reptiles evolving prominent tail fins independently .\nthere is far more detail in the paper , of course \u2013 the entire thing runs 25 pages \u2013 but what strikes me is how very different vertebrates , even those with different anatomical constrains , eased into the seas in similar ways . early whales were up - and - down swimmers , while mosasaurs were side - to - side swimmers , yet they both started off in the shallows and underwent a sequence of modification in which their tails became specialized into specific modules suited for swimming . this is wonderful stuff \u2013 when contingency , constraint , and convergence meet together in a great transformation .\ntop image : a modern restoration of the mosasaur platecarpus by dmitry bogdanov . image from wikipedia .\nlindgren , j . , polcyn , m . , & young , b . ( 2011 ) . landlubbers to leviathans : evolution of swimming in mosasaurine mosasaurs paleobiology , 37 ( 3 ) , 445 - 469 doi : 10 . 1666 / 09023 . 1\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) . your california privacy rights . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of cond\u00e9 nast . ad choices .\ndallas , texas , usa : primitive mosasaur fossil found | dear kitty . some blog\nwhen amateur fossil finder van turner discovered a small vertebra at a construction site near dallas 16 years ago , he knew the creature was unlike anything in the fossil record .\nscientists now know the significance of turner\u2019s fossil as the origin of an extinct line of lizards with an evolutionary twist : a land - dwelling species that became fully aquatic .\n\u201cthis is pretty close to the beginning of the mosasaur family tree , \u201d says dallas museum of natural history earth sciences curator and smu adjunct professor of paleontology anthony r . fiorillo , ph . d .\n\u201cit is the most complete mosasaur retaining all of its limbs found in north america . \u201d\nmosasaurs , every bit as prolific , fascinating and nearly as big as some dinosaurs , are becoming more popular for paleontologists to study .\ngarland \u2013 digging for late cretaceous fossils in garland ? that\u2019s exactly what more than two dozen volunteers did sunday while in the hot heat .\nthe dig began after a garland resident discovered a mosasaur near his home along duck creek .\nthe dallas paleontological society members worked 400 hours to excavate the bones of the creature .\nwhile mosasaurs weren\u2019t dinosaurs , they were lepidosaurs , which were reptiles with overlapping scales . the carnivorous sea reptiles swam in an ocean that scientists believe covered texas millions of years ago .\n\u201cwe finally got it to a point to flip the main jacket that contains the skull , \u201d said rocky manning , dallas paleontological society .\n\u201coh , it\u2019s been interesting\u201d said charles amyx , the man who unearthed the mosasaur bones in january from the river bottom behind his home . \u201ci\u2019ve been taking pictures everyday and built me a path through my yard so people can come down here and see it . \u201d\n\u201cit\u2019s really very fulfilling because a lot of this wouldn\u2019t be recovered without us , \u201d said pauline maullinex . \u201cthe museums don\u2019t have the money or the personnel . \u201d\nthe coordinated effort unearthed the animal scientists estimate to be at least 40 feet long .\n\u201cthis was a particularly nice mosasaur , \u201d manning said . \u201cit was almost full grown . a full grown mosasaur has a jaw of almost four feet . \u201d\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nthe following articles are merged in scholar . their combined citations are counted only for the first article .\nthis\ncited by\ncount includes citations to the following articles in scholar . the ones marked\nmuseu da lourinh\u00e3 ; school of earth sciences , university of bristol ; geobiotec , dept . earth sciences\nj lindgren , p sj\u00f6vall , rm carney , p uvdal , ja gren , g dyke , bp schultz , . . .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nmosasaur is any of the various extinct , marine reptiles comprising the family mosasauridae , which were the dominant predators of the earth ' s oceans during the last 25 million years of the cretaceous period . these reptiles were typically characterized by a long , slender , serpentine body , long tails , a conically shaped head , and limbs that served as paddles , with many characterized by very large size ( everhart 2008 ) . two species , one a hainosaurus and one a mosasaurus , reached nearly 17 meters ( 56 feet ) in length . smaller species also occupied other ecological niches ( everhart 2008 ) .\nfossils have been found on every continent , including antarctica , indicating a wide distribution in the oceans .\nalthough dominant for a very long time , mosasaurs disappeared around the time when the dinosaurs disappeared , at the end of the cretaceous . however , they played an important role in the food chains of their time , and helped prepare the environment for life today . their discovery was likewise noteworthy , with the first publicized discovery of a fossil in the netherlands in 1780 preceding dinosaur fossil discoveries , drawing the attention of the world to the existence of fossilized animals , and the need to reconcile such findings with existing scientific and religious paradigms .\nmosasaurs were reptiles that had a body shape similar to that of modern - day monitor lizards ( varanids ) , but were more elongated and streamlined for swimming . their long slender body shape has also been compared to that of a snake ( everhart 2008 ) . the mosasaur limb bones were reduced in length and their paddles were formed by webbing between their elongated digit - bones . the head region was conical in shape and very narrow and long in some species ( everhart 2008 ) . their tails were flattened laterally and supplied the locomotive power for swimming ( everhart 2008 ) .\nall reptiles breathe air using lungs . the noticeably expanded chest region of mosasaurs suggests they may have retained two lungs , unlike snakes ( everhart 2008 ) .\nmosasaurs had a double - hinged jaw and flexible skull ( much like that of a snake ) , which enabled them to gulp down their prey almost whole , a snakelike habit that has helped identify the unmasticated gut contents fossilized within mosasaur skeletons . a skeleton of tylosaurus proriger from south dakota included remains of the diving seabird hesperornis , a marine bony fish , a possible shark and another , smaller mosasaur ( clidastes ) . some showed remains of a turtle and a plesiosaur ( everhart 2005a ) . mosasaur bones have also been found with shark teeth embedded in them .\nmosasaurs were powerful swimmers , although their body shape suggests they were inefficient for high - speed swimming compared to the rapidly swimming ichthyosaurs and plesiosurs , other marine reptiles whose age of dominance preceded that of mosasaurs . the method of locomotion of mosasaurs may have been similar to that used by the conger eel or sea snakes today . the animal may have lurked and pounced rapidly and powerfully on passing prey , rather than hunting for it ( everhart 2005a ) .\nmosasaurs were well - adapted to living in the warm , shallow epicontinental seas prevalent during the late cretaceous period . mosasaurs were so well adapted to this environment that some fossils show evidence that they gave birth to live young , rather than return to the shore to lay eggs , as sea turtles do ( everhart 2005a ) . for example , a fossil of plioplatecarpus had the remains of several unborn in her abdomen ( everhart 2005a ) .\nthe smallest - known mosasaur was carinodens belgicus , which was about 3 . 0 to 3 . 5 meters long and probably lived in shallow waters near shore , cracking mollusks and sea urchins with its bulbous teeth . larger mosasaurs were more typical : mosasaurs ranged in size up to 17 meters . hainosaurus holds the record for longest mosasaur , at 17 . 5 meters .\nthe name mosasaur comes from the latin mosa meaning the\nmeuse river\nin the netherlands , and greek sauros meaning\nlizard .\nthe meuse river was the locality were the first mosasaur was found ( everhart 2005a ) .\nsea levels were high during the cretaceous , which is expected to correlate with marine transgressions in many parts of the world and caused a great inland seaway in what is now north america .\nmosasaur fossils have been found in the netherlands , in sweden , in africa , in australia , in new zealand and on vega island , off the coast of antarctica . in canada and the united states , complete or partial specimens have been found in alabama , mississippi , tennessee , and georgia and in almost all the states covered by the seaway : texas , southwest arkansas , new mexico , kansas ( everhart 2005b ) , colorado , nebraska , the dakotas , montana , and the pierre shale and fox hills formations of north dakota ( getman 1994 ) . mosasaurs are also known from mexico , peru , denmark , and california .\nmany of the\ndinosaur\nremains found on new zealand \u2014a volcanic island arc that has never been part of a continent\u2014are actually mosasaurs and plesiosaurs , another group of mesozoic predatory marine reptiles .\nthe first publicized discovery of a fossil mosasaur preceded any dinosaur fossil discoveries and drew the age of enlightenment ' s attention to the existence of fossilized animals . the specimen was discovered in 1780 by quarry - workers in a subterranean gallery of a limestone quarry in the vicinity of maastricht in the netherlands . maastricht is situated on both sides of the meuse river . the quarry workers quickly alerted doctor c . k . hoffman , a surgeon and fossil - hunter in the dutch city of maastricht , although rights of ownership lay with a canon of maastricht cathedral , as owner of the overlying land .\ndr . hoffman ' s correspondence among men of science made the find famous . when the revolutionary forces occupied maastricht , the carefully - hidden fossil was uncovered , betrayed , it is said , by a case of wine , and transported to paris , where georges cuvier was able to describe it for science , although le grand animal fossile de maastricht was not actually described as a mosasaur (\nmeuse reptile\n) until 1822 and not given its official name , mosasaurus hoffmanni , until 1829 . several sets of mosasaur remains , that had been discovered earlier at maastricht but were not identified as mosasaurs until the nineteenth century , have been on display in the teylers museum , haarlem , since about 1770 .\nthe maastricht limestone beds were rendered so famous by the mosasaur discovery that they have given their name to the final six - million - year epoch of the cretaceous , the maastrichtian .\nbased on features such as the double row of pterygoid (\nflanged\n) teeth on the palate , the double - hinged jaw , modified / reduced limbs and probable methods of locomotion , many researchers believe that snakes and mosasaurs have had a common ancestor . this theory was first suggested in 1869 , by edward drinker cope , who coined the term\npythonomorpha\nto include them . the idea lay dormant for more than a century , before being revived in the 1990s ( everhart 2005a ; palaeos 2006 ) . there is support for the view that these ferocious marine predators are close relatives of snakes based on cladistic analysis of symptomatic similarities in jaw and skull anatomies ( lee 1997 ) .\nduring the last 20 million years of the cretaceous ( turonian - maastrichtian ) , with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs , mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators . the ichthyosaurs declined greatly in the early cretaceous for unknown reasons and are thought to have been extinct by the time of the earliest mosasaurs ( everhart 2005a ) .\neverhart , m . j . 2005a . mosasaurs : last of the great marine reptiles oceans of kansas . originally published as everhart , m . j . 2000 . mosasaurs : last of the great marine reptiles . prehistoric times . 44 : 29 - 31 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .\neverhart , m . j . 2005b . enter the mosasaurs . chapter 9 in m . j . everhart , oceans of kansas : a natural history of the western interior sea . bloomington , in : indiana university press . isbn 0253345472 .\neverhart , m . j . 2008 . rapid evolution , diversification , and distribution of mosasaurs ( reptilia ; squamata ) prior to the k - t boundary tate 2005 11th annual symposium in paleontology and geology . casper , wy , p . 16 - 27 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .\ngetman , m . r . c . 1994 . occurrences of mosasaur and other reptilian fossil remains from the fox hills formation ( maastrichtian : late cretaceous ) of north dakota . st . lawrence university press .\nlee , m . s . y . 1997 . the phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes philosophical transactions of the royal society london 352 : 53 - 91 . retrieved may 25 , 2008 .\nmike everhart and david lewis ,\nmesozoic marine monsters of the mangahouanga\nnew zealand fossil fauna .\nmike everhart ,\na day in the life of a mosasaur\nlife in the sea of kansas , illus . by carl buell .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 24 november 2014 , at 17 : 29 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details ."]}
{"id": 1896, "summary": [{"text": "epipsestis mediofusca is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nepal and china ( tibet ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 31 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale greyish ochreous , tinged with dark fuscous brown on the median area and with dark greyish ocher beyond the postmedian line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous grey , with the basal half slightly paler . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "epipsestis mediofusca", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for mediofusca definition . you find here mediofusca meaning , synonyms of mediofusca and images for mediofusca copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word mediofusca . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word mediofusca and , of course , mediofusca synonyms and on the right images related to the word mediofusca .\nepipsestis witti ( laszlo , g . ronkay & l . ronkay , 2007 )\nepipsestis wernyi ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nhave a fact about epipsestis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epipsestis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nepipsestis ornata ( leech , [ 1889 ] ) = polyploca ornata leech , [ 1889 ] = polyploca concolor leech , 1888 = sugiploca sugitanii matsumura , 1933 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndemopsestis yoshimotoi ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nhoripsestis kisvaczak ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nneotogaria baenzigeri ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nneotogaria thomaswitti ( laszlo , g . ronkay & l . ronkay , 2007 )\nparapsestis cinerea ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis dabashana ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis hausmanni ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis implicata ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nparapsestis wernyaminta ( laszlo , g . ronkay , l . ronkay & witt , 2007 )\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ntip . you can look up words , expressions , names , titles . . ."]}
{"id": 1898, "summary": [{"text": "the cuesta sea cow ( hydrodamalis cuestae ) is an extinct herbivorous marine mammal , and the direct ancestor of the steller 's sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they reached up to 9 metres ( 30 ft ) in length , making them among the biggest sirenians to have ever lived .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they were first described in 1978 by daryl domning when fossils in california were unearthed .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its appearance and behavior are largely based on that of the well-documented steller 's sea cow , who , unlike the cuesta sea cow , lived into modern times and was well described . ", "topic": 2}], "title": "cuesta sea cow", "paragraphs": ["sea cow bones in a purisima fm . ( e . pliocene ) concretion - probably giant cuesta sea cow , hydrodamalis cuestae urltoken\nthe steller sea cow has been discovered to be the descendant of an extinct california tropical sea cow called the cuesta sea cow . it is thought the cuesta sea cow died out due to the coming of the ice age . its descendants that were able to adapt eventually created the steller sea cow , which could cope with colder water .\nrobert boessenecker on twitter :\nsea cow bones in a purisima fm . ( e . pliocene ) concretion - probably giant cuesta sea cow , hydrodamalis cuestae urltoken\nlooks like you nabbed a thoracic vertebra of the cuesta sea cow , hydrodamalis cuestae , direct ancestor of the recently extinct steller ' s sea cow . i take it this is from that same locality you ' ve been making some neat finds from ?\nthese were considered possibly a surviving sea cow population , but there were no further known reports .\nan extinct tropical sea cow of california . it most likely went extinct due to the onset of the\nwould have increased and reduced availability of kelp , the sea cow ' s primary source of food .\nscheffer , victor b . ( november 1972 ) .\nthe weight of the steller sea cow\n.\nthus , aboriginal hunting of both species may have contributed to the sea cow ' s disappearance from continental shorelines .\npalmer , theodore s . ( 1895 ) .\nthe earliest name for steller ' s sea cow and dugong\n.\nanderson , paul k . ( july 1995 ) .\ncompetition , predation , and the evolution and extinction of steller ' s sea cow ,\nthe sea cow would have been easy prey for aboriginal hunters , who would likely have exterminated accessible populations with or without simultaneous otter hunting . in any event , the sea cow was limited to coastal areas off islands without a human population by the time bering arrived , and was already endangered .\nit has been argued that the steller ' s sea cow ' s decline may have also been an indirect response to the harvest of sea otters by aboriginal people from the inland areas . with the otters reduced , the population of\nhydrodamalis cuestae may have been big and a local celebrity , but it\u2019s biggest claim to fame is that it was the progenitor of steller\u2019s sea cow , hydrodamalis gigas . steller\u2019s sea cow went extinct in the 18 th century not long after being discovered . it\u2019s slow and gentle nature made it an ideal target for sailors .\nand the subsequent cooling of the oceans ; lineages which could not adapt died out , and those that could started the lineage of the steller ' s sea cow .\ndomning , daryl p . ; thomason , james ; corbett , debra g . ( 2007 ) .\nsteller ' s sea cow in the aleutian islands\n.\nhere , with what remained of the crew , steller studied the local flora and fauna , including the sea cow . his notes are the only information gathered about the sea cow while it still existed . it was one of the sirenian mammals and lived in the shallow kelp beds around the commander islands . many of the new animals and birds steller recorded were named after him and not many continue to exist today . the area is a highly productive fishing ground these days ; back then it would have teamed with sea life , including the now - extinct steller sea cow .\nan imperial walrus ( valenictus imperialensis ) quickly dives out of the way of a pair of cuesta sea cows ( hydrodamalis cuestae ) , although they pose no threat . a leopard shark and wrasses swim through the kelp forest .\nestes , j . a . , burdin , a . , and doak , d . f . 2016 . sea otters , kelp forests , and the extinction of steller ' s sea cow . proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 113 ( 4 ) : 880 - 885 .\nin historic times , though , aboriginal hunting had depleted sea otter populations only in localized areas .\nsteller ' s sea cow was the largest sirenian ( manatees and dugongs ) ever , reaching 30ft long . however , its ancestor , the cuesta sea cow was just as large , and swam through the warm waters of california rather than the colder depths of alaska and russia . this piece was inspired by a william stout piece ; he refers to the pictured sea cows as\na species dwarfing steller ' s sea cow\n, which is probably h . cuestae , though it was roughly the same size rather than dwarfing it . ontocetus was actually unusual , as for most of their 16 million year evolutionary history , they didn ' t have tusks and were more similar to other seals and sea lions . triakis , the genus leopard sharks belong to , has been along since the paleocene ( this leopard shark would also be out of its depths , as they prefer shallow water ) . i ' m not really sure when wrasses evolved ; the ones pictured here are based on california sheepheads but its pure speculation .\nmarsh , helene ; o ' shea , thomas j . ; reynolds iii , john e . ( 2011 ) .\nsteller ' s sea cow : discovery , biology and exploitation of a relict giant sirenian\n.\nawesome post ! i had always forgotten about dusisiren dewana having a manus with that morphology until daryl brought it up during the workshop at sdnhm last week . it ' s definitely a pretty bizarre trend within sea cow evolution .\nthe first bones of a steller sea cow were discovered around 1840 , in the area of the commander islands . by 2006 , 27 almost - complete skeletons and 62 skulls existed in various museums and research facilities around the world .\nwhether or not steller ' s sea cows had any predators is unknown . they may have been hunted by\nbecause it did not give off any smoke or odor and could be kept for a long time in warm weather without spoiling . by 1768 , 27 years after it had been discovered by europeans , steller ' s sea cow was extinct .\nde la cruz jp , villalobos ma , carmona ja , mart\u00edn - romero m , smith - agreda jm , de la cuesta fs . antithrombotic potential of olive oil administration in rabbits with elevated cholesterol .\nalasalvar c , taylor kda , zubcov e , shahidi f , alexis m . differentiation of cultured and wild sea bass (\n. it was hunted for its meat , skin , and fat by fur traders , and was also hunted by aboriginals of the north pacific coast . within 27 years of discovery by europeans , the slow - moving and easily captured steller ' s sea cow was hunted to\nthe stellar sea cow was related to other sirenians such as the dugongs and manatees . it was the largest of them all and was thought to reach 8 - 10 tons and 9 - 10 meters in length . due to the cold environment that it flourished in , it had a very thick layer of blubber for insulation . it lived in small family groups and fed only on kelp . as it was a slow moving creature , it was easily hunted into extinction and within thirty years of its discovery , the steller sea cow existed no more .\nits head was small and short compared to the huge body . the upper lip was large and broad , and extended so far beyond the mandible , that the mouth appeared to be located underneath the skull . instead of teeth , steller ' s sea cow had a dense array of white bristles ,\ncorbett , d . g . ; causey , d . ; clemente , m . ; koch , p . l . ; doroff , a . ; lefavre , c . ; west , d . ( 2008 ) .\naleut hunters , sea otters , and sea cows\n.\nkelp . kelp releases a chemical deterrent to prevent grazing , but canopy kelp release a lower concentration , allowing the sea cows to graze without developing resistance .\ntakahashi , d . , d . p . domning & t . saito . 1986 . dusisiren dewana , n . sp . ( mammalia : sirenia ) , a new ancestor of steller\u2019s sea cow from the upper miocene of yamagata prefecture , northeastern japan . transactions and proceedings of the paleontological society of japan , new series 141 : 296 - 321 .\nlike other sirenians , the steller ' s sea cow was an obligate herbivore , and kelp was most likely their main food source . they may have also fed on seagrasses , but this could not have been a main food source for supporting a viable population , because grasses did not occur in sufficient quantity . since this animal floated , it most likely fed on\nto anchor themselves down to prevent being swept away by the strong nearshore waves around their habitat . unlike other sirenians , the steller ' s sea cow was positively buoyant , meaning they could not completely submerge . they had a thick epidermis to prevent injury from abrasions on sharp rocks and ice , and possibly to prevent the skin that was not submerged from drying out .\nhydrodamalis was a big animal . it is quite possibly the biggest sea cow ever . stretching over 25 feet from nose to tail , it may have weighed as much as 11 tons . that\u2019s the equivalent of 22 real cows ! and one specimen from san diego could have been over 30 feet long . here\u2019s a fleshed out / skeletal reconstruction at the san diego natural history museum :\nit\u2019s hard to say how long they would have lasted had they not been hunted to extinction . apparently the sea cows discovered by steller were a relict population . they lived around a small island group in the bering sea , found barely enough food to stay alive , and were often injured and suffocated by ice flows . you\u2019d think an animal who lived in the north pacific would have adapted to it .\nantonopoulou s , semidalas ce , koussissis s , demopoulos ca . platelet - activating factor ( paf ) antagonists in foods : a study of lipids with paf or anti - paf - like activity in cow ' s milk and yogurt .\ncuesta , j . a . , alm\u00f3n , b . , p\u00e9rez - dieste , j . , trigo , j . e . , and ba\u00f1\u00f3n , r . 2016 . role of ships ' hull fouling and tropicalization process on european carcinofauna : new records in galician waters ( nw spain ) . biol . invasions 18 ( 3 ) : 619 - 630 .\nthe tail was forked like a dolphin\u2019s tail , the head of the animal was quite small in comparison to the body , its tongue was rough and textured and it did not have teeth like the other sirenians but had stiff bristles and keratinous plates in its mouth for chewing . it had small eyes and long , wide nostrils ; like sirenians of today it had no eyelids but used sphincters to close its eyes . according to steller , the sea cow made no sound other than heavy breathing and deep sighs .\nkelez , s . , velez - zuazo , x . , and pacheco , a . s . 2016 . first record of hybridization between green chelonia mydas and hawksbill eretmochelys imbricata sea turtles in the southeast pacific . peerj 4 : e1712 .\nhamilton , s . , and baker , g . b . 2016 . current bycatch levels in auckland islands trawl fisheries unlikely to be driving new zealand sea lion ( phocarctos hookeri ) population decline . aquat . conserv . 26 ( 1 ) : 121 - 133 .\nyoung , m . a . l . , foale , s . , and bellwood , d . r . 2016 . the last marine wilderness : spearfishing for trophy fishes in the coral sea . environ . conserv . 43 ( 1 ) : 90 - 95 .\ndue to their not being able to submerge , the sea cows were easily harpooned . russian seal hunters used them as valuable meat on long journeys , but some hunting was just wasteful . it was thought that there had been approximately 2 , 000 of these animals alive in 1741 .\nbellard , c . , leclerc , c . , hoffmann , b . d . , and courchamp , f . 2016 . vulnerability to climate change and sea - level rise of the 35th biodiversity hotspot , the forests of east australia . environ . conserv . 43 ( 1 ) : 79 - 89 .\nd ' anastasi , b . r . , van herwerden , l . , hobbs , j . a . , simpfendorfer , c . a . , and lukoschek , v . 2016 . new range and habitat records for threatened australian sea snakes raise challenges for conservation . biol . conserv . 194 : 66 - 70 .\nok , so now to the meaty part of this post . back in 2008 i wrote about the hand of steller\u2019s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) or more likely the lack of one . back then i mentioned that g . w . steller was one of the few people who saw h . gigas alive , and in his account he mentions the lack of fingers in this species . however , so far no hand bones have been found associated with hydrodamalis gigas or even h . cuestae ( see reconstruction below ) ( the presumed direct ancestor of the former ) , this lead to skepticism about his observations . so , how was that steller\u2019s account about the hand of h . gigas was corroborated ?\n\u00f6st , m . , ramula , s . , lind\u00e9n , a . , karell , p . , and kilpi , m . 2016 . small - scale spatial and temporal variation in the demographic processes underlying the large - scale decline of eiders in the baltic sea . pop . ecol . 58 ( 1 ) : 121 - 133 .\nnicolau , l . , ferreira , m . , santos , j . , ara\u00fajo , h . , sequeira , m . , vingada , j . , eira , c . , and mar\u00e7alo , a . 2016 . sea turtle strandings along the portuguese mainland coast : spatio - temporal occurrence and main threats . mar . biol . 163 ( 1 ) : 21 .\nhydrodamalis cuestae has been found in california , baja california , and japan . but it was first discovered here on the central coast . back in the seventies , the holotype , which includes a skull and partial skeleton , was excavated at avila beach . it hails from the middle pliocene pismo formation , around 3 . 5 mya . the excavation was carried out by cuesta college ( the school i currently attend ) and at least some prep work was done at cal poly . then somehow it wound up at berkeley . here\u2019s a shot of a cast of the holotype skull , which sits in a cabinet in the geology lab :\ncarman , v . g . , bruno , i . , maxwell , s . , \u00e1lvarez , k . , albareda , d . , acha , e . m . , and campagna , c . 2016 . habitat use , site fidelity and conservation opportunities for juvenile loggerhead sea turtles in the rio de la plata , argentina . mar . biol . 163 ( 1 ) : 20 .\nb\u0103n\u0103duc , d . , rey , s . , trichkova , t . , lenhardt , m . , and curtean - b\u0103n\u0103duc , a . 2016 . the lower danube river - danube delta - north west black sea : a pivotal area of major interest for the past , present and future of its fish fauna - a short review . sci . total environ . 545 : 137 - 151 .\ndescribed by takahashi et al . in 1986 , the remains of dusisiren dewana were found in late miocene deposits in japan and together with other elements of the skeleton there was also a nearly complete forelimb , including the hand . these were crucial in providing an insight into what the hand of later hydrodamalines was like . dusisiren dewana shows reduction of the hand bones , in this respect differing from d . jordani , its predecessor , whose hands showed no reduction of elements ( i . e . long metacarpals and long fingers composed of multiple elements ) ( see picture above ) . as for d . dewana , the carpals ( wrist bones ) are quite similar to those of other sirenians , however , the metacarpals ( the bones between the wrist and fingers ) and the phalanges ( finger bones ) are reduced , actually extremely reduced in the case of the phalanges ( see picture below of hydrodamalis cuestae ) . d . dewana as the sister taxon ( closest relative / ancestor ) of hydrodamalis spp . is best evidence at hand ( unintended pun ) supporting steller\u2019s account on the hand of the sea cow that bears his name and allowing for reconstructions like the one seen here for h . cuestae .\nhuang , d . w . , hoeksema , b . w . , affendi , y . a . , ang , p . o . , chen , c . l . a . , huang , h . , lane , d . j . w . , licuanan , w . y . , vibol , o . , vo , s . t . , yeemin , t . , and chou , l . m . 2016 . conservation of reef corals in the south china sea based on species and evolutionary diversity . biodivers . conserv . 25 ( 2 ) : 331 - 344 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nas you may have figured out by now , this blog is chiefly about paleontology on the central coast . and i thought that the best way to kick it off is with a creature that has it\u2019s roots here . and as the title suggests , that creature is hydrodamalis cuestae .\ncast of the holotype skull of hadrodamalis cuestae as seen in mr . grover ' s geology class\nwho knows why h . cuestae moved north the way it did . could it have been a loss of habitat ? during the pliocene california\u2019s shoreline was a mosaic of bays , inlets , and estuaries . a quick trip up the big sur coast shows that this is no longer the case . california\u2019s shorline today harbors few bays ( which is why it wasn\u2019t as attractive to settlers , but spain claimed it nonetheless ) and is so rocky the rocks have their own national monument . regardless of how it went extinct , hydrodamalis is a neat creature , a blown up version of a familiar animal we see today . for me , the best part is he \u201cgot his start\u201d right here .\ngreat post , doug , great blog ! ! i\u2019m particularly fond to see hydrodamalis cuestae as the start of it all . daryl domning was my advisor and i still try to focus my energies on sirenia and desmostylia . it is a joy to see someone else appreciate these marvelous beasts . i\u2019m looking forward to seeing more posts like this . best wishes , brian\nthanks brian ! pinnipeds , desmostylians , and sirenians are where it\u2019s at . i have loads of ideas , but am being rather conservative with posting them . i\u2019m waiting to see if i get a few more readers / watchers ( cause when you have more , you have to give up the goods more often , it seems ) .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\ni finally got a new camera with a good zoom . . so . . . i found this vert yesterday in the sand pit . the wind has been so bad it blew all the sand away from it and it was just sticking out . nothing else close around but will go back today .\nlooks like a mammoth lumbar vertebra to me . i ' ll send an invite to bobby just in case it is marine mammal .\nbobby , is the v - shaped notch on the dorsal rim of the centrum an apomorphy for just h . cuestae , or does it apply to a higher level ?\nit ' s a sirenian feature in general . the identification as h . cuestae is based in part on the pliocene age of the sediments where this came from ( based on previous posts and correspondence ) , in addition to the gigantic size of the vertebra .\nthank you all ! yes from the same area . . more to follow !\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\nin 1741 , german naturalist georg w . steller traveled with vitus bering on his voyage in the north pacific . on bering\u2019s great northern expedition , the ocean area around the alaskan mainland was discovered and then later named after him . the captain and crew of the exploration vessel became sick with scurvy and refused to accept the advice of steller and his assistant , who were consuming berries and leaves from their visit to the kayak island . eventually , with only a few crewmen to man the ship , it became shipwrecked on what is now called bering island .\nit is thought that due to the cold area it lived in , it was stunted in growth ; if it had lived in warmer waters , it would have been significantly bigger . it was a little different from other sirenians that survive today in that it was unable to submerge itself completely since its body was very buoyant . its skin was very thick and this is thought to be an adaptation to prevent injury on sharp rocks .\nif it had predators other than humans , it is unknown . scientists assume that the kelp beds would have protected them from sharks , but it is possible they may have been hunted by killer whales . like the whale , this animal did have parasites , but as the samples were lost from steller\u2019s collection , no positive identification has been made of them .\nwhen steller hunted and captured a female , he noted that the male attacked the boat and then followed them to shore , even though its mate was now dead . the rest of the group also attacked the boat and he observed them helping injured members of their group . females were in calf for about a year ; autumn was the most common time for the calf to be born . when it wanted to sleep , it swam into deeper water to prevent itself from being beached .\nthe body is oblong . on the left end is the head which is slightly smaller than the body , with a dot for an eye near the top . just behind the head on the underside is an arm that bends back towards the tail .\nthe only unsolved skyjacking case in u . s . history might have a break\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .\ndude , this is awesome ! i often have to search far and wide for illustrations of the creatures living off the coast of california in the cenozoic , so this was a nice surprise . that said though , i haven ' t been able to find any records of ontocetus from the west coast of the us ! might i suggest imagotaria , valenictus , or pliopedia ? either way , though , i do want to re - emphasize how cool this is to see .\nthank you ! and now that i look into it , ontocetus isn ' t showing up in california either , so i might have read a source wrong . valenictus it is then haha .\nwhere : san diego county , california ( 33 . 2\u00b0 n , 117 . 4\u00b0 w : paleocoordinates 33 . 0\u00b0 n , 116 . 1\u00b0 w )\nwhen : san mateo formation , zanclean ( 5 . 3 - 3 . 6 ma )\nprimary reference : l . g . barnes , h . howard , j . h . hutchison and b . j . welton . 1981 . the vertebrate fossils of the marine cenozoic san mateo formation at oceanside , california .\npaleodb collection 50068 : authorized by mark uhen , entered by mark uhen on 05 . 05 . 2005 , edited by john alroy\nit\u2019s been quite a while since my last post . a lot has been going on , mostly research - related , which is good . just last week i was in san diego where i participated in the sixth triennial conference of secondary adaptation of tetrapods to life in water held at san diego state university . the meeting was a great opportunity to see colleagues as well as making new acquaintances , hat tip to the host committee : annalisa berta , tom dem\u00e9r\u00e9 and eric ekdale for such a great meeting ! the week before that i spent some days visiting the collection at the natural history museum of los angeles where i got to look at some interesting sirenian and cetaceans , many thanks to larry barnes and sam mcleod for access to specimens .\nhydrodamalis cuestae , in left lateral view ( picture of the reconstruction on exhibit at the san diego natural history museum ) . notice the reduced forelimbs .\nin the late miocene ( 10 - 8 million years ago [ mya ] ) of japan , provided the key elements to support steller\u2019s account .\nare members of a subfamily of dugongids ( which means they are more closely related to dugongs than to manatees ) known as the hydrodamalinae ( domning , 1994 ; domning & furusawa , 1994 ) . hydrodamalines , as they are also known , ranged throughout coastal waters of the northern pacific , from baja california to japan , with one species surviving until historical times ( domning & furusawa , 1994 ) . some distinctive features of this group include , large body size , reduction or loss of dentition , and reduction of the digits , which brings us back to d . dewana .\ndusisiren jordani , anterior view ( specimen at exhibit at the natural history museum of los angeles ) . notice the\nnormal\nhand in this species .\nhydrodamalis cuestae , right lateral view ( picture of specimen on exhibit at the san diego natural history museum ) . notice the reduced hand .\ndomning , d . p . 1994 . a phylogenetic analysis of the sirenia . proceedings of the san diego society of natural history 29 : 177 - 189 .\ndomning , d . p . & h . furusawa . 1994 . summary of taxa and distribution of sirenia in the north pacific ocean . island arc 3 : 506 - 512 .\nwith a bachelors degree in geology from university of puerto rico and a phd in anatomy from howard u . , i am currently assistant curator of marine mammals ( living and extinct ) at the natural history museum of los angeles county . the main subjects of this blog are marine tetrapods of the neotropics and eastern pacific regions . the text in these posts reflect my own opinion and not those of the granting agency or institutions to which i\u2019m affiliated . if you wish to contact me write to : jorgefossilhunter @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n4 more lego movie sets comi . . .\nthe youtube account associated with this video has been terminated due to multiple third - party notifications of copyright infringement .\n4 . 4 and 26 . 8 short tons ( 4 and 24 . 3 metric tons )\n. the true value is estimated to lie between these figures , at around 9 to 11 short tons ( 8 to 10 metric tons ) .\nand sharks , but their buoyancy may have made it difficult for killer whales to drown them , and the rocky kelp forests may have protected them from sharks . according to steller , the young were guarded by the adults from predators .\nwere associated with tropical mangroves , and adapted to the cold climates of the north pacific and to consuming kelp .\n, which many writers at the time adopted . however , the animal had already been classified long before this . zoologist\n, as steller was the first person to describe it . it was not until the 1900s that\nestimated in 1887 that there had been fewer than 1 , 500 individuals remaining at the time of their discovery , and thus had been in immediate danger of extinction .\nthis film has been exhibited in public institutions such as art museums and universities in europe .\nart critic annick bureaud found the film a\ntongue in cheek and joyous but unsettling fable\n.\nwilson , don e . ; reeder , deeann m . ( eds . ) .\n( 2 ed . ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . p .\n( 2011 ) [ 1751 ] .\nthe manatee\n. in royster , paul .\nperrin , william f . ; wursig , bernd ; thewissen , j . g . m . ( 2008 ) .\nestes , james a . ; burdin , alexander ; doak , daniel f . ( 2016 ) .\ndomning , daryl p . ( 1978 ) .\nan ecological model for late tertiary sirenian evolution in the north pacific ocean\n.\nmacdonald , stephen o . ; cook , joseph a . ( 2009 ) .\njones , ryan t . ( september 2011 ) .\na ' havock made among them ' : animals , empire , and extinction in the russian north pacific , 1741\u20131810\n.\nsilverberg , r . the dodo , the auk and the oryx penguin 1973 p . 83 isbn 0 - 14 - 030619 - 6\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthe world is flat 3 . 0 : a brief history of the twenty - first century\nthis action might not be possible to undo . are you sure you want to continue ?\nthis awesome code was written by danziged , you can see more from this user in the personal repository . you can find the original code on urltoken copyright danziged \u00a9\n/ * downloaded from urltoken * / . title { border - bottom : 1 . 4px solid teal ; } # content { border : 2px solid silver ; align - content : left ; background : aliceblue ; margin - right : 89 % ; } # main - title { color : teal ; }\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhow fast tropical forests recover after deforestation has major consequences for climate change mitigation . a team including smithsonian scientists discovered that some secondary tropical forests recover biomass quickly : half of the forests in the study attained 90 percent of old - growth forest levels in 66 years or less . the study was published in the journal nature . conservation planners can use their resulting biomass - recovery map for latin america to prioritize conservation efforts .\n\nregenerating secondary forests could play a critical role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation\nsaid daisy dent , a research associate at the smithsonian tropical research institute ( stri ) in panama and a lecturer at the university of stirling .\nhowever , previous studies have tended to focus on single sites . this study brings together data from many sites that span the neotropics . we illustrate that secondary forests are highly productive and resilient .\nless than half of the world ' s tropical forests are primary or old - growth forests ; the rest are growing back after logging or other disturbances . the new study focused on secondary forests growing back on land almost completely deforested for agriculture . although such forests are known to accumulate carbon rapidly , how quickly they recover and restore the ecosystem services provided by old - growth forest was uncertain because of inconsistencies in the methods used in previous studies .\nthis study was unprecedented in scope : 45 sites in eight countries , 1 , 478 study plots and more than 168 , 000 trees . sites covered the full latitudinal range of the tropics , from 20 degrees north in mexico to 22 degrees south in brazil , and extended across areas of high - to - low rainfall and low - to - high soil fertility . the extent of forest cover in the surrounding landscape ( indicating the availability of tree seeds for regeneration ) and the intensity of prior land use was also considered .\nafter 20 years of recovery , the average biomass in these regenerating forests was calculated to be equivalent to a carbon uptake rate 11 times that of amazonianold - growth forests , and more than twice that of selectively logged amazonian forests in which reduced - impact logging techniques had been used . however , biomass accumulation rates differed widely across sites . sites with higher rainfall had higher absolute rates of biomass accumulation . soil fertility , local forest cover and prior land - use were not found to have an effect . however , higher soil fertility did improve the relative rate of biomass accumulation compared to old - growth forests in the same area .\nthe authors produced a map of the potential for biomass recovery and carbon sequestration across the new world tropics . areas such as the dry forests of mexico and northeastern brazil had low recovery rates , whereas the moister forests of central america and large parts of amazonia had high recovery rates . in moist forest areas , where potential for biomass accumulation is highest , restoration and reforestation may be the optimal land - use activities . where the capacity of forest recovery is lower , such as seasonally dry forest , a higher emphasis should be placed on protection of existing forest to minimize forest loss .\ncollaborations like the one illustrated here by the 2ndfor network , in which site - based monitoring and manipulations allow us to test mechanistic hypotheses related to forest development , and large - scale analysis across sites allow for robust synthesis , are critically important in the era of global change ,\nsaid jefferson hall , stri staff scientist and director of the agua salud project in the panama canal watershed .\nabbas , s . , nichol , j . e . , and fischer , g . a . 2016 . a 70 - year perspective on tropical forest regeneration . sci . total environ . 544 : 544 - 552 .\nabdullah , m . m . , feagin , r . a . , musawi , l . , whisenant , s . , and popescu , s . 2016 . the use of remote sensing to develop a site history for restoration planning in an arid landscape . restor . ecol . 24 ( 1 ) : 91 - 99 .\nabelson , a . , halpern , b . s . , reed , d . c . , orth , r . j . , kendrick , g . a . , beck , m . w . , belmaker , j . , krause , g . , edgar , g . j . , airoldi , l . , brokovich , e . , france , r . , shashar , n . , de blaeij , a . , stambler , n . , salameh , p . , shechter , m . , and nelson , p . a . 2016 . upgrading marine ecosystem restoration using ecological - social concepts . bioscience 66 ( 2 ) : 156 - 163 .\naffonso , i . d . , azevedo , r . f . , dos santos , n . l . c . , dias , r . m . , agostinho , a . a . , and gomes , l . c . 2015 . pulling the plug : strategies to preclude expansion of dams in brazilian rivers with high - priority for conservation . nat . conservacao 13 ( 2 ) : 199 - 203 .\nagostini , m . g . , and burrowes , p . a . 2015 . infection patterns of the chytrid fungus , batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , on anuran assemblages in agro - ecosystems from buenos aires province , argentina . phyllomedusa 14 ( 2 ) : 113 - 126 .\nakmentins , m . s . , velasco , m . a . , kass , c . a . , and kacoliris , f . p . 2015 . a new threat for the endangered frog atelognathus reverberii ( anura : batrachylidae ) in argentinean patagonia . phyllomedusa 14 ( 1 ) : 63 - 66 .\nalbers , h . j . , busby , g . m . , hamaide , b . , ando , a . w . , and polasky , s . 2016 . spatially - correlated risk in nature reserve site selection . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146023 .\naltamirano , a . , valladares , g . , kuzmanich , n . , and salvo , a . 2016 . galling insects in a fragmented forest : incidence of habitat loss , edge effects and plant availability . j . insect conserv . 20 ( 1 ) : 119 - 127 .\nalvarado , s . t . , buisson , e . , carri\u00e8re , s . m . , rabarison , h . , rajeriarison , c . , andrianjafy , m . , randriatsivery , f . m . , rasoafaranaivo , m . h . , raharimampionona , j . , lowry , p . p . , and birkinshaw , c . 2015 . achieving sustainable conservation in madagascar : the case of the newly established ibity mountain protected area . trop . conserv . sci . 8 ( 2 ) : 367 - 395 .\nalves , c . , vieira , c . , s\u00e9rgio , c . , garcia , c . , stow , s . , and hespanhol , h . 2016 . selecting important areas for bryophyte conservation : is the higher taxa approach an effective method ? j . nature conserv . 29 : 105 - 113 .\namaya - villarreal , a . m . , estrada , a . , and vargas - ram\u00edrez , n . 2015 . use of wild foods during the rainy season by a reintroduced population of scarlet macaws ( ara macao cyanoptera ) in palenque , mexico . trop . conserv . sci . 8 ( 2 ) : 455 - 478 .\namtstaetter , f . , o ' connor , j . , and pickworth , a . 2016 . environmental flow releases trigger spawning migrations by australian grayling prototroctes maraena , a threatened , diadromous fish . aquat . conserv . 26 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43 .\nancillotto , l . , strubbe , d . , menchetti , m . , and mori , e . 2016 . an overlooked invader ? ecological niche , invasion success and range dynamics of the alexandrine parakeet in the invaded range . biol . invasions 18 ( 2 ) : 583 - 595 .\nandrade , b . o . , koch , c . , boldrini , i . i . , v\u00e9lez - martin , e . , hasenack , h . , hermann , j . m . , kollmann , j . , pillar , v . d . , and overbeck , g . e . 2015 . grassland degradation and restoration : a conceptual framework of stages and thresholds illustrated by southern brazilian grasslands . nat . conservacao 13 ( 2 ) : 95 - 104 .\nannorbah , n . n . d . , collar , n . j . , and marsden , s . j . 2016 . trade and habitat change virtually eliminate the grey parrot psittacus erithacus from ghana . ibis 158 ( 1 ) : 82 - 91 .\napplegate , r . d . 2015 . the importance of data management in wildlife conservation . wildlife soc . bull . 39 ( 3 ) : 449 - 450 .\narnold , m . , teagle , h . , brown , m . p . , and smale , d . a . 2016 . the structure of biogenic habitat and epibiotic assemblages associated with the global invasive kelp undaria pinnatifida in comparison to native macroalgae . biol . invasions 18 ( 3 ) : 661 - 676 .\narregoitia , l . d . v . 2016 . biases , gaps , and opportunities in mammalian extinction risk research . mamm . rev . 46 ( 1 ) : 17 - 29 .\narriagada , r . a . , echeverria , c . m . , and moya , d . e . 2016 . creating protected areas on public lands : is there room for additional conservation ? plos one 11 ( 2 ) : e0148094 .\narts , k . , fischer , a . , and van der wal , r . 2016 . boundaries of the wolf and the wild : a conceptual examination of the relationship between rewilding and animal reintroduction . restor . ecol . 24 ( 1 ) : 27 - 34 .\naryal , a . , dhakal , m . , panthi , s . , yadav , b . p . , shrestha , l . b . , bencini , r . , raubenheimer , d . , and ji , w . h . 2015 . is trophy hunting of bharal ( blue sheep ) and himalayan tahr contributing to their conservation in nepal ? hystrix 26 ( 2 ) : 85 - 88 .\nbacela - spychalska , k . 2016 . attachment ability of two invasive amphipod species may promote their spread by overland transport . aquat . conserv . 26 ( 1 ) : 196 - 201 .\nbacks , j . r . , terry , m . , and ashley , m . v . 2016 . using genetic analysis to evaluate hybridization as a conservation concern for the threatened species quercus hinckleyi c . h . muller ( fagaceae ) . int . j . plant sci . 177 ( 2 ) : 122 - 131 .\nbaisre , j . a . 2016 . the uncritical use of anecdotes in marine historical ecology : response to mcclenachan et al . conserv . biol . 30 ( 1 ) : 228 - 229 .\nbanerjee , a . , and bandopadhyay , r . 2016 . biodiversity hotspot of bhutan and its sustainability . curr . sci . 110 ( 4 ) : 521 - 527 .\nbarak , r . s . , fant , j . b . , kramer , a . t . , and skogen , k . a . 2015 . assessing the value of potential\nnative winners\nfor restoration of cheatgrass - invaded habitat . west . n . am . naturalist 75 ( 1 ) : 58 - 69 .\nbarbosa , j . m . , asner , g . p . , martin , r . e . , baldeck , c . a . , hughes , f . , and johnson , t . 2016 . determining subcanopy psidium cattleianum invasion in hawaiian forests using imaging spectroscopy . remote sens . 8 ( 1 ) : 33 .\nbarker , n . k . s . , fontaine , p . c . , cumming , s . g . , stralberg , d . , westwood , a . , bayne , e . m . , s\u00f3lymos , p . , schmiegelow , f . k . a . , song , s . j . , and rugg , d . j . 2015 . ecological monitoring through harmonizing existing data : lessons from the boreal avian modelling project . wildlife soc . bull . 39 ( 3 ) : 480 - 487 .\nbarrera - salazar , a . , mandujano , s . , espino - barros , o . a . v . , and jim\u00e9nez - garc\u00eda , d . 2015 . classification of vegetation types in the habitat of white - tailed deer in a location of the tehuac\u00e1n - cuicatl\u00e1n biosphere reserve , mexico . trop . conserv . sci . 8 ( 2 ) : 547 - 563 .\nbassett , i . e . , cook , j . , buchanan , f . , and russell , j . c . 2016 . treasure islands : biosecurity in the hauraki gulf marine park . new zeal . j . ecol . 40 ( 2 ) : 250 - 266 .\nbaude , m . , kunin , w . e . , boatman , n . d . , conyers , s . , davies , n . , gillespie , m . a . k . , morton , r . d . , smart , s . m . , and memmott , j . 2016 . historical nectar assessment reveals the fall and rise of floral resources in britain . nature 530 ( 7588 ) : 85 - 88 .\nbauer , j . t . , and reynolds , h . l . 2016 . restoring native understory to a woodland invaded by euonymus fortunei : multiple factors affect success . restor . ecol . 24 ( 1 ) : 45 - 52 .\nbawri , a . , gajurel , p . r . , and khan , m . l . 2015 . rediscovery of primula polonensis . kew bull . 70 ( 4 ) : 56 .\nbecker , c . g . , rodriguez , d . , longo , a . v . , toledo , l . f . , lambertini , c . , leite , d . s . , haddad , c . f . b . , and zamudio , k . r . 2016 . deforestation , host community structure , and amphibian disease risk . basic appl . ecol . 17 ( 1 ) : 72 - 80 .\nbeckmann , m . , bruelheide , h . , and erfmeier , a . 2016 . reduced tolerance to simulated herbivory on clonal organs in alien genotypes : a multi - species experiment with native and introduced origins . biol . invasions 18 ( 2 ) : 549 - 563 .\nbeentje , h . , and crawford , f . m . 2015 . doubtful no more : the case of strophanthus angusii f . white ( apocynaceae ) . kew bull . 70 ( 4 ) : 54 .\nbellard , c . , and jeschke , j . m . 2016 . a spatial mismatch between invader impacts and research publications . conserv . biol . 30 ( 1 ) : 230 - 232 .\nbertacchi , m . i . f . , amazonas , n . t . , brancalion , p . h . s . , brondani , g . e . , de oliveira , a . c . s . , de pascoa , m . a . r . , and rodrigues , r . r . 2016 . establishment of tree seedlings in the understory of restoration plantations : natural regeneration and enrichment plantings . restor . ecol . 24 ( 1 ) : 100 - 108 .\nbest , a . m . , johnston , c . e . , and o ' neil , p . e . 2016 . pattern of invasion by weed shiner ( notropis texanus ) , a nonindigenous cyprinid in the bear creek system ( tennessee river drainage ) , usa . biol . invasions 18 ( 2 ) : 395 - 410 .\nbhatt , j . p . , and pandit , m . k . 2016 . endangered golden mahseer tor putitora hamilton : a review of natural history . rev . fish biol . fisher . 26 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 .\nbilgili , b . , sa\u011f\u00fdro\u011flu , m . , \u015feker , m . , and duman , h . 2016 . dichoropetalum alanyensis ( apiaceae ) , a new species from south anatolia , turkey . turk . j . bot . 40 ( 2 ) : 201 - 208 .\nbinzet , r . 2016 . a new species of onosma l . ( boraginaceae ) from anatolia . turk . j . bot . 40 ( 2 ) : 194 - 200 .\nbland\u00f3n , a . c . , perelman , s . b . , ram\u00edrez , m . , l\u00f3pez , a . , javier , o . , and robbins , c . s . 2016 . temporal bird community dynamics are strongly affected by landscape fragmentation in a central american tropical forest region . biodivers . conserv . 25 ( 2 ) : 311 - 330 .\nbloch , c . p . , and klingbeil , b . t . 2016 . anthropogenic factors and habitat complexity influence biodiversity but wave exposure drives species turnover of a subtropical rocky inter - tidal metacommunity . mar . ecol . - evol . persp . 37 ( 1 ) : 64 - 76 .\nboch , s . , prati , d . , sch\u00f6ning , i . , and fischer , m . 2016 . lichen species richness is highest in non - intensively used grasslands promoting suitable microhabitats and low vascular plant competition . biodivers . conserv . 25 ( 2 ) : 225 - 238 .\nboetzl , f . a . , schneider , g . , and krauss , j . 2016 . asymmetric carabid beetle spillover between calcareous grasslands and coniferous forests . j . insect conserv . 20 ( 1 ) : 49 - 57 .\nbombaci , s . p . , farr , c . m . , gallo , h . t . , mangan , a . m . , stinson , l . t . , kaushik , m . , and pejchar , l . 2016 . using twitter to communicate conservation science from a professional conference . conserv . biol . 30 ( 1 ) : 216 - 225 .\nboonsuk , b . , chantaranothai , p . , and hodkinson , t . r . 2016 . a taxonomic revision of the genus digitaria ( panicoideae : poaceae ) in mainland southeast asia . phytotaxa 246 ( 4 ) : 248 - 280 .\nborroto - p\u00e1ez , r . , bosch , r . a . , fabres , b . a . , and garc\u00eda , o . a . 2015 . introduced amphibians and reptiles in the cuban archipelago . herpetol . conserv . biol . 10 ( 3 ) : 985 - 1012 .\nbouget , c . , and parmain , g . 2016 . effects of landscape design of forest reserves on saproxylic beetle diversity . conserv . biol . 30 ( 1 ) : 92 - 102 .\nbraby , m . f . , and williams , m . r . 2016 . biosystematics and conservation biology : critical scientific disciplines for the management of insect biological diversity . austral entomol . 55 ( 1 ) : 1 - 17 .\nbrancalion , p . h . s . , and holl , k . d . 2016 . functional composition trajectory : a resolution to the debate between suganuma , durigan , and reid . restor . ecol . 24 ( 1 ) : 1 - 3 .\nbridge , t . c . l . , grech , a . m . , and pressey , r . l . 2016 . factors influencing incidental representation of previously unknown conservation features in marine protected areas . conserv . biol . 30 ( 1 ) : 154 - 165 .\nbrown , l . m . , and crone , e . e . 2016 . minimum area requirements for an at - risk butterfly based on movement and demography . conserv . biol . 30 ( 1 ) : 103 - 112 .\nbrown , l . r . , komoroske , l . m . , wagner , r . w . , morgan - king , t . , may , j . t . , connon , r . e . , and fangue , n . a . 2016 . coupled downscaled climate models and ecophysiological metrics forecast habitat compression for an endangered estuarine fish . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146724 .\nbrusch , g . a . , taylor , e . n . , and whitfield , s . m . 2016 . turn up the heat : thermal tolerances of lizards at la selva , costa rica . oecologia 180 ( 2 ) : 325 - 334 .\nbuczkowski , g . 2016 . the trojan horse approach for managing invasive ants : a study with asian needle ants , pachycondyla chinensis . biol . invasions 18 ( 2 ) : 507 - 515 .\nb\u00fcneker , h . m . , soares , k . p . , and de assis , l . c . 2016 . the dyckia sordida complex ( bromeliaceae , pitcairnioideae ) and a new species from minas gerais , brazil . phytotaxa 244 ( 1 ) : 57 - 68 .\nburkart , s . , gugerli , f . , senn , j . , kuehn , r . , and bolliger , j . 2016 . evaluating the functionality of expert - assessed wildlife corridors with genetic data from roe deer . basic appl . ecol . 17 ( 1 ) : 52 - 60 .\nburman , j . , westerberg , l . , ostrow , s . , ryrholm , n . , bergman , k . o . , winde , i . , nyabuga , f . n . , larsson , m . c . , and milberg , p . 2016 . revealing hidden species distribution with pheromones : the case of synanthedon vespiformis ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) in sweden . j . insect conserv . 20 ( 1 ) : 11 - 21 .\nburns , p . a . , rowe , k . m . c . , holmes , b . p . , and rowe , k . c . 2015 . historical resurveys reveal persistence of smoky mouse ( pseudomys fumeus ) populations over the long - term and through the short - term impacts of fire . wildlife res . 42 ( 8 ) : 668 - 677 .\nbyatt , m . a . , chapman , n . c . , latty , t . , and oldroyd , b . p . 2016 . the genetic consequences of the anthropogenic movement of social bees . insect . soc . 63 ( 1 ) : 15 - 24 .\ncabra - rivas , i . , salda\u00f1a , a . , castro - d\u00edez , p . , and gallien , l . 2016 . a multi - scale approach to identify invasion drivers and invaders ' future dynamics . biol . invasions 18 ( 2 ) : 411 - 426 .\ncampos - silva , j . v . , da fonseca , s . f . , and peres , c . 2015 . policy reversals do not bode well for conservation in brazilian amazonia . nat . conservacao 13 ( 2 ) : 193 - 195 .\ncarbonell , j . a . , mill\u00e1n , a . , green , a . j . , c\u00e9spedes , v . , coccia , c . , and velasco , j . 2016 . what traits underpin the successful establishment and spread of the invasive water bug trichocorixa verticalis verticalis ? hydrobiologia 768 ( 1 ) : 273 - 286 .\ncarbonero , j . , garc\u00eda - d\u00edaz , p . , \u00e1vila , c . , arribas , o . , and lizana , m . 2016 . distribution , habitat characterization and conservation status of iberolacerta martinezricai ( arribas , 1996 ) , in the sierra de francia , salamanca , spain . herpetozoa 28 ( 3 - 4 ) : 149 - 165 .\ncarboni , m . , m\u00fcnkem\u00fcller , t . , lavergne , s . , choler , p . , borgy , b . , violle , c . , essl , f . , roquet , c . , munoz , f . , divgrass consortium , and thuiller , w . 2016 . what it takes to invade grassland ecosystems : traits , introduction history and filtering processes . ecol . lett . 19 ( 3 ) : 219 - 229 .\ncardoso , r . s . , barboza , c . a . m . , skinner , v . b . , and cabrini , t . m . b . 2016 . crustaceans as ecological indicators of metropolitan sandy beaches health . ecol . indic . 62 : 154 - 162 .\ncarlsson , s . , bergman , k . o . , jansson , n . , ranius , t . , and milberg , p . 2016 . boxing for biodiversity : evaluation of an artificially created decaying wood habitat . biodivers . conserv . 25 ( 2 ) : 393 - 405 .\ncarneiro , l . r . d . , lima , a . p . , machado , r . b . , and magnusson , w . e . 2016 . limitations to the use of species - distribution models for environmental - impact assessments in the amazon . plos one 11 ( 1 ) : e0146543 ."]}
{"id": 1902, "summary": [{"text": "the sheath-tailed mouse ( mus fragilicauda ) is a mouse found in two locations in central thailand and in laos .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "they were discovered and documented in 2002 .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is the only known mus species to lose its tail integument when handled .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is sometimes found with the fawn-colored mouse . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "sheath - tailed mouse", "paragraphs": ["the sheath - tailed mouse ( mus fragilicauda ) is a mouse found in two locations in central thailand and in laos .\nlong - tailed climbing mouse - vandeleuria nilagirica the long - tailed climbing mouse is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nkoopman ' s pencil - tailed tree mouse - chiropodomys karlkoopmani koopman ' s pencil - tailed tree mouse is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nisabel naked - tailed rat - solomys sapientis the isabel naked - tailed rat is found in blank . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmentawai long - tailed giant rat - leopoldamys siporanus the mentawai long - tailed giant rat is found in indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbushy - tailed jird - sekeetamys calurus the bushy - tailed jird is found in egypt , israel , jordan , saudi arabia , and sudan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfat - tailed gerbil - pachyuromys duprasi the fat - tailed gerbil is found in algeria , egypt , libya , mauritania , morocco , tunisia , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngould\u2019s mouse - pseudomys gouldii gould\u2019s mouse was found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsmoky mouse - pseudomys fumeus the smokey mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nhastings river mouse - pseudomys oralis hastings river mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncairo spiny mouse - acomys cahirinus the cairo spiny mouse is found in blank . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndusky hopping mouse - notomys fuscus the dusky hopping mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfawn hopping mouse - notomys cervinus the fawn hopping mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlakeland downs mouse - leggadina lakedownensis the lakeland downs mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmindanao shrew mouse - crunomys melanius the mindanao shrew mouse is found in philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern hopping mouse - notomys aquilo the northern hopping mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nshark bay mouse - pseudomys fieldi the shark bay mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncamiguin forest mouse - apomys camiguinensis the camiguin forest mouse is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nasia minor spiny mouse - acomys cilicicus the asia minor spiny mouse is found in turkey . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbroad - toothed mouse - mastacomys fuscus the broad - toothed mouse is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmayor ' s mouse - mus mayori mayor ' s mouse is found in sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe house mouse has been domesticated as the pet or fancy mouse , and as the laboratory mouse , which is one of the most important model organisms in biology and medicine . the complete mouse reference genome was sequenced in 2002 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] it is by far the most commonly genetically altered mammal in scientific research . [ 4 ]\nthe ryukyu mouse ( mus caroli ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .\nhad a traditional annual\nmouse day\ncelebration . in the eastern balkans ( most of\ngolden spiny mouse - acomys russatus the golden spiny mouse is found in deserts and savannas . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmoro , dorian ; morris , keith ( 2000 ) .\nmovements and refugia of lakeland downs short - tailed mice , leggadina lakedownensis , and house mice , mus domesticus , on thevenard island , western australia\n.\ncameroon soft - furred mouse - praomys morio the cameroon soft - furred mouse is found in cameroon and equatorial guinea . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwood mouse - apodemus sylvaticus the wood mouse is found in found throughout most of europe and in northern africa . . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nyellow - necked mouse - apodemus flavicollis the yellow - necked mouse is found in most of europe and in parts of asia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngolden spiny mouse - acomys russatus the golden spiny mouse is found in egypt , israel , jordan , oman , saudi arabia , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nneitz , maureen ; neitz , jay ( 2001 ) .\nthe uncommon retina of the common house mouse\n.\nnew zealand had no land mammals other than the lesser short - tailed bat ( mystacina tuberculata ) prior to human occupation , and the house mouse is one of many species that have been introduced . mice are responsible for a reduction in native bird species since they eat some of the same foods as birds . they are also known to kill lizards and have a large effect on native insects . [ 72 ]\nthe mouse as vizier , sourced to : emma brunner - traut , tiergeschichten aus dem pharaonenland , mainz , zabern , 2000 .\nhouse mouse - mus musculus the house mouse is found on all continents , except for antarctica . it is an introduced species in north america , south america , and australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\n; they are averse to bright lights . the average sleep time of a captive house mouse is reported to be 12 . 5 hours per day .\narabian spiny mouse - acomys dimidiatus the arabian spiny mouse is found in egypt , iran , iraq , israel , jordan , lebanon , oman , pakistan , palestinian territory , saudi arabia , syria , united arab emirates , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndobson , f stephen ; jacquot , catherine ; baudoin , claude ( october 2000 ) .\nan experimental test of kin association in the house mouse\n.\ncalderone , jack b . ; jacobs , gerald h . ( 2009 ) .\nregional variations in the relative sensitivity to uv light in the mouse retina\n.\nthe house mouse ( mus musculus ) is a small mammal of the order rodentia , characteristically having a pointed snout , small rounded ears , and a long naked or almost hairless tail . it is one of the most numerous species of the genus mus . although a wild animal , the house mouse mainly lives in association with humans .\nkimoto , hiroko ; haga , sachiko ; sato , koji ; touhara , kazushige ( 2005 ) .\nsex - specific peptides from exocrine glands stimulate mouse vomeronasal sensory neurons\n.\npatris , b ; baudoin , c ( october 2000 ) .\na comparative study of parental care between two rodent species : implications for the mating system of the mound - building mouse mus spicilegus\n.\nfrynta , daniel ; sl\u00e1bov\u00e1 , mark\u00e9ta ; v\u00e1chov\u00e1 , hana ; volfov\u00e1 , radka ; munclinger , pavel ( 2005 ) .\naggression and commensalism in house mouse : a comparative study across europe and the near east\n.\nmany more names have been given to house mice , but are now regarded as synonyms of other subspecies . some populations are hybrids of different subspecies , including the japanese house mouse ( m . m . molossinus ) . [ 18 ]\nimportance of mice as a house and agricultural pest resulted in a development of a variety of mice - related rituals and stories in world ' s cultures . the ancient egyptians had a story about\nthe mouse as vizier\n. [ 75 ]\nhouse mice can sometimes transmit diseases , contaminate food , and damage food packaging . although the us centers for disease control and prevention gives a list with diseases transmitted by rodents , [ 62 ] only few of the diseases are transmitted through the house mouse .\ncucchi , thomas ; vigne , jean - denis ; auffray , jean - christophe ( 2005 ) .\nfirst occurrence of the house mouse ( mus musculus domesticus schwarz & schwarz , 1943 ) in the western mediterranean : a zooarchaeological revision of subfossil occurrences\n.\nin the state of georgia ; however , no pcr - positive mice were detected in our study . eruptions of mouse populations in the absence of rats have been implicated in several outbreaks of murine typhus ; however , these observations were not supported by laboratory data .\nin open areas such as shrubs and fields , the house mouse population is known as noncommensal . these populations are often limited by water or food supply and have large territories . [ 25 ] female - female aggression in the noncommensal house mouse populations is much higher , reaching a level generally attributed to free - ranging species . male aggression is also higher in noncommensal populations . in commensal populations , males come into contact with other males quite frequently due to high population densities and aggression must be mediated or the risk of injury becomes too great . [ 24 ]\nthonhauser , k . e . ; thob , m . ; musolf , k . ; klaus , t . ; penn , d . j . ( 2014 ) .\nmultiple paternity in wild house mouse ( mus musculus musculus ) : effects on offspring genetic diversity and body mass\n.\nthe social behaviour of the house mouse is not rigidly fixed into species - specific patterns but is instead adaptable to the environmental conditions , such as the availability of food and space . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] this adaptability allows house mice to inhabit diverse areas ranging from sandy dunes to apartment buildings . [ 24 ]\nboursot , p . ; din , w . ; anand , r . ; darviche , d . ; dod , b . ; von deimling , f . ; talwar , g . p . ; bonhomme , f . ( 1996 ) .\norigin and radiation of the house mouse : mitochondrial dna phylogeny\n.\nharvest mouse - micromys minutus the harvest mouse is found in armenia , austria , azerbaijan , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , bulgaria , china , croatia , czech republic , denmark , estonia , finland , france , georgia , germany , greece , hungary , india , italy , north korea , south korea , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , moldova , mongolia , montenegro , myanmar , netherlands , poland , romania , the russian federation , serbia , slovakia , slovenia , spain , switzerland , taiwan , turkey , ukraine , united kingdom , and vietnam . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmany studies have been done on mouse phylogenies to reconstruct early human movements . for example , one study suggests the possibility of a previously unsuspected early link between northern europe and madeira on the basis of the origin of madeiran mice . [ 59 ] house mice were thought to be the primary reason for the taming of the domestic cat .\nintrauterine insemination causes an evolutionary consequence resulting from polyandrous behavior . [ 53 ] when multiple males mate with one female , there are multiple sets of sperm gametes in a female mouse . offspring fertilized by multiple females can compete more strongly for mother ' s resources and can lead to a decrease in body size and variation in body size . [ 53 ]\nhouse mice usually live less than one year in the wild , due to a high level of predation and exposure to harsh environments . in protected environments , however , they often live two to three years . the methuselah mouse prize is a competition to breed or engineer extremely long - lived laboratory mice . as of 2005 [ update ] , the record holder was a genetically engineered mouse that lived for 1 , 819 days ( 4 years , 358 days ) . [ 54 ] another record holder that was kept in an enriched environment but did not receive any genetic , pharmacological , or dietary treatment lived for 1 , 551 days ( 4 years , 90 days ) . [ 55 ] [ 56 ]\nboth commensal and noncommensal house mouse males aggressively defend their territory and act to exclude all intruders . males mark their territory by scent marking with urine . in marked territories , intruders showed significantly lower aggression than the territory residents . [ 25 ] house mice show a male - biased dispersal ; males generally leave their birth sites and migrate to form new territories whereas females generally stay and are opportunistic breeders rather than seasonal . [ 29 ]\nthe first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the erya , the oldest extant chinese dictionary , from a mention in an 1100 bc version . [ 60 ] human domestication led to numerous strains of\nfancy\nor hobby mice with a variety of colours and a docile temperament . [ 61 ] domestic varieties of the house mouse are bred as a food source for some carnivorous pet reptiles , birds , arthropods , and fish . [ 61 ]\nboth evolutionary and behavioral consequences result from the polygamous nature of the house mouse . one consequence is the paternal investment , which is lower in polygamous mice than in mice that are monogamous . [ 44 ] this occurs due to the fact that males spend more time involved in sexual competition than do females , leaving less time for paternal care . [ 44 ] polygamous male house mice spend less time alone with pups . [ 44 ] they are also less likely and slower to retrieve lost pups than males of monogamous mice . [ 44 ] in contrast , the maternal investment is similar between female mice that have mated once versus multiply . [ 44 ]\nrickettsialpox , caused by the bacterium rickettsia akari and similar to chickenpox , is spread by mice in general , but is very rare and generally mild and resolves within 2\u20133 weeks if untreated . no known deaths have resulted from the disease . murine typhus ( also called endemic typhus ) is caused by the bacterium rickettsia typhi , and is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats . while rat fleas are the most common vectors , cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission . [ 69 ] endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics . the us cdc currently does not mention rickettsialpox or murine typhus on its website about diseases directly transmitted by rodents ( in general ) [ 62 ]\nfollowing copulation , female mice will normally develop a copulation plug which prevents further copulation . the plug is not necessary for pregnancy initiation , as this will also occur without the plug . the presence or absence of the plug will not affect litter size either . [ 40 ] this plug stays in place for some 24 hours . the gestation period is about 19\u201321 days , and they give birth to a litter of 3\u201314 young ( average six to eight ) . one female can have 5 to 10 litters per year , so the mouse population can increase very quickly . breeding occurs throughout the year . ( however , animals living in the wild do not reproduce in the colder months , even though they do not hibernate . )\ngregory , simon g . ; sekhon , mandeep ; schein , jacqueline ; zhao , shaying ; osoegawa , kazutoyo ; scott , carol e . ; evans , richard s . ; burridge , paul w . ; cox , tony v . ; fox , christopher a . ; hutton , richard d . ; mullenger , ian r . ; phillips , kimbly j . ; smith , james ; stalker , jim ; threadgold , glen j . ; birney , ewan ; wylie , kristine ; chinwalla , asif ; wallis , john ; hillier , ladeana ; carter , jason ; gaige , tony ; jaeger , sara ; kremitzki , colin ; layman , dan ; maas , jason ; mcgrane , rebecca ; mead , kelly ; et al . ( 2002 ) .\na physical map of the mouse genome\n.\nchinwalla , asif t . ; cook , lisa l . ; delehaunty , kimberly d . ; fewell , ginger a . ; fulton , lucinda a . ; fulton , robert s . ; graves , tina a . ; hillier , ladeana w . ; mardis , elaine r . ; mcpherson , john d . ; miner , tracie l . ; nash , william e . ; nelson , joanne o . ; nhan , michael n . ; pepin , kymberlie h . ; pohl , craig s . ; ponce , tracy c . ; schultz , brian ; thompson , johanna ; trevaskis , evanne ; waterston , robert h . ; wendl , michael c . ; wilson , richard k . ; yang , shiaw - pyng ; an , peter ; berry , eric ; birren , bruce ; bloom , toby ; brown , daniel g . ; et al . ( 2002 ) .\ninitial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome\n.\nhouse mice have two forms of social behaviour , the expression of which depends on the environmental context . house mice in buildings and other urbanized areas with close proximity to humans are known as commensal . [ 24 ] commensal mice populations often have an excessive food source resulting in high population densities and small home ranges . this causes a switch from territorial behaviour to a hierarchy of individuals . [ 24 ] [ 26 ] when populations have an excess of food , there is less female - female aggression , which usually occurs to gain access to food or to prevent infanticide . [ 24 ] male - male aggression occurs in commensal populations , mainly to defend female mates and protect a small territory . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] the high level of male - male aggression , with a low female - female aggression level is common in polygamous populations . [ 27 ] the social unit of commensal house mouse populations generally consists of one male and two or more females , usually related . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] these groups breed cooperatively , with the females communally nursing . this cooperative breeding and rearing by related females helps increase reproductive success . when no related females are present , breeding groups can form from non - related females . [ 28 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species is highly distinct genetically , but morphologically very similar to m . cervicolor , therefore , this species is probably much more widespread , as some specimens are hidden within m . cervicolor ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern as it seems like a very adaptable and common species at two sites , and has no known threats .\nthis species is known from localities in nahkon ratchasima ( khorat ) province in south central thailand : the type locality , ban nong sanga ( 14\u00b032 ' 33 ' ' n , 101\u00b057 ' 44 ' ' e ) , and tumbon , both 50 km sse from the town of khorat ( auffray et al . 2003 , musser and carleton 2005 ) . the species has been recorded in the loei forest in thailand ( chaisiri et al . 2012 ) . it has also been recorded from lamam , sekong province , in lao pdr ( k . aplin pers . comm . ) .\nit was found in dry grass and patches of pygmy bamboo along roadsides or dikes bordering dry rice fields ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . it has been recorded in sympatry with m . cervicolor , and m . caroli were also found .\nit is not known from any protected areas . further survey work is needed to determine whether or not it is widespread through the region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbinomial name : mus fragilicauda ( jean - christophe auffray et al . , 2003 )\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\n. 2003 ; musser and carleton 2005 ) . it has also been recorded from lamam , sekong province , in lao pdr ( k . aplin pers . comm . ) . additional field surveys and reexamination of museum specimens may reveal an even wider range .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nmolecular , chromosomal and morphometric analyses of wild - caught mice of subgenus mus from the central plain of thailand are presented . these specimens are distinct from all species previously described in the literature . this has led to the characterization of mus fragilicauda sp . n . , a new member of the set of closely related species encompassed by the subgenus . while this species may be considered as a sibling and sympatric species of the asian m . cervicolor , m . fragilicauda sp . n . is phylogenetically closer to the m . musculus complex of species and to the other european species of mus .\njean - christophe auffray , annie orth , josette catalan , jean - paul gonzalez , eric desmarais , fran\u00e7ois bonhomme . 2003 . phylogenetic position and description of a new species of subgenus mus ( rodentia , mammalia ) from thailand . zoologica scripta . 32 ( 2 ) : 119\u2013127 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2003 . 00108 . x\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ ornithology \u2022 2013 ] rediscovery of a long - lost la . . .\n[ entomology \u2022 2013 ] nyctomyia ( nyx ) pholeocola \u2022 a . . .\npartial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nit is found in cambodia , china , indonesia , japan , laos , malaysia , taiwan , thailand , and vietnam .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nwith around 711 species , this is the largest family of rodents and mammals . they are native to africa , europe , asia , and australia , but they have been introduced around the world and today are found in all parts of the world , except for antarctica .\nthey are found in all types of habitats including swamps , grasslands , tundra , deciduous forests , coniferous forests , rainforests , deserts , wetlands , mountains , and suburban , and urban areas .\nmany species in this family have small bodies , long tails , round ears , round eyes , and pointed noses with whiskers . in most species in this family , females give birth to large litters of between 6 - 13 young . females usually have more than one litter a year and the young are ready to mate when they are a month or two old . because they are prey for other animals , most species in this family only live for a year or two in the wild .\nsome species are nocturnal ; some are active in the day . some species live in trees , while others are ground dwellers and others live in underground burrows . some species are herbivores , others are carnivores , and some are omnivores .\nleast concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .\nanderson ' s gerbil - gerbillus andersoni anderson ' s gerbil is found in egypt , israel , jordan , libyaa , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblack rat - rattus rattus the black rat is native to india and pakistan , but it was introduced , beginning in ancient times , to other regions in asia as well as africa and europe . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblick ' s grass rat - arvicanthis blicki blick ' s grass rat is found in ethiopia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbrants\u2019s whistling rat - parotomys brantsii brants\u2019s whistling rat is found in botswana , namibia , and south africa . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorway rat - rattus norvegicus the norway rat is native to china , japan , and the russian federation , but it has been introduced around the world . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncamiguin forest rat - bullimus gamay the camiguin forest rat is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncentral rock - rat - zyzomys pedunculatus the central rock - rat is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncheesman\u2019s gerbil - gerbillus cheesmani cheesman\u2019s gerbil is found in iran , iraq , jordan , kuwait , oman , saudi arabia , syria , united arab emirates , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfalse swamp rat - xeromys myoides the false swamp rat is found in australia and papua new guinea . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfat sand rat - psammomys obesus the fat sand rat is found in algeria , egypt , israel , jordan , libya , mauritania , morocco , saudi arabia , sudan , syriac , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nluzon crateromys - crateromys schadenbergi the luzon crateromys is found in philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreater egyptian gerbil - gerbillus pyramidum the greater egyptian gerbil is found in chad , egypt , mali , niger , and sudan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreater stick - nest rat - leporillus conditor the greater stick - nest rat is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlataste\u2019s gerbil - gerbillus latastei lataste\u2019s gerbil is found in libya and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlesser egyptian gerbil - gerbillus gerbillus the lesser egyptian gerbil is found in algeria , chad , egypt , israel , jordan , libya , mali , mauritania , morocco , niger , sudan , tunisia , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlesser marmoset rat - hapalomys delacouri the lesser marmoset rat is found in china , laos , and vietnam . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlesser stick - nest rat - leporillus apicalis the lesser stick - nest rat is found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlibyan jird - meriones libycus the libyan jird is found in afghanistan , algeria , azerbaijan , china , egypt , iran , iraq , jordan , kazakhstan , kuwait , libya , mauritania , morocco , pakistan , qatar , saudi arabia , syria , tajikistan , tunisia , turkey , turkmenistan , uzbekistan , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nluzon batomys - batomys granti the luzon batomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmargaret\u2019s haeromys - haeromys margarettae margaret\u2019s haeromys is found in malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmindanao montane forest apomys - apomys insignis the mindanao montane forest apomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorth african gerbil - gerbillus campestris the north african gerbil is found in algeria , egypt , libya , mali , morocco , niger , sudan , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern luzon phloeomys - phloeomys pallidus the northern luzon phloeomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nokinawa spiny rat - tokudaia muenninki the okinawa spiny rat is found in blank . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npale gerbil - gerbillus perpallidus the pale gerbil is found in egypt . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npanay crateromys - crateromys heaneyi the panay crateromys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npleasant gerbil - gerbillus amoenus the pleasant gerbil is found in egypt and libya . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npygmy gerbil - gerbillus henleyi the pygmy gerbil is found in algeria , burkina faso , chad , egypt , israel , jordan , libya , mali , mauritania , morocco , niger , oman , saudi arabia , senegal , sudan , tunisia , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nrajah sundaic maxomy - maxomys rajah the rajah sundaic maxomy is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nrusset batomys - batomys russatus the russet batomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsahyadris forest rat - rattus satarae the sahyadris forest rat is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nshaw ' s jird - meriones shawi shaw ' s jird is found in algeria , egypt , libyaa , morocco , and tunisia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsouthern luzon phloeomys - phloeomys cumingi the southern luzon phloeomys is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsundaic arboreal niviventer - niviventer cremoriventer the sundaic arboreal niviventer is found in indonesia , malaysia , singapore , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsundevall\u2019s jird - meriones crassus sundevall\u2019s jird is found in afghanistan , algeria , bahrain , egypt , iran , iraq , israel , jordan , kuwait , libya , morocco , niger , oman , pakistan , saudi arabia , sudan , syria , tunisia , turkey , united arab emirates , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsundevall\u2019s jird - meriones crassus sundevall\u2019s jirds live in sandy soil in hot and dry environments . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwagner\u2019s gerbil - gerbillus dasyurus wagner\u2019s gerbil is found in egypt , iraq , israel , jordan , lebanon , oman , saudi arabia , syria , turkey , united arab emirates , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwhite - footed rabbit - rat - conilurus albipes the white - footed rabbit - rat was found in australia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwhitheead ' s spiny rat - maxomys whiteheadi whitheead ' s spiny rat is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , malaysia , and thailand . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnewborn males and females can be distinguished on close examination as the anogenital distance in males is about double that of the female . [ 9 ] from the age of about 10 days , females have five pairs of mammary glands and nipples ; males have no nipples . [ 10 ] when sexually mature , the most striking and obvious difference is the presence of testicles on the males . these are large compared to the rest of the body and can be retracted into the body .\nin addition to the regular pea - sized thymus organ in the chest , house mice have a second functional pinhead - sized thymus organ in the neck next to the trachea . [ 16 ]\nmice are mammals of the glires clade , which means they are amongst the closest relatives of humans other than lagomorphs , treeshrews , flying lemurs and other primates .\nhouse mice usually run , walk , or stand on all fours , but when eating , fighting , or orienting themselves , they rear up on their hind legs with additional support from the tail - a behaviour known as\ntripoding\n. mice are good jumpers , climbers , and swimmers , and are generally considered to be\nthey live in a wide variety of hidden places near food sources , and construct nests from various soft materials . mice are territorial , and one dominant male usually lives together with several females and young . dominant males respect each other ' s territories and normally enter another ' s territory only if it is vacant . if two or more males are housed together in a cage , they often become aggressive unless they have been raised together from birth .\nmice are generally afraid of rats which often kill and eat them , a behavior known as muricide . despite this , free - living populations of rats and mice do exist together in forest areas in new zealand , north america , and elsewhere . house mice are generally poor competitors and in most areas cannot survive away from human settlements in areas where other small mammals , such as wood mice , are present . [ 22 ] however , in some areas ( such as australia ) , mice are able to coexist with other small rodent species . [ 23 ]\nhouse mice also rely on pheromones for social communication , some of which are produced by the preputial glands of both sexes . the tear fluid and urine of male mice also contains pheromones , such as major urinary proteins . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] mice detect pheromones mainly with the vomeronasal organ ( jacobson ' s organ ) , located at the bottom of the nose .\nthe urine of house mice , especially that of males , has a characteristic strong odor . at least 10 different compounds , such as alkanes , alcohols , etc . , are detectable in the urine . among them , five compounds are specific to males , namely 3 - cyclohexene - 1 - methanol , aminotriazole ( 3 - amino - s - triazole ) , 4 - ethyl phenol , 3 - ethyl - 2 , 7 - dimethyl octane and 1 - iodoundecane . [ 36 ]\nodours from adult males or from pregnant or lactating females can speed up or retard sexual maturation in juvenile females and synchronise reproductive cycles in mature females ( i . e . the whitten effect ) . odours of unfamiliar male mice may terminate pregnancies , i . e . the bruce effect .\nmice can sense surfaces and air movements with their whiskers which are also used during thigmotaxis . if mice are blind from birth , super - normal growth of the vibrissae occurs presumably as a compensatory response , [ 37 ] or if the vibrissae are absent , the use of vision is intensified . [ 38 ]\nfemale house mice have an estrous cycle about four to six days long , with estrus itself lasting less than a day . if several females are held together under crowded conditions , they will often not have an estrus at all . if they are then exposed to male urine , they will come into estrus after 72 hours .\nrange . the calls are most frequent during courtship when the male is sniffing and following the female ; however , the calls continue after mating has begun , at which time the calls are coincident with mounting behaviour . males can be induced to emit these calls by female pheromones . the vocalizations appear to differ between individuals and have been compared to\nwhile females have the capability to produce ultrasonic calls , they typically do not do so during mating behaviour .\nthe pups are born blind and without fur or ears . the ears are fully developed by the fourth day , fur begins to appear at about six days and the eyes open around 13 days after birth ; the pups are weaned at around 21 days . females reach sexual maturity at about six weeks of age and males at about eight weeks , but both can copulate as early as five weeks . if the infants live in high temperatured area from birth , they will become less - haired . [ 41 ]\nalthough house mice can be either monogamous or polygamous , they are most commonly polygamous . they generally show characteristics of mate - defense polygyny in that males are highly territorial and protective of their mates , while females are less agonistic . [ 42 ] the communal nursing groups that result from these behaviors lead to lower numbers of infanticide since more females are able to protect greater numbers of offspring . [ 43 ]\nthe polygamous behavior of female house mice promotes sperm competition , which affects both male and female evolutionary fitness . [ 45 ] females who mate with multiple males tend to produce both pups in greater numbers , [ 45 ] and with higher survival rates , [ 46 ] increasing female fitness . sperm competition that arises from polygamy favors males with faster , more motile sperm in higher numbers , increasing male fitness . [ 45 ] the competitive aspect of insemination increases the frequency of polyandrous events and fertilizations . polyandry has evolved to increase reproductive success . [ 47 ] male mating behavior is also affected in response to the practice of polygamous behavior . compared to monogamous house mice , polygamous house mice mate for longer periods of time . [ 48 ] this behaviour allows for an increase in both the transfer of sperm and paternity success , which in turn increases male fitness . [ 48 ]\nas opposed to polygamy , polyandrous behavior in females is the act of breeding with several males in the same season . [ 49 ] variation in number of males that females mate with occurs among a population . polyandrous behavior is a common mating pattern in species of mus musculus musculus as well as the relative mus musculus domesticus . [ 49 ]\npolyandry occurs in 30 % of all wild populations of house mice . [ 50 ] litters from multiple sires tend to be more genetically diverse than litters of single sires . [ 49 ] multiple paternity is also more common in larger populations than smaller populations , because there is a larger number of mates and more diverse mates to choose from . [ 50 ] within a population , males and females show different levels of multiple mating . females show bias toward unrelated males rather than related males during sexual selection , resulting in more genetically diverse offspring and a reduction of inbreeding depression . [ 51 ] inbreeding depression increases genetic incompatibilities , levels of homozygosity , and the chance of deleterious recessive alleles . [ 51 ] polyandry has been shown to increase offspring survival compared to monandry .\nthe fitness of females increases in polyandrous lines due to more genetic diversity and greater litter size . [ 45 ]\ndue to polyandry , males can be confused by the identity of new offspring . [ 52 ] multiple mating by females and paternity confusion can decrease rates of infanticide . [ 52 ] if the males are uncertain if the offspring are theirs , they are less likely to kill the offspring . [ 52 ]\nhouse mice usually live in proximity to humans , in or around houses or fields . originally native to asia ( probably northern india ) , [ 57 ] they spread to the mediterranean basin about 8000 bc , only spreading into the rest of europe around 1000 bc . [ 58 ] this time lag is thought to be because the mice require agrarian human settlements above a certain size . [ 58 ] they have since been spread to all parts of the globe by humans .\nlymphocytic choriomeningitis ( lcmv ) can be transmitted by mice , but is not a commonly reported infection in humans , though most infections are mild and are often never diagnosed . [ 63 ] [ 64 ] [ 65 ] some concern exists that women should not to be infected with lcmv during pregnancy . [ 66 ] [ 67 ]\nhouse mice are not usually a vector of human plague ( bubonic plague ) because they have less infestations with fleas than do rats , and because the fleas which house mice normally carry exhibit little tendency to bite humans rather than their natural host . [ 68 ]\nleptospirosis is carried by a variety of wild and domestic animals including dogs , rats , swine , cattle , mice in general , and can be transmitted by the urine of an infected animal and is contagious as long as the urine is still moist . [ 70 ]\naccording to recent research on the hygiene hypothesis , children who are exposed at a young age to specific allergens , feces , dander , and bacteria from ( among others ) cockroaches , mice , and cats are less likely to develop asthma and allergies later in life . [ 71 ]\nmice have become an invasive species on islands to where they have spread during the period of european exploration and colonisation .\ngough island in the south atlantic is used by 20 species of seabirds for breeding , including almost all of the world ' s tristan albatross ( diomedea dabbenena ) and atlantic petrel ( pterodroma incerta ) . until house mice arrived on the island in the 19th century with sailors , the birds did not have any mammalian predators . the mice have since grown unusually large and have learned to attack albatross chicks , which can be nearly 1 m tall , but are largely immobile , by working in groups and gnawing on them until they bleed to death . [ 73 ]\nin the grain belt of south - eastern australia , the introduced species mus domesticus breed so successfully , every three years or so they reach plague proportions , achieving densities of 1000 per hectare and causing massive disruption to communities , and losses to agriculture of a $ 36 million annually . [ 74 ]\nmusser g , amori g , hutterer r , kry\u0161tufek b , yigit n & mitsain g ( 2008 ) . mus musculus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 10 october 2008 .\nhotchkiss , a . k . ; vandenbergh , j . g . ( 2005 ) .\nthe anogenital distance index of mice ( mus musculus domesticus ) : an analysis\n.\nmayer , julie ann ; foley , john ; de la cruz , damon ; chuong , cheng - ming ; widelitz , randall ( 2008 ) .\nsiegel , michael i . ( 1970 ) .\nthe tail , locomotion and balance in mice\n.\nbuck , c . w . ; tolman , n . ; tolman , w . ( november 1925 ) .\nthe tail as a balancing organ in mice\n.\nle bars , d ; gozariu , m ; cadden , s . w . ( 2001 ) .\nanimal models of nociception\n.\nterszowski , g . ; m\u00fcller , susanna m . ; bleul , conrad c . ; blum , carmen ; schirmbeck , reinhold ; reimann , j\u00f6rg ; du pasquier , louis ; amagai , takashi ; boehm , thomas ; rodewald , hans - reimer ( 2006 ) .\nevidence for a functional second thymus in mice\n.\nmitchell - jones , a j ; amori , g ; bogdanowicz , w ; kry\u0161tufek , b ; reijnders , p j h ; spitzenberger , f ; stubbe , m ; thissen , j b m ; vohral\u00edk , v ; zima , j ( 1999 ) ."]}
{"id": 1903, "summary": [{"text": "crafty lace ( foaled march 11 , 1959 in ontario ) was a thoroughbred racehorse who was voted canadian horse of the year in 1962 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "crafty lace was bred by frank c. conklin at his conklin farms in brantford , ontario .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was sired by crafty admiral , the 1952 american champion older male horse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "his dam was french lace whose sire , blue swords , was a very good runner who finished second to count fleet in the 1943 kentucky derby and preakness stakes .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "on september 18 , 1962 , crafty lace was claimed for $ 7500 by trainer john mooney for buffalo , new york businessman jeremy jacobs .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the horse ran second his first time out under mooney 's care then won four races in a row and set a woodbine racetrack record for a mile and a sixteenth on dirt .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in his most important win crafty lace was ridden by ron turcotte to a victory in the breeders ' stakes , the third leg of the canadian triple crown series that is raced on turf . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "crafty lace", "paragraphs": ["oh so wonderful are oh sew crafty ! from website ease of use , to brilliant range of choice , prices , quality , delivery and brilliant customer service . oh sew crafty you are really spoiling us xxx !\nmore from make it ! , baby basics to knit for new moms . . . view all 9 patterns # 19 i - cord layette quintet # 33 lace layette sweater # 34 lace layette blanket # 35 lace layette baby hat # 36 baby cardigan early bloomer girl ' s lace layette sweater & hat set tiny treasures layette set : surplice wrap shirt\noh sew crafty is my new favourite online fabric store . such a fantastic range of viscose dress making fabrics and what great prices ! thank you !\nlace is an openwork fabric , patterned with open holes in the work , made by machine or by hand . the holes can be formed via removal of threads or cloth from a previously woven fabric , but more often open spaces are created as part of the lace fabric . lace - making is an ancient craft . true lace was not made until the late 15th and early 16th ce . . .\nlace is an openwork fabric , patterned with open holes in the work , made by machine or by hand . the holes can be formed via removal of threads or cloth from a previously woven fabric , but more often open spaces are created as part of the lace fabric . lace - making is an ancient craft . true lace was not made until the late 15th and early 16th centuries . a true lace is created when a thread is looped , twisted or braided to other threads independently from a backing fabric . originally linen , silk , gold , or silver threads were used . now lace is often made with cotton thread , although linen and silk threads are still available . manufactured lace may be made of synthetic fiber . a few modern artists make lace with a fine copper or silver wire instead of thread .\ncrafty lace ( can ) b . h , 1959 { 13 - c } dp = 2 - 0 - 14 - 6 - 0 ( 22 ) di = 0 . 69 cd = - 0 . 09 - 72 starts , 13 wins , 6 places , 5 shows career earnings : $ 43 , 440\nbeautiful fabrics . the choice is amazing . i ' m busy fund raising and making items to sell . i ' m using lots of animal print fabrics which o see crafty has a georgous choice of . delivery very good too . highly recommend thankyou\nour lace is manufactured in france using traditional methods . not a computer in sight , the lace is spun from bobbins on machines that are almost 80 years old , the design is produced using hole punched cards . how do we know this ? we visited the factory - the smell and noise of the machine room was wonderful !\nthis week , we\u2019re returning to monica ferris\u2019 a needlecraft mystery cozy mystery series with her second fiber - filled whodunnit : framed in lace : a needlecraft mystery , book 2 ! but , fair warning , friends . if you aren\u2019t already dying to learn bobbin lace\u2014pun very much intended\u2014you just might finish this book with brand new diy obsession . don\u2019t say i didn\u2019t warn you ! ( true story : thanks to this book , i\u2019m now signed up for a bobbin lace class at the textile arts center here in brooklyn , which starts in october . i\u2019m ridiculously excited ! )\nincludes pattern for blanket 30\u201d / 76cm square baby hat - newborn to 18 months sweater - newborn to 18 months all under pattern girls lace layette notions sizef / 5 ( 3 . 75mm ) crochet hook , stitch markers\nperfect for formal evenings , this floor - sweeping gown is crafted from embroidered lace and features a plunging neckline . the luxurious , voluminous skirt fans out to balance the embellished waist that is nipped at the slimmest part of your body . style yours with equally glamorous jewellery .\nwhen the historic hopkins ferry is raised from the lake , a skeleton is discovered . unfortunately , the only evidence is a piece of lace - like fabric . but once betsy devonshire and the patrons of her needlecraft shop lend a hand , they\u2019re sure to stitch together the details of this mystery\u2026\none of the things that i love most when reading a crafting - related cozy mystery is when crafts are actually part of the clues and overall strategy for solving the murder , and this book does a particularly nice job of weaving needlework and lacemaking into the storyline while still building a believable plot . unfortunately , because ferris created a story with so many crafty connections and characters connected through crafts , it\u2019s almost impossible for me to comment on the story further without stumbling over spoilers left and right .\ni really appreciated the thorough - but - not boring descriptions of the handknits , lace , and needlework throughout . ferris always managed to include the relavant detail while making those passages sound and feel as natural as a friend at my local yarn shop telling me about a gorgeous sweater she spotted at a craft fair\u2014just the right balance of information and enthusiasm .\nblue swords ( usa ) b . h , 1940 { 7 } dp = 6 - 2 - 17 - 13 - 2 ( 40 ) di = 0 . 70 cd = - 0 . 08 - 22 starts , 5 wins , 5 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 58 , 065\n2nd : champagne s . , kentucky derby , preakness s . , wood memorial s .\ntrainer ( simmons ) : 1 ) walter a . kelley ; 2 ) william g . douglass\nwinnings : 72 starts : 13 - 6 - 5 , $ 43 , 440 1st breeders ' stakes , fairbank handicap . etr wo 8 . 50f 1 : 43 : 0 . ( close )\ndubai based filipino designer michael cinco is best known for his fabulous couture gowns . his stunning work has garnered international acclaim for its glamorous silhouettes and attention to detail .\nfirst time order , great service , very helpful when changed my mind . will definitely use again , thank you\nlovely thick fabric . . . well worth the money . the black is more of a navy but still nice .\nfirst order arrived today , fantastic service and quality fabrics shall be placing many more orders .\njust started ordering from ohsewcrafty . lovely fabic . delivery excellent . great selection .\nabsolutely 5 * . have been ordering from ohsewcrafty for years for my business and the service is fantastic .\ncreate a free account to see projects made from this pattern and more . . .\nthe focus on alice\u2019s appearance got old fast . yes , yes , we get it . she\u2019s a tall lady with broad shoulders .\nthe writing got repetitive in a few places , with explanations being given multiple times using the same words . it\u2019s nothing a little more editing couldn\u2019t fix , but it was sometimes a bit distracting .\neven though , thanks to some pretty heavy - handed hints , i\u2019d definitely figured out who the murderer was early on , i still really enjoyed the book , and found it to be a fun and engaging story . as i said in my review for the first book , i really like the characters in and around the crewel world shop , so solving the mystery early didn\u2019t put that much of a damper on my reading pleasure !\nin addition to the story , the book also included some great tools that the crafters reading will be able to put to good use in future projects . mixed into the action , there were handy tips like instructions for removing colors that run in needlework . and , like in the previous book , there was also a nice detailed breakdown for pricing handmade items\u2014here , specifically needlework\u2014reinforcing the importance of getting paid fairly , and clearly illustrating why handmade goods are often so expensive . ( this book was definitely way ahead of its time when it included that information , and , even nearly 20 years removed , it\u2019s nice to see the value of handmade items so clearly expressed ! )\nhaley pierson - cox is the head creative at red - handled scissors . she ' s a knitter , sewer , maker , cross - stitcher , lover of cats , purveyor of quirk , and avid swearing enthusiast ! ( she ' s also sometimes an irritable cartoon called tiny cranky haley . )\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1905, "summary": [{"text": "assara decipula is a species of snout moth in the genus assara .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by clarke in 1986 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in french polynesia . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "assara decipula", "paragraphs": ["assara is a genus of small moths belonging to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) . they are part of the tribe phycitini within the huge snout moth subfamily phycitinae . = = selected species = = species of assara include : = = footnotes = = . . .\nassara - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about assaroe falls ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for assaroe falls ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1906, "summary": [{"text": "isurus hastalis or carcharodon hastalis , the broad-tooth white shark , is an extinct white shark that lived from the eocene epoch to the pleistocene epoch .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "its teeth can reach lengths up to 3.5 in ( 7.5 cm ) and are found worldwide , especially in miocene and pliocene marine deposits .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is believed to be an ancestor to the great white shark , a fact supported by the transitional species carcharodon hubbelli , and most likely would have been one of the top predators in its ecosystem ; preying upon small whales and other mammals .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "a study by ehret et al. in 2012 has suggested that i. hastalis belongs to the genus carcharodon , rather than isurus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "fossil evidence suggests carcharodon is derived from carcharodon ( cosmopolitodus ) hastalis .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "specimens from the piasco formation show an evolutionary mosaic of characters between c. hastalis and c. carcharias . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "isurus hastalis", "paragraphs": ["click the button below to add the shx037 - our largest ever 3 inch fossil isurus hastalis ( extinct white shark ) tooth to your wish list .\nthis giant and spectacular fossil tooth is of the extinct mako shark called isurus hastalis . this prehistoric shark is a member of the white shark family . teeth from isurus hastalis look remarkably similar to the modern great white shark less the serrations . little is known about this species and it is classified in the genus isurus ( mako ) due to its characteristic smooth edges . some consider this shark the\ngrandfather of the great white\n.\nshortfin mako sharks ( isurus oxyrinchus ) . credit : mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program . [ public domain ]\ntagged shortfin mako shark ( isurus oxyrinchus ) . credit : mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program [ pubilc domain ] .\nthe white shark is a member of the family lamnidae , which includes three genera : carcharodon , isurus , and lamna . in oligocene deposits about 30 million years old , teeth have been found that are very similar to those of the white shark but lack the serrations that characterize the genus carcharodon . since the extant mako sharks of the genus isurus have teeth that are always smooth - edged , these fossils have traditionally been classified as isurus hastalis . miocene deposits , about 23 million years old , in italy have yielded very similar teeth , but with faint serrations near the tip of the blade . these teeth were classified as isurus escheri , and were regarded as ' proof ' that the modern saw - toothed great white evolved gradually from smooth - toothed mako sharks of the genus isurus .\nthere are two living species of mako sharks today . the shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrinchus ) and the less common longfin mako ( isurus paucus ) . both makos are very similar , but the long - fin mako has a slimmer body and larger fins .\nbut nature is often subtler than human ideas about how it ' works ' . paleoichthyologist henri cappetta , one of the most distinguished researchers on fossil sharks , noticed that fossil teeth of ' isurus ' hastalis are very similar to those of the modern white shark . in fact , cappetta has remarked that the two are so similar that fossil carcharodon carcharias teeth in which the serrations have been abraded away by geological activity are virtually impossible to differentiate from specimens of hastalis . in 1995 , paleoichthyologist mikael siverson began to question the assignment of hastalis to the genus isurus . based on striking similarities between the root shape and overall structure of the tooth blade , siverson now believes that hastalis and escheri are not makos at all , but direct ancestors of the modern white shark . siverson has therefore suggested that they should be re - assigned to the genus cosmopolitodus . this view has also been adopted by paleontologist david ward and seems to be gaining acceptance in at least some paleontological and fossil collecting circles .\nisurus oxyrinchus teeth are very similar to the fossil i . desori teeth . many believe it should be assigned to the same species .\nshortfin mako shark , isurus oxyrinchus , off catalina island , california , eastern pacific ocean . credit : jidanchaomian via cc by - sa 2 . 0 .\nthe assumption that saw - toothed carcharodon evolved from smooth - toothed isurus is based on the idea that the appearance of serrations coincides with the origin of the genus carcharodon . but it ' s relatively easy to serrate a tooth , as shown by many clearly separate shark lineages which have independently evolved serrated teeth . a newer interpretation of the lamnoid fossil record holds that the carcharodon lineage was originally smooth - toothed and is actually older than that of isurus . according to this scenario , the carcharodon lineage can be traced back to the smooth - toothed isurolamna inflata , which lived about 65 to 55 million years ago . i . inflata gave rise to macrorhizodus praecursor , which lived about 55 million years ago and had smooth edged but broader teeth than its ancestor . praecursor gave rise to cosmopolitodus hastalis , which lived about 35 million years ago and developed even braoder teeth . hastalis , in turn , gave rise to cosmopolitodus escheri , which lived about 25 to 20 million years ago and had weak serrations on its teeth . and finally , escheri gave rise to the modern white shark , carcharodon carcharias , which appeared some 11 million years ago and had the coarsely serrated teeth for which the genus is renowned today . therefore , carcharodon and isurus both descended from isurolamna inflata and many smooth - edged fossil teeth originally named isurus are in fact part of the carcharodon lineage .\nisurus oxyrinchus , an extant mako shark is thought by some to be the same as i . desori , an extinct mako shark . therefore , i oxyrinchus may be synonymous with i desori . these teeth are also very similar to i . paucus , the other extant mako shark . it is currently being debated wether or not some isurus tooth forms are of i paucus . if i paucus is to be differentiated from i oxyrinchus in the fossil specimens , the differences are very slight , and will not be discussed here . i oxyrinchus upper teeth are have long , slender crowns . their roots are long in the anterior section of the mouth and become more squarish as the teeth transition to laterals . also the crowns of upper laterals tend to be broader than the upper anteriors . lower teeth also have long , slender crowns that have a lingual bend . the crowns however remain more peg - like as the teeth transition to laterals . below are two diagrams , one of an upper anterior tooth , and one of a lower anterior tooth .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\na new fossil discovery has helped quell 150 years of debate over the origin of great white sharks .\ncarcharodon hubbelli , which has been described by us scientists , shows intermediate features between the present - day predators and smaller , prehistoric mako sharks .\nthe find supports the theory that great white sharks did not evolve from huge megatooth sharks .\npalaeontologists have previously disagreed over the ancestry of the modern white sharks , with some claiming that they are descended from the giant megatooth sharks , such as megalodon ( carcharocles megalodon ) .\nwhen the early palaeontologists put together dentitions of megalodon and the other megatooth species , they used the modern white shark to put them together , so of course it ' s going to look like a white shark because that ' s what was used as a model ,\nexplained professor dana ehret of monmouth university in new jersey who lead the new research .\nmodern day white sharks show similarities in the structure of their teeth with the extinct megatooth sharks .\nas they both sport serrations on the cutting edges , early scientists working on the animals used this as evidence for the sharks being closely related .\nbut we actually see the evolution of serrations occurring many times in different lineages of sharks and if you look at the shape and size of the serrations in the two groups you see that they are actually very different from each other ,\nprofessor ehret told bbc news .\nwhite sharks have very large , coarse serrations whereas megalodon had very fine serrations .\nnow , additional evidence from the newly described species shows both white shark - like teeth shape as well other features characteristic of broad - toothed mako sharks that feed on smaller fish rather than primarily seals and other large mammals .\nit looks like a gradation or a transition from broad - toothed makos to the modern white shark . it ' s a transitional species , and you don ' t see that a whole lot in the fossil record ,\nprofessor ehret said .\nthe mako - like characteristics of the new species , named carcharodon hubbelli in honour of gordon hubbell - the researcher who discovered it in the field - were only found due to the incredible preservation of the fossil .\nthe pisco formation is in south western peru , along the pacific ocean , a five mile drive from lima on the transcontinental highway .\na very low energy environment with high depositional rates led to a large number of spectacularly well preserved finds from the area .\nthese have included whale skeletons complete with preserved baleen and preserved feathers on giant penguin fossils .\nthe formation has also preserved a shallow marine environment and fossils such as specialised marine sloths that swam in the ocean to feed on sea grasses , and the giant sperm whale relative leviathan melvillei .\nehret and his colleagues were able to discover the original excavation site due to the site being protected by the high salt content of the sediment , preserving the hole .\na big issue in shark palaeontology is that we tend to only have isolated teeth , and even when you find associated teeth very , very rarely are they articulated in a life position ,\ncontinued professor ehret .\nthe nice thing about this new species is that we have an articulated set of jaws which almost never happens and we could see that the third anterior tooth is curved out , just like in the tooth row of mako sharks today ,\nhe said .\ndavid ward , an associate researcher at the natural history museum , london , who was not involved in the study told bbc news :\neveryone working in the field will be absolutely delighted to see this relationship formalised .\nthe mosaic of both white shark - like and mako - like characters had been spotted by the researchers in an initial description of the fossil , but the age of the fossil meant their conclusion that the species was intermediate between a mako ancestor and modern white sharks wasn ' t fully accepted .\nsome folks said ' well , it makes a great story , but it ' s not old enough because by this time , the early pliocene , we see full blown white sharks in the ocean . '\nthis led ehret and his team to revisit the original site the fossil was taken from the pisco formation in peru to re - examine the geology of the area , guided by the original field notes of gordon hubbell .\nthere are only two species of mako shark today : the short - and long - finned mako sharks .\nthey are smaller than white sharks and eat primarily fish rather then mammals , whereas white sharks shift away from eating fish as they grow .\nmegalodon was the largest of the ' megatooth ' sharks reaching lengths of 15 - 20m .\na 2008 study found that its bite was one of the most formidable ever to have evolved .\nshark teeth are usually found isolated because they are continually replaced in a conveyor - belt - like fashion .\ngordon gave us two photographs from when he actually collected the specimen and then a hand drawn map with a little ' x ' on it . we tried to use the map and we didn ' t have much luck .\nbut using the two pictures of the excavation , my colleague tom devries was able to use the mountains in the background .\nwe literally walked through the desert holding the pictures up , trying to compare them . that ' s how we found the site .\nnot only did they find the site , but the team were able to discover the precise hole from which the fossil had been excavated in 1988 , before making a lucky escape from the desert .\nwe made it back to lima with about three hours to spare before an earthquake hit and shut down the transcontinental highway for two weeks . it was quite a trip .\nby analysing the species of molluscs found fossilised at the site , the team found that the shark was actually two million years older than had been thought , making it roughly 6 . 5 million years old .\nthat two million year push - back is pretty significant because in the evolutionary history of white sharks , that puts the species in a more appropriate time category to be ancestral or . . . an intermediate form of white shark .\nwe ' ve bolstered the case that white sharks are just highly modified makos . . . it fits the story now ,\nprofessor ehret told bbc news .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : l . agassiz . 1843 . recherches sur les poissons fossiles . tome iii ( livr . 15 - 16 ) . imprim\u00e9rie de petitpierre , neuchatel 157 - 390\nsee also agassiz 1843 , applegate and espinosa - arrubarrena 1996 , clark 1895 , fowler 1911 , jordan 1925 , jordan and gilbert 1919 , leriche 1942 , marsili et al . 2007 , purdy et al . 2001 , vicens and rodr\u00edguez - perea 2003 and woodward 1889\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbe the first to find out when we add items to this site ! join the lowcountry geologic mailing list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nas in any intellectual pursuit , reconstruction of evolutionary pathways can be tainted by inherent biases of the researchers . one of the most revealing examples of this tendency is provided by the fossil white sharks , carcharodon carcharias and its relatives . widely perceived as the ne plus ultra of sharkdom , the modern great white has long been assumed to be the grandest , most polished revision of lamnoid evolution .\nmorphological studies of modern lamnids by systematist leonard j . v . compagno and others provide another source of evidence useful for tracing the group ' s evolutionary history . such studies not only support that\n. intriguing new evidence from molecular genetics fully supports this evolutionary hypothesis . it is not yet clear from the fossil record which lamnoid was the common ancestor of\nor a similar as - yet undiscovered species . other circles favor a species called\n, known from fossil teeth dating from the late cretaceous to the mid - paleocene ( about 100 to 60 million years ago ) . the teeth of\n( small secondary cusps on either side of the main blade ) . in addition to being a possible ancestor of the mighty great white ,\nreefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations \u00a9 r . aidan martin copyright | privacy\nshortfin mako shark . photo by mark conlin , swfsc large pelagics program . public domain via wikimedia commons\nmakos are pelagic , they prefer the open ocean , and live in tropical and temperate waters worldwide . they are also very hydrodynamic , and are among the fastest fish . depending on the source , they can attain speeds anywhere from 20 mph to 30 mph . according to the fmnh , the average adult size is around 10 feet ( 3 . 2 m ) . because of their size and speed , makos are a popular sport fish .\nthese are sample early mako shark teeth - isurolamna inflata - from the paleocene aquia formation . the fossils and photos are used by permission of bill heim .\ni would like to give special thanks to bill heim for clarifying some aspects of mako shark evolution and providing fossils for this article . reference : jurgen kriwet , heike mewis , and oliver hampe . ( 2015 ) a partial skeleton of a new lamniform mackerel shark from the miocene of europe . acta palaeontologica polonica 60 ( 4 ) , 2015 : 857 - 875 urltoken\ngreat white shark : myth and reality is a great book about great white sharks . this 144 page book is geared for a general readers and students and is full of great pictures . the author is a professional photographer who has been researching great whites for over 20 years .\ndesert sharks desert sharks , by mark renz , takes you to the deserts of peru in search of prehistoric sharks . this book is full of stunning images and interviews from paleontogists . it traces the the evolution of the great white shark , which evolved around 4 - 5 million years ago in what is now the deserts of peru . this 193 page book also contains a ton of beautiful photographs , just look at the one on the cover !\nskullduggery eyewitness shark casting kit this is a great educational and creative introduction into the world of sharks . kids create and paint casts of a great white , thresher , hammerhead shark , and the corresponding shark teeth . they learn basic shark information as well as differences between types of sharks !\nthis beauty ( a lower anterior ) is as big as my north carolina mako finds ! left is the lingual view , right is the profile view . it is 2\nin size and comes from the calvert formation of maryland .\nthis is a 2\nshortfin mako shark tooth found at the pcs mine in aurora . it ' s still in a little bit of matrix .\nthese are two other shortfin mako sharks tooth found at the pcs mine in aurora . the largest is 2\n. they are from the pungo river formation .\nyour guide to t rex . - all the research on social behavior , diet , speed , strength , types of tyrannosaur , skin and feathers , and much more !\nyour guide to c . megalodon - all the research is here ! size , diet , evolution and excintion , and much more !\nto ask questions about paleontology , fossil identification , image use , or anything else , email us . urltoken is very active on facebook , you can also message us there ! we don ' t buy or sell fossils , so please don ' t email us asking about the value of a fossil or fossil purchases .\nmassive maximum size tooth for this species . the rare equivalent of a 7 inch megalodon tooth .\nand this one does not disappoint ! this beautiful specimen is the largest in memory that we have had for sale . it is an honest 3 inches in length on the diagonal , and has excellent preservation with a needle sharp tip , complete root and sharp cutting edges on both sides with no lower blade chips . the enamel has a beautiful chatoyant greenish blue luster and hue . it has naturally shiny and has not been coated , dipped or oiled as is often the case . even a 2 . 5 inch tooth is impressive but one that hits the three inch mark is like a 7 inch megalodon shark tooth ! even damaged ones are hard to come by but this one offers no apologies . it ' s simply a must - have specimen for the serious collector wanting the biggest teeth !\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\nshx056 - fine quality large 2 . 15 inch great white fossil shark carcharias tooth\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfor the best experience on our site , be sure to turn on javascript in your browser .\ncolor with exceptional gloss . the root shows very nice detail . absolutely great preservation and condition - extra sharp edges and tip - very clean . the\nnarrow form\nof the\ncolor and excellent preservation . this color is rarely seen - adding to the value of these makos . f\na must have color for any serious mako tooth collection . teeth from my old inventory - very difficult to find these teeth !"]}
{"id": 1909, "summary": [{"text": "coloconger canina is an eel in the family colocongridae ( worm eels/short-tail eels ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by peter henry john castle and solomon n. raju in 1975 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a marine , deep-water dwelling eel which is known from leptocephali collected from the indian ocean .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is known to dwell at a minimum depth of 300 m.", "topic": 18}], "title": "coloconger canina", "paragraphs": ["coloconger canina coloconger canina is found in the eastern indian ocean . source : fish base intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe following term was not found in genome : coloconger canina [ orgn ] .\nuniversal fish catalogue - coloconger saldanhai qu\u00e9ro 2001 archived 2013 - 12 - 15 at the wayback machine .\nthe colocongridae , the worm eels or short - tail eels are a family of eels , containing a single genus , coloconger .\n( of ascomana canina castle & raju , 1975 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nindo - pacific short - tail conger - coloconger scholesi the indo - pacific short - tail conger has a lateral line that runs the lenght of its body . source : fishes of australia intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngreek , kolos = short , truncated + latin conger = conger ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 300 - ? m ( ref . 56787 ) . deep - water ; 7\u00b0n - 6\u00b0n , 92\u00b0e - 94\u00b0e ( ref . 46206 )\neastern indian ocean : known from the type locality , 6\u00b038 ' n , 92\u00b044 ' e ( leptocephali ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 2003 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of march 2003 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in march 2003 . ( ref . 46206 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5098 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00093 ( 0 . 00036 - 0 . 00242 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 35 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 6 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 43 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nthe species in this family of eels are found in warm tropical waters of the atlantic , indian , and west pacific oceans . compared to most other species of eel , they have short , stubby bodies . they also have blunt snouts , they are bottom - dwellers and most are found at depths of around 1 , 000 - 2 , 900 feet .\nstatus and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .\nthreatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .\nis found in the eastern atlantic off the coast of africa from senegal to gulf of guinea .\nthe froghead eel is a deepwater eel found in the indian and western pacific oceans .\nthe indo - pacific short - tail conger is found in the indian and pacific oceans .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndistribution : atlantic , indian , and western pacific oceans . body stubby and snout blunt ( least elongate anguilliform ) ; lateral line complete , most pores in short tubes ; anus well behind midlength ; pectoral fin well developed ; vomerine teeth absent ; vertebrae 142 - 163 . suggested new common name for this family from ref . 58418 .\ngreek , kolos = tail + latin , conger = conger ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\ncolongrids are found in tropical waters of the atlantic , indian , and west pacific oceans . they are bottom - dwelling fish , living in waters from 300 to 900 m ( 980 to 2 , 950 ft ) in depth . [ 1 ] compared with other eels , they have relatively short and stubby bodies , with blunt snouts .\nmcclosker , john f . ( 1998 ) . paxton , j . r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . , eds .\nfroese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2011 ) .\ncolocongridae\nin fishbase . june 2011 version .\nthis page was last edited on 21 march 2018 , at 21 : 17 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation ."]}
{"id": 1910, "summary": [{"text": "muraena augusti is a moray eel found north of the eastern central atlantic ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was described by johann jakob kaup in 1856 , originally under the genus thyrsoidea .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is non-migratory , and dwells at a depth range of 0 to 250 metres ( 0 to 820 ft ) , most often at around 0 to 50 metres ( 0 to 164 ft ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "muraena augusti", "paragraphs": ["jim\u00e9nez , s . , sch\u00f6nhuth , s . , lozano , i . j . , gonz\u00e1lez , j . a . , sevilla , r . g . , diez , a . and bautista , j . m . 2007 . morphological , ecological , and molecular analyses separate muraena augusti from mureana helena as a valid species . copeia 2007 ( 1 ) : 101 - 103 .\na synonym of m . helena ( wirtz et al . 2008 ) , but jim\u00e9nez et al . ( 2007 ) have confirmed the specific identity of m . augusti using morphological and genetic methods .\n( of thryrsoidea augusti kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of thyrsoidea augusti kaup , 1856 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murenophis augusti ( kaup , 1856 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nin the canary islands , m . augusti is a nocturnal territorial species inhabiting rocky and stony bottoms , sometimes hiding under large rocks in tidal pools , from shore to a depth of 250 m . however , it is more common in depths shallower than 50 m ( jiminez et al . 2007 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .\nis known from the northeastern atlantic from macaronesian islands ( from north to south : azores , madeira , selvagens , canary islands , cape verde ) . it appears to be rare in museum collections . this species is not utilized , nor does it have any major threats known to affect it . its range may overlap marine protected areas in the region . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nis known from the northeastern atlantic from macaronesian islands ( from north to south : azores , madeira , selvagens , canary islands , cape verde ) . it has a wide depth range of zero to 250 m .\ncape verde ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; spain ( canary is . )\nappears to be rare in museum collections ( k . tighe pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthere are no conservation measures in place for the protection of this species . its range may overlap marine protected areas in the region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 2 . marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability : suitable 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 3 . marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability : suitable 12 . marine intertidal - > 12 . 1 . marine intertidal - rocky shoreline suitability : suitable 12 . marine intertidal - > 12 . 6 . marine intertidal - tidepools suitability : suitable\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology\nbrito , a . , pascual , p . j . , falc\u00f3n , j . m . , sancho , a . and gonz\u00e1lez , g . 2002 . peces de las islas canarias . catalogo comentado e ilustrado .\niucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 - 4 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 19 november 2015 ) .\nwirtz , p . , fricke , r . and biscoito , m . j . 2008 . the coastal fishes of madeira island - new records and an annotated check - list . zootaxa 1715 : 1 - 26 .\nif you respond to an existing comment , please click on the reply link under the corresponding text .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nupload attachment ( allowed file types : jpg , gif , png , maximum file size : 8mb .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nmy girlfriend and i stayed in la restinga , el hierro , in not mid - october . arrecifal is one of the best ( if not the best ) dive centers on el hierro . they provide wonderful guidance and is one of the few centers offering very good english communication . the dive center is owned by a couple , carlos and his wife anita . they are very . . .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content ."]}
{"id": 1912, "summary": [{"text": "eutorna inornata is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by alfred philpott in 1927 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous mixed with white and with a blackish \u2013 fuscous spot , usually elongate , at about one-third and a black dot in the disc at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are greyish-fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eutorna inornata", "paragraphs": ["eutorna inornata philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 88 ; tl : seaward moss , invercargill ; bottle lake and waikuku\neutorna leonidi lvovsky , 1979 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 81 : 103\neutorna generalis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , preangor\neutorna leonidi ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219\neutorna diluvialis meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton\neutorna insidiosa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 150 ; tl : khasis\neutorna leptographa meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 41 ; tl : launceston ; campbelltown , tasmania\neutorna punctinigrella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 101 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\neutorna spintherias meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 44 ; tl : healesville and gisborne , victoria ; deloraine , tasmania\neutorna caryochroa meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 158 ; tl : castle hill ( 2500ft ) , dunedin , lake wakatipu ; incercargill\neutorna symmorpha meyrick , 1889 ; trans . n . z . inst . 21 : 158 ; tl : whangarei , hamilton , palmerston , napier , christchurch , dunedin , invercargil\neutorna epicnephes meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 46 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; warragul , victoria\neutorna diaula meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 45 ; tl : casterton , victoria ; launceston , campbelltown , george ' s bay , tasmania\neutorna plumbeola turner , 1947 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 72 ( 3 - 4 ) : 147 ; tl : w . australia , albany ; denmark\neutorna eurygramma meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 43 ; tl : mt kosciusco ( 6000ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; tasmania\neutorna intonsa meyrick , 1906 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 30 : 42 ; tl : sydney and bulli , new south wales ; melbourne , gisborne , healesville and sale , victoria ; campbelltown , tasmania\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the nelson philosophical society , 6th october , 1926 ; received by editor , 7th october , 1926 ; issued separately 4th august , 1927 . ]\nicheneutica marmorata ( huds . ) , ent . mo . mag . , vol . 60 , p . 7 ; i . dives philp . , trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 55 , p . 207 .\nthe above synonymical correction is necessary . this handsome species was found to be not uncommon at arthur ' s pass in february .\n\u2642 . 38 mm . head greyish - brown . palpi greyish - brown , terminal segment and apex of second segment mixed with ochreous . antennae minutely ciliated ; ferruginous , basal third ochreous - grey . thorax with slight anterior crest , greyish - brown . abdomen grey mixed with fuscous , anterior segments prominently crested , each crest with apical blackish bar . legs ochreous , middle and anterior pair mixed with brown , anterior tarsi more or less infuscated . forewings moderate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen rounded , rather oblique , crenulate ; chestnut - brown ; costa narrowly , and termen more widely , greenish - olive ; an indistinct , paired angled fuscous fascia near base ; a pair of blackish dots on costa at \u2153 and three others before and above reniform ; costa between these dots greyish - ochreous ; orbicular ovate , dark fuscous ringed with ochreous - white ; reniform narrow , inner basal angle somewhat produced , blackish , margined with ochreous - white ; claviform obscure , fuscous , margined anteriorly with ochreous - white ; second line indicated by dull serrate paired fasciae , excurved to middle , thence incurved to dorsum ; subterminal line prominent , margining olive terminal band , ochreouswhite ; an indistinct waved blackish terminal line ; fringes brown with pale basal and dark median crenulate lines . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes ochreous - whitish with broad fuscous basal line .\nthere is a slight resemblance to some forms of m . tartarea butl , but the minute ciliations of the antennae at once distinguish it .\nleslie valley , in november . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2640 . 41 mm . head and palpi ochreous - white . antennae brown , basally ochreous - white . thorax with bifid anterior crest , ochreouswhite mixed with pale olive . abdomen ochreous - white , dorsally fuscous . legs whitish - ochreous , tarsi annulated with reddish - brown , terminal segments of anterior tarsi wholly brown . forewings elongate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen rounded , oblique , crenulate ; ochreous - white ; numerous obscure dentate pale brownish - olive transverse fasciae and a few scattered black scales ; reniform indicated by blackish dots ; subterminal line indicated near\ntornus and above middle by blackish margining ; fringes brownisholive and fine waved median whitish line . hindwing fuscous , pinkish - fuscous round termen ; fringes pinkish - brown , round dorsum wholly whitish .\nmount arthur tableland at about 4 , 000 feet , in november . the single specimen ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2640 . 44 mm . head , palpi and thorax pinkish - brown mixed with grey . antennae brown , greyish basally . abdomen pinkish - grey . legs greyish - brown , tarsi annulated with whitish . forewings broad , dilated posteriorly , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , termen straight on upper half , rounded beneath ; pinkish - grey ; a short median longitudinal black fascia from base , apically dilated ; first line indistinct , greyish , from \u2153 costa to before \u00bd dorsum , dark - margined posteriorly ; orbicular large , greyish , margined with black ; claviform touching first line , obscure , dark - margined above ; reniform large , normal in shape , black - margined ; an obscure dark shade inwardly oblique from bottom of reniform to dorsum ; second line curved , waved , greyish , anteriorly dark - margined ; subterminal well - defined , greyish , indented beneath costa , anteriorly dark - margined , margining dilated above tornus ; a terminal series of black dots ; fringes pinkish - grey with a faint median pale line . hindwings greyish - fuscous ; a thin black terminal line ; fringes pale pinkish - grey .\napproaching m . olivea watt , but much broader - winged and with a differently formed basal fascia .\narthur ' s pass , in february . taken at light . the only specimen obtained ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .\nthree specimens of this tasmanian insect were sent to me by mr . d . d . milligan , of leigh , north auckland , who took the insect in that locality in january . it is the species formerly recorded from thames as c . impropria walk . by mr . meyrick ( trans . n . z . inst . , 49 , 246 ) , but dr . jefferis turner assures me that the new zealand insect is c . lignicolaria , and having had an opportunity of examining examples of c . impropria , i have no hestitation in accepting his identification .\nseveral of this rather rare species were taken at nelson by mr . w . heighway during the past season . among these were three females , and i have selected one for the allotype and placed it in the coll . cawthron institute .\nin august , 1925 , mr . gilbert archey , director of the auckland museum , sent me a lepidopterous larval case , which had been found on some imported australian timber . it contained a living larva and , thinking it to be a species of entometa , i supplied it with eucalyptus leaves . it did not , however , eat anything and soon fastened the case to the surface of a leaf and remained there . some time in the late summer the moth emerged , but owing to my absence on field work , i did not know of this till the middle of april . a full description of c . tenuis is to be found in meyrick and lower ' s \u201crevision of the australian psychidae\u201d ( trans . roy . soc . s . aus . , vol . 31 , p . 197 ) . the expanse of wing is about 22 mm . the head , thorax and abdomen are black , the face and tegulae white , and there are two white stripes on the thorax . the wings are light fuscous minutely irrorated with black . the larval case is an interesting object . it is rather more than an inch long and covered with straight twigs of about the thickness of a knitting needle , regularly laid and securely fastened to the underlying silk . between most of these larger twigs are very much thinner ones , the whole resmbling a fagot in miniature . the specimens have been returned to the auckland museum .\n\u2642 . 20 mm . head and palpi ochreous . antennae brown . thorax brown mixed with white . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs white , anterior pair fuscous . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex blunt - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; brassy brown to chocolate brown ; markings white ; a basal patch on costa half enclosing a brown area ; a broad irregular band at \u00bc , not reaching dorsum , outwardly strongly dentate ; on fold before this a large spot of mingled blackish and white scales ; an elongate black mark about middle of wing at \u2153 ; a crescentic white area sprinkled with brown on costal half from about \u2153 to \u2158 , enclosing an elongate spot of blackish - brown on costal margin ; beneath this costal spot a prominent ring of brown enclosing a white area with a central brown dot ; second line pure white , dentate , preceded on costa by a small blackish - brown dot and followed by a much larger one ; a white area beneath the latter reaching apex ; fringes fuscous , irregularly barred with white . hindwings and fringes pale ochreous - grey .\nsomewhat like c . vulgaris butl . but the circular distal spot and the broad first line at once distinguish it .\ngolden downs , in january . the single male ( holotype ) is in the coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 19\u201322 mm . head and palpi brown mixed with white . antennae brown , in male minutely ciliated . thorax purplish - brown . abdomen ochreous - grey . legs ochreous - white , spurs brown . forewings moderate , costa almost straight , apex rectangular , termen hardly rounded , oblique ; dull purplish - brown ; markings usually\nabsent , except reniform which is blackish , and obscurely x - shaped , the lower half being filled with white ; in some specimens the veins are faintly outlined in black and there is an obscure subterminal line ; fringes greyish - brown with a darker basal line . hindwings fuscous - grey ; fringes greyish - white with brownish basal line .\nnelson , in april and november ; tisbury , southland , in november ; and freestone hill , manapouri , in february .\nholotype ( \u2640 ) in coll . cawthron institute , allotype ( \u2642 ) in coll . a . philpott and paratypes in colls . e . meyrick , a . philpott and cawthron institute .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 25\u201327 mm . head white mixed with fuscous . palpi dark brown , white within . antennae brown , in male minutely ciliated . thorax grey , tegulae with broad longitudinal stripe of blackish - brown . abdomen greyish - ochreous , apically somewhat fuscous . legs white irrorat\u00e8d with fuscous , anterior tarsi purplish - fuscous annulated with white . forewings moderate , costa moderately arched , apex rectangular , termen hardly rounded , slightly oblique ; grey mixed with white ; markings dark chocolate brown ; a median streak from base of about \u2153 , more or less interrupted with white apically ; a streak above this , rising at \u00bc and ending at \u2157 , its upper margin irregularly indented ; some ochreous suffusion round apex of this streak ; veins finely lined with chocolate brown ; fringes grey with median and subapical lines . hindwings ochreous - grey , round apex and termen fuscous - tinged : fringes ochreous - grey with fuscous basal line .\nnear s . falsa philp . but that species is without the basal streak and the dark lining of the veins .\nnelson , in april and may . holotype ( \u2642 ) , allotype ( \u2640 ) and one paratype in coll . cawthron institute .\nmr . a . tonnoir has submitted to me the previously unknown male of this species . it was taken at deans ' bush , christchurch , in march . i have made the specimen the allotype and returned it to the coll . canterbury museum .\n\u2642 . 14 mm . head , palpi and thorax ferruginous . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous - grey and black , ciliations in male 1 \u00bd . abdomen dark greyish - fuscous . legs greyish - ochreous , anterior pair fuscous , all tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings , costa straight , apex almost rectangular , termen slightly rounded , little oblique ; white ; markings ferruginous mixed with ochreous and black ; a small basal patch , including costal fold , margin outwardly oblique ; a prominent fairly broad straight fascia from apex of costal fold to before \u00bd of dorsum , outer margin extended in disc by ochreous patch ; an outwardly oblique broad fascia from middle of costa , greatly constricted ( almost interrupted ) at middle , thence much\ndilated and recurved to apex ; several spots on costa between \u00bd and apex , and some irregular markings between fasciae on dorsum , where the ground - colour is leaden grey ; fringes ferruginous , tipped with yellowish - ochreous . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes fuscous with darker basal line , round tips ochreous .\narthur ' s pass , in february . the single male ( holotype ) was taken by mr . s . lindsay in whose collection it remains .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 14\u201320 mm . head , palpi and thorax grey . antennae grey annulated with fuscous , ciliations in male 1 . abdomen greyish - white . legs greyish - white , anterior pair fuscous . forewings , costa well arched , apex round - pointed , termen oblique , white , irrorated with lighter and darker bronzy - fuscous ; markings dark bronzy - fuscous ; three or four interrupted curved fasciae between base and \u00bc ; a rather broad outwardly oblique fascia from before \u00bd to middle of wing , dilated in disc ; three or four interrupted fasciae between this and apex ; fringes greyish - white . hindwings fuscous - grey ; fringes fuscous - grey with pale basal line .\nnot closely resembling any other new zealand tortrix . it is easily recognised by its spotted appearance .\naorere river and quartz ranges , in february . fairly common on the \u201cpakihi\u201d lands . holotype ( male ) , allotype ( female ) , and a series of paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 15 mm . head , palpi and thorax purplish - brown . antennae light purplish - brown , longest ciliations in male 4 . abdomen ( missing ) . legs fuscous , tarsi obscurely ringed with whitish . forewings . parallel - sided , costa hardly arched , subsinuate , apex broadly rounded , termen oblique ; purplish - brown with a sprinkling of whitish scales , especially on posterior half ; fringes fuscous . hindwings and and fringes fuscous .\nnot likely to be confused with the other two species of the genus . glentui , in february . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . s . lindsay .\n\u2642 . 11 . 5 mm . head ochreous - white with median brown stripe . palpi white . antennae greyish - fuscous . thorax white , tegulae and median stripe fuscous . abdomen white mixed with fuscous . legs ochreous - white mixed with fuscous . forewings , costa almost straight , apex acute , termen extremely oblique ; white ; base of costa to \u2159 narrowly fuscous ; a whitish - ochreous stripe along costa , broadest on basal \u00bd ; an ochreous stripe along fold to \u2156 ; an ochreous - fuscous stripe above fold , commencing about \u2153 and running to apex , where it becomes slightly dilated and blackish ; a fuscous stripe along dorsum to tornus , thence continuing , but much paler , half way to apex ; fringes pale ochreous - fuscous with black basal line round apex . hindwings dark fuscous ; fringes pale ochreous - fuscous .\nnear e . thallophora meyr . , but with a different arrangement of the stripes .\narthur ' s pass , in february . two males taken by mr . s . lindsay . and the writer . holotype ( male ) in coll . s . lindsay and a paratype in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 20\u201322 mm . head and thorax light orange - yellow . palpi light orange - yellow , second segment , except near apex , fuscous outwardly . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous - grey and fuscous , ciliations in male \u00be . abdomen fuscous - grey , anal tuft ochreous . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated . forewings moderate , broad , costa moderately arched , apex bluntly pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; light orange - yellow ; costal margin purplish - fuscous from base to about \u00bc ; a purplish - fuscous spot on fold before middle , sometimes absent or represented only by one or two scales ; a similar spot in disc at \u2154 ; fringes concolorous with wing . hindwings light fuscous - grey ; fringes light fuscous - grey , with obscure darker basal line .\nthe largest of the yellow group . the clear ground - colour and broader wings , apart from the male genitalic characters , distinguishes it from b . apertella walk .\ndun mountain , nelson , from 2 , 000 feet to 3 , 000 feet , in november , december and january . holotype ( male ) and several paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\nn . sp . ( a ) lateral view of male genitalia . ( b ) inner view of harpe . ( c ) apex of harpe from beneath .\n\u2642 . 19\u201320 mm . head , palpi and thorax bright yellow , second segment of palpi , except near apex , fuscous . antennae ringed alternately with ochreous and fuscous . abdomen greyish - fuscous . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior pair infuscated . forewings , costa well arched , apex bluntly pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; bright yellow ; costal margin fuscous from base to about \u00bc ; fringes bright yellow . hindwings pale greyish - fuscous ; fringes greyish - fuscous with darker basal line .\nhard to distinguish from the unmarked forms of the preceding species , but the small differences in the genitalic characters seem to be quite constant while the costa is more arched and the ground colour rather paler .\ncobb valley and localities in the vicinity of nelson city in november and december . holotype ( male ) and several paratypes in coll . cawthron institute . i cannot at present with certainty assign the females to either of the species just described .\n\u2642 . 15\u201319 mm . head , palpi and thorax black sprinkled with white antennae black with short grey pubescence . abdomen black , segmental divisions yellowish - white . legs black , tibiae and tarsi banded with white . forewings oblong , costa arched at base , thence straight , apex rounded , termen hardly oblique ; black tinged with brown and densely irrorated with bluish - white ( owing to the tips of many scales being so coloured ) ; markings formed by the elimination of the irroration ; an indistinct dentate basal fascia enclosing two tufts of raised scales , one above and the other below fold , both of which contain a few yellow scales ; a fairly straight fascia from \u2153 costa to \u00bd dorsum enclosing similar tufts of raised black and yellow scales ; an irregular fascia , containing a few yellow scales , from \u2154 costa to tornus ; fringes blackish - fuscous , basal \u00bd mixed with bluish - white . hindwings yellow ; termen and dorsum broadly dark fuscous ; fringes dark fuscous .\nmount arthur tableland , at 4 , 500 feet , in november . three males taken by the writer and mr . w . heighway . holotype ( male ) and two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2640 . 20 mm . head black sprinkled with white . thorax black mixed with white , scutellum white , tegulae mixed with ochreous and brown . palpi black , a broad median band and apex of second segment white , also white median band on terminal segment . antennae black sprinkled with white basally . abdomen black , segmental divisions white . legs black , tibiae and tarsi banded with white . forewings oblong , costa slightly arched , apex broadly rounded , termen rounded , little oblique ; leaden grey with some ochreous and brown admixture ; markings black mixed with brown ; an indistinct dentate basal fascia enclosing two tufts of raised scales , one above and one below fold ; a nearly straight fascia from costa at \u2153 to above dorsum at \u00bd , also enclosing raised scale tufts ; an irregular fascia from costa at \u2154 to above tornus , much constricted at , middle and with an indentation beneath filled with leaden grey ; a terminal series of obscure dots ; fringes concolorous with wing . hindwings bronzyfuscous ; fringes fuscous with obscure basal and median pale lines .\nit is possible that this may be the female of the preceding species , but having regard to the considerable differences between the two and to the widely separated localities i do not think it very probable .\narthur ' s pass , in february . the single specimen was taken near the glacier from which the otira river has its source . holotype ( female ) in col . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 19\u201322 mm . head white . palpi white , basal and subapical bands of second segment and median and apical bands of terminal segment dark fuscous . antennae brown with grey pubescence . thorax white with some admixture of pale fuscous . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs fuscous sprinkled with ochreous - whitish , posterior tibiae whitish - ochreous . forewings not posteriorly dilated , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , termen rounded , oblique ; white , sparsely sprinkled with pale ochreous ; markings blackish - fuscous ; a spot on base of costa ; an elongate spot on costa at \u2153 ; a more or less triangular spot beyond \u00bd ; a suffused terminal shade ; two elongate spots in disc and sometimes a third below first on fold ; fringes grey . hindwings and fringes pale fuscous - grey .\nleigh , north auckland , in january . five males sent by mr . d . d . milligan . holotype ( male ) and two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 23\u201324 mm . head and thorax dull brown mixed with grey . palpi with terminal segment much shorter than second , ochreouswhitish mixed with brown externally . antennae annulated alternately with ochreous - whitish and dark fuscous , ciliations in male 5 . abdomen dull brassy - yellow , segmental divisions whitish and some fuscous on basal segments . legs ochreous - whitish , more or less infuscated . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex rounded , termen oblique ; dull brown ; sometimes a broad stripe of ochreouswhite along dorsum , tapering to tornus and triangularly indented above near base , also a suffused stripe of the same colour beneath costa to about \u00be ; fringes whitish - ochreous with three or four lines of brown points . hindwings and fringes ochreous - whitish sprinkled with brown .\nthe male genitalia show this species to be most nearly related to a . isogama meyr .\ntwo males received from the late mr . j . h . lewis ; locality of capture probably central otago . holotype ( male ) and a paratype in coll . a . philpott .\nn . sp . ( a ) lateral view of male genitalia . ( b ) inner view of harpe . ( c ) obliquely dorsal view of uncus and gnathos .\nbarea exartha ( meyr . ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , vol . 8 ( 1st ser . ) , p . 357 ; izatha planetella huds . , ent . mo . mag . , vol . 59 , p . 218 .\na specimen of this australian species was reared by mr . a . tonnoir , of the canterbury museum , from a larva found feeding on the decayed portion of an imported hardwood pole . the moth , a female , emerged in november . it appears probable that this species has established itself in the canterbury district , as mr . s . lindsay has sent me a male taken by him at dean ' s bush , christchurch , in february of this year . the type of planetella was thought to be from ohakune , in the centre of the north island , in no way an improbable locality in view of the larval habits .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 12\u201314 mm . head ochreous - whitish . palpi ochreouswhitish , apex of terminal segment brown . antennae fuscous , annulated with ochreous , basally ochreous . thorax pale ochreous . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - whitish , anterior pair infuscated . forewings with the branches of the first cubitus shortstalked , costa moderately arched , apex pointed , termen oblique ; ochreous mixed with white ; a blackish\u2013fuscous spot , usually elongate , at about \u2153 ; a black dot in disc at \u2154 ; fringes ochreous . hindwings greyish - fuscous ; fringes ochreous .\neasily distinguished from e . symmorpha meyr . , apart from the venational difference , by the comparative lack of markings . it has not been considered advisable to base a new genus on the venational detail noted , the other characters being normal .\nseaward moss ( invercargill ) , in january ( philpott ) . bottle lake and waikuku ( canterbury ) , in november and march ( heighway and lindsay ) . holotype ( male ) and allotype ( female ) in coll . a . philpott . two paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 11\u201315 mm . head and thorax ochreous - white . palpi with small triangular tuft beneath , ochreous - white , indistinctly barred with pale fuscous . antennae brown . abdomen pale brassy , in male dorsally dark fuscous . legs whitish , anterior pair fuscous and posterior pair annulated with dull fuscous . forewings narrow , costa moderately arched , apex , in male rounded , in female acute , termen strongly oblique ; in male ochreous - white , paler along costa , in female white ; an interrupted blackish - fuscous streak from about \u00bc to apex , frequently represented only by a few dots , in female more constantly present ; a black spot or spots above tornus ; in female three or four interrupted blackish - fuscous transverse fasciae on apical \u00bc ; fringes whitish - ochreous with prominent blackish median line and blackish tips round apex . hindwings shining grey - whitish ; fringes pale ochreous .\ng . necopina belongs to the ataracta group , but differs from its allies , in addition to the markings , by the smaller palpal tuft .\ngolden downs and gordon ' s nob , in january . common among the rough herbage on marshy ground in the valley , and on the dry scanty vegetation of the mountain at 3 , 000 feet .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 14\u201315 . head and thorax dark ochreous - brown , with a purplish - violet sheen , face white . palpi ochreous - brown . antennae ochreous closely annulated with brownish . abdomen ( missing ) . forewings brassy - yellow , densely covered with purplish - violet strigulae which show a tendency to form spots at \u2155 , \u2156 , and \u00bd ; fringes greyish - fuscous , concolorous with wing round apex . hindwings leaden - grey ; fringes brownish - fuscous .\nsomewhat resembling g . linearis butl . but without the triangular pale costal area of that species .\nwest plains , near invercargill , date uncertain . holotype ( male ) and allotype ( female ) in coll . a . philpott .\n\u2640 . 17 mm . head white . papi white , outwardly mixed with fuscous . antennae white , annulated with blackish fuscous . thorax white , tegulae mixed with pale fuscous . abdomen greyish - white . legs , anterior and middle pair fuscous , posterior pair white . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; white with scattered strigulations of leaden - fuscous ; markings purplish - fuscous ; some irregular spots round base of tornus ; a large blotch at \u2153 covering middle third of wing , preceded and touched by a round spot on fold ; an oblique inwardly directed mark in disc at middle ; an obscure irregular spot at \u2158 ; fringes white mixed with fuscous , obscurely barred round apex . hindwings and fringes shining white .\narthur ' s pass , in february . a single male ( holotype ) in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 5\u20136 mm head white , sometimes ochreous tinged . antennae fuscous , eye - cap whitish . thorax ochreous . abdomen dark fuscous . forewings white with much admixture of ochreous , especially on basal portion and in disc ; a black spot on fold at \u00bc , sometimes absent ; a prominent black spot in disc at \u00bd , . usually elongate ; a black spot , large or small , before apex ; fringes fuscous - grey with several rows of ochreous points round apex and termen . hindwings and fringes fuscous - grey .\nmount arthur tableland , at 4 , 000 feet , in november . three males taken . holotype ( male ) and paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 14\u201315 mm . head and thorax ochreous - brown . antennae ochreous , ciliations in male 3 . abdomen fuscous - brown . legs\nfuscous mixed with ochreous , posterior pair more ochreous , all tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , termen strongly oblique ; ochreous , covered with brown strigulae and with strong purplishviolet iridescence ; the strigulae tend to form spots on apical half of costa and round termen ; an indistinct brown spot on dorsum at \u00bd ; fringes fuscous mixed with ochreous . hindwings and fringes greyish - fuscous with purplish - violet sheen .\ndun mountain , in december . two males taken at 3 , 500 feet . holotype ( male ) and a paratype in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 16 mm . head , thorax and abdomen blackish - fuscous . antennae blackish - fuscous , ciliations in male 2 \u00bd . forewings , costa moderately arched , subsinuate , apex rounded , termen oblique ; dark brownish - fuscous obscurely strigulated with ochreous ; an undefined patch of paler ochreous on dorsum near base ; a large spot of whitish - ochreous on dorsum beyond middle ; fringes dark purplish - fuscous . hindwings and fringes dark fuscous with purplish sheen .\nclose to m . strigulata philp . and m . fenwicki philp . , but without the dark dorsal blotch of the former , and a larger and darker species than the latter .\nlake moana , in december . a single male taken by mr . a . tonnoir . holotype ( male ) in coll . canterbury museum .\n\u2640 . 13 . 5 mm . head covered with dense long hair reaching beyond \u00bd of antennae , light tawny . antennae bright brown , tips black . thorax tawny , densely long - haired . abdomen dark fuscous . legs ochreous , tarsi banded with fuscous . forewings long , costa strongly arched at base , apex round - pointed , termen very oblique ; shining brassy ; fasciae ivory - yellow with pink reflections ; three equidistant complete curved fasciae between base and \u00bd ; at \u00be a fascia interrupted below middle ; between \u00bd and \u00be a fascia indicated by marks on costa and dorsum ; two fasciae near apex , broadly interrupted at middle ; all fasciae are here and there margined with blackish ; an obscure reddish shade commences in disc at third fascia and runs to apex ; fringes pinkish - brown obscurely barred with pale yellow . hindwings metallic violet , paler near base ; fringes fuscous with some yellow at middle of termen .\nstructurally nearest to s . lucilia clarke and s . calliarcha meyr . , r1 of the hindwing being complete .\nleslie valley , mount arthur tableland , in november . two females taken by mr . w . heighway . holotype ( female ) and slides of wings and female genitalia in coll . cawthron institute .\naustralia ( tasmania , new south wales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]\npolismatica meyrick , 1931 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 191\nheterozancla rubida turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 134 ; tl : victoria , lorne\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\ncheck - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries\nviette , 1955 nouveaux tineoidae ( s . l . ) de madagascar [ lep . ] ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 75 - 113\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nturner , a . j . 1939 ,\na second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania\n, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1938 , pp . 57 - 115\nturner , a . j . 1919 ,\nthe australian gelechianae ( lepidoptera )\n, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 31 , pp . 108 - 172\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6f60e1ed - 18b7 - 462e - be9f - afbb137629e2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9ae18e2a - fa5a - 4ed8 - a44c - 6a41a3ad139b\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 245947\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 1915, "summary": [{"text": "the red-faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) is a common species of estrildid finch found in africa .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 390,000 km \u00b2 .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it is found in angola , burundi , cameroon , the democratic republic of the congo , malawi , mozambique , niger , nigeria , rwanda , tanzania , uganda , zambia and zimbabwe . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "red - faced crimsonwing", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for red - faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) yet .\nthe red - faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) is a common species of estrildid finch found in africa . photo warwick tarboton | aviary | pinterest | red f\u2026\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nred - faced crimsonwing\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nleopard rock hotel is an excellent hotel with a very pretty golf course which is also a spectacular place to see the silvery - cheeked hornbills when the fig trees are fruiting . on the golf course you may be lucky to see the red - faced crimsonwing , which also occurs at seldomseen .\nmale : red face patch and red on lower flanks . female : yellowish - buff face patch ; dark olive - green feather bases to mantle and back show through .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . red - faced crimsonwing ( cryptospiza reichenovii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n) , is unrelated to it . their similarities ( bill , red brow , etc . ) are due to\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n) . male nominate race has red mask on lores and around eye , rest of head and underside olive , flanks deep crimson ; upperparts . . .\nthe australian red - browed firetail ( neochmia temporalis ) , very similar to african common waxbill ( estrilda astrild ) , is unrelated to it . their similarities ( bill , red brow , etc . ) are due to convergent evolution , since their environmental pressures ( weather , habitat , feeding ) are similar .\nchirinda forest \u2013 a primeval forest with the tallest tree in the country . this famous tree is a red mahogany which was still a sapling when christ was born .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cryptospiza reichenovii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmost are sensitive to cold and require warm , usually tropical , habitats , although a few , such as the eastern alpine mannikin , mountain firetail and red - browed finch , and the genus stagonopleura , have adapted to the cooler climates of southern australia and the highlands of new guinea .\nmost are sensitive to cold and require warm , usually tropical , habitats , although a few , such as the eastern alpine mannikin , mountain firetail and red - browed finch , and the genus stagonopleura , have adapted to the cooler climates of southern australia and the highlands of new guinea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartamento de inmunologia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense de madrid , avenida complutense s / n , 28040 madrid , spain .\nestrildid finches are distributed throughout africa , south asia , australia and neighbouring islands in the indian and pacific oceans . some specific phylogenetic and systematic debated questions have been clarified in the present study by mitochondrial cytochrome b dna sequencing of 61 species of estrildids and subsequent analyses of results by both bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methodologies . our results support that estrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 , 5 million years ago ) . this proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches\u2019 radiation starting time and also with the biggest hymalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like a dryer weather in tibetan plateau and china deserts . the estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds . the most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india . more estrildid species will be studied in order to further establish this group phylogeography . in addition , monophyletic radiations include species from different continents . finally , ploceinae genus quelea finches is a group separate and basal from estrildini and viduini species in our dendrograms .\nopen access will revolutionize 21 st century knowledge work and accelerate the diffusion of ideas and evidence that support just in time learning and the evolution of thinking in a number of disciplines .\nit is important that students and researchers from all over the world can have easy access to relevant , high - standard and timely scientific information . this is exactly what open access journals provide and this is the reason why i support this endeavor .\npublishing research articles is the key for future scientific progress . open access publishing is therefore of utmost importance for wider dissemination of information , and will help serving the best interest of the scientific community .\nopen access journals are a novel concept in the medical literature . they offer accessible information to a wide variety of individuals , including physicians , medical students , clinical investigators , and the general public . they are an outstanding source of medical and scientific information .\nopen access journals are extremely useful for graduate students , investigators and all other interested persons to read important scientific articles and subscribe scientific journals . indeed , the research articles span a wide range of area and of high quality . this is specially a must for researchers belonging to institutions with limited library facility and funding to subscribe scientific journals .\nopen access journals represent a major break - through in publishing . they provide easy access to the latest research on a wide variety of issues . relevant and timely articles are made available in a fraction of the time taken by more conventional publishers . articles are of uniformly high quality and written by the world ' s leading authorities .\nopen access journals have transformed the way scientific data is published and disseminated : particularly , whilst ensuring a high quality standard and transparency in the editorial process , they have increased the access to the scientific literature by those researchers that have limited library support or that are working on small budgets .\nnot only do open access journals greatly improve the access to high quality information for scientists in the developing world , it also provides extra exposure for our papers .\nopen access ' chemistry ' journals allow the dissemination of knowledge at your finger tips without paying for the scientific content .\nin principle , all scientific journals should have open access , as should be science itself . open access journals are very helpful for students , researchers and the general public including people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals . the articles are high standard and cover a wide area .\nthe widest possible diffusion of information is critical for the advancement of science . in this perspective , open access journals are instrumental in fostering researches and achievements .\nopen access journals are very useful for all scientists as they can have quick information in the different fields of science .\nthere are many scientists who can not afford the rather expensive subscriptions to scientific journals . open access journals offer a good alternative for free access to good quality scientific information .\nopen access journals have become a fundamental tool for students , researchers , patients and the general public . many people from institutions which do not have library or cannot afford to subscribe scientific journals benefit of them on a daily basis . the articles are among the best and cover most scientific areas .\nthese journals provide researchers with a platform for rapid , open access scientific communication . the articles are of high quality and broad scope .\nopen access journals are probably one of the most important contributions to promote and diffuse science worldwide .\nopen access journals make up a new and rather revolutionary way to scientific publication . this option opens several quite interesting possibilities to disseminate openly and freely new knowledge and even to facilitate interpersonal communication among scientists .\nopen access journals are freely available online throughout the world , for you to read , download , copy , distribute , and use . the articles published in the open access journals are high quality and cover a wide range of fields .\nopen access journals offer an innovative and efficient way of publication for academics and professionals in a wide range of disciplines . the papers published are of high quality after rigorous peer review and they are indexed in : major international databases . i read open access journals to keep abreast of the recent development in my field of study .\nit is a modern trend for publishers to establish open access journals . researchers , faculty members , and students will be greatly benefited by the new journals of bentham science publishers ltd . in this category .\nproposed race homogenes , described from e zimbabwe ( stapleford forest reserve , in umtali district ) , treated as a synonym of australis . three subspecies recognized .\n( hartlaub , 1874 ) \u2013 se nigeria ( obudu plateau ) , w cameroon , bioko and nw angola ( gabela region ) .\nsharpe , 1902 \u2013 mountains of albertine rift in e drcongo , uganda , rwanda and burundi .\nshelley , 1896 \u2013 mountains in tanzania , extreme ne zambia , malawi , w mozambique and e zimbabwe .\ncall a high metallic\nsit - sit\n, often given in trills ; also louder\nsweeee\nor\ntzeet\n. song soft , . . .\nthickets , dense undergrowth of primary and secondary forest , also exotic pine plantations with . . .\nseason oct\u2013dec in cameroon , apr\u2013jun and aug\u2013oct in drcongo , nearly all year in tanzania , jun\u2013sept in zambia , mar . . .\nresident , seasonal altitudinal migrant and local wanderer . appears near sea - level in non - breeding . . .\nnot globally threatened . scarce or uncommon to locally abundant . fairly common in nw of range ( nigeria , cameroon ) ; uncommon in angola . common in most regions in e parts of . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njohn innes , tomasz doro\u0144 , paul van giersbergen , m p goodey , markus lilje , bernard . guevorts , johannes pfleiderer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common or locally common ( clement 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 187 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nno translation memories found . consider more lenient search : click button to let glosbe search more freely .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe song is sft ( inaudible beyond 3 - 4m ) and variable , consisting mostly of long drawn - out notes on a descending scale followed by a chirp .\ngenerally silent , but has a sharp or high pitch ' chirp ' or ' tzeet ' and a loose collection of similar notes .\nbirds express . net international pet & supply inc . 2550 rosemead blvd . south el monte , california 91733 tel : 626 - 401 - 1991 fax : 626 - 401 - 2458 e - mail : sales @ birdsexpress . net copyright 2008 birds express . all rights reserved .\norigin : cameroon , fernando po ( bioko ) , angola , d . r . congo ( zaire ) , congo , uganda , tanzania , malawi\nfood : they seek edible seeds of various plants and grasses on the ground , or pick the seeds out of spikes . crimson - wings eat more insects than some other species , such as estrildids for example . insects are essential , particularly during the time they are rearing their young . crimson - wings probably have a high metabolic rate , as they eat more than other african estrilds\ncrimson - wings are mostly found in pairs . when in search of food they sometimes join up with others of their species , and with other estrildid finches . they are quiet timid birds that do not attract attention in any aviary . they prefer to stay in the shrubbery , swiftly and almost inaudibly hopping from branch to branch .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthey are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short , thick , but pointed bills . they are all similar in structure and habits , but vary widely in plumage colours and patterns .\nwhite eggs . many species build roost nests . some of the fire - finches and pytilias are hosts to the\nthe phylogeography and possible origin of estrildid finches have been studied . the following scheme may be useful to represent a hypothetical origin in india in the last and stronger himalayas uplift ( 16 . 5 million years ago ) , when the monsoon rains regime was established in india ( see figure ) . the conclusions from this study\nestrildids are a monophyletic group with polytomies that may have started evolving by middle miocene epoch ( about 16 . 5 million years ago )\nthis proposed timing is coincidental with the fringillinae finches\u2019 radiation starting time and also with the biggest himalayan and tibetan plateau uplift , triggered by the indian tectonic plate strongest collision ; this established present day southern asia monsoon regime and other drastic climatic changes , like dryer weather in the tibetan plateau and chinese deserts .\nthe estrildid finches form a monophyletic group which includes several polytomies and comprises african , asian and australian birds .\nthe most ancient evolutive group comprises african ( african silverbill ) , asian ( indian silverbill ) and australian ( diamond firetail ) ; this suggests that the whole estrildids radiation might have originated around india .\nthe gouldian finch ( erythrura or chloebia gouldiae ) is definitely included within genus erythrura with the other species .\nthe java sparrow ( padda or lonchura oryzivora ) is a very modified species from genus lonchura : bigger than the rest of lonchura species , and a noticeable and quite different head pattern . it is endemic to java , bali , and the bawean islands , although escapes from captivity can be seen today in other neighboring islands .\nafrican munias ( spermestes ) belong to a genus totally different from australian and asian munias .\n, since their environmental pressures ( weather , habitat , feeding ) are similar .\narnaiz - villena , a ; ruiz - del - valle , v . ; gomez - prieto , p . ; reguera , r . ; parga - lozano , c ; serrano - vela , j . i . ( 2009 ) .\narnaiz - villena , a ; g\u00f3mez - prieto p ; ruiz - de - valle v ( 2009 ) .\nsibley cg , monroe bl ( 1990 ) . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press\narnaiz - villena , a ; gomez - prieto , p . ; serna - ayala ; ruiz - del - valle , v . ( 2009 ) .\norigen de los estr\u00edldidos\n.\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthe estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the old world tropics and australasia . they can be classified as the family estrildidae ( waxbills , munias and allies ) , or as a subfamily within the family passeridae , which strictly defined comprises the old world sparrows .\nall the estrildids build large , domed nests and lay five to ten white eggs . many species build roost nests . some of the fire - finches and pytilias are hosts to the brood - parasitic indigobirds and whydahs , respectively .\nthe smallest species of the family is the shelley ' s oliveback ( nesocharis shelleyi ) at a mere 8 . 3 centimetres ( 3 . 3 in ) , although the lightest species is the black - rumped waxbill ( estrilda troglodytes ) at 6 g ( 0 . 21 oz ) . the largest species is the java sparrow ( padda oryzivora ) , at 17 cm ( 6 . 7 in ) and 25 g ( 0 . 88 oz ) .\nthe phylogeography and possible origin of estrildid finches have been studied . the following scheme may be useful to represent a hypothetical origin in india in the last and stronger himalayas uplift ( 16 . 5 million years ago ) , when the monsoon rains regime was established in india ( see figure ) . the conclusions from this study are :\nafrican munias ( spermestes ) belong to a genus totally different from australian and asian munias .\nthe eastern highlands is a collective name given to the 300km area of rugged mountains forming a natural border between countrieszimbabwe and mozambique . there are three main mountain ranges \u2013 the chimanimani in the south , bvumba near mutare and the nyanga national park in the north . mt binga is the highest peak of the chimanimani mountains at 2 , 437 metres but the country\u2019s highest peak is mt nyangani ( 2 , 593m ) .\nit is possible to visit the area year round with a climate which is warm to hot in summer and cool and dry in winter . the area is inspiring with breathtaking views , deep gorges and beautiful waterfalls , including the famous bridal veil falls .\nnyanga national park is not a game park but there are waterbuck , steenbok , leopard , kudu , wildebeest and the area is rich in birdlife . the whole area is sparsely populated although there are ancient ruins throughout the whole of the nyanga area , indicating habitation for many years . there are essentially three main types of ruins to explore and ponder ; namely pits , forts and terraces . there are also some caves with rock paintings and ancient gold workings .\nother sights include the nyazengu nature reserve , pungwe gorge and the honde valley , although much of this area is now neglected as the tea , coffee and fruit estates are no longer farmed in any meaningful way . there is also the mutarazi national park where africa\u2019s second highest waterfall is situated , mutarazi falls .\nmany of the dams and lakes in the nyanga area are famous for their good trout and bass fishing ; it is also an excellent area for golf , horse riding and mountain hikes as well as birding , rock climbing and abseiling .\nthe border town of mutare is the backbone for the area and is the prettiest town site in the country \u2013 perched amongst the hills and mountains . it has an excellent climate and was a major source of supplies for the whole area , including mozambique , until recently .\ntwenty to twenty - five kilometres to the south east of mutare lies the start of the bvumba mountains which hosts a wealth of plants , birds and butterflies . although somewhat neglected at the present time , the botanical gardens in bvumba provide an enchanting walk with its wooden bridges , aloes , streams and lakes . there are many fantastic views and plants gathered from all over the world including a range of orchids , tree ferns , fuchsias , hydrangeas , azaleas and lily ponds . the annual rainfall in this area is higher than london !\nbeyond the gardens there are spectacular views into mozambique and the surrounding countryside with a range of vegetation including montane forests . the bunga forest in the bunga botanical reserve is just one excellent example . the best way to see this area is to drive along the burma valley road which is a circuitous route . there is always exquisite bird song in the forests and any visit should be ended with a visit to \u201ctony\u2019s coffee shop\u201d for outstanding cakes and tea , s including an assortment of alcoholic versions ! the coffee shop is situated on the grounds of genaina guest house ( tel : + 263 20 68177 ) .\nthe bvumba is a hot spot for birding enthusiasts and there are a number of specials including the swynnerton\u2019s robin , which lives and breeds in small patches of forest . this bird likes to live around dragon plants dracaena fragrans , particularly in summer when the birds are nesting . the best place to stay in the bvumba if you\u2019re a birder , is at seldomseen cottages , a bird watchers paradise . the property has self - catered chalets at a very reasonable price and has two extremely knowledgeable guides ; it also has several dragon plants ! the gardens around the chalets host several other endemic species including robert\u2019s warbler . a protea stand on the property draws the bronzy sunbird and if you\u2019re lucky gurney\u2019s sugarbird , when the proteas are in flower .\nother options for birding in this area include the cecil kop nature reserve , north of mutare which offers good miombo birding and the burma valley to the south which is good for spotting the twinspot indigobird . mount gorongosa in mozambique , is home to the much sought after green - headed oriole and can be included in a trip to the bvumba .\nif you want an old fashioned treat , the white horse inn is a very popular favorite with anyone who has stayed in the bvumba in the last 20 odd years . of particular note is the excellent and well cooked menu including specialities like fresh quail and lobster tails .\nthis is a grandiose range of volcanic peaks reaching over 2 , 400 meters and stretching for 50km . there is a gentler section between chimanimani village and the border with mozambique , but it will still stretch the average hiker .\nthe slopes are scattered with flowers and little rivulets pop up everywhere . protea bushes are found on the higher slopes along with everlasting flowers and thick growths of giant erica with its memorable ` pencil wood ` smell . spring is in august / september and the msasa trees come into full autumnal colours , providing a great contrast to the fresh spring greens of the other plants .\nthis is not an area with rich numbers of mammals , but there are still sable and eland and the odd elephant in the low , thicker forests . leopard , baboon and porcupine are sometimes seen . many of the birds in this area are rare and found only in the mountains and woods .\nwherever in the world you are , our zambezi community is full of easy - going travel - minded friends who take their fun seriously . come and join the adventure ."]}
{"id": 1916, "summary": [{"text": "the glossy black cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) , is the smallest member of the subfamily calyptorhynchinae found in eastern australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adult glossy black cockatoos may reach 50 cm ( 19.5 in ) in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are sexually dimorphic .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "males are blackish brown , except for their prominent red tail bands ; the females are dark brownish with some yellow spotting .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "three subspecies are recognised . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "glossy black cockatoo", "paragraphs": ["the glossy black - cockatoo is a brownish black colour with a small crest .\nensure a viable breeding population of the glossy black - cockatoo persists in south australia .\nshift the status of the glossy black - cockatoo from endangered to vulnerable by 2030 .\nresidents in the nsw southern highlands are working to save the threatened glossy black - cockatoo .\nglossy black cockatoo recovery program ( no date ) . unpublished reports to the sa glossy black - cockatoo recovery team 1995 - 2004 . kingscote , south australia department of environment and heritage .\nscientific name : calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus common name : glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) other names : at the species level , the glossy black - cockatoo has also been known , in the past , as the casuarina , casuarine , glossy or latham ' s cockatoo , leach ' s black - cockatoo , leach ' s red - tailed cockatoo , and the nutcracker ( higgins 1999 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is considered to be a conventionally accepted subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( c . lathami ) ( schodde et al . 1993 ) .\nnow extinct on mainland australia , the endangered glossy black - cockatoo has its last refuge on kangaroo island .\nmooney , p . a . and pedler , l . p . sa glossy black - cockatoo recovery team\nlittle corellas are culled if they stray into the vicinity of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) nest sites .\ndespite its name , the glossy black cockatoo is not glossy . it is a dull brown - black colour with a red tail panel . females have yellow markings on the head and neck .\nexpand the current distribution of the glossy black - cockatoo to include its former range on mainland australia , on the fleurieu peninsula .\nsimilar to other cockatoo species , glossy black - cockatoos also show playful behaviour , like the male bird in the photo below .\njoseph , l . ( 1982 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo on kangaroo island . emu . 82 : 46 - - 49 .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo may be confused with the red - tailed black - cockatoo , c . banksii , but can be distinguished by having more brownish - black plumage on head , neck and underbody , and dull black body plumage instead of uniformly glossy black plumage . adult females have much more yellow on head , but lack the yellow spotting over the whole body characteristic of female ( and immature ) red - tailed black - cockatoos . both sexes of the glossy black - cockatoo have a much less conspicuous head crest and a shorter , broader , more bulbous bill . smaller size , less strident contact calls and a marked preference for casuarina habitat further distinguishes the glossy from the red - tailed black - cockatoo .\nthe red - tailed black - cockatoo is mostly glossy black and has an erectile crest which forms an obvious helmet when raised and pushed forward . the male is glossy black with bright red panels in its tail . the female has generally duller plumage and has yellow spots on head , neck and wings . her underbody is barred a pale orange - yellow and her tail has orange - yellow panels , barred black . this cockatoo is also called the banksian , black , great - billed or red - tailed cockatoo or banks ' black - cockatoo .\nrabbit grazing prevented regeneration of sheoaks from the seedbank . with no food for survival , the glossy black - cockatoo disappeared from mainland south australia .\nin the past 30 years , new conservation reserves have been established for the specific protection of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) .\nlateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of c . hayne ) [ gwydir watercourse wetlands , nsw , april 2014 ]\nfrontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo feeding on the seeds of a casuarina [ mt . archer np , qld , july 2009 ]\ncompared with red - tailed black - cockatoos , glossy black - cockatoos have a much less pronounced crest and have smaller red tail panels .\nthe friends of the glossies is a volunteer group established in 2012 to support the on - ground works of the glossy black - cockatoo recovery program .\nlateral view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]\nthe glossy black - cockatoo , ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) is a threatened species under state government legislation , and is is one of australia\u2019s rarest cockatoos .\nbaird , r . f . ( 1986 ) . historical records of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami and the red - tailed black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus magnificus in south - eastern australia . south australian ornithologist . 30 : 38 - - 45 .\nstudies have been conducted on the biology and ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) and on its primary food source , drooping sheoak .\nsouthgate , r . ( 2002 ) . population viability analysis for the south australian glossy black - cockatoo . department for environment and heritage , south australia .\nthe trees were also handed out with guards and canes , instructions on how to plant and help them along and report back glossy black - cockatoo sightings .\njoseph , l . ( 1989b ) . the glossy black - cockatoo in the south mount lofty ranges . south australian ornithologist . 30 : 202 - 204 .\nfrontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , september 2013 ]\nnear - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]\nlateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , july 2014 ]\nlateral view of a female glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nand the listing of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) under the epbc act 1999 ( garnett et al . 2000 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) .\nsurvey and monitor the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population by conducting annual surveys of population size and survivorship and investigating all reported sightings of the subspecies .\npepper , j . w . ( 1993 ) . a new food source for the glossy black - cockatoo . south australian ornithologist . 31 : 144 - 145 .\nthreatened species - south australian glossy black - cockatoo - a gradual recovery ( south australian department for environment and heritage ( sa deh ) , 2009d ) [ internet ] .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) should also benefit from the recent development of a threat abatement plan for psittacine beak and feather disease ( deh 2005q ) .\nnear - dorsal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , september 2013 ]\nnear - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nlateral view of a juvenile or immature glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\ndorsal view of an immature or juvenile glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nthe potential for land clearance to affect the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been greatly reduced in the last 30 years . this has been achieved through the :\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been the subject of at least two recovery plans ( garnett et al . 2000 ) , including the current recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 2005\u00962010 ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . in addition , the action plan for australian birds\nclose - up lateral portrait of a male glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]\nfrontal view of a female glossy black - cockatoo clambering up a casuarina ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]\nlateral view of a juvenile glossy black - cockatoo begging for food ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population has been actively and intensively managed for more than a decade . the following recovery actions have been implemented to benefit the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; garnett et al . 2000 ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) :\nburbidge , a . & j . raines ( 2003 ) . south australian glossy black - cockatoo recovery program review 2003 . department for environment and heritage , kingscote , south australia .\ncleland , j . b . & e . b . sims ( 1968 ) . food of the glossy black - cockatoo . south australian ornithologist . 25 : 47 - 52 .\nred - tailed black cockatoo on a tree photographer : a . d . , m . c . trounson \u00a9 australian museum\npepper , j . w . ( 2000 ) . foraging ecology of the south ausralian glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) . austral ecology . 25 : 16 - 24 .\nclose - up view of a glossy black - cockatoo cracking a casuarina seed cone ( photo courtesy of m . windeyer ) [ gilgandra flora reserve , gilgandra , nsw , august 2016 ]\nwhile a small project , focused on a small creature , the saving of the glossy black - cockatoo is part of the state government ' s $ 100 million saving our species plan .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) breeds from late summer to spring , with eggs laid from january to july . it nests in hollows in the trunks and upper limbs of tall\nnear - frontal view of a male glossy black - cockatoo , now seen preening ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nthe animal they are hoping to save is the glossy black - cockatoo , a vulnerable species for new south wales , which has been heavily affected by habitat loss in the past few years .\nbebbington , l . ( 1990 ) . field observations of glossy black cockatoos . south australian ornithologist . 31 : 54 .\na program has been introduced to control honey bee swarms in areas used by the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) for nesting . to date , this program has achieved only limited success .\nfrontal view of a male ( see solid red tail patches ) glossy black - cockatoo ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nwhile preening , this male glossy black - cockatoo clearly displays its solid red tail panels ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nglossy black - cockatoos are found most easily at dams or waterholes around sunset in forests and woodland with significant numbers of casuarinas .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is not specifically listed under any international agreements . however , at the species level , the glossy black - cockatoo ( c . lathami ) is listed along with other species of psittaciformes under appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) ( cites 2006 ) . this listing protects the kangaroo island subspecies .\ngarnett , s . t . , l . p . pedler & g . m . crowley ( 1996 ) . census of the glossy black - cockatoo on kangaroo island 19 - 26th september 1996 .\npepper , j . w . ( 1996 ) . the behavioural ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus . ph . d . thesis . university of michigan , ann arbor , usa .\npepper , j . w . ( 1997 ) . a survey of the south australian glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) and its habitat . wildlife research . 24 : 209 - 223 .\nif you see black cockatoos with red tail markings in a group of only a few , it is likely that you are looking at glossy black - cockatoos . if they come in a big flock , they are likely red - tailed black - cockatoos .\ntwo male glossy black - cockatoos ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( gbc ) recovery program is one of australia\u2019s leading examples of how good governance , strategic planning , community commitment and appropriate resources can effectively reverse the decline of a critically endangered species .\nmain threats to this cockatoo are habitat modification and clearing for agriculture or forestry .\nglossy black - cockatoos , race\nlathami\n, are found in various places around narrabri , nsw , especially in areas with casuarinas .\n46\u201350 cm ; c . 450 g ; female smaller . smallest black cockatoo , which , together with lack of a distinctive crest distinguishes present species from\nc . hayne reports that glossy black - cockatoos , race\nlathami\n, are occasionally seen in the area of moree , nsw . in april 2014 a pair of glossy black - cockatoos was spotted in the gwydir wetlands , about 70 km north - west of moree , nsw .\non - going liaison has been established with local , state and federal government agencies to promote the protection of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitat , to facilitate appropriate planning outcomes and to ensure compliance with existing legislation .\nthere have been a number of major studies on the distribution , morphology , habitat , social organization and behaviour , foraging ecology and breeding biology of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) . these include studies conducted by :\nrecovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 2005 - 2010 ( mooney , p . a . & l . p . pedler , 2005a ) [ state recovery plan ] .\ncrowley , g . , s . garnett & s . carruthers ( 1998 ) . mapping and spatial analysis of existing and potential glossy black - cockatoo habitat on kangaroo island . department for environment and heritage , kingscote , south australia .\nschodde , r . i . j . mason & j . t . wood ( 1993 ) . geographical differentiation in the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) and its history . emu . 93 : 156 - 166 .\nm . windeyer reports that glossy black - cockatoos , race\nlathami\n, are regularly found in the gilgandra flora reserve , near gilgandra , nsw .\ndrooping sheoak trees proved to be a highly valuable resource for early settlers . as a prized source of firewood , and of stock feed during droughts , drooping sheoaks were selectively cleared across the south australian landscape , destroying habitat for the glossy black\u2011cockatoo .\nimmature male glossy black - cockatoo chewing on a casuarina seed ; note the size and strength of the bill , enabling them to crack these hard seeds ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ nerang np , qld , october 2013 ]\na . ross - taylor reports spotting glossy black - cockatoos , race\nlathami\n, at nerang np , gold coast , qld , in october 2013 .\n[ the glossy black - cockatoos ] nest in tree hollows and we need those old growth forests for their nesting sites as well ,\nshe said .\nchapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2006 ) . aspects of drooping sheoaks ( allocasuarina verticillata ) that influence glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) foraging on kangaroo island . emu . 106 : 163 - 168 .\nplease contact natural resources kangaroo island to discuss sponsorship opportunities and to tailor your offer to suit your needs and budget . all donations receive a tax deductible receipt from our partnering organisation nature foundation sa . download the glossy black - cockatoo prospectus to find out more .\ngarnett , s . t . , l . p . pedler & g . m . crowley ( 1999 ) . the breeding biology of the glossy black - cockatoo calytorhynchus lathami on kangaroo island , south australia . emu . 99 : 262 - - 279 .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is a rare bird that currently does not occur in captivity . it may , therefore , be a desirable acquisition for some aviculturists . there is no evidence that the removal of eggs or nestlings has had an impact on the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population , but the high public profile of the subspecies and its recovery effort , and the accessibility of the population , indicate that there is some potential for nest - robbing to occur ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .\nchapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2005 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) spends little time and energy foraging on kangaroo island , south australia . australian journal of zoology . 53 : 177 - 183 .\nlike basically all cockatoos , glossy black - cockatoos are seed - eaters . they have a strong preference for the cones of casuarinas (\nshe - oaks\n) .\nit was such a success that they are propagating a further 700 black sheoaks .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo is highly dependent on the distribution of allocasuarina species and is found in woodland dominated by allocasuarina and in open forests where it forms a substantial middle layer . often confined to remnant allocasuarina patches surrounded by cleared farmlands . requires tree hollows for breeding .\nschodde , r . , mason , i . j . & wood , j . t . 1993 ,\ngeographical differentiation in the glossy black cockatoo calytorhynchus lathami ( temminck ) , and its history\n, the emu , vol . 93 , pp . 156 - 166\nchapman , t . f . ( 2005 ) . cone production by the drooping sheoak allocasuarina verticillata and the feeding ecology of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus on kangaroo island . ph . d . m . sc . thesis . thesis , university of adelaide .\ndorsal view of an immature or juvenile glossy black - cockatoo ; while trying to get a solid foothold , it is displaying prominently its barred bright - red tail panels ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , march 2016 ]\nthe mt lofty ranges have been extensively cleared for grazing and dryland agriculture . the ranges are a centre for declining woodland birds , such as the endangered southern emu - wren and the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo . their survival depends on native vegetation remnants .\nsimilarly , glossy black cockatoo numbers on kangaroo island in south australia have doubled within 15 years from around 150 birds in 1995 . the population boost was due to conservationists putting collars on nesting trees , which stopped the brush - tailed possum from raiding the nests for eggs and chicks .\na group of 7 glossy black - cockatoos , race\nlathami\n, was spotted by us in the goonoo np , between dubbo and mendooran , nsw , in october 2015 .\nj . greaves reports spotting a small family clan of glossy black - cockatoos , race\nhalmaturinus\n, at lathami conservation park , kangaroo island , sa , in march 2016 .\nseven - hundred more black sheoaks will be handed out in february 2017 in bundanoon .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo is widespread in eastern australia from eungella , queensland south to east gippland , victoria , and inland from southern central queensland through the central west of new south wales to north - eastern victoria . there is also an isolated population on kangaroo island , south australia .\nconserve glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitat by ; liaising with local government and private landholders ; identifying and monitoring the status of suitable habitat ; promoting and monitoring the success of revegetation schemes ; and managing existing habitat , with special consideration to limiting the potential impact of wildfire .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo is the smallest of the five black - cockatoos . it has a brown - black head , neck and underparts , with red or orange - red tail panels and an otherwise dull black body . the crest is small and inconspicuous and the bill is broad and bulbous . adult females have extensive yellow patches on the head and neck and the tail panels tend to be more orange - red with black bars , but may become less barred and more red with age . some adult males have a few yellow feathers on the head and the males ' tail panels tend to be bright red . young birds resemble adult males but have yellow spotted or streaked breasts , bellies and flanks , with some yellow spots on cheeks and sides of head . glossy black - cockatoos are strongly associated with casuarina stands in wet forests .\nthe life expectancy of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is not known . however , the longevity is likely to exceed 15 years ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) and , based on other species of psittacines in captivity , could possibly extend to 50 years or more ( hill 1954 ) .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) can reach sexual maturity at two years of age . however , most females do not begin breeding until they are three or more years of age , and males may not begin breeding until five years of age ( mooney & pedler 2005 ; pedler 2003 ) .\nthe south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo requires high quality drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) woodland for foraging , and large hollow bearing eucalypts for roosting and nesting habitat . nest failure rate in unprotected nests is high , principally as a result of predation by common brushtail possums ( trichosurus vulpecula ) .\ncrowley , g . m . , s . t . garnett & l . p . pedler ( 1999 ) . assessment of the role of captive breeding and translocation in the recovery of the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus . birds australia report . 5 : 1 - 35 .\ncrowley , g . m . & s . t . garnett ( 2001 ) . food value and tree selection by glossy black - cockatoos calyptorhynchus lathami . austral ecology . 26 : 116 - 126 .\nmale red - tails have glossy black plumage with stunning , bright red tail panels . females are quite different but equally spectacular \u2013 they are one of the most brightly marked subspecies of red - tail .\na newsletter is published biannually and distributed widely on kangaroo island and to several hundred recipients on mainland australia and elsewhere . articles on the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) have appeared regularly in local kangaroo island media and in australian birding magazines and newsletters . there have also been media interviews with participants in the recovery effort .\nthe south - eastern red - tailed black - cockatoo is listed as \u2018endangered\u2019 under the comm - onwealth environmental protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) , and is also listed threatened in south australia and victoria .\nthe recovery program for the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) relies heavily on the support of the local community and volunteers , who participate in fund - raising , population and nest monitoring , and revegetation programs . this involvement must continue if the current scope of the recovery effort is to be maintained ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .\nthe clutch of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) consists of a single white egg ( mathews 1916\u00961917 ) . the egg is incubated by the female for a period of about 30\u009631 days . the female may lay up to three clutches in a single season if the initial breeding attempts are unsuccessful ( garnett et al . 1999 ) .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) inhabits woodlands that are dominated by drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) and often interspersed with taller stands of sugar gum ( eucalyptus cladocalyx ) . these woodlands occur in small gullies adjacent to cleared land in coastal and sub - coastal areas , generally on shallow acidic soils on the steep and rocky slopes of gorges and valleys , along inland creek and river systems ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; joseph 1982 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pepper 1996 , 1997 ) . though most activity is confined to drooping sheoak and sugar gum , the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) occasionally utilises other tree species , including blue gum ( eucalyptus leucoxylon ) , manna gum ( e . viminalis ) for breeding and slaty sheoak ( allocasuarina muelleriana ) for foraging ( joseph 1982 ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; pepper 1993 , 1996 ) . the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) does not occur in any of the threatened ecological communities , nor is it associated with any other threatened species , listed under the epbc act .\nthe south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( gbc ) ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) has disappeared from the south australian mainland and is currently restricted to kangaroo island . it is listed as endangered under the australian government ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . the current population is estimated at 290 - 300 birds , including approximately 200 mature individuals .\nover - grazing pressure , changed fire regimes and habitat fragmentation have the potential to affect these landscapes and threaten the viability of species such as carnaby ' s black - cockatoo , the chuditch ( or western quoll ) and brush - tailed phascogale .\nmaintain and facilitate community awareness about the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) and its plight , and encourage community participation in the recovery effort . this can be achieved through the publication of a biannual newsletter ; presentations to the public ; exposure in the media ; coverage in environmental and ornithological publications ; and the involvement of volunteers in various aspects of the recovery effort .\nnoisy squawks or creaky calls ; wheezy call - notes . quieter and less raucous than other black - cockatoos .\nthe seed gathering for the black sheoaks began in february , and a tree handout was held earlier this month .\nglossy black - cockatoos ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) have a highly specialised diet , the seeds of the drooping sheoak ( allocasuarina verticillata ) . these trees once covered the hills of the fleurieu peninsula , southern mt lofty ranges and eyre peninsula .\npsittacine beak and feather disease is an infectious and potentially fatal disease that is common in australian parrots . it can cause extremely high mortality rates amongst nestlings , and could potentially have a catastrophic effect on the small extant population of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) . symptoms of the disease have been recorded in the glossy black - cockatoo ( deh 2005q ) , but it is not known if any of the infected birds were from kangaroo island . however , it is possible that the disease may have been introduced , or could be introduced in future , to kangaroo island by galahs and little corellas , both of which are common species that have recently arrived on the island , and that are known to carry the disease ( deh 2005q ) .\nthis volunteer group is ready to mobilise and undertake new citizen science projects to aid recovery and to protect and expand glossy habitat .\nchapman , t . f . & d . c . paton ( 2002 ) . factors influencing the production of seeds by allocasuarina verticillata and the foraging behaviour of glossy - black cockatoos on kangaroo island . unpublished report to wildlife conservation fund , canberra .\nglossy black - cockatoos can be found in various types of forest , often open , sometimes also denser . they have a strong preference for the seeds of casuarina trees and are therefore often found around such trees , especially if they have mature cones .\nconservation works and it doesn ' t cost the earth ,\nshe said .\nit ' s probably likely that we will be able to down - list [ the status of glossy black cockatoos ] at the next assessment in 2020 .\nglossy black - cockatoos , although not much smaller than other species of black - cockatoos , are the smallest black - cockatoos in australia . their plumage is dimorphic , i . e . males and females are slightly different . while the body of both sexes is near - black dark - brown , the head of males is all dark - brown , whereas the head of females is brown with irregular yellow blotches . the head plumage of both sexes can show quite some colour variation . males have two solid - red panels on their undertail , females have two barred red panels , with a colour gradient from orange to red . bill , legs and feet are grey , the irises are dark . juvenile and immature glossy black - cockatoos have plumage similar to adult males , but with small specks , while their tail panels are like those of females .\nred - tailed black - cockatoo generally feed in flocks but sometimes in twos or threes . they mainly eat seeds but also fruit , berries , nectar , flowers and sometimes insects and larvae . seeds especially favoured are those of eucalypts , casuarinas , acacias and banksias .\nin july 2009 glossy black - cockatoos , race\nerebus\n, were seen by us in two locations in qld , namely at mt . archer np , east of rockhampton , qld , and on the eastern outskirts of kroombit tops np , qld .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo recovery program is advised by the gbc recovery team , comprising ecological experts , wildlife specialists , community stakeholders and land managers . the recovery team brings a wealth of strategic , technical and local knowledge and experience to the program . all recovery program activities are guided by the gbc recovery plan , a strategic document that describes the objectives , strategies and performance targets of the recovery program .\nglossy black - cockatoos , race\nlathami\n, were first found by us in jack ' s creek state forest ( 20 km south of narrabri ) in 2003 , other parts of the pilliga scrub and also about 20 - 30 km west of narrabri .\na $ 72 , 500 sponsorship boost from kangaroo island plantation timbers has provided a last - minute lifeline for the gbc recovery program after the timber company committed to support the program for the 2017 - 18 financial year . this funding will allow the program\u2019s recovery team to continue to protect the endangered bird , its breeding places and feeding habitat . read the full media article glossy black - cockatoo recovery program saved by sponsorship .\nthe red - tailed black - cockatoo is found in a range of environments , but it is found mostly in eucalyptus forests or woodlands and often in adjacent areas of woodlands or shrublands , especially if they have experienced fire recently . it can also be found in grasslands and farmlands .\nrowley , i . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ngarnett , s . t . , g . m . crowley , l . p . pedler , w . prime , k . l . twyford & a . maguire ( 2000 ) . non - current superseded glossy black - cockatoo recovery plan ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) , south australian subspecies , 1999 - 2003 . npw sa , department for environment and heritage . in effect under the epbc act from 09 - mar - 2001 .\ncontrary to other birds eating cones of conifers , glossy black - cockatoos do not crack casuarina (\nshe - oak\n) cones to extract the seeds , but instead eat the whole lot . below a close look at such a cone , which is about 10 mm long .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo feeds almost exclusively on allocasuarina seeds : in a particular area , birds may feed only on a single species . it may also sometimes eat wood - boring larvae . feeds in threes , less commonly in pairs or small groups or in large flocks of up to 60 birds . tame and easily approached when feeding , they can be detected by the clicking of their bills and the falling debris of casuarina cones and twigs .\nthis is the first cockatoo to be illustrated by sydney parkinson , joseph banks ' draughtsman on the endeavour , while the endeavour was being repaired in the endeavour river .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo mates for life , with pairs maintaining their bond all year round . the female prepares the nest hollow and incubates the eggs , only leaving the nest to feed herself after the newly hatched nestling is a week old . males feed the female and nestling throughout the incubation and brooding period . once fledged , the young bird is fed by both parents for up to four months and remains with them until the next breeding season .\nthe nesting success of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been monitored since 1995 . nesting success ( the proportion of nesting attempts that are successful ) has increased from 18 % in 1995 to a mean of 51 % for the years 1997\u00962004 . this increase in nesting success has been attributed to the introduction of management and recovery measures ( e . g . the application of iron collars around tree trunks ) to protect nests from brushtail possums (\nthe small population size and limited geographic range of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) increases the potential for inbreeding . inbreeding could lower the genetic diversity , fertility and health of the population , and reduce the ability of the birds to adapt to changes in their environment . research is needed to determine if any inbreeding occurs , and to ensure that the genetic diversity of the population is maintained at a sufficient level ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .\nmooney , p . a . & l . p . pedler ( 2005 ) . non - current recovery plan for the south australian subspecies of the glossy black - cockatoo ( calyptorhynchus lathami halmaturinus ) : 2005 - 2010 . adelaide , south australian department for environment and heritage . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 21 - oct - 2005 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - apr - 2016 .\nwhen courting a female , the male glossy black - cockatoo intonates a monotonous song reminiscent ( to humans ) of a car alarm . upon the last intonation of the refrain , which increases in volume , the male bows and displays his crest and the red patches on the underside of its tail to the female ( see photo ) . after a few seconds , and possibly after a move to a more advantageous point , the whole routine starts all over .\n( except the species included in appendix i . a zero annual export quota has been established for live specimens from the black sea population of\nglossy black - cockatoos are endemic to the australian continent . there are three races of glossy black - cockatoos . nominate race\nlathami\nis found along the coastal strip from about the nsw / vic border in the south to the south - eastern corner of qld . they also live in the hills of the great dividing range behind these coastal areas , into parts of the murray - darling basin . in a roughly triangular area in qld , with bundaberg , moranbah and roma as its corners , race\nerebus\nis found . race\nhalmaturinus\nis found only on kangaroo island .\nit ' s a beautiful bird ; it ' s a little bit taller or bigger than a sulphur - crested and smaller than a yellow - tail cockatoo ,\nshe said .\nthere is , however , likely to be some inevitable further loss of habitat due to fragmentation in new rural and residential subdivisions and to the continued development of towns and existing rural sub - divisions ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . the rate and extent of development on kangaroo island has increased in the last five to ten years , especially in coastal and sub - coastal areas where much of the habitat of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) occurs ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) .\nthis hotspot includes populations of the endangered bridled nail - tail wallaby and the only remaining wild population of the endangered northern hairy - nosed wombat , now limited to around 110 individuals . the area contains important habitat for rare and threatened species including the bulloak , the jewel butterfly , brigalow scaly - foot , glossy black - cockatoo , greater long - eared bat , large pied bat , eastern long - eared bat and the threatened community of semi evergreen vine thickets the hotspot provides important habitat for star finches and golden tailed geckos .\nglossy black - cockatoos mostly occur in eastern australia , from south - eastern queensland to eastern victoria , and there is also an outlying population much further west , on kangaroo island in south australia . one of the colloquial names for the species is the casuarina cockatoo , and this arises from the birds\u2019 preferred food : the seeds of the casuarina tree . they strip the seed pods from the tree , then tear them open with their strong bills to extract the seeds \u2014 the ground below is often littered with dozens of discarded cones .\nstudies on banded birds have shown that about 50 % of fledged young survive to one year of age ( southgate 2002 ) , and that the average annual survivorship increases to 77\u009683 % for birds aged between one year and three years old , and to 85 % for birds that are older than three years ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) . data collected in more recent years suggests that annual survivorship of adult birds is likely to exceed 90 % ( glossy black - cockatoo recovery program , unpublished data ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe townspeople , council and state government have collaborated to go on a citywide planting spree of the bird ' s favourite tree \u2014 the casuarina , aka the black sheoak .\nkangaroo island has proportionally the greatest area of original natural vegetation in south australia ' s agricultural zone . yet eight of the ecosystems in the kangaroo island subregion ( which includes some small satellite islands ) are listed as threatened at the state level . four animals are nationally listed : the glossy black cockatoo , kangaroo island dunnart , southern brown bandicoot and the heath rat . conservation reserves protect much of kangaroo island and it is one of the largest areas in australia free of rabbits and foxes . despite this protection , mammals are still threatened by cats and dogs , changed fire patterns and habitat fragmentation .\ndistinctiveness the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) is a distinctive bird that , within its known range , is unlikely to be mistaken for any other species ( higgins 1999 ) . detectability the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) can be detected by sight , call , foraging signs ( the presence of shredded seed cones and cone fragments on the ground beneath feeding trees ) or feeding sounds ( the clicking of mandibles , the sound of cones being broken open , and the sound of falling debris ) . it is described as a quiet and unobtrusive bird . it usually takes flight if approached too closely , and is especially wary when drinking . however , some , but not all , individuals that are accustomed to human activity may be quietly approached to within 5\u009610 m while they are foraging ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) . it forages throughout the day during the breeding season , but it usually rests quietly throughout the middle of the day in the non - breeding period . recommended methods the recommended method for detecting the presence of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) within a particular location is to perform area searches or transect surveys , on foot , through stands of drooping sheoak , in search of signs of recent foraging . these signs consist of shredded seed cones that are coloured pale green to creamy white ( shredded in the previous 24 hours ) , cream to light orange ( shredded in the previous few days ) , bright orange ( shredded in the previous week ) or orange - brown ( shredded in the previous six weeks or so ) ; shredded cones that are brown or grey in colour may be up to one year old ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) .\nthe cockatoo ' s habitat probably began disappearing way back when the railway was introduced to the area in the 1860s and declined further as the town grew , said pat hall , a technical officer of science at nationals parks and wildlife service .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) population has been subject to annual monitoring since 1995 . the first annual survey , in 1995 , observed a minimum of 158 birds and , from this count , the population size was estimated to consist of 195 birds . the population size has increased since 1995 ( burbidge & raines 2003 ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pedler 1999 ; pedler & mooney 2004 , 2005 ) . the most recent survey for which data is available , in 2006 , observed a minimum of 293 birds . from this count , the population size was estimated at 310 to 330 birds ( l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm ) .\ncompetition for tree hollows with other species including brushtail possums , yellow - tailed black - cockatoos , galahs , little corellas , sulphur - crested cockatoos , and introduced honey bees ( apis mellifera ) .\nthe glossy black - cockatoo ' s populations have declined , with local extinctions and range contractions . this is because of land clearing practices that have removed food sources and nesting sites . more frequent and intense fires in south - eastern australia since european settlement have also reduced suitable habitat . both grazing , which suppresses casuarina regeneration , and forestry practices that remove casuarina have also contributed to declines . chicks and eggs have been collected for the aviculture industry and , on kangaroo island , chicks and eggs may be eaten by possums . the subspecies c . l . erebus of eastern australia is considered rare , while the kangaroo island subspecies , c . l . halmaturinus is endangered .\nhabitat loss could also occur as a result of grazing . grazing by native and introduced animals ( including wallabies , kangaroos , possums , goats , deer and , on the fleurieu peninsula , rabbits and hares ) and domestic stock can inhibit the natural regeneration of glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) habitats ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ; pepper 1997 ) . the impact of grazing is unknown but , given that about 60 % of foraging habitat and 50 % of nesting habitat occurs on private land , it is possible that large areas of habitat could potentially be subject to some form of grazing ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .\nsurrounded by 300 - 400 stilts , avocets and several species of ducks a very bright [ male ? ] black - tailed godwit . rufous head , neck and upper chest . strong black bars on flank , not complete to belly . back and wings strongly ' spangled\nblack and chestnut . wide white eye - brow only to top of eye . beak , leg colour and tail etc normal . second bird with it in complete non - breeding plumage pale grey above paler under . beak , tail and eye - brow as with first bird . must be over wintering . about 300 metres upstream of mouth .\nalthough sighted regularly by us in these areas in the years 2003 - 2006 , in general glossy black - cockatoos are quite rare . they live in small groups ; typical sightings are of two or three individuals , sometimes small groups of up to six birds . in the pilliga nr , south of narrabri , flocks of up to tens ( probably consisting of subgroups that will disperse again at some point ) have been spotted at various dams .\nred - tailed black - cockatoos nest in tree hollows , which can be in a trunk , end of a dead branch or in a stump . red - tailed black - cockatoos enter the nest hollow tail first . they usually choose eucalypts but will nest in melaleucas , and they usually nest up high . the nest is lined with wood dust or fragments . the female incubates the eggs while the male feeds her .\nseen quartering low over a grassed paddock to the south over stacey ' s rd at 1313 . several brown falcons , nankeen kestrel and at least 5 black - shouldered kite seen along a 4km stretch of road .\nsingle bird seen whilst observing a very active mixed flock of grey fantail , spotted pardalote , brown thornbill and striated pardalote . white eye ring noted clearly , black marking joining eye and very prominent bill . tiny bird with white underside and grey upper . bird regularly ' hovered ' whilst feeding during which time black and white tail patterning seen . observed for about 15 minutes on the south side of the billabong in two eucalypts just out from the billabong fence . ebird checklist\nsince 1996 , the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been recorded in baudin conservation park , lathami conservation park , parndana conservation park , western river wilderness protection area , flinders chase national park , ravine des casoars wilderness protection area and in close proximity to cape torrens wilderness protection area ( atlas of australian birds , unpublished data ; p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) . over the same period of time , breeding has been recorded at all locations except for baudin conservation park and cape torrens wilderness protection area , and hence annual monitoring of nests and ongoing protection of nests and maintenance of artificial hollows is conducted at these locations . artificial hollows have been erected in lathami conservation park , parndana conservation park , western river wilderness protection area and ravine des casoars wilderness protection area . feeding habitat of the glossy black - cockatoo ( kangaroo island ) has been re - vegetated in baudin conservation park and lathami conservation park ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ) . management activities are also undertaken at sites located outside of the reserve system . in many instances , the individual birds and flocks that use the reserves listed above also forage and breed in habitat near or adjacent to the reserves ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) . it is estimated that 45 % of suitable nesting habitat ( much of which is not currently used by the birds ) , and 31 % of drooping sheoak foraging habitat , occurs within gazetted reserves managed by the south australian department for environment and heritage ( mooney & pedler 2005 ) .\nred - tailed black - cockatoos are described as dispersive , meaning that they move away from where they were born to where they breed and that they may breed in separate locations . they also appear to move around in response to seasonal food availability .\nthere are five subspecies of red - tailed black - cockatoo occurring in eight discrete populations . combining these , this species is found from the pilbara and kimberleys in western australia in a broad swath through the top end , much of queensland through to the region of the new south wales border . it is then found from there down along the darling river . the species also occurs in three geographically separate regions in each of : south - west victoria / south - east south australia ; the south - west to west of western australia ; central australia in southern northern territory and northern south australia .\nthrough spring and early summer , the breeding season , red - tailed black - cockatoos are generally seen alone or as family parties of 2 to 3 birds . in autumn and winter , flocks of 100 to 250 birds can be seen in areas with a good food supply .\npreviously reported sipo ( 1n ) present at high tide roost at point . also present were asian gull - billed tern ( 2 ) and single black - tailed godwit ( rare in westernport ) . good numbers of overwintering eastern curlew , bar - tailed godwit and red knot also recorded .\nglossy black - cockatoos , race\nlathami\n, are also infrequently seen by us once in the foothills of the nandewar range , e . g . at eulah creek , where they can sometimes be seen flying over . in the timeframe december 2014 to march 2015 , when it was particularly dry in one of their strongholds , the pilliga scrub , and when bushfires had destroyed part of the native vegetation , increased numbers were seen by us flying over eulah creek towards the hills and large contiguous forests of the great dividing range . in the timeframe december 2017 to january 2018 we have also seen them twice at yarrie lake , on the northern edge of the pilliga scrub .\nthe south - eastern red - tailed black - cockatoo only occurs in the south - east of south australia and south - west victoria . their total range covers an area 18 , 000km 2 from nelson to little desert national park in south west victoria and from keith to mount gambier in the south east of south australia ( see range map below ) . red - tails rely on stringybark , buloke and gum woodland habitats and scattered trees throughout the range for feeding and nesting . they are highly nomadic , moving throughout their range in response to food availability . although red - tails are widespread across the range , some of the more likely areas or hotspots for finding birds are around edenhope , casterton , naracoorte , frances , nelson ( lower glenelg national park ) and lucindale .\nthe orange - bellied parrot national recovery team has asked that we do not publish any reports of orange - bellied parrots . please send any sightings at the western treatment plant , werribee and the spit wildlife reserve to obp . release @ urltoken and for all other areas to chris purnell at chris . purnell @ birdlife . org . au . all regent honeyeater reports should be forwarded as soon as possible to dean ingwersen ( dean . ingwersen @ urltoken or freecall 1800 621 056 ) , including any colour leg band details . it is requested that details of swift parrot sightings are forwarded to chris timewell ( woodlandbirds @ birdlife . org . au ) . also , please note that birdline victoria won\u2019t be publishing individual reports of yellow - tailed black - cockatoo in the greater melbourne area .\nthe single nestling is brooded and fed by the female . for the first three weeks after hatching , the male provides food to the brooding female , who in turn feeds the nestling . at approximately three weeks after hatching , the female departs the nest to forage during the day with the male . the nestling remains in the nest for a period of 84\u009696 days and , after leaving the nest , is fed by both parents ( garnett et al . 1999 ; t . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; mooney & pedler 2005 ) . the fledgling continues to be fed for a period , based on observations of captive glossy black - cockatoos , of three or four months ( sindel & lynn 1989 ) , or sometimes longer ( p . mooney 2007 , pers . comm . ; l . pedler 2007 , pers . comm . ) ."]}
{"id": 1918, "summary": [{"text": "westralunio carteri is a species of freshwater mussel in the family hyriidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to western australia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is known by the common name carter 's freshwater mussel .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this is the only species of the genus westralunio found in australia . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "westralunio carteri", "paragraphs": ["( 2011 ) . westralunio carteri . in iucn red list of threatened species .\nrecent references = westralunio carteri . \u2014 santos - neto et al . ( 2016 ) . = westralunio carteri . \u2014 graf et al . ( 2015 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1944 [ sic ] . \u2014 iucn ( 2014 ) . = westralunio carteri ( iredale , 1934 ) . \u2014 walker et al . ( 2014 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . \u2014 zieritz et al . ( 2013 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . \u2014 bogan ( 2010 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . \u2014 graf & cummings ( 2007 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale . \u2014 walker et al . ( 2001 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . \u2014 b . j . smith ( 1992 ) . = westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 . \u2014 haas ( 1969 ) .\nthe june 2013 mussel of the month is westralunio carteri . westralunio is a genus of three species found in western australia and new guinea .\n( 2012 ) . conservation status of westralunio carteri iredale ( bivalvia : hyriidae ) . in :\n( 1934 ) . the freshwater mussels of australia . type species : westralunio ambiguus carteri iredale ,\n( 1989 ) . the freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri iredale , as a biological monitor of organochlorine pesticides .\n( 2011 ) . freshwater shrimp ( palaemonetes australis ) may be involved in glochidia release from the freshwater mussel westralunio carteri .\nwestralunio carteri is endemic to southwestern australia , and this freshwater mussel is the only species found in that area . intestestingly , the other two species of westralunio are far away in new guinea .\nthe occassion for crowning westralunio carteri as mussel of the month for june 2013 was inspired by the recent paper by klunzinger et al . ( 2013 ) . w . carteri , like other hyriids , has hooked - type glochidia .\n( 2011 ) . westralunio carteri . in iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . available at http : / / www . iucnredlist . org .\n( 2012 ) . host fishes for the glochidia of westralunio carteri iredale ( bivalvia : hyriidae ) . in : \u2018molluscs 2012\u2019 : triennial conference of the malacological society of australasia ,\nmichael klunzinger has moved our understanding of westralunio carteri forward a great deal with his dissertation on the ecology , life history , and conservation status of this species . good work , michael !\n( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels ( westralunio carteri ) in the catchments of geographe bay , south - western australia . fish health unit ( murdoch university ) , report to the water corporation ,\niredale , 1943 , austral . zool . : 190 [ as \u2018westralunio ambiguus\u2019 ] [ in part ] .\noriginal name : westalunio ambiguus carteri iredale , 1934 . iredale , t . ( 1934 ) . the freshwater mussels of australia . australian zoologist 8 : 57 - 78 .\nklunzinger m . w . , beatty s . j . , morgan d . l . , pinder a . m . & lymbery a . j . ( 2015 ) . range decline and conservation status of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : hyriidae ) from south - western australia australian journal of zoology 63 : 127 - 135 .\nklunzinger , m . w . , thomson , g . j . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , & lymbery , a . j . ( 2013 ) . morphological and morphometrical description of the glochidia of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : unionoida : hyriidae ) . molluscan research 33 : 104 - 109 .\nklunzinger m . w . , beatty s . j . , morgan d . l . , lymbery a . j . & haag , w . r . ( 2014 ) . age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation . freshwater science 33 : 1127 - 1135 .\niredale , 1934 , austral . zool . : 62 , pl . 3 , fig . 8 ; pl . 4 , fig . 8 [ as \u2018westralunio ambiguus\u2019 ] [ in part ] .\nklunzinger , m . w . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , & lymbery , a . j . ( 2012 ) . distribution of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : unionoida : hyriidae ) on the south coast of south - western australia , including new records of the species . journal of the royal society of western australia 95 : 77 - 81 .\nklunzinger , m . w . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , lymbery , r . , thomson , g . j . & lymbery , a . j . ( 2011 ) . discovery of a host fish species for glochidia of westralunio carteri iredale , 1934 ( bivalvia : unionoida : hyriidae ) . journal of the royal society of western australia 94 : 19 - 23 .\nklunzinger , michael w . ; beatty , stephen j . ; morgan , david l . ; lymbery , alan j . ; haag , wendell r . 2014 . age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation . freshwater science . 33 ( 4 ) : 1127 - 1135 . 9 p . doi : 10 . 1086 / 677815\n% 0 journal article % t age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation % j freshwater science 33 ( 4 ) 1127 - 1135 % a klunzinger , michael w . % a beatty , stephen j . % a morgan , david l . % a lymbery , alan j . % a haag , wendell r . % v 33 % n 4 % p 1127 - 1135 % r 10 . 1086 / 677815 % d 2014 % > urltoken % u urltoken citation\nty - jour ti - age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation au - klunzinger , michael w . au - beatty , stephen j . au - morgan , david l . au - lymbery , alan j . au - haag , wendell r . py - 2014 do - 10 . 1086 / 677815 jo - freshwater science 33 ( 4 ) 1127 - 1135 is - 4 vl - 33 sp - 1127 ep - 1135 l1 - urltoken ur - urltoken er - citation\nwestralunio . shell more or less oblong ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) . pseudocardinal teeth erect , strongly serrated , shell small ( less than 70 mm in length ) . beaks smooth , shell rather thick , with concentric growth lines only . restricted to sw australia .\n@ article { klunzinger % 2c + michael + w . 2014age , title = { age and growth in the australian freshwater mussel , westralunio carteri , with an evaluation of the fluorochrome calcein for validating the assumption of annulus formation } , author = { klunzinger , michael w . and beatty , stephen j . and morgan , david l . and lymbery , alan j . and haag , wendell r . } , journal = { freshwater science 33 ( 4 ) 1127 - 1135 } , volume = { 33 } , number = { 4 } , pages = { 1127 - - 1135 } , doi = { 10 . 1086 / 677815 } , year = { 2014 } } citation\nintroduced fishes : gambusia holbrooki ( girard , 1859 ) ; phalloceros caudimaculatus ( hensel , 1868 ) unsuitable host fish species : introduced fishes : carassius auratus linnaeus , 1758 * note : an additional seven introduced and three native fishes that occur in parts of the geographic range of w . carteri remain untested as host fishes . those listed above are the most widespread . age at sexual maturity : 3 - 6 years ( klunzinger et al . 2014a ) life expectancy : at least 36\u201152 years ( klunzinger et al . 2014a ) habitat requirements :\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwalker , k . f . , jones , h . a . and klunzinger , m . w . 2013 . bivalves in a bottleneck : taxonomy , phylogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionoida ) in australasia . hydrobiologia .\n. 2013 ) . the evolutionary relationship between the three species is currently unknown and their description is based primarily on adult shell characters .\nbeatty , s . , keleher , j . , kirkendale , l . , lymbery , a . , morgan , d . , pinder , a . , robert , j . , slack - smith , s . & whisson , c .\ncurrent population size is not available . some subpopulations have declined from catastrophic mortality ( e . g . , salinity , physical destruction of habitat , exposure to air and possibly predation by introduced mammals ) . where suitable habitats remain in \u2018good\u2019 condition , the species can still be found in relatively dense patches ( 20 - 50 individuals / m\u00b2 ) , but seldom > 100 mussels / m\u00b2 overall population trend is decreasing as threats continue ( klunzinger et al . 2012b , 2014b ) .\nfollowing parasitic period , metamorphosed glochidia ( i . e . juveniles ) detach to begin life in the sediments ( no change in shell length while on the fish ) ;\nadults capable of moving distances of 7 - 10 m over a long period of time , but generally sedentary .\n( kendrick 1976 ; morgan et al . 2011 ; klunzinger et al . 2012a , b , 2013 , 2014a ; walker et al . 2013 ) host fish ( klunzinger et al . 2012a ) confirmed host fish species : native fishes : tandanus bostocki whitley , 1944 ; nannoperca vittata ( castelnau , 1873 ) ; afurcagobius suppositus ( sauvage , 1880 ) ; pseudogobius olorum ( sauvage , 1880 ) ; bostockia porosa castelnau , 1873 ; galaxias occidentalis ogilby , 1899 ; leptatherina wallacei ( prince , ivantsoff & potter , 1982 )\nfreshwater lakes , rivers and streams ( mean salinity < 1 . 6 ppt ) ;\npatchy distribution in sandy / muddy sediments with greatest densities associated with exposed submerged tree roots ( eucalyptus rudis , melaleuca spp . and others ) , woody debris and overhanging riparian vegetation near stream banks and edges of lakes / dams ;\nprecise habitat requirements and quantification of density within habitat types are in the early stages of study for this species ; juveniles may require specific micro - habitats and are difficult to locate in the wild .\nthere have been a few select threat abatement actions in localized subpopulations undertaken through environmental consultancies for state government agencies . however , the success of translocation strategies to mitigate impacts is unknown . otherwise , there are currently no recovery or threat abatement / mitigation actions proposed or planned specifically for the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmcmichael , d . f . & hiscock , i . d . 1958 ,\na monograph of the freshwater mussels ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of the australian region\n, australian journal of marine and freshwater research , vol . 9 , pp . 372 - 508\niredale , t . 1934 ,\nthe freshwater mussels of australia\n, the australian zoologist , vol . 8 , no . 1 , pp . 57 - 78 pls iii - vi\nstorr , g . m . 1971 ,\nthe genus lerista ( lacertilia : scincidae ) in western australia\n, journal of the royal society of western australia , vol . 54 , pp . 59 - 75\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 524939ef - a9f1 - 4812 - 9a3e - cf1f04f34e04\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b348d75a - 5040 - 43b2 - b137 - d0f0f8eae483\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c6247ba8 - 3ed5 - 4af1 - b381 - 0d0a23780319\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : eeb0f478 - ed2a - 44f7 - 8ff7 - abb45490b29f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4cecf607 - 52c6 - 4216 - bc29 - 3c65b81cc8fe\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 372160\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfm ( u ) otw ( aolcb ) is the web version of the mussel project database . follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields . either way , you win !\n\u2018lamarck\u2019 menke , 1843 , molluscorum novae hollandiae specimen : 38 , sp . 219 .\ncotton & gabriel , 1932 , proc . roy . soc . victoria : 157 [ in part ] .\n\u2018reeve\u2019 e . a . smith , 1874 , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . \u201cerebus\u201d and \u201cterror\u201d : 3 , pl . 4 , fig . 2 .\n\u2018philippi\u2019 cotton & gabriel , 1932 , proc . roy . soc . victoria : 157 .\n( selected by mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ) , river avon , south australia .\n( selected by mcmichael & hiscock , 1958 ) , victoria reservoir , darling range , 12 mls e of perth , western australia , australia [ - 32 . 05 , 116 . 067 \u00b1 10 km ] .\nthe mussel project \u0097 home page urltoken . site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings . hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point . funded by the national science foundation .\nmaking the world a better place , one mollusk at a time .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nshell medium sized , oblong to ovate , solid to thin valves , sculpture of radial growth lines , umbos smooth but are often eroded , thick black periostracum , interior of valves nacreous bluish to bronze to white , hinge teeth with very strong grooved ( serrated ) pseudocardinal teeth , anterior retractor muscle scars deeply impressed .\nanatomy : supra anal opening absent , larvae are brooded in the inner pair of demibranchs , inhalant and exhalant siphons are short but prominent and formed by the mantle edge which is open ventrally and fused posteriorly , branchial siphon larger than anal siphon bearing a variable number of prominent papillae and heavily pigmented .\nhyridella . beak of young specimens at least sculptured with v - shaped ridges ; shell quadrate to elongate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) , not markedly winged . hinge strong with grooved pseudocardinal teeth and simple ' lateral ' teeth . shell surface ( other than beaks ) more - or - less smooth except for concentric growth lines .\nvelesunio . beaks smooth , shell can be rather thick , rounded in outline ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) , often inflated , hinge lamellar , usually simple ( rarely serrated ) . shell surface with concentric growth lines only .\nalathyria . shell typically large , elongate - ovate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length > 50 % ) , often distinctly winged , thick , hinge usually with heavy , pseudocardinal teeth grooved , ' lateral ' teeth smooth . shell surface more - or - less smooth , with concentric growth lines only .\ncucumerunio . shell very elongate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length < 40 % ) , beaks sculptured with v - shaped ridges ; rest of shell surface with conspicuous nodules or ridges . hinge strong , pseudocardinal teeth grooved .\nlortiella . shell elongate ( ratio of maximum height of shell to its length < 45 % ) , winged posteriorly , hinge simple , not well developed . beaks smooth and shell surface with concentric growth lines only . found in nw australia .\ntype locality : victoria reservoir in the darling ranges , 12 miles east of perth , western australia .\nthe last major taxonomic revision of australian freshwater mussels was by mcmichael and hiscock ( 1958 ) . based on the available molecular results , walker et al . ( 2014 ) pointed out that a re - assessment of australian hyriids is needed .\nshallow burrower in silty sand / mud in streams and rivers . suspension feeder . larvae ( glochidia ) are brooded in the gills and , when released , become parasitic on fish gills before dropping to the sediment as young mussels .\nmainly live in flowing freshwater rivers , streams and water supply reservoirs . infaunal , living two thirds to almost fully buried in sand and sediment . suspension feeders . dioecious . brood young in marsupia in the inner pair of demibranchs . larvae parasitic , using fish as hosts and dispersal agents .\nadditional information on the biology and ecology of members of this family can be found in fauna of australia , vol . 5a , p . 296 - 298 .\nbeesley , p . l . , ross , g . j . b . & wells , a . , eds . ( 1998 ) . mollusca : the southern synthesis . parts a & b . melbourne , csiro publishing .\nhaas , f . ( 1969 ) superfamilia unionacea ( in ) das terreich , lieferung 88 , de gruyter and co . berlin .\njones , h . a . & byrne , m . ( 2014 ) . changes in the distributions of freshwater mussels ( unionoida : hyriidae ) in coastal southeastern australia and implications for their conservation status . aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater ecosystems 24 : 203 - 217 .\niredale , t . ( 1934 ) . the freshwater mussels of australia . australian zoologist 8 : 57 - 78 .\niredale , t . ( 1943 ) . a basic list of the fresh water mollusca of australia . australian zoologist 10 : 188 - 230 .\nklunzinger , m . w . , beatty , s . j . , morgan , d . l . , thomson , g . j . & lymbery , a . j . ( 2012 ) . glochidia ecology in wild fish populations and laboratory determination of competent host fishes for an endemic freshwater mussel of south - western australia . australian journal of zoology 60 : 26 - 36 .\nlamprell , k . & healy , j . ( 1998 ) . bivalves of australia , volume 2 . leiden , backhuys publishers .\nmcmichael , d . f . & hiscock , i . d . ( 1958 ) . a monograph of the freshwater mussels ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of the australian region . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 9 : 372 - 508 .\nsmith , b . j . ( 1992 ) . non - marine mollusca . pp . i - xii , 1 - 408 in w . w . k . houston . zoological catalogue of australia , 8 . canberra , australian government publishing service .\nwalker , k . f . ( 2004 ) . a guide to the provisional identification of the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of australasia . albury , murray darling freshwater research centre .\nwalker , k . f . , byrne , m . , hickey , c . w . & roper , d . s . ( 2001 ) . freshwater mussels ( hyriidae ) of australasia . pp . 5 - 31 in g . bauer & w\u00e4chtler , k . ecology and evolution of the freshwater mussels unionoida . ecological studies . berlin , springer - verlag .\nwalker , k . f . , jones , h . a . & klunzinger , m . w . ( 2014 ) . bivalves in a bottleneck : taxonomy , phylogeography and conservation of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionoida ) in australasia . hydrobiologia 735 : 61 - 79 .\nzieritz , a . , sartori , a . f . & klunzinger , m . w . ( 2013 ) . morphological evidence shows that not all velesunioninae have smooth umbos . journal of molluscan studies 79 : 277\u2013282 .\nto cite this resource : ponder , w . f . , hallan , a . , shea , m . and clark , s . a . 2016 . australian freshwater molluscs . urltoken\nauthor ( s ) : klunzinger , michael w . ; beatty , stephen j . ; morgan , david l . ; lymbery , alan j . ; haag , wendell r . ;\nthis article was written and prepared by u . s . government employees on official time , and is therefore in the public domain .\nour on - line publications are scanned and captured using adobe acrobat . during the capture process some typographical errors may occur . please contact the srs webmaster if you notice any errors which make this publication unuseable .\nthe southern research station is one of seven units that make up the u . s . forest service research and development organization \u2013 the most extensive natural resources research organization in the world .\n( 2010 ) . 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( hyriidae ) in central australia .\n( 2002 ) . pharmaceuticals , hormones , and other organic wastewater contaminants in us streams , 1999 - 2000 : a national reconnaissance .\n( 1982 ) . phosphorus export from coastal plain drainage into the peel harvey esturine system of western australia .\n( 2001 ) . phototoxicity of anthracene and pyrene to glochidia of the freshwater mussel utterbackia imbecillis .\n( 1990 ) . physical factors and their influence on the mussel fauna of a main channel border habitat of the upper misssissippi river .\n( 2007 ) . physicochemical stream bed characteristics and recruitment of the freshwater pearl mussel ( margaritifera margaritifera ) .\n( 1991 ) . plasticity in life history traits of the freshwater pearl mussel : consequences for the danger of extinction and for conservation measures . in :\n( 2012 ) . population assessment of freshwater mussels within yule brook between kenwick link & albany highway .\n( 1992 ) . population density and growth of unio douglasiae and lanceolaria grayana ( bivalvia : unionidae ) in a small creek at kyoto .\n( 1990 ) . population ecology of the freshwater mussel anodonta grandis grandis in a precambrian shield lake .\npopulation genetics of the freshwater mussel , amblema plicata ( say 1817 ) ( bivalvia : unionidae ) : evidence of high dispersal and post - glacial colonization .\n( 1965 ) . population regulation of a water mite parasitic on unionid mussels .\n( 1991 ) . predation by the hooded crow corvus corone cornix on the freshwater pearl mussels margaritifera margaritifera . irish naturalists '\n( 1942 ) . preliminary report on mollusks found in the shell mounds of the pickwick landing basin in the tennessee river valley .\n( 2011 ) . ranking threats using species distribution models in the iucn red list assessment process .\n( 2000 ) . recruitment of fusconaia ebena ( bivalvia : unionidae ) in relation to discharge of the lower ohio river .\n( 1983 ) . redistribution and local recolinisation by the freshwater pearl mussel margaritifera margaritifera ( l . ) .\n( 1993 ) . reduced survival and fitness in native bivalves in response to fouling by the introduced zebra mussel ( driessena polymorpha ) in western lake erie .\n( 2001 ) . relations between complex hydraulics and the localized distribution of mussels in three regulated rivers . regulated rivers :\n( 2004 ) . relationship of declining mussel biodiversity to stream reach and watershed characteristics in an agricultural landscape .\n( 2002 ) . relationship of unionoid mussel occurrence to channel stability in urban streams . verhandlungen der internationale vereinigung f\u00fcr theoretische und angewandte\n( 2002 ) . relationships between streambed substrate characterisitics and freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) in coastal plain streams .\n( 1998 ) . release of metamorphosed juveniles by the green floater , lasmigona subviridis .\n( 1981 ) . repetitive spawning behaviour in two species of freshwater mussels ( lamellibranchiata : unionacea ) in lake kariba .\n( 1999 ) . reproduction by individuals of a nonreproducing population of megalonaias nervosa ( mollusca : unionidae ) following translocation .\n( 1995 ) . reproduction in the freshwater mussel velesunio angasi in response to the release of water from ranger uranium mine to magela creek . technical memorandum 49 . supervising scientist for the alligator rivers region ,\n( 1998 ) . reproduction of river and lake populations of hyridella depressa ( unionacea : hyriidae ) in new south wales : implications for their conservation .\n( 1991 ) . reproductive biology and fish hosts of the tennessee clubshell pleurobema oviforme ( mollusca : unionidae ) in virginia .\n( 1999 ) . reproductive biology and juvenile recruitment of the shinyrayed pocketbook , lampsilis subangulata ( bivalvia : unionidae ) in the gulf coastal plain .\n( 1992 ) . reproductive biology of 4 species of freshwater mussels ( mollusca , unionidae ) in the new river , virginia and west virginia .\n( 1981 ) . reproductive biology of lampsilis radiata siliquoidea ( pelecypoda : unionidae ) .\n( 2003 ) . reproductive biology of the large freshwater crayfish cherax cainii in south - western australia .\n( 1988 ) . reproductive biology of two species of plotosid catfish , tandanus bostocki and cnidoglanis macrocephalus , from south - western australia . phd thesis .\n( 1986 ) . reproductive cycle and fish hosts of the rabbit\u2019s foot mussel , quadrula cylindrica strigillata ( mollusca : unionidae ) in the upper tennessee river drainage .\n( 1987 ) . reproductive strategy of the fresh - water pearl mussel margaritifera margaritifera .\n( 2004 ) . response of freshwater mussel assemblages ( bivalvia : unionidae ) to a record drought in the gulf coastal plain of southwestern georgia .\n( 1998 ) . response of heterotrophic planktonic bacteria to the zebra mussel invasion of the tidal freshwater hudson river .\n( 2003 ) . responses of freshwater biota to rising salinity levels and implications for saline water management : a review .\n( 2004 ) . restricted movement by mottled sculpin ( pisces : cottidae ) in a southern appalachian stream .\n( 2002 ) . restricted movement in stream fish : the paradigm is incomplete , not lost .\n( 2007 ) . review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species ( bivalvia : unionoida ) .\n( 2003 ) . salinisation and prospects for biodiversity in rivers and wetlands of south - west western australia .\n( 2011 ) . salinity tolerances of endemic freshwater fishes of south - western australia : implications for conservation in a biodiversity hotspot .\n( 2003 ) . salinization of wouth - western western australian rivers and the implications for the inland fish fauna \u2013 the blackwood river , a case study .\n( 1994 ) . sampling freshwater mussel populations : the bias of muskrat middens .\n( 1982 ) . seasonal variation in two species of unionid clams from manitoba , canada : respiration .\n( 1995 ) . sediment in streams : sources , biological effects and control .\n( 1999 ) . sediment , land use , and freshwater mussels : prospects and problems .\n( 1998 ) . selective predation by muskrats on freshwater mussels in two minnesota rivers .\n( 2003 ) . sensitivity of freshwater mussels ( lampsilis fasciola , villosa iris ) to total and un - ionized ammonia .\n( 1993 ) . sensitivity of freshwater mussels to hypoxic , thermal and acid stress .\n( 2004 ) . serotonergic effects of municipal effluents : induced spawning activity in freshwater mussels .\n( 1998 ) . seston quality controls zebra mussel ( dreissena polymorpha ) energetics in turbid rivers .\n( 1977 ) . shape of shell in relation to weight of margaritifera margaritifera ( l . ) ( bivalvia : margaritiferidae ) .\n( 1984 ) . site selection and attachment duration of anodonta woodiana ( bivalvia : unionacea ) glochidia on fish hosts .\n( 2010 ) . size - specific growth patterns and estimated longevity of the unionid mussel ( pronodularia japanensis ) .\n( 1975 ) . slow growth rate of a deep sea clam determined by 228ra chronology .\n( 1996 ) . small dams as barriers to freshwater mussels ( bivalvia , unionoida ) and their hosts .\n( 1996 ) . some aspects of reproductive biology of freshwater mussels living in a tropical area .\n( 1974 ) . some mechanisms involved in host recognition and attachment of the glochidium larva of anodonta cygnea ( mollusca : bivalvia ) .\n( 1969 ) . some observations on the life histories of south indian freshwater mussels .\n( 1993 ) . spatial aggregation , body size , and reproductive status in the freshwater mussel elliptio complanata .\n( 1992 ) . spatial aggregation , precision , and power in surveys of freshwater mussel populations .\n( 2009 ) . species distribution models : ecological explanation and prediction across space and time . annual review of ecology ,\n( 2007 ) . species information : threatened and endangered animals and plants . available at : urltoken apstatus = i .\n( 1997 ) . spectaclecase ( cumberlandia monodonta ) conglutinates unique , host ( s ) elusive .\n( 1998 ) . spectaclecase ( cumberlandia monodonta ) host ( s ) still elusive .\n( 2000 ) . sperm sphere in unionid mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) .\n( 2000 ) . status and conservation of the relict giant european freshwater pearl mussel margaritifera auricularia ( spengler , 1793 ) ( bivalvia : unionoidea ) .\n( 1997 ) . status of aquatic mollusks in the southeastern united states : a downward spiral of diversity .\n( 2005 ) . stream salinity status and trends in south west western australia . salinity and land use impacts slui 38 . department of environment :\n( 2009 ) . studies on molluscan shells : contributions from microscopic and analytical methods .\n( 1912 ) . studies on reproduction and artificial propagation of fresh water mussels .\n( 1984 ) . studies on the biology of freshwater mussels ( lamellibranchia : unionacea ) in ireland .\n( 1993 ) . studies on the chemistry of interstitial water taken from defined horizons in the fine sediments of bivalve habitats in several northern german lowland waters . ii :"]}
{"id": 1919, "summary": [{"text": "galopin ( 1872 \u2013 1899 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from june 1874 until october 1875 he ran nine times and won eight races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was one of the best british two-year-olds winning his first three races before sustaining the only defeat of his career in the middle park plate .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1875 , he won all five of his races including the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at the end of the season he was retired to stud where he became an extremely successful and influential breeding stallion . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "galopin", "paragraphs": ["satisfy due diligence requirments on galopin trawlers limited in one single ' time - saving ' search . run full background checks for fitness and probity on the directors of galopin trawlers limited and anti - money laundering checks ( aml checks ) on galopin trawlers limited\nle menuel galopin is number one afghan kennel for the 8th year in a row .\nretired to stud , his best son was vedette , who when mated with the flying dutchman\u2019s daughter flying duchess , produced the breed shaping sire galopin . flying duchess herself carried voltigeur\u2019s sire voltaire as her damsire , giving galopin a 3x3 cross . galopin matched well with hampton , who carried voltigeur\u2019s full sister volley , grandam of lord clifden . full brother barnton appears in the pedigree of phalaris ( along with hampton and galopin ) .\ngalicia ( gb ) br f 1898 ( galopin - isoletta , by isonomy ) . family 10 - a .\nthe galopin restaurant has met the expectations for more than 20 years now , and today its fame is undeniable .\nsinead whelahan is a company director of galopin trawlers limited since 2014 and a listed director of 1 other companies .\ndonovan ( gb ) b c 1886 ( galopin - mowerina , by scottish chief ) . family 7 - a .\nthe latest documents filed with the companies registration office for galopin trawlers limited ( which can include the account details ) are listed below .\nlog - in now to run due diligence checks and compliance checks on galopin trawlers limited or click join - up to get started .\nwhat made you want to look up galopin ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nst simon ( gb ) br c 1881 ( galopin - st angela , by king tom ) . sire line st . simon . family 11 - c .\nvoltigeur initially stood as a stallion at middlethorpe near york at a fee of 15 guineas . voltigeur\u2019 most notable offspring was the 2000 guineas winner vedette , from his first crop of foals , who sired the derby winner galopin among other winners . galopin sired the undefeated champion st . simon who became the dominant british stallion of his era .\nserra parecis don ' t forget to look has been breed to ch . olaf . . . there should be new menuel galopin puppies at the end of august . . .\ngalopin , when mated with st angela , sired the greatest sire of the late nineteenth century in st simon , who has had a profound influence on twentieth century breeding . st angela re - introduced two lines of orville and one of his half - brother paulowitz and a line of velocipede , who matches with galopin\u2019s grandam merope ( 3 / 4 sister ) .\nb c 1895 ( galopin - lady yardley , by sterling ) . sire line king fergus . family 2 - w . bred by sir tatton sykes he won the two thousand guineas stakes .\ngalopin mare ( br f 1887 ) became the ancestress of two derby winners , minoru ( br c 1906 cyllene ) and grand parade ( bl c 1916 orby ) . family 5 - c .\n, palmer 1939 ; et al . ) , usually naming delight ( 1863 b c by ellington - placid by thistle whipper ) as the alternative . galopin ' s breeder , sharpe , denied the rumours in print (\ngalopin trawlers limited was set up on wednesday the 2nd of july 2014 . their current address is co . louth , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors tomas whelahan and sinead whelahan have been the director of 1 other irish company between them .\ngalopin property company unlimited company was set up on tuesday the 23rd of april 2013 . their current address is co . kildare , and the company status is normal . the company ' s current directors barry comer and luke comer have been the director of 108 other irish companies between them .\ncount ( later prince ) batthyany was an aristocratic hungarian who came to england as a young man to escape an uncongenial atmosphere at home and to live the life of a man of means in racing circles . he rode in races in england and founded his stud in 1843 . he was elected to the jockey club in 1859 ; his colours were ' blue , orange sleeves , black cap ' . after installing john dawson as his trainer in newmarket his stable prospered , the highlight being galopin ' s derby win in 1875 . the horse ' s stud career was followed with equal delight , but it proved the death of the prince . he suffered a fatal heart attack on the steps to the jockey club luncheon room in anticipation of galopin ' s son galliard winning the 2000 guineas . among the horses sold after his death was galopin ' s son the great st simon .\ngalopin went on to a successful turf career at two and three including a victory in the derby stakes . he wasn ' t trained at four , due to the prince ' s ill health , and although perfectly sound was sent to the stud . on the death of the prince , galopin was sold to mr henry chaplin for 8 , 000 guineas , and later stood at blankney hall , sleaford , in lincolnshire . in addition to his famous son st simon ( br c 1881 ) , he sired numerous classics winners . he was a champion sire in 1888 , 1889 and 1898 .\ndissecting the pedigree of these two 19th century heroes , voltigeur and the flying dutchman , one can plainly see the explosive quality of common ancestral genes brought together to produce galopin . voltigeur was by voltaire who was out of a phantom mare by phantom while voltigeur\u2019s dam martha lynn was by mulatto by catton .\njust arrived from estonia on january 5th , ch . olaf wins the next day the cacib , bob and 2nd in the group in bordeaux ( judge j . l . brassat lapeyrierre ) . ch . olaf will stay a few months in france and will be at stud at the\nmenuel galopin\n.\nmost obviously , and not easy to research , the presence of such a strong concentration of st . simon , angelica and their sire galopin in the bottom quadrant lends itself to gelling with pedigrees with strong presences too , for instance through teddy , tracery , rabelais , nearco or rock sand , and indeed many others .\nhe was the last of 12 foals from his dam remorse , who was a winning daughter of 1868 goodwood stewards ' cup winner vex . a winner at up to 12 furlongs , vex is a full sister to the great galopin , the unquestioned champion of the 1875 crop in england and a three - time champion sire in that country .\nsharpe may have assumed too much . recent analysis of male - specific y - chromosome dna ( msy ) , carried out by dr . barbara wallner ( university of veterinary medicine , vienna ) et al . , has revealed that modern tail - male descendants of persimmon and st . frusquin , both sired by galopin ' s son st . simon , have the msy type of the byerley turk , as would be expected for delight , rather than that of the darley arabian , as would be expected for vedette . this indicates a mis - recording in the patrilineal record at or after king fergus and at or before st . simon . no link therein appears more suspect than that of vedette to galopin .\nthe dam of blenheim , his grace and king salmon and ancestress of summertime , malva is balanced line - bred to st . simon\u2019s sire galopin and appears in the common presences of mahmoud , donatello and nasrullah through blenheim . in fact the whole bottom part of the pedigree is saturated with the blood of st . simon and his sister angelica . claba di san jore is balanced line - bred to polynesian and princequillo .\nch . paloma p . is the number one sighthound in france at the last\nvos chiens\nranking ( to august ) . in the last three weeks , she won another specialty bob ( chateau gonthier under j . l . lemouzy ) and two more cacibs ( evian under mr mensancal and nevers under mr besson ) . le menuel galopin is number one afghan kennel and number two kennel all breeds in france ! ! !\nb c 1893 ( galopin - eira , by kisber ) . sire line king fergus . family 3 - c . won the rous memorial stakes and the newmarket stakes . in the stud in france , italy and england , he sired the one thousand guineas winner atmah ( b f 1908 ) , two derby italiano winners , kosheni ( b c 1913 ) and saturno ( b c 1907 ) , as well as five other italian classics winners .\nbayardo ' s dam , galicia , came from a good family which included having blink bonnie , as her fifth dam . galicia was by galopin\u2014a derby winner and sire st . simon\u2014and out of the isonomy mare , isoletta . she won the biennial stakes as a two - year - old , before injuring her pastern . galicia raced as a three - year - old , but broke down in the derby cup and was retired for breeding . she produced four winners , of 42 races and \u00a388 , 000 , including lemberg , who won the dewhurst stakes , middle park stakes , the derby , eclipse stakes , st . james ' s palace stakes , jockey club stakes , and the coronation cup , finished second in the 2 , 000 guineas , and third in the st . leger stakes . bayardo was inbred to galopin in the second and fourth generations ( 2\u00d74 ) and to sterling in the fourth generation ( 4\u00d74 ) . [ 2 ]\nbred in lincolnshire by mr william taylor sharpe , galopin was purchased from the middle park yearling sale for 520 guineas by prince batthyany of hungary on the advice of john dawson . described as a rich dark brown colour with a small white star , he stood 15 hands 3 1 / 2 inches , and was said to have depth through the chest , beautiful shoulders and be round barrelled and muscular with powerful quarters . he was considered to have excellent conformation with much quality and superb action .\nbayardo ' s dam , galicia , came from a good family which included having blink bonnie , as her fifth dam . galicia was by galopin - - a derby winner and sire st . simon - - and out of the isonomy mare , isoletta . she won the biennial stakes as a two - year - old , before injuring her pastern . galicia raced as a three - year - old , but broke down in the derby cup and was retired for breeding . she produced four winners , of 42 races and \u00a388 , 000 , including lemberg , who won the dewhurst stakes , middle park stakes , the derby , eclipse stakes , st . james ' s palace stakes , jockey club stakes , and the coronation cup , finished second in the 2 , 000 guineas , and third in the st . leger stakes . bayardo was inbred to galopin in the second and fourth generations ( 2\u00d74 ) and to sterling in the fourth generation ( 4\u00d74 ) . [ 2 ]\nroquebrune won the norfolk stakes by a head , beating the duke of westminster ' s shaddock ( b c 1893 st . serf ) and the prince of wales ' s 1000 guineas winner thais ( br f 1893 st . serf ) , also in the field was leopold de rothschild ' s galeazzo ( b c 1893 galopin ) . his grandam , st . marguerite ( ch f 1879 ) , won the 1000 guineas and then produced oaks and st . leger winner seabreeze ( ch f 1885 isonomy ) , yorkshire oaks winner antibes ( ch f 1886 isonomy ) , champagne stakes winner riviera ( br f 1887 isonomy ) and tredennis ( ch c 1898 kendal ) , among others . his pedigree suggested tremendous potential and he was certainly the best offspring of his sire .\nbr c 1880 ( galopin - mavis , by macaroni ) . sire line king fergus . family 13 . bred by the 6th viscount falmouth , he won the two thousand guineas stakes , prince of wales ' s stakes and the st james ' s palace stakes . although a favourite for the derby he was defeated by st blaise ( ch c 1880 hermit ) and highland chief ( b c 1880 hampton ) . in the stud he sired the henckel - rennen winner griffin ( b c 1897 ) , the grand prix de bruxelles winner war dance ( b c 1887 ) , as well as the dams of bay ronald ( b c 1893 hampton ) and fairy gold ( ch f 1896 bend or ) . the war dance line persisted in france to the derby winner lavandin ( b c 1953 verso ) who got a good grandson in the polish - bred preis von europa winner pawiment ( br c 1974 mehari ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n, 28 june , 1890 ) , apparently convinced that flying duchess was already in foal to vedette in 1871 when he brought her from the diss stud near roydon to his baumber park stud where delight was , by then , in residence , he also brought from diss though precisely when is unclear .\nin 1875 he won a \u00a3500 match from mr chaplin ' s stray shot at newmarket second spring by 8 lengths , giving her 10 pounds . won the 50 sovs each derby stakes at epsom in may by a length , beating lord aylesford ' s claremont ( b c 1872 blair athol ) , lord falmouth ' s macaroni colt , lord falmouth ' s garterly bell ( b c 1872 blair athol ) , mr vyner ' s two thousand guinesa winner camballo ( b c 1872 cambuscan ) , lord aylesford ' s telescope ( b c 1872 speculum ) , prince soltykoff ' s balfe ( br c 1872 plaudit ) and 11 others . won the 15 sovs each fern hill stakes at ascot in june by 4 lengths , beating mr m dawson ' s bella ( ch f 1873 breadalbane ) , the duke of ujest ' s rosalitta ( ch f 1873 king of diamonds ) , mr j trentham ' s coronella ( b f 1873 camerino ) and count f de lagrange ' s french bred eclair ( b c 1873 consul ) . won a \u00a31000 match from mr h bird ' s royal hunt cup winner lowlander ( ch c 1870 dalesman ) by a length at newmarket second october . won the 25 sovs each newmarket derby by 4 lengths , beating mr w s crawfurd ' s st leger winner craig millar ( ch c 1872 blair athol ) , prince soltykoff ' s balfe , count f de lagrange ' s picnic ( b c 1872 brown bread ) and mr w s mitchell - innes ' s saint leger ( ch c 1872 trumpeter ) .\naida ( b f 1898 ) , bred by the blankney stud , won the one thousand guineas stakes and the imperial produce stakes , and became the 5th dam of the kentucky oaks and coaching club american oaks winner how ( br f 1948 princequillo ) , from whom tom rolfe ( b c 1962 ribot ) and ack ack ( b c 1966 battle joined ) descend . family 9 - h .\nangelica ( b f 1879 ) , a full sister to st simon , when mated with the great ormonde ( b c 1883 bend or ) , produced orme ( b c 1889 ) the sire of flying fox ( b c 1896 ) and orby ( ch c 1904 ) . family 11 - c .\natalanta ( bbr f 1878 ) , the head of family 8 - h , became the dam of the derby and two thousand guineas winner ayrshire ( b c 1885 hampton ) , and ancestress to such horses as the stallion havresac ( br c 1915 rabelais ) and triple crown winner whirlaway ( ch c 1938 blenheim ) .\nbonnie gal ( br f 1889 ) , sent america , dam of jockey club stakes winner disguise ( b c 1897 domino ) and ancestress of black toney ( br c 1911 peter pan ) . family 10 - c .\ncorrie roy ( b f 1878 ) , won the cesarewitch stakes , queen alexandra stakes , jockey club cup and the ebor handicap , ancestress of the two thousand guineas winner colorado ( br c 1923 phalaris ) and triple crown winner citation ( b c 1945 bull lea ) . family 3 - l .\ngaleottia ( b f 1892 ) , bred by mr cox , won the one thousand guineas stakes , and placed 2nd in the oaks stakes . she later became the 2nd dam of the triple crown winner gay crusader ( b c 1914 bayardo ) . family 1 - g .\ngalicia ( br f 1898 ) , became the dam of the st leger winner bayardo ( b c 1906 bay ronald ) and the derby winner lemberg ( b c 1907 cyllene ) , and the grandam of the oaks winner my dear ( b f 1915 beppo ) . family 10 - a .\nsatchel ( br f 1882 ) won the lavant stakes and molyneux cup . the head of family 3 - g , she is ancestress to many good winners including the one thousand guineas winner belle of all ( b f 1948 nasrullah ) , and the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes winner ela - mana - mou ( b c 1976 pitcairn ) .\nvampire ( br f 1889 ) became the dam of the triple crown winner flying fox ( b c 1896 orme ) , and a great success at stud in france . family 7 - d .\njohn dawson was the youngest of four sons of the scottish trainer george dawson of stamford hall , gullane , who all followed their father ' s profession . john dawson was initially based at roden house , compton , near newbury , until he was appointed by count ( later prince ) gustavus batthyany . to take over a magnificent establishment , warren house in newmarket . horses from this yard were a sight to behold . on special days , the animals would appear in scarlet rugs with their lads in a livery of dark blue tunics and tall hats . when the prince died dawson remained at warren house and worked as private trainer to mr wallace johnstone . in turn , dawson ' s two sons became trainers . his daughter , helen rose , married frederick archer . she died the following year in childbirth .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nthe restaurant stands mainly for its table and its menu , but emerges above all for the quality of its staff . its passionate squads , both in the kitchen and in the dining room , will make you live a pleasant experience .\nunlimited companies are not required to file financial accounts . therefore this report is based on judgment searches for the company , and extensive background checks of each of its directors based on name , date of birth ( if available ) and town / county .\npurchase either the standard company report or a credit report to view details on the directors of this company .\ndiscover poor payment histories of any company by searching our judgment database , for court actions brought against a company for non - payment of a debt . plus get free judgment monitoring alerts on this company for the next 12 months .\ngenerate a b2b marketing list with ease and grow your business . identify key decision makers and pre - qualified new prospects for your sales and business development teams .\nview cro company documents and company reports any irish company or business with ease .\nbackground check companies , sole traders or individuals and minimise your spend with more efficient anti - money laundering checks and reports .\nmore people choose vision - net over any other search service . . . ask us why ?\n2017 was a record year for company start - ups in ireland while insolvencies went through a levelling off period .\nwe are in acceleration mode and ireland has taken its place as europe ' s fastest growing economy . many aspects of that recovery are demonstrated in our 2017 annual review .\nplay towers are a great adventure spot for any playground . core of imaginative play with enclosed shelters they are the perfect hide out for children .\nthis playhouse from fhs holtztechnik provides children with a quiet zone where they can hang out and meet other children or simply rest from the fast pace of the play area . it is also ideal for games of hide - and - seek or role . . .\nwhat is a play area without a breath taking slide ? slope slides are a great way of converting an existing sloping area or manmade mound into an exciting play feature . slides are loved by children of all ages and abilities ! . . .\nthe fhs castle themed multiplay units offer a wide variety of play experiences for lots of children . the castle poses challenge and interest for a range of users and incorporates a mixture of features , these provide a . . .\nty hafan offers comfort , care and support for life - limited children and young people and is dedicated to improving the quality of life for the whole family . this comfort and support extends out of the hospice and reaches . . .\nexternal works helps designers , specifiers and buyers find the right companies and products to work with for all civil engineering , landscape and architectural hardscape new build and refurbishment projects . external works helps you reach a faster , better quality of decision about who and what to work with . our website and all the content that . . .\nhelp urltoken take an active role in supporting your decision - making by becoming a registered user . registration unlocks the full suite of tools that make urltoken websites so powerful and allows you to set up the personal preferences required to deliver the content you want to your inbox .\nwe set cookies on this website to give you the best browsing experience possible . closing this message or continuing to browse our site lets us know that you are happy with this . if you would like to change your cookie settings , or find out more , read our cookie policy .\nnice cabin play house fp07e | indicative age ranges : early primary ( 5 - 8 ) , pre - teen ( 9 - 12 ) installation : stilts / framework main material : timber / wood product accreditation : bs en 1176 max . freefall height ( mm ) : 1 . 95m | contact jupiter play suite 49 , 1 st colme street\nnearco ( ity ) br . h , 1935 { 4 - r } dp = 8 - 24 - 0 - 4 - 8 ( 44 ) di = 2 . 67 cd = 0 . 45 - 14 starts , 14 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 86 , 328\nsire of champions nearctic , nasrullah & royal charger ; major stallion influence for northern dancer , bold ruler & hail to reason / turn - to lines .\nsome of nearco ' s descendants were ranked among the top 100 u . s . racehorses of the 20th century , secretariat , seattle slew , bold ruler , nashua , ruffian , northern dancer , riva ridge , fort marcy . born january , 24 , 1935 , died june 6 , 1957 . ( close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nwilliam hill futurity ( 1986 ) dante stakes ( 1987 ) epsom derby ( 1987 ) k . george vi & q . elizabeth stakes ( 1987 ) great voltigeur stakes ( 1987 ) st . leger stakes ( 1987 ) [ 1 ]\nreference point ( 26 february 1984\u2013 december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]\nreference point ran three times as a two - year - old in 1986 . he was the beaten 11 / 10 favourite when finishing third behind port helene and brother patrick on his debut in the ebf heart of variety stakes over a mile at sandown park on 30 august 1986 . on his second outing of 1986 he returned to the same course and distance on 23 september and won the dorking stakes by eight lengths from mulhollande . his final two - year - old run saw him step up to group one class in the william hill futurity at doncaster . he was sent off 4 to 1 second favourite behind henry cecil ' s first string , suhailie but ran out the five length winner from bengal fire , with love the groom in third . his win at doncaster led to reference point being the highest rated european two - year - old of 1986 , [ 5 ]\nin early 1987 , reference point ' s training was disrupted by sinus problems , which required surgery , ruling out any possibility of a challenge for the 2000 guineas . [ 6 ] on his three - year - old debut , reference point ran in the dante stakes at york , a recognised trial race for the epsom derby . reference point led from the start and ran on strongly in the closing stages to win by a length from ascot knight .\nat epsom , reference point started 6 / 4 favourite in a field of nineteen runners . cauthen sent the colt into the lead from the start , and in the straight he turned back a series of challenges [ 7 ] to win by one and a half lengths from most welcome and bellotto . the winning time of 2 : 33 . 90 was the fastest since mahmoud ' s hand - timed record of 2 : 33 . 8 in 1936 . [ 8 ]\non his first start after his derby win , reference point raced against older horses for the first time in the eclipse stakes at sandown over ten furlongs . reference point led from the start , setting such a\nfurious gallop\n[ 9 ] that the designated pacemaker , media starguest was unable to reach the front . two furlongs out he was challenged by mtoto , ridden by michael roberts . the two horses raced together in the closing stages before mtoto pulled ahead to prevail by three quarters a length , with triptych taking third . [ 10 ] three weeks later , reference point returned to twelve furlongs in the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot . starting the 11 / 10 favourite , he led the field into the straight and then pulled clear in the final quarter mile to win by three lengths from celestial storm and triptych . [ 11 ]\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nthe bbc sport correspondent lee mckenzie rated him as one of his\nsix of the best\nrecent derby winners ' [ 17 ] and explained that his\nworkmanlike\nracing style sometimes led to his being overlooked . steve cauthen ranked reference point as a\ngreat champion\nand one of the best horses he rode in his career . [ 18 ]\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nreference point made little impact in four seasons at stud , with his only group one winner being ivyanna , who won the 1992 oaks d ' italia . [ 19 ] he died after fracturing a leg in an accident in december 1991 at the dalham hall stud [ 20 ] where he was buried . [ 21 ]\n. queen anne press . 1986 . pp . 480 , 554 , 634 .\npowerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud . - free online library\nlate arrival who found his feet at the right time . - free online library\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nvoltigeur ( 1847\u20131874 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . in a career that lasted from 1849 to august 1852 he ran ten times and won five races . in 1850 he won the epsom derby and the st leger against his fellow three - year - olds and then recorded his most famous victory when beating the flying dutchman in the doncaster cup . in may 1851 voltigeur was beaten by the flying dutchman in what was probably the most celebrated match race in the history of british thoroughbred racing . voltigeur was never as good again , winning once from his remaining five races , but went on to have a successful stud career .\nvoltigeur , described in sources as being bay , brown or even black , was bred by robert stephenson at his stud at hart , near hartlepool , county durham . he stood 15 . 3 hands ( 63 inches , 160 cm ) high and was described as being\nmuscular\nand\npowerful\nbut having a rather coarse head and being rather\nhigh on the leg\n. as a yearling he was sent to the sales , but was returned to his breeder after failing to attract any interest . robert hill , the private trainer for lord zetland was however , impressed by the colt and eventually persuaded the earl to buy him the following autumn for \u00a31 , 000 . the sale arrangement provided for an extra \u00a3500 to be paid if the colt won the derby . hill took charge of training the colt at aske , north yorkshire .\nvoltigeur ' s sire , voltaire was a successful racehorse who won the doncaster cup in 1829 . he went on to become a good stallion , with his best son apart from voltigeur being the st leger winner charles the twelfth . his dam martha lynn went on to produce the yorkshire oaks winner vivandiere and was the grandam of the 1000 guineas winner imperieuse .\nvoltigeur ran once as a two - year - old , appearing in the wright stakes at richmond , north yorkshire on 31 october 1849 . he looked impressive in the paddock and won well , beating mark tapley by a length .\nalthough voltigeur did not run in the spring of 1850 he was quietly fancied for the epsom derby with his support being particularly strong in yorkshire where zetland owned large estates and among the order of freemasons of which he was a grand master . shortly before the race , zetland discovered that the colt\u2019s breeder had not made the correct entry payments and that it would cost \u00a3400 to run in the derby . zetland was determined to withdraw voltigeur , but was persuaded to pay the entry fee after representations from his yorkshire tenants , who explained that they had wagered heavily on the horse and faced ruin if he failed .\nvoltigeur performed poorly in an exercise gallop shortly after arriving at epsom , and was allowed to start at odds of 16 / 1 in a field of twenty - four runners . the start of the race was delayed after an objection was lodged against one of the runners , diecoon . in an echo of the\nrunning rein\naffair of five years ' earlier , the horse was only cleared to run after a veterinary surgeon examined him and confirmed that he was a three - year - old . ridden by job marson , voltigeur was settled in seventh place in the early stages before making his challenge in the straight . inside the final furlong ( 0 . 20 km ) , voltigeur took the lead ahead of the favourite clincher and ran on strongly to win comfortably by a length . the 2000 guineas winner pitsford finished well to take second from clincher in the last strides .\ndespite his exertions , he turned out two days later for the doncaster cup in which he was the only horse to oppose the flying dutchman , the winner of the 1849 derby and st leger and undefeated in thirteen career starts . the flying dutchman , whose jockey appeared to be the worse for drink , set off at an exceptionally fast pace and marson was able to bide his time on voltigeur . in the straight voltigeur moved up alongside the four - year - old champion and then pulled ahead to win by half a length in a huge upset .\nthe race inspired a poem from\nthe druid\n( w . h . dixon ) , which was printed in bell ' s life and culminated with the stanza :\nthe ring stands pale . forth speeds the tale , which many a doubt inspires from east to west , from north to south , it glances o ' er the wires . from richmond unto middleham this message quickly passed your conqueror of conquerors has bowed his head at last .\nafter the race it was agreed that the two horses would meet again in a match race at york the following spring for a prize of 2 , 000 guineas , with each owner putting up half the sum .\nthe two - mile race ( 3 . 2 km ) was held as part of a renewed spring meeting at york on 13 may 1851 . the weights for the match were set by henry john rous , who decided that the flying dutchman should carry\npounds ( 54 . 7 kg ) to voltigeur ' s 112 lb ( 51 kg ) . the race between the two yorkshire - trained horses generated enormous public interest among all classes of society , even among those who normally took no interest in horse racing . the match drew an estimated 100 , 000 spectators , the largest crowd to the knavesmire since the execution of eugene aram in 1759 . according to a lengthy analysis of the race published in\n, previous great matches , such as the one at newmarket between hambletonian and diamond in 1799 ,\nfell into insignificance\nin comparison with the york event . even the horses ' exercise gallops attracted large crowds of fans attempting to assess their relative condition . on the day of the race , the crowd was divided into partisan camps , cheering for either\nvolti\nor\nthe flyer\n. ridden by nat flatman , voltigeur made the running , but although he held the lead into the straight , he was unable to dispose of his rival . in the final furlong , the flatman dropped his whip , and the flying dutchman moved up level and then pulled ahead to win by a length .\nthe painting of the finish of the match by john f . herring ( right ) became one of the most widely reproduced images of the time with\nscarcely a village\nin the british empire being without at least one copy .\none day after his defeat , voltigeur turned out for the york and ainsty hunt cup over two miles ( 3 . 2 km ) , in which he was surprisingly beaten by a three - year - old filly named nancy .\nin may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred experts to create a ranking of the best british racehorses of the 19th century . voltigeur was ranked thirtieth , having been placed in the top ten by eight of the contributors . he was the sixth - highest placed horse to have raced before 1850 .\non voltigeur ' s death in 1874 the sheffield telegraph called him\nthe pride of the yorkshire sportsman , and one of the best and most popular horses that ever trod the british turf .\nwhen the racecourse authorities at york instituted a new trial race for the st leger in 1950 , the race was named the\ngreat voltigeur stakes\nin his honour .\nvoltigeur was the only racehorse painted by the famous animal painter edwin henry landseer . landseer ' s interest was reportedly engaged when he heard that voltigeur was constantly accompanied by a tortoiseshell cat who slept on the horse ' s back .\nat the age of twenty - seven voltigeur sustained a fractured hind leg when he was kicked by a mare named time test . he was shot on february 21 , 1874 , and buried in the grounds of aske hall . his cannon bone however , was preserved and is still displayed in a glass cabinet at york racecourse .\nrock sand ( gb ) br c 1900 by sainfoin - roquebrune , by st . simon family 4 - n\nspringfield joseph h houldsworth , was a great sportsman and member of the jockey club . early on he acquired horses from james merry , and numbered among his racing string such horses as norfolk and great yorkshire stakes winner coltness , prince of wales ' s stakes winner glengarry , sussex stakes winner orvieto and champion and jockey club stakes winner laveno .\nspringfield b c 1873 ( st . albans - viridis , by marsyas ) . family 12 - c . bred by hm queen victoria ( 1819 - 1901 ) , springfield was a full brother to wokingham ( b c 1877 ) , aptly named since he won the wokingham stakes at ascot in 1881 and 1882 . their grandam , maid of palmyra ( b f 1855 ) , also produced ebor handicap winner verdant ( ch c 1862 marsyas ) and another wokingham winner chesnut ( ch c 1869 marsyas ) . she was ancestress to belmont stakes winner kingfisher ( b c 1867 lexington ) and july cup , queen anne stakes and king ' s stand stakes winner best man ( b c 1890 ormonde or melton ) . he was purchased at the annual hampton court yearling sale by inverate scotsman j h houldsworth for 320 guineas . shortly after his purchase he fractured his pelvis , but he was recovered enough to run the following year . springfield was later described as a\nbay with a narrow blaze on his face , and his off hind heel is white . he stands over 16 hands , with great bone , substance and length , and grand symmetry throughout . for bloodlike style , fashion and movement he has no superior , and he has gained his honours fairly on his merits\n. he was considered one of the fastest horses ever seen .\nsainfoin , photograph by clarence hailey hm queen victoria ( 1819 - 1901 ) , re - established the breeding of blood horses at hampton court at the end of 1849 . an annual sale of the queen ' s yearlings occurred after the ascot race meeting . a number of good stallions stood there and many high quality horses were produced .\nrock sand , photograph by august belmont sir james percy miller ( 1864 - 1906 ) , 2d bt , was considered one of the luckiest people on the turf . having purchased sainfoin just over a month before he won the derby , he then bred another derby winner in rock sand .\nrock sand br c 1900 ( sainfoin - roquebrune , by st . simon ) . family 4 - n . the tenth winner of the triple crown in england , rock sand was described as a beautifully made little colt with much quality and courage . sir james purchased his sire sainfoin ( ch c 1887 ) the same year he won the derby . he purchased his dam , roquebrune ( br f 1893 ) , as a yearling for 4 , 100 guineas from the disposal sale for the dowager duchess of montrose .\npapers past | news by the mail . ( globe , 1874 - 12 - 22 )\nhelp us improve papers past : do our short survey and let us know how we ' re doing .\nthis article displays in one automatically - generated column . view the full page to see article in its original form .\nthese victories of french horses are row unpleasantly frequent . peut - etre won easily in ft canter by two lengths , and has beaten\nthis article text was automatically generated and may include errors . view the full page to see article in its original form .\nnews by the mail . , globe , volume ii , issue 170 , 22 december 1874\nnews by the mail . globe , volume ii , issue 170 , 22 december 1874\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers . use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection . click them to get a broader view of the items you ' re currently viewing .\nenter names , places , or other keywords that you ' re curious about here . we ' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page ? click here to search within the item you ' re currently viewing , or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates , titles , and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you ' d rather just browse through documents , click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site , so click here often as you explore the site .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken by ancestry . all rights reserved . terms and conditions \u00b7 privacy statement \u00b7 site map \u00b7 contact\njavascript required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without javascript enabled . you will need to enable javascript by changing your browser settings . learn how to enable it .\ncookies required : we ' re sorry , but urltoken doesn ' t work properly without cookies enabled . you will need to enable cookies by changing your browser settings .\nimage 23 of the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 3 , 1896 | library of congress\nimage 23 of the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 3 , 1896\npdf ocr ( alto ) jpeg ( 210x265 px ) jpeg ( 420x531 px ) jpeg ( 840x1063 px ) jpeg2000 ( 6 . 8 mb )\ntitle the journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 3 , 1896 contributor names library of congress place of publication new york [ n . y . ] created / published new york [ n . y . ] , may 3 , 1896 subject headings - new york ( n . y . ) - - newspapers - new york county ( n . y . ) - - newspapers - new york ( state ) - - new york - new york ( state ) - - new york county - united states - - new york - - new york - - new york genre newspapers notes - daily - no . 4 , 739 ( nov . 7 , 1895 ) - no . 4 , 993 ( july 18 , 1896 ) . - also issued on microfilm from recordak corp . , eastmak kokak co . - new york journal ( new york , n . y . : 1896 : morning ed . ) ( dlc ) sn 84024350 ( ocolc ) 11223851 medium 48 pages call number / physical location newspaper library of congress control number sn84031792 online format image pdf online text description new york [ n . y . ] lccn permalink urltoken additional metadata formats modsxml record marcxml record iiif presentation manifest manifest ( json / ld )\nthe journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) 1895 to 1896\nthe library of congress provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes and makes no warranty with regard to their use for other purposes . responsibility for making an independent legal assessment of an item and securing any necessary permissions ultimately rests with the user . the written permission of the copyright owners and other rights holders ( such as holders of publicity or privacy rights ) is required for distribution , reproduction , or other use of protected items beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions .\nthe library of congress is not aware of any u . s . copyright protection ( see title 17 , u . s . c . ) , or any other restrictions on the materials digitized for the collection new york journal and related titles .\ncitations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience , and may not be complete or accurate .\nthe journal . [ new york n . y . , may 3 ] ( new york , ny ) , may . 3 1896 . urltoken\n( 1896 , may 3 ) the journal . [ new york n . y . , may 3 ] . retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\nthe journal . [ new york n . y . , may 3 ] ( new york , ny ) 3 may . 1896 , p . 23 . retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\nthe journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , april 30 , 1896\nthe journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 1 , 1896\nthe journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , may 2 , 1896\nthe journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , february 10 , 1896\nthe journal ( new york [ n . y . ] ) , february 11 , 1896\nmanuscript . pen - and - ink and watercolor . covers new york city region . pictorial map showing buildings and points of interest . depths shown by soundings . available also through the library of congress web site as a . . .\n1 print : lithograph , color ; 56 x 81 cm . ( image with accompanying text ) | bird ' s - eye view of new york showing the waterfront , brooklyn bridge , with battery park and governors island in . . .\nperspective map not drawn to scale . lc panoramic maps ( 2nd ed . ) , 594 . 6 available also through the library of congress web site as a raster image . aacr2 : 651 / 1\nvoltigeur was a bay colt born in hartlepool , great britain in 1847 , by voltaire out of martha lynn by mulatto . bred by robert stephenson , he was sent to the sales as a yearling but was unwanted and was sent back home . the following spring , with the urging of his brother - in - law , lord zetland purchased the colt for 1 , 000 guineas . second time lucky in fact as he had been advised to purchase the colt at the yearling sales but had declined .\nhe was described by henry hall , an equine artist as a \u201cbrown horse standing only 15 hands 3 inches in height , and with a rather coarse head , small ears , and muscular neck with very good oblique shoulder , deep - girthed , high in the leg , and rather light , but with a good back and powerful quarters rather drooping toward his light , thin tail . \u201d\nthe flying dutchman was born in great britain in 1846 , a colt by bay middleton out of barbelle by sandbeck . barbelle had produced the fine horse van tromp who won many stakes races including the st leger for his owner lord eglinton . lord eglinton approached van tromp\u2019s breeder and agreed to pay 1 , 000 guineas for each perfectly formed foal produced from the womb of barbelle . so he came to own the flying dutchman ."]}
{"id": 1923, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia rosmarinata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in france and spain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on rosmarinus and thymus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupithecia rosmarinata", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nborboleta noturna / / moth ( eupithecia rosmarinata )\nas trusted on the\neupithecia rosmarinata\npage .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1926, "summary": [{"text": "isophrictis dietziella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by august busck in 1903 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from colorado and california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are fawn colored , at the base concolorous with the thorax , but becoming deeper toward the tip .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a small black streak on the fold at the middle of the wing and a small black dot at the end of the disk .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a thin white line is found at the beginning of the costal cilia , running obliquely outward across the tip of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "opposite it , from the dorsal edge , another thin white line is curved upward and outward , nearly but not quite meeting the costal streak at the dorsal edge near the tip .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "both are continued out into and meet in the dorsal cilia , which is yellowish fuscous and contains two other white pencils below the continuation of the streaks .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "isophrictis dietziella", "paragraphs": ["paltodora dietziella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 777 ; tl : colorado , chimney gulch\nisophrictis microlina meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 582\nisophrictis corsicella amsel , 1936 ; ver\u00f6ff . dt . kol . \u00fcbersee - mus . 1 : 373\nisophrictis impugnata gozm\u00e1ny , 1957 ; acta zool . hung . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 131\nisophrictis meyrick , 1917 ; ent . mon . mag . 53 : 113 ; ts : tinea striatella denis & schifferm\u00fcller\nisophrictis actinopa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 481 ; tl : texas , alpine , 5000 - 8000ft\nisophrictis occidentalis braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 188 ; tl : tony grove creek , utah\nisophrictis actiella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 224 ; tl : san diego , california\nisophrictis similiella ; hodges , 1969 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 71 ( 1 ) : 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 1702 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 3\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npaltodora anteliella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 778 ; tl : new jersey\nmagna ( amsel , 1935 ) ( paltodora ) ; ver\u00f6ff . dt . kol . \u00fcbersee - mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 265\ngelechia cilialineella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 242\ncleodora invisella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 257 , pl . 10 , f . 18 ; tl : corsica\nnaf , libya , tunisia , seu , asia minor , palestine . see [ maps ]\npaltodora magnella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 776 ; tl : colorado\neupleuris meridionella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 65 ) : 204 , ( 62 ) ( ii ) f . 595\noudianella ( lucas , 1942 ) ( paltodora ) ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 47 : 125\ncleodora pallidastrigella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 244 ; tl : texas\ncleodora pallidella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 245\npaltodora pennella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : bright angel , arizona\ncleodora sabulella walsingham , 1888 ; insect life 1 ( 3 ) : 83 ; tl : bear valley , colusa co . , california\nlarva on solanum carolinense chambers , 1873 , can . ent . 5 ( 9 ) : 176\ncleodora tophella walsingham , 1888 ; insect life 1 ( 3 ) : 83 ; tl : mendocino co . , california\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der bearbeitung von o . leonhard ' s sammlungen . micro - lepidoptera from tunis\nzeller , 1873 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtf\u00e4lter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 1928, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-tailed parrot ( pionites xanthurus ) is one of the four species in the genus pionites of the family psittacidae .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "originally the species was considered to be a subspecies of pionites leucogaster , but recent morphological work suggests the species should be split into three .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species is rare in captivity in comparison to other taxa of the genus . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "yellow - tailed parrot", "paragraphs": ["another yellow - tailed parrot ( pionites xanthurus ) showing its rosy - pink legs .\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\n, with which this species was formerly considered to be conspecific , a medium - sized , chunky , short - tailed parrot , with apricot - orange cap , . . .\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is found in south - eastern australia , from eyre peninsula , south australia to south and central eastern queensland .\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is a large cockatoo . it is easily identified by its mostly black plumage , with most body feathers edged with yellow , not visible at a distance . it has a yellow cheek patch and yellow panels on the tail . the female has a larger yellow cheek patch , pale grey eye - ring ( pink in males ) , white upper bill ( grey - black in males ) and black marks in the yellow tail panels . young birds resemble the adult female , but young males have a smaller cheek patch .\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo inhabits a variety of habitat types , but favours eucalypt woodland and pine plantations . small to large flocks can be seen in these areas , either perched or flying on slowly flapping wings .\nthe yellow - tailed black cockatoo will brace itself\nwoodpecker fashion\nwith their tails while looking for grubs and larvae . they will also perch on a\nchopping platform\ngouged out from the trunk of a tree .\nuntil recently , the short - billed black - cockatoo , c . latirostris , found in south - western australia , was considered a subspecies of the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo . this species has white , instead of yellow , panels in the tail . another similarly sized black - coloured cockatoo is the red - tailed black - cockatoo , c . magnificus . this species overlaps with the range of the yellow - tailed black - cockatoo in south - eastern queensland . it has red panels in the tail , and spotting on the body and head . the smaller ( 48 cm ) glossy black - cockatoo , c . lathami , also has red panels in the tail .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos feed in small to large , noisy flocks . the favoured food is seeds of native trees and pinecones , but birds also feed on the seeds of ground plants . some insects are also eaten .\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\nthe yellow - tailed black - cockatoo is one of six species of black - cockatoo in australia . in recent years it has been in rapid decline because of native habitat clearance , with a loss of food supply and nest sites .\nz . f . funerea : male - in general brown / black , with feathers finely margined dull yellow ; soft yellow ear - coverts ; side tail feathers have wide yellow band near tip spotted with brown / black . bill slate grey . eye ring pink , eye dark brown . female - ear coverts bright yellow ; tail band more heavily spotted brown / black . bill horn in colour . eye ring grey . z . f . xanthanotus : both adults as in funereus but with significantly shorter tail ; little brown spotting in yellow tail band , sometimes missing in male ; smaller in size .\nhitherto considered conspecific with p . xanthurus and p . leucogaster , but separated as a species distinct from former by its green vs yellow tail ( 3 ) , black vs pinky - yellow feet ( 3 ) , and unknown - width hybrid zone ( at least 1 ) ; and from latter by its yellow vs green lower flanks and thighs ( 3 ) , black vs pinky - yellow feet ( 3 ) , and unknown - width hybrid zone ( at least 1 ) . monotypic .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . yellow - tailed parrot ( pionites xanthurus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhitherto considered conspecific with p . xanthomerius and p . leucogaster , but separated as a species distinct from former by characters given under that species , and from latter by its yellow vs green tail ( 3 ) , yellow vs green lower flanks and thighs ( 3 ) , and unknown - width hybrid zone ( at least 1 ) . monotypic .\nyellow - tailed black - cockatoos have a long breeding season , which varies throughout their range . both sexes construct the nest , which is a large tree hollow , lined with wood chips . the female alone incubates the eggs , while the male supplies her with food . usually only one chick survives , and this will stay in the care of its parents for about six months .\ncites birdlife international internet bird collection a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 ml media collection catalogue 4062 , yellow - tailed black cockatoo calyptorhynchus funereus , loetscher , fred w . , jr . , tasmania , australia , mar . 17 1969 , cornell lab of ornithology . site parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1989 . 2010 edition parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 . guide to incubation and handraising parrots , digney , 1998 .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . black - legged parrot ( pionites xanthomerius ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ne peru ( e of r ucayali ) and bolivia ( at least formerly s to santa cruz ) to w brazil s of amazon ( e to r juru\u00e1 ) ; recently also recorded in extreme se colombia ( n of amazon ) # r .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . common in most of range and in parts of e peru abundant , but suffering from habitat destruction in the e & sw , and possibly extinct in . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nrecent molecular studies indicate that this genus and deroptyus are sister - taxa # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nbrazil s of amazon from r pur\u00fas and r juru\u00e1 to r madeira catchment in amazonas .\nno information , though basic details are unlikely to differ significantly from p . leucogaster .\nno data , though basic details of breeding biology are unlikely to differ significantly from p . leucogaster .\nvulnerable . cites ii . no population estimate . suspected to lose 17\u00b78\u201322\u00b72 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 24 years ) from 2002 , based on a . . .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\narthur grosset , jacob . wijpkema , jacqueserard , lindolfo souto , mark sutton .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\npionites leucogaster xanthurus : brazil s of the amazon ( r . pur\u00fas and r . juru\u00e1 to r . madeira )\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 801 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\npionites leucogaster , p . xanthomerius and p . xanthurus ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . leucogaster following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\nbased on a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin , and the potential susceptibility of this newly split species to hunting , it is suspected that its population will decline rapidly over three generations from 2002 , and it is therefore listed as vulnerable .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 17 . 8 - 22 . 2 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 24 years ) from 2002 , based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to hunting and trapping , and the fact that it is intolerant of habitat degradation and small fragments , it is suspected to decline by 30 - 49 % over this time period .\n2011 ) . despite being common in undisturbed landscapes , it is not thought to be tolerant of secondary forest or agropastoral land and appears restricted to alluvial habitats . it may also be susceptible to hunting ( a . lees\nconservation actions underway it occurs within juruena national park . no targeted conservation actions are known for this species .\nexpand the protected area network to effectively protect ibas . effectively resource and manage existing and new protected areas , utilising emerging opportunities to finance protected area management with the joint aims of reducing carbon emissions and maximizing biodiversity conservation . conservation on private lands , through expanding market pressures for sound land management and preventing forest clearance on lands unsuitable for agriculture , is also essential ( soares - filho\n2006 ) . campaign against proposed changes to the brazilian forest code that would lead to a decrease in the width of the areas of riverine forest protected as permanent preservation areas ( apps ) , which function as vital corridors in fragmented landscapes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pionites xanthurus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthe contact call is a drawn - out\nkee - ow\n. some screeches are also given .\nmedium to large ( 45 cm to 60 cm e . g . raven )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nin flight a loud unusual lengthy whistle . also emits harsh alarm notes . young birds emit a constant harsh raspy call .\nnuts including : walnuts , almonds and pine nuts ; sunflower seeds , wheat , maize and fresh corn ; fresh fruit and green leaves sometimes accepted ; peas in the pod ; in australia banksia and hakia nuts ; complete kibble ; when rearing young provide mealworms .\nare avid chewers so provide with lots of bird - safe wood ( fir , pine , eucalypt , etc ) , wood blocks , and vegetable tanned leather chew toys .\nopen at the top 24\nx 24\nx 48\n( 61cm x 61cm x 122cm ) vertical box . provide with branches to provoke chewing and breeding behaviour .\nis declining in some areas ( eyre peninsula ) due to habitat loss , but in general population is stable .\nz . f . funerea : ce and se australia from c queensland south to e victoria , then west . z . f . xanthanotus : tasmania and se mainland australia from c victoria west to se south australia , including kangaroo island .\nfound in higher rainfall habitat such as coastal areas , eucalyptus woodlands , pine plantations , heathland , orchards and farmland .\neats seeds of : pines , eucalypt , hakea , casuarina , banksia and acacia . also fungus from seed cases . also feeds on wood - boring larvae which are removed from trunks or roots of trees .\nis reliant on eucalyptus woodland for breeding ; is nomadic , will move between hills and coastland in response to breeding season . are encountered in large flocks of 300 birds or more ; is noisy and conspicuous .\n1 or 2 ovate eggs , 50 . 0 x 34 . 5mm ( 2 x 1 . 3 in ) .\nin northern part of range , april - july ; in n new south wales , january - may ; in s new south wales , december - february ; in s australia and tasmania , november - january .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research , seminars and podcasts , specialists to ask your toughest questions , and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member . join today > >"]}
{"id": 1930, "summary": [{"text": "telphusa semiusta is a moth of the family gelechiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( shanghai ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark fuscous with a small black spot in the disc at one-fifth and three pairs of obscure blackish dots in the disc with brownish scale tufts adjoining them posteriorly , the first two pairs with the upper posterior , the third transversely placed on the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a marginal series of spots of brown suffusion around the posterior fourth of the costa and termen , as well as an indistinct angulated transverse line of whitish irroration at three-fourth , with an interrupted longitudinal line of black scales passing through its angle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey , paler and thinly scaled anteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "telphusa semiusta", "paragraphs": ["telphusa semiusta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : china , shanghai\ntelphusa iosticta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 92\ntelphusa necromantis meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 194\ntelphusa xyloptera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 350\nhave a fact about telphusa nigrimaculata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for telphusa nigrimaculata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ntelphusa chloroderces meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : manchuria\nnuntia omelko , 1995 ; biol . issled . gornot . stants . 2 : 242 ; ts : telphusa necromantis meyrick\ntelphusa amphichroma meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\ntelphusa calathaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton\ntelphusa conviciata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji\ntelphusa improvida meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : bombay , karwar\ntelphusa melanozona meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nlarva on ( for telphusa agrifolia ) quercus agrifolia braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 9\ntelphusa auxoptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : colombia , san antonie\ntelphusa microsperma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 69\ntelphusa phaulosema meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 70\ntelphusa delatrix meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ntelphusa nephelaspis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276 ; tl : kumaon , muktesar , 7000ft\ntelphusa objecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ntelphusa orgilopis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 16 ; tl : brazil , para\ntelphusa retecta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 70 ; tl : natal , karkloof\ntelphusa smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 275 ; tl : costa rica , san jos\u00e9\n= telphusa longifasciella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 258\ntelphusa iriditis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 282 ; tl : sw . protectorate , narugas\ntelphusa melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntelphusa obligata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : la chorrera , panama\ntelphusa nigrimaculata braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : escondido bay , california\ntelphusa medulella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 15 ; tl : porto bello and trinidad r . , panama\ntelphusa ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 56 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ntelphusa ripula walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 57 , pl . 2 , f . 16 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\ntelphusa alexandriacella ; [ nacl ] , # 1855 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incertas sedis )\ntelphusa fasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 1856 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee & brown , 2008 , zootaxa 1818 : 54 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 9 ( incerate sedis )\nadrasteia alexandriacella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : alexandria , kentucky\natomatma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nlarva on prunus persica meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 487\ncanary is . , morocco , sweu , s . france , s . italy , greece . see [ maps ]\nlita cistiflorella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ndistictella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 372\nadrasteia fasciella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 8 ) : 149 ; tl : kentucky\nlarva on odina wodier meyrick , 1926 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 276\ngelechia incognitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nnuntia incognitella ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on ( mines ) euphorbia neriifolia meyrick , 1913 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 3 ) : 65\nmelitocyela meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 65\npenetratrix meyrick , 1931 ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 279\ngelechia perspicua walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 72 ; tl : west indies , haiti\npistaciae sattler , 1982 ; ent . gaz . 33 ( 1 ) : 17\ngelechia prasinoleuca meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 161 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ngelechia quinquedentata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 19 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nlarva on ( for gelechia nigrorosea ) rhus dioica walsingham , 1904 , ent . mon . mag . 40 : 267\nsyncratopa meyrickin , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 66\ntetragrapta meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 121\nbryotropha translucida walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 520 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent ; dominica\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nwalsingham , 1911 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ngoogle maps is a web mapping service provided by google that features a map that users can pan ( by dragging the mouse ) and zoom ( by using the mouse wheel ) . collection points are displayed as colored markers that when clicked on , displays the full information for that collection . when multiple species are queried ( separated by semi - colons ) , different colored markers denote each individual species .\nthis creates an kml file that can be opened in the google earth mapping application . note that you must have google earth installed on your computer to make use of this option .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about telpher ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for telpher ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nas of the end of 2009 , i have photographed and identified a total of 504 species at my lights . the following is a list of those species , providing hodges number , common name and scientific name . as photo pages become available for the species , they will be hyperlinked here . this list will be updated at regular intervals as new species are added .\nin this box i ' ll post news updates , dates of moth nights , new publications , or anything else newsworthy . don ' t forget to check the updates page for other posts .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 1931, "summary": [{"text": "ponticola cyrius is a species of gobiid fish endemic to the kura river in the southern caucasus countries of georgia , turkey , iran and azerbaijan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it reaches a length of 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it lives in the upper parts of the kura river , massuleh river and the pasikhan river and in the anzali mordab ( iran ) .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "downstream in kura it is replaced by ponticola gorlap . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "ponticola cyrius", "paragraphs": ["ponticola cyrius is a species of gobiid fish endemic to the kura river in the southern caucasus countries of georgia , turkey , iran and azerbaijan .\nthe sea breams or porgies are found in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans and comprise about 36 genera and about 130 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . some commonly enter estuaries and penetrate up rivers . maximum length is about 1 . 2 m .\nthis family is characterised by a groove in the distal end of the premaxilla which accommodates the maxilla ; the body is oblong to ovate and is compressed ; the head is large with a steep upper profile ; the preopercle margin is smooth ; scales are weakly ctenoid , moderate in size and extend on to the cheeks and operculum ; teeth are conical to incisiform and molar teeth are found in some at the rear of the jaw ; there are no teeth on the vomer , palatines or tongue ; the dorsal fin is continuous with an anterior spiny portion and a soft - rayed posterior portion about equal in size ; with 10 - 13 spines and 10 - 15 soft rays respectively ; spines fold into a groove ; the anal fin has 3 spines ( the second the largest ) and 8 - 14 soft rays ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; branchiostegal rays 5 - 6 ; and lateral line not continued onto the caudal fin but with enlarged scales near the head .\nmany species in this family are hermaphrodites with male and female sex organs developing simultaneously , changing sex from male to female ( protandry ) , or from female to male ( protogyny ) . these fishes are often important as food or sought by anglers . young fish may very different in colour to adults , usually being more vividly coloured with distinctive patterns . most species are marine ( see marine list in checklists in the\n) but a few enter fresh water and penetrate a considerable distance from the sea including one species in iran .\nmembers of this genus have a compressed and moderately deep body , 4 - 6 enlarged incisiform teeth at the front of the jaws followed by 3 - 4 rows of molars , the second anal fin spine is longer than the third , there is a scaly sheath at the base of the dorsal and anal soft fins , and moderate - sized scales . iwatsuki and heemstra ( 2010 ) revised the genus in the western indian ocean .\n\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0643 ( = shanak ) , \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0632\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647 ( = shanak - e zardbaleh or yellowfin shanak ) .\n[ shanak , shaghoom , shaam , sha ' m , shaem , sheim or sha - om in arabic ; yellow - finned porgy or seabream , yellow - finned black porgy , japanese silver bream ] .\nal - hassan ( 1990 ) found differences in two meristic characters ( pectoral and dorsal fin ray counts ) but no differences in electrophoretic characters between populations from the shatt al arab and khor al zubair areas of southern iraq . he concludes that there is only one stock of this species in southern iraq as meristic variation may reflect environmental conditions .\nthis species is the only sparid member recorded from iranian freshwaters and is recognised by the dorsal fin spines alternately thick and thin and the colour pattern .\nupper profile of head steep and convex back to above the posterior eye margin . the head bulges over the eye . dorsal fin spines 11 - 13 , soft rays 9 - 13 . anal fin with 3 spines , the second much stronger and wider than the third , and 8 - 9 soft rays . pectoral fin branched rays 10 - 16 . there is a strong spine in the pelvic fin and a well - developed axillary scale . lateral line scales 41 - 46 , or 48 - 50 , or up to 55 depending probably on differing counting methods . the scales are vertical ovals with the anterior margin wavy where radii intersect . they have very fine circuli , moderate numbers of posterior radii , a subcentral posterior focus , and ctenii on the central part of the posterior margin extending inwards towards the focus . four or five series of preopercular scales . the first pelvic fin ray is elongated as a small filament . there is a strong pelvic axillary scale . there are 3 - 4 scale rows sheathing the dorsal and anal fin bases . there are 4 - 6 compressed teeth in front of each jaw followed by 3 - 5 rows of molar teeth . the chromosome number is 2n = 48 ( klinkhardt\nmeristic values for iranian specimens are : - dorsal fin spines 12 , soft rays 10 , anal fin spines 3 , soft rays 8 , pectoral fin branched rays 13 , scales mostly lost .\nthis species is a protandrous hermaphrodite , being male early in its life and then becoming female later . catches will include males , females and hermaphrodites , e . g . in abu - hakima ' s ( 1984a ) study in kuwait , there were 326 males , 343 females and 41 hermaphrodites .\noverall colour is a silvery - grey or silvery - white with the back darker and the belly yellowish . scales each have a dark , brownish to golden spot at the base which line up to form apparent stripes along the flank . there is a dark blotch at the upper corner of the gill opening , on both the body and gill cover . there is a dark band over the head between the eyes and the edge of the operculum is dark . dorsal fin spines are white and the membranes are grey , with dark margins between the spine tips . the soft dorsal fin is dark grey with a light orange tinge . there is a small back spot at the pectoral fin base and the fin is mostly hyaline with a light orange tinge . the anal and pelvic fins are a light yellowish - brown . the caudal fin is dark grey on the upper lobe and yellow on the lower with a black margin . the peritoneum is silvery brown in preserved fish with widely scattered melanophores .\nfound from the persian gulf to japan and north australia . recorded from the helleh river in bushehr province , iran ( j . hol\u010d\u00edk , pers comm . , 1995 ) , from the bahmanshir river ( marammazi , 1995 ; eskandary\nthis marine species enters rivers in southern iran and presumably freshwater stocks are maintained from this marine gene pool .\nthe usual habitat is over sand and rock bottoms in the sea down to about 50 m , but young fish may enter estuaries and may penetrate considerable distances inland , although some fish remain at sea permanently . the frequency of penetration into iranian rivers along the persian gulf coast is not known . larger specimens are known to penetrate the shatt al arab in autumn , october to december , and this water body is an important nursery for this species , found there year round as young . adults emigrate from january to march ( al - hassan , 1990 ; hussain\n. , 1987 ) . at a freshwater station on the shatt al basrah canal with salinities up to 3 . 5\u2030 , al - daham and yousif ( 1990 ) found this species to be the second most dominant after\n, comprising 7 . 1 % by number and 10 . 9 % by weight . al - daham\n. ( 1993 ) found young fish in the shatt al basrah mostly from april to october . cage - cultured fish are reared at 14 - 31\u00b0c in kuwait bay ( abou - seedo\nbut not other species which begin to spawn in april ( abou - seedo and dadzie , 2004 ) . savari\n. ( 2011 ) showed that hormones could also be used in this regard .\na fast growing and hardy fish . life in iranian fresh waters has not been studied and information is about marine or estuarine populations .\na study of fish in the shatt al basrah canal , a man - made estuary of southern iraq , was based on mostly small and immature fish ( 49 - 181 mm standard length ) caught mostly in april - october . the length - weight relationship was w = 0 . 0511 l 2 . 893 , the dominant age group was 1 + fish , the maximum age was 3 + years , fish grew to 95 , 155 and 215 mm total length in their first three years of life , and mortality ( z ) was 2 . 23 ( al - daham et al . , 1993 ) .\nheydarnejad ( 2009 ) gave the length - weight relationship for an iranian sample as w = 0 . 0451tl 3 . 091 .\nfreshwater food habits not known for iran in detail but the one specimen examined contained plant fragments and scales of a cyprinid .\n. ( 1993 ) have shown for fish from the shatt al arab near basrah , iraq that haematological parameters vary with reproductive phase and between sexes . cage - reared fish in kuwait bay have a prolonged spawning season from february to april . fecundity there is up to 3 , 837 , 000 eggs . spawning in the shatt al arab estuary is reported for april ( hussain and ahmed , 1995 ) and al - daham\n. ( 1993 ) record a spawning season for the northwestern arabian ( = persian ) gulf as january to april with a peak in february and march . abu - hakima ( 1984a ) found the spawning period in kuwait waters to be january to march with fecundity up to 2 , 152 , 993 eggs . this species is a protandrous hermaphrodite with males dominating in smaller size groups ( 22 . 3 - 24 . 2 cm ) while females dominate in larger groups ( 24 . 3 - 26 . 2 cm ) ( abou - seedo\n. , 2003 ) . samuel and mathews ( 1987 ) give a spawning date of 1 december for their kuwait sample . the gonadosomatic index was highest in february - march in hosseini ' s ( 1998 ) study in coastal waters of the northern persian gulf .\nthe average absolute fecundity in coastal waters near bushehr in iran was 1 , 842 , 700 , sex ratio was 1 : 1 , and the spawning peak was january - february ( hossini and savari , 2004 ) .\na good food fish of high market value seen in bazaars along the persian gulf coast and in the shatt al arab . it was selling at u . s . $ 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 per kg in kuwait about 1980 , with 213 tons landed in 1995 for a value of u . s . $ 1 , 769 , 407 ( abou - seedo\n. , 2003 ) and this has been proposed for iranian waters in the persian gulf ( regunathan and kitto , 2005 ) . experimental culture has been tried at qeshm island where a million larvae were produced in march with 100 , 000 larvae 2 . 0 - 3 . 5 cm long surviving in may ( www . shilat . com , downloaded 7 june 2007 ) . it is caught by trawls , handlines , in hadra ( fixed stake nets ) and gargoor ( fish pots ) and in the sport fishery in the arabian ( = persian ) gulf ( samuel and mathews , 1987 ; carpenter\nthis marine species is fished commercially in the sea and populations there may be under some threat as a consequence . the status of freshwater populations is unclear as they appear quite rare and are presumably derived from marine populations at intervals .\nthe frequency of occurrence , detailed distribution and biology of this species in iranian fresh waters needs study .\niranian material : uncatalogued , 1 , 62 . 9 mm standard length , bushehr , about15 km above mouth in helleh river ( ca . 29\ncomparative material : bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1859 , 1 , 76 . 4 mm standard length , iraq , basrah ( 30\u00ba30 ' n , 47\u00ba47 ' e ) ; bm ( nh ) 1974 . 2 . 22 : 1858 , 1 , 76 . 3 mm standard length , iraq , beree ( no other locality data ) .\ncichlids are found in fresh and brackish waters of central and south america , africa , madagascar , the levant , southern india , sri lanka and southern iran . there are about 221 genera and about 1606 species ( nelson , 2006 ; eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) but only 1 is found in iran . maximum length is about 80 cm .\nmurray ( 2001 ) reviews the fossil record and the biogeography of the family and suggests an origin less than 65 mya in the early tertiary in contrast to other studies that give an origin over 130 million years ago . their salinity tolerance has enabled them to cross marine barriers .\nmahi - e karoo , siklid irani , siklid - e hormuz , cichlid - e hormuz .\n. , 2010 ) from northeast africa , on the basis of the low gill raker count , lower pharyngeal bone and teeth morphology , and morphometric characters such as a deep preorbital depth , long snout , head length and the small eye . trewavas ( 1983 ) places\ntrewavas , 1942 of the jordan river basin and that this requires further investigation . schwarzer\nmay be common responses to temperature and salinity extremes . in addition , trewavas ( 1983 ) suggests a possible relationship of\n( hilgendorf , 1905 ) of the african rift valley . this species too is found in waters of high temperature and mineral content . klett and meyer ( 2002 ) group this genus with\nthe type locality is the\nmehran river at 27\u00b004 ' n , 54\u00b035 ' e , hormozdgan province\n( coad , 1982a ) . the holotype , 94 . 2 mm standard length , is a female with eggs in the mouth held in the canadian museum of nature , ottawa under cmnfi 1979 - 0408a ( see figure above ) . paratypes are cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , 15 , 24 . 3 - 86 . 5 mm standard length , same locality as the holotype and cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , 35 , 29 . 6 - 95 . 2 mm standard length , stream in rasul river drainage between chahar berkeh and tang - e dalan , ca . 27\u00b025 . 5 ' n , 54\u00b059 ' e , fars - hormozgan border . paratypes were deposited in the british museum ( natural history ) , london under bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 ( 2 specimens ) , mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris under mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 ( 2 ) , california academy of sciences , san francisco under cas 47324 ( 2 ) , the royal ontario museum , toronto under rom 36389 ( 1 ) and the university of british columbia , vancouver under bc 81 - 1 ( 1 ) .\nthis is the only cichlid species in iran , easily recognised by the single nostril opening on each side of the head .\nthis cichlid is uniquely characterised by a nearly circular dental field on the lower pharyngeal bone , the teeth there being of uniform size and not enlarged medially and by cheek , operculum , belly , isthmus and area between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases naked or poorly scaled . other significant characters are the posteriorly rounded dorsal and anal fins , short pectoral fins not reaching the vent , cycloid scales with granular posterior circuli bearing rounded or irregular protuberances , inferior apophyses for support of the swimbladder centred around the fourth vertebra ( figured in coad ( 1982a ) ) , mesethmoid not meeting the vomer , modal vertebral count 29 , median length of lower pharyngeal bone 31 . 8 - 40 . 9 % ( mean 35 % ) length of head , and pharyngeal blade / median length toothed area 0 . 6 - 1 . 0 , mean 0 . 8 .\nscales are regularly arranged on the flanks except that in some large specimens the regular scale rows are interspersed with irregularly distributed smaller scales , particularly on the upper flank . scales may be absent entirely from the head , sparse above the lateral line anteriorly and on the belly posterior to the pelvic fins , absent from the dorsal and anal fin bases , absent from between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases and on the belly and isthmus anterior to the pelvic fins . however , in other specimens the head may be scaled dorsally to above the eyes , with scales variably imbricate , there may be 2 - 3 rows containing 4 - 7 minimally or non - imbricate scales on the cheek which is never completely scaled . the dorsal border of the opercle may have two large scales next to each other and a single scale may be present over the centre of the subopercular bone . scales may be present on the whole belly , isthmus and between the pectoral and pelvic fin bases , but they are minute , embedded , and non - imbricate . their extent and number varies between individuals . small to minute scales , numbering up to about 20 , are present on the caudal fin base , extending distally onto the fin membranes for more than half the fin ray length in some specimens .\nflank scales below the mid - point of the spiny dorsal fin and beneath the upper lateral line are cycloid or very weakly ctenoid . the focus is central and there are 9 - 14 , mean 12 . 4 , radii on the anterior field based on 5 scales from 7 adult specimens 59 . 2 - 87 . 1 mm standard length . posterior circuli are granular so the exposed scale surface has rows of rounded or irregular protuberances .\nthe gut is a tightly coiled spiral with its apex ventral . gut length in 5 specimens ( 59 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) is 6 . 8 - 8 . 3 , mean 7 . 6 , times the standard length . gill rakers are short and rounded , reaching the adjacent raker or a little further when appressed .\ntype ( greenwood , 1978 ) . the mesethmoid does not meet the vomer , the intervening space being cartilaginous . pores at the openings of the cephalic lateral line canals on the preorbital and preoperculum are single not multiple . the inferior apophyses for support of the anterior end of the swimbladder involve vertebrae 2 to 5 , the fourth vertebra being involved in 8 out of 10 fish examined .\nteeth in the jaws are often irregularly arranged so that 4 rows are found in some places in both jaws . in some individual fish where teeth are regularly arranged there are 3 rows in the upper jaw and 4 rows in the lower jaw . number of rows decreases laterally to one at the rictus . the outer row teeth are bicuspid with the lateral cusp the smaller , while inner row teeth are tricuspid , with the central cusp the most prominent . the upper jaw has more teeth than the lower jaw .\nthe diploid chromosome number is 2n = 44 , comprising 25 submetacentic , 18 subtelocentric and 1 metacentric chromosomes with an arm number of 70 . the chromosome count may indicate a relationship to the levantine\nscales in upper lateral line 17 ( 1 ) , 18 ( 1 ) , 19 ( 2 ) , 20 ( 8 ) , 21 ( 9 ) , 22 ( 10 ) , 23 ( 7 ) , 24 ( 4 ) , 25 ( 2 ) , 26 ( 1 ) or 29 ( 1 ) ; scales in lower lateral line 9 ( 6 ) , 10 ( 17 ) , 11 ( 14 ) or 12 ( 9 ) ; total scales in lateral series 28 ( 1 ) , 29 ( 2 ) , 30 ( 4 ) , 31 ( 9 ) , 32 ( 13 ) , 33 ( 5 ) , 34 ( 4 ) , 35 ( 4 ) , 36 ( 3 ) or 40 ( 1 ) ; scales around caudal peduncle 16 ( 15 ) , 17 ( 13 ) , 18 ( 15 ) , 19 ( 2 ) or 20 ( 1 ) ; precaudal vertebrae 14 ( 2 ) , 15 ( 53 ) or 16 ( 11 ) ; caudal vertebrae 13 ( 26 ) , 14 ( 35 ) or 15 ( 5 ) ; total vertebrae 28 ( 19 ) , 29 ( 40 ) or 30 ( 7 ) .\ndorsal fin spines 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 46 ) or 16 ( 14 ) ; dorsal fin branched rays 9 ( 2 ) , 10 ( 36 ) or 11 ( 28 ) ; anal fin branched rays 6 ( 7 ) , 7 ( 20 ) , 8 ( 38 ) or 9 ( 1 ) ; pectoral fin branched rays 11 ( 42 ) or 12 ( 24 ) ; and total gill rakers 14 ( 6 ) , 15 ( 9 ) , 16 ( 24 ) , 17 ( 19 ) , 18 ( 6 ) or 19 ( 1 ) .\nhead length is greater in females while pelvic fin length is smaller in females compared to males . interorbital width is greater in males . dorsal and anal fins are larger in males when expressed in terms of longest ray length in head length ( coad , 1982a ) . colour differs as described below .\nlive specimens are brightly coloured in spawning condition ( based on aquarium photographs in schulz ( 2004 ) ) . the male is brick - red on the lower sides and underside of the head with black on the dorsal head surface . the underside of the head may also be black . the belly anterior to the pelvics is black . the chin is white . the sides off the head have a few , scattered white spots but the body , dorsal and caudal fins are densely covered with white spots and blotches . those on the dorsal fin are arranged in oblique rows and those on the caudal fin in bars . the anal fin has white spots also but these are not present distally . the pectoral fin has darkened rays but lacks spots . the pelvic fin has white spots proximally but less than the anal fin but is overall a dark black . other reports and photographs ( svardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) ) show dominant spawning males to be black with brilliant turquoises blotches on the body but especially so on the fins . the female has an overall silvery colour with up to 9 faint to moderate flank bars . fins are yellowish . the dorsal fin has a black tilapia - mark on the posterior dorsal fin .\noverall body colour outside the spawning season is a light lime green , with an iridescent tinge to the posterior edge of the operculum and on the back . the dorsal fin has light , lime - green , oblique bars , the last one or two black - edged and spot - like . the peritoneum is black .\npreserved specimens have the following pigmentation . young fish have a distinct tilapia - mark , a spot on the rays of the soft dorsal fin typical of these cichlid fishes . the spot is black and is surrounded by a hyaline ring . occasionally a second spot is found posterior to the first spot . the principal spot is often retained in adult fish . young also have 7 - 11 bars along the flank which are also retained by adults but are then less distinct . in adults the dorsal fin rays and membranes are covered with melanophores interspersed with hyaline spots and irregular blotches . wavy , oblique bars are found posteriorly on the soft dorsal fin in some specimens . the caudal fin has a series of about 7 narrow bars in some male specimens while females are uniformly grey . the anal fin is narrowly barred with up to 6 vertical to oblique bars in some specimens , in others uniformly pigmented grey proximally fading to hyaline distally . pectoral and pelvic fins are not barred and are lightly pigmented , the pelvics being the darker . the head and body , including the belly , are more heavily pigmented to give an overall brown colour , lightest on the belly anterior to the pelvic fins in females . scales are not pigmented on their free margins , which are pale .\nsome specimens may be quite dark , particularly the back and fins and strikingly the lips .\nattains 11 . 09 cm standard length or 12 . 95 cm total length ( esmaeili and ebrahimi , 2006 ) . lamboj\nthe cichlid is restricted to rivers draining to the straits of hormuz in southern iran ( coad , 1982a ; abdoli , 2000 ) . svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) also map this species at 27 . 770\u00b0n , 54 . 999\u00b0e , slightly to the north of samples mapped here . the distribution mapped by stiassny in keenleyside ( 1991 ) following berra ( 1981 ) is too far north . the map in berra ( 2001 ) is more accurate . abdoli ( 2000 ) records this species from the lower minab basin , lower hasan langi , middle to lower kul , gowdar and middle to lower mehran rivers .\nspecimens kindly sent to me by h . r . esmaeili in 1997 are from the dozdan river at 27\u00b026 ' n , 57\u00b010 ' e , an eastwards extension into the minab river basin . the cichlid was not collected there in the 1970s . the new record may simply be filling in a collecting gap , a natural range extension or possibly the result of an introduction .\nbleher ( 2011a ) found only 2 of the 22 sites recorded by coad ( 1982 ) to still have water , although i have observed river stretches drying up and re - connecting and not always the same stretches .\ntrewavas ( 1983 ) suggests that the ancestor of this cichlid was distributed across the arabian peninsula in the late pliocene / early pleistocene when this area was more humid . desiccation in the pleistocene and recent periods then led to the extinction of the ancestor . a miocene - oligocene fossil\n. however trewavas ( 1983 ) reports that this fossil cannot be identified as a cichlid . micklich and roscher ( 1990 ) and lippitsch and micklich ( 1998 ) also report three species of what are presumably cichlids from southwest saudi arabia in the baid formation of oligocene age at ad darb , tihamat asir . they belong to the basal grade of cichlids and to two different clades within the african assemblage . whybrow and clements ( 1999 ) record unidentified cichlidae from the early oligocene from the coastal trip of dhofar , sultanate of oman with a date of 33 mya . murray ( 2001 ) reviews these and other cichlid fossil material and the identity of omani material as cichlids appears questionable . southwest saudi arabian material is more clearly cichlid but does not point to a continuous distribution eastwards across the arabian peninsula . however , b\u0103n\u0103rescu ( 1992b ) considers that a common ancestor to\nevolved in the arabian peninsula from african forebears in the miocene , the latter lineage extending its range northwards to the levant and the former eastwards to oman and southern iran , the straits of hormuz not then being in existence . murray ( 2001 ) gives an earliest date for colonisation of\nancestors to be the middle miocene when southern iran rose above sea level . she does not consider a coastwise dispersal through brackish waters of arabia to be a possible route as cichlids are not found there today but indicates a route through the tethys sea / indian ocean could be possible .\ncould be a relict of a once wider distribution across the tigris - euphrates basin in a northern arc rather than directly across the arabian peninsula . the absence of cichlids from southern arabia today warrant this alternative hypothesis . warm streams have probably been continually present in southern arabia and support a limited fish fauna today . there is no apparent reason why cichlids should have become extinct there . murray ( 2001 ) points out that\nlives at 40 - 400 m above sea level and is limited by mountains north of the present distribution , and so it must have arrived before the mountains attained their current height , to support coad ' s hypothesis .\nthe headwaters of the tigris - euphrates basin are narrowly separated from the levant rift valley today and at times in the past may have had direct exchanges of faunas ( kosswig , 1965 ; 1973 ; krupp , 1987 ) . the modern absence of cichlids from the tigris - euphrates basin may be explained by low temperatures . the effects of low temperature on\n, which occurs naturally in the southern levant rift valley , begin to die at 11\u00b0c and cease all motion at temperatures below 10\u00b0c ( chervinski and lahav , 1976 ) . most of syria , northern iraq and the northern arabian peninsula have temperatures below 10\u00b0c in winter ( beaumont\nis found mainly in saline streams . this hypothesis can only be confirmed by fossil discoveries .\nthe streams in which this species lives are subject to desiccation with continuous flow breaking up into isolated pools . the survival of cichlid populations in these pools varies between years and some pools may be fishless in one year and populated in another .\nthe area around the straits of hormuz is rich in salt domes and consequently most surface streams are saline , up to 80 ms . cichlids are found in these streams but also in the sar khun oasis which is fresh with a conductivity of 1 . 6 ms . apparently they can be transported at 10 ms as this is less stressful . stream waters are cloudy to clear and colourless . water temperatures in winter ( november to march ) range from 15 to 33\u00b0c and would be considerably higher in summer when air temperatures reach 45\u00b0c with no riparian shade and low water levels . lamboj\n. ( 2006 ) and svardal ( 2006 ) give water temperatures of 33 - 40\u00b0c and conductivity of 45 - 75 ms .\nstreams are 1 to 50 m wide and consist of alternating riffles and pools with occasional backwaters . the bottom is pebbles , sand or mud . aquatic vegetation is restricted to encrusting algae .\nunknown . esmaeili and ebrahimi ( 2006 ) give a significant length - weight relationship based on 379 fish measuring 2 . 74 - 11 . 09 cm standard length . the\n- value > 3 indicating a fish that becomes more rotund as length increases ) .\ngut contents of 5 specimens ( 41 . 2 - 90 . 5 mm standard length ) included only algae and diatoms suggesting food is scraped from rocks and from bottom deposits . this is consistent with an elongate gut and black peritoneum . aquarium specimens eat algal tabs but also appreciate insects and fish remains .\nthis species is a mouth brooder . a breeding female and a male were caught in a backwater on march 18 of the mehran river ( the type series ) . this backwater was 1 - 5 m wide , maximum depth was 40 cm over a mud bottom , the water was cloudy and highly saline ( 40ms ) and temperature ranged from 26\u00b0c at the mouth of the backwater to 33\u00b0c at its head . eggs in fish taken in november and january are small so the breeding season is deduced to be around march . five eggs ranged in length from 3 . 2 to 3 . 8 mm , mean 3 . 6 mm and in width from 2 . 4 to 2 . 7 , mean 2 . 5 mm . total number of eggs from 2 females , 59 . 0 - 59 . 2 mm standard length was 36 and 38 respectively . eggs are yellow - orange in preserved fish .\na female 116 . 9 mm standard length from the mehran river had 153 larvae in her mouth , ranging in length from 9 . 6 to 10 . 9 mm ( h . r . esmaeili , pers . comm . , 6 october 2005 ; esmaeili\n. ( 2009 ) found a sex ratio biased towards males in may and june , presumably because males were defending nests and easily caught , or possibly differential survival of the sexes . they suggest that the breeding season begins in march and lasts until the end of june with a peak in may . eggs attained 3 . 76 mm and fecundity reached 151 eggs with a relative fecundity of 5 . 4 eggs per gram body weight . esmaeili et al . ( 2010 ) detail gonad morphology and histology and confirmed peak spawning in may .\nschulz ( 2004 ) observed fish in the field and found each male occupying a territory defending a nest about 1 m from each neighbouring nest . the nests were made on light grey , fine sand and consisted of a pit approximately 15 cm in diameter . the pit was black because of anoxic conditions below the sand surface . the actual nest was about the same as the body length of the fish ( 8 - 10 cm ) and lay at the centre of the pit . the pit was surrounded by a rim about 1 . 5 cm high with an internally indented margin . simpler pits are built where building materials are unavailable . females were present in schools in deeper water in the river centre . individual females swam purposefully to the nest defended by the male . the male directed the female to the nest centre with folded up fins while the female spread her fins and showed radiating colour changes . spawning occurred immediately and neighbouring males intervened continuously at a speed that did not allow full analysis of the movements . a defending male would chase away an intruding male allowing another male into the unprotected nest to mate with the female . a clutch of eggs was always inseminated by a whole group of males .\npiscivorous birds have been observed along the streams where the cichlid is found . ansary\nsaadati ( 1977 ) suggests that this salt - tolerant species could be a valuable resource if introduced into the saline and fishless waters of internal basins . however this is not advisable since the native fauna , evolved in a fishless environment , could be devastated before it has even been documented . esmaeili\n. ( 2009 ) note that it is eaten by local people when available in large numbers in spring . it is now an aquarium fish in germany ( schulz , 2002 ; 2004a ; 2004b ; oliver lucanus , pers . comm . , 23 january 2004 ; lamboj\n. , 2006 ; svardal , 2006 ; svardal and svardal , 2006 ) and juveniles sell for about $ 80 each urltoken 21 march 2010 ) . articles in aquarium magazines give photographs in spawning condition , including mouth - brooding , and details for their maintenance , including water with a conductivity of 50 - 70ms / cm nacl or sea salt mixture , tank water changed once a week , vegetarian food tabs ( containing the blue - green alga\n) , and a temperature of 20 - 35\u00b0c , optimally 27\u00b0c . it has been noted that males , in continually defending a nest and courting ,\nwear out\nearlier than females ( thomas schulz ,\nmay well be on its way to extinction - if it is not gone already\n. bailey ( 2006 ) apparently repeats this . however its habitat is mostly saline streams which cannot readily be used for agriculture or industry . the surrounding area is not industrialised , nor likely to be , and was never a war zone so pollution is not a problem for this species .\nflash floods are probably a significant problem as water drains rapidly off vegetation barren land . the scouring action may well displace or strand cichlids . mouth brooding offers protection against floods and against associated fishes .\nsvardal ( 2006 ) and svardal and svardal ( 2006 ) give details of capture , transport and aquarium care of this species .\nrabbaniha ( 1993a , 1993b , 1994 ) gives farsi accounts of this species and cichlids in general . the account is based principally on coad ( 1982a ) .\ntype material : see above , cmnfi 1979 - 0408a , cmnfi 1979 - 0408b , cmnfi 1979 - 0139 , bm ( nh ) 1981 . 1 . 12 : 1 - 2 , mnhn 1981 - 107 , 108 , cas 47324 , rom 36389 and bc 81 - 1 .\nintroduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive winterkill ( herzog , 1969 ) . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , however , record\n) from basrah in southern iraq and this species could easily become established in iran . no iranian record confirmed as yet . red tilapias (\nsp . ) have been studied in aquaponic systems in iran so there is a potential for an exotic release ( rafiee and saad , 2005 ) . fingerlings from indonesia have been reared using saline waters at bafgh , yazd province in 3 ton fibreglass tanks . larvae were successfully grown to 2 . 0 kg at 28\u00b11\u00bac (\nintroduced to the tigris river basin in iraq but did not apparently survive ( job , 1967 ) . redbelly tilapias are established in the syrian euphrates ( r . beck , pers . comm . , 2000 ) and a recent report by beshar abd al - hussain al - saadi (\n. , 10 october 2006 ) of a cichlid at al musayyib on the euphrates river in iraq may well be this species . mutlak and al - faisal ( 2009 ) , record this species from basrah in southern iraq and these could spread to iranian waters . no iranian record as yet . the farsi name is \u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u067e\u064a\u0627 ( = tilapia ) .\nthe gobies are a world - wide family found mostly in warmer marine waters although some species enter fresh water and others live there permanently ( see also marine list in checklists in the introduction ) . the number of species is high and this may be the most speciose fish family in the world with about 248 genera and about 1630 species , perhaps more ( eschmeyer and fong , 2011 ) . a diversity of gobies occurs in the caspian sea basin . not all caspian gobies have valid iranian records but most will probably be found there . several gobies penetrate southern waters of iran from the persian gulf and sea of oman and are described here . others will probably be discovered when more detailed surveys are made .\ngobies are easily distinguished by their pelvic fins being united as an adhesive or sucking disk or cup . body form and coloration are diverse . the pattern of head canals , canal pores and neuromasts is distinctive and used in identifying and relating species ( except in\n( pinchuk , 1991 ) ) . however the neuromasts may be sunken in narrow furrows or pits and completely covered by epithelium so they do not preserve well and this can lead to confusion in identifications ( zambriborshch , 1968 ) . there is usually a short spiny dorsal fin ( 2 - 8 flexible spines ) separated from , but close to , a soft dorsal fin . the soft dorsal fin and anal fin are longer than the caudal peduncle . scales may be cycloid , ctenoid or rarely absent . no obvious lateral line . there are 5 branchiostegal rays . gill membranes are connected to the isthmus and gill openings are moderate to wide , or very restricted in the mudskippers . the head is usually blunt and the mouth is usually large . teeth are usually small and conical in one to several rows in both jaws . miller in miller ( 2003 ) gives a suite of osteological characters defining the family .\nmost gobies are quite small ( 5 - 10 cm ) and they are often very abundant . maximum size is about 50 cm . some of the world ' s smallest vertebrates are gobies from the indian ocean , mature at 8 mm . others , however , are large and form part of fisheries in both the caspian sea and the indian ocean . they are not significant food fishes in iran . gobies tend to rest on the bottom and move in sudden , characteristic dashes . the male goby guards a nest . food is crustaceans , worms , molluscs and small fishes . many gobies are important in the aquarium trade since they are beautifully coloured , small and tough .\nthey are known generally as gav mahi ( = cow fish ) or sag mahi ( = dog fish ) or contain the word gel ( = mud ) in iran . a general review in farsi of the caspian gobies is given by aslaanparviz ( 1991 ) .\nthe males of some caspian species become black during the spawning season , their fins elongate , head shape alters and some even become naked . loss of tubercles in adult male gobies of the genus\nmakes it possible to identify only juveniles and females . the males build nests and guard the eggs . life span of certain caspian species is said to be as short as one year , e . g . some species of\n, as much as 10 - 15 % of total biomass in some areas ( mamedov , 2006 ) .\nthe black and caspian sea basins contain an endemic sarmatian fauna of gobies . there are two main clades , the gobiine - benthophilines ( or transverse gobiids ) and the pomatoschistines ( or sand gobies ) , that have probably been distinct for at least 40 million years . miller ( 2001 ) and miller in miller ( 2003 ) reviews the evolutionary history of these two clades and their anatomical differences based on head papillae and osteology . the transverse gobiids include\n. the sarmatian fauna was separated from the atlantic - mediterranean fauna with the isolation of the paratethys during the late miocene messinian salinity crisis as the mediterranean dried . partial flooding of the mediterranean from the paratethys in the early pliocene allowed sarmatian gobies to spread westwards . within the ponto - caspian basin , evolution of species flocks was favoured by basin sub - divisions and rejoinings . the benthophilines may be a monophyletic group from these events .\nahnelt and duchkowitsch ( 2004 ) give information on the neogobiine stock . about 12 - 13 million years ago in the middle miocene , the ponto - caspian endemic and ancestral neogobiine stock may have differentiated from an atlantic - mediterranean gobiine stock . at this time the paratethys was a sea with reduced salinity and a high level of endemism . the\nstock that invaded the mediterranean basin after that sea was restored about 5 million years ago in the late miocene .\nranges from 4 . 29 to 6 . 25 mya and the paper gives divergence times for major lineages in relation to geological events in the ponto - caspian . these events include connections with , and isolation from , the world ocean and salinity changes in a range of 1 - 30 p . p . t . over the last 5 million years . most genera diversified about 5 mya when the black and caspian seas separated .\nthe principal recent works on the systematics of caspian gobies are by v . i . pinchuk , d . b . ragimov , ye . d . vasil ' yeva , h . ahnelt and p . j . miller . earlier works are by b . s . iljin ( also spelled il ' in or ilyin ) . later molecular studies are cited above .\nother gobies in iran are the familiar tropical mudskippers which can move quickly over land , using the muscular - based paired fins to row across mud , and some can even clasp and climb mangroves . they can live out of water because the gill openings are small to prevent desiccation of the gills , oxygen can be taken into the chamber and absorbed through the gills and chamber wall , and they can also absorb oxygen through their skin . they often rest with the tail immersed in water for this purpose or roll around in shallow water to moisten themselves . they may live entirely in water , or will come onto land even when there is enough oxygen in the water . their eyes are high on the head , protruding and able to revolve independently , and have a movable lower lid . the eyes are retracted periodically into small cups below the head to moisten them . such eyes are very effective as a means to watch for potential enemies on land but their vision under water is blurred . mudskippers have elaborate reproductive behaviour which involves tail standing , flip - flops , and fin displays . they are very territorial and defend their territory against other mudskippers and crabs . they can deliver a skin - breaking bite to humans even though they are only about 15 cm long !\nthis genus comprises only a single species and so its characters are those of the species . the snout is very distinctive and details of neuromasts are not given here as they are not needed in identification , although of importance in relating the genus . the genus is closely related to the tadpole goby clade comprising\nand details are give in miller in miller ( 2004 ) . this author also gives an alternative terminology for the arrangement of neuromasts than that of ahnelt\neichwald , 1831 by berg ( 1927 ) but later iljin ( 1930 ) erected a new genus because of its unusual and distinctive morphology . the type locality is the caspian sea at 37\u00b058 ' n , 52\u00b022 ' e at a depth of 294 m ( but see below ) .\n. ( 2000 ) although berg ( 1927 ) mentions 15 fish in his description . ragimov ( 1985 ) states that berg described this species from a single young specimen and also visually observed 15 others for a total of 16 in the type series .\nthe duckbill tadpole goby is characterised by the elongate and flattened head which is similar to a duck ' s bill . unlike gobies of the genus\nfirst dorsal fin with 3 - 4 spines , usually 4 , second dorsal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 , usually 10 , soft rays . anal fin with 1 spine followed by 8 - 11 soft rays . pectoral fin rays 14 - 16 . gill rakers on the posterior part of the arch are very short and anteriorly are minute . pit organs on the side of the head are papilliform and clearly visible with the naked eye . further details of anatomy are given by ahnelt\niranian specimens had the following meristics : - first dorsal fin with 4 ( 4 ) spines ; second dorsal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 10 ( 4 ) soft rays ; pectoral fin rays 14 ( 1 ) , 15 ( 2 ) or 16 ( 1 ) ; anal fin with 1 ( 4 ) spine followed by 11 ( 4 ) soft rays ; and total vertebrae 29 ( 4 ) .\noverall , colour is a light grey or pale fawn fading to a whitish grey on the belly . various speckles and melanophores are found on the back and upper flank . the dorsal , caudal and pectoral fins have dark grey speckles . the head sides from the snout to the cheek are dark with transversal suborbital papillae series whitish giving the impression of narrow light stripes below the eye and on the cheek . the peritoneum is black or densely covered in fine speckles .\nreaches 11 . 2 cm , or 13 cm total length ( jolodar and abdoli , 2004 ) . females may be larger than males ( mean total length 84 mm versus 77 mm ) .\nknown only from the caspian sea and one of the endemic sarmatian fauna ( see family account ) .\nfound to a depth of 294 m on white silt bottoms according to berg ( 1927 ) but the data in zisp states 244 sazhems ( = 446 . 5 m ) . recent iranian material is from 45 - 80 m , at 9 . 7 - 16 . 4\u00b0c at 50 m ( ahnelt\n. , 2000 ) and jolodar and abdoli ( 2004 ) state it lives mainly at 50 - 100 m depths in the south caspian sea .\nunknown but the duck bill may be an adaptation for feeding on silt bottoms ( ragimov , 1986 ) .\napparently mature eggs reach 1 . 9 mm in diameter in the iranian specimen .\n. ( 1999 ) consider this species to be data deficient in the south caspian sea basin according to iucn criteria .\nmore specimens need to be caught to assess its distribution , numbers , variation and biology .\niranian material : cmnfi 1999 - 0023 , 4 , 76 . 1 - 79 . 1 mm standard length , gilan , caspian sea off astara ( 38\u00ba00 ' n , 49\u00ba30 ' e to 38\u00ba20 ' n , 50\u00ba00 ' e ) .\ncaspian sea basin but no iranian record although kottelat and freyhof ( 2007 ) map it from the iranian shore .\nde filippi , 1863 described from lake palestrom near poti , georgia is a synonym .\nreported from the south caspian sea by naseka and bogutskaya but no confirmed specimen from iran .\noriginally described from the lower dnieper river between kherson and kakhovka and the south bug river between novaya odessa and nikolayev , ukraine and also recorded from the caspian sea basin but no iranian record . ragimov ( 1998c ) and miller ( 2004 ) give recent descriptions . pinchuk and miller in miller ( 2004 ) question the validity of the caspian sea record for this species .\ncaspian sea basin , described from off chikishlar at 37\u00b045 . 5 ' n , 53\u00b047 ' e and southwest of ulsky bank at 38\u00b005 ' n , 52\u00b034 ' e , turkmenistan , but no iranian record . known only from the two type specimens , now lost ( reshetnikov\niljin , 1941 . miller in miler ( 2004 ) gives a general map that encompasses the southeastern caspian sea including iranian waters but the only records are not in iran .\nthe tadpole gobies are found in the black and caspian seas where there are about 20 species , 16 endemic to the caspian ( pinchuk and miller in miller , 2004 ; boldyrev and bogutskaya , 2007 ) . the general farsi name for fishes in this genus is \u06af\u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a ( gav mahi ) or \u0633\u06af \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a ( sag mahi ) , not repeated under each species description .\nmembers of this genus are characterised by the broad and flattened head , dorsal muscles not extending to the eyes , no sensory canals or pores , first dorsal fin with 2 - 4 rays , well - separated form the second dorsal fin , the caudal fin has only 2 rows of papillae , head and body scaleless but with spinulose bony granules , scutes and platelets except in adult males which are naked ( and cannot therefore be readily identified ) , anterior nostrils developed as small tubes overlying the upper lip , no swimbladder , a longitudinal dermal fold usually present on each side behind the mouth corner , and presence of a chin barbel . there is no pelagic larval stage and eggs are large and oligoplasmatic . ahnelt ( 2003 ) discuss the unique specialisations in the postcranial skeleton of benthophiline gobies ( which also includes\n) including reductions in vertebral numbers and arrangement of pterygiophores . pinchuk and miller in miller ( 2004 ) review other characters that show relationships of this specialised group within a larger tadpole - goby clade , the broad and flattened head being the most obvious .\nthese fishes are found in brackish waters with a salinity up to about 20\u2030 , in deeper waters , estuaries and coastal waters . they can dig themselves into bottom sediments and are usually found on mud , silt or sand . food is insect larvae , crustaceans and molluscs . life span of these tadpole gobies is only a year , some individuals maturing at 6 - 7 months , called ephemery . fish die after spawning , females earlier than males by 3 - 4 weeks ( boldyrev and bogutskaya , 2004 ; 2007 ) . eggs are laid inside an empty mollusc shell ."]}
{"id": 1933, "summary": [{"text": "the jamaican vireo ( vireo modestus ) is a species of bird in the vireonidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to jamaica .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "jamaican vireo", "paragraphs": ["recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : vireo modestus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nthis bird was singing spontaneously from mid canopy of small trees in secondary forest .\nunseen bird singing from the canopy along the troy trail . second bird counter - singing . sennheiser me66 / k6 and sony pcm - m10 .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nalthough this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nenglish spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecording av # 11522 . jamaica : trelawny ; windsor great cave area ( 18 . 35 , - 77 . 65 ) recorded by brian k . schmidt\njamaica : trelawny ; windsor great cave area ( 18 . 35 , - 77 . 65 )"]}
{"id": 1934, "summary": [{"text": "acanthocephalus dirus is a species of parasitic worm in the echinorhynchidae family .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "instead of having its eggs expelled from the host in feces , the gravid female detaches itself from the host 's digestive tract and sinks to the bottom , where her body is consumed by the species ' intermediate host , caecidotea intermedius , a species of isopod .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "upon hatching , the larvae begin to alter their host 's behavior .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "this will manifest in lighter pigmentation and an increased attraction to predators , such as a. dirus ' primary hosts . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "acanthocephalus dirus", "paragraphs": ["to describe the pathological manifestation of the acanthocephalus dirus ( a . dirus ) infestation in thunnus albacares ( t . albacares ) from southeast coast of india .\nkopp , d . a . , elke , d . a . , caddigan , s . c . , raj , a . , rodriguez , l . , young , m . l . and sparkes , t . c . ( 2011 ) dispersal in the acanthocephalan acanthocephalus dirus . journal of parasitology 97 : 101 - 105\n15 . p a g e | 15 seidenberg aj . 1973 . ecology of the acanthocephalan acanthocephalus dirus ( van cleave , 1931 ) in its intermediate host , asellus intermedius forbes ( crustacea : isopoda ) . the journal of parasitology . 59 ( 6 ) : 957 - 962 . wulker w . 1964 . parasite - induced changes of internal and external sex characteristics in insects . exp . parasitol . 15 : 561 - 597 .\nthe acanthocephalan parasite acanthocephalus dirus infects the freshwater isopod caecidotea intermedius as an intermediate host before completing its life cycle in a fish . male c . intermedius infected by a . dirus parasites are less likely to engage in mating behavior than uninfected males but there is a significant intra - population variation in the occurrence of this behavioral change . previous studies on uninfected isopods have shown that glycogen content is a predictor of male mating behavior and we examined whether the intra - population variation in the mating behavior of infected male c . intermedius could be explained by this relationship . a field - based behavioral experiment was used to quantify intra - population variation in male mating behavior , which showed that 50 % of infected males were responsive to females and 50 % were not responsive . biochemical analysis of responsive and non - responsive males revealed that glycogen content was a predictor of the mating behavior for uninfected males but was not a predictor of mating behavior for infected males . for infected males , parasite intensity was a predictor of mating behavior . males that contained more a . dirus parasites were less likely to undergo modification of mating behavior . we propose that the intra - population variation in the mating behavior of infected c . intermedius identified in nature was not mediated by host condition .\nthe acanthocephalan parasite acanthocephalus dirus induces a colour change in the intermediate host , the aquatic isopod caecidotea intermedius , which increases transmission to definitive hosts ( creek chub , sunfish ) . we examined the potential for conflict to occur between infective ( cystacanth ) and non - infective ( acanthor , acanthella ) stages of a . dirus over the level of colour modification that should be induced when these stages share a host . using a field survey , we showed that host sharing by infective and non - infective stages was relatively common and that infective and non - infective stages differed in their effects on colour modification . non - infective stages induced a colour change over 40 % of the body , whereas infective stages induced a colour change over 80 % . thus , conflict could occur between stages over the level of modification that should be induced . we then showed that mixed - stage infections induced a colour change in the host that was consistent with the level of modification induced by the infective stage . we discuss the potential significance of these results to patterns of host modification and their effects on stage - related survival in nature .\nthis is the new host for the parasite a . dirus in t . albacares . on the basis of histological and histochemical findings , the lesions were highly damaged due to the parasitic infestation . the high density of the parasite and severe penetration of the proboscis into the intestinal tissues are the main reason for the pathogenicity in the host .\none reason could be that a . dirus infects creek chub - which , as its name indicates - lives in flowing creeks . the chub acquire the worm through eating infected isopods in the stream ( the picture shows the light - coloured infected isopod on the right , and the darker uninfected individual on the left ) , which become infected when they ingest worm eggs resting on the creek bed . acanthocephalan eggs tend to float - so if the eggs are simply expelled into the environment , they would get washed away downstream and deposited where the isopods do not occur . whereas with a . dirus , the worm ' s own body can act like a weight belt which would carry the eggs down to the sediment layer , so by the time the worm herself decays , the eggs are already in the sediment where isopods can pick them up .\nfurthermore , laboratory tests showed that isopods like to eat egg - filled female worms as much as their usual food - leaf litter - and the worm body itself actually enhances the infection success of the eggs . researchers found that when exposed to fresh eggs alone , fewer than one in four isopods became infected , whereas when exposed to gravid females , over 80 % became infected ( natural infection comes somewhere in between those at about 60 % ) . by making the ultimate maternal sacrifice , a . dirus gives her offspring the best possible start in life .\nt . albacares were severely infested with a . dirus , the group of acanthocephala attached to the posterior region of the intestine . the adult worm proboscis was cylindrical and the length and width ranging between 2 . 7\u20136 . 4 mm and 0 . 8\u20131 . 3 mm , respectively . histopathologically , the infested intestinal mucosal epithelium , stratum granulosum , lamina propria , muscular and serosa layers were highly degraded . the lesions were infiltrating with basophil - like inflammatory cells . the parasite - affected lesions were histochemically positive for alcian blue , azo dye , toluidine blue and oil red o .\n13 . p a g e | 13 alter the antipredator and reproductive behavior as well as the body morphology of c . intermedius . this parasite can be a way to maintain isopod populations . neither sex is more susceptible to infection , though size of the isopod can play a role in the risks of parasitism by a . dirus ( seidenberg 1973 ) . according to seidenberg ( 1973 ) , infection begins in the summer and by march , 60 % of an isopod population has become infected . isopods with a high infection intensity disappear from the population , most likely by predation due to the parasites effects .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namin , omar m . / crompton , d . w . t . and brent b . nickol\nmemoires du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , ser . a , vol . 57\nproceedings of the helminthological society of washington , vol . 3 , no . 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe word parasite has a lot of connotations associated with it , and\nmaternal\nis certainly not one of them . to most people , the term\nfreeloader\ncomes to mind ( hopefully , this blog will show you that parasitism is actually a very challenging way of life ) . they also have a reputation as being pretty lousy parents . in most textbooks , parasites are usually considered as\nr - strategists\n- which produce many , many offspring and don ' t take good care of them ( as opposed to a k - strategist which produces fewer offspring , but invest a lot into parental care - like an elephant ) . but not all parasites are bad parents , and today , i am going to tell you about a study on a maternal parasite which sacrifices everything ( literally ) for her offspring .\nhint : you ' re just looking at the tip of the iceberg . . .\nif you think you or your pets have a parasite , please seek the appropriate care you need from your own doctor or veterinarian .\nwhy parasite of the day ? ( if it ' s not every day . . . )\nthe united nations declared 2010 the international year of biodiversity . in celebration of the enormous diversity of parasites and to highlight their importance , we created this blog , which showcased a species of parasite every day . now that 2010 is over , we will continue to add more parasites from time to time , and write about any newly published research on parasite species that we have posted about yet .\nsee this post from the start of 2011 where we discuss the sheer scale of parasite biodiversity , and this post from the end of 2011 pretty much summarizes the mission of this blog .\ngot parasites ? the american society of parasitologists is interested . we invite you to share with us your observations , ideas and questions about parasites . our members and the journal of parasitology represent a wide range of research interests including ecology , evolution , systematics , immunology , biochemistry and molecular biology . please post any aspect of parasitology you wish to share with us on our facebook group page . please go to our home page at\nbush , albert , gerald esch and jacqueline fernandez . parasitism : the diversity and ecology of animal parasites . cambridge university press .\ncombes , claude . the art of being a parasite . university of chicago press .\ndesowitz , robert . new guinea tapeworms and jewish grandmothers . norton & company .\ndesowitz , robert . the malaria capers : tales of parasites and people . norton and compay .\nmoore , janice . parasites and the behavior of animals . oxford university press .\nzuk , marlene . riddled with life : friendly worms , ladybug sex , and the parasites that make us who we are . mariner books\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\nthe parasite - infested fishes were collected from nagapattinam landing centre of tamil nadu from southeast coast of india . the acanthocephala morphology , gross pathology , histopathology and histochemistry were investigated .\nthe journal implements double - blind peer review practiced by specially invited international editorial board members .\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 asian pacific tropical medicine press . published by elsevier ( singapore ) pte ltd . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsparkes tc 1 , wright vm , renwick dt , weil ka , talkington ja , milhalyov m .\ndepartment of biological sciences , depaul university , chicago , il 60614 , usa . tsparkes @ urltoken\ndepartment of biological sciences , depaul university , 2325 north clifton avenue , chicago , il , 60614 , usa .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nkopp da 1 , elke da , caddigan sc , raj a , rodriguez l , young mk , sparkes tc .\ndepartment of biological sciences , depaul university , chicago , illinois 60614 , usa .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our user agreement and privacy policy .\nslideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance , and to provide you with relevant advertising . if you continue browsing the site , you agree to the use of cookies on this website . see our privacy policy and user agreement for details .\nwe use your linkedin profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads . you can change your ad preferences anytime .\n5 . p a g e | 5 figure 1 . life cycle variations with avian definitive hosts shows various stages and hosts ofan acanthocephalan parasite . arrows indicate the next host or stage of development . adapted from the field manual of wildlife diseases : general field procedures and diseases of birds .\nclipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later . now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips ."]}
{"id": 1937, "summary": [{"text": "euliphyra hewitsoni , the western moth butterfly , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal , guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , southern nigeria and cameroon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults have a moth-like flight .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the larvae live in the nests of ants of the oecophylla genus and feed on ant regurgitations and/or ant brood .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the name honours william chapman hewitson . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "euliphyra hewitsoni", "paragraphs": ["euliphyra hewitsoni voucher mcz : sc - 99 - t536 glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogen . . .\neuliphyra hewitsoni voucher mcz : sc - 99 - t536 elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1a ) gene . . .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nopens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record . the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately . links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1938, "summary": [{"text": "stenopsestis alternata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in india ( sikkim ) , nepal , burma , china ( gansu , hubei , jiangxi , hunan , guangdong , guangxi , sichuan , yunnan , tibet ) and thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are pale metallic cupreous-brown , crossed by a broad basal , a median , and two narrow submarginal greenish-grey indistinct bands .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are some black basal spots , an ante - and postmedian transverse black sinuous line and black and white streaks externally along the veins .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings and abdomen are pale cupreous-brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "stenopsestis alternata", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nall photos copyrighted \u00a9 by their respective owners . this site uses the flickr api but is not endorsed by flickr . ( v2 . 5 . 2 )"]}
{"id": 1939, "summary": [{"text": "the black flying squirrel or large black flying squirrel ( aeromys tephromelas ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is found in brunei , indonesia , and malaysia ; its habitat is primary and secondary forests and gardens where it uses tree hollows .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it feeds on fruits , nuts and other vegetable matter .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is likely not threatened and is adaptable to habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "black flying squirrel", "paragraphs": ["according to the international union for the conservation of nature ' s red list , these species are endangered : san joaquin antelope ground squirrel , woolly flying squirrel , sipora flying squirrel , mentawi flying squirrel , siberut flying squirrel , smoky flying squirrel , vincent ' s bush squirrel , baja california rock squirrel , idaho ground squirrel , perote ground squirrel , fraternal squirrel and mearns ' squirrel . the namdapha flying squirrel is critically endangered .\na young / baby of a black flying squirrel is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a black flying squirrel group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .\nthe black flying squirrel , large black flying squirrel is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nthere are more than 200 species of squirrels , according to the integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) , and they are categorized into three types : tree squirrels , ground squirrels and flying squirrels . these three categories are further broken down into many squirrel types , such as albino , mountain tree , antelope , spotted , grey , american red , douglas , fox , pygmy , northern flying , southern , arizona gray , idaho , arctic ground , albert\u2019s , franklin , richardson , rock , white and black squirrel .\nsince there are so many types of squirrels , they range greatly in size . the smallest squirrel is the african pygmy squirrel . it grows to 2 . 8 to 5 inches ( 7 to 13 centimeters ) in length and weighs just 0 . 35 ounces ( 10 grams ) . the indian giant squirrel is the world ' s largest known squirrel . it grows to 36 inches ( 1 meter ) long and weighs up to 4 pounds ( 1 . 8 kilograms ) .\nthe gray squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) isn ' t just gray . it comes in a variety of colors , such as white , gray , brown and black . these little squirrels are great at planting trees . they bury their acorns , but forget where they put them . the forgotten acorns become oak trees .\nthis nocturnal flying squirrel inhabits primary and secondary forests , foothills of the ranges in borneo and malaysia . it is also found in gardens where it uses tree hollows . it is relatively adaptable . this species eats fruits , nuts , and other vegetable matter ( lekagul and mcneely 1988 ) .\nflying squirrels make their homes in tree holes or nests that are built into the crooks of branches . to get from tree to tree or from a tree to the ground , flying squirrels spread the muscle membrane between their legs and body and glide on the air . they can glide up to 160 feet ( 48 m ) , making it look like they can fly .\nafter seven to eight weeks , the young are weaned . when the kits leave the nest , they don ' t travel farther than 2 miles from home , according to the massachusetts department of wildlife and fisheries . some species of squirrel have new litters every few months or as little as twice per year .\nthese rodents have remarkable little bodies . for example , a squirrel has padded feet that cushions jumps from up to 20 feet ( 6 meters ) long . their eyes are high on their head and placed on each side of the head so they can see a large amount of their surroundings without having to turn their head . they are also fantastic runners . squirrels can run 20 mph ( 32 kph ) .\nthis species is known from peninsular malaysia , penang island , sumatra and borneo ( medway 1983 ) . the\ntypical form\nof this species occurs in southernmost provinces of thailand . reports from northern thailand in lekagul and macneely ( 1977 ) have not been confirmed , nor have those in tizard et al . ( 1997 ) from northern lao pdr . however , flying squirrels in these areas remain very poorly known so it is unclear whether these dark animals are melanistic petaurista sp . or aeromys tephromelas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\naplin , k . , lunde , d . p . , tizard , r . j & duckworth , j . w .\njustification : listed as data deficient since , although it has been recorded over a very wide area , very little is known about its status and habitat requirements . according to medway ( 1983 ) it is restricted to lowlands and foothills in peninsular malaysia . if this pattern is found in the rest of its range it may merit categorisation as at least near threatened .\nthere are no major threats to this species , as it is adaptable and is likely to persist unless forest is lost completely .\nit likely occurs in protected areas across its range . however , further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , natural history and threats to this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n] below is a collection of photos taken from around the world . except where noted , pictures were taken by\n1999 - 2015 . while these images are the property of mongabay . com , it may be permissible to use them for non - commercial purposes ( like powerpoint presentations and school projects ) , provided that the images are not altered in any form . please\nurltoken is a free resource . unless otherwise specified , all pics , photographs , and graphics found on urltoken are the property of urltoken . if you are interested in using an image or chart from the site for publication , please contact urltoken . also if you find errors or dead links on the site , please let me know .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\namerica is privileged with a stunning array of animals , plants , and wild destinations\u2014each with its own incredible story . get to know the amazing wildlife in your backyard and beyond .\nchosen as a symbol of the united states in 1782 , the bald eagle represents virtues such as strength , courage , and freedom .\ncritical to agricultural crops and ecological services , pollinators are in decline . learn more about these important animals and how to help them thrive .\nfrom the florida everglades to washington ' s puget sound , discover more about some of the awe - inspiring landscapes the national wildlife federation is working to protect .\nmore than one - third of our nation ' s wildlife species are at risk of extinction in the coming decades , threatened by a host of human activities . find out about the major issues currently putting america ' s treasured wildlife at risk .\nwildlife species depend on their habitats , and on one another , to thrive . learn the benefits of healthy and diverse populations , and what needs to be done to protect those at risk .\nthe national wildlife federation welcomes the news that epa administrator scott pruitt has stepped down from his position to allow new leadership for this critical agency .\nfind out what it means to source wood sustainably , and see how your favorite furniture brands rank based on their wood sourcing policies , goals , and practices .\nclimate change is allowing ticks to survive in greater numbers and expand their range\u2014influencing the survival of their hosts and the bacteria that cause the diseases they carry .\ntell your members of congress to save america ' s vulnerable wildlife by supporting the recovering america ' s wildlife act .\nyou don ' t have to travel far to join us for an event . attend an upcoming event with one of our regional centers or affiliates .\nin 4 seconds , you will be redirected to nwfactionfund . org , the site of the national wildlife action fund , a 501 ( c ) ( 4 ) organization .\nsquirrels are nimble , bushy - tailed rodents found all over the world . they belong to the sciuridae family , which includes prairie dogs , chipmunks and marmots .\ngrey squirrels , commonly found in north america , are medium - size squirrels . they grow to 15 to 20 inches ( 38 . 1 to 50 . 8 cm ) in length , with their tails adding an extra 6 to 9 . 5 inches ( 15 . 24 to 24 . 13 cm ) to their length . they typically weigh about 1 to 1 . 5 pounds ( 0 . 45 to 0 . 68 kg ) .\na group of squirrels are called a scurry or dray . they are very territorial and will fight to the death to defend their area . mother squirrels are the most vicious when defending their babies .\nsome squirrels are crepuscular . this means that they are only active at dawn and dusk .\nsquirrels live on every continent except in australia and antarctica , according to the bbc .\ntree squirrels typically live in wooded areas , since they prefer to live in trees . ground squirrels live up to their names . they dig burrows , a system of tunnels underground , to live in . some squirrels also hibernate in burrows during the winter to keep warm .\nalbino squirrels are quite popular in some parts of the united states . olney , ill . , is one of the towns that calls itself\nhome of the white squirrels ,\nalong with marionville , mo . , and brevard , n . c . the township of kenton , tenn . , proudly boasts a population of 200 of the furry , pale rodents .\non average , squirrels eat about one pound of food per week . many people think that squirrels only eat nuts , but this isn ' t true . squirrels are omnivores , which means they like to eat plants and meat . squirrels mainly eat fungi , seeds , nuts and fruits , but they will also munch on eggs , small insects , caterpillars , small animals and even young snakes .\nto prepare for cold months , squirrels will bury their food . in the winter months they have a store of food they can eat when supplies are scarce .\na female carries her young for a gestation period of 29 to 65 days , depending on the size of the species ; smaller squirrels have shorter gestation periods , according to the university of michigan ' s animal diversity web . mothers give birth to two to eight offspring at one time . babies are called kits or kittens and are born blind . they depend on their mothers for around two or three months .\na boost of stress during pregnancy helps red squirrels ensure that their pups will grow fast .\nsquirrels have four teeth in the front of their mouth that constantly grow throughout their lives . this ensures that their teeth don ' t wear down to nubs from gnawing on nuts and other objects .\ncorrection : this article was updated on may 4 , 2016 , to reflect the correct length of the gestation period .\npoachers tried to kill rhinos in south african reserve . instead , a pride of lions killed them .\nalina bradford is a contributing writer for live science . over the past 16 years , alina has covered everything from ebola to androids while writing health , science and tech articles for major publications . she has multiple health , safety and lifesaving certifications from oklahoma state university . alina ' s goal in life is to try as many experiences as possible . to date , she has been a volunteer firefighter , a dispatcher , substitute teacher , artist , janitor , children ' s book author , pizza maker , event coordinator and much more ."]}
{"id": 1941, "summary": [{"text": "neorossia leptodons is a species of bobtail squid native to the southwestern pacific ocean , from new south wales ( 32 \u00b0 08 \u2032 s 153 \u00b0 07 \u2032 e ) to south australia ( 33 \u00b0 58 \u2032 s 131 \u00b0 22 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it lives at depths from 130 to 1,110 m. n. leptodons exhibits sexual dimorphism .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "females grow to 77.5 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ml .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the type specimen was collected in the great australian bight , south australia ( 37 \u00b0 18.81 \u2032 s 138 \u00b0 36.3 \u2032 e to 37 \u00b0 17.76 \u2032 s 138 \u00b0 35.01 \u2032 e ) .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is deposited at the museum of victoria in melbourne . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "neorossia leptodons", "paragraphs": ["gps coordinates of neorossia leptodons , australia . latitude : - 32 . 1333 longitude : 153 . 1167\nneorossia leptodons occurs off australia ranging from new south wales to south australia ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .\nfigure . viscera of neorossia caroli . drawing modified from boletzky ( 1971 , p . 966 , fig . 1d ) .\nn . leptodons exhibits sexual dimorphism . females grow to 77 . 5 mm in mantle length ( ml ) , while males are not known to exceed 42 mm ml .\nreid , a . 1991 . taxonomic review of the australian rossiinae ( cephalopoda : sepiolidae ) , with a description of a new species , neorossia leptodons , and redescription of n . caroli ( joubin , 1902 ) . bulletin of marine science , 49 ( 3 ) ( 1991 ) : 748 - 831 . ( fig . 24a , b , p . 800 )\nboltezky , s . v . 1971 . neorossia n . g . pro rossia ( allorossia ) caroli joubin , 1902 , with remarks on the generic status of semirossia steenstrup , 1887 ( mollusca : cephalopoda ) . bulletin of marine science , 21 ( 4 ) : 964 - 969 .\ngeographical variation in the morphological characters of australian rossiinae were examined using principal component analysis ( pca ) , multivariate analysis of variance ( manova ) , discriminant function analysis ( dfa ) , analysis of variance ( anova ) and latitudinal and longitudinal regression analyses . the results show that morphological differences occur between populations of rossia from the north west shelf ( w . a . ) and populations from eastern and southern australia . evidence from these analyses suggest that these two populations are genetically distinct , the north west shelf specimens belonging to a possible new species , described as r . sp . 1 , the eastern and southern australian specimens identified as r . australis berry , 1918 and redescribed on the basis of new material . that all the latter specimens belong to a single species is further supported by electrophoretic evidence . a new species of neorossia , n . leptodons , is identified and described , differing from the only described representative of this genus , n . caroli ( joubin , 1902 ) , in the shape of the radular teeth . the two species were also shown to differ using multivariate statistical techniques . n . caroli is redescribed from the holotype and additional material . in addition , specimens of neorossia from southeastern australia are compared electrophoretically with r . australis . it was found that members of these two genera differed for 66 % of loci .\nyes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .\ncephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :\nthe list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .\nintroducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !\nexpedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .\nthis page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ntypical mantle - length 50 mm . lives in offshore waters in midwater . native . endemic to southeastern and southwestern australia ( nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) .\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhas been assessed as data deficient as very little is known about this species . further research is recommended before an accurate assessment can be made .\nthis small species has a very wide depth range ( 130 to 1 , 110 m in depth ) ( reid and jereb 2005 ) . females attain a larger body size ( up to 77 . 5 mm in mantle length ) compared to males ( up to 42 mm in mantle length ) ( reid and jereb 2005 ) . members of the subfamily rossiinae are bottom living species that typically bury in soft sediments during the day , and emerge at night to feed ( norman 2003 ) .\nthis species is of no current interest to fisheries ( reid and jereb 2005 ) .\nbasic research is required on this species to elucidate its distribution , population size and life history characteristics .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ntaxonomic review of the australian rossiinae ( cephalopoda : sepiol . . . : ingenta connect\nthe bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in ."]}
{"id": 1946, "summary": [{"text": "juracimbrophlebia is an extinct genus of hangingflies that lived during the middle jurassic period about 165 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the type species was discovered from daohugou in northeastern china \u2019s inner mongolia .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the insect was selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university as one of the top 10 new species discovered in 2012 out of more than 140 nominated species .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the uniqueness is its striking resemblance to the fossilised leaves with which it was discovered , indicating one of the earliest instances of biological mimicry .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the selection was announced on 22 may 2013 . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "juracimbrophlebia", "paragraphs": ["image - juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia . png | dinosaur alive wiki | fandom powered by wikia\na restoration of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia hiding among jurassic ginkgo leaves . art by wang chen , from wang et al . , 2012 .\njuracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia image \u00a9 2012 ms . chen wang . used with permission of the international institute for species exploration . all rights reserved .\na specimen of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia \u2014 a new genus and species , showing an appearance similar to y . capituliformis . photo by : wang , labandeira , shih and ren\na reconstruction of juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia mimicking the ginkgoites leaves of the contemporaneous yimaia caputiliformis plant , while sharing in a mutual benefit for both hangingfly and a ginkgo plant . artwork by ms . chen wang\na fossil of the jurassic hangingfly juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( c ) next to the leaf of the ginkgo yimaia capituliformis ( e ) found in the same deposits . from wang et al . , 2012 .\nthe systematic paleontology is as follows : insecta linnaeus , 1758 ; mecoptera packard , 1886 ; raptipeda willmann , 1977 ; cimbrophlebiidae willmann , 1977 ; juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia wang , labandeira , shih et ren gen . et sp . nov .\ny . j . wang , c . c . labandeira , c . k . shih and d . ren . 2012 . juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia taxonomy , in jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 109 : 20515 - 20516 urltoken\nfull reference : y . j . wang , c . c . labandeira , c . k . shih and d . ren . 2012 . juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia taxonomy , in jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 109 : 20515 - 20516\nthe generic name juracimbrophlebia is the combination of jura - and cimbrophlebia ( the type genus of the family cimbrophlebiidae ) , referring to the jurassic age and scorpionfly nature of the species . the specific name ginkgofolia is the combination of latin words ginkgo and - folia , referring to the distinctively ginkgoalean , leaf - like wings .\njuracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia country : china living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china ' s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants .\nwhen the hangingfly ( juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ) that was fossilized in this find stretched its wings , it would have resembled the five - lobed leaf of an extinct ginkgo - like tree ( yimaia capituliformis ) that once dwelled in the region . the scientists accidentally ran across this mimicry about a year and a half ago , after initially mistaking the insect for a leaf in the lab and the field .\nmimicry isn ' t a new development among insects . the evolutionary connection between arthropods and the vegetation they resemble may go back over 300 million years , and , among modern forms , has adapted insects so intricately that they even show markings similar to fungus and lichen common on the plants they are supposed to look like . juracimbrophlebia isn ' t even the first mimic insect to be found in the high - resolution fossil slabs of the jiulongshan formation . nevertheless , this is the first time a hangingfly has been found to mimic a plant .\na new species of hangingfly with wings that perfectly mimic the multi - lobed leaf of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has been discovered in china by scientists from the smithsonian\u2019s national museum of natural history and the university of maryland , as well as the college of life sciences at capital normal university , in beijing . exquisitely preserved in fossil sediments dating from the middle jurassic , the insect , newly named juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , was discovered in 165 million - year - old deposits , as was the ginko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , the mimicked plant .\na new species of hangingfly with wings that perfectly mimic the multi - lobed leaf of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has been discovered in china by scientists from the smithsonian\u2019s national museum of natural history and the university of maryland , as well as the college of life sciences at capital normal university , in beijing . exquisitely preserved in fossil sediments dating from the middle jurassic , the insect , newly named juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , was discovered in 165 million - year - old deposits , as was the ginko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , the mimicked plant .\nin order to blend in on the jurassic ginkgo yimaia capituliformis , tricky juracimbrophlebia had to spread its wings . when held just so , the elongated , veined wings of the insect resembled the multi - lobed shape of the ginkgo leaves . this is assuming that the mimicry hypothesis is correct . the insect and the leaves show a close resemblance , but how can we test this hypothesis 165 million years after these organisms shared the same forest ? the hangingfly does resemble the ginkgo , that much is clear , but how can we tell whether or not the insect ' s anatomy was a form of camouflage or just coincidentally similar ?\n\u201cliving species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis , in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china\u2019s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants . \u201d\nso , who made the cut ? one of the top ten species includes the lucihormetica luckae , a glow in the dark cockroach originating from ecuador . the scientists have only found one specimen that was collected 70 years ago , suggesting that this species is either extremely rare , or already extinct . other insects that made the list were the semachrysa jade , a butterfly from malayasia and the juracimbrophlebia ginkofolia , a fly from china . the semachrysa jade has a green lacewing with dark markings found at the base of the wings and was first discovered after a photograph of it was published on social media . the fly is known for hanging under foliage in order to catch food .\nthe inch and a half long fossil specimen was first overlooked , the team says , as those that found it first believed it to be a ( now extinct ) five lobed ginkgo leaf sample embedded within ancient rock . upon closer inspection , the researchers discovered that the specimen was actually that of a fossilized scorpionfly , which is known more commonly as a hangingfly ( juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ) , because of its tendency to hang from branches waiting for prey to pass by . it was found in the northeastern part of inner mongolia . the scorpionfly gets its name from its oversized male genitalia that resemble a scorpion stinger . to mimic surrounding ginkgo leaves , the insect would latch onto a branch , hang down and spread its wings wide open .\nhangingfly fossil : living species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage . that is where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies . they are characterized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . this new fossil species , juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia , has been found along with preserved leaves of a gingko - like tree , yimaia capituliformis . the two were found in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china\u2019s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field . they represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago . this was before an explosive radiation of flowering plants .\nbut let ' s run with the mimicry hypothesis . under this scenario , wang and collaborators propose that the hangingfly might have been hiding from the insectivorous mammals , dinosaurs , pterosaurs , lizards , and amphibians that inhabited the same forest . ( the same cast of arthropod - crunchers was recently cast as a threat to the katydid archaboilus musicus , found in the same formation and known from a set of wings researchers recently used to reconstruct the insect ' s song . ) alternatively , juracimbrophlebia might have been a predator itself - the hangingfly could have ambushed the various insects which fed upon prehistoric ginkgo trees . perhaps the mimicry proved advantageous in both respects . the span of time between us the jurassic forest prevents us from knowing - such tantalizing traces of prehistoric interactions only come to life in our imaginations .\na near - perfect mimetic association between a mecopteran insect species and a ginkgoalean plant species from the late middle jurassic of northeastern china recently has been discovered . the association stems from a case of mixed identity between a particular plant and an insect in the laboratory and the field . this confusion is explained as a case of leaf mimesis , wherein the appearance of the multilobed leaf of yimaia capituliformis ( the ginkgoalean model ) was accurately replicated by the wings and abdomen of the cimbrophlebiid juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( the hangingfly mimic ) . our results suggest that hangingflies developed leaf mimesis either as an antipredator avoidance device or possibly as a predatory strategy to provide an antiherbivore function for its plant hosts , thus gaining mutual benefit for both the hangingfly and the ginkgo species . this documentation of mimesis is a rare occasion whereby exquisitely preserved , co - occurring fossils occupy a narrow spatiotemporal window that reveal likely reciprocal mechanisms which plants and insects provide mutual defensive support during their preangiospermous evolutionary histories .\nabstract a near - perfect mimetic association between a mecopteran insect species and a ginkgoalean plant species from the late middle jurassic of northeastern china recently has been discovered . the association stems from a case of mixed identity between a particular plant and an insect in the laboratory and the field . this confusion is explained as a case of leaf mimesis , wherein the appearance of the multilobed leaf of yimaia capituliformis ( the ginkgoalean model ) was accurately replicated by the wings and abdomen of the cimbrophlebiid juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia ( the hangingfly mimic ) . our results suggest that hangingflies developed leaf mimesis either as an antipredator avoidance device or possibly as a predatory strategy to provide an antiherbivore function for its plant hosts , thus gaining mutual benefit for both the hangingfly and the ginkgo species . this documentation of mimesis is a rare occasion whereby exquisitely preserved , co - occurring fossils occupy a narrow spatiotemporal window that reveal likely reciprocal mechanisms which plants and insects provide mutual defensive support during their preangiospermous evolutionary histories .\ncamera lucida drawings of j . ginkgofolia gen . et sp . nov . , holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010\u2013050p . credit : ( c ) 2012 pnas , doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1205517109\n( phys . org ) \u2014researchers working in china have discovered an insect that lived 165 million years ago that they believe used its wings to mimic the leaves of an ancient ginkgo tree . the fossil finding , the team writes in their paper published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences , is one of the few that shows that early insects mimicked non - flowering plants millions of years before doing so with angiosperms .\nthe researchers suggest that the insect likely evolved its mimicry abilities to help it evade predators or to help it hide from prey , as is seen with many modern insects . the first attribute would have been most useful as close inspection of the insect revealed weak wings and legs . they noted also that it was possible that the insect and the ginkgo formed a partnership of sorts with the tree providing shelter and the hangingfly eating other bugs that might seek to feed on the trees ' leaves .\nthe discovery of the hangingfly fossil adds to the knowledgebase of insects that mimic non - flowering plants . most mimicking insects going back 100 million years tend to mimic angiosperms . the newly discovered hangingfly fossil predates other fossilized mimicking insects by approximately 40 million years .\nboth the fossilized hangingfly and the ginkgo plant that it mimicked , date back to the heyday of the dinosaurs and thus it ' s quite possible that the plant served as food for them and other large herbivores .\nmore information : jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china , pnas , published online before print november 26 , 2012 , doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 1205517109\nflowering plants may be considerably older than previously thought , says a new analysis of the plant family tree .\namber from cretaceous deposits ( 110 - 105 my ) in northern spain has revealed the first ever record of insect pollination . scientists have discovered in two pieces of amber several specimens of tiny insects covered with pollen . . .\nwhile paleontologists may scour remote , exotic places in search of prehistoric specimens , tufts researchers have found what they believe to be the world ' s oldest whole - body fossil impression of a flying insect in a wooded . . .\ninsects can use plants as ' green phones ' for communication with other bugs . a new study now shows that through those same plants insects are also able to leave ' voicemail ' messages in the soil . herbivorous insects store their . . .\na university of alberta - led research team has discovered that insects that bore into trees as long ago 90 million years , or as recently as last summer , leave a calling card that ' s rich with information .\nthe extravagant headgear of small bugs called treehoppers are in fact wing - like appendages that grew back 200 million years after evolution had supposedly cast them aside , according to a study published thursday in nature .\nthe discovery of a new species of mammal in alberta ' s fossil record has shaken up some long - held beliefs about other species in its lineage .\npeople from smaller cities are more likely to migrate than people from larger cities , according to a new study by ucl academics .\na study reported in the journal science offers an enhanced view of the origins and ultimate fate of the first dogs in the americas . the dogs were not domesticated north american wolves , as some have speculated , but likely . . .\nmore than 3 million years ago , our ancient human ancestors , including their toddler - aged children , were standing on two feet and walking upright , according to a new study published in science advances .\nsocial dilemmas occur when individual desires clash with group needs . how can people be encouraged to cooperate when they have reason not to ? in a new nature paper , hilbe and krishnendu chatterjee of the institute of science . . .\nresearchers think they have a better understanding for how ancient north americans thrived for centuries in northwestern new mexico ' s arid desert .\nwonder to know this information . . . . tell me more about the dna extraction from the blood . . . . . . ? ?\nwonder to know this information . . . . tell me more about the dna extraction from the blood . . . . . . ? ? they found a fossil , not an actual insect . hence there is no blood or dna . their conclusions are based on the shape and size of the insect , particularly its wings and legs .\nthe researchers suggest that the insect likely evolved its mimicry abilities to help it evade predators or to help it hide from prey ,\nor perhaps both .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nreconstruction of j . ginkgofolia mimicking the leaves of y . capituliformis . this relationship was beneficial for both the insect mimic and plant model . ( courtesy chen wang , capital normal university )\n\u201cthe mimicry is so amazing that some 165 million years later it even fooled me as i was examining fossils from the field and at the lab in china , \u201d says conrad labandeira , paleobiologist at the national museum of natural history and co - author of a paper on the discovery in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa . hanging down by its long forelegs from the bottom of a leaf petiole , the four long wings and body of j . ginkgofolia would have perfectly mimicked the five hanging lobes of a single ginkgo - like leaf .\nhangingflies are a subset of scorpionflies with long legs , narrow wings and a long thin body . ( the body of the type specimen of this insect is 38 . 5 millimeters , or about 1 . 5 inches . ) . j . ginkgofolia , was found in deposits of the jiulongshan formation at daohugou village , in northeastern china\u2019s inner mongolia , and represents a new genus and species .\nj . ginkgofolia\u2019s shape and form most likely attracted smaller insects that fed upon the leaves of the ginkgo - like plant , which j . ginkgofolia would catch and eat , labandeira explains . in this way the insect benefited from a reciprocal relationship with the tree , a relationship that the fossils indicate lasted about 1 million years . the ability of these insects to hide in plain - sight upon the leaves of the ginkgo - like tree also helped it avoid predators such as other insects , pterosaurs and small , tree - living dinosaurs and mammals .\n\u201cthis discovery is important because it is a rare example of insect mimicry modeled on a gymnosperm and not a flowering plant , \u201d labandeira says . \u201cvirtually all of today\u2019s examples of insect mimicry are modeled on flowering plants , the angiosperms . j . ginkgoflora , however , lived about 45 - million years before the appearance of flowering plants , so this discovery gives us better idea of the early relationships between gymnosperms and this hangingfly insect group . \u201d although the ginkgo - like y . capituliformis occurs in other geologic deposits , the hangingfly has not , labandeira says . \u201cthey both probably went extinct at the end of the jurassic . \u201d\n\u201c jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china , \u201d ( article link ) by yongjie wang , conrad c . labandeira , chungkun shih , qiaoling ding , chen wang , yunyun zhao , and dong ren , proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa , volume 109 .\nedited * by david l . dilcher , indiana university , bloomington , in , and approved october 8 , 2012 ( received for review april 3 , 2012 )\none mid - mesozoic group of sites where fossil conditions are ideal for examining the possible presence of leaf mimesis is daohugou , in northeastern china\u2019s inner mongolia . the encompassing jiulongshan formation is dated as late middle jurassic (\n) . here , we propose a likely leaf mimesis that occurred between a very different pair of interactors\u2014a species from the insect order mecoptera ( scorpionflies ) and a species from the diverse seed plant order ginkgoales ( ginkgos ) , representing a linked , finely honed association . both groups were more diverse and had a greater breadth of life habits during the mesozoic than their present diversities would indicate (\nextant mecoptera is a nondiverse group in the modern insect fauna , including \u223c32 genera in nine families . by contrast , fossil mecopterans are three times more diverse at the genus level , representing 98 genera accommodated in 34 extinct families ( 17 , 18 ) . this pattern suggests that recent mecoptera are relictual , a status also supported by a long and diverse evolutionary history extending to the permian ( 11 ) . mecopterans obtain their scorpionfly namesake from male members of the panorpidae , a mecopteran clade characterized by distinctive , scorpion - like terminalia . extant hangingflies ( bittacidae ) are a subset of scorpionflies that bear long legs and have a habitus paralleling that of crane flies ( diptera ) , exhibiting gross morphological convergence . the extant eomeropidae are considered to possess many plesiomorphic features , and consist of one extant species in the chilean rainforest with a very cockroach - like body ( 18 ) . despite these resemblances to other arthropods , there has been no evidence indicating that any fossil or modern mecopterans inordinately resemble the foliage of co - occurring plants .\n( a \u2013 c ) camera lucida drawings of j . ginkgofolia gen . et sp . nov . , holotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010\u2013050p . ( a ) habitus of holotype . ( b ) highly enlarged portion of the midleg , showing annulately distributed pubescence . ( c ) portion of hindleg , displaying two spurs at the femur\u2013tibia joint . ( d ) y . capituliformis leaf specimen of ginkgoites ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 396 ) , with rugose surface for comparison . ( e ) a portion of the wing from the paratype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 012p ) . ( f ) lobe of a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 396 ) for comparison . ab , abdomen ; ant , antennae ; e , compound eyes ; fl , foreleg ; hl , hindleg ; ml , midleg ; oce , ocelli ; ros , rostrum ; spu , tibial spurs . ( scale bars : 5 mm , e and f . )\n( a \u2013 f ) mimesis of ginkgoites leaves from y . capituliformis with the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia , from the middle jurassic jiulongshan formation of northeastern china . ( a ) ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2009 - 733p ) . ( b ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 044 ) . ( c ) holotype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050p ) , with an appearance similar to y . capituliformis . ( d ) a cimbrophlebiid specimen ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 017p ) . ( e ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 371p ) . ( f ) a ginkgoites leaf of y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 501 ) . ( g ) artist\u2019s reconstruction of j . ginkgofolia mimetic on ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis . ( h \u2013 k ) comparisons of single j . ginkgofolia wings to single y . capituliformis leaf lobes . ( h ) right forewing of paratype of j . ginkgofolia ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 022 ) . ( i ) right forewing of a cimbrophlebiid specimen ( cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 017p ) . ( j ) lobe of a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2009 - 733p ) . ( k ) lobe a ginkgoites leaf from y . capituliformis ( cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 371p ) . ( scale bars : 10 mm . )\nholotype cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050p / c ( figs . 1 a \u2013 c and 3 c ) had a well - preserved , nearly complete body with most of four wings present , but wing apexes , genital region , and parts of antennae and legs were not preserved . paratypes were as follows : cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 022 ( fig . 3 h ) ; cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 037p / c , single forewing preserved ; cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 023 , overlapped wings , with parts of body and antennae ; and cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 012p / c ( fig . 1 e ) , single forewing missing basal area . specimens are deposited in the key laboratory of insect evolution and environmental changes , capital normal university .\nall specimens were collected from the jiulongshan formation , of late middle jurassic age ( bathonian\u2013callovian boundary interval ) from daohugou village , shantou township , ningcheng county , of inner mongolia autonomous region in china . ar - ar and shrimp u - pb dating results indicate an absolute age of 164\u2013165 ma ( 7 ) .\nthe previously undescribed genus and species are distinguished from other cimbrophlebiid species by the following wing characters . the 2a vein with six or more pectinate primary branches separates the previously undescribed genus from perfecticimbrophlebia , which has one branch of 2a with a distal bifurcation , and from two species of cimbrophlebia ( cimbrophlebia flabelliformis and cimbrophlebia brooksi ) , of which the 2a has no more than four branches . the 2a , with only primary branches , separates the genus from malmocimbrophlebia , telobittacus , and three other species of cimbrophlebia ( cimbrophlebia leahyi , cimbrophlebia westae , and cimbrophlebia bittaciformis ) , which collectively possess distally bifurcating 2a branches .\nbody is \u223c38 . 5 mm long as preserved . head is compressed dorsally ; antennae are filiform , covered by numerous setae ; compound eyes are conspicuously occupying most of the lateral head exposure ; three ocelli are arranged triangularly ; rostrum is prolonged and gradually narrowed distally ( fig . 1 a ) .\nthorax is poorly preserved and slightly deformed , with dimensions of 6 . 8 mm long by 3 . 7 mm wide . prothorax is vaulted anteriorly ; metathorax is well differentiated , with prescutum and scutellum easily discernable . legs are extremely long and gracile , like most hangingflies , and are covered by abundant annulate pubescence ( fig . 1 b ) . foreleg and midlegs are partly preserved and extended anteriad . hindlegs are modified for grasping and become slender , with femora \u223c11 . 6 mm long , tibia 16 . 4 mm long , and basitarsi 3 . 9 mm long ( fig . 1 c ) ; tibial spurs are elongate . abdomen is 26 . 5 mm long as preserved , with eight visible segments , but the terminal abdominal segments are not preserved ; sex is unknown .\nforewing is slightly broader than hindwing , at 32 . 4 mm long as preserved , with the proximal part minimally 2 . 1 mm wide and the rounded apex maximally 8 . 9 mm wide . forewing exhibits light coloration and a field of transparent spots . membrane is distinctly rugose , and a similar condition is present among co - occurring yimaia leaves ( fig . 1 d \u2013 f ) and other cimbrophlebiids ( 20 ) . venation is typically cimbrophlebiid - like : subcosta vein ( sc ) ends at costa vein ( c ) , \u223c2 / 3 of wing length ; first branch of radial vein ( r 1 ) branches near pterostigma ; radial sector ( rs ) has five dichotomous branches ; media ( m ) has four branches , fused with cubitus vein ( cu ) toward the base ; the divergence of the anterior branch of cubitus vein ( cu 1 ) and cu 2 is closed to the wing base ; cu 2 bent sharply toward posterior wing margin close to the termination ; the first anal vein ( 1a ) has a single branch , curved and entering the posterior margin ; the second anal vein ( 2a ) has six or more pectinate primary branches , and a short crossvein occurs close to the wing base . hindwing is similar to the forewing in size and venation , at 33 . 8 mm long and 8 . 6 mm wide ( maximum ) .\ndid mesozoic bittacids sharing a similar morphology with cimbrophlebiids also evolve a mimetic biological association ? we performed a quantitative analysis to evaluate similarity among cimbrephlebiids , bittacids , and ginkgoaleans ( si text , figs . s2 \u2013 s5 , and table s3 ) . in the geometric morphometric analysis , cimbrophlebiids show less shape variation compared with ginkgoalean leaves than do bittacids ( fig . s4 a and b and s5 a and b ) . these data provide direct evidence to indicate that cimbrophlebiids possess a more significant morphological foundation for mimicking ginkgoalean leaves than bittacid insects . it also suggests that bittacids overwhelmingly had an open , nonmimetic lifestyle , instead of evolving a specialized dependence on ginkgoaleans , a potential feature accounting for their survival to the present day .\n) . possessing unusually long and slender legs , cimbrophlebiids were not built for cursorality , and with weakly constructed wings they were poor fliers as well , as in extant bittacids and craneflies . one avenue for predator avoidance would be use of ginkgoalean foliage as shelter or , perhaps more efficiently , employing leaf mimesis as additional or alternative protection . we identified five species of multilobed , broadleaved ginkgoaleans at daohugou , representing \u223c12 . 4 % of the total number of plant specimens documented (\nthere is another possible explanation for this specialized morphology . as a leaf - mimicking predator ,\n) , and providing potential food to a diverse herbivore fauna . it is possible that the association between\nassociation could be applied to other coexisting insect and plant taxa . such reconstructions of organismic behavior and assessments of the functions of structures are accomplished through exploration of ecological and evolutionary puzzles that are informed by unique discoveries (\ninsect herbivore damage on ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis from the middle jurassic jiulongshan formation of northeastern china . insets are enlargements of damaged areas circled from respective leaves and using the damage type ( dt ) system of reference ( 44 ) . ( a ) gall damage ( dt80 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 605p ) . ( b ) piercing - and - sucking damage ( dt48 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 044 ) . ( c ) rows of small circular galls ( dt80 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 548 ) . ( d ) margin feeding ( dt12 ; cnu - pla - nn - 2010 - 521 ) . ( scale bars : solid , 10 mm ; dashed , 1 mm in a \u2013 c , 2 mm in d . )\nwe explored other biotas with well - documented cimbrophlebiid and ginkgoalean taxa , selecting those candidates with the most similar combination of insect body and wing shape and size that matched similar co - occurring ginkgoalean leaf forms ( fig . 2 ) . interestingly , the occurrences of cimbrophlebiids were occasionally coincident with multilobed ginkgoalean species . although no convincing matches equivalent to that of j . ginkgofolia and the ginkgoites leaves of y . capituliformis were found , some cimbrophlebiids possessed appearances similar to j . ginkgofolia , perhaps representing a continuation of their interactions with ginkgoaleans . it is possible that various associations between cimbrophlebiids and ginkgoaleans may have lasted > 100 million years , from the middle jurassic to the early eocene .\nwe thank qiang yang and xiaoguang yang for assistance in locating specimens . this work was supported by the national basic research program of china 973 program grant 2012cb821906 ; national natural science foundation of china grants 31071964 , 31172143 , 31230065 , and 41272006 ; key project of the beijing municipal commission of education grant 201207120 ; china geological survey grant 1212011120116 ; the china postdoctoral science foundation funded project ( grants 20110490449 , 2012t50113 ) , and the beijing postdoctoral research foundation ( grant 2011zz - 36 ) . this is contribution 245 from the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems consortium of the national museum of natural history .\nauthor contributions : y . w . , y . z . , and d . r . designed research ; y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , and d . r . performed research ; y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , q . d . , c . w . , and d . r . analyzed data ; y . w . , c . w . , and d . r . prepared the life reconstruction art ; and y . w . , c . c . l . , c . s . , and d . r . wrote the paper .\ntrichomes on the leaves of anomozamites villosus sp . nov . ( bennettitales ) from the daohugou beds ( middle jurassic ) , inner mongolia , china : mechanical defence against herbivorous arthropods\nthe ginkgo , the most ancient living tree . the resistance of ginkgo biloba l . to pests accounts in part for the longevity of this species\nversion 3 . 0 . ( smithsonian institution , washington , dc ) . available at urltoken\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\ndoesn ' t look especially impressive . found in the roughly 165 million year old beds of china ' s jiulongshan formation , and described by paleontologist yongjie wang and colleagues today in\n. but when taken in context with the various other organisms found in the same beds , a subtle connection comes into focus . the ancient hangingfly , wang and co - authors propose , was a mimic of jurassic ginkgo trees .\nwang , w . , labandeira , c . , shih , c . , ding , q . , wang , c . , zhao , y . , ren , d . 2012 . jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . pnas urltoken\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) . your california privacy rights . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of cond\u00e9 nast . ad choices .\nliving species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies charactersized by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species ,\n, in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china\u2019s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm , 165 million ysears ago , before the explosive radiation of flowering plants .\nreference : wang , y . , labandeira , c . c . , shih , c . , ding , q . , wang , c . , zhao , y . , and d . ren . 2012 . jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from china . pnas 109 , 20515 - 19 .\nesf is committed to the accessibilty of all online materials . if you have any issues , contact web @ urltoken for a prompt solution .\nthe hangingfly j . ginkgofolia ( right ) , which mimics the appearance of a leaf from the ginkgo - like tree y . capituliformis ( left ) . scale bars : 10 mm .\na fossilized scorpionfly that apparently mimicked the leaves of an ancient ginkgo - like tree has just been unearthed , researchers say .\nthe finding adds to evidence that this form of camouflage is very ancient , the scientists added .\nmore than 100 years ago , scientists began noticing extraordinary resemblances between insects and plants in the fossil record , such as those between certain roaches and the leaflets of particular seed ferns . such mimicry , also seen in living animals , likely helps protect creatures from predators , or might help them sneak up on prey .\nnow paleoentomologist dong ren at capital normal university in beijing and his colleagues have discovered another such plant mimic in northeastern china ' s inner mongolia region .\nthe 165 - million - year - old insect in question is a species of scorpionfly , a group that gets its name from the insects ' enlarged male genitals that resemble scorpion stingers . specifically , the fossil , which was about 1 . 5 inches ( 38 . 5 millimeters ) long , is a type of scorpionfly known as a hangingfly , which often hangs from surfaces waiting to snag prey .\ncan you find the hangingfly ? here , an artist ' s reconstruction of the hangingfly j . ginkgofolia on the leaves of the ginkgo - like tree y . capituliformis , which it mimicked some 165 million years ago .\nthe region back then was a large , relatively shallow lake basin containing both lakeside forest and shrubland , much of which was adapted to a seasonal and somewhat arid climate . the dominant plants were now - extinct relatives of familiar conifers , ginkgos , ferns and horsetails .\nthe researchers suggest the hangingfly may have evolved this mimicry to hide from predators , since its relatively large body and weak legs and wings would have made it easy prey . the insect also may have used mimicry to help ambush prey . this was a potentially mutually beneficial relationship with its host , with the tree providing shelter , while the insect devoured creatures that might otherwise munch on the plant . [ dazzling photos of dew - covered insects ]\nnearly all of the insect mimicry documented today and for the past 100 million years involves the flowering plants , known as angiosperms . this newfound mimic , however , involves ginkgo - like lineages , which are not flowering plants ,\nand presages some types of mimicry that occurred tens of millions of years later with angiosperms and more modern insect lineages ,\nresearcher conrad labandeira , a paleoecologist and curator of fossil arthropods at the smithsonian institution ' s national museum of natural history , told livescience .\nas such , the findings revealed this form of plant mimicry evolved long before the flowering plants arrived .\nthe mere occurrence of this type of mimicry approximately 40 million years before the appearance of flowering plants is the most important implication\nof our finding , labandeira said .\nthis ginkgo - like plant likely went extinct during the heyday of the dinosaurs , and this form of mimicry apparently died along with it .\nren , labandeira and their colleague yongjie wang detailed their findings online nov . 26 in the journal proceedings of the national academy of sciences .\nfollow livescience on twitter @ livescience . we ' re also on facebook & google + .\ncharles q . choi is a contributing writer for live science and space . com . he covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics , animals and general science topics . charles has a master of arts degree from the university of missouri - columbia , school of journalism and a bachelor of arts degree from the university of south florida . charles has visited every continent on earth , drinking rancid yak butter tea in lhasa , snorkeling with sea lions in the galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in antarctica .\nelon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ntype specimen : cnu - mec - nn - 2010 - 050 , an exoskeleton . its type locality is daohugou ( cnu 2010 collection ) , which is in a callovian / oxfordian lacustrine - large shale in the daohugou formation of china .\naverage measurements ( in mm ) : body 38 . 5 x 3 . 7 , forewing 32 . 4 x 8 . 9 , hindwing 33 . 8 x 8 . 6\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nusing the cover not only to evade predators , but also to lay in wait for their own prey . if they ' re right , it makes this specimen one of the earliest examples of mimicry known to researchers .\nhave a tip or story idea ? email us . or to keep it anonymous , click here .\nnew & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region\nwuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 \u2022 a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand\nbegonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai \u0e14\u0e32\u0e14\u0e14\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32\u0e23\u0e31\u0e28\u0e21\u0e35 | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .\nchamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .\ngreat - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .\nendocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .\naristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .\nbagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .\nthe hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .\nnipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 \u30cb\u30c3\u30dd\u30ce\u30b5\u30a6\u30eb\u30b9 | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .\nbegonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .\n[ entomology \u2022 2013 ] a new genus and species of fai . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2004 ] allium nathaliae \u2022 a new species f . . .\n[ botany \u2022 2013 ] allium formosum \u2022 a new onion spe . . .\non this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nanomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .\nthe benefits and costs of academic travel . or\nthere and back again ; again and again\ncanon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4\nplants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .\ni ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .\nnecps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden\nthis is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .\nhis wings mimed the leaves of gingko to camouflage , it is one of the oldest examples of biomimicry . so much so that the first fossils of this animal were attributed to gingko leaves , before being properly described in 2012 . this insect measures 8 cm of wingspan and feeds on other insects .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nfigure 2 . photographs of niumbaha superba live and as a freshly prepared specimen . top photos show profile and anterior view , with ventral and dorsal images below .\na new genus is proposed for the strikingly patterned african vespertilionid \u201c glauconycteris \u201d superba hayman , 1939 on the basis of cranial and external morphological comparisons . a review of the attributes of a newly collected specimen from south sudan ( a new country record ) and other museum specimens of \u201c g . \u201d superba suggests that \u201c g . \u201d superba is markedly distinct ecomorphologically from other species classified in glauconycteris and is likely the sister taxon to glauconycteris sensu stricto . the recent capture of this rarely collected but widespread bat highlights the need for continued research in tropical sub - saharan africa and in particular , for more work in western south sudan , which has received very little scientific attention . new country records for g . cf . poensis ( south sudan ) and g . curryae ( gabon ) are also reported .\nkeywords : glauconycteris superba , glauconycteris poensis , glauconycteris curryae , niumbaha gen . nov . , badger bat , south sudan , description\netymology : the name is the zande word for \u2018rare / unusual\u2019 . this name was chosen because of the rarity of capture for this genus , despite its wide distribution throughout west and central africa , and for the unusual and striking appearance of this bat . zande is the language of the azande people , who are the primary ethnic group in western equatoria state in south sudan ( where our recent specimen was collected ) . the homeland of the azande extends westwards into democratic republic of the congo , where superba has also been collected ( the holotype and another recent capture ) , and into southeastern central african republic . gender : feminine .\nreeder dm , helgen km , vodzak me , lunde dp , ejotre i . 2013 . a new genus for a rare african vespertilionid bat : insights from south sudan . zookeys . 285 : 89\u2013115 . doi : urltoken\npartial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .\nhis wings mimed the leaves of gingko to camouflage , it is one of the oldest examples of . . .\nthis series , based on ultra - realistic 3d computer graphics , and supported by the world\u2019s leading . . .\nclick on a date / time to view the file as it appeared at that time .\nthis file contains additional information , probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it . if the file has been modified from its original state , some details may not fully reflect the modified file .\na glow - in - the - dark cockroach , a harp - shaped carnivorous sponge and the smallest vertebrate on earth are among the top 10 newly discovered species selected by the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university . a global committee of taxonomists \u2013 scientists responsible for species exploration and classification \u2013 announced its list to coincide with the anniversary of the birth of carolus linnaeus , the 18th - century swedish botanist responsible for the modern system of scientific names and classifications\ndiscovered in the lomami basin of the democratic republic of the congo , the lesula is an old world monkey well known to locals but newly known to science . this is only the second species of monkey discovered in africa in the past 28 years . scientists first saw the monkey as a captive juvenile in 2007 . researchers describe the shy lesula as having human - like eyes . more easily heard than seen , the monkeys perform a booming dawn chorus . adult males have a large , bare patch of skin on the buttocks , testicles and perineum that is colored a brilliant blue . although the forests where the monkeys live are remote , the species is hunted for bush meat and its status is vulnerable\na spectacular , large , harp - or lyre - shaped carnivorous sponge discovered in deep water ( averaging 3 , 399 meters ) from the north - east pacific ocean off the coast of california . the harp - shaped structures or vanes number from two to six and each has more than 20 parallel vertical branches , often capped by an expanded , balloon - like , terminal ball . this unusual form maximises the surface area of the sponge for contact and capture of planktonic prey\neugenia is a large , worldwide genus of woody evergreen trees and shrubs of the myrtle family that is particularly diverse in south america , new caledonia and madagascar . the new species\nis a shrub growing to two meters with emerald green , slightly glossy foliage and beautiful , dense clusters of small magenta flowers . it is one of seven new species described from the littoral forest of eastern madagascar and is considered to be an endangered species . it is the latest evidence of the unique and numerous species found in this specialized , humid forest that grows on sandy substrate within kilometres of the shoreline . once forming a continuous band 1 , 600km long , the littoral forest has been reduced to isolated , vestigial fragments under pressure from human populations\nliving species of hangingflies can be found , as the name suggests , hanging beneath foliage where they capture other insects as food . they are a lineage of scorpionflies characterised by their skinny bodies , two pairs of narrow wings , and long threadlike legs . a new fossil species ,\n, in middle jurassic deposits in the jiulongshan formation in china ' s inner mongolia . the two look so similar that they are easily confused in the field and represent a rare example of an insect mimicking a gymnosperm 165 million years ago , before an explosive radiation of flowering plants\nluminescence among terrestrial animals is rather rare and best known among several groups of beetles \u2014 fireflies and certain click beetles in particular \u2014 as well as cave - inhabiting fungus gnats . since the first discovery of a luminescent cockroach in 1999 , more than a dozen species have ' come to light ' . all are rare , and interestingly , so far found only in remote areas far from light pollution . the latest addition to this growing list is"]}
{"id": 1948, "summary": [{"text": "the fall armyworm ( spodoptera frugiperda ) is part of the order of lepidoptera and is the larval ( see caterpillar ) life stage of a fall armyworm moth .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is regarded as a pest and can wreak havoc with crops if left to multiply .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "its scientific name is derived from its feeding habits : frugiperda is latin for lost fruit as it can destroy crops .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "native to the americas , these caterpillars mainly attack maize crops .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they will eat everything in an area , and once the food supply is exhausted , the entire \" army \" will move to the next available food source . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "fall armyworm", "paragraphs": ["fall armyworm resembles both armyworm and corn earworm , but fall armyworm has a white inverted\ny\nmark on the front of the dark head .\nthe fall armyworm is adding to the devastation already caused by the native african armyworm , spodoptera exempta .\nfall armyworm injury to corn plant . ( left ) fall armyworm larva damage on corn foliage . ( right ) images by eric bohnenblust .\nan investigation by cabi has found that the fall armyworm is established in ghana .\nspecies spodoptera frugiperda - fall armyworm moth - hodges # 9666 - bugguide . net\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on tomato ( lycopersicon esculentum ) .\nmanagement fall armyworm can be one of the most difficult insect pests to control in maize . fall armyworm can only be effectively controlled while the larvae are small .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; egg mass on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum ) .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larval damage on maize ( zea mays ) .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on bermuda grass ( cynodon dactylon ) .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larval damage on sorghum ( sorghum bicolor ) .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva feeding on rice ( oryza sativa ) .\ncotesia marginiventris and chelonus insularis were the two most common parasitoids attacking fall armyworm larvae .\nluginbill p . 1928 . the fall armyworm . usda technical bulletin 34 . 91 pp .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on hay grass . usa . august 2006 .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larval damage in whorl of maize ( zea mays ) .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva , on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum ) . usa .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; severe larval damage on cotton boll ( gossypium hirsutum ) .\nfall armyworm adult male ( left ) , adult female ( right ) . images by ian grettenbergerground\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; adult at rest , lateral view . laboratory image . usa .\nluginbill p . the fall armyworm . us dept agric tech bull . 1928 ; 34 : 1\u201391 .\nand they say there is confusion over the identity of the fall armyworm as it is similar to other types of armyworm , which are already present in africa .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva , on cotton ( gossypium hirsutum l . ) . usa .\nlima er , mcneil jn . female sex pheromones in the host races and hybrids of the fall armyworm ,\nscientists tackle deadly fall armyworm infestation devastating maize in southern africa | cimmyt . international maize and wheat improvement center\nhost plants fall armyworm is polyphagous which can attack maize , sorghum , bermuda grass , soybean , cotton and beans . it is reported that fall armyworm larvae can attack over 60 species of plants representing more than 20 families .\nmaize plants damaged by fall armyworm in a farmer\u2019s field in southern malawi in balaka district . cimmyt / christian thierfelder\nmulti - pronged approach key for effectively defeating fall armyworm in africa \u00bb cimmyt . international maize and wheat improvement center\nthere is some suppression of fall armyworm larvae with some types of bt corn such as the yieldgard and to a lesser extent knockout / naturegard . herculex does provide the best fall armyworm control among the different types of bt corn . however , with later planting dates ( after june 1 ) and high fall armyworm levels , all bt corn hybrids will need to be monitored for fall armyworm activity and treated with an insecticide according to the above economic threshold .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; adult male . museum set specimen . links to spodoptera id : urltoken - urltoken\ngiven the severe economic threat that the fall armyworm poses , governments and international bodies are putting in place emergency plans .\n. techniques to improve the management of fall armyworm in overwintering areas of south florida using conservation biological control are discussed .\nsparks an . 1979 . a review of the biology of the fall armyworm . florida entomologist 62 : 82 - 87 .\nfao , 2018b . briefing note on fall armyworm ( faw ) in africa . 16 february 2018 , 7 pp . urltoken\nin africa , a deadly pest called the fall armyworm has invaded large swathes of land , causing major damage to crops .\nmr chabikwa said he expects the fall armyworm to multiply next cropping season due to a lack of information and effective control .\nallele linked to resistance against cry1fa corn in fall armyworm from puerto rico has been recently described ( banerjee et al . ,\ngoergen g , kumar pl , sankung sb , togola a , tamo m . first report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm\ncommon name : fall armyworm scientific name : spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) ( insecta : lepidoptera : noctuidae )\nthe fao is to hold an emergency meeting in harare between 14 and 16 february to decide emergency responses to the fall armyworm threat .\nfigure 4 . mature larva of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by james castner .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; early instar larvae ( arrowed ) , and damage on cotton boll bract ( gossypium hirsutum ) .\nthe fall armyworm poses a major threat to food security and agricultural trade , warns the centre for agriculture and biosciences international ( cabi ) .\nthe recent discovery of fall armyworm in africa will be a huge threat to food security and also to trade in the region .\nvickery ra . 1929 . studies of the fall armyworm in the gulf coast region of texas . usda technical bulletin 138 . 63 pp .\nthe fall armyworm makes a lot of yellowish debris and whitish powder on the leaves and in the funnel where they are , she says .\nlu yj , kochert gd , isenhour dj , adang mj . molecular characterization of a strain - specific repeated dna sequence in the fall armyworm\nhuang f , qureshi ja , meagher rl , reisig dd , head gp , andow da , et al . cry1f resistance in fall armyworm\nthe corn earworm has a orange - brown head , while the armyworm has a brown head with dark honeycombed markings . fall armyworm has four dark spots arranged in a square on top of the eighth abdominal segment .\niita , 2016 . first report of outbreaks of the\nfall armyworm\non the african continent . iita bulletin , no . 2330 . urltoken\nthese include monitoring with pheromone traps to determine the spread of the fall armyworm , road shows to increase public awareness and emergency registration of pesticides .\nto differentiate this larva from other armyworm species or corn earworm one needs to look at the head of the insect . the fall armyworm ' s head has a predominant white , inverted y - shaped suture between the eyes .\nall jn . 1988 . fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) infestations in no - tillage cropping systems . florida entomologist 71 : 268 - 272 .\nfao , 2017b . briefing note on fap actions on fall armyworm in africa 15 december 2017 , 7 pp . . urltoken fao , rome , italy\nfao , 2018 . in : briefing note on fao actions on fall armyworm in africa 31 january 2018 fao , rome , italy , 6 pp .\nippc , 2017d . preliminary report on fall armyworm in zambia . ( no . zmb - 02 / 2 ) rome , italy , fao , urltoken\ngene to study the divergence of the fall armyworm host strains . insect molecular biology . 2016 ; 25 ( 3 ) : 324\u201337 . pmid : 26991678\nthe female fall armyworm can lay up to 1 , 000 eggs at a time and can produce multiple generations very quickly without pause in tropical environments .\nfigure 2 . egg mass of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .\nashley tr , wiseman br , davis fm , andrews kl . 1989 . the fall armyworm : a bibliography . florida entomologist 72 : 152 - 202 .\nfao , 2017a . fao advisory note on fall armyworm ( faw ) in africa , 7 pp . . 5 june 2017 . fao , rome , italy\nchemical control in the us control of the fall armyworm has depended exclusively on insecticide for many years . as a result , fall armyworm has developed resistance to major classes of insecticides in the us . the first resistance reported was to carbaryl , but resistance to parathion - methyl , fluvalinate , lambda - cyhalothrin , carbamate , organophosphates and pyrethroid has also been reported . again this emphasise the possibility of fall armyworm developing resistance to insecticides and that label instructions should be followed .\nfall armyworm can be one of the more difficult insect pests to control in field corn . late planted fields and later maturing hybrids are more likely to become infested . fall armyworm causes serious leaf feeding damage as well as direct injury to the ear . while fall armyworms can damage corn plants in nearly all stages of development , it will concentrate on later plantings that have not yet silked . like european corn borer , fall armyworm can only be effectively controlled while the larvae are small . early detection and proper timing of an insecticide application are critical .\nfigure 1 . eggs of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , hatching . photograph by james castner , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . typical adult male fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . typical adult female fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nthe fall armyworm even bores into the ears ( cobs ) and does far more damage than the stalk borer or bollworm , which usually attack at cob stage .\nfigure 8 . corn leaf damage caused by the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by paul choate , university of florida .\ncool , wet springs followed by warm , humid weather in the overwintering areas favor survival and reproduction of fall armyworm , allowing it to escape suppression by natural enemies . once dispersal northward begins , the natural enemies are left behind . therefore , although fall armyworm has many natural enemies , few act effectively enough to prevent crop injury .\nnagoshi rn , meagher rl . behavior and distribution of the two fall armyworm host strains in florida . florida entomologist . 2004 ; 87 ( 4 ) : 440\u20139 .\nlu yj , adang mj . distinguishing fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) strains using a diagnostic mitochondrial dna marker . florida entomologist . 1996 ; 79 : 48\u201355 .\nluginbill , p . the fall armyworm . technical bulletin united states department of agriculture , v . 34 , p . 1 - 91 , 1928 . [ links ]\nnairobi , kenya ( 28 april 2017 ) \u2013 tackling the menace of the tenacious fall armyworm pest to avoid economic hardship for smallholder farmers across africa requires quick and coordinated action , a massive awareness campaign , scientific innovation and multi - institutional collaboration , said scientists attending the stakeholders consultation meeting on the fall armyworm in nairobi this week .\nthe fall armyworm \u2013 spodoptera frugiperda \u2013 was first reported on the african continent in nigeria . it subsequently appeared across parts of west and central africa , before extensively invading farmers\u2019 fields in southern africa in december 2016 . the destructive activities of the fall armyworm have only served to add to devastation caused by the native african armyworm ( spodoptera exempta ) and severe drought caused by an el nino weather system in 2015 - 2016 .\nfigure 3 . newly hatched larva of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\npitre hn , hogg db . 1983 . development of the fall armyworm on cotton , soybean and corn . journal of the georgia entomological society 18 : 187 - 194 .\nnagoshi rn , meagher rl . review of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) genetic complexity and migration . florida entomologist . 2008 ; 91 ( 4 ) : 546\u201354 .\npashley dp . quantitative genetics , development , and physiological adaptation in host strains of fall armyworm . evolution . 1988 ; 42 ( 1 ) : 93\u2013102 . pmid : 28563847\nscientists fear the fall armyworm could continue to multiply and become endemic across the continent . professor kenneth wilson at britain\u2019s lancaster university , who has extensive experience working on the african armyworm , predicts the pest could potentially spread into the middle east and eventually to europe .\nashley tr , wiseman br , davis fm , andrews kl , 1989 . the fall armyworm : a bibliography . florida entomologist , 72 ( 1 ) : 152 - 202 .\nippc , 2018 . report on fall armyworm ( spodoptera frugiperda ) . ippc official pest report , no . gha - 01 / 4 . rome , italy : fao . urltoken\neradication of the fall armyworm at this stage is unlikely . control of the pest will be best achieved if managed on an international scale with southern african countries coordinating their efforts .\n\u201cwe need to act fast , failure is not an option , \u201d rugalema said , adding that adequate funding and taking a regional approach to controlling the fall armyworm are vital .\nnagoshi rn , brambila j , meagher rl . use of dna barcodes to identify invasive armyworm\nit\u2019s also possible that the fall armyworm arrived over the atlantic through wind currents . this is because wind - borne adult insects can move over vast distances . the fall armyworm wouldn\u2019t be the first insect species crossing the atlantic in this way . the most famous example is the monarch butterfly , danaus plexippus , crossing the atlantic from america to the british isles .\njohnson sj . 1987 . migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda in the western hemisphere . insect science and its applications 8 : 543 - 549 .\nnagoshi rn . improvements in the identification of strains facilitate population studies of fall armyworm subgroups . annals of the entomological society of america . 2012 ; 105 ( 2 ) : 351\u20138 .\nin its native regions , it can travel up to 2000 km each year in search of warmer climates . the worm is averse to the harsh winters of north america , returning to tropical habitat in the autumn , which americans call \u201cfall\u201d , hence the name \u201cfall armyworm\u201d .\nvery early symptoms of fall armyworm resemble european corn borer infestation . small holes and\nwindow pane\nfeeding in the leaves emerging from the whorl are common . although initial symptoms of damage are similar , thresholds and control measures differ . therefore it is important to find the live larvae and determine which insect is causing the damage . unlike armyworm , fall armyworm feeds during the day and night , but are usually most active in the morning or late afternoon .\nfarmers there are putting sandy soil into the maize funnels , according to bridget oconnor . the sand is abrasive to the skin of the fall armyworm and can kill it , she adds .\npashley dp , martin ja . reproductive incompatibility between host strains of the fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 1987 ; 80 : 731\u20133 .\na : yes . a survey carried out from june to august 2016 in embu and kisii counties showed fall armyworm infestation . although the infestation is still low in comparison to other parts of the region , the situation could change . scientists from the university of nairobi also reported sightings of fall armyworm maize damage in machakos county . anani bruce , cimmyt maize entomologist , nairobi , kenya\nthe fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , is the primary pest of corn production in south america and in portions of the southeastern united states [ 1 ] . although it is unable to survive freezing winters , fall armyworm infestations extend as far north as canada , the result of annual long - distance migrations from overwintering areas in southern united states and mexico [ 2 \u2013 4 ] . in 2016 , severe outbreaks of fall armyworm were reported in several western and central african countries , representing the first indication of the species establishing itself in the eastern hemisphere [ 5 ] . the voracious feeding and long - distance flight behaviors exhibited by fall armyworm indicate a significant threat to african agriculture with the potential for rapid dispersion throughout the hemisphere .\nthe fall armyworm has several characteristics that make it difficult to control . apart from being a strong flyer , adult females are highly fertile , laying in excess of 1000 eggs during their lifetime .\nthe fall armyworm has been reported to cause annual losses of us $ 600 million in brazil alone . caterpillars also feed on other important crops , such as cowpea , potato , and soybean .\ngene facilitate host strain identification of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) populations in the southeastern united states . j econ entomol . 2006 ; 99 ( 3 ) : 671\u20137 . pmid : 16813297\na : a transgenic maize trial ( under confined field trials ) was attacked by the fall armyworm in namulonge and kassesse ( uganda ) during the first and second cropping seasons in 2016 . the mon810 bt maize entries showed resistance to the fall armyworm compared to non - transgenic maize materials . this however , needs to be further confirmed through additional experiments . anani bruce , cimmyt maize entomologist\nlarvae should not be mistaken for the african armyworm ( photo 3 ) , the lesser armyworm ( photo 4 ) , the cotton leaf worm ( photo 5 ) , the african bollworm ( photo 6 ) , the false armyworm ( photo 7 ) or the common cutworm ( photo 8 ) .\nall jn , stancil jd , johnson tb , gouger r . 1996 . controlling fall armyworm infestations in whorl stage corn with genetically modified bacillus thuringiensis formulations . florida entomologist 79 : 311 - 317 .\nmarenco rj , foster re , sanchez ca . 1992 . sweet corn response to fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) damage during vegetative growth . journal of economic entomology 85 : 1285 - 1292 .\nroberts pm all jn . 1993 . hazard for fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) infestation of maize in double - cropping systems using sustainable agricultural practices . florida entomologist 76 : 276 - 283 .\nthe fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda is a lepidpopteran pest that feeds in large numbers on leaves and stems of more than 80 plant species , causing major damage to economically important cultivated grasses s . . .\nfall armyworm may be found feeding during daylight hours , and they typically are found scattered throughout a field . besides feeding on leaves , they may attack the tassels and / or ears of corn .\npashley dp , sparks tc , quisenberry ss , jamjanya t , dowd pf . two fall armyworm strains feed on corn , rice and bermudagrass . louisiana agriculture magazine . 1987 ; 30 : 8\u20139 .\nnagoshi rn , meagher rl . seasonal distribution of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) host strains in agricultural and turf grass habitats . environ entomol . 2004 ; 33 ( 4 ) : 881\u20139 .\npheromone lure pheromone traps can be used as an early warning . to optimise pheromone lure captures for fall armyworm , it is essential to have the correct blend of components . therefore , if pheromone traps are used it should be kept in mind that the two strains of fall armyworm have differences in sex pheromone composition and that the different combinations in the lure can affect the amount of male moth captures .\nmoths are typically attracted to fields of late - maturing corn to lay their eggs . the larvae are primarily daytime feeders . they appear in corn fields late in the season , from mid - july through harvest . fall armyworm , unlike armyworm , are typically found damaging corn in patches throughout a field .\npashley dp . host - associated genetic differentiation in fall armyworm ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) \u2014a sibling species complex . annals of the entomological society of america . 1986 ; 79 ( 6 ) : 898\u2013904 .\nthe african armyworm is usually hatched somewhere outside the farms and then steadily eat their way through everything in their path en masse , they say . by contrast , the fall armyworm moth lays its eggs on the host plant . it does not eat everything and as it grows it moves up the maize plant .\na : we do have a few cimmyt maize inbred lines that can potentially offer partial resistance to the fall armyworm , but intensive breeding efforts are needed to identify more sources of resistance and to develop africa - adapted improved maize hybrids with resistance to fall armyworm , including other relevant traits required by smallholders in the continent . b . m prasanna , director of cimmyt\u2019s global maize program & cgiar research program maize .\nnatural enemies because the fall armyworm is invasive in africa , it is not yet known which natural enemies will play a role in attacking this species . however , the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is an important mortality agent for fall armyworm in the us . a total of 63 individual parasitoids are also reported , which belongs to the two orders of diptera and hymenoptera , as well as potential pathogens and predators in latin america .\nfao said it will support countries in close collaboration with sadc and other partners and stakeholders to implement the necessary assessment activities aimed at improving understanding on the extent and intensity of the fall armyworm threat to the region .\njohnson sj , 1987 . migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda in the western hemisphere . insect science and its application , 8 ( 4 - 6 ) : 543 - 549 .\npashley dp , hammond am , hardy tn . reproductive isolating mechanisms in fall armyworm host strains ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 1992 ; 85 ( 4 ) : 400\u20135 .\nhow the pest was introduced in africa from its native habitat in the americas is unclear . however , such invasive pests as the fall armyworm are known to cross continents either through infested commercial grain or through jet streams across oceans . many fall armyworm moths have been collected in the gulf of mexico as far as 250 km from land , indicating the possibility of seasonal trans - gulf migration between the united states and the tropics .\ngenetically modification bt technology has been used to control fall armyworm with success in other countries , however to protect the technology it will still be important to scout for damage in the crop and to have additional control strategies in place . resistance of fall armyworm to bt maize has been reported in puerto rico , brazil and the south - eastern region of the us . therefore , insect resistance management and integrated pest management are still important .\nthe fall armyworm is a highly polyphagous migratory lepidopteran pest species . it can colonize over 80 different plant species including many grasses , and crops such as alfalfa , soybean , sorghum , and corn . in pennsylvania , low populations are usually present late in the summer , but population densities are rarely high enough to be of economic concern in field corn . on the rare occasion that fall armyworm is problematic in field corn ; the late - season timing of the infestations makes them difficult to manage because insecticide application may require specialized equipment to pass over tall corn . fall armyworm is more likely to be an economic pest in sweet corn and vegetable crops .\nfall armyworm generally feeds on foliage , but during heavy infestations , larvae will also feed on corn ears . foliar damage to corn is usually characterized by ragged feeding , and moist sawdust - like frass near the whorl and upper leaves of the plant . early feeding can appear to be similar to european corn borer damage ; however european corn borer larvae bore into the stalk whereas fall armyworm larvae continue to feed on the foliage making larger more ragged holes . ear damage is similar to the damage caused by the corn earworm , chewed kernels and visible frass , except that fall armyworm tends to burrow through the husk instead of feeding down through the silks .\nhe said the fall army worm is traditionally found in the united states and probably came with imported maize .\nthe fall army worm recently invaded zambia , posing a threat to crops in six of the zambian provinces .\ncircles approximate locations were fall armyworm surveys were performed with color indicating the haplotype metric found . green circles , fl - type ; red , tx - type ; red and green , faw [ m ] mixed profile .\nthe aim of this work was to evaluate the attractiveness of different cotton plant parts and varieties to newly hatched fall armyworm larvae and the non - preference of the larvae for feeding on these plant parts and cotton varieties .\nfigure 5 . head capsule of fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) showing light - colored inverted\ny\non front of head . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .\nstarratt an , mcleod dgr , 1982 . monitoring fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) , moth populations in southwestern ontario with sex pheromone traps . canadian entomologist , 114 ( 7 ) : 545 - 549 .\nwonder chabikwa , president of the zimbabwe commercial farmers union ( zcfu ) , which represents 25 000 farmers , said farmers , both small and large , were taken by surprise when the fall armyworm laid siege on their farms .\nhe said while the country was receiving good rains , the fall army worm , was a threat to crops .\ntumlinson jh , mitchell er , teal pea , heath rr , mengelkoch lj . 1986 . sex pheromone of fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) . journal of chemical ecology 12 : 1909 - 1926 .\nfao has initiated the process of procuring pheromone insect lure traps which are used for capturing armyworm and monitoring their spread .\nthe fall armyworm , so called because it eats its way through most of the vegetation in its way as it marches through crops , is native to north and south america but was identified for the first time in africa last year .\nthese results illustrate how the assessment of strain proportions can vary substantially depending on the methodology used . despite this variability , the genetic marker data consistently indicate that the corn - strain is the predominant fall armyworm subpopulation present in the togo collections\nin conclusion , genetic markers provide an important resource for the investigation of fall armyworm infesting agricultural areas of africa . genetic analysis can confirm species identification based on morphology , is the only reliable means of identifying host strains , can provide an indication of where in the western hemisphere the population invading africa might have originated , and can detect a bt - resistance trait that could compromise the effectiveness of bt pesticides and bt crops as control options . the togo population may not be representative of fall armyworm in other parts of africa and may be susceptible to future invasive introductions , indicating the need for continued and more comprehensive genetic characterizations of african fall armyworm populations to monitor and forecast the spread of this invasive pest .\nthe fall armyworm , a recent interloper in africa widely prevalent in the americas , attacks more than 80 different plant species , including maize , a major food staple in sub - saharan africa on which more than 200 million people depend .\nin this paper we analyze specimens from several agricultural regions in the african nation of togo collected in the latter half of 2016 . genetic analyses confirmed the fall armyworm identification of the specimens , estimated host strain identity , and tested for the presence of the puerto rico bt - resistance allele . the haplotype and marker data were used to extrapolate the most likely western hemisphere source locations . the ramifications of these results on the pest potential of the togo fall armyworm population are discussed .\nthe high levels of damage caused by the fall armyworm to cotton plants in brazil the economic importance of the crop ( soares ; vieira , 1998 ) , the use of chemical insecticides as the only control measure ( valicente ; fonseca , 2004 ) and the scarcity of data regarding new control tactics justify studies of the feeding habits of the fall armyworm on cotton plants . these studies can potentially with a possible contribute to the optimization of measures for the management of this pest .\nhe said the country was on high alert for the fall army worm and a possible army worm attack on crops .\npannuti ler , baldin ell , hunt te , paula - moraes sv . 2015 . on - plant larval movement and feeding behavior of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) on reproductive corn stages . environ . entomol . 45 : 192 - 200\npair sd , raulston jr , westbrook jk , wolf ww , adams sd . fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) outbreak originating in the lower rio - grande valley , 1989 . florida entomologist . 1991 ; 74 ( 2 ) : 200\u201313 .\nnagoshi rn , silvie p , meagher rl . comparison of haplotype frequencies differentiate fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) corn - strain populations from florida and brazil . j econ entomol . 2007 ; 100 ( 3 ) : 954\u201361 . pmid : 17598561\nthe genetic similarity of the togo collection with puerto rico fall armyworm is of particular concern because of field - evolved resistance to cry1fa corn that arose in fall armyworm populations in puerto rico and was present in high frequency in bt cornfields ( [ 32 , 40 ] ) . genotyping for the allele linked to resistance in puerto rico ( sfabcc2mut ) did not detect its presence among the togo specimens , as all individuals tested were homozygous for the wild type ( susceptible ) allele ( fig 6 ) .\nspodoptera frugiperda ( fall armyworm ) ; larva on maize cob . the larvae , which are marked with a distinct inverted\ny\non the front of the head , feed on a wide variety of plants , and are a particular problem in fall seeded alfalfa and wheat . milo , sweet corn , and field corn also are important hosts . laboratory image . usa .\nthe scientific name , spodoptera frugiperda , refers to the grey - patterned wings of the moths and the fruit destroying habits of the caterpillars . the common name , fall armyworm , is based on the habit of mass movements of the caterpillars in autumn .\nanother reason the fall armyworm is difficult to manage is because of its tendency to build up resistance to pesticides . there have been efforts to curb its devastating effect by planting bt - maize . but this remains highly contested territory in many african countries .\nthe fall armyworm has invaded south africa in january , after reports of invasion in west and central africa . this species mainly established in maize fields in south africa . other crops that were attacked in south africa were sorghum , sweet corn and potatoes . the first observation of fall armyworm on the africa continent was made in late january last year on maize in the rainforest zone of south - western nigeria and in maize fields at the international institute of tropical agriculture ( iita ) at ibadan and ikenne .\na conservative estimate indicates the loss of africa\u2019s maize due to the fall armyworm could cost the continent $ 3 billion in the coming year , according to roger day , sanitary and phytosanitary coordinator at the center for agricultural and biosciences international ( cabi ) .\nthe fall armyworm is an economically important pest of sorghum and corn as it feeds on the growing leaves and the ear / seed head . to screen sorghum and corn plants for resistance to fall armyworm feeding , field , greenhouse , or laboratory bioassays are often used individually or in combination . laboratory bioassays are best for insect confinement but as the number of replications and entries increase , a large amount of time each day is spent by the experimenter replenishing leaf tissue , adding water , and cleaning the experimental system . a previous study had used agar plates containing benzimidizole , a chemical that prevents leaf dying , to assess the russian wheat aphid feeding on barley . we sought to determine if agar plates containing benzimidizol could be used to assess fall armyworm feeding in sorghum and corn . we found this method accurately identified resistant and susceptible maize lines and was able to be used for sorghum . furthermore this method requires no labor by the experimenter until 7 days after the experimental setup , preserved sorghum and corn leaf tissue , and minimal fungal and bacterial contamination was seen . thus , the benzimidazole agar plate method is an easy and effective method for assessing fall armyworm feeding on maize and sorghum and thus can be used to identify maize and sorghum plants with resistance to fall armyworm feeding .\ndr jayne crozier , of cabi , said the fall armyworm ' s presence had now been confirmed in west africa and was thought to be present in the south and east of the continent , many parts of which rely on maize for their staple diet .\nwhichever way the fall armyworm arrived , its rapid spread across the african continent attests to its high dispersal ability . as strong flyers adult moths cross borders with ease . in the us the species has long been known to use jet streams for adult dispersal .\nnagoshi rn , meagher rl , hay - roe m . inferring the annual migration patterns of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) in the united states from mitochondrial haplotypes . ecology and evolution . 2012 ; 2 ( 7 ) : 1458\u201367 . pmid : 22957154\nnagoshi rn , meagher rl , jenkins da . puerto rico fall armyworm has only limited interactions with those from brazil or texas but could have substantial exchanges with florida populations . j econ entomol . 2010 ; 103 ( 2 ) : 360\u20137 . pmid : 20429449\n\u201cthe truly frightening risk of the fall armyworm to food security in africa must be recognized and tackled with a holistic integrated pest management program , \u201d said b . m . prasanna , director of the global maize program at the international maize and wheat improvement center ( cimmyt ) and the cgiar research program on maize . \u201cwe cannot eliminate the pest from africa \u2013 now that it\u2019s here , it will stay , but we can provide support to farmers and provide options to manage their crops against the fall armyworm . \u201d\nthere has been an outbreak of the fall army worm in six districts in matabeleland north , a senior government official has said .\nashley , t . r . , e . r . mitchell , n . c . leppla , and e . e . grissell . 1980 . parasites attacking fall armyworm larvae spodoptera frugiperda in late planted field corn . florida entomologist 63 : 136\u2013142 . full text\nprowell dp , mcmichael m , silvain jf . multilocus genetic analysis of host use , introgression , and speciation in host strains of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . annals of the entomological society of america . 2004 ; 97 ( 5 ) : 1034\u201344 .\nscientists believe that the fall armyworm may have spread and proliferated on the continent due to warmer global temperatures over the past few years . they suspect the pests may have travelled from the americas in warm ocean jet streams or arrived by some other form of transportation .\nlater that season high numbers of fall armyworm were also reported from northern nigeria , benin and togo . in april last year government of s\u00e3o tom\u00e9 and principe called for assistance from the food and agriculture organisation of the united nations ( fao ) . thereafter , in june last year , the federal government of nigeria reported fall armyworm on maize in edo and adjacent states in the southwest of the country . this pest then spread through the rest of africa , travelling southwards to south africa in a little bit more than nine months .\npair sd , gross jr hr 1984 . field mortality of pupae of the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , by predators and a newly discovered parasitoid , diapetimorpha introita . journal of the georgia entomological society 19 : 22 - 26 .\nfully grown larvae are 1 . 25 \u2013 1 . 5 inches in length and vary in color from pale green to almost black , with a reddish - brown head . they closely resemble true armyworm , and corn earworm larvae in appearance . the difference is that the heads of fall armyworms have a prominent inverted\ny\nand black tubercles from which hairs arise arrayed throughout the body . fall armyworm pupates in the soil , and pupae can be identified by their smooth , leathery skin that is reddish - brown to dark brown .\nothers say it was accidental , shipped by air , or by climate change - induced strong winds . with more than 80 host plants identified , the fall armyworm can also attack crops like cowpea , groundnuts , potato , soyabean and cotton , according to the iita .\narmyworm crusade sixteen eastern and southern african countries have agreed to coordinate an emergency response to tackle the fall - armyworm infestation that is threatening food security in sub - saharan africa . the decision was made at a meeting in harare , zimbabwe , on 16 february . endemic to south america , the fall armyworm ( spodoptera frugiperda , pictured ) was first observed in africa in early 2016 and has since been detected in at least seven countries . in its larval form , the pest consumes the foliage and flowers of a wide variety of crops . estimates by the food and agriculture organization of the united nations suggest that more than 250 , 000 hectares of african cropland have been affected .\nmr nyoni said it was important for farmers to thoroughly check their crops and make sure they are safe from the fall army worm .\nparticipants at the harare meeting agreed that the fall armyworm infestation shows the urgent need for swift and coordinated action to deal with such threats . they identified gaps in the region\u2019s early warning systems , response , preparedness , contingency planning , including information dissemination and effective regional coordination .\ndavis fm , baker gt , williams wp , 1995 . anatomical characteristics of maize resistant to leaf feeding by southwestern corn borer ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) and fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . journal of agricultural entomology , 12 ( 1 ) : 55 - 65 .\nthe fall armyworm is an invasive american moth , difficult to detect and to control . it was first noticed in africa in january 2016 , causing massive damage to crops in several west african countries , according to the international institute of tropical agriculture ( iita ) in benin .\nnagoshi rn , fleischer sj , meagher rl , hay - roe m , khan a , mur\u00faa gm , et al . fall armyworm migration across the lesser antilles and the potential for genetic exchanges between north and south american populations . plos one . 2017 ; in press .\nthe fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) , a native species of tropical and subtropical regions of the americas , is geographically widespread ( luginbill , 1928 ) and feeds on a wide range of cultivated plants ( luginbill , 1928 ) . although the fall armyworm prefers to feed on plants of the grass family ( maize , millet , wheat , sorghum , rice and sugar cane ) , it will attack other such economically important crops as peanuts , potato , soybean and cotton ( ali et al . , 1989 ) .\na comprehensive account of the biology of fall armyworm was published by luginbill ( 1928 ) , and an informative synopsis by sparks ( 1979 ) . ashley et al . ( 1989 ) presented an annotated bibliography . a sex pheromone has been described ( sekul and sparks 1976 ) .\n\u201cfall armyworm , which is mostly associated with the americas , is a new threat in southern africa and we are very concerned with the emergence , intensity and spread of the pest . it is only a matter of time before most of the region will be affected , and the costs and implications of this are very serious , as seen in places where fall armyworm is endemic such as brazil , where the government spends in excess of $ 600 million each year to try to control infestations , \u201d said david phiri , fao subregional coordinator for southern africa .\n\u201cthe insect is establishing itself and is expected to remain an economic pest for very long time to come hence we need to put in place a short and long term fall armyworm management and control plan , \u201d said bayeh mulatu , national integrated pest management expert at fao ethiopia .\nit is also important not to rely on one control practice . integrated pest management should always be kept in mind . in collaboration with the department of agriculture , forestry and fisheries ( daff ) a list of insecticides registered to control fall armyworm is available ( table 1 ) .\nnumerous species of parasitoids affect fall armyworm . the wasp parasitoids most frequently reared from larvae in the united states are cotesia marginiventris ( cresson ) and chelonus texanus ( cresson ) ( both hymenoptera : braconidae ) , species that are also associated with other noctuid species . among fly parasitoids , the most abundant is usually archytas marmoratus ( townsend ) ( diptera : tachinidae ) . however , the dominant parasitoid often varies from place to place and from year to year . luginbill ( 1928 ) and vickery ( 1929 ) describe and picture many of the fall armyworm parasitoids .\nthere\u2019s disagreement about how the fall armyworm arrived in africa . one suggested avenue is that it arrived on foodstuffs imported from the americas . this is feasible as insects can readily cross borders with infested plant material . the species has been intercepted on shipments destined for europe on several occasions .\nsince the first fall armyworm larvae were collected in the settlers area mid - january this year and reared through to moths for identification , dr vivienne uys ( arc - ppri ) made the positive identification in early february as spodoptera frugiperda ( je smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) .\ndescription and life history the life cycle of the fall armyworm is about 24 to 30 days in favourable temperature and humidity . the number of generations occurring in an area will vary with the appearance of the dispersing moths . this species does not have a diapause ( overwintering ) stage .\nnagoshi rn , silvie p , meagher rl , lopez j , machados v . identification and comparison of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) host strains in brazil , texas , and florida . annals of the entomological society of america . 2007 ; 100 ( 3 ) : 394\u2013402 .\n\u201cwe need to understand better the behavioral ecology of the fall armyworm in the africa context . how it breeds , travels and feeds on crops , as this is critical for effectively managing the devastation this pest can cause and its major risk to food security , \u201d martin kropff cautioned .\n\u201cscientists at cimmyt are currently researching available breeding resources characterized with potential resistance to fall armyworm and screening elite maize germplasm to identify possible sources of resistance , \u201d said b . m . prasanna , director of cimmyt\u2019s global maize program and the cgiar research program maize . \u201cmaize lines with partial resistance to fall armyworm were developed in the past , but the work was not scaled - up given the need to focus breeding programs on other high priority traits , including drought tolerance , heat tolerance , and resistance to major diseases , such as maize lethal necrosis ( mln ) . \u201d\nthis came at the end of a three - day , fao - organized emergency meeting in harare to discuss ways to respond to a major fall armyworm infestation affecting at least seven countries in the region , whose combined population is more than 70 percent of the total population of southern africa .\nfall armyworm eggs are laid in clusters of 50 or more in a single layer attached to foliage . eggs are dome - shaped and dirty white to gray in color . after egg deposition , the female deposits grayish scales over the egg mass , giving it a hairy or moldy appearance .\nmitchell er , mcneil jn , westbrook jk , silvain jf , lalannecassou b , chalfant rb , et al . seasonal periodicity of fall armyworm , ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) in the caribbean basin and northward to canada . j entomol sci . 1991 ; 26 ( 1 ) : 39\u201350 .\nmur\u00faa mg , nagoshi rn , dos santos da , hay - roe m , meagher rl , vilardi jc . demonstration using field collections that argentina fall armyworm populations exhibit strain - specific host plant preferences . j econ entomol . 2015 ; 108 ( 5 ) : 2305\u201315 . pmid : 26453719\nthe fall armyworm is native to the tropical regions of the western hemisphere from the united states to argentina . it normally overwinters successfully in the united states only in southern florida and southern texas . the fall armyworm is a strong flier , and disperses long distances annually during the summer months . it is recorded from virtually all states east of the rocky mountains . however , as a regular and serious pest , its range tends to be mostly the southeastern states . in 2016 it was reported for the first time in west and central africa , so it now threatens africa and europe .\ntazelekew habtamu , a maize farmer in southern ethiopia where the insect set foot for the first time in ethiopia , observed unusual insect pest infestation on his maize farm in the first week of march 2017 . he reported the case to a local agriculture extension worker , who facilitated immediate pesticide spraying . \u201cat first , the fall armyworm infestation was huge , \u201d said tazelekew . \u201cthe pesticide spray killed most of the pests . i would have lost my maize plants if i did not use the pesticide . however , some remnants of the fall armyworm are still attacking my maize field . \u201d\nthe africa wide meeting on the fall armyworm that was held in nairobi , kenya gave the responsibility to fao to coordinate interventions to bring the fall armyworm problem under control . in addition to funding of usd 52 000 , fao supports the government\u2019s prevention efforts with expert advice and consultation , and facilitation of field assessments , surveillance and monitoring . in addition , in collaboration with the desert locust control organization for eastern africa ( dlco - ea ) and other development partners , fao is developing a project to derail the insect expansion and mass multiplication so that yield loss could be minimized significantly .\nhowever , that\u2019s not the way of the african armyworm , scientists at the international centre of insect physiology and ecology ( icipe ) in kenya concluded .\ncimmyt , 2018 . fall armyworm in africa : a guide for integrated pest management . first edition . . prasanna , b . m . , huesing , j . e . , eddy , r . , peschke , v . m . , eds . cimmyt , mexico , 109 pp .\nhruska aj , gould f , 1997 . fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) and diatraea lineolata ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) : impact of larval population level and temporal occurrence on maize yield in nicaragua . journal of economic entomology , 90 ( 2 ) : 611 - 622 ; 27 ref .\nin collaboration with the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) and other development partners , the government of ethiopia has intensified efforts to protect major maize growing areas from the ravage of the fall armyworm . the fall armyworm , which first arrived in africa in 2016 , was intercepted on a few hectares of irrigated maize fields in southern ethiopia in the last week of february 2017 . it has now covered about 52 962 hectares in 144 districts in three of the major maize - growing regional states \u2013 gambella , oromia and southern nations nationalities and peoples\u2019 region ( snnpr ) .\nluttrell , r . g . ; mink , j . s . damage to cotton fruiting structures by the fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . journal of cotton science , v . 3 , n . 2 , p . 35 - 44 , 1999 . [ links ]\nfall armyworm larva vary from light tan to black with three light yellow stripes down the back . there is a wider dark stripe and a wavy yellow - red blotched stripe on each side . larvae have four pairs of fleshy abdominal prolegs in addition to the pair at the end of the body .\nfao says the fall armyworm is now present in namibia , south africa , mozambique , malawi and zambia , threatening agriculture output in a season of plenteous rainfall . authorities here say it has spread to nearly all the country\u2019s ten provinces . the amount of damage caused in zimbabwe so far is unknown .\nto differentiate the fall armyworm from other species a predominant white , inverted y shape is present on the forehead between the eyes ( photo 2 ) . the duration of the larval stage can be as short as 14 days in summer . unlike other armyworms , larvae feed during the day and night .\nali , a . ; luttrell , r . g . ; pitre , h . n . feeding sites and distribution of fall armyworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) larvae on cotton . environmental entomology , v . 19 , n . 4 , p . 1060 - 1067 , 1990 . [ links ]\nmihm ja , smith me , deutsch ja , 1988 . development of open - pollinated varieties , non - conventional hybrids and inbred lines of tropical maize with resistance to fall armyworm , spodoptera frugiperda ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) , at cimmyt . florida entomologist , 71 ( 3 ) : 262 - 268 ."]}
{"id": 1949, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia shirleyata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in southern california and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from the end of november to late march or even early april . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupithecia shirleyata", "paragraphs": ["this species in known from san diego . compare with locbf5723 - 15 , taken at torrey pines , in bold bin bold : aaf9455 . ( e . shirleyata is smaller but references omit measurements . ) references here . edit - wikipedia has ws = 23 mm for shirleyata and 22\u201326 mm for subapicata . packard ( 1876 ) has subapicata at 1 . 12\n( ~ 28 mm )\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29684 genus : eupithecia species : shirleyata sex : location : montara , mcnee ranch county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : mar 21 97 . . . more\nrevision of the north american species of the genus eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) james h . mcdunnough . 1949 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 93 ( 8 ) .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16619 genus : eupithecia species : interruptofasciata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 14 66 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 28261 genus : eupithecia species : intricata taylorata sex : location : golden gate park county : san francisco collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5869 genus : eupithecia species : macrocarpata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : in july specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 545 genus : eupithecia species : absinthiata sex : f location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : sep 19 98 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5882 genus : eupithecia species : acutipennis sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 62 specimen . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5865 genus : eupithecia species : maestosa maestosa sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3034 genus : eupithecia species : ravocostaliata sex : m location : inverness park county : marin collector : j . powell coll _ date : feb 4 95 speci . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5875 genus : eupithecia species : tripunctaria sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 12 61 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7999 genus : eupithecia species : nevadata nevadata sex : location : las trampas reg park county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16622 genus : eupithecia species : purpurissata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specime . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33651 genus : eupithecia species : agnesata sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : apr 4 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16601 genus : eupithecia species : karenae sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : wm . patterson coll _ date : oct 16 98 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7990 genus : eupithecia species : annulata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 8 96 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2067 genus : eupithecia species : bryanti sex : m location : point molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 10 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5884 genus : eupithecia species : graefii graefii sex : location : piedmont pines , ne oakland county : alameda collector : p . d . hurd coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29679 genus : eupithecia species : perfusca perfusca sex : location : costanea cg county : san mateo collector : v . albu coll _ date : sep 2 2007 s . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5883 genus : eupithecia species : subapicata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : mar 19 61 specimen _ loc : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5881 genus : eupithecia species : gilvipennata sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : ma . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5886 genus : eupithecia species : implorata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5878 genus : eupithecia species : macdunnoughi sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . a . powell coll _ date : mar 3 61 spec . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5879 genus : eupithecia species : cognizata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5867 genus : eupithecia species : longipalpata sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : oct 12 96 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7996 genus : eupithecia species : scabrogata sex : location : kensington county : contra costa collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 97 spe . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33652 genus : eupithecia species : rindgei sex : location : stebbins cold cyn res . county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : 1989 - 9 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16623 genus : eupithecia species : mystiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : coll _ date : in may 71 specimen _ loc : url : http . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20852 genus : eupithecia species : multiscripta sex : location : diamond mtn county : napa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 21 - 23 93 specime . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3033 genus : eupithecia species : mutata ( columbrata ) sex : m location : inverness ridge county : marin collector : c . e . griswold coll _ date : may . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16602 genus : eupithecia species : columbiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : mar 13 47 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16618 genus : eupithecia species : lachrymosa georgii sex : location : red hill county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : may 2 47 specim . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5871 genus : eupithecia species : unicolor sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 13 62 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5877 genus : eupithecia species : sierrae sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 18 96 spec . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5876 genus : eupithecia species : rotundopuncta sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5874 genus : eupithecia species : bivittata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 4 55 specimen _ loc : u . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5866 genus : eupithecia species : subvirens sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 5 96 spe . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5868 genus : eupithecia species : sabulosata sex : location : albany county : alameda collector : r . a . belmont coll _ date : may 22 71 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16632 genus : eupithecia species : cestata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 7 60 specimen _ loc . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20856 genus : eupithecia species : appendiculata sex : location : spring mtn county : napa collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : aug 12 47 specimen _ . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16614 genus : eupithecia species : behrensata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : may 1 58 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5870 genus : eupithecia species : placidata sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : oct 17 45 specimen _ loc : . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5880 genus : eupithecia species : segregata sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : apr . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7993 genus : eupithecia species : zelmira sex : location : clayton county : contra costa collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : mar 11 72 specimen _ lo . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1888 genus : eupithecia species : olivacea sex : m location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 11 63 specimen _ l . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 20863 genus : eupithecia species : plumasata sex : location : spring mtn , st helena county : napa collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : dec 29 8 . . . more\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16629 genus : eupithecia species : gilata sex : location : mill valley county : marin collector : h . b . leech coll _ date : feb 27 52 specimen _ loc : . . . more\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nferris , c . d . , 2018 . geometridae : larentiinae : eupitheciini ( part ) . lepidoptera of north america , part 14 . contributions of the c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university ( over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nws : 22 - 26 mm according to wikipedia . packard ( 1876 ) has it as 1 . 12\n( ~ 28 mm )\nis smaller and the pale subapical costal is reduced to nearly obsolete . range : az .\nis smaller and temds to have duller wing colloration . range : southern ca .\nguenee , m . a . 1857 , uranides et phalentites . tome 2 . histoire naturelle des insectes . sp\u00e9cies g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 10 : 331\npackard , a . s . 1876 . a monograph of the geometrid moths or phalaenidae of the united states . report of the united states geological survey of the territories . 10 : 62 ; pl . 8 , fg . 11\ncontributed by jason d . roberts on 17 may , 2008 - 2 : 08pm additional contributions by steve nanz , maury heiman , randy hardy last updated 6 november , 2016 - 5 : 35am\nwas this sent in to bold ? none of the examples so far have dna results back .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\n\u00b0\u0083l\u0082\u00e3\u00f6\u0010y \u00b1\u00fa\u00a2\b\u00ed\u0010\u00fc\u00f3\u00f1 \u00ec\u001a \u00f3 ! \u009e ) 7 \u0083\u009a\u0081\u00e1\u0082\u00a6\u00e9\u00e9\u0090\u00f0\u0083p\u00be\u00b7i\u00fazh0b\u00e2 \u0015q\u000f\u000fy\u0004v\u0086\u0088la d ) \u00f4\u00fc \u00e1\u0010\u00fc\u00f7\u00f1 \u00faa\u001a\u0004\u00bd\u0010\u00b4d0 @ d * \u0001 } h\u0081y\u00bd\u0011\u000e\u00f0 nae \u0082wv\u00a41jm\u00e8 / j\u00b6\u00f3t\u00fe\u00e1\u0082j\b3p0 ` 4n\u00ba\u0018l \u00f4 \u00e1\u0006 \u00a2\u0016 ( 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\u00b4\u00f6\u00e2v\u00eb\u00a7a\u0006\u00bb ' w } * \u00a7\u00fd\u00f5 = \u0007a6\u001a\u00b0\u00e2\u00b1i\u00a6\u0083\u008aa\u0084 @ \u0084\b0\u00a9\u00b1\u00f8h\u00aa\u0086\u0080\u0081\u0084 \u008a\u00b0\u009b x\u008a\u0090\u00f8\u00905\u00b4\u00ee83\u0001\u0094\u009al0\u00b6\u0092l\u0018j\u00f2l\u00e0gt\u00ec\u0010\u00e1\u0082\u00ab $ \u00f3\u00b0\u00bam\u0084\u0093d\u0017\u00a2a n\u00e2\u0006\u009aj\u00df\u00bd\u0003b\u00ee\u0098k \u00100\u0081\u0084\u001b \u00e2m\u0082 \u00ea\u001ai\u0084\u0018a\u00eccb\u00b6 @ \u00ba\u0082 b \u00a6\u009f \u0084\u00e2\u00a1\u00a4\u009b \u0016\u001aq\u001aqli\u00b6\u0092h64\u00f6\u0018 * \u008aa\u00a4\u0013\u00e1\u0010\u00ecv\u00f4 0\u0094\u00b2\u008a \u0081\u00b9\u00985c\u0086\u00b0am\u0006\b0\u009c\u0086\u00e8a\u0006\u009b \u00f3d4e\u008d4\u00f3d4b \u00b4\u00f40\u00e5\u0004 \u0010a6\u009am0\u00f40h \u00f8\u00a8ip @ \u00fd \u009d\u00a4\u009a \u0083\b6 ( & \u00ed \u0090x & \u0083l \u00f9\u0007\u00b5b\u000e\u0082p\u00e2\u0083\u0015 \u00fd\u00faz\u00b4\u00f6\u00a1\u0090 ! \u00fd0\u009a ut\u00ec\u0086w\u0086\u0099 \u0010\u0098t\u009a\n\u00f4r\u001b \b0\u0083\u00a8 \u0083j ) \u00f3\u00a6\u0082\u0006\u0018 a\u0082t\u0098a\u00b4\u0010a\u00a6 ) : l\u00a7\u0006\u00e0\u0081\u0084\u00e2\u00a8 : \u00f9 \u0091i\u0084\u00e2n\u00b7a5\u00e1\u0082i\u00a7a5m4\u00e1\u0084\u00f3n\u00e2a ; \u0006\u00e2 ] za4\u009aa v\u0018p\u0099 \u00f6\u0093d4b\u00a4\u00f8i\u00fbi \u00fa\u00f8m & \u00fd\u00a7 ~ \u00fa\u00f8 ] 4\u00e8 = \u00152 \u00b3 \u00f3m4\u0018r \u00e8d\u0019 * \u00e2e\u00e0l\u00fb\u00f0\u0010a\u0010\u0082\u00e8r\u00e1b \u00f9\b z { m5\u00f80r $ \u0005\u00b5\n: a5\u0086 \u00e2\u00e3\u00fa\u0086 5 ' h0\u00b6\u009a\u00efa\u007fau\u0006 \u00aa \u008d\u00e2\u0011\u0012\u0097\u0088\u0088\u0088\u0088\u00e2 ! \u0084\u00e2\u0011 \u0087\u00fb\u0091t h4\u00f3 @ \u00e1\u0003\u0004\u001az * \u00f00xi\u00a7i\u00a6\u0081 a\u0082 4\u00f3n\u0018\n\u0004 @ \u00e894\u00f3b\u00f3u & : \u00b4\u00f3 _ \u00e2i\u0091t $ \u00e1\u0006b\u0081\u00199\u00ed\u00ebp\u0088\u0088\u0084\u00e3\bn\u00a1\b\u00e2\u0006\bc\u0004\n\u0019 \u00fa ! # e\u009a\u00180l\n\u0098m\u0006\u0013 = \u00a2\u0010q\u0006s a\b4a\u0090\u0091\u00b2\na\u0005\u00a1\n\u00185g\u00e2dda\u0093\u00f4\u00e9\u00f0h\u0081\u00e2\n\u0088\u009c\u00e4ddq dddda\u0094\u00ee\u00b0\u0086\n\u00f0\u008aa\u00bf\u0011\u008a\b \u00e9\u0011\u0081 > \u00bf\u00f2o\u00f4\u00ff\u00ba\u00d7\u00ff\u00ff\u00b6\u00bf\u00f2\u00be\u00fd\u0004\u00fb , 0\u0083\u00b1an\u00e1\u0003 < 0\u0089\u00b0\u00187n\u00f5\u00e3\u0086 \u00b9b\u00e2 ; \u00e1\u0094\u00e8h\u0014g\u00ff\u00f2\u0002 \u0011\u0019kh w % \u00a3 + \u00a5\u00117\u0006d\u00ba\u0004d @ 2n\u0004fxeu8\u00af\u00e6w\u00be\u0098m4\u00ea\u00ea5\u0004 \u00a4 \u00f3\b\u0018m\u0006\u009c ( ul\u0011\u0012j\u008d0\u0098a\u00a6\u0010as\u0005\u0096\u008d ` \u00a1st\u00e2\u00a7kj\u0013\u00b0\u00b0l ( ^ \u00f3\n\u00f0 ] sm4\u00e1uj\u0014\u0016\u00f5v\u00e2\u0017\u00a8 ' \u0099 * \u0086 \u00a7cy3\u00d7\u00ed ~ \u0097\u00f8r\u00b8\u0094\u00a9\u00a6\u00bf\u00fa\n\u00bc\u00e9ay \\ \u00f2\u009d\u0081\u00adav\u0093m\u00e9\u00ea\u009ai\u0090\u00ee\u00f4\u00f4g\u0014\u00e8 ' \u00bdo\u00f7v\u00b7\u00e8 4\u009do\u00b4\u009b\u0086\u00eb\u0083\u00f86\u00f58 ; [ mom ( 7\u00b0\u0083wp\u00ea\u00adsm\u0006\u00fapp\u00f2\u00b5\u0086\u0016\u001a\u00a7\u00fe\u00fd8a \u00e3 5 v\u0094w\u00f8o - \u0013 \u00af [ \u008bx\u00fe6\u00ba\u008b\u00ffu\u00e5\u00ae\u00d7\u00ff\u00bf\u00eb\u00eb\u00ff\u00a7\u00fdmo\u00fdu\u00f7\u00ea\u00ea\u00bf\u00fe\u00ae\u0097\u00b5\u00f4\u00bf\u00d7 ] w\u00fa\u00ff\u00eb\u00fa\u00fa \\ & \u0013\u00ec\u008b\u00a2\u0012\u00bd5\u00e2\u00eb\u00f3\n\u00e8 . iz\u009e\u00e2\u00e4 * ! \u0011\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ncompiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .\nmany of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :\ntaxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .\nmany names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .\nacrolophus inquinatus ,\nwhich may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .\na full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .\nsource : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )\ncheck lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .\nbirds of san francisco bay area\n.\nfile should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 1950, "summary": [{"text": "desirable ( 29 march 1981 \u2013 1998 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "as a two-year-old in 1983 she won on her debut and then took the princess margaret stakes on her second appearance .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after finishing second in the lowther stakes and the moyglare stud stakes she recorded her biggest victory in the cheveley park stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year she failed to win but was placed in the 1000 guineas and the nassau stakes as well as finishing fourth in the coronation stakes and the irish champion stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after her retirement from racing she became a very successful broodmare , producing the 1000 guineas winner shadayid and several other good winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "desirable ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for desirable miss . desirable miss is a mare born in 2013 september 28 by snippetson out of chaste\ndesirable : dry , noble head with a distinctive eye and well - formed elastic mouth .\ndesirable : from both the front and rear observed movement of the legs straight in one straight line .\ndesirable : a noble sport horse of a medium body frame , dry joints , well - muscled , with a fine expressed sexual dimorphism .\nbalidaress , was now the mother of desirable , the winner of britain\u2019s premier group one contest for juvenile fillies .\nthe current race record for desirable miss is 4 wins from 20 starts with prizemoney of $ 68 , 285 . 00 .\ndesirable : three - beat rhythm , elastic , powerful , with a good movement of the croup , with flexible hock .\nfigure 8 : a closer look at hip angles . the horse on the left has a desirable hip with a nice turn and good length . the horse on the right has a very short , steep hip .\nmultiple reserve populations consisting of free - living individuals organized into appropriate social groupings are desirable for preservation of total species genetic diversity .\ndesirable : four - beat , the legs move regularly , slightly powerfully , the rear hoofs advance with overtracking of the front hoof .\ndesirable : relaxed , elastic and flexible horse , moving in a good balance , focused on the cues of the rider and accepting them willingly , flexible , able to maintain rhythm .\nhorse breeders evaluate animals , direct breeding procedures , and oversee the general care of horses . they combine scientific knowledge and experience to eliminate unwanted traits while retaining desirable characteristics in offspring . desirable qualities can vary by intended use of the animal . recreational riding generally only requires a horse with a calm , quiet demeanor , while horses for performance and racing must meet exacting physical standards .\nfigure 3 : the horse on the top represents a balanced horse with roughly equal hip and wither height . the horse on the bottom represents a\ndownhill\nhorse with withers much lower than hips .\nfigure 19a : the horse in this example represents a horse with little knee action and a long stride length . figure 19b : the horse in this example represents a horse with a greater degree of knee action .\ndesirable : willing horse , overcoming the obstacles in a good style and with a reasonable respect , regularly and leisurely moving among the obstacles both during approach and after landing , it is easy to control .\nfor the wealthy owner - breeders success in the big races is desirable not just for its own sake but what it will do for stud values .\ndesirable : two - beat rhythm , ample , elastic , marked movement of croup with involvement of the back muscles , the front shoulder is well relaxed .\nconformation is the overall body shape of a horse , and will vary from breed to breed . a major part of evaluating a horse is an assessment of its conformation . many breed societies publish lists of desirable and undesirable traits , to assist in the selection process .\ndesirable : appropriately long , marked withers fluently transforming into the fixed , medium - long , yet flexible back that continues into fixed , well - built loins .\nfigure 16a : horse with ideal pastern angle . figure 16b : horse pasterns with slightly too much angle . figure 16c : horse with pasterns at much too steep of an angle .\ndid you find a lot of champions in your horse & apos ; s pedigree ? remember that there is a lot more to a good horse than an impressive pedigree . many thoroughbred riding horse owners brag that their horse is descendent of a famous racehorse . however , what & apos ; s desirable in a racehorse may not be as welcome in a riding horse . for example , man o war was a spectacular racehorse , but he & apos ; s said to have been difficult to handle\u2014not something you want in a pleasure horse !\nhorse breeders raise and sell horses for racing , performance and recreational use . they select horses with desirable characteristics and oversee breeding procedures . the completion of an animal science bachelor ' s degree program can provide the educational foundation for breeding horses .\ndesirable : horse with character , behaving well both in the stall and under saddle , causes no serious complications during treatment , correcting , shodding and veterinary interventions , it is of a vivid nature , tough constitution , good feeding behaviour , trainable .\nguidelines \u2013 the recommended practices to achieve desirable animal welfare outcomes ; they describe better animal welfare outcomes compared to the standards . non - compliance with guidelines will not be an offence .\npoints on the horse to evaluate muscling include the chest and forearm , loin , stifle and gaskin . in these areas , quantity and quality of muscling can be evaluated . a deep pectoral\nv\nis desirable in the chest ( figure 20 ) .\ndesirable : an attentive horse with lust for jumping , focused , with quick , powerful take - off , arched back and neck ( a bascule ) , with a marked movement of the withers upwards , flexible back and open - angle in the hocks .\ndesirable : medium - long , well - muscled , medium - high set ( almost vertically to the shoulder ) , slightly rounded , lightly and regularly flexible between the head and the withers .\nthe most desirable are the single - coloured , distinguished silks , especially in the sport\u2019s home country , england . in the uk ( where there are auctions for sought after license plates ! ) there are auctions for the privilege to ride in certain silks in horse racing .\ninitial stud fees are based on what the horse has achieved on the track , so knowing when to retire a horse is of crucial importance .\nfigure 10 : the horse on the top has a nicely shaped , refined head . the horse on the bottom has a slight roman nose .\nif you own a grade horse , there is a \u2018breed\u2019 association for you too . any horse can be registered with the american grade horse registry and it is a useful resource for tracing pedigrees , identification and proving ownership .\nbannikov a . g . 1960 [ the wild horse will not disappear ] . international symposium on przewalski horse , prague . priroda i : 70\u201371 .\nto learn about the bones and their angles , we must be familiar with the \u0091points of the horse\u0092 , and following are some desirable bone relationships and proportions ( figure 1 ) . they will be discussed in some detail later , but in general it should be accepted that the horse will be more bio mechanically efficient the closer these relationships are to the ideal .\nfigure 6a figure 6b figure 6c the shape and tie - in points of the neck also influence the shoulder . the horse in figure 6a ties in high ( white arrow ) while the horse in figure 6b ties in low , giving it a heavier and less refined neck . also , figure 6c shows a desirable 2 : 1 topline to underline ratio of the horse ' s neck , whereas the horse in figure 6b has almost a 1 : 1 ratio , contributing to a straighter shoulder and lower tie in .\nfigure 2 : the horse on the top represents good conformation \u2014 the topline is shorter than the underline . the horse on the bottom represents a horse with a long , weak back \u2014 the topline and underline are similar lengths .\nway of going , also known as tracking , refers to the way the horse moves . the horse is evaluated both for cleanness and quality of movement .\ntim finkenbinder is an accredited judge with the american quarter horse association , american paint horse association , palomino horse breeders of america and the national snaffle bit association . he has served as a judge for the aqha world show , the american quarter horse youth association world show , the all american quarter horse congress , the nsba breeders championship show and many major circuits and futurities . tim has owned or exhibited world champions in quarter horse , paint , palomino and appaloosa competition .\nthe grey stallion is out of the mare balidaress , who has an outstanding stud record . balideress is the dam of 8 winners , including irish and english 2yo champion park appeal ( by ahonoora ) , irish 3yo champion filly alydaress ( by alydar ) , and of gr1 placed desirable ( by lord gayle ) who is the dam of champion 2yo uk filly shadayid . desirable had been sold for one million guineas at the end of her 3yo career in 1984 .\nfigure 21 : points to evaluate muscling on the horse when viewing from the side .\nanother important consideration when examining the pastern angle is to check that the pastern angle and the hoof angle are approximately the same . a horse with a very steep hoof angle when compared to its pastern angle is said to be club - footed ( figure 17 ) . this is undesirable because the steep angle of the horse ' s hoof will not only change the way it moves but also makes the horse prone to foot and leg lameness . additionally , it is not desirable for the horse to have a hoof that is much more angled in comparison to the angle of the pastern .\non the hindquarters , the muscling over the stifle and gaskin should also be well defined but not bunchy . the muscling around the stifle should be the widest part of the horse when viewed from behind ( figure 22 ) . the muscling around the inner and outer gaskin should also be wide and well defined . in general , it is desirable to have a smooth , well - defined muscle pattern over the entire horse .\nthis is what we look for in a dressage sport horse . we have a picture in mind of what our ideal horse looks like . we should not forget , however , that there is no horse with perfect conformation . therefore , judges must look at each horse and determine where on the scale the horse fits . is he good or less than good ? or is he more toward excellent ? remember , excellent conformation is still not perfect .\nis there a best horse breed for a beginner rider ? here ' s a look .\nsles i . s . 1959 [ wild horse breeding in captivity ] . priroda 5 .\ngood conformation is desirable , not because it looks the best , but because it stands up the best . it is always refreshing to see a horse with a conformational weakness perform with excellence against all expectations . we must be aware , however , that , in such a case , the performance occurred in spite of the defect , not because of it .\nfigure 18 : how structural deviations affect movement . the horse in illustration a has ideal conformation and tracks straight . the horse in illustration b is splay footed ( toes out ) and wings in when tracking . the horse in illustration c is pigeon toed ( toes in ) and wings out when tracking . the horse in illustration d is base narrow and rope walks when tracking .\nif you know the breed of the horse , suspect the horse was previously registered , and know the breeder & apos ; s name the breed association may be able to help identify your horse and re - issue the papers . knowing the horse & apos ; s registered name is a great help . you & apos ; ll need clear photos and a description , so they can match the information submitted when the horse was young . some breed associations charge for this service .\nconformation is the overall body shape of the horse , and will vary from breed to breed .\na well conformed horse ' s body should be well balanced , and roughly divisible into thirds .\ninfluence of maternal size on placental , fetal and postnatal growth in the horse . development in utero\nin this review , we do not address welfare issues in horses that arise from heritable conditions ( reviewed by bettley and others 2012 ) , nor welfare issues related to selective breeding for traits that humans find desirable ( for example , extremes of size ) . nor do we address the welfare issues of horse abandonment and neglect , identified by various equine charities and in the media as being caused by overbreeding of horses ( for example , world horse welfare 2013 ) .\nthe first priority when looking at a horse is to determine if it is balanced . to begin with , the horse should carry equal weight on his front end and back end and on his topline and underline . this is determined by the skeletal structure of the horse allowing for correct proportion of the horse ' s parts . the neck , shoulder , back and hip should all be approximately equal lengths and the horse ' s topline should be shorter than its underline ( figure 1 ) .\nfigure 15 : conformation of the hind legs as viewed from the side . illustration b represents a horse with sickle hocks ( too much bend ) . illustration d represents a post - legged horse .\nvogelsang says that when a stallion is popular , a high stud fee does not seem to deter mare owners seeking to produce marketable offspring . on the other end of the scale , setting a low stud fee is not necessarily a guarantee of more mares . vogelsang feels that when a horse\u2019s stud fee falls below $ 500 , he looks cheap and less desirable to mare owners .\na horse like that , with that pedigree and those looks , should be making serious money .\nthe third place a stallion should be evaluated is in the performance arena . competition can both prove a horse\u2019s worth for a particular equestrian activity and promote him to mare owners . \u201cif a horse wins big or earns a horse - of - the - year title , he\u2019ll be popular , \u201d says vogelsang .\nthe horse ' s hind legs should also be examined for structural deviations by viewing them both from the side and from behind the horse . when facing the hindquarters of the horse from behind ( standing behind the horse looking at its tail ) one should be able to draw a straight line from the horse ' s buttock through both its hock and fetlock ( figure 14 ) . the hooves on the back leg will not be as straight as the front hooves ; it is normal for these to point slightly outward .\ndesirable : long diagonal scapula with a well - muscled shoulder , regular posture , dry marked joints , shorter front cannon , it should not exceed 2 / 3 of a forearm , medium long pastern at an angle of 45\u00b0 \u2013 50\u00b0 , regular hoof , ample , with a quality coronet .\n* the farrier was an individual who shod horses by nailing iron horseshoes to a horse ' s hooves .\ngrum - grzimailo m . y . 1892 [ the wild horse - equus przewalskii ] . niva 17 .\nhaving looked at the overall balance we move on to assess the individual parts that make up the horse .\nwe should know the \u0091points\u0092 of the horse , and , if possible , the names of the bones .\nwhen a sport horse breeder first looks at a horse he will be impressed by those qualities which he is trying to produce in his own breeding program . he will evaluate a stallion or mare\u0092s potential for passing on certain characteristics ; and every horse , including geldings , may provide information on the heritable qualities of the parents .\nrated at 132 by timeform , sadler\u2019s wells entered stud in 1985 at coolmore as one of the most desirable stallion prospects in years , with el gran senor and secreto heading across the atlantic and his three - parts - brother nureyev ( northern dancer \u2013 special ) departing france for kentucky after one breeding season .\nbannikov a . g . 1959 [ the current state and biology of the wild horse ] . priroda 5 .\neregden dagva d . 1959 [ the historic range of przewalski horse in mongolia ] . priroda 5 : 51\u201352 .\nashton d . 1984 a survey of diseases of the przewalski horse . equus 2 , heft 2 , 179\u2013188 .\nquestion : take the following measurements on a horse you own or have access to : point of shoulder to point of buttock , & height ( in centimetres ) . is this horse 10 % longer than it is high ?\nuse these simple checks to evaluate and monitor the state of your horse ' s vital stimulus - response network .\nit is also desirable for the forearm and gaskin muscling to have definition and be long and smooth versus short and bunchy . when examining the horse from the side , the muscling over the back and loin area should be smooth and defined rather than weak . the back should tie smoothly into the hip without severe angles or bumps . the muscling over the entire topline should be smooth and flow together seamlessly ( figure 21 ) .\nmating to correct weaknesses of conformation merits special mention . by way of an example , breeders may breed a long - backed horse to one with a short back , in an attempt to produce a foal with a back of desirable length . however , we know that over 90 % of all mammalian traits are controlled by multiple genes , while simple mendelian genetics apply to less than 10 % . the length of a horse\u0092s back is controlled by a number of factors . these include the length of the vertebral bones themselves and the width and compressibility of the inter - vertebral discs . each of these factors , in turn , is controlled by several genes , producing the possibility of a large variation in back length . therefore , a long - backed horse might have long vertebrae and \u0091normal\u0092 disc width , while a short - backed horse might have normal vertebrae and narrow discs , and there can be any combination of these variables . in general , the length of a horse\u0092s back will lie somewhere between the lengths of the parents\u0092 backs . rarely , the result will be a foal with a longer back than either of the parents . for the breeder , however , the best chance of success is to cull the long - backed horse and breed with two horses both of which have backs of desirable length .\nafter examining the horse for balance , a close second in importance is structural correctness . a horse ' s structural correctness is mainly determined by the structure and position of the bones in the legs . this is critical because the horse ' s legs take incredible impact in most riding disciplines . any conformational flaw causes deviations in where the horse absorbs concussion . conformational defects affect the horse ' s way of moving and can also lead to future lameness due to excessive stress placed on certain areas of the body during athletic movements . a horse carries approximately 65 percent of its weight on its front legs , thereby making the front legs the most likely area for injuries resulting from trauma or concussion . conformational defects cause deviations in the way the horse moves and places its hooves on the ground , and therefore affects the way impact travels up the leg . the more structurally correct the horse ' s legs are , the more evenly distributed the impact will be and the less likely the horse will be to have chronic or acute injuries .\ndesirable : regular posture , strong and muscled thigh , slightly leaned long croup , wide strong knee , dry and well - angled ( 140 \u2013 150\u00b0 ) wide hock , the pastern and the hoof make both one half of the total length and the angle of pastern forms an angle 50 \u2013 55\u00b0 to the ground .\nbalance is arguably the most critical aspect to evaluate when examining the horse . balance is essential for both quality of movement and performance in any event , and is determined by the horse ' s bone structure . balance refers to equal distribution of muscling and weight from the front of the horse to the back of the horse , from its top to its bottom and from side to side . however , balance is not determined by the horse ' s weight but instead by proper angles and proportions of different parts of the body . in other words , a horse can be light bodied or heavy bodied and still be balanced if its bone structure allows for equal distribution of that weight . proper balance enables the horse to carry itself in a manner to allow for easy maneuverability , greater power and smoother movement .\nall horse owners must have a unique colour combination on their silks . and a combination of owners is considered a new owner . if , for example , mrs smith owns a horse , she has her own silks . if she owns a horse with her cousin mr jones , and the horse is registered with \u201cmrs smith & mr jones\u201d as owner then that \u201cstable\u201d must have its own silks , even if it\u2019s only the colour on the cap that is different .\nif , as suggested above , two sets of facilities can be made available , it would be desirable to import an equal number of males and females and establish these in single sex groups , with ten animals ( plus or minus 2 ) in each group . the females when they reach stage ( 3 ) should be joined by a selected male for breeding to commence providing all has gone well with the preceding stages and the mares have reached sexual maturity at this time . for this reason and one other it would be desirable for the male to be one year older than the females and arrive one year sooner . the second benefit of this arrangement is that valuable lessons may be learned from having the more expendable males testing the facilities and systems suggested . as near as possible all males should be of genetically desirable composition for mating with the females , so that eventual selection for the first \u201cherd male\u201d can be based on successful adaptation to the environment of the restoration site .\nhorse racing had its western beginnings in the military : in that sense , uniforms were the de facto first silks .\nthis article was published in issn 0023\u20133285 horse breeding and equestrian sport , soviet monthly magazine no . 4 . 1985 .\nklements d . 1903 [ some considerations about the wild horse ] . s - petersburgskiye vedomosti , no . 186 .\nwhen i & apos ; m judging or evaluating a horse , the first thing i look for is overall balance . a horse that has balanced conformation - - with neck , back and hip of equal length - - will generally be a good mover and that translates into good performance . a horse that exhibits correct conformation should be a natural athlete .\njudges primarily look at conformation to know if each horse is capable of doing the job we expect of him as a future dressage sport horse and if our mares and stallions have the qualities necessary to produce suitable offspring . each horse should be able to develop into an athlete that will be able to carry a rider with as much ease as possible .\nsince 2015 , the second phase of breeding follows with emphasizing the stabilization of the desirable type . since 2013 , a premium award has been conferred to the individual horses that conform to the type at the national kk show , which becomes a part of identification of the horse jointly with a record into its certificate of origin , and it is registered in the pk and also in the certificate of origin of the foals born after the awarded parents .\nher name was park appeal and she won the group one moyglare stakes at the curragh before repeating her sister , desirable\u2019s , feat by winning the cheveley park . her performance was described by timeform as \u201ccomfortably the best by any two - year - old of her sex in a race in britain or ireland in the season . \u201d\nthe form of the horse varies with the function it is expected to perform , so that , before attempting to judge a sport horse , it is important to know what type we are looking for and what its function is to be . is it for jumping , dressage , eventing , driving , endurance or any other discipline ? although there are some variations of conformation which are discipline - specific , most of the desirable qualities are common to all sport horses . bio - mechanical efficiency permits ease of movement , which , in turn , reduces trauma and encourages soundness .\nmuscling is also a consideration when evaluating the horse , though not nearly as important as balance and structural correctness . the quantity , quality and distribution of the muscle are evaluated when looking at the horse from its sides , front and back .\nklimov v . v . 1982 [ przewalski horse today and yesterday ] . journal konevodstvo i konny sport 10 : 34\u201335 .\nkoudryashov s . a . 1946 [ mongolian horse ] . in : uchyonye zapiski mongolskogo universiteta i , i . i .\npolyakov i . s . 1881 [ przewalski horse ] . in : izvestia russkogo geograficheskogo obschestva 17 , i . i .\ntreus v . d . 1961 [ again on przewalski horse ] . in : konyevodstvo i konny sport 3 : 16\u201317 .\nfigure 9 : the horse on the top has an ideal head . note the distance between the eyes and the position of the eyes relative to the head . the horse on the bottom has a head that is too narrow for its length .\nundesirable : small or overgrown horse , rough or lymphatic , too long or too short body frame , lacking sexual dimorphism .\nevaluate the conformation of these three geldings and place them in your order of preference , then see how your choices compare to our expert judge ' s . plus , learn how to get your horse into horse & rider ' s next conformation clinic .\nthe final category to be judged , the general impression , counts as the last 10 percent of the score for both breeding - stock and sport - horse - prospect classes . the criteria for the dressage sport horse breeding stock includes masculinity or femininity .\ncommon structural characteristics of the head that are generally faulted are the roman nose and the platter jaw . a roman nose describes a condition in which the front of the horse ' s face is rounded outwards as opposed to being flat ( figure 10 ) . this usually does not affect the use of the horse other than it is not as attractive and often adds weight to the horse ' s head . a platter jaw is condition that describes excessively large jaws on the horse . it also detracts from a refined look and is undesirable because it adds weight and interferes with the horse ' s ability to flex at the poll .\nsecond : horse b horses b and c are a bit more challenging to place , as both lack overall balance and conditioning . however , horse b is my selection for second , as he has much better legs than horse c . this gelding has an average head and neck , and his expression isn & apos ; t as alert as horse a & apos ; s . his slightly thick throatlatch may restrict his flexibility at the poll . although his neck is a decent length as far as his overall balance , like horse a & apos ; s , it ties into his shoulder too low for correct balance and flexibility .\nanother consideration that can be grouped with balance is depth of heart girth . depth of heart girth is not quite as critical to a horse ' s balance but is considered in this section since it is an important measure of the body ' s capacity to house the heart , lungs and other vital organs . it is desirable for the horse to have a deep heart girth . when drawing a line from the withers to the chest floor , this length should be approximately the same as the distance from the chest floor to the ground and should be greater than depth of flank ( figure 4 ) .\nit was assumed that due to the broadening of equestrian sport to include new and mostly inexperienced target groups , such as adult beginners or \u201cweekend leisure riders\u201d , a segmentation of the horse buyers\u2019 market against the background of their personal knowledge about horses and their purchase would be expedient . taking into consideration the background of personal experience in equestrianism , three clusters , the \u201camateurs\u201d , the \u201cexperienced\u201d and the \u201cexperts\u201d , could be determined in this study . highly significant differences could be seen in the evaluation of some of the criteria influencing horse purchasing behaviour among the three clusters . it could be confirmed that especially among the \u201camateurs\u201d , who made up almost half of all the participants , there was a need for objective criteria for the evaluation of the horse for sale . as well as \u201cmeasureable\u201d qualities such as previous showing success or the training level of the horse , other qualities such as the easy handling of the horse are particularly important , but which are difficult to measure and quantify . combined within the term \u201cinterior\u201d , these qualities appeared to lose importance with time , similar to the measureable attributes . horse buyers can form their own \u201cimage\u201d of the desirable horse on the basis of their acquired personal experience and are thus less dependent on external sources of information .\ncan serve as an appropriate model for the target group segmentation of the horse buyers\u2019 market related to the buyer\u2019s riding experience background .\nbalashov n . t . 1961 [ breeding of przewalski wild horse in askania nova ] . equus i , no . 1 .\nwhy are these qualities important ? a well - set neck makes it easy for the rider to mold the horse into a rounded , stretching - to - the - contact frame . the shoulders of the horse will not be inhibited when he is ridden into an uphill connection . that can be difficult if the neck is set too low . an open throatlatch allows the horse to flex the poll properly . if it\u2019s too thick , the horse can\u2019t yield easily and might have difficulties breathing . if it\u2019s too thin , the horse might have a tendency to collapse the neck at the poll , coming behind the vertical and making evasion easier .\nundesirable : unwilling horse , rigidly or flatly jumping , shows too much or no respect before the obstacles , hard to control .\nit should be accepted for our purposes that athletic ability in the horse is determined by the phenotype and is detectable by examination .\nresearch the requirements to become a horse riding instructor . learn about the job description and duties , and see the . . .\nvogelsang points out that there is a lot of faddishness in the equine industry . there\u2019s no escaping the fact that breeds , bloodlines and even horse colors go in and out of popularity like car bodies and clothing fashions . are your stallion\u2019s bloodlines currently desirable , or are you going to have to promote not only the stallion as an individual but also convince mare owners that his ancestors are worth putting into their foal\u2019s pedigree ? if the stallion does not have a competitive record of his own , does a parent , sibling or other close relative have an established reputation that might create a \u201cshirttail effect\u201d for your horse ?\ncutting and reining horses are often closely bred down single genetic lines to capitalize upon their innate ability to \u201cread a cow\u201d and to perform specific athletic maneuvers such as a hard , deep stop . although line - breeding may capitalize on many desirable traits , it tends to also increase the occurrence of undesirable traits , such as developmental orthopedic disease ( osteochondrosis ) .\nmaximal preservation of genetic variation as well as the exchange of previously existing and newly arisen adaptive genetic variation will occur if periodic migrations of small numbers of individuals between the multiple reserve populations are conducted . similarly , continued bidirectional gene flow between the captive population and the reserve populations - achieved by periodic transfers of individuals ( or their germplasm ) - is highly desirable .\nthe slope of the shoulder greatly influences the look of the horse ' s neck . a horse with a steep shoulder often has withers that tie into the neck much farther forward than a horse with a good shoulder slope , which leads to a shorter neck topline and a longer back . such a horse will typically have a shorter stride coupled with more weight on its front end due to its longer back . a short neck is typically an undesirable characteristic because it causes the horse to lack flexibility of the neck , as well as typically being associated with a steep shoulder angle . another important consideration when examining the horse ' s neck and shoulder is the point where the neck ties into the chest at the shoulder . it is preferred that the horse ' s neck tie in high to its chest to allow for greater slope to the shoulder and a neater , more refined neck . if the horse ' s neck ties in low , the neck tends to be much heavier at the base and the shoulder is usually straighter ( figure 6 ) .\ntoday\u2019s western performance horse is an exceptional athlete . whether your passion is cutting or reining , team roping or steer wrestling , barrel racing or western pleasure , there\u2019s an american quarter horse out there that can do the job for you . however , it is crucial that you and your veterinarian understand the different demands of each of these sports so that the right horse is selected for the job .\nother important considerations when examining the head are nostril size and eye size and shape . nostrils should be large and round to allow maximum intake of air when the horse is working hard and breathing heavily . it is also desirable for the horse to have large , dark eyes set far apart and to the outside of the head to allow for good vision . it is important to understand the horse ' s field of vision in order to understand why eye placement and size is important . horses have more developed monocular vision than binocular vision . the horse sees a different picture out of each eye ( monocular vision ) very well but has more limited binocular vision ( seeing the same picture in both eyes of what is directly in front of it ) . because of these factors , horses with small eyes or eyes that are too close together are faulted because their field of vision may be more limited .\ngreen n . f . and green h . d . 1977 wild horse population of stone cabin valley , nevada : a preliminary report . proc . national wild horse forum . coop . exten . serv . , univ . nevada , reno . pp . 59\u201365 .\nbannikov a . g . 1961 [ the habitat and some biological characters of przewalski horse ] . equus i , no . 1 .\nin order to become a thoroughbred horse racing jockey , students can enroll in a racing academy . these academies usually offer . . .\nlearn how to become a dog or horse racing official . research the job description and education and licensing requirements , and . . .\ncould your horse be in horse & rider magazine & apos ; s next conformation clinic ? to submit a photo of your horse to be evaluated in our conformation clinic , send us a left - side view photo of your horse ( for digital phots : high - resolution , 300 dpi , in at least 3\nx 5\n) . make sure he & apos ; s well - groomed , looking straight ahead and standing on level ground - - and try to avoid distracting backgrounds . send photos to : horseandrider @ urltoken .\nfigure 5 : evaluation of shoulder slope . the horse on the top has a more ideal shoulder with an approximately 45 - degree angle . the horse on the left has a much steeper , straighter shoulder , which can lead to more jarring movement and shorter stride length .\nin recent years the hunter breeding national championship has seen a desirable growth in the variety of classes offered . the amateur handler class , judged 100 % on the presentation of the horse and handler , was added in 2013 . it is open to handlers who are no longer eligible to compete as junior exhibitors , and possess current amateur certification issued by usef . since 2015 the championship has held performance classes for both three and four - year olds , and continues to grow to include more performance options for younger horses .\nwhy are these qualities important ? the hind legs and the hindquarters are the engine of the horse . straight legs ( as seen from standing behind the horse ) with correct angles are better for a dressage sport horse\u2019s future . hind legs with insufficient angle in the hocks give a stiff backward push , making lowering of the hindquarters difficult . twisting hocks are never as sturdy and strong and they limit carrying capacity .\nbannikov a . g . and lobanov n . v . 1980 [ przewalski horse - hopes and concerns ] . priroda 3 : 100\u2013105 .\ntikhomirov a . a . 1898 [ mongolian wild horse ] . in : yestestvoznaniye i geografia , no . 4 , s . petersburg .\nferguson believed he had half - ownership of the horse , magnier said that ferguson was only entitled to a share of the prize money .\nwhen examining a horse ' s hind legs from a side view with the horse standing squarely , you should be able to draw a line perpendicular to the ground that touches the point of the horse ' s rump cheek , the back of the hock and the back of the fetlock ( figure 15 ) . this conformation of the hind leg allows the horse to carry weight well over its hindquarters and reach under itself as it moves to allow for maximum power . a horse that is sickle hocked has too much angle , or\nset ,\nto its hocks . a horse with sickle hocks will look like it has too much bend at the hock when standing squarely . when the hock angle looks normal on a sickle - hocked horse , the hind legs will often be farther behind the horse than they should be ( camped out ) . this puts extreme stress on the hock joint and surrounding tendons and ligaments and can lead to conditions such as curbed hocks , bog spavin and bone spavin . horses that have the opposite conformation of a sickle - hocked horse are said to be post legged . these horses have extremely straight angles to their hocks . this puts extreme strain on the hock and can also cause bog spavins and bone spavins .\nin addition to watching the horse from the front and rear to determine its footfall , it is also important to watch the horse move from the side to determine stride length and quality . in some disciplines and breeds , such as quarter horses and thoroughbreds , the horse should have a long , smooth stride that is very flat with very little knee action ( figure 19 - a ) . for certain breeds such as arabians , morgans and saddlebreds , the horse should have more knee flexion and raise its legs higher ( figure 19 - bb ) . it is important for all horses to bring their hind legs well underneath themselves to power their movement . it is also important when watching the horse move from all angles to be sure that the horse does not\ninterfere\nor hit its legs together at any point in its stride .\nbreed and sex character ( i . e . , \u201ctype\u201d ) refers to how well a horse represents its particular breed and sex . most breeds have unique qualities by which they can be identified . judging a horse by its type refers to judging how well it resembles the ideal horse of that breed . this may or may not be important depending on the expectations of the horse . horses competing in many performance events do not necessarily have to represent a breed or sex well to be competitive . however , for horses competing in halter events this criteria is important .\ndesirable produced eight foals , six of them winners , the best of them being the classic winner , shadyid . another balidaress daughter , balistroika , produced russian rhythm a six - time group one winner and european champion 3yo filly in 2003 and yet another , alydaress won both the irish oaks and ribblesdale stakes in 1989 . haughey\u2019s filly had developed into a true dam burst of genetic equine affluence .\nconformation goes hand in hand with movement because a horse with conformational weaknesses has to work harder when he eventually works under the rider . correctness of conformation is hereditary , so the conformation score of dressage sport - horse breeding stock ( mares and stallions , 4 years and older ) is weighted more heavily ( 40 percent ) than it is for dressage sport - horse prospect classes because we don\u2019t want heritable faults to breed weaknesses that could cause unsoundness in a sport - horse career . the score for breeding - stock movement ( gaits ) is 50 percent of the score .\nbannikov a . g . 1960 [ the first international symposium on przewalski horse in prague ] . zoological magazine 39 ( 8 ) : 78\u201380 .\nbikhner y . a . 1903 [ przewalski horse in the view of academician v . v . zalenski ] . saint petersburg ( leningrad ) .\na young charlie haughey with his first trainer , dick mccormick , after his first horse , miss cossie , won at naas in october 1962 .\nfigure 22 : black arrows point to muscling over the stifle . when viewed from behind , this should be the widest part of the horse .\nthe horse industry is notorious for its ups and downs when it comes to cash flow . here are some tips for weathering the slow times .\nfor a breeder purchasing breeding stock , or trying to decide which stallion to breed to which mare , or a rider or competitor selecting a horse for competition , a certain amount of judgment is required . and we all do some form of judging every time we look at a horse .\nthis paper aims to address that deficit by reviewing the existing knowledge base on welfare issues in horse breeding , and identifying areas in which data is lacking . we then go on to discuss how negative welfare effects associated with horse breeding could be better identified and limited . \u2018horse breeding\u2019 is defined for the purposes of this article as the processes which lead up to conception , pregnancy and the management of stallions , broodmares and foals until weaning .\nhe asked the leading vet ned gowing if he could find anything out of place . \u201che examined her and then told me to call haughey up and tell him he owns a horse . so that\u2019s what i did . \u201d haughey named his new horse innocence , in what now seems to have been a flourish of his prophetic flair . the ve day flag burner had just bought a horse whose mother was owned by ve\u2019s day mightiest conqueror .\nan overabundance of muscling is the last thing i look for . excessive bulk can cause soundness problems . muscle mass and conditioning don & apos ; t change a horse & apos ; s basic structure . i want to see a horse that & apos ; s structurally correct , pretty , and balanced - - that & apos ; s the type of horse that can win a halter class and go on to do well in performance classes .\na common flaw that negatively affects the horse ' s balance is a back that is long in relation to the neck and hip . an important ratio to consider when analyzing balance is the ratio of the topline to the underline . the topline is measured from the withers to the point of coupling . the underline is measured from a point under the belly between the horse ' s front legs to a point roughly even with the stifle ( figure 2 ) . the topline should always be shorter than the underline in a balanced horse . a longer topline indicates that the horse has a long , weak back , which is often problematic due to long backs having weaker muscling . longer back length also makes it difficult for the horse to bring its hind legs up under its body when it moves . the hind legs reaching under the body are the source of power for the horse to move forward and also allow the horse to maneuver and adjust easily . if a horse is unable to bring its hind legs well underneath its body , more weight must be carried on its front end , thereby reducing its power and maneuverability as well as leading to a more jarring impact for the rider .\nthere are many different reasons why a horse & apos ; s breed registration papers can be lost . sometimes , if the horse has been bought and sold a number of times , a previous owner will not have passed the papers along . or as we know , sometimes paperwork just goes astray . unscrupulous sellers may sell the papers along with a similar horse to increase its value . along with being inconvenient for the new owner of the now & apos ; un - papered & apos ; horse , this is illegal . whatever the reason , it is sometimes possible to recover the registration papers .\nklimov v . v . 1983 [ the processes of growth and development of przewalski horse ] . proc . republican conference of scientific youth , 10 .\nfinally , the length and turn of the hip is also critical to a horse ' s athletic ability . in general , larger hips are better since they provide more power and musculature to propel the horse forward and carry its weight . almost all disciplines of riding have maneuvers that require power and adjustability .\nat first glance , i look for a pretty head - - one with small ears , that & apos ; s broad between the eyes . a clean , slender throatlatch will make it easier for a horse to flex at the poll and work with his head at the proper angle . next , my eyes go to a horse & apos ; s topline and shoulder . everything hangs on the quality of a horse & apos ; s shoulders and back . the slope , or angle , of a horse & apos ; s shoulder determines the length of his neck and back and also the way his front legs are set onto his body . together these attributes contribute to length of stride and balance . the back is the\nhub\nof a horse , and a short , strong back is essential to a horse staying sound and performing well . distinct withers of medium height will help keep a saddle in place .\nin some cases , dna testing can help identify the horse & apos ; s sire and dam . this can be helpful in recovering pedigree information . i\nroumiantsev b . f . 1936 [ about the origin of the wild horse ] . in : izvestia an sssr , biologicheskaya seriya 2 , part 3 .\ninnocence had only ever produced one foal and against professional advice and the accepted tribal wisdom established over centuries of horse breeding , that filly had been sold .\nthe larger and better shaped the hip is , the more power the horse will have . a horse ' s hip should be approximately the same length as its back . it is also important to consider the way the hip is shaped . the horse should ideally have a\nnicely turned\nhip and croup . the slope of the hip should be roughly the same as the slope of the shoulder . a horse with too flat of a hip will have trouble bringing its hind legs under itself , while one with too steep of a hip ( a\ngoose rump\n) will lack the range of motion to provide power to the horse ' s movement . additionally , the hip should tie in low to the gaskin muscling ( muscling of the upper leg ) ."]}
{"id": 1957, "summary": [{"text": "lampropeltis getula brooksi ( also known as brooks ' kingsnake ) is a non-venomous snake in the lampropeltis genus .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is one of seven subspecies of lampropeltis getula .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "they are found in southern florida . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "lampropeltis getula brooksi", "paragraphs": ["coluber getulus linnaeus 1766 : 382 herpetodryas getulus \u2014 schlegel ophibolus getulus \u2014 baird & girard 1853 : 85 coronella getulus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril , bibron & dum\u00e9ril 1854 : 616 coronella getulus var . pseudogetulus \u2013 jan 1865 ophibolus getulus \u2014 cope 1875 : 11 ophibolus getulus \u2014 garman 1884 : 68 ophilobus [ sic ] getulus \u2014 cope 1892 : 335 triaeniopholis arenarius werner 1924 triaenopholis [ sic ] arenarius werner 1924 ( fide smith 1928 ) lampropeltis getula sticticeps barbour & engels 1942 lampropeltis getulus goini neill & allen 1949 : 101 lampropeltis getulus brooksi barbour 1919 lampropeltis getula floridana blanchard 1919 lampropeltis getulus sticticeps \u2014 lazell & musick 1981 lampropeltis getula \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 191 lampropeltis getula \u2014 conant & collins 1991 : 205 lampropeltis getula \u2014 liner 1994 lampropeltis getula getula \u2014 tennant & bartlett 2000 : 413 lampropeltis getula floridana \u2014 crother 2000 : 64 lampropeltis getula floridana \u2014 tennant & bartlett 2000 : 416 lampropeltis getula floridana \u2014 hallmen 2005 lampropeltis getula meansi krysko & judd 2006 lampropeltis getula meansi \u2014 skubowius 2009 lampropeltis getula \u2014 pyron & burbrink 2009 lampropeltis getula goini \u2014 renner in berg 2013 lampropeltis getula floridana \u2014 laita 2013 lampropeltis getula \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 357\nsteen , d . , l . smith . 2009 . eastern kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula getula ) home ranges exhibit limited overlap .\nzweifel , r . 1997 . alternating use of hemipenes in the kingsnake , lampropeltis getula .\nallen , e . rross ; neill , wilfred t . 1954 . juveniles of brooks ' kingsnake , lampropeltis getulus brooksi . copeia 1954 ( 1 ) : 59 - get paper here\nwund , m . , m . torocco , r . zappalorti , h . reinert . 2007 . activity ranges and habitat use of lampropeltis getula getula ( eastern kingsnakes ) .\nleclere , jeffrey b . 1995 . lampropeltis getula holbrooki . herpetological review 26 ( 2 ) : 110 - get paper here\nbrisbin , i . 1968 . evidence for the use of post anal musk as an alarm device in the kingsnake lampropeltis getula .\nkrysko , k . 2002 . seasonal activity of the florida kingsnake lampropeltis getula floridana ( serpentes : colubridae ) in southern florida .\nvan peenan , p . , t . birdwell . 1968 . coccidian parasites of the california nanded kingsnake , lampropeltis getula californiae .\nhubbs , brian 2009 . common kingsnakes , a natural history of lampropeltis getula . tricolor books , tempe az , 436 pp .\ngroves , john d . 2014 . lampropeltis getula ( common kingsnake ) diet . herpetological review 45 ( 3 ) : 516 - 517\nschmidt , d . 2004 . die kettennatter lampropeltis getula . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 64 pp . - get paper here\nwilliams , p . , l . brisbin . 1978 . responses of captive - reared eastern kingsnakes ( lampropeltis getula ) to several prey odor stimuli .\nclark , r . 2013 . cannibalism in the common kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula ) . sonoran herpetologist 26 ( 3 ) : 55 . - get paper here\nburkett , doug ; painter , charles w . 1998 . geographic distribution . lampropeltis getula splendida . herpetological review 29 ( 2 ) : 113 - get paper here\nklueh - mundy , sarabeth and mirtl , jason 2016 . geographic distribution : lampropeltis getula nigra ( eastern black kingsnake ) herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 630\nskubowius , b . 2009 . haltung und nachzucht der kettennattern , lampropeltis getula , floridas . draco 10 ( 37 ) : 56 - 62 - get paper here\nto cite this page : bartz , s . 2012 .\nlampropeltis getula\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ncollins , joseph t . ; sapienza , david c . 1998 . geographic distribution . lampropeltis getula nigra . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 177 - get paper here\nmcallister , chris t . and henry w . robison . 2010 . geographic distribution : lampropeltis getula holbrooki . herpetological review 41 ( 3 ) : 380 - get paper here\nphillips , christopher a . ; petzing , john e . 1998 . geographic distribution . lampropeltis getula holbrooki . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 177 - get paper here\nyoung , cameron a . ; iverson , john b . 1997 . geographic distribution . lampropeltis getula nigra . herpetological review 28 ( 1 ) : 52 - get paper here\nboundy , jeff . 2011 . book review : common kingsnakes - a natural history of lampropeltis getula . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 453 - 455 - get paper here\nzweifel , richard g . 1997 . alternating use of hemipenes in the kingsnake , lampropeltis getula . journal of herpetology 31 ( 3 ) : 459 - 461 - get paper here\ncomparison with other species : the eastern apalachicola lowlands kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula meansi ) has either fewer than 26 wide crossbands , or is non - banded ( striped or patternless ) , and 21 dorsal scale rows at midbody . the eastern kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula getula ) has fewer than 19 - 32 light crossbands on the body , no lightening of the black interband scales , a lateral chain - like pattern , and usually 21 dorsal scale rows at midbody .\nrenner , d . 2013 . die gesprenkelte kettennatter , lampropeltis getula holbrooki \u2013 eine untersch\u00e4tzte sch\u00f6nheit . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 18 ( 103 ) : 60 - 64 - get paper here\nslevin , joseph r . 1950 . a remarkable concentration of desert snakes [ lampropeltis getula yumensis californiae nigrita ] . herpetologica 6 ( 1 ) : 12 - 13 - get paper here\nthums , m . 2004 . die schwarze mexiko - kettennatter ( lampropeltis getula nigrita ) im terrarium . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 9 ( 49 ) : 72 - 75 - get paper here\nmichaeli , a . s . , newman , j . c . & barrett , k . 2018 . geographic distribution : lampropeltis getula ( eastern kingsnake ) . herpetological review 49 : 77 .\nsmith , philip w . 1956 . a blotch - count gradient in snakes [ lampropeltis triangulum syspila calligaster getula getulus niger ] . herpetologica 12 ( 2 ) : 156 - 160 - get paper here\ndavenport , stephen r . ; stuart , james n . ; sias , don s . 1998 . geographic distribution . lampropeltis getula californiae . herpetological review 29 ( 1 ) : 53 - get paper here\nlazell , j . d . & musick , j . a . 1981 . status of the outer banks kingsnake , lampropeltis getula sticticeps . herpetological review 12 ( 1 ) : 7 - get paper here\npyron , r . alexander ; frank t . burbrink 2009 . lineage diversification in a widespread species : roles for niche divergence and conservatism in the common kingsnake , lampropeltis getula . molecular ecology 18 : 3443\u20133457\nrange : in florida , it is found throughout the peninsula from volusia co . south to key largo . it intergrades ( interbreeds ) with the eastern kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula getula ) from nassau co . in the northern peninsula south to pinellas co . in the central peninsula . it is not found outside of florida .\nknepton , j . 1951 . reproduction by a king snake lampropeltis getulus getulus , linneaus .\nwinne , c . , j . wilson , b . todd , k . andrews , j . gibbons . 2007 . enigmatic decline of a protected population of eastern kingsnakes , lampropeltis getula , in south carolina .\npyron , r . alexander ; frank t . burbrink 2009 . systematics of the common kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula ; serpentes : colubridae ) and the burden of heritage in taxonomy . zootaxa 2241 : 22 - 32 - get paper here\ngodley , j . steve ; brian j . halstead , and roy w . mcdiarmid 2016 . ecology of the eastern kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula ) at rainey slough , florida : a vanished eden project simus , fl - get paper here\nnemuras , k . 1966 . additional records of lampropeltis getulus getulus and lampropeltis calligaster rhombomaculata in anne arundel county , maryland . bull . maryland herp . soc . 2 ( 3 ) : 5 - get paper here\nkrysko , k . l . ; judd , w . s . 2006 . morphological systematics of kingsnakes , lampropeltis getula complex ( serpentes : colubridae ) , in the eastern united states . zootaxa 1193 : 1 - 39 . - get paper here\nboback , scott ; link , shelly ; bergman , enoch ; hill , ben ; montgomery , chad ; hobert , justin ; mackessey , stephen p . 1996 . geographic distribution . lampropeltis getula . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 213 - get paper here\nbergman , enoch ; montgomery , chad ; childers , theresa ; manzer , jerry d . ; sifert , james ; hill , ben ; mackessy , stephen p . 1998 . geographic distribution . lampropeltis getula . herpetological review 29 ( 2 ) : 113 - get paper here\ngodley , j . steve ; brian j . halstead , and roy w . mcdiarmid 2017 . ecology of the eastern kingsnake ( lampropeltis getula ) at rainey slough , florida : a vanished eden herpetological monographs 31 ( 1 ) : 47 - 68 . - get paper here\nlara - gongora , guillermo ; beaman , kent r . ; grismer , l . lee ; lawler , howard e . 1993 . lampropeltis getula californiae ( california kingsnake ) . m\u00e9xico : sonora . herpetological review 24 ( 2 ) : 67 - 68 - get paper here\nmanning , glenn j . , thomas j . belford , brad birchfield , jeremy r . sloan and james u . van dyke . 2015 . geographic distribution : lampropeltis getula splendida x holbrooki ( desert / speckled kingsnake intergrade ) . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 574\nprice , a . , j . lapointe . 1981 . structure - functional aspects of the scent gland in lampropeltis getulus splendida .\nkrysko , kenneth l . ; leroy p . nu\u00f1ez , catherine e . newman , brian w . bowen 2017 . phylogenetics of kingsnakes , lampropeltis getula complex ( serpentes : colubridae ) , in eastern north america . j hered . : esw086 . doi : 10 . 1093 / jhered / esw086 - get paper here\nblaney , richard m . 1973 . lampropeltis . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 150 ) : 1 - 2 - get paper here\nblom , m . 2003 . algemene verzorging en kweek van lampropeltis en elaphe soorten . lacerta 61 ( 1 ) : 32 - 39 - get paper here\nseufer , h . & jauch , h . 1980 . die kettennatter lampropeltis getulus . herpetofauna 2 ( 6 ) : 11 - 14 - get paper here\nnot every king snake found in this area is a stunning example . many specimens are average in looks and can hardly be distinguished from a typical florida king snake from further north . kings are much less commonly seen than the exotic burmese python , which now shares the same habitat . i have seen a precious few specimens in many trips to south florida in the last decade . for even the most dedicated field herper , finding a nice brooksi in the wild is a true challenge .\nthissen , r . & hansen , h . 2001 . k\u00f6nigsnattern - lampropeltis . natur und tier verlag ( m\u00fcnster ) , 172 pp . - get paper here\nthe miami rim rock and southern everglades is the historic domain of brooksi . the king snake ' s coloration in this area is thought to be an adaptation to the light oolitic limestone background . as in other areas of florida , the king snake population here has been greatly reduced . several factors contributing to this reduction have been discussed , but the exact cause is still a mystery . one thing is for sure , finding a nice brooks ' king specimen in the wild is now quite a challenge .\nseufer , h . & jauch , h . 1980 . die kettennatter lampropeltis getulus teil 2 . herpetofauna 2 ( 7 ) : 31 - 32 - get paper here\nthe specific name formerly was getulus ( see frost and collins 1988 ) . see blaney ( 1977 ) for the latest range - wide taxonomic treatment of this species . based on patterns of morphological variation , means and krysko ( 2001 ) concluded that the name l . g . goini is invalid , as is the hypothesis that apalachicola l . getula are relict populations of intergrades between l . g . getula and l . g . floridana . they believed that the polymorphic eastern apalachicola lowlands populations are most closely related to l . g . getula . see also crother et al . ( 2000 ) for further brief discussion of taxonomic issues involving this species .\nmeierkord , r . 2010 . haltung und zucht der kalifornischen kettennatter , lampropeltis californiae . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 15 ( 82 ) : 52 - 55 - get paper here\nblanchard , frank n . 1932 . a clutch of eggs of the speckled king snake , lampropeltis getulus holbrooki ( stejneger ) . copeia 1932 ( 2 ) : 98 - get paper here\nhoser , r . t . 2012 . a three - way division of the new world genus lampropeltis fitzinger , 1843 . australasian j . herpetol . 12 : 54\u201357 . - get paper here\nneill , wilfred t . ; allen , e . ross 1949 . a new kingsnake ( genus lampropeltis ) from florida . herpetologica 5 ( 5 ) : 101 - 106 - get paper here\nblanchard , frank n . 1919 . two new snakes of the genus lampropeltis . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 70 ) : 1 - 11 - get paper here\nconant , roger 1934 . observations on the eggs and young of the black king snake , lampropeltis getulus nigra ( yarrow ) . copeia 1934 ( 4 ) : 188 - 189 - get paper here\nblaney , richard m . 1977 . systematics of the common kingsnake , lampropeltis getulus ( linnaeus ) . tulane studies in zoology and botany 19 ( 3 - 4 ) : 47 - 103 - get paper here\nblanchard , frank n . 1920 . a synopsis of the king snakes : genus lampropeltis fitzinger . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 87 ) : 1 - 7 - get paper here\ndessauer , herbert c . & pough , f . h . 1975 . geographic variation of blood proteins and the systematics of kingsnakes ( lampropeltis getulus ) . comp . biochem . physiol . 50b : 9 - 12\nlazell , james d . , jr & musick , j . a . 1973 . the kingsnake , lampropeltis getulus sticticeps , and the ecology of the outer banks of north carolina . copeia 1973 ( 3 ) : 497 - 503 - get paper here\nzweifel , r . g . and norris , k . s . 1955 . contributions to the herpetology of sonora , mexico : descriptions of new subspecies of snakes ( micruroides euryxanthus and lampropeltis getulus ) and miscellaneous collecting notes . american midland naturalist 54 : 230 - 249 - get paper here\naustin , james d . ; gregory , patrick t . 1999 . relative roles of thermal and chemical cues in the investigative behavior of prey in colubrid ( elaphe guttata and lampropeltis getulus ) and boid ( python regius ) snakes . herpetological natural history 6 ( 1 ) : 47 - 50 [ 1998 ]\noviparous . kreutz ( 2005 ) reports hybrids between elaphe ( = pantherophis ) guttata and lampropeltis getulus californiae , between e . ( p . ) guttata and l . pyromelana , between e . ( p . ) guttata and l . triangulum sinaloae / nelsoni , and between e . ( p . ) guttata and l . zonata !\ncommon kingsnakes are one of the only kingsnake species found throughout most of north america . there are seven subspecies of\n( eastern kingsnake ) is found on the east coast of north america from southern new jersey and southeast pennsylvania to the eastern parts of west virginia , southwest to mobile bay , alabama , and east through northern florida .\n( florida kingsnake ) is found on the peninsula of florida south to dade county .\n( speckled kingsnake ) is found in southwestern illinois , eastern iowa , and south central alabama .\n( black kingsnake ) is found west of the appalachian mountains and east of the mississippi river ; this includes the region from west virginia to southern ohio , southeastern illinois , and northern alabama .\n( outer banks kingsnake ) is found only in north carolina from cape hatteras to cape lookout .\n( black desert kingsnake ) can be found in southern arizona and northwestern mexico . subspecies overlap and interbreed in several different regions across north america .\n( bartlett and bartlett , 2005 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; mitchell , 1994 ; wright and wright , 1957 ; wund , et al . , 2007 )\n( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; mattison , 1995 ; wright and wright , 1957 ; wund , et al . , 2007 )\nvaries so greatly across subspecies , each will be described in turn . one measure they all share is the length of hatchlings : 20 to 28 cm at hatching . adult eastern kingsnakes (\n) can reach a length of 61 to 153 cm . they are large , solid , glossy black snakes with yellow ( sometimes white ) crossbars extending the length of the snake . the head is solid black with several yellow or white spots decorating the head scales . speckled kingsnakes (\n) can reach a length of 51 to 132 cm as adults . they are black with yellow \u201cspecks\u201d on and throughout its scales . the underside is pale yellow to white with some of the black scales curling around the sides . california kingsnakes (\n) can reach lengths of 91 to 106 cm . they have white crossbars intercepting black patches along the length of the back . the head is normally white with a black top and a few black scales on the side . adult florida kingsnakes (\n) can be 106 to 138 cm long . the only major difference between florida kingsnakes and eastern kingsnakes has 60 crossbands , whereas eastern kingsnakes have only 30 . the underbelly is pale yellow with alternating patterns of black scales in a \u201czigzag\u201d pattern . black kingsnakes (\n) , reach 91 to 122 cm and are rarely totally black . they normally have traces of approximately 50 to 95 faint crossbars of yellow or white spots . outer banks kingsnakes (\n) can reach 123 to 153 cm . they can be easily mistaken for other subspecies including eastern , speckled , and florida kingsnakes . they have yellow crossbars and yellow \u201cspecks\u201d between the crossbars , as well as a mostly pale yellow underbellies with some black scales extending to the sides . black desert kingsnakes (\n) can reach lengths of 106 to 132 cm . they are black and glossy with approximately 75 thin yellow crossbars . this subspecies also has yellow spots on the black scales that extend to the sides of the snake .\nsnake eggs have a large amount of yolk that contains the fats and the carbohydrates necessary for embryo development . towards the final stages of development , the fetal snake absorbs the yolk . additionally , some of the calcium for the egg\u2019s shell is extracted by the embryo and is used to form its skeleton . after the skeleton is formed , the shell becomes thinner and more flexible . oxygen exchange decreases over time , which in turn urges the hatchling to break out of the egg , using the deciduous egg\ntooth\non the nose .\nafter common kingsnakes hatch , they stay in the nest until they shed their skin for the first time . this normally takes about a week . the hatchlings then disperse . information about post - hatching is scarce . common kingsnakes reach sexual maturity at approximately half their potential maximum size from 60 to 92 cm . in captivity , they can reach sexual maturity much sooner because of an abundant food source and limited parasites and disease .\nmale common kingsnakes compete for females . if two males are in the same area they will both raise their heads , necks , and fore parts of their bodies and entwine them . males then try to press each other to the ground . the losing male will retreat and lay coiled in a prone position with his head flat to the ground . the victorious male will return to the female who waits nearby and copulate . males are able to find females through pheromone trails . when mating , males lie atop females and bite their necks . males then coil their tails under the females until their cloacas align . the male uses his hemipenis to enter the females\u2019 cloacae . copulation can last for several minutes to several hours .\ncommon kingsnakes mate in the spring , allowing females time to lay their eggs when the weather is still warm enough for proper incubation . their gestation period is about 60 days . in warmer climates ( e . g . florida ) , courtship can begin as early as march . in northern portions of the range , courtship is delayed until april or may .\na female may produce a single clutch from multiple mates . females may also produce more than one clutch per season as a result of more than one mating . the female chooses the nesting site , which can include rotting logs and stumps , as well as sawdust piles . common kingsnakes breed yearly and have been known to produce more than one clutch per season . the breeding season is between march and august . the average number of offspring is 10 eggs per clutch ( range 3 to 24 ) . average gestation period for female kingsnakes is 60 to 62 days ( range 50 to 80 days ) . hatchlings can weigh between 9 and 14 grams . females reach sexual maturity at 2 to 4 years . males reach sexual maturity at age 1 to 4 .\nbreeding interval yearly , common kingsnakes have been known to produce more than one clutch per season .\nafter copulation the male will leave the female and not return to help with parental care . after the female lays her eggs she will disperse and not return to the nest .\nlittle information is available on the longevity of wild common kingsnakes . most available information is from captive snakes . ernst and barbour ( 1989 ) found that the oldest wild common kingsnake was 9 years old ( reported in 1937 ) . anage reported that the longest living kingsnake in captivity was 33 . 3 years old .\ncommon kingsnakes are diurnal . their annual activity period is between late march or early april to october and early november . they hibernate during the winter in caves , rock crevices , mammal burrows , hollow logs , and in old stumps . during the cooler days of the spring and fall they can be found out during the day sunning themselves . common kingsnakes spend a majority of their day under leaf litter and other debris ( 79 % ; wund et al . 2007 ) and the rest of the time is spent traveling , basking , and hunting ( 21 % ; wund et al . 2007 ) . common kingsnakes are not restricted to the ground , they can climb trees and swim quite well . combat between males is common ( during mating season ) .\n( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; krysko , 2002 ; mattison , 1995 ; mitchell , 1994 ; wund , et al . , 2007 )\na recent study proposed that common kingsnakes have home ranges of 330 to 350 square meters and can take up to 103 days to cover distances across their small ranges .\nadult common kingsnake diet varies across subspecies and is very broad , but published reports are available for a few representative subspecies . eastern kingsnakes and florida kingsnakes feed mainly on other snakes , including venomous snakes (\n) . they also eat other non - venomous snakes , birds , vertebrate eggs , lizards , mice , and rats . california kingsnakes prey on mice , gopher snakes (\n) . common kingsnakes have several defenses against potential predators . the most common is hissing , striking , \u201cs\u201d shaped striking pose , biting , and flight . they flee when threatened , rather than hold their ground . they are also able to spread a pungent musk that serves as an alarm substance to other common kingsnakes in the area . the banded and striped pattern of california kingsnakes , and other subspecies , disguises their movement and body outline when they are fleeing from a predator . their coloration may make them cryptic in leaf litter and against other backgrounds .\ncommon kingsnakes are beneficial for the ecosystem . they help keep rodent and frog populations in balance as well as other snakes like rattlesnakes (\n) . they are also prey for larger snakes and predatory birds and mammals . snider and bawler ( 1992 ) conducted a study to find if parasites were the cause of common kingsnake declines in florida . they found suggestions of parasite activity but no direct evidence . van peenan and birdwell ( 1968 ) found evidence of several species of parasites affecting common kingsnakes . these include apicomplexan species (\n( snider and bawler , 1992 ; ernst and barbour , 1989 ; oldak , 1976 ; snider and bawler , 1992 ; van peenan and birdwell , 1968 ; winne , et al . , 2007 ; wund , et al . , 2007 )\n) . they play an important role in controlling populations of venomous snakes , which can pose a threat to humans .\n( ernst and barbour , 1989 ; mitchell , 1994 ; snider and bawler , 1992 ; winne , et al . , 2007 )\ncommon kingsnakes are listed as a \u201cspecies of concern\u201d on the u . s . federal list . this may be because florida kingsnakes ,\n, are in decline . reasons for declines include anthropogenic causes through extensive pet trade , road fatalities , and habitat loss . invasive fire ants (\n( mitchell , 1994 ; snider and bawler , 1992 ; wund , et al . , 2007 )\nsarah bartz ( author ) , radford university , rachelle sterling ( editor ) , special projects , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nin deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\nthe state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthis terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nreferring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .\na wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nliving in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .\nbaker , r . , g . mengden , j . bull . 1972 . karyotypic studies of thirty - eight species of north america .\ngroves , f . , j . groves . 1972 . keratophagy in snakes .\nmegonigal , j . , c . w . h . , k . s . , s . r . r . . 1997 . aboveground production in southeastern floodplain forests : a test of the subsidy - stress hypothesis .\noldak , p . 1976 . comparison of the scent gland secretion lipids of twenty - five snakes : implications for biochemical systematics .\npough , h . 1977 . the relationship between body size and blood oxygen affinity in snakes .\nstophlet , j . 1957 . nocturnal predation on summer tanager nestling by kingsnake .\nwilson , w . , s . friddle . 1950 . the herpetology of hardy county , west virginia .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndescription average adult size is 36 - 48 inches ( 91 . 4 - 121 . 9 cm ) , record is 69 . 5 inches ( 176 . 5 cm ) . adults are variable in coloration from brown to yellow . they have more than 40 yellowish dorsal crossbands and a degenerate lateral chain - like pattern . the scales between the crossbands lighten with age , starting as black , they may develop to be the same light color as the crossbands . the belly has a checkerboard pattern . the scales are smooth , and there are usually 23 dorsal scale rows at midbody ( some individuals have 21 ) . the pupil is round . juveniles are distinctly crossbanded ( sometimes with red pigment within crossbands ) and most of the scales between the crossbands are black .\na . top of the head ( notice the large plate - like scales on the top of the head ) b . smooth scales c . elongated scales below the tail ( subcaudal scales ) are typically divided d . front ( face view ) of the head e . side of the head\nhabitat : uncommon , it is found in pinelands , hardwood hammocks , cypress strands , prairies , marshes , estuaries , sugar cane plantations , and stands of melaleuca ( australian punk trees ) .\ncomments : harmless ( non - venomous ) , and seldom bites . the florida kingsnake is mainly terrestrial and active during the day , yet in the summer months individuals may be found moving at night .\nit feeds on other snakes , lizards , frogs , rodents , turtle eggs , and birds and their eggs . it eats venomous snakes such as rattlesnakes , and is immune to their venom . it is even known to be cannibalistic , eating its own kind .\nit lays eggs . it is primarily active from february - may , when breeding takes place . in the early summer , 3 - 30 eggs are laid . newborns from 5 - 8 inches ( 12 . 7 - 20 . 3 cm ) hatch in late summer .\ndivision of herpetology \u2022 dickinson hall \u2022 gainesville , fl 32611 - 7800 \u2022 352 - 273 - 1945 \u2022 dr . coleman sheehy , collection manager\nholotype : unknown ( fide pyron & burbrink 2009 ) . holotype : florida state museum of natural history ; was : wtn 19211 ( wt neill , private collection ) [ goini ] holotype : uf 73433 ( field tag dbm 1360 ) , an adult male [ meansi ]\nthe generic name was derived from the greek words lampro , meaning\nbright or clear\nand pelte , meaning\na small shield ,\napplied in reference to the shiny\nscales .\nthe specific epithet refers to the getulian people of northern morocco , whose tribal insignia bears a resemblance to the \u2018chain\u2019 pattern of the kingsnakes of the eastern seaboard of the united states . l . g . meansi has been named after the collector of the type , d . bruce means .\nallen , morrow j . 1932 . a survey of the amphibians and reptiles of harrison county , mississippi . american museum novitates ( 542 ) : 1 - 20 - get paper here\nanonymous 2007 . snakes of new jersey . new jersey division of fish and wildlife\nbaird , s . f . and c . girard . 1853 . catalogue of north american reptiles in the museum of the smithsonian institution . part 1 . - serpents . smithsonian inst . , washington , xvi + 172 pp . - get paper here\nbarbour , t . and engels 1942 . two interesting new snakes . proc . new england zool . club 20 : 101 - 104\nbarbour , thomas 1917 . another new jersey king snake . copeia 1917 ( 49 ) : 92 - get paper here\nbateman , heather l . ; alice chung - maccoubrey , howard l . snell , and deborah m . finch 2009 . abundance and species richness of snakes along the middle rio grande riparian forest in new mexico . herp . cons . biol . 4 : 1 - get paper here\nbentley , georgia h . 1919 . reptiles collected in the vicinity of current , nye county , nevada . copeia 1919 ( 75 ) : 87 - 91 - get paper here\nberg , m . van den et al . 2013 . traumterrarien . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 18 ( 100 ) : 16 - 27 - get paper here\nbezy , robert l . and charles j . cole 2014 . amphibians and reptiles of the madrean archipelago of arizona and new mexico . american museum novitates ( 3810 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here\nblainville , henri marie ducrotay de 1835 . description de quelques esp\u00e8ces de reptiles de la californie pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e de l\u2019analyse d\u2019un syst\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019erp\u00e9tologie et d\u2019amphibiologie . nouv . ann . mus . hist . nat . paris 4 : 233 - 296 - get paper here\nbogosian , victor ; eric c . hellgren , and raymond w . moody 2012 . assemblages of amphibians , reptiles , and mammals on an urban military base in oklahoma . southwestern naturalist 57 ( 3 ) : 277 - 284 . - get paper here\nbrady , maurice 1927 . notes on the reptiles and amphibians of the dismal swamp . copeia 1927 ( 162 ) : 26 - 29 - get paper here\nburt , charles e . 1933 . a contribution to the herpetology of kentucky . american midland naturalist 14 ( 6 ) : 669 - 679 - get paper here\nburt , charles e . 1935 . further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west . american midland naturalist 16 ( 3 ) : 311 - 336 - get paper here\nchristman , s . p . 1980 . patterns of geographic variation in florida snakes . bulletin of the florida state museum of biological sciences 25 ( 3 ) : 1 ( 157 ? ) - 256 - get paper here\ncollins , j . t . & collins , s . l . 2009 . a pocket guide to kansas snakes , 2nd ed . great plains nature center , wichita , 69 pp .\ncollins , j . t . & collins , s . l . 2010 . a pocket guide to kansas snakes , 3rd ed . great plains nature center , wichita , 69 pp .\nconant , roger 1938 . the reptiles of ohio . american midland naturalist 20 ( 1 ) : 1 - 200 - get paper here\nconant , r . & collins , j . t . 1991 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern / central north america , 3rd ed . houghton mifflin ( boston / new york ) , xx + 450 p .\ncope , e . d . 1860 . catalogue of the colubridae in the museum of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , with notes and descriptions of new species . part ii . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 12 : 241 - 266 - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1875 . the herpetology of florida . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 1875 : 10 - 11 - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1892 . the batrachia and reptilia of north west texas . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 1892 : 331 - 337 - get paper here\ncorrington , julian d . 1927 . field note on some amphibians and reptiles at biloxi , mississippi . copeia 1927 ( 165 ) : 98 - 102 - get paper here\ncorrington , julian d . 1929 . herpetology of the columbia , south carolina , region . copeia 1929 ( 172 ) : 58 - 83 - get paper here\ncrother , b . i . 2000 . scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , with comments regarding confidence in our understanding . herpetological circular 29 : 1 - 82\ncrother , b . i . ( ed . ) 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92\ndegenhardt , william g . ; c . w . painter , and a . h . price 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of new mexico . univ . new mexico press , 431 pp .\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here\nenge , kevin m . 2009 . venomous and non - venomous snakes of florida . publication of the florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . 16 pp .\nernst , c . h . , & barbour , r . w . 1989 . snakes of eastern north america . george mason univ . press , fairfax , va 282 pp .\nfitch , h . s . 1936 . amphibians and reptiles of the rouge river basin , oregon . american midland naturalist 17 : 634 - 652 - get paper here\nflesch , aaron d . ; don e . swann , dale s . turner , and brian f . powell 2010 . herpetofauna of the rincon mountains , arizona . southwestern naturalist 55 ( 2 ) : 240\u2013253 - get paper here\ngilbert , carter r . 1974 . catalogue of type specimens in the department of natural sciences , florida state museum . bulletin of the florida state museum biological sciences 18 ( 2 ) : 102 - 120 - get paper here\ngreen , n . b . , & pauley , t . k . 1987 . amphibians and reptiles in west virginia . univ . of pittsburgh press , pittsburgh , 241 pp .\ngrismer , l . lee . 1999 . an evolutionary classification of reptiles on islands in the gulf of california , m\u00e9xico . herpetologica 55 ( 4 ) : 446 - 469 - get paper here\nhallmen , m . 2005 . farb - und zeichnungszuchten in der terraristik . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 10 ( 55 ) : 16 - 22 - get paper here\nhallmen , m . 2006 . selective breeding for color and pattern . reptilia ( gb ) ( 44 ) : 12 - 18 - get paper here\nhowze , jennifer m . and lora l . smith 2012 . factors influencing eastern kingsnake diel activity . copeia 2012 ( 3 ) : 460 - 464 . - get paper here\nhudson , bryan d . , zach i . felix , justin oguni , brad wilson , kira mcentire , theresa stratmann , daniel d . duff and zack seymour . 2015 . new geographic distributional records of amphbians and reptiles in georgia , usa . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 595 - 596\nirwin , kelly j . 2004 . arkansas snake guide . arkansas game & fish commission , little rock , 50 pp .\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 12 . livraison . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\njan , g . 1865 . iconographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale des ophidiens . 14 . livraison . [ elapomorphus d\u2019orbignyi , coronella getulus var . sayi ] . j . b . baili\u00e8re et fils , paris - get paper here\njensen , john b . ; carlos d . camp , whit gibbons , & matt j . elliott 2008 . amphibians and reptiles of georgia . university of georgia press , 575 pp .\nkaiser , h . ; crother , b . i . ; kelly , c . m . r . ; luiselli , l . ; o\u2019shea , m . ; ota , h . ; passos , p . ; schleip , w . d . & w\u00fcster , w . 2013 . best practices : in the 21st century , taxonomic decisions in herpetology are acceptable only when supported by a body of evidence and published via peer - review . herpetological review 44 ( 1 ) : 8 - 23\nklauber , laurence m . 1938 . notes from a herpetological diary , i . copeia 1938 ( 4 ) : 191 - 197 - get paper here\nkreutz , r . 2005 . farb - und zeichnungsstandard der kornnatter ( panterhophis guttatus ) . kirschner und seufer verlag , keltern - weiler , 158 pp .\nlemos - espinal ja , smith gr 2016 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of coahuila , mexico , with comparison with adjoining states . zookeys 593 : 117 - 137 , doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 593 . 8484 - get paper here\nlinn\u00e9 , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema natur\u00e6 per regna tria natur\u00e6 , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here\nlinzey , d . w . , & clifford , m . j . 1981 . snakes of virgina . univ . press of virginia , charlottesville 159 pp .\nl\u00f6nnberg , einar 1894 . notes on reptiles and batrachians collected in florida in 1892 and 1893 . proc . us natl . mus . 17 ( 1003 ) : 317 - 339 - get paper here\nmitchell , j . c . & reay , k . k . 1999 . atlas of amphibians and reptiles in virginia . specialty publication 1 , va dept of game and fisheries , 122 pp . - get paper here\nmitchell , j . c . 1994 . the reptiles of virginia . virginia department of game and inland fisheries , ca . 350 pp .\nmurphy , r . w . ; ottley , j . r . 1984 . distribution of amphibians and reptiles on islands in the gulf of california . annals of the carnegie museum 53 ( 8 ) : 207 - 230 - get paper here\nnev\u00e1rez - de los reyes ; manuel , david lazcano , javier banda - leal and ian recchio 2014 . notes on mexican herpetofauna 22 : herpetofauna of the continental portion of themunicipality of hermosillo , sonora , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 49 ( 8 ) : 105 - 115 - get paper here\npalmer , w . m . & braswell , a . l . 1995 . reptiles of north carolina . univ . north carolina press\nrochester , carlton j . ; cheryl s . brehme , denise r . clark , drew c . stokes , stacie a . hathaway , and robert n . fisher 2010 . reptile and amphibian responses to large - scale wildfires in southern california . journal of herpetology 44 ( 3 ) : 333\u2013351 - get paper here\nsaviola , anthony j . ; valerie j . mckenzie , david chiszar 2012 . chemosensory responses to chemical and visual stimuli in five species of colubrid snakes . acta herpetologica 7 ( 1 ) : 91 - 103 - get paper here\nschmidt , d . 2005 . eine kettennatter als vegetarierin . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 10 ( 51 ) : 8 - 9 - get paper here\nskubowius , b . 2010 . new jersey \u2013 mit \u201efieldherpern\u201c und \u201epineys\u201c auf der suche nach der n\u00f6rdlichen kiefernnatter ( pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus ) . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 15 ( 84 ) : 52 - 60 - get paper here\nsmith , m . a . 1928 . the status of some recently described genera and species of snakes . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 1 : 494 - 496\nsnyder , richard c . 1945 . notes on the snakes of southeastern alabama . copeia 1945 ( 3 ) : 173 - 174 - get paper here\nstebbins , r . c . 1985 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , 2nd ed . houghton mifflin , boston\nstejneger , l . 1902 . the reptiles of the huachuca mountains , arizona . proc . us natl . mus . 25 [ 1902 ] : 149 - 158 - get paper here\ntanner , vasco m . 1927 . distributional list of the amphibians and reptiles of utah . copeia 1927 ( 163 ) : 54 - 58 - get paper here\ntanner , wilmer w . 1958 . herpetological range extensions . herpetologica 14 : 195 - 196 - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . 1952 . third contribution of the herpetology of the mexican state of san luis potos\u00ed . univ . kansas sci . bull . 34 ( 13 ) : 793 - 815 - get paper here\ntennant , a . 2003 . snakes of north america - eastern and central regions , revised edition . lone star books , 605 pp .\ntennant , a . & bartlett , r . d . 2000 . snakes of north america - eastern and central regions . gulf publishing , houston , tx , 588 pp .\nterrell , vanessa c . , jaimie l . klemish , nathan j . engbecht , john a . may , peter j . lannoo , rochelle m . stiles , and michael j . lannoo . 2014 . amphibian and reptile colonization of reclaimed coal spoil grasslands . the journal of north american herpetology 2014 ( 1 ) : 59 - 68 - get paper here\nthornton , okla w . , jr . ; smith , jerry r . 1993 . new county records of amphibians and reptiles from west - central texas . herpetological review 24 ( 1 ) : 35 - 36 - get paper here\nvan denburgh , j . ; slevin , j . r . 1921 . preliminary diagnoses of more new species of reptiles from islands in the gulf of california , mexico . proc . cal . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 11 ( 17 ) : 395 - 398 - get paper here\nvoris , h . k . , d . r . karns , k . a . feldheim , b . kechavarzi , and m . rinehart . 2008 . multiple paternity in the oriental - australian rear - fanged watersnakes ( homalopsidae ) . herp . cons . biol . 3 : 88 - 102 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwallach , v . 1988 . status and redescription of the genus padangia werner , with comparative visceral data on collorhabdium smedley and other genera ( serpentes : colubridae ) . amphibia - reptilia 9 : 61 - 76 - get paper here\nwerner , f . 1924 . neue oder wenig bekannte schlangen aus dem naturhistorischen staatsmuseum in wien . l . teil . sitzungsb . ber . akad . wiss . , wien , abt . l , 133 : 29 - 56 - get paper here\nwilgers , d . j . ; horne , e . a . ; sandercock , b . k . & volkmann , a . w . 2006 . effects of rangeland management on community dynamics of the herpetofauna of the tall - grass prairie [ flint hills , kansas / oklahoma ] . herpetologica 62 ( 4 ) : 378 - 388 - get paper here\nwoodbury , angus munn 1928 . the reptiles of zion national park . copeia 1928 ( 166 ) : 14 - 21 - get paper here\nyarrow , h . c . 1882 . description of new species of reptiles and amphibians in the us national museum . proc . us natl . mus . 5 : 438 - 443 - get paper here\nyounas , saqib ; shafiullah gul , hameed ur rehman , faisal junaid , wali muhammad achakzai , shagufta saddozai , khalid usman and zawar ahmad 2017 . zoological fauna of khurum dam and muhabbat khel dam of district karak , khyber pakhtunkhwa , pakistan journal of entomology and zoology studies 2017 ; 5 ( 1 ) : 380 - 387 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhammerson , g . a . , frost , d . r . & santos - barrera , g .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the large and probably relatively stable extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size . this species is not threatened across most of its range .\nthis species ' range extends from the pacific to the atlantic coast of north america , from southwestern oregon , nevada , southern utah , southern colorado , southeastern nebraska , southern iowa , illinois , southern indiana , southern ohio , west virginia , and new jersey in the united states , south to southern baja california , northern sinaloa , san luis potosi , tamaulipas , texas , the u . s . gulf coast , and southern florida , at elevations from sea level to around 2 , 130 m asl ( 7 , 000 feet ) ( conant and collins 1991 , stebbins 2003 ) .\nthis species is represented by hundreds of occurrences or subpopulations . the total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100 , 000 and probably exceeds 1 , 000 , 000 . its extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are probably relatively stable .\nthe species ' habitats vary geographically and include open coniferous forest , woodland , swamps , coastal marshes , river bottoms , farmland , prairie , chaparral , and desert . this snake is primarily terrestrial . periods of inactivity are spent in crevices or burrow , or under rocks , logs , stumps , vegetation , or other cover .\nno major threats have been identified . local declines probably have occurred in areas where habitat has been intensively developed for human uses , but in most of the range this species is not threatened .\nmany occurrences of this species are in national parks and other well - protected areas .\nhammerson , g . a . , frost , d . r . & santos - barrera , g . 2007 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthough now recognized by herpetologists as merely a color morph of the florida king snake , the brooks ' king is a still a favorite among herpetoculturists because of its light coloration . adult brooks ' kings have yellowish or white cross bands on a yellow and black speckled background .\nthe nicest adults are so heavily speckled in yellow that the background color is not apparent . the babies start out looking much different . they have yellow bands on a dark brown or black background . many babies have red coloration in the bands , though this is usually lost with age . our stock descends from animals that we collected ourselves in southern miami - dade county , fl .\nanthony flanagan inspects the edge of a path near a canal edge . king snakes are now rarely seen at this locale , though burmese pythons are common ."]}
{"id": 1959, "summary": [{"text": "deltophalonia termasia is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador in the provinces of napo and tungurahua .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 26 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is brownish grey in the posterior third of the wing with browner suffusions and indistinct fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the ground colour is browner in the remaining areas .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are creamish , densely strigulated ( finely streaked ) with brownish grey and suffused with the same colour apically . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "deltophalonia termasia", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for termasia definition . you find here termasia meaning , synonyms of termasia and images for termasia copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word termasia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word termasia and , of course , termasia synonyms and on the right images related to the word termasia .\nhave a fact about deltophalonia deltochlaena ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for deltophalonia deltochlaena ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 1960, "summary": [{"text": "the kuhli loach ( pangio kuhlii ) is a small eel-like freshwater fish belonging to the loach family ( cobitidae ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they originate from indonesia and the malay peninsula .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "this snake-like creature is very slender and nocturnal .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "in an aquarium , the kuhli loach can be very reclusive and , when startled , will dart underneath tank ornaments or bury itself , if a fine gravel or sandy substrate is present . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "kuhli loach", "paragraphs": ["kuhli loach care guide : how to care , tank mates , gender , feeding and breeding kuhli loaches . kuhli loach ( also known as coolie loach ) in a community tank \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d5\u05e5\nthe kuhli loach is readily available at pet stores and online , and is moderately priced .\nwe find these kuhli loach fish in sumatra , southeast asia , western malaysia , singapore , thailand , borneo and java . we don\u2019t find this variety in the iucn red list . they are also known by several other names , such as coolie loach , prickly eye , cinnamon loach , leopard loach and giant coolie loach .\nthere are two different colour variations of kuhli loach . the more widely pictured , but much less common\nbanded\nkuhli loach , as well as the highly common\nblack\nkuhli loach . the latter ' s colours may range from dark burgundy to a darker shade of tan . albino versions are occasionally seen in shops .\nthis little fish was originally named and is best known as the kuhli loach or prickly eye , but there are quite a few other common names often associated with this fish . for example , in the united states this loach is sometimes also called the coolie loach , giant coolie loach , leopard loach , and cinnamon loach . coolie loaches are exported by the millions for the aquarium hobby .\ntheir is also an albino color form of this loach , known as the albino kuhli loach . this a bred color form , and it is not certain whether the albino kuhli loach occurs naturally in the wild . but these would be highly visible animals , so beacons for predation .\n: the kuhli loach lives in great masses around plant cushions of muddy rivers . southeast asia ; borneo , java ,\nthe kuhli loach ( pangio kuhlii ) is small eel shaped fish that is found throughout indonesia and malaysia . while it superficially resembles an eel , it is actually part of the large and varied loach family . there are nearly a dozen species of fish that are sold under the name kuhli loach , but the species pangio kuhli is the most commonly available for sale .\nkuhli loaches ( pangio kuhlii , earlier named as acanthophthalmus kuhlii ) also named as coolie loach , leopard loach is a peaceful ground fish which is more active in the evening and at night .\nhere is a my kuhli loach fish . he is a very lovely fish . the kuhli loach is a small eel - like freshwater fish belonging to the loach family . they originate from indonesia and the malay peninsula . this snake - like creature is very slender and nocturnal . thanks for watching and do not forget subscribe !\nin nature , kuhli loaches are social , though they do not form tight schools . while they can live by themselves , the kuhli loach would much rather shoal with members of their own species .\nthis stripy species springs to many minds as the \u2018kuhli loach\u2019 and this is the most likely fish to be mislabelled as p . kuhlii .\np . anguillaris is recognised as the eel \u2018kuhli\u2019 loach , being recorded from cambodia , indonesia , laos , malaysia , thailand and vietnam .\nmost of the time the kuhli loach are seen swimming at the base of the tank ; however , at night , they swim everywhere in the tank . the kuhli loach need pristine water , so do not put these kuhli loaches in an arrangement which is biologically not developed . they are adjustable to an aquarium of average size ( best nearly 20 gallons ) . where the water is a bit acidic , and with passive lighting the kuhli loach requires good water currents for generating sufficient oxygen .\na kuhli loach ( pangio kuhlii ) is a small worm - like freshwater fish belonging to the loach family ( cobitidae ) . the fish is also commonly called coolie loach , giant coolie loach , striped loach , and leopard loach . originating in indonesia and the malay peninsula , it is commonly kept as a pet in tropical aquaria . they have an orange body , about 4 in ( 10 cm ) long , with 6 to 10 often irregular dark bands along the length and some barbels about their mouth .\nthis is a popular \u2018un - banded\u2019 species that\u2019s often sold under the \u2018black kuhli loach\u2019 name and in certain older literature was known as p . javanicus .\ncommon name : kuhli loach scientific name : pangio semicincta wild origin : malaysia maximum size : 9cm \u2013 10cm , 3 . 55 inches \u2013 3 . 95 inches\ngenus ) that are much like the actual kuhli loach . these loaches all have the elongated wormlike body shape , are fairly similar in size and appearance , and are also wiggly little scavengers who make great aquarium cleaners . each of these fish however , can be distinguished from the kuhli loach by their individual color patterns and adult size .\nkuhli loach habitat ( acanthophthalmus kuhlii ) is in south - west asia and india . the fish also inhabits in sumatra , singapore , malaysia , java and borneo islands .\nsorry , i was actually just looking and found out that there are multiple species of pangio sp . that are marketed as kuhli loach or other misnomers . will edit !\nwas described by valenciennes in 1846 . they are found in southeast asia ; sumatra , singapore , western malaysia , java , borneo , and thailand . this species is not listed on the iucn red list . other common names they are known by include prickly eye , coolie loach , giant coolie loach , cinnamon loach , and leopard loach .\nmost stripy so - called \u2018kuhli loaches\u2019 in the trade have actually been p . semicincta .\njust wanted to mention that the black kuhli is actually a separate species , pangio oblonga .\nthe kuhli loach , also commonly known as coolie loach , comes from the tropical waters of indonesia , malaysia , java and surrounding areas . the kuhli loach is eel shaped . its body colorings are a kind of salmon - pink / yellow with dark brown to black stripes that half circles the body . the stomach is a sort of a whitish colour . the eyes on the kuhli loach are set in one of the stripes and therefore not easily seen . the mouth is set at a downward angle and with 3 pairs of bushy barbels adorning it ; it looks like it has an obstinate little moustache . its fins are translucent .\nthe kuhli loach is usually nocturnal , only sneaking out during feeding time to eat food that falls to the substrate , then quickly returning to its lair . because of this , it is common to not see a kuhli loach for days or even weeks at a time . in aquaria with under - gravel filters , kuhli loaches may seek refuge under the filter plates . members of this species may also explore other types of filters and hide in the filter media .\nthe benefit of the kuhli loach over several of the other loach is that their growth is limited to a length of almost 8 to 11 cm . ( 3 to 5 in . ) . besides , their bioload ( amount of life existing in an aquarium ) is too tiny for a loach . the kulhi loach is capable of squeezing out through tiny openings , hence keep the tank always securely closed . they need a tank of at least 20 gallons ( 37 liters ) .\nthe yoyo loach ( botia almorhae ) , also known as the pakistani loach , is a small fresh water fish native to india and pakistan . the name yoyo loach originates from the fact that the marking on the fishes side resemble the word \u201cyoyo\u201d , although this becomes more difficult to see as the fish ages .\nthe kuhli loach is a smaller , worm - like loach that can reach from 3 - 4 1 / 2 inches ( 7 . 8 - 12 cm ) in length , though generally a bit smaller in the aquarium . their life span is generally about 10 years , though they been reported to live even longer .\nkuhli loach care : tank parameters required : ph \u2013 3 . 5 - 7 . 0 gh \u2013 3 - 8 kh \u2013 1 - 3 tds \u2013 50 - 160 temperature \u2013 21 - 26c or 70 - 79f\nthe kuhli loach dwells in mountain streams among a litter of leaves and sandy locations where the rivers move slowly . their habitats are in general remote from the sun due to the canopy of the forest . in the wild , the khuli loach is seen in tiny groups , but they do not belong to the schooling fish variety .\nyes - best kept in groups of 6 or more , if kept singly a kuhli will seldom be seen .\nwith the added swimming area , we plumped for a streambed tank with extra inhabitants . kuhli loach are handsome but shy , and even a dozen or so in this tank could prove hard to spot . give them too many hiding spaces and you\u2019ll never see them . don\u2019t give them enough and they\u2019ll never become confident enough to show as much as a whisker . many a tank has \u2018lost\u2019 its kuhli loach for years at a time , only found again when the tank is eventually stripped . kuhli loach are malaysian fish , so we wanted a tank with plants from that part of the world . that meant two easy targets appeared straight away \u2014 cryptocoryne and java fern .\n75 gallon planted aquarium - red tail shark , rainbow shark , clown loach , red tail loaches , etc .\nand finally , kuhli loachs probably won\u2019t mix very well with drawf frogs . you\u2019ll probably end up with a lot of very confused frogs trying to fit a kulhli loach in their mouth , which will result in unhappy kuhli loachs . it may work , but i\u2019ve seen those frogs try to eat just about anything they come in contact with .\nthe kuhli loach has an advantage over most of the other loaches kept in aquariums , inasmuch as it never grows too large , growing around 8 - 11 cm ( 3 - 5 in ) in length . also their bioload is very small for a loach . be sure to keep the tank covered properly at all times as it can squeeze out of quite small places . the minimum tank size required for the kuhli is 20 gallons ( 37 liters ) .\nkuhli loaches are not a demanding fish , and will thrive in a well maintained 20 gallon tank . while many people attempt to keep them in smaller aquariums , a group of well fed kuhli loaches will quickly outgrow anything smaller than 20 gallons .\nnice profile , well done ! just wanted to mention that the black kuhli is actually a separate species , pangio oblonga .\nthey are pretty notorious for hiding , but the aquarium is way too small for them . and do you know what killed your yoyo loach ? was it another loach ? it sounds like they would be better in 30 gallon if at all possible .\nhowever even if further study reveals p . kuhlii to occur outside java it appears probable that it is not the common aquarium \u2018kuhli / coolie\u2019 loach which is more likely to be p . semicincta , one or more unidentified species , or a combination of these .\nlook closely and you\u2019ll see not just danios in this set - up , but also kuhli loaches out and about in the open .\ni would strongly recommend choosing an aquaclear power filter for a kuhli loach tank . this filter combines excellent filtration with a durable design , and it will keep your tank sparkling clear for years to come . you can also read the aquarium tidings aquaclear filter review here .\nand kuhli loaches almost always eat after lights out , so just feed them just before the lights go out and they should be happy .\nthe natural habitat of the kuhli loach is the sandy beds of slow - moving rivers and clean mountain streams . they are a social fish and are typically found in small clusters ( they are not schooling fish but enjoy the company of their species ) , but are cautious and\ni\u2019m sorry to hear about your loach . are there any symptoms right now ? is the fish bloated or is there anything growing on him ?\nkuhli loach tank should be moderately sized with soft ( 0 \u2013 5 dgh ) , a little acidic water ( ph : 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 ) and moderately lighted . is a ground fish , so not the tank size is determining , but the square of its bottom .\nhelp ! ! ! does anyone know how many babies a black kuhli loach has at a time ? i have two adults and now i have seen one little one\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026 . i have read that this is rare in an aquarium . just wondering what to expect . i would appreciate any help any advice .\n: often hides or buries itself during the day , coming out at night to feed . the kuhli loach is often very active in the morning and when the lights are turned on . if a fish is floating on surface it is a sign of heavy water pollutants . there are two sub - species\nthis is heavily built and sometimes referred to as the \u2018giant kuhli loach\u2019 . adults are easily recognisable by their sheer depth of body and wide black markings interspaced by thin yellow / orange bars . the caudal fin is usually completely black or with a black base blotch and a subterminal black bar or row of spots .\neel loaches comprise the 33 members of the genus pangio . small and elongated , they are frequently and inappropriately called kuhli loaches or , worse still , coolie loaches .\nwhen i pulled my shrimp tank down i thought i had 1 or 2 kuhli but i found 5 big fat ones nothing like the little skinny ones i bought .\nit is essential that the water turnover takes place at a minimum of 10 to 15 times an hour . a filter below the gravel is an option for generating good oxygen all over the aquarium and also for decreasing the waste . supplementing a power head or canister filter to the arrangement gives good current for the kuhli loach fishes .\nthis is another slender and elongate loach that can attain 12 . 5cm / 5\u201d . it is known to inhabit the malay peninsula as well as sarawak , borneo .\nthis loach is a peaceful community fish and a great scavenger of uneaten foods that settle to the bottom of the aquarium . they hide during the day , but are quite lively and active in the evening . though they do not school , they will be more likely to come out of hiding if they are kept with some companions . a singly kept kuhli loach will seldom be seen . it is recommended that they be kept in small groups of at least 6 or more of its own kind .\nthis can be especially problematic when they are first introduced , and they are still on a nocturnal feeding schedule . while you should try to never overfeed your fish , a bit extra during the first few weeks will help keep the kuhli loaches fed . i have used hikari sinking wafers for kuhli loaches in the past with great success .\n\u2026vertical black bands , and the kuhli loach ( pangio kuhlii ) , a pinkish , eel - like species about 8 centimetres long , marked with many vertical black bands . other loaches include the stone ( nemachilus barbatula ) and spined loaches , both mottled , yellow and brown fishes about 13 centimetres long found in europe and northern asia . the\u2026\nhadiaty , r . k . and m . kottelat , 2009 - zootaxa 2171 : 65 - 68 pangio lidi , a new species of loach from eastern borneo , indonesia .\nharry , r . r . , 1949 - proceedings of the biological society of washington v . 62 : 69 - 72 a new loach of the genus acanthophthalmus from siam .\nsteve hunt\u2019s kuhli loach was in dire straits . the nano tank it had called home had been a present for steve\u2019s daughter , but it was woefully small . a curve - fronted little all - in - one lump of barely 30l / 6 . 6 gal , it had become tired and grubby , hidden away in a corner , decrepit and embarrassing .\na group of dozen kuhli loaches will have more active behavior and it\u2019ll be more close to their behavior in the wild , nevertheless acanthophthalmus can be also kept alone in a tank .\nthanks keith for this helpful info . 25 years on and off on fishkeeping but ive never had a kuhli , ive seen them at pet stores but i didnt know theyre usefull .\n: the kuhli loach has an eel - like shape . the dorsal fin is located far back on the body . the body coloring is orange to salmon with 15 - 20 wide transverse black bands that extend to the belly . the belly is light pink to white . four pairs of barbels extend from the mouth , and spines are located just below the eye .\nthe kuhli loach will swim mostly on the bottom of the aquarium , but at night these loaches will swim all over the tank . never introduce this loach into a biological immature setup as these fish require pristine water . this fish will do well in a medium sized aquarium ( ideally 20 gallons or so ) with soft , slightly acidic water and subdued lighting . they need good water movement that provides plenty of oxygenation . the tank water should turnover at least 10 - 15 times per hour . an undergravel filter is a great choice for these fish as it creates high oxygen through out the tank as well as reducing the waste . adding a canister filter or power head to the setup will make the proper current for this loach .\ni think we\u2019ve all been there with the \u2018faking\u2019 yoyo loaches . one time , i was getting ready to scoop a yoyo loach out , when it leapt up and swam away . lol\nyes kuhli loaches are very social creatures and they love to interact with eachother . kuhli loaches do better if they are in a minimum group of five or they will usually go into hiding and might even go into permanent hiding . i would suggest that you get two more , but you have to have at least a 10 gallon tank or they will be crowded . and one more thing your kuhli loaches might also be hiding because you might have an aggresive fish in your tank . i hoped i helped you , and good luck with your loaches ! ! !\nalthough they have been bred successfully in the aquarium , not much is known about the breeding habits of the kuhli loach . they scatter bright green adhesive eggs underneath floating plants where the eggs then attach to the stems and roots . the eggs have been described by herbert axelrod as a type of bubble nest , with each egg enclosed in a bubble . they are not yet bred commercially .\nthe slim shape of eel loaches set them apart from all others of the loach fraternity . they also differ by having a relatively high number of vertebrae and the dorsal fin is behind the pelvic fin .\nmy yoyo loach rules my cichlids tank , they all move out of the way when he\u2019s going somewhere , it sounds like mine is completely the opposite of the norm , he\u2019s very brave and active .\nthis species is traded on a regular basis and is also known as \u2018myer\u2019s loach\u2019 . in recent years albino and leucistic forms have become available although it\u2019s unclear if these are naturally - occurring or not .\ncare : all kuhli loaches require mature aquaria and should not be considered for newly set up tanks . a soft sandy substrate should be provided with lots of shady hiding places amongst bogwood and plants . as with other species of kuhli loach , these fish are best maintained in groups of three or more . however , given the rarity of this particular species and the fact they have only shown up in other fish shipments as ' contaminants ' , it may not be easy to source that many specimens . in such cases , it would be wise to provide them with company of similar species , such as p . oblonga .\nthe coolie loach is a bottom - dwelling fish that enjoys burrowing in sand and exploring hiding places in your tank . get to know this intriguing freshwater fish with its eel - like shape and fascinating habits .\nthis loach has a chance of warding off predators with its bright complexion . unfortunately , for a hungry dragon , it ' s nothing more than a colorful wet noodle . ( special thanks to ciar ! )\nthis cute little kuhli loach is quite easy to manage at homes in aquariums . it requires water of medium soft quality , with a ph of medium quality almost 6 to 7 . even then it accommodates water of almost all qualities . its position in the water is at the base , it is here that it searches for food . it needs a temperature in the range of 75 to 85\u00b0f ( 24 to 29\u00b0c )\nthat\u2019s the great thing about fish \u2013 they all have different personalities . it sounds like you have a happy and healthy loach , so keep up the good work ( though he\u2019d probably appreciate a few friends ) .\nthere are no specific common diseases that can affect the kuhli loach . it may get affected by any disease or if you do every thing correctly , it will not get any disease at all . like other scale less fish , it is affected a lot from medications that treat diseases like ich , so with a scale less fish , the best thing to do is just increase the temperature . the tank water should be kept clean at all times . that way it lessens any chance of poor health and enables your fish to stay strong and healthy . the life span of kuhli loaches is approximately 10 years , but longer has been recorded .\ni have 3 kuhli loaches which i purchased about a month ago , they were riddled with white spot but i treated them straight away an look great now , my tanks . . . ( more ) danie x harrison\nin the wild , kuhli loaches tend to inhabit slow flowing streams and rivers with soft , muddy bottoms . while they are not a traditional schooling fish , they naturally form into large groups with regular and playful interactions .\nmany hobbyists have a kuhli loach ( pangio kuhlii ) or two in their tanks . the long , almost snake - like body , and combination of orange - yellow and black bands make kuhlis an interesting addition to any community tank . their peaceful disposition , coupled with their ability to wiggle into every nook and cranny in search of food , make them an excellent choice . however , many hobbyists complain that they rarely see their pets .\nmy little illusive khuli loach which i only see once in a blue moon : ) he lived in the juwel filter but he moved house when i filled the tank with bogwood so now he lives under the bogwood somewhere .\noriginating from southeast asia , the coolie loach is indigenous to the streams of borneo , java , western malaysia , singapore , sumatra , and thailand . originally described as cobitis kuhlii , it was later named acanthophthalmus kuhlii , from the word acanthophthalmus that means\nthorn eye ,\na reference to the spines located beneath the eyes of the coolie loach . the current scientific name is pangio kuhlii , however , many references still utilize the former scientific names .\nsince they are omnivorous , the kuhli loach will generally eat all kinds of small live and frozen foods and meat based foods are relished the most . they also like sinking pelleted and tablet foods , flakes , and a bit of vegetable foods such as algae wafers . to keep a good balance give them a high quality prepared food everyday . feed tubifex worms , brine shrimp ( either live or frozen ) , mosquito larvae , and daphnia as a treat .\nthe most important thing for these loaches is that they always have clean and well - oxygenated water . frequent water changes of about 30 % a week are needed for the kuhli loach . with your weekly water change make sure to vacuum the gravel to remove all excess food and waste , but it ' s best not to remove any bio film on rocks and decor . a magnet algae cleaner normally does a great job in keeping the viewing pane clear .\nthis loach can be hardy under the right conditions . they are not recommended for beginners because of their need for pristine water and having small body scales and no scales on the head . reduced scales makes them more prone to disease and very sensitive to medications used to treat disease . experience in treating scaleless fish is very important to be able to give your loach a healthy and long life . do not try to introduce these fish into biologically immature tanks .\nas for the choice of fish , your tank should be large enough for yoyo loaches . but catfish would also work just as well , and you wouldn\u2019t be pushing the limits like you would be with a full yoyo loach .\nkuhli loaches are mostly bred in their native areas as they are very much available most of the time . breeding in the home aquarium can be difficult . the eggs are stuck to roots , buried beneath the surface of the substrate . females are plumper when ready to breed . this is the only way to identify the sexes . most breeding is done accidentally when many kuhli loaches are put in a tank together and they breed by themselves . if you want to try and breed them , the best way is to get a bunch of them in a tank with an undergravel filter . leave the kuhli loaches by themselves without any other fish for a few weeks , while still doing regular maintenance .\nbritz , r . and m . kottelat , 2010 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 20 ( 4 ) : 317 - 376 pangio longimanus , a miniature species of eel - loach from central laos ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitidae ) .\nbreeding the kuhli loach can be difficult in the home aquarium . the eggs buried beneath the surface and stuck to plant roots . most breeding is done by accident when many coolies are put into a tank and they mate by themselves . the best way to breed them is to get a bunch of them and get a tank with an under gravel filter and leave only coolies in the tank and leave it alone for a few weeks , while still doing the regular maintenance .\nthe fish likes clean and well aerated water , and frequents water renews . it\u2019s necessary to siphonate the bottom while changing the water to remove the litter , since loach fish as a ground one suffers the most from ammonia and nitrates on the bottom .\n: an excellent community fish that can be combined with small to medium sized species . it hides during the day but comes out at feeding times , and during the evening . do not combine with fish that might try and swallow this slender loach .\ni am very concerned . i purchased a yoyo loach the other day specifically because i was told they stay small and it was in to put in my 10 gallon tank . this was by the aquarium employee . i\u2019m not sure what to do ?\nthough peaceful , the kuhli loach is nocturnal and is most active at night . they can also be quite shy and will seldom be seen if kept alone . this doesn ' t mean they are a schooling fish , as they are not , but they are more comfortable and more likely to come out of hiding if they have some companions . a group of a half dozen or so will make them more prone to behave as they would in nature . they are quite hardy and can live for several years .\nacanthophthalmus kuhlii is a small striped loach that will grow to be about 8 - 12 cm ( 4 - 5 in ) long , however in a tank it won\u2019t be longer than 8 cm . lifespan is about 10 years , although it may be longer .\nthe natural habitat of the kuhli loach is the sandy beds of slow - moving rivers and clean mountain streams . they are a social fish and are typically found in small schools , but are cautious and nocturnal by nature and swim near the bottom where they feed or around obstacles . they natively live in a tropical climate and prefer water with a 5 . 5 - 6 . 5 ph , a water hardness of 5 . 0 dgh , and a temperature range of 75 - 86 \u00b0f ( 24 - 30 \u00b0c ) .\nit is difficult to breed these kuhli loach fishes at homes in the aquariums . the eggs get buried underneath the root surface where they get stuck up . the breeding , mostly are not planned . when several coolies are gathered in the tank , mating sometimes takes place naturally . the ideal way of breeding them is putting a group of them in the aquarium having a filter , under gravel and let only the coolies in the tank on their own for a period of some weeks , and continue to regularly maintain the aquarium .\nbreeding the kuhli loach is a challenge that requires work and patience . it\u2019s not something that hobbyists can do without really putting their minds to it . kuhli loaches are always in demand . once they reach about 2 inches , they are of salable size . often , you can trade with other hobbyists in your local fish club . provided that you maintain a good relationship with the owner of your local fish store , he or she should be happy to take the extra babies off your hands in exchange for fish food or supplies . a few might even buy them outright , but don\u2019t expect to get rich . be happy if you can cover fish food costs , and enjoy your hobby . at the very least , you\u2019ll be able to brag to your \u201cfishy\u201d friends that you met the challenge !\ni would strongly recommend choosing an aquaclear power filter for a yoyo loach tank . this filter combines excellent filtration with a durable design , and it will keep your tank sparkling clear for years to come . you can also read the aquarium tidings aquaclear filter review here .\nalternative decor the rounded rocks we used could easily be replaced by large flint cobbles . i\u2019d be wary of using one of the large \u2018resin type\u2019 fake stones in this role , as these are hollow and you\u2019ll soon have more kuhli loaches inside it than out of it .\npangio species are often generically referred to as \u2018kuhli\u2019 or \u2018coolie\u2019 loaches in the aquarium hobby , the latter a variation of the former which was itself derived from the surname of german naturalist heinrich kuhl ( 1797 - 1821 ) . ichthyologists tend to refer to them as \u2018eel loaches\u2019 .\n, and a temperature range of 75 \u2013 86 \u00b0f ( 24 \u2013 30 \u00b0c ) . kuhli loaches are scavengers , so they will eat anything that reaches the bottom . they usually feed at night , but can be taught to feed in the day in the home aquarium .\nan outbreak of disease can often be limited to just one or a few fishes if you deal with it at an early stage . when keeping these sensitive types of fish , it is common to catch deteriorating water conditions and disease before other fish are affected . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your kuhli loach the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish will is more likely to acquire disease .\nhello , i have a yoyo loach problem . i have 2 of them and they were completely happy and playing 2gether , then i had an ich problem with some neons . i used half dosage bc of the loaches the ich was gone but one of the neons died and i saw a loach eating him . then all of a sudden my one loach had a red mouth almost like lipstick . went to lfs did a water sample and they said nothing to be concerned about . they then told me to get melafix the redness has cleared up but the fish is sluggish , and constantly being chased by the other loach . i have not seen him eat and its been almost 2 weeks since i noticed he was not normal . seems as if some of his bristles are shorter then the other one . he def lays down a lot and i know he is not dead bc he keeps popping up and has gill movement . is he a goner or is there something else i can do to help him ? tank is 45 gal , multiple hiding caves , other fish are tetras and dwarf neon rainbows .\nhi ! btw thanks for the email about new website . i have 3 kuhli loaches in my 26 gal tank . they rule . but recently i noticed one looked like it was missing its barbel whisker things . i have gravel that\u2019s really dull with no sharp points that would cut them . i had a sandy area but my goldfish out gravel on it when i had pond snails a while ago to eat them . lesson learned - goldies in a planted tank are worse then mayasian trumpet snails ! ! will this be a problem ? ? they come out when the light is off and eat when i\u2019m not there . well , they never eat when i\u2019m looking at them and they don\u2019t seem skinny and the food is gone later . i\u2019m gonna replace the gravel with sand soon . what do you think about my kuhli loach missing his barbels ? ?\ninterestingly enough , the coolie loach possesses no lateral line . the fins are small , with the dorsal fin located on the lower third of the body , much closer to the tail than the head . quick moving , these loaches prefer to remain in the bottom levels of the tank where they rummage for morsels of food . they are social and prefer the company of others of their own kind . the coolie loach is most active at twilight and at nighttime , both in nature and in the home aquarium , remaining hidden or buried in the sand during the day .\nkuhli fish is an \u201cowl\u201d therefore it\u2019s activity can be observed during twilights and at night , it is always hiding . the fish can hardly be seen at day time , especially when it\u2019s kept in a tank alone , however it\u2019s not impossible , if one watches the fish for some time .\nin 4 days they start swimming and feeding . loach fish juveniles can be fed with infusorians , rotifers , brine shrimp nauplii or tubifex cut in small pieces . in a month juveniles become about 1 cm long and become striped . acanthophthalmus becomes reproductive at the age of 8 - 12 month .\na total of 25 consignments , each containing different varieties and species of warm water ornamental fish , were sampled between february and april 2008 . fish species and associated carriage waters sampled included , guppies ( poecilia reticulata peters ) , threadfin rainbow ( iriatherina werneri meinken ) , celebes rainbow ( telmatherina ladigesi ahl ) , neon gold barb ( puntius semifasciolatus g\u00fcnther ) , harlequin rasbora ( trigonostigma heteromorpha duncker ) , neon tetra species ( paracheirodon innesi myers and hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi g\u00e9ry ) , red wag platy ( xiphophorus maculates ) , kuhli loach ( pangio kuhlii valenciennes ) and silver molly ( poecilia shenops ) .\nsmall light green eggs stick to the plants leaves or fall on the tank bottom . one loach female can lay about 500 - 700 eggs . the fish parent should removed from the tank right after spawning . incubation time of the eggs lasts about 1 day , then small green ich fry appears .\ncoolie loaches have an eel - like body that is yellow to pink in color , with multiple dark brown bands or stripes that partially or fully encircle the body . the body and stripe color patterns vary based on species and / or subspecies . it is not unusual to purchase an incorrectly named loach .\nthey also prefer sand for substrate but if sand is not appropriate , smooth stones should be used so that the loach won ' t scratch its body on gravel or stones . sharp edged decorations also woud not be a good idea , with their habit of squeezing into tight places they could get badly scratched .\nmany fish can be kept as tank mates with the kuhli loach as long as precaution is taken not to include fish that are able to take them for a bite of food . in other words , don ' t keep fish that are big enough to eat them . they scavenge for food mainly at dusk or in the dark as they are nocturnal , and spend most of their time hiding in the substrate , plants and decorations during the day . but with time most of them readily learn to eat during the day time . being scavengers they eat most fish food , however sinking food pellets are preferred as well as live foods , for instance ; bloodworms and brineshrimp . it is recommended to feed them either , just before the lights are turned off for the night or after the lights have been off for a while . dont switch on the lights during the process it may scare the fish back into hiding . this is sometimes done with a flashlight when a curious hobbiest wants to see whats going on when its dark inside the tank , but never shine a flashlight into the tank after the lights have been off for a few hours ! it will put the other fish and maybe the kuhli loach into a state of shock !\nthis does happen with kuhli loaches , and it ' s often related to tank conditions and water changes . they need soft , slightly acidic water with good movement so that there is also plenty of oxygen . they always have to have very clean water , and it helps if each partial water change is relatively small .\nas for sand , it really is the best substrate for these fish . it\u2019s much gentler on their barbells , though you\u2019ll probably be alright with store bought gravel as well ; store bought gravel is coated to give it soft edges , so while it\u2019s not the preferred substrate for kuhli loachs , it will still work .\nthe kulhi loach is tiny as a worm that grows in a range of 3 to 4 \u00bd in . ( 7 , 8 to 12 cm . ) long . when in the aquarium , their length is a little smaller . they normally survive up to 10 years and there are reports of them living still longer .\ni have 3 kuhli loaches which i purchased about a month ago , they were riddled with white spot but i treated them straight away an look great now , my tanks conditions is as good as i can get them and do regular water changes , well planted , with guppies and 2 bristlenose plecos plenty of hiding places .\nit\u2019s not optimal , but as a long as it\u2019s the coated gravel you have in the store , your loaches should be fine . the rest of the setup sounds really good for them , and with kuhli loaches , it\u2019s commonly to only rarely see them during the day . especially with a smaller group like you have .\ni ' ve kuhli loaches loaches in my work tank and they are very cute . hardly see them though as they are nocturnal . comes out occasionally when plants are being trimmed or when food being fed . but i doubt they eat hair , brush , or staghorn algae . they defintely scavenge though . they do that all day .\nkuhli loaches don\u2019t reach sexual maturity until they are at least 12 to 18 months old . some sources even say they have to be over 2 years old before they are ready to breed for the first time . they spawn as pairs , but it\u2019s best to get a group of adults , and let them pair off and select their own mate .\nonce that has been completed , the only thing to do is take a wait and see approach . no one seems to know the exact trigger that initiates kuhli loaches spawning . some people speculate that they need a gravel substrate , while others believe that temperature is the key . you can play around with these variables and hopefully something will trigger a successful spawning .\nit\u2019s extremely important that any filter used in a tank with kuhli loaches have a covered intake . they are notorious for swimming up uncovered filter intakes and becoming trapped in the filter . if they aren\u2019t discovered quickly , they may be killed by the filter , or slowly starve to death . either way , it won\u2019t be pretty and should be avoided at all costs .\nkuhli loaches are peaceful fish and prefer to be kept in schools of 3 or more . because of this fishes beauty , many hobbiest get them straight after the nitrogen cycle has completed . it is , however , not advised to get them for the new aquarium as they are affected by sudden water changes . it is best recommended to wait a month before introducing them to the aquarium .\nthe eye of the coolie is covered by a thin layer of transparent skin and is hidden in one of the dark bands . below the eyes are a pair of sharp spines that rise if the fish is threatened , making it difficult for a predator to swallow them or for an owner to net them . the mouth of the coolie loach points downward and is surrounded by four pairs of barbels .\ni have had two black kuhli loaches for a year and i noticed a month ago that they had babies ! ! ! ! not sure how many there are because they stay hid . does anyone know how many they have at a time ? i asked the pet store and they didn\u2019t know . i saw one of the little ones today an its growing ! ! ! yea so happy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !\nthis rather pretty little loach is fairly easy to care for in the home aquarium , needing water that is medium - soft to medium and ph around 6 . 0 to 7 . 0 . it has been known , however , for them to adapt to most water conditions . its region in the tank is the bottom where it browses for food . the temperature should be 75 - 85 f ( 24 - 29 c ) .\nthanks ! i was getting worried about my loach , i\u2019m glad they will grow back . and i made a cave for my fish out of non - toxic air dry terra cotta clay . would you recommend a type of coating to make it safe for an aquarium ? ? i though terra cotta clay would be best because flower pots are made of terra cotta and they are usually put in aquariums . what do you think ?\nkuhli loaches are really cool ! they love to dash around through the bubble wall , hang from the java ferns like christmas decorations and they are very easy to train to eat from your fingers . we love their unusual shape , their striking colours and most of all that they ' re such hyperactive , funny clowns ! ! they ' ll just dart around for hours and hours and hours , and then suddenly stop and rest .\nmost common disease that affects this loach is ich . ich is short for ichthyophthirius , also known as\nwhite spot disease\n. it is a parasite that can attack nearly all aquarium fishes , but you ' ll find that loaches are often the first to be attacked . take great care in treating ick as loaches are very sensitive to the medications used to treat it . often the dose is half of what is normally used .\nhi robert . love your tips on keeping your loach fish happy . i have had a pair of loach , for two weeks now , they are lovely to watch . i am a little concerned about one of them , he\u2019s hiding alot , but when they feed the two of them may seem to be dancing a round together up and down the tank . this morning i noticed one was on his side and moving his fins very fast , i helped him to lay on his tummy , he swam to the top of the tank , had a little swim then flouted to the bottom again . and now he\u2019s been there for a while up right . i have fresh plants in my tank , rocks in my tank , but no caves . i am feeding them flakes also i have live snails in my tank . what else can i do to help them , water fine .\nsomething else to keep in mind when setting up an aquarium for kuhli loaches , is that you can further reduce any stress by providing them with a soft substrate that they can burrow into . one of the more popular choices for substrate is play sand , which is attractive , clean and best of all \u2013 cheap . it\u2019s far cheaper than any of the gravel offered in a fish stores ( most of which look like clown puke anyways ) .\npangio kuhlii is one of the two dozen species of kuhlis , a number of which closely resemble each other . pangio kuhlii sumatranus and pangio kuhlii myersi are subspecies that have been described based on differences in coloration and markings . p . sumatuanus ( also known as the sumatra kuhli ) has fewer and darker bands than pangio kuhlii . sporting even wider bands is pangio kuhlii myersi . pangio kuhlii remains the most popular and readily available of the coolie loaches .\ni just purchased my first loach , i bought 3 . i only see 2 at any given time . i have a 20 gallon tank with small comminity fish . i have gravel , as i hate sand ( had it and couldnt stand it ) . will they ge ok with the gravel ? i have lots of real plants , a cave , driftwood , and tubes for hiding . im just worried about the gravel . any advice ? thanks !"]}
{"id": 1961, "summary": [{"text": "the annandale 's guitarfish ( rhinobatos annandalei ) is a type of ray .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in the indian ocean around india , pakistan , sri lanka and possibly the persian gulf .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is predominantly found in the marine waters , but also enters the brackish waters and freshwater rivers as well .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a length of approximately 56 cm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are ovoviviparous fishes . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "rhinobatos annandalei", "paragraphs": ["citation :\nannandale ' s guitarfishes , rhinobatos annandalei ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\n( of rhinobatus annandalei norman , 1926 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch rhinobatos annandalei \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 september 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 29 september 2016 ) .\neastern central and southeast atlantic : this species was first described from accra , ghana ( norman 1930 ) and is reported from southern senegal to angola ( schneider 1990 , bianchi 1986 , s\u00e9ret in press ) .\nit has never been abundant but nowadays it has become evidently rare , taken in fisheries on an increasingly rare basis ( b . s\u00e9ret pers . obs . 2008 ) .\nan inshore guitarfish occurring in shallow coastal waters to about 35 m depth ( schneider 1990 ) . maximum size is about 80 cm total length ( tl ) and the species commonly reaches 60 cm tl ( schneider 1990 ) . males mature at about 46 cm tl , females at about 52 cm tl , size at birth about 15 cm tl . ovoviviparous with litters of 2 - 3 pups ; a sluggish bottom - dweller feeding on benthic invertebrates mainly shrimps ( s\u00e9ret in press ) .\nflesh consumed fresh , dried , salted and smoked . fins probably utilized for the international shark fin trade .\nthere are no known conservation measures in place for this species . recommended : efforts should be made to quantify catch levels and determine population trends , which will require capacity - building , education and training programmes . measures to protect and restore this species habitat would also be beneficial , such as identification and management of marine protected areas to conserve nursery grounds . research is needed on the species ' life - history characteristics . the development and implementation of management plans ( national and / or regional e . g . , under the fao international plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks : ipoa - sharks ) are required to facilitate the conservation and management of all elasmobranch species in the region . a seasonal ban on the targeted exploitation of this species elsewhere within the west african region would decrease the rate of capture of reproductively active individuals ( m . ducrocq pers . comm . 2006 ) . a ban on finning and the dumping of carcasses should be considered , as this would represent the most effective method of decreasing the fishing pressure on this species . otherwise , the implementation of licences for targeted and non targeted shark fishing and finning and a tax system on shark fins are recommended as measures to control the fishing pressure impacting this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , rhinos = nose + greek , batis , - idos = a ray ( raja sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 56 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 47613 )\noccurs mainly in the marine environment , but also enters the lower reaches of rivers . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) .\nexhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) .\ntalwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p . ( ref . 4832 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00316 ( 0 . 00159 - 0 . 00631 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec assumed to be < 100 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .\nnorman , j . r . 1926 . a synopsis of the rays of the family rhinobatidae , with a revision of the genus rhinobatus . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london 1926 1926 ( 4 ) : 941 - 982 .\nindian ocean : india , sri lanka , pakistan and also possibly from the gulf ( talwar and jhingran 1991 , bianchi 1985 , assadi and dehghani 1997 , vossoughi and vosoughi 1999 ) .\nno information is currently available on the habitat or biology of this guitarfish . maximum total length is reported at approximately 56 cm ( assadi and dehghani 1997 ) .\nthis species is presumably taken in a variety of fisheries ; including demersal trawls , gillnets , trammelnets and setnets operating within its range , but no information is available on its capture .\nnone in place . information on the full distribution , occurrence , life - history parameters and threats are required to make a full assessment of this species threat status .\na synopsis of the rays of the family rhinobatidae , with a revision of the genus rhinobatus .\nnorman , 1926 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\noccurs mainly in the marine environment , but also enters the lower reaches of rivers . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbor , p . h . f . ( 2002 ) nederlandse naamlijst van de recente haaien en roggen ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii ) van de wereld . : world wide web electronic publication www . rajidae . tmfweb . nl , version ( 05 / 2002 ) .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ncompagno , l . j . v . ( 1999 ) checklist of living elasmobranchs . : p . 471 - 498 . in w . c . hamlett ( ed . ) sharks , skates , and rays : the biology of elasmobranch fishes . johns hopkins university press , maryland .\nde bruin , g . h . p . , b . c . russell and a . bogusch ( 1995 ) fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . the marine fishery resources of sri lanka . : rome , fao . 400 p .\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\ntalwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran ( 1991 ) inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . : a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p ."]}
{"id": 1962, "summary": [{"text": "agonopterix quadripunctata is a moth of the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in fennoscandia , estonia , latvia , russia , germany , poland , the czech republic , slovakia , italy and the republic of macedonia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on seseli and cnidium species , including cnidium dubium . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "agonopterix quadripunctata", "paragraphs": ["all galleries > > butterflies & moths of sweden > > micro > > depressariidae > 0549 agonopterix quadripunctata 078 . jpg\nredescription of agonopterix selini ( heinemann , 1870 ) with description of agonopterix lessini sp . n . and agonopterix paraselini\nagonopterix kuznetzovi lvovsky , 1983 ; ent . obozr . 62 ( 3 ) : 594\nagonopterix flurii sonderegger , 2013 ; contr . nat . history 21 : ( 1 - 14 )\nagonopterix banatica georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 113\nagonopterix dumitrescui georgesco , 1965 ; rev . roum . biol . ( zool . ) 10 : 111\nagonopterix abditella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 40\nagonopterix graecella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 233\nagonopterix inoxiella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 38\nagonopterix ordubadensis hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 34\nagonopterix subumbellana hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 42\nagonopterix chaetosoma clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 93 ; tl : japan , hoshu , kii , nati\nagonopterix cluniana huemer & lvovsky , 2000 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 21 ( 3 ) : 135\nagonopterix issikii clarke , 1962 ; ent . news 73 : 96 ; tl : japan , honshu , sinano , tobira\nagonopterix ( subagonopterix ) vietnamella subgen . nov . et spec . nov , of flat moths from south - eastern asia\nagonopterix socerbi sumpich , 2012 ; nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tl : slovenia , crni kal - socerb\nagonopterix dierli lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : nepal , east khumjung , 3800m\nagonopterix medelichensis buchner , 2015 ; zootaxa 3986 ( 1 ) : 107 ; tl : italy , prov . verona , monte , 300m\nagonopterix mendesi corley , 2002 ; nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26 ; tl : portugal , algarve , praia de castelejo\nagonopterix heracliana ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix mikkolai lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , kathmandu , phulchoki mt . , 1700m\nagonopterix perezi walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 957 , pl . 52 , f . 8\nagonopterix paraselini buchner , 2017 ; gortania 38 : 94 ; tl : austria , lower austria , eichkogel near m\u00f6dling , 48\u00b04 . 8n ; 16\u00b016 . 6e\nagonopterix parinkini lvovsky , 2011 ; zoosyst . rossica 20 ( 1 ) : 151 ; tl : nepal , e . bujan , dudh kosi tal , 2900m\n= agonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix ( depressariini ) ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 , 9 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix bipunctifera ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 3 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix takamukui ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 1 , f . 6 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix toega hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30 , pl . 1 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : san clemente island , california\nagonopterix l - nigrum ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 4 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix sapporensis ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 5 , pl . 3 , f . 15 - 16 ; [ nhm card ]\nagonopterix hesphoea hodges , 1975 ; j . lep . soc . 29 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : texas , culberson co . , sierra diablo 20 mi . nnw van horn , 6000ft\nagonopterix amyrisella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 ; [ nacl ] , # 898 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix psoraliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix caucasiella karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 ; nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 180 ; tl : russia , caucasus , 44\u00b009 ' n , 40\u00b004 ' e , majkop , 1300m\nagonopterix cinerariae walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 955 , pl . 52 , f . 7 ; tl : tenerife , arafo ; barranco lorez , near orotava\nagonopterix dammersi clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 ( 1 ) : 4 , f . 1 - 1a , 8 ; tl : forest home , san bernardino co . , california\nagonopterix chrautis hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28 , f . 2d - e , h , pl . 1 , f . 33 ; tl : jemez springs , new mexico\nagonopterix paulae harrison , 2005 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : illinois , piatt co . , univ . of illinois - robert allerton park , lost garden trail\nagonopterix thelmae clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 96 , pl . 44 , f . 259 ; tl : oak station , allegheny co . , pennsylvania\nagonopterix oregonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 65 , pl . 31 , f . 176 , pl . 42 , f . 241 ; tl : salem , oregon\nagonopterix cajonensis clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 82 , pl . 31 , f . 180 , pl . 42 , f . 244 ; tl : cajon valley , california\nagonopterix amissella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 890 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix arnicella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 879 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clarkei ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 863 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix clemensella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 862 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix costimacula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 39 ; harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 164 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix gelidella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 855 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix hyperella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix latipalpella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; [ nacl ] , # 897 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix lecontella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 886 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix muricolorella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 860 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pergandeella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 888 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix senicionella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nacl ] , # 881 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix walsinghamella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nervosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 2 , f . 42 - 47 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix curvilineella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 859 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 97 , pl . 31 , f . 179 , pl . 40 , f . 229 ; tl : henry , putnam co . , illinois\nagonopterix eupatoriiella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix flavicomella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 880 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 80 , pl . 28 , f . 167 , pl . 44 , f . 258 ; tl : dunca , vancouver island , british columbia\nagonopterix lythrella ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 , pl . 1 , f . 6 - 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nebulosa ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 894 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nigrinotella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 15 ; [ nacl ] , # 868 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix nubiferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 10 ; [ nacl ] , # 858 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix posticella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 896 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pteleae ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , pl . 1 , f . 22 - 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 865 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix pulvipennella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 , pl . 1 , f . 26 - 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix robiniella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 29 - 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix rosaciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 41 - 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sabulella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix sanguinella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 885 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix jezonica ; kuroko , 1959 , 35 ; [ nhm , ( nom nud . ) card ] ; ridout , 1981 , ins . matsumurana 24 : 34 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 4 , f . 17\nagonopterix ciliella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 , pl . 1 , f . 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\nagonopterix cratia hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : walnut canyon , 6500 ' , 6 1 / 3 mi e by s . flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nagonopterix argillacea ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 8 - 10 , 16 , 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix atrodorsella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 , f . 1a , pl . 1 , f . 20 - 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 864 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix canadensis ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 , pl . 1 , f . 47 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix cajonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 874 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dammersi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 43 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 , pl . 1 , f . 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 873 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix antennariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 , pl . 2 , f . 22 - 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix dimorphella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 38 - 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 887 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix oregonensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 103 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 14 - 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 861 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix thelmae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 36 - 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 884 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nagonopterix fusciterminella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 , f . 2a - b , g , pl . 1 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 870 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr . alexander lvovsky\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nacl ] , 11 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n312x662 ( ~ 85kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 4 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ndepressaria abjectella christoph , 1882 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 57 ( 1 ) : 16 ; tl : wladiwostok\ndepressaria acerbella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 564 ; tl : cape\nacuta stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 416\ndepressaria agyrella rebel , 1917 ; dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 193 ; tl : r . agyr [ ? ] , tannuola\nlarva on conium , conium maculatum berenbaum & passoa , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 38\ndepressaria amissella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : kissimmee , florida\nlarva on amyris floridana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 893 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on antennaria luzuloides hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria anticella erschoff , [ 1877 ] ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 4 ) : 344 ; tl : irkutsk\naperta hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 43\ndepressaria archangelicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\n669x637 ( ~ 88kb ) russia , moscow area , 11 . 9 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\ncalifornia - british columbia , manitoba , ontario , new brunswick , nova scotia , michigan , south dakota , illinois , texas , florida , utah . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 889 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on salix lasiolepis , s . bebbiana , amorpha fruticosa , ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39\ndepressaria arnicella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 314 , pl . 36 , f . 3 ; tl : mt . shasta , california\nlarva on erigeron hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ns . quebec , ontario , wisconsin , n . illinois . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria atrodorsella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 124 ; tl : [ pennsylvania ? ]\nlarva on eupatorium spp . , coreopsis spp . , bidens frondosa , myrica asplenifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nbabaella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136\nagonopteryx bakriella amsel , 1958 ; sber . \u00f6st . akad . wiss . ( 1 ) 167 : 559 ; tl : deh bakri , prov . kirman , iran\ndepressaria baleni zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 253 ; tl : bogota\ndepressaria bipunctifera matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1089 ; tl : japan , sapporo\ndepressaria cadurciella chr\u00e9tien , 1914 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1914 : 159 ; tl : causse de gramat\nconnecticut , new york , manitoba , s . british columbia - colorado , washington - california , utah , arizona . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 878 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on senecio terra hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 33\ncanuflavella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\ndepressaria caprella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 157 , pl . 17 , f . 9 ; tl : near lewes\ntinea carduella h\u00fcbner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 439\nlarva on heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 181\ndepressaria cervariella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 251 , pl . 10 , f . 13\ndepressaria chironiella constant , 1893 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 62 : 392 , pl . 11 , f . 4\nalberta - to ( new mexico , california , alberta ) . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 877 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica silvestris , a . archangelica , peucedanum palustre , selinum , sium , cicuta , pimpinella saxifraga , seseli , heracleum , ligusticum , carum\nlarva on senecio populifolius , s . heritieri walsingham , [ 1908 ] , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 956\nagonopteryx [ sic ] clarkei keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 10 , pl . 4 , pl . 7 , f . 6 ; tl : missouri flat , placerville district , california\nlarva on artermisia vulgaris hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\ns . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , illinois , ohio . see [ maps ]\ngelechia clemensella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 9 ) : 173 ; tl : easton , pennsylvania\nlarva on pastinaca sativa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24 , heracleum mantegazzianum karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\nhaemylis cnicella treitschke , 1832 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 1 ) : 237\ndepressaria coenosella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schlu\u00df ) : 45 , pl . 11 , f . 14 \u2642 ; tl : pelur ( 2000m ) ; rehde - demawend\ndepressaria comitella lederer , 1855 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 232 , pl . 5 , f . 5\ndepressaria communis meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , table mtn\ndepressaria compacta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 249 ; tl : cape colony , capetown\nlarva on salix , ( wide leafed ) s . caprea , s . aurita , s . cinerea , s . repens\ndepressaria crassiventrella rebel , 1891 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 41 : 627\ndepressaria crypsicosma meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\ncuillerella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\ne . ontario , manitoba , massachusetts , new york - south carolina . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria curvilineella beutenm\u00fcller , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 10 ; tl : new york\ndepressaria cyclas meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : dalhousie , kashmir\ncynarivora meyrick , 1932 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 280\ndepressaria cyrniella rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 45\nlarva on senecio douglasii , eriophyllum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nagonopteryx demissella hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 456\ndeliciosella turati , 1924 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 63 : 174 , pl . 5 , f . 61\ndeltopa meyrick & caradja , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\ndideganella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 3\nsouth carolina , illinois , e . nebraska , kansas , arkansas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on amorpha fruticosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ndepressaria divergella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : tjutjuje\ndepressaria dryocrates meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 100 ; tl : natal , kirkloof\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 15 ; [ nhm card ]\nelbursella hannemann , 1976 ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 234\ndepressaria encentra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 252 ; tl : japan\ndepressaria epichersa meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 253 ; tl : china , ta - tsien - lon\npennsylvania , illinois , north carolina , kentucky , maryland . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 866 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eupatorium , actinomeris alternifolia , carya ovata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria erythrella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 161 , pl . 8 , f . 7 , 7a ; tl :\nchanka - meer\n; suifun\ndepressaria exquisitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 132 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nfarsensis hannemann , 1958 ; dt . ent . z . 5 1 : 457\ndepressaria ( schistodepressaria ) ferocella chr\u00e9tien , 1910 ; schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nlarva on cirsium ferox spuler , 1910 , schmett . eur . 2 : 340\nconnecticut , s . manitoba , north carolina , indiana , illinois . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria flavicomella engel , 1907 ; ent . news 18 ( 7 ) : 276 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania\nlarva on heracleum lanatum , taenidia integerrima hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\nlarva on bupleurum fruticosum walsingham , 1903 , ent . mon . mag . 39 : 267\nhungary , dalmatia , asia minor , . . . . see [ maps ]\nlarva on senecio aronicoides , cacaliopsis nardosmia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 28\ndepressaria fuscovenella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 18 ; tl : ain draham , tunis\ngalbella hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 36\ndepressaria gelidella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 90 ; tl : winnipeg , manitoba , canada\nlarva on salix , betula papyrifera hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria glabrella turati , 1921 ; naturalista sicil . 23 ( 7 - 12 ) : 338 , pl . 4 , f . 45 ; tl : tangier , morocco\ndepressaria glyphidopa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 475 ; tl : natal , weenen\ndepressaria grammatopa meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 287 ; tl : cape colony , table mountain , 2500ft\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184 ; [ fe ]\n= ; karsholt , lvovsky & nielsen , 2006 , nota lepid . 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 184\ndepressaria homogenes meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : cape colony , gt . winthoek , 4500ft\ndepressaria hypomarathri [ = hippomarathri ] nickerl , 1864 ; wiener ent . monat . 8 ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 5 , f . 8\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 856 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on hypericum prolificum , h . perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22\ndepressaria conterminella var . atrella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 131 ; tl : kasakewitsch\ndepressaria iliensis rebel , 1936 ; dt . ent . z . iris 50 : 96\nintersecta filipjev , 1929 \u00b2 ; ann . mus . zool . leningrad 30 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 10 , pl . 2a , f . 2\ninvenustella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 293\ndepressaria lacteella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nagonopteryx [ sic ] latipalpella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : san benito , texas\nlatipennella zerny , 1934 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 24 , pl . 1 , f . 8\ndepressaria lecontella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 174\nlarva on baptisia tinctoria hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 38\ncroatia , france , greece , italy , slovenia , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria leucadensis rebel , 1932 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver 17 ( 8 ) : 55 ; tl : greece\ndepressaria l - nigrum matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1091 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nnova scotia , new brunswick , ontario , illinois , north carolina . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 22 ; [ nacl ] , # 857 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on lythrum alatum , hypericum punctatum , h . virginicum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\nastria , italy , slovakia , hungary , greece , . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria melanarcha meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 316 ; tl : barberton\nlarva on centaurea sphaerocephala corley , 2002 , nota lepid . 24 ( 4 ) : 26\nmetamelopa meyrick , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 72\nmiyanella amsel , 1972 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 136 , pl . 1 , f . 1\nmonotona caradja , 1927 \u00b2 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . 4 ( 8 ) : 33\ndepressaria muricolorella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 741 ; tl : golden , colorado\nlarva on lomatium macrocarpum , l . grayi , leptotaenia multifida hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\ndepressaria nanatella stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 154 , pl . 17 , f . 2 ; tl : charlton sand - pit\ndepressaria aridella mann , 1869 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 19 : 385 ; tl : brussa ; spalato\ndepressaria nebulosa zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 237 ; tl : cambridge , massachusetts\nlarva on antennaria plantaginifolia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\ndepressaria neoxesta meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 31 ; tl : zululand , eshowe\nbritish columbia - california , nevada , . . . , eu , . . . , ? . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 895 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on ulex europaeus , cytisus scoparius , laburnum , genista hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 41\nnew york , s . quebec , s . ontario , nw . wisconsin , arkansas . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria nigrinotella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 88 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on carya , ptelea trifoliata , zanthoxylum americanum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\ndepressaria nodiflorella milli\u00e8re , 1866 ; icon . desc . chenilles lepid . 2 : 214 , pl . 73 , f . 8 - 11\ndepressaria nubiferella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 316 , pl . 36 , f . 6 ; tl : rogue river , oregon\nlarva on hypericum perforatum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 23\ndepressaria nyctalopis meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 621 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro\ndepressaria occaecata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : syria , beirut\nlarva on salix , s . repens , ( middle europe also ) betula , quercus\ndepressaria oinochroa turati , 1879 ; bull . soc . ent . ital . 11 : 200 , pl . 8 , f . 13\nomelkoi lvovsky , 1985 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 134 : 97\nlarva on lomatium caruifolium , l . marginatum , l . nudicaule , l . utriculatum , angelica hendersonii , a . lucida , eryngium vaseyi , oenanthe sarmentosa , sanicula bipinnatifida , sanicula laciniata , s . nevadensis , s . tuberosa hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 24\npallidior stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\npanjaoella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137\naustria , france , germany , slowenia , switzerland , turkey . see [ maps ]\nlarva on zanthoxylum americanum harrison & berenbaum , 2005 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 107 ( 1 ) : 166\ndepressaria pavida meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : asia minor , taurus mts\ndepressaria pergandeella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : nebraska\ndepressaria petasitis standfuss , 1851 ; zs . ent . breslau ( lepid . ) ( 16 ) : 51\nsyllochitis petraea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 462 ; tl : maskeliya , madulsima , matale , wellawaya , kegalle , puttalam , ceylon\ndepressaria posticella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 315 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : lake co . ; mendocino co . , california , s . oregon\nlarva on psoralea physodes , p . macrostachya , p . tenuiflora hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 42\nprobella ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( agonopteryx ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 292\npseudorutana turati , 1934 \u00b2 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 201 , pl . 3 , f . 26\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 39 ; [ nacl ] , # 891 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on psoralea lanceolata , p . physodes hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 40\nagonopteryx [ sic ] pteleae barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 231 , pl . 28 , f . 13 , pl . 38 , f . 1 ; tl : decatur , illinois\nlarva on ptelea trifoliata hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 25\nnew hampshire , s . manitoba , missouri , lousiana , colorado . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 867 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on solidago , urtica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 26\ndepressaria pupillana wocke , 1887 ; bresl . ent . z . 12 : 62\nceu , seu , asia minor , iran , palestine . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria remota meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : palestine , haifa\ndepressaria rimulella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 128 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nrhododrosa meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 476\nrhodogastra meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 80\nnova scotia , s . michigan , na . georgia , w . arkansas . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 882 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on robinia pseudoacacia hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 35\nalaska , w . saskatchewan - washington - california , arizona . see [ maps ]\n: skyline ridge , 2500 - 3000 ' , mt baker district , whatcom co . , washington\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 876 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on angelica arguta , a . hendersonii , conioselinum chinense , ligusticum apiifolium , oenanthe sarmentosa , osmorhiza chilensis , osmorhiza occidentalis , echinopanax horridum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 32\nroseocaudella stringer , 1930 \u00b2 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 ( 34 ) : 417\nagonopteryx rubristricta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 136 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nrubrovittella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 168\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 872 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on eriophyllum confertiflorum , e . lanatum , eriophyllum stachaediflorum hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 29\nsalangella amsel , 1972 \u00b2 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . s\u00fcdwdtl . 31 : 137 , pl . 1 , f . 5\ndepressaria sanguinella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 738 ; tl : pinal mts . , arizona\nlarva on robinia neoxmexicana hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 37\ndepressaria sapporensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1092 ; tl : japan , sapporo\nscopariella calycotomella ( amsel , 1958 ) ( depressaria ) ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 43 ( schlu\u00df ) : 73\naustria , croatia , finland , france , germany , greece , hungary , italy , romania , slovakia , slovenia , spain , turkey . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria selini heinemann , 1870 ; schmett . dtl . scweitz . ( 2 ) 3 : 167\nlarva on peucedanum palustre , p . oreoselinum , selinum carvifolium , ligusticum lucidum buchner , 2017 , gortania 38 : 81\ndepressaria senicionella busck , 1902 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 24 ( 1268 ) : 742 ; tl : district of columbia\nlarva on senecio aureus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 34\ndepressaria septicella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 162 , pl . 8 , f . 8 ; tl : chabarowska\ndepressaria seraphimella chr\u00e9tien , 1929 ; amat . papillons 4 : 194 , pl . 5 , f . 9\ndepressaria silerella stainton , 1865 ; ent . mon . mag . 1 : 221\nlarva on siler aquilegifolium stainton , 1865 , ent . mon . mag . 1 : 222\ndepressaria squamosa mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 185 , pl . 4 , f . 13\ndepressaria stigmella moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 237 ; tl : yangihissar ( 4320ft ) , kashgar\ndepressaria straminella staudinger , 1859 ; stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 238 ; tl : chiclana\nnaf , seu , ceu , asia minor , syria . see [ maps ]\nsutschanella caradja , 1926 \u00b2 ; dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 43\ntabghaella amsel , 1953 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berlin 20 : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 69\ndepressaria takamukui matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1902 ; tl : japan , chikugo\ndepressaria thurneri rebel , 1941 ; isv . tsarsk . prirodonauch . inst . sofia 14 : 7\nlarva on sanicula hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 30\ntolli hannemann , 1959 ; dt . ent . z . 6 ( 1 - 3 ) : 37\ntriallactis meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 594\ndepressaria trimenella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 251 , pl . 11 , f . 19 ; tl : spring valley\ndepressaria tschorbadjiewi rebel , 1916 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 45 ; tl : burgas\nvasta amsel , 1935 \u00b2 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 10 , f . 58\nnova scotia , s . quebec , s . ontario , wisconsin , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 869 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on myrica aspleniifolia , m . gale , l . pensylvanica hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 27\nxylinopis caradja , 1931 \u00b2 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 14\nn . africa , canary is . , seu , . . . . see [ maps ]\ncryptolechia eoa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : khasis\nleptopa ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 84\nmalaisei ( diakonoff , 1952 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 86\ntinea deplanella h\u00fcbner , [ 1805 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : f . 274\ndepressaria furvella f . jezonica matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1090 ; tl : japan , saghalin\ntinea rubidella h\u00fcbner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 32 , f . 221\ndepressaria urzhumella krulikowsky , 1909 ; dt . ent . z . iris 21 ( 4 ) : 266 ; tl : kasan\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nergebnisse der \u00f6sterreichischen iran - expedition 1949 / 50 . lepidoptera ii . ( microlepidoptera )\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nthe natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .\nspecies insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 17 - 32 )\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\n) in the caucasus , with a discussion of the nomenclature of a . heracliana ( linnaeus )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , . . . . editio duocecima reformata . tom . 1 . part ii .\nlepidoptern gesammelt w\u00e4hrend dreier reisen nach dalmatien in den jahren 1850 . 1862 und 1868\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\nmicrol\u00e9pidop\u00e8res de la haute syrie , r\u00e9colt\u00e9s par m . ch . delagrange , et , et descriptions de 27 esp\u00e8ces nouvelles\nzerny , 1940 mikrolepidopteren aus dem elburs - gebirge in nord - iran zs . wiener entver . 25 : 20 - 24 , ( schlu\u00df ) : 42 - 48\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nnikon d300s , nikkor 105mm f / 2 . 8g ed - if af - s vr micro"]}
{"id": 1964, "summary": [{"text": "the apical flycatcher ( myiarchus apicalis ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to colombia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "apical flycatcher", "paragraphs": ["apical flycatcher is a songbird endemic to colombia . the species lives in gallery forest in vallies in western colombia below 1700 meters in elevation . it is an easy myiarchus flycatcher to identify , as it is the only member of that genus with conspicuous white tips to the tail feathers . otherwise it is a normal - appearing member of the genus with large size , slim shape , stout bill , and crest , and typical behavior , conspicuously hawking insects around woods and borders . apical flycatcher gives several call types , a dry whit call , stutters , and whistles .\njoseph , l . ( 2018 ) . apical flycatcher ( myiarchus apicalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species thrives in secondary and open habitats and is suspected to be expanding its range as deforestation continues ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nupper parts of four river systems in wc colombia : cauca valley ( valle and cauca ; recorded also in antioquia ) , pacific slope in arid valleys of upper r dagua ( valle ) , upper r pat\u00eda ( nari\u00f1o and valley of r calima ) , and magdalena valley ( santander and boyac\u00e1 s to huila ) .\nwith conspicuous pale whitish tail tips ; crest more bushy than on most congeners . crown is brownish - olive , darker feather . . .\nrepeated rolls , hiccups and whistles in response to intruding conspecifics ; typically , gives long . . .\nmost numerous in scrubby vegetation of dry to arid valleys ; also recorded in forest and lighter . . .\ninsects and small fruit ; a beetle ( coleoptera ) found in one stomach . singly or in pairs . forages by sallying from perch at middle and lower . . .\nlaying recorded in jul , sept and nov\u2013feb ; males with enlarged testes late jan to mid - apr . nests found in tree cavity 5 m up and in . . .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in colombian inter - andean valleys eba . uncommon to locally fairly common . common in upper dagua valley w of cali ( . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nphylogenetic study based on mtdna # r found that , with exception of m . semirufus , this genus comprises two clades , one of predominantly caribbean and central and north american taxa , the other of south american taxa . see also rhytipterna ( above ) .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myiarchus apicalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmale singing and doing aggressive displays in a scrub adyacent to forest edge . i t was recorded for 5 minutes , but their calls and songs were between long pauses . this is the first cut .\nsame male as xc405882 . second cut after 3 minutes with respect to the first one .\nsame individual as xc405882 . in this case third cut with respect to the second one after 2 minutes .\nsame male as xc405882 . fifth cut , 2 and 34 minutes after fourth cut .\nsame male as xc405882 . sixth cut , 1 and 27 minutes after 5 cut .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 289 , 690 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of bird photos and video from around the world , or upload your own .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .\ndo you want to translate into other languages ? have a look at our english - hungarian dictionary .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\nin english scientific usage , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\ntyran \u00e0 queue givr\u00e9e : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nen fran\u00e7ais , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage ."]}
{"id": 1968, "summary": [{"text": "the fiery topaz ( topaza pyra ) is a species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "fiery topaz", "paragraphs": ["in the amazon rainforest of ecuadorlives one of the most beautiful hummingbirds : fiery topaz i feeds on nectar from marcgraviacea flowers and sometimes comes out to eat fresh hatched mayflies . # amazonbirdingweek\nthe yasuni wilderness brings our latest finding , this time we were able to capture a few glimpses of an iconic species of hummingbird : fiery topaz ; while exploring the heart of the yasuni biosphere reserve . stay tune and get our lates findings : subscribe\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . fiery topaz ( topaza pyra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' rare ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 4 . 1 - 4 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 12 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\noften lumped with t . pella , and some individuals of that species resemble present species in having glittering orange belly . however , here split on account of ( in male ) black extending over rear ear - coverts and nape and lower on breast below green throat patch , forming a stronger , more distinctive hood ( 3 ) ; more golden , less vinous shade on mantle and back ( 1 ) ; stronger and rather more extensive green on rump and uppertail - coverts ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; almost uniformly dark blue - black secondaries and tail vs secondaries and outer rectrices rich rufous ( 3 ) ; and ( in female ) narrower glittering throat patch ( ns [ 1 ] ) and whitish - buff outer vane of outer rectrix ( ns [ 2 ] ) ; further differences exist # r . two subspecies recognized .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\n( gould , 1846 ) \u2013 s venezuela ( amazonas ) , se colombia and nw brazil .\n. , 2000 \u2013 e ecuador and ne peru ( loreto , ucayali ) .\nmale 21\u201323 cm ( including bill 2\u00b72 cm and tail 9\u00b79\u201311\u00b78 cm ) , 12\u201317 g ; female 13\u201314 cm , 10\u00b72\u201312 g ( races combined ) . compared to nominate race of\nsong described as a \u201crich chatter decelerating into a series of \u201ctchip\u201d notes followed by high wiry . . .\noccurs in lowlands generally below 400 m , and seems to be largely restricted to forests ( including . . .\n. mainly seen foraging for nectar in the upper storey of flowering . . .\nfew nesting data , but at least five nests with eggs , one in amazonas ( w brazil ) in may , two in acre ( sw brazil ) both in jul and two in e . . .\nmainly sedentary during breeding season , but is speculated to engage in some temporal movements , . . .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . locally common but frequently considered rare due to its secretive habits in the treetops . no abundance data available , but has recently . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nperhaps related to eulampis and anthracothorax through nest and display ; in past placed close to oreotrochilus .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : topaza pyra . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 306 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 394 side a track 21 seq . b )\ncalls from a male bird high in a tall flowering tree , in terra firme forest .\nsame bird as xc332892 . two birds , one same as above . both perched on tall tree in garden by stream ; one bird singing very persistently .\nmale singing strongly in garden . two birds present . one perching on top of low tree , a regular perch over several mornings .\nadult male and immature male fly - catching in the evening sun from branches above the river .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 394 side a track 21 seq . d )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 394 side a track 21 seq . c )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 394 side a track 21 seq . a )\nperch height 20 m . distance to mike : 25 m . series of tanager - like tzip calls apparently given by male , but female of pair may also have contributed ; birds were feeding in the canopy of a flowering tree . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , terra firme forest , ridge - top . ref : ec03b15322\nthey like to feed on red flowers of epyphyte plants of the genera marcgravia . trip report :\nseveral birds , mostly males . on seemingly green marcgravia flowers high on stems and thick branches of large tree in humid forest . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nthree males\nfighting\nat a flowering tree around a clearing in campina forest , calling in flight as they hovered facing each other just above the crown of the tree , c . 8 m above ground .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . this website uses cookies that provide targeted advertising and which track your use of this website . by clicking \u2018continue\u2019 or by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\na large south american hummingbird , topaza pyra , the male of which has metallic orange and red plumage on the back and belly .\nstay up to date with our latest news and receive new words updates , blog posts , and more .\nin this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot - on cv .\narchaic words have a charm that never fades away , from french sounding to wondrously mysterious ones ."]}
{"id": 1971, "summary": [{"text": "gobius strictus , schmidt 's goby , is a doubtfully valid species of goby native to the mediterranean sea where it is known from around mallorca and morocco and from the adriatic coasts of croatia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species can be found at depths of from 25 to 40 metres ( 82 to 131 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 6.5 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is suspected that this species actually represents a juvenile of g. cruentatus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "schmidt ' s goby", "paragraphs": ["bonefish slider tier : tim borski schmidt ' s take : this fly is a staple for flats fishermen . the goby - ish pattern was designed to mimic the small fish that swim the waters where spooky bonefish eat . the head has lead eyes , but are surrounded by spun deer hair which allows the fly to slide thru grass and weed without getting hung up . well weighted to enable it to be fished towards and on the bottom , but has enough of a footprint that it doesn ' t send fish for the deep when it hits the water .\ncharlie ' s airhead ( gray / white ) tier : charlie bisharat schmidt ' s take : killer baitfish profile ? check . pushes water ? check . responds to stripping variations ( has awesome action ) ? check . durable ? check . innovative use of materials ? check . catches multiple species ? check .\ngummy minnow tier : blane chocklette schmidt ' s take : innovative yet controversial . is it a fly or is it a lure ? i think that says enough about how cool this fly really is , and yes , it catches fish like crazy too .\ngold bead poxyback ( pmd ) tier : mike mercer schmidt ' s take : this is an amazing representation of a pale morning dun nymph . mike mercer popularized the use of epoxy on the wing cases of nymphs and emergers , a tying technique that has\nstuck\naround for years .\ncreek crawler ( olive ) tier : duane hada schmidt ' s take : duane is an artist , and it shows in his flies , which are very durable but still realistic . this crayfish pattern not only has amazing bin appeal , it fishes incredibly well for both cold and warm water species .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\nmissing link caddis tier : mike mercer schmidt ' s take : beauty in simplicity . this fly is both sparse and detailed at the same time . the missing link has a fantastic buggy profile without getting too bulky . the light elk - hair wing aids to the pattern ' s visibility while imitating the wing of an emergent insect . parachute - style hackle gives the footprint the fly needs to stay afloat , but is just sparse enough to mimic an insect ' s dangling legs . this is another example of a very well thought - out fly ; almost every step in this pattern has dual purpose , which is important in keeping the fly in proportion and limiting the material tye in bulk . i hesitate when calling this a caddis though . not because it isn ' t a good caddis pattern , but because it ' s also an excellent mayfly emerger .\ntodd ' s wiggle minnow ( brown trout ) tier : todd boyer schmidt ' s take : this is one of the more simple - looking flies , but it is a well thought out pattern that will make you giggle when you swim it . the fly acts like a crank bait and is fished the same way , with erratic long strips and a short pause to gather your line for the next strip . fished across and down in a current , the wiggle minnow darts around from seam to seam , vibrating all the way .\ntwo - bit hooker tier : charlie craven schmidt ' s take : charlie got it right with the two - bit hooker . because he used two tungsten beads ( one as the head and one as the thorax ) , charlie managed to keep the skinny mayfly profile and proportions correct while creating a fly that still crawls the bottom even when tied in small sizes .\ncopper john tier : john barr schmidt ' s take : what can i say about the copper john that hasn ' t been said before ? it is what it is - - essential . the perfect mayfly nymph profile , materials that allow the fly to get down now in the water column , and if the fly spends more time in front of fish , it has a better chance of getting eaten . that is just what the copper john does , it gets eaten . it ' s also been our best selling nymph for years .\nsupreme hair rattle shrimp tier : larry haines schmidt ' s take : we have been told on many occasions that these are purchased by conventional bait users because they work as well and last longer then the real thing . how cool is that ! ? the addition of the glass rattle under the epoxy carapace adds a little weight in addition to the enticing sound that triggers bites .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nclouser deep minnow ( crabby ) tier : bob clouser schmidt ' s take : the clouser minnow , or\nclouser\nas it is commonly referred to , has caught more species of fish world - wide then any other fly . when learning to tie flies , the clouser is always on the list of patterns to try . it is the platform that so many flies , both saltwater and freshwater , are tied on . why ? it catches fish . plain and simple .\npole dancer tier : charlie bisharat schmidt ' s take : finally , a fly that\nwalks the dog\n( and it truly does ) . years in the making , charlie bisharat figured it out after burning through a few rotary cutting tool motors and more foam then you could raise the titanic with . the pole dancer requires a little technique on the anglers part to achieve its full potential , but it won ' t take you more than a fish or two to learn .\nmeat whistle tier : john barr schmidt ' s take : the meat whistle wasn ' t thought up over night , it was created and tested over years of use and pitted side - by - side with conventional jigs . i ' d say this is the popular choice on this list - - if you were to ask a bass , that is . john barr didn ' t only create one hell of a bass fly with the meat whistle , it catches all kinds of species , from bonefish to steelhead .\nskipper frog tier : larry dahlberg schmidt ' s take : this is such a cool fly because of the way it swims , and where it will swim back out of , too . the design of the head allows the fly to skip across the surface , and the rubber skirt provides the drag necessary to keep the fly on track . skipper frogs ride hook up to minimize weed drag and allow the fly to get out of pretty sticky situations . coloration mimics a frog well , and while at rest the fly sits with its head high on the surface and legs far below , as a frog would .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\numpqua feather merchants , headquarted in louisville , colorado , is the largest manufacturer of fly patterns on the planet , and their fly production specialist brian schmidt is the guy who gets to decide which new patterns they should produce . we asked him for a list of flies he thought were the 15 coolest his company makes . here are his picks .\nthe geezus lizard ( crayfish ) tier : jay zimmerman schmidt ' s take : jay says it the best . _\nthe creation of the geezus lizard hinged entirely on the conception of the ferruled dubbing loop tail . i have tried for years to build a worm - like fly , or fly appendage , to mimic the rubber worms conventional bass anglers have in their arsenal ( texas rig rubber worms ) . the long , narrow look of a worm undulating and jerking near the bottom of a pond or lake is well known for triggering big bass strikes\u2026conventional bass fishermen have know this for decades , one of the reasons long , soft plastics are one of the most frequently used lures . i tried chenille , rabbit strips and a whole assortment of other tying materials . the rest of the geezus lizard is modeled after bass flies i have tied and fished all my life . simple ,\npig - n - jig\ntype stuff using crosscut rabbit strips and rubber legs .\n_\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nspecimens collected in the mediterranean sea are very small ( 6 . 5 cm ) and might be juveniles of gobius cruentatus ( gmelin , 1789 )\nfrancour , p . , bilecenoglu , m . , bariche , m . & tunesi , l . and goren , m .\njustification : there is very little known about this species and it is only known from a small number of records . it may have been misidentified . therefore this species is listed as data deficient .\nthis species is endemic to the mediterranean sea , where it has been recorded from majorca , morocco and the adriatic sea ( korcula , croatia ) .\nfrancour , p . , bilecenoglu , m . , bariche , m . & tunesi , l . and goren , m . 2011 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 25 - 40 m ( ref . 4345 ) . subtropical , preferred ?\nmediterranean sea : majorca and melilla , morocco and adriatic sea ( korcula , croatia ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )\nmiller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nmany products featured on this site were editorially chosen . field & stream may receive financial compensation for products purchased through this site .\nurltoken is part of the field & stream network , a division of bonnier corporation .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 field & stream . a bonnier corporation company . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\ngobius is a genus of fish in the family gobiidae native to fresh , brackish and marine waters of and around europe , africa and asia . it contains the typical gobies , being the type genus of its subfamily gobiinae and family and the namesake genus of its suborder gobioidei .\nprincipalement marin et saum\u00e2tre , certaines esp\u00e8ces sont catadrome . souvent , le poisson le plus abondant dans l\u2019eau douce sur les \u00eeles oc\u00e9aniques . distribution : principalement les zones tropicales et subtropicales . les nageoires pelviennes des adultes sont fusionn\u00e9es en un disque adh\u00e9sif . quelques membres de la famille ont des \u00e9pines dorsaux ( 2 \u00e0 8 \u00e9pines souples et discontinus avec une dorsale molle ) . une taille maximale est de 50 cm de long , la plupart des esp\u00e8ces ont une taille inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 10 cm . la plus grande famille de poissons marins ( probablement > 2 , 000 ) . les plus petits poissons ( et vert\u00e9br\u00e9s ) dans le monde appartiennent \u00e0 cette famille . ces poissons vivent un peu dans les eaux sal\u00e9es c\u00f4ti\u00e8res peu profondes et autour des r\u00e9cifs coralliens . les membres de cette famille sont pour la plupart carnivores , ils se nourrissent de petits invert\u00e9br\u00e9s benthiques , d\u2019autres sont planctonophages . certaines esp\u00e8ces ont des relations symbiotiques avec des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s ( par exemple , les crevettes ) et d\u2019autres sont connus pour \u00e9liminer les ectoparasites des autres poissons . typiquement g\u00e9niteurs de nid avec des oeufs non - sph\u00e9riques prot\u00e9g\u00e9s par le m\u00e2le . beaucoup d\u2019esp\u00e8ces sont des poissons d\u2019aquarium populaires . les sous - familles suivantes sont reconnues : oxudercinae , amblyopinae , sicydiinae , gobionellinae et gobiinae . cette famille est compos\u00e9e d\u2019environ 230 genres et 1500 esp\u00e8ces ."]}
{"id": 1973, "summary": [{"text": "chimes of freedom ( 23 january 1987 \u2013 2014 ) was an american-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "bred in kentucky by her owner stavros niarchos she was sent to race in england where she was trained by henry cecil .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was one of the best juvenile fillies of her generation in europe , winning four of her five races including the cherry hinton stakes in britain and the moyglare stud stakes in ireland .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year she did not contest any of the classics but recorded major victories in the coronation stakes and the child stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after being retired at the end of the season she became a highly successful broodmare , producing several major winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "chimes of freedom ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for freedom rocks . freedom rocks is a gelding born in 2007 november 15 by rock of cashel out of chimes of freedom\nthe dam of chimes of freedom , won the 1984 heinz \u201c57\u201d phoenix stakes ( ire - i ) . she\nchimes of freedom produced 12 named foals , of which 10 started and seven won . her important foals are as follow :\nchimes of freedom ( usa ) ch . 1987 gw 6 wins f : 12 r : 10 w : 7 sw : 4\nsix - time group one winner dylan thomas gains the 2007 cartier racing awards for horse of the year and champion older horse .\npopular freedom decor of good quality and at affordable prices you can buy on aliexpress .\nhails from one of the most celebrated families in the international stud book . he is by champion sire of sires nureyev out of multiple gr . one winner chimes of freedom ( by private account ) .\nmultiple group iii winner dietrich ( by storm cat ) and german stakes winner mambo light ( by kingmambo ) and second dam of irish group iii winner beauty bright . chimes of freedom is a\nlindsay park stud and magali farms have entered a partnership that will see proven young sire good journey ( nureyev \u2013 chimes of freedom ) shuttle between south australia and the usa .\nthe belltower is still there , in south pasadena , and presumably so are the chimes .\nimmediate family of gr1 winners : aviance ( pathfork\u2019s great grandam ) , denon ( 4x gr1 wins ) , chimes of freedom ( 2x gr1 wins ) , aldebaran ( 8x gr1 wins ) , saddex ( 2x gr1 wins ) .\nthis is \u201cchimes of freedom\u201d written by bob dylan and recorded most popularly by roger mcguinn and the byrds around 1965 and more recently by bruce springsteen and the e street band at the time of the amnesty international tour in the late \u201980s .\n) and second dam of 2010 vincent o ' brien national stakes ( ire - i ) winner pathfork , 2007 french highweighted 3 - year - old stayer sagara and australian group iii winner global balance . chimes of freedom is also a half sister to remote romance (\nauthor of dressage unscrambled , released by half halt press in october of 2009 and now distributed by horse and rider books . com , a division of trafalgar square press .\nhenry cecil\u2019s filly chimes of freedom won the race in 1990 , completing a fine double for the warren place stable , who had won the st james\u2019s palace stakes with shavian a day earlier ( in those days the coronation stakes was run on the wednesday of the royal meeting ) .\nin the horse of the year category , dylan thomas came out ahead of an outstanding quartet , comprising manduro , ramonti , authorized and peeping fawn , and he also takes the cartier older horse award by overcoming manduro and ramonti again , plus yeats and notnowcato .\ntwo trainers have claimed four winners apiece here . henry cecil completed his with roussalka in 1974 , diminuendo in 1987 , chimes of freedom in 1989 and musicale in 1991 , while sir michael stoute accomplished it with swinburn\u2019s first three winning rides , plus dazzle in 1996 .\n\u201cthey don\u2019t want to hear this but i\u2019m saving up for a jumping saddle , \u201d santanna chimes in from across the arena .\n\u201cshe knew the horse would stand still while i got on , which is the scariest part , \u201d said santanna .\nchimes of freedom was a high class individual trained by henry cecil at newmarket , and her 5l win in the group 1 coronation stakes at royal ascot was high class form . she ran a total of 9 times , and her highest rpr was 124 in the child stakes ( now known as the falmouth ) .\nbut two - and - a - half years after the collision , they were no closer to finding the right horse .\nkingmambo , too , is represented in poland by two sons who have excellent pedigrees but lack a black - type success . they are the unraced october , out of the 2001 irish two - year - old champion filly quarter moon ( sadler\u2019s wells ) , and the maiden arithmancer , out of the coronation stakes winner , chimes of freedom , the dam of the excellent good journey .\nthe very talented dylan thomas was named cartier horse of the year at the 2007 cartier racing awards , presented in the ballroom of the four seasons hotel in london\u2019s mayfair on the evening of wednesday , november 14 .\ndan guides dealer into position . he stands on the outside , holding the horse steady , with jo - anne in front .\nlater in childhood he would spend time with a grandfather who had been a hotel pianist and could play\nthe maple leaf rag\n. his brooklyn - irish grandmother was a great singer , and taught him songs that would become staples of the folk repertoire . ( it was to one of her favourites ,\nthe chimes of trinity\n, that dylan would pay particular attention :\nhe made me sing it for him a few times until he had the gist of it , then reworked it into ' chimes of freedom ' . her version was better .\n)\na sale topping son of leading sire snitzel and the first horse in history to win the cox plate / australian guineas group one double . timeform champion australian 3yo .\nthe eight horse awards were decided by a tried and tested combination of points achieved in pattern races , the views of racing journalists on cartier ' s racing panel , and votes from readers of racing post and the daily telegraph .\ndirectly descended from best in show ( 4th dam ) . good journey is by nureyev , sire of 135 stakes winners . his dam , chimes of freedom , was a precocious two - year - old winning 4 of her 5 juvenile starts in ireland including a group one over 6 furlongs . she would go on at three to win the gr . 1 newmarket cheveley park sprint , finishing her career with 6 wins from 9 starts . chimes of freedom is by the damascus line stallion private account , the champion broodmare sire of no less than 91 stakeswinners including good journey\u2019s half brother , aldebaran , the triple group one winning champion usa sprinter of 2003 . good journey\u2019s 2nd dam , aviance , was also a group one winner herself and threw 3 stakes winners including denon ( 4 time gr . 1 winner ) and imperfect circle ( dam of spinning world ) .\nthe son of danehill triumphed in the budweiser irish derby at the curragh as a three - year - old and defeated last year\u2019s cartier horse of the year ouija board in the baileys irish champion stakes at leopardstown .\nbut for santanna , now 30 , who has been riding since she was 8 , never being on a horse again was no option at all .\n\u201cup , up , \u201d she says to the horse who obligingly lifts her one white leg \u2014 though it is currently more beige from the mud .\nthe six - year - old became the first horse to record back - to - back victories in the gold cup since royal rebel in 2002 .\nour selection of brands is always growing , so chances are your favorite is on aliexpress . you will find a high quality freedom decor at an affordable price from brands like phantaci , he dao , houseen .\nsantanna marrocco , being pushed by her father , rick , uses a ramp to get high enough to mount the horse . the process also requires the help of her mother and her husband .\nnote : a restoration of\nchimes at midnight\nis said to be in progress , with a possible release in a year or two . a brazilian import that will play on north american machines can be ordered at :\nhere are links to segments of interesting work under the instruction of herwig radnutter , bereiter at the spanish riding school of vienna and other rides of interest .\na high - class filly at both 2 and 3 in europe , chimes of freedom was not in the same league as the great salsabil ( who defeated her soundly in the 1990 fred darling stakes , eng - iii , before going on to annex four european classics ) and was not up to taking on males but was quite consistent when she got the ground she preferred . she proved an even better broodmare than racer .\nwind of roses ( f . by lomond ) . unraced . dam of -\nthe writer , associate producer , and narrator of the farnam company\u2019s video \u201cthe official usdf introduction to dressage . \u201d produced two popular instructional videos for learning partners : \u201cputting your horse on the bit\u201d and \u201cleg yielding\u201d in the 1980s .\ngraduate of yale and a recipient of american dressage institute scholarships in 1972 and 1976 .\nsantanna marrocco ' s legs were amputated above the knees after an automobile collision in 2010 . she says her horse , dealer , and her custom saddle\nhave given me everything back .\nhis jockey that day , kieren fallon , called him the best horse he has ever ridden and dylan thomas\u2019 exploits may not have finished , with the japan cup on november 25 a possibility .\nfour years later one of the all - time great fillies of the turf won the coronation stakes in the shape of pretty polly and she too of course had won the guineas as part of her triple crown triumph .\nhillsdown was one of the earliest sponsors of the race , followed in the 1990s by charles heidsieck champagne . after the turn of the new millennium , urltoken took up the title role and then passed it on to chippenham lodge stud . since 2006 , however , a division of horse racing ireland has been the primary backer , and the official event name of the race is the irish thoroughbred marketing cherry hinton stakes .\nchimes of freedom ( 1987 , by private account ) won the 1989 moyglare stud stakes ( ire - i ) and 1990 coronation stakes ( eng - i ) . she is the dam of 2003 american champion sprinter aldebaran ( by mr . prospector ) , 2002 atto mile stakes ( can - i ) winner good journey ( by nureyev ) , grade iii winner sea of showers ( by seattle slew ) , listed stakes winner tomisue ' s indy ( by a . p . indy ) and multiple stakes producer modesty blaise ( by a . p . indy ) .\nranked cauthen as eighth in their list of the top 50 jockeys of the 20th century .\nother prominent producers in the family include broodmare of the year best in show and her descendants monroe and minnie hauk . it is the family of champion el gran senor and multiple group 1 winner redoute\u2019s choice , both prominent sires ; champions close hatches , malinowski , xaar , aldebaran , and try my best ; breeders\u2019 cup mile winners spinning world and domedriver ; and grade / group 1 winners senue , chief contender , chimes of freedom , good journey , denon , saddex , bahamian pirate , yagli , hurricane sky , umatilla , manhattan run , platinum scissors , al maher , and effinex .\nchimes of freedom , by private account . third top filly on the 1990 european 3yo classification . 6 wins - 4 at 2 - at 6f , 1m , \u00a3299 , 831 , royal ascot coronation s . , gr . 1 , curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , newmarket child s . , gr . 2 , cherry hinton s . , gr . 3 , 3d newmarket cheveley park s . , gr . 1 . sister to piquetnol ( dam of dietrich , mambo light ) , privately held , half - sister to denon , imperfect circle ( dam of spinning world , visions of clarity ) , remote romance ( dam of saddex ) . dam of 12 foals , 10 to race , 7 winners , inc : -\nwas a perfect illustration of this . a great - grand - daughter of the superb american matriarch\nflorence ' s loneliness caused her to act out in many ways . she sought refuge with friends in hollywood and , despite the fact that she had a child with rankin , had a series of affairs . eventually she ran away to mexico , only to return with the name she ' d be known as the rest of her life \u2014\npancho\n. she learned to fly , and allegedly thumbed her nose at her husband , buzzing the church on one of her first flights . yet , despite her antics and notoriety , rankin barnes would not grant florence a divorce . allegedly he believed that it would be injurious to his church career . whatever the cause , he did eventually grant her freedom in 1941 . there are various accounts of just exactly how florence gained her freedom . barbara little , a friend and writer who was interviewed for the film , told us her version .\nso the story goes ,\nsaid little ,\nthat she road bare naked on a white horse from the street of the steps of the church up to the rostrum where he was standing . smiled , turned around , and rode the horse back out of the church . i said , ' pancho is that true ? ' she said , ' good story , isn\u2019t it ? '\nwelles as director uses some of his familiar visual strategies ; the vast interiors of henry iv ' s castles contrast with the low ceilings and cluttered rooms of bawdy houses , just as the vast space of kane ' s great hall contrasts with the low ceilings and dancing girls of the new york inquirer . royalty in\nchimes at midnight\nis framed by vast cathedral vaults , with high windows casting diagonals of light . welles uses dramatic camera angles , craning to look up at the trumpeters atop the battlements as henry iv rides off to battle .\njessica harrington during an interview with john freeman heaped praise on her former champion . she got him as a 2yo and said that he was \u201ca very straight forward horse right from the start and just got on with his business . his class was evident from the first time we worked him \u2013 a very easy mover . always 100 % sound and the most beautiful walker . magnificently conformed . wonderfully relaxed horse , even a child could ride him\u201d .\neach summer , the newmarket july festival in suffolk becomes the focus of attention for bookmakers and handicappers alike , as crowds gather for three days to see thoroughbred horse racing in the sport\u2019s birthplace and global centre . one of the highlights of day one is the group 2 cherry hinton stakes , a six - furlong sprint for two - year - old fillies worth \u00a380 , 000 .\nchimes of freedom , by private account . third top filly on the 1990 european 3yo classification . 6 wins - 4 at 2 - at 6f , 1m , \u00a3299 , 831 , royal ascot coronation s . , gr . 1 , curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , newmarket child s . , gr . 2 , cherry hinton s . , gr . 3 , 3d newmarket cheveley park s . , gr . 1 . sister to piquetnol , privately held , half - sister to denon , imperfect circle . dam of eleven named foals , ten to race , seven winners , inc : -\noffers an experience gained through over forty years of working with horses , having ridden literally thousands of them and having taught thousands of riders at all levels .\nthe ballad of narayama\nis a japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice , telling a story of startling cruelty . what a space it opens\u2026\non friday , belmont park will card the rags to riches invitational , named to honor the 2007 belmont stakes winner who became the first filly in more than a century to win america\u2019s oldest and longest classic when she outdueled eventual two - time horse of the year curlin for the victory .\nthe american - centric , celebrity bias of the curators sometimes resembles a ghastly themed version of pop idol .\nvery much his own horse , new approach , in who sheikh mohammed bought a half share during the summer , has stepped out of the shadow of teofilo to become a genuine prospect for next season\u2019s classics and trainer jim bolger hopes to bring his champion two - year - old back to newmarket in may to contest the stan james 2000 guineas .\nthe 2005 winner maid\u2019s causeway showed the courage and tenacity of her sire , the original \u2018iron horse\u2019 giant\u2019s causeway . runner - up in the 1 , 000 guineas , she had disappointed in the irish equivalent but knuckled down bravely to defeat karens caper in a race run at york , due to the building of a new grand stand at ascot .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nflorence ' s marriage to c . rankin barnes may have ended long ago , but one symbol of their relationship endures . in 1923 , when florence ' s mother died suddenly , her grieving relatives sought to erect a memorial to her . a concept that made perfect sense , was for the family to donate a new stone tower and a set of chimes for rankin barnes ' parish , st . james episcopal church . they were unveiled with great fanfare .\nthe chimes ,\nnoted the newspaper ,\nare played electrically [ and will be played ] for fifteen minutes every sunday morning and special programs will be arranged for the holidays .\nthe cheveley park stakes is a group 1 flat horse race in great britain open to two - year - old fillies . it is run on the rowley mile at newmarket over a distance of 6 furlongs ( 1 , 207 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in late september .\nsuch scenes illuminate the life welles poured into\nchimes at midnight .\nhe came early to shakespeare ; he edited and published editions of some of the plays while still at prep school . on stage and screen , he was also othello and macbeth , his voice fell naturally into iambic rumbles , he was large enough for heroes and so small he could disappear before henry v ' s scorn . he once asked an audience , reduced by a snowstorm :\nwhy are there so many of me and so few of you ?\nthe next two gr . 1 winners have german careers \u2013 the winner of the deutsches derby next desert ( desert style ) , the most demanded stallion in the czech republic last year , and darsalam ( desert king ) , who scored his biggest success in the rheinland pokal ( gr . 1 ) but was trained in the czech republic where he became twice the horse of the year .\nother riders would be a little nervous of her at first , clark says , but she\u2019s just part of the team .\nlooking for something more ? aliexpress carries many freedom decor related products , including lotr decor , portal decor , bioshock decor , montreal decor , smiths decor , infinite decor , replicas decor , decor matter , tennessee decor . quality service and professional assistance is provided when you shop with aliexpress , so don\u2019t wait to take advantage of our prices on these and other items !\nnureyev initially retired to stud at the niarchos\u2019 haras de fresnay - le - buffard where he was an instant success . in his thoroughbred stallions book , tony morris wrote :\na horse is not supposed to get seven pattern winners among a first crop of only 23 foals . that is not just beyond the bounds of expectation ; history says it does not happen . nonetheless nureyev achieved it .\nbecause the event is limited to two - year - olds , no horse may win the cherry hinton stakes twice , but there was one year when the race had two winners . omelia and pirouette dueled to an exciting photo finish , which resulted in a dead heat in 1952 .\nat present the race takes place on the friday of royal ascot and has been won by some of the sport\u2019s great fillies .\nhis second dam aviance is also a gr . one winner and dam of four time gr . one winner denon as well as the dam of spinning world , sire of heavenly glow , winner of the group one stc arrowfield stud stakes at rosehill on saturday .\nchaired the usdf council of instructors and trainers for seven years and was largely responsible for pushing to fruition the usdf\u2019s program for instructor certification and the beginning of the usdf\u2019s program of annual national symposiums .\nthe sprinter goodricke ( bahamian bounty ) , based at h\u0159eb\u010d\u00edn k\u0159enek and the winner of the sprint cup is the last gr . 1 winner at stud in the czech republic . k\u0159enek is already the fourth stud for this brother of pastoral pursuit . previously he was stabled in overbury stud , england , allevamento fattoria renaccino , italy , and gest\u00fct ohlerweiherhof , germany . he has failed to produce a black - type horse so far .\nthe crucial point about\nchimes at midnight\nis that although it was rejected by audiences and many critics on its release , although some of the dialogue is out of sync and needs to be adjusted , although many of the actors become doubles whenever they turn their backs , although he dubbed many of the voices himself , although the film was assembled painstakingly from scenes shot when he found the cash - - although all of these things are true , it is a finished film , it realizes his vision , it is the falstaff he was born to direct and play , and it is a masterpiece . now to restore it and give it back to the world .\necosse ( peintre celebre ) , out of the winner of the prix corrida ( gr . 3 ) elacata ( acatenango ) , seems an interesting proposition too . being a below - average horse on the racetrack , his first polish crop , amounting to just three runners , produced the first two in the polish derby . two years later his son prince of ecosse became the champion of two - year - olds in poland and the same feat was repeated a year later by pillar who then went on to place third in the polish derby , won by another ecosse\u2019s son patronus .\nagni ajax anti - racism architecture bikes broadband equeality finance freedom fsf future general globalization gnu google haiku health hindu deity hinduism humanity humour hymns india j2me linux love maharashtra management marathi mass communication media orkut programming pune python religious controversies sanskrit security shivaji sip status technology twitter ubuntu uncategorized usa web 2 . 0 wifi world peace yahoo ! zen hindu brahminism \u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940\nthe falling star effect is a chime that is played in various songs like endless quest , rivers of beliefs etc . the effect of this falling star is tremendous and adds to the depth of the song .\neach of the runners carries eight stone twelve pounds over the straight turf of the famed july course . this race is typically a \u201ccoming out\u201d group event for many of the entrants , and a penalty of three pounds is applied to any previous group 1 or group 2 winners .\nthe ballydoyle team of trainer aidan o\u2019brien and owners sue & john magnier , michael tabor and derrick smith had another tremendous year of success .\nvodafone derby winner authorized did his connections proud this year and the colt is named the carter three - year - old colt of 2007 ahead of cockney rebel , excellent art , literato and soldier of fortune .\n\u201chaving her and having my saddle have given me everything back , \u201d she says , using a rag to clean dealer\u2019s leg . \u201cher show name is \u2018my freedom\u2019 because she gave it all back to me . i never thought i\u2019d be able to do what i could before . but with her i can . she\u2019s starting to give me myself back . \u201d\nher father , rick , and her husband of nine years , dan brodie , hover at the edge of the arena , ready for anything .\n\u201ci don\u2019t think any of us breathed that first ride , \u201d says her riding coach , clark , of the northside training centre in caledon .\nthe invited audience of nearly 300 at the cartier racing awards consisted of leading owners , trainers , jockeys , breeders , media and racing personalities .\nthis opener seems to follow a similar pattern of relating a space fact to the \u201cnumber\u201d of the album ( as seen in the theme of almost full moon ) \u2013here , elisabeth houghton recites facts about mars , the fourth planet from the sun , and this is the fourth album of enigma .\nthis track begins with the jazz percussion , along with haunting ambient themes and an odd sound effect that can only be described as sounding like the whinny of a horse . drippy , aquatic sounds enter , along with a piano that plays a repeated melody , a bassline , and some ethnic drums . the main beat kicks in along with some very jazzy - sounding trumpets , and then sandra speaks about the \u201cprinciples of lust . \u201d she describes how to best experience lust firsthand .\nas with principles of lust , this song is in three parts . it also uses the same beat from sadeness in two of the three parts .\n) , lizzie l\u2019amour is the fourth foal of her unraced dam sabia , who has a 3 - year - old filly named fun seeker ( nz ) ( darci brahma { nz } ) , but she missed to ocean park ( nz ) in 2014 and slipped to poet\u2019s voice ( gb ) and shamexpress ( nz ) in 2015 and 2016 , respectively . sabia is a full - sister to italian highweight and group 1 winner saddex ( gb ) ( sadler\u2019s wells ) , who also won a group 1 in germany and was runner up in the g1 prix ganay , was bred to makfi ( gb ) this past fall . lizzie l\u2019amour\u2019s third dam is the top producer and g1 phoenix s . heroine aviance ( ire ) ( northfields ) , responsible for european highweight chimes of freedom ( private account ) , mgisw denon ( pleasant colony ) , and sw & g1sp imperfect circle ( riverman ) , herself the dam of european highweight and gi breeders\u2019 cup mile hero spinning world ( nureyev ) .\nnevertheless , the village became his natural home , a place of kindred musical , political and social spirits where he could drop by the white horse tavern to hear dylan thomas read his poems , spend afternoons at the five spot listening to thelonious monk rehearsing with john coltrane , or make friends with surviving exponents of early jazz , whose wisdom he absorbed as he began playing with dixieland bands in and around new york . in between times there were spells as a merchant seaman and road trips across america .\ncauthen was british champion jockey three times , and won english classic races ten times , including the 2 , 000 guineas , the derby twice , and the st leger three times . in 1985 he won three classics riding oh so sharp . in 1989 he rode european horse of the year old vic to victory in the french derby and the irish derby . in 1991 he won the italian derby on hailsham . [ 4 ]\nunbeaten in five starts , including twice in group one company , new approach , a 430 euros yearling out of campion park express , follows in the footsteps of stablemate teofilo in becoming cartier two - year - old colt of 2007 .\nat mistress quickly ' s , on the other hand , falstaff and his roisterers have great freedom of movement involving doorways and posts , barrels and vertiginous staircases , barking dogs and laughing wenches . he and other actors circle verticals and one another as they speak , just as welles and joseph cotten circled in\ncitizen kane\nand\nthe third man .\nand watch the use of deep focus when he begins a shot with hal seated in the background and , as news of his father ' s death is conveyed , hal stands and moves forward , finally looming over the camera in foreground . all one shot .\nwe believe in helping you find the product that is right for you . aliexpress carries wide variety of products , so you can find just what you\u2019re looking for \u2013 and maybe something you never even imagined along the way . if you are interested in freedom decor , aliexpress has found 605 related results , so you can compare and shop ! try finding the one that is right for you by choosing the price range , brand , or specifications that meet your needs .\nthe coens ' focus is sharp . the time is early 1961 and the streets of the village are covered with snow . folk singers who can ' t afford winter coats perform in starkly furnished coffee houses to audiences of college students swiftly discovering alternatives to conventional eisenhower - era ideas of progress towards adulthood . this is a world in which idealism battles against careerism , and , in the case of llewyn davis , a veneer of one barely conceals a core of the other .\nand raced in the colors of stavros niarchos . she was trained by henry cecil\nhi all ! here you can buy cheap and download all of enigma albums .\nurltoken \u2013 international federation of horseracing authorities \u2013 cheveley park stakes ( 2016 ) .\nthe moyglare stud stakes became part of the breeders\u2019 cup challenge series in 2009 .\ndam of multiple group i winner saddex ( by sadler ' s wells ) .\nremote romance . 2 wins at 1400m , 1600m in france . dam of -\n, winner of the 1990 golden slipper and maternal grandsire of redoute ' s choice . hore - lacy had trained canny lad at the old epsom training complex at mentone , but by the time of redoute ' s choice ' s arrival he had been forced to relocate to caulfield because of epsom ' s closure in 1996 .\nnew approach made his racecourse debut in a seven - furlong maiden stakes at the curragh in the middle of july , a race which teofilo had won 12 months earlier . always towards the front of affairs , the son of galileo readily disposed of his 11 rivals , beating the aidan o\u2019brien - trained lucifer sam by two lengths .\nalec taylor , jr . \u2013 maid of the mist ( 1908 ) , maid of corinth ( 1909 ) , bayuda ( 1918 ) , miss gadabout ( 1924 )\nhis other group one winners include melyno ( 1982 french 2 , 000 guineas ) , l\u2019emigrant ( 1983 french 2 , 000 guineas , prix lupin ) . persepolis ( 1982 prix lupin ) , seattle song ( 1983 prix de la salamandre ) , northern trick ( 1984 french oaks , 1984 prix vermeille ) , mendez ( 1984 prix du moulin ) , magic of life ( 1988 coronation stakes ) , bassenthwaite ( 1984 middle park stakes ) , baillamont ( 1985 prix jean prat , 1986 prix ganay , 1986 prix d\u2019ipsahan ) , common grounds ( 1987 prix de la salamandre ) , procida ( 1984 prix de la foret ) , chimes of freedom ( 1989 moyglare stud stakes , 1990 coronation stakes ) , east of the moon ( 1994 french 1 , 000 guineas and french oaks ) , johann quatz ( 1992 prix lupin ) , shanghai ( 1992 french 2 , 000 guineas ) , exit to nowhere ( 1992 prix jacques le marois ) , coup de genie ( 1993 prix morny and prix de la salamandre ) , dolphin street ( 1993 prix de la foret ) .\n\u201cshe is the only one we know of who does it , \u201d dan adds .\nthank you for such elaborate , beautiful description of enigma\u2019s songs . i\u2019m a big fan of enigma too . personally , i liked push the limits and the piano best .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nsea of laughter . winner at 2 in u . s . a . producer .\nrags to riches , winner of the 2007 belmont stakes , returned to kentucky recently .\nhopes were high for rags to riches , a daughter of a . p . indy , as a broodmare because of her outstanding female lineage . she is out of broodmare of the year better than honour , who also produced belmont stakes winner jazil , breeders\u2019 cup marathon winner man of iron , grade 2 winner casino drive , and grade 1 producer teeming . out of kentucky oaks winner blush with pride , better than honour is a half - sister to group 1 - placed maryinsky , the dam of champion peeping farn , group 1 winner thewayyouare , and group stakes winners smolensk and turnberry isle .\nthe coronation stakes regularly features the cr\u00e8me de la cr\u00e8me of three year old fillies and has been won by many of the great female milers in history ; with plenty going on to play an equally important role in the creation of future champions in the paddocks .\nrhona beck of highlands stud farm and partners are proud to announce the purchase of undefeated irish champion two - year - old pathfork for stud duties in south africa . pathfork will stand at highlands on behalf of a syndicate and will be managed by john freeman .\nvan ronk told the story in his autobiography , the mayor of macdougal street . published in 2005 , three years after his death at the age of 65 , it describes the glory days of the village , and is full of amusing character studies and pungent opinions . it also forms the platform on which the film directors joel and ethan coen constructed their latest film , inside llewyn davis , a portrait of a new york singer during the period in which folk was taking over from jazz as the music of the hip intelligentsia .\nthis song is about michael cretu\u2019s position on the \u201cmurderous insanity of the colonists as they settled in america , \u201d and how they mercilessly killed off many of the native americans .\nby continuing to use aliexpress you accept our use of cookies ( view more on our privacy policy ) . you can adjust your cookie preferences at the bottom of this page .\nmuch like the colt\u2019s equivalent race attracts horses of guineas - winning standard , the coronation stakes annually assembles the finest collection of proven classic fillies from england , france and ireland .\nalso sire of 2 stakes - winners in usa & south africa in 2015 , including cornerstone stud born 3yo filly sensible lover , winner of a group three in south africa .\namong the many outstanding winners have been : habibti ( 1982 ) who went to become the champion sprinter in 1983 ; park appeal ( 1984 ) the dam of cape cross ; chimes of freedom ( 1989 ) who won the following year\u2019s coronation stakes and child stakes ; caricciosa ( 1990 ) who added the group 1 cheveley park stakes at newmarket later that autumn ; sayyedati ( 1992 ) who won the cheveley park stakes , english 1 , 000 guineas , prix jacques le marois and sussex stakes ; tarascon ( 1997 ) who won the irish 1 , 000 guineas ; rumplestiltskin ( 2005 ) who won the prix marcel boussac later that year and was the dam of tapestry ; again ( 2008 ) who won the irish 1 , 000 guineas ; misty for me ( 2010 ) who won the prix marcel boussac , irish 1 , 000 guineas and pretty polly stakes and was the dam of roly poly ; sky lantern ( 2012 ) who won the english 1 , 000 guineas and sun chariot stakes ; rizeena ( 2013 ) who won the coronation stakes ; and minding ( 2015 ) who went on to win the fillies\u2019 mile at two , the english 1 , 000 guineas and oaks , the pretty polly stakes , nassau stakes and qeii stakes .\ni always considered myself to be a great enigma fan . however , there was always a sense of obscurity in determining the rationale in some of cretu\u2019s songs . however , most uncertainties lying within the songs are clearly identified and answered with a high degree of accuracy on this website . it also shows cretu as not only being a musical genius but a literary one as well . every element , layer of sound , word can be seen as a part of cretu\u2019s interpretation of the journey of life , from enigma 1 to enigma 6 , a posteriori . these albums can make a great study in literature . enigma harks to an upcoming rennaissance of thought which will be eventually translated to a new humanity . i can put him in the ranks of the great philosophers of all time , however , this greatness will bnot be acnologed by all though\u2026 . at least not for a next hundred years\u2026 . .\nhow can it be that there is an orson welles masterpiece that remains all but unseen ? i refer not to incomplete or abandoned projects that have gathered legends , but to\nchimes at midnight\n( 1965 ) , his film about falstaff , which has survived in acceptable prints and is ripe for restoration . i saw the film in early 1968 , put it on my list of that year ' s best films , saw it again on 16mm in a welles class i taught , and then could not see it for 35 years .\n) , is the dam of multiple grade i winner yagli ( by jade hunter ) .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nan interview with terry gilliam , director of\nthe man who killed don quixote .\nthere are plenty of races at the royal meeting which leave connoisseurs waxing lyrical over the quality of competition . certainly down the years the coronation stakes has fallen nicely into that category .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\nremote romance . 2 wins at 1300m , 1450m in france . dam of 3 winners -\ncopyright owned or licensed by toronto star newspapers limited . all rights reserved . republication or distribution of this content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of toronto star newspapers limited and / or its licensors . to order copies of toronto star articles , please go to : urltoken\ntwo - twenty - two ( fairy king ) , the winner of the gladness stakes ( gr . 3 ) , and royal court ( sadler\u2019s wells ) , out of the excellent dam rose of jericho , performed good on the track and they are successful at stud too .\nfalstaff ,\nthis huge hill of flesh ,\nis one of shakespeare ' s greatest characters - - the equal , argues harold bloom , of hamlet . he so dominates the henry iv plays that although shakespeare promised he would return in henry v , he reconsidered ; the fat knight would have sounded the wrong note in that heroic tale , and so we learn from mistress quickly of his death , as he\nbabbl ' d of green fields .\njens gad\u2019s guitar comes in . it\u2019s played in a nouveau - flamenco style at first , very soft and mellow . it works up to a nice electric guitar solo that fortunately does not shatter the tranquil mood of the song . sandra whispers a few lines from mea culpa , and then the flute comes back . towards the end , many elements are playing at once , including some old samples like the horse - whinny from find love and the reverse - mode gregorian chants from sadeness ( reprise ) , and also some new samples , one of which sounds like a high - pitched female whimper .\nthe ascot listed winner wallace ( royal academy ) has a very interesting pedigree but unfortunately has been little demanded by czech breeders . he is the son of the excellent broodmare maskana , the dam of the last breeders\u2019 cup filly & mare turf dank ( dansili ) or the winner of the hong kong cup ( gr . 1 ) eagle mountain ( rock of gibraltar ) .\nrags to riches delivered a filly from the first crop of regally bred australia \u2013 by galileo and out of champion ouija board \u2013 in march , prior to her booking to american pharoah .\nthis closing piece is the intro played backwards with an added voice sample of louisa stanley speaking .\nendless quest may be a continuation of the struggle to find individuality as explored in modern crusaders .\nnureyev - who died in october , 2001 - subsequently moved to walmac international in kentucky and became one of the greatest stallions of his era , siring the likes of theatrical , sonic lady , zilzal , soviet star , polar falcon , peintre celebre , fasliyev , stravinsky , reams of verse and a pair that carried the niarchos silks at the highest level , miesque and spinning world .\nhalf brother to champion\nsilent witness\nby leading sire of sires redoute ' s choice .\nvery impressing and in - depth descriptions , though you\u2019re obviously lacking \u2018voyageur\u2019 and latest effort \u2018a posteriori\u2019 . i\u2019d like to read your interpetations of those . if i were to nithpick i\u2019d ask to the whereabouts of single - only tracks such as the ( arguably superior ) midnight man remix of \u2018t . n . t for the brain\u2019 , the fab long and alive version of \u2018return to innocence\u2019 the various versions of \u2018carly\u2019s song\u2019 and most notably the hidden single exclusive ( and only b - side track ) \u2018light of your smile\u2019 . indeed , the remix realm of enigma is perhaps an all - together seperate affair . maybe next time ? . cheers and keep analyzing / / falke\nthe music in this song revolves around opposites . the song\u2019s title\u2013well , the \u201clight vs . weight\u201d portion\u2013is one of them , and it is reflected in the music by the use of fire and water . the sound of a match being struck , followed by the sound of a water droplet hitting a pool , plays throughout the song . the song is very ambient and \u201chazy\u201d - sounding .\nearlier on the march evening , santanna opens the stable door and calls in the horses and ponies from the paddock , muddy from the wet snow . they trail in one at a time : dealer , eddie , dan\u2019s horse kylo , who is prone to neighing loudly when he feels neglected , and her mother\u2019s mischievous pony colby , who once chased off a pack of wolves . the three miniature ponies \u2014 timbit , jenga and momma \u2014 follow . santanna says she\u2019s going to train them to pull her around the town in a cart .\nthe symbolism of this song is simple . the moon , in its third phase ( this is the third album of enigma ) is a gibbous moon , which is an almost - full moon .\nthe group one darley yorkshire oaks at york on august 22 was to be peeping fawn\u2019s final start of the season and she duly recorded her biggest margin of victory , beating allegretto by four lengths .\nbalance of nature . placed at 2 , 2d deauville prix de caen , chantilly prix de saint - firmin , 3d longchamp prix de bois preau , chantilly prix de la canardiere . dam of -\nbinary file ( 98c , rainbow quest , nijinsky ) . champion miler in scandinavia 2005 . champion grass horse & older horse in scandinavia in 2006 . 7 wins from 1400m to 1800m , ovrevoll marit sveaas minnelop , gr . 3 , jagersro pramms memorial , l , klampenborg pokallob , l , taby swedish open mile , l , york strensall s . , l , ascot alfred franks & bartlett sunglasses s . , 2d longchamp prix dollar , gr . 2 , taby stockholm cup international , gr . 3 , danish jockey club cup , l - twice , taby stockholms stora pris , l , 3d ovrevoll marit sveaas minnelop , gr . 3 , klampenborg pokallob , l , taby stockholms stora pris , l , 4th hamburg hamburger meile , gr . 3 , klampenborg pokallob , l , golden mile , l , newbury dubai duty free cup , l , steventon s . , l .\nnot as negative as it sounds , this song revolves around a theme of jealousy . a driving beat , tabla drums , and sandra\u2019s breathy vocals all add to the intensity of the song , and a racing guitar solo in the middle of the song heightens the musical experience . cretu used a led zeppelin vocal sample in one version of the song , and then the later pressings of the disc ( in europe , at least ) has cretu himself singing something that sounds like \u201cyou\u2019ll be fine . \u201d\n( later sir henry cecil ) . she produced all her foals under the name of flaxman holdings .\nthe scenes of davis performing \u2013 and a fleeting glimpse of a younger rival \u2013 are a reminder of how that sophistication , or whatever it was , enabled dylan to rise above and so swiftly distance himself from a parochial scene , his youthful intensity transforming traditional material in a way that van ronk \u2013 however impeccable his intentions and the quality of his performance \u2013 could never begin to match . inside llewyn davis is not one man ' s story , but it proceeds from the pain of that historic disappointment .\nyour tax - deductible donation can help make\nthe legend of pancho barnes !\na reality .\nhe broke his maiden in july by 4 lengths easing up over 7f . his 2 nd start in august took him to the gr2 galileo futurity stakes which he won by 1\u00bd lengths ( also over 1400m ) . he went back to the curragh a month later with yet another step up in class to win the gr1 vincent o\u2019brien stakes \u2013 \u2018the national stakes\u2019 \u201cin the style of a horse who has plenty of improvement still in him , leading on the bridle over a furlong out and in no danger after wards to win comfortably by a length and a half from glor na mara \u201d . here he again took on an illustrious field which included zoffany and casamento .\na musical genius and truly a stuff of legend . michael cretu should be declared man of the century . and sandra has truly an enigmatic voice . in this day of stupid heavy / thrash metal boring us with ever too similar riffs n beats , enigma is a revolution . it will live on forever .\nhe drifted right and appeared to briefly inconvenience stable companion soldier of fortune and the pascal bary - trained zambezi sun . having beaten youmzain by a head , connections were forced to wait half an hour for the result of a stewards\u2019 enquiry , before finally being declared the winner of europe\u2019s premier middle distance race .\na full sister to stakes - placed reckless driver , dam of multiple stakes winner greenbriar ( by nashua ) and third dam of multiple australian group iii winner tolanda and grade iii winner clamorosa . best in show\nimperfect circle ( riverman ) . 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 6f , ayr firth of clyde s . , l , 2d newmarket cheveley park s . , gr . 1 . dam of -\nvan ronk had actually lived the sort of life dylan made up . born in brooklyn to parents of swedish origin who separated soon after his birth , he never knew his father and\nnever felt a twitch of curiosity about him\n. his mother , a stenographer , shared the job of bringing him up with a succession of aunts , one of whom had been a rum - runner for the gangster legs diamond and managed a speakeasy during prohibition .\nshe loved jazz ,\nvan ronk writes ,\nand in that house the radio was always playing : duke ellington , louis armstrong , benny goodman , count basie \u2026\nby irish river ) , dam of multiple group i winner saddex ( by sadler ' s wells ) .\n, a collection of van ronk ' s recordings from 1958 to 2001 is on the smithsonian folkways label ."]}
{"id": 1974, "summary": [{"text": "cryptolechia mataea is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by edward meyrick in 1910 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in southern india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish ochreous yellow and the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cryptolechia mataea", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for mataea definition . you find here mataea meaning , synonyms of mataea and images for mataea copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word mataea . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word mataea and , of course , mataea synonyms and on the right images related to the word mataea .\nleptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\ncryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192\ncryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107\ncryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\ncryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231\ncryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10\ncryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11\ncryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39\ncryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232\ncryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo\ncryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo\ncryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia\ncryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh\ncryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland\ncryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling\ncryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis\ncryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft\ncryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196\ncryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197\ncryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ncryptolechia ? eningiella pl\u00f6tz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo\ncryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni\ncryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching\ncryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund\ncryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia\ncryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\ncryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas\ncryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft\ncryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft\ncryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland\ncryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla\ncryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis\ncryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador\ncryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft\ncryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis\ncryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu\ncryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft\ncryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn\ncryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft\ncryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\ncryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales\ncryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7\u00b0n , 114 . 5\u00b0e ) , jiangxi\ncryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1350m\ncryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4\u00b0n , 105 . 5\u00b0e ) , gansu , 800m\ncryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 530m\ncryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1390m\ncryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 390m\ncryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9\u00b0n , 103 . 5\u00b0e ) , sichuan\ncryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19\u00b0n , 106 . 12\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34\u00b0n , 105 . 42\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1200m\ncryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 1350m\ncryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0\u00b0n , 111 . 8\u00b0e ) , henan , 650m\ncryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8\u00b0n , 114 . 1\u00b0e ) , henan , 700m\ncryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent\ncryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6\u00b0n , 118 . 2\u00b0e ) , jiangxi , 1120m\ncryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3\u00b0n , 108 . 3\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 880m\ncryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1\u00b0n , 108 . 2\u00b0e ) , shaanxi , 1750m\ncryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55\u00b0n , 108 . 41\u00b0e ) , guizhou , 1300m\ncryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\n= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195\nphaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\naliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nleptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis\nargometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567\napiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi\nleptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson\nphaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon\ncoelocrossa meyrick , 1935 \u00b2 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82\nphaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton\nconata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152\neucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nglischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396\nmelaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia\nmelaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nphaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand\nmellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87\nphaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\nbrazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]\nphaeocausta meyrick , 1934 \u00b2 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478\neulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft\npraevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513\nleptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\ndepressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia\nassam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nsemioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen\naustralia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]\nleptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nverzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge\nzoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach s\u00fcd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\nzeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n1 . acostaea 2 . actaea 3 . agesarchus of tritaea 4 . allactaea 5 . antaea 6 . ataea 7 . ataea ataea 8 . banisia myrtaea 9 . battle of plataea 10 . blastaea 11 . btaea 12 . calvactaea 13 . chimantaea 14 . cytaea 15 . epiactaea 16 . genus actaea 17 . gtaea 18 . heteractaea 19 . hortaea 20 . hydrotaea 21 . jattaea 22 . lobiactaea 23 . melitaea 24 . meractaea 25 . meslamtaea\n26 . nabataea 27 . nakataea 28 . narcissus ' actaea 29 . narcissus actaea 30 . notaea 31 . novactaea 32 . ntaea 33 . oetaea 34 . omiodes scotaea 35 . or melitaea 36 . paractaea 37 . patricia taea 38 . plataea 39 . platyactaea 40 . pseudactaea 41 . sampantaea 42 . saritaea 43 . taea 44 . titaea 45 . tripod of plataea 46 . xenocytaea"]}
{"id": 1975, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris rurigena is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1914 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in guyana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17-19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are brown with a small blackish spot at the base of the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discal stigmata is minute , dark fuscous , with a faint hardly paler slightly bent shade from four-fifths of the costa to the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a terminal series of minute dark fuscous dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are rather dark grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris rurigena", "paragraphs": ["pachysaris rurigena meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 277 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nhelcystogramma zeller , 1877 ceratophora heinemann , 1870 chambersella ( murtfeldt , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) subalusella ( chambers , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) parvipulvella ( chamber , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) inaequepulvella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) subalbella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) , emend . subalbella meyrick , 1925 , emend . convolvuli ( walsingham , 1908 ) ( trichotaphe ) crypsilychna meyrick , 1914 dryadopa meyrick , 1918 effera ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( lecithocera ) emigrans ( meyrick , 1921 ) ( lecithocera ) cornuta ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . luminosa ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . leucopleura meyrick , 1914 perceptella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb .\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska"]}
{"id": 1977, "summary": [{"text": "betta simorum is a species of gourami endemic to indonesia .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 6.4 centimetres ( 2.5 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "betta simorum", "paragraphs": ["betta simorum should have soft acidic water that is well filtered . they should be kept at high 70s to low 80s f .\nyes , they are wild bettas . the species name is betta simorum . i was also able to get my hands on a pair of wild betta coccina , but i do not have any pics of them yet .\ntake care not to overfeed as betta spp . seem particularly prone to obesity .\ni found one of the simorum on the floor yesterday so i am down to 4 . i ' m pretty devastated . i don ' t have a cover for the\nsimorum : named for thomas g . k . sim and his wife farah , proprietors of sindo aquarium pte . ltd . \u2018for being such excellent hosts during our stays in jambi\u2019 .\nin order to be able to post messages on the betta fish and betta fish care forums , you must first register . please enter your desired user name , your email address and other required details in the form below .\nmy theory is that wild bettas are a whole lot more likely to jump than splendens . i ' ve kept betta rutilans , betta patoti , and now betta simorum and betta coccina . i have never lost a single splendens to jumping . in contrast , i ' m pretty sure my rutilans male jumped ( i still have the female , but he just disappeared ) , my 5 patoti were all found dry on the floor the very next day after i got them , my remaining 4 simorum are doing well after the one jumped while the tank was covered , and my coccina won ' t get the chance because i covered the tank really well with some random lids and styro i had laying around ( a temporary solution until i make a cover for them too ) . the coccina tank was a lot easier to cover because there is not a\nbetta simorum can be housed in pairs , species tanks , and community tanks . pairs can be housed in a 20 gallon tank , groups should be housed in a 55 gallon tank or larger . pairs should be given cover such as caves and plants . in a pair or species situation it is possible that fry could be discovered in the tanks .\nthey are like the giants of the wild betta . good luck stone they are very interesting fish . please keep us updated they are beautiful .\nnotes : this species was described as b . simorum by heok hui tan and dr peter ngin 1996 . it is named after fish collector thomas sim , who along with his wife collected it in the wild using baited cages . closely related to betta bellica . there are a number of differences , but the more obvious ones are the sloping profile to the head and the elongated pelvic fins .\ni never had a cover on my 29 gallon with my king betta so . . . that theory cant be very right . anyway awesome fish ! !\nthe fry are large enough to accept motile foods such as microworm and artemia nauplii immediately , though it should be noted that there exist reports of young betta developing health issues if fed excessive amounts of the latter .\nthe genus betta is the most speciose within the family osphronemidae with almost 70 recognised members and looks set to grow further with new ones continuing to be described on a regular basis since the turn of the century .\nnot for me lol . . . my betta splenden male jumped yesterday . . . thankfully i was in the room and saw when he jumped , so he was out of the water for maybe 15 seconds .\nkeep the tank well - covered and do not fill it to the top as like all betta spp . it requires occasional access to the layer of humid air that will form above the water surface , and is an excellent jumper .\nschindler , i . and j . schmidt , 2006 - zeitschrift f\u00fcr fischkunde 8 ( 1 / 2 ) : 47 - 69 review of the mouthbrooding betta ( teleostei , osphronemidae ) from thailand , with descriptions of two new species .\n30 cube that i have the fish in right now , so i am using a large rubbermaid lid that covers the entire tank except for a couple of teeny areas around the filter . the betta jumped out of one of those teeny areas .\ni always think it ' s weird how this species and b . bellica bubblenest when all the other bigger species mouthbrood . i wonder how big the nest of a male b . simorum is ? just make sure you have every single inch of your tank covered . i used to use cling wrap and then glass over the top for my bigger wilds because they were strong enough to get through just the cling wrap .\ntan , h . h . and p . k . l . ng , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement ( 13 ) : 43 - 99 the fighting fishes ( teleostei : osphronemidae : genus betta ) of singapore , malaysia and brunei .\ntan , h . h . and p . k . l . ng , 1996 - raffles bulletin of zoology 44 ( 1 ) : 143 - 155 redescription of betta bellica sauvage , 1884 ( teleostei : belontiidae ) , with description of a new allied species from sumatra .\ncopyright \u00a92004 - 2007 international betta congress inc . all rights reserved . the ibc & ibc - smp logo used on these pages are the registered property of the ibc inc . and can not be used without permission . for questions in regards to this website , contact the smp chairperson last update :\ni came up with a theory when i had both male and female bettas . the males ( with long finnage ) will not jump out of the tank ( i ' ve had a betta in an open top tank before and it never jumped ) while females ( with short finnage ) will jump out of any tiny gap or hole they can squeeze through / find .\ngiants were developed out of thailand from larger then average splendens . . . not a wild betta as a lot of people seem to believe . i love wilds , and am jealous of you for getting these guys ! make sure to post pics of the tank ( since you and peachii ' s tanks always look so good ) , and of course the fish when they arrive .\ni ' m sorry for your loss . i came up with a theory when i had both male and female bettas . the males ( with long finnage ) will not jump out of the tank ( i ' ve had a betta in an open top tank before and it never jumped ) while females ( with short finnage ) will jump out of any tiny gap or hole they can squeeze through / find . that theory proved correct , for me at least . lol\ni will need to eventually only keep a pair when they get bigger , one male and one female , however , i suspect that i may have all males . the breeder sent me 4 juveniles in the hopes that i would get at least one male / female pair , but as of right now they all look male . if anyone can identify them for me , i would be grateful ! i will be selling the other betta when they get a bit older and easier to sex .\nthanks all , yeah we are pretty excited about these guys the breeder is going to try to pick out 1 male 3 females for us , we have that 20l set up but yeah it just had plants and snails and not really fish ready , so over the next few days we will be busy getting it ready for them . we are getting these guys pretty cheap in my opinion less than we pay for most bettas we can buy locally but they shipping is actually more then they are , and the breeder says they are super easy to take care of and breed like crazy said his male was in a tank with 3 females and had 3 spawns all going at the same time lol . looks like i am going to learn how to be a betta daddy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species has been collected from various localities in the province of jambi , sumatra , the adjacent province of riau , and the kapuas river system in kalimantan barat ( west kalimantan ) province , borneo .\nthe type specimens were collected from \u2018swamp in rantau panjang , jambi province , sumatra , indonesia\u2019 , not to be confused with the town of the same name on the thai - malay border , whilst in riau the species appears restricted to the indragiri river basin .\npopulations from different localities are often labelled as such by collectors and enthusiasts in order to maintain accuracy and preserve pure bloodlines , e . g . , rantau panjang , pematang lumut ( both in jambi ) , sungai bengkwan ( riau ) , etc .\nthese ancient biotopes are usually found in areas of rainforest , the dense canopy of branches above meaning very little light penetrates the water surface with riparianvegetation tending to grow thickly .\nthe water is typically stained darkly with humic acids and other chemicals released by decaying organic material .\nthe dissolved mineral content is generally negligible and the ph can be as low as 3 . 0 or 4 . 0 .\nthe substrate is usually covered by fallen leaves , branches and submerged tree roots and at certain times of year the fish may be forced to survive within the moist leaf litter for several weeks as permanent water is not always available .\ncan be maintained in a fully - decorated aquarium although many breeders prefer not to use a substrate for ease of maintenance .\ndriftwood roots and branches can be used and placed such a way that a few shady spots are formed while clay plant pots or lengths of piping can also be included to provide further shelter .\nthe addition of dried leaf litter further emphasises the natural feel and as well as offering additional cover for the fish brings with it the growth of microbe colonies as decomposition occurs .\nthese can provide a valuable secondary food source for fry and the tannins and other chemicals released by the decaying leaves are also considered beneficial for fishes from blackwater environments .\nthere is no need to use natural peat , however , the collection of which is both unsustainable and environmentally - destructive .\nlike others in the genus this species seems to do best under fairly dim lighting .\nyou could add aquatic plant species that can survive under such conditions such as microsorum , taxiphyllum or cryptocoryne spp . , and a few patches of floating vegetation would be useful as well .\nthis species requires acidic conditions with negligible carbonate hardness and very low general hardness so a reverse osmosis unit or other method of obtaining soft water may need to be employed , and this can be further acidified using phosphoric acid or similar if necessary .\nas it naturally inhabits sluggish waters filtration should not be too strong , with an air - powered sponge filter set to turn over gently adequate .\na study conducted in 1994 ( in which the species was considered to be b . bellica ) revealed a preference for odonate ( dragon and damselfly ) nymphs , although it probably predates on other small invertebrates as well .\nlike b . bellica it\u2019s a prodigious jumper and has been observed to leap from the water to catch prey from overhanging leaves or branches .\nin captivity it will normally accept dried foods once they\u2019re recognised as edible , but should be offered small live or frozen foods such as daphnia , artemia or bloodworm regularly to ensure development of optimal colour and condition .\nnot recommended for the standard community set - up for reasons already touched upon .\nit\u2019s care requirements and disposition mean it is best kept alone or with very peaceful species since much bigger or more vigorous fishes are likely to intimidate it .\nsome small cyprinids are suitable and it could even be maintained alongside other anabantoids given sufficient space .\nmixed reports exist as to whether it can be maintained in multiple pairs or harem - type groups comprising a single male alongside several females .\nsome report that although some chasing and squabbling over territory occurs actual physical damage is rare , while others recommend keeping it in single pairs having observed sustained aggression towards conspecifics from the dominant individuals in a group .\nmature males are more intensely - coloured and develop slightly more extended fins than females .\nbubble - nester . it\u2019s particularly important to provide plenty of cover for the female , and empty camera film canisters or lengths of plastic tubing are often used to offer potential nesting sites .\nthe tank should have the tightest - fitting cover you can find ( some breeders use clingfilm instead , to ensure no gaps ) because the fry need access to a layer of warm , humid air without which development of the labyrinth organ can be impaired .\nthe male may construct the nest in a tube or canister , under a broad plant leaf or among fine - leaved surface vegetation , and will not usually tolerate the female in the vicinity until it\u2019s complete .\njust prior to spawning the body colour of the female pales and dark bars appear on the flanks , with the act itself normally occurring below the nest in an \u2019embrace\u2019 typical of anabantoids , with the male wrapping himself around the female .\nat the point of climax milt and 5 \u2013 20 eggs are released which the female proceeds to catch between pelvic fins and body .\nthe male then transfers them to his nest while the female recovers any that fell .\nthis cycle is then repeated until the female is spent of eggs , a process that can take some time .\npost - spawning the female is best removed as the male assumes sole responsibility for guarding and tending the nest , and may attack his former mate .\nthe eggs hatch in 24 - 48 hours , remaining in the nest for a further 3 - 4 days until the yolk sac is fully - absorbed , while the male continues to collect and return any that fall .\nonce the fry begin to swim freely the male can also be removed as he may begin to eat them .\noffer small amounts of different foods 2 - 3 times per day for optimal growth rate , and don\u2019t change too much water at once , with regular , small changes preferable to intermittent larger ones .\nthis species is included in the b . bellica group of closely - related species within the genus , an assemblage of which members share the following set of characters : long and slender body with dorsal and ventral margins almost parallel ; body depth 23 - 28 % sl ; 30 - 33 anal - fin rays ; 11 - 13 dorsal - fin rays ; 32 - 34 total vertebrae ; body dark brown in colour with iridescent green markings on each individual scale .\nit can be distinguished from b . bellica , currently the only other member of the group , by the following characters : head slanted ; dorsal surface of head noticeably concave behind eye ; pelvic - fin tip extending to 14th anal - fin rays ; pelvic - fin length 31 . 3 - 48 . 3 % sl ; 33 . 5 - 35 lateral scales ( mode 34 ) ; adpressed pelvic - fin reaching beyond anal - fin origin ; distance between pelvic and anal - fin origins 8 . 5 - 13 . 1 % sl , mean 9 . 9 .\nmember species have successfully adapted to inhabit a variety of ecological niches from stagnant ditches to flowing hill streams including some extreme environments such as highly acidic peat swamp forests .\nthe referral of members to a number of groups containing closely - related species is now generally accepted but largely based on morphological / behavioural characters .\nmolecular phylogenetic work may therefore prove useful in more precisely determining relationships between these fishes .\na full list of the species groups as currently recognised can be found here .\nlike others in the suborder anabantoidei this species possesses an accessory breathing organ known as the labyrinth .\nso - called due to its maze - like structure this organ allows the fish to breathe atmospheric air to a certain extent .\ncomprising paired suprabranchial organs formed via expansion of the epibranchial ( upper ) section of the first gill arch and housed in a chamber above the gills , it contains many highly - vascularised , folded flaps of skin which function as a large respiratory surface .\nits structure varies in complexity between species , tending to be better - developed in those inhabiting harsher environments .\ntan , h . h . and p . k . l . ng , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement ( 13 ) : 115 - 138 the labyrinth fishes ( teleostei : anabantoidei , channoidei ) of sumatra , indonesia .\nhabitat : among leaf litter in the shallow peat swamps with a low ph of 3 . 0 - 4 . 0 .\naquarium : i kept four semi - adult fish in a 45x30x30cm / 18 \\\nx12 \\\nx12 \\\nplanted tank . given their size , put pairs in a 60x30x30 / 24 \\\nx23 \\\nx12 \\\ntank if you are thinking of putting other fishes in with them .\ndiet : wild fish feed on dragonfly and damselfly larvae . aquarium fish take flakes , while glassworm , bloodworm and black mosquito larvae are good for conditioning .\nbreeding : the male builds a large bubblenest among floating plants and can be aggressive , so spawn in pairs only . he looks after the fry until they are free - swimming . just before , remove the nest to another tank . feed fry infusorians for a day or two , then brineshrimp .\nunder strong light , the fish look washed out and show their displeasure by displaying longitundinal stripes on the body ( a junior synonym for b . bellica once was b . fasciata . ) subdued lighting will bring out the colouration ot the full .\nthe body is basically light brown , but the scales are resplendent in both sexes showing iridescent green . if you keep them in a species - only tank , try shading one end from overhead lighting .\nthe tailfin , shaped like the ace of spades in mature males , can propel them into orbit , it seems ! keep a well - fitting lid on the tank .\navailability : these fish were on sale at wholesale tropicals , london , and are only sporadically seen in the trade . the anabantoid association of great britain may be able to assist in sourcing fish .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmales are more intensely colored . males also have pointed dorsal , caudal and anal fins whereas females are rounder .\ntan , h . h . and ng , p . k . l . 1996 . [ 104 ]\nlast modification submitted by gerald griffin 05 . 17 . 08 ( mm . dd . yy )\ngot a couple of decent pics tonight . . . these fish have only been here for a day so they are still quite shy . we were able to pick up a group of 5 . ; d\ncross your fingers and wish me luck ! from the research i have done about them , it appears they are bubblenesters . as with a lot of wild bettas , pairs and groups can actually be housed together .\nomg . . . i went out to the fishroom a little while ago and found another one on the floor ! it looked sorta dry , but i must have gotten there just in time to put it back into the tank . once it swam around enough to get the dog hair off of itself , i couldn ' t tell which one it was anymore . * phew ! * these crazy jumpin ' bettas are gonna give me a heart attack this week !\ni spent the past 30 minutes or so making a homemade cover out of eggcrate . i cut out a piece off the back of the cover just large enough to go around the filter (\n70 ) . i ' m satisfied with the fit of the cover but i ' m not sure if they might be able to jump out of the holes . . . so i ' m off to hobby lobby to buy some craft mesh so i can put that on top of the cover ! i am determined not to lose any more bettas ! ! !\ni had a pk who was a jumper . . . . that ' s how he died . i can see how the short fins would not hinder their jumping abilities . hope you don ' t lose anymore ! they are so pretty !\nwe are getting 4 of these wild bettas , people who know me know how i love my giants / kings and these wilds get up to 5 inches , are bubble nesters and you can keep 1 male and several females together , we have a 20l we are going to turn into a blackwater tank with leaf little the whole 9 yards for these guys maybe even see if we can get them to breed .\nthey are beautiful stone , i love their spade tails too . so excited for you , best of luck and hope you get lots of babies in the future . cant wait to see pics of the tank when you get it all set up , sounds awesome : )\nyeah we were warned that they are jumpers . . . . . . right now they are under an inch long so i will work out a top but we might make the tank ripvariumish and maybe only have it like 3 / 4 full\nplease enter a password for your user account . note that passwords are case - sensitive .\nphysical appearance : green or brown with a blue variety that had an appearance amongst breeders but no longer exists . use a covered fish tank to prevent these fish from jumping out and provide privacy areas for the female such as vegetation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 1978, "summary": [{"text": "acrobasis nuxvorella , the pecan nut casebearer , is a moth of the family pyralidae described by herbert h. neunzig in 1970 .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states in eastern new mexico , texas , oklahoma , louisiana , missouri , southern illinois , mississippi , alabama , florida , georgia , south carolina and north carolina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larva feed on carya illinoensis .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it is the most damaging insect pest of pecans in texas .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the larvae feed first on buds below the cluster , then attack the nuts .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they enter the nuts by cutting a circular hole in the base .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "as they feed , they push frass out the hole where it accumulates .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "a single larva may destroy the entire cluster , before pupating in one of the last nuts fed upon . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "acrobasis nuxvorella", "paragraphs": ["a new pheromone race of acrobasis nuxvorella ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nrelative abundance and flight phenology of two pheromone types of acrobasis nuxvorella ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) .\nrelative abundance and flight phenology of two pheromone types of acrobasis nuxvorella ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nacrobasis nuxvorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1659 ; tl : rowland , north carolina\nacrobasis amplexella ragonot , 1887 ; n . amer . phycitinae galleriidae : 3 ; tl : north carolina\nacrobasis vaccinii riley , 1884 ; can . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 237 ; tl : massachusetts\nacrobasis rufizonella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 227 ; tl : wladiwostok\nacrobasis atrisquamella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 228 ; tl : asia minor\nacrobasis carpinivorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1662 ; tl : madison , connecticut\nacrobasis elyi neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1661 ; tl : maxton , north carolina\nacrobasis caryalbella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 52 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nacrobasis comptoniella hulst , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 125 ; tl : long island , new york\nacrobasis irrubriella ; [ nacl ] , # 5676 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 58 , pl . 6 , f . 9\nacrobasis ostryella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 54 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nacrobasis kearfottella dyar , 1905 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 7 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : cleveland , ohio\nacrobasis betulivorella neunzig , 1975 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 77 ( 2 ) : 238 ; tl : elizabethtown , north carolina\nacrobasis amplexella ; [ nacl ] , # 5654 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 17\nacrobasis elyi ; [ nacl ] , # 5666 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 35 - 36\nacrobasis stigmella ; [ nacl ] , # 5669 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 12 - 16\nacrobasis aurorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5670 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 43 , pl . 4 , f . 17 - 20\nacrobasis exsulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5672 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 44 , pl . 4 , f . 21 - 29\nacrobasis angusella ; [ nacl ] , # 5673 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 46 , pl . 4 , f . 35 - 37\nacrobasis latifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5675 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 47 , pl . 4 , f . 38 - 39\nacrobasis evanescentella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 44 ; tl : orlando , florida\nacrobasis aurorella ely , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 2 ) : 67 ; tl : waschington , d . c\nacrobasis cunulae dyar & heinrich , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : mobile , alabama\nacrobasis stigmella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 43 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nacrobasis latifasciella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 45 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania\nacrobasis palliolella ; [ nacl ] , # 5659 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : f . 13b , pl . 4 , f . 40 - 44\nacrobasis cunulae ; [ nacl ] , # 5685 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 54 , 13e , pl . 5 , f . 29 - 30\nacrobasis irrubriella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nacrobasis carpinivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5665 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14a , pl . 6 , f . 2023\nacrobasis sylviella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nacrobasis coryliella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : ( new york ? )\nacrobasis vaccinii ; [ nacl ] , # 5653 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 21 , f . 5a , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 10\nacrobasis minimella ; [ nacl ] , # 5657 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 4a , 7c - d , pl . 3 , f . 17 - 22\nacrobasis caryalbella ; [ nacl ] , # 5660 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 13a , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 13\nacrobasis cirroferella ; [ nacl ] , # 5684 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 14e , pl . 5 , f . 38 - 39\nacrobasis betulivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5689 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 60 , f . 13h , pl . 6 , f . 18 - 19\nacrobasis ostryella ; [ nacl ] , # 5680 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 63 , f . 14g , pl . 6 , f . 31 - 35\nacrobasis coryliella ; [ nacl ] , # 5682 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 65 , f . 14i , pl . 6 , f . 41 - 43\nacrobasis comptella ; [ nacl ] , # 5656 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 29 , f . 5d , 8b , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 16\nacrobasis comptoniella ; [ nacl ] , # 5691 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 6c , 14c , pl . 5 , f . 31 - 37\nacrobasis betulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5688 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 59 , f . 3e , 14f , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 17\nacrobasis blanchardorum neunzig , 1973 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 75 ( 2 ) : 165 ; tl : sierra diablo wildlife mgt . area , culberson co . , texas\nacrobasis blanchardorum ; [ nacl ] , # 5694 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 8a , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 28 , pl . e , f . 2\nacrobasis evanescentella ; [ nacl ] , # 5668 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 36 , pl . 3 , f . 40 - 41 , pl . 4 , f . 1\nacrobasis juglandis ; [ nacl ] , # 5661 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 3a , 5e , 13d , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 10\nacrobasis kearfottella ; [ nacl ] , # 5663 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 51 , 13c , pl . 5 , f . 14 - 19 , pl . e , f . 3\nacrobasis sylviella ; [ nacl ] , # 5662 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14d , pl . 6 , f . 24 - 27 , pl . e , f . 5\nacrobasis caulivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 41 , f . 11a - b , 12a , pl . 4 , f . 9 - 11 ; tl : dellwood , florida\nacrobasis tricolorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5655 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28 , 7a - b , pl . 2 , f . 34 - 45 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 6\nacrobasis juglanivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 38 , f . 9a - b , 10b , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : dane co . , wisconsin\nacrobasis caryivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5686 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 52 , f . 5f , 13f , pl . 5 , f . 20 - 28 , pl . b , f . 3 - 4\nacrobasis texana neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 34 , f . 9c - d , 10a , pl . 3 , f . 37 - 39 ; tl : junction , kimble co . , texas\nacrobasis demotella ; [ nacl ] , # 5674 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 5c , pl . 4 , f . 30 - 34 , pl . b , f . 1 - 2 , pl . e , f . 4\nacrobasis rubrifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5690 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 57 , f . 3c , 5h , 14b , pl . 5 , f . 40 - 42 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 8\nacrobasis kylesi neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 62 , f . 11c - d , 12b , 13g , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 30 ; tl : saline , bienville parish , louisiana\ntwo synthetic sex pheromones have been developed and are currently used to detect the flight of the pecan nut casebearer , acrobasis nuxvorella neunzig , the most damaging pest of pecan [ carya illinoinensis ( wangenh . ) k . koch ] . one pheromone ( referred to as standard ) is attractive to moths in the southern united states , but not in mexico . the other pheromone ( referred to as mexican ) is attractive to moths in the southern united states and in mexico . these two pheromones have been implemented by producers as an important tool in monitoring the activity of this pest and have allowed for more efficient pesticide use . in the future , these pheromones could be used as a means of population reduction through pheromone based control methods . trapping data taken over a 3 - yr period were used to determine if phenological differences exist between pheromone types of pecan nut casebearer . the relative abundance of each pheromone type at several locations in the united states also was evaluated . results of this study indicate that no phenological differences exist between the two pheromone types studied in the united states and that significantly more males are attracted to field - deployed pheromone traps baited with the standard pheromone than to traps baited with the mexican pheromone .\ntinea obtusella h\u00fcbner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 6 ] : ( ? )\nfrom ( nova scotia - florida ) - to ( wiscon - texas ) , introduced ? ( washington ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on vaccinium corymbosum , v . macrocarpon , v . vitis - idaea , v . stamineum , gaylussacia spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 23\nnova scotia , prince edward i . , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania , mountains ( virginia , north carolina ) , florida ? . see [ maps ]\nlarva on kalmia angustifolia , k . latifolia [ mna15 . 2 ] , 24\nlarva on malus pumila , cydonia oblonga , prunus spp . , cotoneaster , pyracantha , crataegus spp . , eriobotrya japonica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 27\ns . canada , n . usa , rocky mountains - new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\nlarva on prunus spp . , malus pumila , prunus armeniaca , sorbus americana , rosa sp . , amelanchier sp . , heteromeles arbutifolia , ( buds and fruits ) [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , nevada , arizona , utah , new mexico , w . texas , w . oklahoma . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus dumosa , q . douglasii , q . garryana , quercus x _ turbinella _ ajoensis , chrysolepis sempervirens [ mna15 . 2 ] , 29\ncape cod , massachusetts - florida - e . texas - arkansas , tennessee , missouri . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus spp . , quercus marilandica , q . velutina , q . rubra , q . falcata , q . laevis , q . alba [ mna15 . 2 ] , 31\nw . texas , new mexico , arizona , colorado . see [ maps ]\nse . ontario , michigan , illinois - south carolina , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , c . cordiformis , c . tomentosa , c . pallida , c . glabra , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34\nlarva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34\nlarva on carya spp . , carya illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 37\ne . new mexico , texas , oklahoma , louisiana , missouri , s . illinois , mississippi , alabama , florida , na . georgia , south carolina , north carolina . see [ maps ]\nontario , connecticut , new york , new jersey , district of columbia , michigan , illinois , missouri , tennessee , arkansas , north carolina , south carolina , na . georgia , florida , e . texas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . pallida , juglans regia ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 43\nmassachusetts , connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , district of columbia , west virginia , tennessee , north carolina , michigan , missouri . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 45\nontario , new hampshire , new york , pennsylvania , w . north carolina , michigan , illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , c . glabra , carya ovalis , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 46\nlarva on juglans nigra , carya spp . ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 57\nontario , new york , connecticut , pennsylvania , tennessee , n . north carolina , michigan , illinois , wisconsin , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 49\nontario , from ( vermont - florida ) - to ( north dakota - new mexico ) . see [ maps ]\nphycita juglandis lebaron , 1872 ; 2 nd ann . rept . noxious insects state of illinois : 123 ; tl : ( illinois ? )\nlarva on carya illinoensis , juglans nigra , j . cinerea , juglans microcarpa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 50\nmassachusetts , connecticut , new york , michigan , w . virginia , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , c . ovata , c . tomentosa , c . glabra [ mna15 . 2 ] , 51\nfrom ( quebec - florida ) - to ( illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . ovata , c . cordiformis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 52\nse . ontario , massachusetts - florida - texas , missouri , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nlarva on carya spp . , juglans spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 53\nontario , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , na . georgia , alabama , florida , mississippi , texas . see [ maps ]\nnova scotia , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , vermont , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new yersey , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]\nlarva on myrica asplenifolia , m . gale , m . pensylvanica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 56\nnova scotia - manitoba , from ( maine - n . florida ) - to ( minnesota - e . texas ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on alnus spp . , alnus serrulata , a . rugosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 58\nlarva on betula , b . populifolia , b . papyrifera [ mna15 . 2 ] , 60\ne . north carolina , se . mississippi , e . texas . see [ maps ]\nontario , new york , michigan , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on ostrya virginiana , less corylus spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 62\nontario , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , florida , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]\nontario , massachusetts , connecticut , n . north carolina , iowa , wisconsin , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]\nlarva on corylus americana , c . cornuta [ mna15 . 2 ] , 64\nmassachusetts , connecticut , new york , north carolina , illinois , wisconsin . see [ maps ]\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nfourth annual report on the noxious , beneficial and other insects of the state of missouri , made to the state board of agriculture . . . 4th ann . rep . , missouri :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlures : usa ( p368 - us lure ) mexico ( p368 - mex lure ) pheromone lure for monitoring mexican & us strain .\nexcellent trap for many moths . waterproof carton material . comes with hang wire . available in singles , 5 pack or 10 pack .\nexcellent trap for many moths . waterproof carton material . comes with hang wire .\ndistributor for products for forest insect pests in canada and us ( except colorado ) .\ndistributor for agriculture ( us ) , home / garden ( us ) and forestry ( colorado ) products .\n: this species occurs only on pecan . similar larvae on hickory and walnut belong to other , closely related , species .\n: most of the damage is caused by first generation larvae feeding in the young nuts in late may and early june . due to the small size of the nuts , each larvae feeds in several nuts to complete its development . a larva often destroys an entire nut cluster . second generation larvae do similar damage but usually each larva only damages one nut . overwintered larvae cause a certain amount of damage by tunneling and killing new shoots early in the spring .\n: the pecan nut casebearer overwinters as a small larva in a cocoon - like hibernaculum at the base of a pecan bud . these larvae emerge at budbreak , feed on the buds , and then bore into the tender shoots where they pupate . adults emerge in late may , mate , and lay eggs on the tips of the developing nuts . first generation larvae hatch and begin feeding in the nuts , usually entering through the stem end and completely hollowing out the nut . each larva moves from nut to nut in a cluster , spinning a silken web over the base of the nuts . larvae pupate in a damaged nut and new adults emerge about 10 days later . larvae of the second generation feed on maturing nuts from late july to late august . the larger size of the nuts enables a larva to develop in a single nut . adults emerging in september give rise to the small larvae which construct hibernacula and overwinter .\n: the adult is a small , brownish gray moth about 1 / 3 inch long . it has a ridge or tuft of dark scales extending across the middle of each front wing . the eggs are flat , very small , and white when newly laid . they develop red lines after two or three days and turn entirely red before hatching . full grown larvae are about 1 / 2 inch long with olive green to dark green bodies and yellowish brown heads .\n) is an insect pest of pecan nuts . it was first detected in new mexico in 1987 .\ncasebearer larvae tunnel into developing nuts , often destroying all of the nuts in a cluster . this is the most important pest of pecans in texas .\ngreat lakes ipm , inc . 7563 n crystal rd vestaburg mi 48891 989 - 268 - 5693 989 - 268 - 5911 800 - 235 - 0285 fax : 989 - 268 - 5311 hours : monday - friday 7 : 00 am - 4 : 00 pm email : glipm @ urltoken\nplease contact us if you do not find what you are looking for . * * *\nafter filling out the order form , you may mail , fax , email , or call us with your order . mailing address , fax number , phone number , and email are listed above .\nscentry 4 - station kits contain all the materials required to maintain 4 - trap stations for a 12 - 18 week period under normal conditions and will monitor 40 acres or more . the 4 station kit contains 4 reusable ( plastic top ) wing traps , 8 extra replacement bottoms , and 12 pheromone lures . the 2 - station kit contains 2 traps , 4 extra trap bottoms , and 6 lures . the delta style kits contain 12 traps and 12 lures . we recommend using the large heliothis trap for all heliothis or helicoverpa species and european corn borers as no wing trap kits are available for these insects . this trap can be used on black cutworm as well . field life averages 4 - 6 weeks for most lures . all heliothis or helicoverpa spp . , and peach twig borer have a 2 week field life . the clearwing borer complex has an extended field life of 8 - 12 weeks .\nwhen ordering a case of lures , please insert a - 12 after the item number .\n3 station kits contain 3 complete traps , 3 extra liners , and 9 pheromone lures which will monitor a block up to 30 acres for the entire season . single station kits contain 1 complete trap , 1 extra liner , and 1 lure . when ordering a 25 / case of lures , please insert a - 25 after the item number .\n* field life for standard pheromones is 4 - 6 weeks for most insects .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 2 , p . 37 ; pl . 4 . 2 - 6 . order\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nharris mk 1 , fu aa , nunez h , aranda - herrera e , moreira ja , mcelfresh js , millar jg .\ndepartment of entomology , texas a & m university , college station , tx 77843 - 2475 , usa . mharris @ urltoken\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ndepartment of entomology , texas a & m university , 2475 tamu , college station , tx 77843 , usa ."]}
{"id": 1979, "summary": [{"text": "erechthias lychnopa is a moth of the family tineidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from new zealand .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are grey , irrorated ( speckled ) with blackish scales which are edged in whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a white mark on the middle of the costal edge .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the median portion of the apical area is dark grey mixed with blackish and speckled with white .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "above and below this are orange ochreous spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark grey with an apical spot consisting of whitish speckling . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "erechthias lychnopa", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about erechthias lychnopa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for erechthias lychnopa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nzimmerman , e . c . 1978 ,\nmicrolepidoptera\n, insects of hawaii , vol . 9 , no . 2 vols , pp . i - xviii , 1 - 1903 , pls 1 - 8\nbradley , j . d . 1956 ,\nmicrolepidoptera from lord howe island and norfolk island\n, bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology , vol . 4 , pp . 145 - 164\nmeyrick , e . 1929 ,\nthe micro - lepidoptera of the\nst . george\nexpedition\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 76 , pp . 489 - 521\ngozm\u00e0ny , l . a . 1968 ,\nsome tineid moths of the ethiopian region in the collections of the british museum ( nat . hist . ) . 2\n, acta zoologica hungarica , vol . 14 , pp . 301 - 334\nmeyrick , e . 1886 ,\ndescriptions of lepidoptera from the south pacific\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , pp . 189 - 296\nmeyrick , e . 1880 ,\ndescriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . iv . tineina\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 1 , vol . 5 , no . 2 , pp . 204 - 271\nturner , a . j . 1933 ,\nnew australian lepidoptera\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 57 , pp . 159 - 182\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ce3445d - 7d3a - 48b7 - b844 - 0d63597d7da9\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 88366219 - 5c6b - 4095 - b986 - e529e2ac150f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 54448637 - 7fce - 4845 - a491 - 2e68c93d517c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 259814\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 10th september , 1925 ; received by editor , 11th september , 1925 ; issued separately , 19th february , 1927 . ]\nthe following material has been communicated by my esteemed correspondent , mr . g . v . hudson , and was captured by himself , except where otherwise specified .\n\u2640 22 mm . head , palpi , and thorax dark fuscous with a few whitish specks , collar mixed ochreous . forewings moderate , rather dilated , termen little oblique ; rather dark fuscous , a few scattered whitish and ochreous scales ; first and second lines hardly indicated by limiting shades of scattered white - scales , posterior edge of second line more distinctly white on costa ; orbicular small , round , blackish , claviform beneath it , more elongate and undefined , blackish , discal forming a small transverse light ochreous spot edged on each side with some blackish suffusion ; subterminal line hardly indicated by a few white scales : cilia grey - whitish , a grey subbasal shade . hindwings grey , somewhat darker posteriorly ; cilia whitish , a grey subbasal shade .\nmount holdsworth , tararua range , about 4 , 000 feet , in january ; one specimen . very distinct , possibly allied to encapna .\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]\n\u2642 24 mm . head , palpi , and thorax brown mixed dark fuscous . forewings narrow at base , moderately dilated , termen rather oblique ; brown , suffusedly mixed blackish - fuscous , tending to form thick undefined streaks between veins ; first and second lines obscurely whitish , rather irregular , first rather curved , hardly oblique , edged with blackish shade posteriorly , second at 4 / 5 , nearly parallel to termen , but rather excurved on median third , edged with blackish shade anteriorly ; orbicular and claviform elongate , suffused , blackish , confluent with dark margin of first line , discal suffused x - shape , blackish ; subterminal line obscure , greyish , incurved in middle but not quite touching second line : cilia whitish - grey , a grey subbasal shade . hindwings pale brassy - greyish ; cilia whitish , a pale grey subbasal line .\nmount holdsworth , in forest about 2 , 500 feet , in january ; one specimen . perhaps allied to axena .\n\u2642 18 mm . head ochreous - whitish . palpi grey , base white . thorax light fuscous . forewings elongate , not dilated , apex pointed ,\ntermen oblique ; light fuscous , a few scattered whitish scales ; discal spot cloudy , darker fuscous : cilia whitish - fuscous , base mixed grey . hindwings whitish - grey , greyer near termen ; cilia grey - whitish .\nbold peak , l . wakatipu , in january ; one specimen . a peculiar form ; the male would probably have more ample forewings .\na \u2640 of this species ( described from \u2640 only ) from paekakariki is somewhat smaller than \u2640 ( 15 mm . ) , and has grey hindwings , but otherwise does not differ particularly ; the costal fold of forewings extends to \u2153 .\na \u2640 from botanical gardens , wellington , which i assign to this species , has the forewings , except extreme costal edge and cilia , wholly suffused light ferruginous , with distinct black discal dot . after seeing this i am satisfied that the specimen originally described as \u2640 of epichorista siriana is a similar variety of leucaniana , and that the true \u2640 of siriana resembles the \u2642 .\nmount arthur , 4 , 200 feet , in january ; two specimens ( \u2642 miss stella hudson , \u2640 taken by mr . hudson six years later at same place and season , both in fine condition ) . next latomana .\n\u2642 14 mm . head , palpi , thorax dark bronzy - brown . antennal ciliations three , whorled . forewings somewhat dilated , with slender costal fold on basal fifth , termen rather oblique ; ochreous , tinged or suffused purplish - grey except towards costa ; markings dark ferruginous - brown suffused dark fuscous on edges ; basal patch moderate , edge straight , almost direct ; central fascia moderate , somewhat narrower on dorsum , hardly oblique ; an almost direct fascia from costa at 2 / 3 , moderately broad on costa but finely attenuated on dorsal half , an -\nterior margin somewhat excavated above middle and edged with a whitish mark ; posterior area beyond this wholly dark purplish - grey except a small ochreous costal spot beyond fascia , and an irregular ferruginous - ochreous subterminal streak : cilia ochreous , basal third and an apical spot dark grey . hindwings dark grey ; cilia light grey , basal third grey .\nsinclair stream , wainui - o - mata , in december ; one specimen . quite peculiar .\n\u2642 21 mm . head white , a greyish bar on face , crown greyishtinged , collar ferruginous - grey . palpi whitish mixed grey and ferruginous . thorax white , a transverse median band and apex of crest deep ferruginous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa with moderate fold from base to \u00bc , termen nearly straight , somewhat oblique ; whitish mixed light violet - grey , with some ferruginous strigulae ; a moderate basal patch , with subquadrate central prominence whence a strigula connects with a spot on dorsum before middle ; central fascia moderately broad , rather oblique ; costal patch represented by four dark violet - grey spots and an elongate - triangular violet - grey and ferruginous suffusion connecting them beneath ; an erect fasciate evenly broad and straight - edged streak from tornus nearly reaching this : cilia pale grey . hindwings grey , somewhat darker posteriorly ; cilia grey .\narthurs pass , about 4 , 000 feet , in january ( miss stella hudson ) ; one specimen ; stated to occur also on mount arthur . next sanguinea .\na fine example from wainui - o - mata shows a well - marked subdorsal tuft on forewings before middle , and thoracic crest ; i am not disposed , however , at present to separate it generically from borkhausenia , to some forms of which it is in all other respects closely related , but the structures should be noted .\nhead with appressed scales ; ocelli posterior ; tongue developed . antennae \u00be ( in \u2642 probably with long ciliations ) , basal joint moderate , with narrow pecten . labial palpi moderate , curved , ascending , slender , second joint loosely scaled beneath , terminal joint shorter than second , pointed . maxillary palpi rudimentary . thorax with posterior crest . posterior tibiae rough - scaled above , with whorls of projecting scales on origin of spurs . forewings with large tufts of scales on surface ; 1b furcate , 2 from near angle , 7 absent , 11 from middle . hindwings under 1 , elongate - ovate , cilia 1 ; 3 and 4 connate , 5\u20137 somewhat approximated towards base .\na new form of unusual interest , allied to the remarkable australian genus petalanthes , of which it appears to be a development , differing in the absence of vein 7 , and reduction of terminal joint of palpi ; it belongs to the group of trachypepla . i infer , therefore , that it is to be included in that portion of the new zealand fauna which immigrated from queensland by way of new caledonia .\nshedwood forest , tapawera , january ( miss stella hudson ) ; one specimen . this seemingly obscure but really beautiful little insect ( the smallest of the 154 new zealand oecophoridae ) is probably adapted by its complex marking and rough scaling for concealment on tree - trunks , and by its bright metallic and coppery ornamentation for flying in sunshine , both these habits being characteristic of the species of petalanthes also .\nkarori , wellington , february ; one specimen . this is in very good condition and shows no apparent raised scales , but seems to be truly allied to photinella , in which they are very slightly developed ; it is therefore probably assignable to trachypepla .\n\u2642 21 mm . head white , a dark fuscous bar on face . palpi white suffusedly mixed dark grey . thorax white , patagia suffused dark grey except tips . forewings moderate , posteriorly dilated , termen straight , rather oblique ; white , irregularly sprinkled grey , unevenly strewn with blackish or dark brown dots , tending to form longitudinal or transverse series ; some ferruginous suffusion towards base of costa ;\na small dark fuscous spot on costa at \u2153 , whence a fine rather curved dark fuscous stria runs to dorsum , adjoining this posteriorly a suffused feruginous spot in disc and some grey marbling towards dorsum ; a transverse brown - whitish mark on end of cell edged anteriorly with a few black scales , and posteriorly with dark grey suffusion , beyond this a transverse fascia , of grey marbling obscurely interrupted below middle , becoming darker and broader towards costa , on which it forms three or four small spots ; some slight brownish suffusion near termen ; a terminal series of blackish marks ; cilia grey - whitish , base barred white , a dark grey subbasal and pale grey postmedian line . hindwings whitish - grey ; a light grey spot on end of cell ; cilia whitish , basal half faintly barred greyish .\nmount arthur , 4 , 000 feet , in january ( selwyn woodward ) ; one specimen . this , the third species of the endemic genus proteodes , is very distinct and interesting .\n\u2640 16 mm . head whitish with a few blackish scales . palpi whitish sprinkled blackish , terminal joint with broad blackish band . thorax pale pink mixed dark grey . forewings somewhat dilated , apex obtuse - pointed , termen faintly sinuate , oblique ; light rose - pink suffusedly mixed dark grey ; a small black spot on base of costa , and one just beyond and beneath it ; stigmata forming small black spots , plical obliquely beyond first discal and rather smaller , each of these followed by a white dot , second discal subquadrate ; the pink groundcolour forms small distinct spots on costa at middle and \u00be between patches of dark suffusion : cilia grey mixed pinky - whitish , base rose - pink . hindwings grey finely irrorated blackish - grey ; cilia grey , basal third blackish - grey .\nmount arthur , about 3 , 500 feet , in january ( selwyn woodward ) ; one specimen .\nhead smooth ; ocelli posterior , tongue developed . antennae ( partly broken ) , basal joint elongate , rather dilated towards apex , without pecten ( ? ) . labial palpi , very long , recurved , slender , smooth , terminal joint as long as second , acute . maxillary palpi obsolete . posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above . forewings with 1b simple , 2 from angle , 2\u20134 parallel , 5 absent , 6 and 7 out of 8 , 7 to costa , 11 from middle . hindwings 3 / 5 , lanceolate , cilia 3 ; 2\u20134 parallel , 5 absent , 6 and 7 stalked .\n\u2640 14 mm . head , thorax ochreous - whitish ( rubbed ) . palpi whitish . forewings lanceolate , apex acutely produced , caudulate ; ochreous - whitish ; a fine dark grey line from disc at 4 / 5 to apex , terminating in a black apical dot : cilia ochreous - whitish , round apex short segments of blackish subbasal and grey postmedian lines . hind - wings pale grey ; cilia whitish .\narthur ' s pass , 4 , 000 feet , in february ; one specimen .\n\u2640 16 mm . head and palpi fuscous . thorax rather darker bronzy - fuscous . abdomen dark fuscous , ventral surface pale yellow . forewings suboblong , termen hardly oblique ; fuscous , with numerous irregular transverse cloudy dark purplish - fuscous striae ; second discal stigma forming a small transverse dark fuscous spot ; two slight whitish marks on dorsum about middle : cilia fuscous . hindwings blackish - grey ; cilia grey , basal third dark fuscous .\nmount arthur , 4 , 000 feet , in january , one specimen . not in good condition , but quite a peculiar species .\nkaraka grove , near sinclair head , wellington , in november ; one specimen . near externella , but apparently quite distinct .\npage 219 and 220 : gen . nov . 3 et n . sp . nzac e ip gen\nfirst sustainment newsletter forward feb 08 - fort riley , ks - u . s . . . .\nclick here urltoken pdf free download the case of the speluncean explorers : nine new opinions for ipad this volume revisits and updates lon fuller s classic article , first published in 1949 . the story describes the fate of explorers who become trapped in a cave and are forced to cannibalize one of their team . the subsequent trial of the defendants upon rescue is used to introduce students to the key theories of law , such as utilitarianism and naturalism , as five supreme court judges offer differing opinions on what should be done with the defendants .\nclick here urltoken pdf free download nine minutes on monday : the quick and easy way to go from manager to leader book online argues that employee engagement comes down to one thing : a constant dedication to meeting the universal needs that drive performance excellence . this book combines proven engagement drivers and principles of human motivation into a simple system of execution that will show immediate results .\nthe first bit you already know . carl baratand the . . . - the ibiza sun\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible ."]}
{"id": 1980, "summary": [{"text": "not bourbon ( foaled in ontario in 2005 ) is a canadian thoroughbred race horse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he is owned and bred by charles e. fipke and ridden by jono jones .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "at age two , not bourbon set a new woodbine track record in winning the bull page stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "racing at age three , he won the queenston stakes then upset heavily favored harlem rocker in the plate trial stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "on june 22 , 2008 , not bourbon captured the $ 1 million grade i queen 's plate , edging out the hard-charging filly ginger brew .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "for trainer roger attfield , it was his record-tying eighth win in the canadian classic .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the july 13th prince of wales stakes , the second leg of the canadian triple crown series , not bourbon finished sixth after flipping his palate during the race .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "as a result , the colt had to undergo throat surgery .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "for his 2008 performances , not bourbon was voted the sovereign award for champion 3-year-old male horse .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "charles e. fipke , the colt 's breeder , is also the owner of tale of the ekati , who finished 4th after a good trip in the 2008 kentucky derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "stud career not bourbon has stood for stud in both 2011 and 2012 at norse ridge farm in king city , ontario canada . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "not bourbon", "paragraphs": ["you\u2019ve probably heard it before : all bourbon is whiskey , but not all whiskey is bourbon . if you\u2019re a whiskey ( and especially bourbon ) drinker , you need to know what that means .\ndrink bourbon however they please . most bourbon distillers and experts also agree that bourbon makes a killer base spirit for all kinds of cocktails . so instead of making someone feel bad about the drinks they like , enjoy your neat glass of bourbon\u2014quietly .\nbourbon can be a contentious issue for drinkers . there are all kinds of \u201c\n\u201cbourbon needs to be produced in america and made from 51 percent corn , and whiskey does not , \u201d says maker\u2019s mark master distiller greg davis . bourbon also needs to be stored in new charred - oak barrels , whereas whiskey barrels do need to be oak but not new or charred . \u201clastly , to be called bourbon , the liquid needs to be distilled to no more than 160 proof and entered into the barrel at 125 . \u201d for other whiskies the liquid must be distilled to no more than 190 proof . david notes that this isn\u2019t just common practice \u2014 \u201cit\u2019s actual bourbon law . \u201d\nit is not common to age american whiskeys in used barrels , \u201d scheurich explains . \u201cmost distillers follow the current trend of making bourbon , rye and wheat whiskeys which require aging in new charred ( white ) oak barrels . boondocks is aged in used bourbon barrels which is unique in today ' s american whiskeys . \u201d\nperhaps the most important rule of all , thou shalt not judge another\u2019s bourbon technique . it can be tempting to preach to someone about how that bourbon , aged for 10 years and christened with the teardrops of angels , shouldn\u2019t be tainted by apple juice or coke\u2014or with anything , for that matter . but the reality is that people\nscheurich has achieved this impressive smoothness by departing from standard bourbon practices in a couple of ways , and these are why it sits in the broader american whiskey category , not bourbon . it\u2019s true it\u2019s about 80 % corn , way above the 51 % minimum , and this is in part what accounts for its easy - drinking smoothness , but there are a couple of additional twists that set it outside the reservation .\nnot bourbon is the sire of 4 dams of 0 named foals of racing age , 0 rnrs ( 0 % ) , 0 wnrs ( 0 % ) , 0 2yo wnrs ( 0 % ) , 0 . 00 aei , 1 . 14 ci ; 0 sw , leading earner : ( $ ) .\nwant to take it a step further ? work bourbon into your desserts too . think holiday treats like a boozy , chocolatey\nthis is unusual stuff and explains much . bourbon has , by law , to be matured in new oak casks , so every year thousands of used , empty , ex - bourbon casks are shipped off to scotland where the distillers are more than happy to fill them with new - made scotch so it can absorb the unique characteristics of the bourbon - treated oak .\nmany bourbon purists\u2014the most vocal ones , anyway\u2014would have you believe that the sweet , slightly smoky elixir is only good for drinking neat . how dare you even add ice ! and though this is , indeed , a foolproof way to enjoy bourbon , it\u2019s not the only one . don\u2019t be afraid to add ice or a little bit of water to open the full potential of your beloved whiskey . mixers are also encouraged . there are hundreds of\nnot bourbon ( can ) ch . c , 2005 { 1 - k } dp = 4 - 3 - 11 - 4 - 0 ( 22 ) di = 1 . 32 cd = 0 . 32 - 15 starts , 7 wins , 2 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 141 , 651\nso , a new brand hoping to make headway among this flock of rival upstarts must be not only a good whiskey but have a stand - out name and image to go along with the liquid .\ninstead of trying to figure out the sometimes intimidating world of bourbon on your own , these are the simple rules you need to know .\nbourbon is an iconic american spirit , but it wasn\u2019t always thought of so highly . in the early to mid - 1900\u2019s , bourbon was considered a \u201ccommodity\u201d spirit . it was cheap , bitter , and very bad . \u201cit\u2019s truly remarkable to see what this industry has become , \u201d says davis . \u201cwhat most folks don\u2019t know is that while yes , bill samuels , sr . , created the recipe that changed the bourbon landscape forever , but it was his wife marge samuels who ideated the signature red wax seal , the label , and pretty much the entire look of maker\u2019s mark distillery . \u201d this september , marge is being inducted into the bourbon hall of fame for her contribution to the bourbon arena .\n. but , generally speaking , there\u2019s no need to break the bank when looking for a drinkable bourbon . it\u2019s even possible to find a really great bottle for\nwhat better name for a bourbon than boondocks ? there are a lot of new boutique american whiskies , bourbons , and not - so - bourbons , popping up these days as the category continues its ascent \u2013 begun by bill samuels jr . with maker\u2019s mark \u2013 to first respectability , by shedding its moonshine , sin - and - redemption reputation as cheap hooch , and now to the heights of hipster chic .\nscheurich explains :\nboondocks american whiskey varies from bourbon whiskey in two important ways : 1 ) it is distilled at a proof higher than 160 proof which makes the distillate cleaner and with more distinct flavor characteristics , and , 2 ) it is aged in used charred white oak bourbon barrels which maintains its complexity , makes the flavor profile softer , and the color a lighter amber . \u201d\nbourbon regulations are strict because in the 1800\u2019s distillers spent a lot of time adulterating , diluting , and tampering with their whiskies . \u201cfinally , they set some standards with the bottle in bond act of 1897 , \u201d says davis . essentially , the act requires the spirit to be the product of one distillation season and one distiller at one distillery . \u201cit must be bottled and stored in bonded warehouses under the u . s . government supervision for no less than 4 years . the act has made the u . s . the guarantor of the whiskey\u2019s authenticity and therefore bourbon\u2019s . \u201d\nby definition , whiskey ( or whisky , in scotland ) is a spirit distilled from fermented grain mash \u2014 grain varieties include wheat , rye , barley , and corn \u2014 and then aged in wooden barrels . whiskey is made all over the world and there are many popular styles including scotch whisky , irish whiskey , and american whiskey . the most popular form of american whiskey is bourbon , which has its own specific definition .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclassic - winning champion three - year - old won queen ' s plate in 2 : 03 . 59 ntr sw - 6f in 1 : 08 . 84\nup to 10 runners are listed for each sire . runners represent the stallion\u2019s top performers for the year and are displayed according to a hierarchy that gives first preference to the date , graded stakes , stakes , and then non - stakes races . these are sorted by best performance . older results will remain listed if no new performances occur to replace them . at the beginning of a new year , this section will display the top performers for the previous year through march 31 but a preference is given to current year runners . each horse listed is linked to additional information including pedigree , sale history , race chart ( with video and recap when available ) . race data include distance in furlongs ; final time of race ; and track code . information is updated daily and reflects official results as recorded by the jockey club information services .\nup to 10 runners are listed in each category : lifetime earnings , current year earnings , and class performance index ( cpi ) . lifetime earnings and current year earnings include northern hemisphere winnings . cpi is the average earnings per start for an individual runner divided by the average earnings per start for all horses of the same crop and gender that raced in the same country for a given year .\nall winning or stakes - placed progeny are listed for north american performances within the previous seven days . winners are updated on the list only when the information on new winners is available . juvenile runners are included in a separate list . for each runner is listed his or her name , age and sex , and broodmare sire . race data include the race name ( when applicable ) , track , official finish position , distance , and race date . if video of the race is available , a camera icon and \u201creplay\u201d are linked to a video player . equibase charts for all races are also linked .\nthis section lists the progeny entered in an upcoming race in north america ( u . s . , canada , and puerto rico ) for the subject stallion . weekly entries are published as soon as they are available through equibase and are only for races that meet the following purse thresholds : all stakes $ 50 , 000 and up ; allowance races for $ 30 , 000 and up ; claiming and optional claiming for $ 50 , 000 and up ; maiden special weights for $ 20 , 000 and up ; and , maiden claiming races worth $ 20 , 000 or more . for each runner is listed its post position , name , age and sex , and name of the dam . race data includes the race type or name ( applicable to stakes ) , race date , race number , track , purse , distance , assigned weight , jockey , trainer , breeder and owner .\nstallions whose progeny performance statistics make them the top 100 sires nationally or among the top 25 leadings sires in a given state are listed with runners , winners , stakes winners , stakes wins , graded stakes winners , grade i stakes winners , chief earner , and aggregate earnings identified for the current year . the same data for the previous year is also presented if the sire met the ranking thresholds . all data except stakes and graded stakes represents northern hemisphere data ; stakes information is worldwide .\nsummary sales results include the subject stallion ' s progeny and covered mares for the current year to date and the past year ; data include results of all significant sales in the northern hemisphere . information is updated daily and reflects official results as recorded by the jockey club information services ; records of sales outside of north america may be delayed and will appear only when recorded officially . below the summary results are links to worldwide hip - by - hip results for the major sales during the current year and two previous years . an online database with access to more detailed searches is available at urltoken . recent results displays hip - by - hip sales results for the subject stallion ' s progeny and covered mares from the past two months ; data include results of all sales in northern hemisphere . information is updated daily and reflects official results as recorded by the jockey club information services ; records of sales outside of north america may be delayed .\nsales results include the subject stallion ' s progeny and covered mares for the current year to date and the past year ; data include results of all sales in northern hemisphere . information is updated daily and reflects official results as recorded by the jockey club information services ; records of sales outside of north america may be delayed and will appear only when recorded officially .\nnorth american auction listings are included for the progeny and covered mares of all featured stallions . expand each sale by clicking the + symbol to the left of the sale name . entries include hip number , name ( when applicable ) , sex , year of birth , type [ a = stallion ; b = broodmare ; c = stallion season ; d = broodmare prospect ; e = racing or broodmare prospect ; f = racing or stallion prospect ; g = stallion prospect ; h = horse ; i = racing prospect ; s = stallion share ; w = weanling ; y = yearling ; 2 ( or other numeral ) = age of hip ] , sire , dam , broodmare sire , and consignor . cover sire information is available for broodmares that have been bred by hovering the cursor over the \u201cb\u201d designation .\na brief pedigree is accompanied by a notation of inbreeding within five generations . below the sire\u2019s name are two links\u2014\u201cdownload stallion register pages\u201d goes to the stallion\u2019s current stallion register print pages in pdf ( if made available by the subscribing farm ) and the urltoken \u201creports\u201d link goes to a list of reports available from the jockey club\u2019s urltoken service .\n5s x 4d crimson satan ; 3s x 5d northern dancer ; 5s x 5d raise a native ; 3s x 5d secretariat .\nstuck in traffic , lady ' s first cat , sand cove , wilberforce , dumont , drunken love , house mouse ) .\nluvyoutothemoon , lady ' s first cat , valid venture , askiri , sir rupe ' s , point advanced , apalachee storm , larry ' s dream , rip ' em up , d ' wild affair , paynes gold ) .\ngiant gambit , five and off , deputiformer , druids mound , doneraile gem , sergeant matt , handsome ned ) .\nginger brew , solitaire , deputiformer , palmers , east end tap , mamma ' s knight , took the time , jungle brew , sebastian ' s song , shadowless , silver jag , d . flutie , dylan ' s choice ) .\nsolitaire , sebastian ' s song , harlem rocker , east end tap , chasin the tornado , pewter ) .\nyummy with butter , grazettes landing , archers alyancer , dancer ' s bajan ) .\nsun hawk , blizzard buddy ben , promising attorney , five and off ) .\npaso doble , drunken love , dancer ' s bajan , costalivin , me the sea and g t ) .\ninformation provided for stallions with producing daughters includes the number of producers and number of foals , runners , winners , juvenile winners , and stakes winners . broodmare sire average earnings index ( aei ) is a ratio of the progeny average earnings of the stallion\u2019s producing daughters with the total average of all broodmare sires\u2019 progeny , during the same year and within the same country .\nnancy wheatley ( 1 - 866 - 425 - 7469 ) or john burness ( 905 ) 640 - 8051 cell ( 416 ) 984 - 5200 , colebrook farms , 6270 concession 5 , uxbridge , on l9p 1r1 , canada . fax ( 905 ) 640 - 2137 .\nowner : c . f . farms breeder : charles e . fipke state bred : on winnings : 15 starts : 7 - 2 - 1 , $ 1 , 141 , 651 at 2 : won bull page s . ( s , wo , 6f ) ; 3rd vandal s . ( r , wo , 6f ) at 3 : won queen ' s plate s . ( r , wo , 10f ) , plate trial s . ( g3 , wo , 9f ) , queenston s . ( s , wo , 7f ) , overskate s . ( wo , 7f ) ; 2nd achievement h . ( s , wo , 6f ) foaled march 21 , 2005 . champion 3 - year - old in canada . entered stud in 2011 at norse ridge farms , ontario ; in 2014 standing at colebrook farms , ontario ( c $ 5 , 000 ) . ( close )\nper our updated privacy policy , we use cookies to track your browsing behavior on our site and provide you with ads or other offers that may be relevant to you . to view our privacy policy in full , click here . by using our site , you agree to these terms .\nsent ! please check your email for a link to reset your password . ( if you can ' t find it , be sure to check your spam folder ! )\nokay , there are exceptions to this rule . for example , every whiskey lover would be thrilled to get his or her hands on a bottle of\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\nmust be distilled to no more than 160 proof and entered into the barrel at 125 proof .\nhow to make a traditional irish coffee what we ' re grilling this week : beef satay with coconut curry sauce the healthiest salad dressings falling in love again with america\u2019s no . 1 bbq food : hot dogs 3 tips for churning out better homemade ice cream how to build your own raised tomato bed all stories\nsign up for our newsletter to get the latest adventures , workouts , destinations , and more .\nwe may use your e - mail address to send you the newsletter and offers that may interest you , on behalf of men ' s journal and its partners . for more information please read our privacy policy\nmen\u2019s journal has affiliate partnerships so we may receive compensation for some links to products and services .\nthe category ' s even caught on in london\u2019s cutting - edge neighborhoods like brixton , hackney and shoreditch , but more on this in another column .\nit\u2019s 11 years old , and the result of a partnership between 40 - year industry veteran dave scheurich and royal wine corporation .\nnow , 11 years is a long time for an american whisky to mature , far longer than the same number of years for a scotch , and it can achieve a pretty awesome level of wonderfulness in that time .\nscheurich\u2019s aim for boondocks was to create\na smooth whiskey with complex , savory flavors yet remain non - aggressive on the palate , a whiskey that delivered an ultra - smooth finish - - something easy to enjoy .\ni normally regard such self - serving praise by a winemaker or whiskey distiller of his own product with a large dose of , usually justified , skepticism .\nthere\u2019s a nose brimming with pears and red fruit flavors all smothered in a blanket of bananas - and - cream , sweet vanilla and even butter pecan ice cream . on the tongue it\u2019s wonderfully drinker - friendly , even by today\u2019s high - gloss standards , with just the faintest suggestion of tarry spice on the mellow but surprisingly persistent finish ."]}
{"id": 1981, "summary": [{"text": "oreochromis macrochir ( longfin tilapia , greenhead tilapia , or greenhead bream ) is a species of cichlid native to the zambezi basin , lake mweru , and lake bangweulu .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it has been used extensively for stocking ponds and dams in other parts of southern africa , but is little-used elsewhere .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in lake mweru , it is economically the most important fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the fish was introduced into lake alaotra in madagascar in 1954 , and proliferated quickly .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "by 1957 , it provided 46 % of the catch , perhaps because it was moving into an empty ecological niche as a phytophagous species .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species reaches a maximum length of 43 cm ( 17 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it lives in fresh water at a depth from 5 to 14 m ( 16 to 46 ft ) in tropical climates with average temperatures between 18 and 35 \u00b0c ( 64 and 95 \u00b0f ) . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "oreochromis macrochir", "paragraphs": ["jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from oreochromis macrochir ( boulenger , 1912 ) to their own page .\nthreatened by the alien species oreochromis niloticus which is now widely distributed in the zambezi , kafue and limpopo systems .\noreochromis macrochir has been replaced by sarotherodon melanotheron as the second most abundant tilapia ( after o . mossambicus ? ) in many oahu reservoirs ( devick 1991b ) . this tilapia species has been widely introduced into africa and other parts of the world for use in aquaculture ( trewavas 1983 ; axelrod 1993 ; skelton 1993 ) . in hawaii , o . macrochir is reported as possibly hybridizing with o . mossambicus ( devick 1972 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of oreochromis macrochir are found here .\nnico , l . , 2018 , oreochromis macrochir ( boulenger , 1912 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 7 / 28 / 2004 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\ntrewavas , e . 1983 . tilapiine fishes of the genera sarotherodon , oreochromis , and danakilia . publication no . 898 . british museum of natural history , london , uk .\ntrewavas , e . , 1983 . tilapiine fishes of the genera sarotherodon , oreochromis and danakilia . british mus . nat . hist . , london , uk . 583 p . ( ref . 2 )\n( of tilapia macrochir boulenger , 1912 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\njustification : this species is threatened by the alien species oreochromis niloticus and is displaced by it in areas where the two species occur together ( both as aliens ) on the zimbabwean plateau . o . niloticus is being used for aquaculture in the northern upper zambezi and will compete with o . macrochir when it spreads through the system . o . niloticus will also inevitably spread into the okavango , thus the cunene may remain the only safe refuge for this species . the suspected major decline in o . macrochir of at least 30 % in the next 10 years following o . niloticus invasion means the species should be classed as vu under criterion a3e .\na commonly used name is tilapia macrochir . distinguishing characteristics , a key , and illustrations were given by trewavas ( 1983 ) , and by skelton ( 1993 ) . distinguishing characteristics and a figure also were given by eccles ( 1992 ) . color photographs of fish were given by axelrod ( 1993 ) . maximum size : 40 cm ( skelton 1993 ) .\nsectioned otoliths were used for age and growth determination of oreochromis macrochir , a common cichlid species from the okavango delta , botswana . the okavango delta is a vast inland wetland ecosystem which receives annual floodwaters from the highlands of southern angola . floodwaters reach the northern areas of the delta between january and march and the southern areas between june and september each year . samples were collected from sites which receive flood waters between may and august . marginal zone analysis showed that an annulus was formed between october and december during the dry , summer period . maximum age estimates of eleven years were obtained and growth was described by the 3 parameter von bertalanffy model as l t = 215 . 24 ( 1\u2212e \u22120 . 42 ( t + 1 . 08 ) ) mm sl .\nlatin , aurum = gold + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom the greek\nmacros\n= big and the greek\ncheir\n= hand , or pectoral fin in fishes , referring to the large pectoral fin ( ref . 52307 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; depth range 5 - 14 m ( ref . 58302 ) . tropical ; 18\u00b0c - 35\u00b0c ( ref . 54042 ) ; 5\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s\nafrica : kafue , upper zambezi , and congo river systems ; introduced elsewhere in africa and in hawaiian islands . also in the okavango and ngami region , cunene basin , chambezi and bangweulu region ( ref . 5166 ) .\nmaturity : l m 15 . 6 , range 18 - 18 cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 54097 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 17 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 14 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 12 ; vertebrae : 29 - 32 . diagnosis : head profile steep ( ref . 2 , 7248 , 12524 , 13337 , 33478 , 52193 , 54167 ) and rounded ( ref . 315 , 12524 ) . toothed area of lower pharyngeal bone with broadly rounded lobes ; scales on cheek in 2 - 3 rows ; caudal scales variable , not on the inter - radial membranes except at the base , and never stiffening the fin ( ref . 2 ) . adults with black ( ref . 2 , 12524 ) or dark brown flecks in the temporal region , on the gill - cover ( ref . 2 , 11970 ) and below the eye , mostly associated with openings of the lateral line system ( ref . 2 ) . adults without conspicuous mid - lateral blotches ( ref . 2 ) .\nprefers quiet , deep water associated with aquatic vegetation , but has been collected in other habitats as well ( ref . 12524 , 13337 ) . found at temperatures between 18 and 35\u00b0c ( ref . 54042 ) . has a very low salinity tolerance ( ref . 2 , 58 ) . occasionally forms schools , is mainly diurnal ( ref . 2 ) . feeds mostly on detritus ( ref . 87 , 7248 , 44661 , 52193 , 52307 , 56192 ) , ( blue - green ) algae ( ref . 12524 , 13337 , 44661 ) and diatoms ( ref . 246 , 7248 , 12524 , 13337 , 52193 ) . juvenile also accepts small invertebrates and zooplankton ( ref . 7248 , 52193 , 52307 ) , but lose this tendency with age ( ref . 52307 ) . maternal mouthbrooder ( ref . 87 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 7248 , 8600 , 12524 , 13337 , 36094 , 52193 , 54042 ) . mating territory having a central volcano - shaped mound ( ref . 2 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 12524 , 55074 ) with a flat or slightly concave top , surrounded by a ditch and vallum , in contrast to o . mweruensis ( ref . 2 ) . flesh excellent ( ref . 5214 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01549 ( 0 . 00889 - 0 . 02698 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 1 \u00b10 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 23 - 1 . 0 ; tm < 1 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 71 , 2 sd range = 0 . 34 - 1 . 47 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 34 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 36 , based on : 7 k , 10 tgen , 2 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment unit )\nupper zambezi , okavango and kafue rivers , as well as the upper kasai , lake bangweulu and the chambeshi river . it has also been collected from the revue river in mozambique ( buzi system ) , far to the east of its natural distribution and it is possible that this is a relict population ( bell - cross 1973b ) . in zimbabwe , it has been widely distributed through introductions and translocations into many parts of the country . its introduction into lake kariba in 1959 was not particularly successful ( jackson 2000 ) but it survives in small numbers . it may have colonised the limpopo river after escaping from the shashe dam in botswana and they have been collected from the shashe river at tuli ( minshull ) and from a pool downstream of the shashe / limpopo confluence ( kleynhans and hoffman 1992 ) . also introduced to komati system in swaziland ( bills et al . 2004 ) and spreading to south africa .\nfound in quiet waters along river margins and backwaters , in floodplain habitats and impoundments ( skelton 2001 , tweddle et al . 2004 ) . feeds mainly on microscopic foods such as algae , especially diatoms , and detritus . females mouth brood eggs and fry . breeds in summer , nests grouped into arenas .\nattempts should be made to establish protected areas from which o . niloticus can be excluded and perhaps captive breeding of pure stocks which could be used to restock areas from which this species has disappeared .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nafrica . sections of south central africa including cunene , okavango , upper zambezi and kafue rivers ( trewavas 1983 ; skelton 1993 ) .\nfish apparently were bred in captivity before being released into the wild , ca . 1958 ( maciolek 1984 ) ; this was considered a deliberate introduction ( devick 1991a ) .\nthe overabundance of tilapias in at least one hawaiian reservoir has possibly had the effect of suppressing production of desirable sport fishes ( devick 1972 ) .\naxelrod , h . r . 1993 . the most complete colored lexicon of cichlids . tropical fish hobbyist publications , inc . , neptune city , nj .\ndevick , w . s . 1972 . population densities of tilapia in wahiawa reservoir . project f - 9 - 2 , job 1 , study v . division of aquatic resources , hawaii department of land and natural resources . 8 pp .\ndevick , w . s . 1991a . disturbances and fluctuations in the wahiawa reservoir ecosystem . project f - 14 - r - 15 , job 4 , study i . division of aquatic resources , hawaii department of land and natural resources . 21 pp .\neccles , d . h . 1992 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes : field guide to the freshwater fishes of tanzania . food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) , rome , italy . 145 pp .\nhida , t . s . , and d . a . thomson . 1962 . introduction of the threadfin shad to hawaii . progressive fish - culturist 24 : 159 - 163 .\nmaciolek , j . a . 1984 . exotic fishes in hawaii and other islands of oceania . pages 131 - 161 in w . r . courtenay , jr . , and j . r . stauffer , jr . , editors . distribution , biology , and management of exotic fishes . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md .\nmorita , c . m . 1981 . freshwater fishing in hawaii . division of aquatic resources , department of land and natural resources , honolulu , hi . 21 pp .\nskelton , p . h . 1993 . a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa . southern book publishers , halfway house , south africa .\ntilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nbeamish , r . j . & g . a . mcfarlane , 1987 . current trends in age determination methodology . in r . c . summerfelt & g . e . hall ( eds . ) , age and growth of fish . iowa state university press , ames : 15\u201342 .\n( pisces : cichlidae ) from the okavango delta , botswana , and a comparison of the scale and otolith methods of ageing . envir . biol . fish . 43 : 171\u2013178 .\nboxrucker , j . , 1986 . a comparison of the otolith and scale methods for ageing white crappies in oklahoma . n . am . j . fish . mgmt . 6 : 122\u2013125 .\nbalon , e . k . & e . m . chadwick , 1974 . time of annulus inception : a pond experiment . in e . k . balon & a . g . coche ( eds ) , lake kariba : a man - made tropical ecosystem in central africa . dr w . junk publishers , the hague : 643\u2013646 .\npeters ( pisces : cichlidae ) in lake sibaya , south africa . j . fish biol . 6 : 701\u2013715 .\nbutterworth , d . s . , a . e . punt , d . l . borchers , j . b . pugh & g . s . hughes , 1986 . a manual of mathematical techniques for line - fish assessment . south african national scientific programmes report . 160 : 1\u201389 .\nchapman , d . w . , w . h . miller , r . g . dudley & r . j . sculley , 1971 . ecology of the fishes in the kafue river : a report prepared for the fao / un by the university of idaho . fi : sf / zam ii , technical report no . 2 , 66 pp .\nof the kafue floodplain , zambia : predicted effects of the kafue gorge dam . trans . amer . fish . soc . 103 : 281\u2013291 .\nfrom the kafue floodplain , zambia , since construction of the kafue gorge dam . j . fish biol . 14 : 205\u2013223 .\nefron , b . , 1982 . the jackknife , the bootstrap and other resampling plans . society for industrial and applied mathematics . philedelphia , 92 pp .\n( r\u00fcppell ) in the lagos lagoon , lagos , nigeria with a discussion on the environmental and physiological basis of growth marking in the tropics . in t . e . bagenal ( ed . ) , ageing of fishes . unwin brothers , london : 114\u2013123 .\ngauldie , r . w . & d . g . a . nelson . 1990 . otolith growth in fishes . comp . biochem . physiol . 97a : 119\u2013135 .\ngoeman , t . j . , d . r . helms & r . c . heidinger , 1984 . comparison of otolith and scale age determinations for freshwater drum from the mississippi river . proc . iowa . acad . sci . 91 : 49\u201351 .\nhammers , b . e . & l . e . miranda , 1991 . comparison of methods for estimating age , growth and related population characteristics of white crappies . n . am . j . fish . mgmt . 11 : 492\u2013498 .\n( pisces : cichlidae ) in a venda impoundment ( south africa ) . s . afr . j . zool . 15 : 222\u2013228 .\n( schilbeidae : pisces ) in the luphephe - nwanedzi impoundment , venda ( south africa ) . j . limnol . soc . sth . afr . 6 : 39\u201345 .\nhughes , g . , 1986 . examining methods of fitting age / length data to the von bertalanffy growth curve with a view to applying a simplified version of the beverton and holt yield per recruit model . unpublished internal report , university of cape town , 70 pp .\nkapetsky , j . m . , 1974 . the kafue river floodplain : an example of pre - impoundment potential for fish production . in e . k . balon & a . g . coche ( eds ) , lake kariba : a man - made tropical ecosystem in central africa . dr w . junk publishers , the hague : 497\u2013523 .\nmerron , g . s . , 1991 . the ecology and management of the okavango delta , boltswana , with particular reference to the role of the seasonal floods . ph . d . thesis , rhodes university , south africa , 171 pp .\npannella , g . , 1974 . otolith growth patterns : an aid to age determination in temperature and tropical fishes . in t . b . bagenal ( ed . ) , ageing of fishes . unwin brothers , london : 28\u201339 .\npunt , a . e . & g . s . hughes , 1992 . pc - yield ii user ' s guide . benguela ecology programme report no . 26 , foundation for research development , south africa , 36 pp .\nricker , w . e . , 1975 . computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations . fish . res . bd can . bull . 191 : 1\u2013382 .\nschnute , j . , 1981 . a versatile growth model with statiscally stable parameters . can . j . fish . aquat . sci . 38 : 1128\u20131140 .\nskelton , p . , 1993 . a complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern africa . southern book publishers , halfway house , 388 pp .\nsummerfelt , r . c . & g . e . hall , 1987 . the age and growth of fishes . the iowa state university press , ames , 443 pp .\nvan der waal , b . c . w . , 1985 . aspects ofthe biology of larger fish species of lake liambezi , caprivi , south west africa . madoqua 14 : 101\u2013144 .\nweatherley , a . h . & h . s . gill , 1987 . the biology of fish growth . academic press , new york , 443 pp .\nwelcomme , r . l . , 1979 . fisheries ecology of floodplain rivers . longman , london , 317 pp .\nmating territory having a central volcano - shaped mound ( ref . 2 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 12524 , 55074 ) with a flat or slightly concave top , surrounded by a ditch and vallum , in contrast to o . mweruensis ( ref . 2 ) . prefers quiet , deep water associated with aquatic vegetation , but has been collected in other habitats as well ( ref . 12524 , 13337 ) . found at temperatures between 18 and 35\u00b0c ( ref . 54042 ) . has a very low salinity tolerance ( ref . 2 , 58 ) . occasionally forms schools , is mainly diurnal ( ref . 2 ) . feeds mostly on detritus ( ref . 87 , 7248 , 44661 , 52193 , 52307 , 56192 ) , ( blue - green ) algae ( ref . 12524 , 13337 , 44661 ) and diatoms ( ref . 246 , 7248 , 12524 , 13337 , 52193 ) . juvenile also accepts small invertebrates and zooplankton ( ref . 7248 , 52193 , 52307 ) , but lose this tendency with age ( ref . 52307 ) . maternal mouthbrooder ( ref . 87 , 246 , 314 , 5214 , 7248 , 8600 , 12524 , 13337 , 36094 , 52193 , 54042 ) . flesh excellent ( ref . 5214 ) .\njennifer hammock removed an association between\nzambezi river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nbarbus dorsolineatus trewavas , 1936\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nzambezi river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nzaireichthys pallidus eccles , tweddle & skelton , 2011\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nzambezi river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nzaireichthys monomotapa eccles , tweddle & skelton , 2011\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\n( of chromys sparmanni castelnau , 1861 ) castelnau , f . l . ( 1861 ) . m\u00e9moire sur les poissons de l ' afrique australe . paris . i - vii + 1 - 78 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia alleni fowler , 1931 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia intermedia gilchrist & thompson , 1917 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of tilapia sheshekensis gilchrist & thompson , 1917 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chromys sparmanni castelnau , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete ."]}
{"id": 1982, "summary": [{"text": "the flores crow ( corvus florensis ) is a species of bird in the family corvidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is endemic to indonesia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "flores crow", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . flores crow 2 . flores crow 3 . flores crow 4 . flores crow > > adult 5 . flores crow 6 . flores crow 7 . flores crow 8 . flores crow 9 . flores crow 10 . flores crow\n40 cm . medium - sized , forest - dwelling crow . plumage all black , dark iris . feathering extends halfway along ridge of bill .\nendangered . restricted - range species : present in northern nusa tenggara eba . rare . formerly found throughout flores , but now virtually restricted to rainforests at extreme w . . .\nthis rather diminutive crow has a very small population , which is subject to a continuing decline in the face of rampant deforestation on its island home . it thus qualifies as endangered .\nmadge , s . ( 2018 ) . flores crow ( corvus florensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n40 cm ; c . 175 g . small crow with relatively short bill with gently curving culmen , nostrils very long but concealed by dense nasal tuft ( which extends half - way along side of . . .\nconduct further surveys in central and eastern flores ( particularly in northern ende , where moist , deciduous monsoon - forest is reported to be extensive ) to establish its current distribution and population size . conduct ecological research to assess its success in different forest - types and the impact of cuckoo parasitism . extend wolo tadho strict nature reserve and support the establishment of further protected areas in western flores ( including tanjung kerita mese , golo bilas and nanga rawa ) .\n, where it is known chiefly from the lowlands in the western half of flores ( birdlife international 2001 ) . it seems likely that it has always been relatively uncommon , although locally frequent in undisturbed habitat . overall , it is acknowledged to occur only at low densities , with most encounters involving single birds , and appears to have declined .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nrepeated 1 - 3 times , resonant popping or gurgling and wheezing contact call .\nthe population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : this species is suspected to be declining at a moderate rate , through forest loss ( and perhaps also brood parasitism by cuckoos ) .\nbeing a species targeted for study . it has been recorded in the wolo tadho strict nature reserve and wae wuul nature reserve .\nedited habitats and ecology information text . added new reference , new contributor and new facilitator / compiler .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705956a110289015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : corvus florensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nalong with c . typicus sometimes separated in nesocorax . relationships uncertain , possibly a separate lineage # r # r ; earlier thought perhaps to be an ancient derivative of the \u201c c . enca complex\u201d , but differs fundamentally in bill structure and plumage texture . monotypic .\nusual call a high - pitched , but downwardly inflected rasping\ncwaaa\nor\nwaaaak\n, repeated up to . . .\ntall secondary and primary moist , semi - deciduous monsoon forest along watercourses ; chiefly in . . .\nno specific information on diet ; most likely to consist of small invertebrates and small fruits . forages in ones and twos , parties of up to . . .\nseason sept\u2013jan . nest constructed of sticks , built c . 12 m above ground ; one documented nest was in isolated tree amid wooded . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 683 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 12 . 31 , website ( version 31 - dec - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback ."]}
{"id": 1983, "summary": [{"text": "meragisa zebrina is a moth of the family notodontidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north-eastern ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 21.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is silvery white suffused with charcoal-coloured scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the ground colour of the hindwings is light mustard yellow to buff in the basal one third and grey-brown in the outer two thirds . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "meragisa zebrina", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about meragisa zebrina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for meragisa zebrina ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthe genus meragisa currently contains 33 described species occurring from mexico south to bolivia and brazil .\nthis species is known exclusively from the holotype . label data for the m . zebrina holotype is as follows : ecuador , napo , yanayacu biological station , 5 km w cosanga , 2163m , 00\u00ba35 . 9\u2019s , 77\u00ba53 . 4\u2019w , 18 - i - 2009 , leg . j . s . miller , d . wagner & e . tapia , mv lt . , usnm ( genitalia slide no . 1868 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 1984, "summary": [{"text": "dioryctria nivaliensis is a species of snout moth in the genus dioryctria .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by rebel in 1892 , and is known from the canary islands .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the larvae feed on pinus canariensis . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dioryctria nivaliensis", "paragraphs": ["especies dioryctria abietella denis & schifferm\u00fcller dioryctria abietella auct . dioryctria abietivorella grote dioryctria albovittella ( hulst ) dioryctria amatella ( hulst ) dioryctria assamensis mutuura dioryctria aulloi barbey dioryctria auranticella ( grote ) dioryctria banksiella mutuura , munroe & ross dioryctria baumhoferi heinrich dioryctria cambiicola ( dyar ) dioryctria castanea bradley dioryctria clarioralis walker dioryctria contortella mutuura , munroe & ross dioryctria disclusa heinrich dioryctria ebeli mutuura & munroe dioryctria erythropasa ( dyar ) dioryctria horneana dyar dioryctria kunmingnella wang & sung dioryctria laricicola popova dioryctria laruata ( heinrich ) dioryctria magnifica munroe dioryctria mendacella ( staudinger ) dioryctria merkeli mutuura & munroe dioryctria mongolicella wang & sung dioryctria monticolella mutuura , munroe & ross dioryctria mutatella fuchs dioryctria nivaliensis rebel dioryctria okanaganella mutuura , munroe & ross dioryctria okui mutuura dioryctria peltieri de joannis dioryctria pentictonella mutuura , munroe & ross dioryctria peyerimhoffi de joannis dioryctria pineae ( staudinger ) dioryctria ponderosae dyar dioryctria pryeri ragonot dioryctria pseudotsugella munroe dioryctria pygmaeella ragonot dioryctria raoi mutuura dioryctria reniculella ( grote ) dioryctria reniculelloides mutuura & munroe dioryctria resinosella mutuura dioryctria rossi munroe dioryctria rubella hampson dioryctria schuetzeella fuchs dioryctria silvestrella ratzeburg dioryctria splendidella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer dioryctria sylvestrella ( ratzeburg ) dioryctria taedae schaber & wood dioryctria taedivorella leidy & neunzig dioryctria tumicolella mutuura , munroe & ross dioryctria xanthoenobares dyar dioryctria yatesi mutuura & munroe dioryctria yiai mutuura & munroe dioryctria yuennanella caradja dioryctria zimmermanni ( grote )\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 1985, "summary": [{"text": "the brush-tailed bettong ( bettongia penicillata ) , also known as the woylie , is an extremely rare small marsupial that belongs to the genus bettongia .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is endemic to australia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "there are two subspecies , b. p. ogilbyi and the now extinct b. p. penicillata . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "woylie", "paragraphs": ["gray , 1837 ( potoroidae ) ( woylie , brush - tailed bettong ) .\nas a potential disease agent involved in the recent woylie declines could be clarified .\nall west australian woylies fall under the guiding hand of adrian wayne , dpaw\u2019s woylie expert . adrian coordinates research , conservation activities and the work of kanyana\u2019s woylie team .\na map of the historical distribution of the woylie , and the locations where the woylie is currently known from , including translocated populations . ( dbca , 2017 ) .\nwoylie have decline by up to 95 % since 2001 . why is a mystery .\nwoylie cheek - pouches are convenient for storing food and their prehensile tails carry nest materials .\np2 within the woylie remains unknown . however , it has been hypothesised from histopathological observations that when\nthe woylie was once hailed as one of the success stories of wildlife conservation programs . in 1996 , as a direct result of a recovery program , the woylie was removed from the threatened ( specially protected ) fauna notice under the western australian wildlife conservation act 1950 . however , a dramatic decline in woylie numbers started in 1999 and consequently , the woylie was re - listed in 2008 .\nnational recovery plan for the woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) ( pdf - 1 . 22 mb )\nnational recovery plan for the woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) ( doc - 2 . 21 mb )\nwayne af : diagnosis of recent woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) declines in southwestern australia : progress report of the woylie conservation research project . 2008 , perth : western australia government department of environment and conservation\nwayne af : diagnosis of recent woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) declines in southwestern australia : progress report of the woylie conservation research project . 2008 , western australia government department of environment and conservation : perth\n( commonly known as the woylie ) for which this tick appears to have a high predilection . woylie is the aboriginal name given by the noongar people who live in the south - west corner of western australia [\nthe woylie is an example where continual research is needed on wildlife populations , even when we think they are in the clear . without dedicated researchers , the extent of the recent decline of the woylie would have gone unnoticed . without continual research - lead conservation of the woylie , the reasons for the decline will remain a mystery .\nalthough their tail looks like that of other kangaroo - like animals , a woylie\u2019s tail has one amazing difference . it can coil up like a possum\u2019s tail to hold grasses and branches that the woylie collects to make its nest .\nphenotype 2\u201d ( p2 ) comprising trypomastigotes found in woylie id : wc2807 , wc2841 & wc2930 . mean morphological traits for\na national recovery team for the woylie was re - established in 2008 . there are a number of conservation initiatives for the woylie that are part of larger ongoing projects as well as more recent activities directed by the recovery team . these include :\nkanyana kept records on all woylie pregnancies and the offsprings\u2019 genetic lineage . despite regular messages to dec about kanyana\u2019s growing woylie colony ( and the rising costs of housing and feeding ) , dec was firm in its decision not to allow any translocations for fear of spreading disease . the cause of the woylie decline in the wild remained unknown and the population was continuing to crash .\nthe woylie has shown some dramatic changes in conservation status . the iucn listed the woylie as endangered in 1982 , due to its dramatic decline . a review of the conservation status of the woylie undertaken in 1998 , lead to its status being downgraded on western australian , australian and international threatened species lists , due to its apparent recovery in response to both fox baiting and reintroductions .\nwith the recent woylie decline may be another similar case . however , further research is needed to investigate whether the histopathological association of\njustification : the woylie has suffered a > 90 % reduction in population size over the past 10 years and the decline is continuing .\nwere detected from different organs of the single euthanised woylie from nar . the organs tested for the three different trypanosomes are listed in table\nvisitors are welcome to help us expand the meaning of woylie . fill in the form below to add your definition , example or comment .\nchanges in the trypanosome prevalence at the uwr and the changing woylie population status at warrup , ( which is part of the kp ) .\nthis is the first national recovery plan for the woylie and the third western australia recovery plan for the species . it details the woylie ' s current distribution , habitat and threats , as well as the recovery objectives and actions necessary to ensure the species ' long - term survival .\nbounding away in the blink of an eye , releasing a woylie into the wild is a challenging task for department of parks and wildlife officers .\nwoylie introductions have been made to the arid recovery reserve at roxby downs in south australia where tours / stays and options for volunteering are provided .\nbased on results presented here we propose the name trypanosoma vegrandis sp . nov . for this morphologically and genetically distinct species found within the woylie .\n2009 , tim winton , silent country : travels through a recovering landscape , robyn davidson ( editor ) , the best australian essays 2009 , page 16 , \u2018like a woylie , \u2019 said john dell , \u2018closely related . \u2019 ah . of course . even i ' d heard of the woylie . but like most of my countrymen , i couldn ' t have described one for love nor money . the woylie belongs to the great treasury of marsupials that we revere and know nothing about . as i learnt that day , the boodie and the woylie are different species of bettong .\nthe trypanosomes of the woylie are suspected of playing a role in the recent decline of their host . an association was identified linking the intracellular stage of\nfound in gilbert\u2019s potoroo , being relatively longer and thinner . the smallest length recorded in the woylie was 30 . 25 \u03bcm , while in the potoroo it was 25 . 0 \u03bcm and the widest length recorded in the woylie was 10 . 23 \u03bcm , while in the potoroo it was 15 . 4 \u03bcm [\nsp . nov . genotype 2\u201d ( g2 ) comprising trypomastigotes found in woylie id : 7225370 & k734 . mean morphological traits for each group are shown in table\non a single occasion at nar , an injured adult woylie ( origin : pp ) was captured . this woylie had lost significant body mass and was euthanized following examination by qualified veterinary staff . tissue samples were collected during autopsy and were taken from near the center of each organ before being stored in 70 % ethanol .\none of the animals at risk is the woylie . in the past five years , tens of thousands of these tiny kangaroo - like marsupials have simply dropped dead .\nidentified by molecular methodology for woylie id : wc2741 at nar was confirmed by microscopy in april 2012 during the hybridization and staining procedure . when the fluorescent conditions of figure\nwayne a , maxwell m , nicholls p , pacioni c , reiss a , smith a , thompson rca , vellios c , ward c , wayne j : the woylie conservation research project : investigating the cause ( s ) of woylie declines in the upper warren region . 2011 , perth : western australia government department of environment and conservation\nthreatened species scientific committee ( 2009 ) commonwealth listing advice on bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ( woylie ) . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra .\nleonie harris : researcher andrew thompson has found two parasite infestations in the woylie blood , but whether it ' s causing the death or attacking weak animals is still unclear .\n] . other dissimilarities included a larger pk mean in the woylie ( 11 . 44 \u03bcm compared to 8 . 1 \u03bcm in the potoroo ) , a smaller kn and ff mean in the woylie ( 4 . 36 \u03bcm and 8 . 24 \u03bcm compared to 5 . 8 \u03bcm and 10 . 8 \u03bcm respectively in the potoroo ) [\ndepartment of environment and conservation ( 2012 ) . national recovery plan for the woylie ( bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ) . perth , western australia : department of environment and conservation .\nawc protects almost 10 % of the world ' s remaining woylie population . awc supports important populations of woylies within predator - proof fenced areas on karakamia , scotia , yookamurra and mt gibson sanctuaries . the karakamia population has the distinction of being the only population of woylies in western australia that has not declined in recent years . awc ecologists monitor populations of the woylie on the four sanctuaries where it occurs . awc contributes to the national woylie recovery team , and facilitates a number of research projects that are investigating the causes of population decline .\nleonie harris : in five years the total woylie population dropped by 80 per cent to fewer than 10 , 000 animals , a faster decline than polar bears or the tasmanian devil .\nthe diet of the woylie is similar to potoroos as includes a large diversity and proportion of hypogeous fungi in its diet particularly in summer and autumn in dry sclerophyll forest in wa .\n2007 , the bulletin , issues 6559 - 6566 , page 27 , it ' s a whodunit involving the woylie , the marsupial poster - child for recovery programs involving endangered animals .\nwith the internal organs of the woylie has altered the long term health of the host and influenced the recent decline , or is a result of other , as yet unidentified , stressors . future investigations will need to correlate the changes of woylie health ( over multiple generations and from several different populations ) with pathological results , such as haematopathology , histopathology and clinical pathology .\nwayne a , maxwell m , nicholls p , pacioni c , reiss a , smith a , thompson rca , vellios c , ward c , wayne j , wilson i , williams m : the woylie conservation research project : investigating the cause ( s ) of woylie declines in the upper warren region . 2011 , western australia government department of environment and conservation : perth\nwoylie demographics are being researched by trapping animals and radio - telemetry has been used to monitor their survival . food resources , disease and predation have also been the focus of investigations to help identify the possible causes for the woylie decline . current evidence suggests that woylies have been predated by cats predominantly , but also foxes , and that they may have become more vulnerable to predation by some form of disease . efforts continue to verify the real causes because knowing for certain is the best way to inform how conservation and management can most effectively save the woylie .\nwestern australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) ( 2010o ) . fauna species profiles - woylie ( or brush - tailed bettong ) bettongia penicillata . available from : urltoken .\ndepartment publications and resources , including staff research publications . for research - based publications , refer to this list of public publications that have been produced as part of the woylie conservation research project .\nin this study , we provide a possible temporal connection implicating t . copemani as the disease agent linked with the recent decline of the kingston indigenous woylie population within the upper warren region of western australia . the chronic association of trypanosomes with the internal organs of its host may be potentially pathogenic and adversely affect their long term fitness and coordination , making the woylie more susceptible to predation .\n\u00b7 the woylie subpopulations in the upper warren at least , provide evidence that potentially pathogenic parasites may be associated with the declines and that it is possible disease is making woylies more vulnerable to predation .\nthreats : predation by foxes and feral cats is a major cause of the decline in woylie numbers , however , there may be a disease affecting woylies which makes it easier for predators to catch them .\nthe woylie ( or brush - tailed bettong ) was once widespread in the south - west of wa and the rangelands of wa , nt , sa , nsw and north - western victoria . ( image :\na total of 20 trypanosomes were identified in stained blood smears from these same four woylies ( woylie id : 7199222 , 7236356 , 7225370 & k734 ) and measured . all were identified as trypomastigote forms ( figure\nsp . nov . in four woylies at kws ( woylie id : 7199222 , 7236356 , 7225370 & k734 ) during the trapping sessions of september 2011 and february 2012 . these same four woylies tested negative to\npacioni c , wayne af , spencer pbs : effects of habitat fragmentation on population structure and long distance gene flow in an endangered marsupial : the woylie . j zool . 1987 , 283 : 98 - 107 .\nthe samples included in this study were collected as a part of the larger woylie conservation research project and its components that were variously funded by the department of parks and wildlife ( wa ) , state ( natural resource management , western australia ) and federal [ caring for our country and the australian research council ( lp 130101073 and lp 0775356 ) ] government - funded projects , and as a part of the woylie disease investigation project .\na woylie is a brush tailed bettong , scientific name : bettongia penicillata . woylies are a small brown kangaroo - like animal that weighs up to 1 . 8kg . they live in eucalypt forests and eat fungi as well as other plant material , digging shallow holes and moving more than 5 tonnes of soil per year . \u2018woylie\u2019 comes from the noongar language , meaning \u2018stick - carrier\u2019 as they carry sticks in their tails to make nests .\nin these five woylies ( wc2842 during dec 2011 ; < 50 \u03bcl of blood was collected from this woylie on this occasion ) microscopy was used alone to confirm the morphological presence of two trypomastigotes on the blood slides .\nliz appelt : when i do education sessions now i say to children and people ,\ntake a look , because you may now ever see another one . it may be the last woylie we ' ll see\n.\ninvestigation into the cause of the decline in the form of the woylie conservation research project . phase 1 of the project , predominantly based in the upper warren region of western australia , has been completed and the results reported ( see wayne , 2008 ) . the project was explorative in approach and aimed to diagnose the cause of the woylie declines . phase 2 aims to investigate and scientifically test the most likely causes of the decline identified in phase 1 .\nin this report we describe the morphological polymorphism of t . copemani , which includes the different trypomastigote phenotypes from the blood of woylies . we also provide the first morphological observations and taxonomic description of trypanosomes from a new genetically diverse clade , for which we propose the name t . vegrandis . up until now this small trypanosome has only been identified by pcr from a variety of hosts , including the woylie . using fluorescence in situ hybridisation and light microscopy , we described a mixed trypanosome infection in a woylie , with both t . copemani and t . vegrandis observed . the temporal reduction of t . copemani p2 in the peripheral blood of the woylie and its ability to invade cells may suggest that this more virulent phenotype could become localised within the tissues of the host . over time , tissue degeneration of the host could result in an overall reduced fitness , making the woylie more susceptible to predation in the wild .\nalso during this time , kanyana received another orphaned male woylie from dec resulting from a trapping event . dec requested that kanyana also raise this woylie ( blur ) to independence . again , due to enclosure space limitations and an understanding that decs translocation policy would be short term , claire and blur were housed together , began to breed and produce healthy offspring . woylies , when content , are happy and prolific breeders . kanyana population quickly moves beyond 20 youngsters .\npacioni c , wayne af , spencer pbs : effects of habitat fragmentation on population structure and long distance gene flow in an endangered marsupial : the woylie . j zool . 2011 , 283 ( 1987 ) : 98 - 107 .\nwoylie \u2013 a small bettong , bettongia pencillata , of central and southern australia , having a long prehensile tail covered with black hairs on the upper surface towards the tip ; brush - tailed bettong . also woilie . [ nyungar walyu ]\nconservation at perth zoo : perth zoo is part of a conservation research project which is helping to identify the causes behind the decline in woylie numbers in the south - west of western australia and to rebuild their numbers in the wild .\nyes , kanyana holds regular nocturnal tours . most people will never be lucky enough to see a woylie in the wild , and a kanyana nocturnal tour provides a unique opportunity to see these fascinating animals at night while they are active .\nbotero a , thompson ck , peacock cs , clode pl , nicholls pk , wayne af , et al . trypanosomes genetic diversity , polyparasitism and the population decline of the critically endangered australian marsupial , the brush tailed bettong or woylie (\nthe woylie is currently specially protected under the western australian wildlife conservation act 1950 as threatened fauna , with a ranking of critically endangered and is also listed as endangered under the commonwealth environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) .\ngarkaklis mj , bradley js , wooller rd ( 1998 ) the effects of woylie ( bettongia penicillata ) foraging on soil water repellency and water infiltration in heavy textured soils in southwestern australia . australian journal of ecology 23 , 492 - 496 .\n] . the localisation of trypomastigotes within the internal organs of the woylie may be a very important phase for maintaining infection within the host , but as a consequence may be chronically pathogenic , adversely affecting the fitness and coordination of the host .\nhas had a chronic effect upon the fitness and coordination of the woylie , and has been influential during the recent declines , then it is reasonable to question whether this same parasite has inflicted similar pathological changes and tissue degeneration in its other host species .\ngray , 1837 ( potoroidae ) ( woylie , brush - tailed bettong ) , of which indigenous populations are now restricted to the south - western corner of australia . investigations into rapid population declines experienced by this marsupial commenced in 2006 and are still ongoing [\nthe perup sanctuary is a 423 hectare predator - free enclosure in native bushland near manjimup . it was established in late 2010 as an insurance colony in case the most important woylie populations in the wild became extinct . with a good representation of the genetic diversity of the woylie it is also an excellent source for translocations to help reintroduce the woylie to areas where it is safe to do so . in just the first four years their numbers in the sanctuary increased from a founding stock of 87 adults to more than 400 , plus nearly 300 that have been translocated to three sites to help stimulate their recovery in the wild . more recently , a fenced area has been built at dryandra woodland , and woylies are one of the species that will benefit from this predator - free environment .\nleonie harris : in this forest in wa ' s south - west . the unknown killer is just starting to creep in to the last healthy woylie population . a team led by adrian wayne is trapping the animals to give them health checks and then releasing them .\nthe woylie population has declined from 225 , 000 to between 10 , 000 \u2013 20 , 000 in the last 15 years . predation by european foxes is the major cause of range contraction and decline of woylie populations . however , predation by feral cats is emerging as another serious threat . in western australia , woylies increased in distribution and abundance following large - scale fox - baiting during the 1980s ; however , most populations have declined again in the last decade . the most likely cause is predation by feral cats , although research is also being conducted into the potential role of disease in population decline . in the past , extensive areas occupied by the woylie were cleared for agriculture , and millions of woylies and other bettongs were killed as agricultural pests or for the fur trade in the early 20 th century .\naccording to a major new survey nearly 800 australian - fish , birds and plant species are headed for extinction . one of the animals at risk is the woylie . in the past five years , tens of thousands of these tiny kangaroo - like marsupials have simply dropped dead .\nas the recent causes of decline are unknown , it is difficult to plan actions for the woylie recovery . as with all declining species , additional research is essential to pinpoint causes of decline . as well as controlling foxes and cats , surveillance monitoring for diseases needs to continue .\n) during november and december , 2010 . uwr is predominantly publicly - owned conservation estate and state forest , managed by the department of environment and conservation ( dec ) , and supports the largest wild woylie population and two of the four indigenous genetically distinct subpopulations extant at the time [\nstart , a . n . , a . a . burbidge & d . armstrong ( 1995 ) . woylie recovery plan . wildlife management program . 16 . perth : western australian department of conservation and land management and south australian department of environment and natural resources . available from : urltoken .\nkanyana limits human contact with its woylies to ensure the animals retain the survival instincts required of them when their back in the wild . significant time and effort goes into \u2018enrichment\u2019 of the woylie enclosures at kanyana . recently , kanyana was commended by the national zoo and aquarium association for its \u2018enrichment\u2019 programs .\n] . the factors responsible for this recent and rapid decline remain unclear , with the future survival of indigenous woylies becoming increasingly uncertain . however , recent spatio - temporal population modelling has hypothesised that disease , in conjunction with predation , may have been the main contributing factors to the recent woylie population declines [\nkey research collaborators with the department of parks and wildlife include murdoch university , perth zoo , australian wildlife conservancy , university of western australia , james cook university , world wildlife fund and department of environment , water and natural resources . a major collaborative project with warren catchments council was completed in 2013 , with support from the federal caring for our country and wa state natural resource management programs . many university students and other partnerships and collaborations have been involved in the efforts to save the woylie . many university students , volunteers , and other partnerships and collaborations have been involved in the efforts to save the woylie .\nthe campaign of both intense fox bating and reintroduction into baited areas , and areas surrounded by predator proof fences was successful in the initial recovery of the woylie . from the initial three populations found in the 1970s , woylies were established in an additional 22 locations across western australia , south australia and new south wales .\nhall et al . ( 1991 ) was the first edition of the woylie recovery plan and guided work between 1991 and 1993 . nelson et al . ( 1992 ) guided work in south australia . start et al . ( 1995 ) was the second edition of woylie recovery plan for the period 1994 - 2003 , written with the expectation that the species could be removed from the threatened species list within a short period of time . woylies were removed from the commonwealth and western australian threatened species lists in 1996 following an assessment of status ( start et al . 1998 ) . however , from about 2000 , woylies have suffered a significant ongoing decline and they became again the subject of conservation research and management . woylie conservation was then guided by an interim recovery plan ( freegard 2008 ) . a revised national recovery plan was finalised in 2012 ( yeatman and groom 2012 ) . this recovery plan , guided by a national recovery team , has seven recovery actions :\nin 2006 , when it became apparent that declines in numbers were continuing and not isolated to a single location , the intensive woylie conservation research project began . the project is focused on an area east of manjimup where the greatest amount of information is available , but the project is also gathering information from other locations . it complements the standard fauna monitoring being undertaken through the western shield program . the project aims to determine the underlying factors responsible for the recent woylie decline in the upper warren region of south - west wa . it is also identifying management strategies required to reverse these declines . you can read more about the project in the following report \u2013\nexplanation of listing , between 11 june 2009 and 4 may 2016 , the woylie was included in the epbc act list of threatened species as b . penicillata ogilbyi . between 5 may 2016 and 14 february 2018 , it was listed as b . penicillata . from 15 february 2018 , it was listed as b . penicillata ogilbyi .\n] , it may be possible that trypanosomes have affected the long term health , coordination and fitness of these woylies , thus increasing their susceptibility to predation ( or to the other , as yet unidentified , stressors ) . if so , this could provide a temporal link implicating trypanosomes as the disease agent associated with the woylie decline . figure\n] . however , it must be noted that due to the spatial variation of the trypanosomes infecting the kp and pp woylies within the uwr , we can no longer assume a uniform distribution of parasites throughout this region . because of these spatial differences and the incomplete spatial correspondence in this current comparison between woylie abundance and trypanosome prevalence ( figure\nforty - one woylies were translocated to the perup sanctuary mainland island in october - december 2010 . in november 2012 , 161 independent woylie individuals were captured but due to trap saturation ( 80 traps x 4 nights ) an accurate estimate could not be achieved . the number is probably around 200 ( a . wayne pers . comm . ) .\nrecovery plan required , the species has experienced significant declines in extent of occurrence and population size since european settlement , and is currently undergoing a severe decline . while this decline may be cyclical and the woylie may naturally recover , the impact of feral predators and other threats on this cyclical process is not known ( 26 / 05 / 2009 ) .\ndescription : the woylie is a small macropod with light brown hair and a black crest on its tail , which is 29\u201336 cm long . it has strong , clawed front feet which are used for digging for food and nest making . while they forage slowly , woylies are capable of rapid movement if startled and can spring away at surprising speed .\nin spite of a number of captive breeding programs the reproductive behaviour of the woylie is not well - described but likely to be typical of the other rat - kangaroos with ardent males repelled by similar - sized unreceptive females until such time as they reach oestrus . nests are constructed and it is likely that male woylies regularly visit the nests of females within their home range .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2009w ) . non - current commonwealth listing advice on bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ( woylie ) . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 11 - jun - 2009 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 14 - feb - 2018 .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2009x ) . non - current commonwealth conservation advice on bettongia penicillata ogilbyi ( woylie ) . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 11 - jun - 2009 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 04 - may - 2016 .\nthe woylie is a small marsupial with greyish - brown fur on the upperparts and flanks and pale grey fur on the underside . the tail is darkly coloured with a distinctive black brush at the end ( hence the species\u2019 common and scientific name ) . adult males grow to 36 cm ( head - body ) and 1 . 8 kg . females are slightly smaller than males .\nhowever in 2008 , the woylie was again listed as critically endangered by the iucn . this was due to a declining rate in numbers of 25 - 95 % per annum since 2001 , leading a 90 % decline between 1999 and 2006 . estimations of total decline between 2001 and 2006 were around 70 - 80 % , equating to 8 , 000 - 15 , 000 animals .\nthe red fox is controlled via aerial and ground baiting in > 30 000 km 2 of conservation lands in the south - west of western australia . there is ongoing , long - term research aimed at developing operational feral cat control technology . conservation lands in the south - west of western australia with woylie subpopulations and the perup sanctuary are managed by the western australian department of environment and conservation . the south australian department of environment and natural resources manages islands in south australia with woylie subpopulations . the australian wildlife conservancy manages karakamia , yookamurra and scotia sanctuaries , plus mt gibson sanctuary ( where woylies will be reintroduced in 2014 ) . wadderin sanctuary ( 430 ha ) is managed by a local community group with assistance from wildlife research and management ltd and the shire of narambeen .\nan example of one of these species is the woylie or brush - tailed bettong ( bettongia penicillata ) . with a former distribution covering large areas of arid and semi - arid northern territory , south australia , new south wales and victoria , its natural occurring populations became restricted in the 1970s to three small wheatbelt reserves in western australia \u2013 dryandra woodland , and tutanning and perup nature reserves .\nkanyana now had five females and one male from tutanning for breeding . two of these females were old , hadn\u2019t been bred in years and it was unclear whether they could breed again . to optimise the genetic diversity of the kanyana\u2019s tutanning woylies , dpaw transferred the remaining male perth zoo woylie ( brian ) up to lesmurdie . the colony at kanyana then consisted of five females and two males\nthe main threats to the woylie were red foxes . one of the reasons they were able to survive in the three remaining reserve areas , was the presence of gastrolobium plants , which contain monofluoroacetate , the compound present as sodium monofluoroacetate in \u201c1080\u201d toxic baits . these plants both protect the woylies with cover , as well as possibly causing reduction in predators due to secondary poison when the predators eat them .\nthank you for visiting international - dictionary . com , a free online dictionary with over 200 , 000 definitions of words and phrases . you are visitor 32 on this page . please help us expand the meaning of woylie by providing an alternate definition or example above . please add comments to help us improve the site . there are 3 categories for this word . this is word 278003 in our dictionary .\nduring the 29 months of woylie sampling at the five locations in wa , a total of 881 blood samples were collected from 262 individuals ( with these same blood samples contributing to the temporal and spatial results below ) . of these 262 individuals , 134 ( 51 . 1 % ) were sampled only once , while the remaining 128 individuals ( 48 . 9 % ) were sampled two or more times .\ndata gathered through population monitoring provides valuable information to assess the conservation status of the species . there are currently 42 sites throughout the south - west of wa where woylies are monitored . the majority of these sites are part of the department\u2019s western shield animal conservation program . the program controls foxes and feral cats by baiting and monitors some of wa\u2019s most vulnerable native animals , including the woylie , which benefit from predator control .\nthis temporal fluctuation of trypanosome infected woylies from the uwr between 2006 and 2012 appears to be of particular importance , as these data sets could provide the necessary link connecting trypanosomes as the chronic disease agent associated with the recent woylie decline . it has recently been identified that woylies within the same region ( kp woylies ) underwent a period of recovery between 2005 and 2008 , before suffering a second decline that began in 2009 [\nthis study highlights the potential negative impact of t . copemani , and its possible association with the recent decline of indigenous woylies in wa . in this study , we demonstrated the variable spatial prevalence of t . copemani among the five study sites , and the declining molecular detection of t . copemani from the peripheral blood of the woylie . the reduction in parasitaemia of t . copemani over time may indicate the transitioning of the infection from the acute to chronic phase . we also highlight that the fluctuating trypanosome prevalence of the uwr between 2006 and 2012 could have been influential during the population changes reported for one of the two indigenous populations within this region . here we add to the growing evidence that trypanosomes could have been influential during the recent declines of indigenous woylies in wa . the associated degenerative pathology from the localisation of t . copemani in the capillaries and / or cells of the internal organs may be chronically pathogenic , adversely affecting the long term fitness and coordination , and making the host more vulnerable to predation . we also highlight the necessity to continue monitoring remaining woylie populations , both in the wild and in captivity , and to more thoroughly and rigorously test the nature and strength of the association between trypanosomes and population changes of the woylie and other host species .\nthere is also \u201cpresumed extinct\u201d which sounds sensible , but can be over - turned . i know of two \u201cpresumed extinct\u201d animals that have been rediscovered in my lifetime ( the noisy scrub bird and gilbert\u2019s pottoroo ) . and i can think of several others that were said to be \u201con the brink of extinction\u201d ( e . g . , the woylie and the rock wallaby ) , whose populations recovered amost overnight thanks to fox control programs .\nwoylie once occupied most of the australian mainland south of the tropics including the arid and semi - arid zones of western australia , the northern territory , new south wales and victoria . however , they are now only found in two small areas : upper warren and dryandra woodland . there are also translocated populations at batalling and inside fenced areas in mt gibson , karakamia and whiteman park , and also in new south wales and south australia .\nwith the capillaries and / or cells of internal organs could be responsible for digestive manifestations identified from woylies of ill health . in a newspaper article from \u2018the western mail\u2019 in 1930 , mr . t . smith of kalgoorlie commented that he could assure that disease did get amongst the kangaroo rat [ woylie ] , killing them off in great numbers , with dying individuals having growths in their throats that appeared to interfere with the ability to swallow [\ninconsistent detection of the parasite from the peripheral blood , as was observed in this study , would appear to coincide with transition to the chronic phase , with localisation of these trypanosomes in the capillaries and / or cells associated with the internal organs . the chronic localisation of trypanosomes has previously been demonstrated for the woylie ; a molecular analysis of three deceased individuals identified trypanosomes associated with the tissues of the internal organs , while being absent from the peripheral blood [\nthe declines have occurred in most known large woylie populations and are not limited to western australia . a translocated population at venus bay ( south australia ) suffered a dramatic crash in 2006 following a slow decline over the previous 12 months . this may have been a result of the restriction of emigration and subsequent resource limitation exacerbated by a series of six frosts . this suggests that the decline of this population may not be associated with the decline of the western australian populations .\nthe woylie favours dry sclerophyll forest and woodlands with an overstorey of jarrah ( eucalyptus marginata ) and wandoo ( e . wandoo ) . the understorey is formed by low xeric scrub or tussock grasses . in the francoise peron national park at shark bay in western australia and scotia sanctuary in western nsw , woylies and boodies co - exist through introduction and in the latter area use similar microhabitats favouring sites with 10 - 25 % canopy cover relatively high ground cover and height .\nin the woylie were wider ( 6 . 16 \u03bcm compared to 4 . 2 \u03bcm in the quokka ) , had a larger pk and na mean ( 11 . 44 \u03bcm and 15 . 85 \u03bcm compared to 6 . 5 \u03bcm and 13 . 7 \u03bcm respectively in the quokka ) and a smaller kn and ff mean ( 4 . 36 \u03bcm and 8 . 24 \u03bcm compared to 5 . 9 \u03bcm and 12 . 1 \u03bcm respectively in the quokka ) [\naa , ae and at conceived and designed the tick identification study , aw , at , al , hb , ya , an , sg and km designed the broader woylie study , aw , hb , an and sg undertook field work and sample collection ae , hb , ya and aa identified collected tick specimens , ae and pc undertook morphological imaging and provided morphometric data , aa conducted genetic characterisation and drafted the manuscript with input from all co - authors . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .\nmeanwhile , in early 2008 , june butcher identified mike and mary mccall\u2019s property ( heron\u2019s brook , margaret river ) as an ideal site for woylie releases . the mccall\u2019s property won a dec land for wildlife award in 2009 which helped dec decide to allow kanyana\u2019s woylies to head south . kanyana volunteers caught up 27 animals , checked them , microchipped them , weighed them , took blood samples and sent them to margaret river for a wonderful new life in march 2010 . this colony has now become an \u201cinsurance population\u201d .\noriginally from the us , phd student krista jones received both her dvm and ms in ecology from the university of california , davis . together with collaborators at dpaw , whiteman park , and the awc , her dissertation project will investigate factors influencing pathogen transmission in the critically endangered woylie , a small marsupial . she is thrilled to join such a supportive group and be able to combine her interests in conservation , wildlife behavior , and population health , while developing new skills in social network theory , disease modeling , and parasitology .\nthe foraging of woylies , like the other bettongs and potoroos , alters soil structure and is likely to be beneficial to increasing the permeability of hard surfaces and the incorporation of humus into the soil . thus the extinction of this species across almost all of its range at the time of european settlement has come at a considerable cost to the dispersal and viability of now commercially important trees and the adverse compaction of soils . thus the various intensive and small - scale projects to bring the woylie back into the rangelands should be applauded for their economic sense .\nthe critically endangered brush - tailed bettong is reliant on the monitoring and reduction of fox populations as well as careful habitat management for its survival ( 7 ) . research is currently underway to identify possible new translocation sites ( 1 ) , and an investigation is being carried out by the woylie conservation research project to discover why all large brush - tailed bettong populations across australia dramatically declined in 2001 . predation , disease and food availability are the main areas under investigation ( 1 ) , and hopefully the findings will enable the prevention of further declines in the future .\namanda started her phd at murdoch university in 2011 , after completing her undergraduate degree in zoology and biochemistry at uwa . during her honours project at uwa she investigated fairy - wren ecology and this included some behavioural studies . she soon realised that animal behaviour was one of her main scientific interests , along with conservation of native australian animals . these interests have come together nicely in her phd \u2013 part of her work at murdoch will be to study whether toxoplasma affects the behaviour of the woylie ; a native marsupial that is now threatened due to recent population declines .\nblood collected in edta tubes was used for genomic dna extraction , along with tissue samples from the single dead woylie from nar . dna was extracted from 300 \u03bcl of host blood and 10\u201320 mg of host tissue using the wizard\u00ae genomic dna purification kit ( cat # a1125 ) as per the protocol for whole blood extraction and animal tissue ( promega , wisconsin usa ) . dna was eluted in 60 \u03bcl of dna rehydration solution and stored at \u221220\u00b0c prior to use . a negative control was included in each batch of dna extractions that contained neither blood nor tissue .\nhere we report for the first time on the morphological diversity of trypanosomes infecting the woylie and provide the first visual evidence of a mixed infection of both t . vegrandis sp . nov and t . copemani . we also provide supporting evidence that over time , the intracellular t . copemani phenotype 2 may become localised in the tissues of woylies as the infection progresses from the active acute to chronic phase . as evidence grows , further research will be necessary to investigate whether the morphologically diverse trypanosomes of woylies have impacted on the health of their hosts during recent population declines .\nadult male ( ear tag number wc27 / 41 ) was transferred from a wild population at keninup , wa ( 33 . 94s , 116 . 57e ) to nar on 11 november 2010 . keninup is a forest location close to keninup creek . the woylie died on 5 june 2012 and was taken to murdoch university for post - mortem examination . oxyurids from the caecum and colon were fixed in glycerine alcohol . the remaining caecum and contents were fixed in glycerine alcohol and nematodes were removed at a later date . these specimens have been deposited in the south australian museum .\nthe paruna sanctuary in the avon valley near perth is also an excellent place to see woylies . this is one of a number of sanctuaries run by the australian wildlife conservanc y that have re - introduced threatened macropods into parts of their former range . the woylie has been a particularly successful member of these re - introductions . the paruna sanctuary has visitor facilities but access is by prior arrangement . woylies have also been introduced into australian wildlife conservancy properties at scotia in new south wales and yookamura in south australia . these sanctuaries also have boodies and mala but access is only through volunteering programs .\nlike the boodie , the woylie was once the most widespread in the rangelands of western australia , northern territory , south australia , new south wales and north - western victoria . at the time of discovery there were three disjunct populations - a north - western , south - western and south - eastern - of which only the south - western remains with the sub - specific name of ogilbyi . from these founders , reintroductions have been made into fenced reserves in south australia , nsw and western australia . intensive fox control in the south - west has seen expansion of populations from their remnant distribution .\nwe thank peta clode and crystal cooper of the centre for microscopy , characterisation and analysis at the university of western australia for their help with scanning electron micrographs , craig thompson at murdoch university for providing access to the woylie gut contents , andrew thompson at murdoch university for supporting this project , leslie chisholm at the south australian museum for the loan of potoroxyuris specimens , and ian beveridge at the university of melbourne for macropoxyuris specimens . we are grateful to amanda ash and susan harrington for their constructive comments on an early draft , and to two anonymous referees for providing helpful comments on a previous version .\nindividual woylies were identified by either an ear tag or a permanent integrated transponder ( pit ) number to ensure that blood was only extracted once per trapping session . using a 25g \u00d7 5 / 8\u201d needle and 1 ml syringe , 300 \u03bcl of blood was collected from the lateral caudal vein of each woylie and placed into a minicollect 1 ml edta tube ( greiner bio - one , germany ) to prevent clotting and kept at 4\u00b0c for dna extraction and pcr . after blood collection , all woylies were released at the point of capture , except for 54 woylies captured in the uwr during november and december 2010 .\nthey are solitary animals but nest sharing ( usually mother and young at heel ) has been recorded ( sampson 1971 , christensen and leftwich 1980 , start et al . 1995 ) . they occupy home ranges , the size of which varies between habitats , sites and according to woylie density . small home ranges ( less than 6 ha ) are generally observed at high density occurrences ( nelson 1989 in nelson et al . 1992 ; hide 2006 ) . males tend to have larger home ranges than females ( sampson 1971 , leftwich 1983 ) , although this is not always so when woylies are at higher densities ( yeatman 2010 ) .\nas evident in this study , the kp woylies had very dissimilar trypanosome prevalences to its neighbouring population ( pp ) within the uwr . there are four possible reasons for the very low prevalence from the kp . firstly , the remaining kp woylies are more resistant to trypanosome infections ( and the number of woylies in this population should increase ) ; or they are all chronically infected and trypomastigotes are being maintained at molecularly undetectable levels in the peripheral blood of the host ( and number of woylies in this population should continue to decline ) . the very low prevalence of trypanosomes could be a function of woylie density and / or time since the decline ( kp woylies declined earlier than pp [\nafter removing the animal from the trap , a 400 \u03bcl sample of blood was collected from the lateral caudal vein using a 25g x 5 / 8\u201d needle and 1 ml syringe . from the collected blood , 300 \u03bcl was placed into a minicollect 1 ml edta tube ( greiner bio - one , germany ) to prevent clotting and kept at 4\u00b0c for dna extraction and pcr . with the remaining blood , multiple thin blood smears were made from each woylie sampled . wet mounted slides were also collected during the february 2012 sampling at kws . after blood collection , woylies were released at the point of capture , except for eight woylies from the uwr , which were translocated to nar for release .\nthe woylie like most of the rat - kangaroos has a gestation period just shorter than the oestrous cycle and thus has a post - partum oestrus with mating taking place very soon after the current pouch young vacates the pouch permanently . however , if a male is not present ovulation does not occur and the female will not enter oestrus until introduced to a may . woylies show embryonic diapause and breed continuously regardless of season . pouch life is around 3 . 5 months and thus they are able to produce more than one young per year . males become sexually mature at around 13 months and females much earlier at 10 months . in captivity on a high quality diet , breeding may commence earlier and the maximal production of 3 young per year achieved but more usually two ."]}
{"id": 1989, "summary": [{"text": "lyle 's flying fox ( pteropus lylei ) is a species of flying fox in the family pteropodidae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it is found in cambodia , thailand , and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it can do fairly well in some urban areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "1 it is killed for bushmeat in parts of its range . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "lyle ' s flying fox", "paragraphs": ["lyle\u2019s flying fox ( pteropus lylei ) is a medium - sized flying fox which forms large colonies high up in trees . lyle\u2019s flying fox has a long dark muzzle , large eyes and a ring of orange fur around the neck , and bears some resemblance to a fox , hence the common name \u2018flying fox\u2019 ( 5 ) .\nbbc two - lyle\u2019s flying fox - thailand : earth ' s tropical paradise , the central heartland - in pictures . . .\nfarmers also pose a threat as they consider lyle\u2019s flying fox to be a crop pest , resulting in persecution of this species ( 3 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - lyle ' s flying fox ( pteropus lylei )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - lyle ' s flying fox ( pteropus lylei )\ntitle =\narkive species - lyle ' s flying fox ( pteropus lylei )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlyle ' s flying fox is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .\nthe diet of lyle\u2019s flying fox consists mainly of ripe fruit . however , this species will also feed on nectar , pollen and blossoms to ensure it gets enough energy . fruit is very low in protein and sodium , so the salivary gland of lyle\u2019s flying fox has become specially adapted to ensure this species can extract the required nutrients ( 7 ) .\nthe population of lyle\u2019s flying fox is believed to be in decline , a trend which is expected to continue due to human pressures on its environment ( 1 ) . habitat loss is a major threat to the population ( 1 ) , with deforestation and construction projects irreversibly destroying the forests that lyle\u2019s flying fox relies on for roosting and for food ( 3 ) .\nunlike other bat families , fruit bats do not hibernate . instead , lyle\u2019s flying fox produces heat by shivering , which keeps its body temperature between 33 and 37 degrees celsius ( 6 ) .\nthe wings and back of lyle ' s flying fox are dark brown or black , which strongly contrast against the bright fur around the head and neck . its lower body varies from a deep dark - brown to a brighter yellow - brown . its breast and belly are black - brown , which is similar to the large flying fox ( pteropus vampyrus ) ( 3 ) .\nlyle\u2019s flying foxes are the largest bats in the world , as some species can have a wingspan of up to two metres and weigh around 1 . 5 kg .\nthe lyle ' s flying fox is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nlanlua , p . , sricharoenvej , s . , niyomchan , a . and chico , d . e . ( 2007 ) unique cellular structures in the parotid gland of an old world fruit bat , pteropus lylei ( lyle ' s flying fox ) . italian journal of anatomy and embryology , 112 : 179 - 90 .\nlyles\u2019s flying fox can be found in some of southeast asia\u2019s most secluded jungles , as well as in the middle of villages or even large urban metropolises such as bangkok . the species usually roosts in temples in the middle of urban areas ( 3 ) .\nunlike the majority of animals in the chiroptera order , which are nocturnal , insectivores and orient themselves using ultrasounds , lyle\u2019s flying foxes are crepuscular , feed on fruit , flowers and nectar and use their sight to guide them while flying and to find food .\nthe habitat of lyle\u2019s flying foxes is limited to thailand , cambodia , viet nam , and the yunnan province of china . even though little is known about populations within china , lyle\u2019s flying foxes have been listed by iucn as vulnerable or one step away from being considered endangered . until recent hunting restrictions were put into place , fruit bats were considered a delicacy and were hunted legally .\nhondo , e . , inoue , n . , maeda , k . , rerkamnuaychoke , w . and duengkae , p . ( 2010 ) movement of lyle ' s flying fox ( pteropus lylei ) in central thailand . journal of wildlife in thailand , 17 : 55 - 63 .\nlyle\u2019s flying fox is native to southeast asia and is found in thailand , vietnam , cambodia , malaysia , and yunnan in china . this species has been mostly documented in thailand , where at least 11 colonies have been identified , the largest containing around 3 , 000 individuals ( 1 ) .\nalthough it is a nocturnal species , lyle\u2019s flying fox is very sociable and noisy during the day , as this is when females suckle their young ( 5 ) . large noisy colonies are very conspicuous , but they have few natural predators and so can hang safely up in the trees all day ( 6 ) .\nlyle\u2019s flying fox\u2019s primary sense when foraging is vision , as it lacks the echolocation abilities of insectivorous bats . it has well developed teeth which are used to chew fruit while spitting out most of the seeds and pulp ( 5 ) . some seeds are ingested , which is important for the local ecosystem as it allows for the dispersal of seeds into other areas ( 2 ) .\nlyle\u2019s flying fox , and other species of bat , have been found to harbor large reservoirs of the nipah virus . although the virus does not harm the bat , it can be deadly to humans , and there is substantial data suggesting that recent outbreaks were caused by bat to person transmission of the virus ( 8 ) .\nlyle\u2019s flying fox is listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , so trade in this species should be carefully monitored ( 4 ) . there are no known populations within protected areas in vietnam or cambodia . however , this species is protected by monks in thailand where populations roost in temple roofs ( 1 ) .\nlyle\u2019s flying foxes are the largest bats in the world , as some species can have a wingspan of up to two metres and weigh around 1 . 5 kg . they do not have tails , have a claw on the second digit of each wing and have two incisors on each maxilla . their faces are reminiscent of a small fox and , hence , its common name .\nhunting still occurs in some places , but habitat degradation and destruction has also contributed to the 30 % population decline over the past 15 years ( three generations ) . in thailand and cambodia , lyle\u2019s flying foxes are considered pests and are not protected except on temple grounds . for this reason , large , noisy colonies of lyle\u2019s flying foxes can be found colonizing the trees over some buddhist temples in cambodia and thailand . up to 11 colonies are known to exist in thailand and the largest contains close to 3000 individuals .\nlyle\u2019s flying foxes will colonize trees in large groups , where they nest and suckle their young during the day . at night they depart to forage for food and have been known to travel 40 miles away to find food . rather than using echolocation as their insectivore cousins do , fruit bats rely on well - developed visual and olfactory senses .\nin central thailand ' s forests , plains and city streets , nature lives alongside people .\nfujita , m . ( 1988 ) flying foxes and economics . bats magazine , 6 : 1 . available at : urltoken\nthe size of fruit bats can be truly startling when first encountered at night by strangers to tropical climes and has resulted in reports of vampire bats or flying pterodactyls , but unless you\u2019re a fruit or flower , or smell like one , you have little to fear . okay , a little fear is appropriate . over the past 10 years or so several research studies have found that fruit bats , including lyle\u2019s flying foxes , are hosts for emerging viruses that can infect and kill livestock and\n) belongs to the large family of mammalian old world fruit bats or flying foxes . the spanish name is zorro valador de lyle . as the common name suggests fruit bats live on nectar , pollen , blossoms , and fruit , and for this reason their habitats are limited to tropical and subtropical regions of the world . old world fruit bats are the largest bats in the world , with wing spans up to 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) and weighing as much as 2 . 2 pounds ( 1 . 5 kg ) . by comparison , the size of lyle\u2019s flying foxes is about mid - sized within the fruit bat family .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nluby , s . p . et al . ( 2009 ) recurrent zoonotic transmission of nipah virus into humans , bangladesh , 2001 - 2007 . emerging infectious diseases , 15 : 1229 - 1235 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nthis species is listed on appendix ii of cites . there are no known populations within protected areas in viet nam ( son nguyen truong pers . comm . ) or cambodia . the species is protected by monks in thailand ( s . bumrungsri pers . comm . ) .\nnothing is known from china about the ecology of this species ( smith et al . 2008 ) . in other areas , it is known to form large colonies in trees that can become stripped of leaves by the bats ' activity . it feeds in orchards and is regarded as a serious pest in thailand ( s . bumrungsri pers . comm . ) . it occurs in mangrove forest in viet nam ( son nguyen truong pers . comm . ) . this species travels up to 50 km between colonies ( s . bumrugsri pers . comm . ) .\nin thailand the species is threatened through loss of roosting habitat , as existing trees die and are not replaced , it is also subject to hunting ( s . bumrungsri pers . comm . ) . it is also threatened in cambodia by hunting ( p . bates pers . comm . ) .\necholocation detecting objects by reflected sound . used by bats and odontocete cetaceans ( toothed whales , dolphins and porpoises ) for orientation and to detect and locate prey . gland an organ that makes and secretes substances used by the body . hibernation a winter survival strategy in which an animal\u2019s metabolic rate slows down and a state of deep sleep is attained . while hibernating , animals survive on stored reserves of fat that they have accumulated in summer . insectivorous insect - eating . nocturnal active at night .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) , chanson , j . & chiozza , f . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as vulnerable as it is estimated that a decline of over 30 % has occurred in a fifteen year time period ( three generations ) including the past and the present , and this decline is expected to continue due to increasing trade and hunting pressure and ongoing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthis species is known from yunnan in china ( smith et al . 2008 ) , extending in to cambodia , thailand , and viet nam .\nthe largest known colony in thailand is about 3 , 000 individuals and up to 11 colonies have been identified . there are three known colonies in viet nam ( son nguyen truong pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncolonies inhabiting the forest roost in the tops of tall canopy trees , which they revisit year after year ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nwilson , e . d . ( 1997 ) bats in question : the smithsonian answer book ( second edition ) . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .\nallen , g . m . ( 1980 ) bats : biology , behavior and folklore . harvard university , dover publications inc .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nwith an isolated population in yunnan ( china ) and extending through cambodia , thailand and vietnam .\ngestation lasts from 140 to 190 days and only one baby is generally born in each birth , occasionally two . the mother takes the baby right when it is born and it remains clinging to her body for several days . after this period , the baby pup remains on tree branches and holes when the mother goes out to feed .\ngregarious animals , they form large colonies that come together to rest in the immense trees in the jungle . the largest known colony is in thailand , comprised of some 3000 specimens .\ntheir populations are shrinking considerably in recent years due to direct hunting , deforestation and the progressive deterioration of their habitat . according to the iucn ( international union for the conservation of nature ) , the species has diminished by some 30 % in the last 15 years .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\none specimen was at least 20 . 4 years old when it died in captivity [ 0671 ] .\n[ 0730 ] smith et al . ( 2003 ) , body mass of late quaternary mammals\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nall the travel information regarding products , services and travel deals on the website is provided by the suppliers of the particular products and services . the information may change without notice ; therefore , check the accuracy of the information with the relevant supplier before making use of it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1990, "summary": [{"text": "conilithidae is a proposed taxonomic family of small to medium-sized sea snails , specifically cone snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily conoidea , the cone snails and their allies .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "in 2009 , john k. tucker and manuel j. tenorio proposed elevating the subfamily conilithinae ( previously placed in the family conidae ) to the rank of family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this was based on a cladistic analysis of anatomical characters , including the radular tooth , the morphology ( i.e. shell characters ) , as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies , all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "in their phylogeny , tucker and tenorio noted the close relationship of the various species within the genera in the conilithidae ; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by puillandre et al. .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "tucker and tenorio \u2019s proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies ( and the other clades of conoidean gastropods ) is set forth at tucker & tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "like other species in the superfamily conoidea , these snails are predatory and venomous , able to inject neurotoxins into their prey with their radula .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the species in this family are capable of \" stinging \" humans , therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "conilithidae", "paragraphs": ["conilithidae tucker , j . k . & m . j . ten\u00f3rio , 2009 thumbnails\nthe families conilithidae and conidae - the conus of the eastern pacific . - a conchological iconography # 18\nfive new species of jaspidiconus petuch , 2004 ( conilithidae : conilithinae ) from the caribbean mollus . . .\nbiodiversity and habitats of reef molluscs of families conidae and conilithidae ( neogastropoda ) off northern roatan island ( honduras ) .\nebscohost | 99118461 | biodiversity and habitats of reef molluscs of families conidae and conilithidae ( neogastropoda ) off northern roatan island ( honduras ) .\nkohniconus is a subgenus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conasprella , family conilithidae , the cone snails and their allies .\nhome > journals & occasional publications > conchological iconography > the families conilithidae and conidae - the conus of the eastern pacific . - a conchological iconography # 18\nkohniconus is a subgenus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the genus conasprella , family conilithidae , the cone snails and their allies . [ 1 ]\nmolluscabase ( 2018 ) . conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 578794 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n[ synonyms : conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . taranteconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . puncticuliinae tucker & tenorio , 2009 , n . syn . ]\nsix new gastropods , belonging to the families fasciolariidae , conidae , and conilithidae , recently have been discovered within the biogeographical boundaries of the brazilian molluscan province . these include : poremskiconus fonsecai n . sp . and poremskiconus smoesi n . sp . ( both conidae ) from the cearaian subprovince of northern brazil ; jaspidiconus josei n . sp . ( conilithidae ) from the bahian . . . [ show full abstract ]\na conchological iconography the families conilithidae and conidae - the cones of the eastern pacific : urltoken manuel jimenez tenorio , john k . tucker , henry w . chaney , guido t . poppe , klaus groh : 9783939767428 : books\ntucker , j . k . & tenorio , m . j . ( 2011 ) new species of gradiconus and kohniconus from the western atlantic ( gastropoda : conoidea : conidae , conilithidae ) . miscellanea malacologica 5 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .\n( of conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) tucker j . k . & tenorio m . j . ( 2009 ) systematic classification of recent and fossil conoidean gastropods . hackenheim : conchbooks . 296 pp . page ( s ) : 136 [ details ]\npetuch , e . j . & sargent , d . m . ( 2011 ) new species of conidae and conilithidae ( gastropoda ) from the tropical americas and philippines . with notes on some poorly - known floridian species . visaya 3 ( 3 ) : 116 - 137 .\nsix new gastropods , belonging to the families fasciolariidae , conidae , and conilithidae , recently have been discovered within the biogeographical boundaries of the brazilian molluscan province . these include : poremskiconus fonsecai n . sp . and poremskiconus smoesi n . sp . ( both conidae ) from the cearaian subprovince of northern brazil ; jaspidiconus josei n . sp . ( conilithidae ) from the bahian subprovince of central brazil ; and fusinus damasoi n . sp . , fusinus mariaodeteae n . sp . ( both fasciolariidae ) , and lamniconus petestimpsoni n . sp . ( conidae ) from the paulinian subprovince of southern brazil .\nprior to 2009 , all cone species were placed within the family conidae and were placed in one genus , conus . in 2009 however , j . k . tucker and m . j . tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family . their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails , including the family conilithidae . this classification was based upon shell morphology , radular differences , anatomy , physiology , cladistics , with comparisons to molecular ( dna ) studies . published accounts of genera within the conidae ( or conilithidae ) that include the genus kohniconus include j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .\nprior to 2009 , all cone species were placed within the family conidae and were placed in one genus , conus . in 2009 however , j . k . tucker and m . j . tenorio proposed a classification system for the over 600 recognized species that were in the family . their classification proposed 3 distinct families and 82 genera for the living species of cone snails , including the family conilithidae . this classification was based upon shell morphology , radular differences , anatomy , physiology , cladistics , with comparisons to molecular ( dna ) studies . [ 2 ] published accounts of genera within the conidae ( or conilithidae ) that include the genus kohniconus include j . k . tucker & m . j . tenorio ( 2009 ) , and bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) . [ 4 ]\n( of conilithidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) puillandre n . , duda t . f . , meyer c . , olivera b . m . & bouchet p . ( 2015 ) . one , four or 100 genera ? a new classification of the cone snails . journal of molluscan studies . 81 : 1 - 23 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nthis book present a new classification of the cone shells . it is based on radular morphology to define most of the suprageneric taxa . however , other features such as shell morphology , morphology of the periostracum and operculum and dietary habits are also factored in . the authors consider fossil taxa as well as recent taxa . the classification consists of five families , namely conorbiidae , hemiconidae n . fam . , taranteconidae n . fam . , conilithidae n . fam . and conidae . the family conidae is by far the most numerous in terms of genera both extinct and living , and comprises at least two subfamilies ( coninae and puncticuliinae ) and 64 genera , one of them fossil . the next family in number of genera is conilithidae , with two new subfamilies ( conilithinae and californiconinae ) and 19 genera , two of them extinct . the remaining three families are basal to the other two , and much less diverse : hemiconidae has only one fossil genus assigned , whereas taranteconidae has two extant genera , and conorbiidae consists of three genera , one fossil and two extant . thus , the resulting classification comprises 89 genera in total , from which 27 are introduced as new taxa .\nfive genera and eight species of gastropods of families conidae and conilithidae were observed in their natural habitats on the southernmost portion of the mesoamerican barrier reef , off the northern coast of roatan island , honduras . fifty per cent of species are widespread caribbean\u2013western atlantic species , whereas 50 % are endemic to the nicaraguan biogeographical subprovince and roatan island . multiple sightings during night scuba diving operations revealed that the reef off northern roatan supports a healthy and diverse population of conoidean gastropods . distribution of all recorded species by depth and habitat type revealed a distinct reef partitioning between the 4 most commonly occurring species .\nabstract : five genera and eight species of gastropods of families conidae and conilithidae were observed in their natural habitats on the southernmost portion of the mesoamerican barrier reef , off the northern coast of roatan island , honduras . fifty per cent of species are widespread caribbean\u2013western atlantic species , whereas 50 % are endemic to the nicaraguan biogeographical subprovince and roatan island . multiple sightings during night scuba diving operations revealed that the reef off northern roatan supports a healthy and diverse population of conoidean gastropods . distribution of all recorded species by depth and habitat type revealed a distinct reef partitioning between the 4 most commonly occurring species .\nthis book present a new classification of the cone shells . it is based on radular morphology to define most of the suprageneric taxa . however , other features such as shell morphology , morphology of the periostracum and operculum and dietary habits are also factored in . the authors consider fossil taxa as well as recent taxa . the classification consists of five families , namely conorbiidae , hemiconidae n . fam . , taranteconidae n . fam . , conilithidae n . fam . and conidae . the family conidae is by far the most numerous in terms of genera both extinct and living , and comprises at least two subfamilies ( coninae and puncticuliinae ) and 64 genera , one of them fossil . the next family in number of genera is conilithidae , with two new subfamilies ( conilithinae and californiconinae ) and 19 genera , two of them extinct . the remaining three families are basal to the other two , and much less diverse : hemiconidae has only one fossil genus assigned , whereas taranteconidae has two extant genera , and conorbiidae consists of three genera , one fossil and two extant . thus , the resulting classification comprises 89 genera in total , from which 27 are introduced as new taxa . 296 pp . , 17 figs , 15 b / w & 11 col . pls , hc 4 . bookseller inventory # w12444\nspecies sometimes referred to as \u2018cone snails\u2019 but allocated to artemidiconus ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , benthofascis ( conorbidae ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; bouchet et al . , 2011 ) , genota ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or borsoniidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) and genotina ( cryptoconidae in tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; or mangeliidae in bouchet et al . , 2011 ) were excluded . within conorbidae , only benthofascis lozoueti has been sequenced and molecular analysis indicates that the family is separate from conidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . however , b . lozoueti is the only conorbid species that does not resorb the inner shell walls ( tucker , tenorio & stahlschmidt , 2011 ) . it thus cannot be excluded that the other conorbidae species\u2014which resorb them\u2014may in fact not be confamilial . likewise , as indicated above , molecular data place genota in the borsoniidae ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) and this clade is not further discussed here . fossil taxa ( hemiconus cossmann , 1889 ; cryptoconus koenen , 1867 ; conorbis swainson , 1840 ; conilithes swainson , 1840 ; eoconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 and plagioconus tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are not discussed either . consequently , only the conidae , conilithidae and taranteconidae ( sensu tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) are discussed below , i . e . the cone snails as defined by bouchet et al . ( 2011 ) .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nappendix 2 : list of all the family and subfamily names available for the conoidea .\na new genus - level classification of the conoidea is presented , based on the molecular phylogeny of puillandre et al . in the accompanying paper . fifteen lineages are recognized and ranked as families to facilitate continuity in the treatment of the names conidae ( for \u2018cones\u2019 ) and terebridae in their traditional usage . the hitherto polyphyletic \u2018turridae\u2019 is now resolved as 13 monophyletic families , in which the 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera are placed , or tentatively allocated : conorbidae ( 2 ( sub ) genera ) , borsoniidae ( 34 ) , clathurellidae ( 21 ) , mitromorphidae ( 8 ) , mangeliidae ( 60 ) , raphitomidae ( 71 ) , cochlespiridae ( 9 ) , drilliidae ( 34 ) , pseudomelatomidae ( = crassispiridae ) ( 59 ) , clavatulidae ( 14 ) , horaiclavidae new family ( 28 ) , turridae s . s . ( 16 ) and strictispiridae ( 2 ) . a diagnosis with description of the shell and radulae is provided for each of these families .\ncomparison of the last two conoidean classifications with the new classification proposed in this article . a . taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 1 elevated to familial rank by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . 2 absent in taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . b . proposed classification . c . tucker & tenorio ( 2009 ) . \u2020 fossil taxa .\nbased on a dataset of 57 genera and molecular sequences of fragments of one mitochondrial ( coi ) and three nuclear ( 28s , 18s and h3 ) genes , puillandre et al . ( 2008 ) published the first molecular phylogeny of conoidea . even though ranks differed , most of the lineages defined by taylor et al . ( 1993 ) were also retrieved in this molecular approach . the new molecular phylogeny of puillandre et al . ( 2011 ) is based on a dataset of 102 conoidean genera ( 87 \u2018turrids\u2019 , 5 cones and 10 terebrids ) and sequences of three gene fragments ( coi , 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) . because of the high congruency between the classification based on anatomical characters and the molecular tree obtained , we are inclined to think that our understanding of the phylogeny of the conoidea has now reached a stable position , and that a new classification is warranted . the classification presented below ( fig . 1 b ) aims to transform the molecular phylogeny into an operational classification by : ( 1 ) presenting revised morphological diagnoses for the now redefined families of conoidea ; ( 2 ) allocating ( sometimes tentatively ) all recent genera recognized or used in current literature to the corresponding family .\ngenus - group names have been allocated to the newly defined families based on the following critera : our aim was to provide an exhaustive list of conoidean genus - group names based on recent type species or reasonably recognized as recent in the literature . genera present exclusively in the fossil record are not included . in very few cases , obviously erroneous attribution of recent species to entirely fossil genera also excluded these genera from our listing . junior homonyms and nomina nuda are also not included because they are unavailable for nomenclatural purposes . when the status of a nominal genus is uncertain , we adopted a \u2018valid until synonymized\u2019 approach ; that is , a name is regarded valid ( irrespective of our opinion ) if it has not been synonymized in literature . the names of synonyms are placed after corresponding valid names ( the synonyms applied to the valid subgenus name are positioned after the subgenus name ) . all the genus and subgenus names are also listed in alphabetic order in appendix 1 .\n( 1 ) 224 genera were assigned to a family based on shell characters , and phenetic resemblance to those genera with radula and / or molecular characters available ; those are marked 1 .\n( 2 ) 103 genera were classified on the basis of radula morphology ( both our own and published data ) , and congruence between radula and molecular characters for those genera that were sequenced ; these are marked 2 .\n( 3 ) 98 genera were classified in a family on the basis of the molecular data ; these are marked 3 .\n( 4 ) 63 genera and subgenera do not fall easily into the morphological groups resulting from the preceding steps , but they have tentatively been assigned to a family as a working hypothesis ; these genera are preceded by a question mark .\n( 5 ) 173 subgenera and / or synonyms are also listed ; subgenera are in parentheses , synonyms in square brackets .\nto illustrate the range of radular types in the molecularly defined clades , the radulae were extracted as far as possible from the specimens used for the molecular analyses or from conspecific specimens ( after rehydration when soft parts had been dried ) , cleaned with diluted bleach , rinsed in distilled water , mounted on stubs , air dried , coated with gold - palladium , and investigated with a jeol jsm 840a scanning electron microscope . some of the previously photographed radulae ( examined by yuik and / or j . d . taylor ) were additionally illustrated .\nfor radular descriptions we mostly followed the terminology accepted and discussed by kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . in radular formulae , the parentheses indicate partial or complete fusion of lateral and rachidian teeth ( for more details , see kantor , 2006 ) .\nalthough the names conoidea and toxoglossa are used interchangeably in the taxonomic literature , we have avoided the name toxoglossa because ( i ) it is not typified and cannot be used for a family\u2013group name , and ( ii ) many of the included taxa do not have a toxoglossate radula . within the conoidea , ranking of the clades was determined by a conservative approach , thus retaining the names terebridae and conidae s . s . ( the latter including the cone snails profundiconus , californiconus , conasprella , conus and taranteconus ) in their accustomed usage at family rank . an alternative would have been to recognize only two families , conidae sensu taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and turridae ( including the turridae , terebridae , drilliidae and pseudomelatomidae ) , with the resulting inconvenience that conidae s . s . and terebridae , although monophyletic , would lose their traditional usage and the vast associated literature dealing with these names that largely ignores the taylor et al . ( 1993 ) and bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) classifications .\nfourteen clades of rank equivalent to conidae s . s . and terebridae are recognizable from the molecular phylogenetic tree ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) . forty - three family\u2013group names within conoidea are nomenclaturally available ( appendix 2 ) , of which five are based on a genus with a fossiltype species ( andoniinae vera - pelaez , 2002 ; cryptoconinae cossmann , 1896 ; hemiconidae tucker & tenorio , 2009 ; johnwyattidae serna , 1979 ; siphopsinae le renard , 1995 ) . these five cannot be applied to a molecular clade and will not be used in our classification . names were applied to clades based on the position of their type genus in the tree . if more than one family\u2013group name was applicable , the valid name was determined by priority . if the type genus of a nominal family name was not sequenced , application of the name was determined by reference to the morphologically most similar genus used in the analysis .\nbecause the molecular taxon sampling is still too patchy for such levels , we have abstained from extending the classification below family level ( i . e . subfamilies , tribes ) , even when some molecular clades obviously match previously recognized \u2018subfamilies\u2019 ( e . g . californiconinae , oenopotinae , zemaciinae , zonulispirinae ) . they are all included in a family ( appendix 2 ) , without precluding their usefulness and potential taxonomic validity .\neach family ( except the conidae and terebridae , already extensively covered and illustrated in other recent works , e . g . r\u00f6ckel , korn & kohn , 1995 ; terryn , 2007 ; tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) is illustrated by one or several shells , radulae and protoconchs , covering the morphological variability of the group . as far as possible , specimens used for the molecular analyses were used for illustration . however , since a substantial part of the morphological variability was not covered by our dataset , shells and radulae of other specimens are also illustrated .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to large or very large , normally 20\u201350 mm , up to 170 mm high , conical or biconical , with narrow aperture and short siphonal canal . shell with considerable internal remodelling due to inner wall resorption . spiral sculpture usually developed , axial sculpture absent or in form of shoulder tuberculation . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , shallow to moderately deep . operculum present , small , with terminal nucleus . radula of marginal hypodermic teeth , generally harpoon - shaped , barbed at tip , often with complex inner structure of folds and serration , base small and swollen , tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally , rarely laterally . subradular membrane vestigial . teeth can be attached to the membrane by long or very long flexible ligament . tooth wall forms several overlapping layers .\nremarks : in conidae and the other families that are included in this major clade ( family conidae sensu taylor et al . , 1993 ) , the radula consists only of marginal teeth that are usually enrolled with completely overlapping edges ( hypodermic ) . teeth at their formation in the radular sac are already enrolled and they are attached to the radular membrane only by their bases , sometimes through a long flexible ligament . in the \u2018turrids\u2019 with enrolled teeth , these are attached to the membrane along most of its length ( kantor & taylor , 2000 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the conidae is currently in preparation ( c . meyer , personal communication ) .\ndiagnosis ( from tucker & tenorio , 2009 ) : \u201cradular tooth : anterior fold is usually present ; basal spur is directed toward the apex of the tooth or parallel with the tooth base ; the waist , base and c - fold are absent ; terminating cusps , serratins and accessory process are also absent . shell characters : the interior of the shell is extensively remodelled including the columellar region ; nodules are absent but cords may be present . shells can be squatly conical to elongated or biconical . \u201d\nradulae . borsoniidae . a . genota mitriformis ( wood , 1828 ) * * , mnhn im200742293 ( shell : fig . 2 m ) . b . borsonia sp . * * , mnhn im200717932 ( shell : fig . 2 d ) . c . bathytoma neocaledonica puillandre et al . , 2010 * * , mnhn im200717857 ( shell : fig . 2 e ) . d . borsoniidae gen . 1 * * , mnhn im200717911 ( shell : fig . 2 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to large ( 5\u201380 mm ) , fusiform to biconic , sometimes with strong to obsolete columellar pleats . sculpture usually well developed , axial ribs sometimes obsolete to absent . siphonal canal short to moderately long . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep . protoconch when multispiral with up to five whorls , initially smooth and then with arcuate axial riblets , when paucispiral up to two smooth whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus , fully developed to missing . radula of hypodermic marginal teeth that usually have a weakly developed solid basal part , often attached to the ligament ( marked by an arrow on fig . 3 c ) . tooth canal opening ( sub ) terminally or , sometimes , laterally . at their tip teeth can have weak to rather strong barb ( s ) ( genota , fig . 3 a ) . overlapping of the tooth edges is weak ( fig . 3 c ) . in zemacies , the radula is completely absent .\nremarks : this is a rather heterogeneous group . obviously , it is not fully resolved as it is based on molecular data and comprises rather conchologically different clades . this could be explained by the fact that many taxa of this group are among most ancient of conoideans , known since the palaeocene ( zemacies , borsonia , tomopleura ) or eocene ( bathytoma , genota , microdrillia ) . the loss of apomorphies by mutation could be more important for old taxa ( puillandre et al . , 2011 ) .\nthe names borsoniinae bellardi , 1875 , and pseudotominae bellardi , 1875 , were established simultaneously . as first revisers , under art . 24 of the iczn code , we here give precedence to the former over the latter .\nshells . a\u2013f . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t9 , 09\u00b033 . 5\u2032n , 123\u00b049 . 5\u2032e , 97\u2013120 m , sl 5 . 8 mm ( radula : fig . 5 a ) . b . comarmondia gracilis ( montagu , 1803 ) , mnhn , le brusc , cap sici\u00e9 , provence , france , 40\u2013100 m , sl 23 mm . c . etrema cf . tenera ( hedley , 1899 ) * * , mnhn im200717869 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s21 , 09\u00b041 . 7\u2032n , 123\u00b050 . 9\u2032e , 4\u201312 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . glyphostoma rostrata sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw896 , 20\u00b016\u2032s , 163\u00b052\u2032e , 315\u2013350 m , sl 21 . 5 mm . e . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn , touho , new caledonia , 20\u00b045 . 2\u2032s , 165\u00b016 . 3\u2032e , intertidal , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 5 b ) . f . strombinoturris crockeri hertlein & strong , 1951 , lacm 747\u201337 , off isabel island , mexico , 18\u201333 m , sl 47 . 5 mm . g\u2013i : mitromorphidae . g . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . m2 , 09\u00b032 . 8\u2032n , 123\u00b045 . 9\u2032e , 0\u20132 m , sl 9 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 6 a ) . h . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) * , mnhn im200742339 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b8 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b046 . 1\u2032e , 3 m , sl 3 . 1 mm ( radula : fig . 6 b ) . i . anarithma sp . * , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s5 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b046 . 1\u2032e , 2\u20134 m , sl 6 . 9 mm ( radula : fig . 6 c ) . abbreviation and symbols : sl , shell length ; * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen . photo credits : b . buge ( c ) , m . g . harasewych and d . tippett ( f ) , p . maestrati ( d , e ) .\nradulae . clathurellidae . a . nannodiella ravella ( hedley , 1922 ) * , mnhn im200742350 ( shell : fig . 4 a ) . b . lienardia nigrotincta ( montrouzier , 1872 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 e ) . c . lienardia jousseaumei ( hervier , 1896 ) , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . b7 , 9\u00b035 . 9\u2032n , 123\u00b051 . 8\u2032e , 4\u201330 m . symbol : * , sequenced species .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized ( 5\u201340 , usually 10\u201320 mm ) , fusiform to broadly fusiform , subsutural ramp usually unclearly separated . sculpture mostly strong , usually cancellate , subsutural fold lacking . shell surface often microgranular . apertural armature often well developed , in the form of pleats and denticles on both inner and outer lips ; no true columellar pleats . siphonal canal well expressed , moderately long . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep , often ( sub ) tubular . protoconch typically multispiral , up to six whorls , generally smooth with keeled last whorls ; when paucispiral , protoconch usually smooth or spirally striated , sometimes with remaining carination in last portion . operculum always absent . radula of hypodermic marginal teeth that usually have relatively small solid basal part ( fig . 5 ) . distinct ligaments not found . at their tip , teeth can have a weak barb .\nradulae . mitromorphidae . a . lovellona atramentosa ( reeve , 1849 ) * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 g ) . b . mitromorpha metula ( hinds , 1843 ) , mnhn im200742339 ( shell : fig . 4 h ) . c . anarithma sp . * , mnhn ( shell : fig . 4 i ) . symbol : * , sequenced species .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , 3\u201330 mm , usually 5\u201310 mm high , biconic , of mitriform shape . sculpture rather smooth , with dominant spiral elements . aperture narrow , with or without 1\u20133 columellar pleats , sometimes with denticles within . siphonal canal short or indistinct . anal sinus from indistinct to rather shallow indentation on weakly pronounced subsutural ramp . protoconch multispiral or paucispiral , up to 4 . 5 smooth whorls . no operculum . radula of hypodermic , marginal , relatively short , awl - shaped teeth with large swollen solid basal part ( fig . 6 ) . distinct ligaments present , short . tooth canal opening subterminally or laterally . at their tip , teeth can have a weak barb ( fig . 6 c ) .\nremarks : mitrolumninae was established as a substitute name for diptychomitrinae . mitromorphidae and mitrolumninae were published the same year but mitromorphidae ( 19 may 1904 ) has priority over mitrolumninae ( 31 august 1904 ) .\nradulae . mangeliidae . a . benthomangelia trophonoidea ( schepman , 1913 ) , mnhn im200717835 ( shell : fig . 7 c ) . b . toxicochlespira pagoda sysoev & kantor , 1990 * * , mnhn im200717925 ( shell : fig . 7 o ) . c . mangeliinae gen . 2 . mnhn im200910331 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . s26 , 9\u00b041 . 50\u2032n , 123\u00b051 . 00\u2032e , 21 m , sl unknown ( broken ) . d . eucithara cf . coronata ( hinds , 1843 ) * * , mnhn im200717900 ( shell : fig . 7 f ) . e . anticlinura sp . * * , mnhn im200742513 ( shell : fig . 7 e ) . f . mangeliidae gen . sp . , mnhn , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . t26 , 9\u00b043 . 3\u2032n , 123\u00b048 . 8\u2032e , 123\u2013135 m . g . mangelia powisiana ( dautzenberg , 1887 ) . plymouth , england , after taylor et al . ( 1993 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to medium size , 3\u201330 mm , usually 6\u201312 mm , oval to low - or high - fusiform , usually with comparatively low spire , often with a shoulder angulation . spiral and axial sculpture both well developed . shell surface often bearing microsculpture of spirally aligned granules . subsutural ramp usually not separated sculpturally . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , shallow to rather deep , rarely tubular . aperture normally not constrained with strong outgrowths or callus pads , rarely denticulate . siphon rather short to moderately long . protoconch typically multispiral , of up to five whorls , with axially ribbed protoconch ii ; spiral cords on protoconch ii present or absent . when paucispiral , protoconch usually spirally lirate . operculum present , with terminal nucleus ( oenopotinae ) , or normally absent . radula of marginal teeth of very variable morphology . teeth can be from semi - enrolled ( fig . 8 f , g ) to true hypodermic . frequently side projections around the base are present and there is large irregularly shaped \u2018root\u2019 projecting from the base . barbs may be present , from small to very large ( fig . 8 c ) or absent ( fig . 8 b ) . tooth canal opening laterally .\nradulae . raphitomidae . a . buccinaria pendula bouchet & sysoev , 1997 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . cp948 , 20\u00b033\u2032s , 164\u00b057\u2032e , 533\u2013610 m . b . daphnella pulvisculus chino , 2006 , mnhn , new caledonia , bathus 4 , st . dw927 , 18\u00b056\u2032s , 163\u00b022\u2032e , 444\u2013452 m . c . gymnobela yoshidai kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , norfolk 2 , st . dw2058 , 24\u00b040\u2032s , 168\u00b040\u2032e , 591\u20131032 m . d . kermia irretita ( hedley , 1899 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1419 , 20\u00b055 . 6\u2032s , 167\u00b004 . 5\u2032e , 0\u20135 m . e . daphnella cladara sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn , norfolk ridge , lithist , st . cp09 , 24\u00b053\u2032s , 168\u00b022\u2032e , 518\u2013540 m . f . daphnella mitrellaformis ( nomura , 1940 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . dw1649 , 20\u00b054\u2032s , 167\u00b001\u2032e , 150\u2013200 m . g . miowateria sp . , mnhn , fidji , musorstom 10 , st . cp1354 , 17\u00b043\u2032s , 178\u00b055\u2032e , 959\u2013963 m . h . spergo fusiformis ( kuroda & habe in habe , 1962 ) , mnhn , tongatapu , tonga , bordau 2 , st . cp1566 , 21\u00b002\u2032s , 175\u00b018\u2032w , 530\u2013531 m .\nremarks : this is the largest and most variable taxon in the conoidea , as concerns the number of species , with the largest vertical range ( intertidal to hadal depths ) .\nradulae . cochlespiridae . a . cochlespira radiata ( dall , 1889 ) , mnhn , se brazil , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . b\u2013c . sibogasyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717701 ( shell : fig . 11 b ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell of moderate size , about 20\u201330 mm , up to 100 mm high , high - pagodiform to fusiform , with a tall spire and usually a long siphonal canal . axial sculpture poorly developed or absent , subsutural ramp usually smooth . anal sinus deep , on subsutural ramp . protoconch paucispiral , smooth . operculum with terminal nucleus . radula 1\u20130 - r - 0\u20131 . rachidian broad , subrectangular or arched , with a single rather large cusp ( fig . 12 ) , rarely absent ( some aforia ) . marginal teeth duplex , with well developed accessory limb .\nremarks : this is a clade with poor congruence between molecular and shell characters . the contents of most genera need revision and the family limits remain uncertain .\nsibogasyrinx was proposed as a subgenus of leucosyrinx for two species characterized by a low position of the peripheral angle . during our examination of radulae of species provisionally attributed to leucosyrinx , two distinct radulae types were found , differing in the presence of the rachidian , without apparent congruence with shell morphology . in sibogasyrinx pyramidalis , the type species of sibogasyrinx , as well as in the sequenced specimen ( fig . 11 b ) , the radula is characterized by the presence of a well - developed rachidian . although the sequenced specimen is conchologically closer to typical leucosyrinx , the molecular sequence suggests affinities to cochlespira .\nradulae . drilliidae . a\u2013b . splendrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200717847 ( shell : fig . 11 l ) . c . clavus exasperatus ( reeve , 1843 ) , mnhn , new caledonia , lifou 2000 , st . 1420 , 20\u00b047 . 7\u2032s , 167\u00b009 . 35\u2032e , 4\u20135 m . d . imaclava pilsbryi ( bartsch , 1950 ) , after kantor & taylor , 2000 . e . cruziturricula arcuata ( reeve , 1843 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100541 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00\u201334 , 08\u00b026 . 24\u2032n , 79\u00b009 . 14\u2032w , 66\u201368 m ( shell : fig . 11 i ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small - to medium - sized , usually 15\u201325 mm , up to 50 mm high , with a rather high spire and usually truncated base . spiral sculpture often obsolete . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , deep , ( sub ) symmetrical , sometimes tubular . protoconch usually paucispiral ( up to two whorls ) , smooth or abapically carinate . operculum with terminal nucleus . radular formula 1 - 1 - r - 1 - 1 , rarely 1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 , central tooth small , from narrow unicuspid ( fig . 13 b ) to subrectangular with additional cusps ( fig . 13 c ) , rarely reduced to completely absent . lateral teeth broad , pectinate , and arched , marginal teeth from simple flat and sharply pointed ( fig . 13 a ) to duplex with slightly thickened edges and to loosely enrolled with the small barb near the tip ( imaclava , fig . 13 d ) .\nremarks : the genera cruziturricula and fusiturricula form an unsupported group that is sister to drilliidae . in the studied cruziturricula arcuata ( reeve , 1843 ) , the very characteristic radula differs from the drilliidae : 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 . marginal teeth are loosely enrolled with little overlap of the edges , with two barbs on the tip and a tongue - shape extension at the base ( fig . 13 e ) . the type species of fusiturricula , turris fusinella dall , 1908 , is different from what is currently conceived as belonging to that genus ( e . g . williams , 2006 ) , but those species are similar to cruziturricula sensu auctt . the only data on the radula was provided by powell ( 1966 : 31 ) , who stated ( without mentioning the species ) : \u201cradula of marginals only , wishbone - type , but long and narrow\u201d . although cruziturricula and fusiturricula definitely do not belong in drilliidae and may represent a new family , they are here provisionally placed in drilliidae for lack of a better alternative .\nradulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . tiariturris spectabilis berry , 1958 * * , nhmuk moea 20100540 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 34 , 08\u00b026 . 24\u2032n , 79 09 . 14\u2032w , 66\u201368 m ( shell : fig . 14 q ) . b . comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , mnhn , new caledonia , montrouzier , st . 1269 , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . c , d . comitas sp . * * , mnhn im200717918 ( shell : fig . 14 a ) . e , f . crassiclava turricula ( sowerby , 1834 ) , off nacascola , west side of bahia culebra , costa rica , after kantor et al . ( 1997 ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen .\nradulae . pseudomelatomidae . a . leucosyrinx sp . * * , mnhn im200717846 ( shell : fig . 14 g ) . b . zonulispira sp . * * , nhmuk moea 20100536 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08\u00b019 . 50\u2032n , 78\u00b047 . 71\u2032w , 25\u201332 m ( shell : fig . 14 v ) . c . carinodrillia dichroa pilsbry & lowe , 1932 * * , nhmuk moea 20100530 , gulf of panama , jtd - 00 - 18 , 08\u00b019 . 50\u2032n , 78\u00b047 . 71\u2032w , 25\u201332 m ( shell : fig . 1 j ) . d . ptychobela suturalis ( gray , 1838 ) * * , det . j . a . todd , yk , nhmuk moea 20100560 , off southern hong kong , sta . 71 . e . cheungbeia robusta ( hinds , 1839 ) * , nhmuk moea 20100557 , coll . b . morton , off southern hong kong , sta . 70 ( shell : fig . 14 k ) . f . inquisitor sp . * * , mnhn im200717851 ( shell : fig . 14 e ) . symbols : * , sequenced species ; * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell small to rather large , 15\u2013100 mm high , claviform to fusiform . spiral and axial sculpture generally well developed , often strong . subsutural fold often present . anal sinus on subsutural ramp , usually moderately deep to very deep , often constrained by callus rendering anal sinus subtubular . protoconch usually paucispiral , sometimes multispiral , with up to three whorls , smooth or sometimes axially or spirally sculptured on later whorls . operculum with terminal nucleus .\n1 - ( 1 - r - 1 ) - 1 \u2013 comitas type ( includes also knefastia and antiplanes ) . the central formation is rather variable in degree of development of the rachidian tooth and fusion of three teeth . in some comitas ( fig . 15 c , d ) , the central formation looks like single well - defined tooth [ as in comitas murrawolga ( garrard , 1961 ) ] , while in comitas onokeana vivens dell , 1956 , knefastia and antiplanes , the rachidian is totally reduced and the formation appears as two poorly developed paired plates ( reduced laterals ) ( fig . 15 b ) . marginal teeth in comitas and knefastia flat , broadly oval , with thickened edges and teeth tips and without pronounced accessory limb . in antiplanes marginal teeth narrowly elongate , with well - developed accessory limb .\n1 - 1 - 0 - 1 - 1 \u2013 crassiclava type . differs from the comitas type by the better defined laterals ( fig . 15 e , f ) that are low , arcuate and sharply curved towards the midline of the ribbon .\n1 - 0 - r - 0 - 1 \u2013 pseudomelatoma type ( also includes hormospira and tiariturris , fig . 15 a ) . rachidian with strong cusp and subrectangular base ( contrary to the other types with a central formation formed by fused lateral and rachidian ) . despite neither ontogeny nor folding of the radula have been examined , we tentatively treat this structure as a true rachidian . marginal teeth simple , solid and strongly curved , attached to the membrane by rather a narrow base and free along most of their length .\n1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 \u2013 most genera of the family . marginal teeth elongated , narrow , flat , with thickened edge ( e . g . funa , carinodrillia , fig . 16 c ) , or trough - shaped in transverse section , sometimes with small barb near the tip ( cheungbeia , fig . 16 e ) , which may become semi - enrolled ( e . g . pyrgospira , pilsbryspira , zonulispira , fig . 16 b ) , to nearly hollow , where limbs overlap at significant length of the teeth ( ptychobela , fig . 16 d ) .\nremarks : anatomically , pseudomelatomidae is the most variable family of conoidea . most genera were formerly included in the subfamily crassispirinae , but the nomenclaturally valid name for this clade is pseudomelatomidae . its constituents includes several taxa that were previously recognized as separate ( sub ) families : zonulispirinae , characterized by semi - enrolled marginal radular teeth ( a character found in several branches of the clade ) , and pseudomelatominae , defined on the basis of the very characteristic solid marginal teeth and strongly developed rachidian .\nthe genus leucosyrinx has long been a convenient genus for placement of turreted - fusiform species , mostly from deep water of the atlantic and indo - pacific . currently , it is a mixture of species of probably different taxonomic position , and the membership of the genus needs revision . the type species from the northern atlantic , leucosyrinx verrilli ( dall , 1881 ) , has a radula consisting of only duplex , rather robust marginal teeth ( powell , 1966 : text fig . b12 ) , a radula type also found by us in indo - pacific species ( fig . 16 a ) . a second type of radula is found in sibogasyrinx , originally described as a subgenus of leucosyrinx , and which clusters in the molecular tree with the cochlespiridae ( see under that family ) . in our study , true leucosyrinx appears to be sister to the pseudomelatomidae , but this relationship has poor support . as a working hypothesis , we tentatively include leucosyrinx in the pseudomelatomidae . clavatulidae gray , 1853\nradulae . clavatulidae . a , b . turricula nelliae ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) * * , nhmuk moea 20100551 , danang , vietnam . c . pusionella compacta strebel , 1914 * * , mnhn im200717830 ( shell : fig . 17 b ) . d . toxiclionella tumida ( sowerby , 1870 ) , south africa , after kantor & taylor ( 2000 ) . e . clavatula xanteni nolf & verstraeten , 2006 * * , mnhn im200717829 ( shell : fig . 17 c ) . f . gemmuloborsonia colorata ( sysoev & bouchet , 2001 ) * * , mnhn im200717849 ( shell : fig . 17 a ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrow , see text .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to rather large ( usually 15\u201330 mm , up to 85 mm high ) , broad - fusiform to turreted - fusiform , with high spire and usually moderately long siphonal canal . subsutural ramp usually well developed , with very shallow to rather deep anal sinus situated on its lower part or shifted abapically , with apex at almost a peripheral position . sculpture variously developed , from almost smooth shell surface to well - developed axial ribs and spiral cords . protoconch only known as paucispiral , up to c . 2 . 5 smooth whorls . operculum with medio - lateral nucleus . radular formula 1 - ( 1 - r - 1 ) - 1 . the central formation is composed of very thin , broad , plate - like lateral teeth and a small , but sometimes strong , narrow rachidian . the central formation is variously developed , sometimes appearing as a pronounced tooth ( fig . 18 b ) , sometimes clearly consisting of three elements ( clionella sinuata , see taylor et al . , 1993 ; fig . 18 a , b ) , to its nearly complete reduction ( fig . 18 c ) . marginal teeth usually duplex , with sharp - edged major limb and a deep socket where an accessory limb is inserted , often with angulation distal to the socket ( arrow in fig . 18 e ) . in toxiclionella the marginal teeth are hypodermic , loosely enrolled , attached along their length to radular membrane , having two barbs at the tip and a tooth canal opening subterminally ( fig . 18 d ) .\nremarks : the genus gemmuloborsonia represents a sister group to the ( clavatulidae + horaiclavidae ) clade , but this node is not well supported . because it resembles much more the clavatulidae than the horaiclavidae in terms of shell and radular characters ( fig . 18 f ) , gemmuloborsonia is provisionally included in the former family . if further studies support that hypothesis , then the diagnosis of the clavatulidae should be amended to account for the presence of weak columellar pleats and multispiral turridae - type protoconch present in gemmuloborsonia . horaiclavidae new family\nradulae . horaiclavidae . a . paradrillia sp . * * , mnhn im200742475 ( shell : fig . 17 n ) . b . inkinga sp . , mnhn ( shell : fig . 17 j ) . c . ceritoturris pupiformis ( e . a . smith , 1884 ) * * , mnhn im200717888 ( shell : fig . 17 i ) . d . horaiclavus splendidus ( a . adams , 1867 ) * * , mnhn im200717840 ( shell : fig . 17 h ) . symbol : * * , sequenced specimen . arrows , see text .\ndiagnosis : shell generally small , 5\u201325 mm , usually 7\u201315 mm high , shortly claviform , with relatively low spire and a short , truncated , poorly differentiated siphonal canal . subsutural ramp usually poorly differentiated . axial sculpture almost always present , usually as strong sinuate ribs . spiral sculpture normally weak or obsolete , often with glossy shell surface . anal sinus on subsutural slope , weak to moderately deep , often constrained by callus . protoconch of up to 3 . 5 medially carinate but otherwise smooth whorls when multispiral , but usually paucispiral and smooth . operculum with terminal nucleus . radular formula : 1 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 1 . marginal teeth duplex , with lanceolate major limb and usually narrow accessory limb , which is inserted in a shallow socket . major limb often with angulation lateral to the place of accessory limb insertion . rarely ( some paradrillia , cf . kilburn , 1988 , fig . 17 ; inkinga , fig . 19 b ) the additional limb is of similar size to the major limb and the teeth become trough - shaped in transverse section , with a collar near the base ( arrows in fig . 19 b ) . in several species of horaiclavus the radular apparatus is absent .\nremarks : this family shares many characters with pseudomelatomidae , conchologically differing by a small stout shell with short siphonal canal and usually poorly developed spiral sculpture .\nradulae also are rather similar to many representatives of pseudomelatomidae and no clear cut distinctions were found . genera currently included in horaiclavidae have been usually included in the crassispiridae ( = pseudomelatomidae ) , and the clear molecular - based division between the two clades seems to be not so clearly reflected in shell - based distinction . therefore , the generic composition of the family is somewhat provisional and needs confirmation by further molecular data and / or a detailed analysis of conchological and radular characters .\nshells . turridae . a . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 * * , mnhn im200717684 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . dr087 , 15\u00b038 . 5\u2032s , 167\u00b015 . 1\u2032e , 13 m , sl 57 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 c ) . b . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 , vanuatu , santo 2006 , st . fs84 , 15\u00b033 . 6\u2032s , 167\u00b016 . 6\u2032e , 8\u20139 m , sl 15 . 5 mm ( radula : fig . 21 d ) . c . decollidrillia nigra habe & ito , 1965 , zmmu uncatalogued , southern kurile islands , sl 12 . 8 mm . d . lophiotoma acuta ( perry , 1811 ) * * , mnhn im200717860 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r44 , 09\u00b033 . 3\u2032n , 123\u00b043 . 9\u2032e , 2 m , sl 44 . 0 mm . e . turridrupa acutigemmata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) , new caledonia , 46 m , sl 26 . 5 mm . f . turris babylonia ( linnaeus , 1758 ) * * , mnhn im200717754 , philippines , panglao 2004 , st . r42 , 09\u00b037 . 1\u2032n , 123\u00b052 . 6\u2032e , 8\u201322 m , sl 79 . 4 mm . g . gemmula rarimaculata ( kuroda & oyama , 1971 ) * * , mnhn im200717838 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2533 , 22\u00b018\u2032s , 159\u00b028\u2032e , 360\u2013370 m , sl 13 . 7 mm . h . ptychosyrinx chilensis berry , 1968 , usnm 870005 , s of coquimbo , chile , 31 . 1\u00b0 s , 71 . 8\u00b0 w , 179\u2013187 m , sl 21 . 1 mm . i . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 , philippines , panglao 2005 , st . cp2363 , 09\u00b006 . 0\u2032n , 123\u00b025 . 0\u2032e , 437\u2013439 m , sl 21 . 0 mm ( radula : fig . 21 e ) . j . cryptogemma corneus ( okutani , 1966 ) , zin 58809 / 1 , off shikotan i . , kurile islands , 1450\u20131530 m , 12 . 3 mm . abbreviation and symbol : sl , shell length ; * * , sequenced specimen .\nradulae . turridae . a . turridrupa cf . armillata ( reeve , 1845 ) , mnhn im200740773 , coral sea , ebisco , st . dw2607 , 19\u00b033\u2032s , 158\u00b040\u2032e , 400\u2013413 m . b . gemmula kieneri ( doumet , 1840 ) , mnhn , vanuatu , musorstom 8 , st . cp1123 , 15\u00b007\u2032s , 166\u00b055\u2032e , 262\u2013352 m . c . xenuroturris legitima iredale , 1929 , mnhn im200717684 ( shell : fig . 20 a ) . d . iotyrris cingulifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) * * , mnhn im200717685 ( shell : fig . 20 b ) . e . lucerapex cf . casearia ( hedley & petterd , 1906 ) * * , mnhn im200742448 ( shell : fig . 20 i ) . f . turris crispa ( lamarck , 1816 ) , mnhn , ile ouen - baie du prony , st . 80 , 22\u00b031s , 166\u00b028e , 33 m , ss 39 mm . symbols : * * , sequenced specimen .\ndiagnosis : shell of medium to large size ( usually 20\u201330 mm , up to 110 mm high ) , short - to high - fusiform , usually with a high spire and a long ( rarely short and truncated ) siphonal canal . axial sculpture weak or absent . anal sinus on whorl periphery . protoconch typically multispiral , up to six whorls , protoconch i smooth , protoconch ii with arcuate axial riblets ; reduced paucispiral protoconch usually smooth , may have arcuate axial riblets . operculum fully developed , with terminal nucleus . radular formula typically 1 - ( 1 : r : 1 ) - 1 . small and narrow rachidian and plate - like laterals are fused together , together constituting a central formation of different development ( kantor , 2006 ) , varying from a well - defined broad central tooth ( fig . 21 b ) to a tooth clearly formed of three elements ( fig . 21 a ) through a gradual reduction of rachidian and / or laterals to complete absence ( fig . 21 d ) . marginals duplex , of variable morphology , from broadly oval and flattened ( fig . 21 e , f ) with nearly equally developed limbs to awl - shaped and divided only in basal part ( fig . 21 a ) . in most cases , the major limb is large and knife - shaped , while the accessory limb is dorsal and more weakly developed ( fig . 21 ) . in iotyrris , marginal teeth have equally developed limbs that form a shallow broad trough ( fig . 21 d ) .\nremarks : this group is well defined by its usually narrowly fusiform shell with obsolete axial sculpture and peripheral anal sinus . however , the genus lucerapex , although fully conforming conchologically , occupies a position on the tree ( sister group to turridae + terebridae ) that excludes it from the turridae . it is nevertheless tentatively included here in turridae .\nradulae . a , b . strictispiridae . strictispira paxillus ( reeve , 1845 ) , british virgina islands , ansp . a . teeth detached from the membrane and showing the large median flange . b . two teeth , showing the large median flange attached to the membrane . photo submit : j . d . taylor ( a . b ) . c . conorbidae . benthofascis lozoueti sysoev & bouchet , 2001 , mnhn im200742331 ( shell : fig . 2 o ) .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized , to 20 mm , claviform . spiral and axial sculpture well developed , shoulder with a marked subsutural fold . anal sinus deep , laterally directed . parietal callus well developed . protoconch paucispiral in all species examined , smooth . operculum leaf - shaped , with terminal nucleus . radula consisting of a pair of solid awl - shaped marginal teeth that have a prominent flange , located above the base of the tooth and firmly attached to the radular membrane .\nremarks : we did not obtain any material of strictispiridae for molecular analysis and the position of the family group remains unclear . the shell resembles that of pseudomelatomidae and the shape of the radular marginal teeth is also somewhat similar to pseudomelatoma , hormospira and tiariturris , but it differs in the absence of the rachidian . among the examined species of strictispira , s . paxillus is characterised by rather unusual characters , such as the absence of the venom gland together with very large and powerful odontophore ( kantor & taylor , 1994 ) . until molecular data are available , we conservatively treat this family as valid , following taylor et al . ( 1993 ) .\ndiagnosis : shell medium - sized to large , 8\u2013270 mm , usually 30\u2013100 mm high , auger - shaped , with high to very high multiwhorled spire and flattened shell profile , aperture relatively small . siphonal canal short , anal sinus not pronounced . protoconch with up to 5 smooth whorls when multispiral . radular formula 1\u20130 - 0 - 0 - 1 but radular apparatus absent in many species . marginal teeth range from solid and curved to hypodermic , with or without small barb at the tip . hypodermic teeth without solid bases . in some species ( e . g . impages hectica ) the walls of the teeth are penetrated by numerous holes .\nthe authors thank b . a . marshall , m . g . harasewych , r . n . kilburn , m . j . tenorio , j . k . tucker and d . tippett for constructive comments and help in completing the lists of genera and subgenera . a . e . fedosov , j . d . taylor , j . mclean , m . g . harasewych and d . l . tippett supplied shell and radula pictures . j . a . todd provided specimens for dissection and photography . barbara buge curated and photographed the voucher specimens in mnhn .\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . subfamily turrinae\nturridae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of southern africa and mozambique . part 2 . subfamily clavatulinae"]}
{"id": 1993, "summary": [{"text": "alston 's mouse opossum ( marmosa alstoni ) , also known as alston 's opossum , is a medium-sized pouchless marsupial of the family didelphidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is arboreal and nocturnal , inhabiting forests from belize to northern colombia .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the main components of its diet are insects and fruits , but it may also eat small rodents , lizards , and bird eggs .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it was formerly assigned to the genus micoureus , which was made a subgenus of marmosa in 2009 . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "alston ' s mouse opossum", "paragraphs": ["alston ' s woolly mouse opossum - micoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\nalston ' s woolly mouse opossum - micoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 ) - details - encyclopedia of life\na young / baby of a alston is called a ' joey ' . the females are called ' jill ' and males ' jack ' .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nvoss , r . s . ; jansa , s . a . ( 2009 ) .\nphylogenetic relationships and classification of didelphid marsupials , an extant radiation of new world metatherian mammals\n. bulletin of the american museum of natural history 322 : 1\u2013177 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 322 . 1 . hdl : 2246 / 5975 .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is confirmed as least concern because of its presence in large protected areas , tolerates disturbed habitat , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is found in central america from belize to panama , adjacent caribbean islands ( gardner 2005 ) , and northwestern colombia ( choc\u00f3 ) ( ast\u00faa 2015 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 1 , 600 m ( reid 1997 ) . only one specimen from guatemala was recorded in 1930s , and very few records from belize . tate ( 1933 ) described a hiatus between records from belize to northern panama , and those from southern panama and northwestern colombia ( cuartas and mu\u00f1oz 2003 , gardner 2008 ) .\nthis species can be found in evergreen forest , secondary growth , and gardens . it is mainly arboreal and is active in subcanopy or understory levels ( reid 1997 ) . it can also be found on the ground , when moving from tree to tree or feeding . it feeds on insects , small vertebrates , and fruits ( reid 1997 ) . this species may invade houses near forested areas and is sometimes found in groups ( timm et al . 1989 in reid 1997 ) , although most records are of solitary individuals . unstructured leaf nests are found in palms and vine tangles ( ast\u00faa 2015 ) . a female suckling 11 young was recorded ( tate 1933 in reid 1997 ) .\nthe species occurs throughout a variety of environments including disturbed habitat . it also occurs in several protected areas . research is needed on the distribution of this species , its activity patterns and social organization .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is found from eastern central america from belize to panam and adjacent caribbean islands ( gardner , 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to 1 , 600 m ( reid , 1997 ) . there has been 1 specimen from guatemala in 1930s , and very few records from belize .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nv\u00e4liamerikanopossumi\nto\nmicoureus alstoni ( j . a . allen , 1900 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis marsupial can be found in evergreen forest , second growth , and gardens . it is mainly arboreal and is active in subcanopy or understory levels ( reid , 1997 ) . it sometimes descends to the ground to feed or travel from tree to tree . it feeds on insects , small vertebrates , and fruit ( reid , 1997 ) . this species may invade houses near forested areas and is sometimes found in groups ( timm et al . , 1989 in reid , 1997 ) , although most records are of solitary individuals . leaf nests are built in vine tangles . a female suckling 11 young was noted ( tate , 1933 in reid , 1997 ) .\nthis species is listed as least concern because of its presence in large protected areas , tolerates disturbed habitat , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\ngardner , a . l . ( 2005 ) .\norder didelphimorphia\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 3\u201318 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npicture has been licensed under a creative commons attribution sharealike license original source : base map derived from file : blankmap - world . png . distribution data from iucn red list author : chermundy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 1994, "summary": [{"text": "the indian stingless bee or dammar bee , tetragonula iridipennis , is a species of bee belonging to the family apidae , subfamily apinae .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it was first described by frederick smith in 1854 who found the species in what is now the island of sri lanka .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "many older references erroneously placed this species in melipona , an unrelated genus from the new world , and until recently it was placed in trigona , therefore still often mistakenly referred to as trigona iridipennis .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "for centuries , colonies of t. iridipennis have been kept in objects such as clay pots so that their highly prized medicinal honey can be utilized . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "tetragonula iridipennis", "paragraphs": ["indian stingless bee ( tetragonula iridipennis ) collecting nectar and pollen from a table rose plant .\nsupplementary figure 1 : map indicating the sampling sites of tetragonula iridipennis . ( jpeg 151 kb )\nsupplementary figure 2 : scatterplot of the two first axis of the canonical discriminant analysis of the indian populations of tetragonula iridipennis . ( jpeg 134 kb )\nsupplementary figure 4 : nest structure of tetragonula iridipennis bees sampled in assam state , with the brood cells constructed as layers . ( jpeg 371 kb )\nsupplementary figure 3 : nest structure of tetragonula iridipennis bees sampled in kerala state , with the brood cells constructed as a cluster . ( jpeg 494 kb )\nkerala will host an indo - australian collaborative research project on deploying stingless bee ( tetragonula iridipennis ) as pollinators to increase the agricultural yield of fruits and vegetables .\nfloral sources for stingless bees ( tetragonula iridipennis ) in nellithurai village , tamilnadu , india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra04\nview from inside nest of tetragonula cf sarawakensis , you can see brood cells , food storage and queen . pemandangan dari dalam sarang tetragonula cf sarawakensis , anda boleh nampak sel telur , storan makanan dan ratu .\nstingless bees are a large and diverse taxon and more than 500 species are recorded worldwide . based on the previous reports , totally seven species are reported from india . the present study reports male and female morphological characteristics of tetragonula iridipennis belonging to tetragonula subgenus in nellithurai village , tamil nadu , india . the species of tetragonula group are extremely similar in the external morphology of the workers . the glabrous bands on mesoscutum of female bees and structure and arrangement of gonostylus and the penis valve of male bees are used to separate t . iridipennis from other species in this group . the identity of t . iridipennis is made based on the male and female key morphological characteristics in the previous literature .\n< p > stingless bees are a large and diverse taxon and more than 500 species are recorded worldwide . based on the previous reports , totally seven species are reported from india . the present study reports male and female morphological characteristics of < em > tetragonula iridipennis < / em > belonging to < em > tetragonula < / em > subgenus in nellithurai village , tamil nadu , india . the species of < em > tetragonula < / em > group are extremely similar in the external morphology of the workers . the glabrous bands on mesoscutum of female bees and structure and arrangement of gonostylus and the penis valve of male bees are used to separate < em > t . iridipennis < / em > from other species in this group . the identity of < em > t . iridipennis < / em > is made based on the male and female key morphological characteristics in the previous literature < strong > . < / strong > < / p >\n[ pooja singh and m . s . khan ( 2015 ) ; assessment of comparative foraging activity in queen right and queen less colony of stingless bee , tetragonula iridipennis smith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) int . j . of adv . res . 3 ( 7 ) . 498 - 502 ] ( issn 2320 - 5407 ) . urltoken\ndanareddi , c . s . & s . viraktamath ( 2009 ) . morphometrical studies on the stingless bee , trigona iridipennis smith karnataka journal of agricultural sciences 22 : 796 - 797 .\nfurthermore , a case of collapse of a managed colony of a stingless bee , tetragonula iridipennis , was reported in india ( vijayakumar et al . , 2013 ) . although the mite illustrated in this paper belongs to the family cheyletidae , the yellowish carpet of dust on the bottom of the nest ( figs . 2a , b ) may represent an astigmatid mite ( carpoglyphus ) .\nmohan , r . & s . devanesan ( 1999 ) . dammer bees , trigona iridipennis smith . ( apidae : meliponinae ) in kerala . insect environment 5 ( 2 ) : 79 .\nsakagami , s . f . ( 1978 ) . tetragonula stingless bees of the continental asia and sri lanka ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of the faculty of science , hokkaido university , series vi , zoology 21 : 165 - 247 .\nrathor , v . s . , c . rasmussen & m . s . saini ( 2013 ) . new record of the stingless bee tetragonula gressitti from india ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) . journal of melittology 7 : 1 - 5 .\nsakagami , s . f . & t . inoue ( 1987 ) . stingless bees of the genus trigona ( subgenus trigonella ) with notes on the reduction of spatha in male genitalia of the subgenus tetragonula ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . konty\u00fb 55 : 610 - 627 .\nvijayakumar , k . , m . muthuraman & r . jayaraj ( 2012 ) . predation of stingless bees ( trigona iridipennis : apidae , meliponinae ) by centipede ( scolopendra hardwicki : chilopoda : scolopendramorpha ) . international journal of advanced life sciences 5 ( 2 ) : 156 - 159 .\ntrigona ( tetragonula ) iridipennis smith is the common stingless bee found in south india . they are domesticated in mud pots , bamboo bits , wooden boxes or coconut shells . meliponiculture is being popularized in the rural homesteads for poverty alleviation and additional income generation . the chapter discusses the studies conducted as part of all india coordinated research project ( aicrp ) on honey bees and pollinators at vellayani centre of kerala agricultural university . among the various types of hives with different volumes , bamboo bits with 1500 cc showed better brood development and storage of honey . due to scarcity of bamboo nodes , a wooden box with 1960 cc volume with two equal halves was designed which helped for easy division and mass multiplication of colonies . the technologies were disseminated to the public by imparting trainers\u2019 training in different districts of kerala in which 174 women and 322 men were trained . augmentation , conservation and management of t . iridipennis should be intensified for ensuring sustainable agriculture and the conservation of biological diversity resulting in food security for poverty eradication .\ndescription of biodiversity is often cited as one of the most important actions necessary for conservation programs . there are more than 600 species of stingless bees spread over the tropical regions of the world ; though for various species , little is known about their biology and taxonomy . we sampled bees from feral colonies from various regions of india and compared them using wing morphology . the results of population analysis of the patterns of wing venation , using geometric morphometric techniques , suggested the existence of at least two phenotypic clusters within our samples of the so - called tetragonula iridipennis complex . these findings were supported by other features , including differences in nest architecture . this helps to explain the patterns of variability found in stingless bees in india and also will be valuable for conservation planning .\nthree social bees accounted for 99 % of flower visitors : apis dorsata , the giant asian honey bee ( 47 % of visitors ) , apis cerana ( 24 % ) , and tetragonula iridipennis ( 27 . 9 % ) . all these bees were observed to carry pollen and contact the stigma during flower visits . two ceratina and one xylocopa species were occasional visitors to coffee flowers ( 1 % of visits ) . as bee diversity was low , we evaluated pollination and fruit set on the basis of overall bee abundance , assuming that each pollinator species is equivalent in terms of pollination effectiveness . as there is no information available on the equivalency of pollinator effectiveness of these flower visitors , we feel the assumption of equivalence is preferable to the introduction of potential errors based on speculation .\nstingless bees are good pollinator in tropical and sub - tropical regions in india and known to pollinate various plants of economic importance and generally better used in planned pollination . foraging performance by bees is a clear indicator of functioning and strength in colony . a various circumstances affect the normal foraging activity by bees . the queenless ness in the bee colony may be one of those reasons which alter the normal foraging activity in respect to foraging activity in a normal queen right bee colony . the present study was done with the aim to know how the absence of queen in a colony of stingless bee tetragonula iridipennis smith affects its foraging activity and to find out a comparative conclusion between foraging activity in a queen less and a queen right colony of t . iridipennis . the study revealed some important differences in foragging jobs in both types of colonies . number of outgoing forager bees and resin collector bees were remain almost similar in queen right ( 61 . 149 and 2 . 893 bees per 5 min ) and queenless colony ( 62 . 744 and 3 . 618 bees per 5 min ) , respectively , but pollen collector bees were found to be more active in queen less colony ( 20 . 560 bees per 5min ) then in queen right colony ( 1 . 814 bees per 5 min ) , respectively , and the activity of cleaner bees and nectar collecting bees were more in queen right colony ( 5 . 367 and 61 . 39 bees per 5 min ) than in queen less colony ( 2 . 569 and 44 . 957 bees per 5 min ) , respectively .\npeeking into the entrance of a stingless bee hive - kuala koh , taman negara , peninsular malaysia .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .\nbiesmeijer , k . ( 1993 ) . stingless bees : discussion and paper at the international symposium on pollination tropics pegone , 1 : 6 - 8 .\nmichener , c . d . ( 2000 ) . the bees of the world . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , xiv + [ 1 ] + 913 .\nmichener , c . d . ( 2013 ) . the meliponini , pp . 3 - 17 . in : vit , p . , s . r . m . pedro & d . w . roubik ( eds . ) . pot - honey : a legacy of stingless bees . springer , new york .\nmuthuraman , m . & p . a . saravanan ( 2004 ) . utilization of stingless bees for crop pollination . indian bee journal 66 : 58 - 64 .\nrasmussen , c . a . ( 2013 ) . stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) of the indian subcontinent : diversity , taxonomy and current status of knowledge . zootaxa 3647 ( 3 ) : 401 - 428 ; urltoken\nroubik , d . w . ( 1989 ) . ecology and natural history of tropical bees . cambridge university press , new york , 514pp .\nsakagami , s . f . , s . yamane & g . g . hambali ( 1983 ) . nests of some southeast asian stingless bees . bulletin of the faculty of education , ibaraki university ( natural sciences ) 32 : 1 - 21 .\nschwarz , h . f . ( 1939 ) . the indo - malayan species of trigona . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 76 : 83 - 141 .\nvijayakumar , k . & k . r . jayaraj ( 2013 ) . geometric morphometry analysis of three species of stingless bees in india . international journal for life sciences and educational research 1 ( 2 ) : 91 - 95 .\nthe journal of threatened taxa is an open access and print , peer - reviewed , monthly , international journal on conservation and taxonomy . the aim of the journal is to promote wildlife research and conservation action worldwide at no cost to authors , no subscription or membership cost , and no hidden cost , on a regular basis without compromising on ethics , standards and pre - requisites of scientific publications .\nthis site is run on the open journal system ( ojs ) . this work is licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\nthe authors are grateful to the department of biotechnology , ministry of science and technology , government of india , new delhi , for funding this study . acknowledgements are also due to dr . m . muthuraman , tamil nadu agricultural university , coimbatore , dr . a . j . solomon raju , andhra university , visakhapatnam , dr . k . v . lazar , calicut university , calicut , dr . s . devanesan , kerala agricultural university , thiruvananthapuram , dr . sushamachapalkar , vidyapratishtan\u2019s school of biotechnology , baramati and dr . a . rahman , assam agricutural university , jorhat , for making the material available for the study . the authors are grateful to fapesp ( proc . 2011 / 07857 - 9 to tmf and proc . 2013 / 20358 - 7 to vb ) and nap biocomp ( university of s\u00e3o paulo ) for financial support and to thibaut de meulemeester and an anonymous reviewer for suggestions . dr . david de jong helped us to improve the english of our manuscript .\nalves da , imperatriz - fonseca vl , francoy tm , santos - filho ps , billen j , wenseleers t ( 2011 ) successful maintenance of a stingless bee population despite a severe genetic bottleneck . conserv genet 12 : 647\u2013658\n( hymenoptera , apidae ) : incongruence between morphology and mitochondrial dna . apidologie 41 : 534\u2013547\n( hemiptera : reduviidae ) suggests phenotypic plasticity rather than adaptation . med vet entomol 27 : 247\u2013254\n( apidae , meliponini ) suggested by mtdna variability and geometric morphometrics of forewings . naturwissenschaften 101 : 17\u201324\nschwarz , 1939 ( hymenoptera , apidae , apinae ) : bionomia e biogeografia . rev bras entomol 47 : 311\u2013372\ncombey r , teixeira jsg , bonatti v , kwapong p , francoy tm ( 2013 ) geometric morphometrics reveals morphological differentiation within four african stingless bee species . ann biol res 4 : 93\u2013103\ncortopassi - laurino m , imperatriz - fonseca vl , roubik dw , dollin a , heard t , aguilar ib , venturieri gc , eardley c , nogueira - neto p ( 2006 ) global meliponiculture : challenges and opportunities . apidologie 37 : 275\u2013292\ndanforth bn , cardinal sc , praz c , almeida eab , michez d ( 2013 ) impact of molecular data on our understanding of bee phylogeny and evolution . annu rev entomol 58 : 57\u201378\ncockerell ( hymenoptera , melittidae ) based on geometric morphometrics of the wing . zookeys 389 : 35\u201348\nengel ms ( 2000 ) a new interpretation of the oldest fossil bee ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . am mus novit , number\nfrancisco fo , nunes - silva p , francoy tm , wittmann d , imperatriz - fonseca vl , arias mc , morgan ed ( 2008 ) morphometrical , biochemical and molecular tools for assessing biodiversity . an example in\n( holmberg , 1903 ) ( apidae , meliponini ) . insect soc 55 : 231\u2013237\nfrancoy tm , wittman d , drauschke m , muller s , steinhage v , bezerra - laure maf , de jong d , goncalves ls ( 2008 ) identification of africanized honey bees through wing morphometrics : two fast and efficient procedures . apidologie 39 : 488\u2013494\nfrancoy tm , silva rao , nunes - silva p , menezes c , imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2009 ) gender identification of five genera of stingless bees ( apidae meliponini ) based on wing morphology . genet mol res 8 : 207\u2013214\nfreitas bm , imperatriz - fonseca vl , medina lm , kleinert amp , galetto l , nates - parra g , quezada - eu\u00e1n jjg ( 2009 ) diversity threats and conservation of native bees in the neotropics . apidologie 40 : 332\u2013346\nheard ta ( 1999 ) the role of stingless bees in crop pollination . annu rev entomol 44 : 183\u2013206\nhebert pdn , cywinska a , ball sl , dewaard jr ( 2003 ) biological identifications through dna barcodes . p r soc b 270 : 313\u2013321\nhedtke sm , patiny s , danforth bn ( 2013 ) resolving the bee tree of life : bioinformatic approaches to apoid phylogeny . bmc evol biol 13 : 138\nkawakita a , ascher js , sota t , kato m , roubik dw ( 2008 ) phylogenetic analysis of the corbiculate bee tribes based on 12 nuclear protein - coding genes ( hymenoptera : apoidea : apidae ) . apidologie 39 : 163\u2013175\nkotthoff u , wappler t , engel ms ( 2013 ) greater past disparity and diversity hints at ancient migrations of european honey bee lineages into africa and asia . j biogeogr 40 : 1832\u20131838\nmao aa , hynniewta tm ( 2000 ) floristic diversity of northeast india . j assam sci soc 41 : 255\u2013266\nmao aa , hynniewta tm , sanjappa m ( 2009 ) plant wealth of northeast india with reference to ethnobotany . indian j tradit know 8 : 96\u2013103\nlepeletier 1836 ( hymenoptera : meliponini ) using relative warp analysis . biosc j 23 : 147\u2013152\nmichener cd ( 2000 ) the bees of the world . the john hopkins univ press , baltimore , p 913\nmoure js ( 1961 ) a preliminary supra - specific classification of the old world meliponine bees ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . stud entomol 4 : 181\u2013242\noleksa a , tofilski a ( 2014 ) wing geometric morphometrics and microsatellite analysis provide similar discrimination of honey bee subspecies . apidologie . doi :\n( apidae : meliponini ) : implications for the conservation of stingless bee populations in contrasting environments . insect conserv diver 5 : 433\u2013443\nrasmussen c ( 2013 ) stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) of the indian subcontinent : diversity , taxonomy and current status of knowledge . zootaxa 3647 : 401\u2013428\nrasmussen c , cameron sa ( 2010 ) global stingless bee phylogeny supports ancient divergence vicariance and long distance dispersal . biol j linn soc 99 : 206\u2013232\nrohlf fj ( 2007 ) tpsrelw version 1 . 45 . department of ecology and evolution state university of new york stony brook\nrohlf fj ( 2008 ) tpsdig version 2 . 12 . department of ecology and evolution state university of new york stony brook\nroubik dw ( 1989 ) ecology and natural history of tropical bees . cambridge university press , cambridge\nstingless bees of the continental asia and sri lanka ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . j fac sci hokkaido univ ser v i zool 2 : 165\u2013247\ntamura k , peterson d , peterson n , stecher g , nei m , kumar s ( 2011 ) mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood evolutionary distance and maximum parsimony methods . mol biol evol 28 : 2731\u20132739\nvijayakumar k , jeyaraaj r ( 2013 ) geometric morphometry analysis of three species of stingless bees in india . int j life sci edu res 1 : 91\u201395\nsmith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) from india . j threatened taxa 6 : 6480\u20136484\nwappler t , de meulemeester t , aytekin am , michez d , engel ms ( 2012 ) geometric morphometric analysis of a new miocene bumble bee from the randeck maar of southwestern germany ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . syst entomol 37 : 784\u2013792\njournal of threatened taxa . 2014 ; 6 ( 11 ) : 6480 - 6484 doi 10 . 11609 / jott . o3773 . 6480 - 4\nlcc subject category : science : biology ( general ) : ecology | science : natural history ( general ) : general . including nature conservation , geographical distribution\nk . vijayakumar ( kongu nadu arts and science college ) r . jeyaraaj ( kongu nadu arts and science college )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nitems in dspace are protected by copyright , with all rights reserved , unless otherwise indicated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndepartment of zoology , kongu nadu arts and science college , g . n . mills , coimbatore , tamil nadu 641029 , india\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 0dada717 - 8726 - 4d19 - a5ca - 9e858669c072\n. creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .\nwe are grateful to dr . deborah smith from university of kansas , usa for helping in identifying the stingless bee species and useful comments . i also express my sincere thanks to dr . m . muthuraman , for his encouragement and motivation to pursue the research work . i would also like to thank beekeepers mr . k . udayakumar , mr . g . k . thangavelu , mr . navaneethan from nellithurai village for their participation during sample collection and documentation .\nstingless bees are a monophyletic group principally found in the tropical and subtropical areas of america , africa , australia and parts of asia ( roubik 1989 ) . the stingless bee species are taxonomically organized into\n( michener 2013 ) . taxonomic identification of stingless bees remains unclear and requires experienced taxonomists . the total number of species is estimated to be about 500 described species worldwide ( michener 2013 ) and 43 species occur in the asian region ( michener 2000 ) .\nis the single largest and most widespread genus in the indo - malayan regions , reported from india and extending to the solomon and caroline islands .\nrasmussen 2013 ) and this species was originally described from ceylon by smith in the year 1854 .\nin different parts of india are lacking . scarce literature is available on stingless bee species diversity in india . the distribution of\nwas reported in bengaluru , karnataka ( biesmeijer 1993 ) and in kerala ( mohan & devanesan 1999 ) .\nthe diversity of stingless bees in the indian subcontinent has been summarized by rasmussen ( 2013 ) .\n) of stingless bees by using relative warp analysis of the forewings from india . the present study reports the morphological key characteristics of male and female bees of\nmost of the researchers in india concentrated only on stingless bee biology , morphometry , natural enemies and its pollination biology ( muthuraman & saravanan 2004 ; danareddi & viraktamath 2009 ; vijayakumar et al . 2012 ) . the studies on stingless bee species diversity in india are rare and our understanding of their identification is at an early stage .\n53\u20196 . 24\u201de ) , tamil nadu , india ( image 1 ) and preserved in 90 % ethyl alcohol for further identification . taxonomic identification was based on the nest architecture and morphology according to sakagami et al . ( 1983 ) and schwarz ( 1939 ) . the preserved male and female stingless bees were dissected and the morphological characteristics of the worker and drone stingless bees were photographed by using a leica m165c stereo microscope with image analyzer . the male genitalia were cleared in a 0 . 5 % koh solution and examined in both wet and dry conditions . in addition , male sternum v and sternum vi were used as a key characteristic for distinguishing the\ndeborah smith , department of ecology and evolutionary , biology / entomology , the university of kansas , usa .\nsmith , depends strongly on the works of schwarz ( 1939 ) , sakagami ( 1978 ) and sakagami & inoue ( 1987 ) for the subgeneric characterization and for species recognition . these authors indicated that the size differences as well as male genitalia and sternal characters are important key morphological characteristics for identifying the species . the species descriptions are given below .\n. this species has formerly been regarded as very widespread from india to solomon island . the \u201c\nspecies group is the largest and most widespread group in the indo - pacific areas .\nthe malar space is vestigial and the scutellum is extended backward . the mandible with two well developed teeth on the inner half of its apex . the basal sericeous area positioned more than half of the length of basitarsus .\nthe total body length ranges from 3 . 5\u20134 . 0 mm , and head width ranges from 1 . 50\u20131 . 68 mm ; forewing length includes tegula ranging from 3 . 2\u20133 . 9 mm , bifurcation between vein\nranges from 0 . 90\u20131 . 12 mm and hind tibial length ranges from 1 . 29\u20131 . 57 mm .\nthe entire body is black to blackish - brown . the clypeus , tegula , legs and metasoma are dark in colour ( image 2a ) . the frontal hairs are fulvous to whitish and plumose ( image 2b ) . the mesoscutal hairs well banded and fulvous to testaceous in colour ( image 2c ) . the mesoscutellar fringes are fulvous to testaceous . the erect hairs of the mesopleura are silvery to white in colour . the frontal hairs are mostly fulvous to whitish ( image 2d ) . the anterior veins and stigma of forewings are dark brown .\nthe hairs fringing on the hind tibiae posterior are plumose and the outer surface of hind tibia with dark brown stout setae ( image 2e ) . the hairs on upper surface of thorax is mostly light in colour and the hairs fringing the anterior contour of the hind tibiae are black ( image 2f ) . the basal and apical half of the wings are uniform in colour and the anterior veins and stigma dark brown ( image 2g ) . the number of hamuli on hind wing is constantly five per wing ( image 2h ) .\nthe structural characteristics are more similar to female bees ( images 3a\u2013c ) . the posterior margin of basitarsus is imperceptibly angulate . the outer surface of the hind tibiae medially gently convex and apically slightly depressed ( image 3d ) .\nthe total body length ranges from 2 . 5\u20133 . 5 mm , head width ranges from 1 . 38\u20131 . 43 mm , forewing length including tegula ranges from 3 . 1\u20133 . 8 mm , bifurcation between m and cu ranges from 0 . 88\u20130 . 95 mm ; hind tibial length ranges from 0 . 96\u20131 . 23 mm .\nthe male stingless bees are similar to female bees in colour characteristics . the dense plumose hairs cover the posterior fringe of the mid tibia . the hairs on the outer surface of the hind tibiae are plumose and sparser ( image 3e , f ) . the sternum v ( s5 ) is small and the sternite vi ( s6 ) is antegladular area medially long and postgladular area short ( image 3g ) . the median depression of sternite vi with sparse hairs and the apex is narrowly and shallowly incised .\nthe male genitalia are one of the most important characteristics for taxonomic study . the gonostylus is long and slender , more or less sinuous with sparse hairs at apex , penis valve is very robust , tapering only at the apex , about as long as or slightly shorter than gonostylus .\nstingless bees are a tropical group of over 500 species worldwide ( michener 2013 ) . recently , rathor et al . ( 2013 ) referred to seven stingless bee species in india . rasmussen ( 2013 ) listed eight species from the indian subcontinent and\nis a wide spread species in india . he pointed out that the species of the\ngroup are extremely similar in external morphology of the workers and a taxonomic revision of the species of india should include morphological characteristics of the male genitalia . the present study reports the key morphological characteristics of worker bees and male genitalia .\ngroup is characterized by having a dark mesoscutum with four distinct hair bands separated by broad glabrous interspaces . the genital morphology and molecular data are needed for correctly describing the\ngroup in nellithurai village , tamil nadu , india . the female bees were morphologically similar and are marked with minor differences in hairs on head and thorax , sereceous space and marginal cell in forewing . the male genitalia are the best diagnostic characteristics for differentiating within\nis long and slender and sinuous with sparse hairs at apex . the penis valve is very robust and tapering only at the apex .\njohns hopkins university press , baltimore , xiv + [ 1 ] + 913 .\nthe meliponini , pp . 3\u201317 . in : vit , p . , s . r . m . pedro & d . w . roubik ( eds . ) .\nthe authors extend sincere thanks to dr . ( ms ) debjani dey , incharge , insect identification service , national pusa collection , division of entomology , iari , new delhi and dr . rajiv k . gupta , professor and former head , department of zoology , jai narain vyas university , jodhpur for confirming the identity of the bee specimens .\nrasmussen c ( 2013 ) stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) of the indian subcontinent : diversity , taxonomy and current status of knowledge . zootaxa 3647 ( 3 ) : 401\u2013428\nsmith f ( 1854 ) catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part ii , apidae . british museum ( natural history ) , london , pp 199\u2013465\nascher js , pickering j ( 2016 ) discover life : apoidea species guide .\nmichener cd ( 2013 ) the meliponini . in : vit p , pedro srm , roubik dw ( eds ) pot - honey : a legacy of stingless bees . springer , new york , pp 3\u201317\nstingless bees of the continental asia and sri lanka ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . j fac sci hokkaido univ ser vi zool 21 : 165\u2013247\nrasmussen c ( 2008 ) catalog of the indo - malayan / australasian stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) . zootaxa 1935 : 1\u2013802\nrasmussen c , cameron sa ( 2010 ) global stingless bee phylogeny supports ancient divergence , vicariance and long distance dispersal . biol j linn soc 99 : 206\u2013232\nfrom india ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) . j melittol 7 : 1\u20135\nabrol dp ( 2012 ) pollination biology : biodiversity conservation and agricultural production . springer , berlin , p 792\ncouvillon mj , wenseleers vl , fonseca vli , nogueira - neto p , ratnieks flw ( 2007 ) comparative study in stingless bees ( meliponini ) demonstrates that nest entrance size predicts traffic and defensivity . j evol biol 21 : 194\u2013201\nrahman a , das pk , rajkumari p , saikia j , sharmah d ( 2015 ) stingless bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : meliponini ) : diversity and distribution in india . int j sci res 4 ( 1 ) : 77\u201381\ncubero of , crespo a , fatehi j , bridge pd ( 1999 ) dna extraction and pcr amplification method suitable for fresh herbarium - stored , lichenized and other fungi . plant syst evol 216 : 243\u2013249\nmichener cd ( 2007 ) the bees of the world , 2nd edn . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , p 992\nruttner f ( 1988 ) biogeography and taxonomy of honey bees . springer , berlin , p 284\nhebert pdn , cywinska a , ball sl , dewaard jr ( 2003 ) biological identifications through dna barcodes . proc r soc lond [ biol ] 270 : 313\u2013321\n( smith ) , a stingless bee ( hymenoptera , apoidea , apidae , meliponini ) , in the desert of thar in rajasthan . j environ bio sci 25 : 171\u2013174\nsmith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in jnanabharathi campus , karnataka , india . int res j biol sci 2 ( 2 ) : 44\u201350\nsmith . ( apidae : meliponinae ) in kerala . insect environ 5 ( 2 ) : 79\nsmith and physico - chemical characteristics of its honey . abstr no 183 . in : 40th apimondia , international apicultural congress , melbourne , australia . sept 9\u201314 , p 129\nbomfim iga , bezerra adm , nunes ac , aragao fas , freitas bm ( 2014 ) adaptive and foraging behavior of two stingless bee species ( apidae : meliponini ) in greenhouse mini watermelon pollination . sociobiology 61 ( 4 ) : 502\u2013509\npessarakli m ( 2016 ) handbook of cucurbits , 1st edn . crc press , boca raton , p 561\ncarpoglyphus robin , 1869 ( sometimes , the year is cited as 1860 , however , carpoglyphus robin , 1860 is not an available name ; robin , 1860 cites some collective characters for\ncarpoglyphus\nand other genera of mites , which does not constitute a valid description , and , thus , the name carpoglyphus robin , 1860 ( nom . nud . ) is unavailable ( iczn art . 12 . 1 ) ) .\nphoretic deutonymph : empodial claws arising from membranous ambulacra i - iv ( not from tarsal apices ) ( figs . 4 , 5 ) . leg iv with empodial claw present ( fig . 5 ) . leg iv generally similar in form to leg iii ( figs . 2 , 5 ) . posterior median ventral apodeme absent ( fig . 2 ) . ocelli present , widely separated on propodosoma ( fig . 3 ) .\nadult : prodorsum with setae ve absent ( fig . 8 ) . prodorsal sclerite absent ( fig . 8 ) . setae vi situated about half - way between anterior edge of propodosoma and setae si ( fig . 8 ) . ocelli present ( fig . 8 ) . supracoxal gland opening not associated with a large sclerotized region ( fig . 8 ) . tarsi i - ii elongate ( fig . 11 ) . pretarsi similar on all legs ( fig . 11 ) . pretarsi with long , thin condylophores ( figs . 11 , 13 ) . empodial claws present ( figs . 11 , 13 ) . dorsal setae smooth , not heavily barbed ( fig . 6 ) . males without paranal suckers or sucker - like setae on tarsus iv ( fig . 13 ) . coxal apodemes i fused medially with coxal apodemes ii closing coxal fields i in both sexes ( fig . 9 ) . condylophores asymmetrical in male ( fig . 12 ) . male with genital setae ( g ) and coxal setae 4b present ( fig . 10 ) .\na dichotomous key to adults ( males and females ) is available in fain and rack , 1987 . this key can be used to identify the two species found in associations with bees : carpoglyphus lactis and carpoglyphus munroi . one non bee - associated species , carpoglyphus wardleorum , was described later ( clark , 2010 ) .\ncosmopolitain . mites from honey bees have been reported from the holarctic , oriental , and australian regions .\nfeeding stages live in beehives of honey bees ( apis ) and probably in nests of stingless bees ( meliponini ) .\nthese mites live in a variety of habitats that often consist of sugary and fermenting materials . in honey bee hives , they feed on various components , including pollen stored in honeycombs ( bee bread or bee pollen ) , plant pollen , honey , and nest debris .\nphoretic deutonymphs disperse on adult insect hosts to suitable habitats . phoresy is known on lepidoptera and coleoptera but not on bees .\ncarpoglyphus lactis is a relatively common species in beehives , occurring in the debris on the bottom boards of beehives , honeycombs , dead bees , honey , and especially on the bee bread ( bee pollen with added honey and bee secretions that is stored in brood cells ) . this mite can penetrate the brood cells and make burrows in the stored pollen , consuming it and causing the pollen and the debris to spill from the cells . the infested bee bread , mixed with large quantities of dead and live mites , turns to a golden - brown or yellow powdery material covering honeycombs and bottom boards of beehives . the mite damage is especially severe in stored overwintering nests . for example , 250 honeycombs were destroyed by these mites over one winter in a single storage area in germany ( zander , 1947 ) . a similar case was reported in the usa ( alabama ) , where stored honeycombs were found heavily infested after winter storage ( baker and delfinado , 1978 ) . weak bee colonies are more susceptible to mite attacks ( zander , 1947 ) , while healthy bee colonies usually can clean up the infested pollen ( baker and delfinado , 1978 ) .\naside from beehives , carpoglyphus lactis is also found in old honeycombs , wine barrels in cellars , dried sweet fruits , canned fruits , fruits preserved in sugar , fermenting pulp , dairy products ( milk and cheese ) , and stored honey . it often infests products following substantial development of yeast . in the field , this species is found in fermenting tree sap flows , burrows of moles , and as phoretic deutonymphs on butterflies , moths , and scarabaeid beetles ( e . g . , gnorimus ) .\nwhen large numbers of c . lactis mites are ingested with infested food or beverages , they can cause dysentery . these mites also cause dermatitis to handlers of infested materials , such as dried plums ( o ' donovan , 1922 ) , and occupational allergies in the biological pesticide industry ( krop et al . , 2012 ) . however , they may be beneficial in the wine industry , as mite alarm pheromones enhance the aroma of pale and dry wines aged under flor yeasts ( marin et al . , 2009 ) .\nthe second mite species found in beehives , carpoglyphus munroi , is relatively rare and has been recorded from beehives from the czech republic .\nfig . 5 . carpoglyphus lactis phoretic deutonymph legs iii - iv , dorsal view .\nbiotechnological innovations in aquaculture ( p . 01 - 06 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ga01\nmangesh m . bhosale , r . r . mugale , pabitra barik , b . r . honnananda , h . k . vardia\nfour insectivorous birds in search of foraging niche in and around an agricultural ecosystem of nalgonda district of telangana , india ( p . 07 - 15 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra01\na virtual survey based debate on conservation strategies of indian giant flying squirrel ( petaurista p . philippensis ) ( p . 16 - 21 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra02\nectoparasites ( insecta and acari ) associated with bats in south and south - western caves of iran ( p . 22 - 28 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra03\northoptera fauna , it\u2019s habitat ecology and threats in barnawapara wildlife sanctuary , chhattisgarh , india ( p . 29 - 37 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra04\ndistribution and habitat preference of four - horned antelope ( chowsingha ) , tetracerus quadricornis in kumbhalgarh wildlife sanctuary , rajasthan ( p . 38 - 42 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra05\nestimation of dusty days using the model of time series : a case study of hormozgan province ( p . 43 - 48 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . ra06\nbreeding biology of critically endangered long - billed vulture ( gyps indicus ) at a unique site in telangana state , india ( p . 49 - 51 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . nn01\nhathipol : biodiversity of a tunnel \u2018cave\u2019 of chhattisgarh , india ( p . 52 - 54 ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 1 . nn02\nyoung ecologists talked and interacted in delhi ncr : culmination of yeti delhi 2016 / krem - puri : india\u2019s longest sandstone cave explored ( p . 55 - 57 )\nsystematic numbers for monte carlo integration doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ga01\ncloud computing : goals , issues , soa , integrated technologies and future - scope doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . rv01\nultrasound guidance in detection of pneumothorax and thoracentesis performance : a review doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . rv02\ntraditionally used medicinal plants in the treatment of kidney stone : a review on ethnobotanical studies in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . rv03\nbest , useful and objective precisions for information retrieval of three search methods in pubmed and ipubmed doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta02\npreprocessing and optimization of smooth data - driven model for emergency conditions against air pollution doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta01\na . ardalan , h . mohammadi , a . massah bavani , k . naddafi , m . t . talebian\none - dimensional transport simulation of pollutants in natural streams doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta04\nproposed suitable methods to detect transient regime switching to improve power quality with wavelet transform doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta03\nahp - vikor bridge structural system selection in urban areas tehran : interchangescase study doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ta05\ndiversity and habitat association of birds in a vindhyan gorge of kekariya , rajasthan , india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra01\ncogitation on routine drowned cases in mazandaran province : a case study in between the year 2008 to 2013 doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra02\neffect of glacial retreat on floral distribution and / or displacement in khersan glacier , central alborz mountain range , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra05\nfecal carriage of esbl types tem , shv , ctx producing genera proteus , morganella , providencia in patients of iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra06\ndiversity and habitat preference of odonata fauna ( insecta ) in kaziranga - karbi hills , central assam , northeast india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra03\nlocating of rural health centers equipped with telehealth using gis : a case study on khorramabad city , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra07\ngrowth and phytoremediation potential of watercress nasturtium officinale r . br . in ammonium - rich wastewater doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . ra08\nredescription of cadrema pallida var . bilineata ( de meijere , 1904 ) ( diptera : chloropidae ) and its role as pollinator and carrion feeder fromindiansunderbans doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . nn01\na report on resident , local migratory and migratory water fowl diversity in mayurbhanj district , odisha , eastern india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . 2 . nn02\nan analysis on views of iranian women about incentive policies on childbearing decision - making doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ga01\ninformationseeking behavior in blind people of iran : asurvey based onvariousexperiences faced by them doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta01\nassessment of human resources performance in high - tech aviation industries by dematel technique and fuzzy - analytic network process doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta02\nextracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral stones : a critiqueon success rate doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta03\nthe role of cognitive dysfunction and behavioral activation system on life quality life of employees in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ta04\ncogitation on occupational stress and social support among hospitalnurses : acasestudyof zanjanprovince , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra02\noccurrence of cleft lip and palate in terms of maternal health , parents ' kinship , and neonateweight : a case study in the infants of southeastern part of iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra01\neffect of mindfulness - based cognitive therapy on psychological sequels in hypertensive people ( hbp - patients ) doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra04\npower of stressmanagement skill training on levels of depression , anxiety and stress in patients suffering from type - 2 diabetes doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra05\nthe role of motivational interviewing in depression and psychological well - being in mothers of students having learning disabilities doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra06\ndental anxietyand pain perception related the appearance of dental injectors : a randomized clinical trial doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra07\nwomens psychological sexual disorder and hypertensive husbands doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra08\nconsequences of split shift work in indian traffic police personnel : day time sleepiness , stressors and psychological distress doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra09\npregnancy related anxiety questionnaire : reliability , validity and factor analysis doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra10\nrelation between emotion adjustment and perceived social support with quality of life of athletes with disability doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra11\npersonal and social predictors about safe sexual behavior inpatients with immune deficiency virus in ahwaz , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra12\nrelationship between job characteristics model and learning organization : a case study of a ceramic and tile company of maybod city , iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . ra03\nthe relationship between lifestyle and pain in patients with spinal discherniation doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . nn01\na debate on haryngolaryngeal histopathologic examination of the cadaver suspected of pressure on vital elements of neck : death cause doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . nn02\noccupational causes related male infertility : a case study in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp1 . nn03\nthe effects of water crisis on food production in iran doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ga01\nresearch and development on optimal expenditures evaluation and prediction : case study of irans agricultural sector doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ta01\nanassessment of natural regeneration of non timber forest product ( ntfp ) species : a case study of mandla , india doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ta02\nevaluating nitrogen efficiencies and accumulation in sugar beet ( beta vulgaris l . ) under tape - drip irrigation doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra01\nthe assessment of sugar beet half - sib families based on some morphophysiological traits under drought stress conditions doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra02\nevaluation of ceres - rice model in simulation of rice growth under constraint irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer conditions doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra03\nphylogenetic analysis of medicagoid trigonella l . species based on its sequence data doi : 10 . 21276 / ambi . 2016 . 03 . sp2 . ra04\ncopyright \u00a9 2016 - 2018 national cave research and protection organization . all rights reserved\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nvirginie boreux , a , 1 cheppudira g . kushalappa , b philippe vaast , c and jaboury ghazoul a , 2\n2 to whom correspondence should be addressed . e - mail : hc . zhte . vne @ luozahg . yruobaj .\nedited by kenneth g . cassman , university of nebraska , lincoln , ne , and accepted by the editorial board september 18 , 2012 ( received for review june 22 , 2012 )\nauthor contributions : v . b . , c . g . k . , and j . g . designed research ; v . b . performed research ; v . b . , p . v . , and j . g . analyzed data ; and v . b . and j . g . wrote the paper .\n1 present address : institute of ecology , ecosystem functions , leuphana university , 21335 l\u00fcneburg , germany .\ncrop productivity is improved by ecosystem services , including pollination , but this should be set in the context of trade - offs among multiple management practices . we investigated the impact of pollination services on coffee production , considering variation in fertilization , irrigation , shade cover , and environmental variables such as rainfall ( which stimulates coffee flowering across all plantations ) , soil ph , and nitrogen availability . after accounting for management interventions , bee abundance improved coffee production ( number of berries harvested ) . some management interventions , such as irrigation , used once to trigger asynchronous flowering , dramatically increased bee abundance at coffee trees . others , such as the extent and type of tree cover , revealed interacting effects on pollination and , ultimately , crop production . the effects of management interventions , notably irrigation and addition of lime , had , however , far more substantial positive effects on coffee production than tree cover . these results suggest that pollination services matter , but managing the asynchrony of flowering was a more effective tool for securing good pollination than maintaining high shade tree densities as pollinator habitat . complex interactions across farm and landscape scales , including both management practices and environmental conditions , shape pollination outcomes . effective production systems therefore require the integrated consideration of management practices in the context of the surrounding habitat structure . this paper points toward a more strategic use of ecosystem services in agricultural systems , where ecosystem services are shaped by the coupling of management interventions and environmental variables .\necosystem services are widely used as an economic argument for the conservation of natural habitats , including forests ( 1 ) . one such ecosystem service , crop pollination by animals , is thought to benefit 75 % of the major crops , representing 35 % of the world crop production ( 2 ) . pollination services have received particular attention in view of the declines in honey bees , a major crop pollinator ( 3 ) . a current concern is that a continued loss of honey bees ( and perhaps other bees ) may undermine crop pollination services and hence crop production worldwide ( 4 ) .\nalthough insect pollinators have been shown to improve coffee crop productivity ( 5 ) , many studies have either limited the assessment of production to initial fruit set ( around 5 wk after pollination ) or overlooked the impact of environment and management system on production . assessment of fruit yield within a few weeks of flowering might be misleading as coffee has a 6 - to 10 - mo fruit maturation period . during this production cycle a range of management practices , including fertilization and pruning , are implemented that , together with environmental conditions , might play a major role in fruit development and early fruit loss . consequently , the early positive benefits of pollination for fruit set might have disappeared by fruit maturation and harvest ( 6 ) . in consequence , it is difficult to ascribe the degree to which pollination alone contributes to coffee production . at the same time , if pollinators do enhance initial fruit set ( as appears to be the case ) , then an improved understanding of management and environmental factors might allow pollination benefits to be retained through crop maturation . such information would facilitate the integration of pollination services within the management system , for instance through the provision of potential nesting sites and the management of alternative floral resources .\na further consideration for coffee farmers is whether interventions that maximize pollination service benefits ( e . g . , shade management ) incur trade - offs with other services or management priorities . it is thus conceivable that an intervention that increases pollination benefits might diminish production by , for example , reducing light or resource acquisition . a complete study of the potential benefits of pollination services to coffee production requires a more comprehensive evaluation of production at the time of fruit harvest , as well as an evaluation of the various trade - offs inherent to different management practices . ultimately , trade - offs should be presented in crop production or monetary terms , but here we seek to understand their ecological expression .\nin this study , we investigated the potential role of pollinators in promoting coffee production in the context of soil and tree management practices as well as environmental variables such as soil fertility , shade cover , and rainfall .\nagroforests in kodagu , south india , flowered between february 10 and march 20 , 2008 , with each agroforest flowering on a single day within this period . twenty - six farmers used irrigation to stimulate flowering ( irrigation is otherwise not used ) . two large postrainfall \u201cmass flowering\u201d events , covering nonoverlapping areas of 250 km 2 and 80 km 2 , occurred on february 19 and march 20 and included 75 and 16 agroforests , respectively . in the first region only four farmers had irrigated their crop before the february rainfall event . the intensity of the march flowering event was less than in february as many more agroforests had already been induced to flower by irrigation . all 19 agroforests that flowered between march 15 and march 31 received rain on the flowering day , which greatly reduced the number of insect visitors ( mean = 0 . 4 \u00b1 0 . 3 se insects per observation as opposed to 6 . 4 \u00b1 1 . 2 se insects per observation for agroforests that did not receive rain ) .\nthere was high variation in pollinator abundance , with 45 agroforests ( 40 % ) receiving no visitors at all during the observation periods . in such cases it was very obvious that there were almost no pollinators across the entire agroforest , and thus a \u201c0\u201d value is not simply an artifact of a limited observation time but is an accurate representation of extremely low bee visitation .\nshade varied from 15 % in the most open agroforests to 76 % in the most shaded , with an average at 45 % . densities of grevillea robusta and native shade trees differed at plot and agroforest scales due to uneven distribution of trees within agroforests ( fig . s1 ) . on the basis of data collected from the 113 agroforests we estimated shade tree species richness across a range of agroforest areas ( fig . s2 ) .\nwidespread rainfall throughout the study region triggered simultaneous flowering across multiple agroforests , whereas irrigation allowed farmers to control the timing of coffee flowering , which was often at times when few other agroforests were flowering . bee abundance varied as a function of the number of agroforests flowering simultaneously (\n) . agroforests flowering asynchronously via irrigation ( i . e . , only 1 , 2 or 3 agroforests flowering at any one time ) had significantly higher bee abundance ( 15 . 2 \u00b1 3 . 0 bees ) than agroforests that flowered following rain ( 16 or 75 agroforests flowering concurrently ; 2 . 3 \u00b1 0 . 7 bees ) ( kruskal\u2013wallis test : \u03c7\nbee abundance as a function of the number of agroforests flowering on the same day . all agroforests in categories 1\u20133 were irrigated , and the number of each category signifies the number of agroforests in flower at that time . the numbers at top of the graph indicate how many agroforests flowered under such conditions : agroforests flowering alone ( category \u201c1\u201d ) numbered 13 , those flowering simultaneously with one other agroforest ( category \u201c2\u201d ) totaled 6 , and those flowering with two other agroforests ( category \u201c3\u201d ) totaled 9 . four of the 16 coflowering agroforests ( category \u201c16\u201d ) were irrigated . flowering in the 75 coflowering agroforests was stimulated by rainfall .\nthe \u201csign\u201d column indicates the effect of the independent variable on bee abundance / presence .\nthe interaction between bee abundance and number of flowers had a positive impact on the number of coffee berries harvested . thus coffee production increased with increasing bee abundance , and this effect was amplified by an increase in the initial number of flowers ("]}
{"id": 1997, "summary": [{"text": "the pale chub , ( zacco platypus ) , also known as pale bleak or fresh-water sprat , is a species of fish native to rivers and streams from northern china and korea to northern vietnam .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they can grow up to 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) but usually grow up to 13 centimetres ( 5.1 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its diet consists of zooplankton , invertebrates , fish , and debris .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "zacco platypus is called oikawa \u30aa\u30a4\u30ab\u30ef \uff08 \u8ffd\u6cb3 \u3001 opsariichthys platypus \uff09 in japan . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "zacco platypus", "paragraphs": ["huangshan population of chinese zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) harbors diverse matrilines and high genetic diversity .\njapanische drachenfische ( zacco platypus ) laichen im gartenteich unseres kunden benedikt reisner ab . weitere informationen unter : urltoken\nsympatric fish species include sicyopterus japonicus , spinibarbus hollandi , acrossocheilus paradoxus , varicorhinus barbatulus , varicorhinus alticorpus , zacco pachycephalus , zacco platypus , aphyocypris kikuchii and hemimyzon taitungensis .\nhuangshan population of chinese zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) harbors diverse matrilines and high genetic diversity . - pubmed - ncbi\nintron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development .\naggressive interactions between the dark chub , zacco temmincki , and the pale chub , z . platypus , in relation to their feeding behaviour\nintron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . - pubmed - ncbi\naggressive interactions between the dark chub , zacco temmincki , and the pale chub , z . platypus , in relation to their feeding behaviour\nit is important to make clear seasonal changes of fish habitat quality in rivers . there are still many unsolved question in fish habitat quality , because this consists of quite complex system . in this study , field surveys of seasonal changes of fish habitat quality were conducted through nine months in itabitsugawa river which belongs to class b river . it was found that carassius langsdorfi moves from pool to riffle through winter to summer . zacco temminckii and zacco platypus evade carassius langsdorfi in all seasons , because the body length of carassius langsdorfi is larger than that of zacco temminckii and zacco platypus . further , zacco temminckii evades zacco platypus which is larger than 8cm of body length .\naggressive interactions between the dark chub , zacco temmincki , and the pale chub , z . platypus , in relation to their feeding behaviour [ 1994 ]\nthe floods sometimes occur so that the discharge , velocity , flow depth are changed . in such situations , fish behaviors may be changed . however , there is little information on the fish behaviors in flood . in this study , the swimming behaviors of zacco platypus ( oikawa ) in the increasing discharge flows were recorded with a digital video camera . it was found that swimming speed of zacco platypus increased with an increase of velocity . in contrast , the ground speed of zacco platypus did not so change , irrespective of increasing discharge . the ground speed and swimming distance of zacco platypus did not change , even if the acceleration of velocity is changed . the effects of the acceleration on the swimming behavior of zacco platypus was smaller than that of the velocity .\nphylogenetic structure of zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) populations on the upper and middle chang jiang ( = yangtze ) drainage inferred from cytochrome b sequences .\nreproduction of the oikawa , zacco platypus ( temminck and schlegel ) , a cyprinid i . sexual characters in the anal fin and maturation kenya mizuguchi and yoshio hiyama\nphylogenetic structure of zacco platypus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) populations on the upper and middle chang jiang ( = yangtze ) drainage inferred from . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nmatrix of pairwise genetic variation between matrilines ( a - j ) of z . platypus\ninfluence of glaciation on divergence patterns of the endemic minnow , zacco pachycephalus , in taiwan .\nberrebi p et al . intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . heredity ( edinb ) . 2005 ; 94 : 589 - 98\nspawning characteristics between the two populations were not observed . bases on the biology characteristics of zacco platypus in beijing , we suggests to control the fishing amount , choose comfortable fishing season and protect living condition in order to maintain\nit is important to secure the rest area for fish . fish has the ordinary and dark muscle . when fish uses ordinary muscle , fish gets tired . in such a situation , fish needs a rest . in this study , vegetation density in open - channel is changed . the trajectories of zacco platypus ' s were observed . it was found that zacco platypus utilized a slow of the speed as rest space . stay in vegetation area increases with an increase of vegetation density . an approach rate to vegetation area rises with an increase of vegetation density . however , it was not found that clear relationship with a migration rate of zacco platypus and vegetation density .\nsix main mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) lineages have been described in minnow ( zacco platypus ) samples obtained from northern , western and southern china . perdices et al . ( 2004 ) predicted that further sampling of other tributaries might discover more lineages of this species . in this study , we collected 26 zacco platypus individuals in the huangshan area of eastern china and determined the cytochrome b ( cytb ) sequence variations . combined with reported data in genbank , we identified ten matrilines ( zacco a - j ) in a total of 169 samples , with relatively high molecular divergence found among them . the huangshan population had the greatest genetic variation among all sampled regions and hosted six of the ten matrilines . our results highlight the significance of the huangshan area for the conservation of zacco platypus .\nsix main mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) lineages have been described in minnow ( zacco platypus ) samples obtained from northern , western and southern china . perdices et al . ( 2004 ) predicted that further sampling of other tributaries might discover more lineages of this species . in this study , we collected 26 zacco platypus individuals in the huangshan area of eastern china and determined the cytochrome b ( cytb ) sequence variations . combined with reported data in genbank , we identified ten matrilines ( zacco a - j ) in a total of 169 samples , with relatively high molecular divergence found among them . the huangshan population had the greatest genetic variation among all sampled regions and hosted six of the ten matrilines . our results highlight the significance of the huangshan area for the conservation of zacco platypus .\nberrebi p & boissin e & fang f , et al . ( 2005 ) . intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . heredity , 94 , pp . 589 - 98 .\nberrebi p et al :\nintron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development .\nheredity , vol . 94 , no . 6 , 2005 , pp . 589 - 98 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nberrebi p , boissin e , fang f , et al . intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . heredity ( edinb ) 2005 ; 94 ( 6 ) : 589 - 98 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nwe examined the genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships of some chinese populations from the chang jiang ( = yangtze ) drainage of the cyprinid zacco platypus . we sequenced the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 64 individuals from 6 upper and middle tributaries of the sichuan and hunan provinces to assess their population structure and systematics . the combined analyses of the phylogenetic information and the population structure suggested that chinese z . platypus consist of four distinct mtdna lineages which exhibit high genetic variation and haplotypic diversity ( zacco a - d ) . the high molecular divergence observed among zacco a - d mtdna lineages ( trn + i ( 0 . 76 ) distance , mean 8 . 9 % + / - 1 . 7 % ) and their phylogeographic structure indicate that all four lineages have evolved independently . analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) indicates that most of the genetic variation observed is found among the four zacco mtdna lineages ( thetact = 0 . 94 ) suggesting restricted gene flow among the chang jiang populations . long - term interruption of gene flow was also evidenced by thetast values higher than 0 . 9 that could be favoured by the discontinuous distributions of the lineages inhabiting upper ( sichuan province ) and middle ( hunan province ) chang jiang tributaries . the significant correlation between the geographic and genetic distances provide support for the importance of geographic discontinuity in shaping the zacco genetic structure . nested clade analysis ( nca ) results were congruent with phylogenetic relationships recovered and confirm the genetic distinctiveness of four independent zacco groups . these four groups correspond to the four zacco a - d mtdna lineages recovered in the phylogeny and were defined by nucleotide synapomorphies permitting bootstrapped and bayesian confidence of 95 % or greater . the high level of mitochondrial sequence divergence separating all zacco mtdna lineages suggested that the z . platypus populations from the chang jiang drainage probably correspond to four different species .\nperdices et al . ( 2004 ) and perdices & coelho ( 2006 ) divided z . platypus sampled in southern , western and northern china into matrilines a\u2013f . they suggested that the long - term interruption of gene flow might have caused the diversification and an underestimation of the number of species . our analyses identified ten matrilines of z . platypus in chinese and some japanese populations . this confirms the prediction of perdices et al . ( 2004 , page : 9 ) that \u201cexhaustive sampling of other tributaries might evidence other zacco lineages\u201d . this is also in accordance with that found for opsariichthys bidens , a sympatric species of z . platypus ( perdices et al . , 2005 ) .\nzacco platypus , pale chub , is an indigenous freshwater fish of east asia including korea and has many useful characteristics as indicator species for water pollution . while utility of z . platypus as an experimental species has been recognized , genetic - level information is very limited and warrants extensive research . metallothionein ( mt ) is widely used and well - known biomarker for heavy metal exposure in many experimental species . in the present study , we cloned mt in z . platypus and evaluated its utility as a biomarker for metal exposure . for this purpose , we sequenced complete complementary dna ( cdna ) of mt in z . platypus and carried out phylogenetic analysis with its sequences . the transcription - level responses of mt gene following the exposure to cdcl 2 were also assessed to validate the utility of this gene as an exposure biomarker . analysis of cdna sequence of mt gene demonstrated high conformity with those of other fish . mt messenger rna ( mrna ) expression and enzymatic mt content significantly increased following cdcl 2 exposure in a concentration - dependent manner . the level of cdcl 2 that resulted in significant mt changes in z . platypus was within the range that was reported from other fish . the mt gene of z . platypus sequenced in the present study can be used as a useful biomarker for heavy metal exposure in the aquatic environment of korea and other countries where this freshwater fish species represents the ecosystem .\nzacco platypus is a common minnow that occurs in sympatry with most chinese cyprinids ( deng et al . , 2013 ) . topographical barriers may restrict its life history and drive cryptic diversity . the species\u2019 distribution encompasses all major river systems in mainl and china , as well as the korean peninsula and japan ( chen , 1998 ) . perdices et al . ( 2004 ) analyzed the genetic diversity of z . platypus sampled in the upper and middle changjiang ( yangtze river ) and found four major matrilines that may harbor multiple species . long - term interruption of dispersal is thought to have driven this diversity . perdices and coelho ( 2006 ) further studied samples from the pearl river and northern drainages , and obtained six matrilines in china . using nuclear dna data , berrebi et al . ( 2005 ) identified four genetic groups within z . platypus from sichuan , hunan and guangxi provinces in china .\nsome drainages still await sampling , such as the yellow river , one of the most important drainages in china . future research should detect additional matrilines of zacco , while morphological analyses may help differentiate morphological differences of taxonomic significance .\ninterpreted four basic population history scenarios based on haplotype and nucleotide diversities , which can also be used to clarify the history of z . platypus populations . our results revealed a pattern of high haplotype and nucleotide diversity in the huangshan population (\nthe present study aims at a phylogeographic description of zacco platypus from southeast china , in order to detect subdivisions within the nominal species . two main basins were sampled : the chang jiang ( yangstze river ) in central and east china ( hunan and sichuan provinces ) and the xi jiang , the more southern main tributary of the zhu jiang ( pearl river , guangxi province ) . a total of 27 intron systems were tested , five of them were informative and gave 12 interpretable and polymorphic loci . within the diversity of z . platypus , four genetic groups were identified by multidimensional ( fca ) analyses , corresponding to distinct genetic pools . the geographical distribution of the genetic groups corresponds neither with the drainage structure , nor the geographic distances between samples . it follows that isolation by distance and limited migration are insufficient to explain this geographic structure . the history of the river network therefore appears to have played an important role .\nty - jour t1 - intron polymorphism ( epic - pcr ) reveals phylogeographic structure of zacco platypus in china : a possible target for aquaculture development . au - berrebi , p , au - boissin , e , au - fang , f , au - cattaneo - berrebi , g , py - 2005 / 6 / 9 / pubmed py - 2005 / 9 / 15 / medline py - 2005 / 6 / 9 / entrez sp - 589 ep - 98 jf - heredity jo - heredity ( edinb ) vl - 94 is - 6 n2 - the present study aims at a phylogeographic description of zacco platypus from southeast china , in order to detect subdivisions within the nominal species . two main basins were sampled : the chang jiang ( yangstze river ) in central and east china ( hunan and sichuan provinces ) and the xi jiang , the more southern main tributary of the zhu jiang ( pearl river , guangxi province ) . a total of 27 intron systems were tested , five of them were informative and gave 12 interpretable and polymorphic loci . within the diversity of z . platypus , four genetic groups were identified by multidimensional ( fca ) analyses , corresponding to distinct genetic pools . the geographical distribution of the genetic groups corresponds neither with the drainage structure , nor the geographic distances between samples . it follows that isolation by distance and limited migration are insufficient to explain this geographic structure . the history of the river network therefore appears to have played an important role . sn - 0018 - 067x ur - urltoken l2 - urltoken er -\n) . the haplotypes were grouped into main clade 1 and 2 . clade 1 hosted individuals from huangshan , sichuan , hunan and guangxi and clade 2 contained specimens from huangshan , beijing and japan . we identified ten matrilines of z . platypus according to the topology of the phylogenetic tree and the genetic variation between the ten matrilines .\nwe used 916 bp out of 1 140 bp of the cytb sequences in the following analyses . the newly obtained sequences and those downloaded from genbank were aligned using clustal x ( thompson et al . , 1997 ) . for phylogenetic reconstruction , two closely related species , zacco temmincki and c and idia barbatus ( mayden et al . , 2007 ; wang et al . , 2011 ) , were chosen as outgroups .\nin view of modern genetics , genetic diversity in a given species is closely related to its adaptability , variability , and evolutionary potentiality , with genetic variation considered a prerequisite for organisms to cope with environmental uncertainty ( conrad , 1983 ) . herein , we report on the genetic diversity of z . platypus from eastern china based on extensive sampling of the huangshan area together with prior cytb sequence data from mainl and china , taiwan ( perdices et al . , 2004 ; perdices & coelho , 2006 ; wang et al . , 2007 ) , and japan ( he et al . , 2004 ; kawamura et al . , 2014 ; kitamura et al . , 2012 ; sasaki et al . , 2007 ; wang et al . , 2007 ) . we further evaluated the matrilineal diversity of z . platypus and revealed the possible ecological significance of the huangshan area .\nreproduction and organ structure of the pale chub , zacco platypus in isa stream were investigated by means of histological methods . the results of the study confirmed reproductive abnormality and histopathological features in the pale chub . the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) of the fish showed two peak in april and august . in summer season , gsi of the male was about two times of the female\u2019s gsi . monthly variation of the gonadal development was very irregular . from the histological analysis of the organ structure , epidermal atrophy , necrosis and hyperplasia of pigment cell were observed in the skin . epithelial layer lifting and clubbing of the lamella and bifurcation of the filament were observed in the gill . also histological changes as congestion , cytoplasmic degeneration of hepatic cell , degeneration of bile duct , glomerular dilatation , degeneration of renal tubule and pycnosis of interstitial cell were identified in the liver and kidney , respectively .\nvalues above branches represent the support level of ml ( bsp ) and values below branches represent the popularity rating of bi ( bpp ) . vertical bars indicate the mtdna lineage assignment ( a - j ) . < italic > zacco < / italic > a - f follow the nomenclature of < xref ref - type =\nbibr\nrid =\nb23 - zoolres - 37 - 2 - 103\n> perdices & coelho ( 2006 ) < / xref > and the others follow the alphabet . bold types are huangshan populations .\nthe oikawa , zacco platypus , is the popular game fish which widely inhabits the rivers and ponds all through japan except hokkaido . along with the study on the life - history , ecology and population of the species , which has been carried out since 1965 mainly in the water of the river aki ( a tributary of the river tama flowing into tokyo bay ) , the authors have studied the relationships between the maturity and sexual characters in the anal fin . based on the inspection of 1628 specimens collected monthly by a cast - net from november 1965 to september 1966 and in may 1967 , and by angling in august 1966 , the following results were obtained . 1 ) the males during the spawning season ( june to august ) were characterized by well - developed pearl organs , red and bluish green color on the side and enormously grown anal fin . these mature males , dominated by age group iii + and a half of males of age group ii + , exhibited breeding reactions and died out no later than september after spawning . 2 ) on the other hand , another half of males of age group ii + continued to grow in summer and became matured at iii + year old in the following summer . these ii + males were termed \u201cnon - mature\u201d males against the above mentioned mature males . these males showed no secondary sexual characteristics and having only thin thread - like testis through out the spawning season . 3 ) the morphological change of anal fin was observed also in mature females , but to a lesser extent as compared with mature males . mature females began to spawn at ii + years and died out after the second spawning at iii + years . 4 ) it is evident that zacco platypus more than 80 mm in total length can be sexed during spawning season and the degree of the sexual maturation , particularly in the males , may be quantitatively measured by the length of anal fin . 5 ) the cause of the condition that males of age group ii + are mature or \u201cnon - mature\u201d in spawning season was suggested through reading the history on the scales examined . the appearance of \u201cnon - mature\u201d males in age group ii + was discussed in relation to the population density .\nthe effects of effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant ( mwtp ) on population level responses of the pale chub ( zacco platypus ) , as sentinel species , were evaluated at four sites of the gap stream ( gs ) in june 2007 . at gs 7 . 2 and gs 2 . 7 , downstream of the municipal wastewater outfall , the response patterns of the pale chub population in the age at maturation were not changed ; mean age , fecundity , and condition factor were increased ; age distribution was shifted to older ; growth rate was increased / or not changed ; and the egg size and population size were decreased compared with reference site ( gs 26 . 6 ) . these observed responses of the pale chub population matched well with the characteristics expected from a fish population experiencing chronic recruitment failure , except for the decreased egg size due to the elevation in nutrients and pollutants by treated sewage discharge . the observed response pattern at the downstream sites might be caused by the deterioration of the spawning or nursery habitat , or by the contaminant - induced chronic spawning failures . thus , these results suggest that the effluent of the mwtp might impact on the fish population structure and health status of pale chub population .\ndivergence times among the main lineages of z . platypus were estimated using a bayesian mcmc approach implemented in beast v . 1 . 7 . 5 based on a strict molecular clock ( drummond & rambaut , 2007 ) . the parameters were : substitution model , tn93 + g ; tree prior , coalescent : constant size ; normal distribution ; 10 million generations ; parameters logged every 1 000 ; burn - in value = 1 000 . the molecular clock of cyprinids was assumed to be 1 . 52 % site - 1 ma ( million years ) - 1 ( doadrio et al . , 2002 ) for cyt b .\ntheory indicates that the anti - predation behavior of a fish species will depend on predation threats in a way that tends to improve the probability of surviving predation . pale chub ( zacco platypus ) , a small asiatic cyprinid , is widely distributed in both high - and low - predation reaches of the wujiang river . to test whether the anti - predator behavior of pale chub along the wujiang river varied in fish living in habitats under different levels of predation pressure , we measured spontaneous swimming activity , risk - taking behavior , utilization of shelter and boldness in pale chub collected from both high - and low - predation habitats in the wujiang river . the fish from high - predation populations showed less spontaneous swimming activity and risk - taking behavior compared with those of the fish from low - predation populations . however , neither utilization of shelter nor boldness exhibited any significant differences between high - and low - predation populations . one reason for this result may be that in their daily lives , the pale chub in the high - predation population primarily respond to the presence of predators by decreasing spontaneous swimming activity and risk - taking behaviors when threatened rather than increasing utilization of shelters and showing less bold behavior . the lack of an increase in shelter utilization and the lack of a decrease in boldness in response to predation pressure may be a compromise to allow foraging and growth .\nfish inhabit environments that vary greatly in terms of predation intensity , and these predation regimes are generally expected to be a major driver of divergent natural selection . to test whether there is predator - driven intra - species variation in the locomotion , metabolism and water velocity preference of pale chub ( zacco platypus ) along a river , we measured unsteady and steady swimming and water velocity preference among fish collected from both high - and low - predation habitats in the wujiang river . we also measured the routine metabolic rate ( rmr ) , maximum metabolic rate ( mmr ) and cost of transport ( cot ) and calculated the optimal swimming speed ( u opt ) . the fish from the high - predation populations showed a shorter response latency , elevated routine metabolism , lower swimming efficiency at low swimming speed , and lower water velocity preference compared with those from the low - predation populations . neither of the kinematic parameters fast - start and critical swimming speed ( u crit ) showed a significant difference between the high - and low - predation populations . the fish from the high - predation populations may improve their predator avoidance capacity primarily through an elevated routine metabolism and shorter response latency to achieve advanced warning and escape , rather than an improved fast - start swimming speed or acceleration . thus , the cost of this strategy is an elevated rmr , and no trade - off between unsteady and steady swimming performance was observed in the pale chub population under various predation stresses . it was interesting to find that the high - predation fish showed an unexpected lower velocity preference , which might represent a compromise between predation avoidance , foraging and energy saving .\nalthough perdices et al . ( 2004 ) predicted that exhaustive sampling of other tributaries might discover other lineages of zacco , few specimens have been sampled in eastern china . the huangshan area in eastern china is a mosaic of mountains with elevations lower than 2 000 m , and exhibits a complex geological history that includes tectonic movements , orogenesis , and periodic climatic change ( e . g . , ju et al . , 2007 ; r\u00fcber et al . , 2004 ; zhang et al . , 1990 ) . based on patterns of intraspecific genetic variation and buffer - zone models , huangshan hosts refugia of eastern asian conifers , frogs , non - migratory birds and asian salam and ers ( gao et al . , 2007 ; li et al . , 2009 ; murphy et al . , 2000 ; wu et al . , 2013 ; zhang et al . , 2008 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5258 ) ; common length : 13 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35840 )\nadults are common in streams and rivers with rapid water flow , but not deep or stagnant waters . feed on zooplankton , small crustaceans , macroscopic algae , small fish and detritus .\nman , s . h . and i . j . hodgkiss , 1981 . hong kong freshwater fishes . urban council , wishing printing company , hong kong , 75 p . ( ref . 5258 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00575 - 0 . 00955 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 3 . 05 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 43 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhead moderately large . eye moderately large , on upper side of head . mouth oblique ; posterior end of upper jaw reaches anterior margin of eye . body elongated , posterior laterally compressed ; dorsal and ventral profile slightly arched . barbels absent . scales moderately large , cycloid ; lateral line complete and curved above pelvic fin origin ; head naked . l . l . \uff1a43 - 45 ; predorsal scales\uff1a16 - 18 ; dorsal fin rays\uff1a3 + 7 ; pelvic fin rays\uff1a1 + 8 ; anal fin rays\uff1a3 + 8 - 9 . dorsal fin origin near midline between snout tip and caudal peduncle end ; pectoral fin end distant from pelvic fin origin ; pelvic fin at lower side of body ; anal fin rays long , the longest reaches caudal peduncle end ; caudal fin forked . dark grayish dorsally , side and belly silvery white . 10 or more vertically bluish stripes on side of spawning male .\nprimary freshwater fish , prefers running water at middle reaches . occasionally form schools . polyphagia , feeds on small aquatic animals and diatom .\nextensively distributed to eastern asia , including eastern china , korea , japan and taiwan . populations of taiwan were restricted in northwestern taiwan .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00575 - 0 . 00955 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 3 . 05 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref .\n) : 3 . 1 \u00b10 . 43 se ; based on food items .\n) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nopening hours monday - thursday : 7 . 00 am - 14 . 30 pm friday : closed\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncentro de biologia ambiental , departamento de zoologia e antropologia , faculdade de ci\u00eancias , bloco c - 2 , 3 piso , campo grande , 1749 - 016 lisbon , portugal . anabelperdices @ urltoken\nzheng x 1 , zhou tq 1 , wan t 2 , perdices a 3 , yang jq 4 , tang xs 5 , wang zp 6 , huang lq 7 , huang s 8 , he sp 9 .\nkey laboratory of exploration and utilization of aquatic genetic resources , shanghai ocean university , ministry of education , shanghai 201306 , china ; college of life and environment sciences , huangshan university , huangshan anhui 245041 , china .\nstate key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution , kunming institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , kunming yunnan 650223 , china .\nmuseo nacional de ciencias naturales , csic , c / jos\u00e9 guti\u00e9rrez abascal , 2 , 28006 madrid , spain .\nkey laboratory of exploration and utilization of aquatic genetic resources , shanghai ocean university , ministry of education , shanghai 201306 , china .\ncollege of life and environment sciences , huangshan university , huangshan anhui 245041 , china .\ncollege of life and environment sciences , huangshan university , huangshan anhui 245041 , china ; state key laboratory of genetic resources and evolution , kunming institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , kunming yunnan 650223 , china . snakeman @ hsu . edu . cn .\ninstitute of hydrobiology , chinese academy of sciences , wuhan hubei 430072 , china . clad @ ihb . ac . cn .\npmid : 27029868 pmcid : pmc4876827 doi : 10 . 13918 / j . issn . 2095 - 8137 . 2016 . 2 . 103\nthis article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .\nfound in shallow fast - flowing streams and rivers in asia from northern china to vietnam .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 09 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nsaurogobio lissilabris banarescu & nalbant 1973\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\npareuchiloglanis sinensis ( hora & silas , 1952 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax sinensis ( regan , 1908 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nglyptothorax fokiensis ( rendahl , 1925 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nyangtze river benthopelagic habitat\nand\nhucho bleekeri kimura , 1934\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\njournal of japan society of civil engineers , ser . b1 ( hydraulic engineering )\nedited and published by : japan society of civil engineers produced and listed by : iword co . , ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n20 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5258 ) )\ncommon in streams and rivers with rapid water flow , but not deep or stagnant waters . feeds on zooplankton , small crustaceans , macroscopic algae , small fish and detritus .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nmitochondrial diversity of opsariichthys bidens ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) in three chinese drainages .\nmolecular phylogeography and population structure of a mid - elevation montane frog leptobrachium ailaonicum in a fragmented habitat of southwest china .\nexploring factors shaping population genetic structure of the freshwater fish sinocyclocheilus grahami ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) .\nchloroplast dna phylogeography of clintoniaudensis trautv . & mey . ( liliaceae ) in east asia .\nphylogeography of the endemic gymnocypris chilianensis ( cyprinidae ) : sequential westward colonization followed by allopatric evolution in response to cyclical pleistocene glaciations on the tibetan plateau .\nmolecular phylogeography of endangered sharp - snouted pitviper ( deinagkistrodon acutus ; reptilia , viperidae ) in mainland china .\nthis study was supported by the center for aquatic ecosystem restoration ( caer ) of eco - star project from ministry of environment ( moe , korea ) . s . lee is supported by the national research foundation of korea .\namiard , j . c . , amiard - triquet , c . , barka , s . , pellerin , j . , & rainbow , p . s . ( 2006 ) . metallothioneins in aquatic invertebrates : their role in metal detoxification and their use as biomarkers .\nbervoets , l . , knapen , d . , de jonge , m . , van campenhout , k . , & blust , r . ( 2013 ) . differential hepatic metal and metallothionein levels in three feral fish species along a metal pollution gradient .\ncoyle , p . , philcox , j . c . , carey , l . c . , & rofe , a . m . ( 2002 ) . metallothionein : the multipurpose protein .\nde martinez gaspar martins , c . , & bianchini , a . ( 2009 ) . metallothionein - like proteins in the blue crab\neaton , d . l . , & toal , b . f . ( 1982 ) . evaluation of the cd / hemoglobin affinity assay for the rapid determination of metallothionein in biological tissues .\nhall , t . a . ( 1999 ) . bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt .\nhaq , f . , mahoney , m . , & koropatnick , j . ( 2003 ) . signaling events for metallothionein induction .\n( siluriformes ) metallothionein cdna : molecular cloning and transcript expression level in response to exposure to the heavy metals cd , cu , and zn .\nlange , a . , ausseil , o . , & segner , h . ( 2002 ) . alterations of tissue glutathione levels and metallothionein mrna in rainbow trout during single and combined exposure to cadmium and zinc .\nlivak , k . j . , & schmittgen , t . d . ( 2001 ) . analysis of relative gene expression data using real - time quantitative pcr and the 2 ( - delta delta c ( t ) ) method .\nmathiessen , p . ( 2000 ) . biological effects quality assurance in monitoring programs ( belqualm ) . in centre for environment faasc , ed . , remembrance avenue , burnham - on - crouch , essex smo 8ha , uk .\nrodriguez - ortega , m . j . , alhama , j . , funes , v . , romero - ruiz , a . , rodriguez - ariza , a . , & lopez - barea , j . ( 2002 ) . biochemical biomarkers of pollution in the clam\nross , k . , cooper , n . , bidwell , j . r . , & elder , j . ( 2002 ) . genetic diversity and metal tolerance of two marine species : a comparison between populations from contaminated and reference sites .\ntsuda , t . , inoue , t . , kojima , m . , & aoki , s . ( 1996 ) . pesticides in water and fish from rivers flowing into lake biwa .\ntsuda , t . , kojima , m . , harada , h . , nakajima , a . , & aoki , s . ( 1998 ) . pesticides and their oxidation products in water and fish from rivers flowing into lake biwa .\nyeom , d . h . , lee , s . a . , kang , g . s . , seo , j . , & lee , s . k . ( 2007 ) . stressor identification and health assessment of fish exposed to wastewater effluents in miho stream , south korea .\nzrn\u010di\u0107 , s . , orai\u0107 , d . , \u0107aleta , m . , mihaljevi\u0107 , z . , zanella , d . , & biland\u017ei\u0107 , n . ( 2013 ) . biomonitoring of heavy metals in fish from danube river .\nlee , s . , kim , c . , kim , j . et al . environ monit assess ( 2015 ) 187 : 447 . urltoken\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n\u201cone of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them , because you have to write and articulate your ideas . \u201d\nin our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso\u2019s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields . we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science . find out more here and apply by the extended deadline , 20 july 2018 .\nfreshwater minnow is a primary freshwater fish usually found in clean streams and rivers . the fish has a long and compressed body . there is no barbel on its terminal mouth . its bosy is light to brownish yellow with 12 to 13 silvery vertical bars on its sides . ther male shows elongated rays in its anal fin and yellow peral organs on the jaws and opercula during breeding season\nlam , k . s . ( 2002 ) . freshwater fish in hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nlee , v . l . f . , lam , s . k . s . , ng , f . k . y . , chan , t . k . t . and young , m . l . c . ( 2004 ) . field guide to the freshwater fish of hong kong . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , friends of the country parks and cosmos books ltd . , hong kong .\nman , s . h . and hodgkiss , i . j . ( 1981 ) . hong kong freshwater fishes . the urban council , hong kong .\nojima , y . , m . hayashi and k . ueno , 1972 . cytogenetic studies in lower vertebrates . x . karyotype and dna studies in 15 species of japanese cyprinidae . jap . j . genet . 47 ( 6 ) : 431 - 440 .\nvasil ' ev , v . p . , 1980 . chromosome numbers in fish - like vertebrates and fish . j . ichthyol . 20 ( 3 ) : 1 - 38 .\nman , s . h . and i . j . hodgkiss , 1981 . hong kong freshwater fishes . urban council , wishing printing company , hong kong , 75 p .\nhwang , h . c . , p . c . yueh and s . f . yu , 1982 . the freshwater fishes of china in colored illustrations . vol . 1 . shanghai sciences and technology press , shanghai , china . 173 p .\nmasuda , h . , k . amaoka , c . araga , t . uyeno and t . yoshino , 1984 . the fishes of the japanese archipelago . vol . 1 . tokai university press , tokyo , japan . 437 p . ( text ) .\ntakai , a . and y . ojima , 1984 . some features on the nucleolus organizer regions in the chromosomes of the cyprinid fishes . proc . japan acad . , ser . b : phys . biol . sci . 60 ( 10 ) : 410 - 413 .\nli , y . , k . li , y . hong , j . gui and d . zhou , 1985 . studies on the karyotypes of chinese cyprinid fishes . vii . karyotypic analyses of seven species in the subfamily leuciscinae with a consideration for the phylogenetic relationships of some cyprinid fishes concerned . acta genet . sin . 12 ( 5 ) : 367 - 372 .\nnagata , y . and y . nakata , 1988 . distribution of six species of bitterlings in a creek in fukuoka prefecture , japan . jap . j . ichthyol . 35 ( 3 ) : 320 - 331 .\nhureau , j . - c . , 1991 . la base de donn\u00e9es gicim : gestion informatis\u00e9e des collections ichthyologiques du mus\u00e9um . p . 225 - 227 . in atlas pr\u00e9liminaire des poissons d ' eau douce de france . conseil sup\u00e9rieur de la p\u00eache , minist\u00e8re de l ' environnement , cemagref et mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , paris .\nshao , k . - t . and p . l . lim , 1991 . fishes of freshwater and estuary . encyclopedia of field guide in taiwan . recreation press , co . , ltd . , taipei . vol . 31 . 240 p . ( in chinese ) .\nye , f . and p . song , 1991 . danioninae . p . 67 - 79 . in j . - h . pan , l . zhong , c . - y . zheng , h . - l . wu and j . - h . liu ( eds ) . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of guangdong province . guangdong science and technology press , guangzhou . 589 pp .\nshen , s . c . ( ed . ) , 1993 . fishes of taiwan . department of zoology , national taiwan university , taipei . 960 p .\nokiyama , m . , 1993 . an atlas of the early stage fishes in japan . koeltz scientific books , germany . 1154 p .\nbaensch , h . a . and r . riehl , 1995 . aquarien atlas . band 4 . mergus verlag gmbh , verlag f\u00fcr natur - und heimtierkunde , melle , germany . 864 p .\nklinkhardt , m , m . tesche and h . greven , 1995 . database of fish chromosomes . westarp wissenschaften .\nanonymous , 1996 . fish collection database of the university of british columbia fish museum fish museum . university of british columbia , vancouver , canada .\nkim , i . - s . , 1997 . illustrated encyclopedia of fauna and flora of korea . vol . 37 . freshwater fishes . ministry of education , seoul , korea . 629 p .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1998 . catalog of fishes . special publication , california academy of sciences , san francisco . 3 vols . 2905 p .\nchen , y . y . and x . chu , 1998 . danioninae . p . 19 - 61 . in chen , y . - y . and et al . ( eds ) . fauna sinica . osteichthyes . cypriniformes ii . science press , beijing , 531p .\nendo , m . and y . iwatsuki , 1998 . anomalies of wild fishes in the waters of miyazaki , southern japan . bull . faculty agric . 45 ( 1 . 2 ) : 27 - 35 .\nswedish museum of natural history , 1999 . fish collection database of the naturhistoriska riksmuseet ( swedish museum of natural history ) . ichthyology section , department of vertebrate zoology , swedish museum of natural history , stockholm , sweden .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) , 1999 . latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nanonymous , 1999 . fish collection database of the natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) . natural history museum , london ( formerly british museum of natural history ( bmnh ) ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) , 1999 . catalog of fishes . updated database version of november 1999 . catalog databases as made available to fishbase in november 1999 .\nanonymous , 2000 . the icthyological collection of the zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) . division of ichthyology and herpetology , zoological museum hamburg ( zmh ) .\nanonymous , 2001 . fish collection database of the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) . smithsonian institution - division of fishes .\nanonymous , 2001 . fish collection database of the zoological museum , university of copenhagen . zoological museum , university of copenhagen .\nkottelat , m . , 2001 . freshwater fishes of northern vietnam . a preliminary check - list of the fishes known or expected to occur in northern vietnam with comments on systematics and nomenclature . environment and social development unit , east asia and pacific region . the world bank . 123 p .\nanonymous , 2002 . fish collection database of the american museum of natural history . american museum of natural history , central park west , ny 10024 - 5192 , usa .\nanonymous , 2002 . freshwater fish collection database of the national science museum . national science museum , 3 - 23 - 1 hyakunin - cho , shinjuku - ku , tokyo 169 - 0073 , japan .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k , 2002 . ? esk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo ? ich ? v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , malo\u00fast\u00ed ( gonorhynchiformes ) - m\u00e1loostn\u00ed ( cypriniformes ) . n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd ? len\u00ed ) , praha .\njang , m . - h . , j . - g . kim , s . - b . park , k . - s . jeong , g . - i . cho and g . - j . joo , 2002 . the current status of the distribution of introduced fish in large river systems of south korea . internat . rev . hydrobiol . 87 ( 2 - 3 ) : 319 - 328 .\nanonymous , 2003 . fish collection of the royal ontario museum . royal ontario museum .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences , 2003 . chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . urltoken\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m , 2004 . kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nsado , t . and s . kimura , 2005 . developmental morphology of the indian cyprinid fish barilius canarensis . ichthyol . res . 52 : 360 - 363 .\nkim , i . s . , y . choi , c . l . lee , y . j . lee , b . j . kim and j . h . kim , 2005 . illustrated book of korean fishes . kyo - hak pub co . seoul . 615p . ( in korean ) .\nuonokai , t . nakajima and k . ohara ( eds . ) , 2005 . activities of uonokai ( fish survey group ) : fish distribution in the watershed of lake biwa . shiga , japan : lake biwa museum . 233 p .\nyamazaki , y . , s . haramoto and t . fukasawa , 2006 . habitat uses of freshwater fishes on the scale of reach system provided in small streams . environ . biol . fish . 75 : 333 - 341 .\nfisheries management division of the shiga prefecture agriculture and fisheries department , 2007 . shiga ' s fisheries ( fiscal year 2007 ) . shiga no suisan ( heisei 19 nendo ) , pp . 77 - 79 .\nfao - fies , 2008 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken 29 april 2008 .\nfao - fies , 2010 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2010 .\nfao - fies , 2012 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken march 2012 .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . the raffles bulletin of zoology 2013 ( suppl . 27 ) : 1 - 663 .\nfao - fies , 2014 . aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . retrieved from urltoken april 2014 ."]}
{"id": 1999, "summary": [{"text": "the pyrgotidae are an unusual family of flies ( diptera ) , one of only two families of cyclorrhapha that lack ocelli .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "most species are \" picture-winged \" ( i.e , have patterns of bands or spots on the wings ) , as is typical among the tephritoidea , but unlike other tephritoids , they are endoparasitoids ; the females pursue scarab beetles in flight , laying an egg on the beetle 's back under the elytra where the beetle can not reach it .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the egg hatches and the fly larva enters the body cavity of the beetle , feeding and eventually killing the host before pupating .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "in the united states , some species of pyrgota and sphecomyiella can be quite common in areas where their host beetles ( typically the genus phyllophaga , or \" june beetles \" ) are abundant .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "like their host beetles , these flies are primarily nocturnal , and are often attracted to artificial lights . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "pyrgotidae", "paragraphs": ["in family pyrgotidae that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .\nchen , s . h . 1947 . chinese and japanese pyrgotidae . sinensia , 17 , 47 - 74 .\nin family pyrgotidae are nocturnal . this may explain why we seldom saw them except in the mating season when they are courting on the tree trunk .\n4 . a review of australian pyrgotidae ( diptera ) - by sj paramonov , 1958 , australian journal of zoology 6 ( 1 ) 89 - 138 .\nkorneyev , v . a . 2012 . revision of the genus pyrgotomyia hendel ( diptera : pyrgotidae ) . african invertebrates , 53 ( 1 ) , 187 - 203 .\nhennig , w . 1960 . pyrgotidae de madagascar ( diptera ) . m\u00e9moires de l\u2019institut scientifique de madagascar , ser . e , ( 1959 ) , 11 , 321 - 353 .\nkorneyev , v . a . 2004 . genera of palaearctic pyrgotidae ( diptera , acalyptrata ) , with nomenclatural notes and a key . vestnik zoologii , 38 ( 1 ) , 19 - 46 .\n. we determined it is in the family pyrgotidae by its wing veins patterns ( sc vein reaching the wing margin at a sharp right angle ) and its absent of incurved lower fronto - orbital bristles .\nhering , e . m . 1940 . acalyptraten aus manchukuo . ( diptera : pyrgotidae , drosophilidae , otitidae ) . arbeiten \u00fcber morphologische und taxonomische entomologie aus berlin - dahlem , 7 ( 4 ) , 288 - 295 .\nhendel , f . 1933 . 36 . pyrgotidae . in : lindner , e . , ed . die fliegen der palaearktischen region . e . schweitzerbart . , stuttgart , 5 ( lfg . 73 ) , 1 - 15 .\nkorneyev , v . a . 2006 b . a revision of afrotropical species of the eupyrgota ( diptera , pyrgotidae ) : the varipennis and melancholica subgroups of species . vestnik zoologii , 40 ( 2 ) , 115 - 130 .\nkorneyev , v . a . 2006 a . a revision of afrotropical species of the eupyrgota ( diptera , pyrgotidae ) : the spinifemur group and latipennis subgroup of species . vestnik zoologii , 40 ( 1 ) , 3 - 25 .\nkorneyev , v . a . 2015 . pyrgotid fl ies assigned to apyrgota . iii . species of afropyrgota gen . n . and tylotrypes ( diptera , pyrgotidae ) . vestnik zoologii , 49 ( 1 ) , 25 - 40 .\nso\u00f3s , a . 1984 . family pyrgotidae . in : soos , a . papp , l . , eds . catalogue of palaearctic diptera . vol . 9 . micropezidae - agromyzidae . akademiai kiado , budapest , 36 - 38 .\n* korneyev v . a . monophyly , groundplan and sister - groups in the families pyrgotidae , platystomatidae and tephritidae / / in : third international congress of dipterology . abstract volume . university of guelf , 1994 . p . 112 - 113 .\nshi , y . - s . 1996 . pyrgotidae . in : w . xue , c . chao , eds . flies of china , vol . 1 . liaoning science and technology press , shenyang , 575 - 595 [ in chinese ] .\nsteyskal , g . c . 1980 . 42 . family pyrgotidae . in : crosskey , r . w . , ed . a catalogue of the diptera of the afrotropical region . british museum ( natural history ) , london , 556 - 562 .\nkim , s . - k . , han , h . - y . 2001 . a systematic study of the genera adapsilia and parageloemyia in korea ( diptera , tephritoidea , pyrgotidae ) . insecta koreana , 18 ( 3 ) , 255 - 291 .\nnartshuk , e . p . , korneyev , v . a . 2005 . data on the fauna of pyrgotidae ( diptera , cyclorrhapha ) of the russian far east . far east entomologist , ( 147 ) , 1 - 10 [ in russian ] .\nkorneyev v . a . & nartshuk e . p . 77 . fam . pyrgotidae / / keys to insects of far east russia . vol . vi . diptera and fleas . part 3 . vladivostok : dal ' nauka . 2002 : 8 p . ( in russian ) .\nkorneyev , v . a . 2014 a . pyrgotid fl ies assigned to apyrgota . i . new species and synonyms in eupyrgota ( s . str . ) ( diptera , pyrgotidae ) , with description of a new subgenus . vestnik zoologii , 48 ( 2 ) , 111 - 128 .\nkorneyev , v . a . 2014 b . pyrgotid fl ies assigned to apyrgota . ii . new species and synonyms in eupyrgota ( s . str . ) ( diptera , pyrgotidae ) , with description of a new subgenus . vestnik zoologii , 48 ( 3 ) , 211 - 220 .\nsteyskal , g . c . 1977 . family pyrgotidae . in : delfinado , d . , hardy , d . e . , eds . a catalog of the diptera of the oriental region , vol . 3 , suborder cyclorrhapha , ( excluding division aschiza ) . university of hawaii press , honolulu , 37 - 43 .\nkorneyev , v . a . , nartshuk , e . p . 2004 . 80 . fam . pyrgotidae . in : lehr , p . a . , ed . key to the insects of russian far east . vol . vi . diptera and siphonaptera . pt . 3 . dal\u2019nauka vladivostok , 399 - 408 [ in russian ] .\nreview of the genus geloemyia ( diptera , pyrgotidae ) , with discussion of its taxonomic position . korneyev , v . a . - species assigned to geloemyia hendel , 1908 , trichempodia malloch , 1930 syn . n . , parageloemyia hendel , 1933 syn . n . , and dicranostira enderlein , 1942 syn . n . are shown to be congeneric . geloemyia is refined to include eight species : geloemyia cheni kim , han & korneyev , sp . n . , geloemyia cockerelli ( malloch , 1930 ) comb . n . ( = trichempodia cockerelli malloch , 1930 ) , geloemyia dorsocentralis ( hering , 1940 ) comb . n . ( = adapsilia dorsocentralis hering , 1940 ) , geloemyia quadriseta hendel , 1933 , geloemyia stylata hendel , 1908 , geloemyia wonjuensis ( kim & han , 2001 ) comb . n . ( = parageloemyia wonjuensis kim & han , 2001 ) from eastern asia , geloemyia namibica sp . n . , from mainland africa ( namibia ) and geloemyia trifasciata ( enderlein , 1942 ) comb . n . ( = trichempodia trifasciata enderlein , 1942 ) from madagascar . geloemyia nigrofasiata hendel , 1933 based on a single male is supposed to be a junior synonym of g . quadriseta hendel , 1933 , based on females , but the synonymy is tentative . a key to species is provided . the genus geloemyia belongs in the tribe pyrgotini forming ( or belonging to ) a basal lineage in the subtribe adapsiliina together with pyrgotomyia hendel , 1914 and porpomastix enderlein , 1942 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nnot much is known about their larvae . it is believed that all the pyrgotid larvae are parasites of adult\nwe saw those flies near bulimba creek in wishart on early summer oct 2007 . there were a number of them there on a large tree trunk . some of them were courting . the courting pair were facing each other , sometimes with tongue touching .\nmale and female are a little bit different . they were dark brown in colour with brown patterns on wings .\nnear those flies we found a batch of insect eggs . could they be the eggs of those flies ? we are not sure . just leave the photo here for further study . ( later we found that those egg - shells look like the\nafter a few days ( still oct 2007 ) , we also saw those flies in karawatha forest . they seem quite common in this time of the year , but not seen at other time .\ncsiro , division of entomology , melbourne university press , 2nd edition 1991 , p717 .\n2 . on the fly , the interactive atlas and key to australian fly families cd rom - hamilton , j . et al . 2006 . brisbane : cbit & abrs .\n3 . northern territory insects , a comprehensive guide cd - graham brown , 2009 .\nphotographed at turtle river state park , north dakota ( 11 june 2010 ) .\nhtml public ' - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en ' ' urltoken '\nusername password not a member yet ? click here to register . forgotten your password ? request a new one here .\ndue to fact this site has functionality making use of your email address , any registration using a temporary email address will be rejected .\nhelp again can any1 give me the full title of kulon . allat . kozlem thx\ncopyright \u00a9 2004 - 2018 paul beuk , images in diptera gallery and forum of their respective owners powered by php - fusion copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 by nick jones . released as free software without warranties under gnu affero gpl v3 . simpleasthat\nurltoken uses cookies to store information that enables us to optimize our website and make browsing more comfortable for you . to learn more about the use of cookies , please read our privacy policy .\n1 schmalhausen institute of zoology , nas of ukraine , vul . b . khmelnytskogo , 15 , kyiv , 01030 ukraine\nenderlein g . 1942 . klassifikation der pyrgotiden . sitzungsberichte der gesellschaft naturforschenden freunde zu berlin , ( 1941 ) 2 , 98 - 134 .\nhendel , f . 1908 . acht neue pyrgotinen ( dipt . ) . wiener entomologische zeitung , 27 ( 4 - 5 ) , 145 - 153 .\nhendel , f . 1909 . diptera . fam . muscaridae , subfam . pyrgotinae . in : wytsman , p . , ed . genera insectorum , ( 1908 ) , ( fasc . 79 ) , 1 - 33 + 1 taf .\nhendel , f . 1934 . ubersicht uber die gattungen der pyrgotiden , nebst beschreibung neuer gattungen und arten . encyclopedie entomologique ( b ) ii . dipt . 7 , 141 - 156 .\nmalloch , j . r . 1930 . xlii . - exotic muscaridae ( diptera ) . - xxix . the annals and magazine of natural history , 5 ( 10 ) , 465 - 484 .\ncite score 2016 : 0 . 35 scimago journal rank ( sjr ) 2016 : 0 . 300 source normalized impact per paper ( snip ) 2016 : 0 . 496\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nflies moderately large , with rather slender build and rather long legs . wing 6 - 18 mm long , usually strongly patterned with bars , bands , or reticulation . ( steyskal 1987 )\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n1 . verves yu . g . , korneyev v . a . , ponurko ya . b . methodics of collecting of several groups of dipterous insects ( diptera , brachycera ) . actual ' ni problemy biologii [ actual problems of biology ] . kiev : vishcha shkola , 1977 : 15 - 18 . [ in ukrainian ]\n2 . korneyev v . a . [ korneev v . a . ] significance of the periphallic complex of flies of family tephritidae for special diagnosis and improving the classification of the family . in : scarlato o . a . , ed . : systematics of diptera ( insecta ) : ecological and morphological principles [ proc . of the 2nd all - union dipterological symposium , woronezh / ramon , sept . 1978 ] . leningrad , zoological institute , 1979 : 38 - 41 . [ in russian , translated in english : new delhi , 1985 : 60 - 64 ]\n3 . korneyev v . a . on the fruit fly fauna of the european territory of the ussr . vestnik zoologii , 1982 , no 2 : 83 - 84 . [ in russian ]\n4 . korneyev v . a . new fruit fly from the miocene of the northern caucasus . palaeont . zhurnal , 1982 , no 4 : 97 - 98 . [ in russian ]\n* korneyev v . a . urophora melanocera hering , a species of tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) new for the ussr fauna . vestnik zoologii , 1983 , no 2 : 54 . [ in russian ]\n* korneyev v . a . xyphosia laticauda mg . , a species of tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) new for the ussr fauna . vestnik zoologii , 1983 , no 3 : 45 . [ in russian ]\ngiraudi frauenfeld , a species of tephritid flies ( diptera : ephritidae ) new for the ussr fauna . vestnik zoologii , 1983 , no 3 : 45 . [ in russian ]\n* korneyev v . a . chaetorellia loricata ( rondani , 1870 ) = ch . holosericea hendel , 1927 , syn . n . vestnik zoologii , 1983 , no 6 : 45 .\n5 . korneyev v . a . tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) of the middle dniepr territory . kiev , 1983 : 28 pp . a manuscript deposited in ukrainian institute of sci . & techn information [ ukrniinti ] 1 . 12 . 1983 , no 1343 , uk - d83 . [ in russian ]\n6 . korneyev v . a . new species of tephritid flies of the genus urophora ( diptera : tephritidae ) from tadjikistan . vestnik zoologii , 1984 , no 1 : 60 - 63 . [ in russian , with english summary ]\n7 . korneyev v . a . comparative morphology of aedeagus of tephritidae ( diptera ) . in : scarlato o . a . , ed . : diptera ( insecta ) , their systematics , geographic destribution\nand ecology . [ proc . of the 3rd all - union dipterological symposium , kiev / belaya tserkov , sept . 15 - 17 , 1982 ] leningrad : zoological institute , 1984 [ 1983 ] : 67 - 72 . [ in russian , english translation is published , complete data not available ]\n8 . verves yu . g . , vlasov i . i . , korneyev v . a . dipterous insects of the families syrphidae , otitidae , platystomatidae , tephritidae and sarcophagidae of zaporozh ' ie region . problems of general and molecular biology . kiev , 1984 . no : 86 - 90 . [ in russian ]\n* korneyev v . a . evolution of trophical relationships of tephritidae ( diptera ) . ix congress of all - union entomol . soc . , abstracts . kiev : naukova dumka , 1984 , vol . 1 : 243 . [ in russian ]\n9 . volkov b . v . , volkova l . b . , korneyev [ korneev ] v . a . the fruit flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) of voroshilovgrad region . in : scarlato o . a , ed . : diptera ( insecta ) of the fauna of the ussr and their significans in ecosystems [ proc . of the 3rd all - union dipterological symposium , kiev / belaya tserkov , sept . 15 - 17 , 1982 ] . leningrad : zoological institute , 1984 : 27 - 28 . [ in russian ]\n* zeigerman a . g . , korneyev v . a . drosophila repleta wollast . , a new species of drosophilidae ( diptera ) in the ussr fauna . vestnik zoologii , 1985 , no 1 : 71 .\n* korneyev v . a . tribe terastiomyiini stat . n . ( diptera : tephritidae ) . vestnik zoologii , 1985 , no 2 : 86 .\n10 . kameneva e . p . , korneyev v . a . tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) of the ukrainian ssr fauna . problems of general and molecular biology . kiev , 1985 . no 4 : 67 - 71 . [ in russian ]\n11 . verves yu . g . , korneyev v . a . a review of the book :\n' catalogue of palaearctic diptera ' , vol . 9 and 10 . budapest , 1984\n. zoologichesky zhurnal , 1985 , 64 , no 9 : 1436 - 1438 . [ in russian ]\n12 . korneyev v . a . tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) of the middle dnieper territory ( with a review of classifications of the family worldwide ) . abstract of cand . sci . dissertation . kiev state university , 1985 : 19 pp . [ in russian ]\n13 . korneyev v . a . new species of the genus urophora ( diptera : tephritidae ) from uzbekistan . vestnik zoologii , 1985 , no 5 : 82 - 84 . [ in russian , english summary ]\n14 . korneyev v . a . [ korneev v . a . ] fruit flies of the tribe terelliini hendel , 1927 ( diptera : tephritidae ) of the fauna of the ussr . ent . obozr . , 1985 , 64 , no 3 : 626 - 644 . [ in russian ; english translation in : ent . rev . , wash . 65 , no 1 : 35 - 55 ]\n15 . korneyev v . a . contribution to the study of fruit flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) of the yemen arab republic . biol . nauki . 1985 , no 11 : 53 - 56 [ in russian ]\n16 . korneyev v . a . , zeigerman a . g . a contribution to the fauna of several families of diptera acalyptrata . i . problems of general and molecular biology . kiev , 1986 . no 5 : 47 - 51 . [ in russian ]\n17 . korneyev v . a . on the suprageneric taxonomy of tephritidae . abstr . of the intern . congr . dipterol . , budapest . 1986 : 129 . [ in english ]\n18 . korneyev v . a . flies of the families otitidae , platystomatidae and tephritidae ( diptera ) from the zeja state natural reserve . in : nartshuk e . p . , ed . : flies ( diptera ) in ecosystems of south siberia and far east . leningrad : zoological institute , 1986 : 44 - 50 . ( proc . of zool . inst . , leningrad ) [ in russian ]\n19 . kameneva e . p . , korneyev v . a . contribution to the fauna of diptera acalyptrata of the middle dnieper region . i . families micropezidae , platystomatidae and otitidae . kiev : editorial board of the journal vestnik zoologii : 7 p . a manuscript deposited in all - union institute of sci . & techn . information [ viniti ] 04 . 01 . 1987 , no 7 - d87 . [ in russian ]\n20 . korneyev v . a . , remm e . , elberg k . contribution to the fauna of diptera acalyptrata of the middle dnieper region . ii . families sciomyzidae and lauxaniidae . kiev : editorial board of the journal vestnik zoologii : 13 p . a manuscript deposited in all - union institute of sci . & techn . information [ viniti ] 13 . 03 . 1987 , no 1778 - d87 . [ in russian ]\n21 . zeigerman a . g . , korneyev v . a . contribution to the fauna of diptera acalyptrata of the middle dnieper region . iii . families aulacigastridae , asteiidae , camillidae and drosophilidae . kiev : editorial board of the journal vestnik zoologii : 9 p . a manuscript deposited in all - union institute of sci . & techn . information [ viniti ] 05 . 01 . 1987 , no 53 - d87 . [ in russian ]\n22 . korneyev v . a . the asparagus fly and its taxonomical position in the family tephritidae ( diptera ) . vestnik zoologii , 1987 no 1 : 39 - 44 . [ in russian ]\n23 . korneyev v . a . a revision of the subgenus cerajocera stat . n . of the genus terellia ( diptera , tephritidae ) with description of a new species of fruit fly . zoologichesky zhurnal , 1987 , 67 , no 2 : 237 - 243 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n24 . korneyev v . a . little known species of tephritidae ( diptera ) of the ukrainian fauna . in : savtshenko e . n . , ed . : fauna and biocoenotic associations of insects in ukraine . kiev : naukova dumka , 1987 : 83 - 87 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n25 . basov v . m . , korneyev v . a . exit of tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) from their larval chambers . problems of general and molecular biology . kiev , 1987 . no 6 : 47 - 51 . [ in russian ]\n. in : nartshuk e . p . , ed . : two - wingled\ninsects : systematics , morphology and ecology . [ proc . of the 4th all - union dipterological symposium , alma - ata , sept . 17 - 19 , 1986 ] . leningrad : zoological institute , 1987 : 49 - 56 . [ in russian ; english translation is published , complete data not available ]\neuropean territory of the ussr . in : nartshuk e . p . : diptera and their importance for husbandry and agriculture . [ proc . of the 4th all - union dipterological symposium , alma - ata , sept . 17 - 19 , 1986 ] . leningrad : zoological institute , 1987 : 36 - 39 . [ in russian ; english translation is published , complete data not available ]\n28 . korneyev v . a . tephritid flies of the tribes oedaspidini , aciurini and myopitini ( diptera : tephritidae ) from the soviet far east . new contributions to the systematics of insects of the far east . vladivostok , 1987 : 122 - 129 . [ in russian ]\n29 . korneyev v . a . , rogochaya e . g . fruit flies - tephritidae ( trypetidae ) . in : dolin v . g . , ed . : pests of agricultures and forest plantations . 2nd revised edition . vol . 2 . kiev : naukova dumka , 1987 : . [ in russian ]\n* kameneva e . p . , korneyev v . a . terellia colon ( meigen , 1826 ) = trypeta varia loew , 1869 , syn . n . vestnik zoologii , 1988 , no 5 : 52 . [ in russian ]\n30 . korneyev v . a . new and little known species of tephritid flies of the genus terellia r . - d . from middle asia and transcaucasia . ent . obozr . 1988 , 67 : 871 - 875 . [ in russian ; english summary ; translated in english : ent . rev . , wash . ; complete data not available ]\n31 . korneyev v . a . terellia ( cerajocera ) setifera ( diptera : tephritidae ) , a species of tephritid flies new for the ussr . vestnik zoologii , 1989 , no 2 : 75 - 78 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n32 . korneyev v . a . a review of palaearctic species of the genus hendrella ( diptera : tephritidae ) . zoologichesky zhurnal , 1989 , 68 , no 6 : 87 - 92 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\nhendel , 1927 = acidiella obscuripennis chen , 1948 , syn . n . ( diptera : tephritidae ) . vestnik zoologii , 1989 , no 4 : 87 .\n33 . white i . m . , korneyev v . a . a revision of the western palaearctic species of urophora robineau - desvoidy ( diptera : tephritidae ) . syst . entomol . 1989 , 19 , n 3 : 327 - 374 .\n34 . verves yu . g . , zeigerman a . g . , kozitskaya a . m . , korneyev v . a . cyclorrhaphous diptera of kanev vicinities dnieper region . problems of general and molecular biology . kiev , 1989 . no 8 : 17 - 26 . [ in russian ]\n35 . korneyev v . a . a new species of the genus chetostoma ( diptera : tephritidae ) from armenia . vestnik zoologii , 1990 , no 1 : 20 - 23 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n* korneyev v . a . terellia sarolensis ( agarval < , > kapoor , 1985 ) comb . n . ( diptera : tephritidae ) . vestnik zoologii , 1990 ( 1 ) : 58 .\n36 . korneyev v . a . a review of sphenella and paroxyna series of genera ( diptera : tephritidae : tephritinae ) of the eastern palaearctic . in : insects of mongolia . no 11 . leningrad , 1990 : 395 - 470 . [ in russian ]\n37 . korneyev v . a . , kameneva e . p . a new species of the genus tephritis ( diptera : tephritidae ) from kasachstan . zoologichesky zhurnal , 1990 , 69 , no 10 : 138 - 140 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n38 . korneyev v . a . a new species of the genus terellia ( diptera : tephritidae ) from moldavia . vestnik zoologii , 1990 , no 5 : 67 - 69 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n39 . korneyev v . a . new improvements in the suprageneric classification of the family tephritidae . 2nd int . congr . dipterology , august 27 - september 1 , 1990 . bratislava , czechoslovakia . abstract volume : 118 .\n40 . korneyev v . a . , kameneva e . p . tephritid flies associated with wild cynarae in the european territory of the u . s . s . r . 2nd int . congr . dipterology , august 27 - september 1 , 1990 . bratislava , czechoslovakia . abstract volume : 119 .\n41 . korneyev v . a . tephritid flies of the subfamilies phytalmiinae , acanthonevrinae and adraminae ( diptera : tephritidae ) of the soviet far east . new contributions to the systematics of insects of the far east . vladivostok , 1990 : 116 - 125 . [ in russian ]\n42 . korneyev v . a . , white i . m . tephritid flies of the eastern palaearctic species of urophora r . - d . ( diptera : tephritidae ) i . a key to subgenera and a revision of species ( except for the subgenus urophora s . str . ) ent . obozr . 1991 , 70 ( 1 ) : 214 - 228 . [ in russian ; english summary ; english translation expected in entomol . rev . , wash . ]\n43 . korneyev v . a . tephritid flies of the genera allied to euleia ( diptera : tephritidae ) in the ussr . communication i . vestnik zoologii , 1991 , no 3 : 8 - 17 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n44 . korneyev v . a . tephritid flies of the genera allied to euleia ( diptera : tephritidae ) in the ussr . communication ii . vestnik zoologii , 1991 , no 4 : 30 - 37 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n45 . korneyev v . a . new species of platystomatidae ( diptera ) from the maritime territory . zoologichesky zhurnal , 1991 , 70 , no 7 : 145 - 148 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n46 . korneyev v . a . , kameneva e . p . tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) associated with asteraceous plants in eastern europe . problems of general and molecular biology . kiev , 1992 , no 10 : . in ukrainian ; english and russian summary ]\n47 . korneyev v . a . reclassification of the palaearctic tephritidae ( diptera ) . communication i . vestnik zoologii , 1992 , no 4 : 31 - 38 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n48 . korneyev v . a . , white i . m . fruit - flies of the eastern palaearctic species of urophora r . - d ( diptera : tephritidae ) . ii . review of species of the subgenus urophora s . str . ( communication 2 ) . ent . obozr . 1992 , 71 ( 3 ) : 688 - 699 . [ in russian ; english summary ; english translation in entomol . rev . , wash . ]\n49 . korneyev v . a . , kameneva e . p . on the consortial associations of asteraceae in western tien - shang . ukrain . botan . zhurn . , 1993 , 50 ( 2 ) : 37 - 50 .\n50 . korneyev v . a . , white i . m . fruit - flies of the eastern palaearctic species of urophora r . - d ( diptera : tephritidae ) . ii . review of species of the subgenus urophora s . str . ( communication 2 ) . ent . obozr . 1993 , 72 ( 1 ) : 232 - 247 . [ in russian ; english summary ; english translation expected in entomol . rev . , wash . ]\n51 . korneyev v . a . new genus and species of tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) from the russian far east . zoologichesky zhurnal , 1993 , 72 , no 4 : 142 - 144 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n52 . korneyev v . a . a new species of tephritidae ( diptera ) from ukraine . zoologichesky zhurnal , 1993 , 72 , no 4 : 144 - 146 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n53 . korneyev v . a . a revision of palaearctic fruit flies of the genus homoeotricha hering ( diptera tephritidae tephritinae ) / / russian entomol . j . , 1993 . vol . 2 , no . 3 - 4 . p . 119 - 128 .\n54 . verves yu . g . , zeigerman a . g . , zrazhevski s . f . , kozitskaya a . m . , korneyev v . a . , tanskaya t . f . class insecta - insects . cyclorrhaphous flies ( diptera , cyclorrhapha ) / / \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 . \u0432\u044b\u043f . 50 . \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 . [ flora and fauna or natural reserves . issue 50 . invertebrate animals of the kanev natural reserve ] moscow : commission of r [ ussian ] a [ cademy of ] s [ ciences ] for the natural reserve business , institute of evolutionary morphology and ecology of animals of ras , the social and ecological union . 1993 : 12 - 46 . [ in russian ]\n55 . korneyev v . a . neoceratitis hendel , a new senior synonym of trirhithromyia hendel ( diptera : tephritidae ) . redescription of the genus and review of species / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1993 ( 1994 ) , 1 ( 2 ) : 59 - 62 .\n56 . kameneva e . p . , korneyev v . a . holarctic genus pseudoseioptera stackelberg ( diptera : ulidiidae ( = otitidae ) ) . part i . phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic position / / journ . ukr . entomol . soc . , 1993 ( 1994 ) , 1 ( 2 ) : 65 - 72 .\n57 . korneyev v . a . reclassification of the palaearctic tephritidae ( diptera ) . communication 2 . vestnik zoologii , 1994 , no 1 : 3 - 17 . [ in russian ; english summary ]\n58 . kameneva e . p . , korneyev v . a . holarctic genus pseudoseioptera stackelberg ( diptera : ulidiidae ( = otitidae ) ) . part ii . redescription of the genus and review of species / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1993 ( 1995 ) , 1 ( 3 - 4 ) : 69 - 78 .\n59 . korneyev v . a . evgeniy nikolaevich savchenko ( 1909 - 1994 ) [ obituary and list of published papers in entomology ] / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1993 ( 1995 ) , 1 ( 3 - 4 ) : 3 - 10 . [ in russian ]\n60 . korneyev v . a . reclassification of palaearctic tephritidae ( diptera ) . communication 3 . / / vestn . zool . , 1995 , ( 5 - 6 ) : 25 - 48 .\n61 . korneyev v . a . new records and synonymy in xyphosiini and tephritini ( diptera : tephritidae : tephritinae ) from the far east russia / / russian entomol . j . , 1995 , 4 ( 1 - 4 ) : 115 - 125 .\n62 . korneyev v . a . , merz b . a new species of the genus terellia ( diptera : tephritidae ) from central asia / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1994 ( 1995 ) , 2 ( 2 ) : 57 - 60 .\n63 . korneyev v . a . identity of vidalia diddiba dirlbek and dirlbekova and v . jibadaua dirlbek and dirlbekova / / int . j . dipterol . res . 1996 , 7 ( 2 ) : 133 - 134 .\n64 . korneyev v . a . the status of urophora dzieduszyckii frauenfeld ( diptera : tephritidae : tephritinae : myopitini ) / / ann . naturhist . mus . wien . 1996 , 98b : 525 - 528 .\n65 . korneyev v . a . , white i . m . fruit - flies of the eastern palaearctic species of urophora r . - d ( diptera : tephritidae ) . ii . review of species of the subgenus urophora s . str . ( communication 3 ) . / / ent . obozr . 1996 , 75 ( 2 ) : 463 - 477 . [ in russian ; english summary ; english translation expected in entomol . rev . , wash . ]\n66 . korneyev v . a . , peck l . v . sem . tephritidae ( trypetidae ) - mukhi - pestrokrylki - fruit - flies . / / genetical fund cadastre of kyrghyzstan . volume iii . superclassis hexapoda ( entognatha and insecta ) . bishkek , 1996 . 296 - 299 .\n[ \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0435\u0432 \u0432 . \u0430 . , \u043f\u044d\u043a \u043b . \u0432 . \u0441\u0435\u043c . tephritidae ( trypetidae ) - \u043c\u0443\u0445\u0438 - \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 - fruit - flies . / / \u043a\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u044b\u0440\u0433\u044b\u0437\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 . \u0442 . iii . \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 hexapoda - \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 ( entognatha \u0438 insecta ) . - \u0431\u0438\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043a , 1996 , \u0441 . 296 - 299 . ( \u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437 406 \u0441\u0442\u0440 . ) ]\n67 . korneyev v . a . , merz b . a new species of rhagoletis loew ( diptera : tephritidae ) , with notes on central asian species / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1997 . 3 ( 1 ) : 55 - 64 .\n68 . korneyev v . a . a revision of palaearctic campiglossa species assigned to gonioxyna ( diptera : tephritidae ) / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1997 . 3 ( 2 ) : 19 - 28 . ( nov 10 1997 )\n69 . korneyev v . a . new data and nomenclatural notes on the tephritidae ( diptera ) of far east russia . i / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1997 . 3 ( 2 ) : 29 - 35 . ( nov 10 1997 )\n* korneyev v . a . the first record of the family odiniidae ( diptera : acalyptrata ) from the ukraine / / vestn . zool . , 1997 , 31 ( 4 ) : 88 .\n70 . korneyev v . a . rhagoletis berberidis ( diptera , tephritidae , trypetinae ) , the first faunistic record from ukraine . / / vestn . zool . , 1997 , 31 ( 5 - 6 ) : 94 - 95 [ in ukrainian ; english and russian summary ]\n71 . korneyev v . a . new data and nomenclatural notes on the tephritidae ( diptera ) of far east russia . ii / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1997 . 3 ( 3 - 4 ) : 5 - 48 .\n72 . korneyev v . a . , merz b . a supplement to revision of fruit - flies of the genus urophora r . - d . ( diptera , tephritidae ) of eastern palaearctic . / / ent . obozr . 1998 , 77 ( 2 ) : 512 - 522 . [ in russian ; english summary ; english translation expected in entomol . rev . , wash . ]\n* korneyev v . a . the first record of the family carnidae ( diptera : acalyptrata ) from the ukraine / / vestn . zool . , 1999 , 33 ( 1 - 2 ) : 88 .\n* korneyev v . a . the first record of the family megamerinidae ( diptera : acalyptrata ) from the ukraine / / vestn . zool . , 1999 , 33 ( 1 - 2 ) : 88 .\n73 . korneyev v . a . , verves yu . g . a review of the book\nfauna helvetica . 1 . diptera - checklist\n/ / vestn . zool . , 1999 , 33 ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 .\n74 . hernandez ortiz v . , kameneva e . p . & korneyev v . a . a new genus and species of the picture - winged flies ( diptera : ulidiidae : otitinae ) from mexico / / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1998 [ 1999 ] . 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 73 - 79 .\n75 . korneyev v . a . a review of the book\nfauna helvetica . 1 . diptera - checklist\n/ / j . ukr . ent . soc . , 1998 [ 1999 ] . 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 80 .\n76 . korneyev v . a . , white i . m . fruit - flies of the genus urophora r . - d ( diptera , tephritidae ) of east palaearctic . iii . key to species / / ent . obozr . 1999 , 78 ( 2 ) : 464 - 482 . [ in russian ; english summary ; english translation expected in entomol . rev . , wash . ]\n77 . korneyev v . a . phylogenetic relationships among higher groups of the superfamily tephritoidea / / fruit flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) : phylogeny and evolution of behavior . proc . of symposium , xalapa , veracruz , mexico , february 16 - 21 , 1998 . crc press : boca raton , london , new york , washington d . c . 1999 . p . 3 - 22 .\n78 . korneyev v . a . phylogenetic relationships among higher groups of tephritidae / / fruit flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) : phylogeny and evolution of behavior . proc . of symposium , xalapa , veracruz , mexico , february 16 - 21 , 1998 . crc press : boca raton , london , new york , washington d . c . 1999 . p . 73 - 114 .\n79 . korneyev v . a . phylogeny of tephritinae : relationships of the tribes and subtribes / / fruit flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) : phylogeny and evolution of behavior . proc . of symposium , xalapa , veracruz , mexico , february 16 - 21 , 1998 . crc press : boca raton , london , new york , washington d . c . 1999 . p . 549 - 580 .\n80 . korneyev v . a . , white i . m . fruit - flies of the genus urophora r . - d ( diptera , tephritidae ) of east palaearctic . iv . conclusion / / ent . obozr . 2000 , 79 ( 1 ) : 239 - 253 . [ in russian ; english summary ; english translation expected in entomol . rev . , wash . ]\n* korneyev v . a . nomenclatural changes in the tephritidae ( diptera ) / / vestn . zool . , 2000 , 34 ( 4 ) : 16 .\n81 . korneyev v . a . , dirlbek j . the fruit flies ( diptera : tephritidae ) of syria , jordan and iraq / / studia dipterologica , 2000 , 7 ( 2 ) : 463 - 482 .\n82 . korneyev v . a . new records of oriental ctenostylidae ( diptera acalyptrata ) , with discussion of the position of the family / / vestn . zool . , 2001 , 35 ( 3 ) : 47 - 60 .\n83 . korneyev v . a . a key to genera of palaearctic platystomatidae ( diptera ) , with descriptions of a new genus and new species / / entomological problems ( bratislava ) , 2001 , 32 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .\n84 . korneyev v . a . 78 . fam . platystomatidae - signal flies / / keys to insects of far east russia . vol . vi . diptera and fleas . part 2 . vladivostok : dal ' nauka . 2001 : 286 - 295 ( in russian ) .\nkorneyev v . a . new and little known eurasian dithrycini ( diptera , tephritidae ) / / vestn . zool . , 2002 , 36 ( 3 ) : 13 p .\nkorneyev v . a . a revision of the quadratula group of the genus terellia r . - d . ( diptera : tephritidae ) / / i internat . tephritidological symposium ; israel , 2000 . proceedings . , 2002 : 16 p .\nkameneva e . p . & korneyev v . a . myennidini , a new tribe of the subfamily otitinae ( diptera : ulidiidae ) , with discussion of suprageneric classification of the family / / i internat . tephritidological symposium ; israel , 2000 . proceedings . , 2002 : 96 p .\nkorneyev v . a . & ovtshinnikova o . g . 79 . fam . tephritidae / / keys to insects of far east russia . vol . vi . diptera and fleas . part 3 . vladivostok : dal ' nauka . 2002 : 92 p . ( in russian ) .\nseitz a . , zwoelfer h . & korneyev v . a . tephritidae . / / a . raman , c . w . schaeffer & t . m . withers , eds . biology , ecology and evolution of gall - inducuing arthropods . enfield : science publishers . 2002 : 45 p .\nkameneva e . p . & korneyev v . a . family ulidiidae ( = otitidae , pterocallidae ) / / b . brown , f . c . thompson & m . zumbado , ed . manual of central american diptera . 2003 : 4 p .\nkorneyev v . a . family ctenostylidae ( = lochmostylidae ) / / b . brown , f . c . thompson & m . zumbado , ed . manual of central american diptera . 2003 : 18 p .\nkorneyev v . a . family platystomatidae ) / / pape , th . , ed . fauna europea : diptera , 2003 : 4 p .\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal ."]}
{"id": 2001, "summary": [{"text": "macroglossum aquila is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from north-eastern india , bangladesh , thailand , southern china , vietnam , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) , indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) and the philippines ( luzon ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is 49 \u2013 54 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "macroglossum aquila", "paragraphs": ["macroglossum aquila boisduval macroglossa aquila boisduval , 1875 , hist . nat . insectes , spec . gen . lep . , 1 : 340 . macroglossum aquila boisduval ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 : 657 .\nno one has contributed data records for macroglossum aquila yet . learn how to contribute .\nminden pictures stock photos - hummingbird hawk moth ( macroglossum aquila ) hovering near a flower , feeding on the nectar by means of its long probosci . . .\nmacroglossa aquila boisduval , [ 1875 ] , in : boisduval & guen\u00e9e , hist . nat . insectes ( spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res ) 1 : 340 . type locality : [ bangladesh , ] silhet [ sylhet ] ; cochinchina [ vietnam ] .\nmacroglossum geoffmartini ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10\nmacroglossum eggeri ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10\nmacroglossum haxairei ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10\nmacroglossum loeffleri ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 10\nmacroglossum luteata ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14\nmacroglossum oceanicum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14\nmacroglossum perplexum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15\nmacroglossum pseudocorythus ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15\nmacroglossum pseudoluteata ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15\nmacroglossum stenoxanthum ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15\nmacroglossum sulai ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15\nmacroglossum corythus fuscicauda ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12\nmacroglossum buruensis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 556 ; tl : buru\nmacroglossum corythus fulvicaudata ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12\nmacroglossum corythus novebudensis ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12\nmacroglossum corythus novirlandum ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 12\nmacroglossum corythus platyxanthum ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 13\nmacroglossum corythus pylene ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 13\nmacroglossum corythus xanthurus ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 14\nmacroglossum sulai eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 166 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , bungku\nwingspan : 49 - - 54mm . immediately distinguishable from all other species of macroglossum by the costal edge of hindwing dilated into a rounded lobe in proximal half . forewing upperside with antemedian lines placed more basally than in other species of macroglossum .\nmacroglossum marquesanum collenette , 1935 ; bull . bishop mus . 114 : 209 ; tl : hivaoa , kaava ridge , 2460ft\n? macroglossum palauensis matsumura , 1930 ; trans . sapporo nat . hist . soc . 11 : 120 ; tl : japan\nmacroglossum eggeri eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 173 - 174 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , parigi\nmacroglossum pseudocorythus eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 158 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , makki , 800m\nmacroglossum pseudoluteata eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 165 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , palolo , 800m\nmacroglossum micacea albibase rothschild , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 ( 1 ) : 79 ; tl : bougainville i . , solomons\nmacroglossum perplexum eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : ? 16 , 170 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , mamujuju\nmacroglossum geoffmartini eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 172 - 173 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , n of palopo\nmacroglossum haxairei eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 174 - 175 ; tl : sulawesi , selatan , paredean , 700m\nmacroglossum sylvia ; hogenes & treadaway , 1998 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo , suppl . 17 : 88 ( part . )\nmacroglossum fuscicauda rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 663 ; tl : lifu , loyalty island\nmacroglossum novebudensis clark , 1926 ; proc . new england zool . cl . 9 : 54 - 55 ; tl : tanna , new hebrides\nmacroglossum xanthurus rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 662 ; tl : larat , tenimber island\nmacroglossum oceanicum rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 292 ; tl : solomon islands , chago archipelago\nmacroglossum sylvia ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , 658 ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2004 , neue ent . nachr . 58 : 15\nmacroglossum ungues rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 643 ; tl : buru , amboina , java , etc\nmacroglossum loeffleri eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 54 : 171 - 172 ; tl : n . vietnam , 55km nww hanoi , tam dao\nmacroglossum lepidum rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 , pl . 20 , f . 5 ; tl : nias\nmacroglossum iwasakii matsumura , 1921 ; thous . ins . japan ( additam . ) 4 : 754 , pl . 54 , f . 9 ; tl : japan\nmacroglossum faro ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 665 , pl . 4 , f . 14 ; [ hmw ]\nmacroglossum sylvia ; inoue , kennett & kitching , 1997 , the moths of thailand 2 : 101 , pl . 30 , f . 136 , p . 146 gen 28\nmacroglossum kadneri eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 7 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 5 ; tl : indonesia , sulawesi , selatan , salubai\nmacroglossum palawana eitschberger & treadaway , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 7 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 6 ; tl : philippines , palawan , irawan , 50m\nmacroglossum trigi eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 4 , 11 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 3 ; tl : indonesia , sulawesi , selatan , n of palopo\nmacroglossum napolovi eitschberger , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 9 , 10 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 9 ; tl : n . vietnam , 55km nnw hanoi , tam dao\nmacroglossum wolframmeyi eitschberger & treadaway , 2004 ; neue ent . nachr . 58 : 8 , 11 , pl . 1 & 2 , f . 8 ; tl : philippines , off palawan , cuyo i . , 400ft\nin the male genitalia , uncus gradually narrowed , apically obtuse , slightly downcurved . gnathos rounded apically . valve with stridulatory scales . harpe short , stout , upperside excavated , edges dentate , looking like a brush in lateral view . aedeagus with a patch of teeth near the base of the apical process , which is slender , denticulate basally , along its proximal edge and at the apex , which is obtuse .\nchina : guangdong ; guangxi ( guilin ; longsheng ) ; hainan ( wanning ) .\nnortheastern india , bangladesh , thailand , southern china , vietnam , malaysia ( peninsular , sarawak ) , indonesia ( sumatra , java , kalimantan ) , philippines ( luzon ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e8res . 1 . sphingides , s\u00e9siides , castnides 340\nsyntypes [ bangladesh : ] silhet [ sylhet ] ; cochinchina [ vietnam ] [ cmnh ] . only a male syntype from\ncochinchina\nhas been found in the cmnh .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\ndiagnosis . the hindwings have the costa ( seen from below ) with an angular expansion at one third . the yellow band above is constricted centrally by the sharply angular border of the distal black zone . geographical range . n . e . himalaya to sundaland , philippines . habitat preference . two specimens have been taken in recent surveys , both from lowland forest in brunei ( harman , 1981 ) .\nmacroglossa vialis butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 240 , pl . 36 , f . 5 ; tl : canara\nmacroglossa interrupta butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 242 , pl . 37 , f . 2 ; tl : darjeeling\nmacroglossa belia hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 114 ; tl : ceylon\n1024x768 ( ~ 71kb ) oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 7 - 93 , photo \u00a9 s . shuichi haupt\nmacroglossa calescens butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 156 ; tl : new britain\nmacroglossa dohertyi rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 67 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : amboina\nsphinx faro cramer , [ 1780 ] ; uitl . kapellen 3 ( 23 - 24 ) : 165\nrhamphoschisma godeffroyi butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 157 ; tl : duke - of - york i .\nmacroglossa burmanica rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 68 , pl . 5 , f . 3 ; tl : burma\nheliophila divergens ( walker , 1856 ) ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 94\nmacroglossa hemichroma butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 243 , pl . 37 , f . 1 ; tl : silhet\nindo - australian tropics , australia , hong kong , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]\nhong kong , japan , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo , ? sulawesi . see [ maps ]\nmacroglossa mitchelli m\u00e9n\u00e9tri\u00e9s , 1857 ; cat . lep . petersb . 2 : 95\nmacroglossa semifasciata hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 115\nmacroglossa orientalis butler , 1877 ; trans . zool . soc . lond . 9 ( 19 ) : 528 ; tl : moulmein\nnaf , seu , ceu , am , ac , s . india , indochina . see [ maps ]\n1000x643 ( ~ 116kb ) northern greece , axios delta , june 1995 , photo \u00a9 dylan lloyd leg .\nmacroglossa similis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : oinainissa\nmacroglossa corythus walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 92 ; tl : ceylon\nmacroglossa proxima butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : ceylon , canara\nmacroglossa proxima ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 29 , pl . 91 , f . 1a - b\nmacroglossa fulvicaudata butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 10 ( 56 ) : 155 ; tl : new britain\nmacroglossa moluccensis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : batjan , n . molucca islands\nmacroglossa luteata butler , 1875 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 : 241 , pl . 37 , f . 5 ; tl : silhet\n[ dylan lloyd ] hafanedd , deiniol rd . , bangor , wales , u . k . , ll57 2up\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res h\u00e9t\u00e9roc\u00e9res . tome premier . sphingides , s\u00e9siides , castnides\nlepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\na catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\nwallengren , 1858 nya fj\u00e4rilsl\u00e4gten - nova genera lepidopterorum \u00f6fvers . vet . akad . f\u00f6rh . 15 : 75 - 84 , 135 - 142 , 209 - 215\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis large moth caterpillar gives the threatening appearance of a snake head , which may help to ward off potential predators . the eye - spots are patches of color on the body of the caterpillar , with its real head curled beneath .\n\u00a9 ch ' ien c . lee ( 1996 - ) . by using this website you agree to the terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nterms | privacy | phone : 831 . 661 . 5551 | email : info @ urltoken | \u00a9 2015 minden pictures inc | all content on this website is protected by copyright"]}
{"id": 2002, "summary": [{"text": "the glaucous-blue grosbeak ( cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea ) , also known as the indigo grosbeak , is a species of bird in the cardinalidae family .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is the only member of the genus cyanoloxia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in argentina , brazil , and uruguay .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "glaucous - blue grosbeak", "paragraphs": ["brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . glaucous - blue grosbeak ( cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nazulinho cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea glaucous - blue grosbeak durante a aula pratica do mini curso de observa\u00e7\u00e3o de aves da divis\u00e3o de fauna de s\u00e3o paulo , sucesso total , mais de 40 novos observadores estrearam observando essa ave . n\u00e3o use gaiolas , plante uma \u00e1rvore que elas vem . denuncie o tr\u00e1fico de animais silvestres , ibama - linha verde - telefone : 0800 - 61 - 8080 a liga\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 gratuita ou pelo e - mail : linhaverde . sede @ urltoken\nnests oct\u2013dec in uruguay . nest a cup of small twigs , placed at low or medium height in dense vegetation . clutch 2\u20134 eggs , pale sky - blue . . .\n14 cm ; three birds 16\u201319\u00b75 g . male is deep dark sky - blue above ( each feather having very narrow blackish terminal edging ) , brightest on forehead and rump ; remiges blackish . . .\ncontributed for the female bird song project : urltoken apparent female ( timing of recording seems a bit early for a singing juvenile male , assuming they breed in austral spring ) , all brown with no hint of blue that i was able to see . calling and foraging in dense underbrush of araucaria forest , about 15ft away . amplified with audacity .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\napparent hybrids between this species and an unspecified sporophila seed - finch ( thraupidae ) reported from brazil . monotypic .\nne argentina ( misiones , corrientes , entre r\u00edos and ne buenos aires ) , se brazil ( s s\u00e3o paulo , santa catarina , rio grande do sul ) and n , e & w uruguay ; in austral winter , some move n as far mato grosso do sul ( s brazil ) .\nsong , usually from concealed perch in dense cover , a fast , high , hurried jumbled warbling ; call \u201c . . .\nedges of low forest , bushes on humid river islands , marshes , second growth ; from near sea - level to . . .\npartial austral migrant . during austral winter , some move n as far as mato grosso do sul , s goi\u00e1s . . .\nnot globally threatened . generally rather rare to uncommon over much of range . not well known .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously included in a much broader emberizidae . limits and composition redrawn in recent years , based on extensive molecular work # r # r . as compared to hbw : granatellus is imported from parulidae , amaurospiza from passerellidae ( part of emberizidae in hbw ) , and habia ( now including chlorothraupis ) and piranga from thraupidae ; at the same time , saltator and parkerthraustes have been removed to thraupidae .\nsometimes subsumed within passerina . includes several species previously placed in cyanocompsa , moved here based on molecular data # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nentrada a gendarmeria ( ruta 2 c . km35 ) , area pp mocona , guarani , el soberbio , misiones\ninventario de aves en campo avalos 2010 , corrientes , arg . : aves argentinas & alianzas por el pastizal .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 668 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngill & wright ( 2006 ) corrigenda / updates - 21 - sep - 2007 , website ( version 1 . 1 )\nioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) , website ( version 5 . 3 )\ngill , f . , and d . donsker , eds . 2015 . ioc world bird list ( v 5 . 3 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 04 september , 2015 ]\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2015 . 02 . 01 , website ( version 01 - feb - 15 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2006, "summary": [{"text": "auratonota badiaurea is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 18 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish cream , suffused ochreous or ferruginous brown , with paler and darker groups of scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "auratonota badiaurea", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for badiaurea definition . you find here badiaurea meaning , synonyms of badiaurea and images for badiaurea copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nauratonota badiaurea is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in brazil .\nhave a fact about auratonota badiaurea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for auratonota badiaurea ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word badiaurea . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word badiaurea and , of course , badiaurea synonyms and on the right images related to the word badiaurea .\nauratonota aurochra is a species of moth of the tortricidae family which is endemic to ecuador .\nauratonota chlamydophora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family and is endemic to ecuador .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2007, "summary": [{"text": "the african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) is an afrotropical bird of the family pittidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a locally common to uncommon species , resident and migratory in the west , and an intra-african migrant between equatorial and southeastern africa .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are elusive and hard to observe despite their brightly coloured plumage , and their loud , explosive calls are infrequently heard .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the plump , somewhat thrush-like birds forage on leaf litter under the canopy of riparian or coastal forest and thickets , or in climax miombo forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "they spend much time during mornings and at dusk scratching in leaf litter or around termitaria , or may stand motionless for long periods .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "following rains breeding birds call and display from the mid-canopy . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "african pitta", "paragraphs": ["stamps showing african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis african pitta pitta angolensis 109 . 009 african pitta ioc v2 . 4 : 4217 links will open countrypage in new window - cambodia 01 . 12 . 1994 birds ms - gabon 15 . 10 . more\nafrican pitta ( pitta angolensis ) is a species of bird in the pittidae family .\nnsabagasani c . a migratory species , african pitta \u201cpitta angolensis\u201d passed buhanga relict forest .\nthe african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) also called angola pitta is certainly one of the top prizes for birdwatchers going for africa .\npittas of the world . a monograph on the pitta family | african bird club\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of african pitta were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of african pitta here .\nwe will dedicate 3 mornings and afternoons to try and photograph the elusive african pitta in the zambezi valley .\nthe interest for the african pitta migration of 2012 started with a possible siting on the pugu hills nature centre trail during the eastern holidays . due to doubts about this african pitta a query among the\ndar birders\nrevealed that actually an african pitta had landed in the\npeninsula\n, the part of dar es salaam with adequately invitive gardens .\nthe african pitta\u2019s are intra - african migrants and they migrate to the zambezi valley each year between late nov and early april to breed . one can only really locate the pitta\u2019s at the start of the rainy season when they begin their breeding cycle .\nthe untamed african wilderness \u2013 both south luangwa and kasanka national parks are unfenced with free roaming animals that offers the authentic african wilderness experience .\npossible hybrid with green - breasted pitta as breast more green than buff and voice was as pitta reichenowi . however shows . . .\nenglish : green - breasted pitta , black - headed pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve a capuchon ; german : kappenpitta ; spanish : pita encapuchada .\nthe african pitta is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nenglish : black - and - scarlet pitta , black - crowned pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve gacieuse ; german : granatpitta ; spanish : pita de corona negra .\nthe african pitta is a very special bird ; it is one of 32 other pitta species . it is very aggressive and will do anything to be the best pitta around . it is known as \u201cthe holy grail of african birds\u201d because it is very shy , even the best birdwatchers have a hard time catching a glimpse of this bright bird . it communicates in a repeating trail of two note whistles , trills , or grunts . they are often compared with thrushes because of the similarities . the african pitta is diurnal and migrates at night . this makes it hard for them to see buildings as they fly over african cities . this is the reason why in kenya , the number of african pittas have decreased because lighted buildings pose a threat at night . african pittas make themselves feel at home by using fallen trees and branches as perches because they are birds that stay on the ground rather than in the air . in the rare occasion that it is sighted , the african pitta will usually be seen in zimbabwe . when it walks , it flits its tail from side - to - side in a very arrogant way . in the zambezi valley , the breeding of the african pitta has been affected by the large number of elephants and also by increased farming .\nthe pitta did not allow anymore photographs in the\nwild\nafter being released .\nrheindt , f . e . , and j . a . eaton . 2010 . biological species limits in the banded pitta pitta guajana . forktail 26 , 86 - 91 .\nmalawi 1992 birds 75t african pitta used sg 892 watch this auction meet the seller seller not yet uploaded a picture . borucha feedback tier 5 ( 251 - > 750 rating ) address verified . more\nunique opportunities \u2013 this photo safari offers the only time and place where these three events , the elephants through reception , african pitta , and biggest mammal migration in the world , can be photographed .\nthe african pitta , pitta angolensis , is a species of bird in the pittidae family . it is found in angola , burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , equatorial guinea , ethiopia , gabon , ghana , kenya , liberia , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , rwanda , sierra leone , south africa , tanzania , togo , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe . references - * birdlife international 2004 . pitta angolensis . more\nfrom 3000 m\u00b2 in the african pitta to 10 , 000m\u00b2 in the rainbow pitta . pittas will perform territory defence displays on the edges of their territories , although fights between rivals have only been recorded once . migratory species will defend non - breeding feeding territories in addition to their breeding ones . more\ndutson , g . , and j . newman .\nobservations on the superb pitta ( pitta superba ) and other manus endemics .\nbird conservation international 1 ( 1991 ) : 215\u2013222 .\nthe coming of the rains heralds \u201cchange\u201d . the african pitta arrives in the zambezi valley to breed . migrants abound in the bush and hundreds of migrants flock to feed on the new bounty that the rains bring in . come with us in search of one africa\u2019s most elusive bird species the african pitta , we will journey to the zambezi valley to try to locate it at the start of its breeding season .\nsouth african special forces ( elite ) and over 2 million other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nbut i also want to take images . to photograph the african pitta is still a very different thing . i worked hard for one hour and more . i kept changing my positon with my guides support on the edges of the bush . unfortunately the african pitta seemed a bit reluctant . not really shy , but at least it could not be approached easily . i tried to stay under the bush , which was located on a termite mound . after a while laying calm in the heat , i really could take fabulous looks , took pictures and even flash the african pitta after some time . finally the pitta came so close to me that even the 300 - lens with its close focus was to big . really i was very impressed . a thrill experience !\nthe african pitta , pitta angolensis , is a species of bird in the pittidae family . it is found in angola , burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , equatorial guinea , ethiopia , gabon , ghana , kenya , liberia , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , rwanda , sierra leone , south africa , tanzania , togo , uganda , zambia , and zimbabwe .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nafrikanpitta\nfrom\npitta angolensis vieillot 1816\nas trusted .\nthe southern african bird atlas project ( sabap1 ) in namibia gathered a huge amount of distribution data between 1970 and 1993 .\nmodern african wars vol . 2 : angola and mozambique , 1961 - 74 ( men - at - arms no 202 )\nenglish : black - backed pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve superbe ; german : mohrenpitta ; spanish : pita soberbia .\nenglish : angolan pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve d ' angola ; german : angolapitta ; spanish : pita africana .\njewel of the forest \u2013 it\u2019s not difficult to understand why the spectacular , elusive and rare african pitta is the most sought after bird for photographers in africa , and now for the first time you\u2019ll get a realistic chance to photograph it .\npittas are found alone or in pairs and are territorial . territories may vary widely in size depending on the species and habitat ; african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) territories may be as small as 0 . 75 acre ( 0 . 3 ha ) , rainbow pittas ( pitta iris ) defend areas larger than 2 . 5 acres ( 1 ha ) , and for some species only a single pair may be found in an area as large as 50 acres ( 20 ha ) .\nenglish : bengal pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve du bengale ; german : neunfarbenpitta ; spanish : pita de alas azules .\nenglish : black - breasted pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve iris ; german : rogenboenpitta ; spanish : pita arco iris .\nmodern african wars vol . 3 : south west africa ( men - at - arms series 242 ) : south west africa vol 3\nenglish : black - breasted pitta ; french : br\u00e8ve de gurney ; german : goldkehlpitta ; spanish : pita de gurney .\nafrican pitta pitta angolensis = described by : vieillot ( 1816 ) alternate common name ( s ) : angolan pitta old scientific name ( s ) : none known by website authors photographs no photographs are available for this species range w . , cw . and se . africa ; three populations ; ( 1 ) sierra leone , se . guinea and liberia e . to w . cameroon . ( 2 ) sw . cameroon to nw . angola . ( 3 ) e . zaire , c . and e . more\nerritzoe , j . ( 2018 ) . african pitta ( pitta angolensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe african pitta is an intra - african breeding migrant , arriving in southern and south - central africa to breed around november - december , then departing around march - april for its non - breeding grounds in equatorial africa . in southern africa it is scarce and localized , mainly occupying evergreen forest or dense thickets , often on the banks of rivers or streams , foraging for invertebrates in the leaf litter . more\nrozendaal , f .\nspecies limits within the garnet pitta - complex .\ndutch birding 16 ( 1994 ) : 239\u2013245 .\nlike humans . pitta chicks don\u2019t beg for food , they just wait with their mouth open until food is given to them .\nmodern african wars ( 1 ) : rhodesia 1965 - 80 : rhodesia , 1965 - 80 no . 1 ( men - at - arms )\nthis book provides a highly detailed account of the history , organisation , uniforms and insignia of south african special forces from their origins up to the early 90s \u2013 units such as the 44 parachute brigade , the hunter group and the infamous swa police coin unit ' koevoet ' . these elite units of the south african defence force and the special anti - terrorist units of the south african police forces comprised the largest , best trained and best equipped of any country in southern africa . robert pitta and jeff fannell provide the text in a volume packed with photographs and illustrations .\nthis book provides a highly detailed account of the history , organisation , uniforms and insignia of south african special forces from their origins up to the early 90s - units such as the 44 parachute brigade , the hunter group and the infamous swa police coin unit ' koevoet ' . these elite units of the south african defence force and the special anti - terrorist units of the south african police forces comprised the largest , best trained and best equipped of any country in southern africa . robert pitta and jeff fannell provide the text in a volume packed with photographs and illustrations .\ngretton , a . , m . kohler , r . lansdown , t . pankhurst , j . parr , and c . robson .\nthe status of gurney ' s pitta ( pitta gurneyi ) 1987\u20131989 .\nbird conservation international 3 ( 1993 ) : 351\u2013367 .\nit african pitta exclusively eats invertebrates , usually foraging in leaf litter , searching for prey . once it spots a prey item it stabs it with its bill , killing it instantly . its diet has not been studied very well , however it is thought to eat the following prey items :\nthe domed nest typical of the pitta family is the size and shape of a\nrugby football .\nboth the male and female participate\nthe asian mainland also has impressive pittas , including blue pitta ( above in an excellent shot by j . j . harrison ) . this pitta appears to be at the spot in khao yai where some elusive species become accustomed to being fed mealworms . we visited the spot in january 2013 \u2014 by then a rare orange - headed thrush geokichla citrina greeted us but the ' acclimatized ' blue pitta did not appear .\ni was there in the green season from december to march . this time is one of the prime birding season in malawi . summer is the best season to experience avian diversity to the max with visitors like palearctic migrants and even african pitta . the best month is said to be december \u2013 if there are abundant rains . i was lucky , as there are years with no sighting of the angola pitta in malawi at all .\non sunday april 29th , 2012\nan annual african pitta hunt in dar\nwas organised in the pugu forest and very successful with three sightings in a part of the forest which hardly deserves the name any longer . the picture shows one of this year ' s annual visitors to pugu .\nos - c checklist of the birds of east africa . ornithological sub - committee of the east african natural history society , nairobi ( in press ) .\npittas have always been thought of as a cohesive group of 24 - 32 species ( e . g . , lambert & woodcock 1996 , erritzoe 2003 ) . irestedt et al . ( 2006 ) used molecular evidence to show that there were three major clades within the family , and divided them into three genera . the first - named genus pitta had the 14 species . the two african species are in this genus , as is indian pitta p . brachyura . pittas in this genus have green upperparts with a blue wing - patch and contains all the migratory species , like blue - winged pitta p . moluccensis and noisy pitta . noisy pitta ( left , in a photo be arthur grosset ) breeds in eastern australia in the southern summer and then ' winters ' in new guinea . many of the island endemics are presumably derived from migratory species .\nafrican pitta is reliably found here in december when they migrate into riverine forests to breed . our zambia tour focuses on the zambezi endemics found primarily in the miombo woodlands cloaking large parts of the country . the tour also targets zambia ' s only two endemics , chaplin ' s barbet and black - cheeked lovebird . we have run a conservation tour for the african bird club . for more information on our zambia birding tour itineraries , please contact us . more\n[ african tailorbirding cc ( ck2003 / 020710 / 23 ) trading as birding africa ] p . o . box 22727 , scarborough , 7975 , south africa .\ndistribution of african pitta in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) .\na number of world checklists within the last 50 years listed as few as 24 species . this was after the great heydays of lumping in the mid - 20th century . this contrasts with the lists of of sclater and elliot at the end of the 19th century that contained 48 and 47 species , respectively ( erritzoe 2003 ) . now , in 2014 , we are back with the numbers envisioned by 19th century ornithologists . it began with the book on pittas and relatives ( lambert & woodcock 1996 ) that split sula pitta e . dohertyi from the widespread indo - pacific red - bellied pitta on morphological grounds . then rheindt and eaton ( 2010 ) split banded pitta hydrornis guajanus is split into three species : malayan banded - pitta h . irena , bornean banded - pitta h . schwaneri , and javan banded - pitta h . guajanus . these splits were widely accepted ( as was the split of black - headed e . ussheri from garnet pitta e . granatina in the sundaic region ) , bringing the list to 34 species .\nthe former\nred - bellied pitta\nwas widespread in range from the philippines to the solomon island . the other indo - pacific pitta with numerous races is hooded pitta ( left ; a photo from papua new guinea by steve wilson ) . there are at least 12 races , some black - crowned and some chestnut - crowned . no one has yet done a molecular phylogeny of this complex . are there still more\nnew\npittas to come ?\nmackworth - praed c . w . and grant , c . h . b . ( 1964 ) african handbook of birds . series 1 . vols 1 & 2 .\nthe pittidae is a fairly small family of mid - sized , short - tailed , long - legged ground - dwelling jewels in the old world tropics . i ' ve spent hours trying to track down calling birds inside bornean forests , and encounters there with blue - headed pitta hydrornis baudii , giant pitta h . caerulea , and black - headed pitta were absolute highlights ( see also the bottom of this page ) . here ( left ) is a very nice shot of black - headed pitta by gareth knass . if pressed , i ' d choose pittas as my favorite family of birds in the world .\nour guides are at least 6th generation african . who better to show you the african continent than people who live there ? they have explored their home and neighbouring african countires as travellers even before digital photography and workshops became popular , and with a camera have spent more than 10 years chasing the best light in south africa , namibia , botswana , zimbabwe , zambia , tanzania and kenya . therefore they know the people , the culture and we have developed relationships with the local people that gains them access to special places .\nsome years ago i spent 3 days at the end of the so - called green ( i . e . rainy ) season in the liwonde national park . i decided to stay in the mvuu lodge . one of the highlights of the area of the lodge and the mvuu camp is the irregular appearance of the enigmatic african pitta (\nirestedt et al ' s ( 2013 ) proposal of the 17 - way split was adopted by the clements and ebird world checklists in 2014 , bringing the world pitta total to 49 species . as there are several other endemic pittas in the philippines , e . erythrogaster was not called\nphilippine pitta\nbut , instead , the old name blue - breasted pitta was reasonably adopted for this new philippine endemic . personally , i had recorded 4 of the 17 taxa in the old\nred - bellied pitta\ncomplex , but one of those was\nheard only ,\nso my net was only two extra lifers , with some 14 still unseen .\nalmost all pittas breed seasonally , with breeding timed to coincide with the onset of the rainy season . an exception to this pattern is the superb pitta ( pitta superba ) , which apparently nests throughout the year on the island of manus . in most species there are relatively few unique displays prior to copulation , and most pittas probably are monogamous . however , the african pitta performs a unique display prior to the breeding season . during display bouts , this species repeatedly jumps about 10 in ( 25 cm ) into the air , parachuting back to the perch with several shallow wing - beats . during this display the red belly is prominently displayed and the birds often give a\nprrt - wheet\nvocalization .\ndeep in the gloom of an old world jungle a pitta stands motionless , giving a characteristic whistle . you , a potential observer , know that if you could see it , it will be a memorable experience , as pittas are wonderfully colorful . but they are also characteristically elusive , and more often than not , the pitta disappears unseen . photography would seem impossible . indeed , for all my visits to tropical rainforests , this shot of sulawesi pitta ( above ) is my best effort . [ sulawesi pitta is a recent split from red - bellied pitta ; more on that below ] . the collection of photos below are from other photographers \u2014 i stand in awe at their inspiring accomplishments . alas , much of my time in old world was pre - digital . digital photography has made pittas a bit more accessible \u2014 yet , still , each encounter is memorable .\nmost pittas are nonmigratory or make local movements outside the breeding season . however , indian pittas ( pitta brachyura ) , blue - winged pittas ( p . moluccensis ) , and fairy pittas ( p . nympha ) , as well as a subspecies of the african pitta ( p . a . longipennis ) and populations of hooded pittas ( p . sordida ) and red - bellied pittas ( p . erythrogaster ) are migrants . although most species migrate over land , it is believed that the fairy pitta may fly nonstop from vietnam across the ocean to borneo , a flight of approximately 620 mi ( 1 , 000 km ) ! given the short , rounded wings of pittas , it is somewhat surprising these birds make long migratory flights .\npittas are so wonderful that i list two pittas \u2014 gurney ' s pitta h . gurneyi and giant pitta h . caeruleais \u2014 among my\ntop 50 birds\nin the world . gurney ' s has an exceptionally limited range along the s . thailand - burma border and is gorgeous . it is critically endangered in thailand but there is more hope for the population in remote burma . a further eight species ( including the elusive giant pitta ) are listed by the iuc as vulnerable . the main threat to pittas is habitat loss by deforestation .\nreichenow , 1901 \u2013 se tanzania s to e zambia , n & e zimbabwe and s mozambique ; migrates n to region from s central african republic and n & ne drcongo e to s kenya and n tanzania .\nerritzoe , j . ( 2018 ) . superb pitta ( pitta superba ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\na very short summary of south african special forces with lots of photographs and illustrations showing the aforementioned forces . when read with other books about this time and place of conflict throughout southern africa it definitely enhances the knowledge base .\nit is an intra - african breeding migrant , arriving in southern and south - central africa to breed around november - december , then departing around march - april for its non - breeding grounds in the drc , uganda and kenya .\npitta joffe , a botanist by profession with a keen interest in horticulture , authored a number of popular books on indigenous plants , including the first edition of this book . pitta ' s plant photographs have appeared in numerous publications on the subject . tinus oberholzer holds a degree in horticulture and has had experience in propagation and production of nursery plants as well as plant marketing . he has contributed to the writing and editing of various gardening books , and also writes monthly articles for some south african gardening magazines . tinus is co - owner of plantae orchids , a nursery specialising in orchids and rare and unusual plants , with a special interest in indigenous flora .\nour image database has been created to bring together photographs taken in the african region of as many bird species as possible . we hope this will provide both a useful tool for researchers and a splendid collection of photographs for anyone to browse .\nexperience three once - in - a - life opportunities in one dedicated photo safari . join c4 photo safaris and specialist wildlife photographic guide , isak pretorius , to help you take world class photos of elephants walking through mfuwe lodge reception , the spectacular and elusive african pitta , and a bat migration where 10 million fruit bats creates the largest mammal migration on earth . what makes this even better is that you\u2019ll experience this in the wild and untamed wilderness of zambia\u2019s south luangwa and kasanka national parks .\nhistorically , this species was trapped for the cage bird trade . however , with increasing awareness of the dwindling population size , the economic value of gurney ' s pitta has begun to shift from illegal trade to conservation - based ecotourism .\nthe paoc12 scientific programme committee has nominated the following symposium topics for the 12th pan - african ornithological congress . to find out what each symposium incorporates click on the symposium title ; titles not hyperlinked do not have outlines at present but will be added in due course .\none of the ' new ' species accepted out of the split of the former\nred - bellied pitta\nis on sulawesi . my distant photo of a half - hidden adult is at the top of this page . here ( below , a photo by jason thompson from wiki - commons ) is a very fine photo of a sulawesi pitta in juvenal plumage , just started to molt into adult plumage with new green , blue , and red feathers appearing on the underparts .\nthe african pitta is an intra - african breeding migrant , arriving in southern and south - central africa to breed around november - december , then departing around march - april for its non - breeding grounds in equatorial africa . in southern africa it is scarce and localized , mainly occupying evergreen forest or dense thickets , often on the banks of rivers or streams , foraging for invertebrates in the leaf litter . its nest is a dome - shaped structure made of twigs , leaves and plant debris , usually placed in the uppermost branches of a tree sapling . it lays 2 - 4 eggs , which hatch into chicks with black skin and orange bills . strangely enough , the chicks do not beg for food , they just patiently wait with their mouths open until they are given something .\nonce we arrive at bilimungwe bushcamp , we\u2019ll have lunch and then a chance to unpack and settle into our rooms . after high tea we\u2019ll go on our first game drive in search of the african pitta and everything else that will make great photos . the afternoon game drives extend into the evenings for stunning night drives . here we\u2019ll have the chance to photograph nocturnal animals , like leopard , genets , owls and elephant shrews , using a spotlight . after the night drive we\u2019ll return to camp for dinner and bed .\nhandle seamlessly the logistical challenges that african touring presents . expertise , personalised service , attention to detail and best value tours are why , after 13 years , we ' re arranging more birding tours for top international companies and small groups than ever before . in sum , have a look at our\nearthworms figure prominently in the diets of many pittas , especially during the nesting season . in australia , the diet of the rainbow pitta varies seasonally ; earthworms comprise most of the diet during the wet season , while other invertebrates are more important during the dry season .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pitta angolensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nfamily of birds . it is an elusive bird with an unknown lifespan . it is unknown if they are good at camouflage since they are hard to find even by experienced birdwatchers . some think they may be very shy . . it is a special bird with very characteristic features , which include : very long legs , large feet , and sharp talons . they are 6 . 5 to 7 inches tall , they have a beak that is 1 inch long and looks like a pointy sunflower seed and they weigh 3 oz . with their scarlet belly , black stripe over their eye , green and blue feathers , orange - buff breast , and dark brown crown they are very colorful and most pittas will have up to 9 colors on it . even though they are so colorful , you rarely get to see an african pitta . interestingly , both the male and the female pitta look the same .\nthere are also two pittas in tropical africa . this one ( below ) is green - breasted pitta , in another fine shot by gareth knass . again , i have spent a day searching for it at a\nknown\nlocation in uganda , and again the great bird has eluded me .\nthe final genus , hydrornis , includes some variable oriental species that are sexual dimorphic in plumage and have a cryptic juvenile plumage in the species that have been studied . this genus includes eared pitta which had often been placed into its own genus [\nanthocincla\n] because of its alleged primitive characters .\nthen , irestedt et al . ( 2013 ) did a complete review of the entire red - bellied pitta set . they used both nuclear and mtdna , combined with vocal and morphological evidence , and\nbased on all available evidence\nthey proposed that the e . erythrogaster complex is composed of 17 species .\nat 6 : 00 all ( few ) guests of the lodge had booked a trip on foot . the guide was richard . we rattled the whole area with the scrub vegetation for the pitta and a broadbill ( smithornis sp . ) . unfortunately in vain . instead , for example we observed grey - headed kingfisher (\na late morning road transfer from mfuwe lodge to bilimungwe bushcamp means that we\u2019ll have time for a short morning drive at mfuwe lodge before we change camps . bilimungwe bushcamp is a three hour drive south from mfuwe lodge in the south luangwa national park , on the banks of the luangwa river . this is where we\u2019ll look for the african pitta . there are a number of breeding pairs in the thickets close to the camp , and although they are still elusive , their mating calls usually give their positions away . photographers in the past few years have had the best success their in photographing them than anywhere else in africa . the game viewing around bilimungwe bushcamp is great , so we will spend the next few days looking for these birds while on game drives , with a good chance of seeing and photographing more than just the bird . once we arrive at bilimungwe bushcamp , we\u2019ll have lunch and then a chance to unpack and settle into our rooms . after high tea we\u2019ll go on our first game drive in search of the african pitta and everything else that will make great photos . the afternoon game drives extend into the evenings for stunning night drives . here we\u2019ll have the chance to photograph nocturnal animals , like leopard , genets , owls and elephant shrews , using a spotlight . after the night drive we\u2019ll return to camp for dinner and bed .\nthis tour is tailored towards photographers who are keen on bird photography and passionate about birding in general . photographers can be from a beginner level to advanced dslr users . we will search for the pitta in its breeding location , and spend quite a bit of time specifically focussing on attempting to photograph this rare and special bird .\nwith its concentration and diversity of wildlife , south luangwa national park offers an unrivalled safari experience . during november and mid december , three \u201conce - in - a - lifetime\u201d opportunities present themselves to safari goers in zambia . go in search of the \u201cjewel of the forest\u201d \u2013 the rare , migratory african pitta , while also being able to witness the unique , annual phenomenon of elephants regularly walking through mfuwe lodge reception . another highlight will be when we are joined by renowned , dutch - born ornithologist , frank willems to watch the world\u2019s greatest migration \u2013 the highest density of mammals on earth \u2013 as 10 million straw - coloured fruit bats descend upon zambia\u2019s kasanka national park\u2026 just a short flight away .\nexperiences with species this much sought after bird is difficult to locate unless it is calling , which occurs in a small time window , which is usually shortly after the first rains in early december . it hops on the branch , making a loud sound with it ' s wings , followed by a frog - like squeak . once it lands , it looks around , quite proud of itself , as if to say\ndid you see what i just did ? !\n. click here to watch a video of the pitta displaying - be warned you may get seasick , a handheld video on a big lens does not work ! other names : angola pitta\nanother clade was named erythropitta . these are mostly small species with short tails , lots of red on the underparts , and greenish or bluish backs . there was initially six species in this genus , but that has now tripled when red - bellied pitta e . erythrogaster was split into 17 species ( more on that below ) .\nwith its concentration and diversity of wildlife , south luangwa national park offers an unrivalled safari experience . during november and mid december , three \u201conce - in - a - lifetime\u201d opportunities present themselves to safari goers in zambia . go in search of the \u201cjewel of the forest\u201d \u2013 the rare , migratory african pitta , while also being able to witness the unique , annual phenomenon of elephants regularly walking through mfuwe lodge reception . go one step further and extend your safari to join renowned , dutch - born ornithologist , frank willems to watch the world\u2019s greatest migration \u2013 the highest density of mammals on earth \u2013 as 10 million straw - coloured fruit bats descend upon zambia\u2019s kasanka national park\u2026 just a short flight away .\nserious climate change challenges for birds and other biodiversity in africa are much less well understood than those in europe , north america and australia . given the magnitude of these challenges in africa , especially as compounded by existing conservation threats from land use change , invasive species , pollution and harvesting , a focus on the vulnerability of african birds and bird habitats is critical . we propose drawing on the insights from detailed biodiversity / climate change work in europe and australia to kick - start a wave of accelerated , collaborative and more detailed demographic , behavioural , ecological , biogeographic and conservation research on the vulnerability of african birds and bird habitats to climate change . we also hope to supplement and follow the symposium with an in - depth round - table discussion on this theme .\nrobert pitta has been a writer and editor in the defence / aerospace industry for over sixteen years . he is a former professional photographer and holds an advanced university degree . he has given lectures to the military and written on the history , development , and use of camouflage clothing and concealment techniques . he lives and works in maryland , usa .\nin a recent visit to thailand , guide nik upton located a pair of eared pitta ( right ; photo by n . upton ) deep in the understory . like many pittas , it was not particularly shy but just cryptic and very difficult to view after each hop across the littered ground . this photo is of the adult female of the pair .\ncreative gardening with indigenous plants , now in its second edition , is an invaluable handbook for south african gardeners . in this comprehensive guide the authors set out to popularise the use of indigenous south african plants in gardens , parks , on roadsides and anywhere where previously exotic plants were preferred . this book covers more than 300 plants , all illustrated by stunning photographs in full colour showing the whole plant as well as selected features such as flowers , fruit , leaves and bark . the text comprises a description of each plant , its usages - including medicinal uses and snippets of folklore - and advice on cultivation . introductory chapters cover topics such as propagating plants from seeds and cuttings , gardening in the different climate regions , and using indigenous plants to attract birds and insects to the garden . taking a very practical approach , using symbols , distribution maps , plant size and flower colour , the authors lead the reader to the correct plant to choose for the application , whether this be tree , shrub , annual , perennial , climber or water - loving plant . this all - inclusive book is a must for gardeners , horticulturists , landscape designers and anyone involved in the south african nursery industry .\nbird interactions with industry e . g . power lines and aircraft is an important factor to consider both from a conservation as well as an industry safety and quality of supply perspective . little has been done on the african continent with respect to bird power line and bird aircraft interactions . in south africa the endangered wildlife trust has pioneered the establishment of two unique industry partnerships to forge relationships with industry and to establish programs to effectively deal with the issue . as more and more power lines are constructed across the african continent and airports adhere to international safety standards , knowledge needs to be shared and assistance provided on how to deal with bird industry interactions ! the aim of such a symposium will be to present papers from what has been achieved in africa and to plan what still needs to be done .\nthe ' fffffrrrt ' sounds on the recording , which are the displaying pitta ( rapid wing - flapping ? ) , were detected from xc419773 by michael mills of go - away - birding . recording made before dawn , but , as michael puts it , pittas quite often start displaying when it is still dark . many thanks to michael for this cute contribution !\nmy personal best memory was at danum valley , borneo , and i wrote of it in my daily notes that evening ( below , notes from 4 aug 2003 ) . i really really really wanted to see the endemic blue - headed pitta , so after a rainstorm one afternoon , i hike out a trail to a spot where we had heard one the day before . i sat down quietly near the end of a log , and briefly played a tape . to my shock ,\nthe male blue - headed pitta appeared at the end of the log where it looked around , shook itself , and puffed out breast / belly ( see sketch ) . absolutely crippling views . it hopped down log towards me a bit before flying off .\na late morning road transfer from mfuwe lodge to bilimungwe bushcamp means that we\u2019ll have time for a short morning drive at mfuwe lodge before we change camps . bilimungwe bushcamp is a three hour drive south from mfuwe lodge in the south luangwa national park , on the banks of the luangwa river . this is where we\u2019ll look for the african pitta . there are a number of breeding pairs in the thickets close to the camp , and although they are still elusive , their mating calls usually give their positions away . photographers in the past few years have had the best success their in photographing them than anywhere else in africa . the game viewing around bilimungwe bushcamp is great , so we will spend the next few days looking for these birds while on game drives , with a good chance of seeing and photographing more than just the bird .\nchris gooddie accomplished his goal of seeing all the pittas at the time when 32 species were widely accepted as the full set . now there are 49 species and counting . i wondered how many he still has left to see if he used the newest taxonomy . so i wrote him and the answer was that , except for the\nred - bellied\ngroup , none . he was aware of pending splits in\nbanded pitta\nand potential splits in elegant pitta , so he saw all of them except the vigorsii race of elegant [ tanimbar and kai islands in eastern indonesia ; this was once split by clements but is lumped again in recent editions ] . chris says that he has continued to travel and see additional races of several pittas , but he is still 12 short of the entire 17 - species - set of the now - split\nred - bellied pitta .\nhe agreed that it is likely there are some\ncryptic species\nin the complex , but thought that there is\nso much vocal variation\nwithin the known taxa , and so much to be learned about the remote island birds , that it was\ntoo early to split red - bellied complex .\nif i expanded by\ntop 50\nbirds in the world to a hundred , i ' d surely add several more pittas . so many are just drop - dead gorgeous , including rainbow pitta of northern australia ( right , in an exceptional shot by david fisher ) . they are all shy and secretive , with ethereal voices that draw one far from trails into primeval tropical forests in the old world .\nalthough classification at the family level is widely accepted , there are conflicting opinions regarding the appropriate number of genera and species . although as many as six genera have been proposed , and preliminary estimates of genetic divergence support these distinctions , most authors have chosen to recognize only the genus pitta . recent taxonomic treatments recognize 29\u201331 species . this number will undoubtedly change as molecular methods generate a better understanding of the evolutionary history of the pittidae .\nringing activities have been conducted in africa for 60 years , and ringing is an important tool in continuing studies on the biology , survival and movement of birds . ringing has often been used in survey work , particularly in forest habitats . this symposium endeavours to present overviews of some recent work , showing how ringing will still be relevant as a tool to study african birds for decades to come . 2008 marks the 60th anniversary of safring , thus the paoc is an appropriate time to review ringing activities .\nreturning home , i even tried to do a painting of the encounter with the blue - headed pitta ( below , now embedded in color among my field notes ) . still , i ' m far from chris gooddie in terms of success \u2014 i ' ve barely seen a quarter of the world ' s pittas . just another good reason to take yet another long trans - pacific flight to a forest in the lowlands of southeast asia . . . .\nphysical characteristics : african pittas have a black head with a yellow side stripe ; white throat with pink wash ; blackish brown bill with a reddish base ; deep buff breast and flanks ( sides ) ; whitish color under the bill and throat that turns yellow at breast ; bright olive green upperparts with blue and black banding on wings ; dark azure - blue rump ; blackish flight feathers with paler tips ; black tail with red underside and blue upperside ; and pinkish to grayish white feet . males and females look alike . more\nbreeds may to august . domed nest is located 3\u201310 ft ( 1\u20133 m ) above the ground , often in palm trees . nest constructed from dead leaves and twigs on a base of larger sticks ; lined with fine rootlets . clutch size usually three to four . eggs similar to those of the hooded pitta ; white with dark purple or brownish spots over gray markings , most numerous on widest end . female and male share incubation , brooding , and provisioning of young .\np . a . longipennis : migratory ; breeds in central tanzania , malawi , southeast democratic republic of congo , eastern zambia , zimbabwe , and possibly into northern south africa ; nonbreeding migrant in northern tanzania , rwanda , burundi , democratic republic of congo , central african republic , uganda , and coastal kenya . p . a . pulih : west africa ; resident in sierra leone lowlands , ghana , liberia , ivory coast , nigeria , and coastal cameroon . p . a . angolensis : west africa ; southern cameroon , guinea , congo , democratic republic of congo , and angola\npittas give short calls , usually one , two , or occasionally three syllables , which can be either whistled or buzzy . the role that these calls play in territorial defense is evidenced by the fact that many species can be drawn out of dense vegetation by playing a recording of their call . in a natural setting , such a response may lead to encounters between males on adjacent territories . for rainbow pittas and elegant pittas ( pitta elegans ) biologists have described displays in which males from adjacent territories face off and perform bowing displays sometimes in conjunction with\npurring\nvocalizations .\nmuch of avian life history theory has been developed from studies of birds in temperate climates of the northern hemisphere , where food availability is regarded as a critical driver of life history variation . yet , nearly two - thirds of the word\u2019s bird species are confined to the tropics and temperate regions of the southern hemisphere , where they exhibit life histories that differ from north - temperate birds . also , traditional life history theory regards age - specific survival as the key driver of life history variation . this symposium will highlight the insights that recent studies of \u2018southern\u2019 , particularly african birds , provide to our understanding of global drivers of avian life history variation , and the conservation implications thereof .\nbliimungwe\u2019s four raised thatched rooms have been carefully designed to ensure the height of comfort whilst still retaining that authentic bushcamp feel . the tangle of mature mahogany trees that surround camp are echoed in the rich , wood interiors and the beautiful wooden furniture , handmade by local artisans . bright african textiles bring splashes of colour to the elegant rooms . after an early morning game drive , head back to your room for a refreshing , open - air waterfall shower , or continue the wildlife spectacle from your private deck . two of the chalets have twin beds ( queen - sized beds ) , while the other two each have a king bed . bilimungwe sleeps up to eight guests and is open from may to december .\nwinter offers the only chance of malagasy pond - heron , mascarene martin and short - tailed pipit . it is also possible to see madagascar cuckoo in winter and all the resident species are available in winter . while there is no replacing the exciting rush of full activity in mid - summer , winter birding can be surprisingly good and we have had good views of great bittern , thick - billed cuckoo , african golden oriole , rufous - bellied heron , allen ' s gallinule and even black coucal in the winter period . carmine bee - eater , madagascar bee - eater , collared pratincole , black - winged lapwing , wattled crane , osprey , terek sandpiper , grey - rumped swallow , mangrove kingfisher are all regularly seen on winter trips .\nafrican pittas are monogamous like humans . that means , that they stay with one mate their entire life . they tend to usually breed between september and february . when it is mating season , the male pittas will show off their bright colors in a dance - like manner , spreading their wings and hopping on branches . their gestation period in unknown and it breeds once a year . there are typically 1 to 4 eggs in a litter . their eggs are glossy and round and their nest is usually hidden in a bush so that nothing can find it . the nest looks like a messy , leafy dome , which makes it even better for camouflage . when born , baby pittas are brown with pink legs and an orange beak . the baby pittas are\npittas are particularly associated with the islands of the indo - pacific . borneo , the philippines , new guinea , and many indonesian and melanesian islands host endemic pittas . the absolutely gorgeous ivory - breasted pitta ( right , a wonderful shot by rob hutchinson ) is endemic to halmahera and nearby moluccan islands . i was with rob when he called in this individual with a tape , and the bird appeared only briefly . rob managed this great shot ; mine was distant and marginal . it is truly remarkable how difficult these colorful birds are to see . unless they decide to fly briefly up to a perch ( as this one has done ) they seemingly melt away in the understory ."]}
{"id": 2008, "summary": [{"text": "rhinodipterus is an extinct genus of prehistoric dipnoan sarcopterygians or lobe-finned fish , that lived in the devonian period , between 416 and 359 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is believed to have inhabited shallow , salt-water reefs , and is one of the earliest known examples of marine lungfish .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "research published in 2010 based on an exceptionally well-preserved specimen from the gogo formation of australia has shown that rhinodipterus has cranial ribs attached to its braincase and was probably adapted for air-breathing to some degree .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "this could be the only case known for a marine lungfish with air-breathing adpatations . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "rhinodipterus", "paragraphs": ["( a ) rhinodipterus sp . skull in ventral view . ( b ) rhinodipterus sp . mandible in dorsal view . ( c ) rhinodipterus sp . ceratohyal in lateral view . ( d ) the extant protopterus showing arrangement of cranial ribs attached to neurocranium ( adapted from bemis 1986 ) .\nrhinodipterus secans ( gross , 1956 ) : luk\u0161evi\u010ds , 2001 , lk . 503 , joon .\nrhinodipterus secans ( gross , 1956 ) : krupina , 2004 , lk . 394 , joon .\nrhinodipterus secans : gross , 1956 , lk . 20 - 32 , joon . text fig . 12 - 23 ; 5 - 7\nin griphognathus whitei from the gogo formation , an exact contemporary of rhinodipterus with a similar long - snouted morphology , parts of the cranial cavity and labyrinth spaces ( fig . 4e ) have been described from acid - prepared specimens [ 52 ] . the information is more limited than that for rhinodipterus , but certain comparisons can be made . the olfactory canals , which are very long , merge posteriorly with a short and narrow telencephalic cavity ( [ 52 ] figs . 56 , 61 , 63 ) . proportionately , this cavity appears somewhat smaller than that of rhinodipterus , with a less pronounced ventral bulge ( [ 52 ] fig . 10 ) . there is a large anterodorsally directed pineal recess ( [ 52 ] fig . 10 ) ; this region of the cranial cavity is unfortunately damaged in rhinodipterus , so the two taxa cannot be compared in this respect . the labyrinth cavity and supraotic cavity of griphognathus have been figured in some detail ( [ 52 ] fig . 46 ) . the supraotic cavity is broadly similar to that of rhinodipterus but is not as bulbous and sac - like . however , the labyrinth cavity has an enlarged utricular recess ( fig . 4e ) , very similar to that of rhinodipterus .\npalaeozoic global oxygen levels ( berner 2006 ) and the rise of air - gulping . shaded area represents global oxygen levels of 15 % or less . rhinodipterus has been added to the pruned tree of ahlberg et al . ( 2006 ) to show monophyly of air - gulping dipnoans .\nas can be seen , these comparisons yield a remarkably consistent picture : on every point , the endocast of rhinodipterus is more similar to the brain of neoceratodus than to the lepidosirenids . given that rhinodipterus is a stem lungfish , this strongly suggests that the similarities reflect retained primitive characters in neoceratodus , relative to a more derived morphology in lepidosirenids . comparison with other members of the lungfish stem group , and with the non - dipnoan sarcopterygians eusthenopteron , tungsenia and spodichthys , support this conclusion and add further information about character evolution in the early part of the lungfish stem lineage .\nin chirodipterus wildungensis ( figs . 4c , 5c ) , which comes from the latest frasnian [ 53 ] of bad wildungen , germany , and is thus the youngest of the fossil lungfish discussed here , the telencephalic cavity appears to be somewhat larger and deeper than that of rhinodipterus . the olfactory bulbs were pedunculate , though it is difficult to determine the exact length of the tracts . dorsally there is a prominent pineal recess . the labyrinth cavity of chirodipterus is similar to that of rhinodipterus except that the utricular cavity is slightly smaller ( figures 4 and 5 ) . supraotic cavities have not been described .\nour work represents the first virtual endocast of any lungfish . despite being late devonian in age , rhinodipterus kimberleyensis is one of the most derived near - complete fossil lungfish braincases known . not surprisingly , of all the known stem lungfish endocasts , rhinodipterus resembles the similarly - aged chirodipterus wildungesis and griphognathus whitei most closely [ 21 ] , [ 52 ] . with respect to extant taxa , the endocast of rhinodipterus consistently resembles the brain of neoceratodus more than the lepidosirenids , suggesting neoceratodus has retained more primitive characters than the other extant lungfish taxa . the stark difference in morphology between the australian lungfish and the lepidosirenids is again noted . the early evolution of the lungfish stem group is characterized by expansion of the ventral part of the telencephalon , possibly related to evolution of an enhanced sense of smell , and slightly later , expansion of the utricular recess . undoubtedly these changes in labyrinth proportions relate to increased sensitivity for some sensory input , whether it be acceleration , gravitational or auditory , or a combination of all three .\nthe distinct \u2018stepped\u2019 shape of the ceratohyal ( indicated by the ventral notch ) in rhinodipterus ( figure 1 c ) is more similar to neoceratodus ( g\u00fcnther 1871 ) than other devonian genera . the strong posterior margin of this bone indicates a robust connection of the sternohyoideus muscle to the pectoral girdle . the large lateral crest on this bone provides a larger area for interhyoideus muscle attachment , and these features indicate highly controlled mobility of the hyoid arch . as neoceratodus uses its ceratohyals to push air from the branchial chambers into the lung when breathing ( den blaauwen et al . 2005 ) , we suggest that rhinodipterus also had increased capacity for this action when compared with other marine dipnoans .\nthe form of the sacculolagenar pouch in rhinodipterus is also worth mentioning . most extant fish and amphibians possess separate saccular and lagenar maculae , however modern lungfish are unusual in this respect in having just one [ 65 ] . primitive osteichthyans , including the earliest lungfish and tetrapods , also have a common sacculolagenar chamber as opposed to the large , separate lagena outgrowth seen in modern tetrapods [ 58 ] and actinopterygians [ 47 ] . although rhinodipterus maintains a common sacculolagenar pouch , its ventral margin shows a distinct ventral notch ( figs . 4f , 5d ) . this is particularly unusual as none of the other stem lungfish with labyrinth morphology known appear to do so , nor do the extant taxa .\nthe presence of the large articulations for cranial ribs , an elongate parasphenoid ( figure 1 a ) and a mobile ceratohyal and pectoral girdle in rhinodipterus indicate air - gulping behaviour . cranial ribs anchor the pectoral girdle during air - gulping in extant forms ( figure 1 d ) and are a key feature in all air - breathing forms ( long 1993 ) .\nhere we present an investigation by x - ray computed tomography ( \u00b5ct ) of the braincase and cranial cavity of rhinodipterus kimberleyensis [ 30 ] , [ 31 ] , a recently described stem - group dipnoan from the late devonian gogo formation in northern western australia . the gogo formation is a lagerst\u00e4tte known for its perfect 3d preservation and high diversity of taxa [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . rhinodipterus is one of the most crownward stem dipnoans with a near - complete ossified braincase known . lungfish endoskeletons have undergone a radical reduction in ossification since the devonian , possibly as a result of paedomorphosis [ 34 ] , with the result that many post - devonian lungfish are known only from dermal bones and teeth , and none preserves a complete three - dimensional braincase .\nholodipterus gogoensis , also from the gogo formation , shows the shape of the braincase particularly well in one weathered specimen ( anu 49102 ) [ 24 ] . the authors have identified numerous nerve canals and approximate endocranial proportions . holodipterus shows two short , robust , and broadly diverging olfactory canals ( [ 24 ] fig . 6b ) , contrasting with the narrower and more elongate canals in rhinodipterus . the space for the telencephalon is relatively short and does not allow for any considerable ventral expansion . like griphognathus , holodipterus also exhibits a large , anterodorsally directed pineal recess ( [ 24 ] fig . 6b ) . the labyrinth region more closely resembles chirodipterus wildungensis ( fig . 4c ) with space for a high superior sinus but lacking a distinctively enlarged utriculus , such as that in rhinodipterus .\nwhen the cranial cavity of rhinodipterus is compared with the brain morphology of the extant lungfish ( figure 1 ) , substantial differences in telencephalic morphology immediately become apparent . all the extant genera have large telencephalic lobes : in protopterus and lepidosiren they are oblong [ 12 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 18 ] , whereas in neoceratodus they are rounder , and very deep ventrally [ 14 ] . the olfactory bulbs are sessile in the lepidosirenids but separated from the telencephalon by short olfactory tracts in neoceratodus ; in all three genera the olfactory bulbs ( or tracts ) attach anterodorsally on the telencephalon . in rhinodipterus the telencephalic lobes must have been much smaller , though the predominantly ventral expansion of the telencephalic cavity suggests a shape somewhat like the brain in neoceratodus , and the olfactory tracts must have been long .\nthe labyrinth region of modern lungfish are distinguished from those of other gnathostomes by possession of an enlarged utriculus [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] . in the lepidosirenids this is enormous , as big as or bigger than the ( undifferentiated ) sacculolagena , whereas neoceratodus shows a less extreme morphology with a somewhat smaller utriculus ( figure 4 ) . rhinodipterus has a labyrinth cavity resembling that of neoceratodus , except that its utricular cavity is slightly smaller and does not extend so far posteriorly ( figure 4f , g ) . the sinus superior is tall and narrow , as in all modern lungfish . the only surprising feature of the ear of rhinodipterus is the shallow notch , situated approximately between the saccular and lagenar portions , which is not matched either by modern lungfish or by other fossil stem lungfish ( see below ) .\nfigure 1 shows the characteristic elongated parasphenoid and articulations for cranial ribs of rhinodipterus . the lengthening of the parasphenoid extending posterior to the neurocranium significantly enlarges the buccal cavity , would have enabled the animal to hold a large air bubble . the slot between the tooth plates for a tongue pad ( figure 1 b ) acts as a stop - valve when air is being forced into the lungs ( campbell & barwick 1988 ) .\nit is popularly believed that vertebrate air - gulping originated in a tropical lowland setting ( thomson 1969 ) . most fossil lungfish inferred to be air - gulpers have all been from freshwater deposits . the exceptions are the escuminac bay fauna , and partial remains of rhinodipterus from marginal marine environments from the late devonian of europe ( gross 1956 ; \u00f8rvig 1961 ; cloutier 1996 ) . usually , marine dipnoi lack the morphological features that would indicate that they were air - breathers ( den blaauwen et al . 2005 ) , and no evidence of cranial ribs in the common late devonian marine gogo fauna ( holodipterus , chirodipterus , griphognathus ) ( miles 1977 ) . however , cranial rib articulations and other features suggesting air - gulping behaviour have been found in a new species of rhinodipterus recently discovered from the shallow marine reef environment of the gogo formation , western australia .\na new species of rhinodipterus from the gogo formation of western australia is known from a single incomplete specimen ( wam 09 . 6 . 149 ) and will be described in detail in a separate paper ( clement in preparation ) . the specimen was prepared by one of us ( j . l . ) using weak acetic acid ( 7\u201310 % ) , fortified by mowital b30 consolidant , and coated in a sublimate of ammonium chloride for photography .\nthe pineal and parapineal organs primitively reached close to the skull roof , though there may not have been a pineal foramen ( a foramen is present in dipnorhynchus and powichthys , but absent in all other members of the lungfish total group ) . this condition is characteristic of all known stem group members ( though unknown in rhinodipterus because of specimen damage ) ; the reduced size and height of the pineal - parapineal complex in extant lungfish is derived ( as recognised by stensi\u00f6 1963 [ 50 ] ) . lepidosirenids are more derived than neoceratodus in this regard .\nfigures 2 and 3 show a virtual endocast of the neurocranial cavity of rhinodipterus kimberleyensis . it measures approximately 45 mm in length , and 20 mm at the widest point across the horizontal semicircular canals . the neurocranium is incomplete anteriorly ( snout tip missing ) , and damaged dorsally in the orbito - temporal region [ 31 ] , but otherwise it is complete and uncompressed with many smaller canals for cranial nerves or blood vessels identifiable . the posterior portion of the neural cavity corresponding to the myelencephalic region or hindbrain ( including the labyrinth region ) is particularly well preserved .\ntogether , these patterns build up a picture of rather modest , directional change during the early evolution of lungfish , centered principally on ventral telencephalic expansion and enlargement of the utriculus . this was a prolonged process , as shown by the substantial differences between even the most derived devonian stem group members such as rhinodipterus , and the extant lungfish . stensi\u00f6 ' s ( 1963 : p . 82 [ 50 ] ) assertion , based on chirodipterus wildungensis , that the extant \u2018dipnoan brain had evolved prior to the beginning of the devonian and that since that time it has remained practically unchanged\u2019 is incorrect .\na , youngolepis praecursor ( from chang [ 25 ] , fig . 19 ) ; b , dipnorhynchus sussmilchi ( from campbell and barwick [ 22 ] , fig . 25 ) ; c , \u2018 chirodipterus\u2019 australis ( from miles [ 52 ] , fig . 48 ) ; d , chirodipterus wildungensis ( from s\u00e4ve - s\u00f6derbergh [ 21 ] , fig . 9 ) ; e , griphognathus whitei ( from miles [ 52 ] , fig . 46 ) ; f , rhinodipterus kimberleyensis ( wam 09 . 6 . 149 ) ; g , neoceratodus forsteri ; and h , protopterus annectens ( both from retzius [ 51 ] , plate xxiv ) . not to scale , anterior is to the right .\nthe middle part of the cranial cavity of rhinodipterus is less informative , partly because it is damaged dorsally , but it nevertheless allows some comparisons to be made with the extant genera . the hypophysis appears to have been oriented ventrally as in neoceratodus , not posteroventrally as in lepidosiren [ 14 ] , [ 18 ] and protopterus [ 12 ] . the shape of the mesencephalic - metencephalic cavity suggests the presence of quite large auricles extending forward on either side of a raised middle region of the brain , as in neoceratodus or latimeria . the raised middle region would have comprised the optic tectum and cerebellum , but unfortunately nothing can be said about their morphology and relative proportions beyond the fact that they were narrow in dorsal view .\nthe distribution of cranial ribs is known from the middle devonian to recent lungfish . recorded from howidipterus and barwickia from a middle devonian lacustrine site in australia ( long 1992 ) , they are also present in later taxa such as sagenodus ( schultze & chorn 1997 ) and gnathorhiza ( berman 1976 ) . like the extant taxa , these fishes inhabited freshwater systems exposed to seasonal drying or anoxia , possibly caused by rotting vegetation . fleurantia and scaumenacia from the marginal marine late devonian deposits of quebec also possess cranial ribs ( cloutier 1996 ) , their presence in dipterus from the fluvial old red sandstone of scotland is not confirmed ( ahlberg & trewin 1995 ) . schultze ( 1975 ) was first to record the presence of cranial ribs in rhinodipterus .\nthe evolution of labyrinth morphology over time begs an obvious question : how does it relate to function and behaviour ? the vestibular system in fish is involved in detecting body orientation in three dimensions , and respond to other cues such as gravity and acceleration . clement [ 31 ] previously discussed semicircular morphology and its bearing on locomotive behaviour . the similarity between the labyrinth region of neoceratodus and rhinodipterus ( fig . 4f , g ) drew her to conclude that some late devonian lungfish may have obtained similar functional abilities of the labyrinth as seen in extant taxa . narrower semicircular canals increase sensitivity and are associated with more rapid swimming or accurate maneuverability [ 66 ] . the loss of ampullae , narrowing and heightening ( effectively lengthening ) of the canals - a trend seen over time in lungfish - almost certainly enhances sensitivity .\nthe semicircular canals have already been described in r . kimberleyensis [ 31 ] , the sacculolagena and utricular recess could not be modeled at that time and were thus neglected in that description . these regions are in fact ossified , well preserved and visible from the scan data , measuring close to 20 mm across their widest point ( fig . 2 ) . the sinus superior is laterally compressed and stands vertically ( fig . 3c ) . both the utricular recess and sacculolagena are large , rounded structures . the sacculolagena of rhinodipterus protrudes ventrally below the notochordal chamber , and there is a distinct ventral notch in the sacculolagena ( fig . 3c ) . an expansion in the anterior semicircular canal exists for the anterior ampulla , but the absence of a significant expansion for the posterior ampulla on the posterior semicircular canal [ 31 ] is confirmed .\ndescription : this is a fine example of the lungfish rhinodipterus . it has long been believed that air breathing developed in lungfish living in freshwater habitats , and then spread to marine taxa . specimens of this genus found in australia last year have raised doubts about this long - held hypothesis . the long mouth cavity of this fish coupled with the articulation of the cranial ribs are much like those of the extant freshwater lungfishes of today . while the invasion of freshwater habitats from the marine realm was previously thought to be the driving force in the development of air breathing , this new data has led some researchers to theorise that a drop in ambient oxygen levels was more likely . examples such as this are rarely available . the repaired crack detracts but little from the specimen offered here , the only one i have ever been able to secure .\nrhinodipterus provides the earliest unequivocal evidence of air - gulping adaptations in a marine lungfish . extant lungfish shed little light on the selective pressures of the earliest air - breathing dipnoans . despite the ambiguity of the environment in which air - gulping evolved , this observation raises some interesting phylogenetic implications . do all the air - gulpers belong to a single lineage or did air - gulping evolve more than once in the dipnoi ? such a complex suite of characters as those involved in aerial respiration most probably evolved only once , suggesting that these fishes comprise a monophyletic group ( figure 2 ) , based on the recent phylogenetic analysis of lungfishes by ahlberg et al . ( 2006 ) . we suggest that it was a combination of increased metabolic activity combined with low global oxygen levels that drove the evolution of air - gulping in lungfishes during the devonian period .\nthe presence of rhinodipterus in marine conditions might indicate that these environments were oxygen stressed . many of the exceptionally preserved specimens from gogo show asymmetry ( e . g . variable shape and number of dermal skull bones ) with high levels of variability often present within the same individual ( long & trinajstic in press ) . increasing asymmetry has been shown to occur in animals in stressed habitats ( parsons 1992 ) . the superb state of preservation of the gogo fossils also indicates quick burial and low oxygen levels . while marine conditions were generally better oxygenated than many freshwater environments , there was still sufficient hypoxia in some marine environments to select for air - gulping ( playford & wallace 2001 ) . a large spiracular notch suggests accessory air intake by comparison with extant forms like polypterus . the tetrapodomorph fish gogonasus shows large spiracular openings on top of the skull ( long et al . 2006 ) , indicating that some other gogo fishes may also have been adapting to hypoxic conditions .\na , youngolepis praecursor ( from chang [ 25 ] , fig . 19 ) ; b , dipnorhynchus sussmilchi ( from campbell and barwick [ 22 ] , fig . 25 ) ; c , chirodipterus wildungensis ( from s\u00e4ve - s\u00f6derbergh [ 21 ] , fig . 9 ) ; d , rhinodipterus kimberleyensis ( wam 09 . 6 . 149 ) ; and e , eusthenopteron foordi ( from jarvik [ 69 ] , figs . 57 , 59 ) . not to scale , anterior is to the right , grey arrows indicate telencephalic ventral expansion . abbreviations : n . i , olfactory nerve ; n . ii , optic nerve ; n . iii , oculomotor nerve ; n . iv , trochlear nerve ; n . v , trigeminal nerve ; n . vii , facial nerve ; n . viii , auditory nerve ; n . ix , glossopharyngeal nerve ; n . x , vagus nerve ; pin , pineal gland . colour key : green , telencephalic region ; red , diencephalic region ; blue , mesencephalic region ; yellow , metencephalic and myelencephalic regions ; and orange , labyrinth region .\nthe reconstruction of internal structures in vertebrate fossils has undergone a technical revolution in recent years with the shift from physical serial sectioning or grinding [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] to tomographic techniques based on x - rays or other types of radiation that penetrate the specimen [ 37 ] \u2013 [ 42 ] . while brains themselves are only very rarely preserved [ 43 ] , the study of cranial endocasts as a proxy for brain morphology [ 44 ] is a thriving field . of course , one must take care when interpreting endocasts , especially those of fishes where the brain can incompletely fill the neurocranial cavity [ 14 ] , [ 43 ] . nevertheless , endocasts of exquisitely preserved fossils can provide much information about the relative sizes of different regions of the brain , and thus provide a basis for tentative inferences about the sensory and motor capabilities of the animal [ 45 ] . endocasts are also highly character rich , highlighting an underutilized source of anatomical traits for comparative morphology and cladistic analysis . the cranial endocast of rhinodipterus presented here is the first near - complete cranial cavity of a stem lungfish to be imaged tomographically . it demonstrates both the utility of the technique and the high quality of the anatomical data obtainable from gogo formation material .\nrecent discoveries of tetrapod trackways in 395 myr old tidal zone deposits of poland ( nied\u017awiedzki et al . 2010 nature 463 , 43\u201348 ( doi : 10 . 1038 / nature . 08623 ) ) indicate that vertebrates had already ventured out of the water and might already have developed some air - breathing capacity by the middle devonian . air - breathing in lungfishes is not considered to be a shared specialization with tetrapods , but evolved independently . air - breathing in lungfishes has been postulated as starting in middle devonian times ( ca 385 ma ) in freshwater habitats , based on a set of skeletal characters involved in air - breathing in extant lungfishes . new discoveries described herein of the lungfish rhinodipterus from marine limestones of australia identifies the node in dipnoan phylogeny where air - breathing begins , and confirms that lungfishes living in marine habitats had also developed specializations to breathe air by the start of the late devonian ( ca 375 ma ) . while invasion of freshwater habitats from the marine realm was previously suggested to be the prime cause of aerial respiration developing in lungfishes , we believe that global decline in oxygen levels during the middle devonian combined with higher metabolic costs is a more likely driver of air - breathing ability , which developed in both marine and freshwater lungfishes and tetrapodomorph fishes such as gogonasus .\ndipnoans , or lungfish , are an ancient lineage of osteichthyan fish that first appeared in the early devonian ( chang & yu 1984 ) . today they are represented by three genera , all of which respire bimodally to some extent ( graham 1997 ) . all exist in freshwater environments exposed to seasonal drying or anoxic conditions . lungfish take in air by gulping a bubble in the mouth , thus a large buccal cavity is an intrinsic feature of all modern air - breathing species .\nthe gogo formation is an early to mid - frasnian shallow marine inter - reef shale deposit within a large reef complex in the canning basin , western australia ( playford 1980 ) . gogo has yielded an incredibly diverse fish fauna with over 50 species described so far , more than 10 of which are dipnoans .\nair - gulping specializations first appeared within the dipnoi during the middle devonian ( figure 2 ) , a time of maximum low global oxygen levels ( berner 2006 ) . air - gulping is thought to have evolved to supplement conventional aquatic respiration during this time of low oxygen ( thomson 1969 ) . their adaptations have also been interpreted as for buoyancy control ( graham 1997 ) , to allow the expulsion of excessive carbon dioxide ( thomson 1969 ) , or to supply the heart with an additional source of oxygen ( farmer 1999 ) . however , in many extant fishes including neoceratodus , activity is a stronger stimulus for air breathing than aquatic hypoxia ( johansen et al . 1967 ) . the question remains as to whether such adaptations were environmentally or metabolically induced .\nmarine waters are usually better oxygenated than most freshwater environments because of increased wind - driven mixing and tidal flushing ( graham 1997 ) . this trend contributed to the belief that air - gulping must have evolved in hypoxic or anoxic freshwater conditions . however , while hypoxia in marine environments is generally not as extreme , widespread or prolonged as in freshwater habitats , it does still exist . an expansion of hypoxic waters across continental shelves occurred during the warm climate of the palaeozoic ( berry et al . 1989 ) , with hypoxic conditions common in shallow marine and estuarine areas . despite this , few workers considered that aerial respiration could have evolved in marine waters .\necological radiations of fishes in the devonian are likely to have been associated with increased metabolic costs for greater mobility , and more intensive competition and predation pressures ( graham 1997 ) . the ability to extract additional oxygen could have afforded air - gulping lungfishes the selective advantage of higher rates of metabolic activity , and does not confine their evolution to specific ecological conditions .\nwe thank k . campbell for useful discussion , g . young for comments on the manuscript , and a . warren who discovered the specimen . this work was funded by arc discovery grant dp0772138 .\nstructure and phylogenetic significance of diabolichthys speratus gen . et sp . nov . , a new dipnoan - like form from the lower devonian of eastern yunnan , china\nthe postcranial anatomy of two middle devonian lungfishes ( osteichthyes , dipnoi ) from mt . howitt , victoria , australia\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the biology letters web site .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : clement am , ahlberg pe ( 2014 ) the first virtual cranial endocast of a lungfish ( sarcopterygii : dipnoi ) . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e113898 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2014 clement , ahlberg . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ndata availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all relevant data are within the paper .\nfunding : this work was funded by a wallenberg scholarship from the knut and alice wallenberg foundation , awarded to pea . urltoken . the funder had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nof the extant dipnoans , the neoceratodontid lineage is thought to have diverged from the lepidosirenids ( protopterus and lepidosiren ) as long ago as the permian [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] . as would be expected , the lepidosirenid lungfish are more similar to each other than to neoceratodus , the sole remaining species of the neoceratodontidae . the two lungfish families differ strikingly in a number of morphological features , including their overall body shape , both body and paired fins , skull roof , dentition , and in a number of soft tissue elements including their nervous systems [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 18 ] .\na , latimeria ; b , neoceratodus ; and c , protopterus in dorsal view , modified from northcutt [ 16 ] ; and schematic representations of extant sarcopterygian brains showing brain divisions , latimeria in d , dorsal and e , lateral view ( adapted from niewenhuys [ 19 ] ) ; neoceratodus in f , dorsal ( adapted from northcutt [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] ) and g , lateral view ( adapted from holmgren and van der horst [ 14 ] ) ; and protopterus in h , dorsal view ( adapted from northcutt [ 16 ] ) and i , lepidosiren in lateral view ( adapted from collin [ 18 ] ) . scale bar equals 1 cm . abbreviations : a , auricle ; c , cerebellum ; n . ii , optic nerve ; n . v , trigeminal nerve ; n . x , vagus nerve ; t , telencephalon .\nthe first illustrated endocast of any devonian lungfish was that of chirodipterus wildungensis [ 21 ] . later , a number of uncrushed specimens were used to reconstruct the neurocranial cavity of dipnorhynchus illustrating the relationship between the braincase and the canals for nerves and blood vessels [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] , and again similarly for holodipterus from a single specimen [ 24 ] . partial endocasts of the extinct dipnomorphs youngolepis [ 25 ] and powichthys [ 26 ] , and the porolepiform glyptolepis [ 27 ] are also known , as are those of primitive tetrapodomorphs such as tungsenia [ 28 ] and eusthenopteron [ 29 ] .\nclement 2012 ( wam 09 . 6 . 149 ) from the frasnian gogo formation , was acid - prepared by prof . john a . long ( mv ) , and is currently housed at the west australian museum , perth . the uncrushed specimen was scanned at the australian national university ( anu ) high resolution x - ray computed tomography facility [ 46 ] , with a scan resolution of 55 . 5 microns . three - dimensional modeling and segmentation was completed using the software vgstudio max , version 2 . 2 ( volume graphics inc . , germany ) . permits were not required for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .\nwe use the following brain terminology herein : telencephalon and diencephalon comprise the forebrain , the mesencephalon the midbrain , and the hindbrain is composed of the metencephalon and myelencephalon . anteriorly , housed within the olfactory canal , the olfactory tract is an extension of the brain itself ( not a nerve ) . the tract can be expanded into an olfactory bulb anteriorly , usually contained within a nasal sac or cavity [ 47 ] .\n( wam 09 . 6 . 149 ) cranial endocast in a , dorsal ; and b , ventral views .\nabbreviations : n . ii , optic nerve ; n . v , trigeminal nerve ; n . x , vagus nerve .\n( wam 09 . 6 . 149 ) cranial endocast in a , anterior ; b , posterior ; and c , lateral views .\nthe telencephalic region is long ( at least longer than 14 mm ) and slightly broader than the midbrain cavity ( by approx . 0 . 5 mm ) . anteriorly , the endocast has long , slender olfactory canals that are circular in cross - section . they lie close to each other and diverge only narrowly ( fig . 2 ) . the anterior portion of the snout is missing , so the nasal capsules are unknown . the olfactory canals merge with the telencephalic cavity proper in the posterior third of the telencephalic region ; relative to the canals , the cavity bulges ventrally as well as ( to a lesser degree ) laterally and dorsally .\nposterior to the telencephalon , the anterior margin of the diencephalic region is marked by the canals for the optic nerves ( n . ii ) that emerge into the orbits . a small , smoothly rounded ventral protuberance , separated from the telencephalic cavity by a distinct notch , represents the hypophysial fossa ( fig . 2b , 3a , c ) . two pairs of canals for blood vessels emerge from the hypophysial fossa ; anteriorly possibly for the ophthalmic artery and posteriorly possibly for the pituitary vein ( fig . 2b ) . unfortunately this region of the braincase has suffered some damage dorsally , so canals for nerves iii and iv that should emerge from the dorsal part of the cranial cavity are not preserved . the diencephalic , mesencephalic and metencephalic regions are strongly laterally compressed ( between 3 . 5\u20135 . 1 mm in width ) , all slightly narrower than the telencephalic region ( \u22485 . 5 mm ) .\nwide canals for the trigeminal nerves ( n . v ) anterior to the labyrinth region mark the anterior boundary of the myelencephalic region ( fig . 2 ) . while the mesencephalic and metencephalic regions are short , the myelencephalon is longer ( almost the same length as all three preceding regions combined , \u224810 mm ) . dorsally , the supraotic cavities are well defined and carry broad , bulging anterior and posterior prominences ( figs . 2a , 3b ) . in anterior view two deep indentations where the supraotic cavities attach to the cranial cavity can be seen ( fig . 3a ) .\non either side of the specimen , behind the labyrinth region , a thick canal for the vagus nerve ( n . x ) extends posterolaterally . posterior to the vagus nerve , five narrow canals for spinal nerves can be seen extending laterally from the cranial cavity ( figs . 2 , 3b , c ) . moving from the posterior margin of the labyrinth region to the posterior end of the endocast , the cranial cavity gradually narrows by nearly half its width , and also becomes lower . at its most posterior point the cranial cavity has a narrow upright - oval cross - section ( fig . 3b ) .\nthe canal for the notochord is wide and circular in cross - section posteriorly . it gradually narrows and becomes shallower towards the anterior , while simultaneously flexing ventrally to accommodate the ventral expansion of the mesencephalic - metencephalic region of the cranial cavity ; its anterior end lies just posterior to the hypophyseal fossa ( fig . 2b ) .\nobviously care must be taken when interpreting cranial cavity endocasts , especially as the shape of fish brains are generally not constrained as tightly as in other groups such as mammals and birds [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] . however , stensi\u00f6 [ 50 ] noted that the telencephalic and diencephalic regions in neoceratodus very closely reflected the shape of the cranial cavity . moreover , no part of the brain can be larger than the cavity that houses it , and this simple fact places strong constraints on the inferred brain morphology .\nchirodipterus australis from the gogo formation , which has been figured in the same manner as griphognathus whitei [ 52 ] shows some interesting differences from chirodipterus wildungensis . the overall shape of the cranial cavity is similar , again with a well - developed pineal recess , but the telencephalic cavity appears to be proportionately shorter and the olfactory canals are long ( [ 52 ] figs . 17 , 66 ) . in the labyrinth cavity , the utricular recess is much smaller than in the aforementioned taxa ( figure 4c , d ) and the supraotic cavity is small and simple in shape ( [ 52 ] fig . 47 ) . as previously recognized [ 54 ] , these and other features suggest that \u2018chirodipterus\u2019 australis is not closely related to c . wildungensis and should not be assigned to that genus , \u2018c . \u2019 australis is probably a less crownward member of the stem group than c . wildungensis .\nthe stem - group members discussed above are all forms that from a traditional \u2018key character\u2019 perspective would be ( and have been ) deemed conventional \u2018fossil lungfish\u2019 : they possess major components of the modern lungfish character complex such as autostyly , absence of an intracranial joint , and a palatal bite . this contrasts with youngolepis , powichthys and porolepiforms - considered in the next section - which are assigned to the most basal part of the dipnoan stem group in the majority of recent analyses [ 28 ] , [ 55 ] but are not so obviously lungfish - like . the \u2018fossil lungfish\u2019 are all undisputed members of the stem group [ 22 ] , [ 55 ] , [ 56 ] and are always recovered crownward to youngolepis , powichthys and porolepiforms .\nthe cranial cavity of youngolepis ( fig . 5a ) has been described in its entirety [ 25 ] , whereas in powichthys and porolepiforms ( represented here by glyptolepis groenlandica ) the part posterior to the diencephalon is unknown [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] . the telencephalic regions of all three taxa resemble each other , and differ from those of the \u2018fossil lungfish\u2019 as well as extant lungfish , on several points . the telencephalic cavity proper is very short , and the olfactory canals correspondingly long . furthermore , there is no ventral expansion of the telencephalic cavity ; insofar as there is a vertical expansion at all ( in powichthys and glyptolepis , but not in youngolepis ) it is dorsal to the exits of the olfactory canals . in eusthenopteron ( figure 5e ) , tungsenia and spodichthys , which are members of the tetrapod stem group and can thus be used as an outgroup in this context , the telencephalic cavity is longer than in youngolepis , powichthys and glyptolepis , but there is again no obvious ventral expansion [ 28 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 57 ] . all six genera have large anterodorsally directed pineal recesses . the otic region of youngolepis closely resembles that of eusthenopteron ( fig . 5a , e ) : the utricular recess is not enlarged , the sinus superior is low , and the supraotic cavity resembles that of griphognathus .\nprimitively , the nasal cavities are separated from the telencephalic cavity by long olfactory canals . although the exact location of the olfactory bulb within the cranial cavities of the fossil forms is not strongly constrained ( see jarvik 1980 : fig . 89 , for one attempt at reconstruction [ 29 ] ) , it is clear that pedunculate olfactory bulbs are primitive for the lungfish total group . sessile bulbs are a derived feature of lepidosirenids .\nthe telencephalon proper is primitively short . all extant lungfish have a longer telencephalon than the stem group members . lepidosirenids are more derived than neoceratodus in this regard .\na ventral expansion of the telencephalon is primitively absent ( as shown by youngolepis , powichthys and glyptolepis ) , but begins to develop in conjunction with other aspects of lungfish morphology such as autostyly and a palatal bite . dipnorhynchus and all more crownward stem lungfish have such an expansion , but it is smaller than that of modern lungfish .\nan expanded utriculus develops gradually within the lungfish stem group , crownward of dipnorhynchus . the utriculi of extant lungfish are larger than those of any stem group members , but once again the lepidosirenids are much more derived than neoceratodus .\nthe neuroanatomy of extant lungfish allow us to draw some tentative conclusions about the functional significance of the telencephalic expansion . in neoceratodus the part of the telencephalon that lies ventral to the plane of the olfactory tract consists entirely of the subpallium [ 14 ] . this region of the brain appears to deal substantially with olfaction , and we can probably conclude that the ventral expansion of the telencephalon during lungfish evolution related functionally to the development of an enhanced sense of smell [ 19 ] . conversely , the mesencephalon , which receives visual input , is proportionately small in both stem and crown lungfish , relative to most actinopterygians and chondrichthyans .\nthere are surprisingly few studies on lobe - finned fish labyrinths , despite the likely insights they could provide into the transition of the early tetrapods [ 58 ] \u2013 [ 60 ] . retzius [ 51 ] was the first to describe them in lungfish , millot and anthony [ 61 ] for the coelacanth . later authors have expanded this work [ 62 ] \u2013 [ 65 ] . latimeria is considered to have an labyrinth region \u201cwith tetrapod affinities\u201d [ 62 ] , whereas the dipnoan labyrinth has been described as having a mix of chondrichthyan and lissamphibian features [ 64 ] .\nthe functional significance of the striking utricular expansion in the dipnoi is surprisingly difficult to determine . early literature considered the utricule most important for postural control ( particularly horizontal movement ) , whereas the sacculolagena was considered to have a more auditory role [ 67 ] . however , more recent literature suggests that all otolith organs may have both auditory and vestibular roles [ 67 ] , often varying between different fish species [ 68 ] . although conclusions can ' t be drawn without experimental evidence , the changing proportions of labyrinth organs likely indicate an altered sensitivity of the vestibular system with respect to posture control , and may or may not have had an additional role in hearing .\nthanks are due to a number of people , firstly prof . john long who led the 2008 museum victoria / australian national university gogo expedition , funded by arc discovery grant dp 0772138 , during which dr . anne warren discovered the specimen , prof . john long also prepared the specimen . we are indebted to prof . t . senden of australian national university for scanning the specimen , and many thanks are also due to dr . sophie sanchez for assistance with three - dimensional modeling and rendering of the specimen . the manuscript was improved by three helpful reviews , and amc wishes to acknowledge dr . tom challands for valuable discussions concerning lungfish endocast morphology .\nconceived and designed the experiments : amc pea . performed the experiments : amc . analyzed the data : amc pea . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : amc pea . wrote the paper : amc pea .\ngen . et sp . nov . , a new dipnoan - like form from the lower devonian of eastern yunnan , china . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 107 : 171\u2013184 .\nfrom the xishancun formation ( early lochkovian ) of qujing , china . geobios ms 19 : 293\u2013299 .\nclack ja ( 2011 ) the fossil record of lungfishes . in : j\u00f8rgensen jm , joss jeditors . the biology of lungfishes . enfield , usa : science publishers .\ncloutier r ( 1996 ) dipnoi ( akinetia : sarcopterygii ) . in : schultze hp , cloutier reditors . devonian fishes and plants of miguasha , quebec , canada munich : verlag dr friedrich pfeil . pp . 198\u2013226 .\nahlberg pe ( 1991 ) a re - examination of sarcopterygian interrelationships , with special reference to porolepiformes . zoological journal of the linnean society 103 : 241\u2013287 .\nmeyer a , zardoya r ( 2003 ) recent advances in the ( molecular ) phylogeny of vertebrates . annual review of ecological and evolutionary systems 34 : 311\u2013338 .\nlong j , gordon ms ( 2004 ) the greatest step in vertebrate history : a paleobiological review of the fish - tetrapod transition . physiological and biochemical zoology 77 : 700\u2013719 .\nas the oldest coelacanth : implications for early osteichthyan interrelationships . journal of systematic palaeontology 5 : 289\u2013343 .\nbetancur - r r , broughton re , wiley eo , carpenter k , lopez ja , et al . ( 2013 ) the tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes . plos currents . 1 .\nmarshall c , schultze h - p ( 1992 ) relative importance of molecular , neontological , and paleontological data in understanding the biology of the vertebrate invasion of land . journal of molecular evolution 35 : 93\u2013101 .\nheinicke mp , sander jm , blair hedges s ( 2009 ) lungfishes ( dipnoi ) . in : hedges sb , kumar seditors . the timetree of life : oxford university press . pp . 348\u2013350 .\nwilder b ( 1887 ) the dipnoan brain . the american naturalist 21 : 544\u2013548 .\nrudebeck b ( 1945 ) contributions to forebrain morphology in dipnoi . acta zoologica 26 : 9\u2013156 .\nnorthcutt rg ( 1986 ) lungfish neural characters and their bearing on sarcopterygian phylogeny . journal of morphology supplement 1 : 277\u2013297 .\nnorthcutt rg ( 2002 ) understanding vertebrate brain evolution . integrative and comparative biology 42 : 743\u2013756 .\ncollin sp ( 2007 ) nervous and sensory systems . in : mckenzie dj , farrell ap , brauner cjeditors . primitive fishes , fish physiology . pp 121\u2013179 .\nnieuwenhuys r , donkelaar hj , nicholson c ( 1998 ) the central nervous system of vertebrates : springer . 2214 p .\njoss jmp ( 2005 ) lungfish evolution and development . general and comparative endocrinology 148 : 285\u2013289 .\ngross , an upper devonian dipnoan from wildungen . kunglinga svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar 4 3 : 1\u201329 .\nfrom wee jasper , new south wales . records of the australian museum 52 : 103\u2013128 .\npridmore pa , campbell ksw , barwick re ( 1994 ) morphology and phylogenetic position of the holodipteran dipnoans of the upper devonian gogo formation of northwestern australia . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london ( biol ) 344 : 105\u2013164 .\n, a lower devonian crossopterygian from yunnan south - western china : university of stockholm and section of palaeozoology , swedish museum of natural history . 113 p .\nfrom spitsbergen , based on ct scanning . in : elliott dk , maisey jg , yu x , miao deditors . morphology , phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes : honoring meemann chang . munich : dr . friedrich pfeil . pp 363\u2013377 .\nn . sp . and a discussion on the structure of the head in the porolepiformes . meddelelser om gronland 187 : 1\u2013307 .\nlu j , zhu m , long ja , zhao w , senden tj , et al . ( 2012 ) the earliest known stem - tetrapod from the lower devonian of china . nature communications 3 : 1160 .\njarvik e ( 1980 ) basic structure and evolution of vertebrates . london : academic press .\nclement am , long ja ( 2010 ) air - breathing adaptation in a marine devonian lungfish . biology letters 6 : 509\u2013512 .\nclement am ( 2012 ) a new species of long - snouted lungfish from the late devonian of australia , and its functional and biogeographical implications . palaeontology 55 : 51\u201371 .\nplayford pe ( 1980 ) devonian \u2018great barrier reef\u2019 of canning basin , western australia . bulletin of the american association of petroleum geologists 64 : 814\u2013840 .\nlong ja , trinajstic k ( 2010 ) the late devonian gogo formation l\u00e4gerstatten of western australia - exceptional vertebrate preservation and diversity . annual review of earth & planetary sciences 38 : 665\u2013680 .\nbemis we ( 1984 ) paedomorphosis and the evolution of the dipnoi . paleobiology 10 : 293\u2013307 .\nsollas wj ( 1903 ) a method for the investigation of fossils by serial sections . philosophical transactions of the royal society , biological sciences 196 : 259\u2013265 .\nstensi\u00f6 ea ( 1927 ) the downtonian and devonian vertebrates of spitzbergen . skrifter om svalbard og nordishavet 12 : 1\u201331 .\nyoung gc ( 2005 ) x - ray microtomography of 410 million - year - old optic capsules from placoderm fishes . micron 36 : 551\u2013557 .\ntafforeau p , boistel r , boller e , bravin a , brunet m , et al . ( 2006 ) applications of x - ray synchrotron microtomography for non - destructive 3d studies of paleontological specimens . applied physics a 83 : 195\u2013202 .\nlong ja , trinajstic k , young gc , senden tj ( 2008 ) live birth in the devonian period . nature 453 : 650\u2013652 .\nsanchez s , ahlberg pe , trinajstic km , mirone a , tafforeau p ( 2012 ) three - dimensional synchrotron virtual paleohistology : a new insight into the world of fossil bone microstructures . microscopy and microanalysis 18 : 1095\u20131105 .\nsanchez s , dupret v , tafforeau p , trinajstic km , ryll b , et al . ( 2013 ) 3d microstructural architecture of muscle attachments in extant and fossil vertebrates revealed by synchrotron microtomography . plos one . 8 .\ndupret v , sanchez s , goujet d , tafforeau p , ahlberg pe ( 2014 ) a primitive placoderm sheds light on the origin of the jawed vertebrate face . nature .\npradel a , langer m , maisey jg , geffard - kuriyama d , cloetens p , et al . ( 2009 ) skull and brain of a 300 - million - year - old chimaeroid fish revealed by synchrotron holotomography . pnas 106 : 5224\u20135228 .\nwitmer lm , chatterjee s , franzosa j , rowe t ( 2003 ) neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight , posture and behaviour . nature 425 : 950\u2013953 .\nsakellariou a , sawkins tj , limaye a , senden tj ( 2004 ) x - ray tomography for mesoscale physics . physica a - statistical mechanics and its applications 339 : 152\u2013158 .\nkardong kv ( 2006 ) vertebrates : comparative anatomy , function , evolution . new york : mcgraw hill . 782 p .\n( merycoidodontidae ; oreodontoidea ) and its implications for apomorphy - based diagnosis of isolated , natural endocasts . journal of vertebrate paleontology 29 : 1199\u20131211 .\nmilner ac , walsh sa ( 2009 ) avian brain evolution : new data from palaeogene birds ( lower eocene ) from england . zoological journal of the linnean society 155 : 198\u2013219 .\nstensi\u00f6 e ( 1963 ) the brain and the cranial nerves in fossil , lower craniate vertebrates . skrifter utgitt av det norske videnskaps - akademi : 1\u2013120 .\nretzius g ( 1881 ) das gehororgan der wirbeltieren : das gehororgan der fische und amphibien vol . 1 . stockholm .\nmiles rs ( 1977 ) dipnoan ( lungfish ) skulls and the relationships of the group : a study based on new species from the devonian of australia . zoological journal of the linnean society 61 : 1\u2013328 ."]}
{"id": 2009, "summary": [{"text": "malo kingi or the common kingslayer is an irukandji jellyfish named after victim robert king , a tourist from the united states swimming off port douglas , queensland , who died from its sting .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "it was first described to science in 2007 , and is one of four species in genus malo .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it has some of the world 's most potent venom , even though it is no bigger than a human thumbnail .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "as an irukandji , it can cause irukandji syndrome , characterized by severe pain , vomiting , and rapid rise in blood pressure . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "malo kingi", "paragraphs": ["two malo kingi specimens , opaque due to preservation . credit : lisa - anne gershwin\nno one has contributed data records for malo kingi yet . learn how to contribute .\nsynonymy straehler - pohl 2014 suggests that malo kingi is a junior synonym of malo maxima . no genetic data included . [ details ]\nmalo kingi , the common kingslayer . credit : gondwanagirl ; distributed under a cc - by 2 . 0 license\nmalo kingi : a new species of irukandji jellyfish ( cnidaria : cubozoa : carybdeida ) , possibly lethal to humans , from queensland , australia .\n( l ) the halo - form tentacle of an adult malo kingi . ( r ) . tentacle of a young pseudo - irukandji form lacking the species ' characteristic halos . credit : lisa - anne gershwin .\ngershwin , l . 2007 . malo kingi : a new species of irukandji jellyfish ( cnidaria : cubozoa : carybdeida ) , possibly lethal to humans . zootaxa 1659 : 55\u201368 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\naww look at this tiny jelly ! the common kingslayer ( malo kingi ) is only about 5 millimetres ( 0 . 20 in ) to 25 millimetres ( 0 . 98 in ) wide ( or wider ) and has four long tentacles , which can range in length from just a few centimeters up to 1 metre ( 3 . 3 ft ) in length . wait . wait a sec . why is it called the common kingslayer ? that sounds just a taaaad bit ominous , no ?\na number of nematocysts were recovered from king ' s body and clothing , and were examined by australian jellyfish expert and csiro researcher , lisa - anne gershwin . in her 2007 zootaxa paper she concluded that these nematocysts were like none she ' d ever seen before . she compared cells from these nematocysts with those from several specimens of a new species she had found in 1999 , and it was a perfect match . in 2007 , gershwin named this new species malo kingi , after the scientist it felled .\nsome species of box jellyfish ( cubozoans ) can weigh up to 2 kg , but many are absolutely tiny . like the bell - shaped body of c . barnesi , m . kingi ' s bell grows to no more than 3 cm high . and not only is m . kingi tiny , it ' s also transparent , making it extremely difficult to spot in the water . the species is distinguished from all others by having strange halo - like rings of tissue encircling its four tentacles .\nstraehler - pohl , i . ( 2014 ) . critical evaluation of characters for species identification in the cubomedusa genus malo ( cnidaria , cubozoa , carybdeida , carukiidae ) . plankton and benthos researchm . 9 ( 2 ) : 83\u201398 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngershwin reported that m . kingi ' s danger to humans has been ambiguous , citing several attacks that have resulted in only minor symptoms . in the 1960s , australian medical toxicologist , jack h . barnes , tested the venom of a m . kingi specimen in his collection , and got off lightly . in his report , barnes even named his attacker ' pseudo - irukandji ' , because of its inability to inflict the full force of irukandji syndrome . gershwin noted that barnes happened to choose the smallest , and likely youngest , specimen in his collection , and argued that a life in captivity could have messed with the jellyfish ' s toxicity levels :\ngershwin looked into a number of other non - fatal m . kingi attacks , and found that none of them could be attributed to an adult specimen .\nit is possible that as pseudo - irukandji matures , it concurrently changes its physical and chemical properties , becoming lethal with halo - form tentacle bands ,\nshe concluded . so if you ' re going to have an encounter with the kingslayer , make sure it ' s a baby one .\nin 2003 , while investigating king ' s death , gershwin suffered a m . kingi sting herself , and just like barnes , her symptoms were mild . her attacker was also small , and gershwin noted that it was missing the distinctive halo - form tentacles , plus gonads , suggesting to her that it was a juvenile .\ni was personally stung quite extensively across the palms of both hands by this species in june 2003 at port douglas , without systemic effects ,\nshe wrote .\nhowever , both hands blistered badly and several layers of skin completely peeled about one week after the sting event . the specimen proved to be immature when examined , and was subsequently used for dna analysis .\nto use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .\nthere is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :\nbefore the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\n\u201chow\u2019s it feel , kingslayer , to have all the gold in the world but it won\u2019t buy your sword hand back ? \u201c \u201ca minor setback , if truth be told .\na minor setback , if truth be told . but look - i have spares !\nthis tiny species of jellyfish is one of the most venomous creatures in the world . thanks to its role in the death of robert king , a nestl\u00e9 research scientist from ohio , it has been nicknamed the common kingslayer .\nin 2002 king had travelled to australia with his partner to spend some time snorkelling in opal reef , which is just off port douglas in queensland . earlier that year , british tourist richard jordan had been stung by a jellyfish 700 km away on hamilton island . the venom from the sting brought on irukandji syndrome , and jordon was its first documented fatality . named after a local indigenous australian tribe near cairns in queensland , irukandji syndrome is brought on by a sting from one of 10 species of venomous jellyfish found in tropical and temperate oceans around the world . many of them are found in australian waters .\n( and now would be a good time to mention that there ' s a book by sydney - based author , wendy lewis , that recounts king and jordon ' s tragic encounters with these jellyfish called see australia and die . see australia and die . help i live here and my cat brings spiders into my house through the window . )\nwhile rarely fatal , irukandji syndrome sends most of its victims to hospital . it takes 5 - 10 minutes after the sting for symptoms to set in , but when they do , they ' re excruciating . a typical set of symptoms includes severe lower back pain , vomiting and muscle cramps , and if particularly serious , could result in toxic heart failure , fluid on the lungs or a brain haemorrhage . around 30 % of cases result in some form of heart failure , and one in five victims suffer life - threatening complications and end up on life support .\nscale illustration of the irukandji jellyfish , carukia barnesi . credit : anynobody ; distributed under a cc - by 2 . 0 license\njellyfish deliver venom via nematocysts . when a jellyfish ' s tentacle touches its victim , these little harpoon - shaped darts fire into the victim ' s skin to deliver venom into the bloodstream . no nematocysts were recovered from jordan ' s body , which made it difficult to nail down a culprit , but it ' s widely assumed that he was stung by carukia barnesi , a box jellyfish species from the whitsundays area commonly known as the irukandji jellyfish .\nhis specimens had been in captivity for hours prior to the stinging experiment ; the degree to which the condition of the animal affects its sting ability is undocumented , but i have often observed cubozoans stinging each other and the sides of the collecting container . it is not difficult to imagine that they could have expended much of their stinging ability without sufficient time to regenerate it .\norder my book , zombie tits , astronaut fish and other weird animals from amazon .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\nbec crew is a sydney - based science writer and award - winning blogger . she is the author of ' zombie tits , astronaut fish and other weird animals ' ( newsouth press ) .\nyou\u2019re about to get the stink bugs , america . but no , they won\u2019t be man - faced .\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\ncollins , a . g . ; jarms , g . ( 2018 ) . world list of cubozoa .\nhabitat : mostly australia but has been found of the coast of japan and florida . status : not evaluted\nwell\u2026 upon further research , this itty - bitty jelly is so cute it might kill you . no , really . and not from like the sheer adorableness of it\u2026 but from its insanely poisonous sting . this species of box jellyfish was described as recently as 2007 after an 44 year - old american tourist by the name of robert king was swimming in australian waters and encountered this minute box jellyfish . he was stung and died soon after . that\u2019s where i\u2019s morbid name of \u2018common kingslayer\u2019 comes from ( after robert king ) .\ncarly brooke is the animal - obsessed founder and author of the award - winning animal website , the featured creature . com , where little - known species become known .\ni have a confession : i love animals . join me and the rest of the featured creature community as we learn about the weirdest , coolest , and craziest animals out there . including your dog , mr . scrufflebutt ( if you submit him ! ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0b1ea70c - fe09 - 4e24 - 99c4 - 7453e3779c30\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c4be67ba - 0eda - 4449 - 9637 - 55ada058fb3e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 598879\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\ndeadly snakes vs albino alligator ! ! ! ep . 429 : snakebytestv : animalbytestv\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 to 2015 , james cook university . all rights reserved . abn 46253211955 member of innovative research universities feedback | terms of use | privacy statement | cricos provider code : 00117j\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / coiled ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 2011, "summary": [{"text": "guyanemorpha is a genus of beetles , the guyane false-form beetles , in the family carabidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false-form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l. erwin in the open access journal zookeys .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was discovered during a survey of the country 's insects by the entomological society antilles-guyane ( seag ) .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "little is known about the species ' behaviour , other than that it lives in lowland rainforest .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g. spectabilis will do so also .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the holotype is currently held in trust at the national museum of natural history , part of the smithsonian institution , washington , dc , until the planned natural history museum of guyane is established , and at that time , the specimen will be transferred there . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "guyanemorpha", "paragraphs": ["the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , guyanemorpha spectabilis . image credit : karolyn darrow , smithsonian institution .\nthis myrmecophilous genus of carabidae has a single species , guyanemorpha spectabilis . it is an inquiline in the nests of arboreal ants .\nguyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l .\nthe beetle , scientifically named guyanemorpha spectabilis , belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species .\nguyanemorpha spectabilis , commonly named the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration .\nbeetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .\nebscohost | 93527059 | beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n .\nguyanemorpha is a genus of beetle , the guyane false - form beetles , in the family carabidae . it contains one known species , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , ( guyanemorpha spectabilis ) , which was found in french guiana and first described in 2013 by terry l . erwin in the open access journal zookeys . it was discovered during a survey of the country ' s insects by the entomological society antilles - guyane ( seag ) .\nerwin tl . 2013 . beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11\u201323 ; doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298\nerwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . zookeys 358 : 11\u201323 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298 pdf\nmore information : erwin tl ( 2013 ) beetles that live with ants ( coleoptera , carabidae , pseudomorphini ) : a remarkable new genus and species from guyane ( french guiana ) , guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n , sp . n . . zookeys 358 : 11 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 358 . 6298\nscientists from the smithsonian institution describe the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , or guyanemorpha spectabilis , from guyane ( french guiana ) . as its name suggests , the newly discovered species stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration . the study was published in the open access journal zookeys .\nabstract : among the extensive collections currently being made in guyane ( french guiana ) , adults of a large and colorful species of pseudomorphine were encountered . the adults present , for the first time in the western hemisphere , elytra with a marked color pattern , and in addition a size considerably beyond that of the rest of the members of all other known genera in the western hemisphere . both of these attributes , however , are well known in the australian pseudomorphine fauna . this new species is described and illustrated and a revised key to the western hemisphere genera is included . the type locality of guyanemorpha spectabilis gen . n . , sp . n . is guyane , risquetout , pk20 , 4 . 916\u00b0n , 52 . 516\u00b0w , 12m altitude .\nthis surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface ,\nexplains the author dr . terry l . erwin .\nin the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by kris helgen in zookeys ,\nhe added .\nthe new species belongs to the pseudomorphini tribe , famous for the co - existence of its representatives with various ant species . members of g . spectabilis occur at lowland rainforest sites in french guiana and are accordingly most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .\nthe pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . the fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart ,\nexplains the author dr . erwin , and his intern , lauren amundson .\nfamous as the sacred beetles of ancient egypt the scarab beetle group in fact represents much greater diversity around the globe . some of the most vulnerable representatives are contained in the flightless genus gyronotus , . . .\ncosta rica reveals astonishing biodiversity of braconid wasps , with 277 new species of the tribe heterospilini described in the latest special issue of the open access journal zookeys .\ntwo new beautiful wasp species are added to the rare pompilid genus abernessia , which now contains a total of only four known species . the two new species a . prima and a . capixaba are believed to be endemic for brazil alongside . . .\nin guiana , symbiosis between azteca ants and the cecropia tree ( or trumpet tree ) is frequent . however , a surprising discovery has been made : one species of ant ( azteca andreae ) uses the\nvelcro\nprinciple to cling on firmly . . .\narboreal tarantulas are known from a few tropical places in asia , africa , south and central america and the caribbean . these tarantulas generally have a lighter build , thinner bodies and longer legs , better suited for their . . .\nscientists discovered a new enigmatic species of ant coming from the philippines . cardiocondyla pirata or the pirate ant engages the imagination with a bizarre pigmentation pattern that has no equivalent worldwide . the female . . .\nthe co - evolution of plant\u2014pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .\nusing genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .\nfish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .\nmucus is able to protect us from infection thanks to ancient genes that have been conserved throughout 350 million years of evolution\u2014dating back to our days as a jellyfish .\nby proving a theory that was first proposed almost 40 years ago , researchers have confirmed a new way that cells conserve energy .\nour bodies consist of many different kinds of cells , each with their own role . the japanese scientist shinya yamanaka had made earlier the discovery , earning the nobel prize in 2012 , that cells from adult skin can be converted . . .\nplease sign in to add a comment . registration is free , and takes less than a minute . read more\nthis page was last modified on 3 march 2017 , at 21 : 58 .\nlittle is known about the species ' behaviour , other than that it lives in lowland rainforest . related species cohabit with ants , and it is thought likely that g . spectabilis will do so also .\nthe holotype is currently held in trust at the national museum of natural history , part of the smithsonian institution , washington , dc , until the planned natural history museum of guyane is established , and at that time , the specimen will be transferred there .\nwell as 2015 becomes an ever distant memory and we scuttle , creep , scurry , amble and roll ( for this is how beetles move right ? ) into 2016 , let us look back on a very successful year of collection enhancement .\nthe collection here is a big one , and serves to represent the world\u2019s known coleoptera biodiversity as comprehensively as possible but it is an uphill task to curate , much in the same way as a dung beetle may struggle against the desert sands with its dung ball prize .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndr terry erwin of the smithsonian institution has described a new genus and species of beetle from french guiana .\nthe beetle lives in lowland rainforests of french guiana and is most likely to live with ants , although at present nothing is known about their way of life .\n\u201cthis surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface , \u201d said dr erwin , who is the author of the paper published in the open - access journal zookeys .\n\u201cin the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by dr kris helgen in zookeys . \u201d\n\u201cthe pseudomorphines are a very interesting evolutionary off - shoot of the normal carabid morphotype in both form and function and are only just now beginning to be understood in north america . \u201d\n\u201cthe fact that species of related genera in south america are living with arboreal ants will make learning about them far more difficult . insecticidal fogging gets adults of these species , but only tearing apart arboreal azteca ant nests while suspended in a tree will produce their larvae , and that is not for carabidologists faint of heart , \u201d dr erwin said .\njuvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows\n\u00a9 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top\ncopyright of zookeys is the property of pensoft publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder ' s express written permission . however , users may print , download , or email articles for individual use . this abstract may be abridged . no warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy . users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract .\nfor access to this entire article and additional high quality information , please check with your college / university library , local public library , or affiliated institution .\nimportant user information : remote access to ebsco ' s databases is permitted to patrons of subscribing institutions accessing from remote locations for personal , non - commercial use . however , remote access to ebsco ' s databases from non - subscribing institutions is not allowed if the purpose of the use is for commercial gain through cost reduction or avoidance for a non - subscribing institution .\nin october , the world wildlife fund ( wwf ) published a list of 441 new species that have been discovered in the amazon in the last four years : 258 plants , 84 fish , 58 amphibians , 22 reptiles , 18 birds , and one mammal . that\u2019s \u201can average of two new species identified every week for the past four years , \u201d read a wwf press release , and \u201c [ t ] his doesn\u2019t even include the countless discoveries of insects and other invertebrates . \u201d\nthe findings are a welcome break from news of impending extinctions , and the new species are a reminder of the importance of continued vigilance and conservation . of course , the amazon is not the only place where new life is popping up . thousands of new species are described each year , hailing from nearly every continent and diverse branches of life . in may , the scientist covered the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university\u2019s annual top 10 , with favorites chosen for their unexpected features or their unique habitats . here are a few of candidates for the 2013 lineup :\n) , which roams the open grasslands and forests of brazil and colombia . though it\u2019s the smallest of the tapirs , it\u2019s one of the largest animals in south america . published in the\nthe new tapir species isn\u2019t so new to local tribes , however , who regularly hunt the \u201clittle black tapir , \u201d as they call it . \u201c [ indigenous people ] traditionally reported seeing what they called \u2018a different kind of anta [ tapir in portuguese ] . \u2019 however , the scientific community has never paid much attention to the fact , stating that it was always the same tapirus terrestris , \u201d lead author and paleontologist mario cozzuol of brazil\u2019s universidade federal de minas gerais belo horizonte told mongabay . com . \u201cthey did not give value to local knowledge and thought the locals were wrong . knowledge of the local community needs to be taken into account and that ' s what we did in our study , which culminated in the discovery of a new species to science . \u201d\nwas this year declared to be a distinct species from its close relative , the onlingo , a member of the raccoon family . the new species was first discovered in a drawer , at chicago\u2019s field museum . kristofer helgen , curator of mammals at the smithsonian institution national museum of natural history , found a collection of skin , skulls , and bones that \u201cstopped me in my tracks , \u201d he told\n. \u201cthe skins were a rich red color and when i looked at the skulls i didn\u2019t recognize the anatomy . . . right away i thought it could be a species new to science . \u201d\non the basis of a grainy video of an olinguito - like animal in the andes , helgen and his colleagues headed to colombia and ecuador to find the mammal in the trees of cloud forests . furry , orange , and weighing less than a kilogram , the olinguito is solitary and nocturnal . it is smaller than the olingo , and the two species have differences in their teeth and tails . helgen\u2019s team published its findings august 15 in zookeys , noting that the olinguito is threatened ; construction and farming and destroyed nearly half of its forest habitat . \u201cthis reminds us that the world is not yet explored and the age of discovery is far from over , \u201d helgen told bbc news .\njournal . belonging to the warbler family , the cambodian tailorbird can be found living in and around the country\u2019s capital city of phnom penh . it resembles other tailorbirds , the researchers report , but its plumage , song , and genes support its reclassification as its own species\u2014something that is rare in urban ecosystems .\n\u201cthe modern discovery of an undescribed bird species within the limits of a large populous city\u2014not to mention 30 minutes from my home\u2014is extraordinary , \u201d study coauthor simon mahood of the wildlife conservation society told bbc news . \u201cthe discovery indicates that new species of birds may still be found in familiar and unexpected locations . \u201d\nonce again , however , as the bird\u2019s small habitat continues to shrink , prompting the researchers to recommend that it be listed as \u201cnear threatened\u201d on the international union for conservation of nature\u2019s red list .\nsleek , eel - like fish known as arapaima have , for some time , been considered to comprise a single species , but new evidence suggests that a classic division of the group into four species is actually more accurate . moreover , researchers claim to have found a distinct fifth species of arapaima , according to a study published by suny college of environmental science and forestry\u2019s donald stewart in the march issue of\n\u201ceverybody for 160 years had been saying there\u2019s only one kind of arapaima , \u201d stewart said in a press release . \u201cbut we know now there are various species , including some not previously recognized . \u201d\na common target of amazonian fisherman , arapaima are commercially important fish . curious about the recognition of four species of arapaima in the mid - 1800s , stewart closely examined original specimens and found that they were indeed four species after all . one specimen , held at the instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz\u00f4nia in manaus , brazil , even represents a fifth species ( a . leptosoma ) , stewart concluded . the sensory cavities on its head have a unique shape , and the fish has a sheath over part of its dorsal fin that other arapaima don\u2019t have . it also has a distinctive color pattern .\nunfortunately , arapaima have been overfished in the amazon basin for more than a century , bringing their current populations to near zero .\n) , close cousin of the scalloped hammerhead . according to study published in august in the journal\n, the new shark species is genetically distinct , and has about 10 fewer vertebrae that the scalloped hammerhead .\nthe carolina variety was discovered by university of south carolina fish expert joe quattro , who gathered what appeared to be 80 young scalloped hammerheads . genetic and anatomical analyses proved otherwise , however . in the end , 54 of the 80 sharks belonged to the new species .\nquattro expects that , like the dwindling populations of the scalloped shark , the carolina shark is rare . \u201coutside of south carolina , we\u2019ve only seen five tissue samples of the cryptic species , \u201d quattro said in a release . \u201cand that\u2019s out of three or four hundred specimens . \u201d\nyou might think that finding a new species of the largest fish in the ocean is uncommon , and it is , but this year boasts another new shark species : hemiscyllium halmahera , a shark that \u201cwalks\u201d along the sandy bottoms surrounding a remote indonesian island ( see video ) . publishing in july in the journal of ichthyology , marine biologist mark erdmann of conservation international and his colleagues describe the species . the animals can grow up to 70 centimeters ( 27 inches ) in length , and as with other walking\u2014or epaulette\u2014sharks , females lay their eggs under reef ledges .\nwith so many new species populating this year\u2019s scientific literature , there simply isn\u2019t room to cover them all . but suffice it to say that diversity is not what this list is lacking : a new orchid from volcanic islands west of spain , a tiny crustacean found in an offshore reef cave near california\u2019s catalina island , the spectacular guyane false - form beetle of the french guiana rainforests , five species of \u201cslavemaker\u201d ants that steal the young of other ants , a humpback dolphin , two gecko species , and a turkish scorpion . plus many more just waiting to be found ."]}
{"id": 2013, "summary": [{"text": "chiayusaurus ( meaning \" chia-yu-kuan lizard \" , after where it was found ) was a genus of sauropod dinosaur known from teeth found in asia .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "two species have been named for this obscure genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was originally named as chiay\u00fcsaurus , but the iczn does not permit special characters , so it has become chiayusaurus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the old name can still be seen in older sources , though . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "chiayusaurus", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about chiayusaurus asianensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for chiayusaurus asianensis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nphylogenetic relationships of asiatosaurus mongoliensis ( osborn , 1924 ) . chiayusaurus lacustris a junior synonym of asiatosaurus ( sauropoda )\nspecies : asianensis ( lee , yang & park , 1997 ) etymology : the species is named after asia , where the type material was collected . = chiayusaurus asianensis lee , yang & park , 1997\nshowing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase\nchiayusaurus\n. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .\nchiayusaurus is a highly dubious genus of sauropod dinosaur because the type species is based upon the description of a tooth crown . \u202d \u202cthe problem with such tooth taxons is that unless in exceptionally rare cases\u202d ( \u202clike with troodon \u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cit is next to impossible to assign further remains . \u202d \u202ceven a second species named c . \u202d \u202casianensis from south korea is only represented by a tooth . \u202d \u202cin the past the teeth of chiayusaurus have been noted to be similar to asiatosaurus and euhelopus .\nbohlin , b . , 1953 , fossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu : reports from the scientific expedition to the north - western provinces of china under leadership of dr . sven hedin . the sino - swedish expedition publication n . 37 , p . 9 - 113 . ( chiayusaurus lacustris )\nname : chiayusaurus \u202d ( \u202cchiayukuan lizard\u202d ) \u202c . phonetic : che - ah - yu - sore - us . named by : birgir bohlin\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1953 . classification : chordata , \u202d \u202creptilia , \u202d \u202cdinosauria , \u202d \u202csaurischia , \u202d \u202csauropoda . species : c . \u202d \u202clacustris\u202d ( \u202ctype\u202d ) \u202c , \u202d \u202cc . \u202d \u202casianensis\u202d ? diet : herbivore . size : impossible to know because no skeletal reamins exist only\u202d \u202cteeth . known locations : china\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202ckalazha formation . \u202d \u202csouth korea\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202chasandong formation . time period : late jurassic to early cretaceous . fossil representation : two teeth .\n' antarctosaurus jaxarticus is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus kwanshiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' asiatosaurus mongoliensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' borealosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus asianensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' chiayusaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongbeititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' dongyangosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' euhelopus belongs to somphospondyli ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' fusuisaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' gobititan belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' helopus zdanskyi is recombined as euhelopus zdanskyi ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' huabeisaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiangshanosaurus [ misspelled as jianshanosaurus ] belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' jiutaisaurus xidiensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' mongolosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus pachi is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' nemegtosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' opisthocoelicaudia belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' phuwiangosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' pukyongosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' qingxiusaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' quaesitosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' sonidosaurus belongs to titanosauria ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' tangvayosaurus belongs to titanosauriformes ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009 ' ultrasaurus tabriensis is a nomen dubium ' according to j . a . wilson and p . upchurch 2009\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfurther reading - \u202d \u202cfossil reptiles from mongolia and kansu\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cthe sino - swedish expedition publication\u202d \u202c37\u202d ( \u202c6\u202d ) \u202c : \u202d \u202c1\u202d\u2013\u202c113 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cbirgir bohlin\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1953 . - \u202d \u202csauropod dinosaur remains from the gyeongsang supergroup korea . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cpaleontological society of korea , \u202d \u202cspecial publication\u202d \u202c2 : \u202d \u202c103\u202d\u2013\u202c114 . \u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cyuong - nam lee , \u202d \u202cseong - young yang\u202d & \u202ceun - jun park\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1997 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nsee also barrett et al . 2002 , park et al . 2000 and wilson and upchurch 2009\nan ongoing dinosaur encyclopaedia . by meig dickson ( she / her or ey / em ) , henry thomas ( he / him ) , jos\u00e9 c . cort\u00e9s ( he / him ) , \u2020jack wood ( he / him ) , scott reid ( he / him ) , and ripley cook ( she / her ) support us on patreon index faq\netymology : asiat - ( asia ) and greek , sauros , \u201clizard\u201d : \u201casiatic lizard\u201d .\netymology : for jiayuguan ( chia - yu - kouon ) in gansu province china , near where the specimen was found , and greek , sauros , \u201clizard\u201d : \u201cjiayu lizard\u201d .\nlocality : east end of red mesa , \u00f6\u00f6shinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .\nage : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to shuvalov , 1975 \u00f6nd\u00f6rukhaa svita of valanginian to late neocomian age .\nlocality : 3 miles east of red mesa , \u00f6\u00f6shinn nuur ( oshih basin ) , northern gobi , mongolia .\nage : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .\namnh 6533 : 2 anterior dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , several ribs , and one chevron , 3 ribs and chevron collected .\nnumber : not given : single dorsal vertebrae , badly weathered , not collected .\nlocality : urhe region , junggar basin , wuerho , xinjiang uygur zizhiqu ( sinkang ) province , china .\nlocality : two volcanoes , 43\u00b049 . 503 ' n , 99\u00b019 . 546 ' e , dhous , bayanhongor , mongolia .\nage : aptian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .\nlocality : dacaotan , jalyuguan ( chia - yu - kuan ) , west kansu , gansu ( kansu ) province , china .\nage : late barremian - albian stage , gallic subepoch , early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous . note : according to sun , ailing , li jinling , ye xiangkui , dong zhiming and hou lianhai , 1992 late jurassic .\nlocality : nanhu , southeast of qiketai , shanshan district , turpan , eastern gansu ( kansu ) province , china .\nlocality : napan basin , fusui county , southwest of nanning , kwangsi , guangxi province , guangzi zhuangzu autonomous range , china .\nage : hauterivian stage , upper neocomian subepoch , middle early cretaceous epoch , early early cretaceous .\nwillkommen zur deutschen version von wordpress . dies ist der erste beitrag . du kannst ihn bearbeiten oder l\u00f6schen . und dann starte mit dem schreiben !\ncookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nrub\u00e9n d . f . mart\u00ednez , 1 , * matthew c . lamanna , 2 fernando e . novas , 3 ryan c . ridgely , 4 gabriel a . casal , 1 javier e . mart\u00ednez , 5 javier r . vita , 6 and lawrence m . witmer 4\nconceived and designed the experiments : rdfm mcl fen rcr gac jem jrv lmw . performed the experiments : rdfm mcl gac jem jrv . analyzed the data : rdfm mcl rcr gac lmw . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : rdfm mcl rcr gac jem jrv lmw . wrote the paper : rdfm mcl fen gac lmw .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\ntitanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were extremely diverse and abundant in upper cretaceous continental paleoenvironments in the gondwanan landmasses , and have been discovered throughout the world [ 1 \u2013 6 ] . titanosauria currently includes more than 60 genera and is most abundantly represented in south america , particularly in argentina [ 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 ] . most currently recognized titanosaurian taxa are represented exclusively or almost exclusively by postcranial bones .\nhere we describe a new and plesiomorphic early late cretaceous ( cenomanian\u2014turonian ) titanosaurian sauropod represented by a superbly - preserved adult skull articulated with a partial cervical series . the taxon provides a wealth of new information on the early evolution of titanosauria and the cranial anatomy of basal members of the clade . the cranium and mandible are only slightly deformed , with most bones fully articulated and all teeth preserved in situ ; as such , the new form is one of the very few titanosaurs for which the totality of this anatomical information is available . furthermore , the unusual anatomy of the cervical series provides novel data on the construction of the neck and tendon system of a cretaceous sauropod .\nthe titanosaur was preserved in a green sandstone horizon that pertains to the upper part of the lower member of the bajo barreal formation . this section of the lower member is lithologically characterized by these green sandstones , which were deposited in multiepisodic , interlaced fluvial channel systems [ 83 ] . the vast majority of the tetrapod fossils from the bajo barreal formation have been recovered from these sandstones , which exhibit taphonomic and sedimentological properties that were conducive to vertebrate preservation [ 84 ] . the skull and cervical series of the titanosaur were articulated and preserved in a fluvial overflow deposit with a high sedimentary load composed of medium - grained sandstones with abundant pelitic matrix . the degree of articulation and lack of evidence of subaerial weathering of the specimen suggest that it was buried rapidly .\nthe specimen described in this paper ( specimen number mdt - pv 2 ) is permanently reposited and accessible to all qualified researchers in the fossil vertebrate collection of the museo desiderio torres in sarmiento , chubut province , argentina . detailed locality information for the specimen is on file at the museo desiderio torres and is available to qualified researchers upon request . all necessary permits were obtained for the described study , which complied with all relevant regulations .\namnh , american museum of natural history , new york , new york , united states of america ; ans , academy of natural sciences of drexel university , philadelphia , pennsylvania , united states of america ; ccmge , chernyshev\u2019s central museum of geological exploration , saint petersburg , russia ; cm , carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , pennsylvania , united states of america ; fggub , facultatea de geologie \u015fi geofizic\u0103 a universit\u0103 ii din bucure\u015fti , bucharest , romania ; gcp , grupo cultural paleontol\u00f3gico de elche , museo paleontol\u00f3gico de elche , elche , spain ; gsi , geological survey of india , kolkata , india ; isi , indian statistical institute , kolkata , india ; mal , malawi department of antiquities collection , lilongwe and nguludi , malawi ; mb , museum f\u00fcr naturkunde der humboldt - universit\u00e4t , berlin , germany ; mcf - pvph , museo \u2018carmen funes , \u2019 colecci\u00f3n de paleontolog\u00eda de vertebrados , plaza huincul , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina ; mcspv , museo de cinco saltos , cinco saltos , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mcz , museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts , united states of america ; mdt - pv , museo desiderio torres - paleovertebrados , sarmiento , chubut , argentina ; mgpifd - gr , museo de geolog\u00eda y paleontolog\u00eda del instituto de formaci\u00f3n docente continua de general roca , general roca , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mml , museo municipal de lamarque , lamarque , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mpca , museo provincial \u2018carlos ameghino , \u2019 cipolletti , r\u00edo negro , argentina ; mucpv , museo de geolog\u00eda y paleontolog\u00eda de la universidad nacional del comahue , neuqu\u00e9n , neuqu\u00e9n , argentina ; mzsp - pv , museu de zoologia da universidade de s\u00e3o paulo , s\u00e3o paulo , brazil ; tmm , university of texas memorial museum , austin , texas , united states of america ; unpsjb - pv , universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco , colecci\u00f3n paleontolog\u00eda de vertebrados , comodoro rivadavia , chubut , argentina ; usnm , national museum of natural history , washington , district of columbia , united states of america ; zpal , institute of paleobiology , polish academy of sciences , warsaw , poland .\nthe electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained herein are available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank life science identifiers ( lsids ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix \u201c urltoken . \u201d the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 3b8c51b9 - c0c2 - 4562 - 81d4 - 0af58e186b31 . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 537dfe26 - 54ec - 4978 - ac86 - e83a04fa74de\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : c1090b8d - d051 - 44f3 - b869 - 8b4a0c802176\nmdt - pv 2 , an originally articulated cranial and cervical skeleton consisting of the nearly complete skull , the partial axis associated with its rib from the right side and articulated with the cranial part of the third cervical vertebra , a fragment of the fifth cervical vertebra , the nearly complete sixth cervical vertebra and its right rib , the partial seventh cervical vertebra , and a section of ossified cervical tendon .\nsarmiento , for the patagonian town and the administrative department in which it is located , the latter of which has yielded numerous cretaceous dinosaur fossils ; saurus , greek , \u2018lizard . \u2019 the specific name honors the late dr . eduardo musacchio , a model scientist and educator at the universidad nacional de la patagonia san juan bosco in comodoro rivadavia , argentina .\nestancia laguna palacios ( 44\u00b054 ' 11 . 6 ' ' s , 69\u00b022 ' 56 . 7 ' ' w ) , sierra nevada anticline , golfo san jorge basin , south - central chubut province , central patagonia , argentina (\n) . uppermost section of the lower member of the upper cretaceous bajo barreal formation , chubut group . the specimen was found\nmap of chubut province , central patagonia , argentina , showing location of the estancia laguna palacios , the type locality of sarmientosaurus musacchioi gen . et sp . nov . ( modified from ibiricu et al . [ 232 ] ) .\nbasal lithostrotian titanosaurian sauropod diagnosed by the following autapomorphies : ( 1 ) maximum ( rostroventral\u2014caudodorsal ) diameter of orbit nearly 40 % rostrocaudal length of cranium ( as measured from tip of snout to occipital condyle ) ; ( 2 ) complex maxilla\u2014lacrimal articulation , with ascending ramus of maxilla embedded in and bordered laterally and medially by lacrimal dorsal process ; ( 3 ) medial edge of caudal sector of maxillary ascending ramus bordering bony nasal aperture with low but well - defined ridge ; ( 4 ) \u2018tongue - like\u2019 ventral process of quadratojugal that overlaps quadrate caudally ; ( 5 ) separate foramina for all three branches of the trigeminal nerve ; ( 6 ) absence of median venous canal connecting infundibular region to ventral part of brainstem ; ( 7 ) premaxillary teeth subvertical , maxillary teeth procumbent , and dentary teeth recumbent ; ( 8 ) middle cervical vertebrae with \u2018strut - like\u2019 ( as opposed to \u2018sheet - like\u2019 ) centroprezygapophyseal laminae ; ( 9 ) extremely elongate and slender ossified tendon extending along cervical series ventrolateral to vertebrae and ribs .\n) . nevertheless , during the course of laboratory preparation , we were only able to recover the skull , parts of the articulated axis and third cervical vertebra , most of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae , and pieces of the fifth cervical vertebra and the second and sixth cervical ribs from the right side . unfortunately , the remainder of the collected vertebrae ( the atlas and cervical four ) and ribs were too poorly preserved and damaged by weathering to be salvageable .\ngen . et sp . nov . ( mdt - pv 2 ) upon discovery .\n( a ) articulated skull in ventral view , showing close association of ossified cervical tendon ( arrow ) with occipital region of cranium . ( b , c ) two views of articulated skull and partial cervical series in ventral view , showing considerable craniocaudal extent and consistently narrow diameter of ossified cervical tendon ( arrows ) . ( d ) relationship of a cervical rib ( white arrow ) with the ossified cervical tendon ( black arrow ) .\n) . this structure extended from near the right occipital region of the skull and past several vertebrae without changing diameter . although we observed the structure on only the right side of the specimen , we assume that it was bilaterally symmetrical in the living animal . therefore , given that the right side of the specimen is generally better preserved than the left , the equivalent structure on the left side presumably eroded away prior to discovery .\nunlike the situation in nemegtosaurus [ 10 , 11 ] and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] , the skull of sarmientosaurus was not strongly affected by taphonomic distortion . instead , the skull is only moderately deformed in its caudodorsal and dorsal areas . pressure applied to these regions apparently caused the jugal processes of both postorbitals to slide slightly rostrally over the postorbital processes of the corresponding jugals . nevertheless , these modest alterations demonstrate that the caudal part of the skull was not significantly rostrally displaced relative to more rostral regions . there is no evidence of dorsoventral compression of the snout ; indeed , in this area of the skull , only the dorsal parts of the premaxilla and maxilla are damaged , presumably due to pre - diagenetic erosion . the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae have suffered some lateral deformation , which has mainly affected parts of the neural arches such as the prezygapophyses .\nduring the excavation of the sarmientosaurus holotype , an abelisaurid tooth was discovered only a few centimeters from the occipital region of the skull , raising the possibility that this titanosaurian specimen was scavenged by this theropod . this is , however , ambiguous , as the sarmientosaurus bones do not exhibit tooth marks or other feeding traces .\nin our description of the dentition of sarmientosaurus , we employ the terms used by garc\u00eda and cerda [ 61 ] .\nis 43 cm in length as measured from the rostral tip of the articulated premaxillae to the occipital condyle . it is approximately 24 cm wide across the postorbitals and 24 cm tall from the dorsal margin of the frontal to the ventral end of the quadrate on the right side ( see\n] , indicates that the specimen probably corresponds to a skeletally mature ( and possibly very old ) individual .\nabbreviations : l , left ; r , right . * = element incomplete , measurement as preserved .\nin the cranium of sarmientosaurus , three large openings are clearly visible in lateral view : from rostral to caudal , these are the antorbital fenestra , the orbit , and the infratemporal fenestra . as preserved , the bony nasal apertures ( = \u2018external nares\u2019 of many paleontological works ) open rostrodorsally in a confluent fenestra , as in rapetosaurus ; nevertheless , it appears that , in life , these openings would have been separated by a bony lamina formed by the premaxillae and nasals ( the internarial bar ) . although this structure has been mostly destroyed by taphonomic processes , the caudally - incomplete narial flange of the premaxillae and a broken rostral projection of the nasals attest to its former existence . ventral to the rostral end of each antorbital fenestra is a minute , poorly preserved opening that we interpret as the homolog of the preantorbital fenestra ; this foramen is discussed further in of our description of the maxilla below .\nthe orbit of sarmientosaurus is proportionally very large , rostroventrally\u2014caudodorsally elongate , and rounded at its caudodorsal and rostroventral margins , with the caudodorsal end rostrocaudally longer than the rostroventral end . as in many dinosaurs , the orbit is regionally divisible into a dorsal ocular portion ( that housed the eyeball and its adnexa ) and a ventral non - ocular portion that was occupied by various soft - tissues ( e . g . , adductor muscles , vessels , nerves ) . the orbit differs from those of camarasaurus , giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , rapetosaurus , and tapuiasaurus , which are smaller and shaped differently . although the orbit of abydosaurus is also proportionally large , it is not as large as in the new bajo barreal titanosaur ; furthermore , it is subtriangular rather than ovate in contour .\nthe supratemporal fenestra is bordered caudally by a prominent flange ( the transverse nuchal crest ) , and its long axis is oriented mediolaterally , as in europasaurus , giraffatitan , and rapetosaurus . the infratemporal fenestra is rostrocaudally narrow throughout its dorsoventral extent , and its long axis is oriented roughly parallel to that of the orbit , as in nemegtosaurus and tapuiasaurus . this contrasts the conditions in abydosaurus , camarasaurus , euhelopus , and giraffatitan , in which this fenestra is subtriangular and rostrocaudally wide , especially ventrally .\n] : fig . 4a ) , where the more vertical nasal process lends the rostral margin of the premaxilla a taller , straighter lateral profile . the premaxilla of\ncontinue caudodorsally to the bony nasal apertures ; only the left premaxilla preserves the rostral margin of the aperture , however . along this margin , the area of the interpremaxillary articulation shows remnants of a sagittal crest that probably corresponds to the rostroventral base of the internarial bar . the premaxillae articulate with the maxillae caudally ; in life , they would presumably have also contacted the nasals caudodorsally .\nphotographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawing ( b ) in right lateral ( a , b ) and left lateral ( c ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .\ncomputed tomography - based digital visualization in dorsal view , showing locations of preantorbital , rostral maxillary , and subnarial ( blue star ) foramina ( a ) , and left bony nasal aperture ( blue overlay ) and narial fossa ( black line ) ( b ) . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .\nthe rostroventral end of the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla is clearly discernible toward the tip of the snout , far rostral to the bony nasal aperture . in malawisaurus [ 32 , 102 ] , narambuenatitan [ 40 ] , and probably isi r k 27 / 528 [ 31 , 102 ] , by contrast , this suture lies ventral to the rostral end of the nasal aperture , indicating that these apertures were not retracted in these titanosaurs . nevertheless , this condition may well have varied through titanosaurian ontogeny , as unretracted bony nasal apertures are also present in the embryonic skulls from auca mahuevo [ 15 \u2013 17 ] .\nare evident in more dorsal areas of the premaxillary\u2014maxillary contact . this fossa takes the form of a slight depression of the snout , the perimeter of which has been damaged by erosion . the narial fossa is better preserved on the right side , where it can be seen to reach rostrally to the region of the premaxillary\u2014maxillary contact (\n. the lateral surface of each premaxilla is rostrocaudally short and shows small , irregular traces , some of which may be artifacts of the erosion that has affected more dorsal regions of these bones . there is a bony lamina lateral to the premaxillary teeth that is also present in the maxilla . the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla should bear the subnarial foramen , an aperture that transmitted blood vessels between the narial region and palate . this foramen is found in virtually all saurischians [\n] . the relevant region is not well preserved in mdt - pv 2 , but it is present on the left side . here , gaps in the preserved bone fragments indicate the likely position of the subnarial foramen (\n) , which would be consistent with that in other sauropods . given that inferred position and the extent of the narial fossa , it is likely that , in life ,\neach premaxilla bears four alveoli , as in all other sauropods . medially , the ventral margin of the premaxilla exhibits a continuous ridge situated close to the teeth , which is contiguous with a similarly - positioned ridge on the maxilla .\nmovies ) is a stout , rostrocaudally elongate element . its gently convex lateral surface is pierced by neurovascular foramina that open into prominent grooves , rendering the surface slightly undulatory ; these grooves are mediolaterally oriented , as in\n, the ascending ramus of the maxilla forms a bar that separates the bony nasal aperture from the antorbital fenestra . the ramus arises near the rostrocaudal midline of the maxilla , further caudally than the ascending rami of\ncomputed tomography - based digital visualization in ventral view indicating palatal bones ( ectopterygoids , palatines , pterygoids , and vomers ) and the right suborbital fenestra . abbreviations see text . scale bar = 10 cm .\nthe phylogenetic distribution of the preantorbital fenestra , a large accessory opening in the maxilla that is characteristic of diplodocidae [ 107 \u2013 109 ] , was widened considerably when wilson and sereno [ 103 ] homologized a neurovascular foramen that occurs in various sauropods with the definitive preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids . in taxa such as camarasaurus , europasaurus , and giraffatitan , the homologous structure is a relatively inconspicuous foramen , such that the term \u2018preantorbital fenestra\u2019 does not seem appropriate , even if the homologous foramen is elaborated into a large opening in other taxa . although witmer [ 109 ] and wilson and sereno [ 103 ] regarded the preantorbital fenestra of diplodocids as relating to the pneumaticity associated with the antorbital cavity , more recent studies [ 110 ] have suggested that the structure is vascular in origin . derived lithostrotian titanosaurs such as nemegtosaurus [ 11 ] , rapetosaurus [ 13 ] , and tapuiasaurus [ 14 ] apparently converged on diplodocids in expanding this neurovascular foramen into a relatively large opening that is here termed the preantorbital foramen .\nlacks a true preantorbital foramen or fenestra , but probably possesses the homologous neurovascular foramen . criteria for establishing the homologies of these openings have not previously been established , but include the following : ( 1 ) the foramen / fenestra is located dorsal to the maxillary palatal shelf , where it communicates with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle ( traceable in computed tomographic [ ct ] scan data ) ; ( 2 ) the foramen / fenestra is in the vicinity of the suborbital fenestra , where the palatine and ectopterygoid unite with the maxillary palatal shelf ; and ( 3 ) the foramen / fenestra is generally just caudal to the alveolar tooth chamber ( and this chamber , housing the replacement teeth , may extend somewhat caudal to the most distal [ = caudal ] erupted tooth position ) . applying these criteria to\nwilson and sereno ( 1998 ) highlighted another neurovascular feature in sauropods : the rostral ( = anterior ) maxillary foramen , which opens within the narial fossa caudal ( or lateral , in diplodocids ) to the subnarial foramen . in a sense , this structure is a counterpart to the preantorbital foramen / fenestra in that both are associated with the canal for the maxillary neurovascular bundle and transmitted branches thereof in life [ 110 ] . the ct scan data of sarmientosaurus clearly show ( especially on the right side of the cranium ) the course of the maxillary neurovascular bundle through the maxilla and where this bundle gives off the branch that leads to the rostral maxillary foramen before continuing rostrally through the bone . the rostral maxillary foramen opens medially into the narial fossa just inside the rim of the fossa , near the base of the maxillary ascending ramus . as preserved , the foramen is modest in size , comparable in relative scale to that observed in camarasaurus ( cm 11338 ) and giraffatitan ( mb r . 2223 . 1 ) .\nthe medial surface of the maxilla is longitudinally concave and exhibits the same continuous bony flange that is present in the premaxilla . there are 12 teeth in the left maxilla of the sarmientosaurus holotype and 11 in the right . the tooth row encompasses 64 % of the length of the maxilla , a condition that is intermediate between those in camarasaurus and giraffatitan ( 75 % ) on one hand and abydosaurus ( 52 % ) , tapuiasaurus ( 46 % ) , and nemegtosaurus ( 34 % ) on the other . the relatively long tooth row in sarmientosaurus may relate to the plesiomorphic ( i . e . , unexpanded ) condition of the homolog of the preantorbital foramen as well as the intermediate condition of the \u2018postdental emargination . \u2019 in other words , the restriction of the teeth to the rostral end of the snout in more advanced titanosaurs may be correlated with the increased development of both these features .\nmovies ) is a planar bone that is roughly quadrangular in dorsal view . it is rostrocaudally longest medially , at the internasal articulation , and extends rostrally as a process that presumably would have articulated with the ascending ramus of the premaxilla to form the missing internarial bar . the curved rostrolateral edge of the nasal forms the caudal border of the bony nasal aperture , and continues to expand caudally at an approximately straight lateral margin that borders the prefrontal and frontal . the caudal margin of the nasal has a straight , mediolaterally - oriented suture with the frontal . the caudal ends of both nasals are damaged near their contact with the frontals .\nmovies ) is a dorsoventrally elongate and gently caudodorsally - inclined bone that separates the antorbital fenestra from the orbit . as observed in rostral view , the lacrimal is oriented dorsomedially\u2014ventrolaterally ( i . e . , its dorsal end is positioned slightly more medially than its ventral end in the articulated skull ) . the lacrimal is expanded rostroventrally at its contact with the jugal . caudodorsally , the lacrimal articulates with the ascending ramus of the maxilla , the prefrontal , and the nasal . its dorsal end possesses a very subtle rostral process that is comparable to those of\n] : fig . 1c ) . unlike in most macronarians ( e . g . ,\n) , the dorsal terminus of the lacrimal is not well exposed in lateral view due to a contact between the maxilla and prefrontal . the lateral surface of the lacrimal is relatively smooth compared to those of the premaxilla and maxilla .\nmovies ) is crescentic and rostrocaudally elongate in dorsal view . its dorsal surface is convex and its ventral surface is smoothly concave . the prefrontal articulates with the maxilla and lacrimal rostrally and rostromedially , the nasal caudomedially , and the frontal caudally . the ventral surface forms the rostrodorsal margin of the orbit . both prefrontals are well preserved , and their lateral surfaces are somewhat rugose , as in\n, the rostral process is triangular in dorsal view , with the concave medial margin articulating with the nasal and maxilla and the convex lateral edge forming part of the rostrodorsal sector of the orbit . the prefrontal is dorsoventrally thick laterally and becomes even thicker medially .\nmovies ) have suffered strong mediolateral deformation . this , coupled with the presence of cracks and rugosities on their dorsal surfaces , precludes us from determining whether these bones are coossified or simply firmly sutured . as our ct data do not provide evidence to resolve this matter , we will describe both frontals as a single unit . together , these bones comprise a transversely wide surface that extends between the orbits but that is much shorter in rostrocaudal dimension ( transverse width to rostrocaudal length ratio equals 3 . 5 to 1 ) . the frontals are bordered by the nasals and prefrontals rostrally , the parietals caudally , and the postorbitals laterally , and they also contribute to the dorsal margins of the orbits . unlike in\nis smooth , not ornamented . the frontal also appears to lack the rostrolateral process present in\nare probable but not definitive . nevertheless , the frontals appear to be proportionally rostrocaudally shorter than those of some other titanosauriforms ( e . g . ,\n) . ventrally there is a gap , bounded laterally by the orbitosphenoids , where the aperture for the olfactory tracts opens .\nphotographs ( a , c ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d ) in dorsal ( a , b ) and ventral ( c , d ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .\nmovies ) are difficult to establish due to the extreme fusion and deformation suffered by part of the caudal region of the skull . ct data show that the central interparietal / interfrontal zone forms a single triangular surface , the truncated apex of which arises from the parietal\u2014supraoccipital contact and the base from the nasofrontal suture . detailed examination of the cracked dorsal surface of the skull roof allows the identification of a probable frontoparietal suture , which suggests that the parietal contributes to the supratemporal fenestra . in contrast to the conditions in most other macronarians for which this region of the skull is known ( e . g . ,\n] ) . unlike in many of these forms ( e . g . ,\n, mgpifd - gr 118 ) , the long axes of these fenestrae are oriented approximately perpendicular to the sagittal plane instead of being aligned rostromedially\u2014caudolaterally . in these regards ,\n, usnm 5730 ) and derived lithostrotians . this compression and reorientation of the supratemporal fenestrae coincides with the lateral reorientation of the orbits in titanosaurs , both of which presumably evolved in response to the expansion of the nasal vestibule .\nphotographs ( a , c , e ) and interpretive drawings ( b , d , f ) in rostral ( a , b ) , caudal ( c , d ) , and caudodorsal ( e , f ) views . abbreviations see text . scale bars = 10 cm .\ncomputed tomography - based digital visualization in right lateral ( a ) , left lateral ( b ) , rostral ( c ) , caudal ( d ) , dorsal ( e ) , and ventral ( f ) views . scale bar = 10 cm .\nthere is no visible suture between the parietals , but together they have a wing - like contour comparable to that observed in camarasaurus and proportionally wider than those of giraffatitan , nemegtosaurus , and rapetosaurus . the parietal contacts the postorbital laterally , the supraoccipital caudoventrally , and the otoccipital more ventrally . there is no parietal foramen , in contrast to the condition in sauropods such as shunosaurus [ 113 ] and some diplodocoids ( see [ 114 ] ) . the parietal of sarmientosaurus lacks the bizarre dorsal excrescences of the isolated transylvanian braincase fggub 1007 [ 52 ] .\nhas the form of a caudally - reclined \u2018t . \u2019 its thick , convex caudodorsal ramus contributes to the dorsal margins of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the longer ventral ramus is rostroventrally directed to contact the dorsal process of the jugal , and it forms most of the boundary between the infratemporal fenestra and orbit . both postorbitals are well - preserved , though they have lost contact with their respective jugals ; furthermore , the end of the ventral ramus of the left postorbital has rotated laterally . the lateral surface of the postorbital is fairly smooth . the ventral ramus is thickened at its rostroventral end that articulates with the jugal . its flattened rostral surface is slightly concave in lateral view , whereas its caudolateral side is convex . the jugal articular surface of the postorbital is oriented caudomedially . the caudodorsal ramus is an expansion in the form of a convex anvil . it is pierced by a small but well - defined , caudolaterally - opening vascular foramen near the dorsal margin of the infratemporal fenestra and the dorsal base of the ventral ramus . the same or a very similar postorbital foramen occurs in the north american titanosauriform\n, though it may occur in other sauropods ( l . m . w . , pers . obs . ) . there is no evidence of the ornamentation of the orbital margin of the caudodorsal ramus that occurs in\n] . as best observed in rostromedial view , there are two small , probably vascular foramina situated close together at the rostroventral end of the right postorbital . their presence on the left postorbital cannot be verified due to damage . the postorbital of\nin having a dorsoventrally thinner caudodorsal ramus , the rostral projection of which is much longer than its caudal counterpart ( see suteethorn et al . [\nmovies ) are well preserved , but their surfaces exhibit small cracks caused by erosion . the jugal of\n] are similarly elongate but very different in shape , being tetraradiate rather than triradiate and comparatively dorsoventrally thick . within titanosauriformes , the jugal of\n, though the caudoventral ramus is sharply pointed and considerably longer in the latter taxon ( see chure et al . [\n, the subvertical dorsal ramus of the jugal contacts the postorbital and separates the ventral ends of the orbit and infratemporal fenestra . the rostroventral ramus is rostrodorsally projected and has a sigmoid contact with the caudal end of the maxilla . ventrally , near its caudal end , the rostroventral ramus makes a slight contribution to the large lateral embayment caudal to the tooth row . the jugal also forms the ventral margin of the orbit and the caudoventral corner of the antorbital fenestra , and contacts the lacrimal rostrodorsally . the dorsal and rostroventral jugal rami meet at a nearly right angle . the rostroventral ramus is laminar throughout its extent , and is dorsoventrally expanded at its contact with the lacrimal . more caudally , between the orbit and the caudalmost sector of the maxilla , the rostroventral ramus of the jugal narrows and intersects the dorsal ramus . the caudoventral ramus of the jugal is much shorter than the rostroventral ramus . the jugal has been disarticulated from the postorbital on both sides of the skull ; specifically , the articular end of the right postorbital is free and has been displaced laterally relative to the dorsal articular end of the jugal , and part of the postorbital overlaps the jugal on the left side . the articular surface of the right postorbital is rostromedially oriented and longitudinally twisted , suggesting that rostrocaudal pressures suffered by the skull during diagenesis have caused the bilateral displacement between the postorbitals and jugals .\nmovies ) is a rostrocaudally elongate and dorsoventrally oriented bone . along with the quadratojugal , it forms most of the caudoventral margin of the infratemporal fenestra . whether or not the squamosal participates in the supratemporal fenestra is not totally clear , although it probably does not given the seemingly considerable distance between these structures . the squamosal is excluded from the supratemporal fenestra in\n, the squamosal articulates with the quadratojugal ventrally , the postorbital caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its sutural contacts are not clearly delimited , despite the fact that the right squamosal is fairly well preserved ; the left is damaged laterally and caudally . the lateral surface of the right squamosal is fractured and cracked . the main body of the squamosal is flexed , forming a rostromedially - oriented convexity near its contact with the postorbital . this convexity divides two regions : a long rostrolateral sector that is wide and laminar at its contact with the quadratojugal , and a shorter caudomedial sector that has a concave surface and that is bordered medially by the quadrate . the squamosal is slightly sigmoid in lateral view .\nmovies ) is preserved . it is an \u2018l\u2019 - shaped bone with a dorsal process that is angled slightly caudally and that is shorter than the ventral process ; the latter is directed rostrodorsally to contact the jugal . the quadratojugal forms the rostroventral border of the infratemporal fenestra . it articulates with the jugal rostrodorsally , the squamosal caudodorsally , and the quadrate medially . its contact with the squamosal is difficult to define due to fracturing of the region in question , although that contact clearly occurs in a rostromedial plane . the rostral section of the ventral ramus that contacts the jugal is slightly cracked . a small bone fragment adhered to the lateral surface of the caudodorsal part of the coronoid eminence of the right mandibular ramus appears to be the rostralmost tip of the ventral ramus of the right quadratojugal . in contrast to\n] , the ventral edge of the ventral ramus is uniformly convex rather than sinuous in lateral view , and its rostral end is not ventrally expanded . in\n, there may have been some rostral displacement of the quadratojugal relative to the jugal , but if so , it does not appear to have been significant . as observed in ventral view , the ventral process of the quadratojugal is projected dorsomedially , forming a concave medial surface . in caudal view , the subvertical dorsal ramus of the \u2018l\u2019 comprises the lateral border of the quadrate fossa ; ventrally , this same margin is caudomedially projected as a \u2018tongue - like\u2019 process that caudally overlaps the quadrate . in\n] . the tongue - like process appears to be absent in other macronarians ( e . g . ,\nthe palatal region of the sarmientosaurus holotype was partially damaged by erosion , mainly on its midline . the vomers are incomplete , as is often the case in sauropod skulls [ 96 ] , and parts of the palatines , ectopterygoids , and pterygoids are also missing .\nmovies ) . the right palatine preserves part of the lateral region , primarily the elongate , rostrolaterally - directed maxillary process . the entire medial section of the bone where it articulates with the pterygoid has been lost , whereas the left palatine preserves most of the pterygoid contact . the body of the maxillary process is dorsomedially inclined and roughly tubular . its rostrolateral contact with the ectopterygoid is preserved , as is its more caudolateral contact with the rostral end of the pterygoid , although all of these bones are somewhat disarticulated . the rostral end of the maxillary process is fractured into pieces on both sides , but enough is preserved to suggest that its contact with the palatal process of the maxilla is typical for sauropods in that the palatine underlaps the maxilla ventrally . likewise , the arrangement of the maxillary process of the palatine , the ectopterygoid , and the pterygoid around the suborbital ( = postpalatine ) fenestra also resembles that of other sauropods in that this fenestra is small and bounded rostrally by the palatine , caudally by the ectopterygoid ( with the pterygoid nearby ) , and laterally by the palatal process of the maxilla . the maxillary process of the palatine narrows and expands again caudomedially as it approaches the pterygoid . as shown on the left side , although somewhat damaged and disarticulated , the pterygoid contact of the palatine is expanded and articulates in the fork between the medial vomerine ramus and the lateral transverse ramus of the pterygoid , as is common in sauropods [\nmovies ) is the largest bone of the palatal complex . neither pterygoid is complete , but enough is preserved of both to offer a reasonably comprehensive description . in general , the pterygoid of\nis typical for sauropods in that the bone has a complex shape , with three main processes\u2014the quadrate , vomerine , and transverse rami\u2014arising from the highly arched body . the pterygoid body , which is better preserved on the left side , is expansive , forming a distinct ventral fossa ( the postchoanal fossa ) that faces rostromedially . the quadrate ramus , also better preserved on the left pterygoid , branches off the caudolateral corner of the body and twists into a more vertical plane as it attaches to the medial aspect of the reciprocal pterygoid ramus of the quadrate . the vomerine ramus passes dorsomedially , contacting its counterpart at the midline to form a thin triangular wedge that approaches the roof of the nasal cavity , where it nearly contacts the subnarial processes of the premaxilla and maxilla . rostrally , the vomerine rami pass medial to the paired vomers . near the juncture of the vomerine and quadrate rami , the body of the pterygoid forms a shallow but distinct , caudomedially facing pocket for the articulation of the basipterygoid process .\nthe transverse ramus of the pterygoid is preserved on both sides , but is better preserved on the right side . as is true for most sauropods , the transverse ramus is slender and swept far rostrally , carrying the ectopterygoid with it . the lateral end of the transverse ramus is slender and curves ventrally . the ectopterygoid attaches broadly to its rostral surface , just caudal to the suborbital fenestra . together , these two bones form the \u2018pterygoid flange , \u2019 which is a strong , transverse projection in many other archosaurs , but is a relatively delicate structure in sarmientosaurus and most other sauropods . as noted above , the palatine articulates with the body of the pterygoid rostrally , between the vomerine and transverse rami of the latter ."]}
{"id": 2015, "summary": [{"text": "the malabar trevally , carangoides malabaricus , ( also known as the malabar jack , malabar kingfish and nakedshield kingfish ) is a species of large inshore marine fish of the jack family , carangidae .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is distributed throughout the indian and west pacific oceans from south africa in the west to japan and australia in the east , inhabiting reefs and sandy bays on the continental shelf .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the malabar trevally is similar to many of the other species in the genus carangoides , with the number of gill rakers and the grey-brown colour of the tongue being the diagnostic features .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the malabar trevally is a predator , taking a variety of small fish , cephalopods and crustaceans .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species is of minor economic importance throughout its range , caught by a variety of net and handline methods . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "malabar trevally", "paragraphs": ["we are acknowledged as prominent manufacturer and exporter of a fine grade of malabar trevally , which has managed to make its name in the international market . the clean and fresh quality malabar trevally is processed and packed as per the standards set by the seafood industry . moreover , customized packaging facilities are provided to the customers for malabar trevally . scientific name\nwe are acknowledged for offering malabar trevally fish . the clean and fresh quality malabar trevally is processed and packed as per the standards set by the seafood industry . moreover , customized packaging facilities are provided to the customers as per their requirement .\nthe species is commonly referred to as the brassy trevally , tea - leaf trevally , or greenback trevally in reference to its colouration , while papuan trevally is used in reference to the specific epithet . [ 4 ]\nthe brassy trevally , caranx papuensis ( also known as the brassy kingfish , papuan trevally , tea - leaf trevally , and green back trevally ) is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family , carangidae .\nday , f . ( 1865 ) .\non the fishes of cochin , the malabar coast of india part i\n.\nthe malabar trevally is also known as the malabar jack , malabar kingfish and nakedshield kingfish . the malabar trevally has the typical body profile of a jack , with a strongly compressed body almost ovate in shape . the colour of the malabar trevally is usually a silver overlain by a bluish - grey hue on the upper side of the fish fading to a silvery white on the underside and lower flanks . it is marketed fresh , may be dried or salted . this video is taken in kasimedu , north chennai . kasimedu is one of the important fishing port in chennai . a usual day starts here busily at 4 a . m . they supply fish to some of the top hotels in the city . nearly 30 , 000 people visit the auction hall situated near the harbour everyday . 30 percent is sent to other states such as karnataka and kerala too .\nthe bluefin trevally is one of the premier gamefish of the indo - pacific region , although is often overshadowed by its larger cousin , the giant trevally .\nmost bluefin trevally sold in hawaii are now imported from other indo - pacific nations .\ncarangoides praeustus ( anonymous [ e . t . bennett ] , 1830 ) ( brownback trevally )\nmuch in the way the related species , giant trevally have been observed to do in captivity .\nhawaii also keeps catch records , with these showing the species is taken in far less numbers than the giant trevally , with only 704 pounds taken compared to 10 149 lbs of giant trevally in 1998 .\nand a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the blacktip trevally has 24 to 27\ncarangoides orthogrammus ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1882 ) ( island trevally )\nthe bluefin trevally has been successfully kept in large saltwater aquaria , but require large water volumes to adapt well .\nthe blacktip trevally is a large fish , growing to a maximum recorded size of 1 m in length and 12 . 5\nin hawaii found the bluefin trevally is the most common trevally species taken , accounting for over 80 % of the carangid catch . the authors note that this may not only reflect its abundance , but also it vulnerability to specific fishing methods used in the tournament .\nthe golden trevally is not currently considered threatened ; however , it is exploited for small scale commercial or subsistence fisheries in coastal waters , usually using artisanal fishing methods such as gillnets and spears . juvenile golden trevally may be taken for the aquarium trade ( 2 ) .\nthe bluefin trevally hunts both as a solitary individual and in groups of up to 20 , with most fish preferring an individual approach .\nthe bluefin trevally is a large fish , growing to a maximum known length of 117 cm and a weight of 43 . 5 kg ,\nan onion trevally , carangoides coeruleopinnatus , in lembeh strait , sulawesi , indonesia . source : jim greenfield / fishbase . license : all rights reserved\nbray , r . a . & justine , j . - l . 2006 : prosorhynchus maternus sp . n . ( digenea : bucephalidae ) from the malabar grouper epinephelus malabaricus ( perciformes : serranidae ) off new caledonia . folia parasitologica , 53 , 181 - 188 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2006 . 024\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus )\ntitle =\narkive species - golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncalculations suggest each individual bluefin trevally consumes around 45 kg of fish per year on average , making it one of the most effective predators in this habitat .\nreferred to as the ' bluefin trevally ' , with the species ' s distinctive blue fins contributing to most of its other common names . these include bluefin jack , bluefin kingfish , blue ulua , omilu , bluefinned crevalle and spotted trevally . the species has many other non - english names due to its wide distribution .\nbeing the most common . despite the preference of several families , bluefin trevally do take a very wide variety of fish in small amounts , including various species of\nthe rapid decline in the population has seen a focus on breeding the bluefin trevally in captivity . the species ' aquaculture potential was first investigated in a 1975 experiment in\nspawning occurs during april and may , with studies on the biology of the golden trevally showing that growth of the population occurs fastest during the summer months ( 2 ) .\n; in this mode the trevally change their colour to a dark pigmentation state and hide behind large coral lumps close to where the aggregations ( often spawning reef fish ) occur .\nlong term studies have found the fish may range up to 10 . 2 km over several months , however is much less restricted in its movements than its relative , the giant trevally .\nindividuals of between 40 and 170 mm have been recorded in south african estuaries , where they are the least tolerant carangid to the brackish and freshwater conditions of these systems . bluefin trevally can tolerate\nknaggs , b . ( 2008 ) . knaggs , b . , ed .\n12 rounds with trevally\n. saltwater fishing . silverwater , nsw : express publications ( 58 ) : 72\u201380 .\nthe bluefin trevally displays a remarkable array of hunting techniques , ranging from midwater attacks to ambush and taking advantage of larger forage fish . the species is reported to hunt during the day , particularly at\n, once the prey school has been attacked , the trevally chases down the prey as they scatter back to cover in the corals , often colliding with coral as they attempt to snatch a fish .\nthe golden trevally is found throughout the indo - pacific region , east to the pacific coast of the americas ( baja california , mexico and ecuador ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\n\u2014 melsvapelek\u0117 karang\u0117 statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas r\u016b\u0161is atitikmenys : lot . caranx melampygus angl . bluefin jack ; bluefin trevally rus . \u0437\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0441 ; \u043a\u0440\u0430\u043f\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0441 ; \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043f\u0451\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0441 ry\u0161iai : platesnis terminas \u2013\u2026 \u2026\nthe imposter trevally inhabits the tropical waters of the indian and west pacific oceans . its range extends from the gulf of oman through to india and sri lanka in the west , with a break in records from sri lanka to the gulf of thailand . in the west pacific the imposter trevally inhabits south east asian waters from the gulf of thailand to sumatra and borneo . it is distributed east towards the philippines and guam , and south to australia .\nconfined to inshore coastal habitats , the golden trevally is usually encountered over sandy bottoms , lagoons and coral and rocky reefs , to depths of around 50 metres ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nknaggs , b . ( 2008 ) . knaggs , b . . ed . 12 rounds with trevally . saltwater fishing ( no . 58 ) . silverwater , nsw : express publications . pp . 72\u201380 . isbn 8233000551 .\nas other fish , the brassy trevally is the host of various parasites . internal parasites include the bucephalid digenean prosorhynchoides lamprelli in the intestine [ 17 ] and external parasites include the protomicrocotylid monogenean lethacotyle vera on the gills . [ 18 ]\ntrials . the catch statistics for the bluefin trevally are poorly reported in most of its range , with only parts of the western indian ocean supplying information to the fao . in this region , catch levels have fluctuated between 2 and 50\nthe brassy trevally is not of high importance to commercial fisheries , often finding its way to market as bycatch in various netting and hook - and - line fisheries . [ 8 ] catch statistics are not kept for the species . the species is of some importance to recreational fishermen , and is considered a good gamefish and is often taken by various fish baits , as well as lures and flies . [ 19 ] despite this , it is rarely targeted by anglers , who overlook it for larger relatives such as giant trevally and bluefin trevally , [ 20 ] with the species often being an incidental catch , and rarely kept . [ 21 ] the species is also commonly taken by spearfishermen . brassy trevally is considered to be an excellent table fish . [ 11 ] the species has been held in large saltwater aquaria , with studies at the reunion island aquarium reporting the species adjusts to aquarium life , but needs a large tank . [ 22 ]\nthe imposter trevally inhabits coastal waters throughout its range , often found over the sandy continental shelf in the waters off north west australia . here it is known to form cohabit with carangoides coeruleopinnatus and carangoides malabaricus in waters 30 to 140 m deep .\nthe imposter trevally is of little importance to fisheries throughout its range , occasionally caught using hook and line , bottom trawls and various types of artisanal nets . it is often found in the bycatch of northern australian prawn trawlers , and usually discarded .\nonce the prey is close enough to the hiding spot , the fish ram the base of the school , before chasing down individual fish . these dark fish in ambush mode vigorously drive away any other bluefin trevally that stray too close to the aggregation .\nin many cases , the species uses changes in the depth of the reef such as ledges to conceal its ambush attacks . bluefin trevally also enter lagoons as the tide rises to hunt small baitfish in the shallow confines , leaving as the tide falls .\ndistinguished from other trevally species by its striking colouration , the golden trevally ( gnathanodon speciosus ) is beautiful bright yellow or golden as a juvenile and young adult , with a narrow black bar through the eye and between 7 and 12 vertical black bars , of alternating widths , along the body . the fins of this small fish are yellow , while the tail ( caudal fin ) is black - tipped and deeply forked . the second dorsal fin is larger than the first , and the pectoral fins are long and sickle - shaped ( 3 ) . as the golden trevally grows , the yellow becomes more silvery and iridescent , the black bars fade , and scattered , blackish blotches develop on the sides of the body ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . the golden trevally has thick , fleshy lips and a protractile ( extendable ) mouth . adults lack teeth , and only a few small teeth are present in the lower jaw of juveniles ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .\nthe brassy trevally is classified within the genus caranx , one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies . caranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family carangidae , a group of percoid fishes in the order perciformes . [ 1 ]\nzhao , z . ; lu , y . ( 2006 ) .\nestablishment and characterization of two cell lines from bluefin trevally caranx melampygus\n. diseases of aquatic organisms 68 ( 2 ) : 91\u2013100 . doi : 10 . 3354 / dao068091 . pmid 16532601 .\nthe imposter trevally is classified within the genus carangoides , one of a number of groups of fish referred to as jacks and trevallies . carangoides is further classified in the family carangidae , itself part of the suborder percoidei and the order perciformes ; the perch - like fishes .\na silvery grey trevally often with five indistinct darker bars and scattered yellow spots on sides , a small black blotch on the upper part of the gill cover , and no scales on the breast to beyond the origin of the pelvic fins . juveniles have a filamentous lobe on the second dorsal fin .\nthe upper body of the bluefin trevally is a silver - brassy colour , fading to silvery white on the underside of the fish , often with blue hues . after they reach lengths greater than 16 cm , blue - black spots appear on the upper flanks of the fish , with these becoming more prolific with age .\nmeyer , c . g . ; honebrink , r . r . ( 2005 ) .\ntransintestinal expulsion of surgically implanted dummy transmitters by bluefin trevally\u2014implications for long - term movement studies\n. transactions of the american fisheries society 134 ( 3 ) : 602\u201360 . doi : 10 . 1577 / t04 - 082 . 1 .\nthe golden trevally is a fast - swimming , predatory fish . it typically hunts in small groups , foraging in the sand for invertebrates ( usually molluscs and crustaceans ) and small fish , which are sucked up into the mouth by extending the protractile jaws into a tube ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . juvenile golden trevally often mimic the behaviour of pilot fish ( naucrates ductor ) , associating closely with sharks and other large fish ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) , and are also known to live among the tentacles of jellyfish ( possibly for protection against predators ) ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nchambers , m . d . ( ostrowski , a . c . ) .\ndevelopment of bluefin trevally ( caranx melampygus ) and greater amberjack ( seriola dumerili ) for offshore aquaculture\n. joining forces with industry : proceedings third international conference on open ocean aquaculture , corpus christi , texas , may 10\u201315 , 1998 : 132\u2013141 .\nmasuda , r . ; ziemann , d . a . ( 2003 ) .\nvulnerability of pacific threadfin juveniles to predation by bluefin trevally and hammerhead shark : size dependent mortality and handling stress\n. aquaculture 217 ( 1 - 4 ) : 249\u2013257 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 02 ) 00254 - 5 .\nthe brassy trevally is a large species of fish , growing to a known maximum of 88 cm in length and 6 . 4 kg in weight . [ 4 ] as its name suggests , the brassy trevally is a brassy to yellow greenish colour dorsally , becoming silvery white on the underside . juveniles generally lack the brassy tinge , being silver all over . [ 7 ] the species ' head and body above the lateral line is scattered with small black spots , with few spots occasionally much lower near the pectoral fins . these spots become more numerous with age . the species also has a conspicuous pale silvery - white spot with black margins shoulder near the upper opercle . the fins are yellow to dusky with the exception of the caudal fin , which has a dusky upper lobe and a dusky to yellow lower lobe and distinctive narrow white band on the trailing edge . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] it is often confused with the giant trevally , caranx ignobilis , but is best distinguished by its lighter dorsal colouring and abundant black spots .\nholland , k . n . ; lowe , c . g . & wetherbee , b . m . ( 1996 ) .\nmovements and dispersal patterns of blue trevally ( caranx melampygus ) in a fisheries conservation zone\n. fisheries research 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 279\u2013292 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0165 - 7836 ( 95 ) 00442 - 4 .\nmorikake , a . m . ; moriwake , v . n . , ostrowski , a . c . & lee , c . - s . ( 2001 ) .\nnatural spawning of the bluefin trevally caranx melampygus in captivity\n. aquaculture 203 ( 1 - 2 ) : 159\u2013164 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0044 - 8486 ( 01 ) 00621 - 4 .\nkim , b . g . ; divikaran , s . , brown , c . l . & ostrowski , a . c . ( 2001 ) .\ncomparative digestive enzyme ontogeny in two marine larval fishes : pacific threadfin ( polydactylus sexfilis ) and bluefin trevally ( caranx melampygus )\n. fish physiology and biochemistry 24 ( 3 ) : 225\u2013241 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1014054431627 .\nthe blacktip trevally ' s colouration is distinctive , with the upper body being dark bronze to yellow green while the lower body fades to silvery white below . the caudal fin is bright to olive yellow , with the top half normally black to dark , giving the species its common name . other fins range from bright yellow to dusky with little yellow at all . the species also lacks the dark spot on the\ntime movements are less extensive than daytime movements , with the trevally moving rapidly between several small reef sections , before slowing down and milling in one patch for around an hour . the fish living in a particular region congregate in one area at night , before returning to their individual daytime range during the day . the reason for this congregation is unclear , but may be important to the social structure of the species .\nonly one study has thoroughly recorded the diet of the imposter trevally , which was carried out in albatross bay , australia . it was found teleost fish made up 73 % of its diet , cephalopods 16 % and a variety of crustaceans including brachyurans and stomatopods the remainder . it is thought that the coexisting c . coeruleopinnatus and c . malabaricus use diet partitioning to allow this cohabitation . nothing is known of the species reproduction and growth patterns .\nthe imposter trevally is a silver to bluish grey dorsally , becoming silvery white below . a major distinguishing feature is the white to pale grey tongue , with this also seen in the carangid genus uraspis although their different body shapes prevent confusion with c . talamparoides . the operculum has a small black spot on its upper margin . the soft dorsal and anal fins are dusky in colour , while the caudal fin is dusky yellow with black distal margins .\nthe brassy trevally inhabits both inshore and offshore environments , predominantly inhabiting the seaward side of reef complexes or deepwater pinnacles as an adult . [ 11 ] other habitats the species is known from include rock outcrops in sandy bays and lagoons , [ 12 ] while juveniles are often found in tidal mangrove - lined creeks in turbid waters . [ 13 ] juveniles are also found in estuaries throughout their range , occasionally extending to the upper reaches of rivers . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ]\nthe brassy trevally is a predatory fish , traveling either individually or in small schools , where it hunts down a variety of prey including small fish , squid , prawns , and crabs . [ 11 ] studies on the species in natal estuaries found juveniles take predominantly crustaceans as prey , switching to teleosts as they mature . [ 14 ] other aspects of the species biology are poorly understood , including reproduction and movements , although catch data indicate higher numbers occur in south africa in summer . [ 11 ]\nthe brassy trevally is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the indian and west pacific oceans . its range extends from south africa and madagascar north along the east african coast , but no records of the species are known from the red sea or persian gulf . records resume from india eastward throughout southeast asia , the indonesian archipelago and numerous indian ocean and east pacific island groups . the species is known from as far south as sydney , australia [ 10 ] and as far north as the ryukyu islands of japan . its range extends eastward to the marquesas islands in the central pacific . [ 4 ] [ 8 ]\nit is similar in general appearance to most jacks in the genus , having a compressed , oblong body , with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile , particularly anteriorly . [ 8 ] the dorsal fin is in two distinct parts ; the first consisting of eight spines and the second of one spine and 21 to 23 soft rays . the anal fin consists of two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine and 16 to 19 soft rays , [ 9 ] while the pelvic fins have one spine followed by 19 to 20 soft rays . the lateral line is moderately arched anteriorly , with 53 to 61 scales in this section , while the straight section contains none to three scales and 31 to 39 strong scutes . the breast is naked ventrally with the exception of a small patch of scales before the pelvic fin . [ 7 ] the species has weakly developed adipose eyelids , while its dentition consists of an outer row of widely spaced canines and an inner band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw with a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the brassy trevally has 26 to 30 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae . [ 8 ]\nthe imposter trevally is a relatively small species , growing to a maximum known length of 30 cm , still making it small compared to many of its relatives . the overall shape of the fish is similar to most of the other species in carangoides , having a strongly compressed almost ovate body , with the dorsal profile somewhat more convex than the ventral . this asymmetry is due to the dorsal profile of the head being strongly elevated to the nape . the dorsal fin is in two distinct sections ; the first consisting of 8 spines and the second of 1 spine and 20 to 23 soft rays . the long section of the anal fin is preceded by two detached spines , while the main fin has 1 spine and 17 to 19 soft rays . the lobes of both the soft dorsal and anal fins are low , being shorter than the head length . the lateral line has a moderate anterior arch , with the curved section of the line much longer than the straight section . there are 32 to 52 scales on the lateral line , with 20 to 32 of these being weak scutes at the base of the caudal fin . the breast is devoid of scales , with this area extending to behind the pelvic fins , and often as far as the anal fin , and reaching as far up as the pectoral fin base . the jaws both have bands of small villiform teeth , with some outer teeth becoming conical at the front of the mouth . there are 27 to 31 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae in total .\nan annotated list of the 63 species in 23 genera of carangid fishes known from australian waters is presented . included in these 63 are eight endemic species , eight new australian records ( alepes vari , carangoides equula , c . plagiotaenia , c . talamparoides , caranx lugubris , decapterus kurroides , d . tabl and seriola rivoliana ) and a new species in the genus alepes . a generic key and specific keys to alectis , alepes , carangoides , scomberoides , selar , ulua and uraspis are given . the systematics of the 32 australian species of alectis , alepes , atule , carangoides ,\ncaranx\n, elagatis , gnathanodon , megalaspis , pantolabus , scomberoides , selar , selaroides , seriolina , ulua and uraspis are covered in detail . for each species a recommended common name , other common names , australian secondary synonymy , diagnosis , colour notes , description , comparison with other species , maximum recorded size , ecological notes and distribution are given . specific primary synonymies are listed when the type locality is australia or papua new guinea\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nturkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences ( journal , magazine , 2001 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : turkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences publisher : [ erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar ] : central fisheries resarch institute . isbn / issn : 1303 - 2712 oclc : 890294421\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nturkish journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences / ; [ erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar ] : central fisheries resarch institute .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfrench , carangue , the name of a caribbean fish ; 1836 ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 20 - 140 m ( ref . 11441 ) . tropical ; 40\u00b0n - 40\u00b0s , 26\u00b0e - 170\u00b0w\nindo - west pacific : east coast of africa ( without verified records from the red sea ) to sri lanka and farther eastward to the gulf of thailand , north to japan and south to australia .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 17 - 19 .\nadults occur in the continental shelf , near rocks and coral reefs ( ref . 7300 ) . they feed on crustaceans , small squids , and fishes ( ref . 5213 ) . juveniles are found in sandy bays ( ref . 2334 ) . marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .\nrandall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )\n) : 22 . 6 - 28 . 4 , mean 27 . 2 ( based on 887 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02239 ( 0 . 01635 - 0 . 03066 ) , b = 2 . 91 ( 2 . 85 - 2 . 97 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 52 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 68 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species can be easily confused with carangoides talamparoides ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) .\njustification : this species occurs western indian ocean , from south africa to the persian gulf , east to the indo - malayan region , south to queensland and north to japan . this species inhabits coral and rocky reefs . this species is utilised for human consumption and is marketed fresh and dried salted , although this has not yielded any observed or suspected population declines . there are no known major threats to this species , and there are there are numerous marine protected areas that intersect with its range . therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is broadly distributed in the western indian ocean , from south africa and madagascar , including the seychelles , to the persian gulf , east to the indo - malayan region , south to queensland and new south whales , australia , and north to japan ( where rare ) ( smith - vaniz 1984 , randall 1995 ) . this species is also known from mauritius and the seychelles ( accessed through the fishnet2 portal , www . fishnet2 . org , 2015 - 03 - 09 ) . the depth range 20 to 140 m ( randall 1995 ) .\naustralia ; bahrain ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; mauritius ; mozambique ; myanmar ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; r\u00e9union ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united arab emirates ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species occurs over coral and rocky reefs over the continental shelf while juveniles are mainly found in shallow sandy bays . it is moderately tolerant of turbid waters . this species diet consists of crustaceans , small squids and fishes ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) is 60 cm ( randall et al . 1990 ) .\nthis species is collected mainly by hook - and - line , but also gillnets , and traps and is marketed fresh and dried salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is also taken as part of trawl fishery by - catch in some portions of its range ( hosseini et al . 2012 ) .\nalthough this species is taken by hook - and - line , small traps and gill nets , there have been no observed or suspected population declines as a result . there are no other known major threats to this species .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2016 .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20429800a115374938 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nmcculloch , a . r . 1929 ,\na check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part ii\n, memoirs of the australian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 145\u2013329\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0d59de4d - a4b0 - 4155 - 8178 - d5ad5da526f0\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8cb46649 - b401 - 4e85 - 98cc - bc5b7263200d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 421615\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nsince its inception in the year 1997 , poonam ice & cold storage is witnessing growth and progress at an accelerated pace . the unit is situated on a coastal area surrounded by the arabian sea . under the efficient supervision of the management team , comprising of mrs . jaya . p . lodhari ( proprietor ) , mr . premji . k . lodhari ( p . a . holder / md ) , mr . nayan . p . lodhari ( marketing manager ) , the company has reached new horizons of success . moreover , the management and staff of poonam ice & cold storage stick to their commitment to the customers of providing the safest quality good seafood available in indian waters .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncompanies by fish | seafood species - companies listed by the fish or seafood product that they deal in . fish & seafood products listed by common name .\nseafood producers - seafood & fish producers , companies that produce and manufacture seafood products , fishing boat & fleet owners .\nbait suppliers - companies who supply fishing bait products to commercial fishermen and wholesale suppliers of bait product to tackle stores .\nwholesale seafood - wholesale fish suppliers and seafood distributors , local suppliers or in country suppliers .\nretail seafood suppliers - companies who supply fish and seafood products to retail seafood outlets .\nseafood restaurants - companies who specialise in supplying seafood and fish products to restaurants , hotels and catering establishments .\ncompanies who provide services to commercial fishing and seafood industries directory : aquaculture , business , training , marketing consultants , fish processing services , biosecurity , environment , marine engineers & repairs , customs services , legal , finance , crewing agencies , insurance , testing services , ship provisioning , news & publications . . .\nsuppliers of other products to the commercial fishing & seafood industry : ice machines , refrigeration , fish & seafood processing equipment , packaging supplies , cleaning , fish feed , fishing tackle , marine engines parts & spares , repairs , fuel , other food products . . .\n, leather jacket fish , crabs , cod fish and many other varieties of fresh water fishes and seafood . we ensure and supply quality and hygienic frozen seafood adhering to the standards and tested under supervision of highly experienced q c staffs .\nkeshodwala foods india - processors , exporters , wholesalers of silver pomfret , cuttlefish , squid , octopus , shrimps , lobster , crab , ribbon fish , reef cod , kingfish , sea bream , emperor , mackerel , tuna , snapper . . .\nat licious , we\u2019re big meat - lovers . and by big , we mean huge . so when it comes to the meat we put on your plate , we\u2019re extremely picky . every single product is handpicked by a team with years of experience .\nfor meat to stay fresh and retain its natural juices , it needs to be stored at a temperature between 0\u00b0 and 5\u00b0 . we maintain this temperature from the time we procure the product to cleaning , cutting and storing it , until it leaves for delivery . and even when it\u2019s out for delivery , we keep it chilled right up to your doorstep . did we mention that we\u2019re obsessed ?\ndoesn\u2019t everyone do this ? not really . most other places first weigh the meat , then cut up the pieces , and throw out the parts which aren\u2019t fit to eat , such as offal , gizzard , wingtips , etc . but you still pay based on the original weight even though what you finally get is 10 % to 30 % less\nlicious is your one - stop fresh meat delivery shop . in here , you get nothing but the freshest meat & seafood , delivered straight to your doorstep . now you can buy meat online anytime at your convenience . indulge in our diverse selection : chicken , lamb , seafood ( fish , prawns , crabs ) , marinades & cold cuts . all our products are 100 % halal and completely natural and healthy . once you ' ve experienced licious , you ' ll never go back to the old way of buying meat and seafood .\nlive murrel fish ( viraal meen ) , mussels , seer fish , mahi mahi , original sea bass , travelly ( paarai ) , black / white pomfret , indian salmon , cobia ( nei - meen ) , red snapper , grouper fish , anchovy ( nethili ) , lady fish ( kelangan ) , japanese thread fin ( sankara ) , sea cat fish ( keluthi ) , shark , yellow fin tuna , halibut , rohu , pearl spot , tilapia , indian basa , white squid , jumbo prawns and much more available . add our whatsapp number 9171072896 in your phone to receive regular updates / recipes . call before 3 . 00 pm for today delivery .\nall you have to do is refer supreme seafood by way of sharing our website links or social media posts like facebook , twitter , pinterest , you tube , g + to your friends or relatives . when they order for the first time and refer your name and phone number as in our records , we will deduct rs . 100 on your next order and deduct rs . 100 for your friend ' s / relative ' s first order .\nwhich at that time was a common genus for placing carangid fishes . the origin of the\n, the species was transferred there , where it has remained . there is some confusion over a species described by\ndespite this , the name remains valid amongst some authorities . a second , later independent description of the fish by\nconsists of 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 15 to 17 soft rays .\nthe pattern of breast scales is variable , ranging from fully scaled to naked ventrally . the species has moderately well developed\nand individually throughout its habitat , with juveniles more commonly found in shoals . they appear to be\nand higher in the water column . prey items include a variety of fish ,\nand can be taken by fish or squid baits as well as various patterns of lure and fly .\nwhen taken from the water , the fish often ' grunt ' in similar manner to a young pig .\nsmith , j . l . b . ( 1968 ) .\nstudies in carangid fishes no . 4 . the identity of\nsmith - vaniz , w . ( 1986 ) .\nfamily no . 210 : carangidae\n. in smith & heemstra .\nnew , rare or little known scombrids . no . ii . carangidae\nsmith - vaniz , w . ( 1999 ) .\ncarangidae\n. in carpenter , k . e . ; niem , v . h .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific vol 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae )\n. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . rome : fao . pp .\nkhalaf , m . a . ; krupp , f . ( 2003 ) .\ntwo new records of fishes from the red sea\n.\n, from kagoshima : the first records from japan and northernmost records for the species\n.\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 6 / 13 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthe species was first scientifically described by the dutch ichthyologist pieter bleeker in 1852 based on the holotype specimen taken from western sumatra in indonesia . bleeker named this new species carangoides talamparoides , with the specific epithet having a slightly ambiguous meaning . talam is a length measurement spanning the length of the thumb to little finger , par is greek for ' equal ' and oides translates to ' like ' - possibly indicating the small size of the holotype . bleeker ' s classification is still considered to be correct to this day , with some authors incorrectly reassigning the species to caranx , and only one junior synonym has been applied ; carangoides gibber by henry weed fowler .\nthe species was first scientifically described by the australian zoologists haynes gibbs alleyne and william john macleay in 1877 based on a specimen collected from hall sound off papua new guinea , which was designated to be the holotype . [ 2 ] they named the species caranx papuensis , with the specific epithet taking its name from papua new guinea where the holotype was taken . [ 3 ] they referred the species to the genus caranx , where it has remained . the species was independently redescribed twice ; the first by samuel garman , who applied the name caranx regularis and then by j . l . b . smith with the name caranx celetus . [ 4 ] the species was apparently widely confused with the now dubious caranx sansun , [ 5 ] a move which resulted in smith trying to resolve the taxon by renaming the species that had been identified as c . sansun , [ 6 ] which led to several now defunct junior synonyms .\nhosese , d . f . ; bray , d . j . ; paxton , j . r . ; alen , g . r . ( 2007 ) . zoological catalogue of australia vol . 35 ( 2 ) fishes . sydney : csiro . p . 1150 . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 09334 - 8 .\nalleyne , haynes g . ; william j . macleay ( 1877 ) .\nthe ichthyology of the chevert expedition\n. proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 1 ( 3\u20134 ) : 261\u2013281 . issn 0370 - 047x .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2009 ) .\ncaranx papuensis\nin fishbase . april 2009 version .\nfricke , r . ( 1999 ) . fishes of the mascarene islands ( r\u00e9union , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books . p . 759 . isbn 978 - 3 - 87429 - 411 - 9 .\nsmith , j . l . b . ( 1968 ) .\nstudies in carangid fishes no . 4 . the identity of scomber sansun forsskal , 1775\n. occasional papers of the department of ichthyology , rhodes university . 15 : 173\u2013184 . issn 0075 - 207x .\nlin , pai - lei ; shao , kwang - tsao ( 1999 ) .\na review of the carangid fishes ( family carangidae ) from taiwan with descriptions of four new records\n. zoological studies . 38 ( 1 ) : 33\u201368 .\n. fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . rome : fao . pp . 2659\u20132757 .\nrandall , john ernest ; roger c . steene ; gerald r . allen ( 1997 ) . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press . p . 161 . isbn 0 - 8248 - 1895 - 4 .\nhutchins , b . ; swainston , r . ( 1986 ) . sea fishes of southern australia : complete field guide for anglers and divers . melbourne : swainston publishing . p . 187 . isbn 1 - 86252 - 661 - 3 .\nvan der elst , rudy ; peter borchert ( 1994 ) . a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa . new holland publishers . p . 142 . isbn 1 - 86825 - 394 - 5 .\nlaroche , j . ; e . baran ; rsoandrasana , n . b . ( 1997 ) .\ntemporal patterns in a fish assemblage of a semiarid mangrove zone in madagascar\n. journal of fish biology . 51 ( 1 ) : 3\u201320 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 1997 . tb02509 . x . pmid 9236084 .\nblaber , s . j . m . ; cyrus , d . p . ( 1983 ) .\nthe biology of carangidae ( teleostei ) in natal estuaries\n. journal of fish biology . 22 ( 2 ) : 173\u2013188 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 1983 . tb04738 . x .\nkuo , s . r . ; h . j . lin ; k . t . shao ( 1999 ) .\nfish assemblages in the mangrove creeks of northern and southern taiwan\n. estuaries . coastal and estuarine research federation . 22 ( 4 ) : 1004\u20131015 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1353079 . issn 0160 - 8347 . jstor 1353079 .\njustine j - l , rahmouni c , gey d , schoelinck c , hoberg ep ( 2013 ) .\nhansford - steele , b . ( 2004 ) . african fly - fishing handbook . struik . p . 472 . isbn 978 - 1 - 86872 - 882 - 4 .\n. department of fisheries , perth , western australia . no . 153 : 1\u201364 . archived from\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\ngold - barred jack , golden horsmackerel , golden jack , golden king , golden kingfish .\nenvironment agency - abu dhabi is a principal sponsor of arkive . ead is working to protect and conserve the environment as well as promoting sustainable development in the emirate of abu dhabi .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ngrandcourt , e . m . , al abdessalaam , t . z . , francis , f . and al shamsi , a . ( 2004 ) population biology and assessment of representatives of the family carangidae carangoides bajad and gnathanodon speciosus ( forssk\u00b0al , 1775 ) , in the southern arabian gulf . fisheries research , 69 : 331\u2013341\nvan der elst , r . ( 1993 ) a guide to the common sea fishes of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , south africa .\nrandall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . crawford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , australia .\nking , d . and fraser , v . ( 2001 ) more reef fishes and nudibranchs : east and south coast of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , south africa .\ngrove , j . s . and lavenberg , r . j . ( 1997 ) the fishes of the gal\u00e1pagos islands . stanford university press , stanford , california .\nrandall , j . e . , allen , g . r . and steene , r . c . ( 1997 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea ( revised edition ) . crawford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , australia .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency \u2013 abu dhabi .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nplease fill up the details and send an enquiry to buy / import / export this product to your country with your specification .\ncarangidae is a family of fish which includes the jacks , pompanos , jack mackerels , runners , and scads . they are marine fishes found in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . most species are fast - swimming predatory fishes that hunt in the waters above reefs and in the open sea ; some dig in the sea floor for invertebrates .\npayment terms preferable are tt ( tele - transfer of 30 % advance ) or lc ( letter of credit 45 days ) . however , we can adapt to your requirements ."]}
{"id": 2016, "summary": [{"text": "mimudea mendicalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by south in 1901 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in china .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 28 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous brown with a dot in the cell and an annulus at the end of the cell , both blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the postmedial line is also blackish , slightly dentate , curved round the end of the cell and terminating about the middle of the inner margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish tinged with ochreous on the outer area and the postmedial line is blackish , interrupted towards vein 2 and not continued to the abdominal margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "mimudea mendicalis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for mendicalis definition . you find here mendicalis meaning , synonyms of mendicalis and images for mendicalis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nmimudea \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar . mimudea ing\u00e5r i familjen crambidae . mimudea ablactalis\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word mendicalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word mendicalis and , of course , mendicalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word mendicalis .\nvad betyder mimudea ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av mimudea . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av mimudea sj\u00e4lv\nhave a fact about mimudea aenealis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mimudea aenealis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about mimudea obvialis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mimudea obvialis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about mimudea albiflua ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mimudea albiflua ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n1 . mimu 2 . mimudea albiflua 3 . mimudea obvialis 4 . mimudea punctiferalis 5 . mimulate 6 . mimulopsis 7 . mimulopsis arborescens 8 . mimulus 9 . mimulus ' puck 10 . mimulus alatus 11 . mimulus alsiloides 12 . mimulus alsinoides 13 . mimulus aurantiacus 14 . mimulus bartonianus 15 . mimulus bicolor 16 . mimulus bigelovii 17 . mimulus cardinalis 18 . mimulus clevelandii 19 . mimulus congdonii 20 . mimulus cupreus 21 . mimulus cusickii 22 . mimulus douglasii 23 . mimulus gemmiparus 24 . mimulus glutinosus 25 . mimulus glutinosus var . puniceus\ncookies on findmypast : we use our own and third - party cookies to improve your experience , for advertising purposes , and to understand how people use our website .\nfrom early 2016 , you can explore mocavo ' s extensive collections of records , periodicals and publications right here on findmypast , one of the world ' s leading family history websites .\nfounded in 2011 as a family history search engine , mocavo established itself very quickly as one to watch in the world of genealogy . in june 2011 , just three months after launch , family tree magazine named mocavo as one of the best 101 genealogy websites of the year . this growth continued , as mocavo launched a free yearbook collection and worked with users to publish hundreds of new records and archives every day . now , by absorbing mocavo , findmypast has created a single experience for our us customers in a move that aims to deliver a more focused , efficient and comprehensive service to us family historians .\nfindmypast is one of the world ' s leading family history websites , and an essential genealogical research tool for anyone with british or irish ancestry . our collection of irish records is second to none , with over 110 million records helping those with irish heritage trace their family history back through the centuries . we have the largest online collection of uk parish records , us marriage records 1670 - 2010 and one of the most comprehensive online collections of military records . in addition , our british and irish newspapers span three centuries and over 13 million pages . click the image to start building your family tree and see how our hints function can help you .\nfindmypast have created a single experience for our us customers in a move that aims to deliver a more focused , efficient and comprehensive service to us family historians .\nwe launched back in march 2011 when , only three months old , family tree magazine named us as one of the best 101 genealogy websites of 2011 . in 2012 we released the free yearbook collection and since then we\u2019ve continue to publish hundreds of records and archives every day . we ' d like to thank you , our customer , for being there with us as we\u2019ve continued to grow .\nwe are now in the process of moving all mocavo site content to findmypast so you\u2019ll soon be able to enjoy everything currently available on mocavo and more . as part of our \u2018free forever\u2019 promise , mocavo subscribers will continue to enjoy free access to all of the same records that were previously published for free on mocavo . we will be transferring your account over to findmypast soon so stay tuned for updates .\nyou don\u2019t need to do anything just now . we ' re hard at work bringing the two sites together and we ' ll be in touch with specific information about your account once the migration has taken place , with some how - to guides that will help make the most of the new experience .\nexisting gold / silver mocavo subscribers : your existing subscription will be migrated to fmp and when this expires , you will be given an additional 90 days to enjoy findmypast . you can be assured that your payments will remain unchanged for your current subscription . if you hold a findmypast subscription too , we will make the necessary adjustments to your two accounts .\nnon - subscribers ( basic ) : we will either merge your account with your findmypast profile , or create a new one if you ' re not currently registered with findmypast . if you have a findmypast subscription , this will continue without any disruption . we will also be giving you 30 days free access to findmypast .\nyou\u2019ll still benefit from the same great content you\u2019ve been enjoying on mocavo and this will all be available on findmypast soon . in addition , you\u2019ll be able to take advantage of hundreds of millions of new and exclusive us records to further enhance the experience for us family historians .\nfindmypast has more british and irish records than anyone else and is adding new records from the us and other locales every single week , so you\u2019ll be able to take advantage of these to help your family history search . you\u2019ll be able to explore nearly 8 billion names now and hundreds of millions of new names coming this year alone .\nyou can easily import your family tree and we\u2019ll start to hint against names that we find in the archives to help you discover more about your family and even find relatives you never knew existed .\nif you have exported your family tree ( gedcom file ) from mocavo , then you can import it to findmypast and continue building once we have completed the migration . if you have not exported your tree , than please be patient as we will email it to you soon so you can add it to your findmypast account .\nyour email address will remain the same . for your security , you will need to reset your password by clicking\nwe are in the process of migrating all accounts from mocavo to findmypast , and then adding the appropriate subscriptions to your account . we estimate this process will be complete by march 31 , 2016 , at which point your subscription should match that which you previously had with mocavo . in addition to this for the inconvenience we will be extending your mocavo subscription by 90 days to welcome you to findmypast .\nmocavo content will be transferred over the coming weeks and added to our already comprehensive data sets on findmypast .\nyour renewal will take place at standard findmypast rates at the time of renewal .\nif you prefer not to continue your subscription , you can opt out of auto renewal after the migration has occurred , and no further payments will be taken ; your access will remain live until your pre - existing renewal date .\nonce we have migrated all of the data from mocavo to findmypast , the data which was previously freely available , will remain so for the foreseeable future .\ncurrently the home to billions of names , including the largest collections of irish records and british parish records , military records and the british newspaper archive , not to mention the 1939 register . it currently has a plethora of us records and will soon be home to all the mocavo records once the two sites come together .\nwe will be migrating mocavo customers ' family trees to findmypast soon . once this is done , you can continue to build your family tree on findmypast for free . as you build your tree , hints will start to sift through millions of records to help you fill in the gaps - they can also help you discover new relatives ! if you don ' t have a family tree with mocavo , you ' ll be able to create one for free once we ' ve migrated your account .\nnot sure where to start with your family history research ? our getting started guides can help you to hit the ground running .\nif you ' re already a mocavo user , you might be wondering what this move means for you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n26 . mimulus glutinosus var puniceus 27 . mimulus guttatus 28 . mimulus hybridus 29 . mimulus laciniatus 30 . mimulus langsdorfii 31 . mimulus leptaleus 32 . mimulus lewisii 33 . mimulus longiflorus 34 . mimulus luteus 35 . mimulus moschatus 36 . mimulus nanus 37 . mimulus nudatus 38 . mimulus primuloides 39 . mimulus puck 40 . mimulus pulchellus 41 . mimulus pulsiferae 42 . mimulus puniceus 43 . mimulus pygmaeus 44 . mimulus ringens 45 . mimulus rubellus 46 . mimulus rupicola 47 . mimulus tilingii 48 . mimulus x hybridus calypso hybrids 49 . mimuluses 50 . mimune"]}
{"id": 2021, "summary": [{"text": "the black butterflyfish ( chaetodon flavirostris ) is a species of butterflyfish native to the pacific ocean where it can be found inhabiting reefs at depths of from 2 to 20 metres ( 6.6 to 65.6 ft ) extending from australia to pitcairn island .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species reaches a length of 20 centimetres ( 7.9 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this fish can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "black butterflyfish", "paragraphs": ["black - tailed butterflyfish can be found in shallow lagoons and the outer slopes of coral reefs , from the surface to 30 m below .\nchaetodon reticulatus is white - yellow on black with a red marking on . . .\nalso known as coralfishes , flavirostris butterflyfish , dusky butterflyfish , flavirostris butterflyfish , yellow - faced butterflyfish , yellownose butterflyfish , yellow - nosed butterflyfish , yellowsnout butterflyfish . found singly or in pairs over algae covered rocky areas of shallow lagoons , coral and rocky reefs rich in coral growth . adults develop a hump on forehead . they feed on algae , benthic invertebrates and coral . length - 20cm depth - 2 - 20m widespread pacific ocean butterflyfishes have very fine hair like teeth that enable them to pick out small organisms inaccessible to most other fish for eating . they thrive mainly on a diet of coral polyps , tentacles of featherdusters and christmas - tree worms . as these food sources all zap back into their shells , butterflyfishes need to be able to hover motionless while picking at the coral and to dart swiftly over short distances to get the worm before it retracts . they do this by using their pectoral fins as oars to brake , sprint , turn and even reverse .\nplease find below all the black butterflyfish are white with black _ _ answers which belongs to codycross amusement park group 204 puzzle 2 . codycross is a famous newly released game which is developed by fanatee . it has many crosswords divided into different worlds and groups . each world has more than 20 groups with 5 puzzles each . lately the developers have also released the spanish and portuguese language .\nit lives on its own or as a couple . it tends to be relatively sedentary and occupies a vast territory that it defends against other butterflyfish . the juveniles prefer branched corals in the shallows and will stay close to the same colony until they reach maturity .\nbutterflyfish eggs are spawned in the open water and hatch after a day . two months later , the larvae settle into the reefs , once they have reached a length of about 15 mm . the larval stage is characterized by the presence of bony plates covering their heads and the fronts of their bodies .\nshould there be a problem getting this species to feed , small human consumption clams / black mussels purchased in local grocery stores and placed on the half - shell in the aquarium may help entice it to begin feeding . over time , frozen foods like mysis and brine shrimp may be more readily accepted .\nshould be housed in larger peaceful fish - only aquariums , especially those with lots of open swimming space , and live rock hiding places . a meaty diet of live fortified brine shrimp , black worms ( lumbriculus variegatus ) , and / or various frozen meaty foods such as mysis , should be offered several times daily .\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 - 27 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 - 21 . overall color is blackish with broad rim of yellow on dorsal caudal and anal fins . the snout is yellow with white tips . a black bump is on the forehead .\nmorphology : dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 \u2013 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 24 \u2013 27 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 20 \u2013 21 . overall color is blackish with broad rim of yellow on dorsal caudal and anal fins . the snout is yellow with white tips . a black bump is on the forehead .\ngreek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 30 m ( ref . 89972 ) . tropical ; 0\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )\nfound in coral rich to algae - covered rocky areas of lagoon and seaward reefs including estuarine areas . usually paired ( ref . 9710 ) . omnivorous and feeds on algae , coral , and small benthic invertebrates . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . maintaining this species in captivity is difficult .\nform pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social ( ref . 52884 ) .\nsteene , r . c . , 1978 . butterfly and angelfishes of the world . a . h . & a . w . reed pty ltd . , australia . vol . 1 . 144 p . ( ref . 4859 )\n) : 23 . 9 - 28 . 1 , mean 26 . 4 ( based on 448 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02455 ( 0 . 01577 - 0 . 03820 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 \u00b10 . 41 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is widespread throughout the southern pacific and sometimes very abundant . it is not expected to be susceptible to coral reef degradation , and there are no other major threats to this species . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs throughout the southern tropical pacific ocean , from the great barrier reef to southern new south wales ( australia ) and lord howe island ( australia ) to easter island including new caledonia , fiji , tonga , vanuatu , samoa , rapa , and the pitcairn islands ( uk ) ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it has been recorded between 2 - 20 m in depth . the record at easter island is a vagrant based on a single record . range size ~ 61 . 2 million km\nthis species is generally common . there is no reason to suspect that populations are declining ( or increasing ) .\nthis species is found in a variety of marine habitats . it is usually encountered in outer and more sheltered inner reefs in areas of rich coral growth . it is occasionally found in estuaries , as well as rocky areas dominated by algal growth . juveniles prefer protected inner reef areas . this species is most commonly seen alone or in pairs , but forms larger aggregations at some localities ( e . g . lord howe island ) . this species is reported to feed on coral ( cole\n2008 ) , but appears to have limited reliance on live corals by virtue of its persistence in areas with no live coral ( m . s . pratchett pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species feeds on coral when available , but also occurs in areas with no coral cover . therefore , it is unlikely to be threatened by coral reef degradation . there appear to be no other major threats to this species .\nthere appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . it is present within marine protected areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nrange : south central pacific ocean : samoa , crook , fiji , rapa , and pitcairn islands , australia , great barrier reef , lord howe island , and new caledonia .\nnatural environment : inhabits coastal lagoon reefs , reef flats , and fore - reef slopes at depths between 6 to 65 feet ( 2 \u2013 20 m ) and mainly feeds on zooplankton and sessile invertebrates .\ngeneral husbandry : has a darkish blue - grey body , white mouth , thin yellow band on the snout , yellow dorsal , anal and tail , and a dark bump on the forehead . rarely seen in the trade since its known to be a poor shipper and / or often having a poor survial rate due to it usually refusing to eat common aquarium foods .\nnevertheless , this species is often found in the wild in areas having no coral growth , yet mostly covered with algae growths . this suggests it may also feed on algae , and if so , flake foods , especially those containing spirulina and / or nori should also be occasionally offered . once feeding well , they are reported to be very hardy .\npressing some soft foods into openings / crevices on a piece of old dead coral skeleton can sometimes encourage finicky eaters to begin feeding .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .\nrelatively common on exposed seaward reefs ; occasionally on shallow lagoon reefs in areas of rich coral growth and clear water . juveniles in protected coral areas ( ref . 48636 ) . benthopelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . in pairs in indonesia but schools in some pacific locations ( ref . 48636 ) . often in pairs during breeding and feed mainly on scleractinian coral polyps . easily approached ( ref . 9710 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) , monogamous ( ref . 52884 ) .\njason coupal added text to\nmorphology\non\nchaetodon reticulatus cuvier , 1831\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmax . size : 20 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ref . 9710 )\nresilience : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . )\nvulnerability : low vulnerability ( 10 . 00 ) , based on lmax and k ( ref . 59153 )\nbiology : found in coral rich to algae - covered rocky areas of lagoon and seaward reefs including estuarine areas . usually paired ( ref . 9710 ) . omnivorous and feeds on algae , coral , and small benthic invertebrates . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . maintaining this species in captivity is difficult .\ncoordinator : main ref : steene , r . c . . 1978 . ( ref . 4859\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nby continuing browsing this site , you accept the use of cookies for statistical purposes .\nthis species can be found from the red sea to the gulf of aden . it is endemic to this zone .\nthis species feeds almost exclusively on hard coral polyps ( the living part of the coral ) and sometimes on anemone tentacles and gastropod eggs .\nit reaches sexual maturity at around 2 years . individual fish form couples , often for the rest of their life . during the breeding period , the male and female go up near the surface to simultaneously release their reproductive cells .\n\u00ab due to its special diet of coral polyps , it is very rare to find this fish in an aquarium . \u00bb\nremplissez le formulaire ci - dessous pour vous inscrire aux newsletters de l ' aquarium ."]}
{"id": 2022, "summary": [{"text": "lachnaia italica is a species of short-horned leaf beetles belonging to the family chrysomelidae , subfamily clytrinae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species is found in italy , france , and slovenia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "these beetles are 75 \u2013 10 millimetres ( 2.95 \u2013 0.39 in ) long , the head and pronotum are black , the elytra are bright yellow-orange , with six black dots .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "adults mainly feeds on rosaceae ( rubus ) and fagaceae ( quercus ) species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae live in nests of red wood ant ( formica rufa ) , feeding on vegetable refuses . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lachnaia italica", "paragraphs": ["lachnaia italica italica weise , 1881 : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 620 . [ statut pour la france m\u00e9tropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res de france . revue de l\u2019association roussillonnaise d\u2019entomologie , 23 ( suppl\u00e9ment ) : 1 - 1052 .\nid : 298206 original name : lachnaia _ italica . jpg size 794x600 - 228645 bytes image manager : francesco vitali directory : 815 created : 2016 - 08 - 14 09 : 43 : 07 - user francesco vitali last change : 2016 - 08 - 14 09 : 43 : 08 - user francesco vitali url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 298206 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 298206 ] ] ( thumbnail )\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives , conventions and agreements . the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\n2004 - 06 - 24 by prof . paolo audisio & by dr . renato regalin\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* image had to be scaled down in order to fit on page . open new window with image in original size .\ncc - by - sa creative commons attribution sharealike license 3 . 0 [ information ]\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments ."]}
{"id": 2026, "summary": [{"text": "chionodes hapsus is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from southern ontario , new jersey , new york , maryland , kentucky , pennsylvania , ohio , missouri , oklahoma and arkansas .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on quercus alba and quercus macrocarpa . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "chionodes hapsus", "paragraphs": ["chionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 6\nchionodes hapsus hodges , r . w . , 1999 | butterflies and moths of north america\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) \u00bb twirler moths ( gelechiidae ) \u00bb gelechiinae \u00bb gelechiini \u00bb chionodes \u00bb chionodes hapsus - hodges # 2061 . 1 ( chionodes hapsus )\nchionodes hapsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 12 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes borzella bidzilya , 2000 ; beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 391\nchionodes soella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 21\nchionodes aprilella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 24\nchionodes flavipalpella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 33\nchionodes flavipalpella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes caucasiella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 34\nchionodes caucasiella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes frigidella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 50\nchionodes frigidella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes tantella huemer & sattler , 1995 ; beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 64\nchionodes tantella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes attonita ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes ermolaevi bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 422 ; tl : sakhalin\nchionodes grandis clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : silverton , colorado\nchionodes tundra bidzilya , 2012 ; shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 421 ; tl : jamalo - nenetskiy ar\nchionodes pereyra clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 253 ; tl : vero beach , florida\nchionodes stefaniae ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )\nchionodes salicella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 82 ; tl : skeena crossing , cassiar dist . , british colombia\nchionodes acerella sattler , 1967 ; can . ent . 99 : 78 ; tl : izman creek , kamloops distr . , british columbia\nchionodes tessa clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 246 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes canofusella clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 248 ; tl : encantada , brooks co . , texas\nchionodes bicolor clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 250 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes meridiochilensis king & montesinos , 2012 ; acta zool . cracov . 55 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : chile , region de biobio\nchionodes stefaniae schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 177 ; tl : galapagos , isabela , volcan darwin , 630m\nchionodes iridescens clarke , 1947 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 37 : 244 ; tl : american lake , pierce co . , washington\nchionodes pleroma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes scotodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331\nchionodes whitmanella clarke , 1942 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 92 ( 3149 ) : 271 ; tl : pullmann , washington\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , gelechiinae ( part - chionodes )\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes h\u00fcbner ( gelechiidae )\nchionodes sabinianae powell , 1959 ; ent . news 70 ( 5 ) : 127 ; tl : russelman park , mt diablo , contra costa co . , california\nchionodes soella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes aprilella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 141 , 31 ; [ fe ]\n= chionodes psilopterus ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes cusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 75 ; tl : alamosa , colorado\nchionodes offectus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 57 ; tl : boulder , colorado\nchionodes fimus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 204 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 76 ; tl : schrader lake , alaska\nchionodes tragicella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 139 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes luctuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 140 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes molitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 210 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 36 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes boreas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 43 - 44 ; tl : nordegg , alberta\nchionodes holosericella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 143 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes histon hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 61 ; tl : penticon creek , british columbia\nchionodes perpetuella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 146 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes apolectella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 147 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hayreddini ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hinnella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 149 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes bastuliella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 152 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes sagayica ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 63 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes nitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 84 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 59 ; tl : berkeley , alameda co , california\nchionodes oecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : palm springs , california\nchionodes lacticoma ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes icriodes ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes litigiosa ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes pentadora ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 ( note ) , 331 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes dryobathra ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 106 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes argosema ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes consona ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes eburata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 165 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes salva ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 ( note ) , 332 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nchionodes sepultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 60 ; tl : 6 mi nw newcastle , wyoming\nchionodes percultor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 58 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : washington mtns , near nogales , arizona\nchionodes plutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 91 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 69 ; tl : sanderson , terrell co . , texas\nchionodes nepos hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 71 ; tl : indio , riverside co . , california\nchionodes thyotes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 96 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : southmost , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes soter hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 39 - 41 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\nchionodes ceryx hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 172 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : n key largo , florida\nchionodes rabula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 16 ; tl : parker island , highlands co . , florida\nchionodes cacula hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 61 , 331 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes emptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : archbold biologial station , lake placid , florida\nchionodes drapeta hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 63 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 18 ; tl : key largo , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes paean hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 72 ; tl : jacumba , san diego co . , california\nchionodes cibus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 98 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\nchionodes occlusus ; [ nacl ] , # 2101 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes suasor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 57 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 14 ; tl : huntsville state park , walker co . , texas\nchionodes esor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 62 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; tl : big pine key , monroe co . , florida\nchionodes tarmes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 66 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : t2n r14w s31 , allegan co . , michigan\nchionodes macor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 88 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 62 ; tl : saratoga springs , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes irreptor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 143 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 53 ; tl : garner state park , uvalde co . , texas\nchionodes restio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 148 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 58 - 59 ; tl : sonoma , sonoma co . , california\nchionodes ludio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 152 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 64 ; tl : new lisbon , burlington co . , new jersey\nchionodes obelus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 186 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : hayfork ranger station , trinity co . , california\nchionodes kubai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 188 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 43 ; tl : pne hill , el dorado co . , california\nchionodes rectifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 199 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : pensacola , escambia co . , florida\nchionodes aleo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 71 ; tl : cedar pass campground , modoc co . , california\nchionodes rupex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 74 ; tl : green river lake , wind river range , wyoming\nchionodes fictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 219 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 58 ; tl : atigun pass & below , brooks range , alaska\nchionodes praecia hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : vineyard , utah co . , utah\nchionodes pulvis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 69 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : san bruno mtns , san mateo co . , california\nchionodes bios hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 191 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi n prescott , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes tannuolella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 32 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333\nchionodes lictor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 222 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 62 ; tl : mt . shasta city , shasta co . , california\nchionodes procus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 92 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 70 ; tl : gran quivira national monument , socorro co . , new mexico\nchionodes lector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 121 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 25 - 26 ; tl : woodwardia canyon e , riverside co . , california\nchionodes sevir hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 137 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 24 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes baro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 144 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 54 ; tl : highlands , 3865 ' , macon co . , north carolina\nchionodes popa hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 167 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : mint canyon , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes donatella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes petro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 169 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : 2 mi ne lakeside , san diego co . , california\nchionodes dolo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 198 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : dempster highway , km 155 , 1050m , yukon , canada\nchionodes praeco hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 209 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 34 - 35 ; tl : ocqueoc lake , presque isle co . , michigan\nchionodes manabiensis schmitz & landry , 2007 ; rev . suisse zool . 114 : 180 ; tl : ecuador , manabi , parque nacional machalilla , los frailes , s 01\u00b029 . 340 ' , w 80\u00b046 . 868 40m\nchionodes volo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 38 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes landryi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 76 ; tl : lost river valley , 10 km s onefour , alberta , cadana\nchionodes factor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 60 ; tl : big bear lake , 6800 , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes trico hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 211 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 45 - 46 ; tl : hardy work center , lawrence co . , south dakoa\nchionodes impes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 227 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 70 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : kamiak butte , washington\nchionodes sannio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 70 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes stator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 32 ; tl : 2 . 5 mi west fort simcoe , yakima co . , washington\nchionodes meddix hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 73 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; tl : clear creek camp , se camp verde , yavapai co . , arizona\nchionodes pavor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; tl : camp baldy , san bernardino mtns , san bernardino co . , california\nchionodes pacator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 53 ; tl : mt lowe , san gabriel mtns , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes regens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 61 ; tl : hackberry lake , valenine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes morus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 103 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : ciervo hills , 18 mi sw medota , fresno co . , califoria\nchionodes cautor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 142 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 52 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes mikkolai hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; tl : carmacks , 62\u00b005 ' n , 136\u00b020 ' w , yukon , canada\nchionodes franclemonti hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 65 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 2 - 4 ; tl : wrangle brook road , lakehurst , ocean co . , new jersey\nchionodes sanator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 85 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 60 ; tl : sw res sta , 5400 , chiricahua mts , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes repertor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 89 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 65 ; tl : 7 mi e jacob lake , coconino co . , 6800 ' , arizona\nchionodes adamas hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 150 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 61 - 63 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas\nchionodes elainae hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 50 ; tl : onion saddle , 7600 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes hospes hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 196 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 61 - 62 ; tl : 9 mi sw atascadero , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes sponsus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 81 ; tl : sierra diable wildlife management area , 6400 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes theurgis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 213 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; tl : 4 mi sw buean vista , 8700 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes imber hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 71 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine nationa wildlife reserve , cherry co . , nebraska\nchionodes naevus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 77 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 41 ; tl : cave creek canyon , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes davisi hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 78 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 42 ; tl : southwest research station , 5400 ' , chiricahua mtns , cochise co . , arizona\nchionodes delitor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 58 ; tl : k bar ranch , chisos mtns , 3400 ' , brewster co . , texas\nchionodes bardus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 99 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : santa barbara island , channel island national park , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes metoecus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 125 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 32 - 34 ; tl : snake creek , 3 mi nw midway , wasatch co . , utah\nchionodes optio hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 154 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; tl : mt locke , davis mtns , 6700 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes agriodes ; [ nacl ] , # 2059 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 202 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes bustosorum metzler , 2016 ; zootaxa 4109 ( 3 ) : 373 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . mon . , 106\u00b01 . 38 ' w ; 32\u00b046 . 60 ' n 4 , 000 '\nchionodes powelli hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ; tl : snake lake , 4 mi nw quincy , 4000 ' , plumas co . , california\nchionodes abavus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 64 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mts , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes obex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 75 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 39 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes munifex hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 76 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 40 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes sabinianae ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 48 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes rector hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 83 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 56 - 57 ; tl : 5 mi n buena vista , 8200 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes fremor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 128 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes lusor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 130 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 42 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes erro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 134 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes altor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 141 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 30 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes pinax hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 149 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 60 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes messor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 153 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 65 ; tl : 1 mi ne san marcos pass , 1500 ' , santa barbara co . , california\nchionodes magirus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 157 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes gestor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 159 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 74 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes bibo hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 162 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes luror hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 51 ; tl : west fork , 6500 ' , 16 mi sw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes gratus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 203 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; tl : big timber canyon , 6500 ' , half moon park , crazy mts . , montana\nchionodes senica hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 79 ; tl : hart prairie , 8500 ' , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes dator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 206 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 80 ; tl : louis lake , 28 mi sw lander , 8600 ' , fremont co . , wyoming\nchionodes ustor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 207 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 32 ; tl : bridger forest camp , 7500 ' , wind river mtns , sublette co . , wyoming\nchionodes rogator hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 208 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 82 - 83 ; tl : mosca creek , great sand dunes national monument , alamosa co . , colorado\nchionodes veles hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 212 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 84 ; tl : castles , 8 mi e buena vista , 8800 ' , chaffee co . , colorado\nchionodes gerdius hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 87 ; tl : oso flaco lake , 5 mi s oceano , san luis obispo co . , california\nchionodes latro hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 68 - 69 ; tl : lake delancy , ocala national forest read 75 , mario co . , florida\nchionodes rhombus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 105 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350\u00e4 , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes tributor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 214 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 48 ; tl : ozena camp , cuyama river , 1 mi e hiway 33 , ventura co . , california\nchionodes ensis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : head of ephraim canyon , 10000 - 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes nubilella ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 35 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes donahueorum hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : mt washington district , 840 ' , los angeles , los angeles co . , california\nchionodes parens hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 136 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 50 - 51 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes adam hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 140 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 28 - 29 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 4880 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes nubis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 156 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 67 - 68 ; tl : hart prairie , 10 mi nnw flagstaff , 8500 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes innox hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 158 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 69 - 73 ; tl : madera canyon , santa rita mtns , 5600 ' , santa cruz co . , arizona\nchionodes canofusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2066 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes psilopterus ; [ nacl ] , # 2111 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 201 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes metallicus ; [ nacl ] , # 2094 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 220 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 59 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes canor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 221 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 25 ; tl : fort valley , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , 7350 ' , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes abitus hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 56 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : cold creek , 5 mi s buck creek ranger station , 6300 ' , modoc co . , california\nchionodes lactans hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 74 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 36 - 37 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes fructuarius ; [ nacl ] , # 2078 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 4 - 5 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes luteogeminatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2091 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes helicostictus ; [ nacl ] , # 2083 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 18 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pallor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 197 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 20 - 21 ; tl : fort valley , 7350 ' , 7 . 5 mi nw flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona\nchionodes nigrobarbatus ; [ nacl ] , # 2097 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 223 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 65 - 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes praetor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 224 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 67 , pl . 4 , f . 90 ; tl : head ephraim canyon , 10300 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes permactus ; [ nacl ] , # 2106 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 5 , f . 5 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes violacea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 25 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes distinctella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 42 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 148 , 31 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes clarkei hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 228 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 71 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : steens mt . , fish lake , 7100 , harney co . , oregon\nchionodes electella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 52 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 150 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes fumatella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 59 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 153 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes ignorantella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 65 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 154 , 32 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes argentipunctella ; [ nacl ] , # 2061 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 55 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes gilvomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2080 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 59 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes periculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2105 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 80 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes xanthophilella ; [ nacl ] , # 2125 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 66 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes sistrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2116 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 93 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 73 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes hodgesorum metzler , 2014 ; j . lep . soc . 68 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : new mexico , otero co . , white sands nat . monument , edge of dunes habitat , 106\u00b011 . 32 ' w , 32\u00b045 . 72 ' n , 4000 '\nchionodes paralogella ; [ nacl ] , # 2103 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 100 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 13 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes salicella ; [ nacl ] , # 2114 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 120 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acerella ; [ nacl ] , # 2057 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 124 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes terminimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2117 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 132 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes pastor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 155 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 66 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : great basin exp staion nr ephraim , 8850 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2076 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 160 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes pseudofondella ; [ nacl ] , # 2110 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 161 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes mariona ; [ nacl ] , # 2092 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 168 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes halycopa ; [ nacl ] , # 2082 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 171 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes hibiscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2084 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 190 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 46 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes aristella ; [ nacl ] , # 2062 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 56 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes mongolica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 333 ; [ me3 ] , 142 , 31 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 280 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes hostis hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 122 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 23 - 24 ; tl : major ' s flat near ephraim canyon , oak / pinyon junipre zone , 7100 ' , sanpete co . , utah\nchionodes fuscomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 6 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes bicostomaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 7 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes lophosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2089 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 67 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 21 - 23 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes nanodella ; [ nacl ] , # 2095 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 68 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes abella ; [ nacl ] , # 2055 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 79 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 43 - 47 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes kincaidella ; [ nacl ] , # 2086 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 87 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 6 - 9 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pinguicula ; [ nacl ] , # 2109 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 90 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 67 - 68 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes dentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2071 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 95 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 74 - 75 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes abdominella ; [ nacl ] , # 2054 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 97 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 2 - 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes dammersi ; [ nacl ] , # 2070 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 101 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes notandella ; [ nacl ] , # 2098 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 102 , 331 , pl . 4 , f . 19 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes ochreostrigella ; [ nacl ] , # 2102 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 104 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 7 - 8 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes thoraceochrella ; [ nacl ] , # 2119 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 117 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 13 - 17 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes chrysopyla ; [ nacl ] , # 2068 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 119 , 331 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 21 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes obscurusella ; [ nacl ] , # 2099 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 123 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 27 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes occidentella ; [ nacl ] , # 2100 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 127 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 35 - 37 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes trichostola ; [ nacl ] , # 2120 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 135 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 47 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes acrina ; [ nacl ] , # 2058 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 139 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 25 - 27 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes secutor hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 146 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 55 , pl . 4 , f . 31 ; tl : davis mnts , 5 mi se livermore , 6000 ' , jeff davis co . , texas\nchionodes trophella ; [ nacl ] , # 2121 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 147 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 56 - 57 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes discoocellella ; [ nacl ] , # 2072 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 170 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 11 - 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes ceanothiella ; [ nacl ] , # 2067 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 187 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 41 - 42 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes aruns hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 189 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 18 , pl . 4 , f . 44 ; tl : sierra diablo , 20 mi nnw van horn , 6000 ' , culberson co . , texas\nchionodes retiniella ; [ nacl ] , # 2112 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 192 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 48 - 49 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes arenella ; [ nacl ] , # 2060 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 193 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 52 - 53 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes figurella ; [ nacl ] , # 2073 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 194 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes braunella ; [ nacl ] , # 2065 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 225 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 91 - 93 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes flavicorporella ; [ nacl ] , # 2074 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 229 , pl . 3 , f . 72 - 73 , 333 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes sattleri hodges , 1999 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 218 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 54 - 56 , pl . 4 , f . 89 ; tl : bog e of big indian lake , halifax watershed , halifax co . , nova scotia\nchionodes ( gelechiini ) ; [ me3 ] , 137 , 31 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes johnstoni ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 76 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 81 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 51 - 52 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes formosella ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ( rev . stat . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes praeclarella ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 200 , 333 , pl . 4 , f . 64 - 67 ; [ me3 ] , 144 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes mediofuscella ; [ nacl ] , # 2093 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 131 , 332 , pl . 2 , f . 43 - 45 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes iridescens ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 75 ; [ nacl ] , # 2085 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 17\nchionodes pereyra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 109 ; [ nacl ] , # 2104 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 163 , 332 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes grandis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 64 ; [ nacl ] , # 2081 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 195 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nchionodes tessa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 137 ; [ nacl ] , # 2118 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 82 , 331 , pl . 1 , f . 54 - 55 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes petalumensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 111 ; [ nacl ] , # 2107 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 164 , 332 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 18\nchionodes bicolor ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 24 ; [ nacl ] , # 2063 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 29 - 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nchionodes whitmanella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 147 ; [ nacl ] , # 2124 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 205 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 31 , pl . 4 , f . 77 - 78 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19\nchionodes viduella ; [ nacl ] , # 2123 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 54 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 215 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 49 ; [ me3 ] , 32 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 19 ; [ fe ]\nchionodes continuella ; [ nacl ] , # 2069 ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer & sattler , 1995 , beitr . ent . 45 ( 1 ) : 37 ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 216 , 333 , pl . 3 , f . 52 - 53 , pl . 4 , f . 88 ; [ me3 ] , 145 , 31 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16 ; [ fe ]\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1999 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 6 , p . 55 ; pl . 1 . 12 . order\n= ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 15 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 32 , 331\nformosella ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331\nnova scotia , sw . manitoba , north carolina , missouri . see [ maps ]\n= gelechia vernella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 884\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2077 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 50 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus imrbricaria ? q . rubra , q . velutina , q . alba , ostrya virginiana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\ncalifornia , oregon , washington , texas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana , mississippi , florida . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus lobata , q . kelloggii , q . garryana hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 52\nnova scotia , quebec - florida , sw . wisconsin , e . texas , e . oklahoma . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2079 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 16\nlarva on quercus macrocarpa , q . rubra , fagus grandifolia , carya hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 53\n= ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 2064 ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1999 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 6 : 54 , 331 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15"]}
{"id": 2027, "summary": [{"text": "agonopterix adspersella is a moth of the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in southern europe , asia minor , the palestinian territories , iran and the crimea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on bupleurum falcatum .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they spin the leaves of their host plant together to create a shelter from which they feed .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place on the ground in a spinning of sand grains . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "agonopterix adspersella", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about agonopterix adspersella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for agonopterix adspersella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nt\u00e4pl\u00e4lattakoi\nto\nagonopterix arenella denis & schifferm\u00fcller 1775\n.\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2028, "summary": [{"text": "phalonidia lavana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in eastern north america , where it has been recorded from maryland , florida , illinois , kentucky , missouri , ohio , british columbia , alberta and quebec .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12 \u2013 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phalonidia lavana", "paragraphs": ["the genus platphalonidia was synonymized with phalonidia when razowski ( 2011 in metzler and brown 2014 ) transfered the type species , platphalonidia felix to the genus phalonidia .\nplatphalonidia , has been synonymized with phalonidia by razowski , 2011 :\nremarks : platphalonidia was described for phalonia felix walsingham , 1895 and over 10 other species from the new world . unfortunately the type - species belongs to phalonidia and differs from the remaining new world species .\nonly felix was officially moved . the rest appear to have been moved to platphalonia by metzler & albu , 2013 , however , as of 8 / 18 / 2015 urltoken has those other species placed in phalonidia .\nplatphalonia lavana ( busck , 1907 ) , formerly placed in the genus platphalonidia , jour . lepid . soc . 68 ( 4 ) : 282 , was number 3834 in the 1983 hodges checklist . 3833 ( 1983 list ) aethes labeculana ( robinson , 1869 ) is a synonym of 3754 . 20 aethes argentilimitana .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmetzler , e . h . & j . w . brown , 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nscattered records in the eastern united states . alberta and british columbia records . razowski states arkansas , illinois and british columbia .\nbusck , a . , 1907 . a review of the tortricid subfamily phaloniinae with descriptions of new american species .\nrazowski , 1985 . on the generic groups saphenista and cochylis ( tortricidae ) . nota lepidopterologica . 8 ( 1 ) : 58\nmetzler , e . h . & albu , v . , 2013 : the description fo platphalonia ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) found nectaring diurnally on centromada pungens ( asteraceae ) in the central valley of california along with a list of species of platphalonia . journal of the lepidopterists\u2019 society , 67 ( 3 ) : 156 - 160\nrazowski , j . , 2011 . diagnoses and remarks on genera of tortricidae , 2 : cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 39 ( 156 ) : 397 - 414\na review of the tortricid subfamily phaloniinae with descriptions of new american species august busck . 1907 . journal of the new york entomological society , 15 : 19 - 36 .\nworld catalogue of insects , vol . 5 : tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) john wesley brown , joaquin baixeras . 2005 . apollo books .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\ncochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of canada razowski , j . 1997 . acta zoologica cracoviensia . 40 ( 1 ) : 107 - 163 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 28 june , 2012 - 9 : 20pm additional contributions by steve nanz , randy hardy last updated 4 february , 2018 - 11 : 59am\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nbrown , j . w . 2005 . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . in world catalog of insects , vol . 5 . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark , 741 pp .\nmetzler , e . h . and j . w . brown . 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists ? society 68 ( 4 ) : 274 - 282 .\npohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nmoth photographers group \u2013 living moths plate 10 . 0 \u2013 tortricidae : tortricinae - cochylini\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nwe present an updated list of the members of the subtribe cochylina ( tortricidae ) in north america north of mexico . we summarize the proposed changes in the classification since about 1983 . we propose revised status for two genera , rolandylis gibeaux , 1985 and thyraylia walsingham , 1897 . we propose ten new combinations : saphenista parvimaculana ( walsingham , 1879 ) , thyraylia bana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , thyraylia rhodites ( meyrick , 1912 ) , thyraylia bunteana ( robinson , 1869 ) , thyraylia discana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , thyraylia cricota ( meyrick , 1912 ) , thyraylia gunnina ( busck , 1907 ) , thyraylia hollandana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , thyraylia nana ( haworth , [ 1811 ] ) , and thyraylia omphacitis ( meyrick , 1912 ) . we propose four revised combinations : rolandylis fusca pogue , 2001 , rolandylis maiana ( kearfott , 1907 ) , rolandylis catalonica gibeaux , 1985 , rolandylis virilia pogue , 2001 ; and three new synonymies : aethes ziscana kearfott with a . bomonana ( kearfott ) , henricus edwarsiana ( walsingham ) with h . contrastana ( kearfott ) , and phtheochroa pecosana ( kearfott , 1907 ) with phtheochroa cartwrightana ( kearfott , 1907 ) . the described fauna includes 20 genera and 136 species , yet it is likely that the region is home to two to three times that many species ; at least six new genera are defined / circumscribed but not yet formally described .\nmichigan state university adjunct curator of lepidoptera , research collaborator u . s . national museum of natural history , p\nalamogordo , nm 88311 - 0045 u . s . a . , e - mail : metzlere @ msu . edu\nsystematic entomology laboratory , usda , u . s . national museum of natural history\nmexico . we summarize the proposed changes in the classi\ufb01cation since the end of 1978 . w\nthe fauna , i . e . , this action seemed a better alternative to\ndoptera ) of north america . ph . d . thesis , university of min -\nnorth america ( tortricidae ) . j . lepid . soc . 56 : 216 - 233 .\nthe remarkable endemism of moths in white sands national monument , otero co . new mexico , us\na study of moths in white sands national monument along a transect 2 . 4 km and 300 m documented over 650 described species of moths in 9 years . approximately 40 undescribed species , nearly all of w\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe description of platphalonia magdalenae ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) found nect . . .\nplatphalonia razowski , 2011 ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini , cochylina ) was proposed for saphenista mystica razowski & becker , 1983 ( type species ) and several species previously assigned to platphalonidia razowski , 1985 . however , with the exception of the type species , none of the other purported congeners have been listed . we formally transfer 16 species to platplialonia , resulting in the . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new genus of pine - feeding cochylina from the western united states and northern mexico ( lepidopter . . .\neupinivora , new genus , is described and illustrated from the montane regions of western united states ( nevada , utah , wyoming , colorado , arizona , new mexico , and texas ) and mexico ( nuevo le\u00f3n , durango , and estado de mexico ) . as presently defined , the genus includes seven species : e . ponderosae , n . sp . ( usa : arizona ) ( type species ) ; e angulicosta , n . sp . ( mexico : nuevo le\u00f3n ) ; e . albolineana , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 11 . a new species of . . .\nthe u . s . national park service initiated a 10 - year study of the lepidoptera at white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico in late 2006 . arotrura landryorum sp . n . , described here , was discovered in 2007 , during the first year of the study . the male and female adult moths and genitalia are illustrated .\na new generic assignment for tortrix baboquavariana kearfott , 1907 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with c . . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2033, "summary": [{"text": "australephestiodes is a genus of moths belonging to the family pyralidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it contains only one species australephestiodes stictella , which is found in florida and on the bahamas , jamaica , puerto rico and the virgin islands .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the species is variable in color , ranging from very dark to whitish gray , the ground color ( dark or light ) being rather uniform over the forewing , the basal area no darker or lighter than the median and terminal areas .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the antemedial band rather broad , whitish , oblique and nearly straight , outwardly bordered on costal half by a narrow blackish line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the subterminal line is narrow , parallel and near to the termen , slightly irregular , whitish bordered inwardly towards the costa by a thin , faint , blackish line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discocellular spots more or less obsolescent , when distinct , separate and blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish to pale smoky fuscous , shaded with smoky fuscous towards the apex and termen . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "australephestiodes", "paragraphs": ["australephestiodes is a genus of moths belonging to the family pyralidae . it contains only one species australephestiodes stictella , which is found in florida and on the bahamas , jamaica , puerto rico and the virgin islands .\ngenus : australephestiodes neunzig , 1988 . moths am . n . mexico ( 15 . 3 ) : 68 .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneunzig , h . h . , 1990 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 3 , p . 69 ; pl . 2 . 34 - 36 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : unadilla stictella hampson , 1901 . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) , 7 : 255 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 2034, "summary": [{"text": "acanthaspis petax is a species of assassin bug that preys on ants .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "this species uses carcasses of its preferred prey item to disguise itself from predation from spiders in the salticidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this insect lives in east africa near lake victoria , in countries including uganda , kenya , and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it measures about 1 cm ( 0.4 in ) in length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "acanthaspis petax", "paragraphs": ["the wierd but facinating acanthaspis petax in khao yai national park . inset is a jumping spider seen on an adjacent branch at the same time\nrobert jackson and simon pollard from the university of canterbury have been studying a pretender with a much more gruesome disguise \u2013 the ant - snatching assassin bug acanthaspis petax , which covers itself with the corpses of its own prey .\nheres turmeric , shes an asocial assassin bug , based on milkweed assassin bug and acanthaspis petax . she carved those skulls out of wood in hopes people would just leave her be , shes old and tired and not great with socialization\nacanthaspis petax is famous for it ' s incredible use of dead ants to perform a macabre form of aggressive mimicry . as you can see from the photograph this assassin bug covers itself by stacking the exoskeletons of dead ants into its back and carrying them around like a rucksack !\nbut why do the assassin bugs refrain from using other insects in the same way ? the researchers suggest that acanthaspis petax may actually be relying on the spiders\u2019 inherent reluctance to attack ants . because ants have a tendency to swarm and may secrete chemical weapons , the spiders don\u2019t typically hunt them .\nfor years , scientists debated why acanthaspis petax engaged in this unusual behavior . it hunts several different types of prey , but appears to exclusively stack ant bodies on its back . some suggested that the ant corpses may provide olfactory camouflage when hunting , while others thought the mound of bodies may be used as a visual distraction for larger creatures that are hunting the assassin bug .\nit is believed that they perform this grizzly feat in order to mask themselves from the predatory jumping spiders ( salticidae ) that sometimes feed on them . it is thought that jumping spiders do not normally attack ants due to their nature of swarming and use of acids as defence . an incredible form of camoflague and defense by acanthaspis petax showing just how complex the interactions of species in bio - diverse habitats like khao yai national park can be .\na fascinating find by ian edwardes in khao yai national park is the assassin bug acanthapsis petax . known to exist in africa , malaysia and the philippines this incedible member of the reduviidae family is now known to be found in thailand also .\nthis is acanthaspis petax , a member of the reduviidae family , which is found in east africa and malaysia . like other assassin bugs , it hunts its prey by piercing it with its proboscis , injecting paralysis - inducing saliva and an enzyme that dissolves tissue , then sucking out the innards . but unlike other bugs , it then fashions empty ant exoskeletons into protective outerwear . the insect can carry as many as 20 dead ants at a time , and binds them together with a sticky excretion into a cluster that may be larger than its own body .\nassassin bugs are insects of the family reduviidae and while reduviidae is a large family one species ( acanthaspis petax ) from malaysia does something extraordinary , when the assassin bug attaches its prey it injects it with a enzyme that liquefies the its innards so the bug can easily suck them out leaving the prey as an empty husk of an exoskeleton . the assassin then takes the empty shell and attacks it to its back using a sticky substance to keep them in place , the bug will pile these carcasses high making a mound of twenty or more exoskeletons . these trophies provide the bug several benefits as the mound of dead prey will make any predator think twice before attacking the assassin bug , and if a predator does attack the expendable mound of husks will serve as the first line of defense so the bug can escape .\nmany animals in our world are known to collect things : cats can start collections of garden gloves , birds will steal beads and bottle caps for their nests , squirrels hoard stashes of nuts . most often , animals collect and store food . even if they\u2019re not hungry now , food is too good to pass up , so they will store it for later when they need it . those who don\u2019t collect food often run their collections for aesthetic reasons . birds build their nests with brightly colored objects to attract mates ; decorator crabs and sea urchins add bits of ocean debris to their camouflage . some insect larvae will spin bits of trash into their cocoons in order to strengthen them . or my personal favorite , the acanthaspis petax collects the carcasses of ants that it has eaten and stores them on its back , so it looks bigger , badder , and is less likely to be eaten by its own predators .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : world journal of zoology publisher : faisalabad idosi publications . isbn / issn : 1991 - 6442 , 1817 - 3098 oclc : 956131812\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nversio\u00ec\u0081n electro\u00ec\u0081nica . forma de acceso : world wide web . acceso a trave\u00ec\u0081s de sabio , limitado a usuarios de la biblioteca de la universidad de navarra .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nurltoken ; _ ver = z39 . 88 - 2004 & ctx ; _ enc = info : ofi / enc : utf - 8 & rfr ; _ id = info : sid / sfxit . com : opac _ 856 & url ; _ ctx _ fmt = info : ofi / fmt : kev : mtx : ctx & sfx . ignore ; _ date _ threshold = 1 & rft . object ; _ id = 1000000000564763 & svc ; _ val _ fmt = info : ofi / fmt : kev : mtx : sch _ svc &\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthe nymphs cover themselves with their victims ' bodies . three nymphs and one adult are in the video , but there were eight nymphs hanging around . this is one of my favourite bugs .\nthis modern - day assassin bug stacks dead ant bodies on its back to confuse predators .\nimagine you\u2019re wandering in the forests near lake victoria , in kenya or tanzania , when you spot something strange crawling on a leaf . it looks like a dozen or so ants , stuck together in a ball . but look more closely and you\u2019ll see the ants are dead . and there\u2019s a nasty - looking insect underneath , hauling these ants corpses along like a miniature backpack .\nin 2007 , a team of researchers from new zealand carried out an experiment to test whether the insect\u2019s corpse - carrying strategy truly helped protect it from predation . in the study , they left assassin bugs alone in glass cages with several species of jumping spiders , which are their natural predators . some of the insects were carrying balls of ant carcasses on their backs ( the researchers called these \u201cmasked\u201d bugs ) while others were left naked . since the jumping spiders have excellent vision but a poor sense of smell\u2014they hunt by using their acute sense of sight to make a precisely gauged leap and land on their prey\u2014the experiment would indicate if the ant bodies served as visual camouflage or not .\nthe result : the spiders attacked the naked bugs roughly ten times more often than the masked ones . the researchers even repeated the experiment with dead , preserved assassin bugs , to control for the effects of movement and behavior , and the results remained the same . carrying that ball of dead ants , it turns out , is a great strategy for the assassin bug to use in trying to survive for its next meal .\nthe scientists speculate that the large mound of corpses changes the visual form of the insect to the point where the spiders can\u2019t recognize it as prey .\njoseph stromberg is a science reporter for vox . com . he was previously a digital reporter for smithsonian .\na mongoose is lightning fast and has razor - sharp teeth . a black mamba can kill 15 grown men with just one bite . which of these two mortal enemies will win ?\nis a kiss really just a kiss ? in this one - minute video , our ask smithsonian host , eric schulze , explains why we pucker up .\nsand strikers , also known as bobbit worms , are primitive - looking creatures that lack eyes , or even a brain . despite this , they are savage predators who shoot out grapple - like hooks to reel in passing fish .\nwhat ' s the difference between england , britain and the u . k . ?\nget the best of urltoken by email . keep up - to - date on :\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwell it ' s halloween and while that is not really a thing here in australia i thought i should choose an appropriate creature for my slowly growing american audience . i thought of some sort of bat ( of which i have many ) or something which looks evil like last week ' s leaf tailed gecko but i decided that\nwould be perfect . it is a bug which makes a costume out of the dead bodies of its prey .\nreduviidae ( assassin bugs ) are one of my favorite families . they have a curved\nand raptorial spiny forelegs which make they use to deadly effect when catching prey .\n( these sems are my own work , they are of a reduviid in the genus oncocephalus . if you want to use them for any purpose in any form you can , without condition . if you do use them i would appreciate a link to this blog if possible . )\nmany members of this family are highly specialized in the prey which they catch and have developed some really cool tricks for killing prey , which has earned the family the common name assassin bug .\nis a voracious predator of arthropods . it is an ant hunting specialist and has a horrifying trick . when it kills an ant and sucks out its fluids , as assasin bugs do , it uses the dried out remains to disguise itself . it excretes a glue like substance and sticks the ant husk to itself . it can stick up to 20 ants onto itself at a time .\nthis may seem like a fairly useless disguise , but the purpose seems to be to give the bug the appearance of being an ant swarm . predators are reluctant to attack ants because they are fairly unpalatable and they tend to defend themselves in swarms . this has been shown to work in experiments with jumping spiders . there has also been speculation that the dead ants act as a visual and / or olfactory camouflage which assists them in capturing ants .\nis from malaysia , which i was a little confused about because i had always thought it was african . upon trying to find out weather this meant the malaysian peninsula or borneo i could not find any records of asian specimens in the literature . according to the literature i have read , they all seem to come from africa , most commonly uganda , but some records from west central africa exist . i ' m not sure where this discrepancy comes from .\nunused creatures in my backlog . if i can ' t thick of anything else to add to the list i will run out of material on 22 / 03 / 2017 . if you have any creatures to suggest , please let me know , details are on the contact me page .\nthis is an old article , reposted from the original wordpress incarnation of not exactly rocket science . i\u2019m travelling around at the moment so the next few weeks will have some classic pieces and a few new ones i prepared earlier .\nthe animal world is full of charlatans . some have bodies shaped by natural selection to fade into the background or resemble other harmful species . yet others , like chameleons and octopuses , have the rare ability to actively change their colour or shape to actively hide themselves from view .\nmany species disguise themselves through their behaviour rather than their bodies ; like human soldiers in camouflage gear , they don special suits to remain inconspicuous .\ndecorator crabs , for example , coat their shells with a collection of sea anemones , algae , corals and sponges , held on with velcro - like bristles while other crabs actively carry these living masks with specially modified legs . these species have the cartoonish air of a man carrying a pot plant in front of him while sneaking past on tip - toes . but some charlatans are not so amusing .\nthe word \u2018bug\u2019 has a specific technical meaning \u2013 it refers to a group of insects , the hemipterans , that have sucking mouthparts . most , like aphids , use these to gulp plant sap but the assassin bugs use them for murder . they grab passing insects , stab them with their syringe - like mouthparts , inject paralytic saliva and digestive enzymes and suck up the broken - down bodily fluids .\nmost species discard the lifeless husks but the ant - snatcher secretes fine sticky threads from its back and there it sticks the remains of its prey . an earlier study suggested that the assassin bug\u2019s cadaverous backpack protected it from other predators and now , jackson and pollard have tested this theory by pitting the bugs against jumping spiders .\njumping spiders are superb stalkers that use keen vision and accurate leaps to ambush prey . jackson and pollard let three species of jumping spiders loose upon either naked assassin bugs or those bearing ant - coats .\nthey found that the spiders attacked the naked bugs about ten times more than the covered ones , even if the bugs in question were actually dead and preserved .\nthe fact that the dead shielded bugs were just as uninviting as their living peers suggests that the disguise has nothing to do with a change in the bugs\u2019 behaviour or motion but everything to do with the ants they carried . clearly , when faced with a jumping spider , wearing a coat of dead ants can mean the difference between life or death to an assassin bug .\nwhy does it work ? unlike the decorator crabs , the assassin bugs weren\u2019t plastering themselves with local wildlife to blend in . certainly , the experiments were done in glass cages with no other ants around . instead , jackson and pollard suggests that the ants break up the bug\u2019s form so that instead of a characteristic shape that the spider can tag as \u2018prey\u2019 , it sees a jumbled mess that doesn\u2019t look like anything it has ever eaten before . it sees the bug , but doesn\u2019t register it as a meal .\nthere is a final possibility though . ants are not easy prey \u2013 they have chemical weapons and strength in numbers and many small predators give them a wide berth . so the bugs\u2019 grisly defence may rely on using ants in particular and jackson and pollard are now putting this idea to the test .\nreference : jackson , r . r . , pollard , s . d . ( 2007 ) . bugs with backpacks deter vision - guided predation by jumping spiders . journal of zoology , 273 ( 4 ) , 358 - 363 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 7998 . 2007 . 00335 . x\nwildlife thailand is a community website for sharing information , photographs and experiences on thailand ' s wildlife , bio - diversity and protected areas . creating awareness of this wonderful world around us .\nhere is another example , seen in pang sida national park , of a creature using the exoskeletons of insects as protection . its a larval nymph but of what i have absolutely no idea .\ni do not know the answer . what i do know is that my gps struggles in deep valleys to ' contact ' the . . .\n500 pf f5 . 6 about to be announced . . . 24 cm long . . . . . 4300 usd expensive for f5 . 6 but 24 cm is . . .\nif there is a clear ' trail ' forming from the bite site ( see pic below for example ) , then likely it . . .\nits about time for a redesign of the web site - this design has served us well but its now time to . . .\ngood to hear the chicks of the blue - banded kingfisher have fledged successfully .\nthe draco is d . blanfordii and the calotes is c . emma . the calotes emma can be distinguished by the . . .\nan interesting article here . . . we make no comment . . . . . we leave it to you to read between the . . .\ni sat by a leaf i saw a neocollyris bonelli ( i think - the smaller tiger beetles can be confusing ) . . .\nthanks ton ! heres a couple more . without a doubt the biggest earwig that i have ever seen - . . .\n. . . . . i call on all citizens , businesses and governments to play their part in protecting the world\u2019s wild animals and plants . the actions taken by each of us will determine the fate of the world\u2019s wildlife . the future of wildlife is in our hands !\ncookies make it easier for us to provide you with our services . with the usage of our services you permit us to use cookies .\nthe pok\u00e9mon world is interesting because many of their animals have evolved to look like man - made objects , such as voltorb or klefki . klefki is the key ring pok\u00e9mon , who mischievously collects keys and jingles them at its foes . it makes sense that , if its goal is to collect keys , it would evolve to look like a keyring so it could potentially trick people into giving them their keys . klefki\u2019s shape is it\u2019s own form of unique camouflage , but it begs the question : why does kelfki want the keys in the first place ?\nour first clue is in the pok\u00e9dex : \u201cthese key collectors threaten any attackers by fiercely jingling their keys at them\u201d , making noise is an excellent way to scare off predators , and if klefki isn\u2019t capable of making threatening noises itself it has to resort to using tools . orangutans have been known to strip leaves from a branch and hold them in front of their mouths before they scream out an alarm ; a very primitive megaphone , and one of the only examples of animals using tools to manipulate sound in our world .\nperhaps many wild pok\u00e9mon have learned to associate human sounds with danger . if they hear the opening of a pok\u00e9ball , the whir of a chainsaw , or the jingling of keys , wild pok\u00e9mon know that humans are nearby and they may be in trouble . klefki uses this to its own advantage \u2013 by collecting and jingling keys , it can make other pok\u00e9mon afraid of it .\nso back to klefki . we know klefki uses its keys to make noises , but it probably does it for other reasons as well . for example , a klefki with the most keys is probably the loudest and strongest , meaning that it would be more attractive to other klefki in the interest of survival of the fittest . because of this , klefki became the little kleptomaniac that it is . collecting keys became a part of the species\u2019 culture and survival .\nfor reference , the earliest known lock and keys in our world date back to the ancient egyptians , around 4000 bc . although the first all - metal key is from about 900 ad .\nevolution ( of the darwinian variety ) , as you might know , is a very long and slow process . biologists estimate it takes on average one million years for major changes in a species to occur . if klefki did evolve into a keychain with the purpose of collecting keys , the pok\u00e9mon world must have had keys around for much longer than we have , considering we\u2019ve only had keys for 6000 years . either that , or their evolution happens much more quickly ( which we already knew , anyways ) .\nklefki collects keys to makes noises and scare off predators by tricking them into thinking humans are nearby . it evolved to look like a keyring so it could more easily collect keys ."]}
{"id": 2035, "summary": [{"text": "the green fruit-piercing moth , ( eudocima salaminia ) , is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from india across south-east asia to the pacific islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in australia it occurs in the northern territory , queensland and new south wales .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "adult is a fruit-piercer . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eudocima salaminia", "paragraphs": ["select a genera calyptra ochsenheimer - calyptra minuticornis guen\u00e9e oraesia guen\u00e9e - oraesia emarginata fabricius plusiodonta guen\u00e9e - plusiodonta calcaurea sp . n . - plusiodonta wahri sp . n . eudocima billberg - eudocima salaminia cramer - eudocima dividens walker - eudocima [ rhytia ] cocalus cramer - eudocima [ rhytia ] discrepans walker - eudocima [ adris ] sikhimensis butler - eudocima [ khadira ] aurantia moore - eudocima [ othreis ] phalonia linnaeus [ fullonia clerck ] - eudocima [ othreis ] srivijayana b\u00e4nziger - eudocima [ othreis ] homaena h\u00fcbner - eudocima [ othreis ] smaragdipicta walker - eudocima [ othreis ] kinabaluensis feige - eudocima [ othreis ] mionopastea hampson\nmajor and sporadic . several genera of noctuid moths are fruit piercing but the most damaging are eudocima fullonia , e . materna , e . jordani and e . salaminia .\nthe only other specific host plant we have encountered is stephania japonica variety timoriensis ( a very widely - occurring species in australia and asia ) . eudocima salaminia breeds on this plant . this vine grows in rainforest areas and proliferates when the vegetation is disturbed by man .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . eudocima salaminia cramer , 1777 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .\nthere are three widely occurring species of fruit piercing moth : eudocima salaminia , e . fullonia , e . jordani and e . materna . the adult moths are large and stout - bodied , with a wingspan of 100 mm . the forewings can be mainly brown , cream or green . hind wings are yellow orange , with black patches and spots .\neudocima salaminia - another asian and australian species which is active right down the queensland coast and is particularly damaging to citrus in s . e . queensland . it appears to be more active in early winter when the o . fullonia is less common . in thailand this species causes ca . 5 - 12 % of damage to longan and 10 - 20 % on citrus .\nlarvae are velvety - black . the larvae of eudocima spp . have two large spots ( mainly white with dark centres ) on either side of the body just before the first pair of prolegs .\nour site is currently being updated and pages are changing regularly . we thank you for your patience during this transition and hope that you find our new site easy to use .\nlarva feed on native vines for about three weeks , progressing through five or six stages , or instars , before forming a dark - brown pupa in a delicate silk cocoon between webbed leaves . after 2\u00bd weeks adults emerge from the pupa . breeding occurs through most of the year in northern queensland , although it is much reduced during the dry season . in drier areas such as central queensland , outbreaks are more common in wet years that are favourable to continuous growth of the larval - host vines .\nfruit piercing moths are found on the east coast of australia , north from the northern rivers district of new south wales . a few species also occur across the north of the continent . it is believed that they die out in areas south of mackay and rockhampton in cold winters and reinvade the southern areas after winter .\nthese moths feed on carambola , banana , citrus , fig , guava , kiwifruit , longan lychee , mango , stonefruit , persimmon and ripening papaya . larval hosts include native vines of the family menispermaceae ( of which there are about 20 species in northern queensland ) . the preferred species are tinospora smilacina and stephania spp .\nmoths feed at night by penetrating the skin of the ripe or ripening fruit with their strong proboscis and sucking the juice . internal injury consists of a bruised , dry area beneath the skin . secondary rots develop at the puncture site . secondary - moth feeders often visit fermenting fruit , taking advantage of the access holes the fruitpiercing moths drill . early summer to early autumn is the most important period .\nnot determined , but would depend on individual fruit value . nightly inspections with a strong torch are recommended when fruit is nearing maturity . the red eyes of the moths will reflect the light from a torch , aiding detection .\nnetting trees or bagging fruits is very effective . early harvest , where it doesn ' t jeopardise maturity standards , will help to reduce losses .\nno satisfactory chemical control measure is known . hand collection of moths and various traps have had limited success .\ncheck the australian pesticides and veterinary medicines authority chemical database and permit database for chemicals registered or approved under permit to treat this pest on the target crop in your state or location . always read the label . always observe withholding periods .\n& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010\u20132018 . queensland government\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5c0b1f27 - 0bfb - 462c - aa35 - 1441af8cd0c2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f143dcec - f129 - 4bf0 - b726 - 233eb9c9999a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f925880e - 614e - 4275 - bc58 - 9d964b862c76\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 509111\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n. this and the next species are characterised by dark green forewings with fawn costal and distal margins . in\nthese marginal zones are narrower , and the green ground is paler . the hindwing black border is also narrower .\n. only three specimens have been recorded in recent surveys from : forest at 200m near tawau in sabah ; from 1465m on bukit retak in brunei ; from 2600m on g . kinabalu .\n. the larva was illustrated by moore ( 1884 - 1887 ) , common ( 1990 ) and tanahara & tanahara ( 2001b ) . it is blackish grey , posteriorly rather square , semi - looping in gait . below the spiracular level it is distinctly paler , and has a series of three yellow - white marks subdorsally on each side of the first three abdominal segments : a spot and two ocellate marks with broader white lunules anteriorly and narrower , reddish lines completing the ring posteriorly . there is an oblique line of the same yellow - white colour from the proleg backwards on a6 . tanahara & tanahara noted a second form of larva in okinawa . it is mottled and speckled in shades of grey - brown and is diffusely paler in the line of the spiracles . there is an oblique white line running back from the proleg on a6 , with black areas posterior to it above and below the line of the spiracles . the ocellate marks are black but with much narrower rings ( without an expanded section ) enclosing them . there is no white spot on a1 . moore ( 1881 ) illustrated a variegated larva of this type but with ocellate marks more as in the first form . the host plants noted by common and tanahara & tanahara were\nleaf butterfly ( kallima inachus ) . sa dom ' e sa mariposa ( sardinia island )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nidentification marks : palpi are with 2nd joint thickened and reaching vertex of head , 3rd blunt and naked . head and collar is plum - colour ; thorax green , the metathoracic tufts and abdomen orange clothed with coarse hairs . fore wing golden green ; a broad cream coloured costal fascia from near base of inner margin to apex , striated with pale red and turning to green at costa ; a cream coloured marginal band ; a curved red streak below vein 2 . hind wings are orange with large black lunule beyond lower angle of cell ; a black marginal band with cilial whitish spots from costa to vein 2 . underside of fore wing fuscous orange at base and with broad whitish postmedial band not reaching costa or inner margin ; the cilia whitish . ( w . s . \u2642 84 mm ) .\ngurule , s . a . ( 2013 ) ; taxonomic study of moths ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) from north maharashtra ( india ) . phd thesis , university of pune , india\nshubhalaxmi , v , r c kendrick , alka vaidya , neelima kalagi , and alaka bhagwat . 2011 . inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india . journal of the bombay \u2026 108 , no . 3 : 183 - 205 . urltoken\nenumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .\nindia ; oriental and papuan regions ; china ; japan ; philippines ; hong kong ; madagascar ; formosa ; australia ; fiji .\na preliminary checklist of moth species collected in north maharashtra is presented based on studie . . .\ninventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n\u201cthe [ common ghost moth ] caterpillar is cylindrical and fleshy , except the head and adjoining segment which are rough and corneous . the segments are muscular and well developed , and of a dull creamy white , tinged with purplish red at their divisions . \u201d description from aw scott , \u2018 australian lepidoptera and their transformations\u2019 , volume 2 , plate 11 ( 1890 - 1898 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprimary tropical fruit pests three major pests of tropical fruit growing are flying foxes , fruit piercing moth and fruit spotting bug . other pests are periodically important on certain fruits but these are generally not perennial . growing areas of mixed species of fruit probably helps to minimise insect problems .\nthe flying fox problem should be addressed on a national level , with cooperation between national parks and wildlife , csiro and the relevant departments of agriculture .\nthe queensland department of primary industries has undertaken to investigate the fruit piercing moth and fruit spotting bug questions , and csiro is also commencing work on fruit piercing moth in s . e . queensland .\nfruit piercing vs fruit sucking moth all species of moths recorded feeding on fruit belong to the family ' noctuidae ' ( night flying moths ) . what we , the researchers , call fruit piercing moth and you , the growers , call fruit sucking moth are , for the most part , the same thing .\ncsiro have recommended that we call fruit piercing moths those that can actually pierce the skin or rind of fruit , and fruit sucking moths , those that rely on skin being damaged to gain access to the fruit juices . the problem with such a division is that there is a range of species whose individual piercing ability depends on the hardness of the fruit involved .\na swiss researcher who studied fruit piercing moths in thailand recorded no fewer than 88 species of moths that could pierce fruit , the number of fruits that could be pierced by an individual species varying with fruit hardness . eleven species were confirmed primary piercers of longan , a further eighteen primary piercers of citrus and an additional 59 piercers of soft and very soft fruits ( such as raspberry ) . only four species of moth caused 60 - 95 % of the damage to the longan and citrus .\ndamage caused by moths the major primary piercing species have a heavily armoured proboscis * which allows them to attack a wide range of fruits . a species like othreis fullonia has been recorded on no fewer than 40 different fruits and this is probably a very conservative figure . some unusual fruits like tomato , capsicum , cashew , coffee , prickly pear , and melon are included in this .\nthe ability of moths to pierce fruit was first recognised in australia ca 1875 , but was doubted for some time . fungi and bacteria enter through the hole created by feeding and fruit rot sets in rapidly , in most cases rendering the fruit worthless .\ndistribution of fruit piercing moths the moths occur largely in tropical and subtropical areas and predominate in australia and the pacific , in asia , africa , tropical america and some areas of europe . in australia , they occur in most tropical and subtropical areas of the east coast and through most monsoonal areas in the north of the country .\nothreis fullonia - a widely distributed species in australia and the pacific , parts of asia and also africa . in thailand , this species alone is estimated to cause 70 - 90 % of primary damage to longan , and 50 - 70 % . to citrus . it appears to be the dominant species active in north queensland and the most significant pest of lychees here .\nothreis materna - another widely distributed species , in australia , in the indian sub - continent and in parts of africa . in australia it is the most significant pest of fruits in the northern territory and west australia and in the drier inland areas . its distribution appears to be governed by its restriction to breeding on only one genus of vine .\nothreis jordani - this species was only recognised in thailand after the swiss study was complete and has only recently emerged as a significant pest in australia . as it looks very similar to o . fullonia no doubt it was confused for a long time . from our data , it appears that o . jordini is the most significant pest of carambolas , just in advance of o . fullonia .\nadris tyrannus - this is a large , relatively active species in north queensland but it is considered more of a pest in countries like japan .\nthe most important vine species ( and i say that with some reservation , as there may be more than one species involved ) is tinospora smilacina ( no common name ) . there are three distinct varieties of this plant .\n1 . foreshore and exposed coast variety - this appears to be deciduous during the dry season except where exposed to some moisture ( e . g . buchan ' s point and wangetti beach ) .\n2 . rainforest variety - apparently not deciduous ( e . g . mission beach and cairns botanic gardens ) .\n3 . inland ( dry area ) variety which apparently occurs across northern australia in those areas influenced by the summer monsoon - deciduous during the dry , from about june to october ( e . g . einasleigh , dimbulah ) .\ntinospora has a considerable water storage capacity in the stem ( large vascular rays ) which enables it to survive in very harsh conditions .\nour experiments show that tinospora is the favoured larval host plant of o . fullonia , the only genus eaten by the larvae of o . materna and we think it is the host plant of o . jordini .\nthe activity of these moth species through the dry season is limited by the deciduousness of the host plant . nevertheless , the plants commence re - growth just prior to the first summer rains , allowing the moths to take full advantage of the new growth once the rains accelerate leaf production .\npart of the success of o . fullonia as a fruit piercer lies in its ability to switch larval hosts , should tinospora be in short supply or in its deciduous phase . numerous species of menispermaceae have been found growing in close proximity to one another .\nthe more we are able to examine menispermaceae in the field , the more we ' ll be able to say of\nrisk\nin the growing fruit trees in certain area . adult moths are reputed to have great powers of dispersal and there is a reported case of a specimen of o . materna being caught 300 miles out to sea from mauritius . nevertheless , our feelings are that orchards close to areas of tinospora ( or rainforest ) are at greatest risk .\ncontrol , management , forecasting of course our ultimate goal is the control or management of moth activity , using both direct control measures and forecasting techniques .\nmoth activity is generally too late to allow for chemical use , and in any case , the moths do not remain in contact sufficiently long to achieve knockdown . so unless some super , quick active synthetic pyrethroid with a very short withholding period , is developed , broadscale chemical application in control of these moths can be ignored .\nhistory of control techniques a ] poisoned baits ( still some possibilities here using fruit volatiles ) .\napparently carambolas in malaysia are enclosed in a paper bag prior to ripening and left as such until harvesting . very labour intensive , netting trees , which may have the double advantage of reducing flying fox damage .\nwe ' ve heard a figure of $ 200 quoted per medium - sized tree i . e . using half - inch bird netting .\nh ] light repulsion technique - this method appears to hold a good promise . a barrier of lights ( 550 - 580 m ) ( yellow - green wavelengths ) is formed around a block of trees , but shining outwards . there should be a 12 m barrier between the lights and surrounding vegetation , so that the moths are denied cover . we have planted a test plot of 4 blocks of carambolas at walkamin research station in order to test this technique .\nother control measures a ] pheromones - these are sex attractants produced by a female moth to attract the male for mating . we are doing cooperative work with the university of queensland and csiro division of entomology in canberra , to isolate and produce pheromones from these moths . some novel compounds with large molecules have been found , differing in trace elements between species . pheromones , in the first place , would be used as monitoring tools to ascertain major moth activity periods .\nthey may also have some control application , or result in feeding disruption , as we suspect mating takes place in the fruit tree . as there is a 4 . 5 : male bias in moths feeding ( irrespective of species ) a pheromone could conceivably limit feeding activity .\nb ] biological control - we have identified a fly which parasitises the larvae and a trichogramma ( very small wasp ) which parasitises the eggs of primary - piercers . we have also found a lygaeid bug which we suspect may prey on the eggs .\nanother fly parasite is known from new caledonia and has been imported by fiji as a control agent . it apparently doesn ' t effectively control o . fullonia in new caledonia , so its worth in fiji is questionable . several other predators and parasites have been identified in the pacific region . csiro are having a closer look at this aspect . birds , insectivorous bats , etc . , all play a role in limiting moth numbers .\nc ] decoys - it may be possible to employ the volatile compounds from the larval host plants as decoys to reduce moth breeding by inducing females to lay eggs on plants other than those on which larvae will feed .\nforecasting the remainder of our work involves developing an ability to forecast when moths are likely to be a significant problem . this is accomplished through :\nwe are hopeful that something positive from the control viewpoint will be forthcoming in the next twelve months ."]}
{"id": 2039, "summary": [{"text": "the orange-breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) is a bird of the falcon family .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is probably closely related to and looks like a larger version of the bat falcon .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "these two , in turn , are probably closest to the aplomado falcon and constitute a rather old american lineage of falcos .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found from southern mexico to northern argentina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it 's a medium-sized falcon at 35 \u2013 40 cm ( 14 \u2013 15.5 in ) long and a weight of 325 \u2013 700 grams ( 11 ounces \u2013 1 pound 9 ounces ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a bird predator , with strong talons that enable it to catch prey in flight , and is considered by some \u2013 such as the german-brazilian ornithologist helmut sick \u2013 as filling the ecological niche of the peregrine falcon as a breeding species in tropical america .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the orange-breasted falcon , however , seems to favor more heavily wooded habitats than the peregrine , therefore the species does not seem to be in ecological competition with peregrine falcons wintering or breeding in south america .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the orange-breasted falcon has a similar plumage to the much smaller bat falcon and is generally considered most closely related to that species now . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "orange - breasted falcon", "paragraphs": ["read more about orange - breasted falcon biology , natural history , and conservation at the orange - breasted falcon account on neotropical birds .\nnobody uploaded sound recordings for orange - breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) yet .\nthe orange - breasted falcon looks very similar to the smaller bat falcon . people often confuse the two species , making it hard for biologists to confirm reports of the much rarer orange - breasted falcon .\nrelative to its body size , the orange - breasted falcon appears to have the largest feet of any falcon . it also has an unusually large beak .\norange - breasted falcons usually reach breeding age at around 2 - 3 years old .\nthe peregrine fund captive breeding / reintroduction project and field studies . orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus contains extensive information on the biology and status of this species . vireo orange - breasted falcon photos . aves de rapina do brasil species account wirh emphasis on brazil .\na female orange - breasted falcon flies around the temple of the grand jaguar under the light of the super moon in a heavy fog and mist .\nrecommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018\norange - breasted falcon is a raptor of the neotropics whose range historically stretched from southern mexico through northern argentina . it now is found only locally throughout its expansive range , with most current observations coming from a few well - known nesting locations . never considered common anywhere , orange - breasted falcon\u2019s current abundance and distribution are clouded by confusion with the similarly - plumaged bat falcon ( falco rufigularis ) ; many purported records of orange - breasted falcons outside their known localities may pertain to that species .\nin central america , the orange - breasted falcon is absent everywhere south of belize and guatemala and found again only in panama . its absence from many countries that contain seemingly suitable habitat is one of the greatest mysteries of falcon and neotropical bird conservation .\nthe orange - breasted falcon is a brilliantly colored medium - sized falcon of the contiguous neotropical forest , arguably the most beautiful species of falcon , and the holy grail for many tropical birders . it has always been rare and may be the most sparsely distributed falcon in the world , with its abundance and distribution clouded by confusion with the much more common and similarly plumaged bat falcon . the international union for conservation of nature lists the orange - breasted falcon as \u201cnear threatened\u201d globally in its red list of threatened species . once ranging from southern mexico through middle and south america , the species is now regionally endangered or extirpated in central america ( berry et al . ) .\nrobert b . berry has been studying orange - breasted falcons since the early 1990s . a lifelong falconer , he played a significant role in the recovery of the north american peregrine falcon in the 1970s and \u201980s .\ncover image : bathed by a gentle breeze in the early morning light , a wild - born juvenile orange - breasted falcon waits for her captive - bred father to bring food . photo by robert b . berry .\nthe peregrine fund ' s world center for birds of prey is a great place to get a close - up look at the orange - breasted falcon , one of the most colorful falcons in the world . on display at our velma morrison interpretive center , orange - breasted falcons delight visitors with their bright orange breast , large yellow feet and slaty black backs . visit us to learn all about this neotropical raptor and the rainforest habitat in which it lives .\nthe black - and - white hawk - eagle might be the greatest threat to juvenile orange - breasted falcons , both wild and captive - bred . this spectacular species is widespread from mexico to argentina but is uncommon and secretive in the mountain pine ridge of belize . it is extremely rare in guatemala\u2014which , by itself , may account for the stability of the country\u2019s small orange - breasted falcon population .\ncall . overall colouration very dark . underparts mainly orange , with black barring . iris brown ; bill dark with yellow base and cere ; legs yellow - orange .\nthe orange - breasted falcon female is nearly twice the size of her mate \u2013 a greater size difference than that of all other 39 falcon species . you may be wondering why there is such a large gap between the sexes . this adaptation enables the pair to select different - sized prey . the male takes smaller quarry , and the female captures larger prey . relative to its overall body size , the female orange - breasted falcon has the largest feet of any falcon and also a particularly large beak . this heavy armament provides many advantages for the species . the female\u2019s large size , huge feet and talons and beak help her manage social relations in the family group and defend the nest from predators .\nbaker , a . j . , d . f . whitacre , o . a . aguirre - barrera , and c . white . 2000 . the orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus in mesoamerica : a vulnerable , disjunct population ? bird conservation international 10 : 29 - 40 ) .\norange - breasted falcon four - year - old superstar b1\u2019s calm demeanor assures his wild - born and adopted progeny that it is safe to \u201cplay . \u201d despite his constant vigil and aggressive defense , he is unable to protect all of the young falcons . photo by robert b . berry .\nberry , r . b . , c . w . benkman , a . muela , y . seminario , and m . curti . 2010 . isolation and decline of a population of the orange - breasted falcon . condor , vol . 112 , no . 3 : 479 - 487 .\nthere\u2019s a single chick in the nest , \u201d aaron radioed as he hung from a rope on a lofty cliff in belize . \u201cshould we take it ? \u201d he had climbed hundreds of feet down to an orange - breasted falcon eyrie to retrieve fledglings on behalf of the peregrine fund for experimental captive propagation .\nperegrine fund biologists have been studying the orange - breasted falcon since 1978 , initially in ecuador and peru and then in belize and guatemala . our biologists have worked very hard to find these falcons in central america , searching on foot , by plane and by helicopter . during one survey over a two - year period ( 1999 - 2000 ) , they checked nearly 400 cliffs but never saw a single orange - breasted falcon in honduras , nicaragua , el salvador , or costa rica . this confirmed that the small declining population in belize and guatemala is isolated by almost 1 , 000 miles from the larger population in south america .\nthe author feeds falcon chicks ranging in age from one day to 40 days old . photo by carol berry .\nimportant references : baker , a . j . , d . f . whitacre , and o . agruirre . 2012 . orange - breasted falcon . pp . 296 - 312 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny . berry , r . b . , c . w . benkman , a . muela , y . seminario , and m . curti . 2010 . isolation and decline of a population of the orange - breasted falcon . condor 112 : 479 - 489 . baker , a . j . 1998 . status and breeding biology , ecology , and behavior of the orange - breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) in guatemala and belize . m . sc . thesis , brigham young university , provo , ut . baker , a . j . , d . f . whitacre , o . aguirre - barrera , and c . white . 2000 . the orange - breasted falcon falco deiroleucus in mesoamerica : a vulnerable , disjunct population ? bird conservation international 10 : 29 - 40 . bierregaard , r . o . 1994 . orange - breasted falcon . p . 268 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . boyce , jr . , d . a . 1980 . hunting and pre - nesting behavior of the orange - breasted falcon . raptor research 14 : 35 - 39 . brown , l . , and d . amadon . 1968 . eagles , hawks and falcons of the world . vol . 2 . mcgraw - hill , new york . cade , t . j . 1982 . falcons of the world . cornell university press , ithaca , ny . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .\ntoday , we are focusing our efforts on studying the behavior , breeding and hunting habits , threats , and habitat requirements of the only known orange - breasted falcon population in northern central america . because this rare falcon appears to be largely absent from much of central america , we recognized the need to begin a captive - breeding and release program to help maintain genetic diversity and to prevent further decline . we conducted our first experimental release for this species in 2005 . in 2006 , we began a captive breeding program at our facilities in sheridan , wyoming . by 2012 , 45 orange - breasted falcons had been produced in captivity and 30 released to the wild in belize .\nlike many other falcon species , orange - breasted falcons are primarily bird hunters . they prey on small - to medium - sized birds , particularly doves , parakeets , and swifts . however , they also take large insects and , during dusk and pre - dawn hours , bats . they are aerial hunters , so they take all of their prey while in flight .\nwe believe that the orange - breasted falcon\u2019s primary extinction drivers are habitat alteration and associated human activities , which include indiscriminate shooting , logging , agriculture , and development . these drivers interact with the impacts of human disturbance , such as increased access to remote habitat , hunting , tourism , selective logging , and collecting , further exacerbated by interactions with the bird\u2019s natural predators .\nthe orange - breasted falcon is not known to nest apart from mature forest , although we do not know the point at which fragmented habitat becomes uninhabitable or why . small farms , orchards , and cattle ranches caused the abandonment of at least one historic territory and threaten others . construction of three hydroelectric dams along the macal river are implicated in the loss of two of four falcon territories . the last of these construction projects was completed in 2012 , with human traffic limited , although a massive infrastructure of power lines presents a high risk of falcon collisions and electrocutions . even well - meaning tourists may have a negative impact by disrupting nesting .\nit is also helpful during the young birds ' first flights , as they often end up grounded in the dense tropical forest . if they are tame , biologists can pick them and place them in a safe spot high off the ground and away from predators . but this tameness doesn ' t last . after a week or two of flying wild , these young falcons quickly grow wary of any potential predator \u2013 including humans ! nonetheless , even wild orange - breasted falcons are naturally relatively unafraid of humans , to their detriment . another unique aspect of this falcon is the long period of time \u2013 about five months \u2013 that the juveniles depend on their parents for food . other falcon species , such as the peregrine falcon and aplomado falcon , are dependent for about half that time .\nour captive orange - breasted falcon colony consists of 28 birds\u201411 original founders from panama , 4 from belize ( including 2 botfly - infested juveniles we rescued in 2012 ) , and their captive - bred progeny . they are maintained in spacious climate - controlled aviaries in wyoming . this species is very difficult to breed in captivity , despite the ease in breeding the related bat falcon and many other falcon species . of the 56 young produced in captivity since 2006 , all have been the product of artificial insemination . thirty - nine have been released in the mountain pine ridge area , including 5 in 2014 ; of these , 23 are thought to have become independent through 2013 .\naaron spent the next six years studying the orange - breasted falcon . his field research became the seminal life - history study of the species . he concluded that the local population was probably stable\u2014but just barely\u2014and part of a larger unknown population ( baker et al . 2000 ) . it was not until the end of the decade that we concluded that the northern population was very small , isolated , and in steep decline .\nthe orange - breasted falcon\u2019s history in middle america is documented by only 10 museum specimens collected between 1867 and 1962 from mexico to costa rica , a few confirmed sightings , and a single breeding record . our surveys over several decades confirm that the species\u2019 northern population is limited to the maya mountains of belize and the mirador cordillera of guatemala\u2014an area comprising less than 4 percent of its former range in central america . orange - breasted falcons are isolated by some 1 , 500 kilometers from the closest population of not more than four pairs on the colombian border of panama , which we survey annually . despite a wide network of contributors , ebird has been unable to confirm a single central american record for this species outside our study area .\ncaptive - bred male b1 takes flight near the hack site , watched by his wild mate , caya . the pair made history in 2013 , fledging three beautiful youngsters and proving that captive - bred orange - breasted falcons can survive and breed successfully in the wild . photo by robert b . berry .\nmany tropical raptors\u2014including the closely related bat falcon\u2014hunt within the forest canopy . the orange - breasted falcon is unique in hunting above the canopy , the most challenging environment for a bird - eating specialist . the birds have long , narrow , pointed wings , a relatively short tail , and a heavy compact body with a deep sternum , supporting powerful flight muscles . these features maximize speed as opposed to maneuverability , for preying on a wide variety of small - to - medium - sized birds and bats , which are captured in high - speed stoops when they are briefly exposed above the forest canopy or while crossing a canyon , stream , or river valley . the female orange - breasted falcon is the most heavily armed of falcons , possessing a massive , laterally compressed beak , thick powerful legs , and enormous feet relative to its body size\u2014important attributes for grasping and quickly dispatching dangerous quarry such as parrots . males are half the size of their mates and lack their impressive armature , a difference that supports the female\u2019s dominant role in social relations , nest defense , and exploitation of a varied prey base .\nthe techniques used to release young orange - breasted falcons to the wild are similar to those used for releasing aplomado falcons and other birds of prey \u2013 with several important differences . the orange - breasted falcon chicks are hand - raised in small groups by a biologist . this is to help keep them tame while they are in the hack box , where the chicks become accustomed to their new surroundings , and for a short while after they are released to the wild . this is helpful because the chicks vary quite a bit in age when they arrive at the hack site . if the chicks are tame , biologists can release the older birds while still climbing up to the box in the evening to feed the younger birds that haven ' t yet flown for the first time .\nthough there were probably never lots of orange - breasted falcons , the species\u2019 range in central america today is limited to areas of belize , guatemala and panama \u2013 a very small portion of its historic range . biologists estimate the population in this region to be made up of only around 30 pairs . that isn ' t very many ! by looking at records for this species in south america since 1970 , biologists believe that this striking falcon ' s population is in trouble there , as well .\n\u201cno , \u201d i replied , feeling guilty about his arduous descent to the nest . \u201ccome on back up . \u201d taking the last young falcon from the nest would be unethical .\nperegrine fund president bill burnham asked me to visit baker to explain the breeding biology of the orange - breasted falcon . i had never seen the bird , but i had lots of experience breeding falcons in captivity . early in march of 1992 , aaron and i were sprawled on a massive boulder in the middle of the macal river , in the shadow of a gigantic cliff\u2014an irresistible ecological magnet for falcons and one of aaron\u2019s orange - breasted falcon territories . armed with binoculars and a spotting scope , we scanned the sky for raptors . as if by magic , a male orangebreasted falcon appeared above us , spiraling effortlessly upward in the noonday thermals until it became a tiny speck . an instant later , it came plummeting earthward in a blistering vertical stoop , climaxed by streaking across the cliff face , its defiant kak - kak - kak call echoing between the towering canyon walls . then it rocketed off in a different direction to chase a black vulture and next a plumbeous kite . it was the most spectacular and inspiring aerial performance i had ever seen in a lifetime of working with falcons . what bravado and courage he showed . surely the bird was reassuring his unseen mate and serving notice that this was his domain and he was invincible .\nthe maya mountains of western belize and the mirador cordillera of guatemala are home to the largest and densest known orange - breasted falcon population , which includes 32 territories . seven of them have been abandoned for more than a decade . aerial surveys in 2009 and 2010 located 10 additional eyries in the rugged and remote southern maya mountains , which are only accessible by helicopter . the massif is 75 miles long by 40 miles wide with a northeast - southwest orientation extending about 20 miles into heavily developed eastern guatemala , where the falcons are absent .\nperhaps the biggest threat that these falcons face is loss or change in their habitat because of practices like logging , agriculture , and development . another threat could also be the growing population of black vultures in the area . black vultures are scavengers that can eat just about anything . they are sometimes attracted to garbage dumps and tend to congregate there in large numbers , picking through the trash to find tasty morsels to eat . this means that black vultures can often be found in areas where humans are present . as people move closer and closer to orange - breasted falcon habitat , the vultures might be moving with them . black vultures might compete with these falcons for nesting cliffs and probably consume falcon eggs and young , too !\naaron spent the night at a medical clinic , soaking up antihistamines , while oscar and i sat at camp , removing each other\u2019s stingers like a pair of chimpanzees picking lice . we waited until after dark to collect our gear at the cliff , after the bees had settled down . unaware that highly aggressive africanized bees had displaced the mild - mannered european honeybees a decade earlier , we were fortunate to escape serious injury or worse . this episode took place at belize\u2019s thousand foot falls in 1994 , during the initial phase of our orange - breasted falcon research in central america .\nour core study population is in the mountain pine ridge of the northern mountains , a small granite plateau of about 200 , 000 acres , with an elevation between 600 and 900 meters . the plateau is dominated by pines and dissected by streams and deep hardwood canyons extending into valleys with abundant limestone and granite cliffs , a few of which are occupied by orange - breasted falcons . the forest life zone is borderline tropical - subtropical moist to wet forest . both the falcon and its prey breed during the dry season , from february through may , a period with the highest temperatures and lowest rainfall .\nmany authors have reflected on the orange - breasted falcon\u2019s rarity throughout its range . we believe that its specialized habitat requirements , low reproductive rate , and predation by a plethora of natural enemies are the primary causes for its historic scarcity . more recently , the cumulative effects of habitat alteration , fragmentation , human conflicts , and increasing predation may explain the catastrophic reduction in the species\u2019 range in central america and its declining population . given the species\u2019 ecological challenges and its apparent isolation from the little - known population in south america , the extirpation of the small population in belize and guatemala seems increasingly likely .\norange - breasted falcons have probably always been rare because of their specialized habitat : large cliffs where they nest and large areas of unbroken tropical forest where they live . historically , their range may have been from southern mexico to northern argentina . today , they occupy just 4 % of their former range in central america where a small population of fewer than 40 pairs persist in areas of belize , guatemala and panama .\nthere are three popular birding sites in central america where orange - breasted falcons are predictably seen : tikal national park , guatemala , and hidden valley inn & reserve and black rock river lodge in the mountain pine ridge area of belize\u2019s northwest maya mountains . fully two - thirds of ebird\u2019s citizen - science records in central and south america ( 292 of 427 ) come from these locations as part of our study population .\nonly a few decades ago , our knowledge of the orange - breasted falcon ( falco deiroleucus ) was limited to a few sight records in the literature and some sketchy notes attached to 19th and early 20th - century museum specimens and a single breeding record in tikal national park , guatemala . in 1978 , tom cade , founder and president of the peregrine fund , and biologist peter jenny assembled sparse geographic information and began searching for the species in ecuador , peru , and guatemala . from the early 1980s through 1991 , researchers conducted studies of newly located territories in guatemala and belize as part of the maya project , a nearly decade - long ( 1988 - 96 ) ecological raptor study ( see neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community ) . graduate student aaron baker was part of the project and began the first natural - history study of the orange - breasted falcon in 1992 . he searched for cliffs by questioning local people , examining topographical maps , and exploring river valleys and areas of high relief on foot , by car , and from fixed - wing aircraft . by 1996 baker had expanded his study population to 19 territories in belize and guatemala . our present - day research and restoration program builds upon this series of earlier investigations .\naaron baker calculated that 55 percent of orange - breasted falcon nesting attempts failed and that predators caused most of the failures . the list of potential predators is enormous , from jays and toucans to hawk - eagles , owls , forest - falcons , and vultures ; mammals such as the tayra ( a large mustelid ) and rats ; arboreal snakes , insects , and parasites . prominent on the list are the black - and - white hawk - eagle , stygian owl , and black vulture . of them , the black vulture is the most ubiquitous and is increasing in numbers along with the human population . a group of vultures can overpower a falcon\u2019s aggressive defense and consume its eggs or young . they also usurp prime nesting cliffs . more predatory than the turkey vulture and the much less common king vulture , they forage by sight , attacking and killing small animals and fledgling birds .\na group of vultures can overpower a falcon\u2019s aggressive defense and consume its eggs or young . black vulture is the most ubiquitous and is increasing in numbers along with the human population . black vulture by jordan rolen / macaulay library .\nscott newbold leads our current field team , aided by local naturalists jonathan urbina and rony jobel and our rock - climbing specialist matt allshouse . they visit orange - breasted falcon territories multiple times each season to assess occupancy and productivity . africanized bees limited our banding activities prior to 2011 , when we began using full - body bee suits despite the heat and discomfort . we use color - coded leg bands with white letters and numerals as safe and permanent markers for future demographic studies . we do not capture adults or use radio telemetry because of the inherent risks to the small , fragile population . we rely on old - fashioned fieldwork , with the aid of boots , binoculars , and bug spray !\norange - breasted falcons occupy their territories year - round and typically are found in areas of towering cliffs within vast expanses of moist tropical and subtropical mature forest in the vicinity of water . cliffs in belize and guatemala are large ( typically 125 meters high and 250 meters wide ) with obscure ledges , potholes , and crevices , which provide shade from the blazing tropical sun and safety from predators . there are few tree - nesting records , possibly because trees offer less protection from predators and the sun\u2019s heat . the species is not known to nest in tropical savannah\u2014suitable habitat for lookalike species such as bat and aplomado falcons . some researchers suggest that orange - breasted falcons are birds of edges , borders , and clearings adjacent to montane forest , which may offer more rewarding hunting opportunities . we have found that the species does frequent a mosaic of habitats , including farmed fields , orchards , and pasturelands\u2014but only if mature forest is the dominant community .\nthese falcons are extremely fast flyers and though no study has been done to measure their speed , biologists who have observed these birds in fast pursuit believe they could even be faster than the peregrine falcon , one of the fastest animals on earth ! orange - breasted falcons use several different hunting strategies to capture their prey . the most often perch on high , exposed snags , which give them a great view over the tree canopy or adjacent valleys . once prey is spotted , they might chase their quarry in direct pursuit over the canopy , sometimes making steep climbs into the air before falling in a short stoop onto their prey . they also may pursue their dinner in a very fast horizontal tail - chase or scan the sky for swifts and other high - flying birds and go up to meet them in the air .\nlike most other falcons , orange - breasted falcons do not build their own nests . instead , they often make small depressions in the substrate of ledges or in crevices of cliffs or sink holes . in guatemala , biologists found a pair nesting on a mayan temple in tikal national park , and they know of one instance of this species nesting in a palm tree . in south america , biologists have documented the falcons nesting under clumps of plants growing on large trees and in natural cavities of large trees , at the base of fronds of palm trees , and on cliffs .\ncaptive - release programs are typically employed only as a lastditch effort when species have been extirpated from all or much of their former range . but we believe that active species rescue is preferable to watchful waiting . our goal is to introduce unrelated captive - bred falcons to the local population . these individuals have the potential to enhance genetic variation , stabilize recruitment deficits , and help mitigate population declines . because dna fingerprinting indicates that the orange - breasted falcons in central and south america are a single population without subspecies , the risk of introducing maladaptive genes into the population is minimal .\nspecies that are highly specialized ecologically and have small , isolated populations are prone to population declines and local extirpation . both territorial occupancy and productivity in our core study population in belize have dropped by half since the 1990s . the number of eyries has fallen from 12 to 6 with only 2 failed attempts to reoccupy one of the eyries . productivity in belize and guatemala was close to one young per active eyrie in the 1990s but has declined to ~ 0 . 5 since 2003 ( berry et al . 2010 ) . productivity in both countries has been highly variable in recent years with a record low of only two young fledged in 2012 , 15 in 2013 ( including 5 young with a captive - bred parent ) , and back to a more typical 8 young in 2014 fledged from 15 eyries . the maintenance level for the well - studied peregrine falcon is more than double with one or more young per active eyrie . whether an extraordinary year now and then like the one we experienced in 2013 is sufficient to sustain a long - lived species such as the orange - breasted falcon is unknown . if that good year does not materialize , the risk of entering an extinction vortex is great .\nour research has revealed many of the orange - breasted falcon\u2019s mysteries , and yet we have barely scratched the surface when it comes to fully understanding its population dynamics , the carrying capacity of its environment , its fecundity , longevity , and recruitment needs , the impacts of weather , parasites , and predators , and the consequences of anthropogenic activities . we are banding chicks to help analyze population viability and increasing fledging success by applying prophylactic treatments for parasites . we have experimented with vulture exclusion nest boxes , and we are enhancing genetic variation by introducing unrelated captive - bred falcons . but none of these initiatives is likely to succeed unless the local people embrace a strong conservation ethic . in partnership with the cornell lab of ornithology and university of wyoming , we are developing elementary school education programs in central america , focusing on the important role of raptors in the environment . we are making a difference but our success will depend on public support and enlightened future management .\ntwo of six occupied territories in guatemala are located outside tikal national park and have no protection . they are threatened by rapidly expanding rural communities with a much higher rate of deforestation , colonization , agriculture , and subsistence hunting than in belize . even though falcon occupancy and productivity have been more stable in guatemala than belize , the inevitable correlates of human progress are likely to have a greater negative impact over time .\nconservation : friedmann ( 1950 ) summarized the known history of the orange - breasted falcon with the terse comment ,\napparently nowhere numerous ,\nand it remains poorly known and scarce to the present time . cade ( 1982 ) regarded it as probably the most sparsely distributed falcon in the world , and he suspected that the total population might be no more than a few thousand individuals . the reasons for its scarcity are not apparent , as noted by collar ( 1986 ) . it is clearly endangered in the northern mesoamerican portion of its range and very rare or extinct in central america south of belize and el pet\u00e9n , guatemala ( thorstrom et al . 2002 ) . there is little evidence to suggest that it was ever more than rare or uncommon there within historical times . it is probably more common , but still poorly known and locally distributed , in the humid lowlands and foothills of south america east of the andes . there appears to be no reason to suspect a population decline at this time , other than locally due to habitat loss , but the low population size in northern central america ( the only area where it has been relatively well studied ) and its absence from other apparently suitable areas are causes for vigilance . it is ominous that peter jenny visited many of the known specimen localities for this species in the early 1980s , but found suitable forest habitat remaining at only one of them ( cade 1982 ) . collar et al . ( 1994 ) considered this to be a globally near threatened species , but it iwas still categorized as a species of\nleast concern\nby birdlife international . in 2012 , however , birdlife changed its status to near threatened . more . . . .\nlike all birds of prey , orange - breasted falcons are visually oriented and their eyesight is eight times better than ours . how do we know this , since we cannot see through their eyes ? we know because they have eight times the numbers of visual cells ( rods and cones ) in their retinas than we do . even as young chicks , they pick up on small movements , such as a fly buzzing nearby , a rustle in the grass , or a passing bird flying overhead . biologists who were caring for young falcons prior to their release in our restoration program noticed that the young birds were fascinated with a ceiling fan . they focused intently on it , moving their heads in sync with the rotating blades ! their lives depend on their ability to locate and identify prey flying high up in the sky or moving deftly across open areas in the forest canopy or rivers where these falcons hunt .\nsix pairs reside in guatemala , all in the pet\u00e9n department , which includes tikal national park . the topography is gently rolling , broken in a few areas by steep karst terrain with few large escarpments , limiting the abundance of the falcons . elevations range from 100 to 300 meters . the climate is lowland tropical , warmer and wetter than the mountains of belize . the warm , moist tropical environment , coupled with a pronounced dry season for nesting , may be critical ingredients for the falcon\u2019s specialized niche .\nfollowing their first week of exploration , the young falcons begin aerial games of chase , which soon become spectacular high - speed mock attacks . they also play keep away , plucking a pinecone or small stick from a tree , or catching a hapless butterfly or a giant flying grasshopper , and carrying it aloft , daring the others to \u201ccatch me if you can . \u201d following an intense pursuit , the prize is dropped , triggering a mad dive by the participants to retrieve it and renew the game . these chases are thrilling to watch as the falcons twist and dodge between the trees , flying at speeds comparable to that of a major league fastball pitch . orange - breasted falcons may be among the fastest falcons in the world . although these games may look like play to us , they have deadly serious survival implications as the young falcons hone their hunting skills . losing a meal struck down over the canopy could later mean the difference between life and death by starvation .\nlike other falcons , orange - breasted falcons are also extremely agile flyers . when they are young , they develop amazing flying skills through hard work and practice in what appears to us like playing games . just as a cat\nplays\nwith a toy mouse , these young falcons play to hone their future hunting skills . we have had the privilege of watching these young birds in action ! in the first weeks after they fledge from the nest , the young falcons play \u201ctag\u201d by chasing one another , twisting , turning and diving after each other through the air . the wind makes a loud whooshing noise as they pass relatively low to the ground . another popular game is\nkeep away\nwith sticks or pine cones . they fly close to a pine tree and grab a pine cone with their talons . all the while , other young falcons are in hot pursuit . the bird carrying the cone eventually drops it , a buddy catches it in midair , and the chase continues . soon , they practice catching butterflies and large grasshoppers and eventually small migrating birds , such as swallows flying south over the forest canopy in the fall . eventually , these falcons no longer need parental care and feeding .\nalthough 2013 was a very good year , it was marred by the loss of three of seven young falcons\u2014two captive - bred young and one of b1 and caya\u2019s youngsters . overwhelming evidence points to predation by a black - and - white hawk - eagle , the first such losses in five years of releases at the current hack site . juveniles are vulnerable , especially when they are roaming the countryside . we witnessed one unsuccessful hawk - eagle attack , when one of the young falcons managed to dive into the canyon to pick up speed and maneuverability and escaped . in flat country , he would probably have been killed . black - and - white hawk - eagles hunt unseen from the clouds , stooping like a falcon to surprise their victims before they can react or sound a warning alarm .\nour hack - site attendants\u2014typically college students exploring options for graduate school\u2014care for the young falcons during daylight hours . our role is to provide food , guidance , and protection . the attendants quickly identify and bond with each falcon through its vocalizations , wing beat , appearance , and unique personality . some falcons are sociable and friendly ; others are withdrawn , cautious , or even grumpy like a spoiled child . the attendants are like surrogate parents , initially hand - feeding and then guiding the development of essential social and hunting skills , many of which the birds seem to learn by trial and error and by watching their parents . the best part of my job as manager , apart from being there at the site , is to interpret the falcons\u2019 behavior for the hack - site attendants and direct future activities in nightly emails .\nfood and feeding behavior : relative to its overall body size , this species probably has the largest feet of any falcon and also a particularly large beak , adaptations for capturing its prey , medium - sized to large birds ( particularly doves , parakeets , and swifts ) , bats , and large insects , in flight . in the well - studied nesting population in guatemala and belize , birds comprised 85 . 7 % and bats 14 . 3 % of the 105 observed prey items , and nearly half of the avian prey weighed between 25 - 75 g ( baker et al . 1998 ) . for unknown reasons , the observed hunting success ( only 4 % for 208 attempts ) is among the lowest documented for any raptor ( baker et al . op cit . ) . these falcons generally perch on high , exposed snags , sallying forth to pursue aerial prey in direct merlin - like pursuit over the canopy , either in steep climbs terminating in a short stoop or in a very fast tail - chase ; they may scan the sky for swifts and other high - flying birds and go up to meet them in the air ( jenny and cade 1986 ) . jenny saw birds stooping in peregrine fashion on two occasions , and haverschmidt ( 1968 ) also described the method of hunting , stooping on birds in flight , as like that of the peregrine . baker et al . ( 1998 ) observed three instances of cooperative hunting by pairs . more . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\nbased on a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin , as well as evidence of declines elsewhere within its extensive range , it is suspected that the total population of this species is undergoing ongoing declines at the rate of 25 - 30 % over three generations , and it has therefore been uplisted to near threatened .\nhas a range covering much of latin america . the most northerly limit of its distribution is in southern\n, at calama , in 2007 ( jara 2008 ) . declines in territory occupancy , average annual fledgling production per pair and the overall breeding productivity of the population were noted between 1992 - 1997 and 2003 - 2009 in belize ( berry\n. 2011 ) . the small population ( c . 30 pairs ) in belize and guatemala appears to be isolated ( berry\npartners in flight estimated the population to number fewer than 50 , 000 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) , thus it is placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals here . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 23 . 9 - 27 . 5 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 18 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it has some tolerance of forest degradation , but is poorly known and therefore suspected to decline by a rate approaching 30 % over three generations .\nthis species occurs in a range of habitats , including lowland forest , savanna edges , drier regions such as the chaco , and subtropical mountain slopes . it also occurs in human - modified landscapes , but only if mature forest is the dominant habitat ( berry\n. 2010 ) . it is found mostly up to 1 , 100 m , but has been recorded at c . 2 , 900 m ( carri\u00f3n and vargas 2008 ) . it is a highly specialised hunter of flying prey , mainly birds , but also bats . in guatemala and belize , courtship begins in february and offspring fledge in may and june . the nest is built on a cliff face , or rarely in a tree , often near water ( del hoyo\n2011 ) , although the clearance , fragmentation and degradation of its forest habitat is expected to be a significant threat to the species throughout much of its range . the species , however , exhibits some tolerance of forest fragmentation and degradation , being recorded in modified landscapes with cultivated fields , orchards and pastures ( berry\n. 2010 ) , and it has been found nesting in dead trees in cattle pastures ( a . lees\n2011 ) . this suggests that it is not in rapid decline as a result . a further problem associated with habitat loss appears to be its displacement from nest sites by black vulture\n. 2010 ) . the species may suffer a low level of direct persecution by humans , and average nesting success appears to be depressed by frequent predation , at least in some areas . the species may also be negatively impacted by the presence of africanised bees\nthis species occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its extensive range . fundaci\u00f3n proaves colombia has designated a reserve in the east andes specifically for the protection of this species ( t . donegan\ncarry out a periodic meta - analysis of all known records and conduct further surveys to study the species ' s range , population size and trends . monitor habitat trends across its range . encourage the protection of nests by land - owners . investigate methods for reducing the impacts of black vultures and other predators and nest competitors ( berry\n. 2010 ) . expand the protected area network to effectively protect ibas . effectively resource and manage existing and new protected areas , utilising emerging opportunities to finance protected area management with the joint aims of reducing carbon emissions and maximizing biodiversity conservation . conservation on private lands , through expanding market pressures for sound land management and preventing forest clearance on lands unsuitable for agriculture , is also essential ( soares - filho\n2006 ) . campaign against proposed changes to the brazilian forest code that would lead to a decrease in the width of the areas of riverine forest protected as permanent preservation areas ( apps ) , which function as vital corridors in fragmented landscapes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nauthors : robert berry , christopher l . wood , and brian l . sullivan\nthis species account is dedicated in honor of robert berry , member of the cornell lab of ornithology ' s administrative board .\nberry , r . , c . l . wood , and b . l . sullivan ( 2009 ) .\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nthough the young falcons are raised in wyoming , they are released far from there in the country of belize . when these young falcons are 20 - 40 days old , they are transported directly to belize , thanks to the generous support of lighthawk , a flying service for conservation . some of our released males have mated with wild females and produced eggs or young chicks .\nlittle is known about the species\u2019 density in south america other that it is rare but widely dispersed geographically . some biologists estimate that their total population may have never been more than a few thousand individuals \u2013 and there are even fewer today .\nwhen she is ready , the female typically lays three relatively large reddish - brown eggs over a six - day period . more than most other birds of prey , the female does most of the incubation for about 30 days and brooding of the chicks for about two weeks . while she is busy keeping the eggs and young at just the right temperature , the male works hard to provide all of her and the nestlings\u2019 food . should he perish , the chicks are not likely to survive , as the female seldom leaves the nest unprotected . this is hard work for the male and after the chicks hatch , he must be diligent in finding enough for his family to eat . several times a day , he returns to the nest site with prey \u2013 often a bird that he has prepared by removing all the feathers , wings and legs . he and the female will often exchange food in mid - air and the female will carry it back to the nest where she will delicately feed tidbits to her young .\nat around 40 days after hatching , the young fly for the first time . however , they stay in their parents ' territory for many months while they learn to hunt and live independently . during this important time in the young chicks ' lives , the parents continue to bring them food . but now , instead of tearing off small pieces to feed to them , the parents bring them whole prey so the young birds learn to tear the meat and feed on their own .\nthe peregrine fund is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization . our federal ein is 23 - 1969973\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nthore noernberg , fernando enrique , joselito nardy ribeiro , pieter de groot boersma , herve jacob , ciro albano , carlos cu\u00f1ado strelkov .\ncarlos cu\u00f1ado strelkov , joselito nardy ribeiro , thore noernberg , richardgreenhalgh031 , arthur grosset , anselmo d affonseca , joe tobias , lmarce , dusan m . brinkhuizen , gustavo magnago , mikko pyh\u00e4l\u00e4 , agustin carrasco , gustavo diniz mendes de carvalho , octavio rios , john f . kvarnb\u00e4ck , adam riley .\nread this article in its original magazine layout , from the autumn 2014 issue of living bird [ 2 mb pdf download ] .\na brief electrical storm delayed aaron\u2019s ascent and forced all three of us to hunker against the cliff . then we heard the muffled cry , \u201cbees ! \u201d as aaron emerged amid a cloud of angry africanized \u201ckiller\u201d bees that obscured his face . \u201ccut the damn rope ! \u201d he shouted , spitting bees from his mouth . free of the rope , aaron bolted for the safety of a nearby waterhole , with oscar and i close behind , tripping and stumbling in a futile effort to outrun the angry horde . we plunged into the water , but whenever we surfaced , the bees attacked , and no amount of splashing deterred them . a waterfall at the head of the pool was shallow enough for us to stand under its protective veil . we were safe , temporarily , but the choice was clear\u2014we must either escape from the bees or perish from hypothermia under the waterfall . i finally burst out the opposite side of the waterfall , scaled a small cliff , and crawled rapidly through the tall \u201cdumb grass , \u201d oblivious to stings from a few scouts . my comrades followed .\nin this1994 picture , aaron baker ( left ) , the author ( center ) , and oscar aguirre ( baker\u2019s guatemalan assistant ) prepare to climb the macal river eyrie cliff , which looms in the background . photo by robert b . berry ."]}
{"id": 2041, "summary": [{"text": "cerace sardias is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in assam , india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 40 \u2013 42 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are bright yellow , the base with a bluish-black shining streak .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are bright yellow , the apical part dull brownish black . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cerace sardias", "paragraphs": ["sardias meyrick , 1907 ( cerace ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 748 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . female .\ncerace is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .\nloxodes meyrick , 1912 ( cerace ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 19 . tl : india , tenasserim . holotype : calcm . female .\ntetraonis butler , 1886 ( cerace ) , proc . zool . soc . london 1886 : 394 . tl : pakistan , lectotype : bmnh . unknown .\ndiehli buchsbaum & miller , 2002 ( cerace ) , heterocera sumatrana 12 ( 3 ) : 156 . tl : indonesia , sumatra . holotype : zsm . male .\nios diakonoff , 1941 ( cerace ) , treubia 18 : 30 . tl : borneo , northeast borneo ( mt . kinabalu ) . holotype : mnhu . female .\nvietnamna kawabe , 1993 ( cerace ) , ty to ga 44 : 99 . tl : north vietnam , mt . tam dao . holotype : usnm . female .\nmyriopa meyrick , 1922 ( cerace ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 497 . tl : china , sichuan province , tse - chuan . holotype : mnhn . female .\nonustana walker , 1863 ( cerace ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 423 . tl : nepal , holotype : bmnh . male .\nnepalensis diakonoff , 1976 ( cerace stipatana ssp . ) , zool . verh . leiden 144 : 71 . tl : nepal . tamba kosi . holotype : zsm . female .\nmalayana diakonoff , 1970 ( cerace ) , tijdschr . ent . 113 : 101 . tl : malay peninsula , malay states ( bukit kutu ) . holotype : bmnh . female .\nstipatana walker , 1863 ( cerace ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 422 . tl : india , silhert . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ntonkinana heppner , 2010 ( cerace ) , lepid . novae 3 : 182 . tl : vietnam , ha toy province , ba vi national park . holotype : fsca . male .\nsemnologa diakonoff , 1976 ( cerace ) , zool . verh . leiden 144 : 70 . tl : nepal , province no . 3 east , junbesi . holotype : zsm . male .\nperdicina moore , in hewitson & moore , 1888 ( cerace ) , descr . indian lepid . ins . : 279 . tl : india . bangla , darjiling . holotype : mnhu . male .\ncharidotis razowski , 1992 ( cerace ) , shilap revta . lepid . 20 : 108 . tl : vietnam , vietnam ( tam dao , 50 km nw hanoi ) . holotype : isez . female .\nclara diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace stipatana ssp . ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 211 . tl : india . holotype : bmnh . male .\nanthera diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 194 . tl : ? , siao - lou . holotype : bmnh . male .\nobscura diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace guttana ssp . ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 202 . tl : india . bengal . holotype : bmnh . female .\nexul diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace stipatana ssp . ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 212 tl : china . chusan island . holotype : bmnh . male .\nsinensis diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 212 . tl : china . ichang , chang yang . holotype : bmnh . male .\nxanthothrix diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 208 . tl : india , assam , naga hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\nguttana felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ( cerace ) , reise st . fregatte novara ( zool . ) ( 2 ) 5 : pl . 138 , fig . 51 . tl : india . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncyanopyga diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 205 . tl : india , burma [ myanmar ] ( maymyo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\neuchrysa diakonoff , 1974 ( cerace ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 10 ( 1 ) : 220 . tl : thailand , northern thailand ( chiengmai ) . holotype : ncb . male .\nformosana diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace stipatana ssp . ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 211 tl : taiwan . ( koshum , gyocha ) . holotype : bmnh . female .\narchimedis diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace tetraonis ssp . ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 193 . tl : india . khasis , cherra punji . holotype : bmnh . female .\nxanthocosma diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 197 . tl : japan , honshu , yamato [ nara prefecture ] . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlemeepauli leme , in leme & tams , 1950 ( cerace ) , contrib . lpid . haut - tonkin : 61 . tl : vietnam , vietnam ( haut - tonkin ) . ( nord - vietnam ) saigon . holotype : ncb . female .\nbirmensis diakonoff , 1950 ( cerace stipatana ssp . ) , bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) ent . 1 : 210 . tl : india . burma [ myanmar ] ( ruby mines district , kosemba ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbaixeras , j . , brown , j . w . , and gilligan , t . m .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2042, "summary": [{"text": "\u2020 partula dolorosa was a species of air-breathing tropical land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family partulidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species was endemic to a highland on raiatea , french polynesia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is now extinct . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "partula dolorosa", "paragraphs": ["toothed partula - partula dentifera ( ew ) , may be confused with raiatea ground partula p . navigatoria , in captivity only ( bristol zoo )\npartula snails are the poster children of invert conservation success stories but surprisingly they don ' t show up much on the internet , mostly as partula spp on individual zoo ' s sites . . . . . any improvements on following details are much appreciated .\npartula snails are the poster children of invert conservation success stories but surprisingly they don ' t show up much on the internet , mostly as partula spp on individual zoo ' s sites . and as this group of species didn ' t gain much attention on my other thread\ntoday , the zoological society of london runs the partula programme consortium which maintains a captive breeding program in the united kingdom , france and the united states .\ncommon names have been probably created by gerlach , which i feel is probably fair enough if you want gain some attention from a wider audience . he has written a book covering partula\nsearching for\npartula\n. in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 3 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 14 september 2010 .\ncrampton h . e . ( 1916 ) . studies on the variation , distribution and evolution of the genus partula . the species inhabiting tahiti . carnegie institution of washington , 228 : 1 - 311 .\ncrampton h . e . ( 1932 ) . studies on the variation , distribution and evolution of the genus partula . the species inhabiting moorea . carnegie institution of washington , 410 : 1 - 335 .\na fascinating summary tetrapod . thanks for this ! do you happen to know where the last extinct animals died ? i noticed that partula rosea is missing - has taxonomy changed or had it just missed the list ?\njung , younghun , taehwan lee , burch j . b . & diarmaid \u00f3 foighil . ( 2005 )\nhistorical phylogeny of tahitian partula\n. proc . joint conference - american malacological society and western society of malacologists .\nmayer a . g . ( january 1902 ) .\nsome species of partula from tahiti . a study in variation\n. memoirs of the museum of comparative zo\u00f6logy xxvi ( 2 ) , cambridge , u . s . a .\ncrampton h . e . ( 1925 ) . studies on the variation , distribution and evolution of the genus partula . the species of the mariana islands , guam and saipan . carnegie institution of washington , 228a : 1 - 116 .\nthe wolfsnail chose instead to hunt and eat members of the nearly 76 species of partula that were endemic to tahiti , devouring all but about 5 species in a decade . several scientists recognized what was going on , and were able to save several species prior to their becoming extinct .\ncheers temp ! have modified my list to fit data on the eaza tag list but obviously may be out of date . realised that there were a load more partula scattered over the south pacific as well as the other species mentioned . do you have have any info on captive breeding programs for any of them ?\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the late 1980s , native partulid species began disappearing rapidly . by 1992 there were few left and no live individuals of this species were found during surveys in 1994 and 2000 or during subsequent scientific expeditions to high altitudes .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis species was only found on the high temehani plateau on raiatea . it was discovered by henry crampton in 1909 and a few were found in 1992 when the last surviving raiatean\ninvaded the plateau shortly afterwards . unfortunately it did not establish in captivity and is now extinct .\ngerlach j . ( 2016 ) . icons of evolution : pacific island tree - snails of the family partulidae . phelsuma press . isbn : 978 - 0 - 99322 - 033 - 3 . [ details ]\nas a group there are around 83 spp spread throughout the south pacific , with 51 spp extinct and 11 extinct in the wild . the ones we are most ' familiar ' with are those that are / were found in french polynesia .\na fascinating summary tetrapod . thanks for this ! do you happen to know where the last extinct animals died ?\nit is perhaps worth pointing out that your list only includes the zoos in english - speaking countries that maintain these snails . although a number of british zoos maintain the largest number of species , several are also maintained at zoos in the netherlands ( artis ) , denmark ( randers ; they took over copenhagen ' s project in 2009 ) , latvia ( riga ) , poland ( poznan ) and france ( thoiry ) .\nsnails aren ' t alone . there are also other pacific island snails ( e . g . ,\n) where captive breeding plays an important role in their continued survival , although their management generally involves non - zoo organizations .\n, which only survives in captivity . as far as i know , this is the only aquatic snail that has been saved like this . this species was restricted to rapids that disappeared when the yacyret\u00e1 dam opened ; a few relatives became entirely extinct ( none in captivity ) when it opened .\nthis may repeat itself soon : the fish species that may well go extinct / extinct in the wild with the opening of the belo monte dam have received some media attention ( especially the zebra pleco ) . however , the same rapids are home to several distinctive aquatic snails found no where else in the world ; indeed they provide a stable food for many of the catfish species found there . i ' m not aware of anyone having started a captive breeding program for any of these snails . some may survive in the remaining dwindling rapids of volta grande , but it rather likely that many will disappear .\njoined : 20 oct 2012 posts : 5 , 934 location : connecticut , u . s . a .\nnot sure how rosea was missed , but definitely still exists as a species . extinct in wild , held at marwell ( amongst others ) .\ni ' m not sure if more species are kept ( and bred ) behind the scenes .\ncategories : 2 , 605 albums : 19 uploaded media : 338 , 562 embedded media : 206 comments : 365 , 567 disk usage : 108 . 3 gb\nthe encyclopedia of world problems and human potential is a collaboration between uia and mankind 2000 , started in 1972 . it is the result of an ambitious effort to collect and present information on the problems with which humanity is confronted , as well as the challenges such problems pose to concept formation , values and development strategies . problems included are those identified in international periodicals but especially in the documents of some 60 , 000 international non - profit organizations , profiled in the yearbook of international organizations .\nthe encyclopedia includes problems which such groups choose to perceive and act upon , whether or not their existence is denied by others claiming greater expertise . indeed such claims and counter - claims figure in many of the problem descriptions in order to reflect the often paralyzing dynamics of international debate . in the light of the interdependence demonstrated among world problems in every sector , emphasis is placed on the need for approaches which are sufficiently complex to encompass the factions , conflicts and rival worldviews that undermine collective initiative towards a promising future .\nthe union of international associations ( uia ) is a research institute and documentation centre , based in brussels . it was established in 1907 , by henri la fontaine ( nobel peace prize laureate of 1913 ) , and paul otlet , a founding father of what is now called information science .\nnon - profit , apolitical , independent , and non - governmental in nature , the uia has been a pioneer in the research , monitoring and provision of information on international organizations , international associations and their global challenges since 1907 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe iucn red list of threatened species ( version 2011 . 1 ) shows that at least 1584 of the about 85 , 000 living mollusc species on earth are known to be threatened with extinction ( iucn 2011 ) . according to the iucn at least 32 bivalve species , 3 bivalve subspecies , 281 gastropod species and 5 gastropod subspecies have become extinct since the year 1500 ( iucn 2011 ) . this website sadly lists even more molluscs extinctions .\nhas been released under the creative commons attribution non - commercial no derivatives 3 . 0 licence .\ndo you know any species or subspecies that should be added to this list or has been rediscovered ? if so , please contact this website .\nthe subjoined table shows the bivalve species and subspecies that recently became globally extinct .\n) has recently been in choccolocco creek , a coosa river tributary ( \u00f3 foighill et al . 2011 ) in alabama , united states . other recent\n) . the iucn red lists of threatened species ( version 2011 . 1 ) still lists these species as extinct ( bogan 2000 ; iucn 2011 ) .\nbank , r . a . ( 2010 ) fauna europaea : bythinella austriaca . in karsholt , o . & nieukerken , e . j . van ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) fauna europaea : lepidoptera , moths . fauna europaea version 2 . 2 , urltoken .\nbogan , a . e . ( 2000 ) . rhodacme filosa . in : iucn ( 2010 ) . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 02 june 2011 .\nfalkner , g . , ripken , t . e . j . , falkner , m . , ( 2002 ) . mollusques continentaux de france liste de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence annot\u00e9e et bibliographie . patrimoines naturels , 52 , museum d\u2019histoire naturelle , paris . 350pp .\nfontaine , b . et al . , ( 2007 ) the european union\u2019s 2010 target : putting rare species in focus . biological conservation 139 : 167\u2013185 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . biocon . 2007 . 06 . 012 .\niucn ( 2011 ) . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 1 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 25 june 2011 .\n\u00f3 foighil d , li j , lee t , johnson p , evans r , et al . ( 2011 ) . conservation genetics of a critically endangered limpet genus and rediscovery of an extinct species . plos one 6 ( 5 ) : e20496 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0020496 . available online : urltoken .\nmaas , p . h . j . ( 2011 ) . globally extinct : molluscs . in : tsew ( ) . the sixth extinction website . < urltoken > . downloaded on .\nif you see any errors , questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page , please contact us so that we can correct or extend the information provided .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2015 [ urltoken & the sixth extinction ] . all right reserved .\nare now completely extinct , a further 11 survive only in captivity and just 5 species still exist in the wild in french polynesia . the\nfor the surviving species has been in place since the early 1990s and many species have existed only in small boxes in controlled conditions for many generations . efforts are underway to find a way of returning them to the wild . this requires new approaches to conservation and reintroduction as there is no realistic prospect of eliminating\npartulids are spread over 5 , 000 square miles ( 13 , 000 km 2 ) of pacific ocean islands , from the society islands to palau .\nceremonial wear and jewelry , these small snails ( averaging about one - half to three - quarters of an inch in length ) gained the attention of science when dr .\nwhat happened to the partulids of the island of tahiti is a demonstration of the possible deleterious effects of attempted biological control . after an infestation of the introduced giant african land snails ( achatina spp . ) , the carnivorous florida rosy wolfsnail ( euglandina rosea ) was introduced into tahiti in an attempt to combat the african species .\nthe iucn red list of threatened species version 2009 . 2 contains 13 critically endangered , 11 extinct in the wild and 51 extinct\nf\u00e9russac a . \u00e9 . d ' a . de ( june 1821 ) . journ . de physique 92 : 460 ; 1821 , h . n . g . et p . moll . , tabl . lima\u00e7ons , 23 .\nmyers , p . ; espinosa , r . ; parr , c . s . ; jones , t . ; hammond , g . s . & dewey , t . a . ( 2006 ) . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at urltoken .\niucn ( 2008 ) . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 23 december 2008 .\niucn ( 2009 ) . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2009 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 14 november 2009 .\nlee , t . ; burch , j . b . ; coote , t . ; pearce - kelly , p . ; hickman , c . ; meyer , j . y . ; \u00f3 foighil , d . ( 2009 ) .\nmoorean tree snail survival revisited : a multi - island genealogical perspective\n. bmc evolutionary biology 9 : 204 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 204 . pmc 3087522 . pmid 19686604 .\nlee , t . ; burch , j . b . ; jung , y . ; coote , t . ; pearce - kelly , p . ; \u00f3 foighil , d . ( 2007 ) .\ntahitian tree snail mitochondrial clades survived recent mass extirpation\n. current biology 17 ( 13 ) : r502\u2013r503 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cub . 2007 . 05 . 006 . pmid 17610827 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2043, "summary": [{"text": "attica meli ( 1969 \u2013 after 1988 ) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "owned by louis freedman and trained by noel murless she won seven of her fifteen races and was regarded as the best british filly of her generation at both three and four years of age .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she took time to show her best form but in the second half of 1972 she won five consecutive races including the yorkshire oaks , park hill stakes and princess royal stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year she finished second in the coronation cup and the hardwicke stakes before stepping up in distance to record decisive wins over male opponents in the geoffrey freer stakes and the doncaster cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was retired from racing at the end of 1973 and had some influence as a broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "attica meli", "paragraphs": ["find out where david p meli has lived as well as david p meli ' s phone numbers and email addresses .\nthe 1972 derby winner roberto returned to epsom 12 months later to take the coronation cup , beating attica meli by five lengths , making him the most recent victor of both these group one races .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for trilingual . trilingual is a mare born in 2009 august 29 by testa rossa out of attica meli\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for rossattica . rossattica is a filly born in 2006 august 5 by testa rossa out of attica meli\n30 years of hourly historical weather data for neo meli can be purchased with history + . download variables like temperature , wind , clouds and precipitation as csv for any place on earth . the last 2 weeks of past weather data for neo meli are available for free evaluation here .\nsince the mid - 1960s , freedman has been one of britain ' s most successful owner - breeders . among his other prominent winners were i say , lucyrowe , attica meli and oaks heroine polygamy . away from racing , in 1977 he was made a cbe for his services to race relations .\nattica meli ( ire ) b . f , 1969 { 16 - d } dp = 15 - 4 - 12 - 0 - 3 ( 34 ) di = 2 . 78 cd = 0 . 82 - 13 starts , 7 wins , ? places , ? shows career earnings : $ 47 , 864\ninformation regarding david p meli ' s professional history . find out previous places david p meli has worked as well as dates employed . the following data is not guaranteed for accuracy and should not be used for employment , insurance , credit eligibility , or for any other purpose covered under the fair credit reporting act .\nthe top weanling was a trippi filly out of stakes placed pewter , for which john freeman forked out 210k . st john gray got the most expensive mare at the sale , with a bid of 280k for imported danehill dancer mare queen mira . the mare\u2019s dam is by sadler\u2019s wells from a shirley heights mare descending from english champion filly attica meli .\nin 1977 , royal hive ( royal palace - come on honey ) became the first good horse trained for freedman by henry cecil , who gradually replaced walwyn as his chief trainer . royal hive , a half - sister to attica meli , emulated that filly by winning the park hill and was also runner - up in the yorkshire oaks and prix vermeille .\nintelius found that david p meli is a male between 50 and 60 years old from buffalo , ny . we have connected them to 7 addresses , 7 phones , and 2 relatives or associates .\nlater in 1971 , freedman had the pleasure of seeing his first home - bred winner when guillotina ( busted - tina ) , trained by walwyn , won the houghton stakes at newmarket . in 1972 she took the prix de royallieu , but one who did even better was attica meli ( primera - come on honey ) , whom he acquired with the sassoon bloodstock . she won her last five races that year including the yorkshire oaks , park hill and princess royal stakes .\npanagiotakos d . b . , pitsavos c . h . , chrysohoou c . , skoumas j . , papadimitriou l . , stefanadis c . , toutouzas p . k . status and management of hypertension in greece : role of the adoption of a mediterranean diet : the attica study .\nas a four - year - old , roberto was sent to france to contest the prix ganay but was withdrawn from the race owing to injury . he then returned to ireland , where he finished second to ballymore in the nijinsky stakes . in june , he recorded his only success of the season when beating the 1972 oaks winner , attica meli , by five lengths in record time in the coronation cup . [ 13 ] he was a late withdrawal from the eclipse stakes due to heavy ground and then finished eleventh of the twelve runners behind dahlia in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . [ 5 ]\nmy babu sired plenty of good horses in both countries , several of whom became very good stallions . 1961 kentucky derby runner - up crozier was arguably both the best racehorse and the best stallion to emerge from my babu\u2019s american crops . crozier\u2019s victories included the santa anita handicap in 1963 , and the several grade one winners whom he sired included the 1985 breeders\u2019 cup sprint winner precisionist as well as crested wave , who sired some high - class horses during his stud career in new zealand including the 1991 cox plate winner surfer\u2019s paradise . of the irish - bred my babu horses , milesian and primera ( sire of the top - class fillies lupe , aunt edith and attica meli ) proved to be the best stallions in europe . both had been very good racehorses , but neither achieved as much at stud as\nmy babu sired plenty of good horses in both countries , several of whom became very good stallions . 1961 kentucky derby runner - up crozier was arguably both the best racehorse and the best stallion to emerge from my babu\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s american crops . crozier\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s victories included the santa anita handicap in 1963 , and the several grade one winners whom he sired included the 1985 breeders\u00e2\u20ac\u2122 cup sprint winner precisionist as well as crested wave , who sired some high - class horses during his stud career in new zealand including the 1991 cox plate winner surfer\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s paradise . of the irish - bred my babu horses , milesian and primera ( sire of the top - class fillies lupe , aunt edith and attica meli ) proved to be the best stallions in europe . both had been very good racehorses , but neither achieved as much at stud as better boy , who turned out to be a very good galloper and then a champion sire in australia but who had been only a relatively ordinary racehorse in europe prior to his export to the antipodes .\nwhat can i say about this amazing meze - restaurant . just be sure you order the right things . for example yo do not need to order there greek salad or feta saganaki or potato fries . . . try their cooked traditional greek recipes such as : geomilo gaziariko , krommion gemisto , apaki , mosxaraki glyka , salata karoto , skaltsounia me meli , marathopita . and drink tsipouro ! ! free desert at the end is offered for every guest . i love this place . try that out . it is not so far from the city centre .\npowerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud . - free online library\npowerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud .\nmla style :\npowerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud . .\nthe free library . 1998 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . powerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\napa style : powerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nlouis freedman , owner - breeder of reference point , who was one of the best champions of the 1980s , has died at the age of 81 .\nfreedman ' s involvement in racing dates back to the early 1960s and his career as an estate agent , in which field he became chairman of his land securities investment trust . it also led him into contact with the solicitor isidore kerman , who at the time had horses in training with walter nightingall and later was the owner of plumpton and fontwell racecourses .\nthe freedman - kerman partnership bought a yearling filly at deauville . the filly , named fairsica , went into training with nightingall , for whom she won a sandown maiden at three .\nwithin two years of that victory , freedman had his first taste of high - level success when his colt i say won the white rose stakes at ascot and finished third behind sea - bird in the 1965 derby .\ni say disappointed after the derby , but the decision to keep him in training as a four - year - old was rewarded with victory in the coronation cup and third place in the hardwicke stakes . he had his chance at stud and , before his export to brazil , sired 1979 grand national hero rubstic .\nat the end of 1966 , freedman bought cliveden stud in buckinghamshire from the astor family and started to build up his own breeding operation , which was to reach its zenith with reference point .\nin 1967 , he gave 9 , 000gns and 1 , 550gns for two yearling fillies who became high - class performers - lucyrowe and seventh bride .\nnightingall died in the summer of 1968 and his sister margery , who held a temporary licence for the rest of the season , sent out lucyrowe to finish second in the cheveley park stakes .\nfreedman ' s horses then went to peter walwyn at lambourn , and the new association made a happy start , for lucyrowe won the ebbisham , coronation ( by 12 lengths ) , nassau and sun chariot stakes . in the nassau she had just a short head to spare over seventh bride , whose successes included the princess royal stakes .\ntwo years later , freedman expanded his interests by purchasing beech house stud and its bloodstock from lady sassoon , with the intention that horses from his cliveden operation should be handled by walwyn and those from beech house by noel murless , who had trained for the sassoons .\na few weeks later , murless sent out his first winner in the freedman colours when abwah took a newbury maiden . this was the forerunner of many top - level successes from warren place , where henry cecil later trained reference point . abwah proved a smart sprinter , taking the duke of york stakes before going to stud , where he sired absalom .\nfreedman ' s increasing prominence in racing resulted in his appointment as racehorse owners ' association president for 1973 - 74 and election to the jockey club in 1975 . he served as a steward from 1979 to 1986 and was deputy senior steward in 1981 and 1983 .\nfreedman gained his first classic win in 1974 , when the home - bred polygamy took the oaks , although she was lucky because dibidale , who was third home but was disqualified , was hampered by a slipping saddle . dibidale easily gained her revenge in the irish oaks .\npolygamy was an early example of freedman ' s flair for naming horses , for she was by reform out of seventh bride .\nother fillies who did well for freedman in 1974 were mil ' s bomb , who won the lancashire oaks , nassau and park hill stakes , and great guns , who struck six times .\nthe following year he sold beech house to concentrate his breeding interests at cliveden . that season , polygamy ' s full - sister one over parr took the cheshire and lancashire oaks .\nthe next top - level runner to carry freedman ' s yellow and black colours was home on the range , who was later dam of reference point . home on the range , a daughter of habitat and great guns , included the 1981 sun chariot stakes among her successes .\nin the same colours , one way street ( habitat - guillotina ) won the princess royal stakes and ever genial ( brigadier gerard - shorthouse ) the may hill stakes in 1984 , and the following year ever genial won the hungerford stakes .\nmill on the floss ( mill reef - milly moss ) was placed in the ribblesdale stakes , lancashire oaks and princess royal stakes in 1986 , but the high spot of that year was the runaway victory by reference point ( mill reef - home on the range ) in the futurity ( now racing post trophy ) at doncaster , a display which resulted in the colt topping the free handicap .\nfreedman had long nursed dreams of having a horse good enough to win the triple crown , and in reference point he thought he might have found him . cecil , though , sounded caution about trying to get the colt ready for the 2 , 000 guineas over a trip which could well have proved too sharp for him , and in any case other events took a hand . reference point developed a serious sinus infection in the spring of his three - year - old days which ruled out the guineas , and at one stage cecil was dubious about the prospects of getting the colt fit for epsom .\nthe gloom was dispelled , though , when reference point made a winning comeback in the dante stakes before making all in the derby , beating most welcome by a length and a half .\nreference point found the year - older mtoto three - parts of a length too good in the eclipse before a repeat of his tenacious front - running tactics resulted in victory by three lengths and a neck from celestial storm and triptych in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . victory at long odds - on in the great voltigeur stakes preceded success in the st leger , and though his career ended in defeat in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe - he was eighth to trempolino - he was later found to have been suffering from an abscess in a foot .\nduring reference point ' s racing career , freedman sold a share in him to sheikh mohammed , and it was to the sheikh ' s dalham hall stud that the son of mill reef retired for a short career as a stallion .\nalthough reference point was the jewel in the 1987 freedman crown , he was not on his own , as the exploits of others in the same colours enabled cliveden to top the breeders ' list for the year . queen midas ( glint of gold - star court ) won the ribblesdale and shooting party landed a good handicap at ascot .\nin 1988 , overdrive ( shirley heights - milly moss ) won the queen alexandra stakes and reference point ' s half - brother known ranger ( by known fact ) took the bradford & bingley handicap .\nin april of that year , freedman transferred the ownership of his bloodstock to the cliveden stud company and put in charge his younger son philip , a merchant banker who was later to become chairman of the thoroughbred breeders ' association .\nthe first official comment by freedman senior was that the operation needed a younger man to run it , but there was more to it than that . earlier in the year , an employee of the people newspaper had made allegations in the paper and on television that freedman had been party to an illegal deal with lester piggott about the jockey ' s retainer .\nthe subsequent rumblings of this affair ended with piggott being sent to prison for tax evasion and fraud , but freedman was so upset by the allegations that he reduced his public involvement in racing .\nhis libel case against the people , two of its staff and its then editor came to court the following year and was settled out of court after three days . freedman received undisclosed but\nsubstantial\ndamages and costs which amounted to about pounds 300 , 000 ; he described himself as\ndelighted\nwith the outcome .\nin 1990 , freedman won the king edward vii stakes with private tender ( shirley heights - select sale ) and the park hill stakes ( his fourth victory in the race ) and prix de royallieu with madame dubois ( legend of france - shadywood ) .\nduring the 1990s , the freedmans continued to send horses with fine pedigrees ( and as well named as ever ) into training , with roger charlton and us - based neil drysdale joining their list of trainers in 1993 and julie cecil dropping out in 1994 , but success proved increasingly harder to achieve .\nin 1992 hatta ' s mill ( green desert - mill on the floss ) was second in the predominate stakes , and in 1994 red route ( polish precedent - one way street ) , trained by cecil , took the bahrain trophy and geoffrey freer stakes . as a result the colt started favourite for the st leger but was unplaced .\nthe same year , milly ha ha ( dancing brave - mill on the floss ) was fourth in the yorkshire oaks and third in the princess royal stakes .\nfreedman gained immense pleasure in 1996 when his son philip , who had been chairman of the tba council , joined him as a member of the jockey club , but once again the racing year for cliveden was a low - key affair , though dacha won the cecil frail handicap at haydock .\nin the last two seasons , the best horse to carry the freedman silks was daggers drawn , a grandson of shadywood . he won three out of four in 1997 , including the july and richmond stakes , and was one of europe ' s leading juveniles , though his classic season this year was disappointing .\ncopyright 1998 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\n1 million ; that ' s the amazing bonus on offer if a horse can ' do a reference point ' .\nbloodstock desk : historic cliveden stud , birthplace of 11 classic winners , for sale at pounds 6m .\n' i can ' t think what circumstances will suddenly see a massive resurgence in the number of group 1 winners trained in britain ' former bloodstock . . .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ninfo = link with more information australia mc : melbourne cup england d : epsom derby o : epsom oaks sl : doncaster st . leger 1g : 1 , 000 guineas 2g : 2 , 000 guineas dc : doncaster cup france gpp : grand prix de paris pjc : prix du jockey club ( french derby ) arc : prix de l ' arc de triomphe fo : prix de diane ( french oaks ) usa kd : kentucky derby cca : cca oaks p : preakness stakes b : belmont stakes germany dd : deutches derby italy di : derby italiano io : italian oaks steeplechases gn : grand national ( england ) gsp : grand steeple - chase de paris ( france ) agn : american grand national ( usa ) cgc : cheltenham gold cup ( england ) gpm : the gran premio merano ( italy ) ign : the irish grand national ( ireland ) mhc : the maryland hunt cup ( usa )\nincludes winners on the flat in classic races and some important handicap races in england , the u . s . a . , france , germany , italy , australia , and some principal steeplechase races . info behind names links to biographic information on the horse .\na selection of top articles hand - picked by our editors available only to registered users .\nvirtually all 500 , 000 of the world\u2019s thoroughbred racehorses are descended from 28 ancestors , born in the 18 th and 19 th centuries , according to a new genetic study . and up to 95 % of male thoroughbreds can be traced back to just one stallion .\nthoroughbred horses were developed in 18 th century in the uk . english mares were bred with arabian and other stallions to create horses with great stamina for distance racing . today , thoroughbreds are the most valuable of breeds , representing a multi - billion dollar annual industry , worldwide .\nto assess the genetic diversity of modern racing horses , geneticist patrick cunningham of trinity college in dublin , ireland , compared 13 microsatellite dna loci \u2013 repeating sequences of dna which vary in length \u2013 in 211 thoroughbreds and 117 other shetland , egyptian and turkish horses . he also examined studbooks dating back to 1791 .\nhe found the majority of the half million progeny alive today are descended from just 28 \u201cfounder\u201d horses .\nit was already known that just a handful of stallions ( but many mares ) were used to found the thoroughbred breed . but startlingly , the new research finds that , in 95 % of modern racehorses , the y - chromosome can be traced back to a single stallion \u2013 the darley arabian , born in 1700 .\nrelated work on sequencing the horse genome is also uncovering genes in thoroughbreds linked to speed and stamina . screening for these traits could one day guide owners\u2019 and breeders\u2019 decisions when buying horses , which may sell for many millions of dollars .\n\u201cwe hope to produce sounder , faster and better - performing horses , \u201d says cunningham . he and colleague emmeline hill at university college dublin is also using the horse genome to uncover genes that explain why one animal runs faster than another .\n\u201chorses are flight animals naturally selected for speed and stamina in the wild , \u201d explains hill . \u201cwith domestic selection , speed was further augmented in the thoroughbred . \u201d\nthirty - five per cent of the difference in racing performance between horses can be explained by genetics alone , says hill . she is cross - referencing up to 140 recently discovered human genes for fitness and performance in a bid to track down equine equivalents . these genes are involved in traits related to the cardio - respiratory system , muscle strength and metabolism , she says .\nhowever , the analysis of thoroughbred genetics is also revealing the other side of the coin , notes matthew binns of the royal veterinary college in london , uk . many negative traits are associated with inbreeding in the diminutive gene pool , he says . \u201cthe selections we\u2019ve made for fantastic beasts have had some detrimental consequences . \u201d\none tenth of thoroughbreds suffer orthopaedic problems and fractures , 10 % have low fertility , 5 % have abnormally small hearts and the majority suffer bleeding in the lungs , says binns .\nbut as well as allowing breeders to select for performance - related genes , elucidating the horse genome may allow researchers to breed out negative traits , he says .\n\u201cnow we have a good amount of the horse genome , there are interesting times ahead , \u201d says binns . \u201cover the next 10 years there will be some changes in this very traditional industry . \u201d\ncunningham presented his findings on monday at the british association festival of science in dublin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\njason servis is on the best run of his career , wi . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n3yo : 1st yorkshire oaks ( gb - 1 , 2400m ) , park hill s . ( gb - 2 ) .\n4yo : 1st doncaster cup ( gb - 2 ) ; 2nd coronation cup ( gb - 1 ; to roberto ) champion filly . ( close )\nwelcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .\nearly favourite to take out saturday\u2019s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .\nthe world\u2019s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .\nthe championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nour open and inclusive corporate culture is built on respect , trust , passion , and teamwork ; it thus provides opportunities for everyone to have impact on our growth . we want the best people and encourage everyone to apply and bring their individual background and diverse experiences and perspectives .\nwe recruit , hire , transfer , compensate , train , and promote into all job levels based solely on job - related qualifications without regard to race , color , religion , age , sex , origin , gender , sexual orientation , disability , marital status , or citizenship status .\nyou are using an outdated browser . please upgrade your browser to improve your experience .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\njust a stones throw from the theoxenia , argo and anita hotels . . . this little find is perfect for a relaxing coffee , beer , or chilled white wine . . . and nibbles . it has an outside decked area pergola with fairy lights as well as indoor seating . . away from the hustle and bustle\nthis review is the subjective opinion of a tripadvisor member and not of tripadvisor llc .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nget a comprehensive background report , find full phone numbers , and other contact information when available , all from billions of available public records . continue below for more details about david , or use our people search engine to find others .\nall trademarks , product names , company names or logos on this page are the property of their respective owners .\nintelius is a leading provider of public data about people and their connections to others . intelius does not provide consumer reports and is not a consumer reporting agency as defined by the fair credit reporting act ( fcra ) . this site should not be used to determine an individual\u2019s eligibility for credit , insurance , employment , housing or any other purpose covered by the fcra . please visit goodhire for all your employment screening needs .\n\u00a9 2003 \u2013 2018 peopleconnect , inc . d / b / a intelius . all rights reserved . privacy policy terms of service\nthe fair credit reporting act (\nfcra\n) is a federal law that promotes the accuracy , fairness and privacy of information in the files of consumer reporting agencies .\nintelius does not provide consumer reports and is not a consumer reporting agency as defined by the fcra . intelius reports cannot be used for background checks related to consumer credit , insurance , employment , housing or any other purpose prohibited under the fcra .\nyou may not use any information obtained from intelius for any purpose covered by the fcra .\njust a stones throw from the theoxenia , argo and anita hotels . . . this little find is perfect for a relaxing coffee , beer , or chilled white wine . . . and nibbles . it has an outside decked area pergola with fairy lights as well as indoor seating . . away from the hustle and . . .\nnote : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .\nown or manage this property ? claim your listing for free to respond to reviews , update your profile and much more . claim your listing\nhelping us to finance a high quality free - of - charge precision weather service .\nclick\naccept and continue\nto accept all cookies , or click below , to change your cookie settings . you can change or revoke your consent at any time . further information .\noffers access to past weather simulations for every place in the world . you can see weather information for yesterday or the weather history of the last years . the weather archive diagrams is separated in 3 charts :\nclouds ( grey background ) and clear sky ( yellow background ) . the darker the grey background , the more dense is the cloud cover\nwind speed and direction ( in degree 0\u00b0 = north , 90\u00b0 = east , 180\u00b0 = south and 270\u00b0 = west ) . in the history archive meteogram , the purple points represent the wind direction , as indicated on the right axis .\nthe weather archive shows simulation data , not measured data , for the selected area .\nthe data is not compared to measured data of a weather station ( because in more than 99 % of the places on earth , no measurements are available ) . simulation data with high predictability can replace measurements . for areas or data with lower predictability , simulation cannot replace measurements and can also not be used as an evidence .\nwind and temperature data are calculated with the average altitude of the grid cell . therefore , the temperatures for mountains and coasts can be a somewhat different from the data at the exact location which you have selected . you can find the altitude of the grid cell besides the coordinates .\nthe\n15 - day\ndiagram shows hourly data . for one month , there are daily aggregations for minimum , maximum and average values . for more than 6 months there are monthly aggregations .\nwe also offer raw data for sale . please contact us for more information ( info @ urltoken )\nrun over the same distance as the investec derby and investec oaks , the investec coronation cup first took place in 1902 to celebrate the accession to the throne of king edward vii , who enjoyed three victories in the derby , thanks to persimmon ( 1896 ) , diamond jubilee ( 1900 ) and minoru ( 1909 ) , as well as winning the grand national at aintree with ambush .\nin 2016 , the group one race is being run as the queen elizabeth ii coronation cup ( sponsored by investec ) to celebrate the 90th birthday of edward vii\u2019s great - granddaughter queen elizabeth ii . her majesty won the coronation cup in 1954 with aureole .\nthe inaugural running of the 12 - furlong race for older horses was won by osboch , whose trainer richard marsh provided edward vii with derby winners persimmon and minoru .\npretty polly became the first of six dual winners of the coronation cup when successful in 1906 , 12 months after her initial success in the race . one of the greatest fillies in english racing , pretty polly was successful on 22 of her 24 starts , including victories in the 1000 guineas , the oaks and the st leger , the fillies\u2019 triple crown , in 1904 .\nthe 1907 & 1908 runnings went to the white knight , a top stayer who also won the gold cup at ascot in those two years . the 1910 derby winner lemberg returned to epsom downs the following year to triumph in the coronation cup , while st leger and dual ascot gold cup scorer prince palantine won in 1913 .\npommern took the derby at newmarket in 1915 en route to triple crown glory . the colt returned to the suffolk track , used as a substitute for epsom during the first world war , to gain the 1916 coronation cup on his only start that year .\nst leger winner solario proved himself to be one of racing\u2019s stars with a 15 - length victory in the coronation cup in 1926 . the four - year - old colt also won that year\u2019s gold cup at ascot and went on to sire two derby winners \u2013 midday sun ( 1937 ) & straight deal ( 1943 ) \u2013 as well as 1000 guineas and oaks scorer exhibitionist .\ncoronach came back to epsom in 1927 to win the coronation cup , having triumphed by five lengths in the previous year\u2019s derby . the fred darling - trained colt also won the st james\u2019s palace stakes at royal ascot by 20 lengths , the eclipse by six lengths and set a record time when taking the st leger .\namerican - bred reigh count was sent to england in late 1928 , having won that season\u2019s kentucky derby . owned by former taxi driver john hertz , the four - year - old triumphed in the 1929 coronation cup before finishing second in the ascot gold cup and went on to sire american triple crown hero count fleet .\none of racing\u2019s unluckiest horses , dastur finished second in the 2000 guineas , the derby , the st leger and the champion stakes . a half - brother to triple crown winner bahram , the aga khan - owned colt did win the 1933 coronation cup , along with that season\u2019s champion stakes .\nking salmon was another horse to finish second in both the 2000 guineas and the derby . fulfilment enjoyed victory as a four - year - old in the 1934 coronation cup , followed by a sensational win in the eclipse at sandown where he beat outstanding derby winner windsor lad , himself a coronation cup victor 12 months later .\nthe only dead - heat in the history of the coronation cup occurred in 1937 , when cecil and his grace could not be split .\nardan became the first french - trained winner of the coronation cup in 1946 , having captured the french derby and the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe the year before as a three - year - old . his trainer charles semblat also sent over goyoma to win the coronation cup two years later . dual arc winner tantieme ( 1951 ) and nuccio ( 1952 ) continued the impressive french record in the race .\nderby runner - up aureole gave her majesty queen elizabeth ii one of her first major successes as an owner when winning the 1954 coronation cup . the four - year - old then triumphed in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes at ascot before becoming champion sire in 1960 and 1961 .\nballymoss , another derby runner - up , gave legendary irish trainer vincent o\u2019brien a first success in the coronation cup in 1958 and the four - year - old followed up with victories in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes and the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe .\nlester piggott , the most successful coronation cup jockey ever with nine successes , rattled up a hat - trick of victories between 1959 and 1961 with nagami and dual winner petite etoile , who had also been victorious in the 1000 guineas and the oaks .\nexbury won the 1963 coronation cup by an authoritative six lengths . the french - trained colt proved to be one the best middle distance performers in europe with comfortable victories in the prix ganay and the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe .\nderby winner relko triumphed in heavy ground in the 1964 coronation cup 12 months after his classic success , while charlottown , the 1966 derby scorer , also completed the epsom downs double the following year .\nroyal palace went one better in 1968 , having collected the 2000 guineas as well as the derby in 1967 , and the noel murless - trained colt then took the eclipse stakes at sandown . lupe won the oaks in 1970 easily by four lengths for trainer sir noel murless with sandy barclay up . geoff lewis had the ride in the 1971 coronation cup and lupe won for the second time at epsom downs but the finish was much tighter , with the favourite , french raider stintino , partnered by barclay coming with a strong late run to get within a neck at the line . murless sent out four other winners of the coronation cup ( petite etoile twice , royal palace and caliban ) .\nthe great mill reef made his final racecourse appearance a winning one in the 1972 coronation cup . the outstanding colt , victorious in the derby , eclipse , king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes and the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe , also sired two derby winners , shirley heights ( 1978 ) and reference point ( 1987 ) .\nthe coronation cup has been won by nine colts who triumphed in the derby and by four exceptional fillies who took the oaks ( pretty polly , petite etoile , lupe and time charter ) .\ntrainer dick hern and jockey joe mercer enjoyed two successive years of coronation cup glory \u2013 with buoy winning in 1974 and then bustino coming home ahead in 1975 .\nexceller was a top - class horse on turf and dirt , winning the 1977 coronation cup for french trainer francois mathet before enjoying victory in the jockey club gold cup at belmont park , edging out american triple crown winner seattle slew .\ntime charter was one of the coronation cup\u2019s most impressive winners when scoring by four lengths in 1984 , having already triumphed in the oaks , champion stakes and the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes .\nrainbow quest was placed in both the french and irish derbys and proved to be an outstanding four - year - old , turning the coronation cup into a procession in 1985 , before going on to gain the prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the stewards\u2019 room .\ntriptych was one of the toughest mares ever seen on a racecourse . having been narrowly denied by saint estephe in the 1986 coronation cup , she went one better the following year , winning by three quarters of a length despite idling . \u201cthe iron mare\u201d became only the fourth dual winner of the race when beating three opponents in 1988 . in five seasons , triptych raced 41 times and won nine at group one level , including victories in the english and irish champion stakes as well as the juddmonte international .\nsaint estephe\u2019s trainer andre fabre returned to the winner\u2019s enclosure in 1990 with in the wings , who went on to capture the breeders\u2019 cup turf at belmont park later that year .\nsir michael stoute enjoyed successive coronation cup victories with saddlers\u2019 hall in 1992 and the outstanding middle - distance performer opera house a year later , before fabre rattled off a hat - trick of wins , starting with apple tree in 1994 , who had been demoted from second 12 months earlier . the french trainer returned in 1995 to saddle sunshack and celebrated another win the following year when subsequent dual king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes winner swain took the spoils by a neck .\nsingspiel narrowly failed to beat swain on that occasion , but the stoute - trained colt destroyed a quality field by five lengths in 1996 . described as racing\u2019s first \u201cworld champion\u201d , singspiel won races on three continents , including the dubai world cup , the canadian international and the japan cup .\nst leger winner and close derby second silver patriarch took the 1998 coronation cup , while another grey , daylami , came out on top the following year en route to scintillating victories in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes , the irish champion stakes and the breeders\u2019 cup turf at gulfstream park .\nderby runner - up daliapour also proved to be a top quality international performer winning the coronation cup in 2000 before hong kong vase success at sha tin .\nboreal created a bit of history in 2002 as he was the first german - trained winner of the coronation cup , while warrsan , subsequently successful in two german group ones , was the fifth horse to win the epsom downs group one twice when following up his 2003 triumph 12 months later .\nwarrsan returned to epsom in 2005 , but could only finish fourth behind the aidan o\u2019brien - trained yeats , who proved himself one of the best stayers ever with a record four victories in the gold cup at ascot .\nfabre enjoyed his sixth coronation cup success when breeders\u2019 cup turf winner shirocco defeated oaks heroine ouija board by a length and three quarters in 2006 .\no\u2019brien , ireland\u2019s champion trainer , has dominated the coronation cup in recent years and is now the race\u2019s most successful trainer with seven victories .\nfollowing yeats\u2019 victory in 2006 , he enjoyed first and second in the 2007 renewal as scorpion held septimus , while soldier of fortune , fifth in the derby the year before , saw off youmzain by three quarters of a length in 2008 .\nfame and glory finished runner - up to sea the stars in the 2009 investec derby before landing the irish equivalent by nine lengths . the o\u2019brien - trained colt stayed on strongly to hold 2009 investec oaks heroine sariska by a length and a half in the 2010 coronation cup and went on to capture the gold cup at royal ascot in 2011 .\nst nicholas abbey had been touted as a potential triple crown contender in 2010 after a scintillating juvenile season for o\u2019brien but the colt missed the majority of his classic season following a setback .\nhe started to realise his potential as a four - year - old in 2011 when swooping for a length victory over top filly midday in the coronation cup and gained further success at the highest level that season with an impressive win in the grade one breeders\u2019 cup turf at churchill downs .\nin tribute to her majesty the queen , who celebrated her diamond jubilee as britain\u2019s monarch in 2012 , the race was renamed the diamond jubilee coronation cup and switched permanently from friday to saturday .\nst nicholas abbey returned to epsom downs to become the sixth dual winner of the coronation cup , this time readily accounting for subsequent hong kong vase scorer and dubai world cup second red cadeaux and ladbrokes st leger victor masked marvel .\nthe son of montjeu went on to further group one glory in the 2013 dubai sheema classic , in which he defeated japanese horse of the year gentildonna , and created history when becoming the first three - time winner of the coronation cup in 2013 as he easily accounted for dunaden by three and three quarter lengths .\nst nicholas abbey\u2019s racing career was over the following month when he fractured a pastern during routine exercise at o\u2019brien\u2019s ballydoyle stables . his pioneering treatment overcame various setbacks but , sadly , the horse succumbed to colic in january , 2014 .\nst nicholas abbey was remembered at epsom downs with the 2014 coronation cup run as the investec coronation cup ( in commemoration of st nicholas abbey ) , in which the outstanding cirrus des aigles beat flintshire to provide france with first and second in the group one race .\ncirrus des aigles had already established himself as one of the world\u2019s leading middle - distance horses with a host of major victories , including the dubai sheema classic and british champion stakes . the hugely popular corine barande - barbe - trained gelding posted a sixth group one success with a comfortable two - length win at epsom downs , despite sustaining a slight injury in the closing stages . he returned to racing later in 2014 and last year won the group one prix ganay .\nflintshire attempted to go one better in 2015 with the main opposition looking to come from fellow french contender dolniya . however , it was pether\u2019s moon who took the honours , coming home a neck clear of dolniya to hand jockey pat dobbs his first group one winner .\nthe 2016 renewal has been renamed to commemorate the 90th year of her majesty the queen and will be contested under the name the queen elizabeth ii coronation cup .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 - 16 . all rights reserved . all images are used with kind permission of the owner in all circumstances . these images may not be reproduced without the express permission of the image owner . developed by posterity - it\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nroberto ( march 16 , 1969 \u2013 august 2 , 1988 ) was an american - bred , irish - trained thoroughbred champion racehorse . in a career that lasted from 1971 until july 1973 he ran fourteen times and won seven races . he was the best irish two - year - old of 1971 , when his victories included the national stakes . as a three - year - old , he won the derby before recording his most famous victory when beating brigadier gerard in the inaugural running of the benson and hedges gold cup . he won the coronation cup as a four - year - old before being retired to stud . roberto required a left - handed track to perform to his best . [ 1 ] he was described by lester piggott as\na champion when things were in his favour\n. [ 2 ] roberto also proved to be a highly successful and influential stallion .\nroberto was a bay horse with a white blaze bred by john w . galbreath at his darby dan farm in lexington , kentucky he was a son of the successful sire hail to reason out of the mare bramalea , winner of the cca oaks in 1962 . roberto ' s grandsire was turn - to , a descendant of nearco , and his damsire was u . s . hall of famer nashua . [ 3 ] he was named for major league baseball star roberto clemente [ 4 ] by his owner john galbreath who also owned the pittsburgh pirates baseball team .\ngalbreath sent the colt to be trained in ireland by vincent o ' brien .\nroberto made his debut in the lagan stakes in july 1971 at the curragh racecourse . he won impressively and then contested the anglesey stakes also at the curragh which he won easily . he returned to win the national stakes over the same course , drawing comparisons to nijinsky . he was then sent to france to contest the grand criterium at longchamp racecourse and finished fourth behind hard to beat . [ 5 ]\nat age three , roberto began his season by winning the vauxhall trial stakes at phoenix park racecourse and was then sent to england to contest the classic 2000 guineas at newmarket . he was held up in the early stages but stayed on strongly to finish second to high top , with the pair finishing six lengths clear of the other runners . roberto had been ridden in the 2000 guineas by the australian jockey bill williamson . williamson sustained a shoulder injury in a fall at kempton park racecourse ten days before the epsom derby and after a slow recovery such that he was not able to ride before derby day , he was replaced by lester piggott . [ 6 ]\nroberto started the 3 / 1 favourite for the derby in a field of twenty - two runners . he was sent to the front by piggott inside the two furlong pole but was strongly challenged all the way to the finishing line by the outsider rheingold . in a closely contested finish , roberto won by a short head . this victory , which was only confirmed after a stewards ' enquiry , [ 7 ] was poorly received by the crowd , many of whom felt that williamson had been unfairly deprived of the ride . the victory made john galbreath the first person to own winners of both the english and american derbys , since he had also won the 1963 kentucky derby with chateaugay and the 1967 kentucky derby with proud clarion . roberto was then returned to ireland for the irish derby but produced a dismal [ 5 ] performance and finished twelfth of the fourteen runners behind steel pulse . [ 8 ]"]}
{"id": 2044, "summary": [{"text": "policeman ( 16 april 1977 \u2013 2001 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he raced only as a three-year-old in 1980 , when he won three of his eleven races including a 54/1 upset victory in the prix du jockey club .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he began his racing career at cagnes-sur-mer where he won two minor races before being transferred to the major french racecourses in spring .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after finishing third in the prix de guiche and the prix matchem he won the prix du jockey club with a front-running performance , defeating a field which included shakapour , providential and argument .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he went on to finish third in the grand prix de saint-cloud but ran poorly in his last two races and was retired to stud at the end of the year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "policeman was exported to stand as a breeding stallion in new york state but had little success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "policeman ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["a policeman has been sacked after taking sick days to watch his horse race .\nillustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse on isolated background done in cartoon style .\nplymouth , u . k . union street , policeman , horse drawn wagon , devon , c . 1909\nvector - illustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse on isolated background done in cartoon style .\npoliceman and a horse on isolated background royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 57246785 .\nillustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse on isolated background done in cartoon style . | pinterest\npoliceman on horse old cars background 20 ' s / 30 ' s - $ 9 . 44 | picclick\na policeman faces a gross misconduct hearing for allegedly calling in sick three times so he could watch his horse at the races .\nillustration of a mounted policeman police officer riding a horse . . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 36303123 .\nthe woman who pushed over a policeman at the races has updated her facebook profile pic to this .\nif you think back to the turn of the century every village had a policeman that used horses . the aim of this is to bring police back into the countryside - you ' ve basically got a 10ft policeman .\nhe was caught on television celebrating the horse\u2019s victory in the group one commonwealth cup .\na woman has been arrested after she pushed a victorian policeman into a bush during the melbourne cup at flemington . courtesy channel seven\nand a policeman and a paramedic who both volunteered to jump in were given orders not to do so by a fire station watch manager .\n18 months ago darren smith ' s horse training operation was shut down by racing new south wales stewards .\nplay policeman horse and spend some fun time with one more horse puzzle game . meet the new super hero in your neighborhood ! it is the best police - horse in the world . use your mouse to interact and rearrange the pieces in the jigsaw puzzle . click and hold left mouse button while the cursor is over a piece of the jigsaw and drag it to its correct position . depending of your skills you can choose and set the difficulty mode before you begin the game . the easy mode is reserved for the youngest and the beginners , while the other two modes have more jigsaw pieces and are little bit heavier to be solved . choose the one that fits you and solve the policeman horse puzzle now !\nwe do not accept he was sick at all . he was throwing a sickie to go horse racing .\ninstead he went to royal ascot , where another horse he had an interest in \u2014 quiet reflection \u2014 was running .\nwebby said yesterday ' s win was not expected despite the horse having won a trial at foxton on december 15 .\nthe policeman , who serves in the gloucestershire constabulary , will face a gross misconduct hearing at their head office in waterwells , gloucester on monday , july 17 .\npc adams , an officer at gloucester ' s barton street station , part - owned a horse with a racing syndicate .\npc jonathan adams failed to turn up to work on three occasions and instead went horse racing , it has been claimed .\nphoto : darren smith ' s newcastle horse training operation was shut down by racing new south wales stewards 18 months ago .\nstewards based their decision to ban smith by relying on a rule prohibiting any substance which alters the blood pattern of a horse .\ncategory . urltoken so do not go anywhere , stay on urltoken and play thousand of free horse , pony and other animal games .\na cancer - suffering trader had his final wish fulfilled when his much - loved market horse visited him at hospital before he died .\na newcastle horse trainer , found guilty of dozens of doping charges , has today lost an appeal against the length of his sentence .\na police officer who threw a\nsickie\nthree times to watch horse racing has been sacked after being found guilty of gross misconduct .\nhe is accused of going to ascot to see his syndicated horse , quiet reflection , win the commonwealth cup on day four of royal ascot .\n\u201cbut you know what ? it\u2019s not all about strength . it\u2019s about getting a horse into a rhythm for you . it\u2019s being patient . \u201d\nplans for yours are uncertain , but thurlow was not ruling out the horse contesting next month ' s wellington cup at trentham on january 29 .\nthe tragic death of a well - regarded stallion at the widden stud in the hunter this week has put a dampener on horse birthday celebrations .\nin june 2016 he reported in sick again and went to royal ascot to watch quiet reflection , another horse owned by his syndicate , win the commonwealth cup .\nthe horse won a trial at waverley late in november before finishing a good third at new plymouth on december 9 at her first start of her current campaign .\nthomas thorpe , 74 , was well - known in chesterfield , derbyshire , as the man who welcomed visitors to to the town along with ben the horse .\nstormin norman is prepared at new plymouth by robert patterson for webby , his son , zane , a new plymouth policeman , and long time friends and racing associates john and darren carter , of the bay of plenty .\non both occasions it is alleged he actually went to nottingham racecourse to watch his horse little lady kate , which he co - owned as part of a syndicate .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\nbefore going into duty the specials and their mounts had to pass an assessment with jacko jackson , a field officer with world horse welfare ( whw ) , and former police officer .\nthe panel was told that in september 2015 and april 2016 he had reported in sick and went to nottingham racecourse to watch the horse he part - owned , named little lady katy .\nstephen morley , presenting the case for the force , told the hearing :\nin a nutshell , on three occasions he deliberately reported sick in order to go to the horse races .\nyou couldn ' t see anything inside the bus , as a big horse was in the way . but it was obvious a mounted police officer was assisting at the scene .\n' he loved those horses so much . he was always out wanting to spent time with them . he loved being on the market , with ben and the other horse sam . '\nfans have this week paid their respects to sonny . one , dean hallsworth , said : ' r . i . p town won ' t be the same without the horse and cart ' .\nas the only north american graded winner by french - bred policeman , who in his entire career sired only four black - type stakes winners and also had no group winners in europe , claramount entered stud in 1990 with a certain degree of understandable prejudice against his sire line .\nhowever , instead of going to work he went to watch the racing at nottingham where a horse he had a share in \u2014 little lady katie \u2014 was running . this happened again on 6 april 2016 .\n' ' we set up a racing partnership in 1980 and every horse we have raced since we have bred . we ' ve replaced members that have died with our sons , ' ' said webby senior .\n\u201cit is such a chauvinistic sport , \u201d she said . \u201csome of the owners wanted to kick me off the horse , but i thought he had what it takes to run a race in the melbourne cup . \u201d\nit shows how the force is helping to address concerns like fly - tipping , metal theft and most importantly , for the farmers and stables - they see horse patrols where you ' d never normally see police patrolling .\ninsp george holland , who leads the project in hertfordshire , said :\npart of the idea was to get people that ride , who live in the countryside and interested in country issues , to use their horse as transport .\nin the official french rating for two - year - olds in 1979 , argument was rated ten pounds inferior to the top - rated dragon , a colt he had beaten in the prix la rochette . in the following year , timeform rated argument on 133 ( four pounds below the sprinter moorestyle ) and named him the season ' s best middle - distance horse . in the official international classification he was rated the best horse trained in france and equal - second among all european racehorses , level with ela - mana - mou and one pound below moorestyle . in the following year he was given a rating of 129 by timeform and was rated six pounds behind the top - rated older horse northjet in the international classification .\nfantasticprivilege ( 07g , seasoned star , racing is fun ) . 10 wins from 1300m to 1700m , macau race horse owners association bowl , 2d macau sand mile , hull h . , avondale h . , 3d macau spring trophy , l .\nhe won 14 races while campaigning under five different sets of colors at seven tracks in two countries and on both sides of the north american continent , earning $ 484 , 039 . as a sire , the son of french derby winner policeman out of 1988 new york broodmare of the year fifties galore , by cornish prince , has compiled a generally overlooked record .\nedwin wachtel ' s claramount , 1988 new york bred horse of the year , died of a ruptured aorta on feb . 17 at james edwards ' the stallion park in millbrook , where he had stood since entering stud in 1990 . he was 19 years old .\nargument was a dark - coated bay horse with a white coronet on his right hind foot bred in france by pierre ribes . argument was by far the best horse sired by kautokeino , who won the prix juigne on his debut before his racing career was ended by injury when finishing third to sassafras in the 1970 prix la force . he was one of at least five winners produced by the mare arantelle . the colt raced in the colours of his breeders ' wife and was sent into training with john cunnington , jr . at chantilly .\nwe had actually got lost when we came across this strange scene of a horse appearing to get on a bus outside sainsbury ' s . it was just a very unusual image , and i always keep my phone handy due to the nature of my work , crowcroft told the islington gazette .\nmr pommeroy ( 11c , rahy , green dancer ) . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1300m , 2000m , \u20ac98 , 600 , 234 , 880dhs , cagnes - sur - mer prix policeman , l , 2d meydan jebel ali port h . , 3d meydan al rashidiya s . , gr . 2 , chantilly prix daphnis , gr . 3 , longchamp prix la force , gr . 3 , meydan dubai millennium s . , l , chantilly prix des dormants , 4th longchamp prix du prince d ' orange , gr . 3 .\non 30 august , argument was sent to chicago to represent france in the inaugural running of the arlington million , then the world ' s most valuable horse race , and finished sixth behind john henry . argument ' s final european race came in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe on 4 october when he started at odds on 34 / 1 and made steady progress in the straight to finish sixth in a field of twenty - four runners behind gold river . for his final two races , argument competed in north america , finishing fourth behind open call in the canadian international stakes and seventh to providential in the hollywood turf cup .\nargument began his second season by winning the prix mary over 1600m at saint - cloud racecourse in april . he was then moved up to group one class for the first time for the poule d ' essai des poulains . starting at odds of 13 / 1 he finished fourth behind in fijar , moorestyle and ruscelli , but was promoted to third when ruscelli was disqualified for causing interference . argument was moved up in distance for the prix lupin over 2100m at longchamp on 18 may . he started a 21 / 1 outsider and finished second , beaten half a length by belgio , with in fijar in third . in the prix du jockey - club at chantilly racecourse on 8 june , argument produced his worst effort of the season as he finished last of the fourteen runners behind the 54 / 1 outsider policeman . on 21 july argument was sent to belgium for the grand prix prince rose over 2200m at ostend and won the race by two lengths from dhausli and strong gale . he returned to france in august for the prix de la cote normande over 2000m in which he was beaten a head by glenorum , to whom he was conceding nine pounds . he then traveled to germany for the grosser preis von baden in which he finished fifth behind nebos : desaint was fined by the local racecourse stewards for his riding performance in a rough and slowly run race .\npicture topic : patrolman on horse with old cars as background dated : 20 ' 30 ' s detail : patrolman on horse / measures 4 1 / 2 x 3 1 / 4 condition : good unless otherwise specified - some curving item will be in plastic and backed on cardboard for safe transit . i do combine shipping on multiple items . each delivery comes with a delivery confirmation so that i know that your treasure arrived safely . 100 % satisfaction guaranteed ! inventory being added daily so come back often . only a fraction of our inventory is listed at auction for vintage photo ' s . . alot more in our store . to search all listings , enter your search term ( photo ) in the search box in the store home page then click search . please note $ 2 . 50 u . s . shipping and handling includes ; cardboard backing , mailer , plastic sleeve for safe transit & 1st class us postal service . insurance available on request . photos can be shipped together to save on postage , one shipping $ 2 . 50 charge ships as many photos as you can buy ! please take a look at our other auctions and store items ! be sure to add me to your favorites list ! i have hundreds of vintage photos which i will be listing . all kinds of topics , scenes , holdiays and plus more . . will be listing a few each week so stop by often you ' ll never know what you will find in your topic area . . . . . please visit my online ebay store for similar items : lastcenturyephemera international buyers please note : yes . . i will ship out of the country but only if i can get online tracking . this online tracking is required with paypal . understand that it might be very expensive for this online tracking . . and this is paypals rule to send it like this . . not mine . if paypal is your option for this item shipping will be expensive overseas . you are free to email me with other options . powered by ebay turbo lister the free listing tool . list your items fast and easy and manage your active items .\nclaramount ' s history as racehorse and sire is an intriguing journey for a new york - bred . foaled at tom martin ' s kinderhill farm in old chatham , he traveled from new york to kentucky as a weanling , then to florida , mexico city , northwards to agua caliente near the u . s . border , then to southern california , and finally back to new york , where he became a grade ii stakes winner .\ndespite that drawback , he compiled a sire record that is a statistical marvel , getting better than 78 percent winners from starters with average earnings per runner of more than $ 62 , 000 to date . his runners include three - time graded winner stalwart member , whose earnings in 2002 climbed to $ 758 , 696 , plus other stakes winners broomesse ( $ 396 , 434 ) , fickle fanny ( $ 382 , 370 ) , diplomatic corps ( $ 301 , 129 ) and mount intrepid ( $ 284 , 118 ) , named foals , claramount was represented by progeny earnings of over $ 1 - million in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 . offspring of claramount have earned over $ 7 . 4 - million to date .\njockey : jose a . santos trainer : howard m . tesher owner : wachtel edwin breeder : farm & breeding racing program - 1 979 - series , kinderhill\n* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .\n* current year includes north american and dubai world cup day statistics ; all previous years include results from all countries .\nequibase company is the official supplier of racing information and statistics to america ' s best racing , breeders ' cup , daily racing form , ntra , the jockey club , tra , tvg and xpressbet .\nproprietary to and \u00a9 2018 equibase company llc . all rights reserved . the terms of use for this web site prohibit the use of any robot , spider , scraper or any other automated means to access the contents of this site . the terms of use also expressly prohibit the republication or dissemination of the contents of this screen without the prior written consent of equibase company llc .\nthe haplotype reported in contemporary samples from family 6e represents a different founder than those responsible for other branches of family 6 . the haplotype identified in the remains of hyperion is quite close , but not completely consistent , with the 6e haplotype . it does not necessarily represent a separate founder . see equine genetic genealogy and deep - rooted anomalies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\npc jonathan adams , of ross - on - wye , went twice to nottingham racecourse and to royal ascot where he was seen celebrating a win on television .\nthe officer said the trips were\ntherapeutic\nto deal with a\ntoxic\nwork environment .\na disciplinary hearing concluded pc adams was\nnot as sick as he claimed\n.\nthe misconduct panel was shown a television clip of pc adams jumping around and celebrating .\npc adams said he had taken time off to avoid a\ntoxic\nenvironment at barton street station . he described suffering stomach cramps , migraines and irritable bowel syndrome .\nthe hearing was told it was\nquite clear\nhe was\nnot ok\nand was\nstruggling with his environment\n.\nrichard shepherd , representing pc adams , said :\nhe would not have let his colleagues down to go on a jolly at the races . it is not in his dna .\nbut alex lock , chair of the panel , said :\nwe are forced to conclude that pc adams was not suffering the degree of sickness that he claimed he was .\nit is important that police officers are honest and that public confidence should be upheld .\nin the circumstances we conclude that dismissal without notice is appropriate in order to maintain public confidence in the force .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\npc jonathan adams , 32 , of gloucestershire constabulary , called in sick multiple times when he was actually at the races .\non 30 september 2015 , he did not turn up for work and told the force he was unwell .\npc adams requested time off from 14 - 20 june 2016 , which was refused by his line manager due to the operational problems this would cause .\npc adams then failed to turn up to work on 17 june and again told the force he was sick .\nin his defence , the hearing was told how pc adams was genuinely sick on those days found going to the races helped him cope . several positive character references were made in his favour , it has been reported by multiple news outlets .\nall three of these gross misconduct allegations were proved at a two - day hearing , which took place at the force\u2019s headquarters on 17 - 18 july , and pc adams was dismissed without notice .\nin a statement released after the hearing , deputy chief constable jon stratford said the behaviour was \u201cclearly unacceptable and not befitting an officer\u201d .\n\u201cwe are aware that our officers have a high workload at this time , which makes it all the more unacceptable for an officer to let their colleagues down in this way , \u201d he added .\n\u201cpolicing in any area or department can be very challenging , particularly as the number of officers has decreased over the last few years .\n\u201cwe recognise the impact this can have on welfare and have a number of safeguards in place , including a wellbeing programme and an occupational health nurse who specialises in mental health , to help ensure the welfare of our officers . \u201d\nby submitting your information , you agree to the terms & conditions and privacy & cookies policy .\nwe ' d also like to send you special offers and news just by email from other carefully selected companies we think you might like . your personal details will not be shared with those companies - we send the emails and you can unsubscribe at any time . please tick here if you are happy to receive these messages .\n\u00a9 copyright ti media limited . all rights reserved . terms & conditions | privacy policy | cookie consent\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nit has been played 6924 times and has been rated from administrators of urltoken with 4 . 70 stars out of 5 . if you like this kind of games you are welcome to play other amazing games in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980\nhe faces a separate allegation of phoning in ill on a day he had already unsuccessfully tried to book off as annual leave . the request was turned down by his line manager .\nflying on top of the world : british daredevil and his team . . .\nin a summary of the hearing published online , a police spokesman said : ' if proven , this allegation has been assessed as being sufficiently serious so as to amount to gross misconduct . '\npc adams is alleged to have failed to have turned up to work after calling in sick on september 30 , 2015 and on april 6 , 2016 .\npc adams was then allegedly refused leave from june 14 to june 20 , 2016 , but is accused of calling in sick and attending ascot to watch quiet reflection , which he also part - owned in a syndicate .\nquiet reflection ended up winning the commonwealth cup on day four of the royal ascot where it was the 7 - 4 favourite .\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\n' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\nwoman , 38 , ' shoots her father in the head and then lives . . .\nalive ! four thai boys who made it out of cave in daring . . .\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\nwhat was agreed at chequers . . . and how the three - page . . .\n' this is no sell - out ' : theresa may insists she has chosen . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\n' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby\nkevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal\ndakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock\n' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential\niconic movie home where molly ringwald ' s sixteen candles was filmed finally sells for $ 1 . 135 million after two years on market\nkendra caldwell duggar struggles through labor on counting on . . . before welcoming baby garrett\nwhy madonna dated only toyboys and why , as she pushes 60 , she ' s finally got bored with them . . . by the writer who knows her best\nbrooklyn beckham and squeeze lexy panterra get cozy at london club . . . enraging ex tallia storm\nyolanda hadid ' splits from boyfriend matt minnis ' . . . less than a year after david foster divorce\nbrooklyn beckham utilises his camera skills at wireless festival . . . after his debut photography book was slammed by fans\njustin bieber is the perfect gentleman as he handles the bags . . . while crop top - clad hailey baldwin struts alongside\n' i just don ' t want stuff ' kim kardashian doesn ' t buy her kids gifts to avoid spoiling them and sticks to a household budget . . . but says kanye is the ' biggest shopper '\njoanna gaines shares husband chip ' s unique birth tradition . . . as he cradles newborn son crew\nkylie jenner gushes baby stormi is ' changing every week ' and ' has cutest personality ' . . . as new mom admits to binge watching the handmaid ' s tale\nlena dunham says she was ' really smart ' to date ex jack antonoff . . . after posting nude selfie\ntom brady shows no mercy as he takes on gisele and his cancer - survivor mom in dodgeball . . . with a ' no crying ' rule\nlauren conrad ' s son liam takes a handful of cake . . . as proud mom ' celebrates one year with our little guy '\nkhloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am\nnia vardalos ' divorce filing . . . as duo split following 25 years of marriage\nkendall jenner boats in sheer dress . . . after snuggling up to her nba beau ben simmons at khloe kardashian ' s party\nkeyshia cole announces pregnancy on instagram . . . as boyfriend niko khale posts beach pic of couple\nanthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane\nben affleck ' s $ 19m la mansion is surrounded by moving trucks . . . as it ' s revealed girlfriend lindsay shookus plans to spend more time on west coast\nbeaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .\ntroubled actor jonathan rhys meyers is detained at lax after getting into a ' drunken fight with his wife and . . .\n' we only knew each other between action and cut ' : robin wright breaks her silence on kevin spacey ' s sexual . . .\nsupreme court cliffhanger is set for tonight as trump narrows his choices but keeps even his closest aides . . .\ntrump insists kim jong - un ' will honor ' promise to denuclearize despite blasting ' gangster - like demand ' and . . .\nlesbian couple are charged with neglect after they ' repeatedly gave young son marijuana for good behavior . . .\nfinal four thai cave boys and coach are in ' good health ' but must remain trapped underground for at least . . .\nrescued thai cave boys face a lifetime of trauma from their ordeal as traumatic memories could trigger fear . . .\nfrantic parents of rescued thai cave boys have not been told which children have been saved \u2013 as teammates . . .\nthree men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .\nhollywood hostage actor who lost his eye , had nose and tongue slit , and was ' deprived of a member of his . . .\nhandcuffed harvey weinstein pleads not guilty to new rape charges , then shares a laugh with his lawyer after . . .\nmesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .\ncouple arrested after their four - year - old son accidentally shots himself between the eyes could face ten . . .\npicture exclusive : a wintour wedding ! vogue editor - in - chief anna ' s daughter bee shaffer is the picture of . . .\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nhere comes aunt meghan ! duchess of sussex looks elegant in an olive green shift dress by ralph lauren as she . . .\nprince louis ' godparents revealed : kate and william opt for childhood friends - including guy pelly - as . . .\nfit for a prince ! louis becomes the eighth royal baby to wear the historic honiton lace christening robe on . . .\nsuch a perfect princess ! cute charlotte steals the show again with her royal wave - and a very polite . . .\npregnant pippa looks glowing in a very appropriate shade of baby blue - as she joins her parents and brother . . .\nthe duke and duchess of cambridge will serve slices of their wedding fruit cake from seven years ago to . . .\nit ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in a . . .\n' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .\nerdogan becomes the ' 21st century ataturk ' : president is sworn in with sweeping new powers that put him on . . .\nman , 52 , fatally shot by police in florida refused multiple orders to put down eight - inch knife and charged . . .\n\u20182 days , 8 wild boars . hooyah\u2019 : upbeat navy seals celebrate successful rescue of eight thai cave boys after elite divers pulled them through flood water - leaving just four children and their coach trapped for another night\n' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\ninvictor tries to help his owner save a man collapsed on a bus in london .\nthe number 43 bus was travelling through north london ' s borough of islington when politician simon crowcroft saw the equine passenger try to board the bus , cnn reported .\nthere was no horsing around . invictor was with his owner , metropolitan police constable dan smith , who had boarded the bus to help a man who collapsed .\nthe metropolitan police task force ' s congratulated invictor on being a\nteam player\nand stepping\nto help pc dan smith with a person collapsed on a bus\n.\ni think the photo appeals to a lot of people , particularly those who like animals . but it also says a lot about the met police - - that they are on hand to assist the general public . . . i think that is very reassuring in the world that we live in ,\ncrowcroft said .\nparamedics treated the man who collapsed and took him to hospital\nas a precaution\n, a spokesperson for the metropolitan police told cnn .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box .\nsarah finn , who shot to notoriety as the melbourne cup\u2019s \u201cblue dress woman\u201d , has apologised . but her friends seem amused by the situation .\nthe woman who pushed over a senior police officer in full view of television cameras is reticent over the attention she\u2019s received , issuing an apology for her actions .\nsarah finn told seven news : \u201cmy level of intoxication is no excuse . \u201d\n\u201ci deeply apologise for my actions . i acknowledge a massive error in judgement on my behalf . \u201d\nthe 25 - year - old sent acting superintendent steven cooper flying backwards into a flower bed after the melbourne cup at flemington racecourse , and will be charged with assaulting police .\nthe woman earlier appeared to be revelling in the national attention , posting a new profile picture to her facebook account on wednesday afternoon of herself seated on a police motorcycle holding four packets of chips .\nthe photo appears to have been taken at flemington , because she is in the same short blue dress she was wearing when the incident occurred .\nher friends seemed amused by the update , with one posting \u201cyou are a funny lady ! \u201d and another writing \u201cthat cop would have been loving it\u201d .\non tuesday , acting supt cooper had been about to speak to media about the behaviour of the 94 , 000 strong crowd when the woman approached him .\nafter he fell she turned around and giggled and seemed surprised when she was quickly led away by officers .\nshe was seen chatting to members of the media just before the incident and acting supt cooper said he believed she had made comments along the lines of \u201cwhat do i have to do to get on the news ? \u201d .\nthe woman posted a message on channel 7\u2019s facebook page saying : \u201cyou guys forgot to mention that you told me to do it . \u201d\n\u201cshe wanted her five minutes of fame and got it , \u201d he told melbourne radio station 3aw this morning .\nhowever seven news cameraman james paul has denied she was told to do it . \u201cno , no one said unequivocally go and push a police superintendent in the chest that will be a grand idea \u2014 no one at all said that at any point of time . \u201d\nat first , he thought the woman was a reporter and wondered what she wanted . \u201cvery odd behaviour . she walked up to me and i thought \u2018what\u2019s she doing , is she just come over say hello or something . . . clearly not , \u201d he told channel 7 .\nhe didn\u2019t speak to her but the colleague who interviewed her indicated she wasn\u2019t affected by alcohol .\n\u201cshe\u2019ll be charged with assault and damage because during the push she broke a pair of glasses . \u201d\na victoria police spokeswoman confirmed to urltoken the woman would get a summons to appear in court on a charge of assaulting police .\nacting supt cooper said he was \u201ccopping it from all my mates\u201d after the clip went viral .\n\u201ci certainly don\u2019t condone the behaviour but i see why ( it\u2019s got so much attention ) . \u201d\nfinn became the sixth person to be evicted from the crowd . the others were for trespass , being drunk or anti - social behaviour .\nas urltoken reported yesterday , the fans at flemington really let loose towards the end of the day . sometimes the revelry can take an ugly turn , leaving the nation in a state of cultural cringe .\nby 4 . 30pm , before the final race for the day had kicked off , a violent punch - up had broken out in front of the stands in the general admission section , with several men and a few women involved in the brawl . one man had blood streaming from his head as he was restrained by an officer .\na scuffle breaks out tuesday afternoon after the running of the melbourne cup in flemington .\nthe nasty scuffle , which had to be broken up by up to 10 police officers , was captured on camera by urltoken and reveals just how rough things can get when racegoers have been drinking in the sun since 10am .\nmost involved in the fight were swiftly ejected by security guards , who worked quickly to maintain order .\ndrunk , but unquestionably more peaceful , were the hordes of punters passed out among the cigarette butts , broken plastic cups and discarded clothing items . one young woman leaving the birdcage stumbled into a bush and had to be retrieved by a bemused girlfriend .\na woman stumbles into a bush after the race and was helped to her feet by a passer by . courtesy : simone mitchell .\nthe wheels start to fall off the melbourne cup cart . picture : jake nowakowski\nstaff members were already working quickly to clean the debris , but they were fighting an uphill battle against the thousands of seagulls , who got the hot tip on the leftovers and descended upon flemington to feast .\nof course , the crowd chaos did occur against a much more positive backdrop , with michelle payne becoming the first female jockey to win the melbourne cup . she did it on 100 / 1 outsider prince of penzance .\non a day full of questionable behaviour , payne was a model of maturity . she used her victory to hit out against sexism in the racing industry .\n\u201cracing is a very male dominated sport , \u201d she said at the victory presentation , clearly alluding to the fact that many owners believe male jockeys are stronger .\nshe then reserved a classic aussie insult for those who thought she might have performed her job more effectively if she had a deep voice and a bulge in her pants : \u201cget stuffed\u201d .\nworld cup fifa 2018 : harry maguire photo goes viral , kyle wa . . .\na note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out .\nnews limited copyright \u00a9 2018 . all times aest ( gmt + 10 ) .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse you are agreeing to our use of cookies and other tracking technologies . find out more here . got it !\n$ 9 . 44 buy it now 26d 4h , $ 2 . 00 shipping , 30 - day returns\nviews , 0 views per day , 2 , 944 days on ebay . normal amount of views . 0 sold , 1 available .\n- 13 , 178 + items sold . 0 . 1 % negative feedback . top - rated plus ! top - rated seller , 30 - day return policy , ships in 1 business day with tracking .\n13 , 178 + items sold . 0 . 1 % negative feedback . top - rated plus ! top - rated seller , 30 - day return policy , ships in 1 business day with tracking .\ncopyright \u00a9 2008 - 2018 picclick \u00ae llc . all rights reserved . . . . with a mighty hand and outstretched arm ; his love endures forever .\nthoroughbrednews is an independently owned and operated industry news platform with 25 years of experience of working with industry partners and publishing news content from around the world .\nwaverley trainer bill thurlow is a believer of keeping himself in the best company and his horses in the worst .\nfollowing the old racing adage paid dividends for thurlow when yours scored an easy victory in the rating 80 2000m race at stratford last friday .\n' ' i placed him to win . i was sick of him running third , fourth or fifth in open company , ' ' thurlow said when asked way he hadn ' t opted to line yours up in the stratford cup , the feature race on the day .\nyours ' recent racing has been against open class opposition and he had finished a creditable fifth in the manawatu cup at his previous start on december 18 .\nyours , now the winner of seven races , including last year ' s waverley cup , is not in the list of entries for the wellington racing club ' s feature staying race , but there is a late entry clause should his connections decide to pay a late fee of $ 3700 prior to january 25 .\n* i predict a riot looked a sound purchase when scoring an impressive victory in the the maiden 1200m race on her home track yesterday .\nthe king ' s chapel three - year - old stormed from well back for winning rider lisa allpress to snatch victory by a head right on the line from another debutant , curiousity , with first starter feistybabe a further 1 - 3 / 4 lengths third .\nthe race produced a stratford - trained trifecta of $ 2166 . 80 with the second and third horses both representing the bothwell stable .\ni predict a riot is trained on the course by tina egan for owners john gray and his mother dale goldfinch , manager of the airspresso cafaac\u00e9 and bar at new plymouth airport .\nit is goldfinch ' s first venture into racing as an owner , while gray , egan ' s partner , races the capable winter galloper monkey briscoe out of egan ' s stable .\n' ' i paid $ 2100 for him at the karaka festival sale , ' ' gray said after the win , adding he liked the filly because she was out of a kaapstad mare and he liked the look of her .\ni predict a riot was given one start as a three - year - old last season before being put aside for a spell to strengthen .\ngray said monkey briscoe was enjoying a well earned break and will be brought back into work in preparation for racing next winter .\n* retired stratford panelbeater norm webby tasted success as a racehorse owner for the first time in almost six years when his namesake stormin norman scored an upset win at odds of 15 to 1 in the maiden 1600 yesterday .\nwebby has raced a number of talented gallopers during the past 30 years or so , including open class performer call me stumpy , somojo and group race winner mollotoff and prince of toffs to name a handful .\nwebby rated somojo , who won a counties cup , his best , while mollotoff ' s success in the lion red classic at a night meeting at avondale was a memorable win .\n' ' this is my first winner since prince of toffs won the wairarapa in january 2005 . ' '\n' ' it ' s pretty exciting more because our trainer thought that being so lazy , he might need the experience . ' '\nstormin norman woke up in the home straight snatching victory on the line from pacemaking and race favourite captain cruising , who had looked all over the winner 200 metres from the post .\nargument ( 7 february 1977 \u2013 after 1996 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire . in his early racing career he showed consistent form and was placed in several important races , but showed marked improvement in the autumn of 1980 . he was considered an unlucky loser when narrowly beaten in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe and then traveled to the united states where he won the washington , d . c . international stakes . at the end of the year he was officially the best racehorse trained in france . in the following spring he won the prix d ' harcourt and prix ganay but his form deteriorated thereafter and he was beaten in his remaining six races . he made no impact as a sire of winners ."]}
{"id": 2046, "summary": [{"text": "ctenosaura is a lizard genus commonly known as spinytail iguanas or ctenosaurs .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the genus is part of the large lizard family , iguanidae and is native to mexico and central america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name is derived from two greek words : ctenos ( \u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 ) , meaning \" comb \" ( referring to the comblike spines on the lizard 's back and tail ) , and saura ( \u03c3\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1 ) , meaning \" lizard \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "ctenosaura", "paragraphs": ["the spiny - tailed iguanas are composed of the following species : ctenosaura acanthura , ctenosaura alfredschmidti , ctenosaura bakeri , ctenosaura clarki , ctenosaura conspicuosa , defensor , ctenosaura flavidorsalis , ctenosaura hemilopha , ctenosaura macrolopha , ctenosaura melanosterna , ctenosaura nolascensis , ctenosaura oaxacana , ctenosaura oedirhina , ctenosaura palearis , ctenosaura pectinata , ctenosaura praeocularis , ctenosaura quinquecarinata , and ctenosaura similis .\ncyclura ( ctenosaura ) hemilopha cope 1863 : 105 ctenosaura hemilopha \u2014 cope 1866 : 312 ctenosaura interrupta bocourt 1882 ctenosaura hemilopha \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 197 ctenosaura insulana dickerson 1919 ctenosaura hemilopha insulana \u2014 lowe & norris 1955 ctenosaura hemilopha interrupta \u2014 lowe & norris 1955 ctenosaura hemilopha hemilopha \u2014 smith 1972 ctenosaura hemilopha \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 236 ctenosaura hemilopha \u2014 liner 1994 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) hemilopha \u2014 k\u00f6hler et al . 2000 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) hemilopha \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2003 ctenosaura hemilopha interrupta \u2014 liner 2007 ctenosaura hemilopha hemilopha \u2014 liner 2007\nlacerta acanthura shaw 1802 : 216 uromastyx acanthurus \u2014 merrem 1820 cyclura teres harlan 1825 ct . [ enosaura ] cycluroides wiegmann 1828 iguana ( ctenosaura ) cycluroides \u2014 gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) acanthura \u2014 gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) cyclura shawii gray ( substitute name for lacerta acanthura shaw ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) armata gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) lanceolata gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( ctenosaura ) bellii gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) iguana ( cyclura ) teres \u2014 gray 1831 ( in cuvier ; edit . griffith ) c . [ yclura ] articulata wiegmann 1834 c . [ yclura ] denticulata wiegmann 1834 ignana [ sic ] ( cyclura ) acanthura \u2014 blainville 1835 : 288 cyclura acanthura \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1837 : 222 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) denticulata \u2014 fitzinger 1843 cyclura semicristata fitzinger 1843 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) articulata \u2014 fitzinger 1843 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) shawii \u2014 fitzinger 1843 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) bellii \u2014 fitzinger 1843 ctenosaura acanthura \u2014 gray 1845 cyclura denticulata \u2014 hallowell 1855 cyclura acanthura \u2014 sumichrast 1864 : 500 cyclura ( ctenosaura ) acanthura \u2014 cope 1869 ctenosaura teres \u2014 bocourt ( in dum\u00e9ril & bocourt ) 1874 ctenosaura acanthura \u2014 boulenger 1885 : 1915 ctenosaura acanthura \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1885 : 56 ctenosaura multispinis cope 1886 : 267 ctenosaura teres \u2014 cope 1886 : 269 ctenosaura acanthura \u2014 smith & taylor 1950 ctenosaura acanthura \u2014 liner 1994 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) acanthura \u2014 k\u00f6hler et al . 2000 ctenosaura ( ctenosaura ) acanthura \u2014 k\u00f6hler 2003 ctenosaura acanthura \u2014 mata - silva et al . 2015\nontogenetic variation in digestion by the herbivorous lizard ctenosaura pectinata . - pubmed - ncbi\nthis is a male san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura conspicuosa ) .\nontogenetic plasticity of food habits in the mexican spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura pectinata .\nschmidt ( 1922 ) and grismer ( 1999 ) synonymized ctenosaura insulana with ctenosaura hemilopha . grismer ( 1999 ) also elevated conspicuosa , macrolopha , and nolascensis to full ( evolutionary ) species status .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30c8\u30ae\u30ec\u30c8\u30b2\u30aa\u30a4\u30b0\u30a2\u30ca\nto\nctenosaura hemilopha cope 1863\n.\nmalfatti , m . ( 2007 ) genus ctenosaura . west coast iguana . available at : urltoken\ninvasive black spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) on gasparilla island , florida , usa .\nthe animal ageing and longevity database , 2016 . ctenosaura similis . human ageing genomic resources . urltoken\nontogenetic plasticity of food habits in the mexican spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura pectinata . - pubmed - ncbi\nctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; male . caye caulker , belize . march 2016 .\ninformations on ctenosaura similis has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .\ninvasive black spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) on gasparilla island , florida , usa . - pubmed - ncbi\neffect of feed type and sex on digestibility and feed efficiency utilization in black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) .\nctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; female . barra honda national park , costa rica . february 2007 .\nof the species depicted in our species chart , the yucatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura defensor ) comes in the smallest at roughly 10 inches whereas ctenosaura similis , commonly known as the black spiny - tailed iguana , can ascertain lengths of 5 feet .\nbocourt , m . f 1882 . note sur les esp\u00e8ces appartenant au genre ctenosaura . le naturaliste 2 : 47 - get paper here\nalso known as the balsas armed lizard , the michoacan dwarf spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura clarki ) is a small brown and tan coloured lizard . it belongs to a group of poorly understood iguanas , the ctenosaura , that all share a characteristic spiny tail ( 2 ) .\nsubgenus ctenosaura wiegmann , 1828 , status nov . - c . acanthura , c . hemilopha , c . pectinata and c . similis .\nrecommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : ctenosaura similis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .\neffect of feed type and sex on digestibility and feed efficiency utilization in black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; close view of a male . barra honda national park , costa rica . february 2007 .\ngaal , r . and henningheim , e . ( 2008 ) studbook annual report : ctenosaura melanosterna . european studbook foundation , netherlands . available at urltoken\nctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) ; male ( centre ) with two females . barra honda national park , costa rica . february 2007 .\nfitch hs ; henderson rw , 1978 . ecology and exploitation of ctenosaura similis . university of kansas science bulletin , 51 ( 15 ) : 483 - 500 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - roatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura oedirhina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - roatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura oedirhina )\ntitle =\narkive species - roatan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura oedirhina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri )\ntitle =\narkive species - utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthis species was only fairly recently described , hence it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura bakeri or enyaliosaura bakeri , the sister species it was split from .\nbecause this species was described relatively recently , it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura palearis or enyaliosaurus palearis , the sister species that it was split from .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - michoacan dwarf spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura clarki )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - michoacan dwarf spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura clarki )\ntitle =\narkive species - michoacan dwarf spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura clarki )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura melanosterna )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura melanosterna )\ntitle =\narkive species - honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura melanosterna )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsmith , h . m . 1972 . the sonoran subspecies of the lizard ctenosaura hemilopha . great basin naturalist 32 ( 2 ) : 104 - 111 - get paper here\nto cite this page : tran , e . 2001 .\nctenosaura similis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndurtsche rd , 2000 . ontogenetic plasticity of food habits in the mexican spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura pectinata . oecologia , 124 ( 2 ) : 185 - 195 .\nhenderson rw , 1973 . ethnoecological observations of ctenosaura similis ( sauria : iguanidae ) in british honduras . journal of herpetology , 7 ( 1 ) : 27 - 33 .\nctenosaura similis , commonly known as the black spiny - tailed iguana , black iguana , or black ctenosaur , is a lizard native to mexico and central america that has been introduced to the united states in the state of florida . it is the largest species in the genus ctenosaura and has been recorded as the fastest - running species of lizard .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura quinquecariniata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura quinquecariniata )\ntitle =\narkive species - five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura quinquecariniata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nanderson c ; enge km , 2012 . geographic distribution : ctenosaura similis ( gray ' s spiny - tailed iguana ) . herpetological review , 42 ( 4 ) : 568 .\ncook , david g . and dennis haussler . 2013 . ctenosaura hemilopha ( baja california spiny - tailed iguana ) dispersal phenomenon . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 321 - 322\nenge km ; krysko kl ; borgia ap , 2006 . geographic distribution : ctenosaura similis ( black spiny - tailed iguana ) . herpetological review , 37 ( 4 ) : 494 .\nmora - benavides jm , 1987 . predation by loxocemus bicolor on the eggs of ctenosaura similis and iguana iguana . journal of herpetology , 21 ( 4 ) : 334 - 335 .\nintegrated taxonomic information facility ( itis ) , 2012 . ctenosaura similis ( gray , 1831 ) summary : available from : urltoken ; _ value = 585835 [ accessed 27 february 2012 ]\nbailey , j . w . 1928 . a revision of the lizards of the genus ctenosaura . proc . us natl . mus . 73 : 1 - 55 . - get paper here\nmora jm , 2010 . natural history of the black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura similis ) at parque nacional palo verde , costa rica , with comments on the conservation of the genus ctenosaura . in : conservation of mesoamerican amphibians and reptiles [ ed . by wilson ld , townsend jh , johnson j ] . utah , usa : eagle mountain publishing , 716 - 734 .\nbarrio - amor\u00f3s cl ; rivas - fuenmayor g , 2008 . spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) in venezuela : a preliminary report . iguana , 15 ( 3 ) : 161 .\nkohler g ; schroth w ; streit b , 2000 . systematics of the ctenosaura group of lizards ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . amphibia - reptilia , 21 ( 2 ) : 177 - 191 .\nbl\u00e1zquez , m . c . ; rodr\u00edguez estrella , r . & mungu\u00eda vega , a . 2006 . characterization of 10 microsatellite loci in the spiny - tailed iguana ctenosaura hemilopha . molecular ecology notes 6 : 753\u2013755\npasachnik , s . and pineda , e . a . ( 2009 ) iif supports research on the distribution of honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura melanosterna . international iguana foundation , texas . available at urltoken\nctenosaura similis , commonly known as black spiny - tailed iguana , is the largest and most widely distributed ctenosaur . its native range stretches from southern mexico to panama where is exploited for food and t . . .\navery ml ; eisemann jd ; keacher kl ; savarie pj , 2011 . acetaminophen and zinc phosphide for lethal management of invasive lizards ctenosaura similis . current zoology , 57 ( 5 ) : 625 - 629 . urltoken\nflores d ; esqueda lf , 2008 . first record of the spiny - tailed iguana ctenosaura similis ( gray , 1831 ) ( squamata : iguanidae ) in venezuela . herpetotropicos , 4 ( 1 ) : 41 .\nzarza , eugenia ; victor h . reynoso and brent c . emerson 2008 . diversification in the northern neotropics : mitochondrial and nuclear dna phylogeography of the iguana ctenosaura pectinata and related species . molecular ecology 17 : 3259\u20133275\nruiz - campos , gorgonio and jorge h . valdez - villavicencio . 2011 . geographic distribution : ctenosaura hemilopha ( baja california spiny - tailed iguana ) . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 391 - get paper here\navery ml ; tillman ea ; krysko kl , 2009 . gopherus polyphemus ( gopher tortoise ) , ctenosaura similis ( gray ' s spiny - tailed iguana ) predation . herpetological review , 40 ( 4 ) : 435 .\nk\u00f6hler , g . and hasbun , c . r . ( 2001 ) a new species of spiny - tailed iguana from mexico formerly referred to ctenosaura quinquecarinata ( gray 1842 ) . senckenbergiana biologica , 81 : 257 - 267 .\ngutsche a ; kohler f , 2008 . phylogeography and hybridization in ctenosaura species ( sauria , iguanidae ) from caribbean honduras : insights from mitochondrial and nuclear dna . zoosystematics and evolution , 84 ( 2 ) : 245 - 253 .\nthere has been considerable debate over the species status of the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana , and it is often referenced in the literature as ctenosaura hemilopha hemilopha ( lowe and norris 1955 ) or ctenosaura hemilopha nolascensis ( smith 1972 ) . the iguana was most recently recognized at the species level by grismer ( 1999a ) . genetic components of two lineages have been detected within the island ( cryder 1999 , davy et al . 2010 , reynoso et al . 2010 ) .\nk\u00f6hler , g . ; w . schroth & b . streit 2000 . systematics of the ctenosaura group of lizards ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . amphibia - reptilia 21 ( 2 ) : 177 - 191 - get paper here\nspiny - tail iguanas have become more popular over recent years and can be ordered online and purchased at reptile shows . some specialty reptile shops can aquire varying species upon request . occasionally the big box pet stores will carry a ctenosaura .\nthe reptile database , 2016 . ctenosaura similis ( gray , 1831 ) . the reptile database . urltoken ; = similis & search ; _ param = % 28 % 28search % 3d % 27ctenosaura + similis % 27 % 29 % 29\nctenosaura hemilopha conspicuosa is very interesting reptile ! it\u2019s a \u201ebit bigger\u201c but very beautiful , with a lot of rough charm on my wish list ! can you tell mi something about its housing , personality etc . and post some photos ?\nperez - ramos , e . and saldana - de la riva , l . ( 2005 ) distribucion ecologica de ctenosaura clarki ( reptilia : iguanidae ) en guerrero y micoacan , mexico . revista de zoologia , 16 : 16 - 24 .\nbuckley , l . j . and axtell , r . w . ( 1997 ) evidence for specific status of the honduran lizards formerly referred to ctenosaura palearis ( reptilia : squamata : iguanidae ) . copeia , 1997 : 138 - 150 .\nengeman rm ; kennedy m ; constantin bu ; christie ml ; hall pt , 2009 . ctenosaura similis ( black spinytail iguana ) , gopherus polyphemus ( gopher tortoise ) concurrent burrow use . herpetological review , 40 ( 1 ) : 84 .\nk\u00f6hler , g . , and b . streit . 1996 . notes on the systematic status of taxa acanthura , pectinata , and similis of the genus ctenosaura ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . senckenbergiana biologica 75 : 33 - 43 .\nmckercher , e . 2001 . ctenosaura pectinata ( iguanidae ) on gasparilla island , florida : colonization , habitat use and interactions with gopherus polyphemus . m . s . thesis , university of florida , gainesville , florida , usa . 117pp .\nkrysko kl ; king fw ; enge km ; reppas at , 2003 . distribution of the introduced black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura similis ) on the southwestern coast of florida . florida scientist , 66 ( 2 ) : 74 - 79 .\npasachnik , s . & mccranie , j . r . 2010 . \ufffd ctenosaura similis . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 27 february 2012 ]\nkelly paul is a hobbyist with a lifelong interest in reptiles . he has bred more than two dozen species , including six ctenosaura . he has been a guest speaker at several events , including the international herpetological symposium . email him at blueghostreptile @ urltoken .\nfitch hs ; hackforth - jones j , 1983 . ctenosaura similis ( garrobo , iguana negra , ctenosaur ) . in : costa rican natural history [ ed . by janzen dh ] . chicago and london : university of chicago press , 394 - 396 .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 . 1 . 0 green iguana - 4 . 4 . 5 chuckwalla - 1 . 1 . 0 ctenosaura hemilopha conspicuosa - 1 . 0 . 0 bosc monitor - 0 . 1 . 0 ctenosaura similis - 1 . 1 . 0 bearded dragon - 0 . 1 . 0 rainbow boa - 1 . 0 . 0 royal python - 1 . 2 . 6 corn snake - and lots n lots of geckos\nk\u00f6hler , g . and b . streit . 1996 . notes on the systematic status of the taxa acanthura , pectinata , and similis of the genus ctenosaura ( reptilia : sauria : iguanidae ) . senckenbergiana biologica 75 ( 1 / 2 ) : 33 - 43 .\nmalone , catherine l . ; v\u00edctor hugo reynoso , larry buckley 2017 . never judge an iguana by its spines : systematics of the yucatan spiny tailed iguana , ctenosaura defensor ( cope , 1866 ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 115 : 27 - 39 - get paper here\npasachnik , s . a . , martinez , a . & perez , m . s . 2011 . ctenosaura bakeri . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 15 januray 2012 )\nuntil 1997 , the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana was thought to be conspecific with the guatemalan spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura palearis ) , but it is now considered a separate species based on differences in colour , skeletal structure and behaviour ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nsimilar to other members of the ctenosaura genus , the five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana is oviviparous . little is known about the number of eggs laid in the wild , although a captive bred female is known to have laid five eggs in one clutch ( 2 ) .\nthis scheme was subsequently considered untenable , and 18 species of ctenosaura are now recognized ( iguana taxonomy working group , 2011 ) . according to the iguana taxonomy working group ( 2011 ) , \u201ca well - resolved phylogenetic hypothesis of all taxa in this genus is sorely needed . \u201d\ntownsend , j . h . , k . l . krysko , and k . m . enge . 2003 . the identity of spiny - tailed iguanas , ctenosaura , introduced to florida , usa ( squamata : sauria : iguanidae ) . herpetozoa 16 : 67 - 72 .\na prerequisite for breeding spiny - tailed iguanas , of course , is healthy animals . ctenosaura as young as 14 months have laid fertile eggs , but i wouldn\u2019t recommend breeding spiny - tailed iguanas that are that young . i recommend waiting until they are at least 2 years old .\navery ml ; tillman ea ; spurfeld c ; engeman rm ; maciejewski kp ; brown jd ; fetzer ea , 2014 . invasive black spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura similis ) on gasparilla island , florida , usa . integrative zoology , 9 ( 5 ) : 590 - 597 . urltoken\nfarallo vr ; sasa m ; wasko dk ; forstner mrj , 2010 . reduced foraging in the presence of predator cues by the black spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura similis ( sauria : iguanidae ) . phyllomedusa - journal of herpetology , 9 ( 2 ) : 109 - 119 . urltoken\nmorales - m\u00e1vil , jorge e . ; emilio a . su\u00e1rez - dom\u00ednguez , and carlos r . corona - l\u00f3pez 2016 . biology and conservation of the gulf spiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura acanthura ) . herp . cons . biol . 11 ( monograph 6 ) - get paper here\nkrysko kl ; larson kw ; diep d ; abellana e ; mckercher er , 2009 . diet of the nonindigenous black spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura similis ( gray 1831 ) ( sauria : iguanidae ) , in southern florida . florida scientist , 72 ( 1 ) : 48 - 58 .\nkrysko , k . l . , f . w . king , k . m . enge , and a . t . reppas . 2003 . distribution of the introduced black spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura similis ) on the southwestern coast of florida . florida scientist 66 : 141 - 146 .\nmendoza quijano , fernando , sol de mayo a . mejenes l\u00f3pez , magaly hern\u00e1ndez aquino and gunther k\u00f6hler 2002 . ctenosaura acanthura ( shaw , 1802 ) . an addition to the known fauna of the mexican state of hidalgo . herpetozoa 15 ( 1 / 2 ) : 91 - 92 - get paper here\ngonz\u00e1lez - garc\u00eda a ; belliure j ; g\u00f3mez - sal a ; d\u00e1vila p , 2009 . the role of urban greenspaces in fauna conservation : the case of the iguana ctenosaura similis in the ' patios ' of le\u00f3n city , nicaragua . biodiversity and conservation , 18 ( 7 ) : 1909 - 1920 . urltoken\nsu\u00e1rez - dom\u00ednguez , emilio alfonso ; morales - m\u00e1vil , jorge eufrates ; chavira , roberto ; boeck , lourdes 2011 . effects of habitat perturbation on the daily activity pattern and physiological stress of the spiny tailed iguana ( ctenosaura acanthura ) . amphibia - reptilia 32 ( 3 ) : 315 - 322 - get paper here\nthe five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura quinquecariniata ) is a medium - sized , robust lizard so named for the five rows of enlarged spines on its flattened , heavily armoured tail ( 2 ) . the adult five - keeled spiny - tailed iguana\u2019s tail is almost twice the length of its body ( 3 ) .\nthe first part of the scientific name for the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura melanosterna ) , ctenosaura , derives from two greek words meaning \u2018comb lizard\u2019 ( 3 ) and refers to its large , flattened spines ( 4 ) . the upper back , chest and forelimbs of the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana are dark - brown to black , and contrast with the pale blue lower body and tail . large tan - coloured scales cover the head , and the eyes are bright orange . the flap of skin , known as the \u2018dewlap\u2019 , which hangs from under the chin , is typically larger and more prominent on males ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nwhen it comes to invasive species in south florida , the black spiny - tailed iguana , ctenosaura similis , holds its own . the central american native isn\u2019t imported for the pet trade like the green iguana ( iguana iguana ) , but the species still has managed to spread far and wide , now numbering in the tens of thousands .\nwhile removing iguanas would benefit county managers who are trying to eliminate brazilian pepper , that effort still doesn\u2019t address the problem with raccoons , which are florida natives . even so , managers must try to remove all non - indigenous species , krysko said . \u201cyou can\u2019t let up on plants , you can\u2019t let up on the ctenosaura . \u201d\nclutch size varies with species , size and age of the female . smaller ctenosaura and younger animals lay approximately four to 10 eggs . large , mature female mexican ( c . pectinata ) and black ( c . similis ) spiny - tailed iguanas may lay 40 to 55 eggs . the eggs of most species are about the size of bearded dragon eggs .\npasachnik , s . a . , ariano - s\ufffdnchez , d . , burgess , j . , montgomery , c . , mccranie , j . r . & k\ufffdhler , g . 2010 . ctenosaura oedirhina . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 15 januray 2012 )\nhi all ! i\u0092m new to this site and i\u0092m curious about ctenosaura species . does anyone have experience in keeping them ? there are some species that seem to be very interesting for housing , like : c . clarki , c . quinquecarinata , c . palearis , c . bakeri . . . i\u0092d like to now something about them from the \u0084first hand\u0093 . thanks !\nold cutler road , miami ( eggert 1978 ) , but this population was misidentified and was actually ctenosaura pectinata ( wilson and porras 1983 ) ; a large population of c . similis is present on key biscayne , and a large , breeding population occurs at amelia earhart park in hialeah ( townsend et al . 2003 ; k . enge , ffwcc , quincy , personal observation )\nhabitat loss and degradation , mainly due to conversion for agriculture and cattle grazing , are the primary reasons for the extreme rarity of the honduran paleate spiny - tailed iguana ( 1 ) . it is also hunted for its meat , skin and eggs and is collected for the exotic pet trade where , like all ctenosaura species , it is in high demand ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe black spiny - tailed iguana is native to central america , and has the widest range of all ctenosaura species from the isthmus of tehuantepec to northeastern nicaragua and western panama on the respective atlantic and pacific coasts . it is commonly found throughout costa rica , honduras and has been reported in colombia . in addition to its varied appearance it may interbreed with other ctenosaur species throughout this range .\nhistory : etheridge ( 1982 ) cites shaw 1802 ( gen . zool . , london , 3 ( 1 ) : 216 ) as first author . however , the first part of \u201cgeneral zoology , vol . 3\u201d appeared already 1795 . bailey ( 1928 ) mixed up c . acanthinura , similis , and pectinata . see smith & taylor ( 1950 : 74 ) for details . synonymy : zarza et al . ( 2008 ) demonstrated that this taxon is nested within the diverse taxon currently called c . pectinata . until the taxonomy of c . pectinata is clarified ( see comment on that species ) , we continue to recognize acanthura as a separate species from pectinata . type species : ctenosaura cycluroides wiegmann 1828 is the type species of the genus ctenosaura wiegmann 1828 ( designated by fitzinger 1843 ) .\nthis species is of limited value in the pet trade as it can be aggressive and \u201cdifficult\u201d ( stephen et al . , 2011 ) . total imports of c . similis to the us peaked in 2004 ( 3296 animals ) , but decreased to 76 by 2008 ( stephen et al . , 2011 ) . illegal international trade involving this and other species of ctenosaura on the internet is common ( stephen et al . , 2011 ) .\non the mainland in the valle de agu\u00e1n , a subpopulation occurs within pico bonito national park south , although limited protection or enforcement against collecting is allotted in this area . within the valle de agu\u00e1n , locals are working to create a research and breeding station similar to the one established on utila for the protection and management of the utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) . the board of directors for the utila station will advise the agu\u00e1n station .\nonce considered one of the rarest iguanas in existence , the utila spiny - tailed iguana ( ctenosaura bakeri ) is named after the single island it inhabits and the whorls of enlarged spiny scales that encircle the tail ( 2 ) . the colour of adult utila spiny - tailed iguanas varies from light grey to dark grey - brown , often with an attractive turquoise tinge ( 3 ) . all juveniles , however , are a uniform grey - brown ( 3 ) .\njustification : ctenosaura clarki is known only from michoac\u00e1n , mexico . area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km\u00b2 ( vu b2 ) . current population size is estimated at perhaps less than 2 , 500 individuals distributed in 10\u201315 isolated subpopulations ( severe fragmentation \u2013 vu b2a ) , with several hundred individuals in each subpopulation . habitat status and threats to the species are unknown , however , there is habitat loss due to agriculture in the region ( vu b2b ( iii ) ) .\nspecies account : this species is native to both drainages of southern mexico and has established populations in dade , lee , and charlotte counties in florida . it is difficult to distinguish this species from the mexican spinytail iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) , but ctenosaura similis has 0 - 2 scales separating the short crest along the back and tail , 2 complete rows of intercalary scales between the whorls of enlarged scales on the tail , and dark dorsal crossbands ( k\u00f6hler and streit 1996 ) . adult males may reach nearly 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) in length . these primarily terrestrial lizards are extremely wary and typically dash to their burrows , although they will climb agilely if they cannot reach their burrows ( bartlett and bartlett 1999 ) . according to wilson and porras ( 1983 ) , eggert ( 1978 ) misidentified a population of this species along old cutler road in miami , but black spinytail iguanas are found on key biscayne in dade county ( townsend et al . 2003 ) .\nspiny - tailed iguanas ( ctenosaura spp . ) are native to hot and dry areas of mexico and central america . they can make great pets or display animals . despite laws to protect them , most spiny - tailed iguana populations are declining in the wild due to hunting , loss of habitat and poaching for the pet trade . every effort should be made to purchase captive - born - and - bred animals because they generally are hardier and less skittish , and purchasing them helps take pressure off wild populations .\nremarks : the lizards that exist at the arizona - sonora desert museum are a genetic cross between ctenosaura conspicuosa ( san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ) and c . hemilopha macrolopha ( sonoran spiny - tailed iguana ) . by thomas c . brennan brennan , t . c . , & a . t . holycross . 2006 . a field guide to amphibians and reptiles in arizona . arizona game and fish department . phoenix , az stebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , third edition . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .\ni incubate all my ctenosaura eggs at 86 to 88 degrees fahrenheit with about 70 percent humidity . i have used perlite , vermiculite and sand as incubation mediums , though recommend vermiculite . mix it with enough water so that if you squeeze it with your hand as hard as you can , only a few drops of water will fall out . i live in phoenix , where it is hot and dry , and i check the moisture content of the incubation medium about every 15 days . if it is too dry the eggs will collapse , and if it\u2019s too wet mold and fungal growth will develop . following these guidelines , eggs should hatch after 65 to 80 days .\njustification : ctenosaura alfredschmidti is known only from the vicinity of the type locality in southern campeche , mexico . total range is not known , although it is currently known only from an area of less than 100 km\u00b2 ( cr b1 ) . population size and trends are unknown , although it is thought that there may be fewer than 2 , 500 . quality of habitat is believed to be decreasing and future population declines may be seen due to habitat loss ( cr b1b ( iii ) ) . not enough data are available to be able to say how many locations this species occurs in or degree of fragmentation . however , it nearly meets the thresholds for cr b1ab ( iii ) and therefore is assessed as near threatened .\nthe primary threats to the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana are severe weather and climate change , causing habitat shifts , drought , extreme temperature , and hurricanes . high temperatures are particularly harmful to eggs and hatchlings . invasive alien rats occur on the island , however , the degree to which they negatively affect the iguana population is unknown . genetic data suggests that there may be some hybridization on the island with ctenosaura conspicuosa ( davy et al . 2010 ) . additional research is needed to quantify this occurrence and determine if this poses a future threat to the species . nolasco spiny - tailed iguanas occur within the pet trade on a limited scale . historically this species may also have been hunted for food but this practice is believed to have ceased .\nctenosaura similis , commonly known as black spiny - tailed iguana , is the largest and most widely distributed ctenosaur . its native range stretches from southern mexico to panama where is exploited for food and traditional medicine . it generally is found in seasonally dry , lowland habitats but can occur in sites up to 900 m elevation . it is often found in close proximity to human activity . the capacity of c . similis to co - exist in altered environments coupled with its high fecundity has contributed to its successful establishment and spread in florida , usa , where it consumes valuable horticultural plants , invades dwellings , and threatens imperilled native species through predation and usurpation of burrows . the invasive range of c . similis also includes venezuela and the colombian islands of providencia and san andres .\nfeed adult spiny - tailed iguanas a wide range of food , such as mixed greens , shredded carrots , mulberry and hibiscus leaves , and edible wild plants such as purslane , clover , dandelions , greens and flowers . seasonal fruit and vegetables can also be offered ( mine love figs ) . i feed baby and juvenile spiny - tails the same as the adults , except i also give them some insects , particularly crickets about half the size of the young lizards\u2019 heads . i have also offered zoophobas , tomato hornworms and silk worms . i have never fed vertebrate prey such as mice to my ctenosaura , but know keepers who have with no harmful effect . calcium and vitamin supplements should be provided two to three times a week ( gravid females should receive supplemental calcium every day ) . dry commercial iguana diets are also available .\na great way to build trust and calm new ctenosaura is by hand - feeding them . once they are comfortable with your presence and are taking food from your fingers , you can begin to pick them up . when picking up a pet spiny - tailed iguana , it is best to approach slowly and place your hand palm side up in front of the lizard . try putting your other hand behind it and gently coax the spiny - tail onto your hand . never restrain your animal by the tail , as it can break off . every spiny - tailed iguana is different . some are so tame and inquisitive they seem to enjoy human interaction . others are a little flighty and require a bit more patience when interacting . any spiny - tailed iguana that does not like to be handled will still make a fine display animal .\nspiny - tailed iguanas have been considered ill tempered , but this is not true for all ctenosaura , especially in regard to captive - born - and - bred animals that behave differently than their wild - caught counterparts . captive - born - and - bred mexican spiny - tails ( c . pectinata ) and baker\u2019s iguanas ( c . bakeri ) can make great pets with very little effort . the san esteban island spiny - tailed iguana ( c . conspicuosa ) , sonoran black iguana ( c . macrolopha ) and honduran black - chested iguana ( c . melanosterna ) can also tame down quite nicely with a little effort and patience . wild - caught guatemalan spiny - tailed ( c . palearis ) and club - tailed ( c . quinqucarinata ) iguanas can make great display animals , and with time they will often take food from your hand .\nblack spiny - tailed iguana have distinctive black , keeled scales on their long tails , which gives them their common name . they , along with c . pectinata , are the largest members of the genus ctenosaura . the males are capable of growing up to 1 . 3 meters ( 4 ft 3 in ) in length and the females are slightly shorter , at 0 . 8 - 1 meter ( 2 ft 7 in 3 ft 3 in ) . they have a crest of long spines which extends down the center of the back . although coloration varies extremely among individuals of the same population , adults usually have a whitish gray or tan ground color with a series of 4 - 12 well - defined dark dorsal bands that extend nearly to the ventral scales . males also develop an orange color around the head and throat during breeding season with highlights of blue and peach on their jowls .\nmexican law forbids national and international trade and lists this species with special protection under the name of ctenosaura hemilopha ( nom - 059 - 2010 ) . however , there are no international regulations in place , such as the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , to protect the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana from international trade . san pedro nolasco island is part of the gulf of california biosphere reserve . settlements cannot be constructed and the extraction of flora and fauna is not permitted in this area . the island can only be visited with special permits and research is regulated . though proper laws to protect these iguanas exist , additional enforcement is needed in order to regulate the extraction of individuals for the pet trade . a national plan to regulate invasive alien rats is in place , however , action on this plan has not yet been initiated on this island . additional research is needed to characterize the life history , taxonomy , and population trends of this iguana .\nthe relationship between locomotion and aspiration breathing was investigated in the lizards iguana iguana , ctenosaura similis , varanus exanthematicus and varanus salvator , and the quail coturnix coturnix . respiratory air - flow during walking and running on a 7 . 3 m track or on a treadmill was measured with a bidirectional flow meter attached to one nostril . in all four species of lizards , lung ventilation drops markedly during locomotion . tidal volume decreases as speed increases , often by more than an order of magnitude at intermediate and high speeds , and the rate of decline is most pronounced at the lowest speeds . minute ventilation peaks at or before the reported maximum aerobic speed and decreases at higher speeds . in contrast , quail increase their minute ventilation during running . several observations support the hypothesis that the aspiration of lizards is mechanically constrained by locomotion which employs lateral vertebral bending and sprawling posture . 1 . minute ventilation decreases as running speed increases . 2 . disruption of ventilation is temporally coincident with the locomotor movements . 3 . during running the largest breaths correspond to the strides of longest duration or to brief pauses in the locomotor movements .\nhabitat loss and modification associated with residential and commercial development , as well as small - scale agriculture and ranching , is the main threat to the iguana . the population is expected to decline dramatically if the current rate of habitat conversion continues ( s . pasachnik pers . comm . 2009 ) . small - scale eradication of individuals due to them being perceived as pests is also a threat . the wide - ranging congener , ctenosaura similis , has recently been introduced to a small satellite island , less than 50 m from roat\u00e1n . this invasive species could easily disperse to roat\u00e1n and also threaten the roat\u00e1n spiny - tailed iguana through competition and hybridization . current efforts are under - way to minimize this threat through removal ( s . pasachnik pers . comm . 2009 ) . although this iguana is listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , exploitation for food and the pet trade are both contributing to the decline of this species . hunting for food , both whole animals and eggs , is a significant threat to the persistence of this species .\ndigestibility , feed efficiency , and the effect of sex were evaluated in black iguanas ( ctenosaura pectinata ) using two commercial pellets ( rabbit and chicken ) . the experiment was performed in 80 iguanas in a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement 2\u00d72 over 105 days . no differences were detected by food type in weight gain ( chicken vs . rabbit : 121 vs . 154 mg / d ) and daily intake ( chicken vs . rabbit : 524 vs . 551 mg / d ) , but differences were detected ( p < 0 . 05 ) in feed conversion ( chicken vs . rabbit : 6 . 45 vs . 4 . 47 ) . rabbit pellets showed higher digestibility than chicken food ( p < 0 . 01 ) in dry matter ( 59 . 8 vs . 41 . 4 % ) and ndf ( 55 . 4 vs . 43 . 6 % ) , respectively . sex had no effect in any of the variable responses . black iguanas can be raised since 6 months old in captivity with commercial food designed for rabbit or broiler . no special physiological adaptations occur in black iguanas correlated with change in feeding habits during ontogeny .\ni tested the hypothesis that an animal with an ontogenetic diet shift must have different digestive efficiencies for foods that correspond to its diet shift , so that nutrient and energy extraction are maximized . the iguanine lizard ctenosaura pectinata undergoes an ontogenetic diet shift from eating insects as a juvenile to plants as an adult . when fed six different pure foods from the natural diets of different age classes , c . pectinata assimilated nutrients and energy differently depending on food type and age class . extraction of energy and nutrients in insect larvae was maximized by juvenile lizards . calcium , phosphorus , and energy were readily assimilated from flowers and fruit by immature and adult lizards . magnesium levels were highest in leaves and were extracted by immature and adult lizards , but xenobiotic effects of one plant leaf ( croton suberosus ) , eaten by adults , killed juvenile lizards . although juvenile c . pectinata ate some flowers ( senna wislizenii ) naturally , they were less efficient at digesting cell walls from these plant parts than were older lizards . ontogenetic changes in ctenosaur digestive physiology were not the result of a trade - off involving ecological costs of different foods ; rather , each age class preferred a diet that maximized its physiological benefit .\nthe native range of ctenosaura similis extends from southern mexico through panama . from an initial introduction of 3 animals in 1979 , the species now numbers in the thousands on gasparilla island in southwest florida . in response to complaints of property damage from residents and threats to native species , local officials and the us department of agriculture wildlife services began a removal program in 2008 . through 2011 , trappers removed 9467 ctenosaurs . the number removed declined from 32 iguanas / day in 2008 to 1 . 9 iguanas / day in 2011 despite no easing of the control effort . we necropsied 2757 ctenosaurs to document aspects of their natural history . females outnumbered males overall , although the largest size class ( > 300 mm snout - vent length ) included 32 males and just 2 females . reproduction was seasonal . we found oviducal eggs in females from early apr to early jun , approximately 2 months later than c . similis in its native range . we trapped hatchlings from late jul to early oct coincident with the summer rainy season . clutch size increased with female body size , with 62 being the largest clutch size recorded . in general , the biology of the invasive population on gasparilla island resembles native c . similis populations in central america , except for the lack of large individuals . we suggest that shorter day length and colder temperatures create environmental conditions that are suboptimal for individual growth compared to those in the native range .\nthis study was conducted to compare the growth patterns of black iguana ( ctenosaura pectinata ) under captivity in two communities : montecillo , state of mexico ( temperate weather ) and nisanda , oaxaca ( tropical weather ) . two hundred and sixty black iguana newborns were included . in montecillo , iguanas were fed a diet containing 16 % to 22 % crude protein ( cp ) , and 13 to 25 % neutral detergent fiber ( ndf ) . in nisanda , iguanas were fed with \u201ctulipacho\u201d ( hibiscus sp ) containing 21 . 64 % cp and 31 . 62 % ndf . variables analyzed included : body weight ( g ) , snout - vent length ( mm ) , total length ( snout - tail , mm ) and percent mortality . growth parameters on each population were estimated with a sigmoid model . the average body weight after 761 d was greater ( p\u20390 . 01 ) for the iguanas in montecillo ( 232 . 0 g ) than in nisanda ( 30 . 2 g ) . snout - vent length and total length variables were different ( p\u20390 . 01 ) with values of 152 . 1 mm and 452 . 6 mm in montecillo , vs . 90 . 1 mm and 204 . 0 mm in nisanda , respectively . mortality was higher ( p\u20390 . 01 ) in nisanda than in montecillo ( 81 . 2 % vs . 7 . 3 % ) . it is concluded that growth patterns of black iguana under captivity are determined by proper management and nutrition systems , when and if adequate temperature is provided in the iguana\u2019s house .\nontogenetic shifts from insect consumption by juveniles to plant consumption by adults are rare in the herbivorous lizard family iguanidae . my investigations on diet and digestive tract anatomy of the iguanid lizard ctenosaura pectinata show that this species has an ontogenetic diet shift . insects were rare in adult diets but constituted 86 . 5 % ( by volume ) of the food eaten by the smallest juveniles . all age classes ate some plant parts from a range of plant types , but flowers and leaves of legumes were a primarily food source . non - adult lizards had the widest food niche breadths . arthropods in the diet of juveniles and immatures covaried seasonally with the decline of arthropod abundance . several hypotheses could explain this ontogenetic plasticity in diet . i rejected hypotheses that gut structure constrained juveniles to an arthropod diet and that insect consumption was purely an artifact of plant consumption because ( 1 ) size - adjusted gut morphology and capacity was similar among age classes , and ( 2 ) no food plants sampled had an excessive density of arthropods . i supported an alternative hypothesis that juveniles can eat plants but do not because insects provide a more nutritious diet . this conclusion was based on the observation that the juvenile hindgut is similar to that of herbivorous adults , and the propensity for juveniles to consume primarily , but not exclusively , insects when they were most abundant . the hindgut represents the site of fermentative plant fiber breakdown in many herbivorous lizards . insect foods can compensate for size - related nutritional needs ( energy and protein ) and digestive limitations in juveniles . opportunistic feeding to maintain a broad diet might help juvenile and immature lizards through high - predation - risk growth periods by reducing searching costs , increasing nutritional and energetic gains due to associative effects , and increasing new food exposure .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nbuckley , larry j . , kevin de queiroz , tandora d . grant , bradford d . hollingsworth , et al .\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngrismer , l . l . 1999 . an evolutionary classification of reptiles on islands in the gulf of california , m\u00e9xico . herpetologica 55 ( 4 ) : 446 - 469 .\njustification : the nolasco spiny - tailed iguana is known only from the island of san pedro nolasco , mexico . iguanas are found throughout the approximately 3 km\u00b2 island . though this iguana has a very restricted range , the population size is not known to be decreasing or subject to extreme fluctuations . however , there are a number of threats and potential future threats , which , once these start to cause any declines , the species would immediately qualify for a critically endangered listing given the small size of the area and it essentially being a single location for most of the threats listed .\nnolasco spiny - tailed iguana is found only on the island of san pedro nolasco , sonora , mexico ( smith 1972 ; grismer 1999a , b ) . the island is approximately 3 km\u00b2 and the iguana occurs from sea level up to 328 m .\nthe population size is unknown but thought to be less than 2 , 500 animals due to its restriction on san pedro nolasco island . however , the density on the island appears to be high . approximately 40 individuals were observed during a single day of sampling on a 0 . 5 km transect , resulting in an estimate of 80 iguanas / km ( v . reynoso pers . comm . 2005 ) .\nno historic population size data are available . it is known that iguanas are being extracted for the pet trade , however , the threat is minimal and the population is thought to be currently stable .\nthe nolasco spiny - tailed iguana is most often found under rocks , within hollow trees , and on cacti within tropical dry shrubland and rocky shoreline between 0 - 50 m above sea level . the island of san pedro nolasco is completely undisturbed by human activities other than fishing and sport diving . this iguana is primarily herbivorous , specializing on cacti fruits of the organ pipe cactus ( stenocereus thurberi ) and the endemic near threatened isla san pedro cactus ( echinocereus websterianus ) after the flowering season . in very dry seasons , iguanas may eat the stems of cholla ( cylindropuntia spp . ) .\nnolasco spiny - tailed iguanas occur within the pet trade on a limited scale . historically this species may also have been hunted for food but this practice is believed to have ceased .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : the roat\u00e1n spiny - tailed iguana is found in an area less than 5 , 000 km\u00b2 and the population is severely fragmented , occurring in 5\u201310 isolated subpopulations . the iguana is continuing to decline due to ongoing habitat loss and hunting pressure , and is therefore listed as endangered .\nthe roat\u00e1n spiny - tailed iguana is restricted to isla roat\u00e1n and isla barbaretta , honduras . this iguana has also been recorded from big pigeon cay , an islet of roat\u00e1n ( mccranie\n. 2005 ) , but this was not confirmed on recent surveys ( s . pasachnik pers . obs . 2010 ) . similarly , reports of this iguana occurring on morat , a small island between roat\u00e1n and barbaretta , were not confirmed in 2006 ( s . pasachnik pers . obs . ) . there are small subpopulations of this iguana on multiple small cays around roat\u00e1n , however , the names of these cays are often inconsistent , further hindering systematic surveying ( s . pasachnik pers . obs . 2010 ) . it is recorded as occurring from sea level up to 100 m .\ntotal population size is not known , but perhaps is less than 2 , 500 mature individuals , split into 5 - 10 subpopulations . the sustainability of each subpopulation is not known . genetic data indicate that there are distinct haplotypes throughout the island , but more data are needed in order to understand the degree of divergence between subpopulations ( s . pasachnik pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthe roat\u00e1n spiny - tailed iguana occurs in a variety of habitat types including beach and rocky ocean front , mangrove , and tropical dry forest ( holdridge 1967 ) . it is semi - arboreal , and uses hollow branches and rocks as retreats . little is known about the ecology of this iguana , however , research is currently under - way to obtain natural history data for this species ."]}
{"id": 2048, "summary": [{"text": "fastnet rock is an australian thoroughbred racehorse stallion .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "sired by danehill to dam piccadilly circus , he started his racing career in 2004 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "though he did not win any races as a two-year-old , he ran third in the group one ajc sires produce stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he found great success after turning three years old .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after being unplaced in the caulfield guineas , he proved himself as one of the top australian sprinters by winning the group 1 lightning stakes and oakleigh plate in february , 2005 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "trainer paul perry wished fastnet rock to repeat the successful english campaign by choisir , who is trained by perry , in 2003 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after he ran second in the t j smith stakes in march 2005 , fastnet rock was sent to the united kingdom to prepare for the group 1 golden jubilee stakes and july cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "unfortunately , he suffered from travel sickness and was unable to run in any race in the uk and was retired to stud . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "fastnet rock ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["the number of mares fastnet rock has been covering since coolmore stud decided to shuttle the horse to its irish base from 2010 is staggering .\nin - demand sire fastnet rock wins the 2005 oakleigh plate . photo : paul rovere\nfastnet rock ( c by danehill ( usa ) ) 6 wins . see below .\nfastnet rock had covered 257 mares in 2007 , behind only bel esprit ( 266 ) .\nproduced the best start , statistically , than any other sire - son of fastnet rock . ever .\nthe most dominant group one winning son of fastnet rock , sire of 27 individual gr 1 winners .\nhalf a lifetime ago : fastnet rock in his 2005 racing days before becoming a stud sensation for ireland ' s coolmore .\none person who didn\u2019t doubt fastnet rock was perry . he recognised a toughness in the youngster that others not so close to the stable didn\u2019t see .\ncoolmore stud , the big spending conglomerate that outlays a small fortune on the international search for stallions , must feel the irony that fastnet rock has fallen in its lap . this was a horse coolmore couldn\u2019t sell and retained in hope more than with great expectation .\na winning double at sha tin on sunday for champion sire fastnet rock highlighted his success in hong kong this season where he is the leading sire by individual winners .\nhis four - month - old colt foal from 2002 us horse of the year azeri fetched a mammoth $ 2 . 58 million to the bid of agent shigehisa tanabe , who described the colt as the ' ' perfect horse ' ' .\nlast year fastnet rock covered 391 mares , 17 more than in 2011 , and 105 more than in 2010 when he made a belated trip to ireland after his progeny achieved sensational racetrack performances .\nthe australian stud book has released covering figures for the just - completed breeding season and topping the list of busiest sires was coolmore ' s fastnet rock , who covered 248 mares at a fee of $ 82 , 500 .\nfastnet rock had one yearling catalogued , and the colt proved popular before being knocked down for $ 540 , 000 . he had great appeal on the mare ' s pedigree page , being closely related to epsom derby winner pour moi .\nthe icing on the cake for coolmore is that fastnet rock also is shaping as a sire of sires . his best sons are fast and tough\u2014much like him\u2014and in most cases better looking thanks to the astute selection of the mares he has covered .\n\u201c a spectacular grade one winning sprinter , your song is by fastnet rock from a powerful family that traces to a three - quarters sister to nearctic , the sire of northern dancer . your song is the leading freshman sire by individual winners . \u201d\nfastnet rock carries nijinsky ii through royal academy , a very close relative to storm bird and there are ten stakes winners by fastnet rock out of storm cat line mares , including group one winners out of daughters of forest wildcat , giant\u2019s causeway ( sire of shamardal ) and hennessy ( sire of johannesburg ) . storm cat should also be particularly good through tale of the cat and catrail . from the bluebird branch , fastnet rock has a group winner out of a mare by lake coniston , and this strain could also be brought in through dolphin street . the minstrel is three - quarters brother to nijinsky ii and closely related to storm bird , and can be brought in through palace music , naturalism and masterclass . doubling nijinsky ii through whiskey road might also pay dividends .\nthe yearling was sent to harry and arthur mitchell\u2019s yarraman park stud to be broken in and educated . even then , the horse was on the market but the interest in him was minimal .\nfor a horse most people doubted would race until he was a three - year - old , fastnet rock proved an incredibly durable juvenile , despite not winning a race . his golden slipper run was his sixth for his first campaign\u2014including seconds in the group 3 skyline stakes and group 2 pago pago stakes\u2014and it didn\u2019t finish there . he backed up a week after the slipper for his third run in 14 days to finish fifth behind dance hero in the group 1 ajc sires\u2019 produce stakes ( 1400m ) at randwick .\nfastnet rock\u2019s speed - oriented pedigree is a major factor in his success , but also his immense size means that he is throwing fillies with great strength and bone\u2014and a big advantage over their female rivals . atlantic jewel , irish lights and mosheen are group 1 winning fillies with a tremendous turn - of - foot .\nfastnet rock ' s irish service fee is about \u20ac60 , 000 ( $ 85 , 000 ) . should the rising 12 - year - old son of danehill get the same numbers this year as he did a year earlier , then coolmore could be looking at a $ 50 million - plus worldwide return from breeders .\nin the spring , fastnet rock , after finishing second behind charge forward\u2014dance hero third\u2014in the group 2 san domenico stakes ( 1000m , randwick ) , finally broke through with wins in the group 2 up and coming stakes ( 1200m , warwick farm ) and the group 3 roman consul stakes ( 1200m , warwick farm ) .\nin the autumn , fastnet rock , mature and primed , won the first two legs of the melbourne sprint treble\u2014the group 1 lightning stakes ( 1000m , flemington ) and the group 1 oakleigh plate ( 1100m ) \u2014before his terrific second behind the brilliant alinghi in a memorable group 1 newmarket handicap ( 1200m ) at flemington .\nfastnet rock sired the brilliant smart missile out of a mare by comic strip , who is by red ransom , who would be excellent through domesday . mares from the blushing groom line through such as orientate , housebuster , quest for fame , viscount , spectrum and fantastic light and with snippets line also look promising here .\nfastnet rock ( aus ) b . h , 2001 { 2 - f } dp = 7 - 8 - 16 - 2 - 1 ( 34 ) di = 2 . 09 cd = 0 . 53 - 19 starts , 6 wins , 7 places , 2 shows career earnings : a $ 1 , 724 , 100\nfascinating rock ( 11c , polar falcon , ela - mana - mou ) . joint champion older horse in europe in 2015 ( int . ) . champion older horse in ireland in 2015 ( long ) . champion older horse in ireland in 2016 ( int . ) . 8 wins from 1m to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3772 , 161 , \u20ac489 , 380 , ascot champion s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 , leopardstown derrinstown stud derby trial , gr . 3 , kilternan s . , gr . 3 , navan ballysax s . , gr . 3 , leopardstown heritage s . , l , 2d curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , royal whip s . , gr . 3 , 3d curragh mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 .\nhis sire sons include danehill dancer ( 173 ) , redoute ' s choice ( 159 ) , exceed and excel ( 145 ) , fastnet rock ( 137 ) , dansili ( 129 ) , rock of gibraltar ( 122 ) , flying spur ( 99 ) , commands ( 77 ) , holy roman emperor ( 74 ) , oratorio ( 52 ) , tiger hill ( 49 ) , kodiac ( 43 ) , danzero ( 40 ) , blackfriars ( 38 ) , darci brahma ( 36 ) , etc .\nsurprisingly , because of his size and relative backward nature , fastnet rock emerged as a spring two - year - old . he finished second in a trial at randwick in september , but perry set him aside without a race . in the autumn , the big horse emerged as a golden slipper contender ; a race in which he finished a game fourth behind dance hero in record time\u2014splitting them was the outstanding eventual group 1 winners charge forward , now a leading sire , and the crack filly alinghi . it was a \u201chot\u201d slipper , because behind him were dane shadow and econsul .\n\u201ci\u2019ve been telling people since the day he retired , he\u2019ll make a stallion this horse . that\u2019s why myself and my father bred to him . he certainly looks the real deal right now doesn\u2019t he ? \u201d trainer , anthony cummings .\nbanstead manor also revealed frankel ' s owner - breeder khalid abdullah sent 24 of his mares to the son of galileo , and predicted a return of \u00a313 , 625 , 000 if all the other mares deliver healthy foals . it is a marvellous performance and only one season , but australia ' s established super - stallion fastnet rock has produced superior figures .\nyour song has first crop stakes winner split lip out of a mare by blevic , a son of scenic , from the sadler\u2019s wells line . fastnet rock has done extremely well with this line with successful sources including sadler\u2019s wells himself , as well as galileo ( sire of teofilo and new approach ) , el prado ( sire of medaglia d\u2019oro and artie schiller ) , barathea , entrepreneur and singspiel , also inviting daughters of such as montjeu and carnegie . there is a group winner by fastnet rock out of a mare by encosta de lago \u2013 a son of sadler\u2019s wells\u2019 brother fairy king \u2013 suggesting trying your song with other sons of fairy king , such as helissio and falbrav . from the line of nureyev \u2013 a three - quarters brother to sadler\u2019s wells \u2013 fastnet rock has two group one winners out of daughters of peintre celebre , a group one winner out of a mare by polar falcon ( sire of pivotal ) , and champion mosheen out of a daughter of stravinsky . mares by nureyev sons spinning world and fasliyev could also be tried here . fastnet rock a group winner out of a mare by al hareb , a son of el gran senor . this would encourage trying daughters of last tycoon ( by try my best , a brother to el gran senor ) , the sire of marju , monde bleu , bigstone , towkay , iglesia , and grandsire of written tycoon . mares by general nediym could also prove clever here .\nthe chart below tells the story of fastnet rock ' s performances , and there is no sign of him stopping . he ' s just completed another huge book of mares in ireland and will be back home in the hunter valley for another big harem , which will include many of the best mares in the country at an industry - leading fee of $ 275 , 000 .\nperry took the colt to england for the royal ascot carnival , but he didn\u2019t run there after developing travel sickness . it was a shame , because a win at royal ascot would have fulfilled coolmore\u2019s desire to \u201cmake\u201d fastnet rock a dual - hemisphere shuttle stallion\u2014maximising profits\u2014as he certainly was as good as , if not better than , choisir . his australian record certainly suggested he was .\ndue to equine influenza in 2007 , five of the six most used stallions were based in victoria but with a return to normality last year , god ' s own , who served 196 mares , was the sole victorian horse in the top 20 sires .\nbanstead manor stud , the home of england ' s super horse frankel , this week released the record of the unbeaten galloper ' s first breeding season . he commanded a \u00a3125 , 000 ( $ 205 , 000 ) service fee following his superb racing career .\nthe cross of fastnet rock and sons with mr . prospector line mares has yielded nearly 30 stakes winners , including group one winners out of mares by fusaichi pegasus , kingmambo ( sire of dubai destination and king\u2019s best ) , el moxie and lion cavern ( a brother to gone west who should be extremely good here through elusive quality , and through zamindar , zafonic and xaar ) . there are five fastnet rock stakes winners out of mares by woodman ( sire of timber country and hector protector ) , as well as stakes winners from daughters of distorted humor , jade robbery , machiavellian ( sire of street cry , grandsire of street sense ) , hussonet , thunder gulch , bachelor duke and his sire miswaki ( also sire of umatilla ) , and dash for cash and his sire secret savings .\nthe decision by john messara\u2019s iconic arrowfield stud to chase smart missile as a stallion should be recommendation enough for breeders . smart missile may not be a group 1 winner , but nobody will doubt he was a group 1 - class horse . at two , he was the only horse to beat the champion sepoy\u2014in the group 2 todman slipper stakes ( 1200m , rosehill ) \u2014and , of course , smart missile lost the chance to prove that form when he was withdrawn from the slipper at the barrier . sepoy went on to win .\nthe japan horse racing association yearling sales at hokkaido broke all records on monday when the progeny of the country ' s top stallion deep impact met phenomenal demand . day one turnover was $ 67 . 2 million for 226 lots sold at an average of $ 297 , 322 .\nfastnet rock was raced by the group from coolmore who owned piccadilly circus when she raced for trainer lee freedman , including sue magnier , wife of coolmore\u2019s principal john magnier , coolmore\u2019s bloodstock agent demi o\u2019byrne , and \\ three men from the australian arm of the irish - based outfit , michael kirwan and duncan grimley , who at the time were joint general managers , and chairman ken barry . ( grimley has since left coolmore . )\nalthough fastnet rock had the \u201clook of a three - year - old\u201d , there were doubters that he was genuine a - grade . he seemed to lack an explosive turn - of - foot , and some people felt he had been given too tough a campaign as a youngster in coolmore\u2019s quest to give him an elusive group 1 as a two - year - old to cement a huge value on him as a stallion prospect .\nthe big horse was a gangly , dopey , boof - headed yearling , but there were no takers at his reserve price of $ 300 , 000 at the 2003 inglis easter yearling sale despite the fact he was by the champion sire danehill from a very precocious sprinting filly , piccadilly circus ( b m royal academy ( usa ) - gatana , by marauding ( nz ) ) .\nrothesay was a crack racehorse from the start for trainer gerald ryan , who rated the horse highly . he lived up to his reputation with a brilliant , storming victory in the 2009 group 2 queensland guineas ( 1600m , eagle farm ) and at four he beat all but more joyous in the group 2 theo marks stakes ( 1400m , rosehill ) before injury forced his retirement after only nine starts .\ndylan thomas ( 03c , diesis , mount hagen ) . horse of the year & champion older horse in europe in 2007 . champion 3yo in ireland in 2006 ( long & stayer ) . champion older horse in ireland in 2007 ( intermediate & long ) . 10 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2400m , \u00a3798 , 263 , \u20ac3 , 601 , 361 , us $ 112 , 500 , irish derby , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 - twice , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , leopardstown derrinstown stud derby trial s . , gr . 2 , curragh alleged s . , l , leopardstown irish breeders foal levy 2yo s . , 2d york international s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , salisbury autumn s . , gr . 3 , 3d the derby , gr . 1 , 4th york international s . , gr . 1 , belmont jockey club gold cup , gr . 1 .\ntherock was an eye - catching horse from early on\u2014he was a $ 407 , 000 magic millions weanling in 2007 . started his career with a bit of fanfare for trainer gerald ryan after winning three trials as a 2yo . raced twice at two before emerging in the 2009 spring as a 3yo to win consecutive races at warwick farm and rosehill , but a leg injury stopped him going to christchurch for the group 1 nz 2000 guineas .\nwanted is fastnet rock\u2019s first group 1 winner and his first son to be retired to stud . after a string of outstanding group 1 placings behind some great horses , wanted won the 2010 group 1 newmarket handicap ( 1200m , flemington ) . conservatively used in his first season because he is a rig\u2014wanted covered 75 mares\u2014but he stepped up to 112 mares last season with strong fertility figures . his commercial stud career is assured . his first crop foals have been the highlight of the 2012 weanling sales season , selling for $ 255 , 000 ( colt from regal arena , by arena ) , $ 190 , 000 ( filly from aquatint , by supremo ( usa ) ) and $ 117 , 500 ( colt from vestment , by danasinga ) .\nrock classic ( 06g , peintre celebre , luskin star ) . 3 wins from 1200m to 1600m , a $ 669 , 600 , vrc australian guineas , gr . 1 , stc urltoken h . , canterbury bmw & attic ladders h . , 2d stc rosehill guineas , gr . 1 , shift2neutral h . , 4th mvrc australia s . , gr . 2 .\nempress rock ( 08f , encosta de lago , bureaucracy ) . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1000m to 1600m , a $ 363 , 600 , moonee valley fillies classic , gr . 2 , vrc av kewney s . , gr . 2 , atc resimac 2yo h . , 2d mvrc typhoon tracy s . , l , 3d mrc derrinstown stud ireland p .\ndistant rock ( g medaglia d ' oro ) 4 wins from 1400m to 1600m , a $ 182 , 080 , to 2016 - 17 , mrc hilton manufacturing h . , sajc iga h . , 2d sajc adelaide guineas , l , mrc polytrack h . , selangor turf club h . , 3d mrc ladbrokes live play h . , grand hotel frankston h . , mvrc skm recycling h .\nrock of gibraltar ( 99c , be my guest , bold lad ) . horse of the year & champion 3yo colt in europe in 2002 . champion 3yo miler in france , gb & ireland in 2002 . head of the 2002 international 3yo classification . 10 wins - 5 at 2 - from 1000m to 1600m , \u00a3751 , 213 , \u20ac409 , 031 , 1 , 250 , 000fr . , us $ 214 , 000 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , longchamp grand criterium , gr . 1 , newmarket dewhurst s . , gr . 1 , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot st james ' s palace s . , gr . 1 , york gimcrack s . , gr . 2 , curragh railway s . , gr . 3 , first flier 2yo s . , 2d breeders ' cup mile , gr . 1 , doncaster champagne s . , gr . 2 .\nrock ' n ' pop ( 08c , sir tristram , in the purple ) . 3 wins at 1200m , 1600m , nz $ 458 , 175 , a $ 6 , 000 , new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , arc karaka mile , rl , 2d new zealand derby , gr . 1 , ashburton rc ray coupland s . , l , cjc canterbury racing guineas trial , 3d waikato rc international s . , gr . 1 .\njuggling act ( c by giant ' s causeway ( usa ) ) champion imported horse in philippines in 2011 . 28 wins from 1100m to 2000m in philippines , manila jc opal s . , metro manila tc eduardo m cojuangco jr cup , philippine rc ambassador eduardo m conjuangco jr cup , opal s . , mayor nemesio s yabut iii s . , garnet i s . , diamond i s . , 2d manila jc amethyst i s . , peridot s . , metro manila tc atty rodrigo l salud s . , jockey elias\neleng\nordiales p . , philippine rc leopoldo l prieto i s . , 3d manila jc garnet i s . , peridot s . sire .\nfastnet rock ( 01c , royal academy , marauding ) . champion 3yo colt & sprinter in australia in 2005 . 6 wins to 1200m , a $ 1 , 724 , 100 , mrc oakleigh p . , gr . 1 , vrc lightning s . , gr . 1 , ajc up & coming s . , gr . 2 , vrc lexus classic s . , gr . 2 , nsw tatt ' s rc roman consul s . , gr . 3 , vrc rory ' s jester p . , gr . 3 , 2d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , ajc tj smith s . , gr . 1 , san domenico s . , gr . 2 , stc pago pago s . , gr . 2 , mrc guineas prelude , gr . 3 , stc skyline s . , gr . 3 , crusoe ' s fijian retreat 2yo h . , 3d ajc sires ' produce s . , gr . 1 , vrc poseidon s . , l , 4th stc golden slipper s . , gr . 1 , silver slipper s . , gr . 2 .\nrock sturdy ( 10c , quest for fame , silver deputy ) . 4 wins to 1550m , a $ 494 , 860 , atc shannon s . , gr . 2 , tab early quaddie h . , go the tahs h . , urltoken h . , 2d brc sprint h . , gr . 3 , atc liverpool city cup , gr . 3 , bill ritchie h . , gr . 3 , filante h . , forum group h . , tab rewards h . , tab quaddie h . , 3d vrc emirates s . , gr . 1 , atc carbine club s . , gr . 3 .\ndanehill ( usa ) ( bay 1986 - stud 1990 ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 , haydock sprint cup , gr . 1 . champion aust . sire - 9 times . sire of 2082 rnrs , 1622 wnrs , 347 sw , inc . dylan thomas ( ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 ) , elvstroem , duke of marmalade , dane ripper , oratorio , flying spur , banks hill , desert king , zipping , ha ha , arena , merlene , nothin ' leica dane , danzero , north light , blackfriars , catbird , rock of gibraltar , danewin , westerner , etc .\ntiger hill ( 95c , appiani , st chad ) . champion 3yo & older horse in germany in 1998 & 1999 ( long ) . 10 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1400m to 2400m , \u00a3670 , 522 , 78 , 579fr . , grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 - twice , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , cologne mehl - mulhens rennen , gr . 2 , gerling preis , gr . 2 , munich grosser muller brot preis , gr . 2 , m\u00fclheim orakel der dreijahrigen , l , dortmund grosser preis der spielbank hohensyburg , munich preis der privatbankiers merck , finck & co , preis der privatebankiers merck , finck & co , 2d grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , d\u00fcsseldorf wgz bank deutschland preis , gr . 1 , baden - baden grosser preis der baden airpark , gr . 2 , 3d longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .\nlone rock ( 07f , lion cavern , night shift ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m , a $ 597 , 178 , sajc goodwood h . , gr . 1 , mvrc champagne s . , gr . 3 , vrc bobbie lewis h . , gr . 3 , mrc bramerton 2yo p . , 2d mvrc friends of epworth h . , sajc adelaide magic millions 2yo classic , 3d mrc how now s . , gr . 3 , mvrc red anchor s . , gr . 3 , mrc geoff murphy h . , 4th mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , sajc robert sangster s . , gr . 1 .\nplanet rock ( 08f , zabeel , defensive play ) . new zealand bloodstock filly of the year in 2011 - 12 . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1200m to 2100m , nz $ 392 , 925 , new zealand one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , arc eight carat classic , gr . 2 , hawkes bay lowland s . , gr . 3 , arc countdown to karaka million 2yo h . , cjc canterbury racing guineas trial , 2d cjc canterbury belle s . , l , wrc kpr catering 2yo h . , 3d arc karaka million , rl , wrc kolfinna classic , 4th arc royal s . , gr . 2 , waikato rc sir tristram fillies classic , gr . 2 .\nfastnet rock champion 3yo colt & sprinter in australia in 2005 . 6 wins to 1200m , a $ 1 , 724 , 100 , mrc oakleigh p . , gr . 1 , vrc lightning s . , gr . 1 , ajc up & coming s . , gr . 2 , vrc lexus classic s . , gr . 2 , nsw tatt ' s rc roman consul s . , gr . 3 , vrc rory ' s jester p . , gr . 3 , 2d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , ajc tj smith s . , gr . 1 , san domenico s . , gr . 2 , stc pago pago s . , gr . 2 , mrc guineas prelude , gr . 3 , stc skyline s . , gr . 3 , crusoe ' s fijian retreat 2yo h . , 3d ajc sires ' produce s . , gr . 1 , vrc poseidon s . , l , 4th stc golden slipper s . , gr . 1 , silver slipper s . , gr . 2 . he entered stud in aust . in 2005 . champion aust . sire in 2011 - 12 , 2014 - 15 , second in 2012 - 13 , third in 2016 - 17 . leading aust . sire ( worldwide earnings ) in 2011 - 12 , 2014 - 15 , 2016 - 17 . leading aust . sire of 3yos in 2011 - 12 , 2014 - 15 . champion sire in hong kong in 2016 - 17 . sire of 1550 progeny to race , 1097 winners ( 70 . 0 % ) , earnings of over $ 154 million , 137 stakes winners , 109 stakes placegetters , inc .\nfairy king prawn ( 95g , twig moss , bletchingly ) . horse of the year in hong kong in 1999 - 2000 & 2000 - 01 . champion sprinter in hong kong in 1998 - 99 , 1999 - 2000 & 2000 - 01 . champion miler in hong kong in 1999 - 2000 & 2000 - 01 . 12 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1000m to 1600m , hk $ 26 , 497 , 587 , 97 , 864 , 000\u00a5 , 1 , 464 , 000dhs , tokyo yasuda kinen , gr . 1 , hong kong sprint , l , hkjc stewards ' cup , l , bauhinia sprint trophy , l , chairman ' s prize , l - twice , happy valley trophy , l , national day cup , tvb cup , country club challenge cup . , berlin h . , 2d hong kong mile , gr . 1 , nad al sheba dubai duty free s . , gr . 2 , hkjc chairman ' s prize , l , sha tin vase , l , centenary cup , l , bauhinia sprint trophy , l , national panasonic cup , telecom cup , sprint trial trophy - twice .\nawesome rock ( 11c , giant ' s causeway , fasliyev ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1300m to 2000m to 2016 - 17 , a $ 2 , 038 , 720 , vrc emirates s . , gr . 1 , mvrc dato ' tan chin nam s . , gr . 2 , vrc james boag ' s symphony s . , l , mrc say it with flowers 2yo h . , 2d vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , sires ' produce s . , gr . 2 , mrc david jones cup , gr . 3 , 3d brc fred best classic , gr . 3 , mrc caulfield guineas prelude , gr . 3 , hdf mcneil s . , gr . 3 , hockingstuart h . , 4th brc queensland guineas , gr . 2 , mrc peter young s . , gr . 2 , vrc danehill s . , gr . 2 .\nchamps elysees ( 03c , kahyasi , high line ) . horse of the year in canada in 2009 . champion turf male in canada in 2009 . 6 wins from 1700m to 2400m , \u20ac202 , 774 , us $ 2 , 568 , 731 , hollywood turf cup , gr . 1 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , northern dancer turf s . , gr . 1 , santa anita san marcos s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix d ' hedouville , gr . 3 , prix d ' escoville , 2d milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 , santa anita h . , gr . 1 , hollywood turf cup , gr . 1 , hollywood park jim murray memorial h . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix maurice de nieuil , gr . 2 , woodbine sky classic s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix daphnis , gr . 3 , prix du prince d ' orange , gr . 3 , 3d santa anita h . , gr . 1 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , grand prix de deauville , gr . 2 , woodbine nijinsky s . , gr . 2 , maisons - laffitte prix bacchus , prix antivari , 4th woodbine northern dancer turf s . , gr . 1 .\nelvstroem ( 00c , marscay , zamazaan ) . champion older horse in australia in 2005 . champion older miler in uae in 2005 . 10 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1300m to 2500m , \u00a349 , 950 , \u20ac68 , 560 , a $ 3 , 916 , 600 , 4 , 416 , 000dhs , mrc caulfield cup , gr . 1 , nad al sheba dubai duty free s . , gr . 1 , victoria derby , gr . 1 , mrc underwood s . , gr . 1 , cf orr s . , gr . 1 , st george s . , gr . 2 , autumn classic , gr . 2 , vrc turnbull s . , gr . 2 , mrc guineas prelude , gr . 3 , 2d longchamp prix d ' ispahan , gr . 1 , mvrc aami vase , gr . 2 , vrc craiglee s . , gr . 2 , baguette h . , 3d vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , york prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , stc rosehill guineas , gr . 1 , mrc bletchingly s . , gr . 3 , vrc debonair s . , gr . 3 , 4th vrc melbourne cup , gr . 1 , australian cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , newbury lockinge s . , gr . 1 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper . skip directly to : search box , section navigation , content . text version .\nthe age : national , world , business , entertainment , sport and technology news from melbourne ' s leading newspaper .\nthe trend of australian - bred stallions being favoured by breeders continued , with 14 of the top 20 sires on coverings being locally bred .\nthe influence of danehill continues unabated and of the 768 stallions who covered mares \u0097 which compares with 858 in 2006 \u0097 114 are his sons , with a further 56 being grandsons . furthermore , danehill ' s grandsire northern dancer accounted for almost half the stallions covering mares .\nthe keeper of the stud book , michael ford , said he expected the 2009 foal crop to reach 18 , 000 compared with the non - equine influenza - affected 18 , 600 in 2007 .\n\u25a0the sydney classic sale concluded with a 17 per cent drop in average price to $ 26 , 557 . gross proceeds of the sale were $ 10 , 410 , 500 , down 18 per cent , with a disappointing clearance rate of 73 per cent .\ntop price of the sale was $ 220 , 000 given by patinack farm for a half - sister to magic millions winner phelan ready .\nafter things had been relatively quiet at sales to date this year , vendors were no doubt thankful that patinack was an active buyer .\nnathan tinkler ' s outfit took home 16 yearlings for a total of $ 888 , 500 .\nwe found the sale good value and are extremely pleased to be taking home the horses we were able to purchase ,\npatinack farm ' s rick connolly said .\n\u25a0young arrowfield stallion charge forward is starting to make an impact with his first crop and has just had his first winner in japan .\ndespite being six months younger than the rest of the field , vilmart , who was a $ 350 , 000 easter yearling , won by a comfortable two lengths .\ncharge forward , whose first winner was the peter moody - trained carlton forward , then had further success with his daughter headway , who is also trained by moody , winning over 1200 metres on debut at sandown on wednesday .\nwhen news happens : send photos , videos & tip - offs to 0406 the age ( 0406 843 243 ) , or us .\nget free news emails from theage . com . au . sign - up now\n1st lightning s . - gr . 1 , 1000m , oakleigh plate - gr . 1 , 1100m , up and coming s . - gr . 2 , 1200m . , linlithgow s . - gr . 2 , 1200m , roman consul s . - gr . 3 , 1200m , rory\u0092s jester plate - gr . 3 , 1200m . ;\n2nd newmarket h . - gr . 1 , 1200m , pago pago s . - gr . 2 , 1200m , skyline s . - gr . 3 , 1200m , t . j . smith s . - gr . 1 , 1200m , san domenico s . - gr2 , 1000m\nfoaled : sept 22 , 2001 champion 3yo colt and champion sprinter in aust 2004 / 05 . entered stud 2005 at coolmore stud nsw .\nin 2008 he covered 248 mares @ $ 82 , 500 . [ 4 ]\nin 2012 his fee was increased to $ 220 , 000 making him the most expensive stallion in australia .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\naustralian bred royal ascot hero merchant navy will be retired from racing without another start and will travel back to australia as planned to begun the breeding season at coolmore australia this spring .\nwinx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .\nt . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .\n\u00a9 2016 racing information services australia and others working with it . these racing materials are reproduced under a copyright licence from the copyright owners . any unauthorised reproduction , adaptation or communication is strictly prohibited .\natlantic jewel ( 08f , zabeel , nashwan ) . leading 3yo filly on 2012 wtr ( sprint ) . leading 3yo filly on 2011 wtr ( mile / int . ) . champion 3yo filly & older mare in australia in 2011 - 12 & 2013 - 14 . 10 wins from 1100m to 2000m , a $ 1 , 587 , 925 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , atc all aged s . , gr . 1 , mrc caulfield s . , gr . 1 , memsie s . , gr . 1 , atc sapphire s . , gr . 2 , mvrc wh stocks s . , gr . 2 , vrc wakeful s . , gr . 2 , mrc bmw h . , mvrc italian sports club of werribee p . , 2d mrc underwood s . , gr . 1 .\nmosheen ( 08f , stravinsky , kaapstad ) . 8 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1000m to 2500m , a $ 2 , 780 , 350 , vrc oaks , gr . 1 , vrc australian guineas , gr . 1 , atc randwick guineas , gr . 1 , vinery stud s . , gr . 1 , vrc edward manifold s . , gr . 2 , blazer s . , gr . 2 , mrc manfred s . , l , swettenham stud 2yo h . , 2d atc golden slipper s . , gr . 1 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , vrc vanity s . , gr . 3 , 3d mrc thousand guineas prelude , gr . 3 , quezette s . , l .\nshoals ( 14f , hussonet , canny lad ) . 7 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1100m to 1600m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 2 , 004 , 270 , atc surround s . , gr . 1 , sajc sangster s . , gr . 1 , vrc myer classic , gr . 1 , atc percy sykes s . , gr . 2 , vrc thoroughbred breeders s . , gr . 3 , mvrc atlantic jewel s . , l , 2d mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , thousand guineas prelude , gr . 2 .\nsea siren ( 08f , success express , haulpak ) . champion older female sprinter in ireland in 2013 . 7 wins to 1350m , \u20ac43 , 275 , a $ 1 , 681 , 830 , brc doomben ten thousand s . , gr . 1 , btc cup , gr . 1 , mvrc manikato s . , gr . 1 , atc light fingers s . , gr . 2 , fairyhouse belgrave s . , l , atc william ' s premium lager h . , vinery stud h . , 2d brc doomben ten thousand s . , gr . 1 , vrc patinack classic , gr . 1 , atc surround s . , gr . 2 , tipperary fairy bridge s . , gr . 3 , 3d curragh phoenix sprint s . , gr . 3 , atc urltoken h .\nmerchant navy ( 14c , snippets , last tycoon ) . 7 wins - 3 at 2 - at 1200m , 1400m to 2018 , \u00a3340 , 260 , \u20ac70 , 800 , a $ 939 , 950 , royal ascot diamond jubilee s . , gr . 1 , vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 , curragh greenlands s . , gr . 2 , mrc hdf mcneil s . , gr . 3 , vrc anzac day s . , l , mrc nick johnstone real estate 2yo h . , 3d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , mrc rubiton s . , gr . 2 .\ndriefontein ( 09f , export price , scrupules ) . 8 wins - 4 at 2 - to 1300m , a $ 2 , 351 , 205 , sajc robert sangster classic , gr . 1 , atc sheraco s . , gr . 3 , brc bj mclachlan s . , gr . 3 , sajc rn irwin s . , gr . 3 , atc widden s . , l , gctc magic millions 2yo classic , rl , atc woods bagot 2yo h . , gctc magic millions quality h . , 2d atc expressway s . , gr . 2 , surround s . , gr . 2 , brc dane ripper s . , gr . 2 , vrc urltoken s . , gr . 2 , atc southern cross s . , gr . 3 , san domenico s . , gr . 3 , keith mackay h . , l , wyong magic millions 3yo s . , 3d gctc magic millions guineas , rl , 4th atc light fingers s . , gr . 2 , millie fox s . , gr . 3 , nivison s . , gr . 3 , gctc magic millions cup , rl .\nzhukova ( 12f , galileo , indian ridge ) . champion older female in europe in 2016 ( int . ) . 7 wins from 1\u00bcm to 1\u00bdm to 2017 , \u20ac223 , 135 , us $ 250 , 000 , belmont man o ' war s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown kilternan s . , gr . 3 , naas blue wind s . , gr . 3 , cork noblesse s . , l , curragh alleged s . , l , galway oyster s . , l , 4th curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 1 , cork give thanks s . , gr . 3 .\nfirst seal ( 11f , scenic , best western ) . champion female sprinter in australia in 2015 - 16 . 6 wins from 1100m to 1600m to 2016 - 17 , a $ 1 , 259 , 060 , atc flight s . , gr . 1 , surround s . , gr . 2 , tea rose s . , gr . 2 , millie fox s . , gr . 2 , mrc tristarc s . , gr . 2 , atc daily press group p . , 2d atc coolmore classic , gr . 1 , canterbury s . , gr . 1 , vinery stud s . , gr . 1 , spring champion s . , gr . 1 , light fingers s . , gr . 2 , tab early quaddie h . , 3d mvrc sunline s . , gr . 2 , 4th atc george ryder s . , gr . 1 .\ncatchy ( 14f , fusaichi pegasus , don ' t say halo ) . 6 wins - 4 at 2 - to 1200m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 1 , 975 , 000 , mrc blue diamond s . , gr . 1 , atc arrowfield 3yo sprint s . , gr . 2 , mrc blue diamond prelude ( f ) , gr . 2 , vrc danehill s . , gr . 2 , mrc peter siggins 2yo p . , mvrc william hill 2yo p . , 2d mrc quezette s . , gr . 3 , 3d mrc caulfield guineas , gr . 1 , mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , mrc thousand guineas prelude , gr . 2 .\ncomin ' through ( 13g , bite the bullet , afleet ) . 6 wins from 1400m to 2000m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 1 , 675 , 171 , brc doomben cup , gr . 1 , atc ajax s . , gr . 2 , bill ritchie h . , gr . 3 , vrc carbine club s . , gr . 3 , atc broccolini h . , ranvet ' s salkavite h . , 2d atc doncaster h . , gr . 1 , royal randwick fashions h . , 3d atc randwick guineas , gr . 1 , hobartville s . , gr . 2 , apollo s . , gr . 2 .\namicus ( 11f , el moxie , made of gold ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1150m to 1600m , a $ 809 , 485 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , atc breeders classic , gr . 2 , vrc let ' s elope s . , gr . 2 , atc toy show h . , gr . 3 , hyland race colours 2yo p . , 2d mrc thousand guineas prelude , gr . 2 , the cove hotel h . , 3d atc emancipation s . , gr . 2 , tab early quaddie p . , big sports breakfast 2yo p . , 4th atc coolmore classic , gr . 1 , vrc myer classic , gr . 1 , atc surround s . , gr . 2 .\nlaganore ( 12f , royal applause , sadler ' s wells ) . champion older mare in italy in 2017 ( int . ) . joint champion older mare in italy in 2016 ( int . ) . 7 wins from 1200m to 2000m to 2017 , \u00a331 , 732 , \u20ac288 , 470 , rome premio lydia tesio , gr . 1 , gowran park lanwades stud s . , gr . 3 , newmarket pride s . , l , leopardstown dimension engineering h . , summer membership h . , 2d curragh blue wind s . , gr . 3 , gowran park lanwades stud s . , gr . 3 , curragh silver s . , l , 3d rome premio lydia tesio , gr . 1 , curragh kilboy estate s . , gr . 2 , gowran park victor mccalmont memorial s . , l , 4th haydock pinnacle s . , gr . 3 .\nfoxwedge ( 08c , forest wildcat , water bank ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1100m , 1200m , a $ 952 , 450 , mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , atc roman consul s . , gr . 2 , san domenico s . , gr . 3 , clarry conners 2yo p . , stc always recycling 2yo h . , 2d vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 , atc run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , 3d vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , atc todman s . , gr . 2 , 4th atc golden rose s . , gr . 1 , vrc lightning s . , gr . 1 .\nheroic valour ( 13c , nassipour , western symphony ) . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m to 2016 - 17 , nz $ 351 , 325 , a $ 25 , 000 , arc diamond s . , gr . 1 , matamata rc slipper s . , l , whangarei rc northland breeders s . , l , 2d gold coast guineas , gr . 3 , arc darley p . , gr . 3 , karaka 3yo mile , rl , ashburton rc john grigg s . , l , wrc lightning h . , l , arc ray white nz h . , john deere agrowquip s . , 3d new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , hawke ' s bay guineas , gr . 2 , counties bowl h . , l , 4th waikato sprint , gr . 1 , manawatu rc flying h . , l .\natlante ( 10c , more than ready , kingmambo ) . 4 wins from 1200m to 1600m , nz $ 283 , 175 , a $ 135 , 000 , new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , cjc canterbury s . , l , mvrc chandler macleod s . , l , 2d atc hobartville s . , gr . 2 .\nsuper cool ( 09g , kingmambo , roberto ) . 4 wins from 1300m to 2050m , a $ 1 , 537 , 350 , vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , mrc autumn classic , gr . 2 , mvrc mitchelton wines vase , gr . 2 , 2d victoria derby , gr . 1 , mrc bmw h . , 3d mrc caulfield s . , gr . 1 , memsie s . , gr . 1 , autumn s . , gr . 2 , 4th mvrc dato ' tan chin nam s . , gr . 2 , vrc poseidon s . , l .\navantage ( 15f , zabeel , pins ) . 5 wins at 2 in 2017 - 18 , nz $ 742 , 370 , manawatu sires produce s . , gr . 1 , arc karaka million 2yo , rl , cjc nobby bussell memorial 2yo s . , arc nzb insurance pearl series 2yo h . , cjc nzb insurance pearl series 2yo h . , 2d arc diamond s . , gr . 1 .\nunforgotten ( 14f , galileo , nureyev ) . 5 wins from 1250m to 2400m in 2017 - 18 , a $ 1 , 095 , 520 , atc australian oaks , gr . 1 , phar lap s . , gr . 2 , schweppes h . , cfmeu mining h . , schweppes p . , 2d atc vinery stud s . , gr . 1 .\nmagicool ( 11g , galileo , darshaan ) . 5 wins from 1200m to 2200m , a $ 686 , 850 , brc queensland derby , gr . 1 , vrc uci s . , l , mrc bert bryant h . , vrc banjo paterson series heat h . , 4th south australian derby , gr . 1 , mrc autumn classic , gr . 2 .\nrivet ( 14g , galileo , general assembly ) . 3 wins at 2 , \u00a3228 , 781 , \u20ac68 , 580 , hk $ 981 , 700 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , champagne s . , gr . 2 , york convivial 2yo s . , 2d newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 , ascot crocker bulteel 2yo s . , 3d deauville poule d ' essai des poulains , gr . 1 .\ndiamondsandrubies ( 12f , sadler ' s wells , darshaan ) . 3 wins from 9f to 11\u00bdf , \u00a346 , 804 , \u20ac162 , 790 , curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 1 , chester cheshire oaks , l , 3d navan salsabil s . , l , 4th the oaks , gr . 1 .\nqualify ( 12f , galileo , the minstrel ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - at 7f , 1\u00bdm , \u00a3255 , 195 , \u20ac74 , 060 , the oaks , gr . 1 , curragh park s . , gr . 3 , 3d leopardstown silver flash s . , gr . 3 .\nnechita ( 09f , peintre celebre , marscay ) . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1100m , 1200m , a $ 457 , 300 , vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 , atc silver shadow s . , gr . 3 , ambassador travel services 2yo p .\nirish lights ( 06f , hennessy , affirmed ) . 3 wins from 1100m to 1600m , a $ 492 , 950 , mrc thousand guineas , gr . 1 , thousand guineas prelude , gr . 3 , vrc sofitel girls day out h . , 2d mrc blue diamond preview ( f ) , l , 3d mrc angus armanasco s . , gr . 2 .\nwanted ( 06c , snippets , southern appeal ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1100m , 1200m , a $ 1 , 216 , 000 , vrc newmarket h . , gr . 1 , ajc kindergarten s . , gr . 3 , stc pet & animal show 2yo h . , 2d mvrc william reid s . , gr . 1 , vrc patinack classic , gr . 1 , lightning s . , gr . 1 , danehill s . , gr . 2 , 3d mrc schillaci s . , gr . 2 , ajc canonbury s . , l , 4th ajc tj smith s . , gr . 1 , mrc oakleigh p . , gr . 1 , mvrc manikato s . , gr . 1 .\nalbany reunion ( 09g , fusaichi pegasus , secreto ) . 5 wins from 1200m to 1600m , nz $ 222 , 900 , s $ 6 , 075 , arc easter h . , gr . 1 , whangarei rc spire sprint h . , arc shailer racing h . , lindauer h . , 2d arc mr tiz trophy , gr . 3 , the edge tv h . , whangarei rc carter bloodstock h . , arc the sound h . , 3d arc newmarket h . , l , 4th wrc telegraph h . , gr . 1 .\nage of fire ( 14c , galileo , soviet star ) . 3 wins at 1400m , 1600m in 2017 - 18 , nz $ 288 , 500 , wrc levin classic , gr . 1 , cjc inglewood stud guineas trial , arc shaws wires ropes h . , 2d new zealand two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , cjc shearings s . , 3d ashburton rc john grigg s . , gr . 3 , matamata rc proisir h .\nyour song ( 09c , fuji kiseki , mr . prospector ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1400m , a $ 447 , 180 , brc btc cup , gr . 1 , atc pluck at vinery 2yo h . , jdc flooring 2yo h . , 2d atc run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , 3d atc roman consul s . , gr . 2 , parramatta leagues club h .\nintricately ( 14f , galileo , be my guest ) . 2 wins at 2 , \u20ac242 , 893 , us $ 345 , curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , 3d curragh debutante s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown silver flash s . , gr . 3 , 4th irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , leopardstown one thousand guineas trial , gr . 3 .\nninth legion ( 09g , xaar , khairpour ) . 8 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1550m , a $ 1 , 048 , 870 , atc villiers s . , gr . 2 , carrington s . , l , civic s . , l , ipswich tc eye liner s . , l , atc regupol equine safety surfaces 2yo h . , cellarbrations wadalba h . , flinders lane perfect fit p . , mrc le pine funerals h . , 2d atc apollo s . , gr . 2 , ajax s . , gr . 2 , phar lap s . , gr . 2 , gctc prime minister ' s cup , l , hawkesbury rc ladies day cup , l , bendigo guineas , brc buffering h . , 3d atc theo marks s . , gr . 2 - twice , shannon s . , gr . 2 , liverpool city cup , gr . 3 , winter s . , l , 4th atc epsom h . , gr . 1 , golden rose s . , gr . 1 , mrc toorak h . , gr . 1 , atc san domenico s . , gr . 3 , run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , mrc sandown s . , gr . 3 , brc lough neagh s . , l .\none foot in heaven ( 12r , peintre celebre , alleged ) . 6 wins from 1900m to 2400m , \u00a321 , 500 , \u20ac282 , 200 , a $ 2 , 250 , hk $ 1 , 650 , 000 , grand prix de chantilly , gr . 2 , chantilly prix du conseil de paris , gr . 2 , saint - cloud prix d ' hedouville , gr . 3 , maisons - laffitte prix lord seymour , l , deauville prix de villepelee , 2d newmarket jockey club s . , gr . 2 , la coupe de maisons - laffitte , gr . 3 , 3d hkjc longines hong kong vase , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du conseil de paris , gr . 2 , 4th chantilly prix foy , gr . 2 .\nformality ( 14f , jolie ' s halo , danzig ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1200m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 885 , 700 , atc silver shadow s . , gr . 2 , nsw tatt ' s rc furious s . , gr . 2 , mrc blue sapphire s . , gr . 3 , chairman ' s s . , gr . 3 , 2d atc percy sykes s . , gr . 2 , 3d mrc blue diamond s . , gr . 1 , vrc coolmore stud s . , gr . 1 .\nsomehow ( 13f , sadler ' s wells , shirley heights ) . joint champion older female miler in ireland in 2017 . 5 wins from 9f to 11\u00bdf to 2017 , \u00a3129 , 285 , \u20ac175 , 155 , newmarket dahlia s . , gr . 2 , curragh dance design s . , gr . 3 , chester cheshire oaks , l , gowran park victor mccalmont memorial s . , l , leopardstown irish stallion farms fillies s . , 2d curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , cork give thanks s . , gr . 3 , naas park express s . , gr . 3 , 3d leopardstown tote pick6 2yo s . , 4th the oaks , gr . 1 , newbury lockinge s . , gr . 1 .\ndeploy ( 12g , red ransom , strawberry road ) . 8 wins to 1400m to 2017 - 18 , a $ 775 , 235 , atc theo marks s . , gr . 2 , brc moreton cup , gr . 2 , atc show county h . , gr . 3 , liberty international underwriters h . , it ' s on in sydney h . , urltoken h . - twice , 2d scone rc ortensia s . , l , atc schweppes quality h . , bowermans office furniture p . , urltoken h . , floratine h . , 3d atc tab rewards h . , 4th qld tatt ' s rc wj healy s . , gr . 3 .\nlumosty ( 11f , bachelor duke , indian ridge ) . 5 wins from 1000m to 1600m , a $ 492 , 100 , moonee valley fillies classic , gr . 2 , mrc caulfield sprint h . , gr . 2 , vrc straight six h . , l , all victorian sprint series heat h . , 2d mrc blue diamond preview ( f ) , l , vrc cap d ' antibes s . , l , 3d qld tatt ' s rc tattersall ' s tiara , gr . 1 , mrc blue diamond prelude ( f ) , gr . 3 .\nturret rocks ( 13f , galileo , nashwan ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bcm to 2018 , \u00a366 , 027 , \u20ac220 , 825 , doncaster may hill s . , gr . 2 , curragh blue wind s . , gr . 3 , gowran park victor mccalmont memorial s . , l , 2d longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 , 3d curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 1 , ridgewood pearl s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown silver flash s . , gr . 3 , 4th irish oaks , gr . 1 , curragh debutante s . , gr . 2 , kilboy estate s . , gr . 2 , york middleton s . , gr . 2 .\nsmart missile ( 08c , comic strip , fappiano ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1000m , 1200m , a $ 541 , 150 , atc todman s . , gr . 2 , run to the rose h . , gr . 3 , ajc breeders ' p . , l , 2d atc golden rose s . , gr . 1 .\npetrology ( 11g , irish river , tap on wood ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1200m to 1800m to 2016 - 17 , a $ 665 , 150 , mrc sandown guineas , gr . 2 , vrc tcl s . , l , mrc tile importer city timber h . , mvrc travis harrison cup , mrc ( mornington ) a positive move h . , 2d mrc manfred s . , gr . 3 , redoute ' s choice s . , l , vrc winter championship final h . , l , mrc ladbrokes h . , mindy green 2yo p . , 3d mrc toorak h . , gr . 1 , bletchingly s . , gr . 3 , sajc cs hayes memorial cup , l , mrc ladbrokes h . , mvrc craig opie cup , pakenham rc david bourke memorial h . , vrc antler luggage h . , 4th murray bridge gold cup , l ."]}
{"id": 2049, "summary": [{"text": "caloptilia alchimiella ( commonly known as yellow-triangle slender ) is a moth of the gracillariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe and the near east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 13 millimetres ( 0.39 \u2013 0.51 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the moth flies from may to july depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on quercus species , castanea sativa and fagus sylvatica . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "caloptilia alchimiella", "paragraphs": ["phalaena alchimiella scopoli , 1763 . ent . carn . : no . 661 . caloptilia alchimiella ( scopoli , 1763 ) .\ncaloptilia alchimiella ( yellow - triangle slender ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nnotes : early mine a narrow gallery leading to a squarish or triangular blotch ( as shown ) . then forms up to three successive cones by folding the lobe of a leaf downwards ( a cone is shown ) . this species cannot be told from caloptilia robustella without breeding or examining the pupae\nnotes : common in oak woodland and areas with scattered trees throughout much of the british isles . in hampshire and on the isle of wight reasonably well - distributed , but perhaps still under - recorded . wingspan 10 - 13 mm . easily confused with c . robustella , from which it can only safely be separated by dissection of the genitalia ; both feed on oak , but c . alchimiella is probably univoltine with a protracted emergence period , while c . robustella is bivoltine . the adult rests by day on trunks , flies in the evening and comes sparingly to light ; more frequently recorded in the larval stage , when mines are relatively easy to find where they are present . larva mines leaves of oak , subsequently living within a leaf - fold , over - wintering as a pupa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnarrow gallery leading to a squarish or triangular blotch . then forms up to three successive cones by folding the lobe of a leaf downwards .\nnote : you cannot separate these from c . robustella unless you examine the pupa or breed out .\nrecorded in 15 ( 22 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\n) . when hatched , the larva at first mines the leaves in a gallery leading to a blotch . subsequently the larva forms a succession of cones ( usually three ) by folding the tips of the leaves , and feeding within .\nthe flight period is from may to july , and the moths can sometimes be attracted to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 25 10 : 25 : 38 page render time : 0 . 3334s total w / procache : 0 . 3850s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe larva at first mines the leaves in a gallery leading to a blotch . subsequently the larva forms a succession of cones ( usually three ) by folding the tips of the leaves , and feeding withinthem ( ukmoths ) .\nat first a narrow lower - surface epidermal gallery , regularly intersecting itself . in the next stage the mine becomes full depth . it remains a small mine , either rectangular , or , more frequently , a triangle in a vein axil , with frass along the sides . after a while the mine is vacated and the larva continues in a leaf roll . pupation in a white cocoon . neither in the mine nor in the larva a difference is known with c . robustella . moreover a temporal overlap exists between the single larval generation of c . alchmiella , and the second larval generation of robustella . only the pupae and adults enable a reliable identification ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nsee patocka and turc\u00e1ni ( 2005a ) , patocka and zach ( 1995a ) for differences from robustella in the pupa ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : britain including chester ( congleton ) , london ( putney heath ) ( ukmoths ) ; bedfordshire , buckinghamshire , caernarvonshire , cambridgeshire , cheshire , denbighshire , derbyshire , east cornwall , east kent , east norfolk , east suffolk , flintshire , glamorgan , herefordshire , hertfordshire , merionethshire , middlesex , north aberdeenshire , north devon , north ebudes , north essex , north hampshire , north somerset , north wiltshire , north - east yorkshire , shropshire , south aberdeenshire , south devon , south lancashire , south wiltshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , warwickshire , west cornwall , west gloucestershire , west kent , west norfolk , west suffolk , west sussex , westmorland and worcestershire ( nbn atlas ) , the channel is . ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nalso recorded in the republic of ireland and northern ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) . see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including albania , austria , belarus , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , finland , french mainland , germany , greek mainland , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , norwegian mainland , poland , portuguese mainland , romania , russia - central , northwest and south , slovakia , spanish mainland , sweden , switzerland , ukraine and yugoslavia ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nthe larvae feed on quercus , when young , in a gallery at the underside of a leaf , later in 2 or 3 successive cones , rolled down at the top of a lobe . pupation under a greenish membrane on the underside of a leaf . the pupa hibernates .\nthe adults fly from late april till mid august . they rest on tree trunks and come to light .\nbelgium , limburg , kinrooi , 30 april 2004 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 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2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndata : 16 . viii . 2012 , hardcastle crags , calderdale , w . yorkshire , vc 63"]}
{"id": 2051, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow-sided flowerpecker ( dicaeum aureolimbatum ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to sulawesi and adjacent islands in indonesia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "yellow - sided flowerpecker", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 2 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 3 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > male 4 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > male 5 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 6 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 7 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 8 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 9 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > juvenile 10 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 11 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 12 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult feeding 13 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 14 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 15 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult feeding 16 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 17 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > juvenile 18 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > juvenile 19 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 20 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 21 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 22 . yellow - sided flowerpecker 23 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 24 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult 25 . yellow - sided flowerpecker > > adult\ncheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . yellow - sided flowerpecker ( dicaeum aureolimbatum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common up to 2 , 000 m ( cheke et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dicaeum aureolimbatum . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\n( wallace , 1865 ) \u2013 sulawesi and adjacent islands ( including bangka , lembeh , togian is , kabaena , muna , butung ) .\n8\u00b75 cm . nominate race is bright olive - green above , duller on crown , brighter green on rump , with upperwing and tail blackish - brown ; auriculars blackish - grey , cheek . . .\noccurs in primary forest and tall secondary forest ; also found at forest edge , in woodland , . . .\nactive nests togian is in jun and aug , and fledglings in nov ; immatures late aug to early sept on sangihe . nest pear - shaped , mainly of . . .\nnot globally threatened . widespread and common in sulawesi , including on kabaena ; rare on siumpu ( off sw butung ) . race\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nan individual perched on a branch , eating a berry , rubbing the bill and flying off .\na bird foraging in a tree looking for berrys ( another bird is joining ) .\njosep del hoyo , bashari , opwall indonesia , mehdhalaouate , paul van giersbergen , david beadle , apatandung .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 539 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspecies endemic to indonesia ( buton , great sangihe , muna and sulawesi ) ."]}
{"id": 2052, "summary": [{"text": "the chacoan gracile opossum ( cryptonanus chacoensis ) is a species of opossum in the family didelphidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is native to argentina , brazil and paraguay .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its habitat is seasonally flooded grasslands and forests in and near the gran chaco . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "chacoan gracile opossum", "paragraphs": ["\u2014 northern gracile opossum [ 1 ] conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ \u2026\n\u2014 agricola s gracile opossum [ 1 ] conservation status data deficient ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 2 \u2026\nthis opossum is mostly arboreal , but it may forage on the ground for food .\n\u2014 chestnut striped opossum [ 1 ] conservation status data deficient ( iucn 3 . 1 ) \u2026\n\u2014 maraj\u00f3 short tailed opossum [ 1 ] conservation status data deficient ( iucn 3 . 1 ) \u2026\n\u2014 neblina slender opossum [ 1 ] conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ \u2026\nthis mouse opossum does not have a pouch . it is reddish or grayish brown in color with a cream - colored belly and a dark eye ring . it is up to 13 . 5 centimeters long , not including its slender , scaly tail , which may be over 15 centimeters long .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nin the original description was named marmosa agilis chacoensis tate , 1931 . a new name combination and synonymy , marmosa ( thylamys ) agilis agilis , was proposed by cabrera , 1958 . gardner and creighton , 1989 gave a new name combination , gracilinanus agilis . voss et al . ( 2005 ) described a new genus , cryptonanus , and transferred gracilinanus agilis to this new genus , and renamed the taxon as c . chacoensis .\ncarmignotto , a . p . , de la sancha , n . & flores , d .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern because of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , tolerance to some degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthe species occurs in northern argentina , southern bolivia ( tarija ) , paraguay , and in brazilian states of mato grosso , mato grosso do sul , and rio grande do sul ( voss et al . 2005 , ast\u00faa 2015 ) . martinelli et al . ( 2011 ) reported this species for minas gerais , brazil , extending its distribution c . 800 km e of previous records . the species could occur in uruguay but has not yet been properly documented .\nit inhabits seasonally flooded forests and grasslands , but it has also been captured in open habitats , forest fragments , gallery forests in argentina , and plantations . the species seems to be adaptable to disturbed habitats , and it may be expanding in range with deforestation in the atlantic forest of paraguay , although there is no data to substantiate this ( de la sancha in litt . 2006 ) . it is found from 50 - 1 , 800 m ( voss et al . 2005 ) .\nthere are not currently any major threats to the species ( de la sancha in litt . 2006 ) .\nit is known from at least two protected areas in brazil and from at least multiple protected areas in paraguay .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nthis species is known only from around six localities in southeastern peru through northwest bolivia . the localities include the type locality the aceramarca river ( tributary of the unduavi river in yungas ) in la paz , bolivia ( gardner , 2005 ) . it has an altitudinal range of 2 , 600 to 3 , 290 m ( salazar et al . , 2002 ) .\nthis species inhabits tropical forests ( elfin forest ) . it is likely that g . aceramarcae is arboreal , although it may forage for fruit , insects and other small invertebrates on the forest floor . there are no records outside of forest .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\nthis species is list as least concern , although it is poorly known , the species range is not under enough threat to qualify for a higher category , a large presumed global population , and is found in protected areas .\nthere is very little known about threats , although deforestation rates in the species range are not currently suspected to be high .\ngardner , a . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m , eds . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 6 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\npatterson , b . & solari s . 2008 . gracilinanus aceramarcae . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 3 . downloaded on 30 march 2015 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nvoss , r . s . ; lunde , d . p . ; jansa ; s . a . ( 2005 ) .\non the contents of gracilinanus gardner & creighton , 1989 , with the description of a previously unrecognized clade of small didelphid marsupials\n. american museum novitates 3482 : 1\u201334 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 0003 - 0082 ( 2005 ) 482 [ 0001 : otcogg ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . hdl : 2246 / 5673 .\n^ a b pires costa , a . & patterson , b . ( 2008 ) . cryptonanus chacoensis . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 20 march 2009 .\n. in wilson , don e . , and reeder , deeann m . , eds .\ntate , g . h . h . ( 1931 ) .\nbrief diagnoses of twenty - six apparently new forms of marmosa ( marsupialia ) from south america\n. american museum novitates 493 : 1\u201314 . hdl : 2246 / 3835 .\n\u2014 conservation status data deficient ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 1 ] \u2026\n\u2014 for the eastern hemisphere marsupial , see possum . didelphimorphia [ 1 ] temporal range : late cretaceous\u2013recent \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 2055, "summary": [{"text": "urodeta cuspidis is a moth of the elachistidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 5.6-6.1 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the thorax , tegula and forewing are strongly mottled with scales which are white basally and brown distally .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded in early may . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "urodeta cuspidis", "paragraphs": ["urodeta cuspidis prins & sruoga , 2012 , sp . n . - plazi treatmentbank\nurodeta cuspidis sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b025 ' n 012\u00b047 ' e , 275m\nfigures 61 \u2013 63 . urodeta cuspidis , sp . n . , male genitalia . 61 , ventral view ; 62 , lateral view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005286 ; 63 , juxta region , dorsal view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5284 . in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal .\nfigures 56 \u2013 60 . urodeta cuspidis , sp . n . 56 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 57 , head , latero - frontal view . holotype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005283 ; 58 , general view of male genitalia . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 612 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005283 ; 59 , phallus ( arrow pointing to apex of juxta lobe ) ; 60 , basal part of phallus . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 614 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 . . .\nurodela [ = urodeta ] stainton , 1869 ; tineina south . europe : 226 ; ts : urodela [ sic ] cisticolella stainton\ntype species : urodeta cisticolella stainton , 1869 [ = u . hibernella staudinger , 1859 ] . the tineina of southern europe : 226 . by monotypy .\nurodeta absidata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta aculeata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b025 ' n 012\u00b047 ' e , 275m\nurodeta crenata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 7 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 275m , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b040 ' e\nurodeta falciferella ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 54 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta faro sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta gnoma ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta maculata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta quadrifida sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1000m , tswaing crater reserve , 26\u00b028 ' s 23\u00b046 ' e\nurodeta taeniata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 56 ; [ afromoths ]\nurodeta tortuosa sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 10 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08\u00b023 ' n 012\u00b049 ' e , 275m\nurodeta trilobata sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 51 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25\u00b024 ' s 28\u00b005 ' e\nurodeta acinacella sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 , 53 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25\u00b024 ' s 28\u00b005 ' e\nurodeta acerba sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 5 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nurodeta bucera sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 6 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nurodeta talea sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05\u00b027 ' s 13\u00b005 ' e , 320m\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2012 . a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species . - zootaxa : 1\u201322 .\nurodeta inusta kaila , 2011 ; monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : western australia , 163km se by e broome , 18\u00b049 ' s 123\u00b017 ' e\nprins , jurate de & sruoga , virginijus , 2012 , a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species , zootaxa 3488 , pp . 41 - 62 : 54\nfigures 75 \u2013 76 . urodeta talea , sp . n . , male genitalia . 75 , lateral view ; 76 , juxta and phallus . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 620 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5269 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 54 \u2013 55 . urodeta crenata , sp . n . , male genitalia . 54 , ventral view of valvae . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005276 ; 55 , lateral view . holotype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5272 . in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal .\nfigures 87 \u2013 88 . urodeta tortuosa , sp . n . , female genitalia , holotype . 87 , caudal part ; 88 , colliculum region ( arrow pointing to spines in colliculum ) . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 624 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5288 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 72 \u2013 74 . urodeta talea , sp . n . , holotype . 72 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 73 , head , frontal view ; 74 , general view of male genitalia . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 616 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 4118 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 83 \u2013 86 . urodeta tortuosa , sp . n . , holotype . 83 , adult female . scale bar 1 mm ; 84 , head , frontal view ; 85 , caudal part of female genitalia ; 86 , ductus and corpus bursae . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 624 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5288 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 64 \u2013 67 . urodeta faro , sp . n . , holotype . 64 , adult female . scale bar 1 mm ; 65 , head , frontal view ; 66 , caudal part of female genitalia ; 67 , ductus and corpus bursae . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 622 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5282 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 50 \u2013 53 . urodeta crenata , sp . n . , holotype . 50 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 51 , head , frontal view ; 52 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 53 , phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 610 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5272 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 33 \u2013 36 . urodeta aculeata , sp . n . , holotype . 33 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 34 , head , latero - frontal view ; 35 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 36 , phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 601 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5275 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 68 \u2013 71 . urodeta faro , sp . n . , female genitalia . 68 , caudal part , enlarged ; 69 , colliculum ; 70 , ductus bursae . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 622 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005282 ; 71 , corpus bursae . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 623 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5287 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 19 \u2013 22 . urodeta absidata , sp . n . 19 , male genitalia , ventral view ; 20 , male genitalia , lateral view . holotype , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal . specimen id : rmca ent 000005274 ; 21 , female genitalia , caudal part ; 22 , ductus and corpus bursae . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 595 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5931 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 29 \u2013 32 . urodeta acerba , sp . n . , female genitalia . 29 , caudal part ; 30 , ductus and corpus bursae ; 31 , caudal part , enlarged . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 598 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5280 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm ; 32 , corpus bursae , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5289 .\nfigures 13 \u2013 18 . urodeta absidata , sp . n . , holotype . 13 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 14 , head , frontal view ; 15 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 16 , phallus ; 17 , apical part of male genitalia ( arrow pointing to cusp - shaped spine ) ; 18 , apical part of phallus . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 594 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5274 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm .\nfigures 23 \u2013 28 . urodeta acerba , sp . n . 23 , adult male ; 24 , head , frontal view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 4120 . scale bar 1 mm ; 25 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 26 , phallus . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 596 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005278 ; 27 , male genitalia , lateral view , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal ; 28 , apical part of phallus ( arrow pointing to apex . . .\nfigures 37 \u2013 41 . urodeta bucera , sp . n . 37 , adult male . scale bar 1 mm ; 38 , head , frontal view . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000004119 ; 39 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 40 , phallus . holotype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 602 , specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 4125 . scale bar 0 . 1 mm ; 41 , male genitalia , lateral view , in glycerol before permanent mounting in euparal . paratype . specimen id : rmca ent . . .\nfigures 77 \u2013 82 . urodeta talea , sp . n . , female genitalia . 77 , caudal part ; 78 , ductus and corpus bursae . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 619 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005266 ; 79 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 617 , specimen id : rmca ent 000004117 ; 80 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 618 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005259 ; 81 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 621 , . . .\nfigures 42 \u2013 49 . urodeta bucera , sp . n . , female genitalia . 42 , caudal part ; 43 , ductus and corpus bursae ; 44 , caudal part , enlarged ; 45 , ductus bursae with internal spines ; 46 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 606 , specimen id : rmca ent 000004123 ; 47 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 609 , specimen id : rmca ent 000004127 ; 48 , signum . paratype . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 607 , specimen id : rmca ent . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ south africa , gauteng ] , beynertspoort , pretoria , i and xii , leg . a . j . t . janse .\nmeyrick e . 1911b . descriptions of transvaal micro - lepidoptera ii . - annals of the transvaal museum 2 ( 4 ) : 218\u2013240 .\nlarva on cistus monspeliensis [ me5 ] , 195 , cistus salviaefolius , c . ladaniferus , c . x _ ledon de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55\nphthinostoma maculata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : namibia , waterberg national park\nphthinostoma taeniata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 22 ; tl : namibia , otavi mts . , varianto farm\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nstaudinger , 1859 diagnosen nebst kurzen beschreibungen neuer andalusischer lepidopteren stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 211 - 259\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nstainton h . t . 1869 . the tineina of southern europe . - \u2014 : i ~ viii , 1\u2013370 .\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2011 . new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo . - zootaxa 3008 : 1\u201332 .\nsruoga v . & de prins j . 2009 . the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species . - zootaxa 2172 : 1\u201331 .\nmey w . 2007b . microlepidoptera : smaller families . \u2013 in mey , w . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . part 2 . - esperiana memoir 4 : 9\u201330 .\n, sp . n . \u201d\u2014 sruoga , v . & de prins , j . 2011 . zootaxa 3008 : 8\u20139 , figs 1 , 3 , 4 , 56\u201363 . type locality : cameroon , north province ,\nriver camp , 08\u00b0 25 ' n 012\u00b0 47 ' e , 275 m . type specimens : holotype 3 , 04 . v . 2005 , leg . j . & w . de prins ; genitalia slide mrac\n; paratypes 33 , same locality data as holotype , 01 . v . 2005 , 04 . v . 2005 , 09 . v . 2005 , leg . j . & w . de prins ; genitalia slides mrac\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nsruoga , virginijus , prins , jurate de ( 2011 ) : new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo . zootaxa 3008 : 1 - 32 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 278510\nfigures 6 \u2013 12 . elachista cordata sp . n . 6 , holotype . specimen id : rmca ent 0 0 0 0 0 5253 . scale bar 1 mm ; 7 , head , latero - frontal view , male , paratype . specimen id : rmca ent 000005254 ; 8 , general view of male genitalia ( phallus removed ) ; 9 , phallus ; 10 , juxta region ; 11 , apical part of phallus . holotype . scale bar 0 . 1 mm . gen . prep . mrac / kmma 0 0 592 , specimen id : rmca ent 000005253 ; 12 , gnathos , in glycerol . . .\nfigures 1 \u2013 5 . collecting localities of the afrotropical elachistinae species . 1 , cameroon , north province , faro river floodplain ; 2 , drc , bas - congo , mayumbe forest ; 3 , general map indicating collecting sites ; 4 , collecting site in cameroon ; 5 , collecting site in drc .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2059, "summary": [{"text": "clubiona rosserae , or rosser 's sac spider , is a rare species of sac spider native to wetlands of great britain .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "though once feared to be extinct , a colony was discovered in 2010 at chippenham fen in cambridgeshire .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it can also be found at the cavenham-icklingham heaths site of special scientific interest ( sssi ) in north suffolk . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "clubiona rosserae", "paragraphs": ["there you are ! a rosser ' s sac spider ( clubiona rosserae ) seen for the first time in 10 years .\nrosser ' s sac - spider ( clubiona rosserae ) has historically been known from only 2 sites in the uk , both in the cambridgeshire fens . however its current population size in the uk is unknown . it is listed as a priority species by the uk biodiversity action plan , and conservation action is ongoing .\nrosser ' s sac spiders ( clubiona rosserae ) are elusive critters . they have been spotted in only two places in britain since their discovery in the 1950s . before the new sighting in september , and the colony discovery in mid - october , these spiders have been overlooked since 2000 . the first photographs of live rosser ' s sac spiders , both a male with large palps a pair of short limbs in front of the legs , used during sexual intercourse in adult spiders and a female , were taken by peter harvey , who took part in the second survey .\na spider that was feared extinct in the uk has been photographed for the first time after a new colony of the species was found .\nthe rosser ' s sac spider , which had not been seen for 10 years , has been discovered at chippenham fen in cambridgeshire .\nit makes its home in wetland areas and had been found only once before , at lakenheath fen in suffolk .\nfears were growing that the spider had died out due to loss of habitat .\nthe light brown spider was first discovered in the 1950s , but the draining of the fens and changing farming practices since the world war ii had put it under threat .\nspider enthusiast ian dawson spotted a rosser ' s sac spider in september at the cambridgeshire site , and a further search in october revealed 10 spiders .\nhe said :\ni was extremely surprised to find the first one and then when we went back a month later it was great to find more of them .\nif we ' ve managed to find 10 of them , i think there must be quite a sizeable population of rosser ' s at that particular site .\nthe first photographs of live rosser ' s sac spiders were taken by peter harvey , who took part in the second survey .\nmatt shardlow , chief executive of insect conservation charity buglife said :\nthis spider is globally endangered .\nit ' s fantastic that it ' s still creeping around in the british countryside and we ' re ecstatic that people can now see what it looks like for the first time in history .\nif we want future generations to be able to see the live animal , we will need to take great care of the tiny remaining fragments of wild wetlands in this country and reinstate large areas of lost fen .\nmike taylor , of natural england , which manages the chippenham fen reserve , said :\nrosser ' s sac spiders spend their days hidden in tubular silken retreats , often in a folded leaf , a bit like a sleeping bag .\nit ' s a member of the clubionid family of spiders who like to hunt their prey rather than catch them in a web .\nthe foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may\nneedless self - doubt\nis leading to\nsemi - brexit\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nlogged - on ? click on dot to query records . please note our terms of use . double - click on map to go to region\nonly known from two sites in britain : chippenham fen , cambridgeshire - the type locality - where it has been recorded on a number of occasions since it was first found there in 1951 ; and a single female found in a water trap at botany bay , lakenheath fen rspb reserve , suffolk in april 2000 . the record from tuddenham fen , west suffolk mapped in the provisional atlas is now known to be erroneous . in europe it is recorded from only a few countries , including the netherlands and poland .\nconfined to fens where it is found among cut sedge and reeds and in sedge tussocks . adults have been collected in every month between february and october , except march and august , suggesting an extended period of adult activity .\nuk biodiversity action plan priority species . known from two sites , one the type locality , where it has been recorded on a number of occasions , and at the other just one specimen has been found . the population at chippenham fen appears to be established but dedicated survey work between 2002 and 2005 failed to refind it there or at lakenheath fen\nchippenham fen is a national nature reserve , and lakenheath fen an rspb reserve . in its principal site at chippenham fen , water abstraction in the surrounding area is thought to have reduced water levels in the fen .\nmanagement at chippenham fen is aimed at maintaining a high ground water table and preventing carr woodland encroaching on open sedge beds by a regime of annual mowing and grazing . grazing has also been reintroduced to botany bay by the rspb , and water levels are controlled to keep the site wet . further survey work is needed to establish the continued presence of this species at these two sites , and to discover new sites , and then to carry out research on its ecology to enable best management practice to benefit the species .\ntext based on dawson , i . k . , harvey , p . r . , merrett , p . & russell - smith , a . r . ( in prep . ) .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\na rare wetland spider missing in action for 10 years and feared extinct is back .\nan entire colony of the fuzzy brown spiders , called rosser ' s sac spiders , was uncovered in chippenham fen , a nature reserve in cambridgeshire , england . the discovery was announced by the conservation group buglife .\ni was extremely surprised to find the first one and then when we went back a month later it was great to find more of them ,\nsaid ian dawson , who spotted the camera - shy spider .\nif we ' ve managed to find 10 of them , i think there must be quite a sizeable population of rosser ' s at that particular site .\nfinding these spiders is usually easy just look for the spider in the leaf sleeping bag .\nrosser ' s sac spiders spend their days hidden in tubular silken retreats , often in a folded leaf , a bit like a sleeping bag ,\nsaid mike taylor of natural england , which manages the chippenham reserve .\nit ' s a member of the clubionid family of spiders who like to hunt their prey rather than catch them in a web . we were delighted that they have been spotted recently .\nthe rosser ' s sac spider prefers wetland areas , but its homelands have been disappearing over the years .\nthis spider is globally endangered ,\nsaid matt shardlow , chief executive of buglife .\nit ' s fantastic that it ' s still creeping around in the british countryside and we ' re ecstatic that people can now see what it looks like for the first time in history .\nfor the science geek in everyone , live science offers a fascinating window into the natural and technological world , delivering comprehensive and compelling news and analysis on everything from dinosaur discoveries , archaeological finds and amazing animals to health , innovation and wearable technology . we aim to empower and inspire our readers with the tools needed to understand the world and appreciate its everyday awe .\nelon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlong list of key species from the 1995 steering group report . inclusive of all species on middle and short lists . no longer in use .\ntaxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .\nspecies \u201cof principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity\u201d covered under section 41 ( england ) of the nerc act ( 2006 ) and therefore need to be taken into consideration by a public body when performing any of its functions with a view to conserving biodiversity .\nthe uk list of priority species and habitats contains 1150 species and 65 habitats that have been listed as priorities for conservation action under the uk biodiversity action plan ( uk bap ) .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\nthis project will help to conserve one of the uk ' s rarest and most elusive spiders , known from only two sites in the cambridgeshire fens .\nproject aims to secure rosser ' s sac - spider from extinction in east anglia and the uk , and improve the management of fenland habitats for spiders in general .\nwhat is buglife doing ? buglife is chairing the steering group and managing the field worker who is studying rosser ' s sac - spider and surveying current and potential sites . anglian water is sponsoring the work on the spider . english nature is providing additional financial support and is planning to support a university of east anglia phd student who will study spider ecology . the british arachnological society is providing volunteer specialists and spider expertise .\nat the end of the project we should know exactly where the spider occurs in england , its ecological requirements and whether more action is required to prevent the species becoming extinct in the uk . in addition , we will learn more about fenland management for spiders and this will be made available to landowners .\nin september 2010 ian dawson of the british arachnological society found a female in a pile of cut vegetation very close to where the species was seen in the early 1990s . this is the first record from the uk for 10 years and the first record from chippenham fen for 14 years . a buglife survey of lakenheath fen rspb reserve this year failed to relocate that population ."]}
{"id": 2061, "summary": [{"text": "proserpinus vega ( vega sphinx moth ) is a moth of the family sphingidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from southern arizona , new mexico and texas south into mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 61 \u2013 67 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewing upperside is similar to proserpinus terlooii but with an additional dark green basal band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwing upperside is as in proserpinus juanita .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is one generation per year with adults on wing in august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults fly during the afternoon , nectaring from flowers .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on onagraceae species , including oenothera , gaura and epilobium species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "proserpinus vega", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for proserpinus vega yet . learn how to contribute .\nproserpinus vega , male , underside . united states , new mexico , 20 mi . s of mountainair\nproserpinus vega , male , upperside . united states , new mexico , 20 mi . s of mountainair\nproserpinus vega , female , underside . united states , texas , davis mountains , nr . fort davis\nevidence of repeated and independent saltational evolution in a peculiar genus of sphinx moths ( proserpinus . sphingidae ) .\nfamily : sphingidae , latreille , 1802 subfamily : macroglossinae , harris , 1839 tribe : macroglossini , harris , 1839 genus : proserpinus hubner , [ 1819 ] . . . . . . . . . . . species : vega dyar , 1903\nadditional notes on proserpinus clarkia and arctonotus lucidus ( sphingidae ) life histories from the pacific coast of n . america\ntransferred to arctonotus by draudt , 1931 , in seitz ( ed . ) , die gross - schmett . erde 6 : 886 ; then to proserpinus by hodges , 1971 , in dominick et al . , moths amer . n . of mexico 21 : 138 ( key ) , 141 .\n( wing span : 2 3 / 8 - 2 5 / 8 inches ( 6 . 1 - 6 . 7 cm ) ) , flies in arizona , new mexico , and texas south into mexico .\nthe upperside of the forewing is green - gray with darker green at the base , median area , and tip . the upperside of the hindwing is red - orange with a black outer margin and a tan patch on the inner margin .\nadults fly as a single brood in august . adults fly during the afternoon , nectaring from flowers .\nfemales call in the males with a pheromone released from a gland at the tip of the abdomen .\neggs hatch about 10 days after the female deposits them on the host plant , and the newly - hatched caterpillars eat their eggshells .\nforewing upperside is green - gray with darker green at the base , median area , and tip . hindwing upperside is red - orange with a black outer margin and a tan patch on the inner margin .\npopulation status , ecological requirements , and conservation needs , if any , should be determined .\ng2 - imperiled globally because of rarity ( 6 to 20 occurrences ) , or because of other factors demonstrably making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its range . ( endangered throughout its range ) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhodges , r . w . , 1971 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 21 : p . 141 ; pl . 13 . 7 . order\ntuttle , j . p . , 2007 . hawk moths of north america : p . 191 ; pl . 3 . 19 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 15 november , 2013 - 9 : 23am\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 23 february , 2013 - 4 : 21pm\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 10 february , 2011 - 12 : 34am\nthe hawk moths of north america , a natural history study of the sphingidae of the united states and canada .\nthis book is not out yet but pre - orders are being taken now . pre - orders here : urltoken\nbombycine moths of america north of mexico , including their transformations and origin of the larval markings and armature .\npackard , a . s . , 1895 . bombycine moths of america north of mexico , including their transformations and origin of the larval markings and armature . memoirs of the national academy of sciences 7 : 5 - 390 .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2018 - 10 : 34pm\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nfj001516 genomic dna translation : aci23302 . 1 fj001517 genomic dna translation : aci23303 . 1\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 2062, "summary": [{"text": "gemmula kieneri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family turridae , the turrids .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its mineralized tissue is made up of calcium carbonate .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "one may find it in a water depth of 50m ( min ) to 346m ( max ) . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "gemmula kieneri", "paragraphs": ["> sp | p0c848 | c91 _ gemki turripeptide gkn9 . 1 os = gemmula kieneri ox = 535937 pe = 2 sv = 1 mmaklmitvmmvlllslqqgadgrskrwrknqmaassimrnlitargvpprfcrdkncne dsecnqwctggcssvkgnces\nspecimen count 1 chamberlain coll . ; turris granosa ; gemmula granosa ; h . c . fulton record last modified 11 jan 2016 nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept . common name gastropods taxonomy animalia mollusca gastropoda turridae preparation dry see more items in inventory invertebrate zoology place ; ; japan ; ; kii , japan other numbers sort order : ar - r20 - c063 - 217 usnm number 444072 published name gemmula kieneri ( doumet , 1840 )\nli , baoquan & li , xinzheng , 2008 , report on the turrid genera gemmula , lophiotoma and ptychosyrinx ( gastropoda : turridae : turrinae ) from the china seas , zootaxa 1778 , pp . 1 - 25 : 9 - 10\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the position and length of an active peptide in the mature protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / peptide ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section specifies the position and type of each modified residue excluding < a href =\nurltoken\n> lipids < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> glycans < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> protein cross - links < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / mod _ res ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the ptm / processing\n: / help / ptm _ processing _ section section describes the positions of cysteine residues participating in disulfide bonds . < p > < a href = ' / help / disulfid ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . < p > < a href = ' / help / expression _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018expression\u2019 section provides information on the expression of a gene at the mrna or protein level in cells or in tissues of multicellular organisms . by default , the information is derived from experiments at the mrna level , unless specified \u2018at protein level\u2019 . < br > < / br > examples : < a href =\nurltoken\n> p92958 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> q8tdn4 < / a > , < a href =\nurltoken\n> o14734 < / a > < p > < a href = ' / help / tissue _ specificity ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides general information on the biological role of a domain . the term \u2018domain\u2019 is intended here in its wide acceptation , it may be a structural domain , a transmembrane region or a functional domain . several domains are described in this subsection . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain _ cc ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nthe cysteine framework is ix ( c - c - c - c - c - c ) .\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is in its mature form or if it represents the precursor . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ processing ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section contains any relevant information that doesn\u2019t fit in any other defined sections < p > < a href = ' / help / miscellaneous _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ndistribution . east and south china seas , nansha islands ; japan , philippines . common in south china sea .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nin : okutani , t . ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan . tokai university press , tokyo , 619 - 667 ( in japanese ) .\noccurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )"]}
{"id": 2064, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia tshimganica is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in afghanistan , uzbekistan and tajikistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are pale yellowish or yellow-grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia tshimganica", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for tshimganica definition . you find here tshimganica meaning , synonyms of tshimganica and images for tshimganica copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\neupithecia absinthiata clerck , 1759 = eupithecia coagulata guen\u00e9e in boisduval and guen\u00e9e , 1858 .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word tshimganica . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word tshimganica and , of course , tshimganica synonyms and on the right images related to the word tshimganica .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nfauna pyadenits gor srednei azii [ geometridae fauna of the central asian mountains . ]"]}
{"id": 2067, "summary": [{"text": "tridacna squamosa , known commonly as the fluted giant clam and scaly clam , is one of a number of large clam species native to the shallow coral reefs of the south pacific and indian oceans .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is distinguished by the large , leaf-like fluted edges on its shell called ' scutes ' and a byssal opening that is small compared to those of other members of the family tridacnidae .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "normal coloration of the mantle ranges from browns and purples to greens and yellows arranged in elongated linear or spot-like patterns .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "tridacna squamosa grows to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) across .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "sessile in adulthood , the clam 's mantle tissues act as a habitat for the symbiotic single-celled dinoflagellate algae ( zooxanthellae ) from which it gets a major portion of its nutrition .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "by day , the clam spreads out its mantle tissue so that the algae receive the sunlight they need to photosynthesize . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "fluted giant clam", "paragraphs": ["fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) on sealife base : technical fact sheet .\nfluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) on the nparks flora and fauna website .\nmovement and aggregation in the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa l . ) - sciencedirect\na fluted giant clam , tridacna squamosa , at omahas henry doorly zoo and aquarium .\ntridacna squamosa ( veneroida : cardiidae ) fluted giant clam by tricia poh shi min , 2015 , on taxo4254 .\ntridacna squamosa ( veneroida : cardiidae ) fluted giant clam , tricia poh shi min , 2015 , on taxo4254 .\nprevious to this study it was thought that only one species of giant clam was found in the territory , tridacna squamosa ( fluted giant clam ) ,\nhe said .\nhis thesis is entitled\necological assessment of the fluted giant clam , tridacna squamosa , in the northern territory , australia\n.\nwhat is a giant clam ? stories of divers trapped by giant clams are legendary , but completely untrue . five of the seven species of giant clam are found in the waters of north western australia . they include the largest of all clams , the giant clam ( tridacna gigas ) , whose shell can grow up to 140 centimetres long and weigh up to 260 kilograms . the others are the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) , the burrowing or crocus clam ( tridacna crocea ) , the elongate giant clam ( tridacna maxima ) and , least like the others , the horse - hoof clam ( hippopus hippopus ) .\ncan artificial substrates enriched with crustose coralline algae enhance larval settlement and recruitment in the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) ? a study of singapore ' s fluted giant clams by mei lin neo , peter a . todd , serena lay - ming teo and loke ming chou on hydrobiologia , jun 2009 .\nalso known as bivalves , molluscs , clams , fluted clam , fluted giant clam seashell , scaly giant clam , scaly clam , scaled clam and squamosa clam . found on coral and rocky reefs and in lagoons . they feed on plankton . highly variable in colour . length 40cm depth 2 - 25m widespread indo - pacific most bivalves are permanently anchored in fissures or depressions in the rock surface of the reef , some may become covered in algae and other marine life . other bivalves swim free , either by a well developed foot or propelled along by a jet of water from their mantle cavity .\nthe fluted giant clam is usually firmly attached to a hard surface . sisters island , jan 04 the burrowing giant clam are often embedded inside corals . pulau hantu , mar 05 when submerged , the fleshy body expands like thick lips ! pulau hantu , feb 06 pulau semakau , mar 05\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa )\ntitle =\narkive species - fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nafter traditional owners expressed concerns the fluted giant clam was on the brink of extinction , charles darwin university phd graduate , shane penny , began his search to find out more about these colourful giants .\ndr penny said his research raised some interesting questions about the genetics of the fluted giant clam in the northern territory waters , which he found to be genetically distinct from other species in south east asia .\ntodd pa , guest jr ( 2008 ) giant clam conservation and research in singapore . tentacle 16 : 24 .\nthe largest of all mollusks , the giant clam prefers the warm waters around australia ' s great barrier reef .\neckman w , vicentuan - cabaitan k & todd pa ( 2014 ) observations on the hyposalinity tolerance of fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa , lamarck 1819 ) larvae . nature in singapore , 7 : 111\u2013116 .\nfound at the sandy bottom of coral reefs at depths of around 15 to 20 metres , the fluted clam is typically anchored amidst acropora corals ( 9 ) .\na researcher who has spent the past six years scouring the territory ' s coastline in search of a disappearing giant clam , has discovered three new clam species in northern australian waters .\ndr shane penny has spent the past six years scouring the territory ' s coastline in search of giant clam species .\nthe fluted clam is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .\nthis means it looks very similar to one or more common giant clam species , but they are genetically distinct .\nneo ml , todd pa , chou lm & teo sl - m ( 2011 ) spawning induction and larval development in the fluted giant clam , tridacna squamosa ( bivalvia : tridacnidae ) . nature in singapore , 4 : 157\u2013161 .\nwhere do they live ? giant clams live in all of the marine parks in western australia\u2019s north - west , in protected shallow water areas on the shore side of coral reefs . the giant , burrowing and horsehoof clams are found only in the central indo - pacific . the elongate giant clam is found as far south as the houtman abrolhos islands off geraldton and extends to south africa . the fluted giant clam is also widely distributed as far as africa , japan and south to the north west cape .\nthe fluted clam is known from the red sea and east african coast across the indo - pacific to the pitcairn islands , and an introduced population exists in the waters around hawaii ( 2 ) .\ncitation : neo ml , erftemeijer pla , van beek jkl , van maren ds , teo sl - m , todd pa ( 2013 ) recruitment constraints in singapore ' s fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) population\u2014a dispersal model approach . plos one 8 ( 3 ) : e58819 . urltoken\ndr penny surveyed 17 sites across the top end , to uncover more about what was thought to be the only species of giant clam found in the territory .\nthe fluted clam ( tridacna squamosa ) , also known as the scaled clam , can be identified by the large , leaf - like fluted scales on its shell ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , which are often used as shelter by organisms such as small crabs , clams , and other invertebrates ( 6 ) . the mantle is normally brown , generally mottled with vivid green and blue spots or wavy lines ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .\nfluted giant clam tridacna squamosa family tridacnidae updated oct 2016 where seen ? this beautifully sculptured giant clam is sometimes seen on our undisturbed southern shores , near living reefs . features : 15 - 30cm . the two - part shell has 5 - 6 rows of deep open flutes on the valves . the wavy shell opening faces the sunlight , while the hinged side is firmly attached to rocks or coral rubble in relatively shallow water near living reefs . it does not burrow into coral . status and threats : the fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) is listed as ' endangered ' on the red list of threatened animals of singapore . according to the singapore red data book :\nlarge specimens have virtually disappeared from our shores . young specimens are occasionally but infrequently seen\n.\nunlike most other bivalves , the giant clam harbours symbiotic zooxanthellae ( a kind of single - celled algae ) in its fleshy body . the zooxanthellae produce food through photosynthesis which it shares with the clam . to maximise the productivity of its\nfarm\n, the clam faces the shell opening ( and thus the body containing the algae ) to sunlight .\nthe fluted clam is bred in captivity in a number of countries , supplying domestic and international demand . harvest of wild specimens is either regulated or prohibited completely in many range states , although illegal harvesting may still occur ( 2 ) .\nneo mei lin & loh kok sheng . 5 september 2014 . giant clam shells \u2018graveyard\u2019 at semakau landfill , tridacna squamosa . singapore biodiversity records 2014 : 248 - 249 .\nhow you can protect the giant clam : if you see a giant clam please marvel at its beautiful appearance and colouring but leave it for others to enjoy . you may not collect shells , even those that are dead , from below the high water mark of most marine parks in wa , as they often provide homes for other marine animals .\nfluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) in the bivalves section by j . m . poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website .\nmei lin neo , paul l . a . erftemeijer , jan k . l . van beek , dirk s . van maren , serena l - m . teo , peter a . todd . 13 march 2013 . recruitment constraints in singapore ' s fluted giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) population\u2014a dispersal model approach . plos one .\nconservation status : giant clams are very common in many parts of northern australia .\nheslinga ga , watson tc , isamu t ( 1990 ) giant clam farming . pacific fisheries development foundation ( nmfs / noaa ) , honolulu , hawaii , usa . 179 p .\nthe giant clam gets only one chance to find a nice home . once it fastens itself to a spot on a reef , there it sits for the rest of its life .\nhe said using underwater videos , genetics and traditional ecological knowledge , he was able to confirm that giant clam species are a lot more diverse in our northern waters than previously thought .\nwhat they eat and how : giant clams filter water through their gills to extract tiny animals and / or minute plants for food . all giant clams also contain microscopic algae , known as zooxanthellae , in their mantles . the algae ( tiny plants ) produce food that can also be used by the clam . these microscopic plants contribute to the beautiful colours and patterns on the clam .\ndistribution patterns of giant clam larvae on local coral reefs at the end of transport phase for the three spawning periods : a ) 22 january , b ) 10 april and c ) 18 june 2004 .\ngiant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) tan , leo w . h . & ng , peter k . l . , 1988 . a guide to seashore life . the singapore science centre , singapore . 160 pp .\nthe giant clam has an extensive digestive system to extract the nutrients produced by the symbiotic algae . and enlarged excretory organs to deal with the large load of by - products of the algae . although giant clams are highly dependent on the symbiotic algae , they are still able to filter feed like other bivalves .\ndo giant clams trap divers in their shells ? this myth dispelled on the psychedelic nature blog .\nwhat do they look like ? the most obvious feature of the giant clams is their beautifully patterned deep blue mantle , which can be seen between the gaping shells . they also have light and pressure - sensitive spots that look like a row of eyes along the edge of the mantle . the shells of most species of giant clam are white , though the horsehoof clam has cream shells with reddish spots . the shells are extremely thick .\ndeboer ts , subia md , ambariyanto , erdmann mv , kovitvongsa k , et al . ( 2008 ) phylogeography and limited genetic connectivity in the endangered boring giant clam across the coral triangle . conserv biol 22 : 1255\u20131266 .\nthe adductor muscle of the giant clam is actually considered a delicacy , and overharvesting of the species for food , shells , and the aquarium trade have landed it on at least one group ' s\nvulnerable\nlist .\ncharles darwin university phd graduate shane penny speaking about his research on giant clams in the northern territory .\negg and larval transport was modelled using a three - dimensional ( 3d ) hydrodynamic model and an eulerian transport model coupled with mathematical definitions of larval characteristics , including estimates of sedimentation velocity , growth , behaviour and development of giant clam larvae .\ngiant clams can live to 30 - 40 years , the largest giant clams can live up to 100 years [ but ] what i found is a lot of our population seem to be about 10\u201318 years .\nthreats : thankfully , most australians would not molest , harm or remove a living giant clam and they are generally left on the reef for all to enjoy . in some other countries , however , they are taken for their meat and shells .\nhopefully my work and the genetics as well highlights how special some of these populations of giant clams are .\nwhen tridacna clams first attain sexual maturity , they are male , but about a year later become hermaphrodites , possessing both male and female reproductive organs . however , the release of sperm and eggs are separate in order to prevent self - fertilisation , although self - fertilisation can occur . the breeding season of the fluted clam occurs in winter ( 11 ) .\nit is a mistaken belief that divers can be trapped underwater if the giant clam closes over their foot or hand . many of these peaceful clams can ' t even close their shells completely . they certainly don ' t eat people ! more about this on the\njames r . guest , peter a . todd , eugene goh , balasubramaniam s . sivalonganathan , konda p . reddy . 10 august 2007 . can giant clam ( tridacna squamosa ) populations be restored on singapore ' s heavily impacted coral reefs ? aquatic conservation .\ndr penny said understanding the diversity of giant clams had important consequences for conservation and the future management of the species .\nthe fluted clam is a popular food item and is traded domestically and internationally , with 34 countries recorded to export the species over the period from 1994 to 2003 ( 2 ) . live specimens have also been exported for the aquarium trade ( 2 ) . however , export has reduced and is now minimal , with significant international trade only really coming from the solomon islands ( 2 ) .\ndr penny said he would work with traditional owners into the future to ensure the conservation of giant clams in top end waters .\nmunro pe , editor ( 1993 ) genetic aspects of conservation and cultivation of giant clams . iclarm conference proc 39 . 47 p .\ndr penny said the biggest threat to giant clams in northern australian waters was a high mortality rate in their early years of maturity .\ngiant clams have a wildly undeserved reputation as man - eaters , with south pacific legends describing clams that lie in wait to trap unsuspecting swimmers or swallow them whole . no account of a human death by giant clam has ever been substantiated , and scientists say its adductor muscles , used to close the shell , move far too slowly to take a swimmer by surprise . even the largest specimen would simply retreat into its shell rather than attempt to sample human prey .\ncopland jw , lucas js , editors ( 1988 ) giant clams in asia and the pacific . aciar monograph no . 9 . 274 p .\ngomez ed , mingoa - licuanan ss ( 2006 ) achievements and lessons learned in restocking giant clams in philippines . fish res 80 : 46\u201352 .\ngiant clams are considered a delicacy and in some places , an aphrodisiac . the large shells of these magnificent creatures are often turned into tacky souvenirs like ash - trays . there are efforts to cultivate giant clams on a commercial basis so as to reduce over - collection of wild clams .\nthere was something going on in the environment that was causing this high mortality of giant clams which was turning over the populations quite frequently .\ngiant clams achieve their enormous proportions by consuming the sugars and proteins produced by the billions of algae that live in their tissues . in exchange , they offer the algae a safe home and regular access to sunlight for photosynthesis , basking by day below the water ' s surface with their fluted shells open and their multi - colored mantles exposed . they also use a siphon to draw in water to filter and consume passing plankton .\ngiant clams mature first as males then eventually become hermaphrodites , producing both eggs and sperm . sperm is released first , probably to avoid self fertilisation .\none of the things i discovered was that a lot of these populations of giant clams in the northern territory are quite young ,\nhe said .\nellis s ( 1998 ) spawning and early larval rearing of giant clams ( bivalvia : tridacnidae ) . center for tropical and subtropical aquaculture publication number 130 . 55 p .\nneo ml & todd pa ( 2013 ) conservation status reassessment of giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore . nature in singapore , 6 : 125\u2013133 .\nin some areas we had some of the highest densities of giant clams , of this particular species , in the northern territory and the wider indo - pacific region .\ndr penny said despite protection under international treaties , giant clams continued to be harvested and were rapidly becoming extinct near easily accessible sites , particularly in south - east asia .\nneo ml , todd pa ( 2012 ) giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore : history , research and conservation . raffles b zool 25 : 67\u201378 .\ngreen a , craig p ( 1999 ) population size and structure of giant clams at rose atoll , an important refuge in the samoan archipelago . coral reefs 18 : 205\u2013211 .\nwhile analysing genetic tissue samples to establish the conservation status of giant clams in the territory , dr penny also detected a new species in western australia alongside researchers from the university of queensland .\nmei lin neo and peter a . todd . 25 june 2013 . conservation status reassessment of giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore . nature in singapore 2013 6 : 125\u2013133\nin the north central great barrier reef . in : copland jw , lucas js , editors . giant clams in asia and the pacific . aciar monograph no . 9 , canberra , australia . pp . 89\u201394 .\nin relation to reef reseeding and mariculture . in : copland jw , lucas js , editors . giant clams in asia and the pacific . aciar monograph no . 9 , canberra , australia . pp . 78\u201381 .\nmei lin neo , peter a . todd . 6 mar 2012 . population density and genetic structure of the giant clams tridacna crocea and t . squamosa on singapore\u2019s reefs . aquatic biology vol . 14 : 265\u2013275 .\nnormally the species would co - occur with other giant clams but my research has shown in shore they are in very high abundance on some reefs and that makes them quite significant within this south east asia region .\ngiant clams are broadcast spawners with high fecundity but poor early life survivorship [ 9 ] . published recruitment studies of giant clams are few in number [ 10 ] , [ 11 ] , and none address larval dispersal mechanisms despite the well - documented importance of larval transport for many marine invertebrate species [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] . with a planktonic phase of approximately nine days [ 14 ] , their larvae are likely to have a substantial dispersal capability ( as larvae can potentially be transported hundreds of kilometres in that timeframe ) , which may facilitate connectivity among populations [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . conversely , results from giant clam genetic studies have indicated restricted gene flow , suggesting lower levels of exchange [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . ocean current patterns have been invoked to explain such genetic divergences among marine invertebrate populations [ 19 ] , as they can influence temporal and spatial physical processes that potentially restrict larval dispersal and gene flow [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] .\nbell jd ( 1999 ) restocking of giant clams : progress , problems and potential . in : howell br , moskness e , svasand t , editors . stock enhancement and sea ranching . blackwell science , oxford . pp . 437\u2013452 .\nvideo clips of singapore giant clams from links shared by neo mei lin on her blog . an animal behavior film project in partial fulfilment for nus lsm4253 animal behaviour ay2008 / 09 . done by : neo meilin pamela soo daniel storisteanu nicholas yap\nto assess low - density constraints to fertilisation efficacy , dispersal potential of giant clam eggs between donor and recipient clams within known singapore localities was analysed from the point of release ( 0 hours ) to 6 hours later ( estimated viability of eggs ; unpublished data ) . connectivity between t . squamosa individuals was limited to either the dense clusters of > 2 clams ( raffles lighthouse and biola , beting bemban besar and semakau ) or paired clam individuals that were in close proximity ( within jong and within kusu ) ( table 4 ) . based on the results , for eggs to arrive over their nearest - neighbour clams within the period of their viability , clams must be within a vicinity of no more than 2000 m . however , the number of eggs arriving at recipient clams varied across sites , regardless of time or distance ( table 4 ) .\nm . l . neo and peter a . todd . jun 2012 . giant clams ( mollusca : bivalvia : tridacninae ) in singapore : history , research and conservation . raffles bulletin of zoology 2012 supplement no . 25 : 67 - 78 .\n15 - 40cm . giant clams are among the largest bivalves to have ever existed on our planet ! the two - part shell is thick and usually has a wavy opening that never closes completely . the shell opening faces the sunlight , while the hinged side is at the bottom , attached to a hard surface by a large byssus mass that emerges from a gap between the valves near the hinge . some giant clams burrow into coral , with most of the shell hidden and only the shell opening facing sunlight .\nthe shell opening never closes completely even at low tide , and the body is exposed . the body expands under water and appears like colourful thick lips in between the wavy shell opening . the brightly coloured spots in the body protect against excessive sun . the clam has transparent lenses that focus sunlight onto the algae that are found deeper in the flesh .\ndispersal patterns from regional donor reefs to singapore\u2014this scenario examined the potential of regional coral reefs to donate giant clam larvae to reefs in singapore ( i . e . recipient reefs ) , modelled using the hydrodynamics simulated for 22 january , 10 april and 18 june 2004 over a period of 15 days of transport . eight release points , i . e . possible donor sites , were examined individually ( 8 separate runs ) : koh racha yai ( thailand ) , port dickson ( malaysia ) , north and south batam , bintan , bangka - belitung and anambas ( all indonesia ) , and tioman island ( malaysia ) ( see figure 1a for exact localities ) .\ngiant clam larval transport success appears to be largely driven by variability in annual hydrodynamics ( for the year that was modelled ) . consistent westward residual currents in the outer straits of singapore during january and in april drive larval transport towards the west , with higher larval retention in the northwestern reefs . in contrast , the lack of residuals in june allows much higher retention in the northern and southern reefs with higher larval settlement . in singapore , broadcasting corals annually spawn in late march or mid april [ 66 ] . while the moderate residuals during this time may be favourable for coral larvae with short settlement periods [ 73 ] those with longer life cycles , such as giant clams , may experience dilution of larvae into the outer straits when released during this period . the near absence of residual currents in june favours retention of clam larvae , reducing offshore dispersal . larval mortality also greatly influences transport success , which in turn affects juvenile recruitment on reefs [ 60 ] . sedimentation velocity and diel vertical migration , however , have negligible effects on transport success , suggesting that ocean currents primarily influence larval dispersal [ 74 ] . results from this modelling study should be interpreted with caution , bearing in mind the various assumptions made . the transport success and dispersal distances predicted by the model probably do not equate to actual recruitment success in the field .\nstage 5 : during the last metamorphosis stage , the velum and fully developed foot of pediveligers allows them to alternately swim and crawl on the benthos ; over time , these larvae become increasingly sedentary [ 11 ] , [ 56 ] . transport is completed after this metamorphosis stage . in stage 5 , juveniles ( 8 to 9 days old ) either continue to exhibit the behaviour of stage 4 larvae , or settle onto the coral reefs . giant clam larvae respond to settlement cues such as the presence of crustose coralline algae [ 11 ] and / or conspecific adults [ 57 ] , [ 58 ] , both of which are found on coral reefs . hence , in our model , larval settlement was mimicked when larvae passed over coral reef areas ( see figure 2 ) .\negg dispersal potential\u2014time - series plots describing the arrival time of eggs over certain clams was determined by plotting larval density ( number per m 2 ) in the model at each observation point ( usually one grid cell ) showing the accumulation of eggs over any specified coral reef area . donor - recipient clams were identified with the following parameters : distance between clam pairs , arrival time of eggs , and peak number of eggs arrived per m 2 .\nas giant clams continue to be threatened by anthropogenic activities , active conservation measures are needed [ 51 ] , [ 85 ] , [ 86 ] . their sedentary mode of life makes giant clams highly amenable candidates for restocking and stock enhancement [ 9 ] , [ 51 ] and depleted clam populations [ 10 ] , [ 57 ] are currently being restored through these means in fiji , palau and the philippines [ 9 ] , [ 30 ] , [ 58 ] . however , none of these efforts accounted for whether the transplant sites were effective as source habitats to encourage recruitment in sink sites [ 87 ] . the designation of effective restocking sites requires closer examination of metapopulation dynamics , habitat quality and recruitment processes [ 67 ] , [ 85 ] and their potential to augment recruitment [ 88 ] , [ 89 ] . the results from the present study enable the identification and selection of potential source and sink sites for more effective restocking efforts . metapopulation enhancement can thus be optimised by restocking source populations and subsequently will encourage recruitment in sink populations via larval dispersal [ 67 ] . an added strategy to enhance current metapopulations of t . squamosa in singapore waters is to perform in situ spawning induction of populations during favourable current periods ( e . g . june ) to maximise larval retention and settlement .\nspawning seasonality in t . squamosa varies among localities [ 4 ] , [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] but mature gametes can generally be found throughout most of the year [ 50 ] . since the actual spawning periods in singapore are unknown , three time points representing local seasonality were selected to investigate the effects of spawning times on recruitment success . spawning in giant clams often occurs during full moon or new moon [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] and this was therefore taken into account with the transport of either eggs or larvae modelled assuming each simulation was a single spawning event on the following lunar periods : 22 january ( new moon ) , 10 april ( full moon ) and 18 june ( new moon ) 2004 . giant clams are benthic spawners , hence all eggs were released in the lowest 10 % of the model layer representing the water column .\nsensitivity analyses of the release times indicated that successful settlement of giant clam larvae on singapore ' s reefs could potentially be achieved throughout the year , with the greatest chances of successful larval settlement when gametes were released during june . density of larval settlement on reefs increased over the months : january < april < june ( figure 3 ) . january is the period with the greatest westward flow velocity whereas eastward flow peaks in june\u2013july ( with april being the transitional period ) ; settlement is therefore expected to decrease again after june\u2013july . settlement success varied among islands , where in january and april , the northwestern reefs had higher densities of settled larvae , while northern and southern reefs had higher densities of settled larvae in june ( figure 3 ) . variations in the larval sedimentation velocity , following a diel vertical migration pattern , did not affect larval transport success ( figure 4 ) . however , mortality rates for each larval stage had a significant effect on transport success . highest mortality rates ( see table 1 ) resulted in almost no larval settlement on the reefs ( figure 4 ) .\nbehaviour : adult giant and horsehoof clams are so heavy that they do not need to attach themselves to the seabed . the other species have byssal threads to attach themselves to the seafloor or other surfaces . if they sense danger , such as a diver swimming overhead , the shell valves are clamped shut by a large muscle . the clams are capable of producing pearls that weigh up to six kilograms , but they lack the lustrous sheen of those produced by the pearl oyster .\ntransport of giant clam eggs and larvae was modelled using the water quality module of delft3d ( delft3d - waq ) [ 43 ] . delft3d - waq is a transport model that has been successfully applied to dispersal simulations of seagrass seeds , fish larvae and mangrove propagules [ 13 ] , [ 44 ] , [ 45 ] , [ 46 ] . the model calculates the concentrations of \u2018substances\u2019 ( in this case : either eggs or larvae ) for each time - step as a function of the initial concentrations , advective and dispersive transport , and biological characteristics and processes . delft3d - waq is an eulerian model based on the finite - volume method ( i . e . multiplication of fluxes with concentrations to obtain masses across internal and external boundaries ) . both finite - volume methods and particle tracking model approaches can ( in principle ) provide comparable results [ 47 ] . with our focus on mid - field and far - field effects , the waq model ( including the extensive and well - validated biological process library ) is more appropriate than a particle - tracking method . the main advantages of particle - tracking are that it offers sub - grid model resolution as well as the opportunity to track individual seedlings , both of which are not very relevant to our study . the actual water system is represented within delft3d - waq by means of computational elements ( segments ) . the flow between segments is derived from the hydrodynamic model ( delft3d - flow ) of the same resolution ( i . e . down to 100 m around the southern islands ) .\nthe poor larval connectivity from regional reefs to singapore could be explained by the strong surface currents flowing between the andaman sea and south china sea during the monsoons [ 75 ] that move larvae out of the singapore strait with little retention . poor larval connectivity with most external potential donor reefs may also be attributed to peninsular malaysia . phylogeographic studies of marine invertebrates and mangroves have shown that this peninsular acts as a barrier that disrupts gene flows between the east and west coasts , corresponding to the western sunda shelf barrier [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 76 ] . population genetic breaks in t . crocea populations on the sunda shelf and western indonesia also provide evidence for limited connectivity in this region [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . in contrast , offshore coral reefs located to the southeast of singapore , combined with the favourable westward residuals along the straits [ 77 ] and absence of significant land barriers , encourage high larval settlement and retention . as predicted by the model , t . squamosa populations in batam and bintan could provide a significant stock of source larvae for the clam - depauperate reefs in singapore waters ; possibly facilitating the natural recovery of populations .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\namerican samoa ; australia ; british indian ocean territory ; egypt ; fiji ; french polynesia ; india ( andaman is . , laccadive is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; kenya ; kiribati ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; samoa ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; south africa ; sri lanka ; thailand ; tokelau ; tonga ; tuvalu ; vanuatu ; viet nam\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ntridacna clams have muscles for opening and closing their shell and a foot for attaching themselves to rocks . they breathe through gills and feed through a mouth ( 10 ) . most clams fulfill their nutritional requirements by filter feeding and absorbing dissolved organic compounds from the water , but tridacnid clams have gone further than this by using zooxanthellae algae in their tissue to manufacture food for them ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . the zooxanthellae transforms carbon dioxide and dissolved nitrogen , such as ammonium , into carbohydrates and other nutrients for their hosts ( 11 ) .\nlukan , e . m . ( 2000 ) critter corner : tridacna squamosa . fish \u2018n\u2019 chips : a monthly marine newsletter , 2000 : 0 . available at : urltoken\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ninvertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . mantle in molluscs , the fold of skin lining the outer surface of the shell , which encloses a space ( the mantle cavity ) containing the gills .\nlukan , e . m . ( 2000 ) critter corner : tridacna squamosa . fish \u2018n\u2019 chips : a monthly marine newsletter , 2000 . available at : urltoken\nlukan , e . m . ( 1999 ) critter corner : tridacnid clams : the basics . fish \u2018n\u2019 chips : a monthly marine newsletter , 1999 . available at : urltoken\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2013 neo et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the research presented in this work was carried out as part of the building with nature singapore supportive modelling project ( 1201442 . 002 ) . this study was also supported by the national parks board ' s coastal & marine environment grant number r - 154 - 000 - 504 - 490 and singapore - delft water alliance ' s marine & coastal research programme ( theme 2 ) grant number r - 264 - 001 - 001 - 272 . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncompeting interests : the authors confirm that they have the following interests : co - author paul erftemeijer is employed by sinclair knight merz ( skm ) . there are no patents , products in development or marketed products to declare . this does not alter the authors ' adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nhere we used a locally refined version [ 39 ] of the singapore regional model ( see [ 40 ] ) . this model is composed of three domains [ 41 ] . the model ' s outer domain has a grid cell size decreasing from 30 km near the boundaries to \u223c300 m around singapore ( see figure 1 ) . the middle domain ( in red ) has the same resolution ( 300 m ) , but the local domain ( in blue ) around singapore ' s islands are refined by a factor three compared to the outer and middle domains , leading to grid cell sizes down to 100 m .\nthis model is composed of 3 domains . a ) the overall outer domain including peninsular malaysia and the 8 regional release points ( green dots ) . the red and blue domains represent the refined grid resolutions for singapore ' s coastal waters . b ) the blue grid encompasses the waters surrounding singapore ' s southern islands . the red dots represent the 28 release points ( i . e . the positions of t . squamosa in singapore ) .\nthe model was forced at its three open boundaries ( the andaman sea in the northwest , the south china sea in the northeast , and the java sea in the southeast ) by 8 tidal constituents and a mean annual cycle of the monsoon - induced water level , derived from 15 years of topex - poseidon and jason - 1 satellite altimetry ( see [ 40 ] , [ 42 ] ) .\nthe hydrodynamics in singapore coastal waters are complex , with predominantly semi - diurnal water level variations but diurnal currents . superimposed on this are compound tides generated by semi - diurnal and diurnal constituents with a periodicity equal to the spring neap cycle ( approximately 2 weeks ) , and monsoon currents [ 39 ] . within singapore ' s southern islands area , dominant flow is eastward from april / may to september / october , and westward during the other months . this seasonal variation , and the two - weekly variations , is well reproduced by the model . it should be noted that the stations banyan and sawa are within the southern islands area , where large - scale clockwise circulation generates more pronounced eastward currents than in the open singapore strait south of the islands [ 41 ] . therefore residual currents within the southern islands group in april tend to be directed eastward while in the open strait they may be directed westward .\nspecific release points outside of singapore ( 8 points ) ( figure 1a ) and within the southern islands ( 28 points ) ( figure 1b ) were selected as initial spawning points for modelling the transport of eggs and larvae . factors that are known to affect larval growth and development were incorporated into the transport model : spawning periods , different stages of larval development ( with different behavioural rules ) , larval swimming behaviour and mortality of larvae at respective stages . the details of larval stages , specific behavioural rules , processes and parameters incorporated into the model are described below .\nin the model , five developmental stages [ 25 ] were distinguished based on their behavioural and physical traits in relation to horizontal and vertical transport .\nstage 1 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of eggs homogenously distributed within the water column . at day 0 , eggs were assumed to have neutral buoyancy while being passively transported by currents .\nstage 2 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of trochophores as in stage 1 . assuming all the released eggs were fertilised , upon hatching after 24 hours , the trochophores have limited overall locomotion [ 53 ] and are largely transported by currents . with their poor swimming ability , vertical transport with diel migration is limited at this stage ( see \u201csensitivity analyses\u201d below ) . the distinction between eggs and pelagic trochophores was made to facilitate growth parameter settings such as mortality rates and sedimentation velocity .\nstage 3 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of veliger larvae . locomotion of early veligers ( 2 to 4 days old ) is primarily through ciliary band movement [ 54 ] , [ 55 ] , which affects vertical position but is negligible in the horizontal dimension compared to the strength of the currents . therefore , only vertical movement was simulated in the model , by varying the larvae ' s sedimentation velocity ( see \u201csensitivity analyses\u201d below ) . stage 3 mortality rates and sedimentation velocity were different to those in stage 2 .\nstage 4 : passive horizontal pelagic transport of veliger larvae . in stage 4 ( 5 to 7 days old ) , late veligers develop a primitive foot\u2014an initiation of their sedentary lifestyle , but still rely on swimming to move between the surface water and bottom layers . the sedentary component of stage 4 distinguishes it from stage 3 .\ncoral reef areas ( in colour ) among singapore ' s southern islands used to estimate transport success . each colour corresponds to a distinct potential sink site .\ngrowth parameters of the various stages were estimated using existing data obtained from laboratory experiments [ 25 ] and mariculture literature [ 53 ] , [ 59 ] , [ 60 ] . the average values for concentrations of egg release and development rates for each stage were chosen as default model settings ( see \u201csensitivity analyses\u201d below ) . for each dispersal scenario , the transport model was run for a period of 15 days [ 52 ] as previous work indicated this was the time during which t . squamosa larval settlement occurs ( unpublished data ) .\ntridacna squamosa have a high fecundity , releasing eggs of 420 , 000 to 46 , 000 , 000 eggs released per individual each spawning [ 25 ] , [ 49 ] . in the model , a fixed average initial concentration of 4 , 500 , 000 eggs was released over a 15 - minute time step . based on the sensitivity analyses , default settings were used for all transport models . three main scenarios were considered in the investigation of larval connectivity and the effects of hydrodynamics on larval recruitment .\ndispersal patterns within southern islands , singapore\u2014this scenario examined source - sink dynamics via larval dispersal within the southern islands reefs , modelled using the hydrodynamics simulated for 10 april 2004 over a period of 15 days of transport . transport model was performed in april 2004 based on the mass coral spawning in singapore [ 66 ] , assuming that it was an \u2018ideal\u2019 period for larval dispersal . for this study , source reefs are habitats optimal for restocking while sink reefs are habitats where restocking is likely to be fruitless , but can serve as locations for the recruitment of larvae via source reefs [ 67 ] . to identify respective source and sink reefs within the southern islands , reefs supporting the current t . squamosa population ( n = 28 ) in singapore [ 3 ] were individually examined as possible sources of larvae in this scenario . release points were as follows : raffles lighthouse 01\u201302 , biola 01\u201303 , senang , pawai , berkas , sudong , salu , beting bemban besar 01\u201302 , terumbu raya , semakau 01\u201305 , terumbu semakau , jong 01\u201302 , terumbu pempang tengah , hantu , sisters 01\u201302 , kusu 01\u201302 and cyrene .\negg dispersal potential\u2014this scenario examined egg dispersal movement within the southern islands reefs ; modelled using the hydrodynamics simulated for 10 april 2004 over a period of 6 hours . as egg masses are known triggers for eliciting a spawning response ( resulting in either release of sperm or eggs ) in adult clams [ 68 ] , [ 69 ] , transport of eggs was of greatest interest . release points represented the current t . squamosa population ( as described earlier ) and eggs were released at each location ( 28 separate runs ) .\ndispersal patterns from regional donor reefs to singapore\u2014at each time point , the percentage of successful settlers that had arrived on singapore ' s coral reefs at the end of the model run was summed to calculate transport success from respective donor locations .\ndispersal patterns within southern islands , singapore\u2014the density of successful settlers ( i . e . number of larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 ) that had arrived on the local coral reefs was computed at the end of the model run . the model grid area was subdivided into 19 reef sections ( figure 2 ) , delimited by the 20 m - depth contour . for each section , the number of larvae per compartment was summed to determine the transport success .\nsensitivity testing on the effect of mortality and sedimentation velocity settings on numbers of settled larvae for three different timings of release ( january , april , june ) .\ntransport successes of larvae to singapore from five donor localities in neighbouring countries ( koh racha yai , port dickson , bangka - belitung , tioman island and anambas ) were very poor ( \u223c0 % ) ( table 2 ) . three other donor localities ( north and south batam , and bintan ) had more positive transport success . larvae from north batam had the highest settlement success of 61 . 58 % on singapore ' s reefs in june , while bintan had high settlement success throughout the year ( january : 30 . 86 % , april : 44 . 53 % , june : 19 . 40 % ) ( table 2 ) .\na summation matrix of total bottom larvae was produced to identify the prospective source and sink sites on southern islands reefs for analysis of local reef connectivity . assuming all 19 sections were potential sink sites , larval transport success ( per 10 , 000 m 2 of reef area ) was low among southern islands reefs ( table 3 ) . the eastern islands , such as sisters ' and kusu islands ( figure 2 ) , could be potential source reefs as , when larvae were released from these locations , surrounding reefs were able to receive high numbers of settled larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 ( table 3 ) . four most potential sink sites were identified : cyrene , tekukor , raffles lighthouse and salu , where from a single source site ( sisters 02 ) each of the mentioned reefs received 68 . 6 , 50 . 2 , 46 . 2 and 38 . 8 settled larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 respectively ( table 3 ) . coral reefs found within the central area , such as pulau hantu , semakau , pulau sudong ( figure 2 ) , were generally poor or moderate sources and / or sinks , with the majority of sites receiving fewer than 20 larvae per 10 , 000 m 2 .\nthank you to harriette holzhauer for providing gis support . the authors gratefully acknowledge the support and contributions of the ecoshape \u2018building with nature\u2019 ( bwn ) programme .\nconceived and designed the experiments : mln pe jvb dvm pt . performed the experiments : mln pe jvb dvm . analyzed the data : mln pe jvb dvm . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : pe jvb dvm . wrote the paper : mln pe jvb dvm pt st .\n) populations be restored in singapore ' s heavily impacted coral reefs ? aquat conserv 18 : 570\u2013579 .\nwada sk ( 1954 ) spawning in tridacnid clams . jpn j zool 11 : 273\u2013285 .\ncowen rk , lwiza kmm , sponaugle s , paris cb , olson db ( 2000 ) connectivity of marine populations : open or closed ? science 287 : 857\u2013859 .\ngascoigne jc , lipcius rn ( 2004 ) allee effects in marine systems . mar ecol prog ser 269 : 49\u201359 .\nhobday aj , tegner m , haaker pl ( 2001 ) over - exploitation of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate : decline of the white abalone . rev fish biol fisher 10 : 493\u2013514 .\nheslinga ga , fitt wk ( 1987 ) the domestication of reef - dwelling clams . bioscience 37 : 332\u2013339 .\n, at michaelmas reef , central great barrier reef , australia . aust j mar fresh res 42 : 241\u2013262 .\nknights am , crowe tp , burnell g ( 2006 ) mechanisms of larval transport : vertical distribution of bivalve larvae varies with tidal conditions . mar ecol prog ser 326 : 167\u2013174 .\nbolle lj , dickey - collas m , van beek jkl , erftemeijer pla , witte jij , et al . ( 2009 ) variability in transport of fish eggs and larvae . iii . effects of hydrodynamics and larval behaviour on recruitment in plaice . mar ecol prog ser 390 : 195\u2013211 .\n) populations from reefs in the western coral sea . coral reefs 11 : 135\u2013141 .\nbecker bj , levin la , fodrie fj , mcmillan pa ( 2007 ) complex larval connectivity patterns among marine invertebrate populations . p natl acad sci usa 104 : 3267\u20133272 ."]}
{"id": 2069, "summary": [{"text": "the red-faced crombec ( sylvietta whytii ) is a species of african warbler , formerly placed in the family sylviidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in burundi , ethiopia , kenya , malawi , mozambique , namibia , rwanda , south sudan , tanzania , uganda , and zimbabwe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red - faced crombec", "paragraphs": ["red - faced crombec ( sylvietta whytii ) is a species of bird in the macrosphenidae family .\npearson , d . ( 2018 ) . red - faced crombec ( sylvietta whytii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\n9 cm ; 8\u201312\u00b75 g . a grey - backed crombec with plain tawny face . nominate race has top of head and upperparts light grey , face and underparts tawny - buff , paler on belly and . . .\nthis locally common resident in miombo & teak woodland and riparian forest is slightly smaller than the long - billed crombec . it can be further differentiated from the latter by its rufous face and underparts , as well as the lack of a grey eye stripe .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : sylvietta whytii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as locally fairly common ( del hoyo et al . 2006 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to the destruction of miombo woodlands for agriculture ( del hoyo et al . 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nproposed race nemorivaga ( nw zimbabwe ) usually considered indistinguishable from nominate . four subspecies currently recognized .\nmearns , 1911 \u2013 sw ethiopia ( addis ababa s to yabelo and l abiata ) , se south sudan , ne uganda ( karamoja ) and nw kenya ( s turkana s to kapenguria ) .\nsharpe , 1897 \u2013 uganda ( except ne ) , sw & c kenya , rwanda , burundi , n & c tanzania ( e to kilimanjaro and iringa ) .\nogilvie - grant , 1900 \u2013 se kenya and ne tanzania ( extending inland to tsavo , taveta and morogoro ) .\nshelley , 1894 \u2013 se tanzania , malawi , n & c mozambique and zimbabwe .\nsong a thin \u201cwee see - see , wee see - see\u201d or \u201cesee - sisi - seee , see - sisi - seee\u201d , notes all on same pitch . . .\ninsects , including caterpillars ; also spiders ( araneae ) , small worms . forages mainly in trees or tall bushes , usually in pairs , commonly . . .\nbreeds just before or in early part of rains in e africa ; aug\u2013dec in s . monogamous ; territorial . nest a thick - walled oval pouch with . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally fairly common ; generally common and widespread in e africa . density 3 pairs / 100 ha in brachystegia woodland in zimbabwe . adversely affected . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecently delineated family , comprising macrosphenus , sphenoeacus , melocichla , achaetops , sylvietta and cryptillas # r ; in addition , graueria tentatively included here , but its affinities are still uncertain , as no molecular data published .\npreviously placed in a broad sylviidae ( see page 498 ) , or more recently in acrocephalidae . numerous forms described in \u201c sylviella \u201d , an unjustified emendation of present genus name .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\ncalls from one of a pair of birds moving at mid - height through dense scrub and open dry forest at the base of a tall cliff .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 358 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ni recorded this member of the almost tailles crombecs in september 2011 while birding the gardens of the seravo lion hill game lodge in the lake nakure national park , kenya .\n\u00a9 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author ."]}
{"id": 2070, "summary": [{"text": "frogfishes are any member of the anglerfish family antennariidae , of the order lophiiformes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "antennariids are known as anglerfishes in australia , where the term \" frogfish \" refers to members of the unrelated family batrachoididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world , the primary exception being the mediterranean sea .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "frogfishes are small , short and stocky , and sometimes covered in spinules and other appendages to aid in camouflage .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "the camouflage aids in protection from predators and enables them to lure prey .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "many species can change colour ; some are covered with other organisms such as algae or hydrozoa .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "in keeping with this camouflage , frogfishes typically move slowly , lying in wait for prey , and then striking extremely rapidly , in as little as 6 milliseconds .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "few traces of frogfishes remain in the fossil record , though antennarius monodi is known from the miocene of algeria . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "frogfish", "paragraphs": ["hairy frogfish , aka striated frogfish , antennarius striatus . these frogfish come in different varieties , often striped or with hairy appendages .\nfrogfish are preyed upon by other frogfish and moray eels however this is considered an uncommon occurrence . young frogfish may fall victim to opportunistic predators including fishes .\ndespite their camouflage frogfish are not without predators of their own . lizardfish , scorpionfish and other frogfish are known for eating these critters . while juvenile frogfish are snapped up with ease , once frogfish reach maturity they are generally the hunter , not the hunted .\nsmall frogfish , one to three inches , are great to photograph using a 60mm lens . if you are photographing giant frogfish or frogfish larger than three inches , a non - macro lens is recommended . i use a 9\u201318mm for giant frogfish and a 14\u201342mm for larger , adult frogfish of other species that are around four to six inches .\nfrogfish / anglerfish ( antennariidae ) : characteristics - frogfish terms - esca and illicium - tips for the identification of frogfishes . with illustrations and photos\nmore amazing photos of several rare histiophryne frogfish species : histiophryne bougainvilli , histiophryne cryptacanthus , histiophryne psychedelica ( psychedelic frogfish ) and an australian histiophryne sp .\njuvenile frogfish , a . pictus , in anilao , photo by scott gietler . these tiny frogfish , less than 10mm are great subjects for supermacro underwater photography .\nnew frogfish - species ? photos of several histiophryne sp . from indonesia and australia\nthe psychedelic frogfish originates from ambon island in the indonesian archipelago ( 4 ) .\nblack and orange commerson ' s frogfish on the deep reefs of cocos island .\nthe warty frogfish or clown frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) could fit in the palm of your hand \u2014 and it has its own pair of hands , too .\nthe frogfish is sometimes seen , opening its mouth and yawning . but only on two occasions i have seen how a frogfish actually eats its prey ( see a video ) . actually everything happened so fast , that all i really saw was the shrimp in front of the frogfish and then the frogfish moved and the next thing i realized the shrimp was gone and the frogfish made swallowing movements . no wonder that the frogfish can eat fishes out of a school without the other fishes noticing !\nunderwater video footage from national geographic of a number of anglerfish ( frogfish ) species .\nfrogfish move very slowly but ironically , frogfish have the fastest strike speed of any other animal on earth . they ambulate by gulping water with its massive mouth . then forcing the water through it\u2019s gills the frogfish moves about the reef or bottom . the body move\u2019s very little as the frogfish huffs and puffs its way through the water column .\na view of the illicium and esca of a striated frogfish . photo \u00a9 anne dupont\nphotographing a well - camouflaged frogfish can sometimes result in a better photo than an isolated frogfish with no background . frogfish are able to change color , so they are often similar in color and pattern to their surrounding habitat , with some matching it exactly .\nincredible footage of frogfish eating . also in slow motion ( lembeh strait , indonesia )\nvery tiny painted frogfish ( antennarius pictus ) about 4mm . notice the transparent fins !\nduring the last afternoon dive at dive site tk3 , dive guide abner mangole found a hairy frogfish circling a flounder . five minutes later , the hairy frogfish finished its dinner .\n2 ) there are about 46 known species of frogfish worldwide in tropical and temperate seas .\n8 ) the psychedelic frogfish has been id\u2019d only around the island of ambon , indonesia .\nthe frogfish on the following photos all have long lures . click on thumbnail for enlargement .\nlonglure frogfish , flagpole frogfish , pescador cana larga , pescador cana tenebroso . the common name\nlonglure\nis a direct reference to the elongated illicium which acts as a fishing lure .\nfrogfish with lure , a . maculatus , waiting for its prey , photo by mike bartick .\n3 ) the frogfish is carnivorous and has the fastest - known prey engulfment of any vertebrate .\nyawning is another great frogfish behavior to capture . frogfish yawn for three reasons\u2014the first is to realign its jaw . you will see this yawn immediately before a frogfish starts walking or fishing . the second is a yawn that happens after a predation attempt . the frogfish will \u201ccough\u201d while yawning to eject any unwanted items , such as sand , pieces of shells , plant material , etc .\n( tasseled frogfish ) eggs , about 13 days after spawning . photo taken by rudie kuiter .\nhere are some more interesting frogfish facts : 1 . unlike many animals that use camouflage as a defense from predators , frogfish mostly use their abilities to attract prey . 2 . frogfish have a modified dorsal fin that has a retractable lure resembling a shrimp , which is used to attract their prey . if their lure is eaten or damaged it can be regenerated . 3 . frogfish are carnivores . they eat fish , crustaceans and even other frogfish . 4 . a frogfish\u2019s mouth can expand to 12 times its resting size . this allows it to catch all sorts of prey . 5 . because frogfish lack a swim bladder , they use their modified pectoral fins to walk , or even gallop , across the seafloor ( check out this great video of a frogfish in action ) .\nthe frogfish sometimes also actively stalks prey , i have seen a frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) trying to catch a small flounder by slowly sneaking towards it . it was trying to get the flounder into striking distance . the strike zone is about one frogfish body length . click on thumbnail for enlargement .\nfascinating to divers and dreaded by its prey , the frogfish is the ocean\u2019s master of aggressive mimicry .\nwhen frogfish first hatch ( as larvae ) they appear to be fully formed miniatures but they have actually yet to develop their lure \u2013 this happens later . here in lembeh we often find juveniles on our black sand dive sites and they range in size from just 5mm to 10mm ! juveniles often display different colorations to mature frogfish \u2013 did you know that the \u201cclown\u201d frogfish is actually a juvenile warty frogfish ?\ngiant frogfish camouflaged in yellow sponge , mabul island , malaysia . perrine doug / perspectives / getty images\nfrogfish camouflage relies on their lack of movement , which allows algae , coral polyps , and other organisms to grow and live on the their bodies . by moving frogfish , they are no longer camouflaged against their chosen habitats and this can even dislodge some of the organisms that have made a frogfish their home .\nwarty frogfish ( clown frogfish ) , antennarius maculatus . photos by jeffrey de guzman . juveniles frequently yellow with red - brown saddle and orange borders of rear dorsal and tail fins . often in open sand .\ninstead of only photographing the frogfish , include the habitat in the photo to illustrate the camouflage and the body pattern . hairy frogfish are known to have body growths that directly mimic their surroundings , such as algae , sea urchins , or sponges , so they make great subjects when highlighting the camouflage capabilities of frogfish .\nfrogfish are very misunderstood and very little is known about this unique underwater lie - in - wait predator .\nfrogfish are favorite subjects that are often photographed by underwater photographers . the species is a delight to see in the wild , but it takes a very good observer to pick out a frogfish because of its camouflage .\nstriated frogfish coloration is quite variable . photos \u00a9 david snyder ( top ) and elaine blum ( bottom )\npainted frogfish ( antennarius pictus ) - surrounded by cardinalfishes . they are not yet close enough to catch them\nthe easiest way to find a frogfish is to stick to your guide or ask anyone local for a location or directions . frogfish don ' t move around much , so if you can get a depth and specific piece of habitat of a resident frogfish , you should be able to find it if you search slowly .\ndue to the size range of frogfish\u2014anywhere from just a quarter of an inch to more than 15 inches\u2014your camera setup depends on the frogfish in the area where you are diving , so ask your guide before a dive .\nfrogfish are found throughout tropical and subtropical waters . most species live in relatively shallow waters although some species are deep dwelling . recreational divers in asia are most likely to spot certain species including giant , clown and painted frogfish .\n4 ) unlike the chameleon , the frogfish is unable to change its color quickly , instead taking several weeks .\nhairy frogfish lures vary greatly depending on the type of frogfish you\u2019re looking at . the worm - like lure is most common found on the a . striatus . disproportionately oversized , the lure is quite effective in attracting prey .\ndone with frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for wall street journal july 8 2017 .\nfrogfish hunting and catching a fish , the fastest movement of any animal . filmed near the reef dive resorts shipwrecks\nthese frogfish species have relatively few but large eggs and the hatchlings are also relatively large and well developed . the result of this reproduction mode is , that these species have a narrow geographic distribution compared to other frogfish species .\ncaught by fishermen in 100 m depth off the coast of africa - an uncommon senegal frogfish ( antennarius senegalensis ) .\nin the last 12 months , i\u2019ve encountered what seems to be a new variety of hairy frogfish both in anilao and then later in lembeh , simply named a \u201cshort hair .\nlike other hairy frogfish , this guy has personality .\ndone with frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for new york times crossword july 8 2017 .\nalready solved frogfish features ? go back and see the other crossword clues for wall street crossword july 8 2017 answers .\nthe frogfish is a master of camouflage . he practices aggressive mimicry to attack prey and beats world records of rapidity .\nin an email with national geographic , author of the book frogfishes around the world ted pietsch noted the frogfish in the video is likely a striated frogfish , which are commonly found throughout indonesia but rarely seen thanks to their exceptional camouflage .\nthe color of the longlure frogfish is highly variable , ranging from pale yellow to reddish brown . photo \u00a9 george ryschkewitsch\nthe wall street journal crossword can be very challenging . but we are here to help ! today we will help you find the answer to the clue frogfish features . after hunting for any other hints and relevant information in the wall street journal crossword puzzle we ' ve found the answer to the clue frogfish features . the answer to the clue frogfish features is :\na small astriatus lines up on a bobtailed squid . slowly leaning forward , almost motionless , the frogfish launches its attack . the strike speed of frogfish has been recorded at 6 milliseconds , making it one of the fastest striking creatures on earth .\nan interesting video of a strange looking deepwater frogfish ( lophiodes fimbriatus ) , found in shallow water in alor , indonesia .\na frogfish has the fastest strike of any marine animal . this is a video of a frogfish as it stalks and catches it ' s prey in the blink of an eye . to see this video in slow motion , click here : urltoken\njuvenile frogfish look like smaller versions of their adult forms , but some show special defensive colors ( see baby frogfishes ) .\nthe longlure frogfish is not considered a good aquarium fish due to the voracity of its appetite . the species is a delight to see in the wild , but it takes a very good observer to pick out a frogfish because of its camouflage .\nsize , age , and growth the longlure frogfish grows to lengths of about 4 . 5 inches ( 11 cm ) .\nfrogfish are amongst my favorite critters to look for underwater . they are so well camouflaged and adapted to they\u2019re immediate surroundings , that they are rarely detected . often called grotesque , frogfish were declared \u201cthe spawn of satan\u201d by the mayor of bitung , indonesia .\nlarge frogfish and a sponge . i can ' t stop looking at this photo . well , i ' m still not convinced that it is not two frogfish ! photo by andrew taylor in mozambique with an olympus 7070 with a wide - angle lens .\nmature frogfishes vary in size according to species and range from just 5cm up to a huge 50cm ( for giant frogfish ) .\nhall , d . ( 2008 ) exposed : first reported frogfish sighting in ambon . sport diver magazine , 16 : 16 .\ndid you find the solution for frogfish features ? check the other remaining questions solutions in wall street crossword july 8 2017 answers .\nthe frogfish dosen ' t have many predators . in fact it only has one known predator which is the moray eel . yet it is rare to see this animal attacking or eating a frogfish . the reason the frogfish dosen ' t have many predators is probably because of it ' s camouflage . also when it feels threatened it will puff up scaring away it ' s predator .\nthe eggs of tetrabrachium ocellatum ( four - armed frogfish or humpback anglerfish ) are wrapped around the dorsal fins which are specially hooked . since a lot of fish like to eat eggs , these eggs might enhance considerably the overall luring effect of a frogfish .\nthe third reason for yawning is actually a stress reaction . a frogfish will yawn at its reflection in the camera lens\u2014challenging the reflection that it can swallow it whole and should leave it alone ! keep in mind when photographing a yawning frogfish that unless it happens before or after a predation event or movement , it is most likely a stress reaction and the frogfish should be left alone for awhile . if you happen to catch a frogfish yawning , try to get a shot from the side or from directly in front .\nthe gape strike of the frogfish is so effective that it\u2019s nearly impossible to escape the strike zone . dropping and extending its jaw with lightning - quick speed , the frogfish overwhelms and consumes its prey with surprise and force . frogfish actually engage their stomach muscles simultaneously and crush their victims all in one movement . the only teeth they have are positioned backwards to prevent a subject from escaping .\ngiant frogfish may camouflage themselves in sponges or on the ocean bottom . these fish can change their color , and even texture to help them blend in with their environment . why do they do it ? to fool their prey . a giant frogfish ' s mouth can stretch to 12 times its size , so the frogfish can gobble up its prey in one giant gulp . if its stealth maneuvers fail , the frogfish has a second option \u2014 like an anglerfish , it has a modified spine that functions as a fleshy\nlure\nthat attracts prey . as a curious animal , such as a small fish , approaches , the frogfish gulps them down .\nmany frogfish are so well hidden that only their faces are visible . not to worry , great photos are still possible . this is especially relevant if you find a giant frogfish while using a 60mm or 105mm lens and it won\u2019t fit in the frame . shoot from the side while focusing on the side of the face and , if possible , utilize some negative space behind the frogfish such as a\nthe juvenile clown frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) and the juvenile giant frogfish ( antennarius commerson ) are said to mimic a distasteful flatworm , complete with undulating dorsal fins to simulate the swimming worm . i think there are also examples of distasteful nudibranchs that look similar . other frogfish species ( antennarius hispidus , antennarius striatus ) are just specially well camouflaged and look like algae covered rocks or like a slug .\nthere is a group of frogfish species , which have no or a much reduced lure . the newly ( 2008 ) discovered frogfish species histiophryne psychedelica ( ambon frogfish ) seems to block off the entrance to holes or crevices and thus entraps its prey inside ( reference ) . it would be interesting to investigate if other nearly rodless frogfishes like histiophryne bougainvilli or histiophryne cryptacanthus also employ a similar behavior of predation .\nthe twelve genera of antennaridae ( antennae bearing ) frogfish are found nearly worldwide but tend to be bunched as species in different oceans . this article highlights the frogfish of the info - pacific , found in the genus antennarius . the giant frogfish , antennarius commersoni , has a large range and can be found throughout the tropical pacific , eastern atlantic , eastern pacific , hawaii ( kona ) , indian ocean , japan , red sea , tropical australia , western atlantic , indonesia and asia . frogfish take on many different color forms throughout their lifecycle .\nimportant : based on new findings ( reference ) about dna in frogfishes the nomenclatur for several frogfish species ( all of the former genus antennarius ) was changed and this website corrected accordingly in 2012 . new phylogenetic relationships between frogfish genera and species list of changed species names / pdf\nimage of juvenile nudiantennarius subteres ( 15mm ) and of a yawning baby hairy frogfish ( a . striatus ) , only about 8mm from maumere\nnever seen yet - special colouring of a juvenile frogfish ( a . pictus ? ) - image 1 , 2 and details 3 , 4\nthey ' re lumpy , they don ' t have scales , and they are expert camouflage artists . who are they ? giant frogfish !\nhairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) has caught a flounder but is unable to swallow the fish because it is too large . after about 45 minutes the frogfish spat the flounder out , it was dead by then . tropical frogfishes have no teeth , so they can ' t tear a fish into smaller pieces . either swallow whole ar not at all . copyright matthew oldfield - more images of this frogfish ( flickr )\noccasionally , you will find a frogfish that is just too big or too small for your lens . no problem if you feel like getting creative . if the frogfish is too big , focus on an interesting section of the body pattern and experiment with a little abstract photography .\nthere are no means to differ the male and female frogfish , for example by coloration or size except by examining the gonads by dissection .\nfrogfish do not have any lightning responses other than for feeding because they have very little to fear in the way of predation . what eats anglerfish ? other frogfish . the gulper may become the gulped . however considering that they are designed more to catch fish swimming in the water column , this is a rather rare phenomenon . moray eels have also been witnessed eating frogfish , but again , this is an uncommon sight .\nlike all frogfish , commerson\u2019s is a type of anglerfish ( and in some places it would just be called an anglerfish , not a frogfish ) . anglerfish are bony fish that usually have a growth on their foreheads that is used to lure in prey . frogfish are mostly benthic animals \u2013 they tend to sit on a solid surface rather than swim , and they can squat or \u201cwalk\u201d using their modified fins as legs .\n12 ) different species of the frogfish have different lures ( escae ) , which they wave in front of their mouth to attract prey . some have lures that resemble shrimps , others fishes , worms or tiny squids . recent research has shown the striated frogfish\u2019s lure to be biofluorescent .\ncommerson\u2019s frogfish , also known as the giant frogfish , ( antennarius commerson ) has a wide range , throughout the tropical pacific and indian oceans and in the red sea . they\u2019re usually found on reefs down to about 30m ( 100ft ) but may sometimes be seen in deeper water .\nanother alternative is to show the frogfish with its lure out . this is good if you want the frogfish to fill the entire photo while highlighting the fact that it is fishing . if you want to get creative , zoom in a bit and photograph the face and the lure or the lure on its own , especially when dealing with hairy frogfish as they have a huge worm - shaped lure . this option is good if you\u2019re taking a macro or super - macro shot and want the focus to be specifically the behavior and not the frogfish as a whole .\nfrogfish are masters of disguise . spot one during a dive and you will win the admiration of every diver in your group \u2013 especially photographers . frogfish , a type of anglerfish , have a textured exterior that aids in their camouflage . while they do not have scales , their amazing ability to camouflage themselves serves as protection from predators . frogfish vary in color and often have unique spines or bumps that change with their surroundings .\n\u201cit was fascinating because we had never seen a frogfish that had changed colour to become white because of a bleaching event , \u201d grimsditch says .\nshallow dive sites with an abundance of algae growth such as estuaries or areas with fluctuating salinity levels seem to be a favorite among hairy frogfish , and are a great place to locate them . but hairy frogfish also live in deeper waters and have been found at depths of 600 feet .\nhairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) - hiding between sea urchins to catch some cardinalfishes . it probably is imitating the spines of the sea urchin .\nthe longlure frogfish is found from in the western atlantic ocean from bermuda and the bahamas , south along the coasts of central and south america .\nonce prey \u2013 usually a crustacean or fish \u2013 is within range of a frogfish , it stands little chance : a frogfish sucks in its live meals by opening its huge mouth , pulling in prey in mere milliseconds . in fact , the fish has possibly the quickest ambush in the world .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica )\ntitle =\narkive species - psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthere are any number of reasons why frogfish , in all their shapes and sizes , fascinate and entertain human visitors to their watery domain . . .\n1 ) due to its amazing camouflage and complex luring behaviors , the frogfish is considered one of the most complicated , efficient examples of aggressive mimicry .\nwe would like to thank you for visiting our website ! please find below all frogfish features crossword clue answers and solutions for wall street journal daily crossword puzzle . since you have landed on our site then most probably you are looking for the solution of frogfish features crossword . look no further because you\u2019ve come to the right place ! our staff has just finished solving all today\u2019s washington post daily crossword and the answer for frogfish features can be found below\nboth stingfish and frogfish can be found in benthic zones , or the bottom of a body of water , where they lay in wait for prey .\nthis strange looking fish is a master ant camouflage . within a few weeks it can completely change its color to match its surroundings . the frogfish ' s\neach frogfish species moves the rod ( illicium ) with its lure ( esca ) in a special pattern to attract the attention of potential prey . for example the warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) moves its lure in wavy lines either above the head or directly in front of the mouth close to the ground , the lure is doing a circle . the giant frogfish ( antennarius commerson ) is moving its lure up and down in jerky movements . a study in luring behavior by s . michael also showed , that a frogfish can vary its angling technique . a coinbearing frogfish ( antennatus nummifer ) he observed used three different luring patterns - lifting the lure and vibrating the esca , holding the lure still in front of the mouth and throwing the angel rapidly back and forward .\nantennarius maculatus ( engorged ) is followed by a antennarius pictus frogfish . perhaps it is waiting for the release of the eggs , so it can eat them\nalthough they can be difficult to find , frogfish are some of the best subjects for underwater photographers , especially beginners . they come in all different colors and sizes , and don ' t like to move around that much . sometimes they are so camouflaged or hidden that the resulting photograph is cluttered , boring , or makes it hard to even see where the frogfish is . luckily , there are plenty of techniques when photographing frogfish that allow for great , creative photos .\n\u00b7 patience is important for underwater photography of frogfish - try not to touch , poke or antagonize . they will usually continue their behavior in front of the camera\ngreat photos of the ocellated frogfish fowlerichthys ocellatus ( formerly antennarius ocellatus ) from florida - a rare event since they tend to live beyond recreational scuba depths . video\nthe family of frogfish ( antennariidae = antenna bearers ) comprise 13 , perhaps 14 genera ( allenichthys , antennarius , antennatus , echinophryne , fowlerichthys , histiophryne , histrio , kuiterichthys , lophiocharon , nudiantennarius , phyllophryne , rhycherus , tathicarpus ) with 49 ( 52 ? ) known species . check out frogfish taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships .\nfrogfish / anglerfish ( antennariidae ) : feeding behavior of the frogfishes ( antennariidae ) : aggressive mimicry - luring prey - gape and suck . with photos and illustrations\nother fishes will perceive the camouflaged frogfish as perfect shelter and approach too close . frogfishes often look like algae covered rocks . in coral reefs there isn ' t really a plentiful supply of algae for herbivore fishes . these fishes will approach a frogfish because they perceive a good feeding ground and are then caught . because no herbivore fishes can eat plants surrounding the frogfish ( they all get caught ) these plants will grow extensively and even more fishes are attracted to the ambush site .\nthe following habitats are found across the frogfish distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\na warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) housed at the steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\nwhile diving off the coast of sulawesi , indonesia , one diver captured video of a frogfish taking a stroll along the ocean floor . in the more than 1 , 000 dives that hobbyist diver atsushi sadaki claims to have been on , he says he ' s seen a few frogfish but never any moving in this way .\n9 ) the frogfish swims by jet propulsion . it uses backward - facing , tubelike gill openings that propel it along rather than using a tail like most fishes .\n11 ) the frogfish lacks a swim bladder . this structure is found in most swimming fishes ; it maintains their buoyancy in a similar manner to a diver\u2019s bc .\njust as fishermen use different baits , different species of frogfish have different lures which imitate different prey from small squids , fish and worms through to crabs and shrimp .\na female and male _ a . striatus _ are paired together to mate . this is the only time that frogfish will come together without striking out . all frogfish are dangerously antisocial and don\u2019t play well with others . the male is the smaller of the two in this image . both become bright orange just prior to spawning .\nfrogfish usually feed on smaller fish and can sit extremely still , camouflaged and lying in wait for prey to come by . sometimes a frogfisy may wriggle its lure or move its body to resemble whatever it is camouflaged as . when the meal approaches close enough , the frogfish rapidly open its large mouth , creating a vacuum that sucks the prey in . the attack is over in six milliseconds ! frogfish can also expand their mouths and stomachs large enough to swallow prey much bigger than they are .\nthe illicium ( rod ) and esca ( lure ) of the warty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\nluckily , frogfish don ' t spook easily , so there is no need for a large distance between you and the fish when photographing it . if focusing on juvenile frogfish , those that are smaller than an inch , a 105mm lens is a great choice , although you can get away with using a 60mm lens with a diopter .\nthere are many fish in the sea that use camouflage , but the frogfish is a real treat to see . frogfish can be found in tropical and subtropical oceans and seas off the coasts of africa , asia , australia and north america . next time you take a dive in one of these regions take a closer look at the reef .\nthe frogfish ( or anglerfish , angler , fishing frog ) is one of my favorite fishes so this website is dedicated entirely to this family of fishes ( antennariidae ) .\nit\u2019s important to fit in . that seems to be the approach taken by this frogfish , which has turned white to match the bleached coral on which it is living .\na few frogfish species ( mostly living in australia ) show special parental care for their eggs . for example lophiocharon trisignatus or lophiocharon lithinostomus have fewer but larger eggs than other frogfish species . the female attaches a cluster of eggs with a threadlike structure to the surface of his body ( see below ) and carries them around until they hatch .\nfrogfish , so named due to their squat resemblance to the common amphibians , range in size from around 5cm to the giant frogfish ' s colossal 40cm . they also resemble frogs in that their fins are more like legs , which they use to walk slowly over the sea bed and atop sponges and corals to lie in wait for their prey .\nfrogfish spend long periods being stationary ( which makes them excellent underwater photography subjects ) but they are a swimming species , most often though they move by jumping and walking along the sea floor . in order to \u201cjump\u201d the frogfish will suck in water through its mouth and then force it out through their gills \u2013 this makes them literally jet propelled !\nhairy frogfish range in size and most have their hair growth right from the beginning . adapting quickly , they begin hunting as soon as they hatch from their eggs , gulping down anything for protein . using their rod and lure , frogfish like this juvenile a . striatus hunt smaller shrimps and sometimes other newly - hatched siblings from the same brood .\nthe weird and wonderful psychedelic frogfish ( histiophryne psychedelica ) was first described in 2009 ( 3 ) , following its discovery in indonesia in 2008 ( 1 ) ( 4 ) . with vivid stripes of bluish - green , white and yellowish - orange ( 4 ) , this strange - looking fish is a type of anglerfish ( a species in the order lophiiformes ) . however , unlike most in this order , and indeed its own family of frogfish , the psychedelic frogfish is unusual in not having a lure growing from its forehead ( 5 ) . in other anglerfish , the lure is a fleshy , modified dorsal fin spine that the anglerfish uses as \u2018bait\u2019 to attract prey ( 6 ) . the psychedelic frogfish also has forward - facing eyes on its flattened face , a trait not seen before in frogfish , and which is rare among fish in general ( 5 ) .\n6 ) during a recent coral - bleaching event in the maldives , where great areas of coral became pure white , a frogfish was found camouflaging itself against these ghostly corals .\na similar species , antennarius hispidus may be distinguished from the striated frogfish by its esca or lure which is a large oval shaped tuft rather than worm - like in appearance .\nthe frogfish can be found in a number of locations including : africa , asia , australia , north america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nfrogfish aren ' t the only type of fish found\nwalking .\nin june , a diver also swimming off the coast of indonesia filmed a stingfish performing a nimbler\nwalk\nacross the ocean floor . unlike frogfish , stingfish have pectoral fins that are separated and more apt at movement . ( read why the video had experts stumped . )\nfrogfish is an angler fish , which belongs to the family of antennariidae . there are around 44 members in the frogfish family . these species vary at a huge level on the basis of their size . the bandfin frogfish can grow up to a size of only 5 cm , whereas the giant frogfish can grow up to a size of 40 cm . as their size varies , their coloration , markings and body patterns also varies . as far as the shape of the body is considered , it is almost similar . frogfish are the underwater dwellers and very little is known about this species . they have unique characteristics that they can adapt themselves very well in their natural surroundings . their camouflaged behavior makes them very difficult to be detected and so much is not known about them . they vary in coloration and markings in such a way that it is very difficult to identify the species correctly .\nespecially the larger frogfish species change the way they hunt while growing . young frogfishes hide a lot ( like the smaller frogfish species ) . when they are grown up large frogfishes ( antennarius commerson , antennarius multiocellatus ) stay at the same place for a long time on exposed areas in the coral reef , so you will find them there during several dives .\nfood habits striated frogfish feed on crustaceans and various benthic fishes such as flounders , shrimp gobies and of particular note , the lionfish which is an invasive species with the distribution range of this frogfish . feeding behavior is quite unique in this group of fishes . when the frogfish detects its prey , it follows the movement of the prey item with its eyes . as the prey approaches , the frogfish begins to move its illicium in such a way that the esca mimics the movements of the organism it resembles which in this case is a worm . the frogfish slowly prepares for the surprise attack on the prey by stalking it or just adjusting its mouth in anticipation . the prey is actually caught via the sudden opening of the jaws which increases the mouth size up to 12 times , pulling in the prey along with water in just six milliseconds . this water flows out through the gills while the prey is swallowed and the esophagus is closed with a specially adapted muscle to keep the victim contained . frogfish can also expand their stomachs to swallow animals up to twice their own size !\n14 ) juvenile painted frogfish mimic toxic nudibranchs . because of this behavior , they have little to fear from their own predators while being ignored by their prey , allowing easy ambush .\nthe lembeh frogfish ( listed here for a long time as antennatus sp . ) has been identified as nudiantennarius subteres resulting in a redescription of this species ( pietsch and arnold 2017 )\nthe eastern frogfish has a large mouth , fleshy lips and a tasseled ' beard ' . the species is endemic to australia , occurring from southern queensland to central new south wales .\nfrogfish ( common name derived from batrachoidiae or toadfish ) are crafty predators that are well designed for ambushing their prey by using \u201clying and wait\u201d hunting tactics and employing several strategies to atract heir prey without exerting too much energy . they rarely , if ever , swim while hunting , and assume a more stationary position . frogfish are known for lightning fast strike speeds .\nfish , fe . 1987 . kinematics and power output of jet propulsion by the frogfish genus antennarius ( lophiiformes : antennaridae ) . copeia 1987 ( 4 ) : 1046 - 1048 .\nfood habits this frogfish lies in a sponge and waits for a fish to swim by . it then wiggles the lure around in order to attract the prey . as the frogfish lumbers across the bottom , it moves these spines around in the same way as a snail moves its eye stalks , attracting small fish and crustaceans with its lure . it is capable of swallowing a fish that is larger in size than itself . eating mostly fish , the longlure frogfish has been known to occasionally feed on crabs and mantis shrimps . just like a recreational fisher , the frogfish will move to a different location if no fish are biting , using its stalked pectoral fins and its pelvic fins to slowly\nwalk\nacross the bottom .\n( 9 ) : schneidewind , f . 2005 . a frogfish ( antennarius sp . ) as a mimic of sea urchins : a new form of mimicry in the family antennariidae .\nfrogfishes also employ chemical attractants . this is of importance to frogfish that forage at night like the hairy frogfish ( antennarius striatus ) . this frogfish also enlarges his esca by 35 % when actively luring . the hairy frogfish , a juvenile , about 9cm large , on the following 9 photos ( also possible to see as a short video ) was walking about and luring during about 10 minutes , checking out several goby burrows but with no success . during some time it stretched the lure out in front while walking , then again it was moving the lure over its head in complicated patterns . it was interesting to observe the lure , which made wavy movements , then again was rolled up and nearly hidden . click on thumbnail for enlargement .\nby following the advice outlined here , even novice underwater photographers will find frogfish to be excellent subjects that can be photographed in a multitude of ways and using a number of different techniques .\nthe complete length of the lifecycle of an individual is unknown outside of captivity . the size can range anywhere from 1 / 8 inch to 22 inches . as a juvenile the giant frogfish may be white or yellow and saddled with reddish colored patches , often misidentified underwater as a clown frogfish . but as the individual grows towards the sex phase the colors can shift from pink , yellow , black , beige , green and more , often sporting scab like appendages . but all frogfish are speculated to have a chameleon like ability with some even growing hair like appendages .\nthe frogfish is a master of survival , with all it ' s adaptions . one of the many adaptions it has is it modified dorsal fin with a lure on top . the lure resembles the food of the frogfish ' s prey so they prey will come close the frogfish so it can suck it in . the lure is able to fold back between the fins when not in use , so it won ' t get damaged . another adaption this animal has is it ' s flexible jawbone . this allows it to open up 12 times it original mouth size . this is good for the frogfish because once the lure lures it close to the frogfish it can open up it ' s mouth and suck it in . another adaption it has is it ' s amazing camouflage . it ' s skin will match the surroundings coral colour also it has bumps on it ' s skin which makes it look exactly like the coral around it .\nthis species is not commercially valuable and is not accidentally captured by fisheries targeting other species . though some individuals are occasionally captured alive for display in public and private aquaria , this uncommon practice is not a threat to scarlet frogfish populations . scientists have not officially assessed the conservation status of the scarlet frogfish , but this naturally rare species is likely a species of least conservation concern .\nthe most interesting aspect of the frogfish , apart from his prefect camouflage is the way he attracts his prey . other fish lie in wait until the prey swims close to their mouth ( lie - in - wait predation ) , but the frogfish ( or anglerfish ) lures the prey ( fish , crustaceans ) actively to where it can strike . the lure mimics food animals like worms , small shrimps or small fish . the prey approaches to catch the lure and then is engulfed by the waiting frogfish ( see a video ) . this strategy is called aggressive mimicry .\nthere are many great destinations for diving in the presence of these fascinating creatures . frogfish are common in the dive destinations of indonesia , malaysia and burma , with some of the best being :\n\u00b7 lens choices can range from 105mm to 10 . 5mm , depending on the size of the frogfish . most mid range lenses are perfect , and a compact camera has a very good range\nthe psychedelic frogfish is the only known fish to \u2018hop\u2019 rather than swim , pushing off the sea floor using its leg - like fins and expelling water from its gills to propel itself forwards .\n7 ) some deep - sea relatives of the frogfish exhibit sexual parasitism , where tiny parasitic males attach to larger females . males fuse to their partners , receiving nutrients while supplying sperm in return .\nbelow is the solution for frogfish features crossword clue . this clue was last seen on jul 8 2017 in the wall street journal crossword puzzle . while searching our database we found 1 possible solution matching the query \u201cfrogfish features\u201d . please check the answer provided below and if its not what you are looking for then head over to the main post and use the search function . you can always go back at\nof course not all prey is attracted by the lure . a more passive approach is the excellent camouflage of the frogfishes . many animals just mistake a frogfish for a sponge , come too close and are swallowed . i have actually seen on various occasions , how small gobies flittered over the body of a frogfish sitting in a sponge , without being aware of the danger of getting eaten ( image ) .\nfrogfishes mainly eat fishes and crustaceans ( shrimps and crabs ) . they can swallow items of prey that are twice as large as them ( see a video ) . luring techniques vary depending on the surrounding the frogfish lives in . a frogfish ( for example antennarius striatus ) living mainly on sand often has a lure that reaches close to the ground , so it can move the lure at the entrances of burrows or entice benthic animals like flounders to come closer . a frogfish living exposed on sponges or corals ( for example antennarius commerson ) will lure more often above its head and might have a longish lure . a frogfish living hidden in crevices ( for example antennatus nummifer ) often is small and has a small lure , more like a white ball and will stretch it in front of its head or just above .\nhi graham , i have never seen frogfish spawn at dusk , as many other fish do , but only at night . i noted the times of the last two spawnings that i witnessed on my notes at the top of this page . the first two spawnings , in 2003 and 2005 , occurred at 9 : 08pm and 8 : 45pm , respectively . good luck with your quest to witness frogfish spawning !\nthe broad face of the psychedelic frogfish has an expanded , fleshy chin and cheeks ( 1 ) ( 7 ) , giving it the appearance of a lion\u2019s mane ( 8 ) . this species also has a large , gaping mouth ( 9 ) . its body has thick skin with many folds ( 5 ) , and its tail is slightly off - centre ( 9 ) . as in other frogfish , the pectoral fins on each side of the psychedelic frogfish\u2019s body have evolved to be more like legs than fins ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the fish also has three spines along its back ( 7 ) .\nit is possible that other opportunistic predators would devour anglerfish , particularly when they are still young . indeed in some cultures , man would happily lift some floating sargassum and take the sheltering frogfish home to be eaten .\nso - enjoy this website , look at the largest collection of frogfish photos , read about the behavior of this amazing fish and . . . . . get wet ! those critters are waiting for you underwater !\nanglerfish generally have the ability to change colour and become camouflaged against their surroundings to stay hidden from prey attracted by their lure . in contrast , the psychedelic frogfish\u2019s lurid colouring does not change , which appears to be reflected in its behaviour as it is a shy and elusive species , hiding itself away . this is presumably due to its inability to become camouflaged in the open . researchers speculate that the psychedelic frogfish\u2019s flamboyant colouring may be a way for the fish to mimic the corals within its habitat ( 5 ) . each individual psychedelic frogfish can be identified by its unique pattern of stripes and concentric rings ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .\n\u201cspinules\u201d or small spines are a hair - like structure which give these frogfish their name . the \u201chair\u201d actually grows right from its soft skin tissue with a variance in density from abundant to hardly any at all .\nit inhabits shallow reefs at depths less than 215 feet ( 66 meters ) where it quite easily mimics surrounding sponges . the longlure frogfish is a bottom dweller , occurring in warm shallow waters . the frogfish uses its stalked pectoral fins and its pelvic fins to slowly\nwalk\nacross the bottom . frogfishes have been observed inflating themselves by filling their stomachs with air or water . this is a solitary species found in small populations .\nwarty frogfish ( antennarius maculatus ) are sedentary seafloor dwellers that can change colour over just a few weeks to seamlessly blend in with their surroundings . their disguise renders them invisible to unsuspecting prey that they snatch for dinner ."]}
{"id": 2071, "summary": [{"text": "the northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to most of north america , parts of central america , cuba , and the cayman islands , and is one of the few woodpecker species that migrate .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "over 100 common names for the northern flicker are known , including yellowhammer ( not to be confused with the eurasian yellowhammer ) , clape , gaffer woodpecker , harry-wicket , heigh-ho , wake-up , walk-up , wick-up , yarrup , and gawker bird .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "many of these names derive from attempts to imitate some of its calls . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "northern flicker", "paragraphs": ["boreal flicker , common flicker , cuban flicker , gilded flicker , gilded woodpecker , golden - winged woodpecker , guadalupe flicker , malherbe\u2019s flicker , mearns\u2019 flicker , northwestern flicker , red - shafted flicker , red - shafted woodpecker , san fernando flicker , san pedro flicker , southern flicker , yellowhammer , yellow - shafted flicker .\nthere are five subspecies of northern flicker : the yellow - shafted flicker , the red - shafted flicker , the gilded flicker , the guatemalan flicker , and the cuban flicker and throat color , head color and the presence of a red marking on the neck can vary depending on the subspecies .\nthe northern flicker is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ngilded flicker the gilded flicker of the desert southwest is very similar , but slightly smaller and has an all brown crown .\nthe northern flicker can be found in open forests , woodlots and groves . it is common in parks and gardens .\nthe longest lifespan recorded is 9 years and 2 months for a yellow - shafted form of the northern flicker and 6 years and 8 months for a red - shafted form of the northern flicker . most northern flickers probably live much less than this , maybe surviving only a few years .\nnorthern flicker male rolling rattle call ( territorial ) : wik - wik wik . seen on telephone pole outside house . not modified .\nthe oldest known yellow - shafted form of the northern flicker was a male and was at least 9 years , 2 months old when he was found in florida . the oldest red - shafted form of northern flicker lived to be at least 8 years , 9 months old .\nearly research on the northern flicker focused on phenotypic variation and dynamics of the hybrid zone . the detailed and descriptive work of lester short (\ndetection of 1 northern flicker by detailed ecological unit in yukon - charley rivers national preserve , alaska , avian inventory , june 1999 and 2000 .\nthe northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that is strongly migratory . flickers in the northern parts of their range move south for the winter , although a few individuals often stay rather far north .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - northern flicker ( colaptes auratus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - northern flicker ( colaptes auratus )\ntitle =\narkive species - northern flicker ( colaptes auratus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\na loud , repeated flicker or wicka - wicka - wicka ; also a loud kleeer .\nto make it a female yellow - shafted flicker , add a red crescent on the back of the head . then add a black malar mark to turn it into a male yellow - shated flicker .\nthe red - shafted and yellow - shafted forms of the northern flicker formerly were considered different species . the two forms hybridize extensively in a wide zone from alaska to the panhandle of texas . a hybrid often has some traits from each of the two forms and some traits that are intermediate between them . the red - shafted flicker also hybridizes with the gilded flicker , but less frequently .\nthe northern flicker , which is a woodpecker , pecks on the sides of trees for food , but it mainly searches leaf litter and dead bark looking for its favorite prey \u2014 ants .\nthe northern flicker breeds throughout most of the u . s . , as well as large parts of canada and small parts of northern mexico . other subspecies occur in cuba , and in southern mexico south to central america . its population has been declining in recent years .\nclick the range map to learn more about the distribution of northern flickers in washington .\nrange : northern flicker ranges from alaska to quebec , and south throughout the entire united states . it winters in the southern part of its range , and in northern mexico . we can find it on grand cayman , cuba and as far south as the highlands of nicaragua .\ngila woodpecker the gila woodpecker looks much like a flicker without the crescent black markings on the upper chest .\nthis is a hybrid flicker ( luteus x cafer ) . here is a photo of the bird : urltoken\nalthough it can climb up the trunks of trees and hammer on wood like other woodpeckers , the northern flicker prefers to find food on the ground . ants are its main food , and the flicker digs in the dirt to find them . it uses its long barbed tongue to lap up the ants .\nconserving the northern flicker is of critical importance if biodiversity in north american forests is to be preserved as it acts as a keystone species by excavating a large proportion of the nest cavities used by many other cavity - nesting bird species . despite this , there have been few conservation actions targeting the northern flicker , and conducting further studies into determining the main cause of the species\u2019 decline is of paramount importance . it is also recommended that snags should be left in managed forests to prevent the loss of nesting habitat ( 4 ) . the northern flicker is also protected by the migratory bird treaty act , which has been ratified by the governments of mexico , canada and the united states and prohibits the killing or harming of the northern flicker , including its nests and eggs ( 6 ) .\n\u2022 the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that is strongly migratory . flickers in the northern parts of their range move south for the winter , although a few individuals often remain far to the north . they are permanent residents across much of the u . s .\nnorthern flickers are migratory , moving between summer and winter ranges during the spring and fall .\nadult male northern wheatear in breeding plumage , alaska . photo by mark peck via birdshare .\nthe northern flicker is a common , primarily ground - foraging woodpecker that occurs in most wooded regions of north america . its taxonomic status has been debated because of hybridization among subspecies groups , each readily distinguished by plumage coloration . two subspecies , the yellow - shafted flicker ( colaptes auratus auratus ) of eastern north america and the red - shafted flicker ( c . a . cafer ) of western north america , form a long , narrow hybrid zone in the great plains that parallels the rain shadow of the rocky mountains and crosses the canadian rockies extending to southern alaska . this hybrid zone has been of great interest to ornithologists and evolutionary biologists for more than a century . hybridization occurs on a more limited basis between the\nred - shafted\nflicker and the gilded flicker ( c . chrysoides ) , a separate species associated with the sonoran desert . two other subspecies groups of the northern flicker are allopatric ; the cuban flicker ( chrysocaulosus group ) occurs on cuba and grand cayman island , and the guatemalan flicker ( mexicanoides group ) occurs in the highlands of southern mexico south to northwestern nicaragua .\n\u2022 the family picidae has over 200 species and is found almost everywhere , with about 20 species breeding in north america . the northern flicker , colaptes auratus , has many subspecies . the male yellow - shafted flicker ( c . a . luteus ) has the typical black mustache . the male red - shafted flicker ( c . a . cafer ) has a red i\u2019 mustache . interbreeding can produce offspring with either black or red mustaches .\nflicker would suggest poor smoothing capacitors . . . and they ' re likely to be the first things to go .\nmoore , w . s . 1987b . random mating in the northern flicker hybrid zone : implications for the evolution of bright and contrasting plumage patterns in birds . evolution no . 41 : 539 - 546 . close\nhabitat : northern flicker lives in wooded areas , with stand of dead trees . it likes also open areas , forest edges , clearings , burnt areas , agricultural lands and residential areas , parks and large gardens .\nin general , populations of the northern flicker across north america are stable . however , habitat loss is a main cause of any decrease in woodpecker numbers . the european starling is the flicker\u2019s worst enemy in colorado , competing for food and nest holes . since woodpeckers damage trees and utility poles with their drilling , humans often target the birds .\nthe gilded flicker closely resembles the northern flicker and combines some features of the yellow - shafted ( yellow wings and tail base ) and the red - shafted ( head pattern ) . the gilded flicker is smaller and shows black on the distal half of the undertail ; northern flicker undertails are black on about the distal third ( note that all flicker tails look mostly black from above ) . the crown of the gilded is more extensively brown than in the red - shafted northern , and the back is paler , more gray - brown , with narrower and more widely spaced black bars ( but note that interior western red - shafted are paler backed than northwestern birds ) . the black crescent on the chest of the golden is thicker and more truncated on the sides . the spotting on the underparts is broadened into short bars or crescents on the flanks of the gilded ; northerns have round spots throughout the underparts .\nthe image below is a female red - shafted flicker . add a red malar strip and it would be a male .\nunlike most woodpeckers , the flicker eats large numbers of ants , along with other insects as well as fruits and berries .\ni supplied a link to an industry led magazine which details what causes led flicker , which is what this thread is about .\nbrigham , r . m . , m . j . sarell , and c . g . harris . 1990 . \u201croosting of northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) under a concrete bridge . \u201d northwestern naturalist 71 : 52 - 53 .\nlike most woodpeckers , northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense . in such cases , the object is to make as loud a noise as possible , and that\u2019s why woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects . one northern flicker in wyoming could be heard drumming on an abandoned tractor from a half - mile away .\nnorthern flickers feed principally on ants but also take other insects and some fruit , seeds , and berries .\ndobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .\nbreeding interval northern flickers breed each year , they may have one or two clutches within the nesting season .\nthe northern flicker is a large bird measuring between 10 - 14 inches long . the back and wings are brown / tan and black - barred with a whitish or buffy breast with black spots and a wide black band across the breast .\nwhen the northern flicker migrates to its breeding ground , the area resonates with sound . the flicker\u2019s characteristic call , wick , wick , wick , sounds like \u201cwake - up , wake - up , wake - up . \u201d the call announces the flicker\u2019s arrival , and the male and female mate . the male flicker frequently drums , especially on metal , a noise that can be annoying to many humans . but overall , the bird does not tap as much as other woodpeckers do for communication . instead a loud klee - yer call is used for long - distance beckoning , especially by highly vocal fledglings . in short flight , the flicker rapidly beats its wings to rise , then slows to dip about every 3\u2032 , stalling motionlessly for a brief moment before continuing the pattern . when flickers that live in the northern regions migrate , they follow fixed courses , traveling in large flocks . since the flicker is such an indeterminate egg - layer , humans have removed eggs to see just how many a female flicker will lay . the record is 71 eggs in 73 days . scientists have seen a male flicker treat his female partner as a rival when a fake black mustache was fastened on her face . as soon as it was removed , he accepted her back at the nest .\nnorthern flickers range from alaska eastward to quebec , then south throughout the entire united states . northern flickers are migratory . they winter in the southern part of the united states and in northern mexico . in addition , these woodpeckers are found on grand cayman , cuba , and range as far south as the highlands of nicaragua .\nthe flicker is named for its flight pattern : it \u201cflicks\u201d up and down , revealing brilliant yellow underwings that glitter in the sunlight .\nnowster wrote : flicker would suggest poor smoothing capacitors . . . and they ' re likely to be the first things to go .\nmeasuring almost 20\u2033 in length , the great slaty woodpecker ( mulleripicus pulverulentus ) is 40 % longer than the northern flicker ; and at 19 oz . weighs three times as much . it is the largest old world woodpecker : the great slaty is slate - gray ( hence its name ) and has a long neck and tail , perfect for long days spent hammering and drilling on the sides of trees in southeast asia . this sharply contrasts with the varied colors of the flicker\u2019s plumage and its shorter neck , adapted for life spent mainly on the ground in north america foraging for ants and other insects . northern flicker great slaty woodpecker\nchances are , if you have northern flickers ; a suet feeder will bring them in for a close look .\nthe yellow - shafted flicker has a red patch on its neck and yellow feathers on the inside of its wings . the male has a black mustache . yellow - shafted flickers can be found in the east and the north . the red - shafted flicker has pinkish feathers on the inside of its wings and the male has a red mustache . the red - shafted flicker is common in the west . the gilded flicker can be found in the deserts of southeastern california and southern arizona . it has yellow wing linings and the males have a red mustache .\nthe northern flicker has a large range , estimated globally at 15 , 000 , 000 square kilometers . native to north and central america and nearby island nations , this bird prefers forest ecosystems , though it can live on arable or pasture land or in urban areas . the global population of this bird is estimated at 16 , 000 , 000 individuals and does not show signs of significant decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the northern flicker is least concern .\n\u2022 the red - shafted and yellow - shafted forms of the northern flicker formerly were considered different species . the two forms hybridize extensively in a wide zone from alaska to the panhandle of texas . a hybrid often has some traits from each of the two forms .\nbehaviour : northern flicker male recognizes female by sight . pairs often mate for life , and typically return to the same area for nesting . it can have aggressive displays to protect its mate or territory . it may point the bill at a rival , with the head tilted forward , or pecks at an opponent . for a more aggressive display , a northern flicker may use side to side head and body movements against an opponent . a \u201chead - bobbing\u201d display may be used too . sometimes , these displays are accompanied by tail spreading .\nwiebe , k . l . and moore , w . s . ( 2008 ) northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\ndiet : northern flicker main food is ants . but they consume others insects , including grasshoppers , crickets , termites , wasps , aphids , beetles and their larvae , caterpillars and spiders . they consume also cherries and berries , and weed seeds , acorns and other nut kernels .\nwiebe , karen l . and william s . moore . 2017 . northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) , version 2 . 1 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto northern flicker sings while is flying . its song is a loud \u201cwick - wick - wick - wick - wick\u201d . individual notes sound like a loud \u2018klee - yer\u201d and a squeaky \u201cflick - a , flick - a , flick - a\u201d .\nthe northern flicker is also unusual for being one of few north american woodpeckers that exhibits strong migratory behaviour ( 3 ) . those populations in the southern and central parts of the species\u2019 range may remain in the same location all year round , but those at more northerly locations tend to travel southwards before the onset of winter ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . typically , they leave the northern breeding grounds from the end of august to late october or november , with most birds departing in september . whilst migrating , the northern flicker flies low over the ground , often in large flocks , and does not return to the breeding grounds until early march to may the following year ( 2 ) .\nhow often does reproduction occur ? northern flickers breed each year , they may have one or two clutches within the nesting season .\nthe flicker can be found in much of north america from the tree line in canada and alaska south to nicaragua . flickers in alaska and canada are migratory .\n) . the largest study dedicated to understanding the reproductive ecology , life history , and population ecology of the northern flicker is a long - term study by k . l . wiebe at riske creek , central british columbia , where 100\u2013150 color - banded nesting pairs have been monitored annually since 1997 .\nthis is a yellow - shafted flicker eating suet . if you would like to attract these birds to your backyard just click the link below for some great ideas .\nnorthern flickers use a drumming technique to attract a mate . unfortunately for many people , they often practice on the metal flues of fireplaces .\nrange / habitat : northern flickers can be found throughout most wooded regions of north america . prefers forest edges and open woodlands approaching savannas .\nmoore , w . s . 1995 . northern flicker ( colaptes auratus ) . species account number 166 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database\nreproduction : breeding season occurs from february to july . northern flicker\u2019s nest is excavated in dead tree trunks , or in a dead part of live trees , or telephone poles . it may be found in unlined tree cavities , or in earthen banks of termite\u2019s nests . the nest is usually built below 3 meters .\nas a broadly distributed species , the northern flicker occupies a diversity of habitats . it may be found in almost any habitat with trees and access to open ground , preferring open woodlands , savannas and forest edges , although it tends to avoid the densest forests ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\nas its broad geographic distribution suggests , the northern flicker is a generalist in many respects , but in others it is a specialist . it is clearly a species of open woodlands , savannas , farmland with tree rows , and forest edges . it eats mostly ants but also beetle larvae and\u2014during late autumn , winter , and early spring\u2014a variety of berries . the northern flicker is well adapted to habitats altered by humans , commonly breeding in urban as well as suburban and rural environments , and visiting backyard bird feeders . nevertheless , data from the north american breeding bird survey indicate significant declines in abundance . reasons for these declines are unclear , but likely explanations are habitat loss and competition with the european starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) for nest cavities . although the northern flicker remains abundant , this declining trend should be viewed with concern because the species plays a central role in the ecology of woodland communities where it excavates many of the cavities later used by other hole - nesting species .\nnorthern flicker : this species breeds from alaska east through manitoba to newfoundland and south throughout the u . s . and into mexico and cuba . it is a resident from approximately the u . s . - canada border southward , as the northernmost birds are migratory . preferred habitats include forest edges and open woodlands approaching savannas .\nthe flicker ' s diet is mostly insects , including ants . they also eat termites , beetles , caterpillars , fruits , and berries . they will sometimes eat seeds and nuts .\n. once they reach adulthood , northern flickers are preyed upon by several birds of prey that specialize on hunting birds . in eastern north america this includes\ndistribution : northern flickers winter within north america throughout most of the contiguous united states . in summer , they range throughout most of alaska and canada . within yukon - charley rivers national preserve , these birds were detected only rarely during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory , june 1999 and 2000 . one northern flicker was detected in the boreal forests of the ogilvie foothills ( of ) ecological unit during the survey . woodpecker species were not well inventoried using our sampling technique .\nif you want to attract a flicker to your backyard keep a fresh birdbath , don ' t kill your ants in your backyard and lay out apples , peanut butter , or raisins .\nnorthern wheatears breed all the way across northern eurasia and reach north america in both the west ( alaska and the yukon ) and the east ( the canadian arctic ) . so why don\u2019t we get to see them in the winter , the way we get to see snow buntings , american tree sparrows , and snowy owls ? because all of the world\u2019s northern wheatears , save a few vagrants , spend the winter in the same region : sub - saharan africa .\nwoodpeckers of the family picidae ( meaning\nsmeared with pitch\n) are highly arboreal birds with chisel - like bills , strong claws , short legs and stiff tail - feathers . they usually occur singly in wooded areas , using their sharp claws to easily climb trees . most species\ndrum\nor tap - out their songs on resonant trunks or branches . by using their stiff tail - feathers as props , they are able to anchor on tree trunks and drum signals or excavate cavities with their strong , sharp bills . five species of woodpeckers occur in yukon - charley rivers national preserve : the northern flicker and the three - toed , black - backed , downy and hairy woodpeckers . the northern flicker is so named for its distinctive\nflicker\n- sounding call note . in reference to their tree - boring habits and colaptes auratus aptly means\ngolden chisel !\nmoore , w . s . and j . t . price . 1993 .\nthe nature of selection in the northern flicker hybrid zone and its implications for speciation theory .\nin hybrid zones and the evolutionary process . , edited by r . g . harrison , 196 - 225 . oxford , uk : oxford univ . press . close\nthe northern flicker ranges from the tree line in canada and alaska , south and eastwards across the north american continent , generally east of the rocky mountains , to the gulf of mexico , central america and the northern antilles ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . the red - shafted form is largely restricted to the western half of the united states , while the yellow - shafted form is found in the eastern half , with a broad zone in the centre of the country where the two forms interbreed ( 4 ) .\ndespite being adept at climbing up the trunks of trees and hammering at wood to extract embedded insects , unlike other woodpeckers the northern flicker prefers to forage for food on the ground , hopping or running short distances between prey ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . ants may comprise as much as 75 percent of its diet ( 2 ) , which it captures by hammering and digging at the soil , before darting out its long , barbed tongue at the end of the bill to snare its prey ( 3 ) . the northern flicker also eats beetles , flies , butterflies , moths and snails , and often forages amongst other birds including sparrows and blackbirds , either alone , in pairs , in family groups , or in flocks of up to 15 birds ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when startled , unlike most other woodpeckers which quickly clamber up a nearby tree trunk , the northern flicker alights upon a thin horizontal branch and sits in a characteristic erect posture . it flies in a smooth rising and falling motion as it alternates periods of flapping with gliding ( 3 ) .\nthe northern flicker is a large brown woodpecker . it has a white tail with black bars and a black tip , a light brown to off - white breast with black to brown spots . it has a black\nbib\non its upper chest . males have a black or red\nmustache\nthat runs from its bill down to its cheek .\ndrumming ( 8 drums ) from two red - shafted flicker males in close proximity to each other in cottonwoods along the cache la poudre river . recording unmodified except for removal of 90 seconds of silence .\nnorthern flickers generally nest in holes in trees like other woodpeckers . occasionally , they\u2019ve been found nesting in old , earthen burrows vacated by belted kingfishers or bank swallows .\nyear - round area includes both resident and wintering populations . the northern limit of year - round range is variable . see figure 2 for breeding distribution of subspecies .\nat the species level , northern flickers are partial migrants , because some individuals in the south are non - migratory , but northern populations would be considered short - distance migrants as all individuals leave the breeding area . the location of wintering areas on the continent suggests the main attribute of suitable habitat is snow - free ground favourable for foraging (\nthis bird will use a properly constructed bird house for nesting . as a cavity nester the flicker will excavate a nest in a tree , post , or catus anywhere from 8 - 100 feet above the ground .\nthe flicker is the only woodpecker in north american that commonly finds food on the ground . it often forages for ants and beetle larvae on the ground . it will sometimes perch on tree limbs to eat berries .\nnorthern flickers usually excavate nest holes in dead or diseased tree trunks or large branches . in northern north america look for nests in trembling aspens , which are susceptible to a heartrot that makes for easy excavation . unlike many woodpeckers , flickers often reuse cavities that they or another species excavated in a previous year . nests are generally placed 6 - 15 feet off the ground , but on rare occasions can be over 100 feet high . northern flickers have been known to nest in old burrows of belted kingfishers or bank swallows .\nalthough still widespread and relatively common , northern flicker populations have been in decline for several decades , estimated at around two percent per year . the principle cause of this decline is unclear , but it may be due to competition for nest cavities with other birds , reduced availability of nest sites , or the application of pesticides ( 4 ) . competition with introduced european starlings ( sturnus vulgaris ) is often evoked as an explanation for dwindling numbers of the northern flicker , but while some studies have found evidence to support this notion , others have not ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . similarly , the policy of removing snags , dead limbs and diseased trees from urban areas and managed forests may be limiting the availability of nesting cavities , but it is still unclear how significant a factor this is . there is also some limited evidence to suggest that the northern flicker is susceptible to ingesting pesticides used on golf courses , agricultural fields and suburban fields ( 4 ) . in cuba , deforestation is the greatest threat to the species , while it is now thought to be extinct in guadeloupe as a result of habitat destruction by feral goats and predation by cats ( 2 ) .\nthe distribution of distances travelled between breeding and wintering sites of individual northern flickers ( n = 199 ) . data are based on continent - wide banding recoveries and geolocator data .\nthe northern flicker is one of the largest and most beautiful woodpeckers in north america . we receive numerous calls each year along with customers stopping by wild bird habitat asking about this bird that they occasionally see in their yards . it does not frequent feeders and bird baths as often as other woodpeckers , but when it appears the shear size of this bird makes it very noticeable and a joy to see .\nwith ants as an important food source , the flicker often forages on the ground , but will also climb tree trunks and limbs like other woodpeckers . when eating fruits , it may forage out at the tips of branches .\nto find northern flickers , try walking through open woods or forest edges , but scan the ground . you may flush a flicker from a feeding spot up into a nearby tree . look for the obvious white rump patch in flight . also , be sure to listen for their loud , ringing call and their piercing yelp . in late summer , listen for the incessant yammering of hungry nestlings to find a nest .\nprotection / threat / status : young in the nest are vulnerable to predators such as racoons , squirrels and snakes . later , they are preyed upon by birds of prey ( cooper \u2019s hawk , and sharp - shinned hawks in north america ) . populations are not seriously endangered by human activities , but they loose their habitat . northern flicker helps to control the populations of their preys , especially ant\u2019s populations , and aphids .\nnorthern flickers help to control the populations of their invertebrate prey , especially ant populations . they also create nests that are later used by other cavity - nesting species of birds and by squirrels .\nat the start of the breeding season , the birds perform courtship displays including drumming , bowing and chasing in order to attract a mate . a flicker usually remains paired for life , but renews its bond each year through these rituals . after selecting a site , both birds excavate a hole that takes up to three weeks to construct . the number of eggs a flicker will lay is dependent on how many she observes in her initial clutch . if a predator robs an egg or two during egg laying , the flicker will lay replacements . the male and female share incubation duties , and an average of 5 - 7 chicks hatch after about 12 days . both sexes feed the chicks until they fledge about one month later .\nq . can you tell a migrant just by its size or color ? a . although different populations of robins are slightly different sizes and the color intensity of the plumage varies somewhat geographically , robins don ' t really show the cut - and - dried plumage variations that populations and subspecies of others birds do . on average , robins are smallest in the warm , humid southeastern us , and smaller than average along the humid coast of northern california and the pacific northwest . robins are largest in the high , dry rocky mountains , northern great plains , and northern deserts of the west .\nmale and female northern flickers make a loud , evenly spaced , rapid drumming sound by hammering against trees or metal objects . you can often see a drumming bird pause , move its head just an inch or so away , and then begin drumming again with a very different quality of sound . flicker drumming lasts about a second , during which the bird strikes the tree around 25 times . drumming in woodpeckers takes the place of singing in songbirds .\nnorthern flickers do not act like typical woodpeckers . they mainly forage on the ground often seen among sparrows and blackbirds . when you see a flicker in a tree they will be perched in an upright stance on thin horizontal branches . other woodpeckers cling to branches or tree trucks using their tail for leverage . neither do they fly in rapid undulating patterns as other woodpeckers . they will rise and drop smoothly as they alternate flapping their wings then gliding .\nnorthern flickers do not respond strongly to predators . they may make tentative flights around the predator or make bill - poking movements towards the predator . young in the nest are vulnerable to nest predators such as\njohnsgard , p . a . 1992 . birds of the rocky mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern rocky mountain region . lincoln : university of nebraska press . xi + 504 pp .\nkerpez , t . a . and n . s . smith . 1990 . nest - site selection and nest - cavity characteristics of gila woodpeckers and northern flickers . condor 92 : 193 - 198 .\n] suggests that at least 69 species of birds show similar latitude - based migration tendencies with northern populations tending to be more migratory and southern ones sedentary ( e . g . red - tailed hawks (\nnorthern flickers don\u2019t habitually visit bird feeders , but you can find them in backyards and at bird baths . if your backyard has a mixture of trees and open ground , or if it\u2019s near woods , you may find northern flickers simply by walking around the wooded edges . find out more about what this bird likes to eat and what feeder is best by using the project feederwatch common feeder birds bird list .\naggressive displays such as\nbill directing\nor\nbill poking\nare used by flickers . that is , a flicker may point his bill at a rival with his head tilted forward , or actually peck at an opponent . a more aggressive display is\nhead swinging ,\nwhereby a flicker will use side - to - side movements of his head and body against an opponent . there is also a\nhead bobbing\ndisplay that may be used . sometimes tail spreading accompanies head swinging or bobbing displays .\nnorthern flickers are found in wooded areas that have stands of dead trees . they are also found in open areas , forest edges , clear - cut areas , burnt areas , agricultural lands , and residential areas .\ndiet : northern flickers feed primarily on insects and dine on ants more than any other north american bird ! they also occasionally will consume seeds , acorns , nuts and grains . young birds are fed regurgitated food .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nthe northern flicker is a large , mostly brownish woodpecker with extensive gray on the head and neck , a black bib , and large , round , black spots on the breast and flanks . its upperparts have black barring , and in flight it shows a white rump and colorful patches in the primaries , which may be red in western birds , or yellow in eastern birds . these patches are visible from above , but are much more extensive on the undersides of the wings .\nnorthern flickers are large , brown woodpeckers with attractive black - scalloped plumage and black bars on the wings . they have a noticeable black patch on the upper breast below the throat resembling a bib while the lower breast and belly are beige with black spots . male flickers have marking on each side of the face referred to as a mustache . females lack these marks . if the markings are black it is a yellow - shafted flicker more common in the eastern united states . if they are red it is a red - shafted flicker a western bird . these colors may also be noticeable as a flash of yellow or red in the wings when they fly . both have a white rump under a brown tail that is very conspicuous in flight .\na few woodpeckers seasonally leave the northern high elevations of their nesting range while others are\nirruptive\nspecies , like some hawks and owls , which will move hundreds or thousands of miles based on their food supply .\nhutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .\nthis brown woodpecker flashes bright colors under the wings and tail when it flies . its ringing calls and short bursts of drumming can be heard in spring almost throughout north america . two very different - looking forms - - yellow - shafted flicker in the east and north , and red - shafted flicker in the west - - were once considered separate species . they interbreed wherever their ranges come in contact . on the western great plains , there is a broad zone where all the flickers are intergrades between red - shafted and yellow - shafted .\nthis woodpecker ranges from alaska eastward to quebec , then south throughout the entire united states . northern flickers are migratory and winter in the southern part of this range and in northern mexico ( palmer and fowler 1975 , farrand , jr . 1988 , winkler et al . 1995 ) . in addition , these woodpeckers are found on grand cayman , cuba , and range as far south as the highlands of nicaragua ( winkler et al . 1995 ) .\nnorthern flickers are active during the day . they protect territories that may include small family groups . male flickers recognize females by sight . to protect their mates or territories , birds of the same sex become aggressive towards each other .\nmale northern flickers of the western form have a red malar stripe extending downward and rearward from the base of the bill . males of the eastern form have a black malar stripe and a red patch on the rear of the crown .\n\u2022 like most woodpeckers , northern flickers drum on objects as a form of communication and territory defense . in such cases , the object is to make as loud a noise as possible , and that\u2019s why woodpeckers sometimes drum on metal objects .\nnorthern flickers are partially migratory . red - shafted flickers tend to over - winter on their breeding grounds or migrate shorter distances than yellow - shafted flickers , but both tend to withdraw from higher elevations and winter in the western washington lowlands . yellow - shafted flickers , which are strongly migratory , become more common in washington , especially along the outer coast , in winter . this increase is probably due largely to yellow - shafted flickers that have migrated to washington from alaska and the northern rocky mountains .\nthe breeding season occurs from february to july . the nest is made in dead tree trunks , dead parts of live trees , or telephone poles . northern flickers will also build nests in nestboxes . nests are usually built below 3 meters above the ground .\nnorthern flickers play an important role in forested ecosystems by excavating nesting and roosting holes that are subsequently used by other birds , animals , and reptiles that cannot make their own . they are abundant and widespread throughout their range and are the most common woodpecker in washington . the spread of residential development , roads , and the increasing fragmentation of the forest have increased the amount of habitat for northern flickers . however slight declines have been observed recently , which may be due to competition with european starlings for nest holes .\nhutto , r . l . , and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service . u . s . forest service general technical report rmrs - gtr - 32 , ogden , utah .\nopen water during these winter months seems to attract them almost more than the backyard bird feeders do . most reports we receive are flickers visiting a bird bath . i have a 16 foot shallow stream between two small reservoirs in my backyard running over two waterfalls , even at thirty below windshield temperatures . you can just about count on multiple daily visits by a flicker , and each time it is just as exciting as the last . at a recent bird feeding workshop we conducted in columbus for the central community college extended learning services , several attendees asked about witnessing these large birds at their bird baths . it was the flicker .\nopen forests , woodlots , groves , towns , semi - open country . with its wide range , from alaska to nicaragua , the flicker can be found in almost any habitat with trees . tends to avoid dense unbroken forest , requiring some open ground for foraging . may be in very open country with few trees .\nmcclelland , b . r . 1977 . relationships between hole - nesting birds , forest snags and decay in western larch - douglas fir forests of the northern rocky mountains . ph . d . thesis . , univ . of montana , missoula . 483 pp .\nnorthern flickers can be found throughout north america in parks , suburbs , farmlands , woodlands , and deserts . their appearance differs depending on where they live . in the east the bird is know as the yellow - shafted since it has yellow under its wings .\nvocalizations : the low - pitched song of the northern flicker is long and strong series of\nkwikwikwikwik\nnotes . on the breeding grounds , their call notes are loud and repeated ,\nflick\nor\nflicker .\nthey also give a shrill , descending\nkee - oo\nor\nklee - yer\ncall year - round . while their drumming is moderate to fast in speed , the pattern is variable . nests : northern flickers nest within a variety of deep cavities that are used perennially . cavities such as bank swallow burrows , kingfisher holes or nest boxes may be used , though holes chiseled into trunks or large branches of trees and snags are preferred . while males tend to select the site , cavities are excavated by both sexes in about 12 days . occasionally , squirrels , starlings , screech owls or kestrels take over these excavations , displacing the poor flickers ! a clutch consists of 3 - 12 , 28mm , white eggs that are unmarked . although both parents incubate the clutch for 11 - 14 days , the female does most of the sitting and brooding . offspring fledge in 25 - 28 days post - hatching and are reared by both parents .\npopulations are not seriously endangered by human activity , although human activity sometimes destroys their habitat . few conservation measures are being taken because northern flickers are not recognized as endangered . as a migratory north american bird they are protected by the u . s . migratory bird act .\n] . other climatic variables , such as rain , and cold temperatures are less likely than snow cover to restrict access to ground - dwelling arthropods . our data show that migration in flickers is not leapfrog or chain migration and indicate that more northern populations must travel longer distances to reach locations that remain snow - free during winter creating an overlap in the wintering sites of both southern - and northern - breeding individuals . among species with a large geographical breeding range , it is common for migration propensity to vary with latitude as we found in flickers [\ndescription : northern flicker has a grey - brown barred back , and white rump . male has a tan head , grey crown , red nape , black moustache and a black crescent on the breast . the underparts are light tan with dense black spotting ( lower breast , flanks and belly ) . the tail is black - tipped . undertail coverts and wing lining are yellow . in flight , we can see its white rump patch and its largely yellow underwing . the bill is strong , straight and chisel - shaped . the greenish - grey legs are short , and the feet are zygodactylous . claws are long .\nit prefers to feed on the ground , where it hops awkwardly . to feed , it uses its long barbed tongue to lap up the ants . we can find it on dead trees where it moves as tits . it feeds mainly on ants and larvae , but also other insects , spiders , molluscs and some crustaceans . in winter , it consumes fruits , berries , seeds and acorns . usually seen alone , in pairs or in family groups , it may feed in small flocks during the migrations . the northern flicker is one of the few north american woodpeckers that are strongly migratory , mainly the northernmost populations .\nmale flickers recognize females by sight . to protect his mate or territory , birds of the same sex become aggressive toward each other ( palmer and fowler 1975 ) . aggressive displays such as\nbill directing\nor\nbill poking\nare used by flickers . that is , a flicker may point his bill at a rival with his head inclined forward , or actually peck at an opponent . a more aggressive display is\nhead swinging ,\nwhereby a flicker will use side - to - side movements of his head and body against an opponent . there is also a\nhead bobbing\ndisplay that may be used . sometimes tail spreading accompanies head swinging or bobbing displays ( short 1982 , bent 1992 ) .\nnorthern flickers mainly consume insects and invertebrates , such as grasshoppers , crickets , ants , termites , wasps , aphids , beetles and their larvae , caterpillars , and spiders . they also consume fruits in the fall and winter , as well as weed seeds , acorns , and other types of nuts .\nnorthern yellow - shafted flickers from alaska and canada strongly migratory , most traveling east and then south . big flights move down atlantic coast in fall , migrating by day . red - shafted flickers often migrate shorter distances , moving southward and from mountains into lowlands ; some spread eastward on great plains in winter .\n) . many researchers have reported on aspects of behavior and nest use by northern flickers as part of general studies of cavity - nesting birds . recently , such interest has intensified as flickers have been recognized as\nkeystone\nexcavators that may influence the abundance of secondary cavity - nestering species in forest systems (\nnorthern flickers make a loud , rolling rattle with a piercing tone that rises and falls in volume several times . the song lasts 7 or 8 seconds and is quite similar to the call of the pileated woodpecker . you\u2019ll hear it in the spring and early summer , while pairs are forming and birds are establishing their territories .\nspring is on its way when the loud joyful call of the flicker :\nwicker , wicker , wicker\n, echoes through the woodlands . males are known for drumming in long continuous rolls made by rapid blows with his bill . male flickers will often return to their favorite drumming spot where most likely it is the loudest and noisiest spot . flickers are found in southern states and east of the rocky mountains .\nflight : the flight of a flicker is preformed in a straighter manner than that of any other woodpecker . their migrations are performed at night , even during the coldest winters . when passing from one tree to another on wing , they also fly in a straight line , until right before they land , they then suddenly raise themselves a few feet and fasten themselves to the bark of the trunk by their claws and tail .\nbirds exhibit diverse strategies for migrating between their breeding and wintering sites , such as variation in routes , timing and distances travelled . patterns of migration can be described at different taxonomic and spatial scales and vary between species , between populations and also within populations [ 1 ] . many individuals in the northern hemisphere show roughly north\u2013south parallel movements meaning that western - breeding populations winter farther west than eastern - breeding populations , on a continental scale [ 2 \u2013 5 ] . however , cases where eastern and western populations cross - over during migration are also known [ 6 ] . populations may also differ in their propensity to migrate based on latitude . for example , northern populations of european robins ( erithacus rubecula ) are migratory , whereas southern populations are resident [ 7 ] . in other cases \u2018leapfrog\u2019 migrations may occur where northern - breeding populations winter at more southerly latitudes than do the southern - breeding populations [ 8 ] . chain migration , in contrast to \u2018leapfrog\u2019 migration , occurs when winter populations occur in the same north\u2013south sequence as breeding populations [ 1 ] ."]}
{"id": 2072, "summary": [{"text": "gnathifera acacivorella is a moth in the epermeniidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by gaedike in 1968 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "larvae have been reported feeding in galls on acacia species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "gnathifera acacivorella", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about gnathifera acacivorella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for gnathifera acacivorella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ngnathifera punctata gaedike , 2013 ; beitr . entomol . 63 ( 1 ) : 158\ngnathifera gaedike , 1978 ; beitr . entomol . 28 ( 1 ) : 208 ; ts : epermenia opsias meyrick\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nepermenia aphronesa meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 431 ; tl : tasmania\nochromolopis bidentella gaedike , 1981 ; reichenbachia 19 ( 35 ) : 211 ( repl . _ ochromolopis bidentata gaedike , 1968 )\nqueensland , new south wales , south australia , tasmania . see [ maps ]\nepermenia eurybias meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 429 ; tl : toowoomba , queensland ; glen innes and sydney ; gisborne and healesville , victoria ; hobart , tasmania\nepermenia opsias meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 430 ; tl : bathurst , blackheath , and mt kosciusco , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania\nochromolopis paropsias gaedike , 1972 ; beitr . entomol . 22 ( 3 - 6 ) : 145\nepermenia proserga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 318 ; tl : barberton\nochromolopis pseudaphronesa gaedike , 1972 ; beitr . entomol . 22 ( 3 - 6 ) : 144\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmeyrick , 1913 descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 267 - 336\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2076, "summary": [{"text": "cicindela columbica is a species of beetle in the tiger beetle subfamily , cicindelinae , known commonly as the columbia river tiger beetle .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to idaho in the united states .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "today the beetle is probably restricted to the lower salmon river system in idaho .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "its range once extended into oregon and washington , but it has been extirpated from these states by the installation of dams on the columbia river .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this beetle lives on sand bars and river beaches , especially near dunes , hunting and consuming smaller arthropods .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the larvae are also predatory , hiding in sand burrows for prey .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "damming of the rivers has affected water levels , inundating their river bank habitat and causing widespread loss of populations . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cicindela columbica", "paragraphs": ["beer , f . m . 1971 . note on cicindela columbica . cincindela 3 ( 2 ) : 32 .\nshook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia river tiger beetles ( cicindela columbica ) in idaho . pan - pacific entomologist 57 : 359 - 363\nbartels , p . 1995 . survey for columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica ) columbia river and snake river . washington department of fish and wildlife . 7 pp .\nshook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia river tiger beetles ( cicindela columbica ) in idaho . pan - pacific entomologist 57 : 359 - 363 .\nbartels , peggy , 1995 . survey for columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica ) columbia river and snake river . washington department of fish and wildlife . 7 pp + .\nshook , g . 1981 . the status of the columbia tiger beetle ( cicindela columbica hatch ) in idaho ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 57 ( 2 ) : 359 - 363 .\ncicindela columbica has no federal status at the present time . the u . s . fish and wildlife service was petitioned by g . shook in 1979 to list this species as endangered or threatened , based on the threat presented by a proposed dam on the lower salmon river . in 1988 , when the usfws wrote its finding , this dam was no longer proposed and the petition was declared to be unwarranted . cicindela columbica is ranked as a type 2 sensitive species by the bureau of land management , which indicates a species that is experiencing significant declines throughout its range with a high likelihood of being listed in the foreseeable future due to their rarity and / or significant endangerment factors .\nleffler , s . r . and pearson , d . l . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .\nleffler , s . r . and pearson , d . l . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .\nleffler , s . r . and d . l . pearson . 1976 . tiger beetles of washington . cicindela 8 ( 2 / 3 ) : 21 - 60 .\nleffler , sanford r . , 1987 . synonmymic notes on , and additions to ,\nnote on cicindelid habitats in oregon by maser and beer ( 1984 ) . cicindela 19 ( 1 ) 1 - 12\ncicindela columbica is in the family cicindelidae ( tiger beetles ) . adults are 12 - 14 mm ( 0 . 47 - 0 . 55 in . ) long , with an iridescent black body , metallic bronze elytra with pale wavy markings , and long slender antennae and legs . the head is dark with prominent eyes and large sickle shaped mouthparts ; the head and eyes together are wider than the thorax . the legs , thorax and head are pubescent ( hairy ) . tiger beetle larvae live in burrows in the sand . larvae hide at the mouth of the burrow and seize passing prey with large sickle - shaped mandibles .\npearson , d . l . , t . g . barraclough , and a . p . vogler . 1997 . distributional range maps for north american species of tiger beetles ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . cicindela , 29 ( 3 - 4 ) : 33 - 84 . available online : urltoken\nmore recent surveys have found c . columbica populations in the lower salmon river canyon , from near slate creek to eagle creek ( ~ 42 km [ 26 mi ] reach ) , but not on the snake river from the mouth of the salmon river on the oregon - idaho border to heller\u2019s bar , washington ( shook 1981 ) . no c . columbica were found on the lower salmon river below eagle creek , or along the idaho - oregon or idaho - washington snake river corridors . the largest populations on the lower salmon were estimated to number from 200 - 400 beetles , but it was noted that accurate population assessments are difficult due to the active and fast - moving nature of these beetles .\na few years ago i made a reduction blockprint of cicindela columbica , the columbia river tiger beetle . these beetles are member of a subfamily of brilliantly colored , sleek , swift and fierce predators , mostly found in sandy habitats . the columbia river tiger beetle has suffered grievously as a result of the epidemic of dam building in the northwest - found now only along a few select drainages in idaho , the sandbars it used to hunt on in oregon drowned by the huge slackwater lakes that stretch for miles behind the dams . i\u2019m a big fan of tiger beetles - their jaws are wicked and their shells glint in the sun . yet another reason to call for the freeing of our rivers !\nthe lower salmon river , where this species still persists , is a popular destination for recreational users , with extensive boating , rafting , fishing , camping , and hiking activities . excessive foot , livestock , and / or vehicular traffic in the sandy riparian areas inhabited by c . columbica can seriously degrade habitat , destroying larval burrows and potentially killing young larvae . over - collecting has also been suggested as a potential threat to this species ( labonte 1995 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis riparian species has been extirpated from most of its range due to water level impacts from dams . it is now restricted to one river system at more than 20 scattered patches of sand bars and dune habitat , representing a single location . these patches may represent several metapopulation with a smaller number of subpopulations and may occur as only a single population . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 400 km 2 and an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 10 km 2 . it is subject to various riparian impacts , which are causing the observed continuing decline in the habitat extent and quality . therefore , it is assessed as endangered .\nthis species is now believed to be limited to the lower salmon river in idaho , usa . it is possible but doubtful that it occurs in a small section of the lower snake river in idaho , and surveys are needed to confirm this .\na survey along a portion of its range along the lower salmon river of idaho found it at 14 locations separated by approximately one or more river miles . the estimated adult population size at two of the largest sites , each over 400 m long , were greater than 200 and greater than 400 individuals . adults were abundant and gregarious at some of the other sites . the species is also known from five or more additional sites along another section of the salmon river , but this section has not been systematically surveyed . it has not been determined if there has been a recent decline of the species within its range .\nthis species occurs in patches of sand bars and beaches usually backed by dunes along the lower salmon river . adults are active visual hunting predators searching for small arthropods along the water edge habitats . larvae are sit - and - wait predators found in shallow burrows in the upper beach . development time is two or three years . adults that overwintered are active in april and may with a new adult cohort present in august in september . adults and larvae both overwinter .\nthe primary known threats throughout its limited range are natural water level changes which can episodically eliminate its sand bar and beach habitats . prolonged inundation of the habitat can result in larval mortality . disturbances from pedestrian and vehicular activity may impact some sites .\nthis species has been extirpated from a very larger portion of its range , but its current distribution and abundance is not fully known . there is currently no active management or monitoring of this species to determine any changes in its conservation status . it is not currently listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nadults and larvae are voracious predators on other insects . larvae use their jaws to capture prey that wander close to the mouths of their burrows . adults are active , fast - running , strong - flying hunters that forage for prey on sandbars and dunes during the day and burrow into the sand at night .\ntiger beetles are popular with collectors due to their bright metallic coloration and striking patterning , and enthusiasts are often eager to obtain a rare specimen for their collections . additional potential threats such as the effects of disease , predation , and loss of open sandy habitat due to encroachment by vegetation , especially invasive species , have not been assessed .\nhatch , m . 1938 . the coleoptera of washington : carabidae : cicindelidae . university of washington biology 1 : 225 - 240 .\nlabonte , j . r . 1995 . possible threatened or endangered terrestrial predaceous coleoptera of the columbia river basin . prepared for the blm / usfs eastside ecosystem management project . corvallis , or . 31 pp . available at urltoken\npearson , d . l . 1988 . biology of tiger beetles . annual review of entomology 33 : 123 - 147 .\nstagliano , david , m . , george m . stephens and william r . bosworth . 2007 . aquatic invertebrate species of concern on usfs northern region lands . report to usda forest service , northern region . montana natural heritage program , helena , montana and idaho conservation data center , boise , idaho . 95 pp . plus appendices .\nsign up for our newsletter to receive up to date information about our programs and events .\nthe xerces society \u2022 628 ne broadway ste 200 , portland or 97232 usa \u2022 tel 855 . 232 . 6639 \u2022 fax 503 . 233 . 6794 website terms of use \u2022 privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\na field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada david pearson , c . barry knisley , charles j . kazilek , david l . pearson , barry c . knisley . 2005 . oxford university press .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nfreitag , r . p . 1999 . catalogue of the tiger beetles of canada and the united states . national research council research press , ottawa , canada . 195 pp .\nlimited remaining range along a single river , with the usual threats for riparian tiger beetles . extirpated from most of recent range .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nformerly known from the columbia , snake , and salmon rivers in id , wa and or . no populations have been found along the columbia since 1971 or along the lower snake since the completion of lower granite dam . it still occurs along the salmon river in id and may be present along the snake river in id .\nthirteen locations are known along the salmon river in id , but they may represent one population ( stephens 2002 ) . none of the several historical populations along the columbia in wa and or have been seen since 1976 .\nloss of habitat and disturbances vehicles or excessive foot traffic the main threats at undammed sites . dams destroy habitat and fragment that which remains , limiting dispersal and recolonization .\n( 250 - 20 , 000 square km ( about 100 - 8000 square miles ) ) formerly known from the columbia , snake , and salmon rivers in id , wa and or . no populations have been found along the columbia since 1971 or along the lower snake since the completion of lower granite dam . it still occurs along the salmon river in id and may be present along the snake river in id .\na medium - sized ( 12 - 13 mm ) brown and white beetle .\nsandbars and dunes along banks of the columbia river\n( freitag , 1999 ) . however apparently the species no longer occurs there knisley and schultz ( 1997 , p . 70 ) .\nthis species probably has a three year life cycle and so larvae are always present in their burrows at any season .\nan area of sand or other appropriate substrate , for high quality occurrences generally a cluster of several such areas , along a river or stream or occasionally ditch or some sort of embankment where a colony occurs with potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a collection or photograph of an adult associated with a habitat patch . single isolated colonies should not be ranked higher than c and high quality occurrences will be clusters of several such colonies along a river or stream .\nbefore trying to map an occurrence for any species consult the habitat comments field and relevant literature such as freitag ( 1999 ) , knisley and schultz ( 1997 ) , larochelle and lariviere , 2001 , and leonard and bell ( 1999 ) and if necessary the original references in them to determine the precise species - specific habitat parameters such as soil type , vegetation cover etc .\npossibly dams , rip - raps , groins etc . but for now it is suggested the disturbances they create be treated as unsuitable habitat unless direct observations show them to be barriers . some adults should be able to move over or around them , especially during low water periods when unvegetated areas are exposed .\nc . puritana is included with some reservation . these specs should be workable ( but the distances may be somewhat exceeded for practical reasons ) on the connecticut river , but probably not on its other occurrence on chesapeake bay .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nfranklin , m . d . h . 2001 . the status of tiger beetles along the hanford reach or the columbia river . m . s . thesis . wa state univ . 75 pp .\nhoback , w . wyatt , and john j . riggins . 2001 . tiger beetles of the united states . jamestown , nd : northern prairie wildlife research center online . urltoken ( version 12dec2003 ) accessed 10 dec . 2007 .\nknisley , c . b . and t . d . schultz . 1997 . the biology of tiger beetles and a guide to the species of the south atlantic states . virginia museum of natural history special publication number 5 . virginia museum of natural history : martinsville , virginia . 210 pp .\nleffler , sanford . 1979 . tiger beetles of the pacific northwest ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) phd dissertation , university of washington .\npearson , d . l . , c . b . knisley and c . j . kazilek . 2006 . a field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada : identification , natural history , and distribution of the cicindelidae . oxford university press , new york , new york . 227 pp .\nperkins , p . d . 1983 . north american insect status review . contract 14 - 16 - 0009 - 79 - 052 . final report to office of endangered species , u . s . fish and wildlife service , department of the interior . 354 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nthis print is made from films recaptured from that blockprint - printed during the reduction process on tracing paper and then exposed as screens . it\u2019s five colors , two of which are rich golds , and three of which are really intense split - fountain fades . it\u2019s a vivid print , like the beetles themselves - the camera has a hard time capturing it !\nif you missed it last week : the 2012 justseeds / eberhardt press organizer is out . i\u2019m busy wiring them together as fast as i can , while charles of eberhardt stands behind\u2026\nhere\u2019s a new project : a bushmeat food - cart . the project is called viande de brousse , the french translation of bushmeat , meaning simply wild meat hunted from the forest , or bush , as\u2026\nbay - area arts organizer david solnit has been making art for protest movements for decades , and has established a practice of simple , reliable techniques for amplifying messages in the streets . i\u2019ve\u2026\nhere\u2019s some pictures from the ongoing large print project in portland . icky , pete and roger have begun carving a 3\u2032 x 10\u2032 block of lino to make a counterpart to\u2026\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho ."]}
{"id": 2077, "summary": [{"text": "condessa ( 15 march 1978 \u2013 2005 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in two seasons of racing she was highly-tried , racing twenty-one times , winning five times and finishing second twice .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a two-year-old she won two minor races from eight attempts , but appeared to be well behind the best of her generation .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year she developed to become one of the best staying fillies of her generation in europe , beating an exceptionally strong field in the musidora stakes at york racecourse , finishing second in the irish oaks , and recording her biggest win at the same track when she won the yorkshire oaks .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her victories in 1981 were the first major successes for her trainer jim bolger .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was later transferred to the united states where she made no impact and was retired from racing at the end of the year .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she has had some influence as a broodmare . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "condessa", "paragraphs": ["condessa apartment accepts these cards and reserves the right to temporarily hold an amount prior to arrival .\ncondessa apartment is located in lisbon . the rossio square is within a 3 - minute walk of the apartment .\ninfografia com representa\u00e7\u00e3o do exterior e dos espa\u00e7os interiores no chalet da condessa d\u2019edla , no piso t\u00e9rreo e piso superior .\nquarto de vestir da condessa d\u2019edla , evidenciando a pintura mural das paredes e teto , imitando rendas sobre fundo de cor azul .\nwith reverso you can find the portuguese translation , definition or synonym for condessa and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of condessa given by the portuguese - english collins dictionary with other dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , freelang , priberam , freedict , wordreference , oxford , collins dictionaries . . .\n16202 condessa is located in mission bend south sec 5 subdivision in fort bend county appraisal district . the market value per appraisal district is $ 118 , 740 for this 3 bedroom ( s ) , 2 bath ( s ) , 1story , 1 , 205 building square feet and was built in 1982 . view 16202 condessa property features , tax value , calculate mortgage value , nearby schools and similar homes for sale . the current tax rate for the property is 2 . 25 % . the market land value for 16202 condessa is $ 29 , 400 .\ndr . condessa curley , md is a family medicine specialist in los angeles , ca and has been practicing for 17 years . she graduated from university of california , davis , school of medicine in 1996 and specializes in family medicine .\ncondessa have been making the finest liqueurs for over 40 years . ranging from fruit to cream liqueurs , cocktail recipes and liqueur gift boxes . condessa welsh liqueurs are available from shows and exhibitions throughout the uk , where you will be able to taste our range of award winning fruit liqueurs and cream liqueurs and buy the ones you prefer , or if you can\u2019t decide your favourite you could take a pick from our gift boxes that contain a small selection of our finest liqueurs .\nbolger , who trained his first group one winners in 1981 with the filly condessa landing the yorkshire oaks after coming from the clouds to win and erins isle taking the tattersalls gold cup , said dawn approach was a different character to his sire new approach .\nin recognition of condessa curley ' s efforts to improve community health in underserved populations , uc davis school of medicine is honoring her with the 2008 humanitarian award . while practicing family medicine and training medical students in southern california , curley has also developed and implemented successful health projects in africa .\n\u201ci knew then , \u201d says bolger savouring the details very exactly , \u201cthat if i could beat a henry cecil trained 1 , 000 guineas winner , anything was possible . a man i had bought a house from gave me 20k to buy a racehorse and i got condessa for 13k at goffs but for the life of me could not find another with the rest of the money so had to give him 7k back . that hurt . but we did sell condessa for 350k at the end of things . \u201d jim bolger did a tv interview with me after the musidora . he was 39 and very composed for a first timer . you didn\u2019t need to be einstein to sense something special .\ncondessa m . curley , md is a practicing family practitioner in los angeles , ca . dr . curley graduated from university of california davis school of medicine in 1996 and has been in practice for 22 years . she currently practices at jan barbara king md and is affiliated with california hospital medical center and keck hospital of usc . dr . curley also practices at pediatric & family medical center in los angeles , ca .\nover ten and a half furlongs . she appeared to be travelling well for most of the race , but began to struggle early in the straight and finished third of the five runners , beaten four lengths and one length by condessa and madam gay . fairy footsteps remained in the oaks field for a few days but then performed diappointingly in training and was withdrawn from the race . according to henry cecil :\nthe fact is that she does not stay . she moved smoothly but had nothing left after a mile . there is no point in running her in the oaks\n.\nout of a half - sister to australian group 1 winner redoute\u2019s dancer ( aus ) ( redoute\u2019s choice { aus } ) , yankee rose is the fourth winner from four foals to race from her dam . yankee rose\u2019s third dam is g1 yorkshire oaks heroine and g1 irish 1000 guineas runner - up condessa ( ire ) ( condorcet { fr } ) . tout seul ( ire ) ( ali - royal { ire } ) , a winner of the g1 darley dewhurst s . , is also under the third dam . condesaar ( aus ) \u2019s last know produce is a yearling filly by magic albert ( aus ) . click for the\namong contemporary thoroughbreds attributed by stud book record to family 5 three different mitochondrial dna haplotypes have been found , representing no fewer than three separate founder mares . one of these haplotypes is found in 5g and 5h , another in 5d and 5e , and the third in an unspecified part of the ' trunk ' of family 5 . see deep - rooted anomalies and equine genetic genealogy .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ninfo = link with more information australia mc : melbourne cup england d : epsom derby o : epsom oaks sl : doncaster st . leger 1g : 1 , 000 guineas 2g : 2 , 000 guineas dc : doncaster cup france gpp : grand prix de paris pjc : prix du jockey club ( french derby ) arc : prix de l ' arc de triomphe fo : prix de diane ( french oaks ) usa kd : kentucky derby cca : cca oaks p : preakness stakes b : belmont stakes germany dd : deutches derby italy di : derby italiano io : italian oaks steeplechases gn : grand national ( england ) gsp : grand steeple - chase de paris ( france ) agn : american grand national ( usa ) cgc : cheltenham gold cup ( england ) gpm : the gran premio merano ( italy ) ign : the irish grand national ( ireland ) mhc : the maryland hunt cup ( usa )\nincludes winners on the flat in classic races and some important handicap races in england , the u . s . a . , france , germany , italy , australia , and some principal steeplechase races . info behind names links to biographic information on the horse .\na selection of top articles hand - picked by our editors available only to registered users .\nvirtually all 500 , 000 of the world\u2019s thoroughbred racehorses are descended from 28 ancestors , born in the 18 th and 19 th centuries , according to a new genetic study . and up to 95 % of male thoroughbreds can be traced back to just one stallion .\nthoroughbred horses were developed in 18 th century in the uk . english mares were bred with arabian and other stallions to create horses with great stamina for distance racing . today , thoroughbreds are the most valuable of breeds , representing a multi - billion dollar annual industry , worldwide .\nto assess the genetic diversity of modern racing horses , geneticist patrick cunningham of trinity college in dublin , ireland , compared 13 microsatellite dna loci \u2013 repeating sequences of dna which vary in length \u2013 in 211 thoroughbreds and 117 other shetland , egyptian and turkish horses . he also examined studbooks dating back to 1791 .\nhe found the majority of the half million progeny alive today are descended from just 28 \u201cfounder\u201d horses .\nit was already known that just a handful of stallions ( but many mares ) were used to found the thoroughbred breed . but startlingly , the new research finds that , in 95 % of modern racehorses , the y - chromosome can be traced back to a single stallion \u2013 the darley arabian , born in 1700 .\nrelated work on sequencing the horse genome is also uncovering genes in thoroughbreds linked to speed and stamina . screening for these traits could one day guide owners\u2019 and breeders\u2019 decisions when buying horses , which may sell for many millions of dollars .\n\u201cwe hope to produce sounder , faster and better - performing horses , \u201d says cunningham . he and colleague emmeline hill at university college dublin is also using the horse genome to uncover genes that explain why one animal runs faster than another .\n\u201chorses are flight animals naturally selected for speed and stamina in the wild , \u201d explains hill . \u201cwith domestic selection , speed was further augmented in the thoroughbred . \u201d\nthirty - five per cent of the difference in racing performance between horses can be explained by genetics alone , says hill . she is cross - referencing up to 140 recently discovered human genes for fitness and performance in a bid to track down equine equivalents . these genes are involved in traits related to the cardio - respiratory system , muscle strength and metabolism , she says .\nhowever , the analysis of thoroughbred genetics is also revealing the other side of the coin , notes matthew binns of the royal veterinary college in london , uk . many negative traits are associated with inbreeding in the diminutive gene pool , he says . \u201cthe selections we\u2019ve made for fantastic beasts have had some detrimental consequences . \u201d\none tenth of thoroughbreds suffer orthopaedic problems and fractures , 10 % have low fertility , 5 % have abnormally small hearts and the majority suffer bleeding in the lungs , says binns .\nbut as well as allowing breeders to select for performance - related genes , elucidating the horse genome may allow researchers to breed out negative traits , he says .\n\u201cnow we have a good amount of the horse genome , there are interesting times ahead , \u201d says binns . \u201cover the next 10 years there will be some changes in this very traditional industry . \u201d\ncunningham presented his findings on monday at the british association festival of science in dublin .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njim bolger has cracked racing better than anyone else alive . with no background in the game he has built his own training centre and his own studs to the extent that three quarters of his 100 horses , including dawn approach , the world\u2019s most awaited three year old , have also been bred by him in his native ireland . and that\u2019s before we start talking about the press ups . at 71 , jim still does 100 every morning .\n\u201cit\u2019s a lazy man\u2019s way of keeping fit , \u201d he says characteristically dry , witty and challenging at the same time . in the early days the challenge and the dryness were more marked than the wit and the warmth beneath . it made him both a formidable opponent and a fearsome employer accentuated by his own rigid no - smoking , no - drinking , mass - every - sunday regime , and by the self - belief necessary for his own entirely untutored entry into the training ranks . \u201che seemed to come from nowhere , \u201d says the lucid and legendary john oxx , himself the son of a trainer , \u201cwe looked at each other and said \u2018jim who ? \u2019\u201d\nwhen they first asked the question jim was already all of 35 . by then most top trainers are a couple of classic winners into their careers having earlier spent several years sitting at the feet of some favoured mentor . jim had come via accountancy , car sales and show jumper trading , and as one of six siblings of a farming family in county wexford there was so little time for sitting down that he did not watch a film until he was 16 and did not see a traffic light until two years later when he went to dublin to start work as a cost clerk in an electrical firm .\nthoughts that jim bolger , the cool , neat and meticulous mastermind who has saddled no less than five of the last seven dewhurst winners , was ever a mere horny handed son of soil are dispelled by the news that his father\u2019s sister married robert brennan who became the irish free state\u2019s first minister to washington having earlier been founder of the irish press newspaper , national director of elections for sinn fein and been condemned to death but not executed in the easter rising of 1916 . it may have been a simple farmhouse but there can\u2019t have been many in county wexford in the early 50s with the new yorker on the table complete with stories from robert brennan\u2019s daughter , jim\u2019s cousin maeve , whose brilliant , troubled life is a cherished landmark on the irish literary scene just as her lipstick and nylon stocking appearance was a wondrous visitation to her uncle\u2019s home .\nnonetheless this was deepest , rural ireland with horses working the land and central to its being . jim was bright enough to move on from first school to the christian brothers in enniscorthy but vowed to make a living with horses someday . significantly his early experience was as much to do with dealing as riding . not for him the jockey and trainer\u2019s nursery of pony racing and point to points , but the breaking and selling of young horses and , when possible , doing a bit of show jumping for himself . \u201cfor years while i was working in dublin , \u201d he said quietly as we watched dawn approach come out on to the woodchip gallop at the training base bolger has moulded on to the shoulder of coolcullen hill in county kilkenny , \u201ci used to say that i had never lost money on a horse . i even sold a grade b show jumper to a young libyan called major gaddafi . wonder what happened to him . \u201d\njim loved his riding \u2013 \u201cbesides winning , \u201d he says , \u201cthe best thing in racing is riding a good jumper over fences at speed\u201d \u2013 but he was always a pragmatist . \u201cwith the show jumpers i would ride them in the ordinary competitions but i was not good enough for the top classes and had a friend who rode them for me in them . i did have three winners from 12 rides in bumpers but that was only by default , and after i got kicked to bits in my second point to point i said that this was an indulgence i could not afford . \u201d\ndawn approach is the ultimate example of how pragmatism is still attached to what he calls his original \u201cgrandiose dream that we would one day breed and run our own\u201d . for after winning at royal ascot last summer he was sold to sheikh mohammed but stayed on at coolcullen just as his sire new approach did when the sheikh bought him after success in the 2007 dewhurst . dawn approach is slightly bigger , stronger and an even more lustrous copper chestnut than his father and without the unmanageable tendencies that saw new approach become the first horse to be ponied to the start before the derby . he won all six of his races last season , beginning with ireland\u2019s very first two year old race of 2012 exactly a year ago this sunday .\nwhen dawn approach won that day most people saw it as a brisk piece of bolger business to ensure new approach made a good start as a stallion . the idea that we had been looking at the future dewhurst winner seemed ridiculous \u2013 until you remembered who trained it . \u201cjim was always very resourceful and had such a belief about him , \u201d says his long standing if not long suffering wife jackie , \u201cthat i always thought we would make it . \u201d marrying jackie in the dublin years was the best thing jim ever did and the partnership is infinitely deeper than the fact that their horses run in her white silks with the purple panel down the centre .\nthe plunge into full time training was taken on the back of selling a show jumper for \u00a313 , 000 , almost eight times as much in today\u2019s money . the former head of accounts for the o\u2019flaherty group would then ride ten lots a day using gallops in the phoenix park which ended at the american embassy and his wife would pick up the pieces . \u201cwe only had three staff and david downey is with us still , \u201d jackie says simply . \u201cwe all had to get by . \u201d\ntwo years later he was winning the musidora again with a filly called give thanks . she and her stable mate flame of tara were the best two of their sex in the country . it was jim\u2019s first full season since moving from dublin to coolcullen . \u201ci thought i would like to have a pair like them every year , \u201d he reflects wryly looking back at the high - hedged gallop up which dawn approach is about to wing on an \u201ceasy canter\u201d having done a \u201chalf speed\u201d the day before . \u201cwe were able to build two gallops here , the other is sand and both rise 150 feet , and to start the stud at redmondstown but it has not all been easy . i was never actually insolvent but there were times when we were certainly overtrading . \u201d\noutwardly the flag continued to fly . he trained over a hundred winners a season three times between 1990 and 1994 and st jovite\u2019s irish derby and king george victories in 1992 still make jim feel he was the best horse he has had so far . but a combination of major owners either dying or leaving and a disastrous conviction that breeders cup winner last tycoon would make a leading stallion almost cleaned bolger out . \u201cit was a disaster\u201d admits the trainer . \u201ci sent mares to him and bought his stock and got nothing . it cost me practically everything , hundreds of thousands of pounds . \u201d\nbut jackie bolger had not been wrong to trust to her husband\u2019s resourcefulness . \u201cfor 15 years before i began training i had been invisible in racing , \u201d says jim , \u201cbut i had always been to the sales , always studied pedigrees , had my own ideas . we began to build up our mares . that \u2018grandiose\u2019 dream\u2019 took shape . \u201d as the world now knows he hit the jackpot by backing the stallion galileo and selling both new approach and the unbeaten dewhurst winner teofilo to sheikh mohammed at a life changing profit . but the horses have not just delivered because of their breeding . the way jim bolger trains them makes you shake your head in both wonder and surprise .\nahead of us on the gallop dawn approach touches 50 kph , his red gold tail flowing elegantly behind the smooth punching of those hindquarters . jim may finally depend on his original wexford horseman\u2019s instinct or his years of pedigree study to take his training and breeding decisions , but having built things up in his own way he is prepared to use as many modern aids as seem appropriate . there is a treadmill for controlled exercise which was crucial in getting new approach back after mid - season injury and which dawn approach was on three times a week during his winter break . there is a gps system to track all fast work . there are scales to log weights every thursday and two days after every race . and the results of the equinome genetics testing system has become central to bolger\u2019s planning of his breeding operation and his analysis of his horses .\nthe system categorizes a horse\u2019s stamina capabilities from a tt for middle distance to a cc for sheer speed . \u201cgalileo was a tt but he had class , \u201d says jim slipping effortlessly into the detail . \u201cthe ideal for a classic horse is ct . new approach was a ct while dawn approach is a cc . i trained his dam who had talent although she got injured , but she was by a sprinter so the derby distance is unlikely , but as he settles so well , i would not rule it out entirely . \u201d\nadrian taylor slides out of the saddle and dawn approach is led off for a 20 minute cool down on the walker . he had been ridden for just 15 minutes but would have been on the machine for twenty minutes at the walk and 15 at the trot before adrian took over and , unlike many top stables in both ireland and england , he would also do full exercise on sunday . \u201che\u2019s very much where i want him , \u201d says the trainer , \u201che would be 512 kilos now . he went up to 525 during the winter after running in the dewhurst at 495 . he will probably be on 500 for the guineas . of all the mechanical aids the one i would least like to lose is the weigh bridge but i am chasing fitness not chasing scales and anyway the most important element in the whole operation are the riders . we have some 13 very good ones and four or five who are exceptional . the riders are everything . remember what adrian said to me at the end of dawn approach\u2019s canter \u2013 \u2018who would have thought that new approach would sire something better than him in his very first crop . \u2019\u201d\nout they come again . there is adrian taylor on grand criterium de saint cloud winner loch garman \u2013 \u201che\u2019s a lovely big horse , 535 at the moment , goes for the derrinstown and then the irish guineas . \u201d there is pat o\u2019donovan on 2011 dewhurst winner parish hall who could not run last here \u2013 \u201che\u2019s in great shape and will have a good season . \u201d there is ronan whelan on trading leather \u2013 \u201ccould be my derby horse , but must have good ground . \u201d all three colts are home bred and run in the bolger colours just as did their sire teofilo and all will be ridden as the sire was by bolger\u2019s son in law kevin manning . loyalty and family excellence does not come any greater than this .\nhead man brian o\u2019connor strides over . he is young , bright , carrot - haired and earnest . he makes you think of aidan o\u2019brien and a . p . mccoy , the two most famous of the other young men who would have looked at jim bolger in that way . time was when jim had a seemingly well won reputation of being a control freak and litigious to boot . several times he took on and beat the turf club albeit the last occasion was the hardly onerous task of overturning apprentice ronan whelan\u2019s conviction for excessive use of the whip by pointing out that his jockey had dropped the wretched thing at the start . but today\u2019s jim bolger has a serenity amidst the precision . he claims to run the redmondstown stud with just one ten minute phone call to his nephew kevin each morning , that he has not actually stepped into his five staff office since christmas , and that while he does not indulge in soft things like holidays his idea of a break is to take off to dublin for four days to read books , meet friends and go to the theatre . \u201cthey say that i have 102 employees , \u201d he says , \u201cbut i tell them there are 102 people who have just one employee . that\u2019s me and i will only go on as long as i want it to .\nover a ridiculously lucky racing life i have been privileged to visit many of the most famous places in the racing game . in all that time the only self - created , cradle - to - grave , one man breeding and training operation to compare would be the one that colin hayes crafted amongst the sighing gum trees of the barossa valley 80 km up from adelaide . but even colin was dependent on investors like robert sangster . jim bolger rides alone . \u201ci don\u2019t have nearly enough words to describe him properly but i do have one , \u201d says kevin manning , \u201cthe man\u2019s a genius . \u201d\ncan we see some id please ? it ' s part of our commitment to responsible drinking .\nyou can book tables in two different areas of the restaurant , the dining area or the bar / high tables . please make your choice in the drop - down menu , when you make your reservation\nwhen you reserve a table before 20 . 00 , you will have the table for 2 hours . from 20 . 00 there is no time limit on most tables .\nwe have lots of high table seats in our bar area that we keep reserved for walk - ins only .\nif you are more than 7 people dining or have questions regarding allergies or special diets please write us at reservation @ condesa . dk\nrequest by mail will be answered as soon as possible . mostly within 24 hours .\n- pork shank\u2013 al pastor marinated , coriander , lime . - osso buco - salsa macha , pico de gallo . served with guacamole , re - fried beans , salsa , tortillas and more . min . 2 pers . 265 , - pr . person\nmin . 2 pers . 345 , - pr . person , must be ordered by the whole table .\nchicharon - pork cracklings , sambal belachan , sprouts and salad 65 kr . tostada \u2013 guacamole and salsa 65 kr . oysters 4 stk . - salsa piloncilo and onion 110 kr . grilled avocado \u2013 grape criolla and roe served on an tostada 85 kr . ceviche - redfish , arbol peanuts , pomelo , coriander and avocado 110 kr . tartar \u2013 habanero oil , hazelnuts , onion , egg and tostada 120 kr . squid noodles \u2013 poached egg , chili and sprouts 120 kr . fried chicken \u2013 fried chicken with chili , coconut and mint yoghurt 125 kr .\npollo a la brasa - peruvian style chicken on an green chili mayo 155 kr . pollack\u2013 fish baked in an banana leaf with green curry paste 165 kr . flat iron steak \u2013 corn salsa 185 kr .\nchoy sum - kimchi 65 kr . fries \u2013 tarragon and aioli 45 kr . grilled corn - browned butter with an worm vinegar salt 55 kr . salad \u2013carrot , daikon , dried prawn / lime dressing 45 kr .\n- macha ice cream , - salted caramel / peanut ice cream , - blood orange sorbet and chocolate sorbet . topped with caramel , chocolate and peanut crumble . pick 2 scoops 55 kr .\nvincente gandia el miracle cava brut , val\u00e8ncia fresh , rich organic cava . gl 55 , - / btl . 275 , -\n2014 cava brut nature , can suriol , pened\u00e8s mineral and extremely crisp . gl . 75 , - / btl . 350 , -\nsui lieviti , omero moretti , umbrien dry and aromatic . ( nature ) btl : 350 , -\nblanc de blancs , jos\u00e9 dhondt , oger \u2013 champagne . concentrated take on blanc de blancs champagne . btl : 650 , -\n2016 trafalgar , domaine mamaruta , fitou floral and aromatic flavours ( 100 % muscat ) . ( nature ) btl : 325 , -\nle petit blanc , vin de france . crisp and fragrent gl : 55 , - / btl : 275 , -\n2016 bergerac sec , chateau barouillet . fresh , floral and full - bodied fruit . ( nature ) gl . 65 / btl : 325\n2015 chablis , domaine christophe . a mineral , dry and citrussy wine btl : 450 , -\nle petit ros\u00e9 , vin de france floral and juicy . gl . 55 , - / btl . 275 , -\nblaufr\u00e4nkisch + zweigelt , pittnauer lively ros\u00e9 with notes of berries and grape gl : 65 , - / btl . 325 , -\n2014 les gardettes rouge dark spice and intense fruit gl . 55 , - / btl . 275 , -\n2015 les tondeuses , domaine mamaruta , fitou a light , juicy and almost sweet red ( nature ) gl . 70 , - / btl . 325 , -\n2015 arbois rouge \u201ddd\u201d , tissot btl . elegant cherry and funky woodland ( nature ) btl : 475 , -\nswedish bastard - you won\u2019t regret it vanilla infused vodka , passion fruit and champagne . 95 , -\npina - rita - if you like pina coladas . . . reposado tequila , pineapple , coco cream , lime and chocolate bitters 95 , -\nleft hand - perfect after dinner drink . rye whiskey , campari , vermouth and chocolate bitters . 105 , -\nel tosoro - for the negroni lovers ' amaro , vida mezcal , ginger , elderflower and lime . 105 , -\ntommys margarita - tequila goodness at it\u2019s best classic tommy\u2019s or tommy\u2019s with hibiscus & ginger tequila , lime and agave . 90 , -\n12 mile limit - boozy prohibition drink rye whiskey , cognac , rum , grenadine and lemon . 110 , -\nbathtub gin with coriander and orange zest beefeater 24 with grapefruit hendricks with cucumber & rose pepper ipsmiths gin with strawberries .\ntuesday 15 - 00 - kitchen : 18 - 22 wednesday 15 - 02 \u2013 kitchen 18 - 22 thursday 15 - 02 \u2013 kitchen 18 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30 friday 13 . 00 - 04 . 30 - kitchen 17 . 30 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30 saturday 13 . 00 - 04 . 30\u2013 kitchen 17 . 30 - 22 - dj from 22 . 30\ncondesa \u2013 bar & spiseri ved stranden 18 1061 k\u00f8benhavn k phone . : + 45 3119 6601 e - mail : info @ urltoken\nwe ' re always up for new , exciting challenges . contact us if you want to host an event at condesa or if you want us to cater at your own event . note : we don ' t accept bachelor partys at condesa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nairport shuttle . airport shuttle available at an additional charge . you can request this in the next step .\nafter booking , all of the property\u2019s details , including telephone and address , are provided in your booking confirmation and your account .\na casa est\u00e1 bem localizada , pr\u00f3ximo de tudo . conseguimos passear \u00e0 p\u00e9 pelo rossio , baixa chiado , restaurador\u00b4 , enfim , a localiza\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 nota 10 . eu e os meus acompanhantes adoramos , tanto mais que a casa \u00e9 acolhedora .\nprettig appartement , hele fijne locatie , zeer centraal gelegen in een rustige straat .\nla posizione \u00e8 perfetta per la vicinanza ai mezzi di trasporto e per la vita notturna . la casa \u00e8 attrezzata per tutte le necessit\u00e0 .\nla situation g\u00e9ographique , le calme , la propret\u00e9 , la facilit\u00e9 des conditions de d\u00e9part de l ' appartement .\nunocaci\u00f3n perfecta , comodidad y limpieza . bien equipado y m\u00e1xima flexibilidad de horarios , y una gran acogida\nthe apartment has 3 bedrooms , a kitchen with an oven , and a bathroom . a flat - screen tv with cable channels is provided .\ndona maria ii national theatre is 900 feet from the apartment . humberto delgado airport is 3 . 7 miles away .\nthis is our guests ' favorite part of lisbon , according to independent reviews .\nwe ' re sorry , but there was an error submitting your comment . please try again .\nlocated in the real heart of lisbon , this property has an excellent location score of 8 . 8 !\na lisbon holidays , in the short term rentals business since 2008 , manages about 80 apartments located in lisbon , essentially inside the historic districts - bairro alto , alfama , madragoa and baixa chiado . company\nfull service\n, lisbon holidays beyond the bookings management , does the check - in and check - out of guests , the cleaning the apartments and the linen and towels washing . the well - being of our guests is the main reason of our work .\nstay in the charming center of one of the oldest cities in europe \u2013 predating london , paris , and rome by centuries .\nyou need to let the property know what time you ' ll be arriving in advance .\ncancellation and prepayment policies vary according to apartment type . please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room .\nto keep the rating score and review content relevant for your upcoming trip , we archive reviews older than 24 months .\nonly a customer who has booked through urltoken and stayed at the property in question can write a review . this allows us to verify that our reviews come from real guests like you . who better to tell others about the free breakfast , friendly staff , or their comfortable room than someone who\u2019s stayed at the property ?\nwe want you to share your story , with both the good and the not - so - good . all we ask is that you follow a few simple guidelines .\nwe believe review contributions and property responses will highlight a wide range of opinions and experiences , which is critical in helping guests make informed decisions about where to stay .\ncontributions to urltoken are a reflection of the dedication of our guests and properties , so we treat them with the utmost respect .\nwhether negative or positive , we ' ll post every comment in full , as quickly as possible , after it ' s moderated to comply with urltoken guidelines . we ' ll also provide transparency over the status of submitted content .\nafter a review has been submitted , you can modify it by contacting urltoken customer service .\nwe ' ll use the same guidelines and standards for all user - generated content , and for the property responses to that content .\nwe ' ll allow the contributions to speak for themselves , and we won\u2019t be the judge of reality . booking . com\u2019s role is to be a feedback distributor for both guests and properties .\nthese guidelines and standards aim to keep the content on urltoken relevant and family - friendly , without limiting expression or strong opinions . they ' re also applicable regardless of the comment ' s tone .\ncontributions should be travel related . the most helpful contributions are detailed and help others make better decisions . please don\u2019t include personal , political , ethical , or religious commentary . promotional content will be removed and issues concerning booking . com\u2019s services should be routed to our customer service or accommodation service teams .\ncontributions should be appropriate for a global audience . please avoid using profanity or attempts to approximate profanity with creative spelling , in any language . comments and media that include hate speech , discriminatory remarks , threats , sexually explicit remarks , violence , or the promotion of illegal activity are not permitted .\nall content should be genuine and unique to the guest . reviews are most valuable when they are original and unbiased . your contribution should be yours . urltoken property partners should not post on behalf of guests or offer incentives in exchange for reviews . attempts to bring down the rating of a competitor by submitting a negative review will not be tolerated .\nrespect the privacy of others . urltoken will make an effort to obscure email addresses , telephone numbers , website addresses , social media accounts , and other similar details .\nthe opinions expressed in contributions are those of urltoken customers and properties , and not of urltoken . urltoken does not accept responsibility or liability for any reviews or responses . urltoken is a distributor ( without any obligation to verify ) and not a publisher of these comments and responses .\nby default , reviews are sorted based on the date of the review and on additional criteria to display the most relevant reviews , including but not limited to : your language , reviews with text , and non - anonymous reviews . additional sorting options might be available ( by type of traveler , by score , etc . . . ) .\nif you sign in or create an account , you ' ll unlock unlimited access to your lists from any computer , tablet or smartphone . they won ' t go away unless you say so .\noffering a garden and free wifi , t3 in casa da mariquinhas ( 3 bedroom flat ) is located in the arroios district in lisbon , half a mile from dona maria ii national theatre .\nalfama beco da lapa flat is a self - catering property located in lisbon near dona maria ii national theatre .\nthis small , unique hostel in a quiet , green area of sintra features budget rooms with individual d\u00e9cor , free wi - fi and a large garden . it is located about 984 feet from sintra national palace .\ns\u00e3o mamede downtown apartment is a property located in lisbon , 400 yards from dona maria ii national theatre and a 5 - minute walk from rossio square . the property has free wifi .\n\ub209 no lights in stairs well up to apartment . wifi network specified in the apartment didnt exist . keys were difficult to use , had to go in a certain way , key provider didnt advise on this .\n\ub209 there wa noting in the apartment - no toilet rolls , shampoo , soap , shower gel , kitchen cleaners , we had to buy everything .\nyou ' re subscribed ! your welcome email will arrive in your inbox soon .\nurltoken b . v . is based in amsterdam in the netherlands , and is supported internationally by 198 offices in 70 countries .\nurltoken is part of booking holdings inc . , the world leader in online travel and related services .\nwe have more than 70 million property reviews , and they ' re all from real , verified guests .\nthe only way to leave a review is to first make a booking . that ' s how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property .\nwhen guests stay at the property , they check out how quiet the room is , how friendly the staff is , and more .\nafter their trip , guests tell us about their stay . we check for naughty words and verify the authenticity of all guest reviews before adding them to our site .\nif you booked through us and want to leave a review , please sign in first .\nby creating an account , you agree to our terms and conditions and privacy statement .\na text message with a 6 - digit verification code was just sent to the phone number associated with this account .\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2017 , at 20 : 40 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\ncondoleezza rice was the first african - american woman to be appointed national security adviser and u . s . secretary of state .\n\u201ci think my father thought i might be president of the united states . i think he would ' ve been satisfied with secretary of state . i ' m a foreign policy person and to have a chance to serve my country as the nation\u2019s chief diplomat at a time of peril and consequence , that was enough . \u201d\n\u201ci never wanted to run for anything . i don ' t think i even ran for class anything in school . \u201d\n\u201ci ' m enough of an historian to know that my reputation will be what my reputation is . it might be different in five months from five years to 50 years , and so i ' m simply not going to worry about that . \u201d\n\u201ci think september 11th was one of those great earthquakes that clarify and sharpen . events are in much sharper relief . \u201d\n\u201cpeople may oppose you , but when they realize you can hurt them , they ' ll join your side . \u201d\n\u201cwe don ' t want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud . \u201d\n\u201ci find football so interesting strategically . it ' s the closest thing to war . what you are doing is taking and yielding territory and have certain strategies and tactics . \u201d\n\u201cmy parents had me absolutely convinced that you may not be able to have a hamburger at woolworth ' s , but you can be president of the united states . \u201d\n\u201cthere cannot be an absence of moral content in american foreign policy . europeans giggle at this and say we are naive , but we are not european , we are american and we have different principles . \u201d\n\u201cyou were told in segregated birmingham that if you ran twice as hard , you might get half as far . and there were also people willing to run four times as hard so they could stay abreast . and once in a while , somebody was willing to run eight times as hard so they could get ahead . \u201d\n\u201cmiss rice is like my sister . we are completely in sync . when she speaks , you know that she is speaking for me . \u201d\ncondoleezza rice is the first black woman to serve as the united states ' national security adviser , as well as the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state ( 2005 - 09 ) .\ncondoleezza rice was born in 1954 in alabama . she became the first woman and first african american to serve as provost of stanford university .\nin 2001 , rice was appointed national security adviser by president george w . bush , becoming the first black woman ( and second woman ) to hold the post , and went on to become the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state .\ncondoleezza rice was born on november 14 , 1954 in birmingham , alabama . the only child of a presbyterian minister and a teacher , rice grew up surrounded by racism in the segregated south .\nshe earned her bachelor & apos ; s degree in political science from the university of denver in 1974 ; her master & apos ; s from the university of notre dame in 1975 ; and her ph . d . from the university of denver & apos ; s graduate school of international studies in 1981 .\nthat same year , she joined stanford university as a political science professor\u2014a position that she has held for more than three decades and plans to soon return to , full - time , according to a statement she made in 2012 .\nin 1993 , rice became the first woman and first african american to serve as provost of stanford university\u2014a post she held for six years . during that time , she also served as the university & apos ; s chief budget and academic officer .\nin the mid - 1980s , rice spent a period in washington , d . c . , working as an international affairs fellow attached to the joint chiefs of staff . in 1989 , she became director of soviet and east european affairs with the national security council , and special assistant to president george h . w . bush during the dissolution of the soviet union and german reunification .\nin 1997 , she served on the federal advisory committee on gender - integrated training in the military .\na few years later , in 2001 , rice was appointed national security adviser by president george w . bush , becoming the first black woman ( and second woman ) to hold the post . she went on to become the first black woman to serve as u . s . secretary of state\u2014she became the nation & apos ; s 66th secretary of state in 2004 , following colin powell & apos ; s resignation , and served from january 2005 to 2009 .\nas secretary of state , rice dedicated her department to\ntransformational diplomacy ,\nwith a mission of building and sustaining democratic , well - governed states around the world and the middle east in particular .\nto that end , she relocated american diplomats to such hardship locations as iraq , afghanistan and angola , and required them to become fluent in two foreign languages . she also created a high - level position to defragment u . s . foreign aid .\nrice & apos ; s books include germany unified and europe transformed ( 1995 ) with philip zelikow , the gorbachev era ( 1986 ) with alexander dallin and uncertain allegiance : the soviet union and the czechoslovak army ( 1984 ) .\nin august 2012 , rice and south carolina businesswoman darla moore became the first women to ( simultaneously ) become members of the augusta national golf club , located in augusta , georgia .\nthe event was monumental : the augusta national golf club , which opened in 1933 , had infamously been known for its all - male membership and repeated failure to admit women .\njust a few weeks later , on august 29 , 2012 , rice attended the republican national convention in tampa , florida , showing her support for the republican party & apos ; s 2012 election candidates , mitt romney and paul ryan .\nrice delivered a riveting speech on the second day of the convention , spurring positive media attention :\ni think my father thought i might be president of the united states . i think he would & apos ; ve been satisfied with secretary of state . i & apos ; m a foreign policy person and to have a chance to serve my country as the nation & apos ; s chief diplomat at a time of peril and consequence , that was enough ,\nshe said , adding that her future plans focus on being an educator , not a politician .\ni & apos ; ll go back and be a happy stanford faculty member ,\nrice said .\nand , obviously , i & apos ; ll do what i can to help this ticket . but my life is in palo alto . my future is with my students at stanford and in public service on issues that i care about like education reform .\nwe strive for accuracy and fairness . if you see something that doesn ' t look right , contact us !\nnetflix has named susan rice to its board of directors . the former obama ambassador has been criticized for her handling of the 2012 attack on the u . s . embassy in benghazi . meanwhile , barack and michelle obama are reportedly in talks to provide shows for the company .\nanne rice is a best - selling author of popular series including ' vampire chronicles , ' which includes the books ' interview with the vampire ' and ' queen of the damned . '\nhall of fame football wide receiver jerry rice played for the san francisco 49ers and is widely considered the greatest ever to play his position .\nthe \u2018new york post\u2019 ran a speculatory op - ed that hillary clinton might run for president again in 2020 based on emails from the former senator to her supporters . meanwhile , conservative tv show \u2018fox and friends\u2019 broke from the thailand soccer team rescue efforts to cover the rumor .\ngovernment official , u . s . first lady , women ' s rights activist\nmadeleine albright became the first woman to represent the u . s . in foreign affairs as the secretary of state .\njeane kirkpatrick was a professor and diplomat who was a close adviser to president ronald reagan and the first woman to be u . s . ambassador to the u . n .\nsandra day o ' connor was the first woman appointed to the u . s . supreme court . a republican , she was considered a moderate conservative and served for 24 years .\nsupreme court justice and the first woman to serve as solicitor general of the united states of america .\n\u00a9 2018 bio and the bio logo are registered trademarks of a & e ; television networks , llc .\ni want to receive the latest health news and personalized information from sharecare . you can change your mind at any time .\n. you may receive email notifications , alerts and other notices from sharecare . you can opt - out at any time .\naccording to cardiovascular experts marc gillinov , md , and steven nissen , md , women ' s hearts are similar to men ' s hearts in some ways and different in others .\nwomen need to understand that the primary symptom\npatient satisfaction ratings and reviews are based on personal opinions . before you choose any doctor you should take into account their background , training , specialized experience and their patient satisfaction to ensure they are the right fit for you ."]}
{"id": 2080, "summary": [{"text": "the chinese hwamei or melodious laughingthrush ( garrulax canorus ) is a passerine bird of eastern asia in the family leiothrichidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the name \" hwamei \" comes from the chinese \u753b\u7709 ( hu\u00e0-m\u00e9i ) and means \" painted eyebrow \" referring to the distinctive marking around the bird 's eyes .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species is a popular cagebird because of its attractive song . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "chinese hwamei", "paragraphs": [", where it is fairly common . it was recently split from the widespread chinese hwamei\ngenetic introgression between an introduced babbler , the chinese hwamei leucodioptron c . canorum , an . . .\ngarrulax canorus ( chinese hwamei ) ; adult , captive specimen . san diego zoo , california , usa .\nhwamei ( garrulax canorus ) : in accord with most authorities , chinese hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) and taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus ) are split by ebird , resulting in the common name difference between the nacc and ebird / clements .\nthe chinese hwamei or ( garrulax canorus ) is a passerine bird of eastern asia . the name\nhwamei\ncomes from the chinese , means\npainted eyebrows ,\nreferring to the distinctive mark around the eyes . the species is popular for her singing attractive .\nthe chinese hwamei inhabits scrubland , open woodland , secondary forest , parks and gardens , from sea level up to an altitude of 1800 m .\ninformation on the taiwan hwamei is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nzhang keyin , ruan xiangfeng , du zhiyong , gao zhenjian , xiong xiuyong , zhu jiagui , 2003 . hwamei nesting habitat selection . chinese journal of zoology , 38 ( 3 ) : 86 - 89 .\nfield guide to birds of north america , 2015 . hwamei . field guide to birds of north america . urltoken\nmiyazawa e , suzuki t , 2013 . the nest location and breeding activity of the introduced chinese hwamei garrulax canorus in hachioji , tokyo , japan . japanese journal of ornithology , 62 ( 1 ) : 38 - 44 .\nli sh , yeung ckl , feinstein j , han l , le mh , wang cx , et al . ( 2009 ) sailing through the late pleistocene : unusual historical demography of an east asian endemic , the chinese hwamei (\nli sh , yeung ckl , han l , mhle , wang cx , ding p , yao ct , 2010 . genetic introgression between an introduced babbler , the chinese hwamei leucodioptron c . canorum , and the endemic taiwan hwamei l . taewanus : a multiple marker systems analysis . journal of avian biology , 41 ( 1 ) : 64 - 73 .\ncaged birds are taken out to organised gatherings in parks in china and in other countries with a significant chinese population .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus )\ntitle =\narkive species - taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthese bird is often referred to as the huamei or hwamei in the literature , a name taken from the chinese word for thrush . it is possible this name derives from a description of the bird\u2019s distinctive postocular white stripe , since the translation for \u2018draw eyebrow\u2019 sounds like huamei . some sources give a translation of the chinese name as \u2018painted eyebrow\u2019 ( sibagu , 2015 ) . g . canorus is also referred to as a babbler or laughing thrush .\nhuang zh , liu nf , liang w , zhang yy , liao xj , ruan l , et al . ( 2010 ) phylogeography of chinese bamboo partridge ,\nthe chinese hwamei has a very large breeding range and is described as relatively common . the population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes . the species is also the target of massive exploitation for the cage - bird trade , but it is not considered threatened at present .\nrejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis\ncaged birds are taken out to organised gatherings in parks in china and other countries with a significant chinese population , and so are likely to have a positive social impact .\ntu hw , severinghaus ll , 2004 . geographic variation of the highly complex hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) songs . zooloogical studies , 43 ( 3 ) : 620 - 640 .\ncollar n , robson c , 2007 . chinese hwamei ( leucodioptron canorum ) . in : handbook of the birds of the world alive [ ed . by hoyo , j . del \\ elliott , a . \\ sargatal , j . \\ christie , d . a . \\ juana , e . de ] . barcelona , spain : lynx edicions . urltoken\nidentification of interspecific hybrids is often a subject of primary concern in the development of conservation strategies . here we performed a genetic analysis combining mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) , microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphic sites ( snps ) to assay the level of hybridization and introgression between an introduced babbler , chinese hwamei leucodioptron canorus , and its . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis | request pdf\nour last special site is erlang shan where lady amherst ' s pheasant , firethroat , brown - breasted bulbul , black - streaked scimitar - babbler , barred laughingthrush , chinese babax , streaked barwing , chinese leaf - warbler and godlewski ' s bunting can be found . we will stay at conveniently located lodges / hotels , very close to all of the birding sites .\nnot globally threatened . cites ii . relatively common in chinese range . in recent fieldwork in s china found at 36 sites ( 67 % of those visited ) , including shiwandashan . . .\ncollar , n . & robson , c . ( 2018 ) . chinese hwamei ( garrulax canorus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nli sh , li jw , han lx , yao ct , shi h , lei fm , yen c , 2006 . species delimitation in the hwamei garrulax canorus . ibis , 148 ( 4 ) : 698 - 706 .\nfollowing an afternoon arrival in chengdu we can check out a nearby park in search of a few species we may not see elsewhere on the tour . in particular we shall look for the endemic chinese bulbul and chinese blackbird , as well as rufous - faced warbler , ashy - throated and vinous - throated parrotbills , white - browed laughingthrush , oriental greenfinch , crested myna , yellow - billed grosbeak , and both red - billed and white - cheeked starlings . night in chengdu .\nxia ss , yu aw , zhao ld , zhang hy , zheng wh , liu js , 2013 . metabolic thermogenesis and evaporative water loss in the hwamei garrulax canorus . journal of thermal biology , 38 ( 8 ) : 576 - 581 .\n, which is illegally imported as a cage bird , due to its beautiful song . birds which have lost their vocal capacity are released , and a recent study found that 20 % of hwamei in a wild state in taiwan are hybrids ( y . cheng - te\ncitation : li y , wu x , zhang h , yan p , xue h , wu x ( 2015 ) vicariance and its impact on the molecular ecology of a chinese ranid frog species - complex ( odorrana schmackeri , ranidae ) . plos one 10 ( 9 ) : e0138757 . urltoken\nyoshino t , yoshino t , sasaki h , sasaki h , asakawa m , asakawa m , kawakami k , kawakami k , miyamoto k , miyamoto k , 2003 . a parasitological survey of hwamei garrulax canorus and red - billed leiothrix leiothrix lutea ( passeriforms : terimiidae ) . japanese journal of ornithology , 52 ( 1 ) : 39 - 42 .\nli jw , yeung ckl , tsai pw , lin rc , yeh cf , yao ct , han l , hung lm , ding p , wang q , li sh , 2010 . rejecting strictly allopatric speciation on a continental island : prolonged postdivergence gene flow between taiwan ( leucodioptron taewanus , passeriformes timaliidae ) and chinese ( l . canorum canorum ) hwameis . molecular ecology , 19 ( 3 ) : 494 - 507 .\nabstract we isolated 20 anonymous nuclear loci ( 8556 bp in total ) from the taiwan hwamei ( garrulax taewanus ) , an endemic songbird of taiwan . a panel of nine to 15 individuals with unknown relationship was used to characterize polymorphism of these loci . we identified 46 single nucleotide polymorphic sites ( snps ) in 15 polymorphic loci . frequency of snps was one per every 186 bp in average . . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . all rights reserved . to overcome the forces of divergence ( e . g . , slatkin , 1987 ; but see garant et al . , 2005 ; gavrilets and vose , 2005 ) , but postdivergence gene flow now seems more common in speciation processes than previously assumed ( e . g . , bank et al . , 2012 ; j . w . li et al . , 2010 ; niemiller et al . , 2008 ; won and hey , 2005 ; yeung et al . , 2011 ) . to test these alternative hypotheses of continental island speciation , we used evidence from multiple sources to evaluate the taxonomic status and the level of post - divergence gene flow of an endemic resident passerine in hainan , the hainan hwamei ( leucodioptron canorum owstoni ) , which occupies the margins of lowland secondary evergreen woodlands ( mackinnon and phillipps , 2000 ) . . . .\nsichuan lies in the very heart of china and is situated on the eastern edge of the vast tibetan plateau . it is a huge province , the size of france and hosts the richest concentration of chinese specialities and endemics in this vast country . there is a remarkable wealth of birdlife waiting in its rich evergreen and temperate forests , alpine meadows , mighty snow - capped mountains and grasslands of the tibetan plateau which form some of the most spectacular scenery of any bird tour ! china is a vast country and it is impossible to do justice to the amazing diversity of superb birds in one trip , so this tour concentrates on the mountainous province of sichuan . our unique and special tour takes in the well - known sites of labahe , balang shan , mengbi shan and finishes with a spectacular visit to the tibetan plateau . we also visit several lesser - known mountains during this unique\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population may be in decline overall , but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\n. 2011 ) , suggesting that it has declined over decadal time scales . despite high trapping pressure , it remains common in china , and the species readily inhabits areas in the vicinity of human habitation ( w . duckworth\n. 2011 ) . overall , the population may be in decline , but the rate of decline is probably slow to moderate .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncalls of agitated bird from tangle above road . not seen . associated individual heard singing a little later in xc401664 and xc401665 .\nsong of bird in response to playback , singing from concealed perch in bamboo close to road . not seen but song astounding from mere metres away !\nbird was in dense scrub 2 - 3 metres above ground . scrub on edge of clearing on steep slope above a river . rural district c . 100 km south of hangzhou . garden farms on river flats less than 100 m away . slopes above partially forested . warm humid weather .\nan eyebrowed thrush turdus obscurus was seen in the exact same location the previous evening . in the morning the bird calling did not show . i think it is the eyebrowed thrush but as it was unsighted during recording i can ' t be sure .\nnatural song from an unseen bird perched in fern and o ' hia tangles within about 2m of ground in fairly natural habitat with 4m canopy .\na pair in low scrubby habitat near the forest edge . different song from the same bird as on xc113336 .\nsame bird ( s ) as on xc182992 in response to playback . [ heavy rain drops interfering with recording ]\nnatural song from a bird in understory of low mostly - native forest on ridge . wind .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis video is no longer available because the youtube account associated with this video has been terminated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 004 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ncombined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population may be in decline overall , but it is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : garrulax canorus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\ng . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird native to southern and western china , vietnam and laos . in its native range it prefers woodland , montane and scrubland habitat , although it will also reside in ta . . .\ng . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird native to southern and western china , vietnam and laos . in its native range it prefers woodland , montane and scrubland habitat , although it will also reside in tall grass , reeds and gardens . it is thought that the population in its native range is in slow decline due to trapping and other pressures . due to its popularity as a caged songbird , g . canorus has been introduced to japan , peninsular malaysia , singapore , taiwan and hawaii . in japan , singapore and hawaii escapees and released birds have established breeding populations . the birds are sedentary and have spread slowly in the surrounding areas . the effects of these introductions on native species are only just starting to be monitored in japan . in hawaii , it is thought that g . canorus may now be competing with some endemic native species for food and / or nesting sites , and it could possibly have contributed to the likely extinction of myadestes myadestinus , an endemic species of kauai .\nthe taxonomy of garrulax spp . and related birds is confusing due to unclear interspecific relationships ( lou et al . , 2009 ) . they are often described as belonging to the timiliidae ( a family in the superfamily sylvioidea ) as well as the leiothrichidae .\nthree subspecies of garrulax canorus are often described in the literature : g . canorus canorus , g . canorus owstoni and g . canorus taewanis , that broadly speaking are found in central and southern mainland china , hainan island , and taiwan , respectively .\nafter collar ( 2006 ) , g . canorus was split into two separate species : g . canorus and g . taewanus . phylogenetic analysis ( li et al . , 2006 ) also suggested that g . canorus should be delimited into two species , g . canorus and g . taewani . the same study also suggested that the status of the subspecies g . canorus owstoni should remain until more analysis has taken place .\ng . canorus is a medium - sized passerine songbird , 21 - 25 cm long , weighing 49 - 75 g , with broad rounded wings , a fan - shaped tail and weak flight .\nfor individuals native to mainland china , plumage is reddish - brown with dark streaks on the crown , back and throat . flight feathers are darker brown and the tail fathers have dark bars and base . the underside is a lighter reddish - brown colour and the belly is grey . the bird has a blue - white eye ring that extends backwards to form a distinctive postocular stripe . inner orbital skin is blue and irises vary from brown to pale green - brown / yellow . legs vary from pink to yellow . g . canorus has a generalised yellow bill .\nthe sexes look similar , although the song of the male is far more elaborate , varied and rich . the song starts out low then gradually increases in volume and pitch . the female generally produces a series of more monotone calls that , when produced near the male , cause him to sing .\nbirds on hainan island , off the south coast of china , have plumage that is more olive - coloured and have a paler underside .\nfor birds native to taiwan , the upper plumage is a grey - olive colour , the crown and nape are more buff and heavily streaked , and the eye ring and postocular stripe are absent .\ng . canorus is native to southern and western china , vietnam and northern laos . it is now scarce in its former range in vietnam , possibly due to trapping pressure ( avibase , 2015 ; birdlife international , 2015 ) .\nalthough g . canorus is ranked as least concern by iucn ( 2015 ) , it has been suggested by some sources that trapping pressure and other factors may be causing a moderate decline in its natural range ( avibase , 2015 ) and some measures are being taken to protect its habitat .\nhas been introduced to japan , peninsular malaysia , singapore , taiwan and hawaii . it has established breeding populations in japan , singapore and the hawaiian islands of kauai , oahu , maui and hawaii following accidental and deliberate introductions ( alien species in\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\nlisting proposal , 1999 ; clements et al . , 2014 ; avibase , 2015 ; ebird , 2015\nlisting proposal , 1999 ; clements et al . , 2014 ; birdlife international , 2015\ng . canorus ( leucodioptron canorum canorum ) considered a threat to the genetic integrity of the endemic g . taewanus\ng . canorus was introduced to japan as a cage bird in the 1980s . populations in japan have expanded significantly since its arrival in the 1980s . import , transport and possession of the bird are now prohibited in japan under the invasive alien species act ( invasive species of japan , 2015 ) .\nwherever g . canorus is imported and kept as a cage bird there is the potential risk that birds could escape and breed .\ng . canorus is found in scrubland , woodland , forest regions , tall grass , reeds , bamboo , parks and gardens . it can also be found in abandoned urban areas . in china , it is usually found up to 1800 m above sea level . a comparison of rainfall maps and bird sighting maps for china and hawaii island suggests that g . canorus prefers to live in subtropical , continental or temperate areas that are wet for much of the year .\nthe species is fairly terrestrial in habit , foraging among leaf litter for insects and fruits . nests have been found in forests , garden shrubs and hedgerows ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) .\nthe population endemic to taiwan is mostly found in secondary woodland and in foothills and low mountains with ficus - machillus and machilus - castanopsis vegetation up to 1200 m above sea level ( birdlife international , 2015 .\nthere do not seem to be any major crops affected by g . canorus , presumably as it is mostly insectivorous .\ng . canorus may compete with native bird species for food and nest sites . in hawaii , birds that may have been affected are the kamao ( myadestes myadestinus ) , now classified as extinct , and the puaiohi ( myadestes palmeri ) , classified as critically endangered ( iucn , 2015 ) .\nthe g . canorus karyotype is 2n = 78 ( guo and dong , 1991 ) .\nthere are several nucleotide sequences from g . canorus and closely related species / subspecies in genbank ( ncbi , 2014 ) .\nmolecular genetic studies on g . canorus have focused on species delimitation , due to the complex intergeneric relationships in the polyphyletic genus garrulax . li et al . ( 2006 ) conducted phylogenetic analysis using the entire mitochondrial cyt b gene . they found that the basal clade was g . canorus taewanus , which split from the other taxa around 1 . 5 million years ago . it was also found that g . canorus owstoni diverged from g . canorus canorus 0 . 6 million years ago . as a result , it was suggested that it should be delimited into the two species : g . canorus and g . taewanus ( having previously been considered as two subspecies ) . a later study using 18 nuclear loci suggested that divergence had occurred 2 million years earlier than the mitochondrial dna study has suggested , and also showed that there had been gene flow between the two species post - divergence ( li et al . , 2010a )\nhybridization between g . canorus canorus and g . canorus taewanus on taiwan was investigated by li et al . ( 2010b ) . of the birds sampled , 20 . 3 % were probably hybrids .\nis monogamous . in its natural range it breeds from march to august . in hawaii , it breeds from april to july ( field guide to\nthe large , cup - shaped nests have been found in forests , garden shrubs , bamboo clumps and hedgerows from approx . 139 to 208 cm above the ground ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) . nesting material includes grasses , bamboo leaves and roots . another study found nests in bushes to be close to ground level in forests ( average height above ground was 15 . 6 cm ) and were made from a larger range of plant materials and lined . it was suggested that nesting habit varied according to the availability of cover at 1 m above ground , height of other vegetation and slope position ( zhang et al . , 2003 ) .\ntypically g . canorus lays 2 - 5 blue or blue - green eggs . occasionally these may be speckled . it is possible that egg colour is related to social interactions in some garrulax spp . ( campbell and lack , 2010 ) .\neggs are incubated by the female for 13 - 16 days , with a similar nesting period . both parents feed the chicks , and there are typically 1 - 2 broods per year .\ng . canorus has a low basal metabolic rate , a narrow thermal neutral zone , and minimal tolerance of water restriction ; normal traits for birds from warm , mesic environments ( xia et al . , 2013 ) .\ng . canorus has a thin triangular tongue with many setae and backward pointing comb papillae at the base . it has a relatively developed small intestine accounting for 87 - 89 % of the intestinal tract total length . the liver is large and divides into two ( sun et al . , 2010 ) .\ncaptive birds can live to be 18 years old , although it is assumed that wild birds do not live this long .\ng . canorus is a non - migratory sedentary bird and this is likely to have contributed to its diverse social behaviours . birds tend to associate in small groups and it has been suggested that garrulax spp . may defend group territories and adopt cooperative breeding strategies ( campbell and lack , 2010 ) .\nnot as gregarious as other similar species , g . canorus is more likely to be found skulking and foraging among leaf litter in pairs or small groups .\nwhere g . canorus is introduced and living in gardens , it has been described as not shy ( allen , 2012 ) , although this could be due to the fact that there is less dense scrub cover for the birds to hide in compared to the wild .\nmainly insectivorous , g . canorus may switch to foraging for seeds in crop fields after the crops have been harvested .\nin hubei province , china , was estimated at 1 . 0 - 1 . 2 million (\nthere is some evidence that populations are expanding in some areas of japan ( arase , 2014 ) .\nits diet consists mainly of insects , especially in the breeding season , including locust eggs ( locustidae ) and ants ( formicidae ) . g . canorus also eats seeds and sometimes cultivated maize ( zea ) and fruits ( collar and robson , 2007 ) .\nduring crop growth the bird\u2019s diet is mostly insect - based , and it may eat more seeds after crops have been harvested .\nas its diet mainly consists of insects g . canorus is loosely restricted to areas where these are abundant in vegetation and leaf litter . nests tend to be above 139 cm off the ground ( although can be as low as 40 cm ) , so vegetation is required .\nwarm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , wet all year\nwarm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , cold average temp . > 0\u00b0c , dry summers\ncontinental climate , wet all year ( warm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , coldest month < 0\u00b0c , wet all year )\ncontinental climate with dry summer ( warm average temp . > 10\u00b0c , coldest month < 0\u00b0c , dry summers )\ng . canorus does not migrate and has fairly weak flight . studies in japan have shown that fledglings do not disperse far from the area in which they are raised ( miyazawa and suzuki , 2013 ) .\ng . canours was accidentally introduced to singapore and has established small populations , with breeding reported on sentosa island , just south of singapore ( allen , 2012 ) .\nas the most popular cage bird in china that has been exported to other areas , there have been several accidental introductions of g . canorus . it is assumed that movement of g . canorus outside of its natural range has been mostly due to the trade in cage birds .\ng . canorus has been introduced into taiwan , where it hybridising with g . taewanus ( li et al . 2010b ) . it was imported to taiwan , despite the similar g . taewanus there , because of the superior quality of its song . it is thought that when individual birds stopped singing they were released into the wild and , along with escaped birds , founded the population in taiwan .\ng . canorus was also introduced to hawaii as a cage bird . escaped birds were able to colonise this new territory and it is now widespread in many of the hawaiian islands . a large fire in honolulu in 1900 allowed it to escape out of the city into oahu ( lever , 2010 ) .\nintroduced populations in peninsular malaysia did not breed and have possibly already died out ( allen , 2012 ) .\ntrade in the species as a cage bird is likely to have a positive local economic impact . for instance , over 100 , 000 of these birds are traded per year in shanghai and beijing alone (\nthere is also evidence that g . canorus may compete with native species in japan ; however , as of 2004 , serious adverse effects of these established populations had not been reported in japan ( eguchi and amano , 2004 ) .\nli et al . ( 2010b ) suggested that hybridisation between g . canorus and g . taewani could be potentially threatening the evolutionary integrity of the g . taewani population in taiwan . the study suggested that prevention of further hybridization should be a primary management concern in taiwan .\na popular cage bird in china . trade in the species as a cage bird is likely to have a positive local economic impact . over 100 , 000 of these birds are traded per year in shanghai and beijing alone (\n( especially females , whose song is less rich ) is also traded as food in china . it has been estimated that many thousands of birds per year may be removed from the wild in the country to be traded as either cage birds or for meat (\ng . canorus is similar to the spot - breasted scimitar - babbler ( pomatorhinus mcclellandi ) and the streak - breasted scimitar - babbler ( pomatorhinus ruficollis ) .\nthere is evidence that the song of mainland g . canorus is more complex than that of g . taewanus ( tu and severinghaus , 2004 ) .\nit is unlikely that the general public is aware of any issues with g . canorus as an introduced species since the bird does not have significant impacts on livelihood or economics .\nthere are no studies detailing the control of g . canorus in the wild . control measures for this species in areas where there are established breeding populations appear to be limited to legislation involving the export , import and sale of g . canorus .\nthe council of agriculture in taiwan banned the sale of g . canorus in 2002 in an attempt to prevent the pet trade that has resulted in the release of the species and its hybridization with the endemic g . taewanus .\nevidence for direct causal effects between g . canorus and the decline of native species is limited at present , and appears to be complicated by the presence of other alien species in the study areas .\nlong term studies in areas where the populations are expanding , such as areas of japan and singapore , to explore their effects on the native flora and fauna , would be beneficial .\nresearch and monitoring on hawaiian islands where the birds are not currently widespread would provide baseline studies for any potential invasion by g . canorus , so that action can be taken swiftly if the birds do begin to colonise .\nthere are few reports in the literature that specifically discuss physical control and management of the spread of g . canorus either in their native range or elsewhere .\nthere are some studies on parasites of g . canorus in japan ( yoshino et al . , 2003 ) , and viruses carried by the birds in vietnam ( takakuwa et al . , 2013 ) , but research on whether these birds are vectors for parasites and diseases that could affect native species is absent .\nresearch on whether there is a strong illegal export trade of g . canorus from its native ranges , and whether this poses a threat of further introductions to new areas , is required .\nallen j , 2012 . field guide to the birds of peninsular malaysia and singapore , 2nd edition . oxford , uk : oxford university press , 322 .\narase t , 2014 . bird fauna observed in terasawayama research forest at shinshu university from 2004 to 2013 . bulletin shinshu university alpine field center , no . 12 : 107 - 114 .\nbirdforum , 2015 . birdforum - the net ' s largest birding community . urltoken\ncampbell b , lack e , 2010 . a dictionary of birds . london , uk : bloomsbury publishing .\nclements jf , schulenberg ts , iliff mj , roberson d , fredericks ta , sullivan bl , wood cl , 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . urltoken\ncollar nj , 2006 . a partial revision of the asian babblers ( timaliidae ) . forktail , 22 : 85 - 112 .\neguchi k , amano he , 2004 . spread of exotic birds in japan . ornithological science , 3 ( 1 ) : 3 - 11 .\nfoster jt , robinson sk , 2007 . introduced birds and the fate of hawaiian rainforests . conservation biology , 21 ( 5 ) : 1248 - 1257 . urltoken\nguo c , dong y , 1991 . analysis of karyotypes in four species of wild birds from anhui . journal of anhui normal university , 3 : 50 - 54 .\ninvasive species of japan , 2015 . invasive species of japan . , japan : national institute for environmental studies . urltoken\nkawakami k , yamaguchi y , 2004 . the spread of the introduced melodious laughing thrush garrulax canorus in japan . ornithological science , 3 ( 1 ) : 13 - 21 .\nlever c , 2010 . timaliidae ( babblers and parrot - bills ) , melodious laughing thrush , garrulax canorus . in : naturalised birds of the world . london , uk : a & c black , 173 .\nliang wei , cai yan , yang canchao , 2013 . extreme levels of hunting of birds in a remote village of hainan island , china . bird conservation international , 23 ( 1 ) : 45 - 52 . urltoken\nlou l , qu yh , han lx , li sh , lei fm , 2009 . phylogenetic analysis of laughingthrushes ( timaliidae : garrulax ) and allies based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences . zoologica scripta , 38 ( 1 ) : 9 - 22 .\nncbi , 2014 . genbank . bethseda , maryland , usa : national center for biodiversity information . urltoken\nsibagu , 2015 . list of bird species of china . birds of china . urltoken\nsun jx , zhang j , mi zp , cheung yq , guo l , 2010 . preliminary morphological observations on the digestive system of garrulax canorus . sichuan journal of zoology , 29 ( 2 ) : 267 - 271 .\ntakakuwa h , yamashiro t , le mq , phuong ls , ozaki h , tsunekuni r , usui t , ito h , yamaguchi t , ito t , murase t , ono e , otsuki k , 2013 . the characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds in northern vietnam from 2006 to 2009 . comparative immunology , microbiology & infectious diseases , 36 ( 6 ) : 581 - 590 . urltoken\nus fish and wildlife service , 2006 . in : revised recovery plan for hawaiian forest birds . us fish and wildlife service , 622 pp .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nformerly treated as conspecific with g . taewanus , but differs significantly in plumage , iris colour , morphometrics and genetics , and to some degree in voice . genetic differentiation also used to suggest race owstoni could be treated specifically # r . proposed race mengliensis ( described from menglian , sw yunnan ) probably best included in nominate # r . two subspecies recognized .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) \u2013 se china from s gansu , s shaanxi , hubei , se henan and s jiangsu s to yunnan ( except nw ) , guangxi and guangdong , also e laos and vietnam ( s to nc annam ) .\n21\u201324 cm ; 49\u201375 g . relatively plain medium - sized laughingthrush , warm brown with darker streaking on head and breast , and with bold white eyering and postocular . . .\nsong by male rich , varied , quite high - pitched , including regular repetition and some mimicry ; . . .\nshrublands , open woodland , thickets , scrub , bamboo , reeds , tall grass , gardens , vacant lots in . . .\nmar\u2013aug ; multi - brooded . nest is reported to be a large cup , outwardly rough but with well - defined walls , made of leaves ( including . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecently split from a broader timaliidae . to date , traditionally recognized genera cutia , kupeornis , phyllanthus , turdoides , garrulax , babax ( now in garrulax ) , heterophasia , leiothrix , minla , liocichla and actinodura have been recovered as members of a clade separate from those now placed in timaliidae or pellorneidae ; however , garrulax , actinodura , minla , heterophasia and turdoides , as typically circumscribed , have also been discovered to be polyphyletic . as a result , genetic data available to date # r # r # r # r # r ( many species have not been screened ) can be interpreted in various ways , permitting for a smaller number of larger genera , or many more genera characterized by fewer species , so listing presented here is provisional and dependent on additional molecular data for most of the as yet untested taxa . family name has been spelt in variety of different ways ; above is the original spelling , which is correctly formed and so must be used # r .\ngenera leucodioptron , stactocichla , ianthocincla , dryonastes , rhinocichla , melanocichla and babax all provisionally sunk within a re - expanded garrulax , but denser taxon sampling for dna might necessitate restoration of at least some of these , given morphological and sometimes vocal or other differences shown by representative taxa # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nit appears you have javascript turned off . you can navigate the site without javascript , but many features will not work .\nthe ebird taxonomy is a hierarchical approach to creating a species list for data entry and listing purposes across the world . you can download an excel version of the ebird taxonomy at the bottom of the page . since understanding exactly what is meant by every bird species or taxon on a given list is an essential part of reporting your sightings , we detail our approach below to help clarify any questions .\nthe ebird taxonomy is much more than a list of species . it includes every field - identifiable taxon that could be relevant for birders to report . the taxonomic categories are each dealt with differently in ebird output and the eight categories are clearly indicated in the downloadable file below ( a ninth category , clements ssp . , is available only in the clements checklist ) . the eight ebird categories are as follows :\nhybrid between two issf ( subspecies or subspecies groups ) , e . g . ,\ndistinctly - plumaged domesticated varieties that may be free - flying ( these do not count on personal lists ) e . g . ,\nour species and subspecies taxonomy follows the clements checklist . the clements checklist is a global bird taxonomy which follows regional authorities . in the new world , the clements checklist largely defers to the two aos committees - - the north american classification committee ( nacc ) and the south american classification committee ( sacc ) - - with the goal of near - complete compliance . the few departures from their taxonomy and nomenclature tend to be in the handful of the cases where the two committees are not in agreement , or where one or both committees makes a taxonomic or nomenclatural decision that is at odds with prevailing usage elsewhere in the world . in the latter case , this most often applies to very rare vagrants in north america ( e . g . , siberian stonechat , dusky thrush ) . all such departures are listed in detail in appendix a ( nacc ) and appendix b ( sacc ) .\nthe ebird taxonomy ( v2017 ) is current with clements v2017 which is itself current with the 57th supplement to the aos - nacc check - list and the aos - sacc check - list through 22 apr 2017 ( the nacc issues updates once a year in august , whereas the sacc updates their taxonomy continually . )\nclements updates occur once a year in the late summer / autumn , and are documented in full , and can be downloaded directly here . the downloadable list is very useful since this checklist includes a description of the world range for each species and subspecies as well . ebird taxonomic updates coincide with the clements updates in august .\nthe clements checklist includes identifiable groups , which we also use in ebird . identifiable groups - - which ebird refers to as issf ( identifiable subspecific form ) - - are taxonomic units below the species level that follow subspecific boundaries as defined by the clements checklist . these may be a formally described subspecies ,\njunco hyemalis hyemalis / carolinensis . . . . . dark - eyed junco ( slate - colored )\njunco hyemalis [ oreganus group ] . . . . dark - eyed junco ( oregon )\nthese groups or issfs allows ebirders to make note of identifiable differences ( which may be helpful if the species are later split ) to study the distribution and abundance of different subspecific forms where they both occur . we encourage ebirders to use these groups to report whenever possible ; note that you can always add any species or group to your checklist by clicking\nrare species\nand using the\nadd a species\nbox .\nthe clements checklist is a work in progress . new species are described each year and new splits are justified in print almost weekly . in addition to keeping up with these rapid advances in bird taxonomy , the clements team also endeavors to add a number of new subspecies groups to the checklist in the coming years . assistance is welcome , especially from south america and the old world .\nin addition to the formal taxonomic concepts that are included in the clements checklist , the ebird taxonomy includes an expanded list of other bird taxa that birders may report . like the clements list , we have rules governing the nomenclature and taxonomic placement of these birds , so that they appear in predictable places on any bird list . these additional categories of bird taxa are listed below , and are identified accordingly in our ebird taxonomy .\nwe have made an effort to include many known hybrids that occur in the wild . while this is not a list of every single hybrid combination reported , we have tried to include those that are frequent enough and distinctive enough that they might be reported by birders . these range from the common combinations like\namerican black duck x mallard\nand\nwestern x glaucous - winged gull\nto considerably rarer combinations like\nberylline hummingbird\nand\nwhite - throated sparrow x dark - eyed junco .\nnote that the hybrid names always follow phylogenetic sequence , with the first species in sequence coming first in the hybrid name . hybrids are listed immediately following the issf groups in the second parent species in the sequence . all hybrids are followed by the parenthetical note\n( hybrid )\n- - thus you can review all hybrids by searching for ( hybrid ) within the\nfind a species\ntext box during checklist entry .\nwe also include intergrades , where hybridization between two subspecies or issfs produces an identifiable cross . for example , since the two forms of green - winged teal ( american and eurasian ) are distinctive and each is treated as an issf in the ebird taxonomy , we consider the hybrid result of a mixed pairing to be an intergrade .\nspuhs ? what is a spuh , you ask ? for difficult to identify groups ( like flycatchers ) or distant birds ( hawkwatchers regularly cope with this problem ) , birders will often record their identifications only to the genus level , or to some other level above species .\nspuh\nis our affectionate term for birds not identified to the species level . examples include : empidonax sp . , scoter sp . , accipiter sp . , or duck sp . many birders keep track of these sightings , and they can be tracked in ebird as well .\nnote that we have two ways of tracking spuhs . some are listed with the group name and\nsp .\nbut when there are only two members of a species pair are possible , we instead have opted to list these with a slash . for example , we do not use\nmurre sp .\nbut instead list\ncommon / thick - billed murre .\nthe often - used\ndowitcher sp .\nis instead listed as\nshort - billed / long - billed dowitcher .\nother useful listings include : greater / lesser yellowlegs , semipalmated / western sandpiper , and parasitic / pomarine jaeger . we refer to each of these as a slash in our taxonomy .\nyou can review the available spuhs by searching for\nsp .\nin the\nfind a species\nbox and you can review all slash combos by searching for\n/\n.\nin some cases , there are additional bird entities that can ' t be described with a formal scientific name . these may include new species ( or suspected new species ) that birders are already reporting and documenting . since the clements checklist will not add them until the formal description has appeared in a peer - reviewed paper , it can be years ( or decades ) until the species would be available via that list . collecting data on these entities is important , so we include them as a\nform\n, which is a catch - all for additional birds which we want birders to report , but which do not yet have a formal scientific name ( some of them may never have such a name ) . we expect to expand this list in the future to include other yet - to - be - described species ."]}
{"id": 2082, "summary": [{"text": "the clown featherback , clown knifefish , or spotted knifefish , chitala ornata , is a nocturnal tropical fish with a long , knife-like body .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "this knifefish is native to freshwater habitats in cambodia , laos , thailand and vietnam , but it has also been introduced to regions outside its native range .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is one of world 's most invasive species .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is often seen in aquaculture and the aquarium trade where frequently confused with chitala chitala ; the latter species is very rare in the aquarium trade .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "despite its popularity , the clown featherback reaches 1 m ( 3.3 ft ) in length , outgrowing all but the largest aquaria . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "clown featherback", "paragraphs": ["also known as belida fish , featherback fish , chitala ornata , clown knife fish , \u4e03\u661f\u98db\u5200\u9c7c . this fish is native in southeast asia and also popular as aquarium fish . mrpurerain\nthe normal coloring of the clown knifefish is a silvery gray characterized by a variable pattern of large spots above the base of the anal fin . yet sometimes they may have no spots at all , and sometimes they may have two rows of smaller spots . other common names it is known by are clown featherback fish , spotted knifefish , spotted featherback fish , and clown knife . there is also an albino color form as seen in the picture above that ' s called the albino clown knifefish .\nthe featherbacks have other common names while some people actually call them clown knife , they are all referring to the same type of fish belonging to the same family . most of the featherback species including\nwas described by gray in 1831 . they are found in south east asia ; thailand , laos , cambodia , and vietnam . the species is not listed on the iucn red list . these fish are in great demand in many of the regions they live in for food . other common names they are known by include clown featherback fish , spotted knifefish , spotted featherback fish , and clown knife . the albino color form is known as the albino clown knifefish .\nclown loach eats snails , including mts . if you\u2019d like to decrease the population of snails in a tank , just put clown loach in a tank .\nclown knife fish are very popular as food fish in their native land throughout asia .\nwhich comes from india and is also a common import . this species is also called the clown knifefish as wells as royal clown knifefish , royal spotted knifefish and spotted featherback . the coloring and behaviors of these two are the same but the india species is said to get a bit larger , reaching up to 4 feet ( 122 cm ) . the\n15 years - the clown knife fish has a lifespan of about 8 - 15 years in captivity .\nthe clown knife does not have scales which make it more prone to disease . clown knife are normally the first fish in a tank to show signs of ick and will twitch and rub around the tank . they respond well to most medication and normally heal quickly . never use copper in a clown knife fish tank .\nwow nice info and profile their liz . . . mind if i add my two clown knifes ? ? ?\nworldwidetropicals live freshwater aquarium fish - 3\nclown loach fish - chromobotia macracanthus - by live tropical . . .\npant food should be added to clown loach diet : special tablets , cucumber , lettuce leaves , spinach and peeled squash .\nas a rule freshwater fish is a night one , so it is almost unnoticeable during the day time , however it doesn\u2019t concern clown loach .\nsince 2004 clown loach was officially classified as a separate kind of loaches family with greek name chromobotia . swiss ichthyologist maurice kottelat initiated this change .\nknifefish have slender , elongated , bodies , giving them a knife - like appearance . the caudal fin is small and fused with the anal fin , which runs most of the length of the body . where present , the dorsal fin is small and narrow , giving rise to the common name of\nfeatherback .\nwhich you can try it out but i think if that suits them well , providing to your featherback should be fine as well . in terms of reproductive behavior , little is known about how they mate and produce young offspring and till date , there has been no report of captive breeding taking place in home aquarium .\nchitala chitala : rare and endangered . . . not likely to be readily available to the hobby , yet the scientific name is also used to describe the clown knife\nalso known as clown knifefish , spotted featherback , spotted knifefish . found in freshwater flowing rivers and pools moving into inundated forest areas during high water periods . they feed nocturnally on fish , crustaceans and insects . length - 100cm depth - ? m widespread asia rare in the aquarium trade as outgrows the largest tank ! notopterids have specialized swim bladders . the organ extends throughout the body and even into the fins and can absorb oxygen from air and also functions to produce sound by squeezing air . ref : urltoken\nbut after the fish had its rest it continues swimming . often clown loach lays on a side when ph is low because the water in a tank wasn\u2019t renewed timely .\nclown loach has very thin scales almost ingrowing into its body . this is kind of problem since the fish\u2019s skin doesn\u2019t protect it from toxic substances dissolved in a tank water .\nclown loaches tank should be spacious since the fish grows to be rather large \u2013 up to 16 - 20 cm long . the fish likes thickly planted tanks with lots of different covers .\nwhen shopping for a clown knife , avoid fish that are under 3 inches or over 6 inches . the smaller ones are relatively delicate and the larger ones can be harder to get feeding .\nthe clown loach ( chromobotia macracanthus also tiger loach , tiger botia ) is one of the most beautiful tank fishes from the loaches family . it\u2019s valued for its nice coloring and bright individuality .\nwhen young , these fish are comfortable in groups , but as they mature , they much prefer to live singly . adult specimens will not tolerate another clown knife or similar species in their tank , though , there has been success with raising young clown knives together to adulthood . they also cannot be kept with smaller fish of any kind , as anything small enough to fit in their mouth will be considered as food and they will often take a snap at larger fish , just on the off chance they may get a meal out of it . clown knives tolerate large tankmates quite well , often ignoring attempts by territorial cichlids to chase them off . this can sometimes lead to problems with injuries being inflicted , although the clown will usually retreat to its hiding place before any major conflict occurs .\nbottom - clown knifefish will spend most of their time in the middle or near the bottom of the tank , but they may occasionally go to the surface to grab a gulp of air or a meal .\n: small fish will be eaten , so combine with other large fish . the clown knifefish likes to form small , loose schools when young . adults become more aggressive and territorial and should be kept singly .\nalthough , in the majority of references it\u2019s said that clown loach max size is about 30 cm , in the wild there can be seen species about 40 cm long and lifespan is up to 20 years .\nboth pills and vegetables \u2013 squash , cucumber , lettuce can be fed to clown loaches . in general , for this fish the amount of plant feed in its diet should be up to 40 % from total amount .\ni got myself for the second time a chitala ornata / clown featherback , and with 24 hours it died , both times ! first time a got a smaller one , around 5\n, and 2nd time around 15\n. both times died during the day , not the first night . no damage on their bodies was found , so i rule out that it was killed by any other fish . my water params are great , i regularly check them . all other fish looks great ! temp 26 degrees celsius , 450litres tank . can anyone please advice what ' s wrong ? i ' m so frustrated about this . . . thanks ! !\nclown loach fish chromobotia macracanthus ( earlier named botia macrocanthus ) was first described in 1852 . peter bleeker ( dutch doctor , ichthyologist ) was the first who mentioned this fish kind and classified the fish as a loaches fish class .\nthe fish has some bad habits \u2013 they gladly eat plants , they even bite holes in echinodorus plants . if there is enough of plant food in the clown loach diet is decreases the damage the fish does to the tank plants .\nthe majority of clown loaches is taken from their habitats in the wild , where the fish lives in forest streams and rivers in south - west asia . in tanks the fish grows slowly and very seldom it reaches its max size .\nwhen young , these fish are comfortable in groups , but as they mature , they much prefer to live singly . adult specimens will often not tolerate another clown knife or similar species in their tank . they also cannot be kept with smaller fish of any kind , as anything small enough to fit in their mouth will be considered as food and they will often take a snap at larger fish , just on the off chance they may get a meal out of it . clown knifes tolerate large tankmates quite well , often ignoring attempts by territorial cichlids to chase them off . this can sometimes lead to problems with injuries being inflicted , although the clown will usually retreat to its hiding place before any major conflict occurs .\nthey prefer a neutral ph and softer water , but larger fish can adapt to a higher ph and hard water . provide them with well filtered water , a dimly lit tank and hiding places , and you should have a happy clown knife .\nit is rather difficult to breed botia fish in a tank . in some references there is some information about successful breeding of the fish in a tank . however , mainly freshwater clown loach breeding is performed in the fish farms using some hormones injections .\nclown knifefish is generally found around submerged structure ( e . g . , rocks , wood , aquatic vegetation ) in lakes or deeper pools of rivers . submerged structure is used as a daytime refuge as well as a spawning substrate . reproduction occurs from march to july , with eggs deposited on submerged wood and guarding of eggs and fry performed by one of the parents . clown knifefish are carnivorous , consuming crustaceans , insects , and fishes . this is a nocturnally active species ( poulsen et al . 2004 )\nthere is no known way to sex clown knife fish , and breeding in home aquariums is currently unknown . due to the size of the tank required to house two full grown clowns , attempting to breed this fish would be beyond the means of most aquarium keepers .\nclown loach has 4 pairs of barbels \u2013 these are vibrissas that help the fish to find food in muddy water of its native rivers . one can feel how the fish attacks by shooting with protective spine with chattering noise when taking the fish out of the tank .\nbotia macracantha is rather large fish in the wild , but in a tank it won\u2019t grow large . in the nature clown loach max size is up to 30 cm , in a tank \u2013 the fish is maximum 20 cm long ( depending on tank conditions and care ) .\nthe clown knife fish can get as big as up to about 3 . 5 feet ( 100cm ) and usually weigh about 11 pounds ( 5kg ) in the wild mostly . however most of the tank raised specimens will not grow much bigger than 10 - 20 inches ( 25 to 50 cm ) .\nhe clown knife fish are carnivores in the wild . they are predatory animals , primary piscivores , which means they mostly eat fish . but in aquarium they like to eat fresh foods like worms or small fish . but they can be groom to eat sinking pellets or some other dried food of substance .\nit is a very popular knifefish . this is partly because of its common availability and being relatively inexpensive . but its also a favorite because it is extremely attractive . they usually have a pattern of large spots , but this can be quite variable and it seems that no two clown knifefish are exactly alike .\ni have a juvenile clown knife in a 55 gal with my 5 angels , which range from 4 inches tall to 6 inches tall , and they leave each other alone . however , the clown knife is a predatory fish , so anything under an inch has been eaten . i think my clown knife is growing at a few centimeters a month , and will be selling it when it reaches 12 inches . i wouldn ' t keep a full - grown knifefish with anything less than a couple hundred gallon tank and fish that were at least a foot or two in length , as the bigger knife fishes can grow to 3 and a half feet long . with your fish , keep in mind how big the angelfish are and how big they will be compared to the knife fish . ( ps : i also have a dwarf gourami that was a gift from a friend , a pleco as big as the knife fish , some clown loaches , and a small catfish that ' s about 2 1 / 2 inches , and none of them have been harassed by my knife so far . keep your fish well - fed and i doubt anything too big to be eaten will be a problem to house in the same tank . )\nthe clown knife has the typical knifefish body shape , flat and elongated with an arched back . its anal fin and caudal fin ( tail fin ) are joined , giving it a long continuous fin along the underside . this fin undulates , allowing it to move either forwards or back wards , making it a very graceful swimmer .\nthe clown knife fish has to be one of the strangest looking freshwater tropicals available in the hobby . with its elongated head , huge underslung jaw and humped back , it definitely doesn ' t appeal to all . but for all its odd looks , these fish have great personalities and are amazing to watch gliding around the tank at night\nthe clown knife fish has to be one of the strangest looking freshwater tropical fish available in the hobby . with its elongated head , huge underslung jaw and humped back , it definitely doesn\u2019t appeal to all . but for all its odd looks , these fish have great personalities and are amazing to watch gliding around the tank at night .\nthis is a very active fish of schooling type . minimum size of clown loach tank for a school of 3 - 5 species should be 100 gallons . please , consider the fact that , the larger is the fish school and the tank , the more comfortable fishes feel : they grow more intensively and intragroup aggression is almost absent .\nthis species is also referred to as \u2018clown knifefish\u2019 in the aquarium trade but arguably has no place in the ornamental hobby given its adult size and specialised requirements . it remains inexplicably popular , however , with albino and leucistic forms having been line - bred for the purpose while apparent hybrids with c . blanci also appear from time - to - time .\ncan be a hit or miss aggression wise , my 18\u2033 royal clown doesnt tollerate any tankmates at all . most will likely beat up smaller fish in the tank once lights go out at night . this is a species that likes to be king of the aquarium . platinum and gold variants are becomming more available in the hobby aswell , reducing their value .\nthis spotted featherback fish inhabit lakes , swamps , and the moving backwaters waters of medium to large rivers . young fish occur in schools among aquatic plants and submerged roots . adults tend to be loaners , commonly found near shore in areas with overhanging vegetation or docks . they utilize air to survive in warm , stagnant waters with little oxygen . more recently they have been popping up in the united states in warmer climates states like florida . these fish are some times caught by anglers going after bass . they are starting to populate parts of the united states because of irresponsible fish owners setting them free when they can no longer care for these demanding fish . the largest fish reported in florida was 36 inches long .\nmy first encounter ever seeing and knowing about featherback was during a visit to public aquaria and getting the chance to actually view the fish in person . i have to admit , although having seen countless types of freshwater fish , it was in fact the first time that i\u2019ve ever encounter one and it really amazes me especially the overall shape of the species . not many aquarist fancy keeping them as a pet and while i couldn\u2019t find local fish enthusiast in community club who actually owns one , however that doesn\u2019t stop me from finding more information as i still maintain a deep interest trying to learn about it . searching through various sources of information both on the internet and library yield quite some interesting facts concerning this giant carnivorous fish .\nthe clown featherfin fish are carnivores . in the wild they are predatory animals , primarily piscivores , which means they mostly eat fish . in the aquarium they prefer to eat fresh foods such as worms or small fish , but it is a good idea to do your best to condition them to eat sinking pellets or some other dried food of substance . this will make feeding them much easier and less costly .\nas with most fish the clown knifefish are prone to skin flukes , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , ichthyobodo infection , parasitic infestations ( protozoa , worms , etc . ) , bacterial infections ( general ) , and bacterial disease . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference . for information about freshwater fish diseases and illnesses , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .\nclown knife fish can be extremely picky eaters . in their natural habitat , they are exclusive piscavores , and this can become a problem in the home aquarium . if you start young enough , they can be trained to eat pellets and some frozen foods , but this cannot be guaranteed , so a supply of healthy live feeder fish is usually required especially in the beginning when you bring them home from the lfs . this supply can consist of pretty much anything the fish can fit in its mouth , goldfish , buenos aires tetras , neon tetras , small convicts , guppys , etc . some other foods that will sometimes be accepted are pieces of prawn , shellfish and some meaty foods such as beefheart , although animal proteins are not considered to be very healthy for them and should only be fed occasionally . vary your clown knife ' s diet as soon as possible . don ' t let your knife get locked onto one food type . mine loves hikari massivores , cooked jumbo shrimp , and frozen silversides .\nwhile in juveniles can tolerate one another , as they mature , they switch to a solitary existence . they will require a hidden place to hide for their prey in the aquarium . the clown knife fish can be kept with other larger fish that are not fin nippers . the juvenile may show a striped pattern to their spotting , but as they mature , all this will evolve into large and possibly fewer spots in the tail region . whenever you want to treat for parasite infestation , treat as a smooth skin fish .\nclown knife fish are not suggested for beginners but rather for an aquarist with some fish keeping experience . these fish are usually offered for sale at a size of 3 to 6 inches and many hobbyists have unknowingly bought a pet they weren\u2019t prepared to keep . that cute little 3 inch fish can grow to over 3 feet long , but in an aquarium 10 - 20 inches is usually the maximum size . if you plan on keeping one for a long time in good condition , be prepared to setup a 200 gallon tank .\nthe clown knifefish can reach up to about 3 1 / 2 feet ( 100 cm ) and weigh about 11 pounds ( 5 kg ) in the wild . most tank raise specimens however , won ' t grow much larger than 10 to 20 inches ( 25 to 50 cm ) . its body shape is flat and elongated with an arched back . it has a continuous fin along the underside formed by a joining of the caudal and anal fin . this fin undulates , allowing it to move either forwards or back wards . it also has a very small dorsal fin .\nthe clown knife fish is nocturnal , although they do sometimes come out during the day . they are quite remarkable to watch when they swim , as they are just as comfortable swimming backwards as they are going forwards , and they are amazingly flexible . when changing direction , they can turn within their own body length and often seem as though they have no backbone . although they are very high through the body , they are very narrow widthways . this makes it possible for them to fit through very slim spaces where most owners would think it was impossible for them to wriggle through .\nclown knifefish will spend most of their time in the middle or near the bottom of they tank , but they may occasionally go to the surface to grab a gulp of air or a meal . this fish can reach an enormous size even in the home aquarium . they can be comfortable in a 55 gallon tank until they reach around 10\n, but for the long term you will need a tank that is 200 gallons or more , and bigger is always better . use a high quality filter and provide a moderate water current . a uv sterilizer is a smart thing to incorporate into your tank as these fish are very sensitive to medications . the uv sterilizer will kill many diseases .\na monster of the hobby , the clown knife should not be purchased by the casual hobbyist . reaching huge sizes few people can properly house them and fewer can help them thrive . with its elongated head , huge underslung jaw and humped back , it definitely is unique , beautiful monster type of a fish . along with its odd looks , these fish have great personalities and are amazing to watch gliding around the tank at night it is also very popular because of its common availability , relatively low price , and variable pattern of large spots . it seems that no two are exactly alike . they may have no spots at all and sometimes you may find one with two rows of smaller spots going into very large spots .\nclown knife fish are extremely picky eaters . in their natural habitat , they are exclusive piscavores , and this can become a problem in the home aquarium . if you start young enough , they can be trained to eat pellets and some frozen foods , but this cannot be guaranteed , so a supply of healthy live feeder fish is usually required . this supply can consist of pretty much anything the fish can fit in its mouth , and mine has made a meal of goldfish , buenos aires tetras , neon tetras , small convicts and even corydoras catfish . some other foods that will sometimes be accepted are pieces of prawn , shellfish and some meaty foods such as beefheart , although animal proteins are not considered to be very healthy for them and should only be fed occasionally .\nclown knife fish are suggested for an aquarist with some fish keeping experience . they can be hard to get adjusted to a new tank and this often results in death . this fish can grow to a substantial size , reaching about 3 1 / 2 feet ( 100 cm ) in the wild . specimens raised in the aquarium however , generally won ' t grow much larger than 10 - 20 inches ( 25 to 50 cm ) . this is still a large fish , but since they are not particularly active they do not need as large of a tank as you might think . an adult can be comfortably housed in a 200 gallon ( 757 l ) aquarium . being nocturnal they need places to retreat during the day as well as open areas for swimming . once acclimated , they are very hardy fish .\ni have had a clown knife fish for a little over two years now , and have seen it grow from 9\nto a healthy 18 . for all their poor eyesight , mine does see well enough when the tank lights are low to recognise me and has developed quite a personality over time . he ( i have no idea if it ' s a male or a female , but i ' ve always considered him to be male ) is very responsive when you approach the tank at night , particularly when he thinks he ' s going to be fed . these fish are definitely not for beginners as they require a large commitment of time , money and space to keep happy and healthy , but they are well worth the effort , even if only for the\nwhat on earth is that ! ? ! ? !\ncomments from people who see him for the first time . clowns are truly amazing fish , with definite personalities and a lot of character , and a face only a mother could love !\nthe first thing you need to think of when it comes to this fish is that it can reach an enormous size , even in the home aquarium . they are often offered for sale as small as 3\n, and a lot of fish stores seem to forget to mention to the prospective owner that this cute little wiggler can reach lengths of up to 36\n. they can be comfortable in a 55gal tank up to around 10\n, but if you plan on having a clown knife long term , then you will need a tank that is an absolute minimum of 300 gallons , and bigger is always better . due to their nocturnal nature , they need a place to hide during the day , a piece of pipe or a cave where they can get away from the light . without this , they can become stressed very easily and will try to fit themselves into any dark space they can find , often causing damage to themselves . they do better with open swimming space , but they are adept as negotiating obstacles such as plants and piles of rock . in the wild , they inhabit slow moving rivers and lakes in many areas of asia , and do well in tanks set up similar to this type of environment . they prefer a neutral ph and softer water , but larger fish can adapt to a higher ph and hard water . mine lives comfortably at a ph of 8 . 2 .\nthe clown knife fish is nocturnal , although they do sometimes come out during the day . they are quite remarkable to watch when they swim , as they are just as comfortable swimming backwards as they are going forwards , and they are amazingly flexible . when changing direction , they can turn within their own body length and often seem as though they have no backbone . although they are very high through the body , they are very narrow widthways . this makes it possible for them to fit through very small spaces where most owners would think it was impossible for them to wriggle through . they tend to be quite shy , skittish fish and can quite easily panic when surprised . due to their generally poor eyesight , they rely on their lateral line , which is extremely sensitive , to detect changes in their surroundings and to hunt for their prey . when hunting , they like to approach small fish from behind , sneaking up very slowly , then pouncing and engulfing their prey whole in their enormous mouths . they can fit much larger fish that you would think into their mouths , so they cannot be considered safe in a community tank . they are very hardy fish once they reach a certain size , but can be sensitive to water conditions and some medications when they are smaller than 9 or 10\n. i have heard of many cases of young fish , 3 to 5\n, dying soon after they are purchased due to shock or unsuitable tank conditions .\nfreshwater ; pelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 24\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c\nasia : mekong basin in laos , thailand , cambodia and viet nam ; chao phraya and meklong basins .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 30857 ) ; max . published weight : 5 . 0 kg ( ref . 40637 )\ndistinguished from other members of the family by the presence of a row of large ocellated spots above the base of the anal fin ( ref . 27732 ) . differs from c . chitala in lacking silver or gold transverse streaks on dorsum and from c . blanci and c . lopis in lacking a basal pectoral spot ( ref . 7431 ) .\ninhabits flowing waters of large and medium - sized rivers ( ref . 12693 ) . within the mekong mainstream , it occurs in pools ( ref . 37770 ) . found in the basin - wide mainstream of the lower mekong ( ref . 36667 ) . a predator on surface - feeding fishes , crustaceans and insects , with a crepuscular or nocturnal activity pattern . moves into inundated forest during the high water period from june to october . individuals from the great lake are shipped to markets in thailand ( ref . 12693 ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5166 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 \u00b10 . 57 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nc . chitala differs from c . ornata in that the black spots in the posterior portion of the body are not ocellated .\nthis species normally possesses silver or gold transverse bars on the dorsum of the body , as seen here .\nalthough often reported to range throughout most of southern asia this species is probably restricted to the indian subcontinent in pakistan , india ( records from the states of manipur , uttaranchal , west bengal , assam , tripura , uttar pradesh , and bihar ) , nepal , and bangladesh .\nrecords from myanmar appear to refer to misidentification of notopterus notopterus , and those from southeast asia to the congeners c . blanci , c . borneensis , c . hypselonotus , c . lopis or c . ornata .\nmostly known from major river channels and freshwater lakes , but has also been observed in swamps , beels , presumably during the spawning season .\nsuitable only for public installations or the very largest , highly - specialised private aquaria .\nprefers dim lighting and access to refuges in the form of driftwood , large rocks or lengths of plastic piping .\na large , mature filter system , rigorous maintenance regime comprising weekly water changes of 50 - 70 % tank volume , and provision of highly - oxygenated water with a degree of movement should be considered mandatory .\nan obligate , typically nocturnal , predator feeding on smaller fishes , crustaceans and other invertebrates in nature but in most cases adapting well to dead alternatives in captivity .\nyoung fish can be offered chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , small earthworms , chopped prawn and suchlike while adults will accept strips of fish flesh , whole prawns / shrimp , mussels , live river shrimp , larger earthworms , etc . , as well as dried pellets although the latter should not form the staple diet .\nthis species should not be fed mammalian or avian meat such as beef heart or chicken since some of the lipids contained in these cannot be properly metabolised by the fish and may cause excess fat deposits and even organ degeneration .\nsimilarly there is no benefit in the use of \u2018feeder\u2019 fish such as livebearers or small goldfish which carry with them the risk of parasite or disease introduction and at any rate tend not have a high nutritional value unless properly conditioned beforehand .\nrelatively peaceful with fishes too large to be considered prey but can be territorial with conspecifics and other similarly - shaped species , especially if space is at a premium .\nunreported in captivity but in nature female individuals have been observed to deposit eggs on solid surfaces such as submerged tree stumps or stakes , after which the male remains to guard and tend them . spawning takes place on a seasonal basis between may and august , which corresponds to the timing of the summer monsoon .\nthis species\u2019 name has been widely misapplied in the aquarium trade and hobbyist literature , most often in reference to the southeast asian species c . ornata , but unlike its relative is in fact very rarely exported for ornamental purposes although its is fished and cultured for food in india .\nit can be told apart from c . ornata by possessing a row of non - ocellated ( vs . ocellated ) black spots in the posterior portion of the body , above the anal - fin . in addition it is the only member of the genus in which a series of transverse gold or silver bars is normally present on the dorsum .\nnotopterids are distributed in africa and southeast asia and all possess an elongated anal - fin which is continuous with the caudal - fin , a \u2018humped\u2019 appearance , very small scales , plus the ability to breathe atmospheric air .\nhamilton , f . , 1822 - edinburgh & london : i - vii + 1 - 405 an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\nshrestha , t . k . , 2008 - himalayan ecosphere , kathmandu , nepal : 1 - 389 ichthyology of nepal . a study of fishes of the himalayan waters .\nmissing information here ? our knowledge base is an ever - evolving work in progress , which naturally means that some species profiles contain more information than others . we ' re working on a daily basis to fill in all the gaps , so please have patience . this site relies heavily on the help of hundreds of people without whose valuable contributions it simply wouldn ' t exist . information and photos regarding any freshwater or brackish fish species , its natural history or captive care is always much appreciated , so if you ' ve anything you ' d like to share please leave a comment below or email us .\nsexing the chitala chitala : i had a mated pair , 12 years old . she laid eggs about 2 years ago . the eggs did not mature . the male\u2019s slope behind the head is much more pronounced than the female , causing the male to be taller than the female .\ntwo weeks ago , the female developed a cist just behind the gill on the left side . the cist ruptured leaving a 1 1 / 2\u2033 hole through the muscle . i took her to university of tn vet school and she did not survive travel and treatment . they are housed in a 260 gal . tank . not sure how the male will fair without her . both are ~ 24\u2033 and 4 1 / 2 lbs . major loss for me .\nadult specimen on sale in a fish market , chiang rai province , northern thailand .\nornata : from the latin ornatus , meaning \u2018adorned , decorated\u2019 , in reference to this species\u2019 colour pattern which consists of large , ocellated spots on the posterior part of the body .\nnative to the mae klong , chao phraya , and mekong river systems in thailand , plus the mekong basin in laos , cambodia , and vietnam .\nit has been introduced to myanmar and the philippines , where it is cultured for food , and the u . s . a . , where a population has become established in palm beach county , florida state .\ninhabits lower parts of rivers and tributaries , swamps , floodplains , and lakes , including some man - made dams to which it seems well - adaptable . moves into areas of flooded forest to spawn .\nit is thought to be threatened by dam construction and other anthropogenic habitat alterations .\nunreported in captivity but in nature male individuals contruct nests from branches and leaves and remains to guard the eggs and fry post - spawning , which takes place in areas of flooded forest during the wet season .\nit can be distinguished from all congeners by presence of one or more rows of large ocellated spots above the base of the anal - fin , but is regularly misidentified as the congener c . chitala both in the aquarium trade and hobbyist literature . c . chitala is easily distinguished since it possesses non - ocellated spots above the anal - fin and is the only member of the genus in which a series of transverse gold or silver bars is normally present on the dorsum .\ngray , j . e . , 1831 - zoological miscellany 1831 : 16 description of three species of notopterus , found by gen . hardwicke , in the indian seas .\nkottelat , m . , 2001 - wht publications , colombo : 1 - 198 fishes of laos .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 - h . m . h . books : 1 - 663 peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico ( second edition ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 - fao , rome : 1 - 265 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fishes of the cambodian mekong .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : the species has a wide distribution the from mae klong in thailand eastward to the mekong basin . it has been introduced to myanmar and the philippines for aquaculture and is heavily utilised from the wild . however at present there is no evidence of widespread population declines and it is assessed as least concern .\nthe species occurs from the mae klong in thailand eastward to the mekong basin ( thailand , lao pdr , viet nam , cambodia ) . it has been introduced to myanmar and the philippines for aquaculture .\nthis species inhabits lowland river mainstreams and tributaries including floodplains , marshland and larger waterbodies . it is well - adaptive to impounded waters . feeds in mainstream and the sesan tributary system , lives in deep pools of mainstreams . ' black ' seasonal movement , moving from river channels into seasonally flooded areas ( poulsen\nit is a popularly consumed , fished at large and small scales , and found in aquaculture . juveniles are popular in the aquarium trade and large fish are popular for public aquaria . in thailand , it is often used in food products .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe have two large iridescent sharks we are looking to find another home for . our tank is too small and they are very large . do you have a big tank ? do you know they can grow 3 - 4 feet ? where are you located ?\nlooking for medaka rice fish . what ever species you may have for sale .\ni ' m looking to but a balloon kissing gourami . any idea where i can get one ?\nis it a member of the notopteridae family which contains contains some of the more outgoing species of knifefish . they are generally peaceful and will do well with other fish that are not particularly aggressive and that are too large to fit into its mouth . do take caution as they have poor eye sight and will some times try to eat bigger fish then they can handle . they can ultimately injury or kill a fish they are unable to eat .\nis listed as more precarious on the iucn red list , and is considered near threatened ( nt ) .\n, glen s . axelrod , brian m . scott , and neal pronek say these two are so similar that only a trained ichthyologist can distinguish between them , and that their taxonomical standing is in a state of confusion . it may turn out that\nlc - least concern - although it is heavily utilized from the wild , at present there is no evidence of widespread population declines . it is has also been introduced for aquaculture in myanmar and the philippines .\ntheir overall body color is a silvery gray . their most distinguishing characteristic is a variable pattern of large spots above the base of the anal fin . however , it seems that no two patterns are exactly alike . they may have no spots at all , and sometimes you may find one with two rows of smaller spots . the specimen pictured above is the albino color form .\njuveniles can be sensitive to water conditions when they are smaller than 9 or 10 inches . many young fish die soon after purchase normally due to shock or unsuitable tank and water conditions . they are very hardy fish once they reach a larger size . like most knife fish they are extremely shy and are sometimes hard to get to eat when introduced to a new tank .\nthis fish is scaleless and very sensitive to water condition changes as with most scaleless fish . a high quality filter is a must ! weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % are needed . water condition tests should also be done weekly to make sure levels are not spiking .\nin the wild they inhabit slow moving rivers and lakes in many areas of asia , so do well in tanks set up similar to this type of environment . due to their nocturnal nature they need a place to hide during the day . a piece of pipe or a cave where they can get away from the light works great . without this , they can become stressed very easily and will try to fit themselves into any dark space they can find , often causing damage to themselves . they do better with open swimming space , but they are adept as negotiating obstacles such as plants and piles of rock .\n55 gal ( 208 l ) - a 55 gallon tank is fine for a juvenile , but they grow quickly and will soon need a tank that is 200 gallons or more for the adult .\nthey are generally peaceful but due to their large size , they will eat any tank mates small enough to fit into their large mouths . don ' t keep them with large aggressive fish , but large peaceful fish are okay .\nmonitor - while it is not necessarily aggressive , it will eat anything small enough to be considered a meal .\nmonitor - they ignore tank mates that are big enough to not be considered food .\nthreat - is aggressive - in the wild , this fish hunts at night for worms , crustaceans , insects and snails .\ncaptive breeding is possible but this probably won\u2019t happen unless the fish are kept in a very large tank . in this case , that means 500 gallons or more . the pair will usually lay their eggs on floating plants and the male will aggressively guard them until they hatch in 6 or 7 days . the fry should be moved into a rearing tank and fed baby brine shrimp until they are large enough to take other foods . .\nthese fish are hardy and disease is not usually a problem in a well maintained aquarium . that being said there is no guarantee that you won ' t have to deal with health problems or disease . animal world is a great source for information on disease and treatments . it is recommended to read up on the common tank diseases . knowing the signs and catching and treating them early makes a huge difference .\nanything you add to your tank can bring disease to your tank . not only other fish but plants , substrate , and decorations can harbor bacteria . take great care and make sure to properly clean or quarantine anything that you add to an established tank so not to upset the balance . because these fish eat live food , disease can be passed to them from their foods . make sure to quarantine live food before feeding .\nwhen keeping more sensitive types of fish , it is common for all fishes to be infected even before the first warning signs can be noticed . the best way to proactively prevent disease is to give your fish the proper environment and give them a well balanced diet . the closer to their natural habitat the less stress the fish will have , making them healthier and happy . a stressed fish is more likely to acquire disease .\ndr . r\u00fcdiger riehl and hans a . baensch , aquarium atlas vol . 1 , publisher hans a . baensch , 1991"]}
{"id": 2084, "summary": [{"text": "the guachanche barracuda ( sphyraena guachancho ) , is an ocean-going species of game fish in the barracuda family , sphyraenidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was described by the french zoologist georges cuvier in 1829 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the description was part of the second edition of le r\u00e8gne animal , or the animal kingdom .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "guachanche barracuda are also known simply as guaguanche throughout much of the caribbean .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "when used for food , guaguanche barracuda are usually sold fresh or salted . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "guachanche barracuda", "paragraphs": ["guachanche barracuda sphyraena guachancho - / animals / aquatic / fish / b / barracuda / guachanche _ barracuda _ _ sphyraena _ guachancho . jpg . html\nguachanche barracuda can live in turbid , coastal waters at depths up to 100 m .\nguachanche barracuda feed on several fishes from the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families .\nhave a fact about guachanche barracuda ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for guachanche barracuda ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhow can i put and write and define guachanche barracuda in a sentence and how is the word guachanche barracuda used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528guachanche barracuda\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528guachanche barracuda\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528guachanche barracuda\u9020\u53e5 , guachanche barracuda meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\ndid you know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? there are 26 known species of barracuda . . . . . . . sharpfin barracuda , sphyraena acutipinnis guinea barracuda , sphyraena afra pacific barracuda , sphyraena argentea great barracuda , sphyraena barracuda northern sennet , sphyraena borealis yellowstripe barracuda , sphyraena chrysotaenia mexican barracuda , sphyraena ensis yellowtail barracuda , sphyraena flavicauda bigeye barracuda , sphyraena forsteri guachanche barracuda , sphyraena guachancho heller ' s barracuda , sphyraena helleri sphyraena iburiensis pelican barracuda , sphyraena idiastes japanese barracuda , sphyraena japonica pickhandle barracuda , sphyraena jello lucas barracuda , sphyraena lucasana australian barracuda , sphyraena novaehollandiae obtuse barracuda , sphyraena obtusata southern sennet , sphyraena picudilla red barracuda , sphyraena pinguis sawtooth barracuda , sphyraena putnamae blackfin barracuda , sphyraena qenie european barracuda , sphyraena sphyraena sphyraena tome yellowmouth barracuda , sphyraena viridensis sphyraena waitii\nthe latest barracuda sensation . there has never been a barracuda guide like this .\na quick look inside of some of the subjects covered : barracuda ( disambiguation ) - films , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - characters , plymouth barracuda - 1967\u00ed\u009069 , great barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - vehicles , brownsville barracudas , great barracuda - behavior , plymouth barracuda - engines , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - aircraft , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - books and comics , central african empire - op\u008c _ ration barracuda , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - ships and submarines , barracuda ( song ) - usage at the 2008 republican national convention , fu wa - killer barracuda , barracuda - as food , caliban ( comics ) - captain barracuda , great barracuda - appearance , pelican barracuda - distribution , plymouth valiant - barracuda , guachanche barracuda - description , barracuda - appearance and physical description , barracuda ( song ) - covers , yellowtail barracuda , jean - b\u008c _ del bokassa - operation barracuda , saab ab - saab barracuda llc , tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda - plot summary , barracuda ( disambiguation ) - music , splinter cell - tom clancy ' s splinter cell : operation barracuda ( 2005 ) , australian barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - in popular culture , sharpfin barracuda , barracuda ( song ) - catalyst , guachanche barracuda - distribution and habitat , plymouth barracuda - 1970\u00ed\u009074 , great barracuda - barracudas and humans , and much more . . . author : ralph skinner pages : 34 format : physical print book , includes free shipping worldwide language : english isbn : 9781488831089 bisac code : reference / general\nguachanche barracuda can grow up to 200 cm in length , but have only been recorded to weigh as much as 1 . 75 kg .\nthe pacific barracuda can be found from the gulf of california as far north as alaska ( ! ) and overlaps on the southern part of it\u2019s range with the great barracuda , mexican barracuda , and lucas barracuda . the great barracuda , northern sennet , and guachanche barracuda are all found on the east coast from new york ( or a bit higher ) down along the gulf of mexico and the caribbean . the southern sennet is native from florida down along the coastline to brazil .\nonly some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species which do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet (\nthe two larger species , the great barracuda and the guachanche barracuda , have been noted as being brackish tolerant . the great barracuda in particular has been caught in waters as low as 1 . 006 . for long term health , keeping these fish above half strength sea water ( 1 . 012 ) should be sufficient . none of the other species of barracuda have been found in brackish waters in the wild .\nclick the button below to add the barracuda 52 success secrets - 52 most asked questions on barracuda - what you need to know to your wish list .\nsphyraena japonica bloch & j . g . schneider , 1801 ( japanese barracuda )\nknown for its large size , fearsome appearance and furious behaviour . the barracuda is a saltwater\nu . s . food & drug administration ( usfda ) . 2007 . harzard , market , geographic and nomenclature information for great barracuda ( barracuda ; sphyraena barracuda ) . seafood products research center - center for food safety & applied nutrition - regulatory fish encyclopedia . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .\nbarracuda are not typically considered small fish . the mexican and pacific barracudas can reach 50 inches or more , the great and guachanche barracudas can reach 78 inches , and the smaller lucas barracuda and southern sennet both can break 24 inches . the most manageable in size of the native species is the northern sennet , which has been noted at 18 inches but supposedly rarely exceeds 15 inches .\nsp . nov . ( pisces : sphyraenidae ) : a potential new species of barracuda identified from the central mediterranean sea\n.\nnelson ( 1994 ) reports that the maximum length of barracudas is normally to 1 . 8 meters ( almost 6 feet ) , but are said to reach somewhat longer lengths . only some species of barracuda grow to a large size . the species that do are the european barracuda , barracouta or spet ( s . sphyraena ) , found in the mediterranean and eastern atlantic ; the great barracuda , picuda , or becuna ( s . picuda ) , ranging on the atlantic coast of tropical america from florida to brazil and reaching the bermudas ; the california barracuda ( s . argentea ) , extending from puget sound southwards to cabo san lucas ; the indian barracuda ( s . jello ) and the black - finned or commerson ' s barracuda ( s . commersoni ) , both from the seas of india and the malay peninsula and archipelago .\nbarracuda are most commonly caught on the top of the reef , off the deep edge of the reef & out on the shallower wreck\u2019s . barracuda are great light tackle fish and available all year round . barracuda are also a deep sea game fish that we commonly find while sailfish fishing , kite fishing , trolling the gulf stream edge and the edge of the deep reef . barracuda can be caught with live bait , dead bait , lures & jigs . they are great on light tackle , the run fast & make amazing leaps out of the water and into the air .\nthe pacific barracuda is considered to be stable , with an iucn status of least concern . no information is listed on the other species of barracudas .\nboats . the record for a hook and line caught great barracuda is 1 . 7 meter ( 5 . 5 ft ) , weighing 44 kilogram ( 103 lbs ) .\ntemperature depends on species , but for all should remain stable . the majority of these fish are subtropical and will likely be fine around room temperature , but the tropical species ( mexican barracuda , southern sennet ) will all need heaters in the tank . the pacific barracuda is a temperate species and will require a chiller to keep the temperature down . a good target temperature should be around 55f for this species .\nin southern nigeria , west africa they are smoked and used in the preparation of different soups . barracuda meat is smoked is because when cooked fresh , the fish is quite soft and disintegrates in the soup .\n, some species of barracuda are reputed to be dangerous to swimmers . barracudas are scavengers , and may mistake snorkellers for large predators , following them hoping to eat the remains of their prey . swimmers have reported being bitten by barracuda , but such incidents are rare and possibly caused by poor visibility . large barracudas can be encountered in muddy shallows on rare occasion . barracudas may mistake things that glint and shine for prey .\nin most cases , a barracuda is dark blue , dark green , white , or gray on its upper body , with silvery sides and a chalky - white belly . coloration varies somewhat between species . for some species , irregular and unorganized black spots or a row of darker cross - bars occur on each side . their fins may be yellowish or dusky . barracudas live primarily in oceans , but certain species , such as the great barracuda , live in brackish water .\nthe native barracuda are social fish and are often found in large schools . groups of at least 6 are recommended , as many predatory fish kept in groups of 3 - 5 end with one or more fish getting picked on and killed .\ncurrently , the family sphyraenidae only has a single genus , sphyraena , which is composed of all 13 species of barracuda ( though some unrelated fish are sometimes sold as \u201cfreshwater barracudas\u201d ) . eight of these species are found in north american waters :\nin general , the barracuda ' s coloration is dark green or grey above chalky - white below . this varies somewhat . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .\nbarracudas are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like tuna or salmon . larger species , like the great barracuda , have in some areas been implicated in cases of ciguatera food poisoning ( usfda 2007 ) .\nadults of most species are more or less solitary , while young and half - grown fish frequently congregate . barracudas prey primarily on fish ( which may include some as large as themselves ) . they kill and consume larger prey by tearing chunks of flesh . barracuda are competitive species and often are seen competing against\nthe larger barracuda are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed almost totally of fishes of all kinds . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to hoard a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .\nit contains 52 answers , much more than you can imagine ; comprehensive answers and extensive details and references , with insights that have never before been offered in print . get the information you need - - fast ! this all - embracing guide offers a thorough view of key knowledge and detailed insight . this guide introduces what you want to know about barracuda .\nbarracuda is the common name for the various marine , ray - finned fish comprising the family sphyraenidae of the order perciformes , characterized by a long , fairly compressed , elongated body covered with small , smooth scales and with a large mouth with strong , fang - like teeth . they are notable for their long size , reaching up to six feet ( two meters ) or more in length . there is only one genus of barracudas , sphraena , which has about 20 species ( nelson 1994 ) .\nbarracuda are very aggressive , predatory fish and are likely to take a bite out of similar sized fish , though reportedly will leave bigger , similarly aggressive fish alone . anything significantly smaller is too likely to be attacked and consumed . they are also inquisitive fish and in nature are known for investigating divers in the area , sometimes following them in hopes of picking up scraps to eat . these fish are also prone to jumping and tanks should be covered and latched down with a lock or something similar .\nbarracudas have an elongate body and large mouth , with the lower jaw jutting out beyond the upper ( nelson 1994 ) . their strong , fang - like teeth are unequal in size and set in sockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large , pointed , and pike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays ( nelson 1994 ) . the second dorsal fin and anal fin are the same size and are situated on the top and bottom of the barracuda , equidistant from the tail . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the caudal fin is forked or concave . it is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low down on the sides . the barracuda also has a large swim bladder .\nbarracuda are snake - like in appearance , with prominent , sharp - edged , fang - like teeth , much like piranhas , all of different sizes , set in sockets of their large jaws . they have large , pointed heads with an underbite in many species . their gill covers have no spines and are covered with small scales . their two dorsal fins are widely separated , with the anterior fin having five spines , and the posterior fin having one spine and 9 soft rays . the posterior dorsal fin is similar in size to the anal fin and is situated above it . the lateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvic fins and is normally retracted in a groove . the caudal fin is moderately forked with its posterior edged double - curved and is set at the end of a stout peduncle . the pectoral fins are placed low on the sides . its swim bladder is large .\ngreek , sphyraina , - es = the name of a fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 0 - 100 m ( ref . 26999 ) . subtropical\nwestern atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) , northern gulf of mexico , and throughout the caribbean sea to brazil . eastern atlantic : senegal to angola , including the canary islands and cape verde .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 35 - ? cm max length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27000 ) ; common length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 8 kg ( ref . 57401 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 8 . diagnosis : 102 - 119 scales in lateral line ; no chevrons on the flanks or , if present , not so well marked as in sphyraena afra ( ref . 57401 ) .\noccurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal water over muddy bottoms , often around river estuaries . schooling species ( ref . 6949 ) . occasionally enters estuaries and brackish waters ( ref . 57401 ) . feeds on mainly on fishes belonging to the engraulidae , clupeidae , lutjanidae and synodontidae families and also on squid from the loliginidae family ( ref . 9626 ) . maximum reported size : 71cm ( ref . 57401 ) . marketed fresh and salted .\nde sylva , d . p . , 1990 . sphyraenidae . p . 860 - 864 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 6949 )\n) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 79 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b .\njustification : this species is widespread and common where it occurs in shallow coastal waters over soft bottom . while a fishery is in place , exploitation does not appear to be a substantial threat to its global population . it is listed as least concern .\nsphyraena guachancho is distributed across the atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is known from madeira , the canary islands , the cape verde islands , and along west africa from senegal to angola . in the western atlantic it is known from massachusetts south along the u . s . , throughout the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea , and along south america to southern brazil . it appears to be absent from bermuda and the bahamas ( de sylva 1981 , smith - vaniz et al . 1999 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nangola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; liberia ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ( madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; spain ( canary is . ) ; suriname ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nsphyraena guachancho is rather common in the eastern tropical atlantic ( de sylva 1981 ) as well as in the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea ( russell 2002 ) .\nthis schooling species occurs in shallow and generally turbid coastal waters over muddy bottom , often ascending estuaries well into brackish waters . it feeds mainly on small fishes and shrimps ( bianchi 1981 ) . the maximum size is 71 cm .\nsphyraena guachancho is marketed fresh and smoked ( de sylva 1981 ) . the primary fishing areas include coastal waters of the continental and island shelves , particularly the shrimp grounds off the southern coast of cuba , campeche , guianas , and the northern part of the gulf of mexico . it is an important commercial species in the greater antilles . it is caught primarily with trammel nets and bottoms trawls as well as with handlines ( russell 2002 ) . it is considered a delicacy in the west indies and has never been reported as ciguatoxic ( russell 2002 ) . in the gulf of mexico , mexico , this species is taken as incidental catch in fisheries targeting thunnus albacares ( sagarpa 2012 ) .\ndooley , j . , collette , b . b . , aiken , k . a . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , singh - renton , s . & russell , b . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndespite an unfavorable reputation as dangerous to humans who are scuba diving , snorkeling , or swimming in their waters , unprovoked attacks by barracudas on humans are rare . rather , barracudas generally add value to human life as food and game fish and for the wonder they add to nature . ecologically , they are integral to many marine food chains , serving as the top predator in some tropical and subtropical waters and helping to maintain the balance of nature .\nbarracudas ( family sphyraenidae and genus sphyraena ) are found in tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide .\nbarracudas typically have coloration that is dark green or gray above a chalky - white underbelly . sometimes there is a row of darker cross - bars or black spots on each side . the fins may be yellowish or dusky .\nbarracudas occur both singly and in schools around reefs , but also appear in open seas . swimming in schools , or individually , they are voracious predators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27 mph or 43 km / h ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability ( rqcsr 2007 ) . they also exhibit some scavenger - like feeding habits .\nthe larger barracudas are more or less solitary in their habits . young and half - grown fish frequently congregate in shoals . their food is composed of fish of all types . large barracudas , when gorged , may attempt to herd a shoal of prey fish in shallow water , where they guard over them until they are ready for another meal .\nlike sharks , barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of scuba divers , snorkelers , and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkelers might be large predators and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .\nbeing formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged . spearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .\nthere have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .\nbarracudas are prize fish , and can be caught either fly or sea fishing . they are extremely powerful , and require tough and strong rods .\nagbayani , e . 2004 . sphyraenidae . fishbase ( eds . r . froese and d . pauly ) . retrieved december 2 , 2007 .\nhumann , p . , and n . deloach . 2002 . reef fish identification : florida , caribbean , bahamas . jacksonville , fl : new world publications . isbn 1878348302 .\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . new york : john wiley & sons . isbn 0471547131 .\nnorman , j . r . , and f . c . fraser . 1949 . field book of giant fishes . new york : g . p . putnam .\nreefquest centre for shark research ( rqcsr ) . 2007 . what ' s the speediest marine creature . biology of sharks and rays . retrieved october 26 , 2007 .\nrochefort , c . de . 1681 . histoire naturelle et morale des iles antilles de l ' am\u00e9rique enrichie d ' un grand nombre de belles figures en taille douce \u2026 avec un vocabulaire cara\u00efbe . rotterdam : r . leers .\nsloane , h . , m . van der gucht , and j . savage . 1707 . a voyage to the islands madera , barbados , nieves , s . christophers and jamaica , with the natural history \u2026 of the last of those islands to which is prefix ' d an introduction , wherein is an account of the inhabitants , air , waters , diseases , trade , & c . \u2026 ; illustrated with the figures of the things describ ' d . london : printed by b . m . for the author .\nnew world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards . this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3 . 0 license ( cc - by - sa ) , which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution . credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation . to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats . the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here :\nnote : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed .\nthis page was last modified on 13 may 2016 , at 20 : 45 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution / share - alike license ; additional terms may apply . see terms of use for details .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 19 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 752 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\n) : 4 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .\n) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ntrolling lures or bottom fished with cut fish baits , live mullet & calamari .\nthis aggressive , carnivorous fish frequently attack flashing objects that appear as prospective prey . for best results when trolling from a boat use rapala cd16 to cd18 deep diving lures ( any colour ) &\nfished 15ft to 30ft behind the boat at approx 4 to 6 knots - medium drag setting , enough to set the hook without striking . use a rod holder or alternatively if holding the rod , keep the trace up for the best action and hold the rod tight . on all traces add 2ft to 3ft of 40lb wire trace before the hook or lure to prevent biting off !\nfish for giant atlantic tarpon in the gambia river estuary . . . . . . .\nlight tackle species fishing in the oyster mangrove creeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nshore angling safari ' s along gambia ' s unspoilt coastline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nour boston whaler boat will get you to all major fishing grounds within 30 mins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\ncas 214646 ( 3 specimens ) taken off marlin beach hotel in s\u00e3otom\u00e9 ; smns 25263 ( 2 specimens ) from fish market at s\u00e3otom\u00e9 city .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nray - finned fishes notable for their large size ( up to 1 . 8 m or 6 ft ) and fearsome appearance . the body is long , fairly compressed , and covered with small , smooth\nsockets in the jaws on the roof of the mouth . the head is quite large and is pointed and\npike - like in appearance . the gill - covers do not have spines and are covered with small scales . the two\ndorsal fins are widely separated , with the first having five spines and the second having one spine and nine soft rays . the second dorsal fin equals the anal fin in size and is situated more or less above it . the\nlateral line is prominent and extends straight from head to tail . the spinous dorsal fin is placed above the pelvics . the hind end of the\nperciformes . along with the smaller grey mullets and sand smelts or atherines , barracudas form the suborder known as mugiloids . members of this group are distinguished from the percoids by the backward position of the pelvic fins , which are located well behind the\npredators and hunt using a classic example of lie - in - wait or ambush . they rely on surprise and short bursts of speed ( up to 27mph ) to overrun their prey , sacrificing maneuverability .\n, barracudas have long had a bad reputation as being dangerous to humans . however , unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare and millions of\nsnorkelers and swimmers spend time with them in the water without any incidents . barracudas sometimes do follow snorkelers and scuba divers across a reef , which can make one feel uncomfortable , but they are harmless unless provoked . because barracudas have a scavenger - like tendency , it has been theorized that barracudas tend to follow snorkelers because they believe that the snorkeler ( s ) might be a large predator ( s ) and if they were to capture prey it would be easy for the barracudas to scavenge whatever may be left behind .\nbeing formidable hunters , they should be respected , as barracudas are perfectly capable of defending themselves against humans that harass them . handfeeding or trying to touch them is strongly discouraged .\nspearfishing around barracudas can also be quite dangerous , as they are strongly attracted by the wounded fish .\nthere have been isolated cases where barracudas did bite a human thinking that part of it was a fish , but these incidents are rare and are believed to be caused by bad visibility . barracudas will stop after the first bite as humans are not their normal food source .\nthey are caught as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillet or steak and have a strong taste like\ntrolling with lines baited with fish or other prey . the acute inquisitiveness of barracudas , together with their possessing hearty appetites , means that they will readily bite at\nthis reference article is mainly selected from the english wikipedia with only minor checks and changes ( see urltoken for details of authors and sources ) and is available under the gnu free documentation license . see also our disclaimer .\nwe promise to never spam you , and just use your email address to identify you as a valid customer .\nthis product hasn ' t received any reviews yet . be the first to review this product !\n. they are found near the top of the water and near coral reefs and sea grasses .\ne . m . abdussamad , ratheesh , thangaraja , bineesh & d . prakashan , 2015\nscuba diver swimming inside a group of sphyraena putnamae off ko tao , thailand .\nthey also seem to consume smaller species of sustenance that are in front of them .\nhandfeeding or touching large barracudas in general is to be avoided . spearfishing around barracudas can also be dangerous , as they are quite capable of ripping a chunk from a wounded fish thrashing on a spear , or out of the arm which is holding the spear . humans are not on their preferred menu , but haste can lead to confusion .\nbarracudas are popular both as food and game fish . they are most often eaten as fillets or steaks . larger species , such as the\nthose who have been diagnosed with this type of food poisoning display symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort , limb weakness , and an inability to differentiate hot from cold effectively .\nwest africans smoke them for use in soups and sauces . smoking protects the soft flesh from disintegrating in the broth and gives it a smoky flavour .\n. rome : laboratoire d\u2019ichtyologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et appliqu\u00e9e mus\u00e9um national d\u2019histoire naturelle . pp .\nichthyological bulletin ; no . 3 : the fishes of the family sphyraenidae in the western indian ocean\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 12 / 1 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nanonymous ( 1997 ) bulletin statistique des p\u00eaches , ann\u00e9e 1996 . : r\u00e9publique de guin\u00e9e , centre national des sciences halieutiques de boussoura ( c . n . s . h . b . ) . bull . stat . no . 2 . 35 p . + 2 annexes .\nb\u00f6hlke , j . e . and c . c . g . chaplin ( 1993 ) fishes of the bahamas and adjacent tropical waters . 2nd edition . : university of texas press , austin .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\ncarvalho , v . a . and r . l . branco ( 1977 ) rela\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9cies marinhas e estuarinas do nordeste brasileiro . : p . d . p . documentos t\u00e9cnicos ( 25 ) : 60p .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\nclaro , r . ( 1994 ) caracter\u00edsticas generales de la ictiofauna . : p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecolog\u00eda de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanolog\u00eda academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo .\nclaro , r . and l . r . parenti ( 2001 ) the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . : p . 21 - 57 . in claro , r . , k . c . lindeman and l . r . parenti ( eds ) ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . smithsonian institution press , wahsington and london . 253p .\nclaro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds . , 2001 : chapter 2 : the marine ichthyofauna of cuba . ecology of the marine fishes of cuba . 21 - 57 .\nde sylva , d . p . ( 1981 ) sphyraenidae . : in w . fischer , g . bianchi and w . b . scott ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic ( fishing areas 34 , 47 ( in part ) ) , volume 4 . department of fisheries and oceans canada and fao , rome .\nerdman , d . s . ( 1983 ) nombres vulgares de los peces en puerto rico ( common names of fishes in puerto rico ) . : commonwealth of puerto rico . technical report , vol 3 . no . 2 , second revised edition . 44 p .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\ngrabda , e . and t . heese ( 1991 ) polskie nazewnictwo popularne kraglouste i ryby . cyclostomata et pisces . : wyzsza szkola inzynierska w koszalinie . koszalin , poland . 171 p . ( in polish ) .\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 .\ng\u00f3mez - canchong , p . , l . manjarr\u00e9s m . , l . o . duarte and j . altamar ( 2004 ) atlas pesquero del area norte del mar caribe de colombia . : universidad del magadalena , santa marta . 230 p .\nkotlyar , a . n . ( 1984 ) dictionary of names of marine fishes on the six languages . : all union research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography , moscow . 288 p .\nmaigret , j . and b . ly ( 1986 ) les poissons de mer de mauritanie . : science nat . , compi\u00e8gne . 213 p .\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nmurdy , edward o . , ray s . birdsong , and john a . musick , 1997 : null . fishes of chesapeake bay . xi + 324 .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea and j . d . williams ( 2004 ) common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . : american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . ix , 386 p . + 1 cd .\nnorth american native fishtanks \u2022 barracudas of the family sphyraenidae in the home . . .\nsleek , lightning - fast predators , barracudas are certainly impressive fish which are a sight to behold in large schools . but are they suitable for the home aquarium ? they are potentially dangerous animals and can present specially challenges for anybody who wishes to keep them in the confines of an aquarium .\nnone of these fish are commonly for sale in the aquarium fish trade . in all likelihood , you may never to see one in captivity outside of public aquariums .\none thing to note about these fish is that they do not ship very well and many which are transported longer distances end up dying due to stress or bashing themselves into tank sides . these situations also often end up happening in the home aquarium as well .\nin the wild , these are piscivores and may have trouble adapting in the home aquarium . live fish are perhaps required at first ( cheaper fish like damsels and mollies may be used for smaller specimens ) . they should be able to be converted to frozen foods by attaching to feeding sticks and pacing around the top of the tank . barracudas will never accept prepared foods like pellets .\nas marine fish , especially those which are found in reef settings , barracudas are best kept in large , stable systems . high carbonate hardness , high ph ( around 8 - 8 . 5 ) , and low levels of fish waste in the water are musts . they are best kept around a specific gravity of 1 . 025 - 1 . 026 . these are large fish and produce a lot of waste . utilizing deep sand beds to aid in nitrification and a working protein skimmer are highly recommended .\nimmense . even for the smallest species , the northern sennet , hundreds of gallons ( no less than 300 or 400 ) would be the smallest practical tank size . all of these fish are long - distance swimmers in the wild and are capable of great bursts of speed ; small tanks are not going to work long term . there really is no practical home aquarium size for the other species and they really should be left in the wild or to public aquariums which can keep tanks in the thousands , tens of thousands of gallons .\nthe other concern is that rectangular systems are not really viable either . like the larger sharks , these fish have a hard time turning and never seem to \u201cget\u201d corners . a round or oval system will be necessary if you want to keep these fish alive for anything close to their natural lifespan .\nnot at all likely to happen in the home aquarium . breeding occurs certain times of the year , in massive numbers of animals . replicating this would require a colossal tank and is not feasible for casual aquarists .\nbarracudas are interesting fish , but are not for the faint of heart . in addition to the constant risk of being bitten by these fish ( both for tankmates and the aquarist ) , they need massive , specialized tanks beyond what most people can provide . all things considered , these fish are best avoided for home use .\nseasonal distribution and richness of fish species in the badagry lagoon , southwest nigeria , olufemi o . soyinka , minasu p . kuton , caroline i . ayo - olalusi\nmcclane\u2019s field guide to saltwater fishes of north america , a . j . mcclane\nlot of fun today with a great group of 20 anglers . # deepseafishingmiami # spellbound"]}
{"id": 2086, "summary": [{"text": "the lesser water boatman ( corixa punctata ) is a water-dwelling insect of the order hemiptera .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "adults normally range in size from 5 to 15 mm long , and are found in ponds , lakes and sometimes even swimming pools .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the boatman feeds on algae and dead plant material .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they have long hind legs which they use to swim on top of water .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these powerful legs are covered in tiny hairs which helps them float on the surface of the water .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they breathe oxygen by trapping air beneath their wing cases when they are on the surface as the oxygen is trapped by tiny hairs .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "they use trapped air in their physical gill to convert water-borne sounds into airborne sounds that they can hear .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "they are similar to notonecta glauca , the water boatman or back swimmer by appearance , although these lesser waterboatman are herbivores and swim on their fronts .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are not related to notonecta glauca , the water boatman or back swimmer , nor to the european micronecta scholtzi , also known as the \" lesser water boatman \" . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "lesser water boatman", "paragraphs": ["there are actually two different species of water boatmen here in the uk \u2013 the greater water boatman ( known in america as the backswimmer ) and the lesser water boatman . they are very similar in appearance but with some subtle differences .\nthe last larva ( nymphs ) of the lesser water boatman moult to adults . for some species it is now prime time for chirping .\non the left a corixa larva . like all bugs , lesser water boatman have an incomplete metamorphosis , the newly hatched larva already have a strong resemblance with the adult ( the\nhave you ever seen a water boatman ? no , i don\u2019t mean a man rowing his boat on the water ! the water boatman i\u2019m talking about is an insect which lives in ponds . you may have them in your own back garden if you have a still - water pond .\na tiny water boatman is the loudest animal on earth relative to its body size , a study has revealed .\nmore than 500 species of water boatman exist in the world , and they major portion belongs to north america .\n) are used to that purpose . it is remarkable that the females too have a ribbed snout . that the sound is meant to communicate is confirmed by the fact that many lesser water boatman species have\ngives the best chances of seeing a lesser water boatman without using a net : the water is still clear then and there are less weeds and algae . you can see the little boatsmen busy at the bottom , at a closer look you see two little clouds of matter whirling after their front legs\nanother difference between the two insects is their diet . the lesser water boatman is vegetarian and eats algae and plant detritus . its greater cousin however , is a carnivore . it preys upon other invertebrates , tadpoles and even small fish ! they kill their victims by stabbing with their sharp mouthparts and injecting a poison . this liquefies the internal organs which the water boatman then sucks up as if through a straw .\n) , it is for this reason that lesser water boatman also called water crickets . the modest sound is mostly noticed when the animals are kept in an aquarium or the like . on warm evenings when the air is full of electricity you hear a short and soft chirping , like a cricket , but somewhat lower pitched .\n. the lesser water boatman is not the only water insect making sounds , many beetles are able to do that . but for those sounds the purpose is to startle a possible predator . hearing organs were not found on these beetles . the sounds are made by rubbing the abdomen against the under side of the hardened front wings . especially the\nas a true bug the lesser water boatman is somewhat flat , though the body is highly adapted to the life it leads in the water . when the shields and the wings are extended , the body does remind to that of a tiny fly . when submerged it looks more powerful by the surrounding bubble , which also streamlines the total profile .\nboth species have long and powerful back legs which they use as oars to help them swim . they swim on the surface of the pond and that\u2019s how you can tell them apart \u2013 lesser water boatmen swim on their bellies but greater water boatmen swim on their backs , beneath the water .\nthis minuscule water boatman might be smaller than a drawing pin , but it ' s also the loudest animal on the planet . well , relative to its body size , at least .\nthey don\u2019t have to sneak out of the water to fly ; they can take a flight directly from the water surface .\ninsects are classified in the orders , suborders , infra - orders and then families . an order of insects can have a large number of species . water boatman is classified in the order \u2018hemiptera\u2019 and the suborder \u2018hetropetra . \u2019 they have further grouped in the infra - order \u2018nepomarpha , \u2019 and their family name is \u2018corixidae . \u2019 the family includes too many lookalike species like backswimmers and lesser water boatmen .\n[ partner id =\nwireduk\nalign =\nright\n] the male lesser water boatman , aka micronecta scholtzi , can create mating calls as loud as 99 . 2 decibels , which is the equivalent of sitting in the front row of a loud , full - blown orchestra , or standing 15 meters away from a hurtling freight train .\nmost lesser water boatman can survive the wintertime , even under a layer of ice : the animals row slowly underneath the ice in search of a trapped air bubble . they replenish their own air supply with the air of such a bubble and dive to the bottom again . this is shown on this composite photo , on the left with a larger bubble , on the right with a small one , there you can see vaguely the bent head . with even lower temeratures , they still can survive : as an extra bonus the ( ice ) cold water contains more oxygen which enhances the gas exchange between the water and their bubbles , which are somehow also larger then normal at these times and furthermore the animals keep still . many migrate to streams that stay open and rest there in masses in the water plants . all lesser water boatman species have turned in the adult animal in the winter , except micronecta .\nthis is another type of water boatmen that is lesser water boatmen . these species are mostly seen in the united kingdom . there are yellow lines all over their dark and boat - shaped body . their long thin legs help them to swim , not on their back , on their bellies . unlike the greater water boatmen ( backswimmers ) , they choose to eat plants . besides being under the water surface , they show up at night ; artificial lights seem to fascinate them . they can be seen flying near these places . they need to be on the surface very often to meet their need of air supply underwater . they collect the air in their specific body parts to utilize under the water surface . the term \u2018lesser water boatmen\u2019 is commonly used in the uk for usual water boatmen .\n. if the air in the bubble gets older , the movements intensify , so you will see this behaviour more when the lesser water boatman is under water half an hour or so . when the air supply is used up , the lesser water boatman rows in a flash to the surface , touches the surface with its back , head and body bend , creating a large gap of air between them . less then half a second is sufficient to replenish the air supply and with high speed the bug rows down again . the body is cleaned often and thoroughly with the legs . the insect is able to fly very well and can make a sprint start : swimming quickly upwards it pierces the surface film and takes off immediately - few insect species are able to do this . they mostly fly at dawn and night .\nwe were very surprised . we first thought that the sound was coming from larger aquatic species such as a sigara species [ of ] lesser water boatmen ,\nsaid engineering expert dr james windmill from the university of strathclyde , glasgow .\ncooking oil can also be used to make the water surface difficult to stay .\nthe water boatman , a common water bug , is a member of the \u2018corixidae\u2019 family . the \u2018hemiptera\u2019 order is classified into more than 300 species of the water boatman . they are found in quite a large number all around the globe and are commonly seen in still or running water such as ponds , lakes , rivers , etc . they are supposed to keep their air bubbles filled so that can breathe underwater as they lack gills like other aquatic animals . they are fond of flying in the artificial lights lit up at night near their residence . their eating habits , sometimes , prove to be helpful as they feed on mosquitoes and other dangerous small insects .\nthe front legs are short , the foot ( tarsus ) is broadened and equipped with long hairs . with its front legs the lesser water boatman whirls up the garbage layer ( detritus ) on the bottom , while the hairs sieve the material out , which is then brought to the snout in search of nourishment . on the thigh ( femur ) of each front leg the males of some species have short thorns , which where erroneously thought to be used for making sound ( stridulation ) .\n) to their snouts . that is sieved through the hairs on their front legs and thrown backwards in small quantities , while the little head moves up and down in search of eatable particles . see the picture on the left . when the weather gets warmer , the mating rituals begin , with many short flights above the water . one fine day in may i was lying on my back in the sun next to a ditch and then saw one lesser water boatman after another dashing from the\ndepths\n, sometimes leaping out of the water ( ! ) , resting for a brief moment on the surface , shining in the sun , to become suddenly airborne . after a short flight they dived back into the water . it really looked like playing . . .\nthe have to keep themselves clung to the plants under the water surface to avoid floating .\nthe lesser water boatman is totally adapted for a life under water . and that ' s where they live almost their entire life . growing up , eating , mating and laying eggs - it all happens in the fourth element . most of the time corixa rests easy on the bottom with it ' s clawed mid legs , or is anchored to a water plant . sometimes , when the bottom or the water plant isn ' t firm enough , and if the insect is lighter then water it will float up slowly like a balloon , then suddenly it rushes down again in search of a better spot . the body is kept more or less horizontal , a little tilted forward , possibly for the best balance with the upward thrusting bubble of air under the abdomen , which makes most species lighter then water . the hind legs are kept side wards , mostly with a rowing movement every second , as if the balance on the two mid legs just can ' t be reached .\nwater boatmen love to fly in the night lights , but these lights do not attract backswimmer . they can also fly but the insects you see near the lights art night are water boatmen .\nthe eggs are glued to water plants , mostly not in a layer , but one by one .\nso while an african elephant ' s rumbling call can be 117 decibels , if the trunked beast was reduced to the size of a water boatman , the marine insect would far outclass it . as would , it turns out , a snapping shrimp , a speckled bush cricket , a bronze dainty frog , an alligator and a human .\nif you get pinched in your swimming pool , don\u2019t blame water boatmen for that . they are surely backswimmers .\nmore lights near the pool mean more water boatmen . avoid the type of lights that attract the insects more .\nin mexico , people collect the water boatmen eggs to make flour out of it and use as a food item .\nto make this colossal acoustic din , the male water boatman rubs his penis ( or\ngenitalia appendage\n) against the ridged surface of his abdomen , like a wooden spoon against a washboard . size doesn ' t matter for this tiny marine animal , though , as the whole area measures about 50 micrometers across \u2013 roughly the width of a human hair .\nwater boatmen are deprived of the ability to thus they are non - predator while backswimmers love to feed on aquatic insects .\nwater boatman can be named as the bug with a singing penis because they sing loud by rubbing their penis on their stomach for the purpose of inviting the females for mating . moreover , the term used for it is stridulating . the sound they make is so loud that it is easily audible to the person standing nearby . the frequency of their sound can reach up to 90 decibels . the singing sound is clearly audible out of the water even after losing most of the sound while crossing from water to air . this is surprising that the sound with such high frequency is created by an insect hardly a half inch long .\nthe body color of almost a half inch long water boatman is dark brown or black but can be light brown with dark spots , depending on the kind . they make the jerking movements during swimming with their long , hairy and oar - like hind legs . then they have slender middle legs and short front legs that are strong enough to capture the prey . having the triangular mouthparts , their flattened body is elongated and oval shaped . the air bubbles are hidden under their wings , used for the survival under the surface of the water .\nto produce the intense sound , the water boatmen\nstridulate\nby rubbing a ridge on their penis across the ridged surface of their abdomen .\nhousehold swimming pools can contain abundant of water boatmen . now the question is that what they find so appealing in the swimming pools except water ? and the answer is that algae , grown on the walls of swimming pools . not all the insects you find in the pool are water boatmen ; some are backswimmers that may take water boatmen as their food . you can get interrupted by them while enjoying in the pool because of their biting habit , to be saved from them , you need to remove both the species . use the following tricks to get them disappeared from the pool :\nalthough 99 % of the sound is lost when transferring from water to air , the songs were still loud enough to be audible to the human ear .\n( hygrobia hermannii ) is known for its name giving noises . other water beetles that make creaking sounds when scared are the great silver beetle , the whirligig beetle and\nslow moving streams , lakes , rivers , ponds and the watery places where abundant of aquatic vegetation can be found , are the places where they like to live . their home is on the muddy surfaces deep down in the water near the aquatic plants . these locations can be anywhere in the world regardless the water being fresh or salty .\nwater boatmen cannot swim on their back , they use their long rare legs and can only swim on the other hand , backswimmer is named after their ability to swim upside down .\nyou get a burning feeling when water boatmen bite . the pinching feel can lead to the swelling of the affected area . these insects are not that harmful those with sensitive skin can get it in severe form .\nmost of the water boatmen are non - predatory and are herbivores , but those are also found that hunt mosquito larvae and other aquatic insects . non - predatory water boatmen satisfy their hunger with algae and the plant that are grown underwater . their saliva helps them to extract the juices from the plants by dissolving them which they suck with their sharp mouthparts . they only can take the juices from the plants as they are unable to bite .\n) , so the uncovered top of the abdomen is visible . the first instar larva are heavier than water but have skin breathing so they don ' t need to go up for air . the last instar larva have the breathing habits of the adult . after several moultings the larva has become the adult insect in the autumn , at least if it ' s still alive , for it is good snack for many inhabitants of the water world , for example trouts . many sports fishermen are acquainted with this fact and make\npour a small amount of liquid dish soap close to the particular light source near the pool and turn all the other outdoor lights off . this method will make difficult for them to stay on the water surface to collect the air to breathe and they will die .\nanother fascinating fact about both species is that , despite living in ponds and frequently visiting its depths , they do not have gills and breathe air . in order to stay submerged for longer they have developed a very clever trick \u2013 it\u2019s very similar to how we humans can stay under water . when diving we take our own supply of air with us in a scuba tank . water boatmen can trap air around their bodies and use this to breathe . in fact , the only reason they visit the surface is to top up their air supply .\nboth the species may look the same , but they have got distinctive characteristic . they both are aquatic and can be living at the same place ; this is the reason people find it difficult to differentiate and call all of them water boatmen . they are different in so many ways such as :\nremarkably ,\nsaid stratchclyde university ' s james windmill in a press release ,\neven though 99 percent of sound is lost when transferring from water to air , the song is so loud that a person walking along the bank can actually hear these tiny creatures singing from the bottom of the river .\nreproduction experiences the three stages of development . males attract the female by making sounds to mate . they lay eggs after mating that remain attached to the plants or water rocks before they hatch into the nymph . the nymph comes to the surface to fill the air bags . then they undergo gradual molting to become an adult . the process lasts for six weeks . they get their wings in the final stage when they become adults .\nif we specifically talk about the corixidae species , they do not bite . however , there are some lookalike species from a different family that shares basic features with water boatmen and often called with the same name . so , in that case , we can say that they bite . you may encounter them while cleaning up your pool . their bite can be hurting as they release a poisonous substance through the mouth to hunt the prey . so be careful while cleaning the pool from inside .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nabout us | terms of service | privacy policy | links | advertise | \u00a9 copyright 2014 g . bradley\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nof the pictured , about 7 mm sized sigara ( two males ) . only the males have little thorns (\nbecause one thought that they were be rubbed over the ribbed snout , to generate the chirping . later it was proved that not those thorns , but small grooves on the thigh (\nmating is still going on : the animals grab each other and float up steer less winding to the surface . . .\nall pictures on this site have been made by g . h . visser ( almelo , holland ) , unless otherwise mentioned . all rights remain with him . these photo ' s may not be used for other then strictly private uses . in case you want to use them for purposes including third parties , you must request permission , by e - mailing the author . i encourage especially those wanting to use the pictures for nature - expositions or other educative targets .\nhover the mouse pointer over the links on the left ( general , the head etc . ) , and you ought to see pictures and text changing . keep the pointer over the part you wish to see . clicking on a link will bring you to a page with more information and pictures . if it doesn ' t work right or you find this too cumbersome , then click on on the word here in the line higher on this page\nthe head is relatively large with big facet - eyes and sits as a streamlining helmet in front of the body . the head ends below in the short , ribbed snout . the front , the face ( frons ) as you might say , has a groove at some species . the antennae are almost not present , and hidden behind the eyes . the neck is thin and protected by the shield which is attached behind the head .\nin the chest ( thorax ) are breath openings ( stigmata ) , in some species a pair may be transformed in a hearing organ . to each of the three segments of the chest is pair of legs attached . the three pairs are totally different .\nthe legs of the second pair , are relatively long and sparely haired , and end in strong claws , with which the insect attaches itself to its resting place .\nthe third pair of legs provides the propulsion : the end part is broadened en flattened and equipped with two seams of long hairs , which flap out with the back stroke , providing a wide surface and flap in at the front stroke , thus giving much less resistance and braking as little speed as possible .\nthe body ( abdomen ) is flat and relatively small . at the endpoint are long hairs protruding , possibly acting as a kind of\nkite tail\nfor balance , and probably having a function to help the insect piercing the surface film while taking air .\nthe coloured front wings are a bug ' s ( hemelytra ) which means half hardened , but with corixa this does not mean that a part is membraneous , see the picture . the front wings are used as cover and under these the second , total membraneous wings are kept folded up . with the second pair the insects flys . between the two wing pairs there is a thin layer of air .\non the next page : the life of corixa and how its structure relates to that .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nscientists from france and scotland recorded the aquatic animal\nsinging\nat up to 99 . 2 decibels , the equivalent of listening to a loud orchestra play while sitting in the front row .\nthe insect makes the sound by rubbing its penis against its abdomen in a process known as\nstridulation\n.\nin a study published in the journal plos one , the scientists discovered that the small animals make a mighty sound .\nthe team of biologists and engineering experts recorded the insects using specialist underwater microphones .\non average , the songs of m . scholtzi reached 78 . 9 decibels , comparable to a passing freight train .\nwhen we identified without any doubt the sound source , we spent a lot of time making absolutely sure that our recordings of the sounds were calibrated correctly .\ndr windmill explained that the reason the insects don ' t deafen us is down to the bug ' s underwater lifestyle .\nthe song is so loud that a person walking along the bank can actually hear these tiny creatures singing from the bottom of the river ,\nsaid dr windmill .\nthe majority of the loudest animals on earth are also the biggest , with blue whale songs reaching 188 db and elephants ' rumbling calls measuring 117 db .\nalthough remarkable acoustic signals are made by a range of invertebrates , including the miniature cricket and preying mantis , and by large mammals , none compare to m . scholtzi once body size is taken into account .\nif you scale the sound level they produce against their body size , micronecta scholtzi are the loudest animals on earth ,\nsaid dr windmill .\nresearchers believe that sexual selection could be the reason why the insects ' songs reach such high amplitude .\nwe assume that this could be the result of a runaway selection ,\nbiologist and co - author dr jerome sueur from the museum of natural history , paris , told the bbc .\nmales try to compete to have access to females and then try to produce a song as loud as possible potentially scrambling the song of competitors .\ndr sueur explained that the competition could have exaggerated the volume of males ' songs over time .\nin many insects , the song volume is limited because predators would hear them , but observations suggest that m . scholtzi lack auditory predators .\nthere is at least another one insect producing sound with its genitalia . this is a pyrallid moth , syntonarcha iriastis , that uses highly modified genitalia to produce ultrasonic signals ,\nexplained dr sueur .\ninsects seem to be able to use any part of their body to generate sound . some of them use their wings , others their legs , abdomen , head , wings , thorax etcetera .\nwhat makes m . scholtzi extraordinary is that the area they use to create sound only measures about 50 micrometres across , roughly the width of a human hair .\nwe really don ' t know how they make such a loud sound using such a small area ,\nsaid dr windmill .\nwithout any obvious adaptations to amplify the sound , the question of how the animals physically make such a loud call remains a mystery .\nthese very small bugs create sound at very high level , and it could be very useful for future ultrasonic systems to learn how they do that ,\nsaid dr windmill .\nthe bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites . read more .\nthis page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets ( css ) enabled . while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser , you will not be able to get the full visual experience . please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets ( css ) if you are able to do so .\nthe act of rubbing two body parts together to make a noise is called stridulation , and is seen in insects from grasshoppers to spiders . the only known mammal to stridulate is the streaked tenrec , a spiky hedgehog - like critter from madagascar that rubs its quills together .\nwindmill and his team looked at lots of marine and terrestrial creatures and measured their different auditory outbursts in\nacoustic pressure\nto find out how loud animals are in relation to their body size .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) . your california privacy rights . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of cond\u00e9 nast . ad choices .\nneed to hire an exterminator ? get a free estimate online from top local home service pros in your area .\nthe bite can be treated with painkillers and antihistamine . if your skin is sensitive or allergic and gets the severe reaction , consult a physician instantly .\nuse the algaecides , bleach or hydrogen peroxide to remove the food sources of the bugs .\nregularly remove the dead insects because they can invite the bugs that can eat on them .\nthese species are known for their loud sounds and also considered as the loudest .\nthey are one of the most boisterous bugs . they use their ability to sing in a loud voice to invite the females for mating .\n? there are four quizzes on invertebrates \u2013 see if you can spot either of our native species in them .\nyour current browser isn ' t compatible with soundcloud . please download one of our supported browsers . need help ?\nyour comments are sought . reliance : ditch animal underwater noise 140729 _ 0314 . wav by klankbeeld ( urltoken ) spring sunsets are here ! by vince alongi ( urltoken ) every person is a human ."]}
{"id": 2087, "summary": [{"text": "the genus planigale are small carnivorous marsupials found in australia and new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is the only genus in the tribe planigalini of the subfamily sminthopsinae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are five species : paucident planigale , planigale gilesi long-tailed planigale , planigale ingrami common planigale , planigale maculata new guinean planigale , planigale novaeguineae narrow-nosed planigale , planigale tenuirostris", "topic": 27}], "title": "planigale", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - common planigale ( planigale maculata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - common planigale ( planigale maculata )\ntitle =\narkive species - common planigale ( planigale maculata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe common planigale is able to survive in harsh environments simply by modifying its behaviour .\nvan deusen , h . 1969 . feeding habits of planigale ( marsupialia , dasyuridae ) .\nthe common planigale is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\n(\nlong - tailed planigale\n, 2007 ; davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 )\n(\nlong - tailed planigale\n, 2007 ; davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ; hume , 1999 ;\nanage entry for planigale ingrami\n, 2007 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )\nthe long - tailed planigale is endemic to australia , where it has been recorded mainly across the northern part of the country .\n(\nlong - tailed planigale\n, 2007 ; fisher , et al . , 2001 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ;\nanage entry for planigale ingrami\n, 2007 ; lee and cockburn , 1985 ; nowak , 1999 ; tyndale - biscoe and renfree , 1987 )\nthreats to the long - tailed planigale are not well known . it is likely that grazing and trampling by introduced herbivores may degrade planigale habitat by compacting the soil and removing ground cover . the species is also at risk of predation by feral cats , and negatively impacted by altered fire regimes .\nalthough there are currently no major threats to the common planigale , it is at risk from predation by domestic cats ( 1 ) and foxes . it is also vulnerable to poisoning from introduced cane toads , although research has shown that the common planigale has an ability to counteract this risk ( 3 ) .\nwebb , j . , brown , g . , child , t . , greenlees , m . , phillips , b . and shine , r . ( 2008 ) a native dasyurid predator ( common planigale , planigale maculata ) rapidly learns to avoid a toxic invader . austral ecology , 33 : 821 - 829 .\njoao pedro de magalhaes . 2007 .\nanage entry for planigale ingrami\n( on - line ) . anage . accessed december 05 , 2007 at urltoken .\n, long - tailed planigale , is found in northern australia in the northeastern part of the northern territory , mackay and townsville in queensland , and south to brunette downs .\nto cite this page : olson , k . 2008 .\nplanigale ingrami\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nthere appear to be no major threats to the long - tailed planigale . pastoralism reduces the abundance of this species . localized predation by cats affects long - tailed planigales .\na small but fierce carnivorous marsupial , the common planigale ( planigale maculata ) is endemic to australia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . it is mouse - like in appearance , with a long , pointed snout , large , rounded ears and a remarkably distinctive flattened skull . the upper body of the common planigale is a varied shade of grey - brown , while the underparts are a pale tawny colour ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . occasionally , small white spots may be found on the belly ( 4 ) .\nthe first specimen of the common planigale , collected on the clarence river in new south wales , had white spots on its belly . however , most individuals lack these spots .\ncreative commons licence . 2007 .\nlong - tailed planigale\n( on - line ) . bird : linking the biodiversity community . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .\ngrizmek , b . , n . schlager , d . olendorf . 2005 .\nurltoken\n( on - line ) . long - tailed planigale . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .\nthe common planigale is well adapted to live in soil cracks due to its unusually flattened skull and body . survival of this species in harsh environments is ensured by its low energy requirements and its behavioural adaptations to reduce energy and water expenditure , such as basking and short - term hibernation . the common planigale\u2019s insectivorous diet is also advantageous to its survival , due to the high water content of insects ( 7 ) .\nthe common planigale is widely distributed across northern and eastern australia , including , but not limited to , coastal north - eastern new south wales , coastal east queensland and arnhem land ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .\nit is probable , however , that populations of the common planigale in the northern territory are actually a separate species , and that those from barrow island and the pilbara are new , undescribed species ( 1 ) .\nthe long - tailed planigale is found in grasslands and savannah woodlands across northern australia . it occurs from the kimberley region in western australia east into northwest queensland . its distribution is patchy and population trends are poorly known .\nawc is protecting the long - tailed planigale and its habitat on our north australian sanctuaries . we implement a program of fire management and feral herbivore control , and encourage a stable dingo population to decrease the activity of feral cats .\ndon\u2019t let the size of the long - tailed planigale fool you . although this marsupial is tiny in size it is a ferocious predator with a tremendous appetite ! it attacks prey almost as large as itself and kills its meals using repeated biting with its needle sharp teeth .\nthe common planigale is a nocturnal marsupial , sheltering during the day in a saucer - shaped nest lined with dry grass , eucalypt leaves or shredded bark ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . an avid predator at night , it hunts for insects and small vertebrates to feed on ( 3 ) . its main diet consists of insects , spiders , small lizards and small rodents such as leggadina species . astonishingly , the common planigale is able to catch and kill grasshoppers practically its own size , and although terrestrial , it is also a capable climber ( 2 ) .\nthe common planigale is found in many protected areas within its range ( 1 ) . in addition , the office of environment and heritage has outlined eight priority actions to aid this species\u2019 recovery in new south wales . these involve education programmes to ensure the protection and restoration of its habitat , consideration of the species in forest management activities , controlled fire planning , and feral and non - feral predator control . research should also be conducted on habitat use by the common planigale , as well as its dispersal capabilities and habitat preferences , and habitat management should ensure that adequate ground cover is maintained ( 3 ) .\nto attract a mate , the female common planigale produces a courtship call of repetitive clicks , described as \u2018 tstitts \u2019 . the male may then respond with a similar call , initiating a duet ( 6 ) . females are able to give birth to more than one litter each year . the gestation period of the common planigale is 19 to 20 days , and its litter size ranges from 4 to 12 young , averaging at 8 ( 2 ) . repeated reproduction throughout the year and efficient dispersal of individuals may contribute to this species\u2019 ability to survive in environments that are not habitable all year round ( 6 ) .\ncoastal habitat loss and fragmentation due to urban development may also cause some decline in common planigale populations ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . in addition , this marsupial is vulnerable to regular burning and overgrazing of its habitat , which eliminates ground cover , and to disturbance of vegetation around water bodies ( 3 ) .\nthe fur of the common planigale is thick and soft all over the body , with shorter hairs covering the tail ( 2 ) . males are typically larger than females ( 5 ) , and females have a rear - facing pouch with 5 to 10 , or possibly up to 15 , mammae ( 2 ) .\nthe common planigale is nocturnal and can be found on the east coast of australia in moist areas . it is not quite as common as the name implies . this little ball of muscle can at times be found under sheets of old iron left around in grassy woodlands , where it may build its leafy nest .\nthe common planigale is a ferocious hunter , pouncing on its prey that can at times be almost the same size as it , they will even consume house mice although main diet is grasshoppers and spiders . they have approximately 40 very sharp teeth used for shedding its prey such as beetles extracted from cracks in rocks .\nflattened triangular - shaped head and a thin tail , roughly the same length or slightly shorter than the slender body . the fur is brown to reddish - brown on the back , merging to pale grey underneath and white on the chin . the caramel - coloured claws help distinguish it from other planigale species in australia .\nthe common planigale most frequently inhabits savanna woodland and grassland . however , it is also known to be found in rainforest , eucalypt forest , marshland , mangroves and rocky areas , usually close to water ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this marsupial takes shelter during the day , using either the bases of trees , hollow logs , rocks or clumps of grass as cover ( 2 ) .\nthis marsupial has demonstrated an ability to adapt to the invasion of the toxic cane toad ( bufo marinus ) across northern australia . this toad is thought to be the cause of many population declines of native predators in the area . the common planigale uses chemical cues to distinguish and therefore avoid this toxic prey , or kills and eats it snout - first in order to avoid the toad\u2019s toxic glands ( 5 ) .\nthe long - tailed planigale is australia\u2019s smallest marsupial and one of the world\u2019s smallest mammals . it is a tiny 5 . 5 \u2013 6 . 5 cm in head - body length , has a 4 . 5 \u2013 6 cm long tail , and weighs on average 4 . 3 grams . it has a characteristically flattened head that allows it to move through narrow crevices and cracks in the soil . its fur is grey - brown and its tail is long and thin .\nthe long - tailed planigale is a solitary hunter that lives in grassy savannah woodlands with cracking clay soils . it hunts by pushing itself through cracks in search of its prey of insects , lizards and even young mammals . the female has a well - developed pouch that contains eight to ten teats . the pouch faces to the rear to prevent soil from entering as she squeezes through narrow spaces . the four to eight young per litter first detach from the nipple at six weeks of age and stay in a grassy nest until becoming independent at three months old .\nplanigales are the smallest of all marsupials with some members of this carnivorous group weighing less than 5 grams .\nbeing small , nocturnal and secretive , they are rarely seen ; however , they are generally common in many parts of the arid interior of western australia .\ntheir small size and puzzling nature makes them difficult to tell apart , but with recent work being undertaken on the planigales collections it has been possible to recognise two species new to science .\nalthough yet to be formally described and published , these species are easiest to tell apart externally by the shape of their footpads , consequently the museum has taken a series of footpad photos to aid in identification of the species comprising this genus .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nnowak , r . m . ( 1991 ) walker\u2019s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london .\nstrahan , r . and conder , p . ( 2007 ) dictionary of australian and new guinean mammals . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\narmati , p . , dickman , c . and hume , i . ( 2004 ) marsupials . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\nwarnecke , l . , cooper , c . , geiser , f . and withers , p . ( 2010 ) environmental physiology of a small marsupial inhabiting arid floodplains . comparative biochemistry and physiology , part a , 157 : 73 - 78 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nlong - tailed planigales live in a variety of habitats . they are commonly found in clay soil woodlands , black soil plains , and the grasslands of australia\u2019s\ntop end\n, which are seasonally flooded during the monsoon from december to the end of march . the grasslands in that region develop dry , deep cracks in the soil during the eight - month dry season . long - tailed planigales use these cracks to hide from predators and hunt for invertebrates and other small animals . they will also hide under tussocks of grass .\nlong - tailed planigales are the smallest living marsupials . long - tailed planigales weigh 4 . 2 to 4 . 3 grams and are 55 to 65 mm in length . long - tailed planigales are mouse - like marsupials with flat heads and pointed muzzles . their fur is grey - brown with yellow hues and their bellies are lighter in color . they have long bare tails which make up just under half of their total length . the central pads on their feet are smooth and not serrated . their hind limbs are bigger than their front limbs , allowing them to lean back or stand in a semi - crouched position . there is no sexual dimorphism in long - tailed planigales .\nlittle is known about reproduction in long - tailed planigales . they breed year round , but mostly during the wet season . populations living in different parts of australia typically give birth during different parts of the year . they give birth to 4 to 8 young per litter in the northern part of their range and up to 12 per litter in the southern part of their range . young are nursed for up to 90 days , the first 6 weeks of which is spent in the mother ' s pouch . after weaning long - tailed planigales are independent .\nbreeding season long - tailed planigales living in the northern territories give birth december to march . long - tailed planigales living in queensland give birth in september .\ngive birth to underdeveloped young . the young spend six weeks in their mother ' s pouch , after which they spend six weeks hidden in in a grassy nest or under bark while their mother searches for food .\nlong - tailed planigales live for up to 1 . 3 years in the wild .\nlong - tailed planigales forage constantly . females are quiet and timid if disturbed , whereas males are active and will run quickly for cover . long - tailed planigales are nocturnal , and go into a daily torpor which lasts 2 to 4 hours to conserve energy .\n( davey , 1970 ; grizmek , et al . , 2005 ; hume , 1999 )\nlong - tailed planigales are likely to use chemical and auditory cues , like most mammals . however , there is little information on communication in planigales in the literature .\n. they are aggressive predators , pouncing on and often biting their prey multiple times to kill it . they hunt at night and their main diet consists of grasshoppers and crickets . they have been observed eating only the meaty part of the insects , leaving the head and wings . because of their flat head and small body shape , long - tailed planigales can easily reach into the hiding spots of their prey , which hide in the same cracked soil and leaf litter that the planigales do .\nlong - tailed planigales use their small stature and flat skull to their advantage , they conceal themselves in cracks in soil , leaf litter , and other small crevices to hide and escape from predators . the brownish color of their fur helps them blend in with their surroundings , making it harder for predators to spot them . common predators are larger animals such as cane toads (\nlong - tailed planigales may help to control populations of the small animals that they prey on .\nare northern planigales , ingram ' s planigales , and flat - headed planigales .\nkristen olson ( author ) , university of oregon , stephen frost ( editor , instructor ) , university of oregon .\nliving in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n. mosman , n . s . w , australia : royal zoological society of new south wales .\nfisher , d . , i . owens , c . johnson . 2001 .\nthe ecological basis of life history variation in marsupials\n( on - line ) . echological archives . accessed december 05 , 2007 at urltoken .\nharris , j . , s . barrett . 2006 .\na miniscule marsupial\n( on - line ) . abc north west queensland . accessed january 01 , 2007 at urltoken .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nwoinarski , j . , van weenen , j . & burbidge , a .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nlong - tailed planigales are the smallest marsupials . they are found mainly on cracking clay grasslands . females give birth to between four and eight young ( fisher 2008 ) .\nlong - tailed planigales occur in many protected areas , although it is unknown from some within its range .\nwoinarski , j . , van weenen , j . & burbidge , a . 2016 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\npopulations formerly attributed to this species from the barrow island and the pilbara are now thought to represent one or two undescribed species ( n . cooper pers . comm . ) . these populations are not mapped , following the precedent of burnett ( 2008 ) . furthermore , the population in the northern territory is also probably a separate species , and populations in the kimberley appear to represent a species complex containing as many as three species ( n . cooper pers . comm . ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , lack of major threats , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to australia , where it is widely distributed in northern and eastern parts of the country .\ncommon planigales occur in a wide variety of habitats , including sclerophyll and temperate forest , grasslands , marshland , mangroves , and rocky areas . it can be found in gardens at the fringes of urban areas and in some agricultural areas . females give birth to a litter of up to 10 young in the east and as many as 12 in the top end ( burnett 2008 ) .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species , although it is preyed upon by domestic cats . coastal urban development may result in declines in some areas .\naustralian wildlife conservancy ' s core business is saving threatened wildlife in places like the kimberley , the top end and central australia .\nwe need your help to save australia ' s endangered animals . your tax deductible donation will make a difference where it really counts - in the field .\nthank you ! you have successfully signed up to receive enews . we will keep you informed on awc\u2019s activities with updates from the field by email .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe female gives birth to 6 - 10 young which are carried in a kind of pouch mortality is high as the young grow and find it difficult to fit , even though as they grow the\npouch\nwill become more open .\npredators are many , cat attacks are common where this species is found near human habitat , please remember to keep your domestic pets safely inside at night so our native nocturnal creatures can co exist in an ever diminishing natural environment .\nflattened , triangular - shaped head , thin tail , brown to reddish - brown in colour .\nprey includes centipedes , spiders , grasshoppers , moths , beetles and other insects and small lizards .\namong the world\u2019s smallest marsupials , weighing less than 10 g , this tiny carnivorous marsupial inhabits arid , semi - arid and some humid sub - tropical areas of eastern australia . it is nocturnal , sheltering during the day in crevices formed in cracking clay soils . at night it hunts either on the surface or within these cracks , often clinging to the vertical sides .\nbreeding occurs from july to mid - january and females give birth to an average of 6 young per litter , with some females producing 2 litters per year . gestation last around 19 days ; the young migrate to the pouch and remain attached to the teats for around 40 days . young are weaned at 95 days of age and may live for 1 - 2 years in the wild .\npopulation densities tend to fluctuate from year to year . despite some declines in distribution , this species appears stable at present .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . with knowledge gained from studies on other dasyurids ( e . g . woolley 1966 woolley , 1974 woolley , 1990awoolley , 1990bwoolley , 1991 ) of the changes that occur in the reproductive structures in relation to breeding , males and females could be classed as either sexually immature or mature . the signs upon which sexual maturity of males was based included a large scrotum , testes , prostate , bulbo - urethral glands and penis ; zonation of the prostate , sigmoid flexure of the penis and spermatozoa in the epididymis . . . .\n. . . these observations lend support to the similarity of the reproductive strategies of p . ingrami , p . tenuirostris and p . gilesi , all classed as strategy v by lee et al . ( 1982 ) and . the p . ingrami examined in this study have a type 1 pouch ( woolley 1974 ) , in which the nipples are exposed in immature and postbreeding females and an anterior skin fold is present when young are being suckled . the maximum extent to which the skin fold covers the young while they are attached to the nipples is not known . . . .\n. . . read ' s description of the pouch morphology of these species suggests that they may have a type 2 pouch ( i . e . mammary area partially covered by a crescentic antero - lateral fold of skin ( woolley 1974 ) ) . ( f ) pouch in early lactation , part of lightly pigmented pouch skin with two suckled nipples and one of two associated young ; ( g ) pouch in late lactation , anterior skin fold , three suckled nipples , mammary tissue regressing ; ( h ) pouch after breeding , skin deeply pigmented , nipples small and pale . . . .\n. . . by making extreme altriciality possible , lactation made pouches adaptive . if pouches are neither homologous among marsupials ( woolley , 1974 ; russell , 1982 ) nor between marsupials and monotremes ( bresslau , 1920 ) , pouches probably evolved independently in multiple lineages after the divergence of prototherian and therian stocks , and long after the development of lactation . reconstruction of the role of hormones in the evolution of lactation is beyond the scope of this review . . . .\n. . . more simple and practical methods of detecting oestrous are desirable to improve monitoring and management of in situ and ex situ marsupial populations . in dasyurids the pouch area typically undergoes marked development during the breeding season , including an increase in size , intense reddening and secretory activity of the tissues ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 tyndale - biscoe & renfree , 1987 ) . for antechinus stuartii , the abundance of urinary epithelial cells at oestrus is accompanied by changes in the appearance of the pouch area ( selwood , 1982 ) , which suggests this measure could serve as a useful external indicator of reproductive status . . . .\n. . . this method provides a simple , accurate and immediate non - invasive tool for assessment of reproductive activity , which could benefit the monitoring of both captive and free - ranging populations . as females approached their first breeding season , the pouch began secreting a pink to reddish oily exudate , signifying the approach of puberty , as documented for other dasyurids ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 ) . similarly , in the pubescent brush - tail possum trichosurus vulpecula , it is the appearance of an orange - brown pouch exudate that heralds first oestrus ( bolliger & carrodus , 1938 ) . . . .\n. . . our concurrent evaluation of reproductive endocrinology and vaginal cytology demonstrated that readily identifiable changes in pouch appearance are associated with specific stages of the oestrous cycle . fleay ( 1935 fleay ( , 1940 ) noted reddening and development of the pouch of the devil and stq during the breeding season , and this feature has been detailed for other dasyurids ( woolley , 1966 woolley , , 1974 ) . o ' donoghue ( 1911 ) determined that similar changes in the eastern quoll pouch result from an increase in size and activity of the cutaneous glands , determining that sweat glands are responsible for producing secretions , whereas hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands results in pouch swelling and enlargement . . . .\n. . . the north - western australian p . ingrami subtilissima has been recognised as a distinct species in the past ( l\u00f6nnberg 1913 ) and can be distinguished from the other two subspecies by its much longer tail , longer lower premolar row and a larger upper third premolar ( p 3 ) ( archer 1976 ) . it also has unusual pouch morphology ( woolley 1974 ) . resolution of the taxonomic status and distribution of the p . ingrami subspecies ( or cryptic species ) will require a detailed morphological and molecular examination of a larger number of northern australian specimens . . . .\n. . . however , multiple specimens of p . ingrami from northern australia were unavailable for examination in the current study and it is likely that all specimens examined represent only a single form of p . ingrami . it is worth noting that the subtilissima form was originally accorded full specific status ( l\u00f6nnberg 1913 ) and is morphologically distinct in several ways ( archer 1976 ) , including an unusual pouch morphology ( woolley 1974 ) . this study highlights the utility of combining allozymes and mtdna data on the same specimens in cases where suitable tissues exist . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbody length 70 mm ; tail length 60 mm ; weight up to 11 g . mouse - sized ; mouse - coloured ; male larger than female . flat head ; pointed snout ; cat - like teeth ; inner ' big ' toe on hind foot has no nail . large pendulous scrotum . female has a ' kangaroo - type ' pouch .\ndry forests and woodlands , often with blady or kangaroo grass . uncommon throughout outer brisbane suburbs ; also on bribie and russell is . northern australia and down east coast to mid nsw .\nqueensland museum ' s find out about . . . is proudly supported by the thyne reid foundation and the tim fairfax family foundation ."]}
{"id": 2088, "summary": [{"text": "fissicrambus haytiellus , the carpet-grass webworm moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zincken in 1821 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the dominican republic , cuba and continental north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , north carolina and texas . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "fissicrambus haytiellus", "paragraphs": ["species fissicrambus haytiellus - carpet - grass webworm moth - hodges # 5433 - bugguide . net\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nstudies on the crambidae ( lepidoptera ) . part 41 . on some tropical crambidae with descriptions of the new genera and species\nnew genera and species of tropical crambinae ( studies on the crambinae , lepidoptera , pyralidae . part 48 )\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 2091, "summary": [{"text": "mastigodryas is a genus of colubrid snakes .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "like some other colubrids , they are commonly called racers .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is a neotropical genus , with members distributed from mexico to argentina and several islands in the caribbean .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some authorities use the older generic name , dryadophis , for these species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mastigodryas", "paragraphs": ["mastigodryas moratoi montingelli & zaher 2011 mastigodryas moratoi \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 430\nalsophis bruesi barbour 1914 : 337 mastigodryas bruesi \u2014 schwartz & henderson 1991 : 626 mastigodryas bruesi \u2014 montignelli & zaher 2011 mastigodryas bruesi \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429\ndryadophis fasciatus hardy 1963 dryadophis cliftoni hardy 1964 dryadophis cliftoni \u2014 liner 1994 mastigodryas cliftoni \u2014 dixon & tipton 2004 dryadophis cliftoni \u2014 valdez - lares et al . 2013 mastigodryas cliftoni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429\nmasticophis melanolomus cope 1868 : 134 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus x laevis \u2014 stuart 1935 : 48 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus \u2014 schmidt & andrews 1936 eudryas boddaerti melanolomus \u2014 gaige 1936 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 ( by implication ) dryadophis sanguiventris taylor 1954 : 722 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 martin 1958 dryadophis melanolomus melanolomus \u2014 neill & allen 1959 mastigodryas sanguiventris \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 195 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 194 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 villa et al . 1988 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 liner 1994 dryadophis melanomus [ sic ] \u2014 monroy ibarra et al . 1996 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 lee 2000 : 285 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 torres - carvajal 2004 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 dixon & tipton 2004 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 mccranie & casta\u00f1eda 2005 dryadophis melanolomus \u2014 k\u00f6hler et al . 2005 mastigodryas melanolomus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis ( fischer 1881 ) herpetodryas laevis fischer 1881 : 227 dromicus coeruleus fischer 1885 : 103 drymobius boddaerti var . modesta werner 1903 : 346 dryadophis melanolomus laevis \u2014 stuart 1941 : 86 mastigodryas melanolomus laevis \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus stuarti ( smith 1943 ) dryadophis melanolomus stuarti smith 1943 : 418 dryadophis melanolomus stuarti \u2014 webb 1984 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae ( smith 1943 ) dryadophis melanolomus tehuanae smith 1943 : 420 mastigodryas melanolomus tehuanae \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 mastigodryas melanolomus veraecrucis stuart 1941 dryadophis melanolomus veraecrucis \u2014 taylor 1949 : 199\ncoluber boddaerti sentzen 1796 : 59 herpetodryas boddaertii \u2014 schlegel 1837 : 185 herpetodryas boddaertii \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 210 drymobius boddaerti \u2014 cope 1885 : 183 herpetodryas boddaertii \u2014 garman 1887 : 284 drymobius boddaertii \u2014 boulenger 1894 : 11 dryadophis boddaerti \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii \u2014 roze 1958 : 264 dryadophis boddaertii \u2014 hoge 1964 : 76 mastigodryas boddaerti \u2014 gorzula & se\u00f1aris 1999 mastigodryas boddaerti \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 428 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti ( sentzen 1796 ) coluber boddaerti sentzen 1796 : 59 coluber fuscus hallowell 1845 : 241 herpetodryas rappii g\u00fcnther 1858 : 116 herpetodryas reticulata peters 1863 : 285 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 stuart 1941 : 66 dryadophis boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 beebe 1946 : 25 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193 mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti \u2014 gasc & rodrigues 1980 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni ( stuart 1933 ) eudryas dunni stuart 1933 : 5 dryadophis dunni \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii dunni \u2014 stuart 1941 : 76 masticophis boddaertii dunni \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni \u2014 mertens 1972 mastigodryas boddaertii dunni \u2014 boos 2001 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni ( stuart 1933 ) eudryas ruthveni stuart 1933 : 4 dryadophis ruthveni \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis boddaertii ruthveni \u2014 stuart 1941 mastigodryas boddaerti ruthveni \u2014 peters & orejas - miranda 1970 : 193\ndrymobius heathii cope 1876 : 179 drymobius heathii \u2014 cope 1878 : 34 dryadophis [ heathii ] \u2014 stuart 1939 : 55 dryadophis heathii \u2014 stuart 1941 dryadophis boddaertii heathii \u2014 schmidt & walker 1943 mastigodryas heathii \u2014 lehr et al . 2002 mastigodryas heathii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 429\nthis species has often been placed in the genus dryadophis , but dixon and tipton ( 2004 ) placed it in mastigodryas on the basis of seniority .\nthis species has often been placed in the genus dryadophis , but dixon and tipton ( 2004 ) placed it in mastigodryas on the basis of seniority .\nmccranie ( 2011 ) resurrected this species from synonymy with mastigodryas melanolomus to encompass populations from honduras to panama , with m . melanolomus occurring from honduras northward .\nroberto , igor joventino . 2011 . mastigodryas boddaerti ( boddaert ' s tropical racer ) defensive behavior . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 440 - get paper here\nescalante - pasos , jorge arm\u00edn and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla 2015 . mastigodryas melanolomus ( cope , 1868 ) . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 2 ) : 206 - get paper here\nloc - barrag\u00e1n , jes\u00fas a . , emmanuel miramontes - medina , david molina and guillermo woolrich - pi\u00f1a . 2016 . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748\u2013749\noviedo - brenes , federico , jos\u00e9 miguel chaves - fallas and juan g . abarca . 2013 . mastigodryas melanolomus ( salmon - bellied racer ) defensive behavior . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 693\ndixon , james r . ; tipton , bob l . 2004 . dryadophis versus mastigodryas ( ophidia : colubridae ) : a proposed solution . herpetological review 35 ( 4 ) : 347 - 348 . - get paper here\ngoldberg s . r . 2006 . reproductive cycle of the salmon - ellied racer , mastigodryas melanolomus ( serpentes , colubridae ) , from costa rica . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 145 - 148 - get paper here\nvilla , r . a . , carrillo - reyes p . and \u00e1vila - villegas , h . 2011 . mastigodryas cliftoni ( clifton\u00b4s lizard eater ) . m\u00e9xico . zacatecas . herpetological review 42 : 573 - get paper here\nmastigodryas has generally been regarded as closely related to coluber and masticophis . pyron et al . ( 2011 ) recovered it as part of the tropical american colubrine clade that includes cribos ( drymarchon ) , coachwhips ( masticophis ) , tiger snakes ( spilotes ) , green snakes ( opheodrys ) and the vine snakes ( oxybelis ) we looked at in the previous article . within this clade , mastigodryas seems especially closely related to the drymoluber species , also often known as racers .\nmontingelli , giovanna g . and hussam zaher 2011 . new species of mastigodryas amaral , 1934 from brazilian amazonia and guyana ( serpentes : colubridae ) . journal of herpetology 45 ( 1 ) : 111 - 119 . - get paper here\nloc - barrag\u00e1n j . a . , e . miramontes - medina , d . molina y g . woolrich - pi\u00f1a . 2016 . natural notes . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748 - 749 .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins ; michael grayson . 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press . baltimore . xiii + 312 pp . isbn 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( mastigodryas boddaerti , p . 29 . )\noliveira , elciomar araujo de , emil jos\u00e9 hern\u00e1ndez - ruz , joyce celerino de carvalho , marcos diones ferreira santana , leandro wronsk da silva and kleiton rabelo de ara\u00fajo . 2013 . mastigodryas boddaerti ( boddaert ' s tropical racer ) reproduction . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 332\nloc - barrag\u00e1n j . a . , e . miramontes - medina , d . molina y g . woolrich - pi\u00f1a . 2016 . natural notes . mastigodryas cliftoni . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 748 - 749 . | jes\u00fas loc - barrag\u00e1n and david molina - urltoken\njustification : mastigodryas heathii is listed as least concern owing to its large distribution . no specific threats have been reported and this species is not thought to be undergoing significant population declines . this species is utilized locally for medicinal trade purposes , so monitoring is required to ensure that any future significant population declines are noted .\nsiqueira , d\u00e9bora m . ; loana p . nascimento , and maria cristina dos santos - costa 2012 . feeding biology of boddaert ' s tropical racer , mastigodryas boddaerti ( serpentes , colubridae ) from the brazilian amazon . south american j . herp . 7 ( 3 ) : 226 - 232 . - get paper here\nmastigodryas boddaerti ( sentzen , 1796 ) : hoff & daszkiewicz ( 2001 ) : 35 . [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] hoff , m . & daszkiewicz , p . , ( coord . ) 2001 . index faunistique de la guyane fran\u00e7aise . i : les vert\u00e9br\u00e9s . patrimoines naturels , 35 : 1 - 66 .\natractus reticulatus ( a . ret ) , bothrops alternatus ( b . alt ) , bothrops diporus ( b . dip ) , erythrolamprus jaegerii ( e . jae ) , erythrolamprus poecilogyrus ( e . poe ) , erythrolamprus semiaureus ( e . sem ) , helicops infrataeniatus ( h . inf ) , helicops leopardinus ( h . leo ) , hydrodynastes gigas ( h . gig ) , leptophis ahaetulla ( l . aha ) , lygophis anomalus ( l . ano ) , mastigodryas bifossatus ( m . bif ) , micrurus altirostris ( m . alt ) , micrurus pyrrhocryptus ( m . pyr ) , mussurana bicolor ( m . bic ) , paraphimophis rustica ( p . rus ) , philodryas patagoniensis ( p . pat ) , philodryas olfersii ( p . olf ) , philodryas aestiva ( p . aes ) , sibynomorphus turgidus ( s . tur ) , thamnodynastes chaquensis ( t . cha ) , thamnodynastes hypoconia ( t . hyp ) , thamnodynastes strigatus ( t . str ) , xenodon dorbingyi ( x . dor ) , xenodon merremii ( x . mer ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ngaigeae : panama ; type locality : panama , chiriqui , boquete , wright\u2019s ranch , ca . 1219 m elevation ;\nsanguiventris : costa rica ; type locality : esquinas , forest reserve , las esquinas ( between palmar and golfito ) , punta arenas province , costa rica .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : usnm 24985 , an 1124 mm specimen ( a . schott ) . holotype : kumnh no . 31978 [ sanguiventris ] holotype : zsm 1627 / 0 , adult [ drymobius boddaerti var . modesta ]\nthe specific name is derived from the latin words me / ano , meaning\nblack\nand lomus , meaning\nborder or side ,\nin reference to the black border on the body and / or tail ( lemos - espinal & dixon 2013 ) .\narias , erick ; federico bola\u00f1os 2014 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of san isidro de dota , reserva forestal los santos , costa rica . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 870 - 877 - get paper here\nbarbour , t . 1915 . recent notes regarding west indian reptiles and amphibians . proc . biol . soc . washington 28 : 71 - 78 - get paper here\nbocourt , m . f . 1884 . note sur quelques ophidiens nouveaux , provenant de l ' amerique inter - tropicale . bull . soc . philomath . paris ( 7 ) 8 : 133 - 142 - get paper here\ncalderon , r . ; cede\u00f1o - v\u00e1zquez , j . r . & pozo , c . 2003 . new distributional records for amphibians and reptiles from campeche , mexico . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 269 - 272 - get paper here\ncampbell , j . a . 1998 . amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . norman : university of oklahoma press , xiii + 380 pp . - get paper here\ncanseco - marquez , l . ; gutierrez - mayen , g . & salazar - arenas , j . 2000 . new records and range extensions for amphibians and reptiles from puebla , m\u00e9xico . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 259 - 263 - get paper here\ncasas - andreu , g . , f . r . m\u00e9ndez - de la cruz and x . aguilar - miguel . 2004 . anfibios y reptiles ; pp . 375\u2013390 , in a . j . m . garc\u00eda - mendoza , j . ordo\u00f1ez and m . briones - salas ( ed . ) . biodiversidad de oaxaca . instituto de biolog\u00eda , unam - fondo oaxaque\u00f1o para la conservaci\u00f3n de la naturaleza - world wildlife fund , m\u00e9xico , d . f .\ncope , e . d . 1868 . an examination of the reptilia and batrachia obtained by the orton expedition to equador and the upper amazon , with notes on other species . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 20 : 96 - 140 - get paper here\ndixon , james r . and julio a . lemos - espinal 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of queretaro , mexico . tlalnepantla unam , 428 pp .\nfischer , j . g . 1881 . beschreibung neuer reptilien . archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 47 ( 1 ) : 225 - 238 - get paper here\nfischer , j . g . 1885 . ichthyologische und herpetologische bemerkungen . v . herpetologische bemerkungen . jahrb . hamburg . wiss . anst . 2 : 82 - 121 - get paper here\ngaige , h . 1936 . some reptiles and amphibians from yucatan and campeche , mexico . carnegie inst . wash . publ . , ( 457 ) : 289 - 304 .\ngarc\u00eda , a . & ceballos , g . 1994 . guia de campo de los reptiles y anfibios de la costa de jalisco , mexico . fundacion ecologica de cuixmala , a . c . instituto de biologia , unam\nguerra centeno , dennis ; h\u00e9ctor fuentes rousselin & david mor\u00e1n villatoro 2012 . serpientes de guatemala : gu\u00eda para didentificaci\u00f3n de especies . universidad de san carlos de guatemala , 186 pp .\ngutie\u0301rrez maye\u0301n , ma . guadalupe y jorge salazar arenas 2007 . herpetofauna de los municipios de camocuautla , zapotitla\u0301n de me\u0301ndez y huitzilan de serda\u0301n , de la sierra norte de puebla . herpetofauna de tres municipios de la sierra norte de puebla , pp . 197 - 223\nheimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp\nhidalgo , h . n . 1981 . additions to the snake fauna of el salvador . herpetological review 12 : 67 - 68 - get paper here\njohnson , jerry d . ; vicente mata - silva , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , and larry david wilson 2015 . the herpetofauna of chiapas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 3 ) : 272\u2013329 . - get paper here\nju\u00e1rez - pe\u00f1a , carlos , \u00e1ngel sosa bartuano and silvia sig\u00fcenza - mejia . 2016 . new herpetofaunal records for parque nacional montecristo , el salvador . el salvador , santa ana . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 4 ) : 1107\u20131113 - get paper here\nk\u00f6hler , g . 2008 . reptiles of central america . 2nd ed . herpeton - verlag , 400 pp .\nk\u00f6hler , g . ; vesely , m . & greenbaum , e . 2005 . the amphibians and reptiles of el salvador . krieger publishing , 238 pp . [ review in sauria 28 ( 3 ) : 13 )\nlee , j . c . 2000 . a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of the maya world . cornell university press , ithaca ,\nlee , j . c . 1996 . the amphibians and reptiles of the yucat\u00e1n peninsula . comstock , cornell university press , ithaca , 500 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . and james r . dixon 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of san luis potos\u00ed . eagle mountain publishing , xii + 300 pp .\nlemos - espinal , julio a . , geoffrey r . smith 2015 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of hidalgo , mexico . check list 11 ( 3 ) : 1642 - get paper here\nluja vh , l\u00f3pez ja , cruz - elizalde r , ram\u00edrez - bautista a 2017 . herpetofauna inside and outside from a natural protected area : the case of reserva estatal de la bi\u00f3sfera sierra san juan , nayarit , mexico . nature conservation 21 : 15 - 38 - get paper here\nmartin , plul s . 1958 . a biogeography of reptiles and amphibians in the gomez farias region , tamaulipas , mexico . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 101 ) : 1 - 102 + 7 plates - get paper here\nmata - silva , vicente , jerry d . johnson , larry david wilson and el\u00ed garc\u00eda - padilla . 2015 . the herpetofauna of oaxaca , mexico : composition , physiographic distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 2 ( 1 ) : 6\u201362 - get paper here\nmccoy , c . j . , censky , e . j . , & van de vender , r . r . 1986 . distribution records for amphibians and reptiles in belize , central america . herpetological review 17 : 28 - 29 . - get paper here\nmccranie , j . & casta\u00f1eda , f . e . 2005 . the herpetofauna of parque nacional pico bonito , honduras . phyllomedusa 4 ( 1 ) : 3 - 16 - get paper here\nmccranie , james r . 2015 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with additions , comments on taxonomy , some recent taxonomic decisions , and areas of further studies needed . zootaxa 3931 ( 3 ) : 352\u2013386 - get paper here\nmonroy - ibarra , robert c . ; mejenes - lopez , sol de mayo ; mendoza - quijano , fernando 1996 . geographic distribution . dryadophis melanomus veraecrucis . herpetological review 27 : 212 - get paper here\nneill , wilfred t . and e . ross allen . 1959 . studies on the amphibians and reptiles of british honduras . publications of the research division ross allen ' s reptiles institute . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 76\npalacios - aguilar , ricardo & oscar flores - villela 2018 . an updated checklist of the herpetofauna from guerrero , mexico . zootaxa 4422 ( 1 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here\np\u00e9rez - santos , c . & moreno , a . g . 1988 . ofidios de colombia . museo reegionale di scienze naturali , torino , monographie vi , 517 pp .\nplatt , steven g . , thomas r . rainwater , jan c . meerman and stanlee m . miller . 2016 . nature notes . notes on the diet , foraging behavior , and venom of some snakes in belize . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 162\u2013170 - get paper here\nsavage , j . m . 2002 . the amphibians and reptiles of costa rica : a herpetofauna between two continents , between two seas . university of chicago press , 934 pp . [ review in copeia 2003 ( 1 ) : 205 ]\nschmidt , k . p , & andrews , e . w . 1936 . notes on snakes from yucat\u00e1n . field mus . nat hist . zool . ser . 20 : 167 - 187 . - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1939 . notes on mexican reptiles and amphibians . zoological series of field museum of natural history 24 ( 4 ) : 15 - 35 - get paper here\nsmith , hobart m . 1943 . summary of the collections of snakes and crocodilians made in mexico under the walter rathbone bacon traveling scholarship . proceeding of the u . s . national museum , 93 ( 3169 ) : 393 - 504 - get paper here\nsoli\u0301s , j . m . , l . d . wilson , and j . h . townsend . 2014 . an updated list of the amphibians and reptiles of honduras , with comments on their nomenclature . mesoamerican herpetology 1 : 123\u2013144 - get paper here\nsolorzano , a . 2004 . serpientes de costa rica - snakes of costa rica . editorial inbio , costa rica , 792 pp .\nstuart , l . c . 1933 . studies on neotropical colubrinae ii . some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger , with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii ( sentzen ) . occasional papers of the museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 254 ) : 1 - 10\nstuart , l . c . 1935 . a contribution to a knowledge of the herpetology of a portion of the savanna region of central peten , guatemala . university of michigan museum of zoology miscellaneous publications 29 : 1 - 56 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1939 . a new name for the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843 . copeia 1939 ( 1 ) : 55 - get paper here\nstuart , l . c . 1941 . studies of neotropical colubrinae viii . a revision of the genus dryadophis stuart , 1939 . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan ( 49 ) : 1 - 106 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1949 . a preliminary account of the herpetology of the state of san luis potosi , mexico . univ . kansas sci . bull . 33 ( 2 ) : 169 - 215 - get paper here\ntaylor , e . h . 1954 . further studies on the serpents of costa rica . univ . kansas sci . bull . 36 : 673 - 800 . - get paper here\nter\u00e1n - ju\u00e1rez , sergio a . , el\u00ed garc\u00eda padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43\u2013113 - get paper here\ntorres - carvajal , o . 2004 . herpetofauna of isla de la plata , ecuador . herpetological review 35 ( 1 ) : 85 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwebb , r . g . 1984 . herpetogeography in the mazatl\u00e1n - durango region of the sierra madre occidental , mexico . vetrebrate ecology and systematics - a ribute to henry s . fitch ; museum of natural history , university of kansas , lawrence , pp . 217 - 241\nwerner , franz 1903 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus guatemala und china in der zoologischen staats - sammlung in m\u00fcnchen nebst einem anhang \u00fcber seltene formen aus anderen gegenden . abhandl . k\u00f6nigl . bayer . akad . wissensch . , munich , ( ser . 2 ) 22 ( 2 ) : 343 - 384 - get paper here\nwilson , l . d . , & meyer , j . r . 1985 . the snakes of honduras . 2d ed . milwaukee publ . mus . publ . , biol . & geol . no . 6 , 150 pp .\nwoolrich - pi\u00f1a , g . a . , e . garc\u00eda - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791\u2013884\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\ntype locality :\nplumosas , 22 kilometers east of matat\u00e1n , elevation 770 meters , sinaloa , m\u00e9xico .\nholotype : ku 73489 , a 1532 mm male ( p . l . clifton , 29 aug . 1962 ) .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nhardy , l . m . 1963 . description of a new species of snake ( genus dryadophis ) from mexico . copeia 1963 ( 4 ) : 669 - 672 - get paper here\nhardy , l . m . 1964 . a replacement name for dryadophis fasciatus hardy . copeia 1964 ( 4 ) : 714 - get paper here\nponce - campos , p . & huerta - ortega , s . m . 1998 . dryadophis cliftoni ( clifton\u2019s lizard eater ) . mexico : nayarit . herpetological review 29 ( 3 ) : 176 - get paper here\nvaldez - lares , r . ; r . mu\u00f1iz - mart\u00ednez ; e . gadsden ; g . aguirre - le\u00f3n ; g . casta\u00f1eda - gayt\u00e1n ; r . gonzalez - tr\u00e1paga 2013 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the state of durango , m\u00e9xico . check list 9 ( 4 ) : 714 - 724 - get paper here\nwilson , larry david ; vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson 2013 . a conservation reassessment of the reptiles of mexico based on the evs measure . amphibian & reptile conservation 7 ( 1 ) : 1\u201347 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvenegas , p . , cisneros - heredia , d . f . , lehr , e . & y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , m .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is found in western peru , from the department of tumbes and pacific versant of the department of cajamarca in the north to the department of lima in the south , and the el oro and loja provinces of ecuador . it is found between sea level and 2 , 620 m above sea level .\nthis species is found in pre - montane dry forest , tropical lowland dry forest , and coastal desert . they are adapted to live in cultivated areas ( p . venegas pers comm . 2014 ) .\nthis species is used for medicinal purposes in ancash region , peru ( lehr 2000 ) . in loja province is use as ingredient for an alcoholic drink ( d . cisneros and m . yanez - mu\u00f1oz pers comm . 2014 ) .\nthis species is killed and stored in alcohol by locals , and this liquid is then used externally as medicine ( lehr 2000 ) . however , this is not regarded as a major threat to this species .\nalthough there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , it is present in several protected areas throughout its distribution . research into harvest practices to investigate the maximum harvest yield to keep a long term viable population , and monitoring are required as this species is harvested for medicinal purposes .\nvenegas , p . , cisneros - heredia , d . f . , lehr , e . & y\u00e1nez - mu\u00f1oz , m . 2016 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlee , j . , calder\u00f3n mandujano , r . , lopez - luna , m . a . & stafford , p . j .\nis listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because there are no major threats impacting this species .\nrange on the pacific slope extends from southern sinaloa , mexico , to south - central honduras , and on the atlantic slope from southern tamaulipas south through the yucatan peninsula to the northeastern coast of honduras . it also occurs throughout most of pet\u00e9n , guatemala , the northern yucatan peninsula , and belize . it occurs at elevations from near sea level to around 1 , 040 meters ( mccranie 2011 ) .\nthis species can be found in all lowland and premontane tropical forests and marginally into lower montane forests , including extensively modified lands ( mccranie 2011 ) . this is an egg - laying species .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . the range of this species includes several protected areas .\nlee , j . , calder\u00f3n mandujano , r . , lopez - luna , m . a . & stafford , p . j . 2013 .\njustification : listed as least concern because it is relatively widespread , has a large population , and it is adaptable to a wide range of habitats .\nthis snake is found from northeastern honduras to panama . reported elevational range extends from sea level to 1 , 760 meters ( savage 2002 , mccranie 2011 ) .\nthis species can be found in all lowland and premontane tropical forests and marginally into lower montane forests , including extensively modified lands . in costa rica , it is uncommon in dry forest region ( savage 2002 ) . this is an egg - laying species .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it is present in a number of protected areas .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern on the basis that it is fairly common and widespread , occurs in a number of protected areas , and is tolerant of some degree of habitat modification .\nthis species has a wide distribution in el salvador , guatemala , nicaragua , and honduras , where it occurs at elevations between 635 and 1 , 900 meters ( wilson and johnson 2010 ) .\nthis is a common species . as many as six animals have been found in an afternoon during a one - day survey of cerro datanli - el diablo nature reserve in northern nicaragua ( j . sunyer pers . comm . , 2012 )\nthis snake has a wide distribution in pine - oak forest and lower montane moist forest ( d . ariano and j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) . it is a terrestrial species , commonly found within the forest , although it also appears at forest edge and open areas . it is largely diurnal ; at night , it climbs into vegetation .\nthere are no major known threats to this species . although deforestation is ongoing within its range , it is known from coffee plantations with nearby forest and from transitional areas between forest and open areas , so it appears able to tolerate a degree of habitat disturbance ( j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action . it occurs in several protected areas within its range ; in nicaragua these cover much of the snake ' s range in the country ( j . sunyer pers . comm . 2012 ) .\ni\u2019m feeling on a roll with the obscure colubrid snakes , so here are some more ( see the previous article if you feel like you need an introduction ) . again , the photos are used with kind permission of bangor university\u2019s wolfgang w\u00fcster unless stated otherwise .\nlike several of the other \u2018colubrids\u2019 we\u2019ve looked at before , tropidodryas is a dipsadine , and in fact molecular data indicates that it\u2019s part of the same dipsadine clade as xenoxybelis and philodryas ( two taxa both mentioned in the previous article ) ( pyron et al . 2011 ) .\nfinally , here\u2019s the peculiar and little - known dotted brown snake sordellina punctata from south - eastern brazil , the only species in its genus . it\u2019s an oviparous dipsadine , named in 1923 , and often said to frequent wet places . pereira et al . ( 2007 ) concluded that sordellina is mostly a snake of well vegetated , boggy waterside habitats . there are suggestions that it eats frogs and their tadpoles , but i don\u2019t know if these are anything more than speculations . procter ( 1923 ) actually found a specimen of the typhlonectid caecilian chthonerpeton indistinctum in the stomach of the holotype .\nsordellina \u2019s affinities are somewhat uninvestigated . one suggestion is that it\u2019s close to the terrestrial , sometimes semi - fossorial graceful brown snakes ( rhadinaea ) ( jenner 1981 ) and part of the dipsadine \u2018tribe\u2019 diaphorolepidini . zaher ( 1999 ) said that these ideas weren\u2019t supported by hemipenial anatomy , but beyond this it wasn\u2019t possible to pin down the affinities of this taxon within dipsadinae .\nas always , there are so many other snakes that still need some love at tet zoo . we can all help snakes by being more aware of habitat loss and degradation \u2013 many of the species here are tropical forest animals that are threatened by logging , mining and other forms of destruction . the mostly asian trade in snake meat , and the global trade in snake skin and other products , desperately needs more regulation : it\u2019s presently completely unsustainable and putting many snake populations in danger . ivan kwan of the lazy lizard\u2019s tales reminds me that cites held a special asian snake trade workshop in china during april 2011 : you can view and / or download numerous free documents from that meeting here .\nand i was horribly inconsistent in this article as goes the use of colubrid or \u2018colubrid\u2019 , sorry . you\u2019ll know why . right ?\nfor previous tet zoo articles on colubrid snakes ( using \u2018colubrid\u2019 in the maximally inclusive sense ) , see . . .\nwhat was that cute little mexican snake ?\n, and other musings . . .\npossibly the first ever photos of a live bothrolycus ater . or : a test of how much information exists on a really obscure snake .\nsnake 195 mm long eats centipede 140 mm long . centipede too big . snake dies .\nbailey , j . r . 1967 . the synthetic approach to colubrid classification . herpetologica 23 , 155 - 161 .\ngreene , h . w . 1997 . snakes : the evolution and mystery in nature . university of california press , berkeley .\njenner , j . v . 1981 . a zoogeographic study and the taxonomy of the xenodontine colubrid snakes . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , new york univ . , new york .\n- . & dowling , h . g . 1985 . taxonomy of american xenodontine snakes : the tribe pseudoboini . herpetologica 41 , 161 - 172 .\nleal , m . & thomas , r . 1994 . notes on the feeding behavior and caudal luring by juvenile alsophis portoricensis ( serpentes : colubridae ) . journal of herpetology 28 , 126 - 128 .\nmattison , c . 1998 . the encyclopedia of snakes . blandford , london .\npereira , d . n . , stender - oliveira , f . , rodrigues , m . g . & b\u00e9rnils , r . s . 2007 . distribution and habitat use of sordellina punctata ( serpentes , colubridae ) , with a new record from state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil . herpetological bulletin 100 , 18 - 22 .\nprocter , j . b . 1923 . on a new genus and species of colubrinae snake from se brazil . annals and magazine of natural history 9 , 227\u2013230 .\npyron , r . , burbrink , f . , colli , g . , de oca , a . , vitt , l . , kuczynski , c . , & wiens , j . ( 2011 ) . the phylogeny of advanced snakes ( colubroidea ) , with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees\nsazima , i . & puorto , g . 1993 . feeding technique of juvenile tropidodryas striaticeps : probable caudal luring in a colubrid snake . copeia 1993 , 222 - 226 .\ntiebout , h . m . 1997 . caudal luring by a temperate colubrid snake , elaphe obsoleta , and its implications for the evolution of the rattle among rattlesnakes . journal of herpetology 31 , 290 - 292 .\nzaher , h . 1999 . hemipenial morphology of the south american xenodontine snakes , with a proposal for a monophyletic xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 240 , 1 - 168 .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\ndarren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !\ndiscover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .\nscientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nuicn france et al . ( 2017 ) [ statut pour la guyane fran\u00e7aise ] uicn france , mnhn , gepog , kwata , biotope , hydreco & osl . 2017 . la liste rouge des esp\u00e8ces menac\u00e9es en france - chapitre faune de guyane fran\u00e7aise . paris , france . 35 pp .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\ncarnivore . lizards , frogs , rats and other animals small enough to be swallowed whole .\nhome | make and play | watch and listen | teach and learn | switch zoo app | about this site | help | policies | graphics | site map copyright \u00a9 2016 tubehead . all rights reserved .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nbarcode of life data systems ( bolds ) stats public records : 0 specimens . . .\nyou can try find it as synonym , or use advanced search for searching it other way .\noccurs in colombia , venezuela , trinidad and tobago , guyana , french guiana , brazil , ecuador , peru , and bolivia .\nwith grayish tan bands , with white spots ventrolaterally on anterior ends of the tan bands . chin and throat white have dark brown irregular spots . venter is tan colored . adults are nearly uniform brown dorsally , with traces of bands anteriorly . there is a lateral light tan stripe on anterior half of body . venter is light gray with darker gray smudges on throat .\nspecimens from brazilian amazonas fed mostly on lizards , followed by mammals and frogs .\nboulenger , g . a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . london . xi + 382 pp . + plates i . - xx . ( drymobius boddaertii , pp . 11 - 14 . )\ncole , c . j . ; townsend , c . r . ; reynolds , r . p . ; macculloch , r . d . ; lathrop , a . ( 2013 ) .\namphibians and reptiles of guyana , south america : illustrated keys , annotated species accounts , and a biogeographic synopsis\n.\nsiqueira , d\u00e9bora m . ; nascimento , loana p . ; santos - costa , maria cristina dos ( 2012 ) .\nfeeding biology of boddaert ' s tropical racer ,\n. zoologische archiv , part 2 . f . a . a . meyer . leipzig . (\nstuart , l . c . 1933 . studies on neotropical colubrinae : ii . some new species and subspecies of eudryas fitzinger , with an annotated list of the forms of eudryas boddaertii ( sentzen ) . occ . papers mus . zool . univ . michigan ( 254 ) : 1 - 10 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 6 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ni centro de estudos da natureza , universidade do vale do para\u00edba . campus villa branca , 12327 - 683 jacare\u00ed , sp , brazil . e - mail : lencioni @ urltoken ii departamento de zoologia , universidade federal do paran\u00e1 . caixa postal , 19020 , 81531 - 980 curitiba , pr , brasil . e - mail : amsakakibara @ urltoken\nthe last - instar nymph of alcmeone robustus ( butler , 1877 ) ( membracidae , darninae , darnini ) is described and illustrated , and some biological and behavioral notes are provided . the nymphs were observed on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) in the locality of jacare\u00ed , state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil , until they became adults . the newly emerged adults , male and female , are also briefly re - described .\nin the present paper , we describe the last - instar nymph of alcmeone robustus ( butler , 1877 ) ( corrected spelling for the species - group name ) , and provide some biological / behavioral notes on the species , including observations on the newly emerged adult males and females .\nthe campus villa branca of universidade do vale do para\u00edba ( univap ) , is located in the municipality of jacare\u00ed , state of s\u00e3o paulo , brazil ( 23\u00b016 ' 12\ns , 45\u00b056 ' 38\nw ) , where there is a small remnant of atlantic forest in full regeneration , maintained under the protection of the municipality , together with univap . the city of jacare\u00ed is located in the valley of rio para\u00edba , between s\u00e3o paulo and rio de janeiro , the two largest cities in brazil . the valley includes highly industrialized regions as well as areas of preserved forests along the mountain ranges of serra do mar and serra da mantiqueira , besides .\nlate - instar nymphs of a . robustus were observed on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) . six nymphs were found during the period of observation ( 2008 - 2012 ) . two individuals ( last - instar ) were collected , brought to the laboratory , and maintained on a small branch cut off from the host plant and placed in a recipient with water , to keep it turgid . the attempt , however , failed and the nymphs did not survive until the adult stage . the other nymphs were accompanied directly on the host plant , using a voile surrounding the branch to protect the nymph from predators . two adults , male and female , emerged . many photographs were taken with a canon \u00ae powershot sx101s and also with dino capture \u00ae connected to a stereo - microscope hund wezlar \u00ae .\nceresa robusta butler , 1877 : 216 ( holotype female , type locality : brazil ) ; broomfield , 1971 : 372 ; mckamey , 1998 : 246 ( cat . ) .\nalcmeone sinuata [ sic fonseca & diringshofen , 1974 : 156 ( holotype male , type locality : brazil , santa catarina ) ; mckamey , 1998 : 149 ( cat . ) ; andrade , 1999 : 267 ( syn . )\nremarks . the main characteristics of the last - instar nymph are the large pronotal cylindro - conical process projected obliquely forward , with bifurcated apex ( fig . 4 ) , and the presence of scoli on the vertex ( fig . 5 ) , mesothorax , and segments of abdomen , including pygofer ( figs 1 - 3 ) .\none individual of fourth instar nymph was also observed . the morphology is very similar to that of the fifth instar , as described above , just smaller and the scoli is slender , relatively longer .\nmaterial examined . two nymphs from\nbrasil . s\u00e3o paulo : / jacare\u00ed x - 2012 / campus univap / f . lencioni col .\n. the specimens deposited in departamento de zoologia - ufpr , curitiba , paran\u00e1 , brazil , ( dzup ) .\nbehavior . the nymphs are solitary and are not attended by ants . they are very mimetic , green in color , hairy , immobile , resembling part of the plant , making them difficult to locate and collect . almost always , near one nymph , or on the same branch , an adult was found . after this observation , other nymphs were located more easily . on the plant , the nymphs prefer the lower branches , those in shadowed places , and at the slender portion near the apex . when touched , they hide , moving rapidly to the other side of the branch .\nbefore transforming into an adult , the nymph usually goes to the undersurface of a leaf , or underside of the branch , inserts the stylets into the plant , and stays still until the transformation occurs . the cuticle opens dorso - longitudinally , along the ecdysial line , and the imago emerges , starting from the head . the exuvia ( fig . 7 ) remains fixed to the branch by the stylets , which anchor the body firmly . thus it does not fall down even with the legs hanging free during emergence . the newly emerged adult is colorless , and stays still for some minutes until the cuticle is hardened and acquires the permanent color .\nthe adults are also solitary , not attended by ants . one individual is usually found close to a bifurcation point of a branch . the adults and nymphs were found on pera sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) ( figs 11 and 12 ) . adult ( figs 6 and 8 - 10 ) . the adult , in nature ( fig . 6 ) , is light green , with suprahumeral horns , latero - inferior band extended from their bases to humeral angles , and apex of posterior process , dark - brown . forewings brown at base , with large smoky area close to apex and costal margin .\nlegs : femur and tibia of pro - , meso - , and metathoracic legs without cucullate setae ; metatibia with rows i , ii , and iii with cucullate setae .\nmale genitalia ( fig . 10 ) . pygopher with lateral plates well developed and distinct , apex rounded ; subgenital plate as long aspygopher , longitudinally incised until near base , apex rounded , curved upwards , concave , spoon - like ; parameres slender , strongly curved almost in right angle , up - and outwards , apex pointed ; aedeagus u - shaped , more or less pyriform , in posterior view widest near apex , in lateral view with upper side flattened bordered with row of tiny spines , or denticles .\nmaterial examined . two males and four females from\nbrasil . s\u00e3o paulo : / jacare\u00ed - x - 2012 / campus univap / f . lencioni col .\n. all specimens deposited in departamento de zoologia - ufpr , curitiba , paran\u00e1 , brazil , ( dzup ) .\nandrade , g . s . 1999 . nomenclatural and taxonomic notes on alcmeone robusta ( butler ) comb . nov . ( hemiptera , auchenorrhyncha , membracidae ) . revista brasileira de zoologia 16 ( 1 ) : 267 - 268 . [ links ]\nbromfield , p . s . 1971 . a catalogue of the membracid types ( homoptera : membracidae ) in the british museum ( natural history ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) , entomology 25 ( 8 ) : 327 - 386 . [ links ]\nbutler , a . g . 1877 . on various genera of the homopterous family membracidae , with descriptions of new species . cistula entomologica 2 : 205 - 222 . [ links ]\nfonseca , j . p . da & r . v . diringshofen . 1974 . contribui\u00e7\u00e3o ao conhecimento dos membrac\u00eddeos neotr\u00f3picos ( homoptera : membracidae , vii ) . arquivos do instituto biol\u00f3gico 41 ( 4 ) : 151 - 160 . [ links ]\nmckamey , s . h . 1998 . taxonomic catalogue of the membracoidea ( exclusive of leafhoppers ) : second supplement to fascicle i membracidae of the general catalogue of the hemiptera . memoirs of the american entomological institute 60 : 1 - 377 . [ links ]\nsubmitted : 06 . iii . 2013 ; accepted : 07 . vii . 2013 . editorial responsability : gabriel l . f . mejdalani\ncaixa postal 19020 81531 - 980 curitiba pr brasil tel . / fax : ( 55 41 ) 3266 - 6823 sbz @ urltoken\ncolombia ( valle del cauca ) , venezuela ( cojedes ) , bolivia , w brazil ( bahi\u00e1 , amazonas , par\u00e1 , rondonia , goi\u00e1s [ hr 32 : 278 ] , mato grosso , piaui\u0301 ) , trinidad , french guiana , guyana , peru .\nruthveni : colombia ; type locality : magdalena , sierra nevada de santa marta , slopes san lorenzo , 1676 m elevation .\ntype : ansp 5651 ( fide koch et al . 2018 ) , unknown fide peters 1960 holotype : ansp 5651 ; colombia , within 200 m . of caracas , venezuela [ coluber fuscus hallowell 1845 ] holotype : ummz [ ruthveni ]\nsynonymy and subspecies after peters & orejas - miranda 1970 . synonymization of herpetodryas reticulata with dryadophis boddaerti by stuart 1941 is questionable according to peters & orejas - miranda 1970 . type species : coluber boddaerti is the type species of the genus eudryas fitzinger 1843 : 26 . however , the genus name is pre - occupied by eudryas boisduval 1836 ( lepidoptera ) . stuart 1939 proposed dryadophis as replacement name for eudryas fitzinger . distribution : not in ecuador fide omar torres - carvajal , pers . comm . , 8 sep 2016 .\nnamed after dr . pieter boddaert ( 1730 - 1796 ) , a physician , naturalist , zoologist , ornithologist , and physiologist who lectured on natural history at the university of utrecht ( 1793 ) and corresponded regularly with linnaeus ( from beolens et al . 2011 ) .\n\u00e1vila , r . w . ; r . a . kawashita - ribeiro . 2011 . herpetofauna of s\u00e3o jo\u00e3o da barra hydroelectric plant , state of mato grosso , brazil . check list 7 ( 6 ) : 750 - 755 - get paper here\nbeebe , william 1946 . field notes on the snakes of kartabo , british guiana , and caripito , venezuela . zoologica 31 : 11 - 52 - get paper here\nbernarde , p . s . , albuquerque , s . , barros , t . o . & turci , l . c . b . 2012 . serpentes do estado de rond\u00f4nia , brasil . biota neotrop . 12 ( 3 ) : 1 - 29 - get paper here\nblanco - torres , argelina ; lina b\u00e1ez s . , edgar pati\u00f1o - flores , juan m . renjifo - r . 2013 . herpetofauna from the middle valley of the rancher\u00eda river , la guajira , colombia rev . biodivers . neotrop . 3 ( 2 ) : 113 - 22\nboos , h . e . a . 1984 . the terrestrial reptiles of monos island . living world - get paper here\nboos , h . e . a . 2001 . the snakes of trinidad and tobago . texas a & m university press , 270 pp .\nboulenger , george a . 1894 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . volume ii . , containing the conclusion of the colubrid\u00e6 aglyph\u00e6 . british mus . ( nat . hist . ) , london , xi , 382 pp . - get paper here\ncarrera , c . et al . 2009 . gu\u00eda de campo de los peque\u00f1os vertebrados del distrito metropolitano de quito ( dmq ) . publicaci\u00f3n miscel\u00e1nea n\u00b0 5 . serie de publicaciones del museo ecuatoriano de ciencias naturales ( mecn ) \u2013 fondo ambiental del mdmq . 1 - 89 pp . imprenta nuevo arte . quito - ecuador .\ncastro - herrera , f . & vargas - salinas , f . 2008 . anfibios y reptiles en el departamento del valle del cauca , colombia . biota colombiana 9 ( 2 ) : 251 - 277 - get paper here\ncastro - herrera , fernando ; anyelet valencia - aguilar , diego villaquiran - mart\u00ednez 2012 . diversidad de anfibios y reptiles del parque nacional natural isla gorgona universidad del valle , santiago de cali , valle del cauca , 112 pp .\nclaessen , h . 2003 . de slangen van de guyanas deel vii . lacerta 61 ( 6 ) : 221 - 234 - get paper here\ncole , charles j . ; carol r . townsend , robert p . reynolds , ross d . macculloch , and amy lathrop 2013 . amphibians and reptiles of guyana , south america : illustrated keys , annotated species accounts , and a biogeographic synopsis . proceedings of the biological society of washington 125 ( 4 ) : 317 - 578 ; plates : 580 - 620 - get paper here\ncope , e . d . 1885 . twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . amer . philos . soc . 22 : 167 - 194 [ 1884 ] - get paper here\nfraga r de , stow aj , magnusson we , lima ap 2014 . the costs of evaluating species densities and composition of snakes to assess development impacts in amazonia . plos one 9 ( 8 ) : e105453 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0105453 - get paper here\nfranca , f . g . r . ; mesquita , daniel oliveira and guarino rinaldi colli 2006 . a checklist of snakes from amazonian savannas in brazil , housed in the cole\u00e7\u00e3o herpetol\u00f3gica da universidade de bras\u00edlia , with new distribution records . occ . pap . oklahoma mus . nat . hist . , univ . oklahoma 17 : 1 - 13"]}
{"id": 2092, "summary": [{"text": "epijana cinerea is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by holland in 1893 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the democratic republic of congo ( orientale , equateur ) , equatorial guinea and gabon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan about 75 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are greyish-fawn , crossed beyond the cell by a straight , dark brown transverse line , which runs from the middle of the inner margin to beyond the middle of the costa just before reaching it , at which point it is bent inwardly toward the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "this line is followed by an obscure parallel line of the same colour which extends from the inner margin to a point opposite the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "this is in turn succeeded by an irregularly curved series of brown sagittate markings followed on the outer margin below the apex and near the outer angle by broad , dark brown clouding .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are similar to the forewings , but crossed by regularly curved transverse median , transverse limbal and transverse submarginal lines , which are somewhat obscure near the costa . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "epijana cinerea", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrungs ch . 1950 . descriptions et notes critiques . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences naturelles du maroc 33 : 142\u2013166 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2094, "summary": [{"text": "orthocomotis shuara is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in morona-santiago province , ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is cream , suffused with pale brownish orange and brownish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "orthocomotis shuara", "paragraphs": ["1 . 3 suara 2 . acaricuara 3 . aerenicopsis irumuara 4 . agouara 5 . aguara 6 . aiquara 7 . alfaguara 8 . anjumani - shuara 9 . anjumani shuara 10 . aquara 11 . araraquara 12 . arboretum la alfaguara 13 . ash shuara 14 . atta capiguara 15 . azuara 16 . bahuara 17 . bergquara 18 . brunei and muara 19 . caayguara 20 . chabab houara 21 . dahouara 22 . de tomaso guara 23 . enrique octavio trejo azuara 24 . evacuara 25 . fouara\nthe ecuadoran species of the neotropical genus orthocomotis dognin , 1905 are listed and the new distributional data are included . of 25 species treated 18 are described as new ( orthocomotis sachatamiae sp . n . , o . parexpansa sp . n . , o . lactistrigata sp . n . , o . ferruginea sp . n . , o . yanayacu sp . n . , o . albobasalis sp . n . , o . andina sp . n . , o . carolina sp . n . , o . puyoana sp . n . , o . golondrina sp . n . , o . gielisi sp . n . , o . pactoana sp . n . , o . cosangana sp . n . , o . mediana sp . n . , o . sucumbiana sp . n . , o . volochilesia sp . n . , o . shuara sp . n . , o . alshiana sp . n . ) . orthocomotis domonoana razowski & pelz , 2003 n . stat . originally described as subspecies of o . euchaldera clarke 1956 is raised to full specific rank . some general data on the genus are provided .\nacta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series : a\u2013vertebrata , and b\u2013invertebrata . from 2012 on it is continued under its former title\u2013 without separate series . the journal includes original contributions on systematics , phylogeny , biogeography , ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide . all papers are subject to peer reviews . click here to see current issues of this journal .\ningenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .\nwebsite makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\nrelease of signal peptides from bacterial membrane prolipoproteins including murein prolipoprotein . hydrolyses - xaa - yaa - zaa - / - ( s , diacylglyceryl ) cys - , in which xaa is hydrophobic ( preferably leu ) , and yaa ( ala or ser ) and zaa ( gly or ala ) have small , neutral sidechains\nacinetobacter baumannii ( strain atcc 17978 / cip 53 . 77 / lmg 1025 / ncdc kc755 / 5377 ) ( a3m0s2 )\nacinetobacter baumannii ( strain atcc 19606 / dsm 30007 / cip 70 . 34 / jcm 6841 / nbrc 109757 / ncimb 12457 / nctc 12156 / 81 ) ( d0ce11 )\nacinetobacter baumannii ( strain atcc 19606 / dsm 30007 / cip 70 . 34 / jcm 6841 / nbrc 109757 / ncimb 12457 / nctc 12156 / 81 ) ( d0cf39 )\nacinetobacter lwoffii nctc 5866 = cip 64 . 10 = niph 512 ( v2q418 )\nacinetobacter lwoffii nctc 5866 = cip 64 . 10 = niph 512 ( n9fru8 )\nactinoplanes missouriensis ( strain atcc 14538 / dsm 43046 / cbs 188 . 64 / jcm 3121 / ncimb 12654 / nbrc 102363 / 431 ) ( i0h167 )\nactinoplanes sp . ( strain atcc 31044 / cbs 674 . 73 / se50 / 110 ) ( g8sba0 )\nalcanivorax dieselolei ( strain dsm 16502 / cgmcc 1 . 3690 / b - 5 ) ( k0cef1 )\ncampylobacter jejuni subsp . doylei ( strain atcc baa - 1458 / rm4099 / 269 . 97 ) ( a7h513 )\ndeinococcus gobiensis ( strain dsm 21396 / jcm 16679 / cgmcc 1 . 7299 / i - 0 ) ( h8h3b1 )\ndeinococcus gobiensis ( strain dsm 21396 / jcm 16679 / cgmcc 1 . 7299 / i - 0 ) ( h8gv60 )\ndeinococcus gobiensis ( strain dsm 21396 / jcm 16679 / cgmcc 1 . 7299 / i - 0 ) ( h8h393 )\nethanoligenens harbinense ( strain dsm 18485 / jcm 12961 / cgmcc 1 . 5033 / yuan - 3 ) ( e6u2i0 )\nlactobacillus plantarum subsp . plantarum atcc 14917 = jcm 1149 = cgmcc 1 . 2437 ( d7v9h2 )\nleptospira terpstrae serovar hualin str . lt 11 - 33 = atcc 700639 ( n1vnm5 )\nmicromonospora aurantiaca ( strain atcc 27029 / dsm 43813 / bcrc 12538 / cbs 129 . 76 / jcm 10878 / nbrc 16125 / nrrl b - 16091 / ina 9442 ) ( d9t669 )\nnostoc sp . ( strain pcc 7120 / sag 25 . 82 / utex 2576 ) ( q8yni8 )\npelagibacterium halotolerans ( strain dsm 22347 / jcm 15775 / cgmcc 1 . 7692 / b2 ) ( g4rd12 )\npelagibacterium halotolerans ( strain dsm 22347 / jcm 15775 / cgmcc 1 . 7692 / b2 ) ( g4rb03 )\npolymorphum gilvum ( strain lmg 25793 / cgmcc 1 . 9160 / sl003b - 26a1 ) ( f2j033 )\npseudomonas stutzeri ( strain dsm 4166 / cmt . 9 . a ) ( f2my93 )\nrahnella aquatilis ( strain atcc 33071 / dsm 4594 / jcm 1683 / nbrc 105701 / ncimb 13365 / cip 78 . 65 ) ( h2irv4 )\nrhodobacter sphaeroides ( strain atcc 17023 / 2 . 4 . 1 / ncib 8253 / dsm 158 ) ( q3iyu9 )\nrhodobacter sphaeroides ( strain atcc 17025 / ath 2 . 4 . 3 ) ( a4wwq1 )\nrhodobacter sphaeroides ( strain atcc 17029 / ath 2 . 4 . 9 ) ( a3pne8 )\nrhodomicrobium vannielii ( strain atcc 17100 / ath 3 . 1 . 1 / dsm 162 / lmg 4299 ) ( e3hyw4 )\nrhodospirillum rubrum ( strain atcc 11170 / ath 1 . 1 . 1 / dsm 467 / lmg 4362 / ncib 8255 / s1 ) ( q2rq33 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . arizonae serovar 18 : z4 , z23 : - str . cvm n6509 ( a0a1m3yaa5 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . arizonae serovar 62 : z36 : - str . rks2983 ( a0a089gbf5 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . arizonae serovar 63 : g , z51 : - str . so 20 / 20 ( a0a0v2ei23 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar adelaide str . a4 - 669 ( g5l3q7 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar alachua str . r6 - 377 ( g5lik5 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar give str . s5 - 487 ( g5md16 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar inverness str . r8 - 3668 ( g5n794 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar minnesota str . a4 - 603 ( g5p2x6 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar mississippi str . a4 - 633 ( g5phs2 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar montevideo str . 609458 - 2 ( a0a1c2zw20 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar montevideo str . s5 - 403 ( g5pxp1 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar rubislaw str . a4 - 653 ( g5qd13 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar senftenberg str . a4 - 543 ( g5qu90 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar tennessee str . txsc _ txsc08 - 19 ( x2kej6 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar uganda str . r8 - 3404 ( g5ra02 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar urbana str . r8 - 2977 ( g5rpz4 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar wandsworth str . a4 - 580 ( g5s5s7 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . indica serovar 6 , 14 , 25 : z10 : 1 , ( 2 ) , 7 str . 1121 ( v1hzl4 )\nsalmonella enterica subsp . salamae serovar 56 : z10 : e , n , x str . 1369 - 73 ( a0a0v2dex4 )\nspirochaeta thermophila ( strain atcc 49972 / dsm 6192 / ri 19 . b1 ) ( e0rr95 )\nstreptomyces venezuelae ( strain atcc 10712 / cbs 650 . 69 / dsm 40230 / jcm 4526 / nbrc 13096 / pd 04745 ) ( f2ri33 )\nthermobispora bispora ( strain atcc 19993 / dsm 43833 / cbs 139 . 67 / jcm 10125 / nbrc 14880 / r51 ) ( d6y9z4 )\nuse of this online version of brenda is free but requires a license . see terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n26 . guara 27 . gurduara 28 . hanguara 29 . houara 30 . huara 31 . iraquara 32 . itaguara 33 . itaquara 34 . jaguaquara 35 . jeriquara 36 . jessica houara 37 . juara 38 . kaouara 39 . kuara 40 . libyan minesweeper zuara 41 . lobo - guara 42 . lobo guara 43 . luara 44 . mamuara 45 . masaguara 46 . menguara 47 . movimiento nacionalista tacuara 48 . muara 49 . nambicuara 50 . nambikuara\n51 . nery mantey niangkouara 52 . nhambicuara 53 . nhambiquara 54 . nuara 55 . orba squara 56 . ouara 57 . pacahuara 58 . paranaiguara 59 . patrick tuara 60 . piraquara 61 . potiguara 62 . prasenjit duara 63 . proton juara 64 . quara 65 . san pedro de curahuara 66 . shattuara 67 . sierra de guara 68 . sierra de la alfaguara 69 . stizocera jassuara 70 . suara 71 . subprefecture of jabaquara 72 . tacuara 73 . taiguara 74 . tapire - iauara 75 . tapire iauara\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2098, "summary": [{"text": "coenonympha nipisiquit , the maritime ringlet , is a rare butterfly in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is a \" species at risk \" in canada due to water pollution and its limited range .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "its range is restricted in canada from new brunswick to quebec . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "coenonympha nipisiquit", "paragraphs": ["ecological factors affecting the flight phenology of the endangered coenonympha nipisiquit ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) .\necological factors affecting the flight phenology of the endangered coenonympha nipisiquit ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nrecovery strategy for the maritime ringlet ( coenonympha nipisiquit ) in canada [ final ]\n( 2012 - 10 - 23 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 987 . 12 kb )\nrecovery strategy for the maritime ringlet ( coenonympha nipisiquit ) in canada [ proposed ]\n( 2011 - 06 - 29 ) ( pdf format , 2 , 841 . 87 kb )\nthe maritime ringlet is a dark - appearing butterfly in which the males have dark orange - brown wings with the central part of the forewing slightly paler orange brown . females are pale orange brown , darker than those of the\n. on the underside the pale median band contrasts with the dark grey - brown ground colour . about 30 per cent of males and almost all females have a pale - bordered black spot with a silver pupil near the forewing apex on the underside . wingspan : 32 to 36\nthe maritime ringlet is restricted to salt marshes in chaleur bay between quebec and new brunswick . there are three colonies near bathurst , new brunswick , two near miguasha , quebec , and one near\n) , and over winter as a half - grown second - instar larvae .\nabundance : this species is common to abundant in the few salt marshes where it occurs .\nisolated in chaleur bay , but fieldwork in the area by reginald webster suggests that the maritime ringlet is a distinct species . in the past 20 years the range of the common ringlet has expanded through new brunswick to the chaleur bay area , and the two taxa occur in close proximity but remain distinct . the maritime ringlet feeds only on salt - meadow cordgrass . it is distinct in colour from\n, which often flies in old fields on higher ground just a few metres away and never enters the salt marshes . the common ringlet in this area flies from mid - june to mid - july , and the maritime ringlet from late july to late august . even in southern new brunswick , which has much milder summers than bathurst , second - generation common ringlets are very rarely seen , and then only in september .\nthe maritime ringlet has recently been placed on the new brunswick endangered species list because of the extremely limited and vulnerable habitat in which it is found .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\n) is a small ( wing span 32\u201336 mm ) tan to orange brown\u2013coloured butterfly that is one of only two butterflies in canada with a life cycle entirely limited to a salt marsh habitat . it is listed as endangered under schedule 1 of the\nin appendix a , minor changes were made to the coordinates of the polygon containing critical habitat for forillon national park and to the associated map .\nrecovery planning environment and climate change canada 15th floor , place vincent massey 351 st . joseph blvd . gatineau , qc k1a 0h3 send e - mail\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nd\u00e9partement de biologie , universit\u00e9 de moncton , moncton , new brunswick , e1a 3e9 , canada ( ebc0227 @ umoncton . ca ; gaetan . moreau @ umoncton . ca ) .\nenter your email address to subscribe to entomology today . you ' ll receive notifications of new posts by email .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : maritime ringlet is very similar to common ringlet . both sexes are more darkly colored than the same sex in common ringlet , however female maritime ringlets are just slightly paler than male common ringlets . maritime ringlet is browner beneath than common ringlet . the best way to distinguish these two species is by habitat association and flight period . maritime ringlet flies from late july to early august and rarely strays from its salt marsh habitat . common ringlet flies from early june to late july , with a second brood in mid august and can be found in a variety of field habitats . wingspan : 32 to 36 mm .\nmaritime distribution : the entire global range is limited to a handful of salt marshes in new brunswick and quebec around chaleur bay . for atlas results click here .\nprovincial ranks : nb : s1 . ns : - . pei : - .\nnotes : the maritime ringlet is one of canada\u2019s few endemic species . it is listed as endangered both federally and provincially because of its limited global range and the sensitivity of its saltmarsh habitat to threats like sea level rise . where it is found it is usually common , and owing to its propensity to visit sea lavender ( limonium carolinianum ) flowers , easy to observe .\nthe maritimes butterfly atlas was made possible through funding from environment canada ' s ecoaction community funding program , new brunswick wildlife trust fund , the gosling foundation , nb power corporation , new brunswick department of natural resources , td friends of the environment foundation and prince edward island department of environment , energy and forestry . \u00a9 2016 atlantic canada conservation data centre fran\u00e7ais | mba home | accdc home"]}
{"id": 2100, "summary": [{"text": "muraena robusta is a moray eel found in the eastern and central atlantic ocean .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum length of 150 centimeters , or roughly 5 feet .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the stout moray . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "muraena robusta", "paragraphs": ["identifying the stout moray ,\nmuraena robusta\n. this video was taken by dave conley of the volusia county reef research dive team . uncommon species to volusia county .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncfm script by eagbayani , 12 . 10 . 04 , php script by rolavides , 05 / 02 / 08 , last modified by cgarilao , 13 / 05 / 08\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 45 m ( ref . 2683 ) . tropical ; 21\u00b0n - 18\u00b0s\neastern atlantic : mauritania to namibia , including cape verde and probably the islands of the bay of biafra . western central atlantic : colombia ( ref . 5217 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4450 ) ; common length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 )\nvery large , 1 . 9 m , pattern of large dark spots with dark blotch around gill opening ( ref . 26938 ) .\ninhabits shallow water and feeds on crustaceans and fishes ( ref . 3254 ) .\nsmith , d . g . and e . b . b\u00f6hlke , 1990 . muraenidae . p . 136 - 148 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4450 )\n) : 25 - 28 , mean 27 . 3 ( based on 208 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00112 ( 0 . 00054 - 0 . 00233 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 65 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 78 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nis widely distributed and common where it occurs over reef habitat . there are no known major threats , therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is distributed across the atlantic ocean . in the eastern atlantic it is known from mauritania to angola , including the cape verde islands and sao tome and principe islands . in the western atlantic it has been recorded from north carolina south along the u . s . to southeastern florida and in the caribbean sea from panama ( colon ) and colombia ( santa marta ) ( cervigon et al . 1992 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is zero to 70 m .\nthis species is considered uncommon off north carolina and florida ( usa ) , panama , and in the eastern atlantic off west africa . it is extremely rare in the western north atlantic ( k . tighe pers . comm . 2011 ) .\nthis benthic species inhabits coral and rocky reefs at depths between zero to 70 m . it feeds on crustaceans and fishes ( bohlke 1981 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gymnothorax galetae rubinoff , 1966 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of gymnothorax nevezi roux , 1957 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of murenophis robustus ( os\u00f3rio , 1911 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\ninhabits shallow water and feeds on crustaceans and fishes ( ref . 3254 ) .\neastern atlantic : mauritania to namibia , including cape verde and probably the islands of the bay of biafra western central atlantic : colombia ( ref . 5217 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . b\u00f6hlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / b\u00f6hlke , eugenia b . , ed .\nfishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrobins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states and canada . american fisheries society , special publication 20 . 183 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nnelson , j . s . , e . j . crossman , h . espinosa - perez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , and j . d . williams . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . american fisheries society , special publication 29 , bethesda , maryland . 386 pp .\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , r . l . mayden , and j . s . nelson . 2013 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico . seventh edition . american fisheries society , special publication 34 , bethesda , maryland .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nrange : eastern atlantic ocean : mauritania to namibia , including cape verde , and western atlantic ocean : north carolina south to southeastern florida and the caribbean to colombia .\nnatural environment : inhabits coral and rocky reefs at depths between 3 to about 200 feet ( 1 \u2013 60 m ) and stays under rocks and / or in caves during daytime and hunts prey during evening hours when it feeds mainly on smaller fishes and crustaceans .\ngeneral husbandry : has a tannish brown body with darker brown patches and a black patch around the gill area . not collected for the trade .\nfyi : shown here for identification only . unsuitable for home aquariums . best left in the wild .\nthe material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans ."]}
{"id": 2101, "summary": [{"text": "the blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) is a freshwater species of fish in the sucker family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species has an average weight of 2-3 kilograms and an average length of 76 centimeters .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the record length has been recorded at 102 centimeters . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "blue sucker", "paragraphs": ["there are actually three species of blue suckers - the southeastern blue sucker ( cyceptus meridionalis ) , the rio grande blue sucker ( cycleptus sp . undesribed ) , and the\nnormal\nblue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) . they all look and behave identically .\nfew blue sucker sampled in fort peck reservoir indicating their avoidance of lake environments .\nthe blue sucker appears to be somewhat common in the missouri and yellowstone rivers .\nthe blue sucker is monogeneric and is not known to hybridize with any other species .\nin montana , the blue sucker is present in most places that have available habitat .\ncool fact\n: the blue sucker is the most rare sucker in the state , but recently has been found in increasing numbers .\nmanagement of the blue sucker consists mainly of routine monitoring of the population status and habitat protection .\ntuberculate blue sucker . they are incredibly cool looking fish . wisconsin river , may , 2013 .\nblue sucker data records are sparse since most information collected on blue suckers is by - catch data collected in the course of targeting other species .\nthe blue sucker is considered an indicator species for ecosystem health because of its habitat - specific requirements .\nsutton , m . 2009 . blue sucker stock characteristics in the wabash river indiana - illinois , usa .\nyeager , b . , k . semmens . 1987 . early development of the blue sucker , cycleptus elongatus .\nmestl , g . 2009 . seasonal use distributions and migrations of blue sucker in the middle missouri river , usa .\nas the police are dragging blue off at the end it ' s implied blue will name him as an accomplice .\nin 1994 the blue sucker was listed by the u . s . fish and wildlife service as a category 2 species .\nwe\u2019d love your help . let us know what\u2019s wrong with this preview of sucker for the boss by blue sky books .\nblue sucker sampled in montana are typically older and large fish with lengths of 60 to 75 centimeters and 3 - 5 kilograms .\nthis article focuses on blue jones ' real world persona . for his brothel reality counterpart , see blue jones ( brothel ) .\nlike all big river fish , riverine losses have occurred due to impoundments , where there have been major population losses and blue sucker populations have been fragmented . in montana , the blue sucker is present in most places that have available habitat . the lower yellowstone river blue sucker population would probably exist farther upriver if the cartersville diversion dam and other diversion dams on the yellowstone did not restrict upriver passage .\nburr , b . , j . garvey . 2006 . ecology of larval blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) in the mississippi river .\ndaugherty , d . , t . bacula , m . sutton . 2008 . reproductive biology of blue sucker in a large midwestern river .\nhowever , where extensive riverine losses have occurred due to impoundments , there have been major population losses and blue sucker populations have been fragmented .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - close up of blue sucker\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - close up of blue sucker\ntitle =\narkive photo - close up of blue sucker\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlength - frequency distribution for blue sucker populations sampled by electrofishing and drift netting in the upper and lower missouri and lower yellowstone rivers , montana .\nthe usfws , usgs , and montana fish , wildlife , and parks currently track movements of tagged blue sucker in the yellowstone and missouri rivers .\nthe blue sucker maintains its level i species of conservation priority ranking . currently a project to identify this species important spawning areas is under development .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - blue sucker , held by researcher\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - blue sucker , held by researcher\ntitle =\narkive photo - blue sucker , held by researcher\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe blue sucker has a back and sides that are dark blue to dark olive , and a white underside . its most distinctive features are its elongated head / snout and the tall , sickle - shaped dorsal fin .\nthe blue sucker is listed as threatened in wisconsin ( see the wi dnr blue sucker page for information and photos ) . its range has been massively curtailed by the march of \u201cprogress\u201d : dams , dredging , pollution , silt , reduced flow , warmer water , and other side effects of our presence .\nto ask other readers questions about sucker for the boss , please sign up .\n2 . ( a sucker for ) a person particularly susceptible to or fond of a specified thing : i always was a sucker for a good fairy tale .\neitzmann , j . , a . makinster , c . paukert . 2007 . distribution and growth of blue sucker in a great plains river , usa .\npractical joke . . . . after eating something with a blue coding then giving a guy head and leaving a tint of blue on his junk .\n12 - pound blue sucker captured by corey geving while electrofishing in the mississippi river at the minnehaha creek off - leash dog park in downtown minneapolis , mn . 2006\nblue suckers prefer waters with low turbidity and swift current ( brown 1971 ) .\nhah after sally blue suckered dave . . he thought he got an std .\nmestl , g . 2010 . seasonal resource selection by blue suckers cycleptus elongatus .\nminytrema melanops , the spotted sucker . ( image credit : ohio department of natural resources )\noh man , i fish this stretch all the time . plenty of sturgeon and redhorse , but i\u2019ve never seen a blue sucker here . cool read , thanks for sharing !\nin the spring blue suckers migrate upriver and congregate in fast rocky areas to spawn .\nthe blue sucker is extremely sensitive to pollution , and its presence indicates a healthy environment . the decline of the blue sucker in the 20th century was probably caused by siltation , pollution , physical changes in the environment ( such as the partial filling of channels by floods ) , and dams ; which slow the current , increase silting , and block migration .\nthe table below lists the natural communities that are associated with blue sucker . only natural communities for which blue sucker is\nhigh\n( score = 3 ) or\nmoderate\n( score = 2 ) associated are shown . see the key to association scores for complete definitions . please see the wildlife action plan to learn how this information was developed .\nblue suckers have been found in many of the major tributary streams during their spawning season .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . status report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species . north dakota state office : ecological services . 1993 .\ndnr icthyologist john lyons gives a hands - on lesson about the blue sucker , a resident of deep large - river habitats that is almost never seen by anyone other than fish biologists . yet , because it only thrives in the least - modified and highest - quality waters , the abundance of the blue sucker is a key indicator of the health of the state ' s largest rivers .\nsucker punch will now succeed if the opponent is using me first , regardless of who is faster .\nblue sucker eggs develop inside the body of the females . neither one of the parents invests time or energy into their young after females release the eggs . adults and juveniles live in different habitats .\nidentification : elongate body with small head . snout pointed , slightly bulbous at tip . back and sides blue to blue black , belly whitish . adult length : 2 feet ( 61cm ) .\nhistorically , the blue sucker was common and a highly prized commercial species known locally as \u201csweet sucker\u201d . however , in the 1930\u2019s , the construction of the u . s . lock and dam system for navigation on the upper mississippi river drastically altered the species\u2019 habitat from a free - flowing river into a series of reservoirs . this , in conjunction with widespread water pollution over several decades , decimated populations . since the passage of the clean water act in 1972 , the blue sucker has exhibited a remarkable recovery . however , its abundance remains far below historical accounts , and it is generally rare throughout its range . for these reasons , the blue sucker was listed as a special concern species in 1984 .\ni caught 10 blue suckers in kansas today . one weighing 8lbs and being nearly 30 inches . wondering if it is normal to find blue suckers in kansas or if this is some sort of accident .\nwhat ' s in a name ? blue sucker : named for its deep blue color cycleptus ( sigh - klep \u00b4 - tuss ) refers to its small , round mouth ; coined by the namer elongatus ( eelong - got \u00b4 - tuss ) means\nelongate\nin latin ; based on its long body .\ngreat explanation . one last thing is still circling in my head is ' sucker ' is a negative word . ' sucker ' is loser . ' suck at ' means ' not good at ' . ' sucker for ' seems to be a more positive word much like ' i love it ' . this sounds conflicting to me .\nblue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a fish listed as threatened in wisconsin , prefers large , deep rivers with moderate to strong currents over substrates of gravel or cobble . spawning occurs from late april through early may .\nthe blue sucker is a fish of legend . once extremely common throughout the central united states , it has since declined due to the damming of the continent ' s major rivers . a mysterious wanderer of the deep , blues travel hundreds of miles to find their ancestral spawning sites . blue suckers are big fish - they can easily top ten pounds and a few up to 20 pounds have been taken in years past . to catch a blue sucker on hook and line is one of the greatest fishing accomplishments that any american angler can hope to achieve .\nhand , g . r . , and d . c . jackson . 2003 . blue sucker stock characteristics in the upper yazoo river basin , mississippi , usa . fisheries management and ecology 10 ( 3 ) : 147 .\nsucker punch has a power of 80 . it has a priority of + 1 , so it is used before all moves that do not have increased priority . if sucker punch ' s target has selected a physical or special attack and has not yet had a chance to execute its move , sucker punch will damage the target ; otherwise , sucker punch will fail . sucker punch only depends on the move the target has selected , and is not affected by any consideration of whether the attack can actually be executed , such as status conditions like sleep or freeze or abilities like truant .\ni don ' t know why i volunteered for this job . i ' m a sucker for punishment i guess .\nadditional research needs for the blue sucker in minnesota include life history studies , identification of habitat guilds , and identification of limiting factors and opportunities for fish passage around dams on the minnesota , mississippi , and st . croix rivers .\nblue ' s incarnations : orderly ( top ) , thug ( center ) , brothel host ( bottom ) .\nsucker punch ( japanese : \u3075\u3044\u3046\u3061 surprise attack ) is a damage - dealing dark - type move introduced in generation iv .\nblue suckers make long spawning movements from the lower missouri river to upstream areas and tributary streams . dispersal downstream follows .\nthere are strong indications that blue has raped most of the women in lennox house , including dr . vera gorski .\ndaugherty , d . j . , t . d . bacula , and t . m . sutton . 2008 . reproductive biology of blue sucker in a large midwestern river . journal of applied ichthyology 24 ( 3 ) : 297 - 302 .\nthe use of water for agricultural , industrial , and municipal purposes along the river may impact blue sucker populations by reducing water levels . entrainment of fish in irrigation systems , and oil and gas development within the basin are also recognized as threats .\ncoloration : life colors of male olive blue or slate olive on dorsum and sides of body with brassy reflections ; venter bluish - white ; lips white ; all fins dark blue - gray , dusky , or black . breeding males darken to blue - black . no significant color differences between males and females . peritoneum silvery ( burr and mayden 1999 ) .\nblue jones is the main antagonist of sucker punch . within the lennox house , he appears as an orderly in charge of main operations and basic registration of girls , while within babydoll\u2019s fantasies he appears as a mobster who owns and operates the brothel .\nvery few young - of - year ( yoy ) blue suckers have been collected while sampling with a variety of methods .\nthe table below lists the ecological landscape association scores for blue sucker . the scores correspond to the map ( 3 = high , 2 = moderate , 1 = low , 0 = none ) . for more information , please see the wildlife action plan .\neitzmann , j . l . , a . s . makinster , c . p . paukert . 2007 . distribution and growth of blue sucker in a great plains river , usa . fisheries management and ecology 14 ( 4 ) : 255 - 262 .\nlyons believes that both blue sucker and shovelnose sturgeon populations are stable in the wisconsin river , which is good news . if they can get a passage built around the dam and the fish actually use it , the news will only get better and better .\nprior to an update to niantic ' s servers on july 30 , 2016 , sucker punch had an energy gain of 4 % .\nmanagement of the blue sucker consists mainly of routine monitoring of population status and habitat protection . the blue sucker is considered an indicator species for ecosystem health because of its habitat - specific requirements . current monitoring information indicates the populations are in stable condition . efforts towards locating spawning and rearing areas should be continued . habitat protection includes protecting or promoting the natural spring - time hydrograph . establishment of more natural seasonal flow conditions are presently being discussed and initiated for three storage reservoirs in montana ( montana afs species status account ) .\ntuberculate blue sucker . they are incredibly cool looking fish . wisconsin river , may , 2013 . blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) held by john lyons . this is the only full body shot i took all day . blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) lips . the definition of papillose . blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) lips . i got to act for a minute like i\u2019d caught this 35 - 40 lb . lake sturgeon netted during electrofishing on the wisconsin river , may , 2013 . shovelnose sturgeon , top view . wisconsin river , may , 2013 . shovelnose sturgeon , bottom view . wisconsin river , may , 2013 . shovelnose sturgeon tail ( with filament ) . wisconsin river , may , 2013 . john lyons with a tuberculate river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) . wisconsin river , may , 2013 . ( aaron contemplates the universe in the background . ) river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) . wisconsin river , may , 2013 . river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) all tubed up for the party . wisconsin river , may , 2013 .\nat least in my experience ,\ni ' m a sucker for x\nmeans that i am drawn to x regardless of what other characteristics x may have . the connection to sucker meaning something like loser , therefore , is that someone who is a sucker for something may get into a bad situation as a result , or at the very least enjoys x to a degree that seems injudicious and excessive .\nafter blue kills amber and blondie with the gun he gets from cj , he mutters that he doesn ' t like guns .\nmorey , n . m . , and c . r . berry , jr . 2003 . biological characteristics of the blue sucker in the james river and the big sioux river , south dakota . journal of freshwater ecology 18 ( 1 ) : 33 - 42 .\nmoss , r . e . , j . w . scanlan , and c . s . anderson . 1983 . observations on the natural history of the blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus le sueur ) in the neosho river . american midland naturalist 109 : 15 - 22 .\n' sucker ' , afaik , is used to indicate a ' loser ' . if my understanding above is correct . . . how does ' sucker for ' becomes an indication of an enthusiast and not of a loser ? ( i know ' suck at ' indicates a loser . )\ndiet : a gregarious fish , blue suckers are bottom feeders . eat insects , insect larvae , crustaceans , plant material and algae .\nfish surveys of the minnesota , mississippi , and st . croix rivers have shown increasing numbers of blue sucker since the early 1990s . large tracts of the mississippi river are protected within the boundaries of the upper mississippi river national wildlife and fish refuge , and the st . croix river is afforded some protection by its designation as a national scenic riverway , as well as by three state parks and a state scientific and natural area . the recent inception of minnesota\u2019s clean water legacy program will eventually yield benefits to blue sucker habitats through nutrient and sediment load reductions .\nthe blue sucker is an elongate , torpedo - shaped fish with a distinctly pointed snout , an underslung mouth , and a long dorsal fin . the pectoral finsare distinctly sickle - shaped . the overall color is a steely blue - gray ; this can be variable in that murkier water produces lighter coloration , while fish from clearer waters tend to be darker . overall , it ' s a striking and unique fish .\nthe blue sucker is currently listed as an\ns2s3\nspecies of concern in montana because they are potentially at risk of extirpation in the state , because of limited and / or declining numbers , range and / or habitat , even though it may be abundant in some areas .\nmanagement guidelines : wisconsin populations of blue sucker represent some of the largest remaining in the upper mississippi river basin , and therefore merit careful management . this species is intolerant to turbidity and pollution , so sources of pollution discharge and soil runoff within its range should be monitored and minimized .\n(\nstatus report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species\n, 1993 ; burr and garvey , 2006 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 ;\nspecies profile : minnesota department of natural resources\n, 2012 ; sutton , 2009 )\nin montana , the most informative data available about blue suckers is length distribution data for the three river reaches where this species is found .\n(\nstatus report on blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) , a candidate endangered or threatened species\n, 1993 ; burr and garvey , 2006 ; eitzmann , et al . , 2007 ;\nspecies profile : minnesota department of natural resources\n, 2012 ; yeager and semmens , 1987 )\nbreeding males darken and develop small tubercles ( small , hardened , breeding growths ) sprinkled on the head , scales , and rays of all fins . presumably a bottom feeder , the blue sucker\u2019s diet likely includes aquatic insects , insect larvae , crustaceans , plant material , and algae . young blue suckers are likely preyed on by walleye ( stizostedion vitreum ) and small mouth bass ( micropterus dolomieu ) as well as by fish - eating birds .\nbiological notes on blue suckers in the mississippi river . trans . amer . fish . soc . 109 ( 3 ) : 323 - 326 .\nbeing colorblind doesn ' t mean you see the world in black and white . but it does mean that you have difficulty distinguishing between certain colors . for mark zuckerberg , blue is the\nrichest\ncolor he can see \u2014 which is why facebook ' s dominant color is blue .\n[ mark zuckerberg ] walked into the house , which is painted in various shades of blue and beige , except for the kitchen , which is a vibrant yellow . colors don ' t matter much to zuckerberg ; a few years ago , he took an online test and realized that he was red - green color - blind . blue is facebook ' s dominant color , because , as he said ,\nblue is the richest color for me\u2014i can see all of blue .\nstanding in his kitchen , leaning over the sink , he offered me a glass of water .\ni recently came across a couple usages of ' sucker for ' which indicates that it means ' crazy about ' , ' enthusiastic for ' , or ' interested in ' . for example , ' i am a sucker for sports . ' , seems to say , ' i am a sports enthusiast . ' .\nmoss , r . e . , j . w . scanlan , and c . s . anderson . 1983 . observations on the natural history of the blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus le sueur ) in the neosho river . amer . midl . nat . 109 ( 1 ) : 15 - 22 .\nadams , s . r . , m . b . flinn , b . m . burr , m . r . whiles , and j . e . garvey . 2006 . ecology of larval blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) in the mississippi river . ecology of freshwater fish 15 : 291 - 300 .\nvokoun , j . c . , t . l . guerrant , and c . f . rabeni . 2003 . demographics and chronology of a spawning aggregation of blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) in the grand river , missouri , usa . journal of freshwater ecology 18 ( 4 ) : 567 - 575 .\nprior to an update to niantic ' s servers on february 16 , 2017 , sucker punch had a power of 7 and a duration of 0 . 7 seconds .\nthe blue sucker has a widespread distribution extending throughout the mississippi , missouri , ohio , and portions of the rio grande river systems ( elstad and werdon 1993 ) . in montana , it is found in the missouri as far upriver as morony dam near great falls , and in the yellowstone upriver of forsyth , mt .\nmontana has some of the finest habitat for blue suckers found in their range and losses of the montana populations would be significant to the overall gene pool .\nthe table below provides information about the protected status - both state and federal - and the rank ( s and g ranks ) for blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) . see the working list key for more information about abbreviations . counties shaded blue have documented occurrences for this species in the wisconsin natural heritage inventory database . the map is provided as a general reference of where occurrences of this species meet nhi data standards and is not meant as a comprehensive map of all observations .\ndyer , w . g . , and w . j . ploy . 2002 . first record of rhabdochona cascadilla wigdor , 1918 ( nematoda : thelazioidea ) in the blue sucker , cycleptus elongatus ( lesueur , 1817 ) , from illinois . transactions of the illinois academy of science 95 ( 2 ) : 107 - 109 .\nleiby , p . d . , d . c . kritsky , and d . d . bauman . 1973 . studies on helminthes of north dakota . vii . ancyrocephalinae ( monogenea ) from the gills of the blue sucker , cycleptus elongatus ( lesueur ) . can . j . zool . 51 : 777 - 779 .\ndespite its name , sucker punch is not a punching move . the term sucker punch refers to an unexpected or cheap shot at an opponent , akin to its japanese name , which translates to surprise attack . thus , many pok\u00e9mon that do not possess arms can learn this move , and its base power is not increased by iron fist .\nspotted sucker ( minytrema melanops ) swimming in the head spring of the ichetucknee river , florida , usa . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\nmoreover , because of the blue suckers preference for main channel swift water habitats , they are difficult to sample and consequently have not been sampled in large numbers .\nhogue , j . j . , jr . , j . v . conner , and v . r . kranz . 1981 . descriptions and methods for identifying larval blue sucker , cycleptus elongatus ( lesueur ) . rapp . p . - v . reun . cons . int . explor . mer . 178 : 585 - 587 .\nmulling over the german word for thursday while sheltering yourself from a torrential storm one morning , this one may have hit you like a bolt out of the blue .\nthe loss of suitable habitat caused by a change in the riverine regime is the largest problem affecting this species . historically , blue suckers were present throughout the entire missouri river system . the construction of dams and channelization has largely changed the river system . dams have reduced the sediment load , which in turn has lowered turbidity . the release of cold water from impoundments has lowered the overall temperature of the system making much of the missouri river too cold for blue sucker . dams also have fragmented populations by restricting movement throughout the system .\nlyons , j . 2014 . blue sucker , cycleptus elongatus . online account in : j . lyons , editor . fishes of wisconsin e - book . wisconsin department of natural resources , madison , and u . s . geological survey , middleton , wi . < http : / / www . fow - ebook . us > . accessed 6 may 2016 .\nwhite , ds , kh haag . 1977 . foods and feeding habits of the spotted sucker , minytrema melanops ( rafinesque ) . american midland naturalist 98 ( 1 ) : 137 - 146 .\ni ' m a sucker for sports\n, basically means ,\ni haven ' t grown out of sports , and i can ' t help but want more of it .\n5 . the traditional seersucker fabric is blue and white , but you can also find shorts , suits , pants , shirts , skirts , and dresses in a variety of colors .\nthe blue sucker prefers deep , swift water in channels of large rivers with sand , gravel , or rubble bottoms . the species are often associated with wing dams on the mississippi river and with woody snags in the st . croix river . they are tolerant of high turbidities , if currents are swift enough to prevent siltation ( j . t . hatch , in preparation ) .\ngood article ! i recently caught a 17 . 5 inch spotted sucker while fishing in northern florida . its definitely one of my most unique freshwater catches i have had in the state of florida .\n@ nishant i think alcas has explained that very well . you lose out to your attraction to { whatever } , possibly against your better judgement . sucker for is not necessarily a positive idiom .\nprior to an update to niantic ' s servers on february 21 , 2017 , sucker punch had a power of 8 , an energy gain of 9 % , and a duration of 1 . 2 seconds .\nadditionally , young - of - the - year blue suckers have been sampled at the milk river confluence and in big muddy creek of the lower missouri river ( liebelt 1996 and stewart 1980 ) .\n@ nishant : think about\nsucker for\nas\naddicted to\n. example 3 :\ni don ' t know why i volunteered for this job . i ' m addicted to punishment i guess\n.\nblue suckers occur at highest frequency in the missouri river\u2019s freeflowing stretches above lake sakakawea and lake oahe . the confluence areas of larger tributaries such as the knife and cannonball rivers are likely key areas for spawning .\nthe ichetucknee river is one such ecosystem . even though we visited on a clouded , rainy day , the radiant blue of the ichetucknee\u2019s waters easily fought through the gray - gloom light to greet our eyes .\nblue suckers are considered near threatened by the iucn red list , and of special concern by the us fish and wildlife service . more information on population distribution and densities is needed to further assess this species ' conservation needs . the decline in their numbers appears to have been caused by pollution , buildup of sediment , overfishing , and building dams . blue suckers also face competition from invasive species for resources and breeding habitat .\nit goes without saying that this fish should be protected and conserved wherever possible . in angling for this fish , please exercise restraint and prudence . however , on the whole , the establishment of the blue sucker as a sportfish of the highest order will do more for the species than any efforts at concealing its habits or protecting the individuals . hence , i will do my best to tell you what i have found out over the years .\nsucker for sports\nmeans you will watch / play / purchase things related to sports without consideration of what other qualities it has other than being a\nsport\n.\nsucker for football\nwould mean you will watch , buy , engage in anything football related with little or no regard to its other qualities other than it is football related . this is usually in a negative way , most of the time , self - deprecating in a light - hearted manner .\nwhere do they live ? the blue sucker is one of minnesota ' s rare fishes , known only to live in its large , southern rivers , including the lower portions of the minnesota , st . croix , and mississippi rivers . they are commonly located in deeper fast moving channels of these rivers where the bottoms have lots of gravel or cobble . they are found living with the following fish : shorthead redhorse , common carp , shovel nose sturgeon , sauger and walleye .\nall of these illustrate the concept that to be a sucker for something means to be attracted to it while being somewhat blind to its other qualities , suffering as a result . 1 ) would be most likely uttered in a context where the speaker is justifying how he got involved in a regrettable relationship - he shouldn ' t have been with this person for some reason , but he ' s a sucker for a pretty face . 2 ) implies that ted not only likes whipped cream , but will automatically eat any dessert with whipped cream on it , no matter how tasteless the amount of whipped cream . 3 ) has the speaker sarcastically suggesting that , since her job is so unpleasant , nobody would have volunteered for it unless they were a sucker for punishment .\nback at the asylum , after babydoll is lobotomized , it is revealed that blue faked dr . gorski\u2019s signature on the medical forms authorizing the lobotomy . as a way of getting revenge upon baby for being stabbed , blue once again attempts to advance on her , but this time he softly complains that she has lost herself , and that she isn ' t allowed to lose herself until he says so . he even releases a tear because baby is unable to resist . he kisses her , but she doesn ' t fight or struggle or does anything . to get a reaction , blue begins to strangle babydoll ; however before he can do any real harm police officers , led by dr . gorski , arrest him for forgery . as he is being taken away , the clearly insane blue yells about the money babydoll ' s stepfather gave him and says he protects his girls , nothing was done to babydoll , and claims he will tell the officers everything .\nwhat do they eat ? blue suckers keep roughly the same diet during the juvenile and adult period of their life cycles . adults just include larger food items . they eat mostly aquatic insect larvae but also include crustaceans , plant materials and algae .\nmisunderstood loner with a heart of gold : baby doll initially views her as an aloof advisor who is powerless to help them against blue . it turns out that she ' s a kind , caring psychiatrist who wants to help the girls recover .\nthe spotted sucker has a wide geographic range , spanning southern ontario down through more than 22 states in the u . s . , including wisconsin , kansas , pennsylvania , kentucky , north carolina , and the gulf coast states like texas , louisiana , mississippi , alabama and georgia .\nthe distribution of blue sucker ( cycleptus elongatus ) in minnesota includes the mississippi river downstream of st . anthony falls , minnesota river downstream of granite falls , and st . croix river downstream of taylors falls . historically , it occurred in the st . croix river upstream of taylors falls , but has not been reported there since 1979 ( lyons et al . 2012a ) . the species has also been found in lower reaches of the cannon and zumbro rivers in southeastern minnesota and in wisconsin\u2019s chippewa river ( hatch et al . in preparation ) .\nhow big do they get ? how long do they live ? the blue sucker has not been carefully studied . we believe it commonly lives to 7 or 8 years old , but it can live for more than 10 years . lengths of 500 - 600 mm ( 20 - 24 in ) or more are common . these fish typically weigh 2 - 3 kg ( 4 - 6 lbs ) . the minnesota state record for this fish is 6 . 85 kg ( 14 lbs 3 oz ) and was caught from the mississippi river in wabasha county .\nspotted suckers belong to family catostomidae , collectively known as \u201csuckers\u201d after their mouth shape and feeding habits . all are freshwater species , with nearly 80 in the united states , canada and mexico , and curiously , one in siberia and one in china . their names are as diverse as their range of shapes , sizes and colors \u2014 quillback , chubsucker , hog sucker , buffalo , jumprock , razorback , redhorse . and during breeding time , many sucker species get pimply \u2014 they develop bumpy growths called tubercles on their fins , and depending on the species and gender , on their heads as well .\nblue , from the girl\u2019s point of view , is seen as a threat . he believes he holds the power within the brothel : \u201ci\u2019ve got everything under control . \u201d he is shown exerting his power over both dr . gorski and the girls . after observing the girls changing behaviors as a result of babydoll\u2019s presence blue begins to become suspicious of the activities of the girls , and ultimately overhears blondie talking about the girls plan to escape . as a result , he directly confronts them and shoots both amber and blondie dead . in a fit of lust , blue tries to feel the pleasure he grants his clients by attempting to rape babydoll , claiming he doesn\u2019t want anybody to play with his \u2018toys\u2019 . however baby overpowers him , stabbing him with the knife that was collected from the cook , claiming that he will never have her .\nrestoring blue suckers to historic habitats in minnesota will require dam removal or installation of fish passage features such as ladders or lifts on the st . croix river at taylors falls , the minnesota river from granite falls to big stone lake , and the mississippi river at lock and dam 1 .\nin the \u2018real world\u2019 blue takes a bribe from baby\u2019s stepfather to have her lobotomized in five days\u2019 time when the doctor comes in order to relieve her of any memories pertaining to the murder of her sister or her mother\u2019s fortune . in those 5 days babydoll attempts to escape the lennox house .\nthe beauty of german is its\ndoes what it says on the tin\nstructure . a vacuum cleaner is a staubsauger - literally dust sucker , because that ' s exactly what it does . in the same vein , an airplane is a flugzeug ( a flying thing ) and a lighter is a feuerzeug ( fire thing ) .\n' fond of ' yeah this word - - i take this word as a positive word ( unless used sarcastically ) , while ' sucker ' rings as ' boo ! ' ( perhaps my own mental circuitry ) in my mind . it was confusing . but i am more at ease with it . : ) thanks for the answer .\nblue suckers are the most migratory of the purely freshwater american fishes , often travelling hundreds of miles from their normal summer habitat to the spawning grounds in the spring . they are also amazingly attached to their home base , often returning to the exact spot they started in after swimming hundreds of miles up and downstream . some blue suckers have been tracked swimming three hundred miles up and downriver every single year for a decade . each summer , they returned to spend the summer under the same sunken log as they had year before . how the fish are able to do this is unknown , but it ' s something to keep in mind when looking for them .\none fish new to me was the spotted sucker ( minytrema melanops ) , which cruised along the spring bottom , using their underslung jaws and fleshy lips to suck up sand and sift out crustaceans and aquatic insects ( white and haag 1977 ) . wary feeders , their sleek , spotted bodies easily swam out of the way as i approached , like herds of deer browsing and pausing across a meadow .\n\u201cyoung mammal before it is weaned\u201d , late 14c . , agent noun from suck . slang meaning \u201cperson who is easily deceived\u201d is first attested 1836 , in american english , on notion of naivete ; the verb in this sense is from 1939 . but another theory traces the slang meaning to the fish called a sucker ( 1753 ) , on the notion of being easy to catch in their annual migrations .\nlyons explained that the sampling we did ( and which he and his crews do periodically in the same area ) is part of a project aimed at better understanding the biology\u2014age and growth , seasonal movements , habitat use , and timing and locations of spawning\u2014of shovelnose and lake sturgeon , paddlefish , and blue suckers in the wisconsin river . the plan is to build a serious fish passage to let fish get around the prairie du sac dam . this will make it possible for paddlefish , shovelnose , and blue suckers to re - establish themselves above the dam and it will allow lake sturgeon access to prime spawning habitat above the dam . information gained in advance of such a major project should help make sure it is designed and operated as effectively as possible .\nin reality , blue was dressed in the fashion of an orderly which consists of scrubs with possibly white loafers and a white coat . in the brothel dream , he sports a moustache and tends to wear fancy suits both on and off stage . at the end , he ' s shown without his orderly coat and with a bandage where babydoll stabbed him , with an obvious bloodstain on his t - shirt .\nblue is one of the most unbalanced people at lennox house . he feels the need to be in control of situations and people at all times \u2014 yet he is unable to control himself : he is calm and smiling one moment , then yelling and violent the next . he frightens all the girls \u2014 even dr . gorski . he is scary enough that even his co - conspirators ( including cj and danforth ) fear disobeying him .\nhabitat includes the largest rivers and lower parts of major tributaries . usually this sucker occurs in channels and flowing pools with moderate current ( 1 . 0 - 2 . 6 meters / sec ) . it also occurs in some impoundments . adults probably winter in deep pools . young occupy shallower and less swift water than do adults . adults move upstream to spawn on riffles . in kansas , spawning occurred in deep ( 1 - 2 meters ) riffles with cobble and bedrock substrate ( moss et al . 1983 ) .\nthe original meaning of sucker is , in the oed\u2019s definition , \u2018a young mammal before it is weaned ; a child at the breast\u2019 . it\u2019s a small step for it to take on the figurative sense of \u2018a greenhorn , simpleton\u2019 , first recorded in the united states in 1838 . from there it has come to mean someone who is gullible , and , by further extension , someone whose enthusiasm for something is so great that it will persist in the face of all obstacles . it also means , apparently , an inhabitant of the state of illinois .\na good number of years ago i got into some very nice blue suckers in the st . croix river below taylors falls . i caught a few on a white mr twister in the tailout of a swift deep hole . it is difficult to get to that spot unless the water is low . they jumped as many as five times as they were going away and were quite a load on light tackle ! the others i caught were on leeches off a shelf and they too jumped numerous times . i got some good photos before i released these rare beauties ! this is a great site for under appreciated fish !\nthis sucker occupies gulf slope drainages from the sabine river to the rio grande / pecos river drainage , in texas , new mexico , and mexico ; the mississippi river basin north to wisconsin and minnesota ; the missouri river drainage northwestward to the dakotas and montana ; the ohio river drainage eastward to western pennsylvania ( extirpated in pennsylvania ) ( burr and mayden 1999 ) , and the tennessee river basin to eastern tennessee and northern alabama . it is now seemingly common only in the missouri and neosho rivers and middle rio grande ( etnier and starnes 1993 , cross and collins 1995 ) , and in the mississippi river south of the missouri river in missouri ( pflieger 1997 ) . the rio grande population is to be described as a distinct species ( buth and mayden 2001 ) .\ni ' ve researched and even came across other articles / blogs that have a 10 step program on how to get verified on facebook . well , i tried and it didn ' t work . one of those steps even included putting out an ad for 7 days . hmmmmm . . . . well . . . . i tried . still didn ' t work . okay , call me a sucker , but now you don ' t have to waste your money on it , because it doesn ' t work . there are all kinds of hints that say to classify yourself as public figure , but i can ' t say they are helpful as nothing has worked . so in regards to this 10 step program to get verified on facebook , i now need a 12 - step program for recovery .\ncatching blue suckers is not particularly problematic - if you can find them . because they can travel hundreds of miles , live in deep , fast water , and their migratory patterns are poorly understood , it is fiendishly difficult to determine when and where they will appear . for the majority of the year , they frequent fast , main - channel areas , preferably with hard bottoms - in particular , wingdam tips , rip - rap areas , and deep , fast runs . unfortunately , this means they are usually going to be found in areas where barges travel , and where it ' s almost impossible to park a boat . because of this , most anglers who pursue this fish resort to chasing after them during their spring spawning run . this is an endeavor which can be either spectacularly successful or dismally unsuccessful , depending on whether you hit the migration right .\nstanding in the middle of the electrofishing boat gripping a 10 foot long net handle , trying desperately not to miss blue suckers or sturgeon , i watched literally hundreds upon hundreds of fish surface , some floating still as if dead and others launching themselves out of the water like miniature silver carp . in addition to the sturgeon and blues we were after , there were shorthead , golden and silver redhorses ( and at least one river redhorse ) , quillback ( and possibly some river and / or highfin ) carpsuckers , smallmouth ( and possibly bigmouth and / or black ) buffalo surfacing all around me . there were also a few walleyes , smallmouth bass , mooneyes , and one large , beautiful paddlefish . sometimes there would be a couple dozen fish within a few feet of me\u2014fish i would have had no idea were there in such numbers if i\u2019d been fishing .\nin mississippi river pools 4 and 8 from 1992 - 2015 , 109 of 167 blue suckers were found along main channel borders , while 83 fish exhibited a preference for sites with wing dams . the species was also reported along side - channel borders ( 36 ) , tailwater zones of dams ( 14 ) , impoundments ( 6 ) , and backwaters ( 2 ) . secchi disc readings ( transparency ) ranged from 26 - 137 cm ( 10 . 2 - 53 . 9 in . ) , depths from 0 . 2 - 19 . 0 m ( 0 . 7 - 62 ft . ) ( 154 fish at 3 . 5 m ( 11 . 5 ft . ) or less ) , and velocities from 0 . 0 - 0 . 85 m / s ( 0 . 0 - 2 . 8 ft . / s ) ( ltrmp 2016 ) .\naccording to zack snyder , no . rocket , amber and blondie may have been killed off in the brothel fantasy , but nobody died in reality . it ' s left completely open what did happen to them . babydoll says to sweet pea that she is the only one who could have survived outside , meaning that she was actually sane and didn ' t belong in the asylum . however the others were not sane , so babydoll had them killed off to explain why they couldn ' t escape the brothel . notably when discussing babydoll ' s situation with the lobotomy surgeon , dr gorski does not mention anything about patients being killed . likewise , the cook is still seen working in the kitchen , which he most certainly wouldn ' t be if he had actually killed rocket . this implies that the girls are all alive and well , and have a chance at getting better once blue is removed from the hospital .\na lot of people have taken wiseman and baby doll ' s\nfive things\nlist to be literal , citing as discrepancies the fact that she needed cloth and liquor to start the fire and a place to do so . the list of five things would seem to refer to items that the girls didn ' t already have . it ' s shown in several scenes that they ' re allowed alcohol in the backstage area ( the girls drinking after getting the lighter ) or else there ' s cleaning fluid in the supply closet\u2014which is bound to be flammable . cloth is easily gotten from the beds . the items baby doll talks about weren ' t available to them : the map in the office , the mayor ' s lighter , the cook ' s knife and the key around blue ' s neck . therefore , they ' re referring only to things for which they ' ll need a diversion ( baby ' s dancing ) to steal .\nin the extended cut , there is an additional scene in between babydoll helping sweet pea escape and her lobotomy . the high roller is revealed to be a nice and caring man who is offering her freedom . he does not want to have her by force , but merely wants to know her . babydoll chooses to give herself to him , and the scene then cuts to the lobotomy . this scene has multiple meanings : first of all , babydoll has spent the entire movie being sexually abused and objectified by the people around her . so this moment is with someone who does not see her as a sex toy , but as a person . she had previously only thought of her sexuality as something disgusting used to pleasure blue and his cronies , or a weapon to use against blue . this scene shows her embracing her sexuality as something beautiful and wonderful\u2014and as a form of love . next , the scene represents that babydoll is actually getting better through dr gorski ' s therapies in the real world . for example , babydoll has been abused and objectified by the men around her . but this scene here shows that she is still able to move past her traumas . in spite of the abuse she suffered in the past , she ' s still able to have such a beautiful and passionate moment . thirdly , the scene shows that a girl ' s sexuality is nothing to be ashamed of\u2014and babydoll takes control of her own sexuality her way , without men dictating it for her . finally , going back to gorski ' s therapies , it ' s implied that she allowed herself to be lobotomised as penance . as she accidentally killed her sister , the lobotomy is her way of making sure she pays for her crime . but through gorski ' s therapies , she comes to realise that the sister ' s death was not her fault and she can again move past her traumas . the fact that she writes herself a happy ending\u2014falling in love with a kind man who wants to give her the best life possible\u2014shows that she has forgiven herself for her crime . essentially the scene is a bit hint that babydoll * will * get better and possibly live a better life ."]}
{"id": 2102, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris hirculella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by august busck in 1909 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from indiana , new hampshire and connecticut .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous fuscous , mottled with black scales and with larger irregular , blackish spots , of which two or three are found on the cell , one or two at the end of the cell , and five or six on the apical fourth .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an indistinct series of blackish dots around the apical edge , more or less confluent .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are opaque , light fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris hirculella", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for hirculella definition . you find here hirculella meaning , synonyms of hirculella and images for hirculella copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word hirculella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word hirculella and , of course , hirculella synonyms and on the right images related to the word hirculella .\nhirculella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris hirculella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 69 ; [ nacl ] , # 2279 ( mispl . ) ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 , pl . 4 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 35\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21"]}
{"id": 2103, "summary": [{"text": "the gould 's emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans ) is an extinct species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was described based on a single specimen taken in 1860 ; it is of unknown origin , but jamaica or the bahamas are likely sources .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "except for the type specimen , there are no records , and it is presumed extinct .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "while there is no information about the exact cause of extinction , the likely reasons include the loss of habitat or required food plants , and predation by introduced mammals . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "gould ' s emerald", "paragraphs": ["the gould ' s emerald hummingbird was described by gould from a single specimen . it is presumed extinct . more\ninformation on gould ' s emerald is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nthe gould ' s emerald hummingbird was described by gould from a single specimen . it is presumed extinct . photographed by harry taylor , 2009 .\nthe gould ' s emerald is classified as extinct ( ex ) , there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died .\nbracei ) bahamas ( 1800s ) gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans ) carribean ( 1800s ) . . . . urltoken encyclopedia4u - sibley - monroe checklist 5 - encyclopedia article : . . . ricordii cuban emerald ; chlorostilbon bracei brace ' s emerald ; chlorostilbon swainsonii hispaniolan emerald ; chlorostilbon maugaeus . . . urltoken extinct birds : brace ' s emerald , chlorostilbon bracei ( bahamas 1900 ) ; gould ' s emerald , chlorostilbon elegans ( jamaica & bahamas 1900 ) . kingfishers , woodpeckers , etc . . . . urltoken earth witness community - extinct animals page one : kona grosbeak . more\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans )\ntitle =\narkive species - gould ' s emerald ( chlorostilbon elegans )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - gould ' s emerald specimen , dorsal view\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - gould ' s emerald specimen , dorsal view\ntitle =\narkive photo - gould ' s emerald specimen , dorsal view\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkaribiansmaragdikolibri\nto\nchlorostilbon elegans ( gould , 1860 )\n.\ninformation on gould ' s emerald is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . authentication - this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken references - 1 . iucn red list ( january , 2010 ) http : / / www . iucnredlist . more\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\n, described from a single specimen ( in tring ) by gould in 1860 , was recently shown by weller ( 1999 ) to be a valid species , presumably extinct , and possibly ( by inference ) from jamaica or the north bahamas .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nbrooks , t . 2000 . extinct species . in : birdlife international ( ed . ) , threatened birds of the world , pp . 701 - 708 . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona and cambridge , u . k .\njustification : this taxon is known from one specimen , probably from jamaica , taken in 1860 . it is now extinct , likely due to deforestation or predation by introduced species .\nnothing is known , though it is likely to be typical for the genus .\nreasons for its extinction are difficult to infer , though the extinction of its preferred food plants or habitat through deforestation , or predation by introduced mammals may be responsible .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nthe natural history museum picture library cromwell road london sw7 5bd united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 207 942 5323 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 207 942 5443 nhmpl @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / piclib\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis taxon is known from one specimen , probably from jamaica , taken in 1860 . it is now extinct , likely due to deforestation or predation by introduced species .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chlorostilbon elegans . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ndistribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nchlorostilbon elegans : formerly the caribbean ; extinct . distribution unknown , possibly occurred on jamaica or in the bahamas . known from a single specimen from 1860\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 297 , 478 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nif you want to use this image commercially and we ' ve indicated * that alamy doesn ' t have a release , you might need additional permission from the model , artist , owner , estate , trademark or brand . more information .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password ."]}
{"id": 2105, "summary": [{"text": "the chiricahua leopard frog ( lithobates chiricahuensis syn . rana chiricahuensis ) is a species of frog in the family ranidae , the true frogs .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is native to mexico and arizona and new mexico in the united states .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are temperate forests , rivers , intermittent rivers , swamps , freshwater lakes , intermittent freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , freshwater springs , ponds , and open excavations .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss and chytrid fungus to such an extent that it has been eliminated from 80 % of its former habitat .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the phoenix zoo , arizona 's department of game and fish , and the usfws are trying to mitigate threats through captive breeding and reintroduction efforts . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "chiricahua leopard frog", "paragraphs": ["u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2006 . chiricahua leopard frog (\nchiricahua leopard frog egg masses , huachuca mtns , az . photo by jim rorabaugh\nchiricahua leopard frog , santa cruz co . , az . photo by jim rorabaugh .\nsonoran whipsnake eating chiricahua leopard frog , dragoon mtns , az . photo by jim rorabaugh\nfigure 2 . chiricahua leopard frog , huachuca mountains , az . photo by jim rorabaugh\nfigure 1 . chiricahua leopard frog , coconino county , az . photo by jim rorabaugh .\nfigure 6 . chiricahua leopard frog egg mass , huachuca mountains , az . photo by jim rorabaugh\nfigure 3 . chiricahua leopard frog thigh pattern , santa cruz county , az . photo by jim rorabaugh\nfigure 4 . late stage chiricahua leopard frog tadpole , huachuca mountains , az . photo by jim rorabaugh\nchiricahua leopard frogs can darken their abdominal skin under certain conditions , a camouflaging ability .\nmay 2009 - wildearth guardians and the u . s . fish and wildlife service reach a settlement in the chiricahua leopard frog case\nreproductive interference . male chiricahua leopard frog in amplexus with a female bullfrog . pieper hatchery spring , tonto nat forest . photo by abi king\nfigure 5 . distribution of the chiricahua leopard frog . the distribution south of chihuahua is not well known . the type locality for the vegas valley leopard frog is not included ( it is off the map to the northwest ) .\napril 2008 - wildearth guardians files lawsuit challenging the u . s . fish and widllife service\u2019s failure to designate critical habitat for the chiricahua leopard frog\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n203 mm svl ) and lack dorsolateral folds . the chiricahua leopard frog is known to hybridize with the northern leopard frog and lowland leopard frog . in wild populations , rates of hybridization are low ( 0 - 7 % , platz and mecham 1979 ) , although green and delisle ( 1985 ) noted two of four frogs were hybrids at a site with northern and chiricahua leopard frogs in coconino county , az . frost and bagnara ( 1977 ) found no evidence for hybridization between the chiricahua and plains (\ndiet : the chiricahua leopard frog presumably feeds upon a wide variety of invertebrates as well as some small vertebrates ( including juveniles of their own kind ) .\nvariations in the expressed antimicrobial peptide repertoire of northern leopard frog ( rana pipiens ) . . .\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 2002 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; listing of the chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) . federal register : 40790 - 4081 .\ngoldberg , c . s . , field , k . j . and sredl , m . j . 2003 . ramsey canyon leopard frog identity crisis : mitochondrial dna analyses support designation as chiricahua leopard frog . arizona game and fish department , nongame and endangered wildlife program technical report 218 , phoenix , arizona .\nplatz and mecham , 1979 ; chiricahua leopard frog . in : lanoo mj ( ed ) amphibian declines ; the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley , pp 546\u2013549\nu . s . fish and wildlife service . 2000 . proposal to list the chiricahua leopard frog as threatened with a special rule . federal register ( 14 june 2000 ) : 37343 - 3735 .\nnighttime in the white mountains of arizona , and the sound of heavy snoring echoes down a sluggish stream . but there are no sleeping campers here ; this is the sound of an imperiled male chiricahua leopard frog , calling for a mate . despite many challenges to its survival , the chiricahua leopard frog is lucky . in a world where frogs are rapidly disappearing , this frog is one of eight listed as \u201cthreatened\u201d or \u201cendangered\u201d under the endangered species act ( esa ) .\nnone of the other five leopard frogs in arizona , or other three leopard frogs in the 100 - mile circle , ever exhibit a salt and pepper pattern on the rear of the thigh . the chiricahua leopard frog is also the only leopard frog species in our area likely to have a dorsum that is entirely green ( although many chiricahua leopard frogs lack green in the dorsal pattern ) . the upturned eyes are also diagnostic . in all other leopard frogs in our area the eyes are positioned lower down , so the angle of view is more or less lateral to the head , rather than upturned . these characters combined with a preponderance of small , dark spots on the dorsum and relatively rough skin are usually enough to distinguish this species from other southwestern leopard frogs . the advertisement call of the chiricahua leopard frog is also diagnostic ( see activity and reproduction ) . american bullfrogs (\njennings , r . d . 1988 . ecological studies of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis , in new mexico . report to share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe .\nusfws ( u . s . fish and wildlife service ) . 2007 . chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) recovery plan . region 2 , u . s . fish and wildlife service , albuquerque , nm .\nchristman , b . l . , and m . r . cummer . 2006 . stomach contents analysis of the chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) and plains leopard frog ( rana blairi ) in new mexico . final report to the new mexico department of game and fish . share with wildlife contract 05 - 516 . 0000 . 051 .\nin the laboratory , crayfish ( orconectes virilis ) can kill and consume tadpole , metamorph , and adult chiricahua leopards frogs , and their presence has been linked to the disappearance of chiricahua leopard frog populations ( fernandez and rosen 1996 , 1999 ) . sredl and howland ( 1995 ) found that chiricahua leopard frogs were almost always absent from sites with american bullfrogs and non - native predatory fishes , such as bluegill and other sunfishes , largemouth bass , and carp ( including koi ) . tiger salamanders ( ambystoma mavortium ) likely prey upon chiricahua leopard frog tadpoles and juvenile frogs . chiricahua leopard frogs coexist with a number of native fishes , and in some sites persist with mosquitofish ( gambusia affinis , usfws 2007 ) . the likelihood of coexisting with predators , especially non - native species , is likely correlated with habitat complexity and the presence of escape cover . chiricahua leopard frogs typically jump into water when threatened , but do not emit an alarm call ( sredl and jennings 2005 ) .\njennings , r . d . activity and reproductive phenologies and their ecological correlates among populations of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis . unpublished report for new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , new mexico .\njennings , r . d . 1988 . ecological studies of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis , in new mexico . report to share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , new mexico .\nvia phylogenetic placement of archival specimens highlights the utility of museum collections to provide evidence of pre - anthropogenic - disturbance conditions and better defines paths toward recovery of several imperiled leopard frogs in southwestern north america . although the chiricahua leopard frog may remain a valid taxon in southern ( goldberg et al .\na wide variety of vertebrates and invertebrates likely prey upon chiricahua leopard frogs and their tadpoles and eggs , including aquatic insects , fishes , snakes , birds , american bullfrogs and possibly other anurans , and a variety of mammals ( sredl and jennings 2005 ) . however , predation in the wild has rarely been reported . eric enderson has a picture on the tucson herpetological society website of a black - necked gartersnake ( thamnophis cyrtopsis ) eating a metamorph chiricahua leopard frog . rorabaugh and jones ( in press ) observed a sonoran whipsnake ( coluber bilineatus ) with an adult chiricahua leopard frog in its mouth in the dragoon mountains , az . tom deecken ( pers . comm . 2014 ) watched a mexican gartersnake ( t . eques ) feeding on young chiricahua leopard frogs in the huachuca mountains , az .\nthe u . s . fish and wildlife service listed the chiricahua leopard frog as a\nthreatened\nspecies in 2002 . listing prompted numerous efforts to protect and restore habitat for the frog and control exotic species on both public and private land . although the species has continued to decline in new mexico , populations and occupied sites have increased in arizona since 2002 . designation of critical habitat , as required under the esa , will help ensure long - term recovery of the chiricahua leopard frog . protecting the frog and its habitat will provide for a safer , healthier environment for both frogs and people . and that\u2019s nothing to snore at .\nfernandez , p . j . and p . c . rosen . 1999 . efforts to eradicate introduced crayfish in a stream habitat of the chiricahua leopard frog in the white mountains , arizona . sonoran herpetologist 12 ( 8 ) : 87 .\nboykin , k . g . , and k . c . mcdaniel . 2008 . simulated potential effects of ecological factors on a hypothetical population of chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) . ecological modelling 218 ( 2008 ) : 175 - 181 .\nrorabaugh , j . 2010 . a comparison of the status of the chiricahua leopard frog ( lithobates chiricahuensis ) in arizona from 2002 to 2009 . u . s . fish and wildlife service . ecological services . tucson , arizona . january 2010 .\nthe chiricahua leopard frog was proposed for federal listing as a threatened species in a federal register notice published on 14 june 2000 ( 65 fr 37343 ) . the final rule was published 13 june 2002 ( 67 fr 40794 ) and included a special rule promulgated under section 4d of the esa that excluded livestock operations and maintenance at cattle tanks on non - federal lands from the esa\u2019s section 9 take prohibitions . collection of the species is prohibited by arizona game and fish commission order 41 , except with special permits . collection is similarly prohibited in mexico where the chiricahua leopard frog is listed as a threatened species by the mexican government . chiricahua leopard frogs are not protected by state regulations in new mexico . in a 20 march 2012 federal register notice , 10 , 346 acres ( 4 , 187 hectares ) in 39 units in arizona and new mexico were designated as critical habitat for the chiricahua leopard frog ( 77 fr 16347 ) .\njennings , r . d . 1990 . activity and reproductive phenologies and their ecological correlates among populations of the chiricahua leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis . report to endangered species program / share with wildlife , new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe .\n\u2014an extinct species\u2014to advance recovery planning for leopard frog populations in southwestern north america . phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mtdna sequence variation among century - old specimens placed\nfernandez , p . j . 1996 . a facility for captive propagation of chiricahua leopard frogs ( rana chiricahuensis ) . herpetoculture , pp . 7 - 12 . international herpetological symposium .\nclarkson et al . ( 1986 ) were the first to report declining populations of chiricahua and other leopard frog species in arizona . elaborating on that earlier report , clarkson and rorabaugh ( 1989 ) found chiricahua leopard frogs at only two of 36 sites in arizona that supported the species in the 1960s and 1970s . they suggested that predation by introduced american bullfrogs and fishes , as well as habitat alteration were likely contributing factors in observed leopard frog declines in arizona , but that disappearances of chiricahua leopard frogs were often in places that lacked introduced predators and significant habitat disturbance . in a status assessment of mexican and narrow - headed gartersnakes ( thamnophis eques and t . rufipunctatus , respectively ) , rosen and schwalbe ( 1988 ) noted that american bullfrogs prey upon and had replaced leopard frogs at some sites in southern arizona . they suggested that non - native predatory fish may have the same effect .\nplatz , j . e . 1997 . status survey of the ramsey canyon leopard frog , rana subaquavocalis . report to the arizona game and fish department , phoenix .\ncanyon , huachuca mountains , az that they keyed out to r . montezumae of mexico , which was among the first recognition of a frog that would later be named lithobates chiricahuensis . mecham ( 1968 ) quantified the morphological differences between the \u201csouthern form\u201d ( = l . chiricahuensis ) and the northern leopard frog ( l . pipiens ) in the white mountains of arizona . he stated that this southern form resembled frogs from southwestern new mexico and southeastern arizona . employing electrophoresis of frog hemoglobin , platz and platz ( 1973 ) presented evidence for three species of leopard frogs in arizona , including the northern form ( = l . pipiens ) , mecham\u2019s southern form , and the lowland form . platz and mecham ( 1979 ) subsequently described the southern form as the chiricahua leopard frog ( rana [ = lithobates ] chiricahuensis ) and platz and frost ( 1984 ) described the lowland form as the lowland leopard frog ( rana [ = lithobates ] yavapaiensis ) . the type locality for the chiricahua leopard frog is herb martyr reservoir in cave creek of the chiricahua mountains , az . frost et al . ( 2006 ) proposed the genus name lithobates for all leopard frogs and other related ranid frogs , which was subsequently adopted by the society for the study of reptiles and amphibians ( crother 2008 , 2012 ) , but remains controversial ( see pauly et al . 2009 ) .\nrosen , p . c . , c . r . schwalbe , and s . s . sartorius . 1996 . decline of the chiricahua leopard frog in arizona mediated by introduced species . report to heritage program , arizona game and fish department , phoenix . iipam project no . i92052 .\nfernandez , p . j . , and j . t . bagnara . 1995 . recent changes in leopard frog distribution in the white mountains of east central arizona . page 4\nrorabaugh , j . , m . kreutzian , m . sredl , c . painter , r . aguilar , j . c . bravo , and c . kruse . 2008 . inching towards recovery : the case of the chiricahua leopard frog . endangered species bulletin 33 ( 1 ) : 11 - 14 .\nsome other ranid frogs ( e . g . northern leopard frog ) use different habitats seasonally , and move among those habitats as the seasons change . no marked seasonal use has been noted in the chiricahua leopard frog , except that when the summer rains come , the frogs often spread out along drainages into ephemeral reaches and likely use the uplands to a greater degree than during the dry foresummer . based on our anecdotal observations , juveniles may use shallow water and marshy areas more than adults , as well . during drought , when water is scarce , chiricahua leopard frogs concentrate into the last remaining pools . at dry cattle tanks , they have been found in cracks in the mud where conditions remain moist .\njennings , r . d . 1995 . investigations of recently viable leopard frog populations in new mexico : rana chiricahuensis and rana yavapaiensis . new mexico game and fish department , santa fe .\njennings , r . d . and scott , jr . 1993 . ecologically correlated morphological variation in tadpoles of the leopard frog , rana chiricahuensis . journal of herpetology : 285 - 293 .\nchristman , b . l . , c . g . kruse , and s . debrott . 2003 . survey and monitoring of chiricahua leopard frog ( rana chiricahuensis ) populations on the ladder ranch and adjacent gila national forest lands : sierra county , new mexico . turner endangered species fund , ladder ranch , nm .\ngoldberg et al . ( 1998 ) documented six species of trematodes and one species of nematode in chiricahua leopard frogs from arizona . a generalized discussion of amphibian parasites and their effects is found in usfws ( 2007 ) .\ngoldberg , c . s . , k . j . field , and m . j . sredl . 2004 . ramsey canyon leopard frogs\u2019 ( rana subaquavocalis ) identity crisis : mitochondrial sequences support designation as chiricahua leopard frogs ( rana chiricahuensis ) . journal of herpetology 38 ( 3 ) : 313 - 319 .\ndescription : this leopard frog grows to about 4 . 3 inches in length , and is a green or brown frog with dorsolateral folds and numerous , relatively small dark spots . in southeastern arizona , frogs are often green , or have green on the head . the chiricahua leopard frog is distinguished from other arizona leopard frogs by a combination of characters , including a distinctive salt and pepper pattern on the rear of the thigh of adults and some juveniles , dorsolateral folds that are interrupted and inset towards the rear ; stocky body proportions ; eyes that are relatively high and upturned on the head ; and relatively rough skin on the back and sides . compared to other leopard frogs , the tadpoles are relatively dark , mottled , and stocky . tadpoles grow to > 3 inches . distribution : the chiricahua leopard frog occurred historically in the mountains and valleys along the mogollon rim east of camp verde and the verde river , but also in southeastern arizona south of the gila river from the baboquivari mountains east to peloncillo mountains . although still fairly well distributed through this range , the species has disappeared from about 88 % of its historical localities in arizona .\nchristman and cummer ( 2006 ) examined stomach contents of 56 chiricahua leopard frogs from new mexico . the most common prey items were insects ( coleoptera , hemiptera , and diptera \u2013 75 . 2 % by frequency ) . vertebrates were uncommon in the diet , and included one cyprinid fish and remnants of a frog or late stage tadpole . both terrestrial and aquatic prey were taken in similar proportions ( 44 . 6 and 37 . 3 % , respectively ) . incidental material in the stomachs included plant material , wood , and stones . the authors concluded that the chiricahua leopard frog is a prey generalist , taking what is available . however , they suggested bombardier beetles ( brachinus sp . ) are avoided . those beetles were common at frog collection sites but were not found in stomachs .\n) . the declining leopard frog species ( family ranidae ) from southwestern north america present an example of how uncertain taxonomic status can impede or complicate conservation strategies ( e . g . jaeger et al .\nfernandez , p . j . , and j . t . bagnara . 1993 . observations on the development of unusual melanization of leopard frog ventral skin . journal of morphology 216 : 9 - 15 .\nplatz , j . e . , and j . s . frost . 1984 . rana yavapaiensis , a new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) . copeia 1984 : 940 - 948 .\nplatz , j . e . and mecham , j . s . 1979 . rana chiricahuensis , a new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from arizona . copeia : 383 - 390 .\nin new mexico , randy jennings did not consider the chiricahua leopard frog in jeopardy based on surveys from 1983 - 87 ( pers . comm . in clarkson and rorabaugh 1989 ) , but in a subsequent report , he found the species at only 6 of 33 sites that had supported the species during the previous 11 years ( jennings 1995 ) .\nthe chiricahua leopard frog is typically green with namesake dark , leopard - like patterning and golden eyes . they are stocky animals that can grow up to 4 . 3 inches long , and are most active at night . for successful reproduction , these frogs need permanent water 15 to 35 cm deep . they lay their eggs in masses near the shore on vegetation growing close to the water\u2019s surface . after metamorphosis , the frogs eat an array of invertebrates and small vertebrates .\nfrost , j . s . and bagnara , j . t . 1977 . sympatry between rana blairi and the southern form of leopard frog in southeastern arizona ( anura : ranidae ) . southwestern naturalist : 443 - 453 .\nthe chiricahua leopard frog is a species of high valleys and mountains , from about 1 , 034 m elevation in the altar valley , pima county , to 2 , 709 m in the white mountains , az . vegetation communities in these areas include chihuahuan desertscrub , semi - desert grassland , plains grassland , oak woodland , pinyon - juniper woodland , pine - oak woodland , and mixed conifer forest . within these communities , the chiricahua leopard frog is typically found at or near ci\u00e9negas , pools , livestock tanks , mine adits , wells , lakes , reservoirs , streams , and rivers with permanent or nearly permanent surface water . this species is rare or absent in high gradient , shallow flowing water , and more likely to be found in deep , still pools .\nplatz , j . e . 1993 . rana subaquavocalis , a remarkable new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from southeastern arizona that calls under water . journal of herpetology 27 ( 2 ) : 154 - 162 .\nplatz , j . e . , and j . s . mecham . 1979 . rana chiricahuensis , a new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from arizona . copeia 1979 ( 3 ) : 383 - 390 .\nrand , a . s . 1950 . leopard frogs in caves in winter . copeia 1950 : 324 .\nfield , k . j . , t . l . beatty sr . , and t . l . beatty jr . 2003 . rana subaquavocalis ( ramsey canyon leopard frog ) ; diet . herpetological review 34 ( 3 ) : 235 .\nremarks : the range of the chiricahua leopard frog in arizona is split into southeastern and east - central ( mogollon rim ) disjunct populations that may be different species or subspecies . in addition , some authors consider frogs from the eastern slope of the huachuca mountains to be a separate species ( ramsey canyon leopard frog , rana subaquavocalis \u2013 see platz 1993 , but also goldberg et al . 2004 ) . the chiricahua leopard frog ( not including the \u201cramsey canyon leopard frog\u201d ) is listed as a threatened species under the endangered species act . causes of decline include chytridiomycosis ( a fungal disease ) , predation by non - native species , habitat loss and degradation , and other factors . a recovery team has prepared a draft recovery plan . by jim rorabaugh federally protected rana chiricahuensis is listed as threatened under the endangered species act . it is against federal law to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect this animal or to attempt to engage in any such conduct . more information on federal listing here : urltoken protected in az it is against arizona state law to harass , harm , pursue , hunt , shoot , wound , kill , trap , capture , or collect this animal or to attempt to engage in any such conduct .\njennings , r . d . 1995 . investigations of recently viable leopard frog populations in new mexico : rana chiricahuensis and rana yavapaiensis . report submitted to new mexico department of game and fish , endangered species program , santa fe , new mexico .\nthe chiricahua leopard frog historically occurred in cienegas , lakes , ponds and riparian zones at elevations between 3 , 281 to 8 , 890 feet in central and southeastern arizona , west - central and southwestern new mexico , and the sky islands and sierra madre occidental of northeastern sonora and western chihuahua , mexico . but it has now vanished from over 80 percent of its former habitat in arizona . although less is known about the new mexico population , the frog appears to have disappeared from over 80 percent of its habitat in that state , as well .\nfernandez , p . j . , and j . t . bagnara . 1991 . effect of background color and low temperature on skin color and circulating \u03ac - msh in two species of leopard frog . general and comparative endocrinology 83 : 132 - 141 .\nfrost , j . s . , and j . t . bagnara . 1977 . sympatry between rana blairi and the southern form of leopard frog in southeastern arizona ( anura : ranidae ) . the southwestern naturalist 22 ( 4 ) : 443 - 453 .\nplatz , j . e . , a . lathrop , l . hofbauer , and m . vradenburg . 1997 . age distribution and longevity in the ramsey canyon leopard frog , rana subaquavocalis . journal of herpetology 31 ( 4 ) : 552 - 557 .\njennings , r . d . 2005 . rana fisheri stejneger , 1893 , vegas valley leopard frog . pages 554 - 555 in m . lannoo ( ed ) , amphibian declines , the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley .\nthough they rarely exceed five inches in length , male chiricahua leopard frogs are scrappy for their size \u2013 they\u2019ll engage in frog - fisticuffs with other males to secure the best territories during the mating season . females are otherwise occupied : they lay as many as 6 , 000 eggs during each mating season of their 18 - year lifespan . chiricahua leopard frogs need permanent water for reproduction , but that\u2019s increasingly hard to come by ; the riparian areas they live in are often destroyed by livestock grazing , groundwater pumping , water diversion , and dams . the center for biological diversity fought for protection for this species , and in 2002 it was officially listed under the endangered species act \u2013 but without protected habitat , these frogs are still at risk .\n: evidence for phylogenetically distinct leopard frogs from the border region of nevada , utah , and arizona . copeia 2001 : 339\u2013354\ngoldberg , s . r . , c . r . bursey , and h . cheam . 1998 . helminths in two native frog species ( rana chiricahuensis , rana yavapaiensis ) and one introduced frog species ( rana catesbeianus ) ( ranidae ) from arizona . journal of parasitology 84 : 175 - 177 .\nsuggestions that the extinct vegas valley leopard frog ( rana fisheri = lithobates fisheri ) may have been synonymous with one of several declining species have complicated recovery planning for imperiled leopard frogs in southwestern united states . to address this concern , we reconstructed the phylogenetic position of r . fisheri from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data obtained from century - old museum specimens . analyses incorporating representative north american rana species placed archival specimens within the clade comprising federally threatened chiricahua leopard frogs ( rana chiricahuensis = lithobates chiricahuensis ) . further analysis of chiricahua leopard frogs recovered two diagnosable lineages . one lineage is composed of r . fisheri specimens and r . chiricahuensis near the mogollon rim in central arizona , while the other encompasses r . chiricahuensis populations to the south and east . these findings ascribe r . chiricahuensis populations from the northwestern most portion of its range to a resurrected r . fisheri , demonstrating how phylogenetic placement of archival specimens can inform recovery and conservation plans , especially those that call for translocation , re - introduction , or population augmentation of imperiled species .\nstreicher , j . w . , c . m . sheehy iii , o . flores - villela , and j . a . campbell . 2012 morphological variation in a polychromatic population of chiricahua leopard frogs ( lithobates chiricahuensis ) from durango , mexico . journal of herpetology 46 ( 3 ) : 387 - 392 .\ndavidson , c . 1996 . frog and toad calls of the rocky mountains . library of natural sounds , cornell laboratory of ornithology , ithaca , ny .\nsredl , m . j . , and r . d . jennings . 2005 . rana chiricahuensis : platz and mecham , 1979 , chiricahua leopard frogs . pages 546 - 549 in m . j . lannoo ( ed ) , amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley .\nto the south , populations occur or occurred from the baboquivari mountains in pima county , az eastward to the animas mountains and playas valley , hidalgo county , nm and south well into mexico . the northern - most records south of the gila river in arizona are two specimens from the base of the pinale\u00f1o mountains , graham county . the species is also known from the nearby galiuro mountains . in mexico , the chiricahua leopard frog occurs or occurred in eastern sonora , western chihuahua , and adjacent durango , mexico ( rorabaugh 2008 , lemos - espinal and smith 2007 , streicher et al . 2012 ) . the southern distributional limit is unclear . diaz and diaz ( 1997 ) reported the species from aguascalientes ; however , chiricahuensis - like frogs of mexico , including lithobates montezumae and l . lemosespinali could be confused with the chiricahua leopard frog , and the relationships of these similar frogs to each other and l . chiricahuensis need further work , particularly in regard to l . lemosespinali .\nlemos - espinal et al . ( 2013 ) noted some differences in chiricahua leopard frogs from southwestern chihuahua as compared to those in sonora and the united states . the maximum svl is 58 mm , and they are dark gray - brown and have fewer spots on the dorsum . the authors suggest these differences may reflect taxonomic distinctiveness .\nmecham , j . s . 1968 . evidence of reproductive isolation between two populations of the frog , rana pipiens , in arizona . southwestern naturalist : 35 - 44 .\nfield et al . ( 2003 ) noted a rufous or allen\u2019s hummingbird taken by a chiricahua leopard frog in miller canyon of the huachuca mountains , az . captives readily take crickets , mealworm larvae and adults , silkworm larvae , other invertebrates , and small fish ( demlong 1997 , usfws 2007 ) . cannibalism of larger frogs on smaller frogs occurs in captive colonies and likely occurs in the wild ( jennings 1988 ) . the tadpoles are probably mostly herbivorous . marti and fisher ( 1998 ) listed the following likely tadpole food items in ramsey canyon , huachuca mountains : bacteria , diatoms , phytoplankton , filamentous algae , water milfoil , duckweed , and detritus . we have observed wild chiricahua leopard frog tadpoles feeding upon floating algal mats . large tadpoles have been observed consuming the gelatinous envelopes of conspecific egg masses ( platz 1997 ) . in captivity , tadpoles have been fed rabbit pellets suspended in agar - gelatin blocks , boiled spinach , romaine lettuce , cucumber slices , frozen trout , duckweed , and spirulina fish food ( frost 1982 , demlong 1997 ) .\nsredl , m . j . and jennings , r . d . 2005 . rana chiricahuensis ( platz and mecham , 1979 ) chiricahua leopard frogs . in : lannoo , m . j . ( ed . ) , status and conservation of u . s . amphibians . volume 2 : species accounts , university of california press , berkeley , california .\nthe zoo\u2019s head - start program , dedicated to raising native frogs for release to supplement wild populations , is housed in the arthur l . and elaine v . johnson foundation conservation center . at the johnson center , you have the ability to see the leopard frog colonies and our staff as they work with them .\nmecham , j . s . 1968 . evidence of reproductive isolation between two populations of the frog , rana pipiens , in arizona . southwestern naturalist 13 : 35 - 44 .\nsredl , m . j . , and j . m . howland . 1995 . conservation and management of madrean populations of the chiricahua leopard frog . pages 379 - 385 in l . f . debano , g . j . gottfried , r . h . hamre , c . b . edminster , and p . f . ffolliott ( tech . eds . ) , biodiversity and management of the madrean archipelago : the sky islands of the southwestern united states and northwestern mexico . usda forest service , general technical report rm - gtr - 264 .\nbrennan , t . c . , & a . t . holycross . 2006 . a field guide to amphibians and reptiles in arizona . arizona game and fish department . phoenix , az . goldberg , c . s . , k . j . field , and m . j . sredl . 2004 . mitochondrial dna sequences do not support species status of the ramsey canyon leopard frog ( rana subaquavocalis ) . journal of herpetology 38 ( 3 ) : 313 - 319 . platz , j . e . 1993 . rana subaquavocalis , a remarkable new species of leopard frog ( rana pipiens complex ) from southeastern arizona that calls under water . journal of herpetology 27 ( 2 ) : 154 - 162 . sredl , m . j . , and r . d . jennings . 2005 . rana chiricahuensis platz and mecham , 1979 , chiricahua leopard frog . pages 546 - 549 i n m . j . lannoo ( ed ) , amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species . university of california press , berkeley . sredl , m . j . , j . m . howland , j . e . wallace , and l . s . saylor . 1997 . status and distribution of arizona ' s native ranid frogs . pages 45 - 101 in m . j . sredl ( ed ) . ranid frog conservation and management . arizona game and fish department , nongame and endangered wildlife program , technical report 121 .\nthe center ' s public lands program will watchdog activities that could degrade this frog ' s habitat in our last desert rivers \u2014 including arizona ' s san pedro river and fossil creek .\nit might be surprising to many that in a state known for its arid environments that among the animals comprising arizona\u2019s rich biodiversity are 25 species of native amphibians , including 24 frog species ( i . e . , both frogs and toads ) and only one species of salamander ( the tiger salamander ) . indeed , several of these amphibians are only found in some of the most arid parts of the deserts that make up much of arizona . what might not be surprising is that the aquatic habitats that support many of arizona\u2019s amphibians have been diverted or destroyed because of the high demand for water in the state . many of our amphibians have suffered serious population declines and some , such as the chiricahua leopard frog and sonoran tiger salamander , are protected under the endangered species act .\nspecimens , we needed to provide a comparative sequence library for representative southwestern and western ranid frog species . we used a combination of genbank accessioned sequences ( dataset i ( gi55418335\u2013gi55418396 ) from hillis and wilcox\nthe chiricahua leopard frog recovery plan ( usfws 2007 ) is the primary document guiding conservation activities for this species . it includes recommended recovery actions to reduce or eliminate threats , an implementation schedule for those actions , measurable criteria to gauge recovery success , and much other information needed to conserve the species . recovery criteria need to be met in each of eight recovery units . the primary recovery actions include 1 ) protecting remaining populations , 2 ) identifying , restoring or creating , and protecting unoccupied sites as necessary to support viable chiricahua leopard frog populations and metapopulations , 3 ) establishing new or reestablishing former populations , 4 ) augmenting populations as needed to increase persistence , 5 ) monitoring populations and recovery , 6 ) conducting research that promotes recovery , 7 ) developing support for the recovery program , 8 ) developing cooperative projects with non - federal landowners , 9 ) amending land use plans as needed , 10 ) working with tribal partners , 11 ) working with mexican partners , and 12 ) practicing adaptive management . the recovery program is guided by a recovery team , three regional steering committees , and numerous local recovery groups , most of which meet on a regular basis . the recovery plan and other documents pertaining to the species can be downloaded from the following site :\nfrom century - old archival museum specimens to address alternative taxonomic hypotheses , and in so doing , to advance the recovery planning of imperiled leopard frogs across southwestern north america .\ncunjak , r . a . 1986 . winter habitat of northern leopard frogs , rana pipiens , in a southern ontario stream . canadian journal of zoology 64 : 255\u2011257 .\nhale , s . f . 1992 . a survey of the historic and potential habitat for the tarahumara frog , ( rana tarahumarae ) in arizona . report to the arizona game and fish department , phoenix .\nmost of the southwestern streams the chiricahua leopard frog calls home have shrunken or disappeared . groundwater pumping , damming , and water diversion have dried up streams and interrupted pool creation . cattle destroy vegetation , trample banks , and pollute water with silt and droppings . some leopard frogs , particularly males , will travel long distances ( more than two miles ) along connected riparian habitat in search of food or mates , highlighting the importance of habitat corridors for this species . but now their routes are dry or home to dangerous introduced predators and competitors such as bullfrogs , game fish , and crayfish , leaving the frogs stranded in isolated pockets . weakened by stresses like pollution , pesticides , and increased uv radiation , the species is being devastated by chytrid fungus , which is killing frogs worldwide and is linked to global warming .\nthe northern leopard frog ( rana pipiens or lithobates pipiens ) is historically found in most of the provinces of canada and the northern and southwest states of the united states . in the last 50 years , populations have suffered significant losses , especially in the western regions of the species range . using a peptidomics approach , we show that the pattern of expressed antimicrobial skin . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe relationships of anurans commonly called \u201cleopard frogs\u201d or \u201cmeadow frogs\u201d have baffled herpetologists for over 100 years ( moore 1975 , hillis 1988 ) . from the mid - 1920s through the early - 1960s , most authorities listed only one to three species of leopard frog in the southwestern united states ( moore 1944 , wright and wright 1949 , stebbins 1951 ) , including the broad - ranging rana pipiens , as well as r . fisheri and r . onca of southwestern nevada and adjacent portions of utah and arizona ( although some considered the latter two to be subspecies of pipiens , or to be synonyms \u2013 see pace 1974 ) . wright and wright ( 1949 ) recognized considerable variation within r . pipiens in north america , even singling out questionable frogs in a section of their book called \u201carizona puzzles . \u201d in addition , they were among the first authorities to refer to the leopard frogs as the r . pipiens complex . interestingly , they noted large leopard frogs from carr\nzweifel , r . g . 1995 . rana revisited : some r . chiricahuensis sites in the chiricahua mountains then and now . page 12 in program and abstracts of the first annual meeting of the southwestern working group of the declining amphibian populations task force , phoenix , az .\nhekkala , e . r . , r . a . saumure , j . r . jaeger , h . - w . heermann , m . j . sredl , d . f . bradford , d . drabek , and m . j . blum . 2011 . resurrecting an extinct species : archival dna , taxonomy , and conservation of the vegas valley leopard frog . conservation genetics 12 : 1379 - 1385 .\nemery , a . r . , a . h . berst ; k . kodaira . 1972 . under - ice observations of wintering sites of leopard frogs . copeia 1972 : 123 - 126 .\npace , a . e . 1974 . systematic and biological studies of the leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) of the united states . miscellaneous publications , museum of zoology , university of michigan 148 .\nit occurs in coconino , tonto , apache , sitgreaves , gila , and coronado national forests ( jennings 1995 ; sredl et al . 1997 ) . both the northern and southern populations of r . chiricahuensis are listed as threatened under the endangered species act in 2002 , and a recovery team was established in 2003 . conservation actions will include both short - term interim actions to prevent further deterioration of the species\u2019 status , and longer - term planning for eventual recovery of the species . arizona game and fish commission order 41 prohibit the collection of this species from the wild in arizona . it is included as wildlife of special concern in arizona ( arizona game and fish department 1996 ) . priority research topics include identification of the importance of disease , pesticides and other contaminants , climate change , uv radiation , fire management , and possibly other threats to the status and recovery potential of the chiricahua leopard frog . also , research is needed on key aspects of the frog\u2019s status , distribution , and ecology .\nclarkson , w . r . and rorabaugh , j . c . 1989 . status of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex : ranidae ) in arizona and southeastern california . southwestern naturalist : 531 - 538 .\nfrost , j . s . and platz , j . e . 1983 . comparative assessment of modes of reproductive isolation among four species of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) . evolution : 66 - 78 .\nscott jr , n . j . and jennings , r . d . 1985 . the tadpoles of five species of new mexican leopard frogs . occasional papers for the museum of southwestern biology : 1 - 21 .\nscott , n . j . , and r . d . jennings . 1985 . the tadpoles of five species of new mexican leopard frogs . occasional papers for the museum of southwestern biology 3 : 1 - 21 .\nclarkson , r . w . , and j . c . rorabaugh . 1989 . status of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) in arizona and southeastern california . southwestern naturalist 34 ( 4 ) : 531 - 538 .\nfrost , j . s . , and j . e . platz . 1983 . comparative assessment of modes of reproductive isolation among four species of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens complex ) . evolution 37 : 66 - 78 .\njennings , r . d . , and n . j . scott . 1991 . global amphibian population declines : insights from leopard frogs in new mexico . report to the new mexico department of game and fish , albuquerque .\nskeletochronology of frogs from the east side of the huachuca mountains , cochise county , az revealed that 47 percent of sampled adults were age six or older . the oldest frogs were estimated at 10 years post - metamorphosis ( platz et al . 1997 ) . however , this area may be anomalous , as durkin ( 1995 ) found no evidence of chiricahua leopard frogs living longer than six years . platz et al . \u2019s work in the huachuca mountains was before the onset of periodic disease - related die offs . longevity at that site is probably much less now .\nas part of the association of zoos and aquariums , and in cooperation with arizona game and fish department ( agfd ) and the u . s . fish and wildlife service , the phoenix zoo has been involved in local , regional and international efforts to save and protect numerous wildlife species , including the amphibian population . because of high mortality rates in the wild of chiricahua leopard frog eggs , and small tadpoles , captive head - starting provides a greater chance of survival for late - stage tadpoles or small frogs . in the wild , approximately five percent or less of the eggs in a mass survives to metamorphosis . in captivity , more than 90 percent of an egg mass survives to be released as froglets or late - stage tadpoles . by releasing a large number of animals back into a site , chances are greatly increased that more will survive to adulthood and reproduce , as well as preserving valuable genes .\n80 mm total length prior to metamorphosis . small tadpoles are a dark velvety olive dorsally and on the sides , and white to pale gray with bronze patches ventrally . large tadpoles are generally dark gray or olive dorsally with pale venters and heavy mottling on the tail fin ( scott and jennings 1985 , fig . 4 ) . mouth parts are illustrated in scott and jennings ( 1985 ) . lateral lines of southwestern us leopard frog tadpoles may be diagnostic ( fritts et al . 1984 ) , but these differences need to be more fully explored .\nthis species is known from arizona and new mexico in the united states , and from mexico ( platz and mecham 1979 ) . the range of this species is divided into two areas . the first includes northern montane populations along the southern edge of the colorado plateau ( = mogollon rim ) in central and eastern arizona and west - central new mexico . the second includes southern populations located in the mountains and valleys south of the gila river in south - eastern arizona and south - western new mexico , and extends into mexico along the eastern slopes of the sierra madre occidental ( platz and mecham 1979 ) . populations in the northern portion of the range might soon be described as a new species ( platz pers . comm . ) . elevations of chiricahua leopard frog localities range from 1 , 000 - 2 , 710m asl ( platz and mecham 1979 ; sredl et al . 1997 ; smith and chiszar 2003 ) .\nplatz , j . e . , and t . grudzien . 1999 . the taxonomic status of leopard frogs from the mogollon rim country of central arizona : evidence for recognition of a new species . proceedings of nebraska academy of sciences 109 : 51 .\nbehavior : can be found active day or night , although they are easier to find and observe at night with a headlamp or flashlight . this is probably the most aquatic of the native leopard frogs , but can move overland and along drainages during summer monsoons .\nfritts , t . h . , r . d . jennings , and n . j . scott , jr . 1984 . a review of the leopard frogs of new mexico . report to the new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , nm .\nolah - hemmings v , jaeger jr , sredl mj , schlaepfer ma , jennings rd , drost ca , bradford df , riddle br ( 2010 ) phylogeography of declining relict and lowland leopard frogs in the desert southwest of north america . j zool 280 : 343\u2013354 . doi :\nactivity depends primarily on water temperature . as water temperature drops to 12 - 13 0 c or below , frogs are rarely seen . at water temperatures of 14 0 c and above usually some frogs are found active . active frogs have been found year - round in warm springs in new mexico , but where water temperature varies with ambient air temperature , frogs are most active from april through september . chiricahua leopard frogs are easiest to approach and identify at night with a flashlight or headlamp , but they are active day and night . juveniles are perhaps more active by day , and adults more active at night ( jennings 1988 ) . winter retreats have not been identified ; however , northern leopard frogs are known to overwinter at the bottom of well - oxygenated ponds or lakes , they may dig shallow depressions or bury themselves in mud , and they have been found during the winter in caves ( rand 1950 , emery et al . 1972 , nussbaum et al . 1983 , cunjak 1986 , harding 1997 ) .\nmany of arizona\u2019s native frogs , particularly the five species of leopard frogs and the tarahumara frog , might be considered \u201ctypical\u201d stream - dwelling frogs ; never being found too far from permanent water where they lay eggs , develop as tadpoles , and live as adult frogs . but , some of the most astonishing adaptations to desert life are exhibited by a number of frogs and toads that live much of their lives buried underground , only to emerge briefly to breed and grow during the summer rains . this group includes \u201ctypical\u201d toads like the sonoran green toad , couch\u2019s spadefoot , the tiny narrow - mouthed toad , and even a \u201ctrue\u201d treefrog , the lowland burrowing treefrog . perhaps one of the most unusual frogs in arizona is the barking frog , which is found in rocky outcrops where it lays its eggs in relatively dry crevices , and the young develop entirely within the egg and skip the tadpole stage . thus , despite the relatively few species overall , arizona can claim to have a richly diverse amphibian fauna .\nin addition to the 25 species of native amphibians , arizona has become home to four types of exotic amphibians : bullfrogs , rio grande leopard frogs , african clawed frogs and barred tiger salamanders . bullfrogs have become so numerous and widespread that they are now seriously threatening native aquatic wildlife populations , particularly amphibians and reptiles .\nsredl , m . j . , howland , j . m . , wallace , j . e . and saylor , l . s . 1997 . status and distribution of arizona\u2019s native ranid frogs . in : sredl , m . j ( ed . ) , ranid frog conservation and management , pp . 37 - 89 . arizona game and fish department , phoenix , arizona .\nsredl , m . j . , j . m . howland , j . e . wallace , and l . s . saylor . 1997 . status and distribution of arizona\u2019s native ranid frogs . pages 45 - 101 in m . j . sredl ( ed ) . ranid frog conservation and management . arizona game and fish department , nongame and endangered wildlife program , technical report 121 .\npeptidomic analysis of an extract of the skins of specimens of dybowski ' s brown frog rana dybowskii gunther , 1876 , collected on tsushima island , japan led to the identification of 10 peptides with differential antibacterial and hemolytic activities . the primary structures of these peptides identified them as belonging to the brevinin - 1 ( 5 peptides ) and brevinin - 2 ( 5 peptides ) families of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrosen , p . c . , schwalbe , c . r . , parizek , d . a . j . , holm , p . a . and lowe , c . h . 1995 . introduced aquatic vertebrates in the chiricahua region : effects on declining ranid frogs . in : debano , l . f . , gottfried , g . j . , hamre , r . h . and edmi , c . b . ( eds ) , biodiversity and management of the madrean archipelago : the sky islands of southwestern united states and northwestern mexico , rocky mountain forest and range experimental station , fort collins , colorado .\nbalancing selection is common on many defense genes , but it has rarely been reported for immune effector proteins such as antimicrobial peptides ( amps ) . we describe genetic diversity at a brevinin - 1 amp locus in three species of leopard frogs ( rana pipiens , rana blairi , and rana palustris ) . several highly divergent allelic lineages are segregating at this locus . that this unusual pattern . . . [ show full abstract ]\nsimilarly barred or have dark spots . dorsal spots and crossbars often fade with age and are absent in some very large frogs . the rear of the thigh in adults from southern populations typically is a salt and pepper pattern consisting of a very dark background overlain with numerous white - tipped pustules that are most prominent near the urostyle ( fig . 3 ) . juveniles may exhibit a dark reticulation on the rear of the thigh or have the salt and pepper pattern . the salt and pepper pattern is also present in many northern frogs , but some juveniles and adults exhibit a dark and light reticulate pattern . there is no discernible light upper lip stripe anterior to the eyes , although that area may be a green that is somewhat lighter in color than surrounding pigment . the venter is cream to yellowish cream , often with grayish mottling on the chin and throat ( platz and mecham 1979 , degenhardt et al . 1996 , dodd 2013 , pers . obs . ) . individual chiricahua leopard frogs can darken their skin color in response to low water temperature and reduced reflectance off the water\u2019s surface ( fernandez and bagnara 1991 , 1993 ) ."]}
{"id": 2106, "summary": [{"text": "isostola nigrivenata is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hering in 1925 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in colombia and costa rica . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "isostola nigrivenata", "paragraphs": ["isostola nigrivenata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; ts : isostola rhodobroncha felder\nisostola vicina butler , 1876 ; cist . ent . 2 : 115 ; tl : south america\nisostola thabena dognin , 1919 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 15 : 7 ; tl : colombia\nisostola superba ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ]\nisostola dilatata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nisostola tenebrata hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : puerto santa rosa\nisostola flavicollaris hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 434 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nisostola rhodobroncha felder , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 4 ) : pl . 103 , f . 15 ; tl : brazil\nisostola divisa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436\nisostola dilatata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436\nisostola tenebrata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 436\nisostola flavicollaris ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola philomela ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola albiplaga ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola vicina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola thabena ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nisostola superba druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 115 , 3 pl . 12 , f . 5 ; tl : guatemala , teleman in polochic valley\nisostola rhodobroncha ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 34 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 437\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\ndioptis divisa walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 329 ; tl : south america ; par\u00e1\neucyane philomela druce , 1893 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1893 : 286 ; tl : colombia\ncalodesma albiplaga hering , 1925 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 6 ( pericopinae ) : 433 ; tl : colombia\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\nwatson & goodger , 1986 catalogue of the neotropical tigermoths occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 1 - 71\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 24 february 2018 , at 11 : 51 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 2107, "summary": [{"text": "trichopsocus clarus is a species of psocoptera from trichopsocidae family that can be found in united kingdom and ireland .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it can also be found on azores , canary islands , in finland , france , germany , italy , latvia , madeira , poland , portugal , spain , sweden , switzerland , and the netherlands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species are either yellow or orange coloured .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is also found in australia and new zealand", "topic": 20}], "title": "trichopsocus clarus", "paragraphs": ["trichopsocus clarus , based on range . would have to see up cose to be 100 % sure .\nlienhard & courtenay smithers . 2002 . psocoptera ( insecta ) world catalogue and bibliography > > note : catalog > > trichopsocus clarus\ngolub , n . v . 2003 . entomologicheskoe obozrenie 82 ( 1 ) > > note : anat . > > trichopsocus clarus\ntrichopsocus clarus . one can almost make out the\nareola postica long and low\nas opposed ( t . dalii )\nsemi - circular\n.\nsaville , b . , alexander , dolling & p . kirby . 2005 . entomologist ' s record 117 > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus\nsaville , r . e . , alexander & m . oldfield . 2008 . entomologist\u2019s record 120 > > note : great britain : ( fig . ) > > trichopsocus clarus\ngolub , n . v . & nunes . 2007 . comparative cytogenetics 1 ( 2 ) > > note : madeira : ( cytol . , anat . ) > > trichopsocus clarus\nalexander . 2009 . devonshire association for the advancement of science literature and the arts report and transactions 141 : 359 - 360 > > note : new record . > > trichopsocus clarus\nlienhard . 2003 . in klausnitzer . gesamt\u00fcbersicht zur insektenfauna deutschlands . entomologische nachrichten und berichte 47 ( 2 ) : ( pp . 54 - 71 ) > > note : germany > > trichopsocus clarus\nnew . 2005 . handbooks for the identification of british insects vol . 1 , part 7 : iv + 146 pp . , 334 figs . > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus\nsaville , b . [ = r . e . ] , alexander , bratton , clemons & g . m . e . oldfield . 2007 . entomologist\u2019s record 119 > > note : great britain > > trichopsocus clarus\nbaz & zurita . 2001 . in izquierdo , j . l . martin , zurita & arechavaleta [ ed . ] . lista de especies silvestres de canarias ( hongos , plantas y animales terrestres ) ( pp . 179 - 180 ) > > note : canary islands > > trichopsocus clarus\nbaz & zurita . 2004 . in izquierdo , j . l . martin , zurita & arechavaleta [ ed . ] . lista de especies silvestres de canarias ( hongos , plantas y animales terrestres ) 2004 ( pp . 188 - 190 ) > > note : canary islands > > trichopsocus clarus\nbaz . 2008 . in borges , abreu , a . m . f . aguiar , p . carvalho , jardim , melo , oliveira , sergio , serrano & p . vieira [ ed . ] . a list of the terrestrial fungi , flora and fauna of madeira and selvagens archipelagos . ( pp . 296 - 297 ) > > note : madeira > > trichopsocus clarus\nbanks , n . 1908 . transactions of the american entomological society 34 : 258 > > note : usa > > caecilius clarus urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5259\nbaz & borges . 2005 . in borges , cunha , gabriel , a . f . martins , l . silva & v . vieira [ ed . ] . a list of the terrestrial fauna ( mollusca and arthropoda ) and flora ( bryophyta , pteridophyta and spermatophyta ) from the azores . direc\u00e7\u00e3o regional do ambiente and universidade dos a\u00e7ores , horta , angra do heroismo and ponta delgada ( p . 189 ) > > note : azores > > trichopsocus clarus\nchapman , p . j . 1930 . journal of the new york entomological society 38 ( 4 ) : 334 > > note : usa > > pseudocaecilius clarus urn : lsid : psocodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 5260\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsummary : has been found mainly on branches of conifers / evergreens but also found on deciduous trees and bushes ( no records from trunks ) .\ndeciduous branches : alder , beech , blackthorn , elder , oak and sallow .\nconifer / evergreen branches : cedar , holly , holm oak , ivy , nutmeg - tree ( torreya ) , pine , rhododendron , yellow - wood ( podocarpus ) and yew .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\ncontributed by edward l . ruden on 3 december , 2017 - 6 : 09pm\ntechnical reports of the australian museum , no . 2 , pp . 1 - 82 , 1990\ncontributed by edward l . ruden on 18 february , 2017 - 10 : 23pm\nif you are really interested in\npsocoptera\nthis book is very useful . even though it is in french , the illustrations are extremely good and very helpful with difficult identifications . i could not function without it .\ngoogle books link : urltoken publisher ' s description : north american psocoptera provides a complete review of the 28 families , 78 genera and 287 species of the order psocoptera found in the united states and canada . this comprehensive book contains keys to all of the known taxa of psocoptera which have been found in the study area , including three genera named as new . not only are the native and established species included , but also those which have been taken at ports of entry in human commerce . the book contains differential diagnoses of the taxa above species level .\ncontributed by john f . carr on 29 january , 2009 - 1 : 08pm\nto be released august 11 , 2018 . promises to be a great book !\nmiscellaneous insects : the cottony cushion - scale ( icerya purchasi maskell ) , order hemiptera ; family coccidae .\nriley c . v . , 1886 . miscellaneous insects : the cottony cushion - scale ( icerya purchasi maskell ) , order hemiptera ; family coccidae . report of the commissioner of agriculture : report of the entomologist , 1886 : 466 - 492\nbritish museum ( natural history ) . department of zoology , 1 : 1 - 658 , 1852\nvalley center , san diego county , california , usa june 20 , 2017 size : apx . 4 mm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nscooped out of pond water , this insect is on my left pinky finger . it looks like a green lacewing . flowing joyce ' s suggestion i ' ve been looking at order psocoptera . the closest thing i can see looks is tom murray ' s excellent photo of a green - eyed barklouse - xanthocaecilius quillayute , which is not identicle . see the comments below !\njust wanted to give a public thank you for all you have done for our barklice images ! we are very appreciative of your expertise . let us know how we can return the favor : - )\nthanks eric that is really kind though i do feel the pleasure is largely mine . these images are helping to get me though a cold gray winter . there are many species here that i would never see if it was not for bug guide and its users . all i ask it that people keep submitting the neat things they discover .\nphilip , and john . it ' s interesting to see how you approached the identification , i will try to incorporate these ideas in the future . it seems like seeing the differences is at least as important as recognizing the similarities of different species . it may be a long time before i get a feel for it , but that ' s what makes it interesting . i ' m really thankful for the id . this one was very hard for me !\ni ' m new to this so i am trying to judge wing veins and stuff like that . notice in tom ' s image where the wing connects to the body , there are 3 cells that meet like slices of pie . as the center slice of pie goes away from the connection in tom ' s image it curves up to the top of the wing , making a shape like\nye olden time plow\n. on this image as the center slice of pie goes away from the wing connection it just rounds off makeing a shape like\nye olden slice of pie\n. : - )\ni thought i noticed some differences too , but i will have to look more closely at the one you pointed out . it would be a wild stroke of luck if i found the right genus , even . barklice are completely new to me . probably i should stay away from such insects , as their size makes them tricky to photograph , but when you see something new and different . . . who can resist ?\nthey ' re good pictures and they will likely get a more specific id . actually , if you look at your second image , the veins i was talking about look to curve up to the wing edge making a plow shape , similar to tom ' s image . it probably is tricky , for us non - experts , trying to figure out what belongs to the front wing and what belongs to the hind wing . i was just trying to add to the discussion , not to discourage you ! philosophical side though - it ' s funny though , everyone tries to fit their image into one of the species that already exists , when in fact the real jackpot is when it doesn ' t and you have something new ! like the cool fly you added a couple of days ago . i don ' t know which you have , but i bet one of the experts will .\ni believe you are right , though . there seemed to be more than one of them in the water , and they did not appear to be there by choice as the could not swim or walk on the surface . it really is similar ( aside from size ) to a green lacewing i encountered not too long ago . there was also an interesting insect that hopped on the surface , several inches at a time , however it was less than 0 . 5mm , and beyond my ability to get a picture of .\ni think it is possible that what i saw was a type of globular springtail . it was frustrating not getting a single good picture of one in ( on ) the water . it was a surprise to see them hop !\n; long established in ca ( ed mockford , pers . comm . to = v = 12 / 01 / 09 )\njohnson k . p . , smith v . s . ( 2013 ) psocodea species file online . version 5 . 0\npsocodea species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\nmedem . 1951 . zoologische jahrb\u00fccher ( abteilung systematik ) 79 : 591 - 613 > > note : germany ( in greenhouse ) other references : ( biol . )\nobr . 1959 . in kratochvil [ ed . ] . klic zvireny csr iii . 229 - 241 > > note : czechoslovakia\nbroadhead . 1964 . a check list of british insects . 2nd ed . > > note : great britain\nwlodarczyk . 1968 . gryzki - psocoptera . part xviii : 40 pp . , 1 map . > > note : poland\ng\u00fcnther . 1974 . die tierwelt deutschlands . 61 : 314 pp . , 437 figs . > > note : germany\nmartini , julitta . 1975 . klucze do oznaczania owadow polski . ( keys for the identification of polish insects ) . xiv . gryzki - psocoptera . 85 : 56 pp . , 76 figs . > > note : poland\nbadonnel . 1976 . annales du mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , sciences zoologiques 215 > > note : saint helena ( morph . ) .\nobr . 1977 . acta faunistica entomologica musei nationalis pragae 15 , suppl . 4 > > note : czechoslovakia\nbadonnel . 1977 . bulletin du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle ( 3 ) ( 478 ) , zool . 335 > > note : mascarene islands\nbadonnel . 1977 . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 82 ( 5 - 6 ) > > note : other references : ( morph . )\nschneider , n . 1979 . bulletin et annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 royale belge d ' entomologie 115 > > note : other references : ( not belgium ! ) .\nmeinander . 1984 . in hulden [ ed . ] . notulae entomologicae 64 : 12 - 13 > > note : finland\nbaz . 1989 . los psocopteros ( insecta : psocoptera ) del sistema iberico meridional . 230 pp . , figs i . 1 - v . 8 > > note : portugal spain\nbaz . 1989 . boletim da sociedade portuguesa de entomologia 4 ( ( 4 ) ( no . 106 ) ) > > note : azores madeira\nmartini , julitta . 1990 . in razowski [ ed . ] . wykaz zwierzat polski tom . 1 , czesc 32 / 1 - 20 . : 59 - 61 > > note : poland\nsmithers , courtenay & o ' connor . 1991 . irish naturalists\u2019 journal 23 ( 12 ) > > note : ireland\nmockford . 1993 . north american psocoptera ( insecta ) . 10 : xviii + 455 pp . , 953 figs . > > note : widespread in coastal regions , sometimes in greenhouses . review usa peru\nbaz . 1993 . rivista del museo civico di scienze naturali e . caffi , bergamo 16 > > note : italy\nschneider , n . & lienhard . 1995 . in minelli , a . , ruffo & la posta [ ed . ] . checklist delle specie della fauna italiana . > > note : italy\nsmithers , courtenay , o ' connor & j . v . peters . 1999 . irish naturalists journal 26 ( 7 / 8 ) > > note : ireland\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nborges , paulo a . v . , gaspar , clara , crespo , luis carlos fonseca , rigal , francois , cardoso , pedro , pereira , fernando , rego , carla , 2016 , new records and detailed distribution and abundance of selected arthropod species collected between 1999 and 2011 in azorean native forests , biodiversity data journal 4 , pp . 10948 - 10948 : 10948\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\naromas , san benito county , california , usa august 31 , 2008 size : ~ 2mm .\ncollected in our yard from arctostaphylos tomentosa crustacea by using a sweeping net . a slightly smaller specimen , collected at the same time and likely the same species as . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) .\nfor the confirmation . i ' ve corrected the date , the 31 dec 1969 date is the default that appears if the date is entered incorrectly .\naromas , san benito county , california , usa august 31 , 2008 size : ~ 3mm .\ncollected in our yard from arctostaphylos tomentosa crustacea by using a sweeping net . looks very similar to . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nall identifications on this page have been made as accurately as possible . corrections ? please contact me . . .\nseperated into two distinct sub - orders . those you find on walls or trees , or even leaf - litter , are likely to be\n' link below each article to return here to choose another species , or continue scrolling up and down for others .\nalmost certain id by bob saville , though as he suggests an underside shot would confirm , though apparently wing veins help .\n- a good find ! i actually found four all on the same day . id by bob saville who runs the uk ' s recording scheme . my images represet this species on the site ' s gallery .\nloensia sp . can be little difficult to id . wing veins help , but in some cases the density of the pattern obscures it ."]}
{"id": 2111, "summary": [{"text": "lithophaga , the date mussels , are a genus of medium-sized marine bivalve molluscs in the family mytilidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "some of the earliest fossil lithophaga shells have been found in mesozoic rocks from the alps and from vancouver island , the shells of species in this genus are long and narrow with parallel sides .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the animals bore into stone or coral rock with the help of pallial gland secretions , hence the systematic name lithophaga , which means \" stone-eater \" .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "their club-shaped borings are given the trace fossil name gastrochaenolites . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "lithophaga", "paragraphs": ["species lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) accepted as lithophaga nigra ( d ' orbigny , 1853 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )\nlithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ( see nomenclature note under modiola caribaea . )\nthere do not appear to be any studies addressing the temperature tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .\nthere do not appear to be any studies addressing the salinity tolerance of lithophaga bisulcata .\nspecies lithophaga abbotti h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as leiosolenus spatiosus carpenter , 1857\n( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nspecies lithophaga dixonae p . j . b . scott , 1986 accepted as leiosolenus dixonae ( scott , 1986 )\nlithophaga bisulcata are suspension feeders , filtering plankton and other small invertebrates from seawater ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from lithophaga teres ( philippi 1846 ) to their own page .\n( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga straminea dunker , 1880 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga ( lithophaga ) zitteliana dunker , 1882 ) kilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nsubgenus lithophaga ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 accepted as leiosolenus ( myoforceps ) p . fischer , 1886 represented as leiosolenus carpenter , 1857\nlithophaga bisulcata have separate sexes and reproduce annually . the reproductive season begins in august and spawning occurs between november and february ( scott 1988a ) .\nwhat made you want to look up lithophaga ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ns . galinou - mitsoudi , a . i . sinis ; age and growth of lithophaga lithophaga ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( bivalvia : mytilidae ) , based on annual growth lines in the shell , journal of molluscan studies , volume 61 , issue 4 , 1 november 1995 , pages 435\u2013453 , urltoken\nspecies lithophaga erimitica kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 accepted as leiosolenus erimiticus ( kuroda & habe in kuroda & al . , 1971 )\nkleeman k . h . ( 1983 ) catalogue of recent and fossil lithophaga ( bivalvia ) . journal of molluscan studies , supplement 12 : 1 - 46 . [ details ]\nscott pjb . 1988a . initial settlement behavior and survivorship of lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 97 - 108 .\nkleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nscott pjb . 1988b . distribution , habitat and morphaology of the caribbean coral - and rock - boring bivalve , lithophaga bisculata ( d ' orbigny ) ( mytilidae : lithophaginae ) . journal of molluscan studies 54 : 83 - 95 .\n( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nlithophaga bisulcata can be found in the temperate and tropical regions of north and south america from north carolina to florida , bermuda , bahamas , west indies , gulf of mexico , caribbean central america , south america to uruguay ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) .\n( of lithodomus saucatensis mayer , 1858 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophagus tirolensis tausch , 1890 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus isilensis parona , 1893 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophagus taurorugosus sacco , 1898 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithophagus papilliferus joksimowitsch , 1910 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus styriacus teppner , 1914 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus mitzopoulosi charalambakis , 1952 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nlithophaga bisulcata grows to 45 mm ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) and becomes reproductive when the shell reaches 20 mm ( scott 1988a ) . in a jamaican population , the sex ratio of male to female individuals was reported to be 1 : 1 ( scott 1988a ) .\n( of lithodomus lyellanus mayer in hartung , 1864 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus ornatissimus mayer - eymar , 1887 \u2020 ) kleemann k . & maestrati p . ( 2012 ) pacific lithophaga ( bivalvia , mytilidae ) from recent french expeditions with the description of two new species . bollettino malacologico 48 : 73 - 102 . [ details ]\nhuber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . note : huber ( 2015 ) regarded this species as valid , but under the name lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) , which is a combination of the nomen oblitum modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) r\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe mahogany date mussel is often associated with sponges , corals , anemones , annelids ( worms ) , crustaceans , other bivalves , bryozoans , sea stars and sea urchins ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . they are found in living and dead corals . the most common hosts for lithophaga bisulcata are the corals siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) .\n( of lithophaga obesus [ sic ] ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithophaga caribaea ( philippi , 1847 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithophaga crenulata dunker , 1849 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]\nthe fossil record dating back to the paleozoic indicate that mussels in the genus lithophaga have long been associated with reef building corals ( scott 1988b ) . l . bisculata is a member of the family mytilidae . the mahogany date mussel attaches to the substratum and its congeners with bissal threads forming dense beds that can support rich epifaunal and infaunal invertebrate assemblages ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .\n( of lithophaga corrugata ( philippi , 1846 ) ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 551 [ details ]\nto barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 106 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 126 publications ) ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 135 publications ) ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 23 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) to clemam ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to clemam ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to genbank ( 13 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithophaga mytuloides r\u00f6ding , 1798 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) to pesi ( from synonym lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 )\nr\u00f6ding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]\n( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) cuvier , g . ( 1817 ) . le r\u00e8gne animal distribu\u00e9 d ' apr\u00e8s son organisation , pour servir de base \u00e0 l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction \u00e0 l ' anatomie compar\u00e9e . [ work generally dated 1817 ; published before 2 december 1816 according to roux journal of the society for the bibliography of natural history 8 ( 1 ) : 31 ] . tome 1 , 540 pp . ; tome 2 , 528 pp . ; tome 3 , 653 pp . ; tome 4 , 255 pp . , 15 pl . deterville , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncoan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus cuvier , 1816 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 705 [ details ]\n( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) requien e . ( 1848 ) . catalogue des coquilles de l ' \u00eele de corse . seguin , avignon v - xii , 13 - 109 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]\n( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) salis marschlins c . u . von ( 1793 ) . reisen in verschieden provinzen den k\u00f6nigreischs neapel . zurich and leipzig , ziegler vol . i : pp . 442 + 10 pl . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du d\u00e9partment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 381 [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ngofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brand\u00e0o , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nardovini , r . ; cossignani , t . ( 2004 ) . west african seashells ( including azores , madeira and canary is . ) = conchiglie dell ' africa occidentale ( incluse azzorre , madeira e canarie ) . english - italian edition . l ' informatore piceno : ancona , italy . isbn 88 - 86070 - 11 - x . 319 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nhuber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nzamouri - langar , n . ; chouba , l . ; ajjabi chebil , l . ; mrabet , r . ; el abed , a . ( 2011 ) . les coquillages bivalves des c\u00f4tes tunisiennes . institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer : salammb\u00f4 . isbn 978 - 9938 - 9512 - 0 - 2 . 128 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus lithophagus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus dactylus g . b . sowerby i , 1824 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1\u2013218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of mytilus lithophagus linnaeus , 1758 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus dactylus cuvier , 1816 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of mytilus lythophagus salis marschlins , 1793 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of lithophagus communis megerle von m\u00fchlfeld , 1811 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus inflatus requien , 1848 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of lithodomus lithophagus var . minor pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmedin . ( 2011 ) . uk checklist of marine species derived from the applications marine recorder and unicorn . version 1 . 0 . [ details ]\nturgeon , d . d . , w . g . lyons , p . mikkelsen , g . rosenberg , and f . moretzsohn . 2009 . bivalvia ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 711\u2013744 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , colleg [ details ]\nmikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus niger d ' orbigny , 1853 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of modiola antillarum philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 414 [ details ]\n( of modiola caribaea philippi , 1847 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 413 - 414 [ details ]\nthe shell of l . bisculata , a burrowing mussel , is elongated cylindrical and inflated with umbones near the anterior end . it is thin - walled , whitish with a yellow - brown periostracum and calcareous incrustation that projects bluntly beyond the posterior margin . it is smooth with a radial groove dividing the valve into two sections . the ventral half has periostracal pits that are more prominent in juveniles . the interior is yellow - brown with a purplish tint and a smooth margin ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) .\nliving specimens are found burrowed in soft rock or dead coral ( mikkelsen and bieler 2008 ) . l . bisculata is a common burrower that excavates chemically secreting a mucoprotein - chelating agent from glands in the middle fold of the mantle margin to soften the calcareous substratum . the softened substratum is then scraped away with the valves ( ruppert and barnes 1994 ) . l . bisculata glands also produce secretions that prevent corals from depositing calcium carbonate into the hole that has been burrowed and inhibit the firing of coral nematocysts .\nthe mahogany date mussel is not common in the indian river lagoon . when they are encountered they are almost always living on live crassostrea virginica ( boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .\nthe mahogany date mussel is not reported to occur in high densities in florida and jamaica ( scott 1988b , boudreaux et al . 2006 ) .\nthe embryology of the mahogany date mussel has been thoroughly studied in the laboratory . within 3 hours of fertilization the embryo develops into the gastrula . the trochophore appears in 5 hours followed by the veliger in 12 hours . pediveligers ( competent larvae ) , possessing a foot and eyespots , develop within 8 - 21 days ( scott 1988a and b ) . laboratory observations suggest that metamorphosis can be delayed if a suitable settlement site is not encountered . pediveligers use their foot to explore potential settlement site . the competent larvae are immune to the nematocysts of their coral hosts siderasterea sidera and stephanocoenia michelini ( scott 1988b ) . pediveligers enter the coral polyps with other plankton but appear to be immune to the digestive enzymes . metamorphosis occurs once the pediveliger is in the host ( scott 1988a ) .\namerican museum of natural history , bivalves - research , training , and electronic dissemination of data .\nboudreax ml , stiner jl , and lj walters . 2006 . biodiversity of sessile and motile macrofauna on intertidal oyster reefs in mosquito lagoon , florida . journal of shellfish research 25 : 1079 - 1089 .\nmikkelsen pm and r bieler . 2008 . seashells of southern florida . princeton university press , princeton , nj . pg . 90 - 91 .\nruppert ee and rd barnes . 1994 . invertebrate biology . sixth edition . saunders college publishing , fort worth , tx pg . 451\nreport by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : october 1 , 2008\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\nyou could not be signed in . please check your email address / username and password and try again .\nmost users should sign in with their email address . if you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in .\nto purchase short term access , please sign in to your oxford academic account above .\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : a . a . olsson . 1914 . new and interesting neocene fossils from the atlantic coastal plain . bulletins of american paleontology 5 ( 24 ) : 1 - 34\nvel\u00e1squez m . , valentich - scott p . & capelo j . c . ( 2017 ) . marine boring bivalve mollusks from isla margarita , venezuela . the festivus . 49 ( 3 ) : 247 - 269 . [ details ]\n( of lithodomus antillarum d ' orbigny , 1853 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . [ details ]\n( of modiola corrugata philippi , 1846 ) mikkelsen p . m . & bieler r . ( 2007 ) . seashells of southern florida . living marine mollusks of the florida keys and adjacent regions . bivalves . princeton : princeton university press . 503 pp . [ publisher ' s copyright date given as\n2008\n] . page ( s ) : 413 [ details ]\n( of modiola ferruginea philippi , 1847 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsheppard , a ( 1984 ) . the molluscan fauna of chagos ( indian ocean ) and an analysis ot its broad distribution patterns . coral reefs 3 : 43 - 50 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nhuber m . ( 2015 ) . compendium of bivalves 2 . harxheim : conchbooks . 907 pp . [ details ]\nkilburn , r . n . ( 1977 ) taxonomic studies on the marine mollusca of southern africa and mozambique . part 1 . annals of the natal museum , 23 , 173\u2013214 . [ details ]\nvine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]"]}
{"id": 2112, "summary": [{"text": "afrixalus ( commonly known as the banana frogs , spiny reed frog , cat 's eye reed frogs , or leaf-folding frogs , or ) is a genus of frog in the family hyperoliidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "they occur in the subsaharan africa .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they lay their eggs in vegetation above water , often folding leaves around the eggs for protection \u2014 hence the common name \" leaf-folding frogs \" . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "afrixalus", "paragraphs": ["poynton and broadley ( 1987 ) referred to true afrixalus brachycnemis as\nafrixalus sp .\n. the species that they treated as afrixalus brachycnemis is now treated as afrixalus delicatus ( m . pickersgill pers . comm . ) . this species is a member of the afrixalus stuhlmanni group ( pickersgill 2005 ) .\nwe follow perret ( 1976 ) , r\u00f6del ( 2000 ) and pickersgill ( in prep . ) in separating afrixalus fulvovittatus from the so - called afrixalus vittatus complex of schi\u00f8tz ( 1999 ) , which includes afrixalus quadrivittatus , a . upembae and a . vittiger .\nafrixalus unicolor \u2014 pickersgill , 1996 , herptile , 21 : 81 ; pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469 .\nafrixalus fornasinii \u2014 guib\u00e9 , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .\nafrixalus unicolor \u2014 guib\u00e9 , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication .\nafrixalus fornasinii \u2014 schi\u00f8tz , 1974 , vidensk . medd . dansk naturhist . foren . , 137 : 12 . rejected by schi\u00f8tz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 .\nafrixalus spinifrons is an endemic species complex comprising afrixalus knysnae and two subspecies , afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons confined to the central kwazulu - natal coast and a . s . intermedius from the kwazulu - natal midlands ( sensu pickersgill 1996 ) . subpopulations from the eastern cape and kwazulu - natal previously assigned to afrixalus knysnae were re - assigned to a . spinifrons ( pickersgill 1996 ) . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular and morphological descriptions , eastern cape populations should be referred to a . s . intermedius instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought . tarrant ( 2012 ) also suggested that the umkomaas river is a possible boundary to a . s . spinifrons . the two subspecies are distinguishable on the basis of morphology , genetics and calls .\nconservation actions although there are many threats to individual sites , the species as a whole is not considered to require conservation effort at this time . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius occurs in the khahlamba - drakensberg national park , silaka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) and hluleka nature reserve ( venter and conradie 2015 ) . afrixalus s . spinifrons occurs in a number of coastal protected areas .\nafrixalus fornasinii unicolor \u2014 laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .\nit is common wherever it is the only dwarf afrixalus species present . where it is sympatric with arixalus delicatus , this species always appears to be the more rare of the two , and its populations are much smaller , with numbers of calling males at several sites estimated to be less 50 individuals .\nafrixalus fornasinii fornasinii \u2014 guib\u00e9 , 1948 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 2 , 20 : 500 , by implication ; laurent , 1951 , ann . soc . r . zool . belg . , 82 : 24 ; loveridge , 1953 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 110 : 345 .\nthis species occurs in the hilly areas of the west african forest zone in c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire , guinea , liberia and sierra leone . it has also recently been recorded from ghana in the ankasa conservation area ( aca ) a twin wildlife protected area comprised of nini - suhien national park to the north and the ankasa forest reserve to the south . the distributional limits of this species , especially in relation to afrixalus vittiger , remain largely unknown , and the map should be regarded as provisional .\nmany of the historical sites of this once common species have disappeared under development ( pickersgill et al . 2004 , pickersgill 2007 ) . certain subpopulations , especially in coastal kwazulu - natal , are affected by loss of wetlands . this habitat loss is a result of urban and recreational development and direct drainage of wetlands for afforestation , especially eucalyptus plantations and agricultural activities , including sugarcane ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . other threats include pesticides and overgrazing or trampling by livestock . coastal populations may be at higher risk than those inland due to heavier development pressure along the kzn coastline . afrixalus spinifrons intermedius has been highlighted as having particular conservation significance for kwazulu - natal since it is endemic to the province ( armstrong 2001 ) .\nthis species is difficult to detect , but it is known to be doing well at some sites where it appears to be abundant . the southern eastern cape subpopulation is scarce and very difficult to detect ( venter and conradie 2015 , j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) and this might be due to the fact that these subpopulations are on the edge of the species\u2019 distribution . subpopulations in silaka nature reserve , near port st . johns in the eastern cape , occur in abundance ( venter and conradie 2015 ) , as do populations of afrixalus spinifrons intermedius in the kwazulu - natal midlands ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) . coastal populations of a . s . spinifrons are less abundant ( j . tarrant pers . comm . august 2016 ) .\nthis species , which is endemic to south africa , occurs as two subspecies : afrixalus spinifrons spinifrons and a . s . intermedius . the nominate subspecies occurs at low to intermediate altitudes ( below 700 m asl ) in kwazulu - natal ; the latter occurs at altitudes up to 1 , 500 m asl in western kwazulu - natal , between the midlands and foothills of the drakensberg , and in the eastern cape province . according to pickersgill ( 2007 ) , a . s . spinifrons and a . s . intermedius appear to intergrade on the escarpment at about 700 m asl . tarrant ( 2012 ) showed that , according to molecular , acoustic and morphological analyses , the eastern cape subpopulations of this species should be referred to a . s . intermedius , instead of a . s . spinifrons as previously thought .\nsee short accounts in poynton , 1964 , ann . natal mus . , 17 : 183 , poynton and broadley , 1987 , ann . natal mus . , 28 : 192\u2013193 , and lambiris , 1988 , lammergeyer , 39 : 133\u2013134 , as well as a longer one by schi\u00f8tz , 1975 , treefrogs e . afr . : 81\u201384 . see schi\u00f8tz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67 for discussion ( and rejection ) of afrixalus unicolor . see also accounts by channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137\u2013139 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134\u2013135 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127\u2013128 , pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 464\u2013469 , and du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230\u2013231 . loader , poynton , and mariaux , 2004 , afr . zool . , 39 : 71\u201376 , provided a record for mahenge mountain in tanzania and detailed the range . pickersgill , 2007 , frog search : 469\u2013472 , provided an account for afrixalus unicolor ( boettger , 1913 ) by did not address the rejection of this taxon by schi\u00f8tz , 1999 , treefrogs afr . : 67\u201369 , who provided a brief account and map . mercurio , 2011 , amph . malawi : 148\u2013152 , provided an account for malawi . see comments regarding a specimen from malundwe mountain , tanzania , by lawson and collett , 2011 , fieldiana , life earth sci . , 4 : 76 . channing , r\u00f6del , and channing , 2012 , tadpoles of africa : 187\u2013188 , reported on comparative tadpole morphology . harper , measey , patrick , menegon , and vonesh , 2010 , field guide amph . e . arc mts . tanzania and kenya : 160\u2013161 , provided a brief account and photograph . ohler and fr\u00e9tey , 2014 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . , 103 : 84\u201385 , provided a brief discussion of a colleciton from northern mozambique .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .\nit occurs widely in degraded former forest ( farm bush ) in the forest zone . it is not found in primary or even secondary forest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds where they develop .\nthere are no obvious threats , though local populations might be impacted by very severe habitat clearance .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 ( 27 january 2014 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 january 2014 ) .\nchanning , a . , rebelo , a . , turner , a . a . , de villiers , a . , becker , f . , harvey , j . , tarrant , j . , measey , j . , tolley , k . , minter , l . , du preez , l . , burger , m . , cunningham , m . , baptista , n . , hopkins , r . , davies , s . , conradie , w . & chapeta , y .\njustification : listed as least concern due to its overall wide distribution and presumed large population . however , certain sites where this species occurs , particularly coastal kwazulu - natal , are experiencing ongoing habitat transformation which may seriously impact on long - term population viability . its area of occupancy ( aoo ) may therefore be prone to continuing decline and the species should therefore be carefully monitored . furthermore , should the two subspecies be spilt in the future , this would have implications for conservation status . since the taxa contained within this complex have different geographical ranges , and possibly differing ecological requirements , protection plans should be precisely defined in order to increase their impact on target populations .\nresearch needed additional molecular work is required to to clarify taxonomic boundaries . because the ecological divergence and differences in geographical distribution between species of this complex could influence the relative conservation efforts , a clear description of their taxonomic status is necessary by way of various independent criteria . monitoring of breeding sites is recommended .\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group & south african frog re - assessment group ( sa - frog ) . 2016 .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution and presumed large population .\nthis species ranges from extreme southeastern guinea through liberia , c\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire and western ghana , with a disjunct population in southwestern nigeria . records on the guinean side of mount nimba were made in 2006 ( a . hillers unpubl . data ) . in 2010 , it was found in the yaya classified forest ( al\u00e9p\u00e9 region , southeast c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ) ( n . g . kouam\u00e9 pers . comm . may 2012 ) , and in atewa in ghana in 2006 ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . it has recently been confirmed in tano\u00e9 - ehy swamp forests ( kpan et al . 2014 ) and yakass\u00e9 - m\u00e9 village forest , southeastern c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ( kouam\u00e9 et al . 2014 ) . in c\u00f4te d ' ivoire it is found in lowland areas ( 500\u20131 , 000 m asl ) , but it is likely to occur much lower in other parts of its range down to sea level . as such , the northern boundary of the range map follows the wwf ecozones for western and eastern guinean forests , and nigerian lowland forest .\nthis species is rare in southeastern c\u00f4te d ' ivoire and in atewa ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) . due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is found mostly in primary rainforest , although it has been recorded in farm bush adjacent to forest ( degraded forest and farmland ) ( hillers and r\u00f6del 2007 ) and regenerating secondary forest along an old logging road ( n . l . gonwouo pers . comm . may 2012 ) . it is often found with\nusing more open , exposed sites , and this species calling from dense vegetation . during breeding , the eggs are laid on leaves overhanging temporary ponds , into which the larvae fall and develop .\nforest habitat throughout the region is decreasing as a result of agricultural encroachment ( coffee and cacao plantations in liberia , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire and ghana ) , expanding human settlements , and logging .\nindividuals from nigeria tested positive for bd ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) suggesting that chytridiomycosis could be a threat to this species , although no mortalities or ill effects have yet been observed .\nconservation actions this species occurs in several protected areas including the mount nimba world heritage site in guinea , yaya classified forest in southeastern c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . may 2012 ) , atewa range forest reserve in ghana ( n . g . kouame pers . comm . june 2012 ) and okomu national park in nigeria ( imasuen et al . 2011 ) . research needed research is needed for the life history of this species .\nfrost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of habitat modification and its presumed large population .\nthis species apparently occurs in three major isolated populations : from eastern sierra leone east to western togo ; from western nigeria to western democratic republic of congo ; and in western angola . although the presence of the species is uncertain in togo , it is included in the species distribution on the map . however , it is possible that the angolan population is in fact contiguous with the one to the north . records from uganda and western kenya refer to\n, and records from the central african republic presumably refer to another species . the record in r\u00f6del ( 2000 ) refers to another species .\nit is a common species , and is probably increasing , as forest is lost .\nit lives in grassy vegetation , cultivated land , bush land and degraded forest in the forest belt and in forest outliers and gallery forests in moist savanna . it is very adaptable , but needs some form of cover . it is not found in primary rainforest . the eggs are deposited on folded leaves above still water , and the tadpoles fall into ponds , puddles , ditches , ruts and herbaceous marshes where they develop .\nit presumably occurs in many protected areas . it has been reported for kyabobo national park ( leach\u00e9\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats and presumed large population .\nthis species ranges from western angola , up to gabon where it has been recorded in the invindo national park , east through the democratic republic of congo , to uganda and western kenya . it is likely that is occurs throughout the congo basin ( m . dehling pers . comm . november 2015 ) .\nit lives in degraded secondary forest and heavily degraded former forest , including farm bush , in the central african rainforest belt . it breeds in small temporary and permanent water bodies with overhanging vegetation , including artificial waterbodies , e . g . in old drums ( m . dehling pers . comm . october 2015 ) .\nit is a very adaptable species that is unlikely to be facing any significant threats .\nconservation actions it occurs in several protected areas , but no conservation actions are currently in place for this species . research needed further work is required to clarify its taxonomy .\nfrost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species occurs above 400m asl in northern mozambique , malawi , and eastern zambia , north to southwestern tanzania in the rungwa area north of lake rukwa . there are very few records from the northern part of its range , presumably due to lack of survey work , and its distributional limits are still poorly known .\nit is a species of grassy pools and marshes in moist grassland and savannah . it can survive in anthropogenic habitats . it breeds in ephemeral ponds and with dense peripheral vegetation .\n, which appears to be an aggressive competitor . some populations might be impacted by agricultural spread . chemical spraying to control mosquitoes might impact some populations .\nspecies boundaries in this complex are uncertain and taxonomic studies using calls , morphology and genetics are necessary .\nendangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ver 3 . 1\njustification : listed as endangered , in view of its extent of occurrence being 816 km 2 , the area of occupancy being 27 km 2 , with all individuals in five locations , and a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat , area of occupancy , and number of mature individuals .\nthis species is known from around five locations at low altitudes , on either side of the border between the eastern cape and western cape provinces in south africa . this species was rediscovered at covie in 2011 , where it was previously not found for four years and thought to be extinct from that location ( w . conradie pers . comm . august 2016 ) . it occurs up to 300 m asl , its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 816 km 2 , and its area of occupancy ( aoo ) is 27 km 2 .\nthe spatial distribution of this species is not considered to be severely fragmented as no one site holds > 50 % of individuals and the distances between subpopulations are considered to be too great for dispersal within one generation . there are four known subpopulations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . only the groenvlei subpopulation is a fairly large site , whereas the other sites are tiny waterbodies ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . at groenvlei , the frogs are concentrated in a few reed beds along the periphery ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . the saasveld and groenvlei subpopulations are relatively stable , but the other sites are being degraded and the species is suspected to be decreasing at these locations ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . visits to six historic sites indicated that five of these no longer exist or are not suitable . specifically , the crags sites have been degraded to the extent that most of them no longer contain suitable habitat ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . ongoing studies will attempt to determine the viability and dispersal potential between sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) .\nit lives in a coastal mosaic of vegetation types , including mountain fynbos heathland and forest . it breeds in small dams and shallow semi - permanent water with much emergent vegetation , and even in well vegetated ornamental garden ponds . it is suspected that this species requires high water quality for breeding . species in this genus deposit between 20 and 50 eggs on vegetation above water , folded in a grass leaf . tadpoles emerge , drop into the water and remain there until metamorphosis .\nalthough some known sites are pristine , others are threatened by habitat loss due to urban and recreational development , afforestation , invasive vegetation , agricultural expansion , chemical pollution , and livestock . these threats are likely to negatively affect breeding sites . habitat loss is the primary threat . the sites at saasveld groenvlei do not seem to have been impacted too severely , but the other sites are being degraded ; the crags sites have been seriously degraded to the extent that most of the historic sites no longer are suitable ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . livestock is a huge problem in the covie and especially the crags sites as these sites are used by cattle as drinking holes : this is an intensive milk producing area and the cattle destroy the vegetation these frogs need to breed ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . pollution in the form of urine and faeces from cattle , together with trampling , adds to habitat loss ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . drought may cause additional stressors for this species .\nconservation actions it occurs in tsitsikamma national park , goukamma nature reserve , and diepwalle forestry area . an assessment of the health of all known sites is ongoing ( l . du preez pers . comm . october 2015 ) . once this has been achieved , monitoring at known breeding sites should be instigated . conservation needed this species ranks amongst the highest in the need for conservation orientated research within south african threatened frogs ( measey 2 011 ) . in the light that many of the sites are so small , there is a need to take action to preserve these sites ( l . du preez pers . comm . august 2016 ) . control of invasive vegetation is imperative for this species ' survival . research needed the taxonomy of the species complex is in need of comprehensive review ( channing et al . 2011 ) . important questions are still unanswered concerning the call and tadpoles of this species , as well as its breeding phenology . there is a definite need to identify management areas and direct threats ; in particular , the effects of changes in water quality at sites with this species need to be documented . there is also a need to study the feasibility of restoring historical sites .\n( males 25\u201328 mm , females 26\u201329 mm ) from bushland localities in west africa and the coastal regions of cameroun to coastal angola . dorsum dark with a pattern in silverish white , normally consisting of a triangle on top of the snout continuing into a broad dorsolateral stripe to the groin . a light spot in the lumbar region , sometimes confluent with the dorsolateral stripes , and two light spots on tibia , or tibia uniformly light . although normally constant in pattern , individuals in some populations can vary considerably , e . g . having a light middorsal stripe or even a uniform light dorsum .\n( peters 1877 ) with a light upper side of tibia . rio muni to coastal angola . it is disputed whether the name\nis widely distributed and common in bushland localities in the west african forest belt and in forest outliers in the humid savanna . the farthest west i have found it is in eastern sierra leone , while apparently suitable localities further west had populations of\ninstead . towards the east it is recorded commonly from coastal cameroun to coastal angola .\nthe voice consists of an initial sound followed by a number of figures , about 12 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum at 3800\u20134100 cps .\nthe eggs are white , surrounded by clear jelly . they are deposited in small clumps on leaves which are then folded and glued together . the tadpoles are streamlined with a terminal mouth and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\n( males 23\u201327 mm svl , females 25\u201328 mm ) from savanna and bushland . dorsum dark brown with three regular light longitudinal stripes of equal width , confluent on the head .\nis a characteristic and abundant element of the savanna and open forest in the northern half of africa . perret has studied this form extensively and has noted small differences between the populations , differences which in cameroun are consistent so that two types are allopatrically distributed in savanna and bushland respectively . the differences are :\ntype a : slender , light stripes without fine dark midline , two dark dorsal lines without an expansion at eye level . small dorsal asperities in males . strictly savanna - living .\ntype b : stout , fine dark line or median punctuation in light lines , dark dorsal lines expanded on the upper eyelid ; no dorsal asperities in males . savanna and bushland , or bushland alone .\noutside cameroun the picture becomes complicated . throughout west africa type a seems to be the only form which occurs except in sierra leone and liberia , where some samples taken in bushland show type b characters . further east , in the savanna of northern r . d . congo , south - western ethiopia and uganda the characters do not seem to vary consistently , and both type a and b can be found or , in uganda , populations with a mixture of characters ( such as expansion of dark lines at eye level but no fine dark midline ; male with asperities ) . laurent has analysed the populations from r . d . congo and found small morphological differences between bushland and savanna forms here , but cannot correlate these differences with those from populations in cameroun . in some literature ( schi\u00f8tz 1974 , 1975 ) it has been advocated that there are two species ,\n( type a ) from northern cameroun westwards , and another , largely type b , from central cameroun east - and southwards . in other literature ( frost 1985 , r\u00f6del 1996 ) that there are two species ,\n( type b ) both distributed from sierra leone eastwards to ethiopia , and that they are partly sympatric but that the latter has a disjunct distribution and is split up into several subspecies and distributed further to the south .\nalso the names applied show a certain level of confusion . perret ( 1976 ) , frost ( 1985 ) and r\u00f6del ( 1996 ) used the name\nfor type b , both with liberia as the type locality , but perret ( in . litt . ) has pointed out that his use of the name\nfor type a is probably incorrect . this use cannot be justified from the description , and it is unlikely that such a strict savanna species can be found in liberia , the type locality for\n, and the widespread and abundant striped savanna form ( type a ) may be unnamed . schi\u00f8tz ( 1975 ) referred type b in uganda to\n( type loc . sangmelina , cameroun ) has been regarded as the subspecies or species ( type b ) which occurs in the southern , forested cameroun . a name frequently used for the more eastern and southern type b specimens is\nwith a thin light midline and broad , irregular dorsolateral lines , as seen from peters\u2019 illustration . unfortunately his type has disappeared .\nstrictly a savanna dweller in most of west africa , and seems more abundant in dry savanna than in the humid , southern savanna . in western sierra leone apparently occurring in bushland , possibly because a second species is involved . the name\nshould probably be restricted to the form occurring in dry , open forest in sierra leone and western liberia . the\ncomplex is distributed from cameroun to south - western ethiopia and south through much of r . d . congo to western kenya and western tanzania .\nit is not known whether there are consistent differences between the voices of the different forms or species . a voice from tamale , ghana ( type a ) has two motifs . the first , the initial sound , consists of a number of segments with rising frequency and repetition rate . the main motif is a series of figures , about 15\u201318 per second with an indistinct frequency - intensity maximum at about 3800\u20134000 cps . a second voice from the eastern form , from toro g . r . , uganda has an initial sound of varying length followed by a series of clicks , about 11\u201312 per second with a frequency - intensity maximum of about 3000\u20133500 cps . a voice recorded from gambela , ethiopia ( largen ) has only 6\u20137 clicks per second , but is otherwise identical to the voice from uganda . in cameroun where both forms occur ( although not sympatrically ) , amiet has noted a conspicuous difference in their voices .\nwith respect to development , the tadpoles from west africa ( type a ) have the usual shark - like appearance , a size up to 21 mm ( 6 + 15 ) and a tooth formula of 0 / 1 .\nspecies description : gilles s , grell o , sinsin b , rodel m - o , 2006 . the amphibian fauna of pendjari national park and surrounding , northern benin . salamandra 42 : 93 - 108 . ; asw\ndistributed throughout western africa , probably extending as far as western ethiopia . there is uncertainty about both the species delimitation and the name . see further discussion under the account for\nspecies description : koehler , scheelke , schick , veith , and loetters , 2005 , afr . zool . , 40 : 132\nfrom open vegetation in the forest belt and humid savanna in central africa . the name\nthis species is found in central africa . it inhabits open vegetation , in humid savanna and the forest belt . since both the taxonomy and nomenclature are unsettled , it is difficult to give an exact distribution with confidence .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\neuchnemis fornasini bianconi , 1849\n1848\n, nuovi ann . sci . nat . , bologna , ser . 2 , 10 : 107 . syntypes : mzub 100174 , 100174a , and 100064 , according to bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 364 ; type locality :\nmozambico\n; restricted to\ninhambane , mozambico\n, by bonfitto , 1991 , boll . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 9 : 362 . ( only a single i in original orthography\u2014drf . )\nhyperolius bivittatus peters , 1854 , ber . bekannt . verhandl . k . preuss . akad . wiss . berlin , 1854 : 627 . syntypes : zmb 4529 ( 7 specimens ) , according to bauer , g\u00fcnther , and klipfel , 1995 , in bauer et al . ( eds . ) , herpetol . contr . w . c . h . peters : 44 . type locality :\nterra boror\n, mozambique ; rendered as\ntette\nand\nmozambique\nby ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 . synonymy by g\u00fcnther , 1859\n1858\n, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 ; peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .\nhyperolius fornasinii \u2014 g\u00fcnther , 1859\n1858\n, cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . : 87 . incorrect subsequent spelling .\nrappia fornasinii \u2014 g\u00fcnther , 1869\n1868\n, proc . zool . soc . london , 1868 : 479 .\nmegalixalus fornasinii \u2014 peters , 1882 , naturwiss . reise mossambique , zool . 3 : 160 ; boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 130 .\nmegalixalus fornasinii var . unicolor boettger , 1913 , in voeltzkow ( ed . ) , reise ost - afr . , 3 ( 4 ) : 349 . syntypes : smf , mcz 15429 ( on exchange from smf , according to barbour and loveridge , 1946 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 96 : 153 ) ; smf 7274 designated lectotype by mertens , 1967 , senckenb . biol . , 48 ( a ) : 48 . type locality : pemba island , tanzania .\nmegalixalus fornasinii \u2014 nieden , 1915 , mitt . zool . mus . berlin , 7 : 372 . loveridge , 1942 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 91 : 395 .\nmegalixalus loveridgii procter , 1920 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1920 : 418 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 9 . 83 , according to museum records . type locality :\nmorogoro\n, kenya . synonymy by parker , 1931\n1930\n, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 .\nmegalixalus unicolor \u2014 ahl , 1930 , sitzungsber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 1930 : 101 ; ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 443 .\nmegalixalus fornasinii loveridgei \u2014 parker , 1931\n1930\n, proc . zool . soc . london , 1930 : 900 . suggested as a likely arrangement . status rejected by loveridge , 1955 , j . e . afr . nat . hist . soc . , 22 : 195 .\nfornasini ' s frog ( hewitt , 1937 , guide vert . fauna e . cape province , rept . amph . fishes : 113 ) .\nspiny reed frog ( wager , 1965 , frogs s . afr . : 192 ) .\ngreater leaf - folding frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ; pickersgill and bishop , 2004 , in minter et al . ( eds . ) , atlas frogs s . afr . lesotho and swaziland : 127 ; du preez and carruthers , 2009 , compl . guide frogs s . afr . : 230 ) .\nbrown and white spiny reed frog ( passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .\nbrown - striped spiny reed frog ( ananjeva , borkin , darevsky , and orlov , 1988 , dict . amph . rept . five languages : 70 ) .\nfornasini ' s banana frog ( broadley , 1973 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 10 : 23 ; passmore and carruthers , 1978 , j . herpetol . assoc . afr . , 19 : 7 ; passmore and carruthers , 1979 , s . afr . frogs : 238 ) .\nfornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( lambiris , 1990\n1989\n, monogr . mus . reg . sci . nat . torino , 10 : 159 ; channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 ) .\nzaire banana frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 65 ) .\nfornasini ' s spiny reed frog ( channing , 2001 , amph . cent . s . afr . : 137 ) .\nmozambique banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .\nsilver - banded banana frog ( channing and howell , 2006 , amph . e . afr . : 134 [ alternative name ] ) .\nsavannas of coastal southern kenya southward through eastern and southern tanzania , malawi , mozambique , and extreme eastern zimbabwe to extreme southern coastal kwazulu - natal , rep . south africa .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2113, "summary": [{"text": "lipocosma nigripictalis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from southern mexico south to brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the basal fascia of the forewings is white , while the remaining area is pale brownish-orange .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the lines are pale brown and there is a small spot in the tornal area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are light brown with a small spot near the wing margin . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "lipocosma nigripictalis", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for nigripictalis definition . you find here nigripictalis meaning , synonyms of nigripictalis and images for nigripictalis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word nigripictalis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word nigripictalis and , of course , nigripictalis synonyms and on the right images related to the word nigripictalis .\nlipocosma parcipunctalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 258 ; tl : corozal\nliposcosma nigripictalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 612 ; tl : espiritu santo\nthis system is free software released under gnu / gpl 3 . 0 - portal version 1 . 0\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 3 . 0 united states license .\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\nlist of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement\nwalker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2114, "summary": [{"text": "the red-banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to papua new guinea .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "red - banded flowerpecker", "paragraphs": ["red - banded flowerpecker - the red - banded flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - capped flowerpecker - the red - capped flowerpecker is a small passerine bird endemic to , and widespread within , new guinea and adjacent islands . red - chested flowerpecker - the red - chested flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . red - striped flowerpecker - the red - striped flowerpecker is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family . more\nred - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) is a species of bird in the dicaeidae family .\nthe red - banded flowerpecker is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\ncheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . red - banded flowerpecker ( dicaeum eximium ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dicaeum eximium . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population size of this species has not been quantified , but it is described as common in canopy in central new britain . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\np . l . sclater , 1877 \u2013 new hanover and new ireland ( including selapiu and lihir group ) , in n bismarck archipelago .\nsalvadori , 1880 \u2013 new britain ( including islands of lolobau and watom ) , in s bismarck archipelago .\n8\u20139\u00b75 cm ; 7\u20139\u00b75 g . male nominate race has brownish crown and side of head , contrasting olive - brown and bronze - green upperparts , rump scarlet , tail . . .\nforest , including degraded forest and forest edge , but rarely coastal or montane forest ; also tall . . .\ninsects recorded as taken . few other data , but recorded as foraging for fruits and around flowers in canopy .\nbirds with enlarged ovaries in jul and aug ; thought to be possibly double - brooded . nest with overhanging roof , but no porch , usually below . . .\nnot globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in new britain and new ireland eba . poorly known . although large areas of lowland forest have been or are being . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nalthough this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nnote : the language you choose must correspond to the language of the term you have entered . for example , if you enter a french term , choose an option under \u201cfrench . \u201d\nin english scientific usage , all elements of names of bird species require capital letters except for hyphenated adjectives where the second word is not capitalized , for example , black - crowned night heron .\ndic\u00e9e des bismark : nom fran\u00e7ais uniformis\u00e9 par la commission internationale des noms fran\u00e7ais des oiseaux .\nen fran\u00e7ais , les noms des esp\u00e8ces d ' oiseaux acqui\u00e8rent une valeur de nom propre ; tous les substantifs g\u00e9n\u00e9riques de m\u00eame que tous les qualificatifs sp\u00e9cifiques qui pr\u00e9c\u00e8dent le substantif g\u00e9n\u00e9rique doivent prendre la majuscule , par exemple : p\u00e9trel minime , petit butor .\naccess a collection of canadian resources on all aspects of english and french , including quizzes .\na collection of writing tools that cover the many facets of english and french grammar , style and usage .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2118, "summary": [{"text": "liphyra grandis is a butterfly found in papua new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "this species has a body length of 28 mm with a diameter of 7 mm .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 45 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the body is dark brown , underside of same is brownish grey .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the antennae have a length of 16 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the main coloration of the forewings is dark brown with a large reddish-yellow transversal line . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "liphyra grandis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about liphyra grandis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for liphyra grandis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe names in this tab present an overview of the relationships of this group to other groups in the tree of life , based on the classification hierarchies provided by eol classification partners .\nparents\nare more inclusive groups one level higher up in the hierarchy .\nchildren\nare the subgroups of the current group . in the classification tab , you can use the\ndisplay all classifications\nlink to see a complete list of all the hierarchies provided by our partners . these may include additional related names that are not featured here .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2119, "summary": [{"text": "quelea / \u02c8kwili\u0259 / is a genus of small passerine birds that belongs to the weaver family ploceidae , confined to africa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these are small-sized , sparrow - or finch-like gregarious birds , with bills adapted to eating seeds .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "queleas may be nomadic over vast ranges ; the red-billed quelea is said to be the most numerous bird species in the world . ", "topic": 13}], "title": "quelea", "paragraphs": ["male ( right ) and female red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) .\na flock of red - billed queleas ( quelea quelea ) , etosha national park , namibia .\nquelea quelea .\na dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nquelea quelea .\na dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\n: a red - billed bird ( q . quelea ) often kept as a cage bird\nthe red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .\n( red - billed quelea ) is the most numerous bird in the world , numbering thousands of millions .\n\u2026of the african weaverbird ( quelea ) have been estimated to exceed 1 , 000 , 000 individuals . \u2026\n\u2026a grain - eating finch , the red - billed quelea ( quelea quelea ) , occurs like locusts , in plague proportions so numerous that alighting flocks may break the branches of trees . the use of city buildings for roosts by large flocks of starlings and blackbirds is also a problem , as is the nesting of albatrosses on\u2026\nquelea .\nthe columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\n\u2026red - billed weaver , or quelea ( quelea quelea ) , of the african savannas can sometimes become an agricultural pest ; it has been reported nesting in colonies covering several square miles of trees and harbouring millions of birds . bishop birds ( euplectes ) weave nests with a side entrance , generally in wet grassy areas . ( see \u2026\nquelea supports the zefania xml bible format , so you can easily download and use the language and translation of your choice .\nresearch in this programme centres on the ecotoxicological risk and environmental impact assessments of quelea control operations in terrestrial and wetland biomes .\nyou ' re no longer restricted to just colours or still images as backgrounds ( though of course , quelea supports those too . )\nquelea .\nthe columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nwhat made you want to look up quelea ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nearly detection is essential for preventing pest establishment . if you have seen or are in possession of a red - billed quelea contact biosecurity queensland on 13 25 23 .\nthe waxy preen - gland secretions have not been studied extensively in passerine birds . poltz & jacob ( 1974 ) analysed samples from four ploceinae , including q . quelea and p . cucullatus . they found that the fatty acids were identical in three ploceus species , while the dominant compound in q . quelea was different . the alcohol component was almost exclusively one type in ploceus , and this was also the major constituent in quelea , with significant contributions from other alcohols . this suggests that that these secretions may be informative at the generic level .\ncraig , a . ( 2018 ) . cardinal quelea ( quelea cardinalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfind the projector background difficult to read ? quelea can push out lyrics to any mobile device with a browser , all in real time - and you can choose the colours to best suit your needs .\nquelea doesn ' t just focus on the display , it helps with the setup as well . it ships with a variety of test patterns you can use to make sure it ' s calibrated and positioned correctly .\nthe red - billed quelea is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 . however , by law , everyone has a general biosecurity obligation ( gbo ) to take reasonable and practical steps to minimise the risks associated with invasive plants and animals under their control .\ntens of thousands of quelea ' s came to feed on the superabundance of grass seed after the rains on our home estate . the recording includes both hundreds of birds calling whilst they feed but also the whirring of wings as they fly up and down from one patch of seed to another .\ncrook ( 1963 ) examined nest structure and classified the nests of p . bicolor , p . ocularis , p . philippinus and p . cucullatus in separate types , while the nests of euplectes , quelea and f . madagascariensis all were placed in the same category . later schnell ( 1973 ) carried out a phenetic analysis of crook ' s data . clustering by correlation coefficients grouped quelea and euplectes together ; f . sechellarum was linked with p . bicolor , f . madagascariensis with p . ocularis , and p . cucullatus with p . velatus . a slightly different arrangement resulted when he used distance coeeficients : quelea , euplectes , and f . madagascariensis formed one cluster , and p . cucullatus and p . velatus still were in the same cluster , but p . bicolor was isolated . in both these analyses , p . philippinus was not associated with any of the other species considered here .\npesticide fate and behaviour in the environment is followed in biotic matrices ( invertebrates , vertebrates , plants ) as well as abiotic matrices ( water , air - borne residues and soil ) . in addition , integrated decision support systems are being developed to assist managers in the integrated control of redbilled quelea in south africa .\n\u2026or eliminated ( locusts , tsetse flies , quelea finches\u2014which do immense damage to grain crops\u2014and some ungulates or carnivores ) , ( 3 ) species that provide a spectacle and bring economic benefit ( elephants , the larger plain ungulates , primates , or carnivores ) , and ( 4 ) endangered , rare , or unique species . \u2026\n\u2026numbers of birds , the red - billed quelea , or \u201cmillet eater , \u201d which destroys crops , is notable , as are the partridge and the guinea fowl . reptiles are numerous and include pythons , as well as cobras and other venomous snakes . crocodiles , hippopotamuses , and turtles are found in the rivers . the rivers and the coastal\u2026\nthere ' s some good lyrics projection software out there already , some of which is free and open source , some of which is commercial . with quelea we aim to incorporate the best features of existing solutions as well as leveraging new , useful technologies that existing solutions don ' t have - providing it all under a free , open source license .\n( order passeriformes ) . it occurs in such enormous numbers that it often destroys grain crops and , by roosting , breaks branches . efforts to control quelea populations with poisons , napalm , pathogens , and electronic devices have had poor success ; but dynamiting the dense colonies , which may contain more than two million pairs in less than 50 hectares ( 125 acres ) , has achieved local control .\nnative to africa , the red - billed quelea is a small finch with a brown body and red bill . it can form nomadic super - colonies of up to 30 million birds , feeding on grains such as sorghum , wheat , barley , rice and corn . red - billed queleas are one of the world\u2019s most abundant and destructive birds , causing us $ 70 million damage to grain crops each year .\nbasing his conclusions primarily on morphology and plumage characters , moreau ( 1960 ) suggested that foudia was closer to euplectes than to quelea . he also suggested that p . sakalava and p . nelicourvi had a recent common ancestor , and represented dry - country and forest versions of the same stock . elsewhere he commented that asian weavers appeared to have been better island colonists than african species , though he did not infer that asia was therefore a more likely source for the madagascar ploceus species .\nfour ploceidae occur naturally on madagascar : forest fody foudia omissa and madagascar fody f . madagascariensis , and nelicourvi weaver ploceus nelicourvi and sakalava weaver p . sakalava . a preliminary phylogenetic analysis using morphological characters and features of their breeding biology supports the view that the genus foudia may be closest to the african genera quelea and euplectes . the madagascan ploceus species may be linked to the solitary , insectivorous african weavers , or the asian baya weaver p . philippinus , rather than derived from the colonial savanna weavers of africa .\nin a comparative study of limb musculature bentz ( 1979 ) dissected specimens of p . ocularis , p . cucullatus , q . quelea , f . madagascariensis and e . afer . four characters of the forelimb muscles and six on the hindlimb were shared by all these species . although f . madagascariensis had one autapomorphy on the forelimb and e . afer one on the hindlimb , comparison with the estrildidae suggested that the most significant variation in limb muscle morphology was at the family or subfamily level , rather than at the generic level .\nkaryotyping has not been used widely in bird studies . christidis ( 1986 ) commented that f . madagascariensis appeared to have a karyotype identical to that of p . velatus and p . philippinus . thus this character may not provide useful information on relationships within the sub - family . dna studies have yet to include any madagascar ploceids . dna - hybridization showed q . quelea and q . erythrops as close relatives , with euplectes their sister taxon , and ploceus species , including p . cucullatus , forming part of the same branch ( sibley & ahlquist 1990 ) .\ntable 2 shows the character states for the species in fig . 1 . the uninformative characters , which showed the primitive condition in all taxa , were disregarded in the analysis . with regard to skeletal characters , these are remarkably uniform in the three genera foudia , euplectes and quelea . i have data for eight other euplectes species , and all members of this genus share the same character states for these nine skeletal features . in contrast , the 17 species of ploceus examined so far represent seven different combinations of skeletal characters . this implies that the current genus , which includes more than 60 species in most checklists , is likely to be paraphyletic .\njavascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect \u00ae is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .\nthat ' s right - you can grab content from pretty much anywhere , including easyworship , openlp , opensong , survivor songbooks , kingsway online library ( and we ' re always looking to include more . )\nmigrate from github to sourceforge with this tool . check out all of sourceforge ' s recent improvements .\nget newsletters and notices that include site news , special offers and exclusive discounts about it products & services .\ni agree to receive these communications from sourceforge . net . i understand that i can withdraw my consent at anytime . please refer to our terms of use and privacy policy or contact us for more details .\ni agree to receive these communications from urltoken via the means indicated above . i understand that i can withdraw my consent at anytime . please refer to our terms of use and privacy policy or contact us for more details .\nyou seem to have css turned off . please don ' t fill out this field .\nprojection software designed around the needs of the modern , multimedia rich church . this project has moved to github . please see urltoken for up - to - date code and new releases .\nthat\u2019s not all - contest participants also get forever free vm backup ! so if you want to win and get an easy - to - use solution for you to back up and restore your hyper - v and vmware - based virtual machines , download altaro vm backup for free today ! with its straightforward ui and simple setup , altaro vm backup enables you to get up and running quickly , without the need for complex configurations or software dependencies . don\u2019t miss out !\namazing church software with really good support of programators and format of video ( thanks to vlc ) . and at all program is still improved !\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as possibly the most abundant bird in the world ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nless than 5 in . ( 13 cm ) long and weighing slightly more than 1 / 2 oz ( 1 . 4 grams ) , these tiny birds are found throughout sub - saharan africa in areas receiving less than 30 in . ( 76 cm ) of annual rainfall .\nwith the spread of grain farming and irrigation , they have extended their natural habitats , generally picking new breeding grounds every year . highly mobile , they often descend in a locustlike manner upon fields and in flight may indeed be mistaken for locusts . queleas are often found in concentrations of more than a million birds ; such a flock can destroy up to 60 tons of grain in a single day , consuming half and knocking the rest to the ground . hence , they are hunted aggressively with poisons and fire , but , as with locusts , to little effect .\nqueleas nest in thick thornbushes and trees ; a colony may cover up to 4 sq mi ( 10 . 4 sq km ) . the males build the simple grass nests , and a single thatched nest may house hundreds of females and their young , with only a few highly polygamous males . queleas are persistent and prolific breeders , beginning as early as nine months of age . in addition to grain , queleas also feed on insects and , in the\n, strip the leaves from trees . the size of their groups is sufficient to break branches and flatten plants . queleas are classified in the phylum\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\n\u00a9 a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\na family of small , stocky birds that have short , stout bills . the weavers ( e . g .\n, of which there are about 56 species , many kept as cage birds ) are mainly black with yellow , red , or brown . sparrows are mainly brown . some members of the genus\n( bishops and whydahs ) have long tails . many ploceids are gregarious , inhabit forest , grassland , desert , urban areas , and cultivated land , and feed on seeds and insects . many build elaborate woven nests , suspended from trees , with a long entrance tunnel . others build untidy nests in trees , grass , and buildings . some are parasitic and most are colonial .\n( house sparrow ) , one of 18 species in its genus , is particularly associated with humans . rock sparrows ( five species of\n) inhabit open , rocky country , bush , and forest . there are 17\u201319 genera , comprising 145 species , many kept as cage birds ( e . g .\nploceidae .\na dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nploceidae .\na dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nqueleas breed in thorn - scrub country : every bush and tree for miles around may contain hundreds of their globular nests , which are built by the males ( black - faced , with pinkish foreparts at that season ) . each pair has two or three young , which within the year may wander hundreds of miles and breed in their turn . the \u201clocust bird\u201d plague has been the indirect and complicated result of human exploitation of marginal land for stock raising and of the large - scale cultivation of grains . queleas are thought to be among the most populous bird species in the world .\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\nseveral birds calling and singing at a small colony ; most nests still under construction .\nflock calls from group in trees in the rest camp . flocks of many thousands of post - breeding birds seen over nearby grasslands .\nrelaxed chattering and some descending whistles from a whole bunch of queleas resting in the crown of an acacia tree in the heat of the day .\nseveral hundred birds at dawn in mangrove , before taking off from the roost .\nseveral dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324311 .\nseveral dozen birds at presumed breeding site ( same group of bushes as xc110348 ) . same flock as xc324312\nflock feeding on the ground and in short grass . habitat : accacia savanna .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nred - billed queleas coming to a waterhole for a drink chasing an african elephant away .\njuan sanabria , josep del hoyo , doug and denise norris , dani\u00eal jimenez , per . alstrom , yo\u00ebl jimenez , marc de bont , trheijnen .\n\u00e9ric roualet , paul van giersbergen , petemorris , holger teichmann , aleix comas , jens thalund , lars petersson , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , loutjie , guy poisson , robert erasmus , james kashangaki , smoghead , mauriravasini , ruben gaasenbeek , markus lilje , billonneau jean claude , tomasz doro\u0144 , priska r\u00fcegg , buchert , ossewa , arthur grosset , lutz duerselen , lad , antero topp , danielengelbrecht , manakincarmelo , paul cools , morten venas , juan jos\u00e9 baz\u00e1n hiraldo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2011 . 12 . 18 , website ( version 18 - dec - 11 )\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource\nmaintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be uncommon though locally abundant ( fry and keith 2004 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\nsometimes placed with q . erythrops in a separate genus , queleopsis . proposed race rhodesiae ( described from e zambia ) alleged to have brown on nape more extensive , but individual variation occurs throughout species\u2019 range . treated as monotypic .\ns south sudan , ne drcongo , uganda , w kenya , rwanda and nw & n tanzania s to e zambia and , rare , c malawi ; rare non - breeding visitor to s ethiopia .\n11 cm ; 11\u201315 g . small , short - tailed weaver . male breeding has bright red head down to throat and to variable extent onto breast ; nape and upperparts light brown with . . .\nsong a repetition of buzzes or sizzles introduced by sharp notes , terminating in nasal whistle ,\n. . .\nrank grass and wooded grassland , generally in dry areas . recorded at altitudes of 400\u20133000 m . . .\nbreeds aug\u2013sept in drcongo , mar\u2013jul in uganda and kenya , feb\u2013may in tanzania and feb in zambia . polygynous . colonial , in . . .\nflocks appear in many areas after rain , but may move on without breeding ; not clear if seasonal . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally abundant . a pest of agricultural crops in some parts of e africa .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\na molecular phylogeny of the african widowbirds and bishops , euplectes spp . ( aves : passeridae : ploceinae ) .\ndepartment of zoology , g\u00f6teborg university , box 463 , 405 30 g\u00f6teborg , sweden .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nthis tool provides a simple way to produce distributions of trees with subsets of taxa . the upper limit for the tool is 2 , 500 species . if larger subsets ar required you can download full trees .\nthe tool first trims to a subset , and then samples trees from a chosen pseudo - posterior distribution . note that any further analyses should only be conducted with a large sample of trees .\n. then copy and paste or drag and drop them into the box to the right .\nalternatively , download the taxonomy file and paste species names from the \u201cscientific\u201d column .\nplease note : if you have different names , you will have to resolve to the available list .\nclick \u201cget trees\u201d to download a zipped set of randomly selected trees with metadata including accession numbers and citations to original sources .\nresults taking longer than expected ? traffic volume may result in longer processing times . if you don ' t recieve an email with the completed subset trees within 24 hours , please contact us .\nnote : once completed , a link to the generated phylogeny subsets will be emailed to the address provided .\ncraig , a . j . f . k . 1999 . weaving a story : the relationships of the endemic ploceidae of madagascar . in : adams , n . j . & slotow , r . h . ( eds ) proc . 22 int . ornithol . congr . , durban :\n, primarily on the basis of their nesting and courtship behaviour . crook ( 1964 ) tentatively assigned the two endemic\n, to a group that includes both african and asian ploceids , noting that little information was available for them .\nprevious accounts of the biogeography of the madagascar avifauna have neglected the ploceidae ; they were not mentioned at all by griveaud ( 1967 ) nor by keith ( 1980 ) . apart from incidental observations , little has been recorded concerning the biology of these species , which are also of minor conservation concern compared to other malagasy endemics . recent research has focussed on endangered\nalso comes from populations introduced on other indian ocean islands ( e . g . , crook 1961 ; safford 1997 ) . in this paper i have used published information and data from museum specimens to compare the four madagascar ploceids ,\n, to possible relatives in africa and asia . from asia , i selected only baya weaver\n, the most widespread and best - known species . from africa , i chose four\nthere is a long tradition of including many species of weavers in the genus ploceus . reichenow ( 1886 ) recognised 38 taxa in six subgenera . he included p . sakalava in the subgenus ploceus alongside the asian species streaked weaver p . manyar , black - breasted weaver p . benghalensis and asian golden weaver p . hypoxanthus ; p . velatus was placed in the subgenus sitagra ; and p . cucullatus in hyphantornis . ploceus ocularis and p . bicolor were assigned to the genus symplectes ( reichenow 1887 ) . in the most recent comprehensive afrotropical checklist , dowsett & forbes - watson ( 1990 ) recognise 56 species of ploceus . of the current world checklists , only wolters ( 1979 ) has broken up this large genus . he restricted ploceus to the five asian species ; placed sakalava and nelicourvi as the only two species making up nelicurvius ; ocularis in hyphanturgus ; bicolor in symplectes ; and velatus and cucullatus in textor . unfortunately wolters did not publish any reasons for these decisions , but morlion ( 1980 ) noted differences in pterolyosis within the genus ploceus that could support such subdivisions .\nmy original field studies of ploceids in south africa were stimulated and guided by the late profs . g . j . broekhuysen and k . immelmann , and by prof . g . l . maclean and dr . c . j . skead . for access to museum specimens , i am grateful to d . allan , t . cassidy , k . garrett , j . hinshaw , a . c . kemp , w . e . lanyon , m . louette , r . b . payne , and d . willard . research funding has been provided by rhodes university , and the foundation for research development . n . barker assisted with the systematic analysis , and p . e . hulley and c . j . whittington - jones commented on a draft of the paper .\nbenson , c . , colebrook - robjent , j . f . r . & williams , a . 1977 . contribution \u00e0 l ' orithologie de madagascar . l ' oiseau et le revue fran\u00e7aise d ' ornithologie 47 : 167 - 191 .\nbentz , g . d . 1979 . the appendicular myology and phylogenetic relationships of the ploceidae and estrildidae ( aves : passeriformes ) . bulletin of the carnegie museum of natural history 15 : 1 - 25 .\nchristidis , l . 1986 . chromosomal evolution in finches and their allies ( families : ploceidae , fringillidae , and emberizidae ) . canadian journal of genetics and cytology 28 : 762 - 769 .\ncollar , n . j . , crosby , m . j . & stattersfield , o . j . 1994 . birds to watch 2 . cambridge ; birdlife international .\ncraig , a . j . f . k . 1984 . the spectacled weaver ploceus ocularis and monogamy in the ploceinae . proceedings of the fifth pan - african ornithological congress : 477 - 483 .\ncraig , a . j . f . k . 1995 . adaptation and evolution in ploceid weaver nests . ostrich 66 : 100 - 102 .\ncrook , j . h . 1960 . studies on the reproductive behaviour of the baya weaver ploceus philippinus ( l ) . journal of the bombay natural history society 57 : 1 - 44 .\ncrook , j . h . 1961 . the fodies ( ploceinae ) of the seychelles islands . ibis 103a : 517 - 548 .\ncrook , j . h . 1963 . a comparative analysis of nest structure in the weaver birds ( ploceinae ) . ibis 105 : 238 - 262 .\ncrook , j . h . 1964 . the evolution of social organisation and visual communication in the weaverbirds ( ploceinae ) . behaviour supplement 10 : 1 - 178 .\ndavis , t . a . 1971 . variation in nest - structure of the common weaverbird ploceus philippinus ( l . ) of india . forma functio 4 : 225 - 239 .\nde queirez , a . & wimberger , p . h . 1993 . the usefulness of behavior for phylogeny estimation : levels of homoplasy in behavioral and morphological characters . evolution 47 : 46 - 60 .\ndowsett , r . j . & forbes - watson , a . d . 1993 . checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . vol . 1 : species limits and distribution . liege ; tauraco press .\nfarris , j . s . 1988 . reference manual for hennig86 , version 1 . 5 . new york ; the author .\nfrith , c . b . 1976 . a twelve - month field study of the aldabran fody foudia eminentissima aldabrana . ibis 118 : 155 - 178 .\ngriveaud , p . 1967 . le peuplement ornithologique de madagascar : origines - biog\u00e9ographie . cahiers orstrom , serie biologie , number 4 : 53 - 76 .\nkeith , s . 1980 . origins of the avifauna of the malagasy region . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 99 - 108 .\nlangrand , o . 1990 . guide to the birds of madagascar . new haven & london ; yale university press .\nmoreau , r . e . 1960 . conspectus and classification of the ploceine weaver - birds . ibis 102 : 298 - 321 , 443 - 471 .\nmorlion , m . l . 1980 . pterylosis as a secondary criterion in the taxonomy of the african ploceidae and estrildidae . proceedings of the fourth pan - african ornithological congress : 27 - 41 .\nnewton , r . 1959 . notes on the two species of foudia on mauritius . ibis 101 : 240 - 243 .\npoltz , j . & jacob , j . 1974 . b\u00fcrzeldr\u00fcsensekrete bei ammern ( emberizidae ) , finken ( fringillidae ) , und webern ( ploceidae ) . journal f\u00fcr ornithologie 115 : 119 - 127 .\nrand , a . l . 1936 . the distribution and habits of madagascar birds . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 72 : 143 - 499 .\nreichenow , a . 1886 . monographie der gattung ploceus cuv . zoologisches jahrbuch 1 : 113 - 164 .\nreichenow , a . 1887 . monographie der gattung symplectes sw . zoologisches jahrbuch 2 : 625 - 638 .\nsafford , r . j . 1997 . the nests of sympatric native and introduced fody foudia species on mauritius . ostrich 68 : 27 - 30 .\nschnell , g . d . 1973 . a reanalysis of nest structure in the weavers ( ploceinae ) using numerical taxonomy techniques . ibis 115 : 93 - 106 .\nsibley , c . g . & ahlquist , j . e . 1990 . phylogeny and classification of birds . new haven & london ; yale university press .\nswofford , d . l . 1993 . paup : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony , version 3 . 1 . 1 . champaign ; illinois natural history survey .\nwolters , h . e . 1979 . die vogelarten der erde , lieferung 4 . hamburg & berlin ; paul parey .\ncharacter states of male birds used for a phylogenetic comparison of selected ploceidae ; the presumed primitive condition is coded as 0 .\nthe ploceidae , or weavers , are small passerine birds related to the finches .\nthe weaver group is divided into the buffalo , sparrow , typical , and widow weavers . the males of many species are brightly coloured , usually in red or yellow and black , some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season .\nthe birds build their nests together for protection , often several to a branch . usually the male birds weave the nests and use them as a form of display to lure prospective females . the weaver bird colonies may be found close to water bodies . they sometimes cause crop damage , notably the\ncraig , adrian ( 2010 ) .\nfamily ploceidae ( weavers )\n. in del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; and christie , d . a . handbook of the birds of the world 15 . barcelona : lynx edicions . pp . 74\u2013197 .\nfry , c . h . & keith , s . ( 2004 ) the birds of africa vol . vii . christopher helm , london\nallende , luis m . ; rubio , isabel ; ru\u00edz - del - valle , valentin ; guill\u00e9n , jesus ; mart\u00ednez - laso , jorge ; lowy , ernesto ; varela , pilar ; zamora , jorge ; arnaiz - villena , antonio ( 2001 ) .\nthe old world sparrows ( genus passer ) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtdna pseudogenes\n( pdf ) . journal of molecular evolution 53 ( 2 ) : 144\u2013154 . pmid 11479685 . archived from the original on 21 july 2011 .\narnaiz - villena , a ; g\u00f3mez - prieto p ; ruiz - de - valle v ( 2009 ) .\nphylogeography of finches and sparrows\n. nova science publishers . isbn 978 - 1 - 60741 - 844 - - 3 .\nred - headed fody ( f . eminentissima ) ( comoro fody and aldabra fody if species split )\ncuckoo - finch also called parasitic weaver ( a . imberbis ) ( probably belongs in viduidae )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthanks ! when you ' re ready , just click\nstart survey\n.\nit looks like you\u2019re about to finish your visit . are you ready to start the short survey now ?\nred - billed queleas are occasionally kept as pets in australia . they have not been recorded in the wild in queensland , but would be well suited to queensland\u2019s tropical and subtropical savannas .\nfound in tropical and subtropical seasonally dry savannas , grasslands , woodlands , croplands .\nprefers thorny or spiny vegetation ( e . g . acacia savannas ) during breeding season .\nbreeds several times in same season , with 1 - 2 year break between seasons .\ncould cause significant damage to queensland ' s $ 400 million per annum cereal grain crops .\nherons , storks , falcons , goshawks , owls , hornbills , rollers , kingfishers , crows , marabou , shrikes , snakes , lizards , small mammals .\nlocal governments must have a biosecurity plan that covers invasive plants and animals in their area . this plan may include actions to be taken on certain species . some of these actions may be required under local laws . contact your local government for more information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nyou may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server . please enable scripts and reload this page .\nit looks like your browser does not have javascript enabled . please turn on javascript and try again ."]}
{"id": 2120, "summary": [{"text": "syrmoptera amasa , the white false head , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria ( east and the cross river loop ) , cameroon and gabon .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "syrmoptera amasa", "paragraphs": ["confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n( a question mark next to a word above means that we couldn ' t find it , but clicking the word might provide spelling suggestions . )\nnot helpful ? you might try using the wildcards * and ? to find the word you ' re looking for . for example , use\nthis tool lets you describe a concept and get back a list of words and phrases related to that concept . your description can be anything at all : a single word , a few words , or even a whole sentence . type in your description and hit enter ( or select a word that shows up in the autocomplete preview ) to see the related words .\n. if you ' re really fond of the old system , or if you have javascript disabled in your browser , you can still access version 1 . 0\nor click on the link that says\ntry your query on the old system\nthat appears at the very bottom of the results page .\n, which in turn uses several linguistic resources described in the\ndata sources\nsection on that page .\nfor some types of searches only the first result or the first few results are likely to be useful . we urge you to click on a word to check its definition before using it in your oscars acceptance speech or honors thesis .\nif you get back nothing but junk , try restating your query so that it ' s just two or three simple words . some queries are very difficult for our system . that ' s because not every dictionary indexed by onelook is used by the reverse dictionary , and our search algorithm still needs a lot of work . we ' re continually adding more references and improving the precision of the system .\n) into any onelook search box , followed by your concept . if you put a\nbefore the colon , your results will be filtered by that pattern . ( this is particularly useful for crossword puzzle help , as shown in the examples above . )\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2124, "summary": [{"text": "anacampsis tephriasella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chambers in 1872 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , kentucky and maine .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the forewings are pale grey , about equally intermixed with white , becoming gradually darker grey and fuscous towards the tip , each of the darker scales tipped with white .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a small , very oblique white streak or spot on the costa , just behind the middle , and at the beginning of the costal ciliae the wing is crossed by a narrow white fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "an indistinct fuscous hinder marginal line or row of spots is found at the base of the ciliae . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anacampsis tephriasella", "paragraphs": ["gelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky\nanacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65\nanacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362\ngelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nanacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,\ne . e . a . de cuba\nanacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\nanacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\n820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nchlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine\ncrypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nlarva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30\nlita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ngelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey\ncompsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega\n= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121\ngelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ngelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of the russian federation : gorno - altai , transbaikalia , lower amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , seaside , mid - amur , south kuril .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 2125, "summary": [{"text": "colias gigantea , the giant sulphur or giant northern sulfur , is a butterfly in the family pieridae found in north america .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its range includes alaska across canada to the east coast and wyoming , montana , and oregon .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "flight period is from june until early august .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "wingspan is from 37 to 55 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "larvae feed on salix spp . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "colias gigantea", "paragraphs": ["dana campbell set\nimage of colias gigantea\nas an exemplar on\ncolias gigantea strecker 1900\n.\ngiant sulphur ( colias gigantea gigantea ) . churchill , man . j . t . troubridge\ncolias gigantea mayi f . chermock and r . chermock , 1940 ( tsn 778499 )\nfor now pelham ( 2008 ) is followed and colias gigantea and c . scudderi are retained as separate species . hammond and mccorkle ( 2008 ) treat c . gigantea ( and its subspecies ) as subspecies of colias scudderi .\nfor now pelham ( 2008 ) is followed and colias gigantea and c . scudder i are retained as separate species . hammond and mccorkle ( 2008 ) treat c . gigantea ( and its subspecies ) as subspecies of colias scudderi .\nb . c . conservation data centre . species summary : colias gigantea gigantea . b . c . minist . of environment . available : urltoken ( accessed jul 9 , 2018 ) .\nthere are three subspecies of colias gigantea recognized : c . g . gigantea , c . g . mayi and c . g . harroweri ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . layberry et al . ( 1998 ) state\nsome authors treat gigantea as a subspecies of the western u . s . mountain species scudder ' s sulphur\n. c . g . gigantea and c . g . mayi are documented in british columbia . c . c . gigantea is documented only from the extreme northwestern region of bc .\nremarks : some authors treat gigantea as a subspecies of the western u . s . mountain species scudder ' s sulphur ( c . scudderi reakirt , 1865 ) .\nthe northwestern bc populations are the nominate subspecies c . g . gigantea strecker , 1900 ( tl :\nwest coast of hudson bay above fort york , [ manitoba ]\n) . females are usually white ( occasionally yellow ) and males are a cold yellow with a narrow black wing border . atlin populations have been called c . pelidne or c . interior by some authors . the northeastern bc populations are subspecies mayi f . & r . chermock , 1940 ( tl : riding mountains , mb ) , with females usually yellow ( occasionally white ) and males a warmer yellow than the nominate subspecies . adults of subspecies mayi are much larger than those of subspecies gigantea .\nc . g . gigantea are an overall yellowish colour , brighter in males and paler yellow to white in females . the males have a black border to both the fore and hind wing dorsal surfaces . there is a pinkish fringe outlining both the extreme wing edges . within the centre of the hindwing there is an obvious white spot . the wingspan ranges from 37 - 55 mm .\nsubspecies : the nominate subspecies gigantea occurs in most of the canadian range . subspecies harroweri , which is smaller , occurs from wyoming into southwestern alberta north to crowsnest pass . some authors believe that the larger form from southern manitoba , mayi f . & r . chermock , should be recognized as a separate subspecies ( klassen et al . , 1989 ) , but the differences are slight .\nresident in northern north america and intermountain west ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are willow bogs . host plants are usually shrubs with hosts restricted to a few species mostly in one genus ( salix ) of family salicaceae . eggs are laid on the host plant singly . individuals overwinter as 2nd , 3rd or 4th instar larvae . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time jun15 - jul15 ( scott 1986 ) . sometimes listed as a subspecies of colias scudderi ( scott 1986 ) .\ndiagnosis : this is one of the largest ( wingspan : 37 to 55 mm ) sulphurs found in canada . it is bright , lemon yellow above with a narrow black border on the upperside in the male . the dark border is largely absent in the female ; some females are white . there is a yellow spot in the centre of the hindwing and a bright pink fringe on the wings . the yellow underside has almost no dark shading and a silver , brown - rimmed spot in the middle of the hindwing .\nrange : a widespread western species , it is found from the arctic ocean in yukon , east along the northern limit of the boreal forest to the western shores of hudson bay and james bay , and southward into the western u . s . it is absent from open prairie habitats and from most of southern british columbia , except for a small area around jesmond and 100 mile house .\nsimilar species : queen alexandra ' s sulphur ( c . alexandra ) lacks the pink fringe on the wings . the pink - edged sulphur ( c . interior ) is smaller , with more rounded wings , and has an orange spot in the middle of the hindwing above . the pelidne sulphur ( c . pelidne ) is smaller , and has dusky shading on the underside of the hindwing , often with pink shading over the white spot . [ compare images ]\nearly stages : the larvae feed on a variety of willows ( salix spp . ) .\nabundance : the giant sulphur is localized to willow bogs , but is widespread in western canada . it is described as common in northern manitoba ( klassen et al . , 1989 ) .\nhabits : in the northern boreal forests and southern tundra , the giant sulphur is found in moist areas with willows . farther south it is restricted to willow bogs and their immediate surroundings . it is an active species that flies swiftly around its chosen territory , stopping to feed on a variety of flowers , including asters .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\nupper surface of male yellow with narrow black borders ; lower surface without submarginal black spots . female with 2 forms , yellow or white ; both may have black border reduced or lacking .\ng4 - apparently secure globally , though it might be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nnaba checklist of north american butterflies occurring north of mexico - edition 2 . 3\n[ cite : 1318989 this link is a list of just the names including typo corrections , additions and updates to the following checklist : cassie , b . , j . glassberg , a . swengel & g . tudor . 2001 . north american butterfly association ( naba ) checklist & english names of north american butterflies . second edition . north american butterfly association , morristown , nj .\nthe second edition of the checklist includes all 722 species of butterflies that have been recorded in north american , north of mexico and in hawaii , giving both english and scientific names .\na catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada - - by jonathan p . pelham\ntaxonomic checklist used on bugguide for butterflies - - does not seem to have a link , so here it is . link updated 16 october 2016 as per comments .\na downloadable pdf file with extensive data on habitats , hostplants , flight dates , and range in the carolinas . you must give an e - mail address to reach the download - - the authors want to inform you of updates . ( this is produced by the north carolina wildlife resources commission , a state agency . ) ( i thought i had posted this before , but cannot find it . )\nsammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob h\u00fcbner in augsburg ( 1793\u20131841 ) : updated plates legend .\nseachable database with information on the general classification and the diet and feeding behaviour of the orders of insects and arachnids found in canada\u2019s forest environments . cite : 1463600\nan invaluable site for synonyms , links to original descriptions , literature , and other information . covers the entire world , but tends to have more complete information for european and north american species . a great place to begin literature searches . cite : 1329955\nthe best online resource for moths of great britain and ireland . cite : 1329952\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nspecies account authors : crispin guppy and jon shepard . extracted from butterflies of british columbia\ngiant sulphurs , the largest sulphur in bc , have yellow males and pale yellow to white females . the hindwing discal cell spot is very large on both the upper and lower hindwing , and usually has a satellite spot on the underside . there are no submarginal spots on the underside of the wings . unlike in most sulphurs , on the upperside of the wings there is very little dark scaling at the wing bases .\ngiant sulphurs are univoltine , and fly from late june through july . near nordegg , ab , oviposition occurred on several varieties of dwarf willows on hillocks in muskeg . the eggs hatched after 10 days and larval growth was slow , suggesting that the larvae hibernate ( mcdunnough 1922 ) . in the peace river region of alberta , they are universally restricted to wet willow fens and catchment marshes with willows ( kondla et al . 1994 ) . the larval foodplants are various species of willow ( mcdunnough 1922 ) . oviposition on salix reticulata at churchill , mb , was observed by klots ( 1975 ) , who reared the resulting larvae to the third instar .\ngiant sulphurs inhabit boreal willow fens in northern bc and in the cariboo region .\ngiant sulphurs occur from northern ak and yt , across southwestern nt and central and northern bc , to hudson bay and on .\nbc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .\nrecommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .\n[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :\ndisclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nlayberry , r . a . , p . w . hall , and j . d . lafontaine . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press : toronto , canada . 280 pp . + color plates .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\npelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nguppy , c . s . and j . h . shepard . 2001 . butterflies of british columbia . ubc press and royal british columbia museum : victoria , british columbia . 414 pp .\nmiller , l . d . and f . m . brown . 1981 . a catalogue / checklist of the butterflies of america north of mexico . the lepidopterists ' society memoir no . 2 , sarasota , florida . 280 pp .\nconsidered an ' active ' species that flies swiftly ( layberry et al . 1998 ) .\ndocumented in moist boreal forests and bogs with abundant willow . larvae are thought to feed upon various species of willows ( salix spp . ) ( layberry et al . 1998 ) .\nthere are no specific subnational food habits for this subspecies . the larval foodplants are various species of willow ( salix spp . ) ( layberry et al . 1998 ; guppy and shepard 2001 ) .\none generation per year . records for this species are from june through july ( guppy and shepard 2001 ) . information on the life history of this subspecies is not available .\nthis is not a range map . this species is known to occur somewhere in the shaded regional district ( s ) . the actual range of the species within each regional district may be much smaller .\nguppy , c . s . , and j . h . shepard . 2001 . butterflies of british columbia . ubc press in collaboration with royal b . c . mus . 414pp .\nlayberry , r . a . , p . w . hall , and j . d . lafontaine . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press . 280pp . + color plates ."]}
{"id": 2134, "summary": [{"text": "the cuckoo-finch ( anomalospiza imberbis ) , also known as the parasitic weaver or cuckoo weaver , is a small passerine bird now placed in the family viduidae with the indigobirds and whydahs .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it occurs in grassland in africa south of the sahara .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the male is mainly yellow and green while the female is buff with dark streaks .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the eggs are laid in the nests of other birds . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "cuckoo - finch", "paragraphs": ["the preferred habitats for cuckoo finch are : woodlands and grasslands . the cuckoo finch is also at home in wetland and bushveld areas .\nthe cuckoo finch is a southern african bird that belongs to the viduidae bird family group which includes birds such as whydahs , indigobirds , cuckoo finch .\ncuckoo finch ( anomalospiza imberbis fam . viduidae ) kruger park birds & birding .\nin terms of distribution of the cuckoo finch in the kruger national park you may not see it in all areas . cuckoo finch : see above distribution map .\nthe cuckoo finch takes on more than a single mate ( it is bigamous ) .\nthis outraged tawny - flanked prinia has just seen a cuckoo finch near its nest .\na cuckoo finch chick about to fledge from the nest of a red - faced cisticola .\ncuckoo - finch ( anomalospiza imberbis ) is a species of bird in the viduidae family .\nrusty - breasted cuckoo , cacomantis sepulcralis , is split from brush cuckoo , cacomantis variolosus .\nfemale cuckoo finch and female southern red bishop . but which is which ? claire spottiswoode , author provided\nimage : cuckoo finch chick sitting in the nest of its foster parents . courtesy of claire spottiswoode .\nthe cuckoo finch is mainly found in light and densely wooded forests , where there are mopane trees .\nyou will not see cuckoo finch in flocks . the bird prefers to act singly or in pairs .\nmuseum specimens indicate historical distributions . the map below shows locations from which museum specimens of cuckoo - finch were collected . you can see more information on the individual museum specimens of cuckoo - finch here .\ncuckoo finch , midmar game reserve , kwazulu - natal , south africa . [ photo alan manson \u00a9 ]\nthe cuckoo finch ( latin name anomalospiza imberbis ) is described in roberts birds of southern africa , 7th edition . this bird has a unique roberts number of 820 and you will find a full description of this bird on page 1081 also a picture of the cuckoo finch on page 1009 . the cuckoo finch belongs to the family of birds classified as viduidae . according to the percy fitzpatrick institute of african ornithology the cuckoo finch is also known by these other names : parasitic weaver , cuckoo weaver .\na cuckoo finch in sheep ' s clothing : cuckoo finches in africa have adopted a unique disguise to help them lay their eggs in other birds ' nests .\nthe cuckoo finch is neither endemic or near endemic to the kruger national park . it is however a rare summer resident\n) . he identified the young as that of a cuckoo finch only after roberts had photographed young cuckoo finches in nests of prinias and cisticolas . chicks thought to have been of\nthe female cuckoo finch ( l ) has evolved to be nearly identical to the harmless female red bishop ( r ) .\nthey reject foreign eggs from their nest at a higher rate after they have seen either a female cuckoo finch or a female bishop .\nthe outside circle shows eggs laid by tawny - flanked prinia females , and the inside circle shows eggs laid by different cuckoo finch females .\nmoluccan cuckoo , cacomantis heinrichi , is split from brush cuckoo , cacomantis variolosus . [ cuculidae , pelecanae i , 2 . 13 ]\nsome of the different types of patterns found in cuckoo finch eggs , which mimic african tawny - flanked prinia eggs . courtesy of claire spottiswoode .\nthe outside circle shows eggs laid by tawny - flanked prinia females , and the inside circle shows eggs laid by different cuckoo finch females . claire spottiswoode\na three day old cuckoo finch chick ( left ) with a tawny - flanked prinia hatchling ( right ) which is about to die of starvation .\nthe cuckoo - finch has a scattered distribution across sub - saharan africa where it occurs in open or lightly wooded grassland , especially near damp areas .\nso were the prinia really deceived by the cuckoo finches\u2019 mimetic plumage ? to answer this , we carried out one last experiment . we presented a female cuckoo finch , a female southern red bishop or a male southern red bishop model near a prinia nest . after that , we replaced a prinia egg with an experimental egg to simulate egg laying by a real cuckoo finch .\nto answer this question , first we measured and compared the colour and pattern of cuckoo finches\u2019 plumage to those of vidua finches ( the cuckoo finch\u2019s closest relatives ) and weavers at the natural history museum at tring , uk .\nas mentioned in the above paragraphs , cuckoo finches lay in the nests of prinias and cisticolas in grassland and marshes and in savanna and open woodland . these hosts rear the young cuckoo finch , usually the only chick in the brood that fledges . this is because the cuckoo finch , when she lays her egg , removes the host ' s eggs , thereby leaving her own young brood parasite as the only chick in the nest . occasionally , a host lays after the cuckoo finch has done so , and it may then rear its own young along with the parasitic nestling . sometimes , more than one cuckoo finch egg is deposited in the nest and two chicks survive and fledge . the survival of more than one chick , including either a host chick or another brood - parasitic one , indicates that the young cuckoo finch does not evict its nestmates .\nso were the prinia really deceived by the cuckoo finches & apos ; mimetic plumage ? to answer this , we carried out one last experiment . we presented a female cuckoo finch , a female southern red bishop or a male southern red bishop model near a prinia nest . after that , we replaced a prinia egg with an experimental egg to simulate egg laying by a real cuckoo finch .\nour work shows that the cuckoo finch has evolved another novel strategy of attack , whereby it defeats both sensory and cognitive components of host rejection behaviour .\nthe treatment of darwin ' s finches has been updated . the warbler finch , certhidea olivacea , has been split into green warbler finch , certhidea olivacea , and gray warbler finch , certhidea fusca . [ thraupidae , thraupid group , 2 . 12 ]\nto answer this question , first we measured and compared the colour and pattern of cuckoo finches & apos ; plumage to those of vidua finches ( the cuckoo finch\u2019s closest relatives ) and weavers at the natural history museum at tring , uk .\nthis diversity of mimicry has evolved because hosts fight back , since they pay a high price if they are tricked by a cuckoo finch . the young finch usually hatches a day or two in advance of the host chicks , which typically only survive a day or two before starving to death , while the cuckoo finch obtain ' s the lion ' s share of the food the host parents bring to the nest .\ncuckoo finch eggs ( right column ) mimic their eggs of their hosts ( left column ) . the top two rows of eggs are from red - faced cisticola nests and the bottom four rows are from tawny - flanked prinia nests . tawny - flanked prinias lay a range of egg colours and patterns to foil cuckoo finch mimicry .\nit would be great to know whether other parasites have a similar strategy to the cuckoo finch , and whether there is any way hosts can fight back .\ncuckoo finches change their appearance with the season as a result of feather abrasion .\nafrican tawny - flanked prinias are the targets of cuckoo finches in southern zambia .\nhaving highly variable eggs among individuals makes it hard for each female cuckoo finch to match many of the egg types that different prinias lay ,\nexplained dr stevens .\nthe description for the cuckoo finch ( latin name anomalospiza imberbis ) can be found in the 7th edition of the roberts birds of southern africa . the anomalospiza imberbis can be quickly identified by its unique roberts identification number of 820 and the detailed description of this bird is on page 1081 . you will find a picture of the cuckoo finch on page 1009 .\nthis is unfortunate for the cuckoo finch \u2013 and we suspect this is because the rate of parasitism is consistently high at this site , making this strategy worthwhile for the crafty prinias .\nthe film clip shows a nest of the most frequent host of the cuckoo finch , the tawny - flanked prinia , which has an extravagantly diverse range of eggs . the prinia parent has recognised that an egg in its nest is that of a cuckoo finch , and proceeds to eject it by spearing it on the end of its beak and carrying it away .\nthe researchers took 999 randomly chosen pairs of 300 prinia and 84 cuckoo finch eggs in their study population , plugged them into the model and simulated egg rejection using different host - to - parasite egg ratios . they saw that the cuckoo finch eggs are less likely to be ejected when they comprise a greater proportion of the nest , especially if the mimicry is good .\ncuckoo finch eggs mimic those of their hosts , and the same cuckoo finch female commonly lays two or more eggs in the same host nest . in this paper we show that this increases her chances of tricking hosts into accepting the parasitic eggs as their own . by increasing the proportion of foreign eggs in the clutch , cuckoo finches appear to be able to take advantage of uncertainty in the sensory and cognitive processes that hosts use to distinguish foreign eggs from their own .\nthe cuckoo finch was discovered to be a brood parasite after v . g . l . van someren , in 1912 , photographed and collected a young bird in the nest of a rattling cisticola (\nthe nesting habit of cuckoo finch is to use the nest of another bird . the surrogate family then raise the chicks . the bird lays eggs which are white in colour and number between 1 to 3\nusing model cuckoo finches and model southern red bishops ( a common weaver species at the study site ) , we tested whether the prinias reacted differently towards female cuckoo finches and female southern red bishops , compared to male cuckoo finches and male southern red bishops . unlike females , males of these two species look very different : male cuckoo finches are bright yellow and male southern red bishops are black and red .\nleft : two prinia eggs and one cuckoo egg ( good mimicry ) . right : one cuckoo egg and two prinia eggs ( poor mimicry ) . courtesy of stevens et al . / nature communications .\nthe name cuckoo is common to many parasitic bird species that rely upon others to raise their young .\nthe cuckoo finch does not built its own nest but rather invades the nest of other birds . if the bird does not find an empty nest it will attack the host ( original nest owner ) and displace it\nthe cuckoo finch in zambia has evolved to be almost indistinguishable from common and harmless female weaver birds , such as the southern red bishop , said dr william feeney , from the australian national university ( anu ) .\nwe tested these predictions in the tawny - flanked prinia and its parasite , the cuckoo finch . egg appearance ( colour and pattern ) varies greatly among individuals in both host and parasite , but individual females always lay a single egg - type throughout their lives 7 , 8 . cuckoo finches do not target prinia clutches that resemble their own eggs but instead rely on chance matches to succeed 7 . therefore , mimicry can range from very good to poor . a cuckoo finch female commonly lays two eggs in the same host nest 22 ( see below ) .\nthe cuckoo finch looks a lot more similar to the bishop than its nearest relatives , the vidua finches , suggesting that it has evolved to be able to hang around prinia nests without arousing suspicion ,\nhe said .\nthe cuckoo finch , the whydahs and the indigobirds are brood parasites , laying their eggs in the nests of other kinds of songird . the nesting birds , the hosts , rear the young brood parasites along with their own brood .\nwhat is interesting about this situation is that each female cuckoo finch only lays a particular type of egg mimicking a particular host species , and will specialise only on that species , so that within a small area , neighbouring cuckoo finches may look and sound the same , but have hatched from different host nests and lay eggs that mimic that host species . for example , the eggs in the header image above are all cuckoo finch eggs from an area of less than a thousand hectares on our study site in zambia , and come from the nests of three different host species .\nunlike the indigobirds and whydahs , which have since split up into numerous species each specialising on a single host species , the cuckoo finch has remained one species comprising several host - specific races . for instance , the cuckoo finches we study in zambia lay their eggs in the nests of the tawny - flanked prinia prinia subflava and at least three cisticola species .\none of the first indicators to take note of when trying to identify a bird is it relative size . for example how big is the bird compared to a well known familiar bird . the cuckoo finch is a small bird about the size of a house sparrow . do not take this relative indicator as anything other than a rough easy to remember indicator . it is not a accurate visualization . the height of the cuckoo finch is about 13 cms and its weight is about 20 gms\nresearchers found that the cuckoo finches repeatedly targeted the same nests to improve the probability of their eggs being cared for .\nthe cuckoo - finch typically occurs in pairs or small flocks during the breeding season and larger flocks outside the breeding season . it forages on the ground or perched on the flower heads of grasses or herbs . it feeds mainly on grass seeds .\n. female long - tailed paradise - whydahs are attracted to songs of their host , the melba finch , and not to orange - winged pytilia songs ; in aviaries , they sometimes lay when they hear songs of the melba finch . males of this paradise - whydah mimic songs of the melba finch , and in natural conditions the females are attracted to male whydahs giving these songs .\n( ed . by t . e . martin & d . m . finch ) . new york : oxford university press .\nprinias ' egg colours vary widely but by laying multiple eggs in a nest , cuckoo finches reduce the risk of rejection .\njust as expected , we found that the prinias were much more likely to reject the foreign egg after seeing one of the two female species than when they saw a male bird . this showed that they were unable distinguish between the two female species and that the cuckoo\u2019s mimicry is successful , but does not give the cuckoo finch the advantage in the arms race at this site .\n, namely the shape of the horny palate and the thick , internally flattened lower mandible , function in breaking and crushing hard seeds . the cuckoo finch ' s crop contains crushed seeds , not intact , hulled ones as do those of the whydahs and indigobirds .\nthe cuckoo finch has a height of 13 cms and weighs around 20 gms . the head is coloured yellow while the bill is coloured brown . the anomalospiza imberbis has a white coloured throat , brown legs and a yellow coloured back . the eyes are brown .\nthere are two changes from the sacc . they have changed the name of the diademed plover back to diademed sandpiper - plover and have split the gray - throated warbling - finch , poospiza cabanisi , from red - rumped warbling - finch , poospiza lateralis , with the latter now called buff - throated warbling finch . [ charadriidae , charadriiformes , 2 . 51 thraupidae , core passeroidea v , 2 . 51 ]\nhost species therefore defend themselves against parasitism by rejecting foreign eggs from their nests , and this selection pressure has resulted in the evolution of superb egg forgeries by cuckoo finches . not only do cuckoo finches closely mimic the colour and pattern of host eggs , but as we have seen , different host - races of cuckoo finches lay different eggs that mimic those of the specific host species they specialise upon . for example , the photo below shows cuckoo finch eggs ( right column ) mimicking the eggs of two different host species ( left column ) : red - faced cisticolas in the first two rows , and tawny - flanked prinias in the last four rows .\nour cuckoo finch research focuses on two general questions : exactly how cuckoo finches dupe their hosts into accepting these foreign eggs , and on the genetic mechanisms that allow egg mimicry of different hosts to be evolutionarily maintained . this is a puzzle because we would expect interbreeding among males and females raised by different hosts to cause such specialised adaptations to break down . for more information , see the research page .\ncuckoo finches in africa have adopted a unique disguise to help them lay their eggs in other birds ' nests , biologists have found .\nthe prinias have learned to react aggressively towards the innocent female bishops , which look like female cuckoo finches ,\nshe said .\nthe top images show the range of colours and patterns found in prinia eggs , and the proportions of host and foreign eggs used in rejection trials ( ratios of host : foreign eggs ) . lines under the eggs indicate groups originating from the same clutch . the bottom two images show naturally parasitized clutches with one cuckoo finch egg ( left ) or two cuckoo finch eggs ( right ) . both cuckoo finch and host eggs show extensive variation among individuals . prinia eggs have fine lines on them that cuckoo finches do not reproduce ; surprisingly , hosts do not seem to use this fail - safe \u2018signature\u2019 in egg rejection decisions . such markings make it easy to distinguish host and parasite eggs . average host egg size for length is 15 . 63 mm ( max = 16 . 98 , min = 14 . 63 ) and breadth is 11 . 42 mm ( max = 11 . 91 , min = 10 . 82 ) from a sample of 40 randomly chosen eggs .\n) shells . they have not been observed to double - scratch in the field , nor have captives in an aviary been seen to utilize this method with small grass seeds scattered on sand . the cuckoo finch takes grit and sand , which serve to pulverize hard seeds in the crop ;\ncuckoo finches lay multiple eggs in the nests of other birds to make it harder to detect the ' imposters ' , researchers have found .\nin all species , there was relatively little phenotypic variation within clutches ( electronic supplementary material , table s1 ) ; however , species differed in the level of among - clutch variation , i . e . polymorphism . we calculated mdp space for each host species and their respective cuckoo finch gens (\ncuckoo finches forage on the ground and on erect stems of fruiting heads . they use the bill to crush large seeds , such as sunflower (\nthe species is a brood parasite , laying its eggs in the nests of cisticolas and prinias . the eggs are white , pale blue or pink with brown , reddish or violet markings . they are 17\u201317 . 3 mm long and 12 . 5\u201313 mm wide . the eggs are incubated for 14 days . the young bird fledges after 18 days and remains dependent on its hosts for another 10\u201340 days . the young of the host bird usually disappear although there have been records of the host ' s nestlings surviving alongside the young cuckoo - finch . sometimes two cuckoo - finch chicks have been found in the same nest .\nwe used our logistic models of conspecific egg rejection experiments to estimate the proportion of real parasitic eggs likely to be rejected by each host species . we simulated a randomly laying cuckoo finch female by pairing randomly sampled host and cuckoo finch eggs ( of the corresponding gens ) 999 times , and for each pair calculating the phenotypic difference between them for each egg trait . because for red - faced cisticolas the available sample of real cuckoo finch eggs was small ( n = 7 ) , to minimize the risk of identical host\u2013parasite combinations , we chose 50 random host eggs in random order and compared each with a randomly chosen parasitic egg ( thus ensuring a different comparison each time ) , and repeated this process five times , thus generating 250 host\u2013parasite comparisons . we then substituted these standardized values into the rejection models ( reported in the electronic supplementary material , table s3 ) to estimate the probability of egg rejection for each simulated laying event .\nyou ' re actually more likely to hatch alongside a sibling or half - sibling , since your mother probably laid two eggs in the same host nest . this is not a problem : you ' ll thrive alongside each other . this cuckoo finch chick at left has hatched just before its sibling at right . note the absence of any fine lines ( scribbles ) on the cuckoo finch egg , unlike on tawny - flanked prinia eggs . although these scribbles should be perfect signatures of identifty that reliably inform prinia parents which eggs are their own and which are a parasite ' s , puzzlingly , they often still accept unscribbed eggs .\nthe cuckoo finch is so similar to the innocent bishops , that the target of the trickery , the tawny - flanked prinia , cannot tell them apart ,\nsaid dr feeney , who did his phd at the anu research school of biology before taking a position at the university of cambridge , united kingdom .\nthe female african tawny - flanked prinia , a species of warbler , lays eggs in a wide spectrum of colours in an effort to fool cuckoo finches .\nan experimental study of co - evolution between the cuckoo , cuculus canorus , and its hosts . ii . host egg markings , chick discrimination and general discussion\nthis conflict of information can be exploited by a parasitic strategy of repeated laying in the same host nest , such that a parasitic female\u2019s eggs outnumber the host\u2019s own . a simulation model based on our field experimental data demonstrated that a parasite\u2019s eggs are more likely to be accepted if she lays more than one egg in the same host nest , especially when the level of mimicry is also good . this implies a strong adaptive benefit to observed cuckoo finch behaviour : the majority of naturally parasitized nests in the field are composed of clutches in which cuckoo finch eggs are either equal in number to or outnumber host eggs . such repeated targeting of the same nest is unlikely to be explained by a shortage of hosts , as tawny - flanked prinias are abundant at the study site and parasitism levels are only ~ 19 % ( ref . 7 ) . our simulations suggest that approximately a quarter of cuckoo finch breeding attempts have levels of mimicry that afford a benefit from repeated parasitism .\n24 g . all are sexually dimorphic . the male cuckoo finch is greenish and yellow . males of the whydahs and indigobirds have extensive black in the breeding plumage , and whydah males have the inner two pairs of rectrices elongated , in contrast to the additional elongated rectrices of the long - tailed male widowbirds in the ploceid genus\nhere , we show that prinias prioritize a template - based approach to identify foreign eggs , but that they also utilize information about the relative proportions of their own and foreign eggs in making rejection decisions . second , we show that hosts are less likely to reject foreign eggs when they outnumber their own and when the level of mimicry is very good , and correspondingly cuckoo finch eggs are more likely to be accepted under such circumstances . finally , we show that cuckoo finch females have a strategy of repeatedly targeting the same host nests with more than one egg to increase the likelihood of acceptance , and this constitutes a further adaptation by brood parasites to defeat host defences .\nthe rattling cisticola , intermediate with respect to both strategies of defence , is not currently parasitized at our study site . just as several species potentially suitable as common cuckoo hosts show strong rejection behaviour [ 9 ] , it is likely that the rattling cisticola is a former host that has won the arms race with the cuckoo finch . while some foreign eggs were accepted , experimental eggs were always conspecific and hence likely to be a much closer match to the host clutch than real parasitic eggs ; therefore , this does not preclude consistent rejection of cuckoo finch eggs . if the rattling cisticola is indeed a former host , then implementing both strategies appears to have been a highly successful defence against brood parasitism . ideally , these dual defences would be analysed in a phylogenetic context across a range of hosts to distinguish ancestral from derived levels of defence .\nspecies learn the songs from their foster parents and the birds inherit their mitochondrial genes from their mother . in the first generation , a female indigobird laid an egg in a melba finch nest . the melba finch reared the young indigobird , a female , and the latter became imprinted upon the song of her foster parent . as a breeding adult , she was attracted to and mated with a male paradise - whydah mimic of the melba finch . she was then attracted to nesting melba finches and laid her eggs in their nest , and her hybrid young were reared by the melba finches . the two male whydahs , hybrids in the third generation of this family history , mimicked the songs of the melba finch .\nrejection frequency by each host species of real cuckoo finch eggs laid by their respective parasitic gens , based on simulations using logistic models of egg discrimination experiments ( see \u00a72 ) . total frequencies add up to in ( a ) 999 , tawny - flanked prinias , but in ( b ) 250 , red - faced cisticolas ( see \u00a72 ) .\n11\u201312 cm ; 18\u201321g ( kenya ) , 20\u201322\u00b75 g ( transvaal ) . small , stocky finch with short tail and short , stubby bill with upper mandible laterally compressed . . .\nif female cuckoo finches looked more similar to vidua finches than to weavers , then it would suggest that the cuckoo finch plumage is a product of their shared ancestry . if they looked equally similar to vidua finches and weavers , it would suggest that their plumage has been shaped through shared selection pressures from a shared environment ( for example , having to avoid shared predators ) . however , if they looked more similar to the weavers than the vidua finches , it would suggest that natural selection for mimicry has driven their resemblance .\ndistribution of cuckoo finch in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( \u00a9 animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .\ncuckoo finches reproduce by stealing something very unusual from other birds : parenting skills . the cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other bird species , hoping their young will blend in and be fed . even though other birds have evolved to detect minute differences between eggs , and will eject foreign eggs from their nests , somehow cuckoo finches get by .\nbrood parasite , mating system not known , but probably polyg - ynous . lays one to two eggs per nest , removing one or more host eggs . incubation 14 days , fledging 18 days . hosts are warblers of the genera cisticola or prinia , host young usually trampled in nest , rarely reared with parasite young . two cuckoo finch young may be reared together .\nwidowbirds , in which the change is brought about by moult . female cuckoo finches are streaky brown above and whitish below , similar in appearance to females or non - breeding males of\nwe specifically looked at cuckoo finches , as there is already good evidence of an evolutionary arms race between it and its primary host in southern zambia , the tawny - flanked prinia .\ncuckoo finches , like the iconic cuckoos , are brood parasites who lay their eggs in the nests of other birds , to deceive them into raising the parasitic young as their own .\nkozlovic , d . r . , knapton , r . w . & barlow , j . c . 1996 . unsuitability of the house finch as a host of the brown - headed cowbird .\nthe cuckoo - finch is a small finch - like bird , about 11\u201313 cm long . it has a short tail , large legs and feet , and a large , deep , conical bill . the adult male has a black bill and a yellow head and underparts . the upperparts are olive - green with black streaks . the yellow areas become increasingly bright prior to the breeding season as the feathers become worn . the adult female is buff with heavy black streaking above and light streaks on the flanks ; its face is largely plain buff and the throat is buff - white .\ncuckoo finches live in grassland , shrubby woodland , and grassy marshes and swamps . unlike some of their relatives in the present family , however , they are not associated with human activities .\nfound in cisticola nests in ethiopia were saved as specimens in the british museum ( natural history ) ; examination of these reveals that they are , in fact , young cuckoo finches .\npayne , r . ( 2018 ) . cuckoo - finch ( anomalospiza imberbis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nof f . willughby in 1676 , and the\nred - breasted long - tailed finch\ndescribed by g . edwards in 1747 . aldrovandi ' s paradise - whydah is the bird now known as\nthe species was described in 1868 by the german ornithologist jean cabanis based on a specimen from east africa , probably from the coast opposite zanzibar . it was initially placed in the genus crithagra but later moved to a genus of its own , anomalospiza . the name of the genus means\nanomalous finch\nwith spiza being a greek word for finch . the specific name imberbis comes from latin and means\nbeardless\n.\nthe village indigobird similarly exploits small termites when they emerge during the rains . straw - tailed whydahs supplement their diet of small grass seeds with both larval and adult insects , which they catch on the ground . the cuckoo finch has been seen on rare occasions to take insects , sometimes hawking these at dusk . it feeds its young with insects , including caterpillars and wasps ( hymenoptera ) . wilson\u00e7s indigobird (\na particularly interesting case involves the cuckoo finch ( anomalospiza imberbis ) and one its many hosts , the african tawny - flanked prinia ( prinia subflava ) . university of exeter ecologist martin stevens told io9 ,\nthere ' s an extremely high level of variation from one prinia ' s eggs to another .\nsome birds ' eggs resemble the surface of mars , while other eggs may be green with brown spots .\nanomalospiza imberbis ( cuckoo finch ) koekoekvink [ afrikaans ] ; koekoekswever [ dutch ] ; anomalospize parasite [ french ] ; kuckucksweber [ german ] ; tecel\u00e3o - parasita [ portuguese ] distribution and habitat occurs in patches across africa\u2019s western coast from guinea to cameroon , with a separate population extending from ethiopia through tanzania , zambia and angola to southern africa . here it is uncommon in swaziland , mpumalanga and surrounding provinces , while\u2026\nimportantly , the cuckoo has evolved to produce eggs that look similar to the prinia ' s eggs . but rather than seek out prinia nests with eggs that look like its eggs , the cuckoo leaves it all up to chance , laying eggs in seemingly random prinia nests . in response to this mimicry , the prinia , like many other host species , has developed mechanisms to tease out imposter eggs .\ndavies , n . b . , brooke , m . de l . & kacelnik , a . 1996 . recognition errors and probability of parasitism determine whether reed warblers should accept or reject mimetic cuckoo eggs .\nnaturally parasitized clutches at our study site during 2007\u20132009 and 2012\u20132013 are consistent with the prediction that repeated parasitism should benefit the cuckoo finch : of 62 parasitized prinia nests where the final clutch composition was known ( that is , incubation had begun ) , two - thirds contained either two ( 61 % ) or three ( 5 % ) parasitic eggs laid by the same female ( as assessed phenotypically by the human eye ; cuckoo finch eggs are highly variable and distinctive among individuals for colour and pattern 7 , making it relatively easy to identify eggs as belonging to the same individuals ) . parasitic eggs were in the majority in 68 % of nests ( in 36 of 42 cases , no host eggs were present ) , equal numbers of host and parasitic eggs were present in 19 % of nests , and host eggs made up the majority of the clutch in just 13 % of parasitized nests .\n( a ) simulations between 999 random pairs of host and cuckoo finch eggs show that as the proportion of parasitic eggs in the nest increases , they are more likely to be accepted . error bars show \u00b11 s . e . m . ( b ) the probability of rejection also depends on the level of colour difference between host and parasitic eggs : closely matching eggs are less likely to be rejected when they comprise a greater proportion of the clutch .\nsurprisingly , we found that the prinias were extremely aggressive to both the harmful female cuckoo finches and harmless southern red bishops \u2013 treating both as threats . they were not , however , aggressive to males of either species .\nless is known about the breeding behaviour of the cuckoo finch . adults and juveniles of this species form flocks both outside and within the breeding season . when not in a flock , a male sometimes sings at a single site for a few minutes , as has been recorded at lochinvar national park , in zambia , and at harare , in zimbabwe . the male ' s courtship displays , with the wings raised , look more like the nest - displays of\n= 55 per group ; resampled mean \u00b1 s . e . for prinias = 0 . 651 \u00b1 0 . 002 and for red - faced cisticolas = 0 . 382 \u00b1 0 . 002 ) . correspondingly , cuckoo finch eggs laid in tawny - flanked prinia nests were more polymorphic ( mean \u00b1 s . e . = 0 . 547 \u00b1 0 . 015 ) than those laid in red - faced cisticola nests ( 0 . 404 \u00b1 0 . 038 ) (\nthe broad - tailed paradise - whydah is a southern african bird that belongs to the viduidae bird family group which includes birds such as whydahs , indigobirds , cuckoo finch . the description for the broad - tailed paradise - whydah ( latin name vidua obtusa ) can be found in the 7th edition of the roberts birds of southern africa . the vidua obtusa can be quickly identified by its unique roberts identification number of 863 and the detailed description of this bird is on page 1071 . more\ni ' ve incorporated the new paper by burns and racicot ( 2009 ) about tachyphonini . the tachyphonini have been rearranged and gained black - goggled tanager and crimson - breasted finch from the incertae sedis tanagers . [ thraupidae , core passeroidea v , 2 . 15 ]\nin europe , whydahs and indigobirds have been kept as cagebirds for centuries , being held in esteem for their song and colourful breeding plumage . renaissance scholar michel de montaigne visited the italian city of florence in 1581 and saw them in the medici aviaries . his description of a finch with\nits closest relatives are thought to be the indigobirds and whydahs of the genus vidua . these birds are now usually considered to form a family , viduidae . previously they were treated as a subfamily , viduinae , within either the estrildid finch family , estrildidae , or the weaver family , ploceidae .\nin this study , we demonstrate a novel evolutionary tactic at play in these interactions . we have previously shown that the tawny - flanked prinia , the most common host of the cuckoo finch , uses several different features of egg colour and pattern to discriminate between its eggs and those of the cuckoo finch . in this study , we first demonstrated that prinias know the appearance of their own eggs and primarily reject foreign eggs based on whether they deviate from this internal template . this is consistent with past work investigating mechanisms of rejection in hosts of other brood parasites 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 20 . however , we further demonstrated that prinias do not simply reject any eggs that differ sufficiently from an internal template regardless of their frequency . instead , they appear to use both template - recognition and discordancy mechanisms to maximize information about egg identity . the two mechanisms are in conflict when host eggs are outnumbered by mimetic parasitic eggs , such that sensory and cognitive mechanisms disagree . we have shown that under such circumstances , hosts prioritize information from the template - recognition mechanism but require greater colour differences to make the correct decision .\nnestling and fledgling whydahs and indigobirds are fed by their foster parents . they crouch , twist the head and neck , wave the head from side to side , and beg with the head turned to one side or even upside - down , in the manner of the young of their estrildid hosts . the nestlings and fledglings are fed with seeds regurgitated by their foster parents . in contrast to the whydahs and indigobirds , the young cuckoo finch begs in an upright posture , without waving the head , and it feeds directly , taking insects held in the fosterer ' s bill .\nwe carried out fieldwork during january\u2013march 2007\u20132009 , within a ca 800 ha area on and around musumanene farm ( 16\u00b047\u2032 s , 26\u00b054\u2032 e ) near choma , southern zambia . all hosts build woven nests with a side entrance , stitched among the broad leaves of small herbaceous shrubs ( tawny - flanked prinias and red - faced cisticolas ) , or tucked into the base of a shrub or grass tussock ( rattling cisticolas ) . hosts pay strong fitness costs of parasitism since cuckoo finch hatchlings usually outcompete all host young [ 22 ] . hosts removed foreign eggs by puncturing then ejecting them .\n, the cuckoo finch , include the bill , the mouth and the palate . the bill is short and stubby , with the outline straight . the jaw is bent downwards at the frontonasal - maxillary hinge at an angle of about 110 degrees in relation to the jugal . inside the mouth , a thick lateral surface is formed by the edge of the maxilla and a broad ventral protuberance that articulates with the jugal bone . this complex forms a crushing surface . the lower mandible of all of the viduids has a thick , flat rostral flange that is expanded ventrally at its posterior margin .\nthis paper shows experimentally that adult female cuckoo finches ( at left in photo ) in zambia have evolved to resemble harmless and abundant bishop - birds ( right ) , which should help them to slip past being attacked by host parents while they try to lay their egg . however , hosts are not fooled by this attempted deception , and defend themselves against parasitic cuckoo finches and harmless bishop - birds alike . to our knowledge this is the first time that such \u201cwolf - in - sheep\u2019s - clothing\u201d plumage mimicry has been experimentally shown to exist in any adult bird .\nif you ' re an adult female , lay your eggs in exactly the same host species as your mother did . hope that at least some of your eggs will match the host clutch more like nest number 13 on the left , than nest number 15 on the right ( in each case , the egg at far right is that of a cuckoo finch , and the others are those of the tawny - flanked prinia host ) . your egg will therefore have a much better chance of being accepted by the host parents ( the whole lot will probably still get eaten by a snake , though ) .\nanticipating sacc decisions , hyphens have been removed from : rufous crab hawk , buteogallus aequinoctialis ; many - colored rush tyrant , tachuris rubrigastra ; crowned slaty flycatcher , empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus ; shear - tailed gray tyrant , muscipipra vetula drab water tyrant , ochthornis littoralis ; short - tailed field tyrant , muscigralla brevicauda ; many - colored chaco finch , saltatricula multicolor ; black - backed bush tanager , cnemoscopus rubrirostris ; long - tailed reed finch , donacospiza albifrons ; and gray - hooded bush tanager , cnemoscopus rubrirostris . i have also removed a hyphen from white - headed marsh tyrant , arundinicola leucocephala , which has been added to the sacc proposal .\nwe found the latter , which suggested that female cuckoo finches have evolved to mimic weavers . we then conducted two field experiments in southern zambia to test whether we could verify this apparent case of mimicry . this meant months of long days watching these birds from the inside of a hide , which was absolutely brilliant !\nhas a single clear layer of bone on each side of the dorsal mid - line ; the clear region contrasts with the spotted appearance of the skull of other songbirds , in which two layers of bone are joined by columns and the layers are otherwise separated by a layer of air , the mature skull being pneumatized or\nossified\n. nearly all adults have an incompletely pneumatized skull . in yearling indigobirds the skull is pneumatized by about half , individuals two years old and older have the skull more than 70 % pneumatized , and fewer than 5 % of all birds have a fully pneumatized skull . cuckoo finch adults also have an incompletely pneumatized skull .\nmany brood parasites [ such as cuckoo finches ] and hosts are locked in ongoing evolutionary arms races , with parasites evolving attack strategies to get their eggs accepted - such as egg mimicry - and hosts evolving defences - such as egg rejection ,\nexplained co - author dr martin stevens from the university of exeter .\nusing simulations based on the egg rejection models derived from experimental data , we found that prinia\u2013cuckoo finches laying randomly in tawny - flanked prinia nests have an average rejection probability of 0 . 492 \u00b1 0 . 008 ( range 0 . 047\u20130 . 999 ) , and that the distribution of rejection probabilities was relatively even ( figure 3 a ) . red - faced cisticola\u2013cuckoo finches laying randomly in red - faced cisticola nests have an average rejection probability of 0 . 521 \u00b1 0 . 014 ( range 0 . 001\u20130 . 795 ) ; thus , very similar on average to prinias , but with a less even distribution ( figure 3 b ) .\nwe were suspicious that adult female cuckoo finches might be employing aggressive mimicry to get into their host\u2019s nest because they look remarkably similar to another group of species that shares their grassy habitats : females of the several common species of weavers , known as bishopbirds or widowbirds . is this coincidence , or a deceptive strategy shaped by natural selection ?\non the evolution of aggressive mimicry by adult cuckoo finches : feeney , w . e . , troscianko , j . , langmore , n . e . & spottiswoode , c . n . 2015 evidence for aggressive mimicry in an adult brood parasitic bird , and generalised defences in its host . proceedings of the royal society of london b 282 : 2015079 .\nwe found that african cuckoo finches \u2013 brood parasites that rely on a different kind of bird to raise their young \u2013 have evolved to look like harmless weaver birds in an attempt to deceive their hosts . but we also discovered that their tawny - flanked prinia hosts have caught onto this and responded by being aggressive to anyone resembling their enemy \u2013 a form of collective punishment .\nin some cases , a brood parasite ' s eggs will look nothing like the host ' s eggs , and this is ok because the host cannot tell the difference . but in other cases , especially those involving cuckoo birds , the parasite ' s eggs and the host ' s eggs have similar patterns or colorations , and this results in some very cool evolutionary arms races .\nindigobirds and whydahs , along with other finch - type species , are widely trapped for the cagebird trade . in senegal , hundreds of thousands of birds are captured each year , under permit , for this purpose , yet this activity appears , perhaps somewhat surprisingly , to have no noticeable effect on population numbers . viduids are trapped for the trade also in guinea , mali , tanzania and mozambique , and almost certainly elsewhere , too .\na few indigobirds ringed as adults have been recovered more than 20 km from their breeding site , but nothing is known about the juvenile dispersal of these birds . at the end of the breeding season , some whydahs form large flocks and move many kilometres , and a marked shaft - tailed whydah was recovered 150 km from its earlier site . in the dry non - breeding season , cuckoo finches appear in flocks far from their known breeding areas , and they may , in fact , be seasonal migrants .\nparadise - whydahs in zambia , where males in breeding plumage appeared at the same site and chased each other . their plumage and their display behaviour were intermediate between those of indigobirds and those of the long - tailed paradise - whydah , and their song mimicked the songs and calls of the melba finch , the normal host species of the whydah . mitochondrial dna of the hybrid male was like that of the indigobirds , which parasitize and mimic the songs of firefinches . the individual life history of one of these hybrid viduids was recovered from its song mimicry and its mitochondria , as\nhost species of brood - parasitic birds can evolve features such as spots , squiggles and colours on their eggs that act like \u2018signatures ' that are difficult for parasites to forge , helping hosts to detect and reject imposter eggs . in this paper , we show that hosts of cuckoo finches ( as well as hosts of diederik cuckoos ) in zambia have optimised this defence by arranging signature traits in unpredictable combinations . thus , egg signatures are individually distinctive and hard for parasites to mimic , helping hosts distinguish parasitic eggs from their own . the paper arose from mphil research by eleanor caves ( co - authored by martin stevens , edwin iversen and claire spottiswoode ) and the data were all obtained from major john colebrook - robjent ' s wonderful egg collection .\nviduids occur in flocks at any time of the year , gathering together in the evening , and they often roost in flocks both in the breeding and in non - breeding seasons . sometimes several species will flock and roost together at night in leafy trees . when gathered together , birds will occasionally produce a harsh\nchut\nor short chatter ; they do not give song mimicry at their roosting assemblages . it is uncertain whether the actively breeding males join in these roosting flocks or roost alone , but at the end of the breeding season , and still in breeding plumage , they certainly feed together and flock for the evening roost along with the moulting males , as well as the females and juveniles . cuckoo finches have not been observed closely through the day , but the breeding females at all stages of their laying cycle spend much of their time in flocks ; males tend to occur alone on song territories , where they are well - spaced from other males , but they also occur in flocks throughout much of the day ."]}
{"id": 2135, "summary": [{"text": "udea uliginosalis is a species of moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in great britain , spain , france , germany , switzerland , austria , slovenia , slovakia , poland , romania , bulgaria , serbia and montenegro , albania and the republic of macedonia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 25 \u2013 30 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dull ash-coloured with a pale spot behind the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are paler or whitish with an ashy border on the hindmargin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing in july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae are probably polyphagous on low plants and/or grasses . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "udea uliginosalis", "paragraphs": ["udea uliginosalis \u00a72 , male ; glen strathfarrer , inverness - shire ; 19 / 07 / 2012 ; fw 14 . 3mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nthis rather local species is restricted in distribution to the uplands or mountains of scotland , and in some scottish islands such as orkney and rhum .\nit frequents grassy habitats where the relatively nondescript adult moths can be found in july .\nstudies by r . j . heckford in 2009 , where moths were reared in captivity from ova , suggested that the larvae are polyphagous on low plants and / or grasses . typically , in scotland , the species occurs in regions and habitats where no ragwort is present .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 16 : 57 : 15 page render time : 0 . 3248s total w / procache : 0 . 3637s\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\n\u00a74 dalmunzie ( glenshee ) , perthshire ; 26 / 08 / 2016 ; male ; fw 11 . 6mm ; to light all images \u00a9 chris lewis\nwe have no records for this species in sussex in the sxbrc database as yet . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntaxa with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable , but are at risk . ( in gb , this was interpreted as species which exist in fifteen or fewer 10km squares ) . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .\ntaxa with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable , but are at risk . ( in gb , this was interpreted as species which exist in fifteen or fewer 10km squares ) . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .\ntaxa which do not fall within rdb categories but which are none - the - less uncommon in great britain and thought to occur in between 31 and 100 10km squares of the national grid or , for less - well recorded groups between eight and twenty vice - counties . superseded by nationally scarce , and therefore no longer in use .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nflushed from vegetation by day at 1997m altitude - dolomites , italy ( 2 . vii . 2013 ) \u00a9 neil sherman\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthere are 0 county records of individuals from 0 different sites . first recorded in .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi"]}
{"id": 2136, "summary": [{"text": "anticrates phaedima is a moth of the lacturidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from australia , including queensland .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have whitish-yellow forewings with dark fuscous markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are red , but become paler towards the base . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anticrates phaedima", "paragraphs": ["choose one > anticrates metreta > anticrates paraxantha > anticrates phaedima > anticrates sp . a > anticrates sp . anic1 > anticrates sp . anic2 > anticrates sp . bold : aak2739 > anticrates sp . mm - 2015 > anticrates sp . nw - 2010 > anticrates zapyra all lower taxonomy nodes ( 10 )\ne - books online for all anticrates phaedima pdf | electronic library . download books free . finding boooks | bookfi - bookfinder . download books for free . find books .\nanticrates phaedima turner , 1913 ( lacturidae ) , male - nsw , 3 miles s of port macquarie , 28 . mar . 1965 , i . f . b . common leg . ( anic ) .\nanticrates phaedima turner , 1913 ( lacturidae ) , female - qld , lamington national park , 7 . nov . 1961 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1b4f6674 - cbf9 - 41b2 - 82a5 - 34eae1ba1c3a\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 533ad1e5 - 6da4 - 46fd - 8557 - 73dd037de465\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 596861\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nwithin the last 30 years , while we\u2019ve chased bogeymen overseas and here at home , our democracy has fallen . we have been taken over ; defeated ; our voices neutered ; our freedoms trampled ; our democracy vanquished . no invading force accomplished this ; no jackboots echoed across our republic ; no alien flag was raised above our lands . not a single shot was fired by our \u2026\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nebooks free with prime the boys percy : being old ballads of war , adventure and love from bishop thomas percys reliques of ancient english poetry . together with an appendix containing two ballads from the original percy folio ms . 9781142245375 pdf"]}
{"id": 2137, "summary": [{"text": "the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) , is a species of rodent in the family dipodidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in canada and the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "western jumping mice evolved during the pleistocene , possibly from the fossil species zapus burti , which is known from the late blancan .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "their closest relatives appear to be pacific jumping mice , with which they can still interbreed to produce fertile offspring . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "western jumping mouse", "paragraphs": ["western jumping mice are found throughout western canada and much of the western united states .\nright : a western jumping mouse in hibernation . ( photo courtesy of v . b . scheffer )\nbrown , l . 1967 . seasonal activity patterns and breeding of the western jumping mouse ( * zapus princeps * ) in wyoming .\nmalaney jl , conroy cj , moffitt la , spoonhunter hd , patton jl , cook ja . phylogeography of the western jumping mouse (\nbrown , l . 1970 . population dynamics of the western jumping mouse ( * zapus princeps * ) during a four - year study .\nbosque del apache national wildlife refuge [ banwr ] new mexico meadow jumping mouse .\nclark , t . w . 1971 . ecology of the western jumping mouse in grand teton national park , wyoming . northwest sci . 45 : 229 - 238 .\ncranford , j . a . 1983 . ecological strategies of a small hibernator , the western jumping mouse zapus princeps . canadian journal of zoology 61 : 232 - 240 .\nwestern jumping mice have large hind legs and a band of dark fur on their back . like other rodents , they have a long tail and pointed face . smaller than most rats , the western jumping mice measure up to 25 centimetres in length .\nthese groups contend saving streamside habitat hurts their business , and they argue that the mouse is not a separate - enough species , distinct from the more - abundant western jumping mouse , to qualify for endangered species act protection .\n) . however , this would not account for lack of detectability of other demographic groups . third , as in the western harvest mouse (\nwestern jumping mice can live as long as 6 years if they survive their first season of hibernation . half of all juveniles that enter their first winter hibernation will die . because western jumping mice hibernate they are only active for a short period each year .\nluoma , s . n . 1969 . a study of hibernation in the western jumping mouse , zapus princeps . m . s . thesis , montata state university . 39 pp .\nwright gd , frey jk . herbeal feeding behavior of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse (\nwright gd , frey jk . habitat selection by the endangered new mexico meadow jumping mouse (\nfinal rule . determination of endangered species status for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse throughout its range .\nwestern jumping mice need high - energy foods to increase fat storage for their long hibernation periods . the main foods eaten by western jumping mice are arthropods , seeds and leaves . seeds are important in the fat deposition , however , arthropods may be a critical substitute when seeds are not available .\nbrown , l . n . 1970 . population dynamics of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) during a four - year study . j . mammal . 51 ( 4 ) : 651 - 658 .\nbrown , l . n . 1967 . seasonal activity patterns and breeding of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) in wyoming . am . midl . nat . 78 ( 2 ) : 460 - 470 .\nmorrison p , ryser fa . metabolism and body temperature in a small hibernator , the meadow jumping mouse ,\nwestern jumping mice are important prey species for many predators in the ecosystems in which they live . they are also important as consumers of seeds and arthropods .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nvariation in phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the endangered new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) .\nfrey jk . evidence for the historical occurrence of the meadow jumping mouse in the verde river watershed , arizona .\nmalaney jl , cook ja . using biogeographic history to inform conservation : the case of preble\u2019s meadow jumping mouse .\nwhitaker , j . 1963 . food , habitat , and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central new york .\nwright gd , frey jk . cool season activity of the meadow jumping mouse in the middle rio grande , 2010 .\nthe jumping mouse has large hind legs and a band of dark fur on its back . like other rodents it has a long tail and pointed face . smaller than most rats , the jumping mouse measures up to 25 cm in length .\nin the southern parts of its range , the woodland jumping mouse is often restricted to mountain peaks ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\nvariation in phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the endangered new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nschorr ra , lukacs pm , florant gl . body mass and winter severity as predictors of overwinter survival in preble\u2019s meadow jumping mouse .\nthe meadow , pacific , and western jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius , z . trinotatus , and z . princeps , respectively ) range over much of north america , in grasslands as well as riverine and wet meadow habitats of cool and moist forests . the only species found outside north america is the sichuan jumping mouse ( eozapus\u2026\nwestern jumping mice hibernate during the winter and spend most of their days in the summer building up fat reserves for this dormant period . seeds , leaves , and insects like spiders , centipedes , and crustaceans provide the high fat and energy foods these mice need to survive . they forage mainly at night . when scared from it ' s hiding place the western jumping mouse will make a series of jumps and then remain still in a new hiding spot to confuse predators .\nwestern jumping mice exhibit low predation by mammalian carnivores during hibernation . one of the reasons for this is that their hibernation chambers are hidden far beneath the layers of snow . also , jumping mice give off little odor during hibernation , making them difficult find .\n, is the most common external parasite of woodland jumping mice . there can be as many as several hundred of these mites per mouse .\ndavis , w . b . 1937 . some mammals from western montana and eastern idaho . the murrelet 18 ( 2 ) : 22 - 27 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\ntitle =\narkive species - woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwestern jumping mice hibernate during the winter and spend most of their days in the summer building up fat reserves for this dormant period . seeds , leaves , and insects like spiders , centipedes , and crustaceans provide the high fat and energy foods these mice need to survive . they forage mainly at night . when scared from their hiding place the western jumping mice will make a series of jumps and then remain still in a new hiding spot to confuse predators .\nbrannon , m . p . ( 2005 ) distribution and microhabitat of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , and the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in the southern appalachians . southeastern naturalist , 4 ( 3 ) : 479 - 486 .\n. however , woodland jumping mice have a white - tipped tail , are larger , and are more brightly tricolored than are meadow jumping mice . also , woodland jumping mice are rarely found in open areas , whereas\nthe woodland jumping mouse occurs at a range of elevations , from near sea level to around 2 , 000 metres in the appalachian mountains ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\ndid not catch any jumping mice at banwr in september , but caught a 20 . 0 g young of the year female on 22 and 25 october . this jumping mouse was radio - collared and its last above ground movement was 26 october (\nthe timing of reproduction for western jumping mice varies from year to year . many females less than 2 years old do not breed . if they do breed it will usually occur later in the season and they produce smaller litter sizes than older females .\nthe woodland jumping mouse would benefit from further research into its abundance , the extent of its distribution , and the potential impacts of any threats on its populations ( 1 ) .\nin california , the western jumping mouse is distributed in the sierra nevada from southeastern shasta co . south through plumas co . to northeastern tulare co . it also is found in north - central california in siskiyou and trinity cos . , in eastern modoc co . and in western tehama co . probably distributed throughout north - central and northeastern california , though confirmed locality data are sparse ( see hall and kelson 1959 , hall 1981 ) . jumping mice are confined to wet areas in a variety of coniferous forest , riparian , and grassland habitats . locally common to abundant in thick , herbaceous vegetation near water .\na trap is set during a study of the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range .\nbeginning in march 1992 , but did not capture a jumping mouse until 13 may . males made up 83 % of captures during may with the first female caught on 20 may (\na ribbon marks a trap during a study of the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range .\nneumann r , cade tj . photoperiodic influence on the hibernation of jumping mice .\nwestern jumping mice are found primarily in moist fields , thickets , and woodlands , especially where grasses , sedges , or other green plant cover is dense . they are also found in grassy edges of streams , ponds , and lakes , usually within 50 meters of water .\nit was one of several mouse - trapping expeditions planned this summer to detect the preble\u2019s mouse , including one at the u . s . air force academy north of colorado springs and in the foothills west of boulder .\n) . however , the timing differed . jumping mice at banwr emerged ca 4 weeks\nhafner dj , petersen ke , yates tl . evolutionary relationships of jumping mice ( genus\nrocky flats national wildlife refuge \u2014 the hunt is on for the preble\u2019s meadow jumping mouse \u2014 as is a trump - backed fight that holds it up as proof the endangered species act needs tweaking .\n\u201cwe could delist the mouse due to extinction , \u201d hansen said . \u201cbut we\u2019re not going to let that happen to this mouse . we have enough tools , and conservation partners , to make sure that doesn\u2019t happen . \u201d\nalison michael holds a deer mouse , that was caught in a trap , as she works on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .\nalison michael holds a meadow vole mouse , that was caught in a trap , as she works on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .\nwhitaker jr , j . o . ( 1963 ) food , habitat and parasites of the woodland jumping mouse in central new york . journal of mammalogy , 44 ( 3 ) : 316 - 321 .\nadelman , e . b . 1979 . a survey of the nongame mammals in the upper rattlesnake creek drainage of western montana . m . s . thesis . university of montana , missoula . 129 pp .\na deer mouse is caught in a trap at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield .\nalthough usually silent , the woodland jumping mouse may sometimes utter a low clicking or clucking sound , or squeal if disturbed . it may also drum its tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .\nscott quigley , left , writes down information as alison michael holds a deer mouse , that was caught in a trap , as they work on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .\n: owls , hawks , weasels , snakes , foxes , coyotes , and skunks are principal predators of the meadow jumping mouse . little is known about longevity in this species , but it may live about two years .\nalthough it may use long leaps to escape danger , the woodland jumping mouse more often walks around on all fours when moving slowly , or uses short hops for greater speed ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . when escaping , it usually makes several leaps before stopping and remaining motionless under nearby cover ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the woodland jumping mouse climbs well in bushes , but does not ascend trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe woodland jumping mouse is a common and widespread species and is not currently considered at risk of extinction . its populations are believed to be stable , and it is not facing any major threats at present ( 1 ) .\nlike all jumping mice , the woodland jumping mouse has prominently grooved incisors ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . this species is distinguished from jumping mice in the genus zapus by its white tail tip and by differences in its teeth , and from eozapus species by lacking a dark stripe on the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . across its range , the woodland jumping mouse varies in appearance , with northern populations generally being larger and paler than those in the south ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . some scientists have recognised up to five subspecies ( 2 ) .\ncolorado cattlemen\u2019s association vice president terry fankhauser said regulations on streamside construction have had a negative economic impact . he lauded work by gov . john hickenlooper and other western governors to give states a greater voice in handling endangered species issues .\nthere are no specific conservation measures currently known to be in place for the woodland jumping mouse . this colourful rodent occurs within a number of protected areas , but there are no conservation efforts targeting its specific needs ( 1 ) .\novaska , k . and herman , t . b . ( 1988 ) life history characteristics and movements of the woodland jumping mouse , napaeozapus insignis , in nova scotia . canadian journal of zoology , 66 : 1752 - 1762 .\nthe preble\u2019s mouse stands out as a \u201crelic species\u201d that evolved during the ice age , when colorado was wetter . the mouse adapted to wet conditions . then , as glaciers retreated , the mouse was confined to increasingly isolated stream corridors . preble\u2019s mice need free - flowing water to drink , unlike other species in the semi - arid west that can metabolize water from plants or drops of dew .\nwoodland jumping mice can be nervous in captivity . tail drumming and sporadic jumping are signs of excitability or nervousness . after about a month of captivity , woodland jumping mice calm sown and are easy to handle . these animals are not usually aggressive toward each other , and do not fight over food . when given the choice , they prefer to sleep in the same nest box as other woodland jumping mice .\nzwank pj , najera sr , cardenas m . life history and habitat affinities of meadow jumping mice (\ncostello , r . , a . rosenberger . 2003 .\nnapaeozapus insignis , woodland jumping mouse\n( on - line ) . smithsonian national museum of natural history : north american mammals . accessed march 29 , 2004 at urltoken .\nover 20 years , requirements to minimize harm to preble\u2019s mouse habitat have hurt landowners looking to develop , colorado association of home builders ceo scott smith said . \u201cif you have property deemed to be mouse habitat , it has significant impacts . it sterilizes your property . \u201d\nalison michael hunts for a trap , as she works on a study on the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .\nage class of specimens of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by date of capture for ( a ) valley populations and ( b ) montane populations . age class was determined by characteristics of the skull and dentition .\nare adapted to jumping , and so have long hind legs with elongated ankle bones and long toe bones .\nwoodland jumping mice have no special status on the iucn red list , us federal list , or cites .\n) . thus , different species and populations of jumping mice adjust to short activity intervals in different ways .\nthey have quite a large range extending in canada from southern yukon to south - western manitoba . jumping mice are also common in the u . s . from california east to montana and new mexico . because owls and foxes are their predators , these mice like to live under thickets , brushes , and in dense grasslands where they are hard to find .\nfrom left , scott quigley , david lucas , and alison michael head out to look at traps as they study the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado\u2019s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .\nfrom left , david lucas , scott quigley and alison michael head out to look at traps as they study the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .\nhowever , residential , agricultural and industrial development may reduce the habitat available to the woodland jumping mouse in some areas , particularly affecting suitable hibernation sites . in future , a more serious threat is likely to come from climate change , which could cause a decline in the southern populations of this species , which are already restricted to cooler environments at high elevations . climate change may also cause reduced winter snowfall , removing the insulating layer that the woodland jumping mouse needs to survive its hibernation period ( 1 ) .\nfrom left , scott quigley , david lucas , and alison michael head out to look at traps as they study the rare jumping mouse , at rocky flats national wildlife refuge on july 18 , 2017 in broomfield . they are trying to find out whether mouse has survived and how much protection it needs up and down colorado ' s booming front range . they found two meadow vole mice , and 11 deer mice , but no jumping mice , in the 200 traps , during the first day of the study .\nspecimen data used in the evaluation of the phenology of hibernation and reproduction in the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) . museums acronyms are defined in text . julian date is the date of capture . age class is described in text .\n\u201cwhy waste money protecting a population that is not important to the species as a whole or to biodiversity ? \u201d pacific legal foundation attorney damien schiff said , making the groups\u2019 case to delist the preble\u2019s mouse . \u201cit is not economical or socially feasible to protect every population . you should prioritize based on the most ecologically or biologically significant species . the preble\u2019s jumping mouse is not high on that list . \u201d\n: food of the meadow jumping mouse consists of fruits and green vegetation , but principally seeds and grasses which they pull down to ground level by cutting the bases of the stalks . some animal food is eaten , especially in the spring when seeds are scarce .\nthe three - colored pattern found on the fur of woodland jumping mice helps to conceal these animals against dead vegetation . if they are pursued by predators , woodland jumping mice escape by jumping quickly , then remaining still for a little while . their coloration , escape behavior , and relative lack of odor are probably all ways they avoid predators . woodland jumping mice are mostly safe from predators during hibernation . timber rattlesnakes , broad - banded copperheads , screech owls , bobcats , minks , striped skunks , gray wolves , and house cats are all known predators of woodland jumping mice .\nthe woodland jumping mouse has rather coarse fur , due to a layer of stiff guard hairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . its fur is quite bright , with yellow - orange to reddish - brown sides , sprinkled with dark hairs . the sides contrast with the brown to black back and top of the head , and with the pure white underparts . the tops of the feet are also white , while the tail is distinctly bi - coloured , being dark brown above and white below , with a white tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the ears of the woodland jumping mouse are of moderate size and are furred on the outside ( 6 ) . the female woodland jumping mouse is usually slightly larger than the male ( 2 ) .\nhow often does reproduction occur ? woodland jumping mice breed once or twice in one season ( may through september ) .\nare also found on woodland jumping mice . internal parasites include protozoans , cestodes or tapeworms , and nematodes or roundworms .\nwestern jumping mice mate soon after they emerge from hibernation , usually in june . their gestation period is approximately 18 days and they give birth to 3 to 9 young . a newborn weighs about 1 gram . they can have 2 or 3 litters per year but will usually have only one litter . young born too late in the year do not acquire sufficient fat reserves to survive hibernation .\nusually tall grass along streams , with or without a brush or tree canopy . also dry grasslands in north - central mt . mesic forests with sparse understory herbage in western mt . from valley floors to timberline and alpine wet sedge meadows ( hoffmann and pattie 1968 ) .\nthe pacific jumping mouse is common within its range . population densities vary greatly , from three individuals per hectare in dry grassy areas , to 40 per hectare in mesic meadows where forbs are more abundant than grasses ( cranford 1999 , in wilson and reeder , 2005 ) .\norrock , j . l . , farley , d . and pagels , j . f . ( 2003 ) does fungus consumption by the woodland jumping mouse vary with habitat type or the abundance of other small mammals ? canadian journal of zoology , 81 : 753 - 756 .\nfrench ar , forand s . role of soil temperature in timing of emergence from hibernation in the jumping mouse , zapus hudsonius . in : heldmaier g , kligenspor m , editors . life in the cold : eleventh international hibernation symposium ; berlin . 2000 . pp . 111\u2013118 .\nwoodland jumping mice eat fungi and help to disperse mycorrhizal fungi . mycorrhizal fungi are very important to the ecosystem because they provide trees with nutrients . they also break down detritus . woodland jumping mice are often found with other small mammals , such as\na highly specialized granivore , eating mainly grass seeds , and hibernating for up to 8 mo each yr . the need for an abundant seed supply probably explains the restricted ecological distribution and patchy abundance . despite the name , a jumping mouse generally moves about on all 4 feet . predators include foxes , coyotes , mustelids , house cats , owls , hawks , snakes , and some fish . jumping mice are good swimmers .\nmeaney ca , ruggles ak , lubow bc , clippinger nw . abundance , survival , and hibernation of preblei\u2019s meadow jumping mice (\nthe only species in its genus ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , the woodland jumping mouse ( napaeozapus insignis ) is a small rodent with long hind feet and a distinctly long tail , which makes up more than half of its total length ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . using the hind limbs for propulsion and the tail for balance , the woodland jumping mouse is able to make large leaps of up to three metres at a time ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) , although it more commonly moves with shorter hops ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nthe diet of the woodland jumping mouse includes a variety of fungi , seeds , caterpillars , beetles , nuts , fruits and other plant material ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . fungi often make up over a third of the diet ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , with underground species such as those in the genus endogone being particularly important ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . the association of the woodland jumping mouse with cool , moist habitats may partly relate to the availability of this food source ( 7 ) .\n1994 . meadow jumping mice habitat affinities and capture success in two trap types at bosque de apache national wildlife refuge . 86 pp .\nin fact , the crew did not catch a single preble\u2019s mouse along a 1 - mile stretch of the creek where , on average , 44 mice had appeared in previous surveys .\nyet development pressures mount \u2014 to widen interstate 25 through mouse habitat between castle rock and colorado springs , to build new housing and to install more big - box stores . and , in washington , d . c . , and in pro - industry law offices , attorneys argued last week that it makes no sense to give so much power to a mouse .\nprevious mouse surveys found scores of the mice along front range streams , including an estimated 77 along rock creek in the late 1990s . but , increasingly , preble\u2019s mice aren\u2019t found .\nbrown , l . n . 1967b . seasonal activity patterns and breeding of the western jumping mouse ( zapus princeps ) in wyoming . am . midl . nat . 78 : 460 - 470 . godin , a . j . 1977 . wild mammals of new england . johns hopkins univ . press , baltimore , md . 304pp . hall , e . r . 1981 . the mammals of north america . second ed . 2 vols . john wiley and sons , new york . 1271pp . hall , e . r . , and k . r . kelson . 1959 . the mammals of north america . 2 vols . the ronald press , new york . 1162pp . krutzsch , p . h . 1954 . north american jumping mice ( genus zapus ) . univ . kans . nat . hist . publ . 7 : 349 - 372 . meyers , l . g . 1969 . home range and longevity in zapus princeps in colorado . am . midl . nat . 82 : 628 - 629 . stinson , n . , jr . 1981 . home range of the western jumping mouse , zapus princeps , in the colorado rocky mountains . great basin nat . 37 : 87 - 90 . vaughan , t . a . , and w . pease - weil . 1980 . the importance of arthropods in the diet of zapus princeps in a subalpine habitat . j . mammal . 61 : 122 - 124 .\n\u201cdevelopment has proceeded along the front range , \u201d he said . \u201cin areas where development could affect the mouse , we have worked with developers and other project proponents to avoid and minimize their potential impacts on the mouse , other listed species , and other natural resources \u2014 and , if necessary , pursue incidental - take permits under the esa so that projects proceed . \u201d\nthe woodland jumping mouse is most active at night , although it may also be active at dawn and dusk , especially in cloudy or rainy weather ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . this species has a long hibernation , usually lasting from september or october until april or may . during the autumn , the woodland jumping mouse starts to accumulate extra body fat in preparation for hibernation , and will sometimes increase to one and a half times its spring weight ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . no extra food is eaten over the winter months , so any individuals without sufficient fat reserves do not survive ( 1 ) . in the spring , male woodland jumping mice emerge a couple of weeks before the females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) .\n: the meadow jumping mouse occurs in the eastern third of kansas where it inhabits abandoned fields or grassy meadows associated with shrubs or trees , generally in moist situations . it uses trails made by voles , but , like harvest mice , prefers to live independently of trail systems . its distribution in the state is localized and variable .\nsaving the mouse requires continued work by all to preserve and protect streamside habitat , which also helps many other species and people who rely on streams for water and recreation , federal wildlife officials say .\nbreeding season mating occurs immediately after woodland jumping mice emerge from hibernation in early may . mating may also occur in mid - summer ( second litter ) .\nwoodland jumping mice eat a variety of foods , including fruits , seeds , fungi , and insects . in many areas , these mice depend on the fungus\nthe jumping mouse can have up to 3 litters a year starting directly after the snowmelt in the spring . each litter has 3 - 9 young that weigh less than a gram each . owls , weasels , foxes , and skunks all like to eat this furry rodent . habitat destruction alongside rivers and streams is the main threat faced by these important mammals .\nthe colorado association of home builders , colorado cattlemen\u2019s association , and housing and building association of colorado springs recently petitioned the federal government demanding that the protection granted in 1998 for the preble\u2019s mouse be removed .\nthe preble\u2019s mouse counts can be slow . trappers lay out metal boxes at night , baited with molasses - covered oats or alfalfa . they put them in thick willows , then check them at dawn .\n. woodland jumping mice can climb within bushes and on vines but are not arboreal . lastly , they can swim underwater and on the surface for short distances .\na fish and wildlife service review in 2013 concluded that human development and other activities fragmented and changed preble\u2019s mouse habitat , that the mice are likely to face extinction \u201cwithin the foreseeable future , \u201d and that they require continued protection .\npercent of records by month for the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) based on museum specimens from low elevation valleys and montane populations . percent of records by month for bosque del apache national wildlife refuge ( valley , rio grande population ) is based on field data reported by najera ( 1994 ) and sr najera , pj zwank , & m cardenas ( 1994 , unpublished data ) .\nlittle is known about how woodland jumping mice benefit humans . the disperal of mycorrhizal fungi by these animals benefits many species of trees , some of which may be economically important .\nthe preble\u2019s mouse , found only on colorado\u2019s front range , \u201cis a case in point , \u201d schiff said . \u201cyou have a significant amount of time and resources being expended over a population that doesn\u2019t merit that degree of attention . \u201d\nthe newborn woodland jumping mice are naked and blind and weigh just 0 . 9 grams . the young are fully furred by 24 days old and open their eyes at 26 days ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . weaning takes place by about 34 days old ( 3 ) . neither the male nor female woodland jumping mouse breed until after their first hibernation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) . this species may live up to three or four years , but most individuals probably do not survive beyond one or two years ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\n: the meadow jumping mouse has a nervous disposition and , when disturbed , will immediately jump through the grass in erratic leaps using its tail as a balance . it is a good climber , frequently ascending stalks of plants while foraging . it is also a good swimmer . an oval nest ( 100 to 150 m ) is made of grass , rootlets and other plant fibers , and is placed either underground , under logs , on the surface of the ground , or sometimes a few millimeters above ground in hummocks of grass . the meadow jumping mouse is essentially solitary , and is rarely found in groups . in early autumn after accumulating fat , it retreats to a subterranean nest which is placed below the frost line and , after losing the tunnel , curls up in its nest with its tail wrapped around it and spends the next six or seven months in hibernation .\nthompson , richard w . , western resource dev . corp . , boulder , co . , 1996 , wildlife baseline report for the montana [ montanore ] project , lincoln and sanders counties , montana . in application for a hard rock operating permit and proposed plan of operation , montanore project , lincoln and sanders counties , montana . vol . 5 . stroiazzo , john . noranda minerals corp . , libby , mt . revised september 1996 .\nthe tiny mouse with a huge vertical leap \u2014 officially designated threatened , meaning vulnerable to extinction \u2014 has for two decades forced developers and cattlemen to take better care of streamside habitat along colorado\u2019s front range , one of the nation\u2019s fastest - growing regions .\nas its common name suggests , the woodland jumping mouse is found primarily in wooded habitats . it prefers relatively cool , moist areas with dense vegetation , particularly in spruce - fir and hemlock - hardwood forests ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . this species is often found along streams or around bogs or swamps ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nin the northern portion of this species ' range , woodland jumping mice are 12 % larger in body size than they are in the south . northern and eastern populations tend to be more yellowish and southern populations are reddish - orange . northwestern populations have pale colored sides and dark backs . these distinctions in appearance and geographic differences helped whitaker ( 1972 ) to identify five subspecies of woodland jumping mice .\nthan other habitats . these rodents prefer forested areas with dense woody undergrowth . throughout their range , woodland jumping mice are found in spruce - fir and hemlock - hardwoods . they are also found at forest edges when these provide sufficient cover ( shrubs , ferns , grasses , rocks ) and access to water . woodland jumping mice occur from sea level to elevation of 2013 m in the appalachian highlands .\nsurveyors running 200 traps a night all week saw nothing of the mouse\u2019s famed leaps and midair twisting to evade predators . and this habitat is as good and undisturbed as it gets , because rocky flats was closed off as the site of a cold war nuclear bomb factory .\nwestern jumping mice have yellow sides with a dark band down the middle of their back . their belly is usually white , but can sometimes have a yellow tinge . the body length including the tail is 215 - 260 mm . they have a long tail ( 126 - 160 mm ) that is darker on the top than the bottom . males and females are similar in size and characteristics . weight ranges from 18 to 24 grams , but can reach up to 35 grams before they enter hibernation . the hind feet are very large with each foot measuring 28 - 34 mm and they can hop up to 2 m . each upper tooth row has 4 molariform teeth with the first reduced in size .\npopulations of pacific jumping mice appear secure , however , potential threats to long term viability exist . as with similar species , populations of pacific jumping mice are often greatly reduced by wildfires and prescribed burns , which are becoming increasingly common throughout its range . because of its reliance on mesic , montane habitats , this species may also be threatened by climate change . but overall there are no major threats to the species at present .\nnormally , woodland jumping mice use a four - legged walk when moving around . however , when speed is needed they resort to a four - legged hopping locomotion . a hop normally covers 0 . 6 to 0 . 9 m , but can be as long as 1 . 8 m and as high as 0 . 6 m . jumping mice travel along trails created by other small mammals , but not nearly as regularly as do\ni am grateful to greg wright for his assistance and the many insightful discussions we have had about jumping mice . i thank scott wait of colorado parks and wildlife and jennifer l . zahratka for providing information about jumping mice at sambrito creek . i thank christina kenny for assistance creating the histograms . i thank fs dobson , an anonymous reviewer , and the academic editor , d kramer , for constructive suggestions that greatly improved the paper .\nthe endangered species act requires landowners to at least consult with federal officials before disturbing mouse habitat and to obtain permits for projects where harm can be minimized through careful planning . over two decades , hansen said , this process has resulted in higher - quality development along colorado\u2019s front range that saves streamside terrain .\nalthough not specifically reported for this species , there is undoubtedly tactile communication between mates , as well as between mother and offspring . it is also likely that , as in other small rodents , chemical signals pass between individuals helping to identify individuals , sexes , and the reproductive condition of any particular mouse .\nthe woodland jumping mouse occurs in the north - eastern united states and south - eastern canada . in canada , it has been recorded from southern labrador , south through quebec , and east through southern and central ontario , as far as manitoba . its range extends south through the north - eastern united states , along the appalachian mountains and as far south as northern georgia ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it is also found in northern michigan and northern wisconsin ( 1 ) ( 5 ) .\nmales come out of hibernation about 2 weeks before females , and mating occurs as soon as the females emerge . mating can also place again in mid - to late - summer , in which case it produces a second litter . there is not much information available on the mating system of woodland jumping mice . in captivity , females sometimes injure the ears and tails of males who pursue them for mating . however , captive woodland jumping mice are generally passive with each other , even while breeding .\nreproductive data for female meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) that were field - evaluated to be pregnant at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico , 2009\u20132010 ( wright , 2012 ; frey & wright , 2012 ) .\nrelationship between the temperature equivalent ( c\u00b0 ) of a location and the earliest known date for emergence of the new mexico meadow jumping mouse ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) from hibernation . temperature equivalents are relative to a hypothetical location with approximate average conditions for new mexico : 34\u00b0 n latitude , 1 , 981 m elevation , and mean annual temperature of 12 . 2 \u00b0c . solid dots and regression line are based on dates of earliest capture during field studies ; stars are earliest dates of representative museum specimens . julian dates range from 1 may ( 121 ) to 3 july ( 184 ) .\nage of new mexico meadow jumping mice ( zapus hudsonius luteus ) by month captured in the middle rio grande valley at bosque del apache national wildlife refuge , socorro county , new mexico . the number of known pregnant females is indicated with a \u201cp\u201d in parentheses .\nthis small rodent builds a globular nest of dry grass and leaves , usually in an underground burrow , in a hollow log or fallen tree , or in a pile of brush ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . burrows may be dug by the mouse itself , or taken over from another small animal . the entrance is concealed during the day ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the breeding season of the woodland jumping mouse runs from may to early september , although births usually peak in june and august ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the gestation period is about 21 to 29 days ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , and litter size ranges from 2 to 7 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . females sometimes have two litters a year , particularly in more southerly populations ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .\nthey jump to evade predators from coyotes to owls , fish and wildlife service biologist craig hansen said . \u201ci\u2019ve seen prodigious leaps , from a foot up to 5 feet . they crouch in vegetation and wait for predators to get close . it is a shock - and - awe defense . it surprises predators . then the mouse jumps away . \u201d\nit would take years before the mouse could vanish , because 34 , 935 acres of \u201ccritical habitat\u201d along streams in colorado ensure survival is likely . and wildlife researchers say it is difficult to prove a species has gone extinct . if that happened , the endangered species act protections legally could be removed . few species have been removed from the endangered list due to extinction .\nwoodland jumping mice are found throughout northeastern north america , from central manitoba to northern quebec and south into the lower appalachian mountains ( northern georgia ) . in michigan , these mice may be found in the upper peninsula and in the northern three tiers of counties in the lower peninsula .\n: the meadow jumping mouse is a graceful , colorful mammal that can be distinguished from other kansas rodents by : 1 ) long tapering tail , bicolored grayish - brown above and yellowish - white below with a black tip , 2 ) large hind feet , 3 ) small front feet , 4 ) long , coarse , yellowish - brown fur on the upper body with black - tipped guard hairs that form a dark dorsal stripe , 5 ) yellowish - orange to pinkish - buff sides , 6 ) white underparts , and 7 ) dark ears edged with buff or white . sexes are alike . young are duller in color than adults and have softer fur .\n= 9 ) of jumping mice caught in may were male . the earliest capture date for a valley specimen outside the middle rio grande valley were two females caught 24 june at espanola , rio arriba county , new mexico ( 36 . 0\u00b0n latitude , 1 , 700 m elevation ) .\nwoodland jumping mice are normally active at night , but may be active during the day , especially on cloudy or rainy days . these animals seek shelter in burrows they dig for themselves , burrows of other small mammals , or under shrubs . during the day , woodland jumping mice cover the entrance to their burrows . a tunnel may be 1 . 5 m in length . a globular nest is built in a small tunnel , in brush , or on the ground . the nest is made of grass and dead leaves , and can be as large as 154 mm in diameter .\nwoodland jumping mice are found in a wide variety of habitats in michigan . these include old growth dry and wet hardwoods , second growth hardwoods , mixed conifer swamp , tamarack and black spruce bog , second - growth fir and spruce , and in grassy areas with second - growth ash cover .\nalong the rio grande and the lowest elevation location ( i . e . , highest temperature equivalent ) where the species is currently known to persist . field studies at banwr have revealed a sharp reduction in detectable above - ground activity of jumping mice during late summer . in 1991 and 1992 ,\ndevelop more slowly than other rodents . it is possible that they need extra time for the growth and coordination of their very specialized jumping limbs . litters contain from 1 to 7 young , and pregnancy lasts from 23 to 29 days . at birth , young are blind , naked , unpigmented , and weigh about 1 g . by the age of 10 days , young woodland jumping mice have pigment spots beneath the skin all over the body . their bodies are covered with fine hair by day 14 . young jumping mice are fully furred by 24 days and their eyes open by 26 days . by day 34 , the young are weaned and they have the appearance of adults , except they are smaller and their sides are yellowish brown ( adults have orange - brown sides ) . juveniles lose their yellowish fur when they molt , at about 63 to 80 days after birth . most adults go through their yearly molt in august .\nwoodland jumping mice hibernate for at least six months of the year . they spend september / october until may in a subterranean burrow . young do not enter hibernation until late october , about one month after adults begin hibernation . body fat is quickly accumulated several weeks before entering hibernation . an adult that weighs 20 g in the summer may gain up to 10 g to in preparation to hibernate . while hibernating , woodland jumping mice curl up in a ball in their underground nests and enter a torpor where their normal body temperature of 37 c drops considerably . finally , up to 35 % of their weight is lost during hibernation .\nis not found in any other small mammal . these mice were also found to have eaten raspberries , may apples , blueberries , ferns , leaves , and nuts . insects are another important part of the diet of these mice , providing about 22 % of their food . woodland jumping mice do not cache food .\n) . at fenton lake , morrison ( 1987 , unpublished data ) caught 5 jumping mice in october that previously had been captured with the last caught on 3 october after which trapping ended . thus , there could have been later dates of activity . morrison ( 1987 , unpublished data ) thought that most adults had entered hibernation by mid - september and that later occurrences were young of the year . however , in the white mountains near greer , i caught five jumping mice on 12 september , which included four young of the year weighing < 20 g , and one adult female that weighed 34 g that was imminently ready for hibernation .\nnot much is known about the communication in woodland jumping mice . in captivity , individuals are very tolerant of each other and show few signs of aggression . individuals are normally silent ; however young mice are constantly squeaking and making suckling sounds shortly after being born . adults utter a soft clucking sound while sleeping or just before hibernation .\n) caught jumping mice through september and until 22 october , although all were considered young of the year in these months except an adult female ( 24 . 0 g ) on 12 september and an adult male that weighed 32 . 0 g on 27 september and 35 . 0 g on 1 october , and was imminently ready for immergence ("]}
{"id": 2138, "summary": [{"text": "the siamese algae eater ( crossocheilus oblongus ) is a species of freshwater fish in the carp family , cyprinidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this bottom-dwelling tropical fish is found in mainland southeast asia , including the chao phraya and mekong basins as well as the malay peninsula .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "its natural habitats are streams and rivers as well as flooded forests during the rainy season .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the siamese algae eater should not be confused with the flying fox ( epalzeorhynchos kalopterus ) or the false siamensis ( garra cambodgiensis ) . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "siamese algae eater", "paragraphs": ["siamese algae eater , chinese algae eater and harlequin\u00b4s , in my 200 liters planted fishtank .\nalgae eater , siamese headbreather , sucker loach , sucking loach , and biforated carp .\nthere is a narrow lighter band above the black band in a false siamese algae eater .\nall fins on a false siamese algae eater are yellowish in color except for the pectorals .\n) . these fish are very commonly sold as merely algae eater . watch out for its adult size , and temperament . the siamese algae eater , (\nspecificationsmpnf90 0022 2105manufacturerthat fish placecommon nametrue siamese algae eater scientific namecrossocheilus siamensis originasia max siz . . .\nthe siamese algae eater is also known as the siamese flying fox , flying fox and siamese fox . it is common in aquarium stores and a very good algae eater . a very similar species , garra taeniata aka epalzeorhynchus sp , is sometimes sold as siamese algae eater which have earned that species the common name false siamese algae eater . a majority the siamese algae eaters that are ( or at least used to be ) sold in united states are in fact false siamese algae eaters . it is also common for shipments of siamese algae eater to contain both siamese algae eaters and false siamese algae eater . this is not surprising as the species live in the same areas and young specimens of the two species school together . you can tell the two species apart by the following facts :\notocinclus catfish care guide - otocinclus vittatus - best nano algae eater . great for brown algae .\nthe siamese algae eater is an interesting and fun fish to watch , especially when in their natural habitat , being a planted community aquarium . these algae eaters are not to be confused with the chinese algae eater\nthe siamese algae eater is one of the best algae eater fish . sometimes it is confused with other similar fish like the flying fox . \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05e1\u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d9 , \u05e9\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e4\u05e3 , \u05d0\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd\nthe black horizontal band doesn ' t go all the way to the tail fin on a false siamese algae eater .\nright now you are bound to think \u201c does it really matter if i get the true siamese algae eater or the false one ? \u201d . the answer is that it very well might . the false siamese algae eater is not as good an algae eater as the true one and more importantly is more aggressive towards other fish species than the siamese algae eater . it is therefore much less suitable for a community aquarium with friendly fish .\nthe true siamese algae eater ( crossocheilus siamensis ) is one of the most popular algae eaters , especially to help control nuisance algaes in planted . . .\nthe siamese algae eater is native to thailand and the malay peninsula . it is the only know species to eat red algae and can be a good ally to have when fighting a number of nasty algae such as red algae and brush algae .\nin addition , the dorsal fin of the flying fox is more deeply notched than on the siamese algae eater , although this may be slight .\nok , i ' m sure you can see the differences right off the bat between a siamese and chinese algae eater , so i ' m not going to get into that much . but as you can see , the false siamensis and flying fox are very similar in apperance to a true siamese algae eater .\nsiamese algae eaters need to swim to float . if they stop they sink to the bottom .\ncommon name : siamese algae eater , siamese flying fox , flying fox , siamese fox scientific name : crossocheilus siamensis max size : 6 inches / 15 cm ph : 6 . 5 - 7 ( tolerates a much larger range span ) temperature : 75 - 79\u02daf / 24 - 26\u02dac\nthe flying fox has a smoother edge to the black stripe running along its body \u2014 the one on the siamese algae eater has a more ragged edge \u2014 with the area above the stripe tending to be uniformly coloured . the scales in this area of the siamese algae eater have dark margins , imparting a net - like pattern .\nthe chief difference is a large fleshy flap in the corner of the mouth in the flying fox ( epalzeorhynchos kalopterus ) that\u2019s absent in the siamese algae eater ( crossocheilus siamensis ) .\nmore commonly referred to as the carp family . these bottom - dwelling algae eaters are not to be confused with the chinese algae eater or plecostomus , two other popular varieties of algae eaters among freshwater aquarium owners . the siamese algae eater is indigenous to the main lands of southeast asia including the mekong and chao phraya river basins . they inhabit streams and rivers and will spread into flooded out lowland jungle areas of the malay peninsula during the rainy season .\nsiamese algae eaters are technically omnivores but lean quite far toward the herbivore side of the spectrum . the algae growth in your aquarium alone will not provide an adequate foods source . sinking food wafers and algae pellets or dried algae sheets will help insure they receive enough food to keep them healthy and full of vigor . siamese algae eaters will readily nibble at green leafy vegetables like lettuce and spinach . these make excellent supplemental food items .\nsome tips and information on keeping the siamese algae eater - sae . like and subscribe ! music :\ndrops of h2o ( the filtered water treatment )\nby j . lang ( feat . airtone ) urltoken is licensed under a creative commons license : urltoken\nsiamese algae eater are a medium sized member of the carp family . these fish generally reach a maximum adult length of 6 inches in an aquarium setting . they have slender torpedo shaped bodies with transparent fins . these fish have silver color palettes with a single horizontal stripe beginning in front of their eyes and terminating at the base of the caudal fin . siamese algae eaters have a double set of barbels . barbles are a distinguishing characteristic of the carp family .\nanother big difference is in behaviour . both the false siamensis and flying fox are solitary , and may become aggressive to others of its kind . the siamese algae eater , on the other hand , is a peaceful schoaler , and does better in a small group of 4 - 6 .\nthis species is among a handful of near - identical congeners that are traded as \u2018siamese algae - eater\u2019 ( often abbreviated to \u2018sae\u2019 ) , \u2018siamese flying fox\u2019 and \u2018crossocheilus siamensis\u2019 . recent work has shown that name to be a synonym of epalzeorhynchos siamensis which was described from tadi province , southern ( peninsular ) thailand by smith ( 1931 ) before being moved to crossocheilus by b\u0103n\u0103rescu ( 1986 ) .\nthis species is as earlier mentioned a good algae eater , but in most aquariums they will need other food as well as there simply isn ' t enough algae to sustain a school of siamese algae eaters . they willingly accept all types of live , frozen and flake food . feed them a varied diet with a lot of vegetable matter . if given too little green food in the aquarium they might hurt the plants . young specimens are better algae eaters while older specimens seem to like other food more .\ncommon name : siamese algae eater scientific name : crossocheilus siamensis family : cyprinidae origin : south east asia size : 5 - 6 inches / 12 - 15 cm ph : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 temperature : 74 - 80 f temperament : peaceful great fish for eating nuisance black / beard algae . excellent in planted aquariums and should be kept in groups of 3 or more .\nfinally , one last thing i ' ve read about and also observed in my tank concerns the peculiar way a siamese algae eater rests . it doesn ' t lie flat on it ' s belly but keeps propped up slightly with its tail , pelvic and pectoral fins ; prefering low , dense plants like cryptocorynes .\ni observed mine doing this very thing the other evening , so it seems only appropriate to end this article with a picture of 3 of my siamese algae eaters resting in the dim evening lights .\nthe easiest and most apparent difference is the horizontal black stripe running down the body . both the false siamensis and flying fox have a nice smooth black stripe topped with a gold stripe . the true siamese algae eater has a ragged , almost zig - zag black stripe running to it ' s tail , and no gold stripe .\nthe next thing to look at is the mouth . admittedly it ' s hard to see in the photos , but on close inspection you ' ll notice that the false siamensis and flying fox both have twin pairs of barbells ( the little whisker by their mouths ) , but a true siamese algae eater only has 1 pair .\nhow to identify the siames algae eater . recently i had the luck of running across 6 beautiful little siamese algae eaters , mistakenly labeled at the pet store as flying foxes . knowing their true identity i immediately bought all 6 , and now that they ' ve settled and i ' ve gotten some good pictures , i ' d like to share with you all some tips on identifying this amazing little fish .\nthe siamese algae eater is generally considered to be the best all - around algae eater available to aquarists . unfortunately it is easily confused with other similar species ( usually\nfalse siamensis\nepalzeorhynchus sp . ) , and is often mislabeled in stores . most of the fish i ' ve seen in canada sold under the name\nsiamese algae eater\nare really epalzeorhynchus sp . a relatively peaceful fish , especially when young , it can become agressive to its own species as it ages , and its quick , darting movements can stress out some more sensitive fish , such as dwarf cichlids or discus . a very hardy fish , it is easy to keep and feed , eating both algae and just about anything else put into the tank , such as flake food , pellets , live foods , parboiled vegetables , etc . it does a diligent job of removing algae from plants without harming them , as well as from decorations and aquarium glass . considered by this aquarist as a necessity in any well - planted aquarium . cover the tank carefully however , as these fish are strong jumpers .\nsiamese algae eaters leave most plants alone but might eat duckweed ( lemna minor ) and the roots of the water hyacinth . they are best kept in schools . true siamese algae eaters are peaceful and can be kept in community tanks with most other friendly fish . avoid keeping them with long finned fish as they might bite the fins on long finned fish . the aquarium should be at least 25 gallon / 100 l .\nsiamese algae eaters make excellent additions to a community tank . they have peaceful temperaments and quite frequently ignore the activities of fish in the upper levels of your tank . they should not , however , be housed with fish with long , flowing fins like angelfish and bettas . they are reputed fin nippers . unlike many bottom dwelling species , the siamese algae eater exhibits no sign of territorial aggression toward conspecifics . multiples will school together in home aquariums . it is in fact recommended that these fish be raised in schools . they have a particular affinity to broad leafed aquarium plants and will frequently be found resting atop of them , especially when they are younger . adult fish are more prone to rest on the aquarium substrate . these fish will require a minimum tank size of 25 gallons . the average lifespan of a siamese algae eater is 5 - 7 years but they have been documented to live as long as 10 years .\nthe siamese algae eater is a hardy fish that can adapt to a wide variety of living conditions as long as extremes are avoided , but they do best in planted aquariums with densely planted areas as well as open areas . siamese algae eaters wants to have at least a few broad leafed plants in the aquarium since they like to rest on top of such leafs . young specimens also use narrow leaves for this . if not provided with suitable plants they rest on the bottom . adult fish are more prone to rest on the bottom even if suitable plants are available .\nsiamese algae eaters a brief description and benefits of keeping this fish . sea ' s were kept in this small tank only for a week , to remove some bba algae which appeared after the water output flow was rendered and some dead spots were created . music by : andrew komarnjicki etsy shop : urltoken\ndescription - urltoken one of the best known algae eater in aquarium . peaceful and attractive fish . temperature : 20 - 26 \u00b0c ph : 6 - 7 . 5 tank : min 100 l fish size : 10 - 15 cm .\nnow observe the color of the fish itself . you ' ll see that both the false siamensis and flying fox are more colorful , with some yellow or red markings to the fins . the siamese algae eater is rather blandish gold - brown - silver . but a distinctive marking is along the back , where the black outlines the scales , making the top of the fish appear retulicar .\nhow well do otocinclus catfish eat algae ? a little experiment from the den . . . .\nalthough the body stripe becomes paler when the fish are sparring it doesn\u2019t change in width , and a further simple distinguishing trait is the presence of a dark blotch immediately in front of the anal fin on the underside of the fish . this fish is the one most often referred to as \u2018siamese algae eater\u2019 in literature and online , but because it varies slightly with c . langei sensu stricto the possibility that it\u2019s an undescribed species cannot be discounted .\na wonderful fish that is known to even eat red algae . not to be confused with the flying fox or false siamese algae eater . these fish are jumpers though , and won ' t hesitate to leap out of the water . a good cover for the tank is required . new owners of this fish might be unnecessarily distressed by their unusual sleeping behavior . it is not uncommon for these fish to sleep nose down , even upside down , either supported by water flow or jammed into or precariously perched upon aquarium decor and equipment . a true sign of distress however , often indicating , stress from water chemistry issues or stress from persecution by other fish is a blanching out of the black lateral stripe , something that should be taken very seriously , and potential causes investigated immediately . siamese algae eaters regularly blanching out are often only hours away from death .\nextremely pleased with my order of 6 siamese algae eaters . they are all very healthy and have acclimated to my tank nicely . shipping process was smooth and package arrived on time tightly packed inside a heated enclosure , due to cold weather conditions . thanks again ! you\u2019ve got my attention .\nniederle , j . , 2009 - the aquarium gazette 8 my anabasis with red - algae eaters known as crossocheilus siamensis .\nlives mainly in mountain streams and brooks with gravel bottoms . feeds on algae and other plants ( ref . 45563 ) .\nsiamese algae eaters are hard to sex but females are fatter than males and look more rounded when viewed from above . no other differences are known . nothing is known about breeding this species in aquariums without the aid of hormones . it is reasonable to assume that changes in the water ( temperature , ph , hardness ) and current conditions might trigger spawning in well conditioned fish .\narrived alive and in good condition . they do nibble on black algae but they & apos ; ll eat cucumbers , zucchini and fish food as well .\ncame in great and did well . they seem to be doing the job that i bought them for , eating the black hair algae in my tank !\n\u2018crossocheilus siamensis\u2019 ( see \u2018notes\u2019 ) is famed as a consumer of \u2018black brush\u2019 algae ( bba ) , also known as \u2018red\u2019 or \u2018beard\u2019 algae . these members of the division rhodophyta can be otherwise difficult to remove once established in aquaria so the \u2018species\u2019 has achieved huge popularity among hobbyists who maintain planted set - ups .\nsiamese algae eaters accept a wide variety of water conditions but neutral to slightly acidic water is preferred even if they tolerate ph 5 . 5 - 8 . 0 . the recommended temperature is between 75 and 79\u02daf / 24 and 26\u02dac . don\u2019t keep this species in very hard water . they prefer well circulated clean water . it is recommended to oxygenate the water as they like oxygen rich water .\ncame in the day after i ordered . arrived very healthy and adjusted to the community immediately . they have severely reduced the black beard algae in the tank .\n) unless the aquarium is large and well planted , because that species is very aggressive towards all its relatives . i have kept these fish in my 200 l community tank for years bacause this slender algae eating barb is the only known fish that eats the red algae which grows in my heavily planted tank from time to time .\nfrank , neil ; liisa sarakontu .\nalgae eating cyprinids from thailand and neighboring areas\n. the aquatic gardener : journal of the aquatic gardeners association . aquatic gardeners association .\nfish are often bought as algae eaters because they will readily eat algae when young , but with age , their preference changes towards meatier foods , such as prepared aquarium foods , frozen crustaceans and small fish . this change is also reflected in behaviour , which becomes aggressive with age , especially so towards others of their own kind and fish with similar colors .\nthey were delivered timely and in good health . they came in separate bags exactly as i requested because they were going into different tanks . it took them about a week to do any algae eating , but they now have done a nice job of cleaning up the hair algae . they are very cute and one likes to school with my large school of rummy nose tetras !\n) is an active and fast swimmer , which thrives best in schools but can also be kept alone or in pairs . it is a strong jumper and should not be kept in uncovered tank , because it will eventually jump . siamese algae eaters often chase one another , but they never get hurt in these fights . as they are not aggressive , they can be kept in any community tank big enough . their active behavior might stress some sensitive species like dwarf cichlids and prevent them from spawning . they should not be kept with red - tailed sharks (\narrived alive , very healthy , and settled right in . only problem is they don & apos ; t do much eating of the hair algae i bought them for . they seem to eat most anything else except live plants . my otocinclus eat as much of it as they do , very odd\n. it is a beautiful , peaceful little schooler that more than anything else is famous for being possibly the only aquarium fish in the world that will eat black brush ( red ) algae . the problem is they ' re not easy ( or downright impossible ) to breed in captivity , and easily mixed up with\nin nature crossocheilus species are aufwuchs grazers feeding on algae , diatoms and other phytoplankton , plus associated microorganisms . the use of high - protein foods in the aquarium should therefore be avoided as the fish are unable to metabolise some components efficiently ; regular , prolonged consumption can result in excessive deposits of fat and even organ degeneration .\nsiamese algae eaters appreciate the company of their own species and may wane and become overly timid if kept in solitary conditions . this is a communicative species that requires shoal numbers for their full personality to be appreciated , they will sleep in groups , and feed in coordinating lines and rows . they will shoal defensively . this is a consistently active fish that may annoy fish of a more delicate temperament such as discus , and corydoras with their incessant flight behaviour . the author recommends an aquarium of at least 40 gallons for four adult specimens . the positive aspects of allowing this fish a social life cannot be ignored as regards their health and vigor . this fish has nothing in common with the antisocial and territorial flying fox as regards personality , and is consistently peaceful throughout its life . scuffles cause no real injuries .\nwe had problems with black bearded algae in our 85 liter tank . so we bought 4 sae ' s when they were just a couple of centimeters long . they quickly grew to maximum size ( 12 - 14 cm ) , and we had to get a new aquarium . we bought a 530 liter aquarium , and the fishes are now very happy , i think . we have had no problems with black bearded algae after the sae ' s moved in . have in mind that they grow quite large , and should have plenty of space to move on . they are so incredibly fast , that i call them\nmy 4 small jet fighters\n. they are nice to other fish !\ni have had my sae for about 10 years . he has grown so big ( about 13 cm and has outlived every fish in my tank . although i have read that he is a good algae eater , mine is a big fat lazy opportunist . he eats more processed food and live food than all my fish put together and has a big fat gut . he or she is also very territorial and won ' t allow any of the fish to have a space of their own . i have a 300 liter tank filled with sweet little community fish , angelfish , a kribensis mother and some grown babies , and some rams . he lays ownership to any spot that another fish wants . i do have to say that he doesn ' t allow other fish to fight . if he sees fish getting aggressive toward one another , he is right there to break it up . he is absolutely a pain in my tank , but i love him .\ni have a school of seven sae ' s in my 220 liter community aquarium . they range in size from about 6 cm to 8 cm . i believe these are about the most industrious algae eaters i ' ve seen in my 55 years as a fish hobbyist . i originally purchased them because i read somewhere on the internet that they were the only species that ate what has come to be known as black bearded algae , which is an unsightly pest that is very difficult to get rid of . i had this scourge all over some driftwood and all over my live plants , and it was one of the factors that led to the demise of many of my plants . the sae ' s went to work the instant i put them in the tank , and within a few weeks the driftwood looked like it had just come from the processor - it sparkled a bright brown color . they also went to work on the plants when they got tired of polishing the driftwood . within a few days those leaves that were not destroyed by the algae began to look greener and brighter . the algae was almost gone , and there were no residual holes where the sae ' s had been feasting . since this aquarium is located next to my computer , i get to spend a lot of time watching the fish , and i have never seen the sae ' s resting . they constantly forage on every surface in the aquarium . i have found these little custodians to be a peaceful and most useful addition to this community aquarium , which is populated with several species of near adult rainbowfish , adult congo tetras , adult emperor tetras , and several half grown apistogramma species .\nthese are the hardest working , most beautiful cleaner fish you can get . i think they are much more attractive than the false siamensis and cae ' s with whom they are commonly confused . once you know what to look for it , is easy to make a distinction . the main thing to look at as the stripe . true sae ' s have a serrated stripe that runs all the way to the tip of the tail . i have 10 sae ' s in my 380 liter and they are constantly looking for algae or leftover food to nibble on . they never stop ! i highly recommend these to anyone with the room for them . they get quite large , i ' ve seen some about 14 cm ! they are a must for a planted tank , as they clean the leaves so well , but cause no damage to the plant whatsoever . they eagerly take flake food , but should always have some sort of vegetable matter in their diet , so if they run out of algae , supplement with sinking algae tabs , mine love them . sae ' s are very peaceful toward other fish , but i ' ve noticed mine can occasionally be territiorial to each other , although i don ' t think they have the ability to cause injury .\nthis can be further furnished with roots and branches arranged to form a network of nooks , crannies and shaded spots . while the majority of plant species will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the d\u00e9cor and bright lighting will promote the growth of algae upon which the fish will graze . in this kind of environment it will display more natural behaviour and can be kept alongside other species that enjoy similar conditions .\npresumably this saleability is also one reason why several fishes , including c . langei , are offered under the name . these do browse on bba but to varying extents depending on species and in some cases the availability of alternative food sources . c . atrilimes , for example , shows a preference for fine - leaved , higher plants such as vesicularia spp . but will also feed on various types of algae . c . langei sensu amplo is the most efficient consumer of bba although some reports state that only younger , softer growths are eaten and that the fish should be introduced prior to any potential outbreak .\noccur in medium to large - sized rivers and enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . found on solid surfaces in flowing waters . mostly herbivorous , feed largely on algae , periphyton and phytoplankton , but also take insect larvae or zooplankton . in current , they hold onto fixed objects with their sucker - like mouth . for breathing , water is pumped into the gill cavity through a small spiracle and across the gills for gas exchange . large fish are sold in the markets , smaller ones are used to make prahoc ( ref . 12693 ) . aquarium keeping : needs plant feed ; adults territorial ; in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .\noccur in medium to large - sized rivers and enters flooded fields ( ref . 12975 ) . found on solid surfaces in flowing waters . mostly herbivorous , feed largely on algae , periphyton and phytoplankton , but also take insect larvae or zooplankton . in current , they hold onto fixed objects with their sucker - like mouth . for breathing , water is pumped into the gill cavity through a small spiracle and across the gills for gas exchange . large fish are sold in the markets , smaller ones are used to make prahoc ( ref . 12693 ) . aquarium keeping : needs plant feed ; adults territorial ; in groups of 5 or more individuals ; minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ncopyright \u00a9 1997 - 2011 marcos a . avila . all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is strictly forbidden without written permission .\nfirst off let me say that i ' ve searched the internet extensively for info on sae ' s , and i have to admit i am amazed at the conflicting information concerning this innocent little fish . as with everything on the internet , easily half the information posted is either inaccurate or outdated , so it is very possible that something i post is also incorrect . so this is sort of my disclaimer : to the best of my knowledge , what i ' m writing is as accurate as information as i can find .\n\u00a9 urltoken - providing tropical fish tank and aquarium information for freshwater fish and saltwater fish keepers . sitemap | aquarium fish sitemap | aquarium fish dictionary | privacy policy | contact us\njavascript is disabled on your browser . to view this site , you must enable javascript or upgrade to a javascript - capable browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan unidentified species of striped crossocheilus feeding in the songgaria river , western thailand .\ncrossocheilus : from the ancient greek \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2 ( kross\u00f3s ) , meaning \u2018fringe , tassel\u2019 , and \u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 ( che\u00edlos ) , meaning \u2018lip\u2019 , in reference to the barbels on the upper lip in members of this genus .\nlangei : named in honour of e . a . lange , acting health officer and hospital inspector , dutch east indian army , who forwarded the type specimen to bleeker .\ncurrently considered to occur in borneo , peninsular malaysia , southern and western thailand , and possibly southern myanmar . the distribution of laterally - striped crossocheilus spp . , particularly in thailand , requires further study as some populations may represent undescribed species .\ninhabits flowing streams and tributaries with substrates of boulders , pebbles , gravel and sand , often in areas with submerged driftwood or tree roots . the clear , often shallow , water allows sunlight to penetrate the surface and the development of a rich biofilm covering submerged surfaces upon which the fish browse .\nit is thought to undergo seasonal migrations during which it can be found in deeper , more turbid water .\nthis species will do well in most well - maintained tanks but is best - suited to a set - up designed to resemble a flowing river or stream , with a substrate of variably - sized rocks , gravel and some large water - worn boulders .\nlike many fishes that naturally inhabit running waters it\u2019s intolerant to the accumulation of organic wastes and requires spotless water at all times in order to thrive . it also does best if there is a high level of dissolved oxygen and a decent level of water movement in the tank so a external filters , powerheads or similar should be employed in order to obtain the desired effect .\na good quality dried product ( s ) with added spirulina or similar is ideal but plenty of fresh vegetable matter should also be included in the diet . shelled peas , blanched courgette , spinach and chopped fruit all make good additions to the menu . once settled into the aquarium the fish sometimes ascend into midwater to feed and in a set - up as described above will often be seen browsing the biofilm that tends to form on the rockwork .\ngenerally peaceful and can be maintained alongside many of the more popular species in the hobby although it is perhaps preferable to select fishes from from one of its native countries or rivers . possibilities from thailand alone include botia rostrata and crossocheilus reticulatus plus various cyclocheilichthys , devario , mystacoleucus , rasbora , garra , homaloptera , lepidocephalichthys , nemacheilus , syncrossus , yasuhikotakia and schistura species .\ncrossocheilus spp . are typically found swimming in loose aggregations in nature and can exhibit shy or skittish behaviour if kept singly or in small numbers . they are shoaling , rather than schooling , fishes which develop a distinct pecking order and are best - maintained in a group of six or more since weaker individuals may be bullied incessantly if smaller numbers are kept . you\u2019ll be rewarded with a more natural - looking display plus interesting behaviour from the fish as they interact with one another .\nsexually mature females are normally thicker - bodied than males but it\u2019s impossible to accurately sex young fish by external characters .\nnot thought to have occured in the hobby although the young fish widely available in the trade are assumed to be farmed via the use of hormones . members of this genus are known to undergo seasonal reproductive migrations in nature , moving upstream during the dryer months and in the opposite direction when water levels rise .\nthe latter name is not valid , however , and is a synonym of epalzeorhynchos siamensis which is itself a synonym of crossocheilus oblongus , a species described from java . c . oblongus is currently accepted to range throughout indochina and the sunda islands but its identity is unclear although its name is routinely applied to fish in the aquarium trade . it was described as a blueish fish with yellow fins and is almost certainly not the \u2018sae\u2019 in the aquarium hobby .\nseparating the species found on sale as \u2018c . siamensis\u2019 is tricky but differences do exist if combinations of characters are considered . c . atrilimes is most - easily identified by observing the distance between the vent and anal fin which in this species is only 1 . 5 - 2 scale widths compared to 2 - 3 . 5 in other species .\nthe black lateral stripe runs from the snout to the tip of the caudal fin ; the eye is pale brown above the pupil and white below ; maxillary barbels are not visible ; the lateral line is curved ; the fins are a pale dusky yellow colour . depending on mood this species has the ability to change the appearance of the dark body stripe , most obviously during bouts of sparring when it becomes much broader and paler in colour .\nc . langei sensu amplo seems to be the other commonly - traded , laterally - striped crossocheilus and can be told apart from c . atrilimes by the following characters : the eye is reddish - golden above the pupil and white below ; it has two pairs of barbels ; the lateral line is essentially straight and passes through the centre of the dark body stripe ; the fins are brownish .\nthe third fish in the group is an undescribed species sometimes referred to as c . sp . \u2018citripinnis\u2019 . it\u2019s a larger fish growing to 150 mm sl and possessing a clearly visible pair of maxillary barbels . the fins are lemon yellow in colour , this becoming more intense as the fish mature ; the dark body atripe doesn\u2019t alter in width or colour when the fish are sparring ; the lateral line is curved and the overall body shape is similar to c . atrilmes meaning they\u2019re easily confused as juveniles . there may also be other , potentially undescribed , species from thailand being traded as c . siamensis but as yet no detailed study has been conducted .\nin 2009 tan and kottelata described a new laterally - striped species , c . obscurus , from the batang hari river drainage in sumatra . this species also grows relatively large ( to \u201cat least\u201d 5 . 6\u2033 / 14 . 2 cm ) and is further distinguished as follows : \u201cone pair of rostral barbels , no maxillary barbels ; midlateral stripe with edges not sharply contrasted , slightly curved downward , obscured in largest individuals , continued on median caudal - fin rays , reaching posterior margin ; no black mark between anus and anal fin ; mouth wide ( 30 - 36 % hl ) \u201d . it\u2019s possible that this one has already appeared in the trade labelled with a different name .\nc . oblongus is another name widely misused in the trade but that species has seemingly never been exported and was described as a blueish fish with yellow fins . it\u2019s native to streams of gunung salak mountain in bogor regency , west java , indonesia where collecting of ornamental fishes is almost non - existent . other species of laterally - striped crossocheilus also exist and may be available from time - to - time but are more easily told apart from the group described above .\nin c . nigriloba , for example , the dark body stripe uniquely breaks up into a series of blotches when the fish are sparring , stressed or sleeping and the lower caudal fin lobe contains dark pigmentation suffused with red , while c . burmicanus exhibits a patch of blue colouration at the base of the pectoral fins .\nto add further confusion the vaguely - similar garra cambodgiensis ( itself often referred to incorrectly as g . taeniata ) is usually sold with the name \u2018false sae\u2019 although this one is easily - identifiable as the dark lateral stripe ends at the caudal peduncle , all barbels are tiny and it has a disc - like lower jaw which sometimes develops bright red colouration on the outer lips .\nepalzeorhynchos kalopterus is sometimes misidentified as a crossocheilus sp . but exhibits several distinguishing traits , the most obvious of which are the characteristic white - edged , red and black coloured fins . also comparable are the paracrossochilus species from the island of borneo but these are almost unknown in aquaria .\nmembers of crossocheilus are characterised by possessing 8 branched dorsal fin rays , immobile rostral lobes , lacking a dorsal spine and by the fact that the upper and lower lips aren\u2019t connected , the upper being attached to the lower jaw via a thin membrane .\nbleeker , p . , 1860 - acta societatis regiae scientiarum indo - ne\u00earlandicae v . 7 ( n . s . , v . 2 ) : 1 - 492 + i - xiii de visschen van den indischen archipel , beschreven en toegelicht . deel ii .\nb\u0103n\u0103rescu , p . m . , 1986 - travaux du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle 28 : 141 - 161 a review of the species of crossocheilus , epalzeorhynchos and paracrossochilus ( pisces , cyprinidae ) .\nkottelat , m . , 2003 - raffles bulletin of zoology 51 ( 2 ) : 399 - 401 nomenclatural status of crossocheilus burmanicus , c . horai and c . multirastellatus ( osteichthyes : cyprinidae ) .\nkottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .\nng , h . h . and h . - h . tan , 1999 - zoological studies 38 ( 3 ) : 350 - 366 the fishes of the endau drainage , peninsular malaysia with descriptions of two new species of catfishes ( teleostei : akysidae , bagridae ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 - fao , rome : 1 - 265 fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes .\nsu , r . - f . , j . - x . yang and y . - r . chen , 2000 - the raffles bulletin of zoology 48 ( 2 ) : 215 - 221 a review of the chinese species of crossocheilus , with description of a new species ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) .\ntan , h . h . and m . kottelat , 2009 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 20 ( 1 ) : 13 - 69 the fishes of the batang hari drainage , sumatra , with description of six new species .\narticle about \u201chormone free\u201d breeding in the current issue of the german amazon magazine # 47 pp . 64 \u2013 66 .\nthese two species are often confused . dr heok hee ng explains how to tell them apart .\nsince examination of structures of mouthparts is very difficult , if not impossible with live fishes , the only other way to tell them apart are slight differences to colour pattern .\nthe fins of the flying fox are generally yellowish , and orange for the caudal fin , with black highlights on the dorsal , pelvic and anal fins .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthis is a hardy species that can adapt to a multitude of living conditions . it is , however , only prudent to provide you with what would be considered premium water parameters for this species .\nthese fish thrive in softer water with a neutral to slightly acid ph factor . a ph level anywhere in the range of 5 . 5 - 8 . 0 is considered ideal . they prefer water temperatures between\n75 - 79\u02daf . well circulated water with plenty of flow and a high oxygen content will simulate their natural habitat .\nthe males and females of this species look very similar in appearance . females tend to be a little more rounded than males . this species rarely breeds in home aquariums . their seems to be no information available as to whether or not these fish are commercially bred to supply the demand created from the fish hobby trade , which would tend to indicate that they are not .\n/ / > < ! - - sfhover = function ( ) { var sfels = document . getelementbyid (\nnav - main\n) . getelementsbytagname (\nli\n) ; for ( var i = 0 ; i < sfels . length ; i + + ) { sfels [ i ] . onmouseover = function ( ) { this . classname + =\nsfhover\n; } sfels [ i ] . onmouseout = function ( ) { this . classname = this . classname . replace ( new regexp (\nsfhover \\ \\ b\n) ,\n) ; } } } if ( window . attachevent ) window . attachevent (\nonload\n, sfhover ) ; / / - - > < !\ngreek , gyrinos = tadpole + greek , cheilos = lip ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 25\u00b0c - 28\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 28 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27732 )\nhas 9 branched dorsal rays ; 36 - 40 lateral line scales ; no dark spots on pelvic and anal fins ( ref . 27732 ) ; a small dark spot always present behind spiracle ; sometimes tiny tubercles on side of head and large tubercles confined to snout ( ref . 12693 ) .\nrainboth , w . j . , 1996 . fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fao , rome , 265 p . ( ref . 12693 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 \u00b10 . 25 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nthe middle / lower mekong ( thailand , cambodia , lao pdr , viet nam ( e . g . , the mekong delta ( electricity viet nam 2010 ) and the\nand from the northern malay peninsula ( southern thailand , peninsular malaysia , and probably associated parts of the mekong drainage in myanmar ( mekong myanmar ( the mae kok , mae sai , and kengtung ) ) .\n28 . 0 cm sl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27732 ) )\nhas 9 branched dorsal rays ; 36 - 40 lateral line scales ; no dark spots on pelvic and anal fins ( ref . 27732 ) ; a small dark spot always present behind spiracle ; sometimes tiny tubercles on side of head and large tubercles confined to snout ( ref . 12693 ) .\ninhabits flowing streams and tributaries with substrates of boulders , pebbles , gravel and sand , often in areas with submerged driftwood or tree roots ( rainboth 1996 ) . it is thought to undergo seasonal migrations during which it can be found in deeper , more turbid water and is known to enter temporarily - inundated zones .\noccurs in medium to large - sized rivers and enters flooded fields ( taki 1978 ) . it is a good indicator of stream / river quality ( c . vidthayanon pers . comm . 2011 ) .\ndemersal ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; freshwater ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19\npotamodromous . migrating within streams , migratory in rivers , e . g . saliminus , moxostoma , labeo . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 3 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nthe species has a wide distribution from southern china and southeast asia ( thailand , lao pdr , cambodia and viet nam ) .\npopulations have declined in some parts of its range ( e . g . , thailand ) as a result of over - exploitation . although considered threatened in china and viet nam , and perhaps naturally rare , it is assessed as least concern at present as it is not thought likely to have declined sufficiently across its range in order to qualify for a threatened category .\nit is naturally rare / uncommon in china and southern viet nam ( mekong delta areas ) , but is locally common in viet nam ' s mekong tributaries ( the se san and sre pok ) and the chao phraya - mae khlong basin and the tonle sap basin . populations in thailand have declined ; it was an important component of fish sauce (\nalthough the species may be impacted by dams , not enough is known about its migratory habits to predict the scale of impacts . populations have declined locally , especially in thailand , as a result of a range if factors , including over - exploitation .\nmore information on the species ecology , threats and distribution is required . listed as a protected animal in yunnan province in 1989 and considered endangered ( wang 1998 ) , and considered rare in viet nam ( huynh 1998 ) .\nit is of interest as a local food source and for the aquarium trade , being first imported into germany in 1956 .\nthe fish spends most of its time on flat surfaces , such as rocks , in flowing water , using its unusually formed inferior mouth to attach itself to rocks in stronger flows .\nthe fish are sold in local markets as a food source and small fish are used in preparation of prahok .\nhas been recorded as reaching at least 28 cm ( 11 . 02 in )\nand is the only species in the genus to have 9 branched dorsal rays and 36 - 40 lateral line scales .\nthe mouth is inferior with a special\nsucker\nmodification which allows the fish to attach itself to smooth surfaces . no barbels are present .\nwild type colour varies from pale grey to olive , with darker markings along the lateral line which vary from a solid stripe with alternating higher and lower extensions to uneven dots . the belly is usually paler than the base colour . some darker markings may also be observed along the back and on the caudal fin , but no dark markings occur on the pelvic and anal fins .\nand is sometimes misidentified as one of these species . it is available in a number of colour morphs , including wild type , gold , marble ,"]}
{"id": 2141, "summary": [{"text": "lemon souffle ( 22 february 1991 \u2013 8 october 2001 ) was a european champion thoroughbred racehorse , bred and trained in the united kingdom .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in the international classification for 1993 she was the highest-rated two-year-old filly in europe and was named european champion two-year-old filly at the cartier racing awards .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in her championship year she won four of her five races including cherry hinton stakes and the moyglare stud stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was also successful at three , winning the falmouth stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "lemon souffle was kept in training at four but did not appear on the racecourse and was retired to stud .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "she was later sold to be a broodmare in japan . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "lemon souffle", "paragraphs": ["# 60856848 - lemon curd in cup with half of squeezed lemon and whole lemon . .\n924 lemon souffle stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nlemon souffle in a white ramekin over a glass dish . selective focus , shallow dof\nmini lemon souffle in a white ramekin over a glass dish . selective focus , shallow dof\n# 101904280 - homemade lemon puddings with lemon zest and juice dusted with . .\n# 101904269 - homemade lemon puddings with lemon zest and juice dusted with . .\n# 101904333 - homemade lemon puddings with lemon zest and juice dusted with . .\nan easy recipe for quick lemon souffles that never fails . lemon curd is topped with a lemony souffle and baked into a light dessert .\nlester piggott was on - board lemon souffle , the 1993 champion . owned by lord carnarvon , trained by richard hannon and bred by the highclere stud , lemon souffle was out of a dam called melodrama and sired by salse .\nwhipped egg whites make this sweet lemon souffle dessert light as air . serve this lemon dessert recipe with a little powdered sugar on top for a light and delicious treat .\npour batter into prepared souffle dish . place souffle dish in a 13x9x2 - inch baking pan . place baking pan on an oven rack . pour boiling water into baking pan around souffle dish to a depth of 1 inch .\nwhy so many get into a pickle over making a souffle is hard to understand , there is nothing complicated about , you just need to follow a few simple hints and tips . the souffle is so versatile and can carry many flavors but none is as classic as the ultimate lemon souffle .\nthank you ! there are some similarities , and i guess this could be considered a souffle variation . the top ( cake ) portion has a souffle - like texture , but it lacks the dramatic rise / fall of a traditional souffle .\nif lemon souffle hardly looked a vision of vitality , there was also much to mistrust in her main rivals before the group three race .\ngood fortune , bolger added , is one of racing ' s greatest allies . whatever runs into lemon souffle is certainly going to need it .\nexquisite restaurant desserts . chocolate and vanilla souffle and lemon cheesecake with berry spheres on glass plates decorated with fresh berries and mint . haute cuisine concept\nlike lazarus , a phoenix and the dessert of her name , lemon souffle rose again yesterday to take the falmouth stakes on the july course .\nall three were stragglers until the mid - point , but when the combined surge came it was clear that the main thrust belonged to lemon souffle .\nlemon souffle will now parade her talents at deauville , first in the prix d ' astarte and then against the colts in the prix jacques le marois .\nexquisite restaurant desserts . chocolate and vanilla souffle and lemon cheesecake with berry spheres on glass plates decorated with fresh berries and mint . haute cuisine concept , top view\nold stoneface is becoming increasingly unintelligible . the general gist of his press briefing seemed to be that lemon souffle had taken some time to regain confidence after her injury .\ncombine the grated cheeses , porcini powder , lemon thyme , lemon rind , salt and pepper and mix until combined . add chopped porcini mushrooms .\nthe john gosden - trained catrail is expected to be withdrawn at today ' s declaration stage , along with lemon souffle who is on the easy list after inexplicably losing her action .\ni have searched high and low for a tea like lemon souffle from white lion . this tea is exceptional . i knew i wanted something creamy , because i am a big fan of lemon desserts , and i knew i wanted something some what sweet for that reason .\n# 99449608 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99935951 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100553395 - plastic jar with lemon cheesecake mousse dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 99405485 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99405486 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99439463 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 102029116 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100553369 - plastic jar with lemon cheesecake mousse dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 99439465 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99439464 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100049724 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 100049721 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\n# 99405484 - homemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a . .\npour the lemon mixture into the sugar mixture , and whisk until well combined .\nthe next season carnarvon had another top class filly in lemon souffle , who won the cherry hinton stakes at newmarket , the moyglare stud stakes at the curragh and the falmouth stakes at newmarket in 1994 .\nscald milk and lemon zest over medium heat . remove from heat , and cool .\n# 67809834 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67810487 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 100553365 - plastic cup with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 67810772 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67796581 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67815790 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67809801 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67810467 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 67810466 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 101590456 - lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a baking dish . .\n# 67809833 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 100553368 - plastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons . .\n# 67809831 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 100553466 - plastic cup with lemon lime cream and biscuit dessert with raw . .\n# 67809832 - slice of cheesecake with sesame seeds , apricot jam and lemon . .\n# 101590268 - lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a baking dish . .\nthe vanilla and caramel essence do not take over the cup , but rather play supporting roles , helping the tea taste like a lemon creme brulee or lemon cream tart .\nafter i removed the ramekins from the oven and waited the 5 min . cool time , they cracked and started to fall . the lemon curd i thought was essential as the souffle itself was light and boring .\n\u201cfull review forthcoming on urltoken on the 25th \u2013 here are the snippits : i have searched high and low for a tea like lemon souffle from white lion . this tea is exceptional . i . . . \u201d\nplastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons on marble background . top view\nplastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons on wooden background . top view\n# 79108490 - cup of hot tea with pink marshmallow and lemon on white table . .\n# 99450289 - cream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish . .\n# 100770575 - cream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish . .\n# 99512146 - cream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish . .\ni just ordered the sample sizes of the lemon souffle , the fireside , the ginger peach , the pomegranete oolong , and vanilla dolce , but i can\u2019t wait to get them ! i\u2019ll let you know what i think .\nif you want a tea , in a tasty white base , that reminds you of a gourmet lemon cream dessert , then don\u2019t hesitate to try lemon souffle from white lion . you will feel like royalty when you open your box , and be quite pleased with yourself for placing an order when you sip their teas !\nplastic cups with lemon cream and biscuit dessert with raw lemons on blue wooden background . top view\n# 96399744 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 99392469 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 95086657 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 95036291 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\n# 60856661 - lemon curd in glass cup . blueberry and mint , authentic recipe , . .\n# 95036292 - homemade lemon pudding in a bowl on a wooden rustic table , selective . .\nsky lantern was giving trainer richard hannon his second moyglare success , 19 years after the victory of lemon souffle and lester piggott ( 1993 ) . richard hannon junior declared : \u201cit looked an open moyglare , but she won impressively . \u201d\nso , when i saw these lemon pudding cakes , i knew this recipe would be a winner . they\u2019re still sweet , but they have a bright , tart lemon flavor that really shines through .\nsoldier\u2019s tale\u2019s credentials as a high - class sprinting stallion are further reinforced by the bottom half of his pedigree , with his best close relative being lemon souffle , a group 1 - winning two - year - old for richard hannon in 1993 .\n# 60856660 - lemon curd in glass cup . blueberry and mint on white wooden planks , . .\n# 60856850 - lemon curd in glass cup . blueberry and mint on white wooden planks , . .\nlester piggott described his mount as the best two - year - old seen this season , an opinion repeated by the jockey club handicapper geoffrey gibbs , who believes lemon souffle would beat the top - rated colt , the royal ascot winner state performer .\na discovery at scorching newmarket yesterday to match christmas - time as lemon souffle produced the best performance by a two - year - old this season in the cherry hinton stakes . racehorses , like yuletide presents , should not be judged solely by their packaging .\nthese lemon pudding cakes look terrific , kate ! what a great way to satisfy sweet cravings . pinning !\ni\u2019m must have received a bad batch of this . everyone who has tried it seemed to really like it . this is my second tasting . i followed the directions on the container and all i\u2019m getting are hints the vanilla and caramel . absolutely no lemon . thought my first cup was a fluke , but second cup is missing lemon as well . pretty disappointed with this so called lemon souffle . if it were vanilla caramel white tea , this would be spot on !\nthis souffle recipe fits in with so many menus and tastes , it is both fancy and yet so easy to prepare as an every day . dessert .\nthe handler continued to accrue top - flight victories throughout the 1990s . lemon souffle took the moyglare stud stakes , assessor the prix du cadran and right win followed group one success in italy in 1993 with victory in the 1996 running of the grade one tolworth hurdle .\na vector illustration of 4 different flavoured souffles in white ramekins , including chocolate , strawberry , lemon and blueberry .\nfood . panna cotta . italian milk citrus dessert made of yogurt and cream with pear , lemon and orange .\nin a large bowl , mix the green bean mixture , white sauce , parmesan cheese , lemon juice and zest .\npreheat oven to 350 degrees f . lightly coat a 1 - quart souffle dish with cooking spray ; set aside . in a large bowl combine 2 tablespoons of the granulated sugar and the flour . whisk in lemon peel , lemon juice , and melted butter until smooth . in a small bowl whisk together egg yolks and milk . whisk egg yolk mixture into flour mixture just until combined ; set aside .\nafter a quiet start to the year , lemon souffle began to give out the signals that she was back to herself . ' she ' d always been a lively lady to be in front of or behind , ' carnarvon reported . ' she ' ll bite or kick you . '\nlemon souffle had none of the glossy look associated with thriving animals as she circled the parade ring , her hide parchment dry . minutes later though , the brown - papered parcel showed it contained a jewel as richard hannon ' s filly earned a 14 - 1 quote for the 1 , 000 guineas .\ni love lemon puddings ! i can imagine how delicious this must have been . . definitely need to make the recipe soon .\nfinish off your souffle with a little confectioners ' sugar over the top and serve with a few , plump berries for a treat that ' s at once visually spectacular and amazingly simple .\nonce again , though , her race was not without incident . at the start , two boxes away from lemon souffle , another returning invalid , glatisant , sat down and gave pat eddery the unusual sensation of leaving the stalls backwards . the irishman sustained a bruised ankle and will not return to the saddle until tomorrow .\npour this into the bowl ; decorate with the cream and lemon slice and leave to set in the refrigerator and not the freezer .\nboldness , however , had returned by the time lemon souffle was back in the winners ' enclosure . ' i ' ve had sharper horses than this one , but she has got more gears and can quicken as well as anything we ' ve ever seen . she ' s always had this lovely daisy - cutting action .\nand of course there was the regular query about how much longer this could all go on . the 57 - year - old ' s hair is almost white now and his face strikingly ravined , but he will continue as long as horses like lemon souffle are provided for him . his elixir is climbing into the saddle .\nadd the 1 1 / 4 cup water to the yolk mixture and place the pan over the hot water , stirring all the time . this is the ` custard ' for the souffle .\ni\u2019m finding this tea to be really subtle , but very smooth . i can just barely pick out lemon and there is a hint of spice , like curry ever so faintly in the background . each sip is smooth and fades into a light creaminess . sweetening it brings out a bit of the richness and after a few minute break from the tea , i think i can pick up on a little more lemon than before , but it is still far from bursting lemon that others mentioned . i\u2019m wondering if lemon is one of those flavors that doesn\u2019t hold up well over time which would explain a lot in my lemon tea experience . still , i\u2019m super glad to have tried this !\nonly two horses have won the falmouth stakes twice . the first horse to achieve this was sonic lady in 1986 and 1987 . soviet song won her double in 2004 and 2005 . lester piggott is the most successful jockey , with an incredible haul of seven victories . his first came with sylphide in 1957 and his last with lemon souffle in 1994 .\nbake about 40 minutes or until top springs back when lightly touched . carefully remove souffle dish from baking pan . cool on a wire rack for 5 minutes . sprinkle lightly with powdered sugar . serve warm .\nthis was lovely ! my first souffle . the top was absolute heaven , but the bottom was a bit . . . liquidy . i was afraid that the top would burn if i cooked it any longer .\nhomemade lemon delicious pudding dusted with icing sugar in a baking dish on a wooden table , selective focus . image with copy space . rustic style .\nspoon into prepared dishes . run your finger around the inside rim of the dish . place souffle on preheated tray . bake for 20 minutes or until puffed and just set . dust with icing sugar . serve immediately .\ncream cheese pie with lemon and almond flakes in a baking dish on a wooden table , selective focus . breakfast food . healthy and organic food option .\nolive oil for greasing 1 . 5 pounds green beans , trimmed and cut in half 1 / 2 cup dill weed , stems removed 4 eggs separated 4 tbsp butter 1 / 3 cup gluten - free flour or rice flour 1 . 5 cups milk or nondairy milk ( i used flaxseed milk ) 1 / 4 tsp salt pepper to taste 2 tbsp lemon juice 1 tsp lemon zest ( from one lemon ) 3 tbsp parmesan cheese grated 1 / 2 tsp salt\nthis was lovely ! my first souffle ever . the top was absolute heaven , the bottom , well . . . . was a bit liquidy . i was afraid to burn the top if i baked it any longer .\ndelicious ! i may have slightly over - beaten the eggs , but it still turned out ok . keep an eye on them , i had to take mine out about a minute and a half before it said to . one collapsed as i was pulling them out of the oven , but the others were perfect ! also , if you ' ve never made souffle , make sure they ' re done right when you want to serve them ; souffle waits for no one !\ni ' ve made this recipe several times now . it is one of my favorite wow desserts because it truely is a souffle that dosen ' t fall ! i made it once with powdered sugar instead of superfine and it m . . .\nour excitement about the chances of this immensely talented son of cherokee run grew even more , based in part on the fine mares war pass attracted in his first season at stud . they included java ( gb ) , a sister to champion fiji ( gb ) and dam of mineshaft\u2019s good stakes performer coffee bar . the 10 - year - old mare was sold by lane\u2019s end for $ 350 , 000 at keeneland november , with ryan norton signing the ticket . lane\u2019s end also sold the lemon drop kid mare lemon souffle , in foal to war pass , to agent dr . oscar benevides for $ 150 , 000 .\nlemon souffle , however , always looked likely to register for the crocks and her choppy stride took lester piggott clear of pursuers . greater problems emerged for the 58 - year - old jockey on his return . before forcing his way through the army of glad - handers , piggott had to communicate his thoughts to lord carnarvon , and judging by the way the filly ' s owner craned towards his rider there was plenty of crackling on the message .\ni have a question about the meaning of t ? how much butter and lemon please ? sorry i am french ! this recipe seems to be delicious ! thank you for the answer .\nit tasted okay but all the lemon juice sank to the bottom . the top part had no taste but the bottom part was super sour . maybe i just didn ' t blend them together\nappetizing pie in a cut on a blue background . a baked basket with lemon mousse and cream of whipped cream , whipped egg whites . food on a bright wooden background for a culinary site .\npreheat oven to 200c / 180c fan forced . place a baking tray in the oven . grease four 250ml ( 1 cup ) ovenproof souffle dishes with melted butter . lightly dust with caster sugar . melt butter in a saucepan over medium heat until foaming . add flour and cornflour .\nice cream , fruit , 3d , pastel . abstract background with ice cream cone , lime , lemon , orange , kiwi and watermelon in paper cut style . minimalist pastel summer food concept . vector illustration\nin a 2 - quart mixing bowl combine , sugar , butter , flour , salt and milk , mixing until smooth . add egg yolks to this and mix until smooth . add lemon juice and zest .\nmix the lemon rind , lemon juice and 1 tablespoon powdered sugar in a cup and whisk into the egg yolk mixture . ( at this point , the souffl\u00e9 base can be refrigerated , covered with plastic wrap directly on its surface , for up to a day . ) if the souffl\u00e9 base is still warm , whisk briefly until smooth . otherwise , place over low heat , whisk until just warm , and remove from heat .\nadd one - quarter of the egg white mixture to the lemon mixture . use a large metal spoon to fold together until just combined . add the remaining egg white to the mixture . fold together until just combined .\nwhen the custard is warm , add the soaked gelatin and continue stirring till it reaches a coating consistency . remove from heat ; add the lemon juice and leave to cool . this has to cool till the custard gets partially set .\ni\u2019m also interested in healthier recipes\u2026\u2026 . while trying to lower my cholesterol and keep to a healthy weight , there isn\u2019t much room for desserts , but this looks like one to try\u2026\u2026 . thanks for posting this , lemon is a big favorite\npreheat the oven to 190\u00bac / gas 5 . slice off the bottom end of the apples , then cut around the top edge of each and scoop out the flesh , leaving about a \u00bdcm border . brush the cut edges with the lemon juice .\nplace saucepan over medium heat and bring to the boil , stirring constantly with a wooden spoon , for 3 - 4 minutes or until mixture boils and thickens . remove from heat and stir in the lemon juice and rind until well combined . whisk in the yolks .\nreserving a little cream for decorating , mix in the rest into the custard , in folding motions , and then ` fold ' in the egg whites too , till no lumps are left . in case there is watery egg white at the base when you lift off the whipped portion , leave it there , as adding it will make a difference to the consistency of the set souffle .\nhaving these already portioned was also nice because i knew how much i could eat , and so it takes the guesswork out of things for me . plus , did i mention how good they taste ? because , really , if you like lemon , you should absolutely make these !\nin a medium glass or metal bowl , whip egg whites with an electric mixer . when they are able to hold a soft peak , sprinkle in 1 tablespoon of the sugar , and continue mixing until stiff . whisk the remaining 4 tablespoons of sugar into the egg yolks along with the zest and juice of the remaining lemon . fold a couple of spoonfuls of the egg whites into the yolks to lighten them up , then fold in the rest of the whites . spoon into the ramekins over the lemon curd , and run a finger around the inside of each rim .\nbring 1 cup of the milk to just steaming in a medium saucepan set over low - medium heat . stir together 1 / 3 cup granulated sugar , 1 / 3 cup all - purpose flour , lemon zest , and the remaining 1 / 3 cup milk until it forms a smooth batter .\nif you\u2019ve tried this lemon pudding cake recipe , don\u2019t forget to rate the recipe and leave me a comment below . i love to hear from people who\u2019ve made my recipes ! you can subscribe to receive my latest recipe newsletters or follow me on facebook , instagram and pinterest for even more delicious food .\nfamous name ( by dansili { gb } ) was a tough and resilient performer for dermot weld and remarkably consistent , so that bodes well for escobar who was his first winner last month and now his first black - type winner too . he is a half - brother to the classy hong kong performer ghetto gospel and the stakes - placed bobbi grace ( ire ) ( big bad bob { ire } ) out of the g2 prix d\u2019astarte third saying grace and his extended family includes the champion 2 - year - old and g1 moyglare stud s . and g2 falmouth s . heroine lemon souffle ( gb ) ( salse ) as well as the g2 nassau s . and g2 falmouth s . scorer caramba ( gb ) ( belmez ) .\nmy husband visited his friends in michigan over the holiday weekend and came home with a lot of fresh green beans that were grown in his friends\u2019 vegetable garden , so i came up with this recipe . i wanted something different from a typical green bean casserole . it is very fluffy and the lemon scent in this dish is refreshing .\nthis was beautiful on the outside but very liquid on the inside with solid materials . is this the result i should expect ? some souffl\u00e9s are solid under the top and others are not . i used orange instead of lemon ( zest and juice ) . it ' s awesome . oh , i candied some of the zest for the top .\ni just put in an order because of this review ! ! ! i had been thinking about a lemon tea after having loved the lime chiffon so much . but my husband would have a fit if another box came from della terra so soon . when i read this review i decided to try white lion ! so excited , can\u2019t wait ! ! !\nin a medium bowl beat egg whites with an electric mixer on medium speed until soft peaks form ( tips curl ) . gradually add remaining 4 tablespoons granulated sugar , beating on high speed until stiff peaks form ( tips stand straight ) . stir a small amount of beaten egg whites into lemon mixture to lighten . gently fold in remaining beaten egg whites ( batter will be thin ) .\nwhisk the egg in a medium saucepan , and mix in the 1 lemon ' s zest and juice , 1 / 4 cup sugar and cornstarch . set over medium heat , and cook stirring constantly until the mixture thickens . reduce heat to low , and continue whisking for another minute . remove from the heat and stir in the butter . divide between four 6 or 8 ounce ramekins . set aside .\nwith an electric mixer , beat remaining 1 / 2 cup sugar and 2 egg yolks in a large bowl 3 to 4 minutes or until light and fluffy , scraping down side of bowl several times . ( discard third yolk . ) gradually mix in flour until blended , scraping down side of bowl . add milk mixture to egg mixture , and mix thoroughly . add lemon juice and salt ; place mixture back over low heat ( or in a double boiler ) , and cook , stirring constantly , about 3 minutes or until thick and creamy . remove from heat , and cool completely . ( you can prepare the recipe to this point up to 2 days in advance , and store in refrigerator . bring to room temperature before cooking . )\nin giles coren ' s first novel , winkler doesn ' t just inhabit it . he is a postmodern gehenna . the few coherent memories he has are unreliable , based on faked evidence , rehearsed with ritual distaste . his job is opaque , contingent , destitute of meaning . his colleagues are caricatures ; there is more existence in a persistent puddle on his way to work than in the people he collides with .\ntheir gestures , their movements about a semi - fictional london ; their speech , actions : all are empty signifiers . and winkler is too morally exhausted to attempt the construction of meaning for those around him . winkler ' s default interaction is contempt or abuse , his disgust with the physical world - flopping flesh , sad food , corridor smells - boundless .\nhis girlfriend repels him ; he abandons her . a fat woman is waiting on a tube platform : he pushes her under the train . nu ? nu ? that ' s the seeming lesson of coren ' s vast ranting exposition , the old yiddish word now become the iconic utterance of deracinated humanity : nu ? nu ? nu ?\nthe problem is that the reader becomes drawn in , not to winkler ' s snarling contempt but to his relentless narcissism . winkler ' s disaffections begin to blur . winkler hates , loudly . winkler has bad thoughts about the old holocaust bore and war - rememberer , wallenstein . winkler looks at us , mouthing\nnu ?\n. eventually , we look back , catch his eye .\nnu ? okay . what . ever .\nand so when winkler pushes the fat woman under a train , the act and its ( literal ) inconsequentiality lose their force ; as , too , when he masturbates silently in front of a blind girl . fine . nu ? just another bit of nastiness in winkler ' s nasty un - life .\nbut this most inconsequential of acts triggers , at last , consequences . police come ; there ' s a sort of denouement at a cricket match . evelyn waugh raises his ghostly head , as , elsewhere , do jacobson , waterhouse , amis , amis jr . and iain sinclair . but then the consequences recede . a policeman called tolkien is not all he seems . wallenstein , the holocaust bore , is not what he seems either . there is a reconciliation of sorts . some of the past is buried ; some remains above ground .\nis coren just another newspaper columnist showing he can hack the novel ? no : because wrapped inside winkler ' s nihilism is a serious mediation on deeper matters : identity , wandering , return , and two questions which still cast the longest of shadows . what of the holocaust , and what does it mean to be a jew ?\ncoren ' s approach to the profounder matters is elliptical , intelligent and witty in the original sense . he is a more serious man than the cool foodie - dude his editors want him to be . how he deals with this remains to be seen . in general , the great thing is to tell the editors to go to hell , but only if you have the spark . coren has the spark , and needs the special effects less than he might believe .\nfor the marlborough trainer this was triumph in a conflict between eye and science . ' her blood was all right , 300 per cent , but i just wished i could have had her looking better , ' he said . ' her coat ' s always dry - looking to me .\n' this filly never looks right , but i ' m told the whole family is like that . '\nsnipe hall virtually dragged her lass around the parade ring , her teeth champing on the bit and emitting a sound like nutcrackers on a walnut , while rohita was a stiff - legged recalcitrant at the start and could only be persuaded into the stalls in the darkness of a hood .\nhannon , his nerve dismantled by having to replate his filly in the parade ring , observed the winner flash past the post from an unusual point . ' i couldn ' t even hold these , ' he said , pointing to his binoculars . ' i had to watch from the betting shop . '\n' we ' ve got the ( 1 , 000 ) guineas in our sights now . i ' m sure she ' ll get a mile , in fact i ' m sure she will be even better at the distance . '\nthere was also some ebullience from lord carnarvon , the filly ' s owner . he said the horse ' s name came from one of his wife ' s recipes , adding in the plugging manner of a chat - show that the family repasts were now available in book form .\nthe abbreviated attention span of piggott seems to last longer in interviews these days , and mumbles were dragged out of him on his winner , his health , and the new whip laws .\nthe day ' s other group race , the princess of wales ' s stakes , saw the dual derby failure , desert team , uphold the good record of three - year - olds in the race , paring the course record into the bargain and earning a place in the king george vi & queen elizabeth stakes .\n' i ' ve always believed in him and for the first time in his life he got a bit of luck in running , ' jim bolger , the winning trainer , said .\nintrepidity , the oaks winner , was yesterday supplemented for the irish equivalent at the curragh on saturday at a cost of ir pounds 25 , 000 to her owner , sheikh mohammed . her stable - companion in andre fabre ' s yard , wemyss bight , is likely to prove her stiffest rival . william hill quote intrepidity at 11 - 10 , with wemyss bight on 11 - 2 .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\nsayyedati has surprisingly been installed favourite to win sunday ' s prix jacques le marois for the second successive year . ladbrokes yesterday opened the betting on the mile event which is so often the highlight of the deauville season and quoted the filly at 9 - 4 .\nhowever , the group one contest appears to be every bit as competitive as goodwood ' s sussex stakes in which sayyedati finished fourth to distant view , barathea and grand lodge . the second and third home are quoted at 7 - 2 and 8 - 1 respectively for sunday ' s race with the french - trained pair east of the moon & ski paradise bracketed on 3 - 1 . sayyedati was third to the latter at tokyo in april , but appeared to be back to her best in the sussex in which she was trapped against the rails in the closing stages .\nsuccess would provide a much needed fillip for sayyedati ' s trainer , clive brittain , whose string have been out of form this season , registering only 17 wins from 266 starters . that strike - rate of six per cent compares unfavourably with most of his newmarket neighbours among whom a win rate of around 20 per cent is not uncommon .\n' she ' s in very good form and was unlucky not to get a run in the sussex stakes , ' brittain said . ' it is going to be like the sussex all over again . she acts on the course and won it last year . hopefully we ' re going back for a repeat . '\nwith the ground at deauville already on the fast side of good , and drying out , the chances that turtle island , the irish 2 , 000 guineas winner , will take part are decreasing . robert sangster ' s colt has been absent since finishing third to grand lodge in the st james ' s palace stakes at royal ascot and missed the sussex stakes owing to firm ground .\njane chapple - hyam , wife of the colt ' s trainer , peter , said : ' turtle island will run at deauville only if the ground is on the soft side of good . the international stakes at york next tuesday is an alternative , but we would want plenty of rain as the ground would have to ease considerably . '\nsimilarly baffling to veterinary science is the affliction affecting erhaab , the derby winner , who underwent a further series of examinations yesterday that will determine his racing future .\nthe colt was checked over by a dubai - based american vet as john dunlop , his trainer , seeks an explanation for the three - year - old ' s most recent racecourse failures at sandown and ascot .\nthe examination , by dr mike hauser , took place at trainer dunlop ' s arundel stable , but the result of his analysis will not be announced until today .\nangus gold , racing manager to erhaab ' s owner , hamdan al maktoum , said : ' we wanted another opinion on what mr dunlop ' s vet , dr paul dupreez , has already told us . '\nhauser was called in after x - ray pictures of erhaab taken last week failed to reveal what had caused the colt to run so disappointingly in his last two races . his advice will help connections to decide whether to proceed with an autumn campaign , centred on the prix de l ' arc de triomphe , or retire the colt .\nat ascot , erhaab collected a bruised knee when beaten over 10 lengths into seventh by king ' s theatre . the build - up to the race had been interrupted by the recurrence of a hamstring injury sustained when third to ezzoud and bob ' s return in the eclipse stakes .\nprix jacques le marois ( deauville , sunday ) , ladbrokes : 9 - 4 sayyedati , 3 - 1 east of the moon & ski paradise , 7 - 2 barathea , 8 - 1 grand lodge , 16 - 1 emperor jones . turtle island is quoted at 3 - 1 ' with a run ' .\nthis dessert is easier than you may think , and only needs a few ingredients \u2013 the key is in the aeration , and gently mixing the batter to keep it fluffy .\ncook , stirring , for 1 minute or until mixture begins to foam . remove from heat . gradually pour in half the milk , whisking constantly with a balloon whisk until smooth . gradually add remaining milk , whisking until smooth and combined . stir in 1\u20444 cup sugar .\ntransfer mixture to a large bowl . use electric beaters to beat the egg whites in a separate clean , dry bowl until firm peaks form . gradually add the remaining sugar and whisk until thick and glossy .\nwe collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .\nsorry ! we ' re currently performing maintenance on the site . certain actions are not working at this time . check back later .\nthis is now saved to your recipe box . access all of your saved recipes here .\nthis is now saved to your recipe box . access all of your saved recipes in the menu .\nthis souffl\u00e9 , adapted from mark bittman ' s famous tome ,\nhow to cook everything ,\nis rich , fluffy and very easy . you can also make orange or grand marnier variations . if you want to make individual souffl\u00e9s , use a little more butter and grease four 1 1 / 2 - to 2 - cup ramekins .\nthe information shown is edamam\u2019s estimate based on available ingredients and preparation . it should not be considered a substitute for a professional nutritionist\u2019s advice .\nbutter a 2 - quart souffl\u00e9 or other deep baking dish . sprinkle the dish with sugar , invert it , and tap to remove excess sugar . set aside and heat the oven to 350 degrees . whisk the egg yolks with 3 / 4 cup of the sugar until light and very thick ; the mixture will fall in a ribbon from the ends of the beaters when it is ready . beat in the flavorings and set aside .\nbeat the egg whites with the salt until they hold soft peaks ; continue to beat , gradually adding the remaining 1 / 4 cup sugar , until they are very stiff but still glossy . stir a good spoonful of them thoroughly into the egg yolk mixture to lighten it , then fold in the remaining whites , using a rubber spatula or your hand . transfer to the prepared souffl\u00e9 dish ( es ) and bake until the center is nearly set , 25 to 35 minutes ( 15 to 25 minutes for individual souffl\u00e9s ) . serve immediately .\nget recipes , tips and special offers in your inbox . opt out or contact us anytime .\nget recipes , tips and nyt special offers delivered straight to your inbox . opt out or contact us anytime .\nprior to receiving the new essentials of french cooking for free , please confirm your email address below .\nprior to your purchase of the new essentials of french cooking for $ 1 . 99 , please confirm your email address below .\nprior to your purchase of the new essentials of french cooking for $ 4 . 99 , please confirm your email address below .\nprior to your purchase of the new essentials of french cooking for $ 9 . 99 , please confirm your email address below .\nyou now have full access to the new essentials of french cooking . we ' ve saved the recipes from this guide to your recipe box for easy access anytime you visit .\nas appreciation for your interest , we ' re giving you free , unlimited access to the new essentials of french cooking . we ' ve saved the recipes from this guide to your recipe box for easy access anytime you visit .\npreheat oven to 400 degrees . butter an 8 - cup souffl\u00e9 dish and dust the bottom and sides with 2 tablespoons of the granulated sugar , shaking out excess .\nheat the milk to boiling in a heavy saucepan . remove from heat . whisk the egg yolks , vanilla and 1 tablespoon of the granulated sugar until well blended , then whisk in the flour . whisk in the hot milk in a thin , steady stream and blend until smooth . return the mixture to the saucepan and cook over medium - low heat , stirring constantly , until mixture is very thick , about 2 minutes . remove from heat .\nbeat the egg whites until soft peaks form . sprinkle in the remaining 2 tablespoons granulated sugar and beat until stiff and shiny . fold 1 / 4 of the whites into the souffl\u00e9 base . gently fold in the rest , being careful not to deflate mixture . a few white streaks may remain .\nturn the mixture into the prepared dish and place on the center rack in the oven . immediately reduce oven temperature to 375 degrees . bake until souffl\u00e9 is puffed and brown , about 20 to 25 minutes . ( it should still wobble a bit . ) sprinkle powdered sugar over the top and serve immediately with lightly whipped cream or very cold cr\u00e9me anglaise .\nin a mixer , beat egg whites until peaks are stiff . fold the yolk mixture into whites gently to combine mixtures .\nusing butter or vegetable shortening , grease 6 - inch custard cups . pour the mixture into the cups . set the cups in 1 / 2 inch of hot water in a 9 by 12 - inch baking pan . bake 25 minutes or until tops have risen and turn golden brown .\nthis recipe was provided by a chef , restaurant or culinary professional . it has not been tested for home use .\nwrap brie and pineapple in prosciutto and grill for a melty , gooey snack .\na grill and a sheet pan are all you need to whip up paella for a crowd .\nroast extra potato salad in the oven for a crispy , re - imagined side dish .\nthis elegant classic is much simpler to make than you might think . the key to a great souffl\u00e9 is the cooking time : you want it to be slightly wobbly in the center when you remove it from the oven so it will be pudding - like when you spoon into it . prep : 20 minutes , bake : 14 minutes .\ngrease 8 ( 6 - ounce ) ramekins , and dust lightly with 2 tablespoons sugar ; refrigerate on a baking sheet until ready to use .\nbeat whites with cream of tartar in a separate bowl at medium speed for about 10 seconds . increase speed to medium - high , and beat 1 to 2 minutes or until soft peaks form . ( do not overbeat ; if the whites appear dry and granular , they are overbeaten . )\nstir about one - quarter of egg whites into cooled egg mixture to lighten it . fold in remaining whites gently , using a rubber spatula , just until incorporated . do not overmix .\npour mixture gently into prepared souffl\u00e9 cups to top of rim . to help souffl\u00e9s rise properly , run your finger around rim of dish to wipe edges . bake at 400\u00b0 for 10 minutes ; reduce heat to 350\u00b0 , and continue to bake 4 minutes or until exterior is set and center is slightly loose when shaken and souffl\u00e9 has risen above dish . dust with powdered sugar , and serve immediately .\njoin our newsletter for free recipes , healthy living inspiration , and special offers .\n\u00a9 2018 urltoken is part of the allrecipes food group . all rights reserved . myrecipes may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website . offers may be subject to change without notice . use of this site constitutes acceptance of our\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na delicate dessert with the freshness of lemons . its a great option for brunch .\nseparate the eggs . put the yolks into the double boiler and the whites into a very clean , grease less bowl . it is very important that the yellow does not go into the whites , otherwise the whites will not get beaten stiff enough .\nsprinkle the gelatin in 1 / 2 cup water and let it soak . add the sugar to the yolks and beat till light and creamy .\nplace the double boiler or the container with the water over low heat , so that it is hot but not boiling .\nbeat the egg whites to a state of stiff peaks . cover . beat the cream to a thick consistency ( beating of cream is a bit tricky so see to it that the cream is thoroughly chilled or keep it over ice and beat ) .\noops , we ' re sorry . something went wrong . please try again later .\ni calculate for the whole thing : calories 597 . 7 total fat 21 . 0 g saturated fat 10 . 7 g polyunsaturated fat 1 . 9 g monounsaturated fat 6 . 9 g cholesterol 404 . 0 mg sodium 427 . 1 mg potassium 756 . 5 mg total carbohydrate 68 . 3 g dietary fiber 1 . 1 g sugars 39 . 4 g protein 32 . 3 g vitamin a 26 . 9 % vitamin b - 12 26 . 7 % vitamin b - 6 13 . 0 % vitamin c 50 . 9 % vitamin d 36 . 0 % vitamin e 7 . 2 % calcium 35 . 5 % copper 5 . 7 % folate 19 . 5 % iron 7 . 7 % magnesium 9 . 9 % manganese 12 . 4 % niacin 3 . 4 % pantothenic acid 20 . 3 % phosphorus 41 . 8 % riboflavin 32 . 0 % selenium 49 . 8 % thiamin 13 . 5 % zinc 13 . 3 %\nplace the ramekins onto a baking sheet , and place in the preheated oven . bake for 15 to 17 minutes , until puffed and golden brown . let cool for about 5 minutes before serving .\ni did not like this recipe because everyone that tried it in my house thought it was too tart . i also followed the instructions exactly and after removing the souffles from the oven , after 15 - 17 . . .\nthis was not at all what we thought it should be . will never make his again , woulda rated this zero stars if that was an option\nit tasted like sweet eggs . extremely sweet and very eggy . i find that the recipes with allrecipe require too much sugar and liquid which leaves them too sweet and soggy .\npreheat the oven to 350f . butter a large souffl\u00e9 dish and roll 1 / 4 cup of granulated sugar throughout the dish , making sure to cover all the interior surfaces . set aside the prepared souffl\u00e9 dish .\nslowly whisk half of the hot milk into the batter , making sure to combine the ingredients until they are completely smooth . add the tempered batter back to the hot milk in the pan and bring the mixture to a simmer , stirring constantly . stir and cook the mixture until it has thickened , for about 1 minute . stir the butter into the mixture and allow it to cool at room temperature for 10 minutes . stir in the vanilla extract ."]}
{"id": 2143, "summary": [{"text": "the sharp-nosed chameleon ( kinyongia oxyrhina ) is a chameleon native to the uluguru and uzungwe mountains of tanzania .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its length averages 16 cm ( 6.5 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "females are smaller than males , and have smaller helmet protrusions .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "they are usually coloured white , gray , brown and ochre .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "males have bluish horns .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the sharp-nosed chameleon was scientifically described in 1988 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "sharp - nosed chameleon", "paragraphs": ["bradypodion oxyrhinum or the sharp - nosed chameleon is also a large size dwarf chameleon native to the uluguru and uzungwe mountains of tanzania , africa . it\u2019s also known as the rednose dwarf chameleon (\nthe image\nsharp - nosed chameleon ( kinyongia oxyrhina )\nfrom mgkuijpers is available on fotolia under a royalty - free license from 1 credit ( credit from $ 0 . 74 ) .\ndisclaimer please note , the\nviews , recommendations and answers\noffered on this website are simply our own and our readers opinions . every case must be treated on an individual basis . as always , my chameleon online encourages all chameleon owners to seek professional veterinary care . privacy policy terms & conditions\nmenegon m , tolley ka , jones t , rovero f , marshall ar , tilbury cr 2009 . a new species of chameleon ( sauria : chamaeleonidae : kinyongia ) from the magombera forest and the udzungwa mountains national park , tanzania . african journal of herpetology 58 ( 2 ) : 59 - 70 - get paper here\nmenegon , michele ; simon p . loader , tim r . b . davenport , kim m . howell , colin r . tilbury , sophy machaga , krystal a . tolley 2015 . a new species of chameleon ( sauria : chamaeleonidae : kinyongia ) highlights the biological affinities between the southern highlands and eastern arc mountains of tanzania . acta herpetologica 10 ( 2 ) : 111 - 120 - get paper here\nplease note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . hephaestus books represents a new publishing paradigm , allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive , relevant , and informative books . to date , this content has been curated from wikipedia articles and images under creative commons licensing , although as hephaestus books continues to increase in scope and dimension , more licensed and public domain content is being added . we believe books such as this represent a new and exciting lexicon in the sharing of human knowledge . this particular book is a collaboration focused on chameleons . more info : chameleons ( family chamaeleonidae ) are a distinctive and highly specialized clade of lizards . they are distinguished by their parrot - like zygodactylous feet , their separately mobile and stereoscopic eyes , their very long , highly modified , and rapidly extrudable tongues , their swaying gait , the possession by many of a prehensile tail , crests or horns on their distinctively shaped heads , and the ability of some to change colour . uniquely adapted for climbing and visual hunting , the approximately 160 species of chameleon range from africa , madagascar , spain and portugal , across south asia , to sri lanka , have been introduced to hawaii , california and florida , and are found in warm habitats that vary from rain forest to desert conditions .\nbradypodion oxyrhinum klaver & b\u00f6hme 1988 bradypodion oxyrhinum \u2014 necas 1999 : 195 kinyongia oxyrhina \u2014 tilbury et al . 2006 kinyongia oxyrhina \u2014 tilbury 2010 : 389 kinyongia oxyrhina \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 272\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nglaw , f . 2015 . taxonomic checklist of chameleons ( squamata : chamaeleonidae ) . vertebrate zoology 65 ( 2 ) : 167\u2013246 - get paper here\nklaver , c . & w . b\u00f6hme 1988 . systematics of bradypodion tenue ( matschie , 1892 ) ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) with a description of a new species from the uluguru and uzungwe mountains , tanzania . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 4 ) : 381 - 393 . - get paper here\nmann , gunter 2009 . zur zucht von kinyongia oxyrhina klaver & bo\u0308hme 1988 . chamaeleo 19 ( 1 ) : 32 - 36 - get paper here\nmenegon , michele ; nike doggart , nisha owen 2008 . the nguru mountains of tanzania , an outstanding hotspot of herpetofaunal diversity . acta herpetologica 3 ( 2 ) : 107 - 127\nnecas , petr 1999 . chameleons - nature ' s hidden jewels . edition chimaira , frankfurt ; 348 pp . ; isbn 3 - 930612 - 04 - 6 ( europe ) < br / > isbn 1 - 57524 - 137 - 4 ( usa , canada )\nrovero , f . , menegon , m . , fjelds\u00e5 , j . , collett , l . , doggart , n . , leonard , c . , norton , g . , owen , n . , perkin , a . , spitale , d . , ahrends , a . , burgess , n . d . 2014 . targeted vertebrate surveys enhance the faunal importance and improve explanatory models within the eastern arc mountains of kenya and tanzania . diversity and distributions . doi : 10 . 1111 / ddi . 12246 - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\ntilbury c . r . , tolley k . a . & branch w . r . 2006 . a review of the systematics of the genus bradypodion ( sauria : chamaeleonidae ) , with the description of two new genera . zootaxa 1363 , 23\u201338 ( correction in zootaxa 1426 : 68 ) - get paper here\ntilbury , c . 2010 . chameleons of africa : an atlas , including the chameleons of europe , the middle east and asia . edition chimaira , frankfurt m . , 831 pp .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nphylogenetic analysis of the genus kinyongia , including individuals assigned to k . oxyrhina from several localities , suggests that this is a species complex ( tolley et al . 2011 ) .\njustification : although it has a moderately large eoo ( > 22 , 000km 2 ) , the area of suitable habitat within this range is not large ( ca . 1 , 500 km 2 ) , is fragmented and is subject to some disturbance . this species is therefore listed as near threatened . the majority of the forest fragments are under protection , but should pressures from agriculture and logging intensify , its status will require re - evaluation and it is likely to qualify for a threatened category applying criterion b . furthermore , expected taxonomic changes in the future will probably result in splitting taxa , each with reduced ranges sizes , and re - evaluation of this species , and any new species would be necessary .\nthis species is endemic to tanzania ' s eastern arc mountains , where it is found in afrotemperate forest fragments in the uluguru , udzungwa , nguru and rubeho mountains ( tilbury 2010 ) . kinyongia oxyrhina is most likely to be a complex of species , and additional taxonomic work would result in the information on its distribution being modified .\nthere is no information on the abundance of this species . this species occurs in forest fragments that are reasonably well protected and is probably not undergoing any population declines .\nthis species is found in afrotemperate forest , and has also been observed at the forest edge ( tilbury 2010 ) .\nannual cites export quotas for k . oxyrhina between 2000 and 2013 ranged from 20 - 78 ( 32 average ) captive born individuals per year from tanzania ( cites 2013 ) . between 1977 and 2011 ( 2012 and 2013 trade data are incomplete or unavailable ) a total of 59 live individuals were exported from tanzania for the pet trade ( total of all personal and commercial exports ) , of which 13 were reported as wild collected ( unep - wcmc 2013 ) . all exports occurred between 1993 and 2011 , with all but 9 individuals having been exported between 2003 and 2011 , during which time no more than 8 individuals were exported per year ( unep - wcmc 2013 ) . no other trade is reported , although imported specimens of this species are suspected of being present in the captive market in numbers that exceed documented exports , suggesting illegal trade and / or harvest may occur on a limited basis .\nongoing threats from subsistence agriculture and timber extraction exist to forest in this region of tanzania , however these are not of immediate concern for this species because the majority of the habitat is reasonably well protected .\nno conservation actions recommended at this time . however , urgent research into the taxonomy of this species is needed , followed by re - assessments based on any taxonomic changes . this species occurs mainly within forest reserves which are protected officially , but these lack any enforcement whatsoever . so in theory the species occurs in protected habitat , but in practice the habitat is unprotected . the species occurs in uzungwa scarp forest reserve , lulanda forest ( is not a fr ) , ndundulu forest reserve ( now within the kilombero nature reserve ) , uluguru north forest reserve ( now nature reserve ) , nguru south fr ( now part of the mkingu nr ) nguu north forest reserve\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\n) . it\u2019s distinguishable via its low dorsally pointed casque and forward pointing canthus rostralis for males . females are smaller than males with lower casques and duller colors (\n) . these reptiles are often colored whte , gray , brown and ocher . this species was first described quite recently in 1988 .\nmy little python and irwin quagmire wart wrote a kid ' s guide to snakes . all profits benefit asp .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this website and receive notifications of new posts by email .\ncontinent : africa distribution : tanzania ( uluguru mts . , uzungwe mts . ) type locality : mkoya in ukami , uluguru mts . , tanzania\nits length averages 16 cm ( 6 . 5 in ) . females are smaller than males , and have smaller helmet protrusions . they are usually coloured white , gray , brown and ochre . males have bluish horns .\nthis article is an orphan , as few or no other articles link to it . please introduce links to this page from related articles ; suggestions are available . 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{"id": 2146, "summary": [{"text": "mister majestic ( 2 february 1984 \u2013 after 1999 ) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was a specialist sprinter who showed his best form as a two-year-old in 1986 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after winning four minor races in the early part of the year he returned in the autumn to record a 33/1 upset win in the group one middle park stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following year he won two races , including the leisure stakes , from seven starts before being retired from racing .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he stood as a breeding stallion in ireland and italy but had little success as a sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "mister majestic ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["street spice , valiant city , lahshad , mister marti gras , fordubai ) .\najdal broke from the gates fastest of all and was immediately joined by gayanne in the centre , rich charlie and mister majestic on the far rails . mister majestic went on and gave ajdal a nice lead for a couple of furlongs but by the 3 furlong marker the furious early pace was beginning to take its toll and gayanne went on from ajdal .\ncongratulations to mack weaver and maggie gun ( owned by madison bohman ) . maggie gun ( by gunner x lookout majestic by majestic dell ) was the youth reserve world champion .\nfiona course and\nmister majestic\ntook out supreme senior led . later in the day fiona saddled up to claim the reserve champion ridden hack and take out the champion senior rider\neagle , majestic affair , cat burglar , departing , top billing , natchez , noble bird ) .\nmajestic prince was the third horse to win the kentucky derby while unbeaten , following regret ( 1915 ) and morvich ( 1922 ) . he was the first horse to win both the derby and the preakness while unbeaten .\nin this respect , the report of the council inspector is inaccurate . i traded from 1974 to 1989 as abbeville stud and many successful racehorses were bred on the property , including mister majestic , a newmarket group 1 winner .\nmr majestic , derek morton and geoff glazzard\u0092s popular dutch - bred stallion , was put down last week following an accident .\ndescribed him as \u201ca grand mover\u201d with \u201ca charming disposition\u201d ; writer jim bolus described him as \u201cplayful\u201d with a majestic presence .\nhis early purchases included the group one two - year - old winners creag an sgor and mister majestic , both of whom won the middle park stakes at newmarket . this success continued with the creation in 1992 of highclere thoroughbred racing limited of which john is a director .\nmajestic prince was the fifth winning derby mount for jockey william hartack , tying eddie arcaro ' s record for derby wins during a riding career .\njohnson began his career as an owner on the flat , winning the middle park stakes at newmarket in 1986 with mister majestic . but his passion was for jump racing , and his first horse to be trained by martin pipe at pond house , nicholashayne in somerset , was beebob in 1991 . at his peak , johnson owned or had an interest in 100 horses .\nearlier , albert the great\u2019s moonshine mullin , offlee wild\u2019s bayern , and the late rockport harbor\u2019s majestic harbor all received automatic bids to the breeders\u2019 cup classic .\nread the full story below , courtesy of the american quarter horse journal . urltoken\nmajestic prince was bred by leslie combs ii & frank mcmahon ( ky ) . he was owned by frank mcmahon , who effectively bought out combs ' share when purchasing the colt for a then - record us $ 250 , 000 at the 1967 keeneland july yearling sale . majestic prince was trained by johnny longden . following his retirement , majestic prince was syndicated for us $ 60 , 000 per share and entered stud in kentucky at spendthrift farm , where he died of a heart attack in 1981 .\naccording to jockey club records , majestic prince sired 187 winners ( 51 . 7 % ) and 32 stakes winners ( 8 . 8 % ) from 362 named foals ;\ncongratulations also to jerry for his stallions\u2019 success at the futurity . both dun gotta gun and mister nicadual ( both standing at mcquay stables ) had finalists in the futurity ! great job to trey pool who tied for fourth with jerry\u2019s stallion , check this dually ( mister nicadual x footworks yellow jac ) in the level 1 open ! trey also placed seventh in the level 1 with nicastar lite ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , taking home over $ 28 , 000 collectively ! way to go !\nwe\u2019d also like to congratulate trey pool and my daddy is dually ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , owned by jerry kimmel , placing 12th in the l1 , 16th in the l2 , and 26th in the l3 open futurity and adding over $ 7 , 000 to their lte , as well as mister nicadual\u2019s sire record .\nfrench bow , by loup sauvage . unraced . half - sister to mister bow , ripplette ( dam of magic music ) . dam of 4 named foals , none raced .\nmister booze ( 11g , buck ' s pride , maizcay ) . 8 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1350m to 2016 - 17 , brc rawgroup hospitality 2yo h .\n* statistics courtesy of robin glenn database , national reining horse association , and show websites .\ntwo weeks after that , majestic harbor , a son of late sire rockport harbor , took the grade 1 gold cup at santa anita ( formerly the hollywood gold cup ) . rockport harbor was , like offlee wild , a darley - owned horse standing at pin oak lane .\nmister nicadual sired 1st and 3rd place in the youth non pro futurity , and dun gotta gun sired 2nd place . congratulations to these great stallions , and to owner , jerry kimmel !\nand third dam of grade ii winner real cozzy . majestic prince is also a half brother to multiple stakes winner lovely gypsy ( by armageddon ) ; to stakes - placed betty loraine ( by\ni have this strange thing that i remember every horse i have bought fairly intimately . motivator was sold from the wall boxes at tattersalls . if you are looking at a horse you have to be on the same level as the horse and , to give the horse the best chance , people need to see it walk on the level . the wall boxes are all on a slope .\ncarlee mccutcheon enjoyed showing her horse , dun it got lucky , in the youth horsemanship clinic & class .\na chestnut , majestic prince stood 16 . 1 hands . he was considered an extremely handsome and well - made horse , beautifully balanced with a look of great quality , but a bit heavy - bodied for his underpinning and with suspicious - looking ankles . he possessed excellent tactical speed and was thoroughly game . charles hatton of the\njoin horse deals and derek ' o leary for all the action from the ev amateur hack championships at werribee .\nan exceptionally handsome colt , majestic prince was one of the few auction sales toppers to live up to both his looks and his price . lightly raced at 2 , the unbeaten colt won hard - fought victories over eventual horse of the year arts and letters in the kentucky derby and preakness stakes . he went into the belmont stakes with a chance to sweep the triple crown but against the advice of trainer john longden , who felt that the prince was tired and had lost too much weight after the previous two races . longden ' s fears proved well founded as majestic prince\ni ' d be a fool to continue buying expensive yearlings . i must spend r100 000 or more to buy a quality horse - and the breeder who sold it to me can import an even better one for less money and come and beat me . it just does not make sense . i might as well buy the imported horse myself . for a good imported horse is superior to a good local horse . nobody can argue with that .\nof course , that in itself isn\u2019t enough . the horse also has to have demonstrated the ability to get a runner .\ntalented filly may just be putting it all together right on time for her connections . her elimination win was dynamic . her maternal line includes the talented majestic son , so it comes as no surprise that she has that kind of ability . a major win contender .\nthe royal ascot racing club came into being towards the end of 1997 and was the brainchild of harry herbert who manages its horse .\nmajestic prince ' s victory in the 1969 kentucky derby made john longden the only person to both ride and train a kentucky derby winner . he had previously won the derby as the jockey of 1943 triple crown winner count fleet . longden ' s unique accomplishment was ranked # 51 in horse racing ' s top 100 moments , a review of racing in the 20th century compiled by the blood - horse and released in 2006 . the prince also made longden the first and only person to both ride and train winners of the preakness stakes .\nyou won ' t find a middle distance class horse that is built the same as a fast run and jump sprinting type . the muscle formation on a later maturing horse is completely different - it is a bit like looking at linford christie and a kenyan marathon runner .\ncongratulations to mandy mccutcheon and dun git a nicadual , owned by mcquay stables , and by the great mister nicadual : champions in the john deere non pro futurity ! mandy also placed third with coronas in hollywood , also owned by tim and colleen mcquay . way to go , mandy !\nmajestic prince is outcrossed through five generations . he is a full brother to 1971 english champion 2 - year - old male crowned prince ; to stakes - placed our queen , second dam of grade iii winner casino magistrate ; to caronatta , dam of restricted stakes winner rally run ( by\nanyone following british horse racing during the 1980s cannot fail to fondly recall a host of exciting 3 year old winners of the july cup at newmarket .\nthe ability of a horse is present from birth , as a result of genetic fusion . horses either have it , or they don ' t . there may be lots of reasons that prevent a horse from showing its natural ability , but given a sound horse and a capable trainer there is every reason to believe that the innate ability will come out on the track . assessing that ability and expressing it in a figure is done through handicapping .\nsurprisingly , few people in racing appear to put emphasis on determining the most suitable distance for a horse . we have yet to see a breeders yearling advertisement where the distance for which the horse is bred is mentioned . trainers generally try a horse over a variety of distances , to find out what suits bets - with at least a third of all races in south africa run at a false pace that can be a trying task at times .\nserved notice as a very fast horse at dover last year . he is yet to beat a field like this and has always excelled in delaware , but he is a horse with a lot of ability that can force the issue here . curious to see him on the mile track , too .\nboth tim and colleen were quick to thank former owners , robert thompson and lisa coulter . tim said , \u201cwe appreciate the opportunity to own this horse . \u201d\ncongratulations to jeanna schaffhauser and her horse , dunitwithasmokingun ( gunner x dun it doll ) , who tied for 14th in the l3 non pro futurity and placed 8th in the l2 , adding over $ 300 to her lifetime earnings and giving \u201cdomingo\u201d his first show earnings ! congratulations also to our other non pro futurity money winners , cade mccutcheon and dually with a star ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , owned by tom mccutcheon , placing 9th in the l2 and 7th in l1 . cade was also champion in the youth 13 & under with his horse , dun it got lucky ( hollywood dun it x my lucky moonstone ) .\nmcquay stables , located in tioga , texas , is a leader in the reining horse industry . home to the late hollywood dun it , it now features a roster of top stallions that includes nrha hall of fame inductee gunner , dun gotta gun , mister nicadual , smart and shiney , and hollywoodstinseltown . tim mcquay is also an nrha hall of famer and nrha $ 2 million rider , and colleen mcquay has served the industry as an nrha board member and executive committee for many years .\nthe prowess of his sire was a given , and his dam is an own daughter of mr melody jac , the horse tim rode to win the 1988 national reining horse association futurity . \u201cmr melody jac was very good to me and i love the hollywood jac 86 bloodlines so this pedigree also works for what i like .\nlyle lovett also visited , and had a great time showing his horses in the non pro futurity , limited non pro , and novice horse non pro 1 and 2 . congratulations to lyle and his horse , master pepto , for placing fifth in both the novice horse level 1 and 2 ! lyle and his mares , fifth avenue dun it and mistress with a gun , also had a great time showing in this class , as did his gelding , sns uvalde king , who he showed in the non pro futurity . sam shaffhauser also placed six with master pepto in the novice horse open level 1 ! way to go , lyle and sam !\n\u201cnot only is tim mcquay one of the horse world\u2019s best athletes , but he exemplifies a superb level of horsemanship both in and out of the ring , \u201d said becky minard , founder and president of smartpak equine . \u201ctim has revolutionized the world of reining by introducing an unprecedented level of training and care for the horse , and we are thrilled to be part of his horse care program . busy professionals like tim can really benefit from the convenience and time savings that smartpaks provide . \u201d\nwhen offlee wild came to pin oak lane , solomon said he had an inkling something big could happen . \u201che\u2019s a physical horse that\u2019s pretty impressive , \u201d he said .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\ni was excited by montjeu ' s offspring because i was associated with the horse and still am now . i was involved with john hammond through montjeu ' s career .\nhis runners have amassed more than $ 1 million and include 2015 stakes performers my dream boat , winner of the prix perth - g3 in france ; great dancer ( ire ) , third in the hill prince stakes - g3 at belmont park ; and mister brightside ( ire ) , second in santa anita\u2019s twilight derby - g2 in his only u . s . start .\n* * please note : all photo ' s , results and video ' s on this website are copyright to horse deals magazine . any reproduction without written permission is prohibited . * *\nit has all worked itself out for the royal ascot racing club . i buy for different people and you never know where the next very good horse is going to come from .\nmister bow ( kenvain ) . 3 wins - 2 at 2 - to 1500m , a $ 88 , 288 , ajc fc griffiths 2yo h . , stc gjc moore h . , 2d mvrc grosby kids s . , l , 3d stc peter pan s . , gr . 2 , vatc new gleam h . , ajc cellnet mobil 2yo h . , vatc veneda h .\nyet the horse hardest to beat in any race is a front runner . the explanation for this is in itself quite simple . take a sprinter , capable of running 1000m in 57 seconds . given the opportunity to pace himself correctly , a horse like this will reproduce the 57 seconds with regularity . given a strong build and a short back , weight will have virtually no influence on his performance - whether with 52 or 58 kilos , the time will be the same . if such a horse gets to the front at the beginning of a race , any other horse that races off the pace will have to cover the distance in a faster time to beat the front runner . but if 57 seconds is about as fast as any horse can run ( depending on the track where it races ) , it becomes a mechanical impossibility to come from behind : horses simply cannot run faster than their bodies allow them to , however well they may be off at the weights .\n\u201cas you go back a bit , this isn\u2019t the first good horse [ offlee wild ] has had , \u201d he pointed out . among the others are eclipse champion juvenile filly she be wild .\nmotivator was the perfect example of that sort of horse who might not have been the most obvious to pick out at the sales but john ' s eye could see where the animal was headed .\ndon\u2019t forget jockey martin garcia , who picked up the mount from the injured gary stevens . \u201ci knew i was on a really good horse , \u201d he said after the race . but this good ?\nmoonshine mullin earned a 101 beyer and a trip to the breeders\u2019 cup classic for the effort . he is the first horse to gain automatic entry as part of the \u201cwin and you\u2019re in\u201d challenge series .\nsmartpak equine was founded by riders and horse owners who ride and show dressage , hunter / jumper , polo , eventing , reining , western pleasure and have logged many miles trail riding . in addition to the smartpak supplement system , the company offers a broad line of horse health and rider items , dog supplies , and equine and canine pharmacy items sold through the company\u2019s catalog , web site and retail store .\nwarren ' s buying record is a good one . his group one winners have included creag - an - sgor ( middle park - 20 , 000 guineas ) , mister majestic ( middle park - 26 , 000 irish guineas ) , park express ( champion stakes - 42 , 000 guineas ) , lake coniston ( july cup - 22 , 000 guineas ) , cloudings ( prix lupin - 100 , 000 guineas ) , tamarisk ( stanley leisure sprint cup - 78 , 000 guineas ) , housemaster ( hong kong champions & chater cup - 70 , 000 guineas ) , petrushka ( 110 , 000 irish guineas ) , arctic owl ( irish st leger - 10 , 000 guineas ) , leadership ( premio di milano 350 , 000 irish guineas ) , tiber ( hong kong classic - 150 , 000 irish guineas ) and now motivator .\nso motivator would have been in most people ' s eyes a horse who was going to take time and , if he didn ' t gain his strength and didn ' t develop the right way , be a slowish middle distance horse . i took the view that he used himself beautifully - a fantastic athlete - you could not hear him when he walked as his feet never seemed to touch the ground .\nthe horse he beat three starts back went in the hambletonian earlier . his last two starts have not been as sharp and he is yet to excel against stakes company . siding with others in this spot .\n) , dam of stakes winner minstrel grey ( by tudor grey ) and second dam of grade iii winner with a twist ; and to my guest ( by mister gus ) , dam of grade iii winner native guest ( by raise a native ) and stakes winners raise your sights ( by raise a native ) and memorable mitch ( by mehmet ) . in addition , gay hostess is a half sister to dancing hostess ( by\ni took him up to near the main ring where there is a nice flat piece of land . i walked him up and down there two or three times and he was a horse who excited me .\ncongratulations to mandy mccutcheon and dun git a nicadual , owned by mcquay stables , champions in the non pro futurity at the 2011 scottsdale classic ! we are so proud of dun git a nicadual for his success in scottsdale , especially after his success in tulsa ( john deere non pro futurity champion ) . he is by mister nicadual , owned by jerry kimmel , and out of gotta git ya dun . way to go , mandy ! !\ni am lucky to be given orders to buy horses like motivator . what is exciting is to be able to buy a horse that has provided 230 people with plenty of pleasure - it is so rewarding .\ntim and the reiners enjoyed their time in tulsa at the ariat tulsa reining classic , held at expo square august 24 - september 2 . we were joined by friends and family , and had a successful horse show !\nthese sort of performances are a handicappers nightmare . the winning horse will be penalised and repeat the performance next time out , with little difference in the relative outcome . or the pace may be too fast or too slow the time after and the frontrunning horse gets beaten out of sight . from the point of gauging ability , horses that win races from the front in good time are extremely hard to evaluate , except perhaps for distance suitability .\nother high - earning gunner offspring from 2012 include # 1 money - earning horse nrha open futurity champion , americasnextgunmodel ( out of cee dun it do it and raised by silva reining horses ) earning $ 192 , 320 , and # 5 money - earning horse , tinker with guns ( out of tinker nic ) earning $ 110 , 427 . gunner sired a total of 204 foals in 2012 with average offspring earnings of $ 7 , 383 .\n\u201che\u2019s a speightstown group 1 winner , \u201d said solomon . \u201cand he was a very fast horse . plus he has an outstanding pedigree for both the grass and the dirt . i think he\u2019ll be a great fit . \u201d\none f the more intriguing aspects of bloodstock selection is the prediction of a horse ' s best distance . there can be little doubt that there are many distinct distance categories ( we count at least 8 between distances from 1000 to 2000m ) - logically , the more often a horse races over his best distance , the better his chances of showing his best form . that apart from the vital task of adjusting the training programme to his best distance .\nbrancaster was the club ' s first successful horse and he won the group three horris hill stakes at newbury and the following year ran in two classics , finishing fourth in the 2000 guineas before coming 10th in the vodafone derby .\nchased a very sharp horse last time who raced in the open to start the card . he has speed and it would be fitting for the leading trainer / driver combination to win the season finale . he is an obvious threat .\ncolleen mcquay added , gunner was a sweet happy horse , and when i look at all he has given us i can only be grateful for the time we shared with him . losing him leaves another hole in our hearts .\nbut how good is fools holme ? nothing in any of his previous 8 races ( 7 of which he had won ) made him anywhere near as good as he showed here . the horse had a big reputation , not least because of what both millard and coetzee had publicly said about him when due to a hock injury the horse had to be withdrawn from the j & b met in january . significantly , though , when millard was asked in a televised interview round about the time of the rothmans july , when he regarded as the best horse he ever trained , the champion trainer mentioned three he did not wish to separate - and fools holme , we noted , was not one of them .\nin the ancilllary arena , lyle lovett showed sns uvalde king and two gun shiner to ribbons in the novice horse non pro classes , and carlee mccutcheon was crowned winner of the short stirrup 10 & under class both days aboard get juiced .\nso , losing any horse would be hard . but saying goodbye to a great one pushed the difficulty to another level when colonels smoking gun , known worldwide simply as\ngunner ,\nlost his battle with laminitis on july 8 . the national reining horse association ( nrha ) hall of fame inductee and $ 5 million sire was humanely put down after spending the last week at equine medical associates in pilot point , texas , under the constant care of dr . john mccarroll .\ngunner was a horse for the ages . when he made his center - stage debut at the nrha futurity in 1996 , the reining world fell in love with the diminutive sorrel with the floppy ears and white tail . after tying for the nrha futurity open reserve title as a 3 - year - old , he went on win the us equestrian team reining championship in 2001 . he was immortalized as a breyer horse and finished his career with earnings over $ 177 , 000 .\nanother winner was rose colored gunner , a 6 - year - old mare by gunner and out of alicia rose by topsail whiz . owner isabell silvertolpe rode her to the apha freestyle reining sweepstakes at the american paint horse association world championship show .\nwfa can best be defined as the physical progress a horse makes as it matures . just in the same way as zola budd , under conditions of continuous training , improves her strength of bone and muscle as she matures . the difference is of course that the thoroughbred is uniquely precocious in terms of maturity rate : by the age of 18 - 24 months the horse will have 95 % of its mature height and weight , and by the age of four full maturity will have been reached .\ntim showed the flashy dun stallion in the 1986 national reining horse association futurity and won the 1987 nrha derby open championship . when he discovered \u201cdun it\u2019s , \u201d owners cliff and gwen steif , were selling the horse , tim wanted to buy him , but the price of $ 100 , 000 was a little steep . however , his wife , colleen , convinced him they couldn\u2019t let this opportunity slip away , and with a little creative financing , the mcquays became dun it\u2019s owners in 1987 .\nin a letter to an bord pleanala appealing the refusal , ms haughey , who runs a thriving horse stud business in the curragh where she now lives , says she wants to move back to her home area to be near her parents and siblings .\nhis connections appear convinced , however , that sea captain will be best up the straight . his track record to date does not bear that out - a horse that fails to run on in sprints either is outclassed or in need of more ground .\ncongratulations to our other non pro classic finalists , lyle lovett and mistress with a gun ( gunner x shiners mistress ) , tied for twelfth and owned by lyle , and to lexie stovel and last pop star ( smart starbuck x mm jiffy pop ) , owned by lexie ! we\u2019re glad our non pros had a great time horse showing ! thank you so much to jerry kimmel for sponsoring the dun gotta gun & mister nicadual usef reception friday evening ! we had a great time ! saturday marked the start of the open classic finals . congratulations to our finalists , tim and show your guns ( gunner x good time showgirl ) , owned by ken stovel , and sam schaffhauser and master pepto ( peptoboonsmal x shiney missy ) , owned by lyle lovett ! tim and sam are very thankful to ken and lyle for letting them show these very nice horses ! also on saturday was the usef youth qualifier , where lexie stovel was champion with her horse solano glo rey ct ( \u201cjesse\u201d ) . congratulations , lexie !\nhe was , for me , nearly the best horse i have ever known . although i had seen mill reef and other great horses perform , being close to montjeu , i could not believe what the horse was doing . he was winning derbys with his head in his chest and king georges in hack canters - it was unbelievable and we always felt that if we threw caution to the wind that we could have brought him back in distance and won a group one over a mile very easily .\ncongratulations to cade mccutcheon and dually with a star ( mister nicadual x dun it on a star ) , owned by tom & mandy mccutcheon , youth non pro futurity champions ! cade also tied for 12th on dually with a star in the l4 non pro futurity . the duo placed 6th in the l3 and took the reserve championship in the l2 and l1 non pro futurity , taking home over $ 36 , 000 . cade also took 5th place in the l1 non pro futurity on dun it dually ( mister nicadual x indy star dun it ) , owned by mcquay stables , as well as placed 3rd in the youth non pro futurity on dun it dually , and tied for 8th with vaquero in a benz , owned by tom & mandy . breaking nrha records as the youngest rider to make the l4 np finals ( at age 12 , cade broke his mother\u2019s record , who was 13 at her first finals ) , cade finished his friday finals day with earning a little over $ 40 , 000 and a pretty big smile on his face !\nhis recent form has certainly been solid . he has won two of his last four starts and beat a nice horse last time in murmur hanover . another that is versatile , but appears to really relish the front - end . should be in the mix .\nolympic fei discipline . finding inspiration in his wife , mandy mccutcheon , tom has made history yet again for himself and gunners special nite , owned by sarah willeman . this wonderful horse is by gunner , and was actually raised and started here at mcquay stables .\ncoming off a win in this year\u2019s all american quarter horse congress futurity gunnatrashya ( gunner x natrashya ) and shawn flarida marked a 228 . 5 to take the level 4 open futurity championship and the $ 125 , 000 purse for owner arcese quarter horses usa .\nin general , an evaluation of the time of a race doesn ' t necessarily tell you how good a horse is ; what it does show is how bad he isn ' t . but a\ngood\ntime certainly indicates a good horse - and that ' s important especially with youngsters . going only by form , you would only get quick insight if your runner beats what you perceive to be a strong field . otherwise it ' ll have to run at least a few races to give an idea , and even then you may not spot the exceptional animal . with time on your side , and the luck of a true run race , you could hit the jackpot very early on in the horse ' s career , even if all he beats is a field of newcomers .\na candidate for horse of the year again based on what she has done . we all know she loves this track , winning the hambletonian oaks , moni maker and breeders crown here . deserving short - priced favorite will be a popular single in the pick 4 .\nhe really couldn\u2019t have finished any better last time and that race produced a next out winner in calvin b . the top three finishers in that race would be odds - on favorites and this horse came home in 26 - flat . i like him in this spot .\nunderstanding that to keep top level reining horses healthy and performing their best requires a sound nutritional program , smartpak is committed to offering supplements that provide targeted solutions to help offer additional support or to manage a particular problem . and their very own smartsupplement line of products includes over 40 cutting edge supplement formulas at a savings of up to 40 % ingredient for ingredient when compared to similar products . the mcquay philosophy puts the horse first \u2013 and is a total program to attain a long - term career for a reining horse , making it a great fit with smartpak . with a worldwide clientele , mcquay travels stateside and abroad where he presents reining clinics and consults with horse owners and professionals . his training program for professionals and non pros is one for the ages \u2013 and one that many other pros admittedly have copied .\nmandy also had a very successful futurity , placing top five on all three of her horses ! mandy and justa smart star were reserve champions in the non pro level 4 futurity , mandy and starbucks deja vu tied for third , as well as mandy and dun git a nicadual , owned by mcquay stables , tying for fifth . she walked out with over $ 60 , 000 ! dun git a nicadual is by mister nicadual , owned by jerry kimmel , and out of gotta git ya dun , owned by monica hicks . great job , mandy ! !\nhe was a $ 61 , 000 purchase at the sale here last week . he has always been a horse with a lot of speed and talent . the downside has been inconsistency . he qualified well , but will certainly have to improve on his last pair of starts .\nactual time recorded by a horse conveys in itself practically nothing . the early pace , the track , the weather - they are elementary components in the evaluation of a race . to assess the real value of time requires quantifying the seemingly imponderable factors , and compensating for their effects .\nhe was an odds - on favorite last week and worked out a perfect second over trip . but , not only could he not get by the winner , he failed to reach the horse who provided his cover . likely favorite again could prove an underlay . needs his absolute best .\nat mcquay stables in tioga , texas , the focus has long been on exceptional performance \u2013 both human and equine . but people close to owners tim and colleen mcquay know that underlying all the awards and accolades the couple ' s real focus has always been the love of the horse .\nyou might even throw in those who wagered on the dark bay or brown colt , who took home a tidy $ 11 . 40 for each $ 2 win wager \u2014 not bad money on a horse whose trainer has now won half of the last 14 runnings of monmouth\u2019s biggest race .\nmy dream boat , four - year - old son of lord shanakill , won the 1 . 25 mile g3 bet365 gordon richards stakes by 1 . 25 lengths today at sandown defeating the favorite , last year\u2019s winner western hymn ridden by frankie dettori . carrying a 3 lb . penalty to the field for winning a race at this level at saint - cloud in november , my dream boat squeezed through a gap in the final furlong . a g3 winner in france his last time out , my dream boat has won four of his last five starts . he is trained by clive cox : \u201cit\u2019s a thrill to have a horse on such an upward curve and he\u2019s a great horse to be involved with . \u201d his impressed jockey , adam kirby said , \u201che\u2019s a very nice horse , but if he keeps improving the way he is , the sky could be the limit . \u201d\nhe has chased j l cruze in his last four starts and he got a little bit closer each time . he is also coming out of back to back world record performances . the post won\u2019t help his cause , but this horse has been very sharp against the best trotter in the country .\nthere are many examples of this theory . sea shore , quite clearly not in the same class as sunera , came within a hair ' s breath of beating sunera over the sharp kenilworth 1000 . heavenly boy , the barbican and military song , all somewhat behind the best have won many races that way . over slightly more ground , rise and rule is an extremely hard horse to beat over a sharp 1400m . but it takes a horse of above average ability , good going and a sharp track ( such as greyville or the kenilworth old course with its short run - in ) to achieve it .\nhe has come a long way in a very short period of time . just two months ago he was racing for $ 3 , 000 at plainridge and here he is , a contender in a $ 40 , 000 open on hambletonian day . a very sharp horse gets a huge test for class today .\nlexie stovel enjoyed her visit to oklahoma city as well , showing her two horses , two cee command and solano glo rey ct , in the limited non pro , novice horse non pro , and youth classes . we had a great time cheering lexie on , alongside the stovels ! good job , lexie !\nin march of 2012 , hollywood dun it will be inducted into the american quarter horse association hall of fame , along with bob loomis , gordon hannagan , walter fletcher , indigo illusion , and streakin la jolla . we are so proud and excited for this amazing honor , and also congratulate his fellow inductees .\nsmartpak equine was founded in 1999 with the purpose of simplifying the administration of nutritional supplements and medications to horses . the patented smartpak\u2122 supplement feeding system has been adopted by thousands of barns and horse owners across the country , who value knowing that their supplements will be fed correctly . the smartpak system has been embraced by riders from all disciplines and all levels , including seven olympic medalists . in addition to the smartpak supplement system , the company offers a broad line of horse health and rider items , dog supplies , and equine and canine pharmacy items sold through the company\u2019s catalog and web site . smartpak was recently named to\nhe had slightly gone in his coat . but he walked very well and had a terrific head - there was something very taking about him . john saw him and the first thing he said to me was goodness , this horse is going to change out of all recognition in the next few months ' .\nfirst , my parents , who have given me every opportunity to ride the best horses they could get their hands on . there are two things i can always hear when i\u2019m in the arena ; the faint whistle of my mom and the reassuring voice of my dad as i lope past . there have been a few horses that they provided that taught me just how humbling showing can be , but i learned to accept defeat and to remember there will always be another horse show . my parents have amazing horse sense and have instilled in me the appreciation of a great horse . throughout my life they have been there to support me at every turn i chose to take , without judgement - maybe not without an opinion about how it should be done - but with total support in helping me achieve my goals . mom and dad , i only hope i can be as good a parent to my kids as you have been to me .\ni am always prepared to spend more if i think the horse has the ability to be a middle distance classic prospect - like petrushka and highest - and if i ever feel they will stay a mile and a quarter or a mile and half and be proper horses i will throw the dice and spend more .\ni liked motivator very much . it is a bit like looking at a girl - you either like them or you don ' t . being a nice horse , i had to take him away from the wall boxes which is always a bit of a performance - most people look at horses where they are .\nmcquay\u2019s introduction to team smartpak comes on the heels of smartpak\u2019s new \u201cwhat the pro\u2019s use\u201d campaign , giving horse owners a glimpse into what\u2019s involved in taking care of some of the nation\u2019s top equine athletes . via their website , facebook and print advertisements smartpak shares interviews from top riders across multiple disciplines discussing how they use supplements to keep their horses performing their best , what some of their favorite equine products are , and why they choose smartpak for their horse\u2019s health care needs . whether it be the peace of mind they get from knowing their supplements will be fed correctly , the ease of traveling , retaining the potency of their supplements or the top notch customer service , every rider has their own reasons for using the leading daily dose supplement provider . horse owners also have the opportunity to learn more about the everyday lives of these top riders including what riding superstitions they have , what they like to do in their free time , and even what they like to eat .\nas tim is so impressed with yellow jersey as a reiner , the obvious question is whether or not his career in the arena is over . tim said , \u201cwe hope to make breeding the priority , but i do think there\u2019s a lot of show horse left if we did decide to show him in international competition . \u201d\nwell , we can argue , and we will . this quote from a disgruntled major cape owner appeared in the cape times on november 12th 1985 , shortly after sunera had registered her third win in the cape . we have enough experience and evidence to show that an imported horse with a reasonable timeform rating will , if sound and fit , produce that same timeform rating will , if sound and fit , produce that same timeform rating in this country , just as any horse with at least some ability will run up to form wherever it races . spanish pool , foveros , breezing in and others did exactly that . but to win major races in south africa it is necessary to import a horse with a timeform rating of certainly over 110 . such horses do not exactly grow on trees , and if they can be bought at all , it will be at a price . and with the rand sunk to desperate depths , it takes a brave soul indeed to take that plunge .\n\u201cit\u2019s gratification for me to be taking a son of dun it to the world equestrian games , \u201d tim said . \u201cit makes you feel so proud of dun it and i\u2019m so proud of the horse i\u2019ll be showing too . he\u2019s another superstar , i think , but we\u2019ll just have to see what his babies ride like . \u201d\nmoulton then , by 2400m hors epardao out of miler close up , could either have been a miler or a 2400m horse . since he won from 1800 to 2200m in the best company , he must have stayed 2400m , even though never tried . on this side of hot touch pedigree our either / or theory fits a neat pattern .\nroland gardens has made his mark at stud in south africa . wild west , runner - up in the july at 3 , won the met as a 4yo . enchanted garden , voted\nhorse of the year\nlast season has been extensively discussed in the august 1986 columns of this magazine . honey bear is his third major winner .\nthe reiners recently returned from katy , tx and had a great time at the national reining breeders classic , held at the great southwest equestrian center . good times were had with friends and family during our stay at the horse show ! special thanks to sean brown , pauline \u201ccookie\u201d cook , and the great southwest equestrian center for once again making the nrbc such a special event ! also thank you to mike christian and his team , including colleen\u2019s nephew chad vanderlinde ( who comes to help us each year after completing several months of the wellington horse shows ) , and cheryl cody with the promanagement team ; along with our great team of officials , this group produces a show like no other !\nto be in the company of people who have made such a huge impact on the reining horse industry is truly an honor . i hope i can continue to help our sport grow . it means so much to me to join my father and all the great horsemen in the nrha hall of fame . i will remember this night forever . \u201d\nthen it comes down to continually going through the horses time and time again to eliminate conformation that i don ' t particularly like until i have got a fine - tuned list of horses i am interested in - the pedigree would then dictate the price but the physical specimen should be the same for a 50 , 000 guineas and a 150 , 000 guineas horse .\ngun dealer , a 2002 stallion by gunner and out of peppy oak , is featured in this month\u2019s nrha reiner magazine as the 2010 nrha limited open world champion . gun dealer is owned by tim and lisa stanton from pickering , ontario , canada , and ridden by lisa stanton at the all - american quarter horse congress . click the link below to read the article !\nimpeccable pedigree as he is a full - brother to shake it cerry , last year\u2019s trotter of the year . he was 2nd in the peter haughton last year and if you toss out his most recent effort , his form looks awfully imposing . unsure why he threw in a clunker at vernon , but not every horse races well up there and he is a bounce - back candidate .\nnow we would obviously struggle to buy a montjeu because they would not be in our price range any more . john knew everything there was to know about montjeu - he looks after madame boulay ' s interests and , therefore , along with coolmore , he managed the horse . he was keen that we looked closely at the montjeus and we were very fortunate to come up with motivator .\nsold as the top priced horse in june ' 85 ( r58 000 ) , sea captain made his debut in june 1986 , when just 3 years old , over the rather stiff clairwood 100m . despite losing 2 lengths at the start , he raced handy and drew clear at the 200m to win as he liked . he started 2 / 1 second favourite and earned a rating of 76 .\nthe most exciting time in racing in south africa is from december to march . that ' s when the new crop of juveniles is best assessed - all youngsters run on ability only , the distance is of virtually no importance ( they all race from 800 - 1000m , 1200m at most ) , nor is fitness a prime consideration as long as the horse has shown it is ready to run .\nthough on a tight schedule performing , lyle lovett joined us on the weekend and won the limited non pro which had over 80 entries , on his horse , sns uvalde king . congratulations lyle and to one of our ariat team members , collene burnell , who tied for second in the same class on her mare , white n shiney pearl ! both of these horses are by smart and shiney ."]}
{"id": 2148, "summary": [{"text": "choristoneura improvisana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in primorsky krai in the russian far east .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of bald mountain peaks and green moss-spruce forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14 \u2013 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is grey , with indistinct yellowish granulation and a dark brown pattern .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "all spots and stripes are bordered with yellow scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are uniform grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "choristoneura improvisana", "paragraphs": ["improvisana kuznetzov , 1973 ( argyrotaenia ) , trud vses . entomol . obshch . 56 : 153 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , south sikhote - alin ' . holotype : zmas . male .\nfreemani razowski , 2008 ( choristoneura ) , polskie pismo entomol . 77 : 246 .\nafricana razowski , 2002 ( choristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 347 no type\nspruce budworms and rewatives are a group of cwosewy rewated insects in de genus choristoneura . most are serious pests of conifers , such as spruce . there are nearwy forty choristoneura species , and even more subspecies , or forms , wif a compwexity of variation among popuwations found droughout much of de united states and canada , and about again dis number in eurasia . in eastern norf america , choristoneura fumiferana is prevawent , whiwe in western norf america choristoneura freemani has devastated warge areas .\n126 . chakrasana 127 . chaturanga dandasana 128 . chinnada simhasana 129 . choristoneura improvisana 130 . city of matlosana 131 . clavesana 132 . clepsis celsana 133 . cnephasia abrasana 134 . coccoloba caracasana 135 . cont\u00e9 lansana 136 . cornet [ a ] tolosana 137 . cornet tolosana 138 . cosana 139 . csana 140 . cyana formosana 141 . dandasana 142 . darsana 143 . david lansana 144 . de jager v sisana 145 . depressaria depressana 146 . desana 147 . dhanurasana 148 . dharasana 149 . dhisana 150 . diana ossana\npinus freeman , 1953 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 85 : 122 . tl : canada , manitoba , beausejour . holotype : cnc . male .\norae freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 452 . tl : canada , british columbia , kitimat . holotype : cnc . male .\nthyrsifera razowski , 1984 ( choristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 27 : 271 tl : china , yunnan province , likiang . holotype : zfmk . male .\nspruce budworms and relatives are a group of closely related insects in the genus choristoneura . most are serious pests of conifers . there are nearly forty choristoneura species , and even more subspecies , or forms , with a complexity of variation among populations found throughout much of the united states and canada , and about again this number in eurasia .\nspruce budworms and relatives are a group of closely related insects in the genus choristoneura . most are serious pests of conifers . there are nearly forty choristoneura species , and even more subspecies , or forms , with a complexity of variation among populations found throughout much of the united states and canada , and about again this number in eurasia .\njezoensis yasuda & suzuki , 1987 ( choristoneura ) , konty 55 : 232 . tl : japan , hokkaido , asahigawa [ asahikawa ] . holotype : opu . male .\nmetasequoiacola liu , 1983 ( choristoneura ) , entomotaxonomia 5 ( 4 ) : 290 . tl : china , hubei province , lichuan xian . holotype : izas . male .\npropensa razowski , 1992 ( choristoneura ) , shilap revta . lepid . 20 : 21 . tl : afghanistan , 25 km n baarikot . holotype : nhmv . male .\nspaldingana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 6 . tl : usa , utah , provo . holotype : usnm . male .\nchapana razowski , 2008 ( choristoneura ) , polskie pismo entomol . 77 : 234 . tl : north vietnam , fan si pan mtns . . holotype : mnhu . male .\nmaritima freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura pinus ssp . ) , can . ent . 99 : 455 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , blain . holotype : cnc . male .\nquadratica diakonoff , 1955 ( choristoneura ) , verff . zool . staatsamml . mnchen 8 : 46 . tl : nepal , mustangbhot , ghilinggoan . holotype : zsm . male .\nbiennis freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 451 . tl : canada , monashee summit , 8 mi s cherryville . holotype : cnc . male .\nexpansiva wang & yang , 2008 ( choristoneura ) , zootaxa 1944 : 67 . tl : china , fujian province , mt . wuyi , sangang . holotype : nkum . male .\nout of print : biosystematic studies of conifer - feeding choristoneura ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) in de western united states : edited by jerry a . poweww - university of cawifornia press\ncrawford , hewwette s . ; jennings , daniew t . ( 1989 ) .\npredation by birds on spruce budworm choristoneura fumiferana : functionaw , numericaw , and totaw responses\n.\nafricana razowski , 2002 ( choristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 198 tl : cameroon , cameroon ( mt . cameroon , buea ) . holotype : mrsn . male .\nferrugininotata obraztsov , 1968 ( choristoneura ) , j . new york ent . soc . 76 : 248 . tl : india , kukti , northwestern himalayas . holotype : bmnh . male .\nponderosana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura lambertiana ssp . ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 14 tl : usa . colorado , sugar loaf . holotype : usnm . male .\nviridis freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 452 . tl : usa . california , modoc co . , bidwell creek . holotype : cnc . male .\noccidentalis freeman , 1967 ( choristoneura ) , can . ent . 99 : 451 . tl : usa . washington , klickitat co . , yakima indian reserve . holotype : cnc . male .\nargentifasciata heppner , 1989 ( choristoneura ) , fla . ent . 72 : 104 . tl : usa , florida , glades co . , fisheating creek , palmdale . holotype : usnm . male .\nirina dubatolov & syachina , 2007 ( choristoneura ) , zhivotnyi mir dalnego vostoka 6 : 71 . tl : russia , khabarovskii krai , great khekhtsyr nature reserve , bychikha . holotype : smiase . male .\nsubretiniana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura lambertiana ssp . ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 9 . tl : usa . california , tulare co . , monachee . holotype : usnm . male .\ncalifornica powell , 1964 ( choristoneura carnana ssp . ) , univ . calif . publ . ent . 32 : 179 . tl : usa . california , lake co . , anderson springs . holotype : cas . male .\npalladinoi razowski & trematerra , 2010 ( choristoneura ) , j . entomol . acarol . res . ( ser . ii ) 42 : 53 . tl : ethiopia , bale mountains , harenna forest . holotype : tremc . male .\nlindseyana obraztsov , 1962 ( choristoneura lambertiana ssp . ) , am . mus . novit . 2101 : 16 . tl : usa . california , modoc co . , warner mountains , 3 mi e davis creek . holotype : usnm . male .\nirina syachina & budashkin , in dubatolov , syachina & budashkin , 2007 ( choristoneura ) , animal world of far east ( blagoveshchensk ) 6 : 71 . tl : russia , khabarovskii krai , great khekhtsyr nature reserve , bychikha . holotype : smiase . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwestern spruce budworm is the most destructive defoliator of coniferous forests in western north america . it is now widely distributed throughout the\n, canada . since that year , infestations have frequently been reported in western canada .\n. however , it was not initially recognized as a serious threat to coniferous forests in the western u . s . aerial spraying apparently terminated some smaller epidemics in the southern and central rockies ; others subsided naturally . the insect then appeared to be dormant in us forests until 1922 , when two outbreaks were reported near\nhave caused top - killing and serious economic losses in tree growth . tree mortality from budworm can occur in regeneration , sapling , and pole - sized trees . trees in mature stands severely defoliated by the western spruce budworm may become susceptible to bark beetles , which kill mature trees .\nthere is no typical pattern for western spruce budworm epidemics . most of the early epidemics subsided naturally after a few years . others persisted longer , but without spreading over large areas . an epidemic which began in 1949 in the northern rocky mountains has persisted for over 30 years despite insecticidal treatment of more than 6 , 000 , 000 acres ( 24 , 000 km\nadult moths are about 1 / 2 inch ( 12 . 7 mm ) long and have a wing - spread of 7 / 8 to 1 1 / 8 inches ( 22 to 28mm ) . moths of both sexes are similar in appearance , although the females are a bit more robust than males . both sexes fly . the gray - or orange - brown forewings are banded or streaked , and each usually has a conspicuous white dot on the wing margin . eggs are oval , light green , and about 3 / 64 inch ( 1 . 2mm ) long and overlap like shingles .\nlarvae develop through six stages . newly hatched larvae are yellow - green with brown heads . in the next three stages , larvae have black heads and collars and orange - or cinnamon - brown bodies . in the fifth stage , larvae have reddish - brown heads marked with black triangles , black collars , and pale olive - brown bodies marked with small whitish spots . mature larvae are 1 to 1 1 / 4 inches ( 25 to 32 mm ) long , with tan or light chestnut - brown heads and collars and olive - or reddish - brown bodies with large ivory - colored areas .\npupae are 1 / 2 to 5 / 8 inch ( 13 to 16 mm ) long , broad at the head end , and narrower toward the tail . they are brownish - yellow or brownish - green at first , and later turn reddish - brown .\nthroughout most of its range , the western spruce budworm completes one cycle of development from egg to adult within 12 months . moths emerge from pupal cases usually in late july or early august ; in the southern rockies , adults often begin emerging in early july .\nthe adults mate , and within 7 to 10 days , the female deposits her eggs and then dies . each female deposits approximately 150 eggs , usually on the underside of conifer needles . eggs are laid in one to three - row masses containing a few to 130 eggs , with an average of 25 to 40 eggs per mass .\nlarvae hatch from eggs in about 10 days . larvae do not feed , but seek sheltered places under bark scales or in and among lichens on the tree bole or limbs . here , they spin silken tents in which they remain inactive through the winter .\nin early may to late june , larvae leave their hibernacula to search for food . they first mine or tunnel into year - old needles , closed buds , or newly developing vegetative or reproductive buds .\nnew foliage , which is normally the preferred food , is usually entirely consumed or destroyed before larvae will feed on older needles . larvae become full grown usually in early july about 30 to 40 days after leaving their overwintering sites .\nlarvae pupate in webs of silk they have spun either at the last feeding site or elsewhere on the tree . the pupal stage usually lasts about 10 days .\nthe first recorded outbreak of the spruce budworm in the united states occurred in maine about 1807 . another outbreak followed in 1878 . since 1909 there have been waves of budworm outbreaks throughout the eastern united states and canada . the states most often affected are maine , new hampshire , new york , michigan , minnesota , and wisconsin . these outbreaks have resulted in the loss of millions of cords of spruce and fir . in 20th century eastern canada , the major outbreaks occurred in the time periods ~ 1910 - 20 , ~ 1940 - 50 , and ~ 1970 - 80 . longer - term tree - ring studies suggest that spruce budworm outbreaks have been recurring every three decades or so since the 16th century . paleoecological studies suggest the spruce budworm has been outbreaking in eastern north america for thousands of years .\nis the species most severely damaged by the budworm in the eastern united states . white , red , and\nare suitable host trees and some feeding may occur on tamarack , pine , and hemlock .\nmixed with balsam fir is more likely to suffer budworm damage than spruce in pure stands .\nthe range of the spruce bud - worm includes the northern states east of montana but the budworm is found wherever host species grow .\nbudworm populations are usually regulated naturally by combinations of several natural factors such as insect parasites , vertebrate and invertebrate predators , and adverse weather conditions . during prolonged outbreaks when stands become heavily defoliated , starvation can be an important mortality factor in regulating populations .\n, which also have a preference for budworm , lay more eggs and are more numerous in years of budworm abundance .\nnatural enemies are probably responsible for considerable mortality when budworm populations are low , but seldom have a regulating influence when populations are in epidemic proportions .\nchemical insecticides such as malathion , carbaryl , and acephate can substantially reduce budworm . microbial insecticides such as the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis , a naturally occurring , host - specific pathogen that affects only the larvae of lepidopterous insects is environmentally safe to use in sensitive areas such as campgrounds or along rivers or streams where it may not be desirable to use chemical insecticides .\nin the katharine hepburn / spencer tracy film desk set , the market cost of the annual depredations of the spruce budworm on united states forests is invoked as an example reference question in comparing the response times of human reference librarians and early computer databases .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nbudworm populations are usually regulated naturally by combinations of several natural factors such as insect parasites , vertebrate and invertebrate predators , and adverse weather conditions . during prolonged outbreaks when stands become heavily defoliated , starvation can be an important mortality factor in regulating populations .\nthis species is a favoured food of the cape may warbler , which is therefore closely associated with its host plant , balsam fir . this bird , and the tennessee and bay - breasted warblers , which also have a preference for budworm , lay more eggs and are more numerous in years of budworm abundance .\nin the katharine hepburn / spencer tracy film desk set , the market cost of the annual depredations of the spruce budworm on united states forests is invoked as an example reference question in comparing the response times of human reference librarians and early computer databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n101 . bhadrasana 102 . bharadvajasana 103 . bhekasana 104 . bhujangasana 105 . bhujapidasana 106 . boonsak ponsana 107 . bosana 108 . brian skosana 109 . brithysana 110 . bsana 111 . buddhasasana 112 . busana 113 . bussana 114 . cacoecia rosana 115 . calinaga sudassana 116 . calocedrus formosana 117 . camatkarasana 118 . camillo besana 119 . carta pisana 120 . casana 121 . catsana 122 . ceresana 123 . cesana 124 . cesare marchese de beccaria bonesana 125 . chakra bandhasana\n151 . dimitsana 152 . dipya mongkollugsana 153 . disana 154 . dsana 155 . dushasana 156 . dushyasana 157 . dussasana 158 . dwi pada koundinyasana 159 . dwi pada viparita dandasana 160 . ear pressure pose - karnapidasana 161 . ear pressure pose karnapidasana 162 . eka hasta bhujasana 163 . eka hasta parshvasana 164 . eka pada baddha malasana 165 . eka pada galavasana 166 . eka pada sirsa bakasana 167 . eka pada sirsa prapadasana 168 . eka pada viparita dandasana 169 . elysia amakusana 170 . enric gensana 171 . ente upasana 172 . epiblema rimosana 173 . erika fasana 174 . esana 175 . euparypha pisana\n176 . eutaenia formosana 177 . euthysana 178 . foussana 179 . frabosana 180 . francisco torrescassana 181 . franco cesana 182 . fred besana 183 . fs la massana 184 . fulgoraria formosana 185 . galavasana 186 . gaona tlhasana 187 . garbhasana 188 . garudasana 189 . garudinia successana 190 . gavesana 191 . george kosana 192 . gerardo masana 193 . ginsana 194 . giovanni francesco cassana 195 . gomukhasana 196 . grand hotel quisisana 197 . greenidea formosana 198 . grigia molisana 199 . gusana 200 . haasana\nadumbratanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 382 tl : japan , holotype : bmnh . male .\nteshionis matsumura , 1931 ( cacoecia ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1066 tl : japan . hokkaido , teshio . holotype : eihu . male .\nalbaniana walker , 1863 ( teras ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 288 . tl : canada , ontario , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . holotype : bmnh . male .\nalbariana barrett , 1887 ( pandemis ) , ent . mon . mag . 24 : 35 . no type\narcticana moschler , 1874 ( tortrix ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 35 : 164 . tl : canada . labrador . holotype : mnhu . female .\nkukakana kearfott , 1907 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 70 . tl : usa . alaska , kukak bay . syntype ( s ) : amnh . unknown .\nlapponana tengstrom , 1869 ( tortrix ) , acta soc . fauna flora fenn . frh . 10 : 359 tl : sweden . lappland [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : zmh . unknown .\nbracatana rebel , in rebel & rogenhofer , 1894 ( pandemis ) , ann . naturhist . hofmus 9 : 82 . tl : canary islands , canary islands ( tenerife , monte de agua garcia ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncarnana barnes & busck , 1920 ( tortrix ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 214 . tl : usa , california , san bernardino mountains , camp baldy . . holotype : usnm . male .\ncolyma razowski , 2006 ( coristoneura ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 123 . tl : india , jammu and kashmir ( indien j & k , kaschmir , sonamarg ) . holotype : isez . male .\nconflictana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 323 . tl : canada , ontario , albany river , st . martin ' s falls . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\ndiversana hubner , [ 1814 - 1817 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 . : pl . 40 , fig . 251 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nalfredana duponchel , 1846 ( paedisca ) , cat . mth . lpid . eur . : 300 . tl : russia . pri - morski territory . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ntransitana guenee , 1845 ( tortrix ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 138 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nviduana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 34 . tl : germany . wrtemburg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nevanidana kennel , 1901 ( cacoecia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 214 . tl : russia , far east , askold island . lectotype : mnhu . male .\nfractivittana clemens , 1865 ( lozotaenia ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 5 : 136 . tl : usa , virginia . holotype : ansp . male .\nfumosa robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 268 . tl : usa . ohio . lectotype : ansp . female .\nfumiferana clemens , 1865 ( tortrix ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 5 : 139 . tl : usa , virginia . holotype : ansp . male .\nnigrida beutenmuller , 1892 ( tortrix ) , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 4 : 64 . no type\nnigridia robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 268 . tl : usa . ohio , pennsylvania , massachusetts . lectotype : amnh . male .\ngriseicoma meyrick , 1924 ( tortrix ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 115 . tl : india , kashmir , srinagar . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nhebenstreitella muller , 1764 ( phalaena tinea ) , fauna insect . friedrichsd . : 58 . tl : germany , friedrichsdal . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\npyrana villers , 1789 ( phalaena tortrix ) , c . linnaei ent . faun . suec . descr . 2 : 416 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsorbiana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 18fig . 113 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\numbratilis geoffroy , in fourcroy , 1785 ( phalaena ) , ent . paris . 2 : 304 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nheliaspis meyrick , 1909 ( cacoecia ) , ann . s . afr . mus . 5 : 349 . tl : south africa , natal . holotype : samc . unknown .\nheliastis pinhey , 1975 ( cacoecia ) , moths south africa : 37 . no type\njecorana kennel , 1899 ( tortrix pandemis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 4 . tl : iran , schahrud . holotype : mnhu . female .\nlafauryana ragonot , 1875 ( tortrix ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 5 ) 5 lxxii . tl : france , dax . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\ninornatanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 442 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlafauriana kennel , 1910 ( cacoecia ) , palaear . tortr . : 135 . no type\nlaufauriana kennel , in spuler , 1910 ( cacoecia ) , schmett . eur . : 248 . no type\nlambertiana busck , 1915 ( tortrix ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 : 86 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , ashland . holotype : usnm . male .\nlambertianae keen , 1952 ( tortrix ) , u . s . dept . agric . for . serv . bimonth : 80 . no type\nlongicellanus walsingham , 1900 ( archips ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 378 tl : japan , honshu , kanagawa prefecture , yokohama . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndisparana kennel , 1901 ( cacoecia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 216 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , sutschan [ suchan ] . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nluticostana christoph , 1888 ( tortrix ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 22 : 311 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladivostok . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ngigantana kennel , 1899 ( tortrix ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 6 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , ussuri , suifun . holotype : mnhu . female .\nmurinana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 17fig . 105 . tl : europe , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nbesseri nowicki , 1860 ( tortrix ) , enum . lepid . haliciae orient . : 125 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( stupnica , near drohobycz ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncaprimulgana koch , 1859 ( tortrix ) , vernachr . bohm . forst - jagd - u . naturk . 33 : 55 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nhistrionana ratzeburg , 1868 ( tortrix ) , waldverd 2 : 13 . tl : europe . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nimmaculana wachtl , 1882 ( tortrix murinana var . ) , mitt . forstl . vers . st 9 : 15 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nneurophaea meyrick , 1932 ( tortrix ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 341 . tl : india , kashmir , killanmarg . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nobsoletana walker , 1863 ( tortrix ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 288 . tl : north america , north america ( atlantic states ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nsanbornana robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 265 . tl : usa . texas / florida . syntype ( s ) : ansp . unknown .\nseminolana kearfott , 1907 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 71 . tl : usa . florida . lectotype : amnh . male .\ntransiturana walker , 1863 ( cacoecia ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 312 . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nvesperana clemens , 1865 ( lozotaenia ) , proc . ent . soc . philad . 5 : 136 . tl : usa . virginia . lectotype : ansp . male .\noccidentalis walsingham , 1891 ( cacoecia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 : 64 . tl : gambia , gambia ( bathurst ) . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\nparallela robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 267 . tl : usa , new york , putman co . . lectotype : amnh . male .\npsoricodes meyrick , 1911 ( tortrix ) , ann . transvaal mus . 2 : 223 . tl : south africa , transvaal , haenertsburg . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nretiniana walsingham , 1879 ( lozotaenia ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 12 . tl : usa , california , siskiyou co . , mt shasta . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrosaceana harris , 1841 ( loxotaenia ) , rep . ins . mass . injurious veg . : 348 . tl : usa , massachusetts . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngossypiana packard , 1869 ( lozotaenia ) , guide study ins . : 335 . tl : usa . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nvicariana walker , 1863 ( teras ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 287 . tl : north america . holotype : bmnh . male .\nsimonyi rebel , 1892 ( pandemis ) , ann . naturhist . hofmus . 7 : 263 . tl : canary islands , canary islands ( gran canaria , la palma ) . holotype : unknown . unknown .\nmactana rebel , in rebel & rogenhofer , 1896 ( pandemis ) , naturhist . hofmus 11 : 116 . tl : canary islands . canary islands ( tenerife ) . lectotype : mgab . male .\npersimilana rebel , in rebel & rogenhofer , 1894 ( pandemis ) , ann . naturhist . hofmus 9 : 82 . tl : canary islands . canary islands ( tenerife ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nzapulata robinson , 1869 ( tortrix ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 2 : 264 . tl : usa , illinois . lectotype : amnh . male .\nsymphoricarpana kearfott , 1905 ( tortrix ) , can . ent . 37 : 92 . tl : canada . alberta , medicine hat . lectotype : amnh . male .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nthe first recorded outbreak of de ( eastern ) spruce budworm in de united states occurred in maine in about 1807 , awdough it seems to have escaped notice of de entomowogists untiw 1865 . anoder outbreak fowwowed in 1878 . since 1909 dere have been waves of budworm outbreaks droughout de eastern united states and canada . longer - term tree - ring studies suggest dat spruce budworm outbreaks have been recurring approximatewy every dree decades since de 16f century . [ 1 ]\nthe first recorded outbreak of de western variety , which was in 2008 from occidentawis rechristened freemani , occurred in 1909 on de soudeastern part of vancouver iswand in british cowumbia , canada . since dat year , infestations have freqwentwy been reported in western canada . the budworm was first recorded in 1914 in de united states , in oregon . however , it was not initiawwy recognized as a serious dreat to coniferous forests in de western u . s . [ 2 ]\nin atwantic canada , de spruce budworm probwem was noted as earwy as 1910 . [ 3 ]\nin wocations such as new brunswick , ddt pesticide was appwied to over 3 . 6 miwwion hectacres from 1952 to 1958 and 1960 to 1967 . this use of chemicaw controw effectivewy decreased de spruce mortawity rate widin dis area and prevented significant economic impact . [ 4 ] in fact , de government of new brunswick formed forest protection limited ( fpl ) as an agent wif which\nto fight de spruce budworm [ which was ] den dreatening to destroy much of new brunswick ' s fir - spruce forest\n. [ 5 ]\nthe nova scotia iswand of cape breton was awso affected by de 1952 outbreak , but dey chose not to spray pesticides . the infestation cowwapsed from naturaw causes widin five years . estimates of de spruce mortawity were on de order of 100 , 000 cords , of which 60 % was recovered because de vawuabwe wood is weft untouched by de insect and can be harvested profitabwy . the budworm eats onwy de needwes , which have no economic vawue apart from being part of de mechanism for survivaw and growf . [ 3 ]\nby de wate 1960s , fenitrodion had been devewoped to repwace ddt , whose adverse heawf and environmentaw effects were awready noted . [ 3 ]\nby winter 1975 , medicaw staff at de kiwwam hospitaw for chiwdren in hawifax remarked dat every chiwd wif a diagnosis of reye ' s syndrome was a new brunswicker , and water proved a wink between de syndrome and de emuwsifier used to appwy de fenitrodion , uh - hah - hah - hah . as a conseqwence of de furore surrounding de discovery of de reye ' s syndrome wink wif pesticides , in 1976 de nova scotia minister of heawf , awwan suwwivan , cancewwed a pesticide spraying programme dat had onwy recentwy been approved by cabinet . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] erik sunbwad , den president of stora koppenberg , who controwwed de petitioner nova scotia forest industries , had dreatened to shut down de works if his spraying programme met wif officiaw disapprovaw . [ 3 ]\nsunbwad den went on to push anoder pesticide cawwed sevin , a trade name of carbaryw , which apparentwy reqwired no emuwsifier but was more expensive . it was at de time registered for use in maine , but de environmentaw protection agency stated dat sevin was\nsuspect right now\n, and by den severaw cases of sevin poisoning had been seen awready in nova scotia itsewf . [ 3 ]\nbetimes in 1977 , de now - deceased lucretia j . guerin , [ 8 ] president of a community organisation named\nthe concerned parents group inc .\npursued fpl in de provinciaw court of new brunswick . hughes cjnb stated , upon appeaw , dat\nneedwess to say , de so - cawwed ' spray programme ' constitutes an extremewy contentious issue due to confwicting concerns between dose who bewieve de spray is necessary for de survivaw of de spruce and fir forests of de province , and de economy based dereon , and dose who are concerned over de effect of de spray upon de environment .\namongst oder devewopments , a ministeriaw wetter was reqwired to save fpl from pursuit under de pest controw products act . [ 9 ]\nan outbreak of de insect was seen on de norf shore of de st lawrence river in 2006 . the outbreak zone has moved soudwards and eastwards awong wif de prevaiwing wind . [ 10 ]\na fir tip on which feeding has started . b egg mass of budworm on fir needwe ( greatwy enwarged ) c larva of budworm , enwarged 1 . 5 times . d pupa of budworm , enwarged 1 . 5 times . e mof of budworm , enwarged 1 . 5 times .\nbudworm popuwations are usuawwy reguwated naturawwy by combinations of severaw naturaw factors such as insect parasites , vertebrate and invertebrate predators , and adverse weader conditions . during prowonged outbreaks when stands become heaviwy defowiated , starvation can be an important mortawity factor in reguwating popuwations .\nthis species is a favoured food of de cape may warbwer , which is derefore cwosewy associated wif its host pwant , bawsam fir . this bird , and de tennessee and bay - breasted warbwers , which awso have a preference for budworm , way more eggs and are more numerous in years of budworm abundance .\nnaturaw enemies are probabwy responsibwe for considerabwe mortawity when budworm popuwations are wow , but sewdom have a reguwating infwuence when popuwations are in epidemic proportions .\nchemicaw insecticides such as mawadion , carbaryw , and acephate can substantiawwy reduce budworm . microbiaw insecticides such as bacterium species baciwwus duringiensis ( bt ) , a naturawwy occurring , host - specific padogen dat affects specific insect warvae based on de bacteria strain , uh - hah - hah - hah . bt insecticides are often used in sensitive areas such as campgrounds or awong rivers and streams , where it may not be desirabwe to use chemicaw insecticides wif modes of action dat affect fish and mammaws .\nthe eastern spruce budworm is one of de most destructive insects of fir and spruce forests droughout canada and de eastern united states . [ 14 ]\nfor biowogicaw medods , birds are important in controwwing popuwations of de eastern spruce budworm bewow outbreak wevews , [ 15 ] and de parasitic wasp trichogramma minutum was investigated as a sowution as weww . [ 16 ]\nfewwin , d . and j . dewey ( march 1992 ) . western spruce budworm forest insect & disease leafwet 53 , u . s . forest service . retrieved on : september 14 , 2008 .\nmike donovan :\nthe battwe of de year\n. atwantic issues , february 1977 vowume 1 number 1 pp 4 - 5\nmacdonawd , d . r . 1968 . management of spruce budworm popuwations . for . chron , uh - hah - hah - hah . 44 ( 3 ) : 33\u201336 ( separate pagination ) .\nkramer ms : kids versus trees : reye ' s syndrome and spraying for spruce budworm in new brunswick j cwin epidemiow . 2009 jun ; 62 ( 6 ) : 578 - 81 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jcwinepi . 2009 . 01 . 002 . epub 2009 apr 5 .\n[ spitzer wo : report of de new brunswick task force on de environment and reye ' s syndrome ] cwin invest med . 1982 ; 5 ( 2 - 3 ) : 203 - 14 .\nurltoken\nforest protection ltd . v . guerin\n, 1979 - 05 - 25 : 1979 canlii 2758 ( nb qb ) ; 25 nbr ( 2d ) 513 ; 104 dlr ( 3d ) 260\nsmif , s . m . ; hubbes , m . ; carrow , j . r . 1986 . factors affecting inundative reweases of trichogramma minutum riw . against de spruce budworm . j . appw . entomow . 101 ( 1 ) : 29\u201339 .\nhudak , j . ( 1991 ) .\nintegrated pest management and de eastern spruce budworm\n.\npatrick m . a . james ; louis\u2010etienne robert ; b . mike wotton ; david l . marteww ; richard a . fweming ( 2017 ) .\nwiwwiam j . mattson ; gary a . simmons ; john a . witter ,\n, 2007 : on de type specimens of de tortricidae described by eduard friedrich eversmann from de vowgo - uraw region , uh - hah - hah - hah .\n, 2013 : an iwwustrated catawogue of de specimens of tortricidae in de iziko souf african museum , cape town ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nmarda h . brookes ; robert w . campbeww ; j . j . cowbert ; russew g . mitcheww ; r . w . stark ( 1987 ) .\n. technicaw buwwetin no . 1694 ; canada / united states spruce budworms program - west . usda .\ntext is avaiwabwe under de creative commons attribution - shareawike license ; additionaw terms may appwy . by using dis site , you agree to de terms of use and privacy powicy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of de wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization , uh - hah - hah - hah ."]}
{"id": 2149, "summary": [{"text": "synallaxis is a genus of birds in the ovenbird family , furnariidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "as of 2013 there were about 33 species , though a few belong to what is thought to be a species complex .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "birds in this genus have mostly drab coloration and display secretive behavior , keeping ensconced in vegetation most of the time .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "species can be difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of their similar plumage ; however , they can often be told apart by their vocalizations , which can be quite distinctive . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "synallaxis", "paragraphs": ["i found this song very similar to the records of synallaxis albilora , but the area is far away for that . . . do you think that it is synallaxis gujanensis ?\nthe bahia spinetail (\nsynallaxis cinerea\n) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae .\nthe apur\u00edmac spinetail (\nsynallaxis courseni\n) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nmustanaamaorneero\nfrom\nsynallaxis tithys taczanowski 1877\nas trusted .\noption a is the least convenient , in my opinion . synallaxis is already very diverse and heterogeneous ( it already includes the former genera siptornopsis and gyalophylax , for example ) ; inclusion of certhiaxis and schoeniophylax within synallaxis will increase this heterogeneity even more . schoeniophylax was previously merged within synallaxis by vaurie ( 1980 ) , but this treatment did not gain general acceptance . moreover , merging certhiaxis into synallaxis creates further nomenclatorial problems as the yellow - chinned spinetail , s . cinnamomeus ( gmelin 1788 ) , would become homonym with the stripe - breasted spinetail s . cinnamomea lafresnaye 1843 .\nfinally , bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) concluded \u201cif the amnh syntypes attributable to synallaxis cinereus wied include amnh 6813 , in agreement with the interpretations by allen ( 1889 ) and lecroy & sloss ( 2000 ) , then the designation of amnh 6813 as the lectotype for this taxon ( whitney & pacheco 2001 : 35 ) is valid . in such circumstances , we respect their judgment in formally considering synallaxis whitneyi pacheco & gonzaga a junior subjective synonym of synallaxis cinerea wied .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari )\ntitle =\narkive species - hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nincorporates poecilurus , siptornopsis and gyalophylax , all of which have been found to be morphologically and genetically # r inseparable from synallaxis . see also mazaria ( above ) .\n: synallaxis propinqua has been always included in the genus synallaxis , classification that nobody has questioned since the morphology and habits of this species seem typical of members of this genus . however , in the comprehensive molecular phylogeny of derryberry et al . ( 2011 ) , propinqua appears as sister to schoeniophylax phryganophilus , and together they form the sister group of a clade including certhiaxis and other synallaxis . lack of statistical support for the relevant nodes prevented making taxonomic rearrangements before the surprising relationship could be confirmed .\nthe cabanis ' s spinetail (\nsynallaxis cabanisi\n) is a species of bird in the family furnariidae . the common name and latin binomial commemorates the german ornithologist jean louis cabanis .\nvale , m . m . ( 2009 ) hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) . in : schulenberg , t . s . ( ed . ) neotropical birds online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis kollari . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis maranonica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis cabanisi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis infuscata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : synallaxis subpudica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nvale , m . m . , bell , j . b . , alves , m . a . s . and pimm , s . l . ( 2007 ) abundance , distribution and conservation of rio branco antbird cercomacra carbonaria and hoary - throated spinetail synallaxis kollari . bird conservation international , 17 : 245 - 257 .\nremsen , j . v . , jr ( 2018 ) . cinereous - breasted spinetail ( synallaxis hypospodia ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\noption b . transferring propinqua from synallaxis to schoeniophylax is less disrupting than a regarding nomenclatorial changes , although the white - bellied spinetail would become schoeniophylax propinquus , to match the masculine genus ( david & gosselin 2002 ) . the drawback of this option is that the resultant genus would combine two species that are phenotypically very distinct , with no other transitional species that fills the phenotypic gap between them . the resultant genus would be difficult to characterize other than listing the sum of characteristics of both species . also note that these sister species are not particularly closely related according to divergence time estimates . on the other hand , note that the argument regarding phenotypic differences could be turned around in support of option b by arguing that the new taxonomy would help showing a relationship that is otherwise difficult to recognize .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail ( synallaxis kollari ) is a small , long - tailed bird with a bright reddish - brown body , a reddish - brown tail , yellowish - brown to whitish underparts , and distinctive head markings . the top of the head is grey - brown , with a reddish - brown stripe over the eye , and the cheeks are grey with a white stripe . the white throat is speckled black , giving this species its common name , and the lower throat is black ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the tips of the flight feathers are a darker dusky brown , and the beak and legs are bluish - grey . the male and female hoary - throated spinetail are similar in appearance , but no descriptions of the juvenile are available ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the song of this species consists of two short notes , repeated at one - second intervals , with the first note higher pitched than the second ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 129 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 987 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 056 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nnatural , then after playback ( after 1 : 00 ) , song from a bird about 2 - 3m up before playback , then flew in and was < . 5m up after playback in dense understory in semi - humid deciduous gallery woodland .\nmoore et al . 2013 : bird sounds of ecuador dvd 2 birds . edited\nstand of tessaria . reference : xcivb 390 - 400 ( synguj2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nstand of tessaria . reference : xcivb 365 - 379 ( synguj1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 174 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 173 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 541 side a track 172 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 536 side a track 50 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 535 side a track 137 seq . c )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 175 side b track 11 seq . a )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nla grabacion la acorte , para evitar el sonido del encendido del grabador , el habitat chaco seco .\none individual very active vocally in the bushes in a pasture . recording distance was 10 meters .\nspinetail was softly calling from some tall grass along the road about 2 m from me . no playback used here ; after playback ( xc391585 ) , he switched to his full song .\nsinging from 2 - m tall grassy brush at edge of recently burned field .\nseveral individuals were heard into the bushes and forest edge . recording distance was aprox 5 meters .\navibase has been visited 263 , 294 , 405 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n16 . 5 cm . pale spinetail with black tail . drab grey head and nape with darker auriculars , and pale lores and throat . interrupted white eye - ring . olivaceous - grey upperparts . dusky wings , broadly edged rufous - brown . rufous wing - coverts and rump . black tail with conspicuous rufous on outer rectrices . rufous - cinnamon breast becoming richer rusty towards belly . dark bill , iris and legs .\nlasting about one second , repeated every 1 - 2 seconds , faster when excited .\nendangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\nisherwood , i . , pople , r . , sharpe , c j , stuart , t . & symes , a .\nthis species is endangered because it has a very small range , in which the extent , area and quality of habitat are declining . the population is probably also very small , fragmented and declining because of the threats to its habitat ( collar\nthe population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : a slow and continuing population decline is suspected , owing to rates of habitat loss .\nit inhabits scrub and dense undergrowth with scattered small trees , at elevations of 1 , 800 - 2 , 900 m . usually encountered in pairs , birds forage for insects in moss clumps and along vines and branches . juveniles and an active nest have been collected in may ( franke and salinas 2000 , remsen and sharpe 2016 )\ndense undergrowth habitat within its range is severely threatened by cattle - grazing and clearance for farm expansion .\nsurvey to identify priority areas for conservation action within its range and further define its current distribution . assess populations at known sites . establish at least one protected area to benefit the species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nin past , considered a race of s . spixi , but genetic data # r show them to be sisters . named taxon jaraguana ( goi\u00e1s , in e brazil ) , described as a race of s . brachyura , was based on misidentified specimens of present species . monotypic .\nperu ( locally in cajamarca # r , san mart\u00edn , ucayali # r , cuzco , madre de dios ) , n & e bolivia ( nw la paz , beni , n santa cruz ) and sc & e brazil ( locally in s amazonia from amazonas e to r tapaj\u00f3s , and mato grosso e to cear\u00e1 , alagoas , n bahia and w minas gerais ) .\nwith contrasting crown and wings , dark throat patch . has dark grey - brown forecrown , grey - brown face with hint of . . .\nmost frequent vocalization a hurried and loud chatter on same pitch , \u201cch\u00e9w , chew - chee - . . .\nlow , seasonally wet grassland , and second - growth scrub ; in open areas with mix of low shrubs and . . .\nlittle known . usually seen in pairs . presumably gleans arthropods from foliage and small branches within 1\u20132 m of ground .\nnot globally threatened . locally common to fairly common ; relatively poorly known . somewhat fragmented distribution , with isolated populations in s peru ; specimens reported . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecent phylogenetic work supports subdivision into 5\u20136 clades ( herein tribes ) , depending on inclusion or exclusion of xenopini # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species , which has a very small occupied range which is severely fragmented , and declining in extent and quality , has been uplisted to critically endangered because a model of future deforestation in the amazon basin predicts that its population will decline extremely rapidly over the next three generations as land is cleared for cattle ranching and soy production , facilitated by expansion of the road network .\n: this is an issue of nomenclature that if passed would replace our current species epithet with another .\n: bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) re - examined the case and concluded that cinerea is the correct name for bahia spinetail .\nas a consequence they suggested the provisions of art . 72 . 7 would apply and both the nominal taxa would have the same name - bearing type .\nthe rationale for this new interpretation was based on their analysis of wied\u2019s german text , with wied\u2019s intention .\nhowever , bauernfeind et al . ( 2014 ) considered such express intention in wied\u2019s text as not convincing .\n( red - headed ) did not truly characterize the taxon \u2013 and not for the reason that the species - group name had already been in use within the same genus ( which it actually was not ) .\non the maximilian types of south american birds in the american museum of natural history .\nbauernfeind , e . , e . c . dickinson , and f . d . steinheimer .\ntype specimens of birds in the american museum of natural history . pt . 3 . passeriformes : eurylaimidae , dendrocolaptidae , furnariidae , formicariidae , conopophagidae , and rhinocryptidae .\n: \u201cyes . no one better than bauernfeind and collaborators to enter the realm of intentions and interpretations of german texts . i am persuaded by their reasoning on this complex nomenclatural problem . a separate issue that we should consider soon is the specific status of\n: \u201cyes , the expert opinions , based on detailed analysis of the original descriptions , definitely make this change necessary . \u201d\n: \u201cyes . given that i haven\u2019t actually looked at wied\u2019s text and would need someone to translate it , i\u2019m relying on bauernfeind et al . \u2019s interpretation . \u201d\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nlittle is known about the biology of the hoary - throated spinetail . like other members of the furnariidae family , it is likely to feed on invertebrates such as insects , taking prey in dense undergrowth , near the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . it probably feeds alone or in pairs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , and is presumed to be monogamous ( 2 ) , although very little is known about its life history . the only records of the hoary - throated spinetail\u2019s breeding behaviour are of incomplete nests , one of which was found in july and was believed to have been constructed by both the male and female . located in dense vegetation , it was cup - shaped and built from twigs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . however , it is likely that , as in related species , the completed nest would be a dome of sticks with a cover , a tubular entrance , and very little lining ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail is known only from a few sites along rivers in northern roraima , brazil , and in adjacent guyana ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it has a highly fragmented range , with patches of suitable habitat thought to total no more than 206 square kilometres ( 4 ) ( 7 ) .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail appears to be restricted to a narrow strip , under 500 metres wide , of seasonally flooded riverine forest . these forests are surrounded by savanna , and have an understorey of dense thickets and vines ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe hoary - throated spinetail is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe main threat to the hoary - throated spinetail is the rapid conversion of its habitat to rice plantations , with the burning of vegetation potentially posing a further problem ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . although still thought to be relatively common where it occurs , the species is restricted to a tiny and fragmented range , none of which is officially protected , and is believed to number only around 5 , 000 or so individuals ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . with so little known about the hoary - throated spinetail , there is also the potential for unidentified threats to take a toll on the species before they are recognised ( 9 ) .\nalthough not occurring within officially protected areas , nearly 60 percent of the hoary - throated spinetail\u2019s habitat is inside indigenous reserves , where the indigenous people have a much better record of maintaining the ecosystem than non - indigenous peoples . most rice production in roraima is carried out illegally by non - indigenous people on indigenous land , but in some areas , such as s\u00e3o marcos indigenous reserve , rice producers have been evicted , hopefully giving renewed hope for the wildlife there ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) . producers should also have been evicted from raposa - serra do sol following its legalisation in 2005 , but this is not yet known to have occurred ( 3 ) ( 7 ) .\ndue to a lack of data on the hoary - throated spinetail , the species was taken off brazil\u2019s list of threatened species , although it is hoped that it will be put back on in the future ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . priorities for the conservation of the hoary - throated spinetail include improving knowledge about its ecology and behaviour , and taking measures to protect its habitat , including assessing the impact of recent fires , supporting indigenous peoples seeking to prevent habitat destruction within their reserves , and increasing the number of officially protected areas within roraima ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nflight feathers the feathers at the end of the wing , involved in flight . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . monogamous having only one mate during a breeding season , or throughout the breeding life of a pair .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2003 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 8 : broadbills to tapaculos . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nridgely , r . s . and tudor , g . ( 1994 ) the birds of south america : the suboscine passerines . volume ii . university of texas press , austin , texas .\nridgely , r . s . and tudor , g . ( 2009 ) field guide to the songbirds of south america : the passerines . university of texas press , austin , texas .\nvale , m . m . , alves , m . a . s . and nascimento , s . p . ( 2005 ) an incomplete nest of poecilurus kollari in roraima , brazil . cotinga , 24 : 111 - 112 .\nbirdlife international . ( 1992 ) threatened birds of the americas . birdlife international , cambridge , uk . available at : urltoken\nsantos , m . p . d . and da silva , j . m . c . ( 2007 ) as aves das savannas de roraima . revista brasileira de ornitologia , 15 ( 2 ) : 189 - 207 .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n14 . 5 cm . dark grey spinetail with rufous on wing . dark grey head and neck , becoming black on foreface . olivaceous - grey back and rump , bright cinnamon - rufous wing - coverts and sooty tail . black throat with whitish malar . rest of underparts grey , palest on mid - belly .\nvulnerable a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1\na re - assessment of this species ' s extent of occurrence using a minimum convex polygon means this species no longer meets the threshold for endangered . however , it is considered to be experiencing a rapid decline , and has a small and fragmented population size . therefore , it is listed as vulnerable .\n( tumbes and piura ) . in a study conducted in peru in 2009 - 2010 , it was found at 19 new localities , 9 in tumbes and 10 in piura , extending its known range southwards by 110 km ( crespo and more 2013 ) . extant suitable habitat is highly fragmented , making the species ' s distribution patchy . it is generally uncommon , but locally relatively common ( lowen 1998 , jiggins\n( 2016 ) estimated the maximum area of occupancy ( calculated as the remaining tree area within the species\u2019s range ) to be c . 2 , 567 km\nthe population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a rapid and on - going population decline is suspected , owing to rates of habitat loss .\n. it appears to undertake seasonal movements . insects constitute the majority of its diet . a juvenile was trapped in august ( jiggins\n, with egg - laying apparently in march ( remsen and sharpe 2016 ) .\n. it does not occur above c . 1 , 100 m , thus it must be one of the most threatened tumbesian forest species . all forest - types within its range have greatly diminished owing to agricultural clearance ( wege and long 1995 ) . persistent grazing by goats and cattle removes understorey , prevents forest regeneration and is a serious current threat ( pople\n. rapid habitat loss continues , and will soon remove almost all extant forest .\n; and tumbes national reserve , cerros de amotape national park , el angolo hunting reserve and angostura - faical regional conservation area , all peru ( crespo and more 2013 ) . algodonal reserve is a very small ( 0 . 35 km\n. assess the population viability in degraded habitats . strengthen habitat protection in tumbes reserved zone and machalilla national park . work with local communities around hacienda jujal to enlarge the conservation area and secure extant forest from external threats ( jiggins\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\ninteractions between species can promote evolutionary divergence of ecological traits and social signals 1 , 2 , a process widely assumed to generate species differences in adaptive radiation 3 , 4 , 5 . however , an alternative view is that lineages typically interact when relatively old 6 , by which time selection for divergence is weak 7 , 8 and potentially exceeded by convergent selection acting on traits mediating interspecific competition 9 . few studies have tested these contrasting predictions across large radiations , or by controlling for evolutionary time . thus the role of species interactions in driving broad - scale patterns of trait divergence is unclear 10 . here we use phylogenetic estimates of divergence times to show that increased trait differences among coexisting lineages of ovenbirds ( furnariidae ) are explained by their greater evolutionary age in relation to non - interacting lineages , and that\u2014when these temporal biases are accounted for\u2014the only significant effect of coexistence is convergence in a social signal ( song ) . our results conflict with the conventional view that coexistence promotes trait divergence among co - occurring organisms at macroevolutionary scales , and instead provide evidence that species interactions can drive phenotypic convergence across entire radiations , a pattern generally concealed by biases in age .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\nnuclear and mitochondrial dna sequences for all lineages have been deposited in genbank under accession numbers given in supplementary data 1 .\nwe thank g . grether , j . hadfield , s . nakagawa , a . phillimore , a . pigot , r . ricklefs , g . thomas and s . west for comments and discussion . we are also indebted to the many individuals who collected specimens , tissue samples and sound recordings , and to numerous institutions ( particularly the macaulay library , cornell university ) for granting access to this material . complete acknowledgements and data sets are provided in the supplementary information . this research was supported by the john fell fund ( to j . a . t . ) , the browne fellowship , queen\u2019s college , oxford , and vetenskapsr\u00e5det ( to c . k . c . ) , the national science foundation ( to r . t . b . ) and the royal society ( to n . s . ) .\nj . a . t . and n . s . conceived and designed the study , compiled and analysed song data , and integrated all data sets ; s . c . provided morphometric data ; e . p . d . , s . c . and r . t . b . conducted molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analyses ; c . c . designed and conducted statistical analyses , with significant input from n . s . ; n . s . , j . a . t . and c . c . produced figures and tables ; j . a . t . prepared and edited the manuscript , with input from all authors .\npermutation tests examining the influence of data structure and response variable distribution on fixed effects .\nthis file contains supplementary methods , supplementary tables 1 - 27 , a supplementary discussion , supplementary notes , supplementary references and a supplementary code for statistical analyses .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nduring adaptive radiations , species that share geographic ranges ( in sympatry ) have higher levels of character divergence than those that are geographically isolated ( in allopatry ) . the traditional explanation invokes species interactions : selection favours greater divergence when there is direct competition for the same ecological niche . this has never been robustly tested at broader macroevolutionary scales , however . these authors present an extensive assessment of phenotypic divergence in the context of evolutionary time , focusing on ovenbirds , one of the most diverse families of birds in the world . estimates of divergence in multiple genes and traits across a radiation of 350 ovenbird lineages show that the ecological or reproductive traits of coexisting species are no more divergent than those of non - interacting species , instead providing evidence that species interactions can drive widespread phenotypic convergence .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\n> stream h\u00fe\u00e4\u009aok g\u0010\u00e5\u00bfj } \u0002ow\u00fd\u00ebn0 : 8\u00e1 ` b\u0088p | \b\b y \u000ex \u0092 \u00ee\u00b7\u00ef\u00eb\u009d\n\u0087\u0010\u00a8 [ \u00eda [ \u00b3\u00fa\u009ewo ^ \u00f7\u00fevfv ; 5\u00ea } \u0091 \u00a5\u00eel\u0083 \u00f5h\u000eg\u009d\u00f4\u001b\u000f\u00ea\u00f21h\u00e0\u0099 ` \u0094\u00f0\u00e2\u0003\u00fe\u00ab\u0013\u00fb * \u00fe | \u00bf\u00aeb\u0018\u0082\u0007\u00e5\u009ek \u00a3\u008b\u00b8m\u00ecel\u00ec\u008a1f\u00e4\u00b2 a\u0093\u00f8\u0014\u001a\u00fe\u0089g\u00fb\u001aj < \u00bb\u00fb i \u001a\u00a3\u0091tc\u00af ! $ \u00f2\u0019\u001bn\u00a2\u000e\u00e5\u00b1h\u00bccy2\u00e9\u0018p\u009ef\u00b2\u0018\u00ea\u00e8\u00a7m @ yur\u0016 ( \u00a3\u009f\u00ea6\u00b6\u0006\u00a9\u0089\u00e3t # \u00f5\u00b9\u00fd \u00e9t\u00b8c ? ] \u00ee\u001a\u00a2\u00e0\u0081\u0011\u00a3\u009fi\u0083\u00bbndjp\u0087 ~ \u00e6m\u00e0p : \u00e2\u00f2\u00b6\u008f\u0089lu\u00e1\u00e6 o\u000ee\u00f4sf\u009c , b . \u0003\u00ea\u00e8\u00e7\u00e6\u0097\u00e3 & wd ; \u00e8\u00e8\u00e7\u0013\u0089\u00b1\u001a\u00f9\u009apf\u00bf\u00b1\u0013e\u00eb\u0098\u0080\u00f5v64\u0014\u0089\u00b2 \u001a\u00b6 \u008c ~ c\u00ecd ] h\u00ac\u0006e\u00f4\u009bm ' \u00ea\u008b & \u0082f\u0090ls . \u0089b\u0002q\u0018\u00f8\u00984\u00f1\u0015\u00f1v\u009a\u0018\u0084 \u00a5\u00b9\u0090 ( \u00efa\u00ab3\u0094\u00f1o1\u0012\u00e5 % \u00b4t \u008c ~ \u00eb\u0090 ( \u00afe\u0018 ; 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\u00e2fp\u0083 \u00bb\u0082\u00e9 > \u0089u\u0011\u0011\u0012 | ddda\u0082 \u00ec\u00fa\u00eb\u00e98\u0083\b\u007f\u00e98\u00fc4\u00a97\u00f4\u00a9 } \u00f8 / u\u00fd\u0005\u007f @ \u00e40\u007f\u00f2\u00e8\u00e1\u00a1\u0086\n\u00af7\u00f5\u008a\u00bb ^ \u00f2m\u00a5i\u00ae \u008e\u0004d\u0019 3\u00ad\u00f8 - u\u0083 , \u00e3v\u00f4e\u00a9\u0001e ` \u00bd\u0090\u00adt\u000f\u00ff\u00ff\u00ebuga\u0093u ' - \u0006\u0083 - \u00ea\u008c\u00a9\u008a\u0010a\u0006yd\u00eez\u0012\u0083\u0084\u0018 ' \u00f9nr\u00fa\u00a6\u0016\u00f4\u00e7\u0084\u00dft\u00fa } i\u0099\u001a2lj\u00e1\u00f0\u007f2y\u0014\u00b8 \\ \u0011 l [ \u0087h ; m ! \u00e10n\u00e5\u00bdi\u0012\u008e\u0018a\u00a7\u00af\u00e84\u0083x\u00b4w5\u0004i ~ r\u009f\u008e , & \u0094 ? wk\u00a1d\u009e\u000f\u00f2\u00b8 } \u00fd $ \u00d7\u00d7\u00a5\u00f2n a\u007f\u00e3\u00fe\u00aa % ru\u00fc\u00f6 . ? \u00eav % \u0084\u00fe\u00ea\u0083 \u00fe\u00ff\u00aa } u _ j\u0010\u007f\u00ea\u009f\u00e9\u00b2\u00aa42 $ \u00833b ! \u0088f\u0082\u0015\b\u00a2 % * % \u00ee\u00e8 ! \u00f8e\u00fa\u00ff\u00e9\u00b1 ` p @ \u00e2 \u00f4\u0010\u0010a\u0006\u0013 ) \u00e6\b24\u0017\b\u0084\u0018\u00eb\u009e | cx\u00a7\u0006\b0a\u00f9\u00f1\u0090 $ v ( \u00ecfngx2a\u0019\u008c\u0089\u0011\u00f8\u00f5\u00ae\u00ab\u00e2i\u00a6\u00a9\u00f8l & \u009a\u0007 \u00f0\u0087\u0082 ` \u009c4\u00f0o\u0084\u0019\u0010\u0010\u00f6\u0010 \u00eap\u00e7\u0083\u009e\u000eh\u0014\u0010i\u009c\u0090a4\u0019j\n\u00109 * \u00ea\u00bfl ' \u00e2 \u0006\u00a1\u0006\u0010t\u0013w\u00f5ba\u0003 ! \u0086\u00ec\u0010 ` \u00a1\u0010\u00ee\u0096\u001a\u0084\u00f3t\u00e2\u0016c\u0014 e @ 0t\u0002\u0010\u00e1\u0002 g / ; \u001b\u00fdk\u00a6\u0013\u00b4\u00f5\u0011a\u00e9\u00a7\u0082\u007f\u00e14b @ a\u0006\u00b7z\u00a7z\u00a8ma l\u0013\u00f3b\u00fc \u00e9 \u0080\u0081\u009c\u008e\u00f4\n# ' j @ \u00e6 @ \u00e5 ; \u00e9 { \u0016\u0088\u00a7lie\u0011\u00fba\u001a\u000fm\u0011y\u00f2\n( tumbes ) . extant suitable habitat is highly fragmented , making the species ' s distribution patchy . it is generally uncommon , but locally relatively common ( lowen 1998 , jiggins\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ntaxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\npopulation justification : the population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals .\ntrend justification : this species is suspected to lose 85 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by \u226580 % over three generations .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\n: i recently revisited the problem with and enhanced molecular dataset including : 1 ) the mitochondrial nd2 gene ( already analyzed by derryberry et al . 2011 ) , 2 ) two introns from the z chromosome ( aco1 and musk , analyzed together ) ; 3 ) introns 5 - 11 of the g3pdh gene ( and intervening exonic sequences ) ; and 4 ) introns 5 and 7 of the beta fibrinogen gene fgb ( claramunt 2014 ) .\n( bootstrap support : g3pdh : 51 , nd2 : 86 , z - linked : 96 , fgb : 100 ) . there was less agreement regarding the position of this pair of species within the larger clade , but g3pdh and z - linked genes showed\nbut with low support ( 73 ) , and fgb did not resolve basal relationships .\nwas also found when genes were analyzed jointly either by concatenation ( ml bootstrap : 92 ) and using a species - tree ( star ) method that accounts for potential incomplete lineage sorting .\ngiven these results , the classification needs to be changed . among several options , i opted for describing a new genus for propinqua , which i named mazaria , honoring our dear juan mazar - barnett .\nc : place propinqua in its own genus mazaria , the option advocated in this proposal .\noption c , is minimally disrupting other than introducing a new generic name . the disadvantage of option c is the creation of a monotypic genus that is not informative regarding relationships and redundant in the sense that the genus mazaria and the species mazaria propinqua would contain exactly the same taxon . on the other hand , monotypic taxa cannot be completely avoided in general , and in this case , the monotypic genus would help represent the phenotypic distinction of propinqua in relation to its sister species and highlight that theses two species are not particularly closely and have long history of independent evolution .\nat the end , i think that option c would result in a classification that is more in consonance with traditional conceptualizations of what an avian genus is ( mayr 1999 ) and therefore i recommend recognizing the new genus mazaria for propinqua ( a yes on this proposal ) .\nclaramunt , s . 2014 . phylogenetic relationships among synallaxini spinetails ( aves : furnariidae ) reveal a new biogeographic pattern across the amazon and parana river basins . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 78 : 223\u2013231 .\ndavid , n . & m . gosselin 2002 . the grammatical gender of avian genera . bull . brit . orn . cl . 122 : 257 - 282 .\nderryberry , e . p . , s . claramunt , r . t . chesser , j . v . remsen jr . , j . cracraft , a . aleixo , & r . t . brumfield . 2011 . lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large - scale continental radiation : the neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers ( aves : furnariidae ) . evolution 65 ( 10 ) : 2973 - 2986 .\nmayr , e . 1999 . systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist . harvard university press , cambridge , ma .\nvaurie , c . , 1980 . taxonomy and geographical distribution of the furnariidae ( aves , passeriformes ) . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 166 , 1\u2013357 .\ni have been aware of this one for several years and strongly concur with santiago on all of this .\nthe classification must be changed , and option c is clearly the best , in my view . \u201d\n: \u201cyes . in the most mayrian sense of a genus , i endorse the placement of propinqua in mazaria . vocally and phenotypically it does sound - look like a schoeniophylax - certhiaxis . however , my subjective heart is pleased to see this new genus dedicated to the memory of juancito . \u201d\n\u201ci much prefer option b , in this case , for the primary reason santiago recognized : one genus for these two clarifies and highlights their sister relationship within this huge family .\nthey uniquely share a harsh , grating quality in songs and calls that is practically unique in the part of the phylogeny presented in this proposal , and they both occasionally perform fairly complex duets .\nsome of the others in this part of the tree might be considered to give duets , in that the members of the pair sometimes vocalize in tandem ( e . g . ,\n, also somewhat \u201charsh and grating\n) , but they are not two - parted , synchronized vocalizations like those occasionally delivered by pairs of schoeniophylax . ( i\u2019ve never seen \u201c\nin life , and it\u2019s been so long since i\u2019ve seen stictothorax that i can\u2019t remember much about its vocalizations \u2014 so i don\u2019t know about possible dueting in that clade . ) \u201d\n\u201cthe erection of a monotypic genus should almost always be considered quite disruptive , just as is the lumping of phenotypically distinctive clades / species traditionally considered separate genera into related genera , always in the pursuit of avoiding paraphyly .\n\u201cyes . i definitely prefer diagnosable genera , even if monotypic ; the only real alternative , including both in certhiaxis , produces an undiagnosable soup . \u201d\ni prefer c , the option that keeps a distinctive genus for this taxon . \u201d\nmoreover , the continued movement for making anything that looks different and / or has a relatively long branch in the tree as a monotypic genus is undermining the purpose of nomenclature , i . e . , effective communication and conveying relationships . \u201d\n: \u201cno . i largely agree with bret , and embracing the subjectivity noted by mayr i subjectively prefer classifications that are informative about relationships over the recognition of monotypic genera except when dealing with real oddballs . subjectively , admittedly , i think this is not the case here . \u201d\n: \u201cyes \u2013 inclusion into schoeniophylax is not palatable to me , that is such a distinctive bird . given that this pair is not all that closely related to each other , i am ok with the creation of a monotypic genus and happy that it is called mazaria . \u201d\n: \u201ci am a little surprised that this proposal met any opposition , so i am adding some extra comments .\ncreates an indefensible morphological grouping in addition to the two lineages being separated as long ago as many current genera .\nsong as harsh and grating , but rather , in my subjective opinion , amazingly rich and melodious , at least compared to any other spinetail . \u201d\ni\u2019ve waffled back and forth on this one , sharing some of the concerns raised by bret , mark and daniel regarding erecting a monotypic genus for a bird that is not that distinctive phenotypically or vocally from other members of the larger clade .\nthat , in my opinion , outweighs any informative gains of recognizing the sister status of the two species by placing them in the same genus .\nto be \u201crich and melodious\u201d , having a liquid , gurgling tonal quality that is difficult to describe , and , which is unique within the synallaxines .\nwould result in a tiny , amorphous genus that would defy any attempts to produce a coherent diagnosis , solely to make clear that the two species are sister taxa . \u201d\npopulation justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\ntrend justification : this species is suspected to lose 28 . 6 - 29 . 1 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by a rate approaching 30 % over three generations .\npopulation justification : the population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals .\ntrend justification : a rapid ongoing population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss .\npopulation justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .\ntrend justification : this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nreview of recordings 16 - 17 years after made - uncertain whether the individuals recorded were seen or whether playback was used . amplified 14 db in audacity gallery forest / scrub / indundated grassland complex ( budget gear ) mono 14db amplif sennheiser mke300 to sony cm - 20dv dictaphone\non a river island in rio napo just in front of the sani lodge bodega with high cane and cecropia .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 151 side b track 15 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 525 side a track 18 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 525 side a track 17 seq . a )\nhowever , the slaty spinetail constructs a bulky spherical stick nest 36x43 cm in size , with a long tubular entrance , 0 . 4\u20134 . 5 m high in a shrub or vine covered tree . it lays two or three greenish white eggs .\nthis species is a widespread and common resident breeder in lowlands and up to 1500 m altitude in a range of scrubby habitats , including second growth , road and river edges , and overgrown pasture .\nthe spinetail mobula ray has a pelagic lifestyle and has been observed both alone and in groups . it feeds on zooplankton by filtering sea water .\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , and plantations .\nthe necklaced spinetail is a fairly common bird within its rather restricted range . the total number of birds has not been estimated but the population trend seems to be stable so the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of\nleast concern\n.\nthe taxonomic update for 2013 is now complete in ebird . the names and sequence have been changed and ebird records have been updated in cases of splits and lumps . this update includes updates since august 2012 to the north american classification committee and south american classification committee , including several splits detailed below . in the united states and canada the most significant change was the split of sage sparrow into bell\u2019s sparrow and sagebrush sparrow . in central and south america , immaculate antbird was split into zeledon\u2019s antbird and blue - lored antbird . in addition , there were some changes to scientific names and sequence of shorebirds , mimidae ( mockingbirds and thrashers ) , and several other groups of birds . elsewhere in the world , a large number of taxa were split in southeast and south asia ( especially india ) , along with a few in africa , europe , and australasia .\nthe full taxonomy can be downloaded . also , we have a version of the full taxonomy with changes in common name , scientific name , and new additions highlighted ; download that here . for those proficient with spreadsheets , this may be the easiest way to review the changes .\na full summary of the taxonomic changes is below . since this is a long article , here is a short index :\nwhen the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you what the history of that name is , and\u2013if it differs from ebird\u2013it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for louisiana heron , for example ."]}
{"id": 2150, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia acuminata is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western china ( tibet ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are pale brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia acuminata", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nhave a fact about eupithecia asteria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia asteria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsynonym for haworthia bolusii var . blackbeardiana ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer\nsynonym for haworthia cooperi var . isabellae ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer\nsynonym for haworthia marumiana var . batesiana ( uitewaal ) m . b . bayer\nsynonym for haworthia mirabilis var . badia ( poelln . ) m . b . bayer\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 2151, "summary": [{"text": "the palawan peacock-pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis ) is a medium-sized ( up to 50 cm long ) bird in the family phasianidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the palawan peacock-pheasant is featured prominently in the culture of the indigenous peoples of palawan .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the bird is also depicted in the official seal of the city of puerto princesa . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "palawan peacock - pheasant", "paragraphs": ["an adult male palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis ) , puerto princesa subterranean river national park , philippines . copyright ~ marc a\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis )\ntitle =\narkive species - palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthis pheasant is protected by law , although the law is poorly enforced on the island of palawan . the survival of this bird now depends on its ability to adapt to living in the scrub and felled forest , because of the decline of the tropical forest on palawan . this pheasant breeds well in captivity .\nwe placed palawan , calamian islands , and cuyo islands into a single ecoregion , the palawan rain forests [ im0143 ] . palawan has closer zoogeographic affinities to borneo .\nlike other pheasants , palawan peacock - pheasants are sexually dimorphic - males and females differ in colour . males are predominantly metallic blue , green and black , females a less conspicuous brown . they are ground - dwelling and prefer dense vegetation , moving quietly through the undergrowth . palawan peacock - pheasants live only on the island of palawan in the southern philippines . palawan has suffered extensive deforestation and the whole island is now designated as a biosphere reserve , although protecting it is very difficult .\npreviously considered endangerd , the level of threat facing the palawan peacock - pheasant has been downgraded in recent years . however , the pheasants have also been trapped for the pet trade and are hunted for meat , and much of their remaining forest habitat is leased to logging companies . as a result , the wild population is still declining .\n, this is probably atypical as peacock - pheasants are as a rule monogamous with males participating in nest defense and chick rearing . the\npalawan peacock - pheasant populations are undergoing a rapid decline as a result of habitat destruction , hunting and trade ( 5 ) . lowland forests on palawan have been widely cleared , and although coastal forest remains relatively extensive in the south , illegal logging there is thought to continue ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . furthermore , logging and mining concessions have been granted for almost all remaining forest on the island ( 5 ) . by the 1960s , direct exploitation of the palawan peacock - pheasant was also a growing concern , with large numbers being hunted for food and trapped for live trade to zoos and aviculture enthusiasts , but exports were much reduced by the late 1980s . nevertheless , the bird continues to be hunted for food and some trade ( 5 ) ( 9 ) .\nwe call it palawan - pfaufasan in german usually , not naopleonpfaufasan . . .\nnumbers of palawan peacock pheasants are rapidly declining because of habitat destruction , hunting and trade . illegal logging is a real problem on palawan , and approval for logging and mining has been given for the rest of the island . this means that even more of the lowland forests which are home to these birds are at risk .\nmcgowan , philip j . k . ( 1994 ) : 148 . malaysian peacock - pheasant . in : del hoyo , josep ; elliott , andrew & sargatal , jordi ( eds . ) : handbook of birds of the world ( vol . 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl ) : 548 , plate 58 . lynx edicions , barcelona . isbn 84 - 87334 - 15 - 6\nmcgowan , p . j . k . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . palawan peacock - pheasant ( polyplectron napoleonis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe palawan peacock pheasant is a ground dwelling bird . the male is very colorful like the peacocks we are all familiar with but is considerably smaller . he also likes to strut and display for the female just like the larger ones . his tail is adorned with blue - green eye spots encircled by rings of black and gray . the female is mostly brown with white on her face and throat . they are related to turkeys , grouse , quail , guineafowl and curassows . our male and female produced two chicks in july 2013 pictured above .\nhunting and the wild pet trade are also significant threats in palawan . leopard cats have been hunted for their pelts and are sold when kittens as pets ( heaney and regalado 1998 ) . the palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets , and the pangolin is hunted for its hide ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) . the palawan peacock - pheasant ( dickinson et al . 1991 ; collar et al . 1999 ) , blue - headed racquet - tail ( collar et al . 1999 ) , philippine cockatoos ( cacatua haematuropygia ) , and blue - naped parrots ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) apparently are suffering greatly from the pet trade . the final destination for these birds often is the united states ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nkimball , rebecca t . ; braun , edward l . ; ligon , j . david ; lucchini , vittorio & randi , ettore ( 2001 ) : a molecular phylogeny of the peacock - pheasants ( galliformes :\nthere are many endemic mammals in palawan , but nearly all the genera ( 96 percent ) are also found in borneo . of twenty - five indigenous nonvolant mammal species , eleven ( 44 percent ) are endemic to palawan , and the remainder are shared with borneo . therefore , the greater palawan region is rightly considered part of the sunda shelf bioregion rather than that of the philippines . the large number of endemic species but few endemic genera of palawan are consistent with a separation of borneo and palawan of approximately 160 , 000 ( since the middle pleistocene ) ( heaney 1986 ) . there are fifteen endemic or near - endemic mammals in greater palawan ( table 1 ) .\nendemic to the island of palawan in the philippines , for which it gets its common name ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\nthis is a palawan scops owl , an uncommon mainland palawan endemic ranging in forest and forest edge . just like a lot of the philippines\u2019 owls , this one is poorly - known and few documentations about the breeding , behavior and ecology of this species exist .\nthis species is endemic to the island of palawan in the philippines , where it lives , feeds and nests on the forest floor .\nthe channel between palawan and borneo is about 145 m deep . during the middle pleistocene , sea levels were 160 m lower than today , and the islands were connected . during the last ice age ( late pleistocene ) , sea level was approximately 120 m below current levels , and palawan was separated from ice age borneo by a narrow channel . palawan has always remained separated from the rest of the philippines . palawan is long and narrow , consisting of a steep mountain range whose highest point is 2 , 085 m ( mt . mantalingajan ) . more than 45 percent of palawan consists of mountains with slopes greater than 30 percent ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthe palawan scops owl prefers to stay in bamboo thickets and dense understory and often quite close to the ground . it is the only small eared owl in palawan but sometimes the bigger and more rufous , small - island specialist mantanani scops owl can also occur at times .\nmale 50 cm , female 40 cm . dark peacock - pheasant . sexually dimorphic . male has pointed , dark crest , bare red orbital skin , white supercilium and patch on ear - coverts . black rest of head and underparts . shiny blue - green mantle , wing - coverts and tertials with darker feather - bases . black back , rump and tail , speckled buff with two rows of large green - blue ocelli on tail . female is smaller , duller , generally brown with indistinct buff markings and off - white throat , ear - coverts and supercilium .\nseveral of palawan ' s endemic mammals are considered threatened . three endemic mammal species are considered endangered , including the calamian deer , a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus juvencus ) ( recommended for delisting ; heaney et al . 1998 ) , and the palawan rat ( palawanomys furvus ) , which was collected only four times in 1962 . a subspecies of mouse deer , the balabac chevrotain ( tragulus napu nigricans ) , which is confined to balabac island , is also considered endangered . five endemic mammal species are considered vulnerable , including acerodon leucotis , the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) , the palawan stink badger ( mydaus marchei ) , the palawan binturong ( arctictis binturong whitei ) , and a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus rabori ) ( iucn 2000 ) .\nthe palawan peacock - pheasant is notable for the male\u2019s impressive crest and vibrant plumage , which is glossy black with a dazzling metallic green - blue lustre on the crest , crown , neck , mantle and wings ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the long tail is black , finely speckled with buff and adorned with two rows of large and conspicuous green - blue ocelli ( eye - shaped spots ) . the face has a distinctive pattern of black and white , with bare red skin around the eyes ( 5 ) . while males bear these lustrous colours and striking ocelli , which they flaunt in elaborate courtship displays to attract mates , females are rather drab in comparison ( 6 ) . their brown plumage , with scattered buff markings ( 2 ) , helps camouflage and conceal the females while they incubate their eggs and brood their young ( 6 ) .\npalawan ' s forests are of low commercial value because of the small number of dipterocarps , and until the last twenty years palawan ' s forests were ignored in favor of the more valuable forests of luzon and mindanao . government logging regulations setting guidelines for minimum diameter , minimum rotation length , and replanting have been largely ignored ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion includes the island palawan plus balabac , ursula island , and the calamian group . palawan itself is the sixth largest of the philippine islands . the climate of the ecoregion is tropical wet ( national geographic society 1999 ) . in northwest palawan , a dry season lasts from november to may while the wet season lasts from june to october ; the rest of the island experiences a short , one - to three - month dry season . the east coast becomes progressively drier than the west coast from north to south ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nvulnerable . mace - lande : endangered . cites i . restricted range ; occurs in palawan island endemic bird area . little , if any , forest remains in level lowlands , certainly on e . . .\nyellow - throated leafbird chloropsis palawanensis june 2013 , sabang , puerto princesa city , palawan , philippines video by nicky icarangal , jr . digiscoped with a swarovski atx 95 hd , panasonic gh3 with swarovski tls - apo adapter\nphilippine ( red - vented ) cockatoo cacatua haematuropygia june 2015 , municipality of narra , palawan , philippines video by nicky icarangal , jr . digiscoped with a swarovski atx 95 hd , panasonic gh3 with swarovski tls - apo adapter .\npalawan is one of the major destinations for birding in the philippines . it is distinctively different from the rest of the country in terms of avian diversity . the avifauna here is similar to that of mainland asia with overlapping species like black - headed bulbul , ashy tailorbird , asian fairy bluebird , chestnut - breasted malkoha among others . the island of palawan is a long strip of land that has several endemics as well , such as this stunning yellow - throated leafbird .\nbiodiversity features relative to the size of palawan , the ecoregion contains a rich fauna , including several groups that are not found in the rest of the philippines ( carnivores , pangolins , porcupines , and some insectivores ) ( heaney 1986 ) .\ncurrently , palawan ' s mineral wealth ( chromite , copper , iron , manganese , mercury , and nickel ) has not been extensively exploited , but the possible future extraction of these minerals represents a potential threat ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\npalawan represents a bridge between the sunda shelf and philippine bioregions and contains faunal elements from both , as well as it own unique elements . this ecoregion , though more intact than any other region in the philippines , is under great pressure from logging interests .\nthis yellow - throated leafbird is one of two endemic leafbirds in the philippines . this leafbird prefers the canopy of trees , often seen feeding with mixed flocks composed of hair - crested and ashy drongos , fiery minivet , palawan tit , and lovely sunbird .\nbecause of a generally high population density in other parts of the philippines , large numbers of shifting cultivators ( kaingineros ) are attracted to palawan to eke out a living on the hillsides of the island , and their cumulative impact is enormous ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nthe entire island of palawan was made a game reserve in 1983 , making hunting illegal . however illegal hunting is hard to control and even harder to enforce . zoos worldwide are contributing to managed breeding programmes for the birds , but the wild population remains very much at risk .\nlimestone forests are found on the islets surrounding palawan and over large areas in the southern portions of the island . represented are euphorbia trigona , aglaia argentea , and antidesma , drypetes , gomphandra , sterculia , pleomele , and begonia spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nall of palawan was declared a fauna and flora watershed reserve , and this includes a variety of protected areas , including national parks , wilderness areas , experimental forests , forest research reserves , game refuges , wildlife sanctuaries , museum reservations and research sites , tourist zones , and marine reserves .\na total of 1 , 522 ( davis et al . 1995 ) to 1 , 672 ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) vascular plants have been identified on palawan , and it is estimated that more than 2 , 000 species are present on the island . as detailed earlier , palawan has an extremely diverse range of vegetation types for the philippines . a small number of dipterocarps , an important timber tree group , are present on the island , as well as a variety of medicinal plants used by ethnic tribes and plants used in ceremony and as ornamentals ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\ncurrent status almost all of the philippines was once completely forested ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . as of 1988 , palawan contained 7 , 410 km2 ( 54 percent ) of total forest remaining ( ssc 1988 ) . at the time this was the highest percentage of any of the philippines ' large islands .\nrecent reports in the international press indicate ( and have been confirmed , l . heaney , pers . comm . , 2000 ) that the situation in palawan has stabilized , that large - scale logging has been halted , and that a balance is being achieved between economic development and conservation ; future monitoring will determine whether this is remains true .\nvictoria peak , in south - central palawan , contains the largest region of ultramafic forest on the island . although many of the ultramafic tree species are shared with semi - deciduous forest , several species , including scaevola micrantha , brackenridgea palustris var . foxworthi , exocarpus latifolius , and phyllanthus lamprophyllus are believed to be heavy metal indicators ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthis species ' s population was previously estimated at fewer than 10 , 000 mature individuals by mcgowan and garson ( 1995 ) . densities recently calculated in puerto princesa subterranean river national park suggest that the figure given by mcgowan and garson ( 1995 ) is likely to be an underestimate , based on estimated forest coverage on palawan . however , the latest density estimates are unlikely be representative of the whole island . with this in mind , the species ' s population is conservatively placed in the band 20 , 000 - 49 , 999 individuals . trend justification : logging and clearance of lowland forest has been extensive on palawan and continues , with many areas falling within mining designations . hunting pressure is also severe in places . as a result the species is suspected to be declining rapidly .\nvegetation types on palawan are diverse and include beach forest , tropical lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , lowland semi - deciduous forest , montane forest , and ultramafic and limestone forest . beach forest merges with other forest types away from the coast and includes calophyllum inophyllum , canarium asperum var . asperum , pometia pinnata , palaquium dubardii , and ficus spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthis is a falcated ground - babbler , one of the most gorgeous and most sought - after palawan endemics . this lowland , uncommon and very secretive skulker prefers to stay near the ground in dense foliage , turning leaves and dried litter in search of small invertebrates and grubs . this endemic has a loud , conspicuous song consisting of melodious whistles and babbling notes will often respond to playback . hear it for yourself . \ud83d\ude42\nthe lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , which naturally occupies 31 percent of the island , is dominated by agalai spp . , dipterocarpus gracilis , d . grandiflorus , ficus spp . , tristania spp . , exocarpus latifolius , and swintonia foxworthyi . sygium spp . , dracontomelon dao , and pongamia pinnata are emergent . lianas and cycads are common . in southern palawan , a casuarina sp . dominates in the lowland forests ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nallocate greater resources towards more effective control of hunting in palawan forests and initiate conservation awareness campaigns amongst forest product collectors . continue surveys to assess distribution , status and habitat requirements in remaining lowland forests and secondary habitats , particularly south of brooke ' s point , on the slopes of mt victoria and in remaining forests in the north . formally protect forests at iwahig . support the proposed extension of puerto princesa subterranean river national park and promote the development of captive - breeding programmes .\n, where it occurs on palawan ( birdlife international 2001 ) . it is known from c . 20 localities throughout the island , with records from at least 11 since 1980 . local reports suggest that it has a wider distribution . in the early 1970s , despite local extinctions , it was not considered particularly rare . in 1995 , its fragmented population was estimated to number fewer than 10 , 000 mature individuals ( mcgowan and garson 1995 ) ; however , more recent density estimates from puerto princesa subterranean river national park ( mallari\njustification of ecoregion delineation mackinnon ( 1997 ) identified seven subunits in the philippines , and the philippine biodiversity action plan ( philippine bap 1997 ) demarcated fifteen biogeographic units . udvardy ( 1975 ) identified the philippines as a single biogeographic province . we delineated nine ecoregions in the philippine islands , including palawan . we deviated from udvardy ( 1975 ) , mackinnon ( 1997 ) , stattersfield et al . ( 1998 ) , and the philippine bap ( 1997 ) to varying degrees and based our delineation of the philippine ecoregions on heaney ( 1993 ) .\nthe philippines only has one species of cockatoo : the philippine or red - vented cockatoo . it used to be widespread and ranged in the major islands of the philippines but the rampant poaching for the illegal pet trade as well as habitat destruction lead to its decline and is now declared as critically endangered . currently , the best place to see the philippine cockatoos in the wild is in the island of palawan , in rasa island . access to the island is restricted and is managed by one of the philippines\u2019 top conservation organizations , the katala foundation ( urltoken )\ntypes and severity of threats habitat destruction is the main threat to biodiversity in the philippines , and palawan , though currently in better condition , is no different . logging and shifting cultivation ( kaingin ) are cited as the primary forces of habitat conversion . logging takes many forms , from industrial scale to smaller - scale operations that use water buffalo to haul logs out of the forest . mangroves are used locally for firewood , dyes , and tannins ( davis et al . 1995 ) , and they are sometimes removed to make way for fishponds ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nlong known as p . emphanum , but napoleonis has priority # r . has been considered closely related to p . malacense and p . schleiermacheri # r , but fuller molecular analysis required # r . birds with white supercilia have sometimes been listed as race nehrkornae , but amount of white in supercilium apparently varies throughout range # r , with some authors attributing the variation ( from full and joined at the rear , through partial , to completely lacking ) to polymorphism , with n population possessing a full white superciliary stripe but birds in se palawan lacking it # r . monotypic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\n, but is shorter - legged , longer - tailed and more uniform brown .\ndespite evidence that its population may be larger than previously estimated , this species still qualifies as vulnerable because it is suspected to be undergoing a rapid decline as a result of habitat destruction , hunting and capture for trade .\n. 2011 ) suggest that this was an underestimate . as a result of the latest density estimates ( mallari\n. 2011 ) , the population is conservatively estimated at fewer than 50 , 000 mature individuals . the species , however , is still thought to be declining .\nit mainly inhabits primary and secondary forest on flat and rolling terrain , up to c . 800 m , occasionally occurring almost up to mossy forest and in\n- dominated dwarf forest on serpentine rock . surveys in puerto princesa subterranean river national park found evidence that the species shows a strong preference for old growth forest over advanced secondary growth , which in turn appears to be preferred over early secondary growth , with none recorded in cultivation ( mallari\n. 2011 ) . logging and mining concessions have been granted for almost all remaining forest on the island . as of december 2008 , nine small scale mining permits had already been issued and there were 354 mining applications pending , covering 6 , 510 km\n. 2011 ) . illegal logging is thought to persist in the remaining extensive forest of the south . forest at iwahig penal colony , regarded as a key site , may be threatened by plans to mine chromite . by the late 1960s , the species was being extensively hunted and trapped in large numbers for live trade , but exports were much reduced by the late 1980s . in the mid - 1990s , it was heavily hunted adjacent to puerto princesa subterranean river national park , and this protected area is still subjected to pressures on habitats , including agricultural encroachment and the harvesting of non - timber forest products ( mallari\n( mallari and lee 2006 ) . it also featured on a bilingual environmental awareness poster in the\nonly in the philippines\nseries and is part of the european endangered [ species ] programme of the european association of zoos and aquaria ( www . eaza . net ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe diet in the wild is believed to comprise seeds , grains , nuts , fruit , leaves , roots , insects , worms and slugs ( 8 ) .\nlives , feeds and nests on the floor of primary and secondary forest on flat and rolling terrain , up to around 800 metres above sea level ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .\nbirdlife international . ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1994 ) handbook of the birds of the world - new world vultures to guineafowl . vol . 2 . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . mantle in birds , the wings , shoulder feathers and back , when coloured differently from the rest of the body . monogamous mating with a single partner . polygamous mating with more than one partner in the same season . primary forest forest that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature condition . secondary forest forest that has re - grown after a major disturbance , such as fire or timber harvest , but has not yet reached the mature state of primary forest .\ngetty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 800 376 7981 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : polyplectron napoleonis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlittle is known about this species in the wild , but their diet is believed to consist of seeds , grains , fruits , insects , worms and slugs .\nthese shy birds hide away in vegetation away from other animals . they can be found living in pairs or small groups .\na couple of eggs are incubated by the female bird for 20 days . once hatched , the chicks will be able to forage and find their own food when a couple of days old , although their mum will continue to guard them for several weeks .\nif you ' d like to stay informed of new products , events and special offers then please join our mailing lists .\nour website uses cookies . by continuing to use the site you are agreeing to the use of cookies . click here to find out why .\n\u00a9 copyright newquay zoo 2018 . all rights reserved . website by website vision .\nsouth west environmental parks ltd , is an educational , scientific and conservation charity dedicated to protecting our global wildlife heritage .\nregistered office : paignton zoo environmental park , totnes road , paignton tq4 7eu . company no . 792877 registered charity no . 300923\nmale c . 50 cm ( tail 24\u201325 cm ) , c . 436 g ; female c . 40 cm ( tail 16\u00b75\u201317 cm ) , c . 322 g . male markedly different from all congenerics ; long , pointed crest , . . .\na harsh , rasping , explosive screech \u201ckreeetch ! \u201d repeated at intervals . also several clucking sounds . . .\nprimary and secondary forest in rolling terrain . traditionally said to be restricted to coastal . . .\nno information from the wild . in captivity : clutch of two rosy to buff - white eggs ; incubation 18\u201320 days , by female only ; chicks have . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nincludes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .\nrecent molecular research suggests that polyplectron forms a weakly supported clade with afropavo , pavo , argusianus and rheinardia # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nit ' s not you , it ' s us . it is possible the page you were looking for may have been moved , updated or deleted\nok , maybe it ' s you . you may have typed the web address incorrectly . please check the address and spelling to eliminate any spaces .\nif you feel this message is in error , please contact us at zooinfo @ urltoken or membership @ urltoken for membership questions .\nto access your donor giving history and information , please enter your user name and password below . if you are a new donor and do not have a user name and password , please select\nnew user registration\nto register . registration is free , and your information is secure and is not traded or sold .\nwoodland park zoo saves wildlife and inspires everyone to make conservation a priority in their lives .\nwoodland park zoo is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization . \u00a9 2018 woodland park zoo\n2 eggs are incubated for between 18 - 19 days in a nest under cover on the ground .\nbrilliant , loved every minute of it especially the free activities throughout the day .\n\u00a9 copyright paignton zoo 2018 . all rights reserved . website by website vision .\npaignton zoo environmental park , totnes road , paignton , devon tq4 7eu ( registered office ) . company no . 792877 registered charity no . 300923\nthe eastern half of the island is in a rain shadow and contains moist semi - deciduous forests . soils are thin on the steeper slopes and support medium - sized trees ( up to 15 m tall ) , which shed their leaves during the march - may dry season . the rainy season is june - july . common tree species include pterocymbium tinctorium , pterospermum diversifolium , hymenodictyon spp . , and garuga floribunda ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nmontane forests , found between 800 and 1 , 500 m , are dominated by tristania spp . , casuarina spp . , swietenia foxworthyi , and litsea spp . in the lower elevations . upper montane forest trees include agathis philippinensis , dacrydium pectinatum , podocarpus polystachyus , gnetum latifolium , cycas wadei , cinnamomum rupestre , nepenthes philippinensis , and angiopteris spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nfamily species pteropodidae acerodon leucotis * cervidae axis calamianensis * sciuridae sundasciurus steerii * sciuridae sundasciurus moellendorfi * sciuridae sundasciurus rabori * sciuridae hylopetes nigripes * muridae chiropodomys calamianensis * muridae maxomys panglima * muridae palawanomys furvus * hystricidae hystrix pumila * sorcidae crocidura palawanensis * muridae haeromys sp . a * sciuridae sundasciurus hoogstraali * sciuridae sundasciurus juvencus * tupaiidae tupaia palawanensis *\nthe calamian deer ( axis calamianensis ) is found only in the calamian islands , where it survives in low densities on busuanga , calauit , and culion islands . the only protected area for this species was established to protect free - ranging african ungulates on calauit island ( wemmer 1998 ) .\nthe critically endangered philippine crocodile ( crocodylus mindorensis ) was historically found on the islands of luzon , mindoro , masbate , samar , jolo , negros , busuanga , and mindanao . busuanga contains one of the only remaining populations ( others are found on mindoro , negros , and mindanao ) . whereas the decline of the species was initially driven by overexploitation , habitat loss and human persecution are now the principal threats to the philippine crocodile . surveys in 1980 - 1982 revealed a total wild population of approximately 500 - 1 , 000 individuals , but current wild populations may be approximately 100 nonhatchlings . captive breeding efforts are being led by the crocodile farming institute , an entity of the philippine government ( ross 1998 ) .\nlater aerial surveys ( development alternatives 1992 ) indicated that significant reductions in closed - canopy forest cover had occurred since 1988 as a result of recent logging . as seen from the air , the lowlands and hillsides consist of slash - and - burn agriculture up to the edges of natural forest in the highlands . closed - canopy forest caps only the highest areas on the island .\nornamental plant collecting , especially for the orchids ( phalaenopsis amabilis and paphiopedilum argus ) , pitcher plants ( nepenthes spp . ) , palms ( veitchia merrillii ) , and aroids ( amorphophallus spp . and alocasia spp . ) threatens some plant populations ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\na valuable resin , known as manila copal , is collected from agathis dammara trees . this collection weakens the trees , and slackening production and disease combined with overexploitation are threatening the species ( davis et al . 1995 ; quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nreferences references for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire indo - pacific realm . indo - pacific reference list\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nview all calendars is the default . choose select a calendar to view a specific calendar . subscribe to calendar notifications by clicking on the notify me\u00ae button , and you will automatically be alerted about the latest events in our community .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 295 , 586 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nplease do help save the philippine cockatoo . you can do your share by supporting the katala foundation here .\nbest way to locate this uncommon owl is by its very faint , hard to hear , snore - like harsh growl .\nseveral species of hornbills , numerous kinds of parrots and woodpeckers , the endemic family of rhabdornises and many other beautiful and unique birds await you .\ncome and birdwatch in the philippines with birding adventure philippines and get the chance to see the great philippine eagle .\nfor more information , please check out our tours page for our 2017 / 2018 schedules . you may also want to contact us if you ' re interested in our highly flexible custom tours .\nif you want a sample of the wonderful and diverse birds of the philippines , do visit our galleries here .\ncm long , about half of which is made up by the tail . their\n, a white throat running down to the center of the breast , and a loose , pointed and upturned dark blue - green crest on its forehead . a bare facial skin surrounds the eyes with their bluish - white\n; usually pink , it becomes bright orange - red during courtship . the bill and legs are blackish .\ncm . adult females weigh about 450 - 550 g . their plumage is duller than in males , with a vestigial crest and eyespots only on\nand back , they have dark dots instead , which are pointed towards the feather tip .\nyoung birds resemble females but have even less - developed eyespots and usually lack them entirely except on the rectrices . the\ndate , roughly around 1 ma , seems reasonable . in that regard , it is probably significant that\n, but it probably never occurred in the former two at least in historic times . it has since disappeared from most of its former range , with the remaining population being confined to the lowlands of central malaysia , perhaps extending barely into thailand . although nothing certain is known , there is nothing to suggest that this species is anything other than a sedentary bird ; individuals probably do not move a long distance from their place of\n, but the ranges of several birds probably overlap except for the core areas . males move about in an area of approximately 10\u201360\n, rarely occurring even as low as 300 m asl . while it can utilize\n, such habitat does not seem to be optimal . its feeding habits are little - studied , but it probably eats a mix of plant matter ( particularly fruits ) and small\nfashion , utilising its feet and bill to uncover invertebrates from forest litter . recorded food items include\nhave been found in march , april and august . breeding activity may in fact occur essentially all year round ( as in many lowland\n, from where they maintain vocal contact with their mate and progeny . they adopt various highly stereotyped and ritualised postures and associated plumage displays , which reveal prominent ocelli on\n. these behaviors are likewise used in self - defense . when utilised in pair - bonding behavior copulation may occur subsequent to lateral displays . anterior displays are also performed which may include curious clicking and vibrating pulsations of feather quills created via\n. this is not always the case in instances where pairs are maintained in mixed species enclosures and encouraged to nest naturally . the nest is somewhat vestigial , consisting of twigs and large leaves scraped together on low - lying firm ground , be it on a\nor so , and that this trend is expected to last for another decade at least . it is listed on\n, and has rendered more than half of the places where it was found in the 1970s unsuitable for it . the available\nthe estimate of divergence times in kimball et al . ( 2001 ) is probably too low , as they use an uncalibrated and outdated molecular clock that is not well - suited for large - bodied birds .\nmcgowan , philip j . k . ( 1998 ) : weights of some birds from the malaysian forest floor . forktail 14 : 78 . pdf fulltext\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nthe birds have bred regularly at durrell ' s jersey headquarters since the 1970s , and there is now a world - wide captive population of about 1000 birds .\ndurrell wildlife conservation trust is a member of the association of jersey charities , membership number 69 . patron : hrh the princess royal . founder : gerald durrell , obe , lhd . durrell wildlife conservation trust - uk is registered in england and wales . a charitable company limited by guarantee . registered charity number : 1121989 . registered company number : 6448493 . registered office : c / o elian corporate services ( uk ) limited , 35 great st . helen ' s , london ec3a 6ap\ndiscover this info here : go to page purchase ventolin cheap browse around here ."]}
{"id": 2153, "summary": [{"text": "tonica mixogama is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1928 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on new britain .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 32 \u2013 40 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale ochreous irrorated lighter and darker brown , in males appearing ochreous and in females much browner .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "in females , there are scattered black scales in the disc , especially between the veins beyond the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a short black dash towards the costa at one-third in females which is brown in males .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a scale-tuft is found near the base in the middle , one almost dorsal at one-fourth , three large representing the stigmata , with the plical obliquely beyond the first discal , and a smaller one between the discal .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "in females , a submarginal series of small spots of black irroration is found around the posterior third of the costa and termen , the costa above this suffusedly mixed dark fuscous , these are ferruginous in males .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish-ochreous in males and light greyish in females . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "tonica mixogama", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nella mai \u2013 boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nnomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .\nthis page was last modified on 30 march 2016 , at 12 : 41 .\nthis article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2155, "summary": [{"text": "kertomesis anaphracta is a moth in the autostichidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1907 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in bhutan and india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 12-13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous-whitish or pale whitish-ochreous , thinly sprinkled with fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a small blackish spot on the base of the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are blackish , the plical somewhat beyond the first discal , the second discal connected by a slightly incurved blackish streak with the dorsum before the tornus , followed by an undefined band of darker irroration from three-fourths of the costa to the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are undefined spots of blackish irroration around the apex and termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "kertomesis anaphracta", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for anaphracta definition . you find here anaphracta meaning , synonyms of anaphracta and images for anaphracta copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nkertomesis gozm\u00e1ny , 1962 ; acta zool . acas . sci . hung . 8 ( 1 - 2 ) : 39 ; ts : paradoris anaphracta meyrick\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word anaphracta . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word anaphracta and , of course , anaphracta synonyms and on the right images related to the word anaphracta .\nparadoris anaphracta meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 740 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft\nparadoris acatharta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 736 ; tl : india , n . coorg , 3500ft\nsymmoca amblycryptis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : kanara , sirsi\nparadoris amphicalyx meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , cuddapah , 4000ft\nanthracosema ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( symmoca ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 359 ; tl : kashmir\nsymmoca corymbitis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : bombay , surat\nsymmoca dolabrata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 589 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 7000ft\nsymmoca indagata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 155 ; tl : kanara , dharwar\nsymmoca oxycryptis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : kanara , bhatkal\nparadoris palacta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 736 ; tl : india , n . coorg\nparadoris rhodota meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , cuddapah , 4000ft\nparadoris stesichora meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , palni hills ; nilgiris , 3500ft\nsymmoca thyrota meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : sudan , wad medani\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nspinitibia hodgesi ( s . m . lee & r . l . brown , 2010 )\nannex 2 . 4 moths nbyp 2006 sn scientific names family 751 thyatira rubrescens thyatiridae ( = cymatophoridae ) 752 choristoneura quadratica tortricidae 753 clepsis rurinana tortricidae 754 epiblema concava tortricidae 755 eucosma leucotoma tortricidae 756 gibberifera obscura tortricidae 757 isodemis interjecta tortricidae 758 mochopyga humana tortricidae 759 pendimis sp . indet tortricidae 760 plutella maculipenis yponomeutidae 761 plutella xyllostella yponomeutidae 762 agalope hyalina zygaenidae 763 amesia sanguiflua zygaenidae 764 callamesia hormenia zygaenidae 765 callamesia midama midama zygaenidae 766 campylotes histrionicus zygaenidae 767 chalcosia auxo albata zygaenidae 768 chalcosia idaeoides zygaenidae 769 chalcosia thallo zygaenidae 770 chelura bifasciata zygaenidae 771 chelura glacialis zygaenidae 772 cyclosia papilionaris zygaenidae 773 gynautocera papilionaria zygaenidae 774 heterusia edocla zygaenidae 775 heterusia edocla dulcis zygaenidae 776 heterusia edocla edocla zygaenidae 777 heterusia tricolor zygaenidae 778 histia flabellicornis zygaenidae 779 milleria virginalis zygaenidae 780 phauda flammans zygaenidae 781 philopater basimaculata zygaenidae 782 pidorus glaucopsis zygaenidae 783 soritia circinata zygaenidae 784 soritia leptalina zygaenidae 785 zygaena cashmirensis zygaenidae source : thapa v . k . ( 1998 ) 475\npage 53 and 54 : annex 2 . 5 fish nbyp 2006 sn order / f\npage 55 and 56 : annex 2 . 5 fish nbyp 2006 sn order / f\npage 57 and 58 : annex 2 . 5 fish nbyp 2006 sn order / f\npage 59 and 60 : annex 2 . 5 fish nbyp 2006 sn order / f\npage 61 and 62 : annex 2 . 5 fish nbyp 2006 sn order / f\npage 93 and 94 : annex 2 . 7 birds nbyp 2006 sn order /\npage 99 and 100 : annex 2 . 7 birds nbyp 2006 sn order /\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2156, "summary": [{"text": "onebala amethystina is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1904 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales and queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 8-10 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark bronzy-fuscous with an oblique white mark from the dorsum at one-third , as well as a violet-silvery-metallic rather irregularly curved line from two-fifths of the costa to beyond the middle of the dorsum , white on the costa .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an irregular-oval spot outlined with violet-silvery-metallic in the disc beyond the middle , connected with the costa by a white mark .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a violet-silvery-metallic irregular line from five-sixths of the costa to the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the terminal area beyond this is more or less suffused with whitish-ochreous , especially towards the tornus , and marked with four dark fuscous dashes .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous , darker posteriorly and with a rather broad white fascia beyond the middle , sometimes interrupted , seldom obsolete . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "onebala amethystina", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for onebala definition . you find here onebala meaning , synonyms of onebala and images for onebala copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word onebala . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word onebala and , of course , onebala synonyms and on the right images related to the word onebala .\ndectobathra amethystina meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 299 [ key ] , 300 ; tl : toowomba , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nonebala semiluna janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 393\nonebala probolaspis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 508 ; tl : transvaal , slypsteendrift\nonebala brunneotincta janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 393 ; tl : s . africa\nonebala obsoleta janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 392 ; tl : s . africa\nonebala blandiella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 792 ; tl : ceylon\ndectobathra choristis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 299 [ key ] , 300 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; bull , new south wales ; albany , west australia\nhelcystogramma euargyra turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 120\nhelcystogramma iridosoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 144\nhelcystogramma zapyrodes turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 119\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nwalsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2014 - 2017 babylon software ltd . all rights reserved to babylon translation software\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2157, "summary": [{"text": "symmetrischema pallidochrella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chambers in 1872 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded kentucky , illinois , ohio and oklahoma .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the base of the forewings is pale ochreous , sparsely dusted with fuscous and with a fuscous line across the wing close to the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a fuscous streak passes obliquely backwards to the fold at the basal one-fourth , and then the wing is pale ochreous to the apex , rather densely dusted with fuscous and dark ochreous , with the extreme apex fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "symmetrischema pallidochrella", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 24 october , 2012 - 7 : 59pm last updated 23 october , 2013 - 9 : 58pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhodges numbers 1681 - 2700 links to references are included with the captions . those that are only idenified at the genus level by dna barcoding will eventually be identified as new reference specimens are added to the bold database or will be described by someone as new species ."]}
{"id": 2158, "summary": [{"text": "eudonia cleodoralis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1859 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales , victoria and tasmania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from november to february . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eudonia cleodoralis", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about eudonia laetella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eudonia laetella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nxv . on the classification of the australian pyralidina by e . meyrick , b . a\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1b60ead3 - bb59 - 4a77 - 829e - 0184059fef56\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 927a11e6 - b73c - 4c28 - 801f - d3a948a52a53\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ebb5cadc - bbf2 - 4626 - 9bda - fa71804a561e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 543420\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthis category is maintained by wikiproject stub sorting . please propose new stub templates and categories here before creation .\nthis category is for stub articles relating to moths of the subfamily scopariinae . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { scopariinae - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .\nthe following 200 pages are in this category , out of approximately 576 total . this list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a non - profit organization .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\n469x662 ( ~ 93kb ) russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 12 . 07 . 2007 , photo \u00a9\n400x640 ( ~ 104kb ) female russia , moscow area , 5 . 7 . 2006 \u00a9 d . smirnov\nscoparia dubitalis var . ivanalis krulikovsky , 1909 ; rev . russ . ent . 9 ( 1 - 2 ) : 113\nscoparia pusilla dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 320 ( ? preocc . scoparia pusilla rosenstock , 1885 ) ; tl : cabima\nplatytes oxycampyla turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : queensland\ngonodiscus australiensis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 606 , pl . 49 , f . 1 ; tl : w . australia , sherlock r . ; queensland , coomoo\nplatytes contempta turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 120 ; tl : tasmania\nplatytes erythroneura turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : victoria\ntetraprosopus meyrickii butler , 1882 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 97 ; tl : australia\nplatytes pediopola turner , 1937 ; proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 66 ; tl : queensland\nscoparia antarcticalis staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 106\ncrambus biradiellus mabille , 1885 ; bull . soc . philom . paris . ( 7 ) 9 : 70\ncrambus biradiellus ; staudinger , 1899 , naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 107\ncrambus ignicola staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 108 , f . 9 ; tl : uschuaia\nscoparia glauculalis hampson , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 233 ; tl : falkland is .\nscoparia atropicta hampson , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 233 ; tl : u . s . a\nscoparia stereostigma dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 369 ; tl : jalapa , mexico\nscoparia anadonta dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 369 ; tl : real del monte , hidalgo , mexico\nscoparia anagantis dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 370 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico\nscoparia cyclophora dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 370 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico\neudorea granitalis moore , 1878 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 235 ; tl : s . e . of chiklik , yarkund\nscoparia sachalinensis matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 185 , pl . 11 , f . 25 \u2640 ; tl : sakhalin , ( ichinosawa , kiminai , kawakami )\nscoparia ichinosawana matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 186 , pl . 11 , f . 9 \u2642 ; tl : sakhalin , ichinosawa\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nnew genera and species of tropical crambinae ( studies on the crambinae , lepidoptera , pyralidae . part 48 )\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndescriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873\nturner , 1937 new australian pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) proc . r . soc . qd 48 ( 10 ) : 61 - 88\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of scopariinae sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2159, "summary": [{"text": "mylothris citrina is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in uganda , the democratic republic of congo and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "mylothris citrina", "paragraphs": ["mylothris chloris ( fabricius , 1775 ) = papilio chloris fabricius , 1775 = papilio thermopylae cramer , [ 1779 ] = mylothris afraorientalis stoneham , 1937 .\nphilippines seashell - pectinidae mimachlamys sanguinea citrina 45 . 9mm - f + + # 8185\nphilippines seashell - pectinidae mimachlamys sanguinea citrina 45 . 4mm - f + + # 8188\namethyst , princess of gemworld # 1 cgc 9 . 6 nm + citrina granch dark opal dc comics\nlight citrine , citrin , citrina , citrino , \u8336\u6676 , \u30ec\u30e2\u30f3\u8272 , brazil , 630 grams , 1 . 39 lb , a *\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nackery pr , smith cr , and vane - wright ri eds . 1995 . carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\nvane - wright , r . i . , liseki , s . d . 2011 . on the status of pseudomylothris neustetter , a supposed endemic butterfly genus from the uluguru mountains of tanzania ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 44 , 85 - 93 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2160, "summary": [{"text": "epichorista zatrophana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are bright ochreous , spotted with whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are deep reddish ochreous , somewhat mixed with blackish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "epichorista zatrophana", "paragraphs": ["epichorista zatrophana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in new zealand .\n( harmologa zatrophana , meyr . , trans . n . z . inst . , 1882 , 46 . )\nzatrophana meyrick , 1883 ( harmologa ) , trans . new zealand inst . 15 : 46 . tl : new zealand , christchurch , mid canterbury . holotype : bmnh . male .\nhave a fact about epichorista prodigiosa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epichorista prodigiosa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nperversa meyrick , 1912 ( epichorista ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 9 . tl : south africa , natal , camperdown . lectotype : bmnh . female .\nsicca meyrick , 1912 ( epichorista ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 9 . tl : madagascar , madagascar ( antananarivo ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncarcharodes meyrick , 1914 ( epichorista ) , trans . new zealand inst . 46 : 104 . tl : new zealand . kaeo , northland . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlindsayi philpott , 1928 ( epichorista ) , rec . canterbury mus 3 : 181 . tl : new zealand , little river , mid canterbury . holotype : cmnz . male .\nabdita philpott , 1924 ( epichorista ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 55 : 664 . tl : new zealand , mt . arthur . holotype : nzac . male .\nphaeocoma meyrick , 1914 ( epichorista ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 195 . tl : malawi , nyasaland [ malawi ] ( mlanje plateau ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncandida clarke , 1926 ( epichorista ) , trans . new zealand inst . 56 : 419 . tl : new zealand . l . manapouri , fiordland . holotype : amnz . female .\nsamata diakonoff , 1941 ( epichorista ) , treubia 18 : 41 . tl : new guinea , north east new guinea ( huon gulf , simbang ) . holotype : mnhu . female .\ntheatralis philpott , 1918 ( epichorista ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 50 : 128 . tl : new zealand . mt . cleugnearn , fiordland . holotype : nzac . female .\ntenebrosa philpott , 1917 ( epichorista ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 49 : 243 . tl : new zealand , ben lomond , otago lakes . holotype : amnz . male .\naethocoma meyrick , 1923 ( epichorista ) , bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . 1923 : 563 . tl : angola , angola ( dongo ) . holotype : mnhn . male .\nmimica philpott , 1930 ( epichorista ) , rec . auckland inst . mus . 1 : 5 . tl : new zealand , mt . ida , central otago . holotype : amnz . male .\nbenevola meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 51 . tl : ? east africa , east africa ( landjoro ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\narmigera diakonoff , 1956 ( epichorista ) , proc . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( c ) 59 : 634 . tl : new guinea , british new guinea ( papua , mount tafa ) . holotype : bmnh . female .\nmesosceptra meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 53 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kenya ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\npassaleuta meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 53 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kinangop ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\nprodigiosa meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 52 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kenya ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\npsoropis meyrick , 1920 ( epichorista ) , voyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientalei i microlepidoptera : 51 . tl : kenya , east africa [ kenya ] ( mt . kinangop ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 2 nd october , 1884 . ]\nin the transactions for 1882 . it contains nine additional species , of which eight are new , the ninth having been previously known from the hawaiian islands ; and also some corrections of classification .\ni propose to recast the definitions of the tortricid\u00e6 and grapholithid\u00e6 . thus : \u2014\ntortricid\u00e6 : lower median veins of hindwings almost always without basal pectination ; vein 2 of forewings rising before posterior third of lower margin of cell ; genital uncus of male developed .\ngrapholithid\u00e6 : lower median vein of hindwings pectinated with hairs towards base ; vein 2 of forewings rising before posterior third of lower margin of cell ; genital uncus of male not developed .\ni am indebted to professor fernald , well known as a special authority on this group , for the information on which this change is founded . he states that the genital uncus never occurs in the grapholithid\u00e6 , and considers that such genera as ctenopseustis , hereafter described , should be therefore referred to the tortricid\u00e6 ; which amounts to saying that the possession of the uncus is a more valuable systematic character than the possession of the basal pectination . as professor fernald has devoted much labour to the investigation of material from all parts of the world , there is little doubt that he is correct , and i have adopted his suggestion . i have not yet found leisure to examine the genitalia of all the tortricina of this region , but i have investigated a few species , which appear to confirm his views ; and in the case of the pyralidina i have found the same character valuable for family separation . the genital uncus ( when present ) is a hard cylindrical , more or less downwards - hooked , process from the apex of the abdomen , in the male , and in some groups of lepidoptera assumes complex forms .\nthe occurrence of the hawaiian chiloides straminea is interesting , and may be compared with the presence of the genus heterocrossa in both regions . probably they extend over the intervening space , but i have not at present any evidence of this . the other additional species are all of genera already recorded from new zealand , and mostly interesting as representatives of the old indigenous fauna . it seems probable that proselena , harmologa , and heterocrossa will be found to be richer in species than i had previously anticipated . i think that cac\u00e6cia alopecana is also peculiarly\ninteresting in another way , from its bearing on general theories of development , since it is my opinion that although now justifiably to be regarded as a species , it has reached this stage only within extremely recent times ; i think it would be interesting to experiment on the larv\u00e6 of this species with different food - plants , and conversely to try the effect of feeding c . excessana on phyllocladus .\nthorax smooth . antenn\u00e6 in male serrate , with whorls of moderate cilia . palpi long , straight , porrected , triangularly scaled . forewings with costa in male simple . hindwings broader than forewings . forewings with 12 veins , 7 and 8 separate , 7 to hindmargin , secondary cell well - defined . hindwings with 8 veins , 3 and 4 remote at base , 4 and 5 almost from a point , 6 and 7 approximated towards base .\nallied to bactra , stph . ( aphelia , stph . ) , but differing in the separation of veins 3 and 4 of the hindwings , and the longer palpi ; only the species here given is known .\n( chiloides straminea , butl . , ann . mag . nat . hist . , 1881 , 393 . )\nmedia , alis ant . ochreis , venis omnibus lineisque inter venas punctatis , puncto etiam disci postico nigrescentibus ; post . griseis .\nmale , female . \u201417\u201324 mm . head , palpi , antenn\u00e6 , and thorax pale ochreous . abdomen whitish . legs pale ochreous , posterior pair ochreous - whitish . forewings elongate , oblong , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin slightly sinuate , rather strongly oblique ; light ochreous ; all veins marked with fine fuscous or blackish lines ; intervenal spaces also marked each with a fine incomplete , often interrupted or dotted , fuscous or blackish line ; a larger dark fuscous dot in disc beyond middle ; inner margin dotted with black : cilia pale ochreous . hindwings grey , towards base lighter ; cilia white , with a grey line .\nrecalls some forms of bactra lanceolana , hb . , from which it is easiest separated by the structural characters .\nhamilton , taranaki , wanganui , and otaki ; common amongst rushes ( juncus ) in swampy ground , from january to march . also occurs in the hawaiian islands , from which it was originally described ; i have seen butler ' s type , and there is no doubt whatever of its identity ; probably therefore it will be found to range through all the pacific islands .\nthis generic name should be substituted for aphelia , stph . , of which lanceolana , hb . , is the representative in new zealand . i make this change on the authority of professor fernald , who has specially investigated the point , and is doubtless correct .\nmedia , alis ant . ochreo - rufis , area basali externe non angulata , fascia media perobliqua latiore recta , strigulaque subapicali saturatioribus , ciliis purpureo - fuscis ; post . flavido - albis , apice flavidiore .\nfemale . \u201420 mm . head , palpi , and thorax purplish - ochreous . antenn\u00e6 ochreous - whitish . abdomen and legs yellow - whitish , anterior and middle pair suffused with reddish - fuscous . forewings broad , oblong , costa anteriorly very strongly arched , apex round - pointed , produced , hindmargin strongly sinuate , hardly oblique ; purplish - ochreous , obscurely strigulated with greyish - purple ; a slightly darker purplish basal patch , its outer edge extending from \u2155 of costa to \u2156 of inner margin , not angulated ; central fascia straight , broad throughout , greyish purple , suffused with bright reddish - ochreous on upper half posteriorly , running from middle of costa to anal angle ; a more distinct strigula from \u00be of costa to hindmargin below middle : cilia rather dark fuscous purplish . hindwings yellow - whitish , towards apex more yellowish , somewhat spotted with pale grey towards inner margin ; cilia yellow - whitish .\na handsome species , readily known by the different form of wing , straight outline of basal patch , and broad central fascia ; the costa is very much more strongly arched anteriorly than in any other species . although the male is not known to me , i have no doubt of the generic position .\nmagna , alis ant . albido - ochreis , linea disci breviore obscura , punctisque plerisque posticis sparsis nigris ; post . albidis .\nmale . \u201427 mm . head , palpi , and antenn\u00e6 whitish - ochreous , palpi externally fuscous - tinged . thorax pale yellowish - ochreous . abdomen and legs whitish - ochreous , anterior and middle pair infuscated . forewings elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin hardly perceptibly sinuate , oblique ; whitish - ochreous ; a cloudy central streak from base to beyond middle more yellowish - ochreous , containing several small dots of black scales , and an ill - defined longitudinal blackish line in disc , extending from \u2153 \u2154 ; some fine scattered black dots towards hindmargin : cilia pale whitish - ochreous . hindwings and cilia whitish .\nsingularly distinct by its comparatively gigantic size , pale colouring , and blackish discal line .\narthur ' s pass , in january ; one specimen on the grassy mountain - side at 4 , 700 feet .\nparva , alis ant . fusco - ochreis , innotatis ; post . saturate griseis .\nmale . \u201412\u201314 mm . head , palpi , and thorax brownish - ochreous . antenn\u00e6 dark fuscous . abdomen dark grey . legs whitish - ochreous . forewings elongate - oblong , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin straight , oblique ; uniform brownish - ochreous : cilia light brownish - ochreous . hindwings dark grey , posteriorly still darker ; cilia pale grey or whitish , with a grey line .\nclosely allied to p . siriana , meyr . , but lighter , more ochreous , and recognizable by the absence of any discal dot in the forewings , and the paler cilia of the hindwings .\ncastle hill ( 2 , 500 feet ) , and invercargill , frequenting swampy ground ; taken commonly in december and january .\nhaving obtained what i believe to be undoubtedly the male of this species , i find that there is no costal fold , and the species is therefore referable to proselena . as the male is distinctly marked , and these markings were lost in the dark suffusion of the female , i give a diagnosis and description of the former .\nparva , alis ant . l\u00e6te ochreis , albido - maculosis , fascia antica angusta obliqua , altera media latiore perobliqua cum tertia postica erecta sub medio confluentibus , hac lineas duas plumbeas metallicas includente , rufo - ochreis , nigro - mixtis ; post . saturate fuscis .\ncommon in arthur ' s pass from 2 , 600 to 3 , 000 feet , flying freely over thick herbage in january .\nlarva 16 - legged , rather stout , cylindrical , somewhat tapering at both ends ; dull grey ; dorsal slender , dark grey ; subdorsal indistinctly darker than ground - colour ; spots small , pale , dark - centred ; head and second segment dark fuscous . feeds on discaria toumatou , forming a shelter of\nvery dense web , and loose silken galleries , along the branches , i found these larv\u00e6 at the beginning of february , near castle hill ; from their habit i was led to expect one of the pyralidina . they are doubtless not confined to this food - plant .\nmedia , alis ant . albis , area basali bis secta externe perobliqua , fascia media cum macula cost\u00e6 postica tripunctata per dentem fere connexa , altera etiam e margine postico in angulum analem percurrente flavido - fuscis , nigro - mixtis ; post , albis , apice griseo - suffuso .\na very distinct species , but evidently allied to h . \u00e6nea and h . sir\u00e6a .\narthur ' s pass , at 4 , 700 feet , in january ; one specimen .\nmedia , alis ant . \u2642 ochreis , costa late ochreo - rufa , \u2640 dilute stramineis ; post . \u2642 griseis , apicem versus saturatioribus , \u2640 albis .\nmale . \u201421 mm . head , palpi , and thorax brownish - ochreous mixed with grey ; thorax hairy beneath . antenn\u00e6 stout , dark fuscous . abdomen grey - whitish . legs whitish - ochreous . forewings moderate , oblong , costal fold very short , costa moderately arched towards base , thence straight , apex obtusely rounded , hindmargin rounded , not oblique ; yellow - ochreous , becoming deeper towards inner margin ; a broad reddish - ochreous - brown streak along costa from base to apex , becoming deep ashy - grey towards costa ,\npointed at apex ; extreme costal edge whitish : cilia pale grey , tips whitish . hindwings grey , becoming dark grey posteriorly , costa suffusedly yellow - whitish ; cilia yellow - whitish , with an indistinct greyish line .\nfemale . \u201422\u201323 mm . head , palpi , and thorax yellowish - white . antenn\u00e6 whitish . abdomen and legs white , anterior and middle pair light ochreous . forewings as in male , but hindmargin straighter ; whitish - yellowish , interspersed with pale - greyish ; costa suffusedly white : cilia white , base whitish - yellowish . hindwings white , towards inner margin faintly suffused with very pale greyish ; cilia white .\nallied to h . \u00e6nea , but smaller , and distinguished in both sexes by the absence of yellow in the hindwings ; in the male also by the conspicuous dark costal stripe ; in the female by the pale yellowish forewings .\narthur ' s pass ; four specimens ( 1 male , 3 females ) taken in a grassy place at about 4 , 500 feet , in january .\nthorax smooth . antenn\u00e6 in male shortly ciliated . palpi moderate , porrected , second joint roughly scaled . forewings in male with strong costal fold . hindwings broader than forewings , lower median vein with strong basal pecten . forewings with 12 veins , 7 and 8 separate , 7 to hindmargin . hindwings with 8 veins , 3 and 4 from a point , 5 approximated to 4 at base , 6 and 7 from a point . abdomen in male with genital uncus well developed .\nprofessor fernald assures me that the genital uncus of the male ( the value of which as a divisional character he has been the first to discover in this group ) is never developed in the grapholithid\u00e6 , and that this species ( of which i sent him specimens ) should therefore be included in the tortricid\u00e6 , notwithstanding the pectination of the lower median vein , this latter structure being indeed also found in \u0153nectra , which is certainly referable to the tortricid\u00e6 . in this view i quite concur , and therefore place the species here , which involves the formation of a new genus for its reception as above , since it differs from \u0153nectra by the costal fold and separations of veins 7 and 8 of the forewings , and from the rest of the family by the basal pecten of the hindwings .\nfound to be very variable . moreover the development of the genital uncus proves that the genus must be transferred with the preceding to the tortricid\u00e6 ; it differs from \u0153nectra by the costal fold , from ctenopseustis by the stalking of veins 7 and 8 of the forewings , from both by the triple thoracic crest . the combination of characters in this genus is very interesting .\nthorax with a large erect crest on each side of back , and a small double crest behind . antenn\u00e6 in male shortly ciliated . palpi moderate , straight , porrected , second joint with appressed scales . forewings in male with strong costal fold . hindwings broader than forewings , lower median vein with strong basal pecten . forewings with 12 veins , 7 and 8 stalked , 7 to near below apex . hindwings with 8 veins , 3 and 4 separate , 3 , 4 , and 5 more or less closely approximated at base , 6 and 7 stalked . abdomen in male with genital uncus well developed .\nmale , female . \u201419\u201326 mm . forewings in male with apex less produced , hindmargin more perpendicular ; very variable ; markings always of same form but differing much in intensity , sometimes mixed with ochreous - greenish , or partially blackish ; in both males the markings are suffused with blackish towards costa ; in one female the whole dorsal half of wing beneath a straight line from middle of base to apex suffused with blackish , costal half unusually light . hindwings in male pale grey ; in female often more or less ochreous posteriorly .\nseven specimens ( 2 males , 5 females ) , taken at palmerston and taranaki , amongst forest ; in march .\nminor , alis ant . ochreo - rufis , area basali , fascia media obliqua inferius dilatata , maculaque cost\u00e6 postica interdum saturatioribus , s\u00e6pius obsoletis ; post . albidis , griseo - maculosis , apice rufescente ; antennarum ciliis longis .\ncilia reddish - ochreous - brown , becoming whitish - ochreous at tips , on anal angle dark grey . hindwings whitish , spotted with grey except posteriorly , apex reddish ; cilia whitish , with an obscure grey basal line .\ni am compelled to separate this species from c . excessana on account of the structural difference in the antenn\u00e6 of the male ; otherwise i should certainly have regarded it as a mere variety . it is constantly much smaller than the average of that species , but c . excessana is occasionally quite as small ; it is also much redder , and the hindwings are more clearly whitish , but these points are quite indefinable , and would not be sufficient for demarcation ; moreover i conceive that the diminished size and the reddish colouring of both larva and imago are the direct effect of the peculiar foodplant . but the antenn\u00e6 of the male are in c . excessana tolerably filiform , the joints hardly dilated , the ciliations not longer than the width of the joints ; whilst in c . alopecana they are conspicuously serrate , the joints almost triangular , and the ciliations much longer , fully twice the greatest width of the joints . these differences are quite constant , and must be regarded as sufficient .\nlarva 16 - legged , moderate , cylindrical , somewhat - tapering at both ends ; variable , yellowish to ochreous - fuscous ; segmental incisions and sometimes sides ochreous - carmine ; spots large , pale , in some lights whitish ; head and second segment ochreous - fuscous . feeds in spun shoots and between joined leaves of phyllocladus alpinus ( conifer\u00e6 ) , in january . pupa in the same position .\ni took two specimens in the forests on the bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) in january , and at the same time found larv\u00e6 feeding , from which i bred three more specimens in february .\nthis form of the name , which is orthographically the more correct , should be substituted for conchylid\u00e6 .\nthe pectination of the lower median vein of the hindwings in this genus is , so far as i can ascertain , confined to the female ; the male does not possess any trace of it . i had originally supposed that this was due to denudation in the case of the two or three male specimens which i possessed , but having since acquired more material , i find it to be the normal structure . i think however that the point is not less valuable for generic separation ; in the female of paramorpha , which is the nearest allied genus , this well - developed pecten does not exist .\nminor , alis ant . albis , griseo - irroratis , strigula e basi sub costa breviore , squamis paucis sparsis , interdum etiam striga disci media nigris ; post . griseo - albidis .\ncharacterized by the short black subcostal streak . the arrangement of the surface tufts of scales appears to be the same in all the species .\nminor , alis ant . dilutissime griseis , partim albo - conspersis , macula cost\u00e6 basali nigra , maculis cost\u00e6 sex parvis , aliisque disci plerisque obscuris fuscis ; post . griseo - albidis .\notira river ; one specimen amongst forest at 1 , 600 feet , in january .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nallogama meyrick , 1914 ( harmologa ) , trans . new zealand inst . 46 : 105 . tl : new zealand , wellington . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncrypsidora meyrick , 1909 ( dipterina ) , trans . new zealand inst . 41 : 11 . tl : new zealand , invercargill , southland . holotype : bmnh . male .\nelephantina meyrick , 1885 ( proselena ) , trans . new zealand inst . 17 : 143 . tl : new zealand , arthur ' s pass , north canterbury . holotype : bmnh . male .\nemphanes meyrick , 1902 ( proselena ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1901 : 571 . tl : new zealand , mt . peel , nelson . holotype : bmnh . female .\nachrosta meyrick , 1902 ( harmologa ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1901 : 572 . tl : new zealand . mt . arthur , nelson . holotype : bmnh . male .\nepicura meyrick , 1911 ( harmologa ) , trans . new zealand inst . 43 : 86 . tl : new zealand . castle hill , mid canterbury . holotype : bmnh . male .\neribola meyrick , 1889 ( proselena ) , trans . new zealand inst . 21 : 156 . tl : new zealand , otira r . , westland . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nfraudulenta philpott , 1928 ( eurythecta ) , trans . proc . new zealand inst 58 : 363 . tl : new zealand , mt . arthur , nelson . holotype : nzac . male .\nhemionana meyrick , 1883 ( proselena ) , trans . new zealand inst . 15 : 43 . tl : new zealand , l . guyon , marlborough buller . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nsiriana meyrick , 1881 ( tortrix ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 521 . tl : new zealand , hamilton , waikata . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhave a fact about epichloe ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for epichloe ? write it here to share it with the entire community ."]}
{"id": 2163, "summary": [{"text": "amata pleurosticta is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1898 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are small and have transparent patches on their wings . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "amata pleurosticta", "paragraphs": ["amata pleurasticta [ sic , recte pleurosticta ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\nceryx pleurosticta hampson , 1898 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 35 , f . 14 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\namata ( amata ) sperbius gressitti ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 82\namata ( amata ) sinica obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; tl : tschinkiang\namata ( amata ) edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) sinica ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) edwardsii edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) edwardsii formosensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) fortunei matsumurai ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\nstudien \u00fcber die palaearktischen amatiden v . zur geographischen variabilit\u00e4t von amata nigricornis alph .\namata calidupensis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432\namata magrettii berio , 1937 ; ann . mus . nat . genova 59 : 370\nstudien \u00fcber die palaearktischen amatiden . iii . \u00fcber eine rasse von amata phegea l .\namata magnopupillata berio , 1941 ; mem . soc . ent . ital . 20 : 121\n= amata collaris ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 73\n= amata fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90\namata atricornuta gaede , 1926 ; dt . ent . zs . 1926 ( 2 ) : 114\namata inconstans gaede , 1926 ; dt . ent . zs . 1926 ( 2 ) : 113\nobraztsovi ebert , 1969 ; reichenbachia 12 : 157 ( preocc . amata obraztsovi kiriakoff , 1954 )\n= amata germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103\n= amata phegea ligata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 216\n= amata ragazzii asperomontana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 244\n= amata nigricornis rossica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 302\n= amata mestralii mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 349\nstudien \u00fcber die palaearktischen amatiden . iv : was is amata ( syntomis ) herthula stdr . ?\nhave a fact about amata albionica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for amata albionica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\namata ( amata ) ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 61 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) atkinsoni ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 85 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) sperbius ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 80 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) septentrionalis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 83 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) emma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 67 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( syntomis ) aucta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 149\namata ( syntomis ) mogadorensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 167\namata ( syntomis ) bactriana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 327\namata ( syntomis ) cocandica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 330\namata ( syntomis ) taurica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 340\namata ( syntomis ) antiochena ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 341\namata ( syntomis ) libanotica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 343\namata ( syntomis ) mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 346\namata ( syntomis ) turbida ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 351\namata ( syntomis ) maracandina ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 353\namata ( syntomis ) dimorpha ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 373\namata ( amata ) sperbius sperbius ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 82 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata albobasis kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433\namata elwesi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : burmah\namata hypomela kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 432\namata marinoides kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433\namata obraztsovi kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 433\namata schoutedeni kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 434\namata fabricius , 1807 ; mag . f . insektenk . 6 : 289 ; ts : zygaena passalis fabricius\namata ( syntomis ) germana nigricauda ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 110\namata ( syntomis ) divisa sikkima ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 142\namata phegea phegea nat . kijevana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 213\namata ( syntomis ) ragazzii ragazzii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 242\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis rossica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 302\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis jaica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 305\namata ( syntomis ) aequipuncta aequipuncta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 283\namata ( syntomis ) cocandica cocandica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 333\namata ( syntomis ) mestralii mestralii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 346\namata ( syntomis ) maracandina maracandina ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 355\namata ( syntomis ) caspia caspia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 366\namata ( syntomis ) caspia martinierici ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 367\namata ( amata ) emma ab . torquatella ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 72 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\namata ( amata ) fortunei ab . yezonis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata ( amata ) fortunei ab . erebina ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 93 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 449\namata montagua de freina , 2014 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 35 ( 4 ) : 217\namata pseudosimplex de freina , 2013 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 33 ( 4 ) : 152\namata snelleni rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : east java\namata wallacei paucicincta holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 8 ; tl : tutong , n . borneo\namata elisoides holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 8 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\namata pembertoni rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 431 ; tl : cailulu , angola\namata vicarians holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 18 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\n= amata fortunei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 90 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ( syntomis ) grahami obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 138 ; tl : szetschwan\namata ( syntomis ) ragazzii ab . posticipluspuncta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 242\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis nigricornis nat . osthelderi obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 312\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri ab . striata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 259\namata ( syntomis ) sintenisi f . sintenisi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 338\namata ( syntomis ) sintenisi f . aurivala ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 339\n= amata caspia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\nthis category is for stub articles relating to moths of the genus amata . you can help by expanding them . to add an article to this category , use { { amata - stub } } instead of { { stub } } .\namata kenredi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 436 ; tl : bopoto , upper congo\namata vicarians api holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 19 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\n= amata edwardsii edwardsii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\n= amata germana germana ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata bogoriensis roepke , 1937 ; ent . z . frankf . a . m . 50 : 490 [ borgoriensis ? ]\namata yunnanensis rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 155 ; tl : tali , upper yunnan\namata ( syntomis ) phegea ligata nat . orientalis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 228\namata ( syntomis ) ragazzii asperomontana m . atavistica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 246\n= amata fervida ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 35\namata micantala hulstaert , 1923 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 11 : 185 ; tl : okaba\namata congenita hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 93 ; tl : madras , nilgiris , ouchterloni valley , 3500ft\namata connectens rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : bernardmyo , burmah , 6000ft\namata democharis schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 51 ; tl : surigao\namata ( syntomis ) fervida ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\n= amata trifenestrata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26\namata ( syntomis ) issikii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) luteifascia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) nigrifrons ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata owstoni rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 155 ; tl : phuc - son , annam\namata ( syntomis ) pectoralis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) pryeri ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata pseudextensa rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 435 ; tl : mt kina balu , borneo\namata ( syntomis ) quadrifascia ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) rantaisana ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) vitrea ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) wilemani ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\n= amata perixanthia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 36\namata ( syntomis ) hoenei obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 132 ; tl : hangtschou , tschekiang\namata ( syntomis ) hoenei ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) kuatuna ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) dichotomoides ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) chekianga ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata ( syntomis ) grahami ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) compta ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata aureola ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\n= amata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28\namata syntomoides ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata leucosoma ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata multifasciata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata ( syntomis ) shirakii ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) borneogena obraztsov , 1955 ; psyche , 62 : 32 ; tl : lundu mt . , kuching , sarawak\namata albicornis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : mauson mtns , tonkin , 3000ft\namata cinctelisa holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 10 ; tl : mt . marapok , dent province , n . borneo\namata macroflavifer holloway , 1988 ; moths of borneo 6 : 16 ; tl : mt . marapok , dent province , n . borneo\namata nigrobasalis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 436 ; tl : cape coast castle , west afria\n= amata confluens ab . leechi ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis fukiensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\n? amata ( syntomis ) formosensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma atuntseensis obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 146 ; tl : atuntse , yunnan\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma atuntseensis ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 457\namata ( syntomis ) dinara dinara de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101\namata quadripunctata rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : padang sidempoean , w . sumatra\namata banguia schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 53 ; tl : bangui , philippines\namata eleonora schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : surigao , philippines\namata francisca ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 180 ; [ afromoths ]\namata subaana schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 53 ; tl : subaan , philippines\namata tenera hulstaert , 1923 ; rev . zool . afr . 11 ( 4 ) : 409 ; tl : kwamouth \u2642 ; malela \u2640\namata ( syntomis ) t - nigra ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) kuatuna obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 133 ; tl : kuatun , fukien , 2300m\namata wiltshirei kordestana de freina & hagen , 2003 ; linneana belgica 19 ( 1 ) : 52 ; tl : w . iran , kordestan\n= amata kruegeri quercii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104\n= amata kruegeri albionica ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\n= amata kruegeri marjana ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 106\n= amata kruegeri marjana ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata ( syntomis ) mestralii palaestinae [ sic , recte palestinae ] ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 350\nthe male genitalia show this species to belong to amata rather than ceryx . the specimens dissected were too damaged for the genitalia to be illustrated .\namata alberti rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 2 ) : 154 ; tl : kumasi river , ne . british new guinea\namata henrici ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 4 , f . 4 ; [ nhm card ]\namata kalidupensis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 46 ; [ nhm card ]\namata owstoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ]\namata recedens ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 ; [ aucl ]\namata simillima rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 434 ; tl : pulo bisa , n of obi i .\n= amata confluens ( leechi ) ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 33\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis fukiensis obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 132 ; tl : kuatun , fukien , 2300m\namata ( syntomis ) grotei f . arenae ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) hyrcana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 110\namata ( syntomis ) kordestana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 105\namata ( syntomis ) aserbeidjana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 105\n= amata phegea ( krugeri ) ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 40\namata ( syntomis ) beluchistana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 116\namata ( syntomis ) harandii ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 117\namata ( syntomis ) albertiana obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 372 ; tl : dsdgar mtn , tibet , 300m\namata artapha schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : surigao , mindanao , philippines\namata calidupensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 13 ; [ nhm card ]\namata cerbera ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 178 , 180 ; [ afromoths ]\n= amata cerbera ; [ nhm card ] ; de freina , 2009 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 4 ) : 180\namata dapontes schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : virac , luzon , philippines\namata democles schaus , 1928 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 30 ( 3 ) : 51 ; tl : catbalogan and surigao , philippines\namata tigrina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 ; [ nhm card ]\namata trifenestrata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ( syntomis ) dichotomoides obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 135 ; tl : e . tienmuschan , tschekiang , 1500m\namata ( syntomis ) chekianga obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 138 ; tl : west - tienmuschan , tschekiang , 1600m\namata ( syntomis ) hyrcana hyrcana ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 110\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri quercii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri albionica ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri pedemontii ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata actea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata aurea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata chlorocera ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata congenita ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 59\namata era ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata extensa ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata flavifrons ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata gelatina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata hydatina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata insueta ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata kalidupensis rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 432 ; tl : kalidupa , toekan besi is . , sw of celebes\namata khasiana ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata lucina ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata minor ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\n= amata humeralis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 ; [ nhm card ]\n= amata cuprizonata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 27 ; [ nhm card ]\namata pseudextensa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 39 ; [ mob6 ] , 17\n= amata tomasina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ]\namata submarginalis ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata unifascia ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata verecunda ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 63\namata williami rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 433 ; tl : kikuyu escarpment , british east afriac , 6500 - 9000ft\namata wimberleyi ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 63\namata passalis ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata cyssea ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata ( amata ) cingulata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 78 ; arora , 1980 , rec . zool . surv . india 77 ( 1 - 4 ) : 18 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448\n= amata grotei ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 34 ; [ nhm card ]\n= amata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ]\namata nigricornis turgaica obraztsov , 1937 ; ent . rundsch . 54 : 466 , f . 8 - 9 ; tl : uralsk distr . , bertschogur bei turgaiskaja\namata jacksoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata kenredi ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata williami ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 47 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata croceizona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata hemiphoenica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 13 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata humeralis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata lampetis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata miozona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata pactolina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata tomasina ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata sperbius gressitti bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 152 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 ; tl : hainan , nodoa\namata alicia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata ( synomis ) ragazzii silaensis obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 243 ; tl : camigliatelle , sila grande , s . italy , 1300m\namata gil witt , kravchenko , speidel , mooser , junnila & m\u00fcller , 2007 ; nota lepid . 30 ( 2 ) : 368 ; tl : israel , hermon , 2200m\namata gracillima aurivillius , 1925 ; zweiten dt . zentral - afrika - exped . ( zool . ) 1 ( lep 4 ) : 1300 ; tl : belgian congo , kimuenza\namata wiltshirei bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 150 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : iraq , kurdistan , rayat\namata monothyris hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 43 , pl . 3 , f . 9 ; tl : uganda\namata subdiabphana hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 16 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : java\namata basithyris hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : sierra leone\namata dyschlaena ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; [ aucl ]\namata fruhstorferi rothschild , 1910 ; novit . zool . 17 ( 3 ) : 435 ( ? preocc . callitomis fruhstorferi hampson , 1898 ) ; tl : manson mtns , tonkin , 3000ft\namata melitospila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 2 ; [ aucl ]\namata orphnaea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 9 ; [ aucl ]\namata paraula ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 25 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; [ aucl ]\namata trigonophora ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; [ aucl ]\namata sperbius septentrionalis bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 151 , pl . 10 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : se . szechuan , ginfu shan\namata menia bytinski - salz , 1939 ; ent . rec . 51 : 152 , pl . 10 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : tibet , menia , hotshu - river\namata melaproctis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ]\namata palanana ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 36 , pl . 2 , f . 25 ; [ nhm card ]\namata punctata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ticaonis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 24 , pl . 2 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ]\namata xanthostidsa hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : philippines , manila\namata hirayamae matsumura , 1927 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 19 ( 1 ) : 74 , pl . 4 , f . 14 \u2640 ; tl : formosa\namata ( syntomis ) transcaspica obraztsov , 1941 ; acta mus . zool . , kijev univ 1 : 138 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : [ transcaspia , krasnovodsk ]\namata ( syntomis ) hissarica stschetkin , 1979 ; tr . vsesoyuz . ent . obshch . 61 : 127 ; tl : [ tadjikistan , hissar range , varzob ravine , gushchary , 1400m ]\nsyntomis ( amata ) ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 95 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\n= amata germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\n= amata divisa divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 141 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata xanthopleura hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : uganda , e . busoga\namata ( syntomis ) fenestrata ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 96 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 99 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) lucerna ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 112 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) flava ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 115 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) pascus ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 116 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) acrospila ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 118 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata ( syntomis ) confluens ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 121 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) euryzona ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 123 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) perixanthia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 127 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) persimilis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 126 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 129 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) dichotoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 136 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) concurrents ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 137 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 139 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) handelmazzettii ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 143 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 144 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) szechuana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 147 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) yunnanensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 148 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 457\namata ( syntomis ) davidi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 151 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) masoni ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 153 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) menia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 154 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 455\namata ( syntomis ) grotei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 157 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) sladeni ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 159 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) hunana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 162 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 454\namata ( syntomis ) naderii de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 113 ; tl : iran , ilam , ghalajeh - pass , 2000m\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 315 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) caspia ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 363 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata ( syntomis ) bicincta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 368 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 450\namata cyanea hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 8 ; tl : uganda , mbale , mt kokanjero\namata n ' tebi [ = ntebi ] bethune - baker , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 41 ) : 531 ; tl : n ' tebi , uganda\namata huebneri ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob6 ] , 23 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\namata ( syntomis ) germana germana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) germana hirayamae ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 106 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) germana genzana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 106 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) sinensis sinensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 131 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) divisa divisa ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 141 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) divisa disrupta ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 142 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) xanthoma xanthoma ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 146 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 456\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis ganssuensis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 320 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis herzi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 321 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) ganssuensis melanocera ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 322 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata chloroscia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 37 , pl . 2 , f . 26 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata cholmlei ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 32 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata choneutospila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 , pl . 2 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata chroma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata chromatica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 7 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata congener ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 39 , pl . 2 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata consimilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 26 , pl . 2 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata cuprizonata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 27 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata endocrocis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata heptaspila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata lagosensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 7 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata magistri ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata monticola ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 42 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata paradelpha ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]\namata phaeobasis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 28 , pl . 2 , f . 17 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata phaeochyta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 18 , pl . 1 , f . 28 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]\namata phepsalotis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 22 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ]\namata prosomoea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata rubritincta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 , pl . 2 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata tripunctata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata tritonia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata xanthosoma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 14 , pl . 1 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata xanthura ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 21 , pl . 2 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\namata ( syntomis ) fenestrata ab . sepulcrorum ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 96 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 452\namata ( syntomis ) confluens ab . leechi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 123 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 451\namata ( syntomis ) persica ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 163 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 106\namata ( syntomis ) hyrcana sharestana de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 113 ; tl : w - iran , luristan , bisheh , 1200 - 1700m\namata ( syntomis ) wiltshirei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 164 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 104\namata symphona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mob6 ] , 22\namata ( syntomis ) germana germana ab . kolthoffi ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 103 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) germana hirayamae ab . nitobei ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 107 ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 453\namata ( syntomis ) nigricornis nigricornis ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 307 ; de freina , 2010 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 116\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri kruegeri ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 260 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 104\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri marjana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 266 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105\namata ( syntomis ) kruegeri odessana ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 271 ; de freina , 2008 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 28 ( 3 / 4 ) : 106\namata ( syntomis ) harandii de freina & naderi , 2008 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 3 / 4 ) : 105 , f . 1 ; tl : iran , khuzestan , izeh , 400m\namata ( syntomis ) sovinskiji obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 324 , f . 64 , pl . 26 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : [ uzbekistan ] north namangan , padsha - ata\namata ( syntomis ) dinara de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 108 ; tl : west - iran , buyer ahmad - o - kuhgilui , kuh - e - dinar\namata ( syntomis ) maracandina pamira obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 355 , f . 74 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 7 ; tl : [ tadjikistan ] south pamir , langar , vachan\namata ( syntomis ) kamarana de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 109 ; tl : iran , esfahan , fereidun shar s , gardanes - ye - kamaran , 2900 - 3200m\namata alberti ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 24 ; [ nhm card ]\namata albicornis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 41 ; [ nhm card ]\namata connectens ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 37 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 33 ; [ nhm card ]\namata fruhstorferi ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ]\namata snelleni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 35 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 29 ; [ nhm card ]\namata ( syntomis ) dinara esfahanica de freina , 2010 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 31 ( 3 ) : 101 , 109 ; tl : iran , chakarmahal - va - bakhtiyari , borujen s , dorahun 6km s , 1850m - 2100m\namata phoenicozona ; arora , 1980 , rec . zool . surv . india 77 ( 1 - 4 ) : 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 62\namata ( syntomis ) sheljuzhkoi obraztsov , 1966 ; ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 272 , f . 16 , 6 , pl . 20 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl :\ndaghestan , dorf ussuch - tschaj bei achty , 800m\namata ( syntomis ) beluchistana de freina , 2008 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 29 ( 1 / 2 ) : 89 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : iran . balucestan , kuh - e - taftan , jam chin , 2500m\namata nigrobasalis ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 375 , pl . 3 , f . 28 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 44 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata pembertoni ; rothschild , 1912 , novit . zool . 19 : 376 , pl . 3 , f . 45 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 16 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\namata elongata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 38 , pl . 2 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 60\namata madurensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 61\nhampson ; seitz , 1912 - 1913 : 63 ; holloway , 1976 : 1 .\nthis is a small species with transparent patches on the wings in similar positions to those of the elisa group but with the discal one of the forewing distinctly smaller than the distal and posterior ones . each segment is narrowly ringed yellow , each ring constricted or broken dorsally .\nthis species has narrow forewings and white abdominal rings as in brooksi . the forewing patches are relatively much enlarged but also elongated ; the apex is very massively marked with white as in stellaris snellen . in the male genitalia ( perak specimen ) the aedeagus vesica has a single row of cornuti , those in the centre of the row longest , those in its basal part moderate , and those in the distal part small . the right valve is triangular as in brooksi but the costal angle is obtuse rather than acute ; the distal edge of the triangle is densely invested with short , dark setae . these setae spread over a more irregular area on the slightly tapering left valve . the basal costal processes are similar to those of stellaris .\n= syntomis ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 59\n= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]\n= ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ aucl ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; obraztsov , 1966 , ver\u00f6ff . zool . stsamml . 10 : 10 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; lu , chen & wu , 2012 , shilap revta lepid . 40 ( 160 ) : 448 ; [ afromoths ]"]}
{"id": 2164, "summary": [{"text": "cantharis is a large genus of soldier beetles in the family cantharidae with narrow and soft elytra .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the poisonous spanish fly is superficially similar and is associated with the scientific name cantharis vesicatoria .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is also sometimes called \" cantharis \" in the vernacular , but it is actually unrelated to cantharis and is not a member of the cantharidae at all .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was classified there erroneously until johan christian fabricius corrected its name in his systema entomologiae in 1775 .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "he reclassified the spanish fly in the new genus lytta as lytta vesicatoria .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it belongs to the family meloidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "cantharis", "paragraphs": [". . . 202 cantharis 200 cantharis ssneas 206 cantharis albida 207 cantharis aszelianus 206 cantharis atrata 206 cantharis cinerea 206 cantharis marginata 206 cantharis nuttalli 206 cantharis politus 206 cantharis vesicatoria 200 cantharis . . .\ncystitis is treated with 30c of homeopathic cantharis every half hour , with up to six doses . minor burns are treated with 30c of cantharis every 15 minutes for four doses . blisters are treated with 6c of cantharis four times a day until the pain disappears . burns may be treated locally with water containing a few drops of cantharis tincture . shingles may be treated with an ointment made with 3x of cantharis .\ncantharis is available in a multi - dose tube , with approx . 80 pellets .\nthe following are the main indications for cantharis . [ 2 ] , [ 3 ]\nclarke , john henry .\ncantharis .\na dictionary of practical materia medica . urltoken .\nthe map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term \u00abcantharis\u00bb in the different countries .\nof the word \u00abcantharis\u00bb during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term \u00abcantharis\u00bb appears in digitalised printed sources in english between the year 1500 and the present day .\ncantharis .\ngale encyclopedia of alternative medicine . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\ncantharis i jnnaeus 1758 tekphoms schaeffer 1 766 d\u00abto\u00bb0d ? . r motschulsky 1860 orcj & d motschulsky 1860 absidiella wittmer 1972 subgenus cantharis ( sensu stricto ) linnaeus 1758 subgenus cyrtomoptila motschulsky 1 860 twenty - two . . .\nexcessive doses of cantharis may cause symptoms of cantharidin toxicity including burning pain , vomiting , and frequent urge to urinate .\nthe belladonna , phosphorus , mercurius , sepia , and sulphur homeopathic remedies may be used to complement the activity of cantharis . homeopathic remedies that serve as antidotes are aconite , apis , camphora , kali nit . , and pulsatilla . cantharis serves as an antidote for the homeopathic remedies alcohol , camphora , and vinegar . homeopathic coffea and cantharis are incompatible .\nthe inflammatory action of cantharis is always intense , and violently destructive in its character , so that it may be indicated in gangrene of any organ or part , following any inflammatory disease . of other sexual diseases cantharis may be . . .\ncantharis .\ngale encyclopedia of alternative medicine . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nanother vehement drug of storm and stress , tamed by hahnemann , till it acts as veritable oil on the waters , is cantharis . cantharis is very like lilium tigrinum in some of its symptoms , mental and physical , and very unlike in others .\ncantharis is a homeopathic remedy that contains a toxic substance called cantharidin from the insect lytta vesicatoria , commonly known as the spanish fly or blister beetle . people use cantharis topically to heal burns and blisters , and orally to treat bladder inflammation ( cystitis ) . although homeopathic remedies are greatly diluted and generally not associated with side effects , high concentrations of cantharis are poisonous . people should only buy cantharis from a reputable homeopathic practitioner and should not use higher - strength concentrations than those provided in the standard homeopathic remedy .\ncantharis is a homeopathic remedy obtained from the insect lytta vesicatoria ; common names are spanish fly or blister beetle . this beetle lives on honeysuckle and olive trees in western asia and southern europe . it is bright green and about 0 . 5 in ( 1 . 3 cm ) in length . other names for cantharis include : cantharis vesicator , n . o . insecta , and coleoptera .\nbelow are the strongest indications ( i . e . symptoms ) of cantharis in traditional homeopathic usage , not reviewed by the fda .\ngreen , j . w . 1940 . taxonomic studies in cantharis ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . entomologica americana 20 : 159 - 217\nhomeopathic remedies are chosen based upon the specific set of symptoms and traits displayed by each patient . in general , cantharis is used to treat conditions characterized by burning pain and strong thirst but no urge to drink . conditions for which cantharis is indicated will typically worsen rapidly .\nthe active principe of the cantharis , or spanish fly , a volatile , acrid , bitter solid , crystallizing in four - sided prisms .\nwhat made you want to look up cantharis ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nbut apply tincture cantharis 6x over the affected part and it will reduce the burning pain . if it evaporates , the tincture can be applied again . if you do not have tincture cantharis 6x , you may heat some alcohol ( brandy , whiskey , etc . ) and apply it .\nmckey - fender , d . 1950 . notes on cantharis iii . pan - pacific entomologist 26 : 25 - 33 , 61 - 79 .\ncantharis is typically used for disorders involving the mucous membranes , especially in the urinary tract and to a lesser degree the gastrointestional and respiratory systems .\nfrom english to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word \u00abcantharis\u00bb in english .\ntraugott m . 2003 . the prey spectrum of larval and adult cantharis species in arable land : an electrophoretic approach . pedobiologia 47 : 161 - 169 .\ncantharis is also used to treat burns or skin conditions that resemble burns . it is used for sunburn , blisters , skin eruptions , and insect bites . symptoms associated with burns for which cantharis is indicated include blister formation , searing pain , and relief upon application of a cold compress . this remedy can relieve the pain associated with second or third degree burns . cantharis is indicated for blisters that are burning and itching and feel better upon application of a cold compress .\ncantharis vesicatoria ( canth . ) is available from our online store as a single remedy , and as part of the following complex ( combination remedy ) : burns .\n\\ sauter , viii _ 7 _ 09\u201d , [ h ] \u201ccantharis \\ davidis fairm . \u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus ( s . str . ) \\ cribrip\nlarge doses of cantharis or a cantharis remedy that is not properly diluted can also cause severe gastrointestinal effects . these may include abdominal pain , burning sensations in the throat and mouth , difficulty swallowing , severe vomiting and diarrhea . cantharidin is caustic , and when it is not diluted properly it can cause inflammation , erosion and hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract .\nhomeopathy treats a person ' s whole being , mental and physical . the patient who needs cantharis can be confused and have odd ideas , may be maniacal and demonstrate raging fury or sexual frenzy , or may loose consciousness . the cantharis patient may be restless and excitable . he or she may be extremely thirsty but have difficulty swallowing . also , the patient may have no appetite and a strong avoidance of food . other mental problems that can be treated with cantharis include : excessive desire for sex ( nymphomania ) , severe anxiety , screaming , querulousness ( constant complaining ) , and insolence ( being overbearing ) .\nray calls the male of this species scarabaeus lampyris sordide nigricans corpore longo angusto , five cicindela mas 5 and the other , or female , cicindela impennis five foemina . cantharis elytris nigrieantihas , thoraee rahro , nigra tnaczzla .\neffective cure of urinary calculi have been prescribed by practitioners in unani system of medicine [ 47 ] , while in homoeopathic system of medicine , berberis vulgaris , cantharis spp . , and lycopodium spp . are being use .\ncantharis is characterized by a violent and aggressive action on the tissues . it is used mainly in disorders involving the mucous membranes , especially in the urinary tract , and to a lesser extent the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems . [ 1 ]\ncantharis . vesicatoria . this drug - personality is by no means limited to urinary complaints only in its scope , but the fact is that other complaints of other systems must also be attended with the characteristic urinary symptoms for the . . .\nhomeopathic canthous is prepared from the entire beetle , dried and powdered . it is commercially available as a homeopathic liquid or tablet . because of the toxic nature of cantharis , the tincture ( an alcoholic extract ) requires a doctor ' s prescription .\nlarge doses of cantharidin ( the poison produced by the spanish fly found in cantharis ) can cause a burning pain in the stomach and throat , difficulty swallowing , violent vomiting , diarrhea , frequent urges to urinate , and possibly convulsions and coma .\nwhen taken orally in excessive amounts , cantharis may provide toxic levels of cantharidin . cantharidin can cause burning pain in the urinary tract , frequent urges to urinate , kidney damage and kidney failure . some individuals consume excessive amounts of cantharis or take illegal higher - strength substances because spanish fly has traditionally been used as a sexual stimulant . it also can result in priapism , a condition involving a painful erection lasting for several hours . priapism should be considered a medical emergency because it can lead to permanent damage .\nthe spanish fly produces a toxic substance called cantharidin . cantharidin is a strong poison that primarily affects the urinary tract and causes burning pain and vomiting . cantharidian is caustic and causes skin blistering . since homeopathy is based on the law of similars , a doctrine that says to treat a symptom with a diluted remedy that produces the same symptom is stronger amounts , this homeopathic remedy is used for illnesses that have burning pain as a symptom . because cantharis is a member of the animal kingdom , its activity excites the passions of animals . as such , cantharis is indicated for anger that is very severe with fits of rage . likewise , cantharis is indicated for conditions of the body that are extreme , ie . pain that is stabbing , burning , and sharp .\nwas attracted to light . . . . . related to lampyridae but unable to produce light . . . biological control agent of number of pests hence highly desirable , . . adults important predators of aphids . . . minor pollinators . . . possibly cantharis sp .\na bee - i the cantharis vesicatoria in shape though carrot root ; cholesterin . lfiower . ) the flowers of carthamus tlnc _ . of an undetermined species of canna , known by the french name tous lea mois . it possesses the chemical properties of . . .\na major revision of rhagonycha , as a subgenus of cantharis , was done by green ( 1940 ) . brown ( 1940 ) described three new species of arctic podabrus ( now belonging to dichelotarsus ) and green ( 1947 , 1948 ) added further contributions concerning that genus . mckey - fender ( 1950 ) partly revised cantharis ( now belonging to atalantycha and rhaxonycha ) . however , since those publications , the former genus cantharis has been divided into five different genera : atalantycha ( kazantsev 2005 ) , cantharis , pacificanthia ( kazantsev 2001 ) , rhagonycha ( fender 1971 ) and rhaxonycha ( ramsdale 2002 ) . more recently , dichelotarsus , described by motschulsky in 1860 , and long considered as a subgenus of podabrus in europe , was restored by kasantsev ( 1992 ) . fender ( 1951 ) produced a major contribution concerning malthodes that included all eastern north american species . trypherus , then newly discovered in canada , was revised by fender ( 1960 ) . finally , green ( 1966 ) revised silis ( including the species now in ditemnus ) , described many new species , but none in our area . downie and arnett ( 1996 ) provided keys and brief descriptions of northeastern north american species .\nthe taxonomy of cantharidae is relatively well known in canada and the united states due to the extensive work of kenneth m . fender , dorothy mckey - fender and john w . green . cantharis , the nominate genus , was described by linnaeus in 1758 with c . fusca as the type species . cantharis rufa and c . livida ( both introduced in north america ) were among the first species of the family to be named by linnaeus . thomas say described 12 cantharids under the name cantharis between 1823 and 1835 ( say 1823 , 1825 , 1835 ) . during much of the 19th century , the name \u00abcantharidae\u00bb was used for beetles now included in the family meloidae . the first nearctic revision of the family was done by leconte in 1851 who also described many species of telephorus , which were then assigned to the subfamily telephorinae of the larger family lampyridae , but which are now included in cantharis and related genera . leconte described many species of podabrus between 1850 and 1881 ( leconte 1850 , 1866a , 1866b , 1881 ) , as well as some species of malthinus and malthodes ( sometimes as malthinus ) . fall ( 1928 ) revised podabrus and described many new species . all the primary types of leconte and fall are at the museum of comparative zoology , were photographed and are available at urltoken .\nthe intense urge to urinate and burning pain are key symptoms for cantharis . cantharis is indicated for the patient who experiences rapid and intense inflammation of the urinary system . there is lower abdominal and lower back pain . the severe burning pain associated with the urinary tract makes the patient afraid to urinate . there is a frequent and urgent need to urinate , however , only small amounts ( drops ) of urine are passed . the urine may contain blood . the patient may experience hydrophobia ( fear of water ) and , although extremely thirsty , cannot drink water or even tolerate seeing or hearing water . a severe , stabbing headache may be present and the patient may avoid bright light .\ncantharis vesicatoria ( canth . ) is prepared from an iridescent green beetle which contains cantharidin , a toxic blistering agent which , in small amounts , has also been used as an aphrodisiac . be warned though , deaths have occurred from its use . in safe homeopathic potencies , however , it is a remedy for inflammation of the mucous or serous membrane , mainly those of the urinary tract , but the respiratory or gastrointestinal membranes may also be affected . symptoms emerge rapidly . inflammations produce intense cutting or burning pains and membranes blister or ulcerate . bright lights or reflective surfaces such as mirrors irritate , and coffee worsens the symptoms . cantharis vesicatoria ( canth . ) has also been used for types of mania .\nhomeopathic remedies are prescribed based on homeopathic principles and after a detailed case taking . the prescription recommendations below are provided only as a guide . it is always recommended to consult with a naturopathic doctor or homeopathic practitioner prior to taking any homeopathic remedies , especially if your health is compromised or if your symptoms do not resolve in a timely fashion . the general recommendations for cantharis include : [ 4 ]\n{\n@ context\n:\nhttp : \\ / \\ / schema . org\n,\n@ type\n:\nnewsarticle\n,\nheadline\n:\ncantharis side effects\n,\nurl\n:\nhttps : \\ / \\ / www . livestrong . com \\ / article \\ / 111529 - cantharis - side - effects \\ /\n,\nthumbnailurl\n:\nhttp : \\ / \\ / photos . demandstudios . com \\ / getty \\ / article \\ / 99 \\ / 229 \\ / md000698 . jpg\n,\ndatecreated\n:\n2010 - 04 - 24t22 : 59 : 00z\n,\narticlesection\n:\nhealth\n,\ncreator\n:\n[ \\\nshelley moore \\\n]\n,\nkeywords\n:\n[ \\\n\\\n]\n}\ncantharis is primarily used to treat cystitis , which is inflammation of the urinary bladder because of infection or irritation . it is also used to treat burns and blisters . spanish fly was traditionally used as an aphrodisiac ( increases sexual desire ) . it was also used to remove warts , treat baldness , increase loss of fluids ( acting as a diuretic ) , and for rheumatic problems ( inflammation and degeneration of the joints ) .\ncantharidae is found in a wide variety of habitats . over the last 20 years , we sampled hundreds of forest stands throughout the province of quebec . based on these studies and on specimen labels from various collections , we can categorize podabrus and dichelotarsus as general forest dwellers . atalantycha and silis were mostly found in hardwood forests and pacificanthia in conifer forests . rhagonycha is more diversified in hardwood and pine forests , marshes and shrubby areas . cantharis and chauliognathus are common in grasslands and forb fields . malthodes is common in mixed and conifer forests in eastern north america .\ncantharids are widely distributed in north america north of mexico . atalantycha , which contains three species , is found only in eastern north america . rhagonycha , podabrus , dichelotarsus and cantharis are widely distributed , with the former two genera being more diversified in the east and dichelotarsus more highly diversified west of the rocky mountains . silis and ditemnus are more diversified in southwestern north america . the large genus malthodes is mostly diversified in western and southern north america , with relatively few species in the northeast . members of chauliognathus are mainly found in the south with only two species in canada .\nand causing a frenzied delirium , simulating hydrophobia symptoms ( anagallis . ) puerperal convulsions . produces most violent inflammation of the whole gastro - intestinal canal , especially lower bowel . oversensitiveness of all parts . irritation . raw , burning pains . hemorrhages . intolerable , constant urging to urinate is most characteristic . gastric , hepatic and abdominal complaints that are aggravated by drinking coffea cruda coffee . gastric derangements of pregnancy . dysuria , with other complaints . increases secretion of mucous membranes , tenacious mucus . the inflammations cantharis produces ( bladder , kidneys , ovaries , meninges , pleuritic and pericardial membranes ) are usually associated with bladder irritation .\nabstractthe following taxonomic or nomenclatural changes are proposed : themus ( s . str . ) regalis ( gorham , 1889 ) , nom . rest . ; themus ( s . str . ) scutulatus wittmer , 1983 = themus ( s . str . ) hmong kazantsev , 2007 , syn . n . ; themus ( telephorops ) coelestis ( gorham , 1889 ) = themus violetipennis wang & yang , 1992 , syn . n . ; themus ( telephorops ) uniformis wittmer , 1983 , stat . n . = themus ( telephorops ) cribripennis wittmer , 1983 , syn . n . ; themus ( haplothemus ) licenti pic , 1938 , stat . rev . , resurrected from synonymy with themus coriaceipennis ( fairmaire , 1889 ) ; lycocerus aenescens ( fairmaire , 1889 ) = lycocerus tcheonanus ( pic , 1922 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus asperipennis ( fairmaire , 1891 ) = lycocerus wangi ( \u0161vihla , 2004 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus borneoensis nom . n . for athemellus atricolor ( wittmer , 1972 ) ; lycocerus bilineatus ( wittmer , 1995 ) = lycocerus amplus ( wittmer , 1995 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus fairmairei nom . n . et stat . rev . for athemus dimidiaticrus ( fairmaire , 1889 ) , originally in telephorus , resurrected from synonymy with lycocerus orientalis ( gorham , 1889 ) ; lycocerus confossicollis ( fairmaire , 1891 ) , comb . n . hereby transferred from cantharis = lycocerus multiimpressus ( wittmer , 1997 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus inopaciceps ( pic , 1926 ) = athemus ( athemellus ) bimaculicollis ( \u0161vihla , 2005 ) , syn . n . ; lycocerus nigratus nom . n . for lycocerus nigricolor ( wittmer , 1972 ) , originally in podabrinus ; lycocerus plebejus ( kiesenwetter , 1874 ) = lycocerus brunneonotaticeps ( pic , 1922 ) , syn . n . = cantharis rufonotaticeps pic , 1921 syn . n . ; lycocerus swampingatus ( pic , 1916 ) , comb . n . , hereby transferred from cantharis . the neotypes of themus violetipennis wang & yang , 1992 and athemus ( s . str . ) maculithorax wang & yang , 1992 are designated respectively .\ncompare : cantharis - ( glomerular nephritis ) . the immediate pharmacological action of cantharidin is irritability of the capillaries , rendering the passage of nutritive fluids through them less difficult . this is most marked in the capillaries of the kidneys . the increase of blood sugar coincident with the glomerular nephritis appears to be a valuable observation . vesicaria vesicaria - ( urinary and kidney remedy . smarting , burning sensation along urethra and in bladder with frequent desire to void urine often with strangury . cystitis irritable bladder . tincture 5 - 10 drop doses ) . fuschina coloring substance used in adulteration of wine ( cortical nephritis with albuminuria , 6th - thirtieth potency redness of ears , mouth , swollen gums ; deep , red urine ; red , profuse diarrhoea , with severe abdominal pains ) . androsace lactea ( urinary troubles , diuretic ; dropsy ) . apis mel apis ; ars . ; mercurius corrosivus merc . cor .\nthough species are well defined taxonomically , existing keys for many genera can be used only for identifying males . some characters used in the previously published keys were complex and confusing , making identification of many species difficult . as an example , green ( 1940 ) only used claws of the first pair of legs of males in rhagonycha ( as cantharis ) to separate many species because of the great variability of this character . however , for many species , according to our data , males usually represent about 20 % of the adult population and not more than 1 % in rhagonycha fraxini . in such cases , the available identification keys are almost useless for separating most specimens . for that reason , we decided to use the claws of the metathoracic legs of both sexes , which are similar and less variable but , combined with other characters , like the front margin of the clypeus , elytral pilosity and pronotum shape , help to separate all species in both sexes . we hope that this publication will help students , amateurs , technicians and entomologists to easily identify most species , including female specimens .\nwhile above self - limiting or acute complaints are suitable for home treatment , see your healthcare provider if symptoms worsen or fail to improve . chronic or persistent complaints , which may or may not be mentioned above , require a different treatment and dosage protocol so are best managed by a qualified homeopath for good results .\nfor acute and self - limiting complaints , take one pill or five drops of the remedy every 15 minutes to 4 hours ( 15 minutes for intense symptoms , 4 hours for milder ones ) . once an improvement is noticed , stop dosing and repeat the remedy only if symptoms return . if there is no improvement at all by three doses , choose a different remedy or seek professional guidance .\nif you liked the information on this page you may also enjoy our free weekly newsletter , full of world news on homeopathy . subscribe to it at : urltoken\nnote : all information we provide and comments we make are from the homeopathic perspective . they are not necessarily endorsed by sectors of some governments , medico - pharmaceutical groups , \u201cskeptic\u201d organisations or those unfamiliar with homeopathy . comments , references or links posted by others on this page may not reflect the opinion of homeopathy plus and so should not be seen as an endorsement or recommendation by homeopathy plus . please see a trusted healthcare practitioner for advice on health problems . further information about the purpose of our material may be read in our disclaimer .\ndisclaimer : all material presented on the homeopathy plus website , or within its communications and newsletters , has been sourced from multiple authors and does not necessarily constitute the opinion of homeopathy plus . it is provided for general information and educational purposes only .\nserious injury or illness should not be treated without expert advice , nor should the information we provide be seen as a replacement for a consultation with a trusted healthcare provider . it is your responsibility to seek medical help and diagnosis when appropriate . all remedy - related information provided by homeopathy plus is drawn from homeopathic pharmacopoeias and materia medicas listed by the therapeutic goods administration ( australia ) and referenced worldwide .\nour weekday newsletter has the most recent events and stories on homeopathy from around the world . . . and it ' s completely free !\nthe patient feels better at night and in the morning . also , warmth , gentle massage , and lying flat on the back make the patient feel better . passing gas and burping make the patient feel better . the patient feels worse in the afternoon , during movement , and by drinking cold water or coffee .\nlodkie , andrew , and nicola geddes . the women ' s guide to homeopathy : the natural way to a healthier life for women . new york : st . martin ' s press , 1994 .\nlockie , andrew , and nicola geddes . the complete guide to homeopathy : the principles and practice of treatment with a comprehensive range of self - help remedies for common ailments . new york : dorling kindersley , 1995 .\nhomeopathy educational services . 2124b kittredge street , berkeley , ca 94704 . ( 510 ) 649 - 0294 . [ email protected ]\namerican foundation for homeopathy . 1508 s . garfield , alhambra , ca 91801 .\nnational center for homeopathy . 801 n . fairfax street , suites 306 , alexandria , va 22314 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nin 3x - 30x , 200x , 3c - 30c , 200c , 1m - 50m , cm from $ 6 . 50\nhomeopathic remedies are prescribed on the basis that in a tiny dilution like cures like , so while the very dilute homeopathic remedy may help , the raw product is often best avoided .\nworse , from touch , or approach , urinating , drinking cold water or coffea cruda coffee .\nstomach ; burning sensation of oesophagus and stomach ( carb . ) disgust for everything - drink , food , tobacco\nnymphomania ( platinum metallicum plat . ; hyoscyamus niger hyos . ; lachesis lach . ; stramonium stram . ) puerperal metritis , with inflammation of bladder\npain in glans ( prunus ; pareira brava pareira . ) priapism in gonorrhoea .\nat certain time of day or night ; from 3 p . m . ; lasting 12 hours ( recurring every third day )\nshelley moore is a journalist and award - winning short - story writer . she specializes in writing about personal development , health , careers and personal finance . moore has been published in\nfamily circle\nmagazine and the\nmilwaukee sentinel\nnewspaper , along with numerous other national and regional magazines , daily and weekly newspapers and corporate publications . she has a bachelor of science in psychology .\ntaking cantharadin can cause abnormal blood clotting , which might result in clots that block blood vessels and the blood flow to vital organs . this abnormal clotting activity eventually decimates the supply of clotting proteins , leading to a reversal of the situation where the individual becomes at risk for severe bleeding . signs include excessive bleeding from even minor injuries , vomiting blood , rectal bleeding , vaginal bleeding and copious blood in the urine . cantharadin has also been associated with seizures and cardiac abnormalities .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 leaf group ltd . use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the livestrong . com terms of use , privacy policy and copyright policy . the material appearing on livestrong . com is for educational use only . it should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice , diagnosis or treatment . livestrong is a registered trademark of the livestrong foundation . the livestrong foundation and livestrong . com do not endorse any of the products or services that are advertised on the web site . moreover , we do not select every advertiser or advertisement that appears on the web site - many of the advertisements are served by third party advertising companies .\nsorry , we just need to make sure you ' re not a robot . for best results , please make sure your browser is accepting cookies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nbeekes , robert s . p . ( 2010 ) etymological dictionary of greek ( leiden indo - european etymological dictionary series ; 10 ) , with the assistance of lucien van beek , leiden , boston : brill\nthis page was last edited on 20 march 2018 , at 13 : 06 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthe greek word k\u00e1ntharos denotes various things ( beetle , cup , a kind of boat , a species of fish ) the interrelations of which are far from clear ; possibly several words of distinct origin have merged .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nadult and children 2 years of age and older : dissolve 5 pellets under the tongue 3 times a day until relieved or as directed by a doctor .\nthe letters hpus indicate that this ingredient is officially included in the homeopathic pharmacop\u0153ia of the united states .\nstop use and ask a doctor if symptoms persist for more than 3 days or worsen .\ndo not use if the label sealing the clear tube cap is broken or missing . store at 68 - 77\u00b0f ( 20 - 25\u00b0c ) .\nsign up for our e - newsletter to get coupons and health tips from boiron . email source\n\u00a9 2018 boiron usa , all rights reserved . this site is intended only for residents of the united states .\nalways read and follow label directions . * claims based on traditional homeopathic practice , not accepted medical evidence . not fda evaluated . * * c , k , ck , and x are homeopathic dilutions . learn more .\nthe soldier beetles ( cantharidae ) are rather flat , straight sided and soft - bodied species . they are normally quite colorful , e . g . red and black , hence the common name of the family . there are phytophagous as well as predacious species . the latter prey on aphids , caterpillars and other soft - bodied small insects . they supplement their diet with nectar and pollen . worldwide approx . 4500 species are known , in germany 86 species have been recorded . the small to medium - sized beetles are usually found in forests , on meadows and in gardens . a number of species can visits flowers and blossoms . the larvae feed on small insects , snails and worms . occasionally they can be observed during winter crawling in the snow .\n2004 - 05 - 07 by dr miguel a . alonso - zarazaga & by dr sergey kazantsev\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ngermany , n - hessen , kassel : d\u00f6nche np , ca . 180m asl , 02 . 06 . 2013\ngermany , hessen , bad hersfeld : ottrau , ca . 300 - 400m asl . , 03 . 06 . 2013\nne - germany , brandenburg : vic . doberlug - kirchhain , ca . 50m asl . , 27 . 05 . 2012\ngermany , hessen , bad hersfeld : ottrau , ca . 300 - 400m asl . , 10 . 06 . 2012\ncentral germany , n - hesse , vic . niedenstein : altenburg , 300 - 450m asl . , 14 . 10 . 2016\ngermany , hessen : vic . kassel ( brasselsberg - d\u00f6nche ) ca . 180 - 250m asl . , 21 . 05 . 2015\ngermany , bavaria , regensburg , vic . nittendorf : alpinen steig , 10 . 05 . 2014\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 0d1af9fe - 8898 - 48cf - b031 - 4a3783079c69\nmost species emerge in spring or summer and adults are short lived . they are among the most active flying beetles ( ramsdale 2002 ) . they are predominantly active during the day but they may stop activity if temperature becomes too hot ( ramsdale 2002 ) . many species are also active at night as they were collected in much higher numbers in pitlight traps than in passive pitfall traps ( h\u00e9bert et al . , 2000 ) . being more exposed to predators on the surface of vegetation , they have developed an effective system of chemical defense ( dettner , 1987 ) . adults and larvae possess paired tergal glands that secrete repulsive compounds that serve to reduce their palatability to predators ( ramsdale , 2002 ) .\nthis review was prepared because cantharids were frequently captured in our research projects aimed to determine the impact of forestry practices on beetle diversity in canadian forests . we hope that the publication of a modern tool for identifying cantharid species will enhance interest on their study and thus increase our knowledge on their life history and ecology . this is strongly needed to help interpreting results in biodiversity projects and to improve our understanding of ecosystem functioning .\ncantharids are easily distinguished from other beetles by their soft elytra and their head which is not completely concealed from above . a total of 473 species belonging to 25 genera have been described so far in north america north of mexico . mcnamara ( 1991 ) listed 126 species in canada and suggested that probably 25 undescribed or unrecorded species remained to be added to our fauna .\ncantharid seasonality can also be overviewed on the basis of specimen labels . atalantycha can be found early in spring from april to may in canada . most cantharids ( podabrus , dichelotarsus , rhagonycha , malthodes ) are very active in june , with populations decreasing in july . however , silis , ditemnus and polemius are predominant in july and chauliognathus pensylvanicus is mostly seen in august and september .\nthis publication covers 114 described species that are found in eastern canada and northeastern united states , as defined by downie and arnett ( 1995 ) . the region covered includes newfoundland west to ontario , south to new jersey , pennsylvania , ohio , indiana , illinois and wisconsin . all known species found in manitoba and minnesota are also included as they bordered ontario .\nall the types of leconte and fall were verified by the senior author . however , four species described by miskimen ( 1956 ) from ohio , three belonging to rhagonycha and one to dichelotarsus , have not been verified with the types and have not been incorporated into the key . two of these species were described from a single specimen and in one case from the female only . kazantsev\u2019s ( 2004 ) list of cantharidae of the former ussr was checked in order to verify if some of our arctic species could be synonymised with some palearctic species . four species were suspected as potential synonyms and specimens of two palearctic species were borrowed from european museums to compare with our nearctic species ( the two other species could not be found ) .\nmost cantharid specimens in the canadian national collection , in ottawa , were examined . many specimens from quebec came from the biodiversity project led by christian h\u00e9bert at the laurentian forestry centre . steve marshall from the university of guelph provided many specimens and some ecological data from ontario . reggie webster also provided specimens from new brunswick to complete the picture . claude chantal and michel racine gave a substantial number of specimens from quebec for identification or confirmation .\nlive pictures were used with permission of authors from the bug guide site ( urltoken ) . steve marshall also provided a substantial amount of images for this publication .\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthe cantharisis was used as a plot device in the first roald dahl short story about uncle oswald .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. . . inflammation and pain , burning and stinging . 6 . a homeopathic remedy called\n30c is good for bee or wasp stings . 7 . a homepathic remedy c . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhelp us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .\na fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals , as the dog .\n. the plural form in usually applied to the dried insects used in medicine .\nan order of insects having the anterior pair of wings ( elytra ) hard and horny , and serving as coverings for the posterior pair , which are membranous , and folded transversely under the others when not in use . the mouth parts form two pairs of jaws ( mandibles and maxill\u00e6 ) adapted for chewing . most of the coleoptera are known as beetles and weevils .\nthrough months of bittersweet labor , we finally have assembled words together by context . a novel way to search for new and elusive words . hope they help you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neducalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics . we also share information about the use of the site with our social media , advertising and analytics partners .\nis a type of word the meaning of which determines reality . nouns provide the names for all things : people , objects , sensations , feelings , etc .\nand brief extracts from same to provide context of its use in english literature .\nthe amount of information must not be judged by the thickness of the book , for much that is valuable has been considered into a small compass ; thus usefulness has not been sacrificed to brevity .\nross h . arnett , jr , michael c . thomas , paul e . skelley , 2002\n, a homeopathic remedy , can be taken orally , twice a day . seek medical help in cases involving blisters . . .\n, spanish fly , to have america ' s way with it , unrestrained and with impunity .\nointment all over the burn injuries . to the astonishment of the . . .\nd8 , conium maculatum d28 , lycopodium clavatum d28 , phosphorus d8 , diencephalon suis d10 , magnesium phosphoricum d10 . . .\nand arnica , three times daily during the treatment period . loss of appetite is common so . . .\n- comforting for sunburn . lata . srinivasan @ timesgroup . com . article continues . stay updated on the go with times of india news app .\nis said to be good for any burning sensation , from a kitchen burn to cystitis and reflux .\nblatchley , ws . 1910 . an illustrated descriptive catalogue of the coleoptera or beetles ( exclusive of the rhyncophora ) known to occur in indiana . the nature publishing , indianapolis .\nberthiaume , r . , h\u00e9bert , c . , cloutier , c . 2001 . podabrus rugosulus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) , an opportunist predator of mindarus abietinus ( hemiptera : aphididae in christmas tree plantations . the canadian entomologist 133 : 151 - 154 .\nbrown , w . j . 1940 . some new species of cantharidae and chrysomelidae ( coleoptera ) . the canadian entomologist 72 : 161 - 166 .\nbousquet , y . , bouchard , p . , lesage , l . , davies , a . , sikes , d . s . 2013 . checklist of beetles ( coleoptera ) of canada and alaska . second edition . agriculture canada . 392 p .\nday , k . r . , docherty , m . , leather , s . r . , kidd , n . a . c . 2006 . the role of generalist insect predators and pathogens in suppressing green spruce aphid populations through direct mortality and mediation of aphid dropping behavior . biological control 38 : 233\u2013246 .\ndettner , k . 1987 . chemosystematics and evolution of beetle chemical defenses . annual review of entomology 32 : 17 - 48 .\ndownie , n . m , arnett , rh . 1996 . the beetle of northeastern north america , volume 1 . introduction , suborder archostemata , adephaga and polyphaga thru superfamily cantharoidea . sandhill crane press . gainesville , fl : 852 - 872 .\nfall , h . c . 1928 . a review of the north american species of podabrus . entomologica americana 8 : 65 - 103 .\nfender , k . m . 1951 . the malthini of north america ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . american midland naturalist 46 : 513 - 629 .\nfender , k . m . 1960 . the ichthyurini of north america ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 36 : 105 - 113 .\nfender , k . m . 1971 . the genus rhagonycha eschscholtz in north america ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 25 : 86 - 87 .\nfender , k . m . 1973 . ecological notes in podabrus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 27 : 11 - 17 .\ngreen , j . w . 1947 . new eastern american species of podabrus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . transactions of the american entomological society 73 : 63 - 67 .\ngreen , j . w . 1948 . new eastern american species of podabrus ii ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . transactions of the american entomological society 74 : 75 - 82 .\ngreen , j . w . 1966 . revision of the nearctic species of silis ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . proceeding of the california academy of sciences 32 : 447 - 513 .\nh\u00e9bert , c . , jobin , l . , fr\u00e9chette , m . , pelletier , g . , coulombe , c . , germain , c . , auger , m . 2000 . an efficient pit - light trap to study beetle diversity . journal of insect conservation 4 : 191\u2013202 .\nkazantsev , s . 1992 . contribution to the knowledge of palearctic cantharidae ( coleoptera ) . notes on dichelotarsus motschulsky . entomologica basiliensa 15 : 267 - 277 .\nkazantsev , s . 2001 . new cantharid genus from north america and far east asia . elytron 15 : 43 - 48 .\nkazantsev , s . 2004 . a checklist of cantharidae ( coleoptera ) of the ex - ussr . russian entomological journal 13 : 23 - 34 .\nkazantsev , s . 2005 . a review of ancistronycha m\u00e4rkek with the description of atalantycha , a new nearctic genus ( coleoptera : cantharidae ) . the coleopterists bulletin 59 : 204 - 210 .\nleconte , j . l . 1850 . remarks on the coleoptera of lake superior . in : j . l . r . agassiz & j . e . cabot . lake superior . boston , massachusetts . pp . 201 - 242 .\nleconte , j . l . 1851 . synopsis of the lampyridae of temperate north america . proceedings of the california academy of natural science 5 : 331 - 347 .\nleconte , j . l . 1866a . additions to coleopterous fauna of united states . number 1 . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 19 : 361 - 394 .\nleconte , j . l . 1866b . new species of north american cole\u00f3ptera . part i . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 2nd edition : 1 - 177 .\nleconte , j . l . 1881 . synopsis of the lampyridae of the united states . transactions of the american entomological society 9 : 15 - 72 .\nmcnamara , j . 1991 . family cantharidae soldier beetles . pp . 192 - 195 . in : y . bousquet , ed . checklist of the beetles of canada and alaska . publication1861 / e . research branch , agriculture canada . ottawa .\nmensah , r . k . , madden , j . l . 1994 . conservation of two predator species for biological control of chrysophtharta bimaculata ( col . : chrysomelidae ) in tasmanian forests . entomophaga 39 : 71 - 83 .\nmiskimen , g . w . 1956 . a faunal list of the cantharidae ( cantharidae ) of ohio with descriptions of new species . ohio journal of science 53 : 129 - 134 .\nramsdale , a . s . 2002 . 64 . cantharidae inhoff 1856 . in : arnett , r . h . , thomas , m . c . , skelley , p . e . , frank , j . h . american beetles . crc press . boca raton , fl : 202 - 218 .\nsay , t . 1823 . descriptions of coleopterous insects collected in the late expedition to the rocky mountains performed by order of mr . calhoun , secretary of war , under command of major long . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 3 : 9 - 54 , 73 - 104 , 139 - 216 .\nsay , t . 1825 . descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects . journal of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 5 : 160 - 204 .\nsay , t . 1835 . descriptions of new north american coleopterous insects , and observations on some already described . boston journal of natural history , 1 : 151 - 203 .\nway , m . j . , banks , c . j . 2001 . population studies on the active stages of the black bean aphid , aphis fabae scop . , on its winter host euonymus europaeus l . annals of applied biology 62 : 177 - 197 .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nlines of the same label . \ue01ee additional specimens are transliterated from chinese labels ,\n( gorham , 1889 ) should be restated as the valid name for this species .\n( mnhn ) : [ h ] \u201cfokien\u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus \\ rugosus \\ n .\nsp . \u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus \\ ( telephorops ) \\ coelestis \\ ( gorh . ) \\ det . w . wittmer\u201d , [ h ] \u201ctype\u201d ,\n\u201d [ 4 . viii . 1988 \\ leg . shu - yong wang ] .\n1450\u20131550m , 13 . vii . 1998 , leg . de - cheng yuan .\n( izas ) : neixiang , baoyunman , 21 . vii . 2001 , leg . fu - qiang\n( nhmb ) : \u201cdabieshan , 65km sw huoshan , 1400m , 21 . \u201324 .\n( izas ) : hefeng , shayuan , 30 . vii . 1989 , leg .\n( izas ) : jiulianshan , huangniushi , 19 . vi . 1975 , leg .\n( izas ) : longnan , jiulianshan , 17 . vi . 1975 , leg . you - wei zhang .\n( izas ) : sangzhi , tianpingshan , 700\u20131450m , 14 . viii . 1988 ,\n1 . vi . 1960 , leg . fu - ji pu ; 11 spec . ( nhmb ) : \u201cfukien , kuatun , 15 . viii . 1946 ,\ntschung - sen leg . \u201d ; 5 spec . ( nhmb ) : \u201ckuatun , 26 . vii . 1946\u201d ; 6 spec . ( nhmb ) : same\ndata , 11 . vii . 1946 ; 5 spec . ( nhmb ) : same data , 16 . viii . 1946 ; 4 spec . ( nhmb ) :\n( izas ) : longsheng , tianpingshan , 740m , 17 . vi . 1963 , leg .\n( izas ) : maoershan , tongmujiang , 800m , 15 . vii . 1985 , leg .\nping , 1600m , 2 . viii . 2001 , leg . kang - zhen dong .\nsent level , and neotype allows us to satisfy a better comparision . fortunately , a female\ndesignated by wang and yang ( 1992 ) , was found in izas during our study . its mor\n( nhmb ) : [ p ] \u201csuisharyo \\ formosa \\ h . sauter , x . 1911\u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus s . str . \\ cri\nvietnam ) in the aedeagus , except the di\ue01cerence in the elytra coloration from the latter .\n( mnhn ) : [ p ] \u201c\ue01eibet \\ t\u00e0tsi\u00e9nlo\u00f9 \\ m . f .\nbiet\u201d , [ h ] \u201ctelephorus \\ coriaceipennis \\ n . sp . \u201d , [ h ] \u201c\ue01eemus ( s . str . ) \\ coriaceipennis \\\nestry station , 1200m , 20 . vii . 2001 , leg . kang - zhen dong .\n\u201cszechuen , yao gi , nr mupin , 7400ft . , 15 . vii . 1929 , d . c . graham\u201d ; 1\n\u201cmu san tsai , 10km nw weichow , 8700ft . , 26 . \u201328 . vi . 1933 , d . c . graham\u201d ; 1\n( izas ) : luding , xinxing , yanzigou , 1560m , 7 . viii . 2004 , leg . ming bai .\nmaire , 1889 ) by wittmer ( 1983a ) . however , examination of the holotypes of both\nmarking in middle , abdominal sternite viii of female ( see wittmer 1983a : \ue01dg . 111 )\nsternite viii of female ( fig . 22 ) slightly concaved on both sides of the middle emar"]}
{"id": 2168, "summary": [{"text": "ascalenia semnostola is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1897 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it was described from new south wales ( australia ) , but has also been recorded from south africa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "this species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three-sided chamber with silk .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the adults have a wingspan of 8-12mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "ascalenia semnostola", "paragraphs": ["ascalenia semnostola - urdu meaning and translation of ascalenia semnostola , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of ascalenia semnostola and more .\nascalenia semnostola is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1897 . it was described from new south wales ( australia ) , but has also been recorded from south africa .\nhave a fact about ascalenia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about ascalenia plumbata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia plumbata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about ascalenia praediata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for ascalenia praediata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzimbabwe , bulawayo , matopo national park , 28\u201330 . xi . 1993 , leg . w . mey & k . ebert .\nbengtsson b . a . 2014 . the afrotropical scythrididae . - esperiana memoir 7 : 1\u2013361 .\nthis species feeds on acacia decurrens forming an elongate three - sided chamber with silk . the adults have a wingspan of 8 - 12mm .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2172, "summary": [{"text": "the house finch ( haemorhous mexicanus ) is a bird in the finch family fringillidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is native to western north america , and has been introduced to the eastern half of the continent and hawaii .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species and the other \" american rosefinches \" are placed in the genus haemorhous . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "house finch", "paragraphs": ["house finch | life histories of north american birds | a . c . bent\nhouse _ finch _ male _ 1 _ 12 - 09 - 12 . jpg\nhouse _ finch _ male _ badeye _ 12 - 09 - 12 . jpg\nbaby birds - house finch - mom and dad feeding four babies in the nest .\nthe oldest known house finch lived up to 11 years and 7 months in the wild . most house finches probably live much shorter lives .\npurple finch purple finch females have a distinct white eyeline , while males have more extensive red on the breast and flanks .\nbirds , familiar : house finch , life histories of north american birds , a . c . bent\ndiet : house finch feeds primarily on grains and seeds , buds and fruits . it may also eat some flowers parts and insects such as beetles larvae and plant lice . house finch is mainly vegetarian .\npower dm , human g ( 1976 ) a local occurrence of avian pox in the house finch .\ncan someone describe the general look of the finch house from to kill a mockingbird using direct . . .\na house finch nest . wikimedia commons photo - see more pictures of nests , eggs , young and adults .\nelliott jj , arbib rs ( 1953 ) origin and status of the house finch in the eastern united states .\nsome ornithologists feel the house finch has vastly curtailed the numbers of house sparrows in new england . we have had several people tell us that when large numbers of house finch are present at the feeding stations , house sparrows seem to leave or at least their numbers become less . in fact the house finches are one of the few birds that are aggressive enough to keep house sparrows out of a birdhouse or evict them . the problem with attracting house finch to a bird house is the opening required is two inches in diameter , so they easily succumb to the larger european starling .\nthe total house finch population across north america is staggering . scientists estimate between 267 million and 1 . 4 billion individuals .\nthe coloring of the male house finch can range from deep red to golden yellow , depending on available diet during molting .\nspeaking of parasites , let\u2019s talk about the complex relationship between house finch feather colour and parasite infection . several studies , including\nfour years ago i summarized a study on house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) adaptability led by alexander badyaev , an evolutionary ecologist , at auburn university in alabama - see - sciencewatch - house finch adaptability : mother knows best ! ( september 2002 ) .\nthroughout their range , many house finch populations migrate , either short distances latitudinally or altitudinally . before 1945 , populations of house finches in the okanogan valley migrated south , but since 1945 , house finches in this area have been resident .\nzahn sn , rothstein si ( 1999 ) recent increase in male house finch plumage variation and its possible relationship to avian pox disease .\nthe diet of the house finch consists primarily of plant food , although they will eat a few insects and feed them to their young in spring . the house finch ' s natural diet is weed seeds and occasionally fruit . they will regularly extract seed from winter berries .\nthe house finch currently has a rating of least concern . this is a downgraded rating from a 2000 rating of lower risk . at this time there are no immediate concerns or threats regarding this bird species due to the fact that both the population and the range of this bird are large enough for there to be no concerns regarding decline . the house finch has a range of nearly 8 million square kilometers . the population of the house finch is estimated to be around 21 million individuals . the house finch is native to the united states , mexico and canada .\nhill , g . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) . pp . 1 - 24 in a poole , f gill , eds .\nbadyaev av , hill ge ( 2000 ) the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the house finch . i . population divergence in morphological covariance structure .\nmycoplasma gallisepticum is an emergent pathogen of wild passerine birds , primarily the american house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) in which m . more . . .\ninitially the house finch was a bird of the west , but because of its rosy breast and very melodic song , people wanted to own one .\nthis is a baby house finch . i ' m feeding him baby birdie formula . house finches are one of the few birds that will eat themselves to death so we are careful how much we feed them .\nthe house finch is slightly larger than goldfinches and is streaked with brown on the back and flanks . its short , heavy bill has a curved culmen .\nit is highly unlikely . although the disease occurs throughout the range of the eastern house finch , reports of sick birds indicate that only a small percentage of the flock shows signs of infection . even though mg may become established in wild finch populations , the excellent adaptability of the house finch that established it as an eastern breeding bird probably will ensure its continued presence at our feeders and in our towns .\nno . house finch eye disease has been present since the early 1990s and biologists think it has reached somewhat of an equilibrium in the eastern house finch population ; only 5 - 10 % of individuals are thought to be infected , and house finch populations seem to be doing well overall . so , you don\u2019t have to stop feeding birds , but there are some precautions you can take if you are concerned about the disease at your feeders ( read on ! ) .\npurple finch has bill more pointed , tail shorter and notched . male purple finch darker red , with red on nape , back and flanks . undertail coverts unstreaked . female purple finch with obvious white eyestripe and malar stripe , broader streaks on white breast and flanks , and unstreaked undertail coverts .\nhouse finch nestlings often create a\npoop wreath\nof fecal sacs around the edge of the nest , as they positon their butts to defecate there after feeding .\nif not fed on dandelion seeds , the nestlings are given such food as the old ones usually consume but the writer has never detected any animal food in the crops or stomachs of house finch nestlings . this finch has never been seen feeding from the horse manure of the streets .\nthe human modification of natural habitats , particularly the increase of seed feeders throughout the east , greatly benefits the house finch populations . only natural island populations appear to be threatened .\nin the west , the house finch ranges from southern canada to southern mexico , east to nebraska . it was introduced to the east in the 1940 ' s by cage - bird dealers who sold them as\nhollywood finches\nand now is widespread throughout the eastern u . s . the house finch is a social bird and can usually be found in small flocks .\nat western feeding stations just about any feeder and type of food attracts the house finch including suet , all types of birdseed , most fruits , bakery crumbs and nectar at hummingbird feeders .\nhawley dm , hanley d , dhondt aa , lovette ij ( 2006 ) molecular evidence for a founder effect in invasive house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) populations experiencing an emergent disease epidemic .\ndistinguishing the two species is not difficult to the trained eye , but may be confusing to the beginning bird - watcher . the male purple finch is robust , and appears to have an overall raspberry stain , whereas the male house finch is more slender , with its red breast clearly set off from its streaked underparts . the male house finch has faint white wing bars and a conspicuously streaked belly and flank , while the male purple finch has pinkish wing bars and an unstreaked belly and flanks . female house finches have an overall dusky appearance , with the breast streaking blending into a dark background . female purple finches have prominent dark streaking on a whitish belly and a white line above each eye . both male and female purple finches have conspicuous brown patches behind their eyes , while house finches lack this distinctive feature . even though these two birds are closely related , the conjunctivitis - like mycoplasma infection seems to affect mainly the house finch .\nthe house finch exhibits , in common with many other birds , a fondness for maple sap , sipping it as it oozes from the cut branches of a spring pruned tree . the only objection my friends hereabout have against the house finch is that it eats in the spring , leaf and blossom buds from bushes and trees - - for example , lilac bushes and apple trees .\nalmost 100 % of the house finches\u2019 diet is plant matter much of which consists of seeds , plant buds , fruits and berries . at backyard bird feeders they feed on black oil sunflower seed , safflower seed including nutra - saff safflower seed , and nyjer thistle seed . although some people feel that the house finch discourages the goldfinch at thistle feeders , we seem to have both feeding together although the house finch is the more dominant of the two species . if you encounter a problem with high numbers of house finch at a feeder there are several things you can try . the house finch seems to be very fond of safflower seed as well as sunflower seed . so it may help to keep your nyjer thistle feeders in a different location than the other feeders . this can create a loose separation between the house finch and goldfinch . you can also shorten the perches on the nyjer feeders to about \u00bd\u201d making it difficult for the larger house finch to hang on . if it is the house sparrow that is dominating your thistle feeder you can shorten the perches to 5 / 8\u201d inch and problem solved . there are also several different \u201cup - side down\u201d nyjer thistle feeders . these were developed to feed strictly goldfinches as the other birds find it difficult to feed in such a manner .\nthe red , swollen , crusty eyes in this house finch are the result of a highly - contagious infection caused by the bacterium mycoplasma gallisepticum . credit : photo by geoffrey e . hill .\nin some parts of california poisoning campaigns have been carried on by orchardists , but the effects , if any , have been local . bergtold ( 1913 ) expressed the fear that the house finch would ultimately be supplanted by the house sparrow in the cities , because of the latter ' s aggressive disposition , superior strength , and longer breeding period . however , the waning of the house sparrow ' s ascendancy in more recent years would seem to lessen that danger , and there is no need to fear for the future of the house finch .\nthe house finches are an entertaining bird species to have in ones backyard . the male house finch has a lovely , joyful song which everyone enjoys . it can be rapid with a cheery warble or a variety of chirps as though carrying on a conversation with his comrades .\nmale and female house finch calls are a sharp cheep made often , including while perched and during flight . you may hear a sharper version of this call as the birds flush from the ground .\nhouse finches are important seed predators and dispersers . also , house finches provide a source of food for birds of prey , snakes , and other predators .\n5 1 / 2\n. sparrow - sized finch with long , only slightly notched tail . bill short , rounded .\ncassin\u2019s finch cassin\u2019s finches have paler bellies and streaking that is more crisp and distinct , as well as a straighter culmen .\nconducted before and after the epidemic found that red males survived better than yellow males , which drove the eastern house finch populations to become more homogenously red than populations in the rest of the country . in\nblood parasites of house finches ( carpodacus mexicanus ) from georgia and new york .\nas its name implies , this new condition is limited mostly to house finches .\no\u2019connor tp ( 1996 ) geographic variation in metabolic seasonal acclimatization in house finches .\nthe adult male cassin ' s has a rose - red or\nold rose\ncolored head . the bright red is restricted to the crown , with a wash , rather than dense color , on the face and breast . in the house finch this bright red includes most of the head and breast . cassin ' s has an unmarked belly , whereas the house finch has brown streakings on the belly and breast .\nwhen brown - headed cowbirds stealthily lay their eggs in house finch nests , their strategy for having other species rear their young fails to work , since house finches are one of the few birds that feed their young almost entirely with seeds , which don\u2019t offer enough protein for the cowbird young .\ndata on the occurrence and spread of house finch conjunctivitis were provided by the cornell laboratory of ornithology and the pennsylvania game commission . partial funding for this fact sheet was provided by pennsylvania ' s wild resource conservation fund .\na group of house finches are collectively known as a\ndevelopment\nof finches .\n, house finches do forage on the ground . when feeding in open areas , house finches prefer to have high perches nearby and / or to feed in large flocks .\nmcclure he ( 1989 ) epizootic lesions of house finches in ventura county , california .\nthe finch family lives on the main residential street in maycomb , next to mrs . rachel haverford ' s home and across the street from miss maudie ' s house . there is a wire fence separating the finch yard from the haverford ' s property , and jem and scout have a treehouse located in their backyard . the finch home sits above ground and has two porches , which are located towards the front and back of the home . throughout the novel , atticus and . . .\nthe house finch is a common visitor to most backyard feeding stations . their bright red chests and sociable behavior make them a feeder favorite ! they gather together at most feeding stations enjoying your food and each others ' company .\nfemale house sparrow has a streaked back , a bold eyestripe , and an unstreaked breast .\nresearchers still don ' t know which genetic changes enabled the pathogen to reach epidemic proportions in house finches . but if the house finch strains have lost the genetic machinery that protected them in poultry , then reintroducing the parasites to the bacteriophages of their former hosts could be one way to control the disease , the scientists say .\nthe oldest known house finch was a female , and at least 11 years , 7 months old when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in new york in 1985 , the same state where she had been banded in 1973 .\na bright red and brown - striped bird of the cities and suburbs , the house finch comes readily to feeders . it also breeds in close association with people , and often chooses a hanging plant in which to put its nest .\nthe pertinacity with which the house finch clings to a chosen nook about a house when their nests are destroyed is amazing , and is equalled only by the english sparrow . i have known five nests with their contents to be destroyed one after another , and each time the same pair set to work with apparent unconcern to build anew .\nwhat do you use to disinfect your feeders ? i have seen a few infected house finches .\nhabitat : house finch lives in semi - arid lowlands and slopes up to 6000 feet . it is adapted to urban environment . we can also find it in desert grasslands , savannahs and open coniferous forests , but it requires a source of water .\nblood parasites of house finches ( carpodacus mexicanus ) from georgia and new york . - pubmed - ncbi\nhouse finches forage on the ground or in weed patches , in flocks except during the breeding season .\nunlike most songbirds which feed their young an insect diet , house finches feed their young regurgitated seeds .\nhouse finches have been known to raise more than two broods in a season but the average two .\nrudolph donath of the communicable disease center , department of health , education , and welfare , atlanta , ga . , writes on oct . 17 , 1958 , that the house finch has been found to carry antibodies of western equine and st . louis encephalitis .\nany of the conditions listed probably indicates house finch conjunctivitis . although many different bacteria , fungi , viruses , and parasites can cause eye inflammation and disease , lab tests have confirmed that this conjunctivitis outbreak is caused by mycoplasma gallisepticum , a well - known bacterium .\nif you see a sick finch , disinfect your feeders . if you wish , you may remove feeders for a few days to encourage sick birds to disperse .\nmale house finches sing a long , jumbled warbling composed of short notes . the song often ends with an upward or downward slur , and lasts about 3 seconds . males may sing throughout the year . females sometimes give a shorter , simpler version of the song . compared with cassin\u2019s and purple finches , house finch songs sound slower , rougher , and somewhat less fluid . the final slurred note is more often heard in house finches than in the other two species .\nthe male house finch has a length of about 5 1 / 2 inches , with red on the head , upper breast and flanks . in some regions the color red may be replaced with yellow or orange . this is due to the differences in regional diets .\nunlike other finches of the genus carpodacus , house finches do forage on the ground . when feeding in open areas , house finches prefer to have high perches nearby and / or to feed in large flocks .\nthe native range of house finches lies west of the great plains , which , with its treeless expanses , historically kept house finches from moving eastward . but people caused them to leap - frog the barrier in 1940 , when house finches were sold as cage birds in new york and some were allowed to escape .\nhouse finches are known to be foragers . that is , they will scour their surroundings \u2013 on the ground \u2013 for suitable food for both the parents and the baby house finches . more than the ground , though , house finches will also hop from tree to tree , bush to bush , to find food .\nthe finch house is a place scout describes in a peaceful tone , except perhaps when she describes the conflicts between her and calpurnia . the finch home on the main street of maycomb is an extension of their neighborhood , and scout describes it as a\ntired old town .\nthough the finch house does not feel particularly tired or old , there is a sense of sadness and quiet inside the home . scout does not remember her mother , but jem does ; he seems to feel her absence acutely at times . atticus is a loving father , but he is reserved at times and keen to read and sit quietly when he is not working ; he too feels the absence of his wife . though scout does not describe the impact of her mother ' s absence in explicit detail , the subtext of this fact is significant to the feelings and emotions that characterize the finch household .\n. - - in relation to the house finch , food is a most important , not to say controversial subject , and it is by all means unwise to arrive at any generalized conclusion . each locality or each set of circumstances should be considered on its merits . bergtold ( 1913 ) sums up as follows his observations on the food of house finches in denver and its environs :\nbehaviour : house finch forages in groups , often in trees , but also on the ground . red colour of plumage depends of food , derived from carotenoid pigments during moulting period . females prefer red males , because it would be able to find enough food to feed nestlings .\ntulman er et al . ,\nextensive variation in surface lipoprotein gene content and genomic changes associated with virulence during evolution of a novel north american house finch epizootic strain of mycoplasma gallisepticum .\n, microbiology , 2012 may 24 ; 158 ( pt 8 ) : 2073 - 88\nrange : house finch is resident from southern canada , southward to northern florida and southern mexico . in the east , it lives in urban and suburban areas with buildings and small conifers . in west , we find it in desert , savannahs , riparian areas and open coniferous forests .\nseveral distinctive populations exist within the native range of the house finch , but the evolutionary relationships among these groups needs further study . many populations are poorly described and plasticity in plumage coloration , a character often used to diagnose subspecies , has further muddled the taxonomic status of many populations .\nlived up to 11 years and 7 months in the wild . most house finches probably live much shorter lives .\nhouse finches can cause damage to orchards , including crops of peaches , apricots , plums , cherries and nectarines .\nmale house finches vary in their colouration from red to yellow . ( image : diane pierce , national geographic )\nthe house finch was originally a bird of the southwestern united states and mexico . in 1940 a small number of finches were turned loose on long island , new york , and they quickly started breeding . they spread across the entire eastern united states and southern canada within the next 50 years .\nhill , geoffrey e . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken doi : 10 . 2173 / bna . 46\nthe house finch is closely related to the cassin ' s finch and the purple finch , and in fact , there are places in washington where all three species can be found . all three species are streaked , and the males of all three have red plumage . the house finch , the most common and widespread of the three , typically has a red head , breast , and rump , but does not have red coloring on its brown back or wings . this helps to differentiate it from the other two . female house finches have blurrier streaks and grayer undersides than the other two species . the breast streaks do not converge in a central spot as on many sparrows . they lack clear white stripes on their heads . house finches have longer tails and appear more slender overall , and also have slightly curved bills , in contrast to the straight bills found in the other two species . like most finches , they have notched tails . there is considerable color variation among males , from pale yellow , to orange with bright red , this being the most common . many but not all males reach mature plumage in their first year . the variation in color is related to diet .\nbadyaev , alexander v . , virginia belloni and geoffrey e . hill . 2012 . house finch ( haemorhous mexicanus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\ncassin ' s finch has more pointed bill , and tail is shorter and slightly notched . male ' s flanks are reddish and lack brown streaking . female cassin ' s finch with more pronounced facial pattern , distinct blackish streaks on chest and back , and streaked undertail coverts . for more discussion on distinguishing these three species , developed by project feederwatch , go here .\nhill , g . 1990 . female house finches prefer colourful males : sexual selection for a condition - dependent trait .\ndhondt aa , tessaglia dl , slothower rl ( 1998 ) epidemic mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches from eastern north america .\nwhen nestling house finches defecate , the feces are contained in a membranous sac , as in most birds . the parents eat the fecal sacs of the nestlings for about the first five days . in most songbird species , when the parents stop eating the sacs , they carry the sacs away and dispose of them . but house finch parents do not remove them , and the sacs accumulate around the rim of the nest .\n1 . there is a seasonal variation in the weight of the house finch ; the minimum average for adults occurs during november , and is about 93 . 7 % of the maximum , which occurs in february , while there is a tendency for a low average weight all along from may to november .\nthe vast majority of the house finch ' s diet is vegetable matter - - seeds , buds , berries , and nectar . they feed their young regurgitated seeds . they eat a few small insects , especially aphids , but are primarily seed - and fruit - eaters at all times of the year .\nreproduction : house finch nests in bushes , thickets , natural cavities or on buildings . nest is a well - made open cup , made of grass , leaves , rootlets , fine twigs , string , wool and feathers , and lined with the same materials but finer . nest is built by female .\nyou can find house finches by looking around settled habitats , such as city parks , urban centers , residential backyards , farms , and forest edges . gregarious and social , house finches are found in noisy groups that are hard to miss if present . look for house finches feeding on the ground or at bird feeders , or perching high in nearby trees .\nhouse finch : resident from southeastern canada to mexico . introduced to eastern north america , where it is now widespread in cities and residential areas . in the west , preferred habitats include chaparral , deserts , orchards , and suburban areas . now widely distributed throughout much of the u . s . and mexico .\nhill , g . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) . pp . 1 - 24 in a poole , f gill , eds . the birds of north america , no . 46 . philadelphia : the academy of natural sciences , washington , d . c . : the american ornithologists ' union .\nhouse finches have had population fluctuations as a result of conjunctivitis and pox infections rather than predation . a finch that has this disease can be recognized by its swollen , runny , or crusty eyes . mycoplasmal conjunctivitis often results in death . this disease can be reduced by making sure to keep bird feeders clean .\nhouse finches consume mostly vegetable matter , such as seeds and berries . they will also come to bird feeders for seeds .\nthe best way to attract house finches to your backyard is to offer black oil sunflower seed and a source of water .\nbelthoff jr , gauthreaux sa ( 1991 ) partial migration and differential winter distribution of house finches in the eastern united states .\nwootton jt ( 1986 ) clutch - size differences in western and introduced eastern populations of house finches : patterns and hypotheses .\n3 . there is a daily variation in the weight of the house finch , with a decidedly uniform increase for adult birds during the morning , breaking away from a smooth curve in the afternoon , but reaching a maximum during the latter period . the average daily fluctuation for the adults amounts to about 3 . 5 % .\nthe red of a male house finch comes from pigments contained in its food during molt ( birds can\u2019t make bright red or yellow colors directly ) . so the more pigment in the food , the redder the male . this is why people sometimes see orange or yellowish male house finches . females prefer to mate with the reddest male they can find , perhaps raising the chances they get a capable mate who can do his part in feeding the nestlings .\nnew research about feeder birds and house finch eye disease ( mycoplasmal conjunctivitis ) reveals an interesting link between behavior and disease transmission . previous evidence suggested that the bacterium was spread by birds that had the most social connections . a research team from virginia tech outfitted wild flocks of house finches with transmitter chips that recorded their feeder behavior and discovered that the birds that visited feeders with the greatest frequency were the most likely to contract and spread the eye disease .\nafter they become independent , young house finches form large flocks . these young finches will be able to breed the next spring .\ndhondt aa et al . ( 2005 ) dynamics of a novel pathogen in an avian host : mycoplasmal conjunctivitis in house finches .\nif you notice house finches at your bird feeder with crusty , watery , or infected - looking eyes , you are not alone . a new condition called house finch conjunctivitis , first discovered during the winter of 1993 - 94 , is spreading through the eastern united states . symptoms of the disease , which mainly affects house finches , include scabby , swollen , runny , cloudy - looking , or glassy eyes , mucous oozing from the nostrils , and an upper respiratory infection . some sick birds recover , whereas others become blind and die of starvation or fall prey to cats and hawks .\nhill , g . e . 1993 . house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) . in the birds of north america , no . 46 ( a . poole , and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornithologists ' union , washington , d . c .\na house finch\u2019s nest is a cup made of fine stems , leaves , rootlets , thin twigs , string , wool , and feathers , with similar , but finer materials for the lining . overall width of the nest is 3 - 7 inches , with the inside cup 1 - 3 inches across and up to 2 inches deep .\nidentifying the male and female house from other carpodacus finches requires care . the male house differs from the male purple finch not only by having a smaller , more curved bill , but also by lacking a distinct eyebrow , having a brown cap and auricular patch , and being heavily streaked on belly . told from male cassin\u2019s finch by brown cap and eyebrow and curved bill . other tell - tale differences between the species include the cassin\u2019s pink cheek and pinkish tone on its back , and on female and immature cassin\u2019s , the much finer and crisp streaks on its belly . the male common rosefinch is more rose - pink overall and lacks distinct streaking on its belly . the female finches are more problematic . the female house has a very plain face , unlike the purple and cassin\u2019s , which both show distinct eyebrows . the female house tends to have browner underparts than the 2 as well , with blurry streaks below . also note the house\u2019s smaller , more curved bill . the female common rosefinch looks similar , but she is drabber , with less distinct streaking below .\nthe red or yellow color of a male house finch comes from pigments that it gets in its food during molt . the more pigment in the food , the redder the male . females prefer to mate with the reddest male they can find , perhaps assuring that they get a capable male who can find enough food to feed the nestlings .\nhouse finches will nest in manmade nest boxes . visit our nest box dimensions chart to find out the correct dimensions for this bird .\nthe foregoing statements apply to both sexes and all ages . female or young house finches have brown streakings on a buff background on the breast , cassin ' s has darker brown streaking , or elongated dots , on a white background , and thus appears to be the more distinctly streaked bird . the house finch shows a uniform tone over the whole head ; the cassin ' s shows distinct areas of light and dark . ear , or cheek patches , and malar stripes are darker .\nhouse finches have benefited greatly from human development . although fairly common throughout the west including oregon when pioneers arrived , they did not move into the willamette valley until the 1940s . house finches introduced to new york city in the 1940s have now spread throughout eastern north america .\nhouse finches are found in open desert , desert grassland , chaparral , oak savannah , riparian areas , and open coniferous forests in the western united states . in their new range in the eastern united states , house finches are rarely found far from urban and suburban areas .\nhouse finches are familiar birds of human - created habitats including buildings , lawns , small conifers , and urban centers . in rural areas , you can also find house finches around barns and stables . in their native range in the west , house finches live in natural habitats including dry desert , desert grassland , chaparral , oak savannah , streamsides , and open coniferous forests at elevations below 6 , 000 feet .\nhouse finches use vocalizations and body signals to communicate . house finch calls are made up of\nkweat\nor\nweet\nsounds , and are used often as a way to remain in contact with a mate . the song of house finches is described as an ecstatic warble , but is not as rich as the song of purple finches . most singing by males occurs during the first few hours after sunrise and the last few hours before sunset . males sing to guard the female as she builds the nest . they also sing during courtship feeding and while the eggs are being incubated and the young are in the nest . females sing during courtship feeding or mating . house finches also communicate using visual cues , such as plumage coloration and stance of the body .\nhouse finches were introduced to oahu from san francisco sometime before 1870 . they had become abundant on all the major hawaiian islands by 1901 .\nhouse finches drink by scooping water into their bill and tilting their head back . finches typically need to drink at least once per day .\nby choosing redheads over blonds , female house finches are selecting mates that can better resist and respond to a parasite infection and making sure that those beneficial disease - fighting traits are passed on to her offspring . whoever said redheads are unlucky clearly didn\u2019t know about male house finches !\nthe house finch was originally a bird of the western united states and mexico . in 1940 a small number of finches were turned loose on long island , new york , after failed attempts to sell them as cage birds ( \u201chollywood finches\u201d ) . they quickly started breeding and spread across almost all of the eastern united states and southern canada within the next 50 years .\nare important seed predators and dispersers . also , house finches provide a source of food for birds of prey , snakes , and other predators .\nhouse finches are common throughout their range . there are about 21 , 000 , 000 house finches in the world . finches and many other species of birds are protected by the united states migratory bird treaty act . this means that they may not be captured or kept without a permit .\nhouse finch\u2019s calls include whistled \u201cwheat\u201d or a \u201cweet\u201d sound , used to contact between mates . song consists chiefly of varied three - note phrases and includes strident notes . song usually ends with a nasal \u201cwheer\u201d . it is a high pitched song . male sings during courtship display , at nest , during incubation and nestling period . female sings during courtship , feeding and mating .\nhouse finches nest in a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees as well as on cactus and rock ledges . they also nest in or on buildings , using sites like vents , ledges , street lamps , ivy , and hanging planters . occasionally house finches use the abandoned nests of other birds .\nhouse finches may be confused with purple finches . purple finches have a more reddish color on their upper parts and are not streaked on their abdomens .\ni have seen no house finches at all in 2017 , when normally my feeder is full of them . this is in fairfax county , va .\nhouse finches often are confused with purple finches , although the birds ' habitat requirements are different . house finches live in a variety of habitats , especially in urban areas , and nest in both evergreens and manufactured structures . purple finches are found in coniferous or mixed woodlands , parks , and orchards .\nhawley dm , sydenstricker kv , kollias gv , dhondt aa ( 2005 ) genetic diversity predicts pathogen resistance and cell - mediated immunocompetence in house finches .\nspears l , cavitt jf ( 2003 ) the prevalence and effect of avian pox on body condition and plumage coloration in northern populations of house finches .\nthe aptly named crossbills have curious curved bills with crossed tips . although it looks more like a bill deformity than a useful tool , this specialized bill shape is perfect for extracting seeds from pine cones . males of the house , cassin ' s , and purple finch species can sometimes develop yellow or orange rather than red plumage depending upon the amount of carotenoids present in their food sources .\nclement , p . ( 2018 ) . house finch ( haemorhous mexicanus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nafter they become independent , juvenile house finches form large flocks that congregate at food sources . these young finches will be able to breed the next spring .\nthe most thorough study of the house finch ' s diet was made by f . e . l . beal ( 1907 ) , who examined the contents of 1206 stomachs and found them to consist in the aggregate of weed seed 86 . 2 percent , fruit 10 . 5 percent , animal matter 2 . 4 percent , miscellaneous 0 . 9 percent . excerpts from beal ' s report follow :\nhouse finch is active during the day . it is a gregarious bird , living in loose flocks , not territorial during breeding season , but in winter , groups may number up to 100 individuals . they roost close to each other . during the courtship display , male sings , following the female with fluttering wings . male ascends to 20 to 30 metres , and then , it glides to a perch singing a loud song . this display is named \u201cbutterfly flight\u201d . it also engages courtship feeding , and it guards its mate . in groups , house finches establish hierarchies , and females are typically dominant over males . when house finches are feeding in flocks , many individuals watch for predators , while the others feed .\nreports of house finch conjunctivitis symptoms among other common feeder birds such as chickadees , titmice , and sparrows have surfaced , but these cases are rare and have not been tested in the laboratory . studies at the cornell laboratory of ornithology concluded that other songbirds are rarely affected by this new strain of mg . humans and other mammals will not catch conjunctivitis from contact with sick birds because mg is an exclusively avian disease .\na highly social bird , the house finch is rarely seen alone outside of the breeding season , and may form flocks as large as several hundred birds . house finches feed mainly on the ground or at feeders or fruiting trees . at rest , they commonly perch on the highest point available in a tree , and flocks often perch on power lines . during courtship , males sometimes feed females in a display that begins with the female gently pecking at his bill and fluttering her wings . the male simulates regurgitating food to the female several times before actually feeding her . back to top\ntwo instances of western robins and house finches using the same nests have come to our attention during the past three years . in may , 1934 , we were informed that house finches were feeding young robins in a nest on a front porch in east denver , colorado . on investigation we found four half - grown robins , two newly hatched finches and four finch eggs . there were two female finches apparently with the same mate , and the three finches and the two adult robins fed the young regularly . unfortunately , however , the large robins smothered their small nest mates . we did not determine whether the four remaining eggs hatched . all three adult house finches fed the young robins in the nest , and after the young had left the nest .\nhill , g . 1990 . female house finches prefer colourful males : sexual selection for a condition - dependent trait . animal behaviour , 40 : 563 - 572 .\nin most areas , house finches stay in the same area year - round . however , some populations in the eastern united states migrate to warmer areas in winter .\ni live in northern california , and have noticed two house finches with closed crusty eyes . i found this sight / blog and i will start cleaning my feeders !\nwhen thousands of wild house finches started dropping dead from a mysterious eye infection in the washington , dc , area in the winter of 1994 , scientists were puzzled .\nmycoplasma gallisepticum is an emergent pathogen of wild passerine birds , primarily the american house finch ( carpodacus mexicanus ) in which m . gallisepticum was first described in 1994 and has subsequently spread in an epizootic across the us . this project was aimed at characterizing hfmg genomic changes , those occurring as hfmg evolves across the epizootic and in response to new environmental and host pressures , and those associated with evolving phenotypes . less . . .\nhouse finches in california , hawaii , and eastern north america have been reasonably well studied , but little is known about the endemic mexican and island populations . this is an abundant bird ; estimates suggest between 267 , 720 , 000 and 1 , 440 , 720 , 000 individual house finches for the continental u . s . and canada .\nhouse finches are a welcome visitor to backyard bird feeders . they provide much pleasure to those who welcome their song and presence as an announcement of the arrival of spring .\nhouse finch male has bright red head , forehead , eyebrow , throat , chest and rump . this colour can vary to orange or occasionally yellow . crown , rear head and back are brown streaked with darker brown . it has brown wings and square tail . belly and undertail coverts are white , streaked with broad brown stripes . eyes are black . the horn - coloured bill is short and conical . legs and feet are dark brown .\nthe finches live in the town of maycomb on the main street in town . the house has a comfortable porch with chairs and a rocker . there is shrubbery at the edge of the porch . wisteria vines crawl along side the porch . the house has a front and a backyard . there is also a porch swing . off to the side of the house is a wood pile that the children play in sometimes . jem , scout , and atticus each have their own room and there is a guest room for aunt alexandra . there is a dining room , a parlor , and a kitchen . the house is probably not very feminine since atticus has lived there for many years without female companionship .\nresearchers do not know how house finch conjunctivitis is spread from one individual to another , which makes it difficult to provide specific recommendations for reducing the risk of disease . in poultry , the infection can be spread through the air . if this also is true for finches , little can be done to reduce disease transmission except to avoid practices such as bird feeding that bring together large numbers of finches in a small area . if infected house finches are frequenting your feeder , you could stop feeding . this actually could increase the occurrence of mg , however , because sick finches will travel to other areas , taking the disease with them .\nhouse finches are particularly susceptible to a bacterial eye disease that can cause blindness , something they can catch at busy bird feeders that aren\u2019t kept clean and occasionally sterilized with bleach solution .\nunlike most seed eating birds that feed their nestlings insects , house finches only feed their young vegetable matter . as a result , a cowbird nestling parasitizing a hofi nest usually dies .\nalthough well - meaning individuals might want to take in and try to cure diseased finches , this practice is not recommended . it is illegal to possess wild birds without proper pennsylvania game commission permits , and wildlife rehabilitators have had only limited success in treating house finch conjunctivitis . studies have shown that some birds can recover on their own , so it is better to leave sick finches alone and focus instead on preventing further spread of the disease through the previously mentioned practices .\ntook some pics at my feeder yesterday and noticed one finch with what appeared to be only one eye . not sure if it is pox or conjunctivitis . found this article yesterday also and i will start a sanitation program for my feeders . location : western puget sound , washington state .\n. - - the abundance of the house finch is evidence that it has no enemies serious enough to hold it in check where food , water , and shelter are available . its habit of nesting around buildings protects it from many wild predators , though domestic cats take their toll of any nestlings that leave the nest before they are in full command of their wings . for some unexplained reason there are very few records of parasitism by cowbirds , despite the fact that the nests are not very well concealed .\nso tame and confiding have these pretty finches become that i am persuaded that the larger proportion of their nests are built not in trees and bushes as formerly , but in all sorts of odd nooks and crannies about the house and barn ; and even when they are compelled by the lack of facilities to resort to bushes and shrubbery , they choose those as close to the house as possible .\nthe house finch , more familiarly known as the linnet , is a species whose repute varies according to the interests and point of view of those who regard it . to the average city dweller , its domestic tastes , cheerful song , amiable manner , and the bright coloring of the male make it a pleasing adjunct to the dooryard or window sill ; but a grower of the softer varieties of fruit who watches flocks of these birds descend like locusts upon his ripening crop finds difficulty in appreciating their esthetic values . * * *\nsimilar species : the purple finch is a winter resident , so in missouri you will probably not see it from may through september . male purple finches are usually more purplish , and both sexes have a light eyebrow line and a noticeably notched tail . the call is a dry , one - syllable \u201ctick\u201d or \u201cpick . \u201d\nhouse finches feed their nestlings exclusively plant foods , a fairly rare occurrence in the bird world . many birds that are vegetarians as adults still find animal foods to keep their fast - growing young supplied with protein ."]}
{"id": 2175, "summary": [{"text": "pseudaletis clymenus , the common fantasy , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western and eastern nigeria , cameroon , the central african republic and the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "pseudaletis clymenus", "paragraphs": ["according to pausanias , endymion deposed clymenus , son of cardys , at olympia . describing the\nearly history\nof the eleans , pausanias reports that :\nharpalyce was the daughter of king clymenus of arcadia , son of either schoeneus ( first version ) or of teleus of argos ( second version ) . clymenus was overcome with passion for his daughter . there are several versions of what happened next , of which all embody an incestuous father and a vengeful feast in which a child is killed and served up .\nas long as you do not mind being disappointed here they are . the first picture is an overall photo of the whole drawer . also included in this drawer are some south african specimens from the genus tylopedia ( column 1 ) and phasis in column 2 and 3 . the last three columns are various iolaus species . the second photo enlarges the pseudaletis specimens . they were originally determined using libert\u2019s \u201crevision du genre pseudaletis . lambillionea\u201d 2007 . i have since modified it after bouyer , \u201clambillionea , cxiii , 2\u201d , 2013 . and also bouyer , \u201cent africana 19 ( 1 ) \u201d , 2014 . there are four specimens , two with a label beside them ( tb ? ) and two at an angle in the third column that i still need to examine and determine more accurately . any help happily accepted .\nin the second version harpalyce was the daughter of clymenus son of teleus of argos , and of epicasta , and has two brothers : idas and therager . clymenus was overcome with passion for his daughter and secretly embarked on an affair with her that lasted for some time . finally , alastor , descendant of neleus , came to claim harpalyce as his wife , she having been betrothed to him since she was young . when the couple were halfway to their home , clymenus abducted her back and lived with her openly as his wife . harpalyce , being upset by father ' s treatment of her , killed her younger brother and served him up to his father at a banquet . she then prayed to the gods and was transformed into a bird called the\nchalkis\n. clymenus took his own life .\nphrixa was a hilltop town in the ancient land of pisa . the town was already ruined in pausanias ' days ( 2nd century ad ) . it had a temple of cydonian athena . it was said that the temple was founded by clymenus from kydonia in crete , a descendant of heracles of ida .\nof the characters in greek mythology called phaethon ( ; ,\npha\u00e9th\u014dn\n, ) , the best known was the son of the oceanid clymene and the solar deity helios . alternatively , less common genealogies make him a son of clymenus by oceanid merope , of helios and rhodos ( thus a full brother of the heliadae ) or of helios and prote .\nother epithets include : aethyia under which she was worshiped in megara . the word\naethyia\n( ) signifies a\ndiver\n, and figuratively , a\nship\n, so the name must reference athena teaching the art of shipbuilding or navigation . in a temple at phrixa in elis , which was reportedly built by clymenus , she was known as cydonia .\nin the first version clymenus , son of schoeneus , raped his daughter and she became pregnant . when the son was born she served him up as a meal at a banquet to his father , who killed her over that . in an alternative version of this tale , she was instead transformed into a bird , the\nchalkis\n( see second version below ) .\nharpalyke ( ; greek :\n\u03b1\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\n) , also known as ' , is a retrograde irregular satellite of jupiter . it was discovered by a team of astronomers from the university of hawaii led by scott s . sheppard in 2000 , and given the temporary designation ' . in august 2003 , the moon was named after harpalyke , the incestuous daughter of clymenus , who in some accounts was also a lover of zeus ( jupiter ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na diverse genus of tropical african , ant - associated butterflies , many species of which are rare and have been described only recently . sexual dimorphism is so extreme that in many instances males and females have not been associated ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nopens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record . the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately . links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nis an african genus of lycaenidae , comprised of 25 seldom encountered forest species . the are tied to\nant trees\nwhere the larvae feed , and probably pupate , within the\nant nests . adults , it would seem , prefer to stay perched up in the canopy along the edges of forest clearings , and have been observed to be active as the sun is setting . a number have been taken at moth - lights during the night , suggesting that they are perhaps , in part , nocturnal .\nboth their flight and facies contribute to excellent mimicry of certain day - flying moths . i ' ve been fortunate enough to collect a single female of\n( michel libert ' s 2007 revision of the genus records only 2 other females from d . r . congo ) , and , until\npointed out what it was , i had it stored among my moth specimens . it really had me fooled !\nat the bottom - left is one of 4 known specimens of the species ( 1 male , 3 female ) , with each specimen having been found singly in separate localities ( actually 1 each from guinea , ivory coast , ghana , and cameroon ) .\nare known to have been collected from c . a . r . and cameroon ( only 4 males ) .\nthis species was named by libert in honour of the team at abri . at the time of publishing the revision only 13 females were known ( in this box we see 17 ) . the male has yet to be discovered .\nthis male holotype is the only known specimen of p . cornesi , and was collected in nigeria :\n, from togo , is one of only 2 known ( the other , from nigeria , is housed in the natural history museum , in london ) . the female is unknown :\n( including the female allotype . . . i don ' t have a picture of the male holotype which must have been in another box ) . below we have a close - up of a few males & females from r . c . a . ( central african republic ) .\n, from guinea , which is known from 2 males & a female , all collected in the month of september .\ndespite the former being white and the latter orange . . . a feature which seems fairly significant to the divisions within the genus .\n, from ghana , is known from 5 males all caught in light - traps . the holotype is at m . r . a . c . in tervuren , belgium . ( i believe the quite beat - up specimen top - left of the first image is one of these 5 males )\n( described by neave in 1910 , known from 2 females - se d . r . congo & zambia ) and\n( from 1 male , described by druce 1913 - cameroon ) are not represented in the abri collection ( outside of those images , but can be found at the n . h . m . ( london ) .\nspecies , as of the year 2007 9 were known from 5 or fewer specimens . if you ' re into collected rare butterflies , in my opinion , this group ought to be at the top of your list !\nan amazing series of photographs of a genus that one rarely gets a chance to see , even as plates in an article , revision or book . thank you for showing them . seeing a series , as opposed to a book plate of a singleton , makes it much easier to appreciate and understand the taxonomy involved . it puts my small number of specimens to shame .\ni ' d love to see pictures of what you have , if you ' d be willing to share .\ns ' il n ' y pas de solution c ' est qu ' il n ' y a pas de probl\u00e8me ! akuna matata . . . .\nfrom where is the antimachus female from ? it looks like unusual . . .\nthis is one of the things i love about icf - we get to see all these fantastic species that no - one normally shows us . adam .\nthis forum reminds me how little i know about insects on a daily basis , it really is a gold mine .\nit is no possible to work on picture of course but your zebra include at least 2 different species first zebra ( tb ? ) and third are probably relied to the 2 other ( angled ) in the second columns and seems the male of the zebra ( ht female fom gabon ) . the two others may be what libert described taeniata ( but photos are not enough ) the large marginal black margin of the antimachus female is unusual but this species is very variable ( it contains probably a group of species that i didn ' t yet had opportunity to study seriously ) . at least the antimachus from congo seems a different species of that from cameroon and gabon and dardanella may be a good species .\nit ' s remarkable to me how much some of these species ( especially abriana ) resemble certain neotropical riodinids ! j . hyatt\nsad to say , another no . i just took a morning to grab pictures of random boxes from within the collection . i ' ll be slowly sharing these pictures here over the coming months . perhaps next time around i can take more targeted photos . i was tempted to take more photos of the\nbut they were sitting above ian richardson ' s work space , so they were inconvenient to get to ."]}
{"id": 2177, "summary": [{"text": "acanthophis is a genus of elapid snakes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "commonly called death adders , they are native to australia , new guinea and nearby islands , and are among the most venomous snakes in the world .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the name of the genus derives from the ancient greek acanthos/\u1f04\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \" spine \" and ophis/\u1f44\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 \" snake \" , referring to the spine on the death adder 's tail .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "seven species are listed by itis , though it remains unclear how many species this genus includes , with figures ranging from 4 to 15 species being quoted . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "acanthophis", "paragraphs": ["acanthophis hawkei wells & wellington 1985 : 43 acanthophis cummingi hoser 1998 acanthophis cummingi \u2014 wells 2002 acanthophis hawkei \u2014 wells 2002 acanthophis lancasteri \u2014 wells 2002 acanthophis hawkei \u2014 fry et al . 2002 acanthophis hawkei \u2014 w\u00fcster et al . 2004 acanthophis hawkei \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 4\nacanthophis praelongus ramsay 1877 : 72 acanthophis praelongus \u2014 cogger 2000 : 634 acanthophis praelongus \u2014 schmidt & kunz 2005 : 75 acanthophis praelongus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 4\nacanthophis wellsei hoser 1998 acanthophis wellsi \u2014 aplin & donnellan 1999 ( emendation ) acanthophis wellsi \u2014 fry et al . 2002 aggressiserpens wellsi \u2014 wells 2002 acanthophis wellsei donnellani hoser 2002 acanthophis wellsi \u2014 wilson & swan 2010 acanthophis wellsi \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 4 acanthophis wellsei \u2014 cogger 2014 : 859\nacanthophis pyrrhus boulenger 1898 : 75 acanthophis antarcticus pyrrhus acanthophis pyrrhus \u2014 cogger 2000 : 634 aggressiserpens pyrrhus \u2014 wells 2002 acanthophis pyrrhus armstrongi wells & wellington 1985 aggressiserpens armstrongi \u2014 wells 2002 acanthophis pyrrhus \u2014 wilson & swan 2010 acanthophis pyrrhus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 4\nboa antarctica shaw & nodder 1802 : pl . 535 acanthophis cerastinus daudin 1803 : 289 acanthophis brownii leach 1814 : 12 boa ambigua leach 1814 : 12 ( nomen nudum ) ophryas acanthophis merrem 1820 : 147 vipera acanthophis schlegel 1837 : 605 vipera sorda salvado 1851 : 48 acanthophis cerastinus \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 1389 acanthophis cerastinus \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1863 : 398 boa aculeata boulenger 1896 : 356 ( nomen nudum ) acanthophis antarcticus \u2014 werner 1899 acanthophis antarcticus \u2014 de rooij 1917 : 272 acanthophis antarcticus \u2014 cogger 1983 : 217 acanthophis antarcticus \u2014 cogger 2000 : 632 acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni hoser 2002 ( see comment ) acanthophis antarcticus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 3 acanthophis antarcticus schistos wells & wellington 1985 acanthophis schistos wells & wellington 1985 : 44 acanthophis schistos \u2014 wells 2002\nclinical differences in envenomation characteristics among the races of death adder : common ( acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus ) , eastern ( acanthophis antarcticus laevis ) , desert ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) have not been reported .\nclick here for a more recent paper naming further species and subspecies of acanthophis .\nhe\u2019s published over 140 papers and five books . his principal research interest is acanthophis .\nthe kimberley death adder ( acanthophis cryptamydros ) . image credit : ryan j . ellis .\ndeath adders acanthophis : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies .\nthe death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) : the effect of its bite and its treatment .\ncosts of venom production in the common death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nfor numerous other papers that deal dominantly or substantially with death adders ( acanthophis spp . ) .\nacanthophis cryptamydros maddodk , ellis , doughty , a . smith and w\u00fcster , 2015 \u2013 kimberley death adder\nphotos of acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . in life are found in hoser ( 1989 ) .\na new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia .\na new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia .\necology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae .\ndeath adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies .\nacanthophis woolfi sp . nov . to view a photo of a specimen of this species - click here .\nreptilia , australian monsoonal tropics , mtdna , ndna , systematics , taxonomy , acanthophis cryptamydros sp . nov .\ntype locality : from sydney ( as port jackson ) , n . s . w . [ acanthophis brownii ]\nbiology : little known , but presumed to be similar to that of other acanthophis . worrell ( 1972 ) records this species as being most active at the end of the wet season which roughly parallels the activities of acanthophis in northern australia by the author\u2019s own investigations and what was said by o\u2019shea ( 1996 ) in his summary of new guinea acanthophis . lindgren ( 1975 ) states acanthophis in png range up to nearly 2000 metres . it is assumed that these high altitude acanthophis are probably a . laevis , at least in the highland areas west of goroka and into irian jaya .\nthe dorsal colouration of the type specimen is typical for acanthophis in that dorsally it has alternating darker and lighter crossbands .\nthe viper - like acanthophis cryptamydros has a diamond - shaped head and stout body . ryan ellis / western australian museum\nthe original description of the subspecies acanthophis pyrrhus armstrongi by wells and wellington from 1985 ( as a full species ) .\nbiology : little known , but presumed to be similar to that of other acanthophis . worrell ( 1972 ) records this species as being most active at the end of the wet season which roughly parallels the activities of acanthophis in northern australia by the author ' s own investigations and what was said by o ' shea ( 1996 ) in his summary of new guinea acanthophis . lindgren ( 1975 ) states acanthophis in png range up to nearly 2000 metres . it is assumed that these high altitude acanthophis are probably a . laevis , at least in the highland areas west of goroka and into irian jaya .\nuntil a formal naming of this taxon , it should be referred to as either praelongus , or as acanthophis sp .\na new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe northern death adder ( acanthophis praelongus ) . this image shows flattening behaviour to enlarge the body and evade predators . \u00a9cnzdenek\ndeath adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an updated overview , including descriptions of 3 new island species and 2 new australian subspecies .\nkeys that differentiate different species of acanthophis have not been presented here . all keys seen by this author for the genus acanthophis appear to break down with substantial regularity due to variability within each species , even though a number of species divisions are widely acknowledged .\nbiology : not known . assumed to be similar for other acanthophis . likewise for captivity , although to date nothing is recorded .\nin 2001 this author saw a specimen in a jar labelled as\nacanthophis hawkei\n, which was in fact this species .\nthe complete amino acid sequence of a post - synaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the australian death adder snake acanthophis antarcticus .\ndeath adders ( genus : acanthophis ) : an updated overview , including descriptions of 3 new island species and 2 new australian subspecies .\nupon viewing the acanthophis at the australian museum spirit house , the animal r147655 was immediately retrieved as being like no other acanthophis in the collection . that it\u2019s collection locality data matched that of specimen number 22812 at the museum of comparative zoology ( the type ) came as no surprise .\nin more recent times a number of herpetologists , including curators at the queensland museum have confused this species with the better - known acanthophis hawkei .\nnotwithstanding this , potential keepers of acanthophis species should confirm their legal positions and options with the relevant legal authorities before embarking on such a course .\ndeath adders are harvested and bred in captivity for the pet trade . no figures are available for the number of acanthophis rugosus in commercial trade .\nwhat made you want to look up acanthophis ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe systematics of this genus requires urgent revision . several undescribed species are likely to be present , particularly in new guinea . type species : acanthophis cerastinus daudin 1803 is the type species of the genus acanthophis daudin 1803 . subspecies : acanthophis antarcticus laevis ( macleay 1878 ) and acanthophis antarcticus rugosus loveridge 1948 have been elevated to species status . synonymy mostly after cogger 1983 . acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswelingtoni hoser 2002 maybe synonymous to a . antarcticus ( w . w\u00fcster , pers . comm . , 15 dec 2010 ) . kaiser et al . 2013 considered the subpecies acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswelingtoni hoser 2002 and the genus aggressiserpens wells 2002 invalid and rejected them . note that the date of shaw & nodder\u2019s publication ( 1794 ) cited by boulenger ( 1896 ) and subsequent authors is in error fide sherborn ( 1895 ) [ cited in cogger 1983 ] . the correct publication year is 1802 . venomous !\nkim , h . s . and tamiya , n . 1981 . isolation , properties and amino acid sequence of a long chain neurotoxin , acanthophis antarcticus b , from the venom of and australian snake ( the common death adder acanthophis antarcticus ) , biochemical journal , 193 : 899 - 906 .\nupon viewing the acanthophis at the australian museum spirit house , the animal r147655 was immediately retrieved as being like no other acanthophis in the collection . that it ' s collection locality data matched that of specimen number 22812 at the museum of comparative zoology ( the type ) came as no surprise .\nphotographic comparison of a common death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) with a terciopelo viper ( bothrops asper ) , illustrating morphological similarities ( e . g . thin tail , triangular head , thick and short body ) between acanthophis sp . and viperidae snakes ( photos : cnzdenek ; dinoanimals . com )\nnamed the kimberley death adder ( acanthophis cryptamydros ) , the snake is roughly 24 inches ( 60 cm ) long and has a diamond - shaped head .\nwells , richard w . 2002 . taxonomy the genus acanthophis ( reptilia : elapidae ) in australia . australian biodiversity record ( 5 ) : 1 - 16\ndistribution : as mentioned already acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . appears to be distributed on the eyre peninsula of south australia and nearby places to the east and west in south australia . the status of acanthophis populations near eucla near the sa / wa border and those on nearby offshore islands is not entirely certain .\n17 / desert death adder ( a . pyrrhus ) , male , from the tits , wa . in flattened defensive posture which is typical of all acanthophis .\nhay , m . 1972 . notes on the growth and breeding of acanthophis antarcticus\u2019 , the australian herpetological society journal , 4 ( 4 ) : 14 - 15 .\nhoser , raymond 1998 . colour change in death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) and other reptiles . monitor 10 ( 1 ) : 4 ; 31 - get paper here\nit was suggested that perhaps a . groenveldi and a . macgregori should be treated as subspecific to a . laevis , however due to the physical distance of seram and tanimbar from new guinea and the time it is assumed that populations of acanthophis from these places have had their populations genetically isolated , it was decided to treat the three groups of acanthophis as being of separate species unless and until compelling evidence to the contrary arises . all species of acanthophis as identified here can be separated via dna analysis .\nthere may also be an undescribed subspecies in inland south - eastern queensland ( see under the discussion for the newly described subspecies acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . ) .\ntrade : hoser ( 1991 , 1993 , 1996 ) discusses the legal and illegal trade of australian reptiles , including acanthophis , as well as conservation of these snakes . persons within australia contemplating trapping , studying or keeping these snakes , or any other acanthophis and complying with the relevant state laws are referred to hoser ( 1993 , 1996 ) .\nfyfe , g . and munday , b . 1988 . captive breeding of the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) , herpetofauna , 18 ( 2 ) : 21 .\nmirtschin , p . j . 1982 . further notes on breeding death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) in captivity . herpetofauna , 13 ( 2 ) : 14 - 17 .\nhay , m . 1972 . notes on the growth and breeding of acanthophis antarcticus ' , the australian herpetological society journal , 4 ( 4 ) : 14 - 15 .\nstorr , g . m . ( 1981 ) the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia . records of the western australian museum , 9 , 203\u2013210 .\nhoser , r . t . 1987 . notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) \u2019 , herptile , 12 ( 2 ) : 56 - 61 . *\nhoser , r . t . 1987 . notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ' , herptile , 12 ( 2 ) : 56 - 61 . *\nshine , r . ( 1980 ) ecology of the australian death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . herpetologica , 36 , 281\u2013289 .\nschulz , k . - d . & w . grossmann 1990 . das portrait : acanthophis pyrrhus boulenger . sauria 12 ( 2 ) : 1 - 2 - get paper here\nalthough acanthophis will readily eat frogs ( see shine , ( 1980 ) for a detailed analysis of what wild death adders will eat ) , these are not recommended due to the heavy parasite burden carried by these animals . although i never had parasite problems with my acanthophis , taronga zoo in sydney reported ascarid ( blood parasite ) problems with some of it ' s desert death adders . on ( extremely ) rare occasions that acanthophis have had to be force or\nassist\n- fed , this has not posed any problems .\nboulenger , g . a . 1898 . description of a new death adder ( acanthophis ) from central australia . annals magazine of natural history , 7 ( 2 ) : 75 .\nhoser , r . t . 1982 , frequency of sloughing in captive morelia , liasis and acanthophis ( serpentes ) , herptile , 7 ( 3 ) : 20 - 26 . *\nsnakes - death adders - genus acanthophis - the definitive paper - by raymond hoser , published in the reptilian magazine ( uk ) in 1995 - . . . the full text .\nbarnett , brian f . & graeme f . gow 1994 . the berkly tableland death adder acanthophis antarcticus . litteratura serpentium 14 ( 3 ) : 80 - 85 - get paper here\nthe genus name , acanthophis , derives from the ancient greek acanthos meaning\nspine\nand ophis witch means\nsnake\n, and refers to the spine found in its tail .\ncampbell , c . h . : the death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) : the effect of its bite and its treatment . med j aust . 2 : 922 , 1966 .\nso i was going to make a long video of my acanthophis feeding but interesting things happened so i ended up making a short but interesting video . in the first part , you can see my acanthophis hawkei using her tail as a lure . this is called caudal luring and is a very common hunting method for several snake species . acanthophis genus in general uses caudal luring very often for hunting . the second part of the video is the unusual part . i was trying to remove my yearling female acanthophis hawkei and she went into feeding mode immediately . when she saw movement , she attacked and bit the little cactus plant , which is planted in the cage . you don ' t see a vegetarian death adder everyday so enjoy : )\nas of 1998 , there have been no records of sympatry in the wild between different species of acanthophis , a point noted by mcdowall ( 1984 ) . although there is no dispute in the fact that all acanthophis are closely related , it is uncertain if given similarities between different species reflect immediate relationships or are instead due to convergence in evolution to cope with localised conditions .\nhoser , r . t . 1981 . note on an unsuitable food item taken by a death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ( shaw ) herpetofauna 13 ( 1 ) : 31 . *\nhoser , r . t . 1983 . mating behavior in australian death adders , genus acanthophis ( serpentes elapidae ) , herptile ( 8 ) 1 , 1983 : 25 - 33 . *\nvalentic , r . 1998 . notes on rearing australian death adders genus acanthophis , monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society , 9 ( 2 ) : 32 , 42 - 47 .\nhoser , r . t . 1983 . mating behavior in australian death adders , genus acanthophis ( serpentes elapidae ) , herptile ( 8 ) 1 , 1983 : 25 - 33 . *\nhoser , r . t . 1985 . on melanistic tendencies in death adders , acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw ) . litteratura serpentium 5 ( 4 ) : 157 - 159 - get paper here\nhoser , raymond t . 1990 . literature : notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) . litteratura serpentium 10 ( 6 ) : 271 - 272 - get paper here\nshine , r . 1980 . ecology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . herpetologica 36 : 281 - 289 - get paper here\nramsay , e . p . ( 1877 ) description of a supposed new species of acanthophis from north australia . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 2 , 72\u201374 .\nramsay , e . p . 1877 . description of a supposed new species of acanthophis from north australia , proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 2 : 72 - 74 .\nshine , r . 1980 , ecology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . herpetologica , 36 ( 4 ) : 281 - 289 .\nstorr , g . m . 1981 . the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia , records of the western australian museum , 9 ( 2 ) : 203 - 210 .\ndobiey , maik ; frank weinsheimer , guido westhoff 2008 . cannibalism in two species of death adders ( acanthophis rugosus and a . antarcticus ) . ophidia 2 ( 2 ) - get paper here\njohnston , g . 1996 . genetic and seasonal variation in body colour of the australian death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . journal of zoology 239 ( 1 ) : 187\nlongmore ( 1986 ) records no acanthophis ( of any species ) in a distinct area of the gulf of carpentaria running several hundred kilometers south from the southern most part of the gulf , although acanthophis are known from the islands of the gulf , including groote ( lancasteri ) and mornington ( species not known ) . this apparent gap separates a . lancasteri from a . praelongus in north queensland .\nthe acanthophis names as used by hoser ( 1998 ) have become adopted by some , but not all wildlife authorities and within this ambit , some names are recognised by some and others are not .\ngow , g . f . 1981 . notes on the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) boulenger 1898 , with the first reproductive record . northern territory naturalist , 4 : 21 - 22 .\nhoser , r . t . 1985a . genetic composition of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus : serpentes : elapidae ) in the west head area , herptile , 10 ( 3 ) : 96 . *\nhoser , r . t . 1985b . on melanistic tendencies in death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw ) . litteratura serpentium ( english edition ) , 5 ( 4 ) : 157 - 159 . *\nstorr , g . m . 1981 . the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia . rec . west . austr . mus . 9 : 203 - 210 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . ( 1898 ) description of a new death adder ( acanthophis ) from central australia . annals and magazine of natural history , series 7 , 2 , 75 . urltoken\njohnston , g . ( 1996 ) genetic and seasonal variation in body colour of the australian death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . journal of zoology , 239 , 187\u2013196 . urltoken\nan extended description of the pilbara death adder , acanthophis wellsi hoser ( serpentes elapidae ) , with notes on the desert death adder , a . pyrrhus boulenger , and identification of a possible hybrid zone\nhay , m . ( 1972 ) , ' notes on the growth and breeding of acanthophis antarcticus ' , the australian herpetological society journal , 4 ( 4 ) , pp . 14 - 15 .\nhoser , r . t . ( 1987 ) , ' notes on the breeding of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ' , herptile , 12 ( 2 ) , pp . 56 - 61 .\ndeath adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an updated overview , including descriptions of three new species and two subspecies . a 2002 paper published in crocodilian - journal of the victorian association of amateur herpetologists .\nacanthophis from near camooweal , queensland , tend to have heavy white markings on the lower supralabials , ( upper lips ) but unlike in a . hawkei from anthony ' s lagoon , nt , they do not quite form a distinct\nwhite - lipped\nappearance . some reptile keepers have classified these snakes as\nbarkly adders\n( = a . hawkei ) and it is probably with these snakes that the camooweal acanthophis have closest affinity , noting that camooweal is situated roughly on the edge of the black soil part of the barkly tableland . this author regards camooweal acanthophis as a . hawkei .\nsize : despite the variations within the literature , it is generally thought that a . antarcticus , a . hawkei and a . woolfi are the three largest species of acanthophis - at least within australia .\nin acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . the lighter triangles on the front upper labials are generally either less distinct than in a . antarcticus schistos or even absent , instead being replaced by dark pigment .\ndiagnosis : known at this stage only from the island of seram to the west of new guinea . this is also diagnostic for this species . a . groenveldi is the only acanthophis found on seram .\na pilot genetic analysis of a small number of individuals suggests that all of the species of acanthophis are closely related . acanthophis wellsi appears to be closest genetically to a . pyrrhus , but this may not denote a special cladistic affinity . a cladistic analysis of morphological characters identifies a . wellsi as a relatively plesiomorphic species , perhaps ' closest in overall body form to the common ancestor of all acanthaphis species .\nfyfe , g . and munday , b . ( 1988 ) , ' captive breeding of the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) ' , herpetofauna , 18 ( 2 ) , p . 21 .\nmirtschin , p . j . ( 1982 ) , ' further notes on breeding death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus ) in captivity . ' herpetofauna , 13 ( 2 ) , pp . 14 - 17 .\nthe west australian specimens of a . antarcticus schistos are separated from acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . by dna properties , venom properties and colouration , particularly in terms of usual markings around the labial scales .\nhoser , r . t . 1995 . australia\u2019s death adders , genus acanthophis , the reptilian 3 ( 4 ) pp . 7 - 21 and cover , 3 ( 5 ) : 27 - 34 . *\nhoser , r . 1998 . death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies . monitor 9 ( 2 ) : 20 - 41 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1898 . description of a new death adder ( acanthophis ) from central australia . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 2 : 75 - get paper here\nshine ( 1981 ) found that in the wild , male acanthophis mature at about 24 months , while females mature at about 42 months . this was based on museum dissections of various species ( all lumped together ) . local populations may vary slightly on this basic pattern . captive acanthophis tend to mature much earlier , the exact rate dependent on feeding and temperature of the young snake . it is common to have both sexes mature within 24 months in a captive environment . as a snake , acanthophis lend themselves to being kept and bred in large numbers . hopefully in the future they will be more commonly seen in captivity .\nhoser , r . t . ( 1982 ) , ' frequency of sloughing in captive morelia , liasis and acanthophis ( serpentes ) ' , herptile , 7 ( 3 ) , pp . 20 - 26 .\ndeath adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies an 11 , 000 word paper in monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society published in april 1998 .\nthe newly - discovered species belongs to acanthophis ( australian death adders ) , a genus of highly venomous snakes found in australia and new guinea , and also on several indonesian islands to the west of new guinea .\nin 1985 , wells and wellington assigned all western australian a . pyrrhus to a new species , namely\na . armstrongi\n. that they intended placing all a . pyrrhus from western australia into the new species is confirmed by their statement \u2018storr ( 1981 : 207 - 208 ) provided a description of a species from north - western australia that he regarded as acanthophis pyrrhus . however , we consider that this is really an undescribed species , herein named acanthophis armstrongi , and that the species acanthophis pyrrhus is confined to central australia . acanthophis armstrongi is believed confined to the pilbara and kimberley regions of western australia and can be identified by referring to the illustrations in storr ( 1981 : fig 3 ) and gow ( 1983 : plate 15 , ( upper ) , specimen from port hedland , western australia vide gow , pers . comm . ) . \u2019\nramsay , e . p . 1877 . description of a supposed new species of acanthophis from north australia . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 2 : 72 - 74 . - get paper here\nhoser , r . t . ( 1983 ) , ' mating behaviour in australian death adders , genus acanthophis ( serpentes elapidae ) ' , herptile ( 8 ) 1 , 1983 , pp . 25 - 33 .\nin 1985 , wells and wellington assigned all western australian a . pyrrhus to a new species , namely\na . armstrongi\n. that they intended placing all a . pyrrhus from western australia into the new species is confirmed by their statement ' storr ( 1981 : 207 - 208 ) provided a description of a species from north - western australia that he regarded as acanthophis pyrrhus . however , we consider that this is really an undescribed species , herein named acanthophis armstrongi , and that the species acanthophis pyrrhus is confined to central australia . acanthophis armstrongi is believed confined to the pilbara and kimberley regions of western australia and can be identified by referring to the illustrations in storr ( 1981 : fig 3 ) and gow ( 1983 : plate 15 , ( upper ) , specimen from port hedland , western australia vide gow , pers . comm . ) . '\ncommon death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) * family : elapidae , * genus : acanthophis , * species : a . antarcticus , * phylum : chordata , * class : reptilia , * order : squamata , * suborder : serpentes , * type : reptile , * diet : carnivore , * avarege life span in the wild : averages 15 - - 20 years , * size : reaching a length of 70 - 100 centimeters , * weight : no data , * * acanthophis antarcticus , is a species of death adder native to australia . it is one of the most venomous land snakes in australia and the world . more info : urltoken\nin 1997 - 8 when doing a taxonomic review of acanthophis , this author obtained a copy of the wells and wellington paper and noted that they had in fact described\na . armstrongi\nas a pilbara death adder . however what had apparently been overlooked was that the snake described by wells and wellington had not been the undescribed form of acanthophis , but rather the local variant of what is commonly known as a . pyrrhus .\nhoser , r . t . 1995 . australia ' s death adders , genus acanthophis , the reptilian 3 ( 4 ) pp . 7 - 21 and cover , 3 ( 5 ) : 27 - 34 . *\nan extended description of the pilbara death adder , acanthophis wellsi hoser ( serpentes elapidae ) , with notes on the desert death adder , a . pyrrhus boulenger , and identification of a possible hybrid zone | western australian museum\nhoser , r . t . ( 1981 ) , ' note on an unsuitable food item taken by a death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) ( shaw ) ' , herpetofauna 13 ( 1 ) , p . 31 .\nhoser , r . t . ( 1985b ) ' on melanistic tendancies in death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw ) . ' litteratura serpentium ( english edition ) , 5 ( 4 ) , pp . 157 - 159 .\nshine , r . ( 1980 ) , ecology of the australian death adder acanthophis antarcticus ( elapidae ) : evidence for convergence with the viperidae . ' herpetologica , 36 ( 4 ) , pp . 281 - 289 .\ndeath adders ( genus acanthophis ) are found in most parts of australia , new guinea and adjacent islands . they are unusual among the elapids in that they have evolved to become viperine in appearance and habit . all species are characterised by a broad somewhat flattened , triangular head , short stout body and a thin rat - like body ending in a curved spine . the spine and the presence of subocular scales separates acanthophis from all other australasian elapids .\nbarnett , b . f . and gow , g . f . 1992 . the barkly tableland death adder , acanthophis antarcticus , monitor , bulletin of the victorian herpetological society , 4 ( 1 ) : 13 - 23 .\ngow , g . f . ( 1981 ) ' notes on the desert death adder ( acanthophis pyrrhus ) boulenger 1898 , with the first reproductive record . ' northern territory naturalist , 4 , pp . 21 - 22 .\nhoser , r . t . ( 1985a ) , ' genetic composition of death adders ( acanthophis antarcticus : serpentes : elapidae ) in the west head area ' , herptile , 10 ( 3 ) , p . 96 .\nmy own acanthophis didn ' t seem to object to being photographed while mating . on one occasion ( 8th may 1981 ) , two mating death adders ( a . antarcticus ) were free handled by thieves ( while connected ) , had cigarettes ashed on them and yet they still continued to mate without attempting to break up ! although males of all species of acanthophis will mate other species of acanthophis , they do tend to prefer mating their own species and will do so if offered a choice ( in a captive situation ) . extremely highly sexed males will attempt to mount other males if no females are present in the same cage . this even applies with acanthophis of different species . it is not rare for a male acanthophis to run down condition fairly sharply when mating over a period extending up to two months . overfed males tend not to be as sexually active as leaner ( not necessarily thin ) males . this situation also occurs for other types of reptile . in spite of a warning to readers to watch the condition of males when mating , i have never had a male run itself down beyond the point of recovery .\nfurthermore this subspecies has ( on average ) less neurotoxic venom than all other variants of a . antarcticus known , including a . antarcticus antarcticus from eastern australia and the south - west west australian population , herein referred to as a . antarcticus schistos ( see the taxonomic note near the end of this paper ) . acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . is separated from all other acanthophis ( all species and subspecies ) by dna and venom properties and distribution .\njohnston , g . r . 1987 . reproduction and growth in captive death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia , 11 ( 1 - 2 ) : 123 - 125 .\nstettler , p . h . 1985 . australian death adders - remarks concerning the post - embryonic development of acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw , 1794 ) , litteratura serpentium , english edition , 5 ( 5 ) : 170 - 190 .\nstorr , g . m . ( 1981 ) , ' the genus acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) in western australia . ' , records of the western australian museum , 9 ( 2 ) , pp . 203 - 210 .\ndiagnosis : similar in most respects to acanthophis antarcticus , the type subspecies being defined here as coming from sydney new south wales , from which they differ in their slightly smaller average size and generally different ground colouration . notwithstanding the high degree of variability in a . antarcticus in general , dorsally the grey specimens of acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . are never as silvery , steely - grey as the grey morph of a . antarcticus typified by sydney specimens . likewise the red specimens are rarely if ever the same brick - red colour , those of acanthophis antarcticus cliffrosswellingtoni subsp . nov . tending slightly more towards an orangeish , rather than a salmon or reddish pink as in a . antarcticus .\nsynonymy after cogger 1983 , who also listed acanthophis antarcticus rugosus loveridge 1948 as a synonym of a . praelongus . closely related to a . antarcticus according to w\u00fcster ( 2004 ) . see also entry of a . laevis . venomous !\nstettler , p . - h . 1985 . australian death adders - remarks concerning the post - embryonic developement of acanthophis antarcticus antarcticus ( shaw , 1794 ) . litteratura serpentium 5 ( 5 ) : 170 - 180 - get paper here\nhoser , r . t . ( 1998 ) death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies . monitor , journal of the victorian herpetological society , 9 , 20\u201330 , 33\u201341 .\nhoser , r . t . 1997a the mating behavior and breeding of australian death adders , genus : acanthophis ( serpentes : elapidae ) , monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society 8 ( 3 ) : 135 - 144 and cover .\nmackay , w . j . 1889 . the osteology and myology of the death adder ( acanthophis antarctica ) . proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 4 : 896 - 986 - get paper here\ncommon death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) . note the scale colours matches either the top or underneath of leaves remarkably well . the caudal lure is adjacent the head , probably to ensure the protection of this precious , modified body part . \u00a9cnzdenek\nthe type specimen of a . laevis has not been inspected by this author , however an inspection of acanthophis from the same locality and nearby areas conform with macleay\u2019s description and this author has assigned all those snakes to a . laevis . the snake in question is substantially different to the a . praelongus described by ramsay , which is presumably based on a north queensland acanthophis , from near somerset , ( cape york ) queensland . acanthophis laevis has smooth scales , while a . praelongus tends to have slightly keeled scales . head patterning of both species is also usually radically different . for example compare the photo of a . praelongus from north queensland ( plate 380 , hoser , 1989 ) with the a . laevis shown here .\ncaptivity : breeding data for captive specimens is provided by barnett and gow ( 1992 ) . barnett quoted snout - vent lengths of offspring in a litter ranging from 193 - 207 mm , which is far in excess that recorded for any other species of acanthophis , including a . antarcticus , lending weight to claims that this is the largest form of acanthophis . the species has been bred in captivity in recent years by brian barnett in victoria ( again ) and roland burrell in south australia .\nhoser , r . t . 1998 . death adders ( genus acanthophis ) : an overview , including descriptions of five new species and one subspecies . monitor - journal of the victorian herpetological society 9 ( 2 ) : 20 - 41 . *\nthe type specimen of a . laevis has not been inspected by this author , however an inspection of acanthophis from the same locality and nearby areas conform with macleay ' s description and this author has assigned all those snakes to a . laevis . the snake in question is substantially different to the a . praelongus described by ramsay , which is presumably based on a north queensland acanthophis , from near somerset , ( cape york ) queensland . acanthophis laevis has smooth scales , while a . praelongus tends to have slightly keeled scales . head patterning of both species is also usually radically different . for example compare the photo of a . praelongus from north queensland ( plate 380 , hoser , 1989 ) with the a . laevis shown here .\nvalentic , r . 1997 . notes on the capture and captive husbandry of a female death adder acanthophis antarcticus fromthe upper eyre peninsula , sth . aust . monitor : journal of the victorian herpetological society . 9 ( 1 ) : 13 - 17\nshine , r . , spencer , c . l . & keogh , j . s . ( 2014 ) morphology , reproduction and diet in australian and papuan death adders ( acanthophis , elapidae ) . plos one , 9 , e94216 . urltoken\nacanthophis usually slough in one piece , and repeated failure by a captive snake to do so may indicate a health problem that needs to be addressed . i have never observed acanthophis soaking prior to sloughing or heard of captive specimens having difficulty in doing so . this is except for some minor problems experienced by mirtschin , who had snakes which had piecemeal sloughs . he thought this was due to excessive dryness in his cages which tended to lack cover . when feeding snakes in group cages i often had snakes bite and chew one another , with no adverse effects on one another ( hoser 1985c ) . that appeared to indicate immunity to venom by these snakes . stettler ( 1985 ) and van woerkom ( 1985 ) documented a case involving apparent non - immunity to venom in acanthophis from unknown locality whereby two apparently healthy snakes died from bites from a fellow acanthophis that was part of the same litter . although the cause of death may have been something other than venom , this whole area needs further investigation .\ndiagnosis : for the colouration in life , see this magazine depicting a specimen from just south of darwin , nt . it should be noted that in line with other acanthophis , a . cummingi is extremely variable in colour , even within a single locality .\nsheumack , d . d . , howden , m . e . h . and spence , i . 1979 . isolation and partial characterisation of a lethal neurotoxin from the venom of the australian death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ) , toxicon 17 : 609 .\nkeys that differentiate different species of acanthophis have not been presented here . all keys seen by this author for the genus acathophis appear to break down with susbstantial regularity due to veriablity within each species , even though a number of species divisons are widely acknowledged .\nbarnett , b . f . and gow , g . f . ( 1992 ) , ' the barkly tableland death adder , acanthophis antarcticus ' , monitor , bulletin of the victorian herpetological society , 4 ( 1 ) , pp . 13 - 23 .\nstettler , p . h . ( 1985 ) , australian death adders - remarks concerning the post - embryonic development of acanthophis antarcticus ( shaw , 1794 ) ' , litteratura serpentium , english edition , 5 ( 5 ) , pp . 170 - 190 .\ni am unaware of records of captive breeding of acanthophis outside of australia , but see no difficulties in such taking place . most acanthophis ( all species ) breed only every second year . this is genetically pre - determined and contrary to popular belief is not influenced by food intake or general condition of the female prior to a given breeding season . occasional individuals ( females ) are able to breed every year , and will do so in captivity . following successful mating in autumn or spring , all acanthophis give birth in summer and early autumn ( late january to early may ) . for a . antarcticus the number of young born are known to range up to 33 . based on dissections of museum specimens , shine found the average litter size for the species of 8 .\njohnston , g . r . ( 1987 ) , ' reproduction and growth in captive death adders acanthophis antarcticus ( squamata : elapidae ) . ' transactions of the royal society of south australia , 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , pp . 123 - 125 .\nlindgren ( 1975 ) , plate 88 depicts a head photo of a snake this author believes is probably a . laevis in life . however it\u2019s facial markings are not like the a . laevis at the australian museum . it is believed that the non - black dark pigment tends to fade faster than the black pigment in preserved animals ; this trait is believed to be common to all acanthophis . the point is noted here as a lack of black pigment in a . laevis , may make specimens fade more than other acanthophis species .\nparatype : a specimen held in the museum of zoology , bogor from tanimbar , lat : 7\u00b030\u2019 long : 131\u00b030\u2019 , specimen number mzb 2056 . the dorsal colouration of the paratype specimen is also typical for acanthophis in that dorsally it has alternating darker and lighter crossbands .\nherein restricted to the cape york region of queensland and adjacent areas . refer to above descriptions of a . laevis and a . lancasteri . populations of acanthophis from western australia and the northern territory formerly referred to as this species are now classified as a . lancasteri . populations of acanthophis from new guinea and other islands north of australia that may have been referred to as this species are no longer regarded as such ( see for a . barnetti , a . crotalusei , a . laevis , above and a . rugosus below ) .\ncarpenter , c . c . , murphy , j . b . and carpenter , g . c . 1978 . caudal luring in the death adder ( acanthophis antarcticus ( reptilia , serpentes , elapidae ) ) , journal of herpetology , 12 : 574 - 577 .\nunless otherwise stated , i shall here treat new guinea acanthophis and those from adjacent islands as a variant of a . praelongus . a trait common to many a . praelongus , in particular new guinea specimens is a raised suracilliary scale above the eye . this feature is often particularly pronounced in immature specimens . it is occasionally seen to a limited degree in young a . antarcticus . a similar trait ( often even more exaggerated ) is seen in some of the true vipers . no acanthophis species are rare or endangered . all are widely distributed and common in their preferred habitats . their preferred habitats vary , but are essentially undisturbed bushland with some form of ground cover . the cover doesn ' t have to be leaf litter , but can be rocks , native grasses or almost anything else . however any disturbed habitat or grazed areas tend not to have acanthophis . acanthophis are most vulnerable to any form of human disturbance and therefore only occur in virgin bush . the construction of a road through such a habitat ( with no other development ) is not counted as disturbance .\ndue to the steady removal of bushland throughout australia , all acanthophis are in decline . for a number of reasons , the death adder ( a . antarcticus ) , often called\nthe southern variety\nnever is found in the same numbers as the other two species . it is for this reason that the name\ncommon\ndeath adder really is a misnomer . all acanthophis are mainly nocturnal and are highly secretive snakes . they spend most of their time half buried in ground litter waiting in an ambush position for food , or simply sheltering . unlike most other australian snakes , they tend not to flee when approached , relying instead on their cryptic colouration and camoflague to avoid detection . that this works is indicated by the fact that most bites from acanthophis seem to occur when they are trodden on .\ndiagnosis : this acanthophis is separated from all others in the genus by distribution , being the only species to occur on the island of tanimbar . it is separated from all other acanthophis species except laevis and groenveldi by it\u2019s ventral scalation , which is usually under 118 . ventral scale counts for two specimens of a . macgregori came to 113 . the relationship of a . macgregori to those acanthophis from adjacent islands is uncertain . specimens of the species observed by this author appear to be different from a . laevis and a . groenveldi in that the supra - ocular is not quite as raised . however this may not be a consistent diagnostic trait . this species appears to be quite unlike a . rugosa and a . lancasteri found to the mainland areas north and south of tanimbar in adjacent new guinea and australia .\nsimon t . maddock et al . 2015 . a new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia . zootaxa 4007 ( 3 ) : 301 \u2013 326 ; doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4007 . 3 . 1\nthis jagged\nwhite - lipped\nappearance is relatively unusual in a . antarcticus and has never been seen to the same degree as is typical for a . hawkei . excluding a . antarcticus , adult a . hawkei could not be confused with any other australian acanthophis .\nlindgren ( 1975 ) , plate 88 depicts a head photo of a snake this author believes is probably a . laevis in life . however it ' s facial markings are not like the a . laevis at the australian museum . it is believed that the non - black dark pigment tends to fade faster than the black pigment in preserved animals ; this trait is believed to be common to all acanthophis . the point is noted here as a lack of black pigment in a . laevis , may make specimens fade more than other acanthophis species .\na new species of viper - like snake discovered in the kimberley region of northwestern australia is highly venomous and expertly camouflaged . called acanthophis cryptamydros , the kimberley death adder is a sit - and - wait predator \u2013 ambushing frogs , lizards , and small mammals passing by .\nthis author has been in regular contact with the western australian museum staff for many years and received correspondences from them implying that they may undertake and publish a second review of the genus acanthophis ( e . g . smith 1997 ) , the first review being that of storr ( 1981 ) . it is noted that a time frame of over 6 years has elapsed since the undescribed pilbara acanthophis was originally found by scientists and staff at the western australian museum . it is noted that to date they have chosen not to describe it as a new species .\nsynonymy : not listed by cogger 2000 . the name was emended to wellsi as the species was described in honor of richard wells . acanthophis wellsi donnellani hoser 2002 may be a synonym of a . wellsi ( w\u00fcster , pers . comm . 15 dec 2010 ) . venomous !\nmaddock , simon t . ; ryan j . ellis , paul doughty , lawrence a . smith & wolfgang w\u00fcster 2015 . a new species of death adder ( acanthophis : serpentes : elapidae ) from north - western australia zootaxa 4007 ( 3 ) : 301\u2013326 - get paper here\nlet me have a little guess at what is going on . while i do not have the wa musem publications at hand , i will hazard a guess that these august publications use one single one of the numerous names you have been throwing around in recent years : acanthophis wellsi\nacanthophis have highly varied diets , including frogs , birds , small mammals and lizards . captive a . antarcticus and a . pyrrhus have been known to take live goldfish placed writhing in their cages . diet obviously also varies with locality . west head adders ( a . antarcticus ) , have been known to disgorge frogs ( crinia signifera ) , while such prey would be absent from areas where other acanthophis may occur . one 86 . 5 cm female death adder ( a . antarcticus ) was caught in the wild , having just fed on a large 80 cm water dragon lizard ( physignathus lesueurii ) . the snake died shortly after due to the lizard ' s spines penetrating the digestive tract ( see hoser 1981 ) . acanthophis attempt to capture prey by wriggling their tails ( caudal luring ) , ( carpenter , murphy and carpenter , 1978 ) . when the prey animal ( such as a native mouse ) goes for the tail , the snake strikes at the animal with great accuracy . even if the animal struggles aggressively , acanthophis will tend to hang on until the animal is totally subdued ( dead ) .\ncopulation usually appears to be terminated by the female . this is usually done when she crawls off , dragging the male along behind her by his still joined hemipenis . mating behaviour is most likely during times of outside temperature and air - pressure changes . in a captive situation , it is best to plan matings around these conditions . although acanthophis that are housed together will mate readily , separation of sexes strongly increases the eagerness of males to mate . not all matings will result in pregnancies . acanthophis will mate at any time of year , although most activity seems to be concentrated around autumn and spring , which is also when most successful matings also occur . although it is thought that at least some acanthophis have some sperm storage capabilities , no investigation of this has yet been done . in hay ' s ( hay , 1972 ) case , his female hadn ' t mated for 12 months before giving birth . gow and barnett ( 1992 ) quote a\ngestation\nperiod for barkly adders of , 142 , 147 and 161 days in three cases . the figures quoted by gow and barnett tend towards the shorter end of the spectrum for successful matings in acanthophis ( those\ngestations\nat the short end of the spectrum are also the most commonly quoted ) . for my own breedings , the successful matings ( that resulted in young being born ) were deduced to have taken place some 6 - 9 months earlier , ( there were either no other matings or possibilities in all cases ) . assuming that young death adders develop in a similar manner in all cases , sperm storage is indicated in acanthophis by the experiences of hay and myself . further research into sperm storage capabilities of acanthophis is required .\nspecimens of acanthophis from islands in the torres strait region north of cape york in the australian museum have been seen by this author . while being tentatively assigned to this species ( a . praelongus ) by this author , do have intermediate characteristics between this species and a . laevis , the most notable being reduced ventral scale counts . noting that aplin and donnellan ( 1999 ) identified a zone of hybridization between a . wellsei and a . pyrrhus in western australia , it is likely that such may in fact occur between another two acanthophis species in the torres strait area ."]}
{"id": 2178, "summary": [{"text": "psychomastatix deserticola is a species of grasshopper in the family eumastacidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the united states .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is known commonly as the desert monkey grasshopper . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "psychomastatix deserticola", "paragraphs": ["iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 1 ( 18650 ) psychomastatix deserticola\niucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 ( 18650 ) psychomastatix deserticola\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\npsychomastatix deserticola\n.\nfacts summary : the desert monkey grasshopper ( psychomastatix deserticola ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\ninsects\nand found in the following area ( s ) : united states .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - desert monkey grasshopper facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\nsea turtles are graceful saltwater reptiles , well adapted to life at sea . unlike turtles on land , sea turtles cannot retract their legs and head . but with streamlined bodies and flipper - like limbs , they are graceful swimmers able to navigate across the oceans of the world .\nhere , we look at the seven species that can be found today , all of which are said to have been around since the time of the dinosaurs .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nthis page was last edited on 19 december 2006 , at 08 : 26 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2180, "summary": [{"text": "ibn bey ( 22 march 1984 \u2013 10 december 2012 ) was a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire who won major races in the united kingdom , france , ireland , italy and germany as well as competing in the united states and japan .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "after winning once as a two-year-old in 1986 he won the predominate stakes in 1987 before recording his first group one success in the gran premio d'italia .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he continued to improve with age and developed into a formidable international campaigner over long distances winning the grand prix de deauville , prix maurice de nieuil , geoffrey freer stakes , preis von europa , grosser preis von berlin and irish st leger .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "on his penultimate start he produced arguably his best performance when finishing second in the breeders ' cup classic .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion in japan where he had limited impact as a sire of winners .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "he died in japan in december 2012 . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "ibn bey", "paragraphs": ["funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .\nhis is a republic with an oddity . bin ali is a \u2018bey\u2019 , perhaps the country\u2019s last bey .\nhd stock video footage - funeral procession of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali , in tunisia .\nout of the high top mare rosia bay , ibn bey was a half - brother to yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern .\nmultiple group 1 winner ibn bey , who finished second in the 1990 breeders\u2019 cup classic , died in japan on monday at age 28 .\nibn bey \u2013 gran premio d ' italia ( 1987 ) , preis von europa ( 1989 ) , deutschland - preis ( 1990 ) , irish st . leger ( 1990 )\nibn bey was a group ii winner in england and france and group i - placed in both countries . he finished sixth in the 1989 japan cup ( jpn - i ) .\nin later years , bay el bey spent much of his time with varian arabians breeding manager angela alvarez , who at the time was a newcomer . bay el bey became her mentor .\nat 38 - 1 for owner yustane sohma . ibn bey exited racing with a record of 10 - 3 - 4 from 28 starts and earnings of $ 1 , 626 , 059 .\nmultiple group 1 - winner ibn bey , who finished second to unbridled in the 1990 breeders\u2019 cup classic ( gr . i ) , has died in japan . he was 28 . the son of mill reef , who stood his entire career at big red farm in japan , had been pensioned since 2007 . ibn bey was trained by paul cole for prince [ \u2026 ]\nibn bey , also a group 2 winner in england and france , finished second to kentucky derby winner unbridled in the 1990 breeders\u2019 cup classic at belmont , his only start in north america .\nas a yearwing , ibn bey was sowd for 210 , 000 guineas to de saudi fahd sawman . [ 6 ] the cowt was sent into training wif pauw cowe at his stabwe at whatcombe in oxfordshire .\n' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , 36 .\nin 1990 ibn bey began by finishing dird to creator and in the wings in de prix ganay and den ran dird to in the wings in de coronation cup . in june he was ridden by mick kinane in de gran premio di miwano , but finished fourf , more dan twewve wengds behind de winner tisserand . in juwy ibn bey was reunited wif quin and returned to germany for de grosser preis von berwin in which he faced a fiewd which incwuded mondrian as weww as de german derby winner karwoff . he recorded his fourf group one victory , beating mondrian by four wengds . [ 11 ] ibn bey and mondrian met for de dird time in de grosser preis von baden in september and on dis occasion de german horse won , uh - hah - hah - hah . ibn bey wed for most of de race but was caught inside de finaw furwong and beaten by a wengf .\nibn bey sired 79 winners for earnings of $ 15 , 937 , 010 , including taiki herakles , winner of the group 1 derby grand prix in 1999 in japan . he produced three other group stakes - placed winners .\nbay abi has 23 national winners from his 275 foals . bay el bey is his most outstanding son ; not only has he been canadian national champion stallion , but was twice us reserve national champion stallion and , has 5 more top tens . having sired the outstanding sires barbary , bey shah and huckleberry bey , bay el bey has been given the title of\nking maker\nand has established a dynasty in the show ring and in the breeding shed .\nahmad followed in his father\u2019s footsteps and pursued a military career , fighting the byzantines in the service of caliph al - muttawakkil . in 855 ibn tulun\u2019s father died and his mother married bayik bey , another high ranking turkish official in the abbasid court . ibn tulun busied himself in the war with the byzantines until 868 , when caliph al - mutazz made bayik bey the prefect of egypt , who chose to send his stepson to govern the country in his stead .\nin 1986 , de independent timeform organisation gave ibn bey a rating of 88p , de\np\nindicating dat de cowt was wikewy to make more dan normaw improvement . [ 6 ] in de fowwowing year he was given a rating if 117 by timeform , whiwst de officiaw internationaw cwassifiaction rated him on 118 , seventeen pounds behind de top - rated reference point . [ 2 ] ibn bey was water rated de best dree - year - owd cowt to race in itawy in 1988 .\n3 . ibn johara is described in index entry 3998 as an 1894 grey stallion out of johara ( q . v . ) and by \u201cibn mahroussa i . \u201d entry 4005 explains that \u201cibn mahroussa i\u201d is the grey stallion more often known as mahruss . the variant name and numerical designation appear to be raswan\u2019s own . lady anne\u2019s journal entry for january 22 , 1902 mentions \u201cthe grey horse ( now 7 years old ) by mahruss out of johara\u201d then owned by ahmed fathi and his son mohammed fathi . this is apparently ibn johara .\ntalisman bey was champion stallion at the virginia state horse show and reserve junior champion colt at the 1983 buckeye . from that time on , talisman bey was promoted through his progeny rather than continuing his show career . by the end of the 1986 show season , 20 talisman bey offspring had won nearly 60 championships . talisman bey combines the strength and conformation of his male lineage with the beauty and refinement of his dam . his ability to reproduce these traits with regularity has earned him a reputation as one of the important young sires in the arabian breed .\n\u201cwith judith 7 . 50 train , and mutlak to sale of remnant of a . p . s . stud at the serai . did not begin till long after 9 , the hour on bills , aziz brought out first only lb bid taken back . then 2 year filly b . b . azz grey fetched lbe 29 . ibn johara 32 , ibn zarifa saghir 27 , do kebir 26 , ibn bint nura saghir 56 , do kebir 43 , ibn b . jellabieh feysul 55 , ibn bint nura es shakra 44 , ibn makbula 63 , ibn aziz saghir 60 ) . johara b . helwa ( seglawieh ) 80 , b . horra and foal 125 , b . nura es shakra 106 . b . makbula 255 . of these i bid for the grey 3 yr . ibn johara 31 \u2013 splendid colt but has been ill , severe cold ( regret i did not go to 35 ) . i bought b . horra and foal and b . nura es shakra ( regret i did not buy for 55 the ch . ibn b . jell . feysul 4 years very beautiful\u2014feared to add to number of stallions as we have enough ) . sent mutlak home with the 2 mares and foal , am delighted with them\u2026\u201d\nfuneral of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . french tricolor flag at half staff atop a building . tunisian and french flags at half staff atop another building . photograph of bey of tunis , ahmad ii ibn ali . honor guard of tunisian mounted lancers leads funeral procession . french admiral jean - pierre esteva steps from car and walks in front of formation of french sailors . he greets french naval officers and tunisian officials , including successor bey of tunis , muhammad vii al - munsif . tunisian tribesmen carry coffin as french and tunisian officers stand at attention . closeup of coffin and pallbearers as they pass the camera . this historic stock footage available in hd and sd video . view pricing below video player .\nibn tulun died in 883 of dysentery . he was succeeded by his son , kuhmarraweh , but the tulunid dynasty would come to an end in 905 when the abbasids regained control of egypt . the abbasids razed ibn tulun\u2019s capital of al - qatta\u2019i , leaving nothing standing but the mosque .\none of sultan lajin\u2019s major restorations was the mosque\u2019s minaret which , with its spiraling external staircase , is another feature that sets the mosque of ibn tulun apart from other egyptian mosques . although common to ibn tulun\u2019s homeland , particularly samarra , the minaret\u2019s composition is like no other in egypt .\nin september , ibn bey was sent to germany for de group one preis von europa over 2400 metres at cowogne in which his opponents incwuded sheriff ' s star ( coronation cup , grand prix de saint - cwoud ) and mondrian ( german derby , grosser preis von berwin , araw - pokaw , grosser preis von baden ) . ibn bey took de wead soon after de start and drew away from his opponents in de straight to record his fourf consecutive victory , winning by six wengds from mondrian , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 10 ] on his appearance of de season , ibn bey was sent to contest de japan cup at tokyo racecourse on 26 november . he wed de fiewd for most of de way , but was overtaken in de straight and finished sixf behind de new zeawand mare horwicks who won in a worwd record time of 2 : 22 . 2 .\nwhen bay el bey returned to varian arabians , it was to live out his days in the front paddock , the one which had been bay abi ' s and was reserved for the patriarch . public attention was gradually shifting to his son , the charismatic huckleberry bey , and to his grandsons . bay el bey ' s last foal was registered in 1985 , and living in genteel retirement , he was allowed to pass his days pretty much as he wished .\nibn bey was retired to japan where he stood as a breeding stawwion at de big red farm . he sired 79 winners , incwuding de group i derby grand prix winner taiki herakwes . he was pensioned from stud duty in 2007 and died on 10 december 2012 at de age of 28 . [ 13 ]\nby the early 1990s , the success of bay el bey ' s descendants was staggering . through huckleberry bey and barbary , his influence in the performance arena was profound ; through bey shah , he nearly dominated the halter ranks . he had sired 441 registered foals , including nearly 100 champions and more than 30 national titlists . when he died on november 25 , 1996 , the arabian world knew that the most important sire of sires in the 20th century had passed .\nibn bey was a big , powerfuw chestnut horse [ 2 ] wif a white star and white socks on his hind wegs [ 3 ] bred by lord porchester . he was sired by miww reef de 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and irewand in 1978 and 1987 . [ 4 ] ibn bey ' s dam , rosia bay , was a daughter of de broodmare ouija , who was awso de dam of teweprompter , de grandam of ouija board and de great - grandam of austrawia . rosia bay hersewf went on to produce de yorkshire oaks winner roseate tern . [ 5 ]\nibn saud\u2019s quest for recognition of his arabian kingdom , and how british government officials turned their backs on the largest reserves of crude oil in the world .\nibn bey was sent to de united states to contest de sevenf running of de breeders ' cup cwassic at bewmont park on 27 october when he raced on dirt for de first time , and ran over a distance shorter dan one and a hawf miwes for de first time since 1986 . his opponents incwuded unbridwed , go and go , izvestia , opening verse and rhydm . ibn bey was positioned just behind de weaders before turning into de straight in second pwace . he caught de weader thirty six red inside de finaw furwong but was immediatewy overtaken on de inside by unbridwed and finished second , beaten a wengf by de winner . on his finaw appearance , on 25 november , ibn bey made a second attempt to win de japan cup . ridden by a wocaw jockey , he was hewd up in de earwy stages and despite making some progress in de straight he never reached de weaders and finished eighf behind de austrawian gewding better loosen up .\nibn bey ( gb ) ch . h , 1984 { 12 - b } dp = 9 - 7 - 22 - 10 - 2 ( 50 ) di = 1 . 17 cd = 0 . 22 - 28 starts , 10 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 724 , 131\n11 . ibn azz saghir is not in the index , but there is an entry for ibn bint azz as - saghir ( 3954 ) , with the telltale variant spelling \u201cebn bent ezz el - saghir . \u201d the index lists him as an 1893 grey stallion by ibn helwa ( or \u201cebn heloua\u201d ) out of bint azz ( \u201cbent ezz\u201d ) . it seems unlikely that azz herself was producing as late as the 1890\u2019s , but a bint azz daughter also went through the sale , so this might be another case of a dropped \u201cbint . \u201d index entry 3992 implies that ibn helwa was full brother to bint helwa gsb and johara gsb .\nibn bey made his racecourse debut in de danepak bacon stakes over one miwe at newmarket racecourse in august . he stayed on weww in de cwosing stages to finish fourf of de six runners behind lack a stywe . in october he recorded his first success by beating dirteen opponents in a maiden race at haydock park racecourse . [ 6 ]\nin the spring of 1932 , on the eve of the consolidation of his arabian territories into the kingdom of saudi arabia , king abd al - aziz al saud , better known as ibn saud , dispatched his son prince faisal , along with one of his most trusted officials , fuad bey hamza , on a diplomatic tour of europe and the middle east .\n9 . ibn nura es shakra is in the index ( 3963 ) as an 1890 grey stallion by ibn sherara ( also spelled \u201ccharara\u201d ) and out of bint nura es shakra ( bint nura gsb ; see below ) . sheykh obeyd records state that ibn bint nura es shakra was bred to johara in 1897 . at that time lady anne blunt described him as \u201cibn bint nura es shakra ( white about 7 years ) by ibn sherara\u2026\u201d ( pearson / mol p . 139 ) . in later years a grey stallion named kaukab from the ali pasha collection was active in egypt . he was the sire of sahab , the grandsire of the babson import * bint serra . * bint serra\u2019s original pedigree , issued in egypt , describes \u201ckawkab\u201d as a white son of ibn sherara and \u201cbint nura . \u201d lady anne blunt owned sahab and knew his sire . in december of 1907 she referred to kaukab as \u201ca beautiful white horse about 15 years old\u201d belonging to ali pasha\u2019s son yusef bey ( j & c p . 325 ) . on february 19 , 1914 she had a visit from ibrahim bey sherif , another of ali pasha\u2019s sons : \u201che says he has \u2018taken\u2019 kaukab ( sire of sahab ) from his brother ( yusef ) and will bring that beautiful old horse to show me tomorrow . \u201d the next day \u201cibrahim bey sherif conducted by ali the syce appeared on kaukab , true to promise . that horse is indeed beautiful , light of bone as they say and pasterns rather too long , but what style , the quarter splendid ( i wish sahab had inherited that ) \u2026\u201d kaukab was apparently out of lady anne\u2019s own bint nura gsb ( shot in 1912 ) . one might suspect that kaukab and ibn bint nura es shakra were the same horse . however , notes of lady anne\u2019s quoted in a , p & c ( p . 113 ) in connection with sahab state that yusef bey sherif had kaukab \u201cgiven to him by his father before the \u2018interdict . \u2019 \u201d this makes it unlikely kaukab would have been one of the horses in the auction . if ibn bint nura es shakra and kaukab are not the same horse , then it seems they were full brothers of roughly the same age .\nmohamed b\u00e9ji ben mami\nturbe al - bey\nin discover islamic art , museum with no frontiers , 2018 . 2018 . urltoken ; isl ; tn ; mon01 ; 12 ; en\nvodafone derby record : 1985 reach ( 6th ) ; 1986 nomrood ( 11th ) ; 1987 ibn bey ( 13th ) ; 1990 zoman ( 7th ) ; 1992 alflora ( 6th ) ; 1993 redenham ( 7th ) ; 1994 waiting ( 17th ) ; 1995 riyadian ( 7th ) ; 1996 st mawes ( 17th ) ; 1998 courteous ( 12th ) ; 1999 lucido ( 15th ) .\nas a five - year - owd , ibn bey again began his season in de aston park stakes and finished second to awbadr , to whom he was conceding six pounds . he was den moved up in distance for de henry ii stakes over two miwes at sandown park racecourse and finished fiff , more dan dirteen wengds behind de winner sadeem . in juwy he was dropped in cwass and distance for a listed race over fourteen furwongs at lingfiewd park racecourse and defeated de odds - on favourite mountain kingdom ( winner of de ormonde stakes and yorkshire cup ) by two wengds . in dis race he was ridden for de first time by richard quinn , who became his reguwar jockey . later dat monf ibn bey was sent to france again and won de group two prix maurice de nieuiw and won by a short neck from de andre fabre - trained dree - year - owd mardonius . [ 8 ] two weeks water , ibn bey made his dird attempt to win de geoffrey freer stakes . starting at odds of 9 / 2 , he raced in second before overhauwing de favourite apache in de finaw strides to win by a head . [ 9 ]\nthe following year , she showed bay el bey to the first of a series of victories and high placings in the show ring , as well as bred him to one mare . his first foal , a filly named reina del bey , arrived in 1972 , precipitating eight more breedings - - and it was in that second crop that bay el bey produced barbary , the first of the impressive lineup of stallions who would become outstanding competitors as well as breeding horses , earning their sire ( and now , as the generations go forward , grandsire or great - grandsire ) the epithet\nthe kingmaker .\nthose first youngsters were enough to let sheila know that bay el bey was the next step in her program ; it remained only for him to make a name in the show ring .\nwhile prince faisal flew over the skies of london and visited military camps in moscow , fuad bey hamza was charged with discussing the finer diplomatic points in a succession of meetings held with government officials in each country on the tour . hamza\u2019s main task was to gain formal recognition of ibn saud\u2019s kingdom of hejaz - nejd ( the precursor to the kingdom of saudi arabia ) on the international stage .\noqba ibn nafi ' i establishes a base of operations at kairouan and begins the erection of the great mosque , generally thought to be the oldest sanctuary in the western section of the islamic empire .\n' izz al - d in ibn al - athir , the annals of the saljuq turks , transl . d . s . richards , ed . carole hillenbrand , ( routledge , 2002 ) , 302 .\nzoheir ibn kais leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .\nthe almohad dynasty of morocco remains in command of tunisia . caliph muhammad al - nasir ibn yaqub appoints his own governor in tunis in 1207 to manage the day - to - day administration of the state .\nafter finishing fiff behind legaw bid in de lingfiewd derby triaw on his dree - year - owd debut , ibn bey contested de predominate stakes at goodwood racecourse , a triaw race for the derby and won by two wengds from awwasmi and cwassic tawe . in de derby he started at odds of 40 / 1 and finished dirteenf of de nineteen runners behind reference point . he finished fourf at goodwood in juwy and den ran dird behind moon madness and legaw bid in de geoffrey freer stakes . in september , ibn bey was sent to itawy for de group one gran premio d ' itawia over 2400 metres at miwan and won de race by ten wengds form jung . on his finaw appearance of de season , de cowt ran poorwy in de irish st leger at de curragh , finishing sixf of de eight runners behind eurobird . [ 2 ]\nahmad ibn tulun was born in baghdad in ad 835 , the son of a turkish slave owned by the abbasid caliph al - mamun . turkish slaves often served as soldiers and court officials under the abbasids , and the elder tulun ( \u201cibn tulun\u201d means \u201cson of tulun\u201d ) was an accomplished officer , rising to the position of chief of the caliph\u2019s personal guard . tulun provided his son ahmad with an excellent education , which included studying theology at tarsus and military training at samarra . this military and religious background , combined with a youth spent observing the machinations of court politics , would prove to be a valuable skill set for ibn tulun .\nby the late 1970s , bay el bey ' s growing reputation as a sire outweighed any desire sheila varian had to show him . he remained full time at arroyo grande , where he and bay abi formed one of the only national champion father and son teams to share a barn . in 1984 , however , bay el bey was on the move , this time to florida , where he was leased by rohara arabians for two years of stud duty . in the days before the use of transported semen , the move east provided increased exposure for the stallion and allowed his son , huckleberry bey , more opportunity to develop his own following on the west coast .\nbuilt more than 1 , 100 years ago , the mosque of ibn tulun still looks largely the way it did when first constructed , although the entire city that was built around it was destroyed just 26 years later .\nkasida ( 1891 ) and manokta ( 1894 ) were foundation mares for lady anne blunt , full sisters by nasr and out of makbula gsb . it seems that ibn makbula was their brother and the third nasr foal .\nthe death of murad ii leaves the muradids in some confusion as they vie with one another for superiority . this sparks the revolution of tunis , or the muradid war of succession , which does not end until the first of the husainids has seized control in 1705 . murad ' s sons , ali bey and muhamed bey fight each other , plus their uncle , muhammad al - hafsi , several lesser commanding figures , the turkish militia and even the dey of algiers . ali bey is assassinated , and muhammad al - hafsi is recalled to constantinople ( permanently ) , but the dey of algiers manages to use his own tunisian supporters to briefly capture tunis between 1694 - 1695 .\nthe penultimate line of defense for the state is family ties and clan kinship . so writes in the fourteenth - century bin ali\u2019s compatriot , the masterful philosopher king , ibn khaldoun , in his celebrated muqaddimah ( introduction to history ) . asabiyyah ( tribal kinship or solidarity ) , makes and breaks states , ibn khaldoun rightly argues . his thesis epitomizes current statecraft in most arab republics . so long as the state\u2019s coercive \u2018reserve\u2019 is not in shortage .\nchaghri beg [ 1 ] ( turkish : \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 bey , full name : abu suleiman dawud chaghri - beg ibn mikail ) ( 989 - 1060 ) , da ' ud b . mika ' il b . saljuq , [ 2 ] also spelled chaghri , was the co - ruler of the early seljuq empire . the name chaghri is turkic ( \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 in modern turkish ) and literally means\nsmall falcon\n,\nmerlin\n. [ 3 ]\nthe bey of tunis recognises the newly - created republic of corsica , which has been created after a twenty - six year fight for independence . genoese rule is thrown out , if not genoese troops , who remain in various strongholds .\nubeidallah ibn al - habhab al - maousili launches an invasion of sicily which results in him seizing syracuse . he readies his forces to take the rest of the island but a berber revolt in ifriqiyya forces him to abandon the idea .\nat this time the capital of egypt was the city of fustat , which lies in the area of what is now called old cairo . ibn tulun , however , envisioned something more along the lines of baghdad or samarra , and so he began construction of his own capital city , al - qatta\u2019i . this new capital would be laid out in the persian style , with a palace and a connected mosque large enough to service all his soldiers . for the location of his city ibn tulun chose a strategic high ground called jabal yashkur , which means \u201chill of thanksgiving . \u201d ibn tulun\u2019s decision to create his own capital city exhibited an independent streak which would continue to grow as he consolidated his political power .\nthe islamic wali of ifriqiyya , zoheir ibn kais , leads a force which defeats a joint army of byzantines and berbers in carthage commanded by berber leader khusalah on the qairawan plain . the victors are not strong enough to follow up their victory .\nhe had an extremely gentle inner side ,\nsheila concurs ,\nbut he was very willing and enthusiastic in his own way .\nshe searches for adjectives .\nbay el bey was stately , wise , thoughtful , kind . . .\nit was that gentle honesty that was nearly their undoing at the canadian nationals of 1977 , when after a long , hard class , when everyone was tiring , sheila knew that bay el bey had been giving his best , and let up a little .\nchaghri beg ' s later life and death are mentioned on pages 129 - 130 in the annals of the saljuq turks : selections from al - kamil fi ' l - ta ' rikh of ibn al - athir , translated by d . s . richards .\nin britain \u2013 already an important ally of the saudi kingdom \u2013 the primary focus of the diplomatic talks was ibn saud\u2019s formal request for financial aid from the british government for use in the economic development of his kingdom , including funding the exploration for oil deposits .\nfirst , he took advantage of his connections with the abbasid court to have the locally unpopular minister of finance removed , and by 872 he had assumed control of the council of financial affairs . once in a position to do so , he boosted his own image in egypt by lowering taxes and spending more on infrastructure . meanwhile , after the murder of bayik bey in 870 , control of egypt passed to ibn tulun\u2019s father - in - law , who not only kept him in place as governor but also granted him control over alexandria .\nthe eu and the us have sympathy for and comprehension of the tunisian civil society\u2019s problem . the tunisian people through innate good sense made him their \u2018bey\u2019 . now they deserve something in return : respect and freedom from the spectre of hereditary rule that haunts most arab republics .\n10 . ibn makbula is in the index ( 4009 ) as an 1892 grey stallion . variant spelling \u201cebn makboula . \u201d beyond this , his index entry is particularly garbled . he is listed as being by a sire also named \u201cibn makbula\u201d and out of a mare named \u201cnasrat . \u201d there is no other \u201cibn makbula\u201d in the index , and the only \u201cnasrat\u201d in the index was a bay ali pasha stallion by aziz and out of bint azz . ali pasha sherif owned at least two mares named makbula , and ibn makbula\u2019s name implies he was the son of one of them . index correction 888 changes the sire to nasrat and the dam to makbula . like raswan , lady anne blunt says that ali pasha sherif bred a bay stallion named nasr or nasrat , by aziz and out of bint azz . she further records that \u201cnasr died of \u2018the eye\u2019 i . e . fell dead one day when being ridden out \u2013 this happened on a bridge . his only descendants were kasida , manokta and a colt ex mukbula\u201d ( quoted in upton , p . 116 )\ninitially the ottomans were openly opposed by muley hamida a son of the hafsid muhammad v and a man with a very low reputation . once he had been seen off , the second bey was murad bey ( murad i ) . he was of corsican janissary stock and had been sponsored by ramdan bey from an early age . upon randan ' s death he was able to succeed him in office and secure the succession of his own son . as the first of this line the dynasty is known by his name - muradid or mouradite . however , his successors were so interested in securing their position , and making that position independent of ottoman control , that they alienated much of the nobility and ended up fighting amongst themselves so that it was almost a relief when the last of them was murdered by his own general .\nbritish - bred ibn bey won 10 of 28 career starts , earning $ 1 , 626 , 059 while racing for five seasons in seven countries . he was named champion 3 - year - old colt in italy in 1987 , on the strength of a victory in the group 1 gran premio d\u2019italia . however , he found greater success in later seasons of his career , winning the group 1 europa - preis in 1989 , and taking both the group 1 grosser preis and group 1 irish st . leger the following year at age 6 .\nafter the return of the abbasids in 905 , and with the rise of cairo proper as the capital of egypt , the mosque of ibn tulun lost its former prestige and centuries of neglect took their toll . the mosque suffered major damage in the 12th century when it was used at various times to house pilgrims . in 1296 , the mamluk sultan lajin , who had hidden in the mosque in the aftermath of the assassination of sultan al - ashraf khalil ibn qalawun , made good on his promise to restore the property to its original grandeur .\nibn saud\u2019s main concern was to gain international recognition for his kingdom , which he had spent over twenty years expanding and consolidating . his second intention was to seek financial aid from britain in order to , amongst other things , fund the search for oil deposits in his dominions .\nracing for fahd salman , ibn bey was a four - time group i winner . in germany , he won the 1989 r + v - europa preis ( ger - i ) and the 1990 grosser preis der berliner bank ( ger - i ) and was a champion both years . in italy , he captured the 1987 gran premio d ' italia ( ity - i ) and was that year ' s champion 3 - year - old male . he was an irish champion the year he won the 1990 jefferson smurfit memorial irish st . leger ( ire - i ) .\nthree weeks after his defeat in germany , ibn bey contested de irish st leger over fourteen furwongs at de curragh and started de 5 / 1 second favourite behind de 1989 st leger stakes winner michewozzo . he raced in second pwace behind de dree - year - owd thetford forest ( water to win de sun awwiance novices ' hurdwe ) before taking de wead two furwong from de finish . he was headed by de outsider mr pintips but rawwied to regain de advantage 100 yards from de finish and won by a wengf . [ 12 ] after dis race he entered de ownership of yustane sohma .\nsince the 2009 elections , tunisians have started wondering whether bin ali intends to leave power in 2014 and under what scenarios . they have recently been rudely prevented from wondering too much and wandering into a different republic : one where they are visible and where the \u2018bey\u2019 and his heirs have departed for good .\nbin ali and his government must realize that people live not by bread alone . they also live as social contractors with aspirations for free speech , organized political activity , civic and social capital , and political dynamism . ruling as a \u2018bey\u2019 in modern - day tunisia betrays the very republican pretensions of the regime .\nduring his two - year residence in florida , bay el bey established an indelible link with rohara .\nhe ' s a part of our program through all three sons and one grandson , jk amadeus ,\nsays hart .\neven this year , so many years later , i would say that half of our show horses are either grandsons or great - grandsons ( or daughters ) of bay el bey - - 50 percent of the show string that we showed , and we had 21 entries at region xii .\nhis contribution ?\nmostly the motion , the stretch , the overall athletic ability .\nin 1938 , standard oil of california struck oil at al - hasa , tapping into what would become the world\u2019s largest deposit of crude oil . irrespective of ibn saud\u2019s thoughts on the success of his son\u2019s 1932 diplomatic tour , for the british government it was one visit that officials probably wanted to forget .\n6 . and 7 . ibn bint nura saghir and ibn bint nura kebir raswan describes as chestnut stallions foaled 1892 and 1889 , by aziz and out of bint nura ( index 3964 , 3962 ) . entry 3964 gives variant spelling \u201cebn bent noura el - saghir . \u201d raswan\u2019s attempt to determine which bint nura produced these stallions is similar to his treatment of the two zarifa sons . these two sons of \u201cbint nura\u201d were probably out of the same mare . ali pasha owned numerous mares known as \u201cbint nura\u201d ( see below for another ) . these two easily could have been full brothers to bint nura gsb .\n8 . ibn bint jellabieh feysul is in the index ( 3957 ) as an 1893 chestnut son of ibn nura out of bint jellabieh feysul . date , name , and color agree with the journal entry describing the auction . raswan seems to have been unaware that this horse was feysul gsb . lady anne blunt acquired him \u201cfrom seyyid mohammed fathi december 7 1898 . mohammed fathi had bought him from saleh bey sherif , his purchaser at the 2nd auction held in march 1897 ( lady anne blunt quoted in a , p & c , p . 97 ) . the facsimile page of the sheykh obeyd stud book reproduced in upton shows that lady anne blunt originally entered feysul as the son of \u201cbint jellabiet feysul , \u201d noting that feysul\u2019s dam was also known as \u201cthe lame\u201d ( el argaa ) from having broken a front leg . she later changed el argaa\u2019s other name to read \u201cbint bint jellabiet feysul , \u201d implying that one of the \u201cbints\u201d had been left out originally .\nas important as his physical presence was the sheer force of his personality .\nbay el bey had the temperament that we see in all the descendants - - ready to work , full of fire , but completely sweet ,\nsays mike nichols .\nthat ' s what characterized everything that ' s come down from him .\n12 . johara bint helwa has variant spelling \u201cgoharra bent heloua\u201d in index entries 3081 and 4550 . she is in gsb as johara , and crabbet records state she was also known as \u201cbint helwa es shakra\u201d ( the chestnut daughter of the sweet mare ) . crabbet records further state that lady anne blunt \u201c [ p ] urchased [ her ] from ibrahim bey sherif on april 19 , 1897 for lb 120 . ibrahim bey had bought her at the auction on march 26 , for lbe 80 ( quoted in upton , p . 100 ) . johara was the daughter of aziz and helwa , and was foaled about 1880 , making her one of the first aziz foals .\nahmad bey abolishes slavery in tunisia , one of several reforms in what is largely a mismanaged attempt to modernise the state . some of his efforts are handled with the support of the french but little of his changes benefit or even affect the ordinary populace . nevertheless , his cousin and successor , muhammad ii continues to follow his reformist tendencies .\nibn bey was beaten in his first four races of 1988 . he finished dird under top weight of 128 pounds in de aston park stakes at newbury , fourf behind awmaarad in de hardwicke stakes at royaw ascot , fourf , beaten 26 wengds , by unfuwain in de princess of wawes ' s stakes at newmarket , and fourf again in de geoffrey freer stakes in august . on his finaw appearance of de season , he was sent to france to contest de grand prix de deauviwwe over 2700 metres on 28 august . ridden by michaew roberts , he took de wead 400 metres from de finish and won by two wengds from de barry hiwws - trained sudden victory . [ 7 ]\n4 . and 5 . ibn zarifa saghir and ibn zarifa kebir appear to be the sons of a mare named zarifa ( \u201cthe graceful\u201d ) , as their names imply ( \u201cthe younger son of the graceful mare\u201d and \u201cthe elder son of the graceful mare\u201d respectively ) . index entries 4040 and 4041 , as well as 11242 and 11243 , interpret the names to mean \u201cthe son of the younger zarifa\u201d and \u201cthe son of the elder zarifa , \u201d which is an unlikely interpretation since the words kebir and saghir take the masculine form and therefore seem to apply to the sons . raswan says the sons were foaled in 1887 and 1888 , were both grey , and both by aziz .\nthe mosque tells the story of a court servant , the son of a turkish slave , who came to rule all of egypt and part of syria . he would rise to declare independence for his kingdom\u2013as well as himself\u2013from those who once owned him . this article will explore the history of ahmad ibn tulun and the mosque that bears his name .\npeace was established this year between king ibrahim and da\u2019ud ibn mikha\u2019il ibn saljuq , the lord of khurasan , on condition that each of them should keep what he held and abandon opposition to the other\u2019s rule . the reason for this was that the wise men on both sides considered [ the situation ] and realised that neither of the two rulers was able to take what the other held , and that the only result would be expenditure of money , exhaustion of the troops , plundering of the land and loss of life . so they worked for peace , and an accord was reached and oaths sworn . copies were drawn up , and the people were delighted and rejoiced at the prospect of prosperity .\nno tunisians are arguing for democratic \u2018compulsion\u2019 from without . given the sad state of opposition and overall civic capital , mounting a challenge against the last \u2018bey\u2019 or his heirs may prove premature for another decade . but if bin ali wishes to insist on clinging to power till \u2018death do us part\u2019 , then he must stop to insult the intelligence of his people .\na successional dispute for the umayyad caliphate sees an army march on damascus , where a new caliph is proclaimed . rebellions and revolts break out across the empire , one of which results in a change in command in tunisia ( ifriqiyya ) , as a dynasty of governors is established . handhala ibn safwan al - kalbi consents to return to islamic damascus .\nthat bay el bey was athletically inclined was apparent . in preparing for his halter competition , he often enjoyed an unconventional training regimen . one year , getting ready for nationals , sheila conditioned him with extensive rides in the country around arroyo grande , accompanied by her whippet amber , and unofficially , a jackrabbit .\nevery day , the jackrabbit would always be in the same spot , and every day we ' d chase it , my dog and my horse and me . we ' d be going wide open through rough country .\nevery day , she adds , the rabbit escaped .\nthat was bay el bey ' s exercise that year . i always exercised him under saddle , never longed him .\nthe mosque is the largest in cairo , and is the third largest in the world . it is the oldest mosque in egypt that still retains much of its original design . the mosque of ibn tulun differs from other mosques in several regards , not the least of which is that it is built of brick covered with carved stucco rather than stone and marble . one reason given for this is the fact that the architect was a christian , who decided to use brick in order to spare churches from being plundered for building materials . another explanation is that ibn tulun wanted the mosque to mirror the great mosque of samarra , which is constructed in the same way , and because brick is more fire resistant .\nthe four qadits of sicily have largely been rebuilt into a single emirate by ayyub ibn tamim , the son of the zirid emir of ifriqiyya ( regional governors of the fatamids ) . he departs in 1068 , leaving behind an island that remains divided between arabs and byzantines , and is not strong enough to continue to hold out against fresh attacks from apulia .\nhis only british classic win so far came in the 1990 st leger on snurge - a horse whom , along with ibn bey , ruby tiger and bint pasha , quinn rates as the best he has ridden . controversially lost the ride on generous in the 1991 derby to alan munro when owner prince fahd salman decided to retain the latter jockey despite quinn ' s status as stable jockey to trainer cole . the partnership of salman , cole and quinn was later resumed although the jockey rode as a freelance last season , when he had a best - ever tally of 151 victories , and only kieren fallon partnered more winners . following fallon ' s departure from warren place , quinn began as first jockey to henry cecil this season .\nin addition to his canadian national championship in stallion halter , bay el bey was named 1974 and ' 76 u . s . national reserve champion stallion , and earned seven top tens as well as eight championships and reserves at regional and class a shows . sheila also presented him briefly in english pleasure , totaling up three championships , three reserves and the region ii championship .\nsheila varian particularly remembers the sight of bay el bey and angela , heading out to the back pasture to tease the mares , a duty the stallion took over from his sire , bay abi .\nyou ' d see an empty 20 - acre pasture when angela led bay el bey in . . . and then , over the hill , the mares and foals would come running to greet him . because they were used to him and knew him , the mares didn ' t object when the foals came up to him , and he would stand with the babies all around him , talking to the mares . there was no striking , no biting , no rearing - - he knew what to do and how to do it .\nbay el bey and i trusted each other . he had a strength and seriousness about him that i admired and a playfulness that i loved . if i wasn ' t moving fast enough to those pastures , he ' d get behind me and nudge me in the back . i miss those nudges . . . especially every morning around 8 o ' clock .\n14 . fortunately , lady anne had also bought bint horra\u2019s foal , a bay filly by ibn nura just 22 days old at the time of the auction . she was known as bint bint horra , and lady anne blunt named her ghazieh . she is no . 15 in the sheykh obeyd herd book , and was the dam of ten foals for lady anne .\nwhat i remember most about him was his amazing neck , the same type that bay abi had , but with even more stretch and elegance ,\ncomments breeder mike nichols , who first saw bay el bey on a 1974 visit to varian arabians , which resulted in his purchase of the yearling barbary .\nthe trick is to get certain things simultaneously ; none is more important than the other - - type is crucial , correctness , performance , athletic ability , disposition - - you ' ve really got to get all of those or you don ' t have what we ' re looking for and you don ' t have anything you can go on with . bay el bey was living evidence of that and how brilliantly it bred on .\nhasan ibn al - nu ' man captures carthage in 695 and advances into the atlas mountains . taking advantage of his absence , a byzantine fleet arrives to retake carthage in 697 , but within a year hasan returns and defeats emperor tiberius iii at the battle of carthage . africa is abandoned to the islamic empire . carthage is again destroyed and is replaced by tunis as the regional capital .\nibn makbula appears in the journals again , entry of november 20 , 1909 : \u201cto the house of mahmud moharrem rustem purchaser of \u2026 the colt by nasrat out of makbula \u2026 a handsome wreck , eyes sunk in and looks older than his age ( 16 to 17 years ) , is very like kasida is grey , great bone , strange to say not yet white at that age . \u201d\nhusayn bey signs a treaty with france which grants it a strip of land near carthage on which king louis ix had died in 1270 , during the seventh crusade . the idea ( or pretence ) is that a monument is to be built to commemorate the french king . ten years later the first stone is laid in the construction of the cathedral of carthage , and the french now have a foothold in the country .\nin rajab of this year [ 13 august - 11 septemener 1059 ] there died chagri beg da\u2019ud ibn mikha\u2019il ibn saljuq , the brother of sultan tughril beg . it is said that his death was in safar [ 4 ] 52 [ 7 march - 4 april 1060 ] . he was about seventy years old . he was the lord of khurasan and the rival andopponent of the house of sabuktegin , and the defender of khurasan againstthe , . when he died , his son alp arslan became ruler of khurasan after him . da\u2019ud left a number of male children , including the sultan alp arslan , yaquti , sulayman , and qavurt beg . after [ the death of ] his brother da\u2019ud , the sultan tughril beg married the mother of sulayman , and named him as his successor . what happened to him we shall relate later .\nthe last independent dynasty of tunisia , the hafsids , had become increasingly caught up in the power struggle between spain and the corsairs , the latter of which were supported by the ottoman empire . the ottomans conquered tunis in 1574 and toppled the hafsids . once removed , they were replaced by ottoman governors ( labelled deys - a superior title - or beys - the inferior of the two ) , with ramdan bey being the first ."]}
{"id": 2181, "summary": [{"text": "the dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) is a species of seahorse found in the subtidal aquatic beds of the bahamas and parts of the united states .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "according to guinness world records , it is the slowest moving fish , with a top speed of about 152 centimetres per hour .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is most often white in color but can range from tan , brown , yellow and green .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in the wild , it often has small skin growths called cirri that resemble algae . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "dwarf seahorse", "paragraphs": ["noaa fisheries . dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) . accessed september 30 , 2014 .\ngenetic evidence for monogamy in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae . - pubmed - ncbi\ninformation on the dwarf seahorse is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nas \u201cdata - deficient , \u201d meaning that no one has really looked into the dwarf seahorse\u2019s population dynamics .\nthe dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) is a small seahorse found in the western atlantic ocean . they are also known as little seahorses or pygmy seahorses .\nmasonjones , h . , s . lewis . 1996 . courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae .\nzebra snout seahorse hippocampus barbouri , a beautiful seahorse but one that frequently does poor in captivity .\nmasonjones hd and sm lewis . 1996 . courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae . copeia 1996 : 634 - 640 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - dwarf seahorse dorsal view\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - dwarf seahorse dorsal view\ntitle =\narkive photo - dwarf seahorse dorsal view\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae )\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - adult male dwarf seahorse with young\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - adult male dwarf seahorse with young\ntitle =\narkive photo - adult male dwarf seahorse with young\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nproject seahorse is the world\u2019s premier seahorse conservation and research organization . a wealth of information is available at their web site : urltoken\njordan , , gilbert . 1882 .\nhippocamous zosterae ( dwarf seahorse )\n( on - line ) . fishbase . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .\nvideo :\ndwarf seahorse snatches a copepod\ncheck out this up - close - and - personal video showing how these tiny seahorses can be deadlier than sharks .\nwe set out to catch a modern day unicorn , the dwarf seahorse , as dainty and secretive a creature as you can find anywhere on land or under the sea .\nin fact , the center for biological diversity filed a petition in 2011 to list the dwarf seahorse under the endangered species act . federal officials are still considering that petition .\nsoon after the deepwater horizon oil spill , the center leapt into action to fight dangerous offshore oil drilling that threatens the survival of the dwarf seahorse and countless other animal and plant species . a year later , with pollution still persisting in the gulf and the seahorse in dangerous decline , we filed a scientific petition to federally protect the species . in 2012 , the national marine fisheries service announced that the dwarf seahorse may warrant protection .\ndwarf seahorses have 9 - 10 bony rings around their trunk and 31 - 32 rings around their tail .\nthe small size and specific body ring and dorsal ray counts should be sufficient to allow the dwarf seahorse to be distinguished from the larger congener hippocampus erectus , with which it may co - occur .\nfull , round belly . a healthy seahorse is a will feed seahorse . while they tend to be fairly thin by nature , any caved in sides is a bad sign .\nhi there , i have 9 dwarf seahorses in a 35 gallon bow front . the tank is . . .\nvincent , a . 1995 . a role for daily greetings in maintaining seahorse pair bonds .\nare humans . dwarf seahorses are extremely popular in the aquarium trade because of their small size . some fisheries off the coast of florida have built their business around the capture of live dwarf seahorses in shallow grass beds for the aquarium trade . tens of thousands of\nthe marine curio industry also affects wild seahorse populations . for more about this threat , go to\nthe seed to go on a seahorse hunt was planted during a recent conversation with brian jones of the sea lab , who mentioned that the lab had acquired some dwarf seahorses from another facility and would be putting them on display .\nhigh reproductive rates and a stable population size suggest dwarf seahorses are an important trophic link in halodule seagrass communities ( strawn 1958 ) .\nthe breeding season for dwarf seahorses runs from february to november . in captivity , these animals have been reported to mate for life .\nhermit crabs are not very effective predators in general , but a very large individual might be able to overcome a dwarf seahorse . it\u2019s more likely that the crab was scavenging an already dead seahorse , but stick to very small individuals in your tank . these should be quite easy to collect in the waters inhabited by the pipefish .\n, commonly known as the dwarf seahorse , inhabits coastal waters of the western atlantic ocean , including the caribbean sea , the gulf of mexico , and the continental shelf of the southeastern united states ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) .\ndwarf seahorses are also collected in florida for the marine ornamental aquarium industry . annual seahorse landings vary widely , but adams et al . ( 2001 ) indicates more than 80 , 000 h . zosterae were collected in florida in 1992 .\nmasonjones , h . 2001 . the effect of social context and reproductive status on the metabolic rates of dwarf seahorses ( hippocampus zosterae ) .\ndwarf seahorses , hippocampus zosterae remains an ever popular , easy to care for aquarium pet . the basics of keeping them are . . .\nbright , active eyes . a healthy seahorse will swivel its eyes around in constant search of food .\ncitation : fedrizzi n , stiassny mlj , boehm jt , dougherty er , amato g , mendez m ( 2015 ) population genetic structure of the dwarf seahorse ( hippocampus zosterae ) in florida . plos one 10 ( 7 ) : e0132308 . urltoken\na pair of dwarf seahorses are entombed in this acrylic paperweight bought in a seashell curio shop . thousands of seahorses meet a similar fate every year .\nlarge species of seahorse , very similar to h . reidi in form and coloration . a subtropical seahorse from the pacific , found on the west coast , possibly as far north as california . outgoing , active seahorse . but very difficult to keep successfully . prone to bacterial illnesses that tend to then infect any other syngnathid inhabitants .\nyour fears are correct . seahorse should not be kept with reef lobsters . please look at the tankmates article .\nbreeding interval dwarf seahorses remate within 4 to 20 hours after the young have been released from the brood pouch . this may occur throughout the breeding season .\nfor those who have never seen a pipefish , it is the closest swimming relative of the seahorse . in fact , pipefish look just as a seahorse would look if you straightened its body out and bent the seahorse head to be in line with the rest of the body . but they share a much more fascinating trait than just appearance .\nthe trade in dwarf seahorses for both the aquarium and curio trades has historically been concentrated in florida [ 51 , 52 ] . collection of h . zosterae in florida is regulated in the same manner as other near - shore marine fishes and is subject to the restrictions of recreational and commercial fishing licenses issued by the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission [ 51 ] . the results of our analyses , considered alongside observations of the methods of dwarf seahorse collectors , suggest that the impact of the aquarium trade on h . zosterae is likely small and can be sustained by dwarf seahorse populations . implementation of seasonal restrictions on large - scale catches of dwarf seahorses , such as those for the curio trade , could be a useful management tool for curtailing collection during the peak of annual population contraction , which occurs from december to february [ 1 , 52 ] .\nstaring at a picture of a dwarf , i thought , what a thing , to catch one of these tiny and magical creatures and hold it in your hand . in a lifetime spent prowling ocean waters , i had previously encountered only one live seahorse , which my cousin mike and i caught in a seine in panama city in the 1970s . it was the more common and much larger lined seahorse .\na 10 gallon aquarium is far too small for most seahorse species , and clownfish are not good tank mates for seahorses .\nthe key to feeding dwarf seahorses dwarf seahorses are one of the only seahorse species that will thrive on a diet consisting solely of enriched brine shrimp . they will , however , appreciate an occasional meal of tiny , wild caught invertebrates \u2013 thin meshed \u201cplankton nets , \u201d ( available from biological supply houses ) drawn through shallow marine waters will yield a wealth of valuable food items . \u201cenriched\u201d brine shrimp are those that have been allowed to feed for a few days before themselves being given to the seahorses . this process increases the shrimps\u2019 nutritional value , and is indispensable if one is to succeed in keeping dwarf seahorses . therefore , brine shrimp intended as seahorse food should be given brightwell aquatic\u2019s phyto - green , or a similar product , for several days .\n2003 .\nbiology of seahorses\n( on - line ) . project seahorse . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .\ntiger tail seahorse , hippocampus comes , showing the distinctive tail coloration that earned this species it\u2019s name . photo courtesy of debby ng\none issue that new seahorse keepers struggle with is what exactly they need for an aquarium setup to keep seahorses . . . .\nthe two species highlighted in this article ( please see part i , the atlantic seahorse , published last week ) were chosen because , of all , they are the most likely to do well on diets that are within the means of most aquarists . please do not be tempted to try other species until you are well - experienced with the following animals . i will focus here on points unique to seahorse husbandry \u2013 water quality and filtration should be managed as for other marine fishes ( please see related articles posted on this blog ) . dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae\nthe male seahorse carries fertilized eggs in his\nbrood pouch\nfor 9 to 45 days until the young seahorses emerge fully formed .\ngreat info\u2026i\u2019ve always been interested in keeping a seahorse tank , but haven\u2019t had much time . my reef tanks keep me busy enough !\nwe had a few local hermit crabs as you suggested in the book , but found one eating a seahorse , and so released them just to be on the safe side . could the hermit crab have killed the seahorse ? sorry for so many questions , thank you .\nas it stands , dwarf seahorses are the second most popular fish exported from the state for the aquarium trade , with reports of tens of thousands sold live each year . still , collection for the chinese market takes the lion ' s share of all seahorse species internationally . a guide to the identification of seahorses , a 2004 scientific paper about the status of global seahorse populations , states that the asian trade exceeds 50 tons of dried seahorses a year , a stunning amount considering how small even the largest seahorse species are . the international union for conservation of nature , which publishes the iucn red list of threatened species , considers all 30 - plus known seahorse species to be in danger of extinction due to exploitation and habitat loss .\nthroughout their range , using a variety of gear types and inconsistent sampling frequencies and duration ' s . throughout this section , reported seahorse densities are low , but this has been observed broadly across seahorse species ( foster and vincent 2004 ) and is strongly related to gear specificity in\nseahorses ' unique life - history characteristics and habitat specificity make them particularly vulnerable when faced with exploitation and habitat degradation . seahorses have elaborate social and reproductive behaviors , with males giving live birth and partners forming monogamous bonds that are reinforced each morning with a greeting ritual . the imperiled dwarf seahorse is too special to abandon to extinction .\na mated pair ! dwarf seahorses are known to be monogamous , and to mate for life . their elaborate courtship rituals are well documented . and here was a mated pair basically holding hands .\nand other seahorse species produce a rapid clicking sound as a form of communication . these clicking sounds have been observed during courtship and copulation , inter - male competition , feeding , and stress produced , for example , by moving a seahorse from one tank into another . dwarf seahorses produce these clicking sounds by stridulation , which is the production of sound through the grinding together of hard , usually bony structures . in this case the skull grinds against the vertebrae . more specifically ,\nmost of the harvest occurs in the grass beds of south florida , which appear to be the dwarf seahorse ' s last remaining stronghold . the state of florida recently rejected recommendations from a state panel that sought to beef up the rules governing the harvest . the rule change would have cut the number that could be harvested in a day from 400 to 200 per boat , set a limit of 25 , 000 per year for the annual harvest , and prohibited collecting dwarf seahorses anywhere but within this stronghold area . some scientists believe the seahorse populations in other parts of the state have been affected by years of heavy collection and shrimp trawling , nearly wiping them out from some areas .\nwell that depends on the seahorse you\u2019re interested in . typically the larger and more brightly colored individuals cost more than the smaller and duller colored ones\nbloating . while a fat seahorse is a healthy seahorse , they also succumb to infections that cause fluid to accumulate under the skin . it can be difficult to tell the difference in the early stages , but one thing you can do is watch for if it is still eating or not .\nwhile this just a basic overview of what is needed for keeping seahorses , following these three keys will lead to a happy , healthy seahorse tank .\nmany middle - aged and older aquarists may be familiar with dwarf seahorses , even if they don\u2019t realize it . those of us who grew up in the precomputer age reading comic books are likely familiar with the ads in the back of those comic books offering seahorses for sale . these were dwarf seahorses , and those of us who bought them had live fish arriving in the mail years before the internet began .\nthe maximum length of a dwarf seahorse is just under 2 inches . like many other seahorse species , it has a variety of color forms , which range from tan to green to almost black . their skin may be mottled , have dark spots , and covered in tiny warts . these seahorses have a short snout , and a coronet on top of their head that is very high and column - like or knob - like in shape . they may also have filaments extending from their head and body .\nas early as the mid - 1950s , dwarf seahorses were preserved , dried , and sold to shell dealers for $ 15 . 00 to $ 25 . 00 per 1 , 000 ( strawn 1954 ) .\nbaum jk , vincent acj ( 2005 ) magnitude and inferred impacts of the seahorse trade in latin america . environ conserv 32 ( 4 ) : 305\u2013319 .\nafter reading this , are you thinking of setting up your own seahorse aquarium ? stop by our forums to ask any questions you have about keeping seahorses .\ndwarf seahorses are precocious and will breed freely in captivity . some seahorse species are reported to be monogamous , but dwarfs definitely like to play the field . i have one large female that mates on a regular basis with at least four different males . their mating dance usually happens early in the morning , and i\u2019ve never seen a pair mate in the afternoon or evening .\ndwarf seahorses eat small crustaceans and tiny fish . like other seahorses , they are\nambush predators ,\nand use their long snout with a pipette - like motion to suck in their food as it passes by .\nvincent , a . 1997 .\nnova - kingdom of the seahorse\n( on - line ) . pbs . accessed october 13 , 2004 at urltoken .\nproject seahorse 2003 . hippocampus zosterae . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . < urltoken > . accessed september 30 , 2014 .\nseahorse keepers are obsessed with food . live food , dead food , big food , small food . why ? because our seahorses are so dependent on it .\nthe dwarf seahorse ' s mating ritual is fascinating ,\nsaid mccawley , with the florida fwc . it is\nmarked by distinct behavior changes and intensity and occurs over 3 - 4 days . the phases include side - by - side vibrating or quivering , showing bright and / or rapid color changes , head pointing , and repeatedly rising together in the water column .\nwith adults only about an inch tall , the dwarf seahorse is the smallest of the four seahorse species found in u . s . waters . this dainty , curly - tailed fish occurs only in shallow seagrass areas in the gulf of mexico , along the atlantic coast of florida and in the caribbean . unfortunately , this seahorse now faces numerous threats to its existence , and the best available science shows that it ' s in decline . widespread loss of the species ' seagrass habitat due to pollution , damage from boats and trawls and global warming is hurting the minuscule creature \u2014 which is further endangered by collection for use in the aquarium trade , as curios , and for prepackaged traditional medicines . after the catastrophic 2010 gulf of mexico oil spill degraded much of its range , this seahorse is more threatened than ever and could disappear forever without the protection of the endangered species act .\nstrawn k . 1958 . life history of the pigmy seahorse , hippocampus zosterae jordan and gilbert , at cedar key , florida . copeia 1958 : 16 - 22 .\nlourie s ( 2003 ) fin - clipping procedure for seahorses . in : project seahorse technical bulletin 3 . fisheries centre , university of british columbia , pp 1\u20134 .\nreidi are available in australia by the only remaining commercial breeders here seahorse australia . urltoken just expensive and only seems to be females at the time of this comment .\nis one of the smallest of the many different seahorse species , ranging in size between 2 to 2 . 5 cm . the maximum reported size was a male of 5 . 0 cm ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) . this species of seahorse can be distinguished from other western atlantic seahorse species by the presence of 10 to 13 dorsal and pectoral fin rays ( daswon and vari , 1982 ) . also , dwarf seahorses possess 9 to 10 trunk rings , a high knob - like coronet that lacks spines or projections , knob - like spines on the body , a short snout that is one - third the length of the head , and skin covered in tiny warts ( lourie et al . , 2004 ) .\nlourie s , foster s , cooper e , vincent ac ( 2004 ) a guide to the identification of seahorses . traffic north america and project seahorse , washington dc .\nthe dwarf seahorse , hippocampus zosterae , is a small seahorse common to florida seagrass flats . it is variable in color , often tan and unpatterned , but individuals can also range in color from green to nearly black . the snout is long relative to body size and the coronet ( head projection ) is high and knob - like . the dorsal fin has 11 - 13 fin rays and a dark submarginal stripe that may aid in identification . body ring counts reveal 10 - 14 trunk rings and 31 - 33 tail rings ( hoese and moore 1977 , robins et al . 1986 ) .\nchang ch , lin hy , jang - liaw nh , shao kt , lin ys , ho hc . ( 2013 ) the complete mitochondrial genome of the tiger tail seahorse ,\ngoswami m , thangaraj k , kumar b , chaudhary l , bhaskar sk , gopalakrishnan a , et al . ( 2009 ) genetic heterogeneity of the indian stocks of seahorse (\nan ideal \u201cfirst seahorse\u201d in sharp contrast to larger fishes , dwarf seahorses offer us the opportunity to observe nearly all of their natural behaviors in captivity . due to their small size , they adjust readily to the confines of aquarium life . three pairs in a 15 gallon tank will reward you with a display of activities not often observed among captive seahorses of other species . as a consequence , their captive husbandry is well understood , and many specimens in the trade are commercially produced . this is an important consideration at a time when many seahorse species are in sharp decline ( please see below ) .\nthe size and shape of the aquarium is also important to seahorse health . 20 gallons per seahorse is the absolute minimum for a pair of seahorses . 40 gallons per pair of the really large species such as h . ingens or h . abdominalis . however , water volume is only one factor when determining the best size seahorse aquarium . seahorses need tall aquariums , as they are vertical swimmers . this is especially true if you plan to breed them . minimum tank size is three times the total adult height of the seahorse . be sure this is after you subtract the depth of your sand bed . a 20 - inch tank with a 6 inch sand bed only gives seahorses 14 inches of usable height .\nour results support an isolation by distance model as a contributing driver of population structuring in floridian h . zosterae , in which geographically proximate populations are more genetically similar than those that are farther apart [ 36 ] . these findings implicate a stepping - stone or nearest - neighbor model in the structuring of dwarf seahorse populations , though other organismal and environmental factors are likely influential , including rafting and current patterns [ 39 ] .\noverwintering cedar key dwarf seahorses disappear from the grass flats by early august and do not become member ' s of the next year ' s overwintering population . strawn ( 1958 ) suggested that individuals from this population rarely exceeded one year in age .\ndescription and habitat \u201cseapony\u201d might be a more appropriate name for this diminutive creature , which , at an adult length of 0 . 9 inches , is only slightly larger than the smallest known species , denise\u2019s pygmy seahorse ( please see below ) . ranging from florida to the bahamas , the dwarf seahorse may be white , yellow , green or black in color . it dwells in sea grass beds , so much so that the species name , \u201czosterae\u201d , is drawn from that of the plant with which it is most often associated . northern populations were formerly considered to be a separate species , h . regulus .\ndriving home , this thought occurred to me regarding the fact that they mate for life : if i were only able to move five feet an hour and i managed to find another of my species in a huge forest of grass , and that one i found was the opposite sex , i ' d probably never let her out of my sight either . especially so if she looked as lovely and delicate as a dwarf seahorse .\nwas listed in 2000 as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species . one major threat to dwarf seahorses is habitat degradation due to extraction from subsistence , artisanal uses , and large - scale fisheries as well as infrastructure development such as industry , human settlement , and tourism . harvesting for local , national , and international trade and accidental mortality as bycatch in fishing nets are also threats to this population . due to the small size of dwarf seahorses , they are popular in the aquarium trade .\nboehm jt , woodall l , teske pr , lourie s , baldwin c , waldman j , et al . ( 2013 ) marine dispersal and barriers drive atlantic seahorse diversification . j biogeogr\ni\u2019m often asked which species of seahorse aquarists should get for their first aquarium . this question may sound simple enough , but different species behave differently and have varying levels of care required .\nalso has a dorsal fin with a submarginal band ( dawson and vari , 1982 ) . dwarf seahorses are found in colors of beige , yellow , green , and black , and may have white speckles or dark spots ( lourie et al . , 2004 ) .\n( 1989 ) , observing 0 . 37 animals / m\u00b2 in 1994 / 1995 combined , again showing that across habitat types , seahorse densities were stable . using otter trawls in deeper areas , thayer\nas a testament to their hardiness , most of those early shipments arrived alive and well . because the dwarf seahorse is relatively easy to care for , provided a few basic needs are met , those of us who followed the simple directions that came with them were rewarded with fish that often reproduced and survived for several generations in our care . unfortunately , i\u2019m sure many others did not follow those directions , and those poor fish in their care did not last long .\ndwarf seahorses live in shallow waters populated with seagrasses . in fact , their distribution coincides with the availability of seagrasses . they may also be found in floating vegetation . they live in the western atlantic ocean in southern florida , bermuda , bahamas and the gulf of mexico .\ndwarf seahorses are the one exception . newly hatched and enriched baby brine shrimp is generally used as a staple . this is because they are more nutritious , still having the egg yoke or being enriched . larger seahorses will not eat baby brine shrimp , its too small .\nwilson mj , and acj vincent . 1998 . preliminary success in closing the life cycle of exploited seahorse species , hippocampus spp . , in captivity . aquarium sciences and conservation 2 : 179 - 196 .\n, being a smaller species , is expected to live on average one year in the wild and in captivity ( if given proper care ) ( lourie et al . , 2004 ) . the maximum reported lifespan is 1 year for dwarf seahorses ( jordan and gilbert , 1882 ) .\ntankmates need to be slow . seahorses are not very fast at catching food ; some will stare at a piece for a good ten minutes before deciding it is edible . highly aggressive , fast tankmates will usually end up stealing all the food . in addition , gregarious , fast moving fish tend to make seahorses nervous and can cause undue stress , which can lead to illness . keep the tankmates slow and small , and your seahorse will be happiest . or don\u2019t keep them at all , as many seahorse keepers discovered they do best only with their own kind . for specific recommendations , see the article on seahorse tankmates .\ni was in surfside this weekend and caught a very small seahorse . about an inch long . it is now in a 30 gallon ice chest filled with ocean water from where i caught him\u2026 now what\u2026 .\ndwarf seahorses typically produce at least three generations per year , with four or more generations possible in the southern parts of their range [ 1 ] . most breeding activity occurs between february and october , with breeding timing and juvenile growth both closely associated with day length and regional water temperatures [ 1 , 12 ] . during the summer months , when water temperatures exceed 30\u00b0c , male dwarf seahorses may produce up to two broods per month , each containing up to 55 offspring . juvenile development is rapid , with individuals reaching reproductive maturity between two and three months of age .\nplays a vital role in the ecosystems in which they live , first as predators that help regulate populations of their marine prey . as prey for other animals , dwarf seahorses help to maintain other species by providing them with a source of food . for example , consumption of small crustaceans by\nthe dwarf seahorse is found in eelgrass beds around coastal florida , out in the atlantic to bermuda and throughout the caribbean . in fact , their specific name zosterae refers to the genus of eelgrass with which they are most often associated : zostera . while individual specimens are reputed to be tied to one area , and they don\u2019t move around much , their wide dispersal is apparently due to them hanging on when pieces of seagrass break loose and float off with the current to settle down sometimes hundreds of miles away .\nthe last issue concerning the seahorse environment is water quality . seahorses are messy eaters ; consuming large volumes of high protein , high fat foods . they have an inefficient digestive system , which leaves the aquarist with high protein , high fat poops that break down in the aquarium . for this reason , it is important for the seahorse aquarist to watch their water quality closely , and set up their aquarium to deal with these waste - producing machines .\nhello i was wondering what can be done to help the bio cube not get so hot ? i have been looking into a seahorse tank and found the biocube 32 to be suitable and many people seem to use them .\ni have not much idea about seahorses but i\u2019d loved to keep them as pets . can anyone suggest me of which kind of seahorse i should get ? i prefer the one that has a long life span . thanks !\ndwarf seahorses are small . specimens collected from cedar key seagrass beds by strawn ( 1958 ) ranged from 7 to 38 mm from the knob at the top of the head ( the coronet ) to the tip of the tail . robbins et al . ( 1986 ) indicates large specimens may reach 5 cm .\nhello , i\u2019m having difficulty adjusting the flow rate on the 2 different types of filters that i use in my seahorse aquarium . the current if blowing the seahorse around , no matterhow i try to slow it . in the spring i am planning to add pipefish , which also need slower water i believe . i have an undergravel plate already in place , and am thinking to give it a try , do you have any opinion on undergravel filters ?\nhi dena \u2013 are you prepared for the amount of work and expense keeping seahorses requires ? what did you think of the above questions ? if you think you\u2019re ready to keep a seahorse , i suggest starting with captive bred individuals . i would strongly recommend releasing this one back into the wild as close to where you found it as possible . and then take a look at so you want to set up a seahorse tank as a good starting point .\nmeasuring an inch long when full grown , they are the smallest of the four seahorse species native to the gulf of mexico , and one of the smallest vertebrates on the planet . they are also thought to be slowly disappearing .\ntipton and bell ( 1988 ) describe the predation strategy of dwarf sea horses as a\nsit - and - wait\nambush strategy . like other syngnathids , h . zosterae is a pipette feeder ( colson et al . 1998 ) , using suctorial force to capture prey with the fused tube - like jaws .\nthe network visualization and genetic distance map suggest that , with the possible exception of pensacola , some gene flow occurs between sampled locations . as the distances between these locations far exceed the capacity of h . zosterae for active migration , these findings implicate passive dispersal as a common mechanism underpinning genetic connectivity in the species . passive dispersal is likely accomplished through rafting , which has been previously documented in other seahorse species [ 38 , 40 ] , and woodall et al . \u2019s [ 14 ] reported occurrence of a north american seahorse in european waters was likely the product of a long - range dispersal by rafting . as dwarf seahorses produce benthic offspring and have limited capacity for active dispersal , rafting provides a likely explanation for our findings of genetic intermixing between distant populations [ 1 , 13 ] .\npopulation data for most of the world\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s more than 30 seahorse species is sparse . however , worldwide coastal habitat depletion , pollution , and rampant harvesting , mainly for use in asian traditional medicine , have made several species vulnerable to extinction .\ni plan to gift a seahorse to a friend . it would be nice if you could give me me detailed information about the cost involved and also any other things i should keep in mind / may overlook . thanks\u2026loved the article !\nadditional observations on dwarf seahorse reproduction are provided by strawn ( 1958 ) . microscopic examination of ripe ovaries by the author revealed two clutches of eggs , one of which is comprised of large eggs ready to be transferred to the male pouch , the other of the small , yolked eggs of the successive clutch . the largest clutch size ( mature eggs only ) was 69 eggs , and the largest brood from a male was 55 young . one female usually provided all of the eggs brooded in the male marsupium , and courting males pump their pouches full of water .\nour findings indicate significant population structuring among hippocampus zosterae populations in florida . we present strong evidence for the presence of a genetically distinct dwarf seahorse population ( pensacola ) , delineate two recognizable populations ( eastern keys and west coast ) , and suggest the presence of a fourth ( big pine key ) . the consistently high and strongly significant values for the various estimates of genetic differentiation employed in this study support the demarcation of the pensacola sample as markedly genetically differentiated from the rest of the seahorses collected in this study and the consideration of the population as a discrete management unit [ 37 ] . our analyses also lend credence to the suggestion made in previous studies that rafting may serve as a common means of passive dispersal facilitating genetic connectivity between geographically distant seahorse populations [ 2 , 4 , 21 , 38 ] .\nrange from 5 to 20 milliseconds in length and are between 2 . 65 and 3 . 43 khz . also , as size of the seahorse increases the peak frequencies of the clicking sounds decrease ( colson et al . , 1998 ) .\ndwarf seahorses have a complex , four phase courtship ritual that involves color changes , performing vibrations while attached to a holdfast . they may also swim around their holdfast . then the female points her head upward , and the male responds by also pointing his head upward . then they rise up into the water column and intertwine tails .\nlike other seahorses , dwarf seahorses are ovoviviparous , and the female produces eggs that are reared in the male ' s brood pouch . the female produces about 55 eggs which are about 1 . 3 mm in size . it takes about 11 days for the eggs to hatch into miniature seahorses which are about 8 mm in size .\nthe tank size you have sounds too small . it sounds like approximately 15 gallons ( 57 ltr ) , and you\u2019re going to want a minimum of a 29 gallon ( 110 ltr ) for most species . unless you\u2019re thinking of keeping dwarf seahorses , which have very different requirements and then the tank would be almost too big .\nafter a few minutes in one spot , they would both release their grip on their seaweed perch and slowly glide to a new spot . seahorses swim upright , standing in the water with their head straight above their tails . the only means of locomotion comes from a small fin on their back . while jacque cousteau writes in his book the ocean world that this fin can move seventy times a second , it is so ineffective that the dwarf seahorse is considered to be the slowest of all fish , capable of traveling about five feet an hour . indeed , it took the pair several minutes to transit the length of the small aquarium i placed them in . despite that shortcoming , they have been around for along time . the earliest known example of a seahorse from the fossil record is 13 million years old .\ndwarf seahorses are amazing animals . i see something new and different each time i look into their tank . i set up the tank right in my office next to my computer , so i can watch them all the time . of course , sometimes that distracts me when i\u2019m writing ! the only drawback is that they need to have small , nutritious live foods all the time . if you can meet this one non - negotiable requirement , give them a try . a colony of dwarf seahorses makes an excellent display in a 2 - to 5 - gallon nano tank and might even get you interested in trying your hand at keeping and breeding other marine fish .\nlourie , s . , s . foster , e . cooper , a . vincent . 2004 .\na guide to the identification of seahorses\n( on - line pdf ) . project seahorse . accessed october 14 , 2004 at urltoken .\na dwarf\u2019s gestation period is about 10 days at 70 degrees fahrenheit . the male carries up to a dozen or so eggs in his pouch , and each day it swells a bit as the embryos grow inside him . recent studies have shown that a pseudo - placental structure develops , and the lining of the pouch changes during embryonic development .\ndwarf seahorses are benthic at birth , settling onto the surrounding substrate and vegetation shortly after they emerge from their father\u2019s pouch [ 1 , 13 ] . adult h . zosterae are poor swimmers and may experience even more limited mobility and a greater risk of predation as a result of their small size . long - range dispersal of h . zosterae is likely restricted to instances of passive dispersal through rafting , which can occur as vegetative holdfasts break loose from the substrate and are carried by ocean currents [ 4 ] . genetic exchanges between non - contiguous seahorse populations are presumed to be rare and restricted to rafting events and limited pelagic dispersal [ 2 , 11 ] . long distance dispersal through rafting has been documented in larger seahorse species , though the success of rafting as a dispersal strategy depends chiefly upon chance and favorable current patterns [ 14 ] .\nmedium seahorse , tends to be rather shy . may need some coaxing to eat . tends to be neutral colored , yellows but more commonly greys , cream , brown . frequently reported to avoid interaction with humans and \u201chide\u201d\u009d when they are being observed .\nteske pr , hamilton h , palsboll p , choo ck , gabr h , lourie sa , et al . ( 2005 ) molecular evidence for long - distance colonization in an indo - pacific seahorse lineage . mar ecol - prog ser 286 : 249\u2013260 .\nproduces these sounds by the grinding of a bony articulation between the supraoccipital ridge of the neurocranium and the grooved anterior margin of the coronet . when dwarf seahorses lift their head , the ridge of the neurocranium slides under the medial groove of the coronet resulting in the clicking noise that is most likely used as a form of communication . the feeding clicks of\nhoese and moore ( 1977 ) indicate individuals are restricted to high - salinity grass flats , but other authors report dwarf seahorses occupy and appear capable of breeding across a broad range of salinities . strawn ( 1958 ) , for example , reported heavy summer breeding following periods of high ( 33 ppt ) and low ( 9 . 7 ppt ) salinity .\nso what is a seahorse keeper to do ? variety is the spice of life . while it may take time to convince your seahorse that mysis isn\u2019t the only thing they want to eat , most that eat frozen will learn to eat other shrimp like frozen food , such as krill . with live food , spend the money to get live saltwater shrimp and supplement . you can also enrich food with various supplements such as vibrance or selcon . feeding live shrimp high quality foods to \u201cgut load\u201d for seahorses is another option .\nheavy breathing / panting / coughing \u2013 seahorses tend to breath heavier than most fish , though rocking back and forth from breathing so hard , or looking though they\u2019re coughing every few breaths is generally a sign of gill parasites or a seahorse being at death\u2019s door .\ntissue samples were collected from h . zosterae individuals from eight locations around the florida peninsula during august 2012 and january 2013 ( table 1 ) . field collections were performed through a combination of snorkeling and dip netting . fin clips were taken from the lower corner of the dorsal fin and stored in 95 % ethanol as specified by lourie [ 19 ] and lourie et al . [ 20 ] . fin clips of thirteen dwarf seahorses from indian river , florida , were provided by a collaborating researcher who obtained them from the florida department of fish and wildlife as part of a phylogenetic study of atlantic seahorse diversification [ 2 ] .\nthe ability of seahorses to change color in many social situations is most likely a form of communication about the state or mood of the seahorse to its mate or other members of its species ( indiviglio , 2002 ) . mates also communicate with nose pointing and body vibrations .\nlourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . ( ref . 30915 )\nlourie , s . a . , foster , s . j . , cooper , e . w . t . and a . c . j . vincent . 2004 . a guide to the identification of seahorses . project seahorse and traffic north america . 114 pp .\ncaution : often sold as a tropical seahorse , but much of the water they inhabit is actually subtropical . they seem to do best for most aquarists around 68 - 70f . this species is also one that almost always needs to be kept with it\u2019s own kind only .\nhello , i read this article and your name seemed familiar . i realized that i have your seahorse book also . it has been very useful to us . i have experience with many marine fishes and other animals of all kinds but seahorses have always given me more trouble than most , so any information you could send would be appreciated . i found like you that dwarf seahorses do better than some of the larger and more expensive kinds . i am using the product you mentioned in this article , phytogreen , as brine shrimp food . my husband had selco recommended to him \u2013 would it be good to used this , or both , also ?\nin nature , seahorses spend most of their time eating . this is because their digestive system is very short and not very efficient . they have evolved to be eating machines . unfortunately , they have evolved to be picky eating machines , only recognizing the movement of live food as actual food . thus comes the problem many seahorse keepers face . seahorses not only require frequent feedings of highly nutritious food , they often will only eat living food . which means for many seahorse aquarists at least one extra tank for food and a fairly large food budget .\nremember , always buy captive bred ; and if possible , get directly from a breeder to limit the risks both in accurate identification and eliminating the risk from sometimes inadequate care . i strongly recommend looking at a modern guide to buying seahorses for more information on picking your seahorse .\nhello randal , frank is no longer affiliated with our blog but feel free to let us know if you have any questions while setting up your new seahorse tank . h . zosterae have become much more difficult to find over the past couple of years and i would definitely recommend only getting captive - bred seahorses . most aquarium - suitable species are available through breeders at this point and are much better both for natural populations and aquarium suitability . if you are looking for more information , i would also recommend the libraries on urltoken and urltoken for seahorse information .\nthis is a large seahorse , very similar in shape to h . reidi . they behave much like h . reidi and are gregarious , active seahorses . common coloration : yellow with orange dots . commonly be solid yellow , yellow with black or white / light or all black .\nlourie , s . a . , a . c . j . vincent and h . j . hall , 1999 . seahorses : an identification guide to the world ' s species and their conservation . project seahorse , london . 214 p . via fishbase , september 30 , 2014 .\nwe sometimes collect at a bay in nj and often find pipefish which i believe is the northern pipefish . your book and article mentions these as doing well with seahorses . do you think they might live with dwarf seahorses , or do they need colder water . also , we use mainly brine shrimp as live foos . . can pipefish adjust to frozen food ; is brine shrimp enough for them ?\ngreat article . i recently saw a video of a male seahorse giving birth which brought back memories when i was a kid in the 60\u2019s and ordered them from a magazine . i\u2019m thinking about getting some now . what is the name of your book ? thanks for the great info . randal\ni have a wild caught seahorse from the carribean , west coast of puerto rico . i will like to know the sex , age ( young or older ) if look healthy and the kind ( species ) to get a mate for her / his . can you help me , please ?\nafter assembling the tripod and getting set up , i focused on this tiny seahorse , no more than an inch long , and to my surprise , discovered that there were two . not only were there two , but they were holding each other ' s tails and a piece of seaweed .\nseahorses are picky eaters , and the need to eat a lot . they mainly eat shrimp , but readily available brine shrimp is not an adequate diet . most captive bred seahorses eat frozen mysis and those unfortunate enough to own wild caught seahorses have to feed live foods . see our seahorse feeding guide .\ntiny , newly discovered specialists the pygmy seahorse , hippocampus bargibanti , first described in 1970 , seems to live on only 2 species of gorgonians ( soft corals ) of the genus muricella . so closely does it resemble the coral\u2019s polyps that the individual which led to the first description of the species was not discovered until it was seen on a coral that had been placed in an aquarium several days earlier ! at 0 . 8 inches in length , it was the smallest known species until the discovery , in 2003 , of indonesia\u2019s denise\u2019s pygmy seahorse . adults of this minute creature are a mere 0 . 6 inches long .\nlet\u2019s imagine the optimum environment for a home seahorse aquarium . what would be included in the way of equipment ( what would be the standard dimension tank without the added expense of a custom built tank ? ) , live rock and and other items in the tank . which species of seahorses are considered the hardest ?"]}
{"id": 2184, "summary": [{"text": "hypoplectrus nigricans , the black hamlet , is a hamlet in the family serranidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is native to shallow parts of the central western atlantic ocean and caribbean sea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it grows to about 15 cm ( 6 in ) in total length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a simultaneous hermaphrodite , with a breeding strategy known as egg trading .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "one fish acts as a female and lays a batch of eggs which the other fertilises .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the following night , the roles are reversed . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "hypoplectrus nigricans", "paragraphs": ["f st values for pair - wise comparisons of hypoplectrus nigricans allopatric populations , based on analysis of aflp data .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .\nhypoplectrus nigricans\nin fishbase . december 2008 version .\nresults of the f st outlier analyses between belize , honduras , and panama in hypoplectrus puella , h . nigricans , and h . unicolor\nhypoplectrus nigricans is a hamlet from the western atlantic . it occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade . it grows to a size of 15 cm in length .\nhypoplectrus floridae n . sp . and hypoplectrus ecosur n . sp . , two new barred hamlets from the gulf of mexico ( pisces : serranidae ) : more than 3 % different in coi mtdna sequence from the caribbean hypoplectrus species flock\nhypoplectrus floridae n . sp . and hypoplectrus ecosur n . sp . , two new barred hamlets from the gulf of mexico ( pisces : serranidae ) : more than 3 % different in coi mtdna sequence from the caribbean hypoplectrus species flock\naguilar - perera , a . 2004 . variations in morphology and coloration in the black hamlet , hypoplectrus nigricans ( teleostei : serranidae ) . caribbean journal of science , 40 : 150 - 154 .\nnumbers and types of polymorphic aflp loci resulting from pair - wise comparisons of hypoplectrus populations .\na review of the caribbean hamlets ( serranidae , hypoplectrus ) with description of two new species .\nhypoplectrus nigricans isolate m63hn . b nadh dehydrogenase subunit 5 ( nd5 ) gene , partial cds ; nadh dehydrogenase subunit 6 ( nd6 ) gene , complete cds ; and trna - glu gene , partial sequence ; mitochondrial genes for mitochondrial products\nhypoplectrus nigricans isolate m62hn . b nadh dehydrogenase subunit 5 ( nd5 ) gene , partial cds ; nadh dehydrogenase subunit 6 ( nd6 ) gene , complete cds ; and trna - glu gene , partial sequence ; mitochondrial genes for mitochondrial products\nf st values for pair - wise comparisons of hypoplectrus chlorurus allopatric populations , based on analysis of aflp data .\nf st values for pair - wise comparisons of hypoplectrus puella allopatric populations , based on analysis of aflp data .\nf st values for pair - wise comparisons of hypoplectrus unicolor allopatric populations , based on analysis of aflp data .\nvictor , b . c . 2012 . hypoplectrus floridae n . sp . and hypoplectrus ecosur n . sp . , two new barred hamlets from the gulf of mexico ( pisces : serranidae ) : more than 3 % different in coi mtdna sequence from the caribbean hypoplectrus species flock . journal of the ocean science foundation , 5 : 1 - 19 .\ncitation :\nblack hamlets , hypoplectrus nigricans ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\nthe blue hamlet hypoplectrus gemma and its supposed model , the blue chromis chromis cyanea . photos : a & b - dr robertson .\nthis study is based on nine samples including three sympatric species ( the barred hamlet hypoplectrus puella , the black hamlet hypoplectrus nigricans , and the butter hamlet hypoplectrus unicolor ) from three locations ( belize , honduras , and panama ) , with 14 individuals per sample ( total 126 individuals ) . this sampling design provides the opportunity to explore the population genomic patterns of local adaptation ( between allopatric populations within species ) and speciation ( between sympatric species ) within a single system , and to repeat comparisons both taxonomically ( in three species for local adaptation ) and geographically ( in three populations for speciation ) .\ndomeier , m . l . 1994 . speciation in the serranid fish hypoplectrus . bulletin of marine science , 54 : 103 - 141 .\nf st estimates among belize , honduras , and panama in hypoplectrus puella , h . nigricans , and h . unicolor at 10 microsatellite loci , 97 , 962 snps , and at the three repeated outliers identified in this study . n sample size , n / a data not available , \u2013 coverage below filtering criteria for these snps in these populations\nfischer , e . 1980 . speciation in the hamlets ( hypoplectrus : serranidae ) : a continuing enigma . copeia , 1980 : 649 - 659 .\nthe yellowbelly hamlet hypoplectrus aberrans and its supposed model , the cocoa damselfish stegastes variabilis . photos : a - f charpin ; b - dr robertson .\nthe yellowtail hamlet hypoplectrus chlorurus and its supposed model , the yellowtail damselfish microspathodon chrysurus . photos : a - c shipley ; b - dr robertson .\nthe tan hamlet hypoplectrus randallorum and its supposed model , the threespot damselfish stegastes planifrons . photos : a - p lobel ; b - dr robertson .\n( of plectropoma nigricans poey , 1852 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe shy hamlet hypoplectrus guttavarius and its supposed model , the rock beauty angelfish holacanthus tricolor . photos : a - f charpin ; b \u2013 j lyle .\nf st values for pair - wise comparisons of hypoplectrus sympatric morphotype populations and for pair - wise same morphotype comparisons allopatric populations , based on analysis of aflp data .\nlobel , p . s . 2011 . a review of the caribbean hamlets ( serranidae , hypoplectrus ) with description of two new species . zootaxa , 3096 : 1 - 17 .\ndistinct geographic variation in the coloration is present in h . unicolor , h . nigricans , and h . indigo , but not in the \u201cmodel\u201d of each . h . puella and h . nigricans display geographic variation in coloration that suggests that , if their coloration is cryptic , they are more cryptic at some locations than others . thus the limited information on geographic variation in hamlet coloration indicates it occurs in both \u201cmimic\u201d and non - mimic hamlets and is not related to mimicry , nor , perhaps , to crypsis .\ndomeier , m . l . , 1994 . speciation in the serranid fish hypoplectrus . bull . mar . sci . 54 ( 1 ) : 103 - 141 . ( ref . 26407 )\ngraves j . e . & rosenblatt r . h . 1980 . genetic relationships of the color morphs of the serranid fish hypoplectrus unicolor . evolution , 34 ( 2 ) , 240 - 245 .\nfischer [ 45 ] made intensive observations on h . nigricans and noted no behavioral interactions between it and the damselfishes or other species indicative of mimicry . he suggested that the coloration resemblance between h . nigricans and the two stegastes species is coincidental , and the result of independent selection for background - matching crypsis in each taxon . aguilar - perera [ 48 ] described geographic variation in color , shape and size of h . nigricans , with fish in the northwest caribbean being uniformly black , with short , blunt fins , while those in puerto rico are grey with yellow eyes , and have longer , more pointed fins ( see also [ 33 ] , [ 40 ] ) . if the black pattern is cryptic [ 45 ] , then the geographic variation described by aguilar - perera [ 48 ] indicates that the species may be less cryptic at some locations than others .\nresearch hypoplectrus nigricans \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\npuebla o , bermingham e , guichard f ( 2008 ) population genetic analyses of hypoplectrus coral reef fishes provide evidence that local processes are operating during the early stages of marine adaptive radiations . molecular ecology 17 : 1405\u20131415 .\ngarc\u00eda - machado e . , chevalier - monteagudo , p . p . & solignac , m . 2004 . lack of mtdna differentiation among hamlets ( hypoplectrus , serranidae ) . marine biology , 144 : 147 - 152 .\nonly comparisons with suitable sample sizes are shown . see table s7 for loci and outlier numbers for all comparisons . abbreviations represent the morphotypes included in each comparison : c = h . chlorurus , n = h . nigricans , p = h . puella , u = h . unicolor , v = veracruz white .\nobservations of behavioral interactions relating to mimicry have been made on only two of the seven hamlets originally described as mimics by randall and randall [ 3 ] and thresher [ 42 ] , h . nigricans and h . unicolor . in a detailed study of the behavioral ecology of h . nigricans , fischer [ 45 ] found no support for mimicry by this species , and suggested there was a coincidental similarity related to background matching coloration . h . unicolor and h . indigo are the only hamlets actually known to behave in a manner consistent with a mimetic relationship . how do information on hamlets in general relate to the nine predictions of the mimicry hypothesis ?\ncitation : holt bg , c\u00f4t\u00e9 im , emerson bc ( 2011 ) searching for speciation genes : molecular evidence for selection associated with colour morphotypes in the caribbean reef fish genus hypoplectrus . plos one 6 ( 6 ) : e20394 . urltoken\nabstract nine of the sixteen species of the western atlantic genus hypoplectrus ( serranidae ) are currently recognized to be distributed in the gulf of mexico . hypoplectrus atlahua n . sp . is only known from tuxpan banks and isla lobos , veracruz . it differs from the only other similarly colored species , h . nigricans ( i . e black hamlet ) in the number of gill rakers on the first arch , snout length , upper jaw length , pectoral and pelvic fins lengths , and coloration . it is a dark brown species , lacking nose spots , mask , caudal fin dark spots , peduncle saddle , and pectoral pigmentation , but has iridescent violet speckles and lines on cheeks and chest , and also a well - defined but rather small violet dot over the dorsal flat spine on the rear edge of the opercle .\nrepresentative images of the hypoplectrus colour morphotypes at different locations included in aflp outlier detection analysis . n . b . images for samples obtained in u . s . virgin islands not available as all individuals were released immediately after capture within this location .\naguilar - perera , a . & gonz\u00e1lez - salas , c . 2010 . distribution of the genus hypoplectrus v ( teleostei : serranidae ) in the greater caribbean region : support for a color - based speciation . marine ecology , 31 : 375 - 387 .\naguilar - perera , a . & tuz - sulub , a . n . 2010 . hypoplectrus gemma ( teleostei : serranidae ) is not endemic to southern florida waters . pan - american journal of aquatic sciences , 5 ( 1 ) : 143 - 146 .\nholt , b . g . , c\u00f4t\u00e9 , i . m . & emerson , b . c . 2010 . signatures of speciation ? distribution and diversity of hypoplectrus ( teleostei : serranidae ) colour morphotypes . global ecology and biogeography , 19 : 432 - 441 .\npuebla , o . , bermingham , e . , guichard , f . & whiteman , e . 2007 . colour pattern as a single trait driving speciation in hypoplectrus coral reef fishes ? proceedings . biological sciences / the royal society , 274 : 1265 - 1271 .\nramon , m . l . , lobel , p . s . & sorenson , m . d . 2003 . lack of mitochondrial genetic structure in hamlets ( hypoplectrus spp . ) : recent speciation or ongoing hybridization ? . molecular ecology 12 : 2975 - 2980 .\nthe significant repeated outliers were detected above consistently low , but significant , genetic divergence between pairs of morphotypes ( table 2 ) . our f st values , derived from the most comprehensive taxonomic and geographic sampling to date , are in agreement with previous analyses using aflps [ 15 ] and microsatellites [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . these results suggest that hypoplectrus morphotypes do represent more than simple colour variants of a single species and that selection acting on a limited number of loci is indirectly resulting in low level significant isolation in other parts of the hypoplectrus genome .\nholt , b . g . , c\u00f4t\u00e9 , i . m . & emerson , b . c . 2011 . searching for speciation genes : molecular evidence for selection associated with colour morphotypes in the caribbean reef fish genus hypoplectrus . plos one , 6 ( 6 ) : e20394 .\ndel moral flores , l . , tello - musi , j . & mart\u00edinezp\u00e9rez , j . 2011 . descripci\u00f3n de una nueva especie del g\u00e9nero hypoplectrus ( actinopterigi : serranidae ) del sistema arrecifal veracruzano , suroeste del golfo de m\u00e9xico . revista de zoolog\u00eda , 22 : 1 - 10 .\nour results show evidence for consistent selection between at least two hypoplectrus morphotypes ( h . chlorurus and h . puella ) and highlight three aflp loci that show good evidence for being directly affected . selection between colour forms appears to play a role in maintaining this complex of morphotypes ; however , this has not resulted in consistent divergence for the vast majority of the loci studied . the low but significant genetic differentiation between morphotypes suggests that hypoplectrus colour forms do represent more than just colour variants of a single species . however , incipient speciation cannot be assumed and these results are consistent with the possibility of an evolutionarily stable colour polymorphism .\nthe repeated outlier loci identified are likely to be linked , either physically or otherwise , to genes coding for hypoplectrus colour pattern . an aflp outlier analysis , similar to ours , on intertidal snails [ 25 ] was followed up by sequencing of both outlier and non - outlier loci using bacterial artificial chromosome libraries [ 26 ] , allowing speculation regarding the phenotypic effects of outlier loci . applying these techniques to the repeated outliers uncovered in this study could result in a fundamental step forward in understanding exactly how hypoplectrus morphotypes differ from each other , potentially identifying regions of the genome under selection . comparative analysis of divergent and non - divergent loci may consequently prove to be informative regarding the history of polymorphism in this genus .\nhypoplectrus chlorurus , h . nigricans , h . puella and h . unicolor each provided suitable sample sizes for repeated outlier analysis . a total of 10 loci were identified using the dfdist method as being potentially under selection between morphotypes at either the 99 % or the 95 % level ( fig . 3 , table 4 ) . the frequency of repeated outliers showed the opposite pattern to that shown by general outlier frequencies , with sympatric morphotype population comparisons producing more repeated outlier loci than allopatric same morphotype comparisons . the numbers of 95sel and 99sel loci were significantly higher than expected under neutral conditions ( both p < 0 . 001 ) . the numbers of 95geo and 99geo loci did not significantly differ from null expectations , however , the relatively small sample sizes for h . puella in these analyses is likely to have reduced the probability of detecting loci in disequilibrium in these comparisons involving this species .\nin this study we use established outlier detection methods to search for molecular signatures of selection on specific loci between interbreeding populations . through analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms ( aflps ) we specifically considered whether individual loci are consistently associated with individual morphotypes across different locations . the aflp technique has a specific advantage over mtdna and microsatellite markers that have been so far employed for population genetic analysis of hypoplectrus [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] ; by efficiently producing hundreds of markers , it has higher potential to detect polymorphism across the genome . our study took advantage of this feature to search for direct molecular evidence of selection between hypoplectrus morphotypes across different locations . this approach has an advantage over methods such as bulk segregate analysis or qtl mapping in that it can be applied to samples from natural populations and does not require laboratory breeding , which has so far proven to be unfeasible for these fish [ 7 ] .\nusing a genome - wide scanning approach , we found evidence for consistent selection occurring between pairs of h . chlorurus and h . puella , and between h . puella and h . unicolor pairs , despite observing low to moderate overall divergence among colour forms . three aflp loci were identified as being under selection between morphotypes in pair - wise comparisons of sympatric morphotypes at two different locations , using both the dfdist and bayescan methods . these loci represent the first evidence for selection between morphotypes influencing the hypoplectrus genome across sampling locations .\nsubstantial inter - morphotype gene flow may at first seem to contradict the results of extensive spawning observations , in which only \u223c1 % of matings occurred between different morphotypes [ 7 ] , [ 13 ] . however , even this level of interbreeding could be consistent with our observed f st values given the likely size of the majority of hypoplectrus morphotype global populations . the possibility of infrequent hybridization preventing speciation has been suggested for other systems [ 28 ] , [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , whereby equilibrium between convergence and divergence is maintained by occasional gene flow .\nhypoplectrus is a genus of small , predatory groupers endemic to the tropical northwest atlantic . it has 16 named \u2018species\u2019 [ 3 ] , [ 39 ] - [ 42 ] , eight of which have been proposed as aggressive mimics of different reef fishes [ 3 ] , [ 42 ] , [ 43 ] . below i present information on the only four species for which there are behavioral observations relating to the mimicry hypothesis . relevant information on the coloration and behavior of five other species of \u201cmimic\u201d hamlets and their \u201cmodels\u201d is summarized in appendix s1 , together with general information on the coloration of hamlets .\ntwo \u201cmimetic\u201d hamlets , h . nigricans and h . indigo , feed heavily on fish : \u223c30\u201340 % and 90 % of their identifiable stomach contents respectively [ 37 ] , [ 43 ] , [ 45 ] . in addition , fishes also make up about 10\u201325 % of the identifiable stomach contents of h . chlorurus , h . puella and h . unicolor [ 37 ] , [ 43 ] . the resemblance of the \u201cmimetic\u201d hamlet that specializes in preying on fish , h indigo , to its potential model , the fish it eats , is sufficiently vague that it was not among the original group of hamlets labeled as mimics due to their similarity to other fishes . caribbean reef fishes , including potential targets of some \u201cmimic\u201d hamlets , can readily distinguish those hamlets from their models [ 42 ] , and recognize the different ecological and threat status of each .\nthe relatively high level of genetic isolation demonstrated for the two sympatric morphotypes sampled in mexico is surprising , as there was no a priori reason to suspect this comparison to differ from the others . this comparison produced an f st of 0 . 212 , far larger than the level of isolation measured in all of other pair - wise comparisons ( all other f st < 0 . 09 ) . other unusual features of this region include the fact that just two morphotypes are abundant ( bgh , personal observations ) and one is an endemic morphotype , the veracruz white . the only other study to consider hamlets from the gulf of mexico [ 10 ] found that veracruz whites tend to feed at a higher trophic level than the sympatric h . nigricans population . this species pair may be an interesting focus for future research to determine what has driven the divergence between the two morphotypes in veracruz .\nthe overall mean f st values among morphotypes across the region and among sampling locations were similar : 0 . 051 and 0 . 052 , respectively ( for pair - wise comparisons , see table 2 ) . these values will be influenced by regional variation in the numbers of morphotypes sampled . the mean f st between sympatric morphotypes was 0 . 058 , with all pair - wise comparisons being significantly greater than zero , with the exception of the comparison of two morphotypes from honduras . within morphotypes , geographical population structure had a mean f st value of 0 . 060 ; however , there was large variation between morphotypes , ranging from 0 . 020 among h . chlorurus populations to 0 . 114 among h . nigricans populations . f st values for all sympatric inter - morphtype comparisons and all allopatric intra - morphotype comparisons are presented in tables s2 , s3 , s4 , s5 and s6 .\naccording to thresher [ 42 ] h . nigricans and s . adustus show parallel geographic variation in coloration , with the jamaican population of both having yellow bellies , and pelvic , anal and tail fins . however , at montego bay , jamaica , \u223c50 km from thresher\u2019s study site , s . adustus have the same uniform grey - brown color they have elsewhere in the caribbean area ( drr pers obs , at montego bay , florida , bermuda , the bahamas , panama , curacao , venezuela , barbados , and puerto rico ) . further , the jamaican coloration described for the hamlet and damselfish by thresher [ 42 ] fits other hamlets ( h . aberrans or h . chlorurus ) and stegastes variabilis . when color differences are the defining characteristic of most hamlet \u201cspecies\u201d ( see appendix s1 ) , whether to call hamlets with different color patterns intraspecific geographic variants rather than different species becomes a semantic issue .\nsamples were collected using scuba , from coral reef sites at eight sampling locations ( i . e . countries ) distributed across the caribbean basin ( fig . 1 ) . we refer to all individuals of a particular colour form at a particular location as a \u2018morphotype population\u2019 and all individuals of a particular colour form from throughout the hypoplectrus distribution as a \u2018global morphotype population\u2019 . fish were sampled by using micro - spears or \u201chook and line\u201d whereby baited , barbless hooks were offered to fish . hooked fish were released after fin clipping . fin clips were removed from the dorsal and anal fins and placed in ethanol and stored at 4\u00b0c . the morphotypes sampled and number of individuals collected varied among locations , depending on local abundance ( table 1 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere is an ongoing discussion on the validity of the hamlets as biological species ( domeier 1994 ) . hamlet\nspecies\nare defined primarily on differences in color patterns . they are known to interbreed and hybridize freely with very little consistent genetic differentiation amongst them .\nanderson , w . , carpenter , k . e . , gilmore , g . , milagrosa bustamante , g . & robertson , r .\nthis widely distributed species is common and abundant where it occurs over shallow reefs .\nthere are no known major threats . therefore , it is listed as least concern .\nis distributed in the western atlantic from southeast florida , the bahamas , in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys and from tuxpan , mexico along the northern yucatan to northwestern cuba , in the caribbean throughout the antilles to tobago , and along central and south america from mexico to santa marta , colombia and in the offshore islands off venezuela ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . the depth range is three to 67 m ( lieske and myers 1994 ) , but is most abundant in less than 10 m depth .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barth\u00e9lemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .\nthis species is common throughout its range . in a study conducted off san blas , panama , it was the most abundant hamlet on shallow reef flats ( fischer 1980 ) .\nthis species inhabits shallow reefs over hard or soft corals ( lieske and myers 1994 , smith 1997 ) . members of this genus are known to be synchronous hermaphrodites with individuals alternating male and female\nroles\nduring spawning ( fischer 1981 ) . its maximum length 15 . 2 cm tl ( randall 1996 ) .\nthis species rarely occurs in the aquarium trade and is not preferred ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nthere are no known major threats . it is potentially a prey item of the invasive lionfish , however , only juveniles are consumed and it is not likely that this will drive significant population declines on a global level ( l . rocha pers . comm . 2014 ) .\nanderson , w . , carpenter , k . e . , gilmore , g . , milagrosa bustamante , g . & robertson , r . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , hypo = under + greek , plektron = sting , spur ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 13 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical\nwestern atlantic : belize to panama ; throughout the rest of the caribbean . absent off the coast of venezuela . antilles ( ref . 26938 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 13442 )\nbody blackish ( the intensity of the black can vary from bluish to brownish ) . all fins pigmented , including the pectorals .\na solitary species ( ref . 26340 ) inhabiting shallow reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . feeds on fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 26180 ) . often found near the bottom around soft and hard corals . occasionally been seen spawning with the h . chlorurus ( ref . 26938 )\n) : 27 . 9 - 28 . 5 , mean 28 ( based on 130 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 00692 - 0 . 04567 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 66 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclaro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis is a clip of a video that i took following black hamlets around during the time of the day that they mate .\na solitary species ( ref . 26340 ) inhabiting shallow reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . feeds on fishes and crustaceans ( ref . 26180 ) . often found near the bottom around soft and hard corals . occasionally been seen spawning with the h . chlorurus ( ref . 26938 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhead and body deep , stro ngly compressed ; forehead straight ; snout relatively short ; top jaw protrusible ; rear of top jaw exposed when mouth closed , without accessory bone above it ; teeth fixed ; preoperculum angular , serrated , several small forward pointing spines on lower edge near the corner ; gill rakers 17 - 23 ; dorsal fin x , 14 - 17 , no notch after spines , membranes between spines not indented ; pelvics long , reach to or beyond anus ; tail fin slightly forked ; lateral line scales 48 - 53 ; soft dorsal and anal fins mostly scaleless .\nhead and body black , grey or dark brown ; all fins except the pectorals are colored as the body ; pectorals are black in black bodied fish , clear in those with grey bodies ; there may be a bluish cast on various parts of the body and fins .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nwestern atlantic : belize to panama ; throughout the rest of the caribbean . absent off the coast of venezuela . antilles ( ref . 26938 ) .\n15 . 2 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 13442 ) )\ndepth range based on 4 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 5 - 10 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 5 - 10 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nreef - associated ; marine ; depth range 3 - 13 m ( ref . 9710 )\ndepth : 3 - 13m . from 3 to 13 meters . habitat : reef - associated .\ninhabits shallow reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . often found near the bottom around soft and hard corals . feeds on fishes and crustaceans . carnivore ( ref . 57616 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\neri publication repository is powered by eprints 3 which is developed by the school of electronics and computer science at the university of southampton . more information and software credits .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmarine ; occupy small territories at the foot of , or near hard or soft coral reefs .\nbody and fins are a mat dark blue brown to black . pelvic fins are long . length 3 - 4 . 5in . , max . 6in .\nclaro , r . , 1994 caracter\u00edsticas generales de la ictiofauna . p . 55 - 70 . in r . claro ( ed . ) ecolog\u00eda de los peces marinos de cuba . instituto de oceanolog\u00eda academia de ciencias de cuba and centro de investigaciones de quintana roo . humann , p . and deloach , n . ( 2002 ) reef fish identification . florida , caribbean , bahamas . new world publications , inc . jacksonville , florida , usa . lieske , e . and r . myers , 1994 collins pocket guide . coral reef fishes . indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea . haper collins publishers , 400 p . ogden , j . c . , j . a . yntema , and i . clavijo , 1975 an annotated list of the fishes of st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . spec . publ . no . 3 . smith , c . l . , 1997 national audubon society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the caribbean , the gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda . alfred a . knopf , inc . , new york . 720 p .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2011 holt et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was funded by the national environment research council ( studentship s ner / sj2004 / 13064 and lsmsf application no . ek76 - 02 / 05 ) , with the additional funding by smgf and the sydney l . wright fellowship ( contribution number 1700 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nwhether speciation can occur in the absence of geographic barriers remains controversial [ 1 ] . in this context colour polymorphisms , which occur in a wide range of taxa , provide excellent opportunities for studies of intraspecific evolutionary divergence ( e . g . [ 2 ] ) . many different mechanisms have been implicated in the origin and maintenance of colour polymorphism , including sexual selection , mimicry , predation , crypsis and genetic drift [ 3 ] . as all these mechanisms may also contribute to reproductive isolation , colour polymorphisms are often considered as systems potentially undergoing speciation ( e . g . [ 4 ] ) .\n1 = bermuda , 2 = cura\u00e7ao , 3 = dominican republic , 4 = honduras , 5 = mexico , 6 = panama , 7 = puerto rico , 8 = u . s . virgin islands .\nthe aflp procedure was based on vos et al . , [ 16 ] . dna was isolated from \u22480 . 5 cm 2 sub - samples of fin clips , using a phenol - chloroform extraction method [ 17 ] . extractions were checked for concentration and purity to ensure isolated dna was suitable for the production of clear repeatable aflp profiles . for each sample , 100 ng of dna ( 10 \u00b5l solution ) was added to 1 . 4 \u00b5l restriction digestion mixture containing 1 u ecori and 1 u msei restriction enzymes , along with 1 . 1 \u00b5l 10\u00d7ta reaction buffer ( 100 mm tris - ac ph 7 . 9 , 100 mm mgac , 500 mm kac , 10 mm dithiothreitol ( dtt ) ) and 3 \u00b5g bsa . dna was digested for three hours at 37\u00b0c . digested dna was added to 5 . 5 \u00b5l of ligation mastermix containing 1 \u00b5l 5\u00d7 t4 ligase buffer , 0 . 5 u t4 ligase , 25 pmol of ecori adaptor and 25 pmol of mse adaptor ( table s1 ) . this solution was incubated overnight at 16\u00b0c and gel electrophoresis used to ensure that the dna was fully digested . 2 \u00b5l of diluted digestion mixture was used for the pre - selective pcr , which was run in 10 \u00b5l total solution containing 5 pmol of primer eco p and 5 pmol of mse p ( table s1 ) , along with 1 \u00b5l 10\u00d7 pcr buffer , 15 nmol mgcl 2 , 2 nmol dntp and 0 . 25 u taq dna polymerase . the pre - selective pcr amplification comprised an initial denaturation step of two minutes at 94\u00b0c , followed by 20 cycles of denaturation at 94\u00b0c for 20 seconds , annealing at 56\u00b0c for 30 seconds and final extension at 72\u00b0c for two minutes .\npre - selective amplifications were checked using gel electrophoresis and then diluted to 1\u223620 concentration by the addition of sterile distilled water . 1 \u00b5l of pre - selective pcr amplification was used as the template for the selective pcr , which was added to 9 \u00b5l pcr mixture containing 5 pmol of each selective primer ( table s1 ) , 1 \u00b5l 10\u00d7 pcr buffer , 20 nmol mgcl 2 , 2 nmol dntp and 0 . 25 u taq dna polymerase . eco p selective primers were labelled with either fam or ned fluorescent labels for genotyping . pcr products were diluted 10\u00d7 with sterile distilled water , and 5 \u00b5l of diluted product of fam - labelled samples were mixed with an equal quantity of ned - labelled samples for multiplex genotyping . 0 . 5 \u00b5l of the combined diluted product was then added to 9 . 45 \u00b5l hidi formamide and 0 . 05 \u00b5l abi rox size standard . prior to genotyping all samples were denatured at 95\u00b0c for three minutes and then quenched on ice for a further three minutes . control samples were added to every 96 - well pcr reaction plate to ensure repeatability between runs .\nsamples were genotyped using an abi 3730 capillary dna analyser . the fluorescent spectra of ned and fam labels do not overlap ; however , the possibility that the two combined samples interfered with each other ' s aflp profiles was investigated by genotyping several individuals , both singly and also after combining with an alternatively labelled sample . combined dye samples proved to be equally as reliable as single dye samples . primer combinations were chosen after screening 32 different primer combinations for profile quality ( i . e . whether the presence or absence of individual peaks could be clearly determined ) and polymorphism ( i . e . there appeared to be high variation in peak presence / absence between individual profiles ) . primer pairs showing the highest levels of polymorphism were selected for further analysis .\nthe frequencies of 95 % and 99 % outliers detected using dfdist were checked for the assumptions of parametric analysis and then compared with relevant neutral expectations . neutral expectations were assumed to be 5 % and 1 % of the total number of polymorphic loci for each comparison , for the 95 % and 99 % levels respectively . the pair - wise comparisons included in this analysis were all nine sympatric morphotype comparisons ( excluding morphotype populations with sample sizes of six or fewer individuals ) as well as nine randomly selected allopatric same - morphotype comparisons and nine randomly selected allopatric different - morphotype comparisons . the mean % of outlier loci for each type of morphotype population comparison was compared against neutral expectations .\nthe second analytical method we applied to our data was a fully bayesian approach developed by foll & gaggiotti [ 23 ] , which uses the software bayescan ( available at urltoken ) . this method extends the approach developed by beaumont & balding [ 24 ] , in order to allow the use of dominant markers ( such as aflps ) and to rigorously estimate the probability that each specific locus is subject to selection , rather than solely returning the probability of a locus being selectively neutral . to provide an independent test of the repeated outliers detected using dfdist , the same pair - wise comparisons were analysed using bayescan and loci showing probability values higher than 0 . 7 for the likelihood of being under directional selection were noted ( as per [ 23 ] ) . repeated dfdist outliers that the bayescan did not find to be under selection in either comparison are considered to be false positives , those which are found to be under selection in only one comparison may be false positives or , alternatively , may represent local selection that is not consistent across morphotype populations . outliers that are shown in both pair - wise comparisons using both methods are likely to be under selection between morphotypes .\na total of 528 hamlets were sampled from eight different locations representing five different colour morphotypes , with considerable variation among the numbers of each morphotype found at each location ( table 1 ) . representative images of the morphotypes sampled at each location are presented in figure s1 . a total of 436 scorable aflp loci were produced with an overall repeatability rate of 97 . 1 % ( see table s1 for primer combinations ) . of these , 423 loci were polymorphic , i . e . , they were scored differently in at least one individual .\nglobal morphotypes ( i . e . all individuals of a given morph collected across all locations ) .\nmorphotype populations ( i . e . individuals of a given morph at a given sampling location ) .\nleft hand plots represent pairwise comparisons for populations of h . chlorurus and h . puella in curacao and panama . right hand plots represent pairwise comparisons for populations of h . puella and h . unicolor in curacao and panama . \u201csym\u201d refers to sympatric comparisons of the two morphotypes concerned ( followed by the location ) , \u201callo\u201d refers to allopatric comparisons of the two locations concerned ( followed by the morphotype ) . letters refer to loci repeated across sympatric comparisons ( see table 4 for full loci names and further details ) . dashed lines represent the simulated 95 % f st level , dotted lines represent the simulated 99 % f st level . repeated outlier comparisons that did not return any outliers repeated across sympatric comparisons are not shown .\nvalues that were significantly higher than expected in the absence of selection between colour morphotypes , in pair - wise comparisons at two separate locations , using both dfdist and bayescan outlier detection methods .\nthe bayescan analysis showed mixed support for the repeated outliers identified using dfdist . three of the outliers repeated across different comparisons of h . chlorurus and h . puella were also identified as being repeatedly under selection using bayescan . the remaining seven dfdist outliers were either only identified in one comparison ( four outliers ) or not identified in any comparison ( three outliers ) as being under selection between morphotypes by this analysis ( table 4 ) .\nfor the majority of loci , differentiation between sympatric morphotypes appears to be no more consistent than differentiation shown between allopatric populations of the same morphotype ( table 3 ) . overall , pair - wise comparisons of sympatric morphotype populations produced more outliers than expected under neutral conditions but this difference was not significant . by comparison , analysis of allopatric populations composed of the same two morphotypes did reveal a significantly higher number of 99 % outliers than expected under neutral conditions , although the number of 95 % outliers did not significantly exceed null expectations .\nthe hamlet system has attracted considerable attention as a potential case study for speciation in the marine environment . however , the identification of loci specifically associated with certain morphotypes does not necessarily imply that divergence between morphotypes is currently ongoing . an alternative explanation for these results is that assortative mating , linked to the simultaneous hermaphroditism in these fish [ 8 ] , is maintaining divergence between morphotypes but inter - morphotype reproductive isolation is not fully complete and some successful interbreeding between morphotypes is limiting further divergence . gene flow between morphotypes would also explain the lack of association between mitochondrial sequence haplotypes and morphotypes shown in other studies [ 11 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 27 ] .\nwe would like to thank terry burke , andy krupa , raj whitlock and all at the sheffield molecular genetics facility ( smgf ) , who provided first rate advice and facilities for a large part of the aflp work . we would also like to thank oscar puebla and dr e bermingham for their help in the field and for agreeing to review an early draft of this manuscript . we thank dr e whiteman and the staff at magueyes laboratories ( puerto rico ) , carmabi ( cura\u00e7ao ) , the national aquarium ( dominican republic ) , centre of ecology & fisheries ( mexico ) and b . b . s . r . ( bermuda ) for their support in the field . special thanks to yolanda leon , thad murdoch , horacio perez , joanna pitt , and monica vega for their invaluable assistance .\nconceived and designed the experiments : bgh imc bce . performed the experiments : bgh . analyzed the data : bgh bce . wrote the paper : bgh imc bce .\nalexander hj , breden f ( 2004 ) sexual isolation and extreme morphological divergence in the cuman\u00e1 guppy : a possible case of incipient speciation . journal of evolutionary biology 17 : 1238\u20131254 .\ngray sm , mckinnon js ( 2007 ) linking color polymorphism maintenance and speciation . trends in ecology & evolution 22 : 71\u201379 .\npierotti mer , seehausen o ( 2007 ) male mating preferences pre - date the origin of a female trait polymorphism in an incipient species complex of lake victoria cichlids . journal of evolutionary biology 20 : 240\u2013248 .\nbierne n , bonhomme f , david p ( 2003 ) habitat preference and the marine - speciation paradox . proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences 270 : 1399\u20131406 .\npalumbi sr ( 1992 ) marine speciation on a small planet . trends in ecology & evolution 7 : 114\u2013118 .\n( teleostei : serranidae ) colour morphotypes . global ecology and biogeography 19 : 432\u2013441 .\nspecies complex reveals no evidence for dietary niche divergence . marine ecology - progress series 357 : 283\u2013289 .\nmccartney ma , acevedo j , heredia c , rico c , quenoville b , et al . ( 2003 ) genetic mosaic in a marine species flock . molecular ecology 12 : 2963\u20132973 .\ncoral reef fishes ? proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences 274 : 1265\u20131271 .\nbarreto fs , mccartney ma ( 2008 ) extraordinary aflp fingerprint similarity despite strong assortative mating between reef fish color morphospecies . evolution 62 : 226\u2013233 .\nvos p , hogers r , bleeker m , reijans m , vandelee t , et al . ( 1995 ) aflp - a new technique for dna fingerprinting . nucleic acids research 23 : 4407\u20134414 .\nsambrook j , fritsch ef , maniatis t ( 1989 ) molecular cloning : a laboratory manual . new york : cold spring harbor press .\nwhitlock r , hipperson h , mannarelli m , butlin rk , burke t ( 2008 ) an objective , rapid and reproducible method for scoring aflp peak - height data that minimizes genotyping error . molecular ecology resources 8 : 725\u2013735 .\nvekemans x ( 2002 ) aflp - surv version 1 . 0 . distributed by the author . laboratoire de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et ecologie , v\u00e9g\u00e9tale , universit\u00e9 libre de bruxelles , belgium .\nbeaumont ma , nichols ra ( 1996 ) evaluating loci for use in the genetic analysis of population structure . proceedings of the royal society of london series b : biological sciences 263 : 1619\u20131626 .\nzhivotovsky la ( 1999 ) estimating population structure in diploids with multilocus dominant dna markers . molecular ecology 8 : 907\u2013913 .\nnosil p , egan sp , funk dj ( 2008 ) heterogeneous genomic differentiation between walking - stick ecotypes : \u201cisolation by adaptation\u201d and multiple roles for divergent selection . evolution 62 : 316\u2013336 .\nfoll m , gaggiotti o ( 2008 ) a genome - scan method to identify selected loci appropriate for both dominant and codominant markers : a bayesian perspective . genetics 180 : 977\u2013993 ."]}
{"id": 2185, "summary": [{"text": "holcocera gigantella is a moth in the blastobasidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the united states , including colorado , arizona and california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on the seeds and pods of yucca species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "holcocera gigantella", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about holcocera gigantella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for holcocera gigantella ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nblastobasis gigantella chambers , 1876 ; can . ent . 8 ( 11 ) : 219 ; tl : rd to monument park , ~ 3 miles n of colorado springs\nholcocera gigantella ; dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 29 ; [ nacl ] , # 1185 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 714\nholcocera orthophrontis meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 317\nholcocera percnoscia meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 317\nholcocera chloropeda meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 541 ; tl : brazil , para\nholcocera subolivacea ; adamski , 1999 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 1 ) : 172\nholcocera adjutrix meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 6 ) : 161 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nholcocera pugionaria meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 6 ) : 161 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nholcocera eusaris meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 542 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft\nholcocera limicola meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 6 ) : 162 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nholcocera sympasta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 6 ) : 162 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft\nholcocera cylindrota meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 6 ) : 162 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft\n= holcocera chalcofrontella ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 712\n= holcocera chalcofrontella ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 713\nholcocera increta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 729 ; tl : hoang su phi\nholcocera macrotoma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 599 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 7000ft\nholcocera basiplagata walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 151 ; tl : guatemala , panajachel , 5000ft\nholcocera digesta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 542 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , r . trombetas\nholcocera sakura ohshima , 2003 ; ent . science 6 ( 3 ) : 210 ; tl : honshu , tatsuno - to , nagano - ken\nholcocera anomalella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 712 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nholcocera concolor adamski & maier , 2003 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 105 ( 1 ) : 145 ; tl : barnstable , massachusetts\nholcocera gargantuella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 714 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nholcocera guilandinae ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 715\nholcocera immaculella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 716\nholcocera extensa ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 7 ; [ afromoths ]\nholcocera hemiteles walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 152 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\nholcocera irroratella ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 7 ; [ afromoths ]\nholcocera lignyodes ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 6 ; [ afromoths ]\nholcocera paradoxa powell , 1976 ; j . lep . soc . 30 ( 3 ) : 224 ; tl : arizona , madera canyon , santa rita mtns\nholcocera panurgella heinrich , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 71 ; tl : santa catalina mtns , arizona\nholcocera coccivorella ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 714 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nholcocera nephalia ; walsingham , 1912 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 151 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nholcocera villella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 716\nholcocera titanica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 151 , pl . 5 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , oaxaca , salina cruz\nholcocera homochromatica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 152 , pl . 5 , f . 19 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nholcocera paradoxa ; [ nacl ] , # 1206 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 716\nholcocera ( holcocerini ) ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 712 ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 6\nholcocera gozmanyi adamski & landry , 2007 ; acta zool . acad . sci . hung . 53 ( suppl . 1 ) : 14 ; tl : gal\u00e1pagos , fernandina , cabo douglas , s 00\u00b018 . 269 ' , w 091\u00b039 . 098 '\nholcocera crassicornella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 40 ; [ nacl ] , # 1178 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 714\nholcocera panurgella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 105 ; [ nacl ] , # 1205 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 716\nholcocera iceryaeella ; dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 41 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 1187 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 715\nholcocera chalcofrontella ; dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 33 , pl . 2 , f . 17 , 17a - d ; mcdunnough , 1961 , amer . mus . novit . 2045 : 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 1175 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 712\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 4 . 22m ; p . 61 . book review and ordering\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\n= ; dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 23 ; [ nacl ] , 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 712\n= hypatopa ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721\n= ; [ richard brown , [ implied ] ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 712\n= ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 6 ; [ afromoths ]\neubolepia anomalella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 40 , 40a ; tl : arizona , pinal mt .\nblastobasis ( hypat . ? ) aphanes zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 439 , pl . 6 , f . 154\natlantic states , texas , missouri , virginia , maryland , manitoba . see [ maps ]\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 712\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 713\nblastobasis coccivorella chambers , 1880 ; rep . ent . u . s . dep . agric . 1879 : 207 ; tl : cedar key , florida\nnova scotia , quebec , ontario , saskatchewan , british columbia , maine , massachusetts . see [ maps ]\nlarva on larix sp . , picea abies , p . glauca , pinus resinosa , p . rigida , p . strobus adamski & maier , 2003 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 105 ( 1 ) : 148\nblastobasis ( hypat . ) controversella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 436\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 714\nblastobasis extensa meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 55 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria\neubolepia gargantuella heinrich , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 69 , pl . 6 , f . 34 ; tl : brush corral , arizona\nblastobasis guilandinae busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 234 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nlarva on quilandina handucella dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 6\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 715\nblastobasis irroratella walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 122 ; tl : bathurst , gambia\nsyndroma lignyodes meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 271 ; tl : mt mlanje , nyasaland\nprosodica nephalia walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 200 [ nom . nud . ? ]\nblastobasis ( hypat . ) proagorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 431 , pl . 6 , f . 151\nblastobasis ( hypat . ) suppletella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 437 , pl . 6 , f . 153\n= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 716\nlarva on xelisma ( andromeda ) ligustrina busck , [ 1901 ] , j . n . y . ent . soc . 8 : 239\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 2189, "summary": [{"text": "metarctia fusca is a moth of the family arctiidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1901 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in kenya , south sudan and uganda . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "metarctia fusca", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about metarctia burra ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for metarctia burra ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about metarctia epimela ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for metarctia epimela ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ democratic republic of congo , equateur , mongala district ] , bumba , 23 . x . 1905 , leg . j . waelbroeck .\na junior subjective synonym of balacra elegans aurivillius , 1892 ; synonymized by przybylowicz ( 2009 : 13 ) .\nstrand e . 1918a . ueber einige lepidopteren der familien lycaenidae , hesperiidae , syntomididae [ sic ] und sphingidae aus belgisch kongo . - internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben 12 ( 1 ) : 1\u20139 , ( 10 ) : 102\u2013103 , ( 15 ) : 114\u2013115 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 5 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2190, "summary": [{"text": "the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a small seabird from the north pacific .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is a member of the auk family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it nests in old-growth forests or on the ground at higher latitudes where trees can not grow .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "its habit of nesting in trees was suspected but not documented until a tree-climber found a chick in 1974 , making it one of the last north american bird species to have its nest described .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the marbled murrelet has declined in number since humans began logging its nest trees in the latter half of the 19th century .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the decline of the marbled murrelet and its association with old-growth forests , at least in the southern part of its range , have made it a flagship species in the forest preservation movement .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "in canada ( north of 50 \u00b0 north latitude ) and alaska , the declines are not so obvious because populations are much larger and the survey techniques have not had sufficient power to detect changes . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "marbled murrelet", "paragraphs": ["an adult marbled murrelet , a rare type of bird , floating in water .\nmarbled murrelet - kenai fjords national park ( u . s . national park service )\nrevised critical habitat for the marbled murrelet - proposed rule ; reopening of public comment period .\na marbled murrelet nesting in a douglas fir , big basin redwoods state park , california .\nmarbled murrelet nest predation risk in managed forest landscapes : dynamic fragmentation effects at multiple scales .\nthe marbled murrelet is classified as endangered ( en ) by the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nmarbled murrelet foraging ecology : spatial and temporal characteristics of habitat use in clayoquot sound , british columbia .\nin the first marbled murrelet post , we introduced some defining characteristics of the species and briefly explained why , as forest owners or land managers , it\u2019s important to pay close attention to the marbled murrelet .\nmarbled murrelet nest predation risk in managed forest landscapes : dynamic fragmentation effects at multiple scales . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe marbled murrelet can be confused with the kittlitz ' s murrelet , but the distinction between the two is evident as the bird takes flight : watch the tail retrices during takeoff , the marbled murrelet ' s retrices will change quickly from white to brown , while those of the kittlitz ' s remain white . the marbled murrelet is less than 10 inches long and weighs just seven to nine ounces .\nthe oldest known marbled murrelet was at least 10 years old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in british columbia .\nkuletz kj , piatt jf . juvenile marbled murrelet nurseries and the productivity index . wilson bulletin . 1999 ; 111 : 257\u2013261 .\nan adult marbled murrelet spends its life at sea , flying ashore once a year to nest in old - growth redwood trees .\nthe speckled , blue - green marbled murrelet eggs are pointed on one end so they don ' t roll off the nest .\nnorthwest forest plan\u2014the first 10 years ( 1994 - 2003 ) : status and trends of populations and nesting habitat for the marbled murrelet .\nt he amount of suitable habitat has continued to decline throughout the range of the marbled murrelet , primarily due to commercial timber harvest . the precise amount of suitable murrelet habitat within the listed range is unknown .\nkuzyakin , a . p . 1963 . on the biology of the marbled murrelet . ornitologiya no . 6 : 315 - 320 . close\nraphael mg . conservation of the marbled murrelet under the northwest forest plan . conservation biology . 2006 ; 20 : 297\u2013305 . pmid : 16903091\ndesignation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) proposed rule ; finding that the revision of critical habitat should not be made .\nstrong cs . decline of the marbled murrelet population on the central oregon coast during the 1990s . northwestern naturalist . 2003 ; 84 : 31\u201337 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus )\ntitle =\narkive species - marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nalaska and british columbia : status review of the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in alaska and british columbia . usgs 2006 . abstract ; download report\nmiller sl , meyer cb , ralph cj . land and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet abundance offshore . waterbirds . 2002 ; 25 : 100\u2013108 .\nthis second post includes information to help you identify nests , as well as better understand the habitat requirements of the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) .\na murrelet sits on its nest in the crook of a large tree branch .\nthe marbled murrelet was once known as the\naustralian bumble bee\nby fishermen and as the\nfogbird\nor\nfog lark\nby loggers .\na psychological warfare program centered on vomit could help save the marbled murrelet , an endangered seabird that nests in california ' s old - growth redwood forests .\n5 - year status review : u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2009 . final 2009 5 - year status review for the marbled murrelet . report\nsinger , s . w . et al 1990 . discovery an observation of two tree nests of the marbled murrelet . the condor . the cooper ornithological society .\nlisting status : u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1992 . final rule listing the marbled murrelet as threatened . federal register 57 : 45328 - 45337 .\n10 - year report : northwest forest plan\u2014the first 10 years ( 1994 - 2003 ) : status and trends of populations and nesting habitat for the marbled murrelet . report\nburkett ee . marbled murrelet food habits and prey ecology . in : ralph cj , hunt gl , raphael mg , piatt jf , editors . ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet . general technical report . psw - gtr - 152 . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service . pp . 223\u2013246 . 1995 .\ncarter ha . at - sea biology of the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in barkley sound , british columbia . ms thesis . university of manitoba . 1984 .\nmarbled murrelets use their wings for swimming underwater , reaching depths of 90 feet .\ncritical habitat : u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1996 . final designation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet . federal register 61 : 26256 - 26320 .\ncarter , h . r . , morrison , m . l . 1992 . status and conservation of the marbled murrelet in north america . western foundation of vertebrate zoology .\ndesignation of critical habitat for the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period , notice of availability of draft economic analysis , and amended required determinations .\nthe marbled murrelet is a small native seabird along the pacific northwest coast from northern california to central alaska , with a slender black bill and plumage that varies in color by season .\narbib , jr . , r . s . 1972a . the nesting of the marbled murrelet from recent russian literature . am . birds no . 26 : 824 - 826 . close\npgs 212 - 220 carter , h . r . , and s . g . sealy . marbled murrelet mortality due to gill - net fishing in barkley sound , british columbia .\nthe fael is accepting applications for a ph . d . assistantship focused on the breeding ecology of the marbled murrelet . the student filling this positon will be involved with field research aimed at improving our understanding of marbled murrelet nesting ecology and breeding habitat requirements , with implications for the conservation of this species in oregon and beyond . see the opportunities page for details .\na marbled murrelet chick makes its first flight straight to the ocean , a trip as far as 50 miles ( 80 kilometers ) . no test flights for these birds , biologists say .\nunlike most other seabirds , marbled murrelets are solitary ; they do not form dense colonies .\nthe marbled murrelet is considered endanged in california , and threatened in oregon , washington , and british columbia . its low reproductive rate prevents fast recovery from population decreases . the marbled murrelet is one of the few species of alcids whose known and suspected nesting habitat is not protected by federal refuge designation . several lawsuits have been filed to defer the logging of old - growth forests where murrelets are known or suspected to live . in order to save the habitat of the marbled murrelet there need to be larger forest reserves and / or substantial changes in the logging practices .\ns1 table . data on marbled murrelet use of marine habitats in northwestern washington , u . s . a . , and southwestern british columbia , canada , 2004\u20132008 , compared to available habitats .\nthe murrelet\u2019s use their torpedo - shaped body and flipper - like wings to catch their prey underwater .\neconomic analysis : u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2007 . draft economic analysis of critical habitat designation for the marbled murrelet . report . ; federal register 72 : 35025 - 35028 .\nbarrett j . the influence of oceanographic and terrestrial attributes on marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) marine habitat selection during the breeding season . m . sc . thesis , simon fraser university . 2008 .\ntypically , marbled murrelets select trees with large diameter branches covered in moss or lichen for nesting .\nbecker bh , beissinger sr . scale - dependent habitat selection by a nearshore seabird , the marbled murrelet , in a highly dynamic upwelling system . marine ecology progress series . 2003 ; 256 : 243\u2013255 .\nthe marbled murrelet , like most seabirds , spends the majority of its life on the ocean and comes on land only to breed . marbled murrelets nest in solitary pairs at very low densities , typically within 30 km of the ocean , but nests have been located up to 50 km or more inland .\nralph cj , hunt gl , raphael mg , piatt jf . ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet in north america : an overview . in : ralph cj , hunt gl , raphael mg , piatt jf , editors . ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet . general technical report . psw - gtr - 152 . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service . pp . 3\u201322 . 1995 .\nrecovery plan : u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1997 . recovery plan for the threatened marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in washington , oregon and california . portland , oregon . 203 pp .\nusfws ( u . s . fish and wildlife service ) . recovery plan for the threatened marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) in washington , oregon , and california . usfws , portland , oregon . 1997 .\nbellefleur d , lee p , ronconi ra . the impact of recreational boat traffic on marbled murrelets (\npeery mz , beissinger sr , newman sh , burkett eb , williams td . applying the declining population paradigm : diagnosing causes of poor reproduction in the marbled murrelet . conservation biology . 2004 ; 18 : 1088\u20131098 .\nkuletz kj . foraging behavior and productivity of a non - colonial seabird , the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) , relative to prey and habitat . p . d . dissertation , university of victoria . 2005 .\nmeyer cb , miller sl , ralph cj . multi - scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the u . s . west coast . landscape ecology . 2002 ; 17 : 95\u2013115 .\nhumans are a key link in helping keep steller ' s jays from eating marbled murrelet eggs . the parks have a\ncrumb clean\nprogram to reduce food available to jays , and lower the bird population .\nmasters of disguise , the first marbled murrelet nest wasn ' t discovered by scientists until 1974 , in big basin redwoods state park . the seabird doesn ' t actually build a nest , instead choosing a flat branch covered in cozy moss and needles , with cover to hide from airborne predators . at dawn and dusk , parents switch roles , flying offshore to dive for fish and invertebrates . [ watch the mysterious marbled murrelet ]\na steller ' s jay inspects a fake egg meant to mimic the egg of a murrelet , another type of bird . the egg contains a vomit - inducing ingredient meant to discourage the jays from eating real murrelet eggs .\nthe marbled murrelet feeds on fish such as sandlace and herring but feeds on invertebrates during winter ( 2 ) . they forage singly , in pairs or in feeding flocks of a mix of different species ( 3 ) .\nmiller sl , raphael mg , falxa ga , strong c , baldwin j , bloxton t , et al . recent population decline of the marbled murrelet in the pacific northwest . condor . 2012 ; 114 : 771\u2013781 .\nbecker bh , peery mz , beissinger sr . ocean climate and prey availability affect the trophic level and reproductive success of the marbled murrelet , an endangered seabird . marine ecology progress series . 2007 ; 329 : 267\u2013279 .\nstudy area used to examine resource selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington and southwestern british columbia , 2004\u20132008 .\ndescription of parameters considered for examining marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington , usa , 2004\u20132008 .\nburger ae , hitchcock cl , stewart ea , davoren gk . coexistence and spatial distributions of marbled murrelets (\nhebert pn , golightly rt . at - sea distribution and movements of nesting and non - nesting marbled murrelets\nlisting : in 1992 , the washington , oregon , and california population of the marbled murrelet was federally listed as threatened . currently , the u . s . fish and wildlife service is proposing to revise its 1996 designation of critical habitat . in october 2008 , a 90 - day finding was made on a petition to delist the marbled murrelet and the usfws initiated a 12 - month status review of the species . the 12 - month finding concluded , in january 2010 , that the murrelet needs continued protection and will retain its status as a threatened species .\npeery mz , newman sh , storlazzi cd , beissinger sr . meeting reproductive demands in a dynamic upwelling system : foraging strategies of a pursuit - diving seabird , the marbled murrelet . condor . 2009 ; 111 : 120\u2013134 .\nthe bnr alternative does not preserve enough older forest habitat for the rapidly and steadily declining murrelet population . the bnr alternative fails to incorporate the best available science for recovery of marbled murrelets that nest in older forests across western washington . read more .\nthe marbled murrelet is unique among members of the alcid family in its nesting habits . this small seabird nests in trees in coastal , older forests throughout most of its range in north america and asia . first described by gmelin in 1789 ( as\nbinford , l . c . , b . g . elliott and s . w . singer . 1975 . discovery of a nest and the downy young of the marbled murrelet . wilson bull . no . 87 : 303 - 319 . close\na rare bird called the marbled murrelet lives at sea but nests on tall , thick redwood branches . attacks by steller ' s jays , another type of bird , on murrelet eggs and chicks are one of the small bird ' s greatest modern threats . biologists hope to train wild jays to avoid murrelets by setting out dummy eggs laced with a vomit - inducing chemical .\nsome jays wouldn ' t even touch the eggs \u2014 evidence that murrelet egg - nabbing is a learned behavior , golightly said .\na chunky pacific seabird , the marbled murrelet is unique among alcids ( puffin relatives ) in nesting high up in large trees in coastal forests . little - known until the past few decades , it now is thought to be seriously threatened by logging .\nlearn more about marbled murrelets and threats facing them in this video from the u . s . fish and wildlife service !\nnelson , s . kim . 1997 . marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nthe marbled murrelet is found along a north pacific arc from kamchatka , russia through the aleutian islands to central california . in the summer , it occurs in protected bays and coves near old - growth forests . in the winter , it is found offshore .\nthis report on the marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) was compiled and editied by the interagency marbled murrelet conservation assessment core team . the 37 chapters cover both original studies and literature reviews of many aspects of the species\u2019 biology , ecology , and conservation needs . it includes new information on the forest habitat used for nesting , marine distribution , and demographic analyses ; and describes past and potential effects of humans on the species\u2019 habitats . future research needs and possible management strategies for both marine and forest habitats are suggested .\nduring courtship , the murrelet extends its beak upward in display , calls shrilly , paddles rapidly in unison with its mate for several minutes , and then dives repeatedly . once the egg is produced , the male and the female murrelet divide the responsibility of incubating the lone egg in the nest . upon hatching , the nestlings are fed larger prey than that ingested by the parents . the marbled murrelet can fly up to 100 km one way to the sea to look for food for the young . after the rearing period , murrelet fledglings fly to the sea when they leave their nest . marbled murrelets occur in loose aggregations in predictable locations near dependable food sources . groups of one or two birds comprise 63 % of all sightings , but aggregations of 100 - 3197 birds have been reported .\nthe steller ' s jay likes campgrounds and picnic sites , and its population is booming in western forests . though the jay doesn ' t rely on eggs for food , the dense population living near murrelet nesting sites means some birds find and eat murrelet eggs and chicks .\nthough the marbled murrelet was first described in 1789 , a nest site of the species was first discovered and formally documented only in 1974 . the egg , however , was known in 1898 , when a bird was shot that contained a complete egg in its oviduct .\nthe marbled murrelet is found near coastal waters , in bays and on mountains . it nests at high elevations in old growth forest , often at great distances from the coast ( 3 ) . this species can be found up to 500 meters offshore ( 2 ) .\nthe marbled murrelet is a very small , chubby , sea bird that seems to lack a neck . it has a dark brown to black dorsum and a white venter and throat . the nonbreeding plumage includes a strip of white between the back and the wing , thus the name\nmarbled\n. the breeding plumage is dark brown dorsally ; ventral feathers are white tipped with brown . males and females are of approximately the same size , 9 . 5 - 10\nwingspan . bill length is 13 - 18 mm ; wing length ( relaxed ) is 120 - 140mm . the voice of the marbled murrelet is a sharp\nkeer\nor lower\nkee .\n\u201cwe have a responsibility to restore old - growth forests and help marbled murrelet populations recover within washington , \u201d said dave werntz , science and conservation director with conservation northwest . \u201cwe can ensure jobs and wildlife over the long run if we manage our state forests sustainably . \u201d\ninland survey protocol : methods for surveying marbled murrelets in forests : a revised protocol for land management and research . january 2003 . report\noverall , the conservation of marbled murrelets may hinge on protecting not only nesting habitat\u2013the focus of conservation efforts to date\u2013but also on foraging habitat . in an effort to better understand important marine habitats for marbled murrelets , we conducted a study of marine habitat selection by individually - tagged murrelets . studies of habitat selection by individually tagged animals are important for examining habitat selection for conservation planning [ 11 ] . our objective was to model marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets during the breeding season to better understand the relative influence of marine versus terrestrial habitat features on murrelet space use while at - sea . we conducted this study in northwestern washington , the location of the steepest murrelet declines documented to date .\nmcfarlane tranquilla la , yen pp - w , bradley rw , vanderkist ba , lank db , parker nr , et al . do two murrelets make a pair ? breeding status and behavior of marbled murrelet pairs captured at sea . wilson bulletin . 2003 ; 115 : 374\u2013381 .\nincubation lasts about 30 days and both males and females incubate the egg . once hatched , nesltings are fed 2 to 4 times per day by both adults . marbled murrelet parents often fly 60 - 100 km round trip to gather herring and sand lance to feed their young .\nthe marbled murrelet ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) is a federally threatened seabird that requires two fundamentally different habitats for breeding . foraging occurs at sea because murrelets are pursuit - diving seabirds whose primary prey are small schooling fish and large zooplankton . however , coastal , old - growth coniferous forests are used for nesting in much of their range . like many alcids , marbled murrelets do not build nests and instead rely on naturally deposited materials for a nest platform . unlike other alcids , however , in the marbled murrelet a single egg is typically laid directly on a large , mossy limb in the forest canopy . in most cases , only large , old trees have limbs of sufficient diameter for these unusual nests .\nthis sort of conditioning of the jays is called conditioned taste aversion ( cta ) . the fish and wildlife service explains that\u201days that ingest carbacholtreated eggs are expected to associate the unpleasant experience with murrelet eggs such that they modify their behavior and avoid ingesting actual murrelet eggsthey encounter in the future . \u201d\nyen ppw , huettmann f , cooke f . a large - scale model for the at - sea distribution and abundance of marbled murrelets (\nnaslund nl . why do marbled murrelets attend old - growth forest nesting areas year - round ? auk . 1993 ; 110 : 594\u2013602 .\nmarbled murrelets feed mostly on fish up to 8 or 9 cm in length and on shrimp - like crustaceans such as euphausids and mysids .\nactivity in forest nesting areas is highest from may to august , while marbled murrelets congregate in sheltered waters with abundant prey during winter months .\nwith cash earmarked for murrelets from offshore - oil - spill restoration funds , the parks have the rare ability to fund research studies and restore habitat . the two - pronged approach will teach the black - crested jays to avoid murrelet eggs on pain of puking . more importantly , it will shrink the jay population by thwarting access to their primary food source \u2014 human trash and food . [ image gallery : saving the rare marbled murrelet ]\nthe marbled murrelet is marvelously adapted to life amidst the emerald - green islands and cold , marine waters along the northwest coast of north america . marbled murrelets depend on both marine and forest habitat . murrelets are general found in near - shore waters ( within 3 miles from the coast ) with nesting areas nearby . some birds may venture miles inland to suitable nesting habitat . unlike typical seabirds that nest in dense colonies on remote islands , the marbled murrelet is a solitary , secretive nester , preferring the mossy boughs of mature coniferous trees in the coastal rainforest . while some murrelets remain at breeding areas year - round , others migrate further south . it remains a mystery where the majority of alaska\u2019s murrelets spend the winter .\nfish , u . s . and wildlife service . 1992d . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of threatened status for the washington , oregon and california population of the marbled murrelet . usdi fish and wildl . serv . fed . reg . no . 57 : 45328 - 45337 . close\nfor every endangered animal , there are probably at least two plans to save it . many of these plans involve raising public awareness , conserving habitat , removing invasive species or breeding new members in captivity . but for the marbled murrelet , the plan is a little different : making their predators vomit .\nspeckman sg , piatt jf , springer am . small boats disturb fish - holding marbled murrelets . northwestern naturalist . 2004 ; 85 : 32\u201334 .\ntree searches since then have produced 19 nest locations in old growth forests . due to the difficulty of locating the nests of these elusive birds , it is necessary to implement plans for further research before the marbled murrelet becomes an indicator species such as the spotted owl ( carter and morisson , 1992 ) .\nsealy sg . feeding ecology of the ancient and marbled murrelets near langara island , british columbia . canadian journal zoology . 1974 ; 53 : 418\u2013433 .\nto boost california ' s murrelet numbers , biologists in california ' s redwood national and state parks are fighting back against steller ' s jays and their human enablers .\nbut the marbled murrelet wasn ' t out of the woods yet . the fish and wildlife service found merit in a timber - industry petition to remove the bird ' s protections based on the same unscientific finding proved tainted in february 2008 . fortunately , after the center and a coalition of conservation partners demanded that the service uphold the murrelet ' s protections , in 2009 the agency released a report finding that murrelets in washington , california and oregon still need federal safeguards , due mostly to the extensive logging of their northwest old - growth habitat . in august 2016 the fish and wildlife service finalized protections on nearly 3 . 7 million acres of critical habitat in washington , oregon and california for the marbled murrelet , firmly barring the timber industry from attempts to open up more federal lands within this area for logging .\nward ' s research revealed most park visitors only read the first sentence on signs , so starting with the marbled murrelet ' s history was wasted effort . now , with everything from stickers on the back of bathroom stalls to new signs at campsites , redwood parks visitors are warned to\nkeep it crumb clean .\nthis summer marks the new program ' s first big push , with campfire talks , tchotchkes for kids , brochures and youtube videos that highlight the murrelet ' s plight .\nfalxa ga , raphael mg . northwest forest plan\u2014the first 20 years ( 1994\u20132013 ) : status and trend of marbled murrelet populations and nesting habitat . gen . tech . rep . pnw - gtr - 933 . portland , or : u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , pacific northwest research station . 2016 .\nsupport for models explaining marine resource selection by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington , u . s . a . , and southwestern british columbia , canada , 2004\u20132008 .\nrelative influence of variables explaining marine resource selection marbled murrelets in northwestern washington , u . s . a . , and southwestern british columbia , canada , 2004\u20132008 .\nthe alaskan population is estimated at 250 , 000 birds , centered in south central and south eastern parts of the state , but extending into bristol bay and along the aleutian islands . this represents the bulk of the north american population . logging efforts are expanding in the areas of the greatest murrelet population . continued logging will produce major declines in murrelet numbers . inland records from british columbia , washington , and oregon suggested the presence of nests in old growth forests , although none had been found prior to 1990 . marbled murrelet numbers in british columbia are an estimated 45 , 000 - 50 , 000 birds , with the highest density on the west coast of vancouver island . the marbled murrelet population of washington is estimated at 5 , 000 , centered in the northern puget sound area . oregon ' s population is estimated at 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 birds , located mostly in the central coastal region . there is also a small population of murrelets , ( 1400 - 1700 birds ) on the north central coast of california .\nraphael mg , falxa ga , dugger km , galleher bm , lynch d , miller sl , et al . status and trend of nesting habitat for the marbled murrelet under the northwest forest plan . general technical report . pnw - gtr - 848 . u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , portland , or . 2011 .\nmarbled murrelet recordings by thomas g . sander \u00a9 cornell lab of ornithology macaulay library cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods road ithaca new york 14850 united states of america tel : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2404 fax : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2439 email : macaulaylibrary @ urltoken website : www . birds . urltoken / macaulaylibrary\nsteller ' s jays don ' t seek out murrelet eggs . but when the birds circle picnic areas near murrelet nests , some discover the chicken - size eggs make a fine treat . the smart , savvy birds will return to the same spot over and over , searching for food . murrelets , to their misfortune , nest in the same tree every year .\nthe north american subspecies of marbled murrelet ranges from the aleutian islands and southern alaska to central california . the largest portion of the population occurs in alaska and british columbia . the listed portion of the species range extends from the canadian border south to central california . due to loss of older forests used for nesting sites , the species is declining . current estimates indicate that the population has declined by 50 to 80 percent . along the oregon coast , recent surveys have shown a decline in murrelet numbers during the 1990s . loss of viable nesting habitat is thought to be a primary factor responsible for an estimated annual 4 percent to 7 percent decline in marbled murrelet populations in washington , oregon , and california . it is unlikely that population numbers will increase rapidly due to the naturally low reproductive rate and the continued loss of nesting habitat . recovery of the species is likely to take decades .\n, the marbled murrelet is federally listed under the endangered species act as a threatened species in washington , oregon and california , and state - listed as endangered in california and as threatened in oregon and washington . critical habitat is designated for the species and a new proposal for critical habitat is available for review . a final recovery plan is in effect .\nmarbled murrelets have been called \u201cthe enigma of the pacific\u201d as they are one of the last birds in north america to have their nest described . in the united states , the first documented nest was discovered in 1974 high up in a douglas fir tree in california\u2019s big basin redwoods state park . advances in technology have allowed researchers to attach tiny radio - transmitters to adults captured at sea , and follow them back to their nests . to date , several hundred marbled murrelet nests have been located and described . the species nests primarily in mature coniferous trees . a small number of murrelet nests have been found in alaska including , some on the ground on moss - covered ledges in areas with few trees .\nin 1992 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) listed the marbled murrelet as threatened in oregon , washington and endangered in california under the federal endangered species act . they are a red list species in canada , which is similar to the u . s . listing as a threatened species . populations are declining at an annual rate of 4 - 7 % across the southern portion of their range . it is believed that marbled murrelets will likely become extinct in california within the next 40 years .\nin washington , marbled murrelets inhabit calm , shallow , coastal waters and bays , but breed inland , up to 45 miles from shore , in mature , wet forest .\ncomparison of habitat features at locations available versus used by marbled murrelets in northwestern washington , u . s . a . , and southwestern british columbia , canada , 2004\u20132008 .\nraphael mg , mack de , cooper ba . landscape - scale relationships between abundance of marbled murrelets and distribution of nesting habitat . condor . 2002 ; 104 : 331\u2013342 .\nthe marbled murrelet is not , by any stretch , a bombshell bird . its plump , football - shaped figure and homely plumage means it\u2019s usually overshadowed by its more colorful cousins\u2014puffins and auklets . but their nesting habits are nothing short of remarkable : despite their seaside lifestyle , marbled murrelets travel up to fifty miles inland to nest hundreds of feet in the air in old growth forests . rather than building traditional nests , they hunker into the moss - covered branches of centuries - old trees and lay a single egg , relying on the girth of ancient tree limbs to keep the egg stable . the wide branches of douglas firs and western hemlocks are perfect for the murrelets\u2019 stout little bodies to brood upon . unfortunately , it\u2019s this same breadth that makes old growth forests ideal for logging\u2014a practice that has devastated marbled murrelet habitat and cut some populations in half over the past 15 years .\nif additional research finds that the marbled murrelet lives exclusively in old - growth forests and that their numbers decrease proportionally with the decrease in acres of forest , then it could be deemed an indicator species thus a justifiable deterent for further logging operations . the decrease in logging leads to a loss of income and jobs in the logging industry ( carter , morrison ) .\nconservation measures taken to date include the protection of some areas supporting the marbled murrelet from future logging . detailed research has been carried out on this murrelet , and a recovery plan has been produced . furthermore , 179 km\u00b2 of afognak island has been protected since 1998 by the exxon valdex trustee council . proposed measures include research , particularly into the feeding ecology of this bird in order to fully understand the threats facing it . it is vital that suitable nesting habitat is protected and that fish stocks in known feeding areas are not severely damaged ( 2 ) .\nhaynes tb , nelson sk , newman sh . diel shifts in the marine distribution on marbled murrelets near port snettisham , southeast alaska . waterbirds . 2010 ; 33 : 471\u2013478 .\nthe u . s . department of natural resources ( wdnr ) began developing a marbled murrelet long - term conservation strategy in 2007 ( escene 2007 ) ; the final strategy still has not been released as of 2016 . the northwest forest plan ( 1994 ) is expected to ensure the protection of a large proportion of important habitats in the usa ( raphael 2006 ) .\nthe distribution and numbers of this species have declined primarily because logging and coastal development have removed significant portions of its essential nesting habitat . gill - net fishing and oil spills also kill this species and threaten its prey . the marbled murrelet was listed as a threatened species in canada in 1990 and in the southern portion of its range in the united states in 1992 (\nalthough most murrelet nesting habitat on private lands has been eliminated by logging , suitable habitat remains on federal - and state - owned lands . areas of critical habitat have been designated within the three - state area to protect habitat and promote the recovery of the species . these areas include approximately 3 million acres of federal lands and almost one million acres of state , county , city and private lands . over the next 50 to 100 years , the protected areas on federal lands should provide for an increase in suitable nesting habitat . although timber continues to be harvested , timber sale programs on federal lands require consultation with the u . s . fish and wildlife service to review and assess the potential impacts of the timber harvests on the marbled murrelet . in 1997 , the fish and wildlife service approved a recovery plan for the marbled murrelet that specified actions necessary to halt the decline of the species in the three - state area .\nin 1974 at california ' s big basin redwood state park , the marbled murrelet \u2014 the \u201cenigma of the pacific\u201d \u2014 won the distinction of being the last bird species in the united states to have its nesting site discovered . this came on the heels of more than a century of searching by early ornithologists for the elusive murrelet \u201cnest . \u201d actually , though , rather than building a nest , this seabird travels inland as much as 50 miles to lay a single egg high in the old - growth forest canopy , which it depends on for survival . but as old - growth forests have declined , so too has the murrelet , with commercial logging representing the greatest threat to the species , followed by climate change , oil spills and entanglements in gillnets .\nthe marbled murrelet is a small , robin - sized , diving seabird that feeds primarily on fish and invertebrates in near - shore marine waters . it spends the majority of its time on the ocean , roosting and feeding , but comes inland up to 80 kilometers ( 50 miles ) to nest in forest stands with old growth forest characteristics . these dense shady forests are generally characterized by large trees with large branches or deformities for use as nest platforms . murrelets nest in stands varying in size from several acres to thousands of acres . however , larger , unfragmented stands of old growth appear to be the highest quality habitat for marbled murrelet nesting . nesting stands are dominated by douglas fir in oregon and washington and by old - growth redwoods in california .\nreducing predation on murrelet nests by 40 percent to 70 percent would stabilize the santa cruz mountains murrelet population , according to the 2010 study published in the journal biological conservation . that 40 percent minimum would drop the extinction risk from about 96 percent to about 5 percent over 100 years , and result in stable population growth , reported lead study author zach peery of the university of wisconsin - madison .\nbarbaree ba , nelson sk , dugger bd . marine space use by marbled murrelets brachyramphus marmoratus at a mainland fjord system in southeast alaska . marine ornithology . 2015 ; 116 : 173\u2013184 .\na steller ' s jay inspects a fake murrelet egg that contains a vomit - inducing ingredient called carbachol . the red egg is an experimental control . tests in california ' s redwood national and state parks found jay predation dropped up to 80 percent after these dummy eggs were set out in the forests , indicating that the jays learned to avoid the murrelet eggs after the nasty effects of the fake eggs .\nto further guide management efforts , we also suggest that an important next step is to obtain spatially and temporally explicit information on the distribution of forage fish and other murrelet prey in our study area . such research should also examine the distributions of forage fish and marine invertebrates relative to remotely sensed sst and chlorophyll - a in washington . information on the distribution of forage fish would aid in assessing the extent to which remotely sensed variables can be used to predict murrelet space use or abundance in our study area . lacking such information , our results suggest murrelet use of some near - shore areas may be limited by nesting habitat availability , shoreline type , and terrestrial footprint , particularly around large metropolitan areas . future efforts should explore this further , with the possibility of protecting shoreline near the remaining tracts of nesting habitat from a high degree of development . while we recognize the challenges posed by such an approach , we contend that successful conservation of the marbled murrelet is likely to involve challenges irrespective of the approach taken .\nralph , c . john ; hunt , george l . , jr . ; raphael , martin g . ; piatt , john f . , technical editors . 1995 . ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet . gen . tech . rep . psw - gtr - 152 . albany , ca : pacific southwest research station , forest service , u . s . department of agriculture ; 420 p\nthe marbled murrelet breeds on mountains near the coast . breeding season is from mid - april to the end of august . females have been collected with shelled eggs in their oviducts from april 23 to july 13 . the murrelet has single egg clutches . murrelets may not fledge young until mid - september , based on a 30 - day incubation and a 28 - day rearing period . nesting sites are almost exclusively in old - growth forests , yet some have been found in cavities in subalpine areas , and on the ground on islands . murrelet eggs are yellowish and spotted . the first known nest was found in a rock slide far above the timber line at 1900 ft . on chicago island , alaska , on june 13 , 1931 . ( peterson , 1961 ; carter and morrison , 1992 ) .\nalthough marbled murrelets forage in similar areas year round , they appear to be more dispersed and farther offshore in winter , although the highest densities of birds can still be found in protected water .\ndespite its amazing skills , the marbled - murrelet population is down by more than 90 percent from its 19th - century numbers in california , thanks to logging , fishing and pollution . murrelets live as far north as alaska , but the central california population is most at risk . yet even though the state ' s remaining old - growth redwood trees are now protected , the murrelets continue to disappear .\nassessment through 1995 : ralph , c . j . , g . l . hunt , jr . , m . g . raphael , and j . f . piatt , ( technical editors ) . 1995 . ecology and conservation of the marbled murrelet . general technical report psw - gtr - 152 , pacific southwest research station , u . s . d . a . forest service , albany , ca\nin 1992 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service listed marbled murrelet as a threatened species in washington , oregon , and california in response to steep declines in the abundance and distribution of their old - growth habitat . murrelets also face other threats : nest predation by crows and ravens , and reduced quantity and quality of the small forage fish that they prey on due to changing ocean conditions .\nthe exxon valdez oil spill killed between 8 , 000 and 12 , 000 marbled murrelets in prince william sound . this figure represents about 5 - 10 percent of the population in the effected area .\nnewman sh , takekawa jy , whitworth dl , burkett ee . subcutaneous anchor attachment increases retention of radio transmitters on xantus\u2019 and marbled murrelets . journal of field ornithology . 1999 ; 70 : 520\u2013534 .\nt he breeding range of the marbled murrelet extends from bristol bay , alaska , south to the aleutian archipelago , northeast to cook inlet , kodiak island , kenai peninsula and prince william sound , south coastally throughout the alexander archipelago of alaska , and through british columbia , washington , oregon , to northern monterey bay in central california . birds winter throughout the breeding range and also occur in small numbers off southern california .\nalthough we have little data on the historical status of the marbled murrelet , disturbance to nesting birds and destruction of habitat through coastal development and old - growth logging has no doubt had an impact on the population . threats in the form of gill - nets and oil spills affect this species as well . the marbled murrelet was listed by the us fish and wildlife service as threatened in 1992 , and was listed as threatened by the washington state department of fish and wildlife in 1993 . certain habitats have been designated as critical for marbled murrelets . these areas are individual trees with nesting branches suitable for nests , and forested areas within half a mile of these trees when the height of the surrounding canopy is at least half as high as the nesting tree . after many years of looking for nests , ornithologists have only found nine in washington , although the breeding population in the state is estimated at 1 , 800 birds . more study is needed to understand the current status of the population and the habitat requirements of this elusive species .\nmarbled murrelets nest from mid - april to late september . the sexually mature adult murrelet ( at age 2 or 3 of an average 15 - year lifespan ) generally lays a single egg on a mossy limb of an old - growth conifer tree . both sexes incubate the egg in alternating 24 - hour shifts for 30 days . murrelet chicks are virtually helpless at hatching and rely on the adults for food . the adults feed the chick at least once per day , flying in ( primarily at dawn and dusk ) from feeding on the ocean , carrying one fish at a time . the young fledge from the nest in about 28 days and appear to fly directly to the sea upon leaving the nest . marbled murrelets have a naturally low reproductive rate because they lay only one egg per nest and not all adults nest every year .\npredicted relative probability , with 95 % confidence intervals , of a marine area being used by marbled murrelets in washington , u . s . a . , and southwestern british columbia , canada , 2004\u20132008 .\nt he marbled murrelet is a small pacific seabird belonging to the family alcidae . they are fast fliers with rapid wingbeats and short wings . males and females have sooty - brown upperparts with dark bars . underparts are light , mottled brown . winter adults have brownish - gray upperparts and white scapulars . the plumage of fledged young is similar to that of adults in winter . chicks are downy and tan colored with dark speckling .\nif people are looking for someone to blame for the problem the murrelet is having , i think everybody has some of that blame ,\ngolightly said .\ncutting of the old - growth forests in the past is the primary thing that put us to this point , but presently , if you visit the parks and feed the animals , you ' re contributing , too . it is coming at the expense of the murrelet .\ncitation : lorenz tj , raphael mg , bloxton td jr ( 2016 ) marine habitat selection by marbled murrelets ( brachyramphus marmoratus ) during the breeding season . plos one 11 ( 9 ) : e0162670 . urltoken\nmarbled murrelets don\u2019t start breeding until they are 2 or 3 years of age and they have low reproductive output . ( again , if it helps to imagine morgan freeman\u2019s voice narrating this section , we understand ) .\nin kenai fjords , we encounter the marbled murrelet mostly during the breeding season . at this time , it is brown with irregular white bars and mottled back and wings . the neck and undersides are a yellowy - white . it has a short , thin bill often carried pointing up at an angle . winter plumage is a starker white belly and throat with black or brown covering the back , wings and the head down to and including the eye .\nmarbled murrelets normally feed in near - shore marine waters , including shallow bays , channels and fjords . although groups of up to 100 murrelets may be attracted to sites where fish are concentrated , they feed as individuals .\nfor years , the center has defended the marbled murrelet from its top threat : in 2005 , we filed suit against a logging company and the state of california for harming the bird and its forest home , and in 2008 we succeeded in halting a timber - industry attack on the bird ' s endangered species act status \u2014 a lawsuit to remove protections based on a finding that was scientifically flawed due to political interference under the bush administration . we halted another attack in 2013 , as well as filing a lawsuit against the california department of parks and recreation for its failure to protect the murrelet under a new management plan for big basin redwoods state park in california ' s santa cruz mountains .\nthe marbled murrelet is a weird little bird . it spends some of its time in the redwood forest and some of its time in the pacific ocean . they\u2019re like puffins\u2014little duck like birds with webbed feet\u2014which makes it odd to see them in the forest . but the birds breed in the forest , which is where the jay likes to snatch their eggs . because of this egg snatching , along with deforestation and pollution , the murrelet population is down by over 90 percent compared to it nineteenth century population . the steller\u2019s jay , however , is doing quite well . the cornell ornithology lab describes them as \u201cbold , inquisitive , intelligent , and noisy . \u201d now they can add \u201cpukey\u201d to that list .\nmarbled murrelets have declined by almost 30 percent since 1992 . that\u2019s steep . despite federal public land protections , in washington ssate murrelets\u2019 old forest habitat has declined by more than 10 percent , notably on state and private lands .\nraphael mg , shirk aj , falxa ga , pearson sf . habitat associations of marbled murrelets during the nesting season in nearshore waters along the washington to california coast . journal of marine systems . 2015 ; 146 : 17\u201325 .\nthe marbled murrelet is found along the western coast of the usa and canada in california , washington , oregon , british columbia , alaska , prince william sound , kenai peninsula , lower cook inlet , barren islands , afognak and kodiak islands , the alaska peninsula and the aleutians . historically , the decline of this species has been most severe in washington , oregon and california ; at present , however , the worst losses are occurring in british columbia and alaska ( 2 ) .\nthere is little information on marbled murrelet population trends , but they appear to be a species in decline . the north american waterbird conservation plan estimates a continental breeding population of 300 , 000 - 800 , 000 birds , rates the species a 15 out of 20 on the continental concern score , and lists it as a species of high concern . populations of marbled murrelet in washington , oregon , and california , are on the 2014 state of the birds watch list , which lists bird species that are at risk of becoming threatened or endangered without conservation action . the species is listed as endangered on the iucn red list , and as threatened under the endangered species act by the u . s . fish and wildlife service . logging and development of forested nesting habitat are considered the greatest threats to this species . significant portions of nesting areas have already been lost . oil spills and entanglement in gill - nets are also major risks . back to top"]}
{"id": 2191, "summary": [{"text": "the nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the bustard family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this is a medium-large bustard found in the sparsely vegetated interface between the southern margins of the sahara desert and the northern part of the sahel .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is found in burkina faso , cameroon , chad , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , and sudan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "nubian bustard", "paragraphs": ["nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the otididae family .\nthe nubian bustard is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .\n* nubian bustard , neotis nuba * savile ' s bustard , lophotis savilei * white - bellied bustard , eupodotis senegalensis translations any of several birds of the family otidae * afrikaans : pou * bulgarian : \u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430 * chinese : \u9e28 ( b\u01ceo ) * danish : trappe da ( da ) c . more\nnubian bustard : the nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) is a species of bird in the otididae family . zain sudan : zain sudan , formerly mobitel sudan , is a major mobile telephone network operator in sudan . login new listings hot listings top rated editor pick register my account add a listing update a listing suggest a category contact copyright more\nthe nubian bustard occupies the sparsely vegetated interface between the southern margins of the sahara desert and the northern part of the sahel , ranging from mauritania in the west to sudan in the east , including mali , southern algeria , niger and chad .\nenglish : ruffed bustard ; french : outarde houbara ; german : kragentrappe ; spanish : avutarda hubara .\nthis describes ecology of houbara bustard ( chlamydotis macqueenii ) a desert adapted species in pakistan .\nenglish : indian bustard ; french : outarde \u00e0 t\u00eate noire ; german : hindutrappe ; spanish : avutarda india . monotypic .\nthis article was kindly contributed by sara hallager of the smithsonian\u2019s national zoo with input from members of the iucn bustard specialist group .\nthe threats to the remaining populations of larger animals adapted to desert conditions are intense . the populations of many species have been greatly reduced by hunting for food , and also through hunting for sport and recreation ( e . g . , houbara bustard and nubian bustard ) . some species listed above have been entirely removed from the ecoregion in the last 100 years . over a period of 2 , 000 years this list could be expanded to include other large african mammals .\nnubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) = french : outarde nubienne german : nubiertrappe spanish : avutarda n\u00fabica taxonomy : otis nuba cretzschmar , 1826 , kurgos , near shendi , sudan . genus sometimes merged with otis . present species may be closely related to n . heuglinii . claimed race agaze from chad westwards is supposedly paler and smaller , but much more material needs examination to confirm that differences are not clinal or individual . monotypic . more\ncollar , n . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . nubian bustard ( neotis nuba ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nresults of a study undertaken by the german society for the protection of great bustard in collaboration with russian biologists from the saratov region , in order to design effective conservation measures .\nnubian bustard neotis nuba 2009 iucn red list category ( as evaluated by birdlife international - the official red list authority for birds for iucn ) : near threatened justification this species is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable . more\nnubian bustard neotis nuba = described by : cretzschmar ( 1826 ) alternate common name ( s ) : none known by website authors old scientific name ( s ) : none known by website authors photographs no photographs are available for this species range sahal zone of n . africa ; ( 1 ) mauritania and the niger river e . through mali and niger to lake chad . ( 2 ) n . sudan to the red sea coast ( ? ) . more\nthe australian bustard is australia ' s heaviest flying bird . it is an icon of the australian outback where it is more commonly known as the bush or plains turkey . it is also culturally and spiritually significant to aboriginal people , who prize it as a favourite bush tucker . this book provides the first complete overview of the biology of the australian bustard , based on the first major study of the species . the author explores the bustard ' s ecology and behaviour , its drastic decline since european settlement , and the conservation issues affecting it and its environment . colour photographs of juvenile and adult birds complement the text as well as showcase particular behaviours , such as the spectacular display routines of males when mating . australian bustard is the perfect book for natural history enthusiasts .\nthis book describes the biology of the great bustard at the reserve of villaf\u00e1fila , nw spain , based on the results of a research project carried out there by the authors between 1987 and 1995 .\nthe nubian bustard is one of the larger and most characteristic of the sahelo - saharan bustard species . adult males weigh in at over 5 kg and females a little less . the species shows sexual dimorphism . in males the forehead , crown and upperparts are tawny - buff marked with black . a broad black band extends over the eyes . the rest of the face is white except for the chin and throat which are black . the upperparts are pale tawny buff , lightly vermiculated with black . tail is similar but more grey . the lower hindneck and sides of breast are bordered by a black line . in adult females plumage is similar but colors generally less intense and mantle faintly streaked . black on throat confined to the center . to distinguish nubian bustards from the sympatric arabian or sudan bustard , look for the smaller but chubbier size and appearance , the more rufous coloration , thinner neck and dark , roundish head . arabian bustards are generally larger , greyer in color and have a more heavily feathered grey neck with no black . the head is grey and more dagger - shaped . in flight , nubians show a clearly paneled wing of black , white and rufous feathers . the arabian in flight is mostly grey and white .\nthe nest is a bare scrape into which one to six ( usually two to four ) eggs are laid . incubation is 20\u201322 days in the little bustard , 24\u201325 days in the great bustard , and presumably between these extremes in all other species . incubation starts with the first egg , leading to asynchronous hatching . the precocial young ( hatched covered with down and open eyes ) can usually walk after a few hours .\nbustards are confined to the old world . a glance at patterns of bustard diversity suggests that they originated in africa , where 21 species occur . sixteen of these are purely afrotropical , and another two only fractionally enter the\nthe book comprises fifteen chapters each covering a specific species or groups of species . there are six bird related chapters : wild turkey , houbara bustard , india ' s vultures , whooping crane , zino ' s petrel and mauritius kestrel .\n. over - hunting is probably the main cause of declines in the bustard species of sahelian west africa . off - take by local nomads has been augmented by the hunting activities of military and mining personnel , as well as tourists ( del hoyo\nmost bustards are found walking slowly across open terrain . several species are at least partially gregarious . the great bustard ( otis tarda ) has been recorded in groups of over 50 , and nonbreeding aggregations of the little bustard ( tetrax tetrax ) can number in the thousands . the desert - adapted forms , such as chlamydotis , are probably the most solitary . a few species gather at loose leks . foraging bustards are regularly found near herds of grazing herbivores . presumably they benefit from reductions in predation pressure or elevations in foraging success , as they hunt insects disturbed by the mammals .\ngaucher , p . , p . paillat , c . chappuis , m . saint jalme , f . lotfikhah , and m . wink .\ntaxonomy of the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata subspecies considered on the basis of sexual display and genetic divergence .\nibis 138 ( 1996 ) : 273\u2013282 .\narabian and nubian bustards occur in the saharo - sahelian zone , extend - in across to the red sea coast . only two species , denham\u2019s and the black - bellied bustards , are widespread in africa ; the former has become much localized in many areas as a result of man\u2019s activities . the bustards are a homogeneous family , although there are differences in structure , color , size and behavior which cloud the relationships between species . more\nthe displaying great bustard selects an elevated site and then inflates his gular sac and raises his tail , exposing white undertail - coverts . the inner secondaries are then twisted over and fanned so that , at the height of his splendid performance , having apparently turned himself inside out , the gleam of white plumage is visible several miles away . the kori bustard ( ardeotis kori ) grossly inflates his neck plumage , cocks his tail , and emits a low booming call . many smaller bustards , particularly those that inhabit taller vegetation , incorporate vertical display leaps or short flights into courtship behavior so that they are visible from a distance .\nit is unlikely that any bustard species is entirely sedentary , and many are clearly nomadic or migratory . those that breed in asia undertake long distance migrations to escape harsh winters . the lesser florican ( sypheotides indica ) performs regular migrations in response to rainfall in india , and the same is true of several african species .\nlesser florican ( sypheotides indica ) is a large bird in the bustard family . it breeds in pakistan , and is a rare summer visitor in nepal . it has a very small , declining population , primarily a result of loss and degradation of its grassland habitat . in their breeding display , the male jumps into the air above the grass level .\nnorth african portion of the palearctic region . within africa , there are two distinct centers of speciation . one is in east africa , between the horn and the nile , the other is in southern africa south of the zambezi . of four species with chiefly palearctic distributions , two are widespread in europe and asia , with portions of their ranges in north africa . one is entirely north african ; another is almost entirely asian , extending from egypt and the middle east to china ( these two forms , the houbara bustard chlamydotis undulata and macqueen ' s bustard c . macqueenii , are often treated as conspecific ) . three more species are oriental ( all centered on the indian subcontinent , one with an outlying population in indochina ) , and one species is australasian , occurring in australia and southern new guinea .\nbeing frequently recorded along the same transects in 1971 and 1973 ( thiollay 2006 ) . bustards can be inconspicuous , which , coupled with the focus of these surveys on raptors , means that some birds were probably missed , and local hunters reported that bustard species were still extant in the surveyed areas ; however , the difference between the survey results from the early 1970s and 2004 most likely indicates dramatic declines in this species ( thiollay 2006 ) . several hundred kilometres of vehicle - based transects have been conducted recently in mauritania in search of\nbustards combine stout bodies carried horizontally with long legs and necks , the latter supporting flat - crowned heads and short , straight bills . as a result of an exclusively terrestrial lifestyle , they have no hind toe . they tend to escape danger by flying , and consequently their feet are relatively small , and their wings are large and strong . mature male otis and ardeotis bustards regularly reach over 3 . 3 ft ( 1 m ) in height , and as some approach 44 lb ( 20 kg ) , they are among the heaviest of flying birds . in these genera , females tend to be twothirds the height and one - third the weight of their respective males . in smaller bustard species , the difference in size between the sexes is less pronounced .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .\nmale 70 cm , female 50 cm . upperparts tawny buff , with faint vermiculations . male has a grey neck with paler head . striking black chin , throat and crown sides bordering a tawny cap . whitish below . female is smaller with less black on the chin and throat .\nmahood , s . , o ' brien , a . , pilgrim , j . , robertson , p . , taylor , j . , symes , a . & westrip , j .\nthis species is classified as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable .\nhas a disjunct range across the sahelian and , marginally , saharan zones of africa . the western subspecies\nthere are few data on population trends , but levels of hunting pressure indicate that it is probably declining at a moderately rapid rate .\nthere is little information on the current status of this species or its population trends . however , it apparently suffers from widespread hunting , which may now be causing substantial declines in parts of its range ( urban\n. 1996 , thiollay 2006 ) . civil war in chad in the 1980s , and recent unrest in sudan , is likely to have increased local hunting pressure because of the number of weapons available . other threats to\nmay include the intensification of land use , disturbance by off - road vehicles , overgrazing , disturbance by livestock , firewood collection and commercial wood collection ( j . brouwer\nwoodlands , as well as the overgrazing of sub - desert steppes and excessive harvesting of firewood , which are followed by wind erosion and sand encroachment ( thiollay 2006 ) . protected areas in the region where this species occurs may be under threat from oil exploration ( meynier 2009 , van vliet and magrin 2012 ) .\nregularly monitor the species at selected sites across its range to determine trends . research the extent and nature of the threat caused by hunting . if sensible and feasible , regulate hunting . ensure complete protection of important populations of both subspecies .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : neotis nuba . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nmay be closely related to n . heuglinii . proposed race agaze ( mauritania e to chad ) supposedly paler and smaller , but further examination required to confirm that differences are not clinal or individual . monotypic .\nsahel zone from w mauritania to e sudan ; distribution probably continuous , or at least with interbreeding populations , even though species very patchily recorded .\nmale 70 cm , 5400 g ; female 50 cm , no data on weight . upperparts pale tawny buff , lightly vermiculated with black , tail similar but washed grey ; crown as back , bordered by . . .\narid and semi - arid scrub and savanna on desert fringes , penetrating further n into sahara than . . .\ninvertebrates and vegetable matter : orthoptera , coleoptera , hymenoptera , etc . ; leaves and berries of desert plants , grass seeds and\njul\u2013oct ; the finding of 3 nests in one day in aug suggests synchronized response to suitable conditions ( as well as degree of local . . .\nsedentary and almost certainly nomadic ; in mauritania , tends to move s in winter , returning n with . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . cites ii . suspected to be undergoing moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nif you have videos , photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection . it ' s free and easy to do .\nsometimes merged into otis ; more recently , molecular evidence suggests that it belongs with ardeotis # r # r , but situation still not fully resolved and for the present neotis retained .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\noccupies desert scrub and ephemeral grassland fringes , semi - arid acacia scrub across the sahelo - saharan region of north africa . will penetrate saharan mountain ranges where suitable sandy wadi habitat occurs .\nsuffers from widespread hunting ( mostly related to falconry activities ) , civil wars , intensification of land use , disturbance by off - road vehicles , overgrazing , disturbance by livestock , firewood collection and commercial wood collection all of which may now be causing substantial declines in parts of its range .\ncites appendix ii . iucn red data list ( 2010 ) : near threatened . suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to intense hunting in parts of its range , in combination with other factors . however , if further information shows that the decline is rapid , the species would warrant uplisting to vulnerable .\nbirdlife international 2008 . neotis nuba . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken downloaded on 31 march 2011 .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliot , a . & sargatal , j . eds 1996 . handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 . hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .\njensen , f . , christensen , k . and petersen , b . 2008 . the avifauna of southeast niger . malimbus 30 ( 1 ) : 30 - 54 .\njohnsgard , paul a . 1991 . bustards , hemipodes , and sandgrouse , birds of dry places . oxford university press .\nthiollay , jean - marc . 2006 . severe decline of large birds in the northern sahel of west africa : a long term assessment . bird conservation international 16 : 353 - 365 .\nurban , e . k . , fry , c . h . & keith , s . 1986 . the birds of africa , vol . 2 . london : academic press .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 312 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nclassification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nsaharantrappi\nfrom\nneotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )\nas trusted .\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\nneotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )\n.\nc . michael hogan marked\nhabitat and ecology\nas unreviewed on the\nneotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked\nhabitat and ecology\nas hidden on the\nneotis nuba ( cretzschmar , 1826 )\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nzoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2006 . 07 . 04 , website ( version 04 - jul - 06 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public ' - / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en ' ' urltoken '\nif you would like to support the work of the sahara conservation fund , please click on image above or contact us for more information .\nthe sahara conservation fund provides some amazing videos of saharan wildlife , desert habitats , and the people that inhabit this little known part of our planet .\ndiscover the beauty of the desert and its diverse plants and animals , all so uniquely adapted to survive against the daily challenges of extreme heat and drought .\nuse this space to describe your geocache location , container , and how it ' s hidden to your reviewer . if you ' ve made changes , tell the reviewer what changes you made . the more they know , the easier it is for them to publish your geocache . this note will not be visible to the public when your geocache is published .\nplease note use of urltoken services is subject to the terms and conditions in our disclaimer .\ncaches placed in the longmeadow flats conservation area and the fannie stebbins memorial wildlife refuge .\nplease replace as found and use stealth when retrieving and replacing . dogs are allowed but must be leashed . byop\n\u00a9 2000 - 2018 groundspeak , inc . all rights reserved . groundspeak terms of use | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nbustards are large terrestrial birds that are found in dry open country and steppes in the old world ( includes europe , asia , and africa ) .\nbustards have strong legs and big toes . they have long broad wings with\nfingered\nwingtips .\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please send us an e - mail . thank you !\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion extends across northern africa and covers parts of western sahara , mauritania , morocco , algeria , tunisia , libya , and egypt . it is generally found inland of the coast , but stretches to the shore in areas where there is low rainfall . in morocco , algeria and tunisia , this ecoregion forms a transition between the mediterranean domain towards the north and the true desert in the south . the saharan halophytics ecoregion is also found scattered through this ecoregion in areas of suitable saline conditions .\nwater is a serious constraint in this ecoregion . in the northern sahara , the climate is hot and dry in the summer , and cooler with rain in the winter . rains come from the mediterranean and are associated with powerful depressions , which sometimes reach half - way across the sahara . these occur mostly from october to april . average annual rainfall varies from 50 mm in the south to 100 mm in the north , although there may be years where there is no rain at all ( especially in the southern parts of the ecoregion ) . the highest temperature ranges between 40 and 45\u00b0c , creating evaporation that far exceeds the amount that falls as rain .\nthe extreme climate and varied geomorphologic conditions have assisted , nevertheless , to develop a significant diversity of landscapes and habitats adapted to drought . the ecoregion contains a number of geomorphologic features with different origins :\nhuman populations are concentrated around water sources in oases that are characterized by particular models of water use ( as foggaras ) , and palm agriculture ( 940 varieties have been listed in algeria ) . livestock is complementary to agriculture ( e . g . camels , sheep\ndaman race\n, and goats ) . over recent decades the population has expanded greatly in the area . now , some of the oases support moderate sized towns that are involved with oil exploration and production . these areas may also support tourist industries .\ncurrent status the habitat is largely intact in drier areas , but can be quite badly degraded close to the coast or where there is higher rainfall and more grazing animals . however , the ecoregion is extensive , with habitat in good condition over vast areas .\nthe ecoregion is poorly protected officially , with one protected area in mauritania ( iriki permanent hunting reserve , 100 km2 ) . one other area in algeria ( taghit ) is proposed to be classified as a nature reserve , but the area is not yet delineated . there are also two national parks in tunisia : jebil national park created in 1993 ( 1 , 500 km2 ) and the sidi toui national park created in 1993 ( 63 km2 ) ( chaieb and boukhris 1998 ) .\nrecently undp / gef approved a 3 - year project on\nnature resources management in semi - arid and arid zones .\none of the proposed sites in this project is taghit in algeria . the project will be implemented by a network of 26 ngos ( comit\u00e9 national des ongs alg\u00e9riennes - cnoa ) belonging to the riod ( international ngos network to combat desertification ) . the main project objectives are to develop a management plan for nature resources , legally gazette the nature reserve , and build capacity of grass - roots organizations in co - management of the reserve through training and pilot demonstration activities .\ntypes and severity of threats in general , the drier parts of this ecoregion are not threatened by human activities . threats are concentrated in areas with more rainfall , or around water sources , where the local pressure on resources can be intense . overgrazing by livestock is a serious problem that has resulted in severe environmental degradation in many areas . the cutting of woody vegetation for fire - wood is also a problem .\nwater pollution is also major threat in this ecoregion , as many cities have been developed in this part of the desert . development of tourism ( mostly in tunisia ) also poses a threat to water systems .\njustification of ecoregion delineation this ecoregion is delineated from white ' s ( 1983 ) \u2018regs , hamadas and wadis\u2019 and \u2018desert dunes with perennial vegetation\u2019 units north and west of the sahara desert . although these vegetation types surround the sahara desert , the northern habitats were delineated as a distinct ecoregion from the southern unit due to different rainfall regimes and the presence of mediterranean plant and vertebrate species .\nreferences chaieb , m . and m . boukhris . 1998 . parcs nationaux de la tunisie aride et saharienne . in flore succinte et illustr\u00e9e des zones arides et sahariennes de tunisie . edition l\u2019or du temps . pages 242 - 249 .\nkingdon , j . 1997 . the kingdon field guide to african mammals . academic press . london , uk .\nle hou\u00e9rou , h . n . 1990 . recherches \u00e9coclimatique et biog\u00e9ographique sur les zones arides de l\u2019afrique du nord . cepe / cnrs , montpellier , 600pp .\nle hou\u00e9rou , h . n . 1991 . outline of a biological history of the sahara . pp . 146 - 174 . in . mcneely , j . a . , and v . m . neronov , editors . mammals in the palaearctic desert : status and trends in the sahara - gobian region . the russian acedemy of sciences , and the russian committee for the unesco programme on man and the biosphere ( mab ) .\nqu\u00e9zel , p . , 1965 . la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation du sahara , du tchad \u00e0 la mauritanie . fisher verlag , stuttgart .\nzahoran , m . a . and a . j . willis . 1992 . the vegetation of egypt . chapman and hall , london\nwhite , f . 1983 . the vegetation of africa : a descriptive memoir to accompany the unesco / aetfat / unso vegetation map of africa . unesco , paris , france .\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\ntaxonomic source ( s ) aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # . aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # . cramp , s . and perrins , c . m . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford . cramp , s . ; perrins , c . m . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford . del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . del hoyo , j . ; collar , n . j . ; christie , d . a . ; elliott , a . ; fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . barcelona , spain and cambridge uk : lynx edicions and birdlife international .\ntrend justification : there are few data on population trends , but levels of hunting pressure indicate that it is probably declining at a moderately rapid rate .\nbustards are linked ancestrally to cranes and their relatives ( gruiformes ) . genetic studies place them in their own suborder , otidides , whose divergence from the gruides is estimated at 70 million years ago . although conspicuous courtship displays imply a link with cranes , the evolutionary isolation of bustards finds manifestation in various morphological anomalies . these include the absence of a hind toe and preen gland , hexagonal rather than transverse tarsal scutellation , and unique dense powder - down .\ntaxonomic relationships within the family are contested . the large bustards are grouped in otis , neotis , and ardeotis , and these are possibly related to the smaller chlamydotis and tetrax . diminutive tetrax , long combined with the far larger otis by taxonomists , might be related to sypheotides , to which it more closely equates in terms of size , flight - feather modification , and display . some recent appraisals combine 14 relatively small species within the genus eupodotis , but an alternative treatment retains only five species in this grouping , separating the remainder into afrotis , lissotis , lophotis , houbaropsis , and sypheotides .\nbustards are omnivorous and opportunistic . most species have a diet predominately of vegetable matter . they eat fresh shoots , flowers , and leaves of herbaceous plants ; excavate for soft roots and bulbs ; and take fruit and seeds when available . in cultivated areas they consume a variety of crops . insects are also an important food , at least seasonally . the timing of breeding tends to synchronize chick emergence with maximum insect abundance . although beetles and grasshoppers are the main invertebrate prey items , many other arthropods\nare taken if available . bustards also consume small vertebrates such as reptiles and rodents , particularly those killed or injured in bush fires or traffic . bustards can thrive without water for long periods , but drink freely when water is available .\nthe breeding season tends to coincide with periods of high rainfall . at its outset , males of many species perform magnificent displays , often from traditionally favored locations . in general , pair bonds between male and female bustards appear to be absent , as females visit displaying males and then leave to incubate the eggs and raise the chicks alone . sexual maturation is slowest and sexual dimorphism most pronounced in species with dispersed leks or solitary territorial males : males take up to six years to reach full size and possess plumage ornamentation absent in females .\nalthough small numbers of each of these species breed and survive within protected areas , their future hangs in the balance . in general , bustards are at greater risk than many animals because populations in all but the very largest reserves are not viable . low population densities , and their nomadic or migratory lifestyles , mean that current protected area networks do not comfortably meet their needs .\nmale : 41 in ( 105 cm ) , 13\u201340 lb ( 5 . 8\u201318 kg ) ; female : 30 in ( 75 cm ) , 7\u201312 lb ( 3 . 3\u20135 . 3 kg ) . back and tail barred black and gold ; white underneath . female and nonbreeding male head and neck are pale blue - gray ; breeding male has white and russet on neck and whitish chin barbs .\no . t . tarda : northern morocco and iberia , germany , hungary , southern ukraine ; also breeds turkey , western iran , and southwestern russia , through kazakhstan to kyrgyzstan , wintering from southern turkey and syria through southern azerbaijan and northern iran to uzbekistan and tadjikistan ; o . t . dybowski : southeastern russia , mongolia , and northern china .\nlevel or gently undulating open short - grass plains , generally favoring undisturbed areas .\nusually lives in nonterritorial sex - segregated groups , these sometimes large in winter . in breeding season dominant males display spectacularly on dispersed leks . migratory in part of range .\ntwo to three eggs laid in bare scrape , where incubated by female for about 25 days ; fledging period 30\u201335 days . first breeding occurs at 5\u20136 years in males and 2\u20133 years in females .\nvulnerable . populations have declined and fragmented . main threats are agricultural intensification , disturbance , pesticide use , and hunting .\nappears in european heraldic imagery and insignia ; now the figurehead of a major grassland conservation program in iberia .\nmale : 47 in ( 120 cm ) , 18\u201332 lb ( 8\u201314 . 5 kg ) ; female : 35 in ( 90 cm ) , 7 . 8\u201315 lb ( 3 . 5\u20136 . 75 kg ) . extensive black crown ; head , neck , and breast white with fine dark gray barring and indistinct black breast band . back and wings brown with fine dark vermiculations . black panel on wing spotted with white .\nsolitary or in small groups . males display on well - separated territories in the breeding season ; no pair bonds .\nconsumes grains , shoots , and berries in season , as well as arthropods , small reptiles , and mammals .\none egg ( sometimes two ) incubated for about 27 days in bare scrape by female only ; fledging period 35\u201340 days .\nendangered . probably fewer than 1 , 000 birds survive . irrigation of semideserts , agricultural intensification , disturbance , and hunting continue to press this species toward extinction .\nsymbol of the bombay natural history society , india ' s largest wildlife and conservation organization .\nmale : 25 . 5\u201329 . 5 in ( 65\u201375 cm ) , 4\u20137 lb ( 1 . 8\u20133 . 2 kg ) ; female : 21 . 5\u201325 . 5 in ( 55\u201365 cm ) , 2 . 7\u20133 . 8 lb ( 1 . 2\u20131 . 7 kg ) . buff crown\nwith white erectile feathers along center . pale grayish buff head and neck with black erectile plumes down side of neck to breast . back pale sandy buff , mottled and lined with darker brown . female has reduced neck plumes , otherwise similar .\nc . u . fuertaventurae : eastern canary islands ; c . u . undulata : morocco to north central egypt ( not eastern nile valley or sinai ) .\narid semidesert with tussock grass , sandy grassland , and stony plains with scattered low shrubs ; regularly on cultivation in nonbreeding season .\nessentially solitary and nonmigratory ( but locally nomadic ) . males display in breeding season ; no pair bonds .\nmain breeding season march and april . clutch usually 2\u20133 eggs , laid in bare scrape and incubated for 24\u201328 days by female ; fledging period about 35 days .\nexpanded species ( including macqueenii ) considered near threatened . although undulata is less severely hunted than its asiatic cousin , numbers are probably much lower overall , and hunting pressure increasing . population of race fuertaventurae : about 700 individuals .\notis caerulescens vieillot , 1820 ,\nkaffraria\n= eastern cape province . monotypic .\nenglish : blue korhaan ; french : outarde plomb\u00e9e ; german : blautrappe ; spanish : sis\u00f3n azulado .\n21 . 5 in ( 55 cm ) ; 2 . 5\u20133 . 5 lb ( 1 . 1\u20131 . 6 kg ) . blue - gray neck and underparts .\nhigh rolling grasslands and croplands , usually above 4 , 900 ft ( 1 , 500 m ) .\npairs or small groups of up to six appear to be sedentary and group territorial , the young staying with adults for up to two years .\nplant matter , invertebrates , and small reptiles . visits recently burned grasslands and plowed fields .\nmain breeding period october\u2013november , 1\u20133 eggs laid on bare scrape in grassland , incubated for 24\u201328 days . mature offspring from last brood probably cooperate in breeding attempts .\nnear threatened . declining in some areas through agricultural intensification , but population is thought to exceed 10 , 000 individuals .\notis afra\u00efdes a . smith , 1831 , flats near orange river . three subspecies .\nenglish : white - quilled korhaan ; french : outarde \u00e0 miroir blanc ; german : wei\u00dffl\u00fcgeltrappe ; spanish : sis\u00f3n negro aliclaro .\n19 . 7 in ( 50 cm ) ; 1 . 5 lb ( 0 . 7 kg ) . black neck and underparts , with gold and brown barred spot on crown , white collar behind neck , and white ear - coverts . wings and back barred dark brown on whitish ; white on primaries is conspicuous in flight .\na . a . etoschae : northwestern namibia and northern botswana ; a . a . damarensis : namibia and central botswana ; a . a . afraoides : southeastern botswana through northern and northeastern south africa to lesotho .\nflat grassland with sward of 19 . 7\u201339 . 4 in ( 50\u2013100 cm ) , semi - desert scrub , grassy dunes , and arid savanna . tolerates heavily grazed areas .\ngenerally solitary ; males display on territories using stylized flights accompanied by loud calling .\nvariety of plant and animal material , including insects , seeds , flowers , and leaves .\nbreeds almost throughout year , but mainly september to march . lays one , sometimes two , eggs on bare ground . incubation period 19\u201321 days in captivity .\notis bengalensis gmelin , 1789 , bengal . sometimes merged with eupodotis . two subspecies .\nfrench : outarde du bengale ; german : barttrappe ; spanish : sis\u00f3n bengali .\nmale : 25 in ( 64 cm ) , 2 . 8\u20133 . 8 lb ( 1 . 25\u20131 . 7 kg ) ; female : 27 in ( 68 cm ) , 3 . 8\u20135 lb ( 1 . 7\u20132 . 25 kg ) . back and tail buffy brown , vermiculated with black pattern . male has head , neck , and underparts black . female has buffy head and underparts .\nh . b . bengalensis : along border of southern nepal and india , east to lowlands of assam ; h . b . blandini : central and southern cambodia , southern vietnam .\nflat grasslands , often with scattered shrubs , or in recently burned patches . visits cultivation .\nboth races dispersive , b . blandini probably with regular short distance migration . on breeding grounds , males make display flights from traditional sites .\none to two eggs laid in march to june ( india ) on bare scrape where incubated for 25\u201328 days . no pair bond ; female responsible for all incubation and chick rearing .\nendangered . total population thought to be around 500 individuals in india / nepal , but unquantified indochinese population possibly contains several thousand birds . conversion of grasslands and heavy hunting in some areas are the main threats .\n17 in ( 43 cm ) ; male : 1 . 7\u20132 . 2 lb ( 0 . 8\u20131 kg ) ; female : 1 . 5\u20132 lb ( 0 . 7\u20130 . 95 g ) . upperparts buffy brown , lightly vermiculated with black ; tail white mottled with three bars . breeding male has blue - gray face , black neck and breast , with white v at foreneck and white band across breast , and white undersides . female has buff face , neck , and breast , with streaking and barring on breast . nonbreeding male is similar to female .\nwestern mediterranean basin , turkey , ukraine , and southwestern russia through kazakhstan and kyrgyzstan , extreme northwestern china and extreme northern iran . eastern populations winter to iran , azerbaijan , and afghanistan .\nflat or rolling short - grass plains , stony semideserts , pasture , and fallow land .\nhighly gregarious in mixed - sex groups outside breeding season . males give crepuscular jumping display in breeding season .\ninvertebrates and plant material , the former predominate in summer , the latter in winter .\ntwo to six eggs laid february to june in bare scrape , usually in grassy cover ; incubated by female 20\u201322 days , remaining with her until first autumn .\nnear threatened . although over 100 , 000 individuals probably survive , there has been a massive decline almost throughout its range , particularly in the east where habitat modification continues , and hunting is not controlled .\nbirdlife international . threatened birds of asia . barcelona : lynx edicions , 2001 .\ncollar , n . j .\nfamily otididae ( bustards ) .\nin handbook of birds of the world . vol . 3 , edited by del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal . barcelona : lynx edicions , 1996 .\ngoriup , p . d . , and h . vardhan , eds . bustards in decline . jaipur : tourism and wildlife society of india , 1983 .\njohnsgard , p . a . bustards , hemipodes and sandgrouse : birds of dry places . oxford : oxford university press , 1991 .\nallan , d . g .\nthe world ' s bustards : a looming crisis .\nquagga 24 ( 1988 ) : 5\u20139 .\njohnsgard , p . a .\nbustards : stalkers of the dry plains .\nzoonooz 63 , no . 7 ( 1990 ) : 4\u201311 .\nwightman , j .\nbustards ( behavior , display , reproduction , habitat ) .\nanimals 11 ( 1968 ) : 341\u2013343 .\nbustards ( otididae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nbustards ( otididae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nignore this text box . it is used to detect spammers . if you enter anything into this text box , your message will not be sent .\ninstitute of laboratory animal resources ( u . s . ) subcommittee on avian standards\nthe development of the tegmentum vasculosum in the cochlea of the bob - white quail , colinus virginianus l . . . .\nwashington , d . c . : catholic university of america press , 1941 .\n[ washington , d . c . ] : published by the committee representing the quail study fund for southern georgia and northern florida . . . in cooperation with the u . s . biological survey , 1925 .\n[ sacramento ? ] : state of california , division of fish and game , 1930 .\nquail disease in the united states [ print ] : ( a preliminary report . )\nwashington , d . c . : united states government printing office , 1941 .\nthe bobwhite quail , one of the most popular and widely distributed of game birds , can be successfully raised in captivity for restocking depleted coverts . this bulletin gives the essential principles involved in its feeding and management .\n2nd ed . - sacramento , calif . ( 1416 9th st . , sacramento , 95814 ) : the dept . , [ 1993 ]\nsacramento , calif . ( 1416 9th st . , box 944209 , sacramento , 94244 - 2090 ) : the dept . , 1988 .\noxford [ eng . ] ; new york : oxford university press , 1988 .\nxix , 264 , [ 64 ] p . of plates : ill . ( some col . ) ; 29 cm .\ncomparative biology : taxonomy , phylogeny , and zoogeography - - reproductive biology - - ecology and population dynamics - - ontogeny of plumages and behaviour - - adult vocalizations and non - vocal behaviour - - species accounts : subfamily odontophorinae - - dendrortyx - - philortyx - - oreortyx - - callipepla - - colinus - - odontophorus - - dactylortyx - - cyrtonyx - - rhynchortyx - - tribe perdicini - - lerwa - - tetraophasis - - tetraogallus - - alectoris - - ammoperdix - - francolinus - - perdix - - rhizothera - - margaroperdix - - melanoperdix - - coturnix - - anurophasis - - perdicula - - ophrysia - - arborophila - - caloperdix - - haematortyx - - rollulus - - ptilopachus - - bambusicola - - galloperdix - - bibliography - - index .\nthis companion volume to the author ' s pheasants of the world describes three times as many species . 127 colour plates - mostly by henry jones - illustrate all of the species in the group . the descriptions cover biology , ecology , development , behaviour , taxonomy , and zoogeographic aspects . readership : ornithologists , aviculturists , sportsmen ( hunting quail / partridge ) , ecologists , conservationists .\n[ washington , d . c . ] : published by the committee representing the quail study fund for southern georgia and northern florida , 1926 .\n62 p . , 5 leaves of plates : ill . ; 23 cm .\n[ fort collins , colo . ] : usda forest service , rocky mountain forest and range experiment station , [ 1981 ]\nsacramento : california state print . office , g . h . moore , state printer , 1936 .\nthis page lists books that are totally or partially about bustards . the books are listed in order of publication date with the most recent at the top .\nback from the brink is an antidote to a world that seems full of stories of wildlife doom and gloom . amongst all the loss of habitat and the animals and plants that are in spiralling decline , it ' s easy to forget that there are a huge number of positive stories too ; animals threatened with extinction , such as the gigantic european bison - extinct in the wild - having their fortunes reversed and their futures secured . this is the story of some of these successes ."]}
{"id": 2198, "summary": [{"text": "machimia chorrera is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by august busck in 1914 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 19 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light violaceous brown , the basal fourth of the costa edge black .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a small black dot on the middle of the cell and another at the end of the cell , as well as a similar spot on the middle of the fold .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a faint series of black spots at the apical fifth , parallel with the apical and terminal edges , which are narrowly rose coloured .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dull fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "machimia chorrera", "paragraphs": ["cryptolechia chorrera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 29 ; tl : la chorrera , panama\nmachimia clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 211 ; ts : machimia tentoriferella clemens\nmachimia guerneella joannis , 1914 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 210 ; tl : yokohama\nmachimia serva meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375 ; tl : victoria , birchip\nmachimia pyrocalyx meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : brazil , santa catharina\nmachimia rogifera meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 184 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nmachimia sejunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega\nmachimia ochrophanes turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371\nmachimia intaminata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 544 ; tl : brazil , ouro reto , minas geraes\nmachimia morata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 697 ; tl : argentina , parana\nmachimia cruda meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , alto de las ances , 7250ft\nmachimia eothina meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376 ; tl : french guiana , nouveau chantier , r . maroni\nmachimia perianthes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient , r . maroni\nmachimia neuroscia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 231 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nmachimia trunca meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 232 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nmachimia conspersa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 106 ; tl : victoria , macedon\nmachimia rhaphiducha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , tweed hds\nmachimia cyphopleura turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda\nmachimia homopolia turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116 ; tl : new south wales , adaminaby\nmachimia metagypsa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : w . australia , albany\nmachimia albula turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , injune ; carnarvon rge\nmachimia dystheata turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york\nmachimia trigama ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . a , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 952 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nmachimia tentoriferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . 5 , f . 26 - 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ncryptolechia caduca walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft\ndepressaria desertorum berg , 1875 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 239 ; tl : rio negro\ncryptolechia dolopis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ncryptolechia ignicolor busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 27 ; tl : cabima , panama\ncryptolechia illuminella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 28 ; tl : panama , trinidad river\ncryptolechia notella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 30 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ncryptolechia peperita walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san ger\u00f3nimo\npyrograpta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 278\nnova scotia , wisconsin - virginia , iowa , ontario . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on betula , fraxinus , ulmus , acer , quercus , tilia americana , juglans cinerea , prunus , fagus , sorbus , carya , populus balsamifera , castanea dentata , corylys , pyrus , syringa vulgaris , cornus canadensis hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86\ncryptolechia trigama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 476 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas\nhoplitica miltosparsa turner , 1914 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 39 ( 3 ) : 560 ; tl : new south wales , ebor scrub\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res recueillis par m . j . de guerne au cours de son voyage en extr\u00eame - orient\nergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgef\u00fchrt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera\nwalsingham , 1912 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\ncalle genovevo de la o . s / n , col . adalberto teleda olivarez , cosamaloapan\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2203, "summary": [{"text": "spectrum ( foaled 8 may 1992 ) was an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from october 1994 until august 1996 he ran nine times and won four races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "as a three-year-old in 1995 he won the irish 2000 guineas but was injured when starting second favourite for the epsom derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he returned in autumn to win the champion stakes over ten furlongs at newmarket .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after a disappointing four-year-old season he was retired to stud where he became a successful sire of winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "spectrum ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["winning spectrum was sired by spectrum out of the dam dublin winning spectrum was foaled on 12 of november in 2001 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for winning spectrum . winning spectrum is a gelding born in 2001 november 12 by spectrum out of dublin\nwinning spectrum has a 11 % win percentage and 32 % place percentage . winning spectrum ' s last race event was at roma .\nfor everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for solaris spectrum . solaris spectrum is a gelding born in 2011 september 26 by time thief out of chloris\nhead of fire horse in spectrum colors on black background . royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 22910052 .\nwinning spectrum is a 15 year old bay gelding . winning spectrum is trained by dean jeffery , at charleville and owned by glenvallen investment pty ltd syndicate .\nalmost unknown in america , horse chestnut extract is a staple of european herbalism . horse chestnut is rich in saponins and flavones , which modern research has shown help support the normal integrity of the vascular system and connective tissue . planetary herbals full spectrum horse chestnut delivers a minimum of 20 % aescin , the primary constituent in horse chestnut for assuring potency .\nwe ' re giving you the ticket that opens up the wide world of horse racing and the horse racing industry ,\nsaid gallo .\nproducing or not extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamases . bmc microbiol . 2013 , 13 : 84 -\n. and a lot of fun . iam very pleased with the results i have gotten when using spectrum .\nlacking extended - spectrum beta - lactamases . j antimicrob chemother . 2008 , 62 : 1245 - 1251 .\n\u201ccosts run the full spectrum from $ 1 , 000 to well over $ 1 million ( per horse ) , \u201d he said . \u201cthe cheapest part ( of owning a race horse ) is the initial purchase price because the upkeep and training is quite expensive . \u201d\nwinning spectrum ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 6 - 8 - 5 - 6 .\nlisanne is founder and director of red horse foundation . she is eagala trained .\n\u00a9 copyright red horse foundation 2017 . all rights reserved . red horse foundation is a not - for - profit company registered in england & wales no . 07203761\n\u201che was a horse you would ride into battle with . \u201d darren weir .\nmadeleine facilitates eagala and equine facilitated psychotherapy ( efp ) sessions at red horse foundation .\nthe money associated with horse racing doesn\u2019t just end at the race track , though .\nwinning spectrum\u2019s last race event was at 21 / 11 / 2009 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nspectrum horse service david & donna mulinski 14605 s . chapin road elsie , mi 48831 farm : 989 661 2261 cell & text : 989 666 7862 email : donna . mulinski @ urltoken alternate email : emilski @ urltoken\nshe has experience in the field of functional diversity and learning difficulties , especially with children and young adults on the autistic spectrum .\nwinning spectrum career form is 2 wins , 2 seconds , 2 thirds from 19 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nhowever , even you can buy a horse that could some day lead to the hollowed ground .\n\u201che was the perfect racehorse , a beautiful horse with a terrific action . speed , class and a super - intelligent horse to go with it \u2013 he had it all . \u201d aidan o\u2019brien\nit ' s your first step into the wonderful world of horse racing ,\ngallo said .\nthough palmer says euthanasia is inevitable in some cases , the work never stops to prevent all horse injuries .\nviolette , a trainer himself , says everything that\u2019s done at the spa is with horse safety in mind .\nthere were immediate problems for the rider , as none of the other jockeys ever saw carmouche pass them . the track vet was called over to take a look and noted that there was no mud on the horse , the horse\u2019s bandages or the jockey . he also observed the horse wasn ' t even breathing hard .\nthe legendary horse won 20 of his 21 career starts , including the preakness stakes and the belmont stakes .\nonly the third horse since nijinsky to land the guineas / derby double following nashwan and sea the stars .\nwith ctx - m - 15 and other extended - spectrum - lactamases in the uk . j antimicrob chemother . 2007 , 61 : 54 - 58 .\nis teaching use on our on horse . that were are training as we go . it has been a great experience\nwith background information or without , the number of horse deaths at saratoga race course in 2017 is alarming for everyone .\nwe try and develop them into good , older horses that will race for multiple years so people can really get attached to them and have longevity in their relationship with the horse because the horse has longevity in his racing career .\nother strains to consider include red ransom and sons ; blushing groom through quest for fame , spectrum , viscount and fantastic light , and the snippets brothers snowland and snippetson .\na few columns back , i wrote about a jockey named frank hayes who rode a winning horse while being deceased in the saddle . while that story is tough to top , here are a few other oddities that have happened in horse racing :\nit ' s unclear if the horse stumbled at the start or just missed the break but the horse was hopelessly left behind . apparently , carmouche pulled up his horse , made a left turn through the infield and waited for the other horses to come down the stretch . carmouche rode his mount out in front of the pack and won by more than 20 lengths .\nwhat happened with california chrome is why a lot of us try ownership : because a good horse can come from anywhere .\neven when a race horse\u2019s career comes to an end , there\u2019s still plenty of opportunity to cash out . some become breading stock \u2013 and the moneymaking scale is determined by how successful the horse\u2019s racing career was . if a race horse isn\u2019t used for future breading , they can also be used for pleasure , adopted out , or re - trained for other equine disciplines .\npalmer says along with other complications , there\u2019s also the chance of a horse developing laminitis , an infection that can be fatal .\ngallo said owning a share of a horse with parting glass racing starts at $ 3 , 000 to $ 4 , 000 plus a maintenance fee each year after , as long as the horse is racing . your ownership includes vip access to the track .\n\u201cas courageous & sound a horse of wind & limb i\u2019ve trained . i\u2019ll be buying a mare for him . \u201d darren weir\nas payne ' s horse , hon kwok star , loaded into the starting gate , the jockey gave his brother - in - law jason patton a glance and nodded his head . patton also happened to be riding in the race aboard a horse named cogitate .\ni have been working on and off with spectrum since 1996 . i have used them to breed my mares . and now donna is teaching my niece and i how to ride in different dissaplins\nfor over 16 years ! i would trust no one but donna with my stallion saareef when it comes to repro work . every horse she\nthen then was the horse called ' event of the year , ' which could have turned into the ' event of his career ' in 1998 . the best ride baze had ever been given in the kentucky derby , the horse went lame just a week before the prestigious race .\n\u201cwhat happened with california chrome is why a lot of us try ownership : because a good horse can come from anywhere , \u201d schweigardt said .\nin october of 2015 i brought my haflinger stallion , niagara yes , to donna at spectrum . since then she has taken wonderful care of him , got him started in riding and dressage work , done everything\nit was short lived however , as the stewards disqualified piggot and placed him behind the horse he mugged . he was also suspended for 20 days .\nmadeleine is co - founder of red horse foundation . she is eagala ( equine assisted growth and learning ) trained and a qualified counsellor and psychotherapist .\nmunday cj : predominance and genetic diversity of community - and hospital - acquired ctx - m extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamases in york , uk . j antimicrob chemother . 2004 , 54 : 628 - 633 .\namanda\u2019s primary contribution to red horse is her planning , organisational and admin skills gleaned from a career in health and education . she keeps our office running smoothly .\nsaratoga springs , n . y . - - the winner ' s circle at saratoga race course is some of the most coveted real estate in horse racing .\nred ransom\u2019s triple group 1 winner electrocutionist is out of an arazi mare . arazi is a son of blushing groom , who is also available via quest for fame , spectrum , redding , noverre , nassipour and fantastic light mares .\nandrew is a sports anchor and sports managing editor for spectrum news . he covers sports all across the state of kentucky for sports night , which airs weeknights at 6 : 30 and 10 : 30 on spectrum news . andrew was a sports anchor and reporter at kfdm / kbtv in beaumont , texas for four years before making the move back home to the midwest . he is originally from carmel , indiana and majored in broadcast journalism and political science at syracuse university .\namong the isolates examined in this work . however , the ctx - m - 2 subtype is not restricted to animal or even horse isolates . it was previously found in\ngeser n , stephan r , h\u00e4chler h : occurrence and characteristics of extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamase ( esbl ) producing enterobacteriaceae in food producing animals , minced meat and raw milk . bmc vet res . 2012 , 8 : 21 -\nthe ahc\u2019s 2005 study showed the horse industry was made up of a diverse population . about 34 % of horse owners had a household income of less than $ 50 , 000 , while just 28 % earned more than $ 100 , 000 annually . the rest had yearly earnings that totaled between $ 25 , 000 and $ 75 , 000 .\nworks with is treated as if it is the only stallion in the world ! donna will always go the\nextra mile\nto solve any issues your horse may have .\ngallo said before you become a part horse owner , do your homework . after that , you never know , you may find yourself in the winner ' s circle in saratoga .\n\u201cwhat\u2019s a horse worth ? part of it is the sizzle , \u201d rosenberg said . \u201cpart of it is what you might hope for in purses and earnings , but the other part is what the pedigree looks like , what the horse might be worth as a stallion or broodmare , and if the ( owner or buyer ) wants to race or sell offspring . \u201d\nthe sport of horse racing can occur in the most uncontrolled environments . horses running at 40 mph , weather conditions and human interaction can make this game unpredictable and , at times , even absurd .\nto understand the economics behind the sport , you have to start at the beginning . though a horse can be bought at any stage of life , schweigardt said there are three times race horses typically exchange hands : from the weanling stage , or when the horse is between 6 - 8 months old and taken off of its mother ; the yearling stage ; or at two - years old .\nthe 2 nd regiment , royal canadian horse artillery is an army regular force unit based in petawawa , ontario . 2 rcha was formed on 7 august , 1950 as the artillery component of the canadian army special force for united nations service in korea . since then , 2 rcha has operated and trained across the world and across the spectrum of operations including humanitarian relief in turkey , honduras , haiti , and pakistan , peacekeeping in cyprus and bosnia and war fighting in korea and afghanistan .\nthe horse didn ' t finish in the money but payne had started the race aboard 12 - 1 hon kwok star , survived an accident and finished the race on a 33 - 1 shot named cogitate .\nas the horses came down the stretch , chavez looked for an opening through the horses to send his mount . when the horses parted , chavez roared through the seam only to look up and see a man standing his ground right in front of him and the oncoming horses . chavez was narrowly able to maneuver his horse around the drunken man , who took a feeble swing at artax as the horse went by .\nspectrum ( ire ) b . h , 1992 { 1 - l } dp = 9 - 4 - 17 - 10 - 4 ( 44 ) di = 0 . 96 cd = 0 . 09 - 9 starts , 4 wins , 1 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 598 , 538\nwhen it comes to training a horse to be the next triple crown winner , the amount of cash you lay down all depends on the tracks where the animals are trained and raced and the area of the country .\nhis first win came a few months later , on a horse trained by his father , a former jockey himself , and the total prize money that baze has since accumulated stands at a staggering us $ 186 million .\nit was reid ' s first success in the champion stakes - worth pounds 141 , 840 to the winning owners lord weinstock and his son simon - and chapple - hyam ' s second , having scored with another irish guineas winner , rodrigo de triano , three years ago . spectrum will stay in training next year .\n\u2022 lost in the fog : on a foggy day at louisiana downs in 1990 , jockey sylvester carmouche was loaded into the gate aboard his mount landing officer . the horse was 23 - 1 and sported a dismal racing record .\nfabienne has a degree in psychology ( autonomous university of barcelona ) and a post graduate diploma in equine assisted learning and therapies ( university of vic ) , as well as 18 years\u2019 background in horse riding , including riding lessons .\nthis is not an investment that you go into thinking that you ' re going to make money . this is something that you ' re putting money in because you want the experience of owning a horse ,\ngallo said .\nleistner r , sakellariou c , g\u00fcrntke s , kola a , steinmetz i , kohler c , pfeifer y , eller c , gastmeier p , schwab f : mortality and molecular epidemiology associated with extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamase production in escherichia coli from bloodstream infection . infect drug resist . 2014 , 7 : 57 - 62 .\nhis career has spawned seasons in the highest echelons of american racing , in southern california , and participations in the kentucky derby and various grade i races , but it ' s in the lower end spectrum of racing in north california that baze is best known ( or not , given his relative obscurity outside of racing circles ) .\nmultiresistant gram - negative bacteria producing extended - spectrum \u03b2 - lactamases ( esbls ) are an emerging problem in human and veterinary medicine . this study focused on comparative molecular characterization of \u03b2 - lactamase and esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae isolates from central hesse in germany . isolates originated from humans , companion animals ( dogs and cats ) and horses .\n\u2022 a piggoted whip : in the 1979 grand prix deauville , legendary jockey lester piggot dropped his whip midway through the race . when the horses straightened for home , piggot and his mount drew even with the horse running in second place .\ni was having a few beers recently with a keen punting friend of mine and during the inevitable racing discussions he emphatically stated he would not back any horse under $ 3 . 00 ( 2 / 1 ) though he did . . .\nwhile the sometimes sky - high price all begins with the breed and the bloodlines , the competition component of race - horse ownership is also an attractive part of the puzzle that can help make the money spent up front worth the hassle .\nas of friday morning , the gaming commission is investigating 12 horse deaths . two horses died while training before the meet began . since opening day , five died while training and five while racing . the majority were euthanized due to catastrophic injury .\nspectrum ' s performance was a triumph for his trainer , peter chapple - hyam , who patiently nursed the son of rainbow quest back from injuries incurred when he finished 13th in the derby . chapple - hyam said :\nit was touch and go whether he ever ran again . he was very jarred up and had deep muscle problems .\nwith a quick look over at fellow jock alain lequenx , piggot snatched the whip from the reluctant rider and went on to flog his horse with the stolen stick to the wire . piggot didn ' t catch the winner but he did secure second place over his robbery victim .\narlington was precocious as a juvenile , first racing as an october 2yo , and was stakes - placed at just his second start . as a 3yo , arlington ran third in the gr1 randwick guineas to horse of the year weekend hussler and eventual gr1 doncaster handicap winner triple honour\ndierikx cm , van duijkeren e , schoormans ahw , van essen - zandbergen a , veldman k , kant a , huijsdens xw , van der zwaluw k , wagenaar ja , mevius dj : occurrence and characteristics of extended - spectrum - \u03b2 - lactamase - and ampc - producing clinical isolates derived from companion animals and horses . j antimicrob chemother . 2012 , 67 : 1368 - 1374 .\nwas identified in 41 . 6 % of all strains . detection rates were highest in isolates from dogs ( 59 . 7 % ) , followed by cat ( 45 . 5 % ) , outpatient ( 32 . 8 % ) and horse ( 29 % ) isolates . however ,\nso , what happens when a potential owner doesn\u2019t find exactly what they\u2019re looking for at auction ? they\u2019re not out of luck ; instead , they can turn to a kind of custom breeding : matching up their choice of female with their male pick to breed their ideal version of the perfect race horse .\nspectrum won his colours in the autumn sunshine here yesterday with a sparkling victory in the dubai champion stakes . the irish 2 , 000 guineas winner came back to his best to take the 10 - furlong group 1 contest with a scintillating burst of speed up the final hill . john reid timed his challenge to perfection on the bonny colt , who had two lengths to spare over the paul cole pair riyadian and montjoy , separated by a head .\nhe said in new york state , known for having one of the best racing circuits in the nation because of its competitions like the belmont stakes and high - class racing facilities like saratoga raceway , the cost to own and condition a thoroughbred race horse runs about $ 46 , 000 . and that\u2019s just a breakeven price for one year .\nthat cost includes a trainer\u2019s day rate , which covers the cost per day to train at a barn or race track . it also covers costs for barn staff , feed , veterinary care , farriering ( the process of putting horse shoes on the hoofs ) , and fees associated with shipping the animal from one race track to another for competition .\nrumor has it during one of her dressage tests at the 2018 haflinger sport nationals , kentucky horse park . this was a first show for this wonderful mare . she handled everything so well . this mare is in foal to 2018 haflinger sport nationals champion senior stallion niagara yes . huge thank you to kylie helps for all your work with this mare .\nliebana e , carattoli a , coque tm , hasman h , magiorakos ap , mevius d , peixe l , poirel l , schuepbach - regula g , torneke k , torren - edo j , torres c , threlfall j : public health risks of enterobacterial isolates producing extended - spectrum - lactamases or ampc - lactamases in food and food - producing animals : an eu perspective of epidemiology , analytical methods , risk factors , and control options . clin infect dis . 2013 , 56 : 1030 - 1037 .\nthe majority of the race was uneventful until the final turn , when the in - laws and their horses collided . patton flew off cogitate and crashed to the turf . at the same instant , hon kwok star tossed payne sideways toward the now - vacant saddle of cogitate . the young jockey pulled himself up , grabbed the reins and rode the horse to the wire .\nwhatever we do to that horse to fix it , he has to be able to stand up when we\u2019re done and be functional and that capacity ,\nhe said .\na second thing is infection . if a bone comes through the skin and there\u2019s an open fracture where the animal is exposed to infection , the chances of healing that fracture are very compromised .\n] . this study was designed to investigate the distribution of \u03b2 - lactamases , particularly esbl , and pmqr genes among isolates from human , companion animal and horse samples in a defined geographical area of germany . the key question was whether similar resistance characteristics are currently present among both groups . indeed , our studies here demonstrate that isolates from human and animal samples share numerous characteristics .\nhorses are typically bought and sold at public auctions or claiming races - - contests in which a potential owner can bid on a horse before a race and claim it at the end - - and the attributes buyers look for run the gamut . essentially , it all comes down to a matter of personal performance preference . but one thing\u2019s for sure : everyone is looking for a winner .\ndata on thoroughbred auction sales in north america compiled by the jockey club shows of 1 , 163 weanlings sold in 2013 for an average price of $ 53 , 020 . and to schweigardt\u2019s point , the older the horse , the higher the price . the average cost for yearlings was slightly more than $ 60 , 000 while broodmares sold for a whopping $ 81 , 937 on average .\nas an older horse , arlington picked up group placings in the gr2 japan - new zealand international trophy and gr3 tauranga stakes ( behind multiple gr1 winner sir slick ) . he also has three listed placings to his credit ( two of those in his 2yo season ) . arlington proved on the track that he was tough , and talented , having 54 starts over six seasons for five wins .\nby picking up pounds 58 , 000 for second place , riyadian fully justified the decision to supplement him at a cost of pounds 20 , 000 last week . the mile specialist bahri - behind spectrum in the irish guineas on their only previous meeting - was in contention at his best distance , but found the final two furlongs beyond him . but the pounds 6 , 398 he earned for fifth still took john dunlop to the top of the trainer ' s earnings table and thus confirmed his first championship in his 29 - year career , for his main rival , saeed bin suroor , will have no more runners in britain this season .\nat a cost of about $ 10 , 000 , california chrome was bred for life as a race horse . it sounds like a hefty sum for a four - legged animal that comes with absolutely no guarantee of a successful racing career , let alone a winning one . but andy schweigardt , director of industry relations and development at the thoroughbred owners and breeders association , says that\u2019s only the tip of the iceberg compared to what some are willing to spend .\nowner : lord weinstock & the hon . simon weinstock breeder : ballymacoll stud farm ltd . winnings : 9 starts : 4 - 1 - 1 , $ 598 , 538 won : irish 2000 guineas gr . 1 ( ire ) , dubai champion s . gr . 1 ( eng ) . 2nd : prix du prince d ' orange gr . 3 ( fr ) . 3rd : juddmonte lockinge s . gr . 1 ( eng ) . 4th prix ganay ( fr - g1 ) . foaled may 8 , 1992 . retired to stud duties in 1997 in england and australia . graham beck had obtained the services of spectrum for his highlands operation in south africa . ( close )\nthe most recent and comprehensive data on the industry was compiled by the american horse council in 2005 . but its findings are significant , showing that one in every 63 americans is , in one way or another , involved with horses . the industry as a whole contributed $ 101 . 5 billion to u . s . gdp , while racing , showing , and recreational components contributed between $ 10 . 5 billion and $ 12 billion to the total goods and services produced by the industry .\nthe focus of this study was a comparative investigation of 361 esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained from animals and human patients presenting at a veterinary clinic and a hospital , respectively , both serving a similar catchment area . the prevalence of \u03b2 - lactamase - , particularly esbl - producing bacteria in companion animal , horse and human isolates of clinical origin was examined . resistance genes ( \u03b2 - lactamase and plasmid - mediated quinolone resistance ( pmqr ) ) and e . coli phylogenetic groups were investigated using molecular methods .\nwas the most frequently identified \u03b2 - lactamase gene among all investigated isolates . it was detected in 46 . 4 % of the human isolates and in 64 % of all animal isolates . it was present in 199 of 361 isolates ( 55 % ) . the highest detection rates were observed in outpatients ( 58 . 2 % ) , inpatients ( 41 . 4 % ) , dog isolates ( 62 . 7 % ) and horse isolates ( 67 % ) . tem - 52 was the only tem - type esbl that occurred in this study . it was identified in three isolates from human inpatients . results are shown in table\non his comeback run at longchamp last month , the three - year - old had finished a neck behind the derby runner - up , tamure , giving him 7lb . tamure , looking unhappy on the fast ground , finished fourth yesterday , four lengths behind the winner and a short - head in front of the favourite , bahri .\nearlier in the day 12 months of planning came to fruition when old red landed the cesarewitch for one of the shrewdest trainers in the business , mary reveley . the five - year - old , ridden coolly by lindsay charnock , stalked steadily through from the back of the field to tackle nanton point a furlong out and stayed on stoutly to take the pounds 46 , 170 prize by a length . the favourite , top cees , finished well to take third spot a neck behind , with inchcailloch fourth .\nthe competitive two - and - a - quarter mile handicap had been 11 - 1 shot old red ' s target since last autumn , and he came to the race with just one run this year , an eye - catching fourth at ayr in september . but the road to yesterday ' s success was not entirely smooth , for old red is a notoriously difficult character to train .\nmrs reveley , whose yard is on the cleveland coast at saltburn , said :\nhe pulls very hard indeed , and once he takes hold he ' s away . he frightens jockeys to death , and the others were winding lindsay up before the race . kevin darley told him he ' d have been best to leave his car in cambridge .\nthe trainer , who owns her charge in partnership with a berwick - on - tweed carpet dealer , alf flanagan , paid tribute to one of her work riders , the jump jockey nick smith , for his part in calming old red ' s headstrong tendencies during the winter . and charnock played his part on the day by taking the gelding early to the distant starting point . the jockey said :\nthe boys told me i ' d better take a packed lunch with me , but i had no trouble going to the start , and he settled well in the race . they can put me on a few more like him if they want .\nfollow the independent sport on instagram here , for all of the best images , videos and stories from around the sporting world .\n14605 s chapin rd ( 2 , 015 . 21 mi ) elsie , michigan 48831 - 9223\nded to get him in position to be able to ship frozen and fresh cooled semen . she has bred my mares at her place and is now helping me get my mares bred thru shipped semen which is a new experience\nand she imparts a lot of this knowledge to me for me to hopefully learn ! i am so glad i found her . i believe he couldn ' t be in better hands than where he is .\ns and donna ' s knowledge has been so helpful . i look forward to working with donna\nagain soon . i would recommend her to anyone who wants their stallion taught to ai and collect . awesome people and awesome service\ndo you have equine repro needs - i will tell you there is no where else to consider . i am so thankful to have found them . not only is their knowledge and expertise evident but also these people are\nblessed that my boy is at their facility . i am already making plans for my overo stud to visit them later this year : )\nows exactly what she ' s doing . great person and awesome friend also .\nhere is what everybody has been waiting for . donna ' s return to the show ring after 16 years . i am so proud of her .\nawesome finish to an amazing show ! three horses pulled in all of this . congratulations niagara yes ( due north haflingers / hanson family ) , avion of genesis ( laroe family ) and rumor has it ( mulinski family ) . horses are loaded and we are home bound . not pictured are the ribbons won by new horizons haflingers ( mary procopio ) . her lovely fillies were also shown by 3k .\nas part of our ongoing efforts to improve security for our customers , your current browser version will no longer be supported for iherb starting 7 / 1 / 2018 . upgrade your existing browser using links below .\ndiscount applied in cart . may not be combined with other discounts or specials .\nshipping saver items cost less to ship , so we can pass the savings along to you ! this means that , when you add a shipping saver item to your cart , your shipping cost will decrease .\n- loyalty credit is equal to 5 % of the value of your order after discounts and credits applied , excluding shipping charges .\n- your loyalty credit will be applied towards your next order as soon as your current order has shipped .\n- your loyalty credits are valid for up to 90 days from the date of your last purchase .\nadd 6 to cart $ 12 . 29 ( 7 . 5 % off )\nthe length of time for the expiration date or\nbest used before\ndate depends on the type of product , as well as the brand .\nperishable items ( such as flax oils or certain probiotics ) generally have shorter expiration dates . although our warehouse is fully air - conditioned , these more fragile items are put in cold storage ( freezer or refrigeration unit ) for maximum freshness .\nour receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products . however , discrepancies do occur from time to time . this being said , the exceptionally high turnover at iherb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry .\nthe shipping weight includes the product , protective packaging material and the actual shipping box . in addition , the shipping weight may be adjusted for the dimensional weight ( e . g . length , width & amp ; height ) of a package . it is important to note that certain types of products ( e . g . glass containers , liquids , fragile , refrigerated or ice packed ) will often require protective packaging material . as such , these products will reflect a higher shipping weight compared to the unprotected product .\nsorbitol , dibasic calcium phosphate , stearic acid , silica , modified cellulose gum , and magnesium stearate .\nnote : if you are pregnant , may become pregnant , or breastfeeding , consult your health care professional before using this product .\ndo not use if either tamper - evident seal is broken or missing . keep out of the reach of children .\nwhile iherb strives to ensure the accuracy of its product images and information , some manufacturing changes to packaging and / or ingredients may be pending update on our site . although items may occasionally ship with alternate packaging , freshness is always guaranteed . we recommend that you read labels , warnings and directions of all products before use and not rely solely on the information provided by iherb .\n* percent daily values are based on a 2 , 000 calorie diet \u2020daily value not established .\nurltoken \u00a9 copyright 1997 - 2018 iherb inc . all rights reserved . iherb\u00ae is a registered trademark of iherb , inc . trusted brands . healthy rewards . and the urltoken trusted brands . healthy rewards . logo are trademarks of iherb , inc . * disclaimer : statements made , or products sold through this website , have not been evaluated by the united states food and drug administration . they are not intended to diagnose , treat , cure or prevent any disease . read more \u00bb\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsearch 123rf with an image instead of text . try dragging an image to the search box .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nour goal here is to have zero fatalities ,\nsaid new york state gaming commissioner equine medical director scott palmer .\neach incident is different , but dr . palmer says euthanasia is often needed .\nwe literally do anything that we can possibly do to eliminate the potential for injury , knowing that the potential for injury is always out there ,\nsaid new york thoroughbred horsemen ' s association president rick violette .\nthe initiative has to be to try to find out why and how we might be able to avoid it in the future ,\nhe said .\nviolette is part of that initiative , along with palmer and dr . mick peterson , a professor at the university of kentucky who researches race tracks across the country .\nbefore they start every race meet , we go in and do a complete review of the material composition , the way the equipment is set up , the maintenance protocols ,\npeterson said .\nwe have weather stations at each of the tracks .\non tuesday , peterson conducted all those tests again and the results were the same , but the work is far from over .\nthere is never a single villain , a single common factor that\u2019s responsible for all these things ,\npalmer said .\nbut even in those situations , the mission to find better ways to keep all horses safe and happy is neverending .\nnobody just turns the page and shrugs their shoulders ,\nviolette said .\nequine welfare is incredibly important , integrity is incredibly important , and safety for the riders and the horses is incredibly important for us ,\npalmer said .\n\u00a9 1999 - 2018 charter communications . all rights reserved . reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited .\nyou are going to be redirected to the paypal / skrill website to complete the payment .\n\u00a9 2010 - 2018 urltoken - royalty - free clipart . all rights reserved .\nin this study 153 ( 83 . 6 % ) of the human isolates ( n = 183 ) and 163 ( 91 . 6 % ) of the animal isolates ( n = 178 ) were confirmed as esbl producers by pcr and subsequent sequencing of the pcr amplicons . predominant esbl subtypes in human and animal samples were ctx - m - 15 ( 49 . 3 % ) and ctx - m - 1 ( 25 . 8 % ) respectively . subtype bla ctx - m - 2 was found almost exclusively in equine and was absent from human isolates . the carbapenemase oxa - 48 was detected in 19 ertapenem - resistant companion animal isolates in this study . the plasmid - encoded quinolone resistance ( pmqr ) gene aac ( \u20186 ) - ib - cr was the most frequently detected antibiotic - resistance gene present in 27 . 9 % of the human and 36 . 9 % of the animal ciprofloxacin - resistant isolates . combinations of two or up to six different resistance genes ( penicillinases , esbls and pmqr ) were detected in 70 % of all isolates investigated . the most frequent species in this study was escherichia coli ( 74 % ) , followed by klebsiella pneumoniae ( 17 . 5 % ) , and enterobacter cloacae ( 4 . 2 % ) . investigation of escherichia coli phylogenetic groups revealed underrepresentation of group b2 within the animal isolates .\nisolates from human , companion animals and horses shared several characteristics regarding presence of esbl , pmqr and combination of different resistance genes . the results indicate active transmission and dissemination of multi - resistant enterobacteriaceae among human and animal populations .\nare isolated with increasing frequency from human and animal samples . in particular , the species\n] . esbls genes are commonly plasmid - encoded and can easily be transmitted by conjugation to other bacteria , even across species barriers . in addition , various resistance genes are located in or close to mobile genetic elements such as insertion sequences and transposons [\n] . lateral gene transfer and continuous dna recombination make it extremely difficult to track transmission pathways of esbl genes in bacterial populations . the transmission of esbl - producing pathogens or esbl genes between companion animals / livestock and owner / caretaker / consumer is currently a subject of intense and controversial discussion . evidence has been presented for zoonotic spread [\n] . until now , it is still difficult to estimate the amount of exchange and even more difficult to define the risk for human and animal health and also food safety .\nthis work sheds light on shared populations of esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae in symptomatic companion animals , horses and humans in the geographical region of middle hesse , germany .\nisolates resistant to one or more third - generation cephalosporins ( 200 human isolates and 313 animal isolates ) was examined . identification was done using in - house biochemical tests . in case of ambiguous results confirmation was done using api 20e . prior to further analysis , all isolates were grown on macconkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime ( 2 mg / l ) to promote selection of \u03b2 - lactamase producers and ensure selection of\n] . after performance of the ddst 183 human and 178 animal isolates were categorized as possible esbl - producers and forwarded for a more detailed investigation . isolates with a negative ddst result were not included in the study .\nddst - positive isolates from human clinical samples ( n = 183 ) were taken from the strain collection of the institute of medical microbiology , giessen . some of the isolates originate from routine screening for colonization with esbl - producing enterobacteriaceae at the university hospital giessen . additional isolates were collected from samples of clinically ill patients e . g . blood culture or urine samples in the same facility . all isolates were collected between 2009 and 2010 . approximately two - thirds of the human isolates originated from inpatients ( n = 128 ) and one third were isolates from outpatients wards ( n = 55 ) .\nddst - positive isolates from animals ( n = 178 ) were obtained during a survey for aerobic gram - negative bacteria growing on macconkey agar supplemented with cefotaxime ( 2 mg / l ) among animal patients at the veterinary clinics of the justus liebig university ( jlu ) giessen . all samples were clinically relevant infection related isolates . the isolates originated from horses ( n = 100 ) , dogs ( n = 67 ) and cats ( n = 11 ) and were collected between 2009 and 2011 .\nthe study was approved by the ethics committee of medical faculty of the justus liebig university of giessen and deemed exempt from informed consent .\nantibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the vitek\u00ae2 compact system with ast n117 cards ( biom\u00e9rieux ) and etest\u00ae stripes ( liofilchem\u00ae ) containing ertapenem , cefepime , chloramphenicol and nalidixic acid . results were evaluated according to clsi guidelines for human pathogens ( clsi , 2012 ) .\n] were used . the mast carbapenemase detection set ( mast group , uk ) was applied on carbapenem - resistant isolates . furthermore , primers for\n- positive strains , amplicons of pcr - positive strains were sequenced to identify the encoded esbl allele in detail . sequencing was performed using the automated sequencer abi prism\u00ae 3100 ( life technologies , usa ) . the blastn algorithm of ncbi (\n) was used for database searches to identify the resistance gene allele . the primers and the sequences they were derived from are presented in table\n, were used as positive controls after sequencing and comparison with known sequences using dnastar software ( dnastar inc , madison , usa ) and the ncbi blastn algorithm .\ndetection for pmqr by pcr was performed on all isolates with a minimum inhibitory concentration ( mic ) \u2265 1 \u03bcg / ml for ciprofloxacin ( human isolates : n = 140 , animal isolates : n = 122 ) . oligonucleotide primers for detection of\nand the dna fragment tspe4 . c2 to assign the strains to the groups a , b1 , b2 and d according to clermont et al . 2000 [\ninformation regarding the source of isolates , species and the resistance genes detected were assembled into an excel file . the data was subsequently analysed using gene - e [\n] which enables the clustering of data with matrix visualization and analysis to support visual data exploration .\nthe majority of the isolates studied were e . coli ( 74 % ) , followed by k . pneumoniae ( 17 . 5 % ) and enterobacter cloacae ( 4 . 2 % ) . other species detected were klebsiella oxytoca , enterobacter intermedius , citrobacter freundii , providencia stuartii , morganella morganii and proteus mirabilis . the percentages of e . coli and k . pneumoniae isolates among the human and animal isolates were very similar .\n] . both human ( n = 183 ) and animal isolates ( n = 178 ) revealed resistance against ampicillin and trimethoprim / sulfmethoxazole . slight differences could be observed concerning the tested third generation cephalosporins ceftazidime , cefotaxime and cefepime . of the human isolates 52 . 5 % ( n = 96 ) showed resistance against ceftazidime , 78 . 7 % ( n = 144 ) resistance against cefotaxime and 98 . 4 % ( n = 180 ) resistance against cefepime . of the animal isolates 75 . 8 % ( n = 135 ) displayed resistance against ceftazidime and 99 . 4 % ( n = 177 ) to cefotaxime and cefepime . of the human isolates 2 . 2 % ( n = 4 ) , and 1 . 1 % ( n = 2 ) of the animal isolates revealed resistance against imipenem . resistance against the other tested carbapenem ( ertapenem ) was detected in 24 . 5 % ( n = 45 ) of human isolates and in 19 . 7 % ( n = 35 ) of animal isolates . the aminoglycosides gentamicin and amikacin differed in their results . only 5 . 1 % ( n = 9 ) of animal isolates exhibited resistance against amikacin , as compared to 14 . 8 % ( n = 27 ) of the human isolates . the resistance rates against gentamicin were higher in both cases with 35 % ( n = 64 ) in human isolates and 62 . 4 % ( n = 111 ) in animal isolates . high resistance rates in both groups were also revealed for the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin ( 76 . 5 % ( n = 140 ) of the human isolates and 68 . 5 % ( n = 122 ) of the animal isolates ) .\n) . in all , 91 . 6 % of the animal isolates and 83 . 6 % of the human isolates were confirmed as esbl producers by pcr and sequencing . the remaining isolates ( 7 . 5 % ) were negative for the presence of\n) . among the human isolates 23 % encoded ctx - m - 1 and 52 . 5 % ctx - m - 15 . some human isolates carried\ngene was found in 32 . 7 % of human outpatient isolates and in 45 . 3 % of inpatient isolates , while prevalence rates of\nwere high and similar in both groups ( outpatients 54 . 5 % , inpatients 51 . 6 % ) . animal isolates revealed similar results as 28 . 7 % of these isolates carried\nwas the dominant resistance subtype in horses ( 37 % ) but it was less frequently isolated in dogs ( 16 . 4 % ) . in contrast ,\noccurred more often in dog isolates ( 59 . 7 % ) than in isolates from horses ( 38 % ) or cats ( 36 . 4 % ) . in addition ,\nwere the prominent \u03b2 - lactamase genes present in 25 . 8 % and 49 . 3 % of all investigated isolates .\nheat maps generated from identified resistance genes and bacterial species among human and animal isolates . identified resistance genes and bacterial species are listed according to frequency ( except for ctx - m - 1 and ctx - m - 15 ) on the right and left side of the figures . source = origin of isolates ( outpatients , inpatients , dogs , cats , horses ) . not included are isolates without detectable resistance gene ( n = 28 ) . the term \u201cother species\u201d includes enterobacter cloacae ( n = 12 ) , klebsiella oxytoca ( n = 9 ) , enterobacter intermedius ( n = 2 ) , enterobacter gergoviae ( n = 1 ) , citrobacter freundii ( n = 1 ) and proteus mirabilis ( n = 1 ) . a is focussing on the origin of isolates whereas the b emphasizes the involved bacterial species .\nwas identified in 10 . 3 % of the human and in 29 . 4 % of the animal\n) . most of the latter isolates originated from dogs . detected shv - type esbl genes were\ncould be demonstrated in 30 . 1 % of the human isolates . among the animal isolates\nall carbapenem resistant isolates ( human isolates : 45 , animal isolates : 40 ) were tested for presence of the carbapenemase oxa - 48 . none of the tested human isolates harboured\n. in contrast , 19 ( 5 . 3 % ) of the animal isolates harboured this gene . the isolates harbouring\n. prevalence was 27 . 9 % ( n = 39 ) in the human isolates , 36 . 9 % ( n = 45 ) in the animal isolates and 32 . 1 % ( n = 84 ) in all investigated isolates . none of the isolates carried\n) were detected in dog isolates . inpatient isolates carried pmqr genes at higher rates ( 37 . 8 % ) than isolates from outpatients ( 23 . 8 % ) . a similar observation could be made among the animal isolates . highest identification rates ( 49 . 5 % ) were observed in isolates originating from animals tested during stay in the small animal clinic . in summary , most pmqr genes were present in dog isolates ( 65 . 1 % ) . overall , pmqr genes could be demonstrated in 43 . 9 % ( n = 115 ) of all investigated isolates .\nwhich was generated by means of the gene - e program . data was then confirmed by analysis of absolute and relative numbers / percentages as displayed in table\n. combinations of various plasmid encoded resistance genes ( esbl and non - esbl \u03b2 - lactamases and pmqr ) were observed in the majority of isolates ( 70 . 1 % ) included in this study ( table\n) . most frequently detected ( 26 . 3 % ) was the combination of a tem type penicillinase with a ctx - m type esbl . also regularly observed was a penicillinase ( tem or oxa - 1 ) in combination with ctx - m and plasmid - mediated quinolone resistance ( pmqr ) genes . these combinations were predominantly found among"]}
{"id": 2204, "summary": [{"text": "coralliophila aedonia is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the murex snails or rock snails .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the world register of marine species ( worms ) states that the subgenus murex ( pseudomurex ) has been brought into synonymy with pseudomurex monterosato , 1872 , leaving the status of murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius unchanged .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the genus pseudomurex in turn has been brought into synonymy with coralliophila h. adams & a. adams , 1853 by m. oliverio in 2008 .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "this genus contains the species coralliophila ( pseudomurex ) aedonia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "therefore , there is good reason to believe that both species are synonyms . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "coralliophila aedonia", "paragraphs": ["worms - world register of marine species - coralliophila aedonia ( r . b . watson , 1886 )\nmatthew fowler added text to\ncoralliophila abbreviata ( short abbreviate coral shell )\non\ncoralliophila abbreviata ( lamarck , 1816 )\n.\nno one has contributed data records for coralliophila robillardi yet . learn how to contribute .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource from coralliophila to their own page .\nexplore what eol knows about coralliophila aberrans ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) .\nglobose coralsnail - coralliophila aberrans ( c . b . adams , 1850 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life\n( of coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nto clemam to clemam ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to clemam ( from synonym coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) to pesi ( from synonym coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) to itis\n( of coralliophila profundicola haas , 1949 ) haas f . ( 1949 ) . on some deepsea mollusks from bermuda . buttlet\u00ed de la instituci\u00f3 calalana d ' hist\u00f2ria natural 37 : 69 - 73 page ( s ) : 69 - 70 [ details ]\nwatson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 .\nin : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology .\nin : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology\ndate of publication 1886 according to low & evenhuis , 2013 ( zootaxa 3701 ( 4 ) : 401\u2013420 ) , but pp . 1 - 608 marked\n1885\n, pp . 609 - 756 marked\n1886\nonline electronic edition at the library of 19th century science , prepared by dr . david c . bossard , dartmouth college , hanover new hampshire\nambon for bittium diplax r . b . watson , 1886 ascension exclusive economic zone for rissoa ( setia ) triangularis r . b . watson , 1886 azores exclusive economic zone for rissoa quisquiliarum r . b . watson , 1886 brazilian exclusive economic zone for rissoa rustica r . b . watson , 1886 fijian part of the south pacific ocean for phosinella transenna ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) hawaiian exclusive economic zone for rissoa scopulorum r . b . watson , 1886 hawaiian islands for bittium leucocephalum r . b . watson , 1886 hawaiian islands for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 new south wales for bittium furvum r . b . watson , 1886 prince edward islands exclusive economic zone for rissoa edwardiensis r . b . watson , 1886 prince edward islands exclusive economic zone for rissoa transenna r . b . watson , 1886 queensland for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 queensland for bittium porcellanum r . b . watson , 1886 south atlantic for onoba aedonis ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) tonga for bittium perparvulum r . b . watson , 1886 torres strait for bittium xanthum r . b . watson , 1886 tristan da cunha exclusive economic zone for rissoa philomelae r . b . watson , 1886\nreferred to by watson ( 1886 : 468 ) as\nturritella fastigiata , adams and reeve ,\nsamarang\n1840 , p . 48 , sp . 8 , pl . . . .\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nmurex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ( original combination )\nwatson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology . 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . 181 - 182 , pl . 17 fig . 5 [ details ]\n( of murex ( pseudomurex ) aedonius r . b . watson , 1886 ) watson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . in : reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology . 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 181 - 182 ; pl . 17 fig . 5 [ details ]\nnote off nightingale is . , south atlantic ( 37 . 43\u00b0s , . . .\ntype locality off nightingale is . , south atlantic ( 37 . 43\u00b0s , 12 . 48\u00b0w , 185 - 277 m ) [ details ]\ndistribution nightingale island ; brazil ; great meteor seamount , hy\u00e8res , irving , plato , tyro and atlantis seamount ; azores , moderately . . .\ndistribution nightingale island ; brazil ; great meteor seamount , hy\u00e8res , irving , plato , tyro and atlantis seamount ; azores , moderately common in 280 m - 1180 m . [ details ]\ngarrigues b . & lamy d . ( 2017 ) . muricidae r\u00e9colt\u00e9s en guyane au cours de l\u2019exp\u00e9dition la plan\u00e8te revisit\u00e9e . xenophora taxonomy . 15 : 29 - 38 . [ details ]\nbiology type of larval development : planktotrophic , inferred from multispiral protoconch . [ details ]\ndiagnosis shell fusiform , rather solid , up to 20 mm high . protoconch of 3 . 3 whorls , with latge pustulose protoconch 1 and sculpture formed by two spiral keels and small , interrupted axial riblets on protoconch 2 . teleoconch of 7 - 8 whorls , rather convex with deep suture . sculpture of strong , high , slightly prosocline axial folds developed throughout and hardly fainting on the last part of the body whorl ; spiral sculpture of numerous , squamose spiral cordlets overruning the folds and alternating stronger and lesser . body whorl making up ca . 70 % of total height , with regularly rounded profile towards the periphery , distinclly constricted around the siphonal canal whic is marked by a prominent fasciole . aperture rounded , outer lip somewhat thickened internally with small denticles reaching far inside , columellar and parietal edge bordered by a narrow , appressed callus . colour whitish , tending to ivory . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\nwatson r . b . ( 1886 ) . report on the scaphopoda and gasteropoda collected by hms challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . reports of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s .\nchallenger\n, zoology : 15 ( part 42 ) : 1 - 756 , pl . 1 - 50 and caecidae pl . 1 - 3\n( watson , 1886 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nturgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .\ncommon and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2206, "summary": [{"text": "synodontis budgetti , known as budgett 's synodontis , is a species of upside-down catfish native to benin , cameroon , central african republic , c\u00f4te d'ivoire , mali , niger , and nigeria where it occurs in lake nokoue and the niger .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was first described by belgian-british zoologist george albert boulenger in 1911 , from specimens collected in lokoja , nigeria .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the species name budgetti comes from name of the collector of the original specimen , j.s. budgett . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "synodontis budgetti", "paragraphs": ["lateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . \u00a9\nsynodontis\nmay also squeak when they are taken out of the water .\na comparative study of the effect of six different preservation techniques was carried out using two fish species : synodontis budgetti and clarias gariepinus for four weeks . the results revealed that there was a significant loss in crude protein and a considerable gain in fat contents ( p < 0 . 05 ) in all thed preservation techniques . the highest loss in protein was recorded in refrigerated synodontis budgetti with 14 % , while the least loss in protein was recorded in oven dried sample with 6 . 11 % . there was no significant loss in ash and nitrogen free extract ( nfe ) , during the study period . it is concluded that it is best to consume fresh fish as protein deterioration occurred in all the preservation techniques employed in this study .\ngonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria .\ngonadal development , fecundity and spawning pattern of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) from jamieson river , nigeria . | open access journals\nin this study , the sex ratio of 1 : 1 . 35 in favour of females is similar to that reported for synodontis schall in asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] . however , imevbore observed almost equal proportion of male and female for s . gambiensis ( i : i ) , hemisyonodontis membraceous ( i : i ) , s . budgetti ( 1 : 050 ) and s . violaceous ( 1 : 077 ) from river niger [ 17 ] . according to araoye , a higher female population can reduce competition among males for courtship activities with the females during the season of reproduction [ 10 ] .\nmusschoot , t . , and p . lal\u00e8y\u00e8 . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1303\u00961331 .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .\nfossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .\n6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a\u2013b ) \u2026 synodontis\nolatunde aa . some aspects of the biology of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1801 ) in zaria . j aquatic sci . 1989 ; 4 : 49 - 54 .\nday , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548\u0096552 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193\u0096202 .\nsanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 89\u009699 .\nwilloughby ng . the buoyancy and orientation of the upside - down catfishes of the genus synodontis ( pisces : siluroidei ) . j zool . 1976 ; 80 : 291 - 314 .\naraoye pa , jeje cy . the diet of synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider 1901 ) in asa dam , ilorin . nigerian j sci . 1999 ; 33 : 67 - 76 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 85\u009697 .\nbishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98\u0096113 .\nmost medium or large community fish . although commonly available as such , not a good species for the small community tank . anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long , go for synodontis nigriventris instead .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99\u0096154 .\nsynodontis is a common mochokid genus in many lakes and rivers in tropical africa [ 1 ] . in nigeria , there are about 18 species and these are of great commercial importance [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] .\naraoye pa . morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of synodontis schall ( pisces : mochokidae ) in asa lake ilorin , nigeria . j aquatic sci . 2001 ; 16 ( 2 ) : 105 - 110 .\nsynodontis schall is widely distributed and abundant in the jamieson river , a tributary of the coastal benin river in the niger - delta . they are tasty , much cherished by the local riverine inhabitants and supports a thriving fisheries .\nwright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294\u0096300 .\nhalim aia , guma ' a sa . some aspects of the reproductive biology of synodontis schall ( bloch - schneider , 1801 ) from the white nile near khartoum . hydrobiologia . 1989 ; 179 ( 3 ) : 243 - 251 .\nsadiku soe , olademeji aa . relationship of proximate composition of lates niloticus ( l ) synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider ) and sarotherodon . galilaeus . nigerian j fisheres . 1991 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 244 .\nkoblm\u00fcller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .\nadedeji ra , araoye pa . study and characterization in the growth of body parts of synodontis schal ( pisces ; mochokidae ) from asa dam ilorin , nigeria . nigerian j fisheres . 2006 ; 2 / 3 ( 1 ) : 219 - 214 .\noni sk . , olayemi jy , adegboye jo . comparative physiology of three ecologically distinct fresh water fishes , alestes nurse : reppell , synodontis schall bloch and schneider and tilapia zilli : gervais . j fish biol . 1983 ; 22 : 105 - 109 .\nsynodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet literally means beautiful ( eu - = beautiful , good ) wing ( pteron = wing ) .\nfriel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 3\u009612 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 45\u009656 .\nde weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngouni\u00e9 and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121\u0096128 .\nnine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .\neven more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water\u2019s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .\nbeyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .\nbased largely on coloration and pattern some scientists and aquarists have recognized \u2018species flocks\u2019 of synodontis . the largest and most visually impressive of these is the lake tanganyika synodontis species flock . the flock consists of at least six species , all endemic to the lake , that show amazingly similar coloration and patterning . recent work suggests that this \u2018flock\u2019 is not monophyletic and that the biogeographic scenario is more complicated than a simple radiation after lake formation ( day & wilkinson , 2006 ; koblmuller et al . , 2006 ) . regardless , in this group of species , the nearly constant color pattern consists of a light brown base color and darker brown polka - dots . it is made more impressive by the fins , which have dark brown membranes basally and stark white trailing edges . the cryptic nature of lake tanganyika synodontis has led to an underestimate of the actual number of species present ( wright & page , 2006 ) ; three new species were described and two others were resurrected in that work . there are several other smaller flocks with their own unique patterns and pigmentation outside of the lake , and cryptic species probably exist for these as well .\nthe testicular and ovarian cycle of synodontis schall in this investigation can be divided into five stages - immature , recovery , maturing , ripe and spawning . all the gonad stages showed visible morphological and histological changes during development . these changes , which occurred during the maturation processes , conformed to the general pattern of development of the gonads in most teleosts [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] .\ndorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . \u00a9\nlittle is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .\nin addition to being numerous and widespread on the african continent , the mochokidae are actually quite diverse in terms of morphology . mochokids are small to medium sized catfishes , ranging from less than 40 mm sl as an adult in certain species of chiloglanis and microsynodontis , up to a reported 800 mm sl in some species of synodontis . most of the larger species are in the genus synodontis ; still , the majority of those are less than 300 mm sl . the morphology of mochokids is notably diverse aside from size as well ; the size and shape of the mouth and the shape of the body are notable examples . most mochokids exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , with papillose lips and , more often than not , branched mandibular barbels ( e . g . , most synodontis ) . species exhibiting this type of mouth are quite often deep bodied and somewhat triangular in lateral view , their greatest depth being at the base of the dorsal spine . yet others with this same type of mouth tend to be more cylindrical along their entire length ( microsynodontis and few synodontis ) . species of chiloglanis , atopodontus , atopochilus and euchilichthys exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , but it is formed as a sucker - like oral disc , wherein the lower lip is greatly expanded and incorporates the mandibular barbels . here , the body shape tends to be quite cylindrical or depressed and the head is quite often greatly depressed . some mochokids do not possess a ventrally directed mouth . mochokiella paynei , acanthocleithron chapini and members of the genus mochokus have mouths that are only slightly subterminal ; while the mandibular barbels are still branched , the lips are not nearly as fleshy . here , again , the body shape tends to be relatively cylindrical .\nfigure 2 : photomicrographs showing changes in testes of synodontis schall ( a & b ) transverse section of the immature and maturing testes showing spermatogonia ( sp ) and clusters of primary and secondary spermatocytes ( ps & ss ) with a few spermatids ( s ) . ( c & d ) ripe and spawning testes showing active spermatogenesis . sperm ducts distended with spermatozoa ( sz ) . mag . x400 in a , b , d & d .\nthe mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as \u2018squeakers\u2019 and \u2018upside - down catfishes . \u2019 these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .\nresults from this investigation , showed that fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight logarithmic relationships were more highly correlated and significant than the fecundity - total length relationship . similar observation was reported by araoye for s . schall [ 10 ] , but halim and guma ' a noted a high correlation between fecundity and body length for same species from the white nile near khartoum [ 9 ] . the positive correlation between fecundity - body weight and fecundity - ovary weight may be attributed to the high fecundity characteristic of members of the genus synodontis [ 10 ] .\nthe fecundity of 81 ripe females of synodontis schall from jamieson river ranged from 1530 - 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the total lengths of these ripe specimens range from 19 . 40cm to 26 . 20cm with body weights of 73 . 62gm to 252 . 15gm and ovary weights of 2 . 30gm to 28 . 41gm . maximum fecundity was recorded from a fish measuring 21 . 70gm in total length and 138 . 69gm in body weight and the minimum , from a fish measuring 24 . 80gm in total length and 131 . 71gm in body weight .\nfigure 3 : photomicrographs showing changes in the ovary of synodontis schall . ( a & b ) transverse section of immature and recovery ovaries showing oogonia ( o ) ( c ) the maturing ovary with primary vitellogenic oocyte ( pvo ) , showing increase in size and accumulation of yolk granules ( yg ) droplets . ( d ) the ripe ovary with secondary vitellogenic oocytes ( svo ) and post - vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) . ( e ) the spawning ovary with hyaline post vitellogenic oocytes ( psvo ) ready for spawning . mag x100 in a , d & e ; x160 in b and x200 in c .\nmonthly samples of synodontis schall were collected from four locations in the river from october 2010 and october 2011 . the fish samples were obtained from hired fishermen who carried out fishing between 0730 - 1200h during the day and 0200 - 0400h in the night . the principal gears employed in all the sampling zones were cast nets ( 35 - 55 mm stretched mesh size ) and gill nets ( 20 - 70 mm stretched mesh size ) . fish samples caught were transported in an ice box from the fishing site to the laboratory . routine measurements of length ( standard and total ) were taken to the nearest 0 . 1 cm and specimens were weighed to the nearest 0 . 1 g .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . a nondescript but fairly common import .\npigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a \u2018stick\u2019 by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .\nall species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult . the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .\nmany mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .\nin the juvenile stage , the ovary consists of very small spherical oogonia and a few primary oocytes , constituting the first growth phase or previtellogenesis . the recovery and maturing stages constitute the second growth phase or vitellogenesis ; which is characterised by rapid growth . during this period oocytes increase rapidly in size due to accumulation of yolk materials in the oocytes cytoplasm . next is the ripe and spawning stages which consist mainly of secondary vitellogenic and post - vitellogenic oocytes . this is the period of oocyte maturation , when oocytes had accumulated enough yolk , become matured and ripe and ready for ovulation and spawning . similar observations were reported for synodontis schall from asa lake , ilorin [ 10 ] , african lungfish ( protopterus annectens ) from river niger [ 21 ] and tilapia mariae and chromidotilapia guentheri from jamieson river [ 22 , 23 ] . however , araoye , who worked on same species as in the present study , only examined the morphological features of the gonads [ 10 ] . the use of histological descriptions is important in clearly separating the different maturity stages and enables one to access correctly the level of reproductive activity ( fertility ) of a measured fish specimen .\nabsolute fecundity of s . schall ranged from 1530 to 13 , 965 eggs with a mean of 6080 eggs . the estimate of fecundity in the present study was much lower than the estimates reported for same species ( 10 , 000 - 90 , 000 eggs ) [ 9 ] and ( 7910 to 64 , 450 eggs ) [ 10 ] . although , the ovary weights of the specimens ( 6 . 30 - 43 . 75g ) from asa lake were observed to be larger in size than those of the present study ( 2 . 30 - 28 . 41gm ) . however , similar fecundity estimates were reported for s . batensoda ( 6850 - 20 , 400 eggs ) and s . nigrita ( 952 - 11 , 400 eggs ) from lake kainji [ 26 ] . the change in fecundity estimation could be due to different environmental conditions in which these different populations live . in general , compared to most freshwater fishes , willoughby , noted that members of - the genus synodontis have always exhibited high fecundity and this can be attributed to the small size of their eggs [ 26 ] . according to olatunde , high fecundity is an advantage because of the continued existence of fish which depends on the number of eggs hatched and their survival to adult stage [ 4 ] .\n400mm or 15 . 7\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nfirst lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .\nafrica : niger and ou\u00e9m\u00e9 rivers , nokoue lake . also known from the b\u00e9nou\u00e9 .\nsinking catfish pellets are taken , frozen foods such as bloodworm and brineshrimp are eagerly devoured , will also take algae wafers and most other commercially prepared foods .\na sandy substrate is best but a smooth rounded gravel will suffice . prefers wood to stone . must have its own hideaway in the form of a cave or pipe .\nmore suited to the larger community . as with many other catfish species it will eat what it can fit into its mouth so no small tetras .\ndoes well with larger barbs ( such as tinfoil and lemon barbs ) . will tolerate other catfish so long as they are no competition . a good fish for the larger cichlid aquarium .\ncatalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa v . 2 - pp403 - fig . 305\n( 1 ) synodont _ fan , ( 2 ) mrfishydude , ( 3 ) arapaimag , ( 4 ) mcjlance , ( 5 ) n0body of the goat , who also notes :\nvery stocky ~ 15cm sl catfish , very outgoing and diurnal for a syno ,\ntroy\nis often one of the first to greet me when looking into the 6 - foot african tank .\n. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ncatalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . .\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nmochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .\nlateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . \u00a9\nvigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel\u2019s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .\n1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2\n1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5\n2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e\u2013f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) \u2026 chiloglanis\n2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3\n3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) \u2026 atopodontus\n3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b\u2013c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4\n4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae \u2026 atopochilus\n4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 euchilichthys\n5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c\u2013f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6\n5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7\n6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) \u2026 microsynodontis\n7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae \u2026 acanthocliethron\n7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8\nchapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130\u0096135 .\nferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1\u0096628 .\nfriel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the og\u00f4ou\u00e9 and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 13\u009623 .\njubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .\nng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 1\u009613 .\notero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141\u0096169 .\nroberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151\u0096178 .\nsato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 58\u009659 .\nseegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . mus\u00e9e royal de l\u0092afrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1\u0096407 .\nseegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .\nstewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177\u0096230\nvigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73\u0096136 .\nwinemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 1043\u00961061 .\nwisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 45\u009670 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to john p . friel at and thomas r . vigliotta at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\n. african squeaker and suckermouth catfishes . version 02 march 2009 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nentsua - mensah , m . , darwall , w . & smith , k .\nthis species is found in the niger basin , including the benue . the specimens reported from the ou\u00e9m\u00e9 by poll ( 1971 ) belong to s . melanopterus .\nthis is a benthopelagic species of 39 . 7 cm tl . recorded size at maturity is 20 . 1 cm tl for female and 22 . 4 cm tl for male in kainji lake in nigeria .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 2 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 6 - 20 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 27\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 10\u00b0n - 4\u00b0n\nafrica : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 ) . report from the ou\u00e9m\u00e9 ( benin ) ( ref . 3202 ) refers to misidentified s . melanopterus specimens ( see dvd version of ref . 57223 ) . report from the chari - logone ( chad basin ) in central african republic ( see map in ref . 57223 ) questionable .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 20 - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31256 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; anal spines : 0 . diagnosis : gill slits not extending ventrally beyond pectoral - fin insertions ; maxillary barbels distinctly fringed , longer than head , unbranched and lacking tubercles , but with a broad , long and dark basal membrane ; outer mandibular barbels with few simple , short ramifications , inner mandibular barbels with tuberculate , subdivided branches ; mandibular teeth moderately developed , numbering 45 - 64 ( 64 in the holotype ) ; denticulations on pectoral - fin spines weaker on outer than on inner margin ; dorsal - fin spine smooth anteriorly ; first ray of dorsal and pectoral fins , as well as both caudal - fin lobes extended into filaments ; humeral process pointed , granulose , its ventral margin keeled and bearing 3 backward - pointing spines ( sometimes only 1 or 2 in young individuals ) ; adipose fin normally developed and distinctly separated from rayed dorsal fin ( ref . 57223 ) . coloration : ground colour uniformly greenish - yellow ; series of black spots sometimes present on fins in young individuals ( ref . 57223 ) .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum size 395mm tl , 297mm sl ( ref . 57223 ) .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . distinct pairing during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .\npaugy , d . and t . r . roberts , 2003 . mochokidae . p . 195 - 268 in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux douce et saum\u00e2tres de l ' afrique de l ' ouest , tome 2 . coll . faune et flore tropicales 40 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , belgique , museum national d ' histoire naturalle , paris , france and institut de recherche pour le d\u00e9veloppement , paris , france . 815 p . ( ref . 57223 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00259 - 0 . 01467 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .\nurltoken offers up - to - date information and background reports about aquaristics , terraristics , vivaristics .\nas known from world ' s famous aqualog and terralog reference books , our goal is to offer a photo and information about the care and breeding of every tropical fish . in close co - operation with the highly renown wholesaler aquarium glaser , we always extend and update our ornamental fish lexicon with new varietys , rarities und imports .\nour blog features many exciting news ; natural habitats as well as respective biotope tanks and aquarium plants will be presented . in additon , we cover topics for experts such as biology , technology and how to breed all kind of species .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\noviparous ( ref . 205 ) . maximum size 395mm tl , 297mm sl ( ref . 57223 ) .\nafrica : endemic to the niger river basin , including the benue ( ref . 57223 )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nboulenger , george a . 1911 . catalogue of the fresh - water fishes of africa in the british museum ( natural history ) . , london . vol . 2 : i - xii , 1 - 529 .\nanonymous ( 1998 ) fisheries statistical bulletin , kainji lake , northern nigeria , 1997 . : nigerian - german kainji lake fisheries promotion project technical report series 9 . 29pp .\nbaensch , h . a . and r . riehl ( 1995 ) aquarien atlas . band 4 . : mergus verlag gmbh , verlag f\u00fcr natur - und heimtierkunde , melle , germany . 864 p .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\ngosse , j . - p . ( 1986 ) mochokidae . : p . 105 - 152 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels , mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 2 .\nolaosebikan , b . d . and a . raji ( 1998 ) field guide to nigerian freshwater fishes . : federal college of freshwater fisheries technology , new bussa , nigeria . 106 p .\nvarjo , m . , l . koli and h . dahlstr\u00f6m ( 2004 ) kalannimiluettelo ( versio 10 / 03 ) . : suomen biologian seura vanamo ry .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndepartment of animal and environmental biology faculty of life sciences , university of benin , benin city , nigeria .\nbiological studies of s . schall have been reported [ 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ] . however , only few reports exist on the aspects of its reproduction . the morphology of the gonads in the reproductive cycle of s . schall from asa lake , ilorin nigeria has been studied [ 9 , 10 ] . reproductive biology is an important branch of fishery science and it is useful in fish culture and management . the ultimate aim of fisheries management is to attain sustainable exploitation of fisheries resources and this requires a proper understanding of the population dynamics of the fish stock . reproductive biology is one of the major factors influencing the dynamics of a given population .\nthe present study was therefore undertaken with a view to contributing to the reproductive biology of s . schall in nigeria , with emphasis on the histology of its gonads which clearly assist in separating the different stages of gonadal development .\nthe study was carried out in the jamieson river ( 5\u00b041\u2019 - 5\u00b058\u2019e ; 5\u00b054\u2019 - 6\u00b008\u2019n ) , one of the two confluent tributaries of benin river ( fig . 1 ) . it takes its origin from ugboko - niro and flows in a south - westerly direction , 70 km , to sapele , where it empties into the benin river , which discharges into the atlantic ocean at the bight of benin .\nfigure 1 : map of study area ( a ) south - west coastal zone of nigeria showing the location of river jamieson ( b ) the course of river jamieson showing the sampling zones .\njamieson river lies in an area with a tropical rainforest climate . two main seasons prevail ; the wet ( may to october ) and dry season from november to april the following year . the river flows all year round with the highest level and discharges during the flood period ( july - november ) . the river is subjected to tidal inundation from the benin river at the sapele - sakponba stretch . the fringing plants consists mainly of cyrtosperma senegalense ( schott ) egnl . , lonchocarpus griffonianus dunn , anthocleista vogelii planch , pandanus candelabrum p . beauv and crinum jagus thomps .\nthe fish samples were dissected , sexed and the state of the gonads were recorded [ 11 ] . ovaries and testes were detached and weighed to the nearest 0 . 01g . the data on the body and gonad weights were used to compute the gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) [ 12 ] .\nimmature ovaries and all stages of testes were fixed in bouin\u2019s fluid . for specimens with maturing to mature ovaries , one of the ovaries was fixed in bouin\u2019s fluid and the other in gilson\u2019s fluid . all gonads fixed in bouin\u2019s fluid were later processed , embedded in paraffin , sectioned at 4 - 6\u03bcm , stained with haematoxylin and eosin and used for histological evaluation [ 13 ] .\novaries preserved in gilson\u2019s fluid , had their eggs separated from the ovarian tissues by frequent vigorous agitation of the specimen bottles after a week . the eggs were then cleaned thoroughly by rinsing with the fixative three to four times and the number of eggs in each pair of ovaries was determined by direct enumeration . size frequency distribution of intraovarian oocytes was determined by measuring the diameter of one hundred oocytes taken at random from anterior , middle and posterior region of five ripe female specimens [ 14 ] . the egg diameters were measured with a calibrated micrometer mounted in the eye - piece of a binocular microscope [ 15 ] ."]}
{"id": 2207, "summary": [{"text": "ephemerelloidea is a superfamily of mayflies in the suborder pannota .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is a basal group of mayflies with a worldwide distribution .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "members of this super-family can be distinguished from those of caenoidea by the fact that the gills of the nymphs are not filamentous .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the following families are recognised : ephemerellidae", "topic": 2}], "title": "ephemerelloidea", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30c0\u30e9\u30ab\u30b2\u30ed\u30a6\u4e0a\u79d1\nto\nephemerelloidea\n.\na new family coryphoridae is proposed in the superfamily ephemerelloidea for the monotypic genus coryphorus . characters that distinguish coryphoridae from all other ephemerelloidea are discussed . the male imago , male subimago , female imago , and egg of coryphorus aquilus peters are described for the first time .\nin order to contribute to currents and future studies of systematics and ecology of the group in brazil , a key for the identification of the brazilian ephemerelloidea genera is necessary . the aim of this paper is to present a key to nymphs and adults of the ephemerelloidea genera recorded from the country .\nother representative of pannota in south america , besides ephemerelloidea , is the family caenidae . despite the similarity between both groups having operculate gills on segment 2 , nymphs of south american ephemerelloidea can be distinguished from those of caenidae by the absence of filamentous gills 1 . the adults of ephemerelloidea can be differentiated by lacking an ommation on the mesonotum , the vein mp2 of the forewings not extending to the base and not curving from near the base of mp1 , and by the vein cup strongly curved to the inner margin of the wing ( mccafferty & wang 2000 ) .\nty - jour ti - key to the genera of ephemerelloidea ( insecta : ephemeroptera ) from brazil t2 - biota neotropica ur - urltoken py - 2006 - 01 - 01 au - dias , lucimar g . au - salles , frederico f . au - francischetti , cesar n . au - ferreira , paulo s\u00e9rgio f . kw - adults kw - brazil kw - ephemerelloidea kw - illustrated key kw - nymphs er -\n( ephemeroptera : ephemerelloidea : melanemerellidae ) , with comments on its systematic position and the higher classification of ephemeroptera . j . n . am . benthol . soc . 22 ( 2 ) : 263 - 275 .\nthe superfamily ephemerelloidea ( ephemeroptera ) is a cosmopolitan and very basal group of mayflies ( mccafferty & wang 2000 ) . together with the superfamily caenoidea , the ephemerelloidea are inserted in the suborder pannota , a group where the mature nymphs have less than half of their forewingpads freely extended beyond their fusion , although the wingpads remain externally recognizable as do the pro - and mesothoracic mesothoracic segments ( mccafferty and edmunds 1979 , mccafferty & wang 2000 ) .\nmolineri , c . , peters , j . g . & zu\u00f1iga de cardoso , m . c . 2002 . a new family , coryphoridae ( ephemeroptera : ephemerelloidea ) , and description of the winged and egg stages of\n@ article { bhlpart108229 , title = { key to the genera of ephemerelloidea ( insecta : ephemeroptera ) from brazil } , journal = { biota neotropica } , url = urltoken publisher = { } , author = { dias , lucimar g . and salles , frederico f . and francischetti , cesar n . and ferreira , paulo s\u00e9rgio f . } , year = { 2006 - 01 - 01 } , keywords = { adults | brazil | ephemerelloidea | illustrated key | nymphs | } , }\nall genera of ephemerelloidea from brazil were studied for the elaboration of the key . the specimens examined were borrowed from the following institutions : museu regional de entomologia , universidade federal de vi\u00e7osa , mg and of the departamento de zoologia , instituto de biologia da universidade federal do rio de janeiro , rj . . drawings were made on white paper with the aid of a leica camera lucida attached to a mz8 microscope .\nof the three families , eleven genera and 70 species of the superfamily ephemerelloidea represented in south america ( dominguez et al . 2004 , emmerich 2004 ) , all families , seven genera , and 20 species are registered from brazil ( molineri 2004 , salles et al . 2004 ) . coryphoridae and melanemerellidae are represented by one species , each , whereas leptohyphidae is the most diverse , with five genera and 18 species ( molineri 2004 , salles et al . 2004 ) .\nneste trabalho \u00e9 apresentada uma chave para identifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos g\u00eaneros brasileiros de ephemerelloidea , ninfas e adultos , pertencentes \u00e0s fam\u00edlias coryphoridae , leptohyphidae e melanemerellidae . atualmente , sete g\u00eaneros desta superfam\u00edlia s\u00e3o conhecidos no brasil . leptohyphidae \u00e9 a fam\u00edlia mais representativa , com cinco g\u00eaneros registrados para o pa\u00eds , leptohyphes eaton , 1882 , leptohyphodes ulmer , 1920 , traverhyphes molineri , 2001 , tricorythodes ulmer , 1920 and tricorythopsis traver , 1958 . coryphoridae e melanemerellidae s\u00e3o monot\u00edpicas , representadas por coryphorus peters , 1981e melanemerella ulmer , 1920 .\na key to the brazilian genera of ephemerelloidea , nymphs and adults , belonging to the families coryphoridae , leptohyphidae and melanemerellidae is presented . currently , seven genera of this superfamily are known in brazil . the leptohyphidae is the most representative family , with five genera registered from the country , leptohyphes eaton , 1882 , leptohyphodes ulmer , 1920 , traverhyphes molineri , 2001 , tricorythodes ulmer , 1920 and tricorythopsis traver , 1958 . the families coryphoridae and melanemerellidae are monotypic , represented by coryphorus peters , 1981and melanemerella ulmer , 1920 .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > key to the genera of ephemerelloidea ( insecta : ephemeroptera ) from brazil < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > dias , lucimar g . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > salles , frederico f . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > francischetti , cesar n . < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > ferreira , paulo s & # 233 ; rgio f . < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < subject > < topic > adults < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > brazil < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > ephemerelloidea < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > illustrated key < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > nymphs < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > biota neotropica < / title > < / titleinfo > < part > < date > 2006 - 01 - 01 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < / mods >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlucimar g . dias i , ii ; frederico f . salles i , ii ; cesar n . francischetti i , ii ; paulo s\u00e9rgio f . ferreira i\ni museu de entomologia , departamento de biologia animal , universidade federal de vi\u00e7osa , 36571 - 000 vi\u00e7osa , mg , brazil . ( lucimar @ urltoken ) ( ffsalles @ urltoken ) ( cnfrancischetti @ urltoken ) ( pfiuza @ urltoken ) ii programa de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em entomologia , departamento de biologia animal , universidade federal de vi\u00e7osa , 36571 - 000 vi\u00e7osa , mg , brazil\ncoryphoridae , represented only by coryphorus aquilus peters , 1981 , is known in brazil from the states of amazonas and par\u00e1 , northern region . c . aquilus peters , 1981 , is also recorded from colombia ( peters 1981 , molineri et al . 2002 ) and french guiana ( orth et al . 2000 ) .\nmelanemerellidae is represented by melanemerella brasiliana ulmer , 1920 , endemic to brazil and reported from the states of s\u00e3o paulo and esp\u00edrito santo , southeastern region ( ulmer 1920 , molineri & dom\u00ednguez 2003 ) .\nwith regard to leptohyphidae , the genera leptohyphes eaton , 1982 , tricorythodes ulmer , 1920 and tricorythopsis traver , 1958 , have five species each . they are widely distributed in brazil ( banks 1913 , ulmer 1920 , needham & murphy 1924 , traver 1959 , allen 1967 , 1973 , da - silva 1993 , molineri 1999 , 2001a , 2002 , 2003 ) . traverhyphes molineri , 2001 , is represented by two species , one from the southern region , and another from the southeastern region ( molineri 2001b , 2004 ) . the genus leptohyphodes ulmer , 1920 , is monotypic and known only from brazil , being represented by l . inanis ( pictet , 1843 ) . although the type - locality of l . inanis was referred only to\nbrazil\nin the original description ( pictet 1843 ) , traver ( 1944 ) described the nymph of the genus , based on specimens from the state of minas gerais , southeastern region .\nwe thank dr . carlos molineri ( faculdade de ci\u00eancias naturales e instituto miguel lillo san miguel de tucum\u00e1n , argentina ) and dr . teresinha maria castro della l\u00facia ( universidade federal de vi\u00e7osa minas gerais , brasil ) for their helpful review of the manuscript . we also thank the brazilian council of scientific and technological development ( cnpq ) for providing funds to lucimar g . dias , frederico f . salles and cesar n . francischetti to conduct postgraduate studies at the programa de p\u00f3s - gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em entomologia , universidade federal de vi\u00e7osa .\nallen , r . k . 1967 . new species of new world leptohyphinae ( ephemeroptera : tricorythidae ) . can . entomol . 99 : 350 - 375 .\neaton ( ephemeroptera : tricorythidae ) . pan - pac . entomol . , 49 : 363 - 372 .\nbanks , n . 1913 . the stanford expedition to brazil . 1911 . neuropteroid insects from brazil .\nda - silva , e . r . 1993 . efemer\u00f3pteros da serra dos \u00f3rg\u00e3os , estado do rio de janeiro . ii . descri\u00e7\u00e3o de uma nova esp\u00e9cie de\neaton , 1882 ( ephemeroptera , tricorythidae ) . rev . bras . entomol . 37 ( 2 ) : 313 - 316 .\ndom\u00ednguez , e . , hubbard , m . d . , pescador , m . l . & molineri , c . 2004 . checklist of the ephemeroptera of south america ( edition date 16 june 2004 ) . u r l\neaton , a . e . 1882 . an announcement of new genera of the ephemeridae . entomol . mon . mag . 18 : 207 - 208 .\nwiersema y mccafferty 2000 ( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) para am\u00e9rica del sur . entomotropica . 19 ( 2 ) : 105 - 106 .\nmccafferty , w . p . & edmunds jr , g . f . 1979 . the higher classification of the ephemeroptera and its evolutionary basis . ann . entomol . soc . am . 72 : 5 - 12 .\nmccafferty , w . p . & wang t . - q . 2000 . phylogenetic systematics of the major lineages of pannote mayflies ( ephemeroptera : pannota ) . trans . am . entomol . soc . 126 ( 1 ) : 9 - 101 .\n( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) : nuevas combinaciones y descripci\u00f3n de nuevas especies y estadios . rev . soc . entomol . argent . 60 : 217 - 238 .\nand related species ( insecta , ephemeroptera ) . spixiana . 24 ( 2 ) : 129 - 140 .\n( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) with the descriptions of new species and stages . aquat . insect . 24 ( 4 ) : 273 - 308 .\neaton ( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) with a key to the nymphs . stud . neotrop . fauna environ . 38 ( 1 ) : 47 - 70 .\ngroup ( ephemeroptera : leptohyphidae ) , with new subgenera , species and combinations . tijdsch . entomol . 147 : 197 - 220 .\north , k . , thomas , a . , dauta , c . , horeau , v . , brosse , s . & ademmer , c . 2000 . les eph\u00e9m\u00e8res de la guyane fran\u00e7aise . 1 . premier inventaire g\u00e9n\u00e9rique , a but de biosurveillance ( ephemeroptera ) . ephemera . 2 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 .\n, a new genus and species of tricorythidae from the amazon basin ( ephemeroptera ) . aquat . insect . 3 : 209 - 217 .\npictet f . j . 1843 . histoire naturelle g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et particuli\u00e8re des insectes n\u00e9vropt\u00e8res . famille des \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e9rines . chez j . kessmann et ab . cherbuliz , geneva .\nsalles , f . f . , da - silva , e . r . , hubbard , m . d . & serr\u00e3o , j . e . 2004 . as esp\u00e9cies de ephemeroptera ( insecta ) registradas para o brasil . biota neotrop . 4 ( 2 ) : 1 - 34 .\ntraver , j . r . 1959 . the subfamily leptohyphinae . part ii : five new species of\ntraver , j . r . 1944 . notes on brazilian mayflies . bol . mus . nac . n . s . zool . 22 : 2 - 53 .\n1 . eyes elevated ( fig . 1 ) ; posterolateral projection of abdominal terga 2 - 5 curved dorsally ( fig . 2 ) ; dorsal tubercles present in all regions of the body ( fig . 2 ) coryphoridae , coryphorus\n1 ' . eyes not elevated ( fig . 3 ) ; posterolateral projection of abdominal terga 2 - 5 not curved dorsally ( fig . 4 - 6 ) ; tubercles usually absent or present in one or two regions of the body ( figs . 4 , 5 ) ; if tubercles present in all regions of the body , then tubercles paired ( fig . 6 ) 2\n2 ( 1 ' ) . abdominal terga 2 - 9 with a pair of submedian tubercles , more evident in the abdominal terga 3 - 9 ( fig . 6 ) ; gills with ventral lamellae fringed ( fig . 7 ) ; femora strongly expanded ( fig . 8 ) melanemerellidae , melanemerella\n2 ' . abdominal terga never with paired tubercles ( figs . 4 , 5 , 10 ) ; ventral gills without fringed lamellae ( figs . 13b , 14b ) ; femora generally not expanded ( fig . 9 ) leptohyphidae 3\n3 ( 2 ' ) . operculate gills subquadrangular , internal margins reaching median line ( fig . 10 ) ; gills present on abdominal segments 2 - 5 ; eyes of males divided ( fig . 11 ) leptohyphodes\n3 ' . operculate gills triangular , oval or rounded ( figs . 12 - 15 ) , internal margins not reaching median line ; gills present on abdominal segments 26 ; eyes of males generally not divided 4\n4 ( 3 ' ) . body smaller than 4 mm ; operculate gills with a weakly sclerotized transversal line ( fig . 15 ) tricorythopsis\n4 ' . body generally larger than 4 mm ; operculate gills without a transversal line ( figs . 12 - 14 ) 5\n5 ( 4 ' ) . operculate gills generally triangular ( fig . 12 ) ; if operculate gills ovoid , then femora circular and bordered with long setae ( fig . 16 ) . . . tricorythodes\n5 ' . operculate gills ovoid ( figs . 13 , 14 ) ; femora never bordered with long setae . . . 6\n6 ( 5 ' ) . ventral lamellae of operculate gills with a basal beak - like process ( fig . 13b ) ; operculate gills without dorsal ribs ( fig . 13a ) leptohyphes\n6 ' . ventral lamellae of operculate gills without a basal beak - like process ( fig . 14b ) ; operculate gills generally with one or two dorsal ribs ( fig . 14a ) . . . traverhyphes\n1 . forewings with 2 - 3 detached marginal intercalaries between apex of main intercalary veins ( fig . 17a ) ; hind wings present in both sexes ( fig . 17b ) . . . melanemerellidae , melanemerella\n1 ' . forewings without marginal intercalaries ( fig . 18a , 20 , 23 , 24 ) ; hind wings variable , present only in males , absent in both sexes , or , rarely , present in both sexes . . . 2\n2 ( 1 ' ) . compound eyes of male greatly enlarged and undivided , separated on dorsum of head by width of an eye ( fig . 19 ) ; cubital area of fore wings without intercalaries ( fig . 20 ) ; penis large , fused and distally broadened ( fig . 21 ) . . . coryphoridae , coryphorus\n2 ' . eyes of male similar to females , usually not enlarged ( fig . 22 ) ; if so , then eyes divided and close to each other in dorsal view ; intercalaries present on cubital area ( figs . 18 , 23 , 24 ) ; penis not as above ( figs . 25 - 29 ) . . . leptohyphidae . . . 3\n3 ( 2 ' ) . mesoscutellum with relatively long membranous filaments ( fig . 30 ) ; base of male forewings not broadened ( fig . 18 ) . . . 4\n3 ' . mesoscutellum without membranous filaments ( fig . 31 ) ; male forewings broadened at base ( fig . 23 , 24 ) . . . 6\n4 ( 3 ) . eyes of males divided ( fig . 32 ) ; forceps two - segmented ; hind wings absent in both sexes . . . leptohyphodes\n4 ' . eyes of males usually not divided ( fig . 22 ) ; forceps three - segmented ; hind wings present at least in males ( fig . 18 ) . . . 5\n5 ( 4 ' ) . penis\ny\nshaped , with apical spine and without dorsal spine ( fig . 25 ) . . . leptohyphes\n5 ' . penis not as above ( almost totally fused ) , without apical spine and with dorsal spine ( fig . 26 , 27 ) traverhyphes\n6 ( 5 ' ) . forceps three - segmented , basal swelling usually present at base of second joint ( fig . 28 ) . . . tricorythodes\n6 ' . forceps two - segmented , basal swelling absent at base of second joint ( fig . 29 ) tricorythopsis\ndepartamento de biologia vegetal - instituto de biologia unicamp cp 6109 13083 - 970 - campinas / sp tel . : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6166 fax : ( + 55 19 ) 3521 - 6168 contato @ urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ng : ephemerella walsh 1862 : 377 , typus e . excrucians walsh 1862 ( design . eaton 1868b : 87 )\ncornutus gose 1980 [ ephemerella ( ephemerella ) ] nom . praeocc . \u2014 syn . obj . tsuno [ serratella ]\nfuscata walker 1853 [ baetis ] nom . praeocc . \u2014 syn . obj . walkeri [ ephemerella ]\nimanishii gose 1980 [ ephemerella ( ephemerella ) ] nom . praeocc . \u2014 syn . obj . occiprens [ serratella ]\nserrata braasch 1981 [ ephemerella ( drunella ) ] nom . praeocc . \u2014 syn . obj . braaschi [ cincticostella ]\nspinosa ikonomov 1961 [ ephemerella ] nom . praeocc . \u2014 syn . obj . ikonomovi [ ephemerella ]\nundatella allen 1971 [ ephemerella ( acerella ) ] \u2014 syn . obj . uenoi [ ephemerella ( drunella ) ] \u2014 in torleya / g1\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nin order to access this website , please configure your browser to support cookies .\n877 . 705 . 1878 ( toll - free , u . s . & canada ) 773 . 753 . 3347 ( international )\ndias , lucimar g . salles , frederico f . francischetti , cesar n . ferreira , paulo s\u00e9rgio f .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : pannota according to t . h . ogden et al . 2009\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\ndrunella doddsi ( needham , 1927 )\n.\nmaggie whitson added the english common name\nwestern green drake ( mayfly )\nto\ndrunella doddsi ( needham , 1927 )\n.\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30de\u30c0\u30e9\u30ab\u30b2\u30ed\u30a6\u79d1\nto\nephemerellidae\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds images ii from ephemerella dorothea needham , 1908 to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmaintained by w . p . mccafferty and a . v . provonsha . found at : urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2209, "summary": [{"text": "buckskin ( 1 april 1973 \u2013 1995 ) was a french-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "unraced as a two-year-old , he was trained in france in 1976 and 1977 before being transferred to race the united kingdom in 1978 and 1979 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "a specialist stayer , he overcame serious physical problems to win several major long distance races including the prix du cadran ( twice ) , prix de barbeville , prix jean prat , doncaster cup , jockey club cup and henry ii stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was also the beaten favourite in three successive runnings of the ascot gold cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after his retirement from racing , he became a very successful sire of national hunt horses . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "buckskin ( racehorse )", "paragraphs": ["how is this for a thoroughbred of a . . . - retired racehorse project | facebook\nhorse cartoon character . buckskin suit . horse head isolated on a white background . vector .\n22 , 370 a racehorse stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .\nracehorse . despite a brief racing career as a two - year and then a . . .\nin the unsaddling enclosure cecil seemed genuinely upset that le moss had won , saying of buckskin \u201che is undoubtedly the greatest horse i have trained , and the bravest\u201d . it was buckskin\u2019s last race .\nhorse logo . king stallion in jump . racehorse head profile . stylish graphic template design for company , farm , race . vector illustration\nlike palomino , buckskin can vary in shade . this mare , golden belle , looks like a light bay , but is in truth a sooty buckskin . she is pictured here with her cremello colt by king ' s ransom . ( bred , owned , and photographed by red fox farm . )\nthe best runners up could possibly be the 1969 derby winner blakeney , st leger and king george winner alcide , and buckskin , who was twice second .\nmexico is a exquisite ex racehorse . he went from burning up the tracks to a nice quiet ranch gelding that needs a forever home . super sweet and easy\u2026\noffspring of pc genuine frost , perlino grandson of sun frost out of genuine doc o lena mare . these , dun and buckskin foals were born in march 2018\u2026\nanybody can enter into our retired racehorse project classifieds any horse for sale that raced or trained to race , regardless of its age , price or level of training .\nmessenger , ( foaled 1780 ) , racehorse who , though a thoroughbred who sired many successful thoroughbred ( flat ) racers , was most important as the foundation sire of the standardbred ( harness racehorse ) breed . a son of mambrino and grandson of matchem , he was foaled in england but was taken to philadelphia in 1788 . his descendants\u2026\ndesert orchid ( april 11 , 1979 \u2013 november 13 , 2006 ) , affectionately known as dessie , was an english racehorse . the gallant grey achieved iconic stat\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\nhorse or mustang head with wavy mane sketch isolated icon . vector wild equine animal muzzle or racehorse trotter for sport team mascot or stallion for equestrian contest or horse races and exhibition\non his return to racing , shangamuzo was matched against buckskin in two races which were expected to decide the identity of the best staying horse in europe . in the doncaster cup , shangamuzo appeared less than fully fit and finished third behind buckskin and billion . in october , shangamuzo and buckskin met for the final time in the jockey club cup at newmmarket . there appeared to be no excuses for shangamuzo on this occasion as he proved no match for his rival and was beaten eight lengths into second place . [ 10 ]\nbuckskin was a great stayer , in 1977 , when trained in france , he had beaten sagaro three times , including in the prix du cadran . he was also runner up to that horse in the ascot gold cup . sagaro was then winning the gold cup for an unprecedented third time , a record that would stand , until surpassed by yeats more than thirty years later . owned by the volatile daniel wildenstein , buckskin was transferred , later that season , together with crow and some others , to be trained by peter walwyn at lambourn . after buckskin finished fourth behind shangamuzo in the gold cup of 1978 , wildenstein expressed his displeasure with the riding of pat eddery . by the late summer his horses were with henry cecil at warren place . cecil gave buckskin two races that year , the doncaster cup , and jockey club cup . buckskin won them both in effortless fashion , by wide margins . he was then put away for the winter with a view to be trained for the 1979 ascot gold cup .\nin the gold cup buckskin was ridden by stable jockey joe mercer , whilst his stable companion would be ridden by lester piggott , who was going for his ninth win in the race . the going was firm that day and buckskin , bandaged as previously , could not stride out in his usual fluent style . he took up the running just over four furlongs out , but the others , headed by arapahos and le moss , stayed with him . buckskin led into the straight , but was challenged by le moss , who took a slight advantage , with two furlongs remaining . these two were then engaged in a fierce tussle , all the time pulling further away from the remainder . inside the last furlong mercer eased buckskin right down when victory was gone and le moss won the race by a flattering seven lengths .\nle moss tuned up for the 1979 gold cup by beating john cherry and one other in the lymm stakes at haydock . buckskin , heavily bandaged , reappeared in the henry 11 stakes at sandown and annihilated a decent field , winning by fifteen lengths from pragmatic with arapahos and shangamuzo out with the washing . buckskin was a notoriously frail animal , and it was touch and go whether he would make ascot , which he did , let alone win .\nvector image\nhorse head sketch of brown racehorse\ncan be used for personal and commercial purposes according to the conditions of the purchased royalty - free license . the illustration is available for download in high resolution quality up to 4677x6614 and in eps file format .\nshangamuzo ( 13 march 1973 \u2013 after 1989 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the ascot gold cup in 1978 . a specialist stayer , he won eight of his thirty - four races , finished second nine times and third on five occasions .\ni love chief , for a buckskin stud , and sweet pea , for a sweet mare , and mario , for a spunky stud pony , and dallas , for a sweet / spunky stud . ( : those are my favorites because my horses are named those . haha !\nwhen the cream gene is combined with bay , the result is buckskin . like the agouti gene , the cream gene does not affect black hairs , so only the brown hairs of the coat are diluted to the golden color . ( pictured at left is brilliant intuiten of frazer ' s stable . )\nhambletonian , ( foaled 1849 ) , american harness racehorse ( standardbred ) that was the ancestor of most present - day harness racers . the thrice inbred great - grandson of messenger ( foundation sire of the breed of standardbred s ) , he was the son of abdallah out of a crippled mare . his original\u2026\nshangamuzo , ridden by starkey , started at odds of 13 / 2 for the ascot gold cup over two and a half miles at royal ascot , with buckskin starting favourite ahead of the filly royal hive ( winner of the park hill stakes ) . the other runners included duky and hawkberry who had finished second and third to buckskin in the prix du cadran . smuggler did not contest the gold cup , his owner , lord porchester stating that the unfashionable status of stayers as breeding stallions meant that it would devalue the horse to even enter him in the race . buckskin ' s pacemaker palei set a strong pace until six furlongs from the finish when shangamuzo moved into the lead with buckskin close behind . the two engaged in a brief struggle before shangamuzo established a decisive advantage on the turn into the straight . he was never seriously challenged in the closing stages and won by two lengths from royal hive , with hawkberry a length and a half away in third . timeform described shangamuzo ' s performance as\na magnificent display of courage and endurance\n. in the goodwood cup , shangamuzo conceded weight to his rivals and led for most of the way but was caught in the closing stages and finished third behind tug of war and the three - year - old arapahos . it was subsequently discovered that the horse had sustained a leg injury in the race which kept him off the racecourse until the autumn . [ 10 ]\nshangamuzo remained in training as a six - year - old but failed to recover his best form in four races . his best effort came when he finished fourth of five , beaten four lengths by el badr in the prix du cadran . on his final appearance he finished a distant fourth behind le moss , buckskin and arapahos in the ascot gold cup . [ 11 ]\nbuckskin frequently crops up in lists of cecil ' s favourite horses , and his defeat in the 1979 gold cup at the hands of stablemate le moss was one of the saddest moments of his trainer ' s career .\nwhat happened at ascot makes me feel like judas iscariot ,\nwrote cecil in on the level . buckskin had dropped soles and a suspensory problem , and cecil performed wonders to keep him sound enough to even make the gold cup . it was supremely ironic that he supplied the horse who beat him . also , the brilliant bosra sham , winner of the 1 , 000 guineas , champion stakes and prince of wales ' s stakes , and the ex - italian bolkonski , his first british classic winner in the 1975 2 , 000 guineas .\nalong with the two base colors , chestnut and black , the thoroughbred gene pool also includes agouti ( bay ) , brown , grey , cream ( palomino , cremello , buckskin , perlino , smoky black , and smoky cream ) , frame overo , splash white , sabino , dominant white , manchado , rabicano , and due to a recent mutation , what appears to be true roan .\nhe showed promise as a two - year - old in 1975 , despite being beaten in all three of his races . in the following season he established himself as a good performer in handicaps , winning five races including the king george v stakes at royal ascot and finishing second in the jockey club cup . in 1977 he emerged as a top - class stayer despite winning only once from eleven starts : he won the doncaster cup and was placed in the paradise stakes , yorkshire cup , queen alexandra stakes and jockey club stakes . shangamuzo reached his peak as a five - year - old in 1978 when he engaged in a series of races against the outstanding french - bred stayer buckskin . shangamuzo decisively defeated buckskin in both the sagaro stakes and the ascot gold cup but after sustaining an injury in the goodwood cup he was beaten by his rival in the doncaster cup and the jockey club cup .\nfirstly what constitutes greatness ? for me it its firstly a matter of brilliance backed up by consistency , durability and versatility . to be the greatest ever you must demonstrate more of these qualities than any other racehorse in history . for me frankel scores exceptionally well in terms of brilliance and consistency , he scores reasonably in terms of durability but he scores lowly in terms of versatility . is there a horse who can outscore him using these 4 criteria ? i believe there is \u2013 and his name is secretariat .\ndaughter of wolf was speak up ' s first resident rescue horse . an elegant thoroughbred , former racehorse and broodmare , came to us after her owner died . his mother knew what could happen to a 19 year old broodmare and asked if we would accept her as a boarder at shelly ' s for the rest of her life . we did . we only wish her life could have been longer . she had to be euthanized after eight months due to a tumor that caused colic . run with the wind sweet wolf .\nin 1975 , the independent timeform organisation did not give a rating to shangamuzo but awarded him a\np\n, indicating that the colt was likely to make more than normal progress , and commented that he was certain to stay one and a half miles . [ 6 ] in the following year , shangamuzo was given a weight of 117 pounds in the official british free handicap , twenty - three pounds below the top - rated vitiges . he was given a rating of 108 by timeform , twenty - one pounds behind their best stayer sagaro , and was described in their annual racehorses of 1976 as\nvery genuine and consistent\n. [ 7 ] in 1977 , shangamuzo ' s timeform rating improved to 121 , twelve pounds behind the best stayers sagaro and dunfermline . in the inaugural international classification , he was given a rating of 84 , ten pounds below the top - rated older horses balmerino and orange bay . [ 8 ] in 1978 , shangamuzo achieved his peak timeform rating of 125 , eight pounds below the best stayer buckskin . in the international classification he was rated seven pounds below buckskin and sixteen pounds behind the top - rated alleged . [ 10 ] his abbreviated 1979 season saw him awarded a 113 rating by timeform . [ 11 ]\nhenry was associated with many great stayers such as le moss ( 1975 le levanstall ex feemoss by ballymoss ) , ardross ( 1976 run the gauntlet ex le melody by levmoss ) and buckskin ( 1973 yelapa ex bete a bon dieu by herbager ) . he trained a lot of other horses who also made names as national hunt stallions such as gunner b ( 1973 royal gunner ex sweet councillor by privy councillor ) , moscow society ( nijinsky ex afifa by dewan ) . in addition to the previously mentioned leading jumps sire old vic , he also trained the king george winner king\u2019s theatre ( 1991 sadler\u2019s wells ex regal beauty by princely native ) who became champion nh sire .\nthe horse\u2019s heart weights between 4 - 5 kg . , or about 1 % of their body mass . at rest the horse heart beats 30 - 40 beats per minute . at full speed however , the maximal heart rate ( hr max ) in a 2 - 3 year old racehorse can reach 240 - 250 beats per minute . the heart pumps . 8 - 1 . 2 liters in each beat . cardiac output is calculated by multiplying heart rate ( hr ) x stroke volume ( sv ) . at rest the heart cardiac output is approximately 25 liters per minute and increases to an amazing 300 liters per minute in elite athletes during exercise . therefore , a horse\u2019s heart is capable of pumping a 55 gallon barrel of blood per minute !\nafter finishing unplaced on his debut at a four - year - old , shangamuzo finished second by a neck to the filly centrocon in the paradise stakes at newbury . in may he ran third to bright finish and grey baron in the yorkshire cup and was then sent to france and finished fourth behind buckskin , sagaro and citoyen in the prix du cadran at longchamp racecourse . at royal ascot , he ran in the two and three quarter mile queen alexandra stakes and finished second behind the six - year - old john cherry , who , as a gelding , was not allowed to compete in many of the major staying races . later in june , shangamuzo reverted to handicaps and ran one of his few poor races when unplaced behind tug of war in the northumberland plate . [ 8 ]\naffair , a magnificent thoroughbred racehorse , had been admired by one of speak up ' s board members for several years . her wish was that she could help place him when his racing career ended . in july 2007 , affair suffered a shockingly dangerous fall during a race . luckingly he only suffered a splint bone fracture . his owner retired him and our speak up board member got her wish . affair ' s owner graciously sent him to speak up for rehab . he has recovered and has been adopted by raymond ! thank you to canter ohio ; to leanne and triple lee farm for fostering him ; to dr . barb schmidt , farrier trudy , massage therapist teresa , chiropractor dr . ron ; his rescue angels jessica , annie , paula and susan ; and the many who financially supported his rehab .\nby understanding the basics of equine exercise physiology , a racehorse trainer has the advantage of understanding how various physiological systems adapt and respond to training . in designing a comprehensive training plan for each horse the intensity , frequency , duration , and volume of the work is determined . the plan must also incorporate rest and recovery , and avoid overtraining . each new level of training is maintained until the body has adapted to the added stress , after which further increase in training load can be applied . alternating periods of increased workload , with a period of adaptation is known as \u201cprogressive loading . \u201d training should be specific to the event in order to train the appropriate structures and systems , doing work that is similar to racing which elicits neuro - muscular coordination . horses \u201clearn\u201d how to do the event . this principle of conditioning is known as \u201cmetabolic specificity . \u201d\nthere was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1975 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , gentilhombre was allotted a weight of 124 pounds , making him the eighth best juvenile colt , nine pounds below the top - rated wollow . the independent timeform organisation rated him on 122 , five pounds below wollow and eight behind the french - trained manado . in 1976 timeform gave gentilhombre a rating of 125 , seven pounds behind their best sprinter lochnager . in the british three - year - old ratings he was rated ten pounds below the top - rated vitiges . gentilhombre was timeform ' s best sprinter of 1977 , when he was rated on 131 . in the inaugural international classification , he was rated equal with buckskin as the third best older horse , behind balmerino and orange bay .\nshangamuzo , was a big , powerful , dark chestnut horse with a small white star and a white sock on his right hind leg [ 2 ] bred in england by henry rogers broughton , 2nd baron fairhaven . his sire klairon was a top - class racehorse whose wins included the poule d ' essai des poulains in 1955 . apart from shangamuzo , he sired the champion stakes winner lorenzaccio and prix jacques le marois winner luthier . klairon was a representative of the byerley turk sire line , [ 3 ] unlike more than 95 % of modern thoroughbreds , who descend directly from the darley arabian . [ 4 ] shangamuzo was one of several winners produced by his dam french fern , a high - class racemare who won the ribblesdale stakes in 1960 and was rated 118 by timeform . as a descendant of the broodmare french kiss , she was a distant relative of the breeders ' cup mile winner barathea . [ 5 ]\ngentilhombre ( 2 april 1973 \u2013 1 january 1992 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . as a two - year - old he won four races and finished third in the group two laurent perrier champagne stakes . in the following year he was mainly campaigned at sprint distances and established himself as one of the fastest three - year - olds in europe with wins in the cork and orrery stakes and prix de l ' abbaye . he was even better as a four - year - old , when he was rated the best sprinter in europe after winning the july cup ( on the disqualification of marinsky ) , the diadem stakes and a second prix de l ' abbaye ( in course record time ) . after two unsuccessful runs in 1978 he was retired from racing having won nine of his twenty - four races . he stood as a breeding stallion in europe and japan but had limited success as a sire of winners .\nin 1978 , shangamuzo moved to the newmarket stable of michael stoute . on his first appearance for his new trainer , shangamuzo started at odds of 12 / 1 for the sagaro stakes ( formerly the paradise stakes ) on very soft ground at ascot in april . ridden by greville starkey , he took the lead in the straight and drew away from his rivals to win by twelve lengths from the favourite buckskin . in his next two races , shangamuzo finished second to the dick hern - trained five - year - old smuggler in the yorkshire cup and the henry ii stakes . at york , shangamuzo was beaten two lengths by smuggler when attempting to concede three pounds to his rival , but was widely expected to reverse the form at level weights over a longer distance at sandown . in the henry ii stakes , however , shangamuzo appeared to be unsuited by the firm ground , and was beaten two and a half lengths . [ 10 ]\nthe horse has three basic muscle fiber types : type 1 , type 2a , and type 2b . these fibers have different contractile rates and metabolic energy characteristics . type 1 fibers , also known as \u201cslow twitch\u201d or \u201cred fibers\u201d and have high oxidative capacity and are resistant to fatigue in part related to their high density of mitochondria which can utilize fuels aerobically and have the highest oxidative capacity . mitocondria are the small organelles in the muscle cells that convert fuels ( fats and glycogen ) into atp . they have the highest lipid stores , highest densities of capillaries , and the lowest glycogen stores . they have the lowest glycolytic enzyme capacity of the three fiber types . type 2a are the \u201cintermediate fibers\u201d in terms of both contractile speed and metabolic properties between type 1 and type 2b . these fibers are aerobic , but also use a combination of glycogen and fat for energy generation . the thoroughbred has a high percentage of these \u201cintermediate\u201d fast twitch oxidative fibers that can produce speed and still utilize large amounts of oxygen and resist fatigue . type 2b \u201cfast twitch\u201d fibers have the fastest contractile speed , the largest cross - sectional area , the highest glycogen stores and glycolic capacity . they are ideally suited to short fast bursts of power . they have a low aerobic capacity and tend to depend on anaerobic glycolysis for energy generation . genetics determine muscle type and composition and is 95 % inheritable in humans , and is thought to be highly inheritable in horses ( snow and guy ) . in evaluating the fiber type distribution in a number of breeds of horses , heavy hunters had a very large proportion of type 1 fibers , while thoroughbreds and quarter horses had few type 1 fibers and a large number of the faster contracting 2a and 2b types . the percentage of each fiber type that a particular breed has in its muscle depends on the type of performance the breed is selected . thoroughbreds have the highest number of the highly aerobic 2a fibers , illustrating the importance of oxygen utilizing pathways in the thoroughbred racehorse . researchers also found that thoroughbred stayers have a high number of type 1 fibers than either sprinters or middle distance horses . unfortunately , within a breed , the spread in fiber type distribution is so small that fiber typing as a predictor of performance is probably of limited value . muscle strength , size and shape can be predictive of muscle fiber ratios . although each muscle may have a fiber type mix , generally a higher percentage of the \u201cfast twitch\u201d ( type 2 ) fibers are found in the horse\u2019s hindquarters providing power , whereas the \u201cslow twitch\u201d ( type 1 ) are found in the forelimbs providing stride , rhythm and a weight bearing role .\nrose grower and exam cheat who almost roasted the queen mother ; part three of our series celebrating henry cecil features an a - z guide by steve dennis , telling you everything you need to know about the racing legend . - free online library\nrose grower and exam cheat who almost roasted the queen mother ; part three of our series celebrating henry cecil features an a - z guide by steve dennis , telling you everything you need to know about the racing legend .\nmla style :\nrose grower and exam cheat who almost roasted the queen mother ; part three of our series celebrating henry cecil features an a - z guide by steve dennis , telling you everything you need to know about the racing legend . .\nthe free library . 2010 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . rose grower and exam cheat who almost roasted the queen mother ; part three of our series celebrating henry cecil features an a - z guide by steve dennis , telling you everything you need to know about the racing legend . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\napa style : rose grower and exam cheat who almost roasted the queen mother ; part three of our series celebrating henry cecil features an a - z guide by steve dennis , telling you everything you need to know about the racing legend . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\naberdeen nearest town to cecil ' s place of birth , an event that took place on january 11 , 1943 . also ardross , superb stayer trained by cecil to win two gold cups ( 1981 , 82 ) , the prix royal - oak , the goodwood cup and doncaster cup , as well as six other group races . at the age of six , he may well have added the 1982 prix de l ' arc de triomphe to that list but for being slightly held up in his challenge ; he finished strongly but was beaten a head . in his autobiography , on the level , cecil says :\nhe was so close to winning the greatest race in the world it was heartbreaking . ardross was a great horse .\nalso approval , the first of his ten winners of the race that is now the racing post trophy , and irish oaks winner alydaress .\ncelestial cloud cecil ' s first winner , on may 17 , 1969 in a ripon maiden . cecil had made a less than auspicious start to his career as a trainer , and desperation was beginning to set in by the time he finally got off the mark . also commander in chief , the third of his four derby winners , and cloonagh , his first classic winner anywhere when she landed the 1973 irish 1 , 000 guineas .\ndavid cecil ' s twin brother , younger by around ten minutes . a comrade in arms at sunningdale prep school and canford school , david owned a couple of greyhounds with his elder brother after leaving school as well as being complicit in other varied examples of high - jinks . the twins ' paths diverged after a year at cirencester agricultural college ; david trained briefly but gained high renown in lambourn as landlord of the hare and hounds pub . he died in 2000 , at the early age of 57 .\neight oaks wins . it took cecil some time to capture his first oaks , which came in 1985 courtesy of eventual fillies ' triple crown winner oh so sharp , but after her the winners came in a torrent . diminuendo was next , in 1988 , although the unlucky scimitarra would have put her name on the roll of honour the previous year but for breaking down a furlong out with victory in sight . in 1989 snow bride was runner - up behind aliysa , but was later awarded the race after the winner tested positive for a prohibited substance . lady carla made it four in 1996 ; reams of verse ( 1997 ) , ramruma ( 1999 ) and love divine ( 2000 ) stretched the sequence , and light shift made it eight with a truly emotional success in 2007 . freemason lodge cecil ' s base in newmarket when he first took out a licence . his stepfather cecil boyd - rochfort had trained there since 1923 and the young cecil became his assistant in november 1964 , taking over on boyd - rochfort ' s retirement at the end of 1968 . a year later freemason lodge was sold , and cecil moved to marriott stables on the hamilton road . at the end of 1976 , cecil bought warren place from his father - in - law sir noel murless and has trained from the hilltop base ever since .\ngucci the ever - present footwear of the master of warren place . also gin and lime , which was cecil ' s drink of choice in his younger days and which led to the loss of several pairs of binoculars through\nforgetfulness\n.\nhorticulture cecil is rightly famed for his rose garden , and his vegetable garden is its equal for variety and quality . there are few things that don ' t grow at warren place ; should newmarket ever become besieged by an invading army , cecil would be able to sit out any length of occupation without fear of a change of diet . there are chickens too . also hermes ties .\nindian skimmer ghost - grey filly who was named after a rare breed of tern and lit up the late 1980s with a series of superlative performances . her victories included the prix de diane , in which she robbed the great miesque of her unbeaten record , the irish champion stakes and the champion stakes . before the last - named she was reluctant to go to the start , so cecil walked her all the way down the rowley mile , no doubt ruining a perfectly good pair of loafers in the process . his calming influence worked wonders ; she strolled home by four lengths .\njane cecil ' s third wife . also julie , his first wife , and jake , his youngest son .\nkatie cecil ' s eldest child and his only daughter . also kris , who won 14 of his 16 races ; one of those defeats came in the 2 , 000 guineas , in which he was outrun by tap on wood . he went on to win the st james ' s palace stakes , the sussex stakes , the queen elizabeth ii stakes and the lockinge stakes , before going under by a neck to guineas winner known fact in a thrilling contest for the qeii stakes . at stud , he sired oh so sharp among many other stars .\nlily an elderly grey belgian griffon , the apple of cecil ' s eye . the conventional master - pet relationship appears to have been inverted in this instance . there is only one boss , and cecil isn ' t it . also le moss , dual winner of the gold cup and dual winner of the stayers ' triple crown , which involves the goodwood cup and doncaster cup . le moss ' s 1980 gold cup win was named by cecil as his favourite race in a racing post poll , when he said :\nrather sentimentally , i am going for a race in which i was involved . le moss was lame through april and box - rested , yet despite being without a race that season he still led all the way .\nmurless sir noel , master trainer and cecil ' s father - in - law , source of the snippet of advice that helped a novice trainer in his formative years .\nafter watching my string work one day , he told me , ' your horses are galloping like a lot of old gentlemen . you must make them work ! ' ,\nwrote cecil in on the level .\ni have never been more grateful for a piece of advice .\nalso midday , cecil ' s first breeders ' cup winner , successful in the 2009 filly & mare turf .\nnoel cecil ' s eldest son . also newmarket , the suffolk town in which cecil does not train . his yard at warren place is some way out of the town , and actually falls within the parish of moulton . also natalie , cecil ' s second wife .\non the level cecil ' s thoroughly readable autobiography , published in 1983 and the source of a number of highly entertaining anecdotes concerning his younger days . for instance , he and his brother david were the first pupils at sunningdale prep school to fail the common entrance exam for eton , and it was only thanks to a cheating incident at their cramming establishment , when an invigilator had to go and tend to his rhubarb , that the twins passed the exam to gain entrance to dorset public school canford . also , in an early enslavement to fashion , cecil relates the tale of the new suede boots he purchased in order to look the part when working at greentree stud in kentucky . they were two sizes too small .\ni have rarely been more miserable ,\nhe writes . he also part - roasted the queen mother when placing her too close to a roaring fire during dinner at freemason lodge ; find a copy of the book and you will not be disappointed . also oath , cecil ' s most recent derby winner , oh so sharp , brilliant winner of the 1985 fillies ' triple crown , and dual classic winner old vic .\npierre de ronsard one of the prime specimens in cecil ' s large collection of roses , which climbs on an outside wall of warren place . pierre de ronsard is a cream - coloured bloom with internal unfolded petals suffused with a carmine blush . that ' s what it says in my gardening book , anyhow ; the plant itself is a thing of splendour .\nqueen alexandra stakes the first race won by cecil at royal ascot , the victory of parthenon in 1970 becoming the outrider for 71 further triumphs at the meeting . also quexioss , certainly not one of cecil ' s most notable runners but almost certainly his leading points - scorer in a game of scrabble . rose cecil ' s racing silks are rose , white braces , grey cap . his rosegrowing fame has almost outstripped his renown for training racehorses , although he takes a typically laid - back attitude to the art .\npeople think i ' m a great authority on roses ,\nhe once told richard edmondson of the independent ,\nbut i ' m not really . it ' s just a question of buying them and putting them in . if they die , you put another one in .\nalso reference point , winner of the derby , king george and st leger in 1987 and the best horse in cecil ' s best season .\nsoldiers lead ones , a substantial collection of which are meticulously painted and arrayed in a cabinet in cecil ' s study . his father - also henry - was also a soldier ; he was killed in action with the parachute regiment in north africa two weeks before cecil was born . also slip anchor , cecil ' s first derby winner and one of the most memorable ever , his victory being a masterclass of front - running and pace judgement by jockey steve cauthen . also self - deprecation , cecil ' s stock - in - trade .\ntten trainers ' championships . cecil led the way in 1976 , 78 , 79 , 82 , 84 , 85 , 87 , 88 , 90 and 93 ( in win money only ) . his most prolific season\nuup the flagpole , where the cecil standard goes whenever he trains a group 1 winner . the cecil flag - his scottish coat of arms consisting of three holly leaves and a horn - flies for a week after such an occurrence , with its most recent airing coming last november after midday ' s breeders ' cup win .\nvictim the fashion sort . brightly hued patchwork trousers and white shoes were once a feature , purple checks were sighted , and there was also a pair of trousers embroidered with ducks . jim joel once told julie cecil that\nall he needs is a banjo and he could join the black and white minstrels\n. these days his tastes are as finely tailored as ever but a good deal more conservative .\nhollow cecil ' s first group winner , who put the young trainer in the headlines in his first season with a comfortable success in the eclipse stakes . also wollow , son of wolver hollow and winner of the 2 , 000 guineas , eclipse stakes , sussex stakes and benson & hedges gold cup . also 1 , 000 guineas winner wince .\nrated rides . examples are lester piggott yashmak cecil ' s first grade 1 winner in the us , the filly landing the flower bowl invitational handicap at belmont park in october 1997 .\nhenry cecil great wolver xx - aboard vacarme in the 1983 richmond stakes at goodwood which , although seemingly innocuous , brought disqualification and the inevitable departure of daniel wildenstein from cecil ' s roster of owners , and kieren fallon ' s nightmare on bosra sham in the 1997 eclipse stakes , when he made traffic problems for himself in a five - runner field and left the trainer almost speechless with fury .\nzone when cecil was ' in it ' , there were few who could approach him for prolonged success . ahmed salman may have put it better than most when , after his oath had won the 1999 derby , he turned to the waiting media and said :\nwinning classics is easy . you just buy a horse and send it to henry cecil .\ncopyright 2010 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\nin his sole year of racing . as a stallion saratoga is represented by stakes winners and the earners\nbroken in by trainer ready to be trained for track racing . 3 year old filly out of el padrino\nthis ad is for a two horse racing partnership in two pennsylvania bred colts that will run in pennsylvania and the midatlantic . the first colt is by the\u2026\ncourt jester is an off the track qh with only ten starts and 60 days of western riding . hes full of athleticism very light in his mouth experienced youth\u2026\ncopyright \u00a9 2005 - 2018 equinenow . com , llc . all rights reserved .\nthe thoroughbred has a remarkably colorful genetic palette , ranging from ordinary bays to dazzling dominant white pintos . this page will delve into the mechanisms behind the colors as well as dispel some common misunderstandings about thoroughbred color . for a more in depth discussion of equine color genetics in general , please see my main horse color page . most of the photos here are ones i saved on my computer ages ago to use as reference photos for my artwork , so i don ' t know who some of the photos are by . if you see one of yours , please let me know , and i will be more than happy to list you as the photographer and add a link to your webpage or email if you have one . also , i ' m always interested in seeing pix of unusually colored tbs , so feel free to email me if you have a unique picture to share . thanks !\nblack is a rare color for thoroughbreds , even though it is dominant to chestnut , the other base color . pictured at right is the aussie champion lonhro , a magnificent true black thoroughbred stallion . true black horses will not have any brown hairs in their coat , unlike brown or dark bay horses , who may look black , but who usually have brown hairs on their muzzles , flanks , and inner forearms and thighs . some black horses will fade with sun exposure - - - usually observable as brown hairs in the mane and tail - - - but it is only temporary , much like human hair will lighten in the summer . ( photo by ? )\nchestnut is recessive to black ( and all black - based colors ) . chestnuts vary in shade in from a light golden color to red to liver . some even have have flaxen manes and tails .\nbay is the most common color of thoroughbreds , and it is actually a modification of the black base color . the agouti gene acts to lighten the hairs on the body , but it does not affect the legs , mane or tail , which is why they remain black . agouti acts only on black body hairs , so a chestnut horse can carry the gene and pass it along to its offspring , but because chestnuts have no black hairs , the agouti gene has no observable effect on the coat . pictured at left is touch gold , a light bay . ( photo by tony leonard )\nbay comes in many shades , including a lovely reddish shade often referred to as blood bay or bright bay . awesome again is a nice example of this color . ( photo by tony leonard )\nbrown is also a common color in thoroughbreds . . like bay , it is a modification of the black base coat by an allele located at the same locus where agouti would be present . horses that are bay carry the agouti allele in either the homozygous dominant form [ aa ] or the heterzygous dominant form [ aa ] . horses that are not bay are considered ' aa . ' brown horses have been genetically tested to determine that they do not carry ' a ' or ' a ' but an allele present at the same locus known as ' at . ' thus they are neither bay or just black , but rather something else entirely , namely\nbrown .\nseattle slew was great example of this color . brown horses have a black coat except for telltale brown hairs on their muzzles , flanks , and inner forearms and thighs . ( photo by anne eberhardt )\na headshot of slew , showing his ( slightly sunbleached ) black coat and lighter muzzle . ( photo by anne eberhardt )\nunlike agouti , which can only act on the black gene , cream can modify any color it acts in conjunction with , though it is most commonly seen combined with chestnut , bay , and black . the cream gene is an incomplete dominant , meaning it is always expressed when it ' s present , but it acts differently in its heterozygous ( 1 copy of the gene ) and homozygous ( 2 copies of the gene ) states . simply put , horses with one copy of the cream gene will have a diluted coat ; horses with 2 copies will have a doubly diluted coat . double dilutes always have blue eyes . the cream gene does not effect black hairs in it ' s single form , only in it ' s double form .\nwhen chestnut is combined with one cream gene , the resulting color is palomino . just like chestnut , palomino ranges in intensity and shade . king ' s ransom , pictured at left , is an example of a pale palomino . he is owned by stoneybrooke farm . ( photo by milynda milam . )\nthe late glitter please , pictured at left , was a lovely darker palomino . he was the only palomino colored tb stallion in the world with an impressive show resume in fei dressage . ( photo by terri miller . )\nthis is rff the alchemist , a cremello son of king ' s ransom , pictured above . cremello occurs when a chestnut coat is combined with 2 cream genes ( one from each parent ) . though he looks white , he is actually a very pale cream color . white markings are discernable on double dilutes . ( bred by red fox farm , owned by gestuet falkenhorst , photo by gestuet falkenhorst . )\nperlino occurs when a bay coat is combined with 2 cream genes ( one from each parent ) . two cream genes do dilute the black points of the horse , often leaving a reddish cast to the points . rff platinum , a rare perlino daughter of rff king ' s ransom ( by milkie ' s desire ) out of a glitter please daughter .\nas is mentioned above , a single creme gene has very little , if any , effect on a black coat , so smoky blacks are hard to identify unless their pedigree is known or unless they produce cream dilute foals . this is tcf nightlight , the first known smoky black tb . she is by guaranteed gold out of puchi trap ( by puchilingui ) .\nthis horse is also not a tb ( he ' s an akhal - teke ) , but he is a smoky cream . notice how his black coat has been dramatically diluted because he carries 2 cream genes .\ntcf palladium is the first known smoky cream tb , and foal pictures of him can be seen on the true colors farm website .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nvalentino . . . .\ntino\n: 2014 chestnut thoroughbred colt . congratulations to our local trainer moriah who is head over heels with this wonderful boy .\npaint : 2009 paint who came to us as an unhandled stallion in the spring of 2013 . he has been gelded and completed 10 months of professional training . perfect for the advanced rider to continue taking him into any dirfection . congratulations to julie .\nmax , 2001 thoroughbred gelding , has been ridden , currently in training . light cribber in the stall . personality plus , extremely well behaved and gets along very well with other horses . enjoying his new home with laura and her other horses .\nmotown train : 2006 thoroughbred gelding by devil his due . unraced and sound . now learning the ropes with adopters annie and nick .\nsimon : may 2010 bay quarter horse colt , out of dolly . simon likes to talk , make faces , and grab the attention of anyone within his sight . he likes to move and we expect him to grow up to be a big boy . for an experienced horseperson that wants a bold and charismatic partner\u2026here he is . congratulations to julie and family .\nethel : bay quarter horse mare , 2 years old ; moved to blind horse sanctuary . thank you karen .\nmate : bay quarter horse gelding , 6 years old ; congratulations to lisa and chelsey .\nfancy : 2005 thoroughbred mare . 16\n3 hands and gorgeous . has had some training after her racing career . found her new home with maryann .\nhonor : 2008 thoroughbred gelding . approx . 15 . 2 hands . this beauty is very kind , sweet and willing . he is a perfect gentleman with the vet and farrier . he loads in and out of a trailer with no problem . four month of professional retraining under saddle . congratulations to our volunteer molly .\njolene : dark bay quarter horse mare ; 5 years old , branded . congratulations maryann .\nsweetie : quarter horse mare , 12 years old . congratulations vivian . sweetie gave birth to a beautiful healthy filly on 03 / 02 / 2010 .\ncandy : liver chestnut quarter horse mare ; 9 years old . congratulations to april .\nmr . mom , 1998 tennessee walking horse gelding , has been ridden by teenagers , very sweet personality , curious and gets along very well with other horses . congratulations to jeannie\njackson , a wonderful thoroughbred , was saved out of the kill pen at the shepherdsville , kentucky horse auction several years ago . at some point he was donated to a riding facility to be used in 4h classes . after he came up lame , the owner of the riding facility decided to\nget rid\nof him . his prior owner called us for help and speak up for horses was able to secure jackson and transition him into a loving forever home , where he is undergoing treatment for epm .\ncostly shoes , an older broodmare , needed a forever home after her owner decided to retire her . with the help of one of our wonderful volunteers , a home was found in florida . she will live out the rest of her days on a 900 acre plantation . as an added bonus , her fantastic new family has already adopted several other thoroughbreds , including one of costly shoes very own sons . mom and son are reunited .\nwe were able to secure five mustang mares from their owners who were charged with animal neglect in 2007 in harrison county , ky . all five were placed in a local foster home , where they thrived . under the loving care of john they regained their health and weight . two of these lovely mares were adopted by our foster family and will live happily in the bluegrass for the rest of their lives . the other three were adopted by paula and are happily staying together for the rest of their lives in a small private sanctuary . two of these three have been together since they were captured by the blm way back in 1996 ."]}
{"id": 2211, "summary": [{"text": "venefica procera is an eel in the family nettastomatidae ( duckbill/witch eels ) .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it was described by george brown goode and tarleton hoffman bean in 1883 , originally under the genus nettastoma .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is a marine , deep water-dwelling eel which is known from the western central atlantic ocean , including north carolina , usa , suriname , the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it dwells at a depth range of 326 to 2,304 metres ( 1,070 to 7,559 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "males can reach a maximum total length of 109 centimetres ( 43 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "venefica procera", "paragraphs": ["latin , vena = vein + latin , fica , facere = to make ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; bathydemersal ; depth range 326 - 2304 m ( ref . 37039 ) . deep - water\nwestern central atlantic : north carolina , usa to suriname , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 109 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37039 )\nvertebrae : 200 - 205 . other characteristics : color brown to gray , with vertical fins edged in black and stomach and intestine black . lateral line to anus number 60 - 64 .\nmceachran , j . d . and j . d . fechhelm , 1998 . fishes of the gulf of mexico . volume 1 : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . university of texas press , austin . 1112p . ( ref . 37039 )\n) : 4 . 6 - 10 . 7 , mean 6 . 1 ( based on 217 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00060 ( 0 . 00023 - 0 . 00156 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tmax > 10 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . b\u00f6hlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / b\u00f6hlke , eugenia b . , ed .\nfishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nb\u00f6hlke , e . b . , j . e . b\u00f6hlke , m . m . leiby , j . e . mccosker , et al . / b\u00f6hlke , eugenia b . , ed . , 1989 : orders anguilliformes and saccopharyngiformes . fishes of the western north atlantic , no . 1 , pt . 9 , vol . 1 . xvii + 1 - 656 .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\neschmeyer , william n . , ed . , 1998 : catalog of fishes . special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3 . 2905 .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\ngulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 .\nhanel , l . and j . nov\u00e1k ( 2001 ) \u010desk\u00e9 n\u00e1zvy zivo\u010dich\u016f v . ryby a rybovit\u00ed obratlovci ( pisces ) ii . , nozdrat\u00ed ( sarcopterygii ) , paprskoploutv\u00ed ( actinopterygii ) [ chrupav\u010dit\u00ed ( chondrostei ) , kostnat\u00ed ( neopterygii ) : kostl\u00edni ( semionotiformes ) - bezostn\u00ed ( clupeiformes ) ] . : n\u00e1rodn\u00ed muzeum ( zoologick\u00e9 odd\u011ble\u00ed ) , praha .\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .\nmceachran , j . d . and j . d . fechhelm ( 1998 ) fishes of the gulf of mexico . volume 1 : myxiniformes to gasterosteiformes . : university of texas press , austin . 1112p .\nmoore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith , 2003 : an annotated list of deepwater fishes from off the new england region , with new area records . northeastern naturalist , vol . 10 , no . 2 . 159 - 248 .\nwu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nformat summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3\nfinds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .\nfinds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . ."]}
{"id": 2212, "summary": [{"text": "merophyas scandalota is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria and the australian capital territory .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 14.5-16.5 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "merophyas scandalota", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\n. . . ir - atac trial in cotton , 1981 - 82 , p . d . rossiter ( qdpi ) . gatton , 16 . v . 78 , ex .\ndivulsana , b . franz - mann ( qdpi ) ; 5 . v . 81 ( qdpi ) ; d . p . i . resear . . . . . . e ( mcintosh ) , trioxys complanatus ( perez ) . there is also a single record from\ndivulsana ( walker ) ( lepidop - tera : tortricidae ) and an anomalo . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nthe words on encyclo are taken from more than 1 , 000 online wordlists , written by a variety of groups working together to find definitions and keep the lists up to date . in the wordlists you can find meanings and definitions from a number of areas of interest including local authorities , businesses , organisations , charities , social network sites , commercial websites and even private lists made by people as a hobby or to ensure older words no longer in everyday use are not forgotten .\nmany of the saved wordlists which are in the unusual or specialised word lists have been changed or removed as businesses have closed or re - organised in the last eight years and can no longer be found on the internet . these lists of words , definitions and meanings have been saved in our archive and are still available in the search results .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need ."]}
{"id": 2213, "summary": [{"text": "ioscion morgani is an extinct prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch of what is now southern california .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is primarily known from incomplete fossils , such as the holotype , which consists of a broken backbone .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "although the head is unknown , enough of the animal 's anatomy suggests a relationship with the jackfishes of carangidae . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "ioscion", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define ioscion in a sentence and how is the word ioscion used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528ioscion\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528ioscion\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528ioscion\u9020\u53e5 , ioscion meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nfound 1 words that end in ioscion . browse our scrabble word finder , words with friends cheat dictionary , and wordhub word solver to find words that end with ioscion . or use our unscramble word solver to find your best possible play ! related : words containing ioscion\nioscion is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch . . . .\nioscion morgani is an extinct prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch of what is now southern california .\nawesome free customizable ioscion templates for your websites & social media . it is dynamic , yet organized with new templates added regularly .\n\n' ioscion morgani\n' is an extinct prehistoric bony fish that lived during the upper miocene subepoch of what is now southern california .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : r . a . stirton . 1953 . vertebrate paleontology and continental stratigraphy in colombia . geological society of america bulletin 64 : 603 - 622\nparent taxon : percomorpharia according to r . betancur - r et al . 2013\nsee also bannikov 2014 , bannikov and carnevale 2009 , b\u00f6hme 2010 , carnevale et al . 2011 , carnevale et al . 2003 , cvancara and hoganson 1993 , day 2002 , estes 1964 , fierstine 1998 , fierstine 1999 , fierstine 2001 , fierstine 2005 , fierstine and starnes 2005 , friedman and johnson 2005 , gottfried et al . 2012 , long 2011 , malabarba et al . 2006 , murray and attia 2004 , nelson 2006 , nolf and dockery 1990 , purdy et al . 2001 , sepkoski 2002 , shoshani et al . 1989 , thurmond and jones 1981 and weems 1999\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor searches with more than 100 results , only the top 100 results are displayed .\nscrabble\u00ae is a registered trademark . all intellectual property rights in and to the game are owned in the u . s . a and canada by hasbro inc . , and throughout the rest of the world by j . w . spear & sons limited of maidenhead , berkshire , england , a subsidiary of mattel inc . words with friends is a trademark of zynga with friends . mattel and spear are not affiliated with hasbro . urltoken is not affiliated with scrabble\u00ae , mattel , spear , hasbro , or zynga with friends in any way . this site is intended for entertainment purposes only .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional ."]}
{"id": 2215, "summary": [{"text": "big game ( 1939 \u2013 1963 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from april 1941 to october 1942 , the colt , who was owned by king george vi , ran nine times and won eight races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was the best british two-year-old colt of his generation in 1941 when he was unbeaten in five starts .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "two further wins the following spring including the 2000 guineas at newmarket took his unbeaten run to seven , but he suffered his first defeat when odds-on favourite for the wartime \" new derby \" .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won his only other race in the champion stakes before being retired to stud .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "big game 's royal connections and racecourse success made him one of the most popular horses of his time . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "big game ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["\u201cyou\u2019re in the great game now . and the great game is terrifying . \u201d\nbermuda ' s seasoned charter boats are always players on the big - game tournament circuit .\nthink of a horse . what color is the horse ? what is the horse doing ? where is the horse in relation to your cube ?\nwelcome to the xp system . phaedo82 made a video that explains it much better than we could in a big block of text , so big big thanks to him .\nthis article is about the comic book series . for the novel , see predator : big game ( novel ) .\nhorse trainer , lee freedman tells us what to look for in a winning horse .\nchubeka trails is the trailing arm of big game parks , our flagship being horse trails on mlilwane wildlife sanctuary . mountain biking and hiking trail packages are soon to follow !\namong the breeding experts , their names are ushered in almost reverential terms - ' the big d ' and ' the big g ' .\nworld cup champion 2012 flexible ' s dam sire safari xx is a grand son of big game via his dam . our 2 home bred flexible fillies out of a mezcalero - tb dam line are line bred to big game x 3 and nasrullah x 5 , nearco x 6 .\nleft it until now to pick your cup winner ? our experts have assessed every horse and favour this big money outsider .\nother results of the behavior of the horse may describe your ideal partner metaphorically , examples from actual results are ; the horse is locked in a stable , the horse is eating the flowers , the horse is destroying the cube , the horse is on top of the cube , or even rarely , the horse is dead .\nfurthermore , bahram xx , the sire of big game xx , also sired persian gulf xx , grandsire of marlon xx , who had significant influence in holstein .\nmy game sets new track record at assiniboia downs . june 5 , 1968 .\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nit was an emotional time for elery as well . the only trainer that my game ever knew acknowledged that the tribute was the highlight of his racing career and proudly said that the big grey was the gamest horse he ever owned .\nsherbenske family silks worn by ray correa aboard my game . on display at assiniboia downs .\npredator : big game was first serialized and reprinted in the united kingdom in 7 parts in aliens magazine , vol . 1 # 8 - 14 , from september 1991 - march 1992 .\nwe have all this content in game which is unbalanced , broken , and unpolished . the game performs terribly relative to every other game in the world . we have a bunch of new stuff we want to add to the game : horse riding , electricity , caretakers . as fun as it is to work on new features like that , there comes a time where you need to sit down and fix and polish what you ' ve already done .\nnfl game officials going through physical assessment this weekend . must pass in order to officiate in 2016\nhorse : the horse represents you lover or ideal lover . the distance between the horse and the cube represents the closeness you have with your current lover . if the horse is tied up , then it shows the need to be controlling in a relationship . if the horse has a saddle then you feel safe with them . if the horse is free and not saddled , it means you view your lover as uncontrollable , unpredictable .\nin the predator comics line , predator : big game was preceded by predator : god ' s truth , published concurrently with the movie adaptation predator 2 , and was followed by predator : cold war .\njockey ray correa was his regular rider and said that my game was the speediest horse he ever rode . elery was the big grey ' s trainer and described him as awkward and clumsy when they bought him . people told them that they would never make a racehorse out of the grey , but elery was confident that my game would work out just fine , in time .\nmy game was a keeper . tks again to you and percy for your assistance with background information .\ntrump targets pfizer and big pharma for raising costs of prescription drugs after he vowed prices would . . .\nthe first non - movie - related predator story ever produced by dark horse comics , predator : big game is considered by many to be one of the best predator comics ever made to this day . its creative - successor , predator : bad blood , written by big game co - creator / artist evan dorkin , was similarly well received . each of the stories build around strongly developed central characters , are uncompromisingly bloody and build to action - heavy climaxes worthy of the film that inspired them .\nit wasn ' t long before my game established himself as a money horse who was as consistent as they came . on june 5 , 1968 my game shattered the 9 - year - old track record for five furlongs at assiniboia downs . his time would stand for two years before rangatira would clip 2 / 5 of a second off my game ' s : 58 - second record .\nmy game may not have been a\ngreat\nhorse , but he was exceptional and dominated his rivals , much to the delight of his legions of fans at the downs . tributes like the one the big grey gelding from north dakota received are rare , but it speaks to the popularity\u2026\nher enthusiasm for racing was fired when she accompanied her parents to see big game and sun chariot in training with fred darling at beckhampton during the second world war \u2013 sun chariot won three and big game another of the five classics in 1942 , and she was 23 when she had her first runner astrakhan , a present from the aga khan , who was second at ascot in october , 1949 . her first winner came over fences when monaveen , whom she shared with the queen mother , was successful at fontwell in the same month and it was that horse that gave her a first big race win at hurst park a short time later .\na playing horse means that your ideal partner does not take relationships too seriously .\na running horse means that your ideal partner may not always be around you .\nmy horse was walking calmly , but i guessed that meant\nother\n.\nclick here for a full photo gallery of the richest people in horse racing .\ndoes anyone have any information on what the stallion big game would contribute to a sport horse pedigree . he was born in 1939 so obviously is a few generations back in any modern pedigree , but i have seen his name mentioned in the past as being a good influence , but never with an explanation why\nbig spurs si 104 , c . lady chimes by chimes band ( 4 wins to 4 , $ 123 , 463 2nd - new mexican spring futurity - g2 , 3rd - slm big daddy s . - g3 , etc . )\nthe big grey was one of those horses who didn\u2019t take well to a life of leisure in a pasture . he loved to train and was born to run and elery quickly learned that retirement wasn ' t for my game .\nbaffert said no decision has been made on where game on dude will live out the rest of his years .\nwhile predator : concrete jungle , predator : cold war and predator : dark river are referred to by the publisher as the\ncore dark horse predator graphic novels\n, predator : big game is mentioned briefly in cold war # 2 as\n. . . an incident down in new mexico . . .\nthe main reason the brothers bought my game was because of his breeding . his father , djebe was the leading sire in england at the time and elery knew it was worth taking the time to bring my game around slowly .\nthink of an open field . imagine a field . describe the first vision you had , how big is this field ?\nyou can look at a horse and know what he / she seems to be ; you can study the pedigree and know what the horse ought to be ; but only the offspring can tell you what horse really is . . .\nredbud ranch\nit was with the meadow\u2019s \u201cbig red\u201d that turcotte rode history into legend , guiding the chestnut colt to a horse of the year award at two \u2013 the first horse ever so honored - and then transcending that accomplishment with a three year old campaign that still inspires wonder in racing fans ' hearts .\nfrom that basic structure cummings built the rest of photo finish horse racing ' s first iteration by himself , in the unity engine . in the game , a player creates and names a horse , trains it up , races it and earns money that funnels back into the training and breeding operation . while the overall aesthetic is a management simulation , there is some action to keep a user invested in the races , most of which last about 30 to 40 seconds . the goal , however , is to field a stable of winners as a big - time , big - shot horse owner , more than steer them , switch leads , move to the rail and other tactical decisions as a jockey . or as a horse .\nthe anticipation of the big horse coming and the workout that he turned in on the day before the race , in front of more than 15 , 000 horse lovers , gave one of the oldest and greatest racetracks in the world one of the most electric weeks in its 150 - year - plus history .\ndutrow had a thing for fame and the big score , and he finally got it with big brown . the late - blooming bay colt was his first derby starter , and leading up to the race dutrow crowed that he had the winner , pledging that he would make a huge wager on big brown . he didn ' t bet much in the end , but he was right .\n- - a horse that is capable of setting a track record is a nice touch .\nbig game is one of the most successful tb lines in fei level sport that i have found , but almost always through his daughters . if you add them all together , probably a couple of hundred or more of his descendants have fei level results .\nevery child dreams of riding a horse \u2013 and chubeka trails offers the perfect happy first experience .\na sleeping / sitting horse means that your ideal partner fully commits him / herself to you .\nbut for those closest to the horse , it was a crowning moment for an ethereal journey .\ni had my eyes on a tennis game ,\nanother sport cummings doesn ' t play ,\nas something i thought i could get done very simply . but i had some concerns with the animations . the horse racing , i happened to find a few free assets , like a horse running , animated .\n\u201chorse [ bleep ] , \u201d smith said when asked what the state of his game is inside a somber cavaliers locker room following golden state\u2019s 103 - 82 victory that evened the nba finals at two games apiece on thursday night .\nwhen trainer elery scherbenske escorted my game from the winner ' s circle the fans broke into spontaneous applause and a rousing cheer . as the big grey walked off the track they played\nwish me luck as you wave me goodbye .\nthen my game inexplicably stopped dead in his tracks and gazed at the his crowd of admirers , it was as if he understood what all the fuss was about !\nthe beauty of this game is it ' s not an exact science . they can come from anywhere ,\nhe explains .\ndellavedova , who has been pushed into starting duty in this series after kyrie irving suffered a fractured kneecap in game 1 , finishing game 4 with 10 points but on just 3 - for - 14 shooting , including 2 - for - 9 from 3 - point range .\nthe only australian - bred horse in the field , she\u2019s impossible to ignore as a major player .\nthink of a cube . put a cube in the middle of your field . how big is the cube ? describe the surface of the cube .\nall contents ( unless otherwise specified ) copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2016 big blue interactive , llc . all rights reserved . site managed by arribus web development\n[ game of thrones special collectors edition : an unofficial guide to the most epic fantasy series in history .\nhodor speaks\n, page 58\nfrance ' s alain wertheimer and his brother gerard , co - owners of fashion house chanel , are third generation horse owners and breeders . their thoroughbred business wertheimer et frere ( meaning wertheimer and brother ) has produced champs like goldikova , the only horse ever to win three breeders ' cup mile races . in 1993 , their horse kotashaan won american horse of the year , one of the sport ' s highest accolades .\nunfortunately , because of a rift which split the walking horse ranks wide open , there are currently two horses which claim the title\nworld ' s grand champion walking horse .\none is last year ' s celebration winner , white star . the other is a gelding named sun ' s big shot which\u2014because the tennessee walking horse breeders ' association does not endorse the celebration any more and crowns its own world champion at its own sponsored show a month later\u2014is officially and sonorously titled\nthe only tennessee walking horse breeders ' association of america - recognized world ' s champion .\nthere is . it ' s called photo finish horse racing , and cummings , the former creative director of the madden nfl franchise , makes it . he and two colleagues busted their asses to get an all - new version of the game , for ios and android , ready by this weekend , when interest in thoroughbred horse racing in the united states peaks .\nbig game ( gb ) b . h , 1939 { 6 - e } dp = 2 - 4 - 28 - 0 - 0 ( 34 ) di = 1 . 43 cd = 0 . 24 - 9 starts , 8 wins , 0 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 23 , 487\nin 2010 the portents suggested that aidan o\u2019brien had another guineas winner in the form of st nicholas abbey , whilst richard hannon was hopeful of big runs from canford cliffs and dick turpin . in the event the race went the way of another french raider as makfi heralded the arrival of trainer mikael delzangles in the big time .\npredator : big game is a four - issue limited comic book series that was first published by dark horse comics from march - june 1991 . it was written by john arcudi , illustrated by evan dorkin , inked by armando gil , colored by julia lacquement , lettered by kurt hathaway and edited by diana schutz , with cover art by chris warner . the comic was later adapted as a novel of the same name by sandy schofield .\nbig game baby ( usa ) gr / r . f , 2014 { 3 - n } dp = 9 - 3 - 12 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 88 - 16 starts , 4 wins , 0 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 102 , 980\nbig game bob ( usa ) dkb / br . g , 2011 { 21 - a } dp = 2 - 2 - 2 - 0 - 0 ( 6 ) di = 5 . 00 cd = 1 . 00 - 33 starts , 10 wins , 6 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 157 , 030\ngame of thrones brought us all to life with its first full trailer for season 6 , teasing a certain snow - y resurrection and plenty of new deaths for westeros . we couldn\u2019t help but dive way deeper into each frame of footage . so what secrets of game of thrones season 6 were hidden in the flames ?\nare there others ? of course , but we have to start somewhere . my game had all of the above , but he was no stakes horse . so was he\ngreat ?\ni guess he really didn ' t fit that mold , but he was exceptional !\nas american phraroah\u2019s popularity grew , his followers began tracking his flights , referring to the planes as air horse one .\nswaps , the golden horse from the golden west , handily won the american derby on saturday and owner rex ellsworth exulted : & quot ; one of these days we ' ll have to turn him loose . & quot ; his chance and challenge come next week in the big race with nashua\ni imagined a dead horse . . . the field is covered in dead wheat , extreme winds , a small ladder all rusted next to an old , worn buliding block , and a dead , black horse . well , that is lovely .\nhorses usually stand . they don ' t lie down very often , yet a standing horse wasn ' t a choice .\nthe terrain is steep in places following game or cattle paths , roads and riding cross - country . riders may be requested to dismount for the sake of their horses .\nlet\u2019s just say this , there doesn\u2019t appear to be any holding the ol\u2019 boy back in his dotage . nope . as the dating game goes , american\u2019s got talent .\nsex , rugs , hocks and foals - welcome to a multi - billion pound world where breeding is the game and producing the winner of the derby is the aim .\nthe attention big brown had brought to the sport quickly turned negative . congress held a hearing on racing ' s problems ; dutrow was a no - show . months later , it came out that one of his horses had tested positive in a stakes race at churchill downs the day before big brown won the derby . he received a 15 - day suspension .\n\u201cthere are things you can do to encourage a horse\u2019s libido , \u201d said waldman . \u201cbut sometimes , well . . . \u201d\ngame on dude was bred by adena springs and was a $ 210 , 000 rna at the 2008 keeneland september yearling sale . he was then purchased privately by ernie kuehne .\nthe spring of big brown was a traveling circus , with the horse itself a sideshow . dutrow , the ringleader , was all of racing ' s problems bundled into one man . the owners , michael iavarone and richard schiavo , were portrayed as clever businessmen who proposed to change the game with a new way of investing in horses . but the real decision - maker in international equine acquisitions holdings was behind the scenes\u2014a shadowy money man who ran an illegal investment fund in the virgin islands .\nreporters liked dutrow as a person , but it was impossible to cheer for this partnership . no turfwriter i knew wanted to see big brown be the one to finally win the triple crown . i watched the belmont on a simulcast feed at a separate racetrack , and everybody nearby\u2014the track ' s announcer , its publicity director , its official handicapper , and other insiders\u2014whooped and hollered as big brown suffered a nightmare trip and was eased up in the stretch . others in the game confided not so privately that they were happy to see dutrow eat crow .\nin the u . s . , excel communications founder kenny troutt is the most high - profile billionaire in the horse racing game thanks to an incredible year in 2010 . his colt super saver won the kentucky derby and his stallion drosselmeyer nabbed the belmont stakes . troutt owns winstar farm in versailles , kentucky .\nonly 11 horses had ever won the triple crown , and if big brown could do it , both dutrow and ieah would be immortalized . it would be the summit of anyone ' s career , but for both the horse and his connections the fall was swift and severe : a trainer banned for a decade ; a stable put out of business , its funding revealed as the spoils of a ponzi scheme . big brown was dead last at belmont . he didn ' t even cross the finish line .\nif this was a movie , the screen would fade to black and the credits would roll , but it wasn ' t and my game ' s life wasn ' t over .\nhistorian note : my thanks to elery ' s son , percy and my\ngo to guy\nin minnesota , trevor monroe for their assistance on background information on my game .\nwe ' ve had notes in game for a long time , but they were just useless items . now you can write in them and leave them for other players to find .\na brown horse is the most common . it also means that you don ' t specifically look for something special in a partner .\nmy game ran all but one of his races at the entry level claiming ranks . he raced locally until 1972 when he reached the age of 12 , which was the mandatory retirement age for racehorses . at the time of his retirement my game had won half of his lifetime starts and he threw in three seconds and four third - place finishes for good measure .\nwe did it , babe ,\ndutrow yelled to big brown ' s owners from across the third floor of the churchill downs grandstand .\ndid you bet ? did you bet ?\nthen , in the greatest of ironies , ieah sold its interest in big brown only five days after dutrow ' s license was finally revoked . the only keepsake was that little sign at aqueduct .\nthe only thing we didn ' t do last year was win the big games ,\nde bruyne , who set - up goals for strikers sergio aguero and gabriel jesus , told reporters .\nthe horse represents your ideal partner . it could be playing , running around , or is sleeping / sitting right next to your cube .\ni understand that . american pharoah is the best horse i ever saw , and i don\u2019t care if i ever cover another race again .\nabout the only winners are three chimneys farm and big brown , who is popular enough that he shuttles annually between the northern and southern hemispheres , satisfying his black book twice a day , for a $ 35 , 000 fee per foal . but even big brown is tainted\u2014as dutrow and ieah fell , so did the stallion ' s stud fees , from a 2009 high of $ 65 , 000 .\nbritish stayer purchased by australian connections for a tilt at the two big cups . twice a winner at 2000m and once at 2400m , this 5yo is yet to have a crack at the two miles .\nbut the success on the track\u2014big brown ' s triple crown attempt , $ 11 million in earnings in 2008 , runner - up for owner of the year\u2014was backed by unsustainable and ill - gotten funding .\ngoals by big ten freshman of the year bodil keus on a penalty corner in the 64th minute and by all - big ten first - team honoree linnea gonzales ( patterson mill ) in the 66th rallied maryland ( 15 - 6 ) to a 3 - 2 victory over second - seeded duke ( 17 - 4 ) on sunday in the ncaa quarterfinals in durham , n . c . . . .\nscherbenske sold the gelding to ray goehring in 1973 who raced him where racing horses his age was permitted . at 13 , my game ' s record was three wins and a third from five starts . in 1974 , at 14 he registered a win , a second and two thirds again , from five starts . only now , father time was softly whispering my game ' s name .\nthe big grey didn ' t last long after being retired again and for the last time . my game passed away at his new trainer ' s home in south dakota just weeks later - he never made it to 15 . as for his original owners , elery , the older of the two brothers passed on july 25 , 2013 and marlow a few months later on december 31 , 2013 .\nthe teaser is probably the most valuable horse on the farm but has the worst job in the world ,\nchuckles o ' rourke .\nour guides are all trained in - house . most join us without horse or environmental knowledge . our training focuses on client care , quiet respectful horse handling , skillful trail riding and field knowledge . as a result , our guides enjoy hosting , sharing their knowledge and learning from our guests .\nin the years that followed the civil war , walkers earned a reputation as easy - riding mounts , which has since culminated in their being called\nworld ' s greatest pleasure horse .\nit wasn ' t until many years later , however , that any organization of the breed took place . then , in 1935 , several prominent owners of walkers banded together to protect the horse ' s bloodline and formed the tennessee walking horse breeders ' association . even so , the u . s . government did not officially recognize walking horses as a separate and distinct breed of light horse until 1949 .\nthe hope is that by saturday evening , your horse will have joined the epsom classic roll call that boasts champions like shergar and sea the stars .\nthe ride ended with big brown . the week after his derby win , the horse was sold as a stallion prospect to three chimneys for $ 50 million . ieah excised its one proven commodity from its proposed hedge fund , signaling that it would never get off the ground . how could it go public when that meant shareholders would learn where their money came from ?\nthis week we look back at the unlikely beginnings of one of the most consistent and capable platers to ever run at assiniboia downs - brothers , elery and marlow scherbenske ' s grey gelding , my game .\nin the 142nd kentucky derby , post time in three - and - a - half hours , the favorite is nyquist at 2 - to - 1 . next best is exaggerator at 5 - to - 1 , and the darkhorse is mohaymen , 12 - to - 1 . ian cummings ' big bet is that a bunch of people will wonder ,\nhey , isn ' t there a video game for this ?\nhe\u2019s been ticking over nicely building up his fitness for the big two - miler but it\u2019s hard to make a realistic argument for him having been dropped by grand marshal and who shot thebarman in the moonee valley cup .\nrushing a horse back to the races is common , when all too often more time off is the answer , but a horse doesn ' t make any money when he ' s in his stall . so where is the balance ? well , the scherbenske brothers seemed to have all the right answers .\nthe criticism that game on dude ran mostly in california does not hold water , considering john henry , as well as horses like swaps , native diver , zenyatta , and lava man ran mostly in california and forego and kelso ran mostly in new york . and this was before the breeders ' cup and having every top horse in the country gunning for you .\nwhen you think of hatzolah , you imagine ambulances , accidents , sick people - you don\u2019t equate it with a fun youtube game that is going to inspire you not to text and drive at the same time .\nfew people doubted his horsemanship . he made unorthodox decisions and he won races with cast - offs , which made reporters wonder whether he was a genius or a cheater . his runners always looked great on the track , well - groomed , their coats shiny .\nhe ' s half - horse ,\nsays new york trucking magnate paul pompa jr . , the original owner of big brown who in 2007 sold 75 percent of the horse to ieah for $ 3 million .\nhe cares more about the horses than himself .\nhe rode whirlaway to triple crown honours in 1941 , and citation in 1948 . he established a record of $ 645 , 145 earned by one horse ( citation ) in a single season . in 1960\u201361 , at the end of his career , arcaro teamed with the horse kelso to win several major stakes . \u2026\njust four days remained before the kentucky derby , and jones made a last - ditch effort to resolve whirlaway\u2019s problems . following the defeats in the blue grass stakes and the derby trial , he reasoned that eads was not the jockey for whirlaway in the big race . jones wanted an experienced jockey who he hoped would be able to control his horse and keep him on course . luckily ,\ncummings pleaded with fleming and fleetwood to visit the ocala breeders ' sales track with him , next door to where they all live in central florida , and see the potential of horse racing as a video game . they booked a tour and rode around the grounds on a golf cart , saw guys\nfrom every country , holding stopwatches and clipboards , wearing tracksuits and shit .\nbecause of his two inexplicably poor efforts in the breeders ' cup classic ( gr . i ) , game on dude , despite his numerous historic achievements , has been one of racing ' s most under - appreciated horses .\nit\u2019s hard to argue with smith\u2019s assessment after he went 2 - for - 12 in game 4 \u2014 including going 0 - for - 8 from 3 - point range \u2014 to continue a difficult finals for the former knick .\nat some point , an individual who continues to violate the rules of racing forfeits through his own actions the ability to be in the game ,\nmartin wrote .\nat some point , enough is enough .\ncummings admits he wasn ' t much of a horse racing fan before getting started on photo finish horse racing , which originally published late last summer under another name , derby king , which he built from scratch himself before his last employer , the daily fantasy site fanduel , closed an orlando office also filled with ea sports expatriates .\ndon\u2019t forget me\u2019s 1987 win was a second for richard hannon and came after an eleventh hour scare when the horse injured a foot on the morning of the race .\nevery year since 1939 the national celebration at shelbyville has provided the climax to the walker year when it crowns the\nworld ' s grand champion walking horse .\none can hardly go wrong in sport horse breeding with any of such wonderful classic distance type of horses that had / have stamina and speed . urltoken urltoken urltoken urltoken\nit is who he is ,\nmichael iavarone said after big brown ' s cakewalk in the preakness .\nrick has a quirky confidence . he knows what he says is controversial , but i think he plays off it .\nincluding his game 4 clunker , smith is now 14 - for - 47 ( 29 . 8 percent ) shooting in the series , including a dreadful 7 - for - 28 ( 25 percent ) from 3 - point range .\nthese three titans of the turf earned their horse of the year titles based on body of work , and even when it came down to one big race in september or october , they had one , two , or at the most three really top - class stakes winners with whom to contend , not 10 or 11 foes , most of whom were grade i stakes horses , as game on dude has . the gelding ' s notable defeats all came after a tough campaign , in which he ran hard and fast every step of the way . but early in the year , when he was still fresh , he was nearly unbeatable .\nlast month , rodriguez went to the kentucky derby for the first time , with a horse named vyjack . kentucky officials decided to grant rodriguez a license , but with an unprecedented condition : vyjack must have around - the - clock video surveillance . he drew the outside post for the derby , same as big brown had five years earlier , but the outcome was poles apart . vyjack finished 18th of 19 horses .\n- - at it ' s very core a unique balance of\nskill and will\nis a must . a horse should have the ability to run fast and the heart to run when the body is says it has had enough . does it really matter how fast a horse is , if they don ' t want to run ?\n\u201cthere\u2019s no knowing for sure how many years he\u2019ll be at stud , but that\u2019s a reasonable expectation , \u201d said ric waldman , a veteran in the horse breeding industry .\non saturday , he was back in kentucky , less than 30 miles from where he was born in 2012 , to prove that he was a horse for the ages .\nand man , has american pharoah done that . i do not think i am in the minority when i say horse racing is an easy game to love and too often a hard one to like . horses are beautiful animals . the humans around them mostly are , but in thoroughbred racing particularly , the miscreants who drug them , mistreat them and trade them like commodities degrade the sport and create distrust .\nofficiating isn ' t terribly taxing on the body and it doesn ' t really require you to be in particularly good shape physically . of course , blandino doesn ' t know this because he ' s never officiated a football game at any level in his entire life . why the nfl would waste any time on this horse hockey when there are clearly bigger fish to fry is a mystery only blandino can explain .\nin june , they could have taken their suitcase full of cash and sent american pharoah to the breeding shed , giving the flick to horse racing and to sports fans everywhere .\nit has the edge over walking safaris , too . the horses provide a first - class viewing platform , meaning you can take in far more of the wildlife and landscape . and a calm horse reassures the jittery game animals . when it drops its head to graze , it signals to its fellow ruminants that it\u2019s relaxed , and all is well with the world . which , sarah and i agree , it is .\nbran discusses his dreams with osha as hodor prepares his horse . bran says that he dreamt that the sea came to winterfell , flooding the castle and killing his people and killing ser\nall in all , the peculiar colt had mustered a successful year , with wins in three stakes events , which sportswriters acknowledged by voting him best two - year - old horse .\nthe horse could go in a relaxed and steady manner over soft ground not only at the flat - footed walk and running walk , but also at the canter . even at this gait the walking horse offered unusual smoothness in the saddle , having such a rolling , non - jarring motion that its canter came to be called the\nrocking chair ride .\nfor three years now the breeders ' association has been unable to see eye to eye with the way non - horse - owning professional promoters have run the celebration . but confusing as it may be to have two world ' s champions in the same sport , the walking horse fraternity has come to accept the oddity as just another part of its split personality .\nkenny troutt ( left ) and co - owner bill casner celebrate their horse super saver ' s kentucky derby victory in 2010 . i mage by getty images north america via @ daylife\nwaldman for years managed the stud career of storm cat , among the most prolific stallions of the barnyard breeding game . at his peak , storm cat\u2019s stud fee hit $ 500 , 000 , where it remained for six years , according to waldman .\nstill , last year , cummings scratched together something and showed it to friends .\ni put the horse on the track and it had a whip mechanic and i asked , ' does this have any legs ? '\nwell , yeah . four , in fact .\ni searched the app store and found nothing for horse racing . it ' s total garbage .\na white horse means that your partner is well - tamed . you both value loyalty in a relationship and trust each other . however , it may get boring in the long run .\njames tagliaferri punched iavarone ' s ticket from nickel - and - dime races to the big time . they met during a social encounter at a yankees game , according to the times . iavarone pitched tagliaferri on his hospital as a potential investment , and tagliaferri , who ran a highly regarded fund in connecticut , was intrigued . horses are illiquid assets , and the hospital would add a fixed income to ieah ' s portfolio . and with tagliaferri ' s cash , the quality of the horses they bought would set them apart .\nthey have and do , apparently . photo finish horse racing hovered around 1 , 000 installations for much of april . last week , that figure tripled , no doubt because this is the time people are thinking of the sport . it helps also that photo finish horse racing just pumped out a huge update and acquired a publisher , tilting point , adding heft to the overall product .\nwhen x - rays were taken , it was discovered that bold ruler had been running with a two and a half inch bone splinter lodged in his tendon , and had probably been in a great deal of pain for some time . he had also suffered arthritis , nerve problems , torn back muscles , and a heart problem during his career . when the bone splinter was detected , the game horse was sent back to his birthplace to begin his stud career .\nthe guys who have come in have a very physical quality , they are very strong , very pacy . they make the pitch big , that is a quality of them and it is difficult for the other teams ,\nthe 26 - year - old belgium international added .\nthe biggest tennessee walking horse celebration ever\u2014with some 700 horses entered\u2014takes place this week ( aug . 29 - sept . 3 ) at shelbyville , tenn . the heart of the walking horse country and world . thousands of walking horse owners , breeders and exhibitors have jam - packed every hotel and rooming house for a 50 - mile radius , and for the next week they will think , talk , sleep and buy nothing else . for to those who own and love tennessee walking horses the annual celebration is an institution , which although only 16 years old is as traditional as the breed itself .\nbold ruler wintered in florida that year , exchanging blows with calumet farm ' s incredibly talented gen . duke , often called the horse time has forgotten . many people believe that gen . duke was the fastest horse ever produced by calumet , and considering some of the other horses produced by the famous farm , the triple crown winners citation and whirlaway to name just two , this is quite a compliment .\na black horse means that your partner is unpredictable and dangerous . it also means you won ' t get bored with your relationship . your partner may also be the more dominant one in the relationship .\nsunny day , grassy medow , horse playing / running around the trees outside the edge of the meadow just in view , daisies , in groups spaced out reachable but not near my small ice cube .\nas they came around tattenham corner , i could see the horse going very nicely and i remember thinking about a furlong out - ' i ' m going to have bred a derby winner ' .\npart of the usa today sports media group bigblueinteractive sm provides news , analysis , and discussion on the new york football giants . this site is owned and operated by big blue interactive , llc . if you have any questions or comments about this website , please see our contact information page .\nthis trail is part of a 10 - day swaziland itinerary available on set dates only . day 8 , 9 and 10 include a vehicle - based safaris on hlane royal national park and mkhaya game reserve . should guests prefer to do the trail portion only , this is possible .\nieah began selling off its assets last year , including all its breeding shares in big brown . its very last horse was fantasy of flight , trained by michelle nevin , dutrow ' s longtime assistant , who sought her training license as soon as his suspension began . racing in the colors of co - owner sanford robbins\u2014not ieah\u2014fantasy of flight finished eighth in the grade 1 madison at keeneland on april 13 . ieah unloaded its final shares in fantasy of flight soon after . the stable has no more horses .\ndutrow ' s personality wouldn ' t let him fly under the radar . in february 2012 he and ieah tried to enter a horse in a small stakes race at charles town in west virginia , but dutrow was told by track officials that without a license he wouldn ' t be allowed . the horse was entered , but under the name of tony dutrow , his brother . a quick investigation by charles town stewards revealed that the horse had never left rick ' s barn . they called tony and he admitted that he wasn ' t the trainer\u2014he had never even laid eyes on the horse .\nit was the kind of thing [ tony ] could get fined or even suspended for ,\nsays one person who watched the farce unfold ,\nbut it was as if tony welcomed it\nso his brother might learn a lesson .\nthey did the overpay - for - proven - talent model ,\nsays jamie lamonica , the president of the lexington - based stallion company , who brokered the recent deal for three chimneys to buy out ieah ' s shares in big brown .\nbut they were certainly rewarded for it .\nin the books , old nan actually says the reason she thinks hodor is mentally disabled is because a horse kicked him in the head - though she may have just assumed this because he worked in the stables .\nepsom is the complete test of a horse . they need balance , speed and stamina . it ' s uphill , downhill , sideways . it ' s a very intense atmosphere ,\nsays the trainer .\nmrs . phipps was out at the gap to get him [ bold ruler ] and lead him down that silly victory lane they had there . and she must have weighed all of ninety pounds , and here is this big young stud horse - and she walked right up to him and held out her hand , and he just settled right down and dropped his head so she could get ahold of the chin strap , and bold ruler just walked like an old cow along that lane and she wasn ' t putting any pressure on him to quiet him down or make him be still . it was one of the most amazing sights i ' ve ever seen . it was incredible to me because anyone else reaching for that horse - and he was hot ! - you ' d have had to snatch him or he ' d throw you off your feet or step all over you . but not with her . for her he was just a real chivalrous prince of a colt . he came back to her and stopped all the monkeyshines , ducked down his head and held out his chin , and here was this little old lady with a big young stud horse on the other end and he was just as gentle as he could be .\nthe complete comic was released digitally through dark horse digital on march 6 , 2013 , collected with predator : god ' s truth and reusing chris warner ' s cover art from issue 2 , recolored by dan jackson .\nmore and more , as american life pushes outward toward suburbs and country living , the pleasure horse is returning as an unequalled form of recreation and exercise . with its characteristic bobbing head , high - stepping front action and long , deep - striding hing legs , the tennessee walking horse is being seen on trails across the nation , far from its native tennessee\u2014but still as southern as hush - puppies , catfish and black - eyed peas .\n\u201chorseracing is a very fickle game . you\u2019re only as good as your last winner and as quickly as you come out on your feet , you can get knocked back just as quickly . i have a job i love with a family who support me , and i couldn\u2019t wish for anything better . \u201d\nin the next 4 - 5 months , if all goes the way of the proud expectant parents , pharoah and the long list of fine ladies with whom he became acquainted with briefly last spring will bring to the world more than 200 foals . nearly one birth per day . that\u2019s a lotta hay , big fella .\nwhen ranking game on dude among the greatest geldings , it is his accomplishments that must be considered more than his defeats . kelso , forego , and john henry\u2014arguably the three greatest geldings of our time , or perhaps of all time\u2014lost 91 races among them . in kelso ' s horse of the year clinching races , whether it was the woodward stakes , jockey club gold cup , or washington d . c . international , he faced an average of 6 . 3 opponents , not all of them top - quality stakes horses .\n, the only horse ever to win three runnings of the santa anita handicap ( gr . i ) , has been retired after compiling earnings of nearly $ 6 . 5 million , trainer bob baffert announced sept . 18 .\nshowed plenty of ability as a younger horse in ireland but his three australian wins have been against largely moderate opposition . is yet to finish in the money in three starts at flemington and i\u2019m not sure big memory / pemberley formlines will be enough here . his last flemington distance race was when beaten 4 . 7l real love / dandy gent as the $ 2 . 20f in the roy higgins quality ( 2600m ) \u2014 that doesn\u2019t inspire either ( although he did race keen in the lead that day ) . just making up the numbers here .\ni can immediately see the beauty of watching game from the back of another animal . you are never this close to nature , physically or spiritually , on a mechanised safari . in a car , you\u2019re an intruder , isolated from the world by glass and steel . here , you\u2019re part of the landscape .\nkuehne said he had no regrets selling him .\nwe thought he was a good horse , but to be honest with you , after mike had him at the training center in ocala , he felt he wouldn ' t handle off going ,\nhe recalled .\nhe didn ' t think he was a grass horse and he didn ' t think he ' d handle a synthetic surface . and on top of that he was a gelding .\nit was wall street come to the backstretch , and completely foreign to an old - fashioned and slow - moving game . unpredictable , too ; would daily share price dictate a stable ' s decision - making ? profits on the track are impossible to time or predict , if they ever come at all . insiders thought it was ludicrous . every year , owners put $ 2 billion into a game that spits out only $ 1 billion in purses . were these guys so good at picking out horses , dutrow so good at training them , that they could guarantee regular profits , month after month , year after year ?\nyou can ask just the basic questions or choose to go into more detail and ask about the colors of the cube , ladder , horse , storm , and flowers . below is a list of colors and what each means ."]}
{"id": 2220, "summary": [{"text": "lates mariae , the bigeye lates , is a species of lates perch native to lake tanganyika and from the lualaba drainage in the democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "juveniles inhabit inshore habitats while adults inhabit benthic environments in deeper waters , being the top predator at depths of 100 metres ( 330 ft ) and greater .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it is known to make diurnal migrations to surface waters to prey on pelagic fishes .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) tl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is commercially important and is also popular as a game fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "bigeye lates", "paragraphs": ["how can i put and write and define bigeye lates in a sentence and how is the word bigeye lates used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528bigeye lates\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528bigeye lates\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528bigeye lates\u9020\u53e5 , bigeye lates meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\n\n' lates mariae\n' , the\n' bigeye lates\n' , is a species of lates perch native to lake tanganyika and from the commercially important and is also popular as a game fish .\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nbigeye lates\n.\nfacts summary : the bigeye lates ( lates mariae ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group\nfishes\nand found in the following area ( s ) : burundi , democratic republic of congo ( zaire ) , tanzania , zambia .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - bigeye lates facts\n( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed\ncoulter , g . w . , 1976 . the biology of lates species in lake tanganyika , and the status of the pelagic fishery for lates species and luciolates stapersii . j . fish biol . 9 : 235 - 259 . ( ref . 2216 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range ? - 75 m ( ref . 36901 ) . tropical ; 3\u00b0s - 9\u00b0s\nafrica : lake tanganyika ( ref . 2216 , 36901 ) ; widely distributed throughout the lake ( ref . 36901 ) . in the lukuga river ( lake tanganyika outflow ) , known up to niemba ( ref . 93587 ) . in the malagarazi river , known from the delta and the lower reaches ( ref . 54847 ) .\nmaturity : l m 45 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3636 )\njuveniles live in a specific inshore habitat until they reach 18 cm , thereafter they adopt a benthic habitat moving into deep water ( ref . 2216 ) . juveniles have been observed near or in affluent rivers ( ref . 36901 ) . top predator in depths below 100 m ; exploits both fishes and invertebrates ; migrate diurnally to surface to feed on pelagic clupeids ; highly susceptible to intensive fishing ( ref . 2216 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5006 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00563 - 0 . 01547 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 16 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 69 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 12 - 13 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 40 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nsnoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )\njustification : endemic to lake tanganyika where fisheries catches have declined by more than 50 % in the last 20 years due to heavy fishing . sedimentation inshore is a threat to habitat for juveniles . with an estimated generation time of 1 . 4\u20134 . 4 years ( fishbase ) the time period for decline is around 10 years . it is estimated that a decline of 30 % of 10 years is probable .\nendemic to lake tanganyika where it also enters the deltas of major rivers including the rusizi and malagarasi .\nadults found in bentho - pelagic and littoral zones in the lake . juveniles are found in lake ' s littoral zone , marginal macrophytes beds and lower parts of rivers .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nmax length : 80 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3636 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; depth range ? - 75 m ( ref . 36901 )\npd 50 = 0 . 5006 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )\nlow , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 12 - 13 )\nthis article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .\nnot too many people think of or even understand how much littering can actually impact our planet . something as simple as holding onto your trash until you can throw it away properly can have a huge impact on conservation , preservation , and our planet .\nhere are some photos that we thought you should take a look at that we hope will make you think twice before littering .\nlist of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .\nare you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32421473 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 345ea2c9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nafrica : lake tanganyika ( ref . 2216 , 36901 ) ; widely distributed throughout the lake ( ref . 36901 ) . in the lukuga river ( lake tanganyika outflow ) , known up to niemba ( ref . 93587 ) . in the malagarazi river , known from the delta and the lower reaches ( ref . 54847 ) .\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75e88168 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nplease register , or login to see entire forum content . . . or use facebook .\nwelcome to the forum . help us make list of sets for 115 fish !\n0 . 7 195 170 specific bait 20pb k sonar / 30 . 10 . 2016\npowered by mybb , \u00a9 2002 - 2018 mybb group . this blog is created by fans . we are not affiliated with the developer of the game . this website uses cookies . by continuing to use the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies .\n; s\u00f6tvatten bottenlevande ; djupintervall ? - 75 m ( ref . 36901 ) . tropical , preferred ? ; 3\u00b0s - 9\u00b0s\nmaturity : l m 45 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 80 . 0 cm tl hane / ej k\u00f6nsbest\u00e4md ; ( ref . 3636 )"]}
{"id": 2221, "summary": [{"text": "scinax altae is a species of frog in the family hylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to panama where it occurs in the pacific lowlands between the chiriqu\u00ed province in the west and panam\u00e1 province in the east .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the type series was collected by emmett reid dunn and his wife from \" summit \" in the panama canal zone in 1932 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "scinax altae", "paragraphs": ["scinax altae ( a new combination ) was recognized as a species distinct from s . staufferi by duellman ( 2001 ) .\niucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2015 . scinax altae . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t55925a54348119 . urltoken\nthis species was described by lutz ( 1973 ) and was subsequently thought to be a subspecies of scinax catherinae . scinax alcatraz was removed from synonymy with scinax catharinae by peixoto ( 1988 ) .\nhyla staufferi altae \u2014 le\u00f3n , 1969 , univ . kansas publ . mus . nat . hist . , 18 : 540 .\nscinax altae \u2014 duellman and wiens , 1992 , occas . pap . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas , 151 : 21 ( taxonomic change without discussion ) ; duellman , 2001 , hylid frogs middle am . , ed . 2 : 854 .\ncalls of two brazilian species of scinax of the s . ruber clade ( anura : hylidae )\nthe complex vocalization of scinax cardosoi ( anura : hylidae ) , with comments on advertisement calls in the s . ruber clade\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\nscinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )\n.\nfor discussion ( as hyla staufferi altae ) see duellman , 1970 , monogr . mus . nat . hist . univ . kansas : 199\u2013200 . in the scinax staufferi group . in the scinax ruber clade , unassigned to group , of faivovich , haddad , garcia , frost , campbell , and wheeler , 2005 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 294 : 97 . k\u00f6hler , 2011 , amph . cent . am . : 262\u2013264 , provided a brief summary of natural history and identification key for the species of scinax in central america and provided a range map and photograph for this species .\nscinax alcatraz is one of a number of species currently recognized in the s . perpusillus group ( including s . alcatraz , s . arduous , s . atratus , s . belloni , s . faivovichi , s . littoreus , s . melloi , scinax peixotoi , s . perpusillus\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nspecies 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013\nas preferred for\nscinax staufferi ( cope , 1865 )\n.\nhyla altae dunn , 1933 , occas . pap . boston soc . nat . hist . , 8 : 61 . holotype : mcz 17972 , by original designation . type locality :\nsummit , panama canal zone\n, panama . synonymy by taylor , 1952 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 35 : 863 .\nwe describe a new species of the hylid frog genus scinax from the peruvian upper amazonian lowlands ( area of iquitos , region loreto , peru ) . the new species belongs to the scinax ruber clade and differs from all its members by having the dorsal skin slightly to coarsely shagreen , by lacking conspicuous ulnar and tarsal tubercles , and in life by having a distinct light olive - green coloration on dorsum , bright yellow flanks with distinct black spots , black posterior surfaces of thighs , and gold to bronze iris .\n. . . one exception is the lowland rainforest bordered by the ucayali , amazon , yavar\u00ed , and blanco rivers ( fig . 1 ) . in recent years , surveys have uncovered several new species : scinax iquitorum ( moravec et al . 2009 ) , . . .\nbarrio - amor\u00f3s , c . l . , orellana , a . & chac\u00f3n , a . , 2004 . - a new species of scinax ( anura : hylidae ) from the andes of venezuela . j . herpetol . 38 ( 1 ) : 105 - 112 .\n. . . the species scinax fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae ( recently removed from the synonymy of s . fuscomarginatus by brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) are phylogenetically closely related and morphologically similar species that offers a unique framework to study evolution and speciation processes . scinax fuscomarginatus has a wide distribution in open landscapes of south america , from the venezuelan , guianan and suriname lowlands throughout north and northwest brazil reaching the north of argentina , while s . madeirae is more restricted , occupying eastern amazonia ( state of rond\u00f4nia , brazil ) and eastern bolivia ( brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\na new species of scinax is described from the valleys of the argentine and bolivian andes . it is phenotypically intermediate between s . fuscovaria and s . nasica , differing from both of them by its size and mating call . / / / se describe una especie nueva de scinax procedente de los valles andinos argentinos y bolivianos , la cual presenta un fenotipo intermedio entre s . fuscovaria y s . nasica , pero difiere por su tama\u00f1o y sobre todo por su canto . considerando que la actual validez de algunos grupos de especies es muy dudosa , no se establece adscripci\u00f3n de la nueva especie a ninguno de ellos .\n. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . promptly distinguishes the new species from larger species like scinax acuminatus , s . castroviejoi , s . eurydice , s . dolloi , s . fuscovarius , s . hayii , s . iquitorum , s . perereca , and s . sateremawe ( combined svl 34 . 0 - 52 . 0 ; see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . see bokermann 1968 ; lutz 1973 ; cei 1980 ; de la riva 1993 ; pombal et al . 1995b ; moravec et al . 2009 ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) ; and from smaller species like s . altae , s . cabralensis , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , and s . villasboasi ( combined svl 15 . 7 - 26 . 7 ; see duellman 1970 ; duellman 1986 ; drummond et al . 2007 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . as presently defined , the neotropical tree - frog scinax wagler , 1830 represents the second most species - rich ( 97 spp . ) genus within hylidae ( frost , 2009 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ; pugliese et al . , 2009 ) and recent phylogenetic studies ( morphologic and molecular ) have supported it as monophyletic group ( faivovich , 2002 ; faivovich et al . , 2005 ; salducci et al . , 2005 ) . species of scinax occur from southern mexico to east - central argentina , and are known from almost all major tropical and subtropical ecosystems within this region ( faivovich , 2002 ; frost , 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . two species groups are recognized in the s . ruber clade\u2014the s . rostratus and the s . uruguayus groups ; several other species remain unassigned to either of the species groups ( faivovich et al . 2005 ) . vocalizations ( particularly advertisement calls ) have supplemented species - level diagnoses in scinax ( de la riva 1993 , nunes et al . 2012 ) . scinax cardosoi ( carvalho - e - silva and peixoto 1991 ) was described from teres\u00f3polis ( rio de janeiro state ) and domingos martins ( esp\u00edrito santo state ) , southeastern brazil , and is assigned to the s . ruber clade ( sensu faivovich et al . 2005 ) . . . .\n. . . with nearly 70 currently recognized species , the genus scinax wagler , 1830 represents one of the most species - rich hylid genera in the neotropics . nevertheless , an increasing rate of new scinax species recognition in the few last years ( e . g . , fouquet et al . 2007 , brusquetti et al . 2014 sturaro and peloso 2014 ; araujo - vieira et al . 2015 ; araujovieira et al . 2016 ; junc\u00e1 et al . 2015 ; ferr\u00e3o et al . 2016 ) indicates that our knowledge of the actual species diversity in this genus is still very incomplete . similarly , despite an intensive research in the last decades ( e . g . . . .\n. . . l . gonzales col . scinax castroviejoi de la riva , 1993 mnk a - 509 \u2013 paratipo : laguna de bermejo , provincia florida , departamento santa cruz , bolivia ( 18\u00ba 07 ' s y 63\u00ba 38 ' o , 1130 msnm ) . i . de la riva , c . tapia y j . ledezma cols . . . .\nscinax alcatraz is a large - sized member of the s . perpusillus group ( males : 19 . 7\u201324 . 4 mm svl ; females 27 . 0\u201329 . 8 mm svl ) . like all members of the s . perpusillus group , s . alcatraz has extremely reduced webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ) . the dorsal skin texture is smooth or has some scattered pustules ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . hidden surfaces of limbs have yellow coloration ( le\u00e3o 1950 ) . most scinax alcatraz have dorsal markings but some individuals do not ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . inguinal glands are visible ( and present in both males and females ) , a character shared with s . perpusillus group members s . belloni and s . littoreus ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) . males have glandular nuptial pads ( faivovich et al . 2010 ) .\na new species of the scinax ruber clade is described from municipality of barra do garcas , state of mato grosso , brazil . it is diagnosed by its size ( svl 29 . 4 - 35 . 4 mm in males ) ; dorsum with a background that varies from light and dark gray to dark brown , with round and irregular dark blotches ; hidden surfaces of thigh and shank light or dark brown , with lighter , large and irregular blotches . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the distribution pattern of amphibian species within biomes in alagoas matches with the known range of each species with the exception of scinax fuscomarginatus . although this species has been recorded only for two locations ( coruripe and passo de camaragibe municipalities ) in alagoas ' atlantic forest ( table 1 ) , it has a wide distribution ( leite jr . et al . , 2008 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . some species in our list are taxonomically uncertain and await more detailed systematic study . . . .\n. . . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amor ? s et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . scinax rossaferesae sp . . . .\n. . . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . scinax onca sp . . . .\n. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 - 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 - 0 . 48 , . . .\n. . . the snout , subovoid in dorsal view and slightly acuminate in profile of scinax rossaferesae sp . nov . , differs it from s . crospedospilus ( elongate in dorsal view ; lutz 1973 ) , s . nasicus , s . similis ( round in dorsal view and in profile in these species ) , s . squalirostris ( much more elongate in dorsal view and much more acuminate in profile ; lutz 1973 ) , and s . fuscomarginatus , and s . rogerioi ( protruding in profile in these species ; pugliese et al . 2009 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . also , it differs from s . nasicus and s . similis by having longer shanks ( tl / svl = 0 . 50 ? 0 . 53 in the new species , n = 11 ; tl / svl = 0 . 43 ? 0 . 48 , n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 ? 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . . . .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > le & # 243 ; n , j r < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 18 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> lawrence , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > university of kansas . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 18 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 505 < / start > < end > 545 < / end > < / extent > < date > 1969 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < identifier type =\ndoi\n> 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 19991 < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\n@ article { bhlpart19991 , title = { the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america } , journal = { university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . } , volume = { 18 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { lawrence , university of kansas . } , author = { le\u00f3n , j r } , year = { 1969 } , pages = { 505 - - 545 } , }\nty - jour ti - the systematics of the frogs of the hyla rubra group in middle america t2 - university of kansas publications , museum of natural history . vl - 18 ur - urltoken pb - university of kansas . cy - lawrence , py - 1969 sp - 505 ep - 545 do - 10 . 5962 / bhl . part . 19991 sn - 0075 - 5036 au - le\u00f3n , j r er -\nbiodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p\u2026 urltoken\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nsubhumid pacific lowlands of panama from concepci\u00f3n , chiriqu\u00ed province , to chepo in the lower bayano valley , panam\u00e1 province , panama , below 700 m elevation .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .\nthis species is a panamanian endemic of the western pacific lowlands , azuero peninsula , central panama , and pacific lowlands .\nit occurs in xeric , scrubby forest and in savannahs . it can occur in artificial habitats and presumably breeds in temporary ponds .\nalthough there are no specific conservation measures in place , the species has been recorded from at least one protected area ( parque nacional altos de campana ) . further research is needed into the range , ecology and potential conservation measures .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nlisted as least concern since it is common and adaptable with a presumed large population .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ndepartment of zoology , national museum , 115 79 praha 1 , czech republic .\njacinto , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .\nlopez , region loreto , peru . photograph by w . e . duellman .\nter of tympanum 2 . 0 , 1 . 8 , 1 . 0 .\nnatural ( santiago , chile ) 9 , no . 102 , 2 unnumbered pp .\nithaca , new york , xvi + 1159 , plates 1 - 92 ( 2 volumes ) .\norg / herpetology / amphibia / index . php . ( 15 july , 2008 )\nvitter - hets samhalles handligar ( 6 ) 1b ( 4 ) : 1 - 71 .\nbrazil : gnm 478 ( syntype ) : state of amazonas : vicinity of manaus .\nperu : gnm 480 ( holotype ) : region de san mart\u00edn : roque .\nregion loreto : explorama lodge , junction rio yanamono and rio amazonas , 180 m .\n200 m ; voucher photo nmp6f 7 : region loreto , rio curaray , 01\u00b045\u201940\u201ds , 075\u00b004\u201911\u201dw .\nmendras ) ; nmp6v 71151 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71266 / 1 - 2 : 31 km sw of iquitos .\n39363 : rio tambopata : zfmk 39366 : aguajalito ; rio tambopata : tres chimbadas .\n71145 : 23 km sw of iquitos : sacha mama ; nmp6v 71265 : 31 km sw of iquitos .\n. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , presence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . there are seven available names in the synonymy of s . ruber : hyla conirostris peters , 1863 ( type locality\nsurinam\n) , hyla lateristriga spix , 1824 ( type locality : brazil , by implica - tion ) , hyla lineomaculata werner , 1899 ( type locality\narima , trinidad\n) , hyla robersi - moni donoso - barros , 1965\n1964\n( type locality\npajonales al sur de macuro , penisula de paria , venezuela\n) , hyla rubra h\u00fcbneri melin , 1941 ( type locality\ntaracu\u00e1 , rio uaupes\n,\ns\u00e3o gabriel , rio negro\n, and\nvicinity of manaus\n, all localities in the state of ama - zonas , brazil ) , scytopis alleni cope , 1870 ( type locality state of par\u00e1 , brazil , by lectotype designation of duellman and wiens 1993 ) , and scytopis cryptanthus cope , 1874 ( type locality\nnauta\n, region loreto , peru ) . according to their original descriptions , all these names are associated with specimens that have yellow blotches on the anterior and poste - rior surfaces of the thighs , and in some cases undersurfaces of tibiae ( moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . according to the original description , h . depressiceps differs from the new taxon in having black and whitish marbled limbs . an examination of the holotype of hyla rubra inconspicua shows that it differs by the presence of small tubercles on the head , dorsum and limbs including the tarsal area ( see moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . the new species differs from s . iquitorum ( fig . 4b ) by snout truncate in dorsal view ( bluntly rounded ) , dentigerous processes of vomers triangular ( transverse ) , pres - ence of conspicuous dark brown spots on dorsum ( small dark brown dots concentrated only on head and in areas of scapular and sacral blotches ) , light brown flanks with or without dark brown spots ( bright yellow flanks with numerous distinct round black spots ) , and by white long bones of hindlimbs ( green ; moravec et al . 2009 ) . . . .\n. . . reichle ( 2007 ) did not mention the species for bolivia , although it had already been reported from nacene , department beni , northern bolivia , by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) . moravec et al . ( 2009 ) reported another specimen of s . pedromedinae from 5 km ne of riberalta , department beni , bolivia . young ( 2007 ) , dealing with endemic species of the eastern slopes of the andes in peru and bolivia ( and adjacent amazonian lowlands ) , in his table mentioned s . pedromedinae from 12 localities but did not specify those localities . . . .\n. . . gagliardiurrutia ( 2010 ) provided a picture of s . pedromedinae from the department loreto , but without detailed locality . frost ( 2011 ) gave as its distribution\nupper amazon basin in extreme eastern peru , in the drainages of the r\u00edo purus and r\u00edo madre de dios\n, apparently not considering gagliardi - urrutia ' s ( 2010 ) ( unspecified ) loreto , peru , record and specimens reported by moravec & aparicio ( 2004 ) and moravec et al . ( 2009 ) from northern bolivia . . . .\n. . . the present findings show that s . pedromedinae is not a species endemic to peru , and do extend the range of the species considerably to the north and northeast of the peruvian localities reported by duellman & wiens ( 1993 ) and other authors . these new records and the material recently reported from northern bolivia ( moravec & aparicio , 2004 ; moravec et al . , 2009 ) suggest a continuous distribution of this species in the western amazon basin in eastern peru , western brazil ( and most likely also in adjacent colombia ) , and northern bolivia . this is the first time this species is reported from brazil and northern peru . . . .\n. . . paratype : nmp p6v - 071267 / 3 , subadult specimen , collection data as for the paratype p6v - 071267 / 1 . remarks : the holotype ( musm 27577 ) is deposited in musm ( moravec et al . 2009b : 10 ) . . . .\nwe are describing the confirmed candidate species from purus - madeira interfluve ( southern amazonia ) . at the moment , we are working on three of the seven ccs from the study area . for one of them , we\u2026\n[ more ]\nwe describe a new species of pristimantis from lowland amazonia of the region loreto , northern peru . the new species is mainly characterized by its size ( svl 26 . 5 mm in male , 33 . 0 mm in female ) , shagreen dorsal skin , absence of dorsolateral folds , slightly areolate venter , presence of discoidal fold , presence of tympanic membrane including tympanic annulus , absence of vocal slits in males , . . . [ show full abstract ]\na new species of pristimantis ( amphibia , anura , craugastoridae ) from a montane forest of the pui pui . . .\na new species of frog of the genus pristimantis is described from a montane forest between 1700 and 1800 m a . s . l . of the pui pui protected forest ( regi\u00f3n jun\u00edn ) in central peru . pristimantis ashaninka sp . n . is described based on five adult females ( snout\u2013vent length 23 . 1\u201326 . 7 mm ) and ten juveniles ( snout - vent length 10 . 6\u201313 . 4 ) . it differs from its congeners by having the skin on dorsum . . . [ show full abstract ]\na list of amphibian and reptile species recorded in the provincia madre de dios ( departamento pando , bolivia ) is presented . the broadhead ground snake atractus latifrons is reported from bolivia for the first time .\na new species of leptodactylid frog , genus phrynopus , is described from a polylepis - forest of the eastern andean slopes of central peru ( departamento de hu\u00e1nuco ) between 3420 and 3430 m above sea level . the new species is assigned to the phrynopus peruanus group and differs from all known species of the genus by having ventral surfaces of arms ( except hands ) , legs ( except feet ) , venter , chest . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the only difference between the calls of these species is that the dominant frequency of s . eurydice is more common in the first band ( 0 . 85 khz ) whereas that of s . castroviejoi is more common in the second band ( 2 . 5 khz ) . as s . eurydice , males of s . castroviejoi also call from the ground or from vegetation at the edge of ponds ( de la riva , 1993 ) . . . .\n. . . descriptions of color of live specimens are based on color slides . the order of characters in the diagnosis and description follows duellman ( 1986 ) and de la riva ( 1993 ) . . .\nlynchius is a frog genus with four species distributed along the paramos and cloud forests of the andes of northern peru and southern ecuador . the genus remains a poorly known andean clade and , alt\u2026\n[ more ]\nrediscovery and taxonomic status of telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , 1969\n1968\n( anura : lepto . . .\ni redescribe the giant form telmatobius marmoratus gigas vellard , endemic to the cordillera de huayllamarca in the central altiplano of bolivia , from loth adults and tadpoles . and i elevate it to species status ; a neotype is designated .\na new reproductive mode for the genus adenomera ( amphibia : anura : leptodactylidae ) : taxonomic implic . . .\nseveral observations on reproductive modes and advertisement calls in different populations of frogs of the genus adenomera were made in bolivia and paraguay . two populations were more thoroughly studied . in one of them , frogs reproduced in the water\u2010independent way that is already known in the genus . in the other population they reproduced in the same way as members of the leptodactylus . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrediscovery , redescription , and advertisement call of eleutherodactylus heterodactylus ( miranda ribe . . .\neleutherodactylus heterodactylus was rediscovered in cerrado montane forest of eastern bolivia , 250\u2013300 km airline from its type locality in brazil , in similar habitat . the advertisement call is described for the first time . this species shares morphological features with species of the eleutherodactylus binotatus and eleutherodactylus discoidalis groups but is not assigned to either group . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomy and distribution of the south american toad bufo poeppigii tschudi , 1845 ( amphibia , anura , . . .\nthe taxonomic status of the andean toad bufo poeppigii has been controversial since its description by tschudi in the 19th century , because of the similar appearance of the species with respect to bufo marinus , and the fact that both species may occur together in some localities at the foot of the andes . bufo poeppigii is a valid species occurring on the amazonian slopes of the andes , at least . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntaxonomic status of bufo simus o . schmidt , 1857 ( anura : bufonidae )\nthe taxonomic status of bufo shims schmidt , 1857 , is reviewed . comparisons of the lectotype with members of different species groups of south american bufo , reveal that b . simus is a junior synonym of bufo spinidosits wiegmann .\nthis species is known only from a single protected area that is in both so paulo and rio de janeiro states , in south - eastern brazil . it has been recorded above 500m asl , to at least 1 , 600m asl , although the upper limit of its altitudinal range is not known . it might occur more widely .\nit is an island endemic and there are no other congeners present on ilha dos alcatrazes . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . peixotoi , which occurs on a different brazilian island ( ilha de queimada grande ) , by its larger size ( s . peixotoi males 18 . 8\u201320 . 7 mm svl , females 22 . 4\u201325 . 1 mm svl ) , narrower head , a loreal region that is not concave , less distinct canthus rostralis , less prominent eyes , shorter internarial distance , less rugose dorsal skin , and a less ornamented dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007a ) . s . alcatraz can be distinguished from s . faivovichi , which occurs on a third brazilian island ( ilha de porcos pequena ) , by its larger size , less protruding snout , less triangular head , less prominent eyes , less distinct canthus rostralis , a loreal region that is not concave , lack of dark stripes on the arms , and less patterned dorsum ( brasileiro et al . 2007c ) .\ngroup was first proposed by peixoto ( 1987 ) and includes small species that reproduce exclusively in bromeliads and are distributed in atlantic tropical coastal forest , ranging from espirito santo to santa catarina , brazil . frogs in this group have extreme reduction in webbing between toes ii and iii ( peixoto 1987 ; faivovich 2002 ) .\nother frog species present on the ilha dos alcatrazes include leptodactylus marmoratus and the insular species cycloramphus faustoi ( brasileiro et al . 2007b ) . l . marmoratus is a leaf - litter dweller , while c . faustoi is found in rock crevices .\nthis species ' geographic range is the caribbean versant of mexico , from central tamaulipas , southward along the atlantic coast to the yucatan peninsula to belize , guatemala , honduras and nicaragua . in the pacific , it is found from guerrero , the isthmus of tehuantepec , southward to northwestern costa rica ( 0 - 1 , 530m asl ) . it also occurs on the corn islands , nicaragua .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\njabiru mycteria\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\namazona oratrix\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nbelizean pine forests habitat\nand\nengystomops pustulosus ( cope , 1864 )\n.\n. . . given the success that we obtained in amplifying and sequencing a significant diversity of brazilian amphibians , which encompassed a broad range of phylogenetic diversity within anurans ( pyron & wiens 2011 ) , we believe that the new primers , combined with low extension temperatures in the pcr regime , may amplify the vast majority of amphibian species , or at least the anurans ( as we just tested a few species of gymnophiona and one caudata ) . indeed , the performance of primers anf1 + anr1 has been tested previous to the present study , and successfully amplified coi from treefrogs ( jungfer et al . 2013 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) . likewise , the primer an - trna - w combined with a previous version of anr1 successfully amplified coi from euparkerella ( fusinatto et al . 2013 ) . . . .\n. . . n = 20 in s . nasicus , and tl / svl = 0 . 45 - 0 . 48 in s . similis , n = 19 ) . the vocal sac single , median , subgular , and ventrally not reaching the pectoral region differentiates the new species from s . baumgardneri , s . exiguus , s . fuscomarginatus , s . madeirae , s . manriquei , s . staufferi , s . villasboasi , and s . wandae ( large vocal sacs that reach the anterior pectoral region ; barrio - amor\u00f3s et al . 2004 ; brusquetti et al . 2014 ) ; and s . camposseabrai , s . karenanneae , and s . sateremawe ( bilobed vocal sacs ; pyburn 1993 ; caramaschi & cardoso 2006 ; sturaro & peloso 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . only when higher taxonomic levels are compared , for example , different species , genera , or families . this finding could be explained , in part , by the conservative nature of the molecular marker used\u2014the 16s gene\u2014which is commonly employed to separate different species ( fouquet et al . , 2007 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ; yang et al . , 2014 ; louren\u00e7o et al . , 2015 ) . although our dataset is limited , we observed that acoustic and genetic variation appears to be conserved among individuals distributed across human - altered landscapes . . . .\n. . . in this study we use the term\nsympatric\nfor localities , where both species where heard at the same site ( syntopic ) . as mentioned above , taxonomic status of those lineages was recently assessed by brusquetti et al . ( 2014 ) . their molecular phylogenetic analysis shows the bolivian sympatric populations of s . fuscomarginatus and s . madeirae in distant genetic subclades that suggests secondary contact ( stuart , inger and voris , 2006 ; inger , stuart and iskandar , 2009 ; brusquetti et al . , 2014 ) . . . .\n. . . compared to the calls of congeneric species of the s ruber clade in the amazon basin , s . cruentommus can be distinguished from the species with long ( > 350 ms ; bilate and lack 2011 ) calls [ s . boesemani ( duellman 1986 ) , s . exiguus ( duellman 1986 ) , s . madeirae ( brusquetti et al . 2014 ) , and s . wandae ( pyburn . . .\nwe ' re currtenly describing tadpoles of many species , most of them are already in review and others in preparation . those include trachycephalus imitatrix , bokermannohyla ahenea , proceratophrys mant\u2026\n[ more ]\nin this study , we will investigate how landscape changes on the biome scale can affect the composition of the atlantic forest amphibian communities .\nfield studies of vertebrates , with major interest in symbioses ( in a broad sense ) and other association types , feeding and defensive behaviors , urban fauna . presently focused on fishes , birds , and\u2026\n[ more ]\nunderstanding the phenotypic and genotypic features in phyllomedusa in a context of integrative evolutionary analysis .\ncharacter displacement is commonly observed when species occur in secondary contact zones and traits related to resource competition or reproduction diverge in sympatry . however , few studies have considered the factors determining and delimiting the direction of character evolution in this context . we studied displacement in advertisement calls in two species of hylid frogs from allopatric and . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 2223, "summary": [{"text": "capricciosa ( 2 march 1988 \u2013 after 2011 ) was an irish thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from june 1990 until april 1992 she won four of her seven races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was one of the best juvenile fillies in britain and ireland in 1990 when she won four races including the debutante stakes , moyglare stud stakes and cheveley park stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she missed the whole of the next season and was then sent to race in the united states where she made no impact in two starts .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was retired from racing to become a broodmare in japan and produced at least eleven winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "capricciosa", "paragraphs": ["pizza capricciosa ingredients draw scheme on paper . print background composition for menu and posters . creative concept of modern design . vector illustration , vector\nin the land that invented the calzone , the capricciosa and the margarita , there is a severe shortage of skilled pizza makers or pizzaioli .\npizza capricciosa ingredients draw scheme on paper . print background composition for menu and posters . creative concept of modern design . vector illustration | stock vector | colourbox\nthe cheveley park stakes has a much longer history going back to 1899 . again it is disimilar to the colts ' races in that it does not have the vob - gap - aob structure . it does have vincent o ' brien winners with his last as late as 1990 with capricciosa . but no irish winner after that until 2011 when ger lyons won a muddling race with lightening pearl . because of the pattern race set - up it does attract french runners and when criquette maarek - head won in 2009 with special duty it was her fourth win going back to ma biche in 1982 . pascal bary also won for france in 2008 with natagora and another filly that went on to group 1 success as a 3yo .\nut enim ad minim veniam , quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat .\nut enim ad minim veniam , quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat . duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur .\npellentesque nulla justo , auctor ac maximus sed , tempus sed nibh . ut elit sapien , ornare et diam ac , efficitur luctus elit . proin ut nulla consequat , elementum lacus eu , cursus ipsum . fusce efficitur\u2026\nvarious versions have evolved over the years , sometimes by accident , sometimes on purpose ( injected humour and the like ) .\nit is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout .\nthis page was last edited on 26 may 2017 , at 13 : 58 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nprobably the best pizza in gozo . definitely the best view from the terrace . home made wine is a must try ! definitely highly recommended if you want to have a pizza !\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nwe\u2019ve partnered with invision to make it easier to search and download our images in sketch and adobe\u00ae photoshop\u00ae .\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nonce this video clip is done converting , you ' ll be able to download it from your video conversion queue or download history .\neditorial use only photos don ' t have any model or property releases , which means they can ' t be used for commercial , promotional , advertorial or endorsement purposes . this type of content is intended to be used in connection with events that are newsworthy or of general interest ( for example , in a blog , textbook , newspaper or magazine article ) .\nthis format requires a quick conversion ( usually under 5 mins ) before download begins , or you can get the largest and smallest formats immediately .\ncrop for social , add text and more with istock editor . open in editor\nby clicking\nconfirm download\nyou agree that you ' ve read and agree to all applicable license agreements for this download .\njune 26 - it ' s patch day for the sims 4 on pc / mac patch notes here .\ndoes anybody like her ? i have read a lot of legacies that have her roommates as a main character , but i haven ' t seen any legacy stories that have eva in them . or have i not just found a legacy that has eva as a main character ?\nshe was a part of my batchelor - esque legacy though she did not win in the end . came close though ! she was always on her phone during the date .\ni didn ' t really have her in a legacy but she was one of the baby mama ' s for a sim i got from the gallery . . lol .\nlost , last seen on the gallery with a 1 at the end of her name .\ni ' ve never played her , where does she live ? ? ? she looks lovely .\nmy sim let her join the ' fit club ' - which is my sim ' s fitness club thing . i saw her on a running machine thing - she was kind of tubby - so i got my sim to invite her into the club - she was the last member in .\nshe had some kids in the background of a legacy i was playing . . . most of partihaus has some toxic genes that really shouldn ' t be passed down and the exception to that is marcus , not eva .\nfar and away from here , i ' d lie down to find some rest . no stars over uptown | short / misc . stories wanna play a game ? check out the 2018 tournament challenges at carl ' s forum | twitter\ni did a family man challenge when get together first came out and she was one of my many baby mommas . she made some cute kids though . and her black hair is a really strong gene , all of her like 8 kids got her black hair .\ni used marcus as a baby daddy in a wydc and his kid got this huge nose and tiny beady eyes , which i didn ' t really like .\nthanks to mccc i think marcus hs fathered about 20 children in my game .\nmy game too . marcus has five or six kids with different women thanks to mcc and then married an elderly lady and took her things when she promptly passed away lol .\njade rosa seems to have beautiful babies ! i can post them all as teens when i can if you want .\n. . . seriously ? you have to ask . . ? do the teenage mutant ninja turtles love pizza ? does sims 3 zelda mae have the ' childish ' trait ? is dead pool impossible to kill ?\nshe ' s pretty and not a mean or hot headed trait sim , that ' s just all sun shine - - not that it unique to sims 4 . . . but still ! i ' d be interested in a solo eva legacy - - when i say ' solo eva ' i mean a legacy where i don ' t need / have to play her roommates at all . . . i ' m a big fan of only focusing on playing 1 - 2 sims at any given time . . . 3 - 4 only if it ' s 1 - 2 off - spring lol .\ni think she looks real good , as you put it , tubby . chub just looks so natural and good on some sims imo !\nwhen you say\nshe did not win in the end\ndo you mean you had your sim ditch her for another female sim or you ended up starting your legacy over leaving eva out of it . . ? not important just you raised a question lol .\nwhen you say\nshe did not win in the end\ndo you mean you had your sim ditch her for another female sim or you ended up starting your legacy over leaving eva out of it . . ? not important just you raised a question lol . just noisy is all\nhe chose jade rosa in the end , though had a one nighter with candy . i need to get eva in a gene pool soon though . might do a reverse rags to riches seeing as she is materialistic\nbigstock and big stock photo are registered trademarks of shutterstock . bigstockphoto is a trademark of shutterstock . \u00a9 2004 - 2018 all rights reserved - bigstock\u00ae\nthe best curated collection of high - quality design templates for all your graphic needs .\nthe cheveley park stakes is a group 1 flat horse race in great britain open to two - year - old fillies . it is run on the rowley mile at newmarket over a distance of 6 furlongs ( 1 , 207 metres ) , and it is scheduled to take place each year in late september .\nthe event is named after cheveley park , an estate purchased by harry mccalmont in 1892 . it was established in 1899 , and the inaugural running was won by lutetia .\nthe race is currently held on the final day of newmarket ' s three - day cambridgeshire meeting , the same day as the cambridgeshire handicap .\nthe leading horses from the cheveley park stakes often go on to compete in the following season ' s 1 , 000 guineas . the first to win both was pretty polly ( 1903\u201304 ) , and the most recent was special duty ( 2009\u201310 ) .\nalec taylor , jr . \u2013 maid of the mist ( 1908 ) , maid of corinth ( 1909 ) , bayuda ( 1918 ) , miss gadabout ( 1924 )\nurltoken \u2013 international federation of horseracing authorities \u2013 cheveley park stakes ( 2016 ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 25 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\ninitially run over six furlongs , the race was extended to seven furlongs in 1992 and is contested every september . since 2014 it has formed part of the irish champions weekend , taking place on the sunday at the curragh , where it holds main billing along with the irish st leger and the national stakes .\nthe moyglare stud stakes was a group 3 contest until 1979 , when it was promoted to group 2 , attaining group 1 status in 1983 .\nthe moyglare stud stakes became part of the breeders\u2019 cup challenge series in 2009 .\nvery much like the national stakes does for the colts , the moyglare stud stakes often defines ireland\u2019s champion juvenile filly , but is also a significant pointer to the big races the following season .\naidan o\u2019brien has dominated the moyglare stud stakes in recent years and at the time of writing has won the race a record seven times : sequoyah ( 2000 ) , quarter moon ( 2001 ) , necklace ( 2003 ) , rumplestiltskin ( 2005 ) , misty for me ( 2010 ) , maybe ( 2011 ) , minding ( 2015 ) .\nhowever , in 2016 , it was his son , joseph , who provided the shock winner , as intricately landed the young trainer with his first group 1 success in his new career , beating his father\u2019s hydrangea .\ncopyright \u00a9 2013 - 16 . all rights reserved . all images are used with kind permission of the owner in all circumstances . these images may not be reproduced without the express permission of the image owner . developed by posterity - it\nblack caviar : the horse of a lifetime . . . the story and the wins\njapan cups 1981 - 1989 ( john henry & all along 1982 , etc . )\ndesert orchid : the official story so far . . . ( see\ndesert orchid : the glory years\n)\nunbridled greed : the rise and fall of j . t . lundy and calumet farm w / bonus footage\nthoroughbred greats - home movie films of retired legendary horses ( secretariat , seattle slew , etc . ) - rare ! !\nzenyatta ' s 2009 clemente l . hirsch stakes ( 12th straight win ) : tvg ' s\ninstant classic\nout of the gate . . . down to the wire : kentucky derby highlights ( 1920 - 1958 newsreel footage )\nhead - to - head : gigolo vs . bonfire . . . dancing to perfection\ndesert orchid : the glory years ( a . k . a .\ndesert orchid : living with the legend\nand\ndesert orchid : the official story so far . . .\n)\noctagonal : the big\no\n. . . the greatest of all time\nthoroughbred ( animal planet - episode # 1 - run fast . . . dream big ) w / bonus footage\nlegend of laffit pincay , jr . w / bonus footage ( retirement , etc . . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980\nbut despite record unemployment levels , today\u2019s italians are too proud to make pizza .\npizza makers show their ability in rome ' s via della conciliazione in the jubilee of the pizza makers . it has been claimed despite record unemployment levels , today ' s italians are too proud to make pizza\nat least 6 , 000 are desperately needed , according to new figures from business federation fipe .\n\u2018notwithstanding the economic crisis and unemployment , it is proving difficult to find them , \u2019 the association said in a report released this week .\nas the euro crisis bites , the demand for cheap fast food has boomed .\nin big cities pizza is still the most affordable and convenient food for office workers to grab at lunch - time , producing an annual turnover of nine billion euros .\nbut despite youth unemployment of 35 per cent the young italians no longer want to do the job . because of the long hours and low pay it is seen as work for immigrants .\nenrico stoppani , of the italian federation of merchants said : ' young people see hospitality as a low grade job .\n' even when they do go into the industry they want to be a chef in a five star hotel not a pizzaiolo . \u2019\nforeigners are increasingly taking their place in italy\u2019s 50 , 000 pizzerias , with egyptians emerging as a dominant force among the estimated 240 thousand pizzaioli , who earn as little as 1000 euro a month .\nallam rabie , who arrived in italy from cairo in 1990 and now runs his own pizzeria on rome\u2019s via cavour , said : \u2018it\u2019s s tough job because you work morning to night and your on your feet all day with your head in a hot oven .\n\u2018the young italians don\u2019t want to do it any more . they have everything \u2013 cars , clothes . before it wasn\u2019t like that . people had nothing so they had to work hard . \u2019\negyptians are used to hard work , he claimed . \u2018we also have a natural aptitude because we love cooking and are good at learning new things .\n\u2018of the egyptians working in italy , nine out of ten is a pizzaiolo , the tenth is a chef . we have completely taken over in rome . \u2019\none of rome\u2019s remaining homegrown pizza makers , vincenzo de mitis , who runs his own pizzeria in the monti district , said : \u2018there aren\u2019t many of us left .\n' the older generation are dying out and young italians don\u2019t want to do it because they aren\u2019t willing to work for such low wages .\nthey would rather go and work abroad and there are dozens of immigrants ready to take their place . '\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\n' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\nwoman , 38 , ' shoots her father in the head and then lives . . .\nalive ! four thai boys who made it out of cave in daring . . .\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\nwhat was agreed at chequers . . . and how the three - page . . .\n' this is no sell - out ' : theresa may insists she has chosen . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\n' she didn ' t get those from me ' : kylie jenner says daughter stormi has dad travis scott ' s lips . . . as star reveals her breasts are ' three times the size ' post - baby\nkevin hart celebrates 39th birthday in las vegas . . . nearly a year after sin city cheating scandal\ndakota fanning joins michael b . jordan in voice cast of western anime series gen : lock\n' i regret making it public ' : guy pearce is remorseful for asserting his former co - star kevin spacey was ' handsy ' with him on the set of l . a . confidential\niconic movie home where molly ringwald ' s sixteen candles was filmed finally sells for $ 1 . 135 million after two years on market\nkendra caldwell duggar struggles through labor on counting on . . . before welcoming baby garrett\nwhy madonna dated only toyboys and why , as she pushes 60 , she ' s finally got bored with them . . . by the writer who knows her best\nbrooklyn beckham and squeeze lexy panterra get cozy at london club . . . enraging ex tallia storm\nyolanda hadid ' splits from boyfriend matt minnis ' . . . less than a year after david foster divorce\nbrooklyn beckham utilises his camera skills at wireless festival . . . after his debut photography book was slammed by fans\njustin bieber is the perfect gentleman as he handles the bags . . . while crop top - clad hailey baldwin struts alongside\n' i just don ' t want stuff ' kim kardashian doesn ' t buy her kids gifts to avoid spoiling them and sticks to a household budget . . . but says kanye is the ' biggest shopper '\njoanna gaines shares husband chip ' s unique birth tradition . . . as he cradles newborn son crew\nkylie jenner gushes baby stormi is ' changing every week ' and ' has cutest personality ' . . . as new mom admits to binge watching the handmaid ' s tale\nlena dunham says she was ' really smart ' to date ex jack antonoff . . . after posting nude selfie\ntom brady shows no mercy as he takes on gisele and his cancer - survivor mom in dodgeball . . . with a ' no crying ' rule\nlauren conrad ' s son liam takes a handful of cake . . . as proud mom ' celebrates one year with our little guy '\nkhloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am\nnia vardalos ' divorce filing . . . as duo split following 25 years of marriage\nkendall jenner boats in sheer dress . . . after snuggling up to her nba beau ben simmons at khloe kardashian ' s party\nkeyshia cole announces pregnancy on instagram . . . as boyfriend niko khale posts beach pic of couple\nanthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane\nben affleck ' s $ 19m la mansion is surrounded by moving trucks . . . as it ' s revealed girlfriend lindsay shookus plans to spend more time on west coast\nbeaming kate gazes lovingly at sleeping prince louis as she and william attend his christening in their . . .\ntroubled actor jonathan rhys meyers is detained at lax after getting into a ' drunken fight with his wife and . . .\n' we only knew each other between action and cut ' : robin wright breaks her silence on kevin spacey ' s sexual . . .\nsupreme court cliffhanger is set for tonight as trump narrows his choices but keeps even his closest aides . . .\ntrump insists kim jong - un ' will honor ' promise to denuclearize despite blasting ' gangster - like demand ' and . . .\nlesbian couple are charged with neglect after they ' repeatedly gave young son marijuana for good behavior . . .\nfinal four thai cave boys and coach are in ' good health ' but must remain trapped underground for at least . . .\nrescued thai cave boys face a lifetime of trauma from their ordeal as traumatic memories could trigger fear . . .\nfrantic parents of rescued thai cave boys have not been told which children have been saved \u2013 as teammates . . .\nthree men will be executed over the infamous gang - rape and murder of a female student , 23 , on a delhi bus in . . .\nhollywood hostage actor who lost his eye , had nose and tongue slit , and was ' deprived of a member of his . . .\nhandcuffed harvey weinstein pleads not guilty to new rape charges , then shares a laugh with his lawyer after . . .\nmesmerising maps reveal record - breaking temperatures across the world as the earth experiences ' one of the . . .\ncouple arrested after their four - year - old son accidentally shots himself between the eyes could face ten . . .\npicture exclusive : a wintour wedding ! vogue editor - in - chief anna ' s daughter bee shaffer is the picture of . . .\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .\nrevealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .\nhere comes aunt meghan ! duchess of sussex looks elegant in an olive green shift dress by ralph lauren as she . . .\nhere come the godparents ! kate and william are joined by childhood friends - including guy pelly - and the . . .\nfit for a prince ! louis becomes the eighth royal baby to wear the historic honiton lace christening robe on . . .\npregnant pippa looks glowing in a very appropriate shade of baby blue - as she joins her parents and brother . . .\n' i hope he stays like this ' : kate and the archbishop of canterbury share a joke about sleeping louis as she . . .\nblue for a boy ! george and charlotte both wear the shade for their little brother louis ' christening as the . . .\nsuch a perfect princess ! cute charlotte steals the show again with her royal wave - and a very polite . . .\nthe duke and duchess of cambridge will serve slices of their wedding fruit cake from seven years ago to . . .\nit ' s a hat trick for mcqueen ! kate repeats the look she chose for george and charlotte ' s christenings in . . .\nmay will not face a vote of no confidence . . . for now : pm warns furious tory brexiteers at showdown meeting that sacking her would mean handing corbyn the keys to no 10\n' hi . i ' m linda o ' keefe . . . 45 years ago today , i disappeared and my killer was never found ' : police tweet as the 11 - year - old girl who was murdered in 1973 in a bid to publicize the cold case\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nplus i william haggas : \u2018i wish i had shaamit now\u2019 i ap mccoy\u2019s grand national triumph in pictures i tony morris on the allure of the triple . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nover in western australia sunday afternoon harness racing driver aldo cortopassi drove his career 1000th winner . trainer / driver aldo cortopassi who began his driving career after a successful period in the local pony trots as a teenager reached a milestone that many harness drivers would dream of , and that was winning his 1000th race as a driver . aldo ' s first race win as a driver was on the 7th august 1993 at a track in country western australia , narrogin . . and then 3 weeks and 23 years later wins his 1000th winner as a driver on 3 year old hindu raja for long time stable clients kevin dinnigan & tammy pleysier . . { hindu standardbreds } . . when asked who was his major influence in harness racing aldo quickly replied frank ellis , who aldo worked for as a stable hand as a very young teenager at week - ends and after school . . aldo said that the best pacer he has driven was a mare called meggie dear { $ 186 , 171 & 1 : 55 . 5mr on 06 - dec - 2002 } he also said that the best horse he had trained and driven was total defiance who ' s career record . { $ 550 , 295 & a best of 1 : 52 . 6mr when exported to north america . } it ' s rather ironic that aldo drove hindu goddess for the first time which was the first horse that kevin & tammy owned back on 05 - august - 1994 and achieved the milestone of 1000 winners as a driver with { hindu raja } the last horse they will breed and race . . . to all concerned well done . . standardbred and breeding for all\nbyford harness racing trainer aldo cortopassi brought up his 200th winner as a trainer when odds - on favourite mago man just lasted to win the last race at gloucester park tonight . cortopassi began training in 1995 with his first winner being just miles ahead on 7th july 1995 at gloucester park . mago man is raced by vince vinciullo who enjoyed considerable success as an owner / trainer some 30 years ago with devils arrow and raceaway too which both finished in the stables of fred kersley after being given their early racing by vinciullo . devils arrow won 12 races however vinciullo hit the jackpot with raceaway too which won 21 races including the 1987 americas cup festival of sport cup . the $ 100 , 000 race had originally been intended to be run to co - incide with each defence of the americas cup yacht race . unfortunately the cup was lost in 1987 and the acfos cup was never run again . alan parker\nbeaudiene boaz ' s performance in his australian debut highlighted friday ' s harness racing at gloucester park with the highly touted two year old proving too good in the $ 125 , 000 premier suzuki golden slipper . wes cameron caught up with clinton hall just after the race . also on gptv this week : tom buchanan : tom previews his drives at pinjarra this monday . dylan egerton - green : dylan talks about his upcoming drives in pinjarra and northam . nathan turvey : nathan previews his monday drives at pinjarra and talks about what ' s coming up for his stable . aldo cortopassi : aldo on his drives at pinjarra , his venture into thoroughbred racing and the status of pacing cup winner hokonui ben for the full list of videos visit urltoken\nin the lead up to tomorrow night\u2019s bumper harness racing meeting at gloucester park , wes cameron speaks to ; morgan woodley mark congerton aldo cortopassi nathan turvey robbie williams for the full list of interviews urltoken on a night with two group one races , morgan woodley is confident straittothehilton has the gate speed to lead from barrier one in the $ 100 , 000 nhp westbred 2yo fillies classic . \u201cshe\u2019s shown in the past that she can come out fast from the outside barriers and this is probably her best draw in a long time so we\u2019ll be hoping to use that early speed and then just assess it as it happens , \u201d woodley said . owner / breeder mark congerton acknowledged the strength of the field but remained bullish of his filly , massive attack\u2019s , chances in the race . \u201cshe\u2019ll beat all of them , \u201d he said . \u201cshe\u2019s a very , very good filly . she\u2019s very tough , she\u2019s hard , she can lead , she\u2019s got great gate speed\u2026they won\u2019t beat her on friday night . \u201d maybe special trained by frank bonna faces a stern test amid such strong competition but driver nathan turvey remains quietly confident of her prospects . \u201cshe beat some quite nice fillies last start\u2026she\u2019ll probably go the fence from barrier nine but she\u2019s a lot better than people think , \u201d turvey said . for the full list of interviews visit urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nnew customers only , place a \u20ac10 bet on any sportsbook market - min stake \u20ac10 at odds of at least 1 . 5 ( 1 / 2 ) \u2014 and we\u2019ll give you \u20ac30 in free bets . only deposits made using cards or paypal will qualify for this promotion . free bets are valid for 30 days and must be used on a sportsbook market . free bets will be awarded after the qualifying bet has been settled . t & cs apply . games : one bonus per customer . \u20ac10 free to play on ted slot game , offer valid for 7 days . opt in on games promotions page . x15 wagering applies . t & cs apply .\nimportant info : 18 + . new uk + ire customers only . min deposit \u00a35 . certain payment methods and cashout excluded . min first bet \u00a35 . min odds 1 / 2 ( 1 . 5 ) . must be placed within 14 days of account reg . free bet credited upon placement of qualifying bet , valid for 24 hours . free bet stake not returned . t & cs apply .\nup to \u00a3100 in bet credits . new customers only . sign up , deposit \u00a35 or more to your account and bet365 will match your qualifying deposit in bet credits when you place 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evens ( 2 . 0 ) or greater on your first bet . free bet balance of \u00a330 credited within 48 hours of your first bet being settled . free bets expire after 7 days . e - wallet restrictions apply . minimum 5 game rounds . game restrictions apply . maximum 30 free spins on selected games . free spins expire after 7 days . full t & cs apply .\nnew customers only . qualifying bet must be placed at odds of 2 . 0 or greater ; \u00a350 free sports bet split into 5 bets of \u00a310 each , valid on set events only ; * * wager must be 40 times the free casino bonus in order to withdraw winnings . credit or debit card deposits only ; deposit and bet of \u00a310 required within 7 days of opening new account , t & c apply .\n18 + , t & c ' s apply . cash stakes only . min \u00a310 stake required for initial \u00a35 free bet . min odds 1 / 2 . max \u00a325 in free bets . subsequent free bets equal 50 % average of each of 3 qualifying bets . 13 bets required to receive full \u00a325 free bet . qualifying bet must be placed within 30 days of opening account . free bet expires after 7 days . payment method restrictions apply .\nall original material is copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2018 by moneta communications . other material is copyright their respective owners .\nclick here for the thoroughbred village home page . for village news , follow @ tbvillage on twitter . for horseracing tips , follow @ villagebet on twitter . to contact the mayor by email : click here .\ntomoharu bushizawa\nshe worked today like she always does , which is what we wanted to see from her . her last performance ( 4th , grade 3 fukushima himba stakes ) wasn ' t too shabby , and her conditioning is definitely picking up with the weather getting warmer .\nyuichi shikato ( trainer )\nshe ' s giving off good vibes after working with her partner . she took a little break at the yamamoto training center after her last start , and she came back to us in very good shape . she ' s changed , physically , and she ' s become much more consistent lately . she should do fine even at 1 , 600 meters as long as she doesn ' t fight the flow .\nyuichi kitamura\nyou can tell right away she ' s in good form because of the way she ' s responding . our opponents are strong , but she just needs to concentrate on running her race at her rhythm . she never gives in easily , which is her best quality . hopefully , i can ride a race that will make the most of that .\nhideaki fujiwara ( trainer )\nher partner went a little faster than we had hoped for , but our horse is in good shape . i think everyone knows the big two aren ' t 100 percent right now , so this is our chance here . but to make the most of the opportunity , we have to be at our best which we think she ' s in . the conditions of the race are good and she has a very high ceiling . we ' re out to achieve something here , no question .\nnorihiro yokoyama\na horse of her class , it all comes down to her physical condition . if she ' s fit , then it ' s automatic that she ' ll be in the race . i saw her race in dubai , and she ran a good race . i was just really impressed by her ability . this is her first race back , and as it is with people , it ' s only natural to be a little tired after traveling abroad \u2013 especially in a cargo ! but i ' ve been told by the trainer she ' s in the form she needs to be in and she ' s won at the mile in the past so i don ' t anticipate too many problems .\nhiroyoshi matsuda ( trainer )\nshe isn ' t as edgy as she used to be , so she doesn ' t work like she used to . she got a little worked up last week and took the bit , but i think she was just getting loose because she ' s back to her usual old self . she looks very fit . the last race had to be tough on her . there ' s no question a longer distance is better for her , but the long straight at tokyo will make up for it . we don ' t need her to do anything special here ; all we ask from her is to be herself . the result will be there in the end if she does .\nyasuo ikee ( trainer )\nshe had the ideal workout today . started slow , and picked it up on the straight . she ' s a little plump right now , but she should be all right after the travel on the day of the race . if you look at the way she ran when she won the kyoto himba stakes two starts ago , a spacious track will probably bring out the best in her .\nhiroyuki nagahama ( trainer )\ni was reassured by her movement today . her breathing was good as well . she balked at working on the woodchip last week , so she trained on the hill today . the track was heavy , so i ' m not concerned with the 14 seconds through the last furlong . from her build to her performance , everything about her is better than what it was compared to last season . she ' s won back to back at 1 , 400 meters , and i think she ' s finally come into her own . we ' re really looking forward to how she does against this quality of competition in the mile .\nkazuo fujisawa ( trainer )\nno problem with her condition and she looks all right after the workout . she ' s been steady since her last start , and although she ' s become a really good racehorse , she hasn ' t faced the kind of competition and the pace she ' ll go up against here . things might not turn out the way we want it to , but at the very least , she has the potential to be as good as her mother , lady blond .\nhiroaki kiyoyama ( assistant trainer )\nshe ' s moving much better than she did for her last race . last year , she was running on her potential alone . this year , she ' s really learning how to race , step by step .\nyasuo tomomichi ( trainer )\nwe ' re pleased with the way she worked today . she ' s a little bit difficult to grasp , but her best distance is somewhere in between a mile and 2 , 000 meters .\nnobuhiro suzuki ( trainer )\nnothing fast , just took it nice and easy today , and her action was good . this has been our target for the spring all long and everything has gone according to plan so far . the competition is tough , no doubt , but there ' s no question our horse has gotten stronger as well . since training at ritto , she ' s put on a lot of muscle around the shoulders and her hind legs . i think it ' s rare for a horse to improve as much as she has at her age . i don ' t think she ' s ever been this good before , and we certainly have our hopes up for sure .\nkenichi fujioka ( trainer )\nshe worked exactly according to plan , and there ' s no question she ' s in much better form compared to her last start . i think all it comes down to is her being able to run a clean race .\nshigeyuki kojima ( trainer )\nshe ' s due for a break after this , so we ' re not holding back here . we worked her hard , and considering how bad she is on an off track , we ' re very pleased with what we saw from her today . we ' ve been taking it one race at a time , but i think she ' s in as good shape as she ever has been in . she can pretty much handle any pace , but the key for her is rhythm more than anything . i wanted the jockey , tetsuzo sato , to get a feel for her at the tokyo mile in the tokyo shimbun hai , and she ' s much stronger than she was back then . the 4 - year - olds are pretty tough , but given her form right now , we ' ll give them a run for their money .\nhirofumi shii\nif we wanted a fast time from her , we could ' ve gotten it . but she ' s just come back from racing in dubai so there ' s no need to push her . judging by the way she felt this morning , she can run her best race . she hasn ' t changed much from last season , but she probably doesn ' t need to because she ' s such a talented horse . the fans have been waiting all long for this matchup , and these two horses have to set the benchmark for all of racing over the next couple of months so we can ' t embarrass ourselves out there . she might be a little edgier right now than usual so a mile is probably good for her . i just hope we can get our season in japan off to a good start here .\nmikio matsunaga ( trainer )\nnot a whole lot of time after dubai , so there was no need for fast work . i ' m really pleased with the workout . she ' s put the weight back on , and her usual stuff will be enough to give us a chance . the tokyo course is really good for her , plus she knows how to race now so any pace is good for us . she was second in the record rose stakes so she can put up a fast time if it comes down to that .\nkyosuke maruta\nshe trained at her own pace which she usually does , and she looks very relaxed right now . mentally , she ' s probably right where we need her to be . i think she should be able to handle the extra distance just fine .\nyogelatiada munakata ( trainer )\nwe had to be picky about the course she worked on because of the rain today . she lost some weight after her last start , but she ' s managed to put it back on . her breathing was good , and we think she ' s in pretty good form at the moment . but i have to admit , we ' re in a pretty tough field here . we have nothing to lose ; we see ourselves as challengers . we just have to see how both the jockey and the horse do in their first grade 1 start .\nhayato yoshida\nshe had someone set the pace for her early on , and we just wanted to see her response over her position toward the front in her last race and if anything , she was probably better the last furlong today . i think it ' s safe to say she ' s in good condition . she can basically race from any position now , and you can always count on her to finish strong .\nkazu sato ( assistant trainer )\nwe gave her some much - needed rest following the last race . she ' s definitely in better shape compared to then , and running counterclockwise is a plus for her . she ' ll need some help with the pace here , though , because the other horses are so strong .\nred desire & buena vista back from dubai and back down to the mile , still think they will both run well . going for red desire to bounce back .\ni backed red desire - not a bad run after her wide run . but buena vista simply too good .\nstar nsw filly frith produced a brilliant all the way performance to take out an action - packed $ 150 , 000 g1 gannons wa oaks on friday night at gloucester park .\nharness racing driver bruce harpley , a postman in the town of junee , 435km south - west of sydney , has high hopes of celebrating his first drive in a race in western australia by guiding frith to victory in the $ 150 , 000 gannon ' s wa oaks at gloucester park on friday night .\nsire : special week ( jpn ) , dark bay or brown , 1995 . lifetime : 37 yearlings sold , median $ 197 , 400 .\nsire : agnes tachyon ( jpn ) , chestnut , 1998 . lifetime : 60 yearlings sold , median $ 250 , 916 .\nbroodmare sire : a . p . indy , dark bay or brown , 1989 .\nsire : tanino gimlet ( jpn ) , bay , 1999 . lifetime : 20 yearlings sold , median $ 165 , 663 .\njour polaire rallied to the lead in the final strides of the may 13 victoria mile ( g1 ) at toyko racecourse and just held off the favorite , lys gracieux , by a nose at the wire .\njapan ' s string of six straight weekly grade 1 races continues may 13 with the victoria mile for fillies and mares at tokyo , featuring the winner of the 2017 yushun himba ( japanese oaks , g1 ) , soul stirring ( jpn ) .\nrisen star , barbara fritchie , rachel alexandra , buena vista , general george , mineshaft handicap , razorback handicap , royal delta , southwest , las flores , bayakoa , fair grounds handicap , california cup derby , california cup oaks , february and more .\nbarbara fritchie , royal delta , buena vista , general george , bayakoa , razorback , southwest , and more .\npimlico , japan , belterra , santa anita , canterbury , monmouth , charles town and more .\nshowing a sparkling turn of foot in the stretch , straight girl wore down front - runner keiai elegant near the finish line in blitzing to victory in the victoria mile ( jpn - i ) may 17 at tokyo .\nverxina led gate to wire as she struck for a repeat win in the victoria mile ( jpn - i ) may 18 at tokyo racecourse .\nfour times second at the group i level in 2012 , verxina finally broke through in the victoria mile ( jpn - i ) may 12 at tokyo racecourse when holding off the strong late charge of whale capture to prevail by a nose ."]}
{"id": 2228, "summary": [{"text": "pseudosophronia exustellus is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by zeller in 1847 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in portugal , spain , france , italy , and on sicily . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pseudosophronia exustellus", "paragraphs": ["pseudosophronia corley , 2001 ; entomologists gaz . 52 : 214 ; ts : ypsolophus exustellus zeller\nsophronia cosmella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 258 , pl . 10 , f . 19 ; tl : corsica\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nspecies identified so far are listed below . any queries should be directed to charlie perez at\nthis email address is being protected from spambots . you need javascript enabled to view it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of anacampsini sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2232, "summary": [{"text": "lopinga achine , the woodland brown , is a butterfly in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species is widely distributed , but uncommon and local in continental europe .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "most of the suitable habitats for the species have been transformed to gardening .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the woodland brown may be found in warm openings of damp unmanaged mature forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lopinga achine", "paragraphs": ["remarks : lopinga achine occurs locally from france across central and eastern europe to northern asia and japan .\nwoodland brown lopinga achine scopoli 1763 ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) is one of the threatened butterflies in finland and europe in general .\nbergman k . o . ( 2001 ) population dynamics and the importance of habitat management for conservation of the butterfly lopinga achine . journal of applied ecology , 38 , 1303 - 1313\npararge achine var . jezeonsis matsumura , 1919 ; thous . ins . japan . addit . 3 : 727 ; tl : hokkaido\npararge achine ab . vindobonensis kammel , 1913 ; ent . zs . 27 ( 15 ) : 83 ; tl : rohrwald nr wien\npolyargia verity , 1957 ; var . g\u00e9ograph . saison . pap . diurn . fr . ( 3 ) : 436 ; ts : papilio achine scopoli\nhabitat : lopinga achine needs clear , open forests which are rich in undergrowth and grasses ( carex ! ) and show a larger age diversity . for example , it flies in the coppice woodlands or in floodplain forests along rivers . clear and moist spruce forests are also colonized , while dense , low - light spruce forests provide no habitat .\na beautifully marked and rather rare butterfly . i first saw achine at this one location in c\u00f4te - d ' or , central france , in late june 2007 , a single tired and worn female , probably the last of the colony . i revisited the site again in early june 2008 and was rewarded with several fresh achine flying , not to mention a couple of scarce fritillaries ( euphydryas maturna ) .\nwe thank d . cizkova , j . dovala , p . dufkova , l . honc , j . patera , j . piszkiewicz , l . spitzer for enjoyable companionship in the field . zuzana veverkova , our fellow zoologist who was born in a village next to the wood , recalled collecting grass in the wood with her grandmother in the late 1970s . lepidopterists l . honc , m . kralicek , l . stiova and j . uricar , and botanists m . chytry , v . grulich and j . rolecek informed us on their observations from historical lopinga achine sites . we acknowledge funding by the grant agency of the czech republic ( 526 / 04 / 0417 ) , czech department of environment ( vav / 620 / 1 / 03 ) and education ( lc06073 ) .\nceu , s . scandinavia , russia , n . asia , amur , ussuri , japan . see [ maps ]\n800x494 ( ~ 45kb ) male open pine / birch forest , akademgorodok [ academy town ] , novosibirsk , west siberia , russia . 20th june 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n682x490 ( ~ 78kb ) upperside male open pine / birch forest , akademgorodok [ academy town ] , novosibirsk , west siberia , russia . 20th june 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nlarva on gramineae , lolium , triticum [ h & r ; ] , agropyron , dactylis , melica , carex spp . [ bru ] , lang , 1884\nurals - s . siberia , china , mongolia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\nhipparchia ( pararga ) deidamia eversmann , 1851 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 617 ; tl : irkutsk\npararge deidamia ; [ bow ] : pl . 204 , f . 4 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\n800x600 ( ~ 95kb ) underside an open birch / larch forest on a western slope of a mountain massif at the polovinnaya pad ' valley left board few km of the argun ' river left bank 12 km s of the village uryupino , gazimurskozavodskoi district , e chita province , e transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 28th july 1997 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1115x856 ( ~ 322kb ) upperside female a road on the akkem river right bank terrace in its lowermost reaches going through a spruce forest , katunskii range northern foot , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 7th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npararge deidamia interrupta fruhstorfer , 1909 ; int . ent . zs . 3 ( 24 ) : 134 ; tl : japan , nikko\npararge deidamia thyria fruhstorfer , 1909 ; int . ent . zs . 3 ( 24 ) : 134 ; tl : c . china ; tsintau\ncrebeta lehmanni forster , 1980 ; spixiana 3 ( 1 ) : 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : nepal , daulaghiri so - seite , 2700m\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ bru ] ; tuzov , bogdanov , devyatkin , kaabak , korolev , murzin , samodurov , tarasov , 1997 guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories : hesperiidae , papilionidae , pieridae , satyridae butts . russia adj . terr . 1\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the caterpillar feeds on grasses ( cyperaceae and poaceae ) , especially on carex alba , carex brizoides and brachypodium .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j .\nvan swaay , c . & cuttelod , a . ( iucn red list unit )\njustification : in europe and the eu27 countries , a population decline of more than 30 % falls within the uncertainty limits for this species ' population decline . therefore , this species is considered as vulnerable . it should however be noted that both the distribution and population size of this species in western and central europe have declined severely during the 20th century ( so before the last ten years ) .\nthis is a central european species , local and very rare . in spain possibly only in biscay , in france except atlantic coast and south , switzerland , north of italy via slovenia to the east , continuous from southeast germany to the south of finland . 200 - 1 , 500 m . it is also found eastwards across northern central asia to korea and japan . the global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside europe .\nchanges in woodland or woodland management are the main threats all over the continent . nevertheless agricultural abandonment and land drainage are important threats in some countries , mainly because the habitat was maintained in a successional change by grazing .\nthe species is listed on the habitats directive annex 4 and bern convention annex 2 . in countries where the species is declining , important habitats should be protected and managed . the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a butterfly monitoring scheme . it is important to maintain suitable glades by grazing or clearing at regular intervals to prevent overshading of its habitat . to improve overgrown sites small clearings ( 10 - 30 m in diameter ) should be created , wide enough to allow the sun to reach the ground ( bergman pers . comm . ) .\nvan swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , l\u00f3pez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n2017 photographs highlighted in yellow . click on any photograph to go to an enlarged picture , or simply scroll down the page .\nit is a very nervous butterfly , remarkably difficult to approach for a photograph , as these distance shots testify ; any closer and it is off very quickly . the underside is magnificent , as can just about be seen from 15945 and 40676 below . in 2009 it was present in good numbers at this same site , but not present in mid - june 2010 , perhaps the flight period being over by then .\nwere flying but they were so active , even early in the morning , that photography was impossible . however , a trip a few days later to a site in c\u00f4te - d ' or searching for\nstill flying there . 37574 very kindly posed for the camera in overcast conditions .\nwas only just starting to emerge on 28 may . we saw several very fresh but even more nervous males , hence 40676 as a distance shot being the nearest we could get . contrast this with 2017 , when a visit to the same site revealed an\nit has a habit , unique among all butterfly species in my experience , of flying into the dense trees and bushes and rarely settling at less than 2 - 3m above the ground . a good photograph of the underside of this fabulous butterfly is still at the top of my wish list for the future .\na female , very much at the end of the flight period , but photographic opportunities are so infrequent with this species , that anything gets included .\ni had this down as a male , possibly based on behaviour , although the extent of the unh white markings matches the illustration of the female in t & l rather better than the male . the sexes are so similar that maybe this is not a reliable pointer , though .\na male , as mentioned in the narrative , the nearest we could get to this early emerger .\na beautifully marked fresh male , taking salts from the droppings of a wild animal that i am not able to identify . it was a rare opportunity to get a close shot , but even on approaching very gently , it was still enough to spook the subject and , despite considerable patience , it did not return .\na female , photographed at the same site only a week or so later , but already showing some fading , even for a female given that they tend to emerge later than the males .\nwe thank silja kana , juha p\u00f6yry and anu tiitsaar for their expert help in the field , karl - olof bergman for giving directions to field sites , ants kaasik for statistical advice , as well as robert b . davis , toomas esperk , freerk molleman and tiit teder for comments on the manuscript . the study was supported by estonian science foundation grant 9294 , targeted financing project sf0180122s08 and by the european union through the european regional development fund ( center of excellence fibir ) as well as the swedish research council formas and the strategic research programme eko klim at stockholm university .\n( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) larvae and ovipositing females : implications for conservation . biol conserv 88 : 69\u201374\nbergman ko ( 2005 ) \u00e5tg\u00e4rdsprogram f\u00f6r bevarande av d\u00e5rgr\u00e4sfj\u00e4ril . rapport nr 5527 , naturv\u00e5rdsverket\n( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) in a fragmented landscape . biol conserv 102 : 183\u2013190\n( fabricius , 1787 ) in south - western france ( lepidoptera : satyridae ) . entomol z 116 : 186\u2013188\ngotthard k ( 2004 ) growth strategies and optimal body size in temperate pararginii butterflies . integr comp biol 44 : 471\u2013479\ngurevitch j , scheiner sm , fox ga ( 2006 ) the ecology of plants . sinauer associates inc , sunderland , usa , p 518\nhanski i , singer mc ( 2001 ) extinction - colonization dynamics and host - plant choice in butterfly metapopulations . am nat 158 : 341\u2013353\njavoi\u0161 j , tammaru t ( 2004 ) reproductive decisions are sensitive to cues of life expectancy : the case of moth . anim behav 68 : 249\u2013255\nkarlsson b , wiklund c ( 1985 ) egg weight variation in relation to egg mortality and starvation endurance of newly hatched larvae in some satyrid butterflies . ecol entomol 10 : 205\u2013211\n( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) : implications for conservation . j insect conserv 16 : 305\u2013313\n) in the czech republic : habitat use , demography and site management . j insect conserv 12 : 549\u2013560\nkukk t , kull t ( 2005 ) atlas of the estonian flora . maa\u00fclikool p\u00f5llumajandus - ja keskkonnainstituut , tartu\nnakamura y ( 2011 ) conservation of butterflies in japan : status , actions and strategy . j insect conserv 15 : 5\u201322\nsettele j , feldmann r , reinhardt r ( 1999 ) die tagfalter deutschlands : ein handbuch f\u00fcr freiland\u00f6kologen . umweltplaner und natursch\u00fctzer , stuttgart\ntammaru t , javoi\u0161 j ( 2000 ) responses of ovipositing moths ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) to host plant deprivation : life - history aspects and implications for population dynamics . environ entomol 29 : 1002\u20131010\nvan dyck h , van strien aj , maes d , van swaay c ( 2009 ) declines in common , widespread butterflies in a landscape under intense human use . conserv biol 23 : 957\u2013965\nvan halder i , barbaro l , corcket e , jactel h ( 2008 ) importance of semi - natural habitats for the conservation of butterfly communities in landscapes dominated by pine plantations . biodivers conserv 17 : 1149\u20131169\nvan swaay c , warren m , lo\u00efs g ( 2005 ) biotope use and trends of european butterflies . j insect conserv 10 : 189\u2013209\nzalucki mp , clarke ar , malcolm sb ( 2002 ) ecology and behavior of first instar larval lepidoptera . annu rev entomol 47 : 361\u2013393\nzovi d , stastny m , battisti a , larsson s ( 2008 ) ecological costs on local adaptation of an insect herbivore imposed by host plants and enemies . ecology 89 : 1388\u20131398\nlindman , l . , johansson , b . , gotthard , k . et al . j insect conserv ( 2013 ) 17 : 375 . urltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nbenes j , konvicka m ( 2006 ) denn\u00ed mot\u00fdli v n\u00e1rodn\u00edch maloplo\u0161k\u00e1ch : prvn\u00ed poznatky z celost\u00e1tn\u00ed inventarizace . ochrana prirody 61 : 145\u2013150\nbenes j , kuras t ( 1997 ) dlouhodob\u00e9 zm\u011bny diverzity heliofiln\u00edch mot\u00fdl\u016f ( lepidoptera ) opavsk\u00e9 pahorkatiny a n\u00edzk\u00e9ho jesen\u00edku ( \u010desk\u00e1 republika ) . i cas slez muz opava ( a ) 46 : 135\u2013158\nbenes j , cizek o , dovala j , konvicka m ( 2006 ) intensive game keeping , coppicing and butterflies : the story of milovicky wood , czech republic . forest ecol manag 237 : 353\u2013365\nbenes j , konvicka m , dvorak j , fric z , havelda z , pavlicko a , vrabec v , weidenhoffer z ( 2002 ) butterflies of the czech republic : distribution and conservation i . som , praha\nborhidi a ( 1995 ) social behaviour types , the naturalness and relative ecological indicator values of the higher plants in the hungarian flora . acta bot hung 39 : 97\u2013181\nbraun - blanquet j ( 1964 ) pflanzensoziologie , grundz\u00fcge der vegetationskunde , 3rd edn . springer , wien\nchytry m . , kucera t , koci n ( eds ) ( 2001 ) katalog biotop\u016f \u010desk\u00e9 republiky . aopk , prague\nellenberg h , weber he , d\u00fcll r , wirth v , werner w , paulissen d ( 1992 ) zeigerwerte von pflanzen in mitteleuropa , 2nd edn . scr geobotanica 18 : 1\u2013258\nfric z , konvicka m ( 2007 ) dispersal kernels of butterflies : power - law functions are invariant to marking frequency . basic appl ecol ( in press )\ngreatorex - davies jn , sparks th , hall ml , marrs rh ( 1993 ) the influence of shade on butterflies in rides of coniferized lowland woods in southern england and implications for conservation management . biol conserv 63 : 31\u201341\nhofmeister j , mihaljevic m , hosek j , sadlo j ( 2002 ) eutrophication of deciduous forests in the bohemian karst ( czech republic ) : the role of nitrogen and phosphorus . forest ecol manag 169 : 213\u2013230\nhorv\u00e1th f , dobolyi z , morschhauser t , lokos l , karas l , szerdahelyi t ( 1995 ) flora adatb\u00e1zis 1 . 2 . \u2014taxonlista es attributum allomany . hungarian academy of sciences , vacr\u00e1t\u00f3t\nh\u00f6ttinger h , pennerstorfer j ( 1999 ) rote listen ausgew\u00e4hlter tiergruppen nieder\u00f6sterreichs\u2014tagfalter ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera & hesperiidae ) , 1 fassung 1999 . n\u00f6 landesregierung abt naturshcutz , st p\u00f6lten\nide j , kondoh m ( 2000 ) male - female evolutionary game on mate - locating behaviour and evolution of mating systems in insects . ecol lett 3 : 433\u2013440\nkonvicka m ( 1999 ) macrolepidoptera of the litovelsk\u00e9 pomorav\u00ed protected landscape area\u2014i . cas slez muz opava ( a ) 48 : 41\u201364\n( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) in the litovelske pomoravi , czech republic . j insect conserv 3 : 211\u2013223\nkralicek m , gottwald a ( 1984 ) motyli jihovychodni moravy i [ butterflies of southeast moravia i ] . okresni museum & ov csop , uhersky brod & uherske hradiste\nkralicek m , gottwald a ( 1987 ) motyli jihovychodni moravy iiii [ butterflies of southeast moravia i ] . okresni museum & ov csop , uhersky brod & uherske hradiste\nkudrna o ( 2002 ) the distribution atlas of european butterflies . oedippus 20 : 1\u2013342\nlastuvka z ( 1994 ) mot\u00fdli roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed chko p\u00e1lava . agronomick\u00e1 fakulta vsz , brno\nlastuvka z , marek j ( 2002 ) lepidoptera of the moravian karst\u2014diversity , communities and protection . korax , blansko\nlebreton jd , burnham kp , clobert j , anderson dr ( 1992 ) modeling survival and testing biological hypotheses using marked animals\u2014a unified approach with case studies . ecol monogr 62 : 67\u2013118\nlekes v ( 2000 ) mot\u00fdli ( lepidoptera ) ro\u017ed\u2019\u00e1lovick\u00e9 tabule . pr\u00e1ce muzea kol\u00edn\u011b , \u0159ada p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00e1 4 : 45\u2013148\nleps j , smilauer p ( 2003 ) multivariate analysis of ecological data using canoco . cambridge university press , cambridge uk\npollard e , woiwod ip , greatorex - davies jn , yates tj , welch rc ( 1998 ) the spread of coarse grasses and changes in numbers of lepidoptera in a woodland nature reserve . biol conserv 84 : 17\u201324\nrolecek j ( 2005 ) vegetation types of dry - mesic oak forests in slovakia . preslia 77 : 241\u2013261\nschneider c ( 2003 ) the influence of spatial scale on quantifying insect dispersal : an analysis of butterfly data . ecol entomol 28 : 252\u2013256\nschtickzelle n , baguette m , le boulenge e ( 2003 ) modelling insect demography from capture - recapture data : comparison between the constrained linear models and the jolly\u2013seber analytical method . can entomol 135 : 313\u2013323\nschtickzelle n , le boulenge e , baguette m ( 2002 ) metapopulation dynamics of the bog fritillary butterfly : demographic processes in a patchy population . oikos 97 : 349\u2013360\nstiova l ( 1973 ) vyskyt dennich motylu v oblasti oderskych vrchu , jeseniku a hlucinske pahorkatiny . entomol zpravodaj ( ostrava ) 3 ( 2 , 3 ) : 1\u201320 , 1\u201314\ntybirk k , strandberg b ( 1999 ) oak forest development as a result of historical land - use patterns and present nitrogen deposition . forest ecol manag 114 : 97\u2013106\nvan swaay cam , warren ms ( 1999 ) red data book of european butterflies ( rhopalocera ) . nature and environment 99 strasbourg , council of europe publishing\n. iii . population dynamics and the effect of habitat management . j appl ecol 24 : 499\u2013513\nwarren ms , key rs ( 1991 ) woodlands : past , present and potential for insects . in : collins nm , thomas ja ( eds ) the conservation of insects and their habitats . academic press , london , pp 155\u2013212\nwhigham df ( 2004 ) ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests . ann rev ecol evol syst 35 : 583\u2013621\nkonvicka , m . , novak , j . , benes , j . et al . j insect conserv ( 2008 ) 12 : 549 . urltoken\nplease add your details if you are interested in receiving updates from the conservation evidence team about new papers , synopses and opportunities .\nconservation evidence , department of zoology , university of cambridge , david attenborough building , cb2 3qy . \u00a9 2018 urltoken | built by mighty sharp\nplease enter the letters as they are shown in the image above . letters are not case - sensitive .\nall relevant data already collected in the form of publications and museum collections should be available for data mining and similar operations .\na review of genetic algorithms based methods relevant to the estimation of the distribution of the woodland brown and similar organisms is given together with an outline of possible applications with this particular finnish example species .\nit is included in the list of endangered flora and fauna compiled by the bern convention ( council of europe , 1993 ) and in the habitats directive ( annex iv ; van helsdingen et al , 1996 ) . there are only a few occurrences known in finland ( marttila 1990 ) .\ne . g . in sweden there is only one mainland occurrence left ( k - o bergman 2001 ) .\nsome of these reasons constrain the possible habitat , which seem to have certain microclimate and vegetation requirements .\nit seems that the optimal environment of woodland brown resembles more a diverse pastoral idyll of the past slash and burn cultivation ( kaskiviljely ) combined with graze of the resulting wasteland and natural forest fires than the current highly efficient\ntimberfields\nof quite uniform vegetation .\nas a result the woodland brown inhabits only a few small patches more or less well connected to a metapopulation ( hanski 1991a ) .\n, which is considerably larger area than the previously known largest occurrence in finland in hattula having area of less than 20 . 000m\nin all there are about 50 suitable sites of which most were inhabited by woodland brown ( fig . 3 ) .\nthe first inventory is based on a very short visit ( 5 to 15min ) to most suitable sites by the author during two visits in july 2008 .\ncurrently it seems that there are two close by clusters of habitats ( fig . 3 ) , but that might be just due to lack of observations .\nthe number of suitable sites has certainly been decreasing due to very active digging of brooks ( ojitus ) to dry the once abundant wetlands .\nonly the smallest , uneconomical , and most difficult to dry marshes were left surrounded by dense forests .\nluckily the found occurrence has a variable topography offering suitable bowls for small marshy glades between low rocky hills ( fig . 2 ) .\nthere might be also some other geological factors , like nutrients and ph , that has made this area one of the last resorts for the woodland brown in finland .\nthe small marshy glades are visible in ordinary ( civil ) satellite and aerial images , which gives one way to search for more suitable sites .\nit is interesting to notice that in sweden ( and elsewhere ) the mainland occurrence is not related to wetland ( k - o bergman 1999 , 2001 ) .\ntherefore the marsh itself is not a key factor of a suitable habitat . also the plants that the caterpillar eats are quite common . the adult butterfly does not live long and does not seem to have any special nutritional requirements .\n2 . conservation : how to prevent this occurrence from extinction . the occurrence is already surrounded and split by many different main infrastructures .\n3 . theory ( biology ) why some species are very abundant while others are very rare , if known at all .\nhot topic : a . m . kuris et al , nature 454 , 515 - 518 24 . july 2008 .\none possible factor causing the rarity and patchy occurrences of wood land brown may be some host - parasitoid interactions .\nit seems as if woodland brown likes places where there is not many other butterfly species , which might share some parasitoid species with it .\na parasitoid , wasp or fly usually , always kills its host , which seems to lead to highly unstable host - parasitoid population dynamics .\nhowever , there seems to be factors like patchy occurrence that may stabilise this dynamics .\nthere are certainly differences in the ability of moving from one glade into another between the host and its parasitoids .\nthere is also an obvious asymmetry of host and parasitoid : while host benefits from finding an unoccupied site the parasitoid has to find a site also already occupied by the host .\nhost - parasitoid dynamics can be simulated and under some assumptions also be mathematically analysed .\nhost - parasite model has been used also in ga based optimisation ( hillis 1992 , olssen 1996 ) .\nit was therefore natural to consider gas as one tool set to analyse ecology , biodiversity , and distribution related problems .\ndavid stockwell ' s and ian noble ' s garp ( genetic algorithm for rule - set prediction ) has been used in tens of biodiversity and distribution estimation projects gaecolbib .\necological ga applications have been done also in finland , actually finland is at the very top of most active countries in applying ga based methods in environmental and ecological problems ( table below ) .\nto find that there was already at least one study applying gas to the prediction of woodland brown ' s distribution ( h . romo 2006 ) was certainly at least as surprising for the author that it was at first hand for him to find the new occurrence .\ni . hanski has developed metapopulation model concept for species having several loosely connected habitats ( hanski 1991 ) .\ndramatic change in patch occupancy probability resembling phase transition happens by reduced number of habitats or increased distance between them ( hanski 1991 ) .\n( genetic algorithm for rule - set production ) ( stockwell 1992 , 1999 , 2006 ) .\nrecently new versions of garp have been used in quite many biodiversity and distribution prediction project . we will briefly review some of them below .\ndesktopgarp is a software package for biodiversity and ecologic research that allows the user to predict and analyze wild species distributions .\n- - -\na . t . peterson and his research group ( e . martinez - meyer , m . ortega - huerta , r . anderson ) , have helped to define software requirements , establish short and long - term goals , and test the software .\na set of geographic layers representing the environmental parameters that might limit the species ' survival ( climate , geology ) .\nnormalized difference vegetation index ( ndvi ) is a much used measure of multi - spectral satellite images .\nit has been used with garp for neotropical species of genus coccocypselum distribution prediction ( amaral 2007 ) .\nj . bond et al and a . stockman et al have studied the extinction of populations of endemic californian trapdoor spiders apomastus ( tarantula ) ( bond 2006 , stockman 2006 ) .\necology is closely related to economy . garp has used with estimating conservation economy ( fuller 2007 ) .\nestimation of biodiversity in europe has been done using garp ( thuiller 2003 ) .\nwhile many species has difficulties in surviving others are busy invading to new areas potentially causing problems . . .\ninvading species distribution prediction has also been done with garp ( sanchez - cordero 2000 , christenhusz 2008 ) .\nimage : centers for disease control and prevention , 1600 clifton rd , atlanta , ga 30333 , u . s . a\nphillips et al have compared their maxent entropy model and garp ( phillips 2004 ) .\ny . wang et al have also compared garp and the entropy model maxent ( wang 2007 ) .\nthere seems to be a lively debate about the merits of garp vs . maxent : ( peterson 2007 , phillips 2008 etc )\nwildlife planning comparison with eight heuristics including ga have been done by p . bettinger\nfinally h . romo et al have compared desktop garp and domain by estimating the distribution of thirteen threatened or rare butterflies , including woodland brown in ibero - balearic area .\naccording to the result got they recommend domain even if the results got were widely coincident ( romo 2006 ) .\nthere are also other ga applications in addition to the above and quite many with garp implementations .\na relative old report for environment australia by s . ferrier and g . watson evaluates the effectiveness of several modelling techniques , including ga based rule generation system in predicting the distribution of biological diversity for forested north east new south wales ( ferrier 1997 ) .\ntheir ga was from d . peters ' and r . thackway ' s cortex system ( peters 1998 ) .\nd . hughell and j . roise have done simulation studies with ga for management of timber and wildlife ( 1997 ) .\nthe precision of forest classification has been studies by m . katila using also ga ( 2006 ) .\nfinnish forest experts have analysed tropical rain forest and their biodiversity using ga and remote sensing ( rajaniemi 2005 ) .\nfinns have also used ga to optimize remote sensing classification ( holmstr\u00f6m 2003 , tomppo 2004 ) .\nsegmentation of aerial and satellite remote sensing images is a popular application area of gas . landcover classification has been done in ( palaniappan 2000 ) .\nh . fang et al have used ga to retrieve leaf area index from satellite images ( fang 2003 ) .\nneural networks and fuzzy logic are also popular soft computing methods used with ga in environmental monitoring ( schleiter 2001 ) .\ntutorial of machine learning methods for ecologists is given in ( olden 2008 ) .\nbayesian classification and ga in plant species distribution modeling for uk has been done by m . termansen et al ( 2006 ) .\ngas to optimise land usage for species having conflicting habitat requirements can be found in ( holzkamper 2006 ) .\nwhen building new infrastructure , wildlife concerns can be modelled by optimisation methods including wildlife hazard minimization , which is a new engineering management point of view ( kalafallah 2006 ) .\na review of species distribution forecasting machine learning methods has been done by m . b . araujo and m . new ( 2006 ) .\na review of gas in ecology is given by d . morrall ( 2006 ) . in ( recknagel 2006 ) .\nfor a bibliography of garp and other biodiversity and ecology related contributions see bibliography gaecolbib .\nchemometry and remote sensing image processing have tools that seem to be suitable for species distribution estimation .\nwe have used ga to both chemometrical spectral analysis wave length selection and medical image segmentation ( v\u00e4lisuo & alander ; 2008 ) .\nthere has been surprisingly many studies related to application of genetic algorithm based methods in wildlife conservation studies .\nin figure 4 you can see the number of papers using gas in ecology related topics compared to the number of all ga papers .\nbased on the literature review given in this paper the author plans to analyse the site more carefully with ga based methods .\nit would also be interesting to compare the site of the occurrence to those few existing in finland and elsewhere in europe .\nplan for creating new suitable sites , including sites in heavily processed areas ( parks , gaspipeline ) . in this particular case the occurrence already overlaps a jogging path network .\nconsideration of other , easier to monitor species for metapopulation studies : solitary wasp and bees needing special nesting environment and some of which are also threatened by lack of suitable biotopes .\na gaspipe will divide the occurrence quite precisely at the middle and it was actually the construction work that triggered the subsequent set of actions that finally lead to considering woodland brown , gas , and remote sensing .\nuppv\u00e4rmning , f\u00f6rsurning , \u00f6verg\u00f6dning och syrefria bottnar \u00e4r n\u00e5gra av de f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar som p\u00e5g\u00e5r i v\u00e4rldens oceaner . nu lanserar ett internationellt forskarteam en modell f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rutse och f\u00e5 bukt med kommande f\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar i v\u00e4rldshavens kustomr\u00e5den .\nm\u00e5nga djur har en i\u00f6gonenfallande f\u00e4rgteckning som signalerar till t . ex . artfr\u00e4nder och potentiella fiender . fr\u00e5gan om hur det g\u00e5tt till n\u00e4r de f\u00e5tt sina signaler har studerats i \u00f6ver 150 \u00e5r . nu har forskare vid zoologiska institutionen med hj\u00e4lp av h\u00f6ns visat att en psykologisk mekanism vid inl\u00e4rning hos signalmottagaren f\u00f6rklarar evolutionen av dessa f\u00e4rger , och kanske ocks\u00e5 andra signalsystem i naturen .\nrike stelkens har utsetts till wallenberg academy fellow 2017 av knut och alice wallenbergs stiftelse . hon kommer att att unders\u00f6ka om den genetiska m\u00e5ngfalden som h\u00e4rr\u00f6r fr\u00e5n hybridisering hj\u00e4lper j\u00e4st att \u00f6verleva i nya milj\u00f6er .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link ."]}
{"id": 2233, "summary": [{"text": "olivella semistriata is a species of small sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family olivellidae , the dwarf olives .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "with the very similar olivella columellaris it forms the subgenus pachyoliva .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "both species are suspension feeders .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they use unique appendages of the propodium ( front part of the foot ) to deploy mucus nets which capture suspended particles from the backwash on sandy beaches of the tropical eastern pacific .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "olivella semistriata is a swash-surfer ; the snails use their expanded foot as an underwater sail to follow the tidal movement of the backwash zone in which they feed . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "olivella semistriata", "paragraphs": ["olividae \u00bb olivella semistriata , id : 566900 , shell detail \u00ab shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .\nolivella semistriata ; ypm iz 000318 . gp ; north america ; pacific ocean ; mexico ; sinaloa state ; mazatlan\nkatja schulz selected\nolivella ( gastropod )\nto show in overview on\nolivella\n.\nthe grey , coiled seashell of olivella semistriata with the aperture ( shell opening ) facing up . photograph taken 2002 or earlier .\ne approach . with abundance values of up to 96257 ind . / m beach length , olivella semistriata seems to be an extremely abundant species for sandy beaches .\ndefensive behaviour in the sandy beach gastropod olivella semistriata ( olivellidae , caenogastropoda ) : variability , ecological context , and efficiency in predator - prey interactions winfried s . peters\nolivella biplicata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) - purple dwarf olive\nworms - world register of marine species - olivella columellaris ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )\nolivella undatella ; ypm iz 001376 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\nolivella volutella ; ypm iz 001561 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\nadults in the olivella species are usually quite small , hence the genus has the common name\ndwarf olive\n. species of oliva are usually larger , but there are exceptions .\nthe shell of olivella usually has a keel - like twist at the anterior end of the columella . the wall above it may be concave or have deep furrows . the inner lip can sometimes show a deep callus , and in many cases this extends over the parietal wall to the end of the aperture . this callus formation may extend to the spire but leave the suture open . most species of olivella have a thin , chitinous operculum , but this operculum is lacking in olivella nivea , as is also the case in species of oliva .\ntroost , a . i . ; rupert , s . d . ; cyrus , a . z . ; paladino , f . v . ; dattilo , b . f . ; peters , w . s . ( 2012 ) . what can we learn from confusing olivella columellaris and o . semistriata ( olivellidae , gastropoda ) , two key species in panamic sandy beach ecosystems ? . biota neotropica . 12 ( 2 ) : 101 - 113 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nworms ( 2010 ) . olivella swainson , 1831 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 02\ngray , j . e . ( 1839 ) . molluscous animals and their shells . pp . 103 - 155 , pls 33 - 34 [ in ] the zoology of capt . beechey ' s voyage , compiled from the collections on notes made by captain beechey , the officers and naturalist of the expedition during a voyage to the pacific and behring ' s straits in his majesty ' s ship blossom , under the command of captain f . w . beechey in the years 1825 , 26 , 27 and 28 . london pp . xii + 186 + 44 pl . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : page 130 , plate 36 [ details ]\nafter more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .\nlast week - on may 30 and 31st \u2013 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .\non 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .\nthe 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to fran\u00e7ois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .\nin 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .\nthe scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :\nwe want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .\nenter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .\ne - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .\n- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ncolumbella major ; ypm iz 005324 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\ngastropoda ; ypm iz 002863 . gp ; north america ; panama ; unknown which side of isthmus ; frank h . bradley ; 1866 / 1867\noops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .\nneither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .\nreset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .\nf + + + , very nice specimen found by p . williams ( labeled as o . bewleyi )\nf + + + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\nf + , very strange specimen from rare locality ! found by peggy williams in 1983 ! looks close to se florida o . matchetti !\ngem , very nice form - we only have had two specimen until today - the name may not be correct , but certainly is a form or even full species , dark first whorls and few patterns . from berry island\nf + + , nice shinny specimen , collected in st . petersburg in 1982 ! ex - coll . bunnie cook\nf + + + , very nice patterns ! found by p . williams in 1999\nf + + + , elongated and cylindric specimen ! found by p . williams\nf + + , unusual light colored shell found by p . williams off cairns !\ngem , beautiful species ! usually sold as polpasta , but this is easily identified by the shape and dark mark inside the siphon . rare mexican specimen found by p . williams !\nthe photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .\nkatja schulz marked\nfile : olivier - pres de pont du gard - dsc 0032w . jpg\nas trusted on the\nolea europaea l . ( 1753 )\npage .\nkatja schulz set\nolives\nas an exemplar on\nolea europaea l .\n.\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis )\nas preferred for\nolea europaea l .\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhall : kotlownia ( address : warszawska str . 24 , building number : 10 - 06 )\npresence and persistence of the neurotoxin domoic acid in cephalopod brains vanessa m . lopes\nempty bivalve shells : importance of heterogeneity and the role of invasive species in riverine systems martina i . ilarri\nwhat explains shell size variation in snails of recent and extinct long - lived lakes ? thomas a . neubauer\ncomparative functional responses to explain the success of invasive species \u2013 a study of sympatric zebra and quagga mussels justin s . kemp\nthe species concept for freshwater mollusca : from bourguignat to the present day maxim v . vinarski\nin the speciation race , can molecules lag behind ? looking into morphological and anatomical patterns in oxychilus ( drouetia ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) from the a\u00e7ores ant\u00f3nio m . de frias martins\neffect of infection by margaritifera margaritifera on growth of host fish m . motiur r . chowdhury\nmolecular phylogeny and biogeography of melanopsidae ( caenogastropoda : cerithioidea ) marco t . neiber\nmultilocus phylogeny of the land snail family geomitridae ( boettger , 1909 ) luis j . chueca\na parapatric ontact zone between sibling species of deroceras john m . c . hutchinson\na spatially explicit approach to prioritize protection areas using endangered freshwater mussels andreas h . dobler\nkeynote : who , where , what and why : some basic questions in land mollusc diversity robert a . d . cameron\nnon - marine snails of sint eustatius ( lesser antilles ) , surprisingly unknown and diverse a . j . ( ton ) de winter\nco - occurrence and hybridisation of three morphotypes of arion rufus and a . ater in eastern saxony , germany heike reise\nthe first records of androgenic hybrid corbicula lineages in extreme north of russia yulia v . bespalaya\n- an overview of recent studies of lymnaeid snails from geothermal habitats of northern palearctic . olga aksenova\n- species boundaries , geographic distribution and evolutionary history of the western palaeartic freshwater mussels unio ( bivalvia , unionidae ) . rafael araujo\n- chromosome numbers of families of georgian terrestrial molluscs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . nana bakhtadze , nino chakvetadze\n- one species or two ? testing gene flow between the subspecies of trochulus oreinos ( gastropoda : pulmonata : hygromiidae ) . sonja bamberger\n- cephalopods preyed upon by the loggerhead turtle , caretta caretta , in the mediterranean . giambattista bello\n- current knowledge and problems in metafruticicola ( gastropoda , hygromiidae ) . lefteris bitzilekis\n- molecular phylogeny of the land snail subfamily leptaxinae ( gastropoda : helicoidea : hygromiidae ) . amaia caro\n- the dispersion of corbicula fluminea ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) ( mollusca : corbiculidae ) in the upper oder river ( southern poland ) . klaudia cebulska\n- the possibility to use invasive species in biological early warning systems . joanna chmist\n- the influence of human disturbances on the appearance of alien species in a small lowland river . cieplok a .\n- demographic analyses and population models of the land snail iberus gualtieranus ( gastropoda : helicidae ) in southern iberian peninsula . luis j . chueca\n- invasive chinese pond mussel sinanodonta woodiana impacts physiology and induce cross - resistance of host fish . karel douda\n- a mollusc in the tube instead of the shell : the first investigation of cladobranch sea slug associated with annelids . irina ekimova\n- parasitism of the exotic mudsnail potamopyrgus antipodarum ( gray , 1843 ) ( mollusca : caenogastropoda : tateidae ) in the mont - saint - michel bay ( france ) . claudia g\u00e9rard\n- conservation and management action plan for the recovery and expansion of vertigo angustior and v . moulinsiana species in banyoles lake system ( ne - iberian peninsula ) . benjam\u00edn g\u00f3mez - moliner\n- alien species in the mollusc communities in selected abiotic types of rivers with different degrees of hydromorphological transformation ( upper silesia and adjacent areas , southern poland ) . dariusz halabowski\n- mofa \u2013 the newly founded society for molluscan research in austria . elisabeth haring\n- mollusc bycatch from the brazilian bottom trawling industrial fishery in the amazonian continental shelf . marko herrmann\n- a proposed method for standardization of growth estimations of tropical and subtropical molluscs . marko herrmann\n- intraspecific diversity in the hyper - diverse rock - dwelling land snail montenegrina . katharina jaksch - mason\n- phylogeny of widespread indo - tropical genera highlights the ancient connections between the largest river basins of indochina . ekaterina konopleva\n- on the glacial refugia of czech members of the family helicidae . ond\u0159ej kor\u00e1bek\n- establishment of the alien species dreissena polymorpha pallas , 1771 in a man - made reservoir undergoing restoration ( p\u0142awniowice reservoir , southern poland ) . mariola krodkiewska\n- long - term study on the occurrence of invasive and alien mollusc species in the mining subsidence reservoirs of industrial areas impacted by coal mine output ( upper silesia , southern poland ) . iga lewin\n- three protected species of vertigo in ireland \u2013 losses , gains and the status quo in recent years . maria p . long\n- cessation of grazing - the effects on land snail communities in farmed grassland , scrub and woodland habitats in the burren region in the west of ireland . maria p . long\n- continuous reproduction of sinanodonta woodiana ( lea , 1824 ) females : an invasive mussel species in a female - biased population . anna maria \u0142ab\u0119cka\n- land snails of rhodes , symi and chalki islands ( se aegean ) . leonidas maroulis\n- potamopyrgus antipodarum ( gray , 1843 ) \u2013 protective shield against swimmers\u2019 itch . marszewska anna\n- effects of climatic , geographic and evolutionary variables on the global species richness distribution of the family hydrobiidae s . str . stimpson , 1865 ( caenogastropoda ) . jonathan miller\n- taxonomy and distribution of the molluscan genus boreocingula in the arctic and subarctic waters ( gastropoda : rissoidae ) . ivan o . nekhaev\n- culture methods of margaritifera margaritifera ( l . , 1758 ) : comparison between plastic boxes , aquariums and buddensiek\u00b4s cages . ondina paz\n- shell thickening leading to apical occlusion in gastropods and its implications for paleoclimatology and the interpretion of the fossil record of gastropod diversity . winfried s . peters\n- selected food products , as the attractants for the invasive slugs arion vulgaris and limax maximus \u2013 field and laboratory study . bartosz piechowicz\n- different expression pattern of genes encoding vdac in terrestrial and freshwater gastropods . joanna romana pie\u0144kowska\n- two new species of aldisa ( gastropoda , nudibranchia ) from southern mozambique . marta pola\n- two distinct forms of the hairy snail trochulus hispidus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) show great phenotypic plasticity and no barriers in reproduction . ma\u0142gorzata pro\u0107k\u00f3w\n- freshwater mollusk communities from the oligocene lake nanning ( guangxi , southern china ) : insights into the evolution of an endemic lake fauna . simon schneider\n- issues concerning the monitoring and conservation status assessment of freshwater mollusk species in romania : an overview . ioan s\u00eerbu\n- the umbonal musculature of the middle triassic putative unionids from poland . aleksandra skawina\n- the female and male complete mitochondrial genomes of the freshwater mussel unio tumidus ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . marianna soroka\n- the impact of salinity on the biodiversity of mollusk communities in anthropogenic water bodies in a coal mining region ( upper silesia , southern poland ) . agnieszka sowa\n- patterns in the species richness and composition of the snail assemblages in acidic , neutral and alkaline forest ponds . aneta spyra\n- sphaerium nitidum clessin in westerlund , 1876 ( bivalvia , sphaeriidae ) : genetic characterization and micromorphology with notes on associated digeneans . gra\u017eina stanevi\u010di\u016bt\u0117\n- host specificity in the bivalvia - trematoda system : analyses based on rdna sequences and phylogeny of european flukes representing gorgoderidae , bucephalidae and allocreadiidae . virmantas stun\u017e\u0117nas\n- anomalodesmatan bivalves from the jurassic of poland\u2015an ancient group in its prime . przemys\u0142aw sztajner\n- pupilla muscorum densegyrata lo\u017eek , 1954 \u2013 a missing link in pupilla history . jana \u0161kodov\u00e1\n- eu life ip project freshabit : aiming to prevent extinction of the two main remaining margaritifera margaritifera populations of southern finland . jouni taskinen\n- current distribution of sinanodonta woodiana ( lea 1834 ) in poland . urba\u0144ska maria\n- testing the enemy release hypothesis on polish and italian populations of mussels . maria urbanska\n- impact of non - indigenous macrobenthic species on structural and functional diversity in the vistula lagoon ( southern baltic sea ) . jan warzocha\n- zebra mussel versus quagga : changes in population structure of two non - indigenous dreissenids in the szczecin lagoon ( river odra estuary , southern baltic sea ) . brygida wawrzyniak - wydrowska\n- genetic analysis of deroceras reticulatum ( o . f . m\u00fcller , 1774 ) in poland based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna . kamila s . zaj\u0105c\ntechnologies , inc . with subcontractors , droycon bioconcepts , inc . , university of west florida , university of\nandrew hall , a research associate with the past foundation , columbus , ohio .\nthis action might not be possible to undo . are you sure you want to continue ?\nfull text of\nolividae and olivellidae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda ) . a chronologic catalogue of literature , taxa and type figures , 1681 to present . version 2 . february 24 , 2017\nfull text of\nolividae and olivellidae ( gastropoda : neogastropoda ) . a chronologic catalogue of literature , taxa and type figures , 1681 to present . version 2 . february 24 , 2017\nsowerby i , g . b . ( 1825 ) . a catalogue of the shells contained in the collection of the late earl of tankerville . london , privately published . vii + 92 + xxxiv pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : p . xxxiv [ details ]\nerror . page cannot be displayed . please contact your service provider for more details . ( 14 )\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\neditors : cristiano v . m . ara\u00fajo and candida helena shinn ( cfe , university of coimbra , portugal ; icman - csic , spain , dci - ecuactox , uleam , ecuador , and others )\nlatin america is one of the most diverse but also vulnerable regions in the world that is under continuous anthropogenic pressure due to increasing urban , industrial and agricultural developments . although there are many research groups studying the impacts caused by those pressures , the results and conclusions obtained by many of them are largely unknown because their studies are mostly published at the local or regional scale .\npresents 34 chapters authored by 111 researchers from 12 latin american countries ( argentina , brazil , chile , colombia , costa rica , cuba , ecuador , mexico , panama , peru , uruguay , and venezuela ) and from 6 non - latin american countries ( austria , belgium , italy , portugal , spain , and usa ) . ( imprint : nova )\nwe\u2019ve partnered with copyright clearance center to make it easy for you to request permissions to reuse nova content . for more information , click here or click the\nget permission\nbutton below to link directly to this book on copyright clearance center ' s website ."]}
{"id": 2234, "summary": [{"text": "gymnoscelis daniloi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to cape verde and are founded in the upper portions of the island of fogo in the areas of ch\u00e3 das caldeiras and within the large caldera .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the species was first described in portela and was named in 2009 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the wingspan is 18 \u2013 20 millimetres ( 0.71 \u2013 0.79 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour is pale brown to brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "both wings have numerous undulate blackish transverse lines . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "gymnoscelis daniloi", "paragraphs": ["new and interesting records of ten geometridae species from the cape verde islands are presented . the analysis is based on both morphological and molecular traits . two species are described as new : microloxia aistleitneri hausmann , sp . n . , and gymnoscelis daniloi hausmann , sp . n .\nvojnits a . 1994 . new eupithecia , gymnoscelis and chloroclystis species from africa and arabia ( lepidoptera , geometridae : larentiinae ) . - acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 40 ( 3 ) : 269 a . o . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nversion of november 10 , 2008 a joint project of the zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen ( dr . axel hausmann ) and the barcode of life data systems / global campaign geometridae ( dr . paul hebert , canada )\n1 . fogo , ch\u00e3 das caldeiras , 1650 \u2013 1700 m : view from the edge of the old caldeira ( bordeira ) at the two villages ( front bangaeira , rear portela ) , where collecting was performed . sparse vegetation is underlying strong antropogenous influence through agricultural land management ( photo : eyjolf aistleitner ; highres ) .\n2 . brava , sorno . bay at the northern side of the island . the small water course ( ribeira ) is with water almost all the year through . collecting site at approx . 40 - 50 m above sea - level ( photo : eyjolf aistleitner ; highres ) .\n3 . brava , santana , 450 \u2013 500 m : collecting site at the periphery of the village nova sintra , where the merculy vamp light source covers cultivated areas such as rocky slopes , the latter at the right hand outside the picture ( photo : eyjolf aistleitner ; highres ) .\nrecorded in baez & garcia ( 2005 : 87 ) , but not yet collected by the second author . occurrence of this ethiopian species on cape verde doubtful .\nnominate subspecies recorded on antao ( locus typicus ) , vicente ( new data ) , reputedly \u201cfogo\u201d ( baez & garcia 2005 : 87 ) and ' santiago ' ( erroneous data , coll . herbulot ) .\nrecorded on brava ( locus typicus ) , nicolau ( herbulot 1957 ; baez & garcia 2005 : 87 ) , reputedly also vicente ( herbulot 1957 ) , the last possibly referring to nominate subspecies . new data suggesting both brava and fogo populations to belong here\nwarren w . 1902b . new african drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum . - novitates zoologicae 9 : 487\u2013536 .\nprout l . b . 1958 . new species of indo - australian geometridae . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) 6 ( 12 ) : 365\u2013463 .\nherbulot c . 1981c . mission entomologique du mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale aux monts uluguru , tanzanie ( l . berger , n . leloup et j . debecker , v\u2013viii . 1971 ) . 26 . lepidoptera geometridae . - revue de zoologie et botanique africaines 95 ( 1 ) : 216\u2013226 .\nwarren w . 1901d . drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the aethiopian region . - novitates zoologicae 8 : 202\u2013217 .\nhausmann a . 2009d . new and interesting geometrid moths from the cape verde islands ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . - shilap , revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda 37 ( 146 ) : 241\u2013247 .\ndietze k . 1904 . beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der eupithecien . - deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , iris 15 ( 1903 ) ( 2 ) : 331\u2013387 .\nprout l . b . 1927a . a list of the geometridae ( lep . het ) known to occur in the island of s\u00e3o thom\u00e9 , with descriptions of some new species collected by mr . t . a . barns . - transactions of the entomological society of london 75 ( 1 ) : 187\u2013200 , pl . 20 .\nrothschild w . 1915c . lepidoptera of the m ' zab country , south algeria , collected by dr . ernst hartert and carl hilgert in 1914 . - novitates zoologicae 22 : 228\u2013243 .\nprout l . b . 1933\u20131938 . geometridae ( fauna africana , part 16 ) . \u2013 in : seitz . a . ( ed . ) , die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . - \u2014 16 .\nlienig f . & zeller p . c . 1846 . lepidopterologische faune von lievland und curland . - isis von oken 1846 : 176\u2013302 .\nherbulot c . 1957a . r\u00e9sultats de l ' exp\u00e9dition zoologique du professeur dr . hakan lindberg aux \u00eeles du cap vert durant l ' hiver 1953\u201354 . no 12 lepidopt\u00e8res geometridae . - commentationes biologicae , societatis scientiarum fennica 16 ( 10 ) : 1\u20138 , pl . 1 .\nherbulot c . 1988b . nouveaux larentiinae africains et malgaches ( lepidoptera geometridae ) . - miscellanea entomologica 51 : 85\u2013102 .\nherbulot c . 1981g . nouveaux geometridae du cameroun , du natal et de madagascar ( lep . ) . - bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france 86 ( 9\u201310 ) : 207\u2013211 .\nboisduval j . b . a . 1840 . genera et index methodicus europaerorum lepidopterorum . - \u2014 : i\u2013x , 1\u2013238 .\nhaworth a . h . 1803\u20131828 . lepidoptera britannica : sistens digestionem novam insectorum lepidopterorum quae in magna britannia reperiuntur , larvarum pabulo , remporeque pascendi , expansione alarum , mensibusque volandi , synonymis atque locis observationibusque variis : etc . - \u2014 1\u20134 .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\n/ / scholastic news - - edition 4 ; 02 / 21 / 2000 , vol . 62 issue 18 , p3\na review of continental species of phrudocentra warren , 1895 ( lepidoptera : geometridae , geometrinae ) .\nviidalepp , j . ; lindt , a . / / shilap revista de lepidopterologia ; jun2012 , vol . 40 issue 158 , p171\na key to continental neotropical species of phrudocentra warren , 1895 , s . lat . is designed and provided with photos of moths and their male genital structures . the genus phrudocentra warren is redefined . two subgenera are reinstated within phrudocentra warren , s . lat . : phrudocentra warren , s . . . .\nmenophra abruptaria ( thunberg , 1792 ) , a species new for the maltese islands ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\ncatania , a . / / shilap revista de lepidopterologia ; jun2011 , vol . 39 issue 154 , p233\nmenophra abruptaria ( thunberg , 1792 ) is here recorded for the first time from the maltese islands .\na technique to measure the loss in tea crop by the defoliating pest ( hyposidra talaca walker ) on the basis of dry mass and leaf area parameters .\nprasad , anjali k . ; mukhopadhyay , ananda / / international journal of bio - resource & stress management ; jun2013 special , vol . 4 issue 2 , p358\ntea ( camellia sinensis ) is known as the queen of all beverages . india is the second largest producer of tea in the world , but the crop is largely damaged by the defoliating pest , hyposidra talaca walker ( geometridae : lepidoptera ) in the darjeeling foothills and plains . a study conducted under . . .\nparkinson , derek / / naturalist ( 00280771 ) ; apr2013 , vol . 138 issue 1082 , p16\nthe article discusses research on gorse ulex europaeus in yorkshire , england for the caterpillars of scotopteryx ( geometridae ) and evidences of swelling in stems identified as galls caused by the seed weevil stenopterapion scutellare as reported by keith palmer of the british plant gall society .\nthe corkscrew moths ( lepidoptera , geometroidea , sematuridae ) of trinidad and tobago .\ncock , matthew j . w . / / tropical lepidoptera research ; dec2016 , vol . 26 issue 2 , p101\ntwo similar , sexually dimorphic species of sematuridae are found in trinidad : mania lunus ( linnaeus ) and m . empedocles ( cramer ) . only the former is recorded from tobago . male and female adults and the male genitalia of both species are illustrated and diagnostic features are provided . . . .\nuchmanowicz , pauline / / commonweal ; 3 / 9 / 2012 , vol . 139 issue 5 , p10\nthe poem\ngeometridae ,\nby pauline uchmanowicz is presented . first line : to know this crepuscular ; last line : inching toward winged destiny .\ncat\u00e3\u00a1logo razonado de los lepidoptera de castilla y le\u00e3\u00b3n , espa\u00e3\u00b1a ( parte i ) ( lepidoptera : drepanidae , geometridae y cimeliidae ) .\njambrina , j . a . ; magro , r . / / shilap revista de lepidopterologia ; jun2013 , vol . 41 issue 162 , p173\na catalogue reasoned of lepidoptera from castilla y le\u00e3\u00b3n region , spain , is presented . the drepanidae boisduval , [ 1828 ] , geometridae leach , [ 1815 ] and cimeliidae chr\u00e3\u00a9tien , 1916 families , species are included .\ndesempe\u00e3\u00b1o productivo y propiedades de la canal en ovinos pelibuey y sus cruzas con suffolk o dorset .\nde la pe\u00f1a , jos\u00e9 armando partida ; varela , diego bra\u00f1a ; rojas , leonel mart\u00ednez / / t\u00e3\u00a9cnica pecuaria en m\u00e3\u00a9xico ; jul - sep2009 , vol . 47 issue 3 , p313\nto assess the effect of genotype and sex on productive performance , carcass yield and tissue composition , 60 lambs ( initial body weight 17 . 2\u00e2\u00b13 kg ) were allotted to six treatments in a completely randomized design , using a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement , with 2 sexes : female and male , and 3 . . .\npredator release from invertebrate generalists does not explain geometrid moth ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) outbreaks at high altitudes .\nschott , tino ; kapari , lauri ; hagen , snorre b . ; vindstad , ole petter l . ; jepsen , jane u . ; ims , rolf a . / / canadian entomologist ; apr2013 , vol . 145 issue 2 , p184\noutbreaks of geometrid defoliators in subarctic birch forest in fennoscandia often occur at high altitude in a distinct zone along the tree line . at the same time , moth larvae may not have an impact on the forest at lower altitude . directly adjacent outbreak and nonoutbreak areas offer unique . . .\nsome biological characteristics of nyssia graecarius ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) in urmia region .\nsafaralizadeh , mohammad hassan ; karimpour , younes / / journal of the entomological research society ; 2007 , vol . 9 issue 3 , p1\nsome biological characteristics of nyssia graecarius an occasional pest of many different deciduous plants was studied during the years 2005 and 2006 in urmia region ( northwestern of iran ) . the results of this study showed that , n . graecarius completes one generation in a year , overwintering as . . .\nmiller , william e . / / journal of the lepidopterists ' society ; 2014 , vol . 68 issue 3 , p203\nbody size , developmental rate , and metabolic rate were examined as potential phenotypic correlates of genome size using all 51 named species of lepidoptera with recorded genome sizes . genome sizes ranged 0 . 29 - 1 . 94 pg . because no direct comparative measures were available , surrogates were used : . . .\nthe complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of phthonandria atrilineata ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nling yang ; zhao - jun wei ; gui - yun hong ; shao - tong jiang ; long - ping wen / / molecular biology reports ; jul2009 , vol . 36 issue 6 , p1441\nabstract\u00e2 \u00e2 using long - polymerase chain reaction ( long - pcr ) method , we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome ( mitogenome ) of phthonandria atrilineata . the complete mtdna from p . \u00e2 atrilineata was 15 , 499 base pairs in length and contained 13 protein - coding . . .\nrhopalodes lecorrei , a new moth species from french guiana ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae : trichopterygini ) .\nviidalepp , jaan / / estonian journal of ecology ; 2011 , vol . 60 issue 4 , p321\na new species of geometrid moth , rhopalodes lecorrei sp . nov . is described from french guiana . the wing pattern , venation , and male and female genitalia of the new species are described , illustrated , and compared to allird species .\nthe geometrid moths ( lepidoptera ) from the middle and eastern black sea regions of turkey .\ncan , feza / / turkish journal of zoology ; 2008 , vol . 32 issue 3 , p351\nthe aim of the present study , which was performed in 2003 and 2005 in sinop , kastamonu , samsun , amasya , tokat , ordu , giresun , g\u00e3\u00bcm\u00e3\u00bcflhane , and trabzon provinces , located in the middle and eastern black sea regions of turkey , is to determine the species belonging to geometridae family . sweep . . .\nherbivore attack incasearia nitidainfluenced by plant ontogenetic variation in foliage quality and plant architecture .\nboege , karina / / oecologia ; apr2005 , vol . 143 issue 1 , p117\ntraits influencing plant quality as food and / or shelter for herbivores may change during plant ontogeny , and as a consequence , influence the amount of herbivory that plants receive as they develop . in this study , differences in herbivore density and herbivory were evaluated for two ontogenetic . . .\ncontribution to an understanding of the biology and the morphology of the early stages of a neotropical larentine : hagnagora vittata philippi , 1859 in chile ( insecta : lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nking , gareth edward ; parra , luis e . / / acta zoologica cracoviensia - series b - invertebrata ; 2011 , vol . 54b issue 1 / 2 , p5\nneither the biology nor the early stages of the neotropical larentine hagnagora vittata philippi , 1859 ( insecta : lepidoptera : geometridae ) are known , in the present paper original data are presented on the insect ' s food - plant in captivity , observations of the imago in the wild state , in addition . . .\non distribution area of asovia maeoticaria ( alph\u00e3\u00a9raky , 1876 ) ( insecta : lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nspecies asovia maeoticaria ( alph\u00e3\u00a9raky , 1876 ) was described from southeast ukraine and subsequently recorded in bulgaria , greece , european part of russia , parts of turkey and southeast romania . that led to the conclusion it has ponto - mediterranean distribution . authors discovered the species . . .\nthe phyllodonta latrata ( guen\u00e3\u00a9e ) species group in costa rica ( geometridae , ennominae ) .\nbolling sullivan , j . / / zookeys ; 2014 , issue 421 , p3\nhistorically , the name phyllodonta latrata ( guen\u00e3\u00a9e ) has been applied to what is a complex of three undescribed species in costa rica . they are very similar in maculation , but can be differentiated by genitalic characters and barcodes . p . alajuela sullivan , sp . n . occurs at lower altitudes in . . .\nanalysis of odorant - binding proteins in antennae of a geometrid species , ascotis selenaria cretacea , which produces lepidopteran type ii sex pheromone components .\nhayaki watanabe ; hiroko tabunoki ; nami miura ; ryoichi sato ; tetsu ando / / invertebrate neuroscience ; jun2007 , vol . 7 issue 2 , p109\nabstract\u00e2 \u00e2 information on the olfactory system in antennae of geometridae moths is very limited , and odorant - binding proteins ( obps ) working as transporters of lipophilic odors have not been identified . in the first investigation on this family of insects , we examined antennal obps of the . . .\ndescripci\u00e3\u00b3n de las larvas ii , iii y el pupario de compsomyiops fulvicrura ( diptera : calliphoridae ) .\ntrigo , a . ver\u000f # ; nica / / revista de la sociedad entomol\u00e3\u00b3gica argentina ; jul2006 , vol . 65 issue 1 / 2 , p87\nthe larvae ii , iii , and the puparium of compsomyiops fulvicrura ( robineau - desvoidy , 1830 ) are described . the material was collected in tandil ( buenos aires , argentina ) , during an experiment on sarcosaprophagous faunal succession . new diagnostic characters of c . fulvicrura , calliphora vicina . . .\nhow rapidly do invasive birch forest geometrids recruit larval parasitoids ? insights from comparison with a sympatric native geometrid .\nvindstad , o . ; schott , t . ; hagen , s . ; jepsen , j . ; kapari , l . ; ims , r . / / biological invasions ; jul2013 , vol . 15 issue 7 , p1573\ntwo related issues in studies of biological invasions are how quickly the enemy complexes of invasive species become as species - rich and efficient as those of native species and how important enemy release is for the establishment and spread of invaders . we addressed these issues for the . . .\nregistro de thyrinteina arnobia arnobia ( stoll ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) en eucalyptus sp . ( myrtaceae ) en sorriso , mato grosso y su depredaci\u00e3\u00b3n por zelus armillatus ( lepeletier & serville ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae : harpactorinae ) .\nbarreto , marliton rocha ; mojena , amador / / entomobrasilis ; ene - abr2014 , vol . 7 issue 1 , p69\nthe most important lepidopterans for eucalyptus crop are called defoliators . in brazil , some species occur from the amaz\u00e3\u00b4nia to rio grande do sul state and thyrinteina arnobia arnobia ( stoll ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) is cited as the most important lepidopteran defoliator in brazil and some . . .\nnew and interesting geometrid moths from the cape verde islands ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nhausmann , a . / / shilap revista de lepidopterologia ; jun2009 , vol . 37 issue 146 , p241\ngrowth and development in a lepidopteran with variable instar number , pseudocoremia suavis ( geometridae ) , under standard rearing conditions and when parasitised by meteorus pulchricornis ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) .\nbarraclough , emma i . ; burgess , elisabeth p . j . ; kean , aliesha m . ; malone , louise a . / / european journal of entomology ; 2014 , vol . 111 issue 4 , p501\nthough extra instars are often associated with poor conditions and thought to be a compensation for a low growth rate , the reasons why they are necessary , and for variable instar number existing under standard rearing conditions , are not yet clear . in standard rearing conditions , approximately . . .\na review of biston leach , 1815 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , ennominae ) from china , with description of one new species .\nnan jiang ; dayong xue ; hongxiang han / / zookeys ; 10 / 25 / 2011 , vol . 139 , p45\nthe genus biston leach , 1815 is reviewed for china . seventeen species are recognized , of which b . mediolata sp . n . is described . b . pustulata ( warren , 1896 ) and b . panterinaria exanthemata ( moore , 1888 ) are newly recorded for china . the following new synonyms are established : b . suppressaria . . .\npobres pero honradas : lujuria burguesa y honorabilidad proletaria en las novelas breves de federica montseny .\nguirao , pedro garc\u00eda / / international journal of iberian studies ; 2011 , vol . 24 issue 3 , p155\nhacia 1922 la l\u00e3\u00adder anarquista federica montseny comen\u00e3\u00b3z a publicar novelas breves rom\u00e3\u00a1nticas en varios peri\u00e3\u00b3dicos anarquistas . fueron casi cincuenta escritos en los que dej\u00e3\u00b3 plasmada la misi\u00e3\u00b3n social de todo escritor anarquista : diagnosticar los males de la sociedad , denunciar . . .\ninvasion spread of operophtera brumata in northeastern united states and hybridization with o . bruceata .\nelkinton , joseph ; liebhold , andrew ; boettner , george ; sremac , marinko / / biological invasions ; nov2014 , vol . 16 issue 11 , p2263\nwe used five methods to estimate the rate of spread of the winter moth , operophtera brumata l . , a european lepidoptera , invading the northeastern usa and occasionally hybridizing with the closely related o . bruceata . these two species utilize the same sex attractant and pheromone traps capture . . .\nfaunistic composition , ecological properties , and zoogeographical composition of the elateridae ( coleoptera ) family in the western black sea region of turkey .\nkabalak , mahmut ; sert , osman / / journal of insect science ; 2013 , vol . 13 , p1\nthe main aim of this study was to understand the faunistic composition , ecological properties , and zoogeographical composition of the family elateridae ( coleoptera ) of the western black sea region of turkey . as a result , 44 species belonging to 5 subfamilies and 19 genera were identified . after . . .\nyoung , amanda b . ; cairns , david m . ; lafon , charles w . ; moen , jon / / arctic , antarctic & alpine research ; aug2014 , vol . 46 issue 3 , p659\nthe alpine treeline in northern fennoscandia is composed primarily of mountain birch ( betula pubescens ssp . czerepanovii ) , a deciduous tree that experiences episodic defoliation due to outbreaks of the autumnal moth ( epirrita autumnata ) and winter moth ( operophtera brumata ) . here , we use an . . .\nselidosema pyrenaearia ( boisduval , 1840 ) bona species de la pen\u00e3\u00adnsula ib\u00e3\u00a9rica y actualizaci\u00e3\u00b3n de las especies ib\u00e3\u00a9ricas de selidosema h\u00e3\u00bcbner , [ 1823 ] del grupo plumaria - brunnearia ( lepidoptera : geometridae , ennominae ) .\nredondo , v . ; gast\u00f3n , j . / / shilap revista de lepidopterologia ; mar2012 , vol . 40 issue 157 , p61\nwithin the european group of species , which up to now included only selidosema brunnearia ( villers , 1789 ) and s . plumaria ( [ denis & schifferm\u00e3\u00bcller ] , 1775 ) , a third taxon , selidosema pyrenaearia ( boisduval , 1840 ) has been raised to the rank of species . its distribution range comprises . . .\nmicroestructura del huevo de mallomus glabra ( rindge , 1971 ) y algunas consideraciones taxon\u00e3\u00b3micas ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nbustamante f . , a . a . ; olivares , t . s . ; angulo , a . o . / / shilap revista de lepidopterologia ; mar2013 , vol . 41 issue 161 , p149\nthe egg of mallomus glabra ( rindge , 1971 ) is described based on specimens obtained in the laboratory from a female collected in the outskirts of the reserva nacional malalcahuello - nalcas ( 38\u00e2\u00b0 30 ' s ; 71\u00e2\u00b0 35 ' w ) and compared with eggs of other species in this genus . also , we make some . . .\nlewis , michelle n . ; steichen , renae m . ; summerville , keith s . / / journal of the iowa academy of science ; mar - jun2005 , vol . 112 issue 1 / 2 , p1\nnorth american prairie systems are believed co have supported substantial insect biodiversity . loss of prairie and oak savanna habitats , however , has been severe in many midwestern states , including iowa . an unanswered question facing land managers interested in restoring tallgrass prairies to . . .\ncaracterizaci\u00e3\u00b3n forrajera de un sistema silvopastoril de vegetaci\u00e3\u00b3n secundaria con base en la aptitud de suelo .\nbuenfil , gonzalo zapata ; z\u00fa\u00f1iga , francisco bautista ; calder\u00f3n , marta astier / / t\u00e3\u00a9cnica pecuaria en m\u00e3\u00a9xico ; jul - sep2009 , vol . 47 issue 3 , p257\ntree and shrub forage production were evaluated during the dry season in three soil within a silvopastoral system ( sps ) complementary to traditional , local cattle systems in yucatan , mexico . soils were epileptic cambisol ( cmlep , 24 % ) , endoskelectic cambisol ( cmnsk , 21 . 3 % ) and rodic luvisol . . .\na revision of the genus antepione packard with description of the new genus pionenta ferris ( lepidoptera , geometridae , ennominae ) .\nferris , clifford d . / / zookeys ; 2010 , vol . 71 , p49\nbased on genitalic studies , the new genus pionenta is established for two taxa formerly placed under antepione . the taxa hewesata and ochreata ( and previously associated synonyms ) are now synonomized as pionenta ochreata . three species of antepione are now recognized : a . thisoaria , a . imitata , . . .\nrim\u0161ait\u0117 , jolanta ; jonaitis , vytautas ; ivinskis , povilas ; vi\u0161inskien\u0117 , giedr\u0117 / / acta zoologica lituanica ; jun2005 , vol . 15 issue 2 , p165\nthe paper generalises the original data of more than 30 years of investigations in the lithuanian lter sites ( the baltic sea coastal area , \u00e4\u0153epkeliai state strict nature reserve , kamanos state strict nature reserve and the environs of lake dr\u00e5\u00abk\u00e5\u00a1iai ) . over 3 , 000 insect species belonging . . .\nidentification , synthesis and field testing of ( 3z , 6z , 9z ) - 3 , 6 , 9 - henicosatriene , a second bioactive component of the sex pheromone of the autumn gum moth , mnesampela privata .\nwalker , paul w . ; allen , geoff r . ; davies , noel w . ; smith , jason a . ; molesworth , peter p . ; nilsson , anna ; andersson , fredrik ; hedenstr\u00f6m , erik / / journal of chemical ecology ; dec2009 , vol . 35 issue 12 , p1411\nabstract the sex pheromone of mnesampela privata , an endemic pest of eucalyptus plantations in australia , was previously identified as a single bioactive compound , ( 3z , 6z , 9z ) - 3 , 6 , 9 - nonadecatriene ( c19 triene ) . initial field testing of lures containing 1 mg , 5 mg or 10 mg of c19 triene ( > 98 % . . .\na new species of the genus zamarada moore ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from shivaliks in punjab , india .\nsood , rachita ; rose , h . s . ; pathania , p . c . / / journal of threatened taxa ; apr2009 , vol . 1 issue 4 , p236\nthe article presents a study which examines a new insect species of the genus , zamarada moore , in punjab , india . the study claims that the species is considered as a junior subjective synonym of the euchloris baliata . it examines the insect ' s alar expanse , wing venation , male genitalia and . . .\nregurgitant derived from the tea geometrid ectropis obliqua suppresses wound - induced polyphenol oxidases activity in tea plants .\nyang , zi - wei ; duan , xiao - na ; jin , shan ; li , xi - wang ; chen , zong - mao ; ren , bing - zhong ; sun , xiao - ling / / journal of chemical ecology ; jun2013 , vol . 39 issue 6 , p744\npolyphenol oxidases ( ppos ) have been reported to play an important role in protecting plants from attack by herbivores . however , little is known about their role in tea . here , we investigated the effect of ppos on interactions between tea plants and the tea geometrid ectropis obliqua , one of the . . .\nnew records of two species of cleora curtis ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from mt . makiling , luzon , with a full checklist of species known from the philippines .\nbarrion - dupo , aimee lynn a . / / checklist ; 2013 , vol . 9 issue 2 , p452\ncleora contiguata bigladiata is recollected from its type locality 48 years after its original description in 1953 . meanwhile , c . decisaria and c . determinata are recorded in mt . makiling for the first time . the latter species is also a new country record . these additional locality data are . . .\ncross - coupling of 2 , 5 - bis ( chloromethylidene ) - 1 , 4 - dithiane with phenylacetylene as an example of preparation of symmetric bridging bisenyne compounds .\nmartynov , a . v . ; makhaeva , n . a . ; amosova , s . v . / / russian journal of organic chemistry ; nov2013 , vol . 49 issue 11 , p1720\nthe article presents the study regarding the symmetric bridging bisenyme compounds which focuses on the cross - coupling of 2 , 5 - bis ( chloromethylidene ) - 1 , 4 - thiane with phenylacetylene . it states that the cross - coupling of triflate and vinyl halides with terminal acetylenes is one of the most . . .\nexpression of the b - cell proliferation marker mum1 by melanocytic lesions and comparison with s100 , gp100 ( hmb45 ) , and melana .\nsundram , uma ; harvell , jeff d . ; rouse , robert v . ; natkunam , yasodha / / modern pathology ; aug2003 , vol . 16 issue 8 , p802\nthe diagnosis of malignant melanoma remains one of the most difficult to render in surgical pathology , partially because of its extreme histologic variability . limits in the sensitivity and / or specificity of the currently available melanocytic markers such as anti - s100 , hmb45 , and anti - melana . . .\nklemola , tero ; klemola , netta ; andersson , tommi ; ruohom\u00e4ki , kai / / population ecology ; apr2007 , vol . 49 issue 2 , p165\npopulations of the autumnal moth , epirrita autumnata , exhibit cycles with high amplitudes in northernmost europe , culminating in devastating outbreak densities at favourable sites . parasitism by hymenopteran parasitoids has been hypothesised to operate with a delayed density dependence capable . . .\nfunctionality of a reduced proboscis : fluid uptake by phigalia strigataria ( minot ) ( geometridae : ennominae ) .\ngrant , jessica i . ; djani , dylan m . ; lehnert , matthew s . / / journal of the lepidopterists ' society ; 2012 , vol . 66 issue 4 , p211\nthe structure and functionality of the reduced proboscis of males of p . strigataria was studied . scanning electron microscopy revealed a proboscis structurally similar to functional proboscises of other lepidopteran species , including chemo - and mechanosensilla and a tip - region with larger . . .\nriihim\u00e4ki , janne ; kaitaniemi , pekka ; ruohom\u00e4ki , kai / / oecologia ; jan2003 , vol . 134 issue 2 , p203\ndirect or plant - mediated interactions between herbivores may modify their spatial distribution among and within plants . in this study , we examined the effect of a leaf - chewing geometrid , the autumnal moth ( epirrita autumnata ) , on two different herbivore groups , leaf rolling deporaus betulae . . .\ngeometridae de la sierra de taibilla y de la reserva natural de la sierra de las cabras ( albacete - murcia , espa\u00e3\u00b1a ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nguerrero , j . j . ; ortiz , a . s . ; rubio , r . m . ; calle , j . a . ; garre , m . / / shilap revista de lepidopterologia ; dec2010 , vol . 38 issue 152 , p417\nthe geometridae fauna of sierra de taibilla and sierra de las cabras natural park ( albacete - murcia , spain ) includes 162 species belonging to subfamilies ennominae , geometrinae , sterrhinae and larentiinae . elements with a mediterranean distribution ( 59 , 2 % ) represent a higher proportion than . . .\nhigh rates of parasitism of blueberry spanworm ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) by ichneumonidae and tachinidae in commercial lowbush blueberry fields .\ncutler , g . ; gariepy , t . ; silva , e . ; hillier , n . / / journal of pest science ; jun2015 , vol . 88 issue 2 , p219\nblueberry spanworm , itame ( macaria ) argillacearia packard , is an important defoliator of lowbush blueberry ( vaccinium angustifolium aiton ) , a major crop in eastern canada . in the summer of 2012 , we collected a large number of blueberry spanworm larvae from two managed blueberry fields in . . .\nthree new species of idaea treitschke ( geometridae : sterrhinae ) from the southwestern united states and northern mexico .\ncovell jr . , charles v . / / journal of the lepidopterists ' society ; 2015 , vol . 69 issue 1 , p317\nthree new species of idaea treitschke , 1825 ( geometridae : sterrhinae ) are described and illustrated : idaea knudsonaria n . sp . , type locality sierra diablo wildlife management area , culberson county , texas ; idaea kendallaria n . sp . , type locality santa ana refuge , hidalgo county , texas ; and idaea . . .\nthe life history of speranza exonerata ferguson , 2008 ( geometridae : ennominae : macariini ) .\nnelson , michael w . / / journal of the lepidopterists ' society ; 2015 , vol . 69 issue 2 , p77\nsperanza exonerata ferguson , 2008 ( geometridae : ennominae : macariini ) is a stenotopic moth only known from the northeastern usa . this species was reared from ova obtained from captive females in 2008 and 2009 ; the immature stages and life history are described . both a larval host plant . . .\nthree new species of hagnagora druce , 1885 ( lepidoptera , geometridae , larentiinae ) from ecuador and costa rica and a concise revision of the genus .\nthree new hagnagora druce species ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are described : hagnagora richardi brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , h . hedwigae brehm , sp . n . from ecuador , and h . mirandahenrichae brehm , sp . n . from costa rica . a checklist of taxa assigned to hagnagora is provided . hagnagora is . . .\nucla scientists image how parkinson ' s genes misfire in mice ; may help identify genes for autism , schizophrenia .\nfrom\nmiss lou\nto [ star trek ' s ] zulu : the multiple communities of nalo hopkirisonh .\n\u00a9 2018 by ebsco publishing . all rights reserved . privacy policy | terms of use\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe palaearctic hylaea fasciaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) species group is revised ( lepidoptera : geometridae , ennominae ) . four taxa are considered valid at species level : h . fasciaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , h . pinicolaria ( bellier , 1861 ) , h . compararia ( staudinger , 1894 ) and one new species , h . mediterranea , from italy : sicily , calabria and molise . the following taxonomic changes are proposed : ellopia cedricola wehrli , 1919 , from turkey is downgraded to subspecies of hylaea fasciaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( revised status ) , hylaea fasciaria cleui leraut , 1993 , from france is downgraded from subspecies to synonymy with h . fasciaria fasciaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( new synonymy ) and ellopia compararia staudinger , 1894 , from algeria is raised from subspecies of hylaea fasciaria ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to species status ( revised status ) . hemithea squalidaria o . g . costa , 1848 from southern italy was placed in the genus hylaea , but it is reverted to its original combination as its taxonomic status is uncertain . adults , male and female genitalia and distribution maps are illustrated for all species . dna barcodes are presented for most taxa studied .\n( linnaeus , 1758 ) species group is revised ( lepidoptera : geometridae , ennominae ) . four\nthe nearctic and in the neotropical regions ( scoble 1999 ) . this view was questioned by pitkin ( 2002 ) , who noted\nrestricted to the palaearctic region . this view was not adopted by scoble and hausmann ( 2007 ) , who listed 12\ndata from collection specimens . these data were supplemented by adding data from recent faunistic inventories of\nsouth - western germany ( ebert 2003 ) . the taxa were delimited on the basis of combining data from morphology ,\nbiology and dna barcodes . the genitalia and the abdomen were prepared following methods described by\n2008 ) , those are described at ccdb ( 2013 ) . sequence divergence within and between species was calculat\ndistinguish taxa at species or subspecies level . the same applied both to the external and internal genitalia\nenitalia . certain structures in the genitalia pictures ( e . g . , the\nspecifically mentioned . many of these structures vary within species , but intraspecific variation is not illustrated .\ndiagnostic differences , even more so , than the external features . dna barcodes proved useful , providing detail\nuk ) , europe [ probably near \u00e5bo ( = turku ) , finland ] ( examined externally ) .\nesper , 1794 , die schmett . 3 suppl . ( 5\u20136 ) : 58 , pl . 90 , f\nachyr dagh , bertiz jaila , 1800 m ( examined , including genitalia ) [ originally as sp . , downgraded from species rank\n1954 ) , in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 4 ( suppl . ) : 32\nwingspan male 27\u201335 mm , female 34\u201339 mm . ground colour variable ( see variation ) , dominant colours being\ndifferent shades of reddish - brown and green . medial lines often whitish ( see v\ncosta , basal part moves away from costa ( not parallel with costa ) . p\nhindwings with postmedial line visible only . terminal line and fringes near forewing apex normally concolorous\nwith wings . hindwing postmedial line distinct , curved . discal spots absent . wings below as above , but paler . frons\npale - brown to brown - red , thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings . area between antennae ( vertex ) white .\nsexes with 2 + 2 spurs . tympanal organs medium - sized . sternites and tergites 3\u20138 of both sexes undifferentiated .\nsubapical spine ( occasionally with two spines ) in ventral margin . valva base with narrow\napproximately 90 degrees angle . vesica evenly narrowing tube , base with straight row of microcornuti\n( diagnostic characters underlined ) ( figure 14 ) : papillae anales wide , setose . apophyses\nposteriores long , straight . apophyses anteriores about 1 / 4 length of apophyses posteriores . lamella postvag\nposterior part of corpus bursae narrow , rather long , sclerotised , surface granulate . anterior part of corpus bursae\n( bernd m\u00fcller , pers . comm . ) . adults are nocturnal , attracted to light .\nconiferous forests , and less frequently in areas with coniferous trees such as nordic wetlands .\ncombined with information on biology , collecting locality , male and female genitalia and dna barcodes . an\nparts of scandinavia only these colours exist , whereas in southern europe various shades of green ( f .\nare dominant . in many areas both colour morphs coexist . position , width and colour of medial l\nmale , 1 . viii . 1972 , byerum , \u00f6land , sweden ( coll . skou ) . 1d .\n24 : g ) , armenia , without date ( coll . unknown ) . 1f .\nerre rouge , briancon , dept . hautes alpes , france ( coll . skou ) . 1h .\nehrli ) male , ex ovo , bey da\u011flari , antalya , turkey ( coll . m\u00fcller ) . 1i .\nfemale , 28 . vi . 1981 , karpenision , aetolia , greece ( coll . skou ) . 2a .\n0 , pizzo della rondine , sicily , italy ( coll . skou ) , holotype . 2b\ndella rondine , sicily , italy ( coll . skou ) , paratype . 2d .\nfemale , 5 . vi . 2005 , castelbuono , sicily , italy ( coll .\n004 , camping monte cinto , haut - asco , corsica , france ( coll . skou ) . 3c .\nmale , 6 . vii . 1951 , la foce , vizzavona , corsica , france ( coll . herbulot , coll . zsm ) . 3d .\n23 . vi . 1994 , haut asco , corsica , france ( coll . skou ) . 4a .\n11 , glacieres , blida , algeria ( coll . bmnh ) . 4c .\nfemale , 15 . ix . 1911 , glacieres , blida , algeria ( coll . bmnh ) . 5a .\n( bellier ) ( france , corsica , 20 . - 21 . vii . 2004 ) . figure 9 .\nconcave below apex . only green specimens are known . we retain taxon valid at\nline is not visible near costa . we have not had access to extensive materials from the transcaucasus , apart from two\nrank , and retain taxon valid at subspecies level . the taxon is , according\nrestricted to armenia ( transcaucasus ) . scoble ( 1999 ) did not mention the taxon at all , viidalepp ( 1996 ) consided it\nleraut , illustrated in leraut ( 2009 ) and hausmann ( 2001 ; fig . 66 ) , ( fig . 1g\n( linnaeus ) . wings are purple - pink to crimson - red and medial lines are ash grey . t\nother populations in the alps . dna barcodes are not available , so far , for french alps populations .\ngenitalia , finland : enonkoski , 16\u201318 . vii . 1996 , slide ps1344 ( coll . p\n. sihvonen ) . 10c . vesica , finland : enonkoski , 16\u201318 . vii . 199\n10d . base of vesica , finland : enonkoski , 16\u201318 . vii . 1996 , slide ps1344 ( coll . p\n11a . genitalia , italy : sicily , 1000 m , 9\u201310 . x . 20\nolotype ( coll skou ) . 11c . vesica , italy : sicily , 1000 m , 9\u201310\nf vesica , italy : sicily , 1000 m , 9\u201310 . x . 2010\n12a . genitalia , france : corsica , 1100 m , 20\u201321 . vii . 2004 , slid\nc . vesica , france : corsica , 1100 m , 20\u201321 . vii . 2004 , slide ps1542\n12d . base of vesica , france : corsica , 1100 m , 20\u201321 . vii . 20\ne ps1866 / bmnh geo 24840 ( coll . bmnh ) . 13b . aedeagus , algeria : blida ,\n3c . vesica , algeria : blida , 5 . vi . 1908 , slide ps187\n14b . reduced signum , finland : f\u00f6gl\u00f6 , 28 . vii . 1995 , slide ps1448 ( coll . p\nlide ps1739 , paratype ( coll . skou ) . 15b . signum , italy : sicily , 1000\nparatype ( coll . skou ) . 15c . ostium bursae and adjacent structures , italy : sicily , 1000 m , 9\u201310 . x . 20\n16a . genitalia , france : corsica , 1100 m , 20\u201321 . vii . 200\n16b . reduced signum , france : corsica , 1100 m , 20\u201321 . vii . 2004\nbmnh ) . 17b . posterior part of corpus bursae ( signum absent ) , algeria : blida , 13 . ix . 191\n( coll . bmnh ) . 17c . ostium bursae and adjacent structures , algeria : blida , 15 . ix . 1911 , slide ps18\nwn in grey . the examined records , which appear outside that area , are shown in black symbols .\no della rondine , 1000 m , 9 . - 10 . x . 2010 , peder skou leg . ; p\n1738 . , pasi sihvonen ( coll . skou , denmark , to be deposited at the zoological museum , university of copenhagen ,\nales and 4 females . 1 male and 3 females : italy , sicily , / 5 . 7 km ese san /\nstefano quisquina , / near pizzo della rondine , / 1000 m , 9 . - 10 . x . 2010 , / peder skou leg . ; prep . number 1739 . / ,\ns . of castelbuono , / 1350 m , 5 . vi . 2005 , / peder skou l\nspecimens in coll . peder skou , denmark ) . 1 male : italy , sicily , mt etna / ragabo restaur\n. jeppesen . 1 male : italy , sicily , / 5 . 3 km se collesano , / rifugio\norestano , / 1100 m , 8 . x . 2010 , / peder skou leg ( all in coll . skou , denmark ) . 1 male : i\nnicolosi / monte san leo / 1110 m , / n3739\u2019 - e1459\u2019 / 2 . juni 2001 / leg . norbert p\u00f6ll ; 305 [ g\ncollection , italy ) . 1 male : sicilia or . / mte . etna / 2km s milo / ( ct ) 800m / 20 . viii . 2001 / lg . hausm\nbarcode specimen id bc zsm lep 14248 ] ( zsm ) . other material exami\ncocuzzo , 1150 m , leg . s . scalercio , 28 . 7 . 1997 , bc zsm lep 14249 ( dna barcode analysed , zsm ) . 1 male : italy ,\nwingspan male 31 mm ( n = 4 ) , female 37\u201341 mm ( n = 4 ) . wings light g\nbefore costa , basal part moves away from costa ( not parallel with costa ) . postmedial line rather straig\nweakly curved , barely angled before it reaches costa near apex and evenly curved outwards on inner margin .\n. hindwing postmedial line distinct , curved . discal spots absent . wings below as above , but paler\n, thorax and abdomen concolorous with wings . area between antennae ( vertex ) white . antennae white\ndorsally , male antennae bipectinate , female antennae fasciculate . hindleg tibia of both sexes with 2 + 2 spurs .\ntympanal organs medium - sized . sternites and tergites 3\u20138 of both sexes undifferentiated .\nbarcoded ) . one further specimen has been reported from the island of marettimo , west of sicily ( l . dapporto ,\npers . comm . , not dna barcoded ) . outside this the distribution area needs verification . some specimens from\naterial . dna barcodes are not available , so far , for greek populations .\n( figure 21 ) . in pine forests and places with more scattered pine trees . altitude rang\nbarcodes . an overview of diagnostic morphological features is given in table 1 . the taxon\nlittle variation in habitus observed , so far . forewing postmedial line is straight or weak\nthe distribution areas , where the species occurs frequently , are shown in grey . the type localities of\nnew species . italy : sicily , 1000 metres above sea - level . 10 octob\nnew species , a rearing from the etna mountain , sicily . figure 22 . eggs .\n. figure 24 . pupa . figure 25 . male adult . see text for details . photos by d . righini .\n) . syntype ( s ) , corsica ( mountains of ) . bellier & apos ; s\nmuseum , london , uk . despite searches , we have not located the type .\ncosta well before apex and evenly curved outwards on inner margin . medial area concolorous with rest of wing .\ncurved . discal spots absent . wings below as above , but paler . frons red - brown\nwith wings . area between antennae ( vertex ) white . antennae white dorsally , male antennae bipectinate , female\nantennae fasciculate . hindleg tibia of both sexes with 2 + 2 spurs . t\nin pine forests and places with more scattered pine trees . it is found mostly in the mountains from 500\nto 1500 metres , but it occurs also at sea level ( rungs 1982 ) .\n? ) . syntypes male , female , algeria , near tenied el had .\nwhite . antennae white dorsally , male antennae bipectinate , female antennae fasciculate . hindleg tibia of both sexes\nwith 2 + 2 spurs . tympanal organs medium - sized . sternites and tergites 3\u20138 of both sexes undifferentiated .\nrow of microcornuti , not reaching aedeagus apex in above - mentioned species ) .\nand width and length of the posterior part of the corpus bursae are variable and should be treated with caution .\n100 specimens in the nhm ) , cf . prout ( 1912\u20131916 ) and tunisia\naccording to the original description ( staudinger , 1894 : 289 ) \u2019putatively in coniferous forest\u2019 .\nnot reach the aedeagus apex and signum is larger ) . the diagnostic , external characters shown in fig\nbiology , collecting locality , male and female genitalia and dna barcodes . an overview of diag\n. costa , 1848 , fauna regno napoli ( ent . ) : [ 331 ] , pl . ( geom . ) 2 , fig . 4 , (\ncoast : san cataldo , near lecce ; tyrrhenian coast : [ lago di ] patria [ near naples ] .\nbeing equal to 1 / 12 of an sicilian ounce . costa also reported the same wingspan for\nand the description of the taxon reported in costa & apos ; s text ( e . g\nailable to us has a wingspan of 31 mm , smallest female is 37 mm ) .\ntype specimen ( s ) of the taxon no longer exist . turati ( 1911 )\n( costa , 1882 ) ( ennominae ) are mentioned in the article . also conci ( 1975 ) reports that part\nsubfamily geometrinae ( see discussion above ) . we have been unable to trace a candidate for a neotype designation\nstages . we are greatly indebted to paul d . n . hebert and his competent team of bio for analysi\nscalercio ( italy ) , and marco infusino ( italy ) provided own data for comparative analysis . leonardo dapporto\nconci , c . ( 1975 ) repertorio delle biografie e bibliografie degli scrittori e cultori italiani di entomologia .\nd 9 , nachtfalter vii ( geometridae ) . stuttgart , e . ulmer ,\nhausmann , a . ( 2001 ) introduction . archiearinae , orthostixinae , desmobathrinae , alsophilinae , geometrinae .\narsholt , o . & van nieukerken , e . j . ( eds . ) ,\n. fauna europaea version 2 . 4 , released 27 january 2011 . available from : http : / /\nhill , l , randle , z . , fox , r . & parsons , m . ( 2011 ) provisional atlas\n. ( 2013 ) bestimmung von schmetterlingen ( lepidoptera ) und ihren pr\u00e4imaginalstadien . available from : http : / /\npitkin , l . m . ( 2002 ) neotropical ennomine moths : a review of the genera ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) .\nsaitou , n . & nei , m . ( 1987 ) the neighbour - joining method : a new method for reconstructing evolutionary trees .\nrg / geometridae / species _ checklists . php ( accessed 2 february 2013 )\ngico universit della r . di napoli . descrizioni tues forme nuove e note critiche .\nminsterio de agricultura pesca y alimentaci\u00f3n , madrid . part 2 : x + 775 pp .\n. . . it has since been successfully used for species delimitation in lepidopteran species that are difficult to separate morphologically ( see hajibabaei et al . 2006 , yang et al . 2012 ) . the barcoding gap between intra - and inter - specific variation was used for species discrimination ( hebert et al . 2004a , meier et al . 2006 , meier et al . 2008 , sihvonen et al . 2014 , jiang et al . 2014 ) . in the present study an overview of the chinese cyclidiinae is given with diagnostic characters for each genus and species , one new subspecies is described , two new synonyms are established , and one misidentification in chu and wang ( 1987 ) is revised . . . .\n. . . the morphological analysis indicated that some structures of the genitalia were found to be less diagnostic than the external characters between some species ( i . e . c . substigmaria and c . rectificata ) . sihvonen et al . ( 2014 ) also mentioned this trait in the geometridae . additionally , some structures of the male genitalia ( e . g . the shape of the valva ) sometimes varied among individuals of c . substigmaria . . . .\nannotated list of the moth fauna of anamur district ( i\u0307\u00e7el prov . , south turkey ) , with descriptions of new species ( lepidoptera ) .\ngbol is a national network of various natural history museums and other biodiversity research institutions in germany . the gbol partners provide their professional taxonomic expertise and existing \u2026\n[ more ]\nwe aim to understand better the phylogenetic relationships of the geometridae in the neotropical region . we already have sequenced ca . 150 genera but we still seek certain taxa for our work . i work\u2026\n[ more ]\nthe aim of the project is to get all iberian macroheterocera species will be barcoded . at the moment , 1158 specimens from 569 species have been barcoded mainly noctuoidea .\nle specie del genere tephronia nella regione sardo - corsa e descrizione di tephronia nuragica n . sp .\nle specie del genere tephronia nella regione sardo - corsa e descrizione di tephronia nuragica n . sp . riassunto analisi morfologiche e genetiche condotte su individui di tephronia h\u00fcbner , 1825 raccolti in sardegna e corsica indicano che in queste isole vivono t . cyrnea ( schawerda , 1932 ) e t . nuragica n . sp . , quest ' ultima in sostituzione di t . sepiaria ( hufnagel , 1767 ) . in alcune stazioni della . . . [ show full abstract ]\nrevision of the west - mediterranean geometrid genus ekboarmia , with description of a new species from . . .\nthe west - mediterranean geometrid moth genus ekboarmia wehrli , 1943 ( lepidoptera : geomet - ridae , ennominae ) is revised based on morphology , life history , and dna barcodes . it was found that wing patterns allow reliable identification of species , whereas the genitalia are rather uniform in shape and less informative , and the genetic divergence ( in the coi gene ) between species is considerably . . . [ show full abstract ]\n141 european ennominae species covered . 709 specimens in 16 colour plates . comprehensive text for each genus and species . 145 text - figures of diagnostic characters and other morphological structures . new synonymies , status revisions , new combinations and numerous new distribution data . systematic catalogue ."]}
{"id": 2235, "summary": [{"text": "the quillback ( carpiodes cyprinus ) is a type of freshwater fish of the sucker family .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is deeper-bodied than most suckers , leading to a carplike appearance .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it can be distinguished from carp by the lack of barbels around the mouth . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "quillback", "paragraphs": ["quillback carpsuckers have also been introduced in mexico where they have established a reproducing population .\n12 may 2015 : the quillback mouse was released as part of the fungal cavern content .\nquillback carpsuckers are a minor commercial fish in the united states with little or no economic benefit to fishermen . quillback carpsuckers introduced to mexico however provide an important economic benefit to the northeastern portion of that country .\nquillback carpsuckers are bottom feeders . like other bottom feeders they help to keep their ecosystem clean by feeding on bottom matter .\ncomparative feeding ecology of two sympatric rockfish congeners , sebastes caurinus ( copper rockfish ) and s . maliger ( quillback rockfish )\nquillback are not of importance to anglers and are seldom caught except in very early spring . snagging for quillback occurs in the fast water below dams , where they tend to gather . the commercial catch of quillback is low and incidental to river carpsucker as neither species is in demand as a food - fish . they are an important forage fish to predators when they are young .\nadult quillback carpsuckers migrate , usually upstream , during reproduction . the exact distance of this migration is unknown , but most likely it depends on the on specific location . quillback carpsuckers , like most other fishes , generally return to their pre - spawn home range after reproduction .\nquillback carpsuckers prefer to feed on the bottoms of lakes , rivers and streams . specifically they prefer clear , bottom water . they seek aquatic\n9 september 2015 : the quillback mouse moved from sandtail desert with the relocation of fungal cavern to the hollow heights region with its release .\ncomparative allometric growth of the gastrointestinal tract of two sympatric congeners , copper rockfish ( sebastes caurinus ) and quillback rockfish ( s . maliger )\nquillback carpsuckers prefer to live in highly productive streams that are moderately deep and clear . quillback carpsuckers prefer clear water over very muddy waters , unlike other carpsuckers , but are highly adaptable to slow moving streams . they are also found in lakes ( and their tributaries ) including the great lakes .\nbreeding season quillback carpsuckers breed in the spring - summer months depending on water temperature . the ideal water temperature for breeding is 7 - 18 degrees celsius .\ncomparative allometric growth of the gastrointestinal tract of two sympatric congeners , copper rockfish ( sebastes caurinus ) and quillback rockfish ( s . maliger ) | request pdf\n- posterior two - thirds of lateral line clear ; dorsal - fin membranes not deeply incised ; anal rays typically 6 ( typically 7 in quillback rf ) .\nquillback carpsuckers have a very compressed body making them look flattened when viewed from the side . they have large silvery scales which give them a silver coloration from the side fading to a dark color towards their backs . quillback carpsuckers are distinguished from other carpsuckers by their long first dorsal ray . they have a typical sucker mouth and , when viewed from the side , the back of the mouth does not extend past the front edge of the eye . quillback carpsuckers have a deeply forked tail fin .\nquillback carpsuckers are found throughout much of eastern north america as far north as saskatchewan , south to florida and as far west as south dakota , kansas and alabama .\nquillback carpsucker prefer moderately clear , highly productive streams that have large , deep pools next to stable gravel or rubble bottoms . it is less tolerant of turbidity than the other carpsuckers , although they are often found in close association . quillback adapt easily to other habitats and often live in slow flowing streams , natural lakes and river impoundments .\nlike most other fish quillback carpsuckers use visual and tactile cues to perceive their environment . little else is known about how they percieve their environment or communicate with each other .\nmale and female quillback carpsuckers make a run , or migration , to their spawning areas . there they release eggs and sperm in shallow water over small gravelly ridges , sand or mud .\nthe quillback is a four - legged beaked creature found roaming the desert landscape of the western approach in western orlais . its body is burgundy in color , with feathers protruding from along the spine .\nmortality is high among the eggs , fry and young fish because they provide food for predatory fish who are grazing or browsing for food . among adult quillback carpsuckers mortality is 60 to 70 percent annually .\nfeeding ecology was compared between sympatrie populations of sebastes congeners , s . caurinus ( copper rockfish ) and s . maliger ( quillback rockfish ) , to determine the potential for interspecific competition for food resources . a total of 602 copper rockfish and 285 quillback rockfish were collected from rocky reefs in saanich inlet , british columbia , canada , from october 1986 to august 1990 . . . . [ show full abstract ]\nquillback carpsuckers feed and reproduce in schools . because they do not build nests to reproduce they simply travel in groups releasing eggs and sperm haphazardly . they also travel and feed in groups similar to other schooling fishes .\nfemale quillback carpsuckers release several hundred thousand eggs which are scattered haphazardly in shallow water . an average of 64 , 000 eggs are produced by six year old - female quillbacks . quillbacks achieve independence almost immediately after hatching .\ngrowth averages 7 to 9 cm ( 3 to 4 inches ) per year in the younger ages to about 2 to 4 cm ( 1 to 1 1 / 2 ) inches each year for older specimens . a six year - old quillback carpsucker would be about 31 cm ( 12 inches ) in length and weigh slightly over 450 g ( one pound ) . quillback carpsuckers are a long - lived species , with fish as old as 11 years found in populations .\nconservation and management quillbacks have no special conservation status in minnesota . they are not abundant in minnesota but are more common then our other two carpsuckers species . in more southern midwestern states , the quillback is a commercial species of modest value .\nquillback carpsuckers spawn in open lake , river and stream bottoms and hatch from an unguarded spawning area where eggs are released by the female and fertilized by the male ( or males ) . once eggs are fertilized they take 8 - 12 days to hatch .\nthe largest recorded quillback carpsucker was caught in nebraska on the missouri river by patrick fox jr . on june 3 , 2001 . it weighed 6 . 18 kg ( 13 lbs . 10 oz . ) and measured 71 . 2 cm ( 28 inches ) in length .\nsavitz , j . , l . g . bardygula , and l . scoma . 1989b . the first record of the quillback carpsucker ( carpiodes cyprinus ) in illinois waters of lake michigan . transactions of the illinois academy of science 82 ( 3 & 4 ) : 191 - 192 .\nhow big do they get ? how long do they live ? the quillback is our largest carpsucker and can reach 200 mm ( 20 in ) and 2 . 7 kg ( 6 lbs ) . they live for about 10 years , although we know of specimens from wisconsin as old as 12 years .\nabundant in the clearer streams in iowa . their range extends from the great border rivers into the large interior rivers and most river impoundments . along with the river carpsucker , they often make up a big portion of fish in these rivers . small streams occasionally have quillback populations , but their abundance is usually rare .\nthose men of learning who claim dominion over the cold , weirdly angled laws of this world would deny that unutterable savagery of nature , conjuring their knowledge as a man in repose draws a blanket over himself , somnolent , to distract from cognizant mind the lethargic caliginosity of this world . such mendacity is made manifest in the quillback .\nwhere do they live ? the quillback is most common in rivers and their connected lakes in the southern half of minnesota . it occurs less frequently in the northern drainages , but us absent from the upper mississippi river and lake superior drainages . this species normally occurs in the more quiet waters of medium to low gradient , rivers including their sloughs and flood plain lakes .\nquillback carpsuckers are critically imperiled in vermont . they are imperiled in new york and michigan . also they are vulnerable in alberta , saskatchewan , quebec , south dakota , kansas , oklahoma , arkansas , louisiana and north carolina . populations seem to be stable in wyoming , nebraska , wisconsin , indiana , kentucky , mississippi , georgia , west virginia , virginia , maryland , ontario , iowa , illinois , alabama , pennsylvania , manitoba and the district of columbia . ohio , south carolina , florida , missouri , minnesota and north dakota have not ranked\nthe quillback is our most common carpsucker . commonly found in most warmwater rivers and streams , they are very difficult to catch . in many mid - sized warmwater rivers , quillbacks are the most common fish in the stream - but the rarest catch on hook and line . because of this , some states allow the barbaric practice of snagging or\nsnatching\nwith treble hooks . this is a species that is so hard to catch that many otherwise ethical anglers resort to snagging , bowshooting , spearing , or other pathetic and unsportsmanlike methods to capture them . but true sportsmen will always rise to the challenge and figure out how to catch them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nmurdy , edward o . , ray s . birdsong , and john a . musick\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nfemales begin developing eggs internally long before hatch . in comparison males are much less involved during the pre - fertilization . neither sex has any apparent parental involvement after fertilization . the eggs are not guarded and they are left to develop and hatch on their own .\nmortality is high among eggs , fry and young fish because they provide browsing foods for predatory fish . one anti - predator adaptation that the species has made is the production of several thousand eggs per breeding season to ensure the survival of some offspring . adult quillbacks are usually not preyed upon due to their size and their schooling behavior .\ntanya dewey ( editor ) , animal diversity web , courtney egan ( editor ) .\nmichael ervin ( author ) , eastern kentucky university , sherry harrel ( editor , instructor ) , eastern kentucky university .\nstate of florida . 2005 .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission\n( on - line ) . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\nhot spot network . 2005 .\nhotspot fishing\n( on - line ) . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\n2005 .\nnature serve\n( on - line ) . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\ncommonwealth of pennsylvania . 2005 .\npa chapter 12 suckers\n( on - line ) . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\nmayhew , j . 1987 .\niowa fish and fishing\n( on - line ) . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\npage , l . , b . burr . 2005 .\nfishbase\n( on - line ) . accessed october 31 , 2005 at urltoken .\nervin , m . 2006 .\ncarpiodes cyprinus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nbecker ( 1983 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) ; jenkins and burkhead ( 1994 ) . taxonomy of the genus carpiodes on the lower atlantic slope is uncertain . some of the forms resembling c . cyprinus and c . velifer may represent undescribed species ( gilbert , personal communication ) .\ngreat lakes and st . lawrence river , hudson bay , and mississippi river basins from quebec to alberta and south to louisiana ; atlantic slope drainages from delaware river , new york , to altamaha river , south carolina ( except apparently absent from rappahannock and york drainages in virginia , and tar and neuse drainages in north carolina ) . gulf slope drainages from apalachicola river , florida and georgia , to pearl river , louisiana ( page and burr 1991 ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of carpiodes cyprinus are found here .\nestablished in arizona , north carolina , virginia and wisconsin . unknown in illinois .\nbecker , g . c . 1983 . fishes of wisconsin . university of wisconsin press , madison , wi .\netnier , d . a . , and w . c . starnes . 1993 . the fishes of tennessee . university of tennessee press , knoxville , tn .\ngilbert , c . r . - florida museum of natural history , gainesville , fl .\njenkins , r . e . , and n . m . burkhead . 1994 . freshwater fishes of virginia . american fisheries society , bethesda , md .\nmiller , r . r . , and c . h . lowe . 1967 . fishes of arizona . 133 - 151 in lowe , c . h . , ed . the vertebrates of arizona . university of arizona press , tucson , az .\nmenhinick , e . f . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of north carolina . north carolina wildlife resources commission .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . the peterson field guide series , volume 42 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .\nfuller , p . , 2018 , carpiodes cyprinus ( lesueur , 1817 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 7 / 22 / 2004 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\nthis page was last edited on 24 may 2017 , at 14 : 09 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .\nrange includes the great lakes - st . lawrence river , hudson bay , and mississippi river basins from quebec to alberta and south to louisiana , west to wyoming ; atlantic slope drainages from the delaware river , new york , to the savannah river , georgia ( absent from several drainages ) ; gulf slope drainages from the apalachicola river , florida and georgia , to the pearl river , louisiana ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but is very large . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .\nthis fish inhabits pools , backwaters , and main channels of clear to turbid waters of creeks , small to large rivers , and lakes ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . it spawns over sand and mud bottoms in quiet waters of streams or overflow areas in bends of rivers or bays of lakes ( scott and crossman 1973 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research actions .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nwhat do they eat ? quillbacks are vacuum cleaners of the stream where the bottom is soft . so , they consume all kinds of bottom detritus ( decaying matter ) , plant matter , and insect larvae , especially midge larvae . they probably consume as much dead matter as living matter . larval quillbacks begin life eating waterfleas and other small plankton ( floating microscopic plants and animals ) from the water column .\nwhat eats them ? young quillbacks undoubtedly are eaten by piscivorous ( fish - eating ) fishes , but predation on them has not been reported . small quillbacks often associate with sand and mudflats in larger rivers . so , they are probably preyed upon by herons and eagles . the number of quillbacks taken by humans is very small .\npermission is granted for the non - commercial educational or scientific use of the text and images on this web document . please credit the author or authors listed below .\nphotographs by konrad p . schmidt text by nicole paulson & jay t . hatch in cooperation with the minnesota department of natural resources ' minnaqua aquatic program\nmaintained by jay t . hatch general college and james ford bell museum of natural history university of minnesota , minneapolis / st . paul\nquillbacks are numerous in most warmwater rivers , but are probably the species of carpsucker most likely to occur in lakes and impoundments . they inhabit shallow , slow water areas , such as deep pools , backwaters , side channels , and the flats . they can and do enter the main current flow , and will definitely flee into deep fast water when hooked or , more likely , spooked by an angler .\nquillbacks are very difficult to catch , except at the urltoken roundup . night fishing can be very effective . smoke a cigar and put out a line . you might be surprised .\nbody color : gray to brown mottled w / yellow on anterior portion of body , and w / orange - brown spotting on lower , anterior of body ; fins dark , except anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin , which is splashed w / yellow . ( also see above underwater photo . )\n- body brown w / dark mottling ; dorsal - fin membranes not deeply incised ; head spine count typically differs .\n- body black w / yellow stripe along lateral line and across nape ; dorsal - fin margin not deeply incised .\nits hooked beak describes a smile that makes mock of the laws of man and maker , and in the sagging folds of its rough and squamous hide lies no elegant simplicity . but look upon its dorsal ridge for the proof , if logic be your refuge , for in the ebon spines that jut uncaringly from its back , no man of learning can fail to see the cold and twisted spires of the black city itself .\nthis is a creature research item . bring it to a creature research specialist to learn more about this type of creature .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthese sleepy little guys take it easy down under . they mostly live hunched over and roll around looking for food . once they find it , they usually nap and keep it safe and warm underneath them leaving a nice , warm breakfast for when they decide to wakeup . their big , sharp quills keep other mice away , giving them all the time in the world to finish their food .\nthis page was last modified on 27 may 2017 , at 03 : 41 .\niowa fish species how to fish for . . . trout fishing master angler program first fish program\niowa ' s natural resources plates include the state bird and flower , pheasant , eagle , buck and a brook trout . support conservation in iowa by buying a natural resource plate for your vehicle . natural resource plates\nexperience iowa ' s natural beauty and all the fun our state parks offer . make your online reservation for state park cabins , camping sites , shelters and lodges .\nbrown back with silvery reflections , sides tinged golden yellow with dark edged scales , white belly , large scales . it is often misidentified as other carpsuckers . the most notable characteristic is the lack of a nipple - like projection at the middle of the lower lip . it can be distinguished from the other carpsuckers by the number of scales along the lateral line ; it has 37 to 41 scales . adults are commonly 12 - to 17 - inches long and weigh 1 to 3 pounds .\nrecent stream sampling information is available from iowa dnr ' s biological monitoring and assessment program .\namenities listed are at city of ft . madison boat ramp . amenities vary by location in pool 19\namenities listed are for the toolsboro ramp . the ramp at toolsboro is paved but the road to the ramp is gravel . there is some shore fishing along the parking area and at the outlet of lake odessa . amenities vary by location in pool 18\nthe amenities list are for buffalo shores campground in buffalo , iowa . amenities at other locations in pool 16 vary by location .\namenities list for muscatine city ramp . this ramp is located in downtown muscatine . amenities vary by location in pool 17 .\nthis stretch is located in marshall , tama , the sw corner of benton , iowa , and johnson county . a popular access is at the hwy 21 access , which is part of the iowa river corridor wildlife area , just south of belle plaine .\nthis stretch is located in hardin and marshall county . a popular access is located in pine lake state park , just east of eldora on county road s56 .\nwapsi river environmental education center : 31555 52nd avenue , dixon , iowa 52745 . northeast of dixon along the wapsi river . and sherman park across the river in clinton county\nmac coon access is located five and one - half miles north of lockridge just east of willow blvd .\nchris larsen park : 1280 larsen park road / sioux city , ia . located on the sioux city riverfront along the missouri river . larsen park offers 110 acres on the sioux city riverfront . managed by the city of sioux city .\nlake manawa state park : 1100 south shore drive / council bluffs , ia 51501 phone : 712 - 366 - 0220 . managed by the iowa department of natural resources lake manawa state park has boat ramps on the missouri river within the park .\nthe highway 30 access is in the middle of this river section and is located 3 miles west of boone on the north side of highway 30 .\nthis stretch is located in benton and linn county . a popular river access is in the dudgeon lake wildlife area right of hwy 150 on the north side of vinton .\nthis stretch is found in linn and cedar county . a popular access is found in palisades state park which is on hwy 30 between cedar rapids and mount vernon .\nwilson island state recreation area : 32801 campground lane / missouri valley , ia 51555 phone - 712 - 642 - 2069 . managed by the iowa department of natural resources , wilson island recreation area has 544 acres along the missouri river near missouri valley iowa .\nthis stretch is located in linn and jones county . a popular access on this stretch is in pinicon ridge park , just off hwy 13 by central city .\nriverside access : on the south side of riverside . has a hard surface ramp but it is only usable during highwater , mostly used as a canoe take out .\nthis stretch is located in johnson county . a popular access is the tailwater east ramp located right below the coralville lake dam , east of north liberty and coralville .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ncomparative feeding ecology of two sympatric rockfish congeners , sebastes caurinus ( copper rockfish ) . . .\nuniversity microfilms order no . umi00378980 . thesis ( ph . d . ) - - university of victoria , 1992 . includes bibliographical references .\nfood habits of lactating harp seals ( phoca groenlandica ) in the gulf of st . lawrence in march\ngrowth and feeding habits of grey seals ( halichoerus grypus ) in the northwestern gulf of st . lawrenc . . .\ngrowth and feeding habits were determined for 82 grey seals ( halichoerus grypus ) collected in the northwestern gulf of st . lawrence , canada , between 3 july and 6 december 1983 . male grey seals reached an asymptotic standard length of 242 cm , whereas females attained a length of 201 cm . most ( 96 % ) females 175 cm or longer and 5 years of age or older were pregnant . a larger proportion of grey . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 2237, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia ericeti is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north madagascar .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it looks close to eupethicia graphiticata ( joannis ) but is a little bigger in size .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the length of its frontwings is 12 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "eupithecia ericeti", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder eupithecia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av eupithecia sj\u00e4lv\neupithecia absinthiata clerck , 1759 = eupithecia coagulata guen\u00e9e in boisduval and guen\u00e9e , 1858 .\neupithecia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ing\u00e5r i familjen m\u00e4tare .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , north - ural , mid - amur , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) ? , russia , romania , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2240, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris malthacopa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1922 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in french guiana and brazil ( amazons ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are rather dark violet-ashy-grey with an irregular transverse blackish blotch in the disc before the middle , which is sometimes divided into two .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the upper half is somewhat mixed with brown and the lower half occupied , except for the lateral margins , by a brownish-ochreous spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two blackish dots transversely placed on the end of the cell , sometimes with some pale yellowish scales between these .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are rather dark grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris malthacopa", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\nhelcystogramma zeller , 1877 ceratophora heinemann , 1870 chambersella ( murtfeldt , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) subalusella ( chambers , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) parvipulvella ( chamber , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) inaequepulvella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) subalbella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) , emend . subalbella meyrick , 1925 , emend . convolvuli ( walsingham , 1908 ) ( trichotaphe ) crypsilychna meyrick , 1914 dryadopa meyrick , 1918 effera ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( lecithocera ) emigrans ( meyrick , 1921 ) ( lecithocera ) cornuta ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . luminosa ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . leucopleura meyrick , 1914 perceptella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb .\nonebala walker , 1864 helcystogramma zeller , 1877 dectobathra meyrick , 1914 adaequata ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) adequate clarke , 1969 , missp . anisopa ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( anacampsis ) archigrapha meyrick , 1929 carycastis ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) cerinura ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia ) chalyburga ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) daedalea ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elliptica ( forbes , 1931 ) ( trichotaphe ) meconitis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( trichotaphe ) ribeella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( helcystogramma ) rusticella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) sertigera ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( helcystogramma ) stellatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) symbolica ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) tegulella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( trichotaphe ) servilis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) trichocyma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia )\ndichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\nbrachmia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] braclunia stephens , 1834 , missp . cladodes heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by solier , 1849 [ coleoptera ] ceratophora heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by gray , [ 1835 ] [ reptilia ] eudodacles snellen , 1889 , repl . name aulacomima meyrick , 1904 apethistis meyrick , 1908 lyrella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) virescens walsingham , 1911 brachyacma meyrick , 1886 lathontogenes walsingham , 1897 paraspistes meyrick , 1905 lipatia busck , 1910 paraspistis busck , 1914 , missp . brachyaema povolny\u00b4 , 1964 , missp . lathontogonus diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . brachiacma common , 1970 , missp . lathontogenes hodges , 1983 , missp . palpigera ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( gelechia ) adustipennis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( lathontogenus ) iolocha ( meyrick , 1905 ) ( paraspistes ) crotalariella ( busck , 1910 ) ( lipatia ) epichorda turner , 1919\ngelechia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] guinea bruand , 1850 galechia desmarest , [ 1857 ] , missp . cirrha chambers , 1872 oeseis chambers , 1875 mesogelechia omelko , 1986 gelecia watt , 1920 , missp . bathrochlora meyrick , 1932 bufo walsingham , 1911 cacoderma walsingham , 1911 caespitella zeller , 1877 cerussata walsingham , 1911 chlorocephala meyrick , 1932 clopica meyrick , 1931 concinna walsingham , 1911 creberrima walsingham , 1911 cuneifera walsingham , 1911 delapsa meyrick , 1931 diacmota meyrick , 1932 dolbyi ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elephantopis meyrick , 1936 exclarella m\u00f6schler , 1890 flammulella walsingham , 1897 gnathodoxa meyrick , 1926 goniospila meyrick , 1931 hetaeria walsingham , 1911 impurgata walsingham , 1911 lapidescens meyrick , 1916 , repl . name lithodes walsingham , 1911 , preocc . ( not meyrick , 1886 ) leptospora meyrick , 1932 nephelophracta meyrick , 1932 neptica walsingham , 1911 nigripectus walsingham , 1911 nucifer walsingham , 1911 nucifera meyrick , 1925 , emend . ophiaula meyrick , 1931 ophiomorpha meyrick , 1935 pertinens meyrick , 1931 petraea walsingham , 1911 picrogramma meyrick , 1929 platydoxa meyrick , 1923 pleroma walsingham , 1911 protozona meyrick , 1926 rhypodes walsingham , 1911 scotodes walsingham , 1911 sonorensis walsingham , 1911 suspensa meyrick , 1923 synthetica walsingham , 1911 tannuolella rebel , 1917 thymiata ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( nothris ) traducella busck , 1914 veneranda walsingham , 1911 xylobathra meyrick , 1936\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsangmi lee and richard l . brown mississippi entomological museum , box 9775 , mississippi state , ms 39762 e - mail ( sl ) : microlepi @ urltoken\nnealyda dietz , 1900 accincta meyrick , 1923 bicolor ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( didactylota ) bougainvileae e . m . hering , 1955 leucozostra meyrick , 1923 pisoniae busck , 1900\nmegacraspedus zeller , 1839 neda chambers , 1874 , preocc . by mulsant , 1850 pycnobathra lower , 1901 autoneda busck , 1903 , repl . name toxoceras chr\u00e9tien , 1915 megacraspedas in barnes & mcdunnough , 1917 , missp . exilis walsingham , 1909 isophrictis meyrick , 1917 actiella barners & busck , 1920 monochroa heinemann , 1870 catabrachmia rebel , 1909 absconditella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) palpiannulella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia )\naristotelia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] ergatis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by blackwall , 1870 isochasta meyrick , 1886 eucatoptus walsingham , 1897 aphiltra meyrick , 1917 argyractis meyrick , 1923 calculatrix meyrick , 1923 chalybeichroa ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) chalybochroa meyrick , 1925 , emend . corallina walsingham , 1909 cosmographa meyrick , 1917 crassicornis walsingham , 1897 cynthia meyrick , 1917 cytherae meyrick , 1917 dasypoda walsingham , 1910 diolcella forbes , 1931 elachistella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) erycina meyrick , 1917 eupatoriella busck , [ 1934 ] hieroglyphica walsingham , 1909 howardi walsingham , 1909 lignicolora forbes , 1931 naxia meyrick , 1926 oribatis meyrick , 1917 pantalaena ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) paphia meyrick , 1917 parephoria clarke , 1951 paterata meyrick , 1914 penicillata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) perfossa meyrick , 1917 radicata meyrick , 1917 perplexa clarke , 1951 probolopis meyrick , 1923 pudibundella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) intermediella ( chambers , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) pulicella walsingham , 1897 ) pyrodercia walsingham , 1910 roseosuffusella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) belella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rubidella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) rubensella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) pudibundella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , misid . ( not zeller , 1873 ) sarcodes walsingham , 1910 saturnina meyrick , 1917 squamigera walsingham , 1909 subrosea meyrick , 1914 trossulella walsingham , 1897 vagabundella forbes , 1931 veteranella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( tachyptilia ) vicana meyrick , 1917\nagnippe chambers , 1872 evippe chambers , 1873 phaetusa chambers , 1875 , preocc . by wagler , 1832 aganippe chamber , 1880 , missp . tholerostola meyrick , 1917 aequorea ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( recurvaria ) aulonota ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) evippeella busck , 1906 leuconota ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) plutella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( phaetusa ) omphalopa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( tholerostola ) plumata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia )\nrecurvaria haworth , 1828 lita kollar , 1832 telea steph . , 1834 , preocc . by h\u00fcbner , 1819 aphanaula meyrick , 1895 hinnebergia spuler , 1910 microlechia turati , 1924 annulicornis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) eromene ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) febriculella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) filicornis ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) flagelifer walsingham , 1910 flagellifera meyrick , 1925 , missp . insequens meyrick , 1931 intermissella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) kitella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) melanostictella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) merismatella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) nothostigma meyrick , 1914 ornatipalpella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) ostariella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) penetrans meyrick , 1923 picula walsingham , 1910 pleurosaris meyrick , 1923 putella busck , 1914 rhicnota walsingham , 1910 rhombophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sartor walsingham , 1910 saxea meyrick , 1923 senariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sticta walsingham , 1910 synestia meyrick , 1939 thiodes meyrick , 1917 thysanota walsingham , 1910 trigonophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) xanthotricha meyrick , 1917\ncoleotechnites chambers , 1880 evagora clemens , 1860 , preocc . by p\u00e9ron & lesueur , 1810 eidothea chambers , 1873 , preocc . by risso , 1826 eidothoa chambers , 1873 , missp . eucordylea dietz , 1900 pulicalvaria freeman , 1963 hapalosaris meyrick , 1917 coleotechnistes in busck , [ 1903 ] , missp . elucidella ( barnes & busck , 1920 ) ( eucordylea ) petulans ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( hapalosaris ) vagatioella ( chambers , 1873 ) ( eidothoa [ sic ] ) dorsivittella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) schistophila chr\u00e9tien , 1899 fuscella forbes , 1931\nexoteleia wallengren , 1881 paralechia busck , 1903 heringia spuler , 1910 , preocc . by rondani , 1856 heringiola strand , 1917 , repl . name ithycosma ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia )\ntelphusa chambers , 1872 adrasteia chambers , 1872 adrastia kirby , 1874 , missp . geniadophora walsingham , 1897 auxoptila meyrick , 1926 callitechna meyrick , 1914 praefinita ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( mompha ) delatrix meyrick , 1923 distictella forbes , 1931 extranea ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( poecilia ) hemicycla meyrick , 1932 latebricola meyrick , 1932 medulella busck , 1914 melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 obligata busck , 1914 ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 orgilopis meyrick , 1923 penetratrix meyrick , 1931 perspicua ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) quinquedentata ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) ripula walsingham , 1911 smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 translucida ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( bryotropha )\nthiotricha meyrick , 1886 reuttia hofmann , 1898 thiotrica inoue , 1954 , missp . thiothricha hartig , 1956 , missp . argoxantha meyrick , 1914 aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 cleodorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) godmani ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( polyhymno ) laterestriata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) sciurella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) argoxantha meyrick , 1914\nstomopteryx heinemann , 1870 inotica meyrick , 1913 instica sharp , 1915 , missp . acraeologa meyrick , 1921 stomopterix turati , 1922 , missp . stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe , 1935 , missp . phaeopa meyrick , 1918\nfriseria busck , 1939 acaciella ( busck , 1906 ) ( telphusa ) caieta hodges , 1966 cockerelli ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) lindenella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) malindella ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) sarcochlora ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( gelechia ) infracta ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticaput ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticeps ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . nona hoges , 1966 paphlactis ( meyrick , 1912 ) ( gelechia ) repentina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia )\ngnorimoschmea busck , 1900 lerupsia riedl , 1965 neoschema povolny\u00b4 , 1967 atriplicella keifer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 borsaniella k\u00f6hler , 1939 cestrivora clarke , 1950 cestivora hayward , 1969 , missp . dudiella busck , 1903 euchthonia ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( phthorimaea ) exacta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) involuta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) motasi povolny\u00b4 , 1976 perfidiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) saphirinella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) urosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea )\nphthorimaea meyrick , 1902 phtyrimaea turner , 1919 , missp . phthorimoea povolny\u00b4 & zakopal , 1951 , missp . pthorimaea issiki , 1957 , missp . phthorimea diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . phtorimea oei - dharma , 1969 , missp . argentinae povolny\u00b4 , 1989 euchthonia meyrick , 1939 ferella ( berg , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) impudica walsingham , 1911 interjuncta meyrick , 1931 jamaicensis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) operculella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) terrella walker , 1864 , preocc . by d . & s . , 1775 solanella boisduval , 1874 tabacella ( ragonot , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) sedate ( butler , 1880 ) ( gelechia ) epicentra meyrick , 1909 robusta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 sphenophora ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia )\ngnorimoschema busck , 1900 gnorimochema dyar , [ 1903 ] , missp . lerupsia riedl , 1965 larupsia soffner , 1967 ventralella ( zeller , 1877 )\nscrobipalpula povolny\u00b4 , 1964 acuta povolny\u00b4 , 1990 albolineata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 atra povolny\u00b4 , 1987 chiquitella ( busck , 1909 ) ( gnorimoschema ) conifera ( meyrick , 1916 ) ( chelaria ) crustaria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) daturae ( zeller , 1877 ) ( doryphora ) densata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gnorimoschema ) laciniosa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ephoria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) falcate povolny\u00b4 , 1987 fjeldsai povolny\u00b4 , 1990 flava povolny\u00b4 , 1987 gregalis ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) gregariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) hastata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 henshawiella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ochreostrigella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not chambers , 1875 ) incerta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 ilyella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) incerta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 isochlora ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) latisaccula povolny\u00b4 , 1987 latiuncula povolny\u00b4 , 1987 megaloander povolny\u00b4 , 1987 melanolepis ( clarke , 1965 ) ( gnorimoschema ) motasi povolny\u00b4 , 1976 omicron povolny\u00b4 , 1987 pallens povolny\u00b4 , 1987 patagonica povolny\u00b4 , 1977 psilella ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1855 ) ( gelechia ) quinoae povolny\u00b4 , 1997 radiata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 rosariensis povolny\u00b4 , 1987 stirodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) subtenera povolny\u00b4 , 1987 tenera povolny\u00b4 , 1987 transiens povolny\u00b4 , 1987 trichinaspis ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea )\nkeiferia busck , 1939 tildenia povolny\u00b4 , 1967 brunnea povolny\u00b4 , 1973 chloroneura ( meyrick , 1923 ) colombiana povolny\u00b4 , 1975 elmorei ( keifer , 1936 ) ( gnorimoschema ) funebrella povolny\u00b4 , 1984 griseofusca povolny\u00b4 , 1984 gudmanella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) n . comb . keiferioides ( povolny\u00b4 , 1987 ) ( scrobipalpula ) lobata povolny\u00b4 , 1990 lycopersicella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) lenta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) lycopersicella ( busck , 1928 ) ( phthorimaea ) preocc . by walsingham , 1897 propria povolny\u00b4 , 1990 rusposoria povolny\u00b4 , 1979 subtilis povolny\u00b4 , 1984 vitalis povolny\u00b4 , 1990\nchionodes , h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] chionoda h\u00fcbner , [ 1826 ] , missp . oxycryptis meyrick , 1912 argosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) consona ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) dryobathra ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) eburata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) icriodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) lacticoma ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) litigiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) mediofuscella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) vagella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) fuscoochrella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) liturosella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) rhedaria ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) pentadora ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) perissosema ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( gelechia ) salva ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( phthorimaea ) , repl . name leucocephala ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not lower , 1893 ) spiridoxa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia )\nfaculta busck , 1939 inaequalis ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) inaequalis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) preocc . by busck , 1910 anisectis ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) clistrodoma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) stegasta meyrick , 1904 biniveipunctata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) bosqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) basqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) , missp . bosquella ( chambers , 1878 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . costipunctella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) capitella ( fabricius , 1794 ) ( alucita ) capitatus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ( ypsolophus ) , repl . name robustella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rivulella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) comissata meyrick , 1923 donatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) phalacra ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) postpallescens ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) scoteropis meyrick , 1931 zygotoma meyrick , 1917\nuntomia busck , 1906 acicularis meyrick , 1918 alticolens walsingham , 1911 alticolans meyrick , 1925 , emend . horista walsingham , 1911 juventella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( ypsolophus ) latistriga walsingham , 1911 melanobathra meyrick , 1918 rotundata walsingham , 1911\nbattaristis meyrick , 1914 duvita busck , 1916 acroglypta meyrick , 1929 amphiscolia meyrick , 1914 ardiophora meyrick , 1914 atelesta meyrick , 1914 bistrigella ( buskc , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) concisa meyrick , 1929 coniosema meyrick , 1922 curtella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) emissurella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) severella ( walker , 1864 ) ( cryptolechia ) fuliginosa ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) dorsalis ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) astroconis ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( compsolechia ) ichnota meyrick , 1914 melanamba meyrick , 1914 nigratomella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicilinella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicistrigella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( parasia ) orthocampta meyrick , 1914 parazela meyrick , 1929 perinaeta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( anacampsis ) prismatopa meyrick , 1914 rhythmodes meyrick , 1929 sphenodelta meyrick , 1922 stereogramma meyrick , 1914 symphora ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) syngraphopa meyrick , 1922 syngraphora meyrick , 1925 , missp . synocha meyrick , 1922 tricentrota meyrick , 1931 unistrigella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis )\nholophysis walsingham , 1910 hoplophysis mcd . , 1939 , missp . anoma walsingham , 1910 autodesma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) auxiliaris ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) barydescma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) quadrimaculata walsingham , 1910 stagmatophoria walsingham 1910 tentatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) xanthostoma walsingham , 1910\nchelariinae crasimorpha meyrick , 1923 infuscate hodges , 1963 peragrata meyrick , 1923 prostomeus busck , 1903 brunneus busck , 1903 hypatima h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] chelaria haworth , 1828 hypatina stephens , 1835 , missp . allocota meyrick , 1904 cynestomorpha meyrick , 1904 deuteroptila meyrick , 1904 semodictis meyrick , 1909 allocotaniana strand , 1913 episacta turner , 1919 cellaria neave , 1939 , missp . cheleria lhomme , [ 1948 ] , missp . euchorda ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( chelaria ) hora ( busck , 1914 ) ( psoricoptera )\nsemophylax meyrick , 1932 apicepuncta ( busck , 1911 ) ( psoricoptera ) praesignis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( anisoplaca ) apicipuncta ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( chelaria ) , emend .\nsitotroga heinemann , 1870 silotroga kirby , 1871 , missp . nesolechia meyrick , 1921 syngenomictis meyrick , 1927 sitotrogus matsumura , 1931 , missp . sitotrega borg , 1932 , missp . sititroga costa lima , 1945 , missp . cerealella ( olivier , 1789 ) ( alucita ) hordei ( kirby , 1815 ) ( tinea ) arctella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) melanarthra ( lower , 1900 ) ( gelechia ) palearis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( epithectis ) ochrescens ( meyrick , 1938 ) ( aristotelia ) coarctella zeller , 1877\ndichomeridinae acompsia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] acampsia westwood , 1840 , missp . accompsia bruand , 1850 , missp . brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 brachicrossata hartmann , 1880 , missp . cathegesis walsingham , 1910 angulifera walsingham , 1897 psoricopterella ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( brachycrossata ) vinitincta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( cathegesis )\nanorthosia clemens , 1860 sagaritis chambers , 1872 , preocc . by billberg , 1820 [ crustacea ] anorthodisca gaede , 1937 , missp . capillata walsingham , 1911 punctipennella clemens , 1860 gracilella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( sagaritis )\ndeoclona busck , 1903 proclesis walsingham , 1911 lioclepta meyrick , 1922 deoclana fletcher , 1929 , missp . complanata ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( lioclepta ) eriobotryae busck , 1939 xanthoselene ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( proclesis ) xanthoselena meyrick , 1925 , emend .\nadullamitis meyrick , 1932 adullanitis gaede , 1937 , missp . emancipate meyrick , 1932\nanthistarcha meyrick , 1925 antistarcha costa lima , 1945 , missp . binocularis meyrick , 1929 geniatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( gelechia )\nbeltheca busck , 1914 anterethista meyrick , 1914 antherethista gaede , 1937 , missp . phosphoropa ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( anterethista ) picolella busck , 1914 heteractis ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( anterethista )\ncommatica meyrick , 1909 apopira walsingham , 1911 acropelta meyrick , 1914 bifuscella ( forbes , 1931 ) ( anacampsis ) chionura meyrick , 1914 crossotorna meyrick , 1929 cryptina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) cyanorrhoa meyrick , 1914 emplasta meyrick , 1914 eremna meyrick , 1909 extremella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) falcatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rostella ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) hexacentra meyrick , 1922 lupata meyrick , 1914 metochra meyrick , 1914 nerterodes meyrick , 1914 palirrhoa meyrick , 1922 parmulata meyrick , 1914 phanocrossa meyrick , 1922 placoterma meyrick , 1918 pterygota meyrick , 1929 servula meyrick , 1922 stygia meyrick , 1922 xanthocarpa meyrick , 1922\ncompsosaris meyrick , 1914 gompsosaris gaede , 1937 , missp . flavidella ( busck , 1914 ) ( recurvaria ) testacea meyrick , 1914\npavolechia busck , 1914 desmaucha meyrick , 1918 argentea busck , 1914 chrysostoma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( desmaucha ) pelocnistis meyrick , 1932 xylozona meyrick , 1932 perioristica walsingham , 1910 chalcopera walsingham , 1910 phylopatris meyrick , 1923 terpnodes meyrick , 1923 promolopica meyrick , 1925 epiphantha meyrick , 1925 ptilostonuchia walsingham , 1911 ptilonostychia fletcher , 1929 , missp . plicata walsingham , 1911 satrapodoxa meyrick , 1925 regia ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia ) sclerograptis meyrick , 1923 oxytypa meyrick , 1923 simoneura walsingham , 1911 ophitis walsingham , 1911 sorotacta meyrick , 1914 bryochlora meyrick , 1922 viridans , meyrick , 1914 stachyostoma meyrick , 1923 psilodoxa meyrick , 1923 stagmaturgis meyrick , 1923 catharosema meyrick , 1923 steremniodes meyrick , 1923 sciactis meyrick , 1923 stereodmeta meyrick , 1931 xylodeta meyrick , 1931 stibarenches meyrick , 1930 bifissa meyrick , 1930 symphanactis meyrick , 1925 hetaera ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( ptocheuusa )\nsynactias meyrick , 1931 micranthis meyrick , 1931 tabernillaia walsingham , 1911 tabernillaea meyrick , 1925 , emend . ephialtes walsingham , 1911\ntecia kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 fapua kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 lata kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 orsotricha meyrick , 1914 brachypsaltis meyrick , 1931 scrobischema povolny\u00b4 , 1980 albinervella ( kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 ) ( fapua ) arnicella ( clarke , 1942 ) confirmans strand , 1910 kiefferi kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 petasitis ( pfaffenzeller , 1867 ) petrella ( busck , 1915 ) solanivora ( povolny\u00b4 , 1973 ) subalbata ( meyrick , 1931 ) tetradymiella ( busck , 1903 ) venosa ( butler , 1883 ) mendozella kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 baccharisella ( brethes , 1917 ) ( holcocera ) vergarai ( povolny\u00b4 , 1980 ) ( scrobischema ) thrypsigenes meyrick , 1914 thripsigenes clarke , 1955 , missp . colluta meyrick , 1914 furvescens meyrick , 1914 trichembola meyrick , 1918 idiarcha meyrick , 1931 zelosyne walsingham , 1911 olga meyrick , 1915 poecilosoma walsingham , 1911 \u201cgaea\u201d lilloi k\u00f6hler , 1941 , mispl .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation ."]}
{"id": 2242, "summary": [{"text": "the rough whiting , sillago nierstraszi , is a dubious species of coastal marine fish in the smelt-whiting family sillaginidae .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species is known only from the holotype which was collected in 1941 on the south coast of papua new guinea , but is thought to be lost .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "s. nierstraszi is currently a valid species , although during his revision of the sillaginids , roland mckay suggested the species to be a senior synonym of sillago analis . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "rough whiting", "paragraphs": ["rough night in whiting for the whoa . . . - the times of northwest indiana\ntry fishing closer to shore over the next few days , surf conditions are going to be rough .\nwhiting began sleeping rough and on july 22 stole a car . police , who were watching him , gave chase . he tried to ram two police cars but was eventually stopped .\ntopping this week ' s roundup of those having a rough week is ibm , which is losing a major customer for its softlayer public cloud service .\nflathead and bream above the ferry . mud crabs in emigrant creek . tailor and bonito from the rocks . no offshore fishing due to rough conditions .\nthe best fitting models are indicated in bold . whiting * was an alternative model for whiting ( see text ) .\ntopping this week ' s roundup of companies that had a rough week is tanium , which saw its oem relationship with vmware come to an end this week .\nlong steep slope for 600m . mostly firm gravel and earth surface . some rough and potentially muddy sections with exposed tree roots . includes some bridges and steps .\ntopping this week ' s roundup of those having a rough week is lumenate , which filed for bankruptcy protection and disclosed millions of dollars in debt owed to a distributor .\ntopping this week ' s roundup of companies that had a rough week is solution provider pcm , which discovered that it may not have gotten what it expected when it bought en pointe .\nuneven gravel and earth surface , with some rough rocky and muddy sections . several steep slopes and some steps . includes a narrow gap , several bridges and a section along the road .\nwhiting was arrested for the third time on february 6 , appropriately by pc saunders . whiting seemed to shrug and yawn as he was charged .\nmodel choice summary for pelagic abundance data for cod , haddock , and whiting .\nmodel choice summary for abundance of cod , haddock and whiting in demersal trawls .\nwhiting , flathead , mud crabs above traffic bridge . mangrove jack and bream at boat harbour .\nthere are public toilets and places to eat in whiting bay . kilmory village hall also has toilets .\nnot everyone in the it industry was having a rough go of it this week . for a rundown of companies that made smart decisions , executed savvy strategic moves \u2013 or just had good luck \u2013 check out this week ' s five companies that came to win roundup .\na stiff climb to the remarkable prehistoric chambered cairns at giants\u2019 graves , revealing wonderful views over whiting bay .\nthere are bus stops in whiting bay and kilmory . you ' ll find timetable details at traveline scotland .\nmodel choice summary for the length distribution of cod , haddock , and whiting caught by demersal trawls in 2004 .\nbut they could not afford to focus only on whiting . supt ladley said :\nevery decision had to be made with the possibility that whiting could be innocent .\ndetectives were to interview hundreds of sex offenders throughout britain .\nglenashdale waterfall located to the west of whiting bay some 2km from the sea - about 2 hours for the walk .\npolice watched whiting go twice to his van and remove items . when he emerged a third time he got into the van and began to drive away . the officers were faced with a split - second decision - to follow whiting in the hope he would lead them to sarah or to stop him ? they stopped him and probably prevented whiting destroying important evidence .\nunless whiting finally admits killing sarah , the detail of how he abducted the girl and what happened to her will remain unknown .\nstart at the glenashdale forest entrance in whiting bay , \u00bc mile ( 0 . 5 km ) from ashdale bridge car park .\nafter one of the biggest murder investigations in britain , a raft of forensic evidence eventually showed conclusively that whiting had committed the crime .\nstart at the glenashdale forest entrance in whiting bay , \u00bc mile ( 0 . 5 km ) from the ashdale bridge car parks .\nsite description whiting park is a well - maintained 14 - acre park that sits on the southern shore of lake michigan . separated by less than 2 km along the lakefront , whiting park functions as a lakeside trap much like the migrant trap does . yet because the cover at whiting park is less dense , and because the site is generally less isolated by surrounding read more [ . . . ]\nsummary of the total catches of cod , haddock , and whiting over the 2004\u20132006 sampling seasons , sampled by all types of gear .\nfollow glenashdale burn up to the startling rocky cauldron that holds glenashdale falls , and return to whiting bay via an impressive iron age fort .\nauthor : ken brock general information : christina y . hyun at whiting public library editors : darel heitkamp and richard patterson photos : ryan sanderson\nover the next year and a half , scores of police officers and scientists attempted to find the evidence which would prove whiting ' s guilt .\njust into the new year more forensic evidence linked material found in sarah ' s matted hair at the burial site with whiting ' s van .\na goldenline whiting , sillago analis , from machan , queensland . source : lek / bowerbird urltoken license : cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike\nthe pressure was mounting on whiting . he moved into his father ' s home in crawley but vigilantes attacked the house , forcing him to flee .\nwhiting was the most abundant of the three species of interest in all 3 years of study . during 2004\u20132006 , 2756 whiting ( 10\u2013170 mm ) were sampled ( table 2 ) . they were first caught in the pelagic zone on 12 may 2004 ( day 133 ) , and the peak in abundance was observed on 17 may ( day 138 ) . the last pelagic whiting were caught on 27 july 2004 ( day 208 ; figure 4 c ) . exploratory models had indicated that there may be significant time and site effects on juvenile density ( table 3 ) . small differences between aic values in all models tested led to further analysis . new model fitting was carried out after removing the most extreme observation ( whiting * model in table 3 ) . this analysis led to the conclusion that there were no significant time or site effects and that pelagic whiting density was constant throughout the area during the sampling period . in the 2005 sampling season , the occurrence of juvenile whiting in the pelagic zone was consistent with the pattern observed in 2004 .\ndownload ' national fisheries plan for deepwater and middle - depth fisheries part 1b southern blue whiting chapter ' | mpi - ministry for primary industries . a new zealand government department .\nstart from dyemill forest car park or the aucheleffan forest entrance , one mile / 1 . 6 km east of kilmory . you can also start or exit at whiting bay .\nthroughout june , whiting were found only at the shallowest site . after that time , their numbers increased rapidly at the deeper sites . at the shallowest site , the density of whiting reached a plateau by mid - july at low densities . from mid - july , the highest densities of whiting were found at intermediate depths and , towards the end of the sampling season , on the deepest , most distant site from shore . small whiting were present in the area from the beginning of june , several weeks after the first cod were caught , and for the first month were found only at the most inshore , shallow site . throughout most of the sampling season , the largest fish were found at the shallowest site , closest to shore .\ndifferences in the timing of settlement among the three gadoid species investigated have been identified , with cod being the first species to commence settlement followed by haddock then whiting . there were also considerable differences in the duration of the process . haddock settled in the stonehaven area in one short pulse lasting \u223c2 weeks , while cod settled over \u223c1 month , and whiting over 2 months .\nyour document ' national fisheries plan for deepwater and middle - depth fisheries part 1b southern blue whiting chapter ' should start downloading automatically . if it does not , follow this link to your document .\nthere are several ways to get into the forest . the most popular is the glenashdale forest entrance in whiting bay ; this route leads to the spectacular glenashdale falls and the neolithic giants ' graves .\npelagic prey consumption by whiting juveniles dropped below the 50 % level at 29 ( \u00b16 ) mm ( by weight ) . settlement of whiting was a gradual process that took place in the 29 ( \u00b16 ) \u201385 ( \u00b16 ) mm size interval ; by 85 ( \u00b16 ) mm ( figures 2 c and 3 c ) , whiting could be considered settled . pelagic prey numbers constituted on average over 20 % of juvenile whiting prey up to the 115 - mm length class , and even in larger length classes , they accounted for a significant amount of prey ( only twice below 9 % at 130 and 160 mm ) . in stomachs analysed gravimetrically , the average proportion of pelagic prey by weight fell below 10 % by 60 mm ( with an exception at 110 mm ) and below 1 % by 130 mm . this indicates that pelagic prey were many contributors to the juvenile whiting diet through the entire length spectrum . no stomachs were analysed gravimetrically in the 10\u201320 and 150\u2013170 mm length classes .\nwhen interviewed whiting chainsmoked . he admitted the van was his but said little else . he refused to explain scratches on his body and arms . but there was no solid evidence and he was released .\nhow it ended up there remains a puzzle . it may be that whiting buried sarah ' s other clothes , which have not been found , but missed the shoe and threw it away in a panic .\nwhiting were found in the 2004 demersal samples from the beginning of june , 3 weeks after they were first detected in the pelagic zone . the density of 0 - group whiting increased throughout the sampling season ( figure 5 c ) . the patterns of density over time were different among sites ( indicated by the interaction between site and time in the model ; wald test , p < 0 . 05 ; table 4 ) and showed a rapid increase in the number of settling juveniles from 8 june ( day 160 ) . until 27 june ( day 181 ) , they were present exclusively at site 1 then were caught at all sites . the density of whiting at site 1 from 15 july ( day 197 ) reached a plateau at a level much lower than at the two other sites . at site 2 , after 6 july ( day 188 ) , numbers of fish increased rapidly , decreased , then levelled off at lower densities than at site 3 . although the increase in the density of whiting at site 3 was delayed relative to site 2 , their numbers increased in time to higher levels than at site 2 . overall , juvenile whiting at sites 2 and 3 were significantly ( t - test , p < 0 . 05 ) more abundant than at site 1 . the abundance patterns of juvenile whiting were consistent in 2004\u20132006 demersal catches . in 2005 , whiting abundance was significantly ( t - test ; p < 0 . 05 ) higher than in 2004 .\nat airforce and main beaches there ' s plenty of good tailor and bream around the walls . a few bream and luderick in the evans rivers , and bream , flathead , whiting and mud crabs in the upper reaches .\ntheir suspicions were quickly justified . in the van was a receipt for diesel which whiting bought at 10pm the night before from a garage at the buck barn crossroads , 15 miles north of littlehampton - nowhere near the funfair .\nwhiting had insisted on a receipt , even waiting for the till roll to be changed , though sarah or her body may have been in the van at the time . his good housekeeping , or meanness , wrecked his alibi .\non the day after sarah ' s disappearance , det insp paul williams , whose duties included keeping tabs on local sex offenders , drew up a list of the five most likely to have taken sarah . whiting was top of the list .\ncatches of cod , haddock , and whiting in pelagic trawls in 2004\u20132006 . data points indicate square root transformed mean number of fish , standardized to number per hour effort , on the sampling day . error bars indicate \u00b12 s . e .\nwithin 24 hours of sarah payne ' s disappearance , police were banging on roy whiting ' s door . her body would not be found for another 15 days but detectives were already almost certain she had been abducted by a paedophile and was most likely dead .\ntravel by ferry from ardrossan in north ayrshire to brodick and then follow the a841 south for 8 miles ( 12 . 8 km ) to whiting bay . leave your car in one of the council car parks at ashdale bridge , at the southern end of the village .\npelagic juvenile whiting ranged from 10 to 60 mm in size in 2004 . between the beginning of sampling and 14 june ( day 166 ) , a gradual increase in the maximum size of juveniles was recorded . throughout the sampling season , small whiting were consistently present in the pelagic samples ( figure 6 c ) . the size of juveniles in demersal samples ranged between 30 and 145 mm . there were significant differences in fish length between sites ( f - test , p < 0 . 001 ; table 5 ) and a significant interaction term between site and time ( f - test , p < 0 . 001 ; table 5 ) , indicating that length distributions changed with time with a different pattern between sites . although before 27 june ( day 181 ) , small whiting were caught only at site 1 , fish caught at the deeper sites 2 and 3 were overall significantly smaller than at site 1 ( t - test , p < 0 . 05 and < 0 . 001 , respectively ) . the size distribution of whiting , particularly the continuous presence of small juveniles until the end of july , combined with abundance patterns in the pelagic and demersal habitats indicate a protracted population settlement pattern lasting from the beginning of june until the beginning of august . the length distribution patterns of juvenile whiting in the demersal catches in 2005 and 2006 were consistent with the patterns observed in 2004 .\nthe facts of eight - year - old sarah ' s disappearance are familiar . on saturday july 1 last year she and her family were visiting her paternal grandparents in west kingston , a village a few miles east of whiting ' s home in littlehampton on the sussex coast .\nby that evening pc chris saunders was at whiting ' s flat . he was out . when saunders returned at 9 . 30pm , a white fiat ducato van was parked outside . whiting lied , claiming he was at a funfair in hove at the time of sarah ' s disappearance and spent the rest of the evening at home . pc saunders left but was uneasy and watched the house .\nwhat struck me was his blank expression ,\npc saunders said .\nhe wasn ' t overly concerned . he didn ' t show any emotions .\nwhiting had the most protracted settlement period among all three species investigated . juveniles were sampled in the pelagic zone from 12 may to 27 july 2004 . this was consistent with the general knowledge of the biology of the species , which is known to have an extended spawning season lasting until june\u2013july ( hislop , 1984 ) . whiting appeared in the demersal catches from 8 june 2004 until the end of the sampling season . the patterns of demersal abundance , pelagic abundance , and length distribution patterns all point towards a very extended period of settlement lasting from the beginning of june until the beginning of august .\nmckay , r . j . , 1992 . fao species catalogue . vol . 14 . sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 14 ) : 87p . ( ref . 6205 )\nlength distribution of 0 - group cod ( a ) , haddock ( b ) , and whiting ( c ) caught in the pelagic zone in the 2004 sampling season . boxes indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles of all sizes measured . the upper bars indicate the 10th and the lower bars the 90th percentiles . the thick line indicates the median size . dots indicate the outliers .\nproportion of benthic prey items by weight in the diet of 0 - group cod ( a ) , haddock ( b ) , and whiting ( c ) . data points represent the percentage of benthic prey in individual fish . curved solid lines are the logistic regression model fit . vertical solid lines indicate the estimated l 50 . dotted lines indicate \u00b12 s . e . confidence intervals .\nproportion of benthic prey items by numbers in the diet of 0 - group cod ( a ) , haddock ( b ) , and whiting ( c ) . data points represent the percentage of benthic prey in individual fish . curved solid lines are the logistic regression model fit . vertical solid lines indicate the estimated l 50 . dotted lines indicate \u00b12 s . e . confidence intervals .\nthen det supt kennett was told that dna tests showed there was a one in a billion chance that a single hair found on the red sweatshirt was not sarah ' s . by the time the case came to trial 22 fibres from five different items found in whiting ' s van matched fibres found on the shoe , in sarah ' s hair and in the body bag used to recover her corpse .\ndorota k . bastrikin , alejandro gallego , colin p . millar , imants g . priede , emma g . jones ; settlement length and temporal settlement patterns of juvenile cod ( gadus morhua ) , haddock ( melanogrammus aeglefinus ) , and whiting ( merlangius merlangus ) in a northern north sea coastal nursery area , ices journal of marine science , volume 71 , issue 8 , 1 october 2014 , pages 2101\u20132113 , urltoken\nknowledge of settlement timing and duration , which has been identified as an important milestone for demersal fish , is critical to understanding population connectivity , relevant to the development of spatially\u2014and temporally\u2014resolved conservation measures , and recruitment variability , as important density - dependent dynamics may take place at this stage . to study the settlement ecology of cod haddock , and whiting , sampling was conducted over spring and summer 2004\u20132006 at the northern north sea nursery area . over 4000 0 - group juveniles were collected . settlement was associated with clear and progressive changes in the prey composition of these juveniles . the size of fish that could be considered settled was estimated as 49 ( \u00b13 ) mm for cod , 78 ( \u00b14 ) mm for haddock , and 85 ( \u00b16 ) mm for whiting . clear differences in temporal settlement patterns were also apparent . cod settled in a single pulse lasting about a month ( mid - may to mid - june ) and initially occupied shallower , inshore waters , whereas haddock settled in one pulse , lasting \u223c2 weeks ( second half of may ) , favouring deeper , farther offshore locations . whiting settled much later in the season and over a more protracted period ( early june to early august ) , and their depth preferences also changed over time and with increasing length .\nmixed models outputs of the temporal changes in demersal juvenile cod ( a ) , haddock ( b ) , and whiting ( c ) density ( solid lines ) on different sites ( site 1 , red lines ; site 2 , black ; site 3 , blue ) . density is expressed as numbers of juvenile fish per hour of sampling effort . dashed lines indicate \u00b12 s . e . confidence intervals . dots represent individual data .\nfrom the south : take i - 65 north to i - 90 west ( the indiana toll road ) , exit # 261 . heading west on i - 90 , exit north at calumet ave / us 41 ( exit # 5 ) and proceed north to 119th street . turn right ( east ) on 119th street and continue until it dead ends into front street . turning left ( north ) onto front street leads directly into whiting park .\none exceptional area of interest at whiting park is \u201cthe wall\u201d , a 5 - foot - tall concrete structure which forms the southern boundary of the park . sheltered from northerly lake michigan winds , the south side of the wall is lined with thick brush , providing ideal cover for small migrant passerines . walking \u201cthe wall\u201d anytime during migration can be exceedingly fruitful , and during periods of high winds it can harbor virtually the only migrants to be found along the lakefront .\nanother senior policeman , det supt peter kennett , was entertaining the payne family in a pub , when he received the text message :\ncall the scientists .\nhe was told that fibres found on the velcro on the\ncoolham shoe\nmatched those from items found in whiting ' s van . he passed the news on to the paynes .\nthere was total silence around the table while i slowly told them , then a sigh of relief all round ,\nrecalled det supt kennett .\nsamples were subjected to taxonomic , morphometric , and stomach contents analyses , where relevant ; see demain et al . ( 2011 ) for further detail . all fish caught were identified to species level and measured . juvenile cod , haddock , and whiting ( from now on referred to as juvenile fish , unless otherwise stated ) were preserved for further analyses , and the remaining fish were discarded . fish total length ( l t ) was measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm using digital callipers , and juveniles were subsequently grouped into 5 - mm size classes .\nto determine the length at settlement of cod , haddock , and whiting , prey were categorized as pelagic or benthic , and changes in their relative abundance with increasing size were examined . the relative importance of the pelagic and benthic prey categories was analysed in 5 - mm size classes for juvenile fish sampled in all years and by all gear types . prey types were classed as pelagic or benthic depending on the habitat of the prey item at the time samples were collected , based on information from the literature . for fish species with ontogenetic changes in habitat ( e . g .\nlength distribution of 0 - group cod ( a ) , haddock ( b ) , and whiting ( c ) caught in the demersal zone ( combined data for 2004\u20132006 catches from demersal trawls and traps ) . boxes indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles of all sizes measured . the upper bars indicate the 10th and the lower bars the 90th percentiles . the thick line indicates the median . dots indicate outliers . black colour indicates juveniles caught in 2004 , blue in 2005 , and red in 2006 . on day 208 in 2006 , only one cod was sampled by a demersal trawl .\nthe patterns of length distribution changes through time were different for all three species . juvenile cod , haddock , and whiting in the stonehaven area displayed patterns of distribution with depth and distance from shore that led to species and size segregation in time and space , minimizing the potential for competition . the analysis of the feeding ecology of these species showed major differences in dietary composition and little evidence of juveniles preying on each other ( demain et al . , 2011 ) , which further supports this conclusion . these factors , taken together , suggest a degree of niche separation which would facilitate the coexistence of these three species .\nthe most intensive sampling took place in 2004 and provided weekly data on changes in the abundance and size frequency in the pelagic and demersal zone at the time of settlement for 0 - group cod , haddock , and whiting . information about spawning time , duration of the pelagic phase ( miller et al . , 1963 ) , and time and duration of settlement published previously in the literature determined the initial choice of a sampling period that extended from the end of april until the beginning of september . the limited sampling that was carried out in the 2005 and 2006 sampling seasons provided the basis for comparison of annual abundance fluctuations at the time of settlement and suggested that the 2005 sampling season was a year of higher abundance for all three species .\na significant correlation between indices of larval or juvenile fish abundance and subsequent recruitment was demonstrated by several studies ( helle et al . , 2000 ; begg and marteinsdottir , 2002 ; jonasson et al . , 2009 ) . there is no doubt that processes acting on the pelagic stages of gadoids are important controllers of recruitment success ( hjort , 1914 ; walford , 1938 ; cushing , 1975 ; bailey and houde , 1989 ; sundby et al . , 1989 ) . however , the importance of subsequent settlement was also recognized by campana et al . ( 1989 ) , tupper and boutilier ( 1995a , b , 1997 ) , campana ( 1996 ) , and h\u00fcssy et al . ( 1997 ) , who postulated that this transitional stage is crucial for future recruitment and that year - class strength is established at this point . the aim of the present study was to quantify ( i ) settlement length of cod , haddock , and whiting ; ( ii ) the timing of settlement ; and ( iii ) the duration of this process at the population and individual levels for these three species .\nsamples were collected in the 2004 sampling season by pelagic and demersal trawling . pelagic sampling started on 26 april and continued weekly from 12 may to 16 august . demersal sampling commenced on 12 may and continued in 1\u20132 weekly intervals ( mainly weekly ) until 31 august . sampling in 2005 consisted of four demersal and two pelagic sampling events , and in 2006 of two demersal and two pelagic sampling events . additionally , traps were deployed on five occasions in 2005 and on three occasions in 2006 . pelagic sampling was carried out with a methot\u2013isaacs\u2013kidd trawl and demersal sampling with a fine - mesh demersal trawl specifically designed to catch juvenile fish . details of gear used in field sampling are given in demain et al . ( 2011 ) . the dataset from the 2004 sampling season was the most comprehensive and was used to investigate changes in the patterns of catch per unit effort ( cpue ; hereafter referred to as \u201cdensity\u201d ) of 0 - group cod , haddock , and whiting in the pelagic and demersal zones over the settlement season . data from the demersal trawls from 2005 and 2006 were only used for comparison with the patterns observed in 2004 .\nthe abundance of cod and haddock in 2005 was significantly higher than in 2004 , although these results must be treated with caution , owing to the very limited number of samples taken in 2005 . these findings were , however , consistent with data from the international bottom trawl survey ( ibts ) , the scottish ground fish survey ( scogfs ) , and the english ground fish survey ( enggfs ; ices 2007a , b ) . they all indicate that , from the estimates of 0 - group cod and haddock recorded in 2005 and 1 - group cod and haddock recorded in 2006 , the 2005 year - class abundance was higher in the north sea , particularly in the central and northern part , than recent low levels ( for haddock about tenfold higher than the average for the 2001\u20132004 year classes ) . ibts data showed the highest numbers of 0 - group cod in quarter 3 ( july\u2013september ) in 2005 since 1998 , and the highest numbers of 1 - group cod in quarter 1 ( january\u2013march ) in 2006 since 2002 . scogfs and enggfs data showed the highest numbers of 1 - group cod in quarter 3 in 2006 since 2000 and 1998 , respectively . according to the ibts dataset , haddock had a moderate 0 - group year class in quarter 3 in 2005 ( compared with the high 0 - group class abundance in 1999 ) , comparable in size to the 2000 year class , and consistently large numbers of 1 - group haddock were sampled in quarter 1 ( january\u2013march ) in 2006 . no notable differences in abundance between the years were recorded in ibts , scogfs , or enggfs data for whiting .\nmarine ; demersal ; non - migratory . tropical ; 1\u00b0s - 13\u00b0s , 129\u00b0e - 152\u00b0e ( ref . 6205 )\nwestern central pacific : southern new guinea . known only from the holotype which could not be located . in most features , this species is similar to sillago analis and may prove to be a senior synonym . further collection is necessary to resolve the identity of this species .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6205 )\noccur in inshore benthic areas ( ref . 6205 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00468 ( 0 . 00220 - 0 . 00994 ) , b = 3 . 13 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .\nalso making the list this week were dell emc for having to raise pc and server prices because of memory and ssd component shortages ; optiv security , which has seen a wave of executive departures since it was acquired by a private equity firm ; and employees at hexadite and nokia who were hit by rounds of layoffs .\nfrom the sudden resignation of intel ceo brian krzanich to dell technologies reaching an agreement to take the company public again , join crn as we look at the biggest stories impacting the channel in the first half of 2018 .\nalso making the list this week were distributor scansource , whose third - quarter sales took a hit from uncertainty created by avaya ' s recent bankruptcy filing , and cisco , microsoft and intel \u2013 all of whom scrambled to fix significant security flaws in their products .\nalso making the list this week were the republican national committee , whose voter database suffered a major data leak ; microsoft and users of its skype service , who suffered through connectivity problems , possibly caused by a ddos attack ; infosys , which agreed to pay new york state a $ 1 million fine to settle a visa case ; and blackberry , whose first - quarter results fell short of expectations .\nhe could have bought a house , a fancy car or even his own yacht . but david lindsay had a different dream .\n\u00a9 northern star ltd 2018 . unauthorised reproduction is prohibited under the laws of australia and by international treaty .\nit was an idyllic summer evening and the children , sarah , her brothers lee , 13 , and luke , 11 , and her five - year - old sister , charlotte , went to play in a cornfield near their grandparents ' home . the adults left the boys in charge .\nduring their game , sarah hurt herself and ran back towards her grandparents ' home . lee failed to catch her up and watched helplessly as she ran through a gap in the hedge . by the time he reached the lane she had vanished .\nthe adults were alerted and at 9pm sarah ' s mother , sara payne , dialled 999 . when police arrived lee told them he had seen a white van speeding away from the lane . he gave a vivid description of the driver , a scruffy man with\npiercing blue eyes\nwearing a workman ' s shirt .\ninspector jeff lister , the worthing sector commander , was the first senior officer on the scene . he knew instantly that the signs were grim and a makeshift incident room was set up in the grandparents ' conservatory . insp lister phoned detective superintendent alan ladley , the senior detective on call , at home . supt ladley reached the scene at midnight .\na huge search for sarah began . over the next 16 days more than 1 , 300 police officers hunted for her , supported by many members of the public .\nsupt ladley ' s team knew that with every passing hour the chances of the girl being found alive were becoming slimmer . in three quarters of child abduction cases the victim is dead within hours .\nother items in the van , including a knife , ropes , masking tape , plastic ties and a bottle of baby oil , did nothing to dispel the police ' s suspicions .\npolice probed his background and established that he had done building work near sarah ' s grandparents ' house . he had also walked a dog in the area .\ndetectives discovered that by the sunday he had altered his van , removing panelling and changing the back doors .\non july 17 a farm labourer was working in a field near pulborough , 15 miles north of west kingston and a few miles west of the buck barn garage , when he stumbled across sarah ' s naked body , partially buried . the state of the body made it impossible to establish the cause of death or whether the child had been sexually assaulted . it is thought most likely that sarah suffocated and her nakedness strongly suggested a sex offence .\na woman motorist remembered seeing a child ' s sandal on a lane near the village of coolham , not far from buck barn . the shoe was sarah ' s .\nit was not until christmas last year that the crucial forensic evidence began to emerge .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d4222f19 - c14e - 4709 - 8397 - 85eafd085d34\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 77d78672 - 5369 - 4a18 - 9528 - 8c4d83dd341f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 294816\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\n> stream x\u009c\u0445 = k\u008f ] \u0437q\u0430v\u008a\u0455\u0435\u0090\u0444\u043a\u0435f + w\u00ad\u0095c\u0437\u0457\u045a\u043e\u0453\u04437\u0099\u043e\u043d\u0454\u0001\u008a | i oq ? \u0435m\u0080\u0002 ) \u0010\u0457\u045f\u0003 \u0452\u0090\u009c ! 9\u043c\u0457\u045e\n\u04530 ` \u009c = \u0097\u0087 \u000e\u0447\u00a7 \u045e | + nw\u0458o\u045b\u045f\u007f\u045c\u0449\u045c\u044d\u044f\u043c\u044d \u045f\u0457 | m\u007f\u045f\u044e\u0437\u0459\u0441\u045b ? \u009e\u045f\u0459\u043c y\u045b\u044d ; \u0018\u044co xv } \u045b\u044e\u000f\u0447\u044b\u0012\u0082 _ \u043d\u044b\u0453\u0084\u0430\u0437n\u0435\u008b\u0435\u0442\u0456\u043d\u009f\u044ew \u044d\u043f\u00a77 | v\u045cb\u0448e\u0095 f\u043f\u045b\u044f\u0453\u043f\u0443\u0080 ; \u0011\u0454 _ v\u007f\u044f\u0447\u007f\u007f\u0457oyb\u0089p\u0084 \u0086\u0434\u0001\u045en @ \u0459\u00a7\u044e\u0441 ^ . \u044ai\u0457vg\u045b ; \u0000\u0442\u0449\u0435\u044d \u0446g\u0437 * \u00adv\u008f\u0456w0\u008b\u0451\u045bv\u043b \u0091\u0447\u008f\u0449\u0453g\u0451y\u043b\u0430j\u043d { \u043c\u0097a\u0011 + l\u0452d\u009b\u0444\u0004\u0437\u045b\u044e\u007f & _ ~ \u0082 = \u043d\u045be\u0007\u0455\u0004\u0005\u0444\u0453\u00a7\u043a\u045cb \u044e\u043e\u045b 5\u0442i\u0439\u045b1\u0099\u0451\u0099\u045a ' \u0080\u008b\u0445x\u044dm\u0003 + \u043dc\u043a\u009a\u0014\u0436\u0439\u043do\u0433kkl\u0010\u0430\u00904k\u0446\u009e\u044c\u0438\u0013b - \u043ej < \u0014\u0451\u0442q \u0440\u0019\u044ew\u0086\u043b | h\u0430\u2116\u0088 < \u000fh\u045bc\u044a\u0446 \u0443\u0453z\u0095\u0014\u0432\u0099 | 6\u0443\u0093\u0449\u008c\u0458\u043c \u0446\u0013\u0452\u045cd\u0452 ~ \u0000muvk8\u0017 \u04524\u0442wk\u044d\u0444\u001448 & \u009f\u000e\u044a\u045fb \u0003g\u0003x\u000f ^ \u0086\u008c\u0457\u0002\u0080y\u0437\u008ej v\u008b\u0012\u0099\u0019 \u0433\u0458\u045c\u0443\u009d\u0096v\u0431 @ \u0445w\u0012 @ ta\u0440 x \\ \u044b\u044ao\u043f\u00a7\u0446\u045c\u043d\u009bh\u0439\u0001\u0006\u008a ` \u0442\u0019\u0445\u0005\u00ad\u0003 * \u044f\u0454\u00adw\u001b\u0441\u0436k ` \u0442\u0439\u0442 ` \u0445\u0441\u045c\u043c\u0081y\u0440\u0089 ~ \u0454\u04516\u0432\u0007\u0431\u043c ~ \u008c\u045f\u009f\u0090\u0437\u0080y\u0440k\u00ad\u0440 \\ \u0449k\u044a % \u009f\u2116\u0433 < \u0445\u04474z9\u0015\u044c\u0086s\u0435\u0438\u0435 \u0088\u0432\u0448\u045fv\u0015\u0011\u0439 . \u0452\u04316 \u044e\u009d\u008e\u0438\u0445 \u00a7t / \u0015\u0090 . \u0430\u044e3 ` \u0433u5\u044an + x ) \u0095w w\u044ex8\u009c \u0444\u0448 ~ v\u0439 o\u007f\u007f\u008co / \u0007i\u0000l\u0445\u0445\u044e\u0459\u043e . \u0442ye\b\u0004gd\u044c\u0015naf { \u008a\u008f\u043bdb\u0002\u043f\u044f ~ \u0006d\u0449\u0014l - d\u045c \u0098\u0444y _ \u0431\u044d\u0453\u0436\u045c\u0435\u0004r\u008at\u043apf : px\u0096\u009a2\u0448e\u0098p\u0098\u00a7e\u0015\u008bd\u044f\u0438\u0000\u009d\u0456 : \u0082\u0015\u0454\u0096\u044dv\u0448 \u0452\u0088\u0440\u0019\u009e\u0434\u0018\u0083\u043d\u0448\u0440\u045c\u044ee : v\u0449 - \u0010\u000f\u000e ~ | \u045fd\u2116 ] \u0431 sf\u045f\u008c\u0000 _ \u0445\u043e ] a\u0440 ] e\u0453\u0088\u0087\u043f\u0082\u000340\u0097\u0441h6r\u044e % y\u00a7 kq\u0094\u000e\u044fz ~ \u0448\u0454w\u0093\u0440\u0437\u045b\u00ad\u0434l \u0452j\u0448 \u0443\u0440\u0446u\u0437 + | \u045e\u009c\u0447\u0088 + | \u043d\u009d\u0435\u0093 \u044e\u043a , + \u0458l 3\u0098 ( \u0010l\u0438\u043d\u008a\u0447\u044b\u0083w\u0081 ~ c | q9\u0452\u0433\u044a [ \u0014\u043d\u0444\u0014 . \u009a \u0441\u0099 { m\u044c\u0458\u0436\u044f\u0452\u2116 \u0449e\u0012sf1\u2116\u043c g\u045f\u0004\u0435\u0455 ^ i\u045a1 ? m\u0005\u0431 \u00043\u044a\u045b\u0446y\u0016\u0457\u0444\u009cwy\u0444lf\u0010\u0448vep ) x \u0435 \\ \u045e ~ \u0434\u0432e\u0091\u0439\u0097\u001bm ' m\u043f\u0451 * ar \u0438 : / j\u0094\u0456\u0086\u0441\u0093mc\u001b\u044da\u009c\u0094\u043d\u0433\u0013\u0456\u0098\u0438\u008a\u0092r\u0004\u0451\nwe \u0451ac ? kjhx\u045bt\u0431 > \u0012 \\ \b\u0444h\u2116p\u0440\u0443\u044b\u0456\u043b ; 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] \u0435\u043a\u0451 s \\ \u0442\u04341\u008a\u0006\u0003d\u0456\u0434\u0084\b \u0449\u044cb\u0432 > \u0094\u0089r\u0091uo\u0439\u0457\u0456\u0444\u0444\u0459\u0456\u2116\u0083mne\u0430\u0004 ; \u0455 # \u044fi\u045a | \u0433 _ \u0011\u0435\u0443 i # \u0444\u0435\b \u0430 - \u0438\u009e ) su\u0436qv\u0095\u0448 = \u0002o\u0449 } \u043f\u0451\u2116\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nthe south end forest covers much of the south east of arran . it\u2019s the largest area of native woodland on the island and supports many different trees , plants and wildlife , including a healthy population of red squirrels .\nthere are long and short waymarked trails to interesting forest places , including a waterfall viewing platform , a peaceful loch and a range of prehistoric sites . many of the trails have superb sea views .\npeople once believed that giants buried their victims here . today we think these unusual horned chambered cairns were built by stone age people for ceremonies . you ' ll enjoy the same sensational views as they did over 5000 years ago .\nclimb through the forest above the stunning eas mor waterfall to reach an enchanting loch in the hills .\nuneven earth and rock surface , with several muddy sections . long fairly steep slopes . crosses one shallow ford and has low overhanging branches .\nstart from eas mor car park , at the junction of the a841 and the minor road to kildonan , to the west of the village . it is maintained by volunteers from eas mor ecology .\na fabulous forest cycle route with wildlife , waterfalls and views to goatfell and ireland .\nstay on the forest roads or make a longer circular route by returning on the ross , a minor public road between lamlash and kilmory . the route includes short detours to glenashdale falls , meallach ' s grave and other archaeological features as well as open views to goatfell , holy isle and even ireland on a clear day .\nworking forest road with some steep climbs and loose surfaces . minor public road with one steep climb . mountain bikes are recommended for the forest section .\nexplore the south end and enjoy scenic views , mixed woodland and the tallest double waterfall in arran . this is great habitat for native red squirrels and one of the best places on the island to catch sight of them . the forest is full of ancient sites , including unusual horned chambered cairns , standing stones and an iron age hill fort .\nyou can also take trails from near kildonan to loch garbad , and from near kilmory to the aucheleffan standing stones and carn ban chambered cairn .\nthe dyemill to kilmory cycle route runs through the whole of the south end as well as neighbouring dyemill forest . it starts near lamlash and follows peaceful forest roads with some great viewpoints on the way .\nnot all routes in the forest are waymarked , so bring a map and compass if you want to explore further .\ncross the road to the forestry commission sign at the start of a narrow lane . the glenashdale forest entrance is \u00bc mile ( 0 . 5 km ) along the lane at grid reference ns 042 252 .\nalternatively , continue west on the a841 towards kilmory for another 7\u00bd miles ( 12 km ) . one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) east of the village you ' ll see a blue sign for the dyemill cycle route . turn right here and continue on a dirt track for one mile ( 1 . 6 km ) . there ' s informal parking at the aucheleffan forest entrance , grid reference nr 974 220 .\nka27 8qx is the nearest postcode to the glenashdale forest entrance . ka27 8ph is the nearest postcode for the aucheleffan forest entrance .\nthere are other forest trails at brodick castle , king ' s cave , north sannox , glenrickard and dyemill .\nbrock , kenneth j . birds of the indiana dunes . revised edition . the shirley heinze environmental fund , 1997 . brock , kenneth j . \u201ckirtland\u2019s warbler : indiana\u2019s first fall record . \u201d indiana audubon quarterly 73 . 1 ( 1995 ) : 1 - 2 .\nsorry , no records were found . please adjust your search criteria and try again .\nindiana audubon society ' s mission is to stimulate interest in birds and their protection ; to serve the needs of youth , civic , church , schools and other groups by providing information concerning birds ; and to educate the public concerning the necessity for conserving and preserving indiana ' s natural heritage , its unique flora and fauna .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time ."]}
{"id": 2243, "summary": [{"text": "cnephasia amseli is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , where it has been recorded from tunisia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is white-yellowish with darker strigulation and hazel-brown markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the base of the wing is suffused and the postbasal fascia and median fascia are hazel-brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are whitish grey , but darker on periphery .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from april to may . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cnephasia amseli", "paragraphs": ["cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) | fauna europaea\npesi portal - cnephasia ( cnephasia ) amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 )\ncnephasia ( cnephasia ) communana ( herrich - schaffer , 1851 ) = cnephasia caprionica r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia lucia r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia mediocris r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia pseudorthoxyana r\u00e9al 1953 = cnephasia seminigra r\u00e9al 1953 .\ntrematerra , p . ( 2004 ) : cnephasia bizensis r\u00e9al , 1953 , and cnephasia amseli ( d . lucas , 1942 ) found in italy , two cnephasiini little known for the european fauna ( lepidoptera tortricidae ) . \u2014 redia 86 : 67 - 70\ncnephasia amseli is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found on sicily and malta and in north africa , [ 2 ] where it has been recorded from tunisia .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nalbania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , krasnoyarsk , pribaikalskiy , mid - volzhsky .\nalbania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2247, "summary": [{"text": "the crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) is a species of bird traditionally placed in the family corvidae but might belong to the helmetshrikes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is monotypic within the genus platylophus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , myanmar , and thailand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "crested jay", "paragraphs": ["information on the crested jay is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus )\ntitle =\narkive species - crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ndescription : the plushed - crested jay is a south american species which performs co - operative breeding . two or three helpers take part in nesting duties and defence against predators .\nprotection / threats / status : the plushed - crested jay is threatened by the deforestation , but fortunately , this species is able to live in isolated forest patches of 10 - 20 ha , if larger forests are not too far . illegal pet trade is also an important threat . this jay frequents the urban areas in brazil , and can be common to abundant in its range . currently , the populations of the plushed - crested jay are not threatened .\nrange : the plushed - crested jay occurs in several parts of south america , from n argentina , to paraguay and uruguay , n and e bolivia . this species is also found in brazil , south of the amazon river .\nbehaviour : the plushed - crested jay feeds primarily on small invertebrates , mainly insects , and fruits from several plant species . it can sometimes take nestlings and eggs of other bird species , and frogs . it regularly feeds on maize when available and other seeds during the winter . the plushed - crested jay does not eat the animal items when captured , but it brings them to another place . it holds the food with the feet and pecks with the bill . it removes the wings of the large insects .\nflight : the plushed - crested jay performs short flights over open areas when foraging . the short , rounded wings allow the bird to fly easily from branch to branch among the trees in forested areas . its flight is undulating , with flapping interspersed with gliding .\ndiet : the plushed - crested jay feeds mainly on small invertebrates , and mostly insects . it also takes fruits from several plant species such as ficus and phylodendrum , casearia and syagros , and also psidium and rapanea . nestlings and eggs of other bird species , frogs , seeds and maize are also taken , according to the food availability .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto the plushed - crested jay has a large repertoire of more than 20 different sounds . in territorial defence , it gives loud , far - carrying calls . when the birds gather in flocks or move , they give social calls , a single , metallic , low melodious sound . there are two alarm calls : a single note when the predator is still far off and a phrase of 3 - 6 shorter notes when it approaches . the contact calls heard among foraging birds are sequences of 2 - 3 \u201cchyup - chyup\u201d . this jay can also mimicry other birds\u2019 calls .\ndebus , s . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . crested jay ( platylophus galericulatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhabitat : the plushed - crested jay frequents forest and wooded areas , from typical lowland evergreen forest and tropical deciduous forest to temperate rainforest . it is usually seen up to 1500 metres of elevation , but it may occur at 2800 metres in bolivia . all kinds of forests and wooded areas are suitable for this species , and especially with maize plantations in the surroundings . it also frequents eucalyptus plantations and forest edges , and can be seen in suburban areas .\nthe plushed - crested jay is a communal breeder , and commonly 2 - 3 helpers take part in nesting duties and defence . but if the co - operative breeding seems to be frequent , this species also breeds in pairs and the young remain within the family group for several months . mate selection occurs at noisy , communal roosts . the male performs courtship feeding to the female , and she responds by jiggling wings and tail . they are monogamous but the pair - bonds are not for the life . they roost communally with some birds as sentinels .\nthe plushed - crested jay is sometimes co - operative breeder , with two or three young of the previous year as helpers , taking part in nesting duties and defence against predators by mobbing and chasing them away from the territory . the nest is cup - shaped and often placed between 4 and 7 metres in the thick foliage of a tree . the nest is made with twigs , and the interior is lined with finer twigs and plant fibres , layers of bark and roots . other soft materials can be added such as feathers , grass and leaves .\n) is a large jay with a black head , white - tipped tail , and distinctive recurved crest . it is endemic to the cerrado woodlands and woodland edges in south - central brazil and parts of paraguay and bolivia . omnivores in the fullest sense , the jays have been known to eat a variety of fruit , arthropods , and even some vertebrates . these jays are territorial , forming groups of 9 to 11 individuals . they are cooperative breeders that actively assist in the feeding and rearing of young . the conservation status of the\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nthis species is relatively scarce across its range , and is restricted to forest habitats . it is likely to be declining moderately rapidly overall , as a result of on - going habitat loss . it is therefore currently considered near threatened , and should be monitored carefully .\nthe population size of this species has not been quantified ; it is considered locally common . trend justification : a moderately rapid population decline is suspected to be occurring as a result of forest clearance . the rate of decline is not believed to be more rapid because the species may be tolerant of secondary habitats .\nthis species occurs in lowland evergreen forest , both primary and tall secondary , up to 1 , 500 m .\nrates of forest loss in the sundaic lowlands have been extremely rapid , owing partly to the escalation of illegal logging and land conversion , with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas . forest fires have also had a damaging effect ( particularly in 1997 - 1998 ) . the magnitude of these threats may be allayed by this species ' s tolerance of hill and submontane forests , which are under less pressure from logging and agricultural conversion .\nno targeted conservation actions are known for this species , although it occurs in a number of protected areas .\nconduct repeated surveys within the species ' s range to determine its current distribution and abundance , as well as assess population trends and rates of habitat loss . conduct ecological studies to improve understanding of its precise habitat requirements , tolerance of secondary habitats and response to fragmentation . effectively protect significant areas of suitable forest at key sites , in both strictly protected areas and community - led multiple use areas .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsome confusion has existed over names applied to races ; proposed names scapulatus and ardesiacus ( both with vague type localities in java ) are treated as synonyms of nominate . race lemprieri sometimes thought to be part of a cline and perhaps of doubtful validity , but accepted by recent authors # r . four subspecies recognized .\n( raffles , 1822 ) \u2013 sumatra and most of borneo ( except n ) .\n31\u201333 cm ; 78\u2013114 g . an unmistakable dark bird with remarkable long crest formed chiefly by two elongated central feathers , tips of which are slightly broader and . . .\nnoisy . contact call ( often first indication of species ' presence ) an excited , almost explosive . . .\nlowland broadleaf forest ; in hill forest reaches to 750 m in thailand , 1000 m in sumatra , and 1800 . . .\nsurprisingly poorly known . diet a variety of invertebrates , including large hairy caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) , millipedes ( diplopoda ) , . . .\npoorly studied . season jun\u2013jul and oct\u2013feb in java ; eggs laid early feb in malay peninsula . solitary breeder . well - made nest . . .\nsedentary , as far as is known . may possibly be nomadic to a certain extent , as suggested by . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . locally not uncommon , though population estimates lacking . reliance on lowland forest makes it vulnerable to . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\ntraditionally placed in corvidae , but morphological study # r and molecular analyses # r # r # r indicate that it is distinct from that family ; perhaps sister to laniidae # r # r , and has been included therein in one recent work # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nclassified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nflpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nsingle typical loud trill repeated twice - 18 - 19 notes . probably same bird or mate of xc96417 . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently\nsingle typical loud trill - about 20 notes . at least two birds foraging at low levels , mostly calling infrequently\nthere are two distinct calls . one shorter and harsher the other slightly longer and softer . possibly male and female back and forth or something else !\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\n) is a distinctly - colored member of the corvidae . it has a dark violet blue back , a black bib , pale yellow underparts , tail band , and nape , spots of blue above and below the eye , and of course , a short crest of stiff , \u201cplush - like\u201d crown feathers , from which its name is derived . it is commonly found in the forests and woodlands of south central south america . these gregarious jays actively forage in groups between ten to twelve individuals , often accompanied by\n) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .\nis rated as of least concern due to its relative abundance , widespread range , and ability to adapt to anthropogenic habitat changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 290 , 896 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : platylophus galericulatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nadult has bright indigo - blue upperparts . the upperwing shows brownish inner - edges of primary flight feathers . the graduated tail is tipped pale yellowish or white .\non the underparts , chin , throat , neck sides and breast are black . the rest of the underparts varies from creamy - white to pale yellowish . the undertail is graduated with creamy to pale yellowish rectrices and dark bases . the underwing is brownish .\non the head , the black forehead shows stiffened feathers becoming softer on the crown , and forming a velvety crest . the result is a peculiar plush - like head , giving the bird its english name . forehead , crown and head sides are black . we can see an ultramarine elongated crescent above the eye . this patch is washed white at top . another ultramarine - blue spot is below the rear - eye and joins the large cyan - blue malar stripe , forming a v below the eye . the nape is white washed ultramarine , and the hind neck is pure ultramarine . the bill is black . eyes are yellow . legs and feet are blackish .\nboth sexes are similar . the juvenile has duller nape , and the facial pattern appears after the first month . the eyes are browner and become yellow at three months .\nwe can find four subspecies : c . c . diesingii has more dome - shaped crown , smaller ultramarine eye - patches and malar stripe , paler nape and hind neck , and narrower whitish tail tip . c . c . insperatus is similar to diesingii with pure white underparts and tail tip . c . c . tucumanus is similar to nominate race but larger ( here displayed ) . c . c . chrysops is described here .\nit forages by hopping on the ground , but also among the foliage and on the branches . when the resources are abundant , it often stores the food on the ground covered with leaves , or in trees between the branches . they often forage in flocks of 3 - 10 birds at all levels . each bird moves singly across the forest clearing and edges . they also fly for short distances over more open areas . on the ground , it turns over the dead leaves by sweeping bill sideways .\nreproduction : the breeding season occurs between october and december in paraguay and s brazil .\nthe female lays 2 - 4 speckled eggs and she incubates during 18 - 20 days . the male feeds her during this period . the chicks fledge 22 - 24 days after hatching , but they are fed by adults for three months more after leaving the nest ."]}
{"id": 2248, "summary": [{"text": "the chestnut goby ( chromogobius quadrivittatus ) is a species of goby found in the mediterranean and black sea .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "in the black sea it is found in the gulf of varna , saline lagoons near abrau , also near novorossiysk and sochi .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species occurs in shallow , coastal waters .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it can reach a length of 6.6 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "chestnut goby", "paragraphs": ["chestnut goby - urdu meaning and translation of chestnut goby , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of chestnut goby and more .\nthe chestnut goby ( chromogobius quadrivittatus ) is a species of goby found in the mediterranean and black sea .\nis a small cryptobenthic goby observed at inshore bottom , under stones or between weed tufts , and into mid - tide pools , occurred most frequently from zero to two metres ( miller 1971 , 1986 ; ahnelt , 1991 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , livingston , f . , acero , a . , murdy , e . & van tassell , j .\njustification : chromogobius quadrivittatus is distributed throughout the northern and eastern mediterranean sea and from parts of the western and northern black sea . little data are available on the population size , but there are no known major threats to c . quadrivittatus . therefore , c . quadrivittatus is assessed as least concern .\nchromogobius quadrivittatus is known from the northern and eastern mediterranean and from the black sea . it has not been recorded from the south - central and southwestern mediterranean ( miller 1986 ) . the most western record is from barcelona , spain , and the most eastern from sochi ( russian federation ) in the black sea . the most southern record is from caeserea ( israel ; miller 1971 ) . chromogobius quadrivittatus is typically found only in shallow intertidal areas , less than about two metres ( van tassell 2001 ) .\nbulgaria ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; georgia ( abkhaziya ) ; greece ( east aegean is . ) ; israel ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna ) ; lebanon ; monaco ; palestinian territory , occupied ; russian federation ( european russia , south european russia ) ; spain ( spain ( mainland ) ) ; turkey ( turkey - in - asia , turkey - in - europe ) ; ukraine\nno estimation of population size and trend of c . quadrivittatus has been published . ahnelt ( 1991 ) noted that \u201crecords of this species are still scattered and infrequent\u201d and that \u201cthe species is only rarely found\u201d . the largest collected sample of this species was of 34 specimens ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) . based on the present number of known records and the number of collected specimens in these records , and until more data are available , the species should be considered uncommon .\nchromogobius quadrivittatus has tolerance for brackish water and in the black sea was recorded also in the small coastal lagoon ( miller 1971 ) . no data exist for lifespan , life cycle and growth pattern ( miller 1986 ) . the studied population from corsica was composed of one year class adult female and juveniles ( pampoulie and bouchereau 1996 ) , suggesting that the generation length is one year or longer .\nchromogobius quadrivittatus may be impacted locally , but is not considered threatened across its range .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place or needed , however it does occur in marine protected areas . chromogobius quadrivittatus was previously assessed as least concern , globally and in the mediterranean ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : chaenogobius annularis has been assessed as least concern due to its large range and no known widespread threats to this species .\ndistributed throughout russia , china and the korean peninsula , to japan , the kuril islands and sakhalin island .\ndetailed population information is lacking for this species although it is noted to be stable .\nit is not known if there are any conservation measures in place or needed .\ngreek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4696 )\nanterior opercle with a dark spot on its lower edge . anterior margin of pectoral fin base with a dark vertical band . scales cycloid . sensory papillae : row 1 , 13 - 20 ; row 2 , 11 - 19 ; row 3 , 9 - 16 ; row 4 , 10 - 16 ; row 5 , 7 - 16 ; row y , 3 - 7 ; row tr , 4 - 7 ( ref . 41100 ) .\nadults occur in shallow inshore waters , under stones or between weed tufts . also found in mid - tide pools . feed on small decapods and amphipod crustaceans ( ref . 4696 ) . eggs are pear - shaped ( ref . 4696 ) .\nmiller , p . j . , 1986 . gobiidae . p . 1019 - 1085 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . volume 3 . unesco , paris . ( ref . 4696 )\n) : 13 - 21 . 6 , mean 18 . 1 ( based on 174 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 52 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 17 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ chromogobius quadrivittatus , syn . : c . kryzanowskii , gobius depressus , g . planiceps , relictogobius kryzhanovskii ]\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2249, "summary": [{"text": "the brown box crab , lopholithodes foraminatus , is a king crab that lives from kodiak island , alaska to san diego , california .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "at depths of 0 \u2013 547 metres ( 0 \u2013 1,795 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "it reaches a carapace length of 150 millimetres ( 5.9 in ) , and feeds on bivalves and detritus .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it often lies buried in the sediment , and two foramens in the chelipeds allow water into the gill chamber for respiration .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the gill chamber is also sometimes used by the commensal fish careproctus to hold its eggs . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "brown box crab", "paragraphs": ["related searches for brown box crab : crab soft shell crab blue crab hermit crab brown crab golden crab coconut crab green crab mud crab imitation crab king crab florida blue crab alaskan king crab frozen blue crab hairy crab more . . .\ntags : storage box . | decorative storage boxes | wooden storage box | view larger image\nabout product and suppliers : urltoken offers 923 brown box crab products . about 2 % of these are fresh seafood , 2 % are crab , and 1 % are shellfish . a wide variety of brown box crab options are available to you , such as crab , lobster , and shellfish . you can also choose from halal , fda , and eec . as well as from mud crab , king crab , and soft shell crab . and whether brown box crab is whole , or surimi . there are 915 brown box crab suppliers , mainly located in asia . the top supplying countries are china ( mainland ) , united kingdom , and malaysia , which supply 97 % , 1 % , and 1 % of brown box crab respectively . brown box crab products are most popular in north america , western europe , and eastern europe . you can ensure product safety by selecting from certified suppliers , including 856 with iso9001 , 10 with other , and 7 with haccp certification .\nthis past weekend at the tuna harbor dockside market we picked up some box crabs ( our second box crab experience . box crabs are relatively pricey for crabs at the market , hitting $ 8 . 00 per pound . however i will note that this price still seems good for crab .\nto read a 1992 report by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) on box crab , click here .\nbrown box crab ( lopholithodes foraminatus ) this video was taken at farnsworth bank , catalina island , california / offshore of catalina island , california as a part of data collection for the south coast marine protected area baseline monitoring project . please visit the institute for applied marine ecology ' s website at urltoken to learn more about these and other ongoing projects .\ntwo deep - water species that are occasionally seen in puget sound and also occur in deep water off the coast are the box crab and its close relative the king crab . the latter is called the king crab because of its large size when fully grown ( up to 10 inches wide ) but is not to be confused with the commercial king crab of alaska . these crabs are more apt to be seen by divers than fishers with pots . both are covered with wart - like tubercles and spines and resemble a rough box when their legs and claws are folded against the body . the box crab gets its name from the opening or foramen formed from matching semicircular notches in the claws and first walking legs . when the legs are folded tightly , water enters the gill cavity through this round opening . in the king crab this opening is absent .\nbox crabs are a species of king crab and have sizable legs with large chunks of meat . brown box crabs are able to fold their legs in close to their body , in an almost perfect fit , leading to their common name . they also have a unique circular opening in their claws that may help them feed . the box crab is found from the coast of alaska down to san diego but is not widely marketed in southern california . since we have been visiting the fish market , box crabs have been a staple and should be available year round in san diego . the crabs available at the market were caught by trap off of the channel islands . we ended up buying two spider crabs for dinner . as soon as we got home from the market , we threw the crabs in the freezer for a humane numbing before their steam bath . our crabs averaged just under three pounds each , so after a twenty - two minute steam - eight minutes per pound ( average weight of each crab ) - and a quick cool down , ingrid got down to picking the meat .\none of the most popular items on washington seafood menus is the dungeness crab . this hardshelled crustacean is fished from the aleutian islands to mexico . the shell is purple - tinged , gray or brown on the back and the tips of the claws are typically white . the dungeness crab can reach ten inches across the back though six to seven inches is more common . in puget sound this crab is most abundant north of seattle , in hood canal , and near the pacific coast . the dungeness crab is frequently associated with eelgrass beds and prefers sandy or muddy substrates .\nthe brown box crab , lopholithodes foraminatus , like the red king crab , is in the family lithodidae . kodiak island , alaska is the northern extent of its range which extends south to san diego , california . their preferred habitat is mud bottom or on vertical rock faces above the mud , from low intertidal to 600 m . carapace length is to about 150 mm ( 6 inches ) . they feed on bivalves and organic debris and often bury in the mud . while buried , two circular foramins or holes ( partially visible above ) in the claws allow for water circulation to the gills .\nanother species similar to , but smaller than the dungeness , is the red rock crab ( aka red crab , rock crab ) . this species usually measures less than six inches across the back and is characterized by large claws . despite being less meaty than the dungeness , red rock crab meat is also very tasty . where present in considerable abundance , the red rock crab is a serious predator on both oysters and hard - shell clams . in some areas , controls have been necessary to prevent undue damage to clam and oyster crops . it can be distinguished from the dungeness by the presence of black on the tips of its claws and by its red coloration . the red rock crab also prefers rocky substrates , as the name implies .\nit took about a half hour for ingrid to pick the two crabs - again , ingrid is an expert crab picker - and we came away with a pound and a half of meat , which put us at just under $ 30 per pound for actual meat . the cooked meat , without accoutrement , is sweet and satisfying - on par with alaskan king crab . adding old bay seasoning ( a maryland blue crab tradition ) , butter , and / or lemon , provided a little variety to the tasting . old bay and butter was my preferred preparation . picking the meat was fairly comparable to picking alaskan king crab legs , though with a few more sharp spines to watch out for . all in all , our first few experiences with box crabs have been amazing . i am at a loss as to why these crabs are not more widely available in grocery stores , which seem to only have king crab legs and snow crab legs shipped in from afar . abundant , relatively easy to catch ( so we are told ) , tasty , and easy to pick .\nin addition to cannibalistic members of their own species , dungeness crab are preyed upon a variety of fishes including halibut , dogfish , hake , lingcod , great marbled sculpin , and wolf eel . the dungeness crab is also a favorite food of the octopus . human endeavors , such as gillnetting for salmon , otter trawling for bottomfish , and dredging to maintain ship channels , all take their toll on dungeness crab .\nbefore a crab sheds its aging shell a flexible new shell forms under the old covering . the old shell splits across the rear along what is known as the splitting or suture line and this allows the new - shelled crab to back out of the old shell . even the coverings of the eye stalks and gills remain with the old shell . on emergence of the new - shelled crab , the tissues are saturated with water and expand the new shell to a larger size . at this stage , the soft - shelled crabs are readily susceptible to predators such as fish and other crabs , especially when confined in a pot . if you find these crab in your pot , please handle them with care . for a couple of days the survival of a new - shelled crab relies on its ability to remain well hidden or buried in the sand . within a few days , the soft - shell crab becomes an active , ravenous feeder . it takes about two months , however , for a soft - shelled crab to fill with meat and become a prime quality , hard - shelled crab .\nshells shedded by crab may wash in on beaches in large numbers and become the basis for false reports of dead crabs . in still or quiet waters the back of the shell that lifted during molting to let the soft crab out will drop back into position causing the crab to appear whole and dead . in most cases , molted shells break into several pieces before washing ashore and only a few legs or the top of the shell may be found .\nseveral species of crab are found in washington ' s marine waters and along its shores , though only a few are large enough to be of commercial and sport interest . crabs are crustaceans , having an exterior skeleton or shell . two crab species ( dungeness and red rock ) are harvested locally . crabs are most commonly harvested with crab pots but are also caught using ring nets , dip nets , and by wading in shallow water during spring and early summer .\nmating occurs between hard - shelled male crabs and newly molted , soft - shelled female crabs . take care not to disturb these clasping crab when fishing intertidally . the female crab stores the sperm in a seminal receptacle . because the female loses the sperm receptacle during growth molts , she cannot molt at the same time the male molts .\nthe eggs are fertilized when they are laid or extruded to become attached to the abdomen of the female . the mass of eggs carried by the female is frequently called the sponge . when first laid , eggs are bright orange in color . females in this condition are commonly found buried in the sand or subtidal bottoms . large females may carry in excess of 2\u00bd million eggs . as the embryos develop the eggs darken to a dirty brown and eventually hatch , producing larval crabs . in no way resembling an adult crab at first , the larvae swim freely in the sea and progress through a series of molts in which their appearance changes considerably . dense swarms of crab larvae are often seen in the water and are fed on extensively by other marine organisms , including salmon . after developing into the adult shape and at about a quarter of an inch in width , approximately 12 months after mating , juvenile crab take up residence on the ocean bottom . large numbers of young crabs are found in estuaries where they can tolerate dilutions of two parts fresh water to one part ocean water . the grays harbor and willapa bay estuaries are considered unique nursery areas for dungeness crab and certain fishes , such as english sole , with which they share the bottom environment .\n. children find it especially fun to watch these crabs crawl and feed in tide pools . another popular denizen of rocky shores is the hermit crab , characterized by its tendency to use the empty shells of other intertidal creatures as its home .\nthe examination of stomach contents of dungeness crabs has shown that they feed on a variety of marine forms . stomachs of ocean crabs most commonly contain hardshell and / or razor clam , fish , and crabs . they may also contain material such as sea stars , worms , squid , snails , and eggs that were originally consumed by their fish or crab prey . stomach contents obtained in the wild confirm the cannibalistic nature of dungeness crabs and predation on newly molted crabs by fellow aquarium residents creates problems in laboratory studies . contrary to general belief , laboratory observations and stomach samples indicate that dungeness crab will not consume decayed or rotten food .\nbecause crabs are enclosed in a rigid exterior skeleton they must shed their shell to grow . this molting takes place about seven times during the first year of life and at a decelerating rate there after . an average size of 1\u00be inches across the back is reached one year after the crab takes up bottom life . during a molt , the male crab will gain about 65 % in weight . after the second year most crabs are sexually mature and a difference in the rate of growth appears between males and females . females grow slower and only a small percentage attain a size greater than 6\u00bc inches across the back , despite complete protection from fishing pressure .\ntagging studies have shown that the loss of legs reduces the chances of survival , but crabs do have the power to regenerate missing appendages . complete regeneration requires two or three molts , which explains the occurrence of small , misshapen claws or legs . during the early part of life , lost claws or legs are quickly replaced because of frequent molting , but the same loss to an older crab could take years to replace .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you need to enable scripting and javascript in your browser settings to best view and navigate our website . otherwise , use our keyboard navigation and search page . for keyboard tabbing on this page you can bypass the top menu bar navigation and jump to the page sidebar navigation ( if applicable ) , or jump to the page body . our print link for screen media is scripted . your computer ' s normal print command will print this page . please contact us if you have difficulty in accessing our web pages .\nscientific name : greek lophos ( crest ) and lithodes ( stone ) ; and the latin foraminatus ( provided with a hole or perforation ) .\ndigital photo by jan haaga . references ( a complete list ) in the text include : jensen ( 1995 ) , williams et al . ( 1988 ) , barr ( 1983 ) , or hart ( 1982 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthe backyard gourmand pays homage to our family ' s efforts to move toward seasonal , organic , local , and ethically produced foods in an urban environment - in our case san diego .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists\nseveral species of tiny shore crabs can be found on washington beaches . contrary to what many believe , these are not the young of larger ocean crabs , but are simply small sized species . under most rocks on puget sound shores you can find tiny black or gray hairy shore crabs ranging in size from smaller than a fingertip to about the size of a half - dollar . these are of two species ,\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation , corporate , and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark , a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it\u2019s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission : getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nhaven ' t found the right supplier yet ? let matching verified suppliers find you .\ninformation archiv\u00e9e dans le web \u00e0 des fins de consultation , de recherche ou de tenue de documents . cette derni\u00e8re n ' a aucunement \u00e9t\u00e9 modifi\u00e9e ni mise \u00e0 jour depuis sa date de mise en archive . les pages archiv\u00e9es dans le web ne sont pas assujetties aux normes qui s ' appliquent aux sites web du gouvernement du canada . conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la politique sur les communications et l\u2019image de marque , vous pouvez demander de recevoir cette information dans tout autre format de rechange \u00e0 la page \u00ab contactez - nous \u00bb .\ninformation identified as archived on the web is for reference , research or recordkeeping purposes . it has not been altered or updated after the date of archiving . web pages that are archived on the web are not subject to the government of canada web standards . as per the policy on communications and federal identity , you can request alternate formats on the\ncontact us\npage ."]}
{"id": 2250, "summary": [{"text": "exaeretia nechlys is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona to california and in nevada .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on sidalcea malviflora , malva , malacothamnus jonesii and sphaeralcea species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "exaeretia nechlys", "paragraphs": ["exaeretia stainton , 1849 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 5 : 152 ; ts : exaeretia allisella stainton\nmartyrhilda nechlys hodges , 1974 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : planet mine , bil williams r . , yuma co . , arizona\nexaeretia fuscicostella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 264\nexaeretia amurella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 258\nexaeretia boreella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 260\nexaeretia daurella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 263\nexaeretia fuscogriseella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265\nexaeretia montuesella ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 268\nexaeretia vladimiri ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 270\nexaeretia nebulosella ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 268\nexaeretia sutschanensis ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 269\nexaeretia kozhantshikovi lvovsky , 2013 ; ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265 ; tl : krassnoyarsk , nr . minussinsk\nexaeretia exornata wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 130 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2\u00b0n , 127 . 4\u00b0e ) , heilongjiang , 170m\nexaeretia bignatha wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 129 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2\u00b0n , 127 . 4\u00b0e ) , heilongjiang , 400m\nexaeretia magnignatha wang & zheng , 1998 ; entom . sinica 5 ( 2 ) : 128 ; tl : heihe ( 50 . 2\u00b0n , 127 . 4\u00b0e ) , heilongjiang , 400m\nexaeretia indubitatella ; [ nhm card ] ; liu & wang , 2010 , zootaxa 2444 : ( 45 - 50 ) ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 265\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nneu , ceu , siberia , magadan , mongolia , n . china , c . china . see [ maps ]\nneu , scotland , siberia , kola peninsula , kamchatka , sakhalin , . . . , california , oregon , washington , idaho , nevada , arizona , alaska , british columbia , northwest territories , alberta , manitoba , michigan , new brunswick , maine , s . quebec , ontario . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 49 ; [ nacl ] , # 908 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 49 ; [ nacl ] , # 908 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 261 ; [ fe ]\ndepressaria conciliatella rebel , 1892 ; ann . naturh . hofmus . wien 7 : 272 , pl . 17 , f . 14\ns . germany , austria , hungary , orenburg , crimea . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria culcitella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 127 , ( 53 ) f . 435\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2013 , ent . obozr . 92 ( 4 ) ent . review 94 ( 2 ) : 266 ; [ fe ]\ndepressaria lepidella christoph , 1872 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 9 : 19 , pl . 1 , f . 16\ndepressaria lutosella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 64 ) : 122 , ( 53 ) f . 438\ns . kazakhstan , turkmenia , uzbekista , kirgizia , libya , arabia , iran , afghanistan , w . pakistan . see [ maps ]\nuralsk , daghestan , crimea , azerbaijan , kazakhstan , nw . china . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria niviferella christoph , 1872 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 9 : 20 , pl . 1 , f . 17\norenburg , chelyabinsk , tula , s . siberia , estonia , latvia , s . sweden , poland , hungary , mongolia . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria praeustella rebel , 1917 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 67 ( s . b . ) : 19\ncalifornia , washington , british columbia - s . quebec , idaho , montana , wyoming , new hampshire , connecticut , new york . see [ maps ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 44 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ nacl ] , # 899 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nlarva on antennaria luzuloides , gnaphalium hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 44\nfrom ( south dakota , s . british columbia ) - to ( texas , california ) . see [ maps ]\ndepresaria umbraticostella walsingham , 1881 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1881 : 318 , pl . 36 , f . 8 ; tl : mt . shasta , california ; n . oregon\nlarva on balsamohirza sagittata , helianthus pumilus hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45\nmartyrhilda sordidella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 132 , pl . 24 , f . 145 , pl . 41 , f . 238 ; tl : shingle creek , penticton , british columbia\nlarva on ambrosia psilostachya hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45\n: california [ mt . shasta , siskiyou co . ] ; n . oregon\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 45 ; [ nacl ] , # 903 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46 ; [ nacl ] , # 904 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on sphaeralcea munroana , sidalcea , malacothamnus jonesii hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 46\nlarva on sidalcea malvaeflora , malva , malacothamnus jonesii , sphaeralcea hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 47\nmontana , wyoming , washington , british columbia , alberta . see [ maps ]\n: blue l . , ( 7000 ' ) , w of lytton , b . c .\n= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 48 ; [ nacl ] , # 906 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ nhm card ]\nmartyrhilda hildaella clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 140 , pl . 24 , f . 148 ; tl : cameron bay , great bear l . , northwest territories , canada\ndeperssaria scabella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 236 ; tl : ohio\nnew brunswick - british columbia - arizona , new mexico . see [ maps ]\nammitis ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( depressaria ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 393\ns . siberia , buryatia , transbaikalia , n . mongolia . see [ maps ]\ndepressaria ascetica meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , c . cordilleras , 11550ft\ndepressaria hermophila meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guinea , konakri\nindubitatella ( hannemann , 1971 ) ( martyrhilda ) ; acta zool . hung . 17 : 263\ndepressaria lusciosa meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 211 ; tl : peru , jauja , 11900ft\ndepressaria mesosceptra meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 210 ; tl : peru , oroya , 12200ft\nmontuesellus ( hannemann , 1976 ) ( depressariodes ) ; dt . ent . z . 23 ( 4 - 5 ) : 237\ndepressaria nebulosella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 130 ; tl : uralsk\ndepressaria relegata meyrick , 1920 ; nat . hist . juan fernandez 3 : 268 ; tl : masatierra , juan fernandez is .\nremotella ( hannemann , 1971 ) ( martyrhilda ) ; acta zool . hung . 17 : 264\ndepressaria significa meyrick , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1915 ( 2 ) : 210 ; tl : ecuador , alausi , 9450ft\nsutschanensis ( hannemann , 1953 ) ( matyrhilda ) ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 29 : 300\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae\nzeller , 1873 beitr\u00e4ge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtf\u00e4lter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2252, "summary": [{"text": "hoplojana indecisa is a moth in the family eupterotidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by aurivillius in 1901 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in malawi and tanzania . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "hoplojana indecisa", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ equatorial guinea ] , spanish guinea , nkolentangan ; al\u00e9n , benitogebiet , 16\u201331 . x . 1906 , leg . g . tessmann .\nstrand e . 1912n . \u00fcber lepidoptera aus mkatta und morogoro in deutsch ost - afrika , nebst beitr\u00e4gen zur kenntnis afrikanischer taragama - arten . - archiv f\u00fcr naturgeschichte 78 ( a ) ( 1 ) : 67\u201392 .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a fact about hoplophobe ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for hoplophobe ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nimage from page 280 of\nbihang till kongl . svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar\n( 1901 - 1902 )\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthe eupterotidae are a mostly old world family of moths , the majority of species of which are nocturnal though a small number are day - flying .\n, cup vestigial or absent , two anal veins . larva with dense secondary setae , often branched , dorsal verrucae of abdominal segment 1 simialr to those of 2 - 8 , crochets biordinal , shorter series with subapical spur or dentate . pupa in flimsy cocoon of silk mixed with larval hairs .\n[ no08a ] n\u00e4ssig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008a . an annotated catalogue of the genera of eupterotidae ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .\n[ no08b ] n\u00e4ssig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008b . errata et addenda .\n[ ns07 ] n\u00e4ssig , w . a . , & w . speidel . 2007 . on the authorships of the lepidoptera atlas of the\nreise der novara\n, with a list of the taxa of bombycoidea [ s . l . ] therein described ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .\n, 2nd ed . , vol . 2 , pp . 817 - 915 . melbourne university press .\n( t . p . lucas ) , with a revised classification of the family eupterotidae ( lepidoptera ) .\ni ' m an entomologist and taxonomist , currently based in perth , western australia . if you ' d like to comment ( or offer work ) , i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet . com . au .\nthe information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources . apart from the time taken to bring it all together , very little of it represents my own work . all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners , and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls . if you re - use anything taken from this site , please attribute it to the original owner . if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage , please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .\nla \u0109i - suba teksto estas a\u016dtomata traduko de la artikolo list of moths of kenya article en la angla vikipedio , farita per la sistemo gramtrans on 2014 - 11 - 02 18 : 47 : 53 . eventualaj \u015dan\u011doj en la angla originalo estos kaptitaj per regulaj retradukoj . se vi volas enigi tiun artikolon en la originalan esperanto - vikipedion , vi povas uzi nian specialan redakt - interfacon . rigardu la artikolon pri wikitrans por trovi klarigojn pri kiel fari tion . anka\u016d ekzistas speciala vortaro - interfaco por proponi a\u016d kontroli terminojn .\nmoths of kenya ( tineoj de kenjo ) reprezentu proksimume 2 , 100 konatajn tineospeciojn . la tineoj ( plejparte noktaj ) kaj papilioj ( plejparte tagnokt ) kune inventas la taksonomian ordon lepidoptera .\ntiu teksto estas havebla sub la creative commons atribute - sharealike - licenco ; kromaj kondi\u0109oj povas validi . vidu kondi\u0109oj de uzo por detaloj . wikipedia\u00ae estas registrita varmarko de la wikimedia fonduso , inc . , ne - profita organiza\u0135o . link removal"]}
{"id": 2254, "summary": [{"text": "polazzodus is an extinct pycnodontid from the late cretaceous ( early santonian ) of the polazzo locality of northeastern italy .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the paleoenvironment of polazzo was a large marine carbonate platform and shallow internal lagoons formed from rudist reefs .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "p. coronatus is known from a large number of specimens , many of which were very well preserved .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the new genus polazzodus was erected based on a number of autapomorphies that distinguished it from similar pycnodontid fish .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "these include a second dorsal ridge scale ( from which the latin species name , coronatus , is derived ) , presence of olfactory fenestra on premaxilla , posterodorsal process on cleithrum , and several others .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the largest measured recovered specimen was 97 mm ( 3.8 in ) , and the smallest was 30 mm ( 1.2 in ) , which represented a subadult specimen .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "polazzodus , being a low-bodied pycnodont , is most similar morphologically to pycnodus and tergestrinia , though its body shape is more oval than these genera . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "polazzodus", "paragraphs": ["full reference : f . poyato - ariza . 2010 . polazzodus , gen . nov . , a new pycnodont fish from the late cretaceous of northeastern italy . journal of vertebrate paleontology 30 ( 3 ) : 650 - 664\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\ntype specimen : mpcm 13464 , a skeleton . its type locality is polazzo site a , which is in a coniacian / santonian marine horizon in italy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it ."]}
{"id": 2255, "summary": [{"text": "helcystogramma phryganitis is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1911 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous-whitish irregularly mixed with fuscous , suffusedly streaked with brown between the veins , these streaks in the disc and towards the base are marked with lines of black scales and there is a blackish dot towards the costa before the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is black , with the discal connected by a black streak which is extended to the apex , thickest posteriorly , with the plical represented by an elongate mark .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a patch of blackish irroration about the fold beyond the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are pale grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "helcystogramma phryganitis", "paragraphs": ["brachmia phryganitis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 722 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima\nhelcystogramma phryganitis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nhelcystogramma amethystias ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3\nhelcystogramma augusta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma compositaepictum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5\nhelcystogramma cyanozona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma gradatum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma helicopis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3\nhelcystogramma heterostigma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma heterotoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma immeritellum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma rhabducha ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nhelcystogramma tristellum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nhelcystogramma adaequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 271 ; tl : british guiana\nhelcystogramma symbolica meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 270 ; tl : british guiana\nhelcystogramma chalyburga meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 103 ; tl : brazil , para\nhelcystogramma cyanozona meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 26 ; tl : sidapur , coorg\nhelcystogramma sertigera meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 27 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nhelcystogramma claripunctella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 4 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , 16km sw partizansk\nhelcystogramma gypsaspis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 163 ; tl : java , tegal simpar , 3000ft ; pekalongan\nhelcystogramma klimeschi ponomarenko & huemer , 2001 ; stud . trentini sci . nat . acta bol . 76 : ( 7 - 15 )\nhelcystogramma lithostrota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 578 ; tl : perak , gunong hijan , 5000ft\nhelcystogramma clarkei rose & pathania , 2003 ; panjab univ . res . j . ( sci . ) 53 : ( 81 - 90 )\nhelcystogramma thesmiopa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nhelcystogramma uedai rose & pathania , 2003 ; panjab univ . res . j . ( sci . ) 53 : ( 81 - 90 )\nhelcystogramma virescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\nhelcystogramma flavilineolella ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 , 1037 ( list )\nhelcystogramma infibulata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya ; s . india , coimbatore\nhelcystogramma rufescens ( haworth , 1828 ) = brachmia diaphanella zeller , 1846 = brachmia isabella zeller , 1850 = brachmia terrella fischer von r\u00f6slerstamm , 1844 .\nhelcystogramma flavilineolella ponomarenko , 1998 ; far east . ent . 67 : 2 ; tl : russia , primorskii krai , pogranichii distr . , barabash - levada\nhelcystogramma hassenzanensis park & hodges , 1995 ; korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 229 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ngelechia ( helcystogramma ) ribbeella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 369 , f . 126a - b ; tl : chiriqui\nhelcystogramma arulensis ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma carycastis meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 104 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas ; british guiana , bartica\nhelcystogramma klimeschi ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1042 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma lineolella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma simplex ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\n= helcystogramma melanocarpum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 130 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma armatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma balteatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma crypsinomum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5\nhelcystogramma engraptum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma fuscomarginatum ueda , 1995 ; jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 385 ; tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima pref . , yakushima is . , onoaida\nhelcystogramma hoplophorum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma infibulatum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma leucoplectum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma lithostrotum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma obscuratum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma philomusum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma aruritis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma badium ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 128 , pl . 3 , f . 30 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nhelcystogramma brabylitis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nhelcystogramma delocosma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma ectopon hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 131 , pl . 3 , f . 35 ; tl : fort niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\nhelcystogramma hapalyntis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nhelcystogramma idiastis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystogramma lochistis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\nhelcystogramma xerastis ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 10\nhelcystogramma bicuneum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1055 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma cascum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 127 , pl . 3 , f . 28 - 29 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nhelcystogramma epicentra ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1057 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma fuscomarginatum ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1065 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma hassenzanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1071 , 1040 ( list )\nhelcystogramma perelegans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1062 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma rufescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma flavifuscum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1062 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : guangxi , jinxiu ( 24\u00b008 ' n , 110\u00b011 ' e ) , 550m\nhelcystogramma hystricella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 129 , pl . 3 , f . 33 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma rectangulum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , shaanxi , nighshan ( 33\u00b019 ' n , 108\u00b020 ' e ) , 880m\n= helcystogramma trijunctum ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 227 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1072\nhelcystogramma albilepidotum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1074 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , sichuan , wolong ( 30\u00b059 ' n , 103\u00b008 ' e ) , 1900m\nhelcystogramma fernaldella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 126 , pl . 3 , f . 25 - 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma imagibicuneum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1060 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : shaanxi , chenhe , zhouzhi ( 34\u00b010 ' n , 108\u00b012 ' e ) , 700m\nhelcystogramma melantherella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 128 , pl . 3 , f . 31 - 32 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nhelcystogramma furvimaculare li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , guizhou , huixiangping , mt fanjing ( 27\u00b055 ' n , 108\u00b041 ' e ) , 1700m\nhelcystogramma imagitrijunctum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1080 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , jiangxi , mt wuyi ( 26\u00b054 ' n , 116\u00b042 ' e ) , 800m\nhelcystogramma angustum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1075 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , hubei , shayuyan , hefeng ( 29\u00b053 ' n , 110\u00b002 ' e ) , 1260m\nhelcystogramma flavistictum li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1077 , 1040 ( list ) ; tl : china , shaanxi , xinjianshan , fengxian ( 33\u00b055 ' n , 106\u00b031 ' e ) , 1600m\nhelcystogramma brevinodium li & zhen , 2011 ; j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1077 , 1039 ( list ) ; tl : china , hebei , mt xiantai , jingxing ( 38\u00b001 ' n , 114\u00b001 ' e ) , 1200m\nhelcystogramma chambersella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 131 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 15 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nhelcystogramma trijunctum ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 227 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1072 , 1040 ( list )\nhelcystogramma ineruditum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 10 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281\nhelcystogramma lutatella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1066 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma hibisci ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1059 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ afromoths ]\nhelcystogramma triannulella ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067 , 1039 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma convolvuli ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 , pl . 4 , f . 16 - 17 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; [ fe ]\nhelcystogramma arotraeum ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ( note ) ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 383 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 226 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1064 , 1039 ( list )\nhelcystogramma ( dichomeridinae ) ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 281 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036 ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ] ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\n= onebala ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 208 ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 122 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1036\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 123 ; ueda , 1995 , jpn . j . ent . 63 ( 2 ) : 377 ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 224 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037\n= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 3 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1037\ndichomeris abortiva walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 98 ; tl : guatemala , las mercedes , 3000ft\nnothris albinervis gerasimov , 1929 ; ezheg . zool . mus . 30 : 37\nzalithia amethystias meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 140 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon\ntricyanaula anthistis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 508 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nhelcystograme anthistis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nonebala archigrapha meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 508 ; tl : colombia\nstrobisia armata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 728 ; tl : khasis\njapan , taiwan , burma , thailand , ne . india , ceylon , malaysia , java , china ( hainan , jiangxi , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]\ncladodes arotraea meyrick , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . 1894 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : koni , burma\nlarva on zizania latifolia , oriza sativa ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 4\nbrachmia arulensis rebel , 1929 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 79 : 52\nbrachmia aruritis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 723 ; tl : maskeliya , matale , puttalam and trincomali , ceylon\nstrobisia augusta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 727 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nbrachmia badia braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 12 ; tl : freadlba , california\nstrobisia balteata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 732 ; tl : khasis\nassam , china ( anhui , guizhou , hainan , hong kong , hubei , hunan , xizang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]\nstrobisia bicunea meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 731 ; tl : khasi hills , assam\nstrobisia brabylitis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 729 ; tl : n . coorg , india\ns . saskatchewan , british columbia - utah , colorado , oregon . see [ maps ]\nbrachmia casca braun , 1925 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 51 ( 3 ) : 196 ; tl : logan canyon near cottonwood canyon , utah\nbrachmia cerinura meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nchalybea ( felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( simaethis ) ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 140 , f . 4\npennsylvania , florida , oklahoma , missouri , texas , arizona , california . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nacl ] , # 2265 ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 132 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32\nlarva on ambrosia artemisiifolia , ambrosia confertifolia , a . ptilostachya hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133\nschemataspis compositaepicta omelko & omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr : 216 ; tl : verkhnii pereval , primorskii krai , russia\nbrachmia conturbata meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 359 ; tl : sierra leone\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 32 ; [ afromoths ]\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 33\nlarva on ipomoea , i . batatas hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 133 , solanum tuberosum ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 5\ndichomeris cornuta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 20 ; tl : corozal and trinidad river , panama\nbrachmia craticula meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 90 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude ; iynack is .\nbrachmia cricopa meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274 ; tl : seychelles\nbrachmia crypsinoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 527 ; tl : siam , bangkok\ndichomeris daedalea walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nonebala delocosma meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : telawa , java\nzalithia deltophora janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 397 ; tl : s . africa\nbrachmia engrapta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : lahore , punjab , india\nlarva on ipomoea batatas ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nceylon , china ( fujian , hong kong , huan , zhejiang ) . see [ maps ]\nstrobisia epicentra meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 730 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nsw . newfoundland , s . canada , south dakota , alaska , yukon . see [ maps ]\ntrichotaphe fernaldella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 915 ; tl : orono , maine\nbrachmia fiscinata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 26 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\nse . siberia , china ( henan , liaoning , shaanxi , sichuan , zhejiang ) . see [ maps ]\nlarva on oplismenus undulatifolius ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 6\nbrachmia gradata meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 221 ; tl : shillong , khasi hills\nbrachmia graphicodes meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 194 ; tl : new hanover\nbrachmia hapalyntis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 724 ; tl : dibidi , n . coorg\nstrobisia helicopis meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 101 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos ; peru , jurimaguas\nbrachmia hemiopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 90 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali , sawmills\nhypatima heterostigma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 154 ; tl : luzon , benguet , baguio , 5000ft\nbrachmia heterotoma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 158 ; tl : luzon , los ba\u00f1os\nchina ( anhui , guizhou , hong kong , hubei , xizang , zhejiang ) , taiwan , thailand , vietnam , india , ceylon , sumatra , java , australia ( queensland ) . see [ maps ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 208 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\n= ; [ aucl ] ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 225 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nlarva on hibiscus spp . , abelmoschus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nhelcystrogramma hoplophora meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\nbrachmia hystricella braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on hystrix patula braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 12\nbrachmia idiastis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : pusa , bengal\nlarva on panicum sp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 7\nchina ( guizhou , jiangxi , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\ngelechia immeritella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 634 ; tl : ceylon\nbrachmia inerudita meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 290 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nstrobisia leucoplecta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 729 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon\nbrachmia lochistis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 723 ; tl : maskeliya and puttlam , ceylon ; n . coorg , 3500ft\nceu , seu , uralsk , transbaikalia , china ( fujian , gansu , guizhou , hebei , heilongjiang , henan , hubei , jiangxi , shaanxi , sichuan , xizang , xinjiang ) . see [ maps ]\nanacampsis lutatella herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 65 ) : 201 ; tl : europe\nlarva on calamagrostis epigeios , agropyrum repens ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 8\ndichomeris lyrella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 19 ; tl : guatemala , alta ver par , panima , 1800ft\nbrachmia malacogramma meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 14 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : pretoria\ntrichotaphe meconitis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 176 ; tl : argentina\nnova scotia , new brunswick - south carolina - texas . see [ maps ]\ntrichotaphe melantherella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 232 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nlarva on calyptocarpus vialis , cynara scolymnus , melanthera nivea , xanthium strumarium hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 129\ndichomeris melissia walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\nbrachmia microsema meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274 ; tl : seychelles\nbrachmia musicopa meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 727 ; tl : transvaal\nbrachmia nesidias meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 273 ; tl : seychelles\nbrachmia neurograpta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 91 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ngelechia obseratella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 371 , pl . 5 , f . 127\nbrachmia octophora meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 25 ; tl : natal , stella bush\nbrachmia pantheropa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 296 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris perceptella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 19 ; tl : la chorrera and cabima , panama\nse . siberia , korea , japan , china ( hunan , tianjin ) . see [ maps ]\ntricyanaula perelegans omelko & omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr : 218 ; tl : andreevka , primrskii krai , russia\nbrachmia philomusa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 114 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon\nchina ( guizhou , hunan , shaanxi , sichuan ) . see [ maps ]\nstrobisia rhabducha meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 730 ; tl : maskeliya , cyelon\ngelechia rusticella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega\nstrobisia scintillula walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 81 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ngelechia selectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 614 ; tl : ega\nonebala simplex walsingham , 1900 ; bull . liverpool mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 2 ; tl : sokotra , adho dimellus , 3500ft\nbrachmia spilopis meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 356 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris stellatella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 20 ; tl : taboga island , panama\ngelechia subvectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 610 ; tl : ega\ndichomeris thesmiopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nonebala thiostoma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : kanara , haliyal\nceu , seu , sw . siberia , caucasus , transcaucasia , kazakhstan , se . siberia , kore , japan , china , n . india . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067\n= ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; park & hodges , 1995 , korean j . syst . zool . 11 ( 2 ) : 230 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9 ; li & zhen , 2011 , j . nat . hist . 45 ( 17 - 18 ) : 1067\nlarva on ipomoea batatas , convolutus aroensi , calystegia sepium , calystegia japonica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 9\nbrachmia trichocyma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas , teff\u00e9 ; british guiana , bartica\nchina ( anhui , gansu , guangxi , guizhou , hubei , huna , shaanxi , sichuan , yunnan ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]\nceratophora tristella snellen , 1901 ; tijdschr . ent . 44 : 85 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : java , batavia\nbrachmia verberata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : haenertsburg ; woodbush village\nstrobisia victrix meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 727 ; tl : n . coorg , 3400ft\nbrachmia virescens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 84 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntorodora xerastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 599 ; tl : punjab , india\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nin gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\naustria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , karelia , krasnoyarsk , mid - volzhsky , south ural .\naustria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2256, "summary": [{"text": "the masked mountain tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei ) is a vulnerable species of bird in the tanager family .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "this large and colourful tanager is endemic to elfin forest , woodland and shrub in the andean highlands of southern colombia , ecuador and northern peru .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is generally rare or uncommon , and is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "masked mountain tanager", "paragraphs": ["masked mountain - tanager , reserva ecol\u00f3gica cayambe - coca , ecuador . nov 9 , 2014 .\ninformation on the masked mountain - tanager is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - masked mountain - tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - masked mountain - tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei )\ntitle =\narkive species - masked mountain - tanager ( buthraupis wetmorei )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nblack - backed bush - tanager and pale - naped brush - finch in the flock as well .\nhilty , s . ( 2018 ) . masked mountain - tanager ( tephrophilus wetmorei ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n20 cm ; two birds 62 g and 63 g . large , stubby - billed tanager with rather odd plumage pattern . male has crown and nape yellowish - olive , becoming plain olive - green on back and . . .\n20 . 5 cm . lethargic , yellowish tanager . yellow - olive crown and nape , yellow forehead and outline to black facial area , olive upperparts with yellow rump , underparts yellow , lightly mottled blackish on the flanks , blue fringing to coverts giving blue shoulder and wing - bar .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\n. in colombia , there are records from purac\u00e9 national park and its environs , cauca , and recently from nari\u00f1o ( strewe and kreft 1999 ) . it is restricted to the east andes in ecuador ( carchi , napo , morona - santiago , azuay , loja and zamora - chinchipe ) ( krabbe\n, and occurs on cerro chinguela , eastern piura , peru . it is generally considered rare or uncommon , but is fairly common at cajanuma , podocarpus national park , which may protect a significant population . nevertheless , it is unlikely that the total population exceeds 5 , 000 birds , and it is inferred to be declining .\nthe population is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 individuals , equating to 1 , 667 - 6 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 1 , 500 - 7 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : a slow and on - going population decline is suspected , based on rates of habitat loss within its range .\nit inhabits very humid elfin forest , scattered bushes , bamboo , giant grasses and dense brush , on the p\u00e1ramo - forest ecotone from 2 , 900 to 3 , 600 m , and possibly higher before human alteration of the treeline .\n. in south - west colombia , the proportion of timberline habitat remaining is estimated at less than 10 % , and human pressure is increasing ( p . g . w . salaman\n. temperate forest has been replaced with exotic pine plantations near the known site in nari\u00f1o ( strewe and kreft 1999 ) , and other threats include firewood - gathering and potato cultivation ( p . g . w . salaman\n. the area where the species occurs in peru is being heavily deforested and burned for agriculture and cattle ranching ; fragmentation is severe around cerro chinguela ( f . angulo\nconduct surveys to clarify its distribution . in particular , survey suitable habitat in tabaconas namballe national sanctuary , since it is not present in any protected area in peru ( f . angulo\n, and prohibit the burning of p\u00e1ramo in national parks . educate and encourage local people to take a leading role in land - use management and restoration schemes ( fjelds\u00e5 and kessler 1996 )\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nadult near fledgling . shrubbery above treeline . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nin bushes in humid primary treeline forest . reference : lxxa 287 - 297 , - 302 , - 304 , - 310 , - 319 ( butwet6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nlow p\u00e1ramo scrub . reference : jn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\n3 birds sunnying themselves in bush tops in humid primary treeline forest . reference : ( lxxa 369 , 402 - 406 , 413 - 415 , 461 - 480 , 484 - 490 , 521 - 527 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nin bushes in humid primary treeline forest . reference : lxxa 263 - 267 ( butwet5 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nin bushes in humid primary treeline forest . reference : lxxa 217 - 220 ( butwet4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nfemale . collected ( mecn 6614 ) . upper edge of humid forest . reference : lxiia 253 - 258 ( butwet3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tephrophilus wetmorei . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nc andes of sw colombia ( quind\u00edo , and s on both slopes in cauca and huila to nari\u00f1o ) , s through ecuador ( mostly on e slope , from carchi , w napo and w morona - santiago s to e loja and s zamora - chinchipe ) and adjacent nw peru ( along piura\u2013cajamarca border ) .\nnotably quiet . infrequently heard song a rather long series of high - pitched \u201ctsee\u201d notes , variable . . .\nlow mossy forest and very humid elfin woodland , bamboo , and giant grasses at or near tree - line , and . . .\nfruit and apparently some insects . contents of one stomach a large number of seeds . found singly , in pairs and in little groups up to four . . .\nvulnerable . restricted - range species : present in central andean p\u00e1ramo eba . generally rare to uncommon ; localized . estimated global population not exceeding 5000 . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\n\u201ccore tanagers\u201d , with over 100 species , including a clade most members of which ( lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix , paroaria ) were previously treated in emberizidae and one species ( pseudosaltator rufiventris ) previously treated in cardinalidae # r .\nresurrected for single species for long treated in buthraupis but found by molecular study to be notably isolated , with sporathraupis as its closest apparent relative # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nlars petersson , dusan m . brinkhuizen , agustin carrasco , dubi shapiro , scott olmstead , nick athanas , william price , brayan coral jaramillo .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 793 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\n11 - 13 november 2015 . the antisana ecological reserve can easily be reached via a day trip from quito . given the frequent afternoon weather , it is best to arrive early in the morning to improve your chances of having an unobstructed view of the massive peak of antisana . antisana rises to a height of 18 , 891 ft ( 5 , 758 m ) and is absolutely [ . . . ]\n16 \u2013 21 september 2015 . we really ran short of time in southern colombia , unfortunately . we had hoped to visit pnn cueva de los guacharos , the mocoa area , the sibundoy area , and the junin area ( rna pangan and rio \u00f1ambi ) but we only had a few days left on our colombian visas so we decided to check out the mocoa and sibundoy areas as there [ . . . ]\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy"]}
{"id": 2257, "summary": [{"text": "inga refuga is a moth in the oecophoridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1916 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in french guiana .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are white , slightly sprinkled with pale greyish-ochreous except towards the costa anteriorly , the terminal edge pale greyish-ochreous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata is small and black and there is a strongly curved series of minute scattered black specks from beneath the costa at three-fourth to above the dorsum at two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey-whitish . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "inga refuga", "paragraphs": ["inga refuga is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by meyrick in 1916 . [ 1 ] it is found in french guiana . [ 2 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 26 may 2018 , at 00 : 40 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnumber of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )\ndescription : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nfaceted search & find service v1 . 17 _ git7 as of may 29 2018"]}
{"id": 2266, "summary": [{"text": "the javan tiger ( panthera tigris sondaica ) is an extinct tiger population that inhabited the indonesian island of java until the mid-1970s .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it was one of the three recognized subspecies limited to the sunda islands .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "the scientific name panthera tigris sondaica is now used for both extinct and living tiger populations in indonesia . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "javan tiger", "paragraphs": ["\u201cits markings are like the javan tiger , but its posture less so . the posture of the javan tiger is bigger , more muscular , and shorter than the sumatran tiger . \u201d\nbelow is a clear photo of a javan tiger at london zoo in 1942 .\ni really hop the tigers will survive . but i think the javan tiger is extinct\ntoo bad , i find that the javan tiger is the most handsome of tiger subspecie : little and dark coloured .\noccasionally , unofficial reports of javan tigers surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in java .\n2 . the javan tiger was quite similar in appearance to the still existing sumatran tiger , but had darker and more numerous black stripes .\nin 1995 , a group of villagers claimed to have seen an adult javan tiger with cubs in east java .\njavan tigers\u2019 tracks\u2019 diameter used to be bigger than that of the bengal tiger found in india , nepal and bangladesh .\nlocating specimens of extinct tiger ( panthera tigris ) subspecies : javan tiger ( p . t . sondaica ) , bali tiger ( p . t . balica ) , and caspian tiger ( p . t . virgata ) , including previously unpublished specimens\nthe world bank\u2019s tiger recovery program aims to double tiger populations in the wild by 2022 .\nthe javan tiger likely became extinct in the mid - 1970s ( seidensticker 1987 ) . on the basis of morphology mazak and groves ( 2006 ) classified the javan tiger as a distinct species , panthera sondaica . classically it is considered to be a subspecies of tiger panthera tigris ( nowell and jackson 1996 ) .\nnonetheless , the world wildlife fund is now supporting an expedition to track down whether the javan tiger could still exist , emont reports .\nb abbreviations for subspecies : alt , amur tiger p . t . altaica ; vir , caspian tiger p . t . virgata ; amo , south china tiger p . t . amoyensis ; cor , indochinese tiger p . t . corbetti ; jax , malayan tiger p . t . jacksoni ; sum , sumatran tiger p . t . sumatrae ; son , javan tiger p . t . sondaica ; bal , bali tiger p . t . balica ; tig , bengal tiger p . t . tigris .\nthe tiger panthera tigris consists of nine subspecies , including four that have gone extinct from their natural range . the sumatran tiger is the closest relative to the extinct javan and bali tigers .\nin the following decades , the remaining javan tiger population was restricted to only three reserves on the island that lacked adequate protection for them and their prey species . confirmed sightings became increasingly infrequent and in 1984 the last confirmed javan tiger was killed outside halimun reserve in west java .\njavan rhinos are the most threatened of the five rhino species , with only 58 - 68 individuals that live only in ujung kulon national park in java , indonesia . javan rhinos once lived throughout northeast india and southeast asia . vietnam\u2019s last javan rhino was poached in 2010 .\ncompared to other panthera tigris sub - species , which still populates the asian mainland , javan tigers were slight smaller . however , male javan tigers could grow bigger than the sumatran tigers .\nthe javan tiger used to prey on wild boar , rusa deer and banteng . at times , they also fed upon water fowls and reptiles .\nby 1940s , javan tigers were pushed into remote forest ranges . until the second world war , the javan tigers were kept in zoos in indonesia , but they were all shut down during the war . after the second world war , the natural forests were fragmented for the plantation of coffee , rubber and teak , threatening javan tiger\u2019s natural habitat .\n) existed in java or bali . no mtdna haplotype is shared among voucher sumatran , javan and bali tigers . all 9 voucher javan tigers carry haplotype son and both voucher bali tigers carry bal .\n, the javan tiger was once a dominant predator on the tropical island of java . in the 18th century , they were so numerous on the island that\n1972 and the javan tiger count was down to a maximum of seven in the then newly - formed meru betiri forest reserve , and perhaps five elsewhere .\nstill , \u201cthis used to be a javan tiger habitat\u201d , the head of conservation at ujung kulon national park said . \u201cwe hope that they\u2019re still there\u201d .\nthe javan tiger was last recorded in the 1970s , the caspian tiger was lost in the 1950s , and the bali tiger became extinct in the 1930s , according to panthera , a wild cat conservation organization . [ gallery : iconic cats : all 9 subspecies of tigers ]\njavan tiger is an extinct tiger subspecies that used to dwell in java islands in indonesia . hunting and deforestation are two of the primary reasons believed to have completely wiped it out by mid - 70s or early 80s .\n1 . javan tigers were slightly smaller than their mainland cousins but were renowned for their especially long whiskers .\nno one wants to be the first to say , \u201cyeah , that\u2019s definitely a javan tiger . \u201d mamat rahmat , head of ujung kulon park , was hopeful :\njavan tigers were so abundant in the early 19th century that in some regions , they were considered as pests .\n\u201cmy fellow ranger saw a large cat , but with stripes a bit different from the leopards usually found in ujung kulon . finally , he photographed it , and we suspect it is either a type of javan leopard or another one of the large cats , such as the javan tiger . \u201d\njavan tigers were thought to have been hunted into extinction , with the last confirmed sighting in 1979 . the footage from the ujung kulon national park has spurred the world wildlife fund into supporting an expedition to search for traces that the javan tiger might still lurk in the indonesian jungles . jeva lange\nfrom 1993 to march 1994 , believing that this subspecies is still alive , a survey was conducted in the meru betiri national park , with the help of wwf indonesia . however , it failed to discover any concrete evidence that could argue for the javan tiger\u2019s existence . as the final report of the survey came out , the javan tiger was pronounced extinct .\nwith similar features but slightly bigger than the bali tiger , the javan tiger has dark skin and small stripes with an average weight of 110 - 140 kg . this small - sized tiger previously lived in java island , indonesia . the latest record was found in 1972 and they went extinct in 1976 .\n\u201cthis used to be javan tiger habitat , \u201d mamat rahmat , the head of conservation at the park , told the local news media . \u201cwe hope that they\u2019re still there . \u201d\nstill ,\nthis used to be javan tiger habitat ,\nthe head of conservation at ujung kulon national park said .\nwe hope that they ' re still there .\n) . j . h . maz\u00e1k and groves also supported separation of the sumatran tiger from the javan and bali tigers based on craniometrical data collected by the late v . maz\u00e1k (\na rare big cat was photographed in ujung kulon national park , indonesia , last month . park rangers believe the animal may be a javan tiger , which are thought to be extinct .\njakarta , indonesia \u2014 park rangers in indonesia may have spotted an animal thought to live only in folklore and history books : a javan tiger , declared extinct more than 40 years ago .\ntaken in 1938 , this image captures one of the once abundant javan tigers . hunting drove the big cats to extinction .\nwe can save wild tigers . in 2010 , the 13 tiger range countries committed to tx2\u2014to double wild tiger numbers by 2022 , the next year of the tiger . wwf is driving tx2 forward .\nworld conversation society tiger expert wulan pusparini cautioned that\nwhen the video is frozen , the effect is that it looks like a tiger\nbut when the cat moves , it looks far more like a javan leopard , which is endangered but not extinct .\nwulan pusparini , wildlife conservation society tiger expert , suggested that \u201cwhen the video is frozen , the effect is that it looks like a tiger\u201d but when the cat moves , it looks far more like a javan leopard , which is endangered but not extinct .\nthe javan tiger ( panthera tigris sondaica ) was exclusively found in java indonesia and went extinct in the early 1980 ' s they had thin black stripes that were usually double - looped . the javan and bali tigers were very similar in their small size weighing only 90 to 90 kg ( 200 to 220 lb )\nthe javan tiger had been pushed into remote mountain ranges and forests . at this stage some small reserves were set up , but these were not large enough and prey species were too low .\nthe last known confirmed javan tiger spotting occurred around 40 years ago . since then , preservationists assumed the tiger was extinct \u2013 until a mysterious cat was filmed by rangers at the ujung kulon national park in west java last month , the new york times reports .\ndespite the rangers\u2019 excitement , some conservationists were skeptical that the cat really was a javan tiger . \u201cwhen the video is frozen the effect is that it looks like a tiger , \u201d said wulan pusparini , a tiger expert at the wildlife conservation society , who viewed video footage of the animal . however , when the animal was seen moving , she said , it more closely resembled a leopard . javan leopards are an endangered species , and are rarely seen .\ntri prasetyo , who heads a national park near the crater , said many animals naturally would flee volcanic activity . but a javan tiger was unlikely , as it ' s believed to be extinct .\n\u201cthis used to be javan tiger habitat , \u201d mamat rahmat , the head of conservation at the park , told the local news media , according to emont . \u201cwe hope that they\u2019re still there . \u201d\njavan tigers had thin and long stripes . their occipital plane was narrow , carnassials comparatively long and they also had long and narrow nose .\nbut until concrete evidence can be produced ( expert sightings , pug marks , photographic evidence , attacks on people and animals ) , the javan tiger must be considered yet another subspecies which is probably lost to mankind .\nas habitat for javan tigers dwindled , the tigers and their prey were hunted and poisoned during intensified human - wildlife conflicts . tropical forests were converted to rice fields or teak and rubber plantations , further fragmenting tiger habitat .\nmore than 40 years ago , the last known javan tiger was seen by human eyes . in the intervening years , preservationists assumed the tiger was extinct \u2014 until a mysterious big cat was filmed by rangers at the ujung kulon national park in west java last month , the new york times reports .\nin the rainforests of sumatra live the last of the sunda or \u201cisland tigers\u201d \u2013 a distinct group of tiger subspecies once found across indonesia\u2019s sunda island chain . until only a few decades ago , tigers roamed the islands of bali and java . today , the bali and javan tiger subspecies are extinct .\neffective protection of the world\u2019s only remaining javan rhino population is critical to ensuring the species\u2019 survival . wwf will continue our support for rhino protection patrols in ujung kulon national park and work with communities who live in the park\u2019s buffer zone to eliminate human encroachment into the javan rhino\u2019s limited habitat and poaching .\npoints out that consumers say they want wild tiger parts , not farmed ones .\nis this a live tasmanian tiger ? man claims to have captured . . .\nin the early 19th century javan tigers ( panthera tigris sondaica ) were so common over java that in some areas the were considered nothing more than pests .\nonly a few national parks in west java contain what is left of the island\u2019s large fauna , which include just 60 rhinos and a small population of leopards . of the three subspecies of indonesian tigers , two \u2014 the bali tiger and the javan tiger \u2014 have been declared extinct . the sumatran tiger still exists on sumatra , but it is considered critically endangered , the result of hunting and rapid deforestation .\nclearance of java\u2019s rainforests for agricultural expansion led to the extirpation of the javan tiger and intensified other factors that led to what biologists refer to as an \u201cextinction vortex\u201d : a series of mutually reinforcing feedbacks that drives a population downward to extinction .\nwe can\u2019t bring back the bali and javan tigers , but we can save the sumatran tiger and pull it out from the vortex of extinction . learn how you can help rainforest trust and its partners to save sumatran tigers and their habitat .\ndespite the continuing claims of sightings it is far more likely that , even with full protection and in reserve areas , the javan tiger was unable to be saved . the ' tigers ' are quite likely to be leopards seen from a distance .\nrenowned tiger biologist k . ullas karanth , who works with the new york - based\nshould we be hopeful that the javan tiger has escaped extinction ? it may not be a great life \u2026 java is small , the parks are smaller and the population of deer , cattle , boars and other natural tiger foods are quite scarce , while the food these creatures turn to when desperately hungry are building more homes , barns and doghouses .\n\u201cthat\u2019s the javan leopard , \u201d she said of the mysterious cat . \u201cthat\u2019s the last large carnivore on java . you would hope people would get excited about it . \u201d\ntill the mid - 60s , javan tigers survived in protected areas \u2013 such as ujung kulon , leuwen sancang and baluran which were set up in 1920s and 1930s . however , no confirmed tiger sightings were reported in those areas following the civil unrest in 1965 .\n) , and differ from most similar sumatran tiger haplotypes by only 1 or 2 nucleotides .\nthe bengal tiger has reddish - orange colored fur with dark brown - black vertical stripes .\nare one of the largest predators in the world . each tiger has their own large territory in which males have a larger home range size than females . according to tiger research (\noccasional reports of tigers still surface from enthusiasts who believe the tiger still exists in java .\ntiger is occasionally served in restaurants in hanoi and beijing , where rare dishes denote status .\nthe balinese tiger ( panthera tigris balica ) was exclusively found in bali in indonesia and went extinct in the early 1930 ' s . the javan and bali tigers were very similar in their small size weighing only 90 to 90 kg ( 200 to 220 lb ) .\njavan tigers\u2019 small body size was imputed to bergmann\u2019s rule as well as the size of the available prey that are relatively smaller when compared to the ones found in mainland asia .\nthe small size of the javan rhino population is a cause for concern . low genetic diversity and inbreeding could make it difficult for the long - term survival of the species .\nconservation biologist firoz ahmed caught a tiger resting in the water in kaziranga national park in india .\ntheir study ' s first results appeared in 2004 that showed malayan tigers splitting from its indochinese counterpart as a distinct , new fifth - living tiger subspecies . the latest results show that extinct javan ( 1980s ) and bali ( 1940s ) tigers were nearly indistinguishable from a molecular standpoint from sumatran tigers just as the extinct caspian tigers are nearly identical to surviving amur tiger subspecies .\nthe sumatran tiger ( panthera tigris sumatrae ) is the smallest living tiger subspecies , weighing up to 120 kg ( 265 lb ) and is about 2 . 4 m ( 8 ft ) in length . they are found in sumatra , part of indonesia . the sumatran tiger ' s fur is darker in coloration than other tiger species with a deep orange to reddish coat and black stripes .\neffective tiger survey methods ; population count on sighting , detecting signs , etc . , influence the effective result of tiger abundance . at the same time , the high abundance of tiger population can be an effective , reliable site study on the relation between tigers and their prey species as well .\nhowever , some big cat experts point out that the stripes seem to look like spots as the cat walks and there aren\u2019t many of the nearly - extinct javan leopard available for comparison .\nsettling this aspect of tiger evolution clearly requires genetic studies of museum and private specimens of bali and javan tigers . here , based on gathering and validation of museum samples ( yamaguchi et al . 2013 ) we analyzed the phylogeographic history of javan and bali tigers to determine historical genetic diversity and genetic relationships between extinct tigers and extant relatives . genetic patterns were analyzed jointly with published data from the 6 extant and 1 extinct ( caspian ) tiger subspecies ( luo et al . 2004 , 2008 ; driscoll et al . 2009 ; luo et al . 2010b ) . the results highlight a clearer picture of the evolutionary history and phylogeographic partitioning that have formed modern tiger population structures .\nthe smaller body size of javan tigers is attributed to bergmann\u2019s rule and the size of the available prey species in java , which are smaller than the cervid and bovid species distributed on the asian mainland . however , the diameter of their tracks are larger than of bengal tiger in bangladesh , india and nepal .\nfossil evidences suggest that around 12000 years ago , javan tigers also existed in borneo island and palawan in philippines . still , some experts say that the borneo specimens survived as recently as 200 years ago .\nwwf works with governments across the 13 tiger range countries to maintain momentum around the conservation of tigers , which is a valuable asset that can enhance their development agendas . by linking tiger conservation with forest preservation and carbon sequestration efforts , tiger range nations and their partners can demonstrate their commitment to promoting a healthy environmental and economic future .\njavan rhinos were killed by trophy hunters during colonial times . they were also killed as agricultural pests and for their horn , a highly prized commodity in traditional asian medicine . poaching remains an ever - present threat .\nlike the tasmanian tiger , there are many who believe a few javan tigers are hiding in the deep wilderness areas of the island . some tracks have been found that may been javans but were not confirmed and the body a female mountain hiker found in mount merbabu national park in central java in 2008 appears to have been the result of a tiger attack by a creature that locals claimed to have seen but , again , could not confirm .\n) , may help further elucidate the issue . nevertheless , the similarity among the sunda tiger mtdna haplotypes ( 1\u20132 nucleotide difference among sumatran , javan and bali tigers ) suggests common origin and rapid divergence of island subspecies , and may reflect that the somewhat distinctive morphological features in each subspecies have evolved rapidly after each island was colonized .\ntrade in tiger parts and products is a major threat to wild tiger survival . together with traffic , the global wildlife trade monitoring network , we implement strategies to stop wildlife criminal networks , help governments shut down black markets , and change consumer behavior . we conduct investigations to document the tiger trade , catalyze action against it , and train enforcement agencies . we continue to champion transnational wildlife enforcement networks and build strategies to reduce demand for tiger parts and products .\n) . no haplotype is shared among voucher sumatran , javan and bali tigers . the size of a circle corresponds to the number of specimens from the island and sectors of the pie chart are proportional to haplotype frequencies .\nhumankind played no role in most of these extinctions . however , we are responsible for many hundreds of the most recent ones . the passenger pigeon is gone because of us ; so is the wild dromedary camel , the dodo bird , the javan tiger , the dusky seaside sparrow . . . the list could go on and on .\nto follow up on alleged sightings , a survey was conducted with the help of wwf between 1993 and 1994 using camera traps in east java\u2019s meru betiri national park . no tiger tracks or other signs were found in the survey . the cameras revealed no tigers , few prey and many poachers . after the final report of this survey , the javan tiger was declared extinct . unofficial \u201cghost sightings\u201d occasionally occur , but they are likely just that \u2013 ghosts .\n, a system of dedicated national reserves supported by teams of rangers . tiger numbers doubled over the next 15 years .\na subsequent survey was planned in the meru betiri national park in autumn 1992 with the support of wwf indonesia , deploying camera traps for the first time . from march 1993 to march 1994 , cameras were positioned at 19 sites , which did not yield a single picture of a tiger . during this period , no tracks indicating the presence of tigers were discovered . after the final report of this survey had been published , the javan tiger was declared extinct .\nput a bounty on the head of the animals to encourage their killing . though javan locals refrained from killing the creatures unless they did harm , as human populations swelled many big cat encounters resulted in human deaths , according to\nin november 2008 , an unidentified body of a female mountain hiker was found in mount merbabu national park , central java , who allegedly died from tiger attack . villagers who discovered the body have also claimed some tiger sightings in the vicinity .\nmales of the largest subspecies , the amur ( siberian ) tiger , may weigh up to 660 pounds . for males of the smallest subspecies\u2014the sumatran tiger\u2014upper range is at around 310 pounds . within each subspecies , males are heavier than females .\nthis male sumatran tiger cub was born at the sacramento zoo on march 3 , 2013 . its species is critically endangered .\nartist zio ziegler ' s exclusive tiger t - shirt helps raise awareness and support for wwf ' s global conservation efforts .\nfossil evidence and genetic information has determined that the lion , leopard and jaguar have more in common with each other than with the tiger . thus it is estimated that the tiger diverged earlier from the common panthera ancestor than other members of its genus .\n\u201cjavan tigers have been extinct for three generations , \u201d ms . wulan said . she said she wished the indonesian public would get as excited about saving endangered animals as they have been this week about the potential for discovering an extinct species .\nonline ) presents a plausible solution to longstanding uncertainty regarding the tiger radiation throughout mainland asia and the sunda islands . the position of\nthe photograph , which circulated across social media , prompted the world wildlife fund to support an expedition in search of the supposed tiger .\nmuch of the hunting was carried out by natives , a surprising thing since they considered the tiger a reincarnation of their dead relatives .\nin 1995 , a group of villagers from resapombo sighted a tiger with its cubs , high up the mountains of purworejo blitar in east java . cubs of these tiger were sold on the market in malang , where today is a market for all kinds of animals .\na few years ago i read an article that forest officials would set up camera traps in hopes of finding this cat . haven ' t read of any follow up since , so i ' m guessing the findings were bleak . java forests are diminishing fast , thus unfortunately there is a good chance the javan tiger is for sure gone and many other species may meet the same fate .\nthe caspian tiger ( panthera tigris virgata ) was native from turkey through central and west asia and went extinct around the 1950 ' s . they had a distinctive style for hunting in that they stalked migrating prey over long distances rather than holding territories like other tiger subspecies .\nthe tiger\u2019s situation has grown desperate in a mere century . a hundred years ago , there were over 100 , 000 in the wild , with more than 40 , 000 in india alone . currently , the total number of tigers worldwide is calculated at fewer than 3 , 500 . three subspecies \u2014 javan , bali , and caspian tigers \u2014 vanished during the 20th century . a fourth , the south china tiger , has not been seen in the wild for more than 25 years and is assumed to have gone extinct during the 1990s .\nnine subspecies of tiger are recognized ; however , three of them are extinct , according to the integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) .\ntigers lucky enough to escape the poachers face being shot or poisoned by villagers angered by livestock losses . starvation in the wild presents another peril : prey depletion and habitat degradation are eroding the species\u2019 future . a breeding female bengal tiger needs two deer a week , an amur tiger more than 20 pounds of meat a day to make it through the winter . because of these threats and the tiger\u2019s rapid decline , the\nthere have been thousands of reported sightings of the tasmanian tiger , or scientifically known as thylacine , but many of them are quickly dismissed .\nthis sounds like the usual wishful thinking and remorseful hoping \u2026 until august 25 , 2017 . that\u2019s when a ranger at the ujung kulon national park on the west end of the island of java spotted a big cat feeding on a dead banteng ( wild javan cattle ) . that would not be an unusual sight \u2013 the park has a population of javan leopards \u2013 except this cat had stripes , not spots . fortunately , the ranger was able to record the beast walking away from the banteng towards some peacocks \u2026 the next course ?\n6 . rusa deer , the tiger ' s most important prey species , were lost to disease in several reserves and forests during the 1960s .\ntotal tiger habitat in the world today ( 2013 ) is about staggering 11 lakh ( 1 . 1 million ) urltoken dispersed among asia\u2019s 13 countries\ncarpal whiskers are located on the back of the tiger\u2019s front legs . with their help cat can feel its prey and detect any escape attempts .\nfans of the search for the tasmanian tiger / thylacine may want to pay attention to this one . media outlets on the island of java are reporting a sighting of what appears to be a javan tiger . if it\u2019s true , this would move the beast off of the extinct animals list where it has resided since 1979 when the last confirmed sighting occurred . is the video legit ? if it is , is this good news or bad news for yet another species that was thought to have been hunted to extinction . will humans get let off hook again ?\nthe first people to embrace the tiger as an important symbol in their culture were the indus valley civilization of harappa and mohenjo daro ( area known today as pakistan ) around 5 , 000 years ago . tiger symbols were engraved on seals and worn as amulets as a representation of property ownership .\nfrom the hunting behavior study found that tigers mostly grab and bite their prey on neck until it die . to bite on neck keeps them safe from the prey\u2019s antlers and hooves ( karanth , 1995 ) . after the prey died , the tiger will drag to eat at a safe place . normally , tiger hunts large prey . the experienced adult tiger hunts carefully and in the case may cause the least injury ( schaller , 1976 ) .\nexperts are skeptical , however , noting that the video of the spotting appears to show a cat moving more like a leopard than a tiger . the\ngeographic distribution of mtdna haplotypes among tigers from the islands of sumatra , java , and bali . only tiger specimens with confirmed geographic origins from java (\namazing fresh footage has emerged of what ' s believed to be a tasmanian tiger walking through a field , despite having been declared extinct in 1936 .\nin the past century , populations of wild tigers have plummeted from 100 , 000 to 3 , 500 . now the world bank and conservationists have launched an eleventh - hour effort to save this great predator , focusing on reining in the black market for tiger parts and ending the destruction of tiger habitat .\n\u201ctigress t - 26 with three cubs lives in the close vicinity of t - 20 , an aged tiger . t - 31 with two cubs is frequently visited by tiger t - 23 . t - 11 with three cubs is protected by t - 33 . t - 30 with a litter of three cubs is protected by t - 3 and t - 9 with two cubs is protected by t - 33 , a male tiger , \u201d he noted .\ntigers need landscapes to thrive , and our work to protect and connect their fragile habitat is based on rigorous scientific analysis . wwf has chosen places to focus its resources based on the best available science . these areas are where densities of prey and tigers are at their highest . the locations encompass tiger corridors that link tiger sites within landscapes . our work includes building local capacity to manage protected areas and coordinating with partners to manage core tiger areas and corridors .\nthe first evidence for the past presence of the tiger panthera tigris ( l . ) on the island of palawan , philippines : extinction in an island population\nmonitoring tigers and their prey is essential to achieving our goal of doubling wild tiger populations . by employing camera traps , tracking technologies and dna collected from scat ( droppings ) , we scrutinize the progress of tiger populations in order to adapt our strategies and make conservation decisions based on strong science and field experience .\ntheir numbers alarmingly decreased when one of its natural preys\u2019 \u2013 the rusa deer\u2019s number went down in many regions triggering food scarcity . by mid - 50s , just 20 \u2013 25 tigers remained in the island . in 1965 , during civil unrest , armed groups backed away and took shelter in forests and reserves reducing the natural tiger habitat . in the midst of a human - dominated landscape , the deracination of javan tigers got intensified in the 1970s .\nmeru betiri was rugged and considered this tiger ' s last chance for survival . however , even as it was declared a reserve , the area was under attack by agricultural development . a 1979 census located the tracks of only three tigers . substantiated evidence that this tiger is still alive has not been forthcoming since then .\n) is an extinct tiger subspecies that inhabited the indonesian island of java until the mid - 1970s . it was one of the three subspecies limited to islands .\n\u201cwhat is now happening in ranthambore will denote the sheer complexity of tiger behaviour . the trend of tigers preferring solitude is gradually changing at the park . in fact , we have witnessed a peculiar , astonishing and amazing breakthrough in the behaviour of male tigers , \u201d said rajesh kumar gupta , field director , ranthambhore tiger reserve .\nfrom their pharmacopeia in 1993 , skins still sell for up to $ 35 , 000 , and organs and body parts \u2014 bones , whiskers , eyeballs , penises , paws , claws \u2014 are snapped up as souvenirs or ingredients of traditional asian medicine . tiger is occasionally served at restaurants in hanoi and beijing , where rare dishes denote high status . in russia , the uber - wealthy have acquired a taste for tiger pelts as home d\u00e3\u00a9cor ; in sumatra , magic spells require tiger parts .\nthe first people to embrace the tiger as an important symbol in their culture were the indus valley civilization of harappa and mohenjo daro around 5 , 000 years ago .\nfollowing the october 2010 eruption of mount merapi , two indonesian villagers have claimed sightings of a big cat paw print in the residual ash , which sparked rumours a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms in search for food . personnel of the nearby national park did not think it likely this paw print was a tiger ' s .\nwaters , who runs the thylacine awareness group of australia , says there are a few reasons why he believes the creature in the video is definitely a tasmanian tiger .\nthe south china tiger ( panthera tigris amoyensis ) are native to south central china . they may weigh up to 150 kg ( 330 lb ) and are about 2 . 5 m ( 8 ft ) in length . south china tigers are the most critically endangered of all tiger subspecies with a population estimate between 30 to 80 individuals .\nthe javan tiger ( panthera tigris sundaica ) , which is more similar to the sumatran , held on longer into the 20th century . between 1900 and 1975 , the population on java almost tripled from 28 million to 85 million people . during this time , the annual production of rice was unable to keep up with population demands , resulting in the clearing of forests for rice cultivation . in 1938 , tropical forests covered 23 % of the island ; by 1975 , only 8 % remained .\nsightings of giant cat pawprints in the thick grey ash blanketing mount merapi ' s slopes on tuesday sparked rumours a tiger or leopard was roaming abandoned farms searching for food .\n) are extinct . the specific threats to tigers vary regionally , but human persecution , hunting , and human - induced habitat destruction are universal factors in threatening tiger populations .\nshow your love of the tiger with the wwf bankamericard cash rewards visa credit card . bank of america will contribute $ 100 to wwf for each account opened and activated .\njustification : tigers were last positively recorded from java ' s meru betiri national park in 1976 , and likely disappeared from much of the rest of the island by the 1940s . the causes of extinction include hunting , and loss of forest habitat and prey base . there are no javan tigers in captivity ( seidensticker 1987 ) .\nin 2009 . the bank possesses \u201cconvening power\u201d among its 187 member countries and began organizing international workshops that culminated in an unprecedented plan to gather together world leaders of all tiger range countries . the tiger summit will be held on nov . 21 , during the waning days of this year of the tiger , in st . petersburg , russia . such political capital expended on a conservation issue is unprecedented . for the first time in history , one of the world\u2019s top financiers has galvanized worldwide support in defense of an endangered species .\nthe bali tiger ( panthera tigris balica ) was the smallest of the tiger subspecies and was last positively recorded in the late 1930\u2019s in bali barat national park . pushed to the edge by growing human populations , hunted for sport , and persecuted by villagers as a pest , it was declared extinct not long after the end of the second world war .\nthe tiger is the largest member of the felid ( cat ) family . they sport long , thick reddish coats with white bellies and white and black tails . their heads , bodies , tails and limbs have narrow black , brown or gray stripes . there were once nine subspecies of tigers : bengal , siberian , indochinese , south chinese , sumatran , malayan , caspian , javan and bali . of these , the last three are extinct , one is extinct in the wild , and the rest are endangered .\nthe indo - chinese tiger ( panthera tigris corbetti ) is one of the smallest tiger subspecies , weighing up to 182 kg ( 400 lb ) and is about 2 . 8 m ( 9ft ) in length . they have a large range encompassing continental southeast asia region ( southern china , laos , vietnam , cambodia , malaysia , thailand and eastern burma ) .\ntigers are facing major threats - - including poaching and habitat destruction - - that have put them on the path to extinction . you can help save them . adopt a tiger .\nin the west of java lies the halimun reserve , today integrated into the mount halimun salak national park . in 1984 , a tiger was killed there ; and in 1989 , pugmarks were found that were the size of a tiger\u2019s . however , an expedition of six biologists conducted in 1990 did not yield any definite , direct evidence for the existence of tigers .\npoaching continues to pose a seemingly insurmountable problem . losses of 2 percent a year threaten the tiger with immediate extinction , according to john scanlon , secretary - general of cites , the\nthis big cat is both admired and feared by people around the world . if forests are emptied of every last tiger , all that will remain are distant legends and zoo sightings .\nfrom basic principles of animals energetic that tiger ' s prey must be over 20 kg . density of prey species influence tiger densities in several ways . as prey density declines , breeding female ranges become larger , dramatically reducing the number of such females that an area can support . high prey densities appear to permit the area to support higher number of transient animals ( karanth and nichols 1998 , 2000 ) . because cub and juvenile survival rates are higher when prey availability is higher , the numbers of tiger in these two demographic stages are also higher . while other habitat - related or managerial factors also influence tiger density at a given site , prey abundance appears to be the primary ecological determinant in most places ( karanth and nichols 2002 ) .\n) indicates modest and recent population expansion throughout the last glacial period ( c . 110 000\u201312 000 years ago ) in the region . inference with the pair - wise sequentially markovian coalescent ( psmc ) model of tiger demographic history based on genome - wide data from an amur tiger also indicates a holocene population expansion as ice sheets retreated and suitable habitats containing ungulate prey returned (\nin india ; the prey concentrations are high and male tigers have territories that range in size from 5 to 150 sq km . in siberia the prey concentrations are much lower and male tiger territories range in size from 800 to 1200 sq km . seasonality in terms of prey migrations , food availability and weather may also affect prey populations and therefore the size of tiger territories .\nprincipal prey species indicates dynamic tiger abundance . in india , a study about feeding ecology of tigers reveals that , in one year , a tiger requires prey weighing an average of 3 , 000 kg which is approximately 50 adult spotted deer . this implies that to expect the reproduction of 50 chital , we have to reserve the existing amount of at least 500 spotted deer .\nthis species is a dusky grey color and has a single horn of up to about 10 inches . its skin has a number of loose folds , giving the appearance of armor plating . the javan rhino is very similar in appearance to the closely - related greater one - horned rhinoceros , but has a much smaller head and less apparent skin folds .\njavan rhinos are found in only one protected area in the world . the biology of the species is poorly understood , but we are starting to learn more about the species ecology and behavior thanks to very intensive monitoring of the population . they are extremely vulnerable to extinction due to natural catastrophes , habitat loss , diseases , poaching , and potential inbreeding .\nthe sumatran tiger ( p . t . sumatrae ) is found only on sumatra island . the other two subspecies only found on indonesian islands have already gone completely extinct . this tiger was found to be a distinct subspecies in 1998 through genetic testing . there are between 400 and 500 left in the wild , mostly in national parks . the sumatran tiger is the smallest subspecies due to thick forests and small prey . it has dark fur , with closely spaced stripes and a longer mane . one male needs 100 square kilometers ( 39 square miles ) of space .\nso countries and conservation organizations are urgently rallying to save the tiger , but their efforts are shadowed by the fact that the species has been \u201csaved\u201d before . early in the 1970s , the tiger population in india fell to a similarly alarming level , below 2 , 000 . president indira gandhi backed what may have been the most comprehensive single - species conservation plan of its time :\nthe siberian tiger ( p . t . altaica ) is also called the amur tiger . it lives in eastern siberia , with a small population in northeastern china and north korea . it calls the taiga and eastern russian birch forest its home . about 500 siberian tigers exist in the wild . they are adapted to live in the cold siberian landscape . they are the largest tigers and have thicker fur to survive the cold . the tigers are also paler and have fewer stripes , which are dark brown instead of black . one thing going for them is that they live in the largest unfragmented tiger habitat with the fewest humans . they need the most space of any of the other tiger subspecies , one male needs 1000 square km ( 386 square miles ) .\nthe tigris river is said to flow straight like an arrow . this river is thought to be the origin of the tiger ' s species name , tigris , which is greek for arrow .\nthe smallest tiger subspecies with a weight of around 90 - 120 kg . they have dark , reddish - brown coats with broad black stripes . and are only found in sumatra , indonesia .\nat the beginning of the 20th century , 28 million people lived on the island of java . the annual production of rice was insufficient to adequately supply the growing human population , so within 15 years , 150 % more land was cleared for cultivating rice . in 1938 , natural forest covered 23 % of the island . by 1975 , only 8 % forest stand remained ; the human population had increased to 85 million people . in this human - dominated landscape , the extirpation of the javan tiger was intensified by the conjunction of several circumstances and events :\nlive tigers are of economic importance in zoos where they are displayed to the public and in wildlife areas where they may bring in tourism . tigers are illegally killed for their fur to make rugs and wall hangings . in addition , for more than 3000 years traditional chinese medicine has used tiger parts to treat sickness and injury . the humerus ( upper leg bone ) , for example , has been prescribed to treat rheumatism even though there is no evidence that it has any affect on the disease . some believe that tiger bones will help them become as strong and ferocious as the tiger .\n) with missing data ( due to sequence omission in several samples ) coded as \u201cn . \u201d these haplotypes were analyzed jointly with 25 voucher tiger haplotypes of 4078bp each from all 6 living subspecies (\n- 13173 - a variant shared by bal and son distinguishes them from all sumatran tiger haplotypes ( sum1 - 8 and sumx ) . bal is common in our collection and shared by 6 individuals (\nwe are now able to construct , for the first time , the intraspecific phylogeny for the tiger based on all the 9 recognized subspecies . interpreting the layered cladogenic effects of variance and dispersal illustrated in\none of the world\u2019s largest , and most uniquely - adapted , tiger populations is found in the sundarbans\u2014a large mangrove forest area shared by india and bangladesh on the northern coast of the indian ocean . these mangrove forests harbor a variety of species , including tigers , and protect coastal regions from storm surges and wind damage . however , rising sea levels caused by climate change threaten to wipe out these forests and the last remaining habitat of this tiger population . according to a wwf study , without mitigation efforts , projected sea level rise\u2014about a foot by 2070\u2014could destroy nearly the entire sundarbans tiger habitat .\nthe population in ujung kulon national park represents the only hope for the survival of a species that is on the brink of extinction . until the late 19th century and early 20th century , javan rhinos existed from northeast india and the sunderbans , throughout mainland southeast asia , and on the island of sumatra . if we lose the population in java , the entire species will disappear .\njavan tigers were very small compared to other subspecies of the asian mainland , but larger in size than bali tigers . males weighed between 100 and 140 kg ( 220 and 310 lb ) on average with a body length of 200 to 245 cm ( 79 to 96 in ) . females were smaller than males and weighed between 75 and 115 kg ( 170 and 250 lb ) on average . their nose was long and narrow , occipital plane remarkably narrow and carnassials relatively long . they usually had long and thin stripes , which were slightly more numerous than of the sumatran tiger .\neducational campaigns ; and develop long - term financing schemes to pay for it all . the draft document outlining the program is a manifesto for a new paradigm of conservation , seeking to counter the notion that this might be another single - species conservation project . the program seeks to protect the tiger as the apex predator in its ecosystem and as an emblem of all biodiversity in that system . protection of the tiger , it states , entails protection of tiger landscapes , which also function as critically important watersheds serving 832 million people . conservation , the program\u2019s author\u2019s insist , \u201cis no longer a fringe concern . \u201d\nopportunities in india and china while \u201csimultaneously green - washing its warty environmental visage . \u201d at the nagarahole tiger reserve , karanth said that consultants made away with much of the money as 12 , 000 timber trees were smuggled from the reserve and tiger and elephant poaching rose . \u201cdespite huge investments , \u201d he concluded , the bank\u2019s project \u201cdamage [ d ] wildlife and habitats without increasing local community support . \u201d\nthe international union for the conservation of nature ' s ( iucn ' s ) red list of threatened species categorizes all remaining tiger species as endangered . most live on wildlife refuges to protect them from poachers .\nhistoric tiger range ran from turkey through south and southeast asia to the far eastern shores of the continent . today , they are only found in south and southeast asia , china and the russian far east ."]}
{"id": 2267, "summary": [{"text": "coenonympha dorus , the dusky heath , is a butterfly of the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-western europe and north africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 16 \u2013 17 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the butterfly is on the wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on various grasses . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "coenonympha dorus", "paragraphs": ["coenonympha dorus austauti ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 8\ncoenonympha dorus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 17 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha dorus fonti de sagarra , 1924 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 4 ( 9 ) : 199 ; tl : albarracin ( arag\u00f3 ) , 1100m\na particularly dark and sombre dorus . the unh post - discal band is very white and strongly contrasted to the adjacent bands . the colouring is rather cold and the unf ocellus is unusually large .\nremarks : coenonympha dorus occurs from north africa across the iberian peninsula and southern france to italy . but in italy it is very local and scarce ( e . g . in central parts of the apennines ) . to the north it extends almost to lyon in the french rhone valley .\nhabitat : coenonympha dorus inhabits rocky or stony slopes , maquis and its degradation stages , pastures , road side verges and other grassy biotopes with open soil . it is quite demanding in southern france , but almost ubiquitous in dry habitats in parts of spain ( e . g . sierras of east spain ) .\ncoenonympha semenovi alph\u00e9raky , 1887 ; in romanoff , mem . l\u00e9p . 3 : 405\ncoenonympha kodiak edwards , 1869 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 2 : 375\ncoenonympha elbana staudiger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 66\n? coenonympha decolorata wagner , 1913 ; ent . mitt . 2 ( 6 ) : 189\ncoenonympha haydeni ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 14 ; [ opler ]\ncoenonympha kodiak var . yukonensis holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 3 ) : 386\ncoenonympha tyderes ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ( text only )\ncoenonympha pamphilus lyllus ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 28 , f . 28 - 44\n? coenonympha corinna corinnaeformis verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 228\ncoenonympha corinna ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 16 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha fettigii fettigii ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 29 , f . 9 - 11\ncoenonympha fettigii nicholasi ; [ bmat ] : 85 , pl . 29 , f . 12 - 17\ncoenonympha fettigii inframaculata ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 18 - 31\ncoenonympha vaucheri vaucheri ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 32 - 40\ncoenonympha vaucheri annoceuri ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 41 - 48\ncoenonympha vaucheri rifensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 49 - 57\ncoenonympha vaucheri beraberensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 58 - 66\ncoenonympha iphioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 2 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha mongolica ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 10\ncoenonympha inornata ; [ nacl ] , # 4583 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 7\n= coenonympha pamphilus ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30\ncoenonympha pavonina alph\u00e9raky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : r . hei - ho\n? coenonympha typhon laidon ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30\ncoenonympha california westwood , [ 1851 ] ; gen . diurn . lep . ( 2 ) : 398 ; tl : california\ncoenonympha glycerion beljaevi dubatolov , 1997 ; far eastern ent . 44 : 8 ; tl : s . primorye , spassk districk\ncoenonympha caeca heptopotamica sheljuzhko , 1929 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 19 : 352 ; tl : aulie - ata\ncoenonympha vaucheri rifensis weiss , 1979 ; entomops 48 : 271 , f . 1 ; tl : dj . lakraa ( morocco )\ncoenonympha inornata [ ? ] nipisquit mcdunnough , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 266 ; tl : near bathurst , new brunswick\ncoenonympha arcania ab . euthymia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 4\ncoenonympha leander ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha iphis ab . oikeia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 5\ncoenonympha glycerion ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 18 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha oedippus ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha pamphilus atlantea verity , 1926 ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199 ; tl : atlas mts . ( morocco )\ncoenonympha saadi kollar , [ 1849 ] ; denkschr . akad . wiss . wien . 1 : 52 ; tl : shiraz , s . iran\ncoenonympha kodiak ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582\ncoenonympha caeca staudinger , 1886 ; stett . ent . ztg . 47 ( 7 - 9 ) : 251 ; tl : chatkalsky mts , uzbekistan\ncoenonympha vaucheri blachier , 1905 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1905 : 213 ; tl : high atlas mts . ( morocco )\ncoenonympha sinica alph\u00e9raky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : nian - chian - kette , djin - ta - sy\ncoenonympha kodiak yukonensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582b\ncoenonympha tiphon italica verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 222 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27\ncoenonympha fettigii oberth\u00fcr , 1874 ; petites nouv . ent . 1 ( 103 ) : 412 ; tl : province of oran [ telaghre ] ( algeria )\ncoenonympha fettigii fettigii ab . infra - simplex rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 1 ) : 118 ; tl : les pins ( algeria )\ncoenonympha arcanioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 12 ; [ bmat ] : 88 , pl . 28 , f . 45 - 49\ncoenonympha heros [ sic ] latifasciata matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 94 ; tl : ohtsu , hokkaido\ncoenonympha semenovi jiadengyuica huang & murayama , 1992 ; ty\u00f4 to ga 43 ( 1 ) : 5 , f . 15 ; tl : jiadengyu , altai , 1380m\ncoenonympha leander trevincae wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 207 ; tl : pe\u00f1a trevinca , orense , nw . spain , 1560m\ncoenonympha amaryllis ; [ bru ] , 194 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha tullia bosniae davenport , 1941 ; bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 87 ( 4 ) : 244 - 245 ; tl : lake jesero , bosnia\ncoenonympha arcanioides f . nigro - ocellata stetter - st\u00e4ttermayer , 1933 ; int . ent . z . 27 : 340 ; tl : b\u00f4ne [ annaba ] ( algeria )\ncoenonympha mahometana alph\u00e9raky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 428 ; tl : kuldzha , kunges valley , w . china\ncoenonympha tullia ; [ bru ] , 193 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 6 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha xinjiangensis chou & huang , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 759 , 403 , f . 32 - 33 ; tl : xinjiang , jiandengyu\ncoenonympha vaucheri annoceuri wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 37 : 175 , pl . 21 , f . b1 - b4 ; tl : annoceur ( morocco )\ncoenonympha arcania ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 15 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha hero ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonympha tiphon var . rhodopensis elwes , 1900 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1900 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts . , levi iskar , 5000ft\ncoenonympha vaucheri f . mediocellis le cerf , 1923 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1923 ( 17 ) : 224 ; tl : grand atlas , djebel tachdirt , 3100 - 3250m\ncoenonympha fettigii holli oberth\u00fcr , 1910 ; \u00e8tud . l\u00e9pid . comp . 4 : 42 , pl . 48 , f . 396 - 397 ; tl : blida - les - glaci\u00e9res ( algeria )\ncoenonympha heros [ sic ] pilwonis matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 95 , pl . 8 , f . 2 \u2642 ; tl : saghalin\ncoenonympha nolckeni ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 9\ncoenonympha nolckeni erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 17 ; tl : mt . naubid , zeravshan valley , uzbekistan\ncoenonympha mongolica alph\u00e9raky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 426 , 17 ( 1 - 2 ) pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : near kuldzha , china\ncoenonympha vaucheri beraberensis lay & rose , 1979 ; ent . z . frankf . a . m . 89 ( 13 ) : 143 , f . 2 ; tl : [ tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune ] ( morocco )\ncoenonympha sunbecca ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 498 ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 7 ; [ mrs ] , 404\ncoenonympha tullia yontocket porter & mattoon , 1989 ; j . lep . soc . 43 ( 3 ) : 231 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : california , del norte co . ( dunes n of crescent city , between lake earl and smith river )\ncoenonympha pamphilus ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , m\u00e9m . l\u00e9p . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 192 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]\ncoenonimpha [ sic ] pamphilus altopirenaica de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113\n1000x1076 ( ~ 169kb ) underside russia , tatarstan , varkljed - bodja ( 56\u00b013 ' n 52\u00b049 ' e ) , about 20km s of agriz , 8 . 8 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n700x572 ( ~ 77kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n700x603 ( ~ 74kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n470x384 ( ~ 99kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n900x723 ( ~ 54kb ) underside finland , ab : suomusj\u00e4rvi , 669 : 31 , 28 . 6 . 1998 photo \u00a9 markku savela\nlarva on poaceae , poa , nardus , stipa , cynosurus , dactilis , festuca , anthoxanthum , brachypodium , ( etc . ) [ bru ] anthoxanthum odoratum , deschampsia caespitosa , d . flexuosa [ sprk ]\npamphilus marginata ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in r\u00fchl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 619\npamphilus fulvolactea ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205\npamphilus centralasiae ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205\npamphilus infrarasa ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206\npamphilus juldusica ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206\npamphilus ferghana ( stauder , 1924 ) ; int . ent . z . 17 : 152\npamphilus nitidissima ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199\npamphilus asiaemontium ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206\nthyrsis ( freyer , 1845 ) ; neuere beitr . schmett . 5 : pl . 475 , f . 1\nmesopotamica ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in r\u00fchl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 617\nmangeri ( o . bang - haas , 1927 ) ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 50\nhaydenii ( edwards , 1872 ) ; in hayden , geol . surv . montana : 467\n444x358 ( ~ 40kb ) underside usa : alabama , 2 . 8 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 vitaly charny\n730x1025 ( ~ 173kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n662x882 ( ~ 150kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n959x1119 ( ~ 262kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n649x956 ( ~ 145kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n413x400 ( ~ 45kb ) underside male an alpine meadow , at 2200 m above sea level , on the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mt . range , the valley of the argem ( direntai ) stream , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 13th july , 1988 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n585x733 ( ~ 252kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nalaska , yukon , nw . territories , n . siberia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on spartina patens , less festuca rubra webster , 1998 , j . lep . soc . 52 ( 4 ) : 350\n700x510 ( ~ 33kb ) underside usa : lake sammamish park , issaquah ( 47\u00b033 ' 36n 122\u00b003 ' 25w ) , king co . , wa , 11 . 7 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n800x739 ( ~ 47kb ) underside usa : issaquah ( 47\u00b032 ' 35n 122\u00b004 ' 00w ) , king co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n500x439 ( ~ 34kb ) underside usa : fr9708 , table mtn , kittitas co . , wa , 19 . 7 . 1999 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\n900x1002 ( ~ 120kb ) underside usa : near tyler ( 47\u00b027 ' 09\nn 117\u00b048 ' 41\nw ) , spokane co . , washington , 18 . 8 . 2005 , photo \u00a9 markku savela\npamirs - alai , ghissar , tian - shan - altai . see [ maps ]\nab . inocellata ( sheljuzhko , 1929 ) ; mitt . m\u00fcnch . ent . ges . 19 : 352\nitaly , romania , bulgaria , albania , n . greece , yugoslavia . see [ maps ]\nalgeria ( blida , chrea , etc . ) , tunisia ( a\u00efn draham , tunis )\nmorocco ( tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune , dj . aourach , imlil , lake tislit , etc . )\neu , asia minor , s . russia , s . urals . see [ maps ]\n652x452 ( ~ 27kb ) underside male poland , tresta near tomaszow mazowiecki , 07 . 1997 , photo \u00a9 marek michalski leg .\n309x300 ( ~ 24kb ) underside an opening in an oak forest , the town krymsk environs , krymsk district , krasnodarskii krai province , s russia . 26th may 1990 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n517x689 ( ~ 57kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 5 . 7 . 2003 , photo \u00a9 leif wahlberg\n479x639 ( ~ 66kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 20 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 leif wahlberg\n470x441 ( ~ 93kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\nhungary , bulgaria , s . russia , asia minor , armenia , iran . see [ maps ]\npapilio leander esper , 1784 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 9 ) : 176 , pl . 89 , f . 5 ; tl : volga region , russia\nlarva on poa , melica , anthoxanthum , lolium [ bru ] , koenig , 1959 , hesselbarth et al , 1995 , etc .\nceu , neu , temperate asia , amur , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\ncoenonymphahero neoperseis fruhstorfer , 1908 ; int . ent . zs . 2 ( 2 ) : 10 ; tl : japan , nr . sapporo\n478x640 ( ~ 92kb ) upperside underside male russia , n tuva , piykhemskiy distr . , h = 800 . , 06 . 1997 vashchenko s . n . leg , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n500x430 ( ~ 28kb ) underside finland , yl\u00f6j\u00e4rvi , teivaala , 6828 : 320 , 16 . 7 . 1996 , photo \u00a9 tero piirainen\n470x443 ( ~ 80kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n470x379 ( ~ 76kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 22 . 7 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 michal koup\u00fd\n600x400 ( ~ 60kb ) underside estonia , hiiumaa , kootsaare nina . 24 . 07 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 hannu tanner\n724x724 ( ~ 116kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 10 . 06 . 2007 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n710x522 ( ~ 96kb ) underside male russia : moscow area ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , 14 . 7 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n811x660 ( ~ 113kb ) underside female russia , moscow area , 18 . 8 . 2010 ( 36\u00b025 ' e , 56\u00b000 ' n ) , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\n872x1120 ( ~ 262kb ) underside a long - fallow land on the akkem river right bank terrace at the oroktoi brook mouth , katunskii range southern foot , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 8th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n979x1081 ( ~ 180kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n? sunbecca var . alexandra ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; ; tl : kirghizsky mts .\n300x400 ( ~ 28kb ) underside a steppefied meadow in the middle flow of the kora river , 30 km ne of the tekeli city ( 1900 m above sea level ) , the north dzhungarskiy alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 15th june , 1993 ( on artemisia santolinifolia turcz . ex besser ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\ncoenonimpha [ sic ] iphioides pseudoamyntas de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113\n612x520 ( ~ 45kb ) underside barbatona ( prov . guadalajara ) , spain 1 - august - 1989 , photo \u00a9 enrique garcia - barros\nceu , s . siberia - ussuri , china , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\n600x800 ( ~ 97kb ) underside male female a meadow steppe on the hill malyi batur on the left bank of the onon river 7 km upstream of the village nizhnii tsasuchei , onon district , chita province , se transbaikalia ( dahuria ) , siberia , russia . 11th july 1996 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n857x1133 ( ~ 217kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 ( on phlomis tuberosa ) , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1177x1309 ( ~ 266kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nghissar , alai , tian - shan , n . pamirs , w . pamirs . see [ maps ]\ns . urals , altai mts , w . siberia , e . siberia , transbaikalia , amur , ussuri , china , mongolia , korea . see [ maps ]\nborisovi ( korshunov & ivonin , 1996 ) ; ( infrasubsp . ) - baikal region\n400x398 ( ~ 41kb ) underside the valley of the shivilig - khem river just upstream its leaving the the southern foot of the east tannu - ola mounatin range for the ubsu - nur hollow , tes - khem district , tuva republic , siberia , russia . 11th july 1990 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1000x1058 ( ~ 190kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n1000x915 ( ~ 154kb ) upperside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\n1000x1062 ( ~ 176kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo \u00a9 a . timchenko leg .\nthe dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ( 1 - 3 )\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ndescriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera found within the limits of the united states and of british america . - no . [ 1 ] - 3\nlist of species of butterflies collected by campbell carrington and wm . b . logan , of the expedition [ to montana ] , in 1871 . preliminary report [ 5th ann . rep . ] u . s . geological survey of montana , by f . v . hayden in hayden ,\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . band 1\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1\ndie schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 2\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )\nsystema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition\ncritical list of the collection of algerian lepidoptera of the late captain n . j . e . holl .\nanotacions a la lepidopterologia ib\u00e9rica v ( 2 ) . formes noves de lepid\u00f2pters ib\u00e9rics\nbeitrag zur lepidopterenfauna des iligebietes sowie des sary - dschas ( asia centr . )\nwyatt , 1952 einige neue tagfalterrassen aus spanien zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 204 - 207\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the larva feeds on grasses . in provence i observed a larva on festuca ovina agg . ( massif de la sainte baume ) . in spain i recorded oviposition on a brachypodium species .\nlife cycle : the larva hibernates and is mature between late may and june . i observed it still small in early may in southern france ( provence , 1000m asl ) . the adults are on the wing between june and august ( according to altitude ) . i recorded fresh individuals quite abundant in mid / late july 2013 in eastern spain ( 600 - 1000m asl ) . in late august 2013 i still observed only a few worn individuals in sierra de albarracin in 1700m asl . oviposition takes place near the ground . the hatched larvae undergo an aestivation ( some weeks ) and start growing in early autumn .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n2017 photographs highlighted in yellow . click on any photograph to go to an enlarged picture , or simply scroll down the page .\na heat - loving butterfly limited to the far south - east ( in france ) , sometimes quite common . it is quite intricately marked and can vary between quite richly coloured , as 11117 , to quite \u0093washy\u0094 as in 2499 . the underside metallic submarginal band is usually visible as in the enlarged version of 11117 below .\nother heaths have this , and i find it quite strange that otherwise quite dull butterflies ( compared to their more illustrious cousins ) are blessed with a metallic stripe .\nin the c\u00e9vennes region of southern france the form microphthalma occurs , probably to the exclusion of the nominate form , where the ocelli are greatly reduced . this form is not mentioned in t & l although it is mentioned in tlid ( where it is described , probably incorrectly , as microphtalma ) . 43761 and 43766 are typical examples of this form .\nunusually pale , and it doesn ' t seem due to wear . the ocelli are also quite small .\na fresh male , lovely bold ocelli and a wide fresh silver submarginal stripe .\nan example of the form microphthalma from the c\u00e9vennes . it has a very pale and warm colouring which makes the silver stripe , especially on the unh , stand out quite clearly .\nreceive our free weekly newsletter which includes our popular photo of the week and review of the week features , plus competitions , special offers and much more . hide message .\nview thousands of photos and video of butterflies and moths from around the world , or upload your own . to search by species , use the species guide ( change\nioc\nto\nbutterflies & moths\nbefore searching by taxon ) .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\ni first saw dusky heaths in spain in 1983 , but because the border with gibraltar ( where i lived and worked ) was then closed by the spanish on their own terms my camera was confiscated when i crossed it ! i saw another individual in hungary in 1994 but was unable to film it . i only got poor photos in the south of france in 2004 so it was with great joy i photographed the above individuals in july 2011 in spain .\nthis is a very distinctive butterfly . although superficially similar to some other heaths it is instantly identifiable in the field , not least by the outwardly curving row of spots on the hindwing . it is a characteristic butterfly of hot , dusty locations in spain , italy and the south of france ."]}
{"id": 2269, "summary": [{"text": "negera bimaculata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by holland in 1893 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in cameroon , gabon , ghana and liberia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 23-26.5 mm for males and 24.5-29.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are buff or greyish buff .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the tornus is darker , with numerous dark brown or black striations parallel to the outer margin and there are numerous brown striations between the postmedial fascia and the base of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discocellular spot is black and the postmedial fascia dull brownish red laterally , with a longitudinal central lustrous band .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal spots are faintly marked except at the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are buff or greyish buff , darkest between the medial fascia and the weakly marked sub-basal fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "it is speckled with brown distal to the medial fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the discocellular spot is black . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "negera bimaculata", "paragraphs": ["negera bimaculata is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by holland in 1893 . [ 1 ] it is found in cameroon , gabon , ghana and liberia . [ 2 ]\ntype species : negera confusa walker , 1855 . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . \u2013 lepidoptera heterocera : 1172 . by monotypy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwalker f . 1855c . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . \u2013 lepidoptera heterocera . - \u2014 5 : i\u2013iv , 977\u20131257 .\nholland w . j . 1893e . new species of west african drepanulidae . - entomological news 4 : 171\u2013181 , pl . 1 .\nwatson a . 1965a . a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 3 : 1\u2013178 , pls . 1\u201318 .\ngaede m . 1927 . bombycidae , drepanidae , eupterotidae , saturnidae . \u2013 in : seitz , a . ( ed . ) die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . eine systematische bearbeitung der bis jetzt bekannten gross - schmetterlinge . die afrikanischen spinner und schw\u00e4rmer . - \u2014 14 : 283\u2013285 , 287\u2013292 , 293\u2013311 , 313\u2013347 .\ndruce h . 1896 . descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 6 ) 17 ( 101 ) : 350\u2013356 .\nfelder c . , felder r . & rogenhofer a . f . 1865\u20131875 . reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . abtheilung 2 , heft 4 , lepidoptera . atlas der heterocera . - \u2014 2 ( 4 ) : 1\u201320 , pls . 1\u2013140 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 3 / 29 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nif you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of drepanidae sp . ( large size ) .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2270, "summary": [{"text": "silvio ( 1874 \u2013 1890 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a career that lasted from 1874 to 1877 he ran eight times and won three races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in 1877 he won the epsom derby and the st leger .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "at the end of the 1877 season he was retired to stud where he had success both in england and france . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "silvio ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["this is the type of dispositions silvio throws . this is my silvio colt that was born on monday . he is sweet , sweet , sweet !\nupon request horse riding are available in the countryside starting directly from the villa .\nsilvio is a successful international grand prix rider and trainer with a history of showing significant improvement in horses and riders within the show jumping discipline . he is dedicated and passionate professional with the highest integrity and standards . silvio is a top quality trainer with superior work ethic and proven results at all levels of horse and rider .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\nsilvio i was the winner of the performance test at adelheidsdorf in 1990 , with very high marks for his jumping ability .\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\non the wbfsh standings for 2007 , silvio was 25 th but in the 2009 rankings he had dropped out of the top 30 .\nsilvio is the show jumping coach for the united states eventing team who recently won a gold medal at the panam games in canada .\ntim daly of middleburg has him . he doesn ' t do a lot of advertising ; there is no need . the stallion covered over 40 mares last year , basically by word of mouth . tim ' s number is ( 540 ) 687 - 5685 . he doesn ' t have a website . here are some pictures of silvio ( the last picture is of silvio ' s sire , silvio ) :\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i ' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\nsilvio ( gb ) b . h , 1874 { 1 - r } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\njessie works for equiventures , llc . as the director of marketing and sponsorships . equiventures organizes a series of horse trial and three - day eventing competitions at the florida horse park as well as the development and show management of the world - class ocala jockey club .\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nassassin was distantly inbred 4 x 4 to bartletts childers , meaning that this horse appears twice in the fourth generation of his pedigree .\nwhat is this stallion ' s dam ' s pedigree ? ? looks to be a nice stallion . i love silvio i and ii . . . anyone have experience using frozen ? thanks !\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\nsilvio hein was born in ny in 1879 and died there in 1928 . he did not publish many songs and his most popular work , he ' s a cousin of mine was written in 1906 .\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nblack , robert ( 1893 ) . horse - racing in england : a synoptical review . london : richard bently and son . p . 248 .\nsilvio i is out of goldkatze by the gotthard son , gepard who was an influential brood mare sire for paul schockem\u00f6hle . goldkatze also produced the full - brother , silvio ii who passed his performance test with the highest index for jumping at medingen in 1994 . the granddam , rhododendron ( by the thoroughbred , ballyboy ) produced ps palm springs , the reserve champion at the bundeschampionate in 1987 , and later an advanced showjumper .\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\nthe second horse is telegraphed as\ngleuavth ,\nbut we feel sure that this is mr mit - ehell - innes ' glen arthur , a very likely outsider .\nat the second spring meeting , assassin was third in a 200 - guinea sweepstakes race to dennis o ' kelly ' s horse soldier and mr . davis ' horse plutus . [ 8 ] assassin forfeited a match race with the horse cornwall ( later called boringdon ) at the same meeting a few days later , [ 9 ] and at the july meeting in newmarket his owner paid 150 guineas to the owner of young eclipse ( the 1781 derby winner ) for backing out of a match race . [ 10 ]\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\nthe english illustrated magazine called isonomy \u201cone of the most remarkable racehorses of the century\u201d . by the time of his second gold cup he was being described as\nundoubtedly the best horse of late times\nand as\none of the grandest and apparently most invincible cup horses that ever trod the turf .\nthe sportsman called him\nthe best horse ever bred in england .\njohn porter , who trained the winners of twenty - three classics , including three triple crowns , regarded isonomy as the best horse he ever trained .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nisonomy was one of the most popular and durable performers of his era , and an influential stallion who produced two english triple crown winners and two outstanding sire sons . the duke of portland , who owned many great stars of the english turf , once said ,\nnext to my own horse , st . simon , i should have preferred to own the great isonomy rather than any other horse i have ever known .\nwe had a 2007 filly by him and she was the nicest baby you could have ever asked for . there was no\nteaching\nwith her , she did everything the first time asked and had no fear of anything . she was 2nd at upperville in the foal class and sold within three days of being posted on the internet . we also have an appy filly by silvio that is owned by one of my boarders . she also has that same\nin your lap\ndisposition . please , go , meet silvio . he is a star and we could not be any happier with his get !\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\ni am getting ready to foal out a mare that is bred to silvio next month . this is a real nice tb mare that is owned by chris wynn . this mare was a hard one to catch ai . she caught on the first try with silvio . it was one of the easiest breding we have done . . . . . tim was very nice to deal with , and we bred with very little notice . we are very excited to see tis foal . . . . should be real nice . will post pictures once it arrives . but so far in my opinion as a stallion owners and shipping etc . . . . tim gets an a + from us .\n, one of the classic horse races . the race was established by colonel barry saint leger in 1776 and was named for him in 1778 . an event for three - year - old colts and fillies , it is run annually in september at\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nit was at cobham that blair athol sired his best runner , silvio ( 1874 colt out of silverhair by kingston ) , who led blair athol to a fourth sire championship when a three - year - old in 1877 . bred by lord falmouth at mereworth castle stud in kent , and trained by mat dawson at heath house , silvio was a good but not great juvenile . he made his debut a winning won in the ham produce stakes ( goodwood ) , followed by victories in the clearwell , newmarket post and glasgow stakes , all at newmarket , the latter a walkover in his fourth start . at the end of the season , he placed second behind the future ascot gold cup winner verneuil in the buckenham post stakes .\ngravado ao vivo no vitrola bar - bauru - sp - brasil em 13 de maio de 2016 .\nhorse with no name\n\u00e9 um single do grupo brit\u00e2nico america , inclu\u00eddo no primeiro \u00e1lbum da banda , lan\u00e7ado em 1971 . a m\u00fasica foi composta pelo vocalista dewey bunnell .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\ntriple crown , in british horse racing , championship attributed to a colt or filly that in a single season wins the races known as the two thousand guineas , the derby , and the saint leger . in britain the term triple crown is also applied\u2014though far less commonly\u2014to a filly that in a single season\u2026\ngainsborough , ( foaled 1915 ) , english racehorse ( thoroughbred ) who won the british triple crown , consisting of the two thousand guineas at newmarket , the derby at epsom downs , and the saint leger at doncaster in 1918 . the horse later became a stud of worldwide importance , being the sire of the\u2026\nthe following account oh this race is from the times of the 31st ma ^ j : \u2014 ' - the derby stakes of 50 soys . each , h . - ' ft . , for 3 - year - olds ; colts , - bsfc 101 b , and fillies , bst 51b ; the owner of . the second horse to receive 300 soys . , and the third 150 : soys , out oi - the stakes ^ about a mile and a half , starting at the new high level starting post . 245 subs . - \u25a0 \u0084 . - - - - lord falmouth ' a silvio , by blnir athol \u2014sitvefkair , bat 101 b ( p . archer ) . . . 1 mr mitchell innes ' glen arthur , bsfc 2\nplease complete your profile . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\ncharles the twelfth was a\nvery fine and racing - like\ndark brown horse standing sixteen hands high [ 1 ] bred by major nicholas yarburgh of heslington hallin north yorkshire . [ 2 ] yarburgh sent the colt into training with john scott who trained forty classic winners at his base at whitewall stables , malton , north yorkshire .\ni got an unsolicited email from mr . daly , and the series of replies was so fantastic i ' ve got it tacked above my desk to remind me how not to win friends and influence people : from mr . daly :\ni have a very nice horse at stud here in middleburg , please keep him in mind . - tim daly ( phone number , pedigree , photos ) from me :\nwe are not a breeding operation , sorry .\nfrom him :\ntoo bad , when your compietition is beating you with my horses babies you may want to diversify so you can upgrade your stock . there will probably be dressage horses in the 2012 olympics from silvio ' s family . there will be show jumpers in 2008 . - tim\nglad to hear that at least the stallion is nice .\nmat dawson sent out his first derby runner when he was 20 years old , having previously been apprenticed to his father and head lad to his eldest brother . the horse finished last but mat dawson would train half a dozen derby winners , and be successful in 28 classics during his long career . he was one of the first to command a public stable with owners of his own choice rather than being a servant , receiving wages , in a private yard . in addition to training the best horse , st simon ( who does not appear on his roll of honour as he did not take part in the classics ) , mat dawson also trained the best jockey of the era , frederick archer .\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud\u2019s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\nisonomy found his way into contemporary literature in the story silver blaze by arthur conan doyle . the story concerns the kidnapping of a celebrated racehorse and the mysterious death of its trainer . when explaining the horse ' s value to dr watson , sherlock holmes says that \u201csilver blaze . . . is from isonomy stock , and holds as brilliant a record as his famous ancestor . \u201d\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\nif you are new to the forums , you must login or register a free account before you can post . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single registration , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\nin may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred racing experts to create a ranking of the best british racehorses of the 19th century . favonius was ranked thirty - third , having been placed in the top ten by seven of the contributors . he was the third highest - placed derby winner of the 1870s and the sixth highest british horse of his decade behind isonomy . [ 20 ]\nin may 1886 the sporting times carried out a poll of one hundred racing experts to create a ranking of the best british racehorses of the 19th century . isonomy was ranked third , having been placed in the top ten by 62 of the contributors . in a related poll , the electors were asked to choose the single greatest horse they had ever seen . in this poll , isonomy finished second , one vote behind gladiateur .\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o\u2019brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .\nuriel davis cited by one website as the\ndance master ,\ndavis wrote a number of works that were based on dance fads of the 1910s . at least two of his works were original dances fopr which he wrote the music ; the davis foxtrot ( 1914 ) , and the horse trot ( 1912 . ) among his other dance works are , one wonderful night . hesitation waltz ( 1914 . ) he also is credited with a few songs , among them was broadway is my home sweet home ( 1915 )\nfew events in italy\u2019s recent history have had a more crushing effect on morale than the wrecking of the costa concordia , an italian - owned and skippered liner that capsized off the island of giglio in january 2012 . the giant vessel foundered with the loss of 32 lives as italy , battered by years of economic stagnation even before the euro - zone crisis , seemed bound for default on its vast public debts . silvio berlusconi had just resigned as prime minister , internationally derided for his \u201cbunga bunga\u201d sex parties and relationship with a young moroccan , karima el - mahroug ( known as \u201cruby heartstealer\u201d ) . confirmation that the costa concordia \u2019s captain , francesco schettino , had left the ship before completing its evacuation prompted a bout of mortified soul - searching .\nyour forum sign - up is not complete , you must add an alias / screen name before you can post to the forums . your name and email is not exposed to forum users , only the screen name is accessible or viewable . the forums and the rest of urltoken has single sign - in , so your log in information for one will automatically work for the other . disclaimer : the opinions expressed here are the views of the individual and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the chronicle of the horse .\ngalileo\u2019s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .\nfor the tavo thousand guineas run on wednesday next , chamant is a warm faa - ourite at 2to 1 . the famous black and yelloav of russley , will be carried neither by pelligrino nor actseon , but by morier , avho has numberless friends at 3 to 1 . a foreign wonder , named strachino , is next in demand , and if half that is said and avritton about him be true , he avill win not merely the guineas , but the derby . silvio will represent lord falmonth , and as he has been very highly tried , he should do avell . his price is s to 1 . mr m . h . sanford , the american , has a nice colt called brown prince in the race , who has found friends at 2 . to 1 . altogether i anticipate an exciting tavo thousand .\nhe is a very striking horse . very handsome . we have one filly at the barn i board by him . she is a yearling this year . gorgeous chestnut 4 high whites , big white face , but damnit she is losing it all to being grey . she is a sweet filly and that is saying alot as her dam is not the most friendly of mares . he isn ' t advertised very much . his ads boast that he is\nbest moving , best looking stallion you will ever see\nbut i haven ' t seen him out doing much of anything .\nthe biennial for three - year - olds sometimes gives a fair line for the two thousand and derby . this year twelve runners came to the po - t ,\nthe most notable public performers being warren hastings and silvio . the pair \u2022were made hot favourites , aud it is probable one of them would have won if a heavy storm of rain and wind had not come on as they were starting . neither of the colts fled at all , and an outsider , named grey friar , consequently won . lady goiightly and chamant walked over for their engagements . the rood judges did not fancy their appearance . plunger , who was entered for the valuable salo stakes , did not come to tho post , and the event fell to hidalgo , a goodlooking son of pero gomez , who , two hours after , won the . newmarket handicap .\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]\nthe 77 - year - old mr berlusconi cannot run for public office again because of another conviction for tax fraud , which also led to his being stripped of his knighthood . and the prosecutors in the \u2018ruby\u2019 case are likely to seek a final ruling from the supreme court , which could yet decide that the former prime minister is guilty of one or other offence . but the decision of the milan court has nevertheless given mr berlusconi renewed influence over the fortunes of italy . as il messaggero , a rome daily , put it , l\u2019ex cavaliere rimonta a cavallo , the ex - knight is back on his horse .\non his four - year - old debut , isonomy carried 124 pounds in the newmarket handicap on 15 april and started 2 / 1 favourite . among his opponents was the american horse parole , who was not regarded as a serious threat by the british racegoers and started 100 / 15 fourth choice in the betting despite receiving eight pounds . parole took the lead at half way and drew clear . although isonomy made steady progress he was unable to catch the leader and finished second , beaten one and a half lengths . gretton then challenged parole ' s owners to a \u00a310 , 000 weight - for - age match race between the horses , but his offer was declined .\nvi * count falmouth ' 3 b . c . silvio , by blair athol\u2014silverhair ( f . archer ) . . . . 1 mr w . s . mitchell - innes glen arthur ( wainwright ) 2 mr mackenzie ' s rob roy ( distance ) . . . . 3 duke of westminster ' s pellegrino ( f . well ) 0 mr baltazzi ' s plunder ( maidment ) 0 lord falmouths king cloves ( osborne ) . . 0 lord roaebery ' s touchet ( constable ) . . 0 count f . de lagrange ' s chamant ( j . goater ) 0 mr c . rayner ' s warren hastings . . 0 mrc . alexander ' s thunderstone ( morbey ) 0 general pearson ' s chevron ( mordan ) ' ' 0 mr bennett ' s bay athol . . . .\no lord rosebery ' s rosbach . . . 0 mr naylor ' s sidonia . . . . . .\n.\no mr gretton ' s monk\nn\nin september he attempted to become the first horse to complete the stayers ' triple crown in the doncaster cup , although there was some disappointment that the undefeated hungarian mare kincsem was ruled out of the race by injury . in a rough race he defeated the filly jannette , despite being badly cut by the spurs of the runner - up ' s jockey , fred archer when he moved up to challenge for the lead along the rails . the duke of portland said of isonomy ' s performance marked him as\none of the best and gamest horses that ever ran\n. the gold cup - goodwood cup - doncaster cup treble was not completed again until alycidon did so in 1949 .\nin july , favonius won the midsummer stakes at newmarket . on 27 july he ran in a much anticipated race for the goodwood cup in which he has matched against the french - trained ascot gold cup winner mortemer . [ 8 ] favonius defeated the french horse , but was beaten half a length in a\nmost sensational race\nby the 50 / 1 outsider shannon to whom he was conceding ten pounds [ 9 ] the very slow pace at which the race was run in the early stages led some commentators to consider the result a\nfluke\n. [ 10 ] in the brighton cup over two miles , favonius started 4 / 6 favourite and won easily by three lengths . [ 11 ]\nisonomy was a late foal , being born in may 1875 , and as a result he was , in his early life , smaller and less physically developed than other colts of his generation . even in full maturity , he was not a large horse , standing just under 15 . 2 hands high . he was bred at the yardley stud near birmingham by the graham brothers . when the leading trainer john porter visited the stud , he was impressed by the colt ' s lively and assertive character , and determined to buy him . when isonomy was sent to the yearling sale at doncaster , porter was able to acquire him for 320 guineas on behalf of fredrick gretton , a brewer with a passion for gambling . isonomy was ridden in most of his races by tom cannon .\nin our continuing effort to provide an avenue for individuals to voice their opinions and experiences , we have recently reviewed and updated our forum policies . generally , we have allowed users to share their positive or negative experiences with or opinions of companies , products , trainers , etc . within the industry , and that is not changing . when it came to overt criminal allegations , however , those discussions have in the past needed to stem from a report by a reputable news source or action by law enforcement or the legal system . we are now expanding our policies to allow posters to share their own first - hand experiences involving overt criminal allegations , such as animal abuse or neglect , theft , etc . , but only if they publicly provide their full first and last name along with the post . we still will not allow anonymous postings alleging criminal activity . so , a user may now make a specific claim against a named individual or company , but it must be a first - hand account , and they have to identify themselves . users have always been legally responsible for their posts , and nothing has changed there , but we want to loosen the reins a bit and further allow the free flow of discussion and information relevant to the horse community . we are not providing a free - for - all of anonymous rumor - mongering . as enduring advocates for the welfare of the horse , we want to provide a forum for those willing to sign their name and shine a light on issues of concern to them in the industry . the full revised rules are posted at the top of each forum for reference .\nisonomy was sired by sterling , a horse whose biggest win had come in the liverpool autumn cup . in addition to isonomy , an early winner for sterling , he sired paradox , winner of the two thousand guineas and grand prix de paris , sussex stakes , champion stakes and runner - up in the derby ; enterprise , winner of the two thousand guineas ; enthusiast , winner of the two thousand guineas and sussex stakes ; and harvester , winner of the derby stakes in a dead - heat with st . gatien . generally , sterling sired horses whose best distance was a mile or a litte over , but he did get some good stayers , including isonomy , and several of his sons were influential in steeplechase breeding , and a grandson , wavelet ' s pride ( by isonomy ' s brother , fernandez ) , led the jumpers sires list in the u . k . for ten years .\nnashwan ' s next task was to prove himself against older opposition , starting with the eclipse stakes over one and a quarter miles at sandown park on 8 july . despite having recently recovered from a foot infection and facing both the outstanding racemare indian skimmer and the champion miler warning , he was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . [ 10 ] nashwan took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by five lengths from the outsider opening verse , who later won the breeders ' cup mile . [ 11 ] two weeks later , nashwan contested britain ' s most prestigious all - aged race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot . with the late withdrawal of prix du jockey club winner old vic , nashwan was expected to win easily and started as 2 / 9 favourite . this time he had to fight for his victory , with old rival cacoethes challenging him throughout the final two furlongs . nashwan was driven out by carson to win by a neck , with the subsequent prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner carroll house a further eleven lengths back in fifth . [ 12 ] his narrow margin of victory lead some critics to question his status as a\nsuper - horse\n. [ 13 ]\npapers past | the english derby . ( auckland star , 1877 - 06 - 08 )\nhelp us improve papers past : do our short survey and let us know how we ' re doing .\nthis article displays in one automatically - generated column . view the full page to see article in its original form .\nmr robinson ' s adamite mr r . peck ' s actaeon mr r . peck ' s morier . .\nwe forget how glen arthur is bred . he only ran as two - year - old , in the middle park plate , and was unplaced . rob hoy is by blair athol , out of columbia . as a two - year - old , he ran twice , but won both engagements , the new stakes at ascot being one . during the winter he was backed co win \u00a340 , 000 at prices varying from 15 to 12 to 1 . on march 31st his price was 10 to 1 . this is the first time a son of blair athol has won the derby , and the victory will tell greatly in the popular sire ' s favour . winners of the deeby from 1567 1867\u2014mr chaplin ' s hermit 1868\u2014sir j . hawley ' s bluegown 1869\u2014mr jardine ' s pretender 1870\u2014 lord falmouth ' s kingcraft 1871\u2014baron rothschild ' s favonius 1872\u2014mr saville ' s cremorne . first , second , and third prom 1573 1873\u2014mr merry ' s doncaster\u2014kaiser\u2014gang forward\n. \u00b0\n1875 - count bathyany ' s galopin - claremont\u2014 repentance c . juias\nd | r s arbaltazzi > s ki3 ^ ~ forerunner -\nthis article text was automatically generated and may include errors . view the full page to see article in its original form .\nfairfax media is the copyright owner for the auckland star . you can reproduce in - copyright material from this newspaper for non - commercial use under a creative commons new zealand by - nc - sa licence . this newspaper is not available for commercial use without the consent of fairfax media . for advice on reproduction of out - of - copyright material from this newspaper , please refer to the copyright guide .\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers . use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection . click them to get a broader view of the items you ' re currently viewing .\nenter names , places , or other keywords that you ' re curious about here . we ' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page ? click here to search within the item you ' re currently viewing , or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates , titles , and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you ' d rather just browse through documents , click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site , so click here often as you explore the site .\npapers past | racing in england . ( otago witness , 1879 - 08 - 09 )\nnewmarket july . july ist , 2nd , 3rd , and 4th . juiit stakes , a sweepstakes of 60 soys each , for two - year - olds ; eoitu , bit l ' 2lb ; fillies , 8\u00bbt 91b . new two - year - ow ooutse . fifiy - four suba . prince soltykoff ' s oh c uuk , bst 12lb . . \u0084 1 lord falmouth ' s b f ambassadress , bst 91b . . 2 mr r peck ' s eh f eva\u00bbion , bat 91b . . . . 3 mr p lorillard ' a eh f papoose , bit 91b . . . . \u00bb mr p . lorillard ' s american filly papoose was much fancied for this race , but did not gain even a place . july cup , < f 300 soys , added to a sweep ot 10 soys eacb . last b ! x furlongi of bm .\ncount fde legrango ' s eh h phe ' nix , 4 yrs \u0084 1 chestepfield stakes , a sweepstake of 30 iovs each , for two , ve\u00bbr - olds ; colt * , b * t 101b ; fillies , 8\u00bbt 71b . last half of beacon mile . fifty - five subs . duko of westminster ' s eh c bend or . . . . 1\ngoodwood . july 31st . tnn ijoodwood cup , of 300 boys , added to a sweep of 20 soys each ; weight for acre ; pecaltles and allowances . two mil ' s and a - half . mr b grotton ' a b h isomony , by sterling\u2014 liola bella , 4yi\u00df . . . . . . p puko of hamilton ' s b h the bear , 6 jrs mr p lorijlard ' s b g parole \u0084 . . \u0084\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nchestnut colt , 1861 - 1882 by stockwell - blink bonny by melbourne darley arabian sire line : stockwell branch . family # 10 - a\nprince charlie ( 1869 out of eastern princess by surplice ) was bred by mr . h . jones of littleport , cambridgeshire , although foaled in france while his dam was overseas being bred . he is one of many examples of blair athol ' s best nick , with mares from the touchstone line . prince charlie was owned by joseph dawson ; and trained by his brother matt dawson . he was a very big , grand - looking , blazed - face chestnut like his sire , which may have led to his great popularity . in two starts at two , prince charlie won the middle park plate beating laburnam by a head ; and the criterion stakes over nuneham and cremorne .\npapers past | & quot ; english racing news . \u2014by augur . ( auckland star , 1877 - 07 - 14 )\nthere has been a great deal of nasty talk in sporting circles as to the result of the university boat race . it was well - known that the bookmakers would have been hard hit had oxford won , and this ha\u00ab given rise to tho report that certain of the dark blue 3 were bought . others say that the two crews arranged between themselves to finish together in order to discourage betting on the event , and to baulk certain members ot the ring . it is of course needless to say that both these stories are utterly false , but the fact of their having been originated shews what heavy stakes are risked on the race . a writer in\ntruth\nsuggests that the venue of the affair should be changed every year , and names lakes windermera and bala as suitable courses .\nwo have had a surfeit of racing since i last wrot . . there have been meetings all over england , but i can only refer to these at northampton , newmarket , and epsom . the principal event at the lirst named reunion is the spencer plate , a live - furlong race . on tho 3rd of april eighteen runners were telegraphed , poursivunt , who ran second for the lincolnshire handicap , being favourite at sto 1 ; cceruleus ( a brother to blue gown ) , who won the shropshire handicap in 1875 , and the newmarket handicap in ls7ti , waa next in demand , and several others were hacked .\nthe spencer plate ] of ] five , ! fu _ _ ong3 : stakes . \u00a3695 time , .\nli sees . mr baltazzis cceruleus . oyrs . . 7st . 131b , ( f . archer ) . 1 mr h ' reiitliani ' s wanderer , ovrs . , list . 31b , ( morell ) . 2 . mr howsin ' s woodl . irk , lyrs . . 7st . 7lbs , ( morby ) , 3 . eighteen ran . 5 to 1 poursuivant ; 0 to . 1 cceruleus : 8 to 1 wanderer and freemantle ; 9to 1\nwoodlark ; 15 to 1 to 10 to 1 the others .\nthe althorp park stakes for two - year - olds was won by a well bred youngster named hudibras . lord olive , a brother to warren hastings being second . on the second day of the meeting the northamptonshire stakes drew twelve to the post , old scamp , the croydon hurdleikace winnei . being first favourite at sto 2 with sst . 41b . he ran very well , but tiring under the heavy weight , could get no nearer than third to tha lightly weighted . queen of cyprus ( 6st . 101b ) , who scampered in 30 lengths in front of talisman ( bst . slbs ) . the fidy belongs to tom jennings , the trainer , and \u25a0 \\ * - as backed at 4to 1 , but talisman was a rank outsider .\ntiie most , remarkable feature of the newmarket craven meeting was the extraordinary success of the champion jockey archer , who , on the third day of the meeting rode the winner of every race but one .\nthat sapient body , the jockey club , met and reduced the lowest weight in handicaps from 53t . tibs , to ist . 71bs . i need not point out avhat a foolish retrograde step this is . epsom spring meeting was thoroughly well patronised , the ring presenting quite a derby hay appearance . the city and suburban handicaps is one of the heaviest betting races of the year , and as it is usually quite an outsider ' s race , the bookmakers oif . . . r most tempting prices . directly the weights appeared , forerunner and julius cajsar were spotted as good things . balbriggan , 5 years ( gst . 7lbs . ) , avas also voted as well in , and touchet , 3 years ( 6st . ) , on the strength of his lincoln running , found many backers . the day before the race , a report avas circulated that julius caesar wouldbe scratched , but on this being ascertained to be false , his position in the market became very favourable .\nthe city and suburban handicap , about a mile and a half : stakes , \u00a31215 ; time : 2 mm . isscc . ; mr gee ' s julius ciesar , by st albans , julie , . i years , 7st . 91bs . , ( a . rcher ) , 1 ; lord rosebery ' s touchet . 3 years , 6st . , ( hopkins ) , 2 : mr lambp . rt ' s balbriggan , 5 years , 6st . 71bs . , ( morgan ) , 3 . twenty - nine ran . 100 to 15 asrainst touchet , 15 to 2 balbriggan . 8 to 1 julius cassar , 100 to 12 chaplet , 12 to 1 ghost , 15 , 20 . 25 , 10 , 50 . and 100 to 1 the others . for once in a avay , backers had a great triumph , and the ring avere mulcted for a good round sum .\njulius cassar , it will be remembered , avas wonderfully unlucky for a three - year - old . for although he was placed in the two thousand derby , and st loger , he never got his head lirst past the post .\nold lilian came out looking so fresh , to run for the great metropolitan , that she was made faa - ourite at 2 to 1 on a field of six . she ran a - ery well , but could get no nearer than third to the four - year - old john day , ( 7st . 51bs . ) who avas fancied 7 to 2 .\nthe one thousand guineas for three - a - ear - old fillies seems likely to draw a good field . ' placida not being entered , palm flo aver is faa * ourite . that , once time - honoured contest , the chester cup , will be brought to an issue the week after next . hampton is faa - ourite at 7to 1 , tbe snail and footstep being the only others mentioned as yet .\nimmediately after the two thousand there will be some heavy speculation on ~ he derby . rob roy remains firm at 10 to 1 .\nthe annual meeting of the ratepaa * ers of tho whau district will be held in the whau lecture hall , on the evening of the 31 st instant .\ntho pioneer jiwenile templars held an entertainment last evening in the lodgeroom of the young men ' s christian association , w . c . t . james lee in the chair . the entertainment was of the orthodox character , consisting of an ode , songs , and recitations .\nenglish racing news . \u2014by augur . , auckland star , volume viii , issue 2296 , 14 july 1877\nenglish racing news . \u2014by augur . auckland star , volume viii , issue 2296 , 14 july 1877\npapers past | the derby . ( wanganui herald , 1877 - 07 - 21 )\n101 b . ( dodge ) mr j . t . mackenzie ' s\u00dfob roy , bst 101 b 3\npapers past | racing in england . ( otago witness , 1877 - 11 - 17 )\nbreeder : lord falmouth won derby stk & st . leger . lost to isonomy for queen ' s vase . sent to france in 1881 . ( close )\nhe has been the sire of a number of stallion sons including sunrise , sir lui , sir holtrup , sergeant pepper and spider murphy .\nhi ! what is known about this stallion and the disposition of his offspring ? i wasn ' t able to find much on line for him . thanks for any help !\nmr p and i saw a stallion by that name at the repro clinic where we had a mare . i ' m not into wb ' s , but he seemed nice , hopped of the trailer , did his thing with the phantom , hopped back on the trailer\ni wasn ' t always a smurf penmerryl ' s sophie ridsh\ni ain ' t as good as i once was but i ' m as good once as i ever was\nthe ignore list is my friend . it takes 2 to argue .\ni think that he injured himself while he was in quarantine and wasn ' t able to have a competition career afterwards . . . i have heard how handsome he is but nothing of his disposition , it sounds like the filly in s4zeu ' s barn is quite nice !\nthanks ! my bm is thinking of breeding to him and i told her i would ask about him . . . he sounds great and locke meadows , your filly by him is gorgeous ! ! !\nshe is gorgeous . i am jealous that your baby looks like she is keeping her solid . the filly at my barn is almost completely grey already .\ni have heard him mentioned before but i ' ve never been able to find any contact information for him at all . do they have a website ? can you let me know where he ' s advertised or the owners contact information .\ni saw rachel ' s filly at upperville , and she was very nice . i was not familiar with that particular stallion , but was impressed with what i saw .\ninteresting dressagediosa . . . . . i too have an email where his name is listed . . . .\ndam ' s sire is by volturno . dam ' s mother is by admiral\nthere is no frozen semen available now . why wouldn ' t you want fresh cooled ?\nyeah i too have been blown away by this stallion . i have seen him in person and i know tim . he is a very good quality stallion . and tim , has been nothing but nice to me . he is very knowledgable and he does honest work . i am thinking of breeding to him and i am about to be on that same band wagon . .\nthe mighty oak is a nut who stood its ground\n. . . you ' ll never win olympic gold by shaking a carrot stick at a warmblood . . .\nsee u at x\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 5 . 2 . 5 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd .\nall times are gmt - 5 . this page was generated at 02 : 09 pm .\nopen an account with betfair and bet at least \u20ac5 at min odds of 1 / 5 on the sportsbook . win or lose betfair match your first bet up to \u20ac50 . free bet stakes not returned\njessie started riding in the hunter and equitation rings , showing at the national level for virginia tech ; has since moved into the amatuer - owner jumper ring with a passion for all aspects of the equine sport .\nfor some critics , particularly in the populist five star movement , this is a lurch towards authoritarian government . others complain the reform enhances the influence on national politics of italy\u2019s often corrupt regional governments . recent days have seen claims that the deputy governor of lombardy gave a consultancy contract worth \u00a316 , 000 ( $ 21 , 000 ) a year to his chauffeur and the arrest of a former governor of neighbouring veneto , accused of taking millions for licences to build the barriers that will protect venice from flooding .\nsome also argue that mr renzi should have secured a broader consensus before submitting his bill to parliament . around 7 , 850 amendments have been tabled in the senate alone . maria elena boschi , the minister sponsoring the bill , claimed the amendments would \u201cmake us work an extra week and lose a bit of holiday\u201d . but the reform has much further to go than the costa concordia ( which is being towed 200 nautical miles to a breaker\u2019s yard near genoa ) . ansa , a news agency , calculated that vetting the senate amendments could take three months . then the bill must go to the chamber , and again to both houses . another objection , surprisingly rarely heard in italy , is that its legislators\u2019 time might be better spent on its still - moribund economy : last week , the bank of italy forecast gdp growth of just 0 . 2 % for this year .\nthe proposed reform is the fruit of a pact in january between mr renzi and mr berlusconi , who still leads the second - biggest party in the senate . the bill\u2019s prospects of approval were greatly enhanced when , on june 18th , a court in milan upheld the media tycoon\u2019s appeal against his convictions for allegedly paying for underage sex with ms el - mahroug and misusing his authority to try to conceal their relationship . seen through the eyes of mr berlusconi and his supporters , who regard the judges as puppets of the left , the successful appeal showed mr renzi was honouring his side of a bargain implicit in the january deal ."]}
{"id": 2275, "summary": [{"text": "agrius godarti is a moth in the family sphingidae which is found inland in the northern half of australia , including queensland and new south wales .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they have a wingspan of about 80 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "it is similar to agrius convolvuli , but there is slight sexual dimorphism ( the forewing of the female is paler than that of the male ) , the lateral abdominal spots are buff ( not pink ) and the hindwing upperside pale bands are buff ( not grey ) .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the median band is single and narrow . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "agrius godarti", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for agrius godarti yet . learn how to contribute .\nagrius godarti ( w . s . macleay , [ 1826 ] ) godart ' s hawk moth ( one synonym : sphinx distincta lucas , 1891 ) sphinginae , sphingidae , bombycoidea\ntransferred to agrius by d ' abrera , [ 1987 ] , sphingidae mundi : 12 .\nthe adult moths of this species have fawn forewings with a complex pattern of light and dark markings . each forewing also has a small white dot with a black outline near the centre . the hind wings are buff with three broken dark bands parallel to the margin . the abdomen is banded with light and dark shades of grey . the moths have a wingspan of about 8 cms .\nmelbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 41 . 2 , p . 411 .\nannulosa . catalogue of insects , collected by captain king , r . n .\nvoume 2 , appendix b ( 15 april 1826 ) , p . 464 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2276, "summary": [{"text": "the house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) is a very small songbird of the wren family , troglodytidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it occurs from canada to southernmost south america , and is thus the most widely distributed bird in the americas .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it occurs in most suburban areas in its range and it is the single most common wren .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "its taxonomy is highly complex and some subspecies groups are often considered separate species . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "house wren", "paragraphs": ["the house wren is probably the most abundant of the wren species . attracting them to your yard can be as easy as adding a bird house .\nyou can find lady banks gose at wren house brewing company in central phoenix . for more information , visit the wren house brewing company website or facebook .\nthe house wren has a current rating of least concern . the previous rating for the house wren was lower risk . the lower risk rating was downgraded to a least concern rating as a result of the population and range of the house wren . the range of the house wren is estimated to be about 25 million square kilometers . the population of the house wren is approximately 21 million individual birds . the house wren is native to south america , central america and north america . there are not any known threats facing the house wren at this time .\nfigure 1 . breeding and non - breeding distributions of the northern house wren .\nthe house wren song is long and complex , and both males and females sing .\na mateless male house wren fed nestling house sparrows ( hills 1924 . it is rare to find other species feeding house sparrows - shy found only 2 records . )\nforty - six species of wrens in fourteen genera are found in north america . these include the familiar house wren , the desert dwelling cactus wren , and the aptly named rock wren .\n: there are about 31 subspecies ( previously treated as separate species ) of the house wren , or howr , divided into 5 different groups . this web page deals with the northern house wren\nthe figure above shows two sonogram examples of male , house wren songs , both recorded in ohio .\nbrown - headed cowbirds sometimes lay their eggs in house wren nests . these birds act as a parasite to house wrens but , because brown - headed cowbirds usually are too big to enter house wren ' s cavity nests , this is a very rare occurrence .\npreston thoeny , head brewer at wren house brewing company , takes a break from brewing to pour a draft .\npreparing smoked nuts destined to become part of wren house and little miss bbq ' s pecan pie wheat wine .\nhouse wren habitat often overlaps with chickadee and titmouse habitat , resulting in competition which house wrens typically win . i wonder if forest fragmentation is resulting in increased howr populations .\nthere are roughly 30 different subspecies of house wrens . these subspecies are divided into 5 groups : northern house wrens , brown - throated wrens , southern house wrens , antillean house wrens and cozumel wrens . southern house wrens have 20 of the subspecies in their category .\njohnson , l . 1998 . house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) no . 380 . a poole , f gill , eds .\njohnson l . s . , kermott l . h . effect of nest - site supplementation on polygynous behavior in the house wren .\nwren rescue story this spring my wren built it ' s nest in a\ncheapy\nwooden bird house that i had placed above my light fixture on my back porch . i noticed the activity there \u2026\nunder the eaves of our house , a gourd - like pottery birdhouse swings from a cord , and cradled within are seven baby house wrens . hungry baby house wrens . they chirp continually .\nthe house wren species name is after a\u00ebdon , queen of thebes , who accidentally committed infanticide while trying to kill a rival ' s son .\nthe identity of each house has developed through links with the associated wren church and also the shared experiences of students working to win the competitions .\njanota s . m . , soukup s . s . , thompson c . f . male - biased offspring sex ratio in the house wren .\nkendeigh , s . c . 1941 . territorial and mating behavior of the house wren . illinois biol . monogr . 18 : 1 - 120 .\nthe winter wren is the only wren species found outside of north america . in its large eurasian range , it occurs in a wide variety of habitats and is a common garden bird that somewhat fills the niche of the house wren . it also has one of the loudest songs for a bird of its size .\nhouse wrens can be very feisty when it comes to nest sites . they will pierce and discard the eggs of bluebirds and others who dare to build a nest in a site the house wren feels it \u201cowns . \u201d\npossible abandoned house wren nest ? please help ! i am not sure what to do , if anything . i have a small bird house in the lilac tree outside my bedroom window . i have been enjoying watching \u2026\nbelles - isles , j . c . and picman , j . 1986 . house wren nest - destroying behavior . condor 88 : 190 - 193 .\n) . juvenile house wrens have a reddish brown rump , and their underparts are a darker buff . the carolina wren has a warm brown breast . the\nhouse wrens are notable for their lack of field marks\u2014the warm - brown upperparts and tail are matched by a grayish breast . look closely at the house wren , and you\u2019ll see a variety of small white and black spots , the only variation in the bird\u2019s plumage . males and females look alike and both have the wren - like habit of cocking their tails up when perched . the thin , slightly curved bill is ideal for capturing and eating the house wren\u2019s insect prey .\nevery year , a male house wren announces his claim in my yard with loud , rollicking , bubbling song . wrens are tiny , but they sing big .\nan abundance of attitude makes the house wren stand out from other small birds . it often cocks its tail straight up , especially when it ' s excited .\n. territories , multiple nest building , and polygyny in the long - billed marsh wren .\nthe house wren\u2019s nest is made of twigs and lined with finer materials . it is placed in a tree cavity , nest box , or a variety of unusual locations .\nst . paul\u2019s cathedral , in the city of london wren\u2019s masterpiece and a focal point of wren academy in terms of design , innovations , planning and excellence . indeed , if you look closely , you can see that the wren academy logo is the architectural \u2018footprint\u2019 of the cathedral .\nwren nesting indoors this is a story of a wren nesting indoors in a hanging plant and how the author managed to move the nest outside . in the spring and fall , when the weather \u2026\nroyall , jr . , w . c . and pillmore , r . e . 1968 . house wren feeds red - shafted flicker nestlings . murrelet 49 : 4 - 6 .\nthe house wren is a small , brown bird with few readily apparent field marks . it is slender and gray - brown , lighter in color overall and with a longer tail than the winter wren . its wings and tail are mottled , but its back and belly are fairly clear .\nwren in topsy turvy tomato planter one day my husband went to water his tomato plant that was hanging off our front porch . he was greatly surprised when a very angry wren flew out at him . \u2026\neastern and western house wrens have differing plumages , with western birds being grayer above .\n. an experimental test of the function of sticks in the nests of house wrens .\nthe oldest known house wren lived to be at least 7 years old . it is difficult to estimate the lifespan of these birds because they do not return to the same area every year .\nthe oldest recorded house wren was at least 9 years old , when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in new york in 1993 , the same state where it had been banded .\nrt brumfield , and ap capparella , genetic differentiation and taxonomy in the house wren species group : condor , vol . 98 , no . 3 , pp . 547 - 556 , aug 1996 .\npecan . pie . beer . sounds pretty wild . sounds like ambitious suds from a local brewer who founded wren house ( along with drew pool and bill hammond ) a mere two years ago .\nat wren academy we operate a house system . this means that every student in years 7 - 10 is allocated a house to which they belong for the duration of their time in the school . we thought very carefully about what to name our houses after , way back in 2008 , and settled on some christopher wren designed churches from around the city of london . the houses are as follows :\nhouse wrens help to control insect populations . they also supply food for many different animals .\n. effects of predation and competitor interference on nesting success of house wrens and tree swallows .\nthe house wren has one of the largest ranges of any songbird in the new world . it breeds from canada through the west indies and central america , southward to the southernmost point of south america .\nsparrow kills house wren last year my son built a birdhouse in his first year of woodworking in junior high . i was so proud i painted a cute garden scene on the front and we put \u2026\nthe oldest house wren has been known to live is 7 years . it is hard to keep track of the age of individual birds because they do not always return to the same spot every year .\nspending the summers in thickets and brushy edge habitat adjacent to woodlands , the house wren is a familiar bird in parks , backyards , and gardens , often\u2014but not always\u2014near human settlements . some house wrens winter in the southernmost states in the united states , but many travel beyond our borders farther south .\nthe secretive house wren hops about on the ground and in the low understory with its short tail held up . it often punctures the eggs of nearby nesting birds , both of its own and other species .\nhenry the house wren at the end of june i noticed a jaunty little bird who sang his heart out from sunrise to sunset . he was so very tiny and that was what caught my attention - \u2026\nthe house wren is a fierce competitor for nest holes . they will harass and peck at much larger birds , sometimes dragging eggs and young out of a nest site they want \u2013 even occasionally killing adult birds .\nplatt m . e . , ficken m . s . organization of singing in house wrens .\nas the season progresses , house wren nests can become infested with mites and other parasites that feed on the wren nestlings . perhaps to fight this problem , wrens often add spider egg sacs into the materials they build their nests from . in lab studies , once the spiders hatched , they helped the wrens by devouring the nest parasites .\ntubaro , p . l . 1990 . song description of the house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) in two populations of eastern argentina , and some indirect evidences of imitative vocal learning . hornero 013 : 111 - 116 .\ntubaro , p . l . 1990 . song description of the house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) in two populations of eastern argentina , and some indirect evidences of imitative vocal learning . hornero 013 : 111 - 116 .\nkevin p . eckerle , charles f . thompson ; addition of arthropod cocoons to house wren nests is correlated with delayed pairing , behavioral ecology , volume 16 , issue 1 , 1 january 2005 , pages 1\u20137 , urltoken\n. territorial behavior of house wrens ( ms thesis ) . normal , illinois : illinois state university .\nto view the rolls of honour list and the latest standings in the house competition please click here .\nthe house wren is known for its confiding , friendly behavior . this familiar bird species is well - named as it often occurs around human habitations , often building its nest under the eaves of roofs or in backyard nest boxes .\nwrens are non - migratory except for the winter wren , a short distance migrant from boreal forests to the southern united states .\nrobert c . dobbs , john d . styrsky , charles f . thompson ; clutch size and the costs of incubation in the house wren , behavioral ecology , volume 17 , issue 5 , 1 september 2006 , pages 849\u2013856 , urltoken\nthe carolina wren is a small but chunky bird with a round body and a long tail that it often cocks upward . the head is large with very little neck , and the distinctive bill marks it as a wren : long , slender , and downcurved .\ndevelopment of vocalisations in nestling and fledgling house wrens in natural populations . bioacoustics 15 : 271 - 287 .\nhouse wrens occupy the broadest latitudinal range of any native passerine in the new world ( bna . org )\n) is more slender , rather long necked , with a very long , barred tail . their beak is longer and straighter than a house wren . it also has a long white stripe over its eye , and its breast is white .\ntitle - try to keep it 4 words or less as this will be the page name . something like - wren nesting in boot\ndull in appearance but notable for its effervescent song , the house wren is a common summer inhabitant of scrublands and woodland edges throughout much of north america . variation in plumage and call notes is extensive . polytypic . length 4 . 7\n.\ninsects make up the house wren\u2019s diet ( grasshoppers , crickets , spiders , and moths are on the menu ) , but they will also eat snails and caterpillars . most of their foraging is done in thick vegetation on or near the ground .\nthe house wren has variably brown or grayish - brown upperparts , pale grayish underparts , a faint , pale line above the eye , brown wings barred with black , and a long , brown tail barred with black that is usually held cocked upright .\njohnson , l . scott . 2014 . house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken\nthe ambitious beer will emerge from a 20 - barrel steel fermentation tank and into the world sometime at the end of october or early november . wren house and little miss plan to host a release party , you and me and everyone else invited .\nthe first edition of this summary of house wren biology , prepared in the mid 1990s , said that \u201chouse wrens are arguably the most thoroughly studied passerine in north america , in part because they so readily use human - made nest sites , and because they are ubiquitous , relatively abundant across most of their range , and tolerant of human activity . \u201d now , two decades later , one can readily argue that we know more about the biology of the house wren than any other wild species of bird in the world . new studies have focused on genetics , immunology , energetics and physiology , ecology , demography , reproductive and other behavior , sex allocation , communication , systematics , and more . as of the mid - 2010s , more than 700 research papers , government reports , theses and dissertations had been published that touched on one or more aspects of house wren biology .\njohnson , l . scott . 2014 . house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nhouse wren friends not rated yet i like to listen for their songs , how the song changes . they seem to call for me , \u201cwake up , get up and see me , here i am . \u201d i miss my friends , the family \u2026\nthat evening , in the garden , i heard the chattering of a wren . on the wire fence by my neighbor ' s yard teetered seven fluffy baby house wrens . the mother brought the caterpillar of a cabbage moth to one and then led the family into a thicket at my garden ' s edge . for several days i sometimes saw the wren family , often in the chard or broccoli patch .\nas an amateur foodie and beer enthusiast , it\u2019s my mission to explore the hops and hospitality of phoenix\u2019s breweries . in my most recent adventure into the local beer scene , i pulled up a chair to the intimate bar at wren house brewing in central phoenix .\n. food - supplementation does not override the effect of egg mass on fitness - related traits of nestling house wrens .\nthe house wren song may be considered loud and clear or shrill and grating . the chippewa indians , called it o - du - na - mis - sug - ud - da - we - shi , meaning big noise for its size ( cooke 1884 ) .\nthe nest is right outside my window . i ' ve timed the parents ' trips . from daylight to dusk , seldom does more than two minutes elapse between feedings . observers whose patience exceeds mine have counted over 1000 feedings to a house wren brood in one day .\nthe preys that the house wren captures vary from cicadas and caterpillars to millipedes and bees . the most common diet in the adults were hemiptera ( cicadas , leafhoppers , etc ) , while the common diet in the nestlings were grasshoppers and especially crickets ( scott 2014 ) .\njohnson , l . s . 1998 . house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) . in the birds of north america , no . 380 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the birds of north america , inc . , philadelphia , pa .\n. adult house wrens respond to predators by chasing and striking at the predator while giving a loud , harsh alarm call .\neckerle k . p . , thompson c . f . mate choice in house wrens : nest cavities trump male characteristics .\nhouse wrens help to control several insect populations . they also supply an abundant food source for many different types of animals .\n: house wrens arrive in nesting territory from late march to mid - april or early may , depending on the latitude .\na familiar backyard bird , the house wren was named long ago for its tendency to nest around human homes or in birdhouses . very active and inquisitive , bouncing about with its short tail held up in the air , pausing to sing a rich bubbling song , it adds a lively spark to gardens and city parks despite its lack of bright colors . various forms of this wren are found from central canada to southern south america .\nmain point of confusion is winter wren ; it is smaller , shorter - tailed , more heavily barred on the flanks and crissum , and usually darker . winter and house wrens further distinguished by differences in song , call , timing of migration , microhabitat preferences , and foraging behavior .\ni am standing in a room crammed with 20 - barrel fermentation tanks , smooth steel cylinders to the ceiling . the air smells like hot oatmeal . preston thoeny , head brewer at wren house brewing company on 24th street and monte vista road in phoenix , opens a portable cooler .\nhouse wrens forage by hopping on trunks , branches , or on the ground . they sometimes forages high in trees as well .\nhouse wrens have adapted well to human habitation , frequently using nest boxes or nesting within a variety of objects in accessible outbuildings .\nalbrecht d . j . , johnson l . s . manipulation of offspring sex ratio by second - mated female house wrens .\nhouse wren populations have experienced some regional declines , but generally populations have been stable and slightly increased between 1966 and 2015 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partner ' s in flight estimates a global breeding population of 160 million with 19 % spending some part of the year in the u . s . , 9 % in mexico , and 8 % breeding in canada . the species rates a 5 out of 20 on the continental concern score . house wren is not on the 2016 state of north america ' s birds ' watch list . back to top\nbut it\u2019s not all about sport . five times a year we run house competitions in poetry , quizzing , benchball , singing ( always popular ! ) and the \u2018marble run\u2019 . this last competition is a fun way to put lessons learned in our design and technology department to the test and chimes with our academy specialism , design and the built environment . over the course of wren academy\u2019s growth and evolution , a number of strong interhouse rivalries have come and gone , with particular heads of house being very partisan about how well their house is doing ! leading the houses are a fantastic set of six teachers . listed below are the houses with the name of the current head of house .\nhouse wrens sing with high intensity in periodic bouts prior to pairing and often did the same later in the breeding cycle to attract more partners . their song is described as rapid trills of frequency - modulated notes with an average of ten syllables per bout and around four different types of syllables . the largest recorded repertoire of a house wren is 194 songs , although there is likely no sort of ceiling or limit on the size of its repertoire . however , if you only count the songs that are most used by each male , then the effective repertoire of the average male house wren is about 25 songs ( kaluthota and rendall , 2013 ) . a close phonetic of the male house wren is tsi - tsi - tsi - tsi - oodle - oodle - oodle ( bent 1948 ) . kaluthota and rendall ( 2013 ) also found that only one type of song was shared by all fifteen males , only fourteen songs were shared by more than ten males , and the rest were unique to the individual .\nthe house wren is a tiny , brown songbird that is commonly found in the backyards of homes across the western hemisphere . anyone can go out on a still , summer day and notice the tiny bodies of feathers zoom past in the underlying shrubs and tree branches . once in a while , a child might find a nest in an old shoe box in his garage after his mom nagged at him to do his chores . the beauty of the house wren is exactly this image : its striking simplicity and lack of presence mixed with quite an intriguing set behaviors found only through careful observation .\nhouse wren chicks are completely helpless and dependant on their parents , who both care for the young . they fledge after about 15 to 17 days and all leave the nest within a few hours of each other . the parents continue to feed them for about 13 days after they leave the nest .\njohnson , l . s . 1998 . house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) . in the birds of north america , no . 380 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia and american ornithologists\u2019 union . [ revised online 8 december 2014 ]\nan affinity for open , shrubby wood - lands , mimicked so well by small town and suburban backyards and city parks , a preference for human - made \u201cbird houses , \u201d and a very loquacious nature all combine to make the house wren one of the best - known songbirds in north america .\nwalbrook - st . stephen\u2019s , walbrook shown against the backdrop of the evolving city , we can see the durability , both aesthetic and physical , of wren\u2019s designs .\na plain brown bird with an effervescent voice , the house wren is a common backyard bird over nearly the entire western hemisphere . listen for its rush - and - jumble song in summer and you\u2019ll find this species zipping through shrubs and low tree branches , snatching at insects . house wrens will gladly use nestboxes , or you may find their twig - filled nests in old cans , boots , or boxes lying around in your garage .\nafter the eggs hatched this year , i stopped seeing two adults at the same time . maybe one belonged to the minority of male house wrens who switch their attentions to a second mate and family before the first brood is fledged . i heard a wren singing from the other side of the house . that may have been the same male inviting another female to inspect a tipped - over flowerpot tilled with twigs in the tool shed .\njohnson l . s . , kermott l . h . possible causes of territory takeovers in a north - temperate population of house wrens .\nsoukup s . s . , thompson c . f . social mating system affects the frequency of extra - pair paternity in house wrens .\nthere have been occasional reports of house wrens killing young nestlings ( 4 - 5 days old ) or throwing them out of the nest .\nhouse wrens currently occupy the broadest latitudinal range of any native songbird in the new world . house wrens have benefited from the fragmentation of forests across the united states , including washington . this fragmentation increases the shrubby edge habitat that they prefer . they are fairly tolerant of human activity , which makes them well adapted to our increasingly developed landscape . they also seem to benefit from logging , using slash piles and small snags . in some areas in the 19th century , there was a decline of house wrens , which is blamed on the introduction of the house sparrow because they compete for nesting cavities . in washington and north america as a whole , the house wren population has been on the rise since 1966 , increasing an average of 8 . 3 % per year in washington and 1 . 6 % per year in north america , based on breeding bird survey data . this increase may be of concern since house wrens destroy nests of other species , and compete with other , less common cavity - nesters .\nin the wild house wrens live in open , shrubby woodlands . however , they were named for their preference for small town and suburban backyards and human - made bird houses . small wood - lots and forest edges are also well known habitats for these birds . human farming and towns have created more good breeding habitat for the wren by fragmenting forests , which explains why the house wren has expanded its range and numbers in north america . during the winter wrens live in thickets , shrubby and brushy areas , riparian forests , and savannas in the southern united states . in mexico , they prefer tropical evergreen and semideciduous forests .\nafter thoroughly exploring my whole yard , this year ' s male house wren selected the birdhouse hanging under the eaves . the previous spring , wrens nested in a dead limb of our old box elder . one year i found the wrens ' nest in the hollow center of my huge ball of twine in the garden shed . during a childhood summer i spent with grandparents on sauvie ' s island , oregon , house wrens built a nest in the mailbox at the end of the long gravel driveway . for the month until the young birds fledged , the postman brought the mail up to the house every day .\nthe carolina wren creeps around vegetated areas and scoots up and down tree trunks in search of insects and fruit . it explores yards , garages , and woodpiles , sometimes nesting there . this wren often cocks its tail upward while foraging and holds it down when singing . carolina wrens defend their territories with constant singing ; they aggressively scold and chase off intruders .\nperhaps he was correct , for after a few days a female house wren landed in the viburnum near the birdhouse . the male approached her , his short tail pointing straight up . he quivered his wings . he sang . he flew to the door to his treasure of a nest and looked over his shoulder at her .\ndeclined in some areas in 19th century after introduction of house sparrow , which competed for nest sites . currently widespread and common , numbers probably stable .\ncramer , e . r . a . physically challenging song traits , male quality , and reproductive success in house wrens . plos one 8 : e59208\nfrom a distance , the house wren appears to be a uniform brownish gray . the head , nape , and back are a uniform shade of brown ; the chest and throat are a uniform light gray , sometimes with buffy or brownish tinge . the eyebrow has a distinctive white stripe , and the tail , wings , and flank ( between the ribs and the hip ) have some black and dark brown marks . the plumage is identical between the sexes and no seasonal changes with the male slightly larger than the female in some traits . ( scott 2014 ) . the small and compact figure with a flat head and long , curved beak helps identify the house wren .\nwren nesting in door wreath for several years now there have been carolina wrens attempting to build a nest in the wreath on my front door . this year they must have decided that \u2026\nwren nesting in birdfeeder earlier this spring i found a few twigs in my birdfeeder just off the deck . i cleared them out without thinking about it , but later realized it must \u2026\nfor house wren eggs , temperature inside the nest box can be critical to survival . if a sun - drenched nest box warms above about 106 degrees fahrenheit for an hour , the eggs will begin to die . if a cold snap chills a nest below about 65 degrees fahrenheit for more than a day it can also doom the eggs .\nwe found that house wren offspring sired by extra - pair mates were significantly more likely to be male than were offspring sired by within - pair mates . to our knowledge , this is the first study to find a significant male bias among offspring in the event of extra - pair fertilization , when sexing has been done using molecular methods .\n\u201cwe\u2019re hoping to get 12 to 15 barrels worth , \u201d thoeny says . \u201cif so , we\u2019ll can or bottle a large amount of that . the rest we\u2019ll put in whiskey barrels and release later in the winter or early in spring . \u201d the pecan pie wheat wine will also be available on draft in wren house ' s taproom .\ndrilling , n . e . and thompson , c . f . 1991 . mate switching in multibrooded house wrens . auk 108 : 60 - 70 .\nunlike many other birds , house wrens do not have brightly colored feathers or markings . measuring 5 inches long with a plump body and a short tail .\nconsider putting up a nest box to attract a breeding pair . make sure you put it up well before breeding season . attach a guard to keep predators from raiding eggs and young . find out more about nest boxes on all about birdhouses , where you ' ll find plans for building a nest box of the appropriate size for house wren .\nhouse wren : breeds from southern canada southward to central california , central new mexico , northern arkansas , and northern georgia . other forms are found from mexico southward throughout south america and the west indies . winters in the southern u . s . and mexico . preferred habitats include open woodlands , forest edges , forest openings , shrubby areas and farmlands .\neven if no bird house is offered , these birds are likely to find somewhere or something to nest in even if no man - made housing is available .\nludgate - st . martin\u2019s ludgate there has been a church on or near this site since the twelfth century . the last incarnation of the medieval church on the site was destroyed by the fire of london in 1666 , only 40 years after it had last been repaired ! as with all the wren churches , they form part of the mandate given to wren to rebuild london after the fire .\nmale house wrens added cocoons to half of the first nests they built in each year . cocoon use is not unique to this house wren population , as it occurs across much of the species ' breeding range ( see mccabe , 1965 ) . the use of cocoons did not vary consistently with habitat but increased seasonally in each year , paralleling seasonal increases in spider populations ( kendeigh , 1979 ; williams et al . , 1995 ) . variation in cocoon use was unrelated to differences in male body mass or condition index .\nhouse wrens occupy the broadest latitudinal range of any native passerine in the new world , breeding from across most of canada down to the southernmost part of south america , and into the west indies . the number of studies done on southern forms of house wrens have increased recently , especially in argentina and chile . coverage of research done on southern forms has been greatly expanded in the current review of house wren biology , with an emphasis is placed on studies that would be of most utility to researchers studying the northern forms . however , the existence of other studies on southern forms is noted and all known studies of the species appear in the comprehensive bibliography found at the end of this review .\nvisitors share stories about wren birds upon opening my mailbox one morning , i noticed a lot of leaves and pine straw and thought it had been blown in from a bad storm the night before . \u2026\nour little wren we have several nesting boxes in our yard for the wrens & this year they chose the one my husband ( dan ) built that has a front porch . we can sit on \u2026\nwren interesting nesting choice i first noticed this bird in may , by the short aggressive calls that were very loud from such a small bird . i figured the bird was looking for a mate . \u2026\nhouse wrens devour spiders , bugs , beetles , and caterpillars . they also eat many leafhoppers , grasshoppers , crickets , locusts , and the occasional bee or wasp .\nhouse wrens are territorial and are usually alone except during breeding season and on a wintering ground . during breeding season , house wrens are found in pairs or in immediate family groups while when on a wintering ground , they are rarely found with a flock and usually found alone ( scott 2014 ) . however , house wrens can be seen acting kindly . there is a case of a male house wren that fed a nestling northern flickers in a nest above his own . after his offsprings hatched , he fed both the nestling northern flickers and his own offsprings ( royall and pillmore 1968 ) . on the other hand , house wrens can be seen acting aggressively . in another case , the house wrens pecked and removed eggs of all species 1 - 3m around their nest and destroyed quail eggs in an open nest 20 - 40m from their own nest ( belles - isles and picman 1986 ) . interestingly , the males attacked eggs only before pairing and females only before laying ( kennedy and white 1996 ) . moreover , the presence of a small wasp nests in a cavity does not deter nesting but rather the wrens become aggressive , killing the wasps and knocking the nests if it is an obstacle ( mcatee1927 ) .\nthe wrens are small birds for the most part although the cactus wren is a medium - sized bird . the members of this family are rather plump birds with short wings , longish , strong legs and feet , and rather large heads with long , thin , slightly downcurved bills . tail size varies from the very short as is the case in the wood - wrens , to longish as in the cactus wren .\nhouse wrens nest inside tree holes and nest boxes . as the season progresses their nests can become infested with mites and other parasites that feed on the wren nestlings . perhaps to fight this problem , wrens often add spider egg sacs into the materials they build their nests from . in lab studies , once the spiders hatched , they helped the wrens by devouring the nest parasites .\nduring the breeding season , the home range of house wrens is roughly the same as their territory . we have no information on the winter home range of this species .\nhouse wrens breed from southern canada south throughout most of the u . s . they winter in the southern u . s . and mexico . the population is increasing .\nhouse wrens are cavity nesters and as such , are easily attracted to birdhouses . in fact , these birds seem to prefer man - made nest boxes to natural cavities .\nto address this , an experiment to help determine if a bird has a greater chance after a failed attempt elsewhere would be to have a house wren that failed his mating attempt and a control house wren and calculate the successes of mating attempts . sometimes the male will have more than one mating partner . when this happens , he either remains on the same territory or establishes a new territory elsewhere . in either cases , the male deserts the female and usually the deserted female will not breed again . moreover , when the female deserts the male , the deserted male is less likely to breed . when the male establishes or claims a new territory , he immediately begins building a nest that the female helps complete when she pairs with him ( scott 2014 ) .\na house wren weighs about as much as two quarters , but it\u2019s a fierce competitor for nest holes . wrens will harass and peck at much larger birds , sometimes dragging eggs and young out of a nest site they want \u2013 even occasionally killing adult birds . in some areas they are the main source of nest failure for bluebirds , tree swallows , prothonotary warblers , and chickadees .\nwren nest in shamrock plant a pair of carolina wrens have built their nest in my shamrock plant on the front porch . last year , i found an incomplete nest there . . . and removed it . \u2026\ngas lamp wren brood right off the corner of our deck is an old gas lamp - the kind many have by their driveways . this one has not been used in years - it is not even hooked \u2026\na cactus wren ' s snow experience i have cactus wrens all over the place here in the high desert mtns . i used to get so frustrated with these little buggars , tearing up my patio furniture , \u2026\nhouse wrens are usually 11 to 13 cm long and weigh 10 to 12 g . males and females are identical in coloration , but males are slightly larger in some traits .\nhouse wrens also communicate using body language . if a predator approaches , males crouch and drop their wings , raise their back feathers , and lower their fanned - out tail .\nhouse wrens inhabit gardens , hedgerows , brushy woods , wetlands , and other edges . they use a variety of habitats , as long as they have a dense shrub layer .\npoirier n . e . , whittingham l . a . , dunn p . o . males achieve greater reproductive success through multiple broods than through extrapair mating in house wrens .\nwhittingham l . a . , valkenaar s . m . , poirier n . e . , dunn p . o . maternal condition and nestling sex ratio in house wrens .\nhouse wren nest sizes range from 4 to 8 eggs , with one egg laid per day . females develop single large incubation patches ( bare areas of skin on their bellies ) and will spend over half of their time incubating the eggs , once their entire clutch has been laid . hatching begins about 12 days after the last egg is laid and occurs only during daylight hours . house wrens are able to breed ( have reached sexual maturity ) when they are 1 year old , but some first time breeders skip the regular breeding time and choose instead to breed alongside the older birds who are attempting a second clutch in a season . house wrens nest in tree cavities , such as old woodpecker holes . they preferring cavities closer to the ground with small entrances .\ndubois n . s . , kennedy e . d . , getty t . surplus nest boxes and the potential for polygyny affect clutch size and offspring sex ratio in house wrens .\nhouse wrens are fiercely territorial , they have been known to destroy bluebird and other cavity nester ' s eggs by piercing them , and then often removing the eggs from the nest .\nmy cat has attacked a wrens nest good morning , for the last couple of days i noticed a wren had set up a nest in my blackberry branch that protrudes out from the side of my my shed . it \u2026\nas with many birds , your ears can help lead you to house wren sightings . start in the right habitat : backyards , parks , or open woods , then listen . the song can be hard to learn at first , because the notes are nondescript and variable , and because there\u2019s simply so much of it \u2013 so loud and insistent - that it\u2019s hard to believe such a small bird is making it .\nthe house wren is common sprightly and energetic backyard bird over much of the western hemisphere . its body is compact , with a flat head and thin , slightly curved beak . it is relatively short - winged , often keeping its longish tail either cocked above the line of the body . generally , most house wrens are a warm brown color with dark and light barring throughout , although there is regional variation . legs are pinkish , with large feet . taken 27 april , 2009 in victoria , british columbia , canada . the following is a link to this photographer ' s website : glenn bartley .\nhouse wrens breed throughout all of the united states except for the south . but since they spend the winter in the south , you can find them at some time in every state .\nhouse wrens are a very abundant species . they live in semi - forested areas , which is a common habitat type so conservation management is not necessary . however , house wrens are protected under the u . s . migratory bird act . these birds are quite tolerant of habitat change and nest disturbance , allowing them to live and reproduce successfully even in human populated areas .\nkroodsma , d . & brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . house wren ( troglodytes aedon ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nwren house brewing does not have a kitchen , but if you\u2019re feeling peckish , the bar currently offers jerky snacks for purchase . there\u2019s also the option of bringing in your own dinner ; delivery is welcomed , or the street is ripe with options for authentic mexican . whether you\u2019re in for one beer or a long sampling session , have a seat . this brewery has a cold one in a cozy taproom for you .\nhere in the valley , wren house brewing company ' s head brewer , preston thoeny , is helping put gose on the map . with this year\u2019s debut of lady banks gose , thoeny has brought the traditionally european style to the metro phoenix area . an affinity toward nice , crisp sours brought gose to thoeny ' s attention , and the result is a slightly salty , slightly tart , and rose - colored beer .\nfor clarity , only distributions of the northernmost , aedon - type house wrens are shown ( see text for distributions of two southern forms of house wrens ) . ' wintering area ' indicates locations where most individuals are found in winter . smaller numbers of birds regularly winter north of this range into lower portions of what is shown as ' breeding range ' ( see text ) .\na small wren with medium - length bill and tail , it responds readily to pishing . overall jizz is of a plain , typical wren . adult : one molt a year ; sexes similar . all populations brownish above , paler gray - brown or gray below . supercilium , often indistinct , is paler than crown and auriculars . juvenile : variable , but many differ from adults in having warmer buff and rufous tones , along with indistinct scalloping on throat and breast .\n4 . 6 - 5 in ( 11 . 5 - 12 . 5 cm ) . weight 0 . 28 - 0 . 40 oz ( 8 - 11 g ) . a rather plain gray - brown wren without prominent markings .\nwren nesting in bookcase - up until now , i ' ve never been a bird watcher . i never knew how interesting birds can be , or how excited i could get over them . i also didn ' t realize that \u2026\n. adults feed their young and supplement their own diet with sources of calcium such as mollusk shells . house wrens forage primarily in the woodland subcanopy , in shrubs and among herbaceous ground cover .\n: house wrens are secondary cavity nesters , meaning they cannot excavate their own nesting holes . tolerant of human activities . howr may prefer a box with a smaller floor space . a typical nestbox\ncarrying the caterpillar , the wren dashes to the nest and dives through the entrance hole . for a moment , sound ceases . then she ' s out and gone , and the babies begin to cry again . they ' re still hungry !\nmost wren species are solitary birds that typically forage in pairs and do not join mixed flocks . they forage by using their bills to investigate dead leaf clusters , crevices , and various other hiding places used by the small creatures they prey upon .\nin both years , we collected completed clutches of house wren eggs from the east bay study area for use in experiments on the mackinaw study area . we stored collected eggs in a refrigerator until needed . we randomly assigned nests on the mackinaw study area to either experimental or control treatment groups . within the first 3 days of incubation , we added 3 marked eggs ( foster eggs ) to the natural clutch at experimental nests and visited but did not manipulate control nests . this resulted in early - season experimental clutch sizes of 8\u201311 eggs and late - season experimental clutch sizes of 7\u201310 eggs . thus , experimental clutch sizes were near the upper limit but within the range of natural house wren clutch sizes ( bent 1948 ; johnson 1998 ) . because added eggs had been stored at cold temperatures , they did not hatch and were removed and discarded when the first original egg of the natural clutch hatched .\nkaluthota , c . d . and rendall , d . 2013 . song organization and variability in northern house wrens ( troglodytes aedon parkmanii ) in western canada . the auk 132 : 617 - 628 .\nin the wild , house wrens live in open , shrubby woodlands . however , they were named for their preference for small town and suburban backyards and human - made bird houses . small wood - lots and forest edges are also common habitats for these birds . human farming and towns have created more good breeding habitat for the wren by breaking forests up into small chunks . this explains why house wrens have expanded their range and their population in north america has grown . during the winter , wrens live in thickets , shrubby and brushy areas , riparian forests , and savannas in the southern united states . in mexico , they prefer tropical evergreen and semideciduous forests .\ni stand on my back porch and watch a tiny brownish bird streak from the apple tree to the garden , drop to the ground at one end of the vegetable bed , and disappear under the dense greenery . broccoli leaves quiver as the bird travels through the hidden depths of the patch . the house wren emerges at the other end of the bed , with a large cabbage moth caterpillar bulging in its bill . i know where that caterpillar ' s going ."]}
{"id": 2277, "summary": [{"text": "holcocera chalcofrontella is a moth in the family blastobasidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including pennsylvania , texas , missouri , maryland , west virginia , arizona , british columbia , florida , illinois , maine , manitoba , michigan , new brunswick , ohio , ontario , quebec , tennessee , vermont and washington .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "larvae have been reared on the seeds of rhus species , as well as the burrs of chestnuts . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "holcocera chalcofrontella", "paragraphs": ["biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species . please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nmarsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . \u00a9 david beadle ."]}
{"id": 2278, "summary": [{"text": "the family notopteridae contains ten species of osteoglossiform ( bony-tongued ) fishes , commonly known as featherbacks and knifefishes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these fishes live in freshwater or brackish environments in africa , and south and southeast asia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "with the denotation of \" knifefish \" , the notopterids should not be confused with gymnotiformes , the electric knifefishes from south and central america .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "although their manner of swimming is similar and they are superficially similar in appearance , the two groups are not closely related .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "a few of the larger species , especially chitala ornata , are food fish and occasionally aquarium pets .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the name is from greek noton meaning \" back \" and pteron meaning \" fin \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "notopteridae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ca\u30ae\u30ca\u30bf\u30ca\u30de\u30ba\u79d1\nto\nnotopteridae\n.\nolfactory sensory neuron morphotypes in the featherback fish , notopterus notopterus ( osteoglossiformes : notopteridae ) .\nnotopteridae .\na dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nolfactory sensory neuron morphotypes in the featherback fish , notopterus notopterus ( osteoglossiformes : notopteridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nnotopteridae .\na dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nthe knifefish fall in two groups , the gymnotiformes order of electric knifefishes and the family notopteridae of the osteoglossiformes order .\nwhat made you want to look up notopteridae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nthe other group of knifefishes are members of the notopteridae family belonging to the osteoglossiformes order . they are known as the featherbacks , or featherfin knifefishes , and knifefishes . they are found in southeast asia and africa . this is a small group of knife fish , with only ten species in four genera . these fish are generally smaller fish that inhabit freshwater or brackish environments . although they swim in a manner similar to the gymnotiformes , they are not closely related .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchang & chou , 1977 ; u . jur . eas . | | - - \u2020\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\ncarroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . \u2013w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .\nfrickhinger , k . a . , 1995 : fossil atlas - fishes . \u2013mergus - publishers for natural history and pet books , hans a . baensch , malle , germany , 1 - 1088 .\nhilton , e . j . , 2003 : comperative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony - tongue fishes ( actinopterygii , teleostei , osteoglossomorpha ) . \u2013zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 137 , # 1 , pp . 1 - 100\nlong , j . a . , 1995 : the rise of fishes : 500 million years of evolution . \u2013johns hopkins university press , baltimore & london , pp . 1 - 223\nli , g - q . , grande , l . & wilson , m . v . h . , 1997 : the species of \u2020 phareodus ( teleostei : osteoglossidae ) from the eocene of north america and their phylogenetic relationships . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 17 , # 3 , pp . 487 - 505\nnelson , j . s . , 1994 : fishes of the world . \u2013john wiley & sons inc . , new york , 1994 , xx - 600\nzhang , j . - y . , 1998 : morphology and phylogenetic relationships of \u2020 kuntulunia ( teleostei : osteoglossomorpha ) .\n\u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 18 , # 2 , pp . 280 - 300\nzhang , j . - y . , 2004 : new fossil osteoglossomoph from ningxia , china . \u2013journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 24 , # 3 , pp . 515 - 524\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nchiefly freshwater ; sometimes in brackish water . distribution : africa ( 2 ) and southeast asia ( 2 ) . small quill - like dorsal fin ( absent in xenomystus ) and long - based anal fin confluent with small caudal fin . combined anal and caudal rays 100 or more . pelvic fins , when present , small with 3 - 6 rays . no subopercle . scales in lateral line 120 - 180 . scutes along ventral 25 - 45 . maximum length 80 cm . small specimens are popular with home aquarists and large adults are exhibited in public aquaria . most are used for food in their native ranges ( ref . 4537 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndana campbell set\nfile : notopterus notopterus46 . jpg\nas an exemplar on\nnotopterus notopterus ( pallas , 1769 )\n.\ndana campbell set\nnotopterus notopterus\nas an exemplar on\nnotopterus notopterus ( pallas , 1769 )\n.\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : shanghai ocean aquarium - chitala blanci 2 . jpg\n.\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : shanghai ocean aquarium - chitala blanci 1 . jpg\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ndivision of fish neurobiology , pg department of zoology , rtm nagpur university campus , nagpur - 440 033 , india .\nas in other vertebrates , olfactory sensory neurons ( osns ) in fishes are the main components of sensory part of olfactory epithelium that relay olfactory information ( smell and taste ) to the brain .\nobjective of the present study was to analyze if any polymorphism occurs in the osns in a featherback fish , notopterus notopterus as far as the teleost lineage is concerned .\nwith the help of neuronal staining technique , polymorphism of osns in n . notopterus was studied .\nthree polymorphic forms of osns were identified which are ciliated osns , microvillus osns and crypt osns . these morphotypes were identified on the basis of location of their somata within the depth of olfactory epithelium and resulting length of their dendrites . the ciliated osns have basally situated somata and long , thin dendrites with a few apically arranged cilia while microvillous osns have somata located midway in the epithelium and thick moderate - length dendrites with microvilli . third cell type is crypt osns which are spherical or pear - shaped , located apically just close to the epithelial surface having cilia and microvilli in an invagination and devoid of any dendrite .\nn . notopterus belongs to order osteoglossiformes which is a representative of an early evolutionary lineage of teleost fishes . osn polymorphism reported in the present work indicates that it is a fairly conserved trait throughout the evolution of teleosts . to our knowledge , we are the first ones to report osn polymorphism in a member of the order osteoglossiformes .\npmid : 25206061 pmcid : pmc4117162 doi : 10 . 5214 / ans . 0972 . 7531 . 210205\nphyletic tree of the teleostei , based on nelson ( 1994 ) showing the occurrence of olfactory sensory neurons polymorphism ( p ) ( for references see the discussion section ) . the grey box / overlay depicts the group of acanthopterygii .\n( a ) photograph of notopterus notopterus . ( b ) in situ photograph of olfactory organ with brain of n . notopterus showing ; olfactory epithelium ( oe ) , olfactory bulb ( ob ) , olfactory tract ( ot ) , cerebrum ( c ) , optic lobe ( optl ) , cerebellum ( ceb ) and spinal cord ( spc ) . ( c ) horizontal section of the olfactory epithelium showing olfactory lamellae ( olfl ) radiating from the central raphe ( r ) . scale bar = 500 \u03bc m .\n( a ) part of horizontal section of olfactory epithelium showing location of sensory ( s ) and nonsensory ( ns ) regions of olfactory lamellae . scale bar = 100 \u03bc m . ( b ) magnified view of sensory region of olfactory lamellae showing ; basal cell ( bc ) , basal lamina ( bl ) , central core ( cc ) / lamina propria ( lp ) , crypt olfactory sensory neurons ( crosns ) , ciliated olfactory sensory neurons ( ciosns ) , microvillous olfactory sensory neurons ( mosns ) and supporting cell ( sc ) . scale bar = 50 \u03bc m . ( c ) magnified view of sensory region of olfactory lamellae ( left ) showing location of different cell types including ; crosns , ciosns and mosns in different zones of olfactory epithelium . scale bar = 25 \u03bc m . illustrations ( right ) of different types of olfactory sensory neurons found in different layers of olfactory epithelium ( upper dotted line represents epithelial surface and lower dotted line represents basal lamina ) .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nbenton , m . j . ( ed ) . ( 1993 ) . the fossil record 2 . chapman & hall , london , 845 pp .\neschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .\nnelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .\nparker , s . p . ( ed ) . ( 1982 ) . synopsis and classification of living organisms . mcgraw - hill , new york . 2 volumes .\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . , 1991 : world fishes important to north americans exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . american fisheries society special publication , no . 21 . 243 .\nvan der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\n\u00a9 a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\nbase and merging with the small tail fin at the end of the tapering body . there are about six species found in south - east asia and africa .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\n. notopterids are long - bodied , small - scaled fishes with a small dorsal fin ( if present ) and a long , narrow anal fin that runs along most of the undersurface and continues into the tail fin . undulations along the anal fin enable the fishes to swim both forward and backward . notopterids are predacious and nocturnal and in some areas are sought as food . the largest (\n) may grow to a length of about 80 cm ( 32 inches ) . the species\n\u2026are confined to africa ; the notopterid ae ( featherbacks ) occur in africa , southeast asia , and india . the distribution of the osteoglossidae ( such as the pirarucu [ arapaima ] , the arowana [ scleropages ] , and the butterfly fish [ pantodon ] ) in africa , south america , and australasia ( believed by many authorities to have once been joined as a single\u2026\nfish , any of more than 30 , 000 species of vertebrate animals ( phylum chordata ) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world . living species range from the primitive , jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks , skates , and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes . most\u2026\nvertebrate , any animal of the subphylum vertebrata , the predominant subphylum of the phylum chordata . they have backbones , from which they derive their name . the vertebrates are also characterized by a muscular system consisting pimarily of bilaterally paired masses and a central nervous system\u2026\nosteoglossomorph , ( superorder osteoglossomorpha ) , any member of what is widely believed to be the most primitive group of bony fishes . this reputation stems from their rudimentary caudal skeleton and the lack of a set of intermuscular bones throughout the abdominal and anterior caudal regions of\u2026\nchordate , any member of the phylum chordata , which includes the vertebrates , the most highly evolved animals , as well as two other subphyla\u2014the tunicates and cephalochordates . some classifications also include the phylum hemichordata with the chordates . as the name implies , at some time in the life\u2026\nwe welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles . you can make it easier for us to review and , hopefully , publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind .\nencyclop\u00e6dia britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience .\nyou may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered .\nat the bottom of the article , feel free to list any sources that support your changes , so that we can fully understand their context . ( internet urls are the best . )\nyour contribution may be further edited by our staff , and its publication is subject to our final approval . unfortunately , our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions .\nour editors will review what you ' ve submitted , and if it meets our criteria , we ' ll add it to the article .\nplease note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors , and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\ncorrections ? updates ? omissions ? let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) .\nif you prefer to suggest your own revision of the article , you can go to edit mode ( requires login ) .\nour editors will review what you\u2019ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article .\namlan kumar mitra , probir k . bandyopadhyay , yingchun gong , mrigen goswami , and biplab bhowmik\ndepartment of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 west bengal india\ntwo new species of the genus trichodina ehrenberg , 1838 , t . silondiata sp . nov . and t . pangasi sp . nov . from the gills of freshwater fish silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) and pangasius pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) respectively from the river ganges of west bengal are described here . wet smears of gills and skins were prepared in the field , air dried and impregnated with klein\u2019s dry silver method . in case of s . silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) 24 out of 146 host fishes were parasitized on the gills . infestation rate in case of p . pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) was not significant . from a total of 86 examined host fish , only seven were parasitized on the gills . the mean diameters of the body of the specimens of t . silondiata sp . nov . and t . pangasi sp . nov . were 32 . 7\u201360 . 6 ( 46 . 4 \u00b1 6 . 3 ) \u03bcm and 38 . 9\u201354 . 1 ( 44 . 9 \u00b1 3 . 0 ) \u03bcm respectively . taxonomic and morphometric data for these ectoparasitic trichodinids based on wet silver nitrate impregnated specimens are presented .\nectoparasite , protozoa , fish , river ganges , trichodina silondiata sp . nov . , trichodina pangasi sp . nov . , india\ntrichodinid ciliates are well - known ectoparasites of molluscs , fishes and amphibians . family trichodinidae claus , 1874 comprises ten genera including the largest and most widely distributed genus trichodina ehrenberg , 1838 having more than 250 species . since the studies of lom ( 1960 , 1970 ) , numerous species have been described from various parts of the world including india ( mitra and haldar 2004 , 2005 ; mitra and bandyopadhyay 2006 , 2009 , 2012 ) , bangladesh ( asmat et al . 2003 , 2006 ) , china ( gong et . al . 2006 ; xu et al . 1999 ; zhao and tang 2011 ) , north america ( wellborn 1967 ) , cuba and russia ( arthur and lom 1984a , b ) , south africa ( basson and van as 1991 ) japan ( imai et al . 1991 ) , germany ( dobberstein and palm 2000 ) and egypt ( al - rasheid et al . 2000 ) .\nthe present paper is based on the outcome of the biodiversity survey of ectoparasitic trichodinid ciliates of freshwater fishes in the river ganges in the area confined to the district of murshidabad of west bengal , india with taxonomic and morphometric descriptions of the two new species of the genus trichodina ehrenberg , 1830 .\nduring a biodiversity survey of ectoparasitic trichodinid ciliophorans in the freshwater fishes of the river ganges in the murshidabad district of west bengal , host fishes were collected by fishermen between february 2011 and december 2011 . gill , fin and skin smears were made on grease free slides at the river side . slides having presence of trichodinids were impregnated using klein\u2019s ( 1958 ) dry silver impregnation technique . examinations of prepared slides were made under an olympus research microscope ( model ch 20i ) at 1 , 000\u00d7 magnification with an oil immersion lens and photographs were taken with an olympus digital camera . all measurements are in micrometers and follow the uniform specific characteristics as proposed by lom ( 1958 ) ; wellborn ( 1967 ) and arthur and lom ( 1984a ) . in each case minimum and maximum values are given , followed in parentheses by arithmetic mean and standard deviation . in the case of denticles and radial pins , the mode is given instead of the arithmetic mean . the span of the denticle is measured from the tip of the blade to the tip of the ray . body diameter is measured as the adhesive disc plus border membrane . the description of denticle elements follows the guidelines of van as and basson ( 1989 ) . sequence and method of the description of denticle elements follows the recommendations of van as and basson ( 1992 ) .\nmorphometric comparisons of trichodina silondiata sp . nov . obtained in the present study with other closely relates species\nfigs . 2 \u2013 6 photomicrographs of silver nitrate impregnated adhesive discs of trichodina spp . ( 2 \u2013 4 ) t . silondiata sp . nov . ( 5 , 6 ) t . pangasi sp . nov .\ndiagrammatic drawings of the denticles of trichodinids . ( 7 , 8 ) trichodina silondiata sp . nov . from silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) in the present study ; ( 9 , 10 ) t . caspialosae lom 1962 from the gills of alosa braschnikowi nilotica , redrawn from ( lom 1962 ) ; 11 t . ( luciopercae ) nigra lom 1970 from the gills of steizestedion lucioperca , redrawn from lom ( 1970 )\nthis trichodinid falls within the upper range of dimensions as a medium sized ciliophoran measuring 32 . 7\u201360 . 6 ( 46 . 4 \u00b1 6 . 3 ) \u03bcm . the concave adhesive disc is surrounded by a finely striated border membrane . denticular apparatus consists of some uniquely shaped denticles .\neach blade is fleshy and triangular . it is very difficult to differentiate between the distal margin and the anterior margin of the blade . blades keep themselves away from inner margin of the border membrane . distal margin of the blades falls downwards with a smooth curve , takes a sharp turn to form a clear apex that just touches the\n) in most of the cases . anterior blade apophysis is present . sharp tangent point lies below the distal margin . posterior margin of the blade forms a moderately deep semilunar curve , the deepest point of which lies at the same level as apex . posterior blade apophysis is absent . central part of the denticle is broad , triangular . the posterior tip of the central part is bluntly rounded and reaches almost midway between the\n) , fits tightly with the next denticle . the section of the central part above and below\naxis is similar . ray connection is short and broad . ray is uniformly thick along its length , and directed to the geometrical centre of the adhesive disc in most of the cases .\nthere are 6\u20138 ( 7 . 1 \u00b1 0 . 8 ) radial pins per denticle . adoral ciliary spiral takes a turn of 390\u2013400\u00b0 .\ntype locality : river ganges ( 24 . 16912\u00b0n and 88 . 32502\u00b0e ) , berhampore , murshidabad district , west bengal , india .\nholotype : one slide no . cp1 / 2011 obtained from the gills of silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) collected at berhampore of murshidabad , west bengal , india is deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .\nparatype : on the above numbered slide as well as on other slides ( cp4 / 2011 , cp / 2011 , cp16 / 2011 ) are deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .\netymology : the name of the new species has been given after the species name of the host fish , silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) .\nthe new species was compared with other fresh water and marine trichodinids and found three similar species with which a meaningful comparison could be made . these are : trichodina caspialosae lom 1962 from the gills of alosa braschnikowi milotica in rumanian black sea coast and t . ( luciopercae ) nigra lom 1970 from the gills of stizostedion lucioperca in the hungary .\n) in the structure of its blade . in the new species the blades are broad , rectangular and occupying most of the areas between\nsp . nov . are robust , with almost same width and pointing towards the centre of the denticulate ring . in few specimens of\n, rays are shorter than the blades which end in comparatively sharp ends ( fig .\nbut may be easily differentiated by its denticle structure . the blades of the new species are broad and almost rectangular , which have triangular outline in\nare gradually tapers to pointed ends . morphometric data between the two also differ significantly ( table\nfrom the discussion above , it clearly appears that silonia silondia ( hamilton 1822 ) harbors a new species of trichodinid ciliophoran and is proposed in this paper as trichodina silondiata sp . nov .\nmorphometric comparison of trichodina pangasi sp . nov obtained in the present study with trichodina siluri lom 1970\ndiagrammatic drawings of the denticles of trichodinids . ( 14 , 15 ) trichodina pangasi sp . nov . from pangasius pangasius ; ( 16 , 17 ) trichodina siluri lom 1970 , redrawn from lom ( 1970 )\nthis new species is a medium sized ciliophoran with a body dimension of 38 . 9\u201354 . 1 ( 44 . 9 \u00b1 3 . 0 ) \u03bcm . blade is broad and slightly angular . distal surface of the blade is truncated and runs parallel to the border membrane that keeps a wide distance from the adhesive disc . tangent point is flat , situated almost at the same level as distal surface . blade fills most of the space between\n- axis . apex of the blade is not prominent . inconspicuous apex ( when present in some matured specimens ) almost touches\n- axis . blade apophysis present . posterior surface forms shallow , near perfect semilunar curve with deepest point at the same level of blade apophysis . blade connection is broad . posterior projection of the blade is not present . central part is moderately sized , with triangular and flat rounded tip fitting tightly into preceding denticle . central part extends halfway to\n) . section of central part above and below x - axis is almost similar in shape . ray connection is short and broad . ray apophysis is present , situated very high and extending in an anterior distal direction . rays are of uniform thickening along their length and flat rounded tips are pointed towards the\nnumber of radial pins per denticle is 4\u20138 ( 5 . 1 \u00b1 0 . 6 ) . adoral ciliary spiral takes a turn of 390\u2013400\u00b0 .\ntype locality : river ganges ( 24 . 16912\u00b0n and 88 . 32502\u00b0e ) , berhampore , murshidabad , west bengal , india .\nholotype : one slide no . pp7 / 2011 obtained from the gills of pangasius pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) collected at berhampore of nadia , west bengal , india is deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .\nparatype : on the above numbered slide as well as on other slides ( p27 / 2011 , pp4 / 2011 , pp14 / 2011 ) are deposited in the department of zoology , ranaghat college , p . o . ranaghat , nadia , 741201 , west bengal , india .\netymology : the species name of the new species is given after the genus name of the host fish , pangansius pangansius ( hamilton - buchanan ) .\npopulations of trichodinid ciliophorans obtained from freshwater fish pangasius pangasius ( hamilton - buchanan ) , with a mixed infestation of a species of tripartiella lom 1958 were compared with other freshwater and marine trichodinids and t . siluri lom 1970 was found to have a minor degree of resemblance with the populations harboring gills of the freshwater fish , pangasius pangasius .\nis unique . the adhesive disc remains confined to the inner side of the body . as a result , the adhesive disc keeps a significant wide gap with the border membrane , expressing the orientation of the radial pins very beautifully . but in case of\n) the gap is minimum between the border membrane and the adhesive disc . structures of blades in both the species are somewhat identical , but in the described species apex and blade apophysis are present in majority of the specimens ; these are absent in\nit is sharply angular and conical . in case of the populations of trichodinids obtained from\nwith these distinct and important differences in denticle structures it is justified to give a new species status to the ciliate isolated from pangansius pangansius ( hamilton - buchanan ) and we propose this trichodinid ciliophoran as , trichodina pangasi sp . nov .\nthe corresponding author ( akm ) is thankful to the university grants commission ( eastern regional office ) , lb - 8 , sector - iii , salt lake , kolkata - 700 098 ( west bengal ) for providing financial support in the form of minor research project ( mrp ) vide sanction no . f . psw - 087 / 10 - 11 ( ero ) . akm is also thankful to the teacher - in charge , ranaghat college and head , department of zoology , ranaghat college for allowing him to use necessary laboratory facilities .\nal - rasheid kas , ali ma , sakran t , baki aaa , ghaffar faa . trichodinid ectoparasites ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) of some river nile fish , egypt .\narthur jr , lom j . trichodinid protozoa ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) from freshwater fishes of rybinsk reservoir , ussr .\narthur jr , lom j ( 1984b ) some trichodinid ciliates ( protozoa : peritrichida ) from cuban fishes , with a description of trichodina cubanensis n . sp . from the skin of cichlasoma tetracantha . trans am micros soc 103 ( 2 ) : 172\u2013184\nbasson l , van as jg . trichodinids ( ciliophora : peritrichia ) from a calanoid copepod and catfish from south africa with notes on host specificity .\ndobberstein rc , palm hw . trichodinid ciliates ( peritrichida : trichodinidae ) from the bay of kiel , with description of\ngong y - c , yu y - h , villalobo e , zhu f - y , miao w . reevaluation of the phylogenetic relationship between mobilid and sessilid peritrichs ( ciliophora , oligohymenophorea ) based on small subunit rrna genes sequences .\nimai s , miyazaki h , nomura k . trichodinid species from the gill of cultured japanese eel ,\n, with the description of a new species based on light and scanning electron microscopy .\nlom j . a contribution to the systematics and morphology of endoparasitic trichodinids from amphibians with proposal of uniform specific characteristics .\nsp . nov . ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) , a new ectoparasitic trichodinid species from the gills of freshwater fishes in india .\nsp . n . ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) from freshwater fishes of india .\nehrenberg , 1838 ( protozoa : ciliophora : peritrichida ) from indian fresh water fishes .\nmitra ak , bandyopadhyay pk , gong y - c , bhowmik b . occurrence of trichodinid ciliophorans ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) in the freshwater fishes of the river churni with description of\nvan as jg , basson l . a further contribution to the taxonomy of trichodinidae ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) and a review of the taxonomic status of some ectoparasitic trichodinids .\nvan as jg , basson l . trichodinid ectoparasites ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) of freshwater fishes of the zambesi river system , with a reappraisal of host specificity .\nxu k , song w , warren a . trichodinid ectoparasites ( ciliophora : peritrichida ) from the gills of cultured marine fishes in china with the description of\nzhao y , tang f . taxonomic study of trichodinids ( protozoa : ciliophora ) infecting on gills of freshwater fishes ,\nbetta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .\nfish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .\npiranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\ni have bought 2 bgkf and i have a 125 gallon tank . both fish have died within a day of me buying them . i have 2 red tips a black shark and a rainbow shark . my water . . . ( more ) gina\nthe graceful knifefishes have an attractive elongated body , and yes . . . it is shaped like a knife !\nthe knifefish move in a beautiful smooth , rippling motion that is a pleasure to watch . their bodies are long , tapered , and laterally compressed . this shape along with a continually moving fin on their underside , likens them to a household knife . the undulating motion of this bottom fin is what they use use to swim about .\nthese are unusual and fascinating aquarium specimens . some are small and others can get rather large . but all in all they make an attractive addition to a community tank or a splendid show fish in a specialty tank . the graceful movements of the knifefish are shown to best advantage in a longer aquarium .\nknifefish are found in two groups . the largest group are the gymnotiformes . these are the electric knifefishes , and are also known as the neotropical or south american knifefishes . these include the glass knifefishes , sand knifefishes , naked - back knifefishes , and the ghost knifefishes . they are strictly freshwater fish and are found in central and south america . there are about 150 described species in 32 genera , and another 50 or so species that are known but yet to be described . the actual number of species in the wild still to be discovered , is unknown .\nnow just to confuse the issue , there are also a few species that have the term ' knifefish ' used in their common name due to their body shape . these are not true knife fish , but are actually in the order perciforms , which are the ' perches ' or ' perch - like ' fishes . these are the grey knifefish\nthe knifefish species list below includes popular types , as well lesser known knifefish varieties . each fish guide has a description of the species , its place of origin , habitats and behaviors , as well as fish care to successful maintain them in an aquarium . fish pictures are also provided within each fish guide to help with identification , and to aid in choosing the best type of knifefish for your freshwater or brackish water fish tank .\nthey are characterized by having a continuous fin along the underside formed by a joining of the caudal and anal fin , and by either not having a dorsal fin or having a very small one . these fish can be quite large , ranging in size from about 8 inches ( 20 cm ) up to about 5 feet ( 152 cm ) though most are in about the 3 to 4 foot ( 91 - 122 cm ) size .\nsome of the other families in this order include unusual fishes such as the arowanas and butterflyfish , as well as the mormyridae family of elephantfishes .\nthese fish are found in central and south america . some of their characteristics are an eel - like body that ' s either flattened or rounded , no dorsal fin , an extremely long anal fin starting near the pectoral fin area which can move in an undulating forward or backward motion , no caudal fin or a greatly reduced one , and they have electric organs present .\nthe electric organs allow them to generate a very weak electric field around their body which helps them identify objects other than water . this field helps them with their spatial orientation and to navigate , along with helping them detect food . males use an electric ' stereotyped ' communication to court females .\nsome of these fish inhabit quiet lakes or lagoons while others live in main river channels . others , as some of those in the family sternopygidae , the genus\nlive along river banks or on flood plains among roots or plant matter . some species even like to burrow into substrate . largely nocturnal they become active at night and are predators that eat insects , crustaceans , and other fish . they are sensitive to some fish medications such as copper and those containing formalin .\nin general knifefish are shy secretive fish that will avoid the light , so provide them with hiding places such as hollow logs , rocks , and caves . most are nocturnal , eating and being more active at night . though usually peaceful with similar sized tank mates they can be aggressive eaters , smaller fish will not do well with them . some are also territorial and will quarrel with others of their own species . they are great jumpers so be sure you have a tight fitting top on the aquarium .\nfor success in keeping knifefish pay special attention to their feeding needs . being nocturnal they can be fed after you turn out the lights , just be sure to remove any uneaten foods in the morning to maintain good water quality and prevent an additional load on your filtration . knifefish live on average 3 to 7 years , with some species living over 10 years .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nzoologia ( curitiba ) vol . 33 no . 4 curitiba 2016 epub sep 05 , 2016\n1 university of yaound\u00e9 1 , faculty of science . po box 812 yaound\u00e9 , cameroon .\n2 university of douala , faculty of science . po box 24157 douala , cameroon .\n3 institut des sciences de l ' \u00e9volution de montpellier , universit\u00e9 de montpellier . cc 065 , 34095 montpellier cedex 5 , france . present address : ird , bp 1857 , yaound\u00e9 , cameroon .\nkey words : quadriacanthus macruncus sp . nov . ; quadriacanthus ossaensis sp . nov . ; quadriacanthus submarginati sp . nov .\nparasitism is a major threat to fish productivity , especially in aquaculture systems ( bilong bilong et al . 1998 ) . several studies have been carried out on the monogenean fauna of clariid species in cameroon ( birgi 1988 , nack et al . 2005 , bilong bilong et al . 2007 , nack & bilong bilong 2007 ) , but none has studied clarias submarginatus peter , 1882 a common food resource for local people . this study was conducted at lake ossa ( 3\u00b045 ' - 3\u00b051 ' n , 9\u00b058 ' - 0\u00b003 ' e in cameroon , central africa ) situated 8 m above sea level and located 20 km to the west of the city of ed\u00e9a and 30 km from the atlantic ocean . according to wirrmann ( 1992 ) and wirrmann et al . ( 2001 ) , the lake ossa system is composed of several subunits , with a total surface area of about 3 , 800 ha . the system consists of three main lakes : m\u00e9via , located north ; ossa , at the middle ; and mwemb\u00e9 , in the south . ossa and m\u00e9via are the two largest within the system and communicate through a short channel , whereas mwemb\u00e9 is isolated . in its southeastern part , lake ossa , communicates with the sanaga river by a sinuous outlet ( nack et al . 2015 ) ( fig . 1 ) .\nmap of lake ossa : ( sm ) shore market , ( efm ) ed\u00e9a fish market ( modified from nack et al . 2015 ) .\nmorphometrics of quadriacanthus spp . used in this study are based on gussev ( 1962 ) and modified by n ' douba et al . ( 1999 ) . ( an ) anchor : ( a ) length , ( ba ) base width , ( e ) point length ; ( cc ) copulatory complex : ( ap ) accessory piece length , ( pe ) penis length ; ( cn ) cuneus : ( j ) length , ( i ) width ; ( db ) dorsal bar : ( ct ) centre length , ( h ) median process length , ( w ) width , ( x ) length , ( h ) hooklet length ; ( vb ) ventral bar : ( w ) width , ( x ) length , ( vg ) vagina .\nthe anatomy of the new species described herein corresponds to the diagnosis of quadriacanthus paperna , 1961 given by paperna ( 1961 ) , amended by kritsky & kulo ( 1988 ) and used by nack et al . ( 2015 ) .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 2fe39be9 - f936 - 4be4 - a907 - f8bdb8fea566\nsclerotized parts of quadriacanthus macruncus sp . nov . : ( cc ) copulatory complex , ( da ) dorsal anchor , ( db ) dorsal bar , ( dcn ) dorsal cuneus , ( h ) hooklets , ( va ) ventral anchor , ( vb ) ventral bar , ( vcn ) ventral cuneus , ( vg ) vagina . scale bar : 20 \u00b5m .\ntype locality . lake ossa , cameroon ( 3\u00b045 ' - 3\u00b051 ' n , 9\u00b058 ' - 10\u00b003 ' e ) .\ntype specimens . holotype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37935 . paratype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37936 .\netymology . the specific name , macruncus , refers to the large size of the anchors of this species .\nremarks . the morphology of the male copulatory complex of q . macruncus resembles q . levequei birgi , 1988 and q . euzeti nack , pariselle & bilong bilong , 2015 ; q . macruncus ) can be distinguished by its smaller size : ( pe = 25 . 1 - 31 . 5 vs 45 - 50 , 36 - 40 ; ap = 18 . 1 - 23 . 3 vs 30 - 35 , 25 - 28 ) , and by the morphology of the median process , directed posteriorly to the dorsal bar , triangular . this structure is in the shape of a stick in q . levequei and a funnel in q . euzeti .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 81837d50 - afb3 - 4c9a - ae61 - 073d2b42de1a\nsclerotized parts of quadriacanthus ossaensis sp . nov . : ( cc ) copulatory complex , ( da ) dorsal anchor , ( db ) dorsal bar , ( dcn ) dorsal cuneus , ( h ) hooklets , ( va ) ventral anchor , ( vb ) ventral bar , ( vcn ) ventral cuneus , ( vg ) vagina . scale bar : 20 \u00b5m .\ntype specimens . holotype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37933 . paratype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37934 .\netymology . the specific name , ossaensis , refers to the type locality of this species .\nremarks . the morphologies of the penis and of the accessory piece of q . ossaensis sp . nov . are similar to quadriacanthus ayameensis n ' douba , lambert & euzet , 1999 , a gill parasite of heterobranchus longifilis ( valenciennes , 1840 ) and heterobranchus isopterus bleeker , 1863 in the rivers bia , agn\u00e9by and in lake ayam\u00e9 ( ivory coast ) . quadriacanthus ossaensis can be distinguished from q . ayameensis species by having one tip of the distal end of the accessory piece shaped as a fork , by the size of the dorsal cuneus ( patch ) ( i = 2 . 5 - 7 vs 7 - 10 , j = 13 . 8 - 18 vs 8 - 11 ) , the trapezoid shape of the central sclerite of the dorsal bar , and the shape ( thin and twisted ) of the branches of the ventral bars .\nurn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 423b9d06 - 68fa - 4424 - 86f6 - 4d532d7075f4\nsclerotized parts of quadriacanthus submarginati sp . nov . : ( cc ) copulatory complex , ( da ) dorsal anchor , ( db ) dorsal bar , ( dcn ) dorsal cuneus , ( h ) hooklets , ( va ) ventral anchor , ( vb ) ventral bar , ( vcn ) ventral cuneus , ( vg ) vagina , ( sr ) seminal receptacle . scale bar : 20 \u00b5m .\ntype specimens . holotype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37937 . paratype deposited at the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren ) : # 37938 .\netymology . the specific name , submarginati refers to specific name of the host .\nremarks . this species is close to q . macruncus sp . nov . in the morphology of the dorsal and ventral bars , dorsal and ventral anchors ; it differs from it in the morphology of the copulatory complex and the size of the point of its dorsal ( e = 6 . 1 - 9 . 7 vs 1 . 9 - 3 . 1 ) and ventral ( e = 8 - 11 . 7 vs 3 . 2 - 4 . 3 ) anchors .\nthis is the first record of c . submarginatus in the sanaga basin , precisely at lake ossa . up to now , this fish species was recorded in the rivers kienk\u00e9 ( at kribi ) , lob\u00e9 ( misspelled lobi ) and ntem ( in cameroon ) , komo and og\u00f4ou\u00e9 ( in gabon ) ( stiassny et al . 2007 ) .\nin this context of variable specificity according to ecological conditions , it would be interesting to determine the range of the host spectrum of quadriacanthus species from clarias pachynema , c . jaensis , p . afer and the newly studied c . submarginatus in the lake ossa system , where these fish are sympatric ( stiassny et al . 2007 ) .\nthe authors wish to thank a . r . bitja nyom for his technical advice in the host identification , and mm . a . p . ebbah , n . yomba , sok nguimbat , and n . biname for their assistance during the fieldwork .\nagn\u00e8se j - f , teugels gg ( 2005 ) insight into the phylogeny of african clariidae ( teleostei , siluriformes ) : implications for their body shape evolution , biogeography , and taxonomy . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 36 : 546 - 553 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 03 . 028 [ links ]\nbilong bilong cf , nack j , euzet l ( 2007 ) monog\u00e8nes de clarias ( siluriformes , clariidae ) au cameroun : ii . description de trois nouvelles esp\u00e8ces du genre birgiellus n . gen . ( dactylogyridea , ancyrocephalidae ) dans le bassin du nyong . parasite 14 : 121 - 130 . doi : 10 . 1051 / parasite / 2007142121 [ links ]\nbilong bilong cf , tombi j , nack j , fomena a ( 1998 ) les parasites peuvent - ils \u00eatre une cause de r\u00e9duction de la biodiversit\u00e9 des poissons ? biosciences proceeding 5 : 113 - 119 . [ links ]\nbirgi e ( 1988 ) monog\u00e8nes du genre quadriacanthus paperna , 1961 , parasites branchiaux de deux siluridae ( teleostei ) clarias pachynema , boulenger , 1903 , et clarias jaensis boulenger , 1909 au sud - cameroun ( description de 4 esp\u00e8ces nouvelles ) . annales de la facult\u00e9 des sciences de yaound\u00e9 , biologie - biochimie iii 5 : 113 - 129 . [ links ]\nbruton mn ( 1979 ) the survival of habitat desiccation by air - breathing clariid catfishes . environmental biology of fishes 4 : 273 - 280 . [ links ]\ncombes c ( 1990 ) rencontre , identification , installation dans le cycle des m\u00e9tazoaires parasites . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france 115 : 99 - 105 . [ links ]\neuzet l , combe c ( 1980 ) les probl\u00e8mes de l ' esp\u00e8ce chez les animaux parasites . m\u00e9moire de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 zoologique de france 40 : 239 - 285 . [ links ]\ngussev av ( 1962 ) order dactylogyridea , p . 204 - 342 . in : bychovskaya - pavlovskaya ie , gussev av , dubinina mn , izymova na , smirnova ts , sokolovskaya il , shtein ga , shul ' man ss , epsthein vm ( eds . ) key to the parasites of freshwater fish of the ussr . jerusalem , israel program for scientific translations [ russian original : opredelitel ' parazitov presnovohnyh ryb sssr . moscow - leningrad , izadtel ' stovo akademii nauk sssr ] . [ links ]\nkritsky dc , kulo s - d ( 1988 ) the african species of quadriacanthus with proposal of quadriacanthoides gen . n . ( monogenea : dactylogyridae ) . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington 55 : 175 - 187 . [ links ]\nlegendre m , teugels gg , cauty c , jalabert b ( 1992 ) comparative study on morphology , growth rate and reproduction of clarias gariepinus ( burchell , 1822 ) , heterobranchus longifilis valenciennes , 1840 , and their reciprocal hybrids ( pisces , clariidae ) . journal of fish biology 40 : 59 - 79 . [ links ]\nmalmberg g ( 1957 ) on the occurrence of gyrodactylus on swedish fishes . skrifter utgivna av s\u00f6dra sveriges fiskerif\u00f6reningen : 19 - 76 . [ links ]\nnack j , bilong bilong cf ( 2007 ) biotope des ectoparasites branchiaux de clarias camerunensis l\u00f4nnberg , 1895 ( pisces ; clariidae ) : mod\u00e8les de croissance de l ' aire colonisable . journal of the cameroon academy of sciences 7 : 11 - 16 . [ links ]\nnack j , bilong bilong cf , euzet l ( 2005 ) monog\u00e8nes parasites de clariidae ( teleostei , siluriformes ) au cameroun : i description de deux nouvelles esp\u00e8ces du genre gyrodactylus dans le bassin du nyong . parasite 12 : 213 - 220 . doi : 10 . 1051 / parasite / 2005123213 [ links ]\nnack j , bitja nyom ar , pariselle a , bilong bilong cf ( 2015 ) new evidence of a lateral transfer of monogenean parasite between distant fish hosts in lake ossa , south cameroon : the case of quadriacanthus euzeti n . sp . journal of helminthology 90 : 455 - 459 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0022149x15000577 [ links ]"]}
{"id": 2279, "summary": [{"text": "dysschema hilarum is a moth of the erebidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in brazil .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is a variable species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the ground colour of the hindwings is pale yellow to purple , ranging to nearly all brown in females . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dysschema hilarum", "paragraphs": ["= dysschema hilarum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58\ndysschema hilarum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57\ndysschema thetis , the northern giant flag moth , is a moth of the erebidae family .\nhave a fact about dysschema lucifer ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for dysschema lucifer ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list )\ndysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema pictum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema perplexum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema centenarium ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list )\n1 . dyss 2 . dyss - tv 3 . dyss tv 4 . dysschema 5 . dysschema flavopennis 6 . dysschema leda 7 . dysschema leucophaea 8 . dyssebacea 9 . dyssebacia 10 . dyssebacias 11 . dyssebeia 12 . dyssebroen 13 . dysselsdorp 14 . dyssemia 15 . dyssexia 16 . dyssexyamic 17 . dyssimia 18 . dyssocial behavior 19 . dyssocial personality disorder 20 . dyssodia 21 . dyssodia sp 22 . dyssodia tenuiloba 23 . dyssodias 24 . dyssomnia 25 . dyssomnias\n= dysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema thyridinum ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema eurocilia ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 ; [ nhm card ]\n= dysschema eurocilia ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57\n= dysschema viuda ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list )\n= dysschema arema ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema dissimulata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ]\n= dysschema magdala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ]\ndysschema minor becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : mexico , minatitl\u00e1n\ndysschema intermedium becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : guatemala , baja verapaz , purulha\ndysschema faustinoi laguerre & monzon , 2014 ; j . ins . biodiv . 2 ( 2 ) : 7 ; tl : guatemala , quetzaltenango , fuentes georginas\ndysschema innominatum becker , 2013 ; j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; tl : brazil , s\u00e3o paulo , campos do jord\u00e3o\ndysschema lygdamis ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema practidoides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema thetis ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema boisduvallii ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 77 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 474\ndysschema moseroides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema semirufa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema talboti ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema anadema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema molesta ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema postflava ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema fulgorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema daphne ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 464\ndysschema bivittata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema leonina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema aorsa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema amphissa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema leptoptera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema flavimedia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema hypoxantha hypoxantha ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 73 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 465\ndysschema damon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema grassator ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema mosera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema nigrivenata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema brunnea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 467\ndysschema neda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema humeralis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema montezuma ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema unifascia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema constans ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema jansonis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema salome ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema buckleyi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema lunifera ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema formosissima ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema larvata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema flavopennis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema cerialis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema rosina ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema gaumeri ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema magdala ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema marginalis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema zeladon ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema lycaste ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\ndysschema joiceyi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema palmeri ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema practides ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema titan ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema imitata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema porioni ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema sacrifica ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema schadei ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema superior ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema luctuosa ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema fanatica ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema on ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema marginata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema terminata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 476\ndysschema rorata ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 39 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 476\ndysschema hypoxantha melini ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\ndysschema tricolor romani ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 469\ndysschema tricolor tricolor ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 74 - 75 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 468\ndysschema ( pericopina ) ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 14 ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 463\ndysschema eurocilia ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 76 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list )\ndysschema leucophaea ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 15 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema forbesi ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 58 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\ndysschema viuda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 61 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\ndysschema arema ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 56 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema fantasma ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 57 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema mariamne ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 78 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\ndysschema subapicalis ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 60 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 475\ndysschema leda ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2013 , zoosystema 35 ( 3 ) : 451 ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 472\npericopis dissimulata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 155 ; tl : bogot\u00e1\npericopis moseroides hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 444 ; tl : bolivia , rio songo\npericopis semirufa druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 172 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo\n431x297 ( ~ 90kb ) female peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 21 . 4 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\n431x296 ( ~ 97kb ) male peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 14 . 4 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\npericopis melini bryk , 1953 ; arkiv . zool . ( 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 223 ; tl : peru , roque\npericopis thyridina butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 289 ; tl : ecuador\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 37 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 466\n431x333 ( ~ 95kb ) peru : oxapampa , pasco , 2050m , 6 . 11 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\nphalaena eurocilia cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 126 ; tl : surinam\npericopis irene druce , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 523 ; tl : paraguay\npericopis brunnea druce , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 8 ( 48 ) : 717 ; tl : ecuador , banos , rio pastaza\npericopis humeralis walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 2 : 348 ; tl : [ mexico ]\npericopis montezuma schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 282 ; tl : mexico , las vigas\npericopis unifascia hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 443 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay\npericopis constans hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 441 ; tl : brazil , espirito santo , leopoldina ; bahia\npericopis jansonis butler , 1870 ; lepid . exotica ( 6 ) : 46 , f . 4 - 5 ; tl : chontales\npericopis salome druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 175 ; tl : ecuador\nphalaena tricolor sulzer , 1776 ; gesch . ins . nach linn . syst . : 160 ; tl : south america\n431x312 ( ~ 93kb ) peru : coviriali , junin , 665m , 21 . 6 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\npericopis romani bryk , 1953 ; arkiv . zool . ( 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 223 ; tl : bahia\npericopis buckleyi druce , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 174 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\npericopis lunifera butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 288 ; tl : bahia\npericopis formosissima butler , 1871 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 8 ( 46 ) : 288 ; tl : colombia ; ecuador\npericopis larvata walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1654 ; tl : valley of the amazon\npericopis flavopennis rebel , 1901 ; berl . ent . z . 46 : 302 ; tl : colombia , garapatos , rio magdalena\npericopis cerialis druce , 1884 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 110 , 3 pl . 11 , f . 11 - 12 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , 3000 - 4000ft\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 470\npericopis gaumeri druce , 1894 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 13 : 174 ; tl : mexico , yucat\u00e1n , temax\ndorimena magdala boisduval , 1870 ; consid\u00e9rations l\u00e9pid . guatemala : 98 ; tl : guatemala\n= ; watson & goodger , 1986 , occ . papers on syst . entomology 1 : 38 ; [ nhm card ] ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 471\npericopis zeladon dyar , 1913 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 44 ( 1951 ) : 287 ; tl : mexico , orizaba , jalapa\npericopis viuda schaus , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 209 ; tl : costa rica , tuis\n431x316 ( ~ 91kb ) peru : calabaza , junin , 1995m , 19 . 10 . 2008 , photo 2009 \u00a9 vladimir v . izerskyy leg .\npericopis practidoides hering , 1925 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 445 ; tl : colombia , upper rio negro\npericopis practides druce , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 39 ) : 288 ; tl : colombia , paso del quindin\nthebrone arema boisduval , 1870 ; consid\u00e9rations l\u00e9pid . guatemala : 85 ; tl : venezuela ; nicaragua\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; becker , 2013 , j . res . lepid . 46 : 59 , 54 ( list ) ; vincent & laguerre , 2014 , zoosystema 36 ( 2 ) : 473\npericopis porioni gibeaux , 1982 ; revue fr . ent . ( n . s . ) 4 : 49 ; tl : peru , route olmos \u00e0 moyobamba , km 374\npericopis schadei schaus , 1927 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 29 ( 5 ) : 103 ; tl : paraguay , villarica\nthebrone hilara weymer , 1895 ; stettin ent . ztg 55 ( 10 - 12 ) : 325 ; tl : [ rio grande do sul ]\ncolombia , brazil ( bahia ) , argentina , paraguay . see [ maps ]\neucharia centenaria burmeister , 1878 ; descr . phys . r\u00e9p . arg . 5 : 436 ; tl : argentina , zarate\ndaritis superior j\u00f6rgensen , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 66 ; tl : paraguay , villarica\npericopis fanatica dognin , 1919 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 15 : 3 ; tl : colombia , micay\npericopis on hering , 1928 ; dt . ent . z . iris 42 : 270 ; tl : brazil , minas gerais\npericopis fantasma butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 : 126 ; tl : bogot\u00e1 [ error ? ]\ncallimorpha marginata gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9neville , [ 1844 ] ; icon . r\u00e8gne anim . cuvier 3 ( insectes ) : 518 ; tl : brazil , santos\npericopis rorata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 154 ; tl : colombia , bogot\u00e1\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nlepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman\ndescription physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine d ' apr\u00e8s des observations personelles et \u00e9trangeres . 5 . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . premi\u00e8re partie . contenant les diurnes , cr\u00e9pusculaires et bombyco\u00efdes\ndescription of a new species of tiger - moth in the possession of mr t . w . wood\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 3 ( [ 1827 ] - [ 1838 ] ) in h\u00fcbner ,\nzutr\u00e4ge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 3 [ 1824 - ] 1825 [ - 1831 ]\nneue schmetterlinge der insenkten - sammlung des k\u00f6nigl . zoologischen musei der universit\u00e4t zu berlin\ndelectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr . j . b . de spix et dr . c . f . ph . de martius\ndescriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii\nweymer , 1895 exotische lepidopteren vii . beitrag zur lepidopterenfana von rio grande do sul stettin ent . ztg 55 ( 10 - 12 ) : 311 - 333\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\n. commonly these are called tiger moths , and the genus contains some of the more showy moths of the southwestern usa .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n26 . dysspermatogenic sterility 27 . dysspermia 28 . dysspondylism 29 . dysstasia 30 . dysstatic 31 . dysstroma 32 . dysstroma fumata 33 . dyssyllabia 34 . dyssymbolia 35 . dyssynergia 36 . dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica 37 . dyssynergia cerebellaris progressiva 38 . dyssynergia esophagus 39 . dyssynergias 40 . dyssynergic 41 . dyssynergic bladder 42 . dyssynergies 43 . dyssynergy\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2281, "summary": [{"text": "eudonia pallida is a species of moth of the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from most of europe .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in april to late september in one generation per year .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on mosses and lichens at ground level .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it has been reared from larvae found amongst the moss calliergonella cuspidata . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eudonia pallida", "paragraphs": ["eudonia pallida ( marsh grey ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nand quite distinctive , although care must be taken not to confuse small , worn specimens of related species .\nis distributed widely throughout the british isles , although tends to occur in damp situations such as fens or marshes .\nin common with a number of other british pyralidae , the early stages are not well described , but it is believed to feed on mosses or lichens at ground level . it has been reared from larvae amongst the moss\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 07 14 : 04 : 09 page render time : 0 . 3281s total w / procache : 0 . 3832s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nscattered records from wetland sites , also fens , grassland , heathland and scrub .\nliterature states this is single - brooded , although norfolk records suggest multiple broods from may to october .\nrecorded in 54 ( 78 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1884 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan around 18 mm . the palest of the british scopariinae and quite distinctive , although care must be taken not to confuse small , worn specimens of related species .\nscopariinae are a difficult group to identify and sometimes it is necessary to refer to genitalia to be sure . a useful guide can be found at the following link\nin common with a number of other british pyralidae , the early stages are not well described but it is believed to feed on mosses or lichens at ground level . it has been reared from larvae amongst the moss .\ndistributed widely throughout the british isles though not common . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .\nuncommon in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 1519 records from 134 sites . first recorded in 1868 .\nvc63 . west melton , 13 . 8 . 1996 , 23 . 7 . 1997 , 6 . 7 . 1999 ( heb ) ; wintersett country park , 26 . 7 . 1998 , 8 . 8 . 1998 det . heb ( psm , pm et . al . ) ; rawcliffe bridge , 18 . 7 . 2000 ( edc ) . new vice - county record .\nvc65 . marne barracks , 4 . 8 . 2006 ( chf ) . new vice - county record .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na local and uncommon species in belgium . due to the more extensive knowledge of scopariinae , this species is now more observed than in the past .\nthe larva lives on mosses and lichens . its biology is not completely studied yet .\nthe adults have been seen from late april till late september , but most observations are done between may and july . they are active at dusk and later come to light .\nbelgium , antwerpen , viersel , 26 april 2004 . ( photo \u00a9 leo janssen )\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\na resident species usually occurring singly or sparingly at mv light along the coast , although it is sometimes fairly common to common in a few spots inland . well distributed and increasing . this species is apparently single - brooded flying mainly from late may to late september , sometimes to the second week of october . the larval foodplant is not known in this country . ( pratt , 2011 ) .\na maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species ."]}
{"id": 2287, "summary": [{"text": "the red-footed booby ( sula sula ) is a large seabird of the booby family , sulidae .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "as suggested by the name , adults always have red feet , but the colour of the plumage varies .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they are powerful and agile fliers , but they are clumsy in takeoffs and landings .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "they are found widely in the tropics , and breed colonially in coastal regions , especially islands . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "red - footed booby", "paragraphs": ["of booby are the blue - footed booby , the red - footed booby , the brown booby , the peruvian booby , the masked booby and the nazca booby .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the red - footed booby in the hawaiian archipelago .\ndiet : red - footed booby feeds on squid and fish , especially flying fish .\nred - footed booby - hawaiian islands - u . s . fish and wildlife service\nwhen the re - footed booby is young . although the re - footed booby is known to be an agile flyer , the red - footed booby can be clumsy when taking off and landing . the red - footed booby can dive through the sky to the surface of the water to catch\nthe oldest recorded red - footed booby was at least 22 years , 11 months old .\na red - footed booby from the galapagos . note its brown tail . photograph : henry nicholls\nrauzon , m . , d . drigot . 1999 . red - footed booby use of artificial nesting platforms .\nand is identifiable by its bright blue feet . the female blue - footed booby is generally slightly larger than the male blue - footed booby and the female blue - footed booby also has more brightly coloured feet than the male blue - footed booby , as the male ' s feet are paler . the young blue - footed booby also has pale coloured feet which ( in females particularly ) becomes brighter as the booby gets older .\nred - footed booby . adult in flight . muriwai , january 2017 . image \u00a9 paul kettel by paul kettel urltoken\nverner , j . 1961 . nesting activities of the red - footed booby . wilson bulletin 77 : 229 - 234 .\nsuggested citation : lee , d . s . , w . a . mackin . 2009 . red - footed booby .\nschreiber , e . , r . schreiber , g . schenk . 1996 . red - footed booby ( sula sula ) .\nhabitat : red - footed booby is pelagic away breeding colonies . it nests on coral atolls or volcanic islands in tropical seas .\nschreiber , e . a . , r . w . schreiber and g . a . schenk 1996 . red - footed booby (\nlike all boobies , the red - footed booby never carries its prey in its beak . instead , it always swallows it before flying .\nclapp , r . b . 1987 . the status of the red - footed booby on little cayman island . atoll research bulletin 304 .\nenature . com , 2002 .\nred - footed booby\n( on - line ) . accessed 03 / 08 / 04 at urltoken .\nle corre , m . ( 1997 ) diving depths of two tropical pelecaniformes : the red - tailed tropicbird and the red - footed booby . the condor , 99 : 1004 - 1007 .\nverner , j . ( 1965 ) flight behaviour of the red - footed booby . the wilson bulletin , 77 ( 3 ) : 229 - 234 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - red - footed booby ( sula sula )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - red - footed booby ( sula sula )\ntitle =\narkive species - red - footed booby ( sula sula )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe red - footed booby has a tropical distribution , encompassing the caribbean , the south - west atlantic ocean and the pacific and indian oceans ( 2 ) .\nflight : red - footed booby flies with grace and speed . it has an agile flight action to feed , with plunge - diving to catch its prey .\nof booby in the world and can grow to nearly a metre in height . the masked booby primarily feeds on flying\nof booby and is believed to be most closely related to the masked booby . the nazca booby has a white body and a beak that is yellow or orange in colour .\nof booby that purposefully spend the winter at sea ( like the brown booby ) . typically , the booby will have the same mating partner for a few years and the booby has been known to lay its eggs all year round , although this is quite dependent on the area which the booby inhabits . the booby lays between 1 and 3 eggs ( usually 2 ) , and the booby chicks hatch after an\nrange : red - footed booby breeds in hawaii , caribbean sea , atlantic , pacific and indian oceans , and seas north australia . it winters throughout tropical oceans .\nred - footed boobies appear in a variety of color morphs but , of course , all have feet of the distinctive red color which gives them their name .\nthe red - footed booby is not currently the target of any specific conservation action ; however , it may benefit from measures designed to protect other species within its range . the world\u2019s largest red - footed booby colony , for example , is found on the galapagos islands , a designated world heritage site and subject to intensive research and monitoring ( 10 ) .\neven then , this is a distance of well over 4 , 000 miles , around 40 times further than a red - footed booby would normally fly on a foraging trip . \u201cthe red - footed booby often sits on vessels at sea , especially if they are exhausted , \u201d notes le corre . \u201cit may have been the case with this one . \u201d\nmiskelly , c . m . 2016 [ updated 2017 ] . red - footed booby . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\ndiamond , a . w . 1980 . the red - footed booby colony on little cayman : size , structure , and significance . atoll research bulletin 241 : 165 - 170 .\nthe red - footed booby ( sula sula ) and the masked , or blue - faced , booby ( s . dactylatra ) are wide - ranging in the atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans . the blue - footed booby ( s . nebouxii ) occurs in the pacific from southern california to northern peru and on the gal\u00e1pagos islands . boobies\u2019 bills are long , \u2026\nred - footed boobies live as sexually reproductive adults for approximately 23 years but can live for more than 40 years .\nsimilar species : juvenile australasian gannet and masked booby are both predominantly brown , but are much larger than [ brown morph ] red - footed booby and have dorsal plumage speckled with white . juvenile brown boobies are darker brown on the back , head and upper breast , sharply demarcated from the paler brown underparts . adult australasian gannet and masked booby are much larger than [ white morph ] red - footed booby , always have some ( or all ) tail feathers black , and do not have a black patch near the carpal joint on the underwing . none of the other gannet or booby species have pale blue bills or red feet . red - footed boobies hold their wings more forward , and flexed at the carpal joint ( other boobies hold their wings straighter ) .\nschreiber , e . a . 2000 . status of red - footed , brown and masked boobies in the west indies .\nalthough the red - footed booby can fly for long distances with great ease , take - off is extremely difficult , and the bird relies heavily on the wind to attain flight . without a breeze , the red - footed booby struggles to take to the air , half - running , half - flying to gather momentum . in the water , the red - footed booby will thrust both feet backwards simultaneously and jump forward into the wind in order to lift off from the surface ( 7 ) . the red - footed booby forages mainly during the day , diving briefly beneath the waves to seize flying fish and squid ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . it is often seen feeding in association with other predators , such as tuna and dolphins , which herd and chase shoals of fish towards the surface ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . the red - footed booby will often glide long distances just above the crest of the waves , searching for patches of suitable prey ( 7 ) .\n. the brown booby has a black head and back and a white belly , short wings and a long tail . the brown booby breeds in a large\nthe plumage of red - footed booby must serve two purposes , camouflage and temperature maintenance . this plumage is moulted continuously so as not to hinder the bird flight capability at any time , and it is suspended during breeding .\nred - footed boobies are one of the most abundant and widespread members of the sulid family . however , many breeding colonies are subject to human disturbance , and rats may take chicks and unguarded eggs . as they nest in trees , red - footed boobies are very vulnerable to habitat destruction .\n. the booby is the most commonly found sea - bird on the galapagos islands .\nthe smallest of the boobies , the red - footed booby is an uncommon visitor to the mainland united states . it is seen only rarely off the california coast and at sea off southern florida , and it breeds in the hawaiian islands .\ndescription : red - footed booby is the smallest of the boobies , but it is a large waterbird . plumage is confusingly variable , but colour morphs do not segregate reproductively and geographically . individuals representing several morphs breed in a single colony .\nbehaviour : red - footed booby is a high - diving seabird , noted for their sudden , headlong plunges after prey . it plunges dives from various heights into schools of fish at moderate depths , 4 to 10 metres . it may catch flying fish in the air , and grab prey at surface . red - footed booby never carries its prey in its bill . it always swallows it before flying . it can use its wings to swim deeper underwater ( 15 to 20 metres ) to reach prey .\nfor eco - tourists to spot . the nazca booby has a more rounded head than the other\nred - footed boobies are colonial , with some colonies holding thousands of pairs . a single egg is laid ( cf . 2 in masked booby and brown booby ) . breeding can occur throughout the year , at intervals of 11 - 15 months after the last successful laying ( with failed breeders relaying sooner ) . they can live to at least 23 years .\nthe red - footed booby bird , now nicknamed norman , is normally a resident of sunnier climes across the caribbean but was rescued after he was found bedraggled on a pebble beach at st leonards - on - sea by passer - by gail cohen on september 4 .\ntwo other morphs exist : white - tailed brown and white morph with black tail . red - footed booby has a long , pointed , pale blue - grey bill , with a pink bare skin at base of bill . it has long pointed wings and tail .\nprotection / threats / status : red - footed booby is not globally threatened , because it\u2019s so widely dispersed . the biggest threats to these birds are deforestation and fishing industry . in addition , people collect the birds and their eggs and sell them across the world .\nred - footed boobies are more pelagic than other sulids ( gannets and boobies ) , and are the species most likely to be seen far from land . they nest and roost in trees ( most other boobies are ground - nesters ) , and often roost on moving vessels . red - footed boobies may follow boats for hundreds of kilometres .\nnow the rspca has joined forces with british airways and iag cargo to make sure the young bird , the first recorded red - footed booby in the uk , makes his way back to a flock of fellow boobies almost 5 , 000 miles away in the cayman islands .\nclassified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe red - footed booby is the smallest member of the gannet and booby family . found throughout tropical seas , it exhibits a range of plumages from mostly white to entirely mid - brown ( all morphs have black trailing edge to the wing ) . at close range its bright red feet are diagnostic . there have been two new zealand records : 2 - 3 birds seen at the kermadec islands in 2016 , and one at muriwai gannet colony in 2017 .\nthe red - footed booby is a highly gregarious species , forming large breeding colonies generally between late january and september ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the male red - footed booby attracts a female through an advertising display known as \u2018skypointing\u2019 , where the male throws its head back until its bill is pointing directly upwards ( 5 ) . the nest is built on top of a shrub or among the branches of a small tree , from twigs and sticks that are collected by the male ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the female red - footed booby lays a single egg , which is incubated by both sexes for a period of around 45 days . after hatching , the young chick fledges and leaves the nest when it is around three months old ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .\nweimerskirch , h . , le corre , m . , jaquemet , s . and marsac , f . ( 2005 ) foraging strategy of a tropical seabird , the red - footed booby , in a dynamic marine environment . marine ecology press series , 288 : 251 - 261 .\nthe smallest of all booby species , the red - footed booby has distinctive red legs and feet ( 3 ) , and a streamlined , torpedo - shaped body , well adapted for plunge - diving in search of prey . unusually among members of the sulidae family , the red - footed booby exists in several colour variations , or morphs , although all birds of this species have a pale blue bill ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . both sexes are similar in appearance , although the female is usually much larger than the male , while the male has a longer tail ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . juveniles of this species are usually brown or blackish - grey , becoming whiter or mottled grey - brown , while the legs are usually yellowish - grey , turning more red - brown with age ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nwhite , a . w . , b . hallett , and m . bainton . 1995 . red - footed boobies nest at white cay , san salvador . el pitirre 8 : 13 .\nweimerskirch , h . , le corre , m . , ropert - coudert , y . , kato , a . and marsac , f . ( 2006 ) sex - specific foraging behaviour in a seabird with reversed sexual dimorphism : the red - footed booby . oecologia , 146 : 681 - 691 .\nvoice : sounds by xeno - canto red - footed booby is usually silent at sea , but we can hear some guttural and loud screeching squawks at colony . male and female\u2019s calls are different . male produces mild , plaintive whistles , while female produces trumpeting honks or quacks . juveniles sound like females .\ntunnell , j . w . and b . r . chapman . 1988 . first record of red - footed boobies nesting in the gulf of mexico . american birds 43 : 380 - 381 .\nthe red - footed booby is a largely pelagic species , only coming to land to breed , finding islets with abundant vegetation on which to roost ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . this species is often found nesting in close association with the great frigatebird ( fregata minor ) ( 5 ) .\nred - footed booby populations are scattered throughout the world , with larger concentrations in pacific coastal areas and islands . the north american waterbird conservation plan estimates a continental population of 300 , 000 breeding birds , rates the species a 15 out of 20 on the continental concern score , and lists it as a species of high concern . red - footed booby is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . human poaching and interference has resulted in large declines in populations over the last 200 years . still commonly taken as food in some areas , and populations appear to be continuing to decline . back to top\nreproduction : red - footed booby\u2019s nest is a large open platform of twigs , lined with grass and leaves , located in a small tree or shrub . it nests in colonies . it makes its nest in the top of trees on islands and coasts in tropical regions . they can do it also in low scrub .\nred - footed boobies are the smallest of all boobies . their legs and feet are red and the bill is pale blue . juveniles are wholly brown or blackish gray with black bill and facial skin and gray legs . immature have patchy underwings without definite pattern , white back , mottled gray - brown head , and red or brownish legs . they are polymorphic ; few seabirds display such a variety of color phases .\nschreiber , elizabeth a . , r . w . schreiber and g . a . schenk . 1996 . red - footed booby ( sula sula ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .\nred - footed boobies are 70 to 71 cm long , on average and have a wingspan of 91 to 101 cm . they weigh from 900 to 1003 g . females tend to be slightly larger than males .\nin the galapagos , red - footed boobies are almost exclusively full - on brown . \u201ci don\u2019t think this bird is coming from galapagos , \u201d says matthieu le corre , an ecologist at the university of reunion island who has studied red - footed boobies in the indian ocean . \u201cyour bird has a white tail so it is not a bird from the pacific . \u201d it\u2019s more likely that the rogue red - foot has come from somewhere like the antilles in the western atlantic , he suggests , \u201cwhich is a shorter journey to sussex\u201d .\nred - footed booby performs courtship displays : they show off their wings and feet , and display postures . movement is displayed by the \u201cbill - up - face - away\u201d posture . the \u201cfacing - away\u201d and \u201cbill - tucking\u201d postures inhibit aggressions . males take some postures with their tails , bills , and wings facing upward and call for mates .\ntwo favorite foods of red - footed boobies are flying fish , which they are often able to catch in midflight , and squid ( that they catch during night hunting ) . however , they will eat whatever fish are available .\nthis pantropical booby is the smallest of the six booby species found worldwide . named for its distinctive bright red feet ( adults only ) , it has long wings , a wedge - shaped tail , and a conical bill with a slightly decurved tip . in its breeding range , it overlaps considerably masked ( sula dactylatra ) and brown ( s . leucogaster ) boobies . all three species may be found nesting and feeding together , along with frigatebirds ( fregata ) . flying fish and squid , caught by red - footed boobies in spectacular plunge dives , form a major part of the diet of all these seabirds .\nthe biggest threats to red - footed boobies are a fishing industry that thins their food source , and coastal development . the shoreline trees and shrubs these birds frequent are disappearing as human habitat consumes more of the world ' s coastlines .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the booby article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nit\u2019s not every day that a red - footed booby lands on the shores of britain . yet on sunday 4 september , a bedraggled specimen came to rest on the beach at st leonards - on - sea near hastings on the south coast of the uk . according to a story on the daily mail website , the wayward bird was \u201c6 , 000 miles from home\u201d .\nthe red - footed booby comes in a confusing array of color morphs , ranging from individuals that are all white except for blackish on the wing , to individuals that are entirely dark brown . some birds fail to fit neatly into any of the typical color morph categories , and many variations exist . color morphs do not segregate reproductively or geographically ; individuals representing several morphs breed in a single colony .\nwhile they are not threatened on a global level , in some areas human pressure on their habitats is threatening specific populations . in addition , people collect sulids and their eggs and sell them across the world . this has gotten out of control and the exploitation has become a concern . red - footed boobies are protected in some areas now . conservation parks have been set up so that people can visit and enjoy these birds without harming them . red - footed boobies are protected under the us migratory bird treaty act .\nred - footed boobies play an important role in their ecosystem ; they have an impact on the fish that they prey on . they do not interact with many other organisms , as they live in such isolated marine areas , often staying far out to sea .\nred - footed boobies make their nests in the tops of trees on islands and coasts in tropical regions . they may also nest in low scrub . they inhabit islands and coastal regions in the tropics , because they prey on fish in pelagic regions of the ocean .\nred - footed boobies feed by diving vertically into the water and rarely within sight of land . they may dive up to 30 meters to pursue prey - flying fish and squid . they feed singly or in mixed species flocks , anytime during the day and after dark .\nred - footed boobies nest colonially with hundreds of mating pairs together in one location . pairs mate and lay one egg at a time , raising that egg to maturity . incubation lasts between 41 and 45 days and the young fledge in one month . both the male and female red - footed booby care for the altricial young . if food is scarce the parents may abandon the young in order to ensure their own survival , but if food is abundant they may care for the juvenile for a long time , teaching it how to hunt . because this bird has such a long lifespan , it can afford to raise one juvenile at a time , and still produce many young during its lifetime .\nthe smallest of the boobies , the red - foot feeds at sea , nests on the ground , and perches in coastal trees .\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthese are the smallest of more than half a dozen booby species . red - footed boobies are strong flyers and can travel up to 93 miles in search of food . they often hunt in large groups , and are nimble enough to snare flying fish from the air . boobies are well adapted for diving and feature long bills , lean and aerodynamic bodies , closeable nostrils , and long wings which they wrap around their bodies before entering the water . red - footed boobies use these attributes to plunge - dive and capture fish that they spot from above with their sharp eyes . at night , they may dive for schooling squid that are visible because of their phosphorescence . once in the water , the birds use their webbed feet to aid swimming .\nhe is the first booby bird we have ever seen here at the rspca and the uk . it is amazing to think we\u2019ve had a hand in his care . \u201d\nof the three species in the region , this booby has the most restricted marine and breeding distribution in our region with both adults and immatures remaining in the proximity of nesting sites throughout the year . the red - footed booby is the least likely to occur as a vagrant and does not seem to often be displaced by hurricanes . primarily in area of occurrence are its breeding islands adjacent to the caribbean sea , but also off brazil at south trinidade and ferando de noronha . generally rare to absent from gulf of mexico , rare vagrant to atlantic coast of southeastern united states . absent from bermuda and known from only one small colony in the bahamas .\nthe red - footed booby sula sula is found on tropical islands in most oceans , with the exception of the eastern atlantic , so it could have come from virtually anywhere . except that this species is notable for coming in three main flavours or morphs . the most common is the white morph . there is a white - tailed brown variety . there is also a full - on brown version . the st leonards - on - sea specimen is clearly white - tailed brown .\ngeographical variation : there are three subspecies of the red - footed booby , two of which are believed to have reached new zealand . the white - tailed subspecies s . s . rubripes occurs throughout the tropical indian ocean and pacific ocean east to pitcairn island , and is the form most likely to occur in new zealand . however , a dark - tailed bird believed to be s . s . websteri from the galapagos islands and eastern tropical pacific was recorded at muriwai in 2017 .\n66\u201377 cm ; 900\u20131003 g ; wingspan 134\u2013150 cm . smallest booby , with relatively long tail and large eye ; highly polymorphic , with variety of morphs ( and . . .\na colonial tree - nester , the red - footed booby may nest in colonies of up to several thousand pairs . it builds its nests of twigs , grasses , and other green vegetation , generally laying only one egg . in this species there are several color morphs of adult plumage which are not related to subspecific classification ; different color morphs coexist and even interbreed in some areas . morphs range in color from an all chocolate brown bird to an all white one with black primaries and secondaries .\nfollowing his epic journey home , norman is now due to spend 30 - days in quarantine before he is released to join other booby birds and start his new life at the reserve .\nit has been proposed that the name\nbooby\ncomes from the spanish word\nbobo\nmeaning stupid or dunce and refers to the bird ' s characteristic lack of fear of man .\nthese well known seabirds do not migrate , but live year - round in tropical and subtropical regions of the atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans . familiar to boaters , they often follow ( and sometimes land on ) marine craft . red - footed boobies feed at sea , but nest on land , perching in coastal trees and shrubs .\nthis species is not currently considered threatened by the iucn , and the red - footed booby population is fairly widespread and abundant . however , the population is widely scattered across many islands , very few of which are protected . several colonies have been lost in recent years due to habitat destruction , especially in the indian ocean and the south atlantic , and other potential threats include egg collecting , poaching , the introduction of non - native mammals such as rats which predate eggs and young , and increasing human disturbance from tourism ( 2 ) .\ncarboneras , c . , christie , d . a . , jutglar , f . , garcia , e . f . j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . red - footed booby ( sula sula ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthere are a variety of calls used by red - footed boobies . male and female calls are different , due to structural differences in the trachea and syrinx . the male produces mild , plaintive whistles while the female produces trumpeting honks or quacks . the juveniles sound like females . the posturing that is typically used in courtship is also a form of communication .\nas red - footed booby nests in trees , it is protected from human disturbances , and it is the most abundant of boobies . it waits for nesting for abundant food , but when food lacks before the end of the season , many young dead . survivors go out very far into the oceans and seas , at several thousands km from the nest . both male and female are feeding young . if food is scarce , parents may abandon the young in order to ensure their own survival . if food is abundant , they care for young for a long time .\npreys on fish . it is known to hunt up to 150 km out to sea , much farther than other sulids . it plunge - dives to moderate depths ( approximately 4 to 10 m ) in order to acquire fish , which it catches and swallows on its return to the surface . red - footed boobies can fly higher than other sulids ( 10 to 30 m ) when searching for food because of their binocular vision . once prey are sighted , the bird will dive straight down into the water , reaching its top speed just before entry . the larger females can often catch food that is deeper than the smaller males because of their weight . sometimes it will also use its wings to swim deeper underwater ( 15 to 20 m ) to reach prey . red - footed boobies can also catch prey in midflight , due to their smaller size and better agility than other species of booby . this is a particularly effective method for hunting flying fish as they jump out of the water . they are also known to hunt squid at night , as their large eyes allow effective nocturnal hunting . red - footed boobies are communal hunters and once one bird has spotted food , all will dive . the food is swallowed before the bird emerges from the water ; this prevents other individuals from stealing it .\nred - footed boobies are found in tropical and sub - tropical waters across the globe ( they are found in the oriental , ethiopian , neotropical , and australian regions ; they are also found on oceanic islands ) . they take long hunting trips of up to 150 km from their breeding grounds but do not migrate . one of the largest populations is on the galapagos islands .\nred - footed boobies mate approximately once every 15 months , depending on food availability . they are known for their somewhat flimsy , unstable nests which are often damaged by storms . they often build their nests in trees . their choice of nest location may be a way to avoid competition for space , since other species of boobies nest on the ground . pairs mate and lay one egg at a time , raising that egg to maturity . incubation lasts between 41 and 45 days and the young fledge as young as 91 days old . in el ni\u00f1o southern oscillation years ( when food is scarce ) fledging may occur at more than 139 days old ( schreiber et al . , 1996 ) . red - footed boobies reach maturity in two to three years .\na large pale brown and / or white seabird of typical gannet shape and behaviour . smaller and more lightly built than other gannets and boobies . dark morph birds are pale brown all over , without sharp demarcation on the breast ( cf . the much darker brown booby ) . all forms have diagnostic pale blue bills and bright red feet , and most have a white tail ( unlike other boobies ) .\nthe main diet items of red footed booies are flying fish and squid . in the wet season flying fish is the main diet item , while in the dry season squid appears . however , flying fish stills the main item . prey are between 50 - 100g measuring between 10 - 22 cm . fish are mainly exocoetida en gempylida and the squid is mainly ommastrphidae from the genus symplectoteuthis .\nin some areas people rely on red - footed boobies as a food source . in the past , people who hunted them were always aware of the detrimental effects of their hunting , and as such were cautious not to overhunt the populations . today , people collect sulids and their eggs and sell them across the world . this has gotten out of control and the exploitation has become a concern .\nthough smaller ( 26 - 30 inches , 66 - 77 cm ) it is the same general size as brown booby . has relatively longer tail than other boobies . comes in several color morphs , white , brown , white - tailed brown , and white - tailed / white - headed . typically several morphs nest in the same colony . the brown morph is the most common in our region . because of adult plumage variation individual birds are easily confused with brown or masked boobies . red feet and legs of adults are distinctive .\nadult white morph has wholly white tail and tertials , blackish carpal patch on underwing , a dark face patch and bright red feet . adult brown morph has a distinctive coffee - brown with whitish rump and tail , and blue - grey bill and bare skin .\ntheir main food is flying - fish , but they also take squid ( including flying squid ) . prey is caught by plunge - diving ( usually up to 8 m , sometimes higher ) or in flight , when the fish and squid are air - borne , after being chased by underwater predators ( including dolphins , mahi - mahi and tuna ) or disturbed by ships . red - footed boobies may feed in mixed flocks with other seabirds ( including tropicbirds and noddies ) , and are frequently pursued by frigatebirds intent on stealing food items that the boobies have caught .\nred - footed boobies have a wide distribution over tropical seas of the pacific , indian and western atlantic oceans , including the caribbean sea . they forage over deep water up to 150 km from land . the nearest breeding colony to the kermadec islands is on \u2018ata ( the southernmost tongan island , 780 km to north - east ) , where 10 , 000 birds were estimated to be present in 1990 . they also breed on cays in the great barrier reef ( australia ) . nests are almost always in trees or other vegetation , up to 70 m above sea level .\nsince red - footed boobies are colonial and highly social , mating / courtship rituals and displays are very important . the higher the population density , the more ritualized their behavior . they show off their wings and feet , and display postures . movement is displayed by the\nbill - up - face - away\nposture . the\nfacing - away\nand\nbill tucking\npostures inhibit aggression . males posture with their tails , beaks , and wings facing upward and call for mates . once a monogamous pair mates , they will return to the same nest year - to - year to mate .\nthey feed by plunge diving , feeding mostly on flying fish and squid . as in the other boobies because of their feeding behavior they would all seem to be a prime species for by - catch of the long line industry . currently no reports , but this may be based on misidentification with gannets which are reported as by - catch species . largest eye of any booby ; may be linked to partially nocturnal habits .\nthe blown - off - course booby was spotted by local resident gail cohen who was having brunch in her beach hut with a friend . she\u2019d seen the species on a trip to the galapagos so knew instantly that it was from far afield . \u201cit went to sleep on the beach and i knew there was definitely something wrong so i called the rescue service , \u201d she told the mail . since then , the rspca at nearby mallydams wood has been giving round - the - clock intensive care to the rarity .\nthis booby builds nests in trees and shrubs , but when they are not available ( destruction of island plant communities by goats for example ) they will nest on the ground . october to may is the general breeding season in the west indies . adult\u2019s soft part breeding colors fade after onset of nesting . nearly all birds return to natal islands to breed . one bird of pair remains with nest to prevent removal of nest material by other boobies and frigates . circular stick nest . single egg . incubation 42 - 46 days , fledging 91 - 112 days . young return to nest site for 1 - 4 months and continue to be fed by adults .\nan unusual tropical bird that was found washed up on a beach in the uk has been flown 5 , 000 miles home in time for christmas .\nhe was very underweight and dehydrated when he was rescued by east sussex wildlife rescue ambulance service who transferred him to rspca mallydams wood wildlife centre , in east sussex , where he has been intensive care ever since .\nspending his days under a special heat lamp to keep him warm in the drizzly and cold british weather , norman has been nursed back to health on a diet of sprats .\nnorman has done so well - especially when you consider how weak and dehydrated he was when he came in . we have been keeping a close eye on him along the way and keeping him warm with heat lamps .\n\u201cwe have done everything possible looking after him to build his weight up and keep his strength up to prepare him for his long journey home . \u201d\nnorman was taken to london heathrow airport yesterday and jetted off on a 12 - hour flight to his new home at a nature reserve in the cayman islands .\nby using this site , you agree we can set and use cookies . for more details of these cookies and how to disable them , see our cookie policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthis species winters on tropical islands in most oceans , excluding the eastern atlantic . it winters at sea in the same area , just ranging north of the tropic of cancer , and just south of the tropic of capricorn ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; australia ; bahamas ; bangladesh ; barbados ; belize ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; cayman islands ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; colombia ; comoros ; cook islands ; costa rica ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; djibouti ; dominica ; dominican republic ; ecuador ( gal\u00e1pagos ) ; el salvador ; fiji ; french guiana ; french polynesia ; grenada ; guam ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; india ; indonesia ; jamaica ; japan ; kiribati ; madagascar ; malaysia ; marshall islands ; martinique ; mayotte ; mexico ; micronesia , federated states of ; montserrat ; new caledonia ; niue ; northern mariana islands ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; pitcairn ; puerto rico ; r\u00e9union ; russian federation ( eastern asian russia - vagrant ) ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; samoa ; seychelles ; solomon islands ; sri lanka ; timor - leste ; tonga ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; tuvalu ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; viet nam ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; wallis and futuna\nthe global population is estimated to number > c . 1 , 000 , 000 individuals ( del hoyo\n1992 ) , while national population sizes have been estimated at < c . 100 breeding pairs and < c . 50 individuals on migration in taiwan and < c . 100 breeding pairs and < c . 50 individuals on migration in japan ( brazil 2009 ) .\nthe population is suspected to be in decline owing to habitat loss , predation by invasive species and unsustainable levels of exploitation .\nthis species is strictly marine and largely pelagic . it feeds mainly on flying - fish and squid with a mean prey length of 8 . 8 cm . prey are caught by plunge - diving , but flying fish are also taken in flight especially when chased by underwater predators . it often rests on boats using them as vantage points . breeding is not seasonal in most of its range . individuals form large colonies , nesting and roosting mainly in trees or on islets with abundant vegetation ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nthese gregarious birds live in colonies and , during mating season , hundreds of animals may gather to pair up and mate . females lay only one egg every 15 months , and both parents care for chicks . young mature slowly , but the low reproduction rate is balanced by these birds ' long lifespan\u2014over 20 years .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nincubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . morph one of two or more distinct types of a given species , often distinct colour forms , which occur in the same population at the same time ( that is , are not geographical or seasonal variations ) . pelagic in birds , applied to sea birds that come to land only to breed , and that spend the major part of their lives out at sea .\ndel hoyo , j . , elliot , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1992 ) handbook of birds of the world . volume 1 : ostrich to ducks . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nnelson , j . b . ( 2005 ) pelicans , cormorants , and their relatives . the pelecaniformes . oxford university press , oxford .\nanimals animals / earth scenes 17 railroad avenue chatham ny 12037 united states of america tel : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925500 fax : + 01 ( 518 ) 3925550 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nfound in tropical seas around the world , this long - winged seabird is only a very rare visitor to north america . most records are from florida , especially around the islands of the dry tortugas , but the species has also been found off the california coast .\naudio \u00a9 lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .\nat the world\u2019s remotest nesting colony , the crazy ant strike team beats back its seabird - killing enemy with spray guns , poison . . . and cat food .\ntell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nthe first new zealand record was two or three birds seen and photographed on and over napier islet ( herald islets , kermadec islands ) on 31 mar and 2 apr 2016 . at least one each intermediate and brown morph birds were present . the next record was less than ten months later , when a white morph bird with a dark tail ( indicating that it was from the eastern tropical pacific ) was first seen at muriwai gannet colony on 18 jan 2017 .\ndel hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . ; sargatal , j . 1992 . handbook of the birds of the world , vol . 1 : ostrich to ducks . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .\nmarchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) , 1990 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 1 , ratites to ducks . oxford university press , melbourne .\nmiskelly , c . m . ; crossland , a . c . ; sagar , p . m . ; saville , i . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; bell , e . a . 2017 . vagrant and extra - limital records accepted by the birds new zealand records appraisal committee 2015 - 2016 . notornis 64 : 57 - 67 .\nrinke , d . r . 1991 . birds of \u2018ata and late , and additional notes on the avifauna of niuafo\u2019ou , kingdom of tonga . notornis 38 : 131 - 151 .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nan exotic visitor that pitched up on the south coast of england may have come partway by ship , wherever it really came from . sadly rescuers are struggling to save it\nmeanwhile , there has been plenty of speculation over where the bird came from and how a species that doesn\u2019t migrate could have ended up so far from home . the mail went definitive and claimed the bird had to have come from the galapagos . but this is almost certainly not the case .\nhowever it managed to reach the uk , the bird was understandably weak , thin and dehydrated when it arrived . by the end of last week , the staff at rspca mallydams wood had managed to feed him some sprats by hand and he\u2019d put on some weight . but an update from monday afternoon did not bring such good news .\n\u201csadly over the weekend his condition deteriorated and he has gone off his food . our staff are now tube feeding him and trying a variety of fish to see if they can spark his interest in food again . \u201d\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\nvalidity of races often questioned , and delimitation difficult owing to existence of colour morphs . on other hand , has been suggested that websteri may be a separate species # r # r . three subspecies commonly recognized .\n( linnaeus , 1766 ) \u2013 islands in caribbean and off e brazil ( fernando de noronha , trindade ) , and ascension i ( s atlantic ) .\ngould , 1838 \u2013 islands in indian ocean and tropical w & c pacific ocean e to hawaiian is , line is , marquesas and pitcairn is .\nrothschild , 1898 \u2013 tropical e pacific ocean from revillagigedo is ( off sw mexico ) s to galapagos .\nemits fast \u201crah - rah - rah - r\u00e1h - rah - rah\u201d calls when returning to colony . male also gives harsh rasping . . .\nmainly flying - fish ( exocoetidae ) and squid ( ommastrephidae ) ; mean prey length 8\u00b78 cm . food caught by plunge - diving ; flying - fish also . . .\nnot seasonal in most of range , and may start breeding in any month . breeding can be intermittent ; on johnston atoll , s of hawaii in . . .\npantropical distribution and long foraging trips obscure any regular movements , but probably mainly . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . one of most abundant and widespread of all sulids , but population widely scattered on myriad of small islands through tropical seas ; . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\npreviously considered to include both papasula and morus , but recent study found that these taxa represent three monophyletic lineages # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )"]}
{"id": 2288, "summary": [{"text": "adela purpurea is a moth of the family adelidae or fairy longhorn moths .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1863 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is widespread in boreal north america , from the yukon through the southern provinces of canada to quebec and further south to northern new jersey .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to june in northern canada and in april in new england .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "adults have been observed visiting salix blossoms . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "adela purpurea", "paragraphs": ["adela purpurea ( fig . 4 ) has been observed once in illinois , in pope county ( j . wiker , pers . comm . ) .\nfigure 2 . adela caeruleella . adult moth , collected diurnally on flower of black snakeroot , sanicula marilandica ( apiaceae ) .\nfigure 1 . adela caeruleella , showing the elongate antennae that are , in the majority of adelidae species , characteristic of male adult individuals .\nadela ridingsella ( fig . 3 ) has been collected at light in june in mason and menard counties in illinois . it appeared in 1995 and 1996 but has not been seen since .\nadela caeruleella ( figs . 1 , 2 ) is the commonest adelid species in illinois . in the central part of the state , the adult appears during the last week of may . it occurs most frequently along trails that run through deciduous forest , where it shows a preference for sitting on flowers of black snakeroot , sanicula marilandica ( apiaceae ) .\nfigure 3 . adela ridingsella . adult . top : specimen collected at uv light , illinois ( courtesy of j . wiker ) ; bottom , left and right : live moth , on flower of goat ' s - beard , aruncus dioicus ( rosaceae ) , southern canada ; photos of live moth kindly provided by dr . jean - fran\u00e7ois landry .\nadelidae is a small family , of which three species ( all in the genus adela ) occur in illinois . the nearctic fauna was monographed by powell ( 1969 ) . larval habits of most adelid species are unknown . in some species , the egg is laid onto a flower , and after hatching , the larva drops to the ground and lives in a portable case , from which it feeds on leaves , not necessarily of the plant species onto which its egg was laid . male adult adelids ( at least of most species ) are known for their spectacularly long antennae ( fig . 1 ) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ncontributed by jason j . dombroskie on 11 february , 2013 - 7 : 36pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\nall documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided\nas is\nwithout warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nblue bar represents all specimens collected within a specified date range . red line also represents specimens collected within a specified date range but specimens collected at the same date and location are counted as one specimen .\n900x694 ( ~ 67kb ) finland : eh : koski , 677 : 39 , 7 . 5 . 1988 s . silvonen , photo \u00a9 kimmo silvonen\n[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 2289, "summary": [{"text": "cosmosoma salvini is a moth of the arctiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by butler in 1876 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in panama and costa rica . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "cosmosoma salvini", "paragraphs": ["description : cosmosoma salvini ( butler , 1876 ) taxonomy . class insecta \u2192 subclass pterygota \u2192 infraclass neoptera \u2192 superorder holometabola \u2192 order lepidoptera \u2192 superfamily noctuoidea \u2192 family arctiidae \u2192 subfamily ctenuchinae \u2192 genus cosmosoma \u2192 species cosmosoma salvini . species name ( s ) cosmosoma salvini ( butler , 1876 ) = \u2026\ndescription : salvini tend to prefer a sand substrate . a lot of hiding places are a necessity if you intend to keep more than one salvini , or if you intend to keep the salvini with other aggressive fish . plants will be appreciated but salvini require a large open area for swimming too .\ndescription : matteo salvini leader della lega . ministro dell\u2019interno e vicepresidente del consiglio .\ndescription : ogni giorno tutti i video delle partecipazioni mediatiche e degli eventi di matteo salvini , leader della lega , presidente di noi con salvini , parlamentare eu . . .\n76 . tagliavini 77 . tarquinio provini 78 . tom savini 79 . tommaso salvini 80 . tribe bovini 81 . ursavini 82 . us with salvini 83 . valentina lodovini 84 . vini\ndescription : species - salvini = named after o . salvin . intro : ' cichlasoma ' salvini is a beautiful , medium sized central american cichlid . although not large compared to some of the central american guapotes ,\ncichlasoma\nsalvini packs the same amount of punch . these little guys are tenacious .\ncosmosoma dubium rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : jamaica\ncosmosoma metallicum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : bogota\ncosmosoma stuarti rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : iquitos\ncosmosoma viridicingulatum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : ecuador\ndescription : the latest tweets from matteo salvini ( @ matteosalvinimi ) . leader della lega . ministro dell\u2019interno e vicepresidente del consiglio\ncosmosoma simillimum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : amazon river\n26 . gianni minervini 27 . giorgio salvini 28 . giuseppe tovini 29 . glauco sansovini 30 . gm europa ovini 31 . guido salvini 32 . heidi tagliavini 33 . hildesvini 34 . hildisvini 35 . incisura rivini 36 . indovini 37 . laki pingvini 38 . leo colovini 39 . lorenzo stovini 40 . lucas giovini 41 . luigi ferdinando tagliavini 42 . marcello cervini 43 . marco sansovini 44 . mario salvini 45 . matteo salvini 46 . maurelio scanavini 47 . maurizio savini 48 . minervini 49 . mirko savini 50 . mohammad ghazvini\ncosmosoma bricenoi rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : m\u00e9rida , venezuela\ncosmosoma lucens dognin , 1902 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 46 : 226 ; tl : popayan , colombia\ncosmosoma villia druce , 1906 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 18 : 78 ; tl : peru\ngymnelia salvini ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\ncosmosoma hampsoni klages , 1906 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 : 534 ; tl : suapure , venezuela\ncosmosoma steinbachi rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : buenavista , east bolivia , 750m\ncosmosoma baroni rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : zamora , ecuador , 3000 - 4000ft\ncosmosoma zelosa dognin , 1899 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 43 ( 5 ) : 251 ; tl : micay , colombia\nhomoeocera salvini butler , 1876 ; j . linn . soc . lond . zool . 12 ( 60 - 62 ) : 376 ; tl : obispo , panama\ncosmosoma colona schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 177 ; tl : sixola\ncosmosoma guapila schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 176 ; tl : guapiles\ncosmosoma ichneumonoides rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : santa cruz de la sierra , east bolivia\ncosmosoma nobilis schaus , 1911 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 7 ( 38 ) : 175 ; tl : juan vinas\ncosmosoma carabayanum rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : santo domingo , carabaya , se . peru , 6000ft\ndescription : the latest tweets from matteo salvini ( @ matteosaivini ) . parlamentare europeo dal 2009 e attuale segretario federale della lega nord . dal 1993 al 2013 consigliere comunale . # stopinvasione # parody\ndescription : matteo salvini . 2 , 763 , 337 likes \u00b7 2 , 166 , 950 talking about this . leader della lega . ministro dell\u2019interno e vicepresidente del consiglio . web : . . .\n51 . mohammad tahir qazvini 52 . mohammad tahir vahid qazvini 53 . morteza avini 54 . nervini 55 . nikad izvini 56 . os2 membri pelvini 57 . ottavini 58 . ovibovini 59 . ovini 60 . peromyscus slevini 61 . phyllolepis orvini 62 . pietro scalvini 63 . primum familiae vini 64 . provini 65 . pulvini 66 . rovini 67 . salvini 68 . sandro salvini 69 . savini 70 . scalvini 71 . sergio garavini 72 . shivini 73 . societas verbi divini 74 . soldavini 75 . steve borgovini\n1 . alfonso savini 2 . aref ghazvini 3 . aref qazvini 4 . ashvini 5 . ayrton badovini 6 . bhavini 7 . bovini 8 . bruno uvini 9 . calvini 10 . carta dei vini 11 . carte dei vini 12 . cingulum membri pelvini 13 . civil aviation department ashvini 14 . covini 15 . craig minervini 16 . divini 17 . emanuele rovini 18 . eurytides salvini 19 . fausta garavini 20 . ferruccio tagliavini 21 . filippo savini 22 . gabriela tagliavini 23 . gazvini 24 . ghazvini 25 . gianmarco gerevini\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n= autochloris ; hampson , 1905 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 427 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 102 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia abdominalis rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : pebas , amazon\ngymnelia baroni ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera beata butler , 1876 ; j . linn . soc . lond . zool . 12 ( 60 - 62 ) : 376 ; tl : colombia , santa marta\ngymnelia beata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 116 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera beatrix druce , 1884 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 51 , 3 pl . 6 , f . 25 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui ; bugaba ; san felz\ngymnelia beatrix ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia bricenoi ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 113 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia carabayana ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 113 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia cennocha schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 4 ; tl : rio trinidad , panama\nhomoeocera cincta schaus , 1894 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1894 : 225 ; tl : venezuela , aroa\ngymnelia cincta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia colona ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia doncasteri rothschild , 1911 ; novit . zool . 18 ( 1 ) : 28 ; tl : caracas , venezuela\ngymnelia doncasteri ; rothschild , 1913 , novit . zool . 20 : 471 , pl . 14 , f . 17 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 122 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia dubia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 114 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia drucei schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 3 ; tl : head of carare river , colombia\nandrenimorpha ethodaea ; hern\u00e1ndez - baz & grados , 2004 , folia ent . mex . 43 ( 2 ) : 212\nisanthrene eusebia druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 373 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\ngymenlia eusebia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia felderi rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : amazon\ngymnelia flavicapilla rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : san esteban , venezuela\ngymnelia flavitarsis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nisanthrene gaza schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 274 ; tl : peru\ngymnelia gaza ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\nglaucopis gemmifera walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 1 : 152 ; tl : venezuela\ngymnelia gemmifera ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 191 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia guapila ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 , pl . 5 , f . 32 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia hampsoni ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 116 , pl . 5 , f . 30 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia hyaloxantha dognin , 1914 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud . 7 : 4 ; tl : muzo , colombia\ngymnelia hyaloxantha ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia ichneumonoides ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 122 ; [ nhm card ]\nglaucopis laennus walker , 1854 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 1 : 154 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro\ngymnelia latimarginata hampson , 1898 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 191 , pl . 7 , f . 27 ; tl : colombia , bogota\ngymnelia lucens ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia ludga schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 4 ; tl : colombia ?\nerruca lycopolis druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 375 , pl . 39 , f . 7 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\ngymnelia lycopolis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera lyrcea druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 375 ; tl : ecuador , intaj\ngymnelia lyrcea ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 190 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia metallica ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 113 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia nigricornis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 116 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia nobilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 121 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia paranapanema dognin , 1911 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 2 : 4 ; tl : saint - paul , brazil\ngymnelia paranapanema ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 123 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymneila pavo hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 115 , pl . 5 , f . 28 ; tl : peru , huancabamba\ngymnelia peculiaris rothschild , 1931 ; novit . zool . 37 : 154 ; tl : mapiri , bolivia\ngymnelia peratea dognin , 1910 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 1 : 3 ; tl : alto de las cruces , san - antonio , cali , colombia\ngymnelia peratea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 121 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia perniciosa dognin , 1923 ; h\u00e9t . nouv . am . sud 23 : 1 ; tl : pacho , 2200m , colombia\ngymnelia semicincta kaye , 1918 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 2 ( 9 ) : 228 ; tl : colombia , valparaiso\ngymnelia scita ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 119 ; [ nhm card ]\nerruca sephela druce , 1883 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1883 : 375 ; tl : ecuador , sarayacu\ngymnelia steinbachi ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia stuarti ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia taos ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 115 ; [ nhm card ]\nhomoeocera tarapotensis druce , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 117 ) : 302 ; tl : peru , tarapoto\ngymnelia tarapotensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 117 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia vesparia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia villia ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 118 , pl . 5 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia viridicingulata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nglaucopis xanthogastra perty , 1834 ; delectus anim . art . brasil : 156 , pl . 31 , f . 5 ; tl : brazil\ngymnelia xanthogastra ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 191 , f . 90 ; schrottky , 1910 , dt . ent . z . iris 24 ( 6 / 7 ) : 149 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia zelosa ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 114 , pl . 5 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ]\ngymnelia frutera schaus , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2307 ) : 111 ; tl : cayuga , guatemala\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\ndelectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr . j . b . de spix et dr . c . f . ph . de martius\ndescriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii\nzerny , 1912 syntomidae in wagner , lep . cat . 7 : 1 - 179\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 6 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 4 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 58 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 19 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\n2010 : annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nhi scott - mariapuravida ' s photo was taken just meters away from where we saw this one . i knew i ' d seen a photo of it somewhere before !\nyou ' re welcome manuel . alas another very close , but with no id to help us ! urltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2291, "summary": [{"text": "nealyda accincta is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1923 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the basal half of the forewings is yellow-ochreous suffused grey towards the costa and posteriorly , limited by a moderately broad light blue-leaden-metallic straight postmedian fascia .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the remainder of the wing is dark grey irrorated black , a spot of bronzy-fuscous suffusion in the disc beyond the fascia , and fine leaden-metallic lines from before and beyond the tornus converging to a point on the costa at five-sixths , as well as a small ochreous spot almost at the apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "nealyda accincta", "paragraphs": ["nealyda accincta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nnealyda dietz , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 2 ) : 350 ; ts : nealyda bifidella dietz\nnealyda dietz , 1900 accincta meyrick , 1923 bicolor ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( didactylota ) bougainvileae e . m . hering , 1955 leucozostra meyrick , 1923 pisoniae busck , 1900\nnealyda accincta ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 426 ( key ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nhave a fact about nealyda panchromatica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for nealyda panchromatica ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nnealyda leucozostra meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 5 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nnealyda phytolaccae clarke , 1946 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ; tl : stock island , florida\nnealyda neopisoniae clarke , 1946 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ; tl : jamainitas , habana , cuba\nnealyda kinzelella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nnealyda leucozostra ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ( key ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nnealyda bifidella dietz , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 2 ) : 351 , pl . 1 , f . 2 - 2b ; tl : glenwood , colorado\nnealyda bicolor ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427 ( key ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nnealyda pisoniae busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 229 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nnealyda bifidella ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 425 ( key ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1681 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 2\nnealyda kinzelella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 77 ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 425 ( key ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1682 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 2\nnealyda pisoniae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 113 ; clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 425 ( key ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1684 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 2\ndidactylota bicolor walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 522 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\nbougainvilleae hering , 1955 ; dt . ent . z . ( n . f . ) 2 : 323\nlarva on ( mines ) pisonia obtusata busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230\nlarva on pisonia aculeata clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427\naristotelia panchromatica meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 274 ; tl : assam , shillong\napatetris panchromatica ; sakamaki , 2000 , tijdschr . ent . 143 ( 1 - 2 ) : 215 ( note )\nlarva on phytolacca decandra clarke , 1946 , j . wash . acad . sci . 36 : 427\nlarva on ( mines ) pisonia aculeata busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 229\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwalsingham , [ 1892 ] on the micro - lepidoptera of the west indies proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 492 - 549 , pl . 41\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsangmi lee and richard l . brown mississippi entomological museum , box 9775 , mississippi state , ms 39762 e - mail ( sl ) : microlepi @ urltoken\nmegacraspedus zeller , 1839 neda chambers , 1874 , preocc . by mulsant , 1850 pycnobathra lower , 1901 autoneda busck , 1903 , repl . name toxoceras chr\u00e9tien , 1915 megacraspedas in barnes & mcdunnough , 1917 , missp . exilis walsingham , 1909 isophrictis meyrick , 1917 actiella barners & busck , 1920 monochroa heinemann , 1870 catabrachmia rebel , 1909 absconditella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) palpiannulella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia )\naristotelia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] ergatis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by blackwall , 1870 isochasta meyrick , 1886 eucatoptus walsingham , 1897 aphiltra meyrick , 1917 argyractis meyrick , 1923 calculatrix meyrick , 1923 chalybeichroa ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) chalybochroa meyrick , 1925 , emend . corallina walsingham , 1909 cosmographa meyrick , 1917 crassicornis walsingham , 1897 cynthia meyrick , 1917 cytherae meyrick , 1917 dasypoda walsingham , 1910 diolcella forbes , 1931 elachistella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) erycina meyrick , 1917 eupatoriella busck , [ 1934 ] hieroglyphica walsingham , 1909 howardi walsingham , 1909 lignicolora forbes , 1931 naxia meyrick , 1926 oribatis meyrick , 1917 pantalaena ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) paphia meyrick , 1917 parephoria clarke , 1951 paterata meyrick , 1914 penicillata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) perfossa meyrick , 1917 radicata meyrick , 1917 perplexa clarke , 1951 probolopis meyrick , 1923 pudibundella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) intermediella ( chambers , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) pulicella walsingham , 1897 ) pyrodercia walsingham , 1910 roseosuffusella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) belella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rubidella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) rubensella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) pudibundella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , misid . ( not zeller , 1873 ) sarcodes walsingham , 1910 saturnina meyrick , 1917 squamigera walsingham , 1909 subrosea meyrick , 1914 trossulella walsingham , 1897 vagabundella forbes , 1931 veteranella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( tachyptilia ) vicana meyrick , 1917\nagnippe chambers , 1872 evippe chambers , 1873 phaetusa chambers , 1875 , preocc . by wagler , 1832 aganippe chamber , 1880 , missp . tholerostola meyrick , 1917 aequorea ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( recurvaria ) aulonota ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) evippeella busck , 1906 leuconota ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) plutella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( phaetusa ) omphalopa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( tholerostola ) plumata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia )\nrecurvaria haworth , 1828 lita kollar , 1832 telea steph . , 1834 , preocc . by h\u00fcbner , 1819 aphanaula meyrick , 1895 hinnebergia spuler , 1910 microlechia turati , 1924 annulicornis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) eromene ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) febriculella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) filicornis ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) flagelifer walsingham , 1910 flagellifera meyrick , 1925 , missp . insequens meyrick , 1931 intermissella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) kitella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) melanostictella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) merismatella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) nothostigma meyrick , 1914 ornatipalpella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) ostariella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) penetrans meyrick , 1923 picula walsingham , 1910 pleurosaris meyrick , 1923 putella busck , 1914 rhicnota walsingham , 1910 rhombophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sartor walsingham , 1910 saxea meyrick , 1923 senariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sticta walsingham , 1910 synestia meyrick , 1939 thiodes meyrick , 1917 thysanota walsingham , 1910 trigonophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) xanthotricha meyrick , 1917\ncoleotechnites chambers , 1880 evagora clemens , 1860 , preocc . by p\u00e9ron & lesueur , 1810 eidothea chambers , 1873 , preocc . by risso , 1826 eidothoa chambers , 1873 , missp . eucordylea dietz , 1900 pulicalvaria freeman , 1963 hapalosaris meyrick , 1917 coleotechnistes in busck , [ 1903 ] , missp . elucidella ( barnes & busck , 1920 ) ( eucordylea ) petulans ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( hapalosaris ) vagatioella ( chambers , 1873 ) ( eidothoa [ sic ] ) dorsivittella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) schistophila chr\u00e9tien , 1899 fuscella forbes , 1931\nexoteleia wallengren , 1881 paralechia busck , 1903 heringia spuler , 1910 , preocc . by rondani , 1856 heringiola strand , 1917 , repl . name ithycosma ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia )\ntelphusa chambers , 1872 adrasteia chambers , 1872 adrastia kirby , 1874 , missp . geniadophora walsingham , 1897 auxoptila meyrick , 1926 callitechna meyrick , 1914 praefinita ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( mompha ) delatrix meyrick , 1923 distictella forbes , 1931 extranea ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( poecilia ) hemicycla meyrick , 1932 latebricola meyrick , 1932 medulella busck , 1914 melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 obligata busck , 1914 ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 orgilopis meyrick , 1923 penetratrix meyrick , 1931 perspicua ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) quinquedentata ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) ripula walsingham , 1911 smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 translucida ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( bryotropha )\nthiotricha meyrick , 1886 reuttia hofmann , 1898 thiotrica inoue , 1954 , missp . thiothricha hartig , 1956 , missp . argoxantha meyrick , 1914 aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 cleodorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) godmani ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( polyhymno ) laterestriata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) sciurella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) argoxantha meyrick , 1914\nstomopteryx heinemann , 1870 inotica meyrick , 1913 instica sharp , 1915 , missp . acraeologa meyrick , 1921 stomopterix turati , 1922 , missp . stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe , 1935 , missp . phaeopa meyrick , 1918\nfriseria busck , 1939 acaciella ( busck , 1906 ) ( telphusa ) caieta hodges , 1966 cockerelli ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) lindenella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) malindella ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) sarcochlora ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( gelechia ) infracta ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticaput ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticeps ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . nona hoges , 1966 paphlactis ( meyrick , 1912 ) ( gelechia ) repentina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia )\ngelechia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] guinea bruand , 1850 galechia desmarest , [ 1857 ] , missp . cirrha chambers , 1872 oeseis chambers , 1875 mesogelechia omelko , 1986 gelecia watt , 1920 , missp . bathrochlora meyrick , 1932 bufo walsingham , 1911 cacoderma walsingham , 1911 caespitella zeller , 1877 cerussata walsingham , 1911 chlorocephala meyrick , 1932 clopica meyrick , 1931 concinna walsingham , 1911 creberrima walsingham , 1911 cuneifera walsingham , 1911 delapsa meyrick , 1931 diacmota meyrick , 1932 dolbyi ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elephantopis meyrick , 1936 exclarella m\u00f6schler , 1890 flammulella walsingham , 1897 gnathodoxa meyrick , 1926 goniospila meyrick , 1931 hetaeria walsingham , 1911 impurgata walsingham , 1911 lapidescens meyrick , 1916 , repl . name lithodes walsingham , 1911 , preocc . ( not meyrick , 1886 ) leptospora meyrick , 1932 nephelophracta meyrick , 1932 neptica walsingham , 1911 nigripectus walsingham , 1911 nucifer walsingham , 1911 nucifera meyrick , 1925 , emend . ophiaula meyrick , 1931 ophiomorpha meyrick , 1935 pertinens meyrick , 1931 petraea walsingham , 1911 picrogramma meyrick , 1929 platydoxa meyrick , 1923 pleroma walsingham , 1911 protozona meyrick , 1926 rhypodes walsingham , 1911 scotodes walsingham , 1911 sonorensis walsingham , 1911 suspensa meyrick , 1923 synthetica walsingham , 1911 tannuolella rebel , 1917 thymiata ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( nothris ) traducella busck , 1914 veneranda walsingham , 1911 xylobathra meyrick , 1936\ngnorimoschmea busck , 1900 lerupsia riedl , 1965 neoschema povolny\u00b4 , 1967 atriplicella keifer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 borsaniella k\u00f6hler , 1939 cestrivora clarke , 1950 cestivora hayward , 1969 , missp . dudiella busck , 1903 euchthonia ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( phthorimaea ) exacta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) involuta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) motasi povolny\u00b4 , 1976 perfidiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) saphirinella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) urosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea )\nphthorimaea meyrick , 1902 phtyrimaea turner , 1919 , missp . phthorimoea povolny\u00b4 & zakopal , 1951 , missp . pthorimaea issiki , 1957 , missp . phthorimea diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . phtorimea oei - dharma , 1969 , missp . argentinae povolny\u00b4 , 1989 euchthonia meyrick , 1939 ferella ( berg , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) impudica walsingham , 1911 interjuncta meyrick , 1931 jamaicensis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) operculella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) terrella walker , 1864 , preocc . by d . & s . , 1775 solanella boisduval , 1874 tabacella ( ragonot , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) sedate ( butler , 1880 ) ( gelechia ) epicentra meyrick , 1909 robusta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 sphenophora ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia )\ngnorimoschema busck , 1900 gnorimochema dyar , [ 1903 ] , missp . lerupsia riedl , 1965 larupsia soffner , 1967 ventralella ( zeller , 1877 )\nscrobipalpula povolny\u00b4 , 1964 acuta povolny\u00b4 , 1990 albolineata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 atra povolny\u00b4 , 1987 chiquitella ( busck , 1909 ) ( gnorimoschema ) conifera ( meyrick , 1916 ) ( chelaria ) crustaria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) daturae ( zeller , 1877 ) ( doryphora ) densata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gnorimoschema ) laciniosa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ephoria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) falcate povolny\u00b4 , 1987 fjeldsai povolny\u00b4 , 1990 flava povolny\u00b4 , 1987 gregalis ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) gregariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) hastata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 henshawiella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ochreostrigella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not chambers , 1875 ) incerta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 ilyella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) incerta povolny\u00b4 , 1989 isochlora ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) latisaccula povolny\u00b4 , 1987 latiuncula povolny\u00b4 , 1987 megaloander povolny\u00b4 , 1987 melanolepis ( clarke , 1965 ) ( gnorimoschema ) motasi povolny\u00b4 , 1976 omicron povolny\u00b4 , 1987 pallens povolny\u00b4 , 1987 patagonica povolny\u00b4 , 1977 psilella ( herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , 1855 ) ( gelechia ) quinoae povolny\u00b4 , 1997 radiata povolny\u00b4 , 1987 rosariensis povolny\u00b4 , 1987 stirodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) subtenera povolny\u00b4 , 1987 tenera povolny\u00b4 , 1987 transiens povolny\u00b4 , 1987 trichinaspis ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea )\nkeiferia busck , 1939 tildenia povolny\u00b4 , 1967 brunnea povolny\u00b4 , 1973 chloroneura ( meyrick , 1923 ) colombiana povolny\u00b4 , 1975 elmorei ( keifer , 1936 ) ( gnorimoschema ) funebrella povolny\u00b4 , 1984 griseofusca povolny\u00b4 , 1984 gudmanella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) n . comb . keiferioides ( povolny\u00b4 , 1987 ) ( scrobipalpula ) lobata povolny\u00b4 , 1990 lycopersicella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) lenta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) lycopersicella ( busck , 1928 ) ( phthorimaea ) preocc . by walsingham , 1897 propria povolny\u00b4 , 1990 rusposoria povolny\u00b4 , 1979 subtilis povolny\u00b4 , 1984 vitalis povolny\u00b4 , 1990\nchionodes , h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] chionoda h\u00fcbner , [ 1826 ] , missp . oxycryptis meyrick , 1912 argosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) consona ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) dryobathra ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) eburata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) icriodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) lacticoma ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) litigiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) mediofuscella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) vagella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) fuscoochrella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) liturosella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) rhedaria ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) pentadora ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) perissosema ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( gelechia ) salva ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( phthorimaea ) , repl . name leucocephala ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not lower , 1893 ) spiridoxa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia )\nfaculta busck , 1939 inaequalis ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) inaequalis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) preocc . by busck , 1910 anisectis ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) clistrodoma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) stegasta meyrick , 1904 biniveipunctata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) bosqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) basqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) , missp . bosquella ( chambers , 1878 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . costipunctella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) capitella ( fabricius , 1794 ) ( alucita ) capitatus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ( ypsolophus ) , repl . name robustella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rivulella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) comissata meyrick , 1923 donatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) phalacra ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) postpallescens ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) scoteropis meyrick , 1931 zygotoma meyrick , 1917\nuntomia busck , 1906 acicularis meyrick , 1918 alticolens walsingham , 1911 alticolans meyrick , 1925 , emend . horista walsingham , 1911 juventella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( ypsolophus ) latistriga walsingham , 1911 melanobathra meyrick , 1918 rotundata walsingham , 1911\nbattaristis meyrick , 1914 duvita busck , 1916 acroglypta meyrick , 1929 amphiscolia meyrick , 1914 ardiophora meyrick , 1914 atelesta meyrick , 1914 bistrigella ( buskc , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) concisa meyrick , 1929 coniosema meyrick , 1922 curtella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) emissurella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) severella ( walker , 1864 ) ( cryptolechia ) fuliginosa ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) dorsalis ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) astroconis ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( compsolechia ) ichnota meyrick , 1914 melanamba meyrick , 1914 nigratomella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicilinella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicistrigella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( parasia ) orthocampta meyrick , 1914 parazela meyrick , 1929 perinaeta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( anacampsis ) prismatopa meyrick , 1914 rhythmodes meyrick , 1929 sphenodelta meyrick , 1922 stereogramma meyrick , 1914 symphora ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) syngraphopa meyrick , 1922 syngraphora meyrick , 1925 , missp . synocha meyrick , 1922 tricentrota meyrick , 1931 unistrigella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis )\nholophysis walsingham , 1910 hoplophysis mcd . , 1939 , missp . anoma walsingham , 1910 autodesma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) auxiliaris ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) barydescma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) quadrimaculata walsingham , 1910 stagmatophoria walsingham 1910 tentatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) xanthostoma walsingham , 1910\nchelariinae crasimorpha meyrick , 1923 infuscate hodges , 1963 peragrata meyrick , 1923 prostomeus busck , 1903 brunneus busck , 1903 hypatima h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] chelaria haworth , 1828 hypatina stephens , 1835 , missp . allocota meyrick , 1904 cynestomorpha meyrick , 1904 deuteroptila meyrick , 1904 semodictis meyrick , 1909 allocotaniana strand , 1913 episacta turner , 1919 cellaria neave , 1939 , missp . cheleria lhomme , [ 1948 ] , missp . euchorda ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( chelaria ) hora ( busck , 1914 ) ( psoricoptera )\nsemophylax meyrick , 1932 apicepuncta ( busck , 1911 ) ( psoricoptera ) praesignis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( anisoplaca ) apicipuncta ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( chelaria ) , emend .\nsitotroga heinemann , 1870 silotroga kirby , 1871 , missp . nesolechia meyrick , 1921 syngenomictis meyrick , 1927 sitotrogus matsumura , 1931 , missp . sitotrega borg , 1932 , missp . sititroga costa lima , 1945 , missp . cerealella ( olivier , 1789 ) ( alucita ) hordei ( kirby , 1815 ) ( tinea ) arctella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) melanarthra ( lower , 1900 ) ( gelechia ) palearis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( epithectis ) ochrescens ( meyrick , 1938 ) ( aristotelia ) coarctella zeller , 1877\ndichomeridinae acompsia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] acampsia westwood , 1840 , missp . accompsia bruand , 1850 , missp . brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 brachicrossata hartmann , 1880 , missp . cathegesis walsingham , 1910 angulifera walsingham , 1897 psoricopterella ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( brachycrossata ) vinitincta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( cathegesis )\nanorthosia clemens , 1860 sagaritis chambers , 1872 , preocc . by billberg , 1820 [ crustacea ] anorthodisca gaede , 1937 , missp . capillata walsingham , 1911 punctipennella clemens , 1860 gracilella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( sagaritis )\nhelcystogramma zeller , 1877 ceratophora heinemann , 1870 chambersella ( murtfeldt , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) subalusella ( chambers , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) parvipulvella ( chamber , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) inaequepulvella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) subalbella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) , emend . subalbella meyrick , 1925 , emend . convolvuli ( walsingham , 1908 ) ( trichotaphe ) crypsilychna meyrick , 1914 dryadopa meyrick , 1918 effera ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( lecithocera ) emigrans ( meyrick , 1921 ) ( lecithocera ) cornuta ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . luminosa ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . leucopleura meyrick , 1914 perceptella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb .\nbrachmia h\u00fcbner , [ 1825 ] braclunia stephens , 1834 , missp . cladodes heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by solier , 1849 [ coleoptera ] ceratophora heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by gray , [ 1835 ] [ reptilia ] eudodacles snellen , 1889 , repl . name aulacomima meyrick , 1904 apethistis meyrick , 1908 lyrella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) virescens walsingham , 1911 brachyacma meyrick , 1886 lathontogenes walsingham , 1897 paraspistes meyrick , 1905 lipatia busck , 1910 paraspistis busck , 1914 , missp . brachyaema povolny\u00b4 , 1964 , missp . lathontogonus diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . brachiacma common , 1970 , missp . lathontogenes hodges , 1983 , missp . palpigera ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( gelechia ) adustipennis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( lathontogenus ) iolocha ( meyrick , 1905 ) ( paraspistes ) crotalariella ( busck , 1910 ) ( lipatia ) epichorda turner , 1919\nonebala walker , 1864 helcystogramma zeller , 1877 dectobathra meyrick , 1914 adaequata ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) adequate clarke , 1969 , missp . anisopa ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( anacampsis ) archigrapha meyrick , 1929 carycastis ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) cerinura ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia ) chalyburga ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) daedalea ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elliptica ( forbes , 1931 ) ( trichotaphe ) meconitis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( trichotaphe ) ribeella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( helcystogramma ) rusticella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) sertigera ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( helcystogramma ) stellatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) symbolica ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) tegulella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( trichotaphe ) servilis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) trichocyma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia )\ndeoclona busck , 1903 proclesis walsingham , 1911 lioclepta meyrick , 1922 deoclana fletcher , 1929 , missp . complanata ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( lioclepta ) eriobotryae busck , 1939 xanthoselene ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( proclesis ) xanthoselena meyrick , 1925 , emend .\nadullamitis meyrick , 1932 adullanitis gaede , 1937 , missp . emancipate meyrick , 1932\nanthistarcha meyrick , 1925 antistarcha costa lima , 1945 , missp . binocularis meyrick , 1929 geniatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( gelechia )\nbeltheca busck , 1914 anterethista meyrick , 1914 antherethista gaede , 1937 , missp . phosphoropa ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( anterethista ) picolella busck , 1914 heteractis ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( anterethista )\ncommatica meyrick , 1909 apopira walsingham , 1911 acropelta meyrick , 1914 bifuscella ( forbes , 1931 ) ( anacampsis ) chionura meyrick , 1914 crossotorna meyrick , 1929 cryptina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) cyanorrhoa meyrick , 1914 emplasta meyrick , 1914 eremna meyrick , 1909 extremella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) falcatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rostella ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) hexacentra meyrick , 1922 lupata meyrick , 1914 metochra meyrick , 1914 nerterodes meyrick , 1914 palirrhoa meyrick , 1922 parmulata meyrick , 1914 phanocrossa meyrick , 1922 placoterma meyrick , 1918 pterygota meyrick , 1929 servula meyrick , 1922 stygia meyrick , 1922 xanthocarpa meyrick , 1922\ncompsosaris meyrick , 1914 gompsosaris gaede , 1937 , missp . flavidella ( busck , 1914 ) ( recurvaria ) testacea meyrick , 1914\npavolechia busck , 1914 desmaucha meyrick , 1918 argentea busck , 1914 chrysostoma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( desmaucha ) pelocnistis meyrick , 1932 xylozona meyrick , 1932 perioristica walsingham , 1910 chalcopera walsingham , 1910 phylopatris meyrick , 1923 terpnodes meyrick , 1923 promolopica meyrick , 1925 epiphantha meyrick , 1925 ptilostonuchia walsingham , 1911 ptilonostychia fletcher , 1929 , missp . plicata walsingham , 1911 satrapodoxa meyrick , 1925 regia ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia ) sclerograptis meyrick , 1923 oxytypa meyrick , 1923 simoneura walsingham , 1911 ophitis walsingham , 1911 sorotacta meyrick , 1914 bryochlora meyrick , 1922 viridans , meyrick , 1914 stachyostoma meyrick , 1923 psilodoxa meyrick , 1923 stagmaturgis meyrick , 1923 catharosema meyrick , 1923 steremniodes meyrick , 1923 sciactis meyrick , 1923 stereodmeta meyrick , 1931 xylodeta meyrick , 1931 stibarenches meyrick , 1930 bifissa meyrick , 1930 symphanactis meyrick , 1925 hetaera ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( ptocheuusa )\nsynactias meyrick , 1931 micranthis meyrick , 1931 tabernillaia walsingham , 1911 tabernillaea meyrick , 1925 , emend . ephialtes walsingham , 1911\ntecia kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 fapua kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 lata kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 orsotricha meyrick , 1914 brachypsaltis meyrick , 1931 scrobischema povolny\u00b4 , 1980 albinervella ( kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 ) ( fapua ) arnicella ( clarke , 1942 ) confirmans strand , 1910 kiefferi kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 petasitis ( pfaffenzeller , 1867 ) petrella ( busck , 1915 ) solanivora ( povolny\u00b4 , 1973 ) subalbata ( meyrick , 1931 ) tetradymiella ( busck , 1903 ) venosa ( butler , 1883 ) mendozella kieffer & j\u00f6rgensen , 1910 baccharisella ( brethes , 1917 ) ( holcocera ) vergarai ( povolny\u00b4 , 1980 ) ( scrobischema ) thrypsigenes meyrick , 1914 thripsigenes clarke , 1955 , missp . colluta meyrick , 1914 furvescens meyrick , 1914 trichembola meyrick , 1918 idiarcha meyrick , 1931 zelosyne walsingham , 1911 olga meyrick , 1915 poecilosoma walsingham , 1911 \u201cgaea\u201d lilloi k\u00f6hler , 1941 , mispl .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2293, "summary": [{"text": "pseudomys pilligaensis , commonly known as the pilliga mouse or poolkoo , is a species of rodent in the family muridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "until recently its distribution was said to be restricted to the pilliga forest region of new south wales , australia but in 2013 , a specimen was trapped in the warrumbungle national park after a bushfire .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "there are also suggestions that it is a hybrid between two other species .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "its conservation status is currently listed as \" data deficient \" . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "pilliga mouse", "paragraphs": ["protect the pilliga forest habitat so the pilliga mouse is not forced into extinction .\nhabitat and post - fire selection of the pilliga mouse pseudomys pilligaensis in pilliga east state fo . . .\nthe nsw threatened species - pilliga mouse - profile ( nsw decc 2005ad ) .\nelvira and the pilliga mouse / \u200b pat clarke ; illustrated by graeme compton .\necology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis . iv . habitat ecology\necology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis . iii . dietary ecology\necology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis . iv . habitat ecology\nhabitat and post - fire successional preferences of the pilliga mouse ( pseudomys pilligaensis ) .\nhabitat and post - fire successional preferences of the pilliga mouse ( pseudomys pilligaensis ) .\ndetermine and implement fire management and forestry operations that are most appropriate for the pilliga mouse .\necology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis . iii . dietary ecology .\nelvira and the pilliga mouse / pat clarke ; illustrated by graeme compton . - version details - trove\nif we can\u2019t stop santos from drilling for coal seam gas in the pilliga forest , we won\u2019t be able to find the pilliga mouse at all anymore .\necology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse ( pseudomys pilligaensis ) . i . population fluctuation and breeding season .\npilliga mouse - profile ( nsw office of environment and heritage ( nsw oeh ) , 2014v ) [ internet ] .\necology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse ( pseudomys pilligaensis ) . ii . demography , home range and dispersal .\nexploration , infrastructure construction and infrastructure maintenance associated with coal seam gas threatens the pilliga mouse . paull and milledge ( 2011 ) estimate that 20\u201350 000 ha of suitable / marginal pilliga mouse habitat occurs within the pilliga east state forest , which is a focal point of the the coal seam gas activity .\nthe pilliga mouse is known only from the type locality in pilliga , nsw , and three other nearby sites all in the immediate surrounding area ( fox & briscoe 1980 ) . this includes the pilliga nature reserve and the adjacent pilliga state forest ( lee 1995 ) . this area is known as the pilliga scrub ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) .\nonly recently described as a species in 1980 , the pilliga mouse is closely related to a group of similar - sized mice , the new holland mouse and the delicate mouse . recent genetic work has shown that the distinctions between these three is a little blurred . the pilliga mouse , however , is recognised as a nationally threatened species because , when it was listed , only about 12 of the animals were known to science . the pilliga region is also famous for its large fires and potentially this could prove a threat to the little mouse .\nthe pilliga mouse typically occurs at low densities and appears to prefer areas with sparse ground cover . evidence exists of marked population fluctuations .\nnsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) ( 2005kj ) . pilliga mouse - profile . available from : urltoken .\ndiet and habitat preference of the silky desert mouse , pseudomys apodemoides ( rodentia ) .\npaull , d . c . ( 2009 ) . habitat and post - fire selection of the pilliga mouse ' pseudomys pilligaensis ' in pilliga east state forest . pacific conservation biology . 15 : 254 - 267 .\nnsw department of environment and climate change ( nsw decc ) ( 2005ad ) . nsw threatened species - pilliga mouse - profile . available from : urltoken .\nthe pilliga mouse doesn\u2019t have the street - cred of the koala or the tasmanian devil , but they\u2019re just as important as any other endangered australian animal .\npaull , d . c . & d . milledge ( 2011 ) . results of the survey for the pilliga mouse pseudomys pilligaensis in pilliga east state forest ( october 2011 ) and review of habitat requirements . unpublished report .\nmajor studies of the pilliga mouse include tokushima and colleagues ( 2008 ) and tokushima and jarman ( 2008 ) , which studied the irruptive demography of this species .\nthe pilliga mouse is a small native murid rodent . its was first described as a distinct taxon by fox and briscoe in 1980 , which was confirmed by briscoe\ninter - annual survivorship is greatest during irruptive population periods ( tokushima & jarman 2008 ) . the pilliga mouse is terrestrial and lives in burrows ( strahan 1998 ) .\nrecent fires have shown the damage that they can cause to bush habitats . the pilliga mouse is no stranger to such danger and may even turn it to its advantage .\nthe reason why the pilliga mouse selects shrubby understoreys could be also linked to an anti - predator behaviour or adaptation . in an analysis of fox scats from the area , no evidence of pilliga mouse predation was found . this suggests that this animal\u2019s behaviour , including the shelter it keeps , make it too difficult for the fox to catch .\na tiny mouse with a lot to say ! also known as pseudomys pillagaensis , i ' m found only in the pilliga forest - currently threatened by a huge csg development .\nthe distribution of the new holland mouse ( pseudomys novaehollandiae ) with respect to vegetation near anglesea , victoria .\nfox , b . j . ( 1995 ) pilliga mouse pseudomys pilligaensis . p . 616 in strahan , r . ( ed . ) the mammals of australia . reed books , sydney .\ndistribution restricted to the pilliga region of new south wales . however , a pilliga mouse was reportedly trapped in the warrumbungles after a major wildifire in january 2013 , suggesting a sparse local population may have previously existed that could now respond to early stages of the post - fire succession .\nthe habitat selection of the pilliga mouse was studied within a variety of vegetation and post fire communities in the pilliga east state forest of northern nsw . its selection was found to be similar to other australian pseudomys , but most similar to the new holland mouse p . novaehollandiae , preferring understoreys dominated by heathy , xeromorphic plants with sandy soils and litter cover . . . . [ show full abstract ]\ntownley , s . j . , 1998 . collation of current knowledge of the pilliga mouse pseudomys pilligaensis prior to the preparation of a recovery plan . unpublished report to nsw npws western zone , dubbo .\nlim , l . , 1992 . conservation and biology of the rare pilliga mouse pseudomys pilligaensis fox and briscoe 1980 ( muridae : conilurini ) . unpublished report to the zoological parks board , mossman , nsw .\nunder the agreement , awc will deliver land management and science services in two areas of the nsw\u2019s national park estate : the 35 , 000 hectare pilliga national park - pilliga state conservation area ( the pilliga ) and the 60 , 000 hectare mallee cliffs national park .\nthe pilliga project area covers 35 , 000 hectares at the northern , more productive section of the vast pilliga forests . the pilliga forests stretch across the flat , sandy plains and low hills between the warrumbungle mountains , near coonabarabran , and narrabri . the pilliga is part of the traditional area of the gamilaraay ( also known as gamilaroi or gomeroi ) people .\nforaging preference of the smoky mouse , pseudomys fumeus , in south - eastern new south wales : an exami . . .\npat clarke ( text ) , graeme compton ( illus . ) , elvira and the pilliga mouse , little steps books , dec 2016 , 76pp . , $ 24 . 95 ( hbk ) , isbn : 9781925117981\n, a new species of murid rodent from the pilliga scrub , northern new south wales .\njefferys , e . a . & b . j . fox ( 2001 ) . the diet of the pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis ( rodentia : muridae ) from the pilliga scrub , northern new south wales . in : proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . 123 : 89 - 99 .\nseed is the main food of the pilliga mouse ( 95 % of its diet in spring and summer and 62 % in winter ) . leaf matter makes up the remainder of the diet ( jefferys & fox 2001 ) .\nwhatever it is that makes the young regrowth so attractive to the pilliga mouse , an important link obviously exists between its survival and the periodic burning of its habitat . perhaps equally important is the fact that there is always unburnt habitat that the mouse prefers and into which it can escape . ensuring this outcome is the key to the survival of this unique rodent .\ntwo studies of foraging preference of the smoky mouse at the same site in south - eastern nsw reached distinctly different conclusions . the first found that the smoky mouse foraged on relatively bare exposed slopes but not in heath . the second study concluded that the smoky mouse foraged and nested in heath . this article examines the sampling strategies and results in terms of vegetation . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhowever , its greatest adaptation is the pilliga mouse ' s ability to use fire to help its survival . as they hide in their burrows any fire would sweep across the surface , leaving the animals safe below ground . for the mouse it was then a question of what to do next , as vast areas of bush were laid bare from the intense fire of 1997 .\nblockading nwnsw is where its at . right now 2 locals lockd on pilliga & another lockd on leard\nit is present in the pilliga nature reserve and the pilliga state forest . a recovery plan was prepared but never published . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , ecology , and threats to this taxon .\nthe pilliga project area is currently home to a large number of threatened animals . it forms part of a stronghold for threatened woodland birds including the glossy black cockatoo , grey - crowned babbler , brown treecreeper , speckled warbler , varied sittella , little lorikeet and turquoise parrot . the pilliga forests protect a particularly important population of the iconic barking owl . threatened mammals including the koala , squirrel glider , black - striped wallaby , corben\u2019s long - eared bat and the endemic pilliga mouse are all likely to be found in the pilliga project area . the threatened pale - headed snake is one of more than 56 reptile species that is likely to occur in the pilliga project area .\ntokushima , h . & p . j . jarman ( 2008 ) . ecology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse ( pseudomys pilligaensis ) . ii . demography , home range and dispersal . australian journal of zoology . 56 : 375 - 387 .\nsantos coal seam gas interrupted for 5th day running as pilliga protest continues . local teacher and farmer locked on\nsmoky\n. as its name suggests , it is a grey - furred mouse , darker grey above and paler smoky grey below . mice from\nkarl beckert , forest and wildlife campaigner for the nature conservation council of nsw , says that the pilliga is one of australia\u2019s 15 national biodiversity hotspots . its state conservation areas contain a high proportion of the largest threatened population of barking owls in nsw , the pilliga mouse , the black - striped wallaby , koala , and a range of woodland birds and microchiropteran bats .\ntokushuma , h . , s . w . green & p . j . jarman ( 2008 ) . ecology of the rare but irruptive pilliga mouse ( pseudomys pilligaensis ) . i . population fluctuation and breeding season . australian journal of zoology . 56 : 363 - 373 .\nbroombush forms a distinctive vegetation type in parts of the pilliga project area . fire regimes in the pilliga forests have changed since aboriginal management , with fires suppressed in the western section , which includes the pilliga project area , while the eastern section has become subject to a regime of regular wildfire . most of the forests in the pilliga , including within the pilliga project area , have been selectively logged for over a century ; the combination of changed fire regimes and logging has led to significant changes in forest composition and structure , in particular a thickening of white cypress pine and bull oak .\nidentification , management and protection of non - peak refugia is essential ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) . priority recovery actions suggested in the conservation advice for the pilliga mouse ( threatened species scientific committee 2008dg ) and the nsw department of environment and climate change ( 2005ad ) include :\nthis taxon is known only from the pilliga area of new south wales , australia ( lee 1995 , fox 1995 ) .\nsince 2011 , the wilderness society has been fighting to protect the pilliga forest and the fertile farmland of north west nsw .\nthe population size of the pilliga mouse is hard to estimate and demographics are irruptive . paull and milledge ( 2011 ) mapped potential suitable habitat of the species and , based on density calculations , estimate a population of 50\u2013100 000 during irruptive periods ( i . e . la nina events ) .\nelvira , a wedge - tailed eagle from the city , forms an unlikely friendship with a country mouse with attitude named pookie . together they journey to the pilliga forest in search of pookie ' s family , and elvira goes in search of something equally hard to find : the secret of happiness .\nnon - bird biodiversity : at least 36 native mammal species ( including 16 bat species ) , 9 introduced mammal species , 50 reptile species and at least 15 amphibian species have been recorded in the nature reserve , including at least 21 species listed as threatened in nsw , including the pilliga mouse .\nthe creature ' s life is shaped by seasonal ebbs and flows . in the pilliga state forests , there are a lot of ironbark / cypress pine habitats that the pilliga mouse avoids \u2014 instead it seeks the shrubby habitats dominated by melaleuca and other heathy plants . a strong relationship was found between preferred habitat and a low shrubby understorey in the state forests but in the nature reserve it was found also in more open areas .\nunfortunately , santos is , right now , building a huge treatment plant in the pilliga for its toxic coal seam gas wastewater .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) important bird areas factsheet : pilliga . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2008hg ) . approved conservation advice for pseudomys pilligaensis ( pilliga mouse ) . canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 26 - mar - 2008 .\nthe pilliga national park ( gilgai section ) and the pilliga state conservation area ( \u201cthe pilliga project area\u201d ) are managed under an historic partnership agreement between the nsw national parks and wildlife service and awc . the agreement provides a new , ground - breaking model for collaboration between the private sector and the private ( non - profit ) sector . a feature of the partnership will be the establishment of a large ( ~ 5 , 900 ha ) feral predator - free area in the pilliga project area and the reintroduction of at least 6 mammal species that have been extinct in the pilliga for more than a century . this program forms part of the nsw government\u2019s saving our species program .\nty - jour ti - the diet of the pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis ( rodentia : muridae ) from the pilliga scrub , northern new south wales t2 - proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . vl - 123 ur - urltoken pb - linnean society of new south wales . cy - sydney , py - 2001 sp - 89 ep - 99 sn - 0370 - 047x au - jefferys , e a au - fox , b j er -\nmore study has recently been conducted on this small creature and results have shown it to be a tough survivor . more trapping efforts have been made for two studies based at the university of new england , one in the pilliga state forests and one in the pilliga nature reserve .\nthe smoky mouse is currently rated as\nvulnerable\nand appears to be declining in numbers in the wild . its range is fragmented and it appears to be extinct in some areas such as the\nno specific habitat type has been identified for the pilliga mouse as specimens have been captured in different vegetation types within the pilliga scrub ( fox & briscoe 1980 ) . these included mixed eucalyptus , acacia and callitris open forest . the pilliga mouse is found in greatest abundance in recently burnt moist gullies , areas dominated by broombush ( melaleuca uncinata ) and areas containing an understorey of acacia burrowii with a corymbia trachyphloia overstorey . consistent features of the latter two habitats were : a relatively high plant species richness ; a moderate to high low - shrub cover ; site moisture retention ; and groundcover of plants , litter and fungi . areas with high rates of capture have extensive low grasses and sedges , with little shrub cover and large areas of ash - covered ground ( fox & briscoe 1980 ; nsw decc 2005ad ; tokushima et al . 2008 ) .\ncockburn , a . , 1981b . population regulation and dispersion of the smoky mouse , pseudomys fumeus 1 . dietary determinants of microhabitat preference . aust . j . ecol . 6 : 231 - 254 .\nspring - time seems to be a period of dispersal for the pilliga mouse , as capture rates dropped off at this time . pregnant females are probably finding areas of good seed resources for her growing family and need the space . some mothers will stay in the preferred over - winter areas , but all males and year - old animals appear to leave .\nwhite cypress pine is the most widespread tree in the pilliga project area , and in the pilliga forests more broadly . this species is found in various associations ( vegetation types ) with other eucalypts including narrow - leaved ironbark , several species of red gums , rough - barked apple , pilliga box and poplar box , as well as bull oak and belah . less commonly occurring tree species include black cypress pine , brown bloodwood and broad - leaved ironbark .\nwe determined preferences of the pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis , for habitat attributes ( ground and vegetation cover ) through phases of a population irruption , and characterised refuge sites used when environmental conditions were unfavourable . in general , p . pilligaensis preferred areas with substrate dominated by sand and shrubs rather than rock or litter . however , its habitat . . . [ show full abstract ]\nidentified threats to the pilliga mouse include loss or degradation of habitat through inappropriate fire regimes , forestry operations and broombrush harvesting ; predation by feral cats ( felis catus ) and foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) ; and competition from the common house mouse ( mus musculus ) ( dickman et al . 2000 ; threatened species scientific committee 2008dg ) . forestry associated threats are particularly important in forests with > 30 % cover of low shrubs ( below 50 cm in height ) , an absence of tall understorey ( at 2 m height ) and a > 20 cm layer of sand ( nsw decc 2005ad ) .\nin common with most australian woodlands , the pilliga project area , and the broader pilliga forests , have lost almost their entire suite of small to medium - sized mammals , primarily as a result of predation by feral cats and foxes . awc plans to reintroduce at least six species of threatened mammals to a large feral predator - free fenced area in the pilliga , including the western quoll , western barred bandicoot , bilby , brush - tailed bettong , bridled nailtail wallaby and plains mouse . most of these species have not been found in nsw national parks for over a century . these species will help restore a number of important ecological processes , dispersing seeds and spores , and helping retain nutrients and water .\nthese studies looked at the population , ecology , physiology , diet and habitat selection of this mouse . a large fire swept through the pilliga in 1997 , making it possible to monitor the post - fire consequences for this species . the studies have shown that at times this animal is locally abundant , while at other times only the odd animal is caught , often in the same areas .\nelvira and the pilliga mouse is an engrossing story of self - discovery for young readers . elvira is a wedge - tailed eagle who is blown away from taronga zoo in a storm and decides to use the opportunity to find her father in the goonoo forest before heading back to the zoo . so ensues an exciting journey for elvira who saves humans and creatures in need along the way .\nbraithwaite , r . w . and brady , p . , 1993 . the delicate mouse , pseudomys delicatulus : a continous breeder waiting for the good times . aust . mammal . 16 ( 1 ) : 94 - 8 .\nthe pilliga project area comprises the pilliga national park ( gilgai section ) and the pilliga state conservation area in the north west slopes and plains region of new south wales . the region experiences a semi - arid climate . most of the creeks in the pilliga are dry sand - beds which flow only during significant rain events . the forests have developed on relatively infertile soils ; adjacent fertile soils of the liverpool plains and namoi valley have been heavily cleared for agriculture . the pilliga project area supports species and ecosystems that are typical of the western slopes and plains of nsw and , given its size , it represents a significant reservoir for these species . however , a number of species associated with more mesic eastern forests , such as the koala and glossy black cockatoo , also occur in the project area . within the pilliga , there is a gradient in fertility from higher elevations in the south - east to the more fertile \u2018outwash zone\u2019 in the north - west ; this gradient determines habitat quality for a number of species .\nthe diet of the pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis , was analysed from 430 faecal samples collected from \u223c340 individuals across different seasons over a period of five years that included a wild fire and subsequent irruption and sharp decline of the population . the primary food items in all seasons were seeds and fruits from diverse plant species , but the mice also consumed a wide range of . . . [ show full abstract ]\npilliga east state forest is a large forest , woodland and scrub remnant , contiguous with pilliga west , the pilliga nature reserve and other state forests to the south . along with several smaller state forests in its immediate vicinity , pilliga east state forest covers an area of over 200 000 ha , with the whole pilliga covering an area of approximately 500 000 ha . the study area is a relatively small section of this forest ( ` 20 000ha ) though it contains a mosaic of different habitats , mostly ironbark / cypress / oak forests , mixed eucalypt woodlands , a broombush - dominated scrub , mallee and other acacia - dominated scrubs . there are many different associations within each of these types , often occurring together over very small areas . why such a level of high habitat heterogeneity is found here may be related to a combination of geomorphic , climatic and pyric factors .\nthe source of sandy sediments is almost certainly from the low sandstone ridges in the south east section of the pilliga , deposited over geological time , these soils are high in silica and relatively nutrient - poor ( hart 1990 ) . today the whole of the pilliga is drained by a complex system of intermittent or deep drainages which flow north into the namoi river . the creek beds that cut through the pilliga are usually dry except after rains , although much of the rainfall is retained as water in the extensive clay dome .\nvincent , j . m . , and crofts , f . c . ( 1958 ) . \u2018pasture improvement in the pilliga . \u2019 ( university of sydney : sydney . )\nwithin the pilliga region this species is largely restricted to low - nutrient deep sand soils which are recognised as supporting a distinctive vegetation type referred to as the pilliga scrub . recent studies indicate that the pilliga mouse is found in greatest abundance in recently burnt moist gullies , areas dominated by broombush and areas containing an understorey of kurricabah ( acacia burrowii ) with a bloodwood ( corymbia trachyphloia ) overstorey . consistent features of the latter two habitats were : a relatively high plant species richness ; a moderate to high density of low - level shrub cover ; and a moist groundcover of plants , litter and fungi . the gully where the highest rates of capture were encountered had an extensive cover of low grasses and sedges , with little shrub cover and large areas of ash - covered ground .\nthe pilliga mouse is a small rodent with grey fur and a white belly . its dark tail ends with a small , black tuft . this species grows to 8 cm long , with a tail to 8 cm long , and weighs 6\u009616 . 5 g ( mean 11 g and larger weights are recorded in peak population periods ) . this species is distinguished by its relatively long hindfeet ( strahan 1998 ; tokushima & jarman 2008 ) .\ntokushima and colleagues ( 2008 ) successfully used elliott live traps ( 33 x 10 x 9 cm ) baited with peanut butter and rolled oats for the trapping of the pilliga mouse . traps were shaded from frost and sunlight , and insulated in winter to maintain the welfare of caught specimens ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) . traps were modified to be triggered by specimens as small as 8 g ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) .\n@ article { bhlpart47464 , title = { the diet of the pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis ( rodentia : muridae ) from the pilliga scrub , northern new south wales } , journal = { proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . } , volume = { 123 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { sydney , linnean society of new south wales . } , author = { jefferys , e a and fox , b j } , year = { 2001 } , pages = { 89 - - 99 } , }\nthere were two good reasons to explore the pilliga . i\u2019m working on a book about toxins in the food chain and i\u2019d heard about contaminated water spills associated with coal seam gas exploration at the pilliga . locals are also worried coal seam gas development could affect the groundwater they depend on for irrigation and stock water \u2013 some see it as a pathway to contamination of crops and meat .\na natural resources commission ( nrc ) report kept under wraps since september was released on december 8 . it recommends logging and grazing of state conservation areas in the pilliga , north of coonabarabran .\nby now tony has forgiven me my lateness , has decided i\u2019m not a spy ( a common occurrence on this trip ) , and smiles , laughing at his jokes about the pilliga yowie . he opens up .\nthe launch in the pilliga highlighted awc\u2019s commitment to practical land management ( including the control of feral animals such as feral cats ) , based on good science , delivered while working as part of the local community .\nthe available genetic evidence ( i . e . presence of mitochondrial dna similar to both p . delicatulus and p . novahollandiae in specimens of p . pillagaensis ) indicates that p . pilligaensis is either a stabilised natural hybrid or a hybridised population of p . delicatulus or p . novahollandiae ( eldridge 2015 , pers . comm . ) . this evidence has led some authorities to treat the pilliga mouse as a southern population of the non - significant delicate mouse ( pseudomys delicatulus ) ( afd 2015 ; breed & ford 2007 ; van dyck & strahan 2008 ; woinarski et al . 2014 ) . the australian museum , however , argues that the current data is insufficient to distinguish amongst these options and that a more detailed study is required to resolve the matter ( eldridge 2015 , pers . comm . ) .\nthis animal is probably capable of travelling long distances to find refuge habitat and capable of putting up with times of overcrowding . predation is a real threat during this time of the mouse\u2019s life ; the only known predator , the owl , probably take its biggest toll on this animal straight after fires .\nthe science team in the pilliga is led by dr rod kavanagh . science staff include three wildlife ecologists : dr leah kemp , laurence berry and viyanna leo ; and two field ecologists , jennifer lewis and chris malam .\nawc is contracted to deliver a suite of land management and science services in the pilliga and at mallee cliffs . the initial term of the contract is for 10 years , with possible extension of up to 40 years .\nwe\u2019ve had some wins \u2013 the main offender , santos , has met with ongoing delays due to community opposition and lost over $ 1 billion of its shareholder\u2019s money on the narrabri gas project in the pilliga forest so far .\ngiven the wide habitat selection by this species , p . pilligaensis cannot be regarded as a habitat or even a pyric stage specialist . it is more likely to be limited in its habitat selection by other microhabitat factors , such as a gradient in the cover of low shrubs and depth of the sandy substrate , perhaps selecting a particular suite of shrubs . however , broombush , heath and kurricabah / bloodwood scrub support populations of this species in both early and late successional stages of vegetation and may be important habitat for p . pilligaensis . the extent of these scrub habitat types in pilliga east is about 20 000 ha out of a total of over 200 000 ha for the whole state forest . this scrub occurs in only small patches outside pilliga east . bearing in mind that this species\u0092 density is very sparse except where over - wintering congregations occur , this is a very restricted distribution for a small rodent . however its scattered presence in shrubby woodlands of pilliga east and the adjacent pilliga nature reserve indicate that it is capable of occupying a range habitats within the pilliga region as long as a favourable set of habitat conditions exist .\nwhen i first saw this book i was unsure what to make of it . is it a chapter book or picture book ? why is it so big and who is its target audience ? to allay my confusion i incorporated elvira and the pilliga mouse into my daughters\u2019 nighttime reading routine . on its completion i asked if i should give this unique story a good review to which my six - year - old daughter responded , \u201c well , it\u2019s very detailed with lots of exciting parts . give it a good review , mum . \u201d\nawc is the only conservation organisation to measure in a robust scientific manner the ecological health of a network of sanctuaries . awc field ecologists will measure the ecological health of the pilliga over time . in particular , we will measure :\nbiodiversity metrics : measures of the abundance of threatened and iconic species still extant in the pilliga , including the barking owl , koala and threatened woodland birds , many of which are expected to benefit from the control of feral predators .\none survey observed an irruptive population in post fire habitat during a high rainfall period ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) . it is unknown which of these factors is more important for the pilliga mouse : rainfall , and associated food availability , is known to lead to population increases in arid and semi arid rodents ; similarly , other rodent species have shown higher population densities in areas of regenerating vegetation ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) . a study reported sparse populations following wet years in an area unburnt for 14\u201330 years ( fox & briscoe 1980 ) .\nfox , b . j . & d . a . briscoe ( 1980 ) . pseudomys pilligaensis , a new species of murid rodent from the pilliga scrub , northern new south wales . australian mammalogy . 3 : 109 - 126 .\ni meet tony pickard on the side of the highway at the x - line road turn - off . he\u2019s a grazier at the pilliga and he\u2019s offered to show me some of the spill sites before we do a recorded interview .\na feature of awc\u2019s science and land management at the pilliga project area will be the establishment of a large ( 5 , 900 ha ) fox and cat - free area . along with our mallee cliffs project , this will be the first large feral predator - free area in the nsw national parks estate . this will pave the way for the reintroduction of a suite of mammals , such as the bilby , that became extinct in the pilliga more than 100 years ago .\nfox , b . j . and briscoe , d . a . , 1980 . pseudomys pilligaensis , a new species of murid rodent from the pilliga scrub , northern new south wales . aust . mammal . 3 : 109 - 26 .\nan unlikely alliance of farmers , graziers , environmentalists and aboriginal people is working to prevent coal seam gas development in the pilliga and surrounding farmland . in july i decided to drive to the north west plains to find out what was going on .\nare larger and a darker more slate - grey above . it has a black eye - ring and dark grey muzzle . the feet are light pink , and the ears a grey - pink . the tail is longer than the mouse ' s body , and is pink with a brownish stripe along the top . mice from east of\nthe scheme to log pilliga\u2019s conservation reserves is illegal under the national parks and wildlife act , 1974 , has no environmental benefit and will cost the taxpayer money . trying to recover some of the tax dollars will only make the proposed logging scheme worse .\nafter about a year\u2019s growth in the right habitats , the mouse is again able to find suitable cover and forage . many of the plants , such as the melaleucas , grow back quickly after fire by sending sprouts up from the underground tubers . so by the second autumn , a number of large congregations were found in these low shrubby plains .\npilliga mice live communally in simple burrow systems , comprised of two entrances and nest chamber , lined with leaves , some 20\u201330 cm below the surface . they may stay in these same burrows for up to six months of the year , particularly during the cooler months .\ni very much enjoyed reading your pate blog entry about your trip to the pilliga . apart from being a superbly written blog , it was particularly resonant for me as i lived in narrabri in 1986 - 87 , as a young visual arts teacher at the local government high school .\nthank you for sharing your experiences up there , and for doing so in such a well - crafted and compelling blog post . i have been working on some teaching resources for the new australian curriculum \u2013 geography ; your pilliga blog contains some tremendously useful context in relation to those resources .\nthe pilliga national park - state conservation area will be the site of one of two massive feral cat and fox - free areas to be established by awc , paving the way for the return to nsw of 10 of the world\u2019s most threatened mammal species including the numbat , the bilby and the bridled nailtail wallaby .\nthe commission\u2019s alleges that white cypress pine thickets are environmentally damaging to the pilliga\u2019s woodlands . this is just \u2018pr spin\u2019 to justify commercial logging of reserves . the nrc recommends that cypress thickets larger than a hectare with more than just 11 per cent canopy cover should be logged , affecting 57 , 000 hectares of reserves .\njuly 25 , 2016 : the member for barwon , kevin humphries mp , travelled into the vast pilliga forest ( near narrabri , north - west nsw ) today to launch the historic awc - nsw national parks partnership with rob smith ( regional manager , nsw - npws ) and atticus fleming ( awc chief executive ) .\nthis little - known taxon is restricted to the pilliga area which consists of mixed eucalyptus - callitris open woodland , with a heath or shrub understorey on sandy soil and sandstone ridges ( lee 1995 , fox 1995 , paull et al . 2014 ) . the females give birth to an average of three young ( fox 1995 ) .\nextending over half a million hectares , the pilliga forests are the largest consolidated block of forest and woodlands in western new south wales . the forests are dominated by white cypress pine as well as a number of eucalypt species , supporting many native plants and animals which have disappeared from the surrounding landscape . iconic species include the koala and barking owl .\na total of 10 040 trap - nights were conducted in 14 habitats of pilliga east and adjacent state forests . one survey period was undertaken between 1993 - 94 , a second between 1997 - 98 and a third in 1999 . all surveys used a consistent trapping design , by placing the traps in series along transects for at least 100 metres .\ndeborah briggs is a gomeroi woman whose father was a sleeper cutter in the pilliga , and his father before him . she practically grew up in the pilliga . as a gomeroi woman she is obliged to protect the waters of the great artesian basin . she is frustrated that governments and businesses go straight to the land councils to consult rather than the wider aboriginal community . deborah is frequently on facebook receiving and sharing information about coal seam gas . something that struck me about the interviews was how it seemed women were the main drivers of the campaigns and that social media was instrumental in the organisation , communication and networking . it has to have played a role in the formation and endurance of this alliance .\n. . . information about its habitat is also scarce ( e . g . fox and briscoe 1980 ; fox 1995 ; paull 2009 ; paull et al . 2014 ) . development of coal - seam gas extraction in the pilliga scrub has been proposed , stimulating concerns about impacts on the habitats and conservation status of p . pilligaensis . . . .\nthe opener is tragic , what a lack of understanding this person has for the beauty and wildlife of this place . obviously we need to a bit more education on the biodiversity value of the pilliga , the largest temperate woodland in eastern australia , home to over 30 threatened fauna , 12 threatened flora , 2000 plant species , 30 plant communities\u2026 . cameron , who were you talking to or is this just your view ? yes the gas and fire have damaged much of the eastern side \u2013 but i suggest you talk to people who understand the natural value of the place or travel more extensively in the pilliga . the natural values are one of the main reasons why it is worth stopping the gas field .\nacross the 35 , 000 ha pilliga project area , awc will implement a landscape - scale feral animal control program combined with intensive weed control and , in collaboration with the npws , effective fire management . in addition , a range of biodiversity research projects will examine the effects of feral animal control and the ecological benefits associated with the reintroduction of small mammals .\nit creates a strange blend of heartbreak and anger when looking at your account of what is going on in the pilliga . your description of it as being burnt out and battered is spot - on , and yet as you and others have seen , it\u2019s still a fragile an ecosystem , particularly when subjected to the threat of csg leaks and water table contamination .\nthe pilliga is a beaten - up burnt - out forest where the creeks flow underground and the trees grow barely as wide as a child\u2019s arm . its grasses have been eaten and its soils pulverised , its timber ringbarked and wood - chipped . it is criss - crossed with fire breaks and narrow old logging roads . wild boars tear out from its sandy watercourses and wind whips dust into your eyes here .\nin 2004 a small gas exploration company fracked its second coal seam at \u2018bibblewindi 1\u2019 . hardly anyone paid attention . a local told me later the pilliga is the perfect place to work discreetly : you only have to go a few metres back from the road and the dense - packed trees will hide you . no one suspected these mysterious activities in the bush would expand over the next ten years to become a 98 , 000 hectare project with over 800 wells planned .\nin partnership with the nsw national parks and wildlife service , awc will establish large ( 5 , 000 ha \u2013 8 , 0000 ha ) feral predator - free areas in the pilliga and at mallee cliffs using conservation fencing . wild populations of threatened mammal species such as bilbies , numbats and western quoll will then be re - established in these areas . a beyond the fence strategy will also be developed to provide for the release of mammals , where feasible , into unfenced sections of each national park .\naustralia has the worst mammal extinction record in the world and almost 30 % of surviving terrestrial mammals are at risk of extinction . one of the biggest threats to native wildlife is feral cats . feral cats kill millions of native animals every night . by creating feral free areas such as those being implemented at mallee cliffs and the pilliga , awc and the nsw government are creating safe environments where vulnerable wildlife can survive and in time , grow in population . this project will help turn back the tide of extinctions .\n< mods xmlns : xlink =\nurltoken\nversion =\n3 . 0\nxmlns : xsi =\nurltoken\nxmlns =\nurltoken\nxsi : schemalocation =\nurltoken urltoken\n> < titleinfo > < title > the diet of the pilliga mouse , pseudomys pilligaensis ( rodentia : muridae ) from the pilliga scrub , northern new south wales < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > jefferys , e a < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > fox , b j < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =\nmarcgt\n> < / genre > < note type =\ncontent\n> 123 < / note > < relateditem type =\nhost\n> < titleinfo > < title > proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales . < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < place > < placeterm type =\ntext\n> sydney , < / placeterm > < / place > < publisher > linnean society of new south wales . < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =\nvolume\n> < number > 123 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =\npages\n> < start > 89 < / start > < end > 99 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2001 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =\nuri\n> urltoken < / identifier > < accesscondition type =\nuseandreproduction\n> in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . < / accesscondition > < / mods >\nprevious study on the habitat selection of p . pilligaensis was undertaken by lim ( 1992 unpbl . ) in the pilliga nature reserve , who found a similar selection for habitat with a high shrub cover , high plant species richness and a sandy substrate . the habitats where p . pilligaensis were detected were sandstone ridge with open woodland or mallee and in e . fibrosa / c . trachyphloia woodlands with a dense heath layer . this species is still being caught at some of these same locations , as well as in rocky outcrops with a tall heath and woodlands with a very sparse understorey ( stuart green , pers . comm . , 1999 ) which is not entirely consistent with the results of this study . fox and briscoe ( 1980 ) reported this species to be in low densities in heathy scrub and in woodlands of various associations with a sparse understorey .\nthe habitats of the pilliga overlays a very old , jurassic sandstone , much of which is exposed as low ridges and eroded gullies . the soils are derived from non - marine alluvial sediments which have covered up much of the sandstone bedrock . the soils are generally of two main types . one is a duplex clay soil with a sandy a horizon overlaying a solid clay b horizon or rocky substrate . . the depth of the sandy horizon can vary enormously from 5 - 100 cm and the colours from grey , brown to red and yellow . each variation consistently supports different vegetation types . these soils are well leached and nutrient poor , the clay horizons trap much of the water for plant growth . the other main soil type found are deep earths and loamy soils , with less clay in the lower soil strata , formed by the fluvial transport from the upper darling drainage . their colour also varies from black to light brown .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2008 ) .\n. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :\n. department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . canberra , act : department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from :\nrecovery plan not required , included on the not commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .\ndepartment of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) ( 2008 ) .\nsurvey guidelines for australia ' s threatened mammals . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 5\n( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .\nlisted as data deficient ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\nfor the purpose of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) , the species listed as pseudomys pilligaensis in the epbc act list of threatened species is treated as a valid taxon .\ntokushima and colleagues ( 2008 ) undertook surveys between september 1997 and september 2001 to model the density of this species at a site north of coonabarabran .\ntokushima and colleagues ( 2008 ) showed a population density peak of 15\u201390 mice / ha ( from a low of 0\u20135 mice / ha ) during a population irruption . this increase occurred 20 months after a wildfire during a high rainfall period .\nbreeding habitat for the species has been recorded as broombush scrub , corymbia / acacia woodlands and red gum ( eucalyptus chloroclada ) / rough - barked apple ( angophora floribunda ) / corymbia heathy woodlands . in some instances broad - leaved ironbark ( eucalyptus fibrosa ) , dwyer ' s red gum ( eucalyptus dwyeri ) and scribbly gum ( eucalyptus rossii ) dominate overstorey , and calytrix tetragona dominates the understorey of breeding habitat ( paull & milledge 2011 ) . broombush used as over wintering and breeding sites tend to consist of young ( 1 . 5\u20133 year regrowth ) or mature ( > 25 years old ) trees ( paull 2009 ; paull & milledge 2011 ) .\ntopography of sites where this species is found include rolling landscapes with low relief on sandy soil and sandstone ridges ( lee 1995 ; tokushima et al . 2008 ) . this species occurs in an area of of low - nutrient deep sands with mean annual rainfall of approximately 750 mm ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) .\nduring non - peak population periods distribution is patchy and during peak periods distribution is ubiquitous ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) . no low density non - peak refugia have been identified .\nreproductively active females have been detected in all trapping periods , including winter . the peak breeding season is between october and april ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) . peak population densities occur towards the end of the breeding season ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) . some females have been observed to have multiple litters during a single breeding season and breeding during successive summers has been observed ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) .\npopulation irruptions have been observed in disturbed ( including post fire ) habitats during high rainfall periods . peak densities occur approximately 20 months following disturbance events . population declines , following a peak , are rapid and may be the result of shortage of food , social suppression of reproduction , predation and disease ( tokushima et al . 2008 ) .\ntokushima and jarman ( 2008 ) measured average movement distances of 40 m ( range 0\u0096181 m ) for recaptured individuals , however , larger movement patterns cannot be disregarded ."]}
{"id": 2296, "summary": [{"text": "the black garden ant ( lasius niger ) , also known as the common black ant , is a formicine ant , the type species of the subgenus lasius , found all over europe and in some parts of north america , south america and asia .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the european species was split into two species ; l. niger is found in open areas , while l. platythorax is found in forest habitats .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is monogynous , meaning colonies have a single queen .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "lasius niger colonies can reach in size up to around 40,000 workers in rare cases but 4,000 \u2013 7,000 is around average .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "a lasius niger queen can live up to around 15 years and it has been claimed that some have lived for 30 years .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "lasius niger queens while in the early stages of founding can have two to three other queens in the nest .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "they will tolerate each other until the first workers come , then it is most likely they will fight until one queen remains .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "in certain circumstances , it is possible that there can be multiple queens in a single colony if they are founding somewhat near each other and eventually their two tunnels connect .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "lasius niger is host to a number of temporary social parasites of the lasius mixtus group including lasius mixtus and lasius umbratus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "black garden ant", "paragraphs": ["the black garden ant , otherwise known just \u2018black ant\u2019 is one of the most common ant species found in europe .\nthe black garden ant queen is around 9mm , with dark brown / black reddish legs and antenna . she has been known to live for up to 29 years ( see ant fact 4 ) . black garden ants are monogyn ( one queen per colony ) .\nthe queen black garden ant that will develop from this glistening larva could live 10 times longer than her doting workers .\nblack garden ants are wide spread across europe , some parts of n . america and asia .\ntrue to its name , the black garden ant is fond of a garden habitat : often found under paving stones and bricks , but may also nest in the rotting wood of houses . the black garden ant has been known to nest in cracks in foundations then make its way into homes . colonies of the black garden ant contain an average of 5 , 000 individuals , but may grown as large as 15 , 000 .\nfor black garden ants , planthoppers , is the right honeydew source . the black garden ants conduct vigorous explorations for any food products , particularly sweet or greasy products indoors . . in addition , it consumes dead or live insects . this black garden ant is not only a day and night forager , but also a scavenger .\nthe black garden ant prefers sweet foods like ripe fruit , but also feeds on honeydew produced by aphids , and will even care for young aphids in order to harvest their honeydew . other insects like mealybugs , whiteflies , and planthoppers are favorite sources of honeydew for the black garden ant . the black garden ant will actively forage after any food items , specifically greasy or sweet ones , indoors . it may also eat living or dead insects . the black garden ant is a scavenger and forager and will search for food night and day .\nup to 1 inch or 25 millimetres long ( workers can be 3 to 13 mm ) , nearly 5 times the size of a typical pavement ant or black garden ant .\nblack garden ants are particularly fond of ripe soft fruits like strawberries , annoying for farmers and allotment owners . see vegetation .\nthe black garden ant can become an extreme nuisance if nesting has taken place in or around your home . it is extremely important to keep black garden ant numbers in check and take any measures to eliminate them from your property . contact a professional as soon as you see significant numbers or believe they are nesting indoors .\nthough they will shy away from human confrontation , the nesting and foraging habits of the black garden ant are a force to be reckoned with . a particular pest in the garden , the black garden ant encourages the appearance of aphids . because it harvests aphids\u2019 honeydew it often cares for this infamous garden pest . during summer months , when the colony is most active , the black garden ant may venture indoors in search of additional food sources for young ants . it will go after sweet and greasy foods , and its nest may even penetrate indoors from time to time if cracks or voids are left unsealed .\nworkers are black , or red and black , in color ; and range in size from 3 / 8 to \u00bd inch .\ncommon black ants , or garden ants , range from 3 - 5mm in size . the adults are shiny brown / black in colour . the black ant has a large head with an elbowed antennae ; the body has a slender thorax leading to a small waist , before joining the large abdomen .\nthe following habitats are found across the black garden ant distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nalso known as the pavement ant , the black garden ant ( lasius niger ) is the most common ant seen in towns and gardens . they nest almost anywhere , under pavements , in soil , along the edges of lawns , under rocks and in flower pots .\nwe find the black garden ants in several places inclusive of asia , africa , north america , europe , united kingdom , russia and wales .\nas its name implies , black garden ants love to live in the gardens : we often see them below the stones , payments and bricks . besides ; they construct nests in houses where the wood is rotten . it is learnt that the black garden ants build their nest in basement crevices and then enter the houses . in a colony of a black garden ant , you can find approximately 5 . 000 ants , and sometimes , this figure can cross the 15 , 000 mark .\nthe black garden ant is a very annoying pest when left unchecked . there nests are usually unobtrusive but when built indoors are extreme annoyances . use of do - it - yourself pesticides may be all it takes to get rid of a small black garden ant infestation , but if it has become too big of a problem for you to handle on your own , consider professional help .\ntip ! the black garden ant likes heat . so , during warm days when the sun is up : try flipping stones to find the queen enjoying the warm upper floors of the nest !\nphotos copyright john mason and roger key , and courtesy of buglife , who have more information about the black garden ant . read more about why ants fly on the society of biology website .\nbait : baits are particularly effective for the black garden ant because they tend to carry their food from the source back to their nest . professional baits can be purchased at the local grocery store .\nfood : black garden ants love food , especially human food , so keep the inside of your home free from spilled food . like your mother always says , \u201conly eat in the kitchen , \u201d and my personal favorite , \u201cclean up after yourself ! \u201d it turns out mother was trying to prevent an ant infestation . think of any spills or food left out as an enticement for the black garden ant .\nwhen the ants have nested within a garden , they can create a rather large fuss for those with a keen eye . farming aphids and scaling honeydew , the ants spread from host plant to other host plants , distributing their pets as they move . the typical black garden ant also feeds on natural predators required for a healthy garden habitat , such as spiders and other small insects .\nfind more fun ant facts for kids in addition to ant control at the official npma website .\nblack garden ant ( lasius niger ) also known as the common black ant , is a formicine ant , the type species of the subgenus lasius , found all over europe and in some parts of north america and asia . the european species was split into two species ; l . niger is found in open areas , while l . platythorax is found in forest habitats . more info : urltoken\nmating occurs when the winged queen ants fly away to start a new colony . both queen and male black garden ants \u201cswarm\u201d around entrances to other colonies until fertilization takes place . once it does , the fertilized queen will make her own nest and lay her eggs . black garden ant pupae may take as little as eight but as long as 10 weeks to become fully grown . while pupating , the ant larvae are cared for and fed by the workers of the colony . both the queen and male black garden ants bear wings , but the female will shed her wings after mating and the male dies soon after .\nthe black garden ant can be found in a number of locations including : africa , asia , europe , north america , russia , united kingdom , wales . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nconsidered by biomass , the largest ant species in finland is the red wood ant , formica aquilonia , which builds anthills in the woods . however , when it comes to the number of nests , it is beaten by the black garden ant lasius niger , which is a familiar guest in summer cottages as well as houses .\nblack garden ants eat anything from leftovers , soft fruits , seeds , to other small insects . they can also frequently be seen farming honeydew farmed from aphids around gardens and vegetation .\nlasius niger , or the black garden ant , is a very easy species to keep . they are survivors and can handle harsh environments and situations . each colony has got a single queen and can grow into tens of thousands of workers .\nblack garden ants are the most common pest that is found crawling within your backyards . these ants can reside in any climatic condition with homes nests underground . true to their name , the garden ant is black in appearance from top to bottom . narrow in the waist and flightless in nature , these insects thrive in large masses in self - created colonies . it is quite easy to mistake these black garden ants with their look - alike brethren since there are over forty other species categorized under common pests . most of these ants are similar in nature and appearance , yet do not tend to reside together due to territorial issues .\nthe first type of garden ant you could see would be the worker ant on the ground by the naked eye . from being three to five millimeters long , the worker ants have a dark glossy black body color . workers tend to grow larger over time if the colonies survive over their average times .\nby far the most common flying ants seen at the moment is the black garden ant , lasius niger . the ants we see throughout the year are workers ( sterile females ) , but flying ants are males and new queens undergoing their nuptial flight .\nants vary in color from yellow to red to brown and black and various combinations of these .\neveryone can tell you what an ant looks like . six legs , two antenna , a body made out of three pieces ( head , thorax and abdomen ) . some ants have wings , these are the kings and queens . ants can come in many colors including black , brown , yellow and red . most common pet ant species are the black garden ant lasius niger , the harvester ant messor barbarus and the red ant myrmica rubra . lasius niger is a very common and well know ant in europe and also occurs in the united states . the harvester ant messor barbarus is an ant species from south - europe and is a favorite pet ant because of the different worker castes . it has small ( minors ) and large workers ( majors ) and can be fed with seeds making it easy to feed these ants .\nblack garden ants like sweetened foods like ripe fruits , in addition , they consume honeydew prepared by aphids . they also draw honeydew from consuming insects such as white flies , mealy bugs and plant hoppers .\ndespite its size , the black garden ant has a huge impact on our countryside , from improving soil to pollination and pest control . they are also important as food ; many people are alerted to the presence of flying ants by the sound of feasting gulls .\nthe amount of food that an ant colony can bring in is staggering . the red wood ant of southern england ,\nfrom late spring to early winter , you can see the black garden ants on the ground . the months of june to august were particularly important to the ants , as these are the mating months for the queen ant , and it is during this time , the worker ants are at their peak level of search and retrieve , while the winged male phenotypes fly around . when temperatures are humid , and the weather is sunny , black garden ants are very active .\nblack garden ants usually survey their environment extensively in the early months of summer , both for the purpose of accumulating the food for the queen and her juveniles and also for preparing for the nest\u2019s summer flight .\nout of about 11 , 000 ant species worldwide there are about 50 that frequent the uk . the common black garden ant is one of the most robust and prolific to be found on our shores . colonies can grow to around 15 , 000 workers , but the average is between 5 , 000 to 7 , 000 ants .\nby far and away the most common ant experienced in the uk is the black garden ant . at around 4mm long for worker ants and up to 10mm long for the queens , they can as the name suggests , be commonly be found in gardens , although they will happily find their way into housing when foraging for food .\nthe queens live longer . the queens of most species live five years , some even longer . the most long - lived queen known belonged to the species black garden ant lasius niger . she reached the age of 29 years in the laboratory nest of a swiss scientist .\nknowing what a particular ant species likes to eat and where and how they nest is very important in controlling ant colonies .\nblack garden ants are typically found in gardens under bricks and flower pots . the most common place to find them in urban areas is between pavements and curbs . they will often enter our homes foraging for food .\nexterior control : there are other outdoor pests that especially attract the black garden ant so employ methods to control these bugs in order to keep it uninterested in your property . keep landscape mulch at least a foot away from foundations and less than two inches thick . make sure your sprinklers do not spray directly onto your foundation . this can sometimes cause home materials to rot which can make a soft spot for nesting . if you don\u2019t believe in insecticides you can always pour boiling water on and around the entrances to black garden ant nests . this obviously destroys the ants and the colony .\nblack garden ants are the most commonly seen ants in britain , building nests under garden stones and paving slabs , as well as occasionally turning up in our houses in the summer . however , they are probably most famous for their mating flights , when swarms of winged queens and reproductive males take to the skies during the hot and humid summer weather . the males subsequently die but the queens go on to establish new colonies . these small black ants are abundant in north america , europe and parts of asia and enjoy a varied diet from fruit to insects . did you know ? black garden ants \u201cmilk\u201d aphids ; when prompted , aphids excrete sugar - filled honeydew in return for protection .\nblack garden ants are well known for their tendency to enter homes and raid sugar bowls . they have a varied diet , from nectar and fruit to other small invertebrates . ants also farm aphids , harvesting the honeydew they excrete .\nblack garden ants eat most of the food they can scavenge . they are not picky eaters and will eat from fruits and seeds to small insects . the ants also farm honeydew from aphids that they capture from around their chosen sites .\ni\u2019m never quite sure where the \u00e2\u20ac\u02dcblack\u2019 or the \u2018garden\u2019 elements relate to lasius niger . in our garden these ants look more of a very dark brown and are to be found under the patio slabs , in the flower pots , creating small piles of earth along the edge of the lawn or most often as not , attempting to tunnel their way into our kitchen !\nargentine ant colonies are located in wet environments near a food source . these colonies can grow to monumental size , sometimes covering entire habitats , such as an entire garden or your whole back yard .\ndavid attenborough looks at aphids and their relationship with ants in a garden . the ants protect the aphids from a predatory ladybird .\nthat are under discussion is very minute in nature . ranging from four to seven millimeters in length , these ants are dark in nature . with body colors from brown to black , you can mistake these flightless creatures for other species of the same body type . however , there are three different types of black garden ants , which are slightly different in body shapes and work categories .\nusually prevention is enough to deter garden ants from entering a property . however if the nest is too close to a building or inside the wall voids , garden ant control will need to be done by qualified professionals . as destroying the nest , eggs and queen , rather than just the foraging worker ants is much more difficult to achieve .\neach year , normally in july or august , huge numbers of flying ants \u2013 males and young queens \u2013 suddenly appear on a \u2018nuptial flight\u2019 . they are simply regular ants \u2013 probably black garden ants \u2013 that develop wings during the mating season and then mate during flight .\nmale : length : 3 , 5 - 5 , 0 millimetres . brown shaded black color . wings are transparent . ( 1 )\nthis ant is widespread across europe , asia , and the u . s .\nant identification can be challenging . if you find an ant that you do not recognize , send it to someone who can properly identify it . [ link ]\nant trails can be temporarily disrupted with a mild solution of vinegar and water .\nthey are 2 . 5 mm in length while the major workers are about 4 . 5mm . they are more dark brown than black .\nall adult hymenoptera have a very narrow waist in the middle of their body , and this is clearly seen in the wingless worker caste of ants . ants live in large colonies and are well - known insects in britain\u2019s countryside and gardens . there are over three dozen species of ants in the uk but one of the commonest and most often seen is the black garden ant\nthe practice of ordering or importing ant colonies through the mail is illegal in many areas , cruel , and is hazardous to a local ecosystem , therefore the gan project exists to encourage responsible ant keeping by promoting the keeping of local ant species . the gan project also seeks to make the ant keeping hobby more accessible around the world .\nrebecca : cream of wheat ! they eat it & it expands & they explode ! ha ! i used it in my garden for ant problems . kind of makes you wonder what it does to our insides when we eat it too\nalthough these are called black garden ants , they can also be dark brown . most are between 3 and 5mm long but the queen may be as long as 16mm . reproductive males and females have wings , though the queen sheds her wings after laying eggs and males die shortly after mating .\nthe black garden ants live mostly in sight . you can find the nests in the dry soil of gardens that ants feel are safe from predator trafficking . the ants create their nests within crevices and grooves found within the chosen spots . flower beds and paving stones make for excellent nesting grounds .\nthe black garden ant workers are 4 - 6 mm long , wingless and black or dark brown . they are usually found in large numbers , either around their nests in the soil or following each other along their scent trails across the ground and paved areas , over walls and into buildings . the queen is larger ( up to 15 mm long ) and mid - brown in colour but is only seen if the nest is excavated . the fertile males and females are only seen briefly , as swarms of flying ants .\nthey are a very strong ant species and can thrive in wide range of areas .\na nest made of entirely of ants , primarily found in the army ant species .\nan ant can lift 20 times its own body weight . if a second grader was as strong as an ant , she would be able to pick up a car !\nan important method for preventing carpenter ant problems indoors is to eliminate high moisture conditions .\nweaver ant larvae is a commodity here in indonesia , we use weaver ant larvae for dietary supplement to improve the performance of songbirds before bird singing competition and carp fishing bait . throughout the year weaver ant larvae is harvested and sold , because demand for weaver ant larvae has increased in recent years some areas are being over harvested and as a result diminishing in weaver ant colony in the nature . from that point , i and some friends trying to establish a weaver ant farm so we could meet the demand for weaver ant larvae and by doing so also help to reduce over harvesting in the nature .\nwe are always looking for new and enthusiastic ant hobbyists to offer ants for sale ( or for free ) in their area to local ant keepers and ant keeper hopefuls seeking to obtain an ant colony with a queen . if you have some queen ants and / or ant colonies that you would like to sell or give away , here is how to join the gan project as a gan farmer ( seller ) in your area :\nturning over the rocks served an important purpose : the aim was to find nests of the black ant species formica fusca . it is a very common ant species in finland , which does not build anthills but makes its nest under rocks , tree stumps and rotting trees . most of the nest spreads into underground networks .\nthe society of biology runs a flying ant survey , which has previously discovered there ' s a month of high flying ant activity in the uk , with four distinct peaks .\nant course will be taught at the southwestern research station ( swrs ) in portal arizona ( urltoken ) . the station is centered amid the richest ant fauna in north america .\nant supercolonies can be made up of thousands of nests and hundreds of thousands of workers .\npest management professionals have the training and experience to deal with household ant problems . contact a trusted pest management company if you want to have your ant problem handled by a professional .\nthe nuptial flights take place somewhere between june and september . the european ants of the species tend to mate during hot summer days in july and august , while their north american siblings prefers the autumn months . it is not uncommon for people to see thousands of black garden ants flying away to mate with each other .\nthe antscanada global ant nursery project\u2122 offers a simple solution for those needing ant colonies with a queen for their formicariums , and also provides an opportunity for ant hobbyist to earn some extra money doing what they love . to put it simply : if you need ants , we find ant sellers in your area to buy ants from , or if you are looking to sell or donate any of your ant colonies , we help you find buyers from your area wanting ants . we are like the \u201cuber\u201d for live ants , constantly bringing together ant lovers with locally raised ant colonies ! here is what acclaimed biologist , nature photographer alex wild has to say :\nblack ant colonies are around 4000 - 7000 strong on average . they have a single queen , who lays the eggs . larvae are fed by the worker ants , whom forage for seeds and nectar in the surrounding areas and return to the nest .\n4 . lastly , it is important to protect the ant farm against smaller ant spices as e . g . pheidole spp . , crazy ants etc . they like weaver ant larvae as much as the birds and are in many cases able to win a fight against weaver ants .\nqueen : length : 7 , 0 - 10 , 0 millimetres . brown shaded black color . wings are transparent , but ridden of after the nuptial flights .\nis otherwise called in general , as black ant , this is a formicine ant , belonging to the sub - genus lasius . we find them throughout europe and in certain parts of asia and north america . the european variety was divided into two types ; l . platythorax dwells in the forest regions , whereas the l . niger type dwells in exposed areas . this ant is monogamous which means they have only one queen in a colony . anatomy\nthe species of ant determines the nesting site , food preference and the best method of management .\nthe most effective way to identify a carpenter ant is by looking at the petiole and the thorax . a carpenter ant\u2019s petiole has one node , which makes the area between the thorax and abdomen look like a small notch . other worker ants that can be mistaken for carpenter ants have two - node petioles . additionally , the thorax of the carpenter ant is evenly rounded , whereas other ant species have a bumpy thorax . properly identifying a carpenter ant can be difficult without close inspection .\nkeeping out : to prevent the entry of black garden ants , keep all entries into the home ( doors and windows ) nice and snug . if you are overly cautious use caulking to secure cracks and leakages in doors and windows , but don\u2019t go too crazy . black garden ants typically enter around the foundation of your home so focus on those areas . lastly , there are natural deterrents such as : chili pepper , bay leaves , mint , cinnamon , peppermint , salt , pepper , and borax that can be used to stop ants from coming in . spread any of these items along places you\u2019ve seen the ants and cracks or other entrances to keep them out naturally .\nworker : length : 2 , 0 - 5 , 0 millimetres . dark brown / black with greyish tones . the thorax is lighter than the rest of the body\nin city parks and suburbs the black ant is generally the common one , while in the countryside it is mostly the yellow meadow ant , lasius flavus , that spirals up above the fields . much earlier this century , the naturalist robert lloyd praeger took notes of an experience with winged yellow ants one august day , as he walked into blessington , co wicklow :\ni am located nee of johannesburg , south africa , and these ants are all over my garden - under the paving . ( i also have an infestation of termites . )\nthe black garden ant , also known as common black ant , is a formicine ant , the type species of the subgenus lasius , found all over europe and in some parts of north america and asia . the european species was split into two species ; l . niger is found in open areas , while l . platythorax is found in forest habitats . it is monogynous , meaning colonies have a single queen . lasius niger colonies can reach in size up to around 40 , 000 workers but 4 , 000\u20137 , 000 is around average . a lasius niger queen can live up to around 15 years and it has been claimed that some have lived for 50 years . this video is targeted to blind users . attribution : article text available under cc - by - sa creative commons image source in video\nit is signalled by flocks of black - headed gulls , circling high over the city , by the hawking of swifts in among them , and also , perhaps , by squadrons of swooping starlings . all are feasting on columns of winged ants , soaring up for a sexual orgy more daintily known as the\nnuptial flight\n. glance around at the ground at this time and you may catch the glitter of tiny wings as black garden ants , lasius niger , pour out of their underground nests to take off .\nit is a very active , fast moving ant . they will typically run away from human confrontation .\nholds the waste products inside an ant , waste will be deposited in the colonies designated waste area .\na western visitor describes the ancient alliance the mofu people of cameroon have with a roaming red ant .\nthe moment you ' ve all been waiting for . . . behold , ant course 2015 ! !\nmaybe you\u2019ve heard of it : keeping ants as pets ! keeping an ant colony is interesting and fun because of the amazing ability of the ant colony to function as a unit . setting up an ant colony enclosure , called a formicarium , can be challenging but is certainly worth the effort for insect enthusiasts !\nall ant species listed here were locally caught and captive raised , and each colony contains a queen and at least 1 worker ant ( unless indicated ) . prices are determined by the gan farmer . some ant colonies come with complete setups . look below to see if we have a gan farmer in your area .\nin just a few days , a single army ant queen can lay up to 300 , 000 eggs .\nthe best air humidity for an ant colony depends on the ant species , some need their nest dry while others need it moist . the ants know best what is good for them , so you should offer them different moisture areas inside the nest . the ants will move their offspring to their optimal humidity . read more about making water ditches to provide the ant colony with moisture at the section about \u201cpet ant colony housing\u201d .\nas most children seem to know , the black ant doesn ' t hurt you , but its red - brown , narrow - waisted neighbours in the garden , the myrmica species , do have an irritating sting . our biggest species , the wood ant , formica rufa , can squirt formic acid from its rear end to immobilise its prey , but it is still an insect we should hope will increase with the progress of global warming . it is presently scarce throughout ireland and little is known of its distribution : only in the ancient woodlands of the killarney valley have its prominent nests come under notice .\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\nthe last type of garden ant would be the queen ( female ) phenotype . these are the largest of all three categories , standing out at nine millimeters in length . the color of their bodies is black in nature as well ; however , a glossy sheen covers it as well . the queens are the powerhouse of the labor force that drives the ants to glory . fertilized frequently , these queens are also known to ingest their wings during winter , to use for food during harsh winters .\na caste of ant that stores large amounts of liquid food in its crop i . e honey pot ants .\ndrenching a nest many times with an insecticidal soap solution is sometimes effective in forcing an ant colony to relocate .\nwe encourage non - commercial use of ant web images . each image must be attributed to its photographer and to\nour \u201call you need\u201d starter kits are designed to provide your new ant colony with the greatest chance at success .\nduring the winter an ant colony will remain dormant . only when the weather starts to warm will the worker ants set out to forage . garden ants will eat a variety of food , from nectar , soft fruits and small insects to honeydew from aphids and anything sweet and sugary they can find in the kitchen .\nknown to nest in wooden structures , carpenter ants are common pests to invade homes in canada . typically earth toned carpenter ants range from reddish brown to dull black depending on species . like any ant , the carpenter ant\u2019s body consists of a head , thorax , and abdomen . the head includes a set of large mandibles that open horizontally like scissors and a pair of antennae that take an elbow shape . six legs attach to the thorax , and a narrow petiole ( waist ) separates the thorax from the abdomen . a carpenter ant\u2019s abdomen , or gaster , is bulbous and covered in long , yellowish hairs this is only true for the black carpenter ant . ( should include here the node , the number of nodes , smooth rounded thorax and the circle of hair at tip of abdomen , these are the outstanding id for carpenter ants\nthere are many types of formicaria that all look nice , i\u2019ll show just one . a jelly ant nest as sold by kids toy shops are not suitable to keep an ant colony in , no matter what the package says .\n\u201cthe global ant nursery is an excellent idea , and is the responsible way to enjoy an ant - keeping hobby . not only does connecting suppliers with local hobbyists prevent the accidental release of pest ants , the global ant nursery should help foster regional myrmecological communities . i hope it succeeds ! \u201d - alex wild ( biologist , nature photographer urltoken )\nthatched mound nest of formica obscuripes , an ant found in north america . image by alex wild ( urltoken ) .\nif insects are considered to become too much of a nuisance , there is a shrewd way of taking care of their existence within the garden . by using gels and granular substances scented with sugary coatings , you can cure the ant infestation . by scattering these around the garden , the ants retrieve these granular baits and take them to the queen . on ingestion the queen is killed off , allowing the colony to break down and disperse over time . all future populations are then observed to migrate into other parts to avoid another colony collapse .\nthis is the ant which everybody knows , the good old garden ant . it is found everywhere and no matter what you do , short of sterilising the ground which kills everything , you have just got to live with it . the queen can be as big as 15 mm but the worker or male is only 4 - 5 mm long . these are the flying ants which everybody associates with in middle to late summer ( see above ) .\nant baits sold in stores for home use are generally labeled for many common household ants , although ants will not be equally attracted to all baits . it is important to identify what ant species you have so you use the right bait .\nmillions of the tiny winged critters will soon be spotted all over the country on what ' s dubbed flying ant day .\nat certain times of year , ant nests produce winged ants . these are young queens and male ants , which often emerge\nopen a drawer for more specific information and photos of each type of ant listed . it is often challenging to recognize ants from a picture . because different species may be treated differently , be sure an ant problem is correctly identified before attempting control .\nthe time is takes for an ant to develop from egg to adult ant depends on the species , the environmental temperature and the caste of the ant . most ant species take around two weeks to develop from egg to worker . the growth of the colony depends on the number of eggs the queen lays and on the success of the development of these eggs . if you have a colony with bad conditions , like too few proteins in the food , too high or low humidity , too high or low temperature or stressful conditions like bright light inside the nest area , the eggs and larvae die . an ant colony becomes as old as its queen : around 3 to 10 years depending on the ant species and how well you care for them .\non the whole , the black garden ants are simple creatures that do not mean to disturb the existence of any other species that they may share their space with . they move about their small spanned lives in search of food and try to keep away from all that might wish to ruin their routines . though they rapidly grow in numbers and create colonies , these insects are quite beneficial to the environment when their populations are kept in check .\n' we expect flying ant day to be different around the country , and we\u2019re really interested to learn more about this . '\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nthe pupae is the final stage before metamorphosis into the adult . this stage usually takes around two weeks before the ant emerges .\nworkers \u2013 with a scientific name lasius niger , these workers are colored dark glossy black and are of length 3 to 5 mm . as the colony grows older over the generations , the workers grow bigger in size .\nare named as black ants , it is also possible that they port a dark brown color and most of them grow to a length of 3 to 5 mm , still , the queen can attain a length of 16mm .\npest management professionals may also offer services such as sealing or screening holes and crevices to help prevent further carpenter ant activity in homes .\nthe black garden ant is virtually a harmless creature to the human population . they are unable to carry any diseases and do not bite . their major aim is to eat , mate and work for their colonies which are how they can host up to ten thousand workers at a time . however , these ants tend to attract special kinds of predators . in some cases , the ants also help to accelerate population growth of other species by protecting their young in exchange for food . by themselves , they do nothing but eating small fruits . however , they can give rise to other pests for their survival .\nthe different types of ant in a colony . i . e . queens , drones , soldiers , workers and all in - between .\nwe also greatly recommend you house your new ant colony using any of our effective \u201call you need\u201d starter kit gear packs at our shop . be sure to also pick up our ultimate ant keeping handbook e - book for all the information needed to care for your ants properly .\nin part because of such attention , but also for genetic reasons not fully understood , the queen in many species lives essentially forever\u2014at least from the perspective of her descendants in the colony . queens of the black garden ant , lasius niger , for example , live for an astonishing 20 to 30 years . l . niger workers , which are all female , survive for one to three years , while the males last for only a few weeks . on a human scale under such terms , if an average man lived 70 years , an average woman would live about 2 , 500 years and an average queen perhaps 30 , 000 years .\nso what can we do to control ants , well as i said before , in the garden , it is a thankless task because the amount of insecticide you would have to apply would not be very eco - friendly . in fact it would probably kill plants as well , apart from the fact that it would destroy insects which are crucial to the successful balance of the garden . things like ladybirds and ground beetles all of which perform a natural function by predating on other species thereby keeping them under control .\n[ 0814 ] graff et al . ( 2007 ) , differential gene expression between adult queens and workers in the ant lasius niger ( pubmed )\nants of the amazonian rainforests . there is even a species of ant that feed of the blood of their own larvae , and are often called\nthe pavement ant workers are dark reddish - black , about 2 . 5 - 4 mm long ; the petiole , which connects the mesosoma ( i . e . , the modified thorax of ants ) and gaster ( modified abdomen ) , has two segments . the posterior part of the mesosoma has two spines that project upward , and they have a stinger in the last abdominal segment .\ngood golly ! ! garden ants are on the march in ireland . sorry if the title misled you . sadly , this isn\u2019t a post about the great tune by little richard \u2013 the lyrics of which ( having just researched ) are not really . . .\nthe carpenter ant queen is a fertilized , functional female of the colony . she is wingless , about 13 - 25 mm long , colour is dependent on species but often range from dark brown , reddish , yellow , or black tones . similar in appearance to worker ants , the queen\u2019s body is divided into a head , thorax , and abdomen , or gaster . the queen is solely responsible for producing offspring and the keeping the colony together . most carpenter ant species have one functional queen per colony ; however some species have multiple queens .\nthe second type of garden ant would be the male phenotype . these are slightly greater than the average worker ant by one or half a millimeter . however , these are slimmer in nature though they share the same color . their differing factor would be the glossy wings they support on their backs . due to this , their body shape appears to be different , giving them an almost wasp \u2013like appearance . the wingspan of the common male phenotype is over five millimeters in length . with tiny tendrils running through , the wings give off a very delicate appearance .\nto make a real impression on ant numbers it would be necessary to destroy the nests rather than just the foraging ants . that is difficult to achieve as ant nests occupy a much larger volume of soil than the surface excavations might suggest . in most situations it is best to tolerate the presence of ants\nkristie : vinegar ! since we switched to using a vinegar / water solution for mopping the floors and cleaning the counters , our ant problem has vanished .\nspraying foraging ants is only temporary and has little impact on the nest . spraying may be useful for seasonal ant problems when ants enter from outside nests .\nbeverlyc : we live in china and had a horrible ant problem in our house . tried cinnamon , black pepper , vinegar , etc . etc . we were concerned about the borax because we have guests in and out regularly and the little children are often , well , naughty and undisciplined . when someone suggested terro liquid ant bait and we found it was just borax and sugar , we asked someone to bring us some . we could pick the traps up and put them away when company came and put them back out after they left . they worked wonders ! !\nknowing where a specific type of ant likes to nest and what they like to eat is the key to finding the best way to get rid of them .\nthere are two types of carpenter ant nests : parent colonies and satellite colonies . the workers of satellite colonies move frequently between their nest and the parent colony .\nin nature these ants search for flower nectar and for what is poetically known as\nhoney dew\nbut which is actually a sticky , sweet secretion produced by aphids or greenfly . when garden ants get into the house it will soon be seen that they are particularly attracted to sweet substances , such as drops of jam or scraps of cake . as soon as one ant has found the food source , he then returns to the nest at the same time laying a pheromone ( scent ) trail , once back at the nest the ant can communicate with the other ants by tapping them with it ' s antennae and also by feeding them with some of the contents of it ' s crop . the next thing you know the whole nest is at the site where you dropped that jammy spoon . below is a picture of some black ants around some spilt fruit juice .\nflying ants are well and truly out and about today , 9th august . i saw them in the garden at 11 . 45am and this evening , unfortunately in my conservatory , at 8 . 30pm . i live in malvern , worcestershire . the weather has been very warm and still .\nant colonies also have soldier ants that protect the queen , defend the colony , gather or kill food , and attack enemy colonies in search for food and nesting space . if they defeat another ant colony , they take away eggs of the defeated ant colony . when the eggs hatch , the new ants become the\nslave\nants for the colony . some jobs of the colony include taking care of the eggs and babies , gathering food for the colony and building the anthills or mounds .\ndwarfing her attendant daughters , a queen leafcutter ant rests amidst the white fungus that her workers cultivate on leaf bits inside the nest . she can live 30 years .\nparent carpenter ant colonies sometimes establish one or more satellite nests in nearby indoor or outdoor sites . satellite nests are typically composed of workers , pupae and mature larvae .\nyou can buy an ant colony or ant queen , or you can collect one from nature . for both options you will have to choose to get only a queen or a queen with already some workers . if you find or buy a queen without workers , you don\u2019t know if she mated . if she never mated , she will never start a colony . if you want to buy an ant queen to start a colony , i would recommend to buy one with eggs or workers so you are sure she mated . if you collect ants from nature , i recommend getting only a queen as they are very easy to find . in summer ant colonies will produce young queens that can be found anywhere . when you find them without wings , they are probably mated . you won\u2019t disturb nature by getting one or two of these young queens . you can also dig out a complete ant nest to find the queen . i strongly disprove of this . you will destroy a complete ant nest and you might not find the queen . without the queen you cannot keep ants in a functional nest as a pet . some ant species are protected by law from disturbing them . do not release foreign ant species into nature ! this will disturb the natural balance in nature and in some states or countries this even against the law ."]}
{"id": 2297, "summary": [{"text": "spilonota laricana is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe ( except the iberian peninsula and the balkan peninsula ) , china , japan , russia and the nearctic ecozone .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae mainly feed on larix species , but have also been recorded on other coniferous trees .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "young larvae mine the needles of their host plant .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "after overwintering they feed on the young buds . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "spilonota laricana", "paragraphs": ["spilonota laricana ( heinemann , 1863 ) is now recognized within the north american fauna , fabreries . 27 ( 1 ) : 1 - 46 .\nlaricana heinemann , 1863 ( grapholitha ) , schmett . deut . schweiz 2 : 206 . tl : germany / switzerland . , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nhexametra meyrick , 1920 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 342 . tl : pakistan , peshawar . holotype : bmnh . female .\nincretata meyrick , 1931 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 143 . tl : indonesia , java . holotype : ipdb . female .\ngrandlacia razowski , 2013 ( spilonota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 41 : 81 . tl : new caledonia , grand lac . holotype : bmnh . male .\nlechriaspis meyrick , 1932 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 306 . tl : china , south manchuria , kwantung mountains . lectotype : bmnh . male .\naphrocymba meyrick , 1927 ( spilonota ) , insects samoa 3 ( 2 ) : 70 . tl : samoan islands , upolu , malololelei . holotype : bpbm . male .\ndistyliana moriuti , 1958 ( spilonota ) , ty to ga 9 : 51 . tl : japan , honshu , osaka prefecture , sumiyoshi . holotype : eihu . male .\neremitana moriuti , 1972 ( spilonota ) , konty 40 : 258 . tl : japan , honshu , nagano prefecture , sin ' yu . holotype : opu . female .\ncryptogramma meyrick , 1922 ( spilonota ) , exotic microlepid . 2 : 520 . tl : fiji islands , fiji ( lautoka ) . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .\npyrusicola liu & liu , 1994 ( spilonota ) , ent . sin . 1 : 140 . tl : china , liaoning province , biezhen . holotype : izas . male .\nbabylonica meyrick , 1912 ( spilonota ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 854 . tl : india , nilgiri hills . holotype : bmnh . male .\nchlorotripta meyrick , 1921 ( spilonota ) , zool . meded . 6 : 151 . tl : indonesia , java , preangor . syntypes : ncb . 1 male , 1 female .\nochrea kuznetzov , 1966 ( spilonota ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 189 . tl : russia . far east , primorsky krai , vladivostok . holotype : zmas . male .\namamiana nasu , 2012 ( spilonota ) , tinea 22 : 18 . tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima prefecture , amami - oshima is . , amami - shi , sumiyo . holotype : opu . male .\ngallinerana sumpich , 2011 ( spilonota ) , shilap revta . lepid . 39 : 145 . tl : spain , almeria , sierra de los filabres , alto del calar del gallinero . holotype : mncnm . male .\ncentralasiae obraztsov , 1949 ( spilonota ocellana ssp . ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 35 - 39 : 207 . tl : russia , pamir , dacht , schugnan . holotype : zsm . unknown .\nalbitegulana kuznetzov , 1997 ( spilonota ) , ent . obozr . 76 : 807 . tl : vietnam , south vietnam ( gialai - kontum province , tramlap , 20 km n buenluoi ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nlobata diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 152 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( rattan camp ) . holotype : ncb . male .\npyrochlora diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 151 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( scree valley camp ) . holotype : ncb . female .\nselene diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 149 . tl : new guinea , new guinea ( moss forest camp ) . holotype : ncb . female .\nallodapa diakonoff , 1953 ( spilonota ) , verh . konin . neder . akad . weten . ( 2 ) 49 ( 3 ) : 153 . tl : new guinea , moss forest camp , 5 km ne lake habbema . holotype : ncb . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nacrosema turner , 1946 ( eucosma ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 208 . tl : australia , new south wales , brunswick heads . holotype : anic . male .\nalbicana motschulsky , 1866 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 39 : 199 . tl : japan , syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncalceata meyrick , 1907 ( tmetocera ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 141 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nconstrictana meyrick , 1881 ( bathrotoma ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 675 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . syntype : bmnh . male .\npanolbia turner , 1946 ( ancylis ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 200 . tl : australia . queensland , springbrook . holotype : anic . male .\ndissoplaca meyrick , 1936 ( acroclita ) , exotic microlepid . 5 : 23 . tl : indonesia , java , telawa . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmelanacta meyrick , 1907 ( enarmonia ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 140 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmelanocopa meyrick , 1912 ( enarmonia ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 : 853 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmortuana walker , 1863 ( grapholita ) , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus 28 : 391 . tl : indonesia , borneo , sarawak . holotype : bmnh . female .\nocellana [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ( tortrix ) , syst . verz . schmett . wienergegend : 130 tl : austria , vienna . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncomitana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 3fig . 16 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nluscana fabricius , 1794 ( pyralis ) , entomologia systematica ( 3 ) 2 : 225 . tl : austria . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nocculana harris , 1862 ( penthina ) , treatise insects injurious veg : 482 . tl : usa . new york . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown . [ lost ]\npyrifoliana clemens , 1860 ( hedya ) , proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 357 . tl : usa . pennsylvania ? . lectotype : ansp . male .\nzellerana borgmann , 1895 ( tmetocera ) , forstl . - naturw . z . 4 : 172 . tl : germany . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nprognathana snellen , 1883 ( grapholitha ) , tijdschr . ent . 26 : 227 . tl : china , south manchuria , kwantung mountains . lectotype : ncb . male .\nquietana meyrick , 1881 ( holocola ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 673 . tl : australia , queensland , brisbane . holotype : bmnh . female .\nochronota turner , 1925 ( acroclita ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 49 : 56 . tl : australia . queensland , townsville . holotype : anic . male .\nruficomana meyrick , 1881 ( bathrotoma ) , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 6 : 676 . tl : australia , new south wales , sydney . syntypes : bmnh . male .\nphaeoloma turner , 1946 ( eucosma ) , trans . r . soc . s . austral . 70 : 203 . tl : australia . queensland , lake barrine , atherton tableland . holotype : anic . male .\nsemirufana christoph , 1882 ( grapholitha ) , bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 56 ( 4 ) ( 1881 ) : 408 . tl : russia , primorsky krai , vladivostok . holotype : mnhu . female .\ntrilithopa meyrick in caradja & meyrick , 1937 ( eucosma ) , dt . ent . z . iris 51 : 178 . tl : china , yunnan province , likiang . holotype : bmnh . male .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\n, this moth has since been elevated to species level . it occurs in the southern half of britain where it can be relatively common .\n) , sometimes other coniferous trees , mining the needles at first , then overwintering and feeding on the young buds in spring .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 08 07 : 58 : 39 page render time : 0 . 3240s total w / procache : 0 . 3874s\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhandfield , l . , 2002 . additions , corrections et radiations a la liste des lepidopteres du quebec . fabreries , 27 ( 1 ) : 1 - 46 .\nyour browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .\neuropean union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local in woodland with larch throughout england , wales and southern ireland . distinctly uncommon in hampshire , where recorded regularly only in the south - east of the county . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 12 - 16 mm . formerly regarded as a dark form of bud moth s . ocellana , from which distinguished by the comparatively narrow forewings and the nearly pure white ground colour coarsely strigulate with blackish grey [ bradley ] . larva feeds within bark of european larch , living between needles spun together with silk , and over - wintering in a silken chamber .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nprobably distinct from the last kind , and a much rarer form . not noticed with us since 1890 , when it had been taken at only flixton near bungay ( ctw ) ; and was sometimes found freely among larches round brandon ( barrett , tr . norf . soc . i , 54 ) .\nconfirmed by dissection by jon clifton - ipswich , suffolk ( 29 . vii . 2013 ) \u00a9 neil sherman\na resident that usually occurs singly or sparingly at mv light in a few coniferous woods and is sometimes fairly common at marley common . it is in danger of extinction in east sussex . the moth is single - brooded , flying mainly from early june to early august , occasionally to the third week of august . this species has long been associated with larch . ( pratt , 2011 ) .\na maximum of five species may be selected . the data for each species can be then viewed on the same page . tick the box below to select this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2298, "summary": [{"text": "amydria effrentella is a moth of the acrolophidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including alabama , arizona , arkansas , california , georgia , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maryland , massachusetts , minnesota , mississippi , nevada , new brunswick , new jersey , new york , north carolina , ohio , quebec , saskatchewan , south carolina , tennessee , utah , west virginia and wisconsin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 24 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are mottled and there is a dark patch at the end of the discal cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae are probably subsoil root feeders or detritivores . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "amydria effrentella", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nporch light visitor . id is above my pay grade ! doesn ' t appear to be in peterson guide .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nwe do not yet have descriptive information on this species . please try the buttons above to search for information from other sources .\n. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 ."]}
{"id": 2301, "summary": [{"text": "terlingua ( february 7 , 1976 \u2013 april 29 , 2008 ) was an american thoroughbred bred in kentucky by tom gentry .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she was a chestnut filly from the second crop of triple crown winner secretariat .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "terlingua was out of a crimson satan mare , crimson saint , who was a graded stakes winner as well as a very successful broodmare .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "besides terlingua , crimson saint produced 1990 ireland champion 3yr-old and european champion 3yr-old miler royal academy and the grade one stakes winner ( full brother ) pancho villa along with four other winners , one of which was a minor stakes winner with another that was stakes placed .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "terlingua was a record-breaking stakes winner , but she is most notable as the dam of the two-time leading north american sire storm cat .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "terlingua was known as the crown princess . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "terlingua ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["terlingua ( secretariat ex crimson saint ) during her racing career . | famous race horse terlingua ! | pinterest | horse , race horses and thoroughbred horse\nour horse corral with pens , turnout paddocks and loading chute coupled with our dry horse trailer camping \u25b6\ufe0f facilities completes our equestrian accommodations .\nhorse racing : death of terlingua , dam of outstanding sire storm cat , at 32 ; bloodstock world .\nhorse racing : death of terlingua , dam of outstanding sire storm cat , at 32 ; bloodstock world . - free online library\nhorse racing : tattersalls millions pounds 2 , 200 , 000 ; bloodstock world guineas breeder profile .\nstudents play tag on the playground at the terlingua school in terlingua , tx on april 22 , 2015 .\nterlingua at work , showing the form that reminded penny chenery of secretariat . photo reprinted here with the permission of inger drysdale . copyright the blood - horse .\nterlingua ( secretariat ex crimson saint ) during her racing career . | great race horses of the past and present | pinterest | horse , race horses and thoroughbre\u2026\nhave you ever fallen in love with a very special horse , a horse who spoke to your heart ? dedicated to all those who have had this experience \u2014 at least once ! \u2014 and particularly to the community of zenyatta . com , this is a story of just how magical the spirit of one horse can be\u2026 . .\ntrainer d . wayne lukas hand walks his champion filly . photo by milton toby . copyright the blood - horse .\nmla style :\nhorse racing : death of terlingua , dam of outstanding sire storm cat , at 32 ; bloodstock world . .\nthe free library . 2008 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nsecond and third grade students play on the tires in the playground at the terlingua school in terlingua , tx on april 22 , 2015 .\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . horse racing : death of terlingua , dam of outstanding sire storm cat , at 32 ; bloodstock world . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nsecretariat was known in life as a horse with a large\nheart .\nhowever , before his burial , he was necropsied at the university of kentucky . dr . thomas swerczek , the veterinarian who performed the necropsy , claims that he found that secretariat ' s heart was the largest he had ever seen in a horse\u2014approximately twice the size of a normal horse ' s heart . dr . swerczek states in correspondence :\nin addition to terlingua , the triple crown winner ' s top offspring included hopeful and travers winner general assembly , horse of the year lady ' s secret , as well as the classic winner and champion risen star .\nwhile ashford ' s focus has been on preparing american pharoah for his soon - to - begin stud career , the farm also has worked to keep the popular horse accessible to the public , offering tours via horse country inc . , and launching new social media channels to share photos and news .\nhorse racing : format in vogue as fledgling sale aims to build on impressive debut last year ; bloodstock world rachel pagones previews the tattersalls . . .\nan amazing , unbelievable performance by this miracle horse\u2014and look at mrs . tweedy ! ( laughing ) she ' s having the time of her life !\nsecretariat was awarded the eclipse award for horse of the year , the most prestigious honor in racing , both as a two - year - old ( the first horse so honored at that age ) and as a three - year - old . secretariat demonstrated his superiority on grass with wins in the canadian international stakes and the man o ' war stakes against older horses . his performance on grass earned him the eclipse award for outstanding male turf horse .\ntruenicks was developed in partnership by blood - horse llc and pedigree consultants , llc . truenicks reports are powered by the jockey club information systems , inc .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for fantastic knight ( nzl ) . fantastic knight ( nzl ) is a gelding born in 2005 september 26 by fantastic light out of terlingua light\napa style : horse racing : death of terlingua , dam of outstanding sire storm cat , at 32 ; bloodstock world . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nthough not a big racing fan , i was playing hookey from work that day in september , 1978 and was at del mar , mainly to see one race , the del mar debutante , and one horse , terlingua . whenever i did go to the track , i was a 2 dollar better . today , i put $ 200 . 00 , on the nose of terlingua . the rest is history , and she paid $ 2 . 20 across the board . wonderful horse .\nlocals gather on the porch of the terlingua trading company next to starlight theatre in terlingua , tx to talk , drink and listen to musicians play on april 21 , 2015 .\nterlingua is more of a family than a . . . more\nmiles adams , right , plays guitar and sings next to two locals on the porch of the terlingua trading company in terlingua , tx on april 21 , 2015 . adams lives in terlingua and has been helping his father build a house there . less\nmiles adams , right , plays guitar and sings next to two locals on the porch of the terlingua trading company in terlingua , tx on april 21 , 2015 . adams lives in terlingua and has been helping his father build a . . . more\nstorm cat , shown , is the most famous of terlingua ' s 11 foals .\n9th u . s . triple crown champion ( 1973 ) u . s . horse of the year ( 1972 & 1973 ) leading broodmare sire in north america ( 1992 )\nterlingua , out of the crimson satan mare crimson saint , will be buried at overbrook .\nlocals gather on the porch of the terlingua trading company next to starlight theatre in terlingua , tx to talk , drink and listen to musicians play on april 21 , 2015 .\nterlingua is more of a family than a town ,\npat o ' bryan said . less\ncrimson saint , terlingua\u2019s dam , was a brilliant sprinter who was trained by wayne lukas\u2019 father .\nterlingua lost the championship , which was awarded jointly to it\u2019s in the air and candy eclair .\nterlingua ranch lodge 16000 terlingua ranch rd po box 638 terlingua tx 79852 - 0638 432 - 371 - 3146 office 432 - 371 - 2244 cafe 432 - 371 - 2960 security 432 - 371 - 2229 fax 29 . 4525654 , - 103 . 3941576 map info [ at ] urltoken email\nit should be noted that , like all racetrack excuses , there are reasons to doubt the explanations offered for secretariat ' s losses . there is a saying that\naround the racetrack , excuses are for losers and sore bettors\nbecause they are always offered by owners , trainers , and riders to deflect the blame when what was thought to be the best horse loses a race . [ 2 ] and william nack , who was secretariat ' s hagiographer , has a great incentive not to write anything negative about the horse\u2014he was given\nunprecedented access\nto the horse and his connections . [ 3 ]\nit was an unforgettable zenyatta moment as she caught up with the leader , musical romance , and won by a nose at the wire . it had to be the most amazing horse race i have witnessed .\nmarie : i honour & love ruffian . the quote came from blood - horse . but the point of the article was how my love for terlingua re - awakened me to my childhood passion of loving horses and especially , the thoroughbred . i have another article devoted only to ruffian that i wrote awhile back .\nwe ' re extremely lucky to have the horse ,\ncoolmore ' s m . v . magnier said of the stallion deal the day american pharoah arrived at ashford .\nand in fairness to [ trainer bob baffert ] , from the outset , a long time ago , he was telling us how good this horse was and that we should try and get him . and thankfully , we got a deal done with the zayats , and they ' re very good people . he ' s just an exceptional horse , everything about him . hopefully , we ' ll do half as good a job as bob has .\nlukas had always said terlingua was incredibly smart , and those close to her at overbrook confirmed that assessment .\nscanlan , lawrence . the horse god built : the untold story of secretariat , the world ' s greatest racehorse . new york : thomas dunne books / st . martin ' s press , 2007 . isbn 9780312367244\ngeneral assembly won the hopeful , and yet , if anything , terlingua was more highly regarded than the colt .\ndean , who ran the starlight for a decade , fears that terlingua\u2019s image will be distorted by reality television .\non october 16 , 1999 , in the winner ' s circle at keeneland race course in lexington , kentucky , the united states postal service honored the great horse , unveiling a 33 - cent postage stamp with his image .\n\u201ci\u2019ve spent 35 years promoting terlingua as a destination for tourists and travelers to the big bend . even though they offered me money to use terlingua as a location , i said , ' no thank you , \u2019\u201d he added .\nhi abigail , thank you for teaching me about terlingua , i\u2019d heard about her in passing in relation to d . wayne lukas , but never knew who she really was . i always thought that lady\u2019s secret was big red\u2019s premier daughter , but now i know terlingua was also ! it has always been said that \u2018the heart of a champion is passed down to his daughter\u2019 ! but it looks to me , that because secretariat\u2019s heart was twice the size of a normal horse\u2019s heart , that he passed it down to both terlingua and lady\u2019s secret ! how amazing ! ! !\nin the summer of 1978 . \u201ci could see the cross of that large horse ( secretariat ) on that mare with all that conformation for speed ( crimson saint ) , and i had a picture of her in my mind . \u201d\nwar admiral ' s champions were led by horse of the year busher , who propelled him to leading sire honors , while count fleet sired a pair of belmont stakes - winning horse of the year honorees in consecutive seasons in counterpoint and one count . the only triple crown winner to sire a triple crown winner was gallant fox ( 1930 ) , sire of omaha ( 1935 ) . affirmed , a solid international sire , was represented by 1993 canadian triple crown winner peteski .\nterlingua produced 11 foals , including additional graded stakes winner chapel of dreams . another of her offspring , pioneering , stands at stud at overbrook . terlingua\u2019s last foal , 8 - year - old final legacy , is a broodmare at overbrook .\nterlingua pictured here as a yearling , in a brochure produced by tom gentry promoting her forthcoming sale at keeneland in 1977 .\njohn holroyd stands looking at one of his redwood tables in la kiva bar in terlingua , tx on april 21 , 2015 . holroyd , who has been coming to terlingua since 1982 , recently purchased the bar . its previous . . . more\ncasimiro foster , left , and will dawkins jump down off of a boulder in big bend national park near terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 . foster and dawkins both live in terlingua and work together at the starlight . . . more\nwill dawkins , left , and casimiro foster jump down off of a boulder in big bend national park near terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 . foster and dawkins both live in terlingua and work together at the starlight . . . more\nmore disturbing is the show\u2019s announced plan to use a recent and tragic local homicide as a window into terlingua\u2019s troubled soul .\nwill dawkins and casimiro foster ' s dog roxy hike in big bend national park near terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 . foster and dawkins both live in terlingua and work together at the starlight theatre .\ni came . . . more\ni located old issues of the blood - horse and thoroughbred times on ebay and began to collect the ones that recorded terlingua\u2019s personal history . this collection would take another 3 or 4 years to complete , during which time i made some quite wonderful \u201cvirtual\u201d friendships with people who would actually notify me if \u201canything terlingua\u201d came up . deb strother became my \u201ceyes on the ground , \u201d locating back issues about terlingua for me ; without her help and guidance , i would never have learned much about secretariat\u2019s talented daughter , other than what seemed her only claim to fame : she was the dam of storm cat , foaled in 1983 .\nterlingua and her young jockey , darryl mchargue , come to the wire ahead of the field to set still another track record .\nher next victory , in the del mar debutante on september 3 , 1978 , gave her a record of 4 wins in as many starts . in an article headlined , \u201cthe west\u2019s filly still unbeaten , \u201d robert hebert of the blood - horse began :\n\u201cit\u2019s a tragedy on both sides of the aisle here . they are taking something that is very painful to us and hideous to the families , and turning it into a sideshow , \u201d said linda walker , a longtime resident and owner of horse stables .\nwhen meredith became barn foreman , she also used the \u201cterlingua test\u201d on new employees . \u201cshe was a really smart girl , \u201d she said , explaining that once a new employee passed the test by holding on , terlingua never tried it again with that individual .\nin 1973 , jerry jeff walker and the lost gonzo band put it on the cultural map with his \u201cviva terlingua , \u201d album .\nat the end of 1978 , terlingua was runner - up to co - champions candy \u00e9clair ( 1976 ) and it\u2019s in the air ( 1976 ) in the eclipse balloting . however , as edward l . bowen , writing in the blood - horse\u2019s \u201c thoroughbreds of 1978\u201d concluded , \u201cher unbeaten status has been shattered , but she remains the most exciting of the juvenile fillies of her season . \u201d\nterlingua foaled her most significant racehorses early in her career , but as the dam of storm cat , she continued as one of the most famed and respected broodmares at overbrook . and the farm still owns the last of terlingua ' s daughters , the boston harbor mare final legacy .\nstorm cat was a once - in - a - lifetime horse and the key to the success that overbrook farm enjoyed . my father often said that storm cat made him look like a genius ,\noverbrook farm owner william t . young jr . said in a statement .\nall these famous sons and daughters of secretariat are gone . terlingua lived so long that she is the final chapter among those racers and producers .\n( hrtv\u2019s inside information did a piece on terlingua shortly before her death , on april 29 , 2008 , at the age of 32 . )\nric waldman , consultant to overbrook farm , said\nterlingua represented an era at overbrook . in addition to being the dam of storm cat , she was part of a significant three - horse package that mr . young purchased in the early days of overbrook . the others were cinegita , from whom flanders and surfside came , and the other was three troikas ,\nwho won the arc de triomphe and produced group winner three angels .\nrachel blake looks on as jeff craven holds their son logan ' s hand during lunch at the rio bravo mexican restaurant in terlingua , tx on april 22 , 2015 .\nthe reality show seems pretty fake if you ask us ,\njeff said . the family lives in terlingua . less\nsecretariat , who spent his entire stud career at claiborne farm , never came close to replicating his own awe - inspiring accomplishments , but he did sire 1986 horse of the year lady ' s secret and 1988 dual classic winner risen star . he was also a leading broodmare sire , and made a lasting impact on the breed through daughters terlingua , the dam of storm cat , and weekend surprise , dam of a . p . indy .\njohn holroyd stands looking at one of his redwood tables in la kiva bar in terlingua , tx on april 21 , 2015 . holroyd , who has been coming to terlingua since 1982 , recently purchased the bar . its previous owner , glen felts , was found murdered there in february 2014 . less\nhe ' s [ turned out ] first thing in the morning - - actually , i lunge him first before he ' s turned out at 6 : 30 ,\nstallion manager richard barry said of the horse ' s routine .\nwe ' ve bred him to a couple of mares , and he ' s done that late morning and then early afternoon , and he ' s settled in really well . everything is no problem at all . he ' s as laid - back a horse as you ' d ever want . he ' s great in the breeding shed .\non tuesday , during the shooting of a scene at the edge of terlingua , \u201cbadlands\u201d producer adam bradley spoke briefly with a reporter , while nearby his cameraman was filming scenes involving a rattlesnake . the snake was repeatedly positioned and repositioned near a \u201cterlingua ghostown\u201d sign by tim knight , a locally hired man .\n( there are precious few video records of terlingua on the track . in this one she is shown racing \u2014 although the tape ends rather abruptly ! )\nit ' s unbelievable ,\nmagnier said of american pharoah ' s career .\nit ' s been [ 37 ] years since the last one , and it ' s a massive thing . it ' s a massive thing for everyone to get a chance to breed to this horse now .\nlocating even a scrap of information about her turned out to be an arduous task . the web was young in the 1990\u2019s and lacked depth in many areas : horse racing was one . but very gradually , over months and years of dogged research , a path to terlingua opened up . my first \u201csighting\u201d of her was on a pedigree site where i saw a photograph of terlingua as a broodmare , at her home , overbrook farm . even though she was in foal in the photo , her resemblance to secretariat was unmistakeable . she had his head , though not his ears , as well as his powerful hindquarters . i determined that i wanted a copy of this elegant photograph of the chestnut - red terlingua against a background of fall foliage , her beautiful face turned toward the camera .\nterlingua by secretariat , out of crimson saint by crimson satan . she was said to truly be \u201cher father\u2019s daughter . \u201d named for the texas town famous for its hot chili , terlingua started burning up the track her first time out . considered one of the fastest fillies of her generation , she became the darling of california racing fans . she launched quarter horse trainer d . wayne lukas on his new career racing thoroughbreds . unbeaten as a two - year - old out west , terlingua tasted her first defeat in the east . she reignited as a three - year - old and won several more races until she sustained a slab fracture in her right knee at age four . then , as a broodmare , \u201cthe brilliant daughter of secretariat\u201d outdid herself again , producing the incredible storm cat . he became one of the most influential stallions in racing , with a stud fee of $ 500 , 000 at one time . terlingua lived to be 32 .\nhrtv ' s superb profile on terlingua , mother of the amazingly prolific storm cat . she passed away on april 29th , 2008 . rip , beautiful girl .\nas i grieved , i began a search for additional secretariat memorabilia . and somewhere along the way , i read that penny chenery had observed that of all secretariat\u2019s offspring it was the filly , terlingua ( 1976 ) , who most reminded her of him . my curiosity peaked , i set off in search of terlingua .\ndoug blackmon , a local who is working with original productions , drinks a beer in the high sierra bar in terlingua , tx on april 21 , 2015 .\nsome fear that \u201cbadlands , \u201d planned as an eight - part series on the national geographic channel , will make terlingua into a duck dynasty of the desert .\nivey said folks feel that terlingua is the last connection to an authentic past and is too important a place to be the subject of a reality television show .\nthen , a few years ago , \u201cwhen storm cat ' s health was declining , \u201d young recalled , \u201cwe took blood and tissue samples from the horse , and we shared those with the uk gluck equine research center , to develop a baseline of data about storm cat ' s genetics , and with crestview . \u201d\nso far the only u . s . classic victory for horse sired by a son or grandson of storm cat is that achieved by shackleford ( truenicks , sro ) in the 2011 preakness stakes . still , his u . s . runners did also include a breeders ' cup classic ( gr . i ) hero in cat thief ( truenicks , sro ) and a pair of champion 2 - year - old fillies in storm flag flying and sweet catomine . in europe he had a pair of classic winners in black minnaloushe and nebraska tornado , and a european horse of the year in giant ' s causeway ( truenicks , sro ) .\npensioned after the 2000 breeding season , terlingua made a lasting contribution to contemporary breeding with her remarkably successful son and to the reputation of secretariat as a broodmare sire .\nas i followed the \u201cterlingua trail\u201d my passion for thoroughbreds made itself known \u2014 and this time , as a lady in her 40\u2019s , i was no longer apologetic .\nchris young of overbrook farm confirmed that storm cat , the powerful dark bay son of storm bird and terlingua ( by secretariat ) , \u201chas indeed been cloned . \u201d\ncaroline gore sits for a portrait in her home in terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 .\nit is tough living here , but it is so much more rewarding ,\nshe said .\nyou just need so much less in a place like this .\ngore has lived in terlingua for 24 years . less\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines archive and tagged chris young , cloned horses , cloning , frank mitchell , horse racing , polo , sires , stallions , storm cat , storm cat clone , thoroughbred , thoroughbred breeding , thoroughbred racing , thoroughbred sires , thoroughbred stallions , w . t . young by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nthis entry was posted in bloodlines , bloodstock and tagged bloodlines , frank mitchell , hirsch jacobs , horse racing , i ' m a chatterbox , la troienne , ogden phipps , pedigrees , secretariat , sires , stallions , thoroughbred breeding , thoroughbred pedigrees , thoroughbred racing , thoroughbred sires , thoroughbred stallions by frank mitchell . bookmark the permalink .\nchildren of secretariat : the flying filly responsible for storm cat | topics : terlingua , overbrook farm , secretariat , storm cat , d . wayne lukas | thoroughbred racing commentary\nstill , well into the 1980s , terlingua was little more than an outpost of hippies , river guides and other dropouts sharing the rocky ruins with the lizards and vinegaroons .\nin 2005 , secretariat appeared once more in espn classic ' s show who ' s no . 1 ? . in the list of\ngreatest sports performances\n( by individual athletes ) , the horse was the only non - human on the list , his run at belmont ranking second behind wilt chamberlain ' s 100 - point game .\nof course , i didn\u2019t really notice a community sprouting up all around me \u2014 i was just concentrating on nurturing my love for terlingua . but in trusting myself to follow her , terlingua carried me into a new world \u2014 into a landscape of hope and promise and delight , where the girl and the woman walk hand - in - hand .\nwhile there is now an extensive literature debating whether the x factor and heart size has a connection to athletic performance in racehorses , there is nonetheless reason to doubt the veracity of dr . swerczek ' s particular story about secretariat . the story of phar lap ' s enlarged heart , which was detected after an autopsy performed after that horse ' s mysterious death , was well publicized ( it appears in the encyclopedia of american racing , published in 1959 ) , and would have been known by any important equine veterinarian who worked with racehorses . further , dr . swerczek admits that he did not actually weigh the heart , and no pictures exist of the alleged organ . also , what are the odds that the horse with the alleged second largest heart would be another 1970 foal who was secretariat ' s chief rival in the triple crown races ? as secretariat is a popular horse , the desire to say that he had\nheart\nin the metaphorical sense is understandable ; whether he had\nheart\nin the literal sense is unproven .\nit then veers off into fiction , according to some locals , when it makes the claim that \u201cterlingua is effectively closed off to outsiders ; strangers are eyed with suspicion . \u201d\nthe culture of the 1960\u2019s was such that i was persuaded ( like most of my girlfriends ) to give up childhood passions as part of the ritual of becoming a young woman . it was as though we each had to make a personal sacrifice in order to be considered an adult , a person who had left the interests and impulses of our \u201cformer selves\u201d behind . for me , that meant divesting myself of horses , \u201cclassic\u201d comic books and barbie . so i put my c . w . anderson , walter farley and marguerite henry books away , along with my breyer horses , horse scrapbooks and a handful of horse stories that i had written and illustrated myself when i was a girl of twelve .\ntrainer d . wayne lukas had selected terlingua at auction at the keeneland july sale and purchased her for $ 275 , 000 for the partnership of barry beal and l . r . french jr . terlingua had the type of body - blocky and strongly muscled - that became identified as the type that lukas purchased during his early years as a leading trainer .\nfrom bill ivey , owner of most of the ghost town , to local journalists and businessmen , many with a deep stake in terlingua are telling original productions to take a hike .\nc . c . krull talks to her husband robert krull as he smokes a cigar on the porch of the starlight theatre in terlingua , tx on april 20 , 2015 . although they have been staying at the study butte rv park , they are building a home in terlingua because they fell in love with the place , c . c . krull said . less\nand terlingua did not let him down on the racetrack . she began by winning the nursery , the hollywood lassie , the hollywood juvenile championship over colts , and the del mar debutante .\nterri : thanks so much for leaving these comments on the terlingua article . i agree that terlingua\u2019s legacy has been assured and i do try to keep up with it . i know that danthebluegrassman ( pioneering ) is now at old friends and also was interested in the white fox , another of pioneering\u2019s progeny . of course , there are the storm cats , right ? giant\u2019s causeway is a love of mine and certainly looks quite a bit like terlingua during her youth . and chapel of dreams , a daughter of terlingua , was rescued by myself & case clay and is now living out her years in peace at three chimneys . i will definitely take a look at sassy image because it always interests me to see whether or not these descendants of \u201cmy girl\u201d look like her & especially through the withers . and it will be nice to see a \u201cterlingua\u201d hitting the track in 2011 ! thanks so much for telling me about her , terri .\ni forgot to mention , inglorious the canadian filly , who beat the boys in the queens plate stakes : she is also a great great granddaughter of terlingua . she will be running in the alabama stakes at saratoga the same day sassy image is racing in the ballerina stakes . there might be 3 terlingua ancestors running in the breeders cup this year ; wouldn\u2019t that be something .\nreturned to sprinting two weeks later , terlingua was second by a nose in the starlet at hollywood . then came two fourth - place finishes , and it was time for a long rest .\nterlingua , tx as seen from the top of a hill overlooking the town shortly after dawn on april 22 , 2015 . the chisos mountains of big bend national park stand in the distance .\neventually , people with money and ideas began arriving , and now terlingua is rocking again . a celebration of opportunistic , unregulated development , it would be unrecognizable to survivors of that bygone era .\nlexington , ky . - thirty years ago , terlingua started the hearts of secretariat ' s legion of fans beating with the hope that their champion was breeding on as he had raced . terlingua - fierce and fast daughter of his chestnut perfection and crimson saint - died this week at age 32 and was buried at overbrook farm , where she spent almost the entirety of her broodmare career .\nlukas then took terlingua on the road . she finished third in the g1 frizette at belmont park and second in the g2 alcibiades at keeneland , and suddenly she was no longer an undefeated sensation .\noverbrook broodmare manager r . t . blackburn took advantage of that mischievous nature to test new employees - terlingua would challenge anyone who tried to take her out of the stall for the first time .\nhis race records in the derby and the belmont stand to this day ; his run in the belmont is not only a race record but still the fastest time ever run at the distance of a mile and a half ( 2 . 4 km ) on a dirt track . indeed , no horse has ever come within 1 2 / 5 seconds ( approximately 5 - 6 lengths at 1 1 / 2 miles ) of secretariat ' s time , and the second fastest belmont stakes time is a full 2 seconds slower . were the official preakness time disregarded , and the word of the daily racing form clockers accepted , it could be said that he set a new speed record in each of the triple crown races , and he would have been the only horse in history to do so .\nterlingua raced throughout her career for barry beal and l . r . french jr . she retired with seven wins and four runner - up efforts from 17 races and earnings of $ 423 , 896 .\nyou are such an amazing writer . i am so glad i\u2019ve found this blog to learn more about this sport i love so much . i didn\u2019t know anything about terlingua before today ! thank you !\nthus , the recent appearance of a production crew from california working on a reality show with a dubious premise \u2014 that terlingua is an outpost of suspicious , standoffish outliers \u2014 has triggered a protective backlash .\n\u201cit\u2019s my town and my friends , and i know what they are going to do , make us look like idiots , \u201d said buckner cooke , a former reality show cameraman who lives in terlingua .\nabigail , thank you so much for introducing me to terlingua . from your tribute to her it is easy to see why she touched your heart . i\u2019ve learned so much from the vault . every horse you\u2019ve written about has now a little place in my heart because your writing is heartfelt and getting to know these horses has been a wonderful journey for me . to date the one that has touched me the most personally is \u2018shine on : the story of your host . i hope you never tire of writing as we all love what you have treated us to and because we all love horses so very much .\nmy best girl .\nterlingua as a broodmare at overbrook farm , captured by the lens of lydia a . williams ( law ) . photo reprinted here with the permission of law . copyright law .\nwhile armed and edgy conspiracy types can be found in the back country off texas 118 and other hidden pockets , don\u2019t look for them in the old ghost town of terlingua , now a booming tourist mecca .\nafter the better part of a decade , we will know whether the storm cat clone will be a success in this new venture and will add an asterisk to the history and legacy of terlingua ' s son .\na videographer for original productions films a rattlesnake falling from the\nterlingua ghostown\nsign at the entrance of the town on april 21 , 2015 . the videographer requested that the rattlesnake be placed . . . more\nwill dawkins and casimiro foster ' s dog roxy hike in big bend national park near terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 . foster and dawkins both live in terlingua and work together at the starlight theatre .\ni came out here to the national park and liked the area , so i moved here ,\ndawkins said .\nthe people at the starlight were very nice and hired me right away .\nless\nterlingua ranch lodge resort is a uniquely remote far west texas big bend vacation lodging , holiday getaway travel destination and pet - friendly hotel / motel / inn alternative featuring ( a ) rustic cabin guest rooms , pull - through and back - in rv sites , tent campgrounds , and horse accommodations , ( b ) a convenient airstrip , restaurant / cafe , swimming pool and other amenities , ( c ) engaging activities and entertainment including atv / orv exploring , hiking , biking , motorcycle and horseback riding , and stargazing , and ( d ) stunningly scenic attractions such as big bend national park , big bend ranch state park and the christmas mountains .\nfurthermore , secretariat ' s daughters have produced leading sires gone west ( out of stakes winner secrettame ) , a . p . indy ( out of stakes winner weekend surprise ) , and storm cat ( terlingua ) .\non a clear night , many constellations can be seen above the starlight theatre in terlingua , tx . the starlight theatre was once repurposed as a gathering place for parties and entertainment years after its roof . . . more\nterlingua \u2014 there has never been a shortage of loners or oddballs in south brewster county , a bleak , isolated region that attracts errant souls seeking escape from modern society , a complicated past or even an inconvenient identity .\nonly four horses joined secretariat for the june 9 , 1973 , running of the belmont stakes , including sham , who had finished second in both the derby and preakness . with so few horses in the race , and with secretariat expected to win , no\nshow\nbets were taken . before a crowd of 67 , 605 , secretariat and sham set a blistering early pace , opening a 10 - length cushion on the others . but while sham faded after the halfway mark ( ultimately finishing last ) , secretariat astonished spectators by picking up the killing pace\u2013eventually straining the television cameras ' wide - angle capability as they struggled to keep the distant challengers in the same frame . turcotte has said in documentaries that he could sense the horse wanted to be let loose , and he did so , letting the horse shift into\nhigh gear\nand run his own race .\nnicknamed big red ( as he was a large chestnut horse like man o ' war ) , he won the kentucky derby by gradually moving up on the field in the backstretch , then overtaking rival sham in the middle of the dash for home . making secretariat ' s derby win more impressive was the fact that sham ' s time of 1 : 59 4 / 5 equaled monarchos ' 2001 derby time , the second fastest in history .\nwaldman recalled that\nmr . young bought these mares to breed to storm bird , and to the cover of storm bird , cinegita and terlingua both made their mark by producing storm cat and the dam of flanders .\ncasimiro foster , left , and will dawkins jump down off of a boulder in big bend national park near terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 . foster and dawkins both live in terlingua and work together at the starlight theatre .\ni came out here to the national park and liked the area , so i moved here ,\ndawkins said .\nthe people at the starlight were very nice and hired me right away .\nless\nwill dawkins , left , and casimiro foster jump down off of a boulder in big bend national park near terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 . foster and dawkins both live in terlingua and work together at the starlight theatre .\ni came out here to the national park and liked the area , so i moved here ,\ndawkins said .\nthe people at the starlight were very nice and hired me right away .\nless\n\u201ci\u2019ll tell \u2019em to go straight to hell . reality shows are not reality , and when you get involved with folks like this , you can expect crap , \u201d said angie dean , who came to terlingua in 1989 .\nseattle slew made his mark on the breed by siring 1992 horse of the year a . p . indy . the latter has continued his legacy on the breed by siring multiple champions , finishing as last year ' s leading broodmare sire , and turning out multiple successful sons and grandsons at stud , including tapit . seattle slew also sired dual classic winner and champion swale and champions landaluce , slew o ' gold , capote , vindication , and surfside .\nflint\u2019s trial is expected to take two weeks , and in the way of small mercies to local sensibilities , no cameras or audio recording will be allowed in the courtroom in sierra blanca , more than 150 miles northwest of terlingua .\nand terlingua was an important factor in this realization , as well . the mare ' s second foal was grade 1 stakes winner storm cat , and her third was grade 2 stakes winner chapel of dreams ( by northern dancer ) .\nshe is , for one thing , inbred 4\u00d73 to the secretariat mare lady winborne and carries two more crosses to the 1973 triple crown winner through his daughters terlingua , dam of storm cat , and secrettame , dam of gone west .\nthroughout the cultural history of humankind , the horse is associated with inner journeys \u2026 . with travel between the worlds of mortality and immortality , typified by pegasus . in a similar vein , the jungian psychologist and storyteller , clarissa pinkola estes ( \u201cwomen who run with the wolves\u201d ) talks about how following one\u2019s inner spirit results in a kind of personal journey that eventually leads us to our spiritual home , a place where we find others who are like ourselves and in whose company we restore and refresh our souls . secretariat was the first to call to me , shining his light into the darkness where i had excised my passion for horses . but it was terlingua who acted as my companion and guide .\nemboldened , i varied my search vocabulary , until i came across equine photographer audrey crosby\u2019s site . she had been to visit terlingua at overbrook and had taken a few photos which she had posted on her website . i contacted audrey and she very kindly gave me some insight into terlingua\u2019s personality . she described the 17 year - old as either shy or indifferent to people \u2014 or both \u2014 but went on to talk about her pasture pal , island kitty ( 1976 ) the dam of champions shy tom ( 1986 ) and hennesy ( 1992 ) . it seemed that the two mares were devoted friends . and although my very first photos of terlingua came from audrey , she had not taken the much sought after picture that i had found on the pedigree website . there was , however , something about actually seeing terlingua that pulled at my heart strings . it was suddenly hugely important to read everything that i could get my hands on about her .\nhis blood flows through many other notable racehorses , including 2004 kentucky derby and preakness winner smarty jones , and he is most noted as a broodmare sire , being the broodmare sire of 1992 horse of the year and successful sire a . p . indy , secretariat ' s grandson through his daughter weekend surprise , who was sired by another triple crown winner , seattle slew . ap indy is the sire of 2007 belmont stakes winner rags to riches , the first filly to win at belmont since 1905 . secretariat is also the dam - sire of the great stallions storm cat ( by storm bird ) , through his daughter terlingua , herself an excellent racemare , and of gone west , through his daughter secrettame .\nthere was a magazine story many yrs ago ( in equus ? ) . about a tb mare who was found loose in ky ( ? ) and identified as a very fancy broodmare . was that terlingua ? the name rings a bell .\nkyle garmany , left , sings with jeff haislip at the starlight theatre in terlingua , tx on april 20 , 2015 . garmany was traveling through from austin and joined in haislip ' s performance for a song even though . . . more\nwhen i read the nearly off - hand comment that storm cat had been cloned last week in a vanity fair article profiling crestview genetics , i felt that electric sensation that the future was already here . or perhaps , the past was actually the future . then , rationalizing , my reaction was that someone had misspoken , had meant that a son or daughter of the most commercially dynamic sire of the past generation had actually been the horse cloned . not storm cat , surely .\nwhile secretariat ' s first crop included group 1 winner dactylographer , the results from the second were much better . in addition to terlingua , there was a second top - class juvenile in the crop of 1976 , a colt named general assembly .\n\u201cwe\u2019re happy to have tourists . that\u2019s how we live out here . my experience over the past 30 years is that terlingua has never been closed off to outsiders , \u201d said betty moore , who rents out rooms in the old miners\u2019 homes .\nthe ongoing \u201cbadlands\u201d spat is only the latest odd chapter in terlingua\u2019s improbable history . a century ago , more than 1 , 000 people , most of them mexican miners , lived here , extracting mercury ore and enjoying some amenities of civilized life .\na man who goes by\njimbo\nruns down a section of fm 170 that locals call\npepper ' s hill\nin terlingua , tx on april 23 , 2015 . jimbo , who said he was former military , ran 12 miles .\nrobert krull , right , looks on as wayne brown , left , helps tomi hutton get onto a stool on the porch of the starlight theatre before taking her picture on april 20 , 2015 in terlingua , tx . both were visiting . . . more\n\u201cfrom just the cast of characters they have chosen , i feel they are going to depict terlingua as a perpetual burning man festival , with a stranger , psychotic twist to it , and i don\u2019t want to be part of it , \u201d ivey said .\nthese words were to prove prophetic : in her first race of 1979 , the santa ynez stakes ( gr iii ) , terlingua defeated it\u2019s in the air . reeling off seven furlongs in 1 : 21 and one - fifth , \u201cthe west\u2019s sweetheart\u201d chipped a fifth of a second off the track record , set by tallahto in 1973 . a description of the victory includes the lines , \u201c\u2026terlingua , moving smoothly and beautifully , turned for home just coasting in front\u2026\u201d she went on to win the la brea stakes and the las flores handicap and finished second in the santa susanna , starlet and sierre madre stakes at three and four . in the las flores , she defeated a field that included the future dams of lady\u2019s secret ( 1982 ) , toussaud ( 1989 ) and sunday silence ( 1986 ) . on may 10 , 1980 , terlingua sustained a slab fracture to her right knee , following a workout at hollywood park . in the news of her retirement , terlingua was acknowledged as the \u201cbrilliant daughter of secretariat \u2013 crimson saint . \u201d\nher 1987 foal died shortly after birth , when it was discovered that terlingua was ni - positive , a condition where a mare sometimes makes antibodies that destroy her nursing foal\u2019s red blood cells . all her subsequent foals were placed on nurse mares as a precaution .\nafter world war ii , when all mining ceased , the population dispersed , leaving terlingua a true ghost town , stripped for salvage and abandoned . for years , starting in 1967 , it stirred only once a year , during the annual chili cook - off .\nkelly : glad to hear from you and thank you so much for taking the time to write . as it turns out , i do know a few things about pancho villa . here\u2019s a link to a site that shows the photo of him that i have in my collection : urltoken as you can see , he was a very , very good race horse and he died of an apparent heart attack 5 years ago . he had the cutest ears ! ! ! lord only knows where he got them from , since neither secretariat nor crimson saint had ears like this ! he was about terlingua\u2019s size \u2014 a little larger \u2014 and had more of crimson saint in terms of his body - type . he also showed that he could handle distances longer than the usual for a sprinter .\nrachel blake looks on as jeff craven holds their son logan ' s hand during lunch at the rio bravo mexican restaurant in terlingua , tx on april 22 , 2015 .\nthe reality show seems pretty fake if you ask us ,\njeff . . . more\nstorm cat ' s attraction in ireland would have been as a mid - priced son of storm bird , a horse whose offspring were then doing well in europe . the fact that his purchase was even a possibility underlines the fact that storm cat was not exactly regarded as a major commercial proposition for the u . s . sire ranks . he eventually remained at overbrook , beginning his stud career in 1988 at an advertised fee of $ 30 , 000 , although in the early years his seasons often traded at significantly lower prices .\njust a week later in the la brea , another record fell as terlingua ran seven furlongs in 1 : 20 4 / 5 , almost two seconds faster than the previous stakes record and just 4 / 5 off the track record set a day earlier by spectacular bid .\nc . c . krull talks to her husband robert krull as he smokes a cigar on the porch of the starlight theatre in terlingua , tx on april 20 , 2015 . although they have been staying at the study butte rv park , they are . . . more\nlinda : the story of your \u201cpersonal triple crown\u201d was just beautiful ! thanks so much for sharing it . and then to see nashua \u2014 wow ! he\u2019s another great favourite of mine . i\u2019m glad to hear that he knew he was royalty because he was always exactly that to me . i found him not only talented but beautiful as a \u201cyoung man\u201d and actually have a few photos of him in my thoroughbred photo collection . i am grateful that i have many \u201csisters\u201d and even a few \u201cbrothers\u201d out there with a desire to know as much as they can about thoroughbreds of today and yesteryear . zenyatta is really the first horse to move me the way secretariat & terlingua did . i love them all , but zenyatta reached out to me from the very start . she is really , really a precious gift !"]}
{"id": 2303, "summary": [{"text": "the southern redbelly dace ( chrosomus erythrogaster ) , is a north american species of temperate freshwater fish of the cyprinidae family .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the natural geographic range extends from western new york to minnesota , and south to oklahoma , arkansas , and alabama .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this fish prefers flowing pools of creeks and streams .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the extremely similar northern redbelly dace can be distinguished by a rounder , blunter head and a more upturned mouth , as well as by differences in spawning behavior .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "also , male southern redbelly dace show a characteristic red belly in spring while their northern counterparts keep a white belly . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "southern redbelly dace", "paragraphs": ["the southern redbelly dace grows up to 3 inches and feeds on algae and plant debris as do the other two species of redbelly dace .\nhow often does reproduction occur ? southern redbelly dace breed multiple times in the spring .\ndazzling breeding colors and a gentle disposition make the southern redbelly dace an excellent aquarium fish .\ntwo male southern redbelly dace and an unknown fish at the top ( has to be southern redbelly dace , red shiner , ozark minnow , or bluntnose minnow ) on 3 / 29 / 02 during 153 gallon pond cleaning .\nthere are many species of dace including the blacknose , longnose , redbelly , pearl , redside , rosyside , and tennessee dace .\nthe bright colors and gentle nature of southern redbelly dace make them great aquarium pets . they are also used by fishers as bait fish .\ncurrently , there are no serious threats facing southern redbelly dace , they are listed as a species of least concern on the iucn redlist .\nthe bright colors and docile temperament of southern redbelly dace make them great aquarium pets . they are also used by fishers as bait fish .\nwhen southern redbelly dace encounter a threat , such as a predator , these fish school together rather than dart off alone , improving their chances of survival . southern redbelly dace are social and use a chemical alarm signal that warns others of threats in the area nearby ; this chemical also signals fish to school together for protection . since southern redbelly dace are so small and vulnerable , this species avoids exposure . these fish are diurnal feeders .\nconservation commission of missouri , 2014 .\nsouthern redbelly dace\n( on - line ) . xplor . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .\nthe very different spawning behaviors of southern and northern redbelly dace are perhaps adaptations to differences in habitat . southern redbelly dace occur in small flowing streams , often in wooded areas where submerged aquatic vegetation is sparse . riffle spawning is frequent in such habitats . the northern redbelly dace is found in ponds and pools of creeks , near vegetation ( page and burr 1991 ) ; such conditions favor spawning among plant thickets .\non 3 / 29 / 04 , i cleaned out the pond again . the southern redbelly dace was still there ! so were the two shiners . hurray ! below are photos of my one dace !\nsouthern redbelly dace are continual egg scatterers that like to breed at around 70 to 75 degrees f with a strong current . they breed over gravel beds in moving water or near substrate spawning minnows . often , two males will spawn with a single female who lays a few hundred to a few thousand eggs . southern redbelly dace are riffle spawners . fry hatch in about six days . see the fourth link below for one aquarist ' s success at spawning southern redbelly dace .\nsouthern redbelly dace are social and use a chemical alarm signal to warn others of nearby threats . this chemical also signals the fish to school together for protection .\nthe last southern redbelly dace pulled from my 153 gallon pond during cleaning on 4 / 2 / 03 . he was returned to the pond after the photo .\nwhen southern redbelly dace come across a threat , such as a predator , these fish school together instead of darting off alone , this improves their chances of survival . southern redbelly dace are social and use a chemical alarm signal that warns others of threats in the area nearby ; this chemical also signals fish to school together for protection . since southern redbelly dace are so small and vulnerable , they usually try to stay hidden and avoid open areas . these fish forage for food during the daytime .\nconservation commission of missouri , 2014 .\nsouthern redbelly dace\n( on - line ) . missouri department of conversation . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .\nthe southern redbelly dace is olive colored with two black stripes down its body and a yellow stripe in the middle of them . its belly is white . black dots appear on the back ( the first thing i noticed about my fish ) . breeding males develop red underbodies , yellow fins , and tubercles . the scales of the southern redbelly dace are very small .\nsouthern redbelly dace are social creatures and will use a chemical alarm signal that warns others of threats in the area nearby ; this chemical also signals the fish to school together for protection .\nloan - wisley , a . 2006 .\nsouthern redbelly dace - chrosomus erythrogaster rafinesque .\n( on - line ) . iowa fish atlas . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .\nfor details . i was absolutely stunned to find that my southern redbelly dace is still alive ! i did not take a photo this year . this fish is six years old ! wow !\nsternburg , j . 2005 .\nspawning of the southern and northern redbelly dace compared\n( on - line ) . northern american native fishes association . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .\non 3 / 25 / 05 , i cleaned the 153 gallon pond out , and that one remaining southern redbelly dace is still alive ! horray ! i wish he had some buddies though . he is so pretty .\nsouthern redbelly dace prefer small , clear , freshwater streams that are cool in temperature with a moderate to slow current . they prefer sand , gravel , or mud substrates along with vegetation and overhangs on the stream banks for hiding .\nsouthern redbelly dace like clear , moving water of vegetated streams . they are often found at headwaters or springs . they are shy fish that require places to hide , ideally vegetation in and above the water . moving water is required for breeding .\nsouthern redbelly dace are found in small , clear , freshwater streams that are cool in temperature with a moderate to slow current . these fish prefer sand , gravel , or mud substrates along with areas where they can hide such as vegetation and overhangs .\nzehringer , j . 2012 .\nsouthern red belly dace\n( on - line ) . ohio department of natural resources . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .\nstasiak , r . 2007 .\nsouthern redbelly dace ( chrosomus erythrogaster ) : a technical conservation assessment\n( on - line ) . prepared for the usda forest service , rocky mountain region , species conservation project . accessed july 18 , 2014 at urltoken .\nthe remaining species are all in the northern us , in and around the great lakes in michigan . the northern redbelly and finescale daces are also found in the southern part of canada .\nthe blackside and tennessee dace populations are considered decreasing and vulnerable by the iucn . the laurel dace is endangered , and the other species are of least concern .\nnorth american native fishtanks \u2022 redbelly daces and allies , minnows of the genus . . .\nash sent this photo of a fish from southern california on 11 / 6 / 07 . she thought it was a redbelly dace but i do not think so . i was not able to identify it using my native fish books . do you know what it is ?\n\u2026 ( phoxinus ) are well - known , with a southern ( p . erythrogaster ) and northern ( p . eos ) species . the southern redbelly dace , found in clear creeks from alabama to pennsylvania and the great lakes region , is an attractive fish sometimes kept in home aquariums . it is 5\u20137 . 5 cm ( 2\u20133 inches ) long and is marked with\u2026\nsouthern redbelly dace are not only prey for larger species in their habitat ; they are also a predatory species , feeding on small invertebrates . as an indicator species , the presence or absence of southern redbelly dace in streams helps determine the relative health of a stream . if the water is healthy , these fish , along with other species , will be thriving . however , if the water is unhealthy , populations of these fish will show a noticeable decline . this not only works as a pollution indicator , but also directs fishers to the healthiest populations of game fish .\npaulson , n . , j . hatch . 2013 .\nnorthern redbelly dace\n( on - line ) . lake superior streams . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .\nthe mountain redbelly dace has been bred in captivity and the offspring can be purchased online or through specialty groups . some species may also be sold as feeder fish at bait shops .\ni have recently obtained some southern redbelly dace and so there is little information on this site . all of the following information comes from books and internet sources . if you have any information on redbelly dace , please send it to me . in the cases where i state\nunknown ,\nit means that i do not know but others may know . also , please let me know if any of this information is incorrect or if you can add to it .\nas mating season approaches , the coloration of sexually mature males becomes more vibrant , particularly in their fins and in the stripes located on their sides . this vibrant coloration helps them attract mates . since southern redbelly dace participate in polyandrous mating , there is little or no competition between male suitors .\nbefore the mating season begins , the coloration of sexually mature males becomes more vibrant , especially in their fins and in the stripes on their sides . this bright coloration helps them attract mates . since one female will mate with several males , there is very little competition between male southern redbelly dace .\nthe blackside , tennessee , mountain redbelly , and laurel daces are all found in the mid - eastern us . the blackside dace is native to kentucky , the laurel in virginia , and the mountain redbelly is found in west virginia , virginia , and north carolina . all four species are also found in tennessee .\n) live in the southeastern michigan area , from lake erie to ohio . their range also includes areas of the great lakes , the mississippi river basins , and the white arkansas river drainage areas , all the way down to tennessee . there are a few records of southern redbelly dace populations in the kansas river system and the upper arkansas river drainages as well .\nthese fish should be kept in purely freshwater aquariums and kept out of native brackish communities . some experiments performed with the southern redbelly dace showed that even short term exposure to low levels of salinity ( 4 ppt , about 1 . 003 ) stresses these animals greatly . as fish that prefer more \u201cneutral\u201d water , they also likely do not need the added hardness or higher ph .\nendangered status for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .\nsouthern redbelly dace tend to feed in schools at the bottom of streams , feeding on algae , aquatic invertebrates , and detritus . feeding on the bottom of streams not only allows them access to their prey , but also protects them from being in immediate reach of predators . these fish are countershaded , which means the bottom of the fish is lighter in color than the top side , this helps them avoid predators .\nsouthern redbelly dace feed in schools at the bottom of streams , feeding on algae , aquatic invertebrates , and detritus . feeding on the bottom of streams not only gives them access to their prey , but also protects them from being in immediate reach of predators . these fish are countershaded , which means the bottom of the fish is lighter in color than their top side , this can make them difficult to see , protecting them from predators .\non 4 / 2 / 03 , i cleaned out my 153 gallon pond . there were three live fish . for sure , just one was an adult southern redbelly dace . the other two were red shiners so those must have been the babies from last year . this one large adult was gorgeous . i took photos to develop later . the best one is at the top of this page . i just wish he had a mate !\ndesignation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : final rule .\nwhen not actively chasing or spawning , the northern redbelly dace tended to remain away from the water current . they had no interest in the bed of pebbles , nor in the current of water directed at the pebbles . at no time did i see them spawn among the pebbles or over the sand substrate . spawning was repeated at intervals by other dace over the next three days , at which time i removed all the adults .\nsome of these taxonomies are currently being disputed . some sources place the finescale and laurel daces in the genus phoxinus , where the various redbelly daces once where .\nsouthern redbelly dace are small fish , they are about 5 . 8 cm long , with a small mouth that opens horizontally . their scales are so small they can be difficult to see . these fish are usually an olive green color , which blends into their environment , although they do have red and yellow stripes on their sides and black blotches on their dorsal fins . males of this species are more brightly colored than females , especially on their fins and in their stripes .\nthe tennessee dace is a slightly different case , spawning at low temperatures ( 60 to 62 f ) and will scatter eggs over nests of other fish like the central stoneroller and striped shiners . thus , breeding these fish as well may be vital to breeding the tennessee dace in captivity .\nsouthern redbelly dace are small fish , approximately 5 . 8 cm in length , with a small mouth that opens horizontally . their scales are so small they are nearly unrecognizable to a casual observer . these fish tend to be an olive green color , which blends into their environment , although they do have red and yellow stripes on their sides and black blotches on their dorsal fins . this species has sexually dimorphic coloration ; males are more vibrantly colored , especially on their fins and in their stripes .\nsouthern redbelly dace are not only prey for larger species in their habitat ; they are also a predatory species , feeding on small invertebrates . these fish are an indicator species , which mean their presence or absence in their habitat helps determine the health of a stream . if the water is healthy , these fish , along with other species , will be thriving . however , if the water is unhealthy , populations of these fish will decline . this can help fishers find the healthiest populations of game fish .\nas seasonal spawners , groups of chrosomus minnows will begin breeding once the tank conditions mimic a certain time of year . the southern redbelly dace breeds in the spring , for example , and requires a slightly elevated temperature . being provided with live foods may also help with breeding activity . eggs should be kept separate from adults ( they are notorious egg eaters ! ) and will hatch in about a week at 80 f . the fry are small and require tiny foods like infusoria once the yolks are absorbed .\nwhen southern redbelly dace breed , multiple males press up against a female on the bottom of the stream ; this causes her to release eggs for the males to fertilize . males have pearl organs along their anal and pectoral fins that are used during breeding to stimulate the female to release her eggs . during the april to june mating period , about 200 to 6 , 000 eggs are released as males and females repeat the breeding ritual . this ritual can be repeated many times and only takes a few seconds to complete .\nsouthern redbelly dace live in stream banks or headwater streams . they avoid the faster currents towards the middle of the stream and as a result , the size of the headwater stream is also their territory size . this species moves to new areas when their territory floods , washing some of them out to other areas . schools in this species include individuals of all ages and sizes , as the young and old live in the same area . even though they live in the same area , these fish are not known to display any sort of territorial behavior .\non 3 / 29 / 07 , i cleaned out the 153 gallon pond . i had seen a dark fish swimming in it a few weeks ago , assumed it was the dace , and was surprised . i was saddened this day to find the dace . he was deceased . even in death , he was gorgeous . i had him for 6 . 5 years so he was at least 7 years old ! that assumes the original dace never bred ( of which i am pretty sure ) . i took his photo one last time .\non 9 / 28 / 00 . on 10 / 1 / 00 , one was found desiccated on the edging . i guess he / she wanted to swim upstream ! when the pond was cleaned out on 3 / 26 / 01 , all or most of the redbelly dace were still there ! i have not seen any since ( as of 11 / 13 / 01 ) since they hide so well and are well camouflaged in my two - foot deep pond where the water is dark / black . i cleaned out the pond on 3 / 29 / 02 . there were only seven live fish left ( and two dead ones ) . three were large , adult southern redbelly dace with beautiful yellow fins . these were big fish . i took photos on regular film but it will be a long time before i develop the photos to see if they worked since it is a new roll of film ( i finally got the best photo on here on 5 / 31 / 03 above ! ) . the other four fish were babies from last spring that i had seen when young . then , i thought they were red shiners . considering there were no adult red shiners left , and the babies ' pectoral fins are long and flowing like the adult dace , i am pretty sure that the four young fish are baby southern redbelly dace ! of the five kinds of native fish i put in this pond , i would never have expected these guys to be the only ones to breed and survive ! they are not even native to my area , are supposed to be harder to keep and breed , and i did not add as many of them as the other fish . i guess they like my pond ! now , they have it all to themselves , except for the frogs , tadpoles , snails , and insects .\ndesignation of critical habitat for the cumberland darter , rush darter , yellowcheek darter , chucky madtom , and laurel dace : proposed rule ; reopening of comment period and announcement of public hearing .\nsouthern redbelly dace inhabit any headwater stream ( the source of a stream ) or stream bank , as they avoid the faster currents that occur towards the middle of the stream . as a result , the size of the headwater stream is also their territory size because they do not travel in faster moving water . this species disperses based on seasonal flooding that washes some of them out to other areas . schools in this species include individuals of all ages and sizes , as the young and old inhabit the same area . even though they inhabit the same area , these fish have not been observed displaying any sort of territorial behavior .\nin contrast , the spawning behavior of the southern redbelly dace , placed in the same aquarium with all conditions the same , was very different . they actively sought out the current and hovered above the bed of pebbles by swimming constantly into the current . at times they did retreat to quieter regions of the aquarium . several days after being placed in the aquarium , the six males and six females became brilliantly colored . the males had red extending over the entire underside , and the fins were yellow . females also developed the red color , though not quite as extensively as the males , and some white showed just below the lower dark lateral stripe . the fins were not yellow .\nthe chrosomus minnows are fairly small fish , and mostly uniform in size at that . the majority of species grow to somewhere around 3 inches long , with the finescale dace tipping the scales at about 4 inches .\ndistribution and habitat : inhabits small , often spring - fed , upland creeks with cool , clear water throughout the eastern two - thirds of the state . it sometimes occurs with the blackside dace in the upper cumberland river drainage ( mostly above cumberland falls ) .\nthe northern redbelly dace were spawned first , in early may 1992 . twelve adults were placed in the aquarium . there were no other fish in the tank . the fish were left undisturbed except for feeding several times per day . only two of the males showed red color at any time . none of the females colored . after several days together , a change in behavior became apparent . one , two , or even three males drove a single female in a vigorous chase up and down the length of the tank . the procedure seemed to be like that of goldfish at spawning time . most of the chases broke off with no spawning , the active fish would then join the loose school of other fish , usually under the floating valisneria foliage .\nidentification : a small fish with two parallel black stripes along the side . males in breeding condition are among the most colorful minnows in the state , having solid red along the underside of the body and bright yellow fins . it is similar to the federally protected blackside dace ( chrosomus cumberlandensis ) , but differs by having two lateral stripes ( vs . one broad black stripe ) along the side of the body . adults grow to 3 . 5 in .\nrange includes the great lakes ( michigan , erie ) and mississippi river basins from new york to southern minnesota , and south to the tennessee river drainage , alabama , and white - arkansas river drainage , arkansas and oklahoma ; isolated populations occur on the former mississippi embayment ( tennessee , mississippi , and arkansas ) , in the kansas river system , kansas , and in the upper arkansas river drainage , colorado and new mexico ( page and burr 2011 ) . this fish is common in upland and spring - fed streams , absent in lowlands ( page and burr 2011 ) .\nthese fish are not picky eaters and will convert to most any foods you provide . flake and pellet food should be the staple , supplemented with pieces of earthworms , frozen brine and mysis shrimp , chopped shellfish , and perhaps even live mosquito larvae . green foods comprise a significant part of their diet and should not be overlooked . spirulina flake , softened vegetables , and sushi nori can all be provided at regular intervals . the tennessee dace is particular focuses more on green foods than on animal - based foods .\nthe chrosomus minnows are not particularly picky about water hardness and ph , provided that extremes are avoided . they are found in water sources ranging in hardness from at least 5 - 15 dh and ph 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 . no heater is necessary for these species , and seemingly do well with water temperature around 60 - 65 f . seasonal highs of the mid 70\u2032s f are well tolerated by , and are necessary if you wish to breed these fish ( except for the tennessee dace ) . just remember with higher temperatures comes higher metabolism and activity levels !\nfrom the words erythro , meaning red ; and gaster , belly ( ref . 10294 )\nnorth america : basins of lakes erie and michigan and mississippi river from new york to minnesota , south to tennessee river drainage in albama , and white and arkansas river drainages in arizona and oklahoma , usa . isolated populations on former mississippi embayment in tennessee , mississippi and arkansas ; kansas river system in kansas ; and upper arkansas river drainage in colorado and new mexico , usa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 1 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86798 ) ; common length : 5 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 12193 )\nchrosomus erythrogaster can be distinguished by having the following characters : 67 - 95 scales on lateral line ; pharyngeal teeth 0 , 5 - 5 , 0 ; moderately pointed snout , longer than eye in adult ; small , moderately oblique ( less than 45\u00b0 ) , slightly subterminal mouth ending in front eye ; 2 black stripes along side with upper one thin broken into spots at rear while lower one wide , becoming thin on caudal peduncle ; olive brown above , dusky stripe along back ; black spots ( sometimes absent ) on upper side , often arranged in row ; silver yellow side ; black wedge - shaped caudal spot ; white , yellow or red below ; and large males with vivid color , consisting of bright red belly , lower head and base of dorsal fin , and yellow fins ( ref . 86798 ) .\ninhabits rocky , usually spring - fed , pools of headwaters and creeks ( ref . 86798 ) . also found in streams ( ref . 10294 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 2011 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . boston : houghton mifflin harcourt , 663p . ( ref . 86798 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00318 - 0 . 01574 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 5 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but very large . this species is common in much of its range . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .\nhabitat includes headwaters and upland creeks ( often spring - fed ) , generally with clear water ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) . in illinois , schools often occur under bank overhangs among tree roots in clear pools with muck bottom ( smith 1979 ) . this species often occurs over gravel , rubble , or sand in wisconsin ( becker 1983 ) . spawning occurs in shallow water near riffles among gravel , sometimes in nests of other species ( e . g . , semotilus atromaculatus ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nfind local mdc conservation agents , consultants , education specialists , and regional offices .\nslender minnow with two dusky stripes separated by a broad golden or yellowish stripe along the side . olive - brown back with scattered dark spots , and a white belly . scales are very small , barely visible to the naked eye . breeding males are brilliant red on undersurface of head and body with lower fin and undersurface near tail lemon yellow .\ntotal length : 1 1 / 2 to 2 3 / 4 inches ; maximum length 3 inches .\nsmall creeks and spring branches of the ozarks where there is permanent flow of cool , clear water and a gravelly or sandy bottom . often school with other minnows such as stonerollers and creek chubs .\nherbivorous , feeding primarily on algae and detritus with larval insects in lesser quantities .\none of the characteristic fishes of the ozarks . also occurs in northeastern missouri , where its range extends northward into the prairie region in hills bordering the upper mississippi river .\nmissouri has more than 200 kinds of fish , more than are found in most neighboring states . fishes live in water , breathe with gills , and have fins instead of legs . most are covered with scales . most fish in missouri \u201clook\u201d like fish and could never be confused with anything else . true , lampreys and eels have snakelike bodies \u2014 but they also have fins and smooth , slimy skin , which snakes do not .\nwe protect and manage the fish , forest , and wildlife of the state . we facilitate and provide opportunity for all citizens to use , enjoy , and learn about these resources .\nwithin 8 to 10 days of being fertilized , the eggs hatch in water that is 20 . 6 to 26 . 7\u00b0 c ( 69 to 80\u00b0 f ) and begin growing very quickly before becoming an adult in about one year . the fish begin feeding on newly hatched\n, and within two months , grow to a little over one inch in size .\nsince one female mates with several males , the young from her eggs will have many different fathers . after breeding , the eggs are left in the nest with no parental care . larger fish species found in their habitat , such as\nmegan l . morgan ( author ) , bridgewater college , brittany l . ripp ( author ) , bridgewater college , stephanie n . rubino ( author ) , bridgewater college , tamara johnstone - yellin ( editor ) , bridgewater college , leila siciliano martina ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .\nnatureserve , 2013 .\nchrosomus erythrogaster\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed march 01 , 2014 at urltoken .\nmorgan , m . ; b . ripp and s . rubino 2014 .\nchrosomus erythrogaster\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nby megan l . morgan ; brittany l . ripp ; stephanie n . rubino\nwithin 8 to 10 days of being fertilized , the embryos hatch in water that is 20 . 6 to 26 . 7\u00b0 c ( 69 to 80\u00b0 f ) and begin a rapid period of growth into adulthood , which lasts about a year . the fish begin feeding on newly hatched\nbreeding takes place when multiple males press up against the female on the bottom of the stream to stimulate the release of eggs for the males to fertilize . males have pearl organs , also known as breeding tubercles , along their anal and pectoral fins that are used during breeding to stimulate the female to release her eggs . during the april to june mating period , approximately 200 to 6 , 000 eggs are expelled as males and females repeat the breeding ritual . this ritual can be repeated several times and only takes a few seconds to complete .\npolyandrous breeding results in mixed paternity , leading to increased variation in the young . after breeding takes place , the eggs are left in the nest with no parental care . larger fish species in their habitat , such as\nthe average lifespan of this fish is about two years , with only one recorded maximum lifespan of three years .\nliving in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .\nhaving coloration that serves a protective function for the animal , usually used to refer to animals with colors that warn predators of their toxicity . for example : animals with bright red or yellow coloration are often toxic or distasteful .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nparticles of organic material from dead and decomposing organisms . detritus is the result of the activity of decomposers ( organisms that decompose organic material ) .\na species whose presence or absence strongly affects populations of other species in that area such that the extirpation of the keystone species in an area will result in the ultimate extirpation of many more species in that area ( example : sea otter ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nreproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nreferring to a mating system in which a female mates with several males during one breeding season ( compare polygynous ) .\n) : a technical conservation assessment\n( on - line ) . prepared for the usda forest service , rocky mountain region , species conservation project . accessed july 18 , 2014 at\nto cite this page : morgan , m . ; b . ripp and s . rubino 2014 .\nchrosomus erythrogaster\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncurrent residents in my native ohio stream tank . source was paddy ' s run in sw ohio .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\ndog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies\u2026\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\n) , and mountain species . all can be adapted to aquarium or pond life .\nbreeding males develop red underbodies , yellow fins , and tubercles . they get red on their chest , chin , belly , and the base of the dorsal fin .\non 3 / 30 / 06 , i cleaned out the 153 gallon pond . see\n- information ; this site may no longer work , if you know what happened , please e - mail me .\nthere have been 42 , 711 , 035 file views ( file views since 2006 , page views before that ) to fishpondinfo from october 1 , 2003 through june 30 , 2018 .\nthe south dakota game , fish and parks values and appreciates the partnerships we have with landowners across the state . they help sustain our wildlife and promulgate our hunting heritage . south dakota is 80 percent privately owned and landowners play a significant role in providing wildlife habitat and outdoor opportunities like hunting and fishing .\nthe department offers a variety of programs available for private landowners to help create wildlife habitat , public hunting access and reduce wildlife damage .\nfor more information about landowner programs , check out habitat pays . habitat pays has been a joint effort with the department of agriculture since 2015 ; connecting farmers and ranchers to the appropriate habitat resources and helping them implement wildlife habitat where it makes the most sense .\ngfp offers cost share to private landowners interested in developing wildlife habitat on their land through multiple habitat programs . contact one of our private land habitat biologists to learn more about any of our private land wildlife habitat programs or to evaluate your land and help you develop the best habitat to help you meet your land management goals .\nfree food plot seed is available from gfp each spring ( corn , sorghum , brood mix ) .\nannual payment of $ 20 per acre for food plot acres ( $ 40 per acre if planted on walk - in areas ) .\nwoody habitat plantings are designed to provide ground level cover during winter conditions for resident wildlife .\nplantings must be at least 8 rows wide and a minimum of 1 acre in size .\ngfp will cost - share 75 % of total project costs , up to $ 10 , 000 per planting .\nin addition to technical assistance , the wetland & grassland habitat program offers a variety of cost - share options for private landowners to implement conservation practices that benefit wildlife while meeting the needs of working grasslands .\nlandowners are reimbursed for 100 % of the costs incurred for seed and planting ( up to $ 125 / acre ) .\nprograms protect new or existing habitat from livestock , assist with setting up rotational grazing paddocks , replace woven wire fences with wildlife - friendly fences , etc . .\nfor more information about other habitat programs available through our partners visit the habitat resources page of the habitat pays website .\ngfp leases public hunting access on private land across the state to maintain south dakota\u2019s rich hunting heritage through the following programs . contact our staff in your part of the state to learn more about any of these programs .\nthe wia program leases private land with valuable hunting opportunity for unlimited public hunting access ( foot - traffic only ) in exchange for an annual payment and immunity from non - negligent liability . the walk - in area program began in 1988 leasing public hunting access from 26 landowners on 23 , 161 acres , and has grown to partnering with 1 , 458 landowners , in 2017 , who provide public hunting access to 1 , 239 , 580 acres of private land . cumulatively over the last thirty years the walk - in area program has paid landowners over $ 3 5 million to provide public hunting access opportunities to over 23 . 2 million acres . a legislative commemoration was issued commending the south dakota game , fish and parks and the landowners of south dakota on 30 years of partnership to provide public hunting access through the walk - in area program . more information .\nsimilar to a walk - in area , but a coop allows hunters to drive on harvested cropland for the purposes of placing & retrieving waterfowl decoys . hunters with a disabled hunting permit are also allowed to drive on these areas to hunt any game . all other access is limited to foot traffic only an no hunting is allowed while farm machinery is present .\nchap is a cooperative effort between private landowners and game , fish and parks to provide limited public hunting access on private land landowners who enroll in chap control the amount of hunter use at a given time , set special provisions for use , and place restrictions on big game species allowed to be harvested . for more information or assistance , visit the habitat pays website .\nadministered by the usda ' s farm service agency , crep is a\nstate - sponsored\nconservation reserve program designed for a specific geographic area that will address resource concerns identified by state partners . in south dakota , the focus is on creating additional pheasant nesting habitat that is open to public hunting .\nehap ' s purpose is to increase hunter harvest ; specifically on private lands with higher than landowner - tolerable elk use . private land anywhere in the black hills elk hunting units will be considered . access to the property ( how many , when , and where ) is controlled by the enrolled landowner . this allows the hunting to take place where the best chance of success is , as well as with the best chance to diminish elk depredation . gfp does not sign the boundaries ( as with walk - in areas ) , nor are maps of the enrolled properties made available . gfp provides the contact information for participating landowners upon request . license holders are responsible for making contact with the landowner , and making arrangements to hunt the enrolled property .\nas a vast majority of south dakota is privately owned ; farmers , ranchers and other private landowners are the principal stewards of wildlife resources and the habitats in which they depend .\nthe landowners matter newsletter is printed and distributed twice a year ; april 1 and october 1 and is mailed to approximately 14 , 000 south dakota landowners .\ngfp employs 27 full - time wildlife damage specialists ( wds ) within its comprehensive wildlife damage management program . these staff work directly with landowners and producers to reduce or alleviate wildlife damage such as : livestock losses , damage to stored - feed supplies and hay , damage to growing crops , as well as damage to personal property . these staff are trained to work with all types of wildlife damage , from coyotes to elk . they also conduct educational programs on sport trapping as a form of recreation and its importance in the management of furbearers . programs can be given in classrooms , meeting halls , summer camps or other group meeting locations .\nfor more information on the below programs please contact your local wildlife damage specialist .\ngfp will provide direct control of prairie dogs that have encroached onto private property from adjacent public lands . to be eligible , landowners must have a minimum of 10 acres of actual prairie colony and must be within one mile of the public land boundary . tribal property or municipality properties are not public lands . if you have questions about prairie dog control from gfp , please call 605 . 773 . 5913 . register for the prairie control program .\ngfp will provide direct control of beavers for landowners or livestock producers that are experiencing damage caused by beavers . however , for problems with beaver damage inside city limits , people are encouraged to contact their local city officials for these types of requests . gfp only provides technical advice in these situations . for damage caused from raccoon , skunks , mink , and other nuisance wildlife species , gfp can provide technical assistance and loan live - traps for people outside of city limits . every situation is unique , and gfp staff working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach . contact your local wildlife damage specialist for assistance .\ngfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers that experience damage to growing - crops from canada geese . the most popular service is the installation of temporary electric fence which serves as an effective barrier to flightless geese during the summer months , which gfp will install around growing soybeans . gfp also offers up to $ 5 , 000 worth of cost - share assistance to plant protective buffer - strips around growing - crops , which protect the larger field from canada goose damage . these buffer - strips may be wheat , alfalfa , or native grasses which create a visual barrier so the geese are discouraged from entering the cropfield . gfp may also provide up to $ 5 , 000 of cost - share assistance to construct woven wire fence along the edge of wetlands which prohibit access to the cropfields when the birds are flightless . gfp provides direct assistance when canada geese are causing damage to growing crops or causing other issues on private lands ; utilizing tools such as hazing , temporary fencing , alternate feeding sites or egg addling . gfp may also authorize the affected landowner a permit which allows the landowner to lethally remove a small number of canada geese that are causing crop damage . these permits serve as an effective form of hazing and can haze the remaining birds away from the immediate area . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner , will determine the most effective approach .\ngfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with deer damage . gfp offers up to $ 5 , 000 worth of cost - share assistance to construct permanent protective stackyards or can provide protective , portable panels that protect stored livestock - feeds ( i . e . hay , corn , silage , etc . ) from deer damage during the winter months . these two programs are very popular and provide long - term solutions . gfp also provides direct assistance when deer are causing damage to growing crops , shelter - belts and other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing , temporary fencing , short - stop baiting , and in some situations , lethal control and / or depredation hunts . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach .\ngfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with elk damage . gfp offers up to $ 10 , 000 worth of cost - share assistance to construct permanent protective stackyards or can provide protective , portable panels to protect stored livestock - feeds ( i . e . hay , corn , silage , etc . ) from elk damage during the winter months . these two programs are very popular and provide long - term solutions . gfp also offers up to $ 10 , 000 worth of fencing materials and protective cable that when installed correctly can alleviate damage to fences from elk crossing them . gfp offers up to $ 6 , 000 of cost - share assistance to landowners for growing - season food - plots where landowners have elk feeding on alfalfa fields or other growing crops . landowners may also be eligible for up to $ 3 , 000 of cost - share assistance for hay land contracts . these contracts are for grasslands that are annually hayed by landowners , not grazed by livestock and have elk feeding upon these areas . gfp also provides direct assistance when elk are causing damage to growing crops or causing other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing , temporary fencing , short - stop baiting , and in some situations , lethal control and / or depredation hunts . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner , will determine the most effective approach .\ngfp will provide direct control ( i . e . trapping , snaring , calling , aerial hunting , etc . ) of coyotes and red fox to livestock producers or landowners that request assistance with livestock loss issues or livestock protection requests from predators . gfp operates an aggressive predator control program and cooperatively works with thousands of livestock producers and landowners across south dakota , to resolve these problems . every situation is unique and gfp staff working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach . contact your local wildlife damage specialist for assistance .\ngfp has several programs and services available to assist landowners and producers with damage caused from turkeys . the most popular service is the installation of protective netting which is installed on bales of oats , silage , etc . which gfp will install gfp also provides direct assistance when turkeys are causing damage or other issues on private lands by utilizing hazing , temporary fencing , and alternate feeding sites and in some situations , lethal control and / or depredation hunts . every situation is unique and gfp staff , working cooperatively with the affected landowner will determine the most effective approach ."]}
{"id": 2304, "summary": [{"text": "monochroa inflexella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sweden , lithuania , the czech republic , slovakia , austria , romania and russia ( the southern ural ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 9 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "monochroa inflexella", "paragraphs": ["monochroa inflexella svensson , 1992 ; ent . tidskr . 113 : ( 47 - 51 )\na new endemic species of monochroa from the south - western alps ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .\nmonochroa cleodoroides sakamaki , 1994 ; jpn . j . ent . 62 ( 1 ) : 170\nmonochroa kumatai ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 277\nmonochroa lucidella immaculella huemer , 1996 ; z . arbgem . \u00f6st . ent . 48 : ( 23 - 28 )\nmonochroa rufulella ; bidzilya , 2000 , beitr . ent . 50 ( 2 ) : 389 ; [ nhm card ]\nmonochroa lucidella immaculatella ssp . n . aus den verlandungszonen des kalterer sees in s\u00fcdtirol ( italien ) ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae )\nmonochroa pentameris ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 259 ; [ nhm card ]\nmonochroa subcostipunctella sakamaki , 1996 ; jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 248 ; tl : siriuti town , hokkaido\nmonochroa japonica sakamaki , 1996 ; jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 251 ; tl : bibi , titose city , hokkaido\nmonochroa kumatai sakamaki , 1996 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 246 ; tl : okusiri i . , hiyama , hokkaido\nmonochroa moyses uffen , 1991 ; br . j . ent . nat . hist . 4 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : essex , e mersea\nmonochroa conspersella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa lucidella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 209 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa pallida sakamaki , 1996 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 255 ; tl : kisozihara , nagawa vill , nagano pref , honshu , japan\nmonochroa bronzella karsholt , nel , fournier , varenne & huemer , 2013 ; nota lepid . 36 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : route du col de tende , alpes maritimes\nmonochroa cleodoroides ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonochroa japonica ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 252 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonochroa subcostipunctella ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nmonochroa cleodora ; sakamaki , 1994 , jpn . j . ent . 62 ( 1 ) : 167 ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251 ; [ nhm card ]\nmonochroa leptocrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 254 ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 211\nmonochroa suffusella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 245 ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 248 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa hornigi ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 252 ; park & ponomarenko , 2006 , shilap revta . lepid . 34 ( 135 ) : 277 ; [ fe ]\nmonochroa divisella ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ fe ] ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\njoin researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications \u2013 all in one place .\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 179 ; [ nacl ] , 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 243 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 4 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 243 ; [ sangmi lee ]\naristotelia agatha meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 119 ; tl : assam , khasis\napodia ainella chr\u00e9tien , 1908 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1908 : 91 ; tl : biskra\n? gelechia arundinetella stainton , 1858 ; ent . annual 1858 : 91 ( zeller )\naristotelia chromophanes meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 3\naristotelia cleodora meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 583\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213 ; [ fe ]\nlarva on lysimachia vulgaris , primula spp . , primula jesoana ssp . pubscens sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 213\ngelechia dellabeffai rebel , 1932 ; zs . \u00f6st . entver 17 ( 1 ) : 1\ngelechia disconotella chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 86 ; tl : kentucky\naristotelia discriminata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 ; tl : canada , toronto , l . muskoka , parry sound\nweu , ceu , seu , s . siberia , korea , japan . see [ maps ]\n= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 179 ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249\nlarva on iris pseudacorus , iris ensata var . spontanea sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 251\naristotelia drosocrypta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\ngelechia fervidella mann , 1864 ; wien . ent . mon . 8 ( 6 ) : 187 , pl . 5 , f . 4\naristotelia fragariae busck , 1919 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 21 ( 3 ) : 52 ; tl : victoria , british columbia\ngelechia gilvolinella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 119\napodia gracilella chr\u00e9tien , 1908 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1908 : 140 ; tl : biskra\ngriseella ( heinemann , 1870 ) ( doryphora ) ; schmett . dtl . schweitz ( 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) : 301\naristotelia harrisonella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 756 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia ; seattle , washington\neu , european russia , w . siberia , transbaikalia , se . siberia , korea . see [ maps ]\naristotelia ingravata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 118 ; tl : nw . india , peshawar ; bengal , pusa\nlarva on polygonum thunbergii sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 253\naristotelia leptocrossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\n= ; sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 209 ; [ nhm card ]\nlarva on eleocharis palustris , scirpus lacustris sakamaki & kogi , 1999 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 50 ( 3 ) : 211\nanacampsis melagonella constant , 1895 ; bull . soc . ent . fr : liii\naristotelia monactis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 10 ; tl : canada , toronto ; north carolina , southern pines\nlarva on scirpus maritimus uffen , 1991 , br . j . ent . nat . hist . 4 ( 1 ) : 1\ngelechia nomadella zeller , 1868 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 18 : 616\naristotelia pentameris meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 66\naristotelia perterrita meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 11 ; tl : canada , toronto\naristotelia pessocrossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 273 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nxystophora plusia caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106 ( walsingham ) ; tl : kasakewitsch\naristotelia quinquepunctella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 804 ; tl : pennsylvania\nxystophora rebeli hering , 1927 ; zool . jahrb . syst . 53 : 444\naristotelia repudiata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 6 ; tl : assam , cherrapunji\ngelechia rhenanella heyden , 1863 ; stettin ent . ztg 24 ( 10 - 12 ) : 343\naristotelia robusta braun , 1921 ; ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 8 ; tl : cincinnati , ohio\nlarva on scirpus atrovirens braun , 1921 , ent . news 32 ( 1 ) : 9\nxystophora rufulella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 175 , pl . 9 , f . 9 ; tl : irkutzk\ninfima rumicetella ; omelko & omelko , 2010 , amurian zool . j . 2 ( 1 ) : 55\nxystophora rutilella snellen , 1884 ; tijdschr . ent . 27 : 174 , pl . 9 , f . 8 ; tl : blagowestchenk\ninfima sepicolella ; omelko & omelko , 2010 , amurian zool . j . 2 ( 1 ) : 55\nxystophora saltenella benander , 1928 ; svensk . insektfauna 10 ( 2 ) : 89\nxystophora scutatella m\u00fcller - rutz , 1920 ; mitt . ent . z\u00fcrich 1920 ( 5 ) : 341 , pl . 2 , f . 9\nlarva on juncus sp . sakamaki , 1996 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 47 ( 4 ) : 249\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & rutten , 2005 , tijdschr . ent . 148 ( 1 ) : 80 ( note )\nlarva on eriophorum angustifolium , carex sp . sakamaki , 1996 , jpn . j . ent . 64 ( 2 ) : 248\n[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nfj\u00e4rilar , lepidoptera . ii . sm\u00e5fj\u00e4rilar , microlepidoptera . tredje familjegruppen : maltfj\u00e4rilar , tineina . 1 familjen gelechiidae\nb\u00e1torliget \u00e9l\u00f5vil\u00e1ga . ( die tier - und pflanzenwelt des naturschutzgebietes von b\u00e1torliget und seiner umgebung . ) b\u00e1torliget molylepke - faun\u00e1ja . microlepidoptera . [ microlepidoptera fauna of b\u00e1torliget , lepidoptera . ] in sz\u00e9kessy ,\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1874 lepidoptera der westk\u00fcste amerika ' s verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 24 : 423 - 448 , pl . 12\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nhuemer , p . & karsholt , o . - gelechiidae 2 ( gelechiinae : gnorimoschemini . in microlepidoptera of europe 6 . stenstrup . i n prep . 2010\njunnilainen , j . , karsholt , o . , nupponen , k . , kaitila , j . - p . , nupponen , t . & olschwang , v . - the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomic notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . in zootaxa 2367 : 1 - 68 . 2010\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwebsite \u00a9 jim wheeler 2016 - 2018 . nola - x database system \u00a9 jim wheeler 2018 . - sponsored by urltoken & urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nvi anv\u00e4nder cookies f\u00f6r att f\u00f6rb\u00e4ttra din upplevelse av v\u00e5r webbplats . l\u00e4s mer . . . ok , jag f\u00f6rst\u00e5r ( st\u00e4ng )\ndenna sida anv\u00e4nder javascript . din webbl\u00e4sare st\u00f6der antingen inte javascript eller s\u00e5 har du den avst\u00e4ngd . f\u00f6r att se denna sida som det \u00e4r t\u00e4nkt att visas v\u00e4nligen anv\u00e4nd en webbl\u00e4sare med javascript aktiverat .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi"]}
{"id": 2305, "summary": [{"text": "limbatochlamys rosthorni is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in china ( shaanxi , gansu , shanghai , jiangsu , zhejiang , hubei , jiangxi , hunan , fujian , guangxi , sichuan , chongqing , guizhou and yunnan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 28 \u2013 37 mm for males and 38 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are olive-green , the costal area with a greyish-yellow band , speckled with black , and in some areas with greyish red .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are greyish-yellow , the basal area of the hind margin and the outer marginal area with some greyish green , dotted with black . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "limbatochlamys rosthorni", "paragraphs": ["limbatochlamys rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 540 ; ts : limbatochlamys rosthorni rothschild\nlimbatochlamys rosthorni rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 540 , pl . 12 , f . 9 ; tl : interior of china ( ? west of ishang )\nrothschild , 1894 some new species of lepidoptera novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 535 - 540\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npitkin , linda m . and han , hongxiang and james , shayleen ; zoological journal of the linnean society ; 150 ( 2 ) 343 - - 412 ; jun , 2007\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2306, "summary": [{"text": "trachycystis haygarthi is a species of very small , air-breathing , land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family charopidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this species is endemic to south africa .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "trachycystis haygarthi", "paragraphs": ["embed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - snail ( trachycystis haygarthi )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - snail ( trachycystis haygarthi )\ntitle =\narkive species - snail ( trachycystis haygarthi )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : trachycystis haygarthi ( j . c . melvill & j . h . ponsonby , 1899 ) - id : 5734000105\nin 1912 haygarth donated ants from durban to the south african museum , cape town . he also collected land snails in zululand for h . c . burnup * and the species trachycystis haygarthi ( haygarth ' s pinwheel ) was named after him .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni )\ntitle =\narkive species - dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\njustification : trachycystis haygarthi is known only from two forests , separated by only 35 km . the extent of the two forests are 2 , 800 hectares and 620 hectares . total area of occupancy is thus probably less than 3 , 500 hectares ( = 35 km\u00b2 ) . although both forests are formally protected areas , the degree of protection afforded by this status is limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is probable\nthe exceptionally striking dlinza pinwheel ( trachycystis clifdeni ) immediately stands out for the unusual whorl of bristles that radiate out from the edge of its shell , somewhat resembling the pinwheel firework after which it is named . the fragile , almost translucent pale - brown shell is a spiral shape with up to five whorls , sculptured with widely spaced axial riblets ( 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nknown only from nkandla and entumeni forests inland of eshowe . the two forests are separated by only 35 km . the extent of the two forests is : nkandla forest 2 , 800 ha and entumeni forest 620 ha . total area of occupancy is thus probably less than 3 , 500 ha .\nboth forests are formally conserved areas under the control of kzn wildlife . as such they are afforded a degree of protection , but both are in remote , very rural areas and subject to utilisation by local people and their livestock , particularly nkandla forest .\nalthough both forests are formally protected areas , the degree of protection afforded by this status is limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and a decline in the quality and extent of the habitat is probable .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis rare , pale - coloured snail is probably most notable for its highly distinctive whitish shell , with a conspicuous chestnut - brown border to the outer edge of each whorl creating a bold spiral pattern . the creamy - white foot is semi translucent with brownish - grey colouring towards the front of the upper - surface , and the tentacles are grey .\nthis south african endemic is known only from two small forests , nkandla and entumeni , kwazulu - natal , which are separated by only 35 km ( 1 ) .\nclassified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .\ndespite formal protection , the remote , rural forests in which this snail is found continue to be used by local people and their livestock , and this disturbance threatens to destroy and degrade critical habitat for this species ( 1 ) .\nboth forests are formerly conserved areas under the control of kwazulu - natal wildlife , and as such , are afford a degree of protection . however , the actual levels of protection provided on the ground are limited , particularly in the case of nkandla forest , and local communities may be having a detrimental impact on these forests and the wildlife they support ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . whorl in animals , a spiral or convolution in the shell of a snail .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nnothing is known of the dlinza pinwheel\u2019s reproductive biology , life history patterns or feeding behaviour .\nthe dlinza pinwheel is known only from dlinza forest , in the province of kwazulu - natal , south africa , which covers an area of just circa 250 hectares ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .\na unique snail , the dlinza pinwheel is found in coastal scarp forest ( 1 ) beneath leaves of understorey vegetation , under fallen logs , in leaf - litter , and occasionally in damp swampy areas ( 2 ) .\nthe dlinza pinwheel is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe dlinza forest is officially protected and is under the control of ezemvelo kwazulu - natal wildlife ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . however , the forest\u2019s location within an urban environment does give some cause for concern . furthermore , the dlinza pinwheels ' very limited distribution means that it is highly vulnerable to the damaging effects of extreme stochastic weather conditions and climate change ( 1 ) .\nthe fact that dlinza forest is an officially protected area , supported by an enthusiastic local community , does confer a degree of protection to the critically endangered dlinza pinwheel . nevertheless , the small and exposed nature of its home means that this rare and fascinating snail remains somewhat helpless to the changing world around it ( 1 ) . more research into the ecology and behaviour of this small but captivating species may help unearth valuable information to help guide appropriate conservation action and bring the diminutive \u2018pinwheel\u2019 back from the brink of extinction .\nherbert , d . g . & kilburn , r . n . ( 2004 ) field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . 340pp . natal museum , pietermaritzburg .\nauthenticated ( 13 / 07 / 2006 ) by dr . dai g . herbert , chief curator : mollusca , kwazulu - natal museum , and member of the iucn / ssc southern african invertebrate , and mollusc specialist groups . urltoken\nendemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . scarp an escarpment , cliff , or steep slope of some extent along the margin of a plateau or ridge . stochastic random , uncertain or unpredictable . whorl in molluscs , the spiral coils of the shell of a snail .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\nborn : 6 october 1863 , durban , south africa . died : 29 september 1950 , durban , south africa .\nwalter j . haygarth was the youngest son of joseph williamson haygarth , whose sister was married to the botanist john medley wood * . wood adopted the young walter . he was apprenticed to the natal government railways workshops in september 1883 . in september 1889 he was appointed as draughtsman and assisted in teaching the railways ' drawing classes . eventually he became a chief draughtsman , until his retirement in 1915 . he married eliza priscilla wood in october 1894 and they had two children .\nin addition to outdoor sports , haygarth ' s hobbies related to botany and invertebrate zoology . he collected some 200 specimens of plants in natal and east griqualand for wood , who was in charge of the natal government herbarium . he also contributed some illustrations to the first volume of natal plants , published by wood and m . s . evans * in 1899 . his plants ended up in various local and overseas herbaria . a few specimens of crassula that he had collected , together with others collected by wood and f . r . rudolph schlechter * , were described as new species by s . schonland * in 1897 . he was commemorated in the names of the alga species chlorophytum haygarthii ( named by wood and evans ) , and in cerophegia haygarthii , named by f . r . r . schlechter * .\nherbert , d . & kilburn , d . field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern south africa . pietermaritzburg : natal museum , 2004 .\nnational automated archival information retrieval system ( naairs ) . urltoken documents relating to haygarth , walter jaques / haygarth , w . j .\npietermaritzburg archives repository ( nab ) , source msce , reference 2242 / 1950 . death notice , walter jacques haygarth . downloaded from urltoken on 2017 - 6 - 27 .\nrobertson , h . biodiversity explorers . urltoken as on 2017 - 6 - 27 .\nschrire , b . d . centenary of the natal government herbarium , durban , 1882 - 1982 . bothalia , 1983 , vol . 14 , pp . 223 - 236 .\nsummaries of some recent botanical and zoological papers referring to south africa . transactions of the south african philosophical society , 1902 , vol . 11 ( 4 ) , pp . 383 - 418 .\n| web page last updated on 2014 . 12 . 25 | database last updated on july 5 2018 | admin login\nnothing is known of the dlinza pinwheel ' s reproductive biology , life history patterns or feeding behaviour .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2310, "summary": [{"text": "the lesser hairy-footed dunnart ( sminthopsis youngsoni ) is a small carnivorous australian marsupial of the family dasyuridae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is a widespread and fairly common species , being found in many desert areas of western australia , northern territory and queensland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its foraging strategies have been studied by haythornthwaite and dickman .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the lesser hairy-footed dunnart is distinguished from the very similar hairy-footed dunnart by its smaller size and less hairy soles . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "lesser hairy - footed dunnart", "paragraphs": ["dunnarts\u2019 lifespans vary . fat - tailed dunnarts only live for 15 - 18 months , but lesser hairy - footed dunnarts live to five years old .\na little long - tailed dunnart on our charles darwin reserve , wa . photo ben parkhurst . the julia creek dunnart ( one of the largest ) is up to 25cm from snout to tail , and weighs up to 70g . the lesser hairy - footed dunnart is one of the smallest species , weighing a measly 10g !\neleven different species of dunnart are found on bush heritage properties . we have hairy - footed dunnarts on eurardy ; charles darwin reserve supports four different species ( fat - tailed , little long - tailed , gilbert\u2019s and white - tailed ) ; stripe - faced dunnarts are found on naree station and boolcoomatta ; fat - tailed dunnarts occur on several properties including nardoo hills , bon bon , naree and eurardy ; and hairy - footed and lesser hairy - footed dunnarts both occur on ethabuka reserve .\nthe lesser hairy - footed dunnart is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species\nit eats mainly insects including grasshoppers and crickets as well as spiders and other invertebrates . even though it is tiny , the lesser hairy - footed dunnart is very brave and will fiercely protect itself if it feels threatened , but if there is no food available they can become torpid .\nmckenzie , n . l . and cole , j . r . 2008 . lesser hairy - footed dunnart , sminthopsis youngsoni . in : s . van dyck and r . strahan ( eds ) , the mammals of australia . third edition , pp . 160 - 161 . reed new holland , sydney , australia .\na hairy - footed dunnart on eurardy reserve , wa . photo leanne hales . while 12 of the 19 dunnart species are considered \u2018of least concern\u2019 of extinction , many species have suffered a decline in their distribution . four species \u2013 chestnut , kakadu , julia creek and white - footed ( south - east mainland ) \u2013 are considered near threatened and three ( butler\u2019s , kangaroo island and sandhill ) are threatened according to the mammal action plan 2012 . many others are regionally threatened : the stripe - faced dunnart , for instance , is considered vulnerable in nsw .\na fat - tailed dunnart at bon bon reserve , sa . photo annette ruzicka . during the day dunnarts sleep in hollow logs , under rocks , in soil cracks or in small nests . these nests can be in logs , grass tussocks and grasstrees ( xanthorrhoea spp . ) . the hairy - footed dunnart is so small that it lives in the burrows made by spiders and bull ants !\na stripe - faced dunnart at boolcoomatta reserve , sa . photo annette ruzicka . threats\nthere is a large population which lives in a number of protected areas including uluru national park and rudall river national park , so it is considered unlikely that the numbers will be declining at the rate needed to be listed as threatened . the only threats to the lesser hairy - footed dunnart are not major . they include cats which were introduced to the habitat and frequent , huge fires , but these are considered only localized threats and are not a threat to the species .\nfat - tailed . white - tailed . hairy - footed . australia\u2019s dunnart species come in all shapes and sizes . dunnarts are nocturnal , carnivorous marsupials that are endemic to ( only found in ) australia . they\u2019re sometimes mistakenly called marsupial mice . though they ' re about the size of a mouse , they ' re more like quolls and mulgaras \u2013 fellow members of the dasyuridae family .\na fat - tailed dunnart on our charles darwin reserve , wa . photo tim doherty . there are 19 known species of dunnart and we have 11 different species on our reserves \u2013 charles darwin reserve in wa has five species on its own !\ndunnarts breed in spring and nest above ground . the stripe - faced dunnart has the shortest gestation of any mammal \u2013 only 11 days .\nacross our reserves we protect dunnart habitat by removing stock , preventing habitat clearance and implementing a patchy fire regime , so they can seek refuge in a \u2018mosaic\u2019 of vegetation . we also increase the dunnart\u2019s chance of living to a ripe old age by controlling feral cats and foxes .\na red - cheeked dunnart on cape york . photo annette ruzicka . the fat - tailed dunnart has the widest distribution \u2013 it\u2019s found across most of inland southern australia . other species , like the nationally endangered sandhill dunnart , have a far smaller range \u2013 this particular species is only found across less than 500 km 2 in three widely - separated populations in the great victoria desert in sa and wa and on the eyre peninsula .\ninappropriate fire regimes : that is , fires that are too frequent , intense and extensive . given a dunnart\u2019s home range can be as small as 50m , wildfires can wipe out an entire population .\na dunnart\u2019s tail is often nearly as long as its body and they have big black eyes , long whiskers , large ears and sharp teeth . their furry coats can be sandy , grey or brown , depending on the species .\nbeing nocturnal helps dunnarts conserve precious water and energy in extreme arid environments . and when it\u2019s cold , dunnart species happily share their nests with each other and with house mice , huddling together to stay warm . but those mice should sleep with one eye open \u2013 dunnarts will eat mice when temperatures warm again !\na stripe - faced dunnart captured during a survey at naree , nsw . photo ofalia ho . like other dasyurids , they have a fold of skin on the stomach instead of a fully formed pouch . here the tiny joeys drink from their mother\u2019s nipples for a month before they\u2019re suckled in the nest for another month .\na small sized dunnart , adults weigh 9 - 14 g . upper parts are yellow - brown contrasting sharply with the white underparts and feet . dark fur surrounds the eye and extends towards the muzzle . the tail is pinkish and about the same length as the hb , not obviously incrassated . interdigital pads on hind foot partially fused and covered in small granules and short bristly hairs .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , occurrence in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to australia , where it is distributed through the arid regions of western australia , northern territory , the top edge of south australia , and queensland ( mckenzie and cole 2008 ) .\nit is common in suitable habitat . there is no evidence of widescale population declines .\nit has been recorded in areas of sand plains , sand dunes , inter - dune habitats , hummock grasslands , tussock grasslands and open shrubland ( mckenzie and cole 2008 ) . females give birth to five or six young ( mckenzie and cole 2008 ) .\nthere appear to be no major threats to this species . predation from introduced cats and frequent , large - scale fires are localized threats .\nit has been recorded from a number of protected areas including rudall river national park ( western australia ) and uluru national park ( northern territory ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\n3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable 4 . grassland - > 4 . 5 . grassland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable 8 . desert - > 8 . 1 . desert - hot suitability : suitable\niucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 2 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 04 september 2016 ) .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\npohjoisterritorionpussikko\nto\nsminthopsis youngsoni mckenzie and archer , 1982\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na carnivorous mammal , weighing only 0 . 01 kg . ( 0 . 022 lbs . ) , it lives up to 5 years and the females have litters of up to 5 or 6 young once a year . adults can be from 10 to 16 cm . ( 5 to 7 inches ) long . it is usually seen in sandy plains , inter - dune habitats , sand dunes , tussock grasslands , hummock grasslands and open shrubland . they get all the water they need from the insects they eat so they don ' t require to drink free water .\nit is listed in iucn red list of threatened species with a least concern ( lr / lc ) which is the designation for the lowest risk .\na curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .\na curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .\nprojects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .\nsoftware for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .\na curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .\nthe benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .\na high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .\nanalyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .\na portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .\nthe whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .\n[ 0522 ] fisher et al . ( 2001 ) , the ecological basis of life history variation in marsupials\ncomments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .\nwestern australia to exmouth peninsula in the south and west through little and great sandy deserts , through the southern half of the northern territory and into south - western queensland .\nall images on this website are \u00a9 lochman transparencies and should not be copied , downloaded , transferred , or re - created in any way , shape or form without prior consent .\ncarnarvon station cravens peak edgbaston ethabuka olkola pullen pullen reedy creek yourka more . . .\ndunnarts are found all over australia , from the tip of cape york to tasmania , from the east coast to south - west wa ( unusually the kimberley has very few dunnarts ) .\ndunnarts inhabit a whole host of environments . they live in arid and semi - arid woodlands , heathy forests , coastal ranges , dry sclerophyll forest , mallee scrub and grasslands .\nsome species live on the edges of paddocks , others thrive in deserts . how ? like mulgaras , dunnarts don\u2019t need to drink at all \u2013 they get the water they need from their prey !\ndepending on the species , they have litters of 5 to 10 joeys ( young ) . when born , joeys are smaller than a grain of rice !\ndunnarts emerge at night to feed . they\u2019re largely insectivorous , eating grasshoppers , crickets , termites , beetles and their larvae . but they\u2019re not picky eaters , they also munch on small reptiles , mammals , amphibians and spiders . some species can eat their body weight in a single night !\nduring times of plenty they store excess fat in their tails , which can take on a swollen , \u2018carrot - shaped\u2019 appearance . when food is scarce they draw on this fat to survive . they can also enter a state of torpor , saving energy by lowering their body temperature and metabolic rate \u2013 a kind of short - term hibernation .\nthe use of pesticides in agricultural areas can kill the insects that dunnarts eat .\na small carnivorous marsupial , about the size of a mouse with bristly footpads .\nthis insectivorous marsupial is nocturnal and shelters in burrows often dug by lizards during the day .\nfive or six pouch young are born in spring , which are independent from nov - feb .\nexmouth and along coast to port hedland , northern / central western deserts into nt and far west qld . absent from rocky / exposed areas of the pilbara . not endemic to western australia\nrights we support the open release of data and information about our collections . text content on this page is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license . image content on this page is copyright wa museum ."]}
{"id": 2311, "summary": [{"text": "swiftlets are birds contained within the four genera aerodramus , hydrochous , schoutedenapus and collocalia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they form the collocaliini tribe within the swift family apodidae .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the group contains around thirty species mostly confined to southern asia , south pacific islands , and northeastern australia , all within the tropical and subtropical regions .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are in many respects typical members of the apodidae , having narrow wings for fast flight , with a wide gape and small reduced beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "what distinguishes many but not all species from other swifts and indeed almost all other birds is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation to navigate in total darkness through the chasms and shafts of the caves where they roost at night and breed .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the nests of some species are built entirely from threads of their saliva , and are collected for the famous chinese delicacy bird 's nest soup . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "swiftlet", "paragraphs": ["swiftlet information . . . swiftlet species index . . . swiftlet species photo gallery\nswiftlet eco park group of companies is the largest swiftlet eco park developer in malaysia .\nhimalayan swiftlet winters within the range of german ' s swiftlet , but is larger and bulkier , and has a greyer rump than c . g . germani .\nswiftlet nest could be an authentic and pricey ingredient in the world of culinary .\n\u00a9 2016 swiftlet eco park group of companies . all rights reserved . web design malaysia\naustralian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\ngithub - aliasio / swiftlet : quite possibly the smallest mvc framework you ' ll ever use .\nclone ( or download and extract ) swiftlet into a directory on your php supported web server .\nthe german ' s swiftlet ( collocalia germani or aerodramus germani ) is a species of swift .\n\u2462interior environment : an adequate level of attention has been paid to audible swiftlet calls and odor .\nthis swiftlet was formerly sometimes placed in the genus aerodramus as aerodramus brevirostris . two of its five subspecies are frequently given full species status , c . b . rogersi as the indochinese swiftlet , collocalia rogersi , and the isolated javan form c . b . vulcanorum as the volcano swiftlet , collocalia vulcanorum .\nwith notable exceptions , most swiftlet species emit both single and double clicks ( thomassen et al . ,\nswiftlet is quite possibly the smallest mvc framework you ' ll ever use . and it ' s swift .\nthe uniform swiftlet is a gregarious , medium - sized swiftlet with a shallowly forked tail . it is about 13 centimeters long with a wingspan averaging around 27 centimeters . it weighs about 11 grams . the colouring is dark grey - brown , darker on the upperparts with paler underparts , especially on chin and throat . it is similar to , and most likely to be confused with , the white - rumped swiftlet or mountain swiftlet .\nbelow are images of different swiftlet species . click on any of them to go to the respective species page .\nbuildings constructed to lure the edible - nest swiftlet have been popping up in indonesia . the nests are used in soup .\nluck , mr . budi says , plays as great a role as preparation in swiftlet farming . you see , he said with a sigh , you can entice an edible - nest swiftlet to a birdhouse , but you can\u2019t make it nest .\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) - current and future species distribution models . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) / suitability\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) / occurrences\nthe himalayan swiftlet has a twittering chit - chit roosting call , and also has a piercing teeree - teeree - teeree call .\n) . swiftlet clicks are composed of frequencies completely within the human auditory range , with most energy between 1 and 10 khz .\ngetting started in swiftlet farming requires what is , for this part of the world , a significant amount of money . mr . iskandar said a medium - size three - story swiftlet house can cost about $ 16 , 000 \u2014 a prohibitive sum for many .\nauthentic bird ' s nest soup is made from nests of some species of swiftlet , mainly the edible - nest ( or white - nest ) swiftlet ( aerodramus fuciphagus ) and the black - nest swiftlet . instead of twigs , feathers and straw , these swiftlet make their nest only from strands of their gummy saliva , which harden when exposed to air . once the nests are harvested , they are cleaned and sold to restaurants . eating swiftlet nest material is believed to help maintain skin tone , balance qi (\nlife energy\n) and reinforce the immune system . it is also thought to strengthen the lungs and prevent coughs , improve the constitution and prolong life .\nseveral subspecies are recognised , and the form c . v . inquietus is often split as the caroline islands swiftlet , c . inquietus .\nin malaysia , nest of aerodramus fuciphagus ( white - nest swiftlet ) and aerodramus maximus ( black - nest swiftlet ) are harvested for commercial purposes as one of most valuable animal product . swiftlet taxonomy has been controversial due to numerous undefined parameters . morphological differences between swiftlet species from different habitats remain unclear . this study found that a . fuciphagus from natural habitat are generally larger in size compared to man - made habitat and a . maximus are larger compared to a . fuciphagus . we postulated the different in body size is due to dietary behavior of the swiftlets .\nthere are about 20 speakers inside the bird house , including large speakers on both sides of the swiftlet entrance and small speakers on the tops of the columns . these speakers are connected to an mp3 player in the control room that plays a recording of swiftlet calls . the swiftlet calls played back on these speakers play an important role in attracting swiftlet to the house . the owner of the bird house has tried various speaker types and locations through a process of trial and error and creative modification in order to attract as many swiftlet as possible to the house . d described the audio equipment at a level of detail that suggested the enormous amount of attention he has paid to this aspect of the house\u2019s design . b explained that he had obtained a good recording of swiftlet calls and that the birds would come to the house immediately if this recording were played . in this way , it seems likely that the house owners find the process of developing ideas and creatively figuring out how to attract swiftlet appealing .\nwhat made you want to look up swiftlet ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nbut on the roads around sukadana , potential health concerns seemed secondary , and swiftlet house owners seemed more concerned with the flightiness of the birds themselves .\nassalamualaikum and hello to everyone who is reading my blog . in my blog , i will share a little bit on swiftlet farming . hope you enjoy\nthe birds in the cave are primarily the black - nest swiftlet ( collocallia maxima - the name aerodramus is also sometimes used for the swiftlet genus ) and the mossy - nest swiftlet ( c . vanikorensis ) . like bats , the swiftlets use echolocation to find their way in the dark of the caves - and to locate their insect prey . the constant clicking sound can easily be heard in the caves - at times more of a buzz than clicks .\nswiftlet has a few core events and additiontal ones can be triggered pretty much anywhere using $ this - > app - > trigger ( $ event ) .\nc . b . rogersi the indochinese swiftlet , breeds in eastern myanmar , western thailand and laos . this is a small , pale - rumped race .\nc . b . vulcanorum the volcano swiftlet , breeds in java , indonesia on volcanic peaks . it has dark underparts and an indistinct pale grey rump .\nsmyth dm ( 1980 ) studies on echolocation in the grey swiftlet , aerodramus spodiopygius . phd thesis , james cook university of north queensland , townsville , australia\nthe himalayan swiftlet , collocalia brevirostris , is a small swift . it is a common colonial breeder in the himalayas and southeast asia . some populations are migratory .\nswiftlet can be invoked from the command line ( e . g . to run cron jobs ) . simply run php public / index . php - q foo .\nadditionally , if research into swiftlet ecology continues , new methods for improving bird house based on the birds\u2019 ecological characteristics may be discovered . i am hopeful in this respect .\nwhatever the ultimate size limit of object detection by swiftlet biosonar , observations of increased click repetition rates from birds approaching their nests in the wild ( fullard et al . , 1993 ; signe brinkl\u00f8v , pers . obs . ) suggest that swiftlets use echolocation to locate their nests . and , because swiftlet nests are 50\u2013100 mm in diameter ( coles et al . , 1987 ; chantler et al . , 1999 ) , even a conservative detection size threshold would indicate that the nest itself should be readily detectable by swiftlet echolocation .\nsince its humble beginning in 2004 , the maiden joint venture project in manjung with perak sedc ( state economic development corporation ) , swiftlet eco park group of companies has consistently performed to the highest industry standards , being the first company awarded the good animal husbandry practice ( gahp ) in swiftlet farming , as well as being the invited representative from private sector to participate in the working committee of establishing the first industry guideline , the 1 garis panduan ( 1gp ) of edible birdnest swiftlet farming standard by ministry of agriculture & agro - based industry .\nthe uniform swiftlet ( collocalia vanikorensis ) , also known as the vanikoro or lowland swiftlet , is a gregarious , medium - sized swiftlet with a shallowly forked tail . the colouring is dark grey - brown , darker on the upperparts with somewhat paler underparts , especially on chin and throat . this species is widespread from the philippines through wallacea , new guinea and melanesia . it forages for flying insects primarily in lowland forests and open areas . it nests in caves where it uses its sense of echolocation ( a biological sonar ) , rare in birds , to navigate .\nin short , with complete value chain from upstream to downstream , swiftlet eco park group of companies has helped in lifting malaysia\u2019s position to even greater heights in the global scale for the ebn industry .\nif you get a\n404 not found\nyou will need to enable rewrites in the web server configuration . alternatively you can navigate to http : / / < swiftlet > ? q = foo .\n11 cm . swiftlet with dark greyish - brown upperparts and head . silvery grey - white throat and upper breast . remainder of underparts darker and greyer . shallow fork - tail . plumage lacks any noticeable sheen .\nthis swiftlet feeds over a range of habitats from coastal areas to the mountains . its diet consists of flying insects which are caught on the wing . it often feeds in large flocks with other species of swift and swallow .\nno configuration is needed to run swiftlet . if you ' re writing a model that does require configuration , e . g . credentials to establish a database connection , you may use the application ' s setconfig and getconfig methods :\nsp . may interfere with recovery ( the additional weight of wasps nests causes swiftlet nests to fall from cave walls ) . on saipan , exotic cockroaches ( which damage and destroy nests by consuming nest material and swiftlet saliva gluing them to cave walls ) , predation by brown tree snake ( which is in the process of becoming established on the island [ rodd and savidge 2007 ] ) and possible disturbance by humans and feral mammals are the main threats ( wiles\nincidentally , there are arguments both for and against wooden bird house . one group , exemplified by b , who was involved in this construction project , claims that swiftlet will occupy good houses , regardless of whether they are constructed from wood or concrete , and that wooden construction is not problematic . by contrast , dr . l of the sarawak museum , who has detailed knowledge of swiftlet ecology and bird house , casts doubt on this approach , suggesting that the temperature inside a wooden house would rise and prevent swiftlet from occupying the structure . it appears that additional study will be necessary in the future in order to determine whether the house in question in fact functions as a bird house .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' swiftlet . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\necholocation was used to separate the former aerodramus genus , which was thought to contain the only echolocating swiftlets . from collocalia , but the discovery that the pygmy swiftlet , collocalia troglodytes , also echolocates led to the merging of the two genera .\nin this paper , i will report on bird house ( see photograph 2 ) being used to conduct research in this project into the ecology of cave swiftlet . my objective is to decipher the creative measures adopted to attract swiftlet based on the placement , building methods , interior space , and interior environment of these bird houses . i conducted a site survey from february 14 to 20 , 2013 . the bird houses in question have been built along the road from bintulu to sebauh , about half an hour by car . all were recently built structures that had been completed in 2012 . according to mr . t , who manages bird house in the area , the swiftlet will come to the houses gradually in the evening . the effort is off to a good start .\nthis dataset consists of current and future species distribution models generated using 4 representative concentration pathways ( rcps ) carbon emission scenarios , 18 global climate models ( gcms ) , and 8 time steps between 2015 and 2085 , for australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) .\nthis swiftlet is 12 cm long and weighs 13 to 14 grams . the plumage is blackish - brown above , but much paler on the underparts . the tail is slightly forked and the wings are long and narrow . the bill and feet are black . the nominate subspecies c . g . germani from hainan south to thailand and northern malaysia has a whitish rump , but c . g . amechanus of the rest of malaysia has a grey rump . these two forms are sometimes considered to be subspecies of the edible - nest swiftlet .\nthis dataset includes observations of australian swiftlet ( aerodramus terraereginae ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :\nwhen people rent a condominium or apartment , they make an overall decision after comparing such factors as exposure to sunlight , floor plan , building age , rent , and proximity to the nearest train station with their own lifestyle . in the same way , is it not likely that swiftlet decide whether to take up residence in a house based on how well it matches their own \u201clifestyle\u201d ( ecology ) . in this section , i will examine the creative measures that people have implemented in order to entice swiftlet to use the houses along the lines of the characteristics of those houses .\ninside the bird house , an odor that the swiftlet find attractive hangs in the air . the floors of each story are covered with the birds\u2019 droppings , spreading an ammonia odor throughout the structure . the owners say that this odor is identical to the one that can be found inside the caves . furthermore , the walls and floors of the house 9 planted forests in equatorial southeast asia : have been coated with an ammonia and water solution . they explained that swiftlet would not come to newly constructed houses due to the smell of the lumber and paint used in their construction .\nswiftlet eco park berhad is the pioneer in professional development of eco - friendly swiftlet farming in malaysia . full compliance and approval obtained for a legalized scheme is not only a positive step in itself , in fact , it also complements the government\u2019s efforts to accelerate malaysia\u2019s economic growth over the coming decade in this thriving swiftlet ranching business and the edible - birdnest industry . unlike other illegal schemes , this scheme has met all its stringent requirements , one of which is feasibility of the investment in providing positive and high net yield of returns to investors . both local and global trustee companies , namely pb trustees services berhad and tmf trustees services berhad have been appointed and approved for this scheme , as custodian of the investment , to safeguard the interest of investors , to ensure the investment proceeds are employed in accordance to the trust deed , and to monitor the management of the trust account .\nthe indian edible - nest swiftlet is a slender , sparrow - size , brown bird with a slightly forked tail . the male produces a long , gelatinous strand of condensed saliva from the sublingual salivary glands , which is then wound into a half - cup nest , bonded to a vertical surface .\nin riam berasap jaya village , budi sat in a sweltering room staring at a mostly blank closed - circuit television screen . a recording of bird calls screamed at high volume in the next room . it had been six months since his swiftlet house was finished , but only a few nests dotted the walls .\nbird\u2019s nest soup is made from the nests of cave - dwelling swiftlets . the birds bind the nests with their glutinous saliva . it is this \u201ctasteless jelly\u201d that attracts affluent foodies . in the harvesting of these nests , swiftlet eggs have nowhere to lie\u2014or early offspring are killed\u2014thus endangering the survival of this species .\nthe frequency sensitivity of hearing in the grey swiftlet , collocalia spodiopygia , was determined by neuronal recordings from the auditory midbrain ( mld ) . the most sensitive best frequency response thresholds occurred between 0 . 8 and 4 . 7 khz , with the upper frequency limit near 6 khz . spectral analysis of echolocation click pairs revealed energy peaks between 3 . 0 and 8 . 0khz for the foreclick , compared to 4 . 0 - 6 . 0 khz for the principal click . the relationship between good hearing sensitivity and click energy peaks in the swiftlet extends about an octave higher than it does in the oilbird ( steatornis caripensis ) .\necholocation almost certainly originated independently in apodiformes and caprimulgiformes and likely evolved independently within two distinct lineages of swiftlets ( price et al . , 2005 ; thomassen et al . , 2005 ) . the inaccessibility of many species of swiftlets and resulting lack of genetic and acoustic data means that the evolutionary pathways of swiftlet echolocation remain to be unravelled . increased molecular sampling and systematic documentation of swiftlet echolocation abilities will be necessary to further resolve their phylogenetic history . such research would help to clarify species limits , answer questions about the evolution of obligate single click emitting species and address the predominance of those species that produce both double and single biosonar clicks .\nthe papuan swiftlet is apparently closer to the waterfall swift than to the other aerodramus species and probably best placed in a separate genus ( price et al . , 2005 ) , whereas thomassen et al . ( 2005 ) advocate reuniting all swiftlets in collocalia . schoutedenapus is one of the least - known genera of birds .\nthe house is a three - story structure . there is a vaulted opening on the northern side , and after coming in through the entrance , swiftlet proceed into this open space , from which they move to the house\u2019s individual floors . each floor has an entrance / exit that opens on the western side of the house .\nsince then , swiftlet eco park group has become hugely successful on a local , national and preparing itself in global scale by venturing into downstream activities , which transform and enhance the value chain of the ebn industry through research & development , quality and authentic products internationally . royal bird\u2019s nest sdn bhd , another member of swiftlet eco park group of companies has taken the initiative to have r & d ; collaboration with tertiary learning institutions , universities and medical centers , to explore the full potential of ebn in the sectors of functional food , skin care , health supplement and also medicinal properties by using ebn extract deriving from efficient utilization of cleaning & processing technologies .\nrealizing the ambitious initiative to be the largest upstream player in ebn industry , the group has launched the first interest scheme in malaysia which is the first ebn swiftlet ranching share farming business licensed by malaysian government and indeed , an investment scheme that was approved by companies commission of malaysia ( or suruhanjaya syarikat malaysia ) back in 2010 .\nthe tiny cup nest is constructed by the male swift from thick saliva of saliva and some moss , and is attached to a vertical rock wall in a cave . nests of this colonial swift may be touching . the clutch is two white eggs . this swiftlet is monogamous and both partners take part in caring for the nestlings .\nthis swiftlet is a highland species , with a preference for feeding open areas in forests , such as river valleys . c . b . brevirostris breeds up 4 , 500 m in nepal and 2200m in central bhutan , and the forms c . b . rogersi and c . b . inniminata occur up to 2200 m in thailand .\nmr . iskandar , a former illegal logger , shares a property line with a swiftlet house ; he has many friends involved in the trade and is saving up for one of his own . since most of the forests in the area have been bought up by palm plantations , he says , the logging business is not what it once was .\nchinese bird nest , or y\u00e0n w\u014d ( \u71d5\u7a9d ) , is is one of the most expensive foods in the world , with a price of up to $ 2000 per kilogram ( according to wikipedia ) . the nests are made of the hardened saliva of the male swiftlet , a type of swallow found in many coastal caves of southeast asia .\nsome are concerned that the increasingly dense networks of swiftlet houses could create disease flight paths for the avian flu , threatening both the local bird populations and potentially humans , as well . almost as worrisome are the large water tanks inside each house that provide prime breeding sites for mosquitoes that could carry dengue fever and malaria \u2014 two tropical diseases of particular concern in borneo .\nthe bird \u2014 called , appropriately enough , the edible - nest swiftlet \u2014 makes its nest by regurgitating long strands of sticky saliva onto the wall of a cave or house , as the case may be . these strands harden into a woven cup , weighing on average about a third of an ounce , that provides a cradle for the birds\u2019 young and hangs from the wall .\nunfortunately , all this human activity has had a major impact on the delicate web of life within niah ' s caves . in the late 1950s , when they were calculated for the first time , the swiftlet populations in niah ' s great cave complex were estimated at over 1 . 5 million , and the total bat numbers in excess of 300 , 000 . ( now you can understand how all that guano got there ! ) however , recent estimates of the swiftlet numbers placed them at possibly as low as 150 , 000 , with the bat populations having shown a similar marked decline ( although possibly fluctuating significantly as well ) . presumably there have been flow - on impacts on the populations of other cave species which are dependent on the birds and bats .\nwhat distinguishes many , but not all , swiftlet species from other swifts and indeed almost all other birds ( the oilbird being an exception ) is their ability to use a simple but effective form of echolocation ( a biological sonar ) to navigate in through the darkness of the caves where they roost at night and breed . with the present species , at least vulcanorum is known to echolocate .\nbut the unregulated industry is also raising concerns that indonesian swiftlet farmers could be producing more than just nests . indonesia is acutely sensitive to bird - related disease scares . since 2003 , h5n1 , better known as the avian flu , has caused 146 deaths and fueled global fears of a pandemic , and the toll in indonesia is the highest in the world , according to the world health organization .\nto find their way around dark caverns , as do bats . the swiftlet\u2019s \u201csonar\u201d consists of clicking sounds at frequencies of 1 , 500 to 5 , 500 hertz\u2014audible to the human ear . they are emitted at the rate of about six per second . the nest is a small bracket , sometimes containing bits of fern or bark , that may be glued to a tree or cliff but usually is made in a mountain or coastal\nat dawn on april 8 , 2001 , after an hour - long boat ride from the fishing hamlet of niwati - medha , the birders landed at the old lighthouse island . on the underside of a lighthouse dome , they discovered about 30 swiftlet nests . this was an exciting discovery , since this nesting site had not been previously recorded . they then moved on to the easternmost burnt island , known to be an active nesting site .\nthis species is common and widespread , but the volcano swiftlet , if considered a separate species , is near - threatened . it occurs only on active volcanos in java , with four definite sites and five likely but unconfirmed sites . birdlife international estimates a total of under 400 birds for the known localities . since this form nests in crater crevices , and all known localities are active volcanoes , colonies are believed to be susceptible to periodic extinction .\nthere is enough inter - specific variation in swiftlet biosonar clicks to render them species - specific , primarily based on inter - specific variation of maximum click frequency ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) . it is plausible then that swiftlet echolocation clicks could be used in conspecific recognition , potentially of relevance where several species have overlapping geographical distributions and may either share or compete for access to caves . however , the social signals of swiftlets are also species - specific ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) and may serve equally well or better for this and other purposes . on a similar note , the morphological asymmetry of the oilbird syrinx may allow for individual recognition during vocal communication . individual differences in vocal tract asymmetry have been suggested as a means for oilbirds to distinguish echoes originating from their own echolocation signals from those clicks and echoes originating from their roostmates ( suthers and hector , 1988 ) .\nwhether single and double clicks serve specific , even separate functions that are correlated to certain behaviors is also unknown , as is whether swiftlets can actively control which type is emitted . interestingly , although assumed to echolocate , we are unaware of scientific accounts of echolocation in the polynesian swiftlet , a . leucophaeus , at the far eastern geographic distribution of swiftlets . a . leucophaeus is missing from recent attempts to resolve the controversial swiftlet phylogeny but ostensibly includes three subspecies found on tahiti , mo ' orea , and the marquesas in french polynesia ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) . more knowledge about the genetic relationship between a . leucophaeus and the geographically close single click emitter a . sawtelli , along with information about the nature of a . leucophaeus echolocation clicks , could help elucidate why some swiftlets only emit single clicks and possibly the underlying functional reasons for the use of single and double clicks .\nthe bird nest business is flourishing in urban areas along the sarawak coast . success in this business , which involves gathering the nests of cave swiftlets , a type of swiftlet , for sale ( see photograph 1 ) , depends on being able to gather as many large nests as possible . to that end , people build structures that provide an environment that facilitates nest - building by the birds . throughout this paper , i will refer to these structures as \u201cbird house . \u201d unlike long - established methods for gathering bird nests built in caves , use of bird house depends on having the birds use the houses to build their nests . people employ a variety of creative measures to entice them to do so . it is no exaggeration to say that whether the bird nest business is successful\u2014whether numerous swiftlet can be attracted to the bird house and enticed to make large numbers of high - quality nests\u2014depends on these measures .\nthis 13 - 14 cm long swiftlet has swept - back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang . the body is slender , and the tail is forked . it is , in many respects , a typical swift , having narrow wings for fast flight , and a wide gape and small beak surrounded by bristles for catching insects in flight . its legs are very short , preventing the bird from perching , but allowing it to cling to vertical surfaces .\nthe himalayan swiftlet , like all swifts , is an aerial insectivore , leaving the cave during the day to forage , and returning to its roost at night . in the evening or bad weather , flocks may descend from the hills to feed over cultivated land . this gregarious species forms flocks typically of about 50 birds , but up to 300 have been recorded . its flight is mainly gliding due to very long primary feathers ( flight feathers ) and small breast muscles .\ngerman ' s swiftlet has an extensive range , estimated at 1\u201310 million square kilometres ( 0 . 4\u20133 . 8 million square miles ) , and a large population , including an estimated 79 to 160 million individuals in europe alone . the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and is therefore evaluated as least concern .\nthe edible nest swiftlet makes a white nest out of their saliva . i would compare that to how a spider creates its web . they have a mechanism to release a sticky substance out of their mouth and that sticky substance is elastic and tough . so this nest is edible ; it ' s a favorite among chinese . so they gather the nest , and they serve it in restaurants in soup . they call it ' bird nest soup ' or ' needle soup . '\nthe company has developed a manufacturing process that takes the edible birds\u2019 nests of the swiftlet bird and adapts them for cosmetic , rather than culinary use . while the gourmet edible birds\u2019 nests often cost thousands of dollars per kilogram , the all - natural extract used in qiaohou miracle essence is projected to cost users about us $ 2 . 47 per day . the manufacturing process has been certified by the singapore\u2019s regulatory agency as well as fda , gmp , haccp , halal , iso9001 and iso22000 .\nswiftlets are much smaller ( ~ 10 g ) than oilbirds and all species have long , narrow wings ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) , characteristic of the typical fast flight of other apodids ( lack , 1956 ; videler et al . , 2004 ) . swiftlets are mainly diurnal foragers and hunt small insects on the wing ( chantler et al . , 1999 ; fullard et al . , 2010 ) . at night they typically roost in nests located on the walls of natural caves or mines and tunnels , but intriguingly , there are some published observations of nocturnal activity , including feeding , by some swiftlet species outside their cave roosts ( fullard et al . , 1993 ; chantler et al . , 1999 ; price et al . , 2005 ) . swiftlet nests are constructed and glued in place with the birds ' own saliva and nests of several species are collected for \u201cbirds ' nest soup , \u201d a billion dollar industry fueled by human demand ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) .\nof it . in mr . b\u2019s view , the large number of insects , on which swiftlet feed , in the peatland and nearby palm oil plantations made this site well suited for a bird house . the bird house is surrounded by untouched peatland owned by mr . b . palm oil plantations can be seen nearby along the road leading to sebauh , along with scattered bird houses . there are no buildings near this bird house , which is exposed to the wind and enjoys broad views of the surrounding area .\nparticipation in downstream activities involve a very crucial distribution channels of which the group has established rbn global sdn bhd , another member of swiftlet eco park group of companies , securing the mlm license in 5 december 2012 , into direct - selling revenue generation . this is another successful milestone achieved . ( the company name has been recently changed to rbn global berhad after obtaining approval from ssm to reflect its further commitment and its vision to get ready and preparing to be one of the public listed companies in the near future ) .\nthe most noteworthy characteristic of this bird house is its wooden construction . most bird houses are built from concrete . it is likely that this preference reflects a belief that concrete provides an environment that closely resembles the caves in which swiftlet build their nests in the first place . however , this bird house was built using wood in an effort to keep down the cost of construction . according to a site survey conducted by the author , the cost of constructing this bird house was in fact less than the cost of constructing a concrete house\njust as swiftlet eco park group has excelled in the past and continued to excel in the present , the group has established its first flagship aesthetic & wellness outlet at solaris dutamas kuala lumpur , and the soft launch took place on 4th august 2013 . rbn aesthetic wellness sdn bhd , another member of the group , has charted another significant step in strengthen the downstream business via its franchsing / licensing model that serves as the beauty salon for treatment , sales of rbn products , stockist services for distributors and an ideal sharing platform to share the culture of enjoying edible bird\u2019s nest .\nwe ' re in a cave , deep underground in the puerto princesa subterranean river national park in the philippines . it ' s pitch black . you can ' t see a thing . but the birds we ' re listening to , swiftlets , are able to find their way . i ' m jim metzner and this is the pulse of the planet . jaynee tabangay is the program coordinator for conservation international in this area . she says that like bats and dolphins , these sparrow sized swiftlet birds use a process called echolocation to find their way in and out of the cave .\ncomposite waveform ( top ) and spectrogram ( bottom ) of echolocation signals from 6 vertebrate species : common bottlenose dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) , sample rate ( f s ) = 500 khz ; laryngeal echolocating bat ( eptesicus fuscus ) , f s = 250 khz ; tongue - clicking pteropodid bat ( rousettus aegyptiacus ) , f s = 250 khz ; oilbird ( steatornis caripensis ) , f s = 75 khz ; swiftlet ( aerodramus unicolor ) , f s = 250 khz and echolocating blind human subject ( homo sapiens ) , f s = 48 khz . top inserts both have total time scales of 300 ms and illustrate the double clicks often emitted by echolocating rousettus spp . and most echolocating swiftlet species . bat and bird recordings made by signe brinkl\u00f8v , dolphin recording courtesy of magnus wahlberg , human recording courtesy of cynthia moss . spectrograms were created in batsound v . 4 using an fft size of 256 , except for those from r . aegyptiacus and s . caripensis , for which an fft size of 128 was used . all spectrograms were made using 98 % overlap . colors indicates relative amplitude going from low ( light color ) to high ( darker color ) . note the interrupted frequency scale between 100 and 230 khz . waveform amplitudes have all been normalized to the same level .\nthey invited the villagers to view a video they had made of the day ' s discovery . the villagers were surprised by the scaffolding and said that it was probably the work of visitors from the southern part of india who claimed they came to collect pigeon droppings from the cave for medicinal purposes every april and september , just before and after the monsoon season . the villagers could not explain why scaffolding was required to collect bird droppings from the floor of the cave , and they were not aware of the swiftlets and their unique saliva nests . they seemed shocked to learn about the trade in the swiftlet nests for culinary and aphrodisiac purposes in the far east .\nbirds produce their echolocation signals in the syrinx , the vocal organ specific to birds and found near to where the trachea forks into the lungs . the production mechanism for echolocation signals has been studied in one species of swiftlet with a tracheo - bronchial syrinx ( suthers and hector , 1982 ; thomassen , 2005 ) , and in the oilbird , which has a bronchial and bilaterally asymmetric syrinx ( griffin , 1944 ; suthers and hector , 1985 ) . no direct observations have been made of the syringes of either oilbirds or swiftlets , and the following description may need revision in light of more recent work on bird vocal production physiology ( goller and larsen , 1997 ; elemans et al . , 2004 ; thomassen , 2005 ) .\nit is a bold decision made by the board of directors and management team of swiftlet eco park group , venturing into the downstream activities of edible bird\u2019s nest ( ebn ) by commercialization of unique products derived from the r & d ; work , which has been carried out together with leading government agencies , such as agro - biotechnology institute ( abi ) , ministry of science , technology & innovation , reputable higher learning institutions such as international medical university , university of tunku abdul rahman ( utar ) , university technology malaysia ( utm ) etc . , in carrying out all the analysis , processing , extraction , research and exploration of edible bird\u2019s nest into functional food , health supplement , skin care for a sustainable competitive advantages for the company .\nswiftlet clicks have been described as highly stereotyped , varying little in design regardless of situation ( thomassen and povel , 2006 ) . however , swiftlets increase click repetition rate when facing complex challenges , such as approaching obstacles ( griffin and suthers , 1970 ; coles et al . , 1987 ) or their nests ( signe brinkl\u00f8v , pers . obs . of a . unicolor in railway tunnels ) . fullard et al . ( 1993 ) found that birds emitted higher repetition rates when entering caves than when exiting caves or flying from closed to more open space . meanwhile , no context - dependent changes were found in signal frequency ( fullard et al . , 1993 ) , as compared to the adaptive , context - dependent changes in signal frequency found in many laryngeal echolocating bats .\nwith these caveats in mind , phonation ( clicks and other acoustic signals ) in both groups is driven by subsyringeal pressure , initiated during expiration , and controlled by two antagonistic muscle pairs . contraction of an extrinsic muscle pair ( mm . sternotrachealis ) folds the external tympaniform membranes into the syrinx ( or the two half - syringes in oilbirds ) lumen toward the internal tympaniform membranes . the membranes are then set into vibration by the expiratory airflow . in oilbirds , clicks are actively terminated by contraction of the single pair of intrinsic syringeal muscles ( mm . broncholateralis ) . in contrast , the social vocalizations of oilbirds are terminated passively by relaxation of the sternotrachealis muscles ( suthers and hector , 1985 ) . swiftlets lack intrinsic syringeal muscles and terminate their clicks by contraction of extrinsic tracheolateralis muscles ( suthers and hector , 1982 ; thomassen , 2005 ) . most species of echolocating swiftlet produce single clicks as well as double clicks ( two single clicks in quick succession , as described below ) . the pause between two clicks within a click - pair may be caused by a brief blocking of airflow through the syrinx as the external and internal tympaniform membranes touch . single clicks appear to arise when the membranes are pulled together before the expiratory airflow generates enough pressure to initiate vibration of the membranes ( suthers and hector , 1982 ) . both sides of the swiftlet syrinx appear able to contribute to each member of a click - pair ; that is , birds can still emit double clicks even if one side of the syrinx is plugged ( suthers and hector , 1982 ) .\nthe exterior dimensions of this bird house ( see figure 1 ) are 720 ( w ) \u00d71 , 800 ( d ) \u00d7 705 ( h ) centimeters . there are 24 air holes each on the eastern and western sides of the structure , to which pvc tubes are attached . there is an entrance for the swiftlet on the top of the northern side of the house . this entrance measures 60 ( h ) \u00d7 90 ( w ) centimeters . after comparing the size of this house\u2019s entrance with other bird house , i found that this house has a somewhat large entrance . there are entrances to provide access for human workers to the small rooms on the south and east sides of the house . there is a control room containing audio equipment on the southern side of the house .\nswiftlet clicks appear to have most energy over a 1\u201310 khz frequency range . based on rule of thumb calculations , the birds should only detect objects \u226534 mm diameter , but can apparently detect objects as small as 6 . 3 mm diameter ( metal rods ) at levels above chance ( griffin and suthers , 1970 ; griffin and thompson , 1982 ) . corroborating this , smyth and roberts ( 1983 ) reported a detection threshold of 10\u201320 mm , while fenton ( 1975 ) found that a . hirundinacea detected vertical rods down to 10 mm diameter and potentially even smaller . these data suggest that swiftlets receive useful echo information via the higher frequency portions of their clicks , even though these components contain less energy . however , for this to be plausible the birds must hear , at least to some extent , higher frequencies . this is not supported by data from single neuron recordings from the midbrain auditory nucleus of collocalia spodiopygia , which indicate best frequency thresholds from 0 . 8 to 4 . 7 khz ( coles et al . , 1987 ) .\nmajor efforts are now being made to reverse the trend . the government , quite sensibly , has recognised that it would be unfair , and near - impossible , to simply ban outright the centuries - old and extremely lucrative nest - collection ( it would just push it ' underground ' - so to speak ) . so the government is making efforts to work with all stakeholders in the niah region , to try to ensure the sustainability of the practice , and to reduce other external pressures on the populations . several large community and stakeholder meetings have now been held at niah ( ' the niah gatherings ' ) , to develop measures which include , and are acceptable to , all stakeholders . such measures have included closed seasons on nest collecting , to allow undisturbed nest re - building . initial signs are that the agreed processes may be starting to work , with swiftlet numbers slightly increasing in recent years . however , it will still be a long and difficult process . ( another proposal is to breed swifts in ' artificial caves ' - in empty houses and purpose - built buildings - to help take the pressure off wild swift - nests . )\nswiftlets are monophyletic ( thomassen et al . , 2003 , 2005 ; price et al . , 2004 ; hackett et al . , 2008 ) comprising approximately 26 species ( apodiformes , apodidae ) . swiftlets are found across the indo - pacific region , from the seychelles and mascarenes in the indian ocean to tahiti , mo ' orea and the marquesas in the south pacific ( chantler et al . , 1999 ; thomassen , 2005 ) . numerous subspecies have been identified but swiftlet phylogenetic relationships are not fully resolved ( thomassen et al . , 2005 ) . this reflects a lack of distinguishing morphological and nest characteristics as well as incomplete phylogenetic sampling ( chantler et al . , 1999 ) . an attempt to use echolocation as a discriminative character to split swiftlets into echolocating ( aerodramus ) and non - echolocating ( collocalia and hydrochous ) genera ( brooke , 1970 , 1972 ; medway and pye , 1977 ) was refuted because pygmy swiftlets ( c . troglodytes ) also echolocate ( price et al . , 2004 ) . only further research will determine whether or not the aerodramus and collocalia genera are justified and will be maintained ( thomassen et al . , 2005 ) .\ngithub is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .\nif nothing happens , download the github extension for visual studio and try again .\nlet ' s create a page . each page consists of a controller and at least one view .\nthe controller does most of the work ; views should be limited to simple presentation logic ( loops and switches ) .\nthe controller can set variables directly on the view . values are automatically made safe for use in html , use $ this - > get ( ' variable ' , false ) on values that should be treated as code .\nnotice how you can access the page at / foo by simply creating a controller named foo . the application maps urls to controllers , actions and arguments .\nin this case foo becomes the name of the controller and view and bar the name of the action . actions are public methods on the controller class .\nyou can specify a different view for an action using $ this - > view - > setname ( ) . the view name is a filename relative to the src \\ < namespace > \\ views directory , without the . php suffix .\nif the controller or action is not specified they default to index ( / will call index ( ) on \\ helloworld \\ controller \\ index ) .\nunderscores in the controller name are translated to directory separators , so / foo _ bar will point to src / helloworld / controllers / foo / bar . php .\ndashes in routes are ignored ; / foo - bar / baz - qux calls bazqux ( ) on \\ helloworld \\ controllers \\ foobar .\nautomatic routing is convenient but more granular control is often desirable . in these cases custom routes can be defined .\nurl segments can be replaced with a\nwildcard\nplaceholder ( a variable name prefixed with a colon ) . this value becomes available for use in the controller .\nnavigating to < controller > / bar / something matches this route . the value of $ args [ ' qux ' ] becomes something .\na model typically represents data . this can be an entry in a database or an object such as a user .\nloading and saving data should almost always happen in a model . you can create as many models as you like ; they aren ' t tied to controllers or views .\nlisteners listen for events . when an event is triggered all relevant listeners are called and can be used to extend functionality .\nthis listener listens for the core actionafter event and changes the view variable helloworld from our previous example to hi world ! .\nlisteners don ' t need to be installed or activated , all files in the src / helloworld / listeners / directory are automatically included and their classes instantiated . listeners are called in alphabetical order .\nreusable components such as code to send an email or generate a thumbnail image should go in a separate library class .\nvalues can be set in config / main . php or a custom file .\nmixed get ( string $ variable [ , bool $ htmlencode ] ) get a view variable , pass false as the second parameter to prevent values from being html encoded .\nyou signed in with another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nyou signed out in another tab or window . reload to refresh your session .\nas of to date , the company has managed the scheme well and has managed to pay out the rewarding returns of investments since 2011 till today , and it has been awarded and documented in the malaysia\u2019s book of record in 2012 ."]}
{"id": 2313, "summary": [{"text": "streptoperas luteata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by hampson in 1895 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in the north-eastern himalayas and on borneo , sumatra , java , bali and sulawesi .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 44 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are yellow , suffused and irrorated with red-brown , the forewings with an indistinct antemedial line which is highly angled in the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there are two specks at the end of the cell and the inner margin is more yellow and crossed by numerous indistinct waved rufous lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a waved submarginal line and some white subapical spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings have a yellow subbasal area , crossed by waved rufous lines and there is a black speck at the end of the cell , as well as a double postmedial line .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the area beyond it is yellow , crossed by waved rufous lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a more distinct submarginal waved line and a rufous marginal band from vein 3 to the anal angle . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "streptoperas luteata", "paragraphs": ["the two species in streptoperas are very similar in appearance . the shape of the hindwing , with the margin smooth convex anterior to the angle and shallowly concave posterior to it , and the multiple crenulate fasciation on pale yellow between the postmedial and the margin are diagnostic for luteata .\nthe facies , particularly the forewing shape and fasciation is similar to that of luteata , but crenelata has uniform darker grey hindwing , the margin scalloped on either side of the central angle and with white beading along the medial .\ntype species : luteata hampson the forewings in this genus are narrowly falcate at the apex , the hindwings strongly angled where vein cua1 meets the margin . there are double postmedials on both wings , that of the forewing acutely angled subcostally , that of the hindwing straight . on the underside of the forewing there is a white zone over the posterior half of the wing between the postmedial and subbasal fasciae . the male antennae are lamellate . in the male abdomen the eighth segment is unmodified . the uncus is narrowly bifid as in gogana and other genera in the palm - feeding sequence , and the saccus is narrow , digitate as in some of these genera . the valve is triangular , with a subbasal spur or flap on the costa . in the female genitalia ( luteata ) the ovipositor lobes are simple . the ductus is very long and slender , extending with the corpus bursae to about half as long again as the abdomen . the corpus bursae is large , spherical , finely scobinate , with a slight , umbonate signum . both included species occur in borneo . the biology of one is described in s . crenelata swinhoe .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nn . e . himalaya , borneo , sumatra , java , bali , sulawesi .\nof the only two bornean specimens seen , one is without altitude data , collected by waterstradt in the kinabalu area , and the other is from lowland forest at 75m near labi in brunei .\nthe facies is a rather washed out grey and pale orange with some similarity in the extent of the latter to the more conspicuous , well - defined markings of nummularia , except they do not extend obliquely across the centre of the forewing , and there is an additional pale orange area at the forewing tornus .\n[ sic ] crenelata swinhoe , 1902 , trans . ent . soc . lond . , 1902 : 590 .\nthe only bornean specimen seen is the holotype , a female from pulo laut .\nh . steiner ( in litt . ) has reared the species from the palm , pinanga scortechinii , in peninsular malaysia . a cast larval skin has scoli as in other genera of the palm - feeding complex .\nthe syntypes are male , from pulo laut , but have not been located definitely : the only old specimens from that locality are not labelled as types . one is illustrated . it has an oblique darker brown triangle on the forewing costa at two thirds , and the postmedials are also evident , rows of fine , dark brown lunules . the male genitalia resemble those of g . kerara above , and species a and b below .\npulo laut is a low lying island at the south east corner of borneo .\n14mm . the hindwing postmedial is straight as in semisecta , but otherwise the species is distinctive , with an excavate hindwing apex and a generally rather reticulated rich dark brown pattern with an oblique , straight postmedial on the forewing that has a large , rather elongate translucent patch just distal to it opposite the more posterior half of the margin as illustrated . the male genitalia have socii and gnathus as in nigridorsoides , but the aedeagus lacks apical processes though has scobination in the vesica . the valves are somewhat deeper . the eighth sternite bears a pair of widely spaced spines on its distal margin .\nsarawak : gunung mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8\nsite 20 , mar . - apr . , west melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas , bm drepanid slide 2090 .\n1 as holotype ; 1 brunei : rampayoh , 200m 2 . iii . 1982 ( t . w . harman ) .\ntwo specimens are from wet heath ( kerangas ) forest on a river terrace and one from an area of lowland forest .\nthere is only slight sexual dimorphism in this straw - coloured species . the fasciation is fine , brown , rather indistinct , lunulate . confusion with euphalacra semisecta is possible , but the hindwings are shorter , and the forewing postmedial fasciation is more oblique .\nthis is the only truly montane member of the genus , known from g . kinabalu where it occurs from 1760m to 2110m , with three out of four known specimens taken at the latter altitude ."]}
{"id": 2314, "summary": [{"text": "the four-line wrasse , larabicus quadrilineatus , is a species of wrasse native to the red sea and the gulf of aden .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it can be found on coral reefs at depths from the surface to 15 m ( 49 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "juveniles are cleaner fish , while the adults feed on coral polyps .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "this species grows to 11.5 cm ( 4.5 in ) in total length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "four - line wrasse", "paragraphs": ["four line wrasse adults will reach only 2 . 9 inches ( 7 . 3 cm ) .\nthe four line wrasse is a beautiful fish but is quite secretive , shy and quick . . . making it a difficult fish to collect !\nthe 4 line wrasse comes from hawaii and isn\u2019t as available as the 6 line wrasse . it\u2019s not as aggressive as the 6 line wrasse , and is actually slightly small . you need to be careful when mixing it with other wrasse and basslet . needs a secure top as it\u2019s a jumper .\nthe four line wrasse is a small beautifully colored fish . the body is dark blue with four orange lines outlined in black running horizontally across the upper part , and the eyes are red . the white lines through the red eye is similar to that of the six line wrasse , but with four lines instead of six and a white chin you will quickly be able to differentiate the two . they are slightly smaller as well .\nthe four line wrasse , generally imported from hawaii , is available most of the year . usually it can be acquired by request from your pet store or found on the internet .\nit seems there is a direct correlation between size and sex for the four line wrasse . the males are generally the largest , with females coming in second and immature fish being the smallest .\nthe 6 line is much more readily available than the 4 line . although the 4 line is a little less violent than the 6 line i would avoid it as well . if your planning on adding it i would recommend making it the last fish you add . i had one and any new wrasse i would add would get harrassed to no end .\n\u2026flasher wrasse , also known as the eight - line fairy wrasse , originates from the waters of the red sea . the eightline flasher wrasse is a remarkably colored wrasse featuring different hues of yellow , orange and red . the distinguishing feature of this fish are the eight striking blue lines that run\u2026\nthe four line wrasse is found in the tropical north and south pacific ; from indonesia to australia , japan to hawaii , the marshall islands and adjoining areas . they inhabit seaward reefs at depths of 20 feet to 145 feet ( 6 - 44 meters ) , dwelling close to the bottom among corals and rubble .\nbeing active small colorful fish , the lined wrasses are popular for a small marine aquarium . they are quite hardy , disease resistant , and long lived . the aquarium care and behavior of the four line wrasse is very similar to that of the six line wrasse . once acclimated both these fish will even take care of a few pests in the aquarium , like the pyramidellid snails and commensal flatworms some coral keeping aquarists have to deal with at times . they are considered reef safe as they will not harm corals or coral anemones .\nthe hoeven ' s wrasse is also referred to as the tail spot wrasse , the yellow - lined wrasse , the orange - tipped rainbowfish , the tailspot wrasse , and the pinstriped wrasse . the body of this fish is blue - green in color and has pink or yellow stripes running horizontally across its sides . the color of the\u2026\nthe fourline wrasse is best kept as the only member of its species due to its aggression towards other line wrasses . if you want to keep more than one you ' ll need a large aquarium into which you introduce all line wrasses at the same time . this species is quite aggressive in aquariums and should only be kept with larger semi - aggressive fish such as marine angelfish , tangs and puffers . it should not be kept with other wrasse species . if you want to keep friendly species with your fourline wrasse ( which is risky ) you should introduce these before the wrasse .\n\u2026tailed flasher wrasse is the newest member of the genus paracheilinus to be imported from fiji and vanuatu . we are fortunate to offer you this occasional fish outside of diver ' s den and on a more regular basis . the red tailed flasher wrasse has a wide red patch with a single line on its dorsal fin . \u2026\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nno other wrasse did a better job on the few flatworms i had than my dusky wrasse . it is constantly investigating every nook and cranny of the live rock searching for pods or anything else it can find . you can also try a yellow or green coris wrasse .\nthe linespot flasher wrasse is also known as the dot dash or spot lined flasher wrasse , and is one of the most peaceful members of all the flasher wrasse . this gorgeous fish is an active show - stopper and makes a perfect addition to your peaceful community reef aquarium . the color of the female is\u2026\n4 lines tend to cost more than a 6 line and i guess people like the coloring better on a 6 line . i see 6 lines around me from 10 - 15 bucks and 4 lines go up to 30 bucks , so i guess for someone starting out with no knowledge or very little on either fish will go with the cheaper brighter fish . just a guess\nthe four lined wrasse should be kept singly as they do not co - habitat well with other lined wrasses . they are basically reef safe with more semi - aggressive fish such as tangs , angels , and butterflies . they will not harm corals or coral anemones . they can also be kept in a non - reef setting with goatfish , puffers , and squirrelfish .\n\u2026simply - striking grey head wrasse , or threespot wrasse has three white lines on either side of its head , three black spots along its back , and three false\neyes\nrunning along its dorsal fin back to a fourth on the tail in juveniles and females . adult male grey head wrasse , sport vivid blue stripes\u2026\nthe four line wrasses are excellent hiders and love to have live rock with plenty of retreats . they are diurnal , which means they are active by day and sleeping at night . as with all fish in this genus they sleep in a mucus cocoon , which fortunately does not seem degrade the water quality . it is thought that the cocoon protects them from predators as they sleep by masking their scent . in nature they are found with a coral called pocillopora meandrina .\ni ' m surprised to read this about a melanarus wrasse they are usually peaceful . mine is a model citizen .\nseems like very few people go with the 4 - line ' s . is there a reason why that is the case ? i always thought both were very active , eat flatworms , etc , but the 6 - line is much more violent . i am deciding on which to get . i do want to put other wrasses in the tank too , so don ' t want to guess wrong at the beginning .\nthis species is very popular because of its stunning beauty and small size which makes the fourline wrasse suitable for small marine aquariums . it has a green body with blue and purple fins and four horizontal stripes that run across the upper half of the body . each stripe is made up of three smaller stripes : one black stripe , one blue stripe and one red stripe . the eye is red with two white lines on it .\nmy reef tanks lots of rare fish , 180 , 180 , 125 lots of angels , tangs , wrasse . lit by leds\nin the wild they feed on many small organisms such as various crustaceans , molluscs , all kinds of worms , and fish eggs . in one article it was noted that during autopsy of 3 different four lines , one had remains of pistol shrimp , one had crab and a third only shrimp and gastropod larvae .\nthe fourline wrasse is an excellent jumper and it is important to cover the aquarium well do avoid that they jump out of the tank .\nwe have no information on the breeding of the fourline wrasse . sexing is possible since males are more colorful than females and grow larger .\n\u2026peaceful wrasses , including other halichoeres biocellatus . the red - lined wrasse will eat fireworms and pyramidellid snails ; protecting corals and clams . in addition , it may eat feather dusters , wild shrimp , tubeworms , and flatworms . it may also eat parasites off of tank mates . the red - lined wrasse \u2026\ni like the idea of the dusky and coris wrasses . my wife likes the green coris wrasses , as we have too much yellow in the tank already . are green coris wrasses as peaceful as the yellow variant ? will they accept other wrasses and also school together with other green coris ? i am going to open a new post specific on this question as well since this post may just be grabbing x - line wrasse browsers . thanks !\nthe fourline wrasse originates in the tropical pacific ocean where they are found from japan in the north to australia and the south and eastwards to hawaii and the marshall islands .\nthe sohal tang is hardy , but susceptible to a disease known as lateral line erosion , or hole in the head . a vegetarian diet high in vitamins , especially beta - carotene can aid in the prevention of development of the disease . stray voltages are also thought to contribute to this disease and the\u2026\n\u2026have an elongated body that is dark in color as a juvenile . when mature , their body lightens to a silver color , and they develop a dark longitudinal line spanning the entire length of the fish . these are very interesting fish that swim in a vertical position . these shrimpfish are difficult to keep\u2026\n\u2026 wrasse , also known as the diamond - tail fairy wrasse , originates solely from the marshall islands . in nature , they occur close to the substrate within the sand and rubble zones of the reef . they are gold in color with a vibrant blue head . their entire body is marked with a maze - like series of lines , \u2026\ni mainly just need a wrasse that will eat up my flatworm problem . any others that are more peaceful that we will do this ? seems like the flatworm eaters are always violent .\nideal conditions for the fourline wrasse is ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , salinity 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 , and temperature 72 - 78\u00baf ( 22 - 26\u00b0c ) .\nthe fourline wrasse is a small , gorgeous wrasse from hawaii . these fish are very similar in design and behavior to their popular cousin the six line wrasse , but are colored slightly differently and not nearly as available to the hobbyist . the fourline wrasse has a hunter green colored body with horizontal neon blue lines running along its body . they have bright eyes highlighted in red , which also have a horizontal band . as they move their eye upward or downward the band becomes more noticeable . these fish are very peaceful and love to swim around with curiousity . the fourline are also beneficial for their interest in eating nuisance bristle and flat worms . these fish are perfect for reef tanks . the wrasse family of fish is a large group of usually very colorful free swimming fish . these fish are powerful swimmers using their pectoral fins to propel them through the water . wrasses usually have powerful jaws that enable them to crush their food , which includes worms . these fish usually have long continuous dorsal fins and are found in groups in the wild . the wrasses are one of the few fish that will bury themselves in the sand when sleeping or during flight . as with most pomacanthus angels , these fish go through extraordinary color changes from juvenile to adult . wrasses are also able to change their sex during these phase changes .\nthe aquarium should be well lit . keep the water quality high and the water parameters stable . good filtration and circulation is important if you want the fourline wrasse , as well as most other marine species , to thrive .\nthe fourline wrasse is a relatively small species and it can there fore be kept in aquarium as small as 20 gallon / 80 l . it is important to create an environment where your wrasse feels safe . if the fourline wrasse doesn ' t feel safe it will become stressed and very shy , spending most of its time hiding in the sand rather than swimming around showing itself off . there are two basic things to think if you want to create an environment that feels safe for you wrasses : 1 . the bottom of the tank should be covered with at least 2 - 3 in / 5 - 7 . 5 cm sand . the sand is important as the fourline wrasse wants to bury itself when it feels threatened and when it time for it to go to sleep . 2 . decorate the aquarium so that a lot of caves and other hiding places are created among live rock . at least some of the caves should be shaded .\nthe fourline wrasse is a carnivore that mainly eats micro invertebrates in the wild . they will accept most food types when kept in an aquarium including flake food and pellets . they should be fed a varied diet and you can for instance create a diet based around a high quality flake food and complement with other foods such as vitamin enriched brine shrimp and fine chopped sea food ( shrimps , clams , crab ) . feed your fourline wrasse 3 - 4 times a day .\nin the past my 4 - lines have always been nicer . but thats a fish by fish thing . i have had 6 - lines be very timid and not agressive at all towards anything but mayb e a snail / hermit here or there . yellow corris wrasse was a great addition in a zoo tank i had years ago . it was strictly zoas and palys with a few fish . the corris wrasse kept any pests i had under control and did a great job at it .\ncommon name : fourline wrasse scientific name : pseudocheilinus tetrataenia max size : 3 inches / 7 . 5 cm ph : 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 salinity : 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 temperature : 72 - 78\u00baf ( 22 - 26\u00b0c )\nthis species is relatively hardy once it has acclimatized to an aquarium and it is a species that can be recommended to people who want to start their first marine aquarium . it is important to introduce the fourline wrasse to your tank slowly , giving it ample time to acclimate before letting it out into its new home . it is best to allow 4 hours for acclimatization before releasing it . the fourline wrasse will be very shy for the first few days but will slowly become more and more active and visible in the tank .\nthe fourline wrasse is reef save in that regard that it doesn ' t touch corals or anemones , but it may eat small delicate shrimp and other small invertebrates . it will help you control organisms like pyramidellid snails , commensal flatworms , and bristleworms by eating them .\n\u2026shades before acclimating this one out of the box , because the male vrolik ' s wrasse is a true razzle - dazzler . neon red stripes pop against iridescent blues and greens . a sunny yellow dorsal fin glows under the glimmer lines of your lighting system . halichoeres chrysotaenia , while appearing similar\u2026\ni mainly just need a wrasse that will eat up my flatworm problem . any others that are more peaceful that we will do this ? i bought a melanurus a little while back and took him out after he took out all my bangaii cardinals . seems like the flatworm eaters are always violent .\n\u2026has multiple blue horizontal lines covering the head and body , which break into spots as they progress towards the tail . the female / sub - dominant male will change into a dominant male if incorporated into the aquarium as the only fish of this species . these wrasse are one of the most beautiful\u2026\n\u2026peaceful wrasses , including its own species , is an acceptable environment . it will eat fireworms and pyramidellid snails , protecting corals and clams . in addition , it may eat feather dusters , wild shrimp , tubeworms , and flatworms . it may also eat parasites off of tank mates . the christmas wrasse \u2026\n\u2026online . the richmond ' s wrasse has distinct chain - like lines along its sides , with females also exhibiting orange and yellow toward the anal fin . a 70 gallon or larger aquarium with a sealed lid , a 2 - 3 inch sandy bottom to hide under when frightened , and other peaceful wrasses , including its own\u2026\nthough they are shy secretive fish in the wild , once they become acclimated to the home aquarium they become quite boisterous . they are fine in a community tank but will become aggressive towards shy timid species in the same aquarium , and sometimes even larger fish . to prevent confrontations it is best to keep it with similar sized or larger semi - aggressive fish and to make a single lined wrasse the last addition to the aquarium . they do not co - habitat well with other lined wrasses .\nthis fourline wrasse seems to be displaying aggression towards a few pairs of peaceful hawaiian fairy flame wrasses ( c . jordani ) . fourline wrasses and others in their genus are aggressive toward slower moving or peaceful fish like fairy and flasher wrasses , leopard wrasses , and shy gobies . these are probably the least aggressive of their genus , but still need to be kept with fish that are larger and will not take their bossiness . they can do well in a reef tank as they will get rid of pyramidellid snails and flatworms , but they will attack ornamental shrimp . an interesting behavior is that they spin a cocoon at night within the rock work to sleep in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is a red sea endemic that is collected for the aquarium trade . adults are live coral feeders . the conservation status of this species is unclear . there is no information available on current densities or on population declines associated with collection . it is recommended that more information is collected on the threat posed by the aquarium trade and how this may be affecting the population . it is therefore listed as data deficient .\nthis species occurs in fringing reefs , among coral heads and in areas with dense coral growth . adults feed on coral polyps while juveniles act as cleaners of other fishes . it relies on live coral .\nthis species is collected for the aquarium trade and this could possibly pose as a threat .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution overlaps some marine protected areas within its range ( wood 2007 ) . it is recommended that more information is collected on the threat posed by the aquarium trade and how this may be affecting the population .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 15 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 8883 )\noccurs in fringing reefs , among coral heads and in areas with dense coral growth ( ref . 9710 ) . adults feed on coral polyps while juveniles act as cleaners of other fishes .\nrandall , j . e . , 1986 . red sea reef fishes . london , immel publishing . 192 p . ( ref . 8883 )\n) : 24 . 8 - 29 . 2 , mean 27 . 6 ( based on 307 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00977 ( 0 . 00458 - 0 . 02086 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 61 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .\nplease select from the available marine fish species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available invertebrate species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available coral species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available aquarium supplies below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nwith 79 or more in marine life . use coupon code : freeshipping more details\nall images , pictures and descriptions are generalizations and cannot be exact representations . copyright 2018 saltwaterfish . com . all rights reserved .\nreceive free shipping on qualifying order when you sign up to receive our email . open your email for complete details .\nmini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !\nsetting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !\nthroughout the ages people of been fascinated , thrilled , frightened , and horrified by these creatures . they have been the subject of myths , novels , movies . . .\nobservations and insights of a marine enthusiast . an in - depth explanation of what it takes to be a successful marine aquarist\nenter your freshwater aquarium enter parameters for your freshwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nenter your saltwater aquarium enter parameters for your saltwater aquarium to get compatibility information while browsing .\nfish finder search our database for compatible pets ! enter characteristics of what you are looking for and find them instantly .\ndr . jungle ' s pets and animal speak - newsletter featured pet of the week and more . . .\nwe would like to import some live zebra shark . contact me please . best regard , liu wei chung . email : s89186 @ urltoken\ni have a green moray eel that is just too big now , does anyone have a huge tank . . . . 400 + gallons ?\nbeing hardy and disease resistant , these fish are easy to maintain once they are established in the aquarium . they are poor shippers however , so make sure the individual you choose is eating and active .\n, provide a diet rich in all kinds of protein foods , formulas and flakes with an emphasis on small crustaceans . they are very active and need to be fed twice a day at least if not more . as with other lined wrasses they benefit from productive live rock . picking on the rock is a particular love of theirs and they will eat the copepods , amphipods , and other micro fauna it provides .\nthese fish are generally very easy to care for and are hardy . provide basic marine aquarium care with a 20 % water change monthly or 10 % twice a month .\nthis timid fish needs to have plenty of good quality live rock with holes for hiding to feel comfortable especially in a smaller aquarium .\nprefers sunlight to moderate light . they don ' t mind the bright light that most coral reef owners have due to their shallow water preferences .\nno special requirements . normal temperatures for marine fish is between 74\u00b0 and 79\u00b0 fahrenheit .\nin the wild they are not found far from the bottom , in fact no more than a foot above the substrate . they will spend time in the bottom of the aquarium , but usually spending most of the time in the rockwork .\ndo not keep with invertebrates such as small shrimp , or fish that are smaller than they are as they will become a quick meal . they have been known to go after small snails as well . it is feasible to keep the lined wrasses with larger crustacea however , as they reportedly are more amiable towards larger cleaner , marble and coral shrimp . shy fish such as firefish , gobies , grammas , fairy wrasses , flasher wrasses , leopard wrasses , and others will be pestered to death . the mandarins may or may not be picked on , but most likely will be . they will also out compete the mandarins and other fish for food . slow - moving feeders such as pipefish and seahorses will starve in their presence . predators such as groupers , lionfish , and scorpion fish will eat the lined wrasses in a heartbeat .\ncopyright \u00a9 [ animal - world ] 1998 - 2015 . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbecause of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .\navailability ; that ' s all . 4 lines don ' t get quite as big ( 3\nv . 4\n) , but their temperament is just the same . pretty aggressive .\n4 - lines are much nicer . both are territorial and rather vicious after established .\nthe bigger problem here is that the\nflatworm eaters\nare not very consistent in their tendency to eat flatworms . my advice in this situation is to get a fish that you want , and if it happens to eat flatworms , that ' s a bonus . every fish that i ' ve seen listed as a possible flatworm eater i ' ve seen fail in enough tanks that i don ' t even bother to recommend any of them anymore .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ human beings , who are almost unique in having the ability to learn from the experience of others , are also remarkable for their apparent disinclination to do so . - douglas adams current tank info : 14g , 29g nano reefs\npowered by vbulletin\u00ae version 3 . 8 . 4 copyright \u00a92000 - 2018 , jelsoft enterprises ltd . powered by searchlight \u00a9 2018 axivo inc .\nuse of this web site is subject to the terms and conditions described in the user agreement . reef central tm reef central , llc . copyright \u00a91999 - 2014\nuser alert system provided by advanced user tagging v3 . 3 . 0 ( pro ) - vbulletin mods & addons copyright \u00a9 2018 dragonbyte technologies ltd .\nchoose 7278f 72 - 78\u00b0 f ( 13 ) dkh812 dkh 8 - 12 ( 13 ) ph8184 ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 ( 13 ) sg10201025 sg 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 ( 12 ) kh812 kh 8 - 12 ( 1 ) sg10231025 sg 1 . 023 - 1 . 025 ( 1 )\n\u2026this method is considered more advanced then other methods . it is geared toward sensitive inhabitants such as snails , corals , shrimp , sea stars , wrasses , and discus . you need the foster & smith aquatics fish acclimation kit and must be willing to monitor the entire process . gather a clean , 3 - or\u2026\n* free shipping on qualifying aquatic life orders $ 99 and up . free shipping on qualifying aquarium supplies orders $ 19 and up . excludes frozen foods .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , doctors foster and smith . all rights reserved . 2253 air park road , p . o . box 100 , rhinelander , wisconsin 54501\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthis species does very well in reef setups without small shrimp but can be kept in\nfowlr\naquariums as well .\nurltoken is the world ' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby . we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management . reefs\u00ae community system | copyright \u00a9 2018"]}
{"id": 2321, "summary": [{"text": "daniel 's tufted-tailed rat ( eliurus danieli ) is a species of rodent in the family nesomyidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was discovered in 2003 in the parc national de l\u2019isalo in south-central madagascar .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is named for daniel rakotondravony , professor of animal biology at the university of antananarivo , madagascar .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "daniel 's tufted-tailed rat first became known in 1995 , when a specimen was found to belong to the majori-penicillatus complex .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "molecular data suggested that major 's tufted-tailed rat ( eliurus majori ) was a close relative ; study of two more animals found in 2002 indicated that the two are different species . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "daniel ' s tufted - tailed rat", "paragraphs": ["the dormouse tufted - tailed rat ( eliurus myoxinus ) is a species of rodent in the nesomyidae family . it is found only in madagascar .\ndue to its nocturnal and arboreal nature , there have been few observations of white - tailed rat communication behaviors . like most nocturnal mammals , olfaction is likely to be an important way of sensing the environment .\n( hairy - tailed antsangys ) by its nearly furless tail . though smaller than\ncarleton , m . , s . goodman . 2003 . rodentia : brachytarsomys , white - tailed tree rats , anstangy . pp . 1368 - 1370 in s goodman , j benstead , eds . the natural history of madagascar . chicago : the university of chicago press .\nwhite - tailed rats do not appear to be endangered . the iucn redlist recognizes them as\nleast concern .\nhowever , continuing human - induced habitat changes may impact populations of white - tailed rats negatively .\nnowak , r . 1991 . walker ' s mammals of the world . baltimore : the john hopkins university press .\ndollman ' s tree mouse is nocturnal and arboreal . nowak ( 1999 ) suggests that the naked tip of its tail might be prehensile .\nno information on the ecological role of white - tailed rats is available . however , they may play a role in seed dispersal through their frugivorous habits .\n, white - tailed rats are up to 50 cm long . they are easily identifiable by the white tip on the tail , which averages 230 mm long . white - tailed rats are covered in a thick coat of brownish - grey fur with a white underside . they have short snouts , giving the face a blunt look .\nlittle is known about parental care in white - tailed rats . observations suggest males may remain nearby after offspring are born and defend the nest while the female takes care of young .\nit appears to be more common in deciduous forest than in spiny forest . at other sites such as analavelona , it is very abundant ( s . m . goodman , unpubl . ) .\nwhite - tailed rats are generally described as frugivorous . according to some , their craniodental characteristics would be better suited for a leaf - eating ( folivorous ) diet . they have short rostra , broad zygomatic arches , relatively wide incisors and a long row of molars that have ridged masticatory surfaces . when offered an assortment of leaves in captivity , white - tailed rats refused to eat them , preferring only fruit . they may also eat seeds .\ndollman ' s tree mouse ( prionomys batesi ) is a poorly understood climbing mouse from central africa . it is unique enough that it has been placed in a genus of its own , prionomys , since its discovery in 1910 .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\ndenys , c . , j . michaux , f . catzeflis , s . ducrocq , and p . chevret . 1995 . morphological and molecular data against the monophyly of dendromurinae ( muridae : rodentia ) . bonner zoologische beitrage , 45 : 173 - 190 .\ndenys , c . , m . colyn , and v . nicolas . 2006 . first record of the dollman ' s tree mouse ( prionomys batesi ; mammalia : nesomyidae ) in the republic of congo and additional description of this rare central african rodent . zootaxa , 1318 : 59 - 68 .\ndenys et al . ( 2006 ) note that the coronoid process on the mandible is reduced and that the animal appears to have the ability to push its lower jaw ( and thereby its incisors ) strongly forward . they suggest that dollman ' s tree mouse uses this feature to dig its burrow with its lower incisors .\ndollman ' s tree mouse has only been recorded in four localities in three countries . these are bitye and obala in cameroon , la mabok\u00e9 in central african republic , and odzala in republic of the congo . in total only 23 specimens are known to be present in museums throughout the world ( denys et al . , 2006 ) .\nthough there is little information available on the mating behavior of white - tailed rats , it is known that they can have litters of at least 6 in the wild . a female of this species was captured in late october with 6 well - formed embryos . similarly , individuals held in captivity produced litters of 6 young . unfortunately no other information about the offspring is reported\nwhite - tailed rats have strong , sharp , curved claws . this characteristic and many others indicate a high degree of specialization for arboreal life . that parallels the way it nests in tree holes . they live in tropical forested areas in madagascar . they nest in tree holes , some have been observed in holes near the base of trees , most have been observed within 2 . 5 m of the ground .\nthis predominantly scansorial species is found in lowland humid forest of the north - east , dry deciduous forest in the west , and spiny forest in the south and south - west of its range . it can also be found in dry - humid transitional forest ( carleton 2003 ) . this species nests in tree holes and has a gestation period of 24 days , after which it gives birth to a litter of up to three young ( carleton 2003 ) . this species also occurs in secondary forest , including areas with regenerating forest after fire ( randrianjafy 2003 ; s . m . goodman pers . comm . ) . this species is dependent on forest , though it can occur in heavily degraded forests .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern , because whilst it has a limited range with extent of occurrence of approximately 989 km\u00b2 , it is within isalo national park and there are no major threats to this species . surveys are required to understand more about the distribution of the species .\nknown only from the isalo national park in south - central madagascar . collecting localities with recorded elevation info range from 650 - 700 m asl .\nthis species is known only from four specimens ( carleton and goodman 2007 ) .\nthis species is at least in part terrestrial and lives outside forest formations ( carleton and goodman 2007 ) .\ncurrently , all known specimens of this recently described species are recorded from the isalo national park . it is not likely that there are any threats to the species , but further survey work is needed .\nfurther survey work is needed to determine whether this species may occur more widely than currently known .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t136251a115205056 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species is endemic to madagascar , where it ranges widely from lowland humid forest in the north - east to dry forests formations in the western and southern portions of the island . it occurs from the rserve naturelle intgrale d ' ankarafantsika in the north to the vicinity of bevilany in the south - east . it has been recorded from near sea level to 1 , 250 m asl ( carleton et al . 2001 ; carleton 2003 ) .\namori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & hoffmann , m . ( global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presence in a number of protected areas , and because it shows some adaptability to anthropogenic disturbance , even though it is dependent on forest .\nthis species is threatened by habitat loss through livestock grazing , charcoal production and wildfires . this species is also locally threatened by domestic and feral dogs and cats . this species is not susceptible to plague as the only humid forest areas that it occurs in are below 800 m .\nit has been recorded from a numerous protected areas including ankarana special reserve , rserve naturelle intgrale d ' ankarafantsika , kirindy forest and zombitse and vohibasia forests .\nbaillie , j . 1996 . eliurus myoxinus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 9 july 2007 .\nmusser , g . g . and m . d . carleton . 2005 . superfamily muroidea . pp . 894\u20131531 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\neliurus is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae . it contains the following species :\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neliurus is a genus of rodent in the family nesomyidae . [ 1 ] it contains the following species :\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\n, can be found in eastern madagascar from marojejy ( northeast ) to andringitra massif ( southeast ) . this is a long narrow strip of land stretching from north to south which has patches of rainforest . this is considered only the extent of their potential range , due to the rarity of human encounters with these rats . they have been confirmed at various locations in this range but not everywhere in it .\nbaillie , j . 2006 .\nbrachytarsomys albicauda\n( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed january 26 , 2009 at urltoken .\ngarbutt , n . 2007 . mammals of madagascar . new haven , connecticut : yale university press .\nmiljutin , l . 2008 . probability of competition between introduced and native rodents in madagascar : an estimation based on morphological traits . . estonian journal of ecology , 57 : 133 - \u00e2\u2013152 . accessed february 15 , 2009 at urltoken .\nis available . their nocturnality is an anti - predator adaptation and their brown coloration serves as camouflage .\ng\u00fcnther , albert ( 1875 ) .\nnotes on some mammals from madagascar\n. proceedings of the zoological society of london : 78\u201380 .\nmusser , g . g . ; carleton , m . d . ( 2005 ) .\nsuperfamily muroidea\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 894\u20131531 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\ndenys et al . ( 2006 ) indicate that prionomys has a unique association with forest - savannah mosaics in central africa . during interglacial periods , this region has undergone varying degrees of wet and dry periods . savannah expands during dry periods and forest expands during wet periods , but there are small scale shifts in which regions are dry or wet . prionomys appears to be associated with forest habitat on the edge of savannah patches . in particular , the species occurs as forest is recolonizing areas that were once savannah . thus it is thought to be associated with younger , earlier successional forest but is no longer present in mature , late successional forest .\nare narrow , ungrooved , orange , and short . the lower incisors project forward (\n) and are sharply pointed ( denys et al . , 2006 ; nowak , 1999 ) .\nprionomys appears to feed almost exclusively on certain species of ants , particularly tetramorium aculeatum ( denys et al . , 2006 ) . denys et al . ( 2006 ) suggest that this unusual diet may be part of the reason that so few individuals have been captured for study . sherman live traps baited with vegetable - derived matter may not attract this species to the same degree that it does other small rodents . in many ways prionomys is more shrew - like in its habits . individuals have only been obtained in pitfall traps , captured by hand , or obtained from local hunters .\nas with many other mice historically referred to as the\ndendromurines\n, the phylogenetic position of prionomys is somewhat uncertain . denys et al . ( 1995 ) demonstrated a close association between prionomys and dendroprionomys on the basis of molar structure . this association has been widely noted elsewhere . musser and carleton ( 2005 ) suggest that the two are related may warrant a distinct tribe within the dendromurinae . they also noted the retention of these two genera in the dendromurinae seems reasonable but requires further testing . denys et al . ( 2006 ) note the similarities between prionomys and the deomyine deomys , but suggest this is due to convergence due to similar diet and habits .\nmammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 6 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 2326, "summary": [{"text": "first trump is a retired british thoroughbred racehorse and active sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in 1993 he has named european champion two-year-old colt at the cartier racing awards .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "in his championship season he won five of his six races including the group one middle park stakes , the group two richmond stakes and the group three july stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was retired to stud after failing to win in six starts as a three-year-old in 1994 .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he currently stands at stud in leicestershire . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "first trump", "paragraphs": ["melania is the first first lady to be born and raised in a communist country .\nin yet another first for a first lady , melania posed for the sports illustrated swimsuit issue in 2000 .\nhis statements echoed the message from the businessman ' s first wife that appeared on the first page of lost tycoon .\nwith combative style and epithets , trump takes america first to the u . n .\nheralding \u2018america first\u2019 in combative u . n . speech , trump airs list of threats\ntrump tweeted wednesday morning that he had seen this horror and devastation \u201cfirst hand . \u201d\npresident donald trump claims he will always put america first while addressing the un general assembly .\nanalysis : trump insists on ' america first . ' who will follow ? | fox news\ntrump claimed he witnessed harvey\u2019s devastation \u2018first hand . \u2019 the white house basically admits he didn\u2019t .\nmelania trump is not your typical first lady . here ' s what you need to know about the third wife of president donald trump .\npresident trump ' s first 100 days : an ' entry - level ' presidency trump is the first president without political , military or government experience . and experts argue that he ' s faced setbacks because of it .\nthe first lady said she will focus her platform on cyberbullying among children , but she didn ' t do anything publicly for that platform in the first several months of trump ' s presidency .\nwith combative style and epithets , trump takes america first to the u . n . - the new york times\na child ' s first book of trump and millions of other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nmelania trump is also the first first lady to have ever posed nude for a magazine . and that ' s a fact ted cruz ' s super pac made sure americans acknowledged , much to donald trump ' s disdain .\nthis isn ' t the first time that trump has spoken with bizarre admiration about either of his daughters bodies .\ntrump claimed he witnessed harvey\u2019s devastation \u2018first hand . \u2019 the white house basically admits he didn\u2019t . - the washington post\ndivorce papers alleging donald trump was ' cruel and inhuman ' to his first wife ivana trump are now restricted from the public without a judge ' s order .\na child ' s first book of t . . . has been added to your cart\n' i ' m alone ' : harrowing first words in hospital of mother . . .\nat his first address to a joint session of congress in washington , d . c .\nfirst - person essays , features , interviews and q & as ; about life today .\nfirst lady melania trump , president donald trump ' s third wife , was put in the spotlight more than she may have liked since the start of the 2016 campaign .\nlastly , trump on friday afternoon put out his first @ potus twitter message , with a facebook link to the text of his speech .\ntrump had been married to ivana for 13 years when she was confronted by marla maples . his first divorce cost him more than $ 14million\nhere are six things to know about the first lady , who turned 47 on april 26 , 2017 .\nyet where most leaders use the occasion to call for cooperation , trump insisted others should follow his example and\nalways put your countries first .\ndonald trump jr . is the oldest son of u . s . president donald trump and a trustee of the trump organization .\nupdate : it turns out trump ' s instagram promoted the\nfirst hand\nclaim by showing trump looking at a picture of a radar - - which , again , is not firsthand observation .\npresident donald trump to u . n . : north korea ' s ' rocket man ' kim jong un on a suicide mission in this first address to the united nations general assembly , president trump took on the global threats posed by north korea and iran and reiterated his\namerica first\napproach to policy .\ntrump ' s invocations of\namerica first\nwill ultimately leave our country behind in the world . his rhetoric sounds tough but will only make us weaker .\nin the eisenhower executive office building , attempting a \u201crebranding\u201d of this first chapter of the trump administration . the aides furiously assembled \u201clists of early successes\u201d on whiteboards .\ntrump underscored the message , telling the saudis , for example , that america ' s first priority\nis always the safety and security of our citizens .\nhader scores his first film role in the owen wilson flick you , me and dupree as a character named mark .\neric trump , the second son of u . s . president donald trump , is an american businessman and founder of the eric trump foundation .\ntiffany trump is the daughter of u . s . president donald trump and actress marla maples .\nour reporting does not match claim that @ potus witnessed any horror or devastation first hand . # harvey urltoken @ dallasnews urltoken\nmelania trump and her son , barron , 11 , stayed in trump tower on fifth avenue for almost five months of donald trump ' s presidency .\nscott , 64 , says in the documentary that trump was charming at first but that things began to change when he realized he would not have any control over the profile .\nwhoever was in charge of naming d . j . trump\u2019s foals , however , apparently had a fascination with donald trump . in early 1990 , trump left his first wife , ivana , for the model marla maples , fueling months of feverish coverage by new york city tabloids .\n\u201cmrs . trump has always been supportive of all her husband\u2019s endeavors , \u201d grisham told vanity fair . in a statement to the huffington post , grisham said the first lady is \u201can independent woman who believes in our country , and continues her plans to serve as first lady with integrity and dedication . \u201d\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time since 1980\nbut much of trump\u2019s appeal was that , as a businessman and artist of the deal , he could cut through the dithering and gridlock and partisan bickering . instead , in his first month , trump has mostly been the loser in his battles against entrenched institutions . rather than bend washington to his will , trump has , in his first month , mainly bent his priorities to the will of republicans in washington .\nreal estate developer donald trump walks with sons eric trump , left , and donald trump jr . and daughter ivanka trump outside the old post office pavilion . ivanka trump tried to save topo atrio after her father\u2019s comments on immigration . ( julia schmalz / bloomberg )\nanother very good winner of the july stakes was the 1993 champion , first trump . owned by mollers racing , trained by geoff wragg and foaled in 1991 , his dam was valika and he was sired by primo dominie . first trump also won the richmond stakes and the middle park stakes . he was named european champion two - year - old colt in 1993 .\nin a speech in pennsylvania , she said that combatting cyber - bullying would be a cause she would take up as first lady .\nnumber of refugees accepted into the u . s . falls below the rest of the world combined for the first time . . .\n' i must have got about 12 or 13 of them in the first instance\u2026 and they were extremely abusive , ' says scott .\nit ' s all in his fee \u2014 in his first year out as a stud , he was the busiest stallion in australia .\nallegations have resurfaced claims made by donald trump ' s first wife ivana that he ' raped ' her in 1989 . above , the trumps arrive at a new york party the same year\nivanka trump , daughter of u . s . president donald trump , is a real estate developer , reality star , and founder of the ivanka trump collection .\nthe first 100 days of trump\u2019s presidency lasted from january 20 , 2017 until april 29 , 2017 . in the first days of his presidency , president trump issued a number of back - to - back executive orders to make good on some of his campaign promises , as well as several orders aimed at rolling back policies and regulations that were put into place during the obama administration . several of trump\u2019s key policies that got rolling during trump\u2019s first 100 days in office include his supreme court nomination ; steps toward building a wall on the mexico border ; a travel ban for several predominantly muslim countries ; the first moves to dismantle the affordable care act ( a . k . a . obamacare ) ; and the u . s . withdrawal from the paris climate agreement .\ni traveled with the president yesterday . personally , i would not claim to have seen harvey ' s horror and devastation first hand . urltoken\ned harper , the stud director , says that for any new stallion , the first thing he must get used to is female horses .\nspeaking to a packed assembly hall , including dozens of heads of state , trump defended his doctrine of\namerica first ,\nwhile insisting that it need not be an impediment to international cooperation .\nfirst trump , like first island , carried the silks of a pair of great owner / breeders , being raced by the moller brothers ( albeit under the name of mollers racing , the brothers having died ) . primo valentino , too , was a representative of one of the great sporting operations , being bred and trained by peter harris .\ntrump ' s first foreign trip may have produced memorable , and at times cringe - inducing , images of the new president , whether grasping a glowing orb in saudi arabia or shoving the prime minister of montenegro at a nato meeting in brussels . but perhaps most profoundly , the trip underscored what\namerica first ,\nas trump has branded his governing philosophy , looks like on the world stage .\nin 1977 , trump married his first wife ivana zelnickova winklmayr , a new york fashion model who had been an alternate on the 1972 czech olympic ski team . after the 1977 birth of the couple & apos ; s first of three children , donald john trump jr . , ivana trump was named vice president in charge of design in the trump organization and played a major role in supervising the renovation of the commodore and the plaza hotel . the couple had two more children together \u2014 ivanka trump ( born in 1981 ) and eric trump ( born in 1984 ) \u2014 and went through a highly publicized divorce which was finalized in 1992 .\nsince marrying donald trump in 2005 , melania trump has taken on various philanthropic causes both in new york and beyond .\nbut there was a more fundamental problem with this speech . trump used it not just to defend his america first agenda at home , but he pleaded with every nation to take the same path . this is a recipe not for world harmony but for jungle competition and conflict and is uniquely opposed to everything the un stands for . \u201ci will always put america first just like you , the leaders of your countries , should put your countries first , \u201d trump said . he even appealed for a common reawakening of national patriotism . \u201care we still patriots ? \u201d\ndonald trump failed to express any remorse for cheating on his first wife ivana in a 1994 interview that emerged , saying instead that he may have continued his affair with marla maples had he not gotten caught .\nbut the most alarming part of an address that was supposed to be a serious formulation of the president ' s grand strategy in the world was the utter incoherence of trump ' s\namerica first\ndoctrine .\ntuesday ' s speech was trump ' s first opportunity to address the general assembly . in the past , he has faulted the u . n . as a venue for too much talk and too little action .\ntv series things i hate about you , based off the movie 10 things i hate about you , gives kroll his first onscreen vehicle as a juror .\nmaples is said to have confronted ivana by asking : ' i\u2019m marla and i love your husband . do you ? ' , and the dissolution of trump ' s first marriage ended up costing more than $ 14million .\nfrankel\u2019s first lessons in carnal aptitude will take place in a specially designed stable known as a covering shed ( covering being the technical term for equine copulation ) .\nshe ' s the business mogul ' s third wife : he was married to his first , czech - american model ivana trump , from 1977 to 1992 , and his second , marla maples , from 1993 to 1999 .\nwith ivanka trump at the world golf championships - cadillac championship at the trump doral golf resort & spa in doral , florida .\nmost notably , though , was the usage of a getty images photo from barack obama ' s 2009 inauguration as the backdrop for trump ' s new @ potus twitter handle . noah harlan , president of allseen alliance , first noted the\noops\nmoment from trump ' s social staffers .\nand she points out that the kind of life experience trump has may be ill - suited to the presidency , because presidents since fdr have faced five times more foreign policy or military crises than economic ones in their first year .\nthere is frustration all around . during his first hundred days in office , trump has not done away with populist rhetoric , but he has acted almost entirely as a plutocrat . his cabinet and his cast of advisers are stocked with\nas president of the united states , i will always put america first , just like you as the leaders of your countries will always and should always put your countries first ,\ntrump said , to polite applause .\nbut making a better life for our people also requires us to work together in close harmony and unity to create a more safe and peaceful future for all people .\nthe sad saga of d . j . trump : how donald trump set in motion a series of events that maimed a prized racehorse\none of president trump\u2019s first executive orders in office was calling on federal agencies to\nwaive , defer , grant exemptions from , or delay\naspects of the affordable care act to minimize financial burden on states , insurers and individuals .\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\nwhen the first 2 , 000 straws became available , they were snapped up in less than 36 hours - netting garth ' s american owner more than \u00a3100 , 000 .\ntrump ' s family tree : who ' s who from his five children to his five siblings , get to know team trump . trump ' s accusers and their allegations trump has repeatedly slammed these claims as false . fast facts about donald trump jr . donald jr . tweeted an email that mentioned russia ' s support for his father .\nthere are those that say i ' ve done more than anybody in the first 100 days ,\ntrump said two months ago .\nthere are those that are saying that i ' ve done just about more than anybody .\nschwarzenegger , a republican , endorsed ohio gov . john kasich during the gop presidential primaries . he said in a statement in october that he wouldn ' t vote for trump , noting it was his first presidential campaign not backing a republican .\nstill , trump ' s words carried an added weight , coming in his first address to the u . n . here , leaders usually try to project an aspirational message about prospects for peace and prosperity , if only nations could work together . trump ' s address was more about naming and shaming transgressors .\n\u201cas president of the united states , i will always put america first , just like you , as the leaders of your countries , will always and should always put your countries first , \u201d he said , generating light applause in parts of the chamber . but he argued that nationalism can be the foundation for strong nations to join common causes .\ntrump proudly invoked harry s . truman , a fine role model . but truman was the antithesis of trump ' s us - above -\nno wonder trump won applause when he said that\nyou , as the leaders of your countries , will always and should always put your countries first .\nselfishness is popular . russia ' s vladimir putin and china ' s xi jinping no doubt nodded approvingly when they were briefed about trump ' s words .\ninitially , the trump campaign denied that the speeches were alike , but later , a trump organization staff writer took the blame for the similarities .\n\u201csee , they don\u2019t know you , \u201d trump told lorber . \u201cwith all that investment , they don\u2019t know you . trump they know . \u201d\nkhloe kardashian ' anxious but eager ' as she gets back to work for the first time since true ' s birth . . . and her alarm goes off at 4 . 35am\nmelania trump became a u . s . permanent resident in 2001 and a citizen in 2006 . she would be the first presidential spouse to be born outside the united states since louisa adams , wife of john quincy adams , who was born in england .\nsteve bannon , trump\u2019s campaign ceo and executive chairman of breitbart news , was named as his chief strategist and senior counselor . in his first 100 days in office , president trump reorganized the national security council , bringing steve bannon on as a regular committee member , which his critics called an unprecedented move . in april 2017 , the trump administration removed bannon from his permanent seat on the national security council .\nthink of the worst event in a president ' s first 100 days \u2014 the country broke apart under the man most rank as the best american president of all time , abraham lincoln .\nmelania was born on april 26 , 1970 in novo mesto , in what was then yugoslavia . after 1991 , it became slovenia . her birth name , melanija knavs , was changed to melania knauss when she came to the united states . as first lady , she is the first to be born outside the united states since louisa adams , who was born in london .\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\nthe sad saga of d . j . trump : how donald trump set in motion a series of events that maimed a prized racehorse | national post\nshe has been described as quiet and reserved , but her marriage to trump has forced her to make public statements and be scrutinized by the media . recent reports have questioned whether melania really wants to be first lady , but her spokeswoman stephanie grisham denies those accusations .\nit was a far different story when the two first met , with trump even saying on camera of scott during the filming of the profile ; ' i love beautiful things . that\u2019s why i like you so much\u2026 she is beautiful\u2026even though she doesn\u2019t believe it . '\nas usual ,\ndallek said ,\nhe engages in hyperbole when he said that nobody has accomplished more in the first 100 days than he has , which is utter nonsense .\nparts of melania ' s speech at the republican national convention in 2016 were criticized for being very similar to former first lady michelle obama ' s speech at the democratic national convention in 2008 .\nwilliam hill expect first trump to manage a mile and make him 16 - 1 joint - favourite for the 1994 2 , 000 guineas . but future champions were not on the minds of those at goodwood yesterday . they were still recovering from the one that had just gone .\nmelania trump has her own jewelry line , called\nmelania timepieces & fashion jewelry ,\nwhich she sells on qvc . when it launched on the home shopping network in february 2010 , donald was the first caller and melania ' s products sold out in just 45 minutes .\nsh * t my president says : the illustrated tweets of donald j . trump\nfbi director james comey asked the justice department to issue a statement refuting president trump\u2019s allegation , while the white house called for a congressional investigation into trump\u2019s claims .\nwith ivana trump at roy cohn ' s birthday party in new york city .\nat the williams vs . tyson boxing match at trump plaza hotel and casino .\nat the superboat race at trump plaza hotel in atlantic city , new jersey .\nwith melania trump at the vanity fair oscar party in west hollywood , california .\nlost video surfaces of oj simpson at donald trump ' s wedding . . .\nso they are generally fed between 5 : 00am and 5 : 30am in the morning . if they are busy that day they will have their first cover soon after they have had breakfast .\na person close to the candidate told urltoken in july : ' in regards to those assertions , no one speaks for mr . trump but mr . trump . '\nmr firminger said the first of garth ' s calves should be born next month and will be closely analysed to assess the quality . after that , garth will begin preparing to produce another batch of straws .\n' your f * * * * * * doctor has ruined me , ' trump allegedly said before what the book describes as a ' violent assault ' where he tore out pieces of her hair and ' jams his penis inside her for the first time in more than sixteen months ' .\nthe anticlimax also muted the fanfare for first trump ' s fourth consecutive victory , in the group two richmond stakes . his trainer , geoff wragg , like fabre , has a problem , but the more pleasant one of deciding between six furlongs or a mile as the optimum distance for his colt .\nlike a true model , melania trump is 5 - foot - 11 . interestingly enough , though , she would not be the tallest first lady . she ' ll have to share the top spot with michelle obama and eleanor roosevelt , who also both clocked in at 5 - foot - 11 .\na funny jab at trump written in the style of a dr . suess book .\ndavid ignatius : the most surprising thing about trump ' s u . n . speech\ndonald trump was born on june 14 , 1946 , in queens , new york .\non march 4 , 2017 without citing specific evidence , trump released a series of tweets accusing former president obama of wiretapping the campaign headquarters at trump tower before the election .\ntrump has revealed a measure of his own surprise with the difficulty of the job .\nivana trump allegedly told her ' closest confidantes ' that her husband had raped her .\ndonald trump at naomi campbell and kate moss ' halloween party in new york city .\nwith ivanka trump celebrating dennis basso ' s fur collection party in aspen , colorado .\n\u201cgolota\u2019s a killer , \u201d trump said admiringly . \u201ca stone - cold killer . \u201d\nwhen trump returned from escorting lebed to the elevator , i asked him his impressions .\nhis first first july stakes victory came with city on a hill and his third and final winner was meshasheer . sandwiched between those two was the 2000 champion , noverre . owned by godolphin racing and bred by the darley stud , this american bay stallion was out of a dam called danseur fabuleux . his sire was rahy , whose most notable achievements on the track were his victories in the sirenia stakes and the bel air handicap .\ntop three - year - old filly winter has a slight advantage over fellow classic winners churchill and brametot in the cartier horse of the year standings as the first points are released for the 27th annual cartier racing awards .\ntrump issued an executive order to build a wall at the united states\u2019 border with mexico . in his first televised interview as president , president trump said the initial construction of the wall would be funded by u . s . taxpayer dollars , but that mexico would reimburse the u . s . \u201c100 percent\u201d in a plan to be negotiated and might include a suggested import tax on mexican goods .\ntrump reviewed the photographs , nonchalantly , before agreeing to buy the horse . there was one requirement , though : a name change . alibi became d . j . trump .\nliberation first star ( 1992 - 2006 ) liberation first star was an american morgan horse stallion . his sire , century free spirit , and dam , liberation starbrite , together hold more than 35 world and national titles in harness , in hand and under saddle . first star was himself a multi - world and national champion park saddle horse as well as a harness and in hand champion . his foals exhibit talent and show - horse attitude for which his family is so famous . he was owned by george schott of lewiton , maine and stood at cabot morgans in falmouth , maine . he was buried at the kentucky horse park in the spring of 2006 .\nthe story of d . j . trump the racehorse comes from a 1991 tell - all book by former trump plaza hotel and casino president jack o\u2019donnell . trump previously has dismissed the story as \u201ctotally unsubstantiated and false\u201d and derided o\u2019donnell as a \u201cdisgruntled former employee . \u201d trump organization and white house press staffers did not reply to requests to comment this week .\nin the parade ring zafonic dragged his lad round with customary arrogance , but on the way to post came the first glimmer of unease as the colt appeared to forget he was supposed to be in harmony with pat eddery .\nthe achievement was not lost , however , on the winning jockey , dominique boeuf , who , like lellouche , was recording his first success in britain . his victory celebration was so frenzied he almost fell from the saddle .\nbahri raced four times as a two - year - old coming second in his first 3 maiden races . he won his last race as a two - year - old at nottingham in a conditions race over six furlongs .\nthe speech tried to rationalize\namerica first\nas a great principle . but every effort trump made to build an intellectual structure to support it only underscored that his favored phrase was either a trivial applause line or an argument that , if followed logically , was inimical to the united states ' interests and values .\nfirst lady melania trump drew attention for wearing a jacket that read\ni really don ' t care , do u ?\nduring a trip to a children ' s immigrant shelter . her team insisted there was no hidden message , though the president said it was directed at the\nfake news media .\nthat \u201ctrump\u2019s ignorant hate speech belongs in medieval times \u2014 not the 21st century un . \u201d\nmarc a . thiessen : why the left hated trump ' s u . n . speech\ndonald trump was raised presbyterian by his mother , and he identifies as a mainline protestant .\nmelania trump ' s father was a car dealer and her mother was a fashion designer .\nanother example of trump ' s learning curve was on china and north korea . trump was supposedly preparing to pressure china ' s president xi into doing more on north korea while at trump ' s private club , mar - a - lago in palm beach , fla .\nbehold , the donald trump style evolution you never really wanted , but need to see .\nwith ivana trump at john kluge and patricia gay ' s wedding in new york city .\nwith melania trump at the washington wizards vs new york knicks game in new york city .\nwith melania trump at the moma film benefit gala honoring baz luhrmann in new york city .\nwith melania trump at the american ballet theatre 68th annual spring gala in new york city .\n\u201cyou do look seriously tough , \u201d trump continued . \u201cwere you an olympic boxer ? \u201d\nwest virginia used to vote solidly democratic . now it belongs to trump . what happened ?\nis it too late to dump trump ? could pence replace him on the . . .\ntrump also expressed doubts that he would have come clean about the affair on his own .\ntrump reiterates warning to n . korea : \u2018fire and fury\u2019 may not have been \u2018tough enough\u2019\ntrump ' s ex - wife later said that she felt ' violated ' during the incident but did not mean ' raped ' in the criminal sense . above , ivana trump in 1989\nas saturday\u2019s preakness stakes brings championship thoroughbred racing back to a region transfixed by the trump administration , it\u2019s worth revisiting the disputed tale of trump\u2019s only documented foray into the sport of kings .\nthinkfoodgroup has estimated that it would receive a profit of $ 1 . 1 million over the first six years of operation . removing 12 percent for its estimated hispanic business , it calculated that topo atrio would instead lose a similar amount .\ntwo weeks after the meeting with kim , the white house announced that president trump would hold his first formal discussions with his russian counterpart , vladimir putin , in helsinki , finland , on july 16 . it was reported that the two leaders would focus on strategic issues related to the ongoing war in syria , among other matters .\nby 2005 , c . k . stars in a half - hour hbo special called one night stand ( his first hour - long televised standup special , shameless , finally arrives in 2007 , nearly 25 years after he got started ) .\nyou can do the math . more than $ 20 million is already due to ashford stud , the farm that bought his stud rights last year for an undisclosed amount . and he ' s only about halfway through his first breeding season .\neven as he threatened a military response , trump said he hoped that would not be necessary .\ntrump said he learned again , this time about the complexity of the relationship \u2014 from xi .\ndonald trump continues to be hounded by allegations that he raped his ex - wife in 1989 .\nthe daily beast piece also circulated widely because of statement ' s made by trump organization special counsel michel cohen in which he said that spouses cannot rape each other . above , trump in 2011\nwith ivana trump at the u . s . open tennis tournament in queens , new york .\nothers , however , are more critical , saying trump needs to tone down his antagonistic language .\nin his first address to the united nations general assembly , mr . trump framed the conflicts as a test of the international system . the bombastic flourishes that generate approving roars at political events were met by stony silence , interrupted a few times by a smattering of applause , as mr . trump promised to \u201ccrush loser terrorists , \u201d mocked north korea\u2019s leader as \u201crocket man\u201d and declared that parts of the world \u201care going to hell . \u201d\nprior to the release of the report , president - elect trump had cast doubt on russian interference and the intelligence community\u2019s assessment . trump received an intelligence briefing on the matter , and in his first press conference as president - elect on january 11 , he acknowledged russia\u2019s interference . however , in subsequent comments he again refused to condemn russia for such activity , notably saying on multiple occasions that he believed putin & apos ; s denials .\nbefore trump announced his candidacy , a major design meeting had been scheduled for june 30 , in which andr\u00e9s and rockwell would present their latest vision in a large conference room on the 25th floor of trump tower in new york to donald trump , ivanka , don jr . and other executives .\nin a washington post poll about campaign spouses that included melania trump , bill clinton and both vice presidential running mates ' wives , trump ' s favorability rating was the lowest , at 37 percent .\nthe evidence produced by thinkfoodgroup \u201cis as irrelevant as evidence of how many delegates or votes mr . trump has received in the republican primaries , \u201d trump\u2019s attorney told the court . trump\u2019s position on immigration , his attorney argued , wasn\u2019t new and his \u201cwillingness to frankly share his opinions\u201d was widely known .\non october 30 , mueller announced the first indictments of his investigation , ensnaring former trump campaign chairman paul manafort and his associate rick gates on charges of tax fraud , money laundering and foreign lobbying violations . on december 1 , flynn pleaded guilty to one count of lying to the fbi and said he was cooperating with mueller & apos ; s team .\n\u201cit\u2019s a fraught situation , \u201d said michael oppenheimer , a professor of geoscience and international affairs at princeton university who was not involved in the study . \u201cthis is the first case in which an analysis of climate change of this scope has come up in the trump administration , and scientists will be watching very carefully to see how they handle it . \u201d\ntrump & apos ; s sons \u2014 donald jr . and eric\u2014 work as executive vice presidents for the trump organization , and took over the family business while their father serves as president . trump & apos ; s daughter ivanka was also an executive vice president of the trump organization , but left the business and her own fashion label to join her father & apos ; s administration and become an unpaid assistant to the president . her husband , jared kushner , is also a senior adviser to president trump .\nat least , in part , the failures may be the result of trump ' s political inexperience .\nin the oval office , after the bill was pulled , trump conceded that he was still learning .\nit turns out that ivanka isn ' t the only trump child that the presidential candidate has objectified .\nmaples ( right ) went on to become trump ' s second wife . in the 1994 interview , trump also made light of the two women ' s confrontation and failed to take responsibility for his behavior\nin response , calvo said he has \u201cnever felt more safe or so confident\u201d with trump in charge .\ndabirsim went through his first season unbeaten in five outings and the christophe ferland - trained colt is the winner in the cartier two - year - old colt award , seeing off competition from the group one winners camelot , parish hall , power and wrote .\non december 2 , 2017 , trump achieved the first major legislative victory of his administration when the senate passed a sweeping tax reform bill . approved along party lines by a 51 - 49 vote , the bill drew criticism for extensive last - minute rewrites , with frustrated democrats posting photos of pages filled with crossed - out text and handwriting crammed into the margins .\nthe 1993 book lost tycoon : the many lives of donald j trump ( left ) revealed the deposition rape statements . trump denied the allegations and said that author howard hurt iii ( right ) had no talent\nfirst trump ' s participation in the 2 , 000 guineas on 30 april is in doubt . ' he has strained a ligament , ' his trainer , geoff wragg , said . ' he will miss the free handicap , which was his target , and is very doubtful for the guineas because i don ' t know when i will be able to work him . '\nover the course of his 2016 presidential run , trump\u2019s net worth was questioned and he courted controversy after repeatedly refusing to release his tax returns while they were being audited by the internal revenue service . he did not release his tax returns before the november election \u2014 the first time a major party candidate had not released such information to the public since richard nixon in 1972 .\ntrump said that polish , french and british resistance to nazism was motivated by\npatriotism ,\nand indeed it was . but patriotism is a richer and more complicated commitment than trump ' s offhand comment suggests .\npresident trump delivered a stern warning to north korea ' s leader at the united nations general assembly tuesday .\nbillionaire real estate mogul and former reality television personality donald trump is the 45th president of the united states .\naccording to the 1993 book ' lost tycoon : the many lives of donald j . trump , ' trump forced himself on ivana after her plastic surgeon botched his scalp - reduction surgery to remove a bald spot .\ntrump targets pfizer and big pharma for raising costs of prescription drugs after he vowed prices would . . .\none of the interviewees , according to the sun , is author harry hurt iii , who described the moment trump allegedly assaulted ivana in his 1993 book lost tycoon : the many lives of donald j . trump .\nlost tycoon : the many lives of donald j . trump : harry hurt iii : 9780393030297 : urltoken books\n' they just didn ' t get it , but they do now ! ' trump shares . . .\ntrump\u2019s attorneys argue the estimates are misleading and add that the candidate\u2019s comments have no bearing on the lease .\nwith melania trump at woody johnson ' s\nwig out\n60th birthday party in new york city .\nwith melania trump at the opening of broadway show\na little night music\nin new york city .\n' these are my people ! ' : trump ' s homecoming sees 10 , 000 new . . .\nhutchinson concludes that trump poses the greatest challenge and peril of any president in modern times to black americans .\nstephen hyde , trump casinos ceo , immediately saw the potential benefits to a deal with libutti , who lost an estimated $ 11 million at trump casinos from 1986 to 1989 , according to the wall street journal .\na good filly herself ( she won twice as a two - year - old , including the g3 sweet embrace stakes at rosehill in 1991 ) shadea produced merely two minor winners in her first five years at stud , from three visits to danehill and one each to last tycoon and chief\u2019s crown . however , her first covering by octagonal ensured that she went from underachiever to blue - hen in one fell swoop , with the resultant colt lonhro numbering 11 g1 races among his 26 victories before retiring to stand alongside dad at woodlands stud .\ntrump ' s ascension to the presidency is an unlikely story . the flashy new york billionaire and former reality tv star cuts a very different image than any american president before him . he ' s the first with no government , military or political experience . in an age of frustration with the political establishment on both sides of the aisle , that background had a certain appeal .\nany other president , republican or democrat , who gave a speech of the sort trump delivered would have faced an avalanche of criticism . it just won ' t do to smile indulgently and say ,\noh , that ' s trump being trump ,\nor ,\nhe ' s just appealing to his base .\njonathan o ' connell covers economic development with a focus on commercial real estate and the trump organization . he has written extensively about donald trump ' s business , including how his d . c . hotel has affected washington and what trump hotels will mean to the mississippi delta . he joined the washington post in 2010 . follow\n' when there is nothing wrong with legs or the tactical side and a horse blows out like that there must be something else . my first feeling is that he ran like those horses who bleed in america . ' that notion was later confirmed by the racecourse vet .\nan article on tuesday about a sweeping federal climate change report referred incorrectly to the availability of the report . while it was not widely publicized , the report was uploaded by the nonprofit internet archive in january ; it was not first made public by the new york times .\nmy hometown , yamhill , ore . , a farming community , is trump country , and i have many friends who voted for trump . i think they\u2019re profoundly wrong , but please don\u2019t dismiss them as hateful bigots .\nlibutti\u2019s significance during the campaign was owed to his reputed mob ties . a trump casino employee told state regulators libutti had bragged about working for john gotti . when asked about libutti last year , trump denied knowing him .\nschumer ' s first standup gig takes place at gotham comedy club in nyc . she later discussed the performance while taping last comic standing , saying ,\nit was actually pretty painless because i wasn ' t expecting very much from myself . some friends are there , and my mom , so it was kind of like there was nowhere to go but up . but i still have that tape , and it ' s really , really painful to watch . but it was good , it was a good first experience to have on stage .\nin trump , white supremacists see one of their own . only grudgingly did trump denounce the ku klux klan and david duke , one of its former grand wizards\u2014and after the clashes between white supremacists and counterprotesters in charlottesville , virginia , in august , duke in turn praised trump\u2019s contentious claim that \u201cboth sides\u201d were responsible for the violence .\nhe officially moves from boston to new york city and lands his first writing gig for caroline ' s comedy hour at club carolines . the cable show is hosted at the time by colin quinn , and c . k . works alongside fellow writers jon stewart and dave attell .\ntrump\u2019s political career began in advocacy of birtherism . but long before that , he had made his worldview clear .\nsupreme court cliffhanger is set for tonight as trump narrows his choices but keeps even his closest aides . . .\nfrom the shove to the orb , no single trump moment from trip abroad stands out . there are too many\nbut as trump headed home , many in europe remained concerned about the future of u . s . leadership .\ntrump says guam news is good for tourism . an official says it ' s not . - the washington post\nd . j . trump\u2019s last workout in ocala was , in trump parlance , a total disaster . a few hours after running , the horse\u2019s legs began shaking uncontrollably , then he collapsed in a heap . d . j . trump had contracted the virus without showing symptoms , veterinarians concluded , and the workout had exacerbated his condition .\nto trump , whiteness is neither notional nor symbolic but is the very core of his power . in this , trump is not singular . but whereas his forebears carried whiteness like an ancestral talisman , trump cracked the glowing amulet open , releasing its eldritch energies . the repercussions are striking : trump is the first president to have served in no public capacity before ascending to his perch . but more telling , trump is also the first president to have publicly affirmed that his daughter is a \u201cpiece of ass . \u201d the mind seizes trying to imagine a black man extolling the virtues of sexual assault on tape ( \u201cwhen you\u2019re a star , they let you do it\u201d ) , fending off multiple accusations of such assaults , immersed in multiple lawsuits for allegedly fraudulent business dealings , exhorting his followers to violence , and then strolling into the white house . but that is the point of white supremacy\u2014to ensure that that which all others achieve with maximal effort , white people ( particularly white men ) achieve with minimal qualification . barack obama delivered to black people the hoary message that if they work twice as hard as white people , anything is possible . but trump\u2019s counter is persuasive : work half as hard as black people , and even more is possible .\nthe president delivered his first public remarks on the issue aboard air force one in early april , saying he knew nothing about the payment to daniels . when asked why cohen felt compelled to shell out $ 130 , 000 for what the white house was calling false allegations , trump responded ,\nmichael & apos ; s my attorney , and you & apos ; ll have to ask michael .\nof course , there have been other presidents without lengthy political experience , like trump ' s predecessor barack obama , for example . and trump , who is 70 , has had a lifetime of experience in real estate and marketing .\nthat is the kind of unnecessary chaos that has marked this 100 days from the start . remember how botched the rollout was for that first travel ban executive order ? it affected real people ' s lives , stuck in airports as officials were initially unclear who exactly the order applied to .\nas weeks passed however , trump still hadn\u2019t paid . libutti involved lawyers , and angry letters were exchanged , according to o\u2019donnell . eventually , trump agreed to a reduced price . his name was worth at least $ 250 , 000 , trump argued , so he should only have to pay an additional $ 250 , 000 to complete the purchase .\nthe diamond mine which was discovered when the straight strike mare shadea visited octagonal ( pictured ) in that great stallion\u2019s first season at stud in 1997 \u2013 producing the mighty lonhro \u2013 has thrown up another gem , judging by the breath - takingly easy debut win of eighto at geelong on friday .\nin fact , pharoah\u2019s $ 200 , 000 was the highest figure for a freshman stallion since ghostzapper , the 2004 horse of the year , began his stud career in 2006 . the fact that pharoah was the first to win the triple crown since affirmed in 1978 certainly upped the asking price .\nnorth korea\u2019s ambassador to the united nations , ja song nam , left his seat prior to the arrival president trump .\nthe french president also confronted a big issue mr . trump conspicuously omitted , climate change . \u201cthe planet will not negotiate with us , \u201d mr . macron said , referring to the paris climate accord that mr . trump has renounced .\ntrump also offered an economic justification for his decision to sharply reduce the number of refugees the united states takes in .\nthen came donald trump\u2019s campaign remarks , and top executives on both sides sought to manage the fallout with their bosses .\nif there\u2019s one person in the trump family known for having a good sense of style , it\u2019s admittedly not donald .\nbut white house officials repeatedly defended trump ' s approach , noting the president ' s responsibility to protect american interests .\nover the years , trump repeatedly has dismissed o\u2019donnell\u2019s book as fiction . they haven\u2019t spoken since 1991 , o\u2019donnell said .\nin the late 1980s , trump was a highflying casino magnate in the midst of a frenzy of splashy purchases that spread his name and brand . he bought an airline ( trump shuttle , which he gave up in 1992 after defaulting on payments ) , a power boat race ( the 1989 trump castle world championships , marred by rain , high seas , and a fatal wreck ) and launched a bike race ( the tour de trump , which turned out all right ) .\nin 1993 trump married his second wife , marla maples , an actress with whom he had been involved for some time and already had a daughter , tiffany trump ( born in 1993 ) . trump would ultimately file for a highly publicized divorce from maples in 1997 , which became final in june 1999 . a prenuptial agreement allotted $ 2 million to maples .\nthe kkk and counterprotesters in charlottesville , virginia , july 8 , 2017 . not every trump voter is a white supremacist . but every trump voter felt it acceptable to hand the fate of the country over to one . ( gabriella demczuk )"]}
{"id": 2328, "summary": [{"text": "rubrograptis recrudescentia is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in nigeria and benin .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 4 \u2013 5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is dark grey with a bluish-green hue .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costal and distal pattern is orange , spotted with brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a red pattern , the hindwings are brown-grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "rubrograptis recrudescentia", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for rubrograptis definition . you find here rubrograptis meaning , synonyms of rubrograptis and images for rubrograptis copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nthis is the place for recrudescentia definition . you find here recrudescentia meaning , synonyms of recrudescentia and images for recrudescentia copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word rubrograptis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word rubrograptis and , of course , rubrograptis synonyms and on the right images related to the word rubrograptis .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word recrudescentia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word recrudescentia and , of course , recrudescentia synonyms and on the right images related to the word recrudescentia .\ntype species : rubrograptis recrudescentia razowski , 1981 . acta zoologica cracoviensia 25 : 328 , figs . 12 , 30\u201332 . by original designation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrazowski j . 1981 . nigerian tortricini ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . - acta zoologica cracoviensia 25 ( 14 ) : 319\u2013340 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nholotype \u2642 , isea ; paratypes 95\u2642 , 31\u2640 , rmca , mnhn , zsm , isea , zmhb .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide razowski 311 , tmsa : paratypes \u2642 and 3\u2640 , genitalia slide razowski 13766 , isea .\nholotype \u2640 , not dissected , isea ; paratypes 2\u2640 , isea , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 30296\u2642 , isea ; paratypes 11\u2642 , 4\u2640 , genitalia slide 30297\u2640 , isea , tmsa .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide a9 , samc ; paratypes 3\u2642 and 1\u2640 and 1 specimen , isea .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide t . karisch 3385\u2642 , coll . karisch ; paratypes 2\u2642 , isea , mnvd .\nholotype \u2642 , coll . karisch ; paratypes 3\u2642 , genitalia slide t . karisch 3353\u2642 , isea , mnvd , coll . karisch .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide t . karisch 3379\u2642 , coll . karisch ; paratypes 8\u2642 , genitalia slide t . karisch 3384\u2642 , mnvd , isea , coll . karisch .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 164\u2642 , tmsa ; paratypes 5\u2642 , tmsa , isea .\nholotype \u2642 , not dissected , tmsa ; paratypes 5\u2642 , 6\u2640 , tmsa , isea .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide 12980 , isea ; paratype 1\u2640 , genitalia slide 21354 , bmnh .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide k . tuck 23549\u2642 , bmnh ; paratypes 5\u2642 , bmnh , isea ."]}
{"id": 2329, "summary": [{"text": "marpesia eleuchea , the antillean daggerwing , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the west indies .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "occasional strays can be found in the florida keys .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 67 \u2013 83 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults feed on the nectar of various flowers , including tournefortia , cordia , lantana , and eupatorium species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on ficus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "marpesia eleuchea", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for marpesia eleuchea dospassosi yet . learn how to contribute .\nmarpesia eleuchea h\u00fcbner , 1818 ; zutr\u00e4ge samml . exot . schmett . 1 : 32 , pl . [ 35 ] , f . 197 - 198 ; tl : cuba\nmarpesia eleuchea , the antillean daggerwing , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae . it is found in the west indies . occasional strays can be found in the florida keys .\nmarpesia eleuchea , the antillean daggerwing , is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it is found in the west indies . occasional strays can be found in the florida keys .\nmarpesia livius ; [ bow ] : pl . 39 , f . 2 ; tl : 2\nmarpesia berania ; [ bcr ] : 150 , pl . 23 ; [ nl4a ] , # 1718\nmarpesia zerynthia h\u00fcbner , [ 1823 ] ; samml . exot . schmett . 2 : pl . 51\nmarpesia crethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 39 , f . 6 ; [ nl4a ] , # 1722\n= marpesia elechea ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 25\nmarpesia marcella ; [ bcr ] : 149 , pl . 23 ; [ bow ] : pl . 39 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ nl4a ] , # 1728\nmarpesia merops ; [ bcr ] : 149 , pl . 23 ; [ bow ] : pl . 39 , f . 5 ; [ ecul ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 1729\nmarpesia petreus petreus ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 99 ; [ ecul ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 1731a\nwingspan 50 - 78mm . sexes similar though males slightly smaller and with forewing tips black rather than brown . upperwings are bright orange rather than brown as in many - banded daggerwing marpesia chiron . the underwings are more silvery than that species .\nmarpesia petreus ; [ nacl ] , # 4550 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bcr ] : 146 , pl . 23 ; [ bow ] : pl . 14 , f . 11 ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 1731\nmarpesia chiron ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 99 ; [ nacl ] , # 4549 ; [ bcr ] : 146 , pl . 23 ; [ bow ] : pl . 38 , f . 16 ; [ opler ] ; [ nl4a ] , # 1719\nhindwing with a long dagger - like tail . forewing with an elongated tip . upperside brownish orange with 3 black lines ; middle line on the forewing is sharply bent .\nthe west indies . strays very occasionally to the florida keys , probably from cuba .\ntimetes berania hewitson , 1852 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( timetes ) : [ 9 ] , pl . [ 5 ] , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : ecuador , quito ; river amazon [ = river amazon ]\npapilio chiron fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 452 ; tl :\nindia\n[ haiti ]\ntimetes phiale godman & salvin , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 1 ) : 270 ; tl : guatemala , volcan de atitlan\nsurinam , peru ? , ecuador ? , colombia , venezuela . see [ maps ]\npapilio furcula fabricius , 1793 ; ( repl . name ) ; tl :\njamaica , india\n[ error ]\nnymphalis harmonia klug , 1836 ; neue schmett . ( 1 ) : 3 , pl . 2 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : mexico , veracruz\ntymetes berania ; hewitson , 1852 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ( f . )\nmegalura alcibiades staudinger , 1876 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien , 25 ( 1 ) : 104 ; tl : panama\nmegalura valetta butler & druce , 1872 ; cistula ent . 1 ( 5 ) : 101 ; tl : costa rica\n? tymetes merops boisduval , [ 1846 ] ; in cuvier , r\u00e8gne anim . ( disciples ' ed . ) 6 ( vol . 4 ) : explic . pl . 139\npapilio petreus cramer , [ 1776 ] ; uitl . kapellen 1 ( 8 ) : 138 , pl . 87 , f . d , e ; tl : surinam\ntimetes norica hewitson , 1852 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( timetes ) : [ 9 ] , pl . [ 5 ] , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : [ brazil , amazonas ]\ntimetes tutelina hewitson , 1852 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( timetes ) : [ 10 ] , pl . [ 5 ] , f . 5 ; tl : brazil , amazonas\ntimetes psophus westwood , 1850 ; ( nom . nud . ) ; tl : mexico , oaxaca\nbutterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nnew species of butterflies from guatemala and panama , collected by osbert salvin and f . du cane godman , esqs .\nthe genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson\ngenera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .\nverzeichniss der von herrn dr . theodor koch - gr\u00fcnberg am oberen waupes 1903 - 1905 gesammelten rhopaloceren mit besprechung verwandter arten\nbiologia centrali - americana . rhopalocera . vol . 1 . ( 1879 - 1886 )\nillustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson\nsammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 2 ( [ 1819 ] - [ 1827 ] )\nneue schmetterlinge der insenkten - sammlung des k\u00f6nigl . zoologischen musei der universit\u00e4t zu berlin\nzoological illustrations , or original figures and descriptions of new , rare or interesting animals , selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology , entomology , and conchology , and arranged according to their apparent affinities . second series\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nregionally endemic and found only in bahamas , cuba , jamaica and hispaniola . has also been seen as a stray in florida .\nwidespread and thinly distributed in cuba in gardens , open areas and woodland wherever the foodplant grows .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthe wingspan is 67\u201383 mm . adults feed on the nectar of various flowers , including tournefortia , cordia , lantana , and eupatorium species . [ 2 ]\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nthe wingspan is 67\u201383 mm . adults feed on the nectar of various flowers , including tournefortia , cordia , lantana , and eupatorium species .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2331, "summary": [{"text": "marquesas swamphen ( porphyrio paepae ) is a presumably extinct species of swamphen from the marquesas islands hiva oa and tahuata .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it was originally described from 600-year-old subfossil remains from tahuata and hiva oa .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it may have survived to around 1900 ; in the lower right corner of paul gauguin 's 1902 painting le sorcier d'hiva oa ou le marquisien \u00e0 la cape rouge there is a bird which resembles native descriptions of porphyrio paepae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "thor heyerdahl claimed to have seen a similar flightless bird on hiva oa in 1937 . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "marquesas swamphen", "paragraphs": ["with reverso you can find the english translation , definition or synonym for marquesas swamphen [ porphyrio paepae ] [ probably extinct ] and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of marquesas swamphen [ porphyrio paepae ] [ probably extinct ] given by the english - german collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , gr\u00e9visse\npaul gauguin ' s 1902 probable depiction of the marquesan swamphen ( porphyrio paepae ) being killed by a dog .\n) , new ireland\u2019s prehistoric landbird assemblage resembles those of holocene ( < 10 , 000 b . p . ) cultural sites as far away as the marquesas islands (\nanother undescribed rail , porphyrio new sp . , is known from 19 bones ( 14 skeletal elements ) . this huge flightless swamphen is much larger than the extinct porphyrio paepae of the marquesas ( 30 ) and taller but less stout than porphyrio mantelli of new zealand . porphyrio new sp . even exceeds in size the extinct porphyrio kukwiedei of new caledonia ( 25 ) .\nporphyrio paepae was known from hiva oa and tahuata on the marquesas islands ( french polynesia ) . it may have survived as late as 1937 , but must have become extinct soon afterwards ( steadman 1988 , hume and walters 2012 ) .\nan undescribed flightless rail ( gallirallus new sp . ) is well represented ( 15 bones from four sites ) . it probably was endemic to new ireland , where the widespread , volant , more gracile g . philippensis lives today . the undescribed rail is referred to as gallirallus rather than as other genera of rails in oceania , following characters in ref . 28 . a vast radiation of flightless species of gallirallus once occupied tropical pacific islands of the ryukyus , marianas , and bismarcks eastward at least to the marquesas . only seven species of estimated hundreds still survive [ on okinawa , guam ( captivity only ) , new britain ( generic status unconfirmed ) , new georgia group ( solomon islands ) , new caledonia , lord howe , and new zealand ; refs . 3 and 29 ] .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nporphyrio paepae ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was described by steadman ( 1988 ) from bones found at two archaeological sites .\njustification : this newly - recognised gallinule may have survived until as late as 1937 , but undoubtedly became extinct soon after . it likely disappeared as a result of over - hunting and predation by invasive rats and cats .\nthis species was a small gallinule which probably had reduced flying capabilities ( hume and walters 2012 ) .\nlittle is known , but it was presumably driven to extinction by hunting pressure and predation by invasive species .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t62263064a119207668 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nsorry , no definitions found . check out and contribute to the discussion of this word !\nlog in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .\nwordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\n^ \u00ab [ \u2026 ] d\u2019 hiva oa [ \u2026 ] \u00bb as such , is pronounced / di\u02c8va o\u02c8a / , while the polynesian h is always a / \u0266 / : this shows gauguin had a very poor knowledge of the polynesian languages . he should have written de hiva oa . despite polynesian inscriptions , often approximative , gauguin seems to be inable to speak any polynesian languages , as it is said locally .\nsteadman , david w . ( 2006 ) . extinction and biogeography of tropical pacific birds . chicago : university of chicago press . pp . 101 , 105\u20136 , 127 , 243\u20134 , 312\u20135 , 523 . isbn 0 - 226 - 77142 - 3 .\n\u2014 prehistoric birds are various taxa of birds that became extinct before recorded history , or more precisely , before they could be studied alive by bird scientists . they are known from subfossil remains and sometimes folk memory , as in the case of\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 this page refers only to birds that have gone extinct since the year 1500 a . d . / c . e . and usually were subject to scientific study while alive . since 1500 , over 190 species of birds have become extinct , and this rate of extinction seems to be\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 this is a list of the bird species recorded in french polynesia . the avifauna of french polynesia includes a total of 122 species , of which 27 are endemic , 14 have been introduced by humans , and 16 are rare or accidental . 27 species are globally\u2026 \u2026\n\u2014 this list of introduced bird species includes all the species of bird successfully or unsuccessfully introduced to an area other than their native range , or to an area they formerly inhabited . this practice has been harmful in many areas , \u2026 \u2026\nwe are using cookies for the best presentation of our site . continuing to use this site , you agree with this . ok\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg central are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou want to reject this entry : please give us your comments ( bad translation / definition , duplicate entries . . . )\nto add entries to your own vocabulary , become a member of reverso community or login if you are already a member .\nwon ' t ] randomly draw three blue balls in a row out of a box of mostly yellow balls .\nwon ' t ] pull three blue balls in a row at random out of a yellow box , but you could randomly sample just one blue ball .\nnicht zuf\u00e4llig hintereinander 3 blaue b\u00e4lle ziehen , aber sie k\u00f6nnten zuf\u00e4llig nur einen blauen ball herausziehen .\n] better placed than the commission to explain their reasons for not ratifying the united nations international convention on the protection of the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families .\n] besser als die kommission darlegen , weshalb sie das internationale un - \u00fcbereinkommen zum schutz der rechte aller wanderarbeitnehmer und ihrer familienangeh\u00f6rigen noch nicht ratifiziert haben .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nthis site uses cookies to deliver our services , improve performance , for analytics , and ( if not signed in ) for advertising . by using librarything you acknowledge that you have read and understand our terms of service and privacy policy . your use of the site and services is subject to these policies and terms .\nsign up for librarything to find out whether you ' ll like this book .\nthis is the first comprehensive review of the hundreds of bird species and subspecies that have become extinct over the last 1 , 000 years of habitat degradation , over - hunting and rat introduction . covering both familiar icons of extinction as well as more obscure birds , some known from just one specimen or from traveller ' s tales , the book also looks at hundreds of species from the subfossil record - birds that disappeared without ever being recorded . julian hume and michael walters recreate these lost birds in stunning detail , bringing together an up to date review of the literature for every species . from great auks , carolina parakeets and dodos to the amazing yet completely vanished bird radiations of hawaii and new zealand , via rafts of extinctions in the pacific and elsewhere , this book is both a sumptuous reference and an amazing testament to humanity ' s impact on birds . a direct replacement for greenway ' s seminal 1958 title extinct and vanishing birds , this book will be the standard reference on the subject for generations to come .\ncopyright librarything and / or members of librarything , authors , publishers , libraries , cover designers , amazon , bol , bruna , etc . | static : /\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\n* florida museum of natural history , university of florida , p . o . box 117800 , gainesville , fl 32611 ; \u2021 school of archaeology , university of sydney , sydney , new south wales 2006 , australia ; and \u00a7 department of archaeology , la trobe university , bundoora , victoria 3083 , australia\n\u2020 to whom reprint requests should be addressed . e - mail : ude . lfu . hnmlf @ namdaets .\nat least 50 species of birds are represented in 241 bird bones from five late pleistocene and holocene archaeological sites on new ireland ( bismarck archipelago , papua new guinea ) . the bones include only two of seabirds and none of migrant shorebirds or introduced species . of the 50 species , at least 12 ( petrel , hawk , megapode , quail , four rails , cockatoo , two owls , and crow ) are not part of the current avifauna and have not been recorded previously from new ireland . larger samples of bones undoubtedly would indicate more extirpated species and refine the chronology of extinction . humans have lived on new ireland for ca . 35 , 000 years , whereas most of the identified bones are 15 , 000 to 6 , 000 years old . it is suspected that most or all of new ireland\u2019s avian extinction was anthropogenic , but this suspicion remains undetermined . our data show that significant prehistoric losses of birds , which are well documented on pacific islands more remote than new ireland , occurred also on large , high , mostly forested islands close to new guinea .\noceanic islands are renowned as locations of extinction . remote islands in the tropical pacific , for example , have lost most of their endemic species of birds since humans arrived in the past several millennia ( 1 \u2013 3 ) . these losses are documented by studying bones from prehistoric cultural and noncultural sites . by contrast , the large island of new guinea , standing at the western margin of oceania , has an avifauna that shows very little evidence of anthropogenic extinction ( 4 \u2013 6 ) . here , we present evidence that major losses of birds occurred prehistorically on new ireland , a very large island close to new guinea , and with a modern avifauna that is rich relative to the avifaunas on remote pacific islands . this fact indicates that even large , mostly forested islands close to new guinea , and very likely even new guinea itself , have not been spared in the global extinction crisis that has followed the spread of humans around the world .\nnew ireland is the second largest island in papua new guinea\u2019s bismarck archipelago . it lies north and east of new britain , which in turn lies just off new guinea\u2019s huon peninsula ( fig .\nthis map of new ireland shows the location of the five archaeological sites discussed in this paper .\nmany aspects of avian biology in the bismarcks are understood poorly . for example , new subspecies continue to be described ( 12 , 13 ) , and little is known about avian community ecology ( e . g . , relative abundance , habitat preference , foraging ecology , and species associations ) . in this paper , we report how the avifauna of new ireland has changed in species composition since the first arrival of humans .\n) belong to the papua new guinea national museum and art gallery ( port moresby , papua new guinea ) . we believe that most of the bird bones were accumulated by prehistoric peoples rather than non - human predators because of the clearly cultural context in which they were found and because the incidence of burning and breakage are typical of that in other cultural sites in oceania . identifications are based on comparisons ( by d . w . s . ) with modern skeletons from the florida museum of natural history , new york state museum ( albany , ny ) , the smithsonian institution ( washington , dc ) , and the university of washington\u2019s burke museum ( seattle , wa ) . for some taxa in table\n, identification was limited by a lack of modern skeletons of appropriate species\u2014a large problem with birds throughout melanesia .\nbal = balof 1 ( 17 bones ) + balof 2 ( 102 bones ) ; bua = buang marabak ; mbe = matenbek ; mkk = matenkupkum ; pan = panakiwuk . nisp = number of identified specimens . no species of accipiter are counted for in \u201ctotal * \u2020 bones\u201d or \u201cpercentage of * \u2020 bones . \u201d\n\u2021 identification not precise enough to determine current status on new ireland ; assumed to be extant .\n) are caves or rock shelters developed in reef limestone . our brief descriptions of the sites follow those given in refs .\npanakiwuk is a rock shelter in a large eroded doline in northern new ireland , \u2248150 m above sea level and \u22484 km from either coast . no gardens are maintained near this forested site today , and , given the rugged terrain , it is likely that no gardens were maintained there in the past . archaeological evidence suggests intermittent use of the shelter by humans moving between coasts and hunting in the forest . cultural deposits reach an average depth of 1 . 45 m in the major excavation ( 3 m 2 ) , and two other test pits ( 1 \u00d7 1 m ) bottomed out at 60\u201380 cm . panakiwuk was first occupied at 15 , 000\u201314 , 000 b . p . [ approximate age , based on calibrated radiocarbon ( 14 c ) dates reported in detail in refs . 14 \u2013 23 ] , but occupation seems to have been sporadic . the major archaeological deposits date from 10 , 000 b . p . to 8 , 000 b . p . the site was abandoned for most of the holocene epoch , with minor reoccupation after 1 , 600 b . p .\nbalof 1 and 2 are shelters formed beneath the edges of a sinkhole some 2 . 7 km from the east coast . the deposits at balof 1 are \u22481 m deep and substantially reworked by oven pits dug in recent centuries . deposits at balof 2 are \u22482 m deep and relatively undisturbed , as corroborated by a sequence of\nc dates . both sites are as old as 14 , 000 b . p . but were occupied only intermittently . large numbers of bones of the culturally important hornbill (\n; confined to pleistocene levels ) suggest that activities at balof were aimed at particular resources . the differences in avifaunas between balof and other sites ( table\n) also may relate to balof\u2019s location at the edge of rugged limestone country that probably has been mostly forested throughout occupation of the site .\nbuang merabak is a limestone cave in central new ireland , \u2248200 m from the east coast and perhaps 50 m above sea level . an excavation ( 1 \u00d7 1 m ) reached bedrock at a \u22481 . 6 - m depth . sparsely scattered holocene material seems to be disturbed , judging from the 14 c dates . the underlying pleistocene deposits are largely intact . although further excavation and dating are required , initial studies of the site indicate early , sparse occupation after 32 , 000 b . p . , periodic abandonments , and increased occupation in the terminal pleistocene epoch .\nmatenkupkum is a large limestone cave in southern new ireland , only \u224830 m inland and \u224815 m above sea level . although sea level would have been \u2248120 m lower at the last glacial maximum ( 18 , 000 b . p . ) , the cave\u2019s distance from the sea would not have been much greater because of very steep submarine contours along this coast . immediately behind matenkupkum are extensive grasslands , and further inland are limestone karst and volcanic mountains covered with rainforest . the grassland vegetation is probably a disclimax vegetation , as the soils here are well suited for tree crops and gardens , as well as rainforest . thus , when first occupied , matenkupkum may have been surrounded by rainforest . cultural deposits indicate intermittent occupation from 35 , 000 to 20 , 000 b . p . , when the site was abandoned until 16 , 000 b . p . the most intensive occupation was from 14 , 000 to 10 , 000 b . p .\nmatenbek is another large limestone cave in the same uplifted coral terrace as matenkupkum , and \u224870 m south of it . the original cave entrance has collapsed and may well overlie deeper and older deposits than those excavated , because the oldest levels in matenkupkum were at the entrance . the matenbek faunal sample came from two test pits ( 80 \u00d7 80 cm ) in an area that may have been 7\u20138 m in from the original drip line . there , 90 cm of archaeological deposits are sandwiched beneath 45 cm of in - washed soils and above 30 cm of sterile sands that cover the cave floor . the earlier of two phases of occupation at matenbek range from 20 , 000 to 18 , 000 b . p . , after which the site was abandoned and then reoccupied from 9 , 000 to 6 , 000 b . p . dates on the in - washed soils suggest that the entrance collapsed at 2 , 000 b . p .\nat all five sites , the stone artifact assemblage consists mainly of simple unretouched flakes , which , on average , are much smaller at panakiwuk and balof than at matenkupkum and matenbek , where flaked river cobbles predominate . shell tools also occur throughout the sequence . obsidian imported from new britain first appears in the sites as early as 19 , 000 b . p . ( matenbek ) and as late as 7 , 000 b . p . ( balof 2 ) . pottery shards occur in small numbers only in the uppermost deposits ( < 3 , 000 b . p . ) .\nalthough most sites had some noncultural deposits at their bases , these strata produced only bones of indigenous rodents . bones in the earliest human layers are mostly of indigenous rats , bats , reptiles , and occasionally birds . species of mammals brought to new ireland by humans appear at the sites only after 19 , 000 b . p . these are phalangers ( phalanger orientalis , spilocuscus maculatus ) , wallabies ( thylogale brunii ) , rats ( rattus praetor , rattus exulans ) , pigs ( sus scrofa ) , and dogs ( canis familiaris ) , of which only p . orientalis has been recorded from the pleistocene strata ( 17 , 24 ) . shell midden and fish bone occur throughout the sequence and in the three coastal sites as well .\nrepresented by a coracoid and carpometacarpus , a petrel ( pterodroma sp . ) belongs to the subgenus pseudobulweria , consisting of two poorly known species ( pterodroma rostrata and pterodroma becki ) with very localized modern ranges in oceania . based on their relatively large size , the two bones from matenbek may represent the tahiti petrel ( p . rostrata ) , known today as a breeding species in east polynesia , with offshore records in the bismarcks .\npending availability of skeletons of more melanesian species of accipiter , all that can be concluded about accipiter sp . 2 ( ulna , carpometacarpus , tibiotarsus ) and accipiter sp . 3 ( coracoid , scapula , humerus , carpometacarpus ) is that at least one of these species , both of which are larger than a . novaehollandiae and too disparate in size to represent the same species , no longer occurs on new ireland . the only species of accipiter on new ireland today are the widespread a . novaehollandiae and the smaller accipiter brachyurus . a recent sight record suggests that the much larger accipiter meyerianus also may reside on new ireland ( b . m . beehler , personal communication ) .\nmegapodius new sp . ( scapula , tarsometatarsus ) is a very large species in the size range of megapodius molistructor of new caledonia and tonga ( 25 \u2013 27 ) .\ncoturnix ypsilophorus ( coracoid , two humeri , ulna ) occurs on mainland new guinea but not in the bismarcks . much larger than c . chinensis , this quail prefers grasslands and thus may have never been abundant in new ireland .\ntwo other rails , porzana tabuensis ( humerus , femur ) and porphyrio porphyrio ( tarsometatarsus ) , are extant and widespread in the papuan region but had not been recorded previously on new ireland . the fact that these rails have not been recorded on new ireland may be only a sampling artifact of modern surveys .\nthe two coracoids , scapula , femur , and tibiotarsus of cf . cacatua sp . from balof are much larger than in the parrots known on new ireland , the largest of which is eclectus roratus . these bones differ from those of e . roratus in many qualitative features . in size and proportion , they resemble the bones of several species of cacatua , of which the nearest population to new ireland is that of cacatua [ galerita ] ophthalmica on new britain ( 4 , 31 ) . much larger than the bones of cacatua ducorpsi of the solomon islands , the balof specimens probably represent an undescribed species or subspecies in the c . galerita species group , the description of which awaits the availability of more comparative skeletons .\nno species of tyto have been recorded from new ireland , although five species of tyto are known from papua new guinea ( 4 , 6 ) . bones of the small tyto sp . 1 ( ulna , carpometacarpus , two tarsometatarsi ) are about the size of those in tyto alba ( new guinea and some offshore islands ) , tyto aurantia ( new britain ) , and tyto capensis ( local in new guinea and australia ) . the femur , two tibiotarsi , and six tarsometatarsi of tyto sp . 2 from balof and matenkupkum are much larger than those of t . alba , t . aurantia , and t . capensis . tyto sp . 2 would seem to be the size of tyto novaehollandiae ( specimens not available ) ; among congeners , t . novaehollandiae is exceeded in size perhaps by only tyto tenebricosa of new guinea , japen , and australia ( 32 ) . in papua new guinea today , t . novaehollandiae occurs only in lowland forests and savannas of the southern fly river region and on manus island . a large species of tyto also has been recorded from an archaeological site on mussau ( 33 ) . at one time , t . novaehollandiae may have inhabited much of the bismarck archipelago .\nthe humerus and tibiotarsus of corvus sp . are larger than in corvus orru , the only corvid on new ireland . specimens of corvus meeki ( bougainville , buka , shortlands ; see refs . 34 and 35 ) are not available . the new ireland bones also are larger than in corvus woodfordi ( solomon islands ) , corvus bennetti ( australia ) , corvus coronoides ( australia ) , and corvus macrorhynchos ( philippines ) . they may represent corvus tristis , confined today to mainland new guinea and nearby satellite islands , or a closely related form .\npasseriformes sp . 3\u20136 represent four different sizes of songbirds that are smaller than mino and corvus but larger than , for example , nectarinia , dicaeum , and zosterops . these 21 bones probably represent more than four species .\n) . of seven other families with \u22654 % of the total bird bones , only the megapodes , parrots , and passerines occur regularly and in good numbers in prehistoric sites north and east of the bismarcks .\nprehistoric bone assemblages from remote oceania typically indicate the loss of 50\u201390 % of the species of native landbirds ( 1 \u2013 3 ) . the lower proportion ( 24 % ) of extinct / extirpated species from new ireland may be related to the presence of indigenous rodents ( melomys rufescens and rattus mordax sanila ) . in remote oceania , birds evolved without native mammalian predators , leading to na\u00efvet\u00e9 and vulnerability to predation when humans and associated nonnative mammals arrived ( 38 ) . evolving alongside native rodents exposed new ireland\u2019s birds to potential predation from terrestrial animals in prehuman times . nevertheless , the arrival of humans to new ireland led to the prehistoric introduction of macropods , pigs , dogs , two species of cuscuses , and two more species of rats ( 17 ) , any of which could have had a negative impact on birds .\ndeposits dated to the pleistocene epoch ( > 10 , 000 b . p . ) account for 56 % of the bird bones from new ireland . unlike sites in remote oceania with continuous and rich deposition of bird bones (\n) , the new ireland record is too spotty to determine precisely when various species were lost . only 2 % of the bird bones identified from the five sites are more than 15 , 000 years old ( table\n) , at which time humans already had occupied new ireland for 20 , 000 years . which species may have been lost during those first 20 millennia remain unknown .\n) . among the three sites with > 50 bird bones , panakiwuk has the fewest bones of extinct species , but these date primarily to 10 , 000\u20138 , 000 b . p . , suggesting that much extinction already had taken place by that time . for the two flightless rails (\nnew sp . ) , 32 of 34 bones are from pleistocene strata , suggesting that the two isolated bones may be out of context . however , three other extinct / extirpated species have records at \u22646 , 000 b . p . ( table\n) , suggesting that climate and vegetation changes during the pleistocene / holocene transition were not important factors in their extinction . on the other hand , if lapita peoples in remote oceania are any indication , late holocene horticulturalists may have been just as destructive to bird life as the late pleistocene hunter / gatherers .\nthe bird bone samples are too small to estimate new ireland\u2019s species richness at any one time with much certainty . we have made the very conservative assumption that all taxa marked with a double dagger (\nrepresent extant , resident species on new ireland . if this assumption holds true , then bones of 38 of new ireland\u2019s 106 current resident species of landbirds were recovered from the archaeological sites , as well as the bones of 12 species no longer occurring on the island . an archaeological record fully representative of new ireland\u2019s late pleistocene / early holocene landbirds probably would include at least 30 species that no longer live on the island . thus , in the absence of human impact , the landbirds of new ireland probably would number about 140 species today . a similar number probably existed there in the late pleistocene .\nwe believe that few if any of new ireland\u2019s current landbirds colonized the island within the past several millennia . according to equilibrium theory , the avifauna of new ireland should have undergone postglacial \u201crelaxation\u201d ( 41 , 42 ) . because most of the extinct / extirpated taxa belong to families known to be especially vulnerable to human activities , we favor human impact over relaxation as the primary cause of faunal depletion on new ireland .\nhumans colonized the bismarck archipelago and solomon islands by 35 , 000\u201330 , 000 years ago ( 43 \u2013 45 ) . thus , unlike in remote oceania , where human arrival in the late holocene was clearly devastating to indigenous birds ( 3 ) , the lapita peoples who moved across the bismarcks and solomons about 3 , 500 years ago found a flora and fauna that already had withstood tens of millennia of human activity ( 33 , 46 ) . to provide perspective on how the rich avifaunas of this region have changed over the long course of human occupation , more islands in the bismarcks and solomons should be surveyed for bone deposits of prehistoric birds . the limited evidence from new ireland hints that even new guinea , occupied by humans at least as long as island melanesia ( 47 ) and prized since its \u201cdiscovery\u201d by europeans for being so wild and forested , has suffered as yet undetected losses of birds since the arrival of humans .\nwe thank g . petri and m . i . williams for their help with the manuscript preparation and b . m . beehler , j . m . diamond , h . b . freifeld , p . v . kirch , a . w . kratter , and m . spriggs for helpful comments . field research was sponsored by australian research council grants to j . p . w . ( balof ) and to c . gosden and j . a . ( matenbek ) . panakiwuk , matenkupkum , and buang merabak were excavated as part of the lapita homeland project , with major funding from national geographic society grant 3000 - 84 and from the research school of pacific studies , australian national university . d . w . s . \u2019s laboratory research was funded by national science foundation grants bsr - 8607535 and ear - 9714819 and university of florida division of sponsored research grant rda 1 - 23 95 - 96 ) .\nwhite j p , flannery t f , o\u2019brien r , hancock r v , pavlish l .\nkirch p v , steadman d w , butler v l , hather j , weisler m i .\nfrith h j , calaby j h , editors . carberra , australia : aust . acad . sci . ; 1976 . pp . 616\u2013628 ."]}
{"id": 2332, "summary": [{"text": "anticrates metreta is a moth of the lacturidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is known from queensland , australia .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "adults have brown forewings , each with a white band outlined in orange across the middle and white patches at the base , tornus and apex .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are plain brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anticrates metreta", "paragraphs": ["choose one > anticrates metreta > anticrates paraxantha > anticrates phaedima > anticrates sp . a > anticrates sp . anic1 > anticrates sp . anic2 > anticrates sp . bold : aak2739 > anticrates sp . mm - 2015 > anticrates sp . nw - 2010 > anticrates zapyra all lower taxonomy nodes ( 10 )\nanticrates metreta ( turner , 1903 ) ( lacturidae ) , male - qld , 3 miles w of mossman , 13 . mar . 1964 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .\nanticrates metreta ( turner , 1903 ) ( lacturidae ) , female - qld , lockerbie , cape york peninsula , 4 . apr . 1964 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .\n, melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 28 . 18 , p . 298 .\nissue 76 ( march 2015 ) , pp . 10 - 11 , fig . 7 ,\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nstatus : a common species . resembles rutilella very much but the partly subhyaline wings and the broader yellow marginal band is distinguishing .\npapua localities : misool island : fakal ; batanta island : south coast ; roon island : yende ; japen island ; new guinea : gn . bembab , gn . meja reserve , rasiei , utakwa river . details in gazetteer .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2333, "summary": [{"text": "nomenia duodecimlineata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in western north america , from british columbia to california , nevada , arizona and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark grey .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing in spring . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "nomenia duodecimlineata", "paragraphs": ["genus : nomenia pearsall , 1905 . can . ent . 37 : 126 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : larentia duodecimlineata packard , 1873 . proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 16 : 19 , pl . 1 , fig . 1 . [ ( as 12 - lineata ) ] [ bhl ]\nfigures 53\u201357 , male and female genitalia of chesiadini and asthenini . 53 , female genitalia of lithostege usgentaria christoph ( turkmenistan ) ; 54 , male genitalia and the last sternite and tergite of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 55 , female genitalia of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 56 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlineata ( u . s . a . ) ; 57 , male genitalia of\ngen , sp . 7591\n( paraguay ) .\nfigures 53 \u2013 57 , male and female genitalia of chesiadini and asthenini . 53 , female genitalia of lithostege usgentaria christoph ( turkmenistan ) ; 54 , male genitalia and the last sternite and tergite of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 55 , female genitalia of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 56 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlineata ( u . s . a . ) ; 57 , male genitalia of \u201c gen , sp . 7591 \u201d ( paraguay ) .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens : type ( s ) [ u . s . a . ] : california , ( ? depository ) . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nviidalepp , jaan , 2011 , a morphological review of tribes in larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , zootaxa 3136 , pp . 1 - 44 : 16 - 17\nthe tribe was established ( as astheninae ) by warren ( 1893 ) , characterized according to genitalia by pierce ( 1914 ) and recently revised by xue and scoble ( 2002 ) . pierce described its characters as follows : valva in male with sacculus projecting long ; female bursa copulatrix with a long , evenly spined signum ; uncus weak and attached to dorsal side of anus tube , whereas ventral side of the tube bears a sclerotized subscaphium .\n, noted that labides are not entirely similar in these tribes by the absence in asthenines of the branch from basal costal projection of valva towards juxta . the absence of saccular projection of valva is stressed by pierce as another characteristic of\naccording to : the presence of labides , \u201cspringing from the points of union of the transtilla with the costa , there may arise two long arms , each bearing a soft hairy pad , and united together by a thin membrane\u201d . forbes ( 1948 ) found the chaetosemata of\nas follows : the spinneret is much longer than the labial palpi ; the thoracic claws are almost straight , and the angle of the notch acute .\nxue and scoble ( 2002 ) diagnosed the asthenine as follows : uncus distal projection either absent or vestigial ; uncus fused to the anal tube ; the authors reject the idea of homology of asthenine and eupitheciine labides , and suppose that the build of signum in female ( consisting of thin spines radiating from the central area ) is the best characteristic for the tribe .\n) ; colliculum flattened and re - folded in female at least in boreal genera ; bursa copulatrix finely spiculose .\nshare the presence of long projections from the base of costa , which are not not connected to the juxta ( fig . 56\nfigures 5 \u2013 10 . heads in stamnodini , eudulini asthenini and trichopterygini . 5 , stamnodini ( callipia sp . ) ( bolivia ) ; 6 , stamnodini ( stamnodes danilovi erschov ) ( touva ) ; 7 , asthenini ( discoloxia blomeri ( curtis ) ) ; 8 , rheumapterini ( spargania luctuata denis & schifferm\u00fcller . ) ; 9 , chesiadini ( aplocera columbata ( mentzer ) ) ( crimea ) ; 10 , trichopterygini ( rhopalodes lecorrei viidalepp ) , antenna ( fr . guiana ) .\nfigures 48 \u2013 52 , male and female genitalia of eupitheciini and perizonini . 48 , male genitalia , coremata hair pencils and sternite a 8 of eupithecia cauchiata ( duponchel ) ; 49 , male genitalian armature of eupithecia absinthiata ( clerck ) ; 50 , male genitalian armature of perizoma sp . ; 51 , female genitalia of eupithecia abbreviata stephens ; 52 , male genitalia of psaliodes sp . ( bolivia ) .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nviidalepp , jaan ( 2011 ) : a morphological review of tribes in larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) . zootaxa 3136 : 1 - 44 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 279481\nfigures 153\u2013154 , male genitalia of epirrhoe ( h\u00fcbner ) . 153 , male genitalia of epirhoe rivata ( h\u00fcbner ) ; 154 , male posterior abdominal segments and coremata of e rivata . ( h\u00fcbner )\nfigures 149\u2013152 , male and female genitalia , ansa and posterior abdominal segments of hagnagora druce . 149 , male genitalia and aedeagus of hagnagora clustimena ( druce ) ( bolivia ) ; 150 , posterior abdominal segments of h . clustimena ( druce ) ( bolivia ) ; 151 , female genitalia of h . ephestris ( felder & rogenhofer ) ( bolivia ) ; 152 , ansa of h . ephestris ( felder & rogenhofer ) ( bolivia ) .\nfigures 139\u2013148 , male genitalia and coremata and female genitalia of camptogramma stephens and catarhoe herbulot ( xanthorhoini ) . 139 , male genitalia of camptogramma bilineata ( linnaeus ) ; 140 , coremata of male c bilineata ( linnaeus ) ; 141 , male genitalia of c . bistrigata ( treitschke ) ( sardinia ) ; 142 , male genitalia and aedeagus of catarhoe arachne wiltshire ( tadjikistan ) ; 143 , coremata of c . . arachne wiltshire ( tadjikistan ) ; 144 , female genitalia of c turkmenica ( stshetkin ) ( turkmenistan ) ; 145 , aedeagus and male genitalia of c basochesiata ( duponchel ) ( cyprus ) ; 146 , male coremata . . .\nfigures 136\u2013138 , male genitalia and coremata of chrysolarentia butler and epyaxa meyrick ( xanthorhoini ) . 136 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of chrysolarentia mecynata ( guen\u00e9e ) ( tasmania ) ; 137 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of chrysolarentia sp . ( australia ) ; 138 , male genitalia and abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of epyaxa subidaria ( guen\u00e9e ) ( tasmania ) .\nfigures 130\u2013135 , male genitalia and coremata of xanthorhoini . 130 , size of coremata and genitalia in xanthorhoe rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 131 , posterior abdominal segments of x rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 132 , male genitalia and aedeagus of x rupicola ( wollaston ) ( madeira ) ; 133 , male genitalia , aedeagus and coremata of x inaequata warren ( madeira ) ; 134 , male genitalia of x ferrugata ( clerck ) ; 135 , female genitalia of x bigeminata ( christoph ) ( turkmenistan ) .\nfigures 125\u2013129 , male genitalia and coremata of hammaptera herrich\u2013sch\u00e4ffer . 125 , male genitalia and aedeagus of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 126 , abdominal segments a7 and a8 with coremata of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 127 , male sternite and tergite a8 of hammaptera sp . ( venezuela ) ; 128 , male genitalia of hammaptera sp . 2 ( ecuador ) ; 129 , male posterior abdominal segments and coremata of hammaptera sp . 2 ( ecuador ) .\nfigures 117\u2013124 , male and female genitalia and coremata of euphyiini . 117 , male genitalia and aedeagus of euphyia biangulata ( haworth ) ; 118 , abdominal segments a7 , a8 and coremata of male e . biangulata ( haworth ) ; 119 , male genitalia of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 120 , abdominal segments a7 , a8 and coremata of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 121 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . ( nicaragua ) ; 122 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . 2 ( nicaragua ) ; 123 , female genitalia of euphyia sp . 2 ( nicaragua ) ; 124 , male genitalia . . .\nfigures 113\u2013116 , male genitalia and coremata of scotopterygini . 113 , aedeagus and male genitalia of scotopteryx chenopodiata ( linnaeus ) ; 114 , abdominal segment a8 and coremata of s . chenopodiata ( linnaeus ) ; 115 , male genitalia of s . kuznetsovi wardikjan ( armenia ) ; 116 , male genitalia of s . bipunctaria ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) ( ? ) ( south ural ) .\nfigures 109\u2013112 , male genitalia of the genera piercia prout and kauria viidalepp . 109 , male genital armature of piercia prasinaria ( warren ) ( south africa ) ; 110 , female genitalia of p . prasinaria ( warren ) ( south africa ) ; 111 , male genitalia of kauria marginata viidalepp ( tadjikistan ) ; 112 , posterior abdominal segments of male k . marginata viidalepp ( tadjikistan ) .\nfigures 103\u2013108 , male coremata , male and female genitalia of cataclysmini . 103 , male genitalia and aedeagus of cataclysme riguata ( h\u00fcbner ) ( marocco ) ; 104 , male genitalia and posterior segments of abdomen of phibalapteryx virgata ( hufnagel ) ; 105 , coremata of male c . riguata ( h\u00fcbner ) ( marocco ) ; 106 , the last abdominal segments and coremata of p . virgata ( hufnagel ) ; 107 , male genitalia and aedeagus of paraplaneta sternecki ( prout ) ( china ) ; 108 , female genitalia of p . sternecki ( prout ) ( china ) .\nfigures 98\u2013102 , male and female genitalia of larentiini . 98 , male genitalia of photoscotosia palaearctica ( staudinger ) ( kyrgyzstan ) ; 99 , male genitalia of mesoleuca albicillata ( linnaeus ) ; 100 , female genitalia of m . albicillata ( linnaeus ) ; 101 , male genitalia of larentia datinaria ( oberth\u00fcr ) ( malta ) ; 102 , female genitalia of larentia clavaria ( haworth ) .\nfigures 95\u201397 , male and female genitalia of hydriomenini . 95 , male genitalia of hydriomena furcata ( thunberg ) ; 96 , male genitalia of hydriomena furinae schaus ( costa rica ) ; 97 , female genitalia of h . furinae schaus ( costa rica ) .\nfigures 89\u201393 , male and female genitalia and abdominal sclerites of stamnodini . 89 , male genitalia of stamnodes anthocharidaria oberth\u00fcr ( ecuador ) ; 90 , male genitalia of callipia sp . ( bolivia ) ; 91 , aedeagus with manica and fultura inferior of callipia sp . ( bolivia ) ; 92 , posterior abdominal segments of s . anthocharidaria oberth\u00fcr ( ecuador ) ; 93 , posterior abdominal segments of female callipia brenemannae sperry ( bolivia ) ; 94 , male genitalia of callipia brenemannae sperry ( bolivia ) .\nfigures 84\u201388 , wings , male and female genitalia of erateinini . 84 , male erateina punsaria dognin ( ecuador ) ; 85 , male hind wing of e . punsaria dognin from underside ; 86 , female erateina sp . ( brazil ) ; 87 , female genitalia of erateina sp . ( brazil ) ; 88 , male genitalia of e . punsaria dognin ( bolivia ) .\nfigures 78\u201383 , male genitalia of cidariini and solitaneini . 78 , male genitalia and aedeagus of pennithera taigana ( djakonov ) ( primorye ) ; 79 , male genitalia and aedeagus of gandaritis pyraliata ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) ; 80 , male genitalia and aedeagus of cidaria fulvata ( forster ) ; 81 , male genitalia and aedeagus of solitanea mariae ( stauder ) ( italy ) ; 82 , male genitalia and aedeagus of brabirodes cerevia druce ( nicaragua ) ; 83 , male genitalia and aedeagus of colostygia kitschelti ( rebel ) ( switzerland ) .\nfigures 75\u201377 , male genitalia of operophterini . 75 , male genitalia , aedeagus and sternite a8 (\noctavals\n) of epirrita dilutata ( denis & schifferm\u00fcller ) ; 76 , male sternite a8 of e . christyi allen ; 77 , male genitalia of operophtera relegata prout ( primorye ) .\nfigure 74 , male and female genitalia of philereme transversata ( hufnagel ) ( phileremini ) .\nfigures 69\u201373 , vestiture of legs and abdomen in rheumapterini and trichopterygini . 69 , male hind tibia of coryphista meadi packard ( u . s . a . ) ; 70 , male hind tibia of rheumaptera hyrcana staudinger ( georgia ) ; 71 , membranized abdominal segment a8 in r . hyrcana staudinger ( georgia ) ; 72 , body ventral side vestiture of tatosoma tipulata ( walker ) ( new zealand ) ; 73 , male hind leg with hair pencil of oulobophora internata ( p\u00fcngeler ) ( turkey ) .\nfigures 62\u201368 , male and female genitalia of rheumapterini and triphosini . 62 , male genitalia of rheumaptera hastata ( linnaeus ) ; 63 , male genitalia of hydria undulata ( linnaeus ) . ; 64 , male genitalia of\nscotosia\nsp . ( nicaragua ) ; 65 , male genitalia of triphosa sabaudiata ( duponchel ) ( crimea ) ; 66 , female genitalia of rheumaptera hyrcana ( staudinger ) ( turkmenistan ) ; 67 , female genitalia of rheumaptera flavipes ( menetri\u00eas ) ( kunashir i . ) ; 68 , female genitalia of triphosa taochata lederer ( iran ) .\nfigures 58\u201361 , male and female genitalia of melanthiini . 58 , male genitalia and posterior abdominal segments of collix muscosata fletcher ( tanzania ) ; 59 , male genitalia and aedeagus of melanthia mandshuricata ( bremer ) ( yakutia ) ; 60 , female genitalia of collix foraminata guenee ( tanzania ) ; 61 , male genitalia of eccymatoge morphna turner ( tasmania ) .\nfigures 48\u201352 , male and female genitalia of eupitheciini and perizonini . 48 , male genitalia , coremata hair pencils and sternite a8 of eupithecia cauchiata ( duponchel ) ; 49 , male genitalian armature of eupithecia absinthiata ( clerck ) ; 50 , male genitalian armature of perizoma sp . ; 51 , female genitalia of eupithecia abbreviata stephens ; 52 , male genitalia of psaliodes sp . ( bolivia ) .\nfigures 46\u201347 , male genitalia and last abdominal sternites of eudulini . 46 , eubaphe mendica ( walker ) ( u . s . a . ) ; 47 , eudulophasia invaria ( walker ) ( fr . guiana ) ."]}
{"id": 2335, "summary": [{"text": "eurema upembana is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the democratic republic of the congo ( upper lomami ) and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of montane grassland and forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "eurema upembana", "paragraphs": ["eurema salome ( c . & r . felder , 1861 ) \u2013 salome yellow\neurema alitha ( c . & r . felder , 1862 ) \u2013 scalloped grass yellow\nspecies range from asia , africa , australia , and oceania , to the new world . the type species is the north american barred yellow ( eurema daira ) .\nthe genus has a circumtropical distribution with the bulk of species in south and central america . parsons ( 1999 ) states that yata ( 1989 ) included four non - neotropical species in eurema - e . brigitta , e . desjardinsii , e . herla , and e . laeta . the remainder of old world\neurema\ns . l . belong in terias .\neurema - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 10 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 38 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nthere are over 70 species in the genus , but more than 300 synonymous names have been applied to them . some species , such as the common african grass yellow , e . hecabe , have over 80 synonyms . the genus itself has over 15 junior generic synonyms . this is the price of being a widespread taxon , as well as a zoogeographical problem .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2337, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha arthrodes is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1904 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are shining ochreous-whitish , posteriorly suffused with pale brownish-ochreous and with a short dark fuscous costal streak at the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an elongate-triangular dark fuscous costal spot before the middle , reaching two-thirds across the wing , as well as an ill-defined dark fuscous fascia beyond the middle , narrowed beneath .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an ochreous-yellow streak along the submedian fold between these and there is also an apical spot of dark fuscous suffusion .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "thiotricha arthrodes", "paragraphs": ["thiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2338, "summary": [{"text": "elachista maculicerusella is a moth of the elachistidae family that is found in europe .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 12 millimetres ( 0.39 \u2013 0.47 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the moth flies from may to august depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae mines the stems of phalaris arundiacea , phragmites australis and other grasses on occasion .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine starts at the leaf tip and descends as an irregular blotch mine .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the mine is flat and quite shallow .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the frass is initially deposited in the oldest , upper part of the mine , but later in strings .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "the larva may leave the mine and restart elsewhere .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "pupation takes place outside of the mine . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "elachista maculicerusella", "paragraphs": ["elachista globulosa elachista globulosa ( c . agardh ) j . agardh , 1848 elachista\nelachista intermedia elachista elachista intermedia p . l . crouan & h . m . crouan , 1867\nelachista maculicerusella ( triple - spot dwarf ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nlita maculicerusella bruand , 1859 tinea cerusella h\u00fcbner , 1796 . samml . europ . schmett . : pl . 27 fig . 183 . elachista monosemiella r\u00e2ssler , 1881 . elachista maculicerusella ( bruand , 1859 ) .\ncephaloziella elachista ( j . b . jack ex gottsche & rabenh . ) schiffn . cephaloziella elachista\nelachista maculicerusella \u00a71 , male , surlingham , norfolk , 24 / 07 / 2009 , fw 4 . 7mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nid : forewing pale with darker markings , with ciliary line . of the possible remaining species only e . maculicerusella and e . subocellea appear to show any hint of a median fascia . e . maculicerusella has plain unbanded antennae , while those of subocellea are banded . the markings of e . maculicerusella are very variable and poorly marked specimens may require genital examination to distinguish from e . triatomea . male genitalia : of the 6 species in group b ( forewing pale with darker markings ) only e . maculicerusella has the vinculum produced into a distinct process and the width across the uncus lobes broader than the width across the tegumen just below the uncus lobes . female genitalia : of the 6 group b species only e . maculicerusella has a long sclerotised segment at the posterior end of the ductus bursae .\noccurring widely in england and southern scotland , less so in wales and ireland , this species is relatively common in damp habitats such as river and canal banks and marshes .\nthe small white and blackish adult is quite distinctive , and flies between may and august in one or two broods depending on latitude .\n) ; occasionally on other grasses . the pupa is anchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 09 06 : 39 : 39 page render time : 0 . 3830s total w / procache : 0 . 4459s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwhite / green blotch mine down from leaf tip . the pupa is anchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle .\nrecorded in 41 ( 59 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nws : 10 - 12mm ; bivoltine may - jun , jul - aug ; reed canary - grass ( phalaris arundinacea ) , common reed ( phragmites australis ) ; in fens & marshes in england , wales and s . scotland synonym : e . monosemiella ( mbgbi3 )\n\u00a76 torver , cumbria ; 13 / 07 / 2015 ; male ; fw 4 . 8mm all images \u00a9 chris lewis\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarva makes a large whitish blotch and mines the leaf downwards . the frass tends to be deposited in the upper part of the mine ( british leafminers ) .\noviposition usually not far from the leaf tip . from there descends an irregular blotch mine . hering ( 1957a ) describes the mine as flat and quite shallow , giving it a greenish , rather than whitish appearance . frass initially in the oldest , upper part of the mine , later in strings . the larva can leave its mine and restart elsewhere . normally only one larva per mine , but sometimes two or even three mines in a leaf . pupation outside the mine ( bladmineerders van europa ) .\nlarva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .\nyellowish green , head and pronotum pale brown ; see steuer ( 1987a ) for a detailed description ( bladmineerders van europa ) . the larva is illustrated in british leafminers .\npupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .\nanchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle ( ukmoths ) . the pupa is illustrated in british leafminers .\nadult : the adult is illustrated in ukmoths . the species is included in urltoken .\ncomments : festuca pratensis is treated as schedonorus pratensis ( meadow fescue ) by stace ( 2010 ) .\ntime of year - larvae : october - june ; july ( british leafminers ) .\ntime of year - adults : between may and august in one or two broods depending on latitude ( ukmoths ) .\ndistribution in great britain and ireland : occurring widely in england and southern scotland , this species is relatively common in damp habitats such as river and canal banks and marshes ( ukmoths ) including anglesey , bedfordshire , caernarvonshire , cambridgeshire , denbighshire , derbyshire , dorset , east kent , east norfolk , east suffolk , flintshire , glamorgan , hertfordshire , huntingdonshire , kincardineshire , leicestershire , middlesex , north essex , north northumberland , north hampshire , north somerset , nottinghamshire , shropshire , south hampshire , south lancashire , south northumberland , south - east yorkshire , south - west yorkshire , stafford , surrey , warwickshire , west gloucestshire , west norfolk , west suffolk , westmorland and wigtownshire ( nbn atlas ) .\nalso recorded in the republic of ireland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) . see also ireland ' s nbdc interactive map .\ndistribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including austria , belgium , czech republic , danish mainland , estonia , european turkey , finland , french mainland , germany , hungary , italian mainland , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , norwegian mainland , poland , romania , russia - central , east and north , slovakia , sweden , switzerland and the netherlands ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan 10 to 12 mm . the small white and dark blotched adult is quite distinctive .\nthe larvae mine the stems of reed canary - grass and common reed ; occasionally on other grasses . the pupa is anchored externally on the foodplant by a silken girdle .\noccurring widely in england as far as southern scotland , less so in wales and ireland . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .\noccasional in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = c ( very scarce resident or rare migrant ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfood plant : phalaris arundinacea ( reed canary - grass ) , common reed ( phragmites communis ) and other grasses such as dactylis glomerata ( cock ' s - foot ) , meadow grass ( poa spp . ) .\nnotes : makes a large whitish blotch as the larva mines the leaf downwards ( as shown ) . the frass tends to be deposited in the upper part of the mine . the larva left the mine on 29 . iv . 2006 and pupated on 01 . v . 2006 . adult emerged 11 . v . 2006 .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 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{"id": 2344, "summary": [{"text": "papilio cresphontes , the giant swallowtail or in its larval phase the orange dog or orange puppy , is a swallowtail butterfly common in parts of north america and marginally into south america .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "in the united states and canada it is mainly found in the south and east .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "with a wingspan of about 10 \u2013 16 cm ( 3.9 \u2013 6.3 in ) , it is the largest butterfly in canada and the united states . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "papilio cresphontes", "paragraphs": ["andrew brower marked\ngiant swallowtail ( papilio cresphontes )\nas trusted on the\npapilio cresphontes\npage .\np . cresphontes adult , larva and pupa . - papilio cresphontes - bugguide . net\nspecies papilio cresphontes - eastern giant swallowtail - hodges # 4170 - bugguide . net\npapilio cresphontes dorsal wing view ( photographed by robert a . behrstock : urltoken )\npapilio cresphontes . ventral wing view ( photographed by b . bouton : urltoken )\ndistribution of papilio cresphontes in the united states . ( map found at : urltoken )\ngiant swallowtail ( papilio cresphontes ) , adult . point pelee national park , ont . j . cossey\nc . michael hogan marked\ndistribution\nas hidden on the\npapilio cresphontes cramer 1777\npage .\nc . michael hogan marked the classification from\nirmng\nas preferred for\npapilio cresphontes cramer , [ 1777 ]\n.\nfor five years straight , we were beyond excited to see the giant swallowtail butterfly ( papilio cresphontes ) gracing our northern garden .\nthis page is no longer being updated . for an updated version of this material , see : giant swallowtail ( papilio cresphontes ) .\nfigure 15 . prepupa of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 1 . adult giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , dorsal view . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 2 . adult giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , with wings closed . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 4 . full - grown larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 16 . laterial view of a chrysalis of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 17 . dorsal view of a chrysalis of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 6 . three - day - old larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 7 . five - day - old larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 12 . a mating pair of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , with the female above . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\na couple of these amazing butterflies have returned to the garden since their release . i\u2019m hoping to find more papilio cresphontes eggs in the near future , and start this amazing adventure again\u2026\nfigure 20 . sea torchwood , amyris elemifera l . , a host of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 21 . hoptree , ptelea trifoliata l . , in bloom ; a host of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 23 . mature larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , with everted osmeterium . head is to the left . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 10 . front view of larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , in snake - like\nstriking\npose . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 18 . hercules - club , zanthoxylum clava - herculis l . , a host of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 19 . lime pricklyash , zanthoxylum fagara [ l . ] sarg . , a host of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nschaus ' swallowtail ( papilio aristodemus , - rare , s . florida only ) has narrower pale band .\nfigure 13 . dorsal view on an egg of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , on hercules club , zanthoxylum clava - herculis l . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\ncrocker rl , simpson bj . 1979 . mexican orange , choisya dumosa ( rutaceae ) , a potential ornamental is host for orangedog , papilio cresphontes ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) . southwest entomologist 4 : 11 - 13 .\nfigure 5 . newly hatched larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , with partially - eaten egg shell . head is to the right . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 9 . larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , in snake - like\nstriking\npose . head is to the right . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 14 . lateral view on an egg of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , on hercules - club , zanthoxylum clava - herculis l . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 11 . frontal view of larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , showing the osmeterium everted and possibly resembling the forked tongue of a snake . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 3 . young larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , ( illustrating bird dropping mimicry ) on ptelea trifoliata leaf . head is to the top . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nfigure 8 . mature larva of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , showing the greatly swollen thorax that resembles a snake head . the larva ' s head is to the right . photograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nif you live in the southeast , perhaps you\u2019ve seen one of these beauties floating through your gardens . it\u2019s the giant swallowtail ( papilio cresphontes ) , the largest butterfly in the united states . with a wingspan that can measure over 6 inches , this is one butterfly that will definitely catch your attention !\nfigure 22 . hoptree , ptelea trifoliata l . , with fruit ; a host of the giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer . note the typical wafer - shaped fruit from which hoptree derives one of its common names ,\nwafer ash .\nphotograph by donald hall , entomology and nematology department , university of florida .\nsusan d . finkbeiner , robert d . reed , robert dirig , and john e . losey . 2011 .\nthe role of environmental factors in the northeastern range expansion of / papilio cresphontes / cramer ( papilionidae ) ,\njournal of the lepidopterists ' society , 2011 , 65 ( 2 ) : 119 - 125 .\nhere in central texas , some of the best known butterflies are those in the swallowtail family \u2014 they are large , beautiful , and quite mesmerizing as they flutter around the garden or into the woodlands . two of my favorite species use the same host plant , the wafer ash , or hop tree ( ptelea trifoliata ) . they are the giant swallowtail ( papilio cresphontes ) , seen at the end of this post , and the two - tailed swallowtail ( papilio multicaudata ) , the latter bearing a remarkable resemblance to the eastern tiger swallowtail .\nthe third stage of the pailio cresphontes butterfly life cycle is its most unspectacular without vibrant colors , deceptive disguises , or brilliant beauty . but inside this bland shell , one of nature\u2019s most astonishing magic tricks is well underway :\nthe giant swallowtail , papilio cresphontes cramer , is a striking , wonderfully\nexotic\n- looking butterfly that is very abundant in florida . the adult butterfly is a welcome visitor to butterfly gardens and to general landscape plantings . the larval or caterpillar stage can be considered a pest due to its habit of feeding on the foliage of most citrus species . a few\norangedogs\n, as the larvae are commonly called , can quickly defoliate small or young plants . however , larvae can be tolerated on large dooryard citrus trees in order to enjoy the soon - to - develop magnificent adult butterfly stage .\neisner t , pliske te , ikeda m , owen df , vazquez l , perez h , franclemont jg , meinwald j . 1970 . defense mechanisms of arthropods . xxvii . osmeterial secretions of papilionid caterpillars ( baronia , papilio , eurytides ) . annals of the entomological society of america 63 : 914 - 915 .\nflight season : two generations have been recorded at its northern limit , the second being the more common . it flies from late may into july and again from late july into early september . at point pelee there is a partial third brood later in september , but cresphontes is most commonly seen in august ( wormington , 1983 ) .\nfield notes : larvae are not usually too difficult to find on new growth of citrus trees in phoenix and tucson . always try to locate new growth to find eggs and caterpillars . normally , i wouldn ' t recommend rearing swallowtails in a closed container ( with the other exception of p . indra ) except , p . cresphontes larvae usually have dry frass and don ' t get sick if you consistently remove frass and host daily .\nadult : adult giant swallowtails are large butterflies with a forewing span of 11 . 7 to 17 . 5 cm ) ( avg . 14 cm ) for males and a span of 13 . 5 to 18 . 8 cm ( avg . 14 . 7 cm ) for females . the dorsal wing surfaces of the butterfly are black with a striking diagonal yellow bar across the forewings . the ventral wing surfaces are primarily yellow . the giant swallowtail is very distinct from all other swallowtails found in florida , except for the endangered schaus ' swallowtail , papilio aristodemus ponceanus , which is confined to the florida keys . the giant swallowtail can be distinguished from the schaus ' swallowtail by the yellow - filled\ntails\n( schaus ' swallowtail tails are all black ) , and the small , brick - red patch just interior to the blue median band on the ventral hind wing .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\nto save server resources and increase performance on the site for users performing data searches , your session will time out if you stay idle for more than 10 minutes . to start a new session just click here . please do not use browser navigation options , such as the reload or back buttons from this page . if you haven ' t been idle for more than 10 minutes , please try your query again . you may receive this message if we have recently recovered from a problem with our site . if you continue getting this message in under 10 minutes , please email us at explorer @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe giant swallowtail is widely distributed throughout the american continent . its range extends from southern new england across the northern great lakes states , into ontario , through the southern portions of the central plains to the rocky mountains . the species ranges southward to florida and the caribbean , into the southwestern united states , and on through mexico to central and south america . the giant swallowtail is very common throughout the entire state of florida . it is active throughout the year in southern florida , and is common in northern florida , except in january and february .\nlarva : the five larval instars differ in appearance but they all share a resemblance to bird droppings . younger instars are more realistic bird - dropping mimics due to their smaller size . mature larvae usually rest on stems or leaf petioles ( hagen 1999 ) , but younger larvae often rest in plain view on the upper surfaces of leaves where bird droppings would be expected .\nthe younger instars are predominantly black or brown with a white saddle , while the older instars are mottled dark brown with a posterior that is white or cream - colored . younger instars also have setae ( hairs ) on prominent knobs . setae are lacking and knobs are reduced in older instars .\nadult butterflies sip nectar from many flowers and are common , but spectacular , visitors to butterfly gardens . identified nectar sources include azalea , bougainvillea , japanese honeysuckle , goldenrod , dame ' s rocket , bouncing bet , and swamp milkweed . they may also sip liquid from manure . adult males patrol flyways through pine woods or citrus groves searching for females . flight is very strong and leisurely , and the butterflies may glide long distances between wing beats . courtship and copulation occur in the afternoon .\nmated females usually lay their eggs singly on the upper surface of leaves of host plants . the 1 to 1 . 5 mm spherical eggs are cream to brown and typically have an irregular coating of an orange secretion that is reminiscent in appearance of orange peel . larvae progress through five instars . larval feeding usually takes place during the night .\nlarvae may pupate on small twigs on the host plant on which they were feeding or they may travel a short distance to a vertically - oriented structure , such as a fence or other plant . the brownish chrysalis is typically oriented at 45\u00b0 to the pupation substrate , its posterior end attached directly to a silken pad on the substrate by its velcro - like cremaster , and its anterior end attached via a thin silken thread to the substrate . at least two , and probably three , generations occur each year in florida .\nthe larva is the well - known\norangedog\nand is considered a minor pest of sweet orange , ( citrus \u00d7 sinensis ( l . ) osbeck ( pro sp . ) . host plants of the larvae besides sweet orange include native members of the citrus family ( rutaceae ) including northern pricklyash ( zanthoxylum americanum mill . ) , hercules - club ( zanthoxylum clava - herculis l . ) , lime pricklyash ( zanthoxylum fagara [ l . ] sarg . ) , hoptree ( ptelea trifoliata l . ) , sea torchwood ( amyris elemifera l . ) , mexican orange ( choisya dumosa [ torr . ] a . gray ) , and a variety of exotic rutaceae including gasplant ( dictamnus albus l . ) and white sapote ( casimiroa edulis llave & lex . ) . plant names are from the usda plant database ( 2009 ) , wunderlin and hansen ( 2003 ) , or wunderlin and hansen ( 2008 ) .\nmechanical control . homeowners may find that just a few larvae of the giant swallowtail can defoliate small , potted or planted citrus plants . larvae should be hand - picked from these small plants so that blossom and fruit yield are not drastically reduced . mature dooryard trees are large enough to withstand some defoliation .\nchemical control . mature commercial citrus trees can withstand infestation by many larvae . however , nursery stock and young grove trees can be protected with bacillus thuringiensis and synthetic insecticides when necessary , as described in the florida citrus pest management guide for chewing insects ( see\norangedog\n) .\ncech r , tudor g . 2005 . butterflies of the east coast : an observer ' s guide . princeton university press . princeton , new jersey . 345 pp .\ndaniels jc . 2003 . butterflies of florida : field guide . adventure publications , inc . cambridge , minnesota . 256 pp .\ngerberg ej , arnett jr . rh . 1989 . florida butterflies . natural science publications , inc . baltimore , maryland .\nglassberg j , minno mc , calhoun jv . 2000 . butterflies through binoculars : florida . oxford university press . new york , new york . 256 pp .\nhagen rh . 1999 . prolegs of papilionini ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) : alternative solutions to the problem of attachment . pp . 237 - 251 . in byers gw , hagen rh , brooks rw . entomological contributions in memory of byron a . alexander . natural history museum , university of kansas , lawrence , kansas , usa .\nkimball cp . 1965 . arthropods of florida and neighboring land areas . vol . 1 . division of plant industry , florida department of agriculture , gainesville , florida . 363 pp .\nleslie aj , berenbaum mr . 1990 . role of the osmeterial gland in swallowtail larvae ( papilionidae ) in defense against an avian predator . journal of the lepidoptera society 44 : 245 - 251 .\nminno mc , butler jf , hall dw . 2005 . florida butterfly caterpillars and their host plants . university press of florida . gainesville , florida . 341 pp .\nminno mc and emmel tc . 1993 . butterflies of the florida keys . scientific publishers . gainesville , florida . 168 pp .\nminno mc and minno m . 1999 . florida butterfly gardening : a complete guide to attracting , identifying , and enjoying butterflies of the lower south . university press of florida . gainesville , florida . 210 pp .\nopler pa , krizek go . 1984 . butterflies east of the great plains . an illustrated natural history . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland . 294 pp .\nscriber mc , tsubaki y , lederhouse rc . 1995 . swallowtail butterflies : their ecology & evolutionary biology . scientific publishers . gainesville , florida . 459 pp .\nusda . ( 2009 ) . plant database . usda national resources conservation service . urltoken ( 8 april 2009 ) .\nwunderlin rp and hansen bf . 2003 . guide to the vascular plants of florida . 2nd ed . university press of florida . gainesville , florida . 787 pp .\nwunderlin rp , hansen bf . ( 2008 ) . atlas of florida vascular plants . institute for systematic botany . urltoken ( 8 april 2009 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult :\nblack with a yellow x on the front wing and basal and subapical bands on the hind wing . usually easily distinguished from p . thoas by the lower three spots in the outer row on the front wing being much larger than the rest and running ( at the top ) into a distinct offset in the second row . [ in p . thoas the lower four or five spots in the outer row are fairly even in size , tapering gradually down in size upward ; not running into an offset in the second row at the third spot . ]\nlarvae feed on leaves of plants in the citrus family ( rutaceae ) , including citrus ( citrus spp . ) , pricklyash ( zanthoxylum spp . ) , hoptree ( ptelea trifoliata ) , rue ( ruta graveolens ) , etc . adults take flower nectar from a variety of herbaceous plants and shrubs\n1 . egg . 2 . egg and first instar caterpillar . 3 . caterpillar . 4 . caterpillar in defensive posture . 5 . caterpillar ready to pupate . 6 . pupa . 7 . adult .\npinned adult image plus description , biology , larval and adult food , us distribution map ( butterflies and skippers of north america , nearctica . com )\na new heraclides swallowtail ( lepidoptera , papilionidae ) from north america is recognized by the pattern on its neck . kojiro shiraiwa , qian cong , nick v . grishin . 2014 . zookeys 468 : 85 - 135 .\nsimon & schuster ' s guide to insects dr . ross h . arnett , dr . richard l . jacques . 1981 . fireside .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nor with prickly ash growing around towns in the midwest , florida . ( basically , anywhere in the united states where citrus or prickly ash is established . )\nsuitable lab host plants : most any species of citrus will work in the lab . potted rue is often sold in nurseries and works well .\nhow to find eggs : focus exclusively on host plants with new growth . this can be found either at the tips of branches or suckers coming out of the trunk of the tree .\nhow to find caterpillars in the field : look for isolated host plants ; host plants with new growth .\npost - hibernation strategies : expose post - diapause pupae to warmer temperatures ( room temperature ) long - day photoperiod ; high humidity . ( mist spray pupae daily once your bring them out of the cold or refrigerator . )\navoiding diapause techniques : provide larvae with healthy host plant and expose larvae to long - day conditions .\ndisease prevention : change out host plant and remove frass every four to six days in an open bucket and every day using a closed container .\nyear - round resident in eastern north america and southern california and arizona , with migratatory presense in the regions between ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are woodland to citrus groves . host plants include many species , but mostly in one family , with most known hosts from rutaceae . hosts are usually trees or herbs . eggs are laid on the host plant singly . individuals overwinter as pupae . there are a variable number of flights based on latitude with the approximate flight time may15 - sep15 in the northern part of the range and jan1 - dec31 in the southern part of their range ( scott 1986 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nonly 1 or 2 butterfly eggs out of 100 live to become adult butterflies .\ngiant swallowtail butterflies are one of the largest species in the us . they are found in states east of the continental divide as well as in the southern part of the western us .\nthese butterflies lay eggs on plants in the citrus family ; orange , grapefruit , kumkuat , etc . along with trees that come to mind when we think of the word \u2018citrus\u2019 , they eat plants such as hercules\u2019 club , hop tree , and prickly ash .\nthey , like black swallowtail butterflies , also lay eggs on rue . if you have both black swallowtail and giant swallowtail butterflies laying eggs on rue , it can be handy to know that giant swallowtail eggs are orange / rust in color while black swallowtail eggs are cream / white in color .\nwhen raising these caterpillars , remember that they rarely , if ever , move from citrus leaves to rue . they normally will starve to death . they simply do not recognize rue as food after eating citrus .\nthe caterpillars are called \u2018orange dogs\u2019 because of their occurrence on orange trees . it is one of the few butterflies that have a separate name for the caterpillar . there are several moths that have two names , like the \u2018hickory horned devil caterpillar\u2019 and \u2018regal moth\u2019 as names for the same moth .\nthe young caterpillars look much like wet bird droppings . older caterpillars looks like dry bird / lizard / critter poop . of course one of the best reasons to look like poop is the fact that few critters eat bird poop .\nthe osmeterium of the giant swallowtail caterpillar is red . when the caterpillar is disturbed , it quickly bends backward , extends its osmeterium , and touches whatever is touching it . the osmeterium has an odorous liquid on it .\nbefore pupating , caterpillars empty their digestive tracts . swallowtail caterpillars tend to have a \u2018frass dump\u2019 ( the last expelled excrement of a caterpillar before it pupates ) that is runny and somewhat pudding textured .\nswallowtail caterpillars prepare to pupate by attaching themselves by making a silk pad and button on an object . it crawls onto the pad and attaches its anal prolegs into the button . it then makes a silk girdle by touching its head down to the object , side to side , many times over . each time it leaves a strand of silk . the strands together make a strong girdle that holds the butterfly caterpillar .\nwhen the caterpillar pupates , its old cuticle simply slips under the girdle and slips off the caterpillar . the \u2018skinned\u2019 caterpillar is the chrysalis .\ndiagnosis : the largest butterfly found in canada ( wingspan : 83 to 113 mm ) , the giant swallowtail has broad dark brown wings crossed on the upperside by a diagonal band of bright yellow spots . the underside is yellowish and the tail is broad with a yellow spot in the centre .\nsubspecies : the race of the butterfly reaching southern canada has been referred to as subspecies pennsylvanicus , but it is only weakly differentiated from the nominate subspecies and is not currently recognized .\nrange : a common and widespread tropical species , it ranges from central america northward through the eastern u . s . to the canadian border . in canada , it is a resident species in southwestern ontario , but strays have been taken in winnipeg , montreal , and one specimen near windsor junction in southern nova scotia . in 1992 , a stray was recorded in the ottawa area for the first time following high winds resulting from a hurricane in the southern u . s .\nearly stages : the larva is called the\norange dog\nin the u . s . , where it can be a pest in citrus orchards . it is brown with a light cream saddle in the middle and a large cream patch on the tail , resembling a large bird dropping . it has been recorded on hop tree ( ptelea trifoliata ) and northern prickly - ash ( zanthoxylum americanum ) in ontario . both plants are common at point pelee , where the larvae can be found .\nabundance : it is considered sporadic and rare in canada , except in southwestern ontario , where it can be commonly encountered at point pelee , pelee island , and a few other locations where the foodplants grow .\nhabits : the giant swallowtail flies in open woodlands and nearby fields . it is such a large butterfly that it continually vibrates its wings while feeding at flowers so that it does not tilt the blossom .\n\u00a9 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthese caterpillars almost killed my little satsuma tree , but they are so cool that i couldn ' t bear to disturb them .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\n( kansas : sedgwick county . residential house , 37\u00b0 40 ' 40 . 06\nn , 97\u00b0 10 ' 27 . 94\nw . in garden . september 19 , 2011 .\nadult diagnosis : the giant swallowtail butterfly is the largest butterfly species of canada and the united states with a wingspan within the ranges of 10 to 16 cm . the wings are colored black or blackish brown and feature yellow banding on both the fore and hind wing dorsally . on the ventral side , the wings are mainly yellow with black venation . each hind wing tail features a yellow - orange colored eye , the eye can also appear reddish yellow . another single blue band can be distinguished above the eye . distinction between males and females is very difficult as both sexes are similar , however , females feature longer wing spans than males as adults .\nadult natural history : adult swallowtails take in nectar from multiple floral sources for example , goldenrods and azaleas . males patrol pine woods during the afternoon in search of mates to court or copulate with . can also be found patrolling citrus groves for the same reasons . they can glide long distances before needing to beat their wings again . the following video shows the length of their glide before having to flap again .\nmates copulate facing away from each other so that the genitals face each other . females oviposit caramel colored eggs usually on the topsides of leaves . giant swallowtail caterpillars visually appear much like large bird droppings on plants . if predators are not fooled by their appearance , the caterpillars can extend their v - shaped osmeterium and release a foul odor to drive away predators .\nthe migration pattern is similar to that of monarch butterflies , giant swallowtails from the north migrate southwards during the cold seasons .\ndistribution : the giant swallowtails is spread throughout north america including parts of canada and as far south as central and parts of south america . in the united states , sights have been reported mostly in the south central and south eastern parts of the united states and appearing all year round in florida .\nhabitat : adults can be found in pine forests and in floral gardens for northern inhabitants . southern adults prefer to live in citrus groves along with the aformentioned habitats .\ndiet : adults feed on the nectars of many flowers including those of goldenrods , azaleas , bourgainvilla , swamp milkweed , etc . larvae preferrably feed on the leaves of citrus trees and plants .\nstokes , donald , lillian stokes , and ernest williams . stokes butterfly book : the complete guide to butterfly gardening identification , and behavior . 1st ed . new york : little , brown and company , 1991 .\nlatimer , jonathan p . , and karen s . nolting . butterflies . 1st ed . new york : houghton mifflin company , 2000 .\nschappert , philip . a world of butterflies : their lives , behavior , and future . 1st ed . ontario : firefly books ltd , 2005 .\nwichita state university generated on 2011 . this website is continuously updated . comments can be sent to mary liz jameson . designed by bioadventures .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nmany swallowtail caterrpillars are bird poop mimics in their early instars , but the giant swallowtail keeps it up through the entire series of larval stages . that means a\nmature\nbird poop roughly 5 centimeters long . when this photo was taken , it was a bit over 3 centimeters long . ( note that many caterpillars besides swallowtails also mimic bird poop . )\noctober 17th . the caterpillar is suspended by a silken\nbelt\nand button of silk at the tip of the abdomen .\noctober 18th . the transformation . still images animated at three speeds : 15 frames per second ; 2 frames per second ; and 3 seconds per frame .\noctober 18th . key images from the video . 2 : 10 pm . no apparent changes externally except that the prolegs are shrunken .\n2 : 40 pm . shortly before this photo , the caterpillar had straightened out and begun to vibrate , presumably to detach the old skin from the new one . in this photo , you can see that the prolegs have moved posteriorly as the skin at the hind end has shriveled . the white bands on the side are tracheal linings being drawn out and back .\n2 : 40 pm . the old skin behind the head has just begun to split . you can just see a bit of the chrysalis emerging .\n2 : 41 pm . more of the chrysalis is visible , and the thoracic legs are being pulled further back .\n2 : 43 pm . the head is now almost free and the old skin is about to slip under the silken support loop .\n2 : 43 pm . someone ( i wish i could remember who - it was a long time ago ! ) described the process of sheeding the skin as equivalent to a woman removing her pantyhose without using her hands .\n2 : 44 pm . head , antennae , and wings are now visible .\n2 : 46 pm . wriggling to attach the cremaster ( tip of the abdomen ) to the button of silk under it . at the same time , allowing the cast larval skin to fall away .\n2 : 46 pm . at this point , note how little of the abdomen is in contact with the stem . that ' s about to change .\n2 : 52 pm . activity has slowed down , but over several hours , the shape will change subtly .\n3 : 28 pm . the wings have grown larger and the body is arched backwards a bit . also , the abdomen has broadly molded itself to the stem , an element of the developing twig mimicry .\noctober 21st . the chrysalis has matured and hardened , slightly changing shape and color . note how . . . . . . the abdomen appears broadly attached to the stem ( but isn ' t , really ) ; . . . there are green specks resembling lichen or algae ; and , . . . the surface itself is craggy like a dead bit of twig .\nfinally , note how the tip ( head end ) appears broken off with dark\nannular rings\nat the center . as good as this broken twig mimicry is , imagine if i had provided a more mature common rue woody stem !\nnovember 18th . no changes in the chrysalis . one month since transformation from caterpillar . looks like it will overwinter .\ni realigned the specimen to better show the wings , antennae , and legs .\nnote how the dark upper surface scales influence the perceived color of the yellow scales on the underside .\ntoo cold for it to survive outside and representing the growing repopulation of connecticut with this southern species , it will be placed in the uconn research collection for study .\nthe empty chrysalis . the old skin split between the antennae and the forewings .\nall photos copyright stanley e . malcolm , 2014 . permission for non - commercial purposes is generally allowed after contacting stan ( stan\nat\nperformance - vision . com ) . commercial use at higher resolution is available for a reasonable fee .\nwe planted 3 potential host plants for giant swallowtails caterpillars : common rue , wafer ash , and northern prickly ash . then , it happened\u2026\nunlike milkweed - obsessed monarchs , the giant swallowtail female will lay eggs on a wide range of host plants . their butterfly life cycle also takes up to 2 months , so the odds are stacked against northern gardeners wanting to raise them with fewer generations and more plants to search !\nwe didn\u2019t have enough space to add full - grown citrus trees , so we stuck with some smaller host options . we planted a waferash tree , a slow - grower that tops out at 20 feet . we also planted common rue , and a northern prickly ash .\nthe eggs of the giant swallowtail are pretty easy to find compared to other butterfly species that resort to trickery and camouflage to keep their eggs safe .\nthe giant swallowtail female deposits orange - peel colored eggs on the surface of green leaves , which means you shouldn\u2019t need to get out the old magnifying glass to confirm identity .\nbrenda of brenda\u2019s butterfly habitat shared that zanthoxylum americanum ( northern prickly ash ) was the giants\u2019 host plant of choice in her michigan garden .\nwe found five caterpillars on our plants , before searching for and finding two eggs . four of the caterpillars also had an orange hue :\nthis could be a normal color variation or they could have been in different developmental stages . ( unfortunately , we did not find them right away like with the tiger swallowtails we raised last season . )\nwe also made a fatal mistake with the two eggs we brought in . whenever you bring in eggs of any butterfly species , make sure they\u2019re properly protected from ravenous caterpillars \ud83d\ude22\na third line of defense is the red horns ( osmeterium ) that emerge from the head of the caterpillar when it feels threatened . the osmeterium emits a pungent odor , that is supposed to make them unpalatable to predators , like ants .\ni stroked one across its back , and picked up another that was looking for a fresh cutting\u2026neither action was enough for them to \u2018release the red cracken\u2019 .\ndid you notice the dangerous thorn next to the back of the caterpillar photos above ? i was going to offer the caterpillars our rue plants without the thorny barriers , but decided to try serving this because i need to cut it back to avoid getting gouged when mowing the back yard .\nthat will fit inside a floral tube or other cutting container . before you grab the stem ,\nif you\u2019re replacing cuttings , set the new cutting container next to the old one so the caterpillars can crawl over to their new home and caterpillar food source .\nas the caterpillars grow , so do their appetites . however , they haven\u2019t been as ravenous as munching monarch caterpillars . even with 5 big caterpillars in close quarters , they peacefully coexist :\nhowever , if a caterpillar forms its chrysalis in an inconvenient place it can be moved . check out the info on removing swallowtail chrysalides in our overwintering swallowtails post .\nswallowtail butterflies ( in general ) have surprisingly fragile wings . this new butterfly lost a tail briefly fluttering around the mesh cage . thankfully , this doesn\u2019t affect their flight :\nswallowtails males are said to have thicker , more vibrant yellow wing markings , but there seems to be a lot of variation that makes sexing them from a dorsal view difficult , at best . for a positive male id , see if you can find claspers on butterflies you are raising .\nplease read the comments section below for more info about raising giant swallowtail butterflies .\ni have 3 giant caterpillars on a small toothache tree ( prickly ash ) that i intentionally purchased with them on it a couple of weeks ago . i also have a hop tree . my property is a monarch way station and pollinator garden . i have host plants for many species of butterflies . the giant is one i have desired for a long time but never had in my garden . my question is will they overwinter in chrysalis in northwest georgia ? my sun porch will be heated all winter due to my citrus trees i bring inside . will they emerge due to the warm sun porch or should i take the trees outside with the chrysalis ? they caterpillars have gotten pretty big but i must confess that i don\u2019t know how big they will get when they are ready to go into chrysalis . they were very small a couple of weeks ago . i consider myself an expert with monarchs but am at a loss with the giant swallowtail . monarchs are emerging daily and i am tagging and releasing them after testing for parasites . will the giants stay on my back porch this winter ?\nhi gail , if you keep them in a heated porch with lots of sun , they will probably eclose much earlier than they should . check out this post for more info :\nso sad , i had 3 in chrysalis last night and today they are gone . i have one left so i brought the pot inside . bird ?\nhi teddi , sorry to hear this . yes , there are birds that eat chrysalides , lizards , mice :\ni just found 2 giant swallowtail caterpillars in my orange tree . the tree also has a bad case of woolly mold . i would like to save the caterpillars while treating the mold . where do i begin ?\nhi victoria , i would just feed them with the least - affected sections of the tree . for your tree , i would contact a local arborist and see what they suggest\u2026\ni just noticed i have at least ten of these caterpillars on my citrus tree i just brought inside recently . they are pooping all over the place , my plant is only 4 ft tall , think they will kill it ?\nhi anthony , butterfly host plants typically grow back just fine . my concern would be that one host tree isn\u2019t enough to feed that many caterpillars\u2026\ni hope you see this and respond quickly , as i have a big dilemma . a giant swallowtail laid eggs on a lemon tree , and now there are ten large caterpillars . problem is , soon that lemon tree will go into a sunroom for the winter , and the owner of the sunroom does not want swallowtail butterflies to take care of . we live in the northeast . we bought rue and planted it outside , and just transferred the caterpillars to the rue plants , along with a bunch of the lemon tree leaves , hoping they would adjust to the rue and make their chrysillis and overwinter on the rue . i just read that they rarely will eat rue after eating citrus , and they will starve . is that true ? what to do now ? help ! !\nhi jane , i have never tried to switch them to rue before so you will have to see what happens . we feed ours northern prickly ash , which is a gst host plant native to your region :\nhi there i transferred my giant swallowtails from prickly ash to rue . . it took about a day but they eventually started to eat the rue and thrived . . 2 turned into a chrysalis today right on the rue plant . now to wait until the spring ! ! note : this summer i transferred black swallowtails from dill to queen annes lace and they turned into amazing butterflies . still have 4 that had a brown chrysalis install of the green ones that emerged . apparently these want to overwinter . we will see monica t\nhi , i\u2019m in south florida and was happy to see giant swallowtail caterpillars all over my wild lime tree . my concern is lizards because i caught one eating a gulf fritillary caterpillar a few days ago . i brought the other cats inside but hate to bring in the giant swallowtail cats unless necessary .\nhi karen , even if you bring in just a few you are making a difference . predators are part of a successful butterfly garden and you can\u2019t ( and shouldn\u2019t ) save them all if you want to support a healthy ecosystem . good luck with your caterpillars !\nthanks tony , well 4 of 7 survived . the 2 raised on the wild lime leaves wouldn\u2019t eat the rue but the younger ones switched over fine . however , the adults made their chrysalis\u2019 yesterday on the rue , not the branches i added . one already fell . how long until it hardens enough to rehang and would you use contact cement ?\njust saw your previous answer to this . . thanks ! no more yet but wish someone would have told me how opposite these are to monarchs or gulfs so i wouldn\u2019t have been such a wreck . they barely eat or move in comparison : )\nhi karen , i have not had to rehang a swallowtail chrysalis before but have heard that contact cement works . if you use it , please report back with experience\u2026good luck !\ni have a pupating gsw whose bottom - end silk has dislodged . he\u2019s on his side , mostly hovering . should i set him upright with tape or something ? if so , when is it safe to do so ? ( he jerks right now , if i try to touch his silk girdle . )\nhi katrina , i would wait to do anything until it pupates and the chrysalis hardens . here\u2019s more info :\nin my attempt to attract the monarch butterfly , of which i have only spotted one this year in my garden , i planted rue , fennel , and dill . although the numbers are not impressive we were so delighted this year that we have released 13 black swallowtails and 5 giant swallowtails !\nwe have never seen a giant before but the majority of the eggs and caterpillars were found on our rue plant more than the dill or fennel . we are fortunate to have a nursery less than a mile away that has everything i need for my butterfly garden . they also allowed a lady to install a screened in butterfly area and we have been able to gain much knowledge from her over the year .\nhi tony , i was so happy to see you getting into the swallowtails . i have been raising monarchs here in florida but have expanded to cloudless sulfurs ( they love the cassia plants ) , gulf fritillaries and zebra longwings ( love the passion vine for nectar and host ) and polydamus swallowtail which loves my pipevine as a host plant . have dozens of babies , gave up trying to bring them all in . i enjoy your posts and all the great information you provide . i will say , i am seeing less monarchs this year , but have done my best to contribute to the population ! judy\nhi tony ( and butterfly fans ) , i am hoping to find a source for some northern prickly ash saplings . . 2 or 3 i would hope . i live in northern va . i would like to try to raise a few giant swallowtails . i haven\u2019t seen any nearby but i know that some have been raised in this general area .\ni have successfully raised some eastern black swallowtails on parsley or dill inside . last year i had some dill outside ( that i was trying to raise for myself ) that were decimated by black swallowtail cats . initially i was angry at the invasion but then i was happy\u2013it didn\u2019t last though\u2013my carolina wren discovered the bonanza of cats the next week and stripped the dill of cats in one morning to feed her brood . i was angry all over again for losing the cats . ( since i was raising the dill for myself i hadn\u2019t brought in the cats . ) then i decided that i was feeding the birds year round so i had to accept the circle of life . this year i planted parsley and dill for the butterflies but to date no eggs or cats\u2026sigh .\ni have started a couple good sized milkweed patches in the yard for monarches . i have seen one lone male around them but again no females to date . no eggs or cats either . i just ordered 10 monarch eggs / cats ( no choice which i get ) . i will be raising them inside . i hope i will get a female or two to lay eggs outside in the patches . i have common , swamp ( white and pink ) , tropical , hairy balls and butterfly weed in my milkweed patches ."]}
{"id": 2345, "summary": [{"text": "azteca andreae is an arboreal ant species found in the tropics of south america , most notably in french guiana .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "they are most notable for their predatory skills and strength .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "they are ambush predators that are able to capture and eat other insects much greater than their own size . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "azteca andreae", "paragraphs": ["azteca andreae ant mound in panama . is an arboreal ant species found in the tropics\nazteca andreae ant mound in panama . is an arboreal ant species found in the tropics , video\nazteca andreae ant mound in panama . is an arboreal ant species found in the tropics | stock video | colourbox\nin this study , we investigated the predatory behavior of the ant azteca andreae which is associated with the myrmecophyte cecropia obtusa .\nthe claws of azteca andreae are shaped like hooks and fit neatly into fibrous loops on the undersides of its home plants ' leaves .\na recent plos one paper by dejean et al documents a novel predatory behavior of azteca andreae . rather than waste words explaining it , here\u2019s a video :\nin guiana , symbiosis between azteca ants and the cecropia tree ( or trumpet tree ) is frequent . however , a surprising discovery has been made : one species of ant ( azteca andreae ) uses the\nvelcro\nprinciple to cling on firmly . . .\npredation and aggressiveness in host plant protection : a generalization using ants from the genus azteca .\nimages : 1 ) azteca andreae ants aligned on a leaf , and capturing a moth . / pnas . 2 ) scanning electron micrographs of hook - shaped a . andreae claw , along with top and bottom surfaces of leaves to which they cling . / pnas .\npcr primers for polymorphic microsatellite loci in the plant - ant azteca ulei cordiae ( formicidae : dolichoderinae ) .\nazteca andreae \u2019s strategy of lying in wait is just one such technique . a related species azteca bequaerti hides in special hollows produced by their host where it listens for the vibrations of a landing insect and swarms it en masse . even more elaborately , allomerus decemarticulatus creates elaborate traps by building layers over tree branches that look like parts of the tree but are actually hiding places for ant ambushers .\ndoes exogenic food benefit both partners in an ant - plant mutualism ? the case of cecropia obtusa and its guest azteca plant - ants .\nmorais hc . 1998 . azteca cf . lanuginosa ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : biologia , comportamento de preda\u00e7\u00e3o e forrageamento em cerrado . urltoken .\n( a ) to evaluate the number of azteca andreae workers per centimeter of leaf margin , we took pictures of the workers ambushing from beneath the cecropia obtusa leaves while cautiously placing a ruler 1\u20132 cm away from the leaf margin so as not to perturb them . ( b ) to evaluate the strength of the workers , we used different weights glued to pieces of thread and placed the free end of the thread near an ambushing major worker . here , three azteca andreae workers are biting the end of a piece of thread glued to a 10 - cent euro coin ; only one ( arrow ) is really holding onto the coin ( 4 . 11 g ) .\na . andreae colonies live in trees , and individual ants line the underside edges of leaves , jaws open and outstretched . when an insect lands , the ants seize its legs , holding it down until other ants dismember the pinioned prey .\nin regards to the predatory behavior of\na . decemarticulatus\n, similar behaviors have been observed in other ant species , such as symbioses with plants ( like in\npseudomyrmex ferruginea\n) , cultivating a fungus ( like in leafcutter ants ) , and sneaking up to and ambushing larger prey ( like in\nazteca andreae\n, another species studied by dejean ) . however , most remarkably ,\nallomerus decemarticulatus\nseems to incorporate each of these advanced behaviors to make a powerful apparatus for tricking impressively large prey .\nthe study was conducted on three a . andreae colonies for each compared tree species , and here , too , the tests consisted in dropping prey onto the upper surface of the leaves from ca . 5 cm in height at ca . 2 . 5 cm from the margin .\nthe ants keep their grip best while on cecropia obtusa leaves , where the surface loops are pronounced . the two species seem to have co - evolved : a . andreae provides defense against plant - munching bugs , and c . obtusa helps the ants get a predatory grip .\nto compare cases of successful capture by a . andreae hunting workers according to different leaf structures , we conducted a study on c . obtusa , c . palmata and v . latifolia , with the latter serving as a control case . indeed , among the plants on which we noted a . andreae workers in the process of hunting , the leaves of v . latifolia are relatively large ( up to 20 cm in length and 8 cm in width ) , their upper side is very smooth and the underside much less downy than those of the two compared cecropia .\nin the brazilian rainforest , a grasshopper lands on a leaf and seals its fate . it was after a quick meal , but this leaf belongs to the cecropia obtusa plant and it employs hidden bodyguards \u2013 ants . underneath its leaves , thousands of azteca andreae ants lie in ambush , poised at the edges with their jaws outstretched . as soon as the grasshopper lands , the ants rush out from their hiding places , seize it by the legs and pull it spread - eagled . the leaf turns into a medieval torture rack , with the ambushers holding the victim while their nestmates bite , sting and dismember it .\nazteca andreae workers occasionally hunt by patrolling their host tree foliage , but early in the morning \u2013 or , more frequently , at the end of the day and at night \u2013 they ambush prey by placing themselves side - by - side beneath the leaf margins with just their wide - open mandibles visible from above ( fig . 1c ) . after noting that they frequently occupy all of the leaf margins of their host trees , we evaluated the number of ambushing workers by multiplying the density of the workers by the total length of the leaf margins ; for example , for the 10 leaves of a c . obtusa tree , we estimated that there were 4 . 4 workers per cm or ca . 8350 workers ( see fig . 2a ) .\nbecause we observed a . andreae workers capturing an 8 - cm - long locust weighing 9 . 2 g - or ca . 7 , 100 times the weight ( 0 . 0014 g ) of a hunting worker - on their host c . obtusa , we hypothesized that the cecropia leaf structure could play a role in the capture of such a large prey . we therefore surveyed what kind and sizes of prey a . andreae workers can capture , studied the c . obtusa and c . palmata leaf structure , compared the workers ' strength when holding onto different weights in five situations , and compared the successfulness of workers at capturing locust nymphs when hunting on c . obtusa , c . palmata and vismia latifolia ( clusiaceae ) , with the latter serving as a control case .\nthe tests consisted in dropping 1 cm , 1 . 5 cm , 2 . 5 cm and 3 . 5 - cm - long nymphs of the locust species tropidacris collaris onto the upper surface of c . obtusa , c . palmata or v . latifolia leaves where groups of 12\u201315 a . andreae workers were hunting . these prey were dropped from ca . 5 cm in height at ca . 2 . 5 cm from the leaf margins .\n( a ) a carton nest on a cecropia obtusa . ( b ) underside of a young c . obtusa leaf with numerous ambushing a . andreae workers placed side - by - side along the leaf margin . a black hymenoptera is spread - eagled near the principal vein . ( c ) a sphingid moth was captured during the night and was still struggling when we photographed it in the morning . ( d ) detail of the position of ambushing workers .\nthe incredible tactics of the azteca ants were discovered 16 years ago , but the secret behind their prodigious grip has only just been revealed by a team of french and spanish scientists led by alain dejean . they watched the entire hunting sequence by luring large moths to the leaves using ultraviolet light , or by dropping grasshoppers onto them . at the slightest touch , the closest workers attacked the prey and drove it towards others lying in wait , which collectively flipped it underneath the leaf and stretched it out .\nthe layers are made out of the hairs of its host tree bound together with a fungus that the ants farm . they are pitted with tiny holes that the ants hide in . when a victim lands , the ants launch a grisly surprise attack , rushing out from their holes and grabbing the victim by the legs . as with a . andreae , the victims of a . decemarticulatus are stretched out and eaten . in the rainforest , even a harmless looking leaf or branch can hide a painful death inside or beneath it .\n( a ) scanning electron micrograph of the hook - shaped claws of a . andreae workers . ( b - c ) photomicrographs of unstained , 50 \u00b5m sections of cecropia obtusa ( b ) and c . palmata ( c ) ; the upper side of the lamina is on the top . d - g - scanning electron micrographs of the upper side ( d\u2013e ) and underside ( f\u2013g ) of the lamina of c . obtusa ( d\u2013f ) and c . palmata ( e\u2013g ) . long , thin trichomes characterize the underside of the leaves of both species , but with major differences in densities ; whereas the upper surface of the leaves has short , wide trichomes \u2013 here , too , at different densities . scale bars , 100 \u00b5m .\nwe monitored 12 c . obtusa during 22 non - consecutive days and verified twice each day , at dusk and early in the morning , what prey were captured by the a . andreae workers . we thoroughly inspected the underside of the foliage , the trunk and the surface of the nests in order to note what prey were spread - eagled , and / or in the process of being slowly retrieved or cut up ( generally on the nest ) . we gathered the most frequent and the largest prey for identification . the largest prey were weighed individually ; whereas , for the most frequent prey , we gathered up to 30 individuals to obtain a mean weight ( \u00b1se ) . we then calculated the ratio between the weight of the captured prey and the mean weight of a hunting worker .\nwe used nymphs of the locust species tropidacris collaris from four size ranges : 1 cm , 1 . 5 cm , 2 . 5 cm and 3 . 5 cm . these nymphs move in groups of up to 150 individuals of the same size and are therefore good candidates for such studies . the tests were conducted when groups of 12\u201315 a . andreae workers were hunting on c . obtusa , c . palmata or v . latifolia . for each size class of prey , we compared the number of workers involved in hunting using an anova to be sure that during the tests on one plant species the number of workers involved in hunting was not greater than for the two other plant species . in all of the cases , the difference was not significant ( p = 0 . 41 ; p = 0 . 88 ; p = 0 . 63 and p = 0 . 97 for tests conducted on locust nymphs of 1 cm , 1 . 5 cm , 2 . 5 cm and 3 . 5 cm , respectively ; n = 30 cases in all situations ) .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : dejean a , leroy c , corbara b , roux o , c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino r , orivel j , et al . ( 2010 ) arboreal ants use the \u201cvelcro\u00ae principle\u201d to capture very large prey . plos one 5 ( 6 ) : e11331 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2010 dejean et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this study was funded by the programme amazonie ii of the french centre national de la recherche scientifique ( project 2id ) and the programme convergence 2007 - 2013 , r\u00e9gion guyane from the european community ( project dega ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nexcept for myrmecophytic acacia , piper and macaranga that produce protein - rich fbs and whose mutualistic plant - ants do not hunt , other plant - related products such as carbohydrate - rich efn , fbs and hemiptera honeydew are comparatively poor in protein and amino acids [ 3 ] , [ 7 ] \u2013 [ 10 ] . so , many arboreal ants have developed innovative ways of meeting these needs . some species economize nitrogen as their workers have a thin cuticle and non - proteinaceous venom [ 11 ] ; others rely on micro - symbionts to recycle nitrogen [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 14 ] , while still others consume a part of their attended hemiptera that thus do not proliferate [ 6 ] .\nby monitoring 12 c . obtusa during 22 non - consecutive days , we noted that the colonies captured on average 16 . 66\u00b10 . 76 prey greater than 8 mm in length per day ( n . b . smaller prey , not registered as they were too rapidly mastered and retrieved , were very numerous ) . the prey included a wide range of flying and jumping insects ( see table 1 ) , the largest of which , a 10 . 5 - cm - long tropidacris collaris locust , weighed 18 . 61 g or 13 , 350 times the weight of a hunting worker .\ndifferent captured prey , their weight ( or mean weight \u00b1 se ) and the ratio with the mean weight of a hunting worker ( ca . 0 . 0014 g ) .\nbecause the capture of such large and powerful prey was unexpected , we experimentally verified the workers ' strength by placing the free ends of threads glued to different weights in front of individuals ambushing on a vertical part of a leaf . tested individually , the workers immediately bit the end of the thread , and had enough grip to hold onto loads up to 8 . 0 g or 5 , 714 times their weight ( figs . 2b and 3 ) .\nwe noted a significantly higher number of successful cases when we tested workers situated on the very downy underside of c . obtusa leaves than when either on the rough upper side of these leaves or on experimental sheets of supple plastic ( figs . 3a and 4 ) . the surface of the selected plastic does not allow ant claws to grip , so that the workers adhere thanks to their adhesive pads . indeed , the velvet - like surface found on the underside of the c . obtusa leaves ( fig . 4 ) seems determinant in the workers being able to hold onto such weight . this is shown by the fact that ambushing workers from colonies associated with c . obtusa were significantly more effective than those from colonies associated with c . palmata ( fig . 3b ) , the underside of whose leaves is much less downy ( fig . 4 ) .\n( a ) from the upper side and the underside of c . obtusa leaves , and from a sheet of supple plastic ( kruskal - wallis test for 0 . 75 g : h 3 , 300 = 12 . 4 ; p = 0 . 002 ; for 0 . 125 g and 0 . 250 g : h 3 , 300 = 74 ; p < 0 . 0001 ; dunn ' s post hoc test for multiple comparisons : different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0 . 01 ) . ( b ) from the underside of c . obtusa vs . c . palmata leaves ( wilcoxon signed rank test : z = 2 . 37 ; p < 0 . 02 ) .\n\u201cvelcro\u201d , which has become a generic term derived from the french words \u2018 velours \u2019 ( for velvet ) and \u2018 crochet \u2019 ( for hook ) , is a \u201chook - and - loop\u201d fastener inspired by burdock seeds that are dispersed because they stick to mammal fur . another case of a natural velcro involved in an insect - plant interaction was recently described for the cone - shaped cells on the rough surface of flower petals that permit bumblebees to grasp the flowers while gathering nectar and pollen , and so to save energy by not having to beat their wings to stay on the flowers [ 21 ] .\npublished information on the maximum size and weight of the prey captured by arboreal ants is sparse . oecophylla longinoda workers can capture large insects 20 to 50 times their weight , with this ratio exceptionally reaching 580 for a small bird captured and transported after it had fallen to the ground [ 22 ] . allomerus workers use their gallery - shaped trap to capture insects up to 1800 times their weight [ 16 ] .\nin conclusion , many ant species have adapted their predatory behavior to the constraints of their arboreal life . this study illustrates a three - fold context wherein a coordinated group hunting effort complements the workers ' hook - shaped claws combined with the structure of the leaves of their host plant . consequently , they use a very effective group ambushing technique permitting them to easily capture numerous insect prey , including large and powerful items , while protecting their host tree .\nto evaluate the number of workers ambushing at one time , we took pictures of the workers ambushing from beneath the cecropia obtusa leaves while cautiously placing a ruler 1\u20132 cm away from the leaf margin so as not to perturb the ants ( fig . 2a ) . to study prey capture , using four different colonies , we dropped prey ( 1 . 5 - cm - long tettigonid grasshoppers ) onto the upper surface of the leaves from ca . 5 cm in height at ca . 2 . 5 cm from the margin ( 50 cases ) . although they were intact and so able to jump , 49 out of the 50 tested grasshoppers were captured , and then retrieved .\nusing a microscale ( mettler\u00ae ae 260 ) , we individually weighed 300 hunting workers randomly gathered from three colonies ( 100 individuals from each colony ) , resulting in an average worker weight of 1 . 393\u00b10 . 05 mg ( \u00b1se ) , so ca . 1 . 4 mg . they consisted of medium - to large - sized individuals .\npieces of the central lobe of the multi - lobed c . obtusa and c . palmata leaves were collected and immediately fixed in faa ( 5 % formalin , 5 % acetic acid and 50 % ethanol ) before being stored in 70 % ethanol . cross - sections , 50 \u00b5m thick , were obtained using a vibrating microtome ( leica vt 1000s , rueil - malmaison , france ) . unstained sections were observed using an inverted microscope ( leica dmirbe , rueil - malmaison , france ) . images were acquired with a ccd camera ( color coolview , photonic science , robertsbridge , uk ) . for scanning electron microscope ( sem ) photography , pieces of leaves were dehydrated in 80 , 90 and 100 % ethanol and were critical point - dried with liquid carbon dioxide . the dried materials were attached with double - sided tape onto metal stubs , grounded with conductive silver paint and sputter - coated with gold / palladium . observations were made using a scanning electron microscope ( hitachi c450 ) operated at 15 kv , and photographs were taken with illford 125 iso film .\nto determine more precisely how much weight a single worker is able to hold onto , we glued one of the ends of pieces of thick thread onto different weights . the experiment consisted in taking a weight between the thumb and index finger and cautiously placing the free end of the thread near a major worker ambushing on a vertical part of a leaf ( see fig . 2b ) and rather isolated from its nestmates so that it would not immediately recruit other workers . we considered the experiment to be valid when the workers could hold onto the tested weight for at least 5 seconds . if nestmates came to help the worker prior to the end of the 5 - second period , the experiment was not taken into consideration .\nbecause our data were structured due to the fact that we used three individuals per tree species and each tree was used repeatedly ( 10 times ) , we used the generalized linear mixed model ( glmm ) on r 2 . 8 . 1 ( r development core team , 2008 ) with the \u201cglmer\u201d function of the \u201clme4\u201d package by bates and maechler . the glmm was run on the rate of successful capture of prey with the binomial distribution option ( binary results such as failure or success of capture ) , using the tree species and the size of the prey as fixed effects , and replicates as a random effect .\nwe are grateful to andrea yockey - dejean for proofreading the manuscript , to vivien rossi for advice concerning the statistics , and to the laboratoire environnement de petit saut ( hydreco ) , french guiana , for its logistical help .\nconceived and designed the experiments : ad . performed the experiments : ad cl bc or rc jo rb . analyzed the data : ad cl bc or rc jo rb . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ad cl . wrote the paper : ad . performed the histology : cl .\nwilson eo , h\u00f6lldobler b ( 2005 ) the rise of the ants : a phylogenetic and ecological explanation . proc natl acad sc , usa 102 : 7411\u20137414 .\nmoreau cs , bell cd , vila r , archibald b , pierce ne ( 2006 ) phylogeny of the ants : diversification in the age of angiosperms . science 312 : 101\u2013104 .\nrico - gray v , oliveira p ( 2007 ) the ecology and evolution of ant - plant interactions . ( chicago : the university of chicago press ) . 320 p .\ndejean a , corbara b , orivel j , leponce m ( 2007 ) rainforest canopy ants : the implications of territoriality and predatory behavior . funct ecosyst communit 1 : 105\u2013120 .\nstyrsky jd , eubanks m d ( 2007 ) ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew - producing insects . proc r soc london b 274 : 151\u2013164 .\nheil m , mckey d ( 2003 ) protective ant - plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research . ann rev ecol syst 34 : 425\u2013453 .\ndavidson dw ( 2005 ) ecological stoichiometry of ants in a new world rain forest . oecologia 142 : 221\u2013231 .\nfeldhaar h , straka j , krischke m , berthold k , stoll s , et al . ( 2007 ) nutritional upgrading for omnivorous carpenter ants by the endosymbiont\nrussell ja , moreau cs , goldman - huertas b , fujiwara m , et al . ( 2009 ) bacterial gut symbionts are tightly linked with the evolution of herbivory in ants . proc natl acad sc , usa 106 : 21236\u201321241 .\n( passifloraceae ) through aggressiveness and predation . biol j linn soc 93 : 63\u201369 .\ndejean a , solano pj , ayroles j , corbara b , orivel j ( 2005 ) arboreal ants build traps to capture prey . nature 434 : 973 .\n( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : biologia , comportamento de preda\u00e7\u00e3o e forrageamento em cerrado .\nwhitney hm , chittka l , bruce tja , glover bj ( 2009 ) conical epidermal cells allow bees to grip flowers and increase foraging efficiency . curr biol 19 : 948\u2013953 .\nfederle w , baumgartner w , h\u00f6lldobler b ( 2004 ) biomechanics of ant adhesive pads : frictional forces are rate - and temperature - dependent . j exp biol 207 : 67\u201374 .\ndo these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !\nthe ants lie in wait on the underside of a leaf . workers drive the moth towards these edges , where the ambushers grab them .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nguerrero , delabie & dejean , 2010 pdf : 54 , figs . 1 - 2 ( w . q . m . )\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nlong before velcro was invented , a species of south american ant used its own natural form of the wonder material to hunt .\nit ' s\nlike natural velcro that is reinforced by the group ambush strategy of the workers , allowing them to capture prey of up to 13 , 350 times the mean weight of a single worker ,\nwrote researchers in a study published june 25 in plos one .\nin the new study , the researchers held weighted threads in front of the ants . instinctively , the ants bit and held . without losing its grip , the average worker could hold on to 8 grams , or some 5 , 700 times its body weight . in proportional terms , that ' s like a house cat holding on to a humpback whale . passing insects don ' t have a chance .\nanother , less gruesome example of velcro - like plant - insect interaction was recently described between bumblebees and flower petals , which have microscopic loops that enable bees to hang upside - down with little effort .\ncitation : arboreal ants use the \u201cvelcro\u00ae principle\u201d to capture very large prey .\nby alain dejean , c\u00e9line leroy , bruno corbara , olivier roux , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel , rapha\u00ebl boulay . public library of science one , vol . 5 no . 6 , june 25 , 2010 .\nbrandon keim ' s twitter stream and reportorial outtakes ; wired science on twitter . brandon is currently working on a book about ecological tipping points .\nuse of and / or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our user agreement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) and privacy policy and cookie statement ( updated 5 / 25 / 18 ) . your california privacy rights . the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of cond\u00e9 nast . ad choices .\nguerrero , et al . 2010 : 54 , figs . 1 - 2 ( w . q . m . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\n( cecropiaceae ) , and sometimes on the foliage of surrounding trees . these two\ntree , we estimated that there were 4 . 4 workers per cm or ca . 8350 workers ( see\nwere ambushing in great number . the larger insects were successfully captured only when they were seized at the leaf margins (\n) . this was confirmed by experimentally dropping 1 . 5 - cm - long grasshoppers onto leaves ca . 2 . 5 cm from the margin . the vibrations triggered an alarm in the three to ten closest workers that collectively attacked the prey and drove it toward ambushing nestmates that then seized it and immediately flipped it under the leaves before spread - eagling it during 4 to 10 minutes . meanwhile , new workers had replaced those involved in the prey capture by placing themselves side - by - side along the leaf margin . once they had killed or stunned the prey , the ants collectively retrieved it by moving slowly toward the leaf petiole , and then toward the carton nest . some grasshoppers were partially carved up on the spot .\nduring 22 non - consecutive days , we noted that the colonies captured on average 16 . 66\u00b10 . 76 prey greater than 8 mm in length per day ( n . b . smaller prey , not registered as they were too rapidly mastered and retrieved , were very numerous ) . the prey included a wide range of flying and jumping insects ( see\n) , the largest of which , a 10 . 5 - cm - long\nlocust , weighed 18 . 61 g or 13 , 350 times the weight of a hunting worker .\nwinged termites ( isoptera , rhinotermitidae ) ( 0 . 4\u00b10 . 01 cm )\ntropidacris collaris ( orthoptera , acrididae ) ( 8 . 1\u00b10 . 2 cm )\ntinacris albipes ( orthoptera , acrididae ) ( ca . 6 . 5 cm )\nbecause the capture of such large and powerful prey was unexpected , we experimentally verified the workers ' strength by placing the free ends of threads glued to different weights in front of individuals ambushing on a vertical part of a leaf . tested individually , the workers immediately bit the end of the thread , and had enough grip to hold onto loads up to 8 . 0 g or 5 , 714 times their weight (\n) . the surface of the selected plastic does not allow ant claws to grip , so that the workers adhere thanks to their adhesive pads . indeed , the velvet - like surface found on the underside of the\n) seems determinant in the workers being able to hold onto such weight . this is shown by the fact that ambushing workers from colonies associated with\n, served as a control case . we experimentally dropped the locust nymphs onto leaves ca . 2 . 5 cm from the leaf margins , and noted that both the tree species and the size of the locust nymphs had a significant effect on the ability of the ants to successfully catch the prey ( p < 0 . 001 in all cases ;\n) . this permits a limited number of workers to hold onto large insects until their nestmates are able to help to spread - eagle these prey . this is particularly true for\nworkers and the velvet - like structure of the underside of the leaves combine to act like natural velcro\u00ae and is reinforced by the group ambush strategy of the workers . as a result ,\nworkers can capture powerful prey up to 13 , 350 times their weight ( i . e . , equivalent to a 934 . 5 - ton catch by a group of men each weighing 70 kg ) , while the host plant benefits from protection from even the largest defoliating insects .\n. this behavior does not depend on the structure of the leaf blades of the host tree . indeed ,\n) . because prey of that size or smaller are the most frequently captured , they likely constitute the basis of the protein obtained by the colonies .\nthis study and the preliminary surveys that permitted us to develop the appropriate experimental protocols were conducted between 2005 and 2009 along forest edges in zones situated around the field station at petit saut , sinnamary , french guiana ( 5\u00b0 03\u2032 39\u2033 n ; 53\u00b0 02\u2032 36\u2033 w ) .\n) , so that the nests are periodically rebuilt as the host tree grows . in french guiana ,\nthat develops on white sands ( m . f . prevost , pers . comm . ) .\n) . to study prey capture , using four different colonies , we dropped prey ( 1 . 5 - cm - long tettigonid grasshoppers ) onto the upper surface of the leaves from ca . 5 cm in height at ca . 2 . 5 cm from the margin ( 50 cases ) . although they were intact and so able to jump , 49 out of the 50 tested grasshoppers were captured , and then retrieved .\nto determine more precisely how much weight a single worker is able to hold onto , we glued one of the ends of pieces of thick thread onto different weights . the experiment consisted in taking a weight between the thumb and index finger and cautiously placing the free end of the thread near a major worker ambushing on a vertical part of a leaf ( see\n) and rather isolated from its nestmates so that it would not immediately recruit other workers . we considered the experiment to be valid when the workers could hold onto the tested weight for at least 5 seconds . if nestmates came to help the worker prior to the end of the 5 - second period , the experiment was not taken into consideration .\nwilson eo , h\u00f6lldobler b . the rise of the ants : a phylogenetic and ecological explanation .\nmoreau cs , bell cd , vila r , archibald b , pierce ne . phylogeny of the ants : diversification in the age of angiosperms .\nrico - gray v , oliveira p . ( chicago : the university of chicago press ) ; 2007 . the ecology and evolution of ant - plant interactions . 320\ndejean a , grangier j , leroy c , orivel j . predation and aggressiveness in host plant protection : a generalization using ants of the genus\ndejean a , corbara b , orivel j , leponce m . rainforest canopy ants : the implications of territoriality and predatory behavior .\nstyrsky jd , eubanks m d . ecological consequences of interactions between ants and honeydew - producing insects .\nfischer r c , richter a , wanek w , mayer v . plants feed ants : food bodies of myrmecophytic\nheil m , mckey d . protective ant - plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research .\nheil m , baumann b , kr\u00fcger r , linsenmair ke . main nutrient compounds in food bodies of mexican\nfeldhaar h , straka j , krischke m , berthold k , stoll s , et al . nutritional upgrading for omnivorous carpenter ants by the endosymbiont\nrussell ja , moreau cs , goldman - huertas b , fujiwara m , et al . bacterial gut symbionts are tightly linked with the evolution of herbivory in ants .\nde souza dj , b\u00e9zier a , depoix d , drezen j - m , lenoir a .\ndejean a , dji\u00e9to - lordon c , orivel j . the plant - ant\ndejean a , solano pj , ayroles j , corbara b , orivel j . arboreal ants build traps to capture prey .\nwhitney hm , chittka l , bruce tja , glover bj . conical epidermal cells allow bees to grip flowers and increase foraging efficiency .\nwojtusiak j , godzinska ej , dejean a . capture and retrieval of very large prey by workers of the african weaver ant ,\nfederle w , baumgartner w , h\u00f6lldobler b . biomechanics of ant adhesive pads : frictional forces are rate - and temperature - dependent .\nthis hunting strategy is all the more amazing when you consider that the ants weigh just over a milligram each while their prey \u2013 including grasshoppers and moths \u2013 can weigh up to 10 grams . ants are famously strong and they obviously hunt in large numbers , but even so , holding down a struggling insect that outweighs them by around 10 , 000 times can\u2019t be easy . it\u2019s the equivalent of a team of humans holding down three struggling blue whales .\nbut the ants and their host plant work together . the claws of the ants hook into the velvety , downy underside of c . obtusa \u2019s leaves in the same way that velcro fastens using miniature hooks and loops . the plant provides biological hitching posts that its bodyguards can anchor themselves to and the ants are far stronger on their host plant than on any other .\nto test the workers\u2019 strength , dejean dangled threads with weights at the end of them in front of their open jaws . he found that each worker can hold onto 8 grams , around 5 , 700 times her own weight . as a unit , they can manage far more .\nthe workers also seemed to be particularly strong on the downy underside of the leaves than on the rough upper surface , or on a sheet of smooth plastic . and they were especially mighty on their host plant . when dejean tested them on a closely related tree with a less downy underside they couldn\u2019t hold onto as much weight . the downy underside is the key \u2013 it provides something for the ants\u2019 claws to fasten onto .\nthese ants are one of the many hundreds of ant species that form lasting relationships with plants , defending them from plant - eaters in exchange for shelter and food . but all of them have a problem . plant nectar is typically poor in proteins and nitrogen , and while some plants pay their bodyguards with special protein - rich food packages , most plant - defending ants must get these nutrients in other ways .\nsome rely on thriftiness , by producing workers with very thin shells and venoms that don\u2019t contain any protein . some rely on bacteria and others farm sap - sucking bugs that they gently nip from time to time . and yet others solve the problem by hunting for fresh meat . foraging in the forest canopy is difficult so these tree - top predators rely on ambush techniques that make the most of prey that approaches them .\nuse on websites and for limited audiences in social media , apps , or live performances .\nflying downwards from philodendron leaves on the trunk of a rainforest tree in the ecuadorian amazon . shot using a quadcopter .\nportrait of mother and two sons , costa rica . shot on red epic for high quality 4k , uhd , ultra hd resolution .\nsoccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series\nover 10 , 966 , 582 royalty - free video clips with 81 , 204 new stock clips added weekly .\nc\u00e9line leroy , jean - fran\u00e7ois carrias , bruno corbara , laurent p\u00e9lozuelo , olivier d\u00e9zerald , olivier brouard , alain dejean , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino .\nepiphytism imposes physiological constraints resulting from the lack of access to the nutrient sources available to ground - rooted plants . a conspicuous adaptation in response to that lack is the phytotelm ( plant - held waters ) of tank - bromeliad species that are often nutrient - rich . associations with terrestrial invertebrates also result in higher plant nutrient acquisition . assuming that tank - bromeliads rely on reservoir - assisted nutrition , it was hypothesized that the dual association with mutualistic ants and the phytotelm food web provides greater nutritional benefits to the plant compared with those bromeliads involved in only one of these two associations .\nscott c warren , kislon vo\u00eftchovsky , hen dotan , c\u00e9line m leroy , maurin cornuz , francesco stellacci , c\u00e9cile h\u00e9bert , avner rothschild , michael gr\u00e4tzel .\ncharge transport in nanoparticle - based materials underlies many emerging energy - conversion technologies , yet assessing the impact of nanometre - scale structure on charge transport across micrometre - scale distances remains a challenge . here we develop an approach for correlating the spatial distribution of crystalline and current - carrying domains in entire nanoparticle aggregates . we apply this approach to nanoparticle - based ? - fe ? o ? electrodes that are of interest in solar - to - hydrogen energy conversion . in correlating structure and charge transport with nanometre resolution across micrometre - scale distances , we have identified the existence of champion nanoparticle aggregates that are most responsible for the high photoelectrochemical activity of the present electrodes . indeed , when electrodes are fabricated with a high proportion of these champion nanostructures , the electrodes achieve the highest photocurrent of any metal oxide photoanode for photoelectrochemical water - splitting under 100 mw cm ( - 2 ) air mass 1 . 5 global sunlight .\npredation success by a plant - ant indirectly favours the growth and fitness of its host myrmecophyte .\nalain dejean , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel , vivien rossi , olivier roux , j\u00e9r\u00e9mie lauth , pierre - jean g mal\u00e9 , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino , c\u00e9line leroy .\nfood - web structure in relation to environmental gradients and predator - prey ratios in tank - bromeliad ecosystems .\nolivier d\u00e9zerald , c\u00e9line leroy , bruno corbara , jean - fran\u00e7ois carrias , laurent p\u00e9lozuelo , alain dejean , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino .\nc\u00e9line m leroy , alexandra e maegli , kevin sivula , takashi hisatomi , nicolas xanthopoulos , eugenio h otal , songhak yoon , anke weidenkaff , rosendo sanjines , michael gr\u00e4tzel .\nlatio ( 2 ) n photoanodes for solar water splitting were prepared by electrophoretic deposition and demonstrated the best photocurrents ever reported for this material . further important enhancement of the performance was obtained by the use of a sputtered in ( 2 ) o ( 3 ) overlayer .\nant species identity mediates reproductive traits and allocation in an ant - garden bromeliad .\nc\u00e9line leroy , bruno corbara , laurent p\u00e9lozuelo , jean - fran\u00e7ois carrias , alain dejean , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino .\ndetermining the sources of variation in floral morphology is crucial to understanding the mechanisms underlying angiosperm evolution . the selection of floral and reproductive traits is influenced by the plants abiotic environment , florivores and pollinators . however , evidence that variations in floral traits result from mutualistic interactions with insects other than pollinators is lacking in the published literature and has rarely been investigated . we aimed to determine whether the association with either camponotus femoratus or pachycondyla goeldii ( both involved in seed dispersal and plant protection ) mediates the reproductive traits and allocation of aechmea mertensii , an obligatory ant - garden tank - bromeliad , differently .\nemission - photoactivity cross - processing of mesoporous interfacial charge transfer in eu3 + doped titania .\nc\u00e9line marie leroy , hong feng wang , alexandre fargues , thierry cardinal , v\u00e9ronique jubera , mona treguer - delapierre , c\u00e9dric boissiere , david grosso , clement sanchez , bruno viana , fabienne pell\u00e9 .\nperiodic mesoporous eu ( 3 + ) doped titania materials were obtained through the eisa ( evaporation induced self assembly ) process . eu ( 3 + ) ions , entrapped within the semi - crystalline walls of the highly porous framework , appear to be advantageous during the probing of surface photochemical reactions . its emission intensity is very sensitive to the presence of physisorbed molecules , in gas or liquid phase , that reside within the pores . in particular , strong fluctuations in intensity of the ( 5 ) d ( 0 ) ? ( 7 ) f ( 2 ) transition were observed under uv light exposure on the time scale of tens of seconds . the emission modulation dynamics show a strong correlation with the crystallinity of the titania matrix . correlation of the emission with the photocatalytic activity of the semiconductor for photodegradation of an organic molecule is observed . a model is proposed to describe the involved mechanisms .\nolivier brouard , anne - h\u00e9l\u00e8ne le jeune , c\u00e9line leroy , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino , olivier roux , laurent p\u00e9lozuelo , alain dejean , bruno corbara , jean - fran\u00e7ois carrias .\nalain dejean , bruno corbara , c\u00e9line leroy , jacques h c delabie , vivien rossi , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino .\nspecific , non - nutritional association between an ascomycete fungus and allomerus plant - ants .\nmario x ruiz - gonz\u00e1lez , pierre - jean g mal\u00e9 , c\u00e9line leroy , alain dejean , herv\u00e9 gryta , patricia jargeat , ang\u00e9lique quilichini , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel .\ndynamics of the association between a long - lived understory myrmecophyte and its specific associated ants .\nj\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel , luc lambs , pierre - jean g mal\u00e9 , c\u00e9line leroy , julien grangier , thierry otto , ang\u00e9lique quilichini , alain dejean .\na temporary social parasite of tropical plant - ants improves the fitness of a myrmecophyte .\nalain dejean , c\u00e9line leroy , bruno corbara , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino , olivier roux , bruno h\u00e9rault , vivien rossi , roberto j guerrero , jacques h c delabie , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel , rapha\u00ebl boulay .\narboreal ants use the\nvelcro ( r ) principle\nto capture very large prey .\nalain dejean , c\u00e9line leroy , bruno corbara , olivier roux , r\u00e9gis c\u00e9r\u00e9ghino , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel , rapha\u00ebl boulay .\nc\u00e9line leroy , alain jauneau , ang\u00e9lique quilichini , alain dejean , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel .\nepiphytic plants in general and bromeliads in particular live in a water and nutrient - stressed environment often limited in nitrogen . thus , these plants have developed different ways to survive in such an environment . we focused on aechmea mertensii ( bromeliaceae ) , which is both a tank - bromeliad and an ant - garden ( ag ) epiphyte initiated by either the ants camponotus femoratus or pachycondyla goeldii . by combining a study of plant morphology and physiology associated with aquatic insect biology , we demonstrate that the ant species influences the leaf structure of the bromeliad , the structure of the aquatic community in its tank , and nutrient assimilation by the leaves . based on nitrogen and nitrogen stable isotope measurements of the a . mertensii leaves , the leaf litter inside of the tank and the root - embedded carton nest , we discuss the potential sources of available nitrogen for the plant based on the ant partner . we demonstrate the existence of a complex ant - plant interaction that subsequently affects the biodiversity of a broader range of organisms that are themselves likely to influence nutrient assimilation by the a . mertensii leaves in a kind of plant - invertebrate - plant feedback loop .\naechmea mertensii is a tank - bromeliad that roots on ant - gardens initiated by the ants camponotus femoratus and pachycondyla goeldii . its leaves form compartments acting as phytotelmata that hold rainwater and provide habitats for invertebrates . in this article , we aimed to determine whether the association with either c . femoratus or p . goeldii influenced the vegetative traits of a . mertensii , invertebrate diversity and nutrient assimilation by the leaves . transmitted light , vegetative traits and phytotelmata contents were compared between the two a . mertensii ant - gardens . camponotus femoratus colonized partially shaded areas , whereas p . goeldii colonized exposed areas . the bromeliads rosettes had a large canopy ( c . femoratus ant - gardens ) , or were smaller and amphora shaped ( p . goeldii ant - gardens ) . there were significant differences in leaf anatomy , as shaded leaves were thicker than exposed leaves . the mean volumes of water , fine particulate organic matter and detritus in c . femoratus - associated bromeliads were three to five times higher than in p . goeldii - associated bromeliads . moreover , the highest invertebrate diversity and leaf delta ( 15 ) n values were found in c . femoratus - associated bromeliads . this study enhances our understanding of the dynamics of biodiversity , and shows how ant - plant interactions can have trophic consequences and thus influence the architecture of the interacting plant via a complex feedback loop .\nan efficient protocol for isolating melanised chaetothyrialean anamorphic fungi associated with plant - ants .\nmario x ruiz - gonz\u00e1lez , j\u00e9r\u00e9mie lauth , c\u00e9line leroy , alain jauneau , herv\u00e9 gryta , patricia jargeat , alain dejean , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel .\nbecause of their ecological characteristics , slow growth rates and the presence of contaminants , chaetothyriales fungi associated with structures built by tropical plant - ants can be difficult to isolate with standard procedures . here , we describe an easy - to - use protocol for obtaining pure cultures by using cotton as a first substrate . we have further found by means of fluorescent stains that nuclei concentrate either in young hyphae or in the tips of the hyphae .\nalain dejean , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric petitclerc , olivier roux , j\u00e9r\u00f4me orivel , c\u00e9line leroy .\njove visualize is a tool created to match the last 5 years of pubmed publications to methods in jove ' s video library .\nwe use abstracts found on pubmed and match them to jove videos to create a list of 10 to 30 related methods videos .\nin developing our video relationships , we compare around 5 million pubmed articles to our library of over 4 , 500 methods videos . in some cases the language used in the pubmed abstracts makes matching that content to a jove video difficult . in other cases , there happens not to be any content in our video library that is relevant to the topic of a given abstract . in these cases , our algorithms are trying their best to display videos with relevant content , which can sometimes result in matched videos with only a slight relation .\nscientists from the smithsonian institution describe the spectacular guyane false - form beetle , or guyanemorpha spectabilis , from guyane ( french guiana ) . as its name suggests , the newly discovered species stands out among its dull relatives in the western hemisphere , with its great size and beautiful coloration . the study was published in the open access journal zookeys .\nthis surprising large and colorful pseudomorphine came as a shock to me , as all other species of the tribe in the western hemisphere are quite dull brown , dark reddish , or blackish with no , or little , color contrast on the upper surface ,\nexplains the author dr . terry l . erwin .\nin the world of entomology this new species can be only compared in its rare characteristics to the olinguito , a new carnivore species which charmed the world and just recently described by kris helgen in zookeys ,\nhe added ."]}
{"id": 2350, "summary": [{"text": "lobocleta ossularia , the drab brown wave moth , is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california to florida , north in the east to new york and illinois .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 13 \u2013 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are greyish-brown with black speckling and four dark brown lines .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are similar in both colour and pattern .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to september in california .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on stellaria media , galium species and fragaria chiloensis . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lobocleta ossularia", "paragraphs": ["species lobocleta ossularia - drab brown wave - hodges # 7094 - bugguide . net\ncreative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ( cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 ) \u00b7 3 lobocleta ossularia , drab brown wave\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nadult : forewing grayish - brown with black speckling and four dark brown indistinct lines ; pm and subterminal lines slightly wavy , curving slightly toward base near costa ; median line usually thicker and more diffuse than other lines ; black discal dot often present between am and median lines ; hindwing has similar color and pattern as forewing .\ncalifornia to florida , north in the east to new york and illinois ; not yet recorded in canada .\nhosts database includes larval food plants common chickweed ( stellaria media , caryophyllaceae ) , species of bedstraw ( galium , rubiaceae ) , and beach strawberry ( fragaria chiloensis , rosaceae ) .\npresence in california ; list of 5 specimen records with dates and locations ( u . of california at berkeley )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na drab brown wave moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 8 / 30 / 2016 ) . determined by aaron hunt / bugguide . photo by barbara thurlow . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth on assateague island , maryland ( 7 / 2 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in dorchester co . , maryland ( 9 / 21 / 2017 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 6 / 23 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 9 / 10 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 5 / 24 / 2014 ) . determined by ken childs / bamona . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 9 / 21 / 2014 ) . photo by bill hubick . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in worcester co . , maryland ( 8 / 18 / 2013 ) . photo by scott housten . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in prince george ' s co . , maryland ( 6 / 24 / 2007 ) . photo by bob patterson . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in howard co . , maryland ( 8 / 1 / 2017 ) . verified by bob biagi / bugguide . photo by bill harms . ( mbp list )\na drab brown wave moth in howard co . , maryland ( 2002 ) . photo by larry line . ( mbp list )\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nscoble , malcolm j . , ed . , 1999 : null . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . 1016 ."]}
{"id": 2351, "summary": [{"text": "the kordofan giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum ) is a subspecies of giraffe found in northern cameroon , southern chad , central african republic and possibly western sudan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "historically some confusion has existed over the exact range limit of this subspecies compared to the west african giraffe , with populations in e.g. northern cameroon formerly assigned to the latter .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "genetic work has also revealed that all \" west african giraffe \" in european zoos are in fact kordofan giraffe .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "compared to most other subspecies , the kordofan giraffe has relatively small , more irregular spots on the inner legs .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "its english name is a reference to kordofan in sudan .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "there are around 2,000 individuals living in the wild .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the christian science monitor lists only 38 individuals being alive in the embattled garamba national park in the democratic republic of congo due to poaching ; their skin is used for luxury goods and they are said to produce enough meat to feed poachers for ' weeks ' .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "recent genetic studies also shows distinct genetic populations of giraffe that makes conservation of these subspecies even more important . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "kordofan giraffe", "paragraphs": ["the kordofan giraffe is a subspecies of giraffe typically found in northern cameroon , southern chad , central african republic and possibly western sudan .\ncompared to other subspecies , the kordofan giraffe has small , more irregular spots on the inner legs .\nto celebrate world giraffe day this 21st june , we thought we\u2019d take a look at a very special subspecies of the giraffidae family \u2013 the kordofan giraffe .\nspot the spots . compared to other subspecies , the kordofan giraffe has relatively small , pale and irregular spots .\nthe existence of the tiny kordofan giraffe population , the last in congo , is particularly precarious and special units are assigned to protect them .\nin the north - eastern democratic republic of the congo borders south sudan and contains the last remaining population of kordofan giraffe in the drc .\nyou would have to run in order to keep up with a giraffe walking because every step a giraffe takes is 15 feet long .\nthey\u2019re misunderstood . most of the kordofan populations were formerly classifed as west african giraffe ( g . c . peralta ) , but recent research has proved that they\u2019re actually in a class of their own . genetic studies in 2007 resulted in giraffe from zoos across europe being reclassified as kordofan ( g . c . antiquorum ) .\nwith only 38 kordofan giraffes remaining , conservationists are asking president obama to donate funding and supplies .\none of only a handful of kordofan giraffes in captivity , seen in paris . mathae / wikimedia\na giraffe is one of the few animals that uses mostly its front legs when it runs .\ncurrently there are nine recognised subspecies of giraffe living in geographically distinct areas across africa . however , there is increasing evidence to suggest that this may not be correct , and the giraffe conservation foundation ( gcf ) is leading a long - term effort to get to the bottom of giraffe genetics .\na single giraffe can produce up to 660 pounds of meat , and priced at 30 pounds per pound , one giraffe can produce quite a paycheck . especially in a country where the gross domestic product per capita measured $ 231 . 51 in 2012 \u2013 the worst in the world . and the skin of the kordofan giraffe has distinctive spots , typically fetching a higher price tag on the luxury goods market .\ngiraffe gather at a water hole in zimbabwe ' s hwange national park , august 2 , 2015 .\nthe killing of three rare kordofan giraffes in the democratic republic of the congo inspired a filmmaker to transform his anger into action .\npoachers are wiping away a rare subspecies of giraffe found in central africa . exclusive video shows the aftermath of recent killings .\nduring an aerial count last year , 934 giraffe were recorded , most of which were in the eastern half of the park .\nthe kordofan giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum ) is a subspecies whose native range includes southern chad , the central african republic , northern cameroon , the northern democratic republic of congo and probably south sudan . it is estimated that there are less than 2 , 000 individuals surviving across these countries .\ngaramba is africa\u2019s second oldest national park and has been hit hard by poaching in recent years as civil unrest has escalated in the region . its rhinos have been wiped out , and elephants have suffered huge losses . the same goes for its kordofan giraffes , one of africa\u2019s nine giraffe subspecies .\nthe tiny kordofan giraffe population is the last in congo ( pictured ) . there are an estimated 34 adult giraffes in garamba park , split between two herds , with four young calves between them . their skin is used for luxury goods and they produce enough meat to feed poachers for ' weeks ' the experts claim\ntoday the rhinos have been wiped out , there are less than 1 , 500 elephants and just 38 kordofan giraffes remain in a region plagued with regional conflict , tough terrain and isolation .\nthe project involved conducting a workshop to train the conservation service from four of the national parks in cameroon that hold giraffe ( waza , faro , bouba njida and b\u00e9nou\u00e9 ) on techniques in animal surveying using gis , animal data collection software , drone technology , and undertaking a population survey of large mammals in b\u00e9nou\u00e9 national park - particularly giraffe . the team used this trip to identify the threats to giraffe in this region and to help the national park conservator to find effective solutions to those threats .\nfewer than 2 , 000 now roam central africa , according to julian fennessy , co - director of the giraffe conservation foundation , a namibia - based organization . garamba\u2019s kordofans represent the last population in the democratic republic of the congo . \u201cif the number slips in half , then we\u2019re in a real dire situation , \u201d fennessy says . \u201cevery single giraffe is valuable . \u201d\nbristol zoological society began its kordofan giraffe conservation project in cameroon in 2016 . this february , our team , which consisted of osiris doumb\u00e9 , lecturer in conservation science ; daniel days , theming and interpretation coordinator ; will walker , animal manager at wild place project and dr gr\u00e1inne mccabe , head of field conservation and science , travelled to b\u00e9nou\u00e9 national park in northern cameroon to start phase i of the project .\nthe kordofan giraffe is one of nine subspecies of the long - necked animals to live on the african continent . while most other subspecies are found in the south and east of the continent , the kordofan is the only one to persist in central africa . it once ranged across large tracts of grassland , from chad and cameroon in the west to the democratic republic of congo ( drc ) in the east . while it is thought that around 3 , 000 of the animals still live in scattered populations across its range , the few remaining ones in garamba are thought to be the last of the subspecies living in the entire drc .\ndiet : giraffes are browsing ungulates , feeding almost exclusively on the new shoots of shrubs and trees . acacia trees are by far their favourite food source , the leaves being stripped from their thorny branches with the assistance of the giraffe\u2019s long prehensile tongue and lips .\nlittle wildlife data has been collected between 1983 and 2005 . however , this subspecies\u2019 name serves as a reminder of a time of abundance past . named after a former province in sudan , a researcher suggested in 1931 that kordofan giraffes were common throughout the sudan as far as northern darfur . sadly , a\nafrica ' s garamba park was once home to 500 northern white rhinos , more than 20 , 000 elephants and 350 giraffes . today the rhinos have been wiped out , there are less than 1 , 500 elephants and just 38 kordofan giraffes ( pictured ) remain in a region plagued with regional conflict , tough terrain and isolation\nbut hamlin\u2019s exhilaration at seeing and photographing the giraffes didn\u2019t last long . twelve hours later rangers reported hearing gunshots , and they later discovered three bullet - riddled giraffe carcasses rotting in the sun . \u201cit was horrible for me and the team , \u201d hamlin says\u2014\u201dthe crushing realization that most likely it was these guys , the ones we\u2019d seen . \u201d\ngiraffes have the same number of bones in their neck as humans do . baby giraffes are about 6 feet tall when they are born . they are one of the few animals born with horns . the okapi is a close relative of the giraffe making up the giraffidae family . they only sleep for a few minutes at a time . their heart weighs approximately 24 pounds .\nthe second - oldest national park in africa , garamba national park in the democratic republic of congo used to be teeming with wildlife . it was once home to 500 northern white rhinos , over 20 , 000 elephants , and 350 kordofan giraffes . but 40 years later , the park is in a different state . wracked by chronic insecurity , armed conflict and the eternal threat of poachers , the wildlife is paying the price .\n\u201c [ the petition\u2019s ] call - to - action contends that congo is under extreme financial and political distress from caring for the many refugees \u2018pouring in from south sudan , \u2019 and does not have the means to safeguard the remaining 38 giraffes from extinction , \u201d explains environews . garamba was already a resource - deprived park , but the petition\u2019s authors say hungry sudanese refugees wouldn\u2019t think twice about killing a giraffe for its flavorful meat .\n\u201cthis is one of the most trouble - ridden parts of africa , \u201d chris thouless , who works for save the elephants , a conservation organization that aims to protect the animals , told afp . \u201csimply , garamba & apos ; s survival is an absolute miracle . \u201d today , there are no northern white rhinos left in the park ( with the only three surviving northern white rhinos living in kenya ) , the elephant population has been decimated to 1 , 500 individuals , and the kordofan giraffes are on the brink with just 38 individuals , according to a new census .\nhabitat : giraffes roam over large areas of bush and savannah areas , living often in semi - desert regions where they get most of their water from their food . like camels , they are able to go long periods of time without a drink and usually drink every 2 - 3 days . to get a drink they have to splay their forelegs to reach the water . the same is true of the okapi , disproving the idea that the giraffe ' s extra long neck and legs are the reason they must drink this way .\nphase ii will begin early next year , when the dry season returns , and will involve tracking individual giraffe to add to the society\u2019s spot pattern database ( used for individual recognition ) and to boost our knowledge of their use of the habitat , the foods they prefer to eat and their social structure . we will also continue to support the conservation service by providing basic kit , such as uniforms , boots and socks , water filters and other field equipment \u2013 it is hoped this will make their job of patrolling the park easier and help to stop illegal activities such as cattle herding , poaching and gold mining .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nafrica ' s garamba park was once home to 500 northern white rhinos , more than 20 , 000 elephants and 350 giraffes .\nthe situation is so dire , that if the park loses just five more of the tiny , rare giraffes , they will be unable to sustain themselves and would ultimately face extinction .\n' this is one of the most trouble - ridden parts of africa , ' said chris thouless of save the elephants , a conservation organisation . ' simply , garamba ' s survival is an absolute miracle . '\nwhen vet pete morkel first visited garamba to put tracking collars on northern white rhinos in the 1990s , it was a different place .\nhow to tell when felines aren ' t feeling fine : researchers . . .\nmale sand martin birds are filmed trying to mate with a dead . . .\n' it was quite easy to see rhinos , there was a lot more elephant , a lot more hippo , just a lot more of everything , ' said the 55 - year old namibian vet .\nthere are an estimated 34 adult giraffes in garamba park , split between two herds , with four young calves between them .\ntheir skin is used for luxury goods and they produce enough meat to feed poachers for ' weeks ' the experts claim .\nin february last year , he put radio tracking collars on elephants and giraffes , darting the animals from a hovering helicopter .\neight giraffes and 28 elephants now have collars enabling conservationists to monitor their every movement and park rangers to track their whereabouts .\nwhen conservation non - profit african parks took over management of garamba in 2005 , it was too late to save the northern white rhino , now the struggle is to protect what ' s left .\ngaramba was established in 1938 , making it the continent ' s second oldest park after virunga to the south . in 1980 garamba was made a world heritage site , but a quarter of a century later the rhinos the designation was intended to protect were gone\nin february last year , conservationists put radio tracking collars on elephants and giraffes , darting the animals from a hovering helicopter . eight giraffes and 28 elephants now have collars enabling the experts to monitor their every movement and park rangers to track their whereabouts\ngaramba was established in 1938 , making it the continent ' s second oldest park after virunga to the south .\nold black and white photographs are all that remains of a once famous elephant domestication programme .\nthey show white men in pith helmets sitting on an elephant - drawn plough , or regal upon a horse in sparkling jodhpurs with elephants and locals lined up in neat rows on either side like a coronation scene from jean de brunhoff ' s cartoon ' babar ' .\nin 1980 garamba was made a world heritage site , but a quarter of a century later the rhinos the designation was intended to protect were gone .\ntoday the presence of vehicles and people is rare - and because of poachers , sometimes deadly - so the animals are ' skittish ' .\nthe park costs around $ 3 million ( 2 . 7 million euros ) a year to run , much of that donated by the european union , so conservationists are considering other schemes to help fund garamba , such as a hydroelectric dam on one of the park ' s many rivers , selling power to nearby mining operations\ntoday the presence of vehicles and people is rare - and because of poachers , sometimes deadly - so the animals are ' skittish ' . a young female elephant lies sedated as garamba national park rangers attach a gps collar to track her movements\nthe park costs around $ 3 million ( 2 . 7 million euros ) a year to run , much of that donated by the european union , so conservationists are considering other schemes to help fund garamba , such as a hydroelectric dam on one of the park ' s many rivers , selling power to nearby mining operations .\n' there ' s been a massive improvement in law enforcement within garamba but elephants are still being killed at an unsustainable rate , ' said thouless .\nhe manages the elephant crisis fund , which was kick - started by a million dollar donation from actor leonardo dicaprio in 2014 , and disburses emergency money to protect threatened elephant populations , including in garamba .\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\nthe fashion designer ' s $ 24million party pad that no one . . .\n' you broke your girl ' s heart ' : car racing legend craig . . .\nmoney launderer caught with \u00a3250 , 000 cash in bin bags in . . .\ndon ' t kill the army of ants and wasps invading your home . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\nstep inside the tomb of queen nefertari : immersive vr experience reveals the 3 , 000 - year - old artwork of . . .\nworld ' s first floating nation begins selling its own ' vayron ' cryptocurrency ahead of 2022 launch in the . . .\nbeing rich and successful really is in your dna : being dealt the right genes determines whether you get on . . .\nsnapchat is developing a ' visual image search ' that lets you point your camera at an item to see it on . . .\n' like a symphony orchestra turned into light ' : iss astronaut captures lighting and auroras lighting up . . .\na new way to tackle climate change ? heat from underground rivers in london could help cut the capital ' s . . .\namazon is still selling nazi - branded merchandise , despite researchers first warning it about the products . . .\nhas kepler found its last alien world ? nasa reveals its planet hunting space telescope is about to run out . . .\nmummified head of serial killer ' the vampire of dusseldorf ' who raped and murdered girls as young as four . . .\npeople who see themselves as albert einstein suddenly think they are smarter : being in the body of someone . . .\nsamsung opens the world ' s largest phone plant in india : 1 . 5 million square foot factory will produce 120 . . .\nhailey baldwin and justin bieber passionately kiss in the bahamas . . . as news of engagement spreads\nselena gomez is seen with same mystery man she was with in may . . . after news her ex justin bieber is engaged to hailey baldwin\nkhloe kardashian reveals she stopped breast - feeding daughter true . . . three months after giving birth\ngiuliana rancic takes a hike with bill . . . as the couple vacation with friends ahead of her return to e ! news\nkhloe kardashian shows off neon sign in true ' s nursery . . . as she reveals it ' s kris jenner ' s handwriting\nciara and husband russell wilson dance as they head to south africa for their honeymoon . . . two years after wedding\nrapper del the funky homosapian falls off stage during gorillaz set . . . but he reassures fans he ' s ' alright ' as he recovers in hospital\nmakeup artist joyce bonelli reaches out to the kardashian clan on instagram . . . after the famous family ' fire ' and unfollow her on social media\ndaddy daycare ! jared kushner takes kids back to d . c . after weekend in new jersey - as ivanka dons a short dress for visit to a nyc asphalt company\nsofia richie , 19 poses in a bikini top just after scott disick ' s ex kourtney kardashian , 39 , did the same . . . and fans call her out for it\nnaomi campbell wows in flamboyant feathered gown . . . while ashley graham sizzles in plunging lace dress as they walk in dolce & gabbana show in italy\nnaya rivera sells her five - bedroom la home for a cool $ 3 . 55 million after finalizing her divorce from ryan dorsey\nmel b ' is unable to pay her back taxes amid ongoing divorce battle with stephen belafonte . . . as it ' s estimated the pair owe up to $ 650k ' to the irs\nkylie jenner rocks curve - clinging attire as she shows off body . . . and considers going back to blonde\ndakota johnson dons striped wrap dress in la . . . after calling co - star chris hemsworth ' spectacular '\ncardi b hits back at troll who mocked her baby shower . . . as she shows off naked baby bump for photoshoot\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nant - man and the wasp soars to $ 76 million on opening weekend . . . beating its prequel by $ 19 million\nliam payne and cheryl split : carefree 1d star returns to stage for first time since break - up . . . as he poses happily with his backing dancers in france\ntristan thompson goes house hunting alone as he checks out $ 2m property in la with its own basketball court . . . just minutes from khloe ' s mansion\nchris hemsworth kicks off filming for the star - studded men in black spin - off as he cuts a sharp figure in london . . . 21 years after the first film hit screens\njill zarin admits she ' s ready to date again after being spotted with handsome businessman . . . following beloved husband bobby ' s death\ndj khaled cancels wireless performance due to ' travel issues ' just hours before his slot . . . as fans rage over his ' vacation ' snap\n13 reasons why villain justin prentice says he ' s not bothered by social media trolls . . . and that getting attacked online means he ' s doing his job as an actor\nfarm heroes saga , the # 4 game on itunes . play it now !\nit ' s eye - wateringly expensive at $ 2 , 999 , but naim ' s uniti atom is a revelation , an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you ' ve probably never heard before .\nafter a day with the iphone x , while face id isn ' t perfect , and the ' notch ' is an annoyance , the iphone x is a glimpse into the future of phones and the best handset of the market by a long way .\nthey aren ' t cheap , but shinola ' s $ 595 foray into headphones are the perfect accessory for design obsessives looking to upgrade their listening habits .\nwith the pixel xl , google has created a handset that is not only the best android device out there , but arguably matches the iphone 8 in terms of design and feel .\napple ' s watch will free you from your phone - while making sure you don ' t suffer the fear of missing out . it ' s a huge step forward , and a compelling reason for the average user to buy a smartwatch .\nwhile the iphone x may have stolen the headlines , in fact the iphone 8 could be the sleeper hit of apple ' s new range , offering the same power as the x but with features and a design users trust .\nwhile the design is impressive and easy to use , the game line up is disappointing .\nnaim ' s incredible mu - so qb takes you back to the good old days - where the music captivates and enthralls , rather that simply being something in the background .\nit might not be a name familiar to the us market , but naim is a legendary british brand hoping to make a splash with the american launch of its $ 1499 mu : so speaker .\npeloton ' s hi - tech bike lets you stream live and on demand rides to your home - and it ' s one of the best examples of fitness technology out there - at a price .\nthis website uses cookies to improve functionality and performance . by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our\noriginally ranging through cameroon , the central african republic , and sudan , the remaining kordofans are now sequestered in the democratic republic of congo\u2019s garamba national park . approximately 350 kordofans roamed the drc only 20 years ago , but the numbers plunged to 86 by 2003 and then decreased to only 38 in 2016 .\n\u201cat the moment the ratio is one male to 2 . 4 females , which is still sustainable , \u201d aime balimbaki , the head of research and monitoring at garamba national park , tells the sunday express . \u201cbut if we have bad luck or if there is a serious menace \u2013 even if we lose just five giraffes \u2013 then the population may no longer be viable . \u201d\nas of sunday , a petition to president barack obama titled \u201csave the last 38 giraffes in congo\u201d had received over 28 , 400 signatures .\n\u201c [ the congo\u2019s ] government likely cannot take on the additional expense of saving the last of its giraffes , \u201d reads the petition . \u201cthey need other nations to step up and provide conservationists with the money for better security against poachers , tracking collars , and other equipment they might need to track these wandering animals . the united states often helps other nations in times of need . \u201d\n\u201cit is heartbreaking that this has not gained the media attention it so deserves , \u201d says the uk - based charity spots and stripes . \u201cto have a population of only 38 giraffes remaining in the congo is a disaster for both the species and for conservation . \u201d\nand just because the remaining giraffes are under garamba\u2019s protection doesn\u2019t mean they are safe , explain conservationists .\nand human - induced landscape changes have forced giraffes to roam far and wide to find an adequate food supply , especially in a national park that measures almost 2 , 000 square - miles . the petition asks president obama to fund tracking collars for the remaining 38 giraffes , in addition to salary pay so more park staff can be hired to protect the giraffes against both locals and sudanese refugees .\n\u201cthis is one of the most trouble - ridden parts of africa , \u201d chris thouless of save the elephants told ctv news , referencing africa\u2019s second - oldest national park . \u201csimply , garamba\u2019s survival is an absolute miracle . \u201d\ndespite the park\u2019s warring neighbors , hungry poachers , and funding needs , the non - profit organization african parks that took over garamba\u2019s management in 2005 , continues to fight for a brighter future for garamba and its residents .\nwe want to hear , did we miss an angle we should have covered ? should we come back to this topic ? or just give us a rating for this story . we want to hear from you .\n. all rights reserved . terms under which this service is provided to you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\ngaramba national park ( pictured ) is the second - oldest national park in africa , and the last remaining home for giraffes in the democratic republic of congo . nuria ortega / wikimedia\ngaramba was once home to over 20 , 000 elephants . now , it is thought that just 1 , 500 survive . enough project / flickr cc by - nc - nd 2 . 0\nthe giraffes are split into two populations within the reserve , and those who work in garamba , which is run by the non - profit organization african parks , worry that if any more are killed , the population will no longer be sustainable and will slowly die out . in a bid to protect them , researchers have now attached radio collars to a number of the giraffes . it is hoped this will allow conservationists to \u201cmonitor their every movement , and park rangers to track their whereabouts , \u201d writes afp . not only that , but it should also help the special units assigned to protect the animals against poachers , who kill the animals for their meat and pelt .\nprotecting the giraffes in garamba is particularly a challenge . at around 12 , 400 square kilometers ( 4 , 800 square miles ) , defending the mosaic of rainforest and grassland that makes up the park is a thankless task , but one that the rangers are getting better at . the proportion of the park now under control and patrolled by rangers has increased from 30 percent to almost 100 percent today . but it has come at a cost , as rangers have been killed in action trying to protect the remaining wildlife .\nthis website uses cookies to improve user experience . by continuing to use our website you consent to all cookies in accordance with our cookie policy .\n. african parks has , therefore , recently enlisted the help of the gcf to secure a sustainable future for them .\nthey are never in hock . their markings cover their inner legs but don\u2019t go below the hocks .\nhanks to improved management under african parks , numbers are increasing and the future for the species is starting to look positive . if it can survive a case of mistaken identity and outlive its own namesake , there\u2019s hope for this special subspecies yet .\nafrican parks is a non - profit organisation that takes on total responsibility for the rehabilitation and long - term management of national parks in partnership with governments , wildlife organisations and local communities . we operate seven national parks in six countries : zambia , malawi , the democratic republic of congo , the republic of congo , rwanda and chad . please see urltoken or visit our facebook page for more information .\nstay up - to - date with our weekly magazine and best blog posts .\npublisher we publish a premier online magazine , blog and printed annual coffee table yearbook for our sophisticated international audience . safari company tailored safari specialists . when and where to go in africa , and with whom . a few weeks too early / late or a few kilometers off course and you could miss the greatest show on earth . and wouldn\u2019t that be a pity ?\non our way\u2026 ( blog post written by will walker on 5 . 2 . 17 )\nwe have finally arrived in b\u00e9nou\u00e9 national park . what we believed would be an eight hour car journey from the capital , yaound\u00e9 , turned out to be a 24 - hour journey , spread over two days . the drive up took us right though the country , passing rural villages , towns and cities ( where we stopped to buy food and provisions for our stay in b\u00e9nou\u00e9 ) , through forested areas , mountain highlands and more open woodlands . the simple life of rural africa is something that i find beautiful . collections of mud - brick and thatched - roofed buildings , where children play with toys made from things we would throw away , where the women meet , talk and laugh at the well to collect water , or sell fruit or honey on the roadside , and where the elders sit around together outside a few of the huts . every time i come back to africa , part of me never wants to leave .\nunlike east africa where children run to the side of the road to wave at the tourists , and where foreigners are in abundance , here it seemed that these people had hardly seen tourists . unfortunately tourism in the northern part of the country is now almost non - existent . at b\u00e9nou\u00e9 national park they only have around 100 overseas tourists a year and in some of the other parks they haven\u2019t seen tourists in three years . people seemed generally curious of us as we were all packed into the back of a toyota hilux , and with a massive amount of luggage topped with potatoes , pineapples , rice , honey , as well as anything else we decided to buy on the way to the north .\nfrom the turn - off to the national park we bounced along a very rutted and bumpy dirt road . there are only about 50km of dirt roads that are usable inside the 1800 km 2 national park and this one is the main one ! not sure what the conditions of the other roads are going to be like . it was dark by the time we got to the camp and the b\u00e9nou\u00e9 headquarters .\nthe camp itself is made up of about eight circular buildings , where guests sleep , and a main communal area , where the bar and food would be served . on arrival to my room i foolishly tried to turn on the lights . the guy who showed me to my room laughed and went on to light a candle . there is no electricity or running water in the camp . no tourists mean that things have deteriorated quite a bit . we ate dinner together and all retired to bed not long after . it has been an exhausting few days and we have a four day workshop to run , starting in the morning .\nbristol zoological society ltd , clifton , bristol bs8 3ha . company registered in england reg . no . 5154176 . charity reg . no . 1104986\ndescription : giraffes are long - necked browsing animals that taxonomists place in a separate family , giraffidae , from other artiodactylids : camels , deer and bovines . possessing only seven cervical vertebrae ( like other mammals ) , giraffes , at almost 19 feet , are the tallest of all mammals . adult males weigh as much as 4 , 000 lbs . they are characterized by having two knobs , called ossicones , on their head . some individuals may have additional bumps on the sides of their skulls that are irregularly located . unlike antlers on deer or horns on bovids , ossicones are permanently covered by hair and never shed . after a gestation of 15 months , females give birth to a single young ; twins occur rarely . adults are not territorial but rather feed over a large\nroaming\narea . when alarmed , giraffes can reach speeds of 30 to 36 miles per hour . unlike most mammals giraffes walk using both legs from the same side of the body simultaneously . when they gallop they move both fore legs and both hind legs together , and because of its long stride is faster than it appears .\nfemale ' s horns are thin and tufted ; male ' s are thick and bald on top , their horns can be up to 5 inches long .\nthe color varies from brown to a rich chestnut ( old males are darker , even black ) .\nalthough usually quiet , giraffes are not voiceless as the common myth leads us to believe , but instead can produce snorting or moaning noises , particularly when there is danger . they have a good sense of smell , hearing and excellent vision enabling them to see miles away .\nsocial organization : giraffes are sociable , tolerant animals living in small groups to large herds or coalitions of familiar cows and calves which number from 12 to 15 animals . although gregarious , group structure is constantly changing to some degree due to individuals\u2019 overlapping home ranges . including a surrounding\nbuffer zone\n, female home ranges may be as large as 46 sq . miles . home ranges of adult bulls are smaller . there is no apparent dominance among females but adult males display absolute hierarchy within their home ranges .\ndocumentary filmmaker david hamlin recalls the adrenalin rush when he was flying over the democratic republic of the congo\u2019s garamba national park in late june and spotted three giraffes standing in a small clearing . \u201cseeing these giraffes from the air was really exciting , \u201d says hamlin , who was on assignment for national geographic . \u201cseeing them anywhere is really exciting . \u201d\nthat\u2019s because garamba is huge , sprawling over nearly 2 , 000 square miles ( 5 , 180 square kilometers ) of mostly forested land , and it ' s a rare , lucky event to come across any of its 40 remaining giraffes .\nhamlin decided to document the aftermath of the tragedy ( watch the video above ) to raise awareness about poaching in the park , which is managed by the nonprofit organization african parks in association with the congolese institute for the conservation of nature , a government agency .\na group of rare giraffes roam the democratic republic of the congo\u2019s garamba national park .\ncongolese usually kill the giraffes for one body part : their tails , considered a status symbol in some communities . meanwhile men from neighboring south sudan target the giraffes for their meat to feed impoverished villagers . but the massive bodies ( giraffes can grow to 18 feet and weigh up to 3 , 000 pounds ) of the three giraffes were intact\u2014only the ends of their tails were missing .\naccording to leon lamprecht , joint operations director for african parks , men \u201cuse the tail as a dowry to the bride\u2019s father if they want to ask for the hand of a bride . \u201d the long black hairs are often turned into fly whisks .\none of the dead giraffes had a satellite collar and was being monitored by garamba\u2019s rangers . \u201cwhat an absolute waste , \u201d lamprecht says .\nthis story was produced by national geographic\u2019s special investigations unit , which focuses on wildlife crime and is made possible by grants from the band foundation and the woodtiger fund . read more stories from the siu on wildlife watch . send tips , feedback , and story ideas to ngwildlife @ urltoken ."]}
{"id": 2352, "summary": [{"text": "leptosia wigginsi , the opaque wood white or opaque spirit , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , kenya and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of primary lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae feed on capparis species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "leptosia wigginsi", "paragraphs": ["nychitona wigginsi dixey , 1915 ; trans . ent . soc . 1915 ( 1 ) : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 9 - 12\nleptosia lignea ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104\nleptosia chlorographa h\u00fcbner , [ 1813 ] ; zutr\u00e4ge samml . exot . schmett . 1 : f . 47 - 48\nleptosia nina malayana fruhstorfer , 1910 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 121 , ( 44 ) ; tl : malaysia\nleptosia nina dione ; [ bor ] , 122 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104\nleptosia nina aebutia ; [ bor ] , 122 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104\nleptosia marginea ; [ bafr ] , 103 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 16 ; [ afrl ]\nleptosia xiphia comma fruhstorfer , 1903 ; soc . ent . 18 ( 3 ) : 18 ; tl : timor ; wetter ; kalao ; tanah ; djampea ; selaru ; key\nleptosia alcesta inalcesta ; [ bafr ] , 103 ; [ bk ] , 147 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 14 ; [ afrl ]\nleptosia hybrida somereni ; [ bafr ] , 103 ( text ) ; [ bk ] , 147 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 17 ; [ afrl ]\nleptosia nina nina ; [ bor ] , 122 ; [ bmp ] : 85 , pl . 8 , f . 1 ; winhard , 2000 , butterflies of the world 10 : 31 , pl . 48 , f . 12\nnychitona butler , 1870 ; cistula ent . 1 ( 3 ) : 34 , 41 ; ts : papilio dorothea fabricius\nnatal , swaziland , mo\u00e7ambique , rhodesia , tropical africa . see [ maps ]\n? uganda neustetter , 1927 \u00b2 ; int . ent . z . 21 : 7\nlarva on richea [ eob ] , capparis fascicularis var . zeyheri [ pbsa ]\npapilio medusa cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 86 , pl . 150 , f . f\n769x513 ( ~ 65kb ) underside thailand , krabi 24 . 12 . 2003 - 7 . 1 . 2004 , photo \u00a9 olli vesikko\nlarva on capparidaceae [ bir ] , capparis heyneana , crateva religiosa [ mrs ] , capparis , cleome , crateva , polanisia vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104\n930x852 ( ~ 74kb ) thailand , chon buri province , pattaya , a small grassy swamp with cattail and reed , surrounded by trees , at the jomtien beach , between b . o . guesthouse and jomtien metro condotel . 26th january 2005 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\npontia niobe wallace , 1866 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1866 ( 2 ) : 357 ; tl : formosa\nlarva on capparis acutifolia , c . floribunda , c . lanceolaris , c . micracantha , c . sikkimensis , cleome gynandra , crateva adansonii , polanisia viscosa [ mrs ]\npontia dione wallace , 1867 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 3 ) 4 ( 3 ) : 319 ; tl : macassar\nnychitona xiphia var . nicobarica doherty , 1886 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 55 pt . ii ( 3 ) : 262 ; tl : nicobars\npontia lignea vollenhoven , 1865 ; faune ent . 2 ( monogr . pierid . ) : 4 , pl . 2 , f . 1a - b ; tl : celebes\nlarva on capparis vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 104\nnychitona nupta butler , 1873 ; cist . ent . 1 ( 7 ) : 175 ; tl : angola , bembe mines\nchecklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\nstudies on indo - australian lepidoptera - - iii . some rhopalocera and netrocera [ sic ] from simalur , pulu lasia , pulu babi and sumatra\nspecies insectorum exhibentes eorum differentia specifica , synonyma auctorum , loca natalia , metamorphosin adiectis , observationibus , descriptionibus . tom ii\nin king , narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of australia . 2 vols . in king ,\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\nlist of lepidopterous insects collected at takow , formosa , by mr . robert swinhoe\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / c\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f insecta . pro )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\n, commonly called the wandering psyche , is a small pierid butterfly found in southeast asia .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2353, "summary": [{"text": "the wallace 's hanging parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) also known as the flores hanging parrot , is a small ( length : 11 \u2013 12 cm ) parrot endemic to the island of flores .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this is an arboreal parrot .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "the male is predominantly green , with a red bill , a red spot on the throat , orange legs and dark red nape , bright red rump and uppertail-coverts .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the female has the red on the throat reduced or absent .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "this parrot qualifies as endangered as it has a very small range and population .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the main threat is habitat destruction .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the current population is estimated at between 2500 and 10000 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is named after alfred russel wallace , a british naturalist , explorer , geographer , and biologist . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "wallace ' s hanging parrot", "paragraphs": ["wallace ' s hanging parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) is a species of bird in the psittaculidae family .\nthe wallace ' s hanging parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) - also known as the flores hanging parrot - is endemic to the western parts of the island of flores in the lesser sunda islands of indonesia .\nhanging parrots general info and species listing . . . photos of the various hanging parrot species for identification\nspecies : scientific : loriculus flosculus . . . english : wallace ' s hanging parrot . . . dutch : flores hangparkiet . . . german : bl\u00fctenpapagei . . . french : loricule de walace\n. only wpt members gain exclusive access to some of the world ' s top parrot specialists .\nthe wallace ' s hanging parrot is well camouflaged by its plumage and is , therefore , easily overlooked in the foliage . they are most commonly seen flying . their flight is rapid with whirring wing - beats . their calls are not particularly loud , but sharp and shrill .\nthe flores hanging parrot was , until fairly recently , thought to be extinct due to its very small range and population .\ncites lexicon of parrots birdlife international internet bird collection parrots : a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 xeno - canto wallace ' s hanging parrot , chartier , allen t . xc31397 parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition vanished and vanishing parrots , forshaw , 2017 . parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 .\nall other parrots on flores are much larger . tawny - breasted parrot - finch\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nlisten to exciting podcast interviews with parrot specialists from around the world , many available for wpt members only .\n\u2191 contact us | terms & conditions | privacy policy | disclaimer | \u00a9 2018 world parrot trust . all rights reserved . | design : david occhino design\ncollar , n . , de juana , e . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . flores hanging - parrot ( loriculus flosculus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ndue to its very small range and population , this parrot qualifies as endangered . the current population is estimated at between 2500 and 10000 . its main threat is habitat destruction due to deforestation .\n11 - 12 cm . arboreal parrot . male predominantly green , lighter on underparts , with red bill , elongated red spot on throat , orange legs and dark red nape , bright red rump and uppertail - coverts . female has red on throat reduced or absent .\nthis parrot qualifies as endangered because it has a very small range , in which its habitat is severely fragmented and declining in extent and quality , with rapid declines suspected in the population . its status is likely to deteriorate further if conservation measures are not implemented in the near future .\nthis is a small arboreal parrot , averaging 4 . 75 inches ( 11 to 12 cm in length ) . the male is predominantly yellowish - green , with a red bill , an elongated red spot on the throat , orange legs and dark red nape , bright red rump and uppertail - coverts . the bill is pale red with yellow tips . the iris of the male is orange ( hen brown ) and the feet are brownish - flesh in color .\nthe population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the species ' s distribution seems to correspond with the two major natural forest types on flores : moist evergreen and semi - deciduous . these are being cleared for agriculture and the collection of firewood and construction materials . hence , the species is suspected to be in decline , although the likely rate of decline has not been estimated .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nendangered b1ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1\n, where it is known from eight documented localities , at some of which it is locally common in groups of up to 20 birds ( birdlife international 2001 ) . at tanjung kerita mese , population density was estimated at c . 10 birds per hectare . the species is quite easily overlooked ; however , its overall rarity cannot be disputed , and its apparently restricted habitat and altitudinal range suggest that it must be both numerically constrained and susceptible to further habitat loss . recent records on rinca island from outside its known altitudinal range and preferred habitat\n. 2007 ) suggest that it may be more cosmopolitan in its distribution and therefore less threatened , but this requires further research .\n. 2007 ) . its range apparently closely equates to that of these two forest - types on flores , although it also visits degraded roadside habitat . it occurs chiefly in a narrow altitudinal band between 600 m and 1 , 200 m , but has been recorded down to sea - level in deciduous forest on rinca island\nhabitat destruction through the combined impacts of firewood collection , commercial logging , timber extraction for construction materials and clearance for agriculture together represent the most pertinent threat . the loss and fragmentation of forests is already extensive on flores , where no semi - evergreen forest below 1 , 000 m is included within gazetted protected areas . these threats are compounded by human population expansion , with large volumes of timber required for housing construction , and the fact that there is little or no governmental enforcement of laws . moist deciduous forest is currently being extensively cleared through land grabbing and establishment of agricultural areas , a factor that is inevitably reducing the range and population of this species . forest clearance continues in the coastal belt to make way for crops , and illegal logging continues in protected areas .\ncites appendix ii . two recent surveys have targeted endemic birds on flores . two sites at which this species occurs are proposed for establishment as protected areas : tanjung kerita mese and egon iliwuli ( on gunung egon ) .\nconduct a targeted survey for the species to identify important sites , with a view to affording them protection . conduct research into its status and habitat use ( with particular regard to feeding ecology and forest fragmentation ) such that long - term management of the species is facilitated . monitor trade across indonesia to investigate whether this presents a significant threat . support the rapid establishment of tanjung kerita mese proposed protected area along with additional intact stretches of forest at nggorang bowosie ( 220 km\n) . initiate awareness campaigns to elicit the support of local people in protecting forests .\nthis errata version of the 2014 assessment was created because the original publication was missing the red list criteria .\n( errata version published in 2018 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t22685428a123785052 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nforms a species - group with l . exilis and l . pusillus , and sometimes considered conspecific with former . monotypic .\n11\u201312 cm . green , lighter on underparts ; bill red ; throat with elongated red spot ; nape tinged orange ; rump and uppertail - coverts red ; legs orange . female has red on . . .\nmainly combinations of insect - like , short , staccato , high - pitched \u201ctsee\u201d or \u201ctsik\u201d notes .\nprimary semi - evergreen forest , chiefly 800\u20131000 m but with records down to 450 m .\nmost sightings in 1993 were in fruiting fig trees , and dependence or specialisation on this food resource judged likely .\nendangered . cites ii . previously considered vulnerable . a birdlife \u201crestricted - range\u201d species . surveys in 1993 found it to be locally common in the tanjung kerita . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nrecent reappraisal of higher taxonomy of parrots # r proposed arrangement into three superfamilies , here treated as families ( strigopidae , cacatuidae , psittacidae ) ; same study split psittacidae , as here defined , into three families , with additional recognition of psittrichasidae ( psittrichas to coracopsis , below ) and psittaculidae ( psephotus to micropsitta , below ) ; in present work , separation of these families considered to require further study and perhaps additional support . in the past , present family was often split into two , with recognition of family loriidae ; at the other extreme , it was sometimes considered to include all psittaciformes .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 153 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmale - mainly green in colour , orange tint on nape to upper mantle ; red rump and upper tail coverts ; long , red mark on throat ; green tail tipped with pale green ; outer tail feathers tipped with orange / red . bill orange / red . eye orange . female - as in male , but long , red mark on throat minimal or absent . eye brown .\ncalls made in flight are sharp and screeching ; same notes are made while perched but are softer . also emits some hoarse , abrupt notes in display .\naviary 2 x 1 x 2m ( 6 . 5 x 3 . 3 x 6 . 5 ft ) or large birdroom cage with tiled surround and well - drained floor .\nfruits such as : figs , apple , pear , banana , orange , pomegranate , mango , papaya , cactus fruits ; vegetables such as : carrot , celery , green beans and peas in the pod ; nectar made from : lactose - free baby cereal , honey , malt extract or molasses , mixed with filtered water and made fresh once or twice daily or , commercial lory nectar ; various millet seed mixes , canary grass seed , and small amount of niger and oats ( may be sprouted ) ; millet spray ( may be sprouted ) ; softened rusk , eggfood and mealworm larvae for rearing .\nenjoys bathing so provide overhead misters or shallow water bowls . provide regular supply of fresh , unsprayed flowering , willow , or elder branches for the birds to remove the bark .\nthis species is threatened by the combined impacts of firewood collection , commercial logging , timber extraction for construction materials and clearance for agriculture .\nfound from 450 - 1000m ( 1312 - 3280 ft ) in primary semi - evergreen forest . on rinca seen in coastal moist deciduous forest . apparently requires an abundance of fruiting figs .\noutside the breeding season birds gather in flocks of up to 20 individuals . are easily overlooked in the canopy ; noisy and conspicuous in flight .\ngain exclusive access to 600 + pages of additional research , seminars and podcasts , specialists to ask your toughest questions , and dozens of other fun resources - when you become a wpt member . join today > >\ntheir preferred habitat includes forest and wooded areas , as well astall secondary vegetation . outside the breeding season , they are usually seen in small family groups and small flocks of up to 10 birds . at times larger gatherings can be seen foraging in favored feeding areas , such as on flowering and fruiting trees .\nplease note that some sources consider this species extinct . the state that the only specimen collected in about 1875 on flores island may not have been a valid species and it disappearead after deforestation . ( references : fuller , e . extinct birds of the world ql676 . 8 . f85 1987 isbn 0 - 8160 - 1833 - 2 p . 13 ) .\nhens have brown irises and the red throat patch is much smaller or even absent in some females .\ntheir natural diet consists of nectar , fruits , buds , flowers and seeds .\nfor updates please follow beautyofbirds on google + ( google . com / + avianweb )\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nbirdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : loriculus flosculus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 ."]}
{"id": 2354, "summary": [{"text": "crassostrea ingens is a species of fossil oyster , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family ostreidae , the oyster .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species lived during the pliocene .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "fossils have been found in new zealand shallow-water limestone and shellbeds .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "locations include the wairarapa , whanganui basin , gisborne district , north canterbury , and hawke 's bay ( especially in the te aute limestone ) . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "crassostrea ingens", "paragraphs": ["a fossilised oyster ( crassostrea ingens ) shell . it is a large , amorphous , thick , scaly , laminate shell .\n- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : crassostrea ingens ( c . a . von zittel , 1865 ) \u2020 - id : 7661000837\nspecies crassostrea graphoides auct . non schlotheim accepted as crassostrea cuttackensis ( newton & smith , 1912 ) accepted as magallana cuttackensis ( newton & smith , 1912 ) ( misspelling and misidentication )\n[ footnote ] * o . ingens , however , has since been collected at kaawa creek .\n( 1995 ) stable - isotope and amino acid profiles of the new zealand giant pliocene oyster crussostreu ingens .\nspecies crassostrea belcheri ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1871 ) represented as magallana belcheri ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1871 )\nspecies crassostrea hongkongensis lam & b . morton , 2003 represented as magallana hongkongensis ( lam & b . morton , 2003 ) ( original combination )\nthe present investigation goes to show how necessary it is not to neglect the evidence that small molluscs may have to offer , for it modifies very materially the earlier estimate of the age of the wilkie ' s bluff beds , which was based solely on the large and obvious fossils . the masses of crassostrea ingens and the large pectens and the corals at first glance appear to provide a faunule so different from that at nukumaru that stage distinction seems apparent , but closer study has shown that the difference is mainly a superficial one .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nexceedingly large ( 200 mm to more than 300 mm high ) , exceedingly thick and heavy , calcitic ; exterior irregularly foliose , without true radial or commarginal sculpture ; cemented to hard substrates by umbonal area of left valve . some specimens oval ( length up to 0 . 7 height ) but most narrowly elongate , length half height or less , and relatively deeply dished . left valve exceedingly thick , deep ( inflation of left valve 60 - 80 mm or more ; interior cavity 30 - 40 mm or more deep ) , most specimens curved weakly to left over ventral half ; ligamental area large , in most specimens elongate ( a little higher than wide ) , depressed medially and with a margining groove and ridge up each side ; no sign of chomata in any adult specimens . adductor scar at centre of cavity height , a little in front of centre , gently to steeply inclined ( dorsal side depressed ) , dorsal margin straight to slightly irregular , ventral margin deeply convex , i . e . , a rounded semicircular outline ; retaining bright purplish red colour in most pliocene specimens . ventral area of internal cavity with a wide shallow groove in most specimens , extending from posterior of adductor scar to antero - ventral extremity of shell . right valve almost flat , more weakly foliose than left , about 15 to 40 mm thick ( i . e . , considerably thinner than corresponding left valve ) ; hinge a mirror image of left one ; adductor scar as in left valve but less steeply inclined .\n( early nukumaruan ) occur in the base of hautawa shellbed at hautawa road , north of hunterville , rangitikei valley , and in the base of pukenui limestone in southern wairarapa . the oldest specimens referred here ( tentatively ) are relatively small ( to c . 150 mm long ) , narrow , laterally compressed specimens from the basal grit member of the hurupi formation in putangirua stream , eastern palliser bay ( early tongaporutuan ) ; we are not aware of any kapitean records . rare , poorly preserved ?\noccurs exceedingly abundantly in\nreefs\n( e . g . , in wilkies shellbed , wanganui ( mangapanian ) , in a bank up to eight metres thick found continuously over more than 45 km ) and scattered in very near - shore , subtidal shellbeds , and apparently occupied much the same semi - estuarine , near - shore niche as\ntongaporutuan - kapitean ? ; opoitian - early nukumaruan .\nwanganui river\n, type , almost certainly from the\nreef in wilkies shellbed , mangapanian . widespread and abundant in shallow - water , near - shore limestone and shellbeds of pliocene age ( opoitian to early nukumaruan ) in wanganui basin , gisborne district , hawke ' s bay ( particularly abundant in te aute limestone facies ) , wairarapa , and north canterbury .\ncite this publication as :\na . g . beu and j . i . raine ( 2009 ) . revised descriptions of new zealand cenozoic mollusca from beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) . gns science miscellaneous series no . 27 .\n\u00a9 gns science , 2009 isbn 978 - 0 - 478 - 19705 - 1 issn 1177 - 2441 ( included with a pdf facsimile file copy of new zealand geological survey paleontological bulletin 58 in cd version from : publications officer , gns science , p . o . box 30368 lower hutt , new zealand )\nnorth chanter island , kermadec group , raoul island sector , pacific ocean , n . z .\nwaipatiki limestone , south side , waipatiki beach , hawkes bay , n . z .\nbartrum bay , motutara , south muriwai coast , rodney district , west auckland , n . z .\nmathesons bay , leigh , rodney district , north auckland , n . z .\nkeyhole rock , spit beach , aromoana , dunedin heads , n . z .\nmatanganui limestone , south rocky side , tarawhenua peninsula , pitt island , chatham islands .\nfossil point , bosquet bay , kawau island , hauraki gulf , auckland , n . z .\nawapapa limestone , te mata peak , havelock north , hawke bay , n . z .\nmodern pholad bivalves which have bored into a piece of rock from a coastal shore platform . pholads use the edge of their shells to mechanically drill / cut into the rock . fossil examples like this image exist in rocks from the wanganui basin .\nthis specimen shows gastropod shells which have accumulated in muddy sediment , and then been ' current aligned ' , i . e . , the movement of the water has turned them so they face the same direction . this specimen comes from the cenozoic of new zealand . image shown in both plan and cross - sectional views . see also\nscallop shells embedded in a sandy limestone , from cenozoic sediments of hawke ' s bay .\n) . this specimen is formed from casts and molds . these fossils are often found in the port waikato area .\ntracks in sandstone . probably made by an echnoderm ( like a sea urchin or kina ) grazing on organic detritus on a sandy sea floor . these tracks can be see in waitamata group sediments , dated at about 20 - 18 million years old .\nthis group of microfossils is interesting as we don ' t really know what they are - we think they are algae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmitchell , l . , curry , g . b . , and fallick , a . e .\nseveral beaches in the taranaki province of the north island are famous for fossils . this ancient oyster shell lived between 3 . 6 and 2 . 6 million years ago , and was buried in marine sediment that has since been uplifted .\nby comparison with an image and description in ' cenozoic mollusca of new zealand ' by beu and maxwell ( 1990 ) .\nto download this volume and to learn more about ancient molluscs in new zealand .\ndr daniel thomas from the institute of natural and mathematical sciences , massey university , made this model using a structured light 3d scanner ( 2015 ) . this fossil shell is from sediment that also contains fossil penguin bones . this specimen was found by daniel when he was looking for fossil penguins .\nplease do not reproduce without permission from puke ariki . contact images @ urltoken for more information . order images online here .\ncan you help us ? click \u2018add comment\u2019 to share names , details and stories to help enrich the collection .\nhelp us improve papers past : do our short survey and let us know how we ' re doing .\non the system and stage names applied to subdivisions of the tertiary strata in new zealand .\npapers past now contains more than just newspapers . use these links to navigate to other kinds of materials .\nthese links will always show you how deep you are in the collection . click them to get a broader view of the items you ' re currently viewing .\nenter names , places , or other keywords that you ' re curious about here . we ' ll look for them in the fulltext of millions of articles .\nbrowsed to an interesting page ? click here to search within the item you ' re currently viewing , or start a new search .\nuse these buttons to limit your searches to particular dates , titles , and more .\nswitch between images of the original document and text transcriptions and outlines you can cut and paste .\nif you ' d rather just browse through documents , click here to find titles and issues from particular dates and geographic regions .\nthe\nhelp\nlink will show you different tips for each page on the site , so click here often as you explore the site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n[ read before the auckland institute , august 18 , 1939 ; received by the editor , october 5 , 1939 ; issued separately , june , 1940 . ]\nyears ago the writer closely studied the fossils occurring at kaawa creek , south of waikato heads , in beds that on palaeontological grounds have been assigned to the waitotaran stage of the wanganui system . these beds were found to be rich in small molluscs , in addition to the larger forms that had already been recorded by bartrum and powell (\n, p . 40 ) : \u2014\u201cthe high percentage of species that are peculiar to the beds , together with the small number found in pliocene rocks elsewhere in new zealand , shows that the faunule is definitely an isolated one , \u2014 . when the faunule is compared with that at hawera the difficulty of correlation becomes further apparent , for the kaawa and hawera beds belong to different facies , and on the whole the assemblage of species differs at each locality , there being only 19 species that are common to both . a striking feature of the faunule at kaawa is the entire absence of such typical waitotaran fossils as the large pelecypods\n, vol . 1 , no . 2 , p . 87 , 1931 ) shows a total absence of minutae , and as these are well represented in the faunule at kaawa , correlation is made still more difficult . not until a facies of the taranaki waitotaran is found in which minutae are represented can precise comparisons be made . \u201d\nan attempt to obtain minutae from several localities along the section between , and including , nukumaru beach and waihi beach , hawera , was recently made with moderate success . shortage of time made it necessary to limit collecting to a very brief interval ( two to three hours ) at each locality , and to devote most of this time to searching for matrix that appeared likely to yield small shells , little attention being given to collecting the larger species . collections of matrix were thus made at nukumaru beach , wilkie ' s bluff ( waitotara ) , mangapani ( 12 miles by road upstream from waitotara township ) , and waihi beach , hawera .\nthe present paper includes description of new species and furnishes new records ; in addition to these , an attempt is made to define more precisely than has been possible in the past the limit that should be drawn between the nukumaruan and waitotaran stages of the wanganui system .\npark ( repts . geol . explor . during 1886 - 87 , no . 18 , p . 57 , 1887 ) placed the rotella beds at nukumaru in the newer pliocene , the nukumaru limestone in older pliocene , and the coralline series at waitotara in the upper miocene . the palaeontological observations made in this paper go to show that actually these three horizons are not so widely separable as park thought , but are sufficiently close in faunal characteristics to be grouped together .\nalthough based originally on park ' s waitotara coralline series as developed at wilkie ' s bluff , waitotara ( park , loc . cit . , pp . 55 and 64 ) , as conceived at present the waitotaran includes the succession of beds from waitotara to beyond hawera ; it is here shown , however , to contain two distinct faunal communities . certain upper members of the sequence must be withdrawn from the waitotaran stage ; but they need not be recognised as an additional stage for they contain a faunule that is essentially nukumaruan .\nthe lists given below ; with the exception of that for waihi beach , hawera , do not represent the full muster of species at the various localities , those for wilkie ' s bluff and mangapani including only those species obtained during the visits recently made by the writer . though not comprehensive , these lists supply strong evidence regarding the correlation of certain beds along part of the nukumaru - hawera coastal section , and , as will be shown , assist in indicating more accurately than has hitherto been possible the sectional division between the nukumaruan and waitotaran stages .\n[ footnote ] * recorded by marshall and murdoch ( trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 52 , p . 123 , 1920 ) .\nthe presence of nukumaruan faunas in hawke ' s bay as well as in taranaki demonstrates that a continuous sea - way united these areas in nukumaruan times . this has already been shown by ongley ' s ( n . z . jour . sc . tech . , vol . 16 , no . 5 , p . 260 , 1935 ) recent demonstration that near manawatu gorge nukumaruan sediments once formed a continuous sheet across the mountain axis of mesozoic rocks which is shown on current geological maps of new zealand as intervening between extensive areas of pliocene strata on either side of this axis . it is not unreasonable to suppose that the sea\nconnection existed in the form of a great strait , for , as mr . powell has remarked to the writer , the conditions under which the oyster beds of the coralline series accumulated probably were analogous to those obtaining in foveaux strait at the present day ; such supposition is not opposed to a nukumaruan age for the beds at waitotara .\nthe outcrop collected from at mangapani extends for a chain or two along the left wall of mangapani valley , which enters the valley of the waitotara river approximately from the west at a point about 12 miles by road upstream from waitotara township . the fossils were obtained from loose , brown , micaceous quartzsands of shallow water character , underlying six or eight feet of a flaggy limestone ( upper limit not seen ) which contains large pectens here and there near its base .\nof the 64 species collected at mangapani , 43 ( 67\u00b71 per cent . ) are found at nukumaru or higher wanganuian horizons , or are recent , and do not occur at waipipi or hawera ; the following eight species ( 12\u00b75 per cent . ) occurring at mangapani are found also at waipipi or hawera , and not at nukumaru or higher wanganuian horizons : \u2014 chlamys ( phialopecten ) triphooki , eumarcia ( atamarcia ) benhami , polinices waipipiensis , polinices pateaensis , cerithioderma mangawera n . sp . , zelandiella pliocenica , alcithoe whakinoensis , stiracolpus haweraensis , taniella planisuturalis . of the species not entering into these percentages seven range from recent or from upper or mid - pliocene into the lower pliocene , and therefore cannot be used to show the affinity of these beds with either the nukumaruan or waitotaran . there are no species that are peculiar to the mangapani faunule .\n[ footnote ] * marwick ( trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 57 , p . 621 , 1927 ) states that c . orassitesta is a species important to the stratigrapher as it seems to be characteristic of the nukumaruan .\nat nukumaru , wilkie ' s bluff , mangapani , and in nukumaruan beds in hawke ' s bay are essentially alike , yet distinct from that at hawera ( which shows affinity with that at kaawa creek ) . at least 56 . 5 per cent . of the species of mollusca found at wilkie ' s bluff , and at least 53\u00b71 per cent . of those at mangapani , occur also at nukumaru .\nin view of all these facts there seems little reason for hesitation in assigning the mangapani beds to the nukumaruan stage .\nthe downward sequence between nukumaru and waitotara ( park , loc . cit . , p . 64 ) is : \u2014\nsoft brown micaceous sandstones ( park makes no reference to these being fossiliferous ) .\n? ? ? ( no exposure , but if coralline beds are present one would expect them to outcrop ) .\ndirect stratigraphical evidence on the correlation of the beds of the two areas is not at present available , though this may yet be obtained by search inland from waitotara . park ( loc . cit . , p . 67 ) has noted the similarity in succession of the strata in the sections at scinde island and pohui , hawke ' s bay , to that at waitotara ; in each case there is an upper and a lower limestone separated by about 150 feet of soft brown sandstone , the lower limestone\nat waitotara being a shell limestone passing down into brown calcareous sands ( i . e . , the upper part of park ' s coralline series ) . may it not be that the limestone at mangapani is equivalent to the lower calcareous beds at waitotara ? if so , the fossiliferous sands at the former locality must be lower in the sequence than the coralline beds at wilkie ' s bluff ; and this is in accord with the palaeontological evidence discussed below .\nb . percentage of species found in nukumaru and younger wanganuian beds , or recent , but not on waipipi\u2013hawera section .\nboth sets of beds are more nearly related faunally to mid - and upper wanganuian than to the waipipi - hawera beds , so nearly in fact that one is justified in assigning them to the nukumaruan .\nthe beds at mangapani are slightly older than those of the coralline series at waitotara .\nof the older series exposed to erosion increased as uplift continued . this would account for the greater number of derived forms in later rather than in the earlier beds of the younger sequence . another possibility is that the upper beds of the strata uplifted might be sparsely fossiliferous , and those exposed later to erosion rich in fossil species ; in which case any fossils derived from the older rocks would be more commonly found in later rather than in earlier members of the younger sequence . so far as is known , however , there is no evidence of unconformable relations or of notable disconformity at the requisite horizon along the wanganui section , but there is no stratigraphic evidence that such do not exist in the obscured portion of the coastal section between waitotara heads and the point some miles north - west , where the pliocene beds reappear from under drifts of sand . in fact , it is here that the stratigraphic equivalent of the mangapani beds is to be expected , if , as has been suggested above , these latter constitute a horizon that is lower than that of the coralline beds at waitotara .\nto the 73 species recorded by powell ( rec . auck . inst . mus . , vol . 1 , no . 2 , pp . 87\u201389 , 1931 ) from waihi beach , hawera , the following 40 have now to be added : \u2014\n( k indicates that the species is peculiar to the hawera and kaawa creek faunules ) .\nit is interesting to note that 11 of the species listed above occur also at kaawa creek , 10 of them being found only in the hawera and kaawa creek faunules . as a result of these additions the total number of species common to the two faunules now stands at 29 , and there is little doubt that further search for small molluscs will show additional connection between them . the presence at hawera of the hitherto exclusively kaawa creek species indicated in the above list strengthens the argument for correlation of these\ntwo horizons . the pyramidellid unit in the beds at hawera affords the same evidence , for it has much in common with that at kaawa creek , such species as chemnitzia ngatutura , odostomia bartrumi , and waikura n . sp . in particular being distinctive .\nthe additions in the above list bring the total number of species at hawera to 113 , and reduce the percentage of recent species from 35\u00b762 , as determined by powell ( rec . auck . inst . mus . , vol . 1 , no . 2 , p . 89 , 1931 ) , to 23\u00b70 ; compared with this the percentage of recent species at kaawa creek is 21\u00b76 . continued collecting at hawera , however , no doubt will still further reduce this percentage .\nthe writer is greatly indebted to professor j . a . bartrum , of auckland university college , for his ready assistance with photography , and for the suggestions he kindly made during preparation of the manuscript . to mr . j . n . anderson , engineer to the patea county council , he is also considerably indebted for help in locating certain fossiliferous outcrops along waitotara valley , including that at mangapani . mr . anderson kindly conducted the writer by car for many miles from waitotara township .\nnucula ( linucula ) wanganuica n . sp . ( fig . 10 ) .\nshell moderately inflated , beaks about posterior third , small , directed backwards . antero - dorsal margin short , curving downwards ; anterior end truncated , the margin straight , oblique ; ventral\nmargin regularly curved ; posterior margin convex , lightly sinused at its middle ; postero - dorsal margin very short , curved , descending rapidly . upper portion of valve smooth , weak concentric sculpture developing ventrally ( seen only under hand - lens ) . very fine microscopic radials are also developed , and these cut the concentric ridges in a fashion reminiscent of the sculpture of limopsis . only very good specimens show the lunule ornamented by weak radial threads as described by marwick for linucula . chondrophore triangular , oblique , broadening considerably below ; teeth moderately heavy , 7 posterior to pit , about 12 in front . margins finely crenate .\nnucula ( linucula ) aptera n . sp . ( fig . 1 ) .\nfrom n . wanganuica n . sp . this shell differs in having greater inflation of valve and fuller beak , stronger concentric sculpture , no antero - dorsal wing , and much finer teeth . tutamoensis , waipaoa and ruatakiensis lack the regular concentric sculpture , and have the outline different . beak at posterior fourth . divaricating radials well seen under microscope . hinge very light , there being 8 or 9 fine anterior teeth and about 7 posterior ones . margins finely crenate . radial threads present as in wanganuica .\nshell small , solid , a little oblique , prodissoconch not quite central , but not so laterally situated as that of h . kaawa , the species it most resembles . kaawa has the beak notably broader and is a thinner shell , more circular in outline . the radials of kaawa , though widely spaced like those of the new shell , are heavier and not of the nature of delicate fine threads . waitotara has the flat inter - spaces crossed by close - set concentric threads , which cause fine nodulation of radials where they cross them . the beak rises prominently above hinge , which is fairly broad . ligamental pit triangular ; on each side of it the hinge bears about 20 vertical taxodont teeth , extending for equal distances on each side of the pit . internally the whole of the ventral margin and the ventral parts of anterior and posterior margins are crenulated .\nheight , 1\u00b77 mm . ; length , 1\u00b77 mm . ; inflation ( one valve ) , 0\u00b76 mm .\nof neozelanic species this fossil most resembles g . coccinea hedley , a macquarie island species . it differs from other local species in the almost total absence of sinuation on ventral margin , the beaked effect at anterior being much less obvious than in coccinea , forsteriana and aucklandica . it is notably smaller than coccinea , and equally notably larger than the last two species . except for the unsinuated ventral margin and for the rather more\nerect posterior one , the outline is that of coccinea . the beak , however , is more turned inwards . in characters of hinge these two species resemble one another very closely . the fossil has tooth of left valve rather better developed . the right valve has a lamellar tooth developed below and just in front of beak ; above this there is a groove that engages the tooth of the left valve . coccinea has these teeth barely developed ( right valve ) . sculpture consists of concentric growth - ridges and striae and weak radial lines and very low folds , mostly towards posterior end , much as in coccinea . there is a broad fold running from umbo to postero - ventral margin .\nheight , 5\u00b70 mm . ; length , 6\u00b71 mm . ; inflation ( one valve ) , 1\u00b76 mm .\nheight , 2\u00b72 mm . ; length , 2\u00b705 mm . ; inflation ( one valve ) , 0\u00b76 mm .\nclosely allied to marshalli marwick , but is a larger and more heavily built species with much coarser ribbing and dorsal side drawn up a good deal more . the ribs are broad and heavy , and are separated by wide , shallow , almost flat - floored interstices , which are broader in relation to width of axials than are those of marshalli . the ribs are only 8 or 9 in number as compared with 11 or 12 in marshalli , from which species the large , heavy , shell and different ribbing provides ready separation .\nlocalities : nukumaru ( nukumaruan ) ; devil ' s elbow , napier - wairoa road ; kawau island , in 20 fathoms ( recent ) .\ntype from nukumaru . the type - material consists of odd right and left valves .\nshell auriform , imperforate , spire very slightly elevated . sculpture of thin , spaced spiral threads and curved axials , these two elements of equal strength , giving a fenestrated effect . in fact , the sculpture very closely indeed resembles that of scissurella geoffreyi , a fossil from kaawa creek . the present shell , however , has the broadly spreading aperture , concave columella and almost completely covered umbilicus of s . rosea ( hedley ) , the genotype of scissurona . slit deep , situated above periphery , not crossed by lamellae .\n[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]\nshell large , last whorl enlarging rapidly ; upper surface convex . spire low , its whorls lightly rounded ; sutures distinct . protoconch closely coiled , its nucleus minute . surface smooth to unaided eye , but hand - lens shows numerous fine spiral threads . periphery sharply rounded low down , almost angled . base practically smooth . umbilicus small , its width about 1 / 7 ; to \u215b that of least diameter of shell .\ndistinct in its lack of prominent sculpture ; large size and sharply angulated , narrow periphery ; laterally spreading aperture , in which respect it resembles edomita marwick .\nspire very low , whorls cenvex , suture channelled broadly , umbilicus wide and perspective . the body - whorl bears about eight distinct regular spiral cords , the first from suture being on rim\nof channel , the last forming a keel well below periphery and almost on outer edge of base . these cords become stronger and more distant from suture downwards . base smooth .\nlocalities : wilkie ' s bluff ( type ) ; mangapani ; devil ' s elbow , napier - wairoa road .\nnot unlike the recent sub - tatei ( suter ) , but the smooth base distinguishes it . albolapis laws has spirals on the base . politus ( suter ) has the spirals much finer . the specimen of unicarina from hawke ' s bay has the channel around suture not so strongly excavated .\none shell , probably a new species , close to finlayi , but with few axials and the umbilicus rather more open . specimen not good enough for description .\nseveral dozen very well preserved specimens have been collected . these show the surface to be sculptured with very numerous , dense radial threads , a feature not commented on at the time of description , owing no doubt to lack of the best material .\nrelated to subtilicosta marwick , but notably smaller and with relatively larger aperture , which is circular . spire lightly convex in outline , sutures moderately distinct ; whorls clasping , faintly convex and rather bulging anteriorly . height of body greater than half that of shell . body - whorl narrow ; aperture with its rim trumpet - like , heavily thickened on parietal wall ; aperture as wide as , or perhaps rather wider than , the body .\nthis species has relationship with both rekohuana powell and minor ( suter ) . from rekohuana it differs in having the whorls more clasping and sutures tangential , the height of body not so great relative to height of shell , and the aperture different , its posterior border being more nearly horizontal . minor is smaller and has the whorls bulging , those of rekohuana and of rekominor being flat .\nshell small , narrow , outline pupoid , whorls flat to very lightly convex , often bulging a little below , and thus slightly overhanging suture . periphery sub - angled , the angulation bearing a fine spiral groove . suture below periphery , the spiral thus in evidence above suture . not unlike morioria powell in shape , but the presence of peripheral angulation and of supra - sutural spiral distinguishes it . porrectoides is also a tapering species , but has not the angulation and coarse spiral . e . ngatutura is consistently much smaller .\nthis is an exquisitely fashioned little species , taller than either fricta or castlecliffensis , and having the heterostrophe protoconch similar to that described by powell for expansa . the embryo of fricta has the nucleus minute , that of both nukumaruensis and castlecliffensis being much larger . whorls well rounded , sutures strongly cut in , the summit of whorls being shouldered close in to suture . all adult whorls crossed by close , fine ( hair - like under hand - lens ) straight , slightly oblique axials , which extend well down on to base . numerous fine spiral threads , rather finer than the axials , are universally developed . aperture typical , elongate - oval , lips thin , peristome discontinuous . height of body - whorl about half that of shell .\nshell minute , attenuate , whorls convex , sutures distinct . protoconch with five thin raised spiral threadlets , spaced widely on posterior part of whorl , but closer together in front . axial sculpture almost obsolete , indicated by exceedingly low corrugations , and present on all post - nuclear whorls . body - whorl long , its height not quite half that of shell . aperture similar to that of analoga powell ; peristome continuous ; parietal callus thick .\nshell minute , spire elevated ( about twice height of aperture ) , whorls lightly convex to flat , sutures moderately defined , impressed , situated slightly below periphery . aperture roundly ovate ; outer\nlip thin , slightly effuse ; columella arcuate , set vertically , a slight umbilical chink present near its insertion . outer lip antecurrent to suture , which descends to meet aperture . good specimens show low , faint spirals over surface of last two whorls .\nfive specimens from mangapani are undoubtedly marshall and murdoch ' s ataxocerithium perplexum . like nukumaru shells they are considerably worn , but one is sufficiently preserved to show the sculpture and carination of zeacumantus lutulentus ( kiener ) , to which marshall and murdoch ' s name must fall in synonymy .\nshells from nukumaru and mangapani have characters close to those of this species . the protoconch , however , seems less bulging , but this may be due to wear , and the nodules are finer .\nthe protoconch is described in the generic diagnosis above . the embryonic volutions ( about 2 \u00bd in number ) increase slowly ; the early post - embryonic whorls increase rapidly at first and then gradually ; thus the protoconch as a whole projects in mucronate fashion . the embryo closes at an ill - defined varix , issuing from which there are three spirals , a third now appearing between the original embryonic ones . all adult whorls with three spiral keels , evenly and regularly nodulated , the nodules connected axially by ridges , weaker than the spirals , giving a fenestration of squares . sutures margined above by a thin thread , which issues from suture on body - whorl as a distinct cord marking the sharply angled periphery . base with two spiral threads .\nthe resemblance to isotriphora is superficial . it is more likely that the new zealand shell has arisen from a local group , such as notosinister or cautor , possibly the latter .\nheight ( estimated ) , 15\u00b70 mm . ; width , 5\u00b70 mm . larger specimens occur .\nnumerous topotypes have been obtained . the writer has this species also from mangapani , wilkie ' s bluff , and from an outcrop near devil ' s elbow ( napier - taupo road ) . the keels on the shells from these localities are slightly heavier and a little more distant one from the other , but otherwise they agree well with topotypes . hawera specimens show some variation in regard to the strength and number of secondary spirals ; some shells have the secondaries fine , even dense ; others have only one or two rather stronger secondaries between the pairs of keels .\nthree specimens were collected at hawera . the species occurs also at kaawa creek .\none very striking specimen with the umbilical perforation deep and entering right to the top of the shell , seeming to be more penetrating than that of sagenus the parietal callus is worn and outer lip badly broken back .\nthese shells carry the same number of spirals as octocarinata ( powell ) and also like that species lack the prominent shoulder of inornata . unlike the former , however , the posterior of spire - whorls\nhas two distinct , though fine , spirals developed , and not a broad swelling as in octocarinata . further , octocarinata has the aperture almost equal in height to that of the spire , whereas the new species has the height of the whole body about half that of the shell . the shell of cavatocarinata is thus more attenuate .\nlocalities : off otago heads , in 72 fathoms ( type ) ; nukumaru ; mangapani . the shells from nukumaru , though stumpier than the recent ones from otago heads , lack the shoulder of inornata and have fewer spirals .\nthe protoconch is large , its summit flattened and blunt ; smooth . the nucleus on the flattened summit is minute , closely coiled in planorboid fashion . after the first 1 \u00bd turns the coiling descends in helicoid volutions , the whorls enlarging rapidly , becoming strongly convex , and persisting for just over two turns to close of embryo . the large protoconch appears out of proportion to the size of the early adult whorls . the anterior canal is better defined than that of inornata , being not so open , and longer ; the beak is twisted somewhat to left ; umbilicus entirely closed ; there is no swollen rib comparable with that on inornata and related forms running from beak and bordering left side of umbilicus .\ncerithioderma ( miplioderma ) mangawera n . sp . ( fig . 17 ) .\nthe form of this pliocene species is entirely that of trichosirius finlayi laws , a fossil occurring in hutchinsonian and awamoan beds in the south island . the new species , however , is smaller , more lightly built , and has the axials much less oblique with respect to posterior suture . the posterior one of the three strongest spirals is higher up on whorl in mangawera , and above it there is one fairly strong spiral . finlayi has two , and sometimes three , spirals between suture and the posterior of the three heavy cords ; and these spirals are always much finer than the cords , appearing as spaced , thin but distinct thread .\nso far as the writer is aware this species has been known up till now only from the pliocene beds at petane . it is extremely close to f . maxwelli finlay , occurring in deep water off otago heads .\nshell very small , spire staged , body - whorl equal to spire in height , of about three post - nuclear whorls , the last one disproportionately long and narrow ; outlines straight . whorls convex , a little flattened around suture , which is distinct . protoconch\nheterostrophic , paucispiral , planorboid , well rounded and considerably tilted . spiral sculpture of weak , irregular striae here and there , but rather better developed than in the genotype ( g . dolichostoma ) ; growth - stages well seen . body - whorl long , widely convex in one broad sweep from suture to base ; aperture elongately oval , narrowly angled behind , rather broadly rounded in front ; columella set vertically , strongly arcuate , its fold indicated externally by a low swelling near junction with parietal wall , and becoming more strongly differentiated within aperture ; inner lip with a narrow , well developed pad of callus ; outer lip thin , lightly convex .\nthe shells from wanganui localities scarcely show the slight anterior bulge typical of christyi .\nshell of moderate size , attenuate , body not unduly inflated . whorls convex ; sutures distinct , margined by a low , moderately broad spiral . whorls rising steeply above shoulder . axials developed on all whorls , the interspaces rather narrower than the ribs ; 12 axials on last whorl , no obsolescence of axials evident . the whorls are higher in relation to width than are those of marshalli and imperator , more like those of attenuatus . axials are not so sharply defined as those of imperator and the spirals ( about 28 on body - whorl , each pair with an interstitial threadlet ) are finer . anterior canal long . protoconch typical of the genus .\na very delightfully preserved shell , more slender than any of its associates in zeadmete , quite devoid of axial sculpture , and having fine , close , evenly spaced and regular spiral cords over whole adult surface ; 12 spirals on penultimate whorl . whorls strongly shouldered , the suture almost channelled . the two folds on columella are equal in strength . protoconch normal .\nclosely allied to m . maoria ( marshall and murdoch ) , an awamoan fossil from target gully . it is , however , considerably larger , has the sutures very deeply channelled and the fenestration of sculpture closer . the spire - whorls have three spiral cords ( two in maoria ) ; the body - whorl four heavy ones ( three in maoria ) , and four or five fine spaced threads anterior to them . axials on body 14 in number ( 12 in maoria ) . nodules at intersections of spirals and axials present on all whorls . columella with three strong , evenly\nspaced plaits . inner lip fairly thickly callused . the protoconch is polygyrate , closely coiled , and has the nucleus tiny and central . outer lip broken .\nheight ( estimated ) , 20\u00b70 mm . ; width ( estimated ) , 10\u00b70 mm .\nrelated to z . opihiensis laws , a fossil from awamoan beds in south canterbury , but separable on account of the more numerous and finer axials ( 18 or 19 on penultimate whorl ; 11 or 12 on that of opihiensis ) , more cut in suture , and less swollen sub - sutural spiral . in apical characters the two forms are identical , the protoconch being conical , polygyrate and sharply pointed , its nucleus minute and base broad . both also have the two small denticles on mid - portion of columella , separated by a light groove . were it not for the protoconch these species would fall into macrozafra , for they agree in build , sculpture and denticulation of columella with m . subabnormis ( suter ) , the genotype of macrozafra .\nlocalities : mangapani ( type ) , common ; wilkie ' s bluff ; petane ; hawera .\njust as these shells placed in zafra differ from macrozafra in nuclear characters , so zemitrella inconspicua ( marshall ) , a fossil from the pakaurangi point beds , differs from other neozelanic zemitrella , as has been remarked by the writer ( trans . roy . soc . n . z . , vol . 68 , p . 496 , 1939 ) . if group - names are not already available for those forms with polygyrate apices , it seems that generic distinction should be accorded them .\nshell with spire very elongate and slowly tapering , whorls as high as broad , shouldered above posterior third , the shoulder concave and rising steeply to suture , which is clasping . below shoulder whorl descends vertically and is practically straight . shoulder with a swollen border around suture , and a thin spiral thread at about its anterior third , elsewhere with fine spiral striae and curved growth - lines . antepenultimate whorl with six strong , sharply raised and evenly spaced spiral cords , nodulated weakly where crossed by axials , the nodulation strongest on posterior cords , hardly visible on anterior one or two . body - whorl with 14 strong , spaced spiral cords , the upper few faintly nodulated ; interstitial spirals absent . axials very weakly developed , indefinite , indicated chiefly by nodulation on spirals ; some better developed than others , persisting weakly across spiral grooves ; all axials weakening and many dying out entirely towards anterior of whorls . sinus moderate , as indicated by growth - lines on shoulder . anterior notch broken away , but growth - lines on fasciole show it was moderately deep . aperture narrowly ovate , angled behind . sutures very oblique to the horizontal .\nseparable at a glance from all other neozelanic austrotoma on account of its tenuity of whorl and spire , and large size .\nshell tall and slender , outline of spire straight , protoconch missing . whorls with a broad , prominent rounded median keel carrying three or four spiral cinguli ; above keel three fine subequidistant spirals ; below keel two spirals , the lower the heavier . suture margined below by a swollen band consisting of two strong close nodular spirals , the nodules connected axially across interspace . body - whorl with 15 raised and spaced spiral cords , the last half - dozen or so becoming finer , though still well elevated ; most of the inter - spaces with an interstitial threadlet . sinus normal .\npliocene shells from several localities differ in a number of ways from the recent p . zelandica ( smith ) . they are more attenuate ( body much less swollen ) than zelandica , have whorls not so strongly shouldered , and lack the broad smooth zone on whorls .\nthree shells differing from sata in that they are notably less slender and have the protoconch larger and broader across the base .\nl . sata , a kaawa creek species , has been collected also at waihi beach , hawera .\nshell small , elevated , outlines convex above , straight below . whorls broadly sulcate medially ; sutures narrow at periphery . whorls axially ribbed , the ribs vertical , straight , nodulated at both extremities , the nodules at anterior ends rather sharper and stronger than those behind . penultimate whorl with 12 to 14 ribs , spaced at intervals greater than their own width . body - whorl swollen and pouting around periphery , contracting rapidly over short base to strongly twisted neck and well developed fasciole .\nsomewhat like z . biplex ( hutton ) , and z . turpicula marwick .\n( of dioeciostrea orton , 1928 ) orton j . h . ( 1928 ) . the dominant species of ostrea . nature . 121 ( 3044 ) : 320 - 321 . , available online at urltoken note : names in this paper are unavailable because there is a disclaimer p . 121 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\ngofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncoan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]\n( of dioeciostrea orton , 1928 ) huber , m . ( 2010 ) . compendium of bivalves . a full - color guide to 3 , 300 of the world\u2019s marine bivalves . a status on bivalvia after 250 years of research . hackenheim : conchbooks . 901 pp . , 1 cd - rom . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]"]}
{"id": 2356, "summary": [{"text": "pseudodromia is a genus of crabs in the family dromiidae , often referred to as sponge crabs .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are small or medium-sized crabs which get their name from the ability to shape a living sponge into a portable shelter for themselves .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "a sponge crab cuts out a fragment from a sponge and trims it to its own shape using its claws .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the last two pairs of legs are shorter than other legs and bend upward over the crab 's carapace , to hold the sponge in place .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the sponge grows along with the crab , providing a consistent shelter . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "pseudodromia", "paragraphs": ["guinot , d . ( 1967 ) . la faune carcinologique ( crustacea brachyura ) de l ' ocean indien occidental et de la mer rouge . catalogue , remarques bibliographiques et biobliographie . bull . inst . fondamental d ' afrique noire ( ifan ) . 237 - 252 . [ details ]\nlewinsohn , c . ( 1977 ) . die dromiidae des roten meeres ( crustacea decapoda : brachyura ) . zoologische verhandelingen ( rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie , leiden ) 151 . 41 pp . [ details ]\ndatabase contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\n> endobj 29 0 obj < < / type / font / subtype / truetype / firstchar 32 / lastchar 35 / encoding 30 0 r / widths 31 0 r / tounicode 32 0 r / fontdescriptor 28 0 r / basefont / arial - boldmt > > endobj 30 0 obj < < / type / encoding / baseencoding / winansiencoding / differences [ 32 / exclam / period / i / n ] > > endobj 31 0 obj [ 333 278 278 611 ] endobj 32 0 obj < < / filter / flatedecode / length 232 > > stream x\u009c ] \u0090\u00b1n\u00e3 \u0010\u0086wk ~ \u0007\u00e6t2\u0090\u00a8r $ \u008b % \u00f5\u00e0 ! iu + \u000f @ \u00e0\u00b0\u0090j @ \u0018\u000fy\u00fb\u00e0\u00f9\u00f5\u00f0\u00e5\u00a4\u00fb\u00ee ~ ~ \u00fek . \u00fdw\u00efl\u00aa\u00ab\u00e6 ; z5 @\n\u00e6 : a\u00f6kt @ \u009e0zg\u0018 ' \u00fa\u00aa\u00b4ux\u00f5 $ c\u0016e\u00f9\u00f0\u009a\u0013l\u00bd3\u00be\u00ae\u00fa6\u00b3\u009f < \u009fs | \u0091c\u00d7 } \u00e4\u00fe 5d\u00eb\u00e6\u00e3\u00e32\u0094 ~ xb\u00f8 \\\n\u00b4\u00ae\u0084 \u001aly\u00ea * \u00e3mn @ \u009a\u00ae [ \u0011\u00fb\u00ac\u00bc\u00869h\u0005q\u00ba\u0011\u00b2 \u00a5\u0082\u00b4\u00e6\u0088\u00ba\u0002\u00a7\u00ffoo\u00ab\u00e8i\u00fe\u00b6y\u00f9\u00e6b ) g\u00a2\u0010v\b [ \u00e1 p $ \u00a73\u0092c ! g $ \u009f\u00b0z\u00edo\u0016 [ \u00ec\u00bf\u00ffy - 1\u00e6 @ x % lr\u0012x\u0007\u00fb ! \u0083\u000f\u00a8\u00fb\u00ea\u001b\u00a74o # endstream endobj 33 0 obj < < / type / page / parent 1 0 r / mediabox [ 0 0 443 628 ] / contents 34 0 r / resources < < / xobject < < / img0 35 0 r > > / procset [ / pdf / text / imagec ] / font 2 0 r > > / annots 36 0 r > > endobj 34 0 obj < < / filter / flatedecode / length 4417 > > stream x\u009c\u00fd\u009dks\u0013\u00e9\u0015\u0086\u00bfs\u00e5\u007fp\u0016\u00e2j\u00edj\u00ec\u00fd\u0002 , \u0081\u00e4\u0098\u00b5\u00e9\u00b2cyl \u00ack\u008d $ \u0004iv + \u0095 | \u00ec\u00af\u00ef\u008c4 = \u00fd\u0013\u00abf\u00efa [ 1 [ \u00b5\u00e5\u00b2\u00a5\u00f3\u00b7\u00f3\u00e7\u00f2\u009ek\u00ff1\u00bf\u007f\u00ef\u00ed9\u00e5\u007f\u00f5\u00ff # / \u0019 & \u00bd\u00fc\u00d7\u00fb\u00f7\u00e2p\u0018 % \u00bda\u009a\u000e\u00a3 ^ \u00be\u00ba\u007f\u00ef\u0019 : ~ \u00e8\u00a5a\u00af\u00fa\u00e1\u00f5c\u00bf\u00fa\u00e1 \u00a3 $ \u00ea\u00fd\u00f3s\u00ef\u00e9\u0089 [ \u0012pz\u00f9\u00fa\u00fe\u00bd\u00fe\u00ef ' ' \u00df\u00f5\u00f2\u00bfv\u00dfq\u0083\u00f0i\u0093 ^ \u00f5\u0083\u00eb\u00e6q\u00f5\u0083w ~ ) \u00ad\u00be\u00f3\u00ff\u0093\u00fat\u0017\u00e5\u00fe\u00e9\u008b\u0097o\u0093\u00fa\u00a3\u00a9 ; l\u00bdr\u009a\u00f5\u0084\u00fa\u00e7oo\u009f\u00bf = \u00fe\u00fea\u00b0\u00fd\u00eb\u00e0 \u0086a = \u00fd\u00ee\u00a1\u00df\u00a2\u00a1 _ \u00bf\u00fc\u00f3\u00f3 o _ \u009e\u00bd\u00fb ~ : \u0087a f ? 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\u00b5f = | \u00a1\u009a\u0000\u00a37\u0086nn /\n\u00b8\u00b8\u00f4l\u008c\u0084\u0013\u0095\u00ea ( \u00f0\u000e\u009a\u0080 ( j\u00b6\u00b7\u00b7qyv\u0097k\u0002\u0090cf = \u00f9\u00a5 ` + h : e\u00e6\u0096\u0082 . \u0092 [ p\u000e\u0017f\b4\u00e0\u00f9 - oc3\u00ea\u00f6\u00d7\u00f6\u00fez\u00b2\u00b02\u0003\u00e6 @ \u00ef @ \u001b\u0094\u0000\u00f9\u0083\u00b4l\n` \u00aeg fph\u0003\u0095\u00be\u00f0\u00ad\u00e5\u00fc\u00e2k\u008dd4\u0098\u00e6vp\u0080\u00fd\u00f2mo\u00adc1\u00fe ] , \u00e0\u0000\u0010 \u00e1\u0014\u0001oy\u00f2o\u00f5\u0019\u0019\u0005\u00ea % \u00abc\u00f7 { y\u00fc\u00e8\u00b0\u0010iz\u0005\u00f6\u0099 ' \u00fa > \u00a2 & l ; \u00ba\u0014\u00eeh\u0003\u00a2 \u000ess\u00f0 / \u00ef\u00b5\u0001s\u00fd\u00a2\u00a9\u00e5\u009c\u00e4 < \u00bf\u00bb\u00fa\u00f1 ` : \b\u0016d\u0081\u0016w\u00df 3\u0001\u008c\u009a @ fx\u0083m\u00bc\u00f4\u00ed\u00e4\u0016\u00f7i - \u00e4\u008a\u00e9\u009d\u00df\u008d\u0000g\u00e9\u009e \u00f4t\u00e9\u00f7z\u00ea\u0011 , lf\u00f4\u00f2\u00b84\u00f4\u0003\u00a6 \u00fdch\u00b7\u00f5 ` \u00f9 ( \u00fa\u00eb\u00f7 $ \u0003\u0095 \u008b } / _ \u00b0\u00fd\u00f5\u00ad\u00e4o\b\u00e9\u00e6 \u00e2\u0095\u0080s\u00e1\u00eb\u00bdbu\u0097y\u00bc\u0012 \u00e9 c\u0000sv @ tv\u00f0em\u0002c \u0004\u008d\u0006\u0000\u0014\u0000\u00f7\u0005\u0090\u00a8 % i gj\u0000\u00e6n\nbidentate , no median tooth , two prominent lobes , each of which is broadly bifid . female\n, little more massive than first two pairs of legs . none of those limbs verrucose or dilated . first two pairs of legs without podobranchs . inner margins of\nof first two pairs of legs armed with several small spines . last two pairs of legs very unequal . third pair of leg shortest . fourth pair almost as long as either of first two pairs , no spine on outer margin of fourth leg\nalcock , a . w . , 1900a . materials for a carcinological fauna of india . no . 5 . brachyura primigenia or dromiacea . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , calcutta , 68 , part 2 ( 3 ) : 123 - 169 , pls 3 - 5 .\nalcock , a . w . , 1901 . catalogue of the indian decapod crustacea in the collection of the indian museum . part i . brachyura . fasc . 1 . introduction and dromides or dromiacea ( brachyura primigenia ) . trustees of the indian museum , calcutta , i - viii , 1 - 80 , pls a & 1 - 7 .\nihle , j . e . w . , 1913 . die decapoda brachyura der siboga - expedition i . dromiacea . siboga expeditie monografie , 39 ( b ) : 1 - 96 , 38 figs , pls 1 - 4 .\nmclay , c . l . , 1993 . crustacea decapoda : the sponge crabs ( dromiidae ) of new caledonia and the philippines with a review of the genera . in : a . crosnier ( ed . ) , r\u00e9sultats des campagnes musorstom , volume 10 . m\u00e9moires du mus\u00e9um national d ' histoire naturelle , 156 : 111 - 251 , figs 1 - 19 , tabl . 1 - 8 .\nmiers , e . j . , 1884b . crustacea ( brachyura ) . in : report on the zoological collections made in the indo - pacific ocean during the voyage of h . m . s . alert 1881 - 1882 . part i . the collections from melanesia . part ii . the collections from the western indian ocean . british museum ( natural history ) , london , 8 ( 2 ) : 513 - 575 , pls 46 - 52 .\nsakai , t . , 1976a . crabs of japan and the adjacent seas . ( in 3 volumes : ( 1 ) english text : i - xxix , 1 - 773 , figs 1 - 379 , ( 2 ) plates volume : 1 - 16 , pls 1 - 251 , ( 3 ) japanese text : 1 - 461 , figs 1 - 2 , 3 maps . ) kodansha ltd , tokyo .\nwada , k . , 1995 . brachyura . in : s . nishimura , guide to seashore animals of japan with color pictures and keys . vol . 2 : 379 - 418 , pls 101 - 118 . ( in japanese )\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthough they are an important source of food , little is known about crabs on the west coast of india . information on the diversity of these fascinating creatures is confined to crabs collected from sandy beaches , rocky foreshores , mud flats , marshes and mangrove swamps .\naltogether 83 species of the crabs have been reported along the west coast of india . of these , 37 species are marine , 40 estuarine , and six live in freshwater .\ncrabs are an inexpensive source of protein . they fetch a good price during the monsoon or off - season . crab fishing provides livelihood for a large number of people in coastal villages .\ndue to limited yield and great local demand , there is no export potential for crabs . large annual fluctuations occur in the numbers caught . soylla serrata is the most common edible crab of india . portunus pelagious , charybdis cruciata and portunus sanguinoleutus are other commercially important crabs ; they are caught throughout the year and support a minor but regular fishery along the goa coast .\nthe gear and methods for catching crabs are not highly specialized . most are caught during the daytime using various types of conventional nets , traps , lines , bait and hand picking during low tide . the crabs are kept in baskets with wet weeds to reduce mortality , and are marketed live .\ncrabs play an important role in recycling nutrients in mangrove ecosystems . they are a prime source of food for various fish , ( including stingrays ) , frogs , crocodiles , swimming and wading birds , jackals and other carnivores . they are important scavengers of the seashore , making up in numbers what they lack in size .\ndespite their ecological importance , crabs are often treated as a nuisance . they burrow actively , causing considerable damage to canal and river banks and pond bunds . this can cause heavy losses to commercial aquaculture .\nthe lunar cycle is thought to influence the occurrence and body composition of crabs . the highest numbers of crabs are found during the full moon , while the weight of the crabs is highest during a new moon .\npeople believe that during a new or full moon , the texture and taste of crab meat changes considerably . this is due to moulting of the shell and seasonal variations in the chemical composition of the meat .\nthere is no regular culture in india specifically for crabs . though scylla serrata and portunus spp . are suitable for culture due to their high growth rate , adaptability to brackish water , voracious feeding and early attainment of sexual maturity , no attempt has been made to raise them commercially . the coastal and brackish water farms of goa could be used to culture these species .\nthe best way to conserve crabs is to protect their habitat . some commercially important species inhabit mudflats and sandy beaches . these and related habitats such as mangroves can be protected by minimizing erosion , planting casuarina trees and protecting sand dunes ."]}
{"id": 2360, "summary": [{"text": "cotinis aliena ( also keys green june beetle ) is a species of cotinis found in the florida keys .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "this species is considered to be critically imperiled because it is only known from three localities in the florida keys and one locality in southern peninsular florida .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "no specimens have been found since 1998 .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "development and pesticides are the most likely threats to its survival . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cotinis aliena", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for cotinis ( cotinis ) burmeister , 1842 yet . learn how to contribute .\nin the eastern united states , the genus cotinis burmeister previously contained only c . nitida ( l . ) , the common economic pest known as the\ngreen june beetle\n. a new species from the florida keys , cotinis aliena , is here described and illustrated . a checklist is provided for the genus , which includes 27 valid new world species , and 44 synonyms .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh entomology resource from cotinis nitida ( linnaeus , 1764 ) to their own page .\napologies for the white debris that made its way into this photo . i will try to take photos later on but wanted to post asap as bugguide did not yet have an image for this neat species from the florida keys . for more information on c . aliena ( pp . 4 - 7 ) as well as other neat cotinis spp . feel free to check out the following resource : woodruff , r . ( 2008 ) . the genus cotinis burmeister in the eastern united states , with description of a new species from the florida keys , including a checklist of the genus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : cetoniinae ) . insecta mundi , 584 .\nwoodruff , r . e . 2008 . the genus cotinis burmeister in the eastern united states with description of a new species from the florida keys , including a checklist of the genus ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : cetoniinae ) . insecta mundi 0051 : 1 - 13 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit is possible that this species was introduced , but there is no definite evidence of this .\nthis species is only known from three localities in the florida keys and one locality in extreme southern peninsular florida , usa . no specimens have been found since 1998 .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nthis species is only known from three localities in the florida keys and one locality in extreme southern peninsular florida .\nsurvey the florida keys and southern peninsular florida , usa for presence of this species .\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\ndeyrup , m . and r . franz . 1994 . rare and endangered biota of florida , volume iv . invertebrates . university press of florida : gainesville , florida . 798 pp .\nnatureserve . unpublished . concept reference for taxa which have not yet been described ; to be used as a placeholder until a citation is available which describes the circumscription of the taxon .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nkey largo , monroe county , florida , usa june 24 , 2016 size : ~ 2 . 4 cm\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\npublished in insecta mundi : a journal of world insect systematics , # 0051 ( 2008 ) . published by the center for systematic entomology , inc . , gainseville , fl . urltoken copyright \u00a9 2008 by the authors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsmith , a . b . t . 2009 . checklist and nomenclatural authority file of the scarabaeoidea of the nearctic realm . version 4 . electronically published , ottawa , canada . 97 pp . , available online at urltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2363, "summary": [{"text": "lepidurus arcticus is a species of tadpole shrimp which inhabits both ephemeral pools and permanent freshwater lakes of norway , greenland , finland , sweden , svalbard , iceland , russia and the kuril islands .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "unlike other species of tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus is known to coexist with fish , such as arctic char .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "furthermore , they exist in water temperatures much colder ( 4 \u2013 7 \u00b0c or 39 \u2013 45 \u00b0f ) than the other species of its order .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a common predator of daphnia pulex . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "lepidurus arcticus", "paragraphs": ["heart ultrastructure in lepidurus arcticus pallas ( crustacea , branchiopoda , notostraca ) . - pubmed - ncbi\narctic tadpole shrimp , lepidurus arcticus . viewed through a 10x hand lens . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .\nchristoffersen , k . ( 2001 ) . predation on daphnia pulex by lepidurus arcticus . hydrobiologia , 442 , 223\u2013229 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1017584928657\nlakka , hk . ( 2013 ) . the ecology of a freshwater crustacean : lepidurus arcticus ( branchiopoda ; notostraca ) in a high arctic region ( master\u2019s thesis ) . university of helsinki , helsinki , finland .\narnold , g . p . ( 1966 ) . observations on lepidurus arcticus ( pallas ) ( crustacea , notostraca ) in east greenland . annals and magazine of natural history , 9 , 599\u2013617 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00222936608651674\n\u2026 branchinecta paludosa and the notostracan lepidurus arcticus are regularly found in small pools of the arctic tundra regions . these pools are temporary in the sense that they freeze solid in winter . a few species in these groups are found in permanent lakes .\nlepidurus arcticus , or arctic tadpole shrimp , belong to one of only two genera in the order notostraca ( arthropoda : crustacea ) . considered living fossils , notostracans have existed since the permian in an evolutionary arrested state ( longhurst , 1955 ) .\nwojtasik , b . , & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , m . ( 2010 ) . reproduction and genetic structure of a freshwater crustacean lepidurus arcticus from spitsbergen . polish polar research , 31 , 33\u201344 . doi : 10 . 4202 / ppres . 2010 . 03\nking eider ( somateria spectabilis ) ducklings . potential future consumers of l . arcticus . queen maud gulf bird sanctuary , nunavut . photo by justin heseltine .\nrogers , d . c . ( 2001 ) . revision of the nearctic lepidurus ( notostraca ) . journal of crustacean biology , 21 , 991\u20131006 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 20021975 - 99990192\nwant : t . canciformis simplex ( those blue ones ) , t . canciformis green type , lepidurus , giant t . granarius ( so - called t . numidicus ) , beaver - tailed fairy shrimp\nalong with being a good candidate as an indicator species , l . arcticus may have an important role in the local ecology of arctic ponds . their diet is omnivorous , including ( but not limited to ) detritus , phytoplankton , and small crustaceans like daphnia pulex ( christoffersen , 2001 ; lakka , 2013 ) . with such a wide - ranging diet , l . arcticus likely plays an important role in the ecological structure of pond communities . in addition to their predatory role , l . arcticus stir up sediment as they search for food in in the benthic layer ( arnold , 1966 ) . this stirring up transfers nutrients into the main waterbody where it becomes available to primary producers ( arnold , 1966 ) .\ntheir eggs also play another role in the continued success of l . arcticus . being restricted to often isolated water bodies and having such a short life cycle , l . arcticus is not able to expand its distribution on its own . on top of being highly drought resistant , l . arcticus eggs are also sticky ( lakka , 2013 ) . this aids the eggs in being able to hitch rides to new locations . while their mode of reproduction is not fully understood , it is known that asexual reproduction , through parthenogenesis , is common ( hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , 2010 ) . thus , only a single egg is necessary to colonize a new location ( longhurst , 1955 ) .\nthe most important reason for studying l . arcticus however , is to learn more about them as a prey species for arctic birds . after all , invertebrate zoology is really just a fancied up term for the study of bird food . in europe , purple sandpipers ( calidris maritima ) , arctic terns ( sterna paradisaea ) , and dunlins ( calidris alpina ) have all been observed feeding on l . arcticus ( lakka , 2013 ) . all of which are birds that can be found breeding in the north american arctic . locally to where i first encountered l . arcticus , sizeable populations of king eiders ( somateria spectabilis ) , long - tailed ducks ( clangula hyemalis ) , arctic terns , red - throated loons ( gavia stellata ) , and various species of small shorebirds ( scolopacidae ) could be found nesting and feeding by the various surrounding lakes . it is highly likely that , given the lack of other food sources , l . arcticus makes up a significant portion of these birds diets during the breeding season .\neven though they lack genetic diversity ( both spatially and temporally ) , l . arcticus is found across the globe in arctic and subarctic regions ( hessen et al . 2004 ; rogers , 2001 ) . i first encountered l . arcticus while working at karrak lake in the queen maud gulf bird sanctuary . with 13 . 5 km 2 of surface water and an approximate average depth of 1 . 2 m , karrak likely freezes to the bottom during the winter ( kellett & alisauskas , 1997 ) . not the friendliest conditions for a relatively unevolved crustacean .\nback to my youth . collecting strange animals from fresh water . ben frederiks found the first one . steve coulson made me remember their name , and this morning i went on a hunt . i caught within 15 minutes 17 lepidurus arcticus , the tadpole shrimp . looks like a miniature horseshoe crab . as food i added daphnia , another of my favourite creatures . i give lectures about this creature about their ability to develop spines when fish are present , sexual and asexual reproduction , the ability to produce haemoglobin in oxygen low waters , their abilty to travel on bird legs , their winter eggs and thier role in cleaning turbid waters from fytoplankton .\nthe recent discovery of a fine suite of late - glacial strata near ballyhalbert on the north - eastern irish coast in an accessible position has allowed a careful study to be made of the different layers for plant and animal macrofossils . particularly interesting has been the recovery of numerous characteristic telsons of the freshwater notostracan lepidurus arcticus , a species which was reported recently by mitchell 1 from late - glacial levels at ballaugh in the isle of man , at neasham , co . durham , and at mapastown , co . louth . records from these late - glacial contexts are significant since the species is not known in the present fauna of the british isles . its modern distribution is circumpolar , between 65\u00b0 and 80\u00b0 n .\nthe heart of lepidurus arcticus consists of an epicardium and a single layer of strongly polarized myocardial cells , 10 - 50 micron thick , with the myofibrillar part facing the epicardium . the z - bands are diffuse and some z - material forms attachment plaques . relaxed sarcomeres show a hexagonal arrangement of thick filaments and 6 thin filaments in orbit , but filaments often diverge in their orientation . the sarcolemma invaginates from both the epicardial and the endocardial side of the cell , forming clefts and t - tubules . the sarcoplasmic reticulum is loosely reticular , cisternae associate with sarcolemma to form large and typical peripheral and interior couplings . the latter are of the\nbutton - to - button\ntype and they tend to be located at the a - i level .\nso how do they survive ? well , they don\u2019t . not for very long anyways . l . arcticus has a single - season life cycle that terminates with the laying of its eggs in fall ( lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , 2010 ) . the key to this is their drought resistant eggs ( longhurst , 1955 ) .\nhey ! im in a search for finding lepidurus arcticus in my area ( i am in the north ) and i have contacted a local biologist ! i ' m still waiting to hear back from her but she is currently trying to find locations where they have been recorded etc . whats great about this species is that they can live over a year , but are only up to a cm long ( recorded biggest ) and thier eggs hatch before they dry because they live in permanent little lakes . i can still ship the eggs to those interested in buying by freezing some dirt rock solid . this would be a really cool species to have ! imagine a constant colony of triops ! ill post more information when i hear back . also i wont be going to look till the spring , its all frozen . . . . anyways enjoy this link to see more : urltoken aaron\nhowever , dispersal is still not well understood ( hessen et al . , 2004 ) , and overall , lepidurus is just one of many understudied genera of invertebrates . most of the contemporary research done on arctic tadpole shrimp , comes from studies in europe ( e . g . christoffersen , 2001 ; hessen et al . , 2004 ; lakka , 2013 ; wojtasik & bry\u0142ka - wo\u0142k , 2010 ) . their distribution in the north american arctic and subarctic is poorly known , even less so for the canadian portion than the alaskan portion ( rogers , 2001 ) . this is unfortunate given that in her 2013 master thesis , hanna - kaisa lakka identified l . arcticus as being a good candidate for use as an indicator species . among other reasons , they are sensitive to environmental change ( e . g . , ph , temperature , and salinity ) , are common over wide areas , and are highly visible and easily surveyed .\nit is thought that birds are a primary source of dispersal for the species . either by eggs sticking to feet , through being pooped out after digestion of their parents , or by adults intended for ingestion being accidentally dropped in flight ( arnold , 1966 ) . since l . arcticus is one of the few tadpole shrimp species know to coexist with fish , it is also thought that their sticky eggs could attach to arctic char and be carried along as the char migrate to new areas or are taken as food ( lakka , 2013 ) .\narten synes \u00f6vervintra i \u00e4ggstadiet . unga individer kan p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffas under juli och fullvuxna under augusti\u2013september . djuren \u00e4r fr\u00e5n och med ungef\u00e4r en centimeters l\u00e4ngd mycket l\u00e4tta att se d\u00e4r de simmar likt sm\u00e5 rockor strax \u00f6ver bottnen . p\u00e5 grund av sitt exponerade levnadss\u00e4tt utg\u00f6r de l\u00e4ttillg\u00e4nglig f\u00f6da f\u00f6r f\u00e5gel och fisk . den \u00e4r dock n\u00e5got mindre k\u00e4nslig f\u00f6r fiskpredation \u00e4n andra bladfotingar d\u00e5 den stundom p\u00e5tr\u00e4ffats i fiskf\u00f6rande fj\u00e4llsj\u00f6ar . l . arcticus \u00e4r liksom m\u00e5nga andra sk\u00f6ldbladfotingar en all\u00e4tare som livn\u00e4r sig p\u00e5 v\u00e4xtdelar och bottenlevande sm\u00e5djur , som mygglarver och maskar . arten gynnas sannolikt av stillast\u00e5ende , helst fisktomma samt av f\u00f6rsurning , f\u00f6roreningar och regleringar op\u00e5verkade fj\u00e4llvatten .\nwhen i first saw arctic tadpole shrimp , i wondered how such a small creature could live , and seemingly thrive , in such a remote and harsh environment . in attempting to answer my question , i expected to find some sort of egg designed to endure the freezing winter conditions . what i was not expecting to find was that l . arcticus is a genetically simple , living fossil , with a circumpolar distribution . nor was i expecting to find that such little arctic buddies could have such large impacts on the surrounding ecology or that they could potentially serve as useful indicators for the rapidly changing northern climate . way to go , little guys !\nfj\u00e4llsk\u00f6ldbladfotingen tillh\u00f6r gruppen notostraca , sk\u00f6ldbladfotingar , som karakteriseras av att huvud och framkropp \u00e4r t\u00e4ckta av en kraftig ryggsk\u00f6ld vilken \u00e4r tillplattad uppifr\u00e5n . ryggsk\u00f6lden har en rundad framkant , medan det i bak\u00e4nden finns en djup insk\u00e4rning med tandad kant . bakkroppen , som \u00e4r l\u00e5ng och smal , b\u00e4r en \u00e4ndgaffel , s . k . furca , best\u00e5ende av tv\u00e5 spr\u00f6t . de tv\u00e5 antennparen \u00e4r b\u00e5da mycket sm\u00e5 . de f\u00f6rsta benparen har utskott , som anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r f\u00f6rflyttning n\u00e4r djuret kryper p\u00e5 botten , samt f\u00f6r att krafsa i bottenslammet efter f\u00f6da . de \u00f6vriga benen \u00e4r plattade och flikiga . dessa ben , s . k . phyllopodier , \u00e4r i st\u00e4ndig r\u00f6relse och anv\u00e4nds f\u00f6r kortare simturer , men framf\u00f6rallt som organ f\u00f6r andning , samt f\u00f6r filtrering och transport av f\u00f6dopartiklar till munnen . tv\u00e5 fasett\u00f6gon och ett mediant placerat nauplius\u00f6ga sitter uppe p\u00e5 ryggsk\u00f6lden , n\u00e4ra framkanten . honorna n\u00e5r en l\u00e4ngd p\u00e5 knappt 25 mm medan de mindre hannarna \u00e4r knappt 15 mm . f\u00e4rgen \u00e4r gulbrun . sl\u00e4ktet har ytterligare en svensk art , spetssk\u00f6ldbladfotingen , lepidurus apus , vilken finns i s\u00f6dra sverige och skiljs genom sin st\u00f6rre storlek , l\u00e4ngre utskott p\u00e5 f\u00f6rsta benparet samt l\u00e4ngre platta p\u00e5 sista bakkroppssegmentet .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhessen , d . o . , rueness , e . k . , & stabell , m . ( 2004 ) . circumpolar analysis of morphological and genetic diversity in the . hydrobiologia , 519 , 73\u201384 .\nkellett , d . k . , & alisauskas , r . t . ( 1997 ) . breeding biology of king eiders nesting on karrak lake , northwest territories . arctic , 50 , 47\u201354 .\nlonghurst , a . r . ( 1955 ) . evolution in the notostraca . evolution , 9 , 84\u201386 .\nfj\u00e4llsk\u00f6ldbladfotingen f\u00f6rekommer huvudsakligen i h\u00f6gfj\u00e4llsomr\u00e5det fr\u00e5n j\u00e4mtland till torne lappmark . arten har en cirkumpol\u00e4r utbredning i stillast\u00e5ende vatten inom det arktiska omr\u00e5det , inklusive sydnorges fj\u00e4lltrakter .\nf\u00f6rekommer huvudsakligen i h\u00f6gfj\u00e4llsomr\u00e5den d\u00e4r den troligen \u00e4r relativt utbredd . antalet k\u00e4nda vatten \u00e4r dock begr\u00e4nsat , bl . a . beroende p\u00e5 att arten \u00e4r relativt sv\u00e5r att observera , varf\u00f6r vi r\u00e4knar med ett visst m\u00f6rkertal . den finns dels i sm\u00e5 , fisktomma grunda vatten d\u00e4r den \u00e4r k\u00e4nslig f\u00f6r inplantering av fisk , dels i st\u00f6rre vatten med fiskf\u00f6rekomst ( fr\u00e4mst r\u00f6ding ) d\u00e4r arten sannolikt selekterat f\u00f6r ett beteende som g\u00f6r att den klarar fiskn\u00e4rvaro . arten \u00e4r f\u00f6rsurningsk\u00e4nslig . \u00e4ven om data saknas om eventuell minskning bed\u00f6mer vi att det finns en fortg\u00e5ende minskning . antalet lokalomr\u00e5den i landet skattas till 25 ( 10 - 200 ) . utbredningsomr\u00e5dets storlek ( eoo ) skattas till 20000 ( 12652 - 50000 ) km\u00b2 och f\u00f6rekomstarean ( aoo ) till 100 ( 40 - 800 ) km\u00b2 . utifr\u00e5n fynddata . minv\u00e4rde utifr\u00e5n fynduppgifter . en minskning av populationen p\u00e5g\u00e5r eller f\u00f6rv\u00e4ntas ske . minskningen avser kvalit\u00e9n p\u00e5 artens habitat , antalet lokalomr\u00e5den och antalet reproduktiva individer . pga uts\u00e4ttning av fisk i fisktomma vatten . beroende p\u00e5 vilka av de skattade v\u00e4rdena som anv\u00e4nds varierar bed\u00f6mningen fr\u00e5n livskraftig ( lc ) till n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . baserat p\u00e5 de troligaste v\u00e4rdena hamnar arten i kategorin n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . de skattade v\u00e4rdena f\u00f6r f\u00f6rekomstarea ligger under gr\u00e4nsv\u00e4rdet f\u00f6r starkt hotad ( en ) . detta i kombination med att fortg\u00e5ende minskning f\u00f6rekommer g\u00f6r att arten uppfyller kriterierna f\u00f6r kategorin n\u00e4ra hotad ( nt ) . ( b2b ( iii , iv , v ) ) .\nstoppa inplanteringen av fisk i fisktomma vatten . det vore inte orealistiskt att \u00e5terskapa st\u00f6rre , tidigare fisktomma fj\u00e4llvatten via rotenonbehandling . i vissa omr\u00e5den i s\u00f6dra fj\u00e4llkedjan kan kalkning beh\u00f6va s\u00e4ttas in f\u00f6r att trygga artens fortlevnad .\nl\u00e4nsvis f\u00f6rekomst och status f\u00f6r fj\u00e4llsk\u00f6ldbladfoting baserat p\u00e5 sammanst\u00e4llningar och bed\u00f6mningar av gjorda fynd .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\nenckell , p . h . 1980 . kr\u00e4ftdjur . signum i lund , ( 8 ) 685 sid .\ns\u00f8mme , s . 1934 . contribution to the biology of norwegian fish food animals . det norske videnskaps - akademi i oslo . 1 . matem - naturvid . klasse 1934 . no 6 . 36 pp .\nl\u00e4ngre texter , ut\u00f6ver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanst\u00e4llts av : p\u00e4r - erik lingdell 1995 . rev ulf bjelke 2008 . \u00a9 artdatabanken , slu 2008 .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright jquery foundation and other contributors , urltoken this software consists of voluntary contributions made by many individuals . for exact contribution history , see the revision history available at urltoken the following license applies to all parts of this software except as documented below : = = = = permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software . = = = = all files located in the node _ modules and external directories are externally maintained libraries used by this software which have their own licenses ; we recommend you read them , as their terms may differ from the terms above .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nthank you for visiting nature . com . you are using a browser version with limited support for css . to obtain the best experience , we recommend you use a more up to date browser ( or turn off compatibility mode in internet explorer ) . in the meantime , to ensure continued support , we are displaying the site without styles and javascript .\nall prices are net prices . vat will be added later in the checkout .\npresent address : institut botanique , universit\u00e9 de montre\u00e9l , 4101 est , rue sherbrooke , montreal 36 , canada .\nby submitting a comment you agree to abide by our terms and community guidelines . if you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate .\nnature is part of springer nature . \u00a9 2018 springer nature limited . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyou ' re currently viewing our forum as a guest . this means you are limited to certain areas of the board and there are some features you can ' t use . if you join our community , you ' ll be able to access member - only sections , and use many member - only features such as customizing your profile , sending personal messages , and voting in polls . registration is simple and completely free . just make sure you make a post in the new member section after you register or your account may not be approved .\nif there is another apocalypse and mass extinction , i have no doubt in my mind that my triops will live , and populate the post apocalyptic earth . . . . and then . . . . . they evolve\n. . . whenever you are in doubt , or when the self becomes too much with you , apply the following test . recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man whom you may have seen , and ask yourself , if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him or her . . . then you will find your doubts and your self melt away .\n- - gandhi\nhave : t . longicaudatus ( regular * , black beauty * , gonochoric ) , t . granarius * , t . canciformis ( regular , red / albino / japanese , bavarian ) , t . australiensis ( regular , green , silver / queensland ) , t . newberryi * , t . mauritanicus , clam shrimp , fairy shrimp ( red - tailed , spiny - tailed ) , seed shrimp\ni ' d love some but . . . i don ' t think i could keep my water 40 degrees . . . < _ <\n40f is no problem where i live during the winter . you can also buy fish tank coolers . but most of the time they cost quite a bit . a lot of times you will find little refrigorators at garage sales . you can cut a small hole for a wire to put a light inside then reinsolate the hole . my well water is always at 45f so it would be easy for me to have a drip line near the bottom and an area for thwater to leave the tank near the top where the water is warmer . just some ideas\nt . longicaudatus green / t . longicaudatus marbled / t . longicaudatus black beauty / t . longicaudatus gonochoric / t . cancriformis / t . albino cancriformis / t . granarius / l . cryptus / t . mauritanicus\ni ' m going to put them in a tiny fridge i will set to 40 f .\nhow would you be able to view them in a fridge ? anyways i know where i can get a tank cooler and if that does not work i plan to modify a small fridge so then it has windows . anyways i still have not heard back from her . . . .\nyeah you ' d be able to view them it ' s glass but it ' s small - - it can prob . only hold a 5 gallon . . . . it ' s built for cooling water bottles nico\nyes i ' ve hear wine coolers ( the appliance , not the drink ) work well for these purposes . they ' ve typically got a front door made of glass and are much cheaper than even little college - style refrigerators . definitely something to consider !\nwhat you can do is get yourself a small can cooler and put inside this a length of coiled up airhose of about 20 feet . have another smaller coil which you place inside the triops tank . fill hose full of clean water and a little salt and use a small water pump to circulate the self - contained hose water from the cooler to the tank . similar in the way some computers cpus can be cooled via water . the peltier diode inside the cooler ' sucks ' heat away from inside the cooler and so cools the water in the hose . therefore the heat in the tank is transferred away and it cools . the bit of salt in the hose water prevents it from icing up . one alternative diy is to place a large flat heatsink to the side of the glass tank wall with the peltier on the heatsink and put a small cpu fan on the diode . power it up and the heat is blown away .\nabundance , if you happen upon any , i would be extremely interested . i have the perfect environment for these guys in my basement .\nokay i have got an email back ! she has 2 locations where they have been reported but sadly both locations are inaccessible by car or boat . i don ' t think i can do a 5 - 6 hour hike to collect those triops . she is still trying to track down other locations ! she also mentioned there was another species here ! she did not give any name . i ' ll get back to you guys on trying to get them from alaska , there are more accessible triops loctions there . i ' ll keep you all posted !\nemail me where you live and i ' ll see about finding you some locations .\nabundance had to go away for awhile , he said he ' d be back in the spring though . he ' s in the yukon , not sure exactly where\nanyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .\n: bump : : bump : anyone know when aaron ' s gonna be back ? i hope he found them . . . . .\noh the hounds wouldn ' t be able to sniff them out , he ' d have to do it himself . . . .\nhey i ' m back with good news . while searching for alaskan and yukon trilobites , i found a photo of l . articus in hooper bay alaska . the guy who found them called them trilobites thus making it slip under my radar . he did not know what they were . i plan to contact this guy soon and get him to ship them to skagway ( closer and faster to get to , takes to long at the border ) i plan to ask him to get a nice big scoop of the sediment he found them in plus some live specimens . i will post when i have contacted him or more info . here is the urltoken\nplease refrain from reviving old threads - this one has been inactive almost a year . thank you !\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . ."]}
{"id": 2365, "summary": [{"text": "paracossulus thrips is a species of moth of the cossidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in hungary , romania , ukraine , russia , kazakhstan and turkey .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of exclaves of open steppe vegetation on sands or loess and xerophilous grasslands on alkaline substrates .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the larvae bore the roots of artemisia species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "paracossulus thrips", "paragraphs": ["paracossulus thrips - urdu meaning and translation of paracossulus thrips , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of paracossulus thrips and more .\nwhat is there to think - at sineva by yakovlev paracossulus thrips . correct necessary .\nparacossulus thrips is a species of moth of the cossidae family . it is found in hungary , romania , ukraine , russia , kazakhstan and turkey .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public ' - / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en '\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nannex ii : animal and plant species of community interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation .\nannex iv : animal and plant species of community interest in need of strict protection .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european central black earth , central european , western caucasus , krasnoyarsk , lower volga , prealtay , mid - volzhsky , south west siberian , south ural .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\nalso common in the southern urals , in the south of western siberia , kazakhstan and altai .\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 11b67b9b - 1b16 - 46ec - 9863 - d09e2c2b2879\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1a8c0252 - a2e2 - 4e88 - 8c67 - 7d55b13c8247\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1eb21109 - 3907 - 4ac8 - b4ef - 06173f5907f2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3ca2d5db - 1b99 - 493d - 9c65 - a3958b4f981c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 53e9bf1d - b31c - 48ba - a013 - 1f54326038d5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a3534fc1 - 8af9 - 40b8 - acb4 - 9e5e3015d538\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e7715a02 - cad8 - 4407 - 8933 - abf95d8bd0b3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4c194ce - 984c - 4def - af0b - 7db8a4a30db1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f7cb0cb7 - 5a6f - 4b7c - 8fe8 - 5096f8bf972d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 244772\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country ."]}
{"id": 2367, "summary": [{"text": "osedax mucofloris is a species of bathypelagic polychaetes that is reported to sustain itself on the bones of dead whales .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "translated from the mixed greek and latin used in scientific names , \" osedax mucofloris \" literally means \" snot-flower bone-eater \" , though the less-accurate \" bone-eating snot-flower worm \" seems to be the form actually used .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species is found in north east atlantic where it is abundant . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "osedax mucofloris", "paragraphs": ["olingo added text to\nbone - eating snot - flower worm ( osedax mucofloris )\non\nosedax mucofloris glover , kallstrom , smith and dahlgren , 2005\n.\nosedax mucofloris extends out of the whale bone into the seawater . the major features of this portion are :\nhigh symbiont diversity in the bone - eating worm osedax mucofloris from shallow whale - falls in the north atlantic .\nbased on available data ( which are clearly very limited ) , osedax mucofloris is associated with shallower depths than other known osedax species , having been collected at 30 and 125 meters .\na detailed description of the morphology of osedax mucofloris has been published in the scientific journal proceedings of the royal society of london .\nhigh symbiont diversity in the bone - eating worm osedax mucofloris from shallow whale - falls in the north atlantic . - pubmed - ncbi\nmolecular analysis of osedax mucofloris using coi and 18s rrna sequences confirmed genetic seperation from morphologically similar o . rubiplumus and o . frankpressi ( glover et al . , 2005 ) .\nmany osedax species have numerous pinnules on their palps that give the crown a feathery appearance . of the known osedax species , only o . mucofloris and o . frankpressi have pinnules oriented all inward ( the pinnules in the other species being turned outward , both inward and outward , or absent ) . most known osedax species have red palps ( the palps of o . frankpressi are red with two white lateral stripes in living worms ) , but the palps of osedax mucofloris are white to pink . ( rouse et al . 2004 ; vrijenhoek et al . 2009 )\nosedax worms are marine annelids closely related to deep sea vent / seep - associated . . .\ncitation : huusgaard rs , vismann b , k\u00fchl m , macnaugton m , colmander v , rouse gw , et al . ( 2012 ) the potent respiratory system of osedax mucofloris ( siboglinidae , annelida ) - a prerequisite for the origin of bone - eating osedax ? plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e35975 . urltoken\nschander , c . , rapp , h . t . , & dahlgren , t . ( 2010 ) . osedax mucofloris ( polychaeta , siboglinidae ) , a bone - eating marine worm new to norway . fauna norvegica , 30 , 5 - 8 . urltoken\ndetailed examination of at least 50 mature specimens indicated an absence of the dwarfed males reported for northeast pacific osedax species . however , o . mucofloris appeared able to reproduce and grow to maturity within one month on defaunated bones placed into aquaria . ( glover et al . 2005 )\nthe bone - eating siboglinid polychaete osedax mucofloris glover , k\u00e4llstr\u00f6m , smith & dahlgren , 2005 is reported from norwegian waters for the first time . dense growth was found on bovine bones deposited at 118 meters depth off western norway . dwarf males were observed for the first time . the two specimens sequenced were identical to haplotypes previously found at a swedish whale fall . the possibility of finding additional species of osedax is discussed .\nas with the trunk of o . mucofloris , the anterior vestimentum of vestimentifera lacks branching vessels between the ventral and the muscularized dorsal vessel [ 33 ] . the resemblance between the blood vascular systems adds new evidence to the hypothesis that the trunk of osedax and the vestimentum of vestimentifera are homologous regions [ 21 ] .\nthe measured o 2 depleted bone environment as well as ferrous sulphide precipitations ( figure 8e ) supports the suggested exposure of osedax to sulphide . furthermore the large root surface in the related lamellibrachia is highly efficient in hydrogen sulphide uptake [ 17 ] . since the main trophic source of osedax compared to other siboglinids ( including lamellibrachia ) seems to be heterotrophic bacteria rather than sulphide - detoxifying chemoautotrophic bacteria [ 8 ] , osedax may instead possess physiological adaptations to detoxify sulphide .\nin the present study we investigated whether osedax mucofloris is exposed to an inhospitable hypoxic or anoxic microenvironment by measuring the o 2 distribution surrounding the embedded root system . we assessed possible morphological and / or physiological adaptations to the environmental conditions through detailed morphological studies of the respiratory surfaces and the blood vascular system as well as respiratory measurements of o 2 consumption . the results are discussed in relation to the unique environment , endosymbionts , and embedded root structure of osedax as well as compared with studies of related annelids .\nit is important to understand osedax mucofloris reproduction , as scientists want to know how these animals are able to disperse between isolated whale - fall habitats . when the first species of osedax was described , it was noted that the species seemed to exhibit very strong sexual dimorphism . the males did not develop into mature adults . instead , they appeared to remain as larval - sized individuals attached to the side of females , fertilising eggs as they were released into the water column . dwarf males have been described for :\nosedax mucifloris appeared to be able to reproduce and grow to maturity within one month on defaunated bones placed in a aquaria ( glover et al . , 2005 ) .\nto date , osedax mucofloris has only been recorded from 2 whale carcasses in the swedish fjord kosterfjord ( 58\u00b0 53 . 1 n , 11\u00b0 06 . 4 e ) . it may be widespread in the atlantic , however . the problem is finding whale remains on the sea floor - even if there are a lot of them , they are small relative to the vast expanses of the ocean .\nour data show that o . mucofloris inhabiting bone in cuvettes ( purple and yellow dots , figure 9 ) have a lower mo 2 than o . mucofloris inhabiting sectioned cow bone ( green , blue , red dots , figure 9 ) . along with high standard deviations , this highlights the difficulties of measuring o 2 consumption on these embedded worms . the variations are most likely caused by the difference in blind respiration measurements and the large biological activity present on decaying bone , which was difficult to quantify . future studies should thus be carried out to more precisely determine the mo 2 of o . mucofloris and the contribution of other o 2 - consuming surfaces .\nthe circular trunk musculature in o . mucofloris is weakly developed , as found in several other annelids [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] . the diagonal musculature revealed in the present study , may compensate for the weak circular musculature by having a similar supportive function . diagonal musculature has most likely been mistaken for circular musculature in several annelids [ 26 ] , [ 27 ] , including previous studies of osedax [ 15 ] , [ 21 ] .\nbeggiatoa live in the restricted interface between hydrogen sulphide presence and oxygenated water [ 51 ] . o . mucofloris must therefore be in contact with toxic sulphide concentrations . photographer : helena wiklund , department of zoology , g\u00f6teborg university , sweden .\nthe shallow water species osedax mucofloris glover , k\u00e4llstr\u00f6m , smith , dahlgren , 2005 , has been found at 30 m and 125 m water depth off the coast of tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 , sweden [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , and at 120 m depth in bj\u00f8rnafjord , norway [ 24 ] . currently these are the only records of osedax from the atlantic , though other species are found in shallow waters in both the east and west pacific [ 4 ] , [ 25 ] . the 125 m deep locality near tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 is characterized by stable oceanic salinity ( 34\u201335\u2030 ) , temperature ( 5\u20137\u00b0c ) and dissolved o 2 concentration ranging from 4 . 6 to 6 . 3 ml o 2 l \u22121 [ 13 ] .\nprevious studies of other close relatives of osedax such as vestimentifera and sabellidae have shown anterior branchial structures to be of vital importance when tube - bound tissue is not ventilated [ 29 ] \u2013 [ 31 ] . likewise , the anterior branchial structures of o . mucofloris seem morphologically adapted to facilitate efficient o 2 uptake form the surrounding water . as with the branchial plume of vestimentifera [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] , the anterior palps and pinnules of o . mucofloris have a large surface area to volume ratio and short diffusion distances . furthermore , o 2 uptake is optimized by the two ventilating ciliary bands on each palp , a feature also seen in other siboglinidae and in sabellida in general [ 20 ] , [ 31 ] , [ 33 ] .\no . mucofloris has only recently been discovered and it is not yet known if it is under threat . one possibility is that intensive whaling over the last 300 years has reduced the available habitat for this polychaete worm , a previously unknown consequence of the whaling industry .\nthe quantity and complexity of capillaries in the root structure of o . mucofloris reflects the high o 2 demand of osedax , presumably for the metabolism of its heterotrophic endosymbionts and production and development of eggs . similar capillaries are visible on the exposed ovisac of o . frankpressi ( figure 2f in [ 1 ] ) and o . roseus ( figure 4e in [ 21 ] ) , while the present study shows the presence of capillaries supplying the more distally placed root tissue and bacteriocytes . however , the extent of capillaries does not match the extensive capillary network of the trophosome in other siboglinidae [ 20 ] , [ 33 ] . this is in accordance with the original description [ 1 ] mentioning the lack of a discrete trophosome , the osedax trophosome instead being diffuse and beneath the epidermis of the embedded tissue .\nwhen corrected for background respiration , the measured o 2 consumption ( mo 2 ) of o . mucofloris ranged almost across a factor of ten from 220\u00b193 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 to 2053\u00b11950 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 ( table 1 ) , depending on the approach used for measurement . mo 2 measured on o . mucofloris inhabiting sectioned bone pieces ( b1\u2013b3 ) vs . mo 2 measured o . mucofloris inhabiting bones in cuvettes ( c1 , c2 ) , resulted in two distinctly different ranges of mo 2 . the mo 2 of c1 and c2 was 220\u00b193 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 and 238\u00b129 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 , respectively , while the mo 2 of b1\u2013b3 range from 976\u00b1201 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 to 2053\u00b11950 \u00b5g o 2 g \u22121 h \u22121 . methods and ranges are commented further in the discussion .\ng . w . rouse , s . k . goffredi , and r . c . vrijenhoek ( 2004 ) .\nosedax : bone - eating marine worms with dwarf males\n. science 305 : 668\u2013671 . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1098650 . pmid 15286372 .\nspecimens were carefully dissected from the bone and fixed for immunohistochemistry , benzidine staining and histology . prior to dissection , osedax mucofloris were anesthetized for 5\u201310 minutes in a 1\u22361 solution of seawater and mgcl 2 ( isotonic to seawater ) . anaesthetized animals were gently dissected with scalpels and fixed at 4\u00b0c over night in 4 % paraformaldehyde in 0 . 15 m phosphate - buffered saline ( pbs ) with 5 % sucrose , ph 7 . 4 . subsequently , the animals were rinsed 4\u20136 times for 30 min in pbs with 5 % sucrose and were then stored at 4\u00b0c in pbs with 0 . 05 % sodium azide ( nan 3 ) .\nan extended root surface ( and high area to volume ratio ) is likewise found in both lamellibrachia ( e . g . , [ 16 ] ) and osedax ( yet branched ) . however , the main function has so far been interpreted as very different . whereas the osedax root surface is suggested to mainly facilitate uptake of organic compounds ( with less focus on the possible congruent uptake of sulphide ) [ 9 ] , the root of lamellibrachia is found to be the main respiratory surface of hydrogen sulphide necessary for the chemosynthesis of the symbionts [ 16 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 28 ] .\nthe estimated diffusion distance in o . mucofloris ( pinnule epidermis 1\u20132 \u00b5m , palp epidermis \u223c30 \u00b5m ) is furthermore comparable to what has been found for r . pachyptila ( pinnules \u223c2 . 00 \u00b5m ; branchial filaments \u223c25 \u00b5m ) and ridgeia piscesae ( pinnules \u223c1 . 00 \u00b5m ; branchial filaments \u223c17 \u00b5m ) [ 31 ] , [ 32 ] .\nworld - wide whale worms ? a new species of osedax from the shallow north atlantic\n. proc . biol . sci . ( national center for biotechnology information ) 272 ( 1581 ) : 2587\u201392 . 22 december 2005 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2005 . 3275 . pmc 1559975 . pmid 16321780 .\nthough beyond the scope of the present paper , microanalytical approaches such as microsensors [ 40 ] , [ 41 ] and functional imaging techniques [ 42 ] could yield a more complete mapping of the chemical microenvironment of osedax , including the exact levels of sulphide exposure and spatio - temporal dynamics of o 2 in the root system . it would also be interesting to know whether osedax have sulphide - binding properties of their haemoglobin as found in vestimentifera [ 43 ] , [ 44 ] , as they might use them to transport toxic sulphides from the area surrounding the root structure to e . g . , the palps , somehow releasing the toxic compounds to oxygenated seawater or detoxifying them .\ntwo nerves , originating at the anterior part of the brain , innervate each palp . one nerve runs abfrontally , between the two lateral ciliary bands and the other nerve runs laterally underneath one of the ciliary bands ( figure 5a ) . further details on the female osedax nervous system will be described elsewhere ( worsaae & rouse , unpublished ) .\nthe unique bone - eating organism , osedax ( siboglinidae , annelida ) was first described in 2004 from a whale fall located at 2891 m depth in monterey bay , pacific ocean [ 1 ] . since its first discovery it has been found on multiple whale falls in the pacific and atlantic oceans , artificially deployed cow bones [ 2 ] as well as on other vertebrate bones such as those of teleost [ 3 ] . there are five formally described species , with at least a further 12 species known from genetic evidence [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] . in addition , convincing fossil traces of osedax have been found in oligocene and pliocene mammal bones [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] .\nosedax worms are marine annelids closely related to the deep sea vent / seep - associated vestimentiferan worms . the sessile ( i . e . , fixed in one place ) females bore into the bones of whale carcasses - - and possibly bones of other vertebrates ( rouse et al . 2004 ; glover et al . 2005 ; vrijenhoek et al . 2008 ) .\nwe do not yet know the full answer . one theory is that it overcomes the problem of males and females finding each other if they are unable to move ( sessile ) , as osedax females are . the males are able to move around the females , fertilising their eggs . it is easier to do this if you are small and motile , or dwarfed .\nmicro sensor measurements of o 2 concentrations in proximity to the bone interface were conducted , through agar - filled holes , on osedax - colonized bone fragments in cuvettes . the obtained profiles of o 2 concentration from the aerated seawater , and inwards showed steep o 2 gradients towards both the bone and tissue surface ( figure 8a , b ) . anoxic conditions or very low o 2 levels were found at the bone surface , within the bone , and in proximity to the embedded root tissue of o . mucofloris ( table 2 ) . the average o 2 flux at the bone and tissue interface was 0 . 028\u00b10 . 0024 nmol o 2 cm \u22122 s \u22121 ( n = 5 ) and 0 . 029\u00b10 . 0040 nmol o 2 cm \u22122 s \u22121 ( n = 3 ) , respectively .\nglover , a . g . ; kallstrom , b . ; smith , c . r . ; dahlgren , t . g . 2005 . world - wide whale worms ? a new species of osedax from the shallow north atlantic . proceedings of the royal society b - biological sciences 272 ( 1581 ) : 2587 - 2592 page ( s ) : 2 589 [ details ]\no 2 consumption was measured on o . mucofloris inhabiting three sectioned cow bone pieces ( b1 , b2 and b3 ) and bones in two cuvettes ( c1 and c2 ) . measurements were either initiated directly after the annelids protracted subsequent to the disturbance of being moved ( c1 , c2 , b1 ) or after one night of acclimatization ( b2 , b3 ) . all measurements were corrected for background respiration . for b2 and b3 the background respiration was measured using the same water and bones ( after dissection and 48 hours of acclimation to restore biological activity ) . for c1 , c2 and b1 the background respiration was the mean value of measurements using new water , bones in two cuvettes and three sectioned bone pieces without o . mucofloris . different respiration chambers were used for sliced bone pieces ( volume : 186 ml ) and cuvettes ( volume : 51 ml ) .\nthe present study shows that osedax mucofloris has a higher weight specific o 2 consumption ( mo 2 ) than other resting annelids ( figure 9 ) [ 18 ] . this may reflect an elevated demand of the embedded tissue due to presence of heterotrophic aerobic endosymbionts , which have a higher metabolism than regular tissue . the measured mo 2 actually corresponds to that found for riftia pachyptila [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] ( figure 9 ) , possessing a vast amount of chemoautotrophic bacteria in their trophosome . furthermore , a high mo 2 may also reflect oxidative sulphide detoxification . the high mo 2 corresponds well with the large sbsa and elaborate branchial structures , which are both usually associated with animals exhibiting a high o 2 demand . this correlation is also found in arenicola marina with smaller sbsa and lower mo 2 ( red square , figure 9 ) .\na : sketch of the path of the longitudinal trunk vessels into the root structure , drawn from the light microscope with a camera lucida of a benzidine stained o . mucofloris female . trunk twisted in midsection . b : dic light micrograph of a benzidine stained o . mucofloris female . lateral view , trunk twisted in midsection . ventral and dorsal blood vessels continues , folded , into the anterior part of the ovisac / root system . c : close up of blood vessels near ovisac . d : close up of blood vessels supplying more distally placed capillaries . e : capillaries supplying tissue and endosymbionts . abbreviations : blood traces ( b ) , blood vessel ( bv ) , capillaries ( cap ) , dorsal blood vessel ( dbv ) , egg cluster ( ec ) , oviduct ( od ) , ovisac ( os ) , palp ( p ) , root structure ( r ) , trunk ( t ) , ventral blood vessel ( vbv ) .\nglover , a . g ; kallstrom , b . ; smith , c . r ; dahlgren , t . g ( 2005 ) .\nworld - wide whale worms ? a new species of osedax from the shallow north atlantic\n. proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 272 ( 1581 ) : 2587\u20132592 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2005 . 3275 . issn 0962 - 8452 . pmc 1559975 . pmid 16321780 .\nthe trunk of osedax mucofloris encloses two major longitudinal blood vessels ( figures 2e , 6a , b ) . the dorsal vessel is highly muscularized with circular musculature throughout its length ( figure 2d , e ) . no lateral connecting vessels between the major longitudinal vessels or epidermal capillaries were found in the trunk . from the trunk , the two blood vessels continue posteriorly into the root structure and increase in diameter ( figure 6a , b ) . when studied under the light microscope , the muscularized dorsal vessel is visible as a defined tube along the trunk , and continues into the anterior root structure , curling up in the centre anterior to the ovisac . the curling configuration is most likely caused by contraction of the basal part of the trunk . the exact further path of the vessel was difficult to determine . the confocal laser scanning microscope ( clsm ) studies also showed the continuation of the dorsal blood vessel around the ovisac , revealing cylindrical musculature at the ovisac , corresponding in diameter to the musculature of the dorsal blood vessel of the trunk ( figure 4b ) .\na : osedax mucofloris extend its palps and pinnules , with large respiratory surfaces , into the overlying o 2 - rich water in order to uptake o 2 . o 2 is then distributed to the buried root system through the extensive blood vascular system also supplying the heterotrophic endosymbionts . the o 2 distribution to the root system is crucial as local uptake is not possible in the anoxic bone environment . the anoxic environment is partly produced by intense bacterial processes ( green arrows ) utilizing o 2 at the bone surface . hydrogen sulphide is produced by anoxic bacterial processes within the bone matrix during decomposition of organic content using sulphate . b : schematic illustration of assumed blood flow in palp and pinnules , longitudinal section . blue vessels carrying venous blood through afferent vessels , red vessels carrying arterial blood through efferent vessels . c : schematic illustration of assumed blood flow in palp and pinnules , transverse section . likewise blue vessels carries venous blood through afferent vessels , red vessels carries arterial blood through efferent vessels . note that the palp blood vessels are created by an invagination of the basement membrane . green indicates musculature .\na rough estimate was made of the surface area of the anterior crown , calculated from palp length given by glover et al . [ 12 ] , and the dimensions of palps and pinnules of o . mucofloris found in the present study . this results in a weight specific branchial surface area ( sbsa ) of \u223c22 cm 2 g \u22121 fixed mass , which is similar to the sbsa of riftia pachyptila and higher than the sbsa of fish , crabs and other annelids [ 31 ] . this is especially obvious when compared to the sbsa of e . g . , arenicola marina ( 4 . 00 cm 2 g \u22121 ) [ 34 ] , although this species can also take up o 2 across its general epidermis .\ninterestingly , the present study showed that each pinnule is equipped with a distal sensory cell and external sensory cilia . these structures may sense disturbance in the water to avoid predators , as osedax need not sense food items or reproductive indicators in the water [ 1 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 35 ] . additionally , sensing of currents may also be beneficial in order to orientate the palps e . g . , for optimal uptake of dissolved o 2 . riftia pachyptila does not have sensory structures on the pinnules , but does have long , separate sensory filaments that lack ciliary bands and pinnules . these structures , with unknown function , are placed between pinnulated filaments [ 33 ] .\na : single z - stack image of the \u2018trunk - root system\u2019 connection , note the bundles of longitudinal muscles . b : musculature located by the ovisac , assumed to be the posterior end of the longitudinal dorsal blood vessel . c : single z - stack image of pinnules , circular musculature encircling the pinnular loop , note the distal perikaryon and sensory cilia . d : single z - stack image showing a longitudinal section of the pinnule in c , note the internal nerve . e : depth coded z - stack , pinnule nerves in osedax \u2018yellow - collar\u2019 . abbreviations : cilia ( ci ) , circular muscles ( cm ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , longitudinal muscles ( lm ) , nerve ( n ) , perikaryon ( pe ) .\nin january 2009 , 3 replicate experimental sampling devices , using cow and whale bone , for recruitment of female o . mucofloris ( figure 10 ) were placed at 125 m depth off the coast of tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 , sweden ( 58\u00b052 . 976n ; 11\u00b005 . 715e ) in close vicinity to a minke whale carcass sunk in october 2003 [ 13 ] . one device for morphological and reproductive studies was successfully retrieved in may 2009 . a second device was retrieved in november 2009 for in vivo studies ( respirometry and microsensor analysis ) and additional morphological studies . additionally , a piece of cetacean bone deposited at 123 m in the same area in may 2008 was retrieved in january 2009 and used for preliminary investigations and for designing experimental setups . in january 2009 , the bottom water had a salinity of 34 . 6\u2030 , a temperature of 8 . 4\u00b0c , and an o 2 content of 78 . 7 % atmospheric saturation .\npinnules ( up to 100 \u00b5m wide ) project perpendicularly from the frontal palp surface between the lateral ciliary bands , with a density of approximately eight pinnules across the palp per 50 \u00b5m palp length ( figures 3a , 5f , g ) . at the proximal end of the palps , pinnules are less developed than at the distal end , seemingly growing in length ( up to 170 \u00b5m ) synchronously with the growth of the palp ( figure 3a ) . a sensory cell extends through the centre of the pinnule with a distal perikaryon and a few external , presumably sensory , cilia ( figure 4c , d ) . its axon seems to connect with one of the two major longitudinal palp nerves , possibly the one running more laterally beneath the ciliary band . this is supported by similar findings in osedax \u201cyellow - collar\n( figure 4e ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : biology letters publisher : london : royal soc . , 2003 - isbn / issn : 0962 - 8452 oclc : 265429584\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nread , g . ; fauchald , k . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . world polychaeta database .\nglover , kallstrom , smith & dahlgren , 2005 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 265980 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n: i think it ' s brilliant . describes exactly what it does and what it looks like and piques one ' s interest .\nthat is the most awful name for a species that i ' ve ever seen . wow .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nfeathered plumes , which are the gills , or branchiae , that bring oxygen down to the root structure embedded in the whale bone .\na cylinder - shaped column that extends furthest into the water column . scientists think this structure , an oviduct , shoots fertilised eggs into the water column , perhaps helping the animal to disperse tiny larvae to be carried off by ocean currents .\nlive specimens are visible as four white to pink palps that emerge from the surface of the whale bone . the palps are 5 - 6 mm in length , and are surrounded at their base by a thin mucous tube . the oviduct is white , and extends to one - third of the length of the uncontracted palps . the palps are of equal length , measuring 0 . 8 mm when contracted , with numerous pinnules 0 . 1 mm in length . at the base of the pinnules there is a ciliary band that runs the entire length of each palp . the pinnules are 0 . 01 mm wide . they are densely packed and coloured white to pink in live specimens , with microvilli 0 . 05 mm in length . the trunk region is 6 - 8 mm in length and 0 . 5 mm wide , and is partially embedded within the bone matrix . the trunk is principally composed of bands of longitudinal muscles , galnds and major dorsal and ventral blood vessels . the mouth and gut are absent . there are ventral plaques on the collar ( peristomial region ) of the trunk .\non dissected specimens , an oviduct is visble running into an ovisac and the root structure , and contains numerous eggs in the trunk region . there is a vascularized root system of 2 - 10 mm in length , which burrows in a shallow depression to depths of 2 - 3 mm into the whale bone matrix in a bracnhed , mycelial form . numerous eggs ( greater than 100 in number ) were relaesed from the ovisac on disturbance . the eggs ranged in diameter from 85 - 90 um . the chaetae and opisthosomal region were not observed . epibiotic rod - shaped bacteria ( length 1 - 1 . 5 um , width 300 nm ) were present over the surface of the trunks , palps and pinnules , but absent from the roots .\nfound on the bones of an experimentally implanted minke whale carcass at 125 m depth , kosterfjord , sweden ( 58\u00b053 . 1 ` n , 11\u00b006 . 4 ` e ) ( glover et al . , 2005 ) .\ndepth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 125 - 125 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\nglover et al . ( 2005 ) reported that disturbance caused the worms to retract completely into the bone . however , when placed in aquaria , with clean , chilled seawater , they would emerge from the bone and be clearly visible to the naked eye . over a period of several minutes , the worms would first extend the palps , and then the oviduct ( see video here ) . any disturbance to the aquarium tank would result in the animals immediately withdrawing into the bone .\nmeans\nsnot - flower bone - eater\n, though the less - accurate\nbone - eating snot - flower worm\nseems to be the form actually used .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nverna c 1 , ramette a , wiklund h , dahlgren tg , glover ag , gaill f , dubilier n .\nmax planck institute for marine microbiology , celsiusstr . 1 , 28359 bremen , germany .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 huusgaard et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : the work was supported by the danish research council ( urltoken ; grant # 272 - 06 - 0260 to k . worsaae ) and the swedish research council ( urltoken ; grant # 2006 - 2768 to t . dahlgren ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\ncompeting interests : one of the authors is currently employed as a senior researcher , phd by uni research , a non profit research institute controlled by the university of bergen . uni research has no competing interests to this work in terms of employment , consultancy , patents or products . this does also not alter the authors\u2032 adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .\nciliary bands and sensory structures ( anti acetylated \u03b1 - tubulin staining and histology ) .\nin the description below , we use a dorsal - ventral definition opposite to the one used by rouse et al . [ 1 ] , [ 21 ] , based on a new interpretation ( rouse & worsaae , unpublished ) .\nwe found two previously unreported broad longitudinal ciliary bands dorso - laterally on each side of the oviduct on the anterior part of the trunk ( figure 2a , b , e ) . the ciliary bundles of the bands consist of multi ciliated cells , appearing pillow - like with numerous , conspicuously short cilia ( < 10 \u00b5m long ) projecting outwards from the centre of the elliptical bundles ( figure 2c ) . the bundles are organized in an anterior - dorsal diagonal pattern within the longitudinal bands ( figure 2b ) . the ciliary bands narrow toward the posterior part of the trunk and are replaced by single tufts of cilia scattered basally across the trunk surface ( figure 2a ) . the short cilia appeared immotile , and with several longitudinal nerves running beneath , ( worsaae & rouse , unpublished ) their function may be sensory rather than ventilatory .\na : dorso - lateral view of a complete specimen , lateral ciliary bands occupies half the length of the trunk . b : dorsal view of the anterior part of the trunk , elliptical shaped cilia bundles are directed anteriorly from the lateral part of the trunk . c : depth coded z - stack , the elliptical shaped cilia bundles constituting the lateral ciliary band are formed by ciliary tufts . d : close - up of transverse section of a trunk . e : transverse section of a trunk , note the muscularized dorsal blood vessel . f : single z - stack image of the trunk musculature , longitudinal muscles beneath circular and diagonal muscles . abbreviations : ciliary tufts ( ct ) , circular muscles ( cm ) , diagonal muscles ( dm ) , elliptical ciliary bundles ( ecb ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , longitudinal muscles ( lm ) , muscular gap ( mg ) , palp ( p ) , root structure ( r ) , torn ovisac ( to ) , trunk ( t ) , dorsal blood vessel ( dbv ) .\ntwo dense ciliary bands are found on each palp along their epidermal longitudinal lobes on each lateral side , as previously reported [ 12 ] ( figures 3a , b , e , 4c , 5a , f , g ) . the bands consist of multi ciliated cells with 70\u201390 \u00b5m long cilia ( figure 3e ) . the ciliary bands extend from near the basal part of the palps to the distal tip , beating in metachronal waves .\na : lateral view of palps , pinnules increasing in length and development along the palp . b : abfrontal view of the midsection of a palp , ciliary bands on each side . c : close - up of palp musculature . d : lateral view of the muscular palp - trunk connection . e : close - up of the lateral ciliary band of a palp . abbreviations : circular muscles ( cm ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , longitudinal muscles ( lm ) , muscular bundles ( bu ) , muscular gap ( mg ) , oviduct ( od ) , pinnules ( pin ) .\ndiagram of a transverse section of the basal part of palps ( a ) , dic light micrographs of benzidine stained palps ( b\u2013d ) and transverse 1 . 2 \u00b5m sections of\na : diagram of a transverse section at the basal part of the palp region . circular musculature ( continued green lines ) encircles the longitudinal musculature ( green broken lines ) in a cylinder formation . two gaps separate the longitudinal muscle bands . black lines illustrate the motile lateral ciliary bands and two main palp nerves run along each palp as shown ( blue dots ) . b : pinnular loop filled with blood . c : pinnular loops , broken lines and arrows indicate the assumed direction of blood flow . d : midsection of palp , longitudinal blood vessels and pinnular loops visible . e : transverse section of a pinnule , the pinnular loop enclosed by a membrane fusing in the centre . f : transverse section of the distal part of a palp , arrow tips shows circular musculature . g : transverse section of the distal part of a palp , the two longitudinal blood vessels obvious . abbreviations : circular muscles ( cm ) , epidermis ( ep ) , lateral ciliary band ( lcb ) , left dorsal palp nerve ( ldpn ) , left ventral palp nerve ( lvpn ) , membrane fusion ( mf ) , musculature ( m ) , palp blood vessel ( pbv ) , pinnule ( pin ) , pinnular loop ( pl ) , right dorsal palp nerve ( rdpn ) , right ventral palp nerve ( rvpn ) .\nthe longitudinal muscles run along the entire length of the trunk ( figure 2a ) , originating posteriorly at the trunk basis , and inserting anteriorly at the base of the four palps ( figure 3d ) . in one individual , it was possible to detect clustering of longitudinal muscles into 14\u201316 bundles of > 20 muscle strands in the posterior part of the trunk , anterior to the root structure ( figure 4a ) . along , and around the entire trunk , the muscles are distributed in a dense cylindrical formation with an average of six strands per 50 \u00b5m ( figures 2d , e , 3d ) . the musculature is slightly separated internally to the oviduct ( possibly by the nerve cords ) , as well as randomly along the trunk , creating minor gaps most likely for mucus gland exits or nerves ( figures 2a , 3d ) . anteriorly , a gap in the musculature is found ventrally at the position of the brain , as well as at each of the four insertion points of the palps . at each of these four points , the longitudinal musculature divides into two bundles ( of each 20\u201330 strands ) , encircling the insertion point of the palp ( figure 3d ) . the longitudinal palp muscles originate at the base and run along the entire length of the palps to their tips , separated by a smaller frontal and a larger abfrontal gap ( figures 3c , d , 5a ) . no longitudinal musculature was detected in the pinnules .\naround the ovisac and anterior root structure the longitudinal musculature divides , and together with the circular muscles , creates a mesh - like structure ( figure 4a ) . the musculature extends posteriorly along the roots in a cylindrical formation , supporting the tissue penetrating the bone .\nthin circular muscles are found peripheral to the longitudinal muscles along the entire trunk , with 24 strands per 50 \u00b5m ( figure 2d ) . the circular muscles are most dominant in the posterior part of the trunk and continue into the root structure ( figure 4a ) . notably , much thicker diagonal muscle strands were found beneath the circular musculature , but peripheral to the longitudinal muscles ( figure 2f ) . attached at the mid - dorsal line , the strands run diagonally around the trunk in an anterior direction and attach at the mid - ventral line . the diagonal muscles are distributed along the entire length of the trunk , lying further apart ( 35\u201370 \u00b5m ) in the posterior end than along the rest of the trunk ( 5\u201310 \u00b5m ) .\nthe circular musculature of the palps encircles the longitudinal musculature as a cylinder with \u223c18 muscle strands per 50 \u00b5m and is evenly distributed along the entire palp ( figure 3c ) . fine circular muscles enclose each vessel of the pinnular loop ( figure 4c , d ) ; they were likewise visible in the semi - thin sections on the outside of the pinnular loop and along the midline of each pinnule ( figure 5f , arrow tips ) , with a spacing corresponding to those shown with phalloidin staining ( figure 4c , d ) .\nthe ventral blood vessel also continues into the root structure , but as a narrower and less defined vessel , the path of which was even more difficult to determine , than that of the dorsal vessel . blood vessels of different sizes , as well as multiple obvious capillaries within the root tissue were observed ( figure 6b\u2013e ) . larger vessels extend out from the area of the ovisac and divide into thinner vessels ( diameter : 7\u201330 \u00b5m ) . capillaries were detected in the periphery of the root tissue ( figure 6e ) , with distances between the detected capillaries ranging from 65\u2013220 \u00b5m .\nanteriorly , each palp encloses a pair of blood vessels created by invaginations of the inner lamina of the basement membrane of the epidermis ( figures 5f , g , 7c ) . imaging of live specimens confirmed the presence of two blood vessels , running along the entire length of the palps .\nthe pinnules are largely filled by a blood cavity lined with a membrane , which fuses in between the two blood cavities along most of the pinnule length , thereby creating the pinnular loop ( figures 5b\u2013g , 7c ) . the palps of the histological sections were \u223c300 \u00b5m in diameter at the base and the palp epidermis was \u223c50\u201375 \u00b5m thick . the palp diameter and the thickness of the epidermis were both found to decrease towards the distal end of the palp .\npinnules vary in diameter along their length and along the palp , with a median diameter of \u223c40\u00d7100 \u00b5m for the pinnules and \u223c20\u201340 \u00b5m for each blood vessel . the diffusion distance across the pinnule epithelium was measured on the semi - thin sections to be 1\u20132 \u00b5m , and for the epidermis of the distal part of the palps , the diffusion distance was measured to be \u223c30 \u00b5m .\na : depth profile of o 2 towards bone surface , blue : agar , red : cuvette wall , green : bone surface . b : depth profil of o 2 towards tissue surface , blue : agar , red : cuvette wall , green : tissue surface . c : schematic drawing of the micro sensor measuring path through the cuvette wall . d : placement of measuring site on wb1 , note the blackened areas indicating presence of ferrous sulphide . e : close - up of measuring sites on wb1 .\nmicro sensor measurements of o 2 distribution in one mucus tube showed a \u223c50 % decrease in the o 2 concentration in the centre of the mucus tube wall as compared to outside the tube ( table 3 ) . direct measurements within the tube were not possible due to disturbance by the worm . measurements of the o 2 microenvironment surrounding the palps showed a strong decrease in o 2 concentrations , when a palp approached the microelectrode measuring tip . at the base and middle of the palp , the o 2 levels were almost zero showing the o 2 uptake to be high in these areas ( table 3 ) . at the distal end of the palp the o 2 concentration was only reduced to approximately 50 % atmospheric saturation , possibly due to decaying palp tips .\nthe presence of highly vasculated palps and pinnules , the former densely ciliated showed that the anterior crown is the main site for o 2 uptake ( figure 7a\u2013c ) . uptake of o 2 over the trunk surface is possible , but a thicker epidermis , short and seemingly immotile ciliary bands and no obvious respiratory structures suggest that the trunk is a minor site of o 2 uptake . oxygen does , to some extent , diffuse from the surrounding water into the mucus tube , thereby supplying the dwarf males .\nthe well - developed longitudinal musculature of the trunk serves to retract the trunk and palps into the tube and bone , presumably as protection from predators . as no regular retraction patterns of trunk musculature were detected , retraction into the tube is not considered a significant mode of ventilation for required o 2 . furthermore , the tube only surrounds the trunk , tightly fitting to the base of the trunk and the surface of the bone , preventing any water exchange to the ovisac and roots from the bone surface . the longitudinal musculature is moreover able to stretch the extensive branchial structures ( palps ) into the aerated water in order to increase the o 2 uptake .\nthe main blood flow within the palp vessels may be generated by the circular body wall musculature of the palp . however , the thin circular musculature of the pinnules surrounding each branch of the looped blood vessel ( figure 4c , d ) most likely assists local blood flow , as suggested for the tentacular vessels of riftia pachyptila [ 22 ] . musculature in anterior appendages has been found in several vestimentifera , in the form of sphincter muscles located in the branchial lamella and filament vessels [ 33 ] .\ngraph modified from cammen [ 18 ] , the regression line ( log r = \u22121 . 682 + 0 . 850 * log w ) calculated from measurements of resting nonventilating annelids only . dots : b1 ( red ) , b2 ( blue ) , b3 ( green ) , c1 ( purple ) , c2 ( yellow ) . triangles : previous measured o 2 consumption of r . pachyptila . no sulphide present in water when measuring : red , blue [ 22 ] and green [ 23 ] ; sulphide present in water during measurement : purple [ 23 ] . red square : o 2 consumption of resting arenicola marina [ 52 ] .\nthe experimental sampling devices were placed at 125 m depth off the coast of tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 , sweden ( 58\u00b052 . 976n ; 11\u00b005 . 715e ) in close vicinity to a minke whale carcass sunk in october 2003 [ 13 ] .\nfour specimens were stained following the protocol of worsaae & rouse [ 45 ] . first staining included the primary antibodies monoclonal mouse anti - acetylated \u03b1 - tubulin ( sigma t6793 , 1\u2236200 ) & polyclonal rabbit anti - serotonin ( sigma : s5545 ; 1\u2236100 / 1\u2236400 ) or monoclonal mouse anti - acetylated \u03b1 - tubulin & anti - fmrfamide ( immunostar : 20091 , 1\u2236100 ) . this was complimented by secondary antibodies ; anti - mouse cy5 ( jackson immunoresearch : 115 - 175 - 062 , 1\u2236400 ) and anti - rabbit tritc ( sigma t5268 , 1\u2236200 / 1\u2236400 ) . hereafter specimens were incubated for 60 min in phalloidin conjugated with fitc or alexa flour 488 ( sigma f5282 or invitrogen a12379 , 0 . 17 or 0 . 33 \u00b5mol l \u22121 phalloidin in pbs ) . specimens were mounted in 100 % vectashield\u00ae containing dapi ( vector laboratories inc . , california , usa ) and stored at \u221218\u00b0c . the specificity of primary antibody binding versus e . g . , autoflourescence was tested by omitting one of the primary antibodies , but otherwise treating specimens as described .\nspecimens were studied using a leica tcs sp5 confocal laser scanning microscope ( clsm ) ( university of copenhagen , faculty of health science , courtesy of m . givskov and t . bjarnsholt ) . leica lasaf computer software or imaris\u00ae x64 6 . 0 . 0 ( bitplane ag , zurich , switzerland ) was used to produce projections of z - stacks of clsm images , while further analyses of z - stack series were performed with imaris\u00ae x64 6 . 0 . 0 . computed 2d images of muscles , nerve and cilia with relation to respiration and palp morphology were further optimized with adobe photoshop cs3 and adobe illustrator ( adobe system incorporated ) for presentation .\none specimen was embedded in epon and used for histological analysis . semi - thick 1 . 2 \u00b5m sections were cut on a microtome ( em uc6 , leica , wetzlar germany ) with a diamond knife ( diatome ; biel , switzerland ) . a small amount of pattex contact adhesive ( pattex compact ; henkel kgaa , d\u00fcsseldorf , germany ) was diluted with a few drops of xylene in an eppendorf tube and applied to the side of the epon block to make serial sectioning of ribbons possible following the protocol of henry [ 46 ] and ruthensteiner [ 47 ] . bands of \u223c20 sections were stained with toluidine blue and mounted in entellan\u00ae ( electron microscopy sciences , pennsylvania , usa ) . sections were studied and photographed using light microscopy ( bx50 microscope ; dp71 camera ; cell f software ; olympus , japan ) .\nusing a modified version of the benzidine staining method by knox [ 48 ] , haemoglobin was stained in four fixed specimens . a 100 % saturated benzidine solution was prepared by adding benzidine to distilled water . the solution was stirred for two hours . fixed specimens were rinsed in running tap water in the same time period . specimens were subsequently incubated in the filtered benzidine solution for 1 hour , also under stirring . next , 3 % hydrogen peroxide was added drop by drop until blood vessels turned dark blue . specimens were either mounted in glycerol directly or dehydrated in a series of alcohol acidified with drops of 0 . 1 % acetic acid , where after tissues were cleared in xylene and mounted in d . p . x between two cover slips . specimens were analyzed and photographed under a light microscope ( bx50 microscope ; dp71 camera ; cell f software ; olympus , japan ) .\no 2 consumption was measured in seawater kept at \u223c100 % atmospheric saturation using intermittent respirometry in accordance with vismann and hagerman [ 49 ] . the experimental setup was placed in a constant temperature room at 6\u00b0c . each experiment encompassed 3\u20138 measuring sequences consisting of a flushing period of 10\u201330 min and a measuring period of 30\u201345 min . the set - up had a chamber flushing rate of 30 ml min \u22121 and a shunt water flow of 8 ml min \u22121 past the o 2 electrode ( e5046 , radiometer medical aps , br\u00f8nsh\u00f8j , denmark ) ."]}
{"id": 2369, "summary": [{"text": "ethmia acontias is a moth in the family depressariidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1906 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka and southern india .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale whitish-fuscous with blackish markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a streak from the base of the costa to beneath the costa at two-fifths , brown towards its middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an irregular streak along the fold from the base to near the middle , beyond the apex of which lies a dot surrounded with whitish .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also a median longitudinal streak from before the middle to the termen beneath the apex , its posterior extremity bifurcate .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a series of irregular dots along the posterior part of the costa and termen .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are fuscous-whitish , suffused with fuscous towards the apex . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "ethmia acontias", "paragraphs": ["adults resemble\nethmia hainanensis\nand\nethmia acontias\n, but can be distinguished by the continuation and breaks in the three black stripes on the forewings .\nadults resemble\nethmia acontias\n, but can be distinguished by the breaks in the first and second black stripe on the forewings .\nhow can i put and write and define acontias in a sentence and how is the word acontias used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528acontias\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528acontias\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528acontias\u9020\u53e5 , acontias meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\nthis is the sister genus to\nacontias\n, which together form the well supported afrotropical subfamily acontinae .\nthis new concept of\nacontias\nis a sister lineage to\ntyphlosaurus\n, and these two genera are the only genera within the subfamily acontinae .\nrather , it seems to be slightly closer to\nacontias\n; it might either belong into the acontinae or , as it seems to be quite distinct from\nacontias\ntoo , into a not yet established novel and perhaps monotypic subfamily ; more research is clearly required . ( austin & arnold 2006 )\nexamples include the\nsinophis\nsnakes , the purple frog and sri lankan lizard genus\nnessia\nwhich appears similar to the madagascan genus\nacontias\n.\na species of lizard endemic to sri lanka ,\nnessia layardi\n( originally placed in the genus\nacontias\n) was named after him by edward frederick kelaart .\n\n' acontias breviceps\n' , the\n' shorthead lance skink\n' , is a viviparous , legless , fossorial lizard occurring along the southern and eastern sections of the great escarpment in south africa .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2373, "summary": [{"text": "atractaspis is a genus of venomous snakes found in africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "currently , 15 species are recognized by itis .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "others recognize as many as 21 species .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "22 are listed here . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "atractaspis", "paragraphs": ["atractaspis dahomeyensis bocage 1887 : 196 atractaspis dahomeyensis \u2014 chabanaud 1917 : 225 atractaspis dahomeyensis \u2014 papenfuss 1969 atractaspis dahomeyensis \u2014 welch 1994 : 21 atractaspis dahomeyensis \u2014trape & man\u00e9 2006 atractaspis dahomeyensis \u2014 trape & bald\u00e9 2014 atractaspis dahomeyensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 65\natractaspis bibronii smith 1849 : 51 atractaspis inornatus smith 1849 atractaspis bibronii \u2014 dum\u00e9ril & bibron 1854 : 1304 atractaspis rostrata g\u00fcnther 1868 : 429 atractaspis irregularis var . bibronii boettger 1887 : 165 atractaspis katangae boulenger 1910 : 13 atractaspis coarti boulenger 1901 : 14 atractaspis rostrata \u2014 werner 1913 : 32 atractaspis rostrata \u2014 loveridge 1929 atractaspis katangae \u2014 de witte 1933 atractaspis bibronii katangae \u2014 laurent 1945 : 335 atractaspis bibronii rostrata \u2014 laurent 1950 : 33 atractaspis bibronii \u2014 fitzsimons & brain 1958 atractaspis bibronii \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 179 atractaspis bibroni \u2014 welch 1994 : 21 atractaspis bibronii \u2014 broadley 1998 atractaspis bibronii \u2014 broadley et al . 2003 : 81 atractaspis bibronii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 63 atractaspis bibronii \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 473\natractaspis engaddensis haas 1950 atractaspis microlepidota engaddensis leviton & aldrich 1984 atractaspis engaddensis \u2014 welch 1994 : 23 atractaspis engaddensis \u2014 venchi & sindaco 2006 atractaspis engaddensis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 65 atractaspis microlepidota engaddensis \u2014 alshammari & ibrahim 2016\nelaps irregularis reinhardt 1843 atractaspis irregularis \u2014 pfeffer 1893 : 87f atractaspis irregularis \u2014 boulenger 1897 : 280 atractaspis bipostocularis boulenger 1905 atractaspis conradsi sternfeld 1908 : 94 atractaspis caudalis sternfeld 1908 : 94 atractaspis babaulti angel 1934 : 169 atractaspis conradsi \u2014 schmidt 1943 atractaspis schoutedeni witte atractaspis irregularis loveridgei laurent 1945 : atractaspis irregularis conradsi \u2014 laurent 1945 atractaspis irregularis loveridgei \u2014 laurent 1950 : 21 atractaspis irregularis conradsi \u2014 laurent 1950 : 23 atractaspis coalescens perret 1960 ( fide chippaux 1999 : 77 ) atractaspis coalescens \u2014 welch 1994 : 21 atractaspis irregularis \u2014 chirio & ineich 2006 atractaspis irregularis \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 66 atractaspis irregularis \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 476 atractaspis irregularis angeli laurent 1950 : 25 atractaspis irregularis \u2014 welch 1994 : 23 atractaspis irregularis angeli \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis boulenger 1905 atractaspis bipostocularis boulenger 1905 atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis \u2014 broadley & howell 1991 : 23 atractaspis irregularis bipostocularis \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis irregularis parkeri laurent 1945 : 316 atractaspis irregularis parkeri \u2014 laurent 1950 : 17 atractaspis irregularis parkeri \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis irregularis uelensis laurent 1945 atractaspis irregularis \u2014 schmidt 1923 : 136 ( fide laurent 1950 ) atractaspis irregularis uelensis \u2014 laurent 1950 : 19 atractaspis irregularis uelensis \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007\nbrachycranion corpulentum hallowell 1854 : 99 atractaspis corpulentus \u2014 hallowell 1857 : 70 atractaspis corpulentus \u2014 bocage 1866 : 49 atractaspis leucura mocquard 1885 atractaspis corpulenta \u2014 r\u00f6del & mahsberg 2000 atractaspis corpulenta \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 64 atractaspis corpulenta corpulenta ( hallowell 1854 ) atractaspis corpulenta \u2014 schmidt 1923 : 138 atractaspis corpulenta corpulenta \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis laurent 1958 atractaspis corpulenta kivuensis \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 atractaspis corpulenta leucura mocquard 1885 atractaspis corpulenta leucura \u2014 laurent 1950 : 42 atractaspis corpulenta leucura \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007\natractaspis microlepidota g\u00fcnther 1866 : 29 atractaspis micropholis g\u00fcnther 1872 : 36 atractaspis microlepidota \u2014 g\u00fcnther 1888 : 332 atractaspis andersonii boulenger 1905 : 180 atractaspis magrettii scortecci 1928 atractaspis microlepidota \u2014 welch 1994 : 23 atractaspis microlepidota \u2014 trape & man\u00e9 2002 atractaspis microlepidota \u2014 dobiey & vogel 2007 hoseraspea microlepidota \u2014 hoser 2012 ( preliminary ) atractaspis microlepidota \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 66\natractaspis watsoni boulenger 1908 : 94 atractaspis watsonii \u2014 angel 1933 : 69 atractaspis watsoni \u2014 chirio & ineich 2006 atractaspis watsoni \u2014 trape & man\u00e9 2006 : 182 atractaspis watsoni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 67\natractaspis duerdeni gough 1907 atractaspis duerdini [ sic ] \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 180 atractaspis duerdeni \u2014 broadley 1991 : 497 atractaspis duerdeni \u2014 mattison 1995 : 231 atractaspis duerdeni \u2014 mattison 2007 : 226 atractaspis duerdeni \u2014 gower et al . 2012 : 112 atractaspis duerdeni \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 65\natractaspis fallax peters 1867 : 890 atractaspis microlepidota fallax \u2014 laurent 1950 : 10 atractaspis fallax \u2014 bauer et al . 1995 : 68 atractaspis fallax \u2014 largen & spawls 2010 : 578 atractaspis fallax \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 66 atractaspis fallax \u2014 spawls et al . 2018 : 475\natractaspis andersonii boulenger 1905 : 180 melanelaps mcphersoni wall 1906 : 27 atractaspis microlepidota andersoni \u2014 laurent 1950 : 10 atractaspis microlepidota andersonii \u2014 corkill & cochrane 1966 atractaspis microlepidota andersonii \u2014 van der kooij 2001 atractaspis andersonii \u2014 david & vogel 2010 atractaspis andersonii \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 63\na snake bite by the burrowing asp , atractaspis engaddensis . - pubmed - ncbi\nvenomous ! not listed as such in welch 1994 . atractaspis duerdeni is sympatric with a . bibronii throughout its range .\nmarais , j . 2010 . atractaspis bibronii ( smith , 1849 ) diet . african herp news ( 52 ) : 9\nhaas , georg 1950 . a new atractaspis ( mole viper ) from palestine . copeia 1950 ( 1 ) : 52 - 53 - get paper here\nvenomous ! type species : atractaspis inornatus smith 1849 is the type species of the genus atractaspis smith 1849 . key : werner 1913 provides a key with characters for the species described until 1913 ( plus a few other species now assigned to other genera ) . synonymy : kaiser et al . 2013 considered the generic name hoseraspea hoser 2012 invalid and rejected its use instead of atractaspis . similar species : similar in appearance to elapsoidea but little stouter and usually pale below . habitat : burrowing .\ngoldberg , s . r . , et al . 2017 . atractaspis engaddensis ( israeli mole viper ) reproduction . herpetological review 48 ( 2 ) : 444 - 445\nlaurent , r . f . 1945 . contribution a la connaissance du genre atractaspis a . smith . rev . zool . bot . afr . , 38 : 312 - 343\nvenomous ! the validity of atractaspis corpulenta leucura is questionable ( r\u00f6del & mahsberg 2000 ) . the description by schmidt ( 1923 ) is available online ( see url below ) .\nlaurent , r . f . 1950 . revision du genre atractaspis a . smith . mem . inst . roy . nat . belg . ( 2 ) 38 : 1 - 49\ngough , l . h . 1907 . description of a new species of atractaspis collected at serowe , north eastern kalahari . rec . albany mus . 2 : 178 - 179 - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1991 . a review of the southern african stiletto snakes of the genus atractaspis a . smith ( serpentes : atractaspididae ) . arnoldia 9 ( 36 ) : 495 - 517\nbourgeois , m . 1963 . note sur atractaspis irregularis conradsi sternfeld ( viperidae ) . structure du cr\u00e2ne et l\u2019appareil de la morusre . ann . soc . zool . belg . 93 : 159 - 169\ngolani , ilan & elazar kochva 1991 . literature : strinking and other offensive and defensive behaviour patterns in atractaspis engaddensis ( ophidia , atractaspididae ) . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 117 - get paper here\njustification : atractaspis irregularis has been assessed as least concern owing to to its broad distribution , its ability to adapt to a variety of habitats , including altered environments , and the lack of major threats to the species .\nal - oran , ratib m . ; amr , zuhair s . 1995 . first record of the mole viper , atractaspis microlepidota engaddensis , from jordan . zoology in the middle east 11 : 47 - 49 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1905 . description of a new snake of the genus atractaspis from mount kenya , british east africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 : 190 - get paper here\nperret , j . l . 1960 . une nouvelle et remarquable esp\u00e8ce d ' atractaspis ( viperidae ) et quelques autres serpents d ' afrique . revue suisse de zoologie 67 ( 1 ) : 129 - 139 - get paper here\ntrape , jean - franc\u0327ois ; youssouph mane\u0301 & ivan ineich 2006 . atractaspis microlepidota , a . micropholis et a . watsoni en afrique occidentale et centrale . bull . soc . herp . france 119 : 5 - 16 - get paper here\nhoser , r . 2012 . a reassessment of the burrowing asps , atractaspis smith , 1849 with the erection of a new genus and two tribes ( serpentes : atractaspidae ) . australasian j . herpetol . 11 : 56 - 58 - get paper here\nvenomous ! has been considered a subspecies of atractaspis microlepidota by various authors . status still unclear ( see discussion in largen & rasmussen 1993 ) . not listed by welch 1994 . considered as a valid species by b . hughes ( pers . comm . to van wallach ) .\njustification : atractaspis reticulata has been assessed as data deficient . although this species may have a large distribution in central africa , there is little information available on this snake . it is also unknown whether the species is affected by threats such as forest destruction . therefore , further research into the biology and ecology of this species is needed before an accurate assessment of this species ' conservation status can be carried out .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsnake species of the world , vol . undetermined , manuscript ( version 2004 )\nworking manuscript of follow - up volumes to mcdiarmid et al . ( 1999 ) ,\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ntype locality : \u201ceastern districts of the cape colony\u201d . this locality is questioned by broadley ( 1991 ) and others , who believes that the type might have been collected in the northern cape province or the western transvaal .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\negg - laying ; broadley 1959 reported intermediates between a . bibroni and rostrata .\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nbates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .\nbeolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here\nboettger , o . 1887 . zweiter beitrag zur herpetologie s\u00fcdwest - und s\u00fcdafrikas . ber . senckenb . naturf . ges . , frankfurt am main , 1887 : 135 - 173 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1901 . materiaux pour la faune du congo . batraciens et reptiles nouveaux . ann . mus . congo belge , zool . ( sect . c . ser . 1 ) 2 : 7 - 14 .\nboulenger , g . a . 1910 . a revised list of the south african reptiles and batrachians , with synoptic tables , special reference to the specimens in the south african museum , and descriptions of new species . annals of the south african museum 5 : 455 - 543 - get paper here\nboycott , r . c . 1992 . an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of swaziland . the conservation trust of swaziland - get paper here\nbranch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .\nbranch , william r . & bauer , aaron m . 2005 . the herpetological contributions of sir andrew smith . ssar , 80 pp .\nbroadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1\u201470\nbroadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843\nbroadley , d . g . 1998 . the reptilian fauna of the democratic republic of the congo ( congo - kinshasa ) . in : schmidt , k . p . and noble , g . k . , contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo . . . [ reprint of the 1919 and 1923 papers ] . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 780 pp .\nbroadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]\nbroadley , donald g . and f . p . d . cotterill . 2004 . the reptiles of southeast katanga , an overlooked ' hot spot ' . [ congo ] . african journal of herpetology 53 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 . - get paper here\nchifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .\ndobiey , m . & vogel , g . 2007 . venomous snakes of africa / giftschlangen afrikas . edition chimaira , terralog 15 , 150 pp . - get paper here\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . , bibron , g . & dum\u00e9ril , a . h . a . , 1854 . erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou histoire naturelle compl\u00e8te des reptiles . tome septi\u00e8me . deuxi\u00e8me partie , comprenant l ' histoire des serpents venimeux . paris , librairie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret : i - xii + 781 - 1536 - get paper here\nfitzsimons , v . f . m . ; brain , c . k . 1958 . a short account of the reptiles of the kalahari gemsbok national park . koedoe , 1 ( 1 ) : 99 - 104 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1868 . sixth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 1 : 413 - 429 - get paper here\nhaagner , g . v . ; branch , w . r . & haagner , a . j . f . 2000 . notes on a collection of reptiles from zambia and adjacent areas of the democratic republic of the congo . annals of the eastern cape museum 1 : 1 \u2013 25\nherrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94\u2013115 - get paper here\njacobsen , niels h . g . ; errol w . pietersen & darren w . pietersen 2010 . a preliminary herpetological survey of the vilanculos coastal wildlife sanctuary on the san sebastian peninsula , vilankulo , mozambique . herpetology notes 3 : 181 - 193 - get paper here\nkaiser , h . ; crother , b . i . ; kelly , c . m . r . ; luiselli , l . ; o\u2019shea , m . ; ota , h . ; passos , p . ; schleip , w . d . & w\u00fcster , w . 2013 . best practices : in the 21st century , taxonomic decisions in herpetology are acceptable only when supported by a body of evidence and published via peer - review . herpetological review 44 ( 1 ) : 8 - 23\nlanza , b . 1990 . amphibians and reptiles of the somali democratic republic : check list and biogeography . biogeographia , 14 : 407 - 465 [ 1988 ]\nlanza , b . 1983 . a list of the somali amphibians and reptiles . monitore zoologico italiano , new ser . , suppl . 18 ( 8 ) : 193 - 247\nlaurent , r . f . 1950 . reptiles et batraciens de la r\u00e9gion de dundo ( angola du nord - est ) . premi\u00e8re note . publ . cult . co . diam . angola 10 : 7 - 17\nloveridge , a . 1936 . african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history . zool . ser . field mus . nat . hist . , chicago , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 122 - get paper here\nloveridge , arthur 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 - get paper here\nmitchell , b . l . 1950 . some reptiles and amphibians of nyasaland . the nyasaland journal 3 ( 2 ) : 46 - 57 - get paper here\npietersen , darren w . < br / > pietersen , errol w . < br / > haacke , wulf d . 2013 . first herpetological appraisal of the parque nacional de banhine , gaza province , southern mozambique . annals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 3 : 153 - 163 - get paper here\nrasmussen , j . b . 1981 . the snakes from the rainforest of the usambara mountains , tanzania : a checklist and key . salamandra 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 173 - 188 - get paper here\nschleicher , alfred 2015 . reptilien namibias . namibia scientific society , 276 pp .\nseung hoon , cha 2012 . snake , the world most beautifull curve [ in korean ] . hownext , 304 pp . [ isbn 978 - 89 - 965656 - 7 - 3 ] - get paper here\nsmith , a . 1849 . illustrations of the zoology of south africa . 3 ( reptiles ) . smith , elder , and co . , london [ facsimile published by winchester press , johannesburg , 1977 ] - get paper here\nspawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here\nspawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here\nsternfeld , r . 1910 . zur schlangenfauna deutsch - s\u00fcdwestafrikas . mehrere f\u00e4lle von mimikry bei afrikanischen schlangen . mitt . zool . mus . berlin , 5 : 51 - 60 - get paper here\nvats , rajeev ; ignas safari 2014 . diversity of snakes at the university of dodoma campus , tanzania . american journal of zoological research , 2 ( 3 ) : 41 - 45 - get paper here\nwallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .\nwerner , f . 1913 . neue oder seltene reptilien und fr\u00f6sche des naturhistorischen museums in hamburg . reptilien der ostafrika - expedition der hamburger geographischen gesellschaft 1911 / 12 . leiter : dr . e . obst . reptilien und amphibien von formosa . jb . hamb . wiss . anst . , 30 [ 1912 ] , 2 . beiheft : 1 - 39 , 40 - 45 , 45 - 51 - get paper here\nwitte , g . f . de 1933 . reptiles r\u00e9colt\u00e9s au conge belge par le dr . h . schouteden et par m . g . - f . witte . ann . mus . conge belge zool . ser . 1 tome iii : 53 - 100 .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nvenomous ! synonymy : possible junior synonym of a . microlepidota andersonii boulenger 1905 ( arnold 1980 ) .\nal - quran , s . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the southern jordan . american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 [ this journal has a dubious record , see urltoken\nalshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia . herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) - get paper here\nalshammari , ahmed m . and adel a . ibrahim 2015 . lizards and snakes in the historical faid protected area ( faid hema ) , ha ' il region , saudi arabia herp . cons . biol . 10 ( 3 ) : 1021\u20131029 - get paper here\narnold e n 1980 . the scientific results of the oman flora and fauna survey 1977 ( dhofar ) . the reptiles and amphibians of dhofar , southern arabia . journal of oman studies special report ( no . 2 ) : 273 - 332 - get paper here\nbar , aviad and guy haimovitch 2012 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of israel . pazbar ltd , 246 pp . - get paper here\ncorkill , n . l . and cochrane , j . a . 1966 . the snakes of the arabian peninsula and socotra . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 62 ( 3 ) : 475 - 506 ( 1965 ) - get paper here\ndisi , a . m . ; modry , d . ; necas , p . & rifai , l . 2001 . amphibians and reptiles of the hashemite kingdom of jordan . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 408 pp .\negan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia . motivate publishing , dubai , 208 pp .\nleviton , a . e . ; anderson , s . c . ; adler , k . ; minton , s . a . 1992 . handbook to middle east amphibians and reptiles . ssar , oxford , ohio ( contr . to herpetol . no . 8 ) , 1 - 252\nmarx , j . 2006 . mast cells defang snake and bee venom . science 313 : 427\nvenchi , alberto and roberto sindaco 2006 . annotated checklist of the reptiles of the mediterranean countries , with keys to species identification . part 2 - snakes ( reptilia , serpentes ) . annali del museo civico di storia naturale\ng . doria\n, genova , xcviii : 259 - 364\ntype : bmnh 1946 . 1 . 18 . 6 ( and possibly additional specimens ) .\nbarbour , t . 1913 . reptiles and amphibians from eastern sudan . proc . biol . soc . washington 26 : 145 - 150 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1905 . descriptions of three new snakes discovered in south arabia by mr . g . w . bury . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) xvi : 178 - 180 - get paper here\nbroadley , d . g . 1994 . a collection of snakes from eastern sudan , with the description of a new species of telescopus wagler , 1830 ( reptilia : ophidia ) . journal of african zoology 108 ( 2 ) : 201 - 208 .\ndavid , p . & vogel , g . 2010 . venomous snakes of europe , northern , central and western asia ( terralog 16 ) ( english and german edition ) . edition chimaira , terralog 16 , 160 pp . - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1866 . fifth account of new species of snakes in the collection of the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 18 : 24 - 29 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1872 . seventh account of new species of snakes in the collection of the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 9 : 13 - 37 - get paper here\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1888 . contribution to the knowledge of snakes of tropical africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 1 : 322 - 335 - get paper here\njoger u 1983 . book review : harding & welch , venomous snakes of the world , pergamon press , 1980 . salamandra 19 ( 1 - 2 ) : 99 - 102 - get paper here\nlargen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of ethiopia and eritrea . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 694 pp .\nlargen , m . j . & rasmussen , j . b . 1993 . catalogue of the snakes of ethiopia ( reptilia serpentes ) , including identification keys . tropical zoology 6 : 313 - 434 - get paper here\nlillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp\nloveridge , a . 1956 . on snakes collected in the anglo - egyptian sudan by j . s . owen , esq . sudan notes rec . 36 : 37 - 56 [ 1955 ]\nmackessy , s . p . ( ed . ) 2009 . handbook of venoms and toxins of reptiles . crcpress / taylor & francis , xvi + 521 pp .\npadial , j . m . 2006 . commented distributional list of the reptiles of mauritania ( west africa ) . graellsia , 62 ( 2 ) : 159 - 178\nperret , j . l . 1961 . \u00e9tudes herp\u00e9tologiques africaines iii . 1 . la faune ophidienne de la r\u00e9gion camerounaise . bull . soc . neuch\u00e2tel . sci . nat . , 84 : 133 - 138\npitman , c . r . s . 1974 . a guide to the snakes of uganda . codicote , wheldon & wesley , l . , 290 pp .\nscortecci , g . 1929 . rettili dell ' eritrea esistenti nelle collezioni del museo civico de milano . atti della societ\u00e0 italiana di scienze naturali , e del museo civico di storia naturale , milano 67 ( 3 - 4 ) : 290 - 339 [ also cited as pp . 33 - 36 and as from 1928 ]\ntrape , j . - f . & man\u00e9 , y . 2002 . les serpents du s\u00e9n\u00e9gal : liste comment\u00e9e des esp\u00e8ces . bull . soc . pathol . exot . 95 ( 3 ) : 148 - 150\ntrape , j . - f . & man\u00e9 , y . 2006 . guide des serpents d\u2019afrique occidentale . savane et d\u00e9sert . [ senegal , gambia , mauritania , mali , burkina faso , niger ] . ird editions , paris , 226 pp . - get paper here\ntrape , jean - fran\u00e7ois ; man\u00e9 , youssouph 2000 . les serpents des environs de dielmo ( sine - saloum , s\u00e9n\u00e9gal ) . bull . soc . herp . france 95 : 19 - 35 - get paper here\nvan der kooij , jeroen 2001 . the herpetofauna of the sultanate of oman : part 4 : the terrestrial snakes . podarcis 2 ( 2 ) : 54 - 64\ncorpulenta : cameroon , gabon , congo , zaire ; type locality : gaboon .\naylmer , g . 1922 . the snakes of sierra leone . sierra leone studies 5 : 7 - 37\nbocage , j . v . du b . 1866 . lista dos reptis das possess\u00f5es portuguezas d ' africa occidental que existem no museu lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa 1 : 37 - 56\nburger , m . ; branch , w . r . & channing , a . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of monts doudou , gabon : species turnover along an elevational gradient . california academy of sciences memoir 28 : 145\u2013186\nchirio , l . & lebreton , m . 2007 . atlas des reptiles du cameroun . mnhn , ird , paris 688 pp .\nchirio , laurent and ivan ineich 2006 . biogeography of the reptiles of the central african republic . african journal of herpetology 55 ( 1 ) : 23 - 59 . - get paper here\nhallowell , e . 1854 . remarks on the geographical distribution of reptiles , with descriptions of several species supposed to be new , and corrections of former papers . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 1854 : 98 - 105 - get paper here\nhallowell , e . 1857 . notes of a collection of reptiles from the gaboon country , west africa , recently presented to the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , by dr . herny a . ford . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 9 : 48 - 72 - get paper here\nlaurent , r . f . 1958 . notes herpe\u0301tologiques africaines ii . rev . zool . bot . afr . , 58 ( 1\u20132 ) : 115\u2013128\nota , h . & hikida , t . 1987 . on a small collection of lizards and snakes from cameroon , west africa . african study monographs 8 ( 2 ) : 111 - 123 - get paper here\npauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . les reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp . - get paper here\nr\u00f6del m o ; mahsberg d 2000 . vorl\u00e4ufige liste der schlangen des tai - nationalparks / elfenbeink\u00fcste und angrenzender gebiete . salamandra 36 ( 1 ) : 25 - 38 - get paper here\ntaylor , edward h . ; weyer , dora 1958 . report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from harbel , republic of liberia . univ . kansas sci . bull . 38 ( 14 ) : 1191 - 1229 - get paper here\ntrape , j . f . & r . roux - est\u00e8ve 1995 . les serpents du congo : liste comment\u00e9e et cl\u00e9 de d\u00e9termination . journal of african zoology 109 ( 1 ) : 31 - 50\ntrape , jean - fran\u00e7ois & cellou bald\u00e9 2014 . a checklist of the snake fauna of guinea , with taxonomic changes in the genera philothamnus and dipsadoboa ( colubridae ) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other west african countries . zootaxa 3900 ( 3 ) : 301\u2013338\nbauer , a . m . ; g\u00fcnther , r . & klipfel , m . 1995 . the herpetological contributions of wilhelm c . h . peters ( 1815 - 1883 ) . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 714 pp .\npeters , wilhem carl hartwig 1867 . eine vorl\u00e4ufige \u00fcbersicht der aus dem nachlass des baron carl von der decken stammenden und auf seiner ostafrikanischen reise gesammelten s\u00e4ugethiere und amphibien . monatsber . k\u00f6nigl . akad . wiss . berlin . 1866 ( december ) : 884 - 892 - get paper here\nbipostocularis : kenya , ne tanzania , uganda , rwanda , burundi , ne zaire ; type locality : fort hall , kenya .\nholotype : zmuc 6885 holotype : zmb : 6527 [ caudalis ] holotype mhng 975 . 65 ( f ) [ coalescens ] holotype : mus\u00e9e du congo , paratypes : mnhn [ parkeri ] holotype : mus\u00e9e royal d\u2019histoire naturelle ; paratypes : mus\u00e9e du congo belge [ uelensis ] holotype : mus\u00e9e du congo [ loveridgei ]\nvenomous ! synonymy : partly after laurent 1945 , vogel & dobiey 2007 . the description by schmidt ( 1923 ) is available online ( see url below ) . distribution : not recorded from gabon fide pauwels & vande weghe 2008 but its presence is highly likely based on records in neighboring countries . not in benin fide ullenbruch et al . 2010 . battersbyi : probably occurs in the congo .\nnamed after james clarence battersby 1901 - 1993 [ obituary in herp . rev . 25 : 44 ( 1994 ) ] .\nangel , f . 1934 . description d\u2019un vip\u00e9rid\u00e9 nouveau , du congo belge , et de deux batraciens de madagascar . bull . soc . zool . france 58 : 169 - 172\nbarnett , linda k . & emms , craig 2005 . common reptiles of the gambia . rare repro , hailsham , east sussex , 24 pp .\nb\u00f6hme , wolfgang , mark - oliver r\u00f6del , christian brede & philipp wagner 2011 . the reptiles ( testudines , squamata , crocodylia ) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea ( guin\u00e9e foresti\u00e8re ) , with a country - wide checklist . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 - get paper here\nb\u00f6hme , w . 1975 . zur herpetofaunistik kameruns , mit beschreibung einens neuen scinciden . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge 26 ( 1 - 3 ) : 2 - 48 - get paper here\nboulenger , g . a . 1897 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the congo free state , with the description of two new snakes . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 276 - 281 - get paper here\nchippaux , j . p . 1999 . les serpents d\u2019afrique occidentale et centrale . paris ( ird editions ) , 278 pp . [ critical book review in herp . bull . 73 : 30 ] - get paper here\nhughes , b . 1983 . african snake faunas . bonner zoologische beitr\u00e4ge 34 : 311 - 356 - get paper here\njacobsen , n . h . g . 2009 . a contribution to the herpetofauna of the passendro area , central african republic . african herp news ( 47 ) : 2 - 20\nloveridge , a . 1938 . on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from liberia . proc . new england zool . club 17 : 49 - 74\npauwels , ol . & meirte , d . 1996 . contribution to the knowledge of the gambian herpetofauna . british herpetological society bulletin ( 56 ) : 27 - 34 - get paper here\npfeffer , g . 1893 . ostafrikanische reptilien und amphibien , gesammelt von herrn dr . f . stuhlmann im jahre 1888 und 1889 . jb . hamb . wiss . anst . 10 : 71 - 105 .\nrasmussen , j . b . & b . hughes 1996 . description of some new snake species . i . [ english translation of the original danish text of t . reinhardt 1843 ] . steenstrupia 22 : 13 - 39\nreinhardt , j . t . 1843 . beskrivelse af nogle nye slangearter . danske vidensk . selsk . afhandl . 10 : 233 - 279 . - get paper here\nschmidt , k . p . 1923 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part ii . snakes , with field notes by herbert lang and james p . chapin . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 49 ( 1 ) : 1 - 146\nschmidt , k . p . 1943 . amphibians and reptiles from the sudan . field mus . nat . hist ( ser . zool . ) 24 : 331 - 338 . - get paper here\nsegniagbeto glazcano . h . , trape j . f . , david p . , ohler a . , dubois a . & glitho i . a . 2011 . the snake fauna of togo : systematics , distribution and biogeography , with remarks on selected taxonomic problems . zoosystema 33 ( 3 ) : 325 - 360 . doi : 10 . 5252 / z2011n3a4 - get paper here\nsternfeld , r . 1908 . neue und ungen\u00fcgend bekannte afrikanische schlangen . s . ber . ges . naturforsch . freunde berlin , 4 : 92 - 95 - get paper here\nwitte , g . f . de 1959 . contribution \u00e0 la faune herp\u00e9tologique du congo belge . description de trois serpents nouveaux . rev . zool . bot . afr . 60 ( 3 - 4 ) : 348 - 351 .\ntype locality : \u201csokoto , upper niger\u201d [ = nw nigeria , 13\u00b003 ' n , 5\u00b015 ' e , elevation 295 m ] .\nnamed after the collector of the types , mr . c . f . watson .\nangel , m . f . 1933 . sur quelques reptiles et batraciens du nord du soudan francais . bull . mus . hist . nat . paris ( ser 2 ) 5 ( 1 ) : 68 - 69 - get paper here\nboulenger , george a . 1908 . description of three new snakes from africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 : 93 - 94 - get paper here\nhughes , b . 2013 . snakes of be\u0301nin , west africa . bull . soc . herp . france 144 : 101 - 159\ntrape j - f and mane\u0301 y . 2015 . the snakes of niger . amphibian & reptile conservation 9 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 39\u201355 ( e110 ) - get paper here\ntrape , jean - fran\u00e7ois 2005 . note sur quelques serpents m\u00e9connus du burkina faso de la collection de benigno roman . bull . soc . herp . france 116 : 39 - 49 - get paper here\nullenbruch , k . ; grell , o . ; b\u00f6hme , w . 2010 . reptiles from southern benin , west africa , with the description of a new hemidactylus ( gekkonidae ) , and a country - wide checklist . bonn zool . bull . 57 ( 1 ) : 31 - 54 - get paper here\nvenomous ! synonymy : this species has been previously synonymized with a . microlepidota ( williams & wallach 1989 ) .\ncarranza s , xipell m , tarroso p , gardner a , arnold en , robinson md , et al . 2018 . diversity , distribution and conservation of the terrestrial reptiles of oman ( sauropsida , squamata ) . plos one 13 ( 2 ) : e0190389 - get paper here\nwall , f . 1906 . the poisonous snakes of india and how to recognize them , part i . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 51 - 72 [ correction on p . 995 ] - get paper here\nwall , f . 1907 . suppression of melanelaps mcphersoni . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 995 - get paper here\nwall , f . 1907 . snake - bite inflicted by melanelaps mcphersoni . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 807 - 808 - get paper here\nwall , f . 1906 . a new snake ( melanelaps mcphersoni ) from the andean hinterland . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 27 - 29 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nmany people know organisms only by the common names , or\nvernacular\nnames . unlike scientific names , common names are almost always different for speakers of different languages . they may also vary regionally within a language . this tab shows all the common names provided to eol for this organism from a variety of providers , including eol curators . currently we can only set one preferred common name per language on a given eol page , but all the names should be searchable .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nholotype : mb 108 ( 2147 ) , a 490 mm specimen ( newton ) ; museu bocage , no longer extant .\nbocage , j . v . b . du 1887 . melanges erpetologiques . i . reptiles et batraciens du congo . ii . reptiles de dahomey . iii . reptiles de l\u2019ile du prince . iv . reptiles et batraciens de quissange ( benguella ) envoy\u00e9s par m . j . d\u2019anchieta . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . , lisboa , 11 : 177 - 211\nchabanaud , p . 1917 . descriptions de trois esp\u00e9ces nouvelles de reptilies de l ' afrique . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . paris 23 : 219 - 225 - get paper here\njackson , k . 2003 . evolution of venom - delivery systems in snakes . zool . j . linnean soc . 137 ( 3 ) : 337 - 354\npapenfuss , t . j . 1969 . preliminary analysis of the reptiles of arid central west africa . wasmann journal of biology 27 : 249\u2014325 - get paper here\nwerner , f . 1899 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus togoland , kamerun und deutsch - neu - guinea gr\u00f6sstentheils aus dem k . museum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - k\u00f6niglichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 49 : 132 - 157 - get paper here\nholotype : amg = albany museum ( without number ) ; now transferred to the port elizabeth museum fide broadley 1991 .\ngower , d . ; garrett , k . & stafford , p . 2012 . snakes . firefly books , buffalo , ny , < br / > 144 p . .\ngriffin , m . g . , panagis , c . & berriman , n . 1989 . the eastern national water carrier : a preliminary assessment of its impact on the herpetofauna . j . herp . assoc . africa 36 : 36 - 37 - get paper here\nmattison , chris 1995 . the encyclopedia of snakes . new york : facts on file , 256 pp .\nurutu or yarara parker ' s pit viper andean pit viper terciopelo * barba amarilla * caissaca * barbour ' s pit viper barnett ' s pit viper bocourt ' s pit viper amazonian tree - viper brazil ' s pit viper st . lucia pit viper cotiara dunn ' s pit viper fonseca ' s pit viper godmann ' s pit viper island jararaca jararaca jararacussu fer - de - lance lansberg ' s hog nose viper yellow - lined pit viper black - tailed pit viper hog - nosed pit viper jararaca pintada or wied ' s lance - head black spotted pit viper jumping viper western hog - nosed pit viper peruvian pit viper piraja ' s pit viper , jararacucu eyelash viper yucatan pit viper\ncommon names ein geddi burrowing asp , israeli burrowing asp , oasis mole viper , ein geddi burrowing adder , israeli burrowing adder . palestinian burrowing asp , palestinian mole viper\ngeneral shape small in length , cylindrical , moderately slender to robust bodied burrowing snake with a short ( males ) to very short ( females ) pointed tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 90 metres . head is small , short , conical and indistinct from neck . snout is broad , flattened , short and pointed . eyes are very small in size with round pupils . scales are smooth and shiny . has large , hollow , erectile front fangs which protrude from the corner of a partially closed mouth . large venom glands .\nhabits fossorial and nocturnal . seen only at night in search of prey or a mate and after heavy rains . they strike their prey with an almost closed mouth , a single fang at a time moving sideways , downwards and backwards . the action is made possible by a ball and socket like articulation of the connection between the maxillary and prefrontal bones . very mild disposition . they do not attempt to bite if approached or disturbed ( unable to strike forwards ) preferring to escape . if cornered they arch their neck with their head pointed toward the ground in an inverted\nu\nshape . if provoked they may wind their body into tight coils and thrash their head from side to side or jerk violently . they are almost impossible to hold safely by hand .\ntreatment summary burrowing asp bites mostly cause minor effects , but severe local effects , including necrosis , can occur , as can potentially lethal systemic effects , so all cases should be urgently assessed , have ongoing cardiac monitoring , receive supportive & symptomatic treatment . antivenom is not generally available .\ngeneral approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .\n( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike\n( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike\n( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .\ncopyright 2001 - 2018 toxinology , wch . all rights reserved . best viewed in 800x600 resolution or higher .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern as it is widespread and not thought to be subject to major threats .\nthis species ranges from northern guinea , close to the borders with senegal and guinea - bissau , east as far as cameroon ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 ) . records exist for southern mali , burkina faso except the north , togo , c\u00f4te d ' ivoire , benin and nigeria ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 , segniagbeto\nthis species is locally common , for example in togo and benin , but can also be quite rare in other parts of its range , such as in guinea . the population trend is unknown for this species .\nthis is a species of savanna and open forest in the sudanese and guinean climatic zones , where annual precipitation exceeds 1 , 000 mm ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 ) . this nocturnal , fossorial snake is found in burrows and other , natural cavities , beneath vegetation , or within loose soil ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 ) .\nthere is no information on threats to this species , although there are not thought to be any major threats to this widespread snake .\nthere are no documented occurrences of this species in protected areas , although it is likely to occur within protected areas within its wide range ( g . segniagbeto and j . - f . trape pers . comms . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsubspecies : a . reticulata brieni laurent , 1956 a . reticulata heterochilus boulenger , 1901 a . reticulata reticulata sj\u00f6stedt , 1896 .\nhughes , b . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is thought to occur throughout central africa , but records are very sparse . hughes ( 1983 ) and spawls and branch ( 1995 ) report isolated records from ghana and nigeria .\nthere is no habitat information available for this fossorial species , but it is considered a forest snake by hughes ( 1983 ) .\nit is unknown if any threats are affecting this species . insufficient information exists to assess whether burrowing snakes survive forest destruction , although this may be possible .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution may coincide with protected areas . further research into the distribution , biology and ecology of this species should be carried out , as insufficient data is available on which to currently base a conservation assessment .\nsubspecies : a . irregularis angeli laurent , 1950 a . irregularis bipostocularis boulenger , 1905 a . irregularis conradsi sternfield , 1908 a . irregularis parkeri laurent , 1945 a . irregularis uelensis laurent 1945 .\nthis species has an extremely large distribution through east , central , and west africa . from eritrea in the north , it ranges south to tanzania , southwesterly to angola , and across to guinea in the west . this species is found between 600 and 1 , 800 m above sea level .\nthis species is found in a variety of habitats , from moist savanna to lowland and elevated forests . akani et al . ( 2001 ) found that this species is also able to inhabit altered environments .\nit is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species across its full range .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , but its distribution does coincide with various protected areas . this species is capable of adapting to a wide variety of habitats and therefore requires no conservation measures to be implemented at present .\n, previously considered to range from west africa east to arabia and the near east , confined this formerly widespread species to west africa . these authors did not consider the status of populations outside west africa , but by implication elevated the arabian subspecies\njustification : it is listed as least concern on the basis that this species , while poorly - known , is widespread , somewhat adaptable to habitat modification , and not thought to be subject to major threats .\nthis species is found on the arabian peninsula , where it is distributed in south - western arabia ( yemen and saudi arabia ) from wadi majarish near taif south through the mountains bordering the red sea to aden , in dhofar , oman ( parker 1932 ) , and in several scattered localities in central saudi arabia ( al sadoon and abdo 1991 ) . it is expected to occur between aden and dhofar ( s . busais pers . comm . february 2012 ) .\nthis fossorial snake is not easy to find ( r . sindaco pers . comm . february 2012 ) .\nthis is a nocturnal burrowing species that can be found on the surface during the monsoon season ( d . egan pers . comm . february 2012 ) . it is found in varied habitats , occurring in cultivated lands and terraced fields as well as semi - desert ( d . egan pers . comm . february 2012 ) . it is oviparous , laying 3 - 4 eggs . it feeds on snakes and frogs , and in captivity has been known to take rodents ( d . egan pers . comm . february 2012 ) .\nthere are unlikely to be any major threats to this secretive and somewhat adaptable snake , although conversion from traditional to intensive agriculture may threaten the species in some areas and it may be subject to localized persecution .\nthis species was formerly considered to be wide - ranging through west , central and east africa . trape\nas distinct forms , noting that the two occur in sympatry in west africa , but did not formally redescribe either species .\n( 2006 ) confined this species to\nsenegambie\nand mauritania , although no specimens are yet known from the gambia . the other two taxa are more wide - ranging , with\nranges into east africa as far as eritrea and southeastern kenya , and into the arabian peninsula . david and vogel ( 2010 ) note that , by implication , the arabian subspecies\nwas elevated to full species status by this treatment . these authors support this assignment by comparing this form with the taxa described by trape\n( p . david pers . comm . june 2012 ) until the taxonomy of east african populations is resolved .\njustification : this species is listed as least concern , as although any threats are not known , it is moderately widespread .\n. ( 2006 ) assert that there is no doubt the species is also present in this latter country . due to taxonomic changes , its full elevational range is uncertain , but it has been recorded between 0 - 150 m asl .\nthis species is not particularly common and its population is thought to be decreasing ( j . - f . trape pers . comm . 2012 ) .\nthis burrowing , nocturnal species of sahelian and sahelian - sudanese savanna appears to be closely - associated with sandy soils . it is most often encountered following rain ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 ) . it feeds on toads , lizards , and occasionally other snakes ( trape and man\u00e9 2006 ) .\nfurther research is required to clarify the distribution and ecology of this species following recent taxonomic changes .\n( arabia ) were elevated to full species status by this action , and this has been followed subsequently ( e . g . for\n- sindaco and jeremcenko 2008 ) . largen and spawls ( 2010 ) , who conservatively retain the name\ncopy and paste the following code to embed this assessment into another web page .\nnote : you can modify the ' height ' attribute to fit the available space on your web page .\n,\nblack\n) , and refers to this snake ' s\nwhite and black\ncoloration .\ndorsally black , with a white vertebral line , occupying one row plus two half rows of dorsal scales . head white , with a black blotch covering the nasals and the upper head shields ; neck entirely black . ventrals and subcaudals , and four adjacent dorsal scale rows on each side , white .\nsnout very short . portion of rostral visible from above nearly as long as its distance from the frontal . suture between the internasals half as long as the suture between the prefrontals . frontal one and two fifths as long as broad , much longer than its distance from the end of the snout .\ndorsal scales in 23 rows . ventrals 243 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 27 , nearly all entire .\nmish , f . c . , editor in chief . 2004 . merriam - webster ' s collegiate dictionary . merriam - webster . springfield , massachusetts . pp . 714 , 772 .\nspawls , s . & branch , b . the dangerous snakes of africa . dubai : oriental press , 1995 . isbn 0 - 88359 - 029 - 8 .\nboulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) , volume iii . london . p . 517 .\nboulenger , g . a . 1895 . ii . rettili e batraci . in g . doria & r . gestro . esplorazione del giuba e dei suoi affluenti compiuta dal cap . v . bottego durante gli anni 1892 - 93 sotto gli auspicii della societ\u00e0 geografica italiana - risultati zoologici . annali mus . civ . stor . nat . di genova ( 2 ) 15 : 7 - 18 . ( even though title is in italian , section written by boulenger is in english . )\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 26 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 2374, "summary": [{"text": "the yellow steppe lemming ( eolagurus luteus ) is a species of rodents in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is found in china , kazakhstan , and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is temperate desert . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "yellow steppe lemming", "paragraphs": [": narrow dark brown spinal stripe ; ventral fur gray to yellow ; tail white ; winter fur more yellow than summer fur .\nbolonina , n . 1960 . tumors induced by methylcholanthrene in the steppe lemming . a transmissible strain of lemming sarcoma ( ls ) .\nmohi aldeen , k . , c . finn . 1970 . the implantation of blastocysts in the russian steppe lemming (\na steppe lemming usually stays within six meters of its burrow . it will deplete the food supply around the burrow , then begin to maintain peripheral , temporary burrows that allow it to forage in more distant areas .\nbreeding interval steppe lemmings breed about six times per year between april and september .\nsteppe lemmings are an important prey base for many carnivores of the steppe . in addition , their presence in an area can limit the success of other voles .\nsemb - johansson , a . , c . engh , e . ostbye . 1993 . reproduction , litter size and survival in a laboratory strain of the norwegian lemming (\nsteppe areas are regions with sufficient rainfall to support grasses , but too little moisture to support forest growth .\nis an herbivore feeding primarily on the above ground portions of plants . steppe lemmings have a preference for austrian wormwood (\nthis species is used in research related to cancer and exposure to toxic chemicals . steppe lemmings are also kept as pets .\nsteppe lemmings are prey for many predatory mammals and birds including : steppe polecats , ermines , weasels , foxes , domestic cats , eagle owls , buzzards , harriers , and kestrels . they avoid predation by lying flat on the substrate , staying under the cover of vegetation , entering their burrows , or by hiding in natural crevices or temporary burrows .\nmal ' kova , m . , n . pal\u2019chekh , v . yakimenko , l . kuz\u2019min . 2004 . the spatiotemporal structure of rodent populations in the steppe zone of western siberia .\nyoung are altricial , and they are cared for by the female in a nest area , which , in the case of steppe lemmings , is located within the burrow . the nest is commonly located at a depth of 25 to 30 cm below the surface . it is spherical in form and lined with soft grasses . female steppe lemmings are known for their aggressive nature in protecting young . males take no part in caring for the young .\nwhen population densities are high , the presence of steppe lemmings can be destructive to the ecosystem . in some cases they will reduce vegetation such that only hardy plants such as wormwood remain . in extreme situations where predation is limited ,\ninhabits eurasian steppes , feeding on grasses and herbs , and depending on the cover these provide to avoid predation . steppe lemmings are found in particular abundance in areas of mixed feather grass and sheep\u2019s fescue , but also in growths of wormwood (\ncommuncate via scent marking and vocalization . scent marking is used to delineate territory and establish dominance . calls are used for various social interactions including warning others of danger and making threats . female steppe lemmings are particularly vocal just prior to giving birth .\n, males are usually promiscuous , though some species are monogamous . male and female steppe lemmings are only found living together in shared burrows before the birth of young . following this event , the male will move to another burrow and avoid involvement in raising the young . some female\nlemmings are famous for their mass migrations . steppe lemmings , though they are not true lemmings , also participate in mass migrations . smaller scale migrations often occur locally as populations move from one food source to another due to seasonal changes in availability . however , mass migrations can occur in years when population densities rise too high due to mild autumns that allow continued breeding , or due to a lack of predators .\n) , but will also take herbs , grasses , lichens , roots , tubers , and bulbs . the average daily food intake is 10 . 7 g in the summer . during this time only the best portions of the plant are eaten . the remains are left out or packed into the burrow and will serve to provide the animal with nourishment when other food is scarce . steppe lemmings are able to process large amounts of abrasive vegetation because they possess continuously growing molars ( and incisors ) .\nsteppe lemmings breed primarily between the months of april and september , though winter breeding does sometimes occur . the length of the estrus cycle is seven days , and implantation takes place six or seven days following fertilization . during the normal breeding season a female will produce about six litters each consisting of three to seven young . litters tend to be largest in the spring . the female gives birth to young weighing about 1 g each after a gestation period of approximately 20 days . although data are unavailable for\nsteppe lemmings are burrowers that dig two types of burrows , domicile burrows and temporary burrows . the domicile burrow commonly has two to three openings , but only one distinct main entrance surrounded by a mound of raised earth . the main passage heads down at an angle of 30 to 40 degrees to a depth of up to 90 cm . a spherical nest area , located in the main passage , varies in size from about eight to 12 cm in diameter . there are also numerous blind ended passages , used when the animal is threatened , that extend up from the main burrow to within several centimeters of the surface . separate , shallower , temporary burrows located within three meters of the main burrow are also used in times of danger .\nsteppe lemmings are relatively small arvicolines having masses that vary seasonally from an average of 22 g in the winter to 34 . 8 g in the summer . the combined length of the head and body ( for adults ) ranges between 80 to 120 mm . females are slightly larger than males . lagurus can be distinguished from lemmiscus by possession of a tail that is shorter than the hind foot , with lengths ranging from 7 to 19 mm . the eyes are small , and the pinnae are short , rounded , and lack an antitragus . the dorsal pelage is gray to gray - brown with a central black stripe running longitudinally , while the ventral pelage is light in color . sexual dimorphism in size or color is uncommon in arvicolinae . the pedes are almost completely covered in fur and have four pads . females have eight teats .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : a widespread species with no known major threats . listed as least concern .\ndistributed in china , kazakhstan , russia and mongolia . main part of the range is in china , n xinjiang ( smith and xie in press ) . in mongolia found in dzungarian govi desert and parts of trans altai govi desert ( sokolov and orlov , 1980 ) . recently recorded in ikh nartiin chuluu nature reserve in eastern govi . at the end of xix century used to be common in caspian and kazakhstan deserts and semi - deserts , but western part of the range drastically has drastically shrunk . currently western limit of the range is at zaisan basin , kazakhstan ( gromov and erbaeva 1995 ) . in russia found in s altai near the border with kazakhstan and china .\nthis species experiences population fluctuations on a yearly basis , with large populations observed in 1993 ( n . batsaikhan pers . comm . ) , 1996 , 1997 and 2002 ( d . avirmed pers . comm . ) , however , the most recent estimate in 2005 found small population sizes ( d . avirmed pers . comm . ) . in kazakhstan and russia it is rare .\npossible habitat degradation through grazing by increasing numbers of livestock . drying of water sources and droughts also threaten this species , although it remains unclear if these represent natural environmental changes or are driven by anthropogenic activity . these are not considered to be major threats to the survival of the species .\nleast concern in china , data deficient in russia . in mongolia approximately 50 % of the species\u2019 range occurs within protected areas .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t7782a115086020 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .\nis found on the steppes of eurasia from the dnieper river of ukraine in the west to the yenisey river northeast of kazakhstan in the east . the range extends through kazakhstan into northwest china and northern mongolia while reaching its southern limit at the tien shan range . the northern limit of the range occurs at about 55\u00ban . in the pleistocene the range of the genus\n, the northern subspecies , is found in the northern european portion of the former u . s . s . r . and in northern kazakhstan . the isolated subspecies\n) . when feather grass dominates the flora , lemmings tend to be found in places lacking vegetation , such as in rocky areas . in general they prefer loose soils that allow for easier burrowing .\nwhen living near agricultural lands , individuals often take up residence in fields and , in some cases , they have been known to live in storage buildings . however , as plowing damages their burrows , they must frequently make temporary moves away from the cultivated fields . this requirement leads to relatively low populations in agricultural areas .\ndiagnostic molar characteristics include five closed enamel loops in m3 , with the elongated posterior loop angled labially , and an m1 with seven to eight closed enamel loops . the skull is flat in profile and the zygomatic arches are wide and heavily built . the sagittal crest is absent .\ngeographic variation includes trends of increasing body size and narrowing of the dorsal stripe from west to east . individuals also tend to have paler fur to the east and south . more specific differences between the subspecies include :\nhave a postpartum estrus allowing mating to occur following parturition . this , in combination with early sexual maturation and short gestation periods , leads to the high reproductive potential of\n. females reach sexual maturity at 21 to 140 days . variability in sexual maturation age is due largely to delayed maturation in those females born in late autumn . males tend to mature slightly earlier than females , but no information is available on variability in male maturation age .\n( mohi aldeen and finn , 1970 ; nowak , 1999 ; ognev , 1964 ; pokrovskij , 1970 ; semb - johansson , et al . , 1993 )\nbreeding season primarily april to september , but some mating occurs in the winter .\nlifespans are approximately 0 . 5 to 2 . 0 years . one source lists the maximum longevity for\nas 3 . 8 years . most probably live no longer than one year .\nthis species is primarily crepuscular ( active in the late evening and early morning ) . it has also been characterized as nocturnal , though it sometimes remains active through the day . male and female arvicolines typically maintain territories , which are marked using glandular secretions . females engage in competition for resource - rich territories , while competition in males is focused on gaining access to females .\nrevealed differences in distribution when population densities differed . in the spring , when population densities were low ( 6 . 1 individuals per hectare ) ,\nlived in territorial family groups consisting of about six individuals . each family group occupied an average territory of 0 . 2 hectares , and was separated from other groups by 73 . 3 m . in the autumn , when population densities were higher ( 34 . 0 individuals per hectare ) , no family groups could be distinguished .\n( formozov , 1996 ; mal ' kova , et al . , 2004 )\nadam rountrey ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , phil myers ( editor , instructor ) , museum of zoology , university of michigan - ann arbor .\nliving in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nreferring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .\nthe kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .\nplaces a food item in a special place to be eaten later . also called\nhoarding\nthat region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .\na terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .\na grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .\na terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5\u00b0 n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\n, arvicolidae ) over - mark and adjacent - mark the scent marks of same - sex conspecifics .\nformozov , a . 1996 . adaptive modifications of behavior in mammals of the eurasian steppes .\nfauna of the ussr : mammals volume iii , no . 8 : voles ( microtinae )\n. washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution libraries and the national science foundation .\nkrebs , c . 2001 . voles and lemmings . pp . 628 - 633 in d macdonald , s norris , eds .\nmammals of the u . s . s . r and adjacent countries : mammals of eastern europe and northern asia vol . vii rodents\noku , y . , j . wei , j . chai , i . osman , j . wei , l . liao , m . asakawa , k . hagiwara , k . kobayashi , m . ito . 2002 . meriones meridianus and lagurus lagurua as alternative definitive hosts of echinococcus multilocularis and e . granulosus .\npokrovskij , a . 1970 . seasonal changes in biological cycles in some rodents and the problem of absolute age determination .\nralls , k . 1976 . mammals in which females are larger than males .\n) . pp . 329 - 337 in n stenseth , r ims , eds .\n, vol . linnean society symposium series no . 15 . london : academic press : harcourt brace & co . .\nde magalh\u00e3es , j . 2006 .\nhuman ageing genomic resources\n( on - line ) . accessed march 19 , 2006 at urltoken .\nto cite this page : rountrey , a . 2006 .\nlagurus lagurus\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmusser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : gromov and polyakov ( 1977 ) and gromov and erbajeva ( 1995 ) excellently covered morphology , geographic distribution , and phylogeny ; cranial and dental morphology also described by hinton ( 1926a ) . the three synonyms were originally appied as species to samples of eolagurus from early and middle pleistocene sediments , but are now regarded as extinct subspecies of e . luteus ( gromov and polyakov , 1977 )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n{ { t ( ' get _ image _ for ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . priceperimage ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . add _ to _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . update _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . add _ notes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . project _ codes ' ) } } { { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . select _ project _ code ' ) } } { { projectcode } } { { : : t ( ' errors . messages . enter _ required _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . download _ will _ be _ saved _ to _ dropbox ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . calculate _ price _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . save _ to _ cart _ cta ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . view _ cart ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' site _ specific . getty . request _ preview ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . usage _ rights _ restrictions ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ restrictions _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ title ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' download _ workflow . eza _ agreement _ check _ info ' ) } }\n{ { : : t ( ' buy _ card . download _ button ' ) } }\nmix and match royalty - free images , videos , and editorial with packs that never expire . *\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . fivepackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' save _ amount ' , { amount _ saved : formatprice ( selectedsize . premiumpacksavings . tenpackpricing . amountyousave ) } ) } }\n{ { t ( ' compared _ with _ single _ price ' , { price : formatprice ( selectedsize . price ) } ) } }\nno use as a complete program , for sequential use with other bbc clips , for unofficial association with bbc , or in a manner that brings bbc into disrepute . additional bbc motion gallery restrictions apply \u2013 see section 3 ( g ) of applicable getty images license agreement . please contact getty images for any use of this clip for education / learning purposes . cannot be used by clients located in the territories indicated : china - greater\nyou are welcome to use content from the getty images site on a complimentary basis for test or sample ( composite or comp ) use only , for up to 30 days following download . however , unless a license is purchased , content cannot be used in any final materials or any publicly available materials . no other rights or warranties are granted for comp use .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection ."]}
{"id": 2375, "summary": [{"text": "crotalus scutulatus ( common names : mojave rattlesnake , mojave green , ) is a highly venomous pit viper species found in the deserts of the southwestern united states and central mexico .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is perhaps best known for its potent neurotoxic-hemotoxic venom , which is considered the world 's most potent rattlesnake venom .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "two subspecies are recognized , including the nominate subspecies described here . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "crotalus scutulatus", "paragraphs": ["crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( kennicott 1861 ) caudisona scutulata kennicott 1861 : 207 crotalus scutulatus \u2014 cope 1875 crotalus scutulatus scutulatus \u2014 gloyd 1940 crotalus scutulatus \u2014 cope 1883 crotalus confluentus kellyi amaral 1929 : 90 ( fide klauber 1930 ) crotalus scutulatus scutulatus \u2014 stebbins 1985 : 233 crotalus scutulatus scutulatus \u2014 tanner 1985 : 664 crotalus scutulatus scutulatus \u2014 conant & collins 1991 : 236 crotalus scutulatus scutulatus \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus scutulatus \u2014 mcdiarmid , campbell & tour\u00e9 1999 : 293 crotalus scutulatus scutulatus \u2014 tennant & bartlett 2000 : 532 crotalus scutulatus scutulatus \u2014 dixon 2000 crotalus scutulatus \u2014 hoser 2009 crotalus scutulatus \u2014 wallach et al . 2014 : 194 crotalus scutulatus salvini g\u00fcnther 1895 crotalus salvini g\u00fcnther 1895 : 193 crotalus scutulatus salvini \u2014 gloyd 1940 crotalus scutulatus salvini \u2014 klauber 1952 : 98 crotalus scutulatus salvini \u2014 liner 1994 crotalus scutulatus salvini \u2014 beaman & hayes 2008\nmojave rattlesnakes ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) lacking the acidic subunit dna sequence lack mojave toxin in their venom .\nmojave rattlesnakes ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) lacking the acidic subunit dna sequence lack mojave toxin in their venom . - pubmed - ncbi\nvenomous ! crotalus scutulatus scutulatus and crotalus cerastes laterorepens hybridized in captivity . nomenclature : hoser\u2019s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by w\u00fcster & bernils 2011 .\ncrotalus scutulatus antivenin is derived and purified immunoglobulin fragments obtained from other domestic animals such as sheep previously immunized with crotalus scutulatus ( also known as the mojave rattlesnake [ 2 ] ) .\ncrotaline fab antivenom reverses platelet dysfunction induced by crotalus scutulatus venom : an in vitro study .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30e2\u30cf\u30d9\u30ac\u30e9\u30ac\u30e9\u30d8\u30d3\nto\ncrotalus scutulatus kennicott 1861\n.\ncardwell , michael d . 2006 . crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( mohave rattlesnake ) . morphology . herpetological review 37 ( 4 ) : 477 - get paper here\nstrimple , pete 1993 . captive birth of mojave rattlesnakes , crotalus scutulatus scutulatus . litteratura serpentium 13 ( 5 ) : 166 - 168 - get paper here\ncrotalus scutulatus is restricted to the western edges of the state , from el paso to the big bend .\ncrotaline fab antivenom reverses platelet dysfunction induced by crotalus scutulatus venom : an in vitro study . - pubmed - ncbi\nlegal status : in utah , crotalus scutulatus scutulatus is listed as a wildlife species of concern . throughout the remainder of our region , the species is afforded no protected status . more\nhardy , d . l . 1983 . envenomation by the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) in southern arizona , u . s . a . toxicon . 21 : 111\u2013118 .\nbush sp , cardwell md . mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) identification . wilderness environ med . 1999 spring . 10 ( 1 ) : 6 - 9 . [ medline ] .\nbush , s . p . ; cardwell , m . d . 1999 . mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) identification . wilderness and environmental medicine 10 ( 1 ) : 6 - 9 .\nmassey , d . j . , et al . 2012 . venom variability and envenoming severity outcomes of the crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( mojave rattlesnake ) from southern arizona . proteomics 75 : 2576 - 2587 .\nstrimple , pete 1996 . crotalus scutulatus ( kennicott ) , the mojave rattlesnake . litteratura serpentium 16 ( 2 ) : 36 - 38\npowell , r . ; inboden , m . & smith , d . b . 1990 . erstnachweis von hybriden zwischen den klapperschlangen crotalus cerastes laterorepens klauber 1944 und crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( kennicott 1861 ) . salamandra 26 ( 4 ) : 319 - 320 - get paper here\nwilkinson , j . a . , et al . 1991 . distribution and generic variation in venom a and b populations of the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) in arizona . herpetologica . 47 : 54\u201368 .\nhardy dl . envenomation by the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) in southern arizona , u . s . a . toxicon . 1983 . 21 ( 1 ) : 111 - 8 . [ medline ] .\naccording to the three major herpetological societies in the united states ( american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , herpetologists\u2019 league , and society for the study of amphibians and reptiles ) , the standardized english name is northern mohave rattlesnake and the scientific name is crotalus scutulatus or crotalus scutulatus scutulatus , 1 if you consider our mohaves to be a subspecies distinct from the mexican rattlesnake crotalus scutulatus salvini . according to linguists , the english word mohave can be spelled with either an \u201ch\u201d or a \u201cj . \u201d 2\nglenn jl , straight rc . intergradation of two different venom populations of the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) in arizona . toxicon . 1989 . 27 ( 4 ) : 411 - 8 . [ medline ] .\nscutulatus ) in arizona . toxicon . 1989 ; 27 ( 4 ) : 411 - 8 . . 14 . hardy dl . envenomation by the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) in southern arizona , u . s . a . toxicon . 1983 ; 21 ( 1 ) : 111 - 8 . . more\nmurphy , r . w . ; crabtree , c . b . 1988 . genetic identification of a natural hybrid rattlesnake : crotalus scutulatus scutulatus x c . viridis viridis . herpetologica 44 ( 1 ) : 119 - 123 - get paper here\nprice a h 1982 . crotalus scutulatus ( kennicott ) . mojave rattlesnake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 291 : 1 - 2 - get paper here\nrael , e . d . ; knight , r . a . ; zepeda , h . 1984 . electrophoretic variants of mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) venoms and migration differences of mojave toxin . toxicon 22 ( 6 ) : 980 - 984\nmassey dj , calvete jj , s\u00e1nchez ee , sanz l , richards k , curtis r , boesen k . 2012 . venom variability and envenoming severity outcomes of the crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( mojave rattlesnake ) from southern arizona . journal of proteomics . urltoken\nmrinalini , james j . hicks and wolfgang w\u00fcster . 2015 . crotalus scutulatus ( mohave rattlesnake ) maximum size . herpetological review 46 ( 2 ) : 270 - 271\ncardwell , m . d . 2013 . behavioral changes by mohave rattlesnakes ( crotalus scutulatus ) in response to drought . unpublished thesis , california state university , sacramento .\ntable 4 : proteolytic activity inhibition of the c . s . scutulatus venoms by edta .\ncampbell , j . a . 1979 . crotalus scutulatus ( viperidae ) in jalisco , mexico . southwestern naturalist 24 ( 4 ) : 683 - 714 - get paper here\ncrotalids : crotalus sp . , sistrurus sp . ( agkistrodon sp . ) .\nscutulatus scutulatus type b , found in a narrow range of arizona , lacks mojave toxins and has hemorrhagic activity . the same amounts of these two characteristically different snake venoms , c . more\nglenn , j . l . ; straight , r . c . ; wolfe , m . c . ; hardy , d . l . 1983 . geographical variation in crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( mojave rattlesnake ) venom properties . toxicon 21 ( 1 ) : 119 - 130\ned50 for the crotolus scutulatus snake evenomation is 8 mg antivenin / mg venom [ label ] .\nborja , miguel ; gamaliel casta\u00f1eda , jorge espinosa , edgar neri , alejandro carbajal , herlinda clement , osvaldo garc\u00eda , and alejandro alagon 2014 . mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) with type b venom from mexico . copeia 2014 ( 1 ) : 7\u201313 - get paper here\ncrotalus adamanteus , the eastern diamondback , is the biggest venomous snake in the americas .\na western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) . photo by sean bush , md .\n* mohave rattlesnake ( c scutulatus ) envenomation is among the most controversial topics in envenomation medicine . more\ntable 3 : antibody recognition : proteinase and hemorrhagic activities of the c . s . scutulatus venoms .\ntable 2 : primers used for amplifying metalloproteinase sequences from crotalus s . scutulatus . genomic dna and sequence comparison to other snake venom metalloproteinases ( mp ) . nonconserved nucleotides are indicated in bold .\ndavis , d . r . & cardwell , m . d . 2017 . crotalus scutulatus ( mohave rattlesnake ) arboreality and climbing behavior . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 670 - 671 .\nmojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus ) . note the diamond pattern fades into bands along the caudal third of the back and the white tail rings are wider than the black . photo by sean bush , md .\nmassey dj , calvete jj , s\u00e1nchez ee , sanz l , richards k , curtis r , et al . venom variability and envenoming severity outcomes of the crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( mojave rattlesnake ) from southern arizona . j proteomics . 2012 may 17 . 75 ( 9 ) : 2576 - 87 . [ medline ] .\nfact : mohave rattlesnakes are no more unique than any other rattlesnake in the genus crotalus , which includes all rattlers except the little pigmy rattlesnakes and massasaugas . numerous genetic studies show that they are most closely related to the prairie and western rattlesnakes , crotalus viridis and crotalus oreganus , respectively . 3\nsalazar , jennifer d . , and carl s . lieb . geographic diet variation of mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus ) . diss . bs thesis , university of texas at el paso , el paso , 2003 .\ncrotalus scutulatus - ( kennicott , 1861 ) - proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , vol . 13 , p . 207 from original description citations for the reptiles and amphibians of north america \u00a9 ellin beltz\nmassey dj , calvete jj , s\u00e1nchez ee , sanz l , richards k , curtis r , boesen k : venom variability and envenoming severity outcomes of the crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ( mojave rattlesnake ) from southern arizona . j proteomics . 2012 , 75 : 2576 - 2587 . 10 . 1016 / j . jprot . 2012 . 02 . 035 .\ntable 5 : dna sequence homology for different structural domains of the four groups of c . s . scutulatus metalloproteinase genes .\nin the united states , crotalus scutulatus is found in the southern portions of california , arizona , new mexico , and texas . there are two subspecies of the mojave rattlesnake , though only one ( c . s . scutulatus ) is found in the u . s . the mojave rattlesnake also has an extensive range in the northern half of mexico .\nin a retrospective study of patients bitten chiefly by crotalus atrox and c . s . scutulatus , those patients given only medical treatment suffered less local morbidity than those given a combination of medical and surgical treatment ( hardy 1988 ) .\ncrotalus scutulatus is viviparous , giving birth to live young in late july or august , often coinciding with the summer monsoons . there may be as many as nine young , measuring up to 25 cm ( 10 in ) in length .\ncrofab ( crotalidae polyvalent immune fab ( ovine ) ) is a sheep - derived antivenin used for the management of adult and pediatric patients with north american crotalid envenomation [ label ] , which includes the crotalus scutulatus snake ( mojave snake ) .\nwooldridge bj , pineda g , banuelas - ornelas jj , dagda rk , gasanov se , rael ed , lieb cs : mojave rattlesnakes ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) lacking the acidic subunit dna sequence lack mojave toxin in their venom . comp biochem physiol b . 2001 , 130 : 169 - 179 . 10 . 1016 / s1096 - 4959 ( 01 ) 00422 - 5 .\ncarstairs sd , kreshak aa , tanen da . crotaline fab antivenom reverses platelet dysfunction induced by crotalus scutulatus venom : an in vitro study . acad emerg med . 2013 may . 20 ( 5 ) : 522 - 5 . [ medline ] .\nruben k . dagda , sardar e . gasanov , boris zhang , william welch , eppie d . rael . erratum to : molecular models of the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) venom metalloproteinases reveal a structural basis for differences in hemorrhagic activities , journal of biological physics , 2014 , 217 - 218 , doi : 10 . 1007 / s10867 - 014 - 9347 - y\npe\u00f1a - peniche , a . , d . lazcano , i . ruvalcaba - ortega , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . crotalus scutulatus ( kennicot , 1861 ) . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 3 ) : 644\u2013648 - get paper here\nantivenom indications : rattlesnakes ( in particluar crotalus atrox , c . adamanteus , c . viridis , c . oreganus , c . horridus , c . scutulatus ) ( gold et al 2002 , 2004 ; norris 2004 , warrell 2010 ) systemic signs of envenoming :\npatients sustaining rattlesnake envenomation often develop thrombocytopenia , the etiology of which is not clear . laboratory studies have demonstrated that venom from several species , including the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus scutulatus ) , can inhibit platelet aggregation . in humans , administration of crotaline fab antivenom has been shown to result in transient improvement of platelet levels ; however , it is not known whether platelet aggregation also improves after antivenom administration .\nenvenomation by some rattlesnakes , such as the mojave rattlesnake ( formerly mohave rattlesnake ) ( crotalus scutulatus ) , may cause a different clinical presentation than that generally encountered after most rattlesnake bites . in addition , other species , such as the southern pacific rattlesnake crotalus oreganus helleri , ( formerly crotalus viridis helleri ) , may cause signs and symptoms consistent with typical rattlesnake envenomation combined with signs and symptoms similar to mojave rattlesnake envenomation . [ 1 ] ( see rattlesnake envenomation for a more complete discussion of typical rattlesnake envenomation . )\nthe objective was to determine the effect of c . scutulatus venom on platelet aggregation in vitro in the presence and absence of crotaline fab antivenom .\nthe scutulatus is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\ncardwell , m . d . , et al . 2013 . type specimen of crotalus scutulatus ( chordata : reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) re - examined , with new evidence after more than a century of confusion . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 126 : 11\u201316 .\ncarstairs sd , kreshak aa , tanen da : crotaline fab antivenom reverses platelet dysfunction induced by crotalus scutulatus venom : an in vitro study . acad emerg med . 2013 may ; 20 ( 5 ) : 522 - 5 . doi : 10 . 1111 / acem . 12135 . [ pubmed : 23672368 ]\nfact : like other rattlesnakes , mohaves have been evolving for millions of years . genetic evidence strongly suggests that mohave rattlesnakes diverged from an ancestor shared with crotalus viridis and crotalus oreganus before those lineages separated from one another between 26 . 4 and 3 . 9 million years ago . 3\nafter bites of the most dangerous rattelsnakes ( crotalus atrox , c . adamanteus , c . viridis , c . oreganus , c . horridus , c . scutulatus ) , antivenom should be given early , even before systemic envenoming has become obvious ( warrell 2010 ) . see also discussion kitchens and eskin 2008 .\nt . chen and e . d . rael , \u201cpurification of m5 , a fibrinolytic proteinase from crotalus molossus molossus venom that attacks complement , \u201d\ncertainly not the biggest , nor the most widely ranging or populous of the rattlesnakes , the mojave rattler ( crotalus scutulatus ) has the most toxic venom and a reputation as extremely aggressive toward humans . physically similar to the western diamondback , the mojave rattler typically shades toward green , sparking the common name , mojave greens .\nwinchell , s . 2007 . klapperschlangen ! die gattung crotalus . reptilia ( m\u00fcnster ) 12 ( 66 ) : 18 - 25 - get paper here\nthe third most dangerous rattlesnake in north america , the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) lives in the densely populated northeastern area of the united states .\nwang ym , parmelee j , guo yw , tsai ih : absence of phospholipase a2 , in most crotalus horridus venom due to translational blockage comparison with crotalus horridus atricaudatus venom . toxicon . 2010 , 56 : 93 - 100 . 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2010 . 03 . 015 .\nthe myth that mohave rattlesnakes have no scientific history and no \u201ctype specimen\u201d ( the preserved animal used for the original description of a species ) has been fueled by an error in a publication in 1900 , 4 causing laurence klauber to correctly point out in 1956 that the type specimen designated for c rotalus scutulatus was not the correct species . 5 that confusion has recently and conclusively been resolved : the type specimen for crotalus scutulatus resides in the preserved collection of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia as specimen number ansp 7069 . 6\ncalvete jj , sanz l , cid p , de la torre p , flores - d\u00edaz m , santos mcd , borges a , bremo a , angulo y , lomonte b , alape - gir\u00f3n a , guti\u00e9rrez jm : snake venomics of the central american rattlesnake crotalus simus and the south american crotalus durissus complex points to neurotoxicity as an adaptive paedomorphic trend along crotalus dispersal in south america . j proteome res . 2010 , 9 : 528 - 544 . 10 . 1021 / pr9008749 .\na red diamond rattlesnake ( crotalus ruber ) . the postocular light stripe extends above the angle of the mouth in mojave rattlesnakes . photo by sean bush , md .\nj . g . soto , j . c . perez , m . m . lopez et al . , \u201ccomparative enzymatic study of hplc - fractionated crotalus venoms , \u201d\nmeans db : effects of rattlesnake roundups on the eastern diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus adamanteus ) . herpetol conserv biol . 2009 , 4 ( 2 ) : 132 - 141 .\nin a retrospective study of patients who were primarily bitten by crotalus atrox and c . s . scutulatus , 64 had swelling that extended as far as the axilla or inguinal region . none of these patients required surgical intervention . none of them developed symptoms that could have been attributed to compartment syndrome . all patients regained full functionality of the affected limb ( hardy 1991 ) .\nmackessy sp : fibrinogenolytic proteases from the venoms of juvenile and adult northern pacific rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis oreganus ) . comp biochem physiol b . 1993 , 106 : 181 - 189 .\nmackessy sp : venom ontogeny in the pacific rattlesnakes crotalus viridis helleri and c . v . oreganus . copeia . 1988 , 1988 : 92 - 101 . 10 . 2307 / 1445927 .\nbrown ws : biology , status , and management of the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) : a guide for conservation . soc study amphibians reptiles cir . 1993 , 22 : 78 -\nthe mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus ) is widely distributed in western north america , occurring from the mojave desert through the sonoran and chihuahuan deserts to central mexico ( stebbins , 1985 ) . it can be distinguished from other rattlesnake species by features of color pattern and scalation , and especially by the presence of enlarged plates ( scutes ) on the head between the eyes ( degenhardt , et al . 1996 ) .\nthe enzymatic and hemorrhagic activities of fourteen c . s . scutulatus venoms are shown in table 3 . for comparative purposes , we also included data obtained from venoms from c . atrox ( call - 1 ) and c . m . molossus ( cmm88 ) as positive controls for both proteolytic and hemorrhagic activities [ 26 , 27 ] . we found that c . s . scutulatus venoms from css28 , css31 , and css36 ( collected from el paso , tx , usa ) showed potent hemorrhagic activity . venom from three other c . s . scutulatus css68 , css71 , and css74 collected in maricopa county , az , usa , also induced hemorrhage to the same extent as venom derived from c . atrox . the other eight c . s . scutulatus venoms ( collected from various geographic locations including maricopa county , az , usa ) did not cause hemorrhage ( table 3 ) .\nfrench , w . j . , et al . 2004 . mojave toxin in venom of crotalus helleri ( southern pacific rattlesnake ) : molecular and geographic characterization . toxicon . 44 : 781\u2013791 .\ne . d . rael , m . martinez , and o . molina , \u201cisolation of a fibrinolytic protease , m4 , from venom of crotalus molossus molossus ( northern blacktail rattlesnake ) , \u201d\nhoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here\nsimilar to and easily confused with the western diamond - backed rattlesnake - crotalus atrox , though there is little range overlap in california . compare the western diamond - backed rattlesnake to the northern mohave rattlesnake\nstraight rc , glenn jl : isolation and characterization of basic phospholipase ( pla2 ) and acidic subunits of canebrake toxin from crotalus horridus atricaudatus venom using hplc . toxicon . 1989 , 27 : 80 -\nof ctenophorus scutulatus that i managed to dig up all showed quite colorful lizards , not dull gray ones like this . apparently it is one of many lizard species that attain a dark coloration when their body temperatures are lower . more\ncrotaline fab antivenom improved platelet aggregation in an in vitro model of platelet dysfunction induced by venom from c . scutulatus . it is unclear at this time whether this improvement in platelet dysfunction translates into improved clinical outcomes in envenomated patients .\ncardwell , michael d . ; steve w . gotte , roy w . mcdiarmid , ned gilmore , and james a . poindexter 2013 . type specimens of crotalus scutulatus ( chordata : reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) re - examined , with new evidence after more than a century of confusion . proceedings of the biological society of washington mar 2013 , vol . 126 , no . 1 : 11 - 16 . - get paper here\nglenn jl , straight rc , wolf tb : regional variation in the presence of canebrake toxin in crotalus horridus venom . comp biochem physiol c . 1994 , 107 ( 3 ) : 337 - 346 .\nmackessy sp : kallikrein - like and thrombin - like proteases from the venoms of juvenile and adult northern pacific rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis oreganus ) . j nat toxins . 1993 , 2 : 223 - 239 .\npatients sustaining rattlesnake envenomation often develop thrombocytopenia , the etiology of which is not clear . it has been shown thatcrotaline fab antivenom improved platelet aggregation in an in vitro model of platelet dysfunction induced by venom from c . scutulatus [ 1 ] .\nfigure 1 : alignment of the four groups ( gp1 , gp2 , gp3 , and gp4 ) of c . s . scutulatus metalloproteinase genomic dna sequences . assignment of exon and intron ( underlined ) regions was made by comparing metalloproteinase cdna sequences from c . atrox [ 7 ] and a . contortrix [ 12 , 30 ] with metalloproteinase genomic dna sequences from c . s . scutulatus obtained in this study . differences among the dna sequences are denoted by an asterisk ( * ) .\nneurological symptoms : if the patient is suspected of having been bitten by the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus ) , the patient may develop neurological symptoms including respiratory obstruction or failure which must be treated as an immediate emergency . the neurologic symptoms , as others , should be improved by antivenom . if breathing becomes impaired , respiratory assistance may be necessary , and intubation and ventilation may be appropriate adjuncts in certain clinical settings . secretions may become copious , necessitating suctioning .\namaral , a . do 1929 . studies of nearctic ophidia v . on crotalus confluentus say , 1823 , and its allied forms . bull . antivenin inst . amer . 2 ( 4 ) : 86 - 97\nj . b . bjarnason and a . t . tu , \u201chemorrhagic toxins from western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) venom : isolation and characterization of five toxins and the role of zinc in hemorrhagic toxin , \u201d\nin north america , local signs of envenoming , particularly swelling , are a reliable parameter of possible systemic envenoming in most crotalid bites . important exceptions are some populations of crotalus scutulatus (\ntype a\n) , c . mitchelli , c . lepidus and c . tigris , which can cause systemic envenoming without significant local effects ( minton 1987a ) . c . adamanteus can cause incoagulability of the blood without significant local findings ( kitchens and van mierop 1983 ) .\nsnake venoms generally show sequence and quantitative variation within and between species , but some rattlesnakes have undergone exceptionally rapid , dramatic shifts in the composition , lethality , and pharmacological effects of their venoms . such shifts have occurred within species , most notably in mojave ( crotalus scutulatus ) , south american ( c . durissus ) , and timber ( c . horridus ) rattlesnakes , resulting in some populations with extremely potent , neurotoxic venoms without the hemorrhagic effects typical of rattlesnake bites .\nw\u00fcster , w . & b\u00e9rnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417\u2013419\nthe following references are recommended for further indepth reading . this material includes case histories , guidelines , and recent findings in crotalus literature . these should be read only after treatment has begun , and the patient is in stable status .\nr . a . martinez , s . y . huang , and j . c . perez , \u201cantigenic relationships of fractionated western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) hemorrhagic toxins and other rattlesnake venoms as indicated by monoclonal antibodies , \u201d\nthe mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus ) is one of the most lethal rattlers of north america . adults average 2 - 4 feet in length from head to tail ( shaw - cambell 1974 ) . it has a diamond shaped pattern that dissolves into an offset striped pattern towards the tail . the offset stripe pattern helps set it apart from the very similar diamond back . the color of the mojave rattlesnake varies from a greenish gray to a yellowish brown . these color variations provide camouflage in certain terrain .\nthis one is interesting . the large scales , relatively thick light tail bands , and ( only partially visible ) light stripe behind the eye all point to c . scutulatus . but the multiple small scales between the supraoculars , and the tail - most tail band being black are generally characteristics of c . atrox . it is possible i suppose that it is a hybrid , but i think it ' s much more likely that it ' s a somewhat aberrant c . scutulatus . several people have told me that they agree with this id .\nklauber , l . m . 1930 . new and renamed subspecies of crotalus confluentus say , with remarks on related species . trans . san diego soc . nat . hist . 6 ( 3 ) : 95 - 144 - get paper here\no . zhou , b . j . smith , and m . h . grossman , \u201cmolecular cloning and expression of catrocollastatin , a snake - venom protein from crotalus atrox ( western diamondback rattlesnake ) which inhibits platelet adhesion to collagen , \u201d\njudging by their appearance , you\u2019d think both rattlesnakes were of the same species . you\u2019d be right , being the clever person you are . they are in fact part of the same subspecies of southern pacific rattlesnake ( crotalus oreganus helleri ) .\nrokyta dr , lemmon ar , margres mj , aronow k : the venom - gland transcriptome of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake crotalus adamanteus . bmc genomics . 2012 , 13 : 312 - 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2164 - 13 - 312 .\nm . anaya , e . d . rael , c . s . lieb , j . c . perez , and r . j . salo , \u201cantibody detection of venom protein variation within a population of prairie rattlesnake crotalus v . viridis , \u201d\nmackessy sp : evolutionary trends in venom composition in the western rattlesnakes ( crotalus viridis sensu lato ) : toxicity vs . tenderizers . toxicon . 2010 , 55 : 1463 - 1474 . 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2010 . 02 . 028 .\nnor are there any clinical trial results available on the efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors . c . s . scutulatus venom acts at the presynaptic level of neuromuscular transmission ( gopalakrishnakone et al . 1980 ) , while micrurus fulvius venom acts post - synaptically to depolarise the muscle fibre membrane ( brazil 1990 ) .\nmackessy sp , williams k , ashton kg : ontogenetic variation in venom composition and diet of crotalus oreganus concolor a case of venom paedomorphosis ? . copeia . 2003 , 2003 ( 4 ) : 769 - 782 . 10 . 1643 / ha03 - 037 . 1 .\na majority of the fauna found in the mojave desert also extends into the sonoran or great basin deserts as well . however , the following avifauna and herpetofauna are characteristic of the mojave region in particular : leconte\u2019s thrasher ( toxostoma lecontei ) , banded gecko ( coleonyx variegatus ) , desert iguana ( dipsosaurus dorsalis ) , chuckwalla ( sauromalus obesus ) , and regal horned lizard ( phrynosoma solare ) . snake species include the desert rosy boa ( lichanura trivirigata gracia ) , mojave patchnose snake ( salvadora hexalepis mojavensis ) , and mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutulatus ) ( brown 1994 ) .\ne . d . rael , j . z . rivas , t . chen , n . maddux , e . huizar , and c . s . lieb , \u201cdifferences in fibrinolysis and complement inactivation by venom from different northern blacktailed rattlesnakes ( crotalus molossus molossus ) , \u201d\nl . a . hite , j . d . shannon , j . b . bjarnason , and j . w . fox , \u201csequence of a cdna clone encoding the zinc metalloproteinase hemorrhagic toxin e from crotalus atrox : evidence for signal , zymogen , and disintegrin - like structures , \u201d\nfrench wj , hayes wk , bush sp , cardwell md , bader jo , rael ed . mojave toxin in venom of crotalus helleri ( southern pacific rattlesnake ) : molecular and geographic characterization . toxicon . 2004 dec 1 . 44 ( 7 ) : 781 - 91 . [ medline ] .\nthere have been no clinical trials on the efficacy of antivenom in the treatment of micrurus fulvius and c . s . scutulatus (\ntype a\n) bites . empirical data on the course of envenoming following micrurus bites give the impression that established symptoms of paralysis are not influenced by antivenom treatment ( kitchens and van mierop 1987 ) . likewise , there is no significant effect of the polyvalent wyeth anti - crotalid antivenom on the neurotoxic course of envenoming following c . s . scutulatus bites ( glenn and straight 1978 ) . this is not surprising , as neither\ntype a\nvenom nor mojave toxin is included in the manufacturing process of the polyvalent wyeth anti - crotalid antivenom .\nw . j . french , w . k . hayes , s . p . bush , m . d . cardwell , j . o . bader , and e . d . rael , \u201cmojave toxin in venom of crotalus helleri ( southern pacific rattlesnake ) : molecular and geographic characterization , \u201d\no . molina , r . k . seriel , m . martinez , m . l . sierra , a . varela - ramirez , and e . d . rael , \u201cisolation of two hemorrhagic toxins from crotalus basiliscus basiliscus ( mexican west coast rattlesnake ) venom and their effect on blood clotting and complement , \u201d\nfrench wj , hayes wk , bush sp , cardwell md , bader jo , rael ed : mojave toxin in venom of crotalus helleri ( southern pacific rattlesnake ) molecular and geographic characterization . toxicon . 2004 , 44 : 781 - 791 . 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2004 . 08 . 008 .\nthe southern pacific rattlesnake ( crotalus oreganus helleri ) is considered to be one of the most medically significant rattlesnakes in the usa . researchers from the university of queensland analyzed the venoms produced by two separate populations of this species . the populations studied are located in southern california , within a two hour\u2019s drive from one another .\nwe identified four groups of c . s . scutulatus rattlesnake venoms with each having distinct biochemical profiles associated with metalloproteinase activity . rattlesnakes from each venom group had unique genomic nucleotide dna sequences for the mature metalloproteinase domain and noncoding regions . these findings support the genomic basis underlying diversity in venom metalloproteinase activities . this is the first report on genomic dna sequences of snake venom metalloproteinases .\ncertain populations of mojave rattlesnakes , c . scutulatus and the neo - tropical rattlesnake , c . durissus , have long been known to contain neurotoxins . if i recall correctly from my days at the bronx zoo , bites from these species were treated with a mix of 2 - 3 antivenins ( i\u2019ve not checked current treatment recommendations ; please post below if you need further information ) .\ndouglas , m . e . , et al . 2002 . phylogeography of the western rattlesnake ( crotalus viridis ) complex , with emphasis on the colorado plateau . pp . 11\u201350 in : g . w . schuett , et al . ( eds . ) , biology of the vipers . eagle mountain publishing , eagle mountain , utah .\nactually the third most dangerous rattlesnake in north america , the timber rattlesnake ( crotalus horridus ) lives in the densely populated northeastern area of the united states . the snake , gracing the famous gadsden flag ( don\u2019t tread on me ) , certainly has spawned more fear and respect from settlers than any other through the history of the united states .\ne entry crotalus admanteus ) . although defibrinogenation , caused by the direct fibrinogen - coagulating activity of the venom , generally has a benign course , there is nonetheless a risk of spontaneous haemorrhage with extensive loss of blood or focal bleeding ( e . g . intracranial ; kitchens and eskin 2008 ) as long as the haemostatic defect is not corrected\nrokyta dr , wray kp , lemmon ar , lemmon em , caudle sb : a high - throughput venom - gland transcriptome for the eastern diamondback rattlesnake crotalus adamanteus and evidence for pervasive positive selection across toxin classes . toxicon . 2011 , 57 : 657 - 671 . 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2011 . 01 . 008 .\ndouglas me , douglas mr , schuett gw , porras lw : evolution of rattlesnakes ( viperidae ; crotalus ) in the warm deserts of western north america shaped by neogene vicariance and quaternary climate change . mol ecol . 2006 , 15 : 3353 - 3374 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2006 . 03007 . x .\ncalvete jj , p\u00e9rez a , lomonte b , s\u00e1nchez ee , sanz l : snake venomics of crotalus tigris : the minimalist toxin arsenal of the deadliest neartic rattlesnake venom . evolutionary clues for generating a pan - specific antivenom against crotalid type ii venoms . j proteome res . 2012 , 11 : 1382 - 1390 . 10 . 1021 / pr201021d .\nvalencia - herna\u0301ndez , a\u0301ngel alberto ; irene goyenechea < br / > & jesu\u0301s marti\u0301n castillo - cero\u0301n 2007 . notes on scutellation , length , and distribution of rattlesnakes ( serpentes : viperidade : crotalus ) in the state of hidalgo , mexico . acta zoolo\u0301gica mexicana ( n . s . ) 23 ( 3 ) : 29 - 33 - get paper here\ncrotalus atrox may not be quite as massive as its eastern relative , but it makes up for that in numerous ways . the brownish \u201cbase\u201d with cream outlines around the classic diamond shape and a quick to respond rattle announce its presence . the western diamondback has a massive range , extending well into mexico and stretching from the southeast to california and approximately halfway to canada .\nit really doesn\u2019t take much to make this list , if you\u2019re a venomous snake in the united states . there are 21 species listed by the society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . nearly two thirds of the venomous snakes are true rattlesnakes ( crotalus ) along with one , sistrurus miliarius carrying the common name , pygmy rattlesnake , to bring the total to 14 .\nwith one exception , neurological manifestations following north american crotalid bites are limited to the signs and symptoms discussed above . in addition to local swelling and haemostatic defects , c . s . scutulatus (\ntype a\n) bites can also cause neurological symptoms of envenoming , including paralysis . however , there are very few reports of obvious neurotoxic symptoms of envenoming following bites from this geographical variant of a single subspecies ( minton 1990a ) .\nthe mojave rattlesnake may be difficult to distinguish from the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) , which inhabits an overlapping geographical range . some mojave rattlesnakes are greenish , but they may have a similar color as western diamondbacks . in the mojave rattlesnake , the diamond pattern fades into bands along the caudal third of the back , whereas the diamonds continue to the tail in the western diamondback .\ncrotalus adamanteus , the eastern diamondback , is the biggest venomous snake in the americas , and may be the biggest in the world . with recorded lengths nearing eight feet and weights in excess of 35 pounds , this is a significant creature and is quite dangerous to humans with a fatality rate of 10 - 20 % ( although rates were claimed as high as 30 % at one time ) .\nboldrini - fran\u00e7a j , rodrigues rs , fonseca fpp , menaldo dl , ferreira fb , henrique - silva f , soares am , hamaguchi a , rodrigues vm , otaviano ar , homsi - brandeburgo mi : crotalus durissus collilineatus venom gland transcriptome : analysis of gene expression profile . biochimie . 2009 , 91 : 586 - 595 . 10 . 1016 / j . biochi . 2009 . 02 . 001 .\nthis is most common in victims of russell ' s viper , tropical rattlesnake ( crotalus durissus subspecies ) and some species of bothrops . patients bitten by russell ' s vipers may become oliguric within a few hours of the bite . loin pain and tenderness may be experienced within the first 24 hours and , in 3 or 4 days , the patient may become irritable and hypertensive and may convulse and become comatose with evidence of metabolic acidosis .\npit vipers are the largest group of venomous snakes in the united states and are involved in an estimated 150 , 000 bites annually of dogs and cats . 1 approximately 99 % of all venomous snake bites in the united states are inflicted by pit vipers . in north america , members of the family crotalidae belong to three genera : the rattlesnakes ( crotalus and sistrurus spp . ) and the copperheads and cottonmouth water moccasins ( agkistrodon spp . ) .\nblood was obtained from four healthy male adult volunteers not currently using aspirin , nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs , or other platelet - inhibiting agents . c . scutulatus venom from a single snake with known type b ( hemorrhagic ) activity was obtained from the national natural toxins research center . measurement of platelet aggregation by an aggregometer was performed using five standard concentrations of epinephrine ( a known platelet aggregator ) on platelet - rich plasma over time , and a mean area under the curve ( auc ) was calculated . five different sample groups were measured : 1 ) blood alone , 2 ) blood + c . scutulatus venom ( 0 . 3 mg / ml ) , 3 ) blood + crotaline fab antivenom ( 100 mg / ml ) , 4 ) blood + venom + antivenom ( 100 mg / ml ) , and 5 ) blood + venom + antivenom ( 4 mg / ml ) . standard errors of the mean ( sem ) were calculated for each group , and paired t - tests were used to measure differences between groups .\nkartik sunagara , eivind a . b . undheimc , holger scheibd , eric c . k . grene , chip cochrane , carl e . persone , ivan koludarov c , wayne kelln e , william k . hayes e , glenn f . king d , agosthino antunesa , bryan grieg fry . intraspecific venom variation in the medically significant southern pacific rattlesnake ( crotalus oreganus helleri ) : biodiscovery , clinical and evolutionary implications . 2014 . journal of proteomics . urltoken\nboldrini - fran\u00e7a j , corr\u00eaa - netto c , silva mms , rodrigues rs , torre pdl , p\u00e9rez a , soares am , zingali rb , nogueira ra , rodrigues vm , sanz l , calvete jj : snake venomics and antivenomics of crotalus durissus subspecies from brazil : assessment of geographic variation and its implication on snakebite management . j proteomics . 2010 , 73 : 1758 - 1776 . 10 . 1016 / j . jprot . 2010 . 06 . 001 .\nfor example , the venom of timber rattlesnakes ( crotalus horridus ) living in new england is more effective against the most common local prey animal ( gray squirrels , i believe ) than against other creatures . further south , cottontail rabbits predominate in the diet , and the venom\u2019s chemical make - up reflects this . timber rattlesnakes living on st . catherine\u2019s island off georgia ( formerly used by the bronx zoo to breed endangered species ) seem to produce especially virulent venom , at least where dogs are concerned .\nthe mojave rattlesnake can easily be mistaken for the western diamondback rattlesnake ( crotalus atrox ) , which inhabits an overlapping range . they both have well - defined light - edged diamonds down the middle of their backs . the diamond pattern fades towards the last third of the mojave rattlesnake , whereas the diamonds continue to the tail in the western diamondback . the tail of the mojave has contrasting light and dark rings . the white rings are much wider than the black rings , while the diamondbacks have thick black rings .\nneurotoxic symptoms : in the united states one species of rattlesnake , the mojave rattlesnake ( crotalus scutalatus ) , is known to produce a clinical picture with predominantly neurotoxic symptoms . the onset and progression of the symptoms may be rapid and subtle . in addition , they are more rapidly reversed in their early stages than when fully developed . it may be necessary to wake the patient and perform a brief neurologic check every hour or so to assure that breathing and other vital functions are not impaired . carefully note the progression of respiratory paralysis which may be present . be prepared to intubate and ventilate as necessary .\nin a prospective study in which the majority of patients had been bitten by c . atrox and a smaller number by c . s . scutulatus , c . m . molossus and c . cerastes ( snakes identified according to geographical criteria ) , patients were investigated using non - invasive angiological methods ( pulse volume amplitude , blood pressure , skin temperature ) . in only one case was a reduced pulse volume amplitude recorded . this patient also had a decrease in blood pressure and the skin temperature of the bitten extremity . on angiography , thrombosis of the popliteal artery and the deep femoral artery was seen . the patient had applied a tourniquet following the bite , which may have caused the thrombosis . the thrombus was successfully removed using a fogarty catheter ( curry et al . 1985 ) .\n6 h . the clotting time test is a simple means to regulate the antivenom dose . the initial dose should be repeated if the blood is still not coagulable 6 h after the first dose ( warrell 1990b ) . treatment of the haemostatic defect with blood product replacement should only be carried out if it is clearly indicated , i . e . there is already bleeding or there is an immediate risk of critical bleeding . in all other cases administration of antivenom should be a sufficiently effective and quick means of correcting the haemostatic defect ( burgess and dart 1991 ) . fabav has been evaluated in two clinical trial ( dart et al 1997 , 2001 ) . venom - induced abnormalities of the coagulation was reversible following antivenom treatment with recurrences as an important problem ( gold et al 2004 ) . see clinical entry ' crotalus sp . '\na thorough analysis of the dna nucleotide sequence showed that the fourteen metalloproteinase genomic dna sequences exhibited a perfect correlation with the biochemical classification of the rattlesnake venoms . the genomic dna sequences from css28 , css31 , css36 , and css68 were classified in group one ( gp1 ) , whereas genomic dna sequences belonging to css61 , css62 , and css64 were classified into group two ( gp2 ) . the genomic dna sequences belonging to css65 , css66 , css67 , css69 , and css75 were categorized into group three ( gp3 ) , whereas genomic dna sequences belonging to css71 and css74 were classified in group four ( gp4 ) ( figure 1 ) . this classification is identical to the classification that was based on the biochemical profiles of the fourteen rattlesnake venoms pointing to the existence of a genetic basis that gives rise to intra - species variation in metalloproteinase - associated activities in c . s . scutulatus . interestingly , the genomic dna sequence belonging to gp2 differed the most compared to the other three groups in that it contained a longer intron sequence ( table 5 ) .\nall of the nucleotide sequences contained similar structural domains including a conserved \u201ccysteine switch\u201d sequence [ 34 ] located within the zymogen region , an n - terminal region of the proteinase domain , a zn 2 + - binding domain , and a spacer domain located between the proteinase and disintegrin domains . the homology among the genomic dna metalloproteinase sequences was greater than 95 % for the zymogen region ( nucleotides 1\u201382 ) , 100 % for the zinc - binding domain ( table 5 ) , and greater than 98 % for the spacer region ( nucleotides 1084 to 1147 ) . the dna sequence homology for the proteinase domain across all 14 c . s . scutulatus genomic metalloproteinase genes , excluding the intron ( nucleotides 83 to 474 and 909 to 1083 ) , was close to 89 % , and the sequence identity for the entire gene was at least 84 . 5 % homologous among the four groups of metalloproteinase genes ( table 5 ) . however , the sequence homology within the intron region among the fourteen snakes ( nucleotides 476 to 908 ) was highly variable ( ~ 67 % homology for some rattlesnakes , table 5 ) suggesting that differences in the splicing of introns and fusion of exons among the four different groups of rattlesnake venoms may contribute to variations in metalloproteinase activities as shown in table 3 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthe species ' range extends from southern california , southern nevada , and southwestern utah south through arizona ( lowe et al . 1986 ) , southern new mexico ( degenhardt et al . 1996 ) , western texas ( tennant 1984 ) in the united states , and central mexico to near the south end of the mexican plateau in puebla and adjacent veracruz ( stebbins 2003 , campbell and lamar 2004 ) . its elevational range extends from sea level to around 2 , 530 m asl ( 8 , 300 feet ) ( stebbins 2003 ) ; above 1 , 800 m asl at the southern end of the range ( campbell and lamar 2004 ) .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . on a range - wide scale , campbell and lamar ( 2004 ) mapped hundreds of collection sites . the adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 100 , 000 . this snake is often locally common ( lowe et al . 1986 ) . its extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of subpopulations , and population size are probably relatively stable .\nmendoza - quijano , f . & hammerson , g . a . 2007 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nuetz , p . & jir\u00ed hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )\nbanks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner\nchecklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada\nflores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .\nmcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . tour\u00e9\nsnake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhome \u00bb resources \u00bb categories and criteria \u00bb 2001 iucn red list categories and criteria version 3 . 1\nsee below for the rules and requirements outlined in the iucn red list categories and criteria . version 3 . 1 ( second edition ) . for translations of this document into other languages , click here .\nthe iucn red list categories and criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction . the general aim of the system is to provide an explicit , objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk . however , while the red list may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk , it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection .\nextensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms . however , it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency , the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species . hence , in certain individual cases , the risk of extinction may be under - or over - estimated .\nbefore 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in iucn red data books and red lists had been in place , with some modification , for almost 30 years . although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized ( fitter and fitter 1987 ) , the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) steering committee to develop a more objective approach . the iucn council adopted the new red list system in 1994 .\nto give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .\nsince their adoption by iucn council in 1994 , the iucn red list categories have become widely recognized internationally , and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by iucn , as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations . such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements , and ssc was mandated by the 1996 world conservation congress ( wcc res . 1 . 4 ) to conduct a review of the system ( iucn 1996 ) . this document presents the revisions accepted by the iucn council .\nthe proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting , consultation and validation . the production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion , especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes . to clarify matters , and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary , a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows :\nversion 1 . 0 : mace and lande ( 1991 ) the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories , and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .\nversion 2 . 0 : mace et al . ( 1992 ) a major revision of version 1 . 0 , including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .\nversion 2 . 1 : iucn ( 1993 ) following an extensive consultation process within ssc , a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria , and fuller explanation of basic principles was included . a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories ."]}
{"id": 2377, "summary": [{"text": "myrmecia analis is a species of the myrmecia genus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "myrmecia analis is usually only found in western australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it was described by mayr in 1862 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "myrmecia analis are around 20-22 millimetres long on average , but some workers can be slightly smaller , and have the colour tone similar to myrmecia vindex , but the head is slightly darker .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the mandibles are around 3-4 millimeters long . ", "topic": 19}], "title": "myrmecia analis", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia analis for further details\nno one has contributed data records for myrmecia analis yet . learn how to contribute .\nmyrmecia analis : holotype , worker , australia ( as new holland ) , australia , naturhistorisches museum wien , vienna .\natriscapa . myrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925b : 580 ( w . ) australia . junior synonym of analis : clark , 1927 : 34 ; clark , 1951 : 54 .\ndie gattung myrmecia ist unterteilt in 9 artengruppen damit sich die vielen arten dieser gattung leichter klassifizieren lassen .\nsenior synonym of myrmecia atriscapa : clark , 1927 pdf : 34 ; clark , 1951 pdf : 54 .\nthe genus myrmecia is sub - divided in 9 species groups for an easier classification of the many species .\nmyrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925 : syntype , 1 worker , albany , western australia , australia , australian museum .\nmyrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925 : syntype , worker ( s ) , albany , western australia , australia , oxford university museum of natural history .\nmyrmecia atriscapa crawley , 1925 : syntype , 4 workers , albany , western australia , australia , clark , j . , anic32 - 005960 , australian national insect collection .\nheterick ( 2009 ) - the apex of the gaster in this red - and - black ant is a conspicuous yellow .\nthe following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .\nunless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .\ncrawley ( 1925 ) - length 14 mm . ( without mandibles ) ; length of mandibles 3 . 4 mm .\ncolour like a dark m . vindex , head somewhat darker ; mandibles castaneous with teeth dark brown ; scapes , except the extremities , dark brown ; legs slightly paler than thorax ; gaster deep black except the two apical segments and a wide lozenge - shaped patch on the middle of the second segment ( varying in distinctness in different specimens ) , which are castaneous .\nlegs pilose , but less so than in forficata , scapes with only a faint pubescence . there is a short pilosity on the body and a thin grey pubescence most abundant on gaster .\nhead broader than long , narrowing behind the eyes more than in forficata , the occipital angles not so rounded as in regularis , but more like a small forficata . clypeus emarginate , but not impressed in centre as in forficata . scapes pass the occiput by one - quarter of their length . epinotum moderately long , not sharply pointed in front . first node from above oval , narrower in front ; in profile rising abruptly in front ( even more so than in forficata ) , where it is highest , thence sloping down to the rounded posterior border . the stalk is intermediate between vindex and forficata , but nearer the former ; the length of the node is 1 . 4 that of the stalk , while in typical examples of vindex the proportion is 1 . 2 and in forficata 2 . 6 . the stalk is a little longer than in race simillima , sm . , of forficata . second node as broad as long , more than twice as wide behind as in front , the sides of the posterior third almost parallel .\nentire head longitudinally rugose , with the space between eyes and antennal sockets reticulate . pronotum transversely striate , the striae not clean - cut , but wavy and arched . some specimens have one or two central longitudinal lines . rest of thorax : and epinotum with , similar but only transverse striation . petiole circularly rugose - striate ; postpetiole and first segment of gaster entirely smooth and shining , the remaining segments microscopically reticulate .\nclark , j . 1927 . the ants of victoria . part iii . vic . nat . ( melb . ) 44 : 33 - 40 ( page 34 , queen described , , senior synonym of atriscapa )\nclark , j . 1951 . the formicidae of australia . 1 . subfamily myrmeciinae : 230 pp . csiro , melbourne . [ ( 31 . xii ) . 1951 . ] pdf\ncrawley , w . c . 1925b . new ants from australia . - ii . ann . mag . nat . hist . 9 ( 16 ) : 577 - 598 pdf\nheterick , b . e . 2009a . a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum , supplement 76 : 1 - 206 . part 2 pdf\nthis page was last modified on 16 march 2017 , at 14 : 15 .\nyou must log in to access this functionality . you may create an account , or log in anonymously , here .\nmayr , g . , 1862 , myrmecologische studien . , verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 12 , pp . 649 - 776\n[ [ worker ] ] laenge : 19 mm - hellroth , mandibeln , geissel und beine gelb , die zwei knoten gelbroth , hinterleib schwarz , an der spitze gelb , die zaehne der mandibeln schwaerzlich , der schaft braun . die abstehende behaarung ist ziemlich spaerlich am ganzen koerper vertheilt , sie ist gelb , fein und nicht lang . die anliegende pubescenz ist sehr spaerlich , der hinterrand des ersten hinterleibssegmentes aber und die uebrigen segmente mit reichlicher gelber pubescenz . die mandibeln innen mit nur 4 groesseren zaehnen , die anderen sind klein , der aussenrand ist schwach concav , die oberseite fein und seicht laengsrunzlig und mit einer reihe grober puncte versehen . der kopf ist ziemlich grob streifig etwas nach hinten divergirend laengsgerunzelt ; das pronotum vorne quer bogig nach hinten gerunzelt , hinten laengsgerunzelt ; meso - und metanotum grob quergerunzelt . der erste knoten ist ziemlich grob quergerunzelt , wenig laenger als breit , seitlich gerundet , der zweite knoten und der hinterleib glatt und glaenzend , nur das mit reichlicher pubescenz versehene ende des hinterleibs ist fein punctirt . neuholland ( m . c . vienn . ) .\n0 times found in low coastal scrub , 0 times found in banksia / nuytsia sandplain , 0 times found in swamp country , 0 times found in dry sclerophyll , 1 times found in heath , 0 times found in rainforest , 0 times found in sandplain heath .\n0 times on track , 0 times ground forager , 0 times under rock , 1 times on shrub , 0 times on gyrostemon efn , 0 times mound nest , 0 times in termitarium , 1 times ground strays , 0 times forager on soil , 0 times flight intercept trap with trough .\nantweb content is licensed under a creative commons attribution license . we encourage use of antweb images . in print , each image must include attribution to its photographer and\nfrom urltoken\nin the figure caption . for websites , images must be clearly identified as coming from urltoken , with a backward link to the respective source page . see how to cite antweb .\nantweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\ncrawley , w . c . 1925 ,\nnew ants from australia . ii\n, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 9 , vol . 16 , pp . 577 - 598\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8af9e434 - ba60 - 4ee0 - 92e8 - 535f01764df5\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 99931b88 - 3019 - 4a77 - 86d6 - 41027a76aa46\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9aa7c4df - a61f - 494c - aa6a - 9885e17b5965\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ac864631 - cadc - 4015 - bca8 - 4575dddca2ce\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b9020df3 - d630 - 4705 - 9029 - 53464f556a44\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c6c54474 - a69c - 4148 - a566 - 79ada7b34ade\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e3940235 - 1ae3 - 4bce - 9e67 - 70bac7f5d4a8\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2cfae3f - 2329 - 4aeb - 8890 - f863ae0213bb\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9b3c4d37 - 4f1f - 44a3 - 9710 - 18151a6d86ba\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 302813\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis graph is generated by google ngram viewer which is based on statistics from google books , that charts frequencies of any word or short sentence using yearly counts found in the sources printed between 1800 and 2008 in american and british english ."]}
{"id": 2378, "summary": [{"text": "the scar bank gem , ( ctenoplusia limbirena ) , also known as silver u-tail , is a moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in south-western europe , africa ( lesotho , the cape province , kwazulu-natal , transvaal , mozambique , zimbabwe , zambia , botswana , malawi and eastern and equatorial africa ) , the canary islands , arabia , the southern himalayas , india , sri lanka , indochina to south-eastern china , taiwan , sulawesi , bali and timor .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "in new zealand , it has been established since 2011 . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "ctenoplusia limbirena", "paragraphs": ["ctenoplusia limbirena looks very similar to another moth trichoplusia ni . ctenoplusia limbirena has a distinctive pale brownish / cream mark near the outer forewing margin .\nremarks : ctenoplusia limbirena has a palaeotropical - subtropical distribution and occurs in macaronesia , africa and southern asia . ctenoplusia limbirena migrates occasionally further north ( southern europe etc . ) .\nhabitat : ctenoplusia limbirena inhabits subtropical agricultural areas , fallo land and herb - rich borders of all kinds .\nctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) astrapeia ; [ ne10 ] , 156 ( missp . ? )\nctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) limbirena ; behounek & ronkay , 1999 , spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 139 ; [ ne10 ] : 179 , pl . 12 , f . 52 - 56 , gen . 206 , 277 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2010 , witt catalogue 4 : 56\nplusia limbirena guen\u00e9e , 1852 ; in boisduval & guen\u00e9e , hist . nat . insectes ( spec . g\u00e9n . l\u00e9pid . ) 6 : 350 ; tl : madagascar\nctenoplusia limbirena is a member of noctuid moths ( family noctuidae ) and it is now found in new zealand . it has a wingspan is 40\u201345 mm . europe , africa , arabia , asia including se asia to urltoken the known range of this species .\nctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) placida sundicata behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 125 , pl . 1 , f . 15 - 16 ; tl : timor\nctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) sumbawana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 126 , f . 14 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : sumbawa\n? ctenoplusia placida caledonica holloway , 1979 ; series entom . 15 : 481 ; tl : new caledonia\nctenoplusia ( ctenoplusia ) accentifera ; [ ne10 ] : 180 , pl . 12 , f . 57 - 62 , gen . 207 , 278 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2010 , witt catalogue 4 : 63\nlife cycle : ctenoplusia limbirena can be found all year round . i observed larvae feeding on urtica membranacea and other herbs near the coast in madeira in march 2013 ( ribeira da janela ) . the larvae live more concealed than those of related species such as trichoplusia ni or chrysodeixis chalcites and stay more near the ground or in the inner parts of the plants .\nctenoplusia caelata dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 99 ; tl : uganda , bwamba\nctenoplusia crinoides dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 100 ; tl : kenya , kakmega\nctenoplusia perispomena dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 97 ; tl : kenya , makakwet\nctenoplusia polycampta dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 94 ; tl : gabon , makokou\nctenoplusia triteia dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 96 ; tl : kenya , nairobi\nctenoplusia amydra dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 96 ; tl : cameroon , dchang plateau\nctenoplusia etiennei dufay , 1975 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 80 : 160 ; tl : reunion , grand maturum forest\nctenoplusia perplexa dufay , 1975 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 44 ( 4 ) : 115 ; tl : cameroon\nctenoplusia psileia dufay , 1975 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 44 ( 4 ) : 116 ; tl : cameroon\nctenoplusia asteia dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 103 ; tl : kenya , mt . elgon\nctenoplusia isospila dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 103 ; tl : tanzania , mt . roungou\u00e9\nctenoplusia proseides dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 102 ; tl : kenya , nairobi , muguga\nctenoplusia rubronitens dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 98 ; tl : cameroon , mt . cameroon\nctenoplusia scoteina dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 104 ; tl : kenya , nairobi , muguga\nctenoplusia selagisma dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 101 ; tl : tanzania , mt . merou\nctenoplusia dargei dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 102 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest\nctenoplusia fulgens dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 97 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest\nctenoplusia gemmata dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 98 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest\nctenoplusia phoceoides dufay , 1972 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 41 : 99 ; tl : cameroon , bafut n ' guemba forest\nctenoplusia karthalae dufay , 1982 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 87 : 224 ; tl : comoro is . , grande comore ; la covalescence\nctenoplusia vermiculata dufay , 1970 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 39 ( 3 ) : 106 ; tl : mt . korintji , sumatra\nctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) javana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 134 , f . 20 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : tjinjiroean\nsubfamily plusiinae . the caterpillars of moths in this subfamily have only three fully developed pairs of prolegs on the abdomen ( those on segments 3 and 4 are lost or reduced ) . thus they are often termed \u2018loopers\u2019 , as they have a similar mode of progression to larvae of geometridae . adults usually have at least a small metallic marking on the forewing ; thysanoplusia orichalcea has extensive golden forewing patches . all new zealand species occur overseas ; ctenoplusia limbirena is a very recently introduced species with a natural distribution from southern europe through to south - east asia ; it appears to be established and can be expected to become commoner in new zealand . larvae of most species feed on a range of herbaceous plants , especially garden plants , but ctenoplusia albostriata seems to prefer asteraceae .\nctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) latistigma floresiana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 129 , f . 16 , pl . 2 , f . 33 - 34 ; tl : flores\nctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) armata behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 128 , f . 15 , pl . 2 , f . 30 - 31 ; tl : philippines , mindanao\nctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) latistigma sulawesiana behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 131 , f . 17 , pl . 2 , f . 32 ; tl : sulawesi , puncak , palopo , 900 - 1300m\nctenoplusia ( acanthoplusia ) dufayi behounek & ronkay , 1999 ; spixiana 22 ( 2 ) : 132 , f . 18 - 19 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; tl : philippines , n . luzon , ifugao , banaue\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the larva feeds polyphagous on herbs like solanaceae , fabaceae , asteraceae or urtica .\na rare autumn immigrant , mainly to the south and south - west of england , there have been around 15 records to date of this afrotropical species .\nthe species resembles silver y in appearance , but tends to be more reticulated , often with a violet or purple sheen , and usually a distinctive pale patch on the central part of the termen .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 16 13 : 10 : 19 page render time : 0 . 2971s total w / procache : 0 . 3835s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nflies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes\ninsects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .\nreptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .\ntrees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .\ntrees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .\nweeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .\nthe larvae host plants include solanum spp , geranium , nicotiana tabacum , althea , salvia , primula , lactuca sativa , mentha piperita , verbascum sp . and agave sisalana .\n\u00a9 copyright 2008 - 2018 - t . e . r : r . a . i . n . all rights reserved . last update : 15 - feb - 18 . site designed & hosted by smokeylemon .\nen poursuivant votre navigation sur ce site , vous acceptez l\u2019utilisation de cookies pour vous proposer des contenus et services adapt\u00e9s et r\u00e9aliser des statistiques de visites . en savoir plus \u00e0 propos des cookies .\nversion valid\u00e9e du meilleur niveau de connaissance disponible \u00e0 un moment donn\u00e9 . cette cat\u00e9gorie indique une image fiable de la r\u00e9partition \u00e0 la date de r\u00e9alisation de la carte , avec une bonne pr\u00e9somption d ' absence dans les secteurs o\u00f9 le taxon n ' est pas mentionn\u00e9 . exemple : atlas des amphibiens et reptiles de m\u00e9tropole .\nensemble de donn\u00e9es contr\u00f4l\u00e9es issues de programmes : comprend les jeux de donn\u00e9es valid\u00e9es associ\u00e9s aux inventaires en cours ou \u00e0 des inventaires termin\u00e9s mais partiellement incomplets . diff\u00e8re du niveau\ndistribution de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence\nessentiellement sur le degr\u00e9 de compl\u00e9tude et d ' expertise coll\u00e9giale . c ' est - \u00e0 - dire que les donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ont une forte fiabilit\u00e9 mais ne repr\u00e9sentent pas forc\u00e9ment l ' aire de r\u00e9partition nationale du taxon .\njeux de donn\u00e9es dont la m\u00e9thodologie d ' acquisition ou d ' organisation ne satisfait pas aux crit\u00e8res de d\u00e9finition d ' un inventaire pour l ' inpn . ces donn\u00e9es , provenant g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de sp\u00e9cialistes et consid\u00e9r\u00e9es a priori comme fiables , ne sont pas encore int\u00e9gr\u00e9es \u00e0 un processus de validation tierce - partie . il s ' agit souvent de donn\u00e9es destin\u00e9es \u00e0 int\u00e9grer un inventaire . exemple : donn\u00e9es issues de cardobs , donn\u00e9es pr\u00e9 - tri\u00e9es de programmes de sciences participatives .\ndonn\u00e9es de programmes dont l ' objet principal n ' est pas l ' inventaire d ' esp\u00e8ces mais la qualification d ' une zone , en particulier d ' espaces prot\u00e9g\u00e9s ou de p\u00e9rim\u00e8tres d ' inventaire . exemple : znieff g1 et g2 , natura 2000 , espaces prot\u00e9g\u00e9s , apb .\nsweu - greece , africa , near east , asia minor . see [ maps ]\nplusia aenescens prout , 1921 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 8 ( 43 ) : 24 , pl . 4 , f . 1 ; tl : [ zambia ] n . rhodesia\nindonesia , new guinea , new zealand , rapa is . . see [ maps ]\nphytometra albostriata ab . disjunctana strand , 1917 ; archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 48\nplusia aurisuta dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 203 ; tl : perinet region , madagascar\npolychrysia camptogamma hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 5 ( 29 ) : 430 ; tl : br . e . africa , kikuyu , roromo\nplusia caudata schaus , 1906 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 30 ( 1444 ) : 105 ; tl : mexico , orizaba\nplusia chalcopasta hampson , 1912 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 21 ( 4 ) : 1225 ; tl : gooty ; nilgiris ; ceylon ; maskeliya ; pattipada\nplusia edora prout , 1927 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 1927 ) 75 : 222 ; tl : sao thom\u00e9\nplusia epargyra dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 196 ; tl : p\u00e9rinet , e . madagascar\nphytometra euchroa hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 215 ; tl : natal , durban\nplusia euchroides carcasson , 1965 ; j . e . africa nat . hist . soc . 25 : 146 ; tl : uganda\nplusia fracta walker , [ 1858 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 12 : 920 ; tl :\ncongo\nplusia gammaloba hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 5 ( 29 ) : 430 ; tl : madagascar\nplusia glaphyra dufay , 1974 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 43 : 109 , f . 13 - 14 ; tl : brazil , parana , castro\nplusia griveaudi dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 208 ; tl : s . moramango , e . madagascar\nplusia lavendula hampson , 1902 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 2 ( 10 ) : 347 ; tl : cape colony\nplusia leucostigma dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 208 ; tl : p\u00e9rinet , e . madagascar\nsweu , africa , canary islands , arabia , s . himalayas , india , sri lanka , indochina - se . china , taiwan , sulawesi , bali , timor . see [ maps ]\nplusia melanocephala m\u00f6schler , 1884 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 33 : 297 , pl . 16 , f . 11 ; tl : cape colony\nplusia micans dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 206 ; tl : ambre mt . , n . madagascar\nphytometra nigrogemmea romieux , 1943 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 19 ( 3 ) : 111 , pl . 9 , f . 10 ; tl : upper katange , tshinkolobwe\nplusia orbifer guen\u00e9e , 1865 ; in vinson , voy . madagascar , annexe f : 47 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : madagascar\ns . ontario , e . usa - arizona , kansas , nebraska , iowa , wisconsin , mexico , antilles , ca - brazil , n . argentina . see [ maps ]\nlarva on aster sp . , erigeron canadensis , nicotiana tabacum , solidago sp . [ mna25 . 1 ] , 47\nplusia pauliana dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 202 ; tl : e . madagascar , lakato\nplusia phocea hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 5 ( 29 ) : 433 ; tl : natal , durban\nplusia rhodographa dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 205 ; tl : ambre mt . , n . madagascar\nplusia seyrigi dufay , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 : 207 ; tl : madagascar , bekily\nacnthoplusia dufay , 1970 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 39 ( 3 ) : 104 ; ts : pytometra tarassota hampson\nacanthoplusia adiaphora dufay , 1974 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 43 : 107 ; tl : formosa , wushe\nphytometra agnata var . sokutsuna strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 129 ; tl : formosa , banshoryo , sokutsu\nphytometra eugrapha hampson , 1913 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 13 : 474 , pl . 237 , f . 14 ; tl : dutch new guinea\nacanthoplusia herbuloti dufay , 1982 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 51 ( 3 ) : 73 ; tl : philippines\nplusia ichinosei dufay , 1965 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 34 : 194 ; tl : japan\nplusia latistigma prout , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 229 ; tl : ceram\nceylon , indochina , taiwn , sumatra , java , bali , sulawesi , timor , flores . see [ maps ]\nacanthoplusia sigillata dufay , 1970 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 39 ( 3 ) : 105\nplusia confusa ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 32\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nrevision de plusiinae : descriptions de nouvelles especes asiatiques et notes synonymiques ( lep . noctuidae )\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nneuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 1 - 16 )\nl\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res de madagascar . in vinson . voyage a madagascar au couronnement de radama ii . in vinson ,\nthe moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in\nthe fauna of british india\n. series iv . part v ( ? vi )\non some apparently new species and forms of noctuidae . collected by c . , f . , and j . pratt , in the mountains of central ceram , october , 1919 , to february , 1920\na list of noctuidae with descriptions of new forms collected in the island of sao thom\u00e9 by t . a . barns\ndie macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i . theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae in romanoff ,\nwallengren , 1856 anteckningar i zoologien . i . kafferlandets macrolepidopter - fauna anteckn . zool . 1 : 1 - 78\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nmost searched in books : adobe pagemaker 7 . 0 autobiography of a book black turmeric actor prepares design of steel structures digital communication english to bengali wren and martin english grammar sanskrit grammar kannada dictionary icse board papers css w3schools learn hindi in 30 days linear integrated circuits machine drawing maza national science olympiad my experiments with truth networking interview questions english marathi dictionary bengali dictionary java project rapidex english speaking course hindi to tamil telugu to hindi security analysis and portfolio management social problems in india the grand design english to gujrati\nthe following moth families are covered by this online guide : hepialidae , zygaenidae , sesiidae , geometridae , saturniidae , sphingidae , erebidae ( includes the former families arctiidae and lymantriidae ) , nolidae , noctuidae .\nbrief general introductions to these and some of the included genera are presented below ; no key to families is given here , as characters tend to be rather technical and involve specialised preparation techniques ; it is quite easy , however , to learn to recognise which family a moth belongs to , especially in the limited new zealand fauna .\nthe ghost moths or swift moths are primitive moths with very short antennae , long abdomens , and hindwings rather similar in shape and wing venation to the forewings . the family is well represented in new zealand with 30 species , including our largest moth species , the puriri moth ( aenetus virescens ) with a wingspan up to 150 mm in the female . aenetus is confined to the north island ; caterpillars form characteristic scars on trunks of native and introduced trees . other hepialid larvae in new zealand are more or less subterranean , forming tunnels in the soil of grasslands or wetlands ( e . g . , wiseana spp , the porina moths ) or under leaf - litter in forests ( e . g . , dumbletonius spp . ) . adults of many species are crepuscular , flying at dusk , and coming to light before it is fully dark , but aenetus tends to fly later in the night .\nthe burnet and forester moths are an unusual family of day - flying lepidoptera , many of which are brightly coloured and distasteful to birds and other vertebrate predators . they are naturally absent from new zealand , and only a single introduced species , the bamboo moth ( artona martini ) is present , having first been detected in whangarei in 1996 . it is has now spread as far as auckland ; the hairy larvae can cause conspicuous defoliation of bamboos in gardens and parks and sometimes occur locally in huge numbers . the diurnal adults are less conspicuous . artoni martini originates in south - east asia , and was presumably introduced accidentally through trade .\nthe clearwings are another unusual family of day - flying moths , most of which are mimics of wasps or bees , with partially transparent wings . they are day - flying but often very hard to find as adults ; caterpillars are internal feeders in a wide range of plants . there is only a single introduced european species in new zealand : the currant clearwing ( synanthedon tipuliformis ) , which as its name suggests , feeds as a caterpillar inside stems of cultivated currants ( ribes spp . ) . adults may occasionally be seen flying around the currant bushes in sunshine . they are rarely found north of the central north island .\nthe loopers are a very large family of moths ( over 20 , 000 species worldwide ) , well represented in new zealand by over 250 species , where most species are endemic . the common name comes from the larvae , which do not have the full complement of abdominal prolegs ( usually they have prolegs only on segments 6 and 10 ) , and therefore progress in the characteristic \u2018inchworm\u2019 looping motion . an important feature of the family is the presence of tympanal organs ( \u2018ears\u2019 ) at the base of the abdomen .\nsubfamily ennominae . all new zealand ennominae ( about 55 species ) are medium - sized relatively robust moths ( although not as robust as noctuidae ) , and the males in most genera have feathery antennae . in the genus pseudocoremia , the hindwings are often yellowish and much brighter than the forewings under which they are concealed when the moth is at rest . declana contains robust noctuid - like species , most exhibiting lichen - like or bark - like patterning . some , like d . floccosa , are very variable in colour pattern . the fern loopers in the genera ischalis , sarisa and sestra have scalloped or hook - tipped forewings , usually with strong dark lines running across them ; males have simple , non - feathery antennae . chalastra males do have feathery antennae ; c . aristarcha and pellurgata are medium - sized moths with distinctive white markings . \u2018 chalastra \u2019 ochrea is more pseudocoremia - like and does not really belong with the other two chalastra species . gellonia and cleora are large brown moths , with feathery antennae in the males , and scalloped edges to the wings . cleora scriptaria , the kawakawa looper , is especially variable in pattern ; its current genus placement is likely to be incorrect . zermizinga indocilisaria is a small , grey , rather atypical ennomine , with an eastern distribution in new zealand . the female is short - winged ( brachypterous ) ; the species almost certainly originates from australia .\nsubfamily larentiinae . the larentiinae are very well represented in new zealand with about 200 described species . they tend to be more delicate , butterfly - like moths than ennominae , and some species ( e . g . asaphodes aegrota , austrocidaria similata , epyaxa rosearia ) will hold their wings vertically above the body like a butterfly when at rest . the subfamily contains many brightly coloured day - flying species , especially in the endemic genera paranotoreas , notoreas and dasyuris , many of which are restricted to open subalpine and alpine habitats . the cabbage tree looper ( epiphryne verriculata ) is a common and well known species belonging to this subfamily : the adults are often illustrated as a fine example of crypsis when resting on the dead leaves of their larval host - plant cordyline australis . the genus tatosoma is remarkable for the highly elongated abdomens of the males ; this feature has presumably evolved as a result of sexual selection by the females . the genus - level classification of larentiinae in new zealand is in need of extensive revision , e . g . moths currently assigned to the genus hydriomena are all wrongly placed . at the species level , the genera notoreas and pasiphila are particularly difficult and badly in need of revision ; identifications given here are based on those in nzac and there may still be errors .\nsubfamily sterrhinae . only a single species of this cosmopolitan subfamily ( usually called \u2018waves\u2019 ) occurs in new zealand ; this is scopula rubraria , which also occurs widely in australia . it is a very common species in pastures , roadsides and weedy places , especially in late summer , flying by day . larvae feed on a variety of herbaceous plants , including plantain ( plantago spp . ) .\nthe very large and unmistakeable gum emperor moth ( opodiphthera eucalypti ) is our only species of this family of silk moths , and was introduced from australia in the early 20th century . it is now widespread in new zealand , larvae feeding chiefly on eucalyptus spp . in gardens and parks , but also on schinus ( pepper tree ) .\nthe hawk - moths are a family of large streamlined moths ; many species are powerful fliers and migratory in habit . only one cosmopolitan species occurs regularly and breeds in new zealand , the convolvulus hawk - moth ( agrius convolvuli ) , with larvae feeding on convolvulaceae , including kumara ( sweet potato , ipomoea batatas ) . the silver - striped hawk - moth ( hippotion celerio ) occurs rarely as a migrant to new zealand : there appear to be very few recent records .\nthis family name has recently been revived ; the erebidae now include the former families arctiidae ( tiger moths ) and lymantriidae ( tussock moths ) along with several subfamilies formerly assigned to noctuidae . like noctuidae , erebidae have tympanal organs ( \u2018ears\u2019 ) on the metathorax . the family is very diverse in the tropics , but there are very few truly native species in new zealand .\nsubfamily lymantriinae . naturally absent from new zealand , the tussock moth subfamily is recorded here based on two accidentally introduced species which established briefly in the auckland area , but were subsequently eradicated . teia anartoides , the painted apple moth , originates from australia . the female has strongly reduced wings and is flightless ; males are day - flying . orgyia thyellina , the white - spotted tussock moth , originates from south - east asia , and has both winged ( flying ) and brachypterous ( flightless ) forms of the female . both species have hairy larvae with characteristic \u2018toothbrush\u2019 tufts on the dorsum ; larvae feed on a wide range of host plants , though teia prefer wattle ( acacia spp . ) .\nsubfamily arctiinae . this subfamily ( the tiger moths ) contains many colourful species worldwide ; larvae are hairy , with many secondary setae . the genus metacrias is our only endemic genus of arctiinae ; the three species chiefly occur in open habitats at higher elevations , and are almost confined to the south island ; only m . huttoni occurs in the north island ( ruahine range ) . females are flightless with minute wings , and males are diurnal with a strong , buzzing flight . larvae feed on a variety of herbaceous plants . two similar species of utetheisa ( crimson speckled footman ) occur as migrants to new zealand : u . pulchelloides ssp . vaga is a common migrant , with larvae on boraginaceae ; u . lotrix is very much rarer , with larvae on fabaceae . the cinnabar moth , tyria jacobaeae , is a european species introduced to new zealand in the 1920s as a biological control agent for its larval host - plant ragwort ( jacobaea vulgaris ( = senecio jacobaea ) ) . the conspicuous yellow and black banded larvae are distasteful to predators , as is the black and red day - flying adult . nyctemera annulata is an endemic species of a widespread genus ; larvae feed on senecio spp . the closely related australian n . amicus has reached northern new zealand and now hybridises freely there with n . annulata ; it can be difficult to distinguish the adults of the two species and the hybrid , but a white fringe to the wings probably always indicates some amicus parentage . specimens with whitish lines at the base of the forewing along the veins are the most likely to be nearly pure amicus .\nother erebid subfamilies . all other erebidae in new zealand were formerly assigned to noctuidae ( subfamilies catocalinae , hypeninae and hypenodinae ) . subfamily placements still remain uncertain for some species , as the subfamily classification of erebidae has so far been largely based on northern hemisphere genera . a number of species only occur in new zealand as migrants from australia ( genera achaea , anomis , eudocima , hypocala ) ; other australian species have become established ( the large dasypodia spp . , with larvae on acacia , pantydia sparsa , with larvae on a range of plants , and the geometrid - like artigisa melanephele , with larvae on fungi and dead wood ) . schrankia costaestrigalis is a common , near - cosmopolitan species ; being small and slender - bodied , it is often mistaken for a micro - moth . only two endemic erebid species are found in new zealand : the common rhapsa scotosialis , with larvae feeding on leaf - litter or hanging moss , and the less common trigonistis anticlina , a forest species whose larvae are unknown .\ntwo species of this family ( previously often treated as a subfamily of noctuidae ) are found in new zealand . larvae , as in arctiinae , have many secondary setae . the endemic nola parvitis is a rare species whose larvae feed on the endemic shrub helichrysum lanceolatum . the gum - leaf skeletoniser , uraba lugens , was accidentally introduced from australia and is now common in the northern north island , feeding on various myrtaceae , especially eucalyptus and lophostemon .\nthis is a huge worldwide family has about 140 named species in new zealand , which by world standards is an extremely limited fauna . adults have tympanal organs ( \u2018ears\u2019 ) on the metathorax , as do erebidae . it should be noted that the species of declana ( geometridae : ennominae ) resemble noctuidae superficially with their robust bodies and narrowish forewings .\nsubfamily amphipyrinae s . l . our two species of the endemic genus bityla are true amphipyrines , closely related to the northern hemisphere amphipyra . larvae of b . defigurata feed on muehlenbeckia vines ; adults overwinter . the life history of b . sericea is currently unknown . cosmodes is an unusual and striking endemic australian genus containing the single species c . elegans ; it occurs more or less regularly in new zealand , and probably breeds here at least temporarily . larvae feed on lobelia and verbena spp . proteuxoa is a large australian genus ; of the three species known from new zealand , one ( p . sanguinipuncta ) is a recent arrival , now well established . two species have been confused under the name proteuxoa comma , one of which may be undescribed , and both of which are thought to be endemic to new zealand , though closely related to australian species . proteuxoa species have larvae feeding on a range of herbaceous plants . the proper systematic placement of both proteuxoa and cosmodes remains to be determined ; they will probably be removed from amphipyrinae .\nsubfamily agaristinae . only the australian phalaenoides glycinae ( grapevine moth ) has been found in new zealand . the conspicuous black , white and red caterpillar feeds mainly on members of the plant family vitaceae ( including vitis , grapevine , and parthenocissus , virginia creeper ) , but is also recorded from other plants including cultivated fuchsia . formerly common in northern new zealand , this moth seems to have declined greatly here , and there have been few records ( if any ) in the last 10 years .\nsubfamily condicinae . only condica illecta ( formerly platysenta illecta ) has been recorded in new zealand , where it occurs rarely as an immigrant . overseas it is found in australia and throughout south - east asia and the pacific , where the larvae feed on various herbaceous plants in the family asteraceae .\nsubfamily heliothinae . the rare endemic heliothine australothis volatilis is known only from a few sites in central otago , where larvae feed on vittadinia ( asteraceae ) . adults are day - flying . our two species of helicoverpa are immigrant pest species ; h . armigera is by far the commoner species .\nthe large and highly enigmatic titanomis sisyrota is known only from ten specimens ( two of them lost ) , collected from scattered localities from the central north island to the southern south island . the last ( one of the lost specimens ) was collected in 1959 . the life history is unknown , but the very elongate , probing ovipositor of the female suggests that larvae are internal feeders . family placement of titanomis has never been satisfactorily resolved ; a recent published assignment to the micro - moth family glyphipterigidae is almost certainly incorrect , since morphology of the base of the abdomen suggests a more advanced position in ditrysia . extinction is a possibility , but as the moth has only ever been collected extremely rarely at long intervals , and was apparently widespread , it may well await rediscovery .\napart from unnamed species and species only recorded from the kermadecs , or only captured once in new zealand , there are a number of species of larger moth that are not represented in the image galleries . these fall into three categories :\n1 . species for which it proved impossible to find or borrow good enough specimens for photography . the following species are in this category : hepialidae : aoraia hespera , a . oreobolae ; geometridae : pseudocoremia hollyae , p . hudsoni , austrocidaria prionota , chloroclystis impudicis ; noctuidae : agrotis ceropachoides .\n2 . species of dubious taxonomic status , i . e . named species in unrevised groups that lack clear diagnostic features , that are not separated as species in nzac , and that require further taxonomic investigation . some may still prove to be valid species . the following species are currently in this category : geometridae : austrocidaria praerupta ( not distinguished from a . callichlora ) , dasyuris strategica , homodotis amblyterma , \u2018 hydriomena\u2019 canescens ( not distinguished from \u2018 h . \u2019 clarkei ) , notoreas galaxias , n . isoleuca , pasiphila acompsa , p . punicea , p . vieta , xanthorhoe lophogramma ( not distinguished from x . semifissata ) ; noctuidae : \u2018 aletia \u2019 cyanopetra ; \u2018 a . \u2019 probenota ( not distinguished from \u2018 a . \u2019 obsecrata ) ; ichneutica homerica ( not distinguished from holotype of i . cana , but an undescribed species is often called cana in collections ) ; meterana coctilis ( not distinguished from m . praesignis ) ; m . badia ( not distinguished from m . inchoata ) .\n3 . species for which no known specimen survives , and which have never been recognised since their original description : hepialidae : \u2018 porina \u2019 mairi ; geometridae : \u2018 hydriomena\u2019 iolanthe .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 2380, "summary": [{"text": "melacoryphus lateralis is a species of true bug , one of several called black-and-red seed bug .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "black and fringed with red and gray , some call it the charcoal seed bug , due to its resemblance to a dying ember .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "native to the deserts of western north american , they have a tendency to appear in large numbers in the late summer . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "melacoryphus lateralis", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for melacoryphus lateralis yet . learn how to contribute .\nthe wet winter has led to a proliferation of the charcoal seed bug , known scientifically as the melacoryphus lateralis .\nthe charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter .\nthe charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter . this collection is outside a shop in downtown palm springs .\nthe outside window ledge at starbucks in downtown palm springs is inundated with the charcoal seed bug , or melacoryphus lateralis . the bugs are abundant in the desert because of the wetter than usual winter .\nslater alex . 1988 . j . kansas entomol . soc . 308 > > note : transferred from neacoryphus > > melacoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485979\nmany started to notice the proliferation of the bug , known scientifically as the melacoryphus lateralis , a couple of weeks ago , amassed around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls .\nfor the past two months in the high - desert communities at the foot of the sierra nevada\u2019s eastern slopes , residents have seen an explosion of the fingernail - sized black - and - red seed bug species melacoryphus lateralis .\nsuch has been the skin - crawling reality for the past two months in the high - desert communities at the foot of the sierra nevada ' s eastern slopes , where residents have seen an explosion of the black - and - red seed bug species melacoryphus lateralis .\nslater , j . a . 1964 . a catalogue of the lygaeidae of the world . 134 - 135 > > melanocoryphus lateralis\ntorre - bueno , j . r . 1946 . ent . amer . > > note : ent . amer . 26 : 19 | | ( keyed ; fp . ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis\nashlock , p . d . & a . slater . 1988 . in henry & froeschner . catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs , of canada and the continental united states . 198 > > neacoryphus lateralis\nscudder , g . g . e . 1965 . proc . entomol . soc . brit . columbia 37 > > note : transferred from melanocoryphus > > neacoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485983\nvan duzee , e . p . 1917 . catalogue of the hemiptera of america north of mexico . berkeley : univ . calif . press . > > note : cat . hem . n . amer . , p . 155 . > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis\nstal , c . 1874 . enumeratio hemipterorum pt . 12 ( 1 ) : 1 - 186 > > note : enum . hem . 4 : 113 | | ( des . ) > > melanocoryphus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485981\nblatchley , w . s . 1926 . heteroptera or true bugs of eastern north america , with especial reference to the faunas of indiana & florida . indianapolis : nature publishing co . > > note : het . e . n . amer . , p . 348 | | ( syn . ) > > lygaeus lateralis\nvan duzee , e . p . 1916 . check list of the hemiptera ( excepting the aphididae , aleurodidae and coccidae ) of america , north of mexico . new york : n . y . ent . soc . > > note : list hem . n . amer . , p . 18 | | ( listed ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis\ndallas , w . s . 1852 . list of the specimens of hemipterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part . ii . 2 : 369 - 592 > > note : list hem . b . m . 2 : 550 ( o . d . ) > > lygaeus lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485980\ndistant , w . l . 1893 . vol . i . biol . cent . - amer . london ( v ) - xx , > > note : biol . cent . amer . hem . het . 1 : 187 | | ( col . fig . - dv ; var . nts . ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) lateralis urn : lsid : lygaeoidea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 485982\nbugs swarm at a service station in the eastern sierra nevada town of lone pine , california , aug . 14 , 2015 , in this photo provided by matthew hengst .\nlone pine , calif . - - the gas station ' s ground was covered with the small winged bugs . piles of carcasses , inches deep , sat swept to the sides .\non the road , they rained onto car windshields . they flew by the thousands toward even the smallest sources of light , and crept along windows and kitchen tables .\nthey ' re in everything . there ' s no way to get rid of them or eradicate them . they ' re just here ,\nsaid blair nicodemus , 33 , of lone pine , while driving with a bug creeping on his windshield .\nsometimes there will be these micro - plumes that ' ll come through where there will be just thousands of them , and they ' ll be all over you . . . . i ' m sure i ' ve eaten at least two dozen , because they get into your food .\nsuch outbreaks have happened in arizona ' s sonoran desert near tucson , but scientists say it ' s the first one they have record of in california .\nthe influx has been driven by a mild winter and monsoonal weather , which provided healthier vegetation for the nutrient - sucking bugs , said david haviland , an entomologist with the university of california cooperative extension in kern county .\nofficials announce new water restrictions as the california drought persists ; some consequences of which you probably anticipated , others you def . . .\nthe bugs ' flight into town and toward the lights in homes , businesses or cars , however , might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought , said nathan reade , agricultural commissioner for inyo and mono counties .\nthe fingernail - sized insects are the main topic of conversation in the area .\na printout in a hotel lobby in a lone pine motel warned people to keep their doors shut at night , and a hotel worker advised people to keep their car windows up if lights are on . a dollar general store in inyokern limited its store hours after dark to avoid dealing with the bugs .\nlia sensanbaugh of inyokern doesn ' t turn on her lights when at home .\ni ' ve got them real bad ,\nshe said .\ni ' ve been living off my tv light for about a month and a half .\ngas stations and rest areas along highway 395 - a roadway that crosses through sparsely populated and rural areas - are prime bug targets because of their lights . after dark , the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the pearsonville shell gas station ' s overhead lights .\nmillions , tens , twenty , we can ' t count it ,\ngas station owner soma praba said .\nat nighttime , if you go into the station , they ' ll follow . they go everywhere . they get on your body , your head .\neach morning praba ' s workers have spent three hours sweeping the ground and using a leaf blower to clear away piles of the bugs . around eight times a day , workers will sweep , discovering two hours later that the same amount of bugs are back , praba said with frustration .\nspraying insecticide hasn ' t helped , praba said , and exterminators have been equally stymied . the only reprieve seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires .\nwe are tired of it ,\npraba said .\ni am waiting for the first snow to come .\nat a lone pine gas station this week , the side of the building was covered with bugs , and a woman was hosing off the wall , despite the drought , said kathi hall , who owns the town ' s mt . whitney restaurant with her husband .\nridgecrest mayor peggy breeden said some people in town use umbrellas while getting gas because of the swarms overhead . she ' s fielded many dozens of concerned calls and never seen anything like this in her 33 years there .\nshe put together a notice this week to post around town explaining to visitors that the bugs are a harmless nuisance in the hopes that they ' ll return when the bugs die down .\nthat said , breeden joked ,\nif frogs come , we ' re all leaving .\n\u00a9 2015 the associated press . all rights reserved . this material may not be published , broadcast , rewritten , or redistributed .\ntwelve states in the u . s . have active volcanoes , according to united states geological survey\nthis was a real miracle for that the people were there . everything fell into place . i am so happy . glory to god for this\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 4 : hate rising ; cyber soldiers ; deadliest assignment ; climate refugees\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 3 : the nightmare scenario ; inside instagram ; disappearing down ' s ; risky business\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 2 : guns of chicago ; enemy of the state ; muslims love me\ncbsn : on assignment\nep . 1 : children of isis ; irobot ; made in america *\nchina only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone . that ' s why trump ' s trade war is futile\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nsubscribe today for full access on your desktop , tablet , and mobile device .\nthey love seeds but can be found around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls .\ntiny black bugs are taking over palm springs . here ' s why . they love seeds but can be found around bright porch lights , in the crevice around windows and clinging to exterior walls . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\none small insect alone isn\u2019t too creepy . but dozens , maybe even hundreds , swarmed together , can make the most composed person shudder .\nand with the infestation of the charcoal seed bug \u2014 a small black insect fringed with red \u2014 there seems to be a lot of cringing going on .\npalm springs resident shelli o\u2019rourke notices the insects congregating on the light right outside her front door . when she gets home at night she blocks them with her screen door and rushes in as fast as she can to get past them .\n\u201ci don\u2019t mind bugs , as long as they\u2019re not on me , \u201d she said .\nthe bug is attracted to the vegetation and seeds that have flourished as a result of the wetter than usual winter . lawns have benefited from the above average rainfall , but now , the desert is paying for it with a proliferation of the pesky pest .\n\u201cit\u2019s all a result of the rain ,\nsaid kurt m . leuschner , professor of entomology at college of the desert .\nthe rain triggered a lot of growth of plant life \u2026 and the seed bugs are loving it . \u201d\nand like most bugs , they are attracted to light which is why people are finding them around windows and on walls near fixtures .\npalm springs resident les alexander has encountered them at his home and at places he visits in downtown palm springs . while at starbucks on monday he couldn\u2019t help but snap a photo of the infestation around the restaurant ' s front window .\n\u201ci live in palm springs year round and frequent many different local restaurants , all of which have been experiencing these beetles , \u201d said alexander in an email . \u201cwe experienced this ourselves to the point we can\u2019t leave yard or pool lights on at home without being inundated with thousands of these little beetles . they are mostly gone by the early morning with only the weak , dead and dying left behind .\n\u201cthey\u2019re annoying but they\u2019re harmless . they technically could bite you but even if they did they wouldn\u2019t cause any harm , \u201d he said . \u201cthey ' re not after human flesh . \u201d\nleuschner advised people to be patient because they will soon disappear on their own .\nin the meantime , some downtown palm springs shops are keeping their lights at night to a minimum so they don ' t attract the bugs . in the mornings , they are also vigilant to sweep in front of their shops and around their windows .\n\u201cit should be over in a couple of weeks ,\nsaid leuschner .\nnow that things are drying up \u2026 they will soon die .\nthese sites are part of the usa today network . their content is produced independently from our newsrooms .\nkissing bugs ? and why are they congregating ? location : organ pipe cactus national monument , az july 29 , 2010 3 : 47 pm hi folks ! we have been noticing in recent weeks ( how could we not ? ! ) that these bugs have been congregating in large numbers on the park offices security gate around sunrise .\nthey somewhat resemble kissing bugs / assassin bugs in appearance but are much smaller than species we are familar with .\nswarms of love bugs intent to mate , in central florida , in the spring and summer . they do not bite , they land on you , slow moving , they are attracted to white . brushing them away agitates a swarm to come at you . very disgusting insect . do not think birds are interested in them . a rumor was that they are genetically modified critters .\nwe have numerous love bug postings on our site where this comment would have been more appropriate .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nnotify me of followup comments via e - mail . you can also subscribe without commenting .\nvirginia beach gift shop wtb ? mt . washington 10 most beautiful spiders nasty reader award top 10 household pests bug love bug of the month buggy accessories fanmail buggy life cycles milkweed meadow northern california bug humanitarian award snow bugs worst bug stories ever ! ! ! aquatic bugs food chain gardening blog calendar 2011 mysteries unnecessary carnage make my day buggy vocabulary words invasive exotics the big 5 virginia gems from our archives countdown 10 000 unidentified what ' s on my woody plant ? goldenrod meadow edible insects : tasty morsels wtb ? down under tomato bugs bug\nplease enter your username or e - mail address . you will receive a new password via e - mail .\nchoose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\n\u00a9 copyright 2006 - 2018 gatehouse media , llc . all rights reserved \u2022 gatehouse news\noriginal content available for non - commercial use under a creative commons license , except where noted . ridgecrest daily independent - ridgecrest , ca ~ 224 e . ridgecrest blvd . , ridgecrest , ca 93556 ~ privacy policy ~ terms of service\nchoose the plan that\u2019s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\n\u201cthey\u2019re in everything . there\u2019s no way to get rid of them or eradicate them . \u201d\ngas stations and rest areas along highway 395 are prime bug targets because of their lights .\nthis is the first outbreak of bug infestation in california on record . the influx of these insect swarms might be related to the drying up of native vegetation in the summer heat and the drought , said nathan reade , agricultural commissioner for inyo and mono counties .\ngas stations and rest areas along highway 395 \u2014 a roadway that crosses through sparsely populated and rural areas \u2014 are prime bug targets because of their lights . after dark , millions of the bugs swirl like surreal artwork below the pearsonville shell gas station\u2019s overhead lights .\nto the north , a different type of bug is infesting the site of the popular burning man counterculture festival in nevada\u2019s black rock desert . state officials are working to identify the green , coin - shaped insects swarming the outdoor venue and biting workers setting up for this year\u2019s event , which starts aug . 30 .\nentomologist jeff knight , with the nevada department of agriculture , said the unknown bugs aren\u2019t bloodsuckers and don\u2019t seem to pose a health risk . but the amount of biological control is really insignificant compared to the millions of insects that are out there . spraying insecticide hasn\u2019t helped and exterminators have been stymied . the bugs also have limited natural enemies : the only reprieve from the seed bugs seems to be a windy day and the recent smoke from fires .\ncalifornia , now entering 5 years of the worst drought on record with economic losses upward of $ 3 billion annually , is also burning at unprecedented rates over the same span of time beginning 2 years ago with the third worst wildfire in the state\u2019s history when 257 , 314 acres burned in and around yosemite . and now with the current drought conditions nearly 5 , 000 wildfires have already scorched a total of 117 , 960 acres this year , more than double the five - year average ; however that\u2019s not including the recent largest two fires with blazes that razed nearly 100 , 000 acres , in ( of all places ) northern california\u2019s jerusalem valley .\npestilence is the karma of arrogance which was brought upon oppressive , tyrannical rulers of ancient times according to judaic theology .\nenter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notice of new posts .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlygaeoidea species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\nuhler , p . r . 1872 . in : hayden , prelim . rep . u . s . geol . survey . mont . > > note : in hayden , rept . u . s . geol . surv . montana , p . 405 | | ( col . var . nts . ) ( part ) > > lygaeus facetus\nvan duzee , e . p . 1917 . catalogue of the hemiptera of america north of mexico . berkeley : univ . calif . press . > > note : cat . hem . n . amer . , p . 155 | | ( part ) > > lygaeus ( melanocoryphus ) facetus\nvan duzee , e . p . 1923 . proc . calif . acad . sci . ( ser . > > note : proc . cal . ac . sci . 12 : 11 : 137 | | ( fp . ) > > lygaeus facetus\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license ."]}
{"id": 2381, "summary": [{"text": "notiocampus ruber , the red pipefish , is a species of pipefish endemic to the indian ocean waters along the southern coast of australia and tasmania .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "it occurs at depths from 5 to 20 m ( 16 to 66 ft ) over the continental shelf .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 16.4 cm ( 6.5 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "notiocampus ruber", "paragraphs": ["there have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates for notiocampus ruber . further research is needed in order to determine population size and trends in abundance .\nnotiocampus ruber is an australian endemic species that occurs along the coast to 20 m depth from lucky bay , western australia , to port jackson , new south wales . the species also occurs in tasmania ( dawson 1985 ) .\ncitation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . notiocampus ruber in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 07 : 11 : 40 + 1000 .\ndawson , c . e . 1979 . the indo - pacific pipefish genera notiocampus gen . nov . and nannocampus gunther . proceedings of the biological society of washington 92 ( 3 ) : 482 - 493 .\nnotiocampus ruber inhabits coral and rocky reefs , filamentous and other red macroalgae , seagrass beds ( mcclatchie et al . 2006 ) . other pipefishes tend to feed on small planktonic and / or benthic crustaceans such as harpacticoid copepods , gammarid shrimps , and mysids , and it is quite likely that this species does the same ( kendrick and hyndes 2005 ) . the species is ovoviviparous , and males brood eggs in a pouch , probably under their tail , until giving birth to live young ( dawson 1985 ) . contrary to what is exhibited by most syngnathids , n . ruber tends to move in a rapid snake - like motion .\n( of nannocampus ruber ramsay & ogilby , 1886 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthere are no species - specific conservation actions in place for notiocampus ruber . the species is protected throughout its range by australia ' s environment protection and biodiversity conservation act ( 1999 ) . it is not listed in any international legislation or trade regulations . it ' s unknown whether the species occurs in any protected areas . most state governments in australia have or are working towards completing coastal regional management strategies . further research is needed to better understand this species ' habitats , ecology , population size , and threats .\njustification : notiocamnpus ruber is a southern australian endemic marine pipefish that inhabits rocky and coral reefs , algae , and seagrasses . the species is protected from exploitation throughout its range and is a generalist in that it utilizes several different habitat types . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .\ngreek , noton = back + greek , kampe = curvature ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 20 m ( ref . 5316 ) . subtropical\neastern indian ocean : southern australia , from western australia to new south wales and tasmania .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5316 )\noccurs in inshore waters of the continental shelf ( ref . 75154 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .\ndawson , c . e . , 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa . ( ref . 5316 )\n) : 16 . 3 - 21 . 2 , mean 18 ( based on 160 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00049 ( 0 . 00022 - 0 . 00111 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfor information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .\nlisted as least concern ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )\nkuiter , r . h . ( 2009 ) seahorses and their relatives . aquatic photographics , 216\nthe distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .\ncommonwealth of australia ( 2000c ) . declaration under section 248 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of marine species . f2008b00465 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .\nkuiter , r . h . ( 2009 ) . seahorses and their relatives . page ( s ) 333 . aquatic photographics , seaford , australia .\nanonymous ( 2009 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .\nepbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .\nthis database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nalthough this species has not been identified in trade , unidentified pipefishes have been observed in australian trade and are likely used for traditional medicine , but levels of offtake are likely low ( martin - smith and vincent 2006 ) . it ' s not clear whether this species is involved in this trade .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t65372435a115431108 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ni ' ve been searching high and low to find a pic of the red pipefish ( for i . d . purposes )\ni have 2 small red pipefish ( 2 and 2 . 5\n) and they do hide 99 % of the time .\nhmm , i ' ll check the sygnathid book at work . it ' s helmut debelius - - he ' s pretty good .\nnote the snout and other features , as well as the locale , southern australia and tasmania . definitely not him :\ncopy - and - paste the link in a separate window to see it full - sized ; nr automatically resizes it to fit the page well .\ncould be dunckerocampus baldwini , another common - named\nred - stripe pipefish\n. . . but it ' s endemic to hawaii . any chance the store where you got them knows if it ' s specified as hawaiian ? ( wholesalers * always * specify when something is from a locale other than indo - pacific , especially hawaii , australia , etc . )\nagain , copy - and - paste the link to see it full - size . and keep in mind that patterns can carry ; what strikes me is the shape of the face ; the pipefish species below it shows an excellent shot of the face / head .\nthanks caesar for taking the time to look , but its a no go on both .\nmy pipe is probably from asia . based on size , i think 10cm is about max .\nthe cosmocampus is the closest looking pipe , but my pipe has no tail / rear fin . it has a tail like an aligator pipe . i ' ve never seen them using it for hitching , but then again i ' ve never seen them swim . they just slither around the substraight like a snake .\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !"]}
{"id": 2385, "summary": [{"text": "anteater is a common name for the four extant mammal species of the suborder vermilingua ( meaning \" worm tongue \" ) commonly known for eating ants and termites .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the individual species have other names in english and other languages .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "together with the sloths , they are within the order pilosa .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name \" anteater \" is also colloquially applied to the unrelated aardvark , numbat , echidnas , pangolins and some members of the oecobiidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "extant species are the giant anteater myrmecophaga tridactyla , about 1.8 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) long including the tail ; the silky anteater cyclopes didactylus , about 35 cm ( 14 in ) long ; the southern tamandua or collared anteater tamandua tetradactyla , about 1.2 m ( 3 ft 11 in ) long ; and the northern tamandua tamandua mexicana of similar dimensions . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "anteater", "paragraphs": ["learn about the silky anteater ( cyclopes didactylus ) , the smallest anteater species .\nonline anteater . 2001 . giant anteater information , picture , links and more . online anteater . retrieved october 29 , 2007 .\nthere are three different species of anteater : the aardvark , the giant anteater and the pangolin .\nany of some other unrelated species that feed with ants , including pangolin ( scaly anteater ) , echidna ( spiny anteater ) , aardvark and numbat ( banded anteater ) .\nthe giant anteater ' s front feet have large claws , which are curled under when the giant anteater walks . although the giant anteater has poor vision the giant anteater is able to detect food using its keen sense of smell .\nthe giant anteater has the longest tongue in relation to its body size of any mammal , as displayed by this baby anteater .\nanteaters belong to the order \u2018pilosa\u2019 which also includes sloths . the giant anteater is the largest of the anteater species , hence its name . other anteater species include the silky anteater ( cyclopes didactylus ) and the collared anteater ( tamandua tetradactyla ) . giant anteaters can be found in forests and savannas throughout central and south america from belize to northern argentina but are more common in the south .\nhowever , it turns out that he has misidentified an anteater as a lion .\na giant anteater eats about 30 , 000 ants each day . the tamandua eat about 9 , 000 in a day , and the silky anteater can eat 5 , 000 in one day . the giant anteater and tamandua also consume termites .\nanteater range royalty free cliparts , vectors , and stock illustration . image 9677040 .\ndoing this allows the anteater to keep its claws out of the way while walking .\nthe plot involves a wicked anteater who is a constant threat to an ant colony .\nthe giant anteater ' s sense of smell is 40 times more powerful than ours .\nthe giant anteater is classified in animalia because it is multicellular , eukaryotic , and heterotrophic and digests its food in a stomach . the giant anteater is in the phylum chordata because it\u2019s a vertebrate and has a tail at the end of its body . being in the class mammalia means that the giant anteater has sweat glands and hair . being in the family myrmecophagide means that the giant anteater it is part of the anteater family .\nafter the two removed their pelts and submerged , the anteater jumped out of the water and stole the jaguar ' s pelt , leaving the jaguar with the anteater ' s pelt .\nthe term\nanteater\nis also colloquially applied to the mammals of diverse other groups , such as the echidna ( spiny anteaters ) of monotremata , the numbat ( banded anteater ) of marsupialia , the aardvark ( cape anteater ) of tubulidentia , and the pangolin ( scaly anteater ) of pholidota . however , these anteaters are not regarded as \u201ctrue anteaters . \u201d\nthe tongue of the anteater is the longest of any mammal in relation to body size .\nits name is a hint to one of its favorite foods , and you can ' t miss its long snout , but there ' s more to the story of the giant anteater ! this unique animal is the largest of the three anteater species ( the other two are the tamandua or lesser anteater and the silky anteater ) . the giant anteater is about the size of a golden retriever , but thick , bushy hair makes it look even bigger .\nthe giant anteater has the longest tongue in relation to its body size of any mammal .\ncan be bigger ( like the giant anteater that gets to nearly 2m long ) , where others can be smaller ( like the silky anteater that only grows to around 30 cm ) .\n, the giant anteater is not thought to be in immediate danger of extinction but recent reports indicate that there may be less than 5 , 000 giant anteater individuals left in the wild .\n, with a white - banded black stripe running along the giant anteater ' s body . the giant anteater also has a long , bushy tail which can be two to three feet long .\ngiant anteater with child , captive at the san diego zoo . image \u00a9 \u00a9 howard cheng .\nthe conservation status of the anteater is of near threatened . this means that there should be a\na human\u2019s sense of smell has nothing on the anteater . theirs is 40 times more powerful .\ngiant anteater pups spend the first year of life hitching a ride on their mothers ' backs .\nthe mother anteater carries her single offspring on her back for a considerable length of time after it is born , even though the young anteater is capable of a slow gallop four weeks after birth .\nsince giant anteaters have no teeth , mastication or\nchewing\nof food in the wild is likely aided along by pebbles and other debris the anteater swallows along with his or her protein - packed insect meal . once they are trapped by the sticky tongue and enter an anteater ' s digestive system , insects are mushed up against the anteater ' s hard palate , probably with the aid of the anteater ' s flexing jaws , and are further smashed in the anteater ' s very muscular stomach .\nthe secretion contains pinene , limonene and other high molecular weight compounds that deter the anteater from returning .\nin fact , evolution has produced several completely distinct lines of anteater - like species across the world that look similar and have the same general body functions , but there is only one true giant anteater .\nnaples , v . 1999 . morphology , evolution , and function of feeding in the giant anteater .\nexample of a giant anteater expressing the stereotypic behaviour , pacing . filmed in a zoo in england .\nat just 32 . 7\u00b0c , the giant anteater has the lowest body temperature of any terrestrial mammal .\ntwo genera and three species are in the family , consisting of the giant anteater , and the tamanduas .\nmyrmecophaga tridactyla , a giant anteater , captive at aalborg zoo , denmark . image \u00a9 2003 malene thyssen .\nadult anteaters are normally solitary . though they are generally not aggressive animals , when attacked they can defend themselves with the emission a shrill call ( as in silky anteater ) or with their saber\u2013like anterior claws ( as in giant anteater ) . an embrace by the giant anteater ' s powerful forelimbs can sometimes prove fatal .\nthe silky anteater is also called the pygmy anteater . the maximum head - to - tail length is 21 inches ( 52 centimeters ) . weight ranges from 6 to 13 ounces ( 175 to 357 grams ) .\nthe giant anteater is a prey item for pumas and jaguars . they have many weapons to protect themselves . when possible the anteater will gallop away from the predator . when confronted the anteater rises up on its tail and slashes at the predator . it has been seen that the anteaters claws can cut open a jaguar .\nthe giant anteater is also adept at swimming freestyle and uses the snout as a snorkel while doing so .\nthe giant anteater is the largest of the anteater species ( the others being the silky anteater and the tamandua ) . they measure between 40 and 48 inches ( 100 to 120cm ) . their large tail measures between 28 and 35 inches ( 70 and 90cm ) . they have a heavily elongated head which measures about 30cm .\nthe silky anteater and tamandua have prehensile tails that they use to grab and hold onto objects like trees . both species have soft , silky hair in contrast to the coarse ( rough ) fur of the giant anteater .\nhill preservation at one nest an anteater can consume a lot of ants in a short period of time . however , the anteater is carefully to never completely destroy the ant hill where he found his latest meal . if the hill was to be completely destroyed then a valuable food source would be gone forever . because of this , an anteater will only spend a few minutes at a particular hill . in addition the anteater is not immune to the stinging of the angry ants and termites . this also shortens the feeding time of the anteater ( 1 ) .\nthe anteater has a long snout , the part of the face that includes the nose , mouth , and jaw . while the anteater is toothless , it has a long tongue that it uses to catch the ants that make up the major part of its diet . the anteater uses its snout and claws to reach into ant nests . long hair on the anteater ' s body is a protection against bites from the ants that they hunt and eat .\nthe anteater has a long snout , the part of the face that includes the nose , mouth , and jaw . while the anteater is toothless , it has a long tongue that it uses to catch the ants that make up the major part of its diet . the anteater uses its snout and claws to reach into ant nests . long hair on the anteater ' s body is a protection against bites from the ants that they hunt and eat . the anteate\u2026\nsilky anteater ( cyclopes didactylus ) extending its long , narrow tongue , which it uses to capture and ingest prey .\nwatch an anteater dine on termites , rooting out larvae with its 16 - inch ( 41 - centimeter ) tongue .\nto drink , an anteater may dig for water when no surface water is available , creating waterholes for other animals .\nthe giant anteater has a very keen sense of smell that is about 40 times stronger than humans . the anteater uses it ' s long , keen nose to sniff out it prey . once it finds the unsuspecting ant or termite hill and uses its claws to tear it apart , sending the little insects into a frenzy and easily eaten up . the anteater uses its tongue to flick the ants into its mouth where the anteater sticky saliva keep the ants from getting away .\nanteaters have generally poor hearing and eyesight , but a very good sense of smell . in fact , the sense of smell in the giant anteater is regarded to be some 40 times stronger than that of humans ( online anteater 2001 ) .\nanteater develops and delivers software for the floriculture sector . we are specialized in eab - software for suppliers , software to send electronic delivery notes to the auctions . on this website you will find all information about our products and you can order and download them . current customers can get information and support on the anteater forum . read more about anteater . . .\nthe two remained close friends ever since , occasionally solving mysteries , including an adventure involving an anteater and an aluminum violin .\nother animals grew larger owing to more of their favoured nutrition being available : these include the giant anteater and the pangolin .\nmyrmecophaga - three separate species of anteaters make up the family myrmecophaga ; the giant anteater being the largest of the three .\nthe author\u2019s latest study involved sampling 29 anteater specimens that had died in veterinary hospitals , or were collected as roadkill , from three species : the giant anteater , the southern tamandua , and the silky anteater . after examining the tongues in various ways and under a microscope , they observed an oval - shaped cross section of a long , narrow tongue . the part furthest from the skull was covered in bumpy protrusions , and the front part was rounded and smooth . the southern tamandua and the giant anteater\u2019s tongues had conical tips that made them look like , well , penises ( the silky anteater did not ) .\nthe anteater has an extremely long tongue that can reach distances of up to 2 feet beyond the end of its snout . anteater tongues are covered in tiny barbs and thick , sticky saliva . the barbs and saliva help the anteater to collect as many ants as possible on its tongue . a giant anteater is capable of eating around 30 , 000 ants in a single day thanks to highly - adapted tongue that can be projected and withdrawn at a rate of around 150 times per minute .\nthe tongue the anatomy and physiology of the anteater is tongue is very unique and tailored especially to the needs of the anteater . the anteater tongue is about 16 to 24 inches long and slender . covering the tongue is backward pointing spines . these spines along with adhesive saliva help the anteater to quickly flick up ants and termites with minimal stinging occurring ( 2 ) . the giant anteater can flick it ' s tongue as much as 150 times a minute . there is a bone found in the upper throat of most mammals called the hyoid bone . one of the roles of this bone is to serve as an attachment site for various muscles . in anteaters , this bone has a unique arrangement , which allows the anteater tongue to extend considerably . additionally , joints around the hyoid bone allow for the anteater to have a wide range of motion with its tongue ( 3 ) .\nthey believe women who touched anteater masks or men who stumbled while wearing them would die or receive some sort of physical disorder .\nthe above phylogenetic tree was self created . many of the branching points are far more complicated than this , but due to limited space and time , i only included the branches important in the classification of the giant anteater . common name : giant anteater .\ncanadian museum of nature ( cmn ) . 2007 . giant anteater . canadian museum of nature . retrieved october 29 , 2007 .\nhabitat : the giant anteater lives on the ground in nearly treeless grasslands and in forests . they also range in wetland swamps .\nthe giant anteater and its habitat are threatened by agricultural encroachment and fires , both natural and man - made ( 3 ) .\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the anteater article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nthe silky anteater is a native of the hottest area in tall humid forests , and is exclusively arboreal and nocturnal in its habits .\nby filming this animal , the researchers have been able to describe the unique spiny anteater erection and ejaculation behaviour for the first time .\nthe young anteater initially shelters in a nest in a hollow tree , but later moves about by clinging to its mother ' s back .\nan interesting aspect about the anteater is that doesn ' t have teeth . instead , debris often naturally makes it way into the anteater mouth in the process of flicking up the ants . this debris is used to aid in\nchewing\nup the insects ( 1 ) .\nthe giant anteater and tamanduas constitute the family myrmecophagidae , which means \u201cant - eating\u201d in latin , whereas the silky anteater is classified in a family of its own , cyclopedidae . together the two families make up the anteater suborder , vermilingua ( literally \u201cworm - tongue\u201d in latin ) . anteaters , along with sloths , are placed within the mammalian order pilosa of the magnorder xenarthra . a number of animals unrelated to the myrmecophagids are also called anteaters . the banded anteater ( see numbat ) , for example , is a marsupial . the scaly anteater ( see pangolin ) was formerly grouped with xenarthrans in an order called edentata , but it has since been assigned to its own separate order . the short - beaked echidna is often called a spiny anteater , but this animal is even more distantly related ( see monotreme ) . the african aardvark also belongs to a different mammalian order , yet , like the anteater , it has a tubular muzzle for eating ants and is sometimes called an antbear .\ngiant anteater is the common name for the largest species of anteater , myrmecophaga tridactyla , characterized by a long , narrow , tapered snout without teeth , very long tongue , long and bushy tail , and five digits on each foot , including four with claws on the forefeet and five with claws on the hindfeet . the giant anteater is found in central and south america . it is the only species in the myrmecophaga genus .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - giant anteater feeding on termites\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - giant anteater feeding on termites\ntitle =\narkive video - giant anteater feeding on termites\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe photograph in question , above , was taken by brazilian wildlife photographer marcio cabral and features an anteater feasting on a termite mound at night .\nwhat made you want to look up anteater ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nwhile the giant anteater has five digits on each foot , their first digit is reduced and the second and third digits exhibit the long claws .\nindigenous people in the amazon basin view the giant anteater as a trickster to the jaguar and humorous figure due to the length of their snout .\nthe anteater feeds mainly on a diet of insects and termites . anteaters will find a nest of ants or termites and then begin to dig down into this . they can then remove the ants from the nest . up to 15 , 000 ants may be eaten by one anteater each day .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - giant anteater ( myrmecophaga tridactyla )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - giant anteater ( myrmecophaga tridactyla )\ntitle =\narkive species - giant anteater ( myrmecophaga tridactyla )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwhen it was first discovered , it was originally thought to be an anteater , as it lacked the characteristic fused - hair scales of other pangolins .\n3 . naples , v . l . ( 1999 ) . morphology , evolution and function of feeding in the giant anteater ( myrmecophaga tridactyla ) .\nthe giant anteater can be found in a number of locations including : south america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nthe anteater is mainly terrestrial , but is capable of climbing and is a strong and capable swimmer . it may be nocturnal or diurnal . in the wild , the giant anteater is primarily nocturnal or active at night near human settlements and diurnal or active during the day elsewhere . the giant anteater does not sleep in any fixed place , instead curling up in abandoned burrows and hollows . it covers its body with its long , bushy tail to sleep .\nanteaters are not aggressive but they can be fierce . a cornered anteater will rear up on its hind legs , using its tail for balance , and lash out with dangerous claws . the giant anteater ' s claws are some four inches long , and the animal can fight off even a puma or jaguar .\nthe female produces one offspring per birth . during much of its first year of life , a young anteater will ride on its mother ' s back .\nthe giant anteater , myrmecophaga tridactyla , is one of four extant species belonging to the suborder vermilingua and technically known as anteaters . the other three are cyclopes didactylus ( pygmy or silky anteater ) , tamandua tetradactyla ( southern tamandua , collared anteater , or lesser anteater ) , and tamandua mexicana ( northern tamandua ) . all four species are truly toothless mammals of south and central america that are highly specialized for feeding on ants and termites from their nest hills . they are characterized by a long tubular and tapered snout , very long worm\u2013shaped tongue , and strong forelimbs with very sharp , long , and backwardly hooked claws .\nthe giant anteater is generally acknowledged to have a keen sense of smell , used to locate ants , but is thought to have poor sight and hearing .\nthe giant anteater ' s claws curl up into their feet when they walk , in order to keep their claws from wearing down and losing their sharpness .\n, and we\u2019ve had them on and off over the years since . we welcomed the first birth of a baby giant anteater at our zoo in 1980 .\na giant anteater is not immune to ant bites , so it feeds at an ant or termite colony for just a minute or so before moving on .\nalso known as the two - toed , pygmy , or dwarf anteater , the silky anteater ( cyclopes didactylus ) is the smallest and least - known member of the family . the silky anteater is found from southern mexico southward to bolivia and brazil . it is not rare but is difficult to spot because it is nocturnal and lives high in the trees . it is also exquisitely camouflaged , its silky yellowish coat matching both the colour and the texture of fibrous seed masses produced by the silk - cotton tree ( see kapok ) . during the day the silky anteater rests amid clumps of tropical vines ( see liana ) .\nto cite this page for personal use : \u0093giant anteater\u0094 . [ online ] . natural history notebooks . canadian museum of nature . last updated ( web site consulted\nzookeeper amy heath has recruited a special teddy - bear to take on the role of surrogate mum to zsl london zoo\u2019s newest arrival ; a tiny baby anteater .\ninsects such as termites , ants , beetles , insect larvae ; occasionally fruit . the giant anteater fulfills it ' s need for water by licking wet vegetation .\ngiant anteater pups have a 50 percent mortality rate in the first three months of life . they are very susceptible to pneumonia and other health - related problems .\nthe giant anteater is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .\nthe anteater family includes three genera ( jen - uh - rah ) and four species . a genus ( jee - nus ) , the singular of genera , is a group of animals with similar characteristics . size is the primary difference in each anteater genus , and that difference is represented in the animals ' common names .\nand can be five to seven feet long from nose to tail . the giant anteater has a narrow head , a long nose , small eyes and round ears .\nthe anonymous third party provided the museum with photos of a stuffed anteater featured in an exhibit outside a visitor center at the same park where cabral shot his image .\nthe giant anteater is able to adapt to a variety of different environments . they are able to live in grassland areas , the rainforest , and deciduous forest locations .\nthe following habitats are found across the giant anteater distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\nthe most conspicuous distinctive mark of all anteater species is their long snout and their extremely long tongue , the average tongue ranges from 20 to 23 inches in length .\nother anteater species in the myrmecophagidae family are the semi - arboreal tamandua and the completely arboreal silky anteater . both are much smaller , and have smaller snouts , though they are similar in general shape . the anteaters are all also related to two - toed and three - toed sloths , which are part of the edentate family bradypodidae .\nthe giant anteater is particularly well developed for feeding . it locates its prey in the wild using its excellent sense of smell . once an anteater has found an appealing\nsnack bar\nit utilizes its powerful forelegs and sharp claws to rip an ant / termite hill open . it then uses its long snout and tongue to scoop out termites and ants from their nests . at any one stop , a giant anteater will munch down a few thousand insects in just a few minutes . that ' s fast eating ! to accommodate the pace , an anteater ' s tongue has to move very rapidly into the nest and back into the mouth . in fact , a giant anteater ' s tongue , which is attached by muscles to the sternum , can be flicked in and out of the mouth 150 - 160 or more times a minute !\nshe puts the giant in giant anteater . the fluffy , striped , long - nosed , golden retriever - sized animal has been at the zoo since 2002 . . .\nowen considered the animal might have been an insect - eater , breaking open termite nests like an anteater , but it is now known to have been herbivorous in its habits .\nthe tongue is covered in backward - curving papillae and coated in thick , sticky saliva secreted from its enlarged salivary glands , which allows the anteater to collect insects with it .\nfrom head to tail , the giant anteater measures a total of 110 inches ( 280 centimeters ) , and weighs from 48 to 88 pounds ( 22 to 39 kilograms ) .\nrain forest conservation fund . 2001 .\nrainforest conservation fund : species data for giant anteater\n( on - line ) . accessed 02 / 02 / 03 at urltoken .\nthe spiny anteater , however , is notoriously difficult to observe in the wild and shows little enthusiasm for breeding in captivity , so nobody had managed to observe them ejaculate before .\n, which can be as long as 60 cm ( 24 inches ) in the giant anteater . anteaters live alone or in pairs ( usually mother and offspring ) and feed mainly on\nfacts also known as : giant anteater , ant bear conservation status : near threatened location : south and central america lifespan : 15 years in the wild . 26 years in captivity .\ngiant anteaters are specialist carnivorous predators of termites and ants . they detect anthills and termite mounds with their acute sense of smell . when they have located their prey , the anteater digs open the nest with its huge , sharp claws . the anteater then inserts its very long tongue into the nest and extracts the insects which are then placed in the digestive system .\nthe researchers have also observed that hundreds of sperm team up to form bundles that swim much faster than individual sperm in the spiny anteater\u2019s semen \u2013 another possible adaptation for sperm competition .\nthe giant anteater frequents low swampy savannas , along the banks of rivers , and the depths of the humid forests , but is not abundant anywhere . it lives above ground , not burrowing underground like armadillos or aardvarks or up trees like other anteaters . the species is nocturnal when living near humans , but away from population centers it is active during the day . the giant anteater has no fixed home . each night , a giant anteater finds a secluded spot and curls up to sleep , with its long bushy tail covering its head and body .\nbehold , the taxidermied anteater , which does look suspiciously like the one from the final photo : cabral continues to claim that his image was authentic , though the judges are wholly unconvinced .\neukarya - the cells of the giant anteater , like all other eukaryotes , have a true nucleus which contains genetic information , and the organelles within the cells are surrounded by a membrane .\nthe giant anteater spends a great deal of its time eating every single day . as you can tell from the name , they consume large amounts of ants . they also consume termites .\nthe female produces one offspring per birth after a gestation period of around 190 days ( for giant anteaters ) . during much of its first year of life , a young anteater will ride on its mother ' s back ( or tail in the case of the silky anteater ) , though the baby anteater is capable of a slow gallop four weeks after birth ( mcdonald 1997 ) . giant anteaters rarely make sounds . they do it mostly when they are young ; the sound is a high - pitched , shrilly grunt noise . a baby that has fallen off his mother ' s back will grunt to its mother either to remind her that it has fallen off or to simply instruct her where it is or to get her attention ( online anteater 2001 ) .\nhabitat the anteater is extensively distributed in south and central america , frequenting low swampy savannas , along the banks of rivers , and the depths of the humid forests , but is nowhere abundant .\nthe giant anteater has a long , tubular snout without any teeth whatsoever . it feeds on ants and termites , which it catches thanks to its long , prickly tongue and its sticky saliva .\nthe anteater only feeds at one mound for about a minute before moving on . after all , the animal doesn ' t want to totally wipe out its source of food ! with a mouthful of delicious insects , the anteater crushes them against the roof of the mouth , and its very muscular stomach further pulverizes the food . anteaters may also lick at fallen fruit and eat soft grubs .\nxenarthra - this order is classified by animals that have little or no teeth at all . in the case of the giant anteater , no teeth are present at any point during their life cycle .\nonce upon a time there was an anteater named pablo . pablo the anteater had a family ; he was the youngest of the bunch . his older sister\u2019s name was rosita and his older brother\u2019s name was jorge . when pablo and his sibling were very young , their mother was in a tragic accident with a puma . now the three young anteaters live with their mother\u2019s sister , aunt ether .\nanteaters have an acute sense of smell which helps them to locate anthills and even allows them to tell what type of ant is inside it . the wet , black nose is located on the end of the anteater\u2019s long , pointed snout . the position of the nose is useful for locating food and it also helps the anteater to hold its nose above the surface of the water when swimming .\nthe giant anteater lives in different habitats , including savannahs , grasslands , swampy areas , dry woods and rainforests . it looks for food in open areas , but rests in areas covered with trees .\nthe anteater will fold its claws up under their hands . by walking on their fists they keep the claws sharp so that they can keep these sharp for digging open ants nests and defending themselves .\nat 32 . 7 o c the anteater\u2019s body temperature is the one of the lowest for a mammal . it is believed this is an adaption to the low amount of calories in their diet .\nthe two anteaters of the genus tamandua , the southern tamandua ( t . tetradactyla ) and the northern tamandua ( t . mexicana ) , are much smaller than the giant anteater , only about 3 feet ( 90 cm ) long . the usual color is yellowish white , with a broad black lateral band , covering nearly the whole of the side of the body . each anteater has short hair .\nthe silky anteater is only about 14 inches ( 35 cm ) long , nearly about the size of a rat . it is of a general yellowish color . its silky golden fur makes it resemble the seed pods of the silk cotton tree . both the tamanduas and the silky anteater possess partially prehensile tails for helping them in their arboreal life . thus , the undersides of their tails lack hair .\na brand new program will be added to the anteater software : greenfinger . at the moment we ' re in development , and testing with several dutch suppliers . an english version of greenfinger will follow .\nthe giant anteater lives in the rainforest and the grass lands of south america . they are very dependent on their environment , since their body temperature is very low , only between 32 and 35 \u00b0f .\na number of unrelated mammals are often misnamed or mistaken for anteaters ; they include the aardvark , echidna , armadillo , pangolin , and numbat (\nbanded\nanteater ) , which is a marsupial .\nthe giant anteater is one of only two taxa of mammals without any teeth even in a mature state ( the pangolins comprising the other ) . an anteater instead crushes insects it consumes using hard growths found on the inside of its mouth , and its muscular stomach . sand and small rocks have also been found in anteaters ' stomachs , suggesting that these are ingested to aid digestion ( possible gastroliths ) .\nusing its keen sense of smell to track ants , the giant anteater walks with a shuffle , bearing its weight on the sides and knuckles of its forefeet . when harried , it is capable of a clumsy gallop . the giant anteater is also a good swimmer . it does not seem to use dens or other resting places on a permanent basis but chooses instead a secluded spot where it can curl up to rest , with its huge tail covering both its head and its body . females bear a single offspring after a gestation period of about 190 days . a young anteater looks identical , except in size , to an adult , and , from two or three weeks following birth until it is about a year old , it rides on its mother\u2019s back as she travels . the home ranges of individual anteaters living in the llanos overlap and can cover more than 2 , 500 hectares ( 6 , 000 acres ) . the giant anteater is the longest - lived anteater ; one in captivity reportedly survived 25 years .\nthe anteater uses its sharp claws to tear an opening into an anthill and put its long snout and efficient tongue to work . but it has to eat quickly , flicking its tongue up to 160 times per minute . ants fight back with painful stings , so an anteater may spend only a minute feasting on each mound . anteaters never destroy a nest , preferring to return and feed again in the future .\nthe giant anteater is classed as \u2018near threatened\u2019 by the iucn . as anteaters are placid creatures they are preyed upon by large cats such as pumas and jaguars . however , a cornered anteater will ride up on its hind legs , using its tail for support and use its long claws which are 4 inches long , to fight off the attacker . anteaters are also hunted in south america for fur and food .\ngiant anteaters are terrestrial . unlike other anteater species , adult giant anteaters only rarely climb trees . instead , its powerful forearms and prominent claws are used primarily for digging and ripping in the search for food .\nthe anteater\u2019s mouth is narrow , tube - like and toothless . this mouth allows its long , thin tongue to flick in and out quickly and efficiently . anteaters have specialized stomachs that grind up ants with powerful muscles and dissolve them in strong acids . the anteater\u2019s specialized stomach prevents the animal from needing teeth to break down its food and allows large amounts of food to be consumed by swallowing it whole without chewing .\nanteater is the common name for truly toothless mammals of south and central america that are highly specialized for feeding on ants and termites from their nest hills . the term technically is restricted to four living species of the suborder vermilingua , namely the pygmy or silky anteater ( cyclopes didactylus ) of family cyclopedidae , the giant anteater ( myrmecophaga tridactyla ) , and lesser anteaters ( tamandua tetradactyla and t . mexicana ) of family myrmecophagidae . according to the mammalian classification of mckenna and bell ( 1997 ) , sloths and the suborder vermilingua together comprise the order pilosa , which in turn comes under the superorder xenarthra ( edenta ) with the armadillos .\nthe giant anteater is a very unique looking creature , and it is the largest of all anteaters in the world . it is one creature that doesn\u2019t get confused with any others due to the way it looks !\nas their name suggests , giant anteaters mostly feed on ants . they will also dine on other insects , including grubs and termites . a single anteater may eat as many as 30 , 000 ants per day .\nmammalia - all mammals have either hair or fur , are endothermic , and have mammary glands that make lactation possible . specifically , the giant anteater belongs to a group of mammals called the the eutheria or placental mammals .\ntoday , lucy shares an exhibit with a male anteater named orion near skyfari west , next to the mountain lions . since breeding is unlikely due to lucy ' s age , this is more of a companion pairing .\nthe range of the giant anteater once extended from belize ( where it now thought to be possibly extinct ) to north west argentina , but numbers have declined throughout most of its range resulting in scattered , isolated populations . the main threats to the giant anteater is habitat loss by agricultural encroachment , especially in central america . fire is a particular problem for grassland populations . they are also hunted throughout their range both for food and as a pest species .\nthough these so called anteaters and the true anteaters belong to unrelated groups of mammals from widely separated geographical regions ( spiny anteaters and banded anteater from australia , cape anteater from africa , scaly anteater from asia , and true anteaters from south and central america ) , all of them have undergone similar morphological as well as behavioral adaptation for the common habit of feeding on ants and termites . this is the evidence of the fact that utilization of the same niche anywhere takes place by similar animals with homologous or analogous organs . in another words , the body of animals are purposefully designed according to their habit and habitat or their purpose , no matter where they come from or what they are .\nbut separate from the tongue , casali is most impressed with the anteater\u2019s tubular skull , which is specialized for the skinny tongue\u2019s movement . in fact , the whole animal seems to be adapted for its bug - eating purpose , ripping up ant nests with its strong arms , punching holes with its claws , and sticking its spaghetti tongue into the holes it made . the tongue even has horns that can help grab ants and termites while the anteater explores nests .\nthese example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' anteater . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .\nbehaviour the giant anteater is a very solitary animal . this means that it will not interact with any other animals , including other anteaters . there is an exception for mating season , when the anteaters meet together to find mating pairs .\nthe anteater rips open a termite or ant hill with its clawed hand and works its tubular snout into the opening , sticking its long , worm\u2013shaped tongue down into the heart of the colony . as the insects swarm to the damaged part of their dwelling , it draws them into its mouth by means of its flexible , rapidly moving tongue covered with sticky saliva . a full\u2013grown giant anteater eats upwards of 30 , 000 ants and termites a day ( cmn 2007 ) .\nthe giant anteater walks with a very peculiar type of gait . this is due to the fact that they walk on their knuckles . they have a tongue that may grow up to 2 feet in length but it is very slender .\nif threatened , the typically non - vocal giant anteater may make a bellowing noise . additionally , they will often rear up on their hind quarters and swipe with their ( up to ) 10 cm ( 4 in . ) long foreclaws .\nas an outcome of their diet and lifestyle , anteaters have relatively low metabolic rates . as a stark example , the giant anteater has the lowest recorded body temperature of any placental mammal - 32 . 7\u00b0 c ( 90 . 9\u00b0f ) .\nthe spiny anteater ( tachyglossus aculeatus ) , also known as the short - beaked echidna , is a primitive mammal found in australia and new guinea . like the platypus , it is a monotreme , laying eggs instead of bearing live young .\nthe giant anteater ( myrmecophaga tridactyla ) , sometimes called the ant bear , is the largest member of the anteater family and is best known in the tropical grasslands ( llanos ) of venezuela , where it is still common . it was once found in the lowland forests of central america and still lives in the amazon basin southward to the grasslands of paraguay and argentina . gray with a diagonal white - bordered black stripe on each shoulder , the giant anteater attains a length of about 1 . 8 metres ( 6 feet ) , including the long bushy tail , and weighs up to 40 kg ( 88 pounds ) . this ground dweller is mainly diurnal , but in areas near human settlement it is most active at night .\nunlike the giant anteater , the lesser anteater , or tamandua ( genus tamandua ) , is arboreal as well as terrestrial . the two tamandua species are similar in size\u2014about 1 . 2 metres ( 4 feet ) long , including the almost - hairless prehensile tail , which is used for climbing . they are often tan with a blackish \u201cvest\u201d around the shoulders and on the body , but some are entirely tan or entirely black . tamanduas have shorter fur and proportionately shorter muzzles than giant anteaters .\nthe giant anteater ' s species name , tridactyla , comes from\ntri\nand\ndactylos ,\nwhich are greek words for\nthree fingers\n. however , the giant anteaters actually have five toes on each paw ( the fifth is vestigial ) . the name probably came about because only three of the front toes have prominent claws and can be easily seen . the giant anteater walks clumsily on the soles of its back feet and on the in\u2013turned claws of its front feet .\nthe bizarre sex life of the spiny anteater has been exposed by researchers \u2013 the male ejaculates using only one half of its penis . new findings about the creature\u2019s sex life may seem salacious but they could help shed light on an evolutionary mystery .\ngiant anteaters tend to pursue the larger bodied social insects , while tamanduas and silky anteaters tend to prey on smaller insect fare . such dietary segmentation allows for different anteater species to co - exist in the same region without being in direct predatory competition .\nthen steve johnston of the university of queensland in gatton , australia , and his colleagues inherited a male spiny anteater that was not so shy . the creature had been \u0091retired\u2019 from a zoo as it produced an erection when being handled at public viewing sessions .\nthe giant anteater has a long , thin head , small eyes , rounded ears , and a bushy and long ( but not prehensile ) tail . the worm - like tongue can extend more than 0 . 6 meters ( 2 feet ) and has a width of only 12 . 5 millimeters ( 0 . 5 inch ) . the anteater can cover its tongue in a sticky saliva , allowing it to trap ants , and the tongue can be extended and withdrawn up to 150 times per minute . the giant anteater , pangolins , and tube - lipped nectar bat , while only distally related , all have tongues that are detached from their hyoid bone and extend past their pharynx deep into the thorax ( muchala 2006 ) . this extension lies between the sternum and the trachea .\nanteaters are very good animals . they somehow pull off the whole \u201cslurp up ants with their sticky , noodly , bendy straw tongues\u201d so confidently you forget how weird that is . and scientists agree that , yes , anteater tongues are weird . but they\u2019re also understudied .\nthe giant anteater is covered with stiff , straw - like hair , which grows up to 40 centimeters ( 15 . 7 inches ) long on the tail . young have soft hair until they are mature . the giant anteater ' s prevailing color is gray or brown , with a broad black band , bordered with white , starting on the chest , and passing obliquely over the shoulder , diminishing gradually in breadth as it approaches the loins , where it ends in a point . all have this diagonal black and white shoulder stripe .\nall anteaters are believed to be solitary , only meeting up to breed . they are thought to be polygynous ( puh - lih - juh - nus ) , meaning males mate with more than one female . after giant anteaters mate , the male leaves , but the male silky anteater helps to feed its young while it ' s in the nest . the gestation period , the amount of time before the female gives birth , is 120 to 150 days for silky anteaters and tamandua . the giant anteater gives birth after about 190 days .\nanother adaptation of the giant anteater is their behaviour . they have an extremely strong sense for smelling their prey . the anteaters are able to smell 40 times better than humans can . this enables them to smell ants or termites from a long distance even up to several miles .\nof the four different anteater species , the giant anteater is by far the largest . its body can reach lengths of four feet ( 1 . 2 m ) and it can grow to two feet ( 0 . 6 m ) long . the giant anteater has an elongated snout and a very bushy tail . the coarse , dense fur that covers its body is mostly dark brown or black but it has white forelegs with black bands around its wrists and a wide band of black fur stretches across its chest and all the way to the middle of its back . this stripe is bordered by a thin line of white , gray or light brown fur . its tongue is an impressive two feet long , and half an inch wide . it is covered with sticky saliva that helps it to pick up the insects that it eats , including termites and ants . giant anteaters have large front claws and powerful forelegs that allow them to break open termite mounds in a single swipe and make them a formidable opponent to predators . in a few instances , a giant anteater has killed a puma or jaguar while defending itself against attack .\nanteaters are edentate animals\u2014they have no teeth . but their long tongues are more than sufficient to lap up the 35 , 000 ants and termites they swallow whole each day . the giant anteater can reach 7 feet long from the tip of its snout to the end of its tail .\nthe giant anteater is very solitary and it does well taking care of its own needs . it will usually only interact with others during mating and when there are young to care for . they are able to search for and then to tear into the mounds of termites and ants ."]}
{"id": 2390, "summary": [{"text": "lachnocnema luna , the druce 's large woolly legs , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ghana ( the volta region ) , eastern nigeria , cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo , the north-eastern part of the democratic republic of the congo , uganda and north-western tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "larvae have been recorded on cassia alata .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they fed on the secretions of immature ant-attended membracids and on membracids and jassids . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "lachnocnema luna", "paragraphs": ["lachnocnema , commonly called woolly legs , is a genus of butterfly in the family lycaenidae found mainly in sub - saharan africa .\nlibert , m . 1996 contribution a l ' etude des lycaenidae africains - revision du genre lachnocnema trimen ( lepidopter lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 96 , 185 - 202 , 367 - 386 , 479 - 500 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nolder records of the species are not trustworthy because of much recent revisionary work on the genus by libert ( 1996 ) .\nis a somewhat elusive butterfly within its huge extent of occurrence ( eoo ) that stretches from ghana\u2019s volta region through nigeria and cameroon to the drc , uganda and northwestern tanzania . the known area of occupancy ( aoo ) is limited by the fact that the species is rarely met with in nature and little is known about its habits . however , this genus is generally elusive and the area of occupancy is almost certainly larger than currently known based on the huge eoo . even with a lack of understanding about the threats this species may face , it must be classified as least concern .\nlarsen ( 2005 ) describes this as a scarce species . whether this is due to the habits of the species or genuine rarity is unclear .\nthe species is mainly found in and around forest clearings and edges but very little is known about it .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan african genus to which many species have been added recently due to the revision of libert ( 1996 ) .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2391, "summary": [{"text": "allopathes is a genus of corals in the family antipathidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is characterized by several long stems protruding from a short , thick base with spines arranged vertically around the stem .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its polyps are arranged in a single row that run the length of the coral .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "this genus was initially a subgenus of cirrhipathes and stichopathes , although it also displayed similarities to antipathes verticillata .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "however , the presence of branched growth forms excludes it from stichopathes or cirrhipathes and the unique morphology of its spines meant that it could not be included in allopathes .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "because they seemed to have a combination of characteristics of different genera , the two species in question , allopathes desbonni and allopathes robillardi were given their own genus .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the name comes from the greek \" allos - \" , meaning \" other \" and \" - pathes \" , referring to its taxonomic relationship to other genera in antipathidae . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "allopathes", "paragraphs": ["opresko , d . m . 2003 . a new species of allopathes ( cnidaria : antipatharia ) from the eastern atlantic . zool . verh . leiden 345 : 275 - 280 [ details ]\nopresko , d . m . & cairns , s . d . ( 1994 ) . description of the new genus allopathes ( cnidaria : antipatharia ) and its type species cirripathes desbonni . proc . biol . soc . wash . 107 : 185 - 192 . [ details ]\n( of antipathes robillardi bell , 1891 ) opresko , d . m . & cairns , s . d . ( 1994 ) . description of the new genus allopathes ( cnidaria : antipatharia ) and its type species cirripathes desbonni . proc . biol . soc . wash . 107 : 185 - 192 . page ( s ) : 185 [ details ]\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\n( of antipathes robillardi bell , 1891 ) bell fj . 1891 . contributions to our knowledge of the antipatharian corals . transactions of the zoological society of london . 13 , 7 ( 2 ) : 87 - 92 [ details ]\nmolodtsova , t . ; opresko , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of antipatharia .\nd . m . opresko and j . van der land ( eds ) , update 10 - 2007 , as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of antipathes robillardi bell , 1891 ) van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it ."]}
{"id": 2397, "summary": [{"text": "bathyuriscus is an extinct genus of cambrian trilobite .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was a nektobenthic predatory carnivore .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the genus bathyuriscus is endemic to the shallow seas that surrounded laurentia .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "its major characteristics are a large forward-reaching glabella , pointed pleurae or pleurae with very short spines , and a medium pygidium with well-impressed furrows .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "complete specimens have never reached the size of 7 cm predicted by the largest pygidium found .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "bathyuriscus is often found with the free cheeks shed , indicating a moulted exoskeleton .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "an average specimen will in addition have a furrowed glabella , crescent-shaped eyes , be semi-circular in overall body shape , have 7 to 9 thoracic segments , and a length of about 1.5 inches . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "bathyuriscus", "paragraphs": ["burgess shale and vicinity : bathyuriscus adaeus walcott , 1916 , from several localities higher in the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone on mount stephen , mount odaray , and park mountain .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus ( figures 4 and 5 ) illustrated by rominger ( 1887 ) as embolimus rotundata .\nother deposits : other species of bathyuriscus have been described from numerous localities elsewhere in the cambrian of north america .\nspecies of elrathina , along with those of the corynexochid bathyuriscus , were found to be very abundant in a narrow interval of middle cambrian rocks throughout western north america , forming the basis of the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone erected by charles deiss ( 1940 ) .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was first described in the same 1887 publication as several other important mount stephen trilobites . carl rominger initially used the name embolimus rotundata for partial specimens of this trilobite , and named a second similar species in his collection embolimus spinosa ( now known as zacanthoides romingeri ) . in 1908 , walcott revised rominger ' s original species name to yield the combination bathyuriscus rotundatus , still in use today ( walcott , 1908 ) . along with the co - occurring elrathina cordillerae , b . rotundatus is a signature fossil for the middle cambrian bathyuriscus - elrathina zone in the southern canadian rockies .\nbathyuriscus \u2013 a variation of the earlier trilobite genus name bathyurus , originally based on the greek bathys , \u201cdeep , \u201d and the greek oura , \u201ctail , \u201d thus , a trilobite with a deep tail .\nbathyuriscus rotundatus was a mobile epibenthic trilobite . because we have no direct evidence of limb structure , its feeding habits are uncertain . it may have been a deposit feeder and opportunistic scavenger . like ogygopsis , bathyuriscus may occur as fully intact individuals ( probably carcasses ) , with the free cheeks missing , inverted , or rotated ( presumed moults ) , and as scattered pieces . some show evidence of healed injuries that may be predation scars ( rudkin , 2009 ) .\ntrilobite ( bathyuriscus rotundatus ) found in the burgess shale . this fossil dates from the middle cambrian period , about 505 million years ago . burgess pass . yoho national park . british columbia , canada . ( collection of the colorado school of mines geology museum . golden , colo . )\nthis is a large , 3 inch long bathyuriscus fimbiatus trilobite from the marjum formation of utah . it ' s a molt like about 99 . 9 % of them , but it ' s in about the top 1 % size wise . i collected this from a private lease in the house range , several years ago .\ndescription : this is a rare treat for the spence shale and utah specialist trilobite collector , a bathyuriscus brighamensis . this one is complete and in good condition . the only flaw is a bit of the pygidium is missing . it is the first one to i have ever encountered . considering what a hard place it is to collect , i don\u2019t expect to see another soon .\nelrathina has been used as an index fossil for a medial middle cambrian interval termed the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone , and despite its unsettled synonymization with ptychoparella and the discovery of one species of elrathina in the distinctly older albertella zone ( see palmer , 1968 ; palmer and halley , 1979 ; and discussion under elrathina below ) , this itagnostus - elrathina - elrathia assemblage indicates an interval widely correlatable within laurentia in the upper part of the as yet unnamed cambrian stage 5 . however , the occurrence of the assemblage in north greenland is problematic in that it overlies strata that have been assigned to the bolaspidella zone , which generally overlies the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone . however , these zones appear to be partly coeval , and differences in the stratigraphic assignment can be explained by different biofacies .\nall material referred to this taxon was collected from the talus of slopes of the tulip beds locality ( formerly s7 [ 19 ] ) , mount stephen , yoho national park , british columbia , canada . the lithology indicates that these specimens come from the campsite cliff shale member of the burgess shale formation , bathyuriscus \u2013 elrathina biozone ( cambrian , series 3 , stage 5 ) [ 20 ] .\nthis is a little plate of agnostid trilobites . it ' s both the posative and negative sides of the plate . on this plate , the largest agnostid is 7 mm ( just over 1 / 4\n) , the smallest is 2 mm ( . 08\n) . on the plate is also a cephalon of a bathyuriscus fimbriatus trilobite formation : wheeler shale age : cambrian location : house range , utah\nspecimen count 1 site number 145 record last modified 5 jul 2018 geological age paleozoic - cambrian - upper / late stratigraphy stephen fm nmnh - paleobiology dept . common name trilobite taxonomy animalia arthropoda trilobita collector walcott burling see more items in paleogeneral types : arthropoda arthropoda trilobita type paleobiology place sauk county , british columbia , canada collection date 1907 type citation walcott . 1916 . smithsonian misc . colln . 64 ( n . 5 ) : 346 , unfig . usnm number pal339012 published name bathyuriscus rotundatus ( rominger )\nnumerous specimens of this new , undescribed species are known from the burgess shale of the walcott quarry on fossil ridge in the yoho national park , british columbia , where is it known from mass assemblages such as a cluster with more than 40 specimens reposited as rom 59549 ( burgess shale fossil gallery , < urltoken > [ accessed october 2016 ] ) . these occurrences are from the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone in the stephen formation . however , the same species is also known from the trilobite beds at mount stephen , which belongs to the glossopleura zone of the stephen formation , so that a distinct stratigraphic separation from e . cordillerae does not exist .\nitagnostus subhastatus n . sp . is closely related to the well - known species itagnostus interstrictus ( white , 1874 ) , which is primarily distributed in the bathyuriscus fimbriatus and bolaspidella contracta subzones of the bolaspidella zone of utah ( robison , 1964 ) . subsequently , i . interstrictus was described from the p . atavus zone of alaska and the ptychagnostus punctuosus zone in the cow head group , newfoundland , with material assigned to the species from the tomagnostus fissus and liostracus allachjunensis zones of the lena river basin , siberia ( palmer , 1968 ; egorova et al . , 1982 ; young and ludvigsen , 1989 ; westrop et al . , 1996 ) . itagnostus subhastatus is distinguished from i . interstrictus , however , by a set of minor differences that particularly include the slightly more slender posterior glabellar lobe ; differences in the morphology of the thoracic segments ; a narrower and distinctly more pointed pygidial axis ; smaller and almost rudimentary spines on the pygidial border ; and a wider doublure ( compare robison 1964 , pl . 82 , figs . 1\u201315 , 18 ) .\npalmer and peel ( 1979 ) noted that the occurrence of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation fauna with elrathina was problematic because a bolaspidella fauna is present in stratigraphically older strata in north greenland . this latter fauna occurs in the uppermost beds of the henson gletscher formation in lauge koch land and has been assigned to the ptychagnostus gibbus zone ( cambrian stage 5 ) ( robison , 1988 , 1994 ; babcock , 1994 ; blaker and peel , 1997 ; ineson and peel , 1997 ) . palmer and peel ( 1979 ) also recorded an apparent bolaspidella zone fauna of peronopsis , olenoides , bolaspidella , bathyuriscus , elrathina , ehmania , and alokistocare from the base of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation at the head of henson gletscher ( eastern side ) . robison ( in peel and streng , 2015 ) dated an equivalent horizon in freuchen land , about 35 km to the west , to the ptychagnostus atavus zone , which is the basal zone of the drumian stage ( cambrian series 3 , stage 6 ) . the latter zone is equivalent to the lower part of the bolaspidella zone ( babcock et al . , 2007 ) .\nother similar species include peronopsis ( p . ) scutalis ( salter in hicks , 1872 ) from scandinavia , p . ( svenax ) egenus ( resser and endo , 1937 ) from manchuria , and quadragnostus columbiensis ( rasetti , 1951 ) from the bathyuriscus - elrathina zone of the canadian rockies . peronopsis ( p . ) scutalis and p . ( s . ) egenus are best distinguished by posterolateral thickenings on the pygidial border , which appear similar to short spines . in addition to the absence of distinct spines on the border , they are differentiated by a decidedly thickened pygidial border , a more strongly extended posterior glabellar lobe , and in a narrowly incised cephalic border furrow . by contrast , p . columbiensis has a slightly bent transglabellar furrow , small basal lobes , marginal structures in the relatively narrow pygidial rhachis , and short postaxial space . itagnostus subhastatus is furthermore distinguished from these species by the more hastate shape of its pygidial rhachis , more subcircular cephala and pygidia , and a relatively longer glabella . it should be noted that the studied material from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation is preserved in full relief or almost full relief , whereas material of the siberian and manchurian species is often flattened . these differences in the preservation , however , do not affect the discussed differences .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ntrilobites are extinct euarthropods , probably stem lineage representatives of the mandibulata , which includes crustaceans , myriapods , and hexapods ( scholtz and edgecombe , 2006 ) .\nrotundatus \u2013 from the latin rotundus , \u201cround , \u201d presumably alluding to the rounded outline of the dorsal shield .\ntype status under review \u2013 ummp 4884 ( 9 specimens ) , university of michigan museum of paleontology , ann arbor , michigan , usa .\nthe trilobite beds and other localities on mount stephen . fossil ridge in sections stratigraphically below the walcott quarry .\nhard parts : adult dorsal exoskeletons may be up to 5 cm long and are narrowly oval in outline , with a semicircular cephalon , a thorax of nine segments ending in blade - like tips with short spines , and a semicircular pygidium without spines .\nthe long glabella reaches almost to the anterior cephalic border ; the posterior portion is narrow and parallel - sided , while the anterior third expands rapidly forward . there are four pairs of lateral glabellar furrows , with the two front pairs angled forward and the posterior pair directed obliquely back . the eyes are relatively long and lie close to the glabella . broad free cheeks are extended back into short genal spines . the pygidium is slightly smaller than the cephalon , with a well - defined narrow axial lobe of five rings and a terminal piece ; four pairs of pygidial ribs are usually visible . the exoskeleton is mostly smooth externally , but very well preserved specimens may show faint anastomosing ridges on the free cheeks .\nextremely common in the mount stephen trilobite beds , where it rivals ogygopsis klotzi in abundance .\nrasetti , f . 1951 . middle cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the canadian rocky mountains . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 116 ( 5 ) : 1 - 277 .\nrominger , c . 1887 . description of primordial fossils from mount stephens , n . w . territory of canada . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 1887 : 12 - 19 .\nrudkin , d . m . 2009 . the mount stephen trilobite beds , pp . 90 - 102 . in j . - b . caron and d . rudkin ( eds . ) , a burgess shale primer - history , geology , and research highlights . the burgess shale consortium , toronto .\nscholtz , g . and edgecombe , g . d . 2006 . the evolution of arthropod heads : reconciling morphological , developmental and palaeontological evidence . development genes and evolution , 216 : 395 - 415 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1888 . cambrian fossils from mount stephens , northwest territory of canada . american journal of science , series 3 : 163 - 166 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1908 . mount stephen rocks and fossils . canadian alpine journal , 1 : 232 - 248 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1916 . cambrian geology and paleontology iii . cambrian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 64 ( 5 ) : 303 - 456 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\n' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by\nthe paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .\ndescription : coming from the cambrian marjum formation deposits of millard county , utah this is a fine example of bathyuruiscus fimbriatus . unlike many seen , the librigenae are tightly attached , and this one has both the part and counterpart preserved in fine detail .\ndescription : coming from the cambrian spence shale of utah this is a fine example of the trilobite bathyuruiscus wasatchensis . resser described this and numerous other species from the locality in 1939 ; walcott also described many in the early part of the 20th century .\ndescription : coming from the cambrian marjum formation deposits of millard county , utah this is a fine example of bathyuruiscus fimbriatus . unlike many seen , the librigenae are tightly attached , and this one misses only a small portion of the glabella .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsize : trilobite is 7 / 8\u201d in length on a 5 \u00bd x 3 \u00be\u201d plate .\nthis fossil comes from the george lee collection of southern california . mr . lee accumulated an entire warehouse full of fossils over thirty - five years of self - collecting and purchasing . most of the fossils were acquired during the 1960s through the mid 1990s . unfortunately , for we collectors , many of these sites and areas are no longer available for collecting . therefore , many of my offerings are of special importance , as they are now rarely available to the public . since mr . lee\u2019s death , a few years ago , the collection has slowly been liquidated . this fossil came from one of the last available batches sold .\nelrathina cordillerae ( figure 7 ) illustrated by rominger ( 1887 ) as conocephalites cordillerae .\ncordillerae \u2013 in reference to the western cordillera ( canadian rocky mountain ranges ) , derived from the spanish cordilla , the diminutive of cuerda , meaning \u201ccord . \u201d\ntype status under review \u2013 ummp 4883 ( 6 specimens ) , university of michigan museum of paleontology , ann arbor , michigan , usa .\nburgess shale and vicinity : elrathina parallela , e . brevifrons , e . spinifera , and e . marginalis have been described from similar stratigraphic horizons at nearby sites on mount field , mount stephen , and mount odaray .\nother deposits : other species of elrathina have been reported from the cambrian of north america and greenland .\nthe walcott quarry on fossil ridge . the trilobite beds and additional localities on mount stephen .\ne . cordillerae was originally described under the genus name conocephalites in rominger ' s 1887 publication on trilobites from mount stephen . in 1888 walcott reallocated the species to ptychoparia where it remained until charles resser , walcott ' s former assistant at the united states national museum , established the new replacement genus elrathina ( resser , 1937 ) . other workers have subsequently suggested that elrathina is indistinguishable from ptychoparella ( see blaker and peel , 1997 ) .\nhard parts : adult dorsal exoskeletons average about 2 cm long . the semicircular cephalon is about one - third the length of the entire dorsal shield , bordered by a well - defined narrow rim , and with rounded genal angles . weak transverse eye ridges extend to the small eyes , which are located just forward of cephalic mid - length . the slightly anteriorly narrowing glabella is rounded in front and exhibits three pairs of shallow lateral furrows ; the pre - glabellar field is about the same width as the narrow anterior rim . the long , tapering thorax with a narrow axial lobe contains between 17 and 19 straight - sided segments , flexed gently downwards a short distance from the rounded tips . the tiny elliptical pygidium usually features two segments .\nunmineralized anatomy : rare specimens from the walcott quarry on fossil ridge retain tantalizing evidence of soft parts , including a pair of slender uniramous antennae , followed by very delicate looking biramous limbs beneath the cephalon , thorax and pygidium . these and other individuals of e . cordillerae are occasionally associated with a dark stain adjacent to the exoskeleton , presumably representing fluidized decay products .\nrelatively common on fossil ridge and locally very abundant in the walcott quarry , where it represents about 25 % of all trilobites collected ( caron and jackson , 2008 ) .\nlike similar - looking ptychoparioid trilobites , e . cordillerae may be interpreted as a fully mobile , epibenthic deposit ( particle ) feeder adapted to very low oxygen levels .\nblaker , m . r . and j . s . peel . 1997 . lower cambrian trilobites from north greenland . meddeleser om gr\u00f8nland , geoscience , 35 , 145 p .\ncaron , j . - b . and d . a . jackson . 2008 . paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community , burgess shale . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 258 : 222 - 256 .\ndeiss , c . 1940 . lower and middle cambrian stratigraphy of southwestern alberta and southeastern british columbia . bulletin of the geological society of america , 51 : 731 - 794 .\nrasetti , f . 1951 . middle cambrian stratigraphy and faunas of the canadian rocky mountains . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 116 ( 5 ) : 277 p .\nresser , c . e . 1937 . third contribution to nomenclature of cambrian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 95 ( 22 ) : 29 p .\nrudkin , d . m . 1989 . trilobites with appendages from the middle cambrian stephen formation of british columbia . 28th international geological congress , washington , d . c . july 9 - 19 , 1989 . abstracts : 2 - 729 .\nscholtz , g . and g . d . edgecombe . 2006 . the evolution of arthropod heads : reconciling morphological , developmental and palaeontological evidence . development genes and evolution , 216 : 395 - 415 .\nwalcott , c . 1918 . cambrian geology and paleontology iv . appendages of trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 67 ( 4 ) : 115 - 216 .\nwalcott , c . d . 1924 . cambrian and lower ozarkian trilobites . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 75 ( 2 ) : 53 - 60 .\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nzeng , han zhao , fangchen yin , zongjun and zhu , maoyan 2017 . appendages of an early cambrian metadoxidid trilobite from yunnan , sw china support mandibulate affinities of trilobites and artiopods . geological magazine , vol . 154 , issue . 06 , p . 1306 .\npeel , john s . 2017 . the oldest pelmatozoan encrusted hardground and holdfasts from laurentia ( cambrian series 2\u20133 ) . gff , vol . 139 , issue . 3 , p . 195 .\n) north america with the framed outcrop area in north greenland ( enlarged in fig . 1 . 3 ) ; (\n) henson gletscher / j . p . koch fjord and l\u00f8ndal areas showing sample localities ( ggu 225501 and ggu 255720 ) of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation .\nfauna from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation . composition of the entire fauna ( top ) and composition of the trilobite species for exoskeletons only ( bottom ) .\n) mguh 30906 , pygidium . dorsal views if not stated otherwise . scale bars = 1 mm .\nresser , 1937b , plaster cast of holotype in the museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , mass . , usnm 65009 , carapace without librigenae , parker slate , parker quarry , georgia . scale bars = 5 mm .\nzone , stephen formation , trilobite beds , mount stephen , british columbia ; length of specimen 19 . 5 mm ; (\nzone , stephen formation , trilobite beds , mount stephen , b . c . ; (\n) usnm 65518a , incomplete dorsal carapace ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ( original of walcott , 1918 , pl . 21 , fig . 4 ) ; (\n) usnm 65518g , incomplete dorsal carapace with detached librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; (\n) usnm 65518f , incomplete dorsal carapace with detached librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; note strongly curved posterior branch of suture ; \u00d72 . 7 ; (\n) under lot usnm 17831 , posterior part of thorax and pygidium ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; original specimen stored with plaster and gutta - percha casts with the collection number provided by resser ( 1937a ) as characterizing the \u201cholotype ; \u201d \u00d72 . 3 ; (\nrasetti , 1951 ; usnm 116279 , holotype ( rasetti , 1951 , pl . 33 , fig . 20 ) , incomplete dorsal carapace without librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . all scale bars = 5 mm .\n) paratype , mguh 30913 , latex cast of late meraspid cranidium , slightly oblique view . all scale bars = 1 mm , except in fig . 7 . 1 .\nn . sp . distribution of the larger tubercles on the cranidium marked by dots . note the roughly bilaterally symmetrical arrangement . magnification approximately\u00d710 .\n) close - up of fig . 9 . 8 , showing minute wrinkles in the occipital furrow and surface ornamentation ; (\n) paratype , mguh 30932 , cranidium with fractures . dorsal views . scale bars = 1 mm .\n) close - up of fig . 11 . 1 showing muscle scars on the glabella and eye ridge ; (\n) close - up of fig . 11 . 5 , with muscle scars on the glabella , radial caeca on frontal area , bifid eye ridge , and punctate surface of the internal mold ; (\n) paratype , mguh 30942 , dorsal carapax without librigenae , dorsal view ; scale bar = 5 mm . (\n) paratype , mguh 30948 , incomplete pygidium , dorsal view . scale bars = 1 mm , except for fig . 11 . 9 and 11 . 13 .\nn . sp . reconstruction of the muscle scar pattern seen on the glabella .\nto send this article to your kindle , first ensure no - reply @ urltoken is added to your approved personal document e - mail list under your personal document settings on the manage your content and devices page of your amazon account . then enter the \u2018name\u2019 part of your kindle email address below . find out more about sending to your kindle . find out more about sending to your kindle .\nnote you can select to send to either the @ urltoken or @ urltoken variations . \u2018 @ urltoken \u2019 emails are free but can only be sent to your device when it is connected to wi - fi . \u2018 @ urltoken \u2019 emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi - fi , but note that service fees apply .\nby using this service , you agree that you will only keep articles for personal use , and will not openly distribute them via dropbox , google drive or other file sharing services . please confirm that you accept the terms of use .\nto send this article to your dropbox account , please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies . if this is the first time you use this feature , you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account . find out more about sending content to dropbox .\nto send this article to your google drive account , please select one or more formats and confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies . if this is the first time you use this feature , you will be asked to authorise cambridge core to connect with your < service > account . find out more about sending content to google drive .\nthe richly fossiliferous ekspedition br\u00e6 formation of north greenland yields a typical oligospecific fossil assemblage with well - preserved trilobites , helcionelloids , and lingulate brachiopods . the trilobites include\nzone as known from the cordilleran regions of laurentia . excellent preservation allows a detailed assessment of the prosopon and elucidates aspects of the ontogenetic development of\nthe ekspedition br\u00e6 formation forms part of the northward prograding br\u00f8nlund fjord group and was deposited during a lowstand of sea level ( surlyk and ineson , 1987 ; higgins et al . , 1991 ; ineson and peel , 1997 ) . it was named after a small glacier flowing east into the head of j . p . koch fjord in lauge koch land and crops out in southern freuchen land , lauge koch land , and western peary land , north greenland ( fig . 1 ) . the formation consists mainly of pale - weathering , thin - bedded , dark - gray lime mudstones and skeletal wackestones , interbedded with gray - green calcareous mudstones that form distinctive recessive , gray - weathering slopes between cliff - forming formations below and above ( ineson and peel , 1997 ) . it attains a thickness of 82 m at its type locality south of the snout of ekspedition br\u00e6 , but thins to the west and east , being only 30 m thick on the eastern side of j . p . koch fjord and in l\u00f8ndal ( fig . 1 ) . despite the considerable thinning , the lithological composition remains constant , although the argillite content decreases to the south and increases to the west ( ineson and peel , 1997 ) .\nmost of the available material was picked from the talus - covered outcrops . preservation of the fossils is generally excellent , but usually affected by subrecent diagenesis and weathering . ggu sample 225501 ( collected on 20 june 1979 ) consists of slabs of thin ( several millimeters to 3 cm thick ) , platy , dark - gray lime mudstone with occasional fossil shells or sclerites floating in the matrix without grain support . the planar surfaces are pale and often weathered to show the typical epikarstic rough exterior of rocks exposed for some time under arctic climate . the sample was collected from the middle part of the formation at its type section . ggu sample 225720 ( collected on 16 july 1979 ) is very similar lithologically to ggu sample 225501 , but from the western side of l\u00f8ndal . the slabs are from talus lying on the surface of the formation and originate from the middle part of the formation .\nthe trilobites preserved in the samples belong to only three genera and in total six species . all of the genera ( itagnostus , elrathina , and elrathia ) are well known and widely distributed over laurentia , whereas all of the species , perhaps except for itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis , are new . all three genera co - occur , for example , in the pentagon shale\u2013pagoda limestone interval in northwestern montana , u . s . a . ( deiss , 1939 ) , and the presence of two of the genera in association has been noted from most well - known coeval middle cambrian localities of laurentian north america , such as utah ( robison , 1964 ) , idaho ( resser , 1939 ) , the grand canyon region ( mckee and resser , 1945 ) , british columbia ( rasetti , 1951 ) , pennsylvania ( rasetti , 1965 ) , georgia ( schwimmer , 1989 ) , new york ( bird and rasetti , 1968 ) , and alaska ( palmer , 1968 ) .\nmacrofossils in the studied samples are typically concentrated on bedding planes . leaching of calcareous beds from several horizons within the formation has produced insoluble residues of small shelly fossils ( peel and streng , 2015 ) . articulated remains of trilobites form a high percentage of the species\u2019 remains in the samples ( more than one - third for itagnostus subhastatus n . sp . , about two - thirds for elrathina aphrodite n . sp . , about four - fifths for elrathina athena n . sp . , slightly more than one - third for elrathina hera n . sp . , and only about 5 % for elrathia groenlandica n . sp . ) . most of the nearly complete exoskeletons lack librigenae and are thus carcasses that record the \u201colenid mode\u201d of molting ( e . g . , clarkson et al . , 2003 ) , in which the librigenae separate from the cranidium to release the trilobite through the thus - generated anterior opening , leaving a carcass of attached sclerites on the sea floor . scattered isolated sclerites are sometimes vaguely accumulated into small clusters and then include fragmented remains ; they may result from the activities of scavengers , which , however , are not recorded by body or trace fossils . however , isolated librigenae are rare in close proximity to the rest of the exuviae .\nthe studied samples record a low - diversity assemblage of comparable composition with six trilobite , two acrotretoid , and one helcionelloid species in the macrofossil record . the composition , based on 109 specimens , is illustrated in figure 2 where the dominance of the three elrathina and the single elrathia species suggests their ecological fitness for the particular habitat conditions . in this respect , it should be emphasized that the unusual preservation and abundance of the well - known elrathia kingii in the wheeler formation of the house range , utah , has been interpreted as result of an opportunistic ecological strategy for living in an exaerobic zone ( gaines and droser , 2003 ) . a similar , but probably less strongly restricted habitat may be assumed for the sample horizons of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation described herein , which may have forced the trilobites to similar strategies .\nthe abbreviation ggu indicates collections from greenland made under the auspices of gr\u00f8nlands geologiske unders\u00f8gelse ( geological survey of greenland , now a part of the geological survey of denmark and greenland ) . individual type or figured specimens are identified by mguh numbers and this material is deposited in the geological museum , copenhagen , part of the natural history museum of denmark . additional figured material is housed in the royal ontario museum ( rom ) , the university of michigan museum ( ummp ) , and the u . s . national museum of natural history ( usnm ) under the numbers given in the figure captions .\nagnostus elkedrensis etheridge , 1902 ; from the middle cambrian of australia and siberia ( by original designation ) .\nthe comprehensive reappraisal of the peronopsis clade by naimark ( 2012 ) clarified a number of problems within the complex evolutionary group and demonstrated evolutionary pathways , but also illustrated deficiencies in the knowledge of morphology and the difficulties in the correct weighting of characters . these problems particularly affect the genus itagnostus , which was introduced by \u00f6pik ( 1979a , b ) as a subgenus of peronopsis hawle and corda , 1847 . laurie ( 2004 ) raised itagnostus to generic level , dramatically emending the concept and diagnosis , and placing the genus within the family spinagnostidae and subfamily doryagnostinae . naimark ( 2012 ) amply discussed the case and re - emended the genus . in addition , she discussed in detail problems resulting from both the inclusion of species such as peronopsis interstricta ( white , 1874 ) , and the unstable concept of itagnostus in respect to its phylogenetic relationship with euagnostus whitehouse , 1936 .\nwe follow herein the general concept of itagnostus sensu naimark ( 2012 ) and suggest that peronopsis interstricta should be placed within naimark\u2019s morphogroup xiva , under itagnostus . the new species described below is similar to i . interstrictus , which has slightly larger pygidial spines . this character reinforces the placement among the species of itagnostus , although i . interstricta can be regarded as a transitional species between peronopsis ( svenax ) \u00f6pik , 1979a , b and itagnostus .\ntogether with a number of other species of the peronopsidae , species of itagnostus have a median postaxial furrow on the pygidium . kobayashi ( 1939 ) erected the genus acadagnostus for such species , which westerg\u00e5rd ( 1946 ) subsequently placed in peronopsis . as explained by shergold and laurie ( 1997 ) , and in detail by naimark ( 2012 ) , acadagnostus ( type species : a . acadicus [ hartt in dawson , 1868 ] [ not \u201c acadica \u201d as used in some publications such as naimark , 2012 ] ) is a valid genus , which is taxonomically distinguished from itagnostus .\nmguh 30893 ( fig . 3 . 3 ) . western side of henson gletscher , lauge koch land , north greenland , middle part of the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation , ggu sample 225501 .\nwestern side of henson gletscher , lauge koch land , ggu sample 225501 : five fairly complete exoskeletons ( figured specimens under mguh 30903 and 30892 ) , three cephala with attached thoracic segments ( mguh 30896 , 30897 , 30895 ) ; western side of l\u00f8ndal , ggu sample 255720 : one fairly complete carapace ( under mguh 30891 ) , four cephala ( figured specimen under mguh 30894 ) , two pygidia ( figured specimen under mguh 30902 ) . tentatively assigned to i . subhastatus : ggu sample 255720 : two pygidia ( mguh 30899 and mguh 30901 ) .\nspecies of itagnostus with a comparatively slender posterior glabellar lobe ; anterior lobe of the glabella completely defined by furrow ; preglabellar furrow absent ; pygidial rhachis narrow , subtriangular to hastate , subacute posteriorly , with laterally developed transaxial furrows ; postaxial furrow developed ; small to rudimentary spines on the pygidial border ; doublure comparatively wide .\ncephalon moderately convex , subcircular to subquadrate , with distinctly curved lateral margins and well - rounded anterior angles ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 9 . glabella bilobate , tapering forward . posterior lobe with length about equal to width , slightly longer than 1 . 5 times length of anterior lobe , highest elevation about one - third from well - rounded posterior end ; without tubercle or with extremely faint , narrow longitudinal node ( fig . 3 . 3 ) . anterior lobe evenly rounded in front . transverse furrow straight . anterior lobe well defined by moderately deep dorsal furrow . occipital ring very narrow , continuous with the simple , triangular , slightly inequilateral basal lobes , which are somewhat oblique to axis .\ngenae convex , preglabellar median furrow absent . border moderately convex , growing in width from genal angles anteriorly , but subequal in width anteriorly between anterolateral corners ; posterolateral corners with well - developed , highly raised thorn - shaped spines . border furrow narrow , rather deep posterolaterally , moderately deep anteriorly .\nthorax of two segments . axial rings laterally tripartite , strongly oblique furrow demarcates raised , oblique lateral nodes , which are smaller on anterior than on posterior segment . axial furrow chevron shaped along axial rings . pleurae on anterior segment a subangular bulb traversed by a shallow pleural furrow that curves strongly forward to demarcate a swollen subcircular anterior pleural band ; with a small node - like thorn in a posterolateral position ( fig . 3 . 2 ) ; stout pleural tip strongly ventrally deflected . pleurae on posterior segment short , but distinctly longer than in anterior segment , ventrally deflected and with obliquely forward - directed , acute pleural tip ; pleural furrow slightly s - shaped , anterior to midline of pleura , swinging anteriorly in distal portion ; with fairly well - developed socket on posterior pleural band close to axial furrow ( fig . 3 . 3 ) .\npygidium moderately convex , subcircular to subquadrate , with weakly curved lateral and distinctly curved posterior margins ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 85 . rhachis variably of 68\u201377 % pygidial length , 41\u201345 % pygidial maximum width across anterior segment , which is defined by a broad constriction and a faint and wide depression instead of a distinct lateral furrow ; lateral axial furrows obscure ; posterior two - thirds or almost three - fourths of rhachis hastate in dorsal view , with variably developed and slightly broadened m3 , narrowing into a pointed tip ; median tubercle elliptical in outline , approximately one - third from anterior end .\npostaxial median furrow present , slit - like or developed as a triangular , posteriorly broadened depression ( fig . 3 . 3 ) that joins the dorsal and marginal furrows . pleural lobes moderately convex . border moderately convex , growing in breadth from anterolateral corners to a maximum of approximately twice this breadth on sagittal line ; wider than on the cephalon ; with somewhat variably developed , small and short marginal spines located slightly posterior to a transverse line drawn at tip of axis . anterior border confluent with lateral border at distinct anterolateral corners , swinging forward and raised while slightly growing in width up to well - developed fulcral points that fit into sockets of posterior thoracic segment . border furrow well developed , moderately deep , subequal in width throughout . doublure slightly wider than border .\nlengths of cranidia in the present material 2 . 3\u20133 . 7 mm ; lengths of pygidia 1 . 6\u20133 . 5 mm . entire surface of carapace smooth .\nfrom the latin hastatus , lance - shaped ; an allusion to the shape of the pygidial rhachis .\ncephalon subcircular to subquadrate , with distinctly curved lateral margins , anterior margin tends to have an almost straight median section ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 85 . posterior lobe of glabella with weakly curved sides , greatest slightly behind midlength , with width ~ 85 % length , slightly longer than 1 . 5 times length of anterior lobe , highest elevation about one - third from well - rounded posterior end ; without faint , narrow longitudinal node . anterior lobe evenly rounded or with slightly narrower curvature in front . occipital ring very narrow , continuous with the simple , triangular , slightly inequilateral basal lobes .\nborder growing in width from genal angles anteriorly , but subequal in width anteriorly between anterolateral corners .\nthoracic axial rings laterally tripartite , strongly oblique furrow demarcates raised , oblique lateral nodes , which are subequal in size on anterior as on posterior segment . pleurae on anterior segment consist of a bulb - like anterior pleural band defined by a well - marked shallow pleural furrow that curves strongly forward and fades close to the arcuate pleural tips ( fig . 3 . 11 ) ; posterior pleural band on anterior segment with narrow and low proximal and elevated and slightly broader , obliquely forward directed distal portions . pleurae on posterior segment distinctly longer than in anterior segment , ventrally deflected , with obliquely forward - directed , acute pleural tip ; with socket on posterior pleural band close to axial furrow ( fig . 3 . 11 ) .\npygidium subsemicircular to subquadrate , with weakly curved lateral and distinctly curved posterior margins ; length / width ratio ~ 0 . 80\u20130 . 85 ( n = 4 ) . rhachis of 75\u201382 % pygidial length , 40\u201343 % pygidial maximum width across anterior segment , which is defined by a distinct constriction and a shallow , but well - marked pair of lateral furrows , the branches of which curve forward from the axial furrows and demarcate bulb - like swellings of the first segment of the rhachis ; second pair of axial furrows obscure ; posterior two - thirds of rhachis ogival in dorsal view , with slightly broadened m3 , narrowing into a pointed tip ; median tubercle a longitudinal crest , most prominent point close to posterior end ( fig . 3 . 14 ) . postaxial median furrow developed as posteriorly broadened depression .\nlengths of cranidia in the present material 2 . 7\u20133 . 7 mm , lengths of pygidia 3 . 2\u20134 . 2 mm . entire surface of carapace smooth .\nwestern side of henson gletscher , lauge koch land , north greenland , ggu sample 225501 : two fairly complete exoskeletons ( under mguh 30904 and 30905 ) ; western side of l\u00f8ndal , north greenland , ggu sample 255720 : single pygidium ( mguh 30906 ) . material tentatively assigned to itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis : ggu sample 255720 : two cephala .\nthe material treated here resembles the type material of itagnostus gaspensis ( rasetti , 1948 ) from middle cambrian limestone boulders within the so - called l\u00e9vis conglomerate at grosses roches , quebec . differences exist in the slightly narrower glabella , the more tapering and slightly longer pygidial rhachis , the narrower pygidial border , and an apparently broader ( sag . ) articulating half - ring . unfortunately , rasetti ( 1948 , pl . 45 , figs . 1\u20133 ) figured only one cephalon and two pygidia . at least the pygidium assigned by rasetti ( 1948 , pl . 45 , fig . 5 ) is not closely related to the species and belongs to a different genus in the concept of naimark ( 2012 ) .\na similar species , peronopsis taitzuhoensis lu , 1957 was described from the middle cambrian tangshih formation ( abandoned , now hsuchuang formation ) and thus hsuchuangia - ruichengella through bailiella - lioparia zones of the taizihe ( earlier spelled \u201ctaitzuhe\u201d ) valley , benxi , liaoning province , and from the henan province ( lu , 1957 ; lu et al . , 1965 ; pei , 1991 ) . this species has been regarded as a subspecies of itagnostus gaspensis by naimark ( 2012 ) , but we regard it as an independent , although closely related species within itagnostus . itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis from greenland differs from this species from south china in having a cephalon with an almost straight median sector of the anterior margin rather than being well rounded . in addition , the pygidial rachis is generally narrower and particularly in the posterior portion clearly narrower and more strongly tapering with less clearly impressed lateral furrows ; the marginal spines are distinctly smaller . a similar form was described as peronopsis sp . cf . i . taitzuhoensis from the heicigou group of the north qilian district , tarim platform , northwest china ( zhou and dean , 1996 ) .\nthe material of itagnostus sp . cf . i . gaspensis from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation clearly differs from i . subhastatus n . sp . , which appears in the same samples , in a number of characters : a shorter and nearly subparallel rather than tapering glabella with a relatively longer posterior lobe ; a narrower anterior and lateral cephalic border ; a distinctly longer pygidial rhachis with an ogival rather than hastate posterior portion and two constrictions as well as a longitudinal , crest - like median tubercle ; a short depression connecting dorsal and border furrows ; a less strongly broadening border ; and marginal spines that are short and thorn - like .\nitagnostus interstrictus ( white , 1874 ) has a posteriorly broadened posterior lobe and thus a clearly tapering glabella . naimark ( 2012 ) assigned specimens from the malokuonamka \u201chorizon\u201d of the siberian platform described as peronopsis aff . gaspensis ( egorova et al . , 1982 , pl . 51 , figs . 1 , 3 ) to itagnostus interstrictus . specimens described as euagnostus aff . interstrictus by laurie ( 2004 , p . 245 , figs . 18a\u201318n ) , however , were assigned by naimark ( 2012 ) to i . gaspensis . laurie ( 2004 ) stated that they differ from itagnostus interstrictus only by having a posteriorly displaced glabellar tubercle ; this was interpreted by naimark ( 2012 ) as being a characteristic feature of i . gaspensis . the present specimens from the ekspedition br\u00e6 formation are not well enough preserved to permit an unequivocal assessment based on this character ; they appear to show a faint tubercle in a more central position on the posterior glabellar lobe and thus to indicate another character difference from i . gaspensis .\nthe similar species peronopsis ( p . ) scutalis ( salter in hicks , 1872 ) from scandinavia ( typical specimens figured by westerg\u00e5rd , 1946 ) lacks true pygidial spines . it is also very similar to acadagnostus acadica ( hartt , 1868 ) , from which it can be separated by the same character .\nconocephalites cordillerae rominger , 1887 ; stephen formation , british columbia , canada ( by original designation ) .\nelrathina is one of the genera with a fairly generalized morphology , and since resser\u2019s ( 1937b ) rudimentary introduction and the rapid emendation by deiss ( 1939 ) , it has grown into one of the frequent taxonomic waste baskets among the alokistocaridae , with at least 23 validly described species , or subspecies . the difficulties that result from the attempt to perfectly characterize the species\u2019 morphology when based on imperfectly preserved material have been addressed by rasetti ( 1951 , p . 221 ) in a surprisingly plain style .\nthe type species , elrathina cordillerae , was introduced as conocephalites cordillerae by rominger ( 1887 ) and shown in a single figure ( rominger 1887 , pl . 1 , fig . 7 ) , which provides an utterly erroneous impression of its morphology ; it is discussed below . its bilobate terminal axial piece in the pygidium could even be used as a criterion to separate it from the vast majority of species assigned to elrathina . however , as long as the morphologic plasticity of this character is not fully understood , we suggest retention of the traditional generic concept .\nsolov\u2019ev and grikurov ( 1978 ) described material from the ptychagnostus praecurrens zone of the shackleton range , antarctica , as elrathina parallela longa , and their naming suggested a new variety of e . parallela . the available material consisted of only two moderately well - preserved carapaces ( one of them an external mold ) , which do not present details of the pygidium and the glabella . solov\u2019ev and grikurov ( 1978 , p . 197\u2013198 ) emphasized the similarity with e . parallela , from which the specimens from the shackleton range were distinguished by a more slender glabella with subparallel sides and a narrow frontal lobe . in fact , this interpretation is based on the fact that the anterior part of the glabella in both specimens appears to be transversely compressed and therefore has a ridge that connects the glabella with the anterior border as a taphonomic artifact . we thus regard the type material of e . parallela longa as insufficient to characterize a taxon .\nelrathina antiqua palmer in palmer and halley , 1979 from the carrara formation of the belted range , nevada , is characterized by a pygidium with an unusually short axis , a thorax of only 15 or 16 segments , and librigenae with an angular thorn , but otherwise shares the diagnostic characters of the genus ( fig . 4 . 2 ) . it is derived from the albertella zone and is thus the oldest known species of the genus .\n, plaster cast of holotype in the museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , mass . , usnm 65009 , carapace without librigenae , parker slate , parker quarry , georgia . scale bars = 5 mm .\nelrathina spinifera rasetti , 1951 from the stephen formation of the mt . odaray section , british columbia , has a glabella with an almost flat front , a fairly narrow preglabellar field , a distinct swelling of the anterior border such that the anterior border furrow describes a rearward swing and is shallower on the sagittal line , and a short obliquely backward directed occipital spine . the thorax , pygidium , and librigenae are unknown .\nsummarized , the species from the stephen formation indicate that specific differences include variation of the preglabellar field , the breadth and possible swelling of the anterior cephalic border , the size of the occipital node or spine , the position of the geniculation of the thoracic segments , and the length and width of the pygidial rhachis , all of which appear to be constant within the species . therefore , these characters are regarded as a blueprint for taxonomic distinction within the elrathina clade .\nthe most conspicuous taphonomic effect in elrathina is the absence of librigenae even in the nearly complete carapaces . these therefore qualify as carcasses that record the \u201colenid mode\u201d of molting .\na common feature in larger sclerites is the presence of cracks . their frequency depends on the size and morphology of the sclerites . isolated thoracic segments are generally preserved as fragments only , which is interpreted as an effect of the narrow and brittle nature of the segments . their fractures are concentrated at or adjacent to the axial furrow .\n) usnm 65518a , incomplete dorsal carapace ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ( original of walcott ,\n) under lot usnm 17831 , posterior part of thorax and pygidium ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . ; original specimen stored with plaster and gutta - percha casts with the collection number provided by resser (\n, pl . 33 , fig . 20 ) , incomplete dorsal carapace without librigenae ; stephen formation , mount stephen , b . c . all scale bars = 5 mm .\n1887 conocephalites cordiller\u00e6 rominger , p . 17 , pl . 1 , fig . 7 .\n? 1899 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; matthew , p . 44 , pl . 1 , fig . 7a , 7b .\n1902 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; woodward , p . 536 , text - fig . 4 .\n1908 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , p . 243 , pl . 3 , fig . 5 .\n? 1912 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , p . 190 , pl . 24 , fig . 2 .\n1918 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , p . 144 , pl . 21 , fig . 4 .\n? 1918 ptychoparia cordiller\u00e6 ; walcott , pl . 21 , fig . 3 , 5 .\n? 1950 elrathina cordillerae ; mclaughlin and enbysk , p . 469 , pl . 65 , figs . 12 , 15\u201317 .\nnon 1950 elrathina cordillerae ; mclaughlin and enbysk , pl . 65 , fig . 14 ."]}
{"id": 2398, "summary": [{"text": "cadlinidae is a family of sea slugs , dorid nudibranchs , marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily doridoidea .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "this family is within the clade euctenidiacea .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "molecular phylogenetic studies and their taxon-sampling schemes can have a strong influence of the resulting phylogeny .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "research by r.f. johnson in 2011 has shown that cadlina does not belong to the family chromodorididae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "she has therefore brought back the name cadlinidae from synonymy with chromodorididae .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "she also included the genus aldisa bergh , 1878 in the family cadlinidae . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "cadlinidae", "paragraphs": ["which taxonomic groups does the family cadlinidae belong to and what are the different cadlinidae genus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the family cadlinidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .\nwhich are the most common photographed cadlinidae genus ? below , you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .\nclade euthyneura clade nudipleura clade nudibranchia clade euctenidiacea clade doridacea | superfamilia = doridoidea | familia = cadlinidae | familia _ authority = bergh , 1891 | diversity _ ref = | diversity _ link = diversity of gastropods | diversity = 2 genera | type _ genus = cadlina bergh , 1878 | synonyms _ ref = | synonyms = cadlinidae is a family of . . .\naldisa bergh , 1878 ( taxonomy source ) aldisidae odhner , 1939 accepted as cadlinidae bergh , 1891 ( source of synonymy ) cadlina luarna ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1967 ) ( basis of record ) cadlina rumia er . marcus , 1955 ( additional source ) cadlinidae bergh , 1891 ( status source ) chromodorididae bergh , 1891 ( taxonomy source ) chromodoris magnifica ( quoy & gaimard , 1832 ) ( additional source ) doridoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( taxonomy source ) inuda er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1967 accepted as cadlina bergh , 1879 ( source of synonymy ) inuda luarna er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1967 accepted as cadlina luarna ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1967 ) ( source of synonymy ) inudinae er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1967 accepted as cadlinidae bergh , 1891 ( source of synonymy ) miamira bergh , 1874 ( source of synonymy ) orodoris bergh , 1875 accepted as miamira bergh , 1874 ( basis of record ) orodoris miamirana bergh , 1875 accepted as miamira miamirana ( bergh , 1875 ) ( source of synonymy )\na . \u2018phylogenetic scenario\u2019 for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s \u2018 chromodoris group\u2019 in red , \u2018 hypselodoris group\u2019 in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .\ngenus acanthochila m\u00f6rch , 1868 accepted as cadlina bergh , 1879 ( placed on the official index of rejected names by iczn opinion 812 ( bulletin of zoological nomenclature ( 1967 ) 24 : 91 . ) )\ngenus echinochila m\u00f6rch , 1869 accepted as cadlina bergh , 1879 ( placed on the official index of rejected names by iczn opinion 812 . ( bulletin of zoological nomenclature ( 1967 ) 24 : 91 . ) )\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 41 [ details ]\njohnson r . f . ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of inudinae er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1967 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 92 [ details ]\n( of inudinae er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1967 ) johnson r . f . ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137 - 157 . [ details ]\n( of echinochilidae odhner , 1968 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 261 [ details ]\n( of aldisidae odhner , 1939 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]\n( of aldisidae odhner , 1939 ) johnson r . f . ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137 - 157 . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncadlina bergh , l . s . r . , 1878 type species : cadlina repanda alder , j . & a . hancock , 1842\ncadlinella thiele , j . , 1931 type species : cadlinella ornatissima risbec , j . , 1928\nchromocadlina odhner , n . h . j . in franc , a . , 1968 type species : chromocadlina panamensis odhner , n . h . j . in franc , a . , 1968\nhans - martin braun added the english common name\nyellow - margin dorid\nto\ncadlina luteomarginata mcfarland , 1966\n.\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nglatte prachtsternschnecke\nto\ncadlina laevis ( linnaeus , 1767 )\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ngenus : aldisa l . s . r . bergh , 1878 ( syn : adisa - db : 22 sp , 13 img )\ngenus : cadlina l . s . r . bergh , 1878 ( syn : acanthochila , echinochila , ectinochila , juanella , inuda - db : 25 sp , 10 img )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\ncadlina ( sea - slugs ) ( e . g . figures a - b )\nthe web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as\nrespectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\njohnson r . f . ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) .\nfamily ceratosomatidae gray , 1857 accepted as chromodorididae bergh , 1891 ( under art . 23 . 9 , declared nomen oblitum by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 )\nsubfamily doriprismaticinae h . adams & a . adams , 1858 accepted as chromodorididae bergh , 1891 ( under art . 23 . 9 , declared nomen oblitum by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 )\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nscientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .\ntotes les fotografies i textos son propietat dels seus autors i estan protegits per la llei de propietat intel\u00b7lectual . qualsevol \u00fas no autoritzat d\u2019aquest material pot comportar conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies per l\u2019infractor .\n\u00a9 vimar 2012 - 2018 vimar \u00e9s un grup d ' estudis marins sense \u00e0nim de lucre . si vols col\u00b7laborar amb nosaltres , contacta ' ns . comprova la nostra pol\u00edtica de privacitat .\nla nostra p\u00e0gina web utilitza cookies . en accedir a les nostres planes i acceptar aquest missatge , consentiu expl\u00edcitament l ' \u00fas de cookies .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncitation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken\neditor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america\ncopyright : \u00a9 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nnew collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .\nthe goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .\nin this study and a companion study [ 28 ] , thanks to targeted collecting trips , dedicated collectors and dna extracted from museum collections , we were able to include specimens from throughout the indo - pacific ( ip ) , the eastern pacific ( ep ) and west atlantic ( wa ) ( figure 2 and table s1 ) . we use the term indo - pacific to define the biogeographic region including the tropical and subtropical regions of the indian ocean ( from the red sea to the east coast of south africa ) and both the western and central pacific , but not the tropical eastern pacific [ 40 ] . museum collections are an invaluable resource for biodiversity studies [ 41 ] . we have found existing natural history collections can reduce the need for additional collecting . our study , combined with data from [ 28 ] and genbank , is unique in its wide taxonomic and geographic sampling . because we have included both the type species of every genus and additional species of all 14 of the non - monotypic genera , we can test the monophyly every genus in the family ( table s1 ) .\nwe directly sequenced 142 specimens representing 106 species . we combined these new data with all available sequences on genbank ( table s1 ) . specimens and data from johnson [ 28 ] , genbank accession numbers beginning with eu , are included with new data for figure 2 , but are not treated as new in the numbers of specimens sequenced for this study . in total , we analyzed data from 244 chromodorid specimens , four actinocyclid species and four additional dorid nudibranch species for a total of 165 species and 252 individual specimens . we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup based on preliminary analyses [ 28 ] . the chromodorid species include at least one species from all of the genera currently classified in the family chromodorididae . the number of species included in this analysis compared to the number of described species per genus is as follows : ardeadoris ( 2 / 2 ) , cadlinella ( 2 / 3 ) , ceratosoma ( 9 / 13 , two undescribed ) , chromodoris ( 50 / 88 , two undescribed ) , digidentis ( 3 / 4 ) , diversidoris ( 1 / 1 ) , durvilledoris ( 3 / 4 ) , glossodoris ( 17 / 30 , two undescribed ) , hypselodoris ( 30 / 59 , two undescribed ) , mexichromis ( 7 / 12 ) , noumea ( 12 / 22 ) , pectenodoris ( 2 / 2 ) , risbecia ( 3 / 5 ) , thorunna ( 8 / 12 ) , tyrinna ( 2 / 2 ) and verconia ( 1 / 1 ) ( s1 ) . all sequences taken from genbank are listed with gb following the species name . we also included coi sequence from two specimens from the moorea biocode project in our analyses ( urltoken ) . we have examined all of the new specimens included here and they are deposited in natural history museums , as indicated by catalog numbers . we never combined sequences from different individuals into chimeras representing one species ; specimens included in these analyses are treated as individuals .\nthe majority of the specimens used in this study are part of the california academy of sciences invertebrate zoology ( casiz ) collection . we had the permission of casiz to take tissue samples from specimens for dna analysis . as stated in the casiz collections policy : \u2018no specimens will be accessioned without adequate labeling , collection notes , field notes , or other locality information , nor without appropriate legal documentation ( collecting permits , export permits from country of origin , etc . ) when applicable . \u2019 we also included dna extracted for five specimens currently deposited in the museum national d ' histoire naturelle ( paris museum ) and the western australian museum . these tissues samples were collected during joint field trips under the agreement that the tissue could be sequenced at the california academy of sciences , while the specimens would remain at the respective museum . all other data used is from genbank or the moorea biocode database .\nmost of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70\u201375 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .\nthe cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 \u00b5l reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5\u20132 \u00b5l of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 \u00b5l of 5\u00d7 reaction buffer , . 5 \u00b5l of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 \u00b5l\u20130 . 75 \u00b5l of big dye and water to 10 \u00b5l . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler\u2122 thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 \u00b5l of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94\u00b0c in 13\u201315 \u00b5l of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .\nwe assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .\nwe tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .\nsequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .\nwe know from the discovery of polyphyletic and paraphyletic generic groupings in chromodoris , glossodoris , hypsleodoris , mexichromis and noumea [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] , that the current classification of the chromodorididae does not reflect the evolutionary history of the group . we cannot continue to use this current classification . we will use the resulting phylogenies to propose a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . the proposed new classification is based on several fundamental tnets of phylogenetic classification . only clades are named , with two exceptions described below . each clade contains the type species of the name - bearing clade . exisiting , available names are utilized wherever possible to minimize the disruption to nomenclature , while simultaneously reflecting relationship . we will identify clades that include the type species of each chromodorid genus and delineate genera to minimize conflict with current classification and support recognition of interesting morphology . the translation of phylogenetic hypotheses into classifications is the best way to communicate results to a larger community , but even as the number of molecular phylogenies increases , the number of new classifications is decreasing [ 54 ] \u2013 [ 56 ] . the growing phylogeny / classification gap is troubling . phylogenies are hypotheses of relationship and communicating these new hypotheses is one of the main contributions systematics can make to the scientific community .\nthe sequenced coi fragment is 658 base pairs ( bp ) long . the edited 16s sequences are 531 bp long . the combined data sets with gaps introduced for alignment are 1189 base pairs long . all sequences are available from genbank coi ( jq727822\u2013jq727914 ) , 16s ( jq727689\u2013jq727821 ) and aligned data matrices are available upon request from the corresponding author . excluded variable 16s regions are identified as character sets in all nexus files . saturation was not found in the 16s fragment or the first or second positions of the coi fragment . there is slight saturation in the third position transitions in the coi data set ( not shown ) . the third positions were included in the bayesian analysis as the partitioning allows the parameters of this position to be estimated separately and the inclusion of the third positions did not change the resulting trees . the recommended model of evolution ( aic form mr . model test ) was used to set parameters in mr . bayes for each partition . the resulting best - fit model of evolution for each partition using the aic selection from mr . modeltest ver . 2 [ 78 ] were coi 1 st : gtr + g , coi 2nd : trn + i + g , coi 3 rd : gtr + i + g and 16s : gtr + i + g . these models correspond to the following settings in mr . bayes ; all partitions set to nst = 6 and rates = invgamma except for the coi second codon position partition which was set rates = gamma .\nthe figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .\ncoi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .\nthis data set included 164 individual chromodorids , representing 123 species , three species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis . the data set included was 1189 bases long included gaps introduced to aid in alignment of variable regions . all bases are included . in the majority rule consensus phylogram resulting from the bayesian analysis , the chromodorids are monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . they are sister ( pp = 0 . 98 ) to the monophyletic actinocyclids ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . cadlinella ornatissima is sister to the rest of the chromodorids ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . the monophyletic tyrinna ( pp = 1 . 00 ) is poorly supported as sister to the main clade of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 82 ) . the main clade of all chromodorids , except cadlinella and tyrinna is supported ( pp = 0 . 85 ) . two clades of noumea ( both pp = 1 . 00 ) are part of a basal polytomy with the clade including the remaining chromodorid species ( pp = 0 . 89 ) . a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) containing some species of glossodoris is poorly supported at the base of the chromodorid grade . within this main clade of chromodorids , there is one very well supported clade , which includes all species of ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and some digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 ) diversidoris aurantionodulosa and noumea crocea are sister species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) and poorly supported ( pp = 0 . 78 ) as sister to a poorly supported clade ( pp = 0 . 66 ) that includes this well - supported clade and chromodoris alternata and chromodoris ambiguus ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . there is also a poorly supported clade ( or grade if the clade is collapsed ) of smaller clades made up of species of ardeadoris , chromodoris , diversidoris , glossodoris , noumea , verconia and one species of digidentis ( pp = 0 . 67 ) . of the other 12 non - monotypic traditional genera , seven ( ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea ) are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris - within ardeadoris and digidentis - within thorunna ) . there are three species and five clades of eastern pacific and / or atlantic species .\nthis data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .\nthe complete data set included 1189 bases . the chromodorids are monophyletic ( pp = 0 . 94 ) . they are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids ( pp = 0 . 98 ) . a clade including both species of cadlinella is sister to the rest of the chromodorids ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . the monophyletic tyrinna ( pp = 1 . 00 ) is poorly supported as sister to the main clade ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . there are two clades containing species of noumea and the one species of verconia ( pp = 1 . 00 and pp = 1 . 00 ) that form a polytomy with the clade of all of the remaining chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 85 ) . within the main clade of chromodorids , there is one very well supported clade , which includes all species of ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and some digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 ) and a grade of clades of species ardeadoris , chromodoris , diversidoris , glossodoris , noumea , verconia and one species of digidentis . of the other 12 non - monotypic traditional genera , seven ( ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea ) are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) ( figure 3 ) . more detailed results found within each clade will be discussed below . there are three individual species and five clades of eastern pacific or atlantic species ( figure 4 ) . the data set without variable regions included 1108 bases . there are only slight changes to the tree topology , including slight losses of support and changes to branching pattern in the species relationships within four clades containing species of noumea , glossodoris , chromodoris and thorunna . additionally , some clades are more well - supported in the phylogram without variable regions , most notably there is some support for the two noumea clades as sisters . all of these differences are mapped in mirrored trees ( figure s2 ) .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .\ntree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .\nour classification is based on our coi and 16s combined phylogeny with all specimens included ( figure s2a ) . the older name that describes this clade , ceratosomatidae gray 1857 [ 61 ] was declared nomen oblitum under art . 23 . 9 of the international code of zoological nomenclature [ 58 ] . even though it is older than the name in current usage , chromodorididae , it had not been used in over fifty years . in the phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs , there are five basal clades : cadlinella , tyrinna , two clades made up of some species of noumea and verconia and one clade made up of some species of glossodoris . there is one , main , well - supported clade including species of ceratosoma , hypselodoris , and grade of clades . we will briefly introduce each clade and its member species in the context of a new classification for chromodorid nudibranchs ( figure 5 , s2a , s3 ) .\nthe two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .\ncadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]\nthe only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schr\u00f6dl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .\nverconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the \u2018noumea sensu stricto\u2019 and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .\ntype species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )\nthe glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the \u2018 glossodoris pallida subgroup\u2019 . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .\nlissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )\nthis clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of chromodoris that are not part of the black - lined , planar egg mass clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) , except chromodoris alternata and chromodoris ambiguus . this phylogeny is the first to find definitive support for a clade of chromodorids , first suggested by wilson [ 16 ] and turner and wilson [ 27 ] known to lay egg masses with extra - capsular yolk . when pease designated doris vibrata as the type species for the new genus goniobranchus , he should have changed the ending of vibrata to vibratus to reflect the masculine gender of the \u2013us ending . we have made that correction here and changed the gender of all of the species names that require changing ( names derived from adjectives ) in goniobranchus .\ncasella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )\nspecies included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthis name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .\nchromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nchromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )\nthese exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species \u2018felimida\u2019 . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .\nthe ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]\nthis clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .\ntype species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .\nthe diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .\nthe miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthis clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .\nthe miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .\nthe ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )\nthe felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and vald\u00e9s [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .\nthis clade includes the type species of mexichromis , m . antonii , known only from the eastern pacific and the three included species of durvilledoris , d . lemniscata , d . pusilla and d . similaris , the two described species of pectenodoris , p . aurora and p . trilineata and all of the indo - pacific species currently considered mexichromis , m . festiva , m . macropus , m . mariei and m . mutituberculata ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . there are two well - supported clades within the mexichromis clade . the clade including mexichromis antonii and the species of durvilledoris is sister to the clade including pectenodoris and indo - pacific mexichromis . these clades could be given two names , but it is much less disruptive and confusing to maintain the name mexichromis for all clade members . the clade including p . aurora and p . trilineata can be called the \u2018 pectenodoris \u2019 clade of mexichromis .\nthe thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .\nthis clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .\nspecies of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .\nthe enigmatic south australian species , chromodoris alternata and c . ambiguus are very different than other chromodorids . they are two of the five chromodorid species with a plesiomorphic serial reproductive system ( c . loringi , c . thompsoni , c . woddwardae ) [ 26 ] , [ 28 ] , [ 89 ] . all five of these species are found only in southeastern australia . these species were found to be more closely related to cadlina than chromodoris by wilson & lee [ 17 ] , but as part of the chromodorid grade in turner & wilson [ 27 ] . clearly further work on this group and its relationship to all cryptobranchs is needed . the addition of specimens of c . loringi , c . thompsoni and c . woodwardae [ 26 ] , [ 89 ] , [ 99 ] , the only other chromodorid species known to have a serial reproductive system may help solve this problem . these two species are always each other ' s closest relatives and are sister to the rest of the miamirainae in the all analyses . as suggested by dayrat & gosliner [ 60 ] they should be considered chromodorididae , because they are not included in a named clade . until the ambiguity of the relationship of these taxa to other chromodorids can be resolved , they should be considered chromodorididae alternata and chromodorididae ambiguous .\nin future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .\nin summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .\nthe most speciose chromodorid genera : chromodoris , glossodoris and hypselodoris were originally created to describe indo - pacific species . it wasn ' t until some time after these names were created that previously described , similar , brightly colored cryptobranch dorid species found in the eastern pacific , western atlantic and mediterranean were added to these genera [ 1 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 95 ] , [ 102 ] , [ 103 ] . in mexichromis the opposite is true . the type species , mexichromis antonii , was described from the eastern pacific and indo - pacific species were included later included in this genus [ 26 ] , [ 95 ] . other eastern pacific \u201c mexichromis \u201d are shown here to belong to felimare .\nthis new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .\nthe majority of chromodorid nudibranchs are found in the indo - pacific , but there are three individual species and five clades of solely atlantic and / or eastern pacific species ( figure 4 ) . the sister group to the rest of the chromodorids , cadlinella is found only in the indo - pacific , while the sister to the chromodorididae , the actinocyclidae is found in most temperate and tropical waters . although there are other possibly scenarios , such as trans - pacific dispersal and migration around africa , the pattern uncovered here , strongly supports the simplest hypothesis that the chromodorids diversified rapidly from the tropical tethyan realm . this pattern has been found in other gastropod groups [ 104 ] \u2013 [ 108 ] ( figure 4 ) . the chromodorids were likely widely distributed and different lineages diversified in isolation following vicariant events . this scenario is further supported by the fact that goniobranchis is sister to \u2018 doriprismatica \u2019 and its closest realitves and that all the memebers of goniobranchus are indo - pacific . also in this scenario , the specimens identified as d . sedna from the atlantic and eastern pacific appear to be distinct species as indicated by coi pairwise distances of 11 . 7\u201311 . 0 % between eastern pacific and altantic specimens while the three eastern pacific specimens are 0\u20130 . 7 % different from each other . this scenario clearly supports vicariance between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific and atlantic preceding the vicariance between the eastern pacific and atlantic . in the main chromodorid grade of clades there are two individual species and three clades that are exclusively atlantic and / or eastern pacific . specimens identified as \u2018 doriprismatica\u2019 sedna found both in the eastern pacific and the western atlantic , are always sisters and are nested within a clade of exclusively indo - pacific species . this is most likely a radiation into the eastern pacific and atlantic from the indo - pacific . the remainder of the atlantic and eastern pacific species , not included in the miamirinae , are part of a polytomy including five clades , three containing only eastern pacific and atlantic species of \u2018felimida\u2019 and the indo - pacific ardeadoris and chromodoris clades . \u2018felimida\u2019 baumanni , found in the eastern pacific , is also part of this polytomy . the relationships in this grade need to be examined more closely with the addition of more specimens and more genes .\nrelationships within the miramirinae clade are more resolved . there are two clades that include eastern pacific and atlantic species . the felimare clade is exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic . there are two eastern pacific and atlantic splits in this clade , the eastern pacific f . porterae and caribbean f . kempfi are potentially geminate species and are sister to a larger clade of eastern pacific , caribbean and eastern atlantic felimare species . more sampling is needed in this clade to further untangle the emergent biogeographic patterns within felimare . additionally , within the miamirinae , the eastern pacific species , mexichromis antonii , is sister to the exclusively indo - pacific m . lemniscata , m . pusilla and m . similaris and this clade is sister to the rest of the indo - pacific mexichromis . within the miamirinae , it appears that there had been more than one dispersal event from the indo - pacific , to eastern pacific and atlantic . ceratosoma and miamira species are only found in the indo - pacific and adjacent temperate regions . the sister taxon , the clade including : felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris , has a wider distribution . within this sister taxon , felilmare is exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic while its sister species in its sister taxon mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris are almost exclusively indo - pacific and adjacent temperate regions . mexichromis antonii , which is found in the eastern pacific , is the only speices in this clade not found in the indo - pacific or adjacent regions . thus , felimare and mexichromis antonii represent two distrinct invasions of the eastern pacific from the indo - pacific .\nwe hope the work presented here will serve as a starting point for further research into the evolutionary history of the chromodorid nudibranchs . this phylogeny is based only on mitochondrial genes , one of our first next steps will be to include sequences from nuclear genes for all of the species included here . the addition of more slowly evolving unlinked markers should help resolve some poorly supported node at the base of the phylogenies presented here and will add a separate line of evidence to this hypothesis . addtionally , morphological synapomorphies need to be found for the clades recoverd in this phyogeny . there is still much work to do in order to untangle the evolutionary history of this group . this phylogeny and classification is a start that will allow us to use names that represent monophyetic groups as the starting point for future discovery .\nthe electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to \u201cpublic library of science\u201d .\ntable of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .\nnew classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .\nbayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .\nbayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .\n\u00e1ngel vald\u00e9s , don potts , nudibranch central at cas , especially marta pola , yolanda camacho , jamie chan and benoit dayrat , the potts lab ucsc , the center for comparative genomics at cas , especially josh hallas , boni cruz , susie lockhart , monica medina , kristy deiner , kristen cella , alessandra lopez , anna sellas and brian simison . a work of this scope is a true collaboration and would have been impossible with the dedication and knowledge of : cory pittman , pauline fiene , robert bolland , scott johnson , inbio and yolanda camacho , lucas cervera , larry harris , alicia hermosillo , yvonne valles , benoit dayrat , mike miller , hans bertsch , marta pola , goncalo caladao , shireen fahey , patrick krug , manuel malquias , correy whisson of wam , lindsay groves of lacm , moorea biocode project , philippe bouchet and census of marine life - pangolo and santo expeditions .\nconceived and designed the experiments : rfj tmg . performed the experiments : rfj . analyzed the data : rfj . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : tmg . wrote the paper : rfj . conceptualized and wrote the new classification : tmg rfj .\nedmunds m ( 1981 ) opishtobranchiate mollusca from ghana : chromodorididae . zoological journal of the linnean society 71 : 175\u2013201 .\nspecies ( gastropoda : nudibranchia ) ultrastructure and chemical analysis of mantle dermal formations ( mdfs ) . marine biology 106 : 245\u2013250 .\n( opisthobranchia , chromodorididae ) . journal of molluscan studies 72 ( 2 ) : 214\u2013216 .\nrudman wb , berquist pr ( 2007 ) a review of feeding specificity in the sponge - feeding chromodorididae ( nudibranchia : mollusca ) . molluscan research 27 ( 2 ) : 60\u201388 ."]}
{"id": 2399, "summary": [{"text": "perithemis is a genus of dragonflies commonly known as amberwings .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are characterized by their small size and the amber wings of the male .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "perithemis includes the following species : perithemis bella kirby , 1889 perithemis capixaba costa , de souza & muz\u00f3n , 2006 perithemis cornelia ris , 1910 - orange amberwing perithemis domitia ( drury , 1773 ) - slough amberwing perithemis electra ris , 1930 - golden amberwing perithemis icteroptera ( selys in sagra , 1857 ) perithemis intensa kirby , 1889 - mexican amberwing perithemis lais ( perty , 1834 ) - fine-banded amberwing perithemis mooma kirby , 1889 perithemis parzefalli hoffmann , 1991 - clear-tipped amberwing perithemis rubita dunkle , 1982 - ruby amberwing perithemis tenera ( say , 1840 ) - eastern amberwing perithemis thais kirby , 1889", "topic": 7}], "title": "perithemis", "paragraphs": ["eastern amberwing perithemis tenera female balmorhea lake , reeves co . texas 21 august 2013\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female dripping springs , hays co . , texas 30 june 2017\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male southeast metro park , travis co . , texas 16 may 2014\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male barkeley meadows park , travis co . , texas 8 september 2015\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male southeast metro park , travis co . , texas 9 july 2016\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 30 may 2013\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 7 june 2013\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 11 may 2014\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 2 august 2014\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 14 august 2014\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 27 april 2015\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 9 june 2015\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 11 may 2016\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 26 april 2017\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male chub sandhill natural area preserve , sussex co . , virginia 7 june 2017\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male roger hanks park , dripping springs , hays co . , texas 17 june 2015\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male city of rocks state park , grant co . , new mexico 27 august 2015\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male harrison lake national fish hatchery , charles city co . , virginia 7 june 2017\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female pedernales river nature park , johnson city , blanco co . , texas 13 june 2013\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female pedernales river nature park , johnson city , blanco co . , texas 15 august 2013\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female lakes regional park , ft . myers , lee co . , florida 8 october 2014\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera teneral male , just emerged pocahontas state park , chesterfield co . , virginia 8 june 2017\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera male san marcos river , ca 3 mi w of luling , caldwell co . , texas 21 july 2017\neastern amberwing perithemis tenera female yett creek park , austin , travis co . , texas 16 july 2015 lat 30 . 429596 , lon - 97 . 737002\nthe eastern amberwing ( perithemis tenera ) is a small , thick - bodied dragon that utilizes many habitats from streams to lakes to ponds and marshes . it is one of the smallest dragons in north america and it is sometimes called a\nwasp mimic\nsince it can look very wasp - like in flight . the first image shown here was photographed in austin , travis co . , texas in may , 2003 . the image was a digital capture with a canon eos 10d and ef 300 mm f4 l is lens with a 1 . 4 extender and 550 ex flash . the next image , to illustrate the dorsal abdominal pattern in comparison to the slough amberwing , was shot in eagle pass , maverick co . , texas in september , 2003 with a canon eos 10d and ef 70 - 200 mm f / 2 . 8 l is lens with 2x extender and 550 ex flash .\namphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths ( external site ) bug guide ( external site ) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada , j . pelham , 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state\nthis list , including english names originally proposed in 1978 and now revised several times , is offered as both a current north american check - list and a list of english names . the english names were generated by dennis r . paulson and sidney w . dunkle ( a few were already in use ) and approved , with some modification , by the membership of the dragonfly society of the americas . common names for species recently added to the list were coined by the common names committe and then the checklist committee of the dsa or by the original describer . the list is kept up to date with taxonomic changes , name changes , and species newly added to the fauna .\nslater museum of natural history 1500 n . warner st . # 1088 tacoma , wa 98416 253 . 879 . 3356\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : extent of occurrence is 3 , 955 , 500 km\u00b2 and the species is known from 32 locations , several within protected areas .\nfound from honduras south to bolivia and brazil ( ris 1930 , r\u00e1cenis 1953 , dunkle 1982 , donnelly 1992 , louton et al . 1996 , d . r . paulson pers . comm . 2006 , r . w . garrison 2006 ) .\nthe species is known from 32 localities , several situated within a protected area and thought to be widespread although no data is available on population numbers .\nadults perch on marginal vegetation of ponds , lakes , pools , sloughs , swamps and streams ; female oviposits on twigs 1 - 2 inches above water ( ris 1930 ) . larva described by santos ( 1970 ) .\npresent in protected areas : reserva biologica la selva , heredia province , costa rica , parque nacional soberania , canal zone , panama , parque nacional manu , madre de dios department , peru , reserva de limoncocha , napo province , ecuador ( dunkle 1982 , donnelly 1992 , louton et al . 1996 , d . r . paulson pers . comm . 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis small , colorful skimmer is quick and alert . the length of the body varies from 0 . 8 to 1 . 0 inches . the thorax generally is brown with short , thin dorsal stripes and yellowish side spots . the abdomen is short and stout with variable patterns , either not striped or with narrow brown stripes . the abdomen for the male has an orange tint to it . the male ' s wings are tinted amber with yellow veins and red stigmas ( near the tips of wings ) . the female ' s wings are variable with brown spots and red stigmas . the face is yellowish . the legs are yellowish with black spines .\nthis species is common throughout eastern and central united states , from maine to arizona . eastern amberwings like permanent still or slowly moving waters such as ponds , lakes , ditches , and stream pools , but not bogs . it is widely distributed and fairly common throughout much of wisconsin .\nshading illustrates monthly percentages of the total flight season records for the species . each flight season record is a unique date / location / observer combination where one or more adult or an exuvia was recorded ( excludes nymphs ) . the actual number of flight season records for each month is shown in parentheses . flight seasons begin earlier in the southern part of the state , often by a week or more . also , flight charts may not be accurate for rare species because of few data available .\nthis site is produced in conjunction with the wisconsin aquatic and terrestrial resources inventory and sponsored by the wisconsin department of natural resources . the information presented on this site is subject to the wisconsin department of natural resources ' legal notices , disclaimers , and terms of use .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis is a small species with a brown thorax . there are two wide greenish stripes laterally and middorsally on the thorax . males have orange or amber wings that usually develop a brown spot above the triangles . females have variously shaped brown spots or stripes through the amber areas . both sexes have red pterostigmata . the abdomen is narrowed basally , but thick thereafter and brown with a dark row of chevrons dorsally .\ntotal length : 19 - 25 mm ; abdomen : 12 - 16 mm ; hindwing : 16 - 21 mm .\nslough amberwing ( p . domitia ) has dark brown stripes , not chevrons , dorsally on the abdomen . other skimmers with amber in wings are significantly larger .\nthis small dragonfly has been well studied . it has an elaborate courtship behavior . males come to the water ' s edge early in the morning in search of a territory . they then patrol and defend these territories , as potential egg laying sites , where they regularly perch on emergent sticks or twigs . these small territories , less than 5 square m , are only accepted by the male if he is not disturbed and there is no competition from other males . females appear and are courted by the male . he will fly out to her and lead her back to his prospective oviposition site , hovering with his abdomen turned up . upon acceptance by the female , signaled by a slower wing beat , the pair perch on a twig and mate , taking 20 - 30 sec . females then la y eggs either accompanied by the male or alone and guarded . females tap the abdomen against sticks or twigs within the oviposition area , attaching to it a gelatinous mass just above the waterline . the clumps of eggs released into water seem to explode into individual eggs as the clump drifts downward through the water . both sexes of this group mimic wasps by perching at the ends of grasses or weeds and , while beating their wings , pump the abdomen up and down . females also fly with the hindwings held together vertically with the abdomen bent up . females with more darkly pigmented wings tend to select the more favorable oviposition sites such as logs or sticks , and the lighter pigmented females select less favorable patches of floating vegetation . andromorphic females , with diffusely amber wings , are occasionally reported . one study found that males that were prevented from mating were much more likely to change potential oviposition sites the following day than males that were allowed t o mate , possibly implying that males use their reproductive success to determine the quality of oviposition sites .\npermissions to use , copy and distribute documents delivered from this server , with the exception of photographs and content related to the dragonfly society of the americas , is hereby granted with restrictions . odonatacentral should be cited in all cases where the content is used . click here for restrictions of use and the correct citation . questions and comments about this site can be sent to jabbott1 @ urltoken .\nthe male eastern amberwing shown here was in the davis mountains , jeff davis co . , texas , in june , 2005 . this shot was taken with a canon eos 1d mark ii and ef 600mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash .\nthe next three shots show male eastern amberwings at austin , travis co . , texas , in august , 2007 . these shots were taken with a canon eos 1d mark iii and the same lens and flash as the previous images .\nthe next two shots of a male eastern amberwing were taken in austin , texas , in july , 2008 , with the same gear as previously described .\nthe shot shown here shows a teneral female eastern amberwing that has just recently emerged . this image was taken in may , 2009 , at buescher state park , bastrop co . , texas with a canon eos 1d mark iii and ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash .\nthe female eastern amberwing shown here was in austin , travis co . , texas , in august , 2009 . this image was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iii and an ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash .\nthe female eastern amberwing shown here was in victoria , victoria co . , texas , in november , 2009 . a canon eos 1d mark iii and an ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash was used for this image .\nthe female eastern amberwing on the right was at a small pond on the caddo national grasslands , fannin co . , texas , in june , 2011 .\nthe male eastern amberwing on the right was in cameron , milam co . , texas , in september , 2011 . this shot was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iv and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens and canon 580 flash .\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes ."]}
{"id": 2402, "summary": [{"text": "pyropteron affine is a moth of the sesiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , except ireland , great britain , the netherlands , denmark , fennoscandia , the baltic region , poland and bulgaria .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in asia minor , georgia , the middle east and north africa ( tunisia , algeria and morocco ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 15 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to july .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae of ssp. affine feed on helianthemum chamaecistus , helianthemum vulgare , helianthemum nummularium and fumana procumbens , while the larvae of ssp. erodiiphagum have been recorded on erodium arborescens . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pyropteron affine", "paragraphs": ["valter jacinto marked\nborboleta - vespa / / clearwing moth ( pyropteron affine )\nas trusted on the\npyropteron affine\npage .\nno one has contributed data records for pyropteron affine yet . learn how to contribute .\nbartsch , d . , bettag , e . , bl\u00e4sius , r . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2006 ) : zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme ( ochsenheimer , 1808 ) , pyropteron biedermanni le cerf , 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme ( lucas , 1849 ) stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 1 ) , 3 - 10 .\npyropteron affine is a moth of the sesiidae family . it is found in most of europe , except ireland , great britain , the netherlands , denmark , fennoscandia , the baltic region , poland and bulgaria . it is also found in asia minor , georgia , the middle east and north africa ( tunisia , algeria and morocco ) .\nthe larvae of ssp . affine feed on helianthemum chamaecistus , helianthemum vulgare , helianthemum nummularium and fumana procumbens , while the larvae of ssp . erodiiphagum have been recorded on erodium arborescens .\nlastuvka , z . ( 1990 [ 1988 ] ) : zur taxonomie und verbreitung der europ\u00e4ischen arten der gattung pyropteron newman ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 acta universitatis agriculturae , facultas agronomica 36 ( 1 ) , 105 - 111 .\np\u00fchringer , f . & kallies , a . ( 2004 ) : provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4 , 1 - 85 ; updated by f . p\u00fchringer .\n, a - 4817 st . konrad , austria ; \u00a9 dr . axel kallies , the walter and eliza hall institute , 1g royal parade , parkville , victoria 3050 , australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b : 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ] ; unavailable ( art . 29 . 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874 : 9 , pl . 82 ) , trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ] : pl . 84 : fig . 3 ) ,\n( esper 1800 : 29 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758 : 493 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900 : 34 ) , sesia ; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f . uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var . lucida ( lederer 1853 ) , nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp . ( never assigned to sesiidae , but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ] : 95 , 152 ( index ) , pl . 61 , fig . c ) ,\nagassiz , j . l . r . ( [ 1847 ] ) : nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis . \u2013 nomenclator zoologicus 2 ( 12 ) ( 1846 ) , 393 pp . ( 319 )\nalpheraky , s . n . ( 1882 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ii\u00e8me partie . heterocera . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17 , 15 - 103 , pls 1 - 3 . ( 18 - 22 , pl . 1 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1933 ) : die lepidopteren pal\u00e4stinas . eine zoogeographisch - \u00f6kologisch - faunistische studie . \u2013 zoogeographica 2 , 1 - 146 . ( 25 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1935 ) : neue pal\u00e4stinensische lepidopteren . \u2013 mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20 , 271 - 319 . ( 277 - 278 )\narita , y . ( 1989 ) : two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 microlepidoptera of thailand 2 , 9 - 14 .\n( moore ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 43 ( 3 ) , 221 - 224 .\ndehne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 2 ) , 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from yakushima island , japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 44 ( 2 ) , 77 - 80 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995a ) : sesiidae of nepal . in haruta , t . ( ed . ) : moths of nepal . \u2013 tinea 14 ( suppl . 2 ) , 194 - 206 , pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson , [ 1893 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 103 - 111 .\ntypes ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) kept in the hope entomological collections , oxford university , uk . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 4 ) , 185 - 205 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995d ) : a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , osminiini ) . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 131 - 141 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 ( 3 ) , 157 - 173 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . , ( 1996b ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . i . the genus\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 ( 2 ) , 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from kyushu , japan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 ( 1 ) , 33 - 38 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . iii . the genus\nle cerf , 1916 in the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 ( 1 ) , 19 - 29 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998b ) : a revision of embrik strand ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 chinese journal of entomology 18 ( 3 ) , 141 - 165 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000a ) : on the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 tinea 16 ( 4 ) , 252 - 291 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000b ) : notes on the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from vietnam , with descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 1 ) , 49 - 74 .\nle cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , osminiini ) of vietnam and adjacent countries . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 3 ) , 205 - 214 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2001 ) : sesiidae of taiwan . i . the tribes tinthiini , similipepsini , paraglosseciini , pennisetiini , paranthrenini and cissuvorini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 ( 2 ) , 131 - 188 .\nhampson ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 ( 4 ) , 241 - 244 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2002b ) : sesiidae of taiwan . ii . the tribes osminiini , melittiini and sesiini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 ( 2 ) , 199 - 241 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003a ) : new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , similipepsini ) from vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 1 ) , 11 - 19 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003b ) : in arita , y . , gorbunov , o . g . & mohamed , m . : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the maliau basin , sabah , borneo . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 2 ) , 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from north vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\narita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2003 ) : a new species of the genus trilochana moore , 1879 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from sulawesi . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 4 ) , 229 - 232 . arita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2005 ) : see kallies , a . & arita , y . ( 2005 ) .\narita , y . & kimura , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . , kallies , a . , hsu , y . - f . , liang , j . - y . , lai , b . - c . , yang , m . - m . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : polymorphism of nokona pilamicola ( strand , [ 1916 ] ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in taiwan .\narita , y . , kimura , m . & owada , m . ( 2009 ) : two new species of the clearwing moth ( sesiidae ) from okinawa - jima , the ryukyus . \u2013\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 ( 3 ) , 189 - 192 .\narita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in the ryukyus , japan . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 4 ) , 184 - 198 . arita , y . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\nkallies & arita , 1998 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) from south - east asia , with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988 . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 3 ) , 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 57 ( 1 ) , 61 - 66 .\narita , y . & tosevski , i . ( 1992 ) : in tosevski , i . & arita , y . : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the ryukyus . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 3 ) , 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 tinea 12 ( suppl . ) , 158 - 167 .\narita , y . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994a ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : a new\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing , china . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 61 - 64 .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994b ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa , tibet ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 193 - 199 .\nassmann , a . ( 1845 ) : schw\u00e4rmer oder d\u00e4mmerungsschmetterlinge ( sphinges ) . \u2013 abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2 , 48 pp , 26 pls . ( 17 - 26 , 45 - 47 , pls 5 - 7 , 24 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1879 ) : lepidoptera damarensia . f\u00f6rteckning pa fj\u00e4rilar insamlade i damaralandet af g . de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning \u00f6fver f\u00f6rut ok\u00e4nda arter . \u2013 \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 36 ( 7 ) , 39 - 69 . ( 47 - 48 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1905 ) : lieutnant a . schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 2 ( 12 ) , 1 - 47 , 5 pls . ( 43 - 46 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1909 ) : lepidoptera , rhopalocera und heterocera ( pars i ) von madagaskar , den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas . in voeltzkow , a . : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 , [ 309 ] - 348 , 19 pls . ( 342 , pl . 19 )\nbakowski , m . , bartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiini ) . \u2013 annales zoologici 58 ( 4 ) , 785 - 797 .\nbarnes , w . & benjamin , f . h . ( 1925 ) : change of a preoccupied name ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 ( 1 ) , 14 .\nbarnes , w . & lindsey , a . w . ( 1922 ) : descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae ( lep . ) . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 18 ( 4 ) , 122 - 123 .\nbarnes , w . & mcdunnough , j . h . ( 1918 ) : notes and new species . \u2013 contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 ( 2 ) , 61 - 208 . ( 178 )\nbartel , m . ( 1902 ) : die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . zweiter band : nachtfalter . i . abteilung , 239 - 384 . \u2013 leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift ( guben ) 19 , 190 - 191 .\nbartel , m . ( 1912 ) : 24 . familie : aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 2 , 375 - 416 , pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2003 ) : beitrag zur glasfl\u00fcglerfauna von nepal ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 145 , 149 - 151 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2004 ) : die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte \u00fcbersicht ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 2 ) , 80 - 86 .\nbettag , 1997 aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 5 ) , 211 - 215 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson , 1919 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 5 ) , 221 - 224 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 6 ) , 265 - 280 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2009 ) : melittosesia , a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval , 1828 in madagascar ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 119 ( 1 ) , 9 - 16 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson , 1896 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2618 , 36 - 46 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2012 ) : revision of types of several species of bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) , 125 - 133 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2013 ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of new species .\nbartsch , d . ( 2015 ) : new taxa of southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016a ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016b ) : melittia fiebigi spec . nov . and afromelittia caerulea spec . nov . , two new melittiini from southern africa ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 , 109 - 115 .\nbartsch , d . & berg , j . ( 2012 ) : new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand , 1914 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : synanthedonini ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3181 , 28 - 46 .\nspec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 29 - 40 .\nbartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler , 1910 in marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 2 ) , 85 - 93 .\nbartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : chamaesphecia cilicia sp . nov . aus dem taurus gebirge , t\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 2 ) , 89 - 91 .\nbartsch , d . & p\u00fchringer , f . ( 2005 ) : die glasfl\u00fcgler kretas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 3 ) , 131 - 139 .\nsp . nov . aus der s\u00fcdt\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 3 ) , 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasfl\u00fcgler arten aus afghanistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 6 ) , 243 - 248 .\nbecker , v . o . ( 1984 ) : 29 . gelechiidae . \u2013 in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 1 . micropterigoidea - immoidea 1 , 1 - 112 . ( 44 - 53 )\nbehrens , j . ( 1889 ) : in french , g . h . : some texas , arizona and california moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 21 ( 9 ) , 161 - 163 . ( 163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie , j . b . e . ( 1860 ) : observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) 8 ( 3 ) , 667 - 713 , pl . 12 . ( 681 - 684 )\nbertaccini , e . & fiumi , g . ( 2002 ) : bombici e sfingi d ' italia ( lepidoptera sesioidea ) 4 , 181 pp , 8 pls . ( 32 - 181 , pls 1 - 8 )\nsp . n . , ein neuer glasfl\u00fcgler aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 23 - 27 .\nbettag , e & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1998 ) : eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 26 ( 2 ) , 71 - 75 .\nbettag , e . & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1999 ) : \u00fcber den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var . tunetana ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 27 ( 3 ) , 93 - 101 .\n- art aus s\u00fcdspanien . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de synanthedon du sud de l ' espagne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 revue de l ' association roussillonnaise d ' entomologie 11 ( 1 ) , 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher , b . c . r . ( 1983 ) : redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 ciencia forestal 8 ( 43 ) , 24 - 32 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1893 ) : notes on some north american moths , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 , 19 - 26 . ( 22 - 26 )\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894a ) : studies of some species of north american aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 87 - 98 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894b ) : on north american moths , with the description of a new species of triprocris . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 365 - 368 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1896 ) : critical review of the sesiidae found in america , north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8 , 111 - 148 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1897 ) : notes on north american sesiidae , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9 , 213 - 216 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1898 ) : three new species of sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 6 ( 4 ) , 240 - 241 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899a ) : new african sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 , 170 - 172 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899b ) : descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 4 ) , 254 - 256 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900a ) : synopsis of the species of melittia of america , north of mexico , with description of a new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 149 - 151 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900b ) : on some species of north american lepidoptera . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 157 - 160 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900d ) : two new sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 8 , 254 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1901 ) : monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . \u2013 memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) , 217 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\n. \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 10 ( 2 ) , 126 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1909 ) : descriptions of three new sesiidae . \u2013 entomological news 20 , 82 - 84 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1916 ) : description of a new sesiid . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 48 ( 11 ) , 372 .\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1828 ) : europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1 , 103 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 29 - 31 )\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1829 - 1844 ) : dixi\u00e8me ordre : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . in gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9n\u00e9ville , f . e . : iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apres nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , vol . 2 and 3 , 576 pp , 104 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . 84 , [ 1832 ] ;\n( 1870 [ 1867 ] ) : lepidoptera eversmanniana . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4 , 6 .\nbrethes , j . ( 1920 ) : insectos \u00fatiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata . \u2013 anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54 , 281 - 290 , 307 - 308 . ( 284 )\n( sesiidae ) , from florida . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 39 ( 4 ) , 262 - 265 .\nedwards ( lepidoptera aegeriidae ) . \u2013 notas del museo de la plata 6 ( 48 ) , 157 - 163 , pls i - ii .\nbryk , f . ( 1947 ) : neue ostasiatische aegeriiden ( lep . ) . \u2013 opuscula entomologica 12 , 96 - 109 .\nbryk , f . ( 1953 ) : lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 5 ( 1 - 3 ) , 1 - 268 . ( 262 - 266 )\nburmeister , h . ( 1878 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 description physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine , d ' apres des observations personelles et \u00e9trang\u00e8res 5 ( 1 ) , vi + 526 pp , 24 pls . ( 359 - 362 )\nbusck , a . ( 1909 ) : notes on the family aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) , with a synoptic table of the north american genera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 3 ) , 115 - 118 .\nbusck , a . ( 1910 ) : list of trinidad microlepidoptera , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 bulletin of the department of agriculture 9 , 241 - 245 . ( 242 - 243 )\nbusck , a . ( 1913a ) : new microlepidoptera from british guiana . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1 , 88 - 92 .\nbusck , a . ( 1913b ) : two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 ( 3 ) , 102 - 104 .\nbusck , a . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 ( 4 ) , 143 - 150 , pls vii - viii . ( 143 - 144 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915a ) : descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 ( 2 ) , 79 - 94 . ( 80 - 81 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915b ) : new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2043 ) ( 1914 ) , 1 - 67 . ( 61 )\nbusck , a . ( 1920 ) : descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 ( 4 - 6 ) , 83 - 95 . ( 83 )\nbusck , a . ( 1929 ) : a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 ( 7 ) , 134 - 137 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1874 ) : notes on the aegeriidae , with descriptions of new genera and species . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fourth series ) 14 , 407 - 411 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1876 ) : descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut . howland roberts . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 308 - 310 . ( 309 , pl . xxii )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1878 ) : illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2 , 62 pp , pls 21 - 40 - london . ( 59 - 61 , pl . 40 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1881 ) : descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fifth series ) 10 , 36 - 43 , 149 - 160 , 226 - 238 . ( 237 - 238 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1883 ) : heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . part iv . \u2013 pyrales and micros . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\n, n . g . in pryer , h . j . s . : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura , british north borneo . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1896 ) : on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr . richard crawshay in nyasa - land , between the months of january and april 1895 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 108 - 136 . ( 134 , pl . vi )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1902 ) : on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston , k . c . b . , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 . ( 50 , pl . 1 )\nbytinski - salz , h . ( [ 1937 ] ) : secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna . \u2013 memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 ( 2 ) ( 1936 ) , 194 - 212 . ( 198 )\ncl . \u2013 deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 ( 1889 ) , 268 - 269 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973a ) : 236 . aegeriidae . ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 reichenbachia ( zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologische taxonomie ) 14 ( 15 ) , 109 - 124 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973b ) : zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in der r . p\u00fcngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63 , 134 - 171 .\nclarke , j . f . g . ( 1962 ) : neotropical microlepidoptera . ii . a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 113 , 383 - 388 .\nclemens , b . ( 1860 ) : contributions to american lepidopterology . \u2013 no . 3 . \u2013 proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 , 4 - 15 . ( 14 - 15 )\nclerck , c . a . ( 1759 - [ 1764 ] ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . syst . nat . allegatis 1 , 21 pp , 55 pls . \u2013 stockholm . { 1759 : pls 1 - 16 ; 1764 : pls 17 - 55 } ( pl . 9 , 1759 )\ncloss , a . ( 1916 ) : einige neue sphingidenformen ( lep . ) . \u2013 entomologische mitteilungen 5 ( 5 / 8 ) , 199 - 200 . ( 200 )\ncloss , a . g . ( 1920 ) : [ contribution ] . in : berliner entomologen - bund : sitzung am 20 . m\u00e4rz 1919 . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14 , 13 .\n, spec . nov . ( lep . het . , sphingidae ) . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 ( 14 ) , 118 .\ncockayne , e . a . ( 1955 ) : aberrations of british lepidoptera . \u2013 entomologist ' s gazette 6 , 3 - 6 , pl . 1 . ( 3 )\ncockerell , t . d . a . ( 1908 ) : new sesiid moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 40 ( 9 ) , 329 - 331 .\ncosta , o . g . ( 1832 - 1836 ) : fauna del regno di napoli . . . a . lepidotteri 1 , 20 - 21 .\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 1 , 155 pp , 96 pls . \u2013 amsterdam . { 1775 : issues 1 - 7 , 1776 : issue 8 } ( 83 , pl . 52 , 1775 )\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 2 , 151 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 amsterdam . ( 73 , 80 , 151 ( index ) , pls 142 , 146 , 1777 )\ncyrillus , d . ( 1787 ) : entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum , 8 p . , 12 pls . \u2013 neapoli . ( pl . 4 )\ndalla torre , k . w . & strand , e . ( 1925 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 lepidopterorum catalogus 31 , 202 pp .\ndalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) : f\u00f6rs\u00f6k till systematisk uppst\u00e4llning af sveriges fj\u00e4rilar . \u2013 kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37 , 48 - 101 , 129 , 199 - 225 .\ndampf , a . ( 1930 ) : dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia . \u2013 mexico forestal 8 ( 8 ) , 179 - 181 .\nde freina , j . j . : see freina , j . j . de\n[ denis , m . & schifferm\u00fcller , i . ] ( 1775 ) : ank\u00fcndung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ] , 323 pp . \u2013 wien . ( 30 , 44 , 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( 1954 ) : microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archibold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv . \u2013 verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeeling natuurkunde . reeks 2 50 ( 1 ) ( 1952 - 1955 ) , 1 - 191 . ( 180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( [ 1968 ] ) : microlepidoptera of the philippine islands . \u2013 united states national museum bulletin 257 ( 1967 ) , 1 - 484 . ( 218 - 235 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1795 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states , the periods of their transformations , their food , oeconomy & c . , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4 , 96 + 6 pp , pls 109 - 144 . ( 21 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1797 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states . . . 6 , 86 + 6 pp , pls 181 - 216 . ( 35 , pl . 195 )\ndruce , h . ( 1881 - 1900 ) : lepidoptera - heterocera . \u2013 in godman , f . d . & salvin , o . ( eds . ) : biologia 39 / 1 , 490 pp ; 40 / 2 , 622 pp ; 41 / 3 , pls 1 - 101 . \u2013 london . { vol . 39 / 1 : 1 - 24 ( 1881 ) , 25 - 32 ( 1883 ) , 33 - 112 ( 1884 ) ; vol . 2 : 273 - 336 ( 1896 ) , 337 - 440 ( 1897 ) , 441 - 536 ( 1898 ) , 537 - 592 ( 1899 ) , 593 - 622 ( 1900 ) } ( 39 / 1 : 28 - 34 , 1883 - 1884 ; 40 / 2 : 321 - 326 , 1896 ; 41 / 3 : pls 5 , 68 - 69 )\ndruce , h . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae . \u2013 the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 19 , 15 - 18 . ( 15 )\ndruce , h . ( 1889 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 4 , 77 - 94 . ( 78 - 82 )\ndruce , h . ( 1892 ) : description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 9 , 275 - 279 . ( 275 - 276 )\ndruce , h . ( 1893 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 280 - 311 , [ pls xix - xxi ] . ( 280 )\ndruce , h . ( 1898 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 1 , 207 - 215 . ( 207 )\ndruce , h . ( 1899 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 4 , 200 - 205 . ( 201 - 205 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910a ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 5 , 393 - 402 . ( 401 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910b ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 6 , 168 - 183 ( 180 - 181 ) .\ndruce , h . ( 1911 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america , and two new species of geometridae from west africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 7 , 287 - 294 . ( 292 )\ndrury , d . ( 1773 ) : illustrations of natural history , wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects , according to their different genera . . . 2 , 9 + 90 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 49 )\ndrury , d . ( 1782 ) : illustrations of natural history . . . exotic insects . . . 3 , 15 + 76 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 3 , pl . 2 ) .\nduckworth , w . d . ( 1969 ) : a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects ( lepidoptera : yponomeutoidea ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 ( 4 ) , 487 - 490 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973a ) : the type - material of north american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 148 , 1 - 34 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973b ) : new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 ( 2 ) , 150 - 159 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1974 ) : clearwing moths of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 180 , 1 - 45 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1976 ) : a new species of clearwing moth ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 ( 3 ) , 304 - 308 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977a ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( sesiidae ) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 31 ( 3 ) , 191 - 196 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977b ) : a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the pan - pacific entomologist 53 ( 3 ) , 175 - 178 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977c ) : a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera , sesioidea ) . \u2013 occasional papers in entomology 26 , 1 - 54 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1978 ) : the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 261 , 1 - 28 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1983 ) : revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 361 , 1 - 15 .\ndumont , c . ( 1922 ) : diagnoses de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux du nord de l ' afrique . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 15 ) , 215 - 220 . ( 215 - 217 )\nduponchel , p . a . j . ( 1835 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 supplement a l ' histoire naturelle 2 , 197 pp , 12 pls . ( 108 , 112 - 116 , 129 , 167 , pl . 9 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of two new tineina ( lep . ) from the lagos district . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1915 ) : microlepidoptera ( pterophorina and tineina ) collected by the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea . \u2013 lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea 2 ( 15 ) , 149 - 168 . ( 166 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1919 ) : three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ] . \u2013 novitates zoologicae 26 ( 1 ) , 120 - 122 .\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1924 ) : in : examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of london ( 1923 - 1924 ) , lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar , h . g . ( [ 1903 ] ) : a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) , 1 - 723 . ( 364 - 371 )\ndyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) : additions to the list of north american lepidoptera , no . 2 . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 ( 2 ) , 103 - 119 . ( 106 )\neda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) : a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder , 1874 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from guangdong , china . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 3 ) , 128 - 130 . eda , k . & arita , y . ( 2015 ) : see eda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) .\nedwards , h . ( 1880 ) : descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 8 ) , 71 - 72 .\nedwards , h . ( 1881 ) : new genera and species of the family aegeridae . \u2013 papilio 1 ( 10 ) , 179 - 208 , pl . 4 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882a ) : notes on n . american aegeridae , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 4 ) , 52 - 57 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882b ) : further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 6 ) , 96 - 99 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882c ) : descriptions of new species of n . am . heterocera . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 8 ) , 123 - 130 . ( 123 - 124 )\nedwards , h . ( 1883 ) : new species of aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) , 155 - 157 .\nedwards , h . ( 1885 ) : new species of californian moths . \u2013 entomologica americana 1 ( 3 ) , 49 - 50 . ( 49 )\nedwards , h . ( 1887 ) : descriptions of new species of north american heterocera , with notes . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 19 ( 8 ) , 145 - 147 .\nedwards , h . ( 1888 ) : catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera , described since grote ' s\nnew check list\n( 1872 ) , with those omitted from that publication . \u2013 entomologica americana 3 ( 12 ) , 221 - 232 . ( 223 - 224 )\nedwards , h . ( 1891 ) : [ contribution ] . in lugger , o . : two new lepidopterous borers . \u2013 psyche 6 , 108 - 109 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1986 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 4 , 315 - 378 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1987 ) : three new western hemisphere clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomography 5 , 531 - 540 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1989 ) : western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 6 , 159 - 212 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1992 ) : clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) , 135 - 150 .\neichlin , t . d . ( [ 1993 ] ) : a new texas clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) , 265 - 268 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995a ) : a new panamanian clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 1 ) , 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) , 114 - 118 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995c ) : 65 . sesiidae . in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 2 . hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3 , 17 - 18 , 109 - 113 . eichlin , t . d . ( 1998 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 holarctic lepidoptera 5 ( 1 ) , 23 - 33 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2002 ) : in eichlin , t . d . & kinnee , s . a . : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universit\u00e4t des saarlandes , saarbr\u00fccken , germany ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 zootaxa 108 , 1 - 15 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003a ) : carmenta munroei , a new clearwing moth from costa rica ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 42 - 43 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003b ) : carmenta guayaba , a new clearwing moth from peru ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 44 - 45 .\neichlin , t . d . , delgado , o . s . , strathie , l . w . , zachariades , c . & clavijo , j . ( 2009 ) : carmenta chromolaenae eichlin , a new species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata ( l . ) king & robinson ( asteraceae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2288 , 42 - 50 .\neichlin , t . d . & duckworth , w . d . ( 1988 ) : the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 5 . 1 . sesioidea , sesiidae , 176 pp . \u2013 washington .\n. \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 37 ( 3 ) ( 1983 ) , 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 3 ) , 231 - 235 .\nemich von em\u00f6ke , g . ( 1872 ) : descriptions de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de transcaucasie . \u2013 revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , series 2 , 23 ( 2 ) ( 1871 - 1872 ) , 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925a ) : studies in north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . i . descriptions and corrections of species from long island , new york . ii . descriptions of two new western species . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 2 ) , 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925b ) : studies of north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 4 ) , 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1946 ) : the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 190 , iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : cheshuyekriliya ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 travels in turkestan ( fedtchenko ) 2 ( 5 ) , 128 pp . ( 26 - 27 , pl . 5 ) [ in russian ]\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : lepidopteren von turkestan . \u2013 stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 ( 10 - 12 ) , 386 - 417 . ( 393 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1778 - 1786 ) : die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 , 234 pp , pls 1 - 36 . \u2013 erlangen . { title page : 1779 ; 1778 : pls 1 - 6 ; 1779 : 1 - 80 , pls 7 - 18 ; 1780 : 81 - 196 , pls 19 - 25 ; 1782 : 197 - 212 , pls 26 - 31 ; 1783 : 213 - 228 , pls 32 - 35 ; 1786 : 229 - 234 , pl . 36 } ( 122 , 131 - 135 , 205 - 217 , 230 - 232 , 234 , pls 14 - 15 , 23 , 29 - 32 , 36 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1789 - [ 1804 ] ) : fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge . \u2013 die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 ( suppl . ) , 52 pp , pls 37 - 47 . \u2013 erlangen . { [ 1789 ] : 5 - 12 , pls [ 38 - 40 ] ; 1800 : 21 - 40 , pls 42 - 46 ; [ 1803 - 1804 ] : 41 - 52 , pl . 47 } ( 5 , 9 , 25 , 29 - 30 , 44 - 47 , pls 37 - 38 , 42 , 44 , 47 )\neversmann , e . ( 1844 ) : fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit , 633 pp . \u2013 casan . ( 100 - 105 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1775 ) : systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus , 30 + 832 pp . \u2013 flensburg u . leipzig . ( 547 - 549 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1787 ) : mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis , observationibus , descriptionibus , emendationibus 2 , 382 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 98 - 101 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1793 ) : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus 3 ( 1 ) , 4 + 487 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 379 - 385 , 404 )\n[ fabricius , j . c . ] ( 1807 ) : in illiger , j . c . : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linn\u00e9ischen gattungen\n. \u2013 magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde ( illiger ) 6 , 277 - 295 . ( 288 , 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1883 ) : caccia di lepidotteri rari . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 2 ( 11 ) , 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1890 ) : contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia . descrizione di alcune nuove specie . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 10 ( 2 - 3 ) , 25 - 31 , pl i .\nfawcett , j . m . ( 1916 ) : notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911 - 13 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 2 ) , 707 - 737 . ( 736 - 737 , pl . i )\nfelder , c . ( 1861 ) : lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre . c . felder , ii heterocera . \u2013 sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , abt . 1 , 43 ( i ) , 25 - 44 .\nfelder , r . ( 1874 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 4 ) , 10 pp , pls 75 - 107 . ( 2 - 9 , pls 75 , 82 )\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . ( 1875 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 5 ) , 20 pp , pls 108 - 140 . ( 9 )\nfilipjev , n . ( 1931 ) : lepidoptera . \u2013 trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 ( abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928 ) 8 , 143 - 174 . ( 161 - 163 )\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 5 ) , 141 - 143 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 139 - 141 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus sumatra ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 2 ) , 91 - 93 .\nsp . n . , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 27 ( 1 / 2 ) , 53 - 54 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006b ) : a new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 1 / 2 ) , 219 - 224 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006c ) : corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37 . band , heft 1 / 2 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 3 / 4 ) , 328 .\n, h . ( 2007 ) : eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art , rubukona svetlanae gen . et spec . nov . , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 atalanta 38 ( 3 / 4 ) , 361 - 364 .\nfischer , h . ( 2011 ) : adixoa pyromacula sp . n . , eine neue sesiide aus thailand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 207 - 209 . fitzsimons , v . , codd , l . e . , janse , a . j . t . , munro , h . k . , pringle , j . a . & vari , l . ( 1958 ) : a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i \u2013 zoology 1 ( 1 ) , 147 pp .\nfixsen , c . ( 1887 ) : lepidoptera aus korea . \u2013 in romanoff , n . m . ( ed . ) : m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 3 , 233 - 356 , pl . 15 . ( 323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum , kein neutrum ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 17 ( 2 ) , 190 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1929 ) : a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera . \u2013 memoirs of the department of agriculture in india , entomological series 11 , 1 - 244 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1940 ) : new generic names for microlepidoptera . \u2013 the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 52 ( 1 ) , 17 - 19 . ( 18 )\nfletcher , d . s . ( 1982 ) : in fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . : the generic names of moths of the world . volume 4 . bombycoidea , castnioidea , cossoidea , mimallonoidea . sesioidea , sphingoidea , zygaenoidea . \u2013 british museum ( natural history ) publication no . 848 , 192 pp . \u2013 london .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 1983 ) : 4 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens . neue kenntnisse \u00fcber artenspektrum , systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 ( 1982 ) , 57 - 127 . ( 72 - 76 )\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2007 ) : eine neue art der gattung melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus dem dhofar , s\u00fcdoman ( sesiidae : sesiinae : melittiini ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 30 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2008 ) : beschreibung von cabomina gen . n . , cabomina monicae sp . n . und cabomina dracomontana sp . n . aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 29 ( 3 ) , 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a ) : vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem s\u00fcdlichen afrika ( lepidoptera , sesiidae : osminiini , sesiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 211 - 218 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011b ) : noctusphecia puchneri gen . et sp . n . , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasfl\u00fcglerart aus tansania ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 48 - 50 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011c ) : neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson , 1919 aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 51 - 56 .\n( 2013 ) : synanthedon angolana sp . n . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus angola ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae , synanthedonini ) . - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 34 ( 3 ) , 125 - 126 .\nfreina , j . j . de & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2000 ) : beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und pal\u00e4stinas ( insecta , lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90 , 75 - 84 .\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1836 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2 , 162 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 140 - 142 , pl . 182 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1842 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4 , 167 pp , pls 289 - 384 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 129 - 131 , pl . 362 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1843 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5 , 166 pp , pls 385 - 480 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 35 - 36 , pl . 404 )\nfriedlander , t . p . ( 1986 ) : a new squash borer from mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 4 ) ( 1985 ) , 277 - 288 .\nnov . spec . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 ( 5 ) , 33 .\ngaede , m . ( 1929 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 14 , 515 - 538 , pl . 77 .\ngaede , m . ( 1933 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , suppl . 2 , 229 - 240 , pl . 16 .\ngarrevoet , t . , bartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2013 ) : on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov , 1992 and some related species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . - nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) , 95 - 108 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2011 ) : bembecia lingenhoelei , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 39 ( 2 ) , 73 - 79 .\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2016 ) : on the status of bembecia zebo \u0161patenka & gorbunov , 1992 ; bembecia pamira \u0161patenka , 1992 ; bembecia kreuzbergi \u0161patenka & bartsch , 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov , 1994 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\ngarrevoet , t . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : bembecia bartschi , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 157 - 161 .\ngarrevoet , t . , garrevoet , w . & \u00f6zbek , h . ( 2007 ) : data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in turkey . \u2013 linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 2 ) , 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy , e . l . ( 1785 ) : [ contribution ] . in fourcroy , a . f . : entomologia parisiensis ; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur . . . cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2 , 544 pp . ( 252 )\ngermadius , p . ( 1874 ) : a new aegerian maple borer . \u2013 the american naturalist 8 , 57 - 58 .\nghiliani , v . ( 1852 ) : materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi . \u2013 memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino ( serie 2 ) 14 , 20 , 85 , 131 - 247 . ( 216 )\ngiacomelli , e . ( 1911 ) : lepid\u00f3pteros riojanos nuevos \u00f3 poco conocidos . \u2013 anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72 , 19 - 40 . ( 29 - 30 )\ngmelin , j . f . ( 1790 ) : caroli a linn\u00e9 systema naturae . per regna tria naturae secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis 1 ( 5 ) ( ed . 13 ) . \u2013 leipzig . ( 2388 - 2390 )\ngodart , m . j . - b . ( 1822 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 histoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ou papillons de france 3 . ( 6 , 74 - 121 , pl . xxi )\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from azerbaijan . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 65 ( 6 ) , 938 - 940 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 3 ) , 12 - 18 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 2 ) , 14 - 20 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988a ) : a new contribution to the knowledge of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 in medvedev , l . n . & striganova , b . r . ( eds ) : fauna i ekologiya nasekomykh vetnama [ the fauna and ecology of insects of vietnam ] , 192 - 198 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988b ) : a new species and genus of the clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the subfamily tinthiinae from the primorsky kray ( far east ) . \u2013 biologiyeckie nauki 7 , 45 - 47 . [ in russian with english summary ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1989 ) : two new species of lepidoptera ( sesiidae ) from the kopet - dag . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 68 ( 10 ) , 141 - 145 . [ in russian with english summary ]\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from the caucasus , usssr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 20 ( 1 / 4 ) ( 1989 ) , 119 - 123 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1991a ) : six new species of the clearwing moths from the caucasus , ussr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) , 125 - 143 , 378 - 379 .\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from middle asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 23 ( 1 / 2 ) , 249 - 253 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1992b ) : revision of the types of the sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) , preserved in the collection of the zoological museum of kiev state university . \u2013 entomologitscheskoje obozrenie 71 ( 1 ) , 121 - 133 . [ in russian ] ( english translation in entomological review )\ncapuse , 1973 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from central asia . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 27 - 32 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1994b ) : new and little - known clearwing moths from central asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 157 - 168 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] from the european part of russia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) ( 1995 ) , 563 - 566 , 622 - 623 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1994d ) : in gorbunov , o . , buda , v . , mozuraitis , r . & miatleuski , j . : a new species of clearwing moth from the far east of russia and its sex attractant ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) , 307 - 311 , 442 - 443 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1995 ) : review of the clearwing moth fauna ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of turkmenistan , central asia . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 93 - 115 .\nspuler ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from central asia . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 93 - 114 .\nspuler ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from turkey . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 117 - 123 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from tadzhikistan and turkmenistan . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 125 - 134 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 2001d ) : a new genus of tinthiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the western palaearctic . \u2013 melittia , a lepidopterological almanac 1 , 137 - 143 .\ngorbunov , o . g . ( 2014 ) : a new species of the genus melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the island of lombok , indonesia .\ngorbunov , o . g . ( 2015a ) : contributions to the study of the ethiopian lepidoptera . i . the genus melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 [ \u201c1816\u201d ] ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of a new species .\ngorbunov , o . g . ( 2015b ) : a new species of the genus anthedonella o . gorbunov et arita , 1999 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the island of siberut , mentawai , indonesia .\ngorbunov , o . g . ( 2016 ) : nokona mahawu sp . n . , a new clearwing moth species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north sulawesi , indonesia .\ngorbunov , o . & arita , y . ( 1995a ) : new taxa of the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the oriental region . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 3 ) , 149 - 156 .\nle cerf , 1911 , with establishment of a new genus from east asia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiinae ) . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( n . s . ) 31 ( 4 ) , 377 - 384 .\ncapuse , 1973 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the far east of russia . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 4 ) , 255 - 262 .\ngorbunov , o . & arita , y . ( 1995d ) : a new genus and species of the clearwing moth tribe osminiini from the oriental region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 1 ) , 17 - 22 .\ngorbunov , o . & arita , y . ( 1995e ) : new and poorly known clearwing moth taxa from vietnam ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 69 - 90 .\ngorbunov , o . & arita , y . ( 1995 ) : a revision of frederic moore ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , at humboldt university , berlin . - tinea 14 ( 3 ) , 204 - 224 .\nh\u00fcbner ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , from the collection of mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle , gen\u00e8ve . \u2013 revue suisse de zoologie 103 ( 2 ) , 323 - 338 .\ngorbunov , o . & arita , y . ( 1997a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . ii . melittiini in the afrotropical region . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 3 ( 2 ) , 289 - 323 ."]}
{"id": 2405, "summary": [{"text": "the rock darter ( etheostoma rupestre ) is a species of darter endemic to the southeastern united states where it is found only in mobile bay drainage .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is an inhabitant of swiftly flowing riffles of creeks to medium-sized rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "this species can reach a length of 8.3 centimetres ( 3.3 in ) tl though most only reach about 6 centimetres ( 2.4 in ) . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "rock darter", "paragraphs": ["range included the alabama and tombigbee river systems ( mobile bay drainage ) , alabama , mississippi , georgia , and extreme southeastern tennessee ( page and burr 2011 ) . this darter is common , especially near the fall line where rapids prevail ( page and burr 1991 ) . it is common in the black warrior and cahaba systems of alabama , rarer and spotty elsewhere , especially in the lower parts of the mobile bay drainage ( lee et al . 1980 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of the fairly large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations and locations , and large population size , and because the species probably is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories .\nthis species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . trend over the past three generations is uncertain but probably relatively stable or slowly declining .\nhabitat includes swift riffles over rocky bottom or bedrock in creeks and small to medium rivers ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) .\nhabitat in larger rivers has been much reduced by impoundments , but most habitat and populations in creeks and medium rivers are secure ( boschung and mayden 2004 ) .\ncurrently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngreek , etheo = to strain + greek , stoma = mouth ; rafinesque said\nvarious mouths\n, but jordan and evermann suggest the name might have been intended as\nheterostoma ( ref . 45335 )\nnorth america : found only in mobile bay drainage of georgia , alabama , mississippi and extreme southeastern tennessee in the usa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 )\ninhabits fast rocky riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers ( ref . 5723 ) .\npage , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nitis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nclick here to download an adobe acrobat version of the above map that also includes streams .\nthe information provided here is free of charge . if you would like to support this and other similar projects provided by the georgia museum of natural history , consider making a donation . ( click here ) ."]}
{"id": 2407, "summary": [{"text": "holoptychius is an extinct genus of porolepiform lobe-finned fish from the middle devonian to carboniferous ( mississippian ) periods .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is known from fossils worldwide .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was first described by louis agassiz in 1839 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "holoptychius", "paragraphs": ["holoptychius bergmanni sp . nov . ( sarcopterygii , porolepiformes ) from the upper devonian of nunavut , canada , and a review of holoptychius taxonomy\ntitle : the porolepiform holoptychius jarviki author : illustration by philippe janvier sources : parc national de miguasha year : 2002 description : the porolepiform holoptychius jarviki , as drawn by philippe janvier .\nholoptychius cf . nobilissimus agassiz : luk\u0161evi\u010ds & zupin\u0161 , 2004 , lk . 108 , joon .\ntitle : reconstruction of the porolepiform holoptychius jarviki author : illustration by fran\u00e7ois miville - desch\u00eanes sources : parc national de miguasha year : 2000 description : reconstruction of the porolepiform holoptychius jarviki found at miguasha .\nwhat made you want to look up holoptychius ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ntitle : holoptychius jarviki author : parc national de miguasha sources : parc national de miguasha year : 2002 description : the type specimen of the porolepiform holoptychius jarviki was discovered at miguasha by the american paleontologist william patten in 1912 . it is kept at the american museum of natural history in new york city .\nosteichthyes huxley , 1880 ; sarcopterygii romer , 1955 ; porolepiformes jarvik , 1942 ; holoptychius agassiz , 1839 figs . 2a - c , 3a - c .\nnew material from the upper devonian ( frasnian ) fram formation of ellesmere island , nunavut , canada , represents the second holoptychiid ( porolepiformes ) species to be described from the formation . the quality of preservation and preparation of the material enables description of underrepresented anatomy for holoptychius including the braincase ( ethmosphenoid and otico - occipital ) . the new species of holoptychius is diagnosed by , a quadrate articulation positioned on the lingual surface of the lower jaw , the presence of a marginal tooth field on all three coronoids , and the presence of a third mandibular sensory canal located dorsal to the infradentary foramina . traditional use of the name holoptychius has resulted in an overabundance of species . in recent years , efforts have been made to re - diagnose holoptychius according to discrete cranial features rather than more widely distributed aspects of scale morphology . the new species is diagnosed as holoptychius without any scales attributed to it with this new description , the recent nunavut paleontological expeditions continue to expand the fram formation ' s diverse vertebrate fauna , one that additionally includes the elpistostegalian tiktaalik roseae .\nalong with eusthenodon gavini , the sarcopterygians yarimba thomsoni , grenfellia meemanae and holoptychius sp . are also present . holoptychius is known only from its very distinct scales ; a second scale morphology is also present which may be similar to scales recently identified from estonia . grenfellia meemanae is known only from a partial shoulder girdle . the ornament covering the external bony surface of this girdle is very unusual and more reminiscent of a placoderm ornament .\n1896 . charles lyell and john wesley judd . the student ' s lyell : a manual of elementary geology . , page 389 . . . fish have been found abundantly , and have been referred to holoptychius nobilissimus . . .\nholoptychius seems to have been a particularly widespread genus of lobe - finned fish . \u202d \u202clike relative genera , \u202d \u202cthe body was streamlined with most of the fins in a more rearward placement on the body . \u202d \u202cthe scales were fairly large and round , \u202d \u202cand the tail was asymmetrical with an upper lobe far more greatly developed than the lower . \u202d \u202cbecause fish are driven by a\u202d \u202crearward propulsion of the tail they have a tendency to nosedive into the depths , \u202d \u202cbut the effect is magnified far greater if the upper lobe of the tail is more strongly developed . \u202d \u202cto counter this effect , \u202d \u202cthe pectoral fins\u202d ( \u202cthe forward pair near the head\u202d ) \u202care angled to act as hydroplanes to counter this down pitching . \u202d \u202cthe pectoral fins of holoptychius are particularly large suggesting that holoptychius were particularly fast swimmers .\nthe distinctive scale of this large lobe - fin fish has recently been found at red hill . evidently rare at the site , holoptychius fossils are common in late devonian rock elsewhere in pennsylvania , and , along with the antiarch placoderm bothriolepis , are characteristic of fossiliferous localities belonging to the sherman ' s creek member of the catskill formation .\nholoptychius is a widely distributed member of the porolepiformes , a group of medium to large lobe - fins primitively related to lungfishes ; porolepis , glyptolepis and laccognathus are also members of this group . porolepiforms were present in some marine deposits , but were most common in estuarine and freshwater habitats . their sluggish appearance has led some scientists to conclude they were ambush predators .\nbiogeographic relationships of the grenfell fauna and eastern australia during the late devonian were largely based on the distribution of the sinolepidae . taxa such as the sarcopterygians eusthenodon and holoptychius are well known from european and north american localities , but so far , not described from china . this may be due to the small number of sarcopterygians described , and future work may show that these taxa are also known from china .\nin 1858 a remarkably fine holoptychius andersoni was met with in the fish - bed ; and this , with many other specimens , fully bears out agassiz\u2019s conjectures for completing the form and details of the fish where his materials had been insufficient . dr . anderson thinks that the supine position of the holoptychii is of rare occurrence ; he has observed them usually to lie on their side . h . andersoni and h . flemingii are regarded by the author as specifically one , as he has not been able , in the numerous holoptychii that he has seen , to regard as distinct the differences pointed out in the descriptions of these two reputed species .\nscientists who famously discovered the lobe - finned fish fossil tiktaalik roseae , a species with some of the clearest evidence of the evolutionary transition from fish to limbed animals , have described another new species of predatory fossil lobe - finned fish from the same time and place . by describing more devonian species , they ' re gaining a greater understanding of the\nfish - eat - fish world\nthat drove the evolution of limbed vertebrates . dr . ted daeschler of drexel university and the academy of natural sciences of drexel university describes this new species he co - discovered in the canadian arctic . read more about this new species , holoptychius bergmanni , at urltoken\nbooks : fenton , c . l . and m . a . fenton . 1958 . the fossil book : a record of prehistoric life . garden city , new york : doubleday & company , inc . janvier , p . 1996 . early vertebrates . oxford : claredon press long , j . a . 1995 . the rise of fishes : 500 million years of evolution . baltimore & london : john hopkins univ . press . scientific papers : maisey , j . g . 1996 . discovering fossil fishes . new york : henry holt & co . image credits : the reconstruction of holoptychius is copyrighted \u00a9 . ( see terms of use . ) it was based on fenton and fenton ( 1958 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nfurther reading - \u202d \u202ca synopsis of the classification of the british palaeozoic rocks , \u202d \u202cwith a systematic description of the british palaeozoic fossils . fasciculus\u202d \u202c3 , \u202d \u202cmollusca and palaeozoic fishes\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202cf . \u202d \u202cm ' coy\u202d \u202c - \u202d \u202c1855 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , as such its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : asterolepididae according to d . k . elliott et al . 2000\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nother lobefins , including an unidentified lungfish , a juvenile rhizodont ( c . f . , sauripterus ) , red hill rhizodont , red hill megalichthyidid , and hyneria lindae were also found at red hill . you can also learn more about lobe - fin fishes .\nlast updated : july 9 , 2005 . ( see about this site . ) questions or comments should be sent to sorry , you need javascript on to email me . \u00a9 2005 dennis c . murphy . ( see terms of use . )\n, is one of the rare porolepiform species whose the entire body is known ; more than half the other species , about thirty in all , have only been identified by their scales .\nis known at various stages of growth , just like the other porolepiforms at miguasha , with specimens ranging from 8 . 5 to 47 cm long .\nthe fossils are often preserved in three dimensions , and the most beautiful example , discovered by william patten a century ago , is kept at the american museum of natural history in new york city .\nis recognized by its strongly epicercal tail and rounded fins ( except for the pectoral fin which has a stretched leaf - like shape ) that are equipped with a very fleshy scale - covered lobe at their base .\n, pays homage to the swedish professor erik jarvik ( 1907 - 1998 ) , who dedicated a large part of his life to studying sarcopterygian fossils from the escuminac formation .\nattained considerable size by the end of the upper devonian based on 6 - to 10 - cm wide scales left behind by some species .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nneil shubin ( u . chicago ) : finding tiktaalik , the fossil link between fish and land animals\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself !\nthis entry lacks etymological information . if you are familiar with the origin of this term , please add it to the page per etymology instructions . you can also discuss it at the etymology scriptorium .\nthis page was last edited on 22 january 2016 , at 00 : 25 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nfrom southern new brunswick , canada , adds a new locality to eastern north america and suggests the assignment of a late devonian age for the kennebecasis formation . the formation has been considered early carboniferous based on a plant assemblage including\n. plant fossils likely originate from rocks overlying the kennebecasis formation , and are part of an unmapped westward extension of the carboniferous albert formation to the saint john area . the palaeobiogeographic implications of\nsuggest the cryptic presence of a classic late devonian fish assemblage in southern new brunswick and the possibility that tetrapod or near - tetrapod remains may be recovered from fossil - bearing horizons within the kennebecasis formation .\ndans le sud du nouveau - brunswick , canada , ajoute un nouvel emplacement dans l\u2019est de l\u2019am\u00e9rique du nord et permet d\u2019attribuer l\u2019\u00e2ge du d\u00e9vonien tardif \u00e0 la formation de kennebecasis . la formation \u00e9tait consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme une unit\u00e9 du carbonif\u00e8re pr\u00e9coce d\u2019apr\u00e8s un assemblage v\u00e9g\u00e9tal comprenant le\n. les fossiles v\u00e9g\u00e9taux proviennent probablement de roches recouvrant la formation de kennebecasis et font partie d\u2019un prolongement non cartographi\u00e9 de la formation carbonif\u00e8re d\u2019albert en direction ouest jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la r\u00e9gion de saint - jean . les r\u00e9percussions pal\u00e9obiog\u00e9ographiques de la manifestation de l\u2019\nlaissent supposer la pr\u00e9sence cryptique d\u2019un assemblage de poissons classique du d\u00e9vonien tardif dans le sud du nouveau - brunswick et la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de restes de t\u00e9trapodes ou de quasi - t\u00e9trapodes des horizons fossilif\u00e8res \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de la formation de kennebecasis .\nbailey and matthew 1872 ) is late devonian in age . we provide a description of this new specimen identified as\n. 1985 ; barr and white 2004 ) . formation information can be found on - line in the lexicon database , bedrock nomenclature of new brunswick . we consider the plant fossils used to date the kennebecasis formation as carboniferous ( bell 1927 ; 1960 ) are not from this formation . the rocks yielding plant fossils originate from an overlying formation that may be an unmapped westward extension of the carboniferous albert formation to the saint john area . the occurrence of\nrepresents the only fossil known from the kennebecasis formation redbeds . given an otherwise absence of fossils from the kennebecasis formation , age determinations are extremely difficult . consequently , this discovery carries significant interest for stratigraphers and vertebrate palaeontologists .\nin southern new brunswick suggests the cryptic presence of a classic late devonian fish assemblage , in particular suggesting the possibility of finding arthrodire and antiarch placoderms and tristichopterid sarcopterygians ( schultze and cloutier 1996 ) , though none have been found to date . the vast majority of devonian tetrapod localities are known to also yield remains of\nthe kennebecasis formation is a poorly dated clastic sedimentary sequence from southern new brunswick that unconformably overlies neoproterozoic and early paleozoic rocks ( fig . 1 ) . the kennebecasis fault separates the kennebecasis formation from early silurian rocks of the kingston group to the northwest and a fault separates neoproterozoic and cambrian rocks to the southeast ( barr and white 1998 , 2004 ) . the kennebecasis formation refers to a sequence of conglomerates and coarse - grained sandstones on the shores of the confluence of the saint john and kennebecasis rivers in southern new brunswick , canada ( williams\nin the kennebecasis formation , kennebecasis island , new brunswick ( 1 ) . plant localities reexamined for this study ( 2 , 3 ) and geological survey of canada sites reported for plants ( 4 ) and\n( 5 ) are likely early carboniferous age . kennebecasis formation indicated as currently mapped .\nthe relationship of the kennebecasis formation to the memramcook formation to the east is uncertain . the memramcook formation is dated as fammenian to tournaisian and may be in part laterally equivalent to the late devonian to early carboniferous albert formation . recent maps show the kennebecasis formation as younger than the memramcook formation ( barr and white 2004 ) ; however , it may be equivalent to the lowest part of the memramcook formation .\nthe specimen described here was found on kennebecasis island in the red sandstones of the kennebecasis formation ( fig . 1 , locality 1 ) . the age of the kennebecasis formation ( williams\n. 1985 ) as described by hayes ( 1927 ) and hayes and howell ( 1937 ) , has been based on plants found in grey to brown siltstone and sandstone ( fig . 1 , localities 2\u20134 ) . the early carboniferous age was determined by bell ( 1927 , 1960 ) who used the plants to compare it to the horton group in nova scotia . the most recent geology maps place the kennebecasis formation as middle lower carboniferous ( mcleod\n. 1994 ; currie 1997 ; barr and white 2004 ) or as part of a late devonian - carboniferous package ( barr and white 1998 ; mcleod and johnson 1999 ) , and it is clear that the age is still uncertain . the discovery of a fossil vertebrate , here identified as\nsp . , suggests a late devonian age , approximately equivalent to the escuminac formation of gasp\u00e9 ( miguasha ) and the perry formation of southwestern new brunswick . this age determination disagrees with the early carboniferous age based on plants ( bell 1960 ) .\nwe argue below that the plant fossils are not from the kennebecasis formation as originally described by bailey and matthew ( 1872 ) . a review of plant and arthropod fossils , our preliminary field studies , and early descriptions of the history of the mapping of the formation suggest that the kennebecasis formation , as defined ( bailey and matthew 1872 ; hayes 1927 ; alcock 1938 ; williams\n. 1985 ) , does not include the plant and arthropod - bearing strata previously described from kennebecasis island ( copeland 1957 ; bell 1960 ) and the milkish head area ( matthew 19 ) . the fossiliferous outcrops on the north shore of kennebecasis island ( fig . 1 , locality 2 ) ( wilson 1914a , b ; bell 1960 ) and at polly sams point ( fig . 1 , locality 3 ) on milkish head ( nbm collection ) that contain a\nflora ( matthew 19 ; wilson 1914a ; bell 1960 ) and conchostracan remains ( copeland 1957 ) may be part of the albert formation , not currently recognized in the saint john area . further mapping will be required to determine the position of the plant - bearing beds . however , we tentatively retain them as early carboniferous and predict that the plant - bearing beds are at least equivalent in age to the albert formation and overlie red conglomerates and sandstones of the kennebecasis formation . early suggestions by ells ( 1906 ) that the kennebecasis rocks ( the red conglomerate - sandstone typical of the kennebecasis formation ) are overlain by grey plant - bearing beds of lower carboniferous age , would seem to agree with this and will require observations from a direct geologic contact .\nalmost all of the early work aimed at determining the age of the kennebecasis formation was published in annual reports of the geological survey of canada with little detail concerning fossil locations . the most recent survey map ( currie 1997 ) does not include the most notable fossil locations represented by gsc site numbers . preliminary field assessment to discover plant localities described from the early 1900\u2019s suggest these localities are silty grey beds exposed on the north shore of the island ( fig . 1 , locality 2 ) and brown sandstone beds at polly sams point and sea dog cove on milkish head ( fig . 1 , locality 3 ) . plant - bearing beds on the north shore of kennebecasis island contain abundant plant fragments in a fine - grained rippled unit , typical of the albert formation further west near norton ( falcon - lang 2004 ) . similarly ,\nrecovered at polly sams point and the flora identified by g . f . matthew from \u2018milkish\u2019 ( new brunswick museum collection ) are also typical of the albert formation . \u2018milkish\u2019 samples likely originated from outcrops on the mainland at milkish head or west of kennebecasis island ( fig . 1 , locality 4 ) . the new brunswick museum collections also include a single , partial fish fossil from\nmilkish , n . b .\n. the specimen ( nbmg 3085 ) , from a brown sandy sediment , belongs to an actinopterygian cf .\n, also typical of the albert formation fauna at norton ( miller and mcgovern 1997 ) and albert mines ( lambe 1910a ) . however , the material consists of only a patch of articulated scales and a partial median fin , and so is not very diagnostic . nevertheless , all these specimens come from a greenish grey siltstone that is consistent with the lithology of albert formation beds , and are therefore of dubious provenance in the kennebecasis formation .\ncomprise red sandstone interbedded with coarse , angular conglomerate typical of the kennebecasis formation . so far plants have not been recovered in these sandstone beds , with\nexamination of the red sandstones of the kennebecasis formation over the past 20 years by one of us ( rfm ) has failed to produce any fossil material . generally considered unfossiliferous , the sandstone and conglomerate units of the kennebecasis formation have been largely unexplored for fossils . field work in 2005 ( rfm ) resulted in a single locality producing vertebrate remains in a red sandstone interbedded with conglomerate . the specimen is reposited in the new brunswick museum palaeontology collection ( nbmg ) .\nmaterial : nbmg 13038 ( new brunswick museum ) , a dis - articulated skeleton ( fig . 2a ) preserved mostly as a natural mould , consisting of isolated left and right dentaries , patches of scales ( fig . 2b , c ) , an isolated maxilla , left and right cleithra , left entopterygoid , gular plates and several dermal skull bones , most likely representing a single individual . the individual elements are well - preserved showing pit - lines , sensory canal pores , complete teeth and an unbroken denticle field on the entopterygoid . the dermal bones are ornamented by coarse , evenly distributed , raised tubercles of variable size .\nlocality : minor fine - grained sandstone unit of the kennebecasis formation , approximately 1 meter above the contact with a coarse conglomeratic facies , southeastern shore of kennebecasis island , new brunswick , canada ( 45\u00b019 . 108n ; 66\u00b008 . 624w ) .\nsp . from the kennebecasis formation of southern new brunswick . approximately 75 to 100 scales preserved on the block . scale = 10 cm . b ) close up of dentary . scale = 1 cm . c ) close up of scales adjacent to dentary . scale = 1 cm . abbreviations : de . , dentary ; gu . , gular plate ; sc , area of scales indicated by arrows .\nthe specimen ( fig . 3a - c ) can be confidently assigned to the genus\non the basis of its unique and highly characteristic scale morphology ( \u00f8rvig 1957 ) in combination with a number of other distinctive skull and postcranial characters that indicate both sarcopterygian and porolepiform identity . the scales of nbmg 13038 are comparable to those of\nsp . from the kennebecasis formation of southern new brunswick . largest part showing disarticulated partial skeleton ( a ) ; partial counterpart ( b ) ; close - up of two scales seen in a ( c ) . scale = 3 cm . abbreviations : clth . , cleithrum ; de . , dentary ; entp . , entopterygoid ; gu . , gular plate ; id . 4 , fourth infradentary ( surrangular ) ; ? sq . , possible squamosal ; tu . cr , tubercle crescent .\nsp . from east greenland ( jarvik 1972 ) . by contrast with the tightly spaced vermicular ornament of\nfrom that assemblage , the ornament on the cleithrum of nbmg 13038 consists of more shallow , irregular pits . the element is unornamented in the region corresponding to the postbranchial lamina . the ventral lamina is anteroposteriorly short , tapering ventrally along its anterior margin where it bears a narrow overlap for the clavicle . interestingly , this margin is somewhat concave , in contrast with that observed in\nfrom miguasha ( cloutier and schultze 1996 ) . rather , it is somewhat similar to specimens from east greenland described by jarvik ( 1950 ) .\n, and bears a similar anterior dentary lamina that likely supported a tooth whorl ( jarvik 1972 ) . this character is now considered to be a generalized feature of basal sarcopterygians as evidenced by the presence of a similar dentary lamina and accompanying internasal cavity in a number of putative stem - sarcopterygians ( zhu\n. 1999 , 2001 ; zhu and yu 2002 ) and onychodonts ( see long 2001 ) . this is a feature expected to be observed in\na single fourth infradentary is present and can be identified on the basis of a v - shaped pit line and notch in its anteroventral margin , corresponding to the margin of the infradentary foramen . such foramina are known in the holoptychiid porolepiforms\nspecimens ( ahlberg 1991 ) and some stem - group sarcopterygians ( zhu and schultze 1997 ; yu 1998 ; zhu and yu 2004 ) . however , the overall morphology of the bone is identical to that known for\nthe gular plate ( fig . 3 , gu . ) is a triangular bone , broadest posteriorly and tapering anteriorly . its proportions are broader than those described for\nby jarvik ( 1972 ) , but difficult to evaluate by comparison to the material from miguasha . the median overlap surface of the gular is much broader than in other\nspecimens and forms a distinctly concave margin into the ornamented portion of the bone . the dermal ornament is not evenly distributed over the surface , but rather is coarsest posteromedially . anteriorly , the tubercles are finer and more widely spaced . laterally , they are more densely spaced , and gradually get finer towards the posterior - most angle of the bone .\nthe entopterygoid is very well though incompletely preserved . it is essentially indistinguishable from that of other\nafter making comparisons to recent work on the perry formation by david white , ells ( 1906 , p . 131 ) stated\none of the most important of the changes made in the geological work about st . john is the transference of the dark red conglomerates and sandstones of kennebecasis bay , several miles north of the city , from the lower carboniferous to the devonian\nfrom their previous position published in 1879 ( bailey\n. 1880 ) . ells ( 1908 ) noted the devonian age of the kennebecasis rocks again in his report for 19 as he laid out the results of continued mapping in southern new brunswick .\ninterest in the kennebecasis fossils continued for a few years as summary reports for the years 1906 , 1908 ( wilson 1909 ) and 1909 ( lambe 1910b ; wilson 1910 ) list several collections made by geological survey of canada personnel . henri ami added 50 fossils from kennebecasis island to the survey collections in 19 ( whiteaves 1908 ) ; robert ells , lawrence lambe and william wilson added kennebecasis island and milkish creek area fossils ( part of a lot of 2 , 000 specimens ) in 1909 . wilson ( 1914a ) described the plant assemblage found earlier on kennebecasis island and identified by matthew to include\n. although matthew described the plant assemblage as devonian , white ( p . 408 , in wilson 1914a ) who received a small collection to examine , believed that\nthe plant fragments you sent represent , almost without a doubt , a basal lower carboniferous flora . . . . . . dr . matthew , on the other hand , refers these rocks to the upper devonian\n. white thought only one species of\ncould be identified . wilson ( 1909 , p . 184 ) described his collecting for 1908 at kennebecasis island in\nrocks forming the western part of this island are grey sandstones , grits and shales : dipping n . 20\u00b0 , w . at an angle of 58\u00b0 . the shale is mostly fine - grained , greenish grey , breaking in places into irregular concoidal pieces . these shaly beds contain many fern stems , cordaites , lepidodendra , fronds of ferns and separate pinules in good state of preservation .\n. wilson then spent two weeks at moosehorn creek collecting in the albert formation . he compared the kennebecasis island specimens to those found further east at moosehorn creek , a site within the albert formation ( falcon - lang 2004 ) .\nour examination of the plant fossil locality on the north side of kennebecasis island agrees with the determination by white ( in wilson 1914a ) and bell ( 1960 ) , that specimens represent an early carboniferous assemblage and that the rocks containing plants might be part of the albert formation which crops out less than 40 km east of saint john along the kennebecasis river valley near bloomfield ( mcleod and johnson 1999 ) . bell ( 1960 ) listed six plants from kennebecasis island in his review of the horton group flora ;\nmade by kindle at milkish head ( fig . 1 ) and that its range is confined to the lower carboniferous . wilson ( 1915 ) in his palaeobotany report for 1914 recorded about 100 fossil plants collected by a . o . hayes from kennebecasis island , mostly\n. the summary report for 1915 ( kindle 1916 , p . 200 ) listed as an addition to the survey invertebrate collections\na crustacean fragment from the carboniferous formation at kennebecasis island , n . b .\ncollected by bell .\nand other plant remains from the northwestern shore of kennebecasis island which bell ( 1927 ) used to suggest an early carboniferous age for the kennebecasis formation . in the same report hayes and howell ( 1937 ) noted hayes had discovered abundant examples of the conchostracan\nin a grey shale on the south shore of milkish head and on the most southerly point west of sea dog cove ( fig . 1 ) .\nfrom gsc localities 1684 , 3520 and 1684 respectively . gsc 1684 is described as the lancaster formation near milkish head , east of saint john and collected by a . o . hayes , 1913 . gsc 3520 is reported to be a cove to the south of milkish head , kennebecasis bay near saint john , collected by i . r . jones , 1914 . copeland ( 1957 ) reported both of these as upper carboniferous , cumberland group , although both localities are in the kennebecasis formation as presently mapped . there may have been some error in the field notes for these sites as no cumberland group rocks have ever been identified from the milkish head area . copeland ( 1957 ) did not list\nis known from miguasha ( martens 1996 ) , occurring on clay bedding planes . specimens labelled \u2018\n\u2019 ( nbmg 10115 - 10117 ) from milkish are found on thin clay slabs although the source beds of these fossils has not been located . the specimens have not been identified ; however , they are not\nthis summary of the history of plant identification and dating of the kennebecasis formation leads us to believe the plant assemblages initially collected by ells in 1906 and described by matthew ( 19 ) , along with subsequent collections of plants and conchostracans , originate from lower carboniferous rocks overlying the devonian red sandstone and conglomerate of the kennebecasis formation ( hayes 1927 ) .\nhas a global distribution , known from the eastern united states ( catskill formation , uppermost famennian ; thomson 1976 ; schultze and cloutier 1996 ) , quebec ( escuminac formation , lower frasnian ; cloutier and schultze 1996 ; jarvik 1972 ) , the canadian arctic ( see kiaer 1915 in \u00f8rvig 1957 ) , greenland ( jarvik 1972 ) , numerous localities in europe , particularly the baltic states , russia , and britain , and australia ( young 1993 ; schultze and cloutier 1996 ) . since schultze and cloutier ( 1996 ) this genus has been described from the frasnian of colombia ( janvier and villarroel 2000 ) . the occurrence of definitive remains of\nin the kennebecasis formation lends strong support for the assignment of a late devonian age for this formation .\n. this conclusion is dubious . the reason an early carboniferous age assigned to the kennebecasis formation may be incorrect was discussed above . although bell ( 1960 ) described the lycopsids from kennebecasis island as an early carboniferous assemblage , it is possible they represent a late devonian flora such as that from red hill ( cressler and pfefferkorn 2005 ) where\ntends to be a rather abundant and common component of fish faunas , frequently represented by numerous scales . such scales or any other evidence of\nis lacking from any of the fossil fish beds in the albert formation , which would be in close stratigraphic apposition with the kennebecasis formation .\nwork by greiner ( 1977 , 1978 ) seemed to suggest that basal beds of the albert formation may have in fact been latest devonian . this conclusion was initially based on an osteolepi - form that was referred to the genus\n( greiner 1977 ) known from the late devonian of the baltic and germany . however , greiner cites no characters supporting this conclusion and a recent reappraisal of this and newly collected articulated material suggests a megalichthyid affinity , quite typical of many carboniferous vertebrate faunas . recent work by the authors , involving intensive collecting in the albert formation , shows that this formation is more typical of carboniferous vertebrate assemblages , with\nor any porolepiforms entirely lacking . spore analyses by st . peter ( 2003 ) indicate a tournaisian ( carboniferous ) age for the albert formation beds containing the osteolepiform remains . therefore , we do not see greiner\u2019s conclusions as related to the problem we have addressed here .\nspp . is a subject requiring considerable revision as few apomorphies can be used to diagnose the many species ( cloutier and schultze 1996 ) . consequently , we do not attempt to assign this material to any existing species nor do we attempt to establish it as a new taxon within the genus . the material is too incomplete to warrant a comparison with other known species of\nsp . in red sandstone beds typical of the formation . plant - bearing beds are lithologically distinct from the red sandstone and conglomerate of the kennebecasis formation as originally defined . plant fossils , including\nand other lower carboniferous horton group flora , were likely collected above an unmapped contact from rocks equivalent to the albert formation . these facts help resolve the confusion surrounding the middle palaeozoic stratigraphy in this region . it further implies that the kennebecasis formation may be in part equivalent to the well - established upper devonian memramcook formation ; however , we retain the distinction until proper stratigraphic work is accomplished . the presence of\nopens the possibility for the kennebecasis formation to yield additional late devonian fishes and possibly even tetrapods .\nagassiz , j . l . r . 1839 . fishes of the upper ludlow rock . in the silurian system , part 1 . founded on geological researches in the counties of solop , hereford , radnor , montgomery , caermarthen , brecon , pembroke , monmouth , gloucester , worcester , and stafford : with descriptions of the coal - fields and overlying formations . edited by r . i . murchison . london , john murray , pp . 605\u20136 .\nahlberg , p . e . 1991 . a re - examination of sarcopterygian interrelationships , with special reference to the porolepiformes . zoological journal of the linnean society , 103 , pp . 241\u2013287 .\nalcock , f . j . 1938 . geology of the saint john region , new brunswick . geological survey of canada , memoir 216 . 146 p .\nbailey , l . w . , and matthew , g . f . 1872 . preliminary report on the geology of southern new brunswick . geological survey of canada , report of progress , 1870 - 71 , pp . 13\u2013240 .\nbailey , l . w . , matthew , g . f . , and ells , r . w . 1880 . report on the geology of southern new brunswick , embracing the counties of charlotte , sunbury , queens , kings , st . john , and albert . geological survey of canada report of progress , 1878 - 79 , pt . d , pp . 1\u201326 .\nbarr , s . m . , and white , c . e . 1998 . geology of the kingston peninsula ( parts of nts 21g / 08 , g / 09 , h / 05 , and h12 ) , kings and queens counties , new brunswick . new brunswick department of natural resources and energy , minerals and energy division , plate 98 - 16 , scale 1 : 50 000 .\nbarr , s . m . , and white , c . e . 2004 . bedrock geology of the caledonian highlands of southern new brunswick . new brunswick department of natural resources , minerals , policy and planning division , plate 2004 - 138 , scale 1 : 100 000 .\nbell , w . a . 1927 . outline of carboniferous stratigraphy and geologic history of the maritime provinces of canada . transactions of the royal society of canada , 21 , pp . 75\u2013108 .\nbell , w . a . 1960 . mississippian horton group of type windsor - horton district , nova scotia . geological survey of canada , memoir 314 . 112 p .\nclack , j . 2005 . the emergence of early tetrapods . palaeo - geography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 232 , pp . 167\u2013189 .\ncloutier , r . , and schultze , h . - p . 1996 . porolepiform fishes ( sarcopterygii ) . in devonian fishes and plants of miguasha , quebec , canada . edited by h . - p . schultze and r . cloutier . verlag dr . friedrich pfeil , munich , pp . 248\u2013270 .\ncopeland , m . j . 1957 . the arthropod fauna of the upper carboniferous rocks of the maritime provinces . geological survey of canada , memoir 286 . 110 p .\ncressler , iii , w . l , and pfefferkorn , h . w . 2005 . a late devonian isoetalean lycopsid , otzinachsonia beerboweri , gen . et sp . nov . , from north - central pennsylvania , usa . american journal of botany , 92 , pp . 1131\u20131140 .\ncurrie , k . l . 1997 . geology , saint john - st . george region , new brunswick ( parts of 21g and 21h ) . geological survey of canada , open file 3418 , scale 1 : 100 000 .\nells , r . w . 1906 . southern new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1906 , pp . 131\u2013139 .\nells , r . w . 1908 . surveys in southern new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 19 , pp . 74\u201376 .\nfalcon - lang , h . j . 2004 . early mississippian lycopsid forests in a delta - plain setting at norton , near sussex , new brunswick . journal of the geological society , london , 161 , pp . 969\u2013981 .\nfalcon - lang , h . j . , and miller , r . f . 20 . marie stopes and the fern ledges of saint john , new brunswick . in the role of women in the history of geology . edited by c . burek and b . higgs . geological society of london , special publications , 281 , pp . 277\u2013245 .\ngesner , a . 1839 . first report on the geological survey of the province of new brunswick . henry chubb , st . john . 87 p .\ngreiner , h . 1977 . crossopterygian fauna from the albert formation , new brunswick , canada , and its stratigraphicpaleoecologic significance . journal of paleontology , 51 , pp . 44\u201356 .\ngreiner , h . 1978 . late devonian facies inter - relationships in bordering areas of the north atlantic and the palaeogeo - graphic implications . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 25 , pp . 241\u2013263 .\ngross , w . 1941 . \u00fcber den unterkiefer einiger devonischer crossopterygier . abhandlungen der preu\u00dfichen akademie der wissenschaften , mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 7 , pp . 1\u201351 .\nhayes , a . o . 1914 . geology of the st . john map - area , new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1913 , pp . 228\u2013243 .\nhayes , a . o . 1927 . bituminous shales and other mineral occurrences in the vicinty of sussex , new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1925 , part c , pp . 125\u2013131 .\nhayes , a . o . , and howell , b . f . 1937 . geology of saint john , new brunswick . geological society of america , special papers number 5 . 146 p .\nhuxley , t . h . 1880 . on the application of the laws of evolution to the arrangement of the vertebrata , and more particularly of the mammalia . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 43 , pp . 649\u2013661 .\njanvier , p . , and villarroel , c . 2000 . devonian vertebrates from colombia . palaeontology , 43 , pp . 729\u2013763 .\njarvik , e . 1942 . on the structure of the snout of crossopterygians and the lower gnathostomes in general . zoologiska bidrag , uppsala , 21 , pp . 235\u2013675 .\njarvik , e . 1950 . middle devonian vertebrates from canning land and wegeners halv\u00f6 ( east greenland ) , part ii : crossopterygii . meddelelser om gr\u00f8nland , 96 , pp . 1\u2013132 .\njarvik , e . 1972 . middle and upper devonian porolepiformes from east greenland with special reference to glyptolepis groenlandica n . sp . meddelelser om gr\u00f8nland , 187 , pp . 1\u20133 .\njohanson , z . , and ritchie , a . 2000 . rhipidistians ( sarcopterygii ) from the hunter siltstone ( late famennian ) near grenfell , nsw , australia . mitteilungen aus dem museum f\u00fcr naturkunde in berlin , geowissenschaftliche reihe , 3 , pp . 111\u2013136 .\nkindle , e . m . 1916 . report of the stratigraphical palaeontologist . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1915 , pp . 198\u2013205 .\nlambe , l . m . 1910a . contributions to canadian palaeontology , volume iii , part v . palaeoniscoid fishes from the albert shales of new brunswick . canada department of mines , memoir no . 3 . 69 p .\nlambe , l . m . 1910b . palaeontology and zoology . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1909 , pp . 269\u2013 273 .\nlong , j . a . 2001 . on the relationships of psarolepis and the onychodontiform fishes . journal of vertebrate paleontology , 21 , pp . 815\u2013820 .\nmartens , t . h . 1996 . conchostraca ( phyllopoda , crustacea ) from the escuminac formation . in devonian fishes and plants of miguasha , quebec , canada . edited by h . - p . schultze and r . cloutier . verlag dr . friedrich pfeil , munich , pp . 112\u2013113 .\nmatthew , g . f . 19 . on some new species of silurian and devonian plants . transactions of the royal society of canada , 3rd series , 1 , pp . 185\u2013197 .\nmcleod , m . j . , and johnson , s . c . 1999 . bedrock geological compilation of the sussex map area ( nts 21 h / 12 ) , kings and queens counties , new brunswick . new brunswick department of natural resources and energy , minerals and energy division , plate 99 - 21 , scale 1 : 50 000 .\nmcleod , m . j . , johnson , s . c . , and ruitenberg , a . a . 1994 . geological map of southwestern new brunswick . new brunswick department of natural resources and energy , mineral resources , map nr - 5 , scale 1 : 250 000 .\nmiller , r . f . , and mcgovern , j . h . 1997 . preliminary report of fossil fish ( actinopterygii : palaeonisciformes ) from the lower carboniferous albert formation at norton , new brunswick ( nts 21 h / 12 ) . in current research 1996 . edited by b . m . w . carroll . new brunswick department of natural resources and energy , minerals and energy division , mineral resource report 97 - 4 , pp . 191\u2013200 .\n\u00f8rvig , t . 1957 . remarks on the vertebrate fauna of the lower upper devonian of escuminac bay , p . q . , canada , with special reference to the porolepiform crossopterygians . arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi , 10 , pp . 367\u2013426 .\nromer , a . s . 1955 . herpetichthyes , amphibiodei , choanichthyes or sarcopterygii ? nature , 176 , pp . 126 .\nschultze , h . - p . , and cloutier , r . 1996 . comparison of the escuminac formation ichthyofauna with other late givetian / early frasnian ichthyofaunas . in devonian fishes and plants of miguasha , quebec , canada . edited by h . - p . schultze and r . cloutier . verlag dr . friedrich pfeil , munich , pp . 348\u2013368 .\nst . peter , c . 2003 . revisions to lower carboniferous horton group stratigraphy in new brunswick , canada . in abstracts with programs , geological society of america , northeastern section 38th annual meeting , 35 , p . 19 .\nthomson , k . s . 1976 . the faunal relationships of rhipidistian fishes ( crossopterygii ) from the catskill ( upper devonian ) of pennsylvania . journal of paleontology , 50 , pp . 1203\u20131208 .\nwhiteaves , j . f . 1908 . surveys in southern new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 19 , pp . 105\u2013109 .\nwilliams , g . l . , fyffe , l . r . , wardle , r . j . , colman - sadd , s . p . , and boehner , r . c . 1985 . lexicon of canadian stratigraphy , volume vi , atlantic region . canadian society of petroleum geologists , calgary . 572 p .\nwilson , w . j . 1909 . summary report dealing with the field work in connexion with the collection of palaeontological material from the devonian and lower carboniferous of new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1908 , pp . 183\u2013185 .\nwilson , w . j . 1910 . palaeontological material from the devonian and carboniferous of southern new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1909 , pp . 274\u2013276 .\nwilson , w . j . 1914a . summary report dealing with the field work in connexion with the collection of palaeontological material from the devonian and lower carboniferous of new brunswick . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1912 , pp . 4\u2013410 .\nwilson , w . j . 1914b . palaeobotany . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1913 , pp . 322\u2013326 .\nwilson , w . j . 1915 . palaeobotany . geological survey of canada , summary report for 1914 , pp . 130\u2013134 .\nyoung , g . 1993 . middle paleozoic macrovertebrate biostratigraphy of eastern gondwana . in palaeozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy and biogeography . edited by j . a . long . johns hopkins university press , pp . 208\u2013251 .\nyu , x . 1998 . a new porolepiform - like fish , psarolepis romeri , gen . et . sp . nov . ( sarcopterygii , osteichthyes ) from the lower devonian of yunnan , china . journal of vertebrate paleontology 18 , pp . 261\u2013274 .\nzhu , m . , and schultze , h . - p . 1997 . the oldest sarcopterygian fish . lethaia 30 , pp . 293\u2013304 .\nzhu , m . , and yu , x . 2002 . a primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish . nature 418 , pp . 767\u2013770 .\nzhu , m . , and yu , x . 2004 . lower jaw character transitions among major sarcopterygian groups - a survey based on new materials from yunnan , china . in recent advances in the origin and early radiation of vertebrates . edited by g . arratia , m . v . h . wilson , and r . cloutier . verlag dr . friedrich pfeil , munich , pp . 271\u2013286 .\nzhu , m . , yu , x . , and janvier , p . 1999 . a primitive fossil fish sheds light on the origin of bony fishes . nature 397 , pp . 6\u2013610 .\nzhu , m . , yu , x . , and ahlberg , p . 2001 . a primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk . nature 410 , pp . 81\u201384 .\nfor full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n( ) british antarctic ( terra nova ) expedition 1910 - . source is original\nbeacon sandstone , granite harbour reference : - ( ) british antarctic ( terra nova ) expedition 1910 - . source is original\nthe scientific data on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 3 . 0 unported license .\nthis entry was posted on wednesday , september 28th , 2016 at 12 : 57 pm and is filed under . you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2 . 0 feed . you can skip to the end and leave a response . pinging is currently not allowed .\nthis translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .\ndaeschler , edward b . ; downs , jason p . ; jenkins , farish a . ; shubin , neil h .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nkelvingrove art gallery and mu\u200bseum is scotland ' s most visited free . . .\nkelvingrove art gallery and mu\u200bseum is scotland ' s most visited free attraction . \u200b with 22 themed , state - of - the - art galleries displaying an astonishing 8000 objects , the collections are extensive , wide - ranging and internationally - significant .\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\ndup length string copy put def currentdict end / ct _ type1font exch definefont dup 5 1 roll put setglobal } ifelse dup / charstrings get 1 index / encoding get ct _ dfcharcode get charstring put rootfont / wmode 2 copy known { get } { pop pop 0 } ifelse exch 1000 scalefont setfont ct _ str1 0 ct _ dfcharcode put ct _ str1 exch ct _ dfsetcacheproc ct _ syntheticbold { currentpoint ct _ str1 show newpath moveto ct _ str1 true charpath ct _ strokewidth setlinewidth stroke } { ct _ str1 show } ifelse } def / ct _ type4showcharstring { ct _ dfdict ct _ dfcharcode charstring fdarray fdindex get dup / fontmatrix get dup ct _ defaultfontmtx ct _ matrixeq not { ct _ 1000mtx matrix concatmatrix concat } { pop } ifelse / private get adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get not { ct _ dfdict / private 3 - 1 roll { put } 1183615869 internaldict / superexec get exec } if 1183615869 internaldict adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get { 1 index } { 3 index / private get mark 6 1 roll } ifelse dup / runint known { / runint get } { pop / ccrun } ifelse get exec adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ level2 ? get not { cleartomark } if } bind def / ct _ buildcharincremental { { adobe _ cooltype _ utility / ct _ makeocf get begin ct _ buildcharsetup ct _ showcharstring } stopped { stop } if end end end end } bind def / basefontnamestr ( bf00 ) def / ct _ type1fonttemplate 14 dict begin / fonttype 1 def / fontmatrix [ . 001 0 0 . 001 0 0 ] def / fontbbox [ - 250 - 250 1250 1250 ] def / encoding ct _ chexencoding def / painttype 0 def currentdict end def / basefonttemplate 11 dict begin / fontmatrix [ . 001 0 0 . 001 0 0 ] def / fontbbox [ - 250 - 250 1250 1250 ] def / encoding ct _ chexencoding def / buildchar / ct _ buildcharincremental load def ct _ clone ? { / fonttype 3 def / ct _ showcharstring / ct _ type3showcharstring load def / ct _ dfsetcacheproc / ct _ clonesetcacheproc load def / ct _ syntheticbold false def / ct _ strokewidth 1 def } { / fonttype 4 def / private 1 dict dup / leniv 4 put def / charstrings 1 dict dup / . notdef\nhis geological remarks on dura den , the author described the sedimentary strata in the vicinity as consisting of ( in ascending order ) \u20141 . grey sandstone , the equivalent of the carmylie and forfarshire flagstones , with\n, 3 . conglomerates , marls , and cornstone , with few and obscure fossils . 4 . the yellow sandstone , rich in remains of\nand other fishes , and about 300 or 400 feet in thickness . this sandstone is seen to rest unconformably on the clashbennie series of the old red at the northern opening of the den , and at the southern end is unconformably overlain by the carboniferous rocks . it is also exposed beneath the lower coal - series of cults , the lomonds , binnarty , and the cleish ilills . it is seen also in western scotland ( renfrewshire and ayrshire ) , and in berwickshire and elsewhere in the south , with its pterichthyan and holoptychian fossils . in the author ' s opinion it is entirely distinct from the \u201cyellow sandstone\u201d of the irish geologists .\nat dura den one thin bed in the yellow sandstone especially teems with fossil fish . the pamphractus - bed , towards the top of this thick deposit , is the only other stratum bearing fossil remains .\ndr . anderson also offered some remarks on the glyptopomus minor ( agass . ) , the specimen of which was obtained from this locality ; and he drew attention to two as yet undescribed fishes * also from dura den .\n\u2013 gsl fellows : log in with your lyell username and password . ( please check your access entitlements at urltoken )\n\u2013 other users : log in with the username and password you created when you registered . help for other users is at urltoken\nyou may purchase access to this article . this will require you to create an account if you don ' t already have one .\nyou may be able to gain access using your login credentials for your institution . contact your library if you do not have a username and password .\nif your organization uses openathens , you can log in using your openathens username and password .\nnote : we request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article , and that it is not junk mail . we do not retain these email addresses ."]}
{"id": 2408, "summary": [{"text": "tirathaba mundella , the oil palm bunch moth , is a species of snout moth .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in malaysia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on areca catechu , elaeis guineensis , mangifera indica and nephelium lappaceum .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "they bore into unopened spathes and feed on the tender floral parts .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they may also attack tender nuts . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "tirathaba mundella", "paragraphs": ["various insecticides have been evaluated for the control of t . mundella ( wood and yew , 1974 ; chan , 1973 ) . removing , or avoiding the accumulation of , rotten fruit bunches is a useful practice in addition to chemical control in areas where t . mundella breeding is common .\nthe economically damaging rate of t . mundella infestation on oil palm in malaysia is 3 - 5 larvae per fruit bunch . samples of 20 bunches per 100 acres are taken in the field and the number of larvae per bunch are counted ( wood and ng , 1974 ) . outbreaks of t . mundella frequently occur in new plantations ; they do not follow a predictable pattern .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nthe larvae bore into unopened spathes and feed on the tender floral parts . they also attack tender nuts at different stages of development . infested fruit bunches are characterized by long tubes of silk and frass constructed by the larvae . severe infestation may cause fruit deformation and bunch abortion .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nattributes / relations provided by \u2666 1 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hern\u00e1ndez"]}
{"id": 2410, "summary": [{"text": "daliapour ( 10 march 1996 \u2013 august 2015 ) is an irish-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career which lasted from july 1998 until november 2002 he competed in seven different countries , running 26 times and winning seven races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the horse was bred by aga khan iv who owned him before selling him to robert ng in late 2000 .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "he was originally trained by luca cumani before moving to michael stoute 's stable in 2000 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "he was trained in hong kong by ivan allan for a few months in early 2001 before returning to stoute for the remainder of his racing career .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "daliapour showed promise as a two-year-old by winning the autumn stakes and was a top-class performer at three , winning the blue riband trial stakes and finishing second in both the epsom derby and the irish derby .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "daliapour reached his peak as a four-year-old in 2000 when he won the ormonde stakes , coronation cup and hong kong vase .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he failed to win as a five-year-old but showed some good form over longer distances at six , recording his last win in the 2002 curragh cup .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after his retirement from racing he stood as a breeding stallion in france and australia with limited success .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "daliapour died in august 2015 as a result of laminitis . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "daliapour", "paragraphs": ["jarvis had no hesitation in naming daliapour as\nthe dark horse\nand saeed said he thought vinnie roe and daliapour would be hard to beat .\ndaliapour winning the gr 1 hong kong vase in the colours of robert ng .\njohnny murtagh puts daliapour through his paces during an early morning gallop at . . .\nthe race went like clockwork , with daliapour nicely placed just behind the front runner .\ndaliapour ( c . by sadler ' s wells ) . 7 wins . see below .\ndaliapour ( ire ) has been put down after battling laminitis at rosemont stud . he was 20 .\nmichael kinane , who won the 1993 melbourne cup on vintage crop , arrives in melbourne today to ride daliapour .\nthis time daliapour was to run in the red and purple silk s of his new owner , robert ng .\ndaliapour \u2019s career has had its ups and downs , triumph and injury following each other , and it spans the globe .\nstoute said yesterday he was\nhappy with daliapour ' s demeanour\nsince the seven - year - old arrived in melbourne .\n.\nthere will be some friendly rivalry between us when daliapour takes on ivan ' s indigenous and oriental express on sunday .\nyesterday , weld ' s respect for daliapour was echoed by jarvis , who trains jardines lookout , and godolphin ' s saeed bin suroor .\nhe plans to give daliapour some rest after the vase and point him toward the dubai sheema classic on the dubai world cup card in march .\nother overseas gallopers who could come to melbourne include daliapour , moon emperor and give notice but the japanese entries may miss because of quarantine problems .\ndaliapour was yesterday reported to be lame in his nearside foreleg following his unplaced effort behind silvano in sunday ' s audemars piguet queen elizabeth ii cup .\ndaliapour \u2018s merits are comparatively rare ( in flat - racing circles ) with elements of proven genuine toughness and endurance for racing at the highest level .\ndaliapour is a blue - blood , with both sadlers wells and doyoun in his pedigree giving him his looks as well as his speed and stamina .\nmichael kinane ( daliapour ) and noel harris ( hail ) will both wear a red cap , which has been victorious in a record 29 cups .\n2000 montjeu 4 - 9 - 7 john hammond fr michael kinane michael tabor 1 / 3 f fantastic light daliapour 2 . 29 . 98 435 , 000\nbeekeeper did next best of the international raiding party after hatha anna , pugin and daliapour , who all raced towards the front early , faded in the stretch .\nrival international trainers have all named english stayer daliapour as one of the main dangers to their own hopes in tomorrow ' s $ 4 million melbourne cup at flemington .\nwhen he arrived in melbourne last week , stoute laughed off dermot weld ' s naming of daliapour as his main danger in the cup as nothing more than an irish joke .\ndaliapour almost reached the pinnacle in his three - year - old year , finishing runner - up behind oath in the english derby and arc winner montjeu in the irish equivalent .\nweld said that while\nwe respect the local horses\n, he considered godolphin ' s pugin was\nvery well handicapped\nand daliapour was the best value in the field .\njohnny murtagh puts daliapour through his paces during an early morning gallop at sha tin racecourse prior to running in the hong kong vase to be run on sunday . mandatory credit : julian herbert / allsport\nwhat ' s more , five sons of sadler ' s wells - blue stag , king ' s theatre , tamure , dushyantor and daliapour - have been narrowly beaten runners - up in the premier race .\nthe hong kong - owned daliapour , who will join tony mcevoy ' s stable at flemington to race next autumn before being retired to stud in australia , has had less publicity than any of other international visitors .\ndaliapour ( sadler\u00b4s wells \u2013 dalara by doyoun ) resumed as a four year - old to win the g1 coronation cup at royal ascot and finished the season with a group 1 on the road in the hong kong vase .\nretired to haras des chartreux , daliapour was a dual - purpose stallion before relocating to australia . he stood for a $ 3 , 000 fee at rosemont and his first southern crop are new - season three year - olds .\nvodafone coronation cup ( eng - i ) winner daliapour has been sold to hong kong - based robert ng and will race in the colors of his new owner in the honk kong international vase on sunday , dec . 17 ,\nfantastic light was then returned to england for a summer campaign . in the coronation cup at epsom in june he finished second to daliapour and then came fifth of the eight runners behind giant ' s causeway in the eclipse stakes . he was then sent to ascot for the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , where he finished second , reversing the epsom form with daliapour , but having no chance [ 15 ] against the favourite montjeu . [ 16 ]\nalthough daliapour , trained by sir michael stoute , is a $ 41 chance in latest markets , he is the\ndark horse\nfor this year ' s cup , according to saeed bin suroor , alan jarvis and dermot weld .\nonly the japanese raider air shakur , runner - up in his\nhome\nderby in tokyo , carries the hopes of the three - year - olds ; raypour , the only colt of that age from europe , is pacemaker for daliapour .\naside from the coronation cup win , daliapour has been more of a bridesmaid in prestigious events when racing for the aga khan . as a 3 - year - old he finished second to montjeu in the budweiser irish derby ( ire - i ) and oath in the vodafone epsom derby ( eng - i ) . since defeating fantastic light in the coronation cup in june , daliapour has finished third in both the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes ( eng - i ) and canadian international stakes ( can - i ) as well as a fourth - place finish in the mercedes benz - grosser preis von baden ( ger - i ) . daliapour has won five of 14 career starts and earned $ 1 , 247 , 398 .\nthis year ' s iaws curragh cup first and second , daliapour and boreas , could do battle again , while the former ' s trainer sir michael stoute has also entered cover up , winner of this year ' s queen alexandra stakes at royal ascot .\na club statement said yesterday : ' the veterinary surgeon , dr w . h . chan , has reported that he examined daliapour and noted the horse was lame in its nearside front leg . dr chan has established the lameness was originating from around the nearside knee . he performed an x - ray and this did not reveal any bone damage to the knee . before being allowed to race again , daliapour will be required to perform satisfactorily in an official barrier trial and will be subjected to an official veterinary examination . '\nafter arriving in melbourne late on thursday , stoute , who will saddle the six - year - old daliapour in the big race , immediately went to flemington to check the going on the track , which he rated as fast .\na little help from mother nature would suit me ,\nstoute said .\nthis will be a new experience for daliapour . he hasn ' t raced this far before , but he is well and i think he ' ll handle the day . we ' ve had this in mind for a while .\nstoute has succeeded twice from 17 attempts at the hkir , with soviet line in the 1994 hong kong international bowl ( 1400m ) , the fore - runner to today\u2019s hk $ 23 million longines hong kong mile , and daliapour in the 2000 edition of the hong kong vase .\ndaliapour ( ire ) b . h , 1996 { 13 - c } dp = 6 - 2 - 20 - 10 - 0 ( 38 ) di = 0 . 90 cd = 0 . 11 - 26 starts , 7 wins , 3 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 591 , 209\n2000 - 12 - 17 daliapour \u2018s cosy win vindicated his purchase from the aga khan only weeks earlier by robert ng chee - siong , the singapore an property tycoon . trained by sir michael stoute , he was ridden by johnny murtagh to cap a memorable year for the jockey when he won 12 gr . 1 races worldwide .\nin 2009 tinkler outbid sea the stars\u2019s owner the tsui family for sugar free , a 540 , 000gns group 3 - placed daughter of oasis dream who is in foal to sea the stars . two years earlier he splashed out \u20ac570 , 000 on dalasyla , a half - sister to group 1 winner and derby runner - up daliapour .\nlast week , daliapour produced yet another hurdle winner in england in sendali , who was successful in a class 3 contest at catterick . the level of the race is unimportant , but this success from one of his first crop born in 2004 is symptomatic of his progeny : he produces numerous winners at all levels and under both codes . daliapour is out of gr 2 prix de royallieu scorer dalara , a doyoun half - sister to darshaan and darara who is the dam of dar re mi . there is only one other member of this family standing at stud in france , puit d ' or at the haras de la roussli\u00e8re . he represents the same cross , being another son of sadler ' s wells and a sister of darshaan .\ndermot weld , winner of the race in 1993 with vintage crop , believes daliapour could pose a big threat to his two runners , vinnie roe and media puzzle .\nfor a horse that has run second in a derby , trained by a man like sir michael and ridden by michael kinane i think he is seriously good value at 33 - 1 ,\nweld said .\ni think he is an interesting addition and hope he gets some decent mares as he should add to our staying stock . not sure if you were being serious brad or having a dig at the other thread with byron regarding sw - darshaan . but daliapour ' s female line is extremely strong and is the female line of darshaan but also the female line of rewilding , dar re mi and even ranvet stakes winner darazari .\nthe arrival of irish raiders daliapour and jardine ' s lookout - along with the latter ' s faithful companion , a shetland pony named henry - has disrupted the melbourne cup preparation of media puzzle . the trio arrived in melbourne yesterday morning after spending 35 hours in transit on a commercial flight , which wasn ' t the case for the godolphin team . godolphin ' s aristocrats , led by cox plate heavyweight grandera and caulfield cup contender beekeeper , flew into melbourne a couple of weeks ago on a private jumbo with travel time from europe little more than 20 hours . daliapour and jardine ' s lookout are here for the melbourne cup and the pair entered the sandown quarantine centre yesterday , which means no horse in the compound can leave . media puzzle - which is prepared by melbourne cup - winning irish trainer dermot weld , who also has the race favourite vinnie roe stationed at sandown - was due to gallop at flemington today .\nhe may have looked a bit vulnerable going to the last but the step - up to two and a half miles done aupcharlie the world of good . the son of daliapour stayed on really well under andrew lynch from the back of the last where whispering hills wasn ' t as fluent . aupcharlie then crossed the line three and a quarter lengths to the good from whispering hills in the i . t . b . a . expo 2012 maiden hurdle at leopardstown .\nthis leaves a collection of honest pattern - race performers , headed by the admirable daliapour , a last - start winner of the coronation cup at epsom last month , and fantastic light , who was given little assistance from the saddle when runner - up in the same race . the latter has since finished fifth to giant ' s causeway in the coral - eclipse stakes at sandown . beat all backs up quickly after being touched off in the scottish classic at ayr .\ntrained like his father before him by andreas wohler , silvano improved again as a four - year - old . wohler did not race him frequently . a gr2 win over 2200m at baden - baden ( over the subsequent gr1 winner catella ) proved to be the best of his runs in germany in 2000 , which earned him a call - up for the hong kong international meeting at the end of the year , where he ran a good fifth of 13 behind daliapour in the vase .\ndespite his defeat , montjeu was made 7 / 5 favourite for the prix du jockey club at chantilly on 6 june . asmussen held the colt up at the rear of the field before making his challenge in the straight . he took the lead 400 m from the finish and drew away from his opponents to win by four lengths from nowhere to exit , with gracioso finishing nine lengths further back in sixth . three weeks later , montjeu was sent to the curragh for the irish derby where his main rivals appeared to be the english - trained colts daliapour and beat all who had finished second and third respectively in the derby . as at chantilly , montjeu was held up in the early running before moving smoothly through to dispute the lead in the straight . he took the lead a furlong from the finish and pulled clear to win by five lengths from daliapour in\nimpressive\nstyle . [ 7 ] after the race , asmussen claimed that he had\nfive kilos in hand\n. [ 8 ]\ndespite his defeat , montjeu was made 7 / 5 favourite for the prix du jockey club at chantilly on 6 june . asmussen held the colt up at the rear of the field before making his challenge in the straight . he took the lead 400 m from the finish and drew away from his opponents to win by four lengths from nowhere to exit , with gracioso finishing nine lengths further back in sixth . three weeks later , montjeu was sent to the curragh for the irish derby where his main rivals appeared to be the english - trained colts daliapour and beat all who had finished second and third respectively in the epsom derby . as at chantilly , montjeu was held up in the early running before moving smoothly through to dispute the lead in the straight . he took the lead a furlong from the finish and pulled clear to win by five lengths from daliapour in\nimpressive\nstyle . [ 7 ] after the race , asmussen claimed that he had\nfive kilos in hand\n. [ 8 ]\ntrainer sir michael stoute and jockey ryan moore will team up again , this time with lightly - raced cannock chase ( pp2 , 7 - 2 ) a four - year - old kentucky - bred group 3 - winning son of lemon drop kid . last year , they won the pattison with favoured hillstar . stoute also took the 1996 international with champion singspiel , along with two second - place finishes ( shardari in 1986 , ask in 2007 ) and one third ( daliapour , 2000 ) while moore scored aboard joshua tree in 2013 .\na half - brother to three other winners including the six - time french flat winner belamage ( daliapour ) and the winning french hurdler gaone ( sagacity ) out of the french ten - furlong winner phemyka ( saint estephe ) , a half - sister to the unraced dam of the dual italian listed - winning hurdler satwa duke ( munir ) , min hails from the family of the dual grade three - winning jumper stormez as well the 2006 group one irish 1000 guineas winner nightime and 2005 grade one sword dancer invitational stakes winner king ' s drama .\nhis size never prevented daliapour from producing numerous winners . in 2009 , france sire ' s figures show him to have produced the winners or black - type placed horses in 34 different races , putting him in 33rd place alongside useful sires such as network , della francesca or fragrant mix . he took two pattern places thanks to bassel on the flat and peak rythm over jumps . in 2008 , his daughter la grande dame won the gr 3 prix pierre de lassus and finished a neck secon to the champion questarabad in the gr 1 prix renaud du vivier hurdle .\ndaliapour was an excellent racehorse . unluckily , he came across the little - known oath and then the well - known montjeu in the epsom and irish derbies , in which he finished runner - up . he finally won his gr 1 at 4yo in the coronation cup then the hong kong vase . he remained in hong kong where he was fortunately not castrated , but he did not flourish there and returned to europe at 6yo to win another gr 1 . he is tough , but rather diminutive , and is advertised as 15 . 2 1 / 2 hh , with a good pair of shoes !\nborn in barbados on october 22 , 1945 , stoute moved to england aged 20 and was licensed to train in 1972 . he was crowned britain\u2019s champion trainer for the ninth time this year , his first back - to - back titles . has won a phenomenal 129 gr . 1 titles , including three breeders ' cup , four epsom derbies , two japan cups , a dubai world cup and even a champion hurdle at cheltenham . the most famous of his stars remains the ill - fated shergar . in hong kong he won the vase in 2000 with daliapour and the international bowl in 1994 with soviet line .\nthe aga khan - bred darshaan ( 1981 - 2001 ) , who won the 1984 french derby from sadler\u2019s wells and rainbow quest , traces to celebrated boussac mare tourzima ( 13c by tourbillon ) , who the aga khan described as boussac\u2019s \u201crock\u201d , \u201cjust as mumtaz mahal was for my grandfather\u201d . several of tourzima\u2019s daughters became great producers . french derby winner and sire acamas and arc winner akiyda , descend from gloriana , by pharis ; gloriana\u2019s sister , the irish oaks and french 1000 guineas winner corejada , is the dam of french oaks winner appolonia , while another sister , the criterium de maisons - laffitte winner albanilla , is the fourth dam of darshaan , darara and dalara ( dam of daliapour ) .\nthe aga khan - bred darshaan ( 1981 - 2001 ) , who won the 1984 french derby from sadler\u2019s wells and rainbow quest , traces to celebrated boussac mare tourzima ( 13c by tourbillon ) , who the aga khan described as boussac\u2019s \u201crock\u201d , \u201cjust as mumtaz mahal was for my grandfather\u201d . several of tourzima\u2019s daughters became great producers . french derby winner and sire acamas and arc winner akiyda , descend from gloriana , by pharis ; gloriana\u2019s sister , the irish oaks and french 1000 guineas winner corejada , is the dam of french oaks winner appolonia ; while another sister , the criterium de maisons - laffitte winner albanilla , is the fourth dam of darshaan , darara and dalara ( dam of daliapour , a multiple gr . 1 winner by sadler\u2019s wells who is now on the roster at rosemount stud in victoria ) .\ndaliapour ( 96c , doyoun , abdos ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2800m , \u00a3693 , 539 , \u20ac47 , 999 , us $ 165 , 000 , 100 , 000dm . , hk $ 6 , 365 , 880 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , hong kong vase , gr . 1 , curragh cup , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , ascot autumn s . , l , epsom blue riband trial s . , 2d the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , newbury haynes , hanson & clark 2yo conditions s . , 4th grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , newbury geoffrey freer s . , gr . 2 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 .\nbackground : sir michael stoute moved to england from barbados aged 19 and was licensed to train in 1972 . he has been crowned britain ' s champion trainer 10 times ( 1981 , 1986 , 1989 , 1994 , 1997 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 ) . his g1 wins include four in the breeders ' cup turf , 15 english classics including five in the derby , two japan cups , a dubai world cup and even a champion hurdle . the most famous of his stars remains the ill - fated shergar , but he has trained numerous international champions , including dubai world cup and japan cup winner singspiel and breeders ' cup turf winner pilsudski . in 2008 he finally completed his set of all five english classics when subsequent dual breeders ' cup turf winner , conduit , landed the st leger . in 2013 he saddled the queen ' s estimate to give the british monarch her first g1 ascot gold cup win . ulysses won two g1s in 2017 to earn the title of europe ' s champion older horse . hkir wins ( 2 ) : hong kong international bowl ( 1994 soviet line ) ; hong kong vase ( 2000 daliapour ) . hong kong wins : 2\nthe hh aga khan bred colt was an 8 length winner of the autumn 2yo stakes at ascot in october 1998 and returned the following year for seconds in the g1 english derby ( beaten by oath ) and irish derby ( beaten 5 lengths by montjeu ) .\nhe was retired by his owner , mr robert ng of hong kong , following an unplaced run behind media puzzle in the 2002 melbourne cup .\nhis first runner in australia ( and only runner at this stage ) was the matt laurie - trained return to justice which has had two unplaced starts at cranbourne .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nif you are a breeder or simply a thoroughbred enthusiast , a tbv membership is a must for you . membership application\n\u00a9 2018 thoroughbred breeders victoria . all rights reserved . legal information | sitemap | website design by h create\nthe ivan allan - trained horse , who finished sixth in the group one event , had been at the centre of a minor injury scare four days before the race because of concerns over the same leg but he was eventually given the all - clear .\ngary ng ting - keung ' s billion win , who finished last in the queen ' s silver jubilee cup on sunday , was found to be lame in its nearside hind leg and will have to pass the same tests before being allowed to race again .\nactress shu qi splashes out us $ 16 . 2 million for luxury mid - levels home\nreports . following the race the son of sadler ' s wells will switch from the barn of sir michael stoute to trainer ivan allan , the report says .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndespite his small size , this nephew of darshaan is a serious stallion under both codes from his base at alain brandebourger ' s haras des chartreux .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhe ' s enjoying the environment ( at sandown ) ,\nstoute said and although the horse would need luck in running from barrier one ,\nhe ' s better value than the england cricket team\n.\nfor his part , stoute said :\ni ' m a vinnie roe fan because of the dermot magic .\nsaeed said that while pugin was the highest - rated of his trio , he considered beekeeper had made a lot of improvement .\nhe looks really different from when i last saw him ,\nhe said .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbreeder : hh aga khan winnings : 26 starts : 7 - 3 - 4 , $ 1 , 591 , 209 1st : coronation cup ( eng - g1 ) , hong kong vase gr . 1 ( hk ) , ormonde s . ( eng - g3 ) , curragh cup ( ire - g3 ) 2800m , autumn s . lr ( gb ) . 2nd derby s . ( eng - g1 ) , irish derby ( ire - g1 ) , derby trial s . gr . 3 ( gb ) . 3rd canadian international gr . 1 ( can ) , king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . gr . 1 ( gb ) . stallion at haras des chartreux , fr fee : ? 4 . 500 ( close )\naerial virtual replay is provided by an external vendor trakus , for personal infotainment only . due to the frequent usage of mobile phones at the racecourses , the signals receiving by trakus system may be affected and thus the accuracy of aerial virtual replay cannot be guaranteed . every effort is made to ensure the information is up to the closest approximation , but the club assumes no responsibility for it . for the actual race results , the customers should refer to real replay videos .\nplease note : all horse information is calculated since 1979 - 80 racing season .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nsadler ' s wells ( usa ) b . 1981 gw 6 wins f : 2140 r : 1678 w : 1082 sw : 291\ndalara ( ire ) b . or br . 1991 gw 3 wins f : 9 r : 8 w : 4 sw : 2\n( in great britain , ireland , u . s . a . , germany , australia , hong kong , u . a . e . )\nascot autumn s . , l ( 1m beating boatman and stormy skye ) chepstow romeo 2yo maiden s . ( 1m )\nepsom blue riband trial s . ( 1\u00bcm ) 2d the derby , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to oath and beating beat all ) irish derby , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to montjeu and beating tchaikovsky ) lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 ( 11\u00bdf to lucido and beating royal rebel )\nepsom coronation cup , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm beating fantastic light and border arrow ) hong kong vase , gr . 1 ( 2400m beating ela athena and caitano ) chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 ( 13f beating life is life and danish rhapsody ) 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to montjeu and fantastic light ) woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 ( 1\u00bdm to mutafaweq and williams news ) 4th grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 ( 2400m )\ncurragh cup , gr . 3 ( 1\u00bem beating boreas and quality team ) 4th newbury geoffrey freer s . , gr . 2 ( 13\u00bcf ) chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 ( 13\u00bdf )\nsadler ' s wells top of the 1984 french 3yo free h . ( 1300m - 2100m ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bcm , \u00a3461 , 963 , us $ 45 , 960 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , phoenix champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , curragh gladness s . , l , 4th york benson & hedges gold cup , gr . 1 . he entered stud in ireland in 1985 . champion gb / ire . sire 14 times . champion usa sire ( aei ) 3 times . champion french sire twice . champion french sire ( aei ) twice . champion gb / ire . sire of 2yos 3 times . champion gb / ire . broodmare sire 7 times . champion french broodmare sire 4 times . champion usa broodmare sire . champion spain broodmare sire . sire of 1749 progeny to race , 1206 winners ( 68 . 0 % ) earnings of over $ 228 million , 294 stakes winners , 192 stakes placegetters , inc .\nyeats ( 01c , top ville , sparkler ) . 15 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1600m to 4000m , \u00a3807 , 108 , \u20ac782 , 096 , us $ 337 , a $ 110 , 000 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 - 4 times , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , goodwood cup , gr . 2 - twice , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , ballysax s . , gr . 3 , saval beg s . , l , navan vintage crop s . , l - twice , curragh korean racing association 2yo s . , 2d irish st leger , gr . 1 , curragh mooresbridge s . , gr . 3 , 3d longchamp prix du cadran , gr . 1 - twice , 4th irish st leger , gr . 1 .\nmontjeu ( 96c , top ville , tennyson ) . 11 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , \u00a31 , 026 , 555 , 9 , 220 , 000fr . , 20 , 000 , 000\u00a5 , irish derby , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 2 , prix greffulhe , gr . 2 , prix niel , gr . 2 , prix isonomy , l , chantilly prix de la maniguette , 2d newmarket champion s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix lupin , gr . 1 , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , japan cup , gr . 1 .\nhigh chaparral ( 99c , darshaan , kris ) . joint top of the 2002 international 3yo classification ( long ) . joint second on the 2003 international 4yo + classification ( long ) . 10 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3926 , 300 , \u20ac1 , 918 , 742 , us $ 2 , 021 , 600 , the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 - twice , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , curragh royal whip s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 , ballysax s . , l , 3d prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 - twice .\nsalsabil ( 87f , artaius , welsh pageant ) . second top filly on the 1990 european 3yo classification . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 6f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3744 , 267 , irish derby , gr . 1 , the one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , the oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 , prix vermeille , gr . 1 , newbury fred darling s . , gr . 3 .\nkayf tara ( 94c , high top , jimmy reppin ) . 10 wins from 1\u00bcm to 2\u00bdm , \u00a3602 , 235 , 630 , 000fr . , irish st leger , gr . 1 - twice , royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 - twice , goodwood cup , gr . 2 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , longchamp prix vicomtesse vigier , gr . 2 , deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 , ascot mrs basil samuel s . , 3d royal ascot gold cup , gr . 1 , sandown henry ii s . , gr . 3 , 4th deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 .\nrefuse to bend ( 00c , gulch , grenfall ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bcm , \u00a3604 , 590 , \u20ac287 , 377 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot queen anne s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown desmond s . , gr . 3 , two thousand guineas trial , l , 3d ascot queen elizabeth ii s . , gr . 1 .\nbeat hollow ( 97c , dancing brave , mill reef ) . 7 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bcm , \u00a3135 , 984 , 1 , 200 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 437 , 150 , belmont manhattan h . , gr . 1 , churchill downs turf classic s . , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , longchamp grand prix de paris , gr . 1 , newmarket s . , l , 2d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , fair grounds explosive bid h . , gr . 2 , 3d the derby , gr . 1 , keeneland turf mile s . , gr . 1 .\nislington ( 99f , darshaan , homeric ) . joint top filly on the 2002 international 3yo classification . joint second top filly on the 2003 international 4yo + classification . 6 wins from 1\u00bcm to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3449 , 915 , \u20ac139 , 962 , us $ 704 , 800 , yorkshire oaks , gr . 1 - twice , breeders ' cup filly & mare turf s . , gr . 1 , goodwood nassau s . , gr . 1 , york musidora s . , gr . 3 , newbury sanctuary group s . , 3d leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , breeders ' cup filly & mare turf s . , gr . 1 , newmarket oh so sharp s . , l .\nin the wings ( 86c , shirley heights , sea hawk ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1200m to 2400m , \u00a3889 , 036 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 3 , prix du prince d ' orange , gr . 3 , deauville prix du haras de la huderie , l , chantilly prix de vineuil , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .\nopera house ( 88c , high top , jimmy reppin ) . 8 wins - 1 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3737 , 701 , 1 , 200 , 000fr . , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 2 , ascot cumberland lodge s . , gr . 3 , sandown brigadier gerard s . , gr . 3 , 2d irish champion s . , gr . 1 , sandown eclipse s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , goodwood foundation s . , l , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , sandown gordon richards s . , gr . 3 , 4th newbury st simon s . , gr . 3 .\ngalileo ( 98c , miswaki , lombard ) . top of the 2001 international 3yo classification ( intermediate ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bdm , \u00a31 , 766 , 665 , the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 , ballysax s . , l , irish business confederation 2yo s . , 2d irish champion s . , gr . 1 .\nintrepidity ( 90f , bold ruler , princequillo ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , \u00a3230 , 703 , 2 , 380 , 000fr . , the oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix saint - alary , gr . 1 , prix vermeille , gr . 1 , evry prix finlande , l , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , prix foy , gr . 3 , 4th breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , irish oaks , gr . 1 .\nalexandrova ( 03f , shirley heights , ahonoora ) . 4 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1m , 1\u00bdm , \u00a3459 , 833 , \u20ac310 , 114 , the oaks , gr . 1 , irish oaks , gr . 1 , yorkshire oaks , gr . 1 , 2d newmarket fillies mile , gr . 1 , york musidora s . , gr . 3 , 3d longchamp prix de l ' opera , gr . 1 , goodwood new ham 2yo fillies s .\nsaddex ( 03c , irish river , northfields ) . 7 wins from 1900m to 2400m , \u20ac651 , 440 , rome premio presidente della repubblica , gr . 1 , cologne rheinland pokal , gr . 1 , grand prix de chantilly , gr . 2 , cologne gerling preis , gr . 2 , grosser preis der sparkasse dortmund , l , bremen swb derby trial , l , 2d longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , hoppegarten preis der deutschen einheit , gr . 3 , 3d baden - baden grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , frankfurt fruhjahrspreis des bankhaus metzler , gr . 3 , 4th hamburg deutsches derby , gr . 1 .\nask ( 03c , rainbow quest , shirley heights ) . 7 wins from 2000m to 3100m , \u00a3497 , 952 , \u20ac142 , 850 , us $ 414 , 160 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , ascot cumberland lodge s . , gr . 3 , sandown gordon richards s . , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , york melrose h . , 3d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth s . , gr . 1 , newmarket wood ditton s . , 4th the st leger , gr . 1 .\ncarnegie ( 91c , riverman , sunny boy ) . third on the 1995 international 4yo + classification ( long ) . joint third top colt on the 1994 european 3yo classification . 7 wins at 2000m , 2400m , 6 , 148 , 000fr . , us $ 240 , 000 , prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , saint - cloud prix eugene adam , gr . 2 , longchamp prix foy , gr . 3 , evry prix pelleas , l , saint - cloud prix dardo , 2d longchamp prix de courcelles , l , 3d breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 .\nballingarry ( 99c , desert wine , sadair ) . 6 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1600m to 2400m , \u00a311 , 380 , \u20ac448 , 614 , 400 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 291 , 594 , woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 , arlington park stars and stripes h . , gr . 3 - twice , leopardstown 2yo s . , 2d derby italiano , gr . 1 , 3d irish derby , gr . 1 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , churchill downs louisville h . , gr . 3 , arlington h . , gr . 3 , hollywood jim murray memorial h . , l , 4th del mar h . , gr . 2 , santa anita arcadia h . , gr . 2 , hollywood jim murray memorial h . , l .\nking of kings ( 95c , habitat , crowned prince ) . 5 wins - 4 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , \u00a3326 , 845 , the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , railway s . , gr . 3 , tyros s . , l , glengarrif 2yo s . , 2d curragh anglesey s . , gr . 3 .\nold vic ( 86c , derring - do , vimy ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1m to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3713 , 593 , irish derby , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , sandown classic trial s . , gr . 3 , chester vase , gr . 3 , newbury burghclere s . , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , 3d royal ascot hardwicke s . , gr . 2 .\ndream well ( 95c , alleged , northfields ) . 4 wins at 2000m , 2400m , \u00a3498 , 790 , 3 , 452 , 000fr . , us $ 160 , 000 , irish derby , gr . 1 , chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , deauville prix la force , gr . 3 , prix gontaut - biron , gr . 3 , 2d belmont turf classic invitational s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix ganay , gr . 1 , 3d irish champion s . , gr . 1 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 .\nnorthern spur ( 91c , rheingold , welsh pageant ) . 6 wins - 1 at 2 - from 1700m to 3000m , 860 , 000fr . , us $ 1 , 460 , 000 , breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , santa anita oak tree invitational h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix hubert de chaudenay , gr . 2 , chantilly prix du lys , gr . 3 , 2d hollywood turf h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , prix de lutece , gr . 3 , saint - cloud prix saraca , l , 3d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , atlantic city caesars international h . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix de l ' avre , l .\npowerscourt ( 00c , rainbow quest , stage door johnny ) . 5 wins - 1 at 2 - from 7\u00bdf to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3250 , 949 , \u20ac404 , 124 , us $ 870 , 000 , hk $ 1 , 000 , 000 , 220 , 800dhs , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown seapoint s . , 2d doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , royal ascot prince of wales ' s s . , gr . 1 , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , ayr scottish derby , gr . 2 , newmarket jra london office 10th anniversary 2yo s . , 3d breeders ' cup turf s . , gr . 1 , curragh irish st leger , gr . 1 , leopardstown irish champion s . , gr . 1 , 4th arlington million s . , gr . 1 , cathay pacific hong kong cup , gr . 1 , york hardwicke s . , gr . 2 .\nking ' s theatre ( 91c , princely native , crafty admiral ) . 5 wins - 3 at 2 - at 1m , 1\u00bdm , \u00a3742 , 736 , us $ 36 , 308 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 , newbury haynes ' hanson & clark s . , 2d the derby , gr . 1 , irish derby , gr . 1 , 3d saratoga sword dancer h . , gr . 1 , york juddmonte international s . , gr . 1 , gran premio di milano , gr . 1 , 4th york dante s . , gr . 2 .\nbarathea ( 90c , habitat , runnymede ) . second on the 1994 european 4yo + classification . joint third on the 1993 european 3yo classification ( 1400m - 1800m ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 7f , 1m , \u00a3430 , 800 , us $ 540 , 000 , breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , royal ascot queen anne s . , gr . 2 , newmarket philip cornes houghton 2yo s . , taxi news westley 2yo s . , 2d the two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , ascot queen elizabeth ii s . , gr . 1 - twice , goodwood sussex s . , gr . 1 , 4th newmarket july cup , gr . 1 , prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 , newmarket craven s . , gr . 3 .\nbrian boru ( 00c , alleged , star appeal ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 14\u00bef , \u00a3405 , 280 , \u20ac216 , 337 , us $ 330 , 000 , the st leger , gr . 1 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , leopardstown alleged s . , l , curragh flemings garage 2yo s . , 2d irish st leger , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 , deauville prix kergorlay , gr . 2 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 3 , 3d woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 - twice , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 2 , 4th irish derby , gr . 1 .\ngossamer ( 99f , habitat , runnymede ) . second top filly on the 2001 international 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 6f to 1m , \u00a3145 , 577 , \u20ac259 , 901 , us $ 25 , 600 , irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 , goodwood prestige s . , gr . 3 , newmarket chippenham lodge stud 2yo fillies ' s . , 3d prix du moulin de longchamp , gr . 1 .\nblack sam bellamy ( 99c , miswaki , lombard ) . 4 wins from 2000m to 2400m , \u00a335 , 372 , \u20ac623 , 047 , 80 , 000fr . , curragh tattersalls gold cup , gr . 1 , milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 , leopardstown alleged s . , l , curragh hotel keadeen s . , 2d baden - baden grosser preis von baden , gr . 1 , longchamp prix hocquart , gr . 2 , 3d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , newmarket lifestyle financial services 2yo s . , 4th milan gran premio del jockey club , gr . 1 .\nimagine ( 98f , master derby , tulyar ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3408 , 745 , irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , the oaks , gr . 1 , curragh park s . , gr . 3 , 2d newmarket rockfel s . , gr . 2 , leopardstown one thousand guineas trial s . , l , 3d curragh athasi s . , l , debutante s . , l , 4th ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 .\nebadiyla ( 94f , darshaan , ela - mana - mou ) . 3 wins from 1\u00bcm to 15\u00bdf , \u00a3140 , 625 , 400 , 000fr . , irish oaks , gr . 1 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , 2d leopardstown ballycullen s . , l , 3d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , leopardstown derby trial s . , gr . 3 .\nseptimus ( 03c , darshaan , northern dancer ) . 8 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 2\u00bcm , \u00a3287 , 646 , \u20ac436 , 774 , irish st leger , gr . 1 , doncaster cup , gr . 2 , curragh beresford s . , gr . 2 , york dante s . , gr . 2 , lonsdale cup , gr . 2 , curragh cup , gr . 3 , curragh moorebridge s . , gr . 3 , leopardstown irish stallion farms 2yo s . , 2d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , 3d doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 .\ndance design ( 93f , habitat , kythnos ) . 7 wins - 2 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3430 , 039 , irish oaks , gr . 1 , curragh pretty polly s . , gr . 2 - twice , tattersalls gold cup , gr . 2 , mooresbridge s . , l , debutante s . , l , 2d irish one thousand guineas , gr . 1 , irish champion s . , gr . 1 , munich grosser preis dallmayr bayerisches zuchtrennen , gr . 1 , 3d royal ascot coronation s . , gr . 1 , arlington park beverly d s . , gr . 1 , keeneland bryan station s . , l , 4th curragh moyglare stud s . , gr . 1 , longchamp prix marcel boussac , gr . 1 .\nsaddlers ' hall ( 88c , val de loir , charlottesville ) . joint third on the 1992 european 4yo + classification ( 2200m - 2700m ) . 6 wins from 1\u00bcm to 13\u00bcf , \u00a3423 , 974 , epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , newmarket princess of wales ' s s . , gr . 2 , royal ascot king edward vii s . , gr . 2 , newbury john porter s . , gr . 3 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , the st leger , gr . 1 , york great voltigeur s . , gr . 2 .\ndoyen ( 00c , kris , mill reef ) . 5 wins at 2400m , \u00a3592 , 152 , \u20ac179 , 410 , ascot king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . , gr . 1 , royal ascot hardwicke s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix du lys , gr . 3 , lyon - parilly la coupe des trois ans , l , saint - cloud prix cadet roussel , 2d epsom coronation cup , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , 4th longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 .\npoliglote ( 92c , val de l ' orne , sir gaylord ) . 5 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1600m to 2000m , 2 , 899 , 600fr . , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , grand prix d ' evry , gr . 2 , longchamp prix de conde , gr . 3 , prix de la porte de madrid , l , prix des aigles , 2d chantilly prix du jockey club , gr . 1 , longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , prix hocquart , gr . 2 , prix du conseil de paris , gr . 2 , 3d grand prix de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 , 4th longchamp prix lord seymour , l .\nlinda ' s lad ( 03c , alleged , riverman ) . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 1600m to 2300m , \u00a336 , 892 , \u20ac265 , 080 , us $ 21 , 615 , criterium de saint - cloud , gr . 1 , lingfield derby trial s . , gr . 3 , longchamp prix de conde , gr . 3 , deauville criterium du fonds europeen de l ' elevage , l , 2d longchamp prix des chenes , gr . 3 , deauville prix cocktail fm , 3d maisons - laffitte prix eugene adam , gr . 2 , 4th woodbine sky classic s . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix noailles , gr . 2 .\nleggera ( 95f , general assembly , ballymore ) . joint second top filly on the 1998 international 3yo classification . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2600m , \u00a3395 , 175 , longchamp prix vermeille , gr . 1 , deauville prix de pomone , gr . 2 , ayr doonside cup , l , maisons - laffitte prix saraca , l , 2d longchamp prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , mulheim preis der diana , gr . 2 , newmarket pretty polly s . , l , 3d newbury radley s . , l , 4th prix de l ' arc de triomphe , gr . 1 , haydock lancashire oaks , gr . 3 .\nfrench glory ( 86c , hard to beat , fine top ) . 5 wins at 2000m , 2500m , \u00a3331 , 364 , 253 , 000fr . , woodbine rothmans international s . , gr . 1 , saint - cloud prix maurice de nieuil , gr . 2 , la coupe de longchamp , gr . 3 , deauville prix michel houyvet , l , 2d longchamp prix niel , gr . 2 , 3d saint - cloud prix jean de chaudenay , gr . 2 , grand prix de deauville , gr . 2 .\nperfect soul ( 98c , secretariat , exclusive native ) . 7 wins from 7f to 11f , us $ 1 , 527 , 764 , keeneland turf mile s . , gr . 1 , maker ' s mark mile s . , gr . 2 , woodbine king edward h . , gr . 2 , keeneland allowance , woodbine allowance , 2d woodbine niagara h . , gr . 1 , atto mile s . , gr . 1 , churchill downs firecracker h . , gr . 2 , woodbine chinese cultural centre s . , gr . 2 , pimlico dixie s . , gr . 2 , 3d woodbine atto mile s . , gr . 1 , 4th woodbine canadian international s . , gr . 1 .\nplayful act ( 02f , silver hawk , icecapade ) . joint third top filly on the 2004 european 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - from 7f to 1\u00bdm , \u00a3217 , 455 , \u20ac89 , 245 , ascot fillies mile , gr . 1 , doncaster may hill s . , gr . 2 , haydock lancashire oaks , gr . 2 , newmarket beaches resorts 2yo s . , 2d irish oaks , gr . 1 , newmarket hoofbeats tours 2yo s .\naristotle ( 97c , desert wine , sadair ) . 4 wins - 2 at 2 - from 1400m to 2000m , \u00a3113 , 431 , 60 , 000fr . , s $ 556 , 383 , doncaster racing post trophy , gr . 1 , singapore tc new year h . , sgp - 2 , three rings trophy , sgp - 3 , 2d singapore derby , sgp - 1 , 3d longchamp prix greffulhe , gr . 2 , singapore international cup , sgp - 1 .\nel prado ( 89c , sir ivor , tom fool ) . 4 wins at 2 , \u00a3141 , 616 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , beresford s . , gr . 2 , railway s . , gr . 3 , 2d curragh anglesey s . , gr . 3 .\njohann quatz ( 89c , miswaki , lyphard ) . 6 wins from 1600m to 2100m , \u00a3565 , 788 , longchamp prix lupin , gr . 1 , santa anita colonel fw koester h . , gr . 2 , longchamp prix de suresnes , l , hollywood fiddle isle h . , l , 2d breeders ' cup mile s . , gr . 1 , bay meadows h . , gr . 2 , 3d del mar eddie read h . , gr . 1 , arlington million s . , gr . 1 , hollywood inglewood h . , gr . 2 - twice , citation h . , gr . 2 , american h . , gr . 2 , santa anita colonel fw koester h . , gr . 2 .\nluna wells ( 93f , breton , alcide ) . 5 wins - 2 at 2 - at 1800m , 2000m , 1 , 233 , 000fr . , us $ 60 , 229 , longchamp prix saint - alary , gr . 1 , prix vanteaux , gr . 3 , deauville prix de la nonette , gr . 3 , 2d longchamp prix saint - roman , gr . 3 , 3d santa anita las palmas h . , gr . 2 .\nfatherland ( 90c , forli , nantallah ) . 4 wins at 2 , us $ 326 , 879 , curragh national s . , gr . 1 , futurity s . , gr . 3 , tyros s . , l , 2d irish two thousand guineas , gr . 1 , leopardstown two thousand guineas trial , l .\nprince of dance ( 86c , english prince , val de loir ) . joint third on the 1988 european 2yo classification . 4 wins - 3 at 2 - at 7f , 1\u00bcm , \u00a3106 , 323 , newmarket dewhurst s . , gr . 1 , doncaster champagne s . , gr . 2 , newmarket s . , l .\nbraashee ( 86c , malinowski , aggressor ) . 6 wins , \u00a3218 , 080 , a $ 36 , 000 , longchamp prix royal oak , gr . 1 , yorkshire cup , gr . 2 , chester ormonde s . , gr . 3 , 2d sajc robert a lee s . , l , 3d irish st leger , gr . 1 , vatc cf orr s . , gr . 2 , stc ne manion cup , gr . 3 , chester s . , l , vrc national business directory p . , 4th ajc chairmans h . , gr . 3 , stc canterbury cup , gr . 3 ."]}
{"id": 2411, "summary": [{"text": "eboda ethnia is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in india ( sikkim ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is pale brownish white with an indistinct pink hue and suffused with grey anteriorly .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the costa is broadly edged with brown to the middle where it is paler .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a blackish dot in the disc and a dark brown spot at the base of a rust brown costal tuft of scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the termen is edged with dark brown in the apex area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are grey . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eboda ethnia", "paragraphs": ["eboda is a genus of moths belonging to the family tortricidae . [ 1 ]\nhave a fact about eboda chloroclistis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eboda chloroclistis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 22 february 2018 , at 06 : 15 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\nof the peutinger tables , an old roman station with a still older he . . . . . . of lysa , which is mentioned in the peutinger as situated 48 roman miles from\nor ' abdeh . dr robinson had already suggested this identifi - cation ; . . . . . . and was unable to make the distance between it and el ' aujeli ( his a . ssumed\n) agree with that just referred to , he does not seem to have conside . . . . . . ting to firmness and patience for success . the discovery of the real site of\nis im - portant in a geographical point of view , as dr . ro - binson a . . . . . . e ensuing sta - tions as given in the peutinger tables . the identity of lysa ,\nand elusa with lussan , ' abdeh and khalasah is thus conclusively pro . . . . . . abdeh to el ' aujeh , with which it has no connection whatever , asserts that\nis no where mentioned among the episcopal cities .\nin a manuscript , . . . . . . c . f . tyrwhitt , 258 , 283 , 301 , 304 , 311 , 320 , 330 , 334 , b36 , 399 , 459 , 464 e\n. . . if you want rice , you must fetcb it for yourself . tbe sbop is no place for\n, and i will not bave ber come tbere .\ntben be began to display a quit . . . . . .\ntben be began to display a quite unpre - cedented liberality in providing\n' s clotbes . tbe girl , wbosq ideas about ber own dress were of tbe bumb . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world library are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 2412, "summary": [{"text": "the blister beetle genus meloe is a large , widespread group commonly referred to as oil beetles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they are known as \" oil beetles \" because they release oily droplets of hemolymph from their joints when disturbed ; this contains cantharidin , a poisonous chemical causing blistering of the skin and painful swelling .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "members of this genus are typically flightless , without functional wings , and shortened elytra .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "as in other members of the family , they are hypermetamorphic , going through several larval stages , the first of which is typically a mobile triungulin that finds and attaches to a host in order to gain access to the host 's offspring .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "in this genus , the host is a bee , and each species of meloe may attack only a single species or genus of bees ; while sometimes considered parasitoids , it appears that in general , the meloe larva consumes the bee larva along with its provisions , and can often survive on the provisions alone , thus they do not truly qualify ( see parasitoid for definition ) . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "meloe", "paragraphs": ["separating the sexes of the short - necked meloe brevicollis , rugged meloe rugosus and mediterranean oil beetles meloe mediterraneus requires examining the underside of the last segment of the abdomen . this is distinctly notched in males and rounded in females .\noil beetles can sometimes be difficult to identify particularly the black meloe proscarabaeus and violet oil beetles meloe violaceus . see buglife oil beetle guide and below are some extra notes and photographs .\nmeloe - 1 is a new antigen overexpressed in melanomas and involved in adoptive t cell transfer efficiency .\nprivacy policy \u00a9 copyright 2018 . all rights reserved by erica meloe physical therapy . inspiration and design by greta rose agency\nmeloe - 1 is a new antigen overexpressed in melanomas and involved in adoptive t cell transfer efficiency . - pubmed - ncbi\nblack meloe proscarabaeus and violet oil beetles meloe violaceus vary greatly in colour . some violet oil beetles are all black and some black oil beetles can be violet - blue . despite their names colour is not always the best way to separate them .\nwhat made you want to look up meloe ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - oil beetle ( meloe proscarabaeus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - oil beetle ( meloe proscarabaeus )\ntitle =\narkive species - oil beetle ( meloe proscarabaeus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nit is fairly easy to tell the sexes of the _ black meloe proscarabaeus and violet oil beetles meloe violaceus apart as the males have a distinct kink in their antennae and the antennal segments are very broad at the kink . the females have slightly kinked antennae with all segments about the same width .\npreferential expression of meloe cdna in melanoma cell lines measured by qpcr , and impact of meloe expression on specific ctl clone activation . ( a ) four melanoma , one breast cancer , two renal carcinoma , and one lung cancer cell lines were tested by qpcr for the expression of meloe . rplpo and \u03b22 - microglobulin gene expression were used as internal controls . the relative expression of meloe was calculated after normalization on the efficiency of the pcr reaction and the mean expression of these two housekeeping genes , reported to its normalized expression in melanocytes . ( b ) tnf secretion by the m170 . 48 ctl clone in response to hla - a2 tumor cell lines nontransfected ( open bars ) or transfected with meloe ( hatched bars ) or meloe - 1 ( shaded bars ) expression plasmids . tumor cells were transiently transfected with 100 ng of each plasmid with a lipofectamine reagent kit . 10 4 ctls were added to 3 \u00d7 10 4 target cells , and the ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( c ) meloe relative expression measured by qpcr in 16 human healthy tissues .\ndetection of meloe - 1 / a2\u2013specific ctls in tils infused to relapse - free melanoma patients and analysis of their repertoire diversity . ( a ) hla - a2 til populations labeled with the a2 / meloe - 1 36 - 44 tetramer . ( top ) tils infused to relapse - free patients . ( bottom ) tils infused to patients who relapsed . tils were coincubated with meloe - 1 tetramer and anti - cd8 mab . values indicate the percentage of tetramer - positive cells among cd8 + tils . ( b ) repertoire diversity of multimer - sorted populations was evaluated by labeling with 25 anti - v\u03b2 mabs . insets illustrate the purity of each sorted til population , assessed by meloe - 1\u2013specific tetramer labeling .\nbland r . g . ( 1986 ) antennal and mouthpart sensilla of the blister beetle , meloe campanicollis ( coleoptera : meloidae ) . great lakes entomologist 19 ( 4 ) : 209\u2013215 .\nshort - necked oil beetle meloe brevicollis \u2013 rectangular shaped thorax which is wider than long , shiny blue - black upperparts , short straight antennae which thicken towards the tip , up to 24 mm long .\nthe bionomics of blister beetles of the genus meloe and a classification of the new world species pinto j . d . , selander r . b . 1970 . ill . biol . monogr . 42 : 1 - 222 .\ncharacterization of the cdna coding for the recognized antigen . ( a ) m170 . 48 tnf responses to cos - 7 cells ( e / t ratio = 1 : 3 ) transfected with the indicated plasmids . the t cell clone was added 2 d after the transfection , and the ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( b ) comparison of the nucleotide sequences of meloe and bc008026 cdnas and the localization of this sequence on the hdac - 4 gene . the indicated nucleotides correspond to snps between the meloe sequence isolated from m134 and a498 tumor cell lines and the meloe sequence isolated from the m117 and sw480 cell lines , and the bc008026 cdna sequence .\nrugged oil beetle meloe rugosus and mediterranean oil beetle meloe mediterraneus \u2013 are very similar in appearance , both have a rectangular shaped thorax which is wider than long , rough matt black upperparts , long straight antennae , up to 22 mm long ( rugosus ) and 36mm ( mediterraneus ) . the rugged oil beetle has a sulcus ( narrow slit ) running down the middle of the thorax this is lacking in the mediterranean oil beetle . the thorax is more densely punctured in the rugged oil beetle .\ncharacterization of meloe - derived peptide recognized by the m170 . 48 t cell clone . ( a ) structure of meloe cdna . boxes illustrate orfs > 120 bp present along the meloe sequence , and black boxes correspond to orfs tested for recognition by the ctl clone . ( b ) m170 . 48 tnf responses to cos - 7 cells ( e / t ratio = 1 : 3 ) transfected with the indicated plasmids . the t cell clone was added 2 d after the transfection , and the ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( c ) nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the orf 1 , 230\u20131 , 370 of meloe isolated from the m134 cdna library . the two candidate peptides are bolded . ( d ) cytotoxicity of the m170 . 48 ctl clone against peptide - pulsed t2 cells . target cells were 51 cr - labeled for 60 min and incubated for 30 min with a range of the indicated peptides . the m170 . 48 t cell clone was added ( e / t ratio = 10 : 1 ) , and chromium release was then measured after a 4 - h incubation period .\na cytotoxic t lymphocyte ( ctl ) clone was derived from a tumor - infiltrating lymphocyte ( til ) population infused to a melanoma patient who remained relapse free for 10 yr after this adoptive transfer . this clone recognized all melanoma cell lines tested and , to a lower extent , melanocytes , in the context of human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen a2 ( hla - a2 ) , but it did not recognize other tumor cell types . the gene coding for the antigen recognized by this clone was identified by the screening of a melanoma complementary dna expression library . this antigen is overexpressed in melanomas , compared with other cancer cell lines and healthy tissues , and was thus called melanoma - overexpressed antigen ( meloe ) . remarkably , the structure of meloe was unusual , with multiple short open reading frames ( orfs ) . the peptide recognized by the ctl clone was encoded by one of these orfs , called meloe - 1 . using a specific hla - a2 / peptide tetramer , we showed a correlation between the infusion of tils containing meloe - 1 - specific t cells and relapse prevention in hla - a2 patients . indeed , 5 out of 9 patients who did not relapse were infused with tils that contained meloe - 1 - specific t cells , whereas 0 out of the 21 patients who relapsed was infused with such til - containing lymphocytes . overall , our results suggest that this new antigen is involved in immunosurveillance and , thus , represents an attractive target for immunotherapy protocols of melanoma .\nreactivity of meloe - 1 / a2\u2013specific tils against hla - a2 tumor cell lines . ( a ) lysis of the m170 melanoma cell line ( closed circles ) and of the 1355 lung carcinoma cell line ( open circles ) by the m170 . 48 ctl clone and meloe - 1\u2013specific til populations . 51 cr - labeled tumor cells were co - cultured with t cells at various e / t ratios . chromium release in the supernatants was measured after a 4 - h incubation period . ( b ) cytokine production by the m170 . 48 ctl clone and meloe - 1\u2013specific til populations in response to m170 melanoma cells . effector and target cells were incubated at a 1 : 2 ratio in the presence of brefeldin a and stained with anti - tnf antibody ( open bars ) , anti\u2013 ifn - \u03b3 antibody ( hatched bars ) , or anti\u2013il - 2 antibody ( closed bars ) , and 10 4 t cells were analyzed by flow cytometry .\nthe oil beetles are a family of beetles that share a fascinating life - cycle in which the larvae are parasites of certain bees or grasshoppers ( 2 ) . this species , meloe proscarabaeus is bluish black in colour with a long swollen abdomen ( 2 ) , which is particularly pronounced in females when they are producing eggs . females are usually much bigger than males ( 4 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nprimarily holarctic ( mostly palaearctic ) , with meager representation in more southern areas ; throughout na ( to nw . colombia ; hispaniola )\nin some species , triungulins aggregate and use chemical signals to attract male bees to which they attach themselves . this allows transport ( and transfer ) to a female bee who carries them back to her nest ( saul - gershenz & millar 2006 ) .\nfirst - instar larvae climb to the top of a plant as a group , clump together in the shape of a female solitary ground bee , exude a scent imitating the female bee pheromone . when a male bee comes and tries to mate with the clump of larvae , some of these clamp onto his hairs and eventually get to female bees when he mates for real . impregnated female bees fly off and build nests in burrows ; triungulins move to the new nests and feed on honey and pollen stocked by the bee for her own young . - - jim mcclarin ' s comment\npinto j . , mayor a . ( 1986 ) size , mating success and courtship pattern in the meloidae ( coleoptera ) . ann . ent . soc . am . 79 : 597\u2013604 .\nsaul - gershenz l . s . , millar j . g . ( 2006 ) phoretic nest parasites use sexual deception to obtain transport to their host ' s nest . pnas 103 : 14039 - 14044 ( abstract )\npeterson field guides : beetles richard e . white . 1983 . houghton mifflin company .\namerican beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\nthe new world genera of meloidae ( coleoptera ) : a key and synopsis pinto j . d . , bologna m . a . 1999 . j . nat . hist . 33 : 569 - 620 .\ncontributed by troy bartlett on 16 february , 2004 - 12 : 32pm additional contributions by mike boone , cotinis , beatriz moisset , mcclarinj , chuck entz , mike quinn , aaron schusteff , ceiseman , v belov , harsi s . parker last updated 30 september , 2015 - 9 : 11pm\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\ndetailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the american oil beetle .\nplain and small in stature , the seemingly simple american oil beetle has a few noteworthy tricks up its sleeve .\namerican oil beetles are a type of blister beetle . when threatened or squeezed under pressure , they emit a chemical called cantharidin that creates blisters and irritates human skin . these wounds will heal , but they are painful . this chemical defense can ward off predators and give the beetle time to escape . american oil beetles have a soft , yet stout abdomen with a shell covering that looks like a series of overlapping plates . the insect can appear as a dull black or , in some cases , a shiny black or dark blue . the surface texture is slightly bumpy , not slick and smooth . antennae are visible on the head . these particular beetles do not fly and are slow movers . adults can be found gingerly walking around plants they eat , such as buttercups , and in grass . they are active all year , but more so in the spring , when they are more likely to be seen . the larvae are somewhat devious . one will sit on flowers , waiting for a bee to land . it will latch onto the bee for a free ride back to the hive . once there , the beetle larva feeds on the same food as the bee larvae . it will pupate safely inside and emerge in the spring .\nantennae : beetles have a pair of antennae on the head used as sensors .\nhead : the head is home to the insect ' s eyes , antennae , and mandibles ( jaws ) .\nthorax : holds the three pairs of legs as well as vital internal organs .\nelytron : one of two wing cases on a beetle that protects its wings ( plural : elytra ) .\nlegs : beetles have three pairs of legs located at the thorax , numbering six legs in all .\nan insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .\nthe map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the american oil beetle may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .\nsite disclaimer | privacy policy | cookies | site map urltoken \u2022 content \u00a92005 - urltoken \u2022 all rights reserved \u2022 site contact email : insectidentification at gmail . com . the urltoken logo is unique to this website and protected by all applicable domestic and international intellectual property laws . written content , illustrations and photography is unique to this website ( unless where indicated ) and not for reuse in any form . material presented throughout this website is for entertainment value and should not to be construed as usable for scientific research or medical advice ( regarding bites , etc . . . ) . please consult licensed , degreed professionals for such information . by submitting images to us ( urltoken ) you acknowledge that you have read and understood our site disclaimer as it pertains to\nuser - submitted content\n. when emailing please include your location and the general estimated size of the specimen in question if possible .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nprovides general illumination in residential and light commercial applications . ideal for use in foyers , hallways , bedrooms , offices , utility work areas , stairways and many other rooms in the house .\nul listed to us safety standards and suitable for damp locations . energy star\u00ae qualified .\n( zool . ) a genus of beetles without wings , but having short oval elytra ; the oil beetles . these beetles are sometimes used instead of cantharides for raising blisters . see oil beetle , under oil .\nproscarabaeus , and gooden ' s nomad bee nomada goodeniana - both found at cwm tydu , in ceredigion .\nbrevicollis , was found by entomologist bob beckford on trust land in south devon .\nbrevicollis - were found near salcombe , south devon - more than 200 miles from their last sighting in sussex nearly 60 years ago .\n( 1990 , 73 ) : one should situate oneself within the practice that the object belongs to , and then investigate the object and its contribution to that practice .\namericanus ( leach ) 1 05 - 05 monotomidae pycnotomina cavicolle ( horn ) 4 05 - 05 to 06 - 03 mordellidae mordella marginata melsheimer 3 06 - 16 to 08 - 17 mordellistena aspersa ( melsheimer ) 1 06 - 09 mordellistena bihamata ( melsheimer ) 1 07 - 14 mycetophagidae litargus balteatus leconte 4 06 - 09 to 11 - 04 litargus tetraspilotus leconte 1 06 - 09 mycetophagus melsheimeri leconte 1 05 - 05 oedemeridae asclera ruficollis ( say ) 3 04 - 28 to 05 - 19 passandridae catogenus rufus ( f .\nassociados , in the dominican republic , pelier presents a formal aspect of the organization with structuring and negotiating agreements , and brings to the table a vital knowledge of privacy and health laws .\n,\namerican labor - - a 50 - year chronology ,\nmonthly labor review , july 1950 , pp .\nfranciscanus marks the first recorded case of parasitic insects cooperating to mimic their target , report hafernik and his san francisco state colleague leslie saul - gershenz .\nah , my pretty , you ' re . . . # & ! a beetle pile !\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\noil beetles have fascinating life - cycles . the larvae are parasites of a number of species of ground - nesting solitary bee . towards the end of spring , female oil beetles dig burrows in the ground close to colonies of host bees , into which they lay around 1000 eggs . these eggs usually hatch the following year in order to coincide with the emergence of the bees . the oil beetle larvae ( known as tringulins ) are very active , and climb up onto flowers where they wait for a host bee . they attach themselves to the bee , and if they are lucky and attach to the right type of species they will be flown to the host\u2019s burrow , where the tringulin oil beetle turns into a grub - like larva , and develops , feeding upon the pollen stores and eggs of the host . the larva pupates and the resulting adult beetle spends the winter inside the host\u2019s burrow before emerging the following spring ( 4 ) .\nonly three of the nine oil beetle species native to britain remain , and the number of sites supporting these species has declined drastically . this beetle was once common ( 3 ) , but is now restricted to the west of britain ( 4 ) . it is also found in europe ( 2 ) .\nyou can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .\nin europe , the black oil beetle shows a preference for low - lying flat terrain ( 2 ) . in britain it is found on heaths , coastal cliffs and moors ( 1 ) .\nthe reasons for the decline of this species may reflect declines in host bee populations .\nbuglife , the invertebrate conservation trust , is currently running the oil beetle project , which aims to establish the current range of britain\u2019s remaining oil beetles and to carry out research into their life - cycles and ecology in order to guide conservation actions targeted at these beetles ( 4 ) .\nthere may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nabdomen in arthropods ( crustaceans , insects and arachnids ) the abdomen is the hind region of the body , which is usually segmented to a degree ( but not visibly in most spiders ) . in crustacea ( e . g . crabs ) some of the limbs attach to the abdomen ; in insects the limbs are attached to the thorax ( the part of the body nearest to the head ) and not the abdomen . in vertebrates the abdomen is the part of the body that contains the internal organs ( except the heart and lungs ) . larvae stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . parasites organisms that derives food from , and live in or on , another living organism at the host\u2019s expense . pupates pupation is the the process of forming a pupa , the stage in an insect ' s development when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form . in butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis .\nharde , k . w . ( 2000 ) a field guide in colour to beetles silverdale books , leicester .\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ngodet y 1 , moreau - aubry a , guilloux y , vignard v , khammari a , dreno b , jotereau f , labarriere n .\ninstitut national de sant\u00e9 et de recherche m\u00e9dicale , unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 892 , 44093 nantes , france .\npmid : 18936238 pmcid : pmc2571940 doi : 10 . 1084 / jem . 20081356\nt cell clone selection and characterization . ( a ) percentage of tnf - producing t cells and of hla - a2 / melan - a a27l tetramer\u2013positive t cells in the m170 til population in response to the autologous melanoma cell line . 10 5 tils and 2 \u00d7 10 5 melanoma cells were incubated for 5 h in the presence of brefeldin a , stained with hla - a2 / melan - a a27l tetramer , fixed , and stained with anti - tnf antibody in a permeabilization buffer . 10 4 t cells were then analyzed by flow cytometry . ( b ) tnf secretion by the m170 . 48 t cell clone in response to the autologous melanoma cell line . 10 4 ctls were added to 3 \u00d7 10 4 m170 melanoma cells in the presence of blocking antibodies directed against class i , a2 , and b / c hla , diluted to 1 : 50 ( shaded bars ) , 1 : 500 ( hatched bars ) , and 1 : 5 , 000 ( open bars ) . ctl clone reactivity was assessed by a tnf release assay . ( c ) tnf response of the m170 . 48 ctl clone to hla - a * 0201 tumor cell lines . the m6 cell line ( hla - a2 negative ) was used as a negative control . ( d ) ifn - \u03b3 response of the m170 . 48 ctl clone ( shaded bars ) and of a melan - a / a2\u2013specific ctl clone ( hatched bars ) to hla - a * 0201 melanocytes . the m170 cell line was added as a positive control .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nany oil beetles over 2 . 5 cm long with kinked anteannae will be either black or violet oil beetles though there is great size variation in all species \u2013 see photos . newly emerged oil beetles have very short abdomens , they usually feed up quickly and the abdomen swells enormously . females generally have very large bloated looking abdomens but the males can have large abdomens as well .\nthe males of the black and violet oil beetles have very kinked antennae ( the antennae of the females is slightly kinked ) . the rugged , mediterranean and short - necked oil beetles have straight antennae in both sexes .\nviolet oil beetle \u2013 square shaped thorax , indented lower edge of thorax with depressed area at base , large tooth at base of thorax , fine punctures on thorax , up to 30 mm long .\nblack oil beetle \u2013 square shaped thorax , almost straight lower edge of thorax which is flat ( not with depressed area at base ) , small tooth at base of thorax , large coarse punctures on thorax , up to 30 mm long .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2413, "summary": [{"text": "lepidochrysops synchrematiza , the untailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in senegal , the gambia , guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana and togo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of the forest/savanna transition zone . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "lepidochrysops synchrematiza", "paragraphs": ["lepidochrysops synchrematiza , the untailed blue giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .\nlibert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .\n\u00a9 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nan extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .\nackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .\nlarsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\n= = soort = = *\nmastigoproctus giganteus\n( lucas , 1835 ) *\nmastigoproctus abeli\nvillarreal & giupponi , 2009 *\nmastigoproctus ayalai\nviquez & armas , 2007 *\nmastigoproctus baracoensis\nfranganillo , 1931 *\nmastigoproctus brasilianus\n( c . l . koch , 1843 ) *\nmastigoproctus butleri\npocock , 1894 *\nmastigoproctus colombianus\nmello - leit\u00e3o , 1940 *\nmastigoproctus formidabilis\nhirst , 1912 *\nmastigoproctus liochirus\npocock , 1900 *\nmastigoproctus maximus\n( tarnani , 1889 ) *\nmastigoproctus minensis\nmello - leit\u00e3o , 1931 *\nmastigoproctus nara\nvalerio , 1981 *\nmastigoproctus pelegrini\narmas , 2000 *\nmastigoproctus perditus\nmello - leit\u00e3o , 1931 *\nmastigoproctus proscorpio\n( latreille , 1806 ) *\nmastigoproctus tantalus\nroewer , 1954 *\nmastigoproctus transoceanicus\nlazell , 2000\nnathan scott phillips ( born march 13 , 1980 ) is an australian actor who is currently based in los angeles .\nalexandria is a kingdom to the northeast of the mist continent ruled by a monarchy located in alexandria castle .\nis een vlindersoort uit de familie van de prachtvlinders ( riodinidae ) , onderfamilie nemeobiinae .\nabisara talantus , the blue judy , is a butterfly in the riodinidae family .\nthe fadus sphinx (\naellopos fadus\n) is a moth of the sphingidae family .\nthis is a colossal seated image cut in a niche of the rock , of hittite origin , and perhaps that called by pausanias the very ancient statue of the mother of the gods , carved by broteas , son of tantalus , and sung by homer .\nthis confirmed that charles hatchett had discovered niobium in 1801 in columbite ore . hatchett had named the new element\ncolumbium\n, from the ore in which niobium and tantalium coexist .\ncredits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .\njavascript is required . please enable javascript before you are allowed to see this page ."]}
{"id": 2414, "summary": [{"text": "netechma camelana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador ( pichincha province ) and colombia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is white , in the basal part it is tinged with cream .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are black .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are white cream , slightly tinged with pale brownish posteriorly . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "netechma camelana", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for camelana definition . you find here camelana meaning , synonyms of camelana and images for camelana copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word camelana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word camelana and , of course , camelana synonyms and on the right images related to the word camelana .\nhave a fact about netechma altobrasiliana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for netechma altobrasiliana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\n1 . nete 2 . nete mo samete mo 3 . nete river 4 . nete twins 5 . netease 6 . netebate 7 . netec 8 . netechma brevidagus 9 . netechma eurychlora 10 . netechma insignata 11 . netechma neanica 12 . netechma sulphurica 13 . neteg 14 . netegrity 15 . netel 16 . netela 17 . neteller 18 . neten 19 . neten chokling 20 . netequalizer 21 . neter 22 . neter - khertet 23 . neter khertet 24 . netering 25 . neterkheperre meryptah called pipi ii\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\n26 . netero 27 . neterra 28 . netertiti 29 . netes 30 . netet 31 . netet e klipit shqiptar 32 . netettique 33 . netevangelist 34 . netex 35 . netexpert 36 . netezza 37 . nete\u0159\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2420, "summary": [{"text": "cabir ( also known as caribe , sybmos/cabir , symbian/cabir and epoc.cabir ) is the name of a computer worm developed in 2004 that is designed to infect mobile phones running symbian os .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "it is believed to be the first computer worm that can infect mobile phones .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "when a phone is infected with cabir , the message \" caribe \" is displayed on the phone 's display , and is displayed every time the phone is turned on .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the worm then attempts to spread to other phones in the area using wireless bluetooth signals .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the worm was not sent out into the wild , but sent directly to anti-virus firms , who believe cabir in its current state is harmless .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "however , it does prove that mobile phones are also at risk from virus writers .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "experts also believe that the worm was developed by a group who call themselves 29a , a group of international hackers , as a \" proof of concept \" worm in order to catch world attention .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "several firms subsequently released tools to remove the worm , the first of which was the australian business tsg pacific .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the worm can attack and replicate on bluetooth enabled series 60 phones .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the worm tries to send itself to all bluetooth enabled devices that support the \" object push profile \" , which can also be non-symbian phones , desktop computers or even printers .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "the worm spreads as a .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "sis file installed in the apps directory .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "cabir does not spread if the user does not accept the file-transfer or does not agree with the installation , though some older phones would keep on displaying popups , as cabir re-sent itself , rendering the ui useless until yes is clicked .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "cabir is the first mobile malware ever discovered while the worm is considered harmless because it replicates but does not perform any other activity , it will result in shortened battery life on portable devices due to constant scanning for other bluetooth enabled devices .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "cabir was named by the employees of kaspersky lab after their colleague elena kabirova .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "mabir , a variant of cabir , is capable of spreading not only via bluetooth but also via mms .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "by sending out copies of itself as a .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "sis file over cellular networks , it can affect even users who are outside the 10m range of bluetooth . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cabir ( computer worm )", "paragraphs": ["cabir computer worm it was known as epoc . cabir and symbian / cabir developed in 2004 , designed to infect mobile phone running symbian os . . ! !\nimmediately after cabir worm was found , patches were released to mitigate the worm . f - secure developed a security patch to detect cabir worm and delete worm components from related directories .\nworm . symbi . cabir . a may gain entry into your computer in many ways . some of the common sources of worm . symbi . cabir . a are :\ncabir computer worm it was known as epoc . cabir and symbian / cabir developed in 2004 , designed to infect mobile phone running symbian os . . ! ! - urltoken\nhave a fact about cabir ( computer worm ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cabir ( computer worm ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\ncabir ( also known as caribe , sybmos / cabir , symbian / cabir and epoc . cabir ) is the name of a computer worm developed in 2004 that is designed to infect mobile phones running symbian os .\nto get rid of worm . symbi . cabir . a from your computer , you need to perform the following steps :\nin this excerpt of chapter 9 from the art of computer virus research and defense , author peter szor dissects the cabir worm .\nfollowing these simple preventative measures will ensure that your computer remains free of infections like worm . symbi . cabir . a , and provide you with interruption - free enjoyment of your computer .\nworm . symbi . cabir . a also attempts to infect the windows registry of your computer . the purpose is to remain undetectable , protect other malicious programs it downloads , start up when the computer boots , and ultimately take full control over your computer .\nin this excerpt of chapter 9 from\nthe art of computer virus research and defense ,\nauthor peter szor dissects the cabir worm .\nby now , your computer should be completely free of worm . symbi . cabir . a infection . although it has been removed from your computer , it is equally important that you clean your windows registry of any malicious entries created by worm . symbi . cabir . a .\nwhat makes worms like worm . symbi . cabir . a extremely dangerous is its ability to spread quickly . a worm . symbi . cabir . a infection hits very fast ; so quickly that you won\u2019t even be aware that it was worm . symbi . cabir . a that infected your computer .\nlinks shared on social media websites pointing to worm . symbi . cabir . a\nthe primary symptoms of a worm . symbi . cabir . a infection are :\ncabir worm is the first computer worm that was designed to infect mobile phones . it was first found in 2004 and at that time it affected many mobile phones with symbian os . it is also known as caribe worm .\ntechnically worm . symbi . cabir . a is a worm , a type of malware that replicates and circulates without human intervention . worm . symbi . cabir . a can replicate and spread not only inside of your computer , but also to other computers connected to your network .\nan infection from worm . symbi . cabir . a can also modify the windows registry of your computer . it can maliciously create new registry entries and modify existing ones . therefore , even after you remove worm . symbi . cabir . a from your computer , it\u2019s very important to clean the registry .\nwhen worm . symbi . cabir . a infects your computer , it tries to create a copy of itself as a windows executable file ( . exe ) . after infecting you computer , worm . symbi . cabir . a will attempt to use your network to connect with its source computer . the primary intention is to update itself and download other malware programs and files .\nin the most common form , a worm like worm . symbi . cabir . a will penetrate your operating system . the intent always remains same - to spread malicious code . the worm will start by replicating itself on your computer . quickly thereafter , a worm such as worm . symbi . cabir . a will access your network , replicating itself and spreading to other computers on the network .\nthere is another version of cabir worm which is capable to replicate itself not only via bluetooth , but also using mms . it is called mabir worm .\nwe recommend using clamwin ( free download ) , a highly effective and widely used malware removal program to clean your computer of worm . symbi . cabir . a . in addition to worm . symbi . cabir . a , this program can detect and remove the latest variants of other malware .\nf - secure has issued a security patch on its site that will detect cabir and delete the worm components , as well as the worm files from the directory .\nclick the scan for issues button to check for worm . symbi . cabir . a registry - related issues .\nalthough the cabir worm is not considered a serious threat , huger still emphasizes the need for widespread education about mobile security .\nexternal media , such as pen drive , dvd , and memory card already infected with worm . symbi . cabir . a\nyour windows registry should now be cleaned of any remnants or infected keys related to worm . symbi . cabir . a .\nclamwin has an intuitive user interface that is easy to use . to get rid of worm . symbi . cabir . a , the first step is to install it , scan your computer , and remove the threat .\ncalled cabir , it infects series 60 mobile phones running the symbian operating system and it is highly infectious . when computer security researchers first downloaded cabir into a test device , they soon found their own phones under attack .\nworms such as worm . symbi . cabir . a can cause immense disruption to your computer activities . the best method for avoiding infection is prevention ; avoid downloading and installing programs from untrusted sources or opening executable mail attachments .\ncabir worm has a lots of significance in security of mobile phones . this worm demonstrated that mobile phones are also not safe from malware . and , it was a wake up call for all security experts .\nexperts believe that cabir worm was first developed by a group of international hackers called 29a . they wanted to prove that mobile phones are also vulnerable to malware . and so they developed this worm to catch world attention .\nworms such as worm . symbi . cabir . a are one of the most destructive forms of malware . they infect your computer with the sole purpose of disrupting your normal computer activities . they are similar to viruses , but different in one key way : automation . unlike viruses , worms don\u2019t required human intervention to spread ; worms have the capability to replicate and transmit themselves .\nthe symbos / cabir worm indicates a totally new era of computer worms that will slowly become more popular as wireless smart phones replace current mobile phone systems , which have limited programming ability . the cabir worm appeared in june 2004 , and it has a number of unique features . this worm can run on nokia 60 series phones running the symbian operating system . the symbian operating system is based on the epoc . in fact , symbian is epoc version 6 , also called epoc32 , but has a new name .\nafter infecting a mobile , cabir worm writes the word \u201ccaribe\u201d on the screen of the mobile and it gets activated automatically every time the mobile is turned on .\ncabir worm was first designed with the purpose of demonstrating vulnerabilities of mobile phones . reportedly it does not cause much harm other than showing the message \u201ccaribe\u201d on the screen .\naccording to the security report issued by f - secure , the cabir worm can only reach mobile phones that support bluetooth , have it turned on and are in discoverable mode .\nimmediately after installation , cabir worm gets activated and before the victim can understand the effects , it starts replicating it and infects other mobiles exploiting bluetooth . experts say , the worm starts infecting other mobiles over bluetooth even before the victim realizes it and disables his own bluetooth .\ntoday , computer security researchers use copper - shielded rooms where they can test how bluetooth and wifi viruses spread , without fear of an uncontrolled release .\ncabir replicates over bluetooth connections , arriving in a phone messaging inbox as a file called\ncaribe . sis\nthat contains the worm . when the user clicks the file and chooses to install the . sis file , the worm activates and starts looking for new devices to infect over bluetooth .\nthe victim first receives a file named caribe . sis in phone messaging inbox . if the victim cannot understand the risk and opens the file and chooses to install it , cabir worm infects the mobile .\n\u2013 the cabir virus first appeared 10 years ago . back then what was the overall situation with mobile malware ?\non june 15 , 2004 , at precisely 19 : 17 moscow time something happened that started a new era in computer security . we discovered the first malware created for smartphones .\n\u2013 so why is it named cabir ? after all , the screenshots on securelist show that the file contains a different name .\nduring the natural infection tests , cabir first talked to a bluetooth printer , which strangely acted as a\nsticky\nhoneypot system and blocked the worm given that the printer did not support the object exchange ( obex ) protocol that is required to send a file . however , the worm successfully infected another phone as soon as i turned the bluetooth printer off . cabir is overly active in finding other phones and that can easily drain the battery of the phone similarly to natural situations when your phone is hopelessly attempting to find a provider without finding one in range .\nif the worm is activated , it writes\ncaribe\non the screen , and will become active each time the phone is turned on .\nthat means the virus was given to security firms that were able to dissect the worm for examination , rather than maliciously released into the wild .\nthe first virus designed to infect mobile phones was detected tuesday , as reported by security firm f - secure in helsinki , finland . nicknamed cabir , the worm uses bluetooth technology running in symbian mobile phones that support nokia ' s series 60 smartphone platform . several mobile phone makers use symbian , including nokia .\nabout the author : jay geater is the president and ceo of solvusoft corporation , a global software company focused on providing innovative utility software . he is a lifelong computer geek and loves everything related to computers , software , and new technology .\nthe worm ' s code is compatible with mobile phones using arm series processors with symbian operating system . normally , by default the bluetooth communication feature is off on mobile phones . mobile phone users might exchange some little programs , and in doing so they open up the bluetooth communication channel to cabir - like worms as well .\ntang and co say this \u201cwhite worm\u201d approach can completely contain the malware in a limited amount of time , a claim that is rarely made of other anti - virus strategies .\nworms can take many forms . simple ones can intrude upon your browsing experience , consume your computer\u2019s resources through sheer reproduction , or even go to the extent of exhausting your network bandwidth . more malicious worms can also hijack your browser and use your email address to send spam messages .\nhe noted that the worm can only infect a phone after an installation message to the user , and this shows how crucial it is to have users understand proper virus - protection techniques .\nthe group that created cabir was known not only for its sophistication , but also for the fact that it issued its own e - zine . and a few months after the first appearance of cabir , it published information about the worm together with snippets of executable code , so some time later new modifications of cabir began to appear \u2013 every week . there was one virus writer with an extremely strong desire for fame who persistently sent us modifications of the virus with a request to give it a separate name ! he kept returning , again and again \u2013 for a year ! \u2013 trying to somehow get into the history books of mobile viruses . in the end he got what he wanted : we indeed classified one of the modifications as a separate family ; we kinda had to .\nmike mccamon , spokesperson for bluetooth , told technewsworld that the trade association is currently in the process of contacting the individuals that created the worm , and are also investigating security reports that are still coming in .\nwhat our analysts had successfully analyzed here ( which was later named cabir \u2013 see below ) was the first virus for cellphones , and it became a kind of a starting gun \u2013 signaling the start of the race for virus writers to create malicious code for smartphones \u2013 and create it is indeed what they did , with alarming speed . so much so that by the end of the year it was clear that we really needed a new department to analyze exclusively mobile viruses , especially since they were found to be quite different to computer viruses .\nthe worm was created by a group that is known for developing viruses to demonstrate vulnerabilities in technology , huger said .\nthis is a group that ' s done some watershed type of activities ,\nhe noted .\nso all the time while the athletes were running on the track , simultaneously the cabir virus was running too \u2013 all around the stands . i know , you couldn\u2019t make this up ! anyway , eventually cabir was bluetoothed into the cellphone in a pocket of an f - secure employee at the stadium ( question \u2013 why was he accepting unknown files by bluetooth ? : ) . days later the finnish antivirus company opportunely offered to install in the stadium a bluetooth scanner giving visitors the chance to check whether their phones had been infected with the virus . so there\u2019s your link \u2013 read : gimmick : ) \u2013 between cabir and f - secure .\ncabir managed to cause a minor , but rather curious and thus well - publicized outbreak . it just so happened that in 2005 a certain athletics tournament was taking place in finland . which meant there was a stadium crammed with folks from all over the planet . now , the damage radius of cabir was generally very small \u2013 as bluetooth\u2019s range is only about 20 meters . however , here , in a packed stadium ? \u2026 : ) . the problem was made even worse by the fact that nokia phones come from finland and are thus extremely popular there ! needless to say , cabir easily got into the stadium \u2013 on a cellphone in a pocket of one of the tens of thousands of spectators .\nbut the next attack might not be so civilized , f - secure noted . the company warns that the discovery of the worm proves that technologies are now available to create viruses for mobile phones , and that those technologies are now in the hands of virus writers .\nhe added that another item to note is that the worm can only be propagated if a device is in the discoverable mode , which means it is waiting to accept a connection . most device manufacturers have this as a default setting , he said , but a phone can easily be switched to a nondiscoverable mode .\ncabir is a different kind of threat , however , because it does not come through a carrier . huger said ,\nthis uses bluetooth , so you ' re not calling anybody . it just searches around the proximity to see if it can find another bluetooth device , and infects it that way .\nwhen executed , cabir installs itself into several directories of the symbian os intending to make sure it will run each time the user boots the phone . fortunately , this operation is disallowed in newer phone models . however , on older phones , worm components cannot be easily found without using custom file manager applications . cabir does not enumerate bluetooth devices ; instead , it tries to find only the first such device and communicates with that device . the standard bluetooth range is about 30 feet , and apparently not all bluetooth devices like to communicate with each other . ( however , researchers such as mark rowe are experienced with bluetooth signal amplification and pointed out that attackers could utilize such technology to extend the bluetooth range to about 300 feet , reliably . ) in addition , researchers such as ollie whitehouse of @ stake also demonstrated that bluetooth devices are discoverable even in the so - called\nnon - discoverable\nmode . several bluetooth - related attack tools exist today including the most popular bluesniff , btscanner , psmscan and redfang .\nthe worm currently has no harmful effects , but that does not mean it is not important , noted alfred huger , senior director of engineering for symantec ' s security response team .\nthe virus represents a wake - up call ,\nhe told technewsworld .\njust because this one isn ' t dangerous doesn ' t mean the next one won ' t be .\n\u2013 well , things weren\u2019t so bad , because even before the discovery of cabir viruses for palm os ( for palm pdas ) had appeared , so many antivirus companies had already developed protection for that platform . but eventually passions subsided , new viruses didn\u2019t appear , and many people just stopped thinking about palm os viruses and protection against them . ( also , palms weren\u2019t smartphones , and weren\u2019t all that popular \u2013 compared with hugely popular cellphones . ) but with the discovery of cabir , we called up again all we had learned earlier , modified it , and shortly after had on the market an antivirus for mobile platforms . ever since , more and more mobile viruses have appeared . and ever since , we\u2019ve been modifying and updating our mobile protection too . nothing to respond with , you ask ? hardly !\n\u2013 if you\u2019re referring to direct financial losses , it didn\u2019t cause any . it exhausted the battery pretty quickly \u2013 in just two to three hours \u2013 because constantly searching for bluetooth connections places a heavy load on the battery . in monetary terms , the later mobile viruses that in addition to transmitting themselves sent mmss to premium - rate numbers were far more damaging . for example , a well - known virus post - cabir , comwario , caused an epidemic in a spanish city whose financial damage came to the tune of several million euros .\ninside the room there was zero mobile coverage , and any and all communications were jammed : everything was done to prevent viruses from spreading beyond the room . the room turned out to be not only a necessary tool for testing mobile viruses , but also a favorite attraction for media folks , so we always took them there to have a look . these days the mobile malware scene has changed dramatically , and old school viruses like cabir have ceased to exist , so there\u2019s no need for such a room anymore , much to the disappointment of media types : ) .\nit was the most legendary group of virus writers in history . they created a massive amount of advanced and unique things . the group consisted of virus writers from all around the world , with membership changing all the time , but there was always a sort of a main skeleton crew made up of people from spain and brazil . one of them , a man named , if my memory serves me well , vallez , created cabir . the 29a group were not cybercriminals by modern standards \u2013 they were virus writers creating malware to test and demonstrate new virus technologies . thus , they were motivated by ideology rather than personal gain . they were firsts in many respects : the first to create a macro virus , the first to create a virus for the windows 64 platform\u2026 each creation of 29a was a breakthrough , used afterwards by other virus writers , and then by cybercriminals . and we have to remember that at that time \u2013 in 2004 \u2013 cybercrime was only just beginning to emerge . back then the majority of virus programs tended to be created just for kicks , by people trying to\u2026 \u2018express themselves\u2019 .\n, which was infecting symbian - powered nokia devices by spreading via unsecured bluetooth connections . with its discovery the world learned that there was now malware not just for computers \u2013 which everyone already knew too well about ( save for the odd hermit or monk ) \u2013 but also for smartphones . yes , many\na decade ! ) for most people ( some still aren\u2019t aware ) . meantime , our analysts made it into the history books !\nmobile viruses were almost non - existent 10 years ago . this is how i remember things from back then : in early 2004 we were holding an international press conference , and one of the journalists asked me when the first virus for cellphones would appear . i replied by next year\u2019s conference \u2013 for certain . sure enough , some months later \u2013 it appeared\u2026\none of our shift virus analysts was sent an unusual file , whose platform it was supposed to operate on was unknown . so he asked his colleague , roman kuzmenko , for help with the analysis of the suspicious object . roma was the natural choice , incidentally , being as he is very much a wunder - analyst and unparalleled in unlocking the mysteries of the oddest of things . as could have been expected , it only took him a couple of hours to work out that what we had here was a virus for the symbian os running on an arm processor . and this duo existed only on cellphones \u2013 specifically , on nokia ones .\nat that time , our experts couldn\u2019t immediately understand what the virus actually did , so we had to start running tests . but first we needed to get hold of a nokia smartphone , which proved no easy task ! such \u2018advanced\u2019 phones were not quite as common as they are today : ) . in the meantime our anti - malware lab continued to analyze the virus , and soon they found\u2026 the bomb ! they worked out that its key features were the ability to command the bluetooth protocol and transfer files . it looked like an absurdly efficient means of spreading disease \u2013 virus - based disease\u2026\nit does . we didn\u2019t have a selection of all the smartphones in operation back then for quick testing , as the idea of needing such a collection naturally hadn\u2019t occurred to us yet \u2013 cellphone viruses still didn\u2019t exist .\nso we founded such a department , with me heading it . later i was joined by another analyst , denis maslennikov , and one of the first things we decided together was to purchase all the mobile devices that existed on the market that could be attacked by malicious code \u2013 even if just theoretically . this was quite fun . after all , who doesn\u2019t like buying new kit \u2013 never mind loads of it in one go ? we procured all the symbian devices there were , plus all the phones based on windows , blackberry , and so on . still to this day , we continue to add new mobile devices to our exotic and very complete collection \u2013 in case a new mobile threat appears and we need devices to test with sharpish .\noh , that\u2019s a whole other story ! the screenshot shows the name the author gave it \u2013 caribe . however , it\u2019s customary in the antivirus industry to name viruses not according to how their authors\u2019 named them , but to come up with new names \u2013 so as not to fuel the authors\u2019 egos\u2026 oh , and maybe stamp our authority all over the conquered viruses !\nso there we were doing really advanced analysis work \u2013 deciding on a name \u2013 when our colleague elena kabirova walked into the room . given the jungian weirdness of the coincidence of her surname being similar to the virus\u2019s name , we asked her if she\u2019d like her name to go down in history as the name of the very first virus for cellphones . well , the rest\u2026 is history : ) .\nas often happens with viruses , we received an email with nothing but an attachment \u2013 which contained the virus file . it was sent to our address created specifically for this \u2013 newvirus @ urltoken . we knew about the sender of the email \u2013 he was listed in our databases as\u2026 not exactly a virus writer , but someone \u2018associated with\u2019 the underground . once in a while he would send us new malware samples created by european virus writers . as a rule , everything he\u2019d send always turned out to be something serious , i . e . , new and unique , so we knew this one would be something significant too straight away . sure enough , this was soon confirmed by strings contained in the malware code ( including mention of 29a ) . it was then clear that what we had here was a malicious program authored by the notorious , long - established international group of virus writers called 29a .\nat the time , we didn\u2019t know that the sender of the email had simultaneously sent the virus to several other antivirus companies ; still , that didn\u2019t really matter : we were the only ones able to figure out what the file was all about : ) .\nafter initial analysis of the virus it became clear that for testing we\u2019d need not one but two smartphones running symbian , because the virus transmitted itself from one phone to another using bluetooth . so we copied the virus onto the first phone , started bluetooth on the second in discoverable mode \u2013 and in an instant a request to accept the file came up on the second phone . and after receiving and running the file , the second phone automatically started searching for all available bluetooth - enabled devices nearby . thus , we confirmed that the virus disseminated and propagated via bluetooth . next , we distributed a press release telling the world about the appearance of the first cellphone virus . but that was only just the beginning\u2026\nthe functionality of the virus and its subsequent modifications presented us with a big practical problem at our office . after all , we were not in a vacuum , but in a typical working environment , where all around could have been folks who could accept this file on their nokias . we realized we were putting our own colleagues in jeopardy with possible infection ! this prompted us to fit out a special room with iron shielding where we could experiment safely with mobile malware .\n\u2013 you said this malware was created by a certain group of virus writers . t ell me more about it .\nthe group existed until around 2009 , though before then it had become a lot less active . some members of the group were arrested \u2013 in spain , brazil , and the czech republic \u2013 while others continue to write malware . we know this because we still come across familiar bits of code \u2013 kind of like their personal handwriting or thumbprint .\n\u2013 today we\u2019ve talked about a particular mobile threat \u2013 how it spread and the group behind it . but what we haven\u2019t discussed is the issue of protecting mobile platforms back then . did we really have nothing to respond with ?\ni agree to provide my email address to \u201cao kaspersky lab\u201d to receive information about new posts on the site . i understand that i can withdraw this consent at any time via e - mail by clicking the \u201cunsubscribe\u201d link that i find at the bottom of any e - mail sent to me for the purposes mentioned above .\nsymbian signing key reportedly stolen from nokia could have enabled powerful malware | protect your pc | tips , advice , and support . protect your pc | tips , advice , and support .\nhi folks ! now , if you\u2019re a regular reader of this here blog of mine , you\u2019ll know how i like to keep things positive . no matter where i am , no matter the weather ( mostly ) , no matter how jet - lagged , no matter how tired\u2026 \u2013 i keep things cheerful , cheery , chipper and chirpy . but sometimes , just occasionally , i [ \u2026 ]\nfootball / soccer is in the air all around the world this summer \u2013 especially in russia . so , sticking to this theme , herewith , a footie - post ; but not even a mention of the world cup\u2026 but , since i was on the faroe islands recently , i just had to tell you about their national football team . though the territory they [ \u2026 ]\nhej folks ! you\u2019ve seen what the faroe islands look like down on the ground . now , let\u2019s have a look at them from up above in a helicopter . hardly any words today folks ; just a ton of oh - my - green - and - glorious pics for your viewing pleasure\u2026 this is the north - western edge of the islands ; the best pics were taken [ \u2026 ]\nhej folks ! first off : geography test ! who\u2019s heard of the faroe islands ? ok , and who can point them out on a world map ? i reckon not all that many . but that\u2019s just wrong ! because these islands are so mandatorily categorically must - see \u2013 if only via photographs on a blog on the internet . so here you [ \u2026 ]\nhi folks ! can you guess what this is ? no \u2013 it\u2019s not malevich\u2019s black square . nor is it a rhetorical clickbait question . actually , if you look closely \u2013 if your screen shows it big enough \u2013 you\u2019ll see something that\u2019ll give you a clue , but you still might not get it\u2026\nhave you ever been inside a genuine fortress built by actual crusaders ? i hadn\u2019t \u2013 and i\u2019ve been to so many different interesting historical places in the world i\u2019ve lost count . but finally , recently , i did it : my first crusader castle visit ! here we are \u2013 a fortress built on a high , small patch of [ \u2026 ]\na docx attachment with \u0430 pdf document that disables windows defender and installs forged digital certificates . meet\u2026\nbut , once it starts replicating , it searches for other mobile phones exploiting the bluetooth connections . as a result , the battery of the mobile drains out very fast .\ni am a security researcher and founder and ceo of asigosec technologies ( opc ) private limited .\nif not redirected , please click here urltoken a blockchain is a distributed . . .\nif not redirected , please click here urltoken what is phishing ? . . .\nif not redirected , please click here urltoken a pos malware is . . .\nif not redirected , please click here urltoken smtp or s imple m ail t . . .\ncopyright \u00a9 amrita mitra 2015 . all rights reserved . simple theme . powered by blogger .\na further problem is that you need to\nhide\nwith mobile phones when you test replicate worms . although the recipient needs to accept the incoming message to successfully receive the message , you do not want to infect another phone\nby accident .\nin fact , there are several known vulnerabilities of bluetooth systems , and some of these can be utilized to execute arbitrary code on pocket pc devices , while others can be used to implement phishing attacks on a number of smart phones types .\nsure enough , in the future you can expect that worms are going to make phone calls from your mobile phone instead of you . there might be a new era of mms - ( multimedia messaging service ) based mass mailer worms as well as sms - ( short messages services ) based downloaders , porn dialers and spammer applications , as well . who is going to pay the bill ?\ni agree to techtarget\u2019s terms of use , privacy policy , and the transfer of my information to the united states for processing to provide me with relevant information as described in our privacy policy .\ni agree to my information being processed by techtarget and its partners to contact me via phone , email , or other means regarding information relevant to my professional interests . i may unsubscribe at any time .\nno problem ! submit your e - mail address below . we ' ll send you an email containing your password .\ndocker containers can help secure cloud applications , but malicious traffic can still move to and from those containers on a . . .\nsecurity professionals need to fight their natural skepticism and embrace cloud services adoption for the good of the enterprise , . . .\ndocker ' s kubernetes implementation provides enterprises with container orchestration options . expert rob shapland discusses what . . .\ncisco , samsung and french carrier orange have completed a successful 5g trial . the companies ' fixed wireless network delivered hd . . .\nthe green padlock on websites doesn ' t improve network security , so our expert addresses four ways to secure the modern network . . .\nhewlett packard enterprise has launched a 2u simplivity hci product for virtual desktops . the condensed compute and storage . . .\nintuit ' s latest ai project - - a digital financial assistant - - could help its customers save money , while breaking new technology . . .\na data science development pipeline is critical for digital business . but the sequence of the pipeline must be monitored closely . . .\nthe ' garbage in , gospel out ' approach to business analytics may be a valid approach for doing big data projects , but cios should . . .\nprotecting windows 10 takes a lot of juggling . it must be sure to use all the tools at its disposal to create the strongest . . .\nit can get ahead of windows 10 security problems by understanding its organizational needs and focusing on a few key areas , . . .\nmicrosoft offers a host of tools it pros can use to make the move to windows 10 a little easier . see how well you know your . . .\nwith the rise of hybrid cloud architectures , there ' s a heightened need for more sophisticated app and data integration tools . . . .\nrecent additions to google compute engine , particularly around images and templates , streamline how admins can create and manage . . .\nhybrid cloud is complex , and while automation helps , it also presents new risks . this book by clive longbottom dives into the . . .\nthe information security community has welcomed regulators\u2019 call on the banking industry to demonstrate their capability to . . .\ntechnology skills and education provider cnet training is calling on the datacentre community to help inform its research into . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfind the best app developers and mobile technology specialists to expand your mobile presence .\na new retail systems research ( rsr ) report titled ,\n2018 ecommerce performance : the stakes are increasing , but are retailers falling behind ? \u201d evaluates 80 major retail websites on page speed performance as well as shopper experience .\nthe infection spreads very quickly , usually before a user can disable bluetooth from the system settings .\nantivirus experts have been girding themselves for mobile security threats as the adoption of devices has grown . one protection against more widespread virus threats over mobile technology has been the way that cellular technology works , said yankee group senior analyst xj wang in an interview with technewsworld .\nhe noted that , in pc threats , viruses can be delivered directly to the user through web sites and e - mail . but in cellular technology , most internet - delivered content is first filtered through a carrier , where security can be implemented .\ni think on the cellular side , it ' s much easier to prevent virus infection , because every carrier has a mobile e - mail gateway ,\nwang said .\nwhen it comes to bluetooth , security is a very big deal ,\nhe said . he added that it ' s important to note that the bluetooth link has not been broken or hacked . rather , bluetooth is being used as a delivery mechanism .\nit ' s similar to the internet and viruses there ,\nmccamon noted .\nit ' s not that the internet itself is insecure ; it ' s that it ' s being used to transport viruses .\nthere are some antivirus tools and products available for mobile technology , and huger strongly recommends that mobile users at least investigate these to protect themselves .\nit ' s the same kind of prevention that people need to do with their pcs ,\nhe said .\nnow we have to extend that thinking about antivirus strategies to mobile devices .\nthere is an official report on the numbers of people vulnerable to bluetooth threats in london on this web page ( pdf ) . the report is free . http : / / www . zero - sum - net / partners / gr / bluetooth - and - social - networking - april - 2004 . pdf .\ndon ' t miss a story . get the latest headlines delivered to your inbox .\ni ' ll spring for a top - of - the - line model , because my phone is extremely important to me .\ni ' m content with a phone that ' s a couple of years old and doesn ' t cost an arm and a leg .\ni ' m a bargain smartphone shopper - - i ' ll take the best phone i can find that ' s free or close to it .\ni ' m considering giving up my smartphone and getting a basic mobile phone instead .\ni don ' t own a smartphone and i don ' t want one .\na well - executed content marketing strategy can help attract targeted traffic to your website . publish your company ' s blog , videos , events and more on all ec . view offer .\naccess millions of it and business decision makers . our full - service global marketing program delivers sales - ready leads . learn more .\nan otp has been send to your mobile . please enter otp to verify your mobile number\nan otp has been sent to your email address . please enter otp to verify your email address\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\ndouble - click the downloaded installer file to start the installation process . the welcome screen is displayed .\non the license agreement screen that appears , select the i accept the agreement radio button , and then click the next button .\nwhen you start clamwin , it prompts you to download the virus definitions database . click the yes button .\nonce the update completes , select one or more drive to scan . you can hold the shift key to select multiple drives to scan . click the scan button .\nwe recommend downloading and using ccleaner , a free windows registry cleaner tool to clean your registry . to clean your registry using ccleaner , please perform the following tasks :\nclick urltoken to access the download page of ccleaner and click the free download button to download ccleaner .\nclick the fix selected issues button to fix registry - related issues that ccleaner reports .\ntype a file name to backup the registry in the file name text box of the save as dialog box , and then click the save button .\nthis website is using cookies . by continuing to browse , you are agreeing to our use of cookies as explained in our privacy policy . i agree\nsolvusoft is recognized by microsoft as a leading independent software vendor , achieving the highest level of completence and excellence in software development . solvusoft ' s close relationship with microsoft as a gold certified partner enables us to provide best - in - class software solutions that are optimized for performance on windows operating systems .\nto achieve a gold competency level , solvusoft goes through extensive independent analysis that looks for , amongst other qualities , a high level of software expertise , a successful customer service track record , and top - tier customer value . as a gold certified independent software vendor ( isv ) , solvusoft is able to provide the highest level of customer satisfaction through delivering top - level software and service solutions , which have been subject to a rigourous and continually - audited approval process by microsoft .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nvisitors are allowed 3 free articles per month ( without a subscription ) , and private browsing prevents us from counting how many stories you ' ve read . we hope you understand , and consider subscribing for unlimited online access .\nmobile phone viruses have been with us for some time . the first virus designed to spread via bluetooth contacts first reared its head in 2004 .\nbut while these viruses continue to evolve , there has been relatively little work on how to stop them . that\u2019s partly because viruses that spread by email or sms message can be scanned relatively easily by a network operator using existing technologies ( ie by comparing them to a database of known malware ) .\nbut short range viruses that spread from phone to phone via bluetooth and wifi are more insidious . mobile phones do not necessarily have the computing power to scan all incoming messages .\nthis problem is compounded by a crucial difference in the structure of the networks formed by short range wireless devices compared to the larger mobile phone network . bluetooth links constantly change throughout the day in a way that mimics the pattern of face - to - face connections between humans . that\u2019s hardly surprising given that bluetooth has a range of just a few metres .\nhowever , the mobile phone network is largely static , because calls have to routed through a centralised fibres .\nthe rapid change in the links between nodes has important implications . we looked at some of them earlier this year , such as the order in which contact occur . john tang at the university of cambridge in the uk and pals point out that dynamic nature of networks has been ignored in anti - virus strategies so far .\nthat looks set to change . today , tang and co reveal the new tricks they hope will smother this threat to dynamic networks .\none of the key differences between the way viruses spread on static and dynamic networks is the effect of the order in which infections occur . a seemingly trivial example is that it\u2019s impossible to catch a virus from someone who is not yet infected . and once your link with that person is broken , as happens in dynamic networks , you\u2019re safe . in a static network , by contrast , the links don\u2019t break and you simply become infected later .\nthat has important implications for the spread of mobile malware . in any phone network , certain phones make far more connections than others . one traditional approach is to target these nodes with patches that prevent the spread of malware .\nbut in a dynamic network the constant rewiring means that these important nodes change too . so the best connected nodes at one instant may not be the best connected at another . clearly , this has to be taken into account in any effective anti - malware strategy .\nso what to do ? tang and co say the answer is to beat the malware at its own game by spreading any patch through the network via the same bluetooth or wifi routes that the virus is using . in that way , the patches should reach the best connected nodes automatically .\nwhat\u2019s more , since the dynamic network more or less exactly mimics the pattern of face - to - face interactions between humans , wireless viruses spread mainly during weekdays when most human contacts are made . but they are largely dormant during the night when few contacts are made\nthat\u2019s significant because it means that any patch can catch up during the night . in fact , tang and co show that their patch can spread at a rate that outpaces any virus .\nthat looks to be an interesting development in the cat and mouse race between the virus makers and and breakers . but it seems unlikely to be the last word . it can only be a matter of time before malware developers exploit the techniques outlined by tang and co to spread their viruses more effectively through dynamic networks . and when that happens , the cycle will begin again .\nemerging technology from the arxiv covers the latest ideas and technologies that appear on the physics arxiv preprint server . it is part of the physics arxiv blog . email :\nunlimited online access including articles and video , plus the download with the top tech stories delivered daily to your inbox .\nby signing up you agree to receive email newsletters and notifications from mit technology review . you can unsubscribe at any time . view our privacy policy for more details .\nthe mission of mit technology review is to bring about better - informed and more conscious decisions about technology through authoritative , influential , and trustworthy journalism ."]}
{"id": 2421, "summary": [{"text": "aeoliscus strigatus , also known as the razorfish , is a member of the family centriscidae of the order syngnathiformes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this unique fish adopts a head-down tail-up position as an adaptation for hiding among sea urchin spines .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the razorfish is found in coastal waters in the indo-west pacific .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat includes beds of sea grass and coral reefs , where sea urchins are found . ", "topic": 18}], "title": "aeoliscus strigatus", "paragraphs": ["what type of species is aeoliscus strigatus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the aeoliscus strigatus species belongs to .\nwhich photographers have photos of aeoliscus strigatus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species aeoliscus strigatus .\nhow to identify aeoliscus strigatus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species aeoliscus strigatus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species aeoliscus strigatus are marked in green .\nwhere is aeoliscus strigatus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species aeoliscus strigatus can be found .\nkari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nkatkarapukala\nto\naeoliscus strigatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 )\n.\nnick hope added the english common name\ncentriscus scutatus\nto\naeoliscus strigatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 )\n.\ndianne j . bray & vanessa j . thompson , aeoliscus strigatus in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nnick hope marked the common name\nmorinda spruce\nin an unknown language from\naeoliscus strigatus ( g\u00fcnther , 1861 )\nas untrusted .\nthere have been no dedicated surveys or population estimates carried out for aeoliscus strigatus . further research is needed to understand population size and trends in abundance for this species .\njointed razorfish , aeoliscus strigatus , at sorong , raja ampat islands , west papua , indonesia , depth 6 m . source : orangkucing / urltoken license : cc by attribution - sharealike\naeoliscus strigatus is taken for use in the aquarium trade , however it ' s not clear to what degree the species is targeted versus being caught as bycatch . the level of offtake from wild populations has not been quantified .\nrazorfishes ( including aeoliscus strigatus , centriscus cristatus , and centriscus scutatus ) are not used as food , but are sought by aquarium hobbyists . they are taken as bycatch in bottoms trawls , and by hand ( fritzsche and thiesfeld 1999 ) .\ncitation :\nrazorfishes , aeoliscus strigatus ~ marinebio . org .\nmarinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio\naeoliscus strigatus is found in the indo - west pacific , from the western indian ocean along the coasts of east africa , madagascar , comoros and the seychelles , throughout southeast asia , and from the great barrier reef , and new caledonia ( smith and smith 1963 , garpe and \u00f6hman 2003 , allen 2009 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\naeoliscus is derived from aeolius , a region from asia minor and aeolus , the greek god of winds . the species name strigata is from the latin meaning stripe in reference to the dark stripe along the sides .\nthe loss , fragmentation and degradation of seagrass ecosystems is also likely to be detrimental to aeoliscus strigatus populations , as research by horinouchi et al . ( 2009 ) found that this species was restricted to continuous beds of seagrass . attenuation of water movement may increase with seagrass bed size , which may be important in its microhabitat choice ( horinouchi et al . 2009 ) . seagrasses are threatened by coastal development , runoff , and overfishing ( waycott et al . 2009 ; short et al . 2011 ) .\nresearch aeoliscus strigatus \u00bb barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms\naeoliscus strigatus forms schools that swim vertically with heads oriented downward among branching corals ( allen 2009 ) , the spines of sea urchins ( diadema spp . : coppard and campbell 2004 ; heinzeller and nebelsick 2005 ) , and in seagrass beds ( nakamura et al . 2002 ) . this species feeds primarily on crustacean zooplankton ( fritzsche and thiesfeld 1999 ) , and ontogenic dietary differences have been observed ( horinouchi et al . 2012 ) . larger individuals feed primarily on gammaridean amphipods , whereas juveniles feed predominantly on planktonic copepods ( horinouchi et al . 2012 ) .\njointed razorfish differ from members of the genus centriscus in having a jointed , versus a rigid first dorsal - fin spine . the other species of aeoliscus , a . punctulatus , occurs in the western indian ocean and the red sea , and differs in having small black spots over body .\nablennes hians , abudebduf sp . , abudefduf abdominalis , abudefduf luridus , abudefduf saxatilis , abudefduf septemfasciatus , abudefduf sexfasciatus , abudefduf sordidus , abudefduf taurus , abudefduf vaigiensis , abudefduf whitleyi , acanthistius brasilianus , acanthistius fuscus , acanthopagrus berda , acanthostracion notacanthus , acanthostracion polygonia , acanthostracion polygonius , acanthostracion quadricornis , acanthurus achilles , acanthurus albipectoralis , acanthurus auranticavus , acanthurus bahianus , acanthurus blochii , acanthurus chirurgus , acanthurus coeruleus , acanthurus dussumieri , acanthurus guttatus , acanthurus leucopareius , acanthurus lineatus , acanthurus mata , acanthurus monroviae , acanthurus nigricans , acanthurus nigricauda , acanthurus nigrofuscus , acanthurus nigroris , acanthurus nubilus , acanthurus olivaceus , acanthurus pyroferus , acanthurus sp . , acanthurus spp . , acanthurus thompsoni , acanthurus triostegus , acanthurus xanthopterus , aeoliscus strigatus , aetobatis narinari , aetobatus narinari , albula glossodonta , albula vulpes , alectis ciliaris , alepes vari , alphestes afer , aluterus monoceros , aluterus scriptus , amanses scopas , amblycirrhitus pinos , amblyglyphidodon aureus , amblyglyphidodon curacao , amblyglyphidodon leucogaster , amblyglyphidodon orbicularis\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 23 july 2014 . available at : urltoken .\naustralia ( northern territory , queensland , western australia ) ; cambodia ; china ; india ( andaman is . ) ; indonesia ( bali , jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , maluku , papua , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; japan ( kyushu ) ; madagascar ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; new caledonia ; palau ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; seychelles ( aldabra , seychelles ( main island group ) ) ; taiwan , province of china ( kin - men , ma - tsu - pai - chuan , taiwan , province of china ( main island ) ) ; tanzania , united republic of ; vanuatu ; viet nam\nthe loss and degradation of seagrass and coral reef habitat in the region are likely leading to declines in the population .\nbruno and selig ( 2007 ) performed the first regional scale and long - term analysis of coral cover in the west pacific , compiling a coral cover database of 6001 quantitative surveys of 2667 subtidal coral reefs performed from 1968 and 2004 from sumatra in the west to french polynesia in the east . they found that the region - wide average of coral coverage was 22 . 1 % in 2003 , down from an estimated historical ( 100 - 1000 y . b . p . ) coverage of 50 % ( salvat 2002 ) . the great barrier reef has lost 40 % of its coral cover since 1986 ( hughes et al . 2011 , de ' ath et al . 2012 ) .\ndecreases in coral can result from a number of factors , including coral bleaching caused by elevated sea temperatures , storms , predator and disease outbreaks , sedimentation from urban development and agriculture , and destructive fishing practices such as trawling and using dynamite ( bruno and selig 2007 , carpenter et al . 2008 ) .\nalthough it is clear that coral reefs and seagrasses have been declining and will likely continue to do so , these declines have not been quantified in recent years for areas outside of the great barrier reef , nor have they been quantified over time frames that are relevant to the likely short generation length of the species .\nthere are no species - specific conservation actions in place . this species occurs in many marine protected areas across its range . it is not included in any international legislation or trade controls .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nform schools among the spines of diadema or staghorn corals , and feed on minute crustaceans in the zooplankton . remarkable for their strange body shape and swimming habit : the body is encased in an armor of thin , transparent plates ; they swim in synchronized groups , each fish in a vertical position with the snout pointing downwards .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthe jointed razorfish is an unusual species that is encased in thin plates . it swims with the head down and the back facing the direction of travel .\nthe jointed razorfish has a highly compressed body that is encased in thin plates . it has a long pointed snout and an elongated dorsal spine with a moveable tip .\nthe species is yellowish brown to pale with a black stripe running from the snout to the caudal peduncle .\nthe map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .\nfishes in the family centriscidae have an unusual mode of swimming . they swim in a vertical position with the head down and with the back facing the direction of travel .\njointed razorfish are often seen in schools that dart between coral branches or between the spines of sea urchins ( diadema ) when disturbed .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . pp . 292 .\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .\nkuiter , r . h . 2000 . seahorses , pipefishes and their relatives . a comprehensive guide to syngnathiformes . tmc publishing pp . 240 .\nrandall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .\nthe remarkable jointed razorfish has a rigid \u2018razor - thin\u2019 body encased in transparent ' armour ' , a long pointed snout and a jointed dorsal - fin spine . they are yellowish - brown to pale green on the back , and silvery on the sides , with a dark mid - lateral stripe along the body . the first dorsal - fin spine is ' jointed ' or hinged and often held at an angle to the body . jointed razorfish often swim in large synchronised schools , and seek refuge amongst coral branches or sea urchin spines .\ntropical indo - west pacific , from east africa to australia and north to southern japan . known in australian waters from the tip of cape york , northern queensland to northern nsw . this schooling species lives on coral reefs in sheltered bays and lagoons on the continental shelf at 1\u201342 m .\njointed razorfish live in association with a variety of invertebrates such as acropora corals , gorgonians , black corals , sea whips , diadema sea urchins and seagrasses .\nmeristic features : dorsal fin iii , 10 ; anal fin 12 ; pectorla fin 11\u201312 ; pelvic fin 4 .\nbody elongate , extremely compressed , encased in protective transparent sutured plates ; ventral edge very compressed , ' sharp ' ; interorbital space striated , convex , longtitudinal agroove absent ; snout long and tubular ; mouth small , teeth absent ; lateral line absent . caudal and soft dorsal fins situated ventrally ; spinous dorsal fin hinged , and positioned at end of body where the caudal fin is usually found .\ncolour varies with habitat , ranging from a silvery greenish - to yellowish - brown , or quite pale . individuals living amongst seagrasses have tend to be more greenish - yellow body with a diffused longitudinal stripe from the snout to the tail fin . those in sandy or rubble habitats are often paler with a black longitudinal stripe .\noviparous , sexes separate , fertilisation external . eggs and larvae are pelagic , juveniles settle at about 20 mm in length , often within the spines of the sea urchin diadema .\nthe jointed razorfish may be taken as bycatch in commerical fisheries . although this species is collected for the aquarium industry , individuals are difficult to keep in captivity .\nrazorfish usually swim in a head - down position , moving in the direction of their dorsal surface .\namphisile strigata g\u00fcnther 1861 , cat . fish . brit . mus . 3 : 528 . type localith : java , indonesia .\nallen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . western australian museum . 292 p .\nfritzsche , r . a . & k . g . thiesfeld . 1999 . centriscidae : shrimpfishes ( razorfishes ) , p . 2281 - 2282 in carpenter , k . e . & v . e . niem . species identification guide for fisheries purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome .\ng\u00fcnther , a . 1861 . catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the british museum . 3 . gobiidae , discoboli , pediculati , blenniidae , labyrinthici , mugilidae , notacanthi . london . 3 : i - xxv + 1 - 586 + i - x .\nhoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & allen , g . r . 2006 . fishes . in beesley p . l . & wells a . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 abrs & csiro publishing : australia . 3 volumes .\nkuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland .\nkuiter , r . h . 2009 . seahorses and their relatives . aquatic photographics , seaford , australia , 333 p .\nleis , j . m . & rennis , d . s . 2000 . centriscidae ( razorfishes ) in leis j . m . and carson - ewart b . m . ( eds ) the larvae of indo - pacific coastal fishes : an identification guide to marine fish larvae . brill , the netherlands .\nmichael , s . w . 2001 . reef fishes volume 1 : a guide to their identification , behaviour and captive care . tfh publications inc . , new jersey , usa .\nokiyama , m . 1988 . an atlas of the early stage fishes in japan . tokai university press , tokyo . 1157 pp . [ in japanese ]\nrandall , j . e . 2005 . reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . university of hawai\u2019i press honolulu .\nrandall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & steene , r . c . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house publishing bathurst .\nrussell , b . c . & w . houston . 1989 . offshore fishes of the arafura sea . the beagle 6 ( 1 ) : 69 - 84 .\nwhitley , g . p . & allan , j . 1958 . the sea - horse and its relatives . the griffin press , adelaide , australia .\ndescription form schools among the spines of @ diadema @ or staghorn corals , and feed on minute crustaceans in the zooplankton . . . .\ndescription form schools among the spines of @ diadema @ or staghorn corals , and feed on minute crustaceans in the zooplankton . remarkable for their strange body shape and swimming habit : the body is encased in an armor of thin , transparent plates ; they swim in synchronized groups , each fish in a vertical position with the snout pointing downwards . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of amphisile strigata g\u00fcnther , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nauthority authority given as gunther , 1857 ( original combination ) in < 130 > . [ details ]\npacific aquarium - new york city [ local fish store travel ep . 5 ]\nnyc ' s largest aquarium fish store ! ! fishtown usa . nyc aquarium doctors\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndescription : the striped shrimpfish , or razorfish , is a distant relative of the pipefish and seahorses . it has a slender , silver , flattened body with a dark longitudinal line that runs the entire length of the body , even going through the eyes . it has a long slender snout and a long sharp dorsal spine . the body is encased in transparent bony plates that provide protection from predators . if its habitat is seagrass , the body coloration is usually greenish - yellow with brown stripes for camouflage purposes .\nsize : striped shrimpfish can grow up to six inches ( 15 cm ) .\nbehavior : this fish has a unique method of swimming . it swims in synchronized schools in a vertical position ( upside - down ) with the snout pointing straight down . this head - down , tail - up position allows it to hide in the branches of coral or spines of a sea urchin . by hiding among the spines , the shrimpfish is protected from predators and able to hunt for potential food .\nreproduction : males and females release gametes into the open water where external fertilization takes place . the eggs are pelagic and once the juvenile reaches a length of 0 . 75 inches ( 2 cm ) they settle toward the bottom looking for sea urchins to inhabit .\nhabitat / range : the striped shrimpfish inhabits shallow coral reefs and seagrass beds with sea urchins throughout the indo - west pacific .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nmohr , e . 1937 ,\nrevision der centriscidae ( acanthoptergii , centrisciformes )\n, dana reports , vol . 13 , pp . 1 - 69 figs 1 - 33 pls 1 - 2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4542b0db - 8f9e - 4c1a - 95fc - d344921c8171\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f57fb160 - dcc7 - 4311 - 9795 - fb845a2c328d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 750ff67b - 38c0 - 4a4a - a8da - d9923763199f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354359\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nplease select from the available marine fish species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available invertebrate species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available coral species below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nplease select from the available aquarium supplies below . you may also click here to browse the category .\nwith 79 or more in marine life . use coupon code : freeshipping more details\nall images , pictures and descriptions are generalizations and cannot be exact representations . copyright 2018 saltwaterfish . com . all rights reserved .\nreceive free shipping on qualifying order when you sign up to receive our email . open your email for complete details .\nthis home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .\nstart or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !\nhelp us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .\nwith your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .\ndeep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm\n~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( \u00b0 > \u00a9 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < \u00b0\u00b0 > - <\nfor all at last returns to the sea \u2014 to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .\n- rachel carson\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nuse on websites and for limited audiences in social media , apps , or live performances .\nvj fractal red kaleidoscopic background . background motion with fractal design . disco spectrum lights concert spot bulb . light tunnel .\nvj fractal gold kaleidoscopic background . background motion with fractal design . disco spectrum lights concert spot bulb . light tunnel .\nskeleton shrimps swaying on black sand slope and muck , caprella sp . hd , up30224\nsoccer ball in goal net with slowmotion . slowmotion football ball in the net .\nstage lights and different shapes art gallery . series 3 + version from 1 to 26 + orange - blue - purple and white color series\nover 10 , 961 , 482 royalty - free video clips with 76 , 091 new stock clips added weekly .\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\ncontent in the dryad digital repository is offered\nas is .\nby downloading files , you agree to the dryad terms of service . to the extent possible under law , the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data .\nthis dataset contains data on : abundance ( individuals / m ^ 2 ) , standing biomass ( g / ind ) , size - corrected biomass ( g ^ alpha / ind ) , trophic group ( herbivore , omnivore , planktivore , invertivore , piscivore ) , time - averaged temperature kinetics , community - level species richness ( # of species ) and sampling area ( m ^ 2 ) . this dataset was collected by visual counts of 5609 populations of reef fishes spread across 49 sites around tropical and subtropical seas ( see publication for full methods description ) .\nbarneche dr , kulbicki m , floeter sr , friedlander am , allen ap ( 2016 ) energetic and ecological constraints on population density of reef fishes . proceedings of the royal society b 283 ( 1823 ) : 20152186 . urltoken\nbarneche dr , kulbicki m , floeter sr , friedlander am , allen ap ( 2016 ) data from : energetic and ecological constraints on population density of reef fishes .\ndryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .\nlatest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod"]}
{"id": 2422, "summary": [{"text": "nemapogon koenigi is a moth of the tineidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , except ireland , belgium , the iberian peninsula , ukraine , greece and probably most of the balkan peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 9-14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on fungi and dead and decaying wood . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "nemapogon koenigi", "paragraphs": ["nemapogon koenigi ( = nemapogon wolffiella ) white - speckled clothes moth - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nalthough superficially similar to cork moth nemapogon cloacella , the markings and overall appearance are generally much darker .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\na local and rather scarce species occurring in the south of england northwards to cumbria .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 08 14 : 59 : 42 page render time : 0 . 2350s total w / procache : 0 . 2739s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfirst norfolk record nr fakenham in 2010 ( t . spencer , 25 / 06 / 10 ) recorded at bawdeswell , new for vc27 in 2011 ( d . appleton , 16 / 08 / 11 )\nrecorded in 10 ( 14 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 2010 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2424, "summary": [{"text": "mystus gulio , the long whiskers catfish , is a species of catfish of the family bagridae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the generic name is probably derived from the latin \" mystax \" , meaning \" moustache \" , due to the long barbels .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is found in india , sri lanka , pakistan , nepal and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is primarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the population is known to be decreasing in recent past , due to catching , pet trading and habitat destruction . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "mystus gulio", "paragraphs": ["systematic position phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - fined fish ) order : siluriformies ( catfishes ) family : bagridae ( bagrid catfishes ) genus : mystus species : m . gulio\nabstracts long whiskers catfish mystus gulio is a commercially important food fish in asian countries . but natural population is decreasing due to over - exploitation and various ecological changes in its natural habitats . this paper suggests the steps for the conservation of the remnant isolated population of m . gulio in asian countries .\napa 6th edition hossain , m . y . , islam , r . , hossen , m . a . , rahman , o . , hossain , m . a . , islam , m . a . & alam , m . j . ( 2015 ) . threatened fishes of the world : mystus gulio ( hamilton , 1822 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae ) . croatian journal of fisheries , 73 ( 1 ) , 43 - 45 . urltoken mla 8th edition hossain , md . yeamin , et al .\nthreatened fishes of the world : mystus gulio ( hamilton , 1822 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae ) .\ncroatian journal of fisheries , vol . 73 , no . 1 , 2015 , pp . 43 - 45 . urltoken . accessed 9 jul . 2018 . chicago 17th edition hossain , md . yeamin , rafiqul islam , md . alomgir hossen , obaidur rahman , md . akhtar hossain , md . ariful islam and md . jahangir alam .\nthreatened fishes of the world : mystus gulio ( hamilton , 1822 ) ( siluriformes : bagridae ) .\ncroatian journal of fisheries 73 , no . 1 ( 2015 ) : 43 - 45 . urltoken\nmystus gulio was described from the higher parts of the gangetic estuary by hamilton ( 1822 ) . although it is often regarded as a species widely distributed throughout south and southeast asia , there is some evidence to indicate that the populations from southeast asia constitute one or more species that are distinct from populations in the indian subcontinent ( h . h . ng pers . comm . ) . a taxonomic reappraisal of this species based on material from throughout its entire distribution is badly needed .\njustification : despite being targeted in artisanal fisheries , being sometimes harvested as an ornamental fish and demonstrated population declines in parts of its range , the level of exploitation is not deemed high enough to be a threat to long - term survival of this species , which is still considered relatively abundant . this species is therefore assessed as least concern here . however , it should be noted that there are taxonomic problems surrounding the identity of this species and it is likely that what is currently classified as mystus gulio may consist of several species with more geographically circumscribed distributions . should this be the case , it may be necessary to reassess this species in the near future .\nlight microscopic studies of the immune response of mystus gulio were carried out . antigen binding cells have been detected by plaque - forming cell ( pfc ) assay test in the spleen , head - kidney ( hk ) and thymus . among these three organs , the hk is more pronounced in its response , and it is compared , on the basis of its histology of higher vertebrates . the peak response after primary and secondary immunizations was on day 7 , in both circulating blood and the immune organs . the results suggest that hk in these fish might be the major organ for antibody secreting cells . the ha ( haemoagglutinin ) response was also for longer duration but only slightly more intense . the pfc response after the secondary immunization was for much longer duration and much more intense than after the primary immunization .\ncommon / local names english : long whiskers catfish , long - whiskered catfish and gulio catfish bangladesh : nuna tengra ( \u09a8\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u099f\u09c7\u0982\u09b0\u09be ) , guli tengra ( \u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u099f\u09c7\u0982\u09b0\u09be ) , gula ( \u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09be ) , guillya ( \u0997\u09c1\u0987\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09be ) , tengra ( \u099f\u09c7\u0982\u09b0\u09be ) and penchgula ( \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09be ) india : nuna - tengra ( west bengal ) ; kala - tenguah ( bihar ) ; kontia ( orissa ) ; naikeluthi , kattai - keluthi and uppang - kelettee ( tamil nadu ) ; vella - koori and kada - kelithi ( kerala ) and singati ( maharashtra ) ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .\n( 1 ) yellowcat , who also notes :\nextremely slow growing species . . . since 2004 had two but lost one , survivor is now @ 7\ntl\n, ( 2 ) shovelnose , who also notes :\nthe greediest mystus i have ever kept . more of an open swimmer . never seen it trying to hide . will eat anything . collected specimens from both fresh and brackish water . care level for both the same . easy fish to handle .\n. click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all\nmy cats\ndata for this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nkottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .\nthis species is found in coastal regions and the lower reaches of rivers throughout the indian subcontinent eastwards to the indochinese peninsula and southwards to sundaic southeast asia .\nalthough patra et al . ( 2005 ) report a mean decline of 33 . 6 % in catch for this species in the sundarbans ( ganges - brahmaputra estuary ) for the period 1960 - 2000 and mishra et al . ( 2009 ) report a decline of 27 . 8 % in catch for this species in southwestern bengal for a similar period , there is insufficient data from other areas where this species is naturally distributed . current indications are that this is a widespread , common species .\nthis species inhabits estuaries and tidal rivers and lakes , ascending to freshwater , often entering the sea ( talwar and jhingran 1991 ) .\nthis species is commonly utilized as a food fish , and has occasionally been caught and exported as an ornamental fish .\nalthough the southern west bengal population is threatened from overfishing , threats to this species in the rest of its range are unknown . since there is no information on the biology of this species , the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown . the current threats to aquatic biodiversity in all of its known distribution have also not been adequately identified .\nthere is insufficient information on the biology and potential threats for this species . catch data for this species is also needed . the identities of the southeast asian populations require study to resolve their identities .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe generic name is probably derived from the latin mystax , meaning moustache , in reference to the long barbels . it was first used by scopoli in 1777 making it a very old genus that has included many catfishes from throughout the world at one time or another . from the local ( bengali ) name of the fish ( guli ) .\n400mm or 15 . 7\nsl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .\nprimarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water . in freshwater , it occurs mainly in larger water bodies ( rivers and streams ) with mud or clay substrates , and rarely found in smaller streams .\neasily adapts to a wide variety of frozen and prepared food in the aquarium . may eat very small fish .\ncompatible with most fishes , although very small fishes will be eaten . ideal tankmates include larger barbs and rasboras in an asian biotope setup or an asian brackish water setup with archerfishes and gobies . a social fish that is found in schools of 10 - 25 individuals in the wild .\nfishes ganges - pp201 , 379 - pl . 23 ( fig . 66 )\nget or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .\nhas this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .\ngreek , mystax = whiskered , used by belon in 1553 to describe all fishes with whiskers ( ref . 45335 )\nasia : countries bordering the eastern indian ocean , from india to indonesia and viet nam . reported from pakistan ( ref . 4833 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 46 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6028 )\nprimarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water . in freshwater , adults occur mainly in larger water bodies ( rivers and streams ) with mud or clay substrates , and rarely found in smaller streams . form schools of 10 to 25 individuals . diurnal . oviparous , distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family ( ref . 205 ) .\npethiyagoda , r . , 1991 . freshwater fishes of sri lanka . the wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka , colombo . 362 p . ( ref . 6028 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00792 - 0 . 01263 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 50 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming fec < 10 , 000 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 46 of 100 ) .\nprimarily a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water . in freshwater , adults occur mainly in larger water bodies ( rivers and streams ) with mud or clay substrates , and rarely found in smaller streams . form schools of 10 to 25 individuals . diurnal . oviparous , distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family ( ref . 205 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\noops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !\ndistributions : bangladesh , india , myanmar and pakistan ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .\nmorphology : head depressed . body elongated and compressed . its upper surface rough and granulated . barbels four pairs . maxillary barbels extend to end of pelvic fins . mouth terminal . dorsal spine strong and serrated . adipose fin small and caudal fin forked and caudal peduncle equal at height .\nbody color bluish - brown on head and back ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . brown on back ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) ) . dull white below . mandibular barbels somewhere black and somewhere white ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) ) .\nfin formula : d . i / 7 ; p1 . i / 8 - 9 ; p2 . 6 ; a . 12 - 15 ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) ) d i 7 ; a iii - iv 9 - 10 ; p i 8 - 9 ; v i 5 ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) d . i / 7 ; p . i / 8 - 9 ; v . 6 ; a . 12 - 15 ( 4 / 9 - 11 ) ; c . 17 ( shafi and quddus , 2001 )\nmaximum lengths : 19 . 5 cm ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) , 40 cm ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ; huda et al . , 2003 ) and 45 cm ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) .\nhabitats : firstly it\u2019s a brackish water fish that enters and lives in fresh water fish also enters tidal rivers of bangladesh and in the bay of benglal ( rahman , 1989 ) . inhibits estuaries and tidal rivers and lakes ; ascends freshwater and often enters sea ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . found in canals , beels , haors , oxbow lakes , rivers , and estuaries ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) . available in meghna river ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) and the sundarbans ( huda et al . , 2003 ) of bangladesh .\nfood and feeding : juveniles and adult feed on debris , zooplanktons , zoobenthos , other benthic invertebrates , fish eggs and larvae ( siddique , 2007 ) .\nfishery info / importance : used as food fish in bangladesh . controls water pollution by consuming aquatic detritus ( siddique , 2007 ) . very common in the gangetic estuary , chilka lake and kerala brackish waters of india ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . caught by cast , drag , seine nets and hooks ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) .\ncuvier g and valenciennes a ( 1840 ) histoire naturelle des poissons . tome quatorzi\u00e8me . suite du livre seizi\u00e8me . labro\u00efdes . livre dix - septi\u00e8me . des malacopt\u00e9rygiens . histoire naturelle des poissons . 14 : i - xxii + 2 pp . + 1 - 464 + 4 pp . , pls . 389 - 420 .\nhamilton f ( 1822 ) an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 .\nhuda ms , haque me , babul as and shil nc ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) field guide to finfishes of sundarban , aquatic resources division , sundarban , boyra , khulna , bangladesh , p . 76 .\niucn bangladesh ( 2000 ) red book of threatened fishes of bangladesh , iucn - the world conservation union . xii + 116 pp .\nrahman aka ( 1989 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 204 - 205 .\nrahman aka ( 2005 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 2 nd edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 226 - 227 .\nshafi m and quddus mma ( 2001 ) bangladesher matsho shampad ( fisheries of bangladesh ) ( in bengali ) , kabir publication . dhaka , bangladesh . pp . 187 - 188 .\nsiddique ku ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) encyclopedia of flora and fauna of bangladesh freshwater fishes vol . 23 , asiatic society of bangladesh , dhaka , bangladesh , 300 pp .\ntalwar pk and jhingran ag ( 1991 ) inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , vol . 2 , oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi - calcutta , pp . 560 - 561 .\nstudent , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . more . . .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nlicense . you may use any content ( of this site ) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution . | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish . |\nhere is another big whiskers catfish fillets video . this fish weight : 13 . 1 kg per kg fish price : 870 bdt ( about 11 usd ) so total fish price : 11 , 397 bdt ( about 144 usd ) for cutting the fish fillet guy charge : 140 bdt ( about 1 . 80 usd ) thank you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncroatian journal of fisheries : ribarstvo , vol . 73 no . 1 march 2015 .\nmd . yeamin hossain ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh rafiqul islam ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh md . alomgir hossen ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh obaidur rahman ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh md . akhtar hossain ; department of fisheries , faculty of agriculture , university of rajshahi , rajshahi 6205 , bangladesh md . ariful islam ; bangladesh fisheries research institute , shrimp research station , bagerhat 9300 , bangladesh md . jahangir alam ; faculty of fisheries , bangabandhu sheikh mujibur rahman agricultural university , gazipur 1760 , bangladesh\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nahmed , m . ( 1991 ) a model to determine benefits obtainable from the management of riverine fisheries of bangladesh . : iclarm tech . rep . 28 , 133 p .\nal - mamun , a . ( 2003 ) a hand guide for identification of inland fishes of bangladesh . : worldfish centre - bangladesh .\narcharya , p . and m . b . iftekhar ( 2000 ) freshwater ichthyofauna of maharashtra state . : p . 136 - 144 . in ponniah , a . g . and a . gopalakrishnan ( eds . ) . endemic fish diversity of western ghats . nbfgr - natp publication . national bureau of fish genetic resources , lucknow , u . p . , india . 1 , 347 p .\ncarl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .\nchandrashekhariah , h . n . , m . f . rahman and s . lakshmi raghavan ( 2000 ) status of fish fauna in karnataka . : p . 98 - 135 . in ponniah , a . g . and a . gopalakrishnan ( eds . ) . endemic fish diversity of western ghats . nbfgr - natp publication . national bureau of fish genetic resources , lucknow , u . p . , india . 1 , 347 p .\nchinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken\nchuenpagdee , r . ( 2002 ) checklist of thai names and scripts . : personal communication , april 2002 .\ndaniels , r . j . r . ( 2002 ) freshwater fishes of peninsular india . : madhav gadgil ( ed ) india - a lifescape 2 . universities press , hyderabad .\nfao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .\nfish team of the trang project ( 2002 ) illustrated fish fauna of a mangrove estuary at sikao , southwestern thailand . : trang project for biodiversity and ecological significance of mangrove estuaries in southeast asia , rajamangala institute of technology and the university of tokyo , trang and tokyo . 60p .\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .\nhla win , u . ( 1987 ) checklist of fishes of burma . : ministry of livestock breeding and fisheries , department of fisheries , burma .\nkhin , u . ( 1948 ) fisheries in burma . : gov ' t . printing , rangoon . 180 p .\nkhoa , t . t . and t . t . t . huong ( 1993 ) dinh loai c\u00e1 nu\u00f3c ngot v\u00f9ng d\u00f4ng bang s\u00f4ng cuu long . : khoa thuy san truong dai hoc can tho , p 3 - 8 .\nkottelat , m . ( 2001 ) freshwater fishes of northern vietnam . a preliminary check - list of the fishes known or expected to occur in northern vietnam with comments on systematics and nomenclature . : environment and social development unit , east asia and pacific region . the world bank . 123 p .\npethiyagoda , r . ( 1991 ) freshwater fishes of sri lanka . : the wildlife heritage trust of sri lanka , colombo . 362 p .\nrahman , a . k . a . ( 1989 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh . : zoological society of bangladesh . department of zoology , university of dhaka . 364 p .\nrema devi , k . and t . j . indra ( 2000 ) freshwater ichthyofaunal resources of tamil nadu . : p . 77 - 97 . in ponniah , a . g . and a . gopalakrishnan . endemic fish diversity of western ghats . nbfgr - natp publication . national bureau of fish genetic resources , lucknow , u . p . , india . 1 , 347 p .\nschuster , w . h . and r . djajadiredja ( 1952 ) local common names of indonesian fishes . : w . v . hoeve , bandung , indonesia . 276 p .\nsidthimunka , a . ( 1970 ) a report on the fisheries survey of the mekong river in the vicinity of the pa mong dam site . : inland fisheries division , department of fisheries , bangkok , thailand . 75 p .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 50 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncentre for advance studies in marine biology , annamalai university , parangipettai 608 502 , india . sigamani _ bd @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 2425, "summary": [{"text": "the white-footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) is a rodent native to north america from ontario , quebec , labrador , and the maritime provinces ( excluding the island of newfoundland ) to the southwest united states and mexico .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "in the maritimes , its only location is a disjunct population in southern nova scotia .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is also known as the woodmouse , particularly in texas . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "white - footed mouse", "paragraphs": ["the white - footed mouse . ( courtesy of cary institute of ecosystem studies )\nwhite - footed mouse with vhf radio tracking collar . credit : virginie millien , mcgill university\na captive white - footed mouse . she is at least 3 years and 8 months old .\nwhite - footed mouse can survive one year in the wild and 3 years in the captivity .\nwhat are predators of the white - footed mouse ? since the white - footed mouse is primarily nocturnal , its main predators are those that are active between dusk and dawn . snakes , owls , bobcats , weasels , and foxes are common predators of the white - footed mouse . the primary diet of the white - footed mouse is seeds , grains , small fruits , and small insects .\nwhite - footed mouse is an excellent climber and swimmer . white - footed mouse has good orientation skills . it can easily find way and return back to its territory from a distance of 2 miles\nwhite - footed mouse with vhf radio tracking collar . photo courtesy of virginie millien , mcgill university .\nmunshi - south j , kharchenko k . rapid , pervasive genetic differentiation of urban white - footed mouse (\nwhite - footed mouse uses keen sense of hearing , smell and eyesight to find food and avoid predators .\nmost white - footed mice live for 1 year in the wild . in captivity , white - footed mice can live several years .\nwhite - footed mouse is covered with grey , reddish , light or dark brown fur . abdominal side of the body and feet are covered with white fur ( hence the name ,\nwhite - footed\n) .\nhas a generally longer tail than white - footed mice that is distinctly bicolored . in white - footed mice , the tail is indistinctly bicolored .\ndeer mouse , peromyscus maniculatus , looks very similar and it can be a challenge to tell a woodland form of a deer mouse from a white - footed or wood mouse . the deer mouse is larger with a longer tail and long hind feet .\ngrieco tm , rizk ot . cranial shape varies along an elevation gradient in gambel ' s white - footed mouse (\nmain predators of white - footed mouse are hawks , owls , falcons , foxes , bobcats , weasels and snakes .\nthe cotton mouse can be distinguished from the white - footed mouse by the cotton mouse ' s darker fur , larger size , and noticeably large back feet . habitat preferences also help distinguish between these two species .\nsimilar species : the white footed mouse is very similar to the deer mouse in size and color . it is hard to find distinguishable features between them . [ 2 ]\nthe white - footed mouse is also widely distributed but prefers wooded or brushy areas . it is sometimes found in open areas .\nmunshi - south j , nagy c . urban park characteristics , genetic variation , and historical demography of white - footed mouse (\nwhite - footed mouse has large brown eyes , large , hairy ears and long tail ( one third of body length ) .\nbreeding interval white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .\nfig . 2 . range of the deer mouse ( p . maniculatus ) ( a ) and white - footed mouse ( p . leucopus ) ( b ) in north america .\nwhite - footed mouse sleeps during extremely cold periods of the year . it occasionally wakes up to eat food stored near the nest .\nwhite - footed mice are not endangered or threatened . they are common and abundant .\nwhite - footed mice are omnivorous . they mostly eat seeds , berries , nuts ,\nbreeding interval : white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .\nbrown , l . n . 1964 . reproduction of the brush mouse and white - footed mouse in the central united states . amer . midland nat . , 72 : 226 - 240 .\nwhite - footed mice are not endangered or threatened . they are abundant throughout their range .\nmating season of white - footed mouse depends on the climate . southern populations reproduce all year round . northern populations reproduce during the spring and autumn .\nin general , white - footed mice are not aggressive toward humans unless they feel threatened . they avoid contact with humans whenever possible . as a nocturnal species , encounters with humans are relatively rare . this does not mean that a cornered or captured white - footed mouse is not capable of biting . if someone is bitten by a white - footed mouse , then they will require medical attention .\nlike other mouse species , white - footed mice are considered omnivorous . their staple foods include items like berries , seeds and grains . indoors , white - footed mice will eat fruits and certain vegetables . white - footed mice also eat insects such as gypsy moths , which makes them important for controlling pests in the wild . other insects frequently consumed by white - footed mice include caterpillars , grasshoppers , flies , snails and beetles .\nwhite - footed mouse can reach 5 . 5 to 8 inches in length ( including the tail ) and 0 . 5 to 1 ounces of weight .\nthe white - footed mouse is often misidentified as a deer mouse ( peromycsus maniculatus ) as it closely resembles it in both size and coloration although deer mice tend to have a more distinctive separation of fur colors .\nthe white - footed mouse is one of the hosts that provides a blood meal for the ticks that can spread lyme disease . credit : phil myers , urltoken\nhow often does reproduction occur ? white - footed mice can have 2 to 4 litters per year .\ngoldman , e . a . 1942 . a new white - footed mouse from mexico . proc . biol . soc . washington , 55 : 157 - 158 .\nfemale takes care of the babies on her own . young white - footed mice depend on their mother during the first three weeks of their life . after that period , they begin independent life . white - footed mouse reaches sexual maturity at the age of 44 days .\nwhite - footed mice are small rodents that are capable not only of causing significant damage to buildings , but also of contaminating food and transmitting diseases . newtown - area homes and businesses should look to professional pest control to deal with matters involving the white - footed mouse .\nthe deer mouse is found throughout most of north america ( fig . 2 ) . the white - footed mouse is found throughout the united states east of the rocky mountains except in parts of the southeast ( fig . 2 ) .\nthe white - footed mouse is one of the hosts that provides a blood meal for the ticks that can spread lyme disease . photo courtesy of phil myers , urltoken .\nwhat are some adaptations of the white - footed mouse ? white - footed mice area solitary and territorial through home ranges sometimes overlap . they are excellent climbers and swimmers allowing them to be found on almost any land mass . they have excellent sight , smell , and hearing .\nresearch shows that white - footed mice reach maturity at about one month and can then start to reproduce .\nwhite - footed mouse is a type of small rodent that can be found across north america . there are 17 subspecies of white - footed mouse that inhabit dry forests , brushlands , semi - deserts , and rural and urban areas . they keep number of insects under control and facilitate dispersion of plant seed and spores of fungi in the wild . also , they represent important source of food for wild birds and mammals . in rural and urban areas , white - footed mouse are classified as pests because they spread bacterial ( lyme disease ) and viral diseases and destroy crops . wild population of white - footed mice is large and stable .\nwhite - footed mice are often abundant where they occur and are important as prey items for many small predators .\nwhite - footed mouse occasionally produces buzzing sound by drumming on the surface of hollow reed or dry leaves using its front paws . this unusual behavior is still a mystery for scientists .\nbatzli , g . o . 1977 . population dynamics of the white - footed mouse in floodplain and upland forests . amer . midland nat . , 97 : 18 - 32 .\nlong , c . a . 1973 . reproduction in the white - footed mouse at the northern limits of its geographical range . southwestern nat . , 18 : 11 - 20 .\nprice , p . k . , and m . l . kennedy . 1980 . genic relationships in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , and the cotton mouse , peromyscus gossypinus . amer . midland nat . , 103 : 73 - 82 .\nlynch , c . b . 1974 . environmental modification of nest - building in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus . anim . behav . , 22 : 405 - 409 .\nwhite - footed mice have excellent homing instincts , and can find their way back home from over 2 miles away .\nwhite - footed mice have keen eyesight , hearing , and sense of smell . they use their vibrissae ( whiskers ) as touch receptors . a distinctive behavior of white - footed mice is drumming on a hollow reed or a dry leaf with their front paws . this produces a long musical buzzing . it is unclear why white - footed mice do this .\nparadiso , j . l . 1960 . a new white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) from southeastern virginia . proc . biol . soc . washington , 73 : 21 - 24 .\nwhite - footed mice eat various types of fungi and help to disperse the spores of these fungi through their droppings . this helps to spread spores of fungi , such as mycorhizzal fungi , which help trees to gain nutrients through their roots . white footed mice may also eat harmful insect pests , such as gypsy moths . white - footed mice are not significant crop pests .\nwhite - footed mice are omnivorous . they mostly eat seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . in order to prepare for the winter , white - footed mice gather and store seeds and nuts in the fall .\n) . this chapter will deal primarily with these species . collectively , all species of peromyscus are often referred to as \u201cwhite - footed mice\u201d or \u201cdeer mice . \u201d other species include the brush mouse (\nrange and habitat : this species is not as widespread as the deer mouse , and occurs throughout much of the eastern two - thirds of the u . s . ( except for the southeast ) and much of eastern mexico . the range of the white - footed mouse barely extends into canada in a few provinces . white - footed mice are most abundant in the adirondack lowlands along the periphery of the park in brushy , grassy fields , and especially in the drier forests and woodlands which support oaks and hickories . however , they are also found in other habitats such as coniferous , and mixed forests , bogs , and swamp edges , to elevations of at least 1484 m ( 4867 ft ) . while the deer mouse is more abundant at higher elevations , and the white - footed mouse at lower , both coexist at intermediate altitudes which offer the greatest variety of tree species . the white - footed mouse appears to use underground nest sites more than the deer mouse .\nbreeding season white - footed mice breed from march to october , or throughout the year in the southern parts of their range .\nglaser , h . , and s . lustick . 1975 . energetics and nesting behavior of the northern white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus aoveboracensis . physiol . zool . , 48 : 105 - 113 .\nthis mouse is a typical rodent in being nocturnal and active throughout the year .\nthis mouse also makes very high pitched vocalizations , sounding like a bird trilling .\nblair wf . a study of prairie deer - mouse populations in southern michigan .\ngubernick dj , alberts jr . the biparental care system of the california mouse ,\nbreeding season : white - footed mice breed from march to october , or throughout the year in the southern parts of their range .\nwhite - footed mouse is an omnivore ( it eats plants and meat ) . its diet is based on seed , acorns , grains , berries , fruit , fungi , insects , caterpillars and small mammals and birds .\nwhite - footed mouse is solitary and territorial animal . it occupies territory of 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 acres . burrows of various mammals , abandoned nests of birds and hollow logs are favorite locations for nesting .\nthe scientist said a key to protecting human health is to take measures to try to control the white - footed mouse population , and one way to do that is by supporting natural predators by keeping their habitats intact .\nwhat is the breeding season for white - footed mice ? white - footed mice are generally not social animals with the exception of the breeding season , which ranges from march to october in the north and year round in the south . gestation period is 22 to 28 days with nursing occurring until young are weaned . the mice are born hairless and blind , eyes open around 10 days and ears open around 12 days . the mature mating age of the white - footed mouse is 44 days .\nthe white - footed mouse is common in upland mature forests with fallen logs and snags , rocks , ledges , and brush piles . it also inhabits marshes , canebrakes , and brushy fence rows . the white - footed mouse eats seeds , nuts , grasses , fruits , and some insects . this species will commonly cache seeds and nuts in burrows and near nests . it is active throughout the year , primarily at night . principal predators include owls , skunks , foxes , the coyote , weasels , and snakes . the life span of a white - footed mouse is usually less than 2 years in the wild , but in captivity the record is 8 years . white - footed mice communicate with each other by foot - stamping , vocal squeaks , and scent . females are territorial during breeding season .\nwhite - footed mice live an average of 1 year in the wild , meaning there is an almost complete turnover of wildmice every year .\nthe white - footed mouse is found in the mountains and piedmont region of northern georgia . its range includes most of the eastern united states , but this species is absent from the coastal plains of the southeastern united states .\nthe merriam mouse is limited to areas within southern arizona . the california mouse ranges from san francisco bay to northern baja california , including parts of the southern san joaquin valley . the sitka mouse is found only on certain islands of alaska and british columbia .\narbogast p , gl\u00f6smann m , peichl l . retinal cone photoreceptors of the deer mouse\ncornish , l . m . , and w . n . bradshaw . 1978 . patterns in twelve reproductive parameters for the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j . mamm . , 59 : 731 - 739 .\nwhat do white - footed mice look like ? the white - footed mouse ranges in color from grayish - brown to reddish - brown on its dorsal side and face while its ventral side and legs are white . its average mass is 0 . 81 oz but can range from 0 . 5 oz to 1 oz . other members of the peromyscus family all have smiliar looks or ranges but can be differentiated by either tail length or mass .\nworkman jl , bowers sl , nelson rj . enrichment and photoperiod interact to affect spatial learning and hippocampal dendritic morphology in white - footed mice (\nthe old field mouse is distributed across eastern alabama , georgia , south carolina , and florida . the florida mouse , as its name indicates , is found only in florida .\nthe white - footed mouse is often mistaken for a deer mouse due to their similar appearance . both species have a brown or grayish back and a lighter colored underside . however , the deer mouse tends to have more distinct color variations between its back and belly . white - footed mice are still lighter colored on their bellies , feet and the underside of their tail . they have large eyes and ears to help them navigate in the dark . white - footed mice range from five - and - a - half inches to eight inches in length including their tail . the tail usually represents approximately one - third of that length . most members of the species weigh in at less than one ounce .\nthe cotton mouse is found only in the southeastern united states from east texas and arkansas through southeastern virginia . the golden mouse occupies a similar range but it extends slightly farther north .\nwhile investigating how forests responded to defoliation stress , institute ecologists discovered that white - footed mouse populations played a large role in regulating the moths . key predators on gypsy moth pupae , research showed that moth populations declined when mice were abundant .\nunlike the deer mouse which it closely resembles , the white - footed mouse\u2019s fur is not soft and luxuriant , and the general color of the back and sides is a reddish or orangish , not grayish , brown . a darkish brown stripe occurs along the middle of the back from the head to tail . the tail is shorter than the combined head - body length , is paler but not white below , and does not end in a tuff of white hairs . in other respects the white - footed mouse is similar to the deer mouse . the throat , belly , and feet are white ; the ears thin , sparsely furred , and prominent . the black , beady eyes protrude and the whiskers are long and conspicuous . the average size of an adult is 176 mm ( 6 . 9 in ) in total length and 21 g ( 0 . 7 oz ) in weight .\nparsons , l . m . , and c . r . terman . 1978 . influence of vision and olfaction on the homing ability of the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus noveboraceasis ) . j . mamm . , 59 : 761771 .\nnone are registered for white - footed or deer mice . because of the species\u2019 habitat , there are few situations where fumigation would be practical or necessary .\nwhite - footed mice are primarily nocturnal . they are mainly solitary and are territorial , although their home ranges often overlap . white - footed mice climb and swim well . they also have a good sense of direction , and are able to return to a particular location from as much as 2 miles away .\nwhen young white - footed mice are threatened , their mother carries them to safety one at a time by holding them by the neck with her teeth .\normiston , b . g . 1983 . population and habitat dynamics of the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) . unpubl . ph . d . dissert . , state univ . new york at stony brook , new york , 181 pp .\nwhite - footed mice are primarily nocturnal . they are mainly solitary and are territorial , though adjacent home ranges do overlap . white - footed mice climb and swim well . they also have keen homing instincts . in one study , captured individuals returned to the site of their capture after being released 2 miles away . when young white - footed mice are threatened , their mother carries them to safety one at a time by holding them by the neck with her teeth .\nmost white - footed mice live for one year in the wild . this means that there is an almost complete replacement of all mice in the population from one year to the next . most mortality occurs in the spring and early summer . in captivity , however , white - footed mice can live several years .\npedersen ab , antonovics j . anthelmintic treatment alters the parasite community in a wild mouse host .\n, grains , fruits , and fungi . in order to prepare for the winter , white - footed mice gather and store seeds and nuts in the fall .\norr , h . d . 1959 . activity of white - footed mice in relation to environment . j . mamm . , 40 : 213 - 221 .\nthe pi\u00f1on mouse is found from southwestern california through the southwestern united states to the texas panhandle . the rock mouse is limited to colorado , southeastern utah , eastern arizona , new mexico , and the far western portion of texas . the white - ankled mouse is found only in parts of texas and small areas in southern new mexico , southern oklahoma , and southern arizona .\nsize : the white - footed mouse is a medium size rodent like other common peromyscus species , although size can vary widely ( hall , 1981 and others ) . the tail is nearly half the total length and the ears are average to large in size .\nsnyder , d . p . 1956 . survival rates , longevity , and population fluctuations in the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , in southeastern michigan . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan , 95 : 1 - 33 .\nwhite - footed mice carry deer ticks , which spread lyme disease . they also may be a reservoir for four - corners disease , as their fecal matter can contain hantavirus , the organism that causes this disease . white - footed mice may also act as seed predators of oaks and pines , hindering their growth and spread .\nharris se , munshi - south j , obergfell c , o ' neill r . signatures of rapid evolution in urban and rural transcriptomes of white - footed mice (\ndewsbury , d . a . 1975a . copulatory behavior of white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j . mamm . , 56 : 420 - 428 .\ngrau , h . j . 1982 . kin recognition in white - footed deermice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . anim . behav . , 30 : 497 - 505 .\nlong - term research shows that white - footed mice are the critical hosts for black - legged ticks , which carry and spread the bacterium that causes lyme disease . superabundant mouse populations allow more ticks to survive and lead to predictable spikes in human lyme disease exposure .\ncollier ' s encyclopedia . vol 8 .\ndeer mouse .\n1993 . n . y .\nunlike typical gray house mice , white - footed mice , known as peromyscus leucopus , are tawny brown , aside from the white that covers their bellies and feet . they are fast . and they are small , with tails as long as their bodies .\nsacher ga , hart rw . longevity , aging and comparative cellular and molecular biology of the house mouse ,\ndavis , d . e . 1956 . a comparison of natality rates in white - footed mice for four years . j . mamm . , 37 : 513 - 516 .\nwhite - footed mice are abundant throughout north america , but they are especially pervasive on the eastern coast of the u . s . they prefer heavily wooded or brushy areas as these offer the most cover , which protects them from predators . however , the white - footed mouse has become the most numerous mammal in pennsylvania because of its adaptability . this species can make a home for itself in virtually any habitat . white - footed mice always hide their nests carefully . old logs and tree stumps frequently are used in the wild . members of the species may make use of nests that have been abandoned by other rodents or birds . the nest typically is lined with found objects that may include feathers , hair , fur , grasses and leaves . white - footed mice will collect fabrics , pillow batting and insulation fibers to line their nests . when a family establishes a nest in a human habitation , it generally is well concealed in a wall void , basement or attic . kitchen cupboards , the space between major appliances and walls and pantries are other likely places to find a white - footed mouse nest .\nchoate , j . r . 1973 . identification and recent distribution of white - footed mice ( peromyscus ) in new england . journal of mammalogy , 54 : 41 - 49 .\nthe hudson river valley experienced a mouse plague during the summer of 2016 . the critters were everywhere . for most people , it was just a nuisance . but for keesing and ostfeld , the mouse plague signaled something foreboding .\nanderson jf , johnson rc , magnarelli la ( 1987 ) seasonal prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in natural populations of white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus . j clin microbiol ; 25 : 1564\u20131566\nchoate , j . r . 1973 . identification and recent distribution of white - footed mice ( peromyscus ) in new england . j . mamm . , 54 : 41 - 49 .\nalthough white - footed mice prefer acorns , they will eat other things . still , it ' s the acorns that play a big part in their ability to thrive , scientists say .\nall of the peromyscus species have white feet , usually white undersides , and brownish upper surfaces . their tails are relatively long , sometimes as long as the head and body . the deer mouse and some other species have a distinct separation between the brownish back and white belly . their tails are also sharply bicolored . it is difficult even for an expert to tell all of the species apart .\na wood mouse spends a good amount of its time in trees and shrubs , so it is a good climber .\nalthough previous studies have found that white - footed mice consume honeysuckle seeds removed from their pericarp ( mattos et al . 2013 ) , our findings suggest that whole honeysuckle fruits are not generally consumed by small mammals despite their high water content . however , small granivores may occupy honeysuckle - invaded areas because of the cover provided by shrub understories ( dutra et al . 2011 ) , which likely increased white - footed mouse foraging activity by improving protection from predators ( mccormick and meiners 2000 ) . furthermore , use of microhabitats that improve foraging opportunities is nonrandom ( edalgo et al . 2009 ) ; that is , white - footed mice actively select trails that include dense woody vegetation such as honeysuckle shrubs .\nthe main source of health concerns connected to white - footed mice is the transmission of lyme disease . like other rodents , white - footed mice carry specific bacteria that are responsible for the disease . deer ticks bite the rodent , which transmits the bacteria to them . then , the deer ticks bite humans or animals , possibly causing a case of lyme disease . on a less frequent basis , white - footed mice may be responsible for the spread of hantavirus . transmission of this illness occurs through the urine , saliva or droppings of an infected mouse . simply inhaling the air where these waste products have been left may be enough to trigger an infection . these serious illnesses require immediate medical attention .\na distinctive behavior of white - footed mice is drumming on a hollow reed or a dry leaf with its fore paws . this produces a prolonged musical buzzing , the meaning of which is unclear .\nwhite - footed mice are active primarily at night and are secretive and alert , thus avoiding many predators . they are abundant in many habitats and are the major diet item of many small predators .\nin addition , white - footed mice have bloodstreams that ostfeld calls \u201ca breeding ground for all kinds of infectious agents , \u201d including pathogens that cause babesiosis and anaplasmosis , other tick - borne diseases .\nanita rogic , nathalie tessier , pierre legendre , fran\u00e7ois - joseph lapointe , virginie millien ( 2013 ) genetic structure of the white - footed mouse in the context of the emergence of lyme disease in southern qu\u00e9bec . ecology and evolution 3 : 7 , 2075 - 2088 , mis en ligne 1er juillet 2013 ( r\u00e9sum\u00e9 )\nsize : the total length of the white footed mouse is around 6 . 8 inches ( 173mm ) . the tail has a length of 3 . 1 inches ( 78mm ) and their hind foot is around 0 . 83 inches ( 21mm ) . the weight of the mouse ranges from 0 . 03 - 0 . 06 pounds ( 15 - 25g ) , with an average of 0 . 05 pounds ( 23g ) . [ 1 ]\n\u2018mouse house\u2019 in what is now referred to as sumner canyon at the scripps institution in la jolla , california . when his\nmacmanes md , eisen mb . characterization of the transcriptome , nucleotide sequence polymorphism , and natural selection in the desert adapted mouse\nwhite - footed mice are known for a unique practice of drumming on hollow reads or a dry leafe with their front paws producing a musical buzzing sound , through it is unclear why they do this .\nmartin lb , weil zm , kuhlman jr & nelson rj ( 2006 ) trade - offs within the immune systems of female white - footed mice , peromyscus leucopus . funct ecol ; 20 : 630\u2013636 .\nostfeld rs , miller mc & hazler kr ( 1996 ) causes and consequences of tick ( ixodes scapularis ) burdens on white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j mammal ; 77 : 266\u2013273 .\nwhile ticks that spread lyme disease are commonly thought of in connection with deer , it is from infected white - footed mice that these ticks usually acquire borrelia burgdorferi , the bacteria responsible for the disease .\nwhile ticks that spread lyme disease are commonly thought of in connection with deer , it is from infected white - footed mice that these ticks usually acquire borrelia burgdorferi , the bacteria responsible for the disease .\ndragoo jw , lackey ja , moore ke , lessa ep , cook ja , yates tl . phylogeography of the deer mouse (\nwhite - footed mice range from 150 to 205 mm in total length and tail length from 65 to 95 mm . they weigh 15 to 25 g . the upperparts of the body are pale to rich reddish brown and the belly and feet are white . in some parts of the range it is difficult to distinguish\nthe other species of peromyscus have somewhat more specialized habitat preferences . for example , the cactus mouse occurs in low deserts with sandy soil and scattered vegetation and on rocky outcrops . the brush mouse lives in chaparral areas of semidesert regions , often in rocky habitats .\n) , first demonstrated the feasibility of the deer mouse as a laboratory organism in the 1910s and 20s . he famously built the first\nwhite - footed mice help spread various kinds of fungi by eating the sporing bodies and excreting spores . forest trees ' ability to take up nutrients is enhanced by the\nmycorrhizal\nassociations formed by these fungi . for many temperate forest trees , these fungi have been shown to be an essential element in order for trees to prosper . white - footed mice also help control populations of some harmful insect pests , such as gypsy moths .\nthe two species of peromyscus inhabiting the adirondacks are similar in appearance , and are not always distinguishable from external characters . the deer mouse usually differs from the white - footed mouse ( p . leucopus ) in having : ( 1 ) soft , luxuriant fur that is gray on the upper parts of the body , ( 2 ) a uniformly colored back or a faint darker stripe along the middle , and ( 3 ) a tail that is dark above and white below ( bicolored ) and is as long of longer than the combined lengths of the head and body , with a tuft of white hairs at the tip . the lower parts of the body and feet of both species are white , and both have prominent , scantily - furred , thin ears , coarse whiskers , and black , bulging eyes . an average sized deer mouse is 184 mm ( 7 . 2 in ) in total length , and weighs 21 g ( 0 . 7 oz ) .\nscientists say white - footed mice , which are primary carriers of the lyme bacterium borrelia burgdorferi , are a highly popular host of black - legged ticks \u2014 which consequently makes them a key culprit in the spread of lyme disease .\nwhite - footed mice in howard county , maryland are being collared as part of a study to improve control of the ticks that spread lyme disease . the mouse collaring research , never before done in maryland , is a partnership of the agricultural research service ( ars ) , howard county department of recreation & parks ( hcrp ) , and university of maryland ( umd ) .\nwhite - footed mice in howard county , maryland are being collared as part of a study to improve control of the ticks that spread lyme disease . the mouse collaring research , never before done in maryland , is a partnership of the agricultural research service ( ars ) , howard county department of recreation & parks ( hcrp ) , and university of maryland ( umd ) .\nthere are no methods known for successfully keeping white - footed or deer mice out of structures by means of sound . ultrasonic devices that are commercially sold and advertised to control rodents and other pests have not proven to give satisfactory control .\nnatarajan c , inoguchi n , weber re , fago a , moriyama h , storz jf . epistasis among adaptive mutations in deer mouse hemoglobin .\nsheppe , w . 1966 . exploration by the deer mouse , peromyscus leucopus . amer . midland nat . , 76 : 257 - 276 .\nyoung white - footed mice are born blind , naked , and helpless . their eyes open at about 12 days of age , and their ears open at about 10 days . females care for and nurse their young in the nest until they are weaned . soon after that , the young disperse from their mother ' s range . if the young or the nest are in danger , female white - footed mice carry their young one at a time to a safer location .\nwhite - footed mice play a role in the transmission of lyme disease . they carry the bacteria that causes the disease and pass it to larval deer ticks when they are bitten . these deer ticks can then pass the disease to humans or other mammals . they also may be carriers of hantavirus , or four corners disease , through their feces . where they are abundant white - footed mice may limit the soread of trees such as acorns and pines , whose seeds they eat .\nmost white - footed mice live for one year in the wild . this means that there is an almost complete replacement of all mice in the population from one year to the next . most mortality occurs in the spring and early summer .\nschwan tg , kime kk , schrumpf me , coe je et al ( 1989 ) antibody response in white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) experimental infected with the lyme disease spirochete ( borrelia burgdorferi ) . infect immunol ; 57 : 3445\u20133451\nthat said , predators of white - footed mice , such as owls , hawks , bobcats , foxes and weasels , won ' t get lyme disease by eating an infected rodent because the bacteria cannot survive digestive tracts of birds or mammals .\nthis species of mouse is very adaptable , abundant and an important source of food for a variety of bird and mammal predators in the food chain .\npederson ab , grieves tj ( 2008 ) the interaction of parasites and resource cause crashes in wild mouse population . j anim ecol ; 77 : 370\u2013377\nhoekstra he , hirschmann rj , bundey ra , insel pa , crossland jp . a single amino acid mutation contributes to adaptive beach mouse color pattern .\nthe documented allelopathic properties of honeysuckle shrubs ( dorning and cipollini 2006 ) prevent the growth of other vegetation species , further supporting honeysuckle monoculture establishment . in these monocultures , small mammals may be forced to consume and cache honeysuckle fruits ( dutra et al . 2011 ) . white - footed mice are known scatter - hoarders ( vander wall et al . 2001 ) , a behavior that can serve to disperse seeds to new and potentially favorable microhabitats . indeed , small - mammal seed caches are frequently located in areas highly suitable for germination ( abbott and quink 1970 ) . therefore , white - footed mouse caching behavior may contribute to honeysuckle dispersal .\nwhite - footed and deer mice are considered native , nongame mammals and receive whatever protection may be afforded such species under state or local laws . it is usually permissible to control them when necessary , but first check with your state wildlife agency .\ngoodwin bj , ostfeld rs & schauber em ( 2001 ) spatiotemporal variation in a lyme disease host and vector : black - legged ticks on white - footed mice . vector borne and zoonotic diseases , 1 ( 2 ) , 129 - 138 .\nwhite - footed mice \u2014 known for their wide eyes and ears , long tails and snow - white bellies and the feet from which they get their name \u2014 are often overlooked by humans , hiding out by the billions in u . s . forests , shrubby thickets and even wooded wetlands . but there ' s one creature that knows them well : the tick .\ndonahue jg , piesman j , spielman a ( january 1987 ) .\nreservoir competence of white - footed mice for lyme disease spirochetes\n. am . j . trop . med . hyg . 36 ( 1 ) : 92\u20136 . pmid 3812887 .\nentomologist andrew li , with the ars invasive insect biocontrol & behavior laboratory in beltsville , maryland , who coordinates the tick management project wants the data to better understand how white - footed mice respond to bait boxes that include tick treatments like topical insecticides .\nentomologist andrew li , with the ars invasive insect biocontrol & behavior laboratory in beltsville , maryland , who coordinates the tick management project wants the data to better understand how white - footed mice respond to bait boxes that include tick treatments like topical insecticides .\nthe principal problem caused by white - footed and deer mice is their tendency to enter homes , cabins , and other structures that are not rodent - proof . here they build nests , store food , and can cause considerable damage to upholstered furniture , mattresses , clothing , paper , or other materials that they find suitable for their nest - building activities . nests , droppings , and other signs left by these mice are similar to those of house mice . white - footed and deer mice have a greater tendency to cache food supplies , such as acorns , seeds , or nuts , than do house mice . white - footed and deer mice are uncommon in urban or suburban residential areas unless there is considerable open space ( fields , parks ) nearby .\nordinary mouse snap traps , sold in most grocery and hardware stores , are effective in catching white - footed and deer mice . bait traps with peanut butter , sunflower seed , or moistened rolled oats . for best results , use several traps even if only a single mouse is believed to be present . set traps as you would for house mice : against walls , along likely travel routes , and behind objects . automatic traps designed to live - capture several house mice in a single setting also are effective against white - footed and deer mice . they should be checked frequently to dispose of captured mice in an appropriate manner : euthanize them with carbon dioxide gas in a closed container , or release them alive into an appropriate location where they won\u2019t cause future problems . for further details on trapping , see house mice .\n( a ) the forest - dwelling deer mouse , p . maniculatus nubiterrae , perches high on a tree branch in southwestern pennsylvania . ( b ) the beach mouse , p . polionotus phasma , takes shelter among the dune grasses on florida ' s atlantic coast . ( c ) its mainland counterpart , the oldfield mouse , p . polionotus sumneri , is typically found in fallow fields and is sympatric with the cotton mouse , p . gossypinus ( d ) , which occupies adjacent stands of long leaf pine . image credits : a , evan p kingsley ; b , jb miller ; c , d , nicole bedford .\ndiet : the white footed mice are omnivores . their diet include seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . they do not hibernate in winter so they tend to collect seeds and nuts during the fall . [ 1 ]\nthe brush mouse is found from southwestern missouri and northwestern arkansas through oklahoma , central and western texas , new mexico , southwestern colorado , utah , arizona , and california . the cactus mouse is limited to western texas , southern new mexico , arizona ( except the northeast portion ) , and southern california . the canyon mouse occurs in western colorado , northwestern new mexico , northern and western arizona , utah , nevada , southern california , southeast oregon , and southwestern idaho .\nwhite - footed mice live are most commonly found in warm , dry forests and brushlands at low to mid - elevations . the can survive in a wide variety of habitats , including higher elevation forests and semi - deseart . because they are so adaptable , they also do well in suburban and agricultural settings . white - footed mice are the most abundant small rodent in mixed forests in the eastern united states . in the southern and western portions of their range , they are more restricted in habitat and are mostly found in wooded areas and semi - desert scrub near waterways . in southern mexico , they occur mainly in agricultural areas . white - footed mice build nests in places that are warm and dry , such as a hollow tree or vacated bird ' s nest .\nthe wood mouse stores seeds such as black cherry pits ( one of its favorite foods ) and acorns under logs and in trees , nests are constructed out of grass , leaves , hair , moss , and bark in a hidden location in its habitat . the wood mouse will also use an abandoned bird nest .\nwhite - footed mice are efficient transmitters of lyme disease in the northeast . they infect up to 95 percent of the ticks that feed on them . but it ' s people who create the conditions for lyme outbreaks by building homes in the animals ' habitat .\nwhat is their habitat ? white - footed mice reside in a wide variety of areas but tend to favor warm , dry forests or brushlands at middle elevations . these mice can often be found around old stone works and fallen trees as they make good dry homes . this species of mouse is the most abundant in mixed hard woods along the eastern coast . four to twelve individuals can be found per acre of woodland .\nfifteen species of native mice of the genus peromyscus may be found in the united states . the two most common and widely distributed species are the deer mouse (\nwhite - footed mice spend a great deal of time in trees . they may use aban - locating and digging up buried seed . formerly , much reforestation was attempted by direct seeding of clear - cut areas , but seed predation by deer mice and white - footed mice , and by other rodents and birds , caused frequent failure in the regeneration . for this reason , to reestablish douglas fir and other commercial timber species today , it is often necessary to hand - plant seedlings , despite the increased expense of this method .\nwhite - footed mice are capable of extremely fast reproduction , which means that a small problem becomes a major headache in surprisingly little time . if conditions are especially attractive to these rodents , then it is natural for even more families to be drawn to the structure . while property owners can take important steps like quickly cleaning up crumbs and any remains of food and sealing off potential entrances , it is nearly always necessary to seek professional rodent control to eradicate an infestation . having an inspection by an experienced professional is the best way to protect against a white - footed mouse infestation of your home or business . call newtown today to schedule a free rodent inspection ( 215 ) 579 - 7378 .\nwhite - footed mice also were the dominant species observed through camera monitoring ( 80 . 30 % of 66 identifiable observations ) . examination of historical trapping data ( edalgo and anderson 2007 ; edalgo et al . 2009 ) suggested that deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) were uncommon at the study site ; therefore , all peromyscus observed were recorded as white - footed mice . additional species included masked shrews ( 6 . 06 % ) , meadow voles ( 4 . 55 % ) , and eastern chipmunks ( 4 . 55 % ) .\nwhite - footed mice live are most abundant in warm , dry forests and brushlands at low to mid - elevations . they do , however , occur in a wide variety of habitats , from higher elevation forests to semi - desert . due to this adaptability , they also do well in suburban and agricultural settings . white - footed mice are the most abundant small rodent in mixed forests in the eastern united states and in brushy areas bordering agricultural lands . in the southern and western portions of their range , they are more restricted in distribution , occurring mainly in wooded areas and semi - desert scrub near waterways . in southern mexico , they occur mainly in agricultural areas . white - footed mice build nests in places that are warm and dry , such as a hollow tree or vacated bird ' s nest .\nthe deer mouse occupies nearly every type of habitat within its range , from forests to grasslands . it is the most widely distributed and abundant mammal in north america .\nwhite - footed mice range from 150 to 205 mm in total length , with their tail making up about one - third of that length . they weigh from 15 to 25 g . the fur on their back ranges from light brown to a more reddish brown , while the fur on their stomach and feet is white . their tails tend to be darker on the top and lighter on the bottom .\nanticoagulants . anticoagulant baits such as warfarin , diphacinone , chlorophacinone , brodifacoum , and bromadiolone are all quite effective on white - footed and deer mice , although they are not specifically registered for use on these species . brodifacoum and bromadiolone , unlike the other anticoagulants , may be effective in a single feeding . if baiting in and around structures is done for house mice in accordance with label directions , white - footed and deer mice usually will be controlled . no violation of pesticide laws should be involved since the \u201csite\u201d of bait application is the same .\nscientists say that white - footed mice are posing a particularly high risk to humans this year . a bountiful acorn harvest a couple of years ago gave them the sustenance needed to reproduce in greater numbers and climate change may be pushing them to expand their range toward the north .\nmore interestingly , scientists discovered a connection among acorn production , mouse population size and the number of blacklegged ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi , the bacterium that causes lyme disease .\nwhite - footed and deer mice are mostly nocturnal with a home range of 1 / 3 acre to 4 acres ( 0 . 1 to 1 . 6 ha ) or larger . a summer population density may reach a high of about 15 mice per acre ( 37 / ha ) .\nhome ranges of white - footed mice vary from 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 acres . density ranges from 4 to 12 mice per acre . the home range of males overlap with those of many females , providing access to potential mates . females are territorial during the breeding season .\nlackey , j . a . 1978b . geographic variation in habitat use by the whitefooted mouse , peromyscus leucopus . amer . midland nat . , 100 : 171 - 177 .\nwhite - footed mice are omnivorous . diet varies seasonally as well as geographically and may include seeds , berries , nuts , insects , grains , fruits , and fungi . because they do not hibernate , even in cold weather , in the fall they store seeds and nuts for the winter .\nschwan , tg , burgdorfer , w , schrumpf , me , karstens , rh . ( 1988 ) the urinary bladder , a consistent source of borrelia burgdorferi in experimentally infected white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) . j clin microbiol ; 26 : 893\u2013895 ( pdf , 4 pp ) .\nwhite - footed mice are efficient transmitters of lyme disease in the northeast . they infect up to 95 percent of the ticks that feed on them . but it ' s people who create the conditions for lyme outbreaks by building homes in the animals ' habitat . stephen reiss for npr hide caption\nboth white - footed and deer mice occasionally dig up and consume newly planted seeds in gardens , flowerbeds , and field borders . their excellent sense of smell makes them highly efficient at locating and digging up buried seed . formerly , much reforestation was attempted by direct seeding of clearcut areas , but seed predation by deer mice and white - footed mice , and by other rodents and birds , caused frequent failure in the regeneration . for this reason , to reestablish douglas fir and other commercial timber species today , it is often necessary to handplant seedlings , despite the increased expense of this method .\nhere ' s how it works : adult ticks , which mostly feed upon white - tailed deer , drop off and lay their eggs on the forest floor , jones said . the eggs hatch out the next year into larvae , which at that point are generally not infected by the bacteria that causes lyme disease . the larvae get infected when they feed on an animal that carries the bacteria , which is most often white - footed mice .\ncharne\u00e9 l . rose , philip j . turk , stephen m . selego , james t . anderson ; white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) select fruits of native species over invasive honeysuckle fruits , journal of mammalogy , volume 95 , issue 1 , 19 february 2014 , pages 108\u2013116 , urltoken\nperomyscus leucopus responds strongly to new objects placed within a familiar area , which may facilitate learning of new escape routes , feeding sites , nests , potential mates , and home - range areas . white - footed mice show weak neophobia , followed by neophilia that declines progressively ( sheppe , 1966 ) ."]}
{"id": 2426, "summary": [{"text": "allomerus decemarticulatus is an amazonian ant species found in the tropics of south america .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "this species is most notable for the workers \u2019 complex and extreme predatory behavior , which involves a symbiosis with both a plant and fungal species .", "topic": 19}, {"text": "they live in leaf pockets of a host plant species , hirtella physophora .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "these leaf pockets are areas inside of the plant between the leaves and the stem .", "topic": 11}, {"text": "each colony , which consists of about 1,200 workers , inhabits a single tree ; however , the ants are spread among the leaf pockets , with typically 40 workers per pocket .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "their diet primarily consists of large insects that are captured on the plant , but they also eat some kinds of food bodies produced by the plant as well as its nectar .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they are able to capture their prey , which is much larger than themselves , by constructing a platform that acts as a trap for the unsuspecting prey .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the ants hide in the trap and attack when any insect lands on it .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "this technique is an example of ambush predation . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "allomerus decemarticulatus", "paragraphs": ["the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see allomerus decemarticulatus for further details\nallomerus mayr , 1878 : 873 . type - species : allomerus decemarticulatus , by subsequent designation of wheeler , w . m . 1911f : 158 .\nallomerus mayr , 1878 : 873 . type species : allomerus decemarticulatus mayr , by subsequent designation of wheeler , w . m . 1911 : 158 .\nthe workers of allomerus decemarticulatus construct a trap for capturing prey that is built from plant material and fungi .\npalabras clave . allomerus , hormigas , formicidae , am\u00e9rica del sur , taxonom\u00eda .\ntable 1 . list of the allomerus species here recognized and their plant records .\nallomerus septemarticulatus mayr stat . rev . ( fig . 5 a , b )\nallomerus octoarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w ) ; forel , 1904 : 679 ( q , m ) ; wheeler g . c . & wheeler j . , 1955 : 125 ( l ) ; kempf 1972 : 19 ( revised status as species ) ; bolton 1995 : 61 ( catalogue ) . allomerus tuberculatus forel , 1912 : 2 ( w , m ) ; allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . tuberculatus : wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 . n . syn . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus : wheeler , w . m . , 1942 : 199 . allomerus octoarticulatus var . demerarae wheeler , w . m . in wheeler , g . c . , 1935 : 92 ( w , q , m ) ; allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . demerarae : wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 200 . n . syn . allomerus decemarticulatus novemarticulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann in wheeler , w . m . , 1942 : 199 ( w ) . n . syn . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . exanguis wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 200 [ unavailable name ] . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . angulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 [ unavailable name ] . allomerus decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . melanoticus : wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 202 [ unavailable name ] .\nallomerus octoarticulatus mayr ( figs . 4 a , b , c , d , e )\nallomerus septemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w ) ; forel , 1904 : 680 ( q ) ; allomerus octoarticulatus var . septemarticulatus : forel , 1904 : 680 ; allomerus octoarticulatus septemarticulatus : wheeler w . m . , 1942 : 203 ; bolton 1995 : 61 .\nthe resident allomerus decemarticulatus colonies were over - provisioned ( experimental trees ; open circles ; n = 31 ) or not ( control trees ; filled circles ; n = 41 ) ( means \u00b1 se ) .\nwheeler ( 1942 ) reports an a . decemarticulatus collection made on expanded hirtella peduncles and another ( probably ) on tococa or duroia , both from brazil . dejean et al . ( 2001 ) cite monogynous colonies of a . decemarticulatus in hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , with populations of more than 1 . 000 workers , which patrol leaves during the day , searching for prey . the allomerus material reported by kempf ( 1975 : 347 ) as a . decemarticulatus could be allomerus brevipilosus , if there is species fidelity to the associated plants .\nallomerus vogeli kempf , 1975 : 348 ( w , m ) ; bolton 1995 : 61 .\none amazon species ( allomerus decemarticulatus ) cooperatively builds extensive traps from plant fiber . these traps have many holes and , when an insect steps on one , hundreds of ants inside use the openings to seize it with their jaws .\nrelative operational taxonomic unit ( otu ) richness of bacterial phyla in cuticular microbiomes of allomerus and tetraponera ants . for allomerus , two proteobacteria otus that could not be assigned to a class were omitted from the analysis .\nwheeler ( 1942 ) reports an a . decemarticulatus collection made on expanded hirtella peduncles and another ( probably ) on tococa or duroia , both from brazil . dejean et al . ( 2001 ) cite monogynous colonies of a . decemarticulatus in hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , with populations of more than 1 . 000 workers , which patrol leaves during the day , searching for prey . the allomerus material reported by kempf ( 1975 : 347 ) as a . decemarticulatus could be a . brevipilosus , if there is species fidelity to the associated plants .\nfern\u00e1ndez , f . 2007a . the myrmicine ant genus allomerus mayr . caldasia . 29 : 159 - 175 . pdf\ntop image : a wasp tries to steal from an allomerus trap ( photo from de jean et al 2012 ) .\n. . . in the study area , plant individuals are mostly inhabited by a . decemarticulatus with a single mature colony per plant ( solano et al . , 2003 ) , although another allomerus species , a . octoarticulatus , can compete for the same host plant in a few locations . allomerus decemarticulatus is a strictly monogynous ant species ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . reproductive individuals are produced throughout the year , since there is no massive mating swarm ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . . . .\nfigure 5 . allomerus septemarticulatus . a , worker in lateral view ; b , queen in lateral view , wings omitted .\n3 . corbara b . 2005 . les pi\u00e9ges des fourmis allomerus . insectes 138 ( 3 ) : 15 - 17 .\ndejean et al . ( 2001 ) studied predatory behavior in allomerus decemarticulatus . more recently dejean et al . ( 2005 ) registered trap building behavior for the first time in this species . these structures seem to help ants catch prey , and was an unknown behavior in ants .\ndejean et al . ( 2001 ) studied predatory behavior in allomerus decemarticulatus . more recently dejean et al . ( 2005 ) registered trap building behavior for the first time in this species . these structures seem to help ants catch prey , and was an unknown behavior in ants .\n6 . dejean a . , p . j . solano , m . belin - depoux , p . cerdan & b . corbara . 2001 . predatory behavior of patrolling allomerus decemarticulatus workers ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) on their host plant . sociobiology 37 : 571 - 577 .\n. . . in the study area , plant individuals are almost exclusively inhabited by a . decemarticulatus with a single colony per plant ( solano et al . 2003 ) . moreover , a . decemarticulatus has never been found in association with another myrmecophyte ( grangier et al . 2009 ) . as in any other protective mutualism between ants and plants , a . decemarticulatus workers protect their host plant from defoliators , thus favouring its vegetative growth ( grangier et al . 2008 ; orivel et al . 2011 ) . . . .\nto summarize , we found z . annulosus only on pubescent plants , including the myrmecophyte h . physophora whether or not the plant was sheltering a mutualistic a . decemarticulatus colony . the plant is slightly protected from defoliators , while z . annulosus is aided throughout its entire development . the relationship between z . annulosus and a . decemarticulatus corresponds to the simple coexistence of two competitors sharing hunting areas , with z . annulosus individuals benefiting from enemy - free space thanks to the presence of plant trichomes protecting them from a . decemarticulatus attacks .\n. . . plant individuals are almost exclusively inhabited by the arboreal ant a . decemarticulatus with a single colony per plant ( solano et al . 2003 ) . moreover , a . decemarticulatus has never been found in association with another myrmecophyte species in the study area ( grangier et al . 2009 ) . as in any other protective mutualism between ants and plants , a . decemarticulatus workers protect their host plant from defoliators through their predatory behaviour ( dejean et al . 2001dejean et al . , 2005 grangier et al . 2008 ) . . . .\nthe ants , called allomerus decemarticulatus , live in trees in the amazon . their trap is made of natural plant hairs , some regurgitated goo , and a binding fungus that the ants , amazingly , appear to farm . it allows the ants to snag a meal , such as a large flying insect , that they otherwise could not handle .\n. . . allomerus decemarticulatus is a strictly monogynous ant species ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . reproductive individuals are produced throughout the year , since there is no massive mating swarm ( grangier et al . , 2009 ) . founding queens disperse by flying from their mother colony to search for an available host plant . . . .\nallomerus decemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w ) ; kempf , 1975 : 347 ( q ) . worker measurements ( n = 1 ) : hw 0 . 55 hl 0 . 58 , 0 . 60 sl 0 . 33 0 . 55 wl 0 . 58 gl 0 . 54 tl 2 . 20 ci 94 si 60 .\nwhen prey were placed on the stems , a . decemarticulatus workers were always the first to find and spread - eagle them ; z . annulosus nymphs never tried to feed on these prey .\n. . . ( chrysobalanaceae ) , and its obligatory ant partner , allomerus decemarticulatus mayr ( myrmicinae ) ( grangier et al . 2009 ) . previous studies on this association demonstrated a conflict between ant behaviour and host plant reproduction , resulting in very low fruit production ( orivel et al . 2011 ; mal\u00e9 et al . 2012 ) . . . .\nfive polymorphic microsatellite loci of the arboreal ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) were isolated and characterized . the amplification and polymorphism of seven additional microsatellite loci , previously developed for the ant species a . octoarticulatus and wasmannia auropunctata , were also tested and the amplification conditions necessary for genotyping the complete set of 12 multiplexed markers in a . decemarticulatus determined . the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 15 and observed heterozygosity varied from 0 . 09 to 0 . 95 . cross - species amplification of these loci was also successfully achieved in additional species of the same ant subfamily , myrmicinae . this set of microsatellite markers will be used in studies on the mating system and population genetic structure of myrmicinae in general and a . decemarticulatus in particular .\nfive polymorphic microsatellite loci of the arboreal ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) were isolated and characterized . the amplification and polymorphism of seven additional microsatellite loci , previously developed for the ant species a . octoarticulatus and wasmannia auropunctata , were also tested and the amplification conditions necessary for genotyping the complete set of 12 multiplexed markers in a . decemarticulatus determined . the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 15 and observed heterozygosity varied from 0 . 09 to 0 . 95 . cross - species amplification of these loci was also successfully achieved in additional species of the same ant subfamily , myrmicinae . this set of microsatellite markers will be used in studies on the mating system and population genetic structure of myrmicinae in general and a . decemarticulatus in particular .\n16 . wheeler g . c . 1935 . the larva of allomerus ( hym . : formicidae ) . psyche 42 ( 2 ) : 92 - 98 .\nalthough associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism , their functioning remains incompletely understood . this field study examined the ant - plant hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate allomerus decemarticulatus . we formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association : ( 1 ) ant . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . all allomerus species are specialist plant - ants inhabiting a variety of myrmecophytic hosts ( fernandez 2007 ) . in the study area , the plants are mostly inhabited by a . decemarticulatus with a single mature colony per plant ( grangier et al . 2009 ) , although another allomerus species , a . octoarticulatus , can compete for the same host plant in a few sites . the ants provide their host plant with protection from phytophagous insects , thus favouring its vegetative growth ( grangier et al . 2008a ; orivel et al . 2011 ) . . . .\nbolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 208 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )\nthe tree is home to ants called allomerus decemarticulatus , which defend it from hungry insects . in return , the tree provides the ants with leaf pouches and swollen thorns as shelter , and feeds them with nectar and sugary nodules . these food sources are rich in carbohydrates but low in proteins . to supplement their diets , the ants need flesh , and they get it by shaping the tree into traps .\nthe trap ant , allomerus decemarticulatus , is a small , unassuming south american insect , staying out of sight much of the time in nest pouches among the branches of the tree , hirtella physophora . in this arboreal environment animal prey can be hard to come by . any substantial insect the ants would dearly love to get their mandibles into can simply relinquish its grip on the tree and fall or fly to safety .\nbackground and aims : the plant hirtella physophora , the ant allomerus decemarticulatus and a fungus , trimmatostroma sp . , form a tripartite association . the ants manipulate both the plant trichomes and the fungus to build galleries under the stems of their host plant used to capture prey . in addition to its structural role , the fungus also improves nutrient uptake by the host plant . but it . . . [ show full abstract ]\nallomerus decemarticulatus - trap - making . . . actual production of the trap occurs by first cutting plant hairs ( trichomes ) from a narrow vertical stretch of the stem outside of the domatia . . . and regurgitate the mold that acts as a paste and holds the trichomes together . . . this mold will continue to grow in between the trichomes and around the holes to fill out and reinforce the structure . . .\ntop 5 frightening insects you think insects are just little harmless nuisances ? then you need to be filled in on these top 5 scary insects , that either inflict unbearable pain or chase you half a mile . allomerus decemarticulatus closeup picture : april nobile , urltoken allomerus decemarticulatus trapping insect picture by alain degean gun picture : urltoken didier descouens , smartse & hans hillewaert for the bullet ant pictures japanese giant hornet pics by kenpei . music used : dance of the pixies by jens kiilstofte urltoken licensed under creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international ( urltoken )\nvolatile reaction\nkevin macleod ( incompetech . com ) licensed under creative commons : by attribution 3 . 0 urltoken make sure to subscribe if you want another top 5 every week ! and leave suggestions down below for what should be next ! if you do you might be put in the next video !\notus comprise pyrotags sharing \u226597 % nucleotide identity . hpad , hirtella - hosted a . decemarticulatus ; cnao , cordia - hosted a . octoarticulatus ; hpao , hirtella - hosted a . octoarticulatus ; avg , average ; sterr , standard error .\nfigure s1 . rarefaction curves ( 97 % shared identity ) for allomerus ( hpao station , hpad station , cnao station ) and tetraponera ( ngong hills , kitengela , mpala road ) ant samples .\nbolton , b . 1994 . identification guide to the ant genera of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 222 pp . ( page 106 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )\njaffe , k . 1993 . el mundo de las hormigas . baruta , venezuela : equinoccio ( ediciones de la universidad sim\u00f3n bol\u00edvar ) , 188 pp . ( page 10 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )\nwheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 140 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )\nallomerus brevipilosus n . sp . ( w ) brazil . a . decemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w , q ) brazil , french guiana . a . dentatus n . sp . ( w ) venezuela . a . maietae n . sp . ( w ) brazil . a . octoarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w , q , m ) brazil , bolivia , colombia , french guiana , per\u00fa . = a . tuberculatus forel , 1912 : 2 ( w , m ) . n . syn . = a . octoarticulatus var . demerarae wheeler , w . m . in wheeler , g . c . , 1935 : 92 ( w , q , m ) . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . demerarae : wheeler , 1942 : 200 . = a . novemarticulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann in wheeler , w . m . , 1942 : 199 ( w ) . n . syn . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . exanguis wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 200 . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . angulatus wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . tuberculatus : wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 201 . = a . decemarticulatus octoarticulatus var . melanoticus wheeler , w . m . & mann , in wheeler , w . m . 1942 : 202 . a . septemarticulatus mayr , 1878 : 874 ( w , q ) brazil . status rev . a . undecemarticulatus n . sp . ( w ) venezuela . a . vogeli kempf , 1975 : 348 ( w , m ) . venezuela , brazil .\nthis specimen is very similar to what is here described as an a . decemarticulatus queen , although the virtual lack of erect pilosity raises attention . there are short hairs on the head , propodeum and ventral surface of the gaster , but the rest of the body can be considered as glabrous . taking into account both queens ( one described above ) which were seen and referred to this species , plus the data provided by kempf ( 1975 : 347 ) , it can certainly be established that the a . decemarticulatus queen has moderate to dense pilosity . the glabrous queen collected in an a . decemarticulatus nest provides the bases to speculate about polygyny or symbiotic processes ( parasitism ) mentioned by h\u00f6lldobler and wilson ( 1990 ) . this interesting finding will be explored in further publications .\nmal\u00e9 , p . g . , loiseau , a . , estoup , a . , quilichini , a . , & orivel , j . ( 2010 ) . characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the neotropical plant - ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) and multiplexing with other microsatellites from the ant subfamily myrmicinae . eur . j . entomol . , 107 ( 4 ) , 673 - 675 . doi : 10 . 14411 / eje . 2010 . 074 .\nforel , a . 1895b . a fauna das formigas do brazil . bol . mus . para . hist . nat . ethnogr . 1 : 89 - 139 ( page 125 , allomerus in myrmicinae , myrmicini )\nforel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 243 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )\nh\u00f6lldobler , b . ; wilson , e . o . 1990 . the ants . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , xii + 732 pp . ( page 16 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )\nillustration of the presence of z . annulosus as a function of the presence of allomerus decemarticulatus and the mean number of leaves ( \u00b1se ) of h . physophora . presence of z . annulosus ( filled circle ) , absence ( empty circle ) . glm : factors ants : ns ; size : ns ; leaves : p < 0 . 01 ; ants - size interaction : ns ; leaves - size interaction : ns ; ants - leaves interaction : p < 0 . 01 .\nin the understory of pristine guianese forests , the myrmecophyte hirtella physophora almost exclusively shelters colonies of the plant - ant allomerus decemarticulatus in its leaf pouches . we experimentally tested three non - mutually exclusive hypotheses concerning phenomena that can determine the species specificity of this association throughout the foundation stage of the colonies : ( 1 ) interspecific competition results in the overwhelming presence of a . decemarticulatus queens or incipient colonies ; ( 2 ) exclusion filters prevent other ant species from entering the leaf pouches ; and ( 3 ) host - recognition influences the choice of founding queens , especially a . decemarticulatus . neither interspecific competition , nor the purported exclusion filters that we examined play a major role in maintaining the specificity of this association . unexpectedly , the plant trichomes lining the domatia appear to serve as construction material during claustral foundation rather than as a filter . finally , a . decemarticulatus queens are able to identify their host plant from a distance through chemical and / or visual cues , which is rarely demonstrated in studies on obligatory ant\u2013plant associations . we discuss the possibility that this specific host - recognition ability could participate in shaping a compartmentalized plant - ant community where direct competition between ant symbionts is limited . \u00a9 2009 the linnean society of london , biological journal of the linnean society , 2009 , 97 , 90\u201397 .\nallomerus samples were collected in french guiana from three inland sites , basevie , area 9 , and area 24 , which all are close to the field station at barrage de petit saut . hirtella - hosted a . decemarticulatus colonies ( hpad ) were sampled as well as cordia - hosted a . octoarticulatus colonies ( cnao ) and hirtella - hosted a . octoarticulatus ( hpao ) colonies . five worker ants from each of the hpad , cnao , and hpao samples were pooled and stored in 1 ml of 20 % glycerol at \u221220\u00b0c , until processing . allomerus decemarticulatus and a . octoarticulatus ants were distinguished morphologically by counting the number of antennal segments of representative worker ants under a stereomicroscope , 10 for a . decemarticulatus and eight for a . octoarticulatus . tetraponera penzigi workers were provided by naomi e . pierce ( harvard , u . s . a . ) and were sampled from kitengela ( s1 o 23\u2032526\u2032\u2032 e36 o 49\u2032108\u2032\u2032 ) and ngong hills ( s1 o 26\u2032946\u2032\u2032 e36 o 38\u2032358\u2032\u2032 ) from southern kenya ( near nairobi ) , as well as mpala road ( n0 o 32\u2032 e36 o 42\u2032 ) from central kenya ( laikipia district ) . an average of five worker ants were collected from each colony and were preserved in 1 ml of 20 % glycerol .\n. . . this third partner , an ascomycota from the order chaetothyriales , therefore serves a structural purpose . allomerus decemarticulatus also supply their host tree with nutrients via the walls of the domatia and the fungus with wastes , whilst the fungus , in turn , also provides the host plant with nutrients [ 19 , 26 ] . finally , the workers partially castrate their host plant by cutting and chewing both the sterile and fertile parts of the flower buds [ 24 , 27 ] . . . .\ncomments . although there are no phylogenetic studies for tribe solenopsidini , allomerus seems to be a monophyletic genus . the clypeal configuretion and the constriction in the proximal base of each antennal club segment seem to be unique characteristics within the solenopsidini ( bolton 1987 ) . the clypeus , which is broadly inserted between the frontal antennal lobes , contradicts the tribal characterization ( except for diplomorium and allomerus , the remaining tribe members possess a narrow insertion , making the carinae close together ) . as bolton ( 1987 ) points out , the clypeal configuretion in allomerus can be a plesiomorphic condition or a secondary broadening . for now , neither of the explanations can be stated as more valid than the other .\nmayr , g . 1878 [ 1877 ] . formiciden gesammelt in brasilien von professor trail . verh . k - k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 27 : 867 - 878 ( page 873 , allomerus as genus )\ndalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 78 , allomerus in myrmicinae )\nwe also noted what kinds of interactions occurred between z . annulosus and a . decemarticulatus workers . during observations conducted prior to this study , we verified if one of the species preyed on the other . we then verified if they competed for prey by conducting experiments where we placed live nasutitermes sp . termite workers at three different places on a plant sheltering both an a . decemarticulatus colony and z . annulosus second or third instar nymphs . ( 1 ) we dropped a termite from ca . 5 cm in height onto the centre of the upper surface of the leaves where a z . annulosus was hunting . ( 2 ) we then dropped a termite near the domatia where workers were much more numerous . ( 3 ) finally , using forceps and selecting an internode situated above a leaf on which a z . annulosus was hunting , we placed the prey on the side of the stem without the trap built by a . decemarticulatus workers . each time we noted whether a z . annulosus or an a . decemarticulatus worker caught the prey first and verified if the other tried to rob the prey , or if they shared it . fifty replicates were conducted in each case .\nwhen prey were dropped near the domatia , a . decemarticulatus and z . annulosus caught them first 20 and 30 times , respectively ( fisher ' s exact - test : p = 0 . 07 ) . when the ants caught the prey first , z . annulosus nymphs approached the domatia in five cases out of 20 , extending their rosters toward the prey , but finally gave up and moved further away . the a . decemarticulatus workers never reacted when the z . annulosus nymphs caught the prey first , allowing the nymphs to move slowly toward the centre of the leaves to eat the prey .\nthe allomerus decemarticulatus species is native to the tropics of south america . they are featured on this list because of their unique way of ambushing unwary giant insects . amazonian ants use a particular kind of fungus that they grow themselves \u2013 it\u2019s never present in stems that weren\u2019t touched by these ants . when the unsuspecting insect lands on a stem full of those trap holes , the predator insects swoop in and catch it with their mandibles . then , they slowly drag the captive to a leaf pouch , where they tear their prey apart . ouch .\nthe neotropical myrmicine ant genus allomerus mayr is revised . the genus is apparently monophyletic based on the antennal club configuretion . i recognize 8 species ( 4 described as new ) : allomerus brevipilosus n . sp . ( brazil ) , a . decemarticulatus mayr ( brazil , french guiana ) , a . dentatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) , a . maietae n . sp . ( brazil ) , a . octoarticulatus mayr ( = a . tuberculatus forel n . syn . = a . octoarticulatus var . demerarae w . m . wheeler n . syn . = a . novemarticulatus wheeler & mann n . syn . [ brazil , bolivia , colombia , french guiana , peru ] ) , a . septemarticulatus mayr status rev . ( brazil ) , a . undecemarticulatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) and a . vogeli kempf ( venezuela , brazil ) . better knowledge of the taxonomy of allomerus is needed to understand the apparently sporadic differences in antennal flagellomere number and speciation processes that are probably linked to plant cavity colonization .\nemery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 769 , allomerus in myrmicinae , myrmicini )\nthe plant hirtella physophora , the ant allomerus decemarticulatus and a fungus , trimmatostroma sp . , form a tripartite association . the ants manipulate both the plant trichomes and the fungus to build galleries under the stems of their host plant used to capture prey . in addition to its structural role , the fungus also improves nutrient uptake by the host plant . but it still remains unclear whether the fungus plays an indirect or a direct role in transferring nutrients to the plant . this study aimed to trace the transfer of n from the fungus to the plant ' s stem tissue .\namong those plants on which we observed z . annulosus was hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , a myrmecophyte that specifically houses colonies of the plant - ant allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) in pouches situated at the base of the leaf lamina , and provides them with extrafloral nectar . the workers of this species forage for prey on the host plant foliage and build gallery - shaped traps to capture large insects [ 24 ] , [ 25 ] . therefore , in the case of h . physophora , two predators seem to share a limited territory represented by the plant ' s foliage .\nfigure 7 . allomerus vogeli . a , worker in lateral view ; b , worker head in full face view ; c , male head in full face view ; d , male front wing . redrawn from kempf 1975 : 349 , figures 1 - 4 .\nse ofrece una revisi\u00f3n de las hormigas myrmicinae del g\u00e9nero allomerus mayr . este es un g\u00e9nero aparentemente monofil\u00e9tico debido a la configureci\u00f3n de la maza antenal . se reconocen ocho species ( cuatro nuevas ) : allomerus brevipilosus n . sp . ( brasil ) , a . decemarticulatus mayr ( brasil , guayana francesa ) , a . dentatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) , a . maietae n . sp . ( brasil ) , a . octoarticulatus mayr ( = a . tuberculatus forel n . syn . = a . octoarticulatus var . demerarae w . m . wheeler n . syn . = a . novemarticulatus wheeler & mann n . syn . [ brasil , bolivia , colombia , guayana francesa , per\u00fa ] ) , a . septemarticulatus mayr status rev . ( brasil ) , a . undecemarticulatus n . sp . ( venezuela ) y a . vogeli kempf ( venezuela , brasil ) . se necesita saber m\u00e1s de la taxonom\u00eda y la biolog\u00eda de allomerus para entender las diferencias aparentemente espor\u00e1dicas en el n\u00famero de segmentos de las antenas y los procesos de especiaci\u00f3n ligados a la colonizaci\u00f3n de partes internas de las plantas .\nwe focused this study on hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) that houses colonies of allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) in pouches situated at the base of the leaf lamina ( fig . 1 ) and provides them with extrafloral nectar . workers build galleries under the stems of their host - plants that serve as traps to capture insects of up to 1800 times the weight of a worker ( fig . 1 ; [ 25 ] ) . to build these galleries , the workers first cut plant trichomes along the stems , clearing a path ; then , using uncut trichomes as pillars , they build the vault of the galleries by binding together the cut trichomes with the mycelium of a fungus that they manipulate [ 25 ] . this third partner , an ascomycota from the order chaetothyriales , therefore serves a structural purpose . allomerus decemarticulatus also supply their host tree with nutrients via the walls of the domatia and the fungus with wastes , whilst the fungus , in turn , also provides the host plant with nutrients [ 19 ] , [ 26 ] . finally , the workers partially castrate their host plant by cutting and chewing both the sterile and fertile parts of the flower buds [ 24 ] , [ 27 ] .\ncomments . allomerus maietae is distinguished from the rest of the species by the shape of the mesosomal profile in lateral view ( fig . 3 ) , where the weakly convex promesonotum passes smoothly into the propodeum , which is slightly concave . the propodeal spiracle is very high . the body hairs are longer than in any other allomerus species , as well as the clypeal hairs , where the medial hair reaches half of the mandibularl length . the intermediate antennal flagelomeres are relatively slender . the type specimen was captured in maieta neblinensis in the amazon .\nashmead , w . h . 1905c . a skeleton of a new arrangement of the families , subfamilies , tribes and genera of the ants , or the superfamily formicoidea . can . entomol . 37 : 381 - 384 ( page 383 , allomerus in myrmicinae , stenammini )\ninsect fungiculture is practiced by ants , termites , beetles , and gall midges and it has been suggested to be widespread among plant\u2013ants . some of the insects engaged in fungiculture , including attine ants and bark beetles , are known to use symbiotic antibiotic - producing actinobacteria to protect themselves and their fungal cultivars against infection . in this study , we analyze the bacterial communities on the cuticles of the plant\u2013ant genera allomerus and tetraponera using deep sequencing of 16s rrna . allomerus ants cultivate fungus as a building material to strengthen traps for prey , while tetraponera ants cultivate fungus as a food source . we report that allomerus and tetraponera microbiomes contain > 75 % proteobacteria and remarkably the bacterial phyla that dominate their cuticular microbiomes are very similar despite their geographic separation ( south america and africa , respectively ) . notably , antibiotic - producing actinomycete bacteria represent a tiny fraction of the cuticular microbiomes of both allomerus and tetraponera spp . and instead they are dominated by \u03b3 - proteobacteria erwinia and serratia spp . both these phyla are known to contain antibiotic - producing species which might therefore play a protective role in these ant\u2013plant systems .\nwheeler , w . m . 1911g . a list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of formicidae . ann . n . y . acad . sci . 21 : 157 - 175 ( page 158 , type - species : allomerus decearticulatus ; by subsequent designation )\nettershank , g . 1966 . a generic revision of the world myrmicinae related to solenopsis and pheidologeton ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . aust . j . zool . 14 : 73 - 171 ( page 111 , review of genus ; page 81 , allomerus in myrmicinae , megalomyrmex genus group )\n. . . these treelets have longlived leaves that bear a pair of leaf - domatia at the base of each lamina . the domatia differ both morphologically and anatomically from the lamina ( leroy et al . 2008 ) . in the study area , h . physophora is strictly associated with the plant\u2013ant a . decemarticulatus ( myrmici - nae ) . . . .\n5 . debout g . , r . pereyra , b . c . emerson y d . w . yu . 2005 . characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the castration parasite plant - ant allomerus octoarticulatus cf . demerarae ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) . molecular ecology notes 6 : 182 - 184 .\nemery , c . 1914e . intorno alla classificazione dei myrmicinae . rend . sess . r . accad . sci . ist . bologna cl . sci . fis . ( n . s . ) 18 : 29 - 42 ( page 41 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini [ subtribe monomoriini ] )\nseveral allomerus specimens with new name labels were found in the mzsp , but it was impossible to establish the origin of these names , as no one else is actually working on the revision of the genus ( brand\u00e3o , personal communication ) ; some of these names are used in the present paper .\nalthough most classifications place allomerus in the tribe solenopsidini ( h\u00f6lldobler & wilson 1990 , bolton 1987 , 2003 ) , this genus ( and the old world diplomorium ) do not fit the tribal diagnosis offered by bolton ( 1987 , 2003 ) . bolton ( 1987 ) suggests diplomorium ( monotypic genus known from south africa ) as the genus closest to allomerus , especially based on its clypeal configuretion . if this sister group relation is shown to be true , it might be a biogeographical distribution to be studied carefully , because no known group of sister ant taxa possesses such distribution that joins the amazon valley with south africa .\nallomerus octoarticulatus may be a species complex . it is not possible to be sure as no types of the subspecies or varieties linked to this named were seen except for those of allomerus demerarae . i decided that the subspecies or varieties should be placed as octoarticulatus synonyms , due to the following reasons : the observation of allomerus demerarae cotypes ( lacm ) and the a . tuberculatus forel paratype picture ( mcz webpage ) shows that the only difference between these ants and the a . octoarticulatus concept is based upon differences in the propodeum . in a . demerarae the propodeum is slightly longer , and in a . angulatus and a . tuberculatus it is slightly angulate . the allomerus tuberculatus paratype photograph ( mcz webpage ) shows no signs of the tubercles mentioned by wheeler ( 1942 ) when referring to this variety . from the observed material it can be said that a gradation exists in terms of propodeal shape , from convex without angles and teeth , to highly angulate ( in lateral view ) . on the other hand the posterior and basal propodeal faces can be simple or with a pair of lateral carinae . in the few observed females and the observations made by wheeler ( 1942 ) , it seems that the propodeum is also variable , from rounded and continuous to toothed , with the female in an intermediate condition . i prefer to interpret these observations in the sense of allomerus octoarticulatus as a variable species . it is possible that it is really a complex with several species , but this can only be determined with more material and the observation of types .\nlittle is known about the aggressiveness of plant - ants typically living in isolated trees nor about how that aggressiveness varies based on this isolation . here , we examine intra - and interspecific aggressiveness between workers of two allomerus species associated with two different myrmecophytes . in both cases , the level of intraspecific aggressiveness is very low whatever the distance separating the tested nests , while interspecific conflicts are always violent . similar patterns of aggressiveness have been reported in various ant species , but the strictly arboreal life of allomerus ants associated with the isolation of their adult colonies highlight different ecological conditions that might explain the lack of aggressiveness between conspecifics .\nit is something manufactured by the ants from elements coming from the plant and the environment ,\nhe said in an email interview .\ncontrary to social spiders which are also collectively building a trap ( their web ) from the silk they produce , the trap of allomerus is made from external products .\nwheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 663 , allomerus in myrmicinae , solenopsidini )\nwhen z . annulosus nymphs moved from one leaf to another they walked on the upper part of the stems , avoiding putting their legs on the trap where a . decemarticulatus workers ambushed in a group . nevertheless , there were exceptions as five first and second instar nymphs were captured , meaning that exceptionally small z . annulosus nymphs can be caught despite the care they take to avoid the traps .\nonly otus comprising \u22651 % relative pyrotag abundance are shown . also shown is the average percent abundance ( avg ) and standard error ( sterr ) of taxa . taxonomy at the level of class is shown for proteobacteria . otu , operational taxonomic unit ; hpad , hirtella - hosted a . decemarticulatus ; cnao , cordia - hosted a . octoarticulatus ; hpao , hirtella - hosted a . octoarticulatus .\nfigure s1 . photographs of the reproductive parts of hirtella physophora during the different stages of anthesis and fruiting . ( a ) flower buds are segregated on fasciculate racemous inflorescences ; ( b ) as the flower opens , the stamens and the style progressively uncoil ; ( c ) flowers are characterized by a pentamerous perianth with five pale pink to white petals alternating with the sepal . allomerus decemarticulatus workers can be observed foraging at the mouth of the floral cup ; ( d ) once the flowers are completely open , the stigma from one flower is several centimetres away from that flower\u2019s anthers , but can be very close to the anthers of another flower ; ( e - f ) the fruit is a fleshy drupe . ( jpeg 4670 kb )\nfigure 4 . allomerus octoarticulatus . a , worker in lateral view ; b , worker head in full face view ; c , queen in lateral view , wings omitted ; d , queen head in full face view ; e , male head in full face view . fig . 4e redrawn from kempf 1975 : 349 , figure 5 .\nthis species has been collected on hirtella myrmecophila ( mzsp ) , leaf cavities in remijia physophora , beneath leaves and caulinar cavities in tocota setifera pilger in brazil , and caulinar cavities in cordia hispidissima in bolivia ( wheeler 1942 ) . debout et al . ( 2005 ) isolated 15 a . octoarticulatus ( cf . demerarae ) microsatelites , obtaining high intrapopulation variation , results that are also likely for a . decemarticulatus .\ndebout g . d . g . , pereyra r . , emerson b . c . & yu d . w . 2006 : characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the castration parasite plant - ant allomerus octoarticulatus cf . demerarae ( formicidae : myrmicinae ) . mol . ecol . notes 6 : 182 - 184 go to original source . . .\nthe diversity of proteobacteria within allomerus and tetraponera cuticular microbiomes . ( a and c ) relative abundance of pyrotags from proteobacterial classes ; ( b and d ) relative abundance of operational taxonomic units ( otus ) ( 97 % identity ) from proteobacterial classes . the distribution and average relative abundance of proteobacteria pyrotags and otus is enumerated in table s1 .\n. . . hirtella physophora is an understorey myrmecophytic shrub whose ant - domatia consist of two leaf pouches situated at the base of the leaf blade , on both sides of the petiole . the leaf blades bear extra - floral nectaries on their abaxial surface ( leroy et al . 2008 ) . in french guiana , h . physophora is specifically associated with the plant ant a . decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) . . . .\nbolton , b . 1987 . a review of the solenopsis genus - group and revision of afrotropical monomorium mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . bull . br . mus . ( nat . hist . ) entomol . 54 : 263 - 452 ( page 282 , review of genus ; page 271 , allomerus in myrmicinae , in solenopsis genus group )\ndlussky , g . m . ; fedoseeva , e . b . 1988 . origin and early stages of evolution in ants . pp . 70 - 144 in : ponomarenko , a . g . ( ed . ) cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution . moskva : nauka , 232 pp . ( page 80 , allomerus in myrmicinae , megalomyrmecini )\nin the case of allomerus novemarticulatus , it has been synonymized with a . octoarticulatus for many reasons . in the first place , no 9 - segmented antennae have been seen in workers . there is an a . octoarticulatus worker in which the left antennae seems to be 9 - segmented , but the specimen\u2019s level of conservation does not permit verification . on the other hand , wheeler ( 1942 : 199 ) observed that a . novemarticulatus is almost identical to a . octoarticulatus , except for the 9 antennal segments . it is better to leave this species as conspecific with a . octoarticulatus until better material is available and ensures the existence of an independent allomerus species that actually possesses 9 antennal segments .\nwhen termite prey were experimentally placed onto the centre of the leaves , z . annulosus nymphs always detected them first , captured them and fed on them , while a . decemarticulatus workers never tried to rob these prey . if a patrolling worker arrived by chance , the z . annulosus only lifted the prey with its rostrum , avoiding any contact between the prey and the ant ( n = 17 cases out of 50 ) .\n. . . these treelets have long - lived leaves that bear extraxoral nectaries and a pair of pouches at the base of each lamina . the leaf pouches that shelter ant colonies , diver both morphologically and anatomically from the lamina ( leroy et al . 2008 ) . each h . physophora is almost always associated with a . decemarticulatus ( 99 % of the inhabited plants , the remaining being inhabited by crematogaster sp . . . .\nrelative pyrotag abundance of phyla in cuticular microbiomes of allomerus and tetraponera ants . the cuticles of both ant genera are dominated by proteobacteria . we also report the average relative abundance \u00b1 the standard error for each phyla observed . for the tetraponera graph , cyanobacteria and candidate phylum tm7 are not shown but are present in average abundances of < 0 . 01 % .\nallomerus samples were collected in french guiana and tetraponera samples were collected in kenya ( see materials and methods ) . bacteria were washed off from ant cuticles using sterile 20 % glycerol and bacterial dna was extracted and used as template for pcr with universal primers gray28f and gray519r ( materials and methods ) . the 16s amplicons that resulted were 454 - pyrosequenced with a gs flx sequencer ( roche ) using the gs flx titanium series chemistry kit . sequence data were quality filtered and taxonomy was assigned using the quantitative insights into microbial ecology ( qiime ) software package ( caporaso et al . 2010b ) . in total , 16 , 427 pyrotags ( allomerus ) and 8388 pyrotags ( tetraponera ) passed quality filtering and were assigned taxonomy .\nthere is another queen from french guiana , petit - saut collected by b . corbara and coworkers in june 9th , 2000 ( no . 5299 , deposited in ceplac ) and with a label that states \u201cdans nid allomerus 10 - articulatus / hirtella 4\u201d . it is a dealate female and was collected in an apparently normal nest in terms of the population , including the queen itself .\nproportion of trees bearing zelus annulosus in each category . n = number of plants observed ; different letters indicate significant differences at p < 0 . 01 ( fisher\u2019s exact - tests and the sequential bonferroni procedure ) . the four cordia nodosa and the tococa guianensis sheltering z . annulosus were occupied by allomerus octoarticulatus and crematogaster laevis , respectively , while the other treelets sheltered azteca spp . colonies .\n( a ) leaves bear leaf pouches ( left arrow ) at the base of their laminas . allomerus decemarticulatus workers capture a green locust thanks to their trap : a gallery made using severed host plant trichomes and the mycelium of an astomycota fungus that the ants manipulate to create a composite material pierced by numerous holes ( from under which the workers ambush prey ) . a wasp is seen robbing a piece of the locust abdomen ; the wasp was also captured in turn as was the red reduviid ( right arrow ) . ( b ) at the distal position of the branch , flowers are segregated on racemous inflorescences at different stages of maturation from flower buds to fully open flowers . ( c ) development of young , green ( i . e . unripe ) drupes . ( d ) a dark purple ( i . e . ripe ) drupe . scale bars represent 1 cm .\ngiven that we previously isolated six actinobacterial species from allomerus ants ( one amycolatopsis spp . and five streptomyces spp . ) and four of the isolates produced antifungal compounds ( seipke et al . 2012c ) , it is somewhat surprising that antibiotic - producing actinobacteria are not abundant on allomerus ants . additionally , even though our sampling suggested the absence of antibiotic - producing actinobacteria within the cuticular microbiome of tetraponera ants , we could readily isolate antibiotic - producing actinobacteria from the ants used in this study , including three streptomyces spp . and three saccharopolyspora spp , five of which have antifungal activity ( table s2 ) . in fact , this highlights the caution with which culture - dependent studies should be treated as our own approach was biased toward the selective isolation of actinomycetes , which have a \u201chairy\u201d colony morphology due to their filamentous growth and are easy to identify by eye on agar plates . the culture - independent data suggests that filamentous actinomycete bacteria have a rare abundance on allomerus and tetraponera spp . as most of the species observed in culturing studies were not detected by deep sequencing the same samples ( materials and methods ) . as noted above , however , it is likely we under - sampled rare bacterial genera .\nthe assumption that z . annulosus is able to coexist with a . decemarticulatus raises questions about the nature of the biological interactions between z . annulosus , understory plants and ants patrolling their foliage for prey [ 26 ] . in general , these plants benefit from the presence of ants that patrol their foliage , and prey on herbivorous insects . the relationship is mutualistic when the plants reward the ants with sugary substances and / or shelter for the colony ( as is the case for myrmecophytes ) .\nallomerus workers hide in the galleries with their heads just under the holes , mandibles wide open , seemingly waiting for an insect to land ,\nthe scientists write .\nto kill the insect , they grasp its free legs , antennae or wings , and move in and out of holes in opposite directions until the prey is progressively stretched against the gallery and swarms of workers can sting it .\npublished information on the maximum size and weight of the prey captured by arboreal ants is sparse . oecophylla longinoda workers can capture large insects 20 to 50 times their weight , with this ratio exceptionally reaching 580 for a small bird captured and transported after it had fallen to the ground [ 22 ] . allomerus workers use their gallery - shaped trap to capture insects up to 1800 times their weight [ 16 ] .\nin the original description , kempf ( 1975 ) mentions that the a . vogeli worker possesses 9 flagelomeres , sometimes 10 due to the division of segments 2 or 3 , the worker ( figure 1 in kempf 1975 ) has 11 segments as a total . allomerus vogeli , a . dentatus and a . maietae share in the possession of a propodeal tooth or spine , which separates them from the rest of the species that belong to the genus . allomerus vogeli is distinguished from a . dentatus ( the closest related species according to morphological traits ) because of the position of the propodeal spiracle that in a . dentatus is closer to the propodeal spine than in a . vogeli . this species is known from merc\u00e9s , rio negro , amazonas , brazil ; the type material was collected in myrmidone macrosperma ( kempf 1975 ) .\nant - fungus associations are well known from attine ants , whose nutrition is based on a symbiosis with basidiomycete fungi . otherwise , only a few non - nutritional ant - fungus associations have been recorded to date . here we focus on one of these associations involving allomerus plant - ants that build galleried structures on their myrmecophytic hosts in order to ambush prey . we show that this . . . [ show full abstract ]\nallomerus plant associations are of high biological interest . table 1 shows the species list and associated plants based on literature and specimen labels . surely , more field collections will be needed before establishing the exclusiveness of some ants to certain plants . additional information and taxonomically well defined species will result in further symbiosis and coevolutionary studies , as those dealing with the crematogaster and macaranga association in asia ( itino et al . 2001 ) .\nmyrmecophytism occurs in plants that offer ants a nesting space and , often , food rewards in exchange for protection from predators and competitors . such biotic protection by ants can , however , interfere with the activity of pollinators leading to potential negative consequences for the plant\u2019s reproduction . in this study , we focused on the association between the understory myrmecophyte , hirtella physophora ( chrysobalanaceae ) , and its obligate ant partner , allomerus decemarticulatus ( myrmicinae ) . we investigated the reproductive biology of h . physophora and the putative mechanisms that may limit ant\u2013pollinator conflict . our results show that h . physophora is an obligate outcrosser , self - incompatible , and potentially insect - pollinated species . the reproduction of h . physophora relies entirely on pollen transfer by pollinators that are likely quite specific . potential interference between flower - visiting insects during pollination may also be lessened by a spatial and temporal segregation of ant and pollinator activities , thus enabling pollen transfer and fruit production ."]}
{"id": 2427, "summary": [{"text": "the cuban funnel-eared bat ( chilonatalus micropus ) is a species of bat in the family natalidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it is one of two species within the genus chilonatalus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in colombia , cuba , the dominican republic , haiti , and jamaica . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "cuban funnel - eared bat", "paragraphs": [", cuban funnel - eared bats . however , bahaman funnel - eared bats are slightly larger than\nthe expedition gave a great insight into techniques used to study the cuban greater funnel - eared bat and also shaped invaluable relationships with local collaborators and helped to identify new prospective edge fellows .\nthe mexican funnel - eared bat is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nnothing is known of the longevity / lifespan of bahaman funnel - eared bats .\nthis cave provides the hot , humid conditions apparently needed for breeding and is 40\u00b0c in the deepest chamber ! it\u2019s home to cuban boas , giant crabs and 13 species of bat , but the cuban greater funnel - eared bat is special as it\u2019s only found in this one cave , it\u2019s evolutionarily unique and is also threatened .\n\u201cthere is a consortium of cuban bat researchers who are working together to increase knowledge about threatened cuban bat species more broadly . we [ the edge of existence programme ( edge ) at zsl ] are also hoping to develop a conservation project on this species in the near future with cuban experts , so watch this space ! \u201d\nlike most species of bat , the cuban greater funnel - eared has a diet which consists largely of moths , crickets and beetles , as well as any small insects scaling the cave walls ( mancina 2016 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican funnel - eared bat ( natalus stramineus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - mexican funnel - eared bat ( natalus stramineus )\ntitle =\narkive species - mexican funnel - eared bat ( natalus stramineus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nlittle information is available on the general reproductive behavior of bahaman funnel - eared bats . members of the family\nbahaman funnel - eared bats are listed as\nvulnerable\nunder the iucn ' s standards for threatened species .\ntheir most prominent feature , as their name suggests , is their ears which are akin to funnels . the cuban greater funnel - eared bat is quite small , ranging between 3 . 5 to 5 . 5 centimetres in length , most commonly of a brown , grey or reddish fur .\nnatalus primus , or the cuban greater funnel - eared bat , has only recently been rediscovered after previously having been thought to be extinct . the species is endemic to cuba and is currently known from just a single cave \u2013 cueva la barca on the far western tip of the country . from the order\nnothing is known of the reproduction or mating systems of bahaman funnel - eared bats , but they are most likely polygynous .\nbahamian funnel - eared bats are nocturnal . generally colonies of bahaman funnel - eared bats leave their roost 30 minutes after sundown . agile flyers , they are able to forage among dense foliage for their insect prey . the most intense foraging activity among\na priority for zsl\u2019s edge of existence programme that is found solely on the island is the cuban greater funnel - eared bat , but very little is known about it . in fact , it was thought to be extinct until a population was found in a remote underground cave , cueva la barca , in 1992 .\nwith necessary roosting habitat . during their active hours bahaman funnel - eared bats forage for insects in the dense understory of surrounding forests .\nnothing is specifically known about the home range of bahaman funnel - eared bats . their home ranges are likely centered around their roosting caves .\n, meaning \u201cfunnel - eared\u201d , the bats are known for their slender bodies , as well as their unusually long tails ( mancina 2016 ) .\nroosting in dark , humid caves , the mexican funnel - eared bat typically inhabits the most remote parts of the cave system , and forages within dry forest scrub , from sea level up to mid - elevations ( 1 ) .\ninsectivorous bat species , such as bahaman funnel - eared bats , can have an enormous effect on insect populations in the vicinity of their colonies . many insects that bats prey on are agricultural pests , making them highly beneficial to agriculture .\nno predators of bahaman funnel - eared bats have been recorded . being active at night reduces their exposure to diurnal predators . as with most bat species , owls and climbing snakes may pose a threat to adults in flight and roosting animals , respectively .\nin the absence of any significant threats to the species\u2019 survival , the mexican funnel - eared bat is not thought to be the target of any specific conservation measures . however , a future conservation priority for this species , and perhaps many other bat species with which it shares its habitat , would be to protect its roosting caves ( 1 ) .\nthe mexican funnel - eared bat inhabits islands in the lesser antilles north of the st lucia channel , including anguilla , antigua , barbuda , dominica , guadeloupe , martinique , marie galante , martinique , montserrat , nevis and saba , and perhaps also saint maarten ( 1 ) .\nas dusk approaches , small squeaks echo through dark , hollow caves and out towards the setting sun . the inside so dark that human eyes could not adjust , the high - pitched noise of the small mammals are the only indication of life underground in cuba . hanging from the roof , delicately , the cuban greater funnel - eared bat prepares itself to leave in flocks from the cave , beginning its nightly ritual to gather and hunt .\ncharacteristically give birth to a single young towards the end of the dry season . females gather in maternity colonies to give birth to and raise their young . offspring are relatively large , often close to 50 % of their mothers\u2019 weight . the closely related mexican funnel - eared bat (\ncaptions and credits for images , from top - down : \u2013 feature image : dr oliver wearn , 2017 for zoological society of london \u2013 close - up : [ edited ] \u2013 dr oliver wearn , 2017 for zoological society of london reference list : \u2013 mancina , c . 2016 . natalus primus . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t136777a22032828 . urltoken downloaded on 05 march 2017 \u2013 zsl\u2019s edge species description : cuban greater funnel - eared bat .\noccurs about two hours after leaving the roost . bahaman funnel - eared bats are such agile flyers that they are rarely caught in mist nets . for this reason , little is know about their natural history .\nas the mexican funnel - eared bat is believed to have a fairly large population , being locally common on at least four islands , and its habitat is not thought to be declining at a significant rate , it is not presently considered threatened with extinction . this bat\u2019s cave habitat is however threatened by both mining and tourism activities and , like many other island inhabitants in the caribbean , this species is vulnerable to the destructive effects of hurricanes and volcanic eruptions ( 1 ) .\nthis bat is frequent to locally common ( genoways et al . , 2005 ) . not so abundant in dominican republic ( inchaustegui pers . comm . ) .\nfemale bahaman funnel - eared bats form maternity colonies in which they give birth to and care for their young . females are completely responsible for the care of their young . giving birth to just one offspring per event means that females allocate all of their efforts to the single young .\n. the fur is reddish to chestnut brown dorsally and pale yellow on the ventral surface . there is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in bahaman funnel - eared bats . the wings are relatively long and narrow , their thumbs are short , and almost completely enveloped in the skin of the wing .\nbahaman funnel - eared bats are found exclusively in bahamian dry - deciduous forests . the forest found on great abaco is more lush and has a taller over story than the low scrubby forest type which dominates much of watling . deep caves , where hot and moist conditions are maintained continuously , are the single most important habitat requirement . these caves provide\nthe timing of breeding in the mexican funnel - eared bat is unknown , but the finding of a pregnant female in august in guadeloupe suggests it is around this time . a single young is born each year after a relatively long gestation period of around eight to ten months , and for the first few months after birth the different sexes of juveniles may be segregated within the cave . these bats have a relatively slow reproduction rate , but this is offset by the fact that they live much longer than most mammals of a similar size ( 4 ) .\n\u201cfrom fossils , we know it was previously found in lots of other places in cuba , but has undergone a massive decline more recently . we know that this happened for lots of other bat species in cuba and the caribbean as well , with many faring even worse and going completely extinct ( ~ 20 % of bat species ) . this still remains a big mystery for the caribbean region . through clearing habitat , there is no doubt that humans have had a large negative impact on the species . \u201d\nit is assumed that habitat clearance has driven this decline , due to the caves they previously inhabited having conditions change to that in which the bat cannot survive . additionally , says dr wearn , the repeated and natural changes in sea level and climate have potentially played a part in the decline .\nthis bat is an obligate cave roosting species . its biology is poorly known . it is insectivorous . a female with an embryo was caught in december ; and two lactating females were found in july ( genoways et al . , 2005 ) . 15 to 17 caves used by the species in cuba .\n\u201cthe high humidity and temperature is partly maintained by the heat of the bats themselves , but also the decomposing guano [ bat droppings ] on the cave floor ! we don\u2019t know why they need these conditions , but it could be something to do with their breeding biology and the conditions needed by the newborn bats . there is still lots to discover about this unique species ! \u201d\nhave , as the name suggests , very large , funnel - shaped ears . these allow them to detect faint sounds and return echoes from their echolocation pulses . the ears of these bats are covered in small papillae , which may increase auditory sensitivity . like other mammals , they are likely to use olfactory and tactile cues in communication as well .\nusing sound recording devices , it was possible to listen for and record the ultrasonic call of the bat to find out where it goes each night , and how far away from the cave it ventures . camera trap surveys were also used to find out which holes it was using to exit the cave , and then assess the surrounding forest for invasive species , such as feral pigs and black rats . carolina also trialled 3d mapping of the cave through photogrammetry \u2013 using photography to survey the area .\nspecies in the family natalidae are named for their characteristic large , funnel - like ears . the external ear is covered in small glandular papillae . a special characteristic of male natalids is known as the \u201cnatalid organ\u201d . located near the base of the muzzle , it is a rounded projection made up of sensory cells . the exact function of the organ is unknown , but it is specific to natalids . the tip of the nose is capped with a small , fleshy tragus that is not considered a true noseleaf . the fragile skull is elongate , with a swollen braincase and a narrow , tubular rostrum .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\niucn 2003 and iucn / ssc action plan ( 2001 ) \u2013 lower risk ( lc ) as natalus micropus .\nincludes brevimanus and macer ; see varona ( 1974 ) and timm and genoways ( 2003 ) . formerly included tumidifrons ; but see ottenwalder and genoways ( 1982 ) who revised both species ; also see hall ( 1981 ) . kerridge and baker ( 1978 ) treated only the nominate subspecies .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nincludes brevimanus and macer ; see timm and genoways ( 2003 ) . formerly included tumidifrons see hall ( 1981 ) .\nmedell\u00edn , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )\njustification : listed as near threatened because historically only 15 caves ( locations ) are used by the species , and there is great pressure on them which is causing a population decline but at a rate of less than 30 % over the past 10 years . almost qualifies as threatened under criterion a2c .\nthis species is known from cuba , jamaica , hispaniola , and providencia islands ( colombia ) ( simmons , 2005 ) .\ncolombia ( colombian caribbean is . ) ; cuba ; dominican republic ; haiti ; jamaica\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis species was formerly included in n . stramineus , but is clearly distinct from that species ; see morgan ( 1989 ) , morgan and czaplewski ( 2003 ) and simmons ( 2005 ) .\njustification : this species is listed as vulnerable because it is only known from a single cave ( and therefore , one location ) , with an area of occupancy ( aoo ) under 20 km 2 , and with a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat that might result in the taxon becoming critically endangered or extinct in a very short time .\nrediscovered in 1992 , this species was previously thought to be extinct . a recent subpopulation of this species is known from one cave on the western tip of cuba ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) , but fossils occur at several sites on cuba and the isla de pinos ( silva taboada 1979 ) .\nthis species is known from a single cave , probably including a few thousand individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . fossil remains suggest a former wider distribution throughout cuba and isla de pinos ( silva - taboada 1979 ) , the bahamas and cayman islands ( tejedor 2011 ) .\nthis species roosts in caves . it is known from a single cave ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . this species is moderately to highly gregarious with cave colonies estimated at fewer than 100 individuals ( tejedor et al . 2005 ) . copulation in n . primus has been observed to take place in april , and pregnant females of this species have been captured in may ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) . it has been found to feed mostly on moths , crickets and beetles , and less frequently on other insect orders : hymenoptera ( formicidae ) , neuroptera , diptera , homoptera and hemiptera ( tejedor et al . 2004 ) .\nhabitat loss and human intrusion in the cave are the main threats ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) . in addition the ongoing collapse of the roof of the cave can upset the thermal balance in this hot cave . climatic changes could also interrupt the thermal cave balance and result in extinction of this species ( l . d\u00e1valos pers . comm . )\nprotecting the cave is the most important priority , this must include limitation of access by non - authorized personnel ( tejedor et al . 2004 , mancina 2012 ) .\nexperts across the globe have assessed over 79 , 800 species on the iucn red list - but more needs to be done . our goal is to assess 160 , 000 species by 2020 to guide vital conservation .\nthis species is known to exist in one , solitary \u2018hot cave\u2019 in remote cuba .\nno direct conservation projects are currently under way , but education programmes have begun .\nthe bats\u2019 chosen caves are known as \u2018hot caves\u2019 with near 100 % humidity and temperatures sitting around 40 - degrees celsius . dr oliver wearn , a conservation scientist who works on zsl\u2019s edge of existence ( evolutionarily distinct & globally endangered ) programme ( of which this species is one part ) elaborated on this point :\nthis species is unique from the natalids family , evolving independently on the tree of life for approximately 50 million years according to dr wearn . however , the species\u2019 numbers have been declining dramatically , for reasons which can be assumed \u2013 though not proven \u2013 to be primarily due to their limited extent of occurrence to a singular cave , as well as their restricted numbers .\ndr wearn says that most of cuba\u2019s lowland forests ( where the bats endemic to the caves habituate ) have been cleared for agriculture , and this clearance continues to this day .\ntobacco and sugarcane growth are the two largest contributors to the loss of natural land in the region , but the newest threat to the species is , perhaps , tourism . the us and cuba have created many relationships in the past few years that have encouraged tourism in the country \u2013 particularly cuba\u2019s natural landmarks and caves . considering the only known location for natalus primus lies about 500m from the coast , it is fortunate that the area resides in a national park . however , risks do include changes in the structure of the forests around the cave , perhaps due to logging , and simply its small population size which creates an inherent vulnerability .\nbecause numbers are so low in the wild , and there is much still undiscovered about the species , there are no real rehabilitation or conservation efforts currently underway . however , dr wearn says that the edge of existence programme at zsl is hoping to develop this at some stage .\n\u201cnothing is currently being done to actively rehabilitate this species , \u201d he says . \u201cwhilst this will no doubt be essential in the future , we still don\u2019t know enough about the species to even know how to go about this . we need to understand how large the population is , what it requires and aspects of its breeding biology and ecology in order to devise something that will be really effective . \u201d\ndr wearn points out that whilst this is the case , some conservation education programmes do exist .\nconjour aims to spread the word on conservation work around the world . along with this , we want to give factual , species - specific information that encourages further understanding of the incredible animals that share this planet with us . if you see anything that needs correcting or could use improvement , please get in touch by emailing us here . .\nwe\u2019re passionate about conservation and want to educate more people about the plight of wildlife in this stunning \u2013 but disappearing \u2013 world of ours . we also undertake and support conservation projects and we ' d love you to help us do so . we have big plans for the future , and would love passionate conservationists to be a part of it .\nsee our about page for more info , and get in touch if you ' d like to help .\n- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .\nfws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .\nzsl\u2019s dr oliver wearn and dr carolina soto navarro are working to conserve the world\u2019s most evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered ( edge ) species . joined by two erasmus darwin barlow expedition attendants , josh blackman and katia sanchez ortiz , they embarked on an exhibition to cuba to do just that .\nits inherent vulnerability due to its small population size is a threat to the species , but there is also another concern . the cave lies a mere 250 metres inside the boundary of the guanahacabibes national park , and if the bats are foraging outside of the park , they could be vulnerable to future threats such as habitat destruction due to logging . so it was important for the team to learn more about this species and its distribution patterns to protect the population .\nthe hope is that the findings will help to shape future conservation efforts to protect this important edge species and its habitat .\na blog for lovers of zsl london zoo , bringing you extraordinary animal facts and exclusive access to the world ' s oldest scientific zoo .\nwe ' re working around the world to conserve animals and their habitats , find out more about our latest achievements .\nfrom the field to the lab , catch up with the scientists on the cutting edge of conservation biology at zsl\u2019s institute of zoology .\na day in discovery and learning at zsl is never dull ! the team tell us all about the exciting sessions for school children , as well as work further afield .\nevery month , one of the pieces held in zsl\u2019s library and at zsl whipsnade zoo will feature here as artefact of the month .\nread extracts from zsl ' s award winning members ' magazine , wild about .\nthe chagos archipelago is a rare haven for marine biodiversity . hear from the team about our projects to protect the environments in the british indian ocean territory ( biot ) .\nzsl institute of zoology researchers are embarking on an exciting fieldwork expedition to nelson\u2019s island in the chagos archipelago . throughout the month , the team will share their research and experiences on an uninhabited tropical island !\nzsl works across asia , from the famous national parks of nepal to marine protected areas in the philippines . read the latest updates on our conservation .\nan open access journal for research at the interface of remote sensing , ecology and conservation .\n# oneless - the campaign to make london free of single - . . .\napply to be a zsl fellow today from only \u00a341 . 50 and join . . .\nthe zoological society of london is incorporated by royal charter - registered charity in england and wales no . 208728 . principal office england - company number rc000749 - registered address regent ' s park , london , england nw1 4ry\necholocation detecting objects by reflected sound . used by bats and odontocete cetaceans ( toothed whales , dolphins and porpoises ) for orientation and to detect and locate prey . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below \u2018family\u2019 and above \u2018species\u2019 . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a \u2018binomial\u2019 latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . gestation the state of being pregnant ; the period from conception to birth . taxonomy the science of classifying organisms , grouping together animals which share common features and are thought to have a common ancestor . tragus a soft cartilaginous projection extending in front of the external opening of the ear . in bats , it plays an important role in filtering returning echoes in echolocation .\ntjedor , a . ( 2006 ) the type locality of natalus stramineus ( chiroptera : natalidae ) : implications for the taxonomy and biogeography of the genus natalus . acta chiropterologica , 8 : 361 - 380 .\nwilson , d . e . and reeder , m . d . ( 2005 ) mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\nnowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker\u2019s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .\nmacdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .\nnature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\n( dalquest , 1950 ; grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2005 ; koopman , et al . , 1957 )\n) breeds during the late dry season and has a gestation period of about 10 months .\n( grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2005 ; koopman , et al . , 1957 )\nbreeding season birth occur in the late dry season , suggesting that mating occurs after the late dry season .\necholocate using high frequency pulses , up to 170 khz . this gives them a detailed picture of their environment . whether\n( dalquest , 1950 ; grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2005 ; koopman , et al . , 1957 ; miller , 1903 )\nsteven burns ( author ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point , chris yahnke ( editor , instructor ) , university of wisconsin - stevens point .\nliving in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .\nyoung are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .\nhaving body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .\nused loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies . more specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits ( a continuous , modular society ) - as in clonal organisms .\nhaving markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .\nthe process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves .\nanimals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .\nforest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .\nhaving a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .\noffspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .\nthe area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .\nthe region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .\nreproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .\ninternational union for conservation of nature and natural resources . 1995 .\niucn the world conservation union\n( on - line ) . accessed november 26 , 2006 at urltoken .\nbuden , d . 1987 . a guide to the identification of the bats of the bahamas .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2005 .\nurltoken\n( on - line ) . accessed october 22 , 2006 at urltoken .\nkoopman , k . , m . hecht , e . lidecky - janecek . 1957 . notes on the mammals of the bahamas with special reference to bats .\nmiller , g . 1903 . the mammals of the andaman and nicobar islands .\nto cite this page : burns , s . 2006 .\nchilonatalus tumidifrons\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthis species is known from cuba , isle of pines ( simmons 2005 ) . known from one cave ( turvey pers . comm . )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2428, "summary": [{"text": "the eugeneodontida are an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre cartilaginous fishes .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they possessed a unique \" tooth-whorl \" on the symphysis of the lower jaw and pectoral fins supported by long radials .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "now determined to be within the holocephali , their closest living relatives are ratfish .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the meaning of the name eugeneodont correlates to \" true origin teeth \" , and comes from the greek eu ( good/true ) , geneos ( race , kind , origin ) , and odon ( tooth ) .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "members of the eugeneodontida are further classified into different families , the most well-preserved members that have been discovered are commonly placed within the families helicoprionidae ( \" spiral saws \" ) , and edestidae ( \" those which devour \" ) , the former containing the genera helicoprion , sarcoprion , and parahelicoprion , and the latter containing the genera edestus , listracanthus , and metaxyacanthus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "all eugeneodonts are thought to be obligate carnivores , with each genus having specialized feeding behaviors , territory ranges , and specific prey . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "eugeneodontida", "paragraphs": ["no one has contributed data records for eugeneodontida yet . learn how to contribute .\nbefore we talk about eugeneodontida as a whole , let\u2019s talk about their most famous member .\nhelicoprion belonged to an order of cartilaginous fish called eugeneodontida . while originally thought of as sharks , more recent anatomical discoveries place them closer to chimeridae , commonly known as chimeras , rabbitfish , or ratfish , a more obscure family of cartilaginous fish .\neugeneodontida is an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre sharks . they possessed a unique\ntooth - whorl\non the symphysis of the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced . it is possible that they may belong to holocephali .\neugeneodontida is an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre sharks . they possessed a unique\ntooth - worl\non the symphysis of the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced . it is possible that they may belong to holocephali .\nmembers of eugeneodontida are further classified into different families , the most well - preserved members that have been discovered are commonly placed within the families helicoprionidae (\nspiral saws\n) , and edestidae (\nthose which devour\n) , the former containing the genera helicoprion , sarcoprion and parahelicoprion , and the latter containing the genera edestus , listracanthus and metaxyacanthus . all eugeneodonts are thought to be obligate carnivores , with each genera having specialized feeding behaviors , territory ranges and specific prey .\nthe chondrichthyes are characterized by a special type of hard tissue lining the cartilages of the endoskeleton : the prismatic calcified cartilage . another chondrichthyan characteristic is the pelvic clasper , as special copulatory organ derived from the metapterygium , i . e . the posterior part of the pelvic fin . a pelvic clasper may , however , be present in the fossil placodermi . chondrichthyans include two major extant clades , the elasmobranchii and the holocephali , and a number of fossil clades ( cladoselachidae , symmoriida , xenacanthiformes , iniopterygia , eugeneodontida ) which may fall outside these two clades .\neugeneodontida is an extinct and poorly known order of bizarre cartilaginous fishes . they possessed a unique\ntooth - whorl\non the symphysis of the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the palatoquadrate was either fused to the skull or reduced . now determined to be within holocephali , their closest living relatives are ratfish . the meaning of the name eugeneodont correlates to\ntrue origin teeth\n, and comes from the greek words eu ( good / true ) , geneos ( race , kind , origin ) and odon ( tooth . )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nfull reference : r . zangerl . 1981 . chondrichthyes i : paleozoic elasmobranchii . handbook of paleoichthyology 3a\nsee also cappetta 1987 , ginter et al . 2010 , goto and okura 2004 , nelson 2006 , sepkoski 2002 and zangerl 1981\ncatherine sutera added the english common name\nshark\nto\nhelicoprion karpinsky 1899\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nof the lower jaw as well as pectoral fins supported by long radials . the\nwere discovered . the first specimen suggests an animal that reached 10 meters in length , while the second specimen , nicknamed\nbois\n, suggests an animal that exceed 12 meters . this suggests that this species of\ntapanila l . ; pruitt j . ; pradel a . ; wilga c . ; ramsay j . ; schlader r . ; didier d . ( 2013 ) .\njaws for a spiral - tooth whorl : ct images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil helicoprion\n.\njstor : journal of paleontology vol . 70 , no . 1 ( jan . , 1996 ) , pp . 162 - 165\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 29 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\njstor : journal of paleontologyvol . 70 , no . 1 ( jan . , 1996 ) , pp . 162 - 165\nthis page uses creative commons licensed content from wikipedia ( view authors ) . please help by writing it in the style of all birds wiki !\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\nthe tooth system of the eugeneodontids varies widely , however , most have a parasymphysial tooth whorl . the upper maxillary teeth are displaced to the lower surface of the jaw . the body is spindle - shaped , with the sufficiently long tail section .\nlateral teeth usually pressing , polyconic , in the form transverse numbers , different size for the elongation of jaw ( for example , caseodus and fadenia have the largest according to the sizes teeth they are located approximately in the middle the branch of lower jaw ) . sometimes , apparently , lateral teeth can be lost , as evidenced by the presence of individual fossil teeth being recovered .\nthe position of the spiral tooth - whorl on symphysis is disputed by some scientists ( there is , for example , the opinion that the spiral was fastened by some means in the region of throat , being the derivative of throaty teeth - it is more accurate , the kinks of the mucous membrane of throat , similar structures exist in bony fishes and primitive sharks ) . at the same time , fossilized skulls are known with the symphysial teeth clearly preserved in the same position that they would be when the creature was still alive . in some forms , probably , there are large symphysial arcs in both jaws .\ngill arcs are located behind the cerebral box , as in sharks , but their number is relatively small , five . probably , in life , there were separate gill slots , however the presence of gill covers is not proven .\nthe postcranial skeleton is known mostly by fossilized remains of fadenia ( permian of greenland ) , the exterior view of other representatives of group could be different . the free part of the metapterigiya goes all the way back to the limits of fin ( structure as in many paleozoic sharks ) .\nthere is one dorsal fin , located directly above the shoulder girdle . there are no abdominal and anal fins . the skeleton of caseodus , a more poorly understood genus , is very similar in structure .\ncaseodontoidea : caseodontoidea includes the families of eugeneodontidae and caseodontidae . they are characterized by the transverse - comb - like or inflated symphyseal teeth . a well - preserved fossil specimen , fadenia from the carboniferous and permian of greenland and north america , was a relatively middle - sized ( about 1 . 5 meters in length ) fish .\nthis article is a stub . you can help fossil wiki by expanding it .\nif you know the book but cannot find it on abebooks , we can automatically search for it on your behalf as new inventory is added . if it is added to abebooks by one of our member booksellers , we will notify you !\nby using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . copyright \u00a9 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . & abebooks europe gmbh . all rights reserved .\n\u2026a species of eugenodontid holocephalid cartilaginous fish that lived in what would be greenland during the permian period . like other agassizodontids sarcoprion had a unique \u201ctooth - whorl\u201d on its lower jaw , the function of this whorl is still largely unknown .\nhas there been any\ndiscourse\non the identification of eugenodonts ? because , i mean - they just look so impractical .\nin 1899 , the above fossil was discovered in the ural mountains of russia , depicting a spiral - shaped whorl of teeth resembling a circular saw . the teeth resembled those of a shark , but paleontologists were uncertain of how this tooth - whorl would operate , or how it would fit into the animal\u2019s anatomy . they named it helicoprion ( \u201dspiral saw\u201d ) , and began working on a century - long puzzle as to its true shape .\nthe animal had an extended lower jaw shaped like a pizza cutter , used to \u201csaw\u201d flesh off of much larger prey .\nthe animal\u2019s lower jaw was a coiled - up tentacle - like structure , capable of lashing out at prey like a whip .\nthe animal was actually more ray - like than shark - like , with a spiral - shaped tooth - lined throat used to grind up small prey .\nit wasn\u2019t until the discovery of a more completely preserved specimen of one of helicoprion \u2019s relatives that the true nature of the animal was revealed . the \u201ctooth - whorl\u201d was actually a preserved growth ring ; the large , exterior teeth would gradually be worn down and replaced by the smaller , still - growing inner teeth . the top of this ring protruded at the front of the lower jaw .\nthe purpose of the \u201ctooth - whorl\u201d is still not entirely known . it\u2019s possible that it was used to snag soft - bodied animals , like jellyfish or cephalopods . it might also have been used to slice small bits of flesh off of larger , slow - moving prey .\nthe eugeneodonts had a near - global distribution from the early carboniferous to the late triassic periods , with fossils known from russia , greenland , china , and the americas . they were united by the presence of \u201ctooth - whorls\u201d , but these whorls looked quite different from species to species .\nparahelicoprion had sharp - edged , protruding teeth that may have been used to wound fast - moving prey .\nsarcoprion had a row of teeth on its snout running parallel to its tooth - whorl , said to have been used to snatch up small prey and grind them to death - something that strikes me as needlessly sensationalist . i personally believe that it \u201cratcheted\u201d small animals into its mouth with a series of rapid jaw movements , like the modern nemichthydae .\none of the largest eugeneodonts was the late carboniferous species edestus , which grew to the same size as a modern great white shark . it lacked a tooth - whorl , instead possessing twin rows of teeth that have drawn frequent comparisons to pinking shears . like helicoprion , only its teeth have been found , so much of its appearance is unknown ; the shark - like reconstruction above is highly speculative .\nthe eugeneodonts are believed to have been the dominant marine predators during the early triassic , until the rise and diversification of the ichthyosaurs drove them to extinction . their living relatives have a worldwide distribution , including the deep - sea abyss , but have never been as well - known or popular as the other members of the class chondrichthyes - the sharks , rays , skates , and sawfish .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\nthe gnathostomata , or gnathostomes , are the majority of the middle devonian ( - 380 million years ago ) to recent vertebrates . they differ from all other craniates or vertebrates in having a vertically biting device , the jaws , which consist of an endoskeletal mandibular arch and a variety of exoskeletal grasping , crushing , or shearing organs , i . e . the teeth , and jaw bones . among recent vertebrates , the gnathostomes include sharks , rays , chimaeras , ray - finned fishes , lobe - finned fishes and land vertebrates .\nextant gnathostomes fall into two major clades , the chondrichthyes and osteichthyes . in addition , there are two extinct major gnathostome clades , the placodermi ( early silurian - late devonian ) and the acanthodii ( latest ordovician or earliest silurian - early permian ) . there may be other fossil gnathostome taxa which fall outside of these four taxa . this could be the case for the mongolepida , only known from isolated scales from the early silurian , and which are provisionally assigned to the chondrichthyans , yet with great reservations .\nthe osteichthyes are characterized by endochondral (\nspongy\n) bone in the endoskeleton , dermal fin rays made up by lepidotrichiae ( modified , tile - shaped scales ) , and three pairs of tooth - bearing dermal bones lining the jaws ( dentary , premaxillary and maxillary ) . the osteichthyes include two major clades , the actinopterygii and the sarcopterygii .\nthe placodermi are characterized by a dermal armor consisting of a head armor and a thoracic armor . in the thoracic armor , the foremost dermal plates form a complete\nring\naround the body and always include at least one median dorsal plate .\nthe acanthodii are characterized by dermal spines inserted in front of all fins but the caudal one . they also possess minute , growing scales which have a special onion - like structure , i . e . the crown consists of overlying layers of dentine or mesodentine .\nsuperclass agnatha ( the jawless fish that excludes the gnathostomata ) class hyperoartia : a group of vertebrates that comprises modern lampreys and close fossil relatives .\n( cartilaginous fishes ) , actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) , and sarcopterygii ( lobe - finned fishes ) .\n( the jawed cartilaginous fishes including subclass elasmobranchii ( sharks , rays and skates ) and subclass holocephali ( chimaeras , sometimes called ghost sharks ) .\nsuperclass osteichthyes : the group of fishes that includes both ray - finned fish ( actinopterygii ) and lobe - finned fish ( sarcopterygii ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhi , i ' m andrew and i\u2019m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio . this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species ( and its location ) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it ! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things . disclamer : none of the pictures are mine unless stated\nideally this will one day go up to order / suborder / superfamily and encompass extinct and extant taxa\u2026 . hopefully\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nand right click on the image that opens in a new window and save to your computer .\nhow helicoprion used its whorl has also been another matter of debate with a variety of theories ranging from the whorl being used as a lash against fish , \u202d \u202cto a rasp that cut its way through the shells of ammonites with a sawing motion . \u202d \u202chowever even a casual look at the fossil tooth whorls reveals that the teeth have a surprising little amount of wear , \u202d \u202cand since helicoprion and relative genera are not thought to have had such a fast replacement of teeth modern day sharks , \u202d \u202cthere is now new speculation that helicoprion were predators of soft bodied organisms such as molluscs , \u202d \u202cespecially cephalopods such as octopuses . it may now only be a matter of time before more cartilaginous remains of helicoprion are discovered , as other creatures with cartilaginous remains from genera such as cladoselache , fadenia and stethacanthus amongst a growing number of many others are being found .\nfurther reading - ueber die reste von edestiden und die neue gattung helicoprion . - verhandlungen der kaiserlichen russischen mineralogischen gesellschaft zu st . petersburg , zweite series 36 : 1 - 111 - a . karpinsky - 1899 . - a new genus and species of fossil shark related to edestus leidy . - science 26 ( 653 ) : 22 - 24 - o . p . hay - 1907 . - helicoprion ivanovi , n . sp . bulletin de l ' academie des sciences de russie 16 : 369 - 378 - a . karpinsky - 1922 . - helicoprion in the anthracolithic ( late paleozoic ) of nevada and california , and its stratigraphic significance . - journal of paleontology 13 ( 1 ) : 103 - 114 - harry e . wheeler - 1939 . - helicoprion from elko county , nevada . - journal of paleontology 29 ( 5 ) : 918\u2013919 . - e . r . larson & j . b . scott - 1955 . - new investigations on helicoprion from the phosphoria formation of south - east idaho , usa . - kongelige danske videnskabernes selskab , biologiske skrifter 14 ( 5 ) : 1 - 54 - s . e . bendix - almgreen - 1966 . - the first record of helicoprion karpinsky ( helicoprionidae ) from china . - chinese science bulletin 52 ( 16 ) : 2246\u20132251 . - xiao - hong chen , long cheng , kai - guo yin - 2007 . - the orthodonty of helicoprion . - national museum of natural history . smithsonian institution . p . 1 . - robert w . purdy - 2008 . - a new specimen of helicoprion karpinsky , 1899 from kazakhstanian cisurals and a new reconstruction of its tooth whorl position and function . - acta zoologica 90 : 171\u2013182 . - o . a . lebedev - 2009 . - jaws for a spiral - tooth whorl : ct images reveal novel adaptation and phylogeny in fossil helicoprion . - biology letters 9 ( 2 ) : 20130057 - l . tapanila , j . pruitt , a . pradel , c . d . wilga , j . b . ramsay , r . schlader & d . a . didier - 2013 .\ncontent copyright www . prehistoric - wildlife . com . the information here is completely free for your own study and research purposes , but please dont copy the articles word for word and claim them as your own work . the world of prehistory is constantly changing with the advent of new discoveries , and its best if you use this information as a jumping off point for your own research . privacy & cookies policy"]}
{"id": 2430, "summary": [{"text": "sapphirina , also called the sea sapphires , is a genus of parasitic copepod , containing the following species : sapphirina angusta dana , 1849 sapphirina aureofurca giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina auronitens claus , 1863 sapphirina bella dana , 1849 sapphirina bicuspidata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina clausii ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina coruscans dana , 1849 sapphirina cylindrica lubbock , 1860 sapphirina danae lubbock , 1856 sapphirina darwinii haeckel , 1864 sapphirina detonsa dana , 1849 sapphirina edwardsii ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina elegans lubbock , 1860 sapphirina fulgens templeton , 1836 sapphirina gastrica giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina gegenbauri ( haeckel , 1864 ) sapphirina gemma dana , 1852 sapphirina gibba rose , 1929 sapphirina granulosa giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina inaequalis dana , 1852 sapphirina indicator j. v. thompson , 1829 sapphirina indigotica dana , 1849 sapphirina intestinata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina iris dana , 1849 sapphirina lactens giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina lomae esterly , 1905 sapphirina longifurca a. scott , 1909 sapphirina maculosa giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina metallina dana , 1849 sapphirina nigromaculata claus , 1863 sapphirina nitens lubbock , 1860 sapphirina obesa dana , 1849 sapphirina obtusa dana , 1849 sapphirina opaca lubbock , 1856 sapphirina opalina dana , 1849 sapphirina opalina-darwini lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina orientalis dana , 1849 sapphirina ovalis dana , 1849 sapphirina ovata dana , 1849 sapphirina ovatolanceolata dana , 1849 sapphirina ovatolanceolata-gemma lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina pachygaster claus , 1863 sapphirina parva lubbock , 1860 sapphirina pseudolactens lehnhofer , 1929 sapphirina pyrosomatis giesbrecht , 1893 sapphirina reticulata brady , 1883 sapphirina sali farran , 1929 sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 sapphirina scarlata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina serrata brady , 1883 sapphirina sinuicauda brady , 1883 sapphirina splendens dana , 1852 sapphirina stellata giesbrecht , 1891 sapphirina stylifera lubbock , 1856 sapphirina tenella dana , 1849 sapphirina thomsoni lubbock , 1860 sapphirina uncinata leuckart , 1853 sapphirina versicolor dana , 1849 sapphirina vorax giesbrecht , 1891 various species of male sapphirina shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this is partially due to structural coloration in which microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells which are separated by minute distances , and these distances equal the same wavelength of the corresponding color of their \" shine \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the females are translucent , as are the males when they are not shining . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "sapphirina", "paragraphs": ["species sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 accepted as sapphirina iris dana , 1849 ( listed as synonym by lehnhofer , 1929 )\nsapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ( listed as synonym by lehnhofer , 1929 )\ntable of key features separating adult u . sapphirina and lowii ( u . of florida )\n( of sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphirina aureofurca giesbrecht , 1891 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphirina lomae esterly , 1905 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nmarine planktonic copepods ( banyuls / oob / upmc / cnrs ) note : including taxonomic identification plates , remarks , geographic distribution , ecological information & reference list to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 25 publications ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym sapphirina scalaris fischer , 1860 ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym sapphirina salpae claus , 1859 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 4 records ) to itis\n( of sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsaphirina pachygaster claus , 1863 ( p . 152 , fig . f ) ; haeckel , 1864 ( p . 107 ) ; ? sapphirina darwini haeckel , 1864 [ see to the species and remarks below ] ; sapphirina opalina - darwini lehnhofer , 1929 p . 295 , figs . f , m rem . ) [ see remarks below ] .\nvalidity lehnhofer ( 1929 , p . 295 ) considers this form as a variation of sapphirina opalina , position followed by boxshall & halsey ( 2004 , p . 653 ) . [ details ]\nsapphirina : el zafiro marino que desaparece . the secret to the sea sapphire\u2019s colors and invisibility : urltoken copepodo en micro acuario : urltoken estrategias adaptativas : hip\u00f3tesis de la\nalarma contra ladrones\n: urltoken\nthe small creature is a sapphirina copepod ( or , in short , a sea sapphire ) . copepods are the rice of the sea \u2013 tiny shrimp - like animals at the base of the ocean food chain . and like rice , they are generally not known for their charisma .\n3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - carcinium ( from synonym carcinium meyen , 1834 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - cyanomma ( from synonym cyanomma haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - edwardsia ( from synonym edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - pyromma ( from synonym pyromma haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - sapphiridina ( from synonym sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - sapphirina 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - sapphirina to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to genbank to itis\n( of sapphirina longifurca scott a . , 1909 ) scott , a . ( 1909 ) . the copepoda of the siboga expedition . part i . free - swimming , littoral and semi - parasitic copepoda . siboga expeditie , monograph , leiden 29a : 1 - 323 , pls . 1 - 69 . ( ix - 1909 ) [ details ]\noverall depth range in sargasso sea : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station\ns\n) ; sapphirina opalina - darwini lehnhofer , 1929 ( f , m ) syn . : ? sapphirina darwinii haeckel , 1864 ( p . 105 ) ref . : lehnhofer , 1929 ( p . 295 , rem . , figs . f , m ) ; rose , 1933 a ( p . 316 , rem . f , m ) ; giron - reguer , 1963 ( p . 59 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1963 ( p . 88 , rem . ) ; sewell , 1947 ( p . 267 ) ; 1948 ( p . 462 ) ; marques , 1958 a ( p . 138 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1981 ( p . 671 , figs . f , m ) ; bradford - grieve & al . , 1999 ( p . 887 , 972 , figs . f , m ) ; ref . compl . : mazza , 1966 ( p . 74 ) ; binet & al . , 1972 ( p . 71 ) ; bj\u00f6rnberg , 1973 ( p . 370 , 389 ) loc . : angola , ivorian shelf , rio de janeiro , m\u00e9dit . , arabian sea , laquedives is . , maldives is . , nicobar is . ( nankauri harbour ) , chili n n : 9 lg . : ( 618 ) f : 2 , 64 - 2 ; m : 3 , 98 - 2 , 55 ; { f : 2 , 00 - 2 , 64 ; m : 2 , 55 - 3 , 98 } . lehnhofer ( 1929 ) considers that sapphirina opalina and sapphirina darwini correspond to variations in the same species . position followed by boxshall & halsey ( 2004 , p . 653 ) who only hold the designation of sapphirina opalina . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )\nssued from : d . gur , b . leshem , v . farstey , d . oron , l . addadi & s . weiner in adv . funct . mater . , 2016 , 26 [ p . 1394 , fig . 1 , a , b ) . optical response ( reflection mode ) of sapphirinid male of sapphirina metallina to either dark or light conditions . a : dark - adapted ; b : light - adapted .\n( of sapphirina darwini haeckel , 1864 ) boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nsapphirina , or sea sapphire , has been called \u201cthe most beautiful animal you\u2019ve never seen , \u201d and it could be one of the most magical . some of the tiny , little - known copepods appear to flash in and out of brilliantly colored blue , violet or red existence . now scientists are figuring out the trick to their hues and their invisibility . the findings appear in the journal of the american chemical society and could inspire the next generation of optical technologies .\nthe researchers measured the light reflectance \u2014 which determines color \u2014 of live sapphirina males and the spacing between crystal layers . they found that changes of reflectance depended on the thickness of the spacing . and for at least one particular species , when light hits an animal at a 45 - degree angle , reflectance shifts out of the visible light range and into the ultraviolet , and it practically disappears . their results could help inform the design of artificial photonic crystal structures , which have many potential uses in reflective coatings , optical mirrors and optical displays .\ncopepods are tiny aquatic crustaceans that live in both fresh and salt water . some males of the ocean - dwelling sapphirina genus display striking , iridescent colors that scientists think play a role in communication and mate recognition . the shimmering animals\u2019 colors result when light bounces off of the thin , hexagonal crystal plates that cover their backs . these plates also help them vanish , if only fleetingly . scientists didn\u2019t know specifically what factors contributed to creating different shades . scientists at the weizmann institute and the interuniversity institute for marine sciences in eilat wanted to investigate the matter .\nthompson , j . v . ( 1829 ) . on the luminosity of the ocean , with descriptions of some remarkable species of luminous animals ( pyrosoma pigmaea and sapphirina indicator ) and particularly of the four new genera , nocticula , cynthia , lucifer and podopsis , of the shizopodae , in : thompson , j . v . ( 1828 - 1834 ) . zoological researches , and illustrations ; or , natural history of nondescript or imperfectly known animals , in a series of memoirs , illustrated by numerous figures . pp . 37 - 61 , plates v - viii ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nthe small creature i\u2019d found was a sapphirina copepod , or as i like to call it , a sea sapphire . copepods are the rice of the sea , tiny shrimp - like animals at the base of the ocean food chain . and like rice , they are generally not known for their charisma . sea sapphires are an exception . though they are often small , a few millimeters , they are stunningly beautiful . like their namesake gem , different species of sea sapphire shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue . africa isn\u2019t the only place they can be found . i\u2019ve since seen them off the coasts of rhode island and california . when they\u2019re abundant near the water\u2019s surface the sea shimmers like diamonds falling from the sky . japanese fisherman of old had a name for this kind of water , \u201ctama - mizu\u201d , jeweled water .\nissued from : d . gur , b . leshem , m . pierantoni , v . farstey , d . oron , s . weiner & l . addadi in j . am . chem . soc . , 2015 , 137 . [ p . 8409 , fig . 1 ] ultrastructure of sapphirina metallina . ( a ) light microscope image viewed through the dorsal surface showing an array of tightly packed hexagonal crystals . inset : fourier transform of the image demonstrating the regular packing . ( b , c ) cryo - sem micrographs of a high - pressure - frozen , freeze - fractured s . metallina copepod : ( b ) transverse view showing the guanine crystals aligned perpendicular to the dorsal surface of the animal . the iridophores ( ir ) are located just beneath the animal chitin procutile ( pc ) . inset : schematic representation of the position of the crystal - containing cells ( ir ) relative to the copepod anatomy . the copepod is presented in dorsal view . the right - hand side is a schematic representation of the cross section of the region indicated , which corresponds to the cryo - sem micrograph . ( c ) dorsal view showing the tightly packed perfectly hexagonal crystals and the alternating layers of guanine crystals and cytoplasm beneath the procuticle .\nissued from : d . gur , b . leshem , m . pierantoni , v . farstey , d . oron , s . weiner & l . addadi in j . am . chem . soc . , 2015 , 137 . [ p . 8410 , fig . 2 , a - d ] . reflectance and structural properties of individual copepods : ( a - d ) sapphirina metallina column 1 ( left ) shows light microscope images of representative sapphitinid male specimens and column 2 their measured reflectances . column 4 shows representative cryo - sem images of the crystal - cytoplasm layer arrays and column 3 the simulated reflectance spectra . the simulated reflectance was calculated on the basis of thecytoplasm ( cy ) and crystal ( cr ) thicknesses measured in cryo - sem images from many differently colored specimens . the results of these measurements are shown in column 3 for each color . the measured reflectance en each spectrum is normalized to a silver mirror ; the measured reflectance of ( d ) was also normalized to the crystal coverage area because of the lack of uniformity of the specimen . the seeming disagreement between the measured and calculated reflectance spectra at short wavelengths in ( c ) and ( d ) is due to the short - wavelength edge of the light source\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 209 , fig . 4 ) . schematic representation of the structure of the dorsal integument male in sapphirinidae . membrane structures supporting the platelets not shown . bl = basal lamina ; cm = cell membrane ; d , platelet diameter ; e , epicuticule ; m = mitochondrion ; mls = multilayer structure ; n , nucleus ; p , procuticle ; t = platelet thicness nota : multilayered , hexagonal platelets exist in the dorsal epidermal cells of the male sapphirinids . the absence of platelets in the female is consistent with the fact that iridescence is observed only in the male and confirms that this structure is responsible for generating the iridescence . iridescent , integumental structures with multilayered crystals have been well known in various animal taxa , such fishes , amphibians and reptiles , but we know of no other litterature referring to any such structures in the integument of crustacea , although multilayer structures have been found in the nauplius eyse of copepods ( land , 1984 , etc . ) including sapphirina sp . itself ( elofsson , 1969 ) . the causal mechanism of structural colors in animals is explained by the theory of multiple thin - layer interfernce ( for explanation p . 209 - 210 in chae & nishida , 1994 ) . the fact that only males iridesce , the specific differences in iridescent colors , and the well - developed eyes all suggests that iridescence of sapphirinids has a important role in mate finding , prsumably by the female ( heron , 1973 ) .\nwhen i first saw a sea sapphire i thought i was hallucinating . the day had been anything but normal , but this part will always stand out . i\u2019d spent the afternoon on a small dingy off the coast of durban , south africa . it was muggy , and i\u2019d been working for hours\u2013 - throwing a small net out , and pulling in tiny hauls of plankton that i\u2019d then collect in jars . as i looked through one jar , the boat rocking up and down , i saw for an instant a bright blue flash . gone . then again in a different place . an incredible shade of blue . maybe i\u2019d been in the sun too long ? maybe i was seeing things ? it wasn\u2019t until i got back to the lab that i discovered the true beauty and mystery of these radiant flashes .\nthe reason for their shimmering beauty is both complex and mysterious , relating to their unique social behavior and strange crystalline skin .\na key clue : this sparkle is only seen in males . males live free in the water column , but females make their home in the crystal palaces of a strange , barrel - shaped jellies called salps . and though they\u2019re not flashy , these parasitic princesses have huge eyes relative to males . perhaps female sea sapphires look out upon an endless expanse of ocean sparkling with blue and gold , searching for the a particularly luminous shine . or it could be that males use their shimmer to compete with one another , like jousting knights in shining armor , while the females watch on . about the social life of sea sapphires , we know very little . but how do they shine in the first place ?\nthe secret to the sea sapphire\u2019s shine is in microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells . in the case of blue sea sapphires , these crystal layers are separated by only about four ten thousandths of a millimeter ; about the same distance as a wavelength of blue light . when blue light bounces off these crystal layers , it is perfectly preserved and reflected . but for other colors of light , these small differences in distance interfere , causing the colors to cancel out . so while white light is composed of all colors , only blue light is reflected back . this type of coloration is known as structural coloration , and though resembling a gem in hue , a sea sapphire\u2019s color has more in common with an oil sheen than a pigmented jewel . combine this nifty trick with the sea sapphire\u2019s impressively transparent body , and you have an animal as radiant as a star in one moment , and invisible in the next .\ni was lucky to find one , but sometimes they are found in astonishing numbers . my friend and colleague erik thuesen once told me about his work on an rov , as the submersible was coming to the surface , \u201cit passed through this amazingly sparkling layer of iridescent sapphrina\u201d . a rare sight to see ; not , perhaps , due to the rarity of these ocean gems , but the rarity at which we enter their world . even as you read this , wherever you are and whatever you\u2019re doing , they\u2019re out there right now . quietly shining in their own private universe of stars .\nyuval baar , joseph rosen , nadav shashar ( 2014 ) . circular polarization of transmitted light by sapphirinidae copepods . plos one . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0086131\nrr helm is a postdoc studying sea anemones and jellyfish at woods hole oceanographic institution .\ni have seen these on safety stops diving in the tortugas , fl keys . they were not uncommon when oceanic water was inshore ( if i remember correctly ) , some dives you could see around 80 - 100 while going down and while at the safety stop on the way back up . this was most often when looking down ( reflected light ) and often flashing and disappearing fooling us as well as their predators . for a small size they are very conspicuous for that second .\njust a note that your caption for the side by side images is reversed .\nwhat an amazing creature ! i wonder if the cause for the coloring is similar to the iridescence in beetles and butterfly wings . i did a story about this for the nsf image gallery ( see urltoken ) .\ngreat story ! i\u2019ve never heard the term \u201cliquid crystal\u201d before , but it\u2019s awesome ! i bet it\u2019s the same phenomenon as what we\u2019re seeing here . the technical term is thin film interference , and this type of structural coloration can be found in a variety of iridescent animals .\noohhhh we had lots of salp around our lab in the earlier part of summer at goat island ( new zealand ) , and there was also iredecent blue flecks in the water\u2026 . could this be it ? so stunning ! i wish i brought some to have a look under a microscope but we were just enjoying being in the water\u2026 .\ngreat story and spectacular movie . do you know the nature of that cristalline structure ? is is calcite ? or something else ? thanks !\ni\u2019m not sure , and i\u2019m not sure the authors are either . here\u2019s what the paper said : \u201cthis structure consists of 10 to 14 pairs of closely spaced membranes , lying parallel to each other and to the cuticular plane ( fig . 1b ) \u2026the spaces between the laminated membranes of the thin sections often had gaps of various sizes , suggesting that some hard materials originally present at the gap sites were lost during sectioning\u201d\nwhen a teacher & i saw the picture of this magnificent creature , the character , rainbow fish , was the thing that kept popping into our minds . rainbow dash was the second character that popped into my head . funny , in a way\u2026\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of carcinium meyen , 1834 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyanomma haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of edwardsia costa o . g . , 1838 ) cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; oca\u00f1a o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; s\u00e1nchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of pyromma haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphiridina haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrebecca helm does not work for , consult , own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article , and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment .\nrepublish our articles for free , online or in print , under creative commons license .\nwhen i first saw a sea sapphire i thought i was hallucinating . the day had been anything but normal , but this part will always stand out . i had spent the afternoon on a small dingy off the coast of durban , south africa . it was muggy , and i had been working for hours \u2013 throwing a small net out , and pulling in tiny hauls of plankton to put in jars .\nas i looked through one jar , the boat rocking up and down , i saw a bright blue flash . it lasted for an instant and then it was gone . then i saw another one in a different place . it was an incredible shade of blue . maybe i had been in the sun too long ? maybe i was seeing things ? it wasn\u2019t until i got back to the lab that i discovered the true beauty and mystery of these radiant flashes .\nsea sapphires are an exception among copepods . though they are often small , a few millimeters , they are stunningly beautiful . like their namesake gem , different species of sea sapphire shine in different hues , from bright gold to deep blue . africa isn\u2019t the only place they can be found . i have since seen them off the coasts of rhode island and california in the us . when they are abundant near the water\u2019s surface the sea shimmers like diamonds falling from the sky . japanese fishermen of old had a name for this kind of water , \u201ctama - mizu\u201d , jewelled water .\nthe reason for their shimmering beauty is both complex and mysterious , relating to their unique social behaviour and strange crystalline skin . a key clue is that these flashes are only seen in males .\nmales live free in the water column , but females make their home in the crystal palaces of strange , barrel - shaped jellies called salps . and though they are not flashy , these parasitic princesses have huge eyes relative to males .\nperhaps female sea sapphires look out upon an endless expanse of ocean sparkling with blue and gold , searching for a particularly luminous shine . or it could be that males use their shimmer to compete with one another , like jousting knights in shining armor , while the females watch on . but how do they shine in the first place ?\nthe secret to the sea sapphire\u2019s shine is in microscopic layers of crystal plates inside their cells . in the case of blue sea sapphires , these crystal layers are separated by only about four ten thousandths of a millimetre \u2013 about the same distance as the wavelength of blue light .\nleft : a single layer of hexagonal plates in the sea sapphire\u2019s skin , as viewed from above . right : layers of plates as viewed from the side .\nwhen blue light bounces off these crystal layers , it is perfectly preserved and reflected . but for other colors of light , these small differences in distance interfere , causing the colors to cancel out . so while white light is composed of all colors , only blue light is reflected back . this type of coloration is known as structural coloration , and though resembling a gem in hue , a sea sapphire\u2019s color has more in common with an oil sheen than a pigmented jewel . combine this nifty trick with the sea sapphire\u2019s impressively transparent body , and you have an animal as radiant as a star in one moment , and invisible in the next .\ni was lucky to find one , but sometimes they are found in astonishing numbers . my friend and colleague erik thuesen once told me about his work on an underwater vessel . as the submersible was coming to the surface , he said , \u201cit passed through this amazingly sparkling layer of iridescent sapphrina\u201d . a rare sight to see ; not , perhaps , due to the rarity of these ocean gems , but the rarity at which we enter their world .\nthis is an edited version of an article that was first published in deepseanews . lead picture by stefan siebert .\nwhere all the water in the ocean came from is a very good question . scientists have been wondering about it for a long time .\nwe estimate china only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone \u2013 and that\u2019s why trump\u2019s trade war is futile\nwrite an article and join a growing community of more than 69 , 700 academics and researchers from 2 , 408 institutions .\nstay informed and subscribe to our free daily newsletter and get the latest analysis and commentary directly in your inbox .\ndana , j . d . ( 1849 ) . conspectus crustaceorum quae in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione , carolo wilkes e classe reipublicae foederatae duce , lexit et descripsit . the american journal of science and arts . series 2 , 8 : 424 - 428 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwalter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of sapphiridina darwinii ( haeckel , 1864 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of cyanomma darwinii haeckel , 1864 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrevis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 . [ details ]\nsu\u00e1rez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841\u2013869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college statio [ details ]\n( of sapphiridina nigromaculata claus , 1885 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]\nto get the best possible experience using our website , we recommend that you upgrade to latest version of this browser or install another web browser . see our browser support / compatibility page for supported browsers list .\nthe authors acknowledge funding from the israel science foundation , the crown center of photonics and the icore : the israel excellence center \u201ccircle of light\u201d and the interuniversity institute for marine sciences in eilat ( israel ) .\nfor your security , this online session is about to end due to inactivity .\nif you do not respond , everything you entered on this page will be lost and you will have to login again .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsaphirina metallina : brady , 1883 ( p . 128 , figs . f , m ) ; t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 125 , fig . m )\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 94 , lam . xix , figs . 159 , 163 ] . male ( from off mar del plata ) : 159 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 163 , a2 . scale bars in mm : 0 . 6 ( 159 ) ; 0 . 3 ( 163 ) .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 612 , fig . 32 ] . male ( from strait of messina ) : habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 612 , fig . 33 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , a2 .\nissued from : z . zheng , s . li , s . j . li & b . chen in marine planktonic copepods in chinese waters . shanghai sc . techn . press , 1982 [ p . 116 , fig . 71 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; c , a2 ; d , p2 ; e , endopodal segment 3 of p2 ; f , p4 . male : g , habitus ( dorsal ) ; h , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; i , a2 ; j , p2 ; k , endopodal segment 3 of p2 ; l , p4 . scale bars in mm .\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 208 , table 2 , c ) . specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light . nota : color observed with reflected ( r ) and transmitted light ( t ) : metallic gold or silver , strong reflexion , rapidly changing ( r ) ; gold at pigment sites , broad spectrum , red , yellow , blue , magenta and violet where cuticles overlap ( t ) .\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 208 , table 2 , e - h ) . specific color for the male observed with reflected and transmitted light . e - h , the same individual as in ( c ) , showing color change due to the specimen ' s slight movement .\nissued from : t . mori in the pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of japan , 1937 ( 1964 ) . [ pl . 67 , figs . 14 - 18 ] . female : 14 , a2 ; 15 , p2 ; 16 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 17 , p4 ; 18 , p1 .\nissued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 285 , fig . 18 ] . female : 3 , a2 . male : 1 , caudal ramus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , a1 . hy = hyaline margin .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 52 ] . male : 52 , habirus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 48 ] . male : 48 , abdomen ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 47 ] . male : 47 , a1 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 49 , 50 , 51 ] . male : 49 , p1 ( endopod ) ; 50 , p4 ; 51 , p3 ( endopod ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 53 , 54 , 55 ] . male : 53 , mx1 ; 54 , mxp ; 55 , a2 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 56 ] . male : 56 , p2 ( endopod ) .\nissued from : p . e . lapernat & c . razouls in vie milieu , 2002 , 52 ( 1 ) . [ p . 27 , pl . v , fig . 2 ] . female ( from off malta , mediterranean sea ) : 2 , md .\nissued from : d . gur , b . leshem , v . farstey , d . oron , l . addadi & s . weiner in adv . funct . mater . , 2016 , 26 . [ p . 1396 , fig . 3 , a , b ) . the reflectance and structural properties that accompany the male sapphirinid color change . c : dark - adapted ; d , light - adapted . column i : light microscope images of the specimens ; column ii : measured reflectance ; column iii : simulated reflectance spectrum . the simulated reflectance was calculed based on the cytoplasm ( cy ) and the crystal ( cr ) thickness measured in cryo - sem images : dark - adaptated cy : 190 \u00b1 8 nm , cr : 72 \u00b1 4 nm . light - adaptated cy : 135 \u00b1 5 nm , cr : 69 nm \u00b1 5 nm . column iv : representative cryo - sem images of the crystal - cytoplasm layer arrays .\nissued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 327 , fig . 58 ] . zoogeographical distribution of s . metallina .\nissued from : h . b . owre & m . foyo in fauna caribaea , 1 , crustacea , 1 : copepoda . copepods of the florida current . 1967 . [ p . 116 , table 57 ] . vertical distribution of sappjirina metallina at the ' ' 40 - mile station ' ' in the florida current ( e miami : \u00b1 25\u00b035 ' n , 79\u00b027 ' w ; depth 738 m ) . sl 55 : 21 vii 1958 . b : during midnight .\nantarct . ( indian : continent , very rare ) ( in wolfenden , 1911 ) , south africa ( e ) , angola , congo , off st . helena is . ( n & se ) , off trindade is . , off ascension is . , g . of guinea , ivorian shelf , dakar , off cape verde is . ( s , n & nw ) , off mauritania , canary is . , off madeira , lisboa , rio de janeiro , guadeloupe , caribbean sea , caribbean colombia , yucatan , venezuela , g . of mexico , cuba , florida , sargasso sea , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , off sw azores , medit . ( algiers bay , ligurian sea , napoli , strait of messina , off malta , n & s adriatic sea , ionian sea , aegean sea , w egyptian coast , iskenderun bay , lebanon basin ) , red sea , g . of aden , off socotra , arabian sea , maldive is . , madagascar ( nosy b\u00e9 ) , indian , india ( lawson ' s bay ) , bay of bengal , nicobar is . ( nankaurie harbour ) , w australia , straits of malacca , indonesia - malaysia , philippines , g . of thailand , viet - nam , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , taiwan strait , south china sea ) , taiwan ( e , nw , n : mienhua canyon ) , s . japan ( kuchinoerabu is . ) , japan , off kamtchatka , pacif . ( w equatorial ) , pacific ( central gyres : n & s ) , australia ( great barrier ) , new zealand , gilbert is . , hawaii , off s hawaii , california , w baja california , w mexico , g . of tehuantepec , clipperton is . , galapagos , peru , n chile\nepi - mesopelagic , ( off malta : 2000 - 3000 m ) . sampling depth ( antarct . ) : 1200 m . overall depth range : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station\ns\n) . 0 - 217 m at station t - 1 ( e tori is . , e middle japan ) from furuhashi ( 1966 a ) . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nu . anhydor syntheta same as u . anhydor anhydor except lateral iridescent stripe continuous from anterior promontory to wing base , and range includes texas , oklahoma , new mexico , southern kansas , and parts of arkansas\nphotos of 3 life stages with links to photos indicating key id features ( u . of florida )\nlarval description plus distribution , seasonality , habitat , biology ( wayne crans , rutgers u . , new jersey )\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\naparecieron estos bichos en mi acuario de camarones cherry . . . que son ? ?\nbrady , 1883 ( p . 126 , figs . f ) ; giesbrecht , 1892 ( p . 620 , 644 , 775 , figs . f , m ) ; t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 123 ) ; a . scott , 1909 ( p . 257 , rem . ) ; wolfenden , 1911 ( p . 360 ) ; pesta , 1920 ( p . 642 , fig . ) ; farran , 1929 ( p . 290 ) ; lehnhofer , 1929 ( p . 296 , rem . ) ; farran , 1929 ( p . 210 , 290 ) ; rose , 1929 ( p . 60 ) ; 1933 a ( p . 317 , figs . f , m ) ; dakin & colefax , 1933 ( p . 210 ) ; farran , 1936 a ( p . 131 ) ; mori , 1937 ( 1964 ) ( p . 126 , figs . f ) ; dakin & colefax , 1940 ( p . 109 , figs . f , m ) ; wilson , 1942 a ( p . 206 , fig . f ) ; chiba & al . , 1957 a ( p . 12 ) ; crisafi & mazza , 1966 ( p . 566 , 569 , 584 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; crisafi , 1966 ( p . 658 , figs . juv . ) ; saraswathy , 1966 ( 1967 ) ( p . 103 ) ; owre & foyo , 1967 ( p . 116 , figs . f , m ) ; corral estrada , 1970 ( p . 231 , rem . ) ; ramirez , 1971 ( p . 90 , fig . m ) ; chen & al . , 1974 ( p . 48 , figs . f , m ) ; marques , 1976 ( p . 1004 , fig . f ) ; 1982 ( p . 774 ) ; zheng & al . , 1982 ( p . 123 , figs . f , m ) ; baessa de aguiar , 1986 ( 1989 ) ( p . 63 , figs . f , m ) ; chae & nishida , 1994 ( p . 205 , 208 , integumental structure , pattern color ) ; chihara & murano , 1997 ( p . 990 , pl . 230 : f , m ) ; boxshall , 1998 ( p . 230 ) ; hure & krsinic , 1998 ( p . 104 ) ; conway & al . , 2003 ( p . 240 , figs . f , m , rem . ) ; boxshall & halsey , 2004 ( p . 655 ) ; vives & shmeleva , 2010 ( p . 381 , figs . f , m , rem . )\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in revta mus . la plata , seccion zool . , 1971 , xi . [ lam . iii , fig . 2 ] . male ( from off mar del plata ) : 2 , habitus ( dorsal ) . scale bar in mm : 1 .\nissued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 12 , figs . 1 - 4 ] . female ( from china seas ) : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , a2 . male : 3 , posterior part of body ; 4 , terminal spines of endopodite segment 3 of p2 .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 586 , fig . 11 ] . female ( from strait of messina ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , distal portion of a1 .\nissued from : p . crisafi & j . mazza in atti soc . pelorit . sci . fis . mat . nat . , 1966 , xii ( 3 / 4 ) . [ p . 587 , fig . 12 ] . male : habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : z . zheng , s . li , s . j . li & b . chen in marine planktonic copepods in chinese waters . shanghai sc . techn . press , 1982 [ p . 125 , fig . 77 ] . female : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , p2 ; f , endopod of p2 ; g , p4 . male : h , habitus ( dorsal ) ; i , caudal rami ( dorsal ) ; j , a1 ; k , a2 ; l , p2 ; m , endopod of p2 ; n , p4 . scale bars in mm .\nissued from : j . chae & s . nishida in mar . biol . , 1994 ( 119 ) . [ p . 206 , fig . 1 ] . male : transmission electron microscopy photographs . a , sagittal section of dorsal integument , gaps of different sizes shown ( arroheads ) b , sagittal section of dorsal integument at high magnification , showing multilayered - membrane structure . c , frontal section of integument , showing honeycomb arrangement of dorso - ventrally oriented membrane and gaps ( arrowheads ) . d , frontal section of integument , showing honeycomb structure and borders of epidermal cells ( arrowheads . bl = basal lamina ; c = cuticle ; m = mitochondrion ; n , nucleus . nota : color observed with reflected ( r ) and transmitted light ( t ) : monotonic violet , occasionally green / orange caudal rami ( r ) ; yellow , occasionally brown and orange ( t ) .\nissued from : t . mori in zool . mag . tokyo , 1929 , 41 ( 486 - 487 ) . [ pl . ix , fig . 2 ] . female ( from chosen strait , korea - japan ) : 2 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : t . mori in zool . mag . tokyo , 1929 , 41 ( 486 - 487 ) . [ pl . ix , fig . 10 - 12 ] . female : 10 , p4 ; 11 , a1 ; 12 , a2 .\nissued from : t . mori in the pelagic copepoda from the neighbouring waters of japan , 1937 ( 1964 ) . [ pl . 69 , figs . 1 - 5 ] . female : 1 , a2 ; 2 , endopodite of p2 ; 3 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 4 , a1 ; 5 , p4 .\nissued from : c . lehnhofer in wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' ' valdivia ' ' , 1929 , 22 ( 5 ) . [ p . 295 , fig . 29 , 3b ] . male : 3b , caudal ramus . l = length ; w = width\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , fig . 46 ] . female : 46 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , figs . 52 , 54 ] . female : 52 , posterior body ( dorsal ) ; 54 , mx2 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , figs . 4 , 22 ] . female : 4 , a1 ; 22 , md ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , fig . 34 ] . female : 34 , a2 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 53 , fig . 56 ] . female : 56 , p4 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 34 ] . female : 34 , mxp .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 64 ] . female : 64 , mx1 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 52 , fig . 44 ] . male : 44 , habitus ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , fig . 3 ] . male : 3 , p2 ( endopod ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 19 , 1892 . atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 54 , figs . 32 - 33 ] . male : 32 - 33 , mxp .\nsouth africa ( e ) , namibia , angola , off trindade is . , off s ascension is . , g . of guinea , cape verde is . , off nw cape verde , off mauritania , cap ghir ( morocco ) , canary is . , off madeira , azores , argentina , s brazil , barbados is . , caribbean sea , jamaica , caribbean colombia , yucatan , g . of mexico , florida , sargasso sea , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , medit . ( alboran sea , gulf of annaba , g . of lion , ligurian sea , napoli , messina , malta , n & s adriatic sea , ionian sea , w egyptian coast , lebanon basin , bardawill lagoon ) , red sea , madagascar ( nosy b\u00e9 ) , seychelles , indian , india ( lawson ' s bay ) , bay of bengal , w australia , indonesia - malaysia , philippines , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea ) , taiwan , mienhua canyon , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , tanabe bay , kamchatka , bering sea , pacif . ( w equatorial ) , australia ( g . of carpentaria , great barrier , new south wales ) , new zealand , bikini is . , hawaii , gulf of california , w costa rica , central america , g . of panama , bahia cupica ( colombia ) , galapagos - ecuador , peru , chili ( n , concepcion )\n( 34 ) f : 3 , 3 ; m : 3 , 9 ; ( 35 ) [ atlant . ] f : 2 , 45 - 2 , 35 ; m : 2 , 64 - 2 , 45 ; [ n - z ] f : 3 , 9 - 2 , 94 ; m : 3 , 9 - 2 , 55 ; ( 46 ) f : 3 , 5 - 3 ; m : 3 , 35 - 3 , 15 ; ( 91 ) f : \u00b1 3 ; ( 104 ) f : 3 , 25 ; m : 2 , 9 ; ( 109 ) f : 2 , 25 - 2 , 12 ; m : 2 , 85 - 2 , 7 ; ( 180 ) f : 2 , 59 - 2 , 5 ; m : 2 , 87 ; ( 332 ) f : 2 , 83 ; m : 2 , 96 - 2 , 33 ; ( 333 ) f : 2 , 62 - 1 , 61 ; ( 449 ) f : 3 , 5 - 2 , 2 ; m : 3 , 35 - 3 , 15 ; ( 458 ) f : 2 , 74 ; 2 , 64 ; m : 3 , 5 - 2 , 64 ; ( 530 ) f : 2 ; ( 705 ) f : 4 , 054 - 2 , 866 ; m : 4 , 337 - 3 , 3 ; ( 805 ) f : 3 , 59 - 1 , 2 ; m : 3 , 39 - 1 , 4 ; ( 866 ) f : 3 , 52 - 2 , 02 ; m : 4 , 04 - 2 , 68 ; ( 991 ) f : 1 , 4 - 3 , 39 ; m : 1 , 2 - 3 , 59 ; ( 1023 ) f : 2 , 3 - 3 , 26 ; m : 2 , 9 - 3 , 2 ; { f : 1 , 200 - 4 , 054 ; m : 1 , 200 - 4 , 340 }"]}
{"id": 2433, "summary": [{"text": "carcineretidae is a prehistoric family of heterotrematan crustaceans .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are only known from cretaceous fossils .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "these crabs are tentatively placed in the superfamily portunoidea and resemble the swimming crabs ( portunidae ) in having some paddle-shaped pereiopods .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "but it is not certain that this placement is correct , as the carcineretidae also show some similarities to the matutidae of superfamily leucosioidea and the goneplacidae of superfamily xanthoidea . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "carcineretidae", "paragraphs": ["a new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize ) .\na new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nvega fj , feldmann rm , ocampo ac , pope ko . 1997 . a new species of late cretaceous crab ( brachyura : carcineretidae ) from albion island , belize . jour . paleo . 71 : 615 - 620 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : portunoidea according to c . e . schweitzer et al . 2010\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nwe use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .\nthis article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .\nluque , javier schweitzer , carrie e . santana , william portell , roger w . vega , francisco j . and klompmaker , adi\u00ebl a . 2017 . checklist of fossil decapod crustaceans from tropical america . part i : anomura and brachyura . nauplius , vol . 25 , issue . 0 ,\nvajda , vivi ocampo , adriana ferrow , embaie and koch , christian bender 2015 . nano particles as the primary cause for long - term sunlight suppression at high southern latitudes following the chicxulub impact \u2014 evidence from ejecta deposits in belize and mexico . gondwana research , vol . 27 , issue . 3 , p . 1079 .\nphillips , george e . nyborg , torrey and vega , francisco j . 2014 . icriocarcinidae : a family of portunoid crabs from the upper cretaceous of north america . pal\u00e4ontologische zeitschrift , vol . 88 , issue . 2 , p . 139 .\nfeldmann , rodney m . karasawa , hiroaki and schweitzer , carrie e . 2008 . revision of portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) with emphasis on the fossil genera and families . journal of crustacean biology , vol . 28 , issue . 1 , p . 82 .\nwigforss - lange , jane vajda , vivi and ocampo , adriana 2007 . trace element concentrations in the mexico - belize ejecta layer : a link between the chicxulub impact and the global cretaceous - paleogene boundary . meteoritics & planetary science , vol . 42 , issue . 11 , p . 1871 .\nfouke , bruce w . zerkle , aubrey l . alvarez , walter pope , kevin o . ocampo , adriana c . wachtman , richard j . grajales nishimura , jose manuel claeys , phillipe and fischer , alfred g . 2002 . cathodoluminescence petrography and isotope geochemistry of kt impact ejecta deposited 360km from the chicxulub crater , at albion island , belize . sedimentology , vol . 49 , issue . 1 , p . 117 .\nvega , francisco j . feldmann , rodney m . garc\u00eda - barrera , pedro filkorn , harry pimentel , francis and avenda\u00f1o , javier 2001 . maastrichtian crustacea ( brachyura : decapoda ) from the ocozocuautla formation in chiapas , southeast mexico . journal of paleontology , vol . 75 , issue . 02 , p . 319 .\nschweitzer , carrie e . and feldmann , rodney m . 2000 . new fossil portunids from washington , usa , and argentina , and a re - evaluation of generic and family relationships within the portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) . journal of paleontology , vol . 74 , issue . 04 , p . 636 .\npope , kevin o ocampo , adriana c fischer , alfred g alvarez , walter fouke , bruce w webster , clyde l vega , francisco j smit , jan fritsche , a . eugene and claeys , philippe 1999 . chicxulub impact ejecta from albion island , belize . earth and planetary science letters , vol . 170 , issue . 4 , p . 351 .\ninstituto de geolog\u00eda , unam , ciudad universitaria , m\u00e9xico , d . f . 04510\njet propulsion laboratory , california institute of technology , ms 183 - 601 , 4800 oak grove dr . , pasadena , california 91009\ngeo eco arch research , 2222 foothill blvd . , suite e - 272 , la ca\u00f1ada , california 91011\ntwo crabs , xandarus sternbergi ( rathbun 1926 ) n . gen . , and icriocarcinus xestos n . gen . , n . sp . , from the late cretaceous of san diego county , california , usa , and baja california norte , mexico\nemail your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .\nfull text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .\n* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\njust enter the word in the field and the system will display a block of anagrams and unscrambled words as many as possible for this word .\nthe section is also useful for those who like compiling words from other words . you will get a list that begins with 3 letters and ends with 8 or more letters .\nsorry , preview is currently unavailable . you can download the paper by clicking the button above .\nenter the email address you signed up with and we ' ll email you a reset link .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\narchaeoportunus isabenensis artal , oss\u00f3 & dom\u00ednguez , 2013 469 . 1 . 1 .\nartal , p . , oss\u00f3 , \u00e0 , & dom\u00ednguez , j . l . , 2013 . , archaeoportunus isabenensis , a new genus and species of portunoid crab ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the lower eocene of huesca ( spain ) . bolet\u00edn de la sociedad geol\u00f3gica mexicana 65 ( 2 ) : 307 - 317 .\nwithers , t . h . , 1922 . on a new brachyurous crustacean from the upper cretaceous of jamaica . ann . mag . nat . hist . 10 ( 9 ) , 534\u2013541 .\nsee vega at al . , 2018 review and additions to the maastrichtian ( late cretaceous ) crustacea from chiapas , mexico\neogeryonidae - upper cenomanian ( late cretaceous ) - condemios de arriba , guadalajara , spain .\noss\u00f3 , \u00e0 . , 2016 . , eogeryon elegius n . gen . and n . sp . ( decapoda : eubrachyura : portunoidea ) , one of the oldest modern crabs from the late cenomanian of the iberian peninsula . boletin de la sociedad geologica mexicana 68 ( 2 ) : 231 - 246\ngeryonidae ( tentatively ) - thanetian ( paleocene ) - haute garonne , france .\nvan straelen , v . , 1925 . , description de brachyoures montiens du cominges . bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 belge de g\u00e9ologie , 34 : 58 - 62 .\ngeryonidae ( tentatively ) - ilerdian ( lower ypresian , eocene ) - aragon pyrenees .\nartal , p . , v\u00eda , l . , 1989 , , xanthilites macrodactylus pyrenaicus ( crustacea , decapoda ) nueva subespecie del ilerdiense medio del pirineo de huesca : batalleria , 2 , 57 - 61 . jagt , j . w . m . et al . , 2010 , coeloma rupeliense ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) from the bilzen formation ( rupel group , lower oligocene ) in northeast belgium : bulletin de l\u2019institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , sciences de la terre , 80 , 245 - 252 .\n? geryonidae - oligocene - peine , hannover , germany . 178 - 3 lepizig , germany .\nschl\u00fcter , c . , 1879 , neue und weniger gekannte kreide - und terti\u00e4rkrebse des n\u00f6rdlichen deutschlands . zeitschrift der deutschen eologischen gesellschaft ( berlin ) , 31 : 586 - 615 , pls . 13 - 18 .\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1881 . note sur quelques crustac\u00e9s fossils des environs de biarritz . annales des sciences g\u00e9ologiques , 11 : 1 - 8 .\n? geryonidae - ? geryonidae - ? upper eocene ? oligocene - somewhere of southeastern france .\nsorgenfrei , t . , 1940 , marines untermioc\u00e4n im klintinghoved auf der insel als . ein beitrag zur l\u00f6sung der aquitanien - frage . danmarks geologiske unders\u00f8gelse , 65 : 90 - 129 , pls . 4 - 8 .\nstainier , x . , 1887 . , coeloma rupeliens e , brachyure nouveau de l\u2019argile rup\u00e9lienne . annales de la societ\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de belgique , 14 : 86 - 96 , pl . 5 .\nstainier , x . , 1887 . , coeloma rupeliense , brachyure nouveau de l\u2019argile rup\u00e9lienne . annales de la societ\u00e9 g\u00e9ologique de belgique , 14 : 86 - 96 , pl . 5 .\nvon meyer , h . , 1862 , tertiaere decapoden aus den alpen , von oeningen und dem taunus . palaeontographica , 10 : 147 - 178 , pls . 16 - 19 .\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1865c , . monographie des crustac\u00e9s de la famille canc\u00e9riens . annales des sciences naturelles , ( zoologie ) ( 5 ) 3 [ 1865 ] : 297 - 351 , pls . 5 - 13 .\nmilne - edwards , a . & brocchi , p . , 1879 . note sur quelques crustac\u00e9s fossiles appartenant au groupe des macrophthalmiens . bulletin de la societ\u00e9 philomathique de paris , 3 : 113 - 117 .\nvan binkhorst , j . t . , 1857 . , neue krebse aus der maestrichter tuffkreide . verhandlungen des naturhistorischen vereins der preussischen rheinlande und westfalens , 14 : 107 - 110 , pls . 6 , 7 .\nlongusorbiidae - northumberland fm , campanian ( upper cretaceous ) - shelter point , near cambell river british columbia , canada .\nrichards , b . c . , 1975 , longusorbis cuniculosus : a new genus and species of upper cretaceous crab with comments on the spray formation at shelter point , vancouver island , british columbia . canadian journal of earth sciences , 12 : 1850 - 1863 .\npsammocarcinidae - bartonian ( eocene ) - gu\u00e9 - \u00e0 - tresnes - sables de beauchamp . l ' oise , france .\ndesmarest , , a . g . , 1822 . , histoire naturelle des crustac\u00e9s fossiles . les crustac\u00e9s proprement dits : 67 - 154 , pls . 5 - 11 . ( f . g . levrault , paris ) .\n? - lillebaelt clay fm . , ypresian ( lower eocene ) - trelde naes , denmark .\ncollins , j . s . h . & s . l . jakobsen , s . l . , 2003 , new crabs ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the eocene ( ypresian / lutetian ) lilleb\u00e6lt clay formation of jutland , denmark . bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum 30 : 63\u201396 .\n? - lincoln creek fm . uperr eocene - oligocene - grays river county , washington , usa\nrathbun , m . j . , 1926 . , the fossil stalk - eyed crustacea of the pacific slope of north america . united states national museum bulletin , 138 : i - viii , 1 - 155 .\n? - reisbesher gestein , oligocene - escalante point , vancouver island , bc , canada .\n? - - eocene - hoko river fm . - near cape flattery , nw of olympic peninsula - washington - usa .\nnyborg , t . g . , r . e . berglund , and j . l . goedert , 2003 . , a new crab from the late eocene hoko river formation , olympic peninsula , washington : the earliest record of euphylax ( decapoda , portunidae ) . journal of paleontology , 77 : 323 - 330 .\nschweitzer , c . , iturralde - vinent , m . , hetler , j . l . & velez - juarbe , 2006 , oligocene and miocene decapods ( thalassinidea and brachyura ) from the caribbean . annals of the carnegie museum , vol . 75 , number 2 , pp . 111 - 136\n? - quimper fm . eocene - oak bay , near port townsend washington , usa .\nschweitzer , c . e . , feldmann , r . m . , tucker , a . b . & berglund , r . e . , 2000 , eocene decapod crustaceans from pulali point , washington . annals of carnegie museum 69 : 23\u201367 .\nphilippi , r . a . , 1887 . , los f\u00f3siles terciarios i cuartarios de chile : 1 - 256 , 56 pls . ( brockhaus , leipzig [ german version ] and santiago de chile [ spanish version ] ) .\nkarasawa , h . , 1990 . , decapod crustaceans from the miocene mizunami group , central japan . part 2 section oxyrhyncha , cancridea and brachyrhyncha bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum no . 17 .\nmaury , c . j . , 1930 . , o cretaceo da parahyba do norte . in : servi\u00e7o geologico e mineralogico do brasil , monografias , vol . 8 , p . 350\n? - calcaires \u00e0 slumps de taghit ( upper campanian , upper cretaceous - near merija , moyenne moulouya , morocco .\noss\u00f3 - morales , \u00e0 . , artal , p . , vega , f . j . , 2010 . , new crabs ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the upper cretaceous ( campanian ) of the moyenne moulouya , northeast morocco . revista mexicana de ciencias geol\u00f3gicas 27 , 213e224 .\n? - ypresian ( lower eocene ) - falaises near fresco , ivory coast .\nr\u00e9my , j . m . - \u00e9tudes pal\u00e9ontologiques et g\u00e9ologiques sur les falaises de fresco ( c\u00f4te divoire ) ii crustac\u00e9s . ann\u00e9e 1960 universit\u00e9 de dakar\n? - ypresian ( lower eocene ) - isle of sheppey , kent , uk .\nbell , t . , 1858 . , a monograph of the fossil malacostracous crustacea of great britain , pt . i , crustacea of the london clay . monograph of the palaeontographical society , london , 10 [ 1856 ] : i - viii , 1 - 44 , 11 pls .\nquayle , w . j . , 1984 . , a new crab , portunites stintoni ( crustacea , decapoda ) from the london clay . tertiary research , 5 : 173 - 178 .\noss\u00f3 , \u00e0 . & stalennuy , 2011 . description of the first fossil species of bathynectes ( brachyura , polybiidae ) in the badenian ( middle miocene ) of the medobory hills ( ukraine , central parathetys ) , with remarks on its habitat ecology . treb . mus . geol . barcelona , 18 ( 2011 ) : 37 - 46 .\ngarassino et al . , 2012 . the decapod community from the early pliocene ( zanclean ) of \u201cla serra\u201d quarry ( san miniato , pisa , toscana , central italy ) : sedimentology , systematics , and palaeoenvironmental implications . annales de pal\u00e9ontologie 98 ( 2012 ) 1\u201361\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1867 . , descriptions de quelques esp\u00e8ces nouvelles de crustac\u00e9s brachyoures . annales de la societ\u00e9 entomologique de france , 4 : 263 - 288 .\nportunidae - carupinae - badenian ( middel miocene ) maksymivka , ternopil , ukraine .\nm\u00fcller , p . , 1984 . , . decapod crustacea of the badenian . geologica hungarica , ( palaeontologica ) 42 : 1 - 317 , pls . 1 - 97 .\nvia , l . , 1959 , dec\u00e1podos f\u00f3siles del eoceno espa\u00f1ol : bolet\u00edn del instituto geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a , 70 , 331 - 402 .\nhiroaki karasawa , carrie e . schweitzer , and rodney m . feldmann . 2008 . revision of portunoidea rafinesque , 1815 ( decapoda : brachyura ) with emphasis on the fossil genera and families . journal of crustacean biology , 28 ( 1 ) : 82\u2013127 ,\nfabricius , j . c . , 1798 . , supplementatione entomologiae systematicae : i - iv , 1 - 572 . ( c . g . proft et storch , hafniae [ = copenhagen ] ) .\nportunidae , portuninae - beaumont clay fm . ( pleistocene ) - galveston county , tx , usa\nsmith , a . i . 1869 . , notice of the crustacea collected by prof . c . f . hart on the coast of brazil in 1867 , list of the described species of brazilian podophthalmia . transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 2 : 1 - 41 .\nsee also : collins , j . s . h . , garvie , c . l . & mellish , c . j . t . 2014 . ,\nl\u00f6renthey , e . , 1898 . , . beitr\u00e4ge zur decapodenfauna der ungarischen terti\u00e4rs . term\u00e9szetrajzi f\u00fczetek , 21 : 1 - 133 , figs . 1 - 9 .\nrathbun , m . j . 1935a , fossil crustacea of the atlantic and gulf coastal plain . geological society of america , ( special paper ) 2 : i - viii , 1 - 160 .\nportunidae , portuninae - collb\u00e0s fm . , bartonian ( upper eocene ) - anoia , catalonia .\nvia , l . , 1941 . , los cangrejos f\u00f3siles de catalu\u00f1a . bolet\u00edn del insituto geol\u00f3gico y minero de espa\u00f1a , 55 : 3 - 73 , pls . 1 - 11 .\nportunidae , portuninae - oligocene - grancona , melledo , vicenza region , italy .\nbittner , a . , 1893 . , decapoden des pannonischen terti\u00e4re . sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien , 102 : 10 - 37 , pls . 1 , 2\nmilne - edwards , a . , 1860 , histoire des crustac\u00e9s podophthalmaires fossils et monographie des d\u00e9capodes macroures de la famille des thalassiens fossiles . annales des sciences naturelles , ( zoologie ) ( 4 ) 14 : 129 - 293 , pls . 1 - 10 .\nbittner a . , 1875 , die brachyuren des vicentinischen terti\u00e4rgerbirges . denkschr . k . akad . wiss . , wien , 34 : 63 - 106 .\nportunidae , thalamitinae - ? pleistocene - mtwapa creek , near mombasa , kenya .\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1850 . crustacea . in : p . f . von siebold ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi , 1 - 243 , pls . a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . table 2 . ( j . m\u00fcller et co . , lugduni batavorum [ = leyden ] ) .\nwee , d . p . c . & ng , p . k . l . , 1995 . swimming crabs of the genera charybdis de haan , 1835 and thalamita latreille , 1829 ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : portunidae ) from peninsular malaysia and singapore . the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 1 31st december 1995\nde haan , w . , 1833 - 1850 . crustacea . in : p . f . von siebold ( ed . ) , fauna japonica sive descriptio animalium , quae in itinere per japoniam , jussu et auspiciis superiorum , qui summum in india batava imperium tenent , suscepto , annis 1823 - 1830 collegit , notis , observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi , 1 - 243 , pls . a - j , l - q , 1 - 55 , circ . table 2 . ( j . m\u00fcller et co . , lugduni batavorum [ = leyden ] )\nfabricius , j . c . , 1798 . supplementum entomologiae systematicae , hafniae , 572 pp .\nportunidae , thalamitinae - lutetian ( middle eocene ) - chiampo valley , vicenza region , italy .\nbeschin , c . , busulini , a . , de angeli , a . , tessier , g . , 2002 , aggiornamento ai crostacei di cava \u201cmain\u201d di arzignano ( vicenza \u2013 italia settentrionale ) ( crustacea , decapoda ) . studi e ricerche . studi e richerche , pp . 7 - 28 ,\nuncertain family - ? campanian ( late cretaceous ) - moyenne moulouya , morocco .\nsecretan , s . ( 1961 ) , une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de xanthid\u00e9s au maroc : titanocarcinus meridionalis nov . sp . notes de service g\u00e9ologique de maroc , 20 ( 152 ) , 39\u201350 , pls . 1\u20133 . schweitzer , c . e . & feldmann , r . m . , 2012 , bulletin of the mizunami fossil museum , no . 38 . oss\u00f3 , \u00e0 . , 2016 . , eogeryon elegius n . gen . and n . sp . boletin de la sociedad geologica mexicana 68 ( 2 ) : 231 - 246\ntorrey g . nyborg ; francisco j . vega ; harry f . filkorn : new late cretaceous and early cenozoic decapod crustaceans from california , usa : implications for the origination of taxa in the eastern north pacific\nthe first is raninoides n . sp . , representing the earliest occurrence of the genus both in california and worldwide . the shape of the dorsal carapace , including the placement and lengths of the frontal spines , clearly justifies assignment to raninoides . well - preserved fossil material will allow a complete description of this new species and provide further insight into the evolution of the family raninidae ;\nthe second is archaeopus n . sp . , the second report of the genus from upper cretaceous rocks of california . the subquadrate carapace , long down turned front , relatively large orbits , and overall carapace shape allow confident assignment of this species to archaeopus . another species , a . antennatus , has been previously reported from an unnamed formation in the upper cretaceous of california ( rathbun , 1926 ) . the new taxon differs in having a less subquadrate carapace and better defined regions than a . antennatus .\nbarry w . m . van bakel , john w . m . jagt , ren\u00e9 h . b . fraaije , yvonne coole\nnatuurhistorisch museum maastricht , de bosquetplein 6 - 7 , p . o . box 882 , nl - 6200 aw maastricht\ncarcinologists dealing with fossil crabs are often faced with difficulties in classifying their material . with only a single or a handful of specimens available , more often than not consisting of only ( partial ) carapaces , dorsal carapace characters are the sole features to go on . classification of extant crabs mostly cannot be applied , since ventral morphology is here of prime importance ( guinot , 1977 , 1978 ) . having come to realize that carapace characters may overlap in representatives of unrelated families , in the past decade paleontologists have used the few cases in which crabs are preserved with well - preserved ventral parts with much success ( karasawa , 2003 , guinot & tavares , 2001 ) .\nfig . 1 . binkhorstia ubaghsii ( van binkhorst , 1857 ) ; upper nekum member ( maastricht formation , late maastrichtian ) of cbr - romontbos quarry , eben emael ( ne belgium ) . 1 , right cheliped . 2 , left cheliped of the same specimen . 3 , dorsal view of this specimen , showing complete carapace , both claws and limb fragments . 4 , dorsal view . 5 , ventral view , showing the delicate preservation .\nfig . 2 . binkhorstia ubaghsii ( van binkhorst , 1857 ) and binkhorstia euglypha collins , fraaye & jagt , 1995 . 1 , ventral view , with details of the sternum of b . ubaghsii . 2 , orbital view of this specimen , showing the unique spatulated rostrum . 3 , binkhorstia euglypha collins , fraaye & jagt , 1995 , ventral view of holotype ( mab . k . 1033 ) from the upper part of the meerssen member ( latest maastricht formation ) of the former blom quarry , berg en terblijt ( se netherlands ) . 4 , dorsal view of the holotype . 5 , dorsal view of assumed molt , b . ubaghsii , showing the left - hand claw , and flattened pereiopods .\nthe holotype of binkhorstia euglypha collins et al . , 1995 from the upper meerssen member at the former blom quarry ( berg en terblijt , se netherlands ) , shows details of the ventral parts as well , though not described in detail in the original description . a re - examination of the original material , together with the new data on b . ubaghsii , should provide more information on this little known genus .\nbeurlen k . 1930 . vergleichende stammesgeschichte . grundlagen , methoden , probleme unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der h\u00f6heren krebse . fortschr . geol . pal\u00e4ont . 8 : 317 - 586 .\nbinkhorst jt van . 1857 . neue krebse aus der maestrichter tuffkreide . verh . naturhist . ver . preuss . rheinl . westf . 14 : 107 - 110 .\ncollins jsh , fraaye rhb & jagt jwm . 1995 . late cretaceous anomurans and brachyurans from the maastrichtian type area . acta palaeont . pol . 40 : 165 - 210 .\nfeldmann rm , villamil t . 2002 . a new carcineretid crab ( upper turonian , cretaceous ) of colombia . jour . paleo . 76 : 718 - 724 .\nfeldmann rm , villamil t , kauffman eg . 1999 . decapod and stomatopod crustaceans from mass mortality lagerstatten : turonian ( cretaceous ) of colombia . jour . paleo . 73 : 91 - 101 .\nfraaye rhb . 1996 . late cretaceous swimming crabs : radiation , migration , competition , and extinction . acta geol . pol . 46 : 269 - 278 .\nfraaye rhb , van bakel bwm . 1998 . new raninid crabs ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) from the late maastrichtian of the netherlands . geol . mijnbouw 76 : 293 - 299 .\nglaessner mf . 1960 . the fossil decapod crustacea of new zealand and the evolution of the order decapoda . n . z . geol . surv . , paleontol . bull . 310 : 1 - 63 .\nglaessner mf . 1980 . new cretaceous and tertiary crabs ( crustacea : brachyura ) from australia and new zealand . trans . roy . soc . s . austr . 104 : 171 - 192 .\nguinot d . 1977 . propositions pour une nouvelle classification des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . c . r . acad . sci . paris d285 : 1049 - 1052 .\nguinot d . 1978 . principes d\u2019une classification \u00e9volutive des crustac\u00e9s d\u00e9capodes brachyoures . bull . biol . fr . belg . 112 : 209 - 292 .\nguinot d , tavares m . 2001 . une nouvelle famille de crabes du cr\u00e9tac\u00e9 , et la notion de podotremata guinot , 1977 ( crustacea , decapoda , brachyura ) . zoosystema 23 : 507 - 546 .\njagt jwm , fraaye rhb & van bakel bwm . 2000 . late cretaceous decapod crustacean faunas of northeast belgium and the southeast netherlands . studi e ricerche , assoc . amici mus . civ . \u2018g . zannato\u2019 , montecchio maggiore ( vicenza ) : 37 - 42 .\nkarasawa h , kato h . 2003 . the systematic status of the genus miosesarma karasawa , 1989 with a phylogenetic analysis within the family grapsidae and a review of fossil records ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) . paleont . res . 5 : 259 - 275 .\nnoetling f . 1881 . ueber einige brachyuren aus dem senon von mastricht [ sic ] und dem terti\u00e4r norddeutschlands . z . dt . geol . ges . 33 : 357 - 371 .\nortmann a . 1892 . die decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums . v . theil . die abteilungen hippidae , dromiidae , und oxystomata . zool . jb . 6 : 532 - 588 .\nrathbun mj . 1935 . fossil crustacea of the atlantic and gulf coastal plain . geol . soc . am . , spec . paper 2 : 1 - 160 .\nstenzel hb . 1952 . decapod crustaceans from the woodbine formation of texas . u . s . geol . surv . prof . paper 242 : 212 - 217 .\nvega fj , feldmann rm . 1991 . fossil crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the maastrichtian difunta group , northeastern mexico . ann . carnegie mus . 60 : 163 - 177 .\nvega fj , feldmann rm , sour - tovar f . 1995 . fossil crabs ( crustacea : decapoda ) from the late cretaceous c\u00e1rdenas formation , east - central mexico . jour . paleo . 69 : 340 - 350 .\nvega fj , feldmann rm , garc\u00eda - barrera p , filkorn h , pimentel f & avenda\u00f1o j . 2001 . maastrichtian crustacea ( brachyura : decapoda ) from the ocococuautla formation in chiapas , southeast mexico . jour . paleo . 75 : 319 - 329 .\nwithers th . 1922 . on a new brachyurous crustacean from the upper cretaceous of jamaica . ann . mag . nat . hist . 10 : 534 - 541 .\nwoods jt . 1953 . brachyura from the cretaceous of central queensland . mem . qld mus . 13 : 50 - 57 .\nwright cw . 1997 . new information on cretaceous crabs . bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( geol . ) 53 : 135 - 138 .\nwright cw , collins jsh . 1972 . british cretaceous crabs . palaeontogr . soc . monogr . 126 ( 533 ) : 1 - 114 .\nwe thank rudi w . dortangs ( amstenrade ) for taking photographs , robert pieters ( geel ) for donation of material .\nsuggests that it was a back - burrower , rather than an active swimmer .\ntwo crabs , xandarus sternbergi ( rathbun , 1926 ) n . gen . , and icriocarcinus xestos n . gen . , n . sp . , from the late cretaceous of san diego county , california , usa , and baja california norte , mexico\ndie decapoden - krebse des strassburger museums . v . theil . die abteilungen hippidae , dromiidae , und oxystomata"]}
{"id": 2434, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia dalhousiensis is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in afghanistan and the western himalayas ( northern pakistan and northern india ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 24 \u2013 29 mm for males and 30 \u2013 37 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are pale brown to fawn .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the larvae are thought to feed on the cones of pinus species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eupithecia dalhousiensis", "paragraphs": ["vad betyder eupithecia ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av eupithecia sj\u00e4lv\neupithecia \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ing\u00e5r i familjen m\u00e4tare .\neupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department ."]}
{"id": 2438, "summary": [{"text": "phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from february to march . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "phtheochroa simoniana", "paragraphs": ["phtheochroa simoniana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in italy , spain , portugal and morocco .\nsimoniana staudinger , 1859 ( cochylis ) , stettin . ent . ztg . 20 : 227 . tl : spain , andalusia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\ndrenowskii razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type\nflavana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 103 no type\ngracilimana razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 166 no type\nhybriata razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type\nochodes razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phtheochroa ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 138 . no type\necballiella huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 273 . tl : spain , cadiz . holotype : bmnh . male .\nrafalskii razowski , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , genus 8 : 176 . tl : mexico , durango , durango . holotype : amnh . male .\nsinecarina huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 275 . tl : morocco , fez . holotype : bmnh . male .\nvariolosana christoph , in romanoff , 1887 ( phtheochroa ) , mm lpid . 3 : 115 . tl : turkestan , holotype : bmnh . male .\nannae huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 276 . tl : austria , burgenland , neusiedl . holotype : tlmf . female .\nlarseni huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : turkey , anatolia , kizilcahamam . holotype : nhmv . female .\nosthelderi huemer , 1989 ( phtheochroa ) , nota lepid . 12 : 278 . tl : syria , taukrus , marasch . holotype : zsm . female .\naarviki razowski & brown , 2012 ( phtheochroa ) , zootaxa 3222 : 3 . tl : kenya , central province , kereita forest . holotype : nmk . male .\nchriodes razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .\ncircina razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 4 : 175 tl : mexico , sinaloa , el palmito . holotype : sdnh . male .\ndeima razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 137 tl : mexico , 10 km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .\nnatalica razowski , 2005 ( phtheochroa ) , polskie pismo entomol . 74 : 502 . tl : south africa , natal , karkloof . holotype : tmp . male .\npecosana kearfott , 1907 ( phtheochroa ) , can . ent . 39 : 124 . tl : usa , new mexico , beulah . lectotype : amnh . male .\nalbiscutellum walsingham , 1900 ( phtheochroa ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 5 : 487 tl : japan . holotype : bmnh . female .\ningridae huemer , 1990 ( phtheochroa ) , nachrbl . bayer . ent 39 : 83 . tl : italy , sudtirol kalterer , leuchtenburger forst . holotype : tlmf . male .\nveirsi razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 376 tl : mexico , durango , 30 mi w durango . holotype : eme . female .\nzerena razowski & becker , 1993 ( phtheochroa ) , shilap revta . lepid . 21 : 234 . tl : mexico , veracruz , zangolica . holotype : mnrj . male .\nimitana derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 298 . tl : turkey . hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . male .\nochodea razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 177 tl : mexico , durango , el salto , rancho nuevo . holotype : sdnh . male .\npiptmachaeria razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 373 tl : mexico , durango , 10 mi w el salto . holotype : eme . male .\nschreieri derra , 1992 ( phtheochroa ) , atalanta 21 : 296 . tl : turkey , hakkari province , cilo dagi , 5 km n agacsiz . holotype : derrc . female .\ntubulata arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 79 . tl : uzbekistan , north kugitangtau , leilakhansei . holotype : arenc . female .\nberberidana danilevsky , 1955 ( phtheochroa ) , ent . obozr . 34 : 118 . tl : central asia . central asia ( alma ata . ) . lectotype : zmas . female .\nkenyana aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 83 . tl : kenya , rift valley prov . , turi . holotype : bmnh . male .\namphibola razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 133 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .\nchlidantha razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 131 tl : mexico , oaxaca , 17 km se oaxaca , ruinas dainzu . holotype : eme . male .\neulabea razowski , 1994 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 136 tl : mexico , puebla , nicolas bravo , 11 km ne azumbilla . holotype : eme . female .\nsyrtana ragonot , 1888 ( phtheochroa ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( bulletin ) ( 6 ) 8 : lxxxviii . tl : tunisia , gabes . holotype : mnhn . female .\nweiserti arenberger , 1997 ( phtheochroa ) , z . arbgem . st . ent 49 : 78 . tl : uzbekistan , uzbekistan ( north kugitangtau , lielakhansei ) . holotype : arenc . male .\nciona razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , nayarit , 49 . 4 mi ne venado , mesa nayar . holotype : sdnh . male .\nfaulkneri razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .\npulvillana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 tl : germany , frankfurt . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nchriacta razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 176 tl : mexico , jalisco , ro verde , 17 mi s yahualica , hwy 116 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nhydnum razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , mexico ( chihuahua , sierra de catarina , 81 mi sw buenaventura . holotype : lacm . male .\ndilectana kennel , 1901 ( phtheochroa ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 243 . tl : russia . vol - gograd r , sarepta . holotype : mnhu . male .\nhybrista razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 171 tl : mexico . mexico ( jalisco , 14 . 7 mi sw yahualica , el aguacate . holotype : sdnh . male .\ncistobursa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\nchaunax razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 168 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .\ndescensa razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 173 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\nhyboscia razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 172 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nnoema razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 174 tl : mexico , jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 54 . holotype : sdnh . female .\namandana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 195 . tl : germany . bayern ( regensburg ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( phtheochroa ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 194 . tl : philippine islands . batan [ philippine islands ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\njohnibrowni razowski , 1991 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 34 : 170 tl : mexico , mexico ( jalisco , parque nacional nevado de colima , 10 . 7 mi n hwy 45 . holotype : sdnh . male .\nthiana staudinger , 1900 ( phtheochroa ? ( cochylis ? ) ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 1899 ) : 348 . tl : central asia , central asia ( thian shan ) . holotype : mnhu . female .\nlonnvei aarvik , 2010 ( phtheochroa ) , norw . j . ent . 57 : 82 . tl : ethiopia , oromia reg . , bale zone , 43 km sw goba , bale mts . nat . park , darwin camp . holotype : nhmo . male .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthe wingspan is 16\u201318 mm . adults have been recorded on wing from february to march .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nje ne saurais que trop vous conseiller l\u2019ouvrage du groupe d\u2019etude des invert\u00e9br\u00e9s armoricains sur les pyrales de la manche . a retrouver sur le site pour le commander .\ntribu de la sous - famille des tortricinae qui compte 101 esp\u00e8ces visibles en france .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\njoaninha / / ten - spotted ladybird ( adalia decempunctata var . o . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nlocation : europe > portugal > algarve date photo taken : march 19 , 2010 \u00a9 copyright . you cannot use ! only encyclopedia of life ( eol )\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\naegrana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , oregon , jackson co . , rogue river . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nagelasta razowski , 1967 ( aethes ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 192 tl : costa rica , san jos . holotype : bmnh . female .\nalbiceps walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : mexico , guerrero , amula . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nalphitopa clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 7 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . male .\naureoalbida walsingham , 1895 ( hysterosia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 498 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . lectotype : bmnh . male .\naureopunctana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 189 . tl : syria , etikettiert . holotype : mnhn . male .\nbaracana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , missouri , st louis . holotype : usnm . male .\ntiscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : usa . new jersey , caldwell . lectotype : amnh . male .\nvigilans meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nbirdana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , new york , rye . holotype : usnm . female .\ncanariana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , white mountains . holotype : usnm . male .\ncartwrightana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 123 . tl : canada , manitoba , cartwright . lectotype : amnh . male .\nchalcantha meyrick , 1912 ( pharmacis ) , exotic microlepid . 1 : 20 . tl : turkey , alma dagh . holotype : bmnh . male .\ncymatodana rebel , 1927 ( conchylis ( phalonia ) ) , z . st . ent . verz . 12 : 117 . tl : spain , sierra d ' espua , korb . lectotype : nhmv . male .\nhermosa schmidt , 1933 ( phalonia ( conchylis ) ) , boln . soc . espa . hist . nat . 33 : 401 . tl : spain . sierra espua , murcia province . holotype : mncnm . male .\ndecipiens walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : syria , shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . female .\nrocharva obraztsov , 1943 ( hysterosia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 33 : 91 . tl : russia . rocharv , vallis flum pjandzh . holotype : zmku . male .\ndodrantaria razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 94 . tl : lebanon , beirut . holotype : mnhu . male .\ndrenowskyi rebel , 1916 ( euxanthis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 66 : 42 . tl : bulgaria , demir kapia . lectotype : nhmv . male .\nduponchelana duponchel , in godart , 1843 ( sericoris ) , hist . nat . lpid . papillons fr . ( suppl . ) 4 : 143 . tl : italy , naples . holotype : mnhn . unknown .\nduponcheliana costa , 1847 ( sericoris ) , annali accad . aspir . natur . napoli 4 : 77 . tl : italy . naples . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ngloriosana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 5 , fig . 31 . no type\nsyriaca walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 446 tl : syria . shar devesy , haleb . holotype : bmnh . male .\ndurbonana lhomme , 1937 ( phalonia ) , amat . papillons 8 : 202 . tl : europe , westalpien ( alps ) [ europe ] . holotype : mnhn . male .\nexasperantana christoph , 1872 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross 9 : 9 . tl : russia , vol - gograd region , sarepta . holotype : bmnh . female .\ncornigera razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 93 . tl : tajikistan . murgavskoje gosudarstwo . holotype : zmas . male .\nexasperatana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 53 . no type\nfarinosana herrich - schaffer , 1856 ( conchylis ) , neue schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 30 , fig . 154 . tl : russia , sarepta . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nfrigidana guenee , 1845 ( eupoecilia ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 3 : 298 . tl : sweden , dalarna [ dalecarlia , sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nandorrana milliere , 1865 ( conchylis ) , iconogr . descr . chenilles lpid . indits 2 : 167 . tl : france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nflavidana guenee , 1846 ( cochylis ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 66 . tl : france . south france . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nschawerdae rebel , in schawerda , 1908 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 58 : 255 . tl : kosovo . kosovo ( vucija bara ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsulphurana guenee , 1845 ( aphelia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 67 . tl : france . pyrnes . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsulphurosana razowski , 1970 ( aphelia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 73 . no type\nfulvicinctana constant , 1894 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 62 ( 1893 ) : 403 . tl : france , alpes maritimes . holotype : mnhn . unknown .\nfulviplicana walsingham , 1879 ( idiographis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 26 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nfermentata meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 . no type\nhomanana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa . nevada , verdi . lectotype : amnh . male .\nkomonana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 121 . tl : usa . california , santa clara co . , alma . lectotype : usnm . male .\nrefuga meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\ngigantica busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 8 : 87 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , mexico city . holotype : usnm . female .\ngracillimana rebel , 1910 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 24 : 7 . tl : spain , castilia , cuenca . lectotype : mgab . male .\nhuachucana kearfott , 1907 ( commophila ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 79 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . . lectotype : amnh . male .\ninopiana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 469 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . lectotype : oum . male .\ncentrana herrich - schaffer , 1850 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 53 , fig . 373 . no type\ncentrana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( euchromia ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 205 . tl : switzerland . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nexcentricana erschoff , 1877 ( tortrix ( idiographis ) ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia . siberia , irkutsk . syntypes : zmas . 2 females .\nhinnuleana krulikowsky , 1908 ( hysterosia inopiana ab . ) , societas ent . 23 : 18 . tl : russia . wjatka and kasan [ russia ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nobscurana kennel , 1913 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , palaear . tortr . : 350 . tl : russia . amur . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\npallidana caradja , 1916 ( hysterosia inopiana var . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 55 . tl : russia . khabarovsky krai , kazakevich . lectotype : mgab . male .\ntripsiana eversmann , 1844 ( tortrix ) , fauna lepid . volgo - ural . : 491 . tl : russia . kasan , orenburg . syntype ( s ) : zmas . unknown .\niodes clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 4 . tl : guatemala , volcan santa mara . holotype : usnm . male .\nissikii razowski , 1977 ( hysterosia ) , ty to ga 28 : 35 . tl : japan , hokkaido , maruyama . holotype : usnm . female .\njerichoana amsel , 1935 ( phalonia ) , mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 : 291 . tl : palestine , jericho . holotype : lnk . male .\nkenneli obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 70 . tl : russia , volgograd region , sarepta . syntypes : mnhu . 2 females .\nkrulikowskiji obraztsov , 1944 ( propira ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 69 . tl : russia , viatka province , sarapul . holotype : zmku . male .\nkazakhstanica danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 109 . tl : khazakhstan . alma ata [ almaty ] . holotype : zmas . male .\nkazakhstanika danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( phalonia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 82 . no type\nloricata razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 568 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .\nlucentana kennel , 1899 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 30 . tl : syria , holotype : mnhu . unknown .\nmelasma clarke , 1968 ( hysterosia ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 9 . tl : guatemala , chejel . holotype : usnm . male .\nmeraca razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 54 : 570 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . female .\nmodestana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 32 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .\nnoctivaga razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 569 . tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .\nobnubila razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 571 . tl : mexico , hidalgo , jacala . holotype : eme . female .\nochralana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 300 . tl : tunisia , lectotype : mnhn . male .\nbedeella lucas , 1946 ( phalonia ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : tunisia . sfax . lectotype : mnhn . male .\nochrolana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 52 . no type\nochrobasana chretien , 1915 ( euxanthis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 301 . tl : algeria , algeria ( biskra ) . syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nundulata lucas , 1946 ( argyrotoxa ) , bull . soc . ent . fr . 51 : 98 . tl : algeria . algeria ( el golea ) . lectotype : mnhn . male .\npalpana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 195 . tl : turkey , hadjin . holotype : mnhn . male .\nperspicuana barnes & busck , 1920 ( hysterosia ) , contrib . nat . hist . lepid . n . am 4 : 218 . tl : usa , arizona , cochise co . , paradise . holotype : usnm . female .\npistrinana erschoff , 1877 ( cochylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 12 : 341 . tl : russia , siberia , irkutsk . syntype : zmas . male .\ncoreana walsingham , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 6 : 447 tl : korea . gensan . holotype : bmnh . male .\nheptopotamica obraztsov , 1944 ( propira pistrinana ssp . ) , dt . ent . z . iris 57 : 68 . tl : kazakhstan . central asia ( dzharkent ) [ kazakhstan ] . holotype : unknown . male .\nprimula walsingham , 1914 ( hysterosia ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 299 . tl : mexico , popocatepetl . holotype : usnm . female .\nprocerana lederer , 1863 ( conchylis ) , wien . ent . monatschr . 7 : 45 . tl : bulgaria , holotype : mnhu . male .\ndispuncta kuznetzov , 1976 ( hysterosia pulvillana ssp . ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 64 : 3 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , vinogradovka . holotype : zmas . female .\npurana guenee , 1845 ( argyrolepia ) , eur . microlepid . index meth . : 64 . tl : france , syntype ( s ) : mnhn . unknown .\nlimbatana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 18 , fig . 125 . no type\nlimbatana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( cochylis ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 191 . tl : yugoslavia . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\npurissima osthelder , 1938 ( phalonia ) , mitt . mnch . ent . ges . 28 : 24 . tl : iran , holotype : zsm . male .\nquaesita razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , polskie pismo ent . 53 : 570 . tl : mexico , zacatecas , 9 mi s fresnillo . holotype : eme . female .\nrectangulana chretien , 1915 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 84 : 299 . tl : algeria , algeria . lectotype : mnhn . female .\nreisseri razowski , 1970 ( hysterosia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 91 . tl : crete , west crete ( omalos ) . holotype : isez . male .\nretextana erschoff , 1874 ( conchylis ) , lepid . turkestan : 93 . tl : turkestan , laxartem , sir - daria . holotype : zmas . female .\nriscana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , glenburn . lectotype : amnh . male .\nvincta meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nrugosana hubner , [ 1796 - 1799 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 14fig . 82 . tl : germany , wrttenberg , marbach / neckar . neotype : tlmf . male .\nalbana kennel , 1913 ( phalonia ) , palaear . tortr . : 299 . no type\nv - albana donovan , [ 1806 ] ( phalaena ) , nat . hist . br . insects 11 : 31 . tl : united kingdom . great britain . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nschreibersiana frolich , 1828 ( tortrix ) , enum . tortr . wrtemberg : 53 . tl : germany , wrtemberg . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nsociana esartiya , 1988 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 67 ( 4 ) : 137 . tl : georgia , georgia ( grunzia , lagodekhi reserve ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nkaradaghina budashkin , 1992 ( trachysmia ) , ent . obozr . 69 : 415 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( crimea ) . holotype : zmas . male .\nsodaliana haworth , 1811 ( tortrix ) , lepid . br . ( 3 ) : 436 . tl : united kingdom , great britain . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nsubfumida falkovitsh , 1963 ( hysterosia ( propira ) ) , zool . zhurn . moskva 42 : 697 tl : armenia , eriwan . holotype : zmas . male .\nsuperbissima razowski , 1984 ( trachysmia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53 : 571 tl : mexico , veracruz , 2 mi w el joyita , hwy . 140 . holotype : eme . male .\nterminana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 33 . tl : usa , pennsylvania , allegheny co . , pittsburgh . holotype : usnm . male .\nmerrickana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 59 . tl : usa . pennsylvania , new brighton . lectotype : amnh . male .\nundulata danilevsky , in danilevsky , kuznetzov & falkovitsh , 1962 ( hysterosia ) , trud . inst . zool . alma ata 18 : 113 . tl : central asia , central asia ( dshungarian ala - tau ) . holotype : zmas . female .\nunionana kennel , 1900 ( hysterosia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 : 135 . tl : russia , caucasus . syntypes : mnhu . 2 males .\nvicina walsingham , 1914 ( propira ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 297 . tl : guatemala , vera paz , pancina . holotype : bmnh . female .\nvillana busck , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 34 . tl : usa , colorado , adams co . , denver . holotype : usnm . male .\nvitellinana zeller , 1875 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 243 . tl : usa , maine or massachusetts . holotype : unknown . male .\nvulneratana zetterstedt , 1839 ( tortrix ) , insecta lapponica descripta : 979 . tl : sweden , lappland ( laponia [ sweden ] . syntype ( s ) : uzil . unknown .\nexsulana lederer , 1855 ( tortrix ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 5 : 117 . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nmeincki amsel , 1932 ( euxanthis ) , dt . ent . z . berlin 1932 : 19 . tl : germany . holotype : meinc . unknown . [ lost ]\nniponica kawabe , 1982 ( hysterosia ) , moths japan 2 : 182 . no type\nnipponica matsumura , 1931 ( phalonia vulneratana form ) , 6000 illust . insects japan - empire : 1074 tl : japan . hokkaido & honshu . syntype ( s ) : eihu . unknown . [ lost ]\nwaracana kearfott , 1907 ( hysterosia ) , can . ent . 39 : 122 . tl : canada , alberta , regina . lectotype : usnm . female .\ndicax meyrick , 1912 ( hysterosia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nzacualpana busck , 1913 ( commophila ) , insec . inscit . menstr . 1 : 141 . tl : mexico , distrito federal , zacualpan . holotype : usnm . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form ."]}
{"id": 2445, "summary": [{"text": "brachymeles bonitae , commonly known as hikida 's short-legged skink or the stub-limbed burrowing skink , is a species of skink found in the philippines .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it was first described in 1839 by andr\u00e9 marie constant dum\u00e9ril and gabriel bibron .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is endemic to the philippines . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "brachymeles bonitae", "paragraphs": ["evaluating the diversity of philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : . . .\nadditions to philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scinc . . .\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : brachymeles bonitae ( ku 330100 ) from mid - elevation , mt . cagua - zookeys - 266 - 001 - g054 . jpg\nas trusted on the\nbrachymeles bonitae\npage .\nsarah miller set\nbrachymeles boholensis\nas an exemplar on\nbrachymeles gracilis fischer 1885\n.\nsarah miller set\nbrachymeles taylori\nas an exemplar on\nbrachymeles boulengeri taylor 1922\n.\nadditions to philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) iii : a new species from tablas island .\nadditions to philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) ii : a new species from the northern philippines .\nadditions to philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) iii : a new species from tablas island . - pubmed - ncbi\nevaluating the diversity of philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) : redescription of b . tridactylus and descriptions of two new species\nadditions to philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) ii : a new species from the northern phili . . . - pubmed - ncbi\n( pdf ) evaluating the diversity of philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) : redescription of b . tridactylus and descriptions of two new species\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : brachymeles bonitae ( ku 330100 ) from mid - elevation , mt . cagua - zookeys - 266 - 001 - g054 . jpg\n.\nwe review the species of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( b . bonitae and b . tridactylus ) and describe an additional two new species in this highly specialized , limb - reduced , endemic philippine clade of fossorial lizards . for more than 4 decades , b . bonitae has been recognized as a single ' ' widespread ' ' species , a perception that has persisted as a result of limited sampling and similar overall . . . [ show full abstract ]\npopulation genetic structure and revised geographic range for the tridactyl skink ( brachymeles munti . . .\nin this paper we examined characters measured or counted on external body surfaces , and analyzed molecular variation , for a subset of the brachymeles bonitae species complex ( b . bonitae and b . tridactylus ) . our analyses revealed new , undescribed diversity within this complex , and we describe two new species as well as redescribe b . tridactylus . we designate populations of b . bonitae from aurora province on luzon island as b . isangdaliri , and populations of b . bonitae from masbate island as b . mapalanggaon . what makes b . isangaliri special is that it represents the first unidactyl species of brachymeles , meaning this species has only a single small digit on its hands and feet . if that wasn\u2019t enough , b . mapalanggaon is the first known limbed , but digitless species within this genus . such a neat complex of small , burrowing lizards !\n. . . nov . increases the known species diversity of the genus in the philippines to 37 , and future examination of other allopatric populations of the b . bonitae complex may reveal additional diversity ( davis et al . 2014 ) . brachymeles ligtas sp . . . .\nwe describe a new digitless scincid lizard of the genus brachymeles from northern luzon and camiguin norte islands in the philippines . this species belongs to the brachymeles bonitae complex , and both molecular and morphological data confirm that this species is distinct from all other congeners . formerly considered to be a single widespread species , this group of species has been the focus of . . . [ show full abstract ]\nwe describe a new digitless scincid lizard of the genus brachymeles from northern luzon and camiguin norte islands in the philippines . this species belongs to the brachymeles bonitae complex , and both molecular and morphological data confirm that this species is distinct from all other congeners . formerly considered to be a single widespread species , this group of species has been the focus of recent systematic reviews . here we describe a new species in the b . bonitae complex , recognized currently to constitute five species . brachymeles ilocandia sp . nov . is the second digitless and the seventeenth non - pentadactyl species in genus . the description of this species brings the total number of species in the genus to 40 , and provides new insight into unique distribution patterns of species of the northern philippines .\ntaylor , e . h . ( 1917 ) brachymeles , a genus of philippine lizards . philippine journal of science , 12 , 267\u2013279 .\ntaylor , e . h . ( 1917 ) brachymeles , a genus of philippine lizards . the philippine journal of science , 12 , 267\u2013279 .\ndavis d . r . , feller , k . d . , brown , r . f . & siler , c . s . ( 2014 ) evaluating the diversity of philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) : redescription of b . tridactylus and descriptions of two new species . journal of herpetology , 48 , 480\u2013494 .\ndavis , d . r . , k . d . feller , r . m . brown , and c . d . siler . 2014 . evaluating the diversity of philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) : redescription of b . tridactylus and descriptions of two new species . journal of herpetology 48 : 480 - 494 . pdf\ndavis , d . r . , feller , k . d . , brown , r . m . & siler , c . d . ( 2014 ) evaluating the diversity of philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) : redescription of b . tridactylus and descriptions of two new species . journal of herpetology , 48 , 480\u2013494 . urltoken\n. . . finally , brachymeles bonitae sensu stricto represents an instance of both cases : some individuals have digitless limbs while others have two fingers and one toe ( davis et al . 2014 ) . philippine species of brachymeles form a monophyletic clade , suggesting in situ diversification of the genus across the archipelago ( siler & brown 2011 ; siler et al . 2011a ) . hypotheses for the high levels of philippine diversity of plants and animals have focused on the influence of changing sea levels on species diversification ( brown et al . 2013 ) . . . .\na new species of slender skink is described from the philippines . the species is endemic to lubang island , and is assigned to the brachymeles bonitae complex based on phenotypic and genetic data . specimens were collected from lubang island between 1991 and 2012 , and were examined based on morphological data ( qualitative traits , meristic counts , and mensural measurements ) . published genetic . . . [ show full abstract ]\nhikida , t . ( 1982 ) a new limbless brachymeles ( sauria : scincidae ) from mt . kinabalu , north borneo . copeia , 1982 , 840\u2013844 .\ndavis , drew r . ; kathryn d . feller , rafe m . brown , and cameron d . siler 2014 . evaluating the diversity of philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) : redescription of b . tridactylus and descriptions of two new species . journal of herpetology dec 2014 , vol . 48 , no . 4 : 480 - 494 . - get paper here\nhikida , t . ( 1982 ) a new limbless brachymeles ( sauria : scincidae ) from mt . kinabalu , north borneo . copeia , 1982 , 840\u2013844 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , crombie , r . i . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2011c ) redescription of two poorly known slender skinks , brachymeles bicolor and brachymeles pathfinderi ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) , from the philippines . journal of herpetology , 45 , 355\u2013369 .\nbrown , w . c . ( 1956 ) a revision of the genus brachymeles ( scincidae ) , with descriptions of new species and subspecies . breviora , 54 , 1\u201319 .\n. . . however , only two genera include semifossorial taxa : brachymeles and lygosoma ( siler et al . 2012b ; davis et al . 2014 ) . whereas 39 of 41 species in brachymeles are endemic to the philippines ( davis et al . 2016 ) , this genus has never been recorded in the palawan paic . two species of lygosoma ( l . . . .\n. . . ) , and they exhibit a diverse array of ecomorphologies . however , only two genera include semifossorial taxa : brachymeles and lygosoma ( siler et al . 2012b ; davis et al . 2014 ) . whereas 39 of 41 species in brachymeles are endemic to the philippines ( davis et al . 2016 ) , this genus has never been recorded in the palawan paic . . . .\ndavis , drew r . ; aaron d . geheber , jessa l . watters , michelle l . penrod , kathryn d . feller , alissa ashford , josh kouri , daniel nguyen , kathryn shauberger , kyra sheatsley , claire winfrey , rachel wong , marites b . sanguila , rafe m . brown & cameron d . sil 2016 . additions to philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) iii : a new species from tablas island . zootaxa 4132 ( 1 ) : 030\u2013043 - get paper here\ngeheber , a . d . , davis , d . r . , watters , j . w . , penrod , m . l . , feller , k . d . , davey , c . s . , ellsworth , e . d . , flanagan , r . l . , heitz , b . d . , moore , t . , nguyen , m . d . c . , roberts , a . , sutton , j . , sanguila , m . b . , linkem , c . w . , brown , r . m . & siler , c . d . ( 2016 ) additions to the philippine slender skinks of the brachymeles bonitae complex ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae : brachymeles ) i : a new species from lubang island . zootaxa , 4132 ( 1 ) , 1\u201314 . urltoken\nbrown , w . c . & rabor , d . s . ( 1967 ) review of the genus brachymeles ( scincidae ) , with descriptions of new species and subspecies . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 15 , 525\u2013548 .\nsiler , c . d . ( 2010 ) squamata , scincidae , brachymeles elerae ( taylor , 1917 ) : rediscovery in old balbalan , cordillera mountain range , luzon island , philippines , and natural history . check list , 6 , 616\u2013618 . urltoken\n. . . lygosoma tabonorum is the first philippine endemic species within the genus . based on our current understanding of species - level diversity within the ecologically similar brachymeles in the philippines ( davis et al . 2014 ) , we anticipate the description of additional cryptic species among the members of the l . quadrupes species complex , with additional study of molecular and morphological analyses . although both brachymeles and lygosoma occur in the philippines , they are nearly allopatric in their distributions ( fig . 1 ) . . . .\nsiler , c . d . , jones , r . m . , welton , l . j . & brown , r . m . ( 2011d ) redescription of tetradactyl , philippine slender skinks ( genus brachymeles ) . herpetologica , 67 , 300\u2013317 .\n. . . we sampled 39 individuals , representing all but two of the 41 species of brachymeles currently recognized for our ingroup ( figure 1 ; supporting information table s1 ; davis et al . , 2016 ; siler et al . , 2016 ) . multilocus phylogenetic datasets were available for most species from previously published work for the coding region of the mitochon - drial gene nadh dehydrogenase subunit 1 ( nd1 ) , and three nuclear loci : brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( bdnf ) , rna fingerprint protein 35 ( r35 ) , and prostaglandin e receptor 4 ( ptger4 ) ( davis et al . , 2014 ; siler et al . , 2011asiler et al . , , 2011bsiler et al . , , 2012 ) . we collected near complete sequence datasets for all four loci for all remaining ingroup taxa ( supporting miriamae ; c is all philippine brachymeles species ; d represents the pentadactyl clade with its sister group of partially digit reduced b . elerae and b . mutingkamay ; e is the pentadactyl brachymeles clade ; f is the digit - reduced clade of brachymeles . . . .\nsiler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2010a ) a new loam - swimming skink , genus brachymeles ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) from luzon and catanduanes islands , philippines . journal of herpetology , 44 , 49\u201360 .\nsiler , c . d . & brown , r . m . ( 2010 ) phylogeny - based species delimitation in philippine slender skinks ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae : brachymeles ) : taxonomic revision of pentadactyl species groups and description of three new species . herpetological monographs , 24 , 1\u201354 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2010b ) a new loam - swimming skink , genus brachymeles ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) from luzon and catanduanes islands , philippines . journal of herpetology , 44 , 49\u201360 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , rico , e . l . , duya , m . r . & brown , r . m . ( 2009 ) a new limb - reduced , loam - swimming skink ( squamata : scincidae : brachymeles ) from central luzon island , philippines . herpetologica , 65 , 449\u2013459 .\nsiler , c . d . , rico , e . l . , duya , m . r . & brown , r . m . ( 2009 ) a new limb - reduced , loam - swimming skink ( squamata : scincidae : brachymeles ) from central luzon island , philippines . herpetologica , 65 , 449\u2013459 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , balete , d . s . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2010b ) a new legless loam - swimming lizard ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae : genus brachymeles ) from the bicol peninsula , luzon island , philippines . copeia , 2010 , 114\u2013122 .\nsiler , c . d . , balete , d . s . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2010a ) a new legless loam - swimming lizard ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae : genus brachymeles ) from the bicol peninsula , luzon island , philippines . copeia , 2010 , 114\u2013122 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . , alcala , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2011a ) phylogeny of philippine slender skinks ( scincidae : brachymeles ) reveals underestimated species diversity , complex biogeographical relationships , and cryptic patterns of lineage diversification . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 59 , 53\u201365 .\nsiler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . , alcala , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2011 ) phylogeny of philippine slender skinks ( scincidae : brachymeles ) reveals underestimated species diversity , complex biogeographical relationships , and cryptic patterns of lineage diversification . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 59 , 53\u201365 . urltoken\n. . . the majority of species of brachymeles are found exclusively in the philippines ; the two exceptions include b . miriamae heyer from thailand and b . apus hikida from borneo ( heyer 1972 ; hikida 1982 ) . though the morphology and evolutionary history of brachymeles are both well represented in the literature , the ecology of these species is not well known ( davis et al . 2014 ) . species prefer dry habitats and have been found in leaf litter , loose soil , or under decaying logs ( siler et al . 2009siler et al . , 2010asiler et al . , b , 2011asiler et al . , b , c , d , 2012a davis et al . 2014 ) . . . .\nwe use data from external morphology and mitochondrial gene sequences to provide the basis for a taxonomic revision of two polytypic , pentadactyl philippine species of scincid lizards of the genus brachymeles . although previous studies have noted significant morphological variation among island populations , the similarities in body size and scale pigmentation and pattern have led to the . . . [ show full abstract ]\nspecies diversity in skinks in the genus brachymeles recently has undergone a state of flux , with numerous taxonomic discoveries over the past few years . newly available , robust data sets from morphological data and molecular sequences have revealed that taxonomic diversity within this unique group of lizards is substantially underestimated . in this third recent monographic revision of a major . . . [ show full abstract ]\n. . . the island nation is home to a wide variety of endemic skinks ( family scincidae ) , including a unique radiation of semi - fossorial species in the genus brachymeles dum\u00e9ril & bibron . the genus brachymeles consists currently of 40 species ( davis et al . 2014 ; geheber et al . 2016 ; siler et al . 2016 ) , with all but two species occurring in the philippines ( b . apus hikida in borneo and b . miriamae heyer in thailand ; siler et al . 2009 siler et al . , 2010a siler et al . , b , 2011a siler et al . , b , c , d , 2012a siler et al . , 2016 siler 2010 ; davis et al . 2014 ; geheber et al . 2016 ) . . . .\nprevious work with skinks in the genus brachymeles has revealed a remarkable level of unknown diversity , leading to the descriptions of many new species . historically , many species were recognized to occur throughout multiple islands and distinct faunal regions . however , as sampling has increased , and comprehensive morphological and molecular examinations have occurred , these once wide ranging species are now recognized as complexes of multiple unique lineages .\nsiler , c . d . , fuiten , a . m . , jones , r . m . , alcala , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2011b ) phylogeny - based species delimitation in philippines slender skinks ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) ii : taxonomic revision of brachymeles samarensis and description of five new species . herpetological monographs , 25 , 76\u2013112 .\nsiler , c . d . , jones , r . m . , diesmos , a . c . , diesmos , m . l . & brown , r . m . ( 2012a ) phylogeny - based species delimitation in philippine slender skinks ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) iii : taxonomic revision of the brachymeles gracilis complex and descriptions of three new species . herpetological monographs , 26 , 135\u2013172 .\nsiler , c . d . , jones , r . m . , diesmos , a . c . , diesmos , m . l . & brown , r . m . ( 2012a ) phylogeny - based species delimitation in philippine slender skinks ( reptilia : squamata : scincidae ) iii : taxonomic revision of the brachymeles gracilis complex and descriptions of three new species . herpetological monographs , 26 , 135\u2013172 . urltoken\nwith robust new datasets from morphology and dna sequences , we review the limbed , nonpentadactyl species of the brachymeles samarensis complex ( now known to include b . cebuensis , b . minimus , and b . lukbani ) , and describe five new species in this highly limb - reduced , endemic philippine clade of scincid lizards . for more than four decades , b . samarensis has been recognized as a single . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe philippines is home to a remarkable number of species of amphibians and reptiles . this amazing diversity is often due to the complex geological history of this archipelago with islands cyclically being isolated and then reconnected , as sea levels would fluctuate . one group of reptiles with a remarkable amount of morphological and genetic diversity is the philippine slender skinks of the genus brachymeles . these lizards often inhabit leaf litter and soil substrates , and many exhibit some form of limb - or digit - reduction .\n. . . all species are slender , elongate lizards possessing relatively homogeneous brown scale coloration . interestingly , the clade represents one of only a handful of scincid genera to possess a full spectrum of digit and limb states , from species with more robust , pentadactyl limbs to those with externally limbless bodies ( siler et al . 2011a siler et al . , 2012a davis et al . 2014 ) . of the 39 currently recognized species of brachymeles , 18 are pentadactyl ( b . . . .\n. . . we anticipate that his work will be of interest to wildlife managers , students , biogeographers , conservationists , and cebu residents . most of the species we observed are common and widely distributed\u2014with some rare exceptions , cebu endemics , and numerous taxa for which current classifications underestimate species diversity ( barley et al . , 2013 ; brown et al . , 2013b ; linkem et al . , 2011 ; siler et al . , 2011a ) . of special interest are two island endemics , brachymeles cebuensis , malayotyphlops hypogius . . . .\n. . . despite the observed variance in body forms among recognized taxa , a suite of recent studies has revealed that a general convergence on gross overall morphological appearances within phylogenetically - identified subclades has led to broad underestimation of alpha diversity ( siler et al . 2009siler et al . , 2010a , b , 2011a , b , c , d , 2012a , 2016 ; siler 2010 ; davis et al . 2014 ; geheber et al . 2016 ) . recent molecular data has provided insight into the distribution of previously unrecognized diversity within the genus , leading to the recognition of several species complexes ( siler et al . 2011d ; davis et al . 2014 ) . one species complex in particular , the b . bonitae complex sensu davis et al . ( 2014 ) , was originally thought to be a single widely distributed species with variable morphology ( brown & rabor 1967 ) . . . .\n. . . though the morphology and evolutionary history of brachymeles are both well represented in the literature , the ecology of these species is not well known ( davis et al . 2014 ) . species prefer dry habitats and have been found in leaf litter , loose soil , or under decaying logs ( siler et al . 2009siler et al . , 2010asiler et al . , b , 2011asiler et al . , b , c , d , 2012a davis et al . 2014 ) . most species are found in disturbed secondary growth lowland habitats ; however , several species ( b . . . .\n. . . the genus brachymeles consists currently of 40 species ( davis et al . 2014 ; geheber et al . 2016 ; siler et al . 2016 ) , with all but two species occurring in the philippines ( b . apus hikida in borneo and b . miriamae heyer in thailand ; siler et al . 2009 siler et al . , 2010a siler et al . , b , 2011a siler et al . , b , c , d , 2012a siler et al . , 2016 siler 2010 ; davis et al . 2014 ; geheber et al . 2016 ) . species in this genus are known to be both secretive and semi - fossorial , with individuals often inhabiting decomposing organic matter ( i . e . , decaying coconut husks , rotting tree logs ) . . . .\n. . . during pleistocene glacial cycles , decreases in the sea level led to the formation of philippine aggregate island complexes ( paics ; brown & guttman 2002 ; fig . 1a ) in which adjacent islands separated by shallow seas were connected by land bridges , allowing for faunal exchange and gene flow between islands within a single paic ( brown et al . , 2013 ) . although this process likely contributed to the development of distinct faunal regions within the philippines , studies suggest that species diversification patterns in brachymeles do not follow predicted paic - based diversification patterns , with evidence suggesting a number of overseas dispersal events may have also taken place during the radiation of this group throughout the archipelago ( siler et al . 2011a ) . furthermore , studies on radiations of other philippine reptiles ( linkem et al . 2010linkem et al . , 2011 siler et al . 2010c siler et al . , 2012b siler et al . , 2014 welton et al . 2013 welton et al . , 2014 ) have also partially or fully rejected paic formation and fragmentation events in the generation and maintenance of species diversity . . . .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is endemic to the philippines , where it has been recorded from the islands of luzon , polillo , marinduque , mindoro , calotcot , tablas , sibuyan , lubang , camiguin norte and masbate ( brown and alcala 1980 ) . it ranges from close to sea level to about 800 m asl .\nthis species has been recorded from both primary and secondary tropical moist forest , and has also been within coconut groves and similar plantations . animals seem to be largely terrestrial and are found in leaf litter , under rotting logs , and amongst similar ground cover ( brown and alcala 1980 ) .\nthis species is found within numerous protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nsiler cd 1 , davis dr 2 , freitas es 3 , huron na 4 , geheber ad 5 , watters jl 6 , penrod ml 7 , pape\u0219 m 8 , amrein a 9 , anwar a 10 , cooper d 10 , hein t 10 , manning a 10 , patel n 10 , pinaroc l 10 , diesmos ac 11 , diesmos ml 12 , oliveros ch 13 , brown rm 14 .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history , university of oklahoma , 2401 chautauqua avenue , norman , ok 73072 , usa . ; email : camsiler @ ou . edu .\ndepartment of biology , university of south dakota , 414 east clark street , vermillion , sd 57069 , usa . ; email : drew . davis @ usd . edu .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . ; email : elysefreitas @ gmail . com .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . ; email : nahuron @ ou . edu .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa ; email : a . w . amrein @ gmail . com .\nsam noble oklahoma museum of natural history , university of oklahoma , 2401 chautauqua avenue , norman , ok 73072 , usa . ; email : jwatters @ ou . edu .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa ; email : michelle . l . penrod - 1 @ ou . edu .\ndepartment of integrative biology , oklahoma state university , 501 life sciences west , stillwater , ok , 74074 usa . ; email : papes @ okstate . edu .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . ; email : annalisa . r . manning - 1 @ ou . edu .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . ; email : unknown .\nherpetology section , zoology division , philippine national museum , rizal park , burgos street , manila , philippines . ; email : arvin . diesmos @ gmail . com .\nuniversity of santo tomas , espana boulevard , manila , philippines . ; email : maediesmos @ gmail . com .\ndepartment of biological sciences , louisiana state university , 220 life sciences building , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa . ; email : carloliveros @ gmail . com .\nbiodiversity institute and department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of kansas , 1345 jayhawk boulevard , lawrence , ks 66045 , usa . ; email : rafe @ ku . edu .\ndavis dr 1 , geheber ad 2 , watters jl 3 , penrod ml 4 , feller kd 5 , ashford a 6 , kouri j 4 , nguyen d 4 , shauberger k 4 , sheatsley k 4 , winfrey c 4 , wong r 4 , sanguila mb 7 , brown rm 8 , siler cd 9 .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . ; email : aaron . d . geheber - 1 @ ou . edu .\nschool of biological sciences , university of bristol , tyndall avenue , bristol , bs8 1tq , uk . ; email : kate . feller @ gmail . com .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . ; email : aashford @ ou . edu .\nfather saturnino urios university , san francisco street , 8600 butuan city , philippines ; email : unknown .\ndepartment of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history , university of oklahoma , 2401 chautauqua avenue , norman , ok 73072 , usa . ; email : unknown .\ncameron d . siler department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa . sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history , university of oklahoma , 2401 chautauqua avenue , norman , ok 73072 , usa .\ndrew r . davis department of biology , university of south dakota , 414 east clark street , vermillion , sd 57069 , usa .\nelyse s . freitas department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nnicholas a . huron department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\njessa l . watters sam noble oklahoma museum of natural history , university of oklahoma , 2401 chautauqua avenue , norman , ok 73072 , usa .\nmonica pape\u0219 department of integrative biology , oklahoma state university , 501 life sciences west , stillwater , ok , 74074 usa .\nandrew amrein department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nalyssa anwar department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\ndontae cooper department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\ntucker hein department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nannalisa manning department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nneeral patel department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nlauren pinaroc department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\narvin c . diesmos herpetology section , zoology division , philippine national museum , rizal park , burgos street , manila , philippines .\nmae l . diesmos university of santo tomas , espana boulevard , manila , philippines .\ncarl h . oliveros department of biological sciences , louisiana state university , 220 life sciences building , baton rouge , la 70803 , usa .\nrafe m . brown biodiversity institute and department of ecology and evolutionary biology , university of kansas , 1345 jayhawk boulevard , lawrence , ks 66045 , usa .\ncameron d . siler , drew r . davis , elyse s . freitas , nicholas a . huron , aaron d . geheber , jessa l . watters , michelle l . penrod , monica pape\u0219 , andrew amrein , alyssa anwar , dontae cooper , tucker hein , annalisa manning , neeral patel , lauren pinaroc , arvin c . diesmos , mae l . diesmos , carl h . oliveros , rafe m . brown\nbarve , n . , barve , v . , jim\u00e9nez - valverde , a . , lira - noriega , a . , maher , s . p . , peterson , a . t . , sober\u00f3n , j . & villalobos , f . ( 2011 ) the crucial role of the accessible area in ecological niche modeling and species distribution modeling . ecological modeling , 222 , 1810\u20131819 .\nbrown , j . l . ( 2014 ) sdmtoolbox : a python\u2010based gis toolkit for landscape genetic , biogeographic and species distribution model analyses . methods in ecology and evolution , 5 , 694\u2013700 .\nbrown , r . m . & diesmos , a . c . ( 2002 ) application of lineage - based species concepts to oceanic island frog populations : the effects of differing taxonomic philosophies on the estimation of philippine biodiversity . silliman journal , 42 , 133\u2013162 .\nbrown , r . m . & diesmos , a . c . ( 2009 ) philippines , biology . in : gillespie , r . , clague , d . ( eds . ) , encyclopedia of islands . university of california press , berkeley , california , pp . 723\u2013732 .\nbrown , r . m . & guttman , s . i . ( 2002 ) phylogenetic systematics of the rana signata complex of philippine and bornean stream frogs : reconsideration of huxley\u2019s modification of wallace\u2019s line at the oriental\u2013australian faunal zone interface . biological journal of the linnean society , 76 , 393\u2013461 .\nbrown , r . m . & siler , c . d . ( 2013 ) spotted stream frog diversification at the australasian faunal zone interface , mainland versus island comparisons , and a test of the philippine dual umbilici hypothesis . journal of biogeography , 41 , 182\u2013195 .\nbrown , r . m . , diesmos , a . c . & alcala , a . c . ( 2002 ) the state of philippine herpetology and the challenges for the next decade . silliman journal , 42 , 18\u201387\nbrown , r . m . , siler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . & alcala , a . c . 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( 1980 ) philippine lizards of the family scincidae . philippine university press , dumaguete city , 264 pp .\nde queiroz , k . ( 1998 ) the general lineage concept of species , species criteria , and the process of speciation : a conceptual unification and terminological recommendations . in : howard , d . j . & berlocher , s . h . ( eds . ) , endless forms : species and speciation . oxford university press , new york , pp . 57\u201375 .\nde queiroz , k . ( 1999 ) the general lineage concept of species and the defining properties of the species category . in : wilson , r . a . ( ed . ) , species : new interdisciplinary essays . massachusetts institute of technology press , cambridge , massachusetts , pp . 49\u201389 .\ndiesmos , a . c . , watters , j . l . , huron , n . a . , davis , d . r . , alcala , a . c . , crombie , r . i . , afuang , l . e . , gee - das , g . , sison , r . v . , sanguila , m . b . , penrod , m . l . , labonte , m . j . , davey , c . s . , leone , e . a . , diesmos , m . l . , sy , e . y . , welton , l . j . , brown , r . m . & siler , c . d . ( 2015 ) amphibians of the philippines , part i : checklist of the species . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , fourth series , 62 , 457\u2013539 .\ndum\u00e9ril , a . m . c . & bibron , g . ( 1839 ) erp\u00e9tologie g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ou , histoire naturelle compl\u00e9te des reptiles . librairie encylop\u00e9dique de roret , paris , france , pp . 488 .\nesri ( 2013 ) arcgis desktop : release 10 . 2 . environmental systems research institute , redlands , ca .\nfrost , d . r . & hillis , d . m . ( 1990 ) species in concept and practice : herpetological applications . herpetologica , 46 , 87\u2013104 .\nheyer , w . r . ( 1972 ) a new limbless skink ( reptilia : scincidae ) from thailand with comments on the generic status of the limbless skinks of southeast asia . fieldiana : zoology , 58 , 109\u2013129 .\nhijmans , r . j . ( 2012 ) cross - validation of species distribution models : removing spatial sorting bias and calibration with a null model . ecology , 93 , 679\u2013688 .\nhijmans , r . j . , cameron , s . e . , parra , j . l . , jones , p . g . & jarvis , a . ( 2005 ) very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas . international journal of climatology , 25 , 1965\u20131978 .\ninternational union for conservation of natura ( iucn ) ( 2015 ) iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 4 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 15 july 2015 )\nk\u00f6hler , g . ( 2012 ) color catalog for field biologists . herpeton , offenbach , germany , 49 pp .\nlinkem , c . w . , hesed , k . m . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2010 ) species boundaries and cryptic lineage diversity in a philippine forest skink complex ( reptilia ; squamata ; scincidae : lygosominae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 56 , 572\u201385 .\nlinkem , c . w . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2011 ) molecular systematics of the philippine forest skinks ( reptilia : scincidae : sphenomorphus ) : testing morphological and biogeographic hypotheses of interspecific relationships . zoological journal of the linnaean society , 163 , 1217\u20131243 .\npearson , r . g . , raxworthy , c . , nakamura , m . & peterson , a . t . ( 2007 ) predicting species ' distributions from small numbers of occurrence records : a test case using cryptic geckos in madagascar . journal of biogeography , 34 , 102\u2013117 .\nphillips , s . j . , anderson , r . p . & schapire , r . e . ( 2006 ) maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions . ecological modelling , 190 , 231\u2013259 . urltoken\nphillips , s . j . & dud\u00edk , m . ( 2008 ) modeling of species distributions with maxent : new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation . ecography , 31 , 161\u2013175 . urltoken\nsabaj p\u00e9rez , m . h . ( ed . ) ( 2014 ) standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology : an online reference . version 5 . 0 . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , washington , d . c . available from : urltoken ( accessed 1 june 2015 )\nsiler , c . d . & brown , r . m . ( 2011 ) evidence for repeated acquisition and loss of complex body - form characters in an insular clade of southeast asian semi - fossorial skinks . evolution , 65 , 2641\u20132663 .\nsiler , c . d . , oaks , j . r . , esselstyn , j . a . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2010c ) phylogeny and biogeography of philippine bent - toed geckos ( gekkonidae : cyrtodactylus ) contradict a prevailing model of pleistocene diversification . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 55 , 699\u2013710 .\nsiler , c . d . , oaks , j . r . , welton , l . j . , linkem , c . w . , swab , j . c . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2012b ) did geckos ride the palawan raft to the philippines ? journal of biogeography , 39 , 1217\u20131234 .\nsiler , c . d . , oaks , j . r . , cobb , k . , ota , h . & brown , r . m . ( 2014 ) critically endangered island endemic or peripheral population of a widespread species ? conservation genetics of kikuchi ' s gecko and the global challenge of protecting peripheral oceanic island endemic vertebrates . diversity and distributions , 20 , 756\u2013772 .\nsimpson , g . g . ( 1961 ) principles of animal taxonomy . columbia university press , new york , new york , 247 pp .\nwatters , j . l . & siler , c . d . ( 2016 ) involving undergraduates in research \u2013 herpetology , spring 2015 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 may 2016 ) .\nwelton , l . j . , siler , c . d . , oaks , j . r . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2013 ) multilocus phylogeny and bayesian estimates of species boundaries reveal hidden evolutionary relationships and cryptic diversity in southeast asian monitor lizards . molecular ecology , 22 , 3495\u20133510 .\nwelton , l . j . , wood , p . l . jr . , oaks , j . r . , siler , c . d . & brown , r . m . ( 2014 ) fossil - calibrated phylogeny and historical biogeography of southeast asian water monitors ( varanus salvator complex ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 74 , 29\u201337 .\nwiley , e . o . ( 1978 ) the evolutionary species concept reconsidered . systematic zoology , 21 , 17\u201326 .\naaron d . geheber department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nmichelle l . penrod department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nkathryn d . feller school of biological sciences , university of bristol , bristol , bs8 1tq , uk .\nconner s . davey department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nelyse d . ellsworth department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nrachel l . flanagan department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nbrendan b . heitz department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\ntana moore department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nmarie d . c . nguyen department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\naustyn roberts department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\njohn sutton department of biology , university of oklahoma , 730 van vleet oval , norman , ok 73019 , usa .\nmarites b . sanguila father saturnino urios university , san francisco st . , 8600 butuan city , philippines .\ncharles w . linkem department of biology , university of washington , seattle , wa 98195 , usa .\naaron d . geheber , drew r . davis , jessa l . watters , michelle l . penrod , kathryn d . feller , conner s . davey , elyse d . ellsworth , rachel l . flanagan , brendan b . heitz , tana moore , marie d . c . nguyen , austyn roberts , john sutton , marites b . sanguila , charles w . linkem , rafe m . brown , cameron d . siler\namarasinghe , a . a . t . , campbell , p . d . , hallermann , j . , sidik , i . , supriatna , j . & ineich , i . ( 2015 ) two new species of the genus cylindrophis wagler , 1828 ( squamata : cylindrophiidae ) from southeast asia . amphibian & reptile conservation , 9 , 34\u201351 . urltoken\nbain , r . h . , lathrop , a . , murphy , r . w . , orlov , n . l . & cuc , h . t . ( 2003 ) cryptic species of a cascade frog from southeast asia : taxonomic revisions and descriptions of six new species . american museum novitates , 3417 , 1\u201360 . urltoken ; 2\nbarley , a . , white , j . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2013 ) the challenge of species delimitation at the extremes : diversification without morphological change in philippine sun skinks . evolution , 67 , 3556\u20133572 . urltoken\nbrown , r . m . & stuart , b . l . ( 2012 ) patterns of biodiversity discovery through time : an historical analysis of amphibian species discoveries in the southeast asian mainland and island archipelagos . in : gower , d . j . , johnson , k . g . , richardson , j . e . , rosen , b . r . , r\u00fcber , l . & williams , s . t . ( eds . ) , biotic evolution and environmental change in southeast asia . cambridge university press , new york , pp . 348\u2013389 . urltoken\nbrown , r . m . , ferner , j . w . & ruedas , l . a . ( 1995 ) a new species of lygosomine lizard ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ; sphenomorphus ) from mt . isarog , luzon island , philippines . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 108 , 18\u201328 . urltoken\nbrown , r . m . , diesmos , a . c . & alcala , a . ( 2008 ) philippine amphibian species biodiversity is increasing by leaps and bounds . in : stuart , s . n . , hoffmann , m . , chanson , j . s . , cox , n . a . , berridge , r . , ramani , p . & young , b . e . ( eds . ) , threatened amphibians of the world . lynx ediciones , barcelona , pp . 82\u201383 .\nbrown , r . m . , siler , c . d . , diesmos , a . c . & alcala , a . c . ( 2009 ) philippine frogs of the genus leptobrachium ( anura ; megophryidae ) : phylogeny - based species delimitation , taxonomic review , and descriptions of three new species . herpetological monographs , 23 , 1\u201344 . urltoken\nbrown , r . m . , siler , c . d . , oliveros , c . h . , esselstyn , j . a . , diesmos , a . c . , hosner , p . a . , linkem , c . w . , barley , a . j . , oaks , j . r . , sanguila , m . b . , welton , l . j . , blackburn , d . s . , moyle , r . g . , peterson , a . t . & alcala , a . c . ( 2013 ) evolutionary processes of diversification in a model island archipelago . annual review of ecology , evolution , and systematics , 44 , 411\u2013435 . urltoken\nbrown , w . c . & alcala , a . c . ( 1980 ) philippine lizards of the family scincidae . philippine university press , dumaguete city , philippines , 264 pp .\nbrown , w . c . & rabor , d . s . ( 1967 ) review of the genus bracheymeles ( scincidae ) , with descriptions of new species and subspecies . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , series 4 , 15 , 525\u2013548 . avaliable from : urltoken ( accessed 20 jun . 2016 )\nheyer , w . r . ( 1972 ) a new limbless skink ( reptilia : scincidae ) from thailand with comments on the generic status of the limbless skinks of southeast asia . fieldiana zoology , 58 , 109\u2013129 . urltoken\ninternational union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) ( 2015 ) iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 4 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 15 july 2015 ) .\nk\u00f6hler , g . ( 2012 ) color catalog for field biologists . herpeton , offenbach , 49 pp .\nlinkem , c . w . & brown , r . m . ( 2013 ) systematic revision of the parvoscincus decipiens ( boulenger , 1894 ) complex of philippine forest skinks ( squamata : scincidae : lygosominae ) with descriptions of seven new species . zootaxa , 3700 ( 4 ) , 501\u2013533 . urltoken\nlinkem , c . w . , hesed , k . m . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2010 ) species boundaries and cryptic lineage diversity in a philippine forest skink complex ( reptilia ; squamata ; scincidae : lygosominae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 56 , 572\u2013585 .\nlinkem , c . w . , diesmos , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2011 ) molecular systematics of the philippine forest skinks ( reptilia : scincidae : sphenomorphus ) : testing morphological and biogeographic hypotheses of interspecific relationships . zoological journal of the linnaean society , 163 , 1217\u20131243 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . & brown , r . m . ( 2011 ) evidence for repeated acquisition and loss of complex body - form characters in an insular clade of southeast asian semi - fossorial skinks . evolution , 65 , 2641\u20132663 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , swab , j . c . , oliveros , c . h . , diesmos , a . c . , averia , l . , alcala , a . c . & brown , r . m . ( 2012b ) amphibians and reptiles , romblon island group , central philippines : comprehensive herpetofaunal inventory . check list , 8 , 443\u2013462 . urltoken\nsiler , c . d . , welton , l . j . , davis , d . r . , watters , j . l . , davey , c . s . , diesmos , a . c . , diesmos , m . l . & brown , r . m . ( 2014 ) taxonomic revision of the pseudogekko compresicorpus complex ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) , with descriptions of three new species . herpetological monographs , 28 , 110\u2013139 . urltoken\nwatters , j . l . & siler , c . d . ( 2016 ) involving undergraduates in research \u2013 herpetology , spring 2015 . available from : urltoken ( accessed 3 may 2016 )\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n( siler et al . , 2012 ) . all but two of these species are endemic to the\nbrown , 2010 ; siler et al . , 2011b , 2012 ) . t\nrecently ( siler and brown , 2010 ; siler et al . , 2011b , 2012 ) .\nreptiles . a growing body of literature ( welton et al . , 2010a , b ;\ncongener populations ( siler and brown , 2011 ; siler et al . , 2011a ) .\nluzon island ( figs . 2 , 3 ) . almost 80 yr later , t\nv3 . 2 . 1 ( ronquist and huelsenbeck , 2003 ) . the alignment was\ncriterion ( aic ) , as implemented in jmodeltest v2 . 1 . 4 ( guindon\nand gascuel , 2003 ; darriba et al . , 2012 ) , was used to select the\nin the central and northern philippines . sampling localities are indicated by numerical labels , and the hypothesized\n, illustrated by the maximum clade credibility tree resulting from bayesian analyses . nodes supported by\n( appendix 1 ) as well as fore - and hindlimb digit states and number of presacral vertebrae . numerical labels correspond to sampling localities\nnumbers indicating scales in the supraciliary series . illustrations by k . d . feller and c . d . siler\nield pairs with reference to the 1st , 2nd , and 3rd pairs ( when present ) . in cases of scale -\ncount variation within species , numbers of individuals showing speci\ufb01c counts are given in parentheses . male ,\nscale rows ( vs . 65\u201370 ) , 90\u201398 paravertebral scale rows ( vs . 85\u2013\n( pnm 9792 ; formerly ku 323937 ; holotype ) in dorsal , lateral , and ventral views . taxonomically diagnostic head scales are labeled as follows : c , chin\nsupraocular . roman numerals indicate scales in the supraocular series , with arabic numbers indicating scales in the supraciliary series . illustrations by\nseparated by single medial scale ( fig . 4 ) . scales on limbs smaller\ne ; wgs - 84 ) , by c . d . siler and j .\nvertebrae ( vs . 53 ) , 80\u201384 axilla\u2013groin scale rows ( vs . 83\u201390 ) , and\nothers , fourth and \ufb01fth subocular ; infralabials \ufb01ve ( fig . 4 ) .\nsingle medial scale , left third chin shield reduced in size ( fig . 4 ) .\non the following criteria : vu b2ab ( iii , iv ) ; d2 ( iucn , 2013 ) .\nand one on mindoro ( siler et al . , 2011b , 2012 ) .\n( siler et al . , 2011a ) , evolution of morphological novelty ( siler\nnity structure ( siler et al . , unpubl . data ) . we note that at most\nical phenomena ( losos et al . , 1998 ; mahler et al . , 2013 ) . the role\nstudies ; we are particularly grateful to t . m . lim , c . custodio ,\nagtag , and j . l . de leon for their logistical support of this\nc . d . siler , and nsf deb 0743491 and ef - 0334952 to r . m .\nbrown . for the loans of specimens we thank d . blackburn , j .\nvindum , and a . leviton ( california academy of sciences ) , j .\nbarnes and a . c . diesmos ( philippine national museum ) , j .\noris ( field museum of natural history ) , r . crombie and k .\nmaterial . both c . d . siler and r . m . brown extend a special\nthanks to a . alcala , a . diesmos , and m . diesmos for their\nberlocher ( eds . ) , endless forms : species and speciation , pp . 57\u201375 .\nnetic analyses : lost in the land of long trees . systematic biology 59 :\n, mt . isarog : paratypes ( cas - su 24173 , 24413 ) .\n24487 ) ; se slope mt . halcon , tarogin barrio : paratypes ( cas - su 24549\u2013\nsouthern slope of mt . canlaon : ( cas - su 19424 , 19426\u201327 , 19429 , 19452 ,\n( cas 60724 ) , paratypes ( cas 60723 , 60725 , mcz 26577 ) .\ncatarman town : paratypes ( cas - su 28199 , 28314 , 28329 , 28331 , 28358\u201359 ) ."]}
{"id": 2449, "summary": [{"text": "eleotrica cableae , cable 's goby , is a species of goby endemic to reefs around the galapagos islands .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 7 centimetres ( 2.8 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "eleotrica cableae", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is only known from one location ( gal\u00e1pagos islands ) . regional experts support the plausible threat of the increased duration and frequency of enso events that can cause severe and rapid declines for restricted - range , shallow - water species in this region of the eastern tropical pacific . this species is listed as vulnerable under criterion d2 .\nthis reef - associated species inhabits shallow sand - rubble substrate adjacent to rocky reefs to depths of five m .\nthis species has a restricted distribution and shallow water habitat . in the eastern tropical pacific , severe localized fish species declines have occurred after strong enso events that result in shallow waters that are too warm and nutrient poor for extended periods of time ( grove 1985 , edgar et al . 2009 ) . the frequency and duration of enso events in this region of the eastern tropical pacific ( e . g . the up - welling zone off the coast of peru , ecuador , colombia , panama and the offshore islands ) appears to be increasing ( glynn and ault 2000 , soto 2001 , chen et al . 2004 ) . given this species\u2019 restricted distribution and shallow water habitat , oceanographic environmental changes , such as those associated with future enso events , may have detrimental effects on the survival of this species .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls into a marine protected area in gal\u00e1pagos islands ( wdpa 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 28023 )\ndistinguished by the following characteristics : body lacks scales except for several enlarged basicaudal scales at base of the caudal fin ; pelvic fins almost completely separate ; maximum length of 7 . 0 cm sl ( ref . 92840 ) .\ninhabits sand - rubble bottoms adjacent to rocky reefs . common in tide pools and near - shore areas ( ref . 28023 ) .\nallen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\ncabeza plana dorsalmente ; ojos sobre la cabeza ; mech\u00f3n de cirros peque\u00f1os arriba de la parte posterior del labio superior ; 5 poros con solapas en la regi\u00f3n occipital , sin poros en el op\u00e9rculo ; la narina posterior mas larga que la narina anterior ; radios dorsales vii + i , 9 - 11 ; radios anales i , 10 ; radios pectorales 18 - 19 ; aletas p\u00e9lvicas separadas excepto por una cresta baja conectando las bases de los radios internos ; sin escamas ( peces m\u00e1s grandes que 3cm ) o con 2 o 4 escamas \u00e1speras que est\u00e1n empotradas en la base de la caudal .\ncolor caf\u00e9 a casi blanco ; cabeza con puntitos blancos ; cuerpo con puntos blancos m\u00e1s grandes o a veces con manchas o l\u00edneas onduladas verticales ; machos con una fila medio lateral de pares de manchas caf\u00e9s , y franjas oblicuas oscuras en las aletas dorsales ; una barra oscura corta en el parte inferior del margen del op\u00e9rculo .\nbirdsong , r . s . , murdy , e . o . and pezold , f . l . , 1988 . , a study of the vertebral column and median fin osteology in gobioid fishes with comments on gobioid relationships . , bull . mar . sci . , 42 : 174 - 214 .\nb\u00f6hlke , j . e and robins , c . r . , 1968 . , western atlantic seven - spined gobies , with descriptions of ten new species and a new genus , and comments on pacific relatives . , proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . , 120 ( 3 ) : 45 - 174 .\nginsburg , i . , 1933 . , descriptions of new and imperfectly known species and genera of gobioid and pleuronectid fishes in the united states national museum . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 82 ( 20 ) : 1 - 23 .\nthe checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .\nthese documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .\nthe checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .\na complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hern\u00e1n vargas , howard l . snell .\nnathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .\nyves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .\nfrank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba y\u00e1nez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andr\u00e9 aptroot .\nanne gu\u00e9zou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo d\u00edaz , mark gardener .\ngustavo jim\u00e9nez - uzc\u00e1tegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .\nto get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .\nevery single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .\nthe \u201ccharles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands\u201d , in french \u201cfondation charles darwin pour les \u00eeles galapagos\u201d , association international sans but lucratif ( \u201caisbl\u201d ) , has its registered office located at dr\u00e8ve du pieur\u00e9 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .\noccurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed\nabundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .\nplease use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form\nthank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards\nhead - maxilla extends to the posterior of the eye ; anterior nostril narrow elongate tube ; posterior nostril a wider elongate tube ; both nostrila about the same length .\npapillae - a transverse pattern with three rows anterior to row b ; no vertical rows extending below the level of row d ; row 5i / 6i anterior to row b , not attached to it .\ncolor - brown to nearly white ; head with small white spots ; body with larger white spots and sometimes blotches or wavy vertical lines ; males with midlateral row of double brown spots and oblique dark stripes on dorsal fins ; a distinctive , short , dark brown bar on lower part of gill cover , just behind cheek . ( allen and robertson , 1994 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2450, "summary": [{"text": "cochliopidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "paludestrina d'orbigny , 1840 is an archaic synonym , and has been placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn opinion 2202 .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "this family is in the superfamily truncatelloidea and in the clade littorinimorpha ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "cochliopidae", "paragraphs": ["stunting of the penis in heleobia parchappii ( mollusca : cochliopidae ) and its relationship with parasitism .\nstunting of the penis in heleobia parchappii ( mollusca : cochliopidae ) and its relationship with parasitism . - pubmed - ncbi\ncochliopidae ,\n14 genera , 48 species\n[ north america ] ( johnson et al . , 2013 ) .\nthe participation of the cochliopidae as intermediate hosts for digeneans causing dermatitis in humans illustrates the most relevant aspect of this family .\nthe four basal lineages of cochliopidae ( heleobops carrikeri , heleobia australis , heleobia piscium and tryonia imitator ) correspond to saline or euryhaline taxa .\nthe family cochliopidae has been reported ( or is assumed ) to occur in fresh waters . this taxon has been reported from north america .\ncochliopidae , [ palearctic , nearctic , neotropical , afrotropical ; 246 species worldwide , 50 nearctic species ] ( strong et al . , 2008 ) .\nnew species and records of springsnails ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae : tryonia ) from the chihuahuan desert ( mexico and united states ) , an imperiled biodiversity hotspot .\ncazzaniga , n . j . 2011 . heleobia stimpson , 1865 : taxonom\u00eda . in : cazzaniga , n . j . ed . el g\u00e9nero heleobia ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae ) en am\u00e9rica del sur . amici molluscarum ( n\u00famero especial ) : 12 - 17 . [ links ]\nhershler r , liu h - p , simpson js ( 2015 ) assembly of a micro - hotspot of caenogastropod endemism in the southern nevada desert , with a description of a new species of tryonia ( truncatelloidea , cochliopidae ) . zookeys 492 : 107\u2013122 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 492 . 9246\ndurante m\u00e1s de 40 a\u00f1os se ha discutido el estatus taxon\u00f3mico de diversas especies del enigm\u00e1tico g\u00e9nero heleobia de la familia cochliopidae ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . como sucede con otras familias de rissooideos , la abundancia de caracteres convergentes y la escasez de sinapomorf\u00edas anat\u00f3micas han representado un problema para resolver las relaciones filogen\u00e9ticas de cochliopidae y definir la validez de varias de las especies nominales de esta familia . presentamos aqu\u00ed una contribuci\u00f3n molecular tendiente a resolver el estatus taxon\u00f3mico de uno de los m\u00e1s abundantes g\u00e9neros de la porci\u00f3n meridional de sudam\u00e9rica que incluye varias especies end\u00e9micas . nuestra evidencia molecular reconfirma tres de los cuatro grupos de heleobia en los que se han agrupado las especies del g\u00e9nero en esta regi\u00f3n :\naustralis\n,\nparchappii\ny\npiscium\n. el cuarto , el grupo\nhatcheri\n, no pertenece a heleobia sino a un g\u00e9nero diferente que no deber\u00eda ser considerado como integrante de la familia cochliopidae , sino estrechamente relacionado al g\u00e9nero potamolithus pilsbry y rush , 1896 .\nthis present analysis of the population of h . piscium constitutes the first study on the gametogenic cycle of a species of cochliopidae . both the males and the females within the population displayed a synchronous gametogenic cycle . these results indicate that the h . piscium populations exhibit a continuous reproductive cycle in the absence of any resting period .\nour results suggest that heleobia hatcheri and the morphologically similar heleobia sp . should not be included among the family cochliopidae , and that they would be closely - related to the three studied potamolithus species . the latter has two novel and significant implications : i ) the conspicuous group\nhatcheri\n. traditional component of the cochliopidae from chile ( biese , 1944 ) and argentina ( gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ) , would disappear as part of this family ; ii ) as was recently suggested by wilke et al . ( 2013 ) , the potamolithus genus endemic from south america would not be lithoglyphidae as was proposed originally by davis & pons da silva ( 1984 ) .\nciocco , n . f . 2011 . diversidad , biolog\u00eda y ecolog\u00eda de especies del g\u00e9nero heleobia de la provincia malacol\u00f3gica de cuyo , argentina . in : . cazzaniga , n . j ed . . el g\u00e9nero heleobia ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae ) en am\u00e9rica del sur . amici molluscarum ( n\u00famero especial ) : 20 - 22 . [ links ]\ncochliopidae are abundant snails worldwide . however , sequenced taxa from south america are underrepresented , as was pointed out by liu et al . ( 2001 ) discussing biogeography . recent molecular characterization of endemic gastropod fauna from titicaca lake ( kroll et al . , 2012 ) and northern of chile ( collado et al . , 2013 ) appear to be the only available cochliopid information for this subcontinent .\nfor over 40 years malacologists have been discussing the taxonomical status of heleobia species , an enigmatic genus from cochliopidae family ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . as with other rissooidean families , the considerable character convergence and the paucity of anatomical synapomorphies has proved to be a problem in resolving cochliopid phylogenetic relations and establishing the validity of several nominal cochliopid species . here we present a molecular contribution to solve the taxonomical status of one of the most abundant southern south america cochliopid genera which has many endemic species . we report molecular evidence that supports three of the four heleobia groups described for this region , the\naustralis\n,\nparchappii\nand\npiscium\ngroups . the fourth , the\nhatcheri\ngroup , belongs not to heleobia but to a different genus which itself should not be considered as part of the family cochliopidae but closely related to genus potamolithus pilsbry & rush , 1896 .\npenis anatomy is used to discriminate species of gastropods belonging to the family cochliopidae ; however , this characteristic may be affected by the presence of parasites . to evaluate the possible effect of parasites on penis length and number of papillae in heleobia parchappii , 195 males were collected from the nahuel ruc\u00e1 lagoon , argentina . male snails were only infected by trematode digeneans ( total prevalence 45 . 13 % ) . three out of 9 species of digeneans registered showed prevalence values higher than 10 % : microphallus szidati , m . simillimus , and notocotylidae sp . 1 . the penis length of non - parasitized males and those parasitized by m . szidati and m . similimus increased with increased snail length ; however , this increase was lower in infected snails . in the case of snails infected with notocotylidae sp . 1 , no relationship between shell length and penis length was apparent . differences in the life cycles of these 3 digeneans could explain the null or lower penis growth rate in relation to host body growth . in contrast , no change was observed in the number of penial papillae of h . parchappii when these snails were infected by larval digeneans compared to those that were not infected . this indicates that penial papillae may be a more stable characteristic than penis length to discriminate between species within the cochliopidae . the study of penial papillae should be central in the taxonomy and identification of new species within the cochliopidae , as well as in previously described species .\nheleobia stimpson , 1865 is a genus within the family cochliopidae tryon , 1866 ( wilke et al . , 2001 ; szarowska , falniowski & steffek , 2011 ) comprising 101 species , of which 90 are found in south america ( hershler & thompson , 1992 ; pons da silva & veitenheimer - mendes , 2004 ; cazzaniga , 2011 ; collado , 2015 ) . rumi et al . ( 2006 ) and rumi et al . ( 2008 ) reported 16 heleobia species for argentina , of which 10 are endemic .\ncochliopidae is a family of rissooidean snails composed of more than 30 genera and more than 260 species that mainly inhabit freshwaters in tropical and temperate regions of america and several regions of eurasia ( hershler & thompson , 1992 ) . the status of this enigmatic family remained unstable during many years , until wilke et al . ( 2001 ) , using molecular tools , confirmed that cochliopidae is a family distinct from hydrobiidae as it is accepted by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . the monophyly of the family , the consistency of molecular and anatomical characters ( mainly closed spermathecal duct and oviduct jointed directly to the albumen gland ) , and its phylogenetic relationships have been assessed and discussed by liu et al . , 2001 ( as cochliopinae ) and wilke et al . ( 2001 ) who mainly utilized dna sequences of mitochondrial genes . previous attempts to resolve systematic and / or phylogeny of hydrobiids based only on morphological data ( e . g . kabat & hershler , 1993 ; falniowsky & szarowska , 2000 ) poorly resolved the uncertainty due to considerable character convergence and the scarcity of anatomical synapomorphies .\npreliminary studies using scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) performed on shell , penis and radula of many cochliopidae from argentina indicated that i ) the radulae of h . parchappii and h . kuesteri are similar , ii ) although both species penial complexes are similar , there are small differences in the shape and the porosity porous of the papillae , and distal end shape , iii ) the whorls of h . kuesteri are less convex than those of h . parchappii , supporting the possibility that they are different species . the coi sequences analyzed here seemed to reinforce this possibility . however , more detailed anatomical studies , including female genitalia and use of other molecular markers are necessary to solve the question definitively .\nto date , only cazzaniga ( 1982 ) and de francesco and isla ( 2004 ) have carried out studies on population aspects of cochliopidae from argentina . the first author reports on the size structures of austral populations and the latter analyse the reproductive period and the growth range of heleobia parchappii in saline environments of the mar chiquita coastal lagoon ( buenos aires , argentina ) . to date , there are no studies regarding the population dynamics and growth patterns of h . piscium from the argentinean littoral of the r\u00edo de la plata . the aim of the present study is to analyse the basic aspects of its life cycle , focusing on time variations in age structure and the individual growth of this gastropod in natural conditions in coastal drainage channels of the multiple use natural reserve isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda , where the species attain its largest size .\nheleobia hatcheri ( and the very similar morphotype heleobia sp . ) from cmp , resolved outside cochliopidae . both were integrated in the well - defined tateidae subclade 3 . 2 composed of 3 potamolithus species : p . agapetus ( pilsbry , 1911 ) and p . buschii ( fraunfeld , 1865 ) , sympatric taxa from de la plata river , and p . ribeirensis ( pilsbry , 1911 , sensu davis & pons da silva , 1984 ) , from iporanga river , southern brazil , part of the paran\u00e1 and la plata river drainage systems .\nheleobia hatcheri\nand\nheleobia sp .\nwere closely - related to the three potamolithus species studied in this work and these three taxa are more closely linked to tateidae family than to lythoglyphidae , as was pointed out by wilke et al . ( 2013 ) for p . ribeirensis .\nthe only description of female genitalia available for the genus corresponds to that of p . ribeirensis ( davis & pons da silva , 1984 ) . while it has served as the basis to define the\ntypical\nidealized anatomical ground plan of the lithoglyphidae ( wilke et al . , 2001 ) , it is not incompatible with the characterization of the tateidae female genitalia as\nsimple , usually with one distal seminal receptacle and a bursa copulatrix ; ventral channel occasionally separated to form a vestibule\n, ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) . in h . hatcheri the spermathecal tube seems not be separated from the albumen gland , which would distinguish it from the cochliopidae . however a deeper anatomical study of h . hatcheri , with emphasis on the female genitalia , and the incorporation of other mitochondrial markers is necessary to determine the genus and , more importantly , the family to which h . hatcheri belongs .\ncochliopidae tryon , 1866 is a diverse family of caenogastropods that lives in a wide variety of aquatic habitats primarily in the new world ( hershler & thompson 1992 ) . in chile , the species of the group have been traditionally assigned to the genus littoridina souleyet , 1852 using conchological characters ( biese 1944 , 1947 ; stuardo , 1961 ; valdovinos 2006 ) but according to anatomical studies and phylogenetic analysis the majority of them have been reassigned to the genus heleobia stimpson , 1865 ( hershler & thompson 1992 ; collado et al . 2011a ; kroll et al . 2012 ; collado et al . 2013 ; collado et al . 2016 ) . here we formally describe a new species of the genus heleobia from spring 1 in the carcote saltpan , chilean altiplano , based on molecular and morphological characters . snails from this locality were previously shown to be distinct based on dna sequences ( collado et al . 2013 ; collado et al . 2016 ) .\nour molecular results would validate the\naustralis\nand\npiscium\ngroups . h . australis is an elongated - conic shell species of marine and littoral waters that , along with tryonia imitator and heleobeops carrikeri ( both from hard usa waters ; hershler et al . , 1999 and wilke et al . , 2000 , respectively ) shares with h . piscium ( an oligo - to euryhaline species ) its condition of basal linage of the subclades from clade cochliopidae ( i . e . altiplano lakes , european semisalsa and cmp heleobia spp . ; fig . 1 tree ) . besides coi sequences differences reported in this work and differences in penis morphology and shell form ( elongate - conic in h . australis and conic in h . piscium ; gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ) , both species differs in development mode : indirect in h . australis ( marcus & marcus , 1963 , 1965 ; neves et al . , 2010 ) and direct in h . piscium ( stella m . martin , pers . observ . ) .\nheleobia piscium ( d\u2019orbigny , 1835 ) , a member of the cochliopidae family found only in south america , is distributed from entre r\u00edos , delta del paran\u00e1 , and the littoral of the r\u00edo de la plata down as far as to punta indio ( buenos aires ) , the southernmost limit of the snail\u2019s geographical distribution . to date , little information is available regarding the reproductive cycle of species within this family either in argentina or throughout south america . the present work analyzed the histology of the reproductive system of the gonochoric species h . piscium and determined the stages oogenesis and spermatogenesis under natural conditions . specimens of h . piscium were collected in the multiple - use natural reserve isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda , located in the upper r\u00edo de la plata estuary to the south of the mouth of the uruguay river . the gametogenic cycle in both sexes was found to consist of the following stages : early maturation , maturation , and evacuation . the maturation period was found to extend from january to october and evacuation of the gametes to start in november and end in february ( summer in the southern hemisphere ) . the results indicated the h . piscium exhibit a reproductive cycle without a resting period .\nnewly obtained and previously published sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene were analyzed to examine the biogeographic assembly of the caenogastropod fauna ( belonging to the families assimineidae , cochliopidae , and hydrobiidae ) of an isolated spring along the lower colorado river in southern nevada ( blue point spring ) . based on available coi clock calibrations , the three lineages that comprise this fauna are 2 . 78\u20131 . 42 million years old , which is roughly coeval or slightly younger than the age of blue point spring ( inferred from local fossil spring deposits ) . two of the lineages\u2014endemic pyrgulopsis coloradensis and assiminea aff . infima \u2014are most closely related to snails in the death valley area ( well to the west ) and likely colonized blue point spring by transport on birds . a single haplotype was detected in both of these snails , suggesting that they may have only recently colonized blue point spring . the third lineage\u2014endemic tryonia infernalis , newly described herein based on morphological and molecular evidence\u2014is most closely related to a geographically proximal species in a lower colorado river tributary ( tryonia clathrata ) ; the split between these taxa may be the product of vicariance ( severance of a prior drainage connection ) or a separate jump dispersal event . the considerable genetic diversity in tryonia infernalis ( three haplotypes differing by 0 . 6 % mean sequence divergence ) suggests a possibly lengthy history of local differentiation . our findings also identify blue point spring as a new micro - hotspot of groundwater - dependent biodiversity in nevada and will assist ongoing efforts to protect and conserve these imperiled ecosystems .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\na systematic review of the hydrobiid snails ( gastropoda : rissoidea ) of the great basin , western united states . part ii . genera colligyrus , fluminicola , pristinicola , and tryonia\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\n( placed on the official index of rejected and invalid names by iczn opinion 2202 . )\nsubgenus paludestrina ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877 accepted as heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877 represented as heleobia stimpson , 1865\nspecies paludestrina antarctica e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as laevilitorina antarctica ( e . a . smith , 1902 ) ( original combination )\nspecies paludestrina cingulata dall , 1913 \u2020 accepted as hydrobia alexandriensis wenz , 1923 \u2020 ( junior secondary homonym of hydrobia cingulata capellini , 1880 ; see h . alexandriensis wenz , 1923 )\nspecies paludestrina hamiltoni e . a . smith , 1898 accepted as laevilitorina hamiltoni ( e . a . smith , 1898 ) ( original combination )\nspecies paludestrina jenkinsi ( e . a . smith , 1889 ) accepted as potamopyrgus antipodarum ( gray , 1843 )\nspecies paludestrina reevei kennard & b . b . woodward , 1899 \u2020 accepted as hydrobia reevei ( kennard & b . b . woodward , 1899 ) \u2020 ( new combination )\nspecies paludestrina taylori e . a . smith , 1901 accepted as marstoniopsis scholtzi ( a . schmidt , 1856 ) accepted as marstoniopsis insubrica ( k\u00fcster , 1853 )\nspecies paludestrina turricula dall , 1913 \u2020 accepted as hydrobia dalli wenz , 1922 \u2020 ( junior secondary homonym of hydrobia turricula neumayr in neumayr & paul , 1875 ; see h . dalli wenz , 1922 )\ngenus aroa h . b . baker , 1930 accepted as aroapyrgus h . b . baker , 1931 ( invalid : junior homonym of aroa walker , 1855 [ lepidoptera ] ; aroapyrgus is a replacement name )\ngenus semisalsa radoman , 1974 accepted as heleobia ( eupaludestrina ) j . mabille , 1877 represented as heleobia stimpson , 1865\nhershler , r . ; thompson , f . g . ( 1992 ) . a review of the genera of the aquatic gastropod subfamily cochliopinae ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae ) . malacological review . supplement 5 : 1 - 140 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nbouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]\nwilke t . , haase m . , hershler r . , liu h . - p . , misof b . & ponder w . ( 2013 ) pushing short dna fragments to the limit : phylogenetic relationships of \u2018hydrobioid\u2019 gastropods ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 66 : 715 - 736 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nlaboratorio de parasitolog\u00eda , facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales , universidad nacional de mar del plata ( unmdp ) , consejo nacional de investigaciones cient\u00edficas y t\u00e9cnicas ( conicet ) , mar del plata ( b7602ayl ) , argentina .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhans - martin braun marked the english common name\nlaver spire snail\nfrom\nheleobia stagnorum ( gmelin , 1791 )\nas trusted .\nhans - martin braun added the german common name\nwei\u00dfe wattschnecke\nto\nheleobia stagnorum ( gmelin , 1791 )\n.\ninvestigador cic , div . zoolog\u00eda invertebrados , fcnym , unlp , paseo del bosque , s / n , la plata ( 1900 ) , bs , as , argentina , subsidio autom\u00e1tico fcnym , n\u00b0 470 , programas incentivos\nthe present work analyses the individual growth of heleobia piscium in natural conditions in coastal drainage channels of the multiple use natural reserve isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda , buenos aires , argentina . isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda is located in the upper r\u00edo de la plata , to the south of the mouth of the uruguay river ( 34\u00b0 11 ' 25\ns and 58\u00b0 15 ' 38\nw ) . monthly collections were made from july 2005 to july 2006 in the eastern part of the island ( arena beach ) . the population of h . piscium showed a complex and dynamic structure of sizes during a long period of the annual cycle . two cohorts could be detected . the bertalanffy growth equation was : l t = 6 ( 1 - e \u00961 . 85 ( t + 0 . 38 ) ) and l t = 3 . 9 ( 1 - e \u00960 . 19 ( t + 4 . 84 ) ) for cohorts 1 and 2 , respectively . the pattern of population growth displayed a staggered model , where the greatest growth is observed during the summer . the reproductive period occurred during six months , from the beginning of summer to middle of fall . based on only one reproductive effort , this pattern is not similar to that of other cogeneric species already studied .\no presente trabalho analisa o crescimento individual de heleobia piscium em condi\u00e7\u00f5es naturais em po\u00e7as costeiras da reserva natural de usos m\u00faltiplos ilha mart\u00edn garc\u00eda , buenos aires , argentina . a ilha mart\u00edn garc\u00eda est\u00e1 localizada no rio da prata superior , ao sul da desembocadura do rio uruguai ( 34\u00b0 11 ' 25\ns e 58\u00b015 ' 38\nw ) . amostras mensais foram analisadas entre os meses de julho de 2005 e julho de 2006 , no setor este da ilha ( praia de arena ) . a popula\u00e7\u00e3o de heleobia piscium se caracterizou por uma complexa e din\u00e2mica estrutura de talhas ao longo de grande parte do ciclo anual . duas cohortes puderam ser detectadas . a equa\u00e7\u00e3o de von bertalanffy para a cohorte 1 foi : l t = 6 ( 1 - e \u00961 . 85 ( t + 0 . 38 ) ) . para a cohorte 2 : l t = 3 . 9 ( 1 - e \u00960 . 19 ( t + 4 . 84 ) ) . o padr\u00e3o de desenvolvimento da popula\u00e7\u00e3o mostra um modelo escalonado , estendendo - se o per\u00edodo de maior crescimento durante toda a esta\u00e7\u00e3o do ver\u00e3o . a temporada reprodutiva se manifestou durante seis meses , desde o princ\u00edpio do ver\u00e3o at\u00e9 meados do outono . este padr\u00e3o baseado em um \u00fanico esfor\u00e7o reprodutivo n\u00e3o se assemelha ao de outras esp\u00e9cies congen\u00e9ricas j\u00e1 estudadas .\nin argentina , heleobia piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) and h . parchappii ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) have been confirmed as hosts for cercariae of different species of digeneans ( ostrowsky de nu\u00f1ez , 1975 ) .\ngaillard ( 1973 ) reported heleobia piscium from r\u00edo de la plata where different ecological forms were found according to the anthropogenic impact which affected the environment they occupy . the maximum forms develop only with optimal environmental conditions , such as those occurring far from urban centres . although gaillard and castellanos ( 1976 ) consider h . piscium as a freshwater species , darrigran ( 1995 ) also considers it euryhaline enough to occur in zones of the r\u00edo de la plata river with changes in the salinity of the water between 0 . 5 and 25\u0089 .\nisla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda is located in the upper r\u00edo de la plata , to the south of the mouth of the uruguay river ( 34\u00b0 11 ' 25\ns and 58\u00b0 15 ' 38\nw ) ( figure 1 ) . it constitutes an outcrop of the brazilian massif of precambrian crystalline basement rocks , upon which there are sediments of the holocene and pleistocene ( quaternary ) ( ravizza , 1984 ) .\nmonthly collections were made from july , 2005 to july , 2006 in the eastern part of the island ( arena beach , multiple use reserve isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda ) . this coastal part is delimited by the canal del infierno , which is characterized by a remarkable exposure to the strong winds from the southeast .\nsamples of heleobia piscium ( n = 1237 ) were taken by hand ( captures per unit effort : cpue , that is specimens / 60 min / person ) in the coastal drainage channels formed by tidal erosion . specimens were attached to the bottom pebbles and associated with bivalve limnoperna fortunei ( dunker , 1875 ) , hydrobiid potamolithus pilsbry , 1896 and representatives of the ancylidae . voucher specimens were deposited in the collection of the museo de la plata ( n\u00b0 12436 ) .\nin the laboratory , specimens were submitted to anaesthesia with menthol crystals for 24 hours , before being fixed with bouin ' s solution . the snails were measured using a stereoscopic microscope with micrometric ocular . total body length was selected as a parameter to determine the monthly - size frequency histograms . these histograms were constructed with size intervals of 5 mm . each .\nindividual growth was analysed using the bertalanffy growth equation : l t = l \u221e ( 1 - e \u0096k ( t - to ) ) . the parameter l \u221e ( maximum body length that individuals of a cohort can reach ) was estimated for each case using the walford method . the time t was calculated considering 30 days per month , in the following manner : t = 1 / 360 . [ ( m - 1 ) 30 + d ] . the parameter k ( individual growth constant ) was determined by linear regression between ln ( 1 - lt / l \u221e ) = \u0096k . t + k . t 0 , equation of the form y = b . x + a , corresponding the k value to ordinate to origin , b . the parameter t 0 ( hypothetical time in which the length of the individuals is zero ) was deduced from k / a .\nthe cohorts ( groups of individuals theoretically born at the same time ) observed from the information obtained through the frequencies of sizes , were analysed as a function of the growth curve and the pattern of annual variation of the age structure of the population was defined . for each cohort , a test of goodness of fit using the chi 2 test was done between the theoretical values and those observed .\nthe presence of egg capsules attached to the shells of the snails was used as indirect evidence of reproductive activity .\nthe environmental physico - chemical parameters such as water temperature , percentage of dissolved oxygen , ph and conductivity , were measured using a digital multimeter during most of the samplings .\nthe population of heleobia piscium was characterized by a complex and dynamic size structure throughout a large part of the annual cycle ( figure 2 ) . two cohorts could be detected ( figure 3 ) . cohort 1 ( winter cohort ) was observed in all the surveyed months . cohort 2 ( summer - fall cohort ) appeared at the beginning of march 2006 . in march 2006 , the population structure of h . piscium showed a bimodal size distribution because of the appearance of cohort 2 .\nthe reproductive activity was evident with the presence of egg capsules attached to the shells of some specimens ; this period extended from december 2005 to the end of may 2006 .\ncohort 1 showed mean size values of 2 . 75 \u00b1 0 . 47 mm to 5 . 89 \u00b1 0 . 09 mm . the von bertalanffy equation for this cohort was : lt = 6 ( 1 - e \u00961 . 85 ( t + 0 . 38 ) ) , where l \u221e = 6 ( figure 4a ) , and k = 1 . 85 ( figure 4b ) chi 2 = 2 . 66 for p < 0 . 05 .\ncohort 2 occurred only from the beginning of march 2006 to the end of the sampling period , showing mean size values of 2 . 43 \u00b1 0 . 68 mm . to 3 . 12 \u00b1 0 . 73 . the von bertalanffy equation for this cohort was : lt = 3 . 9 ( 1 - e \u00960 . 19 ( t + 4 . 84 ) ) , where l \u221e = 3 . 9 ( figure 5a ) and k = 0 . 19 ( figure 5b ) . chi 2 = 0 . 12 for p < 0 . 05 .\nfrom december 2005 to march 2006 the highest growth of cohort 1 was observed with mean values of 3 . 77 \u00b1 0 . 54 mm and 4 . 38 \u00b1 0 . 32 mm . , respectively . in fact , it is in this period where the highest values of water temperature were recorded ( 28 and 30 . 5 \u00b0c ) ; variation in water temperature ranged between 11 . 9 \u00b0c and the values mentioned above ( figure 6 ) . the ph was slightly alkaline during all the sampling period , ranging between 6 . 7 and 7 . 8 . the percentage of dissolved oxygen was very variable throughout the year ( figure 6 ) . the conductivity was low ( 2 . 3 to 178 \u00b5 urltoken \u00961 ) .\nthe great variability of the n values ( number of individuals per sampling ) reflected in the histograms could be caused by the strong winds from the south occurring in certain months ( data provided by subprefectura naval argentina , isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda ) . these winds produced a\nwashed\nline on the coastal drainage channels which would explain , in part , the low number of specimens collected during august 2005 and february to march 2006 .\nthe pattern of growth population shows a staggered model , with a period of greatest growth extending throughout the entire summer season . this is corroborated by the high growth rate of cohort 1 ( k = 1 . 85 ) .\nthe reproductive period took place during six months , from the beginning of summer to the middle of fall , when the egg capsules attached to the surface of the shell of some specimens were observed . this is consistent with the presence of a larger number of individuals of smaller sizes in march , the majority of which belonged to the new cohort . this pattern based on a unique reproductive effort is not similar to that of other cogeneric species already studied ; cazzaniga ( 1981 ) studied the heleobia parchappii in freshwater environments of the south of the province of buenos aires and he reported two spawning peaks in the species ' reproductive cycle . cazzaniga ( 1982 ) pointed out that h . parchappii experienced a marked fluctuation in density , an unstable size structure and a high abundance of young snails in mesohaline environments in austral populations from buenos aires ( argentina ) .\nde francesco and isla ( 2004 ) also describe two main spawning peaks for h . parchappii , one at the beginning of spring and another one during fall , in saline canals of mar chiquita coastal lagoon . according to these authors , the similarity observed in life cycles under different saline conditions invites some speculation about the relative importance of this factor in conditioning the reproductive activity of these snails . the authors have found that the size structure remains relatively stable and that the cohorts can be followed monthly during the year . thus , it appears that salinity does not have a marked influence on the reproductive activity of h . parchappii but does affect population structure . from these works , we can infer that snails from the saline canal attain smaller sizes than those found in freshwater environments from buenos aires province .\nunlike gaillard and castellanos ( 1976 ) , darrigran ( 1995 ) states that h . piscium is an euryhaline species , which inhabits the fluvial - inner zone ( corresponding to isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda ) ( salinity < 0 . 5\u0089 ) and the fluvial - intermediate zone ( 0 . 5 - 25\u0089 ) of the r\u00edo de la plata .\nalthough conductivity could not be measured in all studies , it exhibited a great variability throughout the year with values ranging from 0 . 002 to 0 . 18\u0089 , not exceeding the limit percentage of the fluvial - inner zone . conductivity is not the only parameter subjected to variations , even daily variations ; this is due to the fact that the coastal drainage channels , which are subjected to the mild action of the tides and occasional strong southern winds , are also subordinated to variations in the water volume of the drainage channels . this affects not only the conductivity but also several physico - chemical parameters such as ph , percentage of dissolved oxygen , water temperature ( figure 6 ) .\nde francesco ( 2002 ) proposed that heleobia conexa ( gaillard , 1974 ) presents a reproductive pattern similar to that of h . parchappii , which is mostly influenced by water temperature . according to our observations , the water temperature is the parameter that best fits the growth pattern of h . piscium . likewise , we cannot affirm that it has a marked effect on the reproductive cycle and on the species growth , as conductivity does on other species of heleobia .\nno data is available for the comparison among different populations of heleobia piscium in different types of habitat . this is why this study on the annual cycle of natural populations of h . piscium represents a precedent for further investigations related to species biology .\nthe reproductive effort of heleobia piscium in natural populations is characterized by having only one long spawning period ; the reproductive season takes place from summer to the middle of fall . it is in the summer when population growth shows the highest peaks and the mean size values fit best the theoretical growth curve .\nrenovation of the age structure of the heleobia piscium population is in accordance with the highest levels of water temperature observed from december to march ; this variable appears to be an important factor of mortality , particularly for the largest classes ( see figure 2 ) . therefore , temperature could be a regulating factor for growth and reproductive activity .\nit is not the purpose of this report to explain why heleobia piscium displays only one spawning peak and h . parchappii and h . conexa presents two , since factors probably affecting the spawning activity of these snails are of a diverse nature .\nalthough variations in saline conditions affect the age structure in heleobia parchappii populations , it appears that these variations do not have a marked influence on its reproductive activity . in h . piscium , this environmental variable does not seem to regulate the reproductive capacity either , since conductivity values were always remarkably low , below the limit percentage of the fluvial - inner zone .\nit is worth mentioning that as heleobia piscium is a poorly studied species with growing sanitary interest , knowledge of it and the analysis of its basic aspects in the dynamics of natural populations become more relevant as a function of future strategies of control .\nacknowledgements \u0096 financial support for this work was provided by an institutional grant from the comisi\u00f3n de investigaciones cient\u00edficas de la provincia de buenos aires ( cic ) ( resolution n\u00ba 694 / 04 ) . the author wish to thanks the staff menbers of the prefecture naval argentina isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda and lic . l . negrete .\ncazzaniga , nj . , 1981 . estudios bioecol\u00f3gicos de gaster\u00f3podos dulciacu\u00edcolas relacionados con la invasi\u00f3n de canales por malezas acu\u00e1ticas . argentina : universidad nacional de la plata . 169 p . [ tesis doctoral , n\u00b0 393 ] [ links ]\n- , 1982 . notas sobre hidr\u00f3bidos argentinos . 5 . conquiliometr\u00eda de littoridina parchappii ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) ( gastropoda rissoidea ) referida a su ciclo de vida en poblaciones australes . porto alegre . iheringia , s\u00e9r . zool . , vol . 61 , p . 97 - 118 . [ links ]\ndarrigran , ga . , 1995 . distribuci\u00f3n de tres especies del g\u00e9nero heleobia stimpson , 1865 ( gastropoda , hydrobiidae ) en el litoral argentino del r\u00edo de la plata y arroyos afluentes . porto alegre . iheringia , s\u00e9r . zoo l . , vol . 78 , p . 3 - 8 . [ links ]\nde - francesco , cg . and isla , fi . , 2004 . reproductive period and growth rate of the freshwater snail heleobia piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) ( gastropoda : rissoidea ) in a shallow brackish habitat ( buenos aires province , argentina ) . malac , vol . 45 , no . 2 , p . 443 - 450 . [ links ]\ngaillard , c . , 1973 . las formas ecol\u00f3gicas de littoridina piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) ( mollusca , hydrobiidae ) . la plata . neotr . 19 , no . 60 , p . 147 - 151 . [ links ]\ngaillard , c . and castellanos , z . 1976 . mollusca gasteropoda hydrobiidae . in ringuelet , ra . ( ed . ) . fauna de agua dulce de la rep\u00fablica argentina . buenos aires . fecic , vol . 15 , no . 2 , 40 p . [ links ]\ngiusti , f . and pezzoli , e . , 1984 . notulae malacologicae xxix \u0096 gli hidrobiidae salmastridelle acque costieri italiane ; primi cenni sulla sistematica del gruppo e sui caratter distintivi delle singole morfospecie . milano . lavori s . i . m . , vol . 21 , p . 117 - 148 . [ links ]\nostrowski - de - nu\u00f1ez , m . , 1975 . fauna de agua dulce de la rep\u00fablica argentina . iv . cercarias ( trematoda ) de littoridina piscium . buenos aires . physis . b . , vol . 34 , no . 88 , p . 63 - 98 . [ links ]\nravizza , gb . , 1984 . principales aspectos geol\u00f3gicos del cuaternario en la isla mart\u00edn garc\u00eda , r\u00edo de la plata superior . rev . asoc . geol . arg . , buenos aires , vol . 39 , no . 1 - 2 , p . 125 - 130 . [ links ]\nr . bento carlos , 750 13560 - 660 s\u00e3o carlos sp - brasil tel . e fax : ( 55 16 ) 3362 - 5400 bjb @ urltoken\niheringia , s\u00e9r . zool . vol . 105 no . 1 porto alegre jan . / mar . 2015\n1 . instituto argentino de investigaciones de las zonas aridas ( iadiza ) , cct - conicet . av . ruiz leal s / n , parque general san mart\u00edn , mendoza ( 5500 ) , argentina .\n2 . facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales , universidad nacional de cuyo . av . padre contreras 1300 , mendoza ( 5500 ) , argentina .\n3 . comisi\u00f3n de investigaciones cient\u00edficas , buenos aires province ( cic ) , la plata , buenos aires , argentina . ( smartin @ fcnym . unlp . edu . ar )\nheleobia kuesteri also remain enigmatic . based on geographic distribution and the original conchological description of strobel , m . c . gaillard ( unpublished data ) considered this species within the\nparchappii group\n. cazzaniga ( 1981 ) proposed h . kuesteri as species inquirenda and ciocco ( 2011 ) suggested that it could be a valid taxon related to the\nparchappii group\n.\nheleobia hatcheri , abundant in patagonian waters , differs from the other heleobia species from the cmp in , among other characters , the presence of a so called nuchal papilla in all females studied ( pseudohermaphroditism or natural imposex , mart\u00edn , 2002 ) , the only reported sex in cmp populations where sex ratios have been studied ( uspallata river ; mart\u00edn , 2002 ; ciocco , 2011 ) . this organ was previously mistakenly interpreted as a reduced and functional penis from hypothetical h . hatcheri males ( gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ; cazzaniga , 1981 ) , to the point that a new genus was proposed ( strobeliella ; cazzaniga , 1981 ) .\nadditionally , a new morphotype with similar shell features to h . hatcheri ( ovate - conic shell ) , but discontinuous peristome , was recently found in several localities of the cmp ( heleobia sp . ; ciocco & koch , unpublished data ) .\nthe goal of this study is to develop a molecular approach to solve the taxonomical status of heleobia species from the centre - west of argentina as a first step towards an integrated phylogenetic study of the southern south america cochliopids . considering : i ) the protein - coding mitochondrial citocrome oxidase i ( coi ) gene does not show insertions or deletions in the superfamily rissooidea ; ii ) the vast information on coi gene sequence available in ncbi genebank for the gastropoda in general and iii ) that this sequence shows good phylogenetic signals from population to family levels ( wilke et al . , 2001 ) , we analyze coi sequences from 7 taxa ( 5 cochliopid and 2 non cochliopid ones ) without previous data in genbank , in an attempt to provide new considerations tending to solve a long term controversial issue .\nspecimens . individuals from cmp were collected in aguas negras ( 30\u00b018 ' 6 . 72\ns , 68\u00b043 ' 46 . 62\nw , san juan province ) , uspallata stream ( 32\u00b040 ' 11 . 1\ns , 69\u00b021 ' 52 . 8\nw , mendoza province ) , and laguna bebedero ( 33\u00b039 ' s , 66\u00b034 ' w , san luis province ) during expeditions to the cmp between 2011 and 2013 . heleobia piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) and potamolithus spp . specimens were collected in 2014 from martin garcia island , upper portion from de la plata river basin ( 34\u00b011 ' s , 58\u00b015 ' w , buenos aires province ) . in all cases , animals were alcohol preserved following previous menthol relaxation . voucher specimens for all studied taxa were deposited in the museo de la plata collection under voucher numbers : mlp ma 13806 to 13812 .\ndna isolation , pcr and sequencing . the total dna was extracted from the foot of dissected snails . tissues were rinsed in te buffer ( 10mm tris 1mm edta , ph 8 ) and digested overnight in ctab ( cetyl trimethylammonium bromide ) buffer containing proteinase k ( 0 . 14 mg at 60\u00b0c ) and 2 - mercaptoethanol . dna was purified by a threefold extraction with chloroform - isoamyl alcohol ( 24 : 1 ) followed by precipitation with ethanol . the dna was then resuspended in dnase / rnase free distilled water . a 655 - bp fragment of the coi gene was amplified by means of the primers of folmer et al . ( 1994 ) . amplification by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was performed in a final volume of 50 \u00b5l containing : 50 - 100 ng of template dna , 0 . 1 \u00b5m of each primer , 1x pcr buffer , 50 \u00b5m dntps , 2 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , and 1 u taq polymerase ( invitrogen , brazil ) . the thermocycling sequence was conducted at 94\u00b0c for 3 min ; with 5 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 s , 42\u00b0c for 30 s , and 72\u00b0c for 1 min 30 s ; followed by 34 cycles at 94\u00b0c for 30 s , 45\u00b0c for 30 s , and 72\u00b0c for 1 min 30 s ; with a final chain extension at 72\u00b0c for 5 min . 5 \u00b5l of each pcr product was tested on a 1 % ( w / v ) agarose gel electrophoresis . the remainders ( 45\u00b5l ) of reactions with the expected pcr product were purified with accuprep ( r ) pcr purification kit ( bioneer corporation , korea ) , then sequenced in both directions ( instituto de biotecnolog\u00eda , unidad de gen\u00f3mica , inta castelar , argentina ) . the resulting sequences were analyzed with bioedit ( hall , 1999 ) to obtain consensus sequences for each individual .\nsequence alignment . the coi sequences were unambiguously aligned in mega6 ( tamura et al . , 2013 ) and trimmed to a total length of 638bp . phylogenetic analysis was undertaken comparing gene sequences from this study and related sequences in genbank ( tab . i ) . a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method based on the tamura - nei model ( tamura & nei , 1993 ) . the bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed ( felsenstein , 1985 ) . branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50 % of the bootstrap replicates are collapsed .\nthe initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically by applying neighbor - join and bionj algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the maximum composite likelihood ( mcl ) approach , and then selecting the topology with the best log likelihood value . the analysis involved 38 nucleotide sequences . all codon positions were included . all positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated . there were a total of 636 positions in the final dataset . evolutionary analyses were conducted in mega6 ( tamura et al . , 2013 ) .\ntaxon , collection locality data , reference and genbank accession numbers for specimens analyzed in this study .\nthe bootstrap consensus tree yielded from the ml analysis comprises the outgroup taxon pomatiopsis lapidaria ( say , 1817 ) , 4 dominant clades and several subclades ( from top to bottom ; fig 1 . ) :\nmolecular phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood method bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates . all codon positions were included . all positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated . there were a total of 636 positions in the final dataset . only bootstrap values greater than 50 are indicated .\nfour basal lineages [ heleobops carrikeri ( davies and mckee , 1989 ) , heleobia australis , heleobia piscium and tryonia imitator ( pilsbry , 1899 ) ] not belonging to subclades 1 . 1 - 1 . 3 .\n3 . 2 . containing 3 species of potamolithus , heleobia hatcheri and morphotype heleobia sp .\nthree of the heleobia spp . from subclade 1 . 3 correspond to taxa recorded from the cmp : h . parchappii , h . occidentalis and h . kuesteri . the topology of this subclade showed that two first species are very close , reinforcing that h . occidentalis is synonym of h . parchappii . also , analysis of this subclade confirmed that heleobia kuesteri belongs to\nparchappii group\nand suggested that it should be accepted as a valid species . heleobia limariensis , from huasco river basin from northern chile and the three cmp species of this subclade , share an arid andean environment .\nheleobia kuesteri , meanwhile , is an elongate - conic shell endemic species from the centre - west of argentina abundant in relatively soft waters of the subandean foothills of the cmp . despite this species needs to be redescribed including soft parts . the shell features of the scarce available material in malacological collections identified as h . kuesteri ( lote 20997 / 1 invertebrates collection of museo argentino de ciencias naturales bernardino rivadavia , buenos aires , argentina ) appear identical to the numerous specimens we collected in the centre and north of the cmp . although shell morphology of this species is different from typical h . parchappii , de francesco & hassan ( 2009 ) cited for the south of the cmp another abundant batch of individuals , with identical conchological features to those we found in the centre and north of the cmp , as heleobia aff . parchappii based on similarity of penial complex . however , these authors recognized difficulties in identifying this material and considered the possibility that it could be an undescribed species or h . kuesteri .\ninterestingly , there is no fossil record of h . hatcheri from the centre - west of argentina although the holocene aquatic malacofauna of the region is , with the exception of this species and the exotic physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 , identical to the current gastropod and bivalve assemblages ( de francesco & hassan , 2009 ) . these observations suggest that this enigmatic taxon may have colonized the centre - west of argentina in the last ca . 11 , 000 years .\nheleobia sp . , as previously mentioned , must undoubtedly be considered as very close to h . hatcheri , a taxon with which it shares in sympatry the relatively soft waters of the cmp . morphological studies indicate that the species have an identical radula , similar pigmentation in the prosboscis and tentacles together with nuchal papillae and absence of males in all the examined populations . the only notable difference from h . hatcheri is that the heleobia sp . shell has a discontinuous peristome , a character that could be interpreted as an intraspecific variation , as also appears to be the case in h . kuesteri . nevertheless , a detailed morphological description of this morphotype and the eventual incorporation of other molecular markers should be taken into account before considering it as a new species or a h . hatcheri variation .\nwith respect to the phylogenetic proximity of h . hatcheri to the south american genus potamolithus and the suggestion that the latter belong not to lithoglyphidae but to tateidae ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) , these authors indicated that\nwe do not know of any unique characters defining this group\n. nevertheless , the diagnosis of the paleartic - neartic lithoglyphidae is made by the closed ventral wall of the female capsule gland and the blade - like penis lacking large appendages and specialized glands , remarking finally that the genus potamolithus was resolved as a member of the tateidae clade in all their molecular analysis ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) .\nthe potamolithus species incorporated in this study , p . buschii and p . agapetus , are sympatric in the la plata river basin . potamolithus agapetus presents a marked secondary sexual dimorphism on shell shape and size ( l\u00f3pez armengol , 1996 ) . females of both taxa show a nuchal node on the right side of the neck as was described by davis & pons da silva ( 1984 ) for p . ribeirensis . this fleshy protuberance is situated where the base of the simple , and without appendages , penis is located ( davis & pons da silva , 1984 ; l\u00f3pez armengol , 1996 ) in the three mentioned potamolithus species , also coinciding with the position of the nuchal papilla of the parthenogenetic h . hatcheri females ( mart\u00edn , 2002 ) . unfortunately , the female genitalia of p . buschii and p . agapetus have not been described ."]}
{"id": 2451, "summary": [{"text": "the austral snipes , coenocorypha , also known as the new zealand snipes or tutukiwi , are a genus of tiny birds in the sandpiper family , which are now only found on new zealand 's outlying islands .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "there are currently three living species and six known extinct species , with the subantarctic snipe having three subspecies , including the campbell island snipe discovered as recently as 1997 .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was once distributed from fiji , new caledonia and norfolk island , across new zealand and southwards into new zealand 's subantarctic islands , but predation by introduced species , especially rats , has drastically reduced their range . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "austral snipe", "paragraphs": ["01 _ worthy _ an _ extinct _ austral _ snipe _ 2013 . pdf\nnominate race at least locally moves to lower altitudes during austral winter , e . g . reaching . . .\nworthy , t . h . , a . anderson , c . sand , 2013 . an extinct austral snipe aves : coenocorypha from new caledonia . emu 113 , 383\u2013393 .\nworthy , t . h . , a . anderson , c . sand , 2013 . an extinct austral snipe aves : coenocorypha from new caledonia . emu 113 , 383\u2013393 . | trevor worthy - urltoken\nrichard chamberlain with latham\u2019s snipe t0 \u2013 the first ever snipe to be tracked migrating between australia and japan . photo : karin lundstr\u00f6m .\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project was initiated to better understand the ecology and habitat use of latham\u2019s snipe ( gallinago hardwickii ) , a shorebird species that breeds in japan and migrates to australia for the austral spring - summer . using light - level geolocators deployed on snipe in port fairy , south - west victoria , the first ever full migration track for the species has been obtained . the latham\u2019s snipe project is supported by cerdi , the australia japan foundation and the woodland and wetlands trust .\na new and extinct species of austral snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) is described from late holocene cave deposits in new caledonia . the new species is larger than all congeners in the new zealand archipelago , including its subantarctic islands , bu\ntaxonomy of north and south island snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand .\nchathamica , was a species of new zealand snipe endemic to the chatham islands .\nkingsford , r . t . 2000 . ecological impacts if dams , water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in australia . austral ecol . 25 : 109 - 127 .\nhandbook of australian , new zealand & antarctic birds . volume 3 . snipe to pigeons\nthe woodlands and wetlands trust ( jerrabomberra wetlands ) is a partner on the latham\u2019s snipe project through its snipe program in canberra and provision of funding to support the project .\nkingsford , r . t . ( 2000 ) . ecological impacts of dams , water diversions and river managements on floodplains wetlands in australia . austral ecology . 25 : 109 - 127 .\n) , with analysis of a remarkable collection of snipe bones from greymouth , new zealand .\nas rats had landed on campbell island with sealers in the early 1800s , no snipe remained when naturalists arrived in 1840 . however , in 1997 a few snipe were discovered on tiny jacquemart island , close to campbell island . to protect snipe and other birds , in 2001 the department of conservation eradicated the rats from campbell island . in 2005 snipe were found to have recolonised naturally . by early 2006 there were 30 snipe there , and they were considered to be on the way to repopulating 11 , 000 - hectare campbell island . the campbell snipe was named as a separate subspecies of subantarctic snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica perseverance ) in 2010 .\nthe australian painted snipe is not known to cross - breed with any other species of bird .\nproject lead dr birgita hansen helping young ranger kelly bateup to measure a snipe . photo lori gould .\nas far as i can tell , all three are rare , nocturnal species of the high andes or austral lowlands that apparently roost in wooded areas and then feed and display in bogs or grassy areas \u2026 . i . e . somewhat more woodcock - like in being tied to wooded areas more than are most snipe .\npredation by feral animals is a potential threat to the australian painted snipe . the habit of the snipe to nest on the ground could render it vulnerable to introduced terrestrial predators such as the european red fox (\nin addition to australian studies , the latham\u2019s snipe project team visited hokkaido , japan in july 2016 , to assist with the wild bird society of japan with their snipe research . this was critical to strengthening ties between the 2 countries and provided the australian team with many insights and new information about snipe in japan .\nsnipe existed on the mainland until pacific rats and dogs exterminated them before european settlement . four populations live on southern islands : the snares island snipe ( estimated at 1 , 000 birds in 1987 ) , and three subspecies of the subantarctic snipe , one on each of the auckland islands , antipodes islands and campbell island .\npainted snipe - profile ( office of environment & heritage ( oeh ) , 2014al ) [ internet ] .\nanon . 2002 . painted snippets - newsletter of the australian painted snipe project . 1 : 1 - 5\nrogers , d . 2002 . australian painted snipe needs help . the tattler 30 : 1 - 2 .\nanonymous ( 1928 ) . first snipe of the season . windsor and richmond gazette 6 january 1928 , 1 .\nenvironment australia ( 2003ad ) . information sheet - australian painted snipe ( rostratula australis ) . available from : urltoken .\nrogers , d . 2001 . conservation directions - painted snipe . wingspan 11 ( 4 ) : 6 - 7 .\nhansen , b . ( 2015 ) . latham\u2019s snipe count results . geelong naturalist 51 ( 8 ) , 9 .\nas recently as 1964 there was another species of new zealand snipe , the south island snipe . a remnant population occurred on nearby big south cape island , but when rats invaded the island from a fishing boat they soon killed most of the snipe . two were rescued for release on a safe island but died . it was later found that they were both males .\nno comprehensive management documents have been prepared for the australian painted snipe . however , a brief recovery outline for the species is featured in the action plan for australian birds 2000 ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) and the information sheet - australian painted snipe ( rostratula australis ) ( environment australia 2003ad ) discusses the implications of the australian painted snipe as a nationally threatened species .\nnew south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 1999b ) . threatened species information - painted snipe .\nnew south wales national parks and wildlife service . 1999 . threatened species information sheet - painted snipe . npws , hurstville .\nhansen , b . ( 2016 ) . latham\u2019s snipe tracking project \u2014 news brief . wader quest newsletter 3 , 17 .\nmale vermilion flycatchers are showy and unmistakable , but the females may hold the keys to identification if vermilion flycatcher is split into multiple species . this female will look very dusky and smudgy to north american birders who are familiar with vermilion flycatcher ( northern ) and is a member of the austral migrant group , which can be reported as vermilion flycatcher ( austral ) in ebird . watch for these to appear in amazonia ( e . g . , eastern peru ) from april to october . photo chris wood / macaulay library .\nlowe , v . t . ( 1963 ) . observations on the painted snipe . emu . 62 : 220 - 37 .\nthomas , e . ( 1975 ) . painted snipe breeding at barham , nsw . australian bird watcher . 6 : 133 .\nfilming a black grouse lek early one morning , when a common snipe flew up and started singing . . . chip - per . . . chip - per . . . chip - per . . . . next task is to film the snipe drumming !\nnsw national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 1999by ) . painted snipe threatened species information . available from : urltoken .\nthe subspecies group vermilion flycatcher ( austral ) pyrocephalus rubinus rubinus is retained , and the polytypic group vermilion flycatcher ( galapagos ) pyrocephalus rubinus nanus / dubius is split into two monotypic groups ; dubius is extinct and a single island endemic , while nanus occurs on multiple islands and remains relatively common .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive video - common snipe calling and preening\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive video - common snipe calling and preening\ntitle =\narkive video - common snipe calling and preening\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project was initiated in the wake of a victorian civil and administrative tribunal case in 2014 , regarding a housing development proposal on an important latham\u2019s snipe wetland ( powling street wetlands ) in port fairy , south - west victoria . during the case , proponents claimed that the housing development would not impact the snipe population because the birds would move to another site . however , there was no evidence to support this claim .\nhansen , b . ( 2016 ) . latham\u2019s snipe use of urban versus non - urban wetland habitat in victoria . tattler 38 , 15 .\nhansen , b . ( 2015 ) . latham\u2019s snipe and urban wetlands in the port fairy region . vwsg bulletin 38 , 73 - 74 .\nalthough traditionally considered a race of the greater painted snipe which occurs in africa and asia , recent studies of the morphology and dna of the australian painted snipe indicate that is should be regarded as a full species . they often occur in small parties , sometimes comprising one sex only . australian painted snipe usually sit quietly beneath cover during the day , becoming more active near dusk , when they begin foraging , and they may remain active all night . usually remaining in cover when foraging , where they skulk about , painted snipe rhythmically bob their heads downwards to probe the soft mud while they walk . when disturbed , australian painted snipe usually remain motionless , and will not flush unless the observer is very close . when flushed , painted snipe fly a short distance , usually keeping low , with slow , erratic wing - beats and legs dangling behind . they are usually silent .\ndescribed by one observer as ' pygmy kiwis ' 1 , chatham island snipe once inhabited most of the islands in the group , but from the 1890s were confined to rangatira ( south east ) island , a refuge for several endangered birds . the snipe has since been reintroduced to m\u0101ngere island , and has made its own way to little m\u0101ngere and rabbit islands . like all snipe , they find food by probing their beak into soft soil .\nnew south wales national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 2006 ) . painted snipe - endangered species listing . available from : urltoken .\n: three species of andean snipe were traditionally ( e . g . , peters 1934 , hellmayr & conover 1948 ) placed in a separate genus ,\nthe wild bird society of japan is a collaborator on the latham\u2019s snipe project through contribution to field study , knowledge sharing and reciprocal exchange of researchers .\nuntil recently , the australian painted snipe was considered to be a subspecies of the species rostratula benghalensis that occurs in africa and asia . a recent taxonomic study by lane and rogers ( 2000 ) together with a dna study , as yet unpublished , verify that the australian painted snipe is a separate species . it has been confirmed that this new species is acceptable , that it will be known as rostratula australis ( australian painted snipe ) , and that it will appear in the new australian checklist of birds to be published in 2003 . there is no evidence that the australian painted snipe migrates outside of australia .\nyes \u2013 having looked at a lot of snipe skins over time , i always wondered why chubbia was dropped . it looked like a fine subset in the woodcock - snipe clade . i think that some shifting may occur as we find out more , but including chubbia improves the taxonomy of this group . \u201d\nsome snipe appear to be highly site faithful , whilst others may transit through an area on their way to other non - breeding areas in southern australia .\nthe australia japan foundation is the key funding partner on the latham\u2019s snipe project , supporting field - based engagement activities and exchange of australian and japanese scientists .\nrecorded as far south as subantarctic campbell island ( 52\u00b0s ) , the ruddy turnstone is the third most numerous arctic migrant wader species that occurs in new zealand . breeding adults have brightly patterned black , white , rufous - brown or\ntortoiseshell\nplumage on the upperparts , which develops annually towards the end of the austral summer .\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project has gathered a large body of dedicated counters and volunteers . as the project continues to acquire new knowledge about the species , the number of people participating in counts and catches continues to grow . there is now an extended network of volunteers across eastern australia who contribute to the monitoring of snipe .\nhiggins pj , davies sjjf ( 1996 ) handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , vol 3 . snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project will continue to expand its research in canberra , to build additional information about the ecology of the species from a non - coastal location .\nthe australian painted snipe project was established in 2001 to address population declines identified for the species across australia . with the help of the project the australian painted snipe has been recognised as an endemic species unique to the more widespread greater painted snipe . with these findings came the realisation that there were many gaps in our knowledge of this opportunistic and cryptic wader . through it\u2019s monitoring program , the project continues to fill these gaps , track population trends and document habitat requirements in order to halt species decline . in 2011 birdlife australia nominated the australian painted snipe to be upgraded to endangered under the epbc act ; a result will be found in 2012 .\nmcgilp , j . n . ( 1934b ) . the nesting of the painted snipe ( rostratula australis ) . south australian ornithologist . 12 : 167 - 169 .\nin queensland , anecdotal evidence by national parks and wildlife service staff also indicates declines in numbers of australian painted snipe has occurred over the last 3 - 4 decades .\natlas of living australia ( 2015 ) . atlas of living australia . spatial data portal for latham\u2019s snipe . available online : urltoken ( retrieved 20 november 2015 ) .\nnew zealand snipes have been described as living fossils and the most primitive of snipe - like birds . like the northern hemisphere snipe and woodcock , they stay among dense vegetation , moving out at dusk to feed in more open areas . however , these southern cousins are not migratory , remaining year - round on their own small island groups .\nthreatened species of the northern territory - australian painted snipe rostratula australis ( taylor , r , r . chatto & j . woinarski , 2013 ) [ information sheet ] .\nthe replacement of endemic wetland vegetation by invasive , noxious weeds could render habitats less suitable or unsuitable for the snipe ( rogers et al . 2005 ) . for example ,\njaensch , r . ( 2003 ) . breeding by australian painted snipe in the diamantina channel country , south - western queensland . stilt . 43 : 20 - 22 .\nthe south beach wetlands and landcare group is a key partner on the latham\u2019s snipe project , providing knowledge , funding through landcare , field assistance and access to landholder networks .\nthe research to track the migration patterns of the latham\u2019s snipe ( gallinago hardwickii ) is being coordinated by dr birgita hansen , a research fellow at cerdi . the latham\u2019s snipe project is a collaboration between researchers , ornithologists and community groups . the team works collaboratively with colleagues from the wild bird society of japan ( wbsj ) . close connections with japan have been forged through this project , and there has been exchange of researchers between australia and hokkaido , japan , to conduct snipe research and teach school students about shorebird conservation .\npainted snipe - endangered species listing . nsw scientific committee - final determination ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2004o ) [ internet ] .\nprotect and manage habitat at principal breeding and wintering sites and , as a precautionary measure , identify and protect any additional habitat used by the australian painted snipe in the last 10 years .\nhornsby , p . 1998 . observations of a painted snipe rostratula benghalensis and great egret ardea alba in the north flinders ranges . south aust . orn . 33 : 25 - 6 .\nlane , b . & forest , b . ( 1984 ) . preliminary results from banding latham\u2019s snipe ( gallinago hardwickii ) in southern victoria . victorian wader study group bulletin 8 , 2\u201312 .\na new and extinct species of austral snipe ( aves : scolopacidae : coenocorypha ) is described from late holocene cave deposits in new caledonia . the new species is larger than all congeners in the new zealand archipelago , including its subantarctic islands , but is slightly smaller than c . miratropica from viti levu , fiji . better developed ligamental sulci and attachment processes on the humerus suggest that this new species was perhaps the strongest flier in the genus . nevertheless , it went extinct within c . 1000 years of human arrival in new caledonia , probably as a result of depredation by the rats that arrived with humans .\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project has combined a variety of research and monitoring approaches , including observation , survey , geolocator studies , radio tracking and satellite tracking , to substantially increase our knowledge of the species .\nthe habitat of the australian painted snipe might also be degraded by other processes . grazing and associated trampling of wetland vegetation by cattle and / or sheep is a threat to the australian painted snipe , particularly in arid regions where grazing tends to become concentrated around wetlands in the dry season ( nsw npws 1999b ; rogers et al . 2005 ) . for example , an apparent decline in australian painted snipe numbers in the kimberley region of western australia has been linked to overgrazing by cattle ( johnstone & storr 1998 ) . it is possible that cattle could also trample nests ( hassell & rogers 2002 ) .\nas a wetland inhabitant , the australian painted snipe is also presumed to be vulnerable to other processes that reduce the potential for flooding , such as prolonged drought ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nlane , b . a . and rogers , d . i . 2000 . the taxonomic and conservation status of the australian painted snipe rostratula ( benghalensis ) australis . stilt 36 : 26 - 34 .\nmore recently , the project has expanded further to include an investigation into the ecology of the population in canberra , and to investigate the characteristics of wetland habitats used by snipe south - west victoria . .\nthe victorian wader study group is a partner to the project through the group\u2019s long - term scientific program on waders and terns . the latham\u2019s snipe project field activities form part of the vwsg\u2019s monitoring program .\nthe endemic new zealand snipes ( coenocorypha species ) are among the least known native birds . as their m\u0101ori name , tutukiwi , suggests , they resemble small kiwi with their long bills , stout legs and probing method of finding worms , insect larvae and other invertebrates . they are considered waders , but live and feed in forest and shrubland , not near water . the snares island snipe ( coenocorypha huegeli ) and subantarctic snipe ( coenocorypha aucklandica ) are about the size of a blackbird , measuring 23 centimetres and weighing 110 grams . the chatham island snipe ( coenocorypha pusilla ) is smaller at 20 centimetres and 80 grams .\nsince 2002 , national surveys for the australian painted snipe have been conducted twice per year at important historic and contemporary sites and other sites of interest ( d . ingwersen 2007 , pers . comm . ) .\nanother threat to the australian painted snipe is likely to be predation by feral animals . this species is a ground - nesting bird , and predation by foxes on eggs and young birds is known to occur .\nhiggins , p . & davies , s . ( eds ) ( 1996 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand & antarctic birds , volume 3 : snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne .\nscientific name : rostratula australis common name : australian painted snipe until recently , the australian painted snipe was considered to be a subspecies of rostratula benghalensis , a species that occurs across africa and asia ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) . however , lane and rogers ( 2000 ) recommended treating the subspecies found in australia ( r . benghalensis australis ) as a full species ( r . australis ) based on its distinctive appearance , call , measurements and anatomy . recent genetic studies indicate that the australian painted snipe is a distinct species that diverged around 19 million years ago . it is now accepted as a full species ( baker et . al . 2007 ; l . christidis 2002 , pers . comm . ) . the australian painted snipe is the only member of the genus rostratula that occurs in australia ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ) .\nhassell , c . j . & d . i . rogers ( 2002 ) . painted snipe nesting at taylor ' s lagoon near broome , north - western australia . stilt . 41 : 14 - 21 .\nlane , b . a . & d . i . rogers ( 2000 ) . the australian painted snipe , rostratula ( benghalensis ) australis : an endangered species ? . stilt . 36 : 26 - 34 .\nhassell , c . j . , and d . i . rogers . 2002 . painted snipe nesting at taylor ' s lagoon near broome , north - western australia . the stilt 41 : 14 - 21 .\nhansen , b . , wilson , d . , koyama , k . ( 2015 ) . australian researchers to study latham\u2019s snipe migration . bird research water bird news . oct . 2015 . japan bird research association .\nan area of improved grassland was dominated by rushes juncus spp . and purple moor - grass molinia caerulea . in order to try and attract breeding common snipe gallinago gallinago , the rush was cut in 2003 with tractor mounted mowers and then grazed . in addition , 18 small scrapes were dug and higher water levels were maintained . the number of snipe increased from one nesting pair in 2003 to 11 nesting pairs in both 2004 and 2005 .\nall of this is qualitative , superficial , and potentially irrelevant \u2013 there is no reason why some snipe would not converge on \u201cwoodcockness\u201d , and in fact there may be a continuum between the two groups in ecology and morphology .\nhansen , b . , honan , j . , stewart , d . ( 2015 ) . what is the relative importance of urban wetlands for latham\u2019s snipe in south - west victoria ? australasian ornithological conference 2015 , adelaide .\nno major field studies have been conducted on the australian painted snipe . however , some moderately detailed information on the breeding behaviour of the snipe has been collected from opportunistic encounters with nesting birds ( hassell & rogers 2002 ; jaensch 2003 ; jaensch et al . 2004 ; lowe 1963 ; mcgilp 1934b ) , and the taxonomy , conservation status and habitat preferences of the species have been reviewed ( lane & rogers 2000 ; rogers et al . 2005 ) .\nthe australian painted snipe is infrequently and irregularly recorded in australia . it is absent from cape york peninsula and has been recorded only once from tasmania . there has been no marked change in the range of this species over time .\nshigeta , y . , hiraoka , t . & gonzalez , j . ( 2002 ) . the first authentic record of the latham\u2019s snipe gallinago hardwickii for the philippines . journal of the yamashina institute of ornithology 34 , 240\u2013244 .\nthe likely causes of the decline of the australian painted snipe are habitat modification and loss . the species has probably suffered considerably from wetland drainage and the diversion of water from rivers , which means that shallow wetlands , its key habitat , never form . major water resource developments in the northern murray - darling basin from the 1960s - 1990s have coincided with a decline in snipe numbers ( lane and rogers 2000 ) . salinization is also likely to be adversely affecting suitable habitat , as is grazing and trampling by stock . grazing and trampling by stock in wetland areas can reduce or eliminate the vegetative cover used by the snipe for shelter ( especially when breeding ) , and allow easier assess to the birds by predators . impact on habitat through grazing and trampling by stock are thought to be the reason for the decline in numbers in the kimberley , western australia , ( johnstone and storr 1998 ) . similarly , cultivation practices that remove the perennial vegetation round the edges of swamps and wetlands are thought to increase the vulnerability of the snipe to predation . another threat to the australian painted snipe is likely to be predation by feral animals . this species is a ground - nesting bird , and predation by foxes on eggs and young birds is known to occur . most likely , the australian painted snipe will continue to decline in numbers because the processes that have caused past decline in numbers are ongoing .\njaensch , r . , j . mccabe , j . wahl & w . houston ( 2004 ) . breeding by australian painted snipe on the torilla plain , brigalow belt coast , queensland . stilt . 45 : 39 - 42 .\nin summary , the australian painted snipe is not often recorded and is in limited numbers across its range . although there have been a number of analyses investigating the decline in numbers of painted snipe , none of them are conclusive . however , the consistent trend in all the analyses and evidence is the same - they all indicate a substantial decline in numbers has occurred over the last few decades . the reason for the species ' decline is likely to be associated with the loss of inland wetlands , its key habitat , large changes to wetland systems and predation by introduced animals . most likely , the australian painted snipe will continue to decline in numbers because the processes that have caused past declines in numbers are ongoing .\nhiggins , p . j . ; davies , s . j . j . f ( eds ) . 1996 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 , snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne .\nan understanding of migration phenology is critical to the conservation of long - distance migrants . latham\u2019s snipe gallinago hardwickii is a cryptic , dispersed migratory wader that breeds in northern japan during the austral winter and migrates to australia for the non - breeding period . records of this species for new south wales ( nsw ) and the australian capital territory ( act ) were extracted from a range of data sources including hunting reports , the atlas of living australia , ebird and citizen science records , generating a dataset of first - arrival dates for 170 years ( 1846\u20132016 ) . the first record in each year , corresponding to the expected arrival period of latham\u2019s snipe on southward migration , was used to infer the date of first arrival . these dates were analysed using simple linear regression against julian day to test the hypothesis that changes in climate ( i . e . increasing mean annual temperature ) might result in a corresponding shift in arrival dates . the mean julian day of first arrivals in nsw and the act was 14 august \u00b1 9 days , with no significant change over the 170 - year span of records . this suggests that migration phenology of latham\u2019s snipe has not been strongly influenced by changing large - scale climatic conditions at either the breeding or non - breeding grounds .\neach island population is threatened by any accidental introduction of rats . in 2005 , 30 snares snipe were transferred to rat - free putauhinu island near stewart island , to establish a back - up population . thirty birds were released on codfish island in 2012 .\nleach , g . j . , c . g . lloyd & h . b . hines ( 1987 ) . observations at the nest of a painted snipe rostratula benghalensis in south - east queensland . australian bird watcher . 12 : 15 - 19 .\nleach , g . j . , lloyd , c . g . and hines , h . b . 1987 . observations at the nest of the painted snipe rostratula benghalensis in south - east queensland . aust . bird watcher 12 : 15 - 19 .\nthe project has also been very successful in engaging local communities including school children in the canberra young rangers program . this is an important outcome of the project \u2013 the increase engagement with the public to highlight the importance of wetland habitat protection for snipe conservation .\nthe likely causes of the decline of the australian painted snipe are habitat modification and loss . the species has probably suffered considerably from wetland drainage and the diversion of water from rivers , which means that shallow wetlands , its key habitat , never form . major water resource developments in the northern murray - darling basin from the 1960s - 1990s have coincided with a decline in snipe numbers ( lane and rogers 2000 ) . salinization is also likely to be adversely affecting suitable habitat , as is grazing and trampling by stock . grazing and trampling by stock in wetland areas can reduce or eliminate the vegetative cover used by the snipe for shelter ( especially when breeding ) , and allow easier access to the birds by predators . impact on habitat through grazing and tramping by stock are thought to be the reason for the decline in numbers in the kimberley , western australia , ( johnstone and storr 1998 ) . similarly , cultivation practices that remove the perennial vegetation round the edges of swamps and wetlands are thought to increase the vulnerability of the snipe to predation .\nhansen , b . , honan , j . , wilson , d . , chamberlain , r . , stewart , d . & gould , l . ( 2016 ) . first latham\u2019s snipe \u2018t0\u2019 with geolocator recaptured at port fairy ! tattler 41 , 14 .\nthreats the australian painted snipe is threatened by the drainage of wetlands and the diversion of water from major rivers for irrigation , which prevents shallow wetlands from forming . a decline in the kimberley division of western australia has been linked with overgrazing and trampling by cattle .\nas influxes of numbers of australian painted snipe irregularly occur in areas , it is possible that the species naturally fluctuates in numbers , building up in numbers when environmental conditions are favourable and declining when conditions are less favourable . there has been some speculation that the decline in numbers of australian painted snipe may be associated with natural fluctuations in the population . in 2001 - 2002 , with the start of a national painted snipe project , there was an unusually large number of sightings . the factors contributing to this large number of sightings were thought to be : ( 1 ) a good breeding year for the species in 2000 - 01 ; ( 2 ) widespread inland drought driving birds towards the coast where they are more likely to be seen ; and ( 3 ) increased awareness in the bird watching community that sightings should be reported . however , it is considered that the decline observed in the australian painted snipe since the 1950s - 1970s is not part of a natural fluctuation in the population . the decline has been prolonged , is widespread and has occurred over various wet and dry cycles .\nhansen , b . , honan , j . , wilson , d . , chamberlain , r . , stewart , d . , gould , l . ( 2016 ) . konnichiwa ojishigi : following latham\u2019s snipe from japan to australia . tattler 41 , 13 - 14 .\nhiggins , p . j . , and davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds ) ( 1996 ) . \u2018handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 . snipe to pigeons . \u2019 ( oxford university press : melbourne . )\nhansen , b . , veltheim , i . ( 2015 ) . wetlands , brolgas and latham\u2019s snipe : south - west victoria\u2019s great natural assets . pp . 57 - 58 in : wetlands australia , national wetlands update february 2015 \u2014 issue no 26 , commonwealth of australia 2015 .\nhabitat the australian painted snipe inhabits many different types of shallow , brackish or freshwater terrestrial wetlands , especially temporary ones , which have muddy margins and small , low - lying islands . suitable wetlands usually support a mosaic of low , patchy vegetation , as well as lignum and canegrass .\nin summary , the population of the australian painted snipe may naturally fluctuate in numbers , but it is unlikely to ever exceed 10 000 mature individuals . in the past it has declined in numbers , and most likely will continue to decline as result of further loss of suitable wetland habitat .\nthe trends in the available data and evidence are consistent and considered to be sufficient enough to indicate that the australian painted snipe has declined substantially in numbers , with possible declines of up to 90 % , though there are some concerns regarding the limitations of some of this data ( see criterion 1 ) . there has been some speculation that the decline in numbers of australian painted snipe may be associated with natural fluctuations in the population . in 2001 - 2002 , with the start of a national painted snipe project , there was an unusually large number of sightings . the factors contributing to this large number of sightings were thought to be : ( 1 ) a good breeding year for the species in 2000 - 01 ; ( 2 ) widespread inland drought driving birds towards the coast where they are more likely to be seen ; and ( 3 ) increased awareness in the bird watching community that sightings should be reported . however , it is considered that the decline observed in the australian painted snipe since the 1950s - 1970s is not part of a natural fluctuation in the population . the decline has been prolonged , is widespread and has occurred over various wet and dry cycles .\nwilson , d . , hansen , b . , honan , j . chamberlain , r . ( 2017 ) . 170 years of latham\u2019s snipe gallinago hardwickii arrivals in new south wales and the australian capital territory show no change in arrival date . australian field ornithology 34 , 76 - 79 .\nbreeding occurs from september to january with the laying of two pinkish - brown , blotched eggs , which the parents incubate alternately . like the snares island and subantarctic snipe , each hatchling follows one parent and is fed for several weeks . they feed on worms , amphipods and a variety of insects .\ndistinctiveness the australian painted snipe is a distinctive bird and unlikely to be confused with any other species ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) . in flight , the australian painted snipe can be differentiated from its close relative , rostratula benghalensis , by its rounded wing shape ( d . ingwersen 2007 , pers . comm . ) . detectability the australian painted snipe is difficult to detect . it is thought to be mainly crepuscular , but can be detected during the day . it is secretive but conspicuous on the rare occasions that it ventures out into the open ( d . ingwersen 2007 , pers . comm . ; marchant & higgins 1993 ) . intensive vigilance is required to detect flushed birds ( d . ingwersen 2007 , pers . comm . ) . this species may often be overlooked during wader and other waterbird census projects because of its cryptic behaviour and occurrence in rank vegetation ( lane & rogers 2000 ) .\nbaker , a . j . , s . l . pereira , d . i . rogers , r . elbourne & c . j . hassell ( 2007 ) . mitochondrial - dna evidence shows the australian painted snipe is a full species , rostratula australis . emu . 107 iss 3 : 185 - 189 .\nthreatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2003y ) . non - current commonwealth listing advice for rostratula australis ( australian painted snipe ) . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 15 - aug - 2003 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 14 - may - 2013 .\npossibly there has been a reduction in the area that it occupies within its range ( sometimes referred to as area of occupancy ) . when comparing geographic data from the birds australia databases , the painted snipe has been recorded in much fewer areas during the 1998 - 2002 field atlas compared to the earlier 1977 - 1981 field atlas , suggesting that this species is declining in the areas that it occupies within its range . however , as the australian painted snipe appears to fluctuate in numbers and in the areas it occupies in response to environmental conditions , the significance of the decrease shown between the two atlases cannot be ascertained until the causes of the decrease are looked at in more detail .\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project team hopes to visit hokkaido again in 2018 , to participate in a census of the breeding grounds with the wild bird society of japan . a funding application is currently being considered to support this visit and if successful , will also support the project to expand its education , outreach and community engagement program in canberra and japan .\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project has used a number of strategies to address its objectives . the most critical of these has been to establish the project as a partnership between academic research and community groups . this has been achieved through a co - design approach that draws upon years of knowledge and expertise gained by community members which is combined with traditional scientific research .\nthis stocky blackbird - sized bird is a heavyweight - lifter among waders . its stout body , short powerful legs and feet , and robust wedge - shaped bill allow it to turn over large shells , stones and flotsam , such as driftwood and seaweed , while foraging for sandhoppers and other crustaceans . an annual circumpolar breeder on arctic and subarctic tundra , the ruddy turnstone is one of around 40 arctic breeding wading bird species that migrate south and reach new zealand . its migration route is not fully understood . some birds may fly south over the pacific ocean and some may fly along the east asia - australasian flyway . after spending the austral summer in new zealand ruddy turnstones are thought to fly to the korean peninsula before flying on to siberian breeding grounds .\nwetlands , the habitat of the australian painted snipe , have been altered significantly throughout australia since european settlement , with approximately 50 % of australian wetlands converted to other uses . in some regions , the loss has been greater than in other areas . for example , on the swan coastal plain of western australia , 75 % of the wetlands have been filled or drained , and in south - east south australia , 89 % have been destroyed ( environment australia 1997 ) . a number of wetland systems in the murray - darling basin have suffered considerably from degradation and loss due to changes in flooding patterns and land uses . for example , it is estimated that about 76 % of the lower murrumbidgee wetlands have been lost or degraded , and substantial changes have also occurred in the macquarie wetlands , chowchilla floodplain and gwydir wetlands ( kingsford and thomas 1995 , 2001 ; kingsford 2000 ) . in victoria , shallow freshwater marshes and edges of deep freshwater marshes , the preferred habitat of australian painted snipe , have been depleted more than any other type of wetlands . as a result of this well - documented decline in wetlands , it may be inferred that substantial areas of suitable habitat for the australian painted snipe have also declined , and that because of this , the population numbers of this already scarce species have further diminished . although the loss of wetlands would be detrimental to all waterbirds , it is likely to be particularly so to an uncommon species of waterbird such as the australian painted snipe .\nin 2001 , a project was initiated by the threatened bird network and australasian wader studies group to improve knowledge of the australian painted snipe so that meaningful conservation actions could be proposed ( rogers et al . 2005 ) . recovery actions implemented as part of this study include ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; d . ingwersen 2007 , pers . comm . ; rogers et al . 2005 ) :\nthe latham\u2019s snipe project takes an unusual and innovative approach to investigating the migration and habitat use of this species . by building a collaboration with community groups from the outset , the project has established a research and monitoring program that combines traditional scientific approaches with community - based monitoring to answer questions about the species ecology and conservation . this is a rare example of a successful co - designed project .\nmovements the movements of the australian painted snipe are poorly understood . the species is possibly dispersive in response to the flooding and drying out of wetlands , and they are capable of travelling great distances . however , over 90 % of all records are received between august and march , introducing a possible seasonal element into their pattern of movements ; it is unknown where they generally occur outside these times .\nthe species is listed as rare or threatened under queensland , nsw , victorian , south australian , western australian and northern territory legislation . currently , the australian painted snipe is not listed as threatened under the commonwealth epbc act , however it is listed under the migratory and the marine provisions of the epbc act as rostratula benghalensis as it was considered to be part of this species when these listings were made .\nthe ruddy turnstone is a circumpolar annual breeder on arctic and subarctic tundra , mainly north of 60\u00b0 n , making it one of the most northerly - breeding wader species . one bird was tracked in two consecutive years migrating from alaska to australia via the central pacific and back to siberia via the east asian - australasian flyway , each ' round trip ' a journey of 27 , 000 km . a bird banded in invercargill has been recorded on southward migration through broome in north - west australia during september in three successive years . this , along with tracks of birds flying south to australia via coastal china and indonesia , indicates some birds migrate along the same route before continuing on to new zealand . after spending the austral summer in new zealand ruddy turnstones are thought to fly to the korean peninsula in north - east asia before flying on to siberian breeding grounds .\nit seems likely that the total population of mature individuals of australian painted snipe does not exceed 10 , 000 mature individuals , and is therefore limited . the population size is not known , but watkins ( 1993 ) estimated the population to be 1 , 500 , while garnett and crowley ( 2000 ) estimated the population to be 5 , 000 breeding birds . the basis for these estimates is not clear . lane and rogers ( 2000 ) were only able to find 550 records for the species across australia from 1800 until 2000 . over the two decades prior to 2002 , there were only 5 - 25 records per year ( unpublished data ) . records of the australian painted snipe generally refer to single birds but there are sightings of small groups of 3 - 4 and flocks up to about 30 ( marchant and higgins 1993 ) .\ninformation from counts conducted by the south beach wetlands and landcare group formed the basis for designing a survey program that focused on a range of sites where snipe were present and absent . the group\u2019s observations over time were critical to determining how to design a capture - based program aimed to deploying geolocators , which require re - capture of the bird and hence , knowledge of the bird\u2019s likely behaviour from year - to - year .\nrecords indicate that the australian painted snipe is in limited numbers across its range . the trends in the available data and evidence are consistent , and considered to be sufficient enough to indicate that the australian painted snipe has declined substantially in numbers , with possible declines of up to 90 % , though there are some concerns regarding the limitations of some of this data . although this species may undergo natural fluctuations in numbers , the recently observed decline is not considered to be part of a natural cycle . the species is likely to have suffered from loss of its wetland habitat , as over 50 % of wetland habitat in australia has been lost or altered since european settlement . the impact of past and future losses of wetlands will most likely result in further declines in numbers of this rare species . the species is eligible for listing as vulnerable under criteria 1 and 3 .\nconcern exists that changes to fire regimes might be affecting savannah vegetation around wetlands in northern australia ( white 1997 ) . over some time scales , fire may not be detrimental to the habitat of the australian painted snipe . for example , fire is employed as a management tool at wetlands in the riverina region to prevent the formation of dense stands of canegrass . however , the long term effects of persistent burning are poorly known ( rogers et al . 2005 ) .\nrogers , d . , i . hance , s . paton , c . tzaros , p . griffioen , m . herring , r . jaensch , l . oring , a . silcocks & m . weston ( 2005 ) . the breeding bottleneck : breeding habitat and population decline in the australian painted snipe . in : straw , p . , ed . status and conservation of seabirds in the east asian - australasian flyway . pp . 15 - 23 .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . puna snipe ( gallinago andina ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nan independent expert on australia ' s bird databases has conducted a number of unpublished analyses on the eastcoast bird database ( for details of this database , see griffioen and clarke 2002 ) . while acknowledging that such a comparison across databases is limited , the expert concludes that a substantial decline has occurred since the 1970s . of all the analyses to date , this one gives most support to the notion that a marked decline has occurred in numbers of australian painted snipe .\nso alarming was the snipe\u2019s night - time call that it gave rise to the m\u0101ori tradition of the fearful hakawai or h\u014dkioi \u2013 one of the spirit birds of rakamaomao ( the wind ) that dwelt in space and came down to earth only at night . muttonbirders have compared the noise to a cable chain being lowered into a boat . preceded by a sequence of calls , this eerie sound is produced by vibrating tail feathers as the bird plunges from high in the air .\nis a thorny shrub that currently infests more than 800 000 ha of land in the semi - arid and sub - humid tropical regions of australia , and has the potential to become much more widespread . it thrives around sources of water and forms tall , dense thickets that are unlikely to be used by the snipe and more generally have a detrimental impact on the health of wetland communities ( crc for australian weed management et al . 2003 ; rogers et al . 2005 ) .\nthey say home is where the heart is , well here it is . all your needs are sure to be met with this stunning renovated home , immaculately presented both inside and out , it would ideally suit first home buyers or investors alike who are searching for a solid home to move straight into with nothing to worry about other than unrestricted living . attributes include 3 good sized bedrooms with built - ins , central family bathroom , spacious lounge , modern kitchen with stone bench tops that overlooks onto a bright sunroom making it perfect for your enjoyment all year round . further qualities include drive through garage , quality floor coverings , air - con , gas cooktop , solar panels , low maintenance gardens . situated within close proximity to local shopping precincts , cafes , restaurants , public transport , a variety of well regarded schools , recreational facilities and easy access to m5 / m7 motorways . inspection without delay is a must ! call us at ray white green valley or ray white austral on 9608 - 1555 and speak to anyone of our award winning salespeople .\nbreeding ecology of brown skuas ( catharacta antarctica lonnbergi ) was studied at bird island , south georgia in the austral summers of 2000 / 2001\u20132003 / 2004 . a complete census recorded 467 breeding pairs in 3 . 55 km 2 of suitable habitat ( 132 pairs per km 2 ) , and an additional 312 nonbreeders at club - sites . comparison with previous counts indicates two phases of population change : an initial rapid increase ( 3 . 6 % per annum ) from the late 1950s to early 1980s , probably attributable to increased carrion availability from the expanding antarctic fur seal ( arctocephalus gazella ) population , followed by slower growth ( 0 . 9 % p . a . ) . currently , seal carrion dominates the diet of skuas during incubation , with a switch to seabird prey during chick - rearing . breeding is now later , chick growth poorer , and productivity significantly lower than in the early 1980s . there is also a strong seasonal decline in adult attendance , and chicks that hatch later and are in poorer condition are less likely to fledge . these results suggest a long - term increase in competition for carrion that is particularly apparent once fur seal pupping has ceased ."]}
{"id": 2452, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha xanthodora is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1923 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in burma .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 8 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are light ochreous-yellowish with subcostal , median , and dorsal streaks from the base to about one-third .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a similar streak along the posterior part of the fold and an ochreous-orange blotch extending along the costa from three-fifths to near the apex , in the middle with a projection meeting a small spot on the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are rather dark fuscous . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "thiotricha xanthodora", "paragraphs": ["thiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nhave a fact about thiotricha synacma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha synacma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha rhodopa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha rhodopa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick / by j . f . gates clarke\nfull text of\ncatalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick / by j . f . gates clarke"]}
{"id": 2453, "summary": [{"text": "spidia goniata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by watson in 1957 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in uganda .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 45.5-48.5 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are similar to spidia fenestrata , but the costal margin of the forewings is less strongly arcuate and the outer margin of both the fore - and hindwings is more strongly arcuate . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "spidia goniata", "paragraphs": ["watson a . 1957 . taxonomic notes on the genera spidia butler and hemictenarcha warren ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) , with a description of a new subspecies from mt . ruwenzori . - proceedings of the entomological society of london 26 ( 7\u20148 ) : 113\u2014118 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nbiostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nuganda , ruwenzori range , nyinabitaba , 8650 ft , 07\u201413 . vii . 1952 , leg . d . s . fletcher .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide drepanidae 511 , bmnh ; paratype 1\u2642 , bmnh .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2457, "summary": [{"text": "eugnosta mexicana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , colorado , new mexico and utah .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eugnosta mexicana", "paragraphs": ["eugnosta mexicana ( busck , 1907 ) , formerly placed in the genus carolella , razowski ( 2009 ) , was number 3786 in the 1983 hodges checklist .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 20 . 14m ; p . 158 . book review and ordering\nrazowski , j . , 2009 . review tortricidae of the palaearctic region , volume 2 : cochylini 1 - 195 .\npale gray forewing ; nqarrow triangular , brownish - tinged , with a bold , darker gray brown fascia bordered by white , from the middorsal margin toward the end of the cell .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\non sheet with uv black light . i think this one does need a species page .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nargyrolepia stephens , 1829 , syst . cat . br . insects ( 2 ) : 190 . type species : tortrix lathoniana h\u00fcbner [ 1799 - 1800 ] .\nsafra walker , 1863 , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 27 : 195 . type species : safra metaphaeella walker , 1863 .\ncarolella busck , 1939 ( replacement name for pharmacis h\u00fcbner , 1823 ) . ( synonymized by razowski , 2011 : 404 )\n, 2010 : review of east african cochylini ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) with description of new species .\n, 2012 : the lepidoptera of white sands national monument 5 : two new species of cochylini ( lepidoptera , tortricidae , tortricinae ) .\n, 2011 : diagnoses and remarks on genera of tortricidae , 2 : cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\n, 2002 : systematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , with descriptions of new species . part . 1 .\n2010 : an annotated catalogue of the types of tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) in the collection of the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren , belgium ) with descriptions of new genera and new species .\n, 2013 : an illustrated catalogue of the specimens of tortricidae in the iziko south african museum , cape town ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 9 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 2458, "summary": [{"text": "loukozoa ( from greek loukos : groove ) is a paraphyletic taxon used in some classifications of excavate protists .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the largest group within loukozoa is the \" jakobids \" .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "loukozoa , however , also includes malawimonas .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "although jakobids and malawimonas look rather similar , they are not specifically related to one another within excavata , and loukozoa is a paraphyletic group .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "furthermore , molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests strongly that jakobids are instead most closely related to heterolobosea and euglenozoa . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "loukozoa", "paragraphs": ["the excavate protozoan phyla metamonada grass\u00e9 emend . ( anaeromonadea , parabasalia , carpediemonas , eopharyngia ) and loukozoa emend . ( jakobea , malawi . . . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe excavate protozoan phyla metamonada grass\u00e9 emend . ( anaeromonadea , parabasalia , carpediemonas , eopharyngia ) and loukozoa emend . ( jakobea , malawimonas ) : their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa .\nmicrobiology society journals | the excavate protozoan phyla metamonada grass\u00e9 emend . ( anaeromonadea , parabasalia , carpediemonas , eopharyngia ) and loukozoa emend . ( jakobea , malawimonas ) : their evolutionary affinities and new higher taxa\ncavalier - smith , t . ( 2013 ) . early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes , cell structural diversity , and classification of the protozoan phyla loukozoa , sulcozoa , and choanozoa . < em > european journal of protistology . < / em > 49 ( 2 ) : 115 - 178 .\nguiry , m . d . & guiry , g . m . ( 2018 ) . algaebase . world - wide electronic publication , national university of ireland , galway ( taxonomic information republished from algaebase with permission of m . d . guiry ) . loukozoa . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 582163 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhampl , vladimir ; hug , laura ; leigh , jessica w . ; dacks , joel b . ; lang , b . franz ; simpson , alastair g . b . ; roger , andrew j .\nproceedings of the national academy of sciences , volume 106 , issue 10 , 2009 , pp . 3859 - 3864\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > sgm < / portalid > < sessionid > qdddmyxxevhvre - qrusf8je1 . x - sgm - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 193 . 232 . 217 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531163819234 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > sgm < / portalid > < sessionid > qdddmyxxevhvre - qrusf8je1 . x - sgm - live - 02 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 193 . 232 . 217 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531163819243 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > recommendtolibrary < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\nwelcome to professor martha e . trujillo from the university of salamanca , spain , who has become the new editor - in - chief\nread a collection of articles for world microbiome day , from the microbiology society and the british society for immunology .\nproposed minimal standards for the use of genome data in prokaryote taxonomy published in ijsem .\nread our top tips on how you can promote your research and help it to reach more people .\ninternational journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology , formerly international journal of systematic bacteriology ( ijsb ) , is the official journal of record for novel prokaryotic taxa . it is the official publication of the international committee on systematics of prokaryotes and the bacteriology and applied microbiology division of the international union of microbiological societies . international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology is published by the microbiology society , a learned society that promotes microbiology at all levels .\neditor - in - chief : professor martha e . trujillo , university of salamanca , spain\nwe would like to apologise to all those who may have received an email which was sent accidentally from our submission system , with the subject line & apos ; misc . email & apos ; .\nearlier this year international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology ( ijsem ) sponsored the annual meeting for bergey & apos ; s international society for microbial systematics ( bismis 2018 ) in johannesburg , south africa . following the conference we caught up with the winners to ask them about their work .\nwe would like to thank all those who gave their time and expertise to review papers submitted for publication in international journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology in 2017 .\ninternational journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology ( ijsem ) will soon be asking authors to provide genome sequencing data with descriptions of novel taxa in taxonomic descriptions .\nextending the ecological distribution of desmonostoc genus : proposal of desmonostoc salinum sp . nov . , a novel cyanobacteria from a saline\u2013alkaline lake\nthis meeting will focus on recent advances and future priorities of testate amoeba research . it will take place 10\u201314 september at riddel hall , belfast , uk .\njoin the microbiology society and become part of the largest microbiology community in europe . members receive a range of benefits including a discount on the openmicrobiology fee when publishing open access with our journals .\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > sgm < / portalid > < sessionid > ciu2p2qybfwx5q0hfvhm6p3k . x - sgm - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 193 . 232 . 217 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531165321163 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > favourite < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n< ? xml version =\n1 . 0\nencoding =\nutf - 8\n? > < event > < eventlog > < portalid > sgm < / portalid > < sessionid > ciu2p2qybfwx5q0hfvhm6p3k . x - sgm - live - 03 < / sessionid > < useragent > python / 3 . 5 aiohttp / 3 . 3 . 2 < / useragent > < identityid > guest < / identityid > < identity _ list > guest < / identity _ list > < ipaddress > 35 . 193 . 232 . 217 < / ipaddress > < eventtype > personalisation < / eventtype > < createdon > 1531165321201 < / createdon > < / eventlog > < eventlogproperty > < item _ id > urltoken < / item _ id > < type > recommendtolibrary < / type > < / eventlogproperty > < / event >\n/ docserver / preview / fulltext / ijsem / 53 / 6 / 1741 - 1 . gif\nand eopharyngia ( diplomonads , enteromonads , retortamonads ) constitute a holophyletic group , for which the existing name trichozoa is adopted as a new subphylum . ancestrally , trichozoa probably had hydrogenosomes , stacked golgi dictyosomes , three anterior centrioles and one posterior centriole : the typical tetrakont pattern . it is also argued that the closest relatives of trichozoa are anaeromonada (\n( with a new family and order also ) and diphyllatea classis nov . , for diphylleida (\n) , is transferred back to apusozoa . a new class , order and family are established for the anaerobic , biciliate , tricentriolar\nis sister to eopharyngia , diverging before their ancestor lost hydrogenosomes and acquired a cytopharynx . removal of anaeromonads and\nthis paper was presented at the xivth meeting of the international society for evolutionary protistology in vancouver , canada , 19\u201324 june 2002 .\narchibald , j . m . , o ' kelly , c . j . & doolittle , w . f .\nthe chaperonin genes of jakobid and jakobid - like flagellates : implications for eukaryotic evolution .\nbaldauf , s . l . , roger , a . j . , wenk - siefert , i . & doolittle , w . f .\n( larsen & patterson , 1990 ) n . comb . ( retortamonadida , protista ) .\n, pp . 166\u2013189 . edited by j . r . green & b . s . c . leadbeater . london : taylor & francis .\n) form a new family of flagellates ( collodictyonidae ) with tubular mitochondrial cristae that is phylogenetically distant from other flagellate groups .\n, pp . 893\u2013916 . edited by w . schwemmler & h . e . a . schenk . berlin : de gruyter .\n, pp . 465\u2013493 . edited by w . b . amos & j . g . duckett . cambridge : cambridge university press .\n, pp . 1027\u20131034 . edited by w . schwemmler & h . e . a . schenk . berlin : de gruyter .\n, symposium of the british mycological society no . 13 , pp . 339\u2013353 . edited by a . d . m . rayner , c . m . brasier & d . moore . cambridge : cambridge university press .\n, pp . 175\u2013179 . edited by s . p . parker . new york : mcgraw - hill .\n, pp . 113\u2013131 . edited by d . j . patterson & j . larsen . oxford : clarendon press .\n, pp . 79\u2013106 . edited by h . hartman & k . matsuno . singapore : world scientific publishers .\n, pp . 399\u2013406 . edited by h . ishikawa , m . ishida & s . sato . tu\u0308bingen : tu\u0308bingen university press .\namoeboflagellates and mitochondrial cristae in eukaryotic evolution : megasystematics of the new protozoan subkingdoms eozoa and neozoa .\nprinciples of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis : euglenoid , dinoflagellate , and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree .\n, pp . 361\u2013390 . edited by j . r . green & b . s . c . leadbeater . london : taylor & francis .\nthe neomuran origin of archaebacteria , the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification .\ngenome reduction and evolution of novel genetic membranes and protein - targeting machinery in eukaryote - eukaryote chimaeras ( meta - algae ) .\ncavalier - smith , t . & chao , e . e . - y .\nmolecular phylogeny of centrohelid heliozoa , a novel lineage of bikont eukaryotes that arose by ciliary loss .\nan interim utilitarian ( \u201cuser friendly\u201d ) hierarchical classification and characterisation of the protists .\na complex microbiota from snowball earth times : microfossils from the neoproterozoic kingston peak formation , death valley , usa .\nedgcomb , v . , viscogliosi , e . , simpson , a . g . b . , delgado - viscogliosi , p . , roger , a . j . & sogin , m . l .\nevolutionary relationships among \u201cjakobid\u201d flagellates as indicated by alpha - and beta - tubulin phylogenies .\nn . g . , n . sp . ( parabasalia ) and its relationship to amitochondrial protists .\n( ruinen ) n . gen . , a new type of filter feeding flagellate from marine plankton .\nn . g . , n . sp . , a new freshwater heterotrophic flagellate .\nan insect molecular clock dates the origin of the insects and accords with palaeontological and biogeographic landmarks .\ngerbod , d . , edgcomb , v . p . , noel , c . , zenner , l . , wintjens , r . , delgado - viscogliosi , p . , holder , m . e . , sogin , m . l . & viscogliosi , e .\nclasse des zooflagelle\u0301s : zooflagellata ou zoomastigina ( euflagellata claus 1887 ) . ge\u0301neralite\u0301s . in\n, vol . 1 , fasc . 1 , pp . 574\u2013578 . edited by p . - p . grasse\u0301 . paris : masson ( in french ) .\n, p . 187 . edited by p . de puytorac & j . grain . clermont - ferrand : universite\u0301 de clermont .\nchaperonin 60 phylogeny provides further evidence for secondary loss of mitochondria among putative early - branching eukaryotes .\nishida , k . , green , b . r . & cavalier - smith , t .\ndiversification of a chimaeric algal group , the chlorarachniophytes : phylogeny of nuclear and nucleomorph small - subunit rrna genes .\nlang , b . f . , o ' kelly , c . , nerad , t . , gray , m . w . & burger , g .\n, pp . 69\u201394 . the systematics association special volume series 59 . edited by b . s . c . leadbeater & j . c . green . london : taylor & francis .\no ' kelly , c . j . & nerad , t . a .\no ' kelly , c . j . , farmer , m . a . & nerad , t . a .\nthe heterolobosea ( sarcodina : rhizopoda ) , a new class uniting the schizopyrenida and the acrasidae ( acrasida ) .\n, pp . 17\u201333 . edited by g . brugerolle & j . - p . mignot . clermont - ferrand : universite\u0301 blaise pascal de clermont ferrand .\n, pp . 25\u201356 . edited by g . h . coombs , k . vickerman , m . a . sleigh & a . warren . london : kluwer .\nphilippe , h . , lopez , p . , brinkmann , h . , budin , k . , germot , a . , laurent , j . , moreira , d . , muller , m . & le guyader , h .\nearly - branching or fast - evolving eukaryotes ? an answer based on slowly evolving positions .\nroger , a . j . , svard , s . g . , tovar , j . , graham clark , c . , smith , m . w . , gillin , f . d . & sogin , m . l .\n: evidence that diplomonads once harbored an endosymbiont related to the progenitor of mitochondria .\nretortamonad flagellates are closely related to diplomonads \u2013 implications for the history of mitochondrial function in eukaryote evolution .\nsimpson , a . g . b . , radek , r . , dacks , j . b . & o ' kelly , c . j .\n. edited by r . s . k . barnes . oxford : blackwell scientific .\n, pp . 185\u2013204 . edited by d . j . patterson & j . larsen . oxford : clarendon press .\nvan der giezen , m . , slotboom , d . j . , horner , d . s . , dyal , p . l . , harding , m . , xue , g . p . , embley , t . m . & kunji , e . r .\nconserved properties of hydrogenosomal and mitochondrial adp / atp carriers : a common origin for both organelles .\n, pp . 270\u2013287 . edited by l . margulis , j . o . corliss , m . melkonian & d . chapman , boston : jones & bartlett .\n/ content / journal / ijsem / 10 . 1099 / ijs . 0 . 02548 - 0\n/ deliver / fulltext / ijsem / 53 / 6 / ijs531741 . html ? itemid = / content / journal / ijsem / 10 . 1099 / ijs . 0 . 02548 - 0 & mimetype ; = html & fmt ; = ahah\nruggiero ma , gordon dp , orrell tm , bailly n , bourgoin t , brusca rc , et al . ( 2015 ) a higher level classification of all living organisms . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0119248 . pmid : 25923521\nthis page was last edited on 15 november 2017 , at 06 : 25 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : excavata according to m . a . ruggiero et al . 2015\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\n152 , 260 species and infraspecific names are in the database , 20 , 704 images , 58 , 813 bibliographic items , 390 , 023 distributional records .\nstaurodesmus phimus var . convexus ( prescott & a . m . scott ) teiling\nwebsite contents \u00a9 1996 - 2018 m . d . guiry . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nint j syst evol microbiol . 2003 nov ; 53 ( pt 6 ) : 1741 - 58 .\ndepartment of zoology , university of oxford , south parks road , oxford ox1 3ps , uk .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\ncavalier - smith , t . ( 1999 ) . principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis : euglenoid , dinoflagellate , and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree , 2 . < em > the journal of eukaryotic microbiology . < / em > 46 ( 4 ) : 347 - 366 .\nruggiero , m . a . ; gordon , d . p . ; orrell , t . m . ; bailly , n . ; bourgoin , t . ; brusca , r . c . ; cavalier - smith , t . ; guiry , m . d . ; kirk , p . m . ( 2015 ) . a higher level classification of all living organisms . < em > plos one . < / em > 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0119248"]}
{"id": 2459, "summary": [{"text": "amblycheila is a genus of flightless , nocturnal tiger beetles .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "there are seven species distributed across the southwestern united states and mexico .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "species include : amblycheila baroni rivers , 1890 \u2013 montane giant tiger beetle amblycheila cylindriformis ( say , 1823 ) \u2013 great plains giant tiger beetle amblycheila halffteri mateu , 1974 amblycheila hoversoni gage , 1990 \u2013 south texas giant tiger beetle amblycheila nyx sumlin , 1991 amblycheila picolominii reiche , 1839 \u2013 plateau giant tiger beetle amblycheila schwarzi w. horn , 1903 \u2013 mojave giant tiger beetle", "topic": 27}], "title": "amblycheila", "paragraphs": ["\u2026and the distinctly separated hooks on the 5th abdominal segment confirm it is amblycheila .\na review of the north american genus amblycheila ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 1724\nwell , any tiger beetle larva snagged from its burrow is a sight to behold \u2013 amblycheila just does it the best .\na review of the north american genus amblycheila ( coleoptera , cicindelidae ) . vaurie , p . 1955 . american museum novitates ; no . 1724 .\ngage , e . v . 1991 . description of a new species of amblycheila from texas with additional notes . ( coleoptera : cicindelidae ) . cicindelidae bulletin of worldwide research 1 ( 1 ) ( l990 ) : 1 - 10 .\nthe plateau giant tiger beetle , amblycheila picolominii reiche , 1839 , in utah : new state record . . . . . f . t . krell and j . o . brookhart . 2012 . western north american naturalist 72 ( 1 ) , 110\u2013111 .\nstep 7 . lastly , don\u2019t forget to look at the hump in lateral profile\u2014it is as alien a structure as any in the insect world . in the case of amblycheila larvae , the bed of hairs posterior to the hooks is comprised of much shorter , stouter , and more densely placed hairs than larvae of tetracha .\nstep 6 . another way to distinguish larvae of the genus amblycheila is by looking at the hooks on the hump of the 5th abdominal segment , best done with a hand lens ( or , even better , with an mp - e65 lens ! ) . all tiger beetle larvae have several pairs of large hooks that the larva uses to brace itself against the wall of its burrow when capturing prey to prevent the struggling prey from pulling the tiger beetle larva out of its burrow . larvae in the genus omus , restricted to the pacific region of north america , have three pairs of hooks ( referred to as the outer , middle , and inner hooks ) , while all other north american tiger beetle genera have two ( having lost the outer pair ) . in amblycheila and tetracha the hooks are simple and thornlike , while larvae of all other north american genera have much longer middle hooks that are curved and sickle - shaped ( e . g . , cylindera celeripes in this post ) . amblycheila larvae can be distinguished from tetracha larvae by the middle and inner hooks on each side being distinctly separated rather than touching at the base ( e . g . , tetracha floridana in this post ) . there is also a cluster of short , stout hairs around the base of each hook in amblycheila that is missing in tetracha ( e . g . , tetracha virginica in this post ) .\namblycheila have been reared in the lab ( a . cylindriformis and a . hoversoni , for example ) ; however , i can\u2019t seem to find any published information with details of the technique . i\u2019m just going by what little information i\u2019ve been able to glean from these sources . contrary to what they have said , a . cylindriformis adults definitely do make burrows and spend much of their time in the burrows .\nstep 5 . if size alone isn\u2019t enough , you can confirm that the larvae does indeed belong to the genus amblycheila by looking at its eyes\u2014their are two pairs , and the 1st pair ( closest to the mandibles ) are distinctly larger than the 2nd pair . this isn\u2019t clearly visible in the photo above because i doused the larva with water to remove the mud and dirt that encrusted it upon removal from its burrow .\nmaintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .\nyour subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .\nthis project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .\n\u00a9 carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 \u00a9 a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nfrom ambly - , greek blunt or dull , plus greek cheilos , lip ( internet searches ) .\nfive species occur north of mexico , with two additional species known from mexico .\n1a . larger sized ( 29 - 36 mm ) , occurring east of rockies . . . . 2\n1b . smaller ( 20 - 28 mm ) , occurring west of rockies . . . . 3\n2a . single row of punctures between two inner elytral carina ; south texas . . . . a . hoversoni\n2b . rows of punctures across entire elytra ; great plains from west texas to south dakota , not found in south texas . . . . a . cylindriformis\n3a . elytron usually with single carina , surface dull black ; central & southeast arizona . . . . a . baroni\n3b . elytron with three carina , surface shiny black ; not in southeast arizona . . . . 4\n4a . southwest utah to california , in the intermontane valleys of the rocky mountains . . . . a . schwarzi\nthese flightless tiger beetles are nocturnal , they spend the daylight hours in self - constructed burrows or rodent burrows .\nsumlin , w . d . 1991 . studies on the mexican cicindelidae ii : two new species from coahuila and nuevo leon ( coleoptera ) . cicindelidae bulletin of worldwide research , 1 : 1 - 6 .\na field guide to the tiger beetles of the united states and canada david pearson , c . barry knisley , charles j . kazilek , david l . pearson , barry c . knisley . 2005 . oxford university press .\ncatalogue of the geadephaga ( coleoptera : trachypachidae , rhysodidae , carabidae including cicindelini ) of america north of mexico y . bousquet and a . larochelle . 1993 . memoirs of the entomological society of canada , 125 : 1 - 397 .\namerican beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .\nwhen i pulled the larvae from the site i made sure i gathered enough of the soil they where in for them to burrow . i then set them up in about 1 foot high containers with the soil . they will burrow themselves but it is helpful if you start a small hole for them . then try to keep the conditions of the container as close to the natural conditions as possible , so for this species hot and pretty dry so not too difficult . i would feed them about 2 - 3 small crickets every week and dose them with water about once a month . to get them to pupate can be tricky as it is often environmental ques that cause them to start . i got pretty lucky and just dropped the temp about 10 degrees and then wet the container and it pupated . i am still working on perfecting my methods of rearing but one of the keys is to make sure you gather the soil fomr the larval sites .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nstep 1 . go to your favorite grassland habitat in the western half of the great plains anywhere from texas north to south dakota and look for barren soil amongst the vegetation . clay banks near streams or in ravines and even vertical clay bluff faces are also good ( although i have not myself observed the latter ) . \u201cmy\u201d spot is in the glass mountains of northwestern oklahoma , where talus slopes in mixed - grass prairie beneath flat - topped mesas and the ravines that cut through them provide just enough slope for this species\u2019 liking .\nstep 2 . look for large , almost perfectly round burrow entrances that go straight down from the surface . by large , i mean approximately 6\u20138 mm in diameter\u2014as large a burrow as any tiger beetle in north america will make . many other insects create burrows , but tiger beetle burrows are generally recognizable by their almost perfectly circular shape and clean , beveled edge . look closely , and the burrow will be seen to actually be slightly d - shaped to match the shape of the tiger beetle larva\u2019s head\u2014the large , sickle - shaped , upward - facing jaws resting against the flat part of the d . in the case of this species , they tend to be found in clusters of several burrows in close proximity to each other . the burrow in these photos was found at the upper edge of a drainage ravine on the upper part of the talus slopes ( see diagram in this post ) .\ndig around the burrow , carefully excavating along the grass stem , until the larva is reached .\nstep 3 . try this first\u2014chew the end of a long , narrow grass stem ( frayed and sticky will be easier for the larva to grab hold of ) and stick it down the burrow until it hits bottom , tap lightly a few times to entice a bite , then yank ( and i mean yank ! ) the stem out . with luck , the larva will come flying out of the burrow and land somewhere on the ground in front of you . ( by the way , if you have never done this , you are missing one of the greatest treats that insect collecting has to offer . if you have done it , you owe it to yourself to show this to somebody else who has not ever seen it\u2014their shocked reaction at the sight of the flying larva is beyond priceless ! ) larvae are not always in the mood to bite , however , so if the so - called \u201cfishing\u201d technique does not work then you will have to dig . stick the grass stem back down the burrow and begin excavating around the burrow , carefully prying away the soil adjacent to the burrow to prevent it from falling into and obscuring the burrow . keep excavating as you follow the grass stem down until , at least , you reach the larva . in the photo above you can see in the lower right - center area the burrow with the grass stem protruding from it and the larva placed on a clump of soil in front of the shovel ( for sense of scale ) . it seems i had an easy time of it with this larva , as literature sources report larval burrows extending down to depths of a meter or more .\nstep 4 . behold the beast ! there is nothing more that can be said\u2014these larvae are ginormous ! this particular larva measured a full 62 mm from the tips of its mandibles to the tip of its abdomen\u2014that\u2019s 2\u00bd inches ! no other tiger beetle larva in north america reaches this size , except perhaps the related a . hoversoni ( south texas giant tiger beetle ) .\nted c . macrae is a research entomologist by vocation and beetle taxonomist by avocation . areas of expertise in the latter include worldwide jewel beetles ( buprestidae ) and north american longhorned beetles ( cerambycidae ) . more recent work has focused on north american tiger beetles ( cicindelidae ) and their distribution , ecology , and conservation .\nthis entry was posted in cicindelidae , coleoptera and tagged beetles , entomology , immatures , insects , nature , oklahoma , techniques , tiger beetles . bookmark the permalink .\nted , this was a great post . i\u2019m a tiger beetle nut too and even reared a few when i was younger . but i\u2019d love to see them snagged out of the burrow , as you described . that sounds too fun and hopefully , sometime i\u2019ll get to a habitat where this species occurs and have the opp to try and fish for them\u2026 thanks for sharing .\nfishing for larvae ? it sounds like the pilot episode for a new television series .\ngreat post . i enjoyed your level of detail and accompanying photos . i feel compelled to go scout some omus and do some grass fishing .\nyes , hemolymph . i knicked it while digging \u2013 wasn\u2019t sure if i\u2019d find another one so took the photos before pickling it . fortunately i was able to dig up another one w / o injury and am trying to rear it to adulthood .\njust a large \u201ccritter carrier\u201d filled with native soil to a depth of ~ 8 inches . i don\u2019t know if it will work or not \u2013 i\u2019ve already got another larva collected as a 2nd instar in 2009 that has made it to 3rd instar but spends months at a time with the burrow plugged . when it does open the burrow it is ravenous !\nthey sure look like they would be ! i wonder how long the species spends as a larva ? at that size , i would guess at least 4 years , maybe more . it would be cool if the 2009 one would emerge as an adult one of these days .\nwhat a great idea for a post ! i\u2019d love to do one in any way related to a . schwarzi once i stumble upon the first habitat . at the bean museum in utah , i recall seeing many specimens\u2026 i\u2019m regreting not writing down their localites as it is one of the more uncommon species .\nwhat an interesting blog ! tiger beetle larvae are truly bizarre . i saw them in costa rica ( monteverde reserve ) in an almost vertical sandy slope along a dirt road . their heads were in the holes , which lacked the beveled edges of this one . the heads were flat against the surface and almost invisible with the flatness of the heads and the dirt on them . it was night . we dug one out to see the whole larva and the hump and hooks . they are so vicious . i wonder what they can catch to eat on a vertical area . did your larvae ever pupate ? what does it look like ? did the adults emerge and how long did it take ? i was interested in the comments above that a tiger beetle larva might take 2 or more years to mature and that they plug their holes for long periods , even months . i was also interested in what you said about amblychelia cylindriformis adults making burrows . i had never heard before that adult tiger beetles make burrows . what do adult burrows look like ? i wish we had tried the bite - grab - yank technique on the ones in costa rica !\nhi lauren . i ended up pickling the 2012 larvae , but the 2009 larva ended up pupating last year\u2014unbeknownst to me , as the burrow stayed plugged all summer long . i figured it had died and set the container aside , but this spring a beautiful , fully - formed adult emerged\u2014nearly four years after i collected it as a 2nd - instar larva !\nlots of adult tiger beetles make burrows , especially those that live in sandy habitats ( see my post on cicindela arenicola for an example ) . this is the first \u201cclay\u201d species that i\u2019ve seen doing it , and because of their large size the burrows are also quite large , with ragged openings that look nothing like the perfectly - shaped larval burrows .\ni feel like an old war - horse at the sound of a trumpet when i read about the capture of rare beetles . - - charles darwin\nthe creator , if he exists , must have an inordinate fondness for beetles . - - j . b . s . haldane buy bitb apparel and gifts at cafepress .\nted c . macrae is an agricultural research entomologist with\nan inordinate fondness for beetles .\nprimary expertise includes taxonomy and host associations of wood - boring beetles , with more recent interest also in tiger beetle survey and conservation . i am currently serving as managing editor of the the pan - pacific entomologist , layout editor for the journal cicindela and newsletter editor for the webster groves nature study society . read my interview at nature blog network , and visit me at these other sites :\nall text and photos appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae , all rights reserved . see\nimage use policy\nbelow for details regarding conditions for allowed use .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nbiodiversity in focus blog the musings of entomology graduate student and nature photographer morgan d . jackson\nbug eric \u2026 . about anything related to insects , spiders , and other arthropods .\nall images appearing on this website are \u00a9 ted c . macrae unless stated otherwise and may not be reproduced in any form without prior written permission . the following\nreposting online on social media ( e . g . , facebook , twitter , personal blogs , etc . ) by individuals acting in a strictly personal capacity .\nimages must be visibly credited to\nted c . macrae\nand , if posted online , include a link back to\nbeetlesinthebush . wordpress . com .\nany other use requires prior permission and may require a licensing agreement . direct all inquiries to\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is disabled for your browser . some features of this site may not work without it .\nfull - text is provided in portable document format ( pdf ) . to view articles you must have the free adobe acrobat reader . click here to download the latest version . the . epub version displays best on an ipad , but may work on other devices that accept . epub format . download directly to your device\u2019s book reader ( e . g . , ibooks ) or drag into your e - books collection on your computer .\namerican museum novitates novitates ( latin for\nnew acquaintances\n) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .\ndepartment of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 \u00a9 american museum of natural history , 2011\nmacrohabitat : midlands to uplands , 900 - 2134 meters altitude , in open pinyon pine - oak - juniper areas usually associated with huge granite boulder fields . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on sandy to gravelly substrate . dispersal abilities : brachypterous , hence flightless thus vagility limited to walking or running ; slow runners . seasonal occurrence : adult peak activity limited to the warm , wet monsoon season from june - september . two specimens in nmnh were collected in february , 1972 ; on the north slope of ramsey canyon , az . behavior : adults are nocturnal , taking cover in the day ( rarely ) under stones , or in shallow self - constructed burrows , and particularly in rodent burrows . adults are predaceous on large ground insects . they are gregarious . larvae are very large and construct burrows in soft substrate under flat stones and at the bases of large stones and boulders . ( vaurie , 1955 ; knisley & pearson , 1984 ; sumlin , 1991 ; freitag , 1999 ; larochelle & lariviere , 2001 ; pearson & vogler , 2001 ; pearson et al . , 2006 ; data from nmnh collection )\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmacrohabitat : lowlands , 30 - 300 meters altitude , in open thorn - tree areas among low , rolling hills . microhabitat : adults are ground - dwelling on well - drained caliche substrates , and in animal burrows . dispersal abilities : brachypterous , hence flightless thus vagility limited to walking or running ; swift runners . seasonal occurrence : adults are active in april - may , and july - november . behavior : adults are nocturnal , taking cover during the day in mammal burrows , or under stones . adults are predaceous on large insects and other terrestrial arthropods . larvae are very large and form burrows in soft substrate on eroded hillsides , and near burrows of ground living mammals , such as badgers and armadillos . ( sumlin , 1991 ; freitag , 1999 ; larochelle & lariviere , 2001 ; pearson & vogler , 2001 ; pearson et al . , 2006 )"]}
{"id": 2460, "summary": [{"text": "the brown songlark ( megalurus cruralis ) , also australian songlark , is a small passerine bird found throughout much of australia .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "a member of the family locustellidae , this species is notable for sexual size dimorphism , among the most pronounced in any bird .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is a moderate-sized bird of nondescript plumage ; the female brownish above and paler below , the larger male a darker brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "brown songlark", "paragraphs": ["like the rufous songlark , the brown songlark includes farm paddocks in its territory . birds are occasionally killed by vehicles on roads .\nno specific conservation measures are currently known to be in place for the brown songlark .\nthe female brown songlark could be mistaken for the rufous songlark , female white - winged triller , skylark , or richard ' s pipit . brown songlarks are much larger than the rufous songlark and lack the rufous rump .\nthe female brown songlark could be mistaken for the rufous songlark , female white - winged triller , skylark , or richard ' s pipit . brown songlarks are much larger than the rufous songlark and lack the rufous rump .\nthe brown songlark is found in open country , including pastures , short crops , and grassy scrub .\nthe brown songlark is very nomadic , moving from drought - affected areas to areas of recent rainfall .\nthe ranges are shown for brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) and . . . | download scientific diagram\nthe brown songlark is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthe brown songlark is remarkable for the male being much larger ( 23 - 25 cm ) than the female ( 18 - 19 cm ) . in breeding plumage the male is dark cinnamon - brown with black bill and black eyes . otherwise the male and female both have a dusky brown back , pale brownish - white underparts , with the centre of the belly dark brown . the brown songlark is also known as the australian songlark .\nthe difference in size between the male and female brown songlark initially led scientists to believe they were different species .\nthe song of the male brown songlark has been likened to the squeaking of a wheel in a rusty axle .\nthe brown songlark is notable for the huge size difference between the sexes , with males being significantly larger than females .\negg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis .\nthe breeding male brown songlark is largely a rich dark brown , with a slightly paler brown crown , a black beak , dark brown to black eyes ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) and brownish legs ( 2 ) . in contrast , the female brown songlark is sandy brown above with dark streaks on the crown and a pale line above the eye . the female\u2019s throat is whitish and the underparts are pale grey to brownish , with dark streaks on the breast and flanks , and dark spots on the lower abdomen ( 2 ) . the female brown songlark also has a paler grey - brown beak than the male , as well as paler brown legs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nj . greaves reports spotting a female brown songlark 50 km north of leinster , northern goldfields , wa , in december 2014 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis )\ntitle =\narkive species - brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\noutside of the breeding season , the male brown songlark resembles the female , but may have dark blotches on the face and breast and is also easily distinguished by its larger size . juvenile brown songlarks resemble the adult female ( 2 ) . the brown songlark has a long tail ( 2 ) ( 6 ) and a relatively small , fine beak ( 2 ) .\n. . . brorn songlark nest is cup - shaped and built into the ground .\nthe brown songlark is found all over mainland australia except for parts of the far north . it is more abundant in the south , but numbers fluctuate locally depending on rainfall .\nthe nest of the brown songlark is in a small depression in the ground , often in a clump of grass or other cover . the female incubates the eggs and rears the young .\nbrown songlark - video footage captured by our team of bird watchers at www . ej - birdwatching . com . learn from the pro ' s and start ticking off that list of lifers .\nan inhabitant of open country , the brown songlark is typically found in open grassy plains , pastures and grassland with shrubs and a few scattered trees ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\ndescription : male pale eyebrow ; black bill . streaked brown upperparts ; brownish - black underparts . longish , pointed tail , often raised when perched female / juv . much smaller ; paler . pinkish - brown bill . pale throat . breast light buff , faintly streaked . black - brown belly .\n< p > the nest of the brown songlark is in a small depression in the ground , often in a clump of grass or other cover . the female incubates the eggs and rears the young . < / p >\nthe brown songlark forages on the ground , walking , running and hopping as it searches for food ( 2 ) . its diet includes a range of small invertebrates and their larvae , and this species also eats small seeds ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . if disturbed , the brown songlark typically flies low before diving into cover with its tail raised , and it usually roosts on the ground under cover ( 2 ) .\nmale brown songlarks engage in ' song flights ' ; singing continuously as they fly up above their territories .\nbrown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .\n( slightly unsharp ) lateral view of a moulting female brown songlark on a sealed road - this behaviour is more often observed in australasian pipits ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ near goondiwindi , qld , march 2018 ]\nthis female brown songlark was found with its foot stuck in sticky bitumen and had to be rescued by the photographer ( photo courtesy of j . greaves ) [ 50 km n of leinster , northern goldfields , wa , december 2014 ]\nall year round both male and female brown songlarks retain a dark - brown central patch on their belly , which distinguishes them from rufous songlarks , even in non - breeding plumage . apart from that they are also larger .\nthe male brown songlark is the singer . the continuous song is musical and metallic , produced from perches and when rising steeply above breeding territory , then fluttering in slow downward display flights between trees , ending with a whip - crack sound .\nthe brown songlark is a common and widespread species , and is not currently considered to be at risk of extinction ( 7 ) . this species is not known to be facing any major threats at present ( 7 ) , and it has adapted well to the clearance of woodlands for extensive crop farming in southern australia ( 2 ) . however , the brown songlark\u2019s nesting success may potentially be reduced in some areas by predation by the red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) , an introduced species ( 3 ) .\nif the nest is predated , for example by a fox or snake , the female brown songlark can lay a replacement clutch of eggs . some females also go on to lay a second clutch after successfully raising an earlier brood of chicks ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nplain - brown woodcreeper dendrocincla fuliginosa is split into two species , each with two subspecies groups . plain - winged woodcreeper is endemic to brazil , orthern argentina , and paraguay , while plain - brown woodcreeper occupies most of the rest of the range north to mexico .\nmagrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . & komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) egg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 54 , 240 - 248 .\na long - legged australian warbler ( 2 ) , the brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) is notable for the large difference in size between the male and female ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . this species shows the greatest sexual size difference of any passerine , with the male being nearly twice the length and two to three times the weight of the female ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the difference is so great that when early specimens of the brown songlark arrived in europe , the two sexes were thought to belong to separate species ( 6 ) .\nthe brown songlark is endemic to australia , where it occurs over most of the continent except for parts of the far north ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . a nomadic species , it tends to move around in response to rainfall ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .\na medium - sized , day - flying moth ( about 30mm wingspread ) . sooty brown wings have silvery circles . hind wings of the male are a coppery brown while the female\u00ac\u00eds are metallic gold . antennae are clubbed like a butterfly\u00ac\u00eds rather than feathery or whip - like as in other moths .\nmagrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . , van petersen , a . , berg , m . l . and komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size - dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . australian journal of zoology , 52 : 429 - 441 .\nmagrath , m . j . l . , brouwer , l . , van petersen , a . , berg , m . l . & komdeur , j . ( 2003 ) breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size - dimorphic brown songlark , cinclorhamphus cruralis . australian journal of zoology , 51 , 429 - 441 .\nwe first spotted a pair of brown songlarks on a fenceline in march 2008 , on a trip through outback western nsw , 50 km west of burren juction , nsw .\nmale and female brown songlarks are very different from one another . the plumage of the male is rich chocolate brown , and during breeding season he performs spectacular song - flights , taking off from a prominent feature , such as a stump , overhead wires or a fence post , fluttering high above the grasslands with his legs dangling below , and singing a discordant , metallic tune , before dropping into the grass . they like to be noticed . this contrasts with female brown songlarks , which are drabber , and spend much time hiding in the grass .\nthe breeding season of the brown songlark runs from around august or september to february ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . outside of the breeding season this species is either solitary or occurs in scattered flocks ( 2 ) , but when breeding the males become highly territorial , performing conspicuous song - flights or singing from a prominent perch with the tail held high and the wings drooping ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the female brown songlarks nest within the males\u2019 territories ( 3 ) , and each male may mate with several females ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nmadge , s . ( 2018 ) . brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe male birds are about the size of the introduced blackbird and during the breeding period have sooty brown upperparts and blackish underparts . in spring the male performs bold flights into the air , making a loud metallic song and dangling its legs below . females are almost half the size of the males and are streaked and marked similar to other grassland birds such as the australian pipit or european songlark .\nbrown songlarks can be found in open grassland ( also crops ) . the males will use fenceposts or bushes as demarcations of their territories , while the females nest somewhere in the open grassland .\nbrown songlarks can regularly be found in open farm country in the narrabri area . for example , they are always found on a broadacre farm 5 km south - east of bellata , nsw .\nthe ranges are shown for brown songlark ( cincloramphus cruralis ) and the red - chested button - quail ( turnix pyrrhothorax ) . for illustration purposes , the weather model was projected onto 3 consecutive months to illustrate the changes in the distribution of suitable area depending on the weather conditions for a particular month . the probability distribution is shown for each particular month , with grey unsuitable , and increasing suitability shown from yellow to orange ( most suitable ) .\nall the pipit and songlark images were taken from the car window very hurriedly before the birds few away . in the air , with a distinctive style of hawking and calling loudly with an even more distinctive call , the songlark is easy to identify . on a fence post in the midday sun as the car is rolling it is a little difficult to tell whether you are photographing pipits or or songlarks . songlarks being another first has something to do with this too of course .\nbrown - throated treecreeper certhia discolor is split into two species , each of which assumes a new name ; hume\u2019s treecreeper is a bird of the himalayas while sikkim treecreeper occurs from ne india through much of southeast asia .\nthe male brown songlark performs conspicuous song - flights all day long during the breeding season , taking off from a perch and fluttering into the air while singing a rather metallic tune , before dropping back down to the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the song consists of a short , repeated phrase ( 3 ) and has been likened to the squeaking of a wheel in a rusty axle ( 2 ) . outside of the breeding season the male becomes silent and unobtrusive ( 2 ) .\nthe female brown songlark constructs the nest , which is built in a small depression in the ground and consists of fine dry grasses . the nest is usually well hidden at the base of a grass tussock or small shrub , and is lined with fine grass or hair . two to five eggs are laid , and are incubated by the female alone . the eggs hatch after 11 to 13 days and the chicks leave the nest at 10 to 14 days old . the female is mainly responsible for feeding the chicks , but the male may occasionally assist ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .\nvanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) / occurrences\nthis dataset includes observations of brown honeyeater ( lichmera ( lichmera ) indistincta ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :\na small , sparrow - sized button quail ( 11 - 15cm ) with a buff coloured breast and streaked upperparts . this species is superficially similar to plains wanderer , \u00ac\u00ebtrue\u00ac\u00ed quails and to other button quail species . most views of button quail and \u00ac\u00ebtrue\u00ac\u00ed quails ( brown and stubble ) are of birds flying away . brown and stubble quail are considerably larger than this species and fly with a loud , vigorous whirring of wings . in contrast red - chested button quail , along with the very similar little buttonquail flutter low over the grasses before dropping to the ground ( they are sometimes called \u00ac\u00ebbutterfly quail\u00ac\u00ed ) . the back of the red - chested buttonquail is yellowish - grey in contrast to the distinctly reddish little buttonquail . in the buttonquails the female is larger and more brightly coloured than the male .\nbrown songlarks are endemic to australia . they breed in the south - western corner and the south - east of the continent and disperse northwards in winter . their breeding range in the south - west encompasses a roughly semi - circular area around kalgoorlie , wa , with perth on its north - western fringe . in the south - east the breeding range extends from about the south - eastern half of sa through vic and nsw into southern qld , up to about the geographic latitude of the sa / nt border . they are rarely found in the southern alps south of canberra , act , and along the south - eastern tip of the nsw / vic coast between sydney , nsw , and lakes entrance , vic . they also rarely venture onto the coastal fringe of southern qld and central qld . outside the breeding season their range encompasses the entire australian continent , except the far north ( kimberley beyond eighty mile beach , top end of the nt and cape york peninsula ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\nseptember to february in the south ; at any time after good rain in the north and centre .\np . p1 { margin : 0 . 0px 0 . 0px 13 . 0px 0 . 0px ; line - height : 17 . 0px ; font : 14 . 0px arial ; color : # 48554e ; background - color : # fffce5 } span . s1 { text - decoration : underline ; color : # 52180e }\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nmale on a fence calling a couple of times . others can be heard in the background .\nnick talbot , josep del hoyo , keith and lynn youngs , pieter de groot boersma , stephen wallace , aviceda .\nnick talbot , les george , michael retter , jennifer spry , marco valentini , fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric pelsy , paul van giersbergen , josep del hoyo , lindsay hansch , bleedingheart .\nby joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .\nwe are also the meeting ground for everyone with an interest in birds from the curious backyard observer to the dedicated research scientist . it doesn\u2019t matter what your interest in birds is or how much you know about them , your membership will offer you the opportunity to increase your awareness and enjoyment .\nbirdlife australia would be delighted to welcome you as a new member and we look forward to sharing our news and achievements with you throughout the coming year .\nalthough birds are usually quite easy to see , often they are more difficult to identify . you may have had the briefest glimpse or heard a snatch of its song , or perhaps it was a bird you have never seen before . the best place to look for it is here . you will discover the remarkable variety of birds that occur across australia . with stunning images of featured species and some recordings of their songs and calls , you are sure to find that mystery bird , or learn more about species you already know .\nselect a bird group . . . birds of prey bush birds parrots sea birds water birds\nyou can participate and share in activities and projects with local experts all over australia .\nvisit us in sydney olympic park where you can learn about , see and engage with australian birds up close and personal .\nvisit birdlife australia\u2019s stunning conservation reserves and sanctuaries overflowing with native birdlife and other incredible flora and fauna .\nour bird observatories in western australia may be a little off the track , but that\u2019s what makes them such magical places to see birds .\nwant to know all about our native birds ? explore , learn , discover and enjoy australia\u2019s most comprehensive bird resource .\ndiscover and identify the urban birds in your backyard . get involved by helping us gather and share information about your local birdlife .\nfind places to watch birds in their native habitat . search our listing to find the next opportunity to see your favourite birds nearby and interstate .\nwe hold regular events and activities throughout the year and some have been taking place for decades . there are many ways for keen bird lovers to get involved .\njoin our community of dedicated volunteers that help monitor and collect important data on australia\u2019s birds . we always need more citizen scientists .\nthere are many ways you can help us help our native birds . join as a member , volunteer , make a donation or a bequest . your support makes a real difference .\nfrom urgent conservation activities to ongoing data recording , explore our vital projects that make a real difference to australia\u2019s birds .\nour policies , submissions and campaigns make us the leading voice for australia\u2019s birds by influencing decision makers and stakeholders .\nresearch , monitoring and evaluation underpin all our efforts . we have a long history of expertise in the science of bird conservation .\nour education programs share knowledge and experience in a friendly hands - on environment with staff and volunteers that know and love australia ' s birds and their habitats .\nbirdlife australia has a long and proud history of excellence in publishing . our members ' magazine , journals , newsletters , and reports are all world - class .\nthe h . l . white library is the most comprehensive ornithological library in australia , containing thousands of books , journals , and media about birds and related topics .\nthe atlas is one of birdlife australia ' s greatest resources , allowing us to track changes in birds across the country . since 1998 a dedicated band of . . . more >\nbirdlife australia\u2019s beach - nesting birds project works with community volunteers across australia to help raise awareness among beach users about . . . more >\nthe shorebirds 2020 program aims to reinvigorate and coordinate national shorebird population monitoring in australia . to report on the population . . . more >\nsince european settlement one - third of australia\u2019s woodlands and 80 % of temperate woodlands have been cleared . the woodland birds for biodiversity . . . more >\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nmathews , g . m . 1912 ,\na reference - list to the birds of australia\n, novitates zoologicae , vol . 18 , pp . 171 - 455\ngould , j . 1843 ,\nin proceedings of meeting of zoological society of london , oct . 11 , 1842\n, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1842 , no . 10 , pp . 131 - 140\nvigors , n . a . & horsfield , t . 1827 ,\na description of the australian birds in the collection of the linnean society ; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities\n, transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 15 , pp . 170 - 331\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 311fc722 - c55b - 42aa - 9be0 - 5ac0a90d8f47\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cf8a988b - e007 - 4ec4 - aa85 - 1b1a55df7489\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ed500163 - ac59 - 491e - b738 - 3aafdbcb7031\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 468600\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhome | biography | resources | photo library | top shots | contact copyright \u00a9 2005 - 2016 graeme chapman . all rights reserved .\nnatural vocalization ; songs from a bird perched on a low bush at the edge of a flat , desolate plain .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\naust birds bird names news 1 - 26 habitats key plants glossary plumage nests tips thumbnails gen . info sponsors photos for sale\nthe overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .\nin december 2008 a male bird was seen 20 km south - west of narrabri , first calling from a spot in the tall grass of a paddock , later also in its characteristic display flight .\nseen at goran lake , an ephemeral lake about 30 km south of gunnedah , nsw , in october 2011 and again in october 2013 .\nfor this species we have recorded the following call ( s ) / song . the interpretation of their meaning is our own ; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .\nthese pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors . the structure of these bird pages is explained here . for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .\nwould you like to contribute photos or sound recordings to this site ? if interested , please click here . credits to contributors are given here .\ndisclaimer : comments are always welcome . we give no guarantee that the information presented on these pages is always correct or up - to - date . external links are marked as such and we take no responsibility for the contents of external pages . all images on this site are protected by copyright & used by permission of the respective owners . if you wish to reproduce them or any of the material presented on this web site , please contact us : last updated : tue , 3 april 2018 , 13 : 56 - 05 : 00\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nchristidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be generally quite common ( morcombe 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\naustralia , breeding almost entirely s of tropic of capricorn ; non - breeding across much of interior .\nmale 24\u201326 cm , 70\u201384 g ; female 18\u201320 cm , 25\u201330 g . a relatively long - legged terrestrial warbler exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism in both size and . . .\nsong , delivered in flight or from a perch , all day long in breeding season , an almost metallic . . .\nbulk of diet small invertebrates , notably small grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) and beetles ( coleoptera ) and their larvae ; variety of small seeds . . .\nseason sept\u2013feb ; sometimes two broods . male mates with several females . in song flight , male rises into sky with tremulous wingbeats . . .\nstrongly migratory and nomadic ; after breeding , disperses n and follows a nomadic existence , moving . . .\nnot globally threatened . locally quite common , but more abundant in some years than in others owing to somewhat nomadic existence . presence in many areas depends on local . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nrecently erected family # r # r ; constituents previously placed in a broad family sylviidae , typically in subfamilies megalurinae and acrocephalinae , as well as a few species previously listed in a broad version of timaliidae . internal structure , including addition and removal of various taxa , has steadily been clarified in recent years by series of genetic studies # r # r # r # r ; several elements yet to be tested genetically , so some further changes expected . previously listed as megaluridae , but ( as currently constituted ) name locustellidae has priority # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthe full taxonomy can be downloaded . also , we have a version of the full taxonomy with changes in common name , scientific name , and new additions highlighted ; download that here . for those proficient with spreadsheets , this may be the easiest way to review the changes .\na full summary of the taxonomic changes is below . since this is a long article , here is a short index :\nwhen the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you what the history of that name is , and\u2013if it differs from ebird\u2013it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for louisiana heron , for example .\nwhen species are lumped , ebird usually retains the former species as an identifiable group . in these cases , your records may shift to the lumped form and your totals may ( or may not ) drop by one . the actual entity that you observed and reported has not changed in any way other than being \u201cdemoted\u201d from species to subspecies .\nwhen splits occur , however , the process is more complicated . in many cases , we have had subspecies options available for reporting in anticipation of the split . all these records update automatically to the new species . but when a bird is reported at the species level , and then that species is split , we update the records in ebird to one of the \u201cchild\u201d species whenever possible . we try to be very conservative with this . when two species do not overlap in range ( i . e . , they are allopatric ) we go ahead and make the change . when the species do overlap ( i . e . , are sympatric ) , and do not have clear seasonal or habitat differences , we usually do not make the change . this results in your records being left as the more conservative \u201cslash\u201d option .\nas an example , this year sage sparrow ( artimisiospiza belli ) was split into sagebrush sparrow ( artimisiospiza nevadensis ) and bell\u2019s sparrow ( artimisiospiza belli ) . the two species are largely allopatric and most great basin and northwestern states ( and all provinces ) that had sage sparrows have only recorded sagebrush sparrow . bell\u2019s sparrow is largely restricted to coastal california , with one desert population breeding into western nevada and wintering south to arizona and southeastern california . in this area , they overlap in winter with sagebrush sparrow . so for ebird we changed all the records from the areas of no overlap , but records from winter from areas of known overlap remain as the slash option \u201cbell\u2019s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) \u201d . if you know which one you saw , we encourage you to update your records . if you are not sure ( and this is one of the toughest identification issues in north america , so don\u2019t feel bad ! ) , then your data is best listed as the slash option .\none issue with ebird is that reviewing your records of \u201cbell\u2019s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) \u201d or of \u201cshort - billed / long - billed dowitcher\u201d is not currently easy using the my ebird tools . if you know the checklist it is on , you can find the list in \u201cmanage my observations\u201d and edit it as needed . if you can find your checklist on the range map of \u201cbell\u2019s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) \u201d here then you can just click on the stickpin for your list and open it from there . but the best option to review your records is to go to my ebird and then click \u201cdownload my data\u201d from the right side . this downloads your entire ebird database as a csv file that can be opened in excel or a similar spreadsheet program . from there , you should easily be able to sort by name or search for \u201cbell\u2019s / sagebrush sparrow ( sage sparrow ) \u201d to find your records . then you can scroll to the correct date or just replace the submission id in the url for a checklist view . not the easiest way to review your old sage sparrow records , but it does work !\nthe below species were all split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click \u201cmap\u201d . to see you personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click \u201cmy records\u201d . if you have seen the species but don\u2019t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! below are the splits for this update :\nchangeable hawk - eagle nisaetus limnaeetus is split into two species ; crested hawk - eagle occurs in peninsular india and sri lanka , while changeable occurs throughout the rest of the range including much of southeast asia .\nmountain hawk - eagle nisaetus nipalensis is split into two species ; legge\u2019s hawk - eagle occurs in peninsular india and sri lanka , while mountain hawk - eagle occurs throughout the rest of the range .\nthe ninox boobooks of the philippines are substantially revised , with several splits and newly described species . the former philippine hawk - owl ninox philippensis is split into five species . note hat cebu boobook ninox rumseyi and camiguin boobook ninox leventisi are also newly described ( see new species ) below :\nbarred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii is split into two species , with both occurring on the island of new guinea . vogelkop owlet - nightjar occurs in the west of the island ( country of indonesia ) and barred owlet - nightjar in the east ( country of papua new guinea ) :\nblue - headed bee - eater merops muelleri is split into two species , with blue - headed occupying the eastern part of the species\u2019 range and blue - moustached in the west . the two species almost come into contact in cameroon , so please do check your records carefully if you have observed either species there :\nimmaculate antbird myrmeciza immaculata is split into two species , with zeledon\u2019s occurring in central america and western colombia and blue - lored occurring east of the andes . each species has two identifiable subspecies groups as well :\nazure - winged magpie cyanopica cyanus is split into two species , with highly disjunct ranges : iberian magpie is restricted to spain and portugal while azure - winged magpie occurs in east asia . azure - winged magpie has two distinct subspecies groups as well , which are new options with this update :\nsilver - throated tit aegithalos glaucogularis , endemic to northeastern china , is split from the widespread species long - tailed tit . if you had reported long - tailed tit in china please double - check your records in ebird . the two species apparently overlap slightly in winter , so those records should be checked extra carefully :\nhodgson\u2019s treecreeper certhia hodgsoni is split from the widespread eurasian treecreeper certhia familiaris ; hodgson\u2019s treecreeper occurs in the himalayas and adjacent foothills .\ncobb\u2019s wren troglodytes cobbi is split from the widespread house wren . cobb\u2019s wren is endemic to the falkland islands :\nyellowish - bellied bush - warbler horornis acanthizoides is split into two species ; hume\u2019s bush - warbler occurs in the himalayas while yellowish - bellied occurs in two disjunct areas of china as wel las the island of taiwan .\nthere were a number of revisions to nightingale - warblers from the south pacific , all discussed in full on the clements updates and corrections . these included recognition of sapian reed - warbler , mangarava reed - warbler , pagan reed - warbler , and aguiguan reed - warbler as distinct from nightingale reed - warbler ( the latter three are all extinct ) , split of marquesan reed - warbler into northern marquesan reed - warbler and southern marquesan reed - warbler .\nrufous - rumped grassbird graminicola bengalensis is split into two species , with indian grassbird occurring from india to n myanmar and chinese grassbird occurring in china and southeast asia ; several populations of chinese grassbird are near extinction .\nthe former species gray - breasted laughingthrush garrulax jerdoni the subspecies garrulax jerdoni jerdoni is transferred to garrulax cachinnans ( formerly rufous - breasted laughingthrush , now black - chinned laughingthrush ) . the two remaining subspecies of gray - breasted laughingthrush , fairbank i and meridionalis , are split as a separate species kerala laughingthrush and thus gray - breasted laughingthrush is no longer available as a species :\nmetallic - winged sunbird aethopyga pulcherrima is split into three monotypic species : metallic - winged sunbird , mountain sunbird , and bohol sunbird .\nsage sparrow artemisiospiza belli is split into two species . although the ranges do not overlap in the breeding season they do come into contact near mono lake , california . in migration and winter they do overlap extensively . the result was that we were unable to convert records to one or the other species if reported from southeastern california , southern nevada , or southwestern arizona between 1 april and 15 september . we strongly recommend downloading your records ( go to my ebird > download my data ) and reviewing your records of bell\u2019s sparrow , sagebrush sparrow and bell\u2019s / sagebrush sparrow . please do edit your checklists if you know which species you observed .\nand a slash option is also retained , so that birds not identified to species can be reported . we encourage conservative reporting , especially in winter from areas of known overlap ( e . g . , southeastern california and southwestern arizona ) .\nsagebrush sparrow ( artemesiospiza nevadensis ) at southeast farallon island , ca , where it is a vagrant . the streaked back , washed out colors , and narrow malar stripe eliminate the closely related bell\u2019s sparrow . photo by tony leukering .\nblack - crested tit periparus melanolophus is lumped with coal tit periparus ater [ map ] [ my records ] ; see also the new coal subspecies groups under additions below . coal tit ( black - crested ) periparus ater melanolophus [ map ] is retained as a group .\nturkestan tit parus bokharensis is lumped with great tit par us major [ map ] [ my records ] . see also the three - way split of great tit in splits above . great tit ( turkestan ) parus major [ bokharensis group ] [ map ] is retained as a subspecies group .\nyellow - breasted tit c yanistes cyanus [ flavipectus group ] is lumped with azure tit cya nistes cyanus [ flavipectus group ] . the two former species are retained as subspecies groups\nthese subspecies groups are all new options in the ebird taxonomy . the ranges of all of these are available from the clements taxonomy , which also lists the subspecies that comprise each group . many represent potential future splits ; we encourage reporting of any of these if you are confident that you understand this subspecies option and how to identify it . several species with have specific notes to minimize confusion .\nhouse wren ( dominica ) troglodytes aedon rufescens note : house wren ( caribbean ) is deleted and replaced with the below island - specific options . note that several are extinct .\nthe below all refer to newly available spuhs ( e . g . , scoter sp . ) and slash ( e . g . , short - billed / long - billed dowitcher ) options . please use these options whenever you see a bird but are uncertain of its specific identity . spuhs and slashes are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .\nhaemorhous sp . haemorhous sp . note : carpodacus sp . should not be used in north america\nebird has a long list of field identifiable hybrids . these are always listed in taxonomic order ( the species that comes first sequentially is listed first ) and are always followed by \u201chybrid\u201d . if you identified a hybrid , especially any of the below , please do report it to ebird ( hopefully with photos ) ! the below list has one new intergrade ( a hybrid between subspecies groups ) under dark - eyed junco . hybrids and intergrades are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .\nwithin ebird , we also have forms for taxa that field identifiable and worth tracking , but are not formally described . these include undescribed species ( noted with \u201cundescribed form\u201d ) , undescribed subspecies groups , and miscellaneous other options .\nebird has certain domesticated species that are regularly seen in a feral or wild state .\ndove sp . \u2014 > pigeon / dove sp . note : usage should apply to both doves and pigeons\nmyiopagis sp . \u2014 > elaenia sp . ( genus myiopagis ) note : please review your elainia sp . records to make sure they apply to the correct genus .\nelaenia sp . \u2014 > elaenia sp . ( genus elaenia ) note : please review your elainia sp . records to make sure they apply to the correct genus .\nwestern yellow wagtail ( green - headed ) \u2014 > eastern yellow wagtail ( green - headed ) note : this subspecies was previously assigned to the wrong species .\nwestern yellow wagtail ( manchurian ) \u2014 > eastern yellow wagtail ( manchurian ) note : this subspecies was previously assigned to the wrong species .\ncommon bush - tanager \u2014 > common chlorospingus note : all bush - tanagers in the genus chlorispingus now use the common name chlorospingus .\nblack - and - white shearwater sp . : puffinus sp . \u2014 > puffinus sp . ( black - and - white shearwater sp . )\nglossy / white - faced ibis : plegadis sp . \u2014 > plegadis falcinellus / chihi\nwarbling - antbird sp . : hypocnemis sp . \u2014 > hypocnemis sp . ( warbling - antbird sp . )\ndownload full 2013 taxonomy ( version 1 . 54 ) with changes from 2012 annotated \u2013 click here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncheke & hume 2008 , bli . conspecific with the extinct reunion form whose scientific name has priority .\nmanchurian bush warbler is restricted to borealis ; ssp canturians is treated here as a subspecies of h . diphone . an alternative treatment would be to lump borealis with diphone until relationships of the members of this complex are sorted out genetically ( alstr\u00f6m et al . 2011b ) . see rasmussen & anderton 2005 , bli re original split of cettia canturians , including borealis from c . diphone .\niczn opinion 2215 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 65 : 327 - 328 , 2008 .\ncorrect gender agreement ; original specific epithet albicapillus is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )\ngenetically embedded in monticola ; move before m . rupestris ( zuccon & ericson 2010a )\nfrith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .\nfrith and frith 1998 , christidis and boles 2008 , slikas unpub . , t . pratt comm .\nrestore inland plover to peltohyas ; relative of wrybill and red - kneed dotterel ; resequence following lapwings , their sister group ( baker et al . 2007 ; fjeldsa comm )\nfuchs et al 2008 ; correct error in v2 . 5 ; correct gender agreement\ncorrect gender agreement ; \u201cwe are speaking here of hydrornis blyth 1843 in jasb 12 ( 2 ) : 960 , indeed masculine . in turdus guajanus by statius m\u00fcller , guajanus is adjectival ( much [ too ] long to explain ) ; thus hydrornis guayanus is ok . \u201d ( n . david 7 / 9 / 2010 )\nchlorophoneus viridis , c . dohertyi , c . quadricolor form a separate clade with telophorus , rhodophoneus , all merged into telophorus ( fuchs et al 2004 , fjeldsa comm )\nmalcorus belongs with hypergerus and eminia in cisticolidae ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif , fjeldsa comm )\n\u201c lopesi \u201d is an unjustified emmendation . fide alan peterson , peter ryan ( hbw 11 )\npnoepyga wren - babblers are not babblers and elevated to their own family ( gelang et al . 2009 )\ncorrect spreadsheet re 2 . 0 change of genus ( p . kovalik 7 / 2010 )\nnew family includes melocichla , sphenoeacus , achaetops , macrosphenus , sylvietta , cryptillas , and possibly graueria and hemitesia ( johansson et al . 2007 , 2008 , tif ) . move up in sequence as old branch of sylvioid passerines .\nmove dohm\u2019s thrush - babbler to sylviidae as sister to pseudoalcippe [ abyssinica ] ( voelker et al . 2009 )\nbush blackcap is a member of the sylviidae closer to pseudoalcippe than to sylvia ( johansson et al . 2008 , tif )\nseparate fulvetta species from alcippe fulvettas and move to sylviidae ( pasquet et al . 2006 , collar & robson 2007 , gelang et al . 2009 )\nmove yuhina species to zosteropidae from timaliidae ( cibois et al 2003 , moyle et al 2009 ) ; recognition of subclades under review .\nrichmond ( 1917 ) , fide alan peterson . ichthyophaga is an unjustified emendation of original spelling .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\ndel hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . ( 2006 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .\nbirdlife international ( 2011 ) the illustrated encyclopedia of birds . dorling kindersley limited , london .\nauscape international po box 1024 , bowral nsw 25a76 australia tel : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2245 fax : ( + 61 ) 2 4885 2715 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nthis species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\ndiscover the natural environment of the kooyoora and loddon regions of central victoria as recorded by robert scholes and friends .\nhabitat : grasslands , crops \u2013 across the whole of the australian mainland except the very far north and tas ."]}
{"id": 2462, "summary": [{"text": "eteobalea isabellella is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in spain , france , italy , corsica , the balkan peninsula , turkey and north africa .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from may to early october in two generations per year . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "eteobalea isabellella", "paragraphs": ["eteobalea isabellella | 05 / 09 / 14 - croatia . | ben sale | flickr\neteobalea is a genus of moth in the family cosmopterigidae . it is treated as a synonym of stagmatophora by some authors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncountry : europe wingspan : 13 . 0 ( mm ) photo by : paul jenkins\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n& koster , j . c . ( sjaak ) sinev , sergej yu .\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by & koster , j . c . ( sjaak ) sinev , sergej yu\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 2464, "summary": [{"text": "the asterozoa are a subphylum in the phylum echinodermata .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "characteristics include a star-shaped body and radially divergent axes of symmetry .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the subphylum includes the two classes asteroidea , the starfish , and ophiuroidea , the brittle stars and basket stars , and the extinct order somasteroidea . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "asterozoa", "paragraphs": ["asterozoa .\na dictionary of zoology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nasterozoa .\na dictionary of earth sciences . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nasterozoa .\na dictionary of zoology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nasterozoa .\na dictionary of earth sciences . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nwhat made you want to look up asterozoa ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .\ntaxonomy in the current linnean system ophiuroidea is regarded as a class . following a more phylogenetic view its parent would be asterozoa according to a popular hypothesis . however , according to another equally parsimonious view , ophiuroidea and asteroidea are not sister taxa , which invalidates asterozoa as their parent . [ details ]\nmcknight , d . g . 1975 . classification of somasteroids and asteroids ( asterozoa : echinodermata ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand . 5 : 13 - 19 .\nmcknight , d . g . 1975 . classification of somasteroids and asteroids ( asterozoa : echinodermata ) . j . roy . soc . n . z . 5 : 13 - 19 .\nreich a , dunn c , akasaka k , wessel g . data from : phylogenomic analyses of echinodermata support the sister groups of asterozoa and echinozoa . database : dryad data repository [ internet ] .\ncitation : reich a , dunn c , akasaka k , wessel g ( 2015 ) phylogenomic analyses of echinodermata support the sister groups of asterozoa and echinozoa . plos one 10 ( 3 ) : e0119627 . urltoken\ntelford mj , lowe cj , cameron cb , ortega - martinez o , aronowicz j , oliveri p , et al . phylogenomic analysis of echinoderm class relationships supports asterozoa . proc biol sci . 2014 ; 281 .\nthe class of sea stars form the subphylum asterozoa , together with the brittle stars ( ophiuroidea ) . the seven orders of sea stars include more than 2000 species worldwide , 43 of them are registered in norway .\nasterozoa in which the alimentary organs are essentially confined to a central disc from which the arms are distinctly demarcated and capable of performing the locomotor movements , the tube - feet serving as non - suctorial , sensory tentacles .\nblake , daniel b . guensburg , thomas e . and lefebvre , bertrand 2016 . new early paleozoic asterozoa ( echinodermata ) from the armorican massif , france , and the western united states . annales de pal\u00e9ontologie , vol . 102 , issue . 3 , p . 161 .\n, is basal within the subphylum asterozoa . members are most readily recognized by presence of series of rod - like so - called virgal ossicles extending laterally from each ambulacral ossicle . five somasteroid genera are recognized and assigned to two families . four genera are gondwanan , three of these (\nin all existing genera the ambulacral plates fuse in pairs early in life to form median articulating joints , termed vertebrae , and the ambulacral groove is converted into an internal epineural canal . these characters sharply distinguish extant ophiuroids from other asterozoa , but they are lacking from the more generalized palaeozoic ophiuroids .\nsubphylum asterozoa fossil and living forms ( lower ordovician about 500 , 000 , 000 years ago to recent ) ; radially symmetrical with more or less star - shaped body resulting from growth of arms in 1 plane along 5 divergent axes ; central mouth ; 5 arms ; dorsal tube feet and mouth . class stelleroidea features\u2026\nthe representatives of asterozoa ( asteroidea , echinoidea , and ophiuroidea ) have a similar structural plan of the axial complex with minor differences within each class ; this structural scheme substantially differs from that in crinozoa and holothurozoa . the axial complex consists of the coelomic organs and the haemocoel ( blood ) structures , which are morphologically and functionally integral . the coelomic organs are the stone canal , axial coelom , perihaemal coeloms ( axocoel perihaemal ring and somatocoel perihaemal ring ) , water ring , and pericardial and genital coeloms . these organs are closely associated with the epigastric and hypogastric coeloms and with the perioral coelomic ring . the haemocoel structures of the axial complex include the oral haemal ring , heart , axial organ , genital haemal ring , and gastric haemal ring . the epineural canals of echinoids and ophiuroids are of a noncoelomic nature . they are formed by the invagination of the ectoneural cord and closing of the epidermis above it . the possible functions of the axial complex in asterozoa are blood circulation and excretion .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\ncladogram based on arguments from spencer and wright ( 1966 ) , mcknight ( 1975 ) , and blake ( 1982 ) .\nsomasteroids are flattened , fivefold radially symmetrical echinoderms that range in shape from that of a pentagon to that of a star with protruding arms . it appears that somasteroids were benthic marine animals that were filter - and / or detritus - feeders . despite their relatively rigid arm structure , somasteroids are thought to have been somewhat mobile and able to scavenge along the ocean floor ( spencer , 1951 ) .\nfigure modified from fell ( 1963b ) . drawing by h . b . fell . copyright \u00a9 1963 royal society of london .\nfigure 2 . reconstructed cross - section of one arm of chininanaster sp . ( chinianasteridae ) . figure modified from fell ( 1963b ) . drawing by h . b . fell . copyright \u00a9 1963 royal society of london .\nradial water vessels extend the length of each arm within a radial channel formed by the recumbent ambulacral plates and give rise to numerous tube feet ( figure 2 ) . in somasteroids , the radial water vessel is often positioned at the oral - marginal junction of ambulacrals , as in asteroids , but can also be enclosed within the ambulacral plates , as in ophiuroids . tube feet branching from the radial water vessels are seated in broad basins that , in some species , also give rise to ampulae that extend into the body cavity through ambulacral pores . the jaw ossicles of somasteroids are differentiated with small mouth angle plates , in contrast to those of asteroids that lack odontophores ( mcknight , 1975 ) . buccal slits , which function primarily as respiratory structures in ophiuroids , may or may not have been present adjacent to the mouth frame in somasteroids .\ndiscussions addressing somasteroid origins have certainly been a major point of contention through the years primarily because the intermediate forms that gave rise to the somasteroids are lacking from the fossil record ( blake and guensburg 1993 ; blake , 1994 ) . it seems most likely , however , that the somasteroids emerged from either a crinoid lineage ( fell , 1963 ; mooi and david , 2000 ) , or an edrioasteroid lineage ( paul and smith , 1984 ; smith 1988b ) .\ninformative evolutionary and phylogenetic analyses within somasteroidea have been quite difficult because the examination and characterization of the group has been somewhat limited . what is known about the diversification of somasteroids , however , is primarily derived from work on three lower ordovician families : chinianasteridae ( tremadoc - early arenig ) , villebrunasteridae ( tremadoc - early arenig ) , and archegonasteridae ( late arenig ) , as discussed by nichols ( 1962 ) , fell ( 1963 ) , and blake ( 1982 ) .\nthe first organized classification of somasteroidea was carried out by w . k . spencer ( 1951 ) . in his report , spencer describes some of the earliest asteroid and ophiuroid specimens ever found . in addition , he describes fossils of a third asterozoan group , the somasteroids , which occur not only contemporaneously with , but also prior to all recognizable asteroid and ophiuroid fossil forms . these findings are suggestive of a scenario in which all asterozoans arose from ancient somasteroid forms .\nblake , d . b . 1982 . somasteroidea , asteroidea , and the affinities of luidia ( plasterias ) latiradiata . paleontology , 25 : 167 - 191 .\nblake , d . b . 1994 . re - evaluation of the palasteriscidae gregory , 1900 , and the early phylogeny of the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) . j . paleont . 68 : 123 - 134 .\nblake , d . b . 1998 . morphological characters of early asteroids and ophiuroids . echinoderms : san francisco , mooi and telford ( eds . ) , balkema , rotterdam .\nblake , d . b . , guensburg , t . e . , 1993 . new lower and middle ordovician stelleroids ( echinodermata ) and their bearing on the origins and early history of the stelleroid echinoderms .\nfell , h . b . 1962 . a surviving somasteroid from the eastern pacific ocean . science , n . y . 136 : 633 - 636 .\nfell , h . b . 1963a . a new family and genus of somasteroidea . trans . r . soc . n . z . 3 : 143 - 146 .\nfell , h . b . 1963b . the phylogeny of sea - stars . phil . trans . r . soc . lond . , ser . b 246 : 381 - 435 .\nmooi , r . , david , b . 2000 . what a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution . amer . zool . 40 : 326 - 339 .\nnichols , d . 1962 . echinoderms . huchinson and co . , london .\npaul , c . r . c . , smith , a . b . 1984 . the early radiation and phylogeny of echinoderms . biological reviews , 46 : 157 - 200 .\nsmith , a . b . 1988 . patterns of diversification and extinction in early paleozoic echinoderms . paleontology , 31 : 799 - 828 .\nsmith , a . b . , jell , p . a . 1990 . cambrian ederoasteroids from australia and the origins of starfishes . mem . queen . mus . 28 : 715 - 778 .\nspencer , w . k . 1951 . early paleozoic starfish . phil . trans . r . soc . lond . , ser . b 235 : 87 - 129 .\nspencer , w . k . , wright , c . w . 1966 . asterozoans , pp . s4 - s107 . in r . c . moore ( ed . ) , treatise in invertebrate paleontology , part u , echinodermata 3 . geological society of america and the university of kansas press , new york and lawerance .\nafter spencer , w . k . 1951 . early paleozoic starfish . phil . trans . r . soc . lond . , ser . b 235 : 87 - 129 .\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nphylogenetic hypothesis of the asteroidea based on blake ( 1987 ) . these relationships , as well as intra - order relationships , are contentious and re - evaluation of asteroid phylogeny continues ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) .\nthe asteroidea is one of the largest and most familiar classes within the phylum echinodermata . these animals , commonly known as sea stars or starfishes , form a diverse and speciose group . there are approximately 1600 extant species ( hyman 1955 ; clark 1977 ; clark and downey 1992 ) which are found throughout the world ' s oceans . following the classification of blake ( 1987 ) , these species are grouped into seven orders : brisingida , forcipulatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida , valvatida and velatida .\nlike other echinoderms , asteroids are important members of many marine benthic communities . they can be voracious predators , having significant impacts on community structure . for example , paine ( 1966 ) used pisaster ochraceus to illustrate his concept of the role keystone species play in community ecology . the crown - of - thorns starfish , acanthaster planci , is particularly well - known because it can cause extreme detrimental effects to coral reefs , particularly during population outbreaks ( moran 1988 ) .\nfigure 1 : pisaster ochraceus and acanthaster planci , two asteroids of great ecological significance . pisaster image by sherry ballard , courtesy calphotos , copyright \u00a9 1999 california academy of sciences . acanthaster image copyright \u00a9 borut furlan .\nthe controversial concentricycloidea ( a proposed sixth class of the echinodermata ; baker et al . 1986 , rowe et al . 1988 , pearse and pearse 1994 ) have been diagnosed as unusual asteroids ( smith 1988 , belyaev 1990 , janies and mooi 1999 ) . their relationship to other asteroid taxa is not well resolved , but alliances with species from the velatida and the forcipulatida have been proposed . the unique morphology of the concentricycloids makes it difficult to assign this group to the recognized asteroid orders and is cited as sufficient distinction for class recognition .\nfigure 2 : a typical starfish , asterias rubens , with tubefeet visible on the edge of the arm in the foreground . image copyright \u00a9 2004 k\u00e5re telnes . cushion stars , like this culcita novaeguineae , may have arms so short that they look more like a ball than a star . image copyright \u00a9 2003 massimo boyer .\ntaxonomy of asteroids usually is based on externally observable characteristics of the skeleton , particularly the primary ossicular series which define the body wall ( ambulacrals , adambulacrals , marginals , terminals , actinals , abactinals ) , as well as secondary ossicles such as spines , spinelets and pedicellariae . works by perrier ( 1884 ) and sladen ( 1889 ) laid the taxonomic foundation of most asteroid groups . many other authors have contributed to and / or refined the asteroid classification scheme , notably fisher ( 1911 , 1928 ) , verrill ( 1914 ) , fell ( 1963 ) , spencer and wright ( 1966 ) and mcknight ( 1975 ) . blake and elliot ( 2003 ) provide clear definition of ossicle terminology . blake ( 1987 ) provides classification and diagnoses of asteroid groups .\nfigure 3 : morphology of asteroids . a , aboral and oral surfaces of a generalized asteroid . image \u00a9 biodidac . b , transverse section and perspective view of a generalized arm ( soft tissues and spines removed ) ; note the arched ambulacral ossicles forming the ambulacral groove and the dorsal podial pores between ambulacral ossicles . one podium ( tubefoot ) on the left is drawn in outline only to illustrate how the podia descend through the podial pores . image \u00a9 2004 emily knott .\napplication of the extraxial - axial theory ( eat ) to asteroid morphology significantly aids our understanding of ossicle homologies within the asteroidea and between asteroids and other echinoderms ( mooi and david 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . according to the eat , the ambulacral and terminal ossicles of asteroids are axial elements . these ossicles are formed according to the ocular plate rule ( opr ) and are associated with the developing water vascular system during ontogeny as are the axial ossicles of other echinoderms . the remaining asteroid ossicle series are extraxial elements , which can be added during ontogeny without any particular ordering system ( although secondarily ordered serial homologous elements are common in the asteroids , e . g . adambulacrals and marginals ) . in comparison to axial elements , extraxial ossicles are prone to much more evolutionary lability ( mooi and david 1997 ) .\nsummarized from blake ( 1998 ; 2000 ) , mooi and david ( 2000 ) and blake and hagdorn ( 2003 ) .\ndeep ambulacral groove\u2014the paired ambulacral ossicles are erect and arch across the arm axis forming a clearly defined furrow . the extent of the arch and definition of the furrow are expected to be weaker in the earliest asteroids , but these characters are difficult to observe in most fossil specimens .\ndorsal podial pores\u2014the dorsal podia pores are passageways between ambulacral ossicles through which the tubefeet descend . these pores allow for internal protection of the ampullae , dorsal outpockets of the podia , which contract and expand with extension and retraction of the podia . the ampullae of earlier asteroids were external , in closed , cup - like podial basins formed by the ossicles of the ambulacral column .\noffset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles and differentiation of articulation structures in ossicles of the ambulacrum\u2014these features describe a variety of related apomorphic characteristics of ambuloasteroids . offset positioning of the ambulacral and adambulacral ossicles allows for soft tissue connections between the ambulacral and both adjacent adambulacrals which is further enhanced with differentiation of articulation structures on the ossicles . this arrangement allows more complex movement in the ambuloasteroids . in non - ambuloasteroids a single ambulacral ossicle abuts a single adambulacral .\npresence of an odontophore\u2014the odontophore is a small interradial ossicle associated with the mouth angle ossicle . the odontophore is expected to the homologue of the axillary in paleozoic asteroids .\nthe earliest asteroids appeared in the ordovician ( figure 4 ) . however , at least two major faunal transitions have occurred within the asteroidea concomitantly with large extinction events : in the late devonian ( blake and glass in webster et . al . 1999 ) and in the late permian ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , blake et al . 2000 , blake and elliot 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders as described here contain all extant and some extinct species which have a morphology distinct from paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea ; see characteristics , blake 1982 , 1987 , 1988 ; gale 1987 , blake and elliott 2003 , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) . the asteroid orders are thought to have appeared and diversified very rapidly ( within approximately 60 million years ) during the lower and early middle jurassic , frustrating our understanding of ordinal relationships ( see discussion below ) .\nfigure 4 : hudsonaster sp . ( usnm 40882 ) , an early asteroid from the ordovician . image copyright \u00a9 daniel b . blake\nrelationships among paleozoic asteroids , as well as between paleozoic asteroids and extant asteroids , are difficult if not impossible to determine because of the limitations of the asteroid fossil record . asteroid fossils are rare because 1 ) the skeletal elements rapidly dissociate after death of the animals 2 ) asteroids typically have a large body cavity that collapses with deterioration of the organs , resulting in misshapen forms and 3 ) asteroids often live on hard substrates which are not conducive to fossil formation . from the limited fossil evidence that is available we know that the basic body plan of the asteroids has remained the same since the ordovician . several papers by blake ( e . g 1989 , 2000 ) describe limitations of the fossil record in detail .\nfigure 5 : early neoasteroids from the triassic . images copyright \u00a9 daniel b . blake\nleft : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( mhi 843 / 1 ) , trichasteropsida . center : trichasteropsis weissmanni ( smns 3173 / 5 ) , trichasteropsida . right : noriaster barberoi ( mpum 8420 ) , valvatida : poraniidae\na survey of asteroid nomenclature arranged by order has been compiled . clark ( 1989 , 1993 , 1996 ) and clark and mah ( 2001 ) list accepted names as well as synonyms , otherwise invalid names , references and ranges of type localities .\nbrisingida\u2014 brisingids are deep - sea dwelling asteroids . they usually have many ( 6 - 16 ) long , attenuated arms which are used in suspension feeding . the brisingida contains about 100 species in 17 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 1998 ) .\nforcipulatida\u2014 these asteroids are distinguished by their forcipulate pedicellariae , which are generally quite conspicuous on the body surface . the forcipulatida contains about 300 species in 68 genera and 6 families . a preliminary phylogeny for this order has been produced by mah ( 2000 ) .\nnotomyotida\u2014 these are deep - sea dwelling asteroids having flexible arms with characteristic longitudinal muscle bands along the inner dorsolateral surface . the notomyotida contains about 75 species in 12 genera and 1 family .\npaxillosida\u2014 these asteroids are considered to be somewhat infaunal in that they can bury themselves partially under sandy sediments . they are characterized by some morphological features ( e . g . pointed , unsuckered tubefeet ) which have been considered primitive by some ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the paxillosida contains about 255 species in 46 genera and 5 families .\nspinulosida\u2014 these asteroids have a relatively delicate skeletal arrangement and completely lack pedicellariae . no fossil spinulosids have been found . the spinulosida contains about 120 species in 9 genera and 1 family .\nvalvatida\u2014 these asteroids are quite diverse , but are often characterized by their conspicuous marginal ossicles . definition of this group has been the most variable and the ordinal definition of many families included here has been controversial ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the valvatida contains about 695 species in 165 genera and 14 families .\nvelatida\u2014 these asteroids typically have thick bodies with large discs and interradial depressions . contrary to blake ' s ( 1987 ) classification , molecular evidence suggests a relationship between some velatid and valvatid families ( see discussion of phylogenetic relationships , below ) . the velatida contains about 200 species in 25 genera and 5 families .\nspecific use of phylogenetic methods in studies of asteroid evolutionary relationships began in the late 1980s . these analyses ( using both morphological and molecular data ) have resulted in conflicting hypotheses of asteroid phylogeny . phylogenetic analyses are continuing to be re - evaluated with additional data . since their results are still somewhat contentious , they have yet to initiate changes in our classification system .\nin 1987 , two differing hypotheses of order level relationships were proposed based on analyses of morphological characteristics ( blake 1987 , gale 1987 , figure 6 , 7 ) . these two phylogenies differ due to differences in opinion about character polarity ( assigning ancestral or derived status to a particular state of a character ) and the different morphological characters used in the analyses ( note that gale does not specifically use phylogenetic methods ) . both authors emphasized the importance of ambulacral characters to asteroid classification and recognized the distinction between paleozoic and post - paleozoic forms ( i . e . ambuloasteroidea , blake and hagdorn 2003 ) .\nhowever , gale ( following mcknight 1975 ) focuses on the lack of suckered tubefeet in the paxillosida , considering them primitive . as a result , his phylogeny reflects two major groups : a basal paxillosida and the remaining asteroids , all having suckered tubefeet , which he termed superorder surculifera . blake considers suckered tubefeet to be the ancestral condition . his phylogeny reflects two major asteroid groups : superorder forcipulatacea ( forcipulatida + brisingida ) and a clade of the superorders valvatacea + spinulosacea ( valvatida , notomyotida , paxillosida , spinulosida and velatida ) . outgroup comparison with calliasterella and inclusion of the trichasteropsida results in a basal forcipulatacea .\nthe differences in these proposed phylogenies highlight questions about asteroid relationships that are still unresolved . the identification of the basal ( neo ) asteroid group has been the driving question of additional studies ( see evidence from molecular characters , below ) . additionally , ordinal definition , particularly for blake ' s valvatida , velatida and spinulosida , is problematic . such problems were not new to blake and gale . although many asteroid groups can be clearly defined morphologically ( forcipulatida , brisingida , notomyotida ) , asteroid morphology is complex and diverse . other groups are less clearly defined .\nadditional phylogenetic analyses incorporating molecular data with morphological data ( lafay et al . 1995 ) and using molecular data alone ( wada et al . 1996 ; knott and wray 2000 ) were presented in an effort to resolve phylogenetic arguments . unexpectedly , these studies have done little to elucidate asteroid relationships and may have only added to the confusion .\nlafay et al . ( 1995 ) present an unrooted phylogeny deduced from analysis of a combined morphological data set taken from blake ( 1987 ) and gale ( 1987 ) with unordered character states ( figure 8 ) . although very few taxa were studied , their phylogeny supports the definition of asteroid orders proposed by blake but separates the paxillosida from the valvatida . their analysis with molecular data alone ( sequence data from 28s rrna ) results in several conflicting topologies due to weak phylogenetic signal . most of this signal is masked by that from the morphological data set when the two data sets are combined . however , after evaluating several rooting positions using molecular data from other echinoderms in outgroup comparison , lafay et al . ( 1995 ) conclude that the paxillosida may not be monophyletic and that the paxillosid genus astropecten may be the sister group to the remaining asteroids , reminiscent of gale ' s phylogeny .\nwada et al . ( 1996 ) include more taxa for additional investigation of ordinal monophyly ( figure 9 ) . in multiple analyses of their molecular data set ( sequence data from 12s and 16s rdna ) , they find that paxillosids are paraphyletic with the paxillosid genus luidia as the basal asteroid taxon . in addition , the valvatida is not monophyletic and a forcipulatid clade falls within a group of valvatids , a velatid and spinulosids , a relationship in stark contrast to that proposed by blake ( 1987 ) . further , the spinulosida are never grouped with the velatida , which blake ( 1987 ) proposed as their sister group and which previously were considered a group within the spinulosida ( spencer and wright 1966 , mcknight 1975 , blake 1981a ) .\nknott and wray ( 2000 ) expand taxon sampling even more , but their molecular data set ( sequence data from mitochondrial trna and coi genes ) fails to resolve questions of asteroid phylogeny ( figure 10 ) . significantly , the paxillosida is not basal in their results ( although astropecten is not included ) . the results of different tree reconstruction methods are not in agreement , and basal groupings are only supported by bootstrapping in the neighbor - joining analysis . the proposed phylogeny is similar to blake ( 1987 ) in that two lineages ( one largely of forcipulatids and the other largely of valvatids ) are recovered , but valvatida and velatida are not monophyletic and some velatids plus the spinulosida fall in the forcipulatid clade .\nfigure 8 . lafay et al . ' s ( 1995 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .\nfigure 9 . wada et al . ' s ( 1996 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .\nfigure 10 . knott & wray ' s ( 2000 ) hypothesis of asteroidea relationships .\nbaker , a . n . , f . w . e . rowe and h . e . s . clark . 1986 . a new class of echinodermata from new zealand . nature 321 : 862 - 864 .\nbelyaev , g . m . 1990 . is it valid to isolate the genus xyloplax as an independent class of echinoderms ? zoologicheskii zhurnal 69 : 83 - 96 .\nblake , d . b . 1982 . recognition of higher taxa and phylogeny of the asteroidea . pp . 105 - 107 . in : international echinoderm conference , tampa bay . j . m . lawrence , ed . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nblake , d . b . 1987 . a classification and phylogeny of post - paleozoic sea stars ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . journal of natural history 21 : 481 - 528 .\nblake , d . b . 1989 . asteroidea : functional morphology , classification and phylogeny . pp . 179 - 223 . in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nblake , d . b . 1998 . morphological characters of early asteroids and ophiuroids . pp . 5 - 8 . in : echinoderms : san francisco . proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nblake , d . b . 2000 . the class asteroidea ( echinodermata ) : fossils and the base of the crown group . american zoologist 40 : 316 - 325 .\nblake , d . b . and d . r . elliott . 2003 . ossicular homologies , systematics and phylogenetic implications of certain north american carboniferous asteroids ( echinodermata ) . journal of paleontology 77 ( 3 ) : 476 - 489 .\nblake , d . b . and h . hagdorn . 2003 . the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) of the muschelkalk ( middle triassic of germany ) . pal\u00e4ontologische zeitschrift 77 ( 1 ) : 23 - 58 .\nblake , d . b . , a . tintori and h . hagdorn . 2000 . a new , early crown - group asteroid ( echinodermata ) from the norian ( triassic ) of northern italy . rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia . 106 ( 2 ) : 141 - 156 .\nclark , a . m . 1977 . starfishes and related echinoderms . t . f : h . publications , london .\nclark , a . m . 1989 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 1 . paxillosida and notomyotida . pp . 225 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 3 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nclark , a . m . 1993 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 2 . valvatida . pp . 187 - 366 in : echinoderm studies vol . 4 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nclark , a . m . 1996 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 3 . velatida and spinulosida . pp . 183 - 250 in : echinoderm studies vol . 5 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nclark , a . m . and m . e . downey . 1992 . starfishes of the atlantic . chapman and hall , london .\nclark , a . m . and c . mah . 2001 . an index of names of recent asteroidea : part 4 . forcipulatida and brisingida . pp . 229 - 347 in : echinoderm studies vol . 6 . m . jangoux and j . m . lawrence , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\ndean , j . 1999 . what makes and ophiuroid ? a morphological study of the problematic ordovician stelleroid stenaster and the paleobiology of the earliest asteroids and ophiuroids . zoological journal of the linnean society 126 : 225 - 250 .\nfell , h . b . 1963 . the phylogeny of sea - stars . philosophical transactions b 246 : 381 - 435 , 2 pls . , 16 figs .\nfisher , w . k . 1911 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part1 : phanerozonia and spinulosa . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 . xiii + 420pp . , 122 pls .\nfisher , w . k . 1928 . asteroidea of the north pacific and adjacent waters . part2 : forcipulata . bulletin of the united states national museum . 76 : 1 - 245 , 81 pls . .\ngale , a . s . 1987 . phylogeny and classification of the asteroidea ( echinodermata ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 89 : 107 - 132 .\nhyman , l . h . 1955 . the invertebrates : echinodermata . volume iv . mcgraw - hill , new york , new york\njanies , d . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of extant echinoderm classes . canadian journal of zoology 79 : 1232 - 1250 .\njanies , d . and r . mooi . 1999 . xyloplax is an asteroid . pp . 311 - 316 . in : echinoderm research 1998 . m . candia carnevali and f . bonosoro , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nknott , k . e . and g . a . wray . 2000 . controversy and consensus in asteroid systematics : new insights to ordinal and familial relationships . american zoologist 40 : 382 - 392 .\nlafay , b . , a . b . smith , and r . christen . 1995 . a combined morphological and molecular approach to the phylogeny of asteroids ( asteroidea : echinodermata ) . systematic biology 44 ( 2 ) : 190 - 208 .\nmah , c . l . 1998 . preliminary phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the brisingida ( asteroidea ) . pp . 273 - 277 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .\nmah , c . l . 2000 . preliminary phylogeny of the forcipulatacean asteroidea . american zoologist 40 : 375 - 381 .\nmooi , r . and b . david . 1997 . skeletal homologies of echinoderms . the paleontological society papers 3 : 305 - 335 .\nmooi , r . and b . david . 2000 . what a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution . american zoologist 40 : 326 - 339 .\nmooi , r . , f . w . e . rowe and b . david . 1998 . application of a theory of axial and extraxial skeletal homologies to concentricycloid morphology . pp . 61 - 62 . in : echinoderms san francisco : proceedings of the ninth international echinoderm conference . r . mooi and m . telford , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .\nmoran , p . j . 1988 . the acanthaster phenomenon . australian institute of marine science monograph series vol . 7 . 78 p .\npaine , r . t . 1966 . food web complexity and species diversity . american naturalist 100 : 65 - 75 .\npearse , v . b . and j . s . pearse . 1994 . echinoderm phylogeny and the place of the concentricycloids . pp . 121 - 126 . in : echinoderms dijon : proceedings of the eighth international echinoderm conference . b . david , a . guille , j . - p . feral and m . roux , eds . a . a . balkema . rotterdam .\nperrier , j . o . e . 1884 . m\u00e9moire sur les \u00e9toiles de mer recueillies dans la mer des antolles et le golfe de mexique . nouvelles archives du mus\u00e9um d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( 2 ) 6 : 127 - 276 .\nrowe , f . w . e . , a . n . baker , and h . e . s . clark . 1988 . the morphology , development and taxonomic status of xyloplax baker , rowe and clark 1986 ( echinodermata : concentricycloidea ) , with the description of a new species . proceedings of the royal society of london series b : biological sciences 223 : 431 - 459 .\nsladen , w . p . 1889 . asteroidea . report of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger , 1873 - 1876 . zoology 30 : 1 - 935 .\nsmith , a . b . 1988 . to grop or not to group : the taxonomic position of xyloplax . pp . 17 - 23 . in : echinoderm biology . r . d . burke , p . v . mladenov , p . lambert and r . d . parsley , eds . a . a . balkema , rotterdam .\nspencer , w . k . and c . w . wright . 1966 . asterozoans . treatise on invertebrate paleontology . part u echinodermata . 3 ( 1 ) : u4 - u107 . university of kansas press .\nverrill , a . e . 1914 . monograph of the shallow - water starfishes of the north pacific coast from the arctic ocean to california . harriman alaska series of the united states national museum 14 : 1 - 408 , 110 pls .\nwada , h . , m . komatsu and n . satoh . 1996 . mitochondrial rdna phylogeny of the asteoidea suggests the primitiveness of the paxillosida . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 6 ( 1 ) : 97 - 106 .\nwebster , g . d . , d . j . hafley , d . b . blake and a . glass . 1999 . crinoids and stelleroids from the broken rib member , dyer formation late devonian , famennian . of the white river plateau , colorado . journal of paleontology 73 ( 3 ) : 461 - 486 .\nknott , emily . 2004 . asteroidea . sea stars and starfishes . version 07 october 2004 .\nlove words ? you must \u2014 there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that\u2019s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .\nthe story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .\ntake this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .\nruggiero ma , gordon dp , orrell tm , bailly n , bourgoin t , brusca rc , et al . ( 2015 ) a higher level classification of all living organisms . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0119248 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0119248 . pmid : 25923521\nthis page was last edited on 12 january 2018 , at 14 : 02 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nhorse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , \u2026\nanimal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from\u2026\n\u00a9 a dictionary of earth sciences 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\n\u00a9 a dictionary of zoology 1999 , originally published by oxford university press 1999 .\nof projecting rays and a star - shaped body . it contains the one class stelleroidea .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ntelford mj 1 , lowe cj 2 , cameron cb 3 , ortega - martinez o 4 , aronowicz j 5 , oliveri p 6 , copley rr 7 .\ndepartment of genetics , evolution and environment , university college london , darwin building , gower street , london wc1e 6bt , uk m . telford @ ucl . ac . uk .\nhopkins marine station , department of biology , stanford university , 120 oceanview boulevard , pacific grove , ca 93950 , usa .\nd\u00e9partment de sciences biologiques , universit\u00e9 de montr\u00e9al , pavillion marie - victorin , c . p . 6128 , succ . centre - ville , montr\u00e9al , qu\u00e9bec , canada h3c 3j7 .\ndepartment of biological and environmental sciences , sven lov\u00e9n centre for marine sciences , university of gothenburg , kristineberg 566 , fiskeb\u00e4ckskil 451 78 , sweden .\ndepartment of organismal biology and anatomy , university of chicago , chicago , il 60650 , usa .\ndepartment of genetics , evolution and environment , university college london , darwin building , gower street , london wc1e 6bt , uk .\ncnrs , laboratoire de biologie du d\u00e9veloppement de villefranche - sur - mer ( lbdv ) , observatoire oc\u00e9anographique , villefranche - sur - mer 06230 , france sorbonne universites , upmc univ paris 06 , laboratoire de biologie du developpement de villefranche - sur - mer , observatoire oceanographique , villefranche - sur - mer 06230 , france copley @ obs - vlfr . fr .\npmid : 24850925 pmcid : pmc4046411 doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2014 . 0479\nthe two hypotheses of echinoderm evolution discussed in this work . the asterozoan hypothesis unites ophiuroids and asteroids on the basis of a five - rayed body plan . the cryptosyringid hypothesis places ophiuroids as sister group to the holothurians and echinoids on the basis of , for example , closed ambulacral grooves ( see introduction ) .\nresults from our data stratified by overall length of gene trees ( gene rate ranking ) , from ( a ) , the slowest evolving quartile , to ( d ) the fastest evolving quartile .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\na subphylum of echinoderms characterized by a star - shaped body and radially divergent axes of symmetry .\nsubphylum expresses the vtg protein , vtg1 ( prowse and byrne , 2012 ) .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 reich et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited\ndata availability : the raw reads and assembled trasncriptomes reported in this paper have been deposited in the genbank database ( ncbi bioproject no . prjna236087 ) . assembly statistics and agalma resource reports can be found at : urltoken . see also urltoken .\nfunding : this work was funded by the national science foundation ios - 1120972 ( gw ) ; national institutes health 2r01hd028152 ( gw ) ; national institutes health 5t32 gm007601 ( ar ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .\nmost phylogenetic studies place echinoidea and holothuroidea as sister groups . the difficulty lies in the placement of ophiuroidea ; different methods favor different positions for brittle stars . a ) the predominant hypotheses of how extant echinoderms are related are the asterozoan and cryptosyringid hypotheses . b ) two other alternate hypotheses based on mitochondrial gene alignments .\nwhole ovary was dissected from gravid females and placed in trizol ( invitrogen ) . rna was extracted and then cleaned with a qiagen rneasy micro column with on - column dna digestion . the sequencing libraries were prepared with illumina reagents , ( mrna - seq sample prep kit for gaiix samples or truseq sample prep kit for hiseq samples ) with the maximum recommended rna input . the protocol was followed exactly with the addition of a gel selection step of 400\u2013500bp , ( agarose gel for gaiix samples or caliper labchip xt for hiseq samples ) prior to pcr amplification .\nall 30 datasets ( 23 de novo assembled transcriptomes and 7 refseq datasets ; s1 table ) were compared against ncbi swissprot using blastx with a cutoff of 0 . 000001 [ 23 ] . transdecoder was used to translate sequences , and similar translated sequences were identified by a pair wise blastp followed by clustering using mcl [ 32 ] to identify orthologous genes . two supermatricies that differ in gene sampling were used in the phylogenetic analyses : \u2018sparse\u2019 and \u2018dense\u2019 . the \u2018sparse\u2019 supermatrix has all 30 taxa and 34 % matrix occupancy , ( s4a fig . ) with 4 , 645 peptide sequences and 630 , 945 amino acid sites . the \u2018dense\u2019 supermatrix is a subset of the sparse matrix . it has all 30 taxa and 70 % matrix occupancy , ( s4b fig . ) with 1 , 125 peptide sequences and 101 , 652 amino acid sites . maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses were done with raxml ( gammawag model ) with 1 , 000 boot strap iterations on the \u2018dense\u2019 supermatrix , and using the same model , 100 boot strap iterations on the \u2018sparse\u2019 supermatrix . both supermatrices and calculated phylograms can be downloaded from the data dryad repository [ 33 ] .\nbaysian phylogenetic analyses were done with phylobayes 1 . 3b - mpi [ 34 ] on the \u2018dense\u2019 supermatrix using the cat - gtr model with the following command : \u201cpb _ mpi - s - d supermatrix . dense . phylip - cat - gtr outputfile\u201d . a total of 31 , 623 generations were run over three chains . all three chains converged within 2 , 000 generations ( s5 fig . ) and after removing these 2 , 000 from each chain and sampling every 10 trees , the maximum difference was 1 . 17\u00d710 - 3 , ( 2 , 561 sampled trees ) , and a majority consensus tree was constructed .\nthe sowh test was implemented using the sowhat software package , [ 35 ] ( urltoken ) with the following command : \u201cperl sowhat\u2014constraint = alternate . hypo . tre\u2014aln = supermatrix . dense . phylip\u2014model = protgammawag\u2014dir = outdir\u2014name = outfile\u2014rax = ' raxmlhpc - pthreads - sse3 - t 16 ' \u2014seqgen = seq - gen\u2014reps = 500\u2014stop > output . txt\u201d . three alternate hypothesis trees were constructed to test : a ) the cryptosyringid hypothesis , b ) ophiuroidea sister to the rest of echinoderms , and c ) asteroidea sister to echinozoa ( s3 fig . ) . all three analyses were stopped after at least 99 iterations because any additional sampling was very unlikely to change the results ( s3 fig . ) .\nthe raw reads and assembled trasncriptomes reported in this paper have been deposited in the genbank database ( ncbi bioproject no . prjna236087 ) . assembly statistics , agalma resource reports and scripts used in the analyses can be found in the git repository [ 25 ] and the supermatrix alignments and all trees including sowh constraint trees can be downloaded from the dryad digital repository [ 33 ] . all de novo transcriptomes can also be accessed on echinobase . org , including blast searches of the annotated transcripts .\nthe assembly of the de novo illumina transcriptomes yielded on average 24 , 033 high quality contigs with a match to swissprot ( s1 table ) . the number of transcripts with swissprot hits in the de novo transcriptomes was comparable to the number of sequences in the refseq datasets we included for other taxa ( s1a fig . ) . the number of swissprot sequences did not appear to be artificially inflated by fragmented assemblies ( s1b fig . ) . the comparable number of swissprot sequences and comparable size of the n50s of the de novo transcriptomes in relation to the refseq datasets both suggest that the assembled transcriptomes are of high quality ; especially compared with the s . purpuratus refseq dataset , an echinoderm with a well sequenced and annotated genome [ 8 ] .\nsupport values for the phylogenetic trees using raxml and phylobayes on the dense and sparse supermatricies . each node is scored with three support values ; an asterisk denotes 100 / 100 / 100 support . the first support value is the dense supermatrix raxml 1 , 000 bootstraps , the second value is the sparse supermatrix raxml 100 bootstraps , and the third value is the dense supermatrix phylobayes posterior probabilities . the phylogram presented here is from the dense supermatrix raxml analysis . see s2 fig . for the tree topology predicted by the phylobayes analysis .\nthe size of data matricies and their occupancy has varied considerably over recent phylogenomic studies , which have differed substantially in the sequencing technologies used as well as methods for identification of orthologous genes and matrix construction . the present study uses a similar matrix construction technique as previous analyses [ 31 ] , but the occupancy of the matrix is much higher . this suggests that at least part of the reason for reduced occupancy in some previous analyses was due to data acquisition , and that future studies based entirely on the most recent sequencing technologies will have much improved gene sampling .\noverall , the present study provides the greatest depth and breadth of new sequence analysis for consideration of the phylogenetic relationships of echinoderms . coupled with the recent study using 219 genes for analysis from four newly sequenced echinoderms [ 18 ] , and of a broader analysis of ambulacraria using 185 genes , including six newly sequenced echinoderms [ 24 ] , mostly non - overlapping tissues and animals from the present work , we now have a rich analysis to present . since each these studies used different animals , different methodology of analysis , and different depths of data consideration , yet they each came to the same conclusions in regards to the major echinoderm taxon relationships , we now have great confidence in the relationships of these animals and provide deep datasets for further analysis .\ns1 fig . histograms of the postassembly comparisons of refseq and de novo assembled datasets .\n( a ) the numbers of swissprot transcripts is comparable between refseq datasets ( green and purple ) and de novo assembled transcriptomes ( orange ) . ( b ) comparing the n50 of the swissprot transcripts , the de novo transcriptomes are on average only slightly smaller than the refseq datasets . the s . purpuratus refseq dataset is in purple , outgroup refseq datasets in green and de novo assembled transcriptomes in orange ; colours as in s1 table . the number of transcriptomes is on the ordinate axis .\nsupport values for the phylogenetic trees using raxml and phylobayes on the dense and sparse supermatricies . each node is scored with three support values ; an asterisk denotes 100 / 100 / 100 support . the first support value is the dense supermatrix raxml 1 , 000 bootstraps , the second value is the sparse supermatrix raxml 100 bootstraps , and the third value is the dense supermatrix phylobayes posterior probabilities . the phylogram presented here is from the dense supermatrix phylobayes analysis .\nthe sowh tests were run for at least 99 iterations on the dense supermatrix and were stopped because any further iterations were unlikely to change . the three sowh tests used the following tree topologies to test : ( a ) the crytosynirgid hypothesis , ( ( sea urchins , sea cucumbers , brittle stars ) , ( sea stars , feather star , outgroups ) ) ; , ( b ) ophiuroidea sister to the rest of echinoderms , ( ( sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea stars , feather star ) , ( brittle stars , outgroups ) ) ; , and ( c ) asteroidea sister to echinozoa ( ( sea urchins , sea cucumbers , sea stars ) , ( brittle stars , feather star , outgroups ) ) ; . none of the three tests found support for any alternate hypothesis with p - values all equal to 0 .\ns4 fig . visual representation of the sparse and dense supermatricies including all thirty taxa .\neach horizontal row is a single taxa and each vertical column is a gene alignment ; presence is marked in black and absence in white . the taxa are arranged from top to bottom from most genes present to least . ( a ) the sparse supermatrix is 34 % occupied , contains all 30 taxa , and contains alignments of 4 , 645 peptide sequences . ( b ) the dense supermatrix is 70 % occupied , contains all 30 taxa , and contains alignments of 1 , 125 peptide sequences ."]}
{"id": 2466, "summary": [{"text": "cecidothyris pexa is a species of moth of the thyrididae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south africa and tanzania .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan of this species is 25 \u2013 34 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "cecidothyris pexa", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngabon , kangwe , ogove river , leg . a . c . good .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide bm 10627\u2642 , cmp ; paratypes 9\u2642 , 1\u2640 , cmp , bmnh .\nwhalley p . e . s . 1971 . the thyrididae ( lepidoptera ) of africa and its islands . a taxonomic and zoogeographic study . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) suppl . 17 : 1\u2013198 , pls . 1\u201368 .\nwhalley p . e . s . 1976 . tropical leaf moths . a monograph of the subfamily striglininae ( lepidoptera : thyrididae ) . - \u2014 : 1\u2013195 , pls . 1\u201368 .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\nhampson g . f . 1906b . on new thyrididae and pyralidae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 7 ) 17 ( 97 ) : 112\u2014147 ; ( 98 ) : 189\u2014222 ; ( 99 ) : 253\u2014269 ; ( 100 ) : 344\u2014359 .\nwhalley p . e . s . 1971 . the thyrididae ( lepidoptera ) of africa and its islands . a taxonomic and zoogeographic study . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) suppl . 17 : 1\u2014198 , pls . 1\u201468 .\naurivillius c . 1910a . tres lepidopteros novos da africa portuguesa . - broteria 9 ( 3 ) : 159\u2014162 , pl . vii .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njavascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .\ntaxon name is the\nnamestring\nor\nscientific name ,\nthe\ndata\nthat is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .\ntaxon term is the data value of either a classification term (\nanimalia\n) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .\nterm type is the rank (\nkingdom\n) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (\nauthor text\n) .\nsource indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .\ncommon names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nnamibia , brandberg , wasserfallfl\u00e4che , 1940 m , 22 . iii . 2001 , leg . w . mey .\nholotype \u2642 , genitalia slide thiele 03102\u2642 , nmnw ; paratypes 9\u2642 , genitalia slide thiele 03103\u2642 , zmhb , coll . thiele .\nthiele j . h . r . 2004 . thyrididae ( lepidoptera , thyridoidea ) . \u2013 in : mey , z . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . - esperiana memoir 1 : 209\u2013213 .\nblabbing , pretty pictures , clutter etc . / / / art blog / clothing blog / elderkin . eman @ urltoken\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2468, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia alexiae is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in kashmir .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are warm brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia alexiae", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for alexiae definition . you find here alexiae meaning , synonyms of alexiae and images for alexiae copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word alexiae . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word alexiae and , of course , alexiae synonyms and on the right images related to the word alexiae .\neupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\nhave a fact about eupithecia succenturiata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia succenturiata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\nthis article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nnemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .\nnemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .\norganic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .\northoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .\nnemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .\nof syndicalism and fascism there appears for the first time in europe a type of man who does not want to give reasons or to be right , but simply shows himself resolved to impose his opinions .\nto survive in a world full of stimuli ; but it prevents the survival of the aristocracy .\nand kind of body as he pleaseth ? but i dare not say , that this is the way by which god almighty worketh , because it is past my apprehension : yet it serves very well to demonstrate , that the omnipotence of god implieth no contradiction ."]}
{"id": 2469, "summary": [{"text": "protorthodes antennata is a moth in the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it has a small distribution , extending from central arizona to northernmost mexico .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 10 \u2013 14 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the reniform spot on the forewings is not outlined like in other protorthodes species .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a series of tiny white dots that partially define the reniform spot , and a series of tiny yellow dots that form a partial outer border of the spot .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from mid-may to mid-june and in october . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "protorthodes antennata", "paragraphs": ["protorthodes lindrothi krogerus , 1954 ; 20 , f . 33 ; tl : newfoundland , badger\nprotorthodes mcdunnough , 1943 ; can . ent . 75 : 51 ; ts : taeniocampa curtica smith\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nlarva on fragaria , verbascum , balsamorrhiza spp . , chrysothamnus ; godfrey , 1972 , [ poole ]\ntaeniocampa indra smith , 1906 ; 233 ; tl : arizona , yavapai co . , minnehaha\nperigea texana smith , 1900 ; 476 ; tl : texas , round mt .\nnamangana variabilis barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; 21 , pl . 1 ; tl : california , san diego\neriopyga melanopis hampson , 1905 ; 299 , pl . 86 , f . 31 ; tl : arizona\neriopyga constans dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 344 ; tl : mexico\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome cinqui\u00e9me . noctu\u00e9lites . tome 1\nbiologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera\n[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2470, "summary": [{"text": "the siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) , also called amur tiger , is a tiger subspecies inhabiting mainly the sikhote alin mountain region with a small population in southwest primorye province in the russian far east .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the siberian tiger once ranged throughout all of korea , north-eastern china , russian far east , and eastern mongolia .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in 2005 , there were 331 \u2013 393 adult and subadult siberian tigers in this region , with a breeding adult population of about 250 individuals .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the population had been stable for more than a decade due to intensive conservation efforts , but partial surveys conducted after 2005 indicate that the russian tiger population was declining .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "an initial census held in 2015 indicated that the siberian tiger population had increased to 480 \u2013 540 individuals in the russian far east , including 100 cubs .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this was followed up by a more detailed census which revealed there was a total population of 562 wild siberian tigers in russia .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "this tiger subspecies was also called korean tiger , manchurian tiger , and ussurian tiger , depending on the region where individuals were observed .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the siberian tiger and bengal tiger subspecies rank among the biggest living cats .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "a comparison of data on body weights of siberian tigers indicates that up to the first half of the 20th century both males and females were on average heavier than post-1970 ones .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "today 's wild siberian tigers are smaller than bengal tigers .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "their reduced weight as compared to historical siberian tigers may be due to a combination of causes : when captured , they were usually sick or injured and involved in a conflict situation with people .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "in terms of average adult weights , a male siberian tiger rivals a male asiatic lion ( 175 kg ( 386 lb ) ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "results of a phylogeographic study comparing mitochondrial dna from caspian tigers and living tiger subspecies indicate that the common ancestor of the amur and caspian tigers colonized central asia from eastern china , via the gansu \u2212 silk road corridor , and then subsequently traversed siberia eastward to establish the amur tiger population in the russian far east .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "together , the tigers of the far east , central asia and caucasus formed the northernmost group of tigers in mainland asia . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "siberian tiger", "paragraphs": ["a siberian tiger weighs 600 pounds . siberian tigers are the biggest tiger species on earth . bengal tigers are smaller than the siberian tigers .\nsiberian tiger is a largest tiger in the world and the most northern tiger population .\nthe largest measured siberian tiger weighed 465 kg ( 1025 lb ) . it was jaipur tiger .\nwhere the siberian tiger lives : 95 % of the siberian tiger world population inhabits the russian far - east , 5 % of the population lives in china .\nbears constitute 5 - 8 % of the whole diet of the siberian tiger .\nsiberian tiger skull 3d ( p . tigris ) | csi computerized scanning and imaging facility\nthe iucn 3 . 1 has categorized the siberian tiger under the \u2018endangered\u2019 species list .\na march in hunchun raises awareness for protecting the wild siberian tiger . photos provided to china daily\nthe other vital concern for the survival of the siberian tiger in the wild is habitat loss .\nculture , characteristics and chromosome complement of siberian tiger fibroblasts for nuclear transfer . - pubmed - ncbi\nshe has been seen before , and is known as t7f to scientists monitoring the siberian tiger population .\nlifespan of the siberian tiger is 16 - 18 years ( up to 25 years in captivity ) .\nsiberian tiger blank park zoo . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 . unknown author .\nthe siberian tiger is a very rare species of tiger . from an estimated low in 2010 of 360 , in may 2015 the russian government announced that the siberian ( or amur ) tiger has increased in numbers to between 480 and 540 .\nsiberian tiger basic information angel fire . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 . unknown author .\na siberian tiger mauled and killed a tour bus driver in china as his passengers watched helplessly in horror .\ntroiano , catherine .\nhow big can a siberian tiger get ?\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\na siberian tiger in its environment . notice the length of the tail compared to the rest of the body .\necology and lifestyle siberian tiger . web . date - of - access april 5 , 2014 . unknown author .\nde novo transcriptomic analysis and development of est - ssr markers in the siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) .\nthe siberian tiger park in harbin , heilongjiang province , in china\u2019s north - east , is helping more than 300 siberian tigers to lose weight by adding more exercise and cutting their food intake .\namur tigers share their home with critically endangered amur leopards . they also live among musk deer , himalayan bears , siberian brown bears , wolverines and siberian jays .\nless than 500 siberian tigers and 40 amur leopards currently live in the wild .\nsee pictures of bengal and siberian tigers in this photo gallery from national geographic .\nthe existence of \u2018white siberian tiger\u2019 is a misconception . no scientific evidence of any specimen of white siberian tiger dwelling in the wild or born in captivity has been found till date . for this reason , a true siberian tiger can never have blue eyes , because it is only the white tigers that can have their eye - color blue .\nthe great soul of siberia : in search of the elusive siberian tiger . sooyong park . harpercollins uk , 2016 .\nsmith , p . a . siberian tiger animal fact guide . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 .\nthe siberian tiger is the largest living representative of felids , and one of the largest felids that have ever lived .\nit is estimated the wild population of siberian tigers at around 350 - 450 tigers .\nsome siberian tigers are placed into zoos where they and their reproduction can be monitored .\na spokesman at the base said the park has approximately 1 , 000 siberian tigers .\ntroiano , catherine .\nhow big can a siberian tiger get ?\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / big - can - siberian - tiger - get - 11060 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nlachlei , m . b . .\nwhat are some threats to the siberian tiger ?\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / threats - siberian - tiger - 2625 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\ntroiano , catherine . ( n . d . ) . how big can a siberian tiger get ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / big - can - siberian - tiger - get - 11060 . html\nthe siberian tiger not only hunts , but fishes as well . during breeding tigers can catch fish on mountain rivers\u2019 riffles .\nlachlei , m . b . . ( n . d . ) . what are some threats to the siberian tiger ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / threats - siberian - tiger - 2625 . html\ntony the tiger , a 550 - pound siberian - bengal mix , lives in a cage at a louisiana truck stop .\nsiberian tigers are considered to be polygamous . reproduction periods and birth giving are not confined to certain season . nevertheless , the siberian tigers usually produce offspring in april \u2013 june .\nthe siberian tiger is solitary and nocturnal . it is among those territorial animals that can be aggressive while meeting an intruder trespassing their territory marked by scent traces . despite its unfavorable reputation , the siberian tiger doesn\u2019t attack people , it avoids them , unless it\u2019s very hungry or sick and can\u2019t hunt its usual prey . the bengal tiger ( panthera tigris tigris ) is more dangerous , although the siberian tiger is larger .\nthe siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) is found mainly in russian territory , in the east of siberia and north china .\nthe siberian tiger or amur tiger is the largest subspecies and the largest cat in the world . however , this has only happened with specimens in captivity as in the wild the bengal tiger is bigger .\nthe siberian tiger has a few other common names including the amur tiger and the king of taiga . there are only about 500 of these animals left in the world .\nin fact , the siberian tiger should be titled as the king of animals , because the lion would be defeated in such a fight \u2013 more : lion vs tiger .\nussuri brown bears , along with the smaller asian black bears constitute 2 . 1 % of the siberian tiger ' s annual diet ,\nde novo transcriptomic analysis and development of est - ssr markers in the siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nlachlei , m . b . .\nwhat are some threats to the siberian tiger ?\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nsource / reference article learn how you can use or cite the siberian tiger article in your website content , school work and other projects .\nsiberian tiger has the thickest and the longest fur . it has fewer stripes than other subspecies . total number of stripes can reach 100 .\ntiger ( siberian ) young people ' s trust for the environment . web . date of access march 23 , 2014 . unknown author .\nthe tiger is just trying to be a tiger ,\nvaillant says .\nalso known as the amur tiger , the siberian tiger resides in a small region in the southeast region russia . they are also located in small numbers in china and north korea .\na seven - year - old tiger gave birth to a female cub on 25 july 2011 , which was the first successful breeding of a siberian tiger in the wild in china .\nthanks to its coloration , the siberian tiger can easily hide in grass and on trees . if there is harmony in a given ecosystem , the tiger willingly hunts elks and boars .\nin 1947 the siberian tiger was taken under protection and tiger hunting was fully prohibited . the siberian tiger is enlisted in the iucn red list of threatened species , the red book of russia as endangered species and listed in appendices ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) .\nthe siberian tiger has particularly narrow black stripes on its rusty - coloured coat . in proportion to the rest of its strong , majestic body , the legs of the siberian appear short . however , they are very strong and well - developed .\nthe siberian tiger is at risk of extinction , despite many actions taken in order to protect it . the animal is hunted by poachers who want its fur . also the doctors specializing in traditional chinese medicine contribute to the killings of siberian tigers .\na wild siberian tiger is caught by camera in northeast china ' s jilin province on dec . 10 , 2015 . [ photo : xinhua ]\nthe siberian tigers brought from russia are genetically similar to the extinct persian tigers but not identical . a professor of ecology at shahid beheshti university , bahram kiabi , said ,\ngenetic similarity does not mean that the siberian tiger is the mazandaran tiger . these two are only related .\nfast facts about tigers at the northern limits of their range . photo gallery : a closer look at tigers studied under the siberian tiger project .\nthe siberian tiger resides in a small region in the southeast region russia . they are also located in small numbers in china and north korea .\nnow the plan is for many more , say the heilongjiang siberian tiger park , the largest breeding centre in the world for the endangered creature .\nas the vehicle travelled through the siberian tiger garden area , there was an\naltercation\nbetween the young woman and man who was driving .\n\u2022 in 2007 , an escaped siberian tiger attacked and killed one zoo patron and injured two others in a cafe at the san francisco zoo .\nquestions have been raised over whether tourists have overfed the captive tigers in the park , the world\u2019s largest siberian tiger breeding and field training centre .\na file photo of a siberian tiger . a different one mauled and killed a bus driver in china earlier this week . ( pettitt for news )\nbody size and morphology varies considerably among subspecies of tigers . siberian tigers , also know as amur tigers (\nsiberian tigers and amur leopards mainly live in east russia , northeast china and mountainous areas in north korea .\nthe siberian tiger is larger than the bengal tiger ; its pelage is thicker and brighter . reddish body covered with narrow black transverse stripes . pattern of every tiger is unique , as fingerprints : you won\u2019t find two tigers with identic pattern .\nthe striped pattern of the siberian tiger is unique . it is like human fingerprints . no two individuals have the same pattern of stripes on their body .\nthe tragic incident began when a young woman got out of a car inside the siberian tiger enclosure to berate her partner in the driver ' s seat .\nhuman impacts have since caused the extinction of three subspecies , the javan tiger , bali tiger and caspian tiger , and world tiger numbers could now have fallen to fewer than 3000 .\nthis is the most common subspecies of tiger and is almost as large as the siberian tiger . fewer than 2 , 500 bengal tigers remain in their native habitat of india , nepal , and pakistan .\nas people continue to encroach on the tiger ' s original range , the siberian tiger finds more people and less prey . these tigers eat wild boar , sika deer and elk . as the forest is turned into farmland or urban centers , the tiger no longer has enough food to support itself . combined with poaching of its prey species , the siberian tiger may not have enough prey to subsist on .\n( siberian musk deer in the sikhote - alin : ecology and behavior ) , moscow : nauka , 1991 .\namur , or siberian , tiger numbers have grown from 20 - 30 in the 1930s to around 500 now . photograph : andrew lichtenstein / corbis via getty images\ntiger cesus 2015 : experts are counting the tiger ' s traces . picture : sikhote - alin nature reserve , cetre ' amur tiger '\nthe provincial forestry department set up about 1 , 000 far infrared cameras to monitor the activity of the siberian tigers and leopards since 2006 . there are 27 siberian tigers currently living in jilin province , according to the latest survey .\nin buddhism , the tiger symbolizes anger . the tungus peoples , currently located in siberia , regard the siberian tiger as being close to a deity . this subspecies is the national animal of south korea , while the bengal tiger is from india and bangladesh .\nthe amur tiger , or siberian tiger as it is also known , is the largest subspecies which once lived across a large portion of northern china , the korean peninsula , and the southernmost regions of far east russia . the amur tiger most likely derived from the caspian tiger , recent research has shown .\nsiberian tigers are among the world ' s most endangered species . they mostly live in northeast china and eastern russia .\nchina is committed to next year conducting a similar census of siberian tigers on its territory , for the first time .\nbecause of their size , strength and ferocity , the siberian tigers have no known wild predators in their dwelling regions .\nthe tracks of a siberian tiger in the deep snows of primorski . fomenko tracks tigers to check their health and to look for signs of their only predators : poachers\ndespite the aforementioned numbers , tigers are long and lean . the average head and body length of an adult siberian tiger is approximately 10 . 75 feet . the adult male tiger\u2019s lithe body can measure as long as 3 . 7 meters , or 12 feet . female siberian tigers grow to 2 . 4 meters , or nearly 8 feet , in length . the tail length of ranges between two and three feet , and the tiger stands roughly 3 . 5 feet tall at the shoulder . for comparison , the sumatran tiger is just over half of the size of the average siberian tiger .\nthe man mauled by a rare siberian tiger and later found responsible for its death , is now a volunteer with a pilot conservation project in jilin province . qi xiao reports\njaipur \u2013 the largest siberian tiger in captivity ; weight \u2013 465 kg ( 1025 lb ) , body length with the tail \u2013 390 cm ( 12ft 9 . 5in )\ndecades of poaching and logging in china and elsewhere have ravaged the siberian tiger population , with only about 500 left in the wild worldwide . photograph : tim davis / corbis\nsiberian tiger 297 print is one in a series of 10 prints which make up his endangered species portfolio . the portfolio includes the african elephant , the pine barrens tree frog , the bald eagle , the giant panda , the siberian tiger , the san francisco silverspot , the orangutan , grevy\u2019s zebra , the black rhinoceros and the bighorn ram .\nhabitat the siberian tiger favours forested areas and secluded mountain ranges . in its natural habitat in the russian far east , the siberian tiger enjoys a variety of different forests , from korean pine broadleaf forests to east asian coniferous areas and a vast variety in - between . this habitat is important as it is home to the ideal types of prey required by the siberian tiger to survive . in addition to the russian far east , a small number of this subspecies can also be found in china and north korea . snow - laden areas are not suitable for the siberian tiger as their natural prey cannot survive under these conditions , meaning that there is no food for the wild cats either .\nother researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers .\nan undated photo provided by the san francisco zoo shows tatiana , a female siberian tiger that escaped its enclosure and killed one man and injured two others on dec . 25 .\nwe welcome a healthy debate , but do not accept offensive or abusive comments . please also read ' siberian times ' privacy policy\nintimate photos of rare siberian tigers in the remote russian far east have been released by the land of the leopard national park .\nthere are estimated to be about 22 adult siberian tigers and seven cubs in the park , which spans 260 , 000 hectares .\nthe cameras were set up by rangers in the park to monitor the tigers and equally endangered leopards , the siberian times reported .\nblog dedicated to the world largest cat spacey . here you ' ll learn everything you ever wanted to know about siberian tigers .\nin the feline world , the tiger reigns as the largest of cats . there are currently only five of the original nine subspecies of tigers remaining in the wild today . the sumatran tiger is the smallest of these subspecies , and the superlative honor of the largest is conferred to russia\u2019s siberian tiger , also known as the amur tiger .\nconservationists said the video footage of a mother siberian tiger and her two cubs playing 30km from the russian border was a sign the endangered species could be making a comeback in china .\nnormally , in the wild , the life span of a siberian tiger is 10 - 15 years , however , in captivity , they can live for up to almost 20 years .\nthe great soul of siberia : in search of the elusive siberian tiger by sooyong park , translated by jamie chang , is published by william collins ( 270pp , \u00a316 . 99 )\nif you have ever fantasized about a tiger purring away on your lap on a cold winter\u2019s evening , this figure will be sobering as you ponder the consequence of being squashed . as the largest of the tigers , the average weight for an adult siberian tiger is approximately 660 pounds . a male siberian tiger can weigh in as high as 423 kilograms , or 933 pounds . females , although considerably lighter , can tip the scales at 168 kilograms , or 370 pounds . that is a massive jump from the 1 . 7 to 3 . 5 - pound weight of a newborn siberian tiger cub .\nthe siberian tiger may be doomed because of its lack of genetic diversity . while these tigers have made a great comeback , the huge decrease in the 1940s means that these tigers have a very limited gene pool . the cats may be inbreeding , thus causing serious health problems that may doom the subspecies . the siberian tiger is very close genetically to already extinct tigers .\nmales of the largest subspecies , the amur ( siberian ) tiger , may weigh up to 660 pounds . for males of the smallest subspecies\u2014the sumatran tiger\u2014upper range is at around 310 pounds . within each subspecies , males are heavier than females .\nsiberian tigers are considered endangered by iucn\u2019s red list . one cause of their dwindling population is loss of habitat due to deforestation . in addition , siberian tigers are poached , or illegally hunted , for their fur and for body parts that are used for traditional medicines .\nartificially - bred ' next generation ' siberian tigers will breed in the wild , said the park ' s chief engineer liu dan .\nthey were about 3 kilometers from their village , talking about how they were going to enjoy the game , when a wild siberian tiger appeared behind them , just a few dozen meters away .\nthe siberian tiger\u2019s ability to devour almost 100 pounds of meat at one sitting and hold their food helps them derive energy even when winter season lasts for months , and they can survive normally .\nthe siberian tiger has a tremendous physical strength and greatly developed sense organs . tigers spent a lot of time hunting . their main prey \u2013 hoofed animals . to catch prey tiger creeps upon it , humps the back , sets his rear legs against the ground and attacks . only one of ten attempts succeeds . if the attempt fails tiger prefers not to follow the prey but to search for a new one . when there\u2019s not enough prey in forests the siberian tiger can attack cattle and dogs .\nmany people believe that lions weigh more than tigers . but this myth is actually wrong . because tigers are the ones which weigh more than lions . . very surprisingly , the male tiger out - weighs the male lion with a factor of nearly 100 pounds . these statistics are specifically true for the siberian tigers . siberian amur tiger weighs nearly 100 pounds more than a male african lion .\nheilongjiang has bred more than 1 , 000 siberian tigers since its establishment in 1986 , when it had just eight of the large cats .\nthe amur tiger ( panthera tigris ssp . altaica ) , also known as the siberian tiger , is among the world\u2019s rarest and most endangered cat species . the largest and northernmost tiger , it is believed only around 450 of these magnificent , 200kg , three - metre - long cats remain in the wild .\nsince the start of the 20th century , when world tiger populations were thought to be above 100 , 000 , three tiger sub - species have gone extinct : the caspian tiger ( which was so closely related to the amur tiger than some scientists believe them to be one and the same ) , the bali tiger , and the javan tiger .\nsiberian tiger is a subspecies of tiger known by the scientific name panthera tigris altaica . it is also commonly known as the amur tiger and is the largest tiger of all . their fur possesses the ability to change shades to help with camouflage . because of the high poaching rate of these tigers , they nearly went extinct in the 1940s with only about 40 of them left , but thanks to wwf ( world wide fund for nature ) and other conservation groups , the number of siberian tigers is kept around 400 .\nthe views expressed in the comments above are those of our readers . ' siberian times ' reserves the right to pre - moderate some comments .\nsexual maturity occurs for females after three to four years and for males , it occurs after 4 to 5 years . half of the siberian tiger cubs can not survive more than two years of age .\nthe largest of all cats in the world is the siberian tiger or amur tiger . they are well known for their elegant walk and their purring sound . they are often found in books , movies , and various types of folklore . this is a type of tiger that many people are familiar with the appearance of .\n) reserve that has been a stronghold for the amur tiger since its creation in 1935 , and which harbors over 30 tigers today . in 1992 wcs ( initially as the hornocker wildlife institute ) in cooperation with the sikhote - alin reserve began intensive studies of tiger ecology under the siberian tiger project , today the world\u2019s longest running radio - telemetry based tiger research and conservation effort .\nthe siberian tiger , a subspecies of tiger , is the largest cat in the world . it averages about 3 . 3 m ( 11 ft . ) in length , with a tail measuring 1 m ( 3 ft . ) . adult male siberian tigers can weigh up to 320 kg ( 700 lb . ) , while females are significantly smaller , weighing up to 180 kg ( 400 lb . ) .\nin short , you can say about the bengal tiger that it has a nasty character . it feels an overwhelming need of confrontation , and it has been observed many times , as a tiger caused fights with lions or siberian ( amur ) tigers in in zoos .\n) , though smaller than siberian tigers in body size at 2 . 85 meters in length and 195 kg , have the longest skull of all tiger subspecies , measuring 319 to 365 mm . sumatran tigers (\nin a comparison of a lion vs . tiger ; a tiger is ahead of lion . lion only proves out to be second best to a tiger in both strength & fighting .\njilin has banned commercial logging in key state - owned forest farms since april 1 this year , which improves the living environment for the siberian tigers .\nhowever , siberian tigers have been frequently seen around china - russia border areas in recent years , due to joint protection efforts made by both countries .\nwith the decrease in the population of the siberian tiger , the population of the gray wolf increases . it has been proved by the stories of local inhabitants who claim that wolves haven\u2019t been seen in sikhote alin before ; everything changed in 1930s , when the siberian tiger started being hunted , and its habitats were occupied by the colonization of those regions at the end of 19 th and the beginning of 20 th centuries .\none average siberian tigers kill about one person a year . many of them are trappers who approached to close to the tigers . unprovoked attacks by man - eaters occur about once every four years . provoked attacks are much more common . many of the victims are unsuccessful tiger poachers . dogs and livestock are frequently taken by siberian tigers . this occurs often enough that the government compensates people who lose animal to tiger attacks .\nthis month marks the one year anniversary of the biggest siberian tiger release in history . four of the five amur ( aka siberian ) tigers released last year in the russian far east have adapted successfully to life in the wild . newly released video captured by a camera trap positioned at the khingan nature reserve shows a healthy tigress , ilona , marking her territory .\nhistorically , the average adult weight was 474 pounds for males and 300 pounds for females . in short , a siberian tiger can weigh up to 660 pounds , but one specimen raised in captivity reached 1025 lbs .\nrussia outlawed killing the siberian tiger in 1947 , but it hasn ' t stopped poachers . siberian tigers live in such remote locations that poachers can kill them without being caught . poachers hunt these tigers for the illegal wildlife market selling skins , meat and bones . they are also hunted for traditional asian medicines . local people often view tigers as threats to people and livestock and may kill a rare tiger if they see one .\nbreeding and living in the wild is key for the tigers to go back to the mountains , so restoring the species numbers and assisting in their survival . picture from heilongjiang siberian tiger park , china , by urltoken\nan image of a gold siberian tiger is on the coat of arms and flag of primorsky krai \u2013 it is the symbol of prosperity , and draws attention to enormous variety of plants and animals of this region .\nsiberian tigers are found in the russian far east , korean pine , mongolian oak and near the russian border of northeast china . the siberian tigers have the most unregimented population out of all the tigers . most of the siberian tigers that roam free in the primorsky and khabarovsky krai , located in far east russia . a couple can be found on the northeast china border . they usually live in woodlands , boreal and temperate mixed areas , or the mountains . the siberian tiger distribution area was a lot larger before they became endangered . therefore , today most of the siberian tigers are held in reservations or zoos . [ 6 ] like all tigers , the siberian tiger is very territorial . male cubs leave their mother anywhere from 16 to 22 months , whereas , the daughter may remain with her mother . sometimes it takes a one hundred kilometer journey for a tiger to find an uninhabited land to claim . a siberian tiger\u2019s territory does not stay stable for long despite the fact that they do not migrate . it may gain territory when its neighbor dies or lose territory if it losing a fight against an invader . [ 7 ] tigers need a territory large enough to provide for their nutrition needs . they siberian tigers main prey is elk , wild boar , and sika deer . their diet also consists of smaller animals like badgers and raccoons . during the summer time , they might even feed on black and brown bears . when the times are too difficult to find their usual prey , the siberian tiger may feed upon domestic animals like dogs , cows , horses , etc . when hunting the tigers\u2019 size , strength , and claws help them with their defense . they are extremely silent when hunting and prefer to do it alone . like all tigers , the siberian tiger will take extreme measures , such as fighting to the death , to protect their habitat , territory and young . [ 8 ]\nthe largest of the tiger subspecies , males can be as long as a station wagon ! these tigers also have the palest orange coat and the fewest stripes , to help it blend in with its snow - covered habitat . as it lives in a very cold climate , the siberian tiger\u2019s coat grows longer and thicker than other tiger subspecies , and it develops a layer of fat for insulation . there are less than 400 siberian tigers left in their home range of eastern russia and northeastern china .\nthe gestation period in siberian tigers is 3 - 3 . 5 months . female tigers give birth once every two years at any point during the year .\nhistory records that , during the russian civil war , both the red army and the white army based in vladivostok almost wiped out the local siberian tigers .\ntiger cubs growth rate specifically depends upon their weights . at the time of their birth tiger cubs are around 1 . 8 pounds . after 120 days tiger cubs are around 35 pounds . after 60 days tiger cubs are around 9 . 5 pounds .\nunfortunately , the siberian tiger has faced difficult times , full of threats derived mainly from human activities . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has classified the siberian tiger as endangered , but in the 1990s it was critically endangered . one of its worst times was in the early twentieth century since in the 1930\u2019s the population fell to about 20 - 30 individuals . a 2005 census estimated a small population of 360 specimens .\nthe siberian tiger can down an asian black bear ( ursus thibetanus ) and a brown bear ( ursus arctos ) , if the population of ungulates decreases . however , in such a situation , it more often attacks brown bears near their winter habitats . the siberian tiger is more willing to hunt the bears because they cannot climb trees , contrary to asian black bears , and they prefer more open spaces where they are easier to hunt .\nthe siberian tiger was once found all over far east russia , the korean peninsula , and northern china . however , many people hunted these animals not only for the meat , but also their fur for clothing , medicine , and home d\u00e9cor . this drove these tigers almost to extinction . by the 1940s only about 40 siberian tigers were left in the wild . the first country to pass a law that gave these tigers full protection was russia . since a majority of the siberian tigers lived ( and still live ) in russia , by the 1980s there were around 500 of them . when the soviet union fell , the poaching of these tigers grew , but the russian conservation efforts , along with the wwf , have attempted to stabilize the population , keeping the number now around 450 . the siberian tigers\u2019 habitat is limited to the primorski and khabarovski provinces of far east russian and tiny areas of the chinese border . [ 9 ] the biggest threat to siberian tigers is deforestation . a couple other main threats are the excessive hunting of the tiger\u2019s main prey , killing the animal for it body parts to be used in traditional medicines , and habitat loss , which results from fires , logging and development of cities . the wwf along with the russian animal conservation and scientist have been working on several ways to protect the siberian tigers and help the subspecies prosper . they have secured the siberian tigers\u2019 habitats . these include protected areas and conservation leases . they have also found millions of acres that can sustainable manage the tigers . siberian tigers are also being placed into zoos and preserves where they can be watch , protected , and their reproduction can be managed . people are also working with hunting communities to protect the animals like deer , elk , and boar that the siberian tiger hunts . the wwf is trying to create better logging and hunting laws that will be reinforced to protect the tigers\u2019 habitats . they also advocate the importance of saving the siberian tiger to people . they help host an annual \u201ctiger day\u201d in vladivostok and other cities in the primorskii provinces , where the siberian tiger population is high . [ 10 ]\nsiberian tigers are distinguishable by their striped fur . similar to people\u2019s unique fingerprints , no two tigers have the same striped pattern . siberian tigers differ from other tigers because they have fewer , paler stripes , and they also have manes . the mane , in addition to their thick fur , helps keep them warm .\nbengal tigers are second only to the siberian tiger in size . in fact , some bengal tigers from the indian state of assam are as large as siberian tigers . there is wide variation in their striping patterns . a specific feature of bengal tigers is their black ear . the large tiger weights around 160 - 260 kg . its ranges are in small protected areas in india , nepal , bhutan , bangladesh , and western forest of myanmar .\nthey ( the attacks ) were an avoidable tragedy ,\nsays wu zhigang , a researcher with the jilin provincial institute of forestry science and one of the foremost scholars in siberian tiger protection .\nboth the tiger and the farmers would have been safe if not for the snares .\nsize : length of the siberian tiger body , without tail \u2013 160 - 200 cm , length of tail about 100 cm . weight of an adult animal can reach 300 kg . the largest weight recorded \u2013 384 kg .\nsiberian tigers were once found throughout the russian far east , northern china and the korean peninsula . by the 1940s hunting had driven the tiger to the brink of extinction , with no more than 40 remaining in the wild .\nrigezoo cata\ntigers are special animals . they rule in asia . siberian tigers have really shown us any animal can survive and adapt in any climate .\nenvironmental officials from china and russia have decided to work together to improve the protection of siberian tigers and amur leopards in order to save the two endangered species .\nonly 300 are believed to be living in the wild , with 20 in northeast china . siberian tigers are one of the world ' s rarest animal species .\nthe siberian tiger feeds on several animal species . an individual typically consumes musk deer , manchuria wapitis , gorals , moose , wild boars , siberian roe deer , sika deer , hares , rabbits , pikas and even salmon , and other species of ungulate animals . according to a study carried out in the 1990s , its distribution seems to be related to the distribution of its favorite prey .\nwe can save wild tigers . in 2010 , the 13 tiger range countries committed to tx2\u2014to double wild tiger numbers by 2022 , the next year of the tiger . wwf is driving tx2 forward .\nthe siberian tiger is the largest of all of the wild cats in the world . also known as the amur tiger or by its scientific name , panthera tigris altaica , this magnificent animal is naturally found predominantly in the sikhote - alin mountain range in the far east of russia . of course , there are also siberian tigers in zoos , parks and conservation areas around the world . today , there are only about 400 siberians to be found in the wild .\nthe siberian tigers once wandered in tianqiaoling area but became extinct in the mid 1980s ,\nsaid wu zhigang , a researcher with the provincial academy of forestry .\nwwf\u2019s conservation efforts to entice siberian tigers back to china over the last six to seven years have largely focused on bringing back the deer that the tigers prey on .\nzhang , x . , chen , y . , zhu , h . ( 1993 ) . comparative investigation on the chromosomes of siberian tigers and south china tigers .\nin the past , the siberian tiger was also considered to be shy and non - threatening towards people , unless it was provoked , although there were incidents when a tiger killed a woman collecting wood , and a defenseless officer when he was crossing a reed bed . we need to add the latest case , when an amur tiger killed a zoo keeper in germany .\nin 1996 , the global survival network ( gsn ) was part of a multilateral effort to increase protection of the endangered siberian , or amur , tiger . the program , named the phoenix fund , was co - developed by the post\nalasaad s , soriguer rc , chelomina g , sushitsky yp , fickel j . siberian tiger ' s recent population bottleneck in the russian far east revealed by microsatellite markers . mamm biol . 2011 ; 76 ( 6 ) : 722\u2013726 .\nthe siberian tiger , although it is more peaceful and doesn\u2019t cause such encounters , always wins them . its size , weight , and range of arms are decisive factors . it is the largest cat and it is unrivalled among felids .\nligers are the biggest cats on earth ; they weigh 900 to 1200 pounds . siberian tigers are the second biggest cats with a weight of around 600 pounds and lions are the third biggest cats with a weight of around 500 pounds . bengal tigers and sumatran tigers also weigh more than lions even though they are smaller than siberian tigers .\nthere are currently an estimated 500 siberian tigers in the wild , of which only 20 or so can be found live in northeast china ' s jilin and heilongjiang provinces .\naccording to wwf , there are about 540 wild tigers around the world . from 2012 to 2014 at least 27 wild siberian tigers were spotted in north - east china .\nfur : unlike the royal bengal tigers , the siberian tigers have dense fur and also manes , which help them stay warm in the cold snowy weather . their stripes are fewer and paler , which make them differentiable from other tiger species .\nthe weight of a male siberian tiger , normally about 550lb , increases by about 10 per cent in winter , mr liu said , adding that food intake for the big cats increases by about 30 per cent to 13 - 18lb daily .\nthe goal of the siberian tiger project is to collect the best possible scientific information on tiger ecology for use in conservation plans . through radio - tracking of more than 60 tigers since 1992 , wcs specialists have studied their social structure , land use patterns , food habits , reproduction , mortality , and relationship with other species , including humans . as a result we have consistently made sound conservation recommendations based upon comprehensive knowledge of tiger ecology and the role of tigers in the forested ecosystems of the russian far east . the siberian tiger project positions wcs as scientific leaders in russia , and gives us the credibility to engage policy - makers as scientists with a real understanding of tiger conservation needs .\nfirst ever liger cub was born in novosibirsk zoo of russia during 2004 . in fact there were twin liger cubs in russia named as zita and gita . liger zita and gita was the product of male african lion and female siberian tigress . russia is the largest country in the world and has the largest amount of siberian tigers in the wild .\nthree local politicians in china raised at least 11 endangered siberian tigers , state media reported thursday after one of the animals jumped to its death from a high - rise building .\nriding the tiger : tiger conservation in human - dominated landscapes . john seidensticker , peter jackson , sarah christie . cambridge university press , 1999 .\nin 1947 the government issued a blanket prohibition on tiger hunting in russia . moreover , catching tiger cubs was first restricted and later completely prohibited .\nby 2022 , the next year of the tiger , both wild amur tiger and its habitat in china will be double according to wwf\u2019s tx2 .\nrasputin , a siberian tiger , managed to sneak back into his outdoor area without the 56 - year - old keeper noticing . he sprung on him from behind and bit through his neck . the zookeeper died instantly , the westdeutsche allgemeine zeitung reported .\ninvestigators said that the most likely reason behind his death was basic human error . a similar attack happened in the nearby city of cologne two years ago . a keeper was attacked by a siberian tiger after forgetting to shut the door and was killed .\nthe siberian tiger has thick fur that is white and orange with black stripes . its paws have sharp claws for tearing their food and immobilising its prey . they have powerful bodies built for taking down large animals and things a lot heavier than them .\ntian y , wu jg , smith at , wang tm , kou xj , ge jp . population viability of the siberian tiger in a changing landscape : going , going and gone ? ecol model . 2011 ; 222 ( 17 ) : 3166\u20133180 .\ntiger ( panthera tigris linnaeus , 1758 ) is a characteristic species of asia , which is in severe danger . siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) is the largest one of the five existent tiger subspecies . it is extremely endangered . one new way for tiger protection and rescue is to study interspecies cloning . but there is few research data about siberian tiger . in this study , we cultured siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro , analyzed their biological characteristics , chromosomes , and cell cycles , to provide not only nuclear donors with good morphology , normal biological characteristics , and chromosome quantity for tiger interspecies cloning , but also reliable data for further studying siberian tiger . the results indicated that siberian tiger ear fibroblasts can be successfully obtained by tissue culture either with or without overnight cold digestion , the cultured cells were typical fibroblasts with normal morphology , growth curve , and chromosome quantity ; g0 / g1 percentage increased and s percentage decreased with the confluence of cells . g0 / g1 and s stage rate was significantly different between 40\u201350 % and 80\u201390 % , 95\u2013100 % confluence ; there is no distinct difference between 80\u201390 % and 95\u2013100 % confluence . the cells at the same density ( 80\u201390 % confluence ) were treated with or without 0 . 5 % serum starving , go / g1 rate of the former was higher than the latter , but the difference was not significant . go / g1 proportion of 95\u2013100 % confluence was slightly higher than serum starving ( 80\u201390 % confluence ) , but no significant difference . therefore , the siberian tiger fibroblasts we cultured in vitro can be used as donor cells , and the donor cells do not need to be treated with normal serum starvation during nuclear transfer ; if we will just consider the rate of the g0 / g1 stage cells , serum starvation can be replaced by confluence inhibition when cultured cells were more than 80\u201390 % confluence .\nthe habitat of the siberian tigers is mostly the snow - covered hilly regions , where they actually belong . like all other tigers , these tigers prefer to live in the forest areas .\nthere have been several reports of captive tigers mauling humans in recent years . in a 2009 attack , chinese cops shot and killed two siberian tigers after they pounced on a zoo worker .\nabout 500 siberian or amur tigers are left in the wild , with 95 % of them in the russian far east . within the tiger\u2019s range in russia , the largest protected area is the sikhote - alin biosphere reserve , a 400 , 000 ha ( 4000 km\nsize : the siberian tiger can reach a length of up to 10 feet , with the tail attaining an average length of about 3 feet . the height of these felids is 3 to 3 \u00bd feet ( . 9 \u2013 1 . 1m ) at the shoulders .\na tigon is a hybrid bit cat that results from the crossbreeding of a tiger and lioness . tigons have a fur like lion and stripes like tiger .\nthe amur tiger is found mostly in the area of manchuria which is close to the amur river . around south central china is where you will find the south chinese tiger . the southeast of china is where you will find the indo - chinese tiger . around indonesia is the home of the sumatran tiger .\non november 21 - 24 , 2010 , st petersburg hosted the international tiger conservation forum which featured representatives of 13 countries that have wild tigers . the forum participants approved a global programme for the restoration of the tiger population and a declaration of tiger conservation . russia will enact a national amur tiger conservation strategy .\nvillagers in north - east china have long endured frigid winters , scorching summers and an occasional drought , but some now have something else to worry about : possible attacks by wild siberian tigers .\nsiberian tiger skull . panthera tigris altaica . cast from original specimen . panthera tigris . * size : 14 . 5 inch ( 37cm ) * museum quality replicas are cast in durable polyurethane resins . * made in usa shop more museum quality skull replicas in felidae skulls store\naccording to the world wildlife fund , the present population of these extremely rare mammals is 400 ( as of 2014 ) . the main cause of the rapid fall of the population of the siberian tiger is poaching . these tigers have frequently been hunted down for their skin .\nsiberian tigers have also been losing habitat to increasing human activity\u2014primarily logging and road - building\u2014as well as to changes brought about by global warming . drier , hotter conditions , along with frequent , devastating forest fires , have been a major effect of climate change on tiger habitat .\ntiger ( panthera tigris linnaeus , 1758 ) is a characteristic species of asia , which is in severe danger . siberian tiger ( panthera tigris altaica ) is the largest one of the five existent tiger subspecies . it is extremely endangered . one new way for tiger protection and rescue is to study interspecies cloning . but there is few research data about siberian tiger . in this study , we cultured siberian tiger fibroblasts in vitro , analyzed their biological characteristics , chromosomes , and cell cycles , to provide not only nuclear donors with good morphology , normal biological characteristics , and chromosome quantity for tiger interspecies cloning , but also reliable data for further studying siberian tiger . the results indicated that siberian tiger ear fibroblasts can be successfully obtained by tissue culture either with or without overnight cold digestion , the cultured cells were typical fibroblasts with normal morphology , growth curve , and chromosome quantity ; g0 / g1 percentage increased and s percentage decreased with the confluence of cells . g0 / g1 and s stage rate was significantly different between 40 - 50 % and 80 - 90 % , 95 - 100 % confluence ; there is no distinct difference between 80 - 90 % and 95 - 100 % confluence . the cells at the same density ( 80 - 90 % confluence ) were treated with or without 0 . 5 % serum starving , go / g1 rate of the former was higher than the latter , but the difference was not significant . go / g1 proportion of 95 - 100 % confluence was slightly higher than serum starving ( 80 - 90 % confluence ) , but no significant difference . therefore , the siberian tiger fibroblasts we cultured in vitro can be used as donor cells , and the donor cells do not need to be treated with normal serum starvation during nuclear transfer ; if we will just consider the rate of the g0 / g1 stage cells , serum starvation can be replaced by confluence inhibition when cultured cells were more than 80 - 90 % confluence ."]}
{"id": 2474, "summary": [{"text": "pyrausta antisocialis is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by munroe in 1976 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new mexico and arizona .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to august . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "pyrausta antisocialis", "paragraphs": ["researching further this could be pyrausta antisocialis - hodges # 5076 . i will do more checking .\nmoved from sociable pyrausta moth . bob patterson agrees this is most likely pyrausta antisocialis - hodges # 5076 still a new species for bug guide and this will be the only photo on moth photographers group ! only a few pinned photos exist on bold . thanks\nat mpg but i have no idea of its range . in the huachuca mountains i have most commonly collected pyrausta arizonicalis 5066 but it does not look like it .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 141 ; pl . 9 . 38 - 39 order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nholotype : usa : new mexico , mckinley co . , mcgaffey , zu\u00f1i mts . @ 7500 ' .\n. the wedge entomological research foundation . p . 141 , pl . 9 , figs . 38 - 39 , pl . k , fig . 7 , pl . t , fig . 11 .\nthe moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 13 . 2b . pyraloidea , pyralidae ( part ) , pyraustinae , pyraustini ( conclusion ) . . . munroe , eugene . 1976 . the wedge entomological research foundation .\ncheck list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .\ncontributed by maury j . heiman on 11 june , 2011 - 9 : 36pm additional contributions by kyhl austin last updated 25 march , 2016 - 10 : 06pm\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\naspen trail , santa catalina mts . , pima county , arizona , usa june 3 , 2011\ncan someone id this very colorful moth ? found at 8 , 000 feet during the day . don ' t know if i scared it up or if it was a day - flier ?\nmoved from id request . i agree with charles nice addition to bug guide !\nwish i ' d gotten a sharper image , but one shot and it was gone .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nmunroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of scopariinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]\nmunroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of nymphulinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]\nmunroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of odontiinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]\nmunroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of glaphyriinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]\n[ mona 5042 ] - - [ source uaic ] potential miss - ided , munroe ( 1976 ) seems to indicate texas as western limit .\n( b & mcd . ) [ mona 5133 ] - - [ source c . ferris ]\nfrom the pollination garden at the arizona sonora desert museum ( tucson ) from 28 oct 2006 . notice the hair - pencils at the end of the abdomen .\nbruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page ."]}
{"id": 2477, "summary": [{"text": "triphysa dohrnii is a butterfly of the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in russia ( the southern altai mountains , tuva , transbaikalia ) , north-western china and mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of mountainous steppe up to altitudes of 2,400 meters .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are on wing from june to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "triphysa dohrnii", "paragraphs": ["triphysa nervosa motschulsky , 1866 = triphysa albovenosa erschoff , 1885 = triphysa dohrnii = triphysa albovensa .\n- coenonympha ( triphysa ) dohrnii : unclear if in western palearctic , from eastern slopes of ural eastwards .\n\u00b7 similar species . t . dohrnii : fringes white ; uns ocelli developed .\ntriphysa phryne var . glacialis bang - haas , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 2 ) : 105 ; tl : arasagun - gol\nid : 291111 original name : triphysa dohrnii . jpg size 750x562 - 99365 bytes image manager : tom\u00e1\u0161 vr\u00e1na directory : 2129 created : 2016 - 04 - 29 09 : 40 : 18 - user ond\u0159ej zicha url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 291111 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 291111 ] ] ( thumbnail )\nganzha , e . a . ( 2012 ) . frina triphysa phryne pallas , 1771 . red data book of tambov region . tambov , 150 ( in russian ) .\ntriphysa phryne ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ bow ] : pl . 204 , f . 17 , 19 ; [ mrs ] , 406 ; [ baru , # 224 ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]\n\u00b7 distribution and variation . until recently , this species has been confused with t . phryne . the taxa striatula elwes , 1899 from the altai and glacialis a . bang - haas , 1912 from the sayan mts . probably belong to t . dohrnii .\nanikin , v . v . ( 2006 ) . triphysa phryne ( pallas , 1771 ) . red data book of saratov area . mushrooms , lichens , plants and animals . saratov , 305 - 306 ( in russian ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u00b7 type locality .\n. . . aus dem sudlichen russland\n[ probably s . siberia ] .\n\u00b7 range . the s . altai mts . , tuva , transbaikalia , nw . china , mongolia .\n\u00b7 habitat and biology . steppe habitats up to 2 , 400 m a . s . l . in the mountains . flight period : june - july .\n\u00b7 similar species . t . phryne : uns ocelli with white dots ; unh white stripe in cell smaller and sharply defined . t . nervosa : fringes dark grey ; uns ocelli reduced .\nphoto and text : guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 1 . pensoft , sofia - moscow . 1997\nphryne herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , [ 1844 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 1 ( 5 ) : 90 ; ts : papilio tircis stoll\npapilio tircis stoll , [ 1782 ] ; in cramer , uitl . kapellen 4 ( 32 - 32 ) : 166 , pl . 373 , f . d , e\nn . transuralia , s . siberia ( mountains ) , e . siberia , amurland , far east , korea , n . china , ne , china , mongolia . see [ maps ]\n561x556 ( ~ 66kb ) underside female alternating highland dwarf birch ( betula rotundifolia ) and kobresia myosuroides tundras on a ledge of the southerm principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , 1843 ( - 1855 ) , die tagfalter\nzeller , 1850 zwei neue tagfalter stettin . ent . ztg . 11 : 308 - 313\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n* image is also available in higher resolution : 291111 . jpg ( 3968x2976 - 1972 kb ) .\nnote : if not otherwise indicated image is property of its author and cannot be used without his permission .\nfor every image in gallery , either accepted or unconfirmed , you can add , change or verify determination ( identification ) , or write comments .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nregions of russia : eastern yakutia , gorno - altai , transbaikalia , western yakutia , the lower amur , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , primorye , sakhalin , the north okhotsk , mid - amur , average okhotsk , sredneobskaya , tuva , chukotka , south yakutia .\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nsearch scope all # # search . author # # title abstract index terms full text\naibasov , kh . a . ( 1975 ) . fauna of lepidoptera of western kazakhstan . nasekomye ( poluzhestkokrylye , zhestkokrylye , cheshuekrylye ) zapadnogo kazakhstana . alma - ata : fan , 102 - 150 ( in russian ) .\naibasov , kh . a . & zhdanko , a . b . ( 1982 ) . fauna of lepidoptera of northern kazakhstan . alma - ata : fan . 36 p . ( in russian ) .\nanikin , v . v . , sachkov , s . a . & zolotuhin , v . v . ( 1993 ) . \u201cfauna lepidopterologica volgo - uralensis\u201d 150 year later : changes and additions . part 1 . rhopalocera . atalanta , 24 , 89 - 120 .\nburnasheva , a . p . ( 2012 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of the steppe associations in the middle lena river valley . amurian zoological journal , 4 ( 3 ) , 277 - 283 ( in russian ) .\nbozano , g . c . ( 2002 ) . satyrinae . part iii . tribe satyrini , subtribes melanargiina and coenonymphina . guide to the butterflies of the palearctic region . milano : omnes artes , 71 p .\ndubatolov , v . v . & gordeev , s . yu . ( 2002 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera : hesperioidea , papilionoidea ) of priargunie . 2 . spring aspect . animal world of far east , 4 , 123\u2013136 ( in russian ) .\ndubatolov , v . v . , mutin , v . a . , novomodnyi , e . v . & dolgikh , a . m . ( 2010 ) . distributional limits of butterflies ( insecta , lepidoptera , hesperioidea , papilionoidea ) of the subboreal and the southern components of the temperate complexes within lower amur . amurian zoological journal , 2 ( 3 ) , 253\u2212275 ( in russian ) .\nelwes , h . j . ( 1899 ) . on the lepidoptera of the altai mountains . transaction entomological society london , 47 ( 3 ) , 295\u2013367 .\ngorbunov , p . yu . ( 1992 ) . butterflies of middle taiga of sos\u2019vinskoe priob\u2019e . okhrana i izuchenie redkikh i ischezayushikh vidiv zhivotnykh v zapovednikah . moscow , 13\u201316 ( in russian ) .\ngorbunov , p . yu . ( 2011 ) . macrolepidoptera of deserts and steppe of western kazakhstan . ekaterinburg : i . p . lisicina , 190 p . ( in russian ) .\ngrieshuber , j . & churkin , s . ( 2003 ) . grum - grshimailo\u2019s journey through china with notes on some colias taxa . helios , 4 , 224\u2013243 .\ngrum - grshimailo , g . ( 1899 ) . description of a journey in west - china , ii . through bei - shan and nan - shan and in the yellow river valley . st . petersburg , 445 p . ( in russian ) .\nhemming , f . ( 1967 ) . the generic names of the butterflies and their type - species ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) entomology , suppl . 9 , 3\u2013509 .\nherz , o . ( 1903a ) . lepidopteren - ausbeute der lena - expedition von b . poppius in jahre 1901 . \u00f6fversigt af finska vetenskaps - societetens f\u00fcrhandlingar , 45 ( 15 ) , 1\u201322 .\nherz , o . ( 1903b ) . verzeichnis der auf der mammuth - expedition gesammelten lepidopteren . annuiare du mus\u00e9e zoologique de l\u2019acad\u00e9mie imp\u00e9riale des sciences de st . - p\u00e9tersbourg , 8 , 61\u201387 .\nigarashi , j . , kimura , h . , hida , h . , umeda , y . , yazaki , m . & yui , h . ( 2001 ) . the butterflies of central mongolia . stage , 191 p .\nkajmuk , e . l . , vinokurov , n . n . , burnasheva , a . p . ( 2005 ) . insects of yakutia . lepidoptera . yakutsk , 88 p ( in russian ) .\nknyazev , s . a . ( 2009 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , diurna ) of omsk province , russia . euroasian entomological journal , 8 ( 4 ) , 441\u2013461 ( in russian ) .\nkodandaramaiah , u . & wahlberg , n . ( 2009 ) . phylogeny and biogeography of coenonympha butterflies ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) \u2013 patterns of colonization in the holarctic . systematic entomology , 34 , 315\u2013323 .\nkodandaramaiah , u . , pe\u0441a , c . , braby , m . f . , grund , r . , m\u00fcller , c . j . , nylin , s . & wahlberg , n . ( 2010 ) . phylogenetics of coenonymphina ( nymphalidae : satyrinae ) and the problem of rooting rapid radiations . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 54 , 386\u2013394 .\nkorb , s . k . , bolshakov , l . v . ( 2011a ) . to the knowledge of systematic of palaearctic satyrids from the genus coenonympha h\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera : satyridae ) . eversmannia , 27 - 28 , 7\u201321 ( in russian ) .\nkorb , s . k . , bolshakov , l . v . ( 2011b ) . a catalogue of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilionoformes ) of the former ussr . second edition , reformatted and updated . eversmannia , suppl . 2 , 121 p . ( in russian ) .\nkorshunov , yu . p . ( 1977 ) . diurnal butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of the mongolian people\u2019s republic , ii . insects of mongolia , 5 , 649\u2013681 ( in russian ) .\nkorshunov , yu . p . ( 1996 ) . addition and correction to the book \u201cthe diurnal lepidoptera of asiatic part of russia\u201d . novosibirsk : eta grp . , 66 p ( in russian ) .\nkorshunov , yu . p . & gorbunov , p . yu . ( 1995 ) . the butterflies of asian part of russia . ekaterinburg , 202 p . ( in russian ) .\nkoshkin , e . s . , novomodnyi , e . v . & streltsov , a . n . ( 2007 ) . fauna of the butterflies ( lepidoptera , diurna ) of ezop and dusse - alin mts ( northern amur region ) . a . i . kurentsov\u2019s annual memorial meetings , 18 , 74\u201387 ( in russian ) .\nkosterin , o . e . , knyazev , s . a . , poteiko , a . a . , ponomarev , k . b . , kosheleva , t . f . & teploukhov , v . yu . ( 2007 ) . new records of butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) in omskaya and tomskaya oblast\u2019 . euroasian entomological journal , 6 ( 4 ) , 473\u2013482 ( in russian ) .\nkurentsov , a . i . ( 1970 ) . butterflies of the fare east of ussr . leningrad : nauka , 163 p ( in russian ) .\nkuznetsov , g . v . ( 2009 ) . materials to study of papilionoidea butterflies ( lepidoptera ) from volgograd region . caucasian entomological bulletin , 5 ( 2 ) , 257\u2013267 ( in russian ) .\nlang , h . c . ( 1881 ) . butterflies of europe described and figured . london , 396 p .\nlukhtanov , v . a . & lukhtanov , a . g . ( 1994 ) . die tagfalter nordwestasiens ( lepidoptera , diurna ) . herbipoliana , buchreihe zur lepidopterologie , 3 , 1\u2013440 .\nlukhtanov , v . a . , vishnevskaya , m . s . , volynkin , a . v . & yakovlev , r . v . ( 2007 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of west altai . entomological review , 87 ( 5 ) , 524\u2013544 .\nlvovskiy , a . l . & morgun , d . v . ( 2007 ) . butterflies of east europe . moscow : kmk , 443 p ( in russian ) .\nmartynenko , a . b . ( 2000 ) . field guide of butterflies ( lepidoptera , diurna ) of primorskii krai area . ussuriisk , 115 p . ( in russian ) .\nmorgun , d . v . ( 2003 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) of astrakhan area . russian entomological journal , 12 ( 2 ) , 227\u2013238 ( in russian ) .\nmotschulski , v . ( 1866\u0430 ) . catalogue des insectes recues du japon . bulletin de la societe des naturalistes de moscou , 39 ( 1 ) , 163\u2212200 .\nmotschulski , v . ( 1866b ) . catalogue des lepidopteres rapportes des environs du fl . amour depius la schilka jusqui\u2019a nikolaevsk . bulletin de la societe des naturalistes de moscou , 39 ( 3 ) , 116\u2212119 .\nmutin , v . a . ( 1992 ) . butterflies of komsomolsk na amure and its environments . a . i . kurentsov\u2019s annual memorial meetings , 3 , 36\u201343 ( in russian ) .\nnikitin , m . i . ( 1945 ) . to the knowledge of the lepidoptera\u2013rhopalocera of manchuria . news of the club natural science and geography of young men\u2019s christian association , 1 , 1\u201333 ( in russian ) .\npallas , p . s . ( 1771 ) . reisen durch verschieden provinzen des russischen reichs in den jahren 1768\u20131774 . st . - petersburg , 504 p .\npoltavsky , a . n . ( 2005 ) . concept for the preservation of the lepidoptera biodiversity in agrolandscapes . phegea , 33 ( 4 ) , 145 - 150 .\npoltavsky , a . n . & artokhin , k . s . ( 2012 ) . entomological refugiums and their value when maintaining the red data book of rostov province . rostov - na - donu : ip kubesh , 184 p . ( in russian )\nrubin , n . i . & yakovlev , r . v . ( 2013 ) . checklist of the butterflies ( papilionoidea ) of the saur mountains and adjacent territories ( kazakhstan ) , including systematic notes about the erebia callias group . nota lepidopterologica , 36 ( 2 ) , 137\u2212170 .\nsachkov , s . a . ( 1991 ) . lepidoptera described by p . s . pallas from samara and environments . samarskaya luka , 1 , 108\u2013110 ( in russian ) .\nshkhashemishev , kh . kh . ( 1973 ) . orthoptera and lepidoptera of kabardino - balkariya . nalchik , 140 p . ( in russian ) .\nshodotova , a . a . , gordeev , s . yu . , rudykh , s . g . , gordeeva , t . v . , ustjuzhanin , p . ya . & kovtunovich v . n . ( 2007 ) . lepidoptera of buryatia . novosibirsk , 250 p . ( in russian ) .\nstaudinger , o . 1892 . die macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae . m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 4 , 83\u2212219 .\nstradomsky , b . v . ( 2008 ) . fauna of papilionoidea \u0438 hesperoidea ( lepidoptera ) of area between the rivers severnyi donets and kalitva . caucasian entomological bulletin , 4 ( 3 ) , 349\u2013352 ( in russian ) .\ntakahashi , m . , oshima , y . ( 2005 ) . butterfly survey in magadan district , eastern siberia , far - eastern russia ( 2001 , 2003 ) . yadoriga , 205 , 7\u201330 .\ntalavera , g . , lukhtanov , v . a . , pierce , n . e . , vila , r . ( 2012 ) . establishing criteria for higher - level classification using molecular data : the systematics of polyommatus blue butterflies ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . cladistics doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 0031 . 2012 . 00421 . x , 27 p .\ntoropov , s . a . & zhdanko , a . b . ( 2013 ) . the butterflies of eastern turan , tarbagatai , saur and south - western altai , 1 . bishkek , 235 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . ( 2005 ) . the butterflies of kyrgyzstan . kyiv - brno , 511 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . & nekrutenko , y . ( 2012 ) . the butterflies of caucasus and transcaucasia ( armenia , azerbaijan , georgia and russian federation ) . kiyv - brno , 423 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . , yakovlev , r . v . & b\u00e1lint , zs . 2009 . the butterflies of mongolia . kyiv - pardubice , 320 p .\ntshikolovets , v . v . , yakovlev , r . v . & kosterin , o . e . ( 2009 ) . the butterflies of altai , sayans and tuva ( south siberia ) . kyiv - pardubice , 374 p .\ntuzov , v . k . ( 1995 ) . notes on the butterflies of west chukotka ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) . actias . russian journal of scientific lepidopterology , 2 ( 2 ) , 105\u2013109 .\nyakovlev , r . v . ( 2004 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) from ukok plateau south - eastern altai . euroasian entomological journal , 3 ( 1 ) , 69\u201378 ( in russian ) .\nyakovlev r . v . & nakonechny a . n . ( 2001 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) of kurai mountains ridge ( altai ) . russian entomologist journal , 10 ( 2 ) , 179\u2013187 ( in russian ) .\nzeller , p . c . ( 1850 ) . zwei neue tagfalter . stettiner entomologische zeitung , 11 , 308\u2013313 .\nzhdanko , a . b . ( 2005 ) . butterflies ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea , hesperiidea ) of kazakhstan . tethys entomological research , 11 , 125\u2013146 ( in russian ) .\nzolotuhin , v . v . ( 1994 ) . materials on the fauna lepidoptera of ul\u2019yanovsk area . 1 . rhopalocera . priroda ul\u2019yanovskoi oblasti , 5 . insecta ( part 1 ) . ulyanovsk , 60\u201381 . ( in russian ) .\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license .\ndear friends ! now i am in expedition and catch new materials . i will return 30 july . i can send parcels and answer for questions only after 30 july .\nhemaris radians 7 males russia , s . buryatia sphingidae ! price for each !\nlycaena helle phintonis 11p , 11m lycaenidae , e . sayan mts , price for each\n\u21163 pterophoridae sp . 74 ex ( a1 , a - ) russia s . buryatia\nhypermnestra helios maxima 3p , 20m papilionidae s . tajikistan ! price for each !\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\n200 satyridae ( 25 - 30 species ) - ex - ussr ( ukraine , caucasus , central asia , siberia , far east ) - on cotton , quality a2 - and b . . . 150\n100 erebia ( 12 - 15 species ) - ex - ussr - on cotton , quality a2 - and b . . . . . 140\n100 satyridae ( 10 species ) - afghanistan - on cotton , quality b . . . . . 350\ndistributed from the balkan over turkey to the caucasus from 500 - 2000m , from hilly grasslands to subalpine zone .\nthere are several opinions on the status of this taxon , from being a subspecies of c . gardetta , a subspecies of c . leander to a species on its own . an article debating this can be found here .\na lowland species , mostly found < 500m , has declined seriously in europe . mostly found in wet grasslands , hence water management probably being one of the main reasons for the decline .\nuntil the early nineties this species had a population in the south of belgium . changes in forest management , water level management , nitrification and maybe climate change have however induced a massive decline in the western distribution of this species so that nowadays - apart from a few populations in the very east of france - it has almost disappeared from france as well .\na species that has declined massively in nw - europe and has disappeared from belgium and parts of the netherlands and northern france . reasons for decline are probably a combination of nitrification , water level management , climate change , . . .\ni have only seen it once in northern austria on a windy day so butterflies were difficult to get close by so i only have this vague picture . a variable species with lots of described local forms . the form depicted here is c . tullia tiphon .\nthe balkan mountain replacement of previous species and in debate if a species on its own . subalpine to alpine .\nto be found in the western mediterranean area from central italy over the south of france and iberia to northwestern africa .\nclosely related to previous species and nowadays mostly seen as a subspecies of corsican heath . it is restricted to elba and some smaller islands but can also be found on the opposing tuscan coast where i could see the species .\nspecies fromt the western palearctic still missing in this list are mainly far eastern species , island specialties and species from northern africa . all species i hope to see in the future . . .\nall pictures ( c ) pieter vantieghem unless otherwise stated . simple theme . powered by blogger .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nexports data using a reporting template , the format and the data being exported depends on the desired template to be selected in the next step .\nexports data using a standard excel tabular display format , the data being exported depends on the desired fields to be selected in the next step .\njan van tol general coordinator ncb barcoding ncb naturalis email : jan . vantol @ urltoken\nvincent robert coordinator ncb barcoding part iii cbs - knaw email : v . robert @ urltoken\n\u00b7 type locality . unknown , probably the amur region . in the original description , the indication of\njapan\nas the type locality is wrong , because this species does not occur there .\n\u00b7 range . n . siberia to the chukot peninsula ; transbaikalia , the far east , the amur and ussuri regions ; from mongolia across n . china to n . korea .\n\u00b7 distribution and variation . the nominate subspecies is distributed in transbaikalia and the amur region ; in yakutia - ssp . sacha korshunov , 1996 ; the northern areas ( the magadan region and the chukot peninsula ) are populated by the ssp . tscherskii grum - grshimailo , 1899 .\n\u00b7 habitat and biology . the nominate form flies over plains with steppe and forest - steppe vegetation , while the ssp . tscherskii is found in light coniferous forests and tundras of ne . siberia . host plant ( gorbunov , korshunov , 1995 ) : carex . flight period : may - june , in the mountains june - july ."]}
{"id": 2478, "summary": [{"text": "assassin ( 1779 \u2013 c. 1794 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1782 epsom derby .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "his breeder , lord egremont , won the derby for the first time with assassin .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "assassin raced until he was a five-year-old and was retired to egremont 's stud in petworth .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he was not a successful sire . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "assassin ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["for everything you need to know about horse racing . free horse racing tips from professional punters and betting secrets to increase your horse racing profits .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for effective assassin . effective assassin is a mare born in 2012 august 1 by masked assassin out of effectively\nthe ig - 88 assassin droid was a model of assassin droid . ig - 88 was an independently programmed ig - 88 assassin droid who became a feared bounty hunter .\nlegal assassin was sired by king ivor out of the dam shaolin legal assassin was foaled on 28 of october in 2004 .\nskilled assassin was sired by skilled out of the dam look jonathan skilled assassin was foaled on 08 of september in 2013 .\nchief assassin was sired by chief bearhart out of the dam vuma chief assassin was foaled on 23 of august in 2002 .\nlegal assassin has a 0 % win percentage and 0 % place percentage . legal assassin ' s last race event was at emerald .\nskilled assassin has a 5 % win percentage and 53 % place percentage . skilled assassin ' s last race event was at mildura .\ngrey assassin was sired by bradbury ' s luck out of the dam annunciation grey assassin was foaled on 21 of september in 2010 .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for skilled assassin . skilled assassin is a gelding born in 2013 september 8 by skilled out of look jonathan\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for masked assassin . masked assassin is a stallion born in 2004 october 10 by danzero out of duk duk\ngrey assassin has a 10 % win percentage and 40 % place percentage . grey assassin ' s last race event was at sunshine coast .\nchief assassin has a 0 % win percentage and 10 % place percentage . chief assassin ' s last race event was at st arnaud .\nlegal assassin is a 12 year old bay gelding . legal assassin is trained by dallas hodge , at rockhampton and owned by b j benton .\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for friars assassin . friars assassin is a gelding born in 2013 september 12 by blackfriars out of satan ' s park\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for reckless assassin . reckless assassin is a mare born in 2009 september 1 by redoute ' s choice out of brackloon\nall the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for rhode assassin . rhode assassin is a gelding born in 2012 september 7 by lookin at lucky out of rhode island red\nowner of her sire snap . assassin wa . . . . . . 1781 : two - year - old season assassin ' s derby win was\n: four - year - old season . . . . . . 1782 assassin\nmorton was to say that \u201call the . . . . . . 1782 assassin\nassassin ' s creed iv : black flag and assassin ' s creed : rogue are the only main games thus far where horses do not appear in any form .\nthe horse and carriage were equally common modes of transportation , and indispensable for the assassin order from the third crusade until the renaissance . [ 5 ] [ 6 ]\nin the first memory of alta\u00efr within assassin ' s creed : revelations , a horse is seen on the ground , dead , with arrows sticking out of it .\n. this filly died before two - years . . . . . . 1782 assassin\nthe stables at the tiber island headquarters always feature a white horse and a destrier .\ngrand parade was the first black horse for 106 years to win the epsom derby .\nin assassin ' s creed ii , if ezio ' s horse falls over after galloping through several groups of people , it is possible for him to lose health or even die .\nrogue assassin has concluded his racing career , last running on the 9th aug 2009 at cranbourne .\nwinged assassin has concluded his racing career , last running on the 9th dec 2013 at terang .\ndark assassin has concluded his racing career , last running on the 16th apr 2014 at balaklava .\nin the summer of 1948 my love became the third french - trained horse to win the epsom derby and the fifth horse to win both the derby and the grand prix de paris .\nhowever , while an assassin ' s horse could outrun any pursuer and leap over most obstacles , a single sword strike could trip it and send its rider into the ground . [ 5 ]\ndark assassin has managed to win 4 races in his career so far . on 25th sep 2013 at murray bridge , dark assassin scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the\napprentices called by ezio sometimes finds a nearby horse and ride off after having assassinated their targets .\ndick hern called nashwan\nthe best horse i ' ve ever trained\n. [ 3 ]\nbunbury ' s orlando . [ 5 ] as the tw . . . . . . 1782 assassin\na mysterious horse wreathed in flames , spewing smoke and ashes , its eyes ablaze with reddish light .\npearl diver became the first french - trained horse to win the epsom derby since durbar in 1914 .\nnow moody is determined to add as much black type to masked assassin ' s pedigree as he can .\nsteady , fast , and responsive to the lightest touch , this horse is an arrow in animal form .\nlegal assassin ' s exposed form for its last starts is 4 - 5 - 9 - 0 - 0 .\nskilled assassin ' s exposed form for its last starts is 4 - 4 - 4 - 3 - 2 .\ngrey assassin is a 6 year old grey or brown gelding . grey assassin is trained by l f birchley , at eagle farm and owned by e d giacobone , m g hole , b hole & r j bax .\ngrey assassin ' s exposed form for its last starts is 7 - 7 - 8 - 4 - 7 .\nchief assassin ' s exposed form for its last starts is 6 - 7 - 0 - 0 - 4 .\n. . . by ( 1782 ) assassin ( 1779 \u2013 c . 1794 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse that won\nskilled assassin is a 4 year old brown gelding . skilled assassin is trained by c v kelly , at swan hill and owned by c v & n d kelly , g w curthoys , g d & e m williams .\nduke of grafton ' s colt puzzle in a . . . . . . ssin . assassin did not win again as a two - year - old . [ 4 ] assassin was second to plutus in a subscription race at\noutfitted with snakeskin saddle and tack , this tusk - toting horse stirs fear into the hearts of your enemies .\nhorse of kings and king among horses , this beast is considered one of the finest in all of egypt .\nterimon , second to nashwan at 500 / 1 , is the longest - priced horse placed in any classic .\nlegal assassin career form is wins , seconds , thirds from 6 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nfor some reason , the amount of enemy guards riding destriers noticeably decrease if ezio is riding that kind of horse .\njumping from a horse onto a beam 20 times is a requirement for the completion of the roman thieves guild challenges .\nthe original winner running rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four - year - old horse named maccabeus .\nthe current race record for skilled assassin is 1 wins from 19 starts with prizemoney of $ 40 , 469 . 00 .\nthe current race record for effective assassin is 1 wins from 26 starts with prizemoney of $ 32 , 715 . 00 .\nlegal assassin\u2019s last race event was at 22 / 12 / 2007 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nskilled assassin\u2019s last race event was at 09 / 07 / 2018 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\ngrey assassin\u2019s last race event was at 19 / 07 / 2015 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nchief assassin\u2019s last race event was at 28 / 10 / 2006 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .\nchief assassin career form is wins , seconds , 1 thirds from 10 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .\nthe current race record for rhode assassin is 1 wins from 27 starts with prizemoney of $ 574 , 580 . 00 .\nrogue assassin is yet to break his maiden status , having not won a race yet from 1 attempt . during his most recent race at cranbourne on 9th aug 2009 , rogue assassin was ridden by chris symons and finished 3rd , behind the winner sophrosyne .\nwinged assassin is yet to break his maiden status , having not won a race yet from 3 attempts . during his most recent race at terang on 9th dec 2013 , winged assassin was ridden by linda meech and finished unplaced , behind the winner devotive .\nsinndar is the first horse to capture the derby , irish derby and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe in the same season .\nchief assassin is a 14 year old chestnut gelding . chief assassin is trained by w p cerchi , at colac and owned by a d & r d spring , j j & l p kaine , g w dickinson & c r & j r de grandi .\napril the fifth was a very popular winner and the first epsom - trained horse to win the derby since amato in 1838 .\nmasked assassin ' s last win was in the group 2 qtc sires produce nearly two years ago when he was a two year old .\nwith masked assassin ' s stud career in mind , moody is planning for him to head north or west in search of new challenges .\nthe standard horse , or jennet , [ 2 ] was mostly found in the centro and vaticano districts , and they were usually ridden by civilians . coincidentally , this horse was the fastest of the three breeds , despite being the weakest for combat . [ 1 ]\nlone wolf and cub volume 4 : bell warden : bell warden v . 4 ( lone wolf and cub ( dark horse ) )\nlone wolf and cub volume 5 : black wind : black wind v . 5 ( lone wolf and cub ( dark horse ) )\nreference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]\nin assassin ' s creed , horses taken from within the kingdom have a tendency to abruptly change color when passing from one region to another .\ngrey assassin career form is 1 wins , 3 seconds , thirds from 10 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 13 , 975 .\nnamed for her great strength , this horse is a veteran of many battles . her unblemished coat is a testament to her martial skill .\nlone wolf and cub volume 2 : the gateless barrier : gateless barrier v . 2 ( lone wolf and cub ( dark horse ) )\nnijinsky became the 15th horse to gain the triple crown after winning the derby and 2000 guineas with success in the st leger at doncaster .\neuropean colonizers , unknowingly , reintroduced the horse in north america . during the 18th century , horses were used to drive wagons or carriages for transporting shipments and people . in revolutionary america , peddlers also equipped horse - driven wagons to sell goods in the frontier . [ 7 ] by the mid - 18th century , horse - driven carriages were used as a mobile transport system for people , especially for nobles . [ 8 ]\nskilled assassin career form is 1 wins , 3 seconds , 6 thirds from 19 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ 39 , 749 .\nrider dwayne dunn took the initiative by leading on masked assassin , which proved impossible to run down although chasm had a very good try at it .\nthe seventh stallion foaled by a mare of magnificent pedigree . rumor has it that julius caesar declined this gift horse after looking it in the mouth\nlone wolf and cub volume 11 : talisman of hades : talisman of hades v . 11 ( lone wolf and cub ( dark horse ) )\nwhat happened to . . . trempolino ? | sporting life - horse racing news | live racing results , racecards , live betting shows\ndr devious is the first horse to win the derby after contesting the kentucky derby , in which he had finished seventh to lil e tee .\nsame meeting , [ 4 ] and was second to . . . . . . sister one to true blue assassin was distantly inbred 4 x 4 to\nmasked assassin had too big a break and showed courage to hold off chasm by a neck , with falaise rattling home for third , 1\u00bd lengths away .\nat the end of the season , champion was described by the sporting magazine as\na horse of uncommon speed and powers .\n[ 4 ]\nlone wolf and cub volume 6 : lanterns for the dead : lanterns for the dead v . 6 ( lone wolf and cub ( dark horse ) )\nphil drake ran five times and won three races , becoming the fifth and last horse to win both the epsom derby and the grand prix de paris .\nin assassin ' s creed , the only horses shown inside a city are during the cutscene of richard i exiting on horseback with his caravan from the acre citadel .\nhorses are only used by guards in assassin ' s creed ii during one mission ,\nromagna holiday\n, wherein they attack leonardo da vinci ' s carriage .\nnews anchor cecilie beck presented a segment about the conflict in the middle eastern country while sitting in front of a picture taken from adventure game assassin ' s creed .\nthough horses could easily plow through crowds , pulling the horse into a rear would normally startle nearby civilians , clearing a path in the process . [ 5 ]\nlone wolf and cub volume 1 : the assassin ' s road ( lone wol . . . and over 2 million other books are available for amazon kindle . learn more\nsanta claus won the irish 2 , 000 guineas , the epsom derby and the irish derby . his performances earned him the title of british horse of the year .\npont l\u2019eveque was a very late foal , born at the end of the breeding season on 25 may , making him probably the youngest horse to win the derby .\ndark horse comics is proud to present one of the authentic landmarks in graphic fiction , lone wolf and cub , to be published in its entirety for the first time . lone wolf and cub is an epic samurai adventure of staggering proportions - - a 17th century story of a disgraced shogun ' s executioner wandering the country as an assassin .\nlone wolf and cub volume 3 : the flute of the fallen tiger : flute of the fallen tiger v . 3 ( lone wolf and cub ( dark horse ) )\na young horse , changeover started his siring career in new zealand before being sold for big money to australian interests , buoyed by the results ' across the ditch . '\nassassin ( gb ) b . h , 1779 { 3 - a } dp = 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 ( 0 ) di = inf cd = inf\nin assassin ' s creed iii , full synchronization of the memory\nbattle of bunker hill\nrequires connor to air assassinate john pitcairn , who is on horseback at the time .\n: four - year - old season . . . . . . . on 9 may at epsom , assassin won the derby , beating lord grosvenor ' s colt sweet robin and\nmahmoud was a light - coloured grey horse of distinctly arab appearance , standing just under 15 . 3 hands high , and bred in france by his owner the aga khan .\nassassin ' s creed : syndicate is the first game in which rideable horses can be killed , dying to three to six shots to the body , or one shot to the head .\nit is thought the image is from the first game in the assassin ' s creed series when the action is set in historic damascus , as well as other parts of the middle east .\nthe peter moody trained masked assassin ran right up to his best form with a strong all the way win in the group iii mary martin victoria handicap ( 1400m ) at caulfield on saturday .\nsince being nursed back to health by staff at the owners canning downs stud , masked assassin has shown he is approaching peak form with placings behind cocinero and el mandon at recent caulfield meetings .\nany worthwhile mercenary will know the value of a reliable , trained horse . riding an animal that startles on the battlefield or loses speed quickly is a risk we will not take .\nduring the ptolemaic dynasty of egypt , the greeks brought horse racing to the country which were commonly held in hippodromes , such as the one near lageion in the kanopos nome . [ 4 ]\nking richard ' s horse resembles the destrier , albeit with less or no armor plates in it . while robert ' s was a destrier , being equipped with some armor plates and chainmail .\nreference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]\nin assassin ' s creed : unity , horses can be seen hitched to carriages in versailles in the beginning of the game and later in front of the caf\u00e9 th\u00e9\u00e2tre . just like revelations , they cannot be ridden .\non both monday and tuesday , busch , the 2004 nascar cup champion known as ' ' the outlaw ' , ' said he still believes driscoll is a trained assassin , despite some of his doubts and questioning by friends .\ni actually have the complete kazuo koike & goseki kojima collection , including all of path of the assassin ( 1 - 10 ) and samurai executioner ( 1 - 10 ) , but the twist in lone wolf & . . .\n1782 epsom derby . his breeder , lord . . . . . . od at oxcrofts farm near balsham . [ 1 ] assassin ' s dam , angelica , was foaled in 1761 and was breed by mr . shafto ,\nshahrastani holds off the strong late challenge of dancing brave in a memorable finish . bold arrangement becomes the first horse to contest both the kentucky derby and derby , finishing second at churchill downs to ferdinand and 14th at epsom .\nchampion was sold as a prospective stallion to colonel lumm [ 18 ] who took the horse to ireland . [ 19 ] he had limited success as a sire of racehorses but did sire two good broodmares . [ 20 ]\nkim jong nam\u2019s purported assassin , identified as 28 - year - old doan thin hoang , was taken into police custody at kuala lumpur international airport after she was caught on a surveillance camera affixed to a taxi stand outside the departure terminal .\nin assassin ' s creed : revelations , the only times horses are encountered are during the carriage missions , the memories of alta\u00efr , and a cutscene in the memory\nend of the road\n. these horses are not rideable , however .\ndriscoll ' s alleged background as a trained assassin who had experience killing drug lords via long - range sniper rifles and close combat tactics \u2013 including the use of knives and poison \u2013 became a major talking point during the latter stages of the hearing .\nin their book\na century of champions\n, john randall and tony morris rated windsor lad the nineteenth best horse of the 20th century and the sixth best derby winner , behind sea bird , hyperion , mill reef , nijinsky and shergar .\nkurt busch testifies ex - girlfriend is trained assassin nascar driver kurt busch finished his testimonytuesday morning during the fourth day of a protection order hearing between busch and his ex - girlfriend patricia driscoll . busch elaborated on statements that he check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nduring the third crusade , stables were located directly outside the assassin - controlled village of masyaf , and horses residing there were often used by the assassins to traverse the expanse of the kingdom , allowing them to reach other cities for missions or assassinations . [ 5 ]\nthe common horse , or rouncey , [ 2 ] which was heavily laden with saddle bags , could usually be found in the antico and campagna districts , with the guards riding them ( possibly messengers ) always pushing them into a quick gallop . [ 1 ]\nby the renaissance , though ridden horses still held their importance , horse - drawn carriages had grown significantly in popularity . travel stations could also be found just outside of major cities , and offered citizens safe and easy carriage rides for a fee . [ 6 ]\nmonteriggioni , like masyaf before it , had stables conveniently located just outside the main gate . on one occasion , mario ' s nephew ezio had to chase down his uncle ' s favorite horse after it escaped from these stables and returned it to its keeper . [ 1 ]\na variety of horses could be found throughout the kingdom as well , either in corrals or stables , or standing alone on the path with their rider nearby . during the height of the crusades , horse - drawn carriages and warhorses were also common sights on the battlefield . [ 5 ]\nthe horses has evolved to be a grass - eating inhabitants of semi - arid regions worldwide , including the steppes of eur asia and the great plains of north america . by about 15 , 000 years ago , horse bones from this time period are found in europe , asia , and north america . yet between 10 , 000 and 7 , 600 years ago , the horse became extinct in north america . the reasons for this extinction are not fully known . humans began to domesticate horses around 4000 bc , and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 bc .\nsnow knight won the the epsom derby , then the following year earned an eclipse award as the american champion male turf horse . at stud he sired awaasif , the dam of snow bride , winner of the 1989 epsom oaks and the dam of lammtarra , winner of the 1995 epsom derby .\nupon dismounting a horse , depending on whether or not the steed had been stolen , it would either follow its rider or flee immediately . additionally , if their rider was in battle next to them , horses would often kick out at attacking guards , causing them to fall . [ 1 ] [ 5 ]\na champion horse can earn millions in prize money . but that ' s nothing compared with what it can make at stud . as sea the stars - one of the greatest thoroughbreds of all time - retires at the peak of his career to an irish stud farm , what does the future hold for him ?\nbrotherhood is the first game where citizens are shown on horseback , though this leads to a minor anachronism : female citizens are depicted as straddling their horse rather than sitting side - saddle . this is historically inaccurate , as seeing a woman ' s legs spread apart would have been considered a most vulgar sight at the time .\nby danzero from the claudius mare duk duk , masked assassin was purchased by moody for $ 70 , 000 at the 2006 magic millions premier yearling sale on the gold coast . today ' s $ 75 , 000 winner ' s cheque brings his stake earnings to $ 530 , 000 with 4 wins and 7 placings from only 16 starts .\nbusch and his attorney , rusty hardin , have staunchly denied the accusations and cast driscoll , who runs the armed forces foundation and her own defense company , as a jilted lover who wants to destroy busch ' s reputation . they have argued that driscoll , who busch claimed is a trained assassin deployed on many missions , was never physically abused .\nthe rarest type , the armored warhorse or destrier , [ 2 ] could be found in any of rome ' s districts still occupied by the borgia , or at stables after all of them had been renovated . despite being the slowest type of horse , this armored breed was able to withstand more damage from enemy attacks without falling . [ 1 ]\nlammtarra becomes the first horse to win the derby on his seasonal return since grand parade in 1919 and sets a record time of 2m 32 . 31s , beating mahmoud\u2019s 2m 33 . 8s which was hand - timed in 1936 . the race is switched permanently from wednesday to saturday . vodafone takes over the sponsorship and remains the backer up to 2008 .\nezio auditore da firenze was also equally skilled at riding and combat , though he could use a horse directly before or after free - running . he was able to stand on the saddle at any time , and jump from horseback onto a wall or beam . inversely , he could also jump directly onto horseback from a nearby building , or from a parachute . [ 1 ]\nkris kin is the first supplementary entry to win the derby . the sir michael stoute - trained colt had initially been entered in the classic as a yearling but was scratched at the start of his three - year - old campaign . connections paid \u00a390 , 000 to add the horse to the line - up at the five - day stage following his victory in chester\u2019s dee stakes .\nhorses also remained essential for warfare . mario auditore , as ruler and protector of monteriggioni , always held horses in high regard , noting that\nsome of them will die alongside us ; others will actually be key to keeping us alive .\n[ 3 ] as such , each of the monteriggioni mercenaries was made to get to know his horse before riding out into battle . [ 3 ]\nso far throughout the assassin ' s creed series , only three rideable horses have ever died . the first dies during the fall of monteriggioni , when it is hit by a collapsing tower damaged by cannon fire , and the second during the siege of viana , when it is struck by a cannonball . the third , used by haytham kenway , is shot in the rear by george washington during the braddock expedition .\nin the spring of 1801 , champion raced for the first time at newmarket , where he had four engagements . on 9 april he ran in a sweepstakes and won the 200 guinea prize by beating his only opponent triumvir , to whom he conceded seven pounds . [ 12 ] on 20 april , lord darlington was able to claim forfeit when mr heathcote withdrew his horse schedoni from a match against champion . [ 13 ] two days later champion carried top weight in a handicap sweepstakes over ten furlongs\nacross the flat\n. he won the 300 guinea prize by beating mr cox ' s cocoa - tree , who was receiving twenty - seven pounds from the winner . [ 14 ] on 4 may he received ten pounds from mr heatcote ' s horse warter and won a 200 guinea match across the flat at odds of 1 / 4 . [ 15 ]\nhat an odd town newmarket is . a town that runs on expensive horseflesh and cheap alcohol . a town of nightclubs and early - morning gallops , with the same very thin men sometimes managing to attend both .\na one - horse town with 3 , 000 horses ,\nas residents like to say . and certainly the only place where i have ever seen , in a bookshop in the high street , a calendar devoted to ferrets .\nthough ezio could not remain on horseback while wielding his hidden blade , he could perform assassinations from horseback . to do this , he would leap from the saddle to assassinate either an enemy on the ground or a mounted horseman , wherein he would subsequently steal their mount in the case of the latter . conversely , he could also drag the rider of a horse to the ground , before using his hidden blade to assassinate them where they lay . [ 1 ]\non 23 september at doncaster champion attempted to become the first winner of the derby to capture the st leger and thereby win the two most important races of the season for three - year - olds . ridden on this occasion by frank buckle , he started the 2 / 1 favourite in a field of ten runners and won from rolla . [ 9 ] no other horse would complete the same double until surplice , forty - eight years later . [ 10 ]\nchangeover won 29 races from a 2yo through to an aged racehorse . as a three - year - old he won the new zealand derby ( group one ) , and joined other champions of that age when crowned nz 3yo pacer of the year . at four , he won the noel taylor mile ( group one ) , and as an aged horse he won the new zealand cup ( group one ) and new south wales len smith mile ( group one ) .\ncamelot becomes the 37th horse to follow up victory in the first british classic , the 2000 guineas over a mile at newmarket , with success in the investec derby as he records a convincing five - length win at epsom downs . jockey and trainer , joseph and aidan o\u2019brien , become the first father / son combination to win the premier classic . camelot narrowly fails in his bid to win the triple crown , finishing second behind encke in the st leger at doncaster three and a half months later .\na multi - horse finish rivals that of 1913 as the closest ever . in a four - way photo , sir percy beats dragon dancer , dylan thomas and hala bek a shorthead , a head and a short - head . seven winners have had the prefix sir : sir peter teazle ( 1787 ) , sir thomas ( 1788 ) , sir harry ( 1798 ) , sir bevys ( 1879 ) , sir visto ( 1895 ) , sir ivor ( 1968 ) , and most recently sir percy .\nchampion remained in training at five , but ran only once , in a match arranged the previous year . on 28 may he ran against mr fletcher ' s five - year - old horse lethe over two miles at york . the fact that lethe , who was receiving six pounds from champion , started\nhigh odds on\nsuggests that the derby winner was not expected to win . in the event , the match was anticlimactic as champion broke down with injury and failed to complete the course . he never raced again . [ 17 ]\nin breeding , science can only take you so far . freakishly good racehorses \u2013 brigadier gerard , a superstar of the early 1970s , was one example \u2013 can come from unpromising pairings . equally , a superbly bred horse can be useless when it gets to the track . the green monkey is the most notorious : he was bought for $ 16m at the keeneland sales in kentucky in 2006 , ran three times , never managed a win and had career earnings of $ 10 , 440 , though injury is said to have been a factor .\nin any case , he is now keen for the horse to be on his way .\nit ' ll be nice to hand him over to somebody else ,\nhe says ,\nbecause you do get a bit anxious . we weren ' t anxious all year when he was racing , but now that he ' s finished and is about to leave us you ' ll be happy to see him go .\noxx isn ' t even working him on the gallops now in case he throws his rider and makes off in the direction of kildare town ; \u00a350m - plus of horseflesh dodging the buses . does he know what he ' s achieved ?\ni don ' t think he does ,\nsays oxx ,\nbut he knows he ' s a bit of a star all right . he ' s a clever horse , and i wouldn ' t say that about most horses .\noxx dismisses the critics who say he should be running again next year .\nhe has proved his greatness and doesn ' t have to go and prove it all over again .\ngalileo\u2019s half - brother sea the stars shows he is one of the greats as he powers to glory under veteran jockey mick kinane . the john oxx - trained colt becomes the first horse for 20 years to follow up victory in the 2000 guineas with success in the epsom classic and goes on to complete an unbeaten campaign with four further group one wins , annexing the coral - eclipse , juddmonte international , irish champion stakes and prix de l\u2019arc de triomphe . investec takes over sponsorship of the derby and backs all the races at the two - day meeting at epsom .\nreference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]\nthere has been a steady stream of pilgrims to oxx ' s yard , paying homage to the champion , and a party of french racing fans are there on the day i visit . oxx ' s dining table is covered in letters and cards from racing fans .\nsome just offer congratulations ,\nsays his wife caitriona ,\nbut others are telling john what to do with the horse .\nnosily , i peer at one on top of the pile which is pleading for sea the stars not to be retired , a decision for the tsui family , not the modest , unassuming oxx .\nchampion was a bay horse bred at oxton hall near tadcaster in north yorkshire by his owner christopher wilson , a highly respected figure in the racing world who , in his later years , was known as\nthe father of the turf\n. [ 1 ] he was the second of three derby winners sired by the unusually named potoooooooo , a highly successful racehorse who became an important and influential sire . [ 2 ] champion ' s dam , huncamunca was the direct female ancestor of the derby winner mameluke as well as charlotte ( 1000 guineas ) and maid of orleans ( oaks stakes ) . [ 3 ]\nthe correlation between racetrack performance and success as a sire is at best inexact . the greatest sire of modern times is sadler ' s wells , who retired from stud last year because of declining fertility .\nsadler ' s wells was a very good racehorse but he was not a superstar ,\nsays tony morris .\nhis great gift was that he could get horses better than himself . i give you a guarantee now that sea the stars will not get a horse as good as himself . there is not the slightest chance of that , though if he gets lots of horses that are nearly as good as him , he ' ll be all right .\nso how good will history judge him to have been ? oxx explains that the experts who judge the quality of racehorses put him slightly below a handful of great horses from previous eras , but that their formulae are fallible .\nmathematics can be unimaginative and often doesn ' t allow for a horse ' s true superiority . ratings may not really do him justice \u2013 that ' s the general feeling . i wouldn ' t claim he was the greatest of all time \u2013 it ' s silly to have these bar - stool arguments about who was the greatest . all you can say is that he is one of the greats , and that ' s plenty good enough .\nperhaps i can sell my coat , flecked with the saliva of greatness , on ebay .\nthis is the story of a wonderhorse , sea the stars ; of a sport , horse racing ; and an industry , equine breeding . but it is a closed , obsessive and secretive world , and we need to begin slowly . some of the peculiarities of racing have first to be explained . there are two branches : the flat and jumping ( also , to confuse non - aficionados further , called national hunt ) . flat racing is traditionally the sport of kings ( now sheikhs and wealthy irish and american consortia ) ; jump racing of farmers and countrymen . casual followers of racing used to dote on the flat , but now seem to prefer jumping : less corporate , more accessible . the flat , to the concern of many in the sport , is ceasing to fascinate .\nas silver patriarch ' s iffy career as a sire shows , there is no guarantee that great racehorses will produce other great racehorses . breeding a sea the stars relies on a bit of science and a lot of luck . wealthy breeders will play the numbers game , owning as many good mares and producing as many foals with top - class pedigrees as possible in the hope that one or two are capable of winning group one races \u2013 the mark of achievement which turns your horse into a commodity because others will want to breed from it . tony morris , the uk ' s leading writer on bloodstock , tells me that a sire will be deemed a success if 6 % of its progeny do well at the track . these fortunes may as well be placed on roulette numbers .\na few days later , i am in a taxi being driven across the curragh , the great plain in county kildare 30 miles south - west of dublin that is the home of irish racing . the taxi driver , like almost every irishman , is horse - mad , pointing out the graves of various famous horses and the stud farm from which derby winner shergar was stolen . the tips that matter to him come from trainers and jockeys , but he says they almost always lose , which is why he is driving a cab . we discuss sea the stars , the local celebrity who is spending his last few days at trainer john oxx ' s stable before going to stud .\nthat ' s the trouble with flat horses ,\nsays the cabbie ,\nyou don ' t see enough of them .\nnashwan was a large , powerfully built chestnut horse with a white star and a white sock on his right foreleg bred by his owner hamdan al maktoum at his shadwell farm in lexington , kentucky . he was sired by the 1977 poule d ' essai des poulains winner blushing groom . blushing groom became an exceptionally successful breeding stallion , siring rainbow quest , blushing john , arazi , and many other leading horses . nashwan ' s successes made him the leading sire in great britain & ireland in 1989 . [ 1 ] nashwan ' s dam was height of fashion , a daughter of bustino previously owned by queen elizabeth ii . he was thus a half - brother to the group race winners alwasmi , unfuwain , and nayef , and a close relative of the japanese champion deep impact and the 1000 guineas winner ghanaati . [ 2 ]\na month later , nashwan was moved up in distance for the ever ready derby over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . despite the unseasonably cold , damp weather , the race attracted an estimated 500 , 000 spectators including queen elizabeth ii . [ 7 ] nashwan started 5 / 4 favourite against eleven opponents , with the biggest danger expected to come from cacoethes , winner of the lingfield derby trial . carson positioned the favourite just behind the leaders before moving up to take the lead from cacoethes in the straight . he pulled\neffortlessly\n[ 8 ] clear in the closing stages to win by five lengths from the 500 / 1 outsider terimon , who finished well to deprive cacoethes of second . [ 9 ] he was the first horse to complete the guineas - derby double since nijinsky ii in 1970 , [ 8 ] though he was emulated by sea the stars in 2009 and camelot in 2012 .\nnashwan ' s next task was to prove himself against older opposition , starting with the eclipse stakes over one and a quarter miles at sandown park on 8 july . despite having recently recovered from a foot infection and facing both the outstanding racemare indian skimmer and the champion miler warning , he was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . [ 10 ] nashwan took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by five lengths from the outsider opening verse , who later won the breeders ' cup mile . [ 11 ] two weeks later , nashwan contested britain ' s most prestigious all - aged race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot . with the late withdrawal of prix du jockey club winner old vic , nashwan was expected to win easily and started as 2 / 9 favourite . this time he had to fight for his victory , with old rival cacoethes challenging him throughout the final two furlongs . nashwan was driven out by carson to win by a neck , with the subsequent prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner carroll house a further eleven lengths back in fifth . [ 12 ] his narrow margin of victory lead some critics to question his status as a\nsuper - horse\n. [ 13 ]\nbreeder : 3rd earl of egremont at 3 : won derby s . ( close )\naerial virtual replay is provided by an external vendor trakus , for personal infotainment only . due to the frequent usage of mobile phones at the racecourses , the signals receiving by trakus system may be affected and thus the accuracy of aerial virtual replay cannot be guaranteed . every effort is made to ensure the information is up to the closest approximation , but the club assumes no responsibility for it . for the actual race results , the customers should refer to real replay videos .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2017 the hong kong jockey club . all rights reserved .\n{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }\n\u00a9 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .\n* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\n* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .\nis gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au\nyour screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .\nyou ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .\nthis article is in desperate need of a revamp . please improve it in any ways necessary in order to achieve a higher standard and follow our manual of style .\nhorses are a species of hoofed quadruped mammals , which have been used as a means of transport throughout most of recorded human history .\ntheir presence and use was widespread throughout the middle ages , the renaissance era , and the american revolution for several purposes , resulting in a variety of breeds to match their use .\nthe stable keeper gives me a short tour . he presents the different breeds - some bred stocky for labor , some wiry for travel , and of course , the unflinching steeds we will ride into combat .\nother slightly uncommon breeds used at the time were the percheron , which lucrezia borgia used for her carriages , and two sub - varieties of warhorse . [ 3 ]\nas such , guards stationed along the paths of the kingdom were always wary of horsemen , particularly if they were riding hard , or acted as if they were being pursued . with this in mind , most assassins made it a point to ride slowly when in the presence of alert guards . [ 5 ]\nin the large city of rome , horses were often used to travel between districts , and were ridden by citizens , guards , and assassins alike , with the latter able to hijack horses from the former two . [ 1 ]\n\u201cah yes , the greek mare . good condition . well bred . you have the air of a fine horseman . you would like her , yes ? \u201d\na fiery steed , her temper is well known throughout egypt . no rider can remain astride her for long , but you seem capable . care to try her paces ?\nmany legendary warriors have ridden this mare in battle . she is unmatched by other horses in experience and in age .\ncarrier of souls . your hooves trample the wheat , pound the sands , thunder through the halls of the dead . jackal - born , none can tame you but he .\nmount unsed in the afterlife realms in the curse of the pharaohs dlc . available for purchase for use in egypt from the stable in set - ma ' at after completing the curse of the pharaohs main story .\noriginating from the ancient kingdom of nubia , this stallion has a calm temperament , making him a solid ally in the face of danger .\nfound covered in soot among the ruins of a burnt village . washing him caused no change in the color of his coat .\nhis name translates to \u201cbeloved of amun . \u201d some believe this stallion was gifted with exceptional endurance and stamina by the god himself .\nthe ineffable beauty of an animal such as this offers the feeling of a waking dream .\nthis stallion comes from the mountains . they say that on the morning he was born , a white mist descended from nowhere to enshroud his stable . i don\u2019t believe a word of it .\nmany claim this mare is blessed by the goddess mut . her riders have never fallen in battle .\npopular and always entertaining , partner can teach other horses a thing or two . sometimes gets moddy # pjsalt\nfound abandoned in a rickety cage on the bank of the nile . he might have been imprisoned there for too long , as his legs are prone to cramping .\nmostly used for desert travel , she\u2019s a solid mount , albeit lacking in combat experience .\nhe wandered into town a few weeks back . no one knows where he came from .\nwhen thunder gallops , people scatter . her hoofbeats evoke the din of an entire herd .\nafter his owner sickened and fell limp from the saddle , this stallion stood by for two days until a passing farmer stopped to help .\nunicorns are said to originate from faraway lands , though we\u2019ve never been able to determine which . what we do know is that they are fabulous ."]}
{"id": 2481, "summary": [{"text": "the pacific parrotlet ( forpus coelestis ) , also known as lesson 's parrotlet or the celestial parrotlet , is a species of small parrot in the family psittacidae , native to ecuador and peru .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "parrotlets are the second smallest group of all parrots .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "pacific parrotlets are between 4 \u00b9 \u2044 \u2082 to 5 \u00b9 \u2044 \u2082 inches ( 110 to 140 mm ) long .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "the average weight is 34 \u2013 44 grams ( 1.2 \u2013 1.6 oz ) in the wild .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they come from the south american countries of peru and ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "there are seven species of parrotlets in the genus forpus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "only three of these species are kept as pets .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "of these , the pacific parrotlet is the most common . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "pacific parrotlet", "paragraphs": ["pacific parrotlet forpus coelestis , . . . - aviculture association of kerala | facebook\nconsidered the most popular of the parrotlet species , the pacific parrotlet is full of energy and enjoys being included in family activities . similar in personality to amazon parrots , pacific parrotlets are intelligent and affectionate pet birds . active pacific parrotlets like to swing and play with toys .\nare you looking for a pacific parrotlet ? click here for a listing of breeders - pacific parrotlets pacific parrotletsthe pacific parrotlets naturally occur in western ecuador and north - western peru . they are considered an endangered species in the wild ( cites ii ) . in captivity , this parrotlet has been bred in many striking color mutations . more\nthe blue - winged parrotlet is also less aggressive and stubborn than the pacific , and can be somewhat flighty .\nthis version of how to care for a pacific parrotlet was reviewed by pippa elliott , mrcvs on june 18 , 2017 .\nthe pacific parrotlet ( forpus coelestis ) is one of two parrotlet species commonly available as pets \u2014 the other being the green - rumped parrotlet ( forpus passerinus ) \u2014 either from pet stores , avian - specialty store or from bird breeders .\nnever feed a pacific parrotlet avocado , caffeine , candy , sugar , mushrooms , or onions . these could kill your bird !\npacific parrotlet ( forpus coelestis coelestis ) tnbabympc - fc . gif ( 4229 bytes ) this is a cute baby pacific parrotlet ! of course proud parents always think their kids are cute huh ? the pin feathers are almost completed , getting close to being a real bird ! this baby is about 4 weeks of age . the pacific or celestial parrotlet is the most well - known and popular species of parrotlet . they are approximately five inches in length and weigh 30 grams . more\nthere are several species of parrotlet , but only two are commonly found in the pet trade , the pacific parrotlet ( forpus coelestis ) and the green - rumped parrotlet ( f orpus passerinus ) , though most of the others are available if you inquire from breeders .\npacific parrotlets are the second smallest of all parrots . pacific parrotlets are between 4\u00bd to 5\u00bd inches in length . they come from south america in the area of peru and ecuador . there are seven species of parrotlets . only three of these species are kept as pets . of these , the pacific parrotlet is the most common . it is sometimes called the celestial parrotlet .\nhailing from south america , the forpus family contains seven species of parrotlets . the most common of these in american aviculture is f . coelestis , the pacific parrotlet , also sometimes known as the celestial parrotlet . f . passerinus , the green - rumped parrotlet , is also relatively well - known , followed by f . conspicillatus , the spectacled parrotlet . much rarer are f . vividus , the blue - winged parrotlet , f . cyanopygius , the mexican parrotlet , and f . xanthops , the yellow - faced parrotlet . f . sclateri , sclater ' s parrotlet , is not available in the u . s .\nthe pacific parrotlet is resident in its restricted range . it tends to move over short distances , and the flight is fast , with shallow wingbeats .\nthe pacific parrotlet is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\nthe next most popular species is the green - rumped parrotlet ( forpus passerinus ) , which is the smallest of the group . like the pacific , the males have blue on the wings and the females do not . they are a little gentler than the pacific parrotlet , but may take a longer time to acclimate to new surroundings . this species might be better for the parrotlet novice .\nt he mos t commonly purchased and sought after parrotlet is the celestial , also known as a pacific parrotlet or\npocket parrot\n. in today\u2019s market there are now several celestial pacific parrotlet color mutations available including : green , blue , american yellow , american white , lacewings , dominant fallow pieds , dilute blue , turquoise , pastels , dominant pieds , fallow , albino , & lutino .\nthe pacific parrotlet can be found in central america and south america . they & apos ; re most prevalent in peru and ecuador where they enjoy the tropical forests .\nspectacled parrotlets fall somewhere in between the pacific and green - rumped in personality , not quite as bull - headed as the pacific but a bit more outgoing than the green - rumped .\n\u2022 all\nfemale\npacific parrotlets are solid color with no royal - cobalt blue coloring .\nwe are a small family aviary raising pacific parrotlets in maple grove mn . our babies are closed banded with the year they were born on the band . we are proud members of the international parrotlet society and the parrotlet alliance . need help with anything ? give us a call ! st paul parrotlets 2 about parrotlets : * new to parrotlets ? the pacific parrotlet is considered to be one of the prettiest members of the forpus genus . more\nintroduction : the pacific parrotlet is a neotropical species , a small , green psittacidae resident on the pacific coast of ecuador and nw peru . it frequents a wide variety of habitats , and especially arid lowland scrub and semi - open tropical deciduous woodland . it nests in holes , in natural cavities or man - made supports . the pacific parrotlet is common throughout its restricted range , in spite of pet trade and changes in the habitat . the species is not currently threatened .\npacific parrotlet is full of energy and enjoys being included in family activities . similar in personality to amazon parrots , pacific parrotlets are intelligent and affectionate pet birds . active pacific parrotlets like to swing and play with toys . they also require a cage large enough to accommodate their activities . they can also be aggressive , but because they can be properly trained and easily managed compared to larger parrots . more\nthe correct pronunciation of\nparrotlet\nis\nparrot\nlet\n. the\nt\nis pronounced in the word parrot . the word parrotlet means little parrot .\nof these , the pacific parrotlet is the most common . description - the pacific parrotlet is green . the males have blue on their wings , backs and streaking back from their eyes . this is true of the male color mutation parrotlets also . aviculture - this species is very common in pet stores and is valued by breeders . its normal price range is 150 - 200 usd . more\nrange : the pacific parrotlet is found in w ecuador ( w esmeraldas ) to nw peru ( la libertad , cajamarca ) . this species was recently recorded in extreme sw colombia ( nari\u00f1o ) .\nif your parrotlet ' s behavior or verbalization changes abruptly , talk to a veterinarian immediately .\nthe pacific parrotlets are some of the most pernicious and spunky creatures in the parrot family . the pacific parrotlet , like most parrotlets , is full of undying energy . you will always see it swinging on its perch or eating seeds or nibbling at the toys . but you will hardly see it sitting still . more\nthe pacific parrotlet ( forpus coelestis ) and the green - rumped parrotlet ( orpus passerinus ) are the two species most commonly available as pets , either from pet stores , avian - specialty store or from bird breeders . the blue - winged parrotlet ( forpus xanthopterygius ) , the mexican parrotlet ( forpus cyanopygius ) , the tiny spectacled parrotlet ( forpus conspicillatus ) , and the larger yellow - faced parrotlet ( forpus xanthops ) are harder to find because they either weren\u2019t imported in large enough numbers or breeders haven\u2019t begun focusing on them in earnest yet . in some cases , they are difficult to breed . the spectacled is an up - and - coming species to watch .\ninterested in learning more about parrotlets ? the international parrotlet society is a non - profit organization that is dedicated to the care , maintenance , breeding , exhibition , conservation and education of parrotlets exclusively . the international parrotlet society publishes a bimonthly journal produced by parrotlet owners , breeders , researchers and veterinarians and a membership / breeder directory . in addition , the international parrotlet society sponsors breeding cooperatives for mexican and yellow face parrotlets and a free traceable identification system for parrotlet leg bands .\nparrotlets have not been bred in captivity long , so many of their natural instincts have not been bred out of the species . while pacific parrotlets are the most common species to be kept as pets , others are popular as well . among these are the mexican parrotlet ( forpus cyanopygius cyanopygius ) , the spectacled parrotlet ( forpus conspicillatus conspicillatus ) , and the yellow - faced parrotlet ( forpus xanthops ) .\nhaving the ability to speak does not necessarily mean a parrotlet will speak ; it largely depends on the individual parrotlet and the owner who will spend his / her time training the parrotlet . owners who spend 10 - 15 minutes x 3 times daily are usually the ones to notice the best results in terms of health , characteristic , friendliness , and speaking ability of his / her parrotlet .\nthese little parrots are residents of the pacific coast of ecuador and northwestern peru . predominantly glaucous - green , pacific parrotlets have a bluish postocular stripe which merges with a blue - gray hindecrown , nape and neck and also have dark blue on the lower back , rump and on the large patches of its wings . the habitat preferred by the pacific parrotlet is arid lowland scrub and semi - open tropicl deciduous woodland . these birds feed on berries , cactus and tamarindus fruits . pacific parrotlets are not picky in their choice of nest locations and will nest anywhere from holes in trees and fence posts to the abandoned nests of pale - legged hornero ( furnarius leucopus ) and necklaced spinetails ( synallaxis stictothorax ) . the pacific parrotlet is abundant across its range and is tolerant of moderate levels of human disturbance .\nparrotlets tend to be dedicated parents and are often used as foster parents for less reliable parrotlet species .\nidentify wanted behaviors with a clicker . a clicker is often used in dog training , and can also be effective in parrotlet training , as it allows you to identify quickly the exact moment the parrotlet does what you want . to get the parrotlet to associate the click with treats , you\u2019ll want to start with simply clicking and treating , until the parrotlet comes to expect treats with each click . [ 37 ]\nunfortunately , you can ' t really potty train a parrotlet . however there certain things you can do to prevent your parrotlet from pooping all over your house . don ' t let your parrotlet out in a carpeted room and after you put your parrotlet back in its cage be sure to clean the room for feces . and it doesn ' t really matter if the name is really long or really short .\nwhether eating pellets , seeds or both , parrotlets need a wide variety of fruits , vegetables and greens daily . a parrotlet should receive at least two different fruits and three different vegetables plus at least one kind of green each day . the following is a brief guide to feeding a parrotlet . generally , what is good for people should be good for the parrotlet . the exceptions are avocado , chocolate and alcohol . no parrotlet should ever be fed these foods . feed only top - quality , fresh , unspoiled foods to your parrotlet . if you would not eat it , do not feed it to your parrotlet .\nparrotlets are the second smallest group of all parrots . pacific parrotlets are between 4 1 / 2 to 5 1 / 2 inches in length . they come from the south american countries of peru and ecuador . there are seven species of parrotlets . only three of these species are kept as pets . of these , the pacific parrotlet is the most common .\nbaby blue male pacific parrotletpersonality of blue parrotlet pacific or celestial parrotlets are the most popular of the pet parrotlets and for good reason . they are the most parrot - like in personality . they are also some of the most beautiful . hand - fed babies make wonderful pets when placed in a home right after weaning and quickly become beloved members of the household . blue parrotlet mutations have an exceptionally sweet , calm personality both as a pet and with other parrotlets . more\ncelestial pacific parrotlets can at times be feisty little buggers . one should never purchase a parrotlet just because you find them cool in coloring or because they are small . before purchasing any bird including a parrotlet , the new owner should dedicate time researching a parrotlets personality and characteristics , along with asking questions to qualified breeds and / or avian vet .\npacific parrotlets are one of the world ' s smallest parrots with an average size of only 5 to 6 inches . they are not known for being loud like conures or other parrots . parrotlets actually have a finch - like chirp that is coupled with a sweet personality , making them a very popular pet . read on to learn how to care for a pacific parrotlet . more\ni was wondering what color is a regular green pacific parrotlet female . are they just green , or do they have some turquoise on their backs , or maybe even some blue . i know males have cobalt streaks though . my snowpea is female and her back is turquoise and a speck of blue under the wing , does she identify as a regular green parrotlet ?\nprotection / threats / status : the pacific parrotlet is generally common and even locally abundant , mainly in drier areas where they are most numerous . this species is well adapted to habitat change , and is apparently able to withstand strong agricultural and urban developments . it also takes advantage from deforestation and expands its range in areas with remnant vegetation , so long as some trees are left . the pacific parrotlet is not globally threatened and the population is suspected to be stable . it is currently evaluated as least concern .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the pacific parrotlet gives high - pitched , passerine - like \u201ctzit\u201d or \u201czidit\u201d both perched and in flight . these calls are rapidly repeated to produce a loud chattering when several birds are flying together and calling continuously .\npacific parrotlet for sale = browse birds : more search options | advanced search | reset search criteria viewing ads 1 - 12 of 15 \u00bb marking : within miles $ 125 . . for a pair or . . take all 4 pair parrotlets $ 500 . . more\nin reading the parrotlet handbook ; it seems the albino / red eye mutations are the ones that seem to be most at risk from the pellet diet . our little tiki seems to be a dilute blue pacific , and we do mix some pellets in with regular food .\nin all parrotlet species , the nominate color is varying shades of green and some species , like the pacific , come in a variety of mutations , such as blue , yellow , lutino , fallow , darker green , pastel , isabel ( cinnamon ) , albino , and white . the parrotlet is dimorphic , meaning that there\u2019s a visible difference between the sexes , making it easy to choose pairs among mature birds .\na parrotlet\u2019s curiosity , combined with its small size , can make it accident prone and being stepped on can pose a real hazard .\npacific parrotlets have a royal ( dark ) blue color located on the rump ( back ) , above the eyes , and on wing - flight feathers .\nmany people prefer to buy their parrotlet organic fruits and vegetables . these foods have not been sprayed with chemical pesticides or fertilizers , which have been shown to leave residue . parrotlets are very tiny and small amounts of this residue could build up in the parrotlet ' s body . with organic produce readily available at most supermarkets , it can be very easy to feed your parrotlet a safe , healthy diet .\nthe pacific parrotlet is the most popular species of parrotlet kept as pets . most pacifics have a well - deserved reputation for being feisty and bold . they are very much ' a large parrot personality in a small parrot body . ' they are the most fearless of the parrotlets and can be very stubborn and strong - willed at times . they have very engaging personalities and can also be the most loving and devoted to their owners . more\nin the pacific parrotlet species , the male will have a cobalt blue streak on the head , wings , and tail . the female does not have these markings . parrotlets are interesting to observe in the nest . the female will lay between four and eight eggs , laying one every other day . more\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season takes place between january and may in ecuador . the pacific parrotlet nests in cavities , both natural and artificial ones , or in old nests abandoned by other bird species . the female selects the nesting cavity and cleans it , but she adds nothing , no lining .\nforpus coelestis lucida : the lucida pacific parrotlet has most of the same characteristics and colors as the nominate ( f . c . coelestis ) , except as noted : although mainly green , lucida males and females both have blue color on the underside of their wings and on their rump . the males ' blue coloring on the rump is dark cobalt blue and the blue markings around the eye are darker than the female , which is similar to a male pacific ( nominate ) . more\npicture of the pacific parrotlet has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike . original source : originally posted to flickr as 2344 pacific parrotlet 2 author : markaharper1permission ( reusing this file ) this image , which was originally posted to flickr . com , was uploaded to commons using flickr upload bot on 09 : 57 , 7 april 2009 ( utc ) by snowmanradio ( talk ) . on that date it was licensed under the license below . this file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 2 . 0 generic license . you are free : to share \u2013 to copy , distribute and transmit the work\nfeed your parrotlet about 12 % of its body weight at each meal . [ 24 ] the pacific parrotlet weighs about 33g so you ' ll want to feed it about 4g of food at each meal . however , as many parrots self - regulate , you can keep more food than that in there , especially of the pellet variety . you ' ll want to clean out excess perishable food at least once a day . [ 25 ] [ 26 ]\nkeep regular vet appointments . this should be at least once yearly . once the parrotlet reaches 10 years it might be good to start having checkups twice a year . you should also take your parrotlet to the vet anytime there are significant changes in behavior . [ 30 ] [ 31 ]\ndon ' t get a parrotlet unless you are prepared to make a longterm investment in the pet . they can live 12 to 20 years .\nthey are aggressive and territorial birds and should be housed one pair per aviary . results are better in a small aviary compared to those obtained when bred in a cage . the pacific parrotlet is an active bird and will benefit from the inclusion of suitable parrot bird toys and parrot bird gyms placed in the cage or aviary .\nthe pacific parrotlets ( forpus coelestis ) - also known as celestial , western , lesson ' s or ridgway ' s parrotlets - occur naturally in western ecuador and north - western peru ( on the pacific coast ) . they are resident ( non - migratory ) within their range . these birds inhabit arid lowland scrub and semi - open tropical deciduous woodland .\nwinged wisdom note : sandee and husband robert , owners of the parrotlet ranch , have been breeding birds since 1984 and parrotlets exclusively since 1986 . the molendas have written articles for many well known publications and were featured speakers at the 1985 afa convention . they are heavily involved with the international parrotlet society .\nmales and females make equally good companions depending on the individual . companionability has much less to do with gender than it does with handling and socialization . hand - fed parrotlets are very friendly , especially if the guardian takes the time to keep handling the bird . if left alone for too long , a single parrotlet can lose some of its companionability . the pacific parrotlet , in particular , does not understand that it is a tiny bird , and has little trouble challenging other animals and humans .\npacific parrotlets measure 4 to 4 . 8 inches ( 10 - 12 cm ) in length and weigh between 1 . 1 to 1 . 2 oz ( 31 - 34 grams ) .\ngreen - rumped parrotlets are slightly more shy and gentle than their pacific cousins , and not quite as likely to bite , which makes them a better choice as a pet for someone who might be more easily intimidated by the pacific ' s strong - willed nature . however , they are also more easily frightened , and can take longer to warm up in new surroundings .\npacific parrotlets are a dimorphic species , with the normal coloration being mostly green . males can be distinguished from females by the splashes of bright blue on their backs and behind their eyes . parrotlets also come in many color mutations , such as lutino , blue , and albino . feeding : pacific parrotlets have extremely high metabolisms , and must have food available at all times . more\nin the wild the t ype of coloring for this species is green , but several parrotlet color mutations have been established through selective breeding . pacific parrotlets are sexually dimorphic , meaning males and females have different appearances . males have markings of cobalt blue on their head , wings and tail . females generally lack these blue markings and are solid in color .\nyour parrotlet ' s diet should consist of about half formulated food such as pellets and half other foods such as fruits , seeds , and vegetables . [ 18 ]\npicking out food for your parrotlet can be very hard . but try kaytee exact or zupreem avianentrees harvest feast . these are both tasty and healthy for a bird .\nhabitat : the pacific parrotlet is found in a variety of open to semi - open habitats , desert scrubland , deciduous forest and semi - open woodland , gallery forest , plantations , farmland , urban parks and gardens . it may occasionally frequent humid vegetation , up to 1500 metres , but it is usually found below 800 metres , and locally up to 2000 metres of elevation .\nregarding the pacific parrotlet mentioned in volume - i , issue - ii\njust what should we call her ?\nshorties - my pair are very young . how do i know when they are old enough to breed . is a 18x18x24 cage big enough ? i would like to hear from other breeders , their setups and feeding details , when they pull babies , etc . more\npacific parrotlets can learn more than 15 words on average and can\nwhistle\nsongs well . the pacific parrotlets have about the same speaking and whistling capabilities of a cockatiel . parrotlets are also very good learners for commands such as\nstep - up\ni love you\npretty bird\n& other small commands . some parrotlets can learn advanced tricks , but not as advanced as an congo african grey parrot .\ntemperament : attractive birds . hand raised birds can make good pets and may learn a few words . pacific parrotlets are aggressive during the breeding season . generally quiet birds that are unlikely to cause problems with neighbours .\npacific parrotlets are generally known as a playful parrot who enjoys plenty of attention . parrotlets are highly intelligent , curious , and active . parrotlets must have ample opportunities to play and exercise . environmental enrichment must be made a part of their lives as to prevent boredom . pacific parrotlets keep themselves more than occupied when left alone for several hours , so long as they are provided with an array of chewable and destructible toys to play with .\nparrotlets should not be overlooked in favor of more widely known types of birds ; any bird owner , including parrotlet owners will tell you that all birds possess all the intelligence and attitude of the largest of macaws . pacific parrotlets are fairly quiet companions , making them ideal for families who live in apts . or condos . many of our satisfied customers come from the east coast states & confirmed this claim .\npacific parrotlets are not noisy birds , making them great for people living in apartments . they will repeat words and simple phrases , but are not known to be the finest talkers of the parrotlet family . these birds can learn to mimic , but they aren\u2019t the best talkers of the parrot family . some individuals can learn quite a few words , however . they aren\u2019t noisy , so neighbors won\u2019t be disturbed .\npacific parrotlets are not noisy birds , making them great for people living in apartments . they will repeat words and simple phrases , but are not known to be the finest talkers of the parrotlet family . pacifics are very spirited , and can become aggressive if left for too long without handling . even though it is tiny , do not underestimate the strong beak \u2014 its bite is much stronger than a budgie .\nmake sure to play with your parrotlet daily . this will help the parrot keep from getting territorial and nippy . you want the parrotlet to feel like part of the flock , so make sure to interact with the bird frequently . this is the basis of being able to train the bird . if you can ' t handle the bird , you will have trouble training it . [ 32 ]\nnever feed grit to a parrotlet . parrotlets hull their seed with their beak rather than swallow it whole . therefore grit is not needed to grind up the food . it is unnecessary and has been known to cause crop impaction and death . if the parrotlet is on a well - balanced diet and has access to mineral block , cuttlebone and vitamins , they will have no need for grit .\nthe mexican , spectacled , and yellow - faced are also kept as pets . their popularity as pets has grown due to their small size and large personalities . pacific parrotlets are often mistaken for a \u201ccheap\u201d $ 11 . 99 petco parakeet .\nfeather coloration , in the normal pacific parrotlet , is a variety of shades of green and some appear to have a light yellowish tone in the down feathers . being sexually dimorphic the male is easily distinguished from the female . he carries a vivid blue on the wings and rump and a lighter blue over his eyes . some males have a dusting of blue on the back of the neck and over the back and top of the wings . more\nthe pacific parrotlet is considered to be the most fearless , bold and aggressive species of all commonly available parrotlets . it tends to be very territorial , which may present problems if it is sharing its space with other birds . in fact , it is usually not possible to keep more than one pair in a cage . they may also not get along well with other animals in the household , unless they were introduced to them at a very early age .\non the upperparts , the pacific parrotlet adult male has greenish - grey mantle , upper back and lesser wing - coverts to scapulars and inner secondaries . lower back and rump , primary and secondary coverts , outer secondaries and bases of inner primaries are cobalt - blue . the short tail is green . the green underparts are tinged grey on flanks and breast sides . on the underwing , lesser coverts and axillaries are cobalt - blue . the undertail is dull green .\na pet parrotlet receiving a balanced diet has little need for vitamins and supplements . however , it can be good insurance in making sure the parrotlet is receiving enough nutrients . some seed mixes are coated with vitamins . since parrotlets hull their seeds , however , it is doubtful they are receiving any of the vitamins . there are many good commercial vitamins on the market . find one recommended for pets and not formulated for breeders .\npacific parrotlets are absolutely adorable with their miniature parrot features . their tiny tails are delicate and their curved beaks and large head perfectly mimic their larger cousins . they also have zygodactyl feet , meaning two toes point forward and two toes point toward the rear .\neuropean yellow pacific parrotlet , ( also called pastel ) is the yellow form being bred in europe , which is not as bright and clear . in contrast to the american yellow , the european yellow is not a clear yellow . it shows much suffusion of green and the wings are quite spotty giving the bird a somewhat dirty look . pastel pair european yellow ( pastel ) there is yet a third yellow mutation but this one is clearly different from the others described . more\nyou\u2019ll want to make sure one side is against the wall , though , so the parrotlet can retreat away from a busy room when it wants . you\u2019ll want to keep in mind the following when placing the cage :\nmales and females make equally good companions depending on the individual . companionability has much less to do with gender than it does with handling and socialization . hand - fed parrotlets are very friendly , especially if the guardian takes the time to keep handling the bird . if left alone for too long , a single parrotlet can lose some of its companionability . the pacific , in particular , does not understand that it is a tiny bird , and has little trouble challenging other animals and humans .\nthe mutations are said to be more easy going than the nominate color ( green ) , but they are also said to be less hardy . this may be a result of inbreeding . because of the small size , the parrotlet may seem like a great companion for children , but kids would probably be better off with a budgie or something in the neophema family . the parrotlet can be temperamental and feisty , and its bite packs a wallop .\nthe mutations are said to be more easy going than the nominate color ( green ) , but they are also said to be less hardy . this may be a result of inbreeding . because of the small size , the parrotlet may seem like a great companion for children , but kids would probably be better off with a budgie or something in the neophema family . the parrotlet can be temperamental and feisty , and its bite packs a wallop .\nbehaviour in the wild : the pacific parrotlet feeds on berries , cactus and fruits of tamarindus . it also feeds on seeds taken on the ground , and other plant material . they are usually in groups of up to 20 birds , sometimes more outside breeding season . they climb about trees while foraging for fruits and seeds . large flocks can be seen at clay - licks where they drink water and eat clay with other parrot species . see the article : parrots and clay\u2026 an old story !\nselect a spacious cage . pacific parrotlets are very active and need plenty of room to fly around . a cage measuring 18\u201d x 18\u201d x 18\u201d is the minimum for one bird . for more than one , you ' ll need to get even larger cages ( 28\u201d x 24\u201d x 36\u201d for two birds ) . the cage should have around 3 / 8 - 1 / 2 inch bar space ( the spaces between the bars ) , so that the parrotlet can\u2019t get out unattended . [ 1 ]\nraised celestial pacific parrotlets for seven years and have over nine years of experience . our parrotlets offer countless years of loyal companionship and lasting memories . the amount of joy , happiness , and pride a parrotlet will bring to a family is priceless ! our priority is to make your transaction with us go as smoothly as possible . we pledge to provide excellent customer service , honest advice and quality hand - fed baby parrotlets at a reasonable price . all parrotlets come with a 10 day health guarantee . more\nfound on the pacific slopes of andes from borb\u00f3n , esmeraldas , nw ecuador , south to trujillo , la libertad , and the upper r\u00edo mara\u00f1\u00f3n valley , nw peru ; possibly southern nari\u00f1o , sw colombia and bagua area , r\u00edos mara\u00f1\u00f3n , and utcumbamba valleys , nw peru .\nparrotlets should receive at least one protein food several times weekly . grains should be also fed several times a week , although there is no harm in feeding daily . many grains and protein foods also make healthy treats for your parrotlet .\nin the w ild , pacific parrotlets travel in flocks which , depending on the species can range from a few to hundreds of parrotlets . most other species travel in flocks of about 5 to 40 . this species forms life - long and tight pair bonds with their chosen mates .\nthe pacific parrotlet ( forpus coelestis ) has become one of the more popular small birds in the country , and is the most common of the various parrotlet species . originating in mexico and central and south america , these \u201cpocket parrots\u201d have caught on fast . they have the personality of a \u201clarge bird in a small bird\u2019s body , \u201d and are often compared to amazon parrots , a family of parrots said to be their close cousins . indeed , they do resemble the amazons , with short , stout bodies and a somewhat blunt tail . the male is green with a blue streak behind the eye and blue on the rump and wing - coverts . females lack the blue coloring , and may or may not have a faint blue streak behind the eye .\nno matter how high quality the food , it is really important not to rely on seeds as the primary food for your parrotlet . fruits and vegetables are necessary , so don\u2019t skip on the variety the parrotlets need for a healthy diet .\nwhile many of the signs listed above do not warrant emergency care , there are some symptoms that do require immediate care . with parrotlets it can be essential to see an emergency vet quickly if your parrotlet has any of the following symptoms :\n: most avian vets & aviculturists agree that pellets should represent between 30 % - 50 % of any parrots total daily diet . percent varies depending on various aspects such as ; particular species ( african greys , conures , cockatoos , amazons , lovebirds , macaws , pacific parrotlets ) , development stages ( growing chick , juvenile , adult ) , in and / or outs of breeding seasons . tropical species such as amazons , conures , king parrots , macaws , pacific parrotlets should be offered diets where pellets represent a greater part and about \u00bd to \u00be of their daily diets .\nthere are diets on the market today that are cooked and fed warm to your parrotlet . these diets are usually rice or pasta based with a variety of beans , corn , dried fruit and vegetables and herbs . there are many companies that manufacture these diets including pretty bird ( tm ) and soak n ' cook ( tm ) . parrotlet take out ( tm ) is formulated specifically for parrotlets . all of these companies produce several varieties , each with different ingredients and / or themes .\nparrotlets , especially those of the forpus genus , which includes the celestial or pacific parrotlet , the tiny mexican parrotlet , and a handful of others , are some of the most pernicious and spunky creatures in the parrot family . the celestial aka pacific male has blue on the wings as well as on the rump and a blue streak behind the eye . the blue mutations are still identifiable by the cobalt blue markings on rump and wings . in the wild they are known to eat seeds , buds , and flowers ; in captivity they adapt readily to seed , although a healthy diet includes fruits and veggies in addition to pellets . breeding information : often laying 4 - 6 eggs per clutch , members of the forpus family are very prolific . each hatchling wiegs approximately a gram , and are smaller than the average thumb . they can be housed in a cage suitable for cockatiels ( breeding cages can be the same size . ) and should be fed a high - quality seed mix with few sunflower seeds , but not cockatiel mix . they enjoy vegetables and occasional fruit slices .\nthe pacific parrotlet has become one of the more popular small birds in the country , and is the most common of the various parrotlet species . they are referred to as \u201cpocket parrots\u201d \u2014 because of their small size , and they might very well sit in your shirt pocket as well ! they have the personality of a \u201clarge bird in a small bird\u2019s body , \u201d and are often compared to amazon parrots , a family of parrots said to be their close cousins . indeed , they do resemble the amazons , with short , stout bodies and a somewhat blunt tail . the male is green with a blue streak behind the eye and blue on the rump and wing - coverts . females lack the blue coloring , and may or may not have a faint blue streak behind the eye .\nthese tiniest of all parrots are often referred to as\npocket parrots\ndue to their compact size and fondness of climbing into pockets . they are very popular and common in captivity , and are the most well - known of all parrotlet species .\nthe most commonly kept parrotlet in aviculture is by far the pacific parrotlet , which now has several color mutations . the mexican , spectacled , and yellow - faced are also fairly common pets . their popularity as pets has grown due to their small size and large personalities . parrotlets are commonly known as playful birds that enjoy the chewing as much as their larger amazon parrot counterparts . however , their largest quirk lies in the fact that they don ' t grow as bored as other species of parrots . parrotlets keep themselves more than occupied when left alone for several hours , so long as they are provided with an array of chewable and destructible toys to play with . however , when their keepers get home , they often greet them with lovely chirps and whistles to let them know they want attention .\npacific parrotlets are excellent breeders and highly dedicated parents . they are commonly used as foster parents to incubate eggs and raise the chicks of other parrotlet species . in the wild , they usually nest in cavities of trees or fence posts ; or they may over the abandoned nests of other cavity nesting birds . in captivity , they do fine with a lovebird / cockatiel - sized nest box - minimum size , for example one of the following dimensions : 6\nx 6\nx 6\n( 15 . 2cm x 15 . 2cm x 15 . 2cm ) .\nwhoever coined the saying\ngood things come in small packages\nprobably had a parrotlet as a pet . in spite of their diminutive size ( around 4 inches long ) , these little characters have all the personality and character of their larger cousins , the amazons .\npacific parrotlets have extremely high metabolisms and must have food available at all times . they are known for their voracious appetites and thrive on a varied diet . this should consist of fresh bird - safe fruits and vegetables , small seeds such as millet , high - quality commercial pellets , and nutritious protein sources like eggs .\nchinese : ? ? ? ? ? . . . czech : papou\u0161\u00edcek modrav\u00fd , papou\u0161\u00ed ? ek \u0161edok ? \u00eddl\u00fd . . . danish : spurvepapeg\u00f8je . . . dutch : blauwe muspapegaai , grijsrugmuspapegaai . . . english : pacific parrotlet , western parrotlet finnish : ecuadorinaranen . . . french : perruche - moineau c\u00e9leste , toui c\u00e9leste . . . german : himmelspapagei , himmelsperlingspapagei . . . italian : pappagalletto del pacifico , pappagallino celestiale . . . japanese : mamerurihainko , mamerurihashiinko . . . norwegian : gr\u00f8nnmasket spurvepapeg\u00f8ye , lessons spurvepapeg\u00f8ye . . . polish : wr\u00f3bliczka zielonolica . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : papag\u00e1jik modrokrk\u00fd . . . spanish : catita enana amarilla , cotorrita de piura . . . swedish : pacifiksparvpapegoja\nthe green - rumped parrotlets , as their name implies , have green rumps , except for one subspecies in which the male does sport a blue rump . as in the pacifics , their beaks and legs are pink . the males have turquoise blue on their wings , while the females do not . their green is a slightly brighter , more emerald hue than the olive green of the pacific , and they do not have the greyish wash . the hens have a touch of yellow just above their cere . green - rumped parrotlets are just a bit smaller , weighing from 20 - 26g , and have a more slender build than the pacific .\nfor those who prefer a less aggressive pet , a green - rump parrotlet may be an alternative . although green rumps are very shy ( especially initially and with new people ) , they are very gentle creatures . these parrotlets need a safe and stable environment to thrive .\nthis can include grapes , apples , and berries . just as with the vegetables , if the fruits aren\u2019t eaten within a day , you\u2019ll want to remove them from the cage . you might want to cut up fruit for your parrotlet , so they can handle it better .\nspecifically formulated for small tropical parrot including parrotlets species . adding these foods provides additional nutrients and can prevent obesity and lipomas , as can substituting millet , which is relatively low in fat , for higher - fat seed mixes . adult pacific parrotlets often do not always adapt readily to dietary additions , so care must be taken to in\nmexican parrotlets are also larger , weighing 36 - 40g . they are a brighter green than the pacific , and the blue on the males ' rumps and wings is a stunning electric turquoise that fairly glows under natural lighting . the feet and legs are grey , with the beaks turning to a greyish color when they are mature .\npacific parrotlets are the yorkshire terriers of the bird world . they have absolutely no comprehension of how tiny they are , and will bravely take on all comers . pacifics are willful , stubborn , and can be quite aggressive . if you are late with their breakfast you will be treated to an angry tirade of parrotlet cussing , accompanied by foot - stomping and ruffled feathers . they will be the boss , if you let them . and don ' t be fooled by the size of that beak ; it may not be large enough to remove body parts , but the amount of pain it can inflict is surprising ! potential parrotlet owners would be wise to read all they can about bird behavior , because pacifics can be every bit as challenging as amazon parrots . but that is exactly what makes them so endearing ; who can resist such a brazen attitude in something so tiny ? properly socialized and handled , they are endearing , affectionate and entertaining pets .\nas with all parrots , a bored parrotlet can become destructive . this can include nipping people , chewing up things around your home , or resorting to feather plucking , which can become a serious health concern . proper training , positive reinforcement , and daily attention is the best way to combat these issues .\ni will never forget the first time i saw a parrotlet . my husband and i attended a bird show in sacramento , california . we were walking around and i saw two tiny green parrots in a show cage . they looked like miniature amazon parrots ! i did not know what they were , but i was determined to have some .\nas previously mentioned , parrotlets are very physically active parrots and need a good size cage to keep them happy and healthy . it ' s always best to get the largest cage you can afford . this will allow the placement of lots of perches to facilitate climbing and space for a wide variety of toys in which to play . pet parrotlets should have a cage at least 18\nx 18\n. this is the minimum recommended size cage for a single bird . breeding pairs should have cages at least 24\nx 24\n. it is better to have a cage that is wider or deeper than it is tall . this will allow for the greatest amount of area for your parrotlet . cage bars should be no wider than 1 / 2\n. this will accommodate all species including tiny green rumps and spectacles . a grate on the bottom is required , as it will keep the parrotlet away from old food and droppings . many cages also come with seed guards to help keep the area around the parrotlet clean .\nparrotlets might be small but that doesn\u2019t mean that a small cage will do . a spacious wide cage with 1 / 4 inch bar spacing is ideal . these are active birds that need their play space and plenty of toys to keep them busy . parrot kabobs and other shreddable toys are parrotlet favorites , and they also like swings and boings .\nparrotlets are an adorable breed of parrot that come in a variety of colors . they can be affectionate birds and make great pets . to care for a parrotlet , you ' ll need to prepare a space they ' ll love , get the right foods , be aware of any potential health concerns , and , for added fun , train them .\nif you want to own a parrotlet , you should be sure that you can set aside a bird - safe area for your pet to play in for at least one to two hours a day . they need to be able to come out of their cages , stretch their wings , and exercise their leg muscles to maintain their physical and mental health .\nyellow - faced parrotlets are the largest of the forpus family , weighing around 50g and measuring closer to 6 inches in length . both males and females have blue on their rumps , wings and eyestreaks , but much more pronounced in the male . as their name implies , their faces are yellow , and their green coloring is more yellowish and greyish than the pacific . they have a pronounced vertical dark streak on their upper mandibles .\nin the world of parrotlets , everything is a fun game . parrotlets absolutely love to play . their natural boldness and intelligence makes them a delight to watch as they tumble and play . usually bundles of energy , parrotlets spend hours swinging , climbing and playing . parrotlets will use a wide variety of toys that should be alternated often to keep the parrotlet from getting bored .\nreward the bird when they do something you want . pick a treat that you rarely give them but know they love . [ 35 ] nuts and seeds are good training treats , as they\u2019re small , yummy for the parrotlet , and not very messy . be careful not to use a reward immediately after an unwanted behavior , as you might accidentally reinforce that behavior . [ 36 ]\ninvest in a parrotlet training program . if you\u2019re struggling with training , or you have a bird that\u2019s too nippy , you may want to invest in a training program . you\u2019ll want to make sure the program has good ratings on the better business bureau website . you may want to check with your vet and see if they have any recommendations for specific trainers or training tips . [ 40 ]"]}
{"id": 2482, "summary": [{"text": "banjos banjos ( banjofish ) is a perciform fish , the only species in the monotypic genus banjos and in the family banjosidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is native to coastal waters of the western pacific ocean , from japan to the south china sea .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it grows up to 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) in standard length . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "banjos banjos", "paragraphs": ["a banjofish , banjos banjos , trawled off ballina , new south wales , in 135 m . source : ken graham / nsw fisheries . license : all rights reserved\nsubspecific name from latin ' brevispinis ' meaning short - spine , referring the relatively short dorsal - fin spines when compared with b . b . banjos .\nwelcome to ome banjos ! we are a small , family - owned company specializing in building exceptional bluegrass , old - time , irish , and jazz banjos . the models and styles we now offer have evolved since 1960 and have been continuously refined and perfected to create the finest possible tone , playability , longevity , beauty and value .\nclareen banjos are the premier banjo manufacturer in ireland . we manufacture instruments to provide musicians with the best possible range of banjos . each one is hand crafted to the highest quality and the best materials are used at all times . modifications and customisations can be made to any instrument to suit individual customer requirements within reason . we hope that you enjoy browsing through the clareen banjo range .\nthe subspecific name brevispinis is derived from the latin word meaning ' short - spine ' , alluding to the subspecies possessing relatively short dorsal - fin spines , compared with b . b . banjos .\ndiagnosis . a subspecies of banjos banjos distinguished from other subspecies by the following combination of characters : least interorbital width 5 . 8\u20138 . 1 ( mean 6 . 8 ) % of sl ; first dorsal - fin spine length 4 . 5\u20138 . 0 ( 6 . 1 ) % of sl ; second dorsal - fin spine length 11 . 2\u201318 . 3 ( 14 . 0 ) % of sl ; eighth dorsal - fin spine length 9 . 5\u201318 . 7 ( 12 . 5 ) % of sl .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 50 - 400 m ( ref . 11230 ) . tropical\nindo - west pacific : from the southeastern indian ocean , including the west coast of australia and indonesia to northwestern pacific , ranging from the south china sea north to japan .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 559 )\nthis species is distinguished from its congeners by the following set of characters : 0 - 22 serrae on ventral margin of lacrimal ; in specimens 15 . 0 - 20 . 0 cm sl , 14 - 36 serrae on cleithrum ; in specimens > 10 . 0 cm sl , head length 33 . 2 - 39 . 6 ( mean 36 . 5 ) % of sl , orbit diameter 11 . 2 - 16 . 6 ( 14 . 1 ) % of sl , vertical orbit diameter 9 . 5 - 14 . 9 ( 13 . 5 ) % of sl ; least interorbital width 5 . 8 - 10 . 3 ( mean 7 . 3 ) % of sl ; postorbital length 11 . 5 - 15 . 7 ( mean 13 . 3 ) % of sl ; in specimens > 10 . 0 cm sl pre - pelvic - fin length 38 . 0 - 44 . 7 ( mean 41 . 5 ) % of sl ; first dorsal - fin spine length 4 . 5 - 11 . 7 ( 6 . 7 ) % of sl ; second dorsal - fin spine length 11 . 2 - 22 . 7 ( 16 . 1 ) % of sl ; in juveniles < 7 . 0 cm sl , spine at angle of preopercle relatively short , moderately serrated and membrane of spinous dorsal - fin with broad central translucent area ( ref . 116322 ) .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\n) : 13 . 6 - 26 . 5 , mean 19 . 7 ( based on 395 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 67 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\nnorth west cape ( 21\u00ba47\u00b4s ) to rankin rank , northwest shelf ( 19\u00ba40\u00b4s ) , wa and off southern qld to northern nsw . also off lord howe island . elsewhere in the tropical , west pacific\n( perciformes : banjosidae ) with descriptions of two new species and a new subspecies .\nour price is lower than the manufacturer ' s\nminimum advertised price .\nas a result , we cannot show you the price in catalog or the product page . you have no obligation to purchase the product once you know the price . you can simply remove the item from your cart .\nwe want to help educate kids about nutrition , to learn what\u2019s in their food , the importance of eating healthy and to opt for unpackaged snacks . find out how your school or club can get involved , build a relationship with your local bakery and reap the rewards . plus there are great prizes to be won each month !\n\u2018at banjo\u2019s you can taste the difference\u2019 you will hear people say . a tasmanian \u2018staple\u2019 since 1984 and now with almost 40 bakeries across australia , banjo\u2019s is home to the freshest and best tasting breads . but , it\u2019s not just bread \u2013 the range of delicious products extends to sweet , savoury , salads and the highest quality coffee created by qualified baristas . join us and make banjo\u2019s part of your every day !\npacked solid with seeds and grains our sunflower finnen is a truly satisfying bread filled with a variety of healthy seeds and grains to make it an important part of your diet .\ndid you know , sourdough breads contain lots of natural goodness particularly for digestive health and keeps you satisfied longer . add some of our preservative free sourdough to your diet today !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2483, "summary": [{"text": "anacampsis lacteusochrella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by chambers in 1875 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "adults are creamy white or white very faintly suffused with ochreous , sparsely flecked with brown upon the forewings , which become towards the tip , suffused with greyish , or purplish-brown and ochreous , so that a white costal streak at the beginning of the cilia may be distinguished from the surrounding part of the wing . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "anacampsis lacteusochrella", "paragraphs": ["compsolechia lacteochrella [ = lacteusochrella ] meyrick , 1925 ; in wytsman , genera insectorum 184 : 123 ( emend . )\nanacampsis malella amsel , 1959 ; bull . soc . ent . egypt . 43 : 65\nanacampsis sacramenta keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 362\ngelechia ( anacampsis ) tristrigella walsingham , 1882 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 181\nanacampsis languens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 142 ; tl : ecuador , duran\nanacampsis aedificata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; tl : brazil , para\nanacampsis diplodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 76 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis embrocha meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 192 ; tl : new hanover\nanacampsis flexiloqua meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nanacampsis idiocentra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , santarem\nanacampsis nonstrigella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 4 ) : 121 ; tl : oak station , pennsylvania\nanacampsis parviocellatella bruand , 1850 ; m\u00e9m . soc . doubs 3 ( 3 , livr . 5 - 6 ) : 40\nanacampsis petrographa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 79 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nanacampsis poliombra meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nanacampsis cosmia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 77 ; tl : natal , durban\nanacampsis lapidella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis quinquepunctella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 80 ; tl : west indies , grenada\nanacampsis conistica walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , sonora\nanacampsis lithodelta meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 77 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis lupinella busck , 1901 ; can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 14 ; tl : high park , toronto , canada\nanacampsis perquisita meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis insularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 81 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas\nanacampsis solemnella ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; [ nhm card ]\nanacampsis capyrodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 80 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins , teff\u00e9\nanacampsis rivalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys ; ceylon , kandy\nanacampsis ursula walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 ; tl : mexico , morelos , cuernavaca\nanacampsis fragariella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 760 ; tl : pullman , washington\nanacampsis argyrothamniella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 141 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\nanacampsis cornifer walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 79 ; tl : west indies , st . croix ; st . thomas\nanacampsis paltodoriella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 848 ; tl : mesilla park , new mexico\nanacampsis triangularis braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california\nanacampsis considerata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 78 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nanacampsis phytomiella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 8 ; tl : alhajuela , cabima and porto bello , panama\nanacampsis coverdalella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 162 , pl . 9 , f . 13 ; tl : natchitoches parish , louisiana\nanacampsis rhabdodes walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 36 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nanacampsis lagunculariella busck , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : palm beach , florida\nanacampsis primigenia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list )\nanacampsis psoraliella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 226 , pl . 28 , f . 10 ; tl : iowa , sioux city\nanacampsis meibomiella forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 376 , pl . 42 , f . 16 ; tl : puerto rico ,\ne . e . a . de cuba\nanacampsis populella ; [ nacl ] , # 2246 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31 ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 173 ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis niveopulvella ; busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761 ; [ nacl ] , # 2243 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\nanacampsis ( anacampsini ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 735 , 699 ( list ) ; [ fe ]\nanacampsis quinquepunctella ; walsingham , 1910 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 35 , pl . 1 , f . 35 ; meyrick , 1929 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 507 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nanacampsis lagunculariella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 78 ; busck , 1914 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 2240 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 31\n820x623 ( ~ 87kb ) russia , moscow area , 14 . 8 . 2008 , photo \u00a9 d . smirnov\nthe exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .\ncompsolechia anisogramma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : china , shanghai\nlarva on argyrothamnia blodgettii busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nuntomia cenelpis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 77 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nchlorodecta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ncompsolechia comparanda meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 506 ; tl : arizona , palmerlee ; texas , alpine\ncrypticopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384\nlarva on fragaria busck , 1904 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 761\n= ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 14 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 30\nlita fuscella eversmann , 1844 ; fauna lep . volgo - uralensis . . . : 581\ntachyptilia hirsutella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 256 , pl . 10 , f . 17 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\nhomoplasta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( compsolechia ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 197\ngelechia ( tachyptilia ) innocuella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 249 ; tl : texas\nagriastis inquieta meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 253 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naproaerema kearfottella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 842 ; tl : new jersey\nlarva on laguncularia racemosa busck , 1900 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 23 ( 1208 ) : 231\nstrobisia levipedella clemens , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 4\ncompsolechia lignaria meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk\nlarva on lupinus perennis busck , 1901 , can . ent . 33 ( 1 ) : 15\nmaculatella ( lucas , 1956 ) ( tachyptilia ) ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256\ngelechia multinotata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 134 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali\ngelechia niveopulvella chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 11 ) : 210 ; tl : canada\nagriastis nocturna meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 252 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ntachyptilia panormitella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 106\nagriastis peloptila meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ngelechia pomaceella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 620 ; tl : ega\n= ; park , 2001 , insecta koreana . 18 ( 1 ) : ( 87 - 90 )\nlarva on populus tremula , salix caprea , s . alba , s . spp .\nagriastis prasina meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 251 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nlarva on croton scouleri , exedeconus miersii landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 737\nlarva on prunus salicina park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121\ngelechia subactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1026 ; tl : australia ?\nlarva on salix phylicifolia , s . caprea , s . lapponum , s . repens\ngelechia tephriasella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 68 ; tl : kentucky\ncathegesis tridentella walsingham , 1910 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 28 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ntachyptila trifoliella constant , 1890 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1889 : cxxv\ngelechia ( teleia ) viretella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 340 , pl . 4 , f . 110\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ \u00b2 ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .\nexpedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths\nicones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . systema naturae allegatis . holmiae\nlepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nthe moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\npowell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 10 . 31m ; p . 101 . book review and ordering\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on image to enlarge .\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2485, "summary": [{"text": "monocirrhus polyacanthus , also known as the amazon leaffish is a species of fish belonging to the polycentridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it inhabits the often brackish waters , both clear and turbid , of peru , brazil , bolivia , colombia and venezuela in the amazon river basin .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it reaches a maximum length of 8.0 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "they are extremely specialized ambush predators that hunt by drifting towards prey animals ( almost invariably another fish ) and quickly swallowing them when they get close enough .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "these fish are sometimes kept in aquariums but are notoriously challenging aquarium inhabitants , requiring copious amounts of live fish ( they can eat their body weight in fish daily ) and soft , acidic , very clean water reminiscent of the amazonian habitats they hail from . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "monocirrhus polyacanthus", "paragraphs": ["an amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\namazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) at the steinhart aquarium , california academy of sciences . ( image credit : ben young landis / cc - by )\nanother fabulous fish species i got to see up close at the california academy of sciences during my visit last thursday was the amazon leaffish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) .\nsouth american leaf fish ( monocirrhus polyacanthus ) are unusual looking fish from the family nandidae . members of this family are predatory fish whose main diet consists of other fish .\nevolution is a wonderful thing , throwing up a diversity of life that evades even the mind of the most creative sci - fi author . monocirrhus polyacanthus is as alien as anything that might turn up on mars .\nbarros , b . & h . higuchi . 2007 . notes on morphological characters in early developed amazonian leaffish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae , perciformes ) . kempffiana , 3 ( 2 ) : 18 - 22 . [ links ]\ncatarino , mf , j zuanon . 2010 . feeding ecology of the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus ( perciformes : polycentridae ) in a terra firme stream in the brazilian amazon . neotropical ichthyology 8 ( 1 ) : 183 - 186 . doi : 10 . 1590 / s1679 - 62252010000100022\na species tank is highly preferable although m . polyacanthus can be kept with medium - sized loricariids and armoured catfish without too many problems .\nbreeding monocirrhus is not suggested for those who want high success rates . as a fish with strict demands , it tends to appeal to a smaller audience and shifting on fry may prove the most difficult aspect of reproduction .\nthe family polycentridae is known for its remarkable morphological specialization associated to predatory behavior ( liem , 1970 ) . the family is represented by two species in the amazon basin , including the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus heckel , 1840 , which is widely distributed in rivers and lakes of the region ( britz & kullander , 2003 ) , mostly in upland ( henceforth terra firme ) streams .\nm . polyacanthus exhibits chromatic ( colour ) changes when required . altering from dark brown through to autumnal yellow , the fish can adapt for whatever conditions are required .\nmost captivating of all is the camouflage and mimicry of monocirrhus . there are many words to describe aspects of its procryptic behaviour , where it emulates the drifting of a dead leaf , and there\u2019s argument about how such behaviour should be classified .\nsouth american leaf fish belong to the tiny family polycentridae . the genus monocirrhus shares this family with its relative genus polycentrus , typified by the species p . schomburgkii \u2014 but this latter fish fails to captivate on the same level , lacking the advanced camouflage of the former .\ndifficult to maintain in captivity and not a species for the beginner . in addition to being a voracious predator , m . polyacanthus is also a flighty species that is very sensitive to deteriorations in water quality .\nboth share massive protracted mouths and stalk in similar ways , but m . polyacanthus has the edge over its relative with a faster feeding speed and , with a strike time of only 0 . 2 seconds or less , it\u2019s one of the world\u2019s fastest eaters .\nmany m . polyacanthus have been caught at one particular region and their gut contents analysed , finding an average of 64 % fish matter and 36 % invertebrate . of the latter much was of insects that weren\u2019t always aquatic based , although many shrimps were also found .\nthere\u2019s the associated issue of increased pathogen burden at higher ph values and these fish are not equipped to deal with opportunistic bacteria and fungi . statistically it would seem that , after starvation , disease susceptibility is the most common cause of death among captive m . polyacanthus .\nrather than just resorting to colours typical of a camouflaged fish , m . polyacanthus goes much further . the fish has come not just to share colour with dead foliage , but to copy its shape , right down to the leaf tip \u2013 hence that characteristic ' beard ' .\nduring a survey of the fish fauna of the aman\u00e3 sustainable development reserve ( rdsa ) conducted in 2002 and 2003 , 49 specimens of m . polyacanthus were collected with hand nets close to the riparian vegetation , and amidst aquatic macrophytes , and with fine - meshed seine nets in shallow stream margins of bar\u00e9 stream , a terra firme tributary of aman\u00e3 lake . those specimens gave us the opportunity to study the diet of m . polyacanthus in that area , so aiming to contribute to a better understanding of the feeding habits of this remarkable , leaf - mimicking fish species .\nany signs of ill health need to be addressed early and for a fish that\u2019s difficult to see , observation can prove quite time consuming . m . polyacanthus will attain a maximum length of 8cm / 3 . 1\u201d over this time , but will reach its full adult size much sooner .\nfishes usually use camouflage to avoid the detection by visually oriented predators , by presenting color patterns that resemble their surroundings ( e . g . sazima et al . , 2006 ) . however , camouflage and mimicry are not employed just as a defensive strategy , but also as an aggressive tactic . the leaf fish monocirrhus polyacanthus typically lives in small terra firme streams , and presents a general body morphology , color pattern , and swimming behavior that remarkably resemble a soaked dead leaf slowly drifting in the water current ( liem , 1970 ; britz & kullander , 2003 ) , which are probably used to facilitate predation . moreover , the highly protrusible mouth of the leaf fish ( which may correspond to 60 % of the head length when fully expanded ; cf . waltzek & wainwright , 2003 ) may allow an efficient strike after slowly approaching the prey .\ncarnivorous and will only accept live food . when small , they will accept live bloodworm and small earthworms but in the long term require a piscivorous diet . do not keep this species if you are not willing to provide a constant supply of live feeder fish , as m . polyacanthus can consume its own body weight daily . some specimens can be weaned onto live river shrimp but this is the exception rather than the rule .\nthe size of the collected specimens of m . polyacanthus averaged 67 . 2 \u00b1 15 . 2 mm ( n = 49 ) . it was possible to determine the sex of 22 specimens , of which 10 were males ( 50 . 2 \u00b1 13 . 1 mm sl , ranging 32 . 3 to 73 . 1 mm ) and 12 were females ( 52 . 3 \u00b1 12 . 8 mm sl ; 31 - 82 mm ) . thirty - three preys were found in the 19 stomachs of m . polyacanthus that contained food . fish were the only prey type encountered in the stomach contents of 12 specimens ( 63 . 15 % fo ) , while invertebrates only were present in four other stomachs ( 21 . 05 % fo ) ; both fish and invertebrates were found in the digestory tracts of three specimens ( 15 . 8 % fo ) . only two prey fishes were found in an advanced state of digestion and could not be adequately identified .\nmonocirrhus polyacanthus ( polycentridae ) \u00e9 uma esp\u00e9cie de peixe cuja apar\u00eancia e h\u00e1bitos mimetizam uma folha morta \u00e0 deriva , e que habita igarap\u00e9s e margens de rios e lagos da bacia amaz\u00f4nica . a despeito de seu reconhecido comportamento predat\u00f3rio e do fato de ser frequentemente explorada no com\u00e9rcio internacional de peixes ornamentais , pouco se conhece sobre sua dieta em condi\u00e7\u00f5es naturais . n\u00f3s examinamos 35 exemplares de peixe - folha ( 28 , 5 - 82 , 0 mm cp ) , dos quais 19 continham presas no est\u00f4mago . trinta e tr\u00eas presas foram encontradas , das quais foi poss\u00edvel estabelecer o comprimento total de 19 delas ( 2 , 0 - 33 , 0 mm ct ) . at\u00e9 cinco presas foram encontradas no est\u00f4mago de um \u00fanico exemplar . a dieta dos peixes - folha foi constitu\u00edda por peixes ( n = 12 ; 63 , 15 % fo ) e invertebrados ( n = 4 ; 21 , 05 % fo ) ; peixes e invertebrados ocorreram juntos em tr\u00eas est\u00f4magos examinados ( 15 , 8 % fo ) . das 33 presas encontradas nos est\u00f4magos analisados , 21 foram peixes e 12 invertebrados . dentre os peixes consumidos , characiformes e perciformes representaram 76 , 1 % e 14 , 2 % , respectivamente . characidae foi a fam\u00edlia de presas mais comum , seguida de lebiasinidae . invertebrados ( presas ) foram representados por camar\u00f5es ( decapoda ) e insetos ( coleoptera , hymenoptera , ephemeroptera e odonata ) . constatou - se uma rela\u00e7\u00e3o positiva entre o tamanho do predador e da presa . a combina\u00e7\u00e3o da camuflagem corporal do peixe - folha , a baixa atividade dos carac\u00eddeos nos hor\u00e1rios de crep\u00fasculo e a efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de captura de presas por suc\u00e7\u00e3o , provavelmente possibilitam a captura de presas \u00e1geis e de h\u00e1bitos nect\u00f4nicos . a posi\u00e7\u00e3o encurvada dos peixes nos est\u00f4magos dos exemplares de m . polyacanthus possivelmente facilita a acomoda\u00e7\u00e3o simult\u00e2nea de mais de uma presa no est\u00f4mago , o que deve ser especialmente importante para predadores que consomem presas grandes e apenas ocasionalmente .\nthe coiled position of the preys encountered in the stomach of m . polyacanthus has already been observed in the stomach of other fish - eating species , such as the catfishes phractocephalus hemioliopterus ( pimelodidae ) and denticetopsis macilenta ( cetopsidae ) ( j . zuanon , pers . obs . ) , in the ogre catfish asterophysus batrachus ( auchenipteridae ; zuanon & sazima , 2005 ) , and the marine sardine chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( pristigasteridae ) ( sazima et al . , 2004 ) . this arrangement of the preys inside the stomach may maximize the use of space in the digestory tract , allowing the allocation of a higher number of preys , which seems to be especially important for predators that consume proportionally large preys that are captured only occasionally .\nof the 33 preys found in the stomachs of m . polyacanthus , 21 were fish and 12 were invertebrates . characiformes ( 16 ) and perciformes ( 3 ) represented 76 . 1 % fn and 14 . 2 % fn of the preys respectively . among the characiformes , characidae was the most commonly recorded prey family ( 62 . 5 % fn ; n = 10 ) , followed by lebiasinidae ( 37 . 5 % fn ; n = 6 ) . both families were represented by three species each : hemigrammus analis , h . belottii and hemigrammus sp . ( characidae ) ; and nannostomus eques , n . unifasciatus and n . trifasciatus ( lebiasinidae ) . perciformes were not identified to species level due to the advanced state of digestion of these preys ( table 1 ) .\ninvertebrates were mostly found in the guts of small specimens of m . polyacanthus ( between 28 . 5 and 54 . 2 mm sl ) , whereas fish constituted the only prey of the larger leaf fish specimens ( fig . 2 ) . of the 33 preys consumed by the leaf fishes , only 19 were found whole and accurately measured . fish and invertebrate preys ranged 11 . 0 - 33 . 0 mm sl and 2 . 0 15 . 0 mm tl respectively . mean prey size corresponded to 34 . 9 % of the predator size ( n = 19 ) . there was a positive relation between the sizes of the leaf fish specimens and the consumed preys ( r 2 = 0 . 44 , f = 13 . 24 , p = 0 . 002 , n = 19 ) ( fig . 3 ) .\ngreek , monos = one + latin , cirrus = curl ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 8 . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 25\u00b0c ( ref . 1672 )\nsouth america : amazon river basin in peru , brazil , bolivia , columbia , and venezuela .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 50082 )\nbritz , r . and s . o . kullander , 2002 . polycentridae ( leaffishes ) . p . 603 - 604 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 50082 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 1250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 2 \u00b10 . 73 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfound in shallow water with little or no flow in areas where fallen leaves collect .\nsoft acidic water is essential . the aquarium should be dimly - lit , with floating plants in order to diffuse the light further . heavy planting with large - leaved varieties such as echinodorus species is also recommended to make this fish feel secure , as they can be very nervous . other hiding places in the form of driftwood should also be provided . any water movement should be kept to a minimum .\ncan be achieved in captivity . the breeding tank should be thickly planted with broad - leaved plants with soft , acidic water ( ph 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 , 1 - 5 dh ) . it should be warm ( above 77\u00b0f ) and dimly - lit . a single pair should be used and conditioned with lots of live food .\nduring spawning the male will intensify in colour and the female will display an ovipositor . the pair drift past each other at the water surface and may continue to do this for up to an hour before the male retreats to allow the female to deposit her eggs , which she sometimes does whilst upside down . he then returns to fertilise them . the female should be removed after spawning , as the male may turn on her .\nup to 300 eggs may be laid on the underside of a large leaf or overhanging rock . the male tends to these , using his fins to fan them . the eggs hatch in 3 - 4 days and the male can also be removed at this point . the fry will start taking brine shrimp nauplii as soon as their yolk sacs are absorbed . any food must be of the swimming variety as the young will not feed from the tank bottom . they should then be fed the fry of other fish as they grow . they can eat incredible amounts for their size and must be separated as soon as differing growth rates become apparent , or they will predate upon their siblings . the maintenance of high water quality is essential or there will be many losses .\nan incredibly - adapted species , this fish is camouflaged to mimic a dead leaf , both in body shape and pattern . it can change colour to match its surroundings and has a projection from its bottom lip that resembles a leaf stalk . when hunting , it stalks its prey in a head - down stance , appearing to drift towards it like a dead leaf drifting in a current . in reality , the fish is propelled by tiny movements of its transparent fins . when it strikes at an item of prey the entire mouth protrudes outwards , forming a large tube into which the prey is sucked , usually head first . this happens so quickly it is often difficult to see . it can swallow prey almost as big as itself in this way .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncentral florida aquarium society website : urltoken facebook : urltoken twitter : urltoken - @ officialcflas google + : urltoken youtube : urltoken instagram : urltoken linkedin : urltoken\nunnatural situation\nkevin macleod ( incompetech . com )\nnathan hill identifies a masquerading predator that really is like no other hunter . meet the master of camouflage .\nfor fans of predatory fish , these south american leaf mimics pose a not inconsiderable challenge . they are tricky to feed , demand impeccable water and spend much time invisible among foliage . however , seeing them behaving naturally in an aquarium is a reward justifying all your work . what\u2019s more , they sport brilliant goatee beards !\nthis theme has been adopted by other south americans \u2013 notably farlowella , the twig catfish \u2013 but the leaf fish never gives the game away by resorting to the fishy movements of many other mimics .\nleaf fish evolution has even taken into account the most common failing of predators \u2013 the obvious shape of the eye . in this case its profile has been blurred with shaded lines running straight through . this is a focused predator .\nmany myths surround this fish , especially where feeding is concerned . opinions range over optimal conditions and some assumptions have lasted too long without question .\nthe leaf fish is often referred to as an obligate piscivore , feeding exclusively on fish , but this is an erroneous assumption . studies on wild - caught specimens revealed a range of foods in the gut and even though fish feature highly by no means do they form the only diet .\nthese findings suggest they will happily take bugs dropping in the water \u2014 and suggest feeding alternatives for captive fish . of the fish consumed , 75 % of identifiable content were either tetra of the hemigrammus genus or nannostomus pencilfishes .\nin these wild fish , average prey size was up to 35 % of the hosts\u2019 length , which is considerably less than of - touted folklore that these will readily eat fish more than half their own size .\neven feeding behaviour has evolved fascinating features . as well as its high - speed strike and associated oral structure , the fish have a remarkable way of \u2018layering\u2019 prey fish inside , curling their meal so that both head and tail are pointing back towards the mouth . this allows multiple fishes to be \u2018stacked\u2019 in order , allowing the leaf fish to stockpile prey should meals become scarce .\nthe mouth is cavernous but thin , extending out in front and comprising almost 60 % of the length of the head .\nit\u2019s common to find leaf fish among the leaves they have copied , although they seem almost indifferent to the model they have evolved to replicate . they tend to drift in solitary fashion , enjoying the concealment and prey advantages offered by dwelling among shoreside vegetation \u2013 often grasses and reeds .\nswimming and stalking technique is spectacular . although equipped with fins as any other fish , those used in locomotion are hyaline \u2014 lacking pigmentation . the two pectoral fins are difficult to see and both the tips of the anal and dorsal fins are equally transparent , and it is through the high - speed flitting of these fins that the fish maintains rigid posture while moving and closing in for the kill .\nwhen drifting it characteristically swims side on . the fish bends and sways but rarely moves upright , just as a floating leaf would not . having mastered this form of swimming , the leaf illusion is complete .\nliterature notes one of these fishes\u2019 earliest collections , from 1920 , when the task involved simply poisoning an entire stream and seeing what bobbed up . it was only by chance that the gasping behaviour of the leaf fish separated it from other leaf shapes drifting down the now dying waterway .\nleaf fish are demanding , not least over the issue of feeding . these are incredibly hard to wean from live foods and only recommended to the most dedicated aquarists experienced in shifting live feeders to dead foods .\ndead feeding is not unknown and some keepers report leaf fish even accepting dead fare from hand . an ample supply of river shrimp should be considered in the early stages , along with insects and even earthworms . it would be wise to gut load invertebrate foods first , feeding something nutritious that will transfer to the leaf fish .\nwater parameters should be kept as close as feasible to wild conditions . water temperature varies in the wild , but will be acceptable between 22 - 25\u00b0c / 72 - 77\u00b0f and ph needs to be low , optimally between 5 . 0 and 6 . 0 , if these fish are to be at their best .\nhardness would benefit from being equally low , with gh values of 5 - 8\u00b0 dh frequently suggested .\nas this fish only inhabits slow moving or static water , aquarium flow should be similarly mild . i always favour external canisters and with ample flow restriction and diffusion over a wide area \u2014 say a spray bar \u2014 an optimal flow can be achieved . my preference for an external rests in part on the maintenance issue . leaf fish are nervous and prone to acute stress , so as little hands - on interaction inside the tank as possible is wise .\nin contradiction to slow flow , excellent water conditions are vital . ammonia , nitrite and nitrate are not tolerated and water changes must be performed at the first instance .\nsimilarly , the fish appears to react badly to medications and these should probably be considered only as a last resort .\nlighting levels are best broken up with ample floating plants , but this is not a nocturnal fish and will be out and about in your tank during daylight . dark substrates are wise but not essential , but leaf litter bases seem to be accepted most readily . planting is a must and any type , be it broad - leafed , bushy or grassy , will be much appreciated .\nkept correctly , you can expect a good 8 - 9 years from a leaf fish , but be vigilant during that time .\nsexing leaf fish is usually possible when the fish engage in spawning , but can be awkward beforehand . the fish are sexable and sexually mature at just 4cm / 1 . 6\u201d long and when an ovipositor can be viewed in active females . it can be hard to ascertain just which is a pair from a collection .\nspawning can be induced with either a rise in temperature , increase in acidity , or both . successful nurturing of water conditions will see the fish take turns to clean a surface \u2013 most commonly a leaf \u2013 before breeding starts .\nanywhere up to 300 eggs will be laid in one sitting and the male tends to care , although not without harassment from the female , and it would be prudent to remove her at this stage . at intervals from 60 hours on the fry will start to free swim and the male will pay little or no attention to them at this stage , his parental attention waning .\nthe fry are ravenous and cannibalistic , consuming tiny organisms and each other with equal aplomb . a good supply of all things small and wriggling should be provided at this stage , although some hobbyists report success feeding their juveniles with powdered and dried foods .\nif you enjoyed this article , why not take out a subscription to practical fishkeeping magazine ? check out our latest subscription offer .\n\u00a9 1955 - 2016 bauer consumer media limited are authorised and regulated by the financial conduct authority ( firm reference no . 710067 ) media house , peterborough business park , peterborough , pe2 6ea .\nlike other members of its family , the south american leaf fish is predatory , despite its relatively small size . it reaches an adult length of only a little of over 3 inches ( 7 - 8 cm ) in length .\nthis fish has a laterally compressed body and coloration resembling a leaf , hence the name\nleaf fish .\nthey also have a small protrusion extending from their bottom lip .\nlike most south american fish , leaf fish do best with soft , slightly acidic water , and a water temperature between 74 - 80 \u00b0f ( 23 - 27\u00b0c ) .\nleaf fish spend a good portion of their time oriented with their head facing toward the bottom of the tank , as shown in the photo on this page .\ntheir tank should be heavily planted , with dim lighting , and lots of hiding places .\nnot only do these fish resemble a leaf in color and body shape , but even their movements resemble a leaf floating through the water . to see how this fish moves through the water watch the you tube video below to see a south american leaf fish in its natural habitat .\nleaf fish are carnivorous fish and their diet consists of mainly small live fish . keep this in mind when choosing their tank mates . they may also take live worms and brine shrimp , especially when young .\nmales and females look similar to one another , although you may be able to see an ovipositor on the female when she is in breeding condition . breeding sometimes occurs in the aquarium , especially in soft , acidic water . filtering the water through peat and providing lots of hiding places will encourage them to breed .\nduring spawning , the pair will clean off a rock , leaf , or some other flat surface . after spawning takes place the male guards the eggs . remove the female at this point .\nafter the eggs hatch in a few days and the fry are free swimming , feed them newly hatched brine shrimp .\nimage of south american leaf fish from wikimedia commons and published under the gnu free documentation license 1 . 2 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nmeasuring only around 3 inches ( 8 cm ) , this small freshwater fish is a native of the amazon river basin in south america .\nit is called the \u201cleaffish\u201d because of its ability to imitate a dead leaf drifting in the water . from its coloration down to its curious habit of floating sideways \u2014 using its camouflage and its thin , flat body to sneak up on unsuspecting prey , usually a small fish or shrimp ( catarino and zuanon 2010 ) .\nonce its little transparent pectoral fins maneuver the leaffish into position , its highly extendable , quick - draw jaws do the rest .\nthe leaffish is a staple of nature documentaries when they have to do a \u201cweird and strange fish\u201d list episode . so let\u2019s jump to the videos !\nand look \u2014 a video from the california academy of sciences on leaffish ! here , the steinhart aquarium staff are feeding their leaffish collection with what appears to be about a bajillion little brine shrimp .\nfish are amazing and underrated creatures . join me as i geek out and explore the amazing diversity of fish species on our planet . read more about our journey or look up our index of species featured so far .\nben young landis is a science writer and consultant by day , amateur cook by night , and fish geek 24 / 7 . drop a line at @ younglandis or via email .\nadvertisements that appear on this website are selected by wordpress . com , and are not endorsements by the author .\nneotrop . ichthyol . vol . 8 no . 1 porto alegre jan . / mar . 2010\ni universidade federal do amazonas , laborat\u00f3rio de ecologia pesqueira , mini campus , setor sul , bloco z , manaus , am , brazil . michelcatarino @ urltoken ii instituto nacional de pesquisas da amaz\u00f4nia , coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de pesquisas em biologia aqu\u00e1tica , cp 478 , 69011 - 970 manaus , am , brazil . zuanon @ urltoken\nthe leaf fish is a small - sized species that reaches up to 80 mm in standard length ( sl ) , and presents distinct morphological characteristics , such as the absence of a lateral line , a large and protractile mouth , a petiole - like filament in the lower jaw , and a laterally compressed body , strongly resembling a dead leaf in format and color pattern ( nelson , 1994 ) ( fig . 1 ) .\nalthough present throughout the amazon basin and frequently exploited by the ornamental fish trade , the leaf fish is apparently not as locally abundant as several other species commonly encountered in the same habitat ( guti\u00e9rrez , 2003 ) . such low abundance results in its rarity in fish collections and may explain the scarcity of information about its natural history and diet . most of the available information on its feeding behavior refers to captive specimens maintained under aquarium conditions ( liem , 1970 ; barros & higuchi , 2007 ) .\nthe aman\u00e3 reserve is a 2 , 35 million ha conservation unit located between the basins of the black water negro river and the white water japur\u00e1 and solim\u00f5es rivers ( 1\u00ba30 ' - 3\u00ba05 ' s 62\u00ba50 ' - 65\u00ba00 ' w ) , in the amazonas state , brazil .\nall collected leaf fish specimens were immediately preserved in 10 % formalin , later transferred to 70 % ethanol , and measured ( sl , mm ) . the abdominal cavities of 35 specimens were opened to determine the sex , and the presence of food in the stomach . the stomachs were then dissected and examined under a stereoscopic microscope . the position of the preys in the stomachs was verified and registered . prey items were identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible , quantified ( n ) , and measured ( fish : sl , mm ; invertebrates : total length , tl , mm ) whenever possible . the importance of each prey taxon was calculated based on its frequency of occurrence ( fo % ) in relation to the number of stomachs with food ( hyslop , 1980 ) . the relative contribution of fish preys were also expressed as frequency by numbers ( fn % ) , calculated as the number of preys in each category ( taxonomical order and family ) in relation to the total number of fishes found in the stomachs . a linear regression was employed to investigate the relation between the paired size of the leaf fish specimens and its preys . unfortunately , the dissected specimens were discarded after analyzed , but the accurate collecting locality of the studied sample warrants the possibility of further taxonomic confirmation of the species identity if needed .\ninvertebrates were represented by 12 specimens of crustaceans ( decapoda and conchostraca ) and insect remains ( coleoptera , hymenoptera and larvae of ephemeroptera and odonata , table 1 ) .\nmost preys found in the stomachs of leaf fish specimens were swallowed whole , despite their proportionally large dimensions when compared to the predator ' s size . large sized prey fish were occasionally found occupying the whole space from the lower portion of the esophagus to the end of stomach , especially when the gut was filled with more than one prey . in these cases the large prey fishes were found in a coiled ( ' ' u ' ' shaped ) position with head and tail directed to the head of the predator .\nwe thank to instituto de desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel mamirau\u00e1 ( fepim ) for the financial and logistic support , to jonas alves de oliveira for the help during field work , and to fernando p . mendon\u00e7a for allowing the use of the leaf fish photo . this is contribution # 20 of projeto igarap\u00e9s . j . zuanon receives a productivity grant from cnpq ( process # 311023 / 2006 - 1 ) .\nbritz , r . & s . o . kullander . 2003 . family polycentridae . pp . 603 - 604 . in : reis , r . , s . o . kullander & c . j . ferraris jr . ( eds . ) . check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre , edipucrs , 729p . [ links ]\nguti\u00e9rrez , a . l . 2003 . an\u00e1lisis de algunos aspectos tr\u00f3ficos y reproductivos de la comunidad de peces de um cano de \u00e1guas negras amaz\u00f3nicas en cercan\u00edas de leticia ( amazonas , colombia ) . unpublished monograph , universidad nacional de colombia , bogot\u00e1 , 132p . [ links ]\nheckel , j . 1840 . johann natterer ' s neue flussfische brasilien ' s nach den beobachtungen und mittheilungen des entdeckers beschrieben ( erste abtheilung , die labroiden . ) . annalen des wiener museums der naturgeschichte , 2 : 327 - 470 . [ links ]\nhyslop , e . j . 1980 . stomach content analysis : a review of methods and their applications . journal of fish biology , 17 : 411 - 429 . [ links ]\nliem , k . f . 1970 . comparative functional anatomy of the nandidae ( pisces : teleostei ) . fieldiana , zoology , 56 : 1 - 166 . [ links ]\nnelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world . new york , john wiley and sons , 600p . [ links ]\nsazima , c . , r . l . moura & i . sazima . 2004 . chirocentrodon bleekerianus ( teleostei : clupeiformes : pristigasteridae ) , a small predaceous herring with folded and distinctively oriented prey in stomach . brazilian journal of biology , 1 : 165 - 168 . [ links ]\nsazima , i . 2002 . juvenile snooks ( centropomidae ) as mimics of mojarras ( gerreidae ) , with a review of aggressive mimicry in fishes . environmental biology of fishes , 65 : 37 - 45 . [ links ]\nsazima , i . , l . n . carvalho , f . p . mendon\u00e7a & j . zuanon . 2006 . fallen leaves on the water - bed : diurnal camouflage of three night active fish species in an amazonian streamlet . neotropical ichthyology , 4 ( 1 ) : 119 - 122 . [ links ]\nwaltzek , t . b . & c . wainwright . 2003 . functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in neotropical cichlids . journal of morphology , 257 : 96 - 106 . [ links ]\nweitzmann , s . 1978 . three new species of fishes of the genus nannostomus from the brazilian states of par\u00e1 and amazonas ( teleostei : lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 263 : 1 - 14 . [ links ]\nweitzmann , s . & j . s . cobb . 1975 . a revision of the south american fishes of the genus nannostomus g\u00fcnther ( family lebiasinidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 186 : 1 - 36 . [ links ]\nzuanon , j . a . s . & ferreira , e . g . 2008 . feeding ecology of fishes in the brazilian amazon - a naturalistic approach . pp . 1 - 34 . in : cyrino , j . e . p . , d . p . bureau & b . g . kapoor ( eds . ) . feeding and digestive functions in fishes . ensfield , science publishers , 575p . [ links ]\nzuanon , j . & i . sazima . 2005 . the ogre catfish : prey scooping by the auchenipterid asterophysus batrachus . aqua journal of ichthyology and aquatic biology , 1 : 15 - 22 . [ links ]\nuniversidade estadual de maring\u00e1 n\u00facleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / cole\u00e7\u00e3o ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maring\u00e1 , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 2487, "summary": [{"text": "antaeotricha lindseyi is a moth in the depressariidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by william barnes and august busck in 1920 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california , arizona and new mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 25 \u2013 28 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are similar to antaeotricha schlaegeri , but the forewings are somewhat longer , narrower and more pointed and the dark dorsal area , which in schlaegeri is interrupted by white shortly beyond the middle of the wing , is continued to the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings of the males are dark brownish or blackish fuscous , very considerably darker than those of schlaegeri . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "antaeotricha lindseyi", "paragraphs": ["\u00a9 copyright ron parry 2016 \u00b7 3 antaeotricha schlaegeri , male - or - a . - lindseyi\nantaeotricha lindseyi ( barnes and busck , 1920 ) : az , cochise co . , mgcl 2075\u2642 .\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 32032 genus : antaeotricha species : lindseyi sex : location : cottonwood camp county : sierra collector : g . kareofelas coll _ date : jul 22 99 sp . . . more\nantaeotricha lindseyi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 30 , pl . 1 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1012 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nstenoma lindseyi barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 29 , f . 2 ; tl : paradise ; white mts . , arizona ; fort wingate , new mexico\nantaeotricha decorosella : mo , benton co . , mgcl 2166\u2642 ( mgcl ) .\nantaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth , 1964 : az , cochise co . , mgcl 1728\u2642 .\na new antaeotricha species from southeastern arizona ( gelechioidea , elachistidae , stenomatinae ) .\nantaeotricha suffumigata walsingham , 1897 ; 98 ; tl : mount gay est . , grenada\nthe new species keys to couplet 8 in barnes and busck ( 1920 : 238 ) , requiring a new line , \u201cforewings pure white without discal spots . \u201d in the key of duckworth ( 1964 : 27 ) , males run to couplet 13 ( antaeotricha unipunctella or antaeotricha vestalis ) , and females run to antaeotricha osseella or antaeotricha unipunctella . new keys are provided below that include antaeotricha floridella and another species described after 1964 .\nantaeotricha spp . habitus . 1 antaeotricha floridella , holotype male , dorsum 2 same , venter 3 labels of holotype 4 female , marion co . florida ( fsca ) 5 antaeotricha floridella , marion co . florida ( t . s . dickel collection ) , lateral view of male head 6 antaeotricha osseella , putnam co . florida ( fsca ) 7 antaeotricha albulella , male , alachua co . florida ( fsca ) 8 antaeotricha albulella , male with grayish hind wings , suwannee co . florida ( fsca ) 9 antaeotricha albulella , female , alachua co . florida ( fsca ) . scale bars = 5 mm .\nantaeotricha haesitans ( walsingham , 1912 ) : tx , hidalgo co . , mgcl 2065\u2642 .\na new antaeotricha species from utah and new mexico ( gelechioidea : elachistidae : stenomatinae ) .\ntwo new species of antaeotricha zeller from southeastern arizona ( gelechioidea : elachistidae : stenomatinae ) .\nthe antaeotricha albulella group ( including antaeotricha osseella , antaeotricha unipunctella , and antaeotricha decorosella ) is probably a recent radiation , with antaeotricha floridella as a peninsular vicariant . it is not simply a peripheral isolate of antaeotricha albulella , because it lacks the autapomorphies of the latter species ( the broad gnathos and prominent sviii pads ) . preliminary genetic data corroborates the species\u2019 distinct status . a specimen of antaeotricha floridella in the cnc , dissected by j . - f . landry , has a slightly greater percentage distance than intraspecific clusters of antaeotricha albulella based on mtco1 ( j . - f . landry , pers . comm . 2014 ) . the sequence data are available at : urltoken . study of more genetic data should be useful to clarify the antaeotricha albulella group . all species and populations should be sampled and the data analyzed with character - based phylogenetic methods to discover diagnostic apomorphies . collection of antaeotricha specimens across known phylogeographic discontinuities in north central florida and the panhandle could demarcate the northern limit of the distribution of antaeotricha floridella ( soltis et al . 2006 ) .\nantaeotricha albulella , antaeotricha osseella , and antaeotricha floridella adults are active at the same time and location . john b . heppner has caught all three species at the welaka forest conservation station , 28\u201331 july 1986 . a male specimen each of antaeotricha albulella and antaeotricha floridella were collected at pellicer creek ( flagler co . ) on 10 april 1954 ( cmnh ) . the road numbers in ocala national forest changed in 2008 : forest road 88 is now 11 , and 97 is now 09 .\nantaeotricha irene ( barnes and busck , 1920 ) : tx , hidalgo co . , mgcl 2066\u2642 .\nantaeotricha malachita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 404 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha parastis van gyen , 1913 ; bol . mus . nac . chile 5 : 339 ; tl : collipulli\nantaeotricha platydesma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha praerupta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana\nantaeotricha utahensis : az , cochise co . , mgcl 1703\u2642 ; nm , grant co . , mgcl 1720\u2642 .\nantaeotricha brochota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : peru , yquitos\nantaeotricha carabophanes meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 289 ; tl : colombia , san antonio\nantaeotricha epignampta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha gravescens meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , minero\nantaeotricha iras meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : peru , 12000ft\nantaeotricha isotona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : panama , trinidad river\nantaeotricha lysimeris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha nerteropa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha neurographa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 614 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo\nantaeotricha serangodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 400 ; tl : panama , chiriqui\nantaeotricha arystis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 402 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha camarina meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha deltopis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha hapsicora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : brazil , sao paulo\nantaeotricha lecithaula meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha monocolona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 293 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca\nantaeotricha pactota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha paracrypta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha phaeosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha protosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 406 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha pseudochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 393 ; tl : bartica , british guiana\nantaeotricha sparganota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha thesmophora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nantaeotricha trochoscia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nthe two previously published keys to antaeotricha are based on wing pattern ( barnes and busck 1920 ) or genitalia ( duckworth 1964 ) . we provide two revised keys based on maculation and genitalia that treat pale - winged species of antaeotricha and similar gelechioids .\nantaeotricha aglypta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha amicula zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 317 , pl . 4 , f . 96\nantaeotricha capsulata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha cleopatra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha congelata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 236 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft\nantaeotricha cryeropis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : mexico , guerrero\nantaeotricha eucoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nantaeotricha hydrophora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha manceps meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas\nantaeotricha milictis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha nimbata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha nitescens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , para\nantaeotricha orthriopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha percnogona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nantaeotricha plerotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nantaeotricha resiliens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha sana meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : colombia , sosomoko , 2650ft\nantaeotricha sarcinata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha serarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , caraca\nantaeotricha sortifera meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 557 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba\nantaeotricha stringens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 164 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha suffumigata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha superciliosa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 198 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha synercta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha tornogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nantaeotricha tractrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nantaeotricha xuthosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha arizonensis ferris , 2010 : az , cochise co . , mgcl 1733\u2642 ; az , cochise co . , mgcl 1734\u2640 .\nantaeotricha spp . dissected genitalia . 10\u201315 ( males ) : 10 antaeotricha floridella male genitalic capsule and phallus ( marion co . florida , mgcl slide 1672 ) 11 antaeotricha floridella ( martin co . florida , mgcl slide 1679 ) 12 antaeotricha floridella , male genitalia in external view 13 antaeotricha albulella , sarasota co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1736 ) ; 14 . antaeotricha osseella , marion co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1698 ) 15 antaeotricha albulella , levy co . florida , detail ( fsca , mgcl slide 1681 ) 16\u201319 ( females ) : 16 antaeotricha floridella , martin co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1680 ) 17 same as ( 16 ) , detail of signum 18 antaeotricha albulella , escambia co . florida ( fsca , mgcl slide 1691 ) 19 antaeotricha osseella , new mexico , otero co . detail of signum ( fsca , mgcl slide 1721 ) . a a , anterior apophysis ( reduced ) ; b s , bifid setae ; d , central denticle of signum ; d l , dorsal ( interior ) lobe of annellus ; gn , gnathos ; s p , setose pads of sternum viii ; s t , subapical tooth of phallus ; th , thumb - like process of valva ; v l , ventral ( exterior ) lobe of annellus . scale bars = 1 mm .\nantaeotricha acronephela meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nantaeotricha brachysaris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha campylodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha coriodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; bartica\nantaeotricha encyclia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 403 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha euthrinca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha exusta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha glycerostoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft\nantaeotricha helicias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha himaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha incrassata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha insimulata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6600ft\nantaeotricha staurota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha substricta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha xylocosma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ( depressariidae ) ; urra , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 102 ( note )\nantaeotricha celidotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha cycnomorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nantaeotricha fulta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550\nantaeotricha gubernatrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha gymnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos\nantaeotricha haplocentra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins\nantaeotricha melanopis meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 31 ; tl : peru , huancabamba\nantaeotricha mesostrota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : venezulea , carupano\nantaeotricha nuclearis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 181 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo\nantaeotricha phryactis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nantaeotricha sardania meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , para , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha sellifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos\nantaeotricha semiovata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550ft\nantaeotricha teleosema meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha tritogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 176 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha humilis ( zeller , 1855 ) : fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1677\u2642 ; fl , marion co . , mgcl 1678\u2640 .\nantaeotricha deridens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 162 ; tl : bolivia , del sara , 1500ft\nantaeotricha nitrota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ophrysta meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo\nantaeotricha furcata ( walsingham , 1889 ) : az , gila co . , mgcl 1735\u2642 ; tx , jeff davis co . , mgcl 2074\u2640 .\nantaeotricha albovenosa zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 321 , pl . 4 , f . 99 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha arizonensis ferris , 2010 ; zookeys 57 : 60 ; tl : arizona , cochise co . , hauchuca mts . , carr canyon , 5300 '\nantaeotricha assecta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 313 , pl . 3 , f . 94 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha cathagnista meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas , teff\u00e9\nantaeotricha christocoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 398 ; tl : peru , pacaya ; conamano , r . ucuyali\nantaeotricha generatrix meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 239 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul\nantaeotricha thammii zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 89 ; tl : chanchamayo\nantaeotricha vacata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : st . george ' s , grenada\nantaeotricha albifrons zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 323 , pl . 4 , f . 100 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha amphilyta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha anaclintris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha axena meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha compsographa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha diffracta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha excisa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha manzanitae keifer , 1937 ; calif . dept . agric . bull . 26 : 334 ; tl : shingle springs , el dorado co . , california\nantaeotricha melanarma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha oxycentra meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha palaestrias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha pseudochyta ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha purulenta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 318 , pl . 4 , f . 97 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha tibialis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 307 , pl . 3 , f . 90 ; tl : brazil ?\nantaeotricha vacata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha venatum ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha amphizyga meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 234 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; tl : par\u00e1 , belem\nantaeotricha enodata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; nouveau chantier , r . maroni\nantaeotricha immota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni ; british guiana , mallali\nantaeotricha orthotona meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 495 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , r . maroni\nantaeotricha ribbei zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 309 , pl . 3 , f . 91 ; tl : chiriqui - vulcan\nantaeotricha smileuta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , s . laurient\nantaeotricha trichonota meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; paraguay\nantaeotricha floridella sp . n . is described and diagnosed from the closely similar antaeotricha albulella ( walker ) . the species is distributed in xeric sandhill and scrub habitats in peninsular florida , usa , and larvae feed on quercus species . keys are given for pale - winged stenomatinae and similar gelechioidea based on external characters and genitalia .\nantaeotricha corvigera meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; peru , contamano , r . ucuyali\nantaeotricha diplophaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; st . jean , r . maroni\nantaeotricha laudata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean and godebert , r . maroni\nantaeotricha praecisa meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 709 ; tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , s\u00e3o paulo\nbecker ( 1981 ) synonymized antaeotricha vestalis ( zeller , 1873 ) with antaeotricha albulella ( walker , 1864 ) , and he remarked that the lectotype of antaeotricha albulella and the available specimens of antaeotricha vestalis all had black discal spots . zeller ( 1873 ) stated that the type of cryptolechia vestalis had white forewings \u201c ohne jede zeichnung \u201d ( without any marking ) , but the hind wings are white like the forewings . the lectotype specimen , deposited in the museum of comparative zoology ( cambridge , ma , usa ) is a female from texas . its forewings have faint black discal spots , and sternum viii has the typical setose protuberances , which are visible without dissection .\nantaeotricha manzanitae keifer , 1937 : ca , el dorado co . , mgcl 1731\u2642 ( mgcl ) ; ca , el dorado co . , mgcl 1732\u2640 ( mgcl ) .\nantaeotricha demas ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha illepida ; duckworth , 1966 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 68 ( 3 ) : 196 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha lampyridella ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha leucillana ( zeller , 1854 ) : fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1689\u2642 ; fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1690\u2640 ; me , waldo co . , mgcl 2076\u2642 .\nantaeotricha cyprodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; organ mtns , nova friburge\nantaeotricha floridella hayden & dickel , 2015 ; zookeys 533 : 135 ; tl : usa , florida , marion co . , ocala national forest , fr 88 , 3 . 9mi se of sr 316 , longleaf pine sandhills\nantaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41 , pl . 3 a ; tl : south fork of cave creek , chiricahua mts . , arizona\nhayden je , dickel ts ( 2015 ) a new antaeotricha species from florida sandhills and scrub ( lepidoptera , depressariidae , stenomatinae ) . zookeys 533 : 133\u2013150 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 533 . 6004\nantaeotricha utahensis ferris , 2012 ; j . lep . soc . 66 ( 3 ) : 168 ; tl : utah , san juan co . , 37\u00b044 . 90 ' n , 109\u00b024 . 75 ' w ( 2220m )\nantaeotricha humilis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1019 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha decorosella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35 , pl . 1 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1016 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha furcata ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1017 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha haesitans ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 40 , pl . 2 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1022 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha irene ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1018 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha leucillana ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32 , pl . 1 d ; [ nacl ] , # 1014 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha manzanitae ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 43 , pl . 3 c ; [ nacl ] , # 1025 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha osseella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 34 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1015 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha schlaegeri ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 29 , pl . 1 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1011 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha thomasi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 39 , pl . 2 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1021 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha unipunctella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 31 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1013 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\nantaeotricha vestalis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 42 , pl . 3 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1024 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ncaliforna moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8641 genus : antaeotricha species : manzanitae sex : location : 2331 del norte , so . l tahoe county : el dorado collector : d . a . bauer coll _ date : . . . more\nantaeotricha floridella is described as a new species because no other white species with similar genitalia were described by meyrick ( clarke 1955 ) , walsingham ( 1909\u20131915 ) , walker ( 1864 ) , zeller ( 1854 , 1855 , 1873 , 1877 ) or other authors . the west indian antaeotricha fauna is depauperate , with only three species ( duckworth 1969 ) . descriptions and illustrations of all species currently placed in antaeotricha were examined , a task greatly facilitated by the illustration of meyrick\u2019s numerous species by clarke ( 1955 ) and by the concentration of other descriptions among a few authors ( e . g . walker 1864 ; walsingham 1909\u20131915 ; busck 1911 , 1920 ; zeller 1854 , 1877 ; see becker 1984 for complete list ) . almost all species are described as having some forewing maculation , and those without are some shade of brown .\nantaeotricha unipunctella : fl , escambia co . , mgcl 1714\u2642 ; fl , hernando co . , mgcl 2992\u2640 ; fl , highlands co . , mgcl 2078\u2640 , 2399\u2642 ; fl , manatee co . , mgcl 1673\u2642 , 2167\u2640 ; fl , marion co . , mgcl 1674\u2640 , 1712\u2642 .\nthe following keys apply only to taxa with white or pale - colored wings ( yellowish , pale orange , or beige ) that are effectively concolorous . species of antaeotricha that have a dark shade on the the forewing posterior margin are excluded . other stenomatines ( gonioterma walsingham ) and oecophoridae that have similarly concolorous wings are included .\nantaeotricha floridella has been reared on leaves of quercus geminata small ( sand live oak ) and quercus minima ( sarg . ) ( dwarf live oak ; identified with \u201c ? \u201d ) . d . h . habeck reared a specimen on galactia regularis ( l . ) ( downy milkpea ) . adults have been collected april 10\u2013october 30 .\nwith minimal host information , it is open to question whether antaeotricha floridella is monophagous on quercus geminata , oligophagous on oaks with overwintering foliage , or has more hosts . sand live oak occurs in both plant communities and others in florida . it occurs on the southeastern coastal plain from virginia to mississippi ( godfrey 1988 ) , so the plant\u2019s distribution cannot explain the moth\u2019s restriction to peninsular florida . on the other hand , a broader host range would predict occurrence in non - xeric habitats . the phenology of the immature stages is unknown , in particular of the overwintering stages . it is not obvious that antaeotricha floridella has adaptations to abiotic characteristics of xeric habitats , so affinity for some host is assumed .\nthe second author ( tsd ) discovered the presently described species by dissection , as it is externally very similar to the widely distributed antaeotricha albulella ( walker , 1864 ) ( more often called by its junior synonym antaeotricha vestalis ( zeller , 1873 ) [ becker 1981 ] ) . the search of other collections by jeh yielded more specimens , including ones overlooked by duckworth . the species description necessitates a revised key to pale - colored nearctic stenomatinae . the species is known only from xeric habitats in peninsular florida . this pattern of endemism of species in florida sandhills is common among other orders of insects and arthropods but is infrequent in lepidoptera ( deyrup 1989 ) , so the addition of another endemic species is significant .\nantaeotricha floridella is known to feed on two species of oak : quercus geminata and possibly quercus minima . the latter species may be misidentified , since it resembles juvenile or rhizomatous forms of other oaks ( nixon 1993 ) . host plants of antaeotricha albulella , recorded from pinned specimens donated to the fsca by d . h . habeck , include quercus laevis walter ( turkey oak ) , quercus nigra l . ( water oak ) ( with feeding habits \u201cgalls\u201d and \u201cleaf tier\u201d ) , quercus incana w . bartram ( bluejack oak ) , quercus myrtifolia willd . ( myrtle oak ) , quercus inopina ashe ( scrub oak ) , and quercus chapmanii sarg . ( chapman\u2019s oak ) . the plant voucher specimens could not be located , so their identifications could not be verified .\nthe genus antaeotricha zeller , 1854 ( lepidoptera : depressariidae : stenomatinae ) is endemic to the new world and includes nearly 400 species , mostly in the neotropics ( becker 1984 ) . twenty nearctic species are known ( ferris 2013 ) , including the one described below . duckworth ( 1964 ) comprehensively revised the nearctic stenomatinae , and four species were recently described from the southwestern united states ( ferris 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) .\nantaeotricha schlaegeri ( zeller , 1854 ) : canada , nova scotia , mgcl 2375\u2642 ; usa , az , santa cruz co . , mgcl 1702\u2640 ; fl , alachua co . , mgcl 1687\u2642 , 1688\u2640 ; ma , plymouth co . , mgcl 2365\u2642 ; ma , plymouth co . , mgcl 2366\u2640 ; mo , barry co . , mgcl 2370\u2640 ; mo , clay co . , mgcl 2367\u2642 ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 2373\u2642 ; tn , sullivan co . , mgcl 2374\u2642 .\nantaeotricha osseella : fl , alachua co . , mgcl 2077f , 2966f , 2967\u2642 ; fl , escambia co . , mgcl 1676\u2640 ; fl , highlands co . , mgcl 1675\u2642 ; fl , marion co . , mgcl 1698\u2642 , 2400\u2642 ; fl , putnam co . , mgcl 1713\u2642 ; mo , carter co , mgcl 2164\u2642 ( mgcl ) ; mo , carter co . , mgcl 2165\u2640 ( mgcl ) ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 1711\u2642 ; nm , otero co . , mgcl 1721\u2640 .\nextensive collecting in a large mesic forest near anthony ( marion county , florida ) by tsd with mercury vapor and ultraviolet lights and sugar bait has failed to produce any specimens of antaeotricha floridella . this forest has large numbers of three species of oaks : quercus virginiana miller ( live oak ) , quercus hemisphaerica bartr . ex willd . ( laurel oak ) , and quercus nigra ( water oak ) . the leaves of all of these species are tardily deciduous with primary leaf fall occurring in late february and march just prior to flowering and new leaf growth .\ntwo plant communities in ocala national forest in marion and putnam counties , the sandhill and sand pine communities , have been collected extensively by tsd over the past several years using both mercury vapor light and ultraviolet light . antaeotricha floridella occurs in both plant communities , as well as in strict scrub habitat with minimal canopy not surveyed by tsd . in the sandhill community , the common species of pine is pinus palustris miller ( longleaf pine ) , and the common species of oak is quercus laevis . the leaves of turkey oak are deciduous , mostly falling in september and october , with a few leaves remaining on the trees during the winter . new foliage begins to appear in march and april . in the sand pine community , the predominant pine is pinus clausa chapman ex engelmann ( sand pine ) , and the common oak is quercus myrtifolia . in ocala national forest , myrtle oak tends to be a thicket - forming shrub . leaves are \u201ctardily deciduous , \u201d meaning that a few leaves fall during the winter months , but the majority of leaf fall occurs during late february and march , just as the trees begin to flower and new leaves develop . quercus geminata is also tardily deciduous ( godfrey 1988 ) . the type locality of antaeotricha floridella has quercus geminata , quercus laevis , and quercus hemisphaerica in abundance , and quercus myrtifolia and quercus nigra in small numbers .\nantaeotricha albulella : fl , collier co . fakahatchee strand , mgcl 1953\u2642 ; fl , collier co . , usnm slide 76303\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , duval co . , usnm slide 76306\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , escambia co . , mgcl 1691\u2640 ; fl , highlands co . , mgcl 1699\u2640 ( fsca ) , usnm slides 76318\u2640 , 76252\u2640 ( nmnh ) ; fl , hillsborough co . , mgcl 1686\u2642 ; fl , lee co . , usnm slide 76304\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , levy co . , mgcl 1681\u2642 ; fl , miami - dade co . , mgcl 495\u2642 ( fsca ) , usnm slides 76302\u2640 , 135307\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , polk co . , usnm slide 76301\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; fl , putnam co . , mgcl 1697\u2642 ; fl , sarasota co . , mgcl 1736\u2642 ; fl , volusia co . , usnm slide 135306\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; ga , emanuel co . ohoopee dunes , jeh 2970\u2642 ( mem ) ; la , st . john parish , mgcl 1671\u2640 ; la , st . john parish , mgcl 1747\u2642 ; md , kent co . , jeh 2756\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; md , kent co . , jeh 2765\u2640 ( nmnh ) ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 1670\u2642 ; nc , craven co . , mgcl 1793\u2640 ; tx , anderson co . , jeh 2753\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; tx , anderson co . , jeh 2754\u2640 ( nmnh ) ; va , virginia beach co . , jeh 2775\u2642 ( nmnh ) ; [ no locality ] , usnm slide 135305\u2642 ( nmnh ) .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\naphanoxena acrograpta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma actista meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : venezuela , palma sola ; british guiana , r . demerata\nstenoma admixta walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 170 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , dos arroyos , 1000ft\nstenoma adornata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 442 ; tl : peru , pacaya\nstenoma aequabilis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean ; godebert , r . maroni\nstenoma aggravata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma agrioschista meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 365 ; tl : texas , alpine , 5000 - 8000ft\nstenoma ammodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 176 , pl . 6 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma arachnia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ncryptolechia aratella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 724 ; tl : ega\nargocorys ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 34\naphanoxena astynoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma atmospora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 209 ; tl : colombia , minero and sosomoco , 2650ft\naphanoxena balanocentra meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nstenoma ballista meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : french guiana , . maroni\ncryptolechia basiferella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 744 ; tl : ega\nstenoma basilaris busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 45 ; tl : alphajuela , porto bello ; trinidad r . , panama\ncryptolechia basirubrella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 719 ; tl : ega\nstenoma bathrotoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 189 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nstenoma bilinguis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nbracatingae ( k\u00f6hler , 1943 ) ( stenoma ) ; rev . soc . ent . arg . 12 : 28\nstenoma caenochytis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 415 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\nalphanoxena cantharitis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 490 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma caprimulga walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 33 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyae\ncapsiformis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 25\nstenoma carabodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 435 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma carbasea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo\ncaryograpta ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26\nstenoma ceratistes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma chalastis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 413 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nchalinophanes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 42\nstenoma chilosema meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 208 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nphalaena ( tinea ) cicadella sepp , [ 1830 ] ; surinaam . vlinders 2 ( 20 ) : 183 , pl . 80\nstenoma cirrhoxantha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni\nstenoma cnemosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , para\nstenoma colposaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nstenoma comosa walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 161 , pl . 5 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\nstenoma compsoneura meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 217 ; tl : brazil , para ; french guiana , r . maroni\ncryptolechia confixella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 731 ; tl : ega\nstenopa coniopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos\nstenoma constituta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma constricta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 226 ; tl : colombia , mt . socorro , 12500ft\ncryptoleciha costatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 737 ; tl : ega\nstenoma cremastis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 194 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas ; brazil , manaos\nstenoma crypsiphaea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 190 ; tl : brazil , para\nstenoma cycnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : peru , r . napo\nstenopa cymogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : peru , r . napo , iquitos\nbrachyloma decorosella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : montclair , n . j\nlarva on quercus ilicifolia , quercus marilandia duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35\nstenoma demas busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 223 ; tl : st . jean , maroni r . , french guiana\nstenoma demotica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma desecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 203 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\ncryptolechia destillata zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 283 ; tl : chiriqui\nstenoma diacta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma diplosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndirempta ( zeller , 1855 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 10 : 154 , pl . 1 , f . 4\nstenoma discalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\nstenoma discolor walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 164 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san ger\u00f3nimo\ndisjecta ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 368\nstenoma dissona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : brazil , manaos\nstenoma doleropis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 421 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma dromica meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nstenoma elaeodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 , pl . 6 , f . 22 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ncryptolechia elatior felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 67 ; tl : amazonas\nepicrossa ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294\naphanoxena episimbla meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali\nstenoma ergates walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 185 , pl . 6 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma erotica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 534 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma exasperata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 533 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma falsidica meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : dutch guiana , berg - en - daal\nstenoma fasciatum busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 217 ; tl : cayenne , french guiana\nbritish guiana , french guiana , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]\nstenoma forreri walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 172 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , durango , presidio\nstenoma fractilinea walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 166 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\nstenoma fractinubes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 32 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ncryptolechia frontalis zeller , 1855 ; linn . ent . 10 : 159 , pl . 1 , f . 7\nstenoma fumifica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 , pl . 5 , f . 31 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\nstenoma glaphyrodes meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient ; brazil [ ? ] , iquitos\nstenoma glaucescens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma gypsoterma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\nstenoma habilis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 427 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naedemoses haesitans walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 154 , pl . 5 , f . 21 ; tl : presidio , durango , mexico\nlarva on pithecellobium flexicaule duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41\nstenoma hemiscia walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 163 ; tl : guatemala , san ger\u00f3nimo\nstenoma heterosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\naphanoxena homologa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma horizontias meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\nnorth carolina , south carolina , missouri , tennessee , virginia , illinois , maryland , texas , indiana , new jersey , louisiana . see [ maps ]\nlarva on quercus sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 38\nhyalophanta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294\nstenoma ianthina walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\nstenoma imminens meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo\ncryptolechia impactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 742 ; tl : ega\nstenoma impedita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : peru , pacaya\ncryptolechia indicatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 732 ; tl : ega\nstenoma infecta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 254 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nstenoma infrenata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma innexa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 190 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos\nstenoma insidiana meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : french guiana , , r . maroni\n= stenoma disjecta ; meyrick , 1925 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 192 ; [ nhm card ]\niopetra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295\nstenoma ioptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma irene barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 28 , f . 7 , 9 , pl . 30 , f . 1 ; tl : brownsville , texas\nlarva on sida sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37\nstenoma irenias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni\nstenoma isochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 420 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma isomeris meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 711 ; tl : brazil , tijuco\nstenopa isoplintha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nisoporphyra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( asapharca ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 286\nisosticta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 299\nithytona meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 514\nstenoma juvenalis meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 240 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\nauxocrossa lacera zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 103\nstenoma lampyridella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 41 ; tl : cabima , panama\nstenoma lathiptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 425 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma laxa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 428 ; tl : venezuela , ciudad bolivar\nstenoma lebetias meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : french guiana , s . laurent\nstenoma lepidocarpa meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 239 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil\npsephomeres leptogramma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 506\nnew hampshire , massachusetts , new york , pennsylvania , district of columbia , virginia , north carolina , na . georgia , alabama , arkansas , missouri , kansas , illinois , iowa , texas , oregon , louisiana , manitoba , nova scotia . see [ maps ]\nlarva on pyracantha crenulata , malus sp . , vaccinium corymbosum , acer sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32\nleucocryptis ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295\nstenoma lophoptycha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , parintins\nstenoma lophosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas\nloxogrammos ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 367 , pl . 3 , f . 17\nstenoma lucrosa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins\nstenoma lunimaculata dognin , 1913 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 57 : 417 ; tl : san antonio , colombia , 2000m\nstenoma machetes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\nstenoma macronota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 716 ; tl : colombia , naranjito , r . dagua , 3900ft ; dutch guiana , paramaribo\nstenoma mesosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 178 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni\nstenoma microtypa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\nstenoma mitratella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : porto bello , panama\nstenoma modulata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : british guiana , bartica"]}
{"id": 2490, "summary": [{"text": "carvalho 's surinam toad ( pipa carvalhoi ) is a species of frog in the pipidae family endemic to brazil .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , dry savanna , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , freshwater marshes , ponds , and aquaculture ponds .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "carvalho ' s surinam toad", "paragraphs": ["the carvalho ' s surinam toad ( pipa carvalhoi ) is a species of frog in the pipidae family . it is endemic to brazil . more\nthe carvalho ' s surinam toad is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .\ncarvalho ' s surinam toad elsewhere on the web * wikipedia * urltoken edit and show details add or delete facts , download data in json or rdf formats , and explore topic metadata . more\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species occurs widely in eastern and northeastern brazil in the following states : cear\u00e1 , para\u00edba , pernambuco , alagoas , bahia , esp\u00edrito santo , and minas gerais , and presumably also rio grande do norte and sergipe .\nit is common in suitable habitat , but such habitats are scarce through much of its range .\nit is an aquatic species that occurs in permanent waterbodies in dry\ncaatinga\nsavannah and\nagreste\ntransition vegetation between\ncaatinga\nand atlantic forest . it breeds in water , the eggs being carried on the back of the female , with the larvae developing in the water . it can be found in fish farms , where it can be a pest .\nthe major threats are probably related to habitat loss due to livestock grazing and agriculture , in particular contamination of breeding ponds as a result of their being used by livestock . pollution of waterbodies by pesticides might also be a problem .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / coiled ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nsorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .\nthe open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can\n, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name ."]}
{"id": 2492, "summary": [{"text": "the tanimbar oriole ( oriolus decipiens ) is a species of bird in the family oriolidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is endemic to the tanimbar islands .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical mangrove forests , and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "until 2008 , the tanimbar oriole was classified as a subspecies of the black-eared oriole .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "some authorities have not yet recognized this split . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "tanimbar oriole", "paragraphs": ["the tanimbar oriole ( oriolus decipiens ) is a species of bird in the oriolidae family . it is endemic to the tanimbar islands .\nvery difficult to separate from tanimbar friarbird and only seen for certain on a couple of occasions . the other part of the two - way split of black - eared oriole , and a tanimbar endemic .\nno information on dietary details . forages alone or in pairs , often together with tanimbar friarbirds .\nremoval of ( lumped ) campo suiriri , tanimbar flycatcher and mangrove black hawk , . as well as all species previously marked for deletion ( del ) .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . tanimbar oriole ( oriolus decipiens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupdate archives : species ( versions 1 . 1 - 1 . 7 only )\nbelow are summaries of past updates to the ioc world bird list , first published as birds of the world , recommended english names \u2013 version 1 . 0 ( gill and wright 2006 ) . all of the updated information and species changes are included in the latest version of the species lists available on this website . to access current updates , please click on one of the links at the top of this page .\nadjustments or changes of 19 english names , including restoration of long - tailed tit .\ngeneric revisions including broad reclassification of gulls and terns , separation of two species of scytalopus tapaculos to a new genus eleoscytalopus , moves of buarremon and lysurus brush finches to arremon , darwin\u2019s rhea from pterocnemia to rhea , slender - billed kite from rostrhamus to monotypic helicolestes , anianiau from hemignathus to monotypic magumma , and most pionopsitta parrots to pyrilia .\nresequencing of donacobius from wrens ( troglodytidae ) to old world warblers ( sylviidae ) , and of sapayoa to broadbills ( eurylaimidae ) in accord with dna revelations .\njune 2008 ( version 1 . 6 ) \u2013 addition of splits proposed by rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) for the avifauna of south asia . alignments with version 1 . 0 of the bli world list and with systematics and taxonomy of australian birds ( christidis and boles 2008 ) . upgrades of seabird taxonomy . addition of other proposed species splits and taxonomic updates published or identified in peer reviewed journals since the posting of version 1 . 5 .\njanuary 2008 ( version 1 . 5 ) \u2013 addition of most proposed species splits and taxonomic changes published in peer - reviewed ornithological journals in 2005 - 2007 , with necessary adjustments of english names and ranges . additional alignments with decisions by the sacc . alignments with the draft list ( version 0 ) of world birds of birdlife international ( bli ) .\noctober 2007 ( version 1 . 4 ) \u2013 alignments with the classification and pending proposals of the aou\u2019s south american checklist committee ( sacc ) .\naugust 2007 ( version 1 . 3 ) \u2013 alignments with the aou checklist for north and middle america .\nblack - necklaced scimitar babbler ( = spot - breasted , p . erythrocnemis )\nhitherto considered conspecific with o . bouroensis , but genetically not closely related # r and differs in its less dark ear - coverts ( 1 ) ; more freckled malar area , this pattern extending around nape as a hindcollar ( 2 ) ; shade darker underparts ( 1 ) ; much longer wings and tail ( mean of five females 156 . 4 mm vs 140 mean of seven females ; at least 2 ) ; structurally different song with a repeated or oscillating introductory part ( score at least 2 ) and on average reaching higher frequencies ( score at least 1 ) . split recommended in earlier study # r . monotypic .\nwhat do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .\n) , from which it is difficult to distinguish in the field , based on the present species\u2019 . . .\nsong is an accelerating series of 5\u201310 short ( sometimes interconnected ) fluty notes that gradually . . .\ninhabits midstorey and canopy of lowland and montane forests , deciduous monsoon forest , secondary . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : present in banda sea islands eba . fairly common in parts of its small range , which covers an estimated c . . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nreference : pzs part ii , meeting of april 17 , 1883 , p . 199\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 300 , 144 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\noriolus bouroensis and o . decipiens ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as o . bouroensis following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as moderately common ( coates and bishop 1997 ) .\nminor edit to red list rationale text and added taxonomic notes and associated references .\n( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103691651a112513530 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndistribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nalthough this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : oriolus decipiens . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .\natlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?\nits natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical mangrove forests , and subtropical or tropical moist montanes .\nthe food is insects and fruit , especially figs , found in the tree canopies where the orioles spend much of their time .\nthis species has a large range , with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 880 , 000 km2 . the global population size has not been quantified , but it is believed to be large as the species is described as \u2018common\u2019 in at least parts of its range ( urban et al . 1997 ) . global population trends have not been quantified , but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the iucn red list ( i . e . declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons , the species is evaluated as least concern ."]}
{"id": 2493, "summary": [{"text": "the cornish jack , mormyrops anguilloides , is a species of weakly electric fish in the family mormyridae , native to quiet waters in much of sub-saharan africa .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "the largest species in its family , the cornish jack is a nocturnal group hunter of smaller fishes , using electricity to locate its prey and communicate with other members of its group .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is a commercial game fish valued for its size and taste .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the common name \" cornish jack \" likely originated from european settlers , who thought that this fish resembled the european pike , whose young is known as a \" jack \" in some parts of england .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "it is also known as \" african carp \" , a name that is used for several other species . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "cornish jack", "paragraphs": ["contribute to imdb . add a bio , trivia , and more . update information for jack cornish \u00bb\nzambia .\nhows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp .\ncousin jack console table . oak and cornish tin . hand made table from cornwall . | samuel f walsh\nzambia .\nhows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp . . . .\nabbie cornish is set to star opposite john krasinski in amazon ' s drama series tom clancy ' s jack ryan .\ncornish will play jack ryan ' s love interest , cathy mueller , a medical doctor who specializes in infectious diseases .\ncornish : i gather the jack - it all started with the telephone , specifically switchboard operators in the 1880s . is that right ?\nzambia .\nhows this for fish ? mr bowmaker holds two cornish jack caught in the swamp . . . . | the national archives\nurltoken a successfull trip with catfishjoe productions to lake kariba , zimbabwe . shilo catches a cornish jack . available on dvd . see website for more details .\nhit the road , headphone jack : new iphone goes wireless in light of the news that apple is eliminating a headphone jack from its newest iphone , npr ' s audie cornish explores the history of the headphone jack with jonathan sterne , author of the book , the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\nsaw joe cornish the other day . yes . we are brainstorming . # somethingnew\n[ porch of home of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ]\nin light of the news that apple is eliminating a headphone jack from its newest iphone , npr ' s audie cornish explores the history of the headphone jack with jonathan sterne , author of the book , the audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\na juvenile cornish jack at jackson aquatics . this little guy was eating but did not like the bright light coming from the camera so it hid in its hut . urltoken\ncousin jack is the name given to the cornish miners who migrated to other mineral rich areas such as america , australia and africa , taking their mining skills with them .\nabbie cornish ( \u201cstop - loss\u201d , \u201celizabeth : the golden age\u201d ) will play cathy to john krasinski\u2019s jack ryan in amazon\u2019s new tv take on the tom clancy series .\ncornish\u2019s cathy mueller is an infectious diseases doctor who\u2019s a bright light in her field .\ncornish : fast forward to the modern jack we all know about , which is even smaller than that , right ? it ' s not that quarter - inch jack that we may know from , like , hi - fi sets or guitars or something like that .\naggressive hunters , the cornish jack eat invertebrate larvae and crustaceans while they are young before moving on to a variety of fish species as adults . cornish jack fish uses their electric nature as an effective hunting tool . emitting weak pulses of electricity , cornish jack can navigate murky waters successfully , communicate with its environment , and ultimately catch its prey . not to mention , they are able to detect various distortions in the electric field surrounding their body , which informs them of the size , distance , and special features of nearby objects . seriously , how cool is this ? cornish jack fish will hunt independently or in schools ; however , hunting in a group is a more efficient tactic for these electric sensing fish .\ncopyright \u00a9 the cornish food box company ltd | vat no . 114557818 company no . 7350549\nexterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . cornish gaudens national historic site new hampshire saint , none . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] photograph . urltoken\ncornish is set to play cathy mueller , \u201ca doctor specializing in infectious diseases [ who ] is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest . \u201d\nit\u2019s taken awhile for amazon\u2019s jack ryan prequel series to get off the ground , and with john krasinski in the title role , we\u2019re finally starting to see more cast . first to join the newer , younger , funnier jack ryan is none other than abbie cornish in a leading role .\ncornish\u2019s on - screen credits include in the discovery channel miniseries klondike and the film sucker punch .\nthis man has cornish blood running through every vein .\nin a desperate bid to blend in with the locals , alfie then tries his hand at a cornish accent - and fails epically .\nin a minute - long clip , jack can be seen reprising his teaching alter - ego alfie .\nunion reps : jack briskey , rhys ward , connor spence , ben cornish , keoni solomonis , taine browne and aden spence , of the central queensland bushrangers representative side , at the junior rugby championships .\n[ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ] | library of congress\nstarring john krasinski and abbie cornish , jack ryan is a reinvention with a modern sensibility of the famed and lauded tom clancy hero . it centers on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish plays jack\u2019s love interest cathy mueller .\nthere ' s another post from a while back regarding them . search cornish jack in the forum and there ' s a few this is the 2 or 3 i believe . has advice about feeding and more .\ndeadline is reporting that abbie cornish ( sucker punch , limitless ) has nabbed the female lead in tom clancy\u2019s jack ryan , the upcoming amazon series from carlton cuse ( lost ) and graham roland ( fringe ) .\nby : wells , r . e . - cornish , beth . - alberta land and forest services .\nphoto , print , drawing [ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ]\ncornish : what are the odds that the headphones jack could finally go away ? you know , whether it ' s rock musicians or your television , there are all kinds of places where this is the default technology .\nexterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . cornish gaudens national historic site new hampshire saint , none . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] [ photograph ] retrieved from the library of congress , urltoken\njack briskey , rhys ward , connor spence , ben cornish , keoni solomonis , taine browne and aden spence were part of the central queensland bushrangers who took to the field at the southport school over the three days of competition .\nper deadline , cornish will take the leading role of cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases , described as \u201cintelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest . \u201d well , at least they put that part last .\njack whitehall is celebrating the release of the bad education movie in london tonight - and the stars are out to show their support .\nthe under - 16 team beat the gold coast 8 - 7 in a nail - biting finish - cornish scoring the winning penalty .\n' tom clancy ' s jack ryan ' trailer : donald trump , bill clinton & john f . kennedy heard in\npresidents\nclip\nsome of the larger native demersal fishes of the senegal basin are : the 204 cm aba ( gymnarchus niloticus ) . the 200 cm nile perch ( lates niloticus ) , the 183 cm sampa ( heterobranchus longifilis ) , and the 150 cm cornish jack ( mormyrops anguilloides ) .\n[ sculpture in the\nbig studio ,\nthe workshop for the assistants of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new . . .\nin addition to using their electric sensing capabilities for hunting , cornish jack can also distinguish between different electric wavelengths , which allow them determine their school of fish . these hunting groups have also been observed emitting a synchronized burst of electrical impulses , which may function as a mutual group recognition signal .\n\u201csaw joe cornish the other day , \u201d boyega tweeted on saturday . \u201cyes . we are brainstorming . # somethingnew . \u201d while this could mean any number of things , cornish told ifc back in 2011 that boyega keeps coming up with \u201camazing ideas\u201d for a possible sequel to attack the block .\njack ryan is a reinvention with a modern sensibility of the famed and lauded tom clancy hero . it centers on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish will play cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases . she is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest .\nthe population of cornish jack in africa appears to be healthy . anglers and commercial fisherman alike enjoy catching these interesting fish , but populations are stable . moreover , the cornish jack has been introduced into other areas outside of africa , such as australia , where they are considered to be an exotic pest that could threaten the native ecosystems on that continent . i have said it before and i will say it again , when are we going to learn that you can\u2019t just introduce new animals into an ecosystem ( or use their dna to bring back from extinction but that is a debate for another day ) .\nby : christensen , alan g . - lyon , l . jack , - unsworth , james w . - intermountain research station ( ogden , utah )\nbuy your own celebrity hideaway ! castle adored by michael douglas and jack nicholson goes on sale for $ 5 . 2m ( and even comes with treehouse )\nby : williams , jack edward . - united states . bureau of land management . - united states . bureau of land management . special status fishes team .\nexclusive : abbie cornish ( sucker punch , limitless ) is set as the female lead opposite john krasinski in amazon \u2019s straight - to - series drama tom clancy \u2019s jack ryan , from the lost duo of co - showrunner carlton cuse and writer graham roland , michael bay\u2019s platinum dunes , skydance media and paramount tv .\nthe bad education movie - which follows three series of whitehall ' s popular sitcom - stars jack as teacher alfie wickers who is battling with life at abbey grove school .\na special mention must go out to ben cornish and taine browne , who both had fantastic tournaments and were rewarded with selection into the queensland country under - 16s side .\nper deadline , the series \u201ccenters on jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . the series follows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . cornish will play cathy mueller , a doctor specializing in infectious diseases . she is intelligent , competitive , a rising star in the medical world and jack\u2019s love interest . \u201d\nexterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire . [ between 1920 and 1923 ] photograph . retrieved from the library of congress , < urltoken > .\ncornish : that ' s jonathan sterne . he ' s the author of\nthe audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\nthanks so much for talking with us .\nanother possibility could be section 6 , cornish\u2019s passion project that hit some legal snags . universal won a four - way bidding war for the script with jack o\u2019connell set to star , but the film then became the subject of copyright infringement claims from mgm and james bond rightsholder danjaq . with the lawsuit settled , wrath of the titans screenwriter dan mazeau was reportedly enlisted .\nand it turns out that his ridiculously posh character is the\nb * * * * * d son\nof a very common cornish man called pasco - played by game of thrones star iain glen .\nbefore john boyega made it big in star wars : the force awakens , he gained notoriety for a much smaller sci - fi film , attack the block . written and directed by joe cornish , the film featured the actor as moses , a boy who defends his south london neighborhood from aliens with the help of his friends . nearly five years later , boyega is teasing a reunion with cornish for \u201csomething new . \u201d\nwith the end of mining and changes to agricultural methods , the social and economic focus of the peninsula changed once again . from the 1950s cheap subdivisions and government leases around the coast , together with increased motor vehicle ownership , brought the rise of shacks fanning out from ardrossan along beaches including port julia , black point , and in many other places around the long coastline . with the peninsula now the home of small farming communities , tourism became an important supplement to the local economy . based in the cornish heritage of the area , an annual ' cousin jack carnival ' began in 1963 . in 1973 , through the vision of premier don dunstan , ' the world ' s largest cornish festival ' was born , with the advent of ' kernewek lowender ' . the festival has continued to be a biennial celebration of the cornish heritage of the peninsula .\nthe show hails from paramount tv and skydance tv and features a noteworthy board of producers including michael bay and carlton cuse ( \u201clost\u201d ) . mace neufeld , who also produced the jack ryan series of movies , is back too .\naustralian actress cornish is known for her starring turn in 2004\u2019s somersault and her role as fanny brawne in bright star . on tv , she most recently played belinda mulrooney in the miniseries klondike . she\u2019s repped by untitled entertainment and uta .\ni used to have this fish and acts like an aba aba knifefish . with same temperment , eating habit and how it bites . mine jumped out though but survived and developed a fungus on the skin and slowly died . they get aggressive as they grow and likes to attack the owner . so be careful when cleaning the tank when it grow . usually the aggressive side show at around 12\n. mine died at 18\n. very cool fish to have you should watch blue planet dvd and it show a pack of large cornish jack hunting sleeping cichlids at night .\ntitle [ exterior of studio of augustus st . gaudens , cornish , new hampshire ] created / published [ between 1920 and 1923 ] subject headings - saint - gaudens , augustus , - - 1848 - 1907 - - homes & haunts - studios - - new hampshire - - cornish - - 1920 - 1930 - saint - gaudens national historic site ( cornish , n . h . ) - - 1920 - 1930 format headings photographic prints - - 1920 - 1930 . medium 1 photographic print . call number / physical location biog file - st . gaudens , augustus [ p & p ; ] repository digital id cph 3c14882 / / urltoken library of congress control number 95512824 reproduction number lc - usz62 - 114882 ( b & w ; film copy neg . ) online format image description 1 photographic print . lccn permalink urltoken additional metadata formats marcxml record mods record dublin core record\nthe legacy of tin has always been around me and i wanted to design a piece of furniture which would celebrate not only the magnificent cornish landscape , but the treasures buried within it . the tin used in this piece has been mined locally in cornwall and cast specifically for this console table .\napple introduced its iphone 7 today . they say it ' s slimmer , sleeker and that the camera ' s better . and , yes , the rumors are true . there ' s no headphone jack . users will have to use wireless headphones or apple ' s lightning port instead . but the old plug - and - socket combination - the jack - has been around in one form or another for more than a hundred years . jonathan sterne of mcgill university is here to tell us about it . he wrote the book\nthe audible past : cultural origins of sound reproduction .\njonathan sterne , welcome to the program .\noscar - nominated feature director morten tyldum ( the imitation game , passengers ) is set to direct the opening episode of amazon \u2019s straight - to - series drama tom clancy \u2019s jack ryan , from the lost duo of co - showrunner carlton cuse and writer graham roland , platinum dunes , skydance media and paramount tv .\njack ryan is co - produced by paramount tv and skydance tv and executive produced by cuse , roland , platinum dunes\u2019 michael bay , brad fuller , and andrew form , as well as skydance\u2019s david ellison , dana goldberg and marcy ross , along with the movie franchise\u2019s producer mace neufeld and lindsey springer of carlton cuse prods .\nunfolding over 10 episodes , the series follows jack ryan ( krasinski ) , an up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time . he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale .\njack ryan stars john krasinski ( the office , 13 hours : the secret soldiers of benghazi ) as clancy\u2019s cia analyst , who finds himself on field assignment for the first time , uncovering a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . \u201d\nover the years , ryan has been portrayed by alec baldwin in 1990 & apos ; s the hunt for red october , harrison ford in 1992 & apos ; s patriot games and 1994 & apos ; s clear and present danger , ben affleck in 2002 & apos ; s the sum of all fears , and most recently by star trek star chris pine for jack ryan : shadow recruit .\nsterne : no , no , it ' s a smaller jack . we don ' t know exactly when that was invented . the first widespread consumer use was transistor radios . the first one was 1954 , i think . but it ' s likely that shape of the plug was in use in military uses before that and probably also for hearing aids , which is where a lot of advances in miniaturization happened .\nsome independent television companies used cornish locations as far back as 1956 and , in 1966 , the bbc started using outdoor locations for doctor who . the big thrust of television filming in the county came in the 1970s with two major television series ; the onedin line and poldark . a further resurgence in television filming came in the mid 1990s with the wycliffe series . more recently have been the doc martin series , which was a spin - off from the film saving grace , and echo beach , a somewhat controversial weekly soap opera starring jason donovan and martine mccutcheon . 2014 saw cornwall as the main location for the remake of winston graham ' s poldark with aidan turner in the title role . cornwall has also become popular as the focus of documentaries about cornish life with series like the fisherman ' s apprentice with monty halls and cornwall with caroline quentin .\nfrom the late 1840s the peninsula was also the home of wandering shepherds caring for flocks belonging to european pastoralists including ex - sea captain walter hughes who took up the lease of the wallaroo run in 1854 . one of these shepherds , paddy ryan , discovered copper ore on hughes ' land in 1861 - reputedly in a wombat ' s burrow . ryan died soon afterwards , but hughes and his co - investors became very wealthy men . the network of lodes which made up the legendary wallaroo and moonta mines brought wealth to their owners , and led to the founding of south australia ' s three largest towns outside of adelaide - kadina , wallaroo and moonta . within four years the three towns had a combined population of 8 , 000 . cornish miners - world famous for their skill over thousands of years - flocked to the area . under mine manager ' captain ' hr hancock , the towns of the northern yorke peninsula came to be not only ' the copper triangle ' but also ' little cornwall ' , as hughes and hancock imported thousands more miners direct from cornwall . when mining collapsed in 1923 , the cartoonist and former mine captain , oswald pryor , made the yorke peninsula ' s cornish - australian miners world famous through his ' cousin jack ' and ' cousin jenny ' cartoons .\na similar mixed set of outlooks existed in religious circles . although the cornish miners under the pious captain hancock formed a community who were 80 per cent methodist church members , the peninsula was also the home of a strong catholic community with an early convent school at kadina in the care of mary mackillop ' s josephite nuns . at wallaroo a group of welsh miners established a welsh speaking congregational church . an array of visiting evangelists contributed to often spectacular religious revivals . the cornish were proud of their strong historic associations with wesleyan methodism and replicated larger versions of their chapels on the soil of australia which were funded by the local mineral wealth . but despite the strength of teetotal methodism , kadina witnessed two ' beer strikes ' protesting at the local price of alcohol , in 1902 and 1920 . and wallaroo was the home of the only south australian woman ever to be sentenced to death - the accidental murderer , elizabeth woolcock .\ncornish stock was imported into north america , where they provided genetic material for the meaty broiler chickens . continued selection for broad breasts has increased the percentage of the body that is white meat , the part of the chicken that is prized most by north americans . the story of the development of the chicken meat industry shows how chickens have moved from one continent to another and how humans have changed the function of the chicken in the process ( latshaw & musharaf ) .\nbut at the same time , this freedom comes with a cost . and the cost is you ' re increasingly locked into the decisions of the company whose platform you use . and so the headphone jack , which - let ' s face it - is just another plug to plug things into , become symbolic of apple ' s constantly changing products . and i think it ' s a little disturbing to people because it ' s a reminder that they ' re really not in control of their media lives .\npaleontologist jack horner in 2003 unearthed a tyrannosaurus rex that lived 68 million years ago in montana and recovered a still - elastic blood vessel from inside a fractured thigh bone fossil . recent phylogenetic analyses of this isolated tissue by a team of scientists reveals that the closest living relative of t . rex is none other than the domestic chicken . of seven decoded amino acid sequences from the collagen molecules , three matched chicken uniquely . another matched frog uniquely , one matched newt uniquely , and a few matched multiple sequences .\nsterne : yeah , 1888 is the first switchboard . and the idea basically is you ' d pick up your phone at home . it would connect you to an operator who was wearing some kind of headset . and then you ' d tell him who you wanted to call , and they ' d plug a cable with two quarter - inch plugs on - one on each end . they ' d plug one into a jack for your phone and one for the phone of the person you wanted to be connected to .\nthe office alum krasinski plays the drama\u2019s titular hero , who is at the beginning of his career . the series will follow \u201can up - and - coming cia analyst thrust into a dangerous field assignment for the first time , \u201d according to the official logline . the 10 - episode jack ryan , which received a straight - to - series order , \u201cfollows ryan as he uncovers a pattern in terrorist communication that launches him into the center of a dangerous gambit with a new breed of terrorism that threatens destruction on a global scale . \u201d\nwe thank andrea betancourt , mohamed noor , allen orr , howard rundle , arndt telschow , thomson webb , jack werren , members of the charlesworth lab group , and two anonymous reviewers for helpful discussions and / or comments on the manuscript . andy beckenbach , paul gibas , jessica savage , and dewayne shoemaker assisted with fly collecting and julie sullivan and karin tetzlaff assisted with the laboratory experiments . drosophila were imported from canada under united states department of agriculture permit 56887 to jj and were collected in the smoky mountains under a national park collecting permit to kad .\nthe sport of cockfighting developed in asia . this sport is one in which birds are paired and they fight to the death . big muscular birds had an advantage in this sport than smaller birds . winning birds provided the breeding stock , so fighting cocks naturally became bigger over the centuries . indian fighting cocks were imported into england and were the basis for old english bird stocks , also used for fighting . they , in turn , provided the basic genetic material for the cornish breed , a chicken with extreme muscling that resulted in a broad breast .\nin cornwall , a \u201cspine\u201d of granite runs the full length of the county just beneath the surface . the spine becomes visible on the tors of bodmin moor , carn brea and west penwith . around each granite margin there is a ring of baked rock in which there are vertical mineral lodes containing tin ore . since pre \u2013 historic times people have been extracting and trading this tin . derelict engine houses and other remnants of a one time prosperous tin mining industry are commonplace on the cornish landscape . growing up in cornwall these ruins formed a large part of my childhood playgrounds .\nlast week mike dash told a tale of high seas adventure that put me in mind of another , somewhat earlier one . not that anne bonny and mary read had much in common with kindly old david o\u2019keefe\u2014they were pirates , for one thing , as renowned for their ruthlessness as for their gender , and during their short careers challenged the sailors\u2019 adage that a woman\u2019s presence on shipboard invites bad luck . indeed , were it not for bonny and read , john \u201ccalico jack\u201d rackam\u2019s crew would\u2019ve suffered indignity along with defeat during its final adventure in the caribbean . but more on that in a moment\u2026\ni am a wildlife ecologist , educator and illustrator living in seattle , wa . my current research focuses on birds and urbanization as a ph . d . candidate working with professor john marzluff at the university of washington\u2019s college of the environment . in addition to graduate studies , i currently teach science courses at cornish college of the arts and freelance as an illustrator for books and journal articles ( read article on my illustrations for \u201cwelcome to subirdia\u201d by john marzluff ) . i earned my b . a . in visual art / history , and m . sc . in wildlife biology .\nbut the peninsula was not only the home of cornish copper miners . the large runs of the wealthy pastoralists were gradually broken up and turned into smaller farms to meet the demand for agricultural land . from the 1870s agriculture became a vital component of peninsula life and was increasingly important as world copper prices fell and the affluence of mining slowly dissipated . the tiny towns and settlements of the peninsula clung onto existence through barley and wheat crops . a bustling coastal trade was built up around the export of grain to port adelaide , and the import and later production of superphosphate . gypsum and limestone quarrying were significant industries on the lower peninsula .\nsterne : well , i think it ' s a couple of things . one is with any kind of plugger jack - i mean , the same thing with the outlets in your wall - anything you can do to standardize is really useful unless you control the market . so if you want to make a new kind of transistor radio , and somebody ' s already invested in a good earphone , although they weren ' t very good , you ' d want yours to work with their earphone . and that ' s why other formats , like usb , as well , because people want to be able to plug their stuff into the other stuff that they have .\nanne , meanwhile , spent most of her time drinking at local saloons and seducing pirates ; in a general history , johnson contends that she was \u201cnot altogether so reserved in point of chastity , \u201d and that james bonny once \u201csurprised her lying in a hammock with another man . \u201d anne grew especially enamored of one paramour , john \u201ccalico jack\u201d rackam , so - called due to his affinity for garish clothing , and left bonny to join rackam\u2019s crew . one legend holds that she launched her pirating career with an ingenious ploy , creating a \u201ccorpse\u201d by mangling the limbs of a dressmaker\u2019s mannequin and smearing it with fake blood . when the crew of a passing french merchant ship spotted anne wielding an ax over her creation , they surrendered their cargo without a fight .\ncalico jack rackam was scheduled to be executed by hanging on november 18 , and his final request was to see anne . she had but one thing to say to him : \u201cif you had fought like a man , you need not have been hang\u2019d like a dog . \u201d ten days later , she and mary stood trial at the admiralty court in st . jago de la vega , jamaica , both of them pleading not guilty to all charges . the most convincing witness was one dorothy thomas , whose canoe had been robbed of during one of the pirates\u2019 sprees . she stated that anne and mary threatened to kill her for testifying against them , and that \u201cthe reason of her knowing and believing them to be women then was by the largeness of their breasts . \u201d\nmary resumed her life as a man and sailed for the west indies on a dutch ship , which was soon captured by english pirates . the crew , believing mary to be a fellow englishman , encouraged her to join them . calico jack rackam served as the quartermaster of her new crew , and he , along with his shipmates , never suspected mary\u2019s true gender . she was aggressive and ruthless , always ready for a raid , and swore , well , like a drunken sailor . she was \u201cvery profligate , \u201d recalled one of her victims , \u201ccursing and swearing much . \u201d loose clothing hid her breasts , and no one thought twice about her lack of facial hair ; her mates , most of them in their teens or early twenties , were also smooth - faced . it\u2019s also likely that mary suffered from stress and poor diet while serving in the army , factors that could have interrupted or paused her menstrual cycle .\ngreek , mormyros = a fish ( sparus sp ) + greek , ops = appearance ( ref . 45335 )\nfreshwater ; demersal ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 22\u00b0c - 24\u00b0c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 10\u00b0s - 21\u00b0s\nafrica : a very wide distribution area which includes most of the west african river basins ( ref . 81274 ) , white nile river ( ref . 3203 ) , uebi shebeli and juba river ( ref . 3203 ) , and the congo river basin ( ref . 52193 ) ; in southern africa , restricted to the middle and lower zambezi , buzi and pungwe ( ref . 52193 ) . also known from lake malawi , lake tanganyika and lake albert [ former lake mobuto ] ( ref . 3203 , 52193 ) .\nmaturity : l m 32 . 5 range ? - ? cm max length : 150 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2915 ) ; max . published weight : 15 . 0 kg ( ref . 52193 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 33 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 38 - 51 . diagnosis : head depressed , mouth large and terminal ; body elongated ( ref . 13337 , 52193 ) . chin ( mental swelling ) absent ; origin of dorsal fin behind origin of anal fin , nearer caudal fin base than tip of snout ; dorsal fin shorter than anal fin ; mouth width subequal to snout length : snout long ( ref . 52193 ) . sl / body depth 4 . 9 - 7 . 5 ; head 3 . 4 - 5 . 1 times in standard length ; snout almost as wide as head ; interorbital space wide , head length / interorbital space 2 . 9 - 6 . 8 ; variation in meristic characteristics due to differences in geographic clines ( ref . 2915 ) .\njuveniles occur in marginal habitats , adults prefer deep quiet water between boulders and below overhangs , away from strong currents ; also occurs beneath salvinia mats and in river estuaries in lake kariba ; juveniles prey on invertebrates , mainly shrimps and insect larvae ; larger individuals feed on small cichlids , minnows and labeos ; may live for 8 years or more ; breeds in summer during the rainy season ; mature females carry 25000 or more eggs ( ref . 7248 , 52193 ) . a fractional spawner ( ref . 10606 , 10605 ) . affinities : m . breviceps .\nbigorne , r . , 1990 . mormyridae . p . 122 - 184 . in c . l\u00e9v\u00eaque , d . paugy and g . g . teugels ( eds . ) faune des poissons d ' eaux saum\u00e2tres d ' afrique de l ' ouest . tome 1 . faune trop . 28 . mus\u00e9e royal de l ' afrique centrale , tervuren , and orstom , paris . ( ref . 2915 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00562 ( 0 . 00313 - 0 . 01011 ) , b = 3 . 03 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 8 \u00b10 . 61 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( k = 0 . 08 - 0 . 12 ; tm > 8 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\npreviously reported as mormyrops deliciosus ( leach , 1818 ) , a junior synonym of m . anguilloides ( see bigorne , 1987 ) . the taxonomic position of the kenyan population is uncertain : the species might be identical to m . citernii vinciguerra , 1913 described from the juba system in somalia ( seegers et al . 2003 ) .\nbills , r . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , marshall , b . , moelants , t . & ntakimazi , g .\nsnoeks , j . , tweddle , d . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , paugy , d . , zaiss , r . , fishar , m . r . a & brooks , e .\njustification : this species has a wide distribution , with no known major widespread threats . it is therefore listed as least concern . it has also been assessed regionally as least concern for central , eastern , north eastern , southern and western africa .\nthis species has a very wide distribution area and is present in most parts of sub - saharan africa . central africa : mormyrops anguilloides is known from throughout the congo river basin . elsewhere , it is known from the lower guinea region , distributed in the sanaga river basin , in the nyong , the lokoundj\u00e9 and the cross . eastern africa : it is known from the lake albert basin , and albert nile , as well as from the malagarasi river and lake tanganyika . it is also known from lake malawi . in kenya it has been recorded from the northern ewaso nyiro system ( seegers et al . 2004 ) but this is probably not correct . an uncertain record of m . anguilloides from the athi river basin discussed by okeyo ( 1998 ) is unsubstantiated ( seegers et al . 2004 ) . northeast africa : this species is present in the ghazal and jebel systems , white nile , and the blue nile to lake nasser ( also known as lake nubia ) . it also occurs in the wabi shebelle basin , ethiopia . southern africa : in southern africa it is restricted to the middle and lower zambezi and the buzi and pungwe rivers ( skelton 2001 ) . western africa : m . anguilloides has a very wide distribution area and is present in the most parts of west african basins .\nthis is a demersal , potamodromous species . this species inhabits rivers and river mouths . juveniles are found in marginal habitats whereas adults prefer deep quiet water and estuaries away from strong currents ( tweddle and willoughby , 1982 ) . it also occurs beneath salvinia mats and in river estuaries in lake kariba . juveniles prey on invertebrates , mainly shrimps and insect larvae , whilst larger individuals feed on small cichlids , minnows and labeos . it breeds during the rainy season ( skelton 1993 ) and is a fractional spawner ( alberet 1982 , kirschbaum 1995 ) .\nin eastern africa this species is threatened by fisheries and environmental disturbance . intense fishing pressure with gill nets in certain areas of the lower zambezi probably affects this species .\nbills , r . , entsua - mensah , m . , getahun , a . , lal\u00e8y\u00e8 , p . , marshall , b . , moelants , t . & ntakimazi , g . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncornwall kid : trevone bay round blow hole from the sea tunnel view up from bottom . 26th august 2016\nruckomechi camp , zimbabwe , game viewing & tiger fishing . july 2011 . linda collison . hd\ntetraodon mbu - puffer fish eating crab & shrimp - ( leon de kogel - episode 2 ) . wmv\nfishing in the congo - somewhere down the crazy river . . . again !\nit is full fat hard cheese and with a fruity flavour and nutty tones .\nour cheese is hand cut from our shop counter so weights may vary slightly .\nuse spaces to separate tags . use single quotes ( ' ) for phrases .\njavascript seem to be disabled in your browser . you must have javascript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website .\nthey are a fairly large fish as they can grow up to 150 cm ( 4 . 9\u2032 ) in length and weigh up to 15 kg ( 33 pounds )\ni am a digital nomad who enjoys travelling around the globe while inspiring others to leave their comfort zone and improve their life . i have a passion for self - development and of course everything related to our natural ecosystems .\ncurrently you have javascript disabled . in order to post comments , please make sure javascript and cookies are enabled , and reload the page . click here for instructions on how to enable javascript in your browser .\njoin this exclusive facebook group and win cool prizes for you & your furry friend .\nwe ' re constantly striving to improve our community to help make your monster fish keeping hobby fulfilling and interesting . comments are welcome .\ni bought this little guy last week . he is about 4\nand awesome ! he eats live tubies , bloodworms , massivore , krill , and shrimp . but i can ' t hardly find any information about him . what i have read has mixed opinions about tankmates , mine is with a bunch of other fish in a 40 and is doing fine so far . i also read that they grow slooooooow , like 1\na year\ni would really like to hear about anyones personal experience and any information they might have . especially anything having to do with increasing that pathetic growth rate .\nlive prey always seems to make some fishes grow faster , so maybe try having small feeders that have been quarantined and gut - loaded in its aquarium at all times .\nreally ? it seems to me fish that are fed prepared foods grow faster and are healthier . he loves massivore , and eats more of that than anything else . also , hes in with 3 pb , so feeders would not be an option .\nreal name : dee joined : feb 24 , 2009 messages : 6 , 887 likes received : 9 trophy points : 62 location : at your back . . watch out ! last seen : dec 27 , 2016\ngot it at 8\nand grew fast till it hit 18\nin the first year .\ni am soooo glad to hear that . i read somewhere they grow 1\nper year !\nmormyrus anguilloides linnaeus 1758 was described from the nile river . the species as presently recognised has a wide african distribution . taxonomic assessment of the many distinct regional populations is needed . additional synonyms from central and western africa .\nsnoeks , j . , marshall , b . , impson , d . , da costa , l . , bills , r . , swartz , e . , engelbrecht , j . , cambray , j . , skelton , p . h . , terry , s . , tweddle , d . & darwall , w . ( iucn freshwater biodiversity unit ) ( west cape province workshop , south africa 2006 ) .\njustification : a widespread species in the lower and middle zambezi and also in lake malawi . no information is available concerning population sizes , declines or fluctuations . catches by fishermen indicate that it is present throughout its range but rarely abundant . it is assessed as least concern .\nthe species is widespread in north , west , central and southern africa . nile , congo and zambezi rivers , lakes tanganyika and malawi .\nintense fishing pressure with gill nets in certain areas of the lower zambezi probably affects this species .\nif you wish to hunt rabbits and hares , you will need to obtain a small game hunting permit .\ncolour : grey brown with paler underside . infrequently black , ginger and silver - grey colours encountered . eyes brown . tips of ears narrow black rim .\nsocial behaviour : in high density populations rabbits live in a complex of underground burrows ( warren ' s ) and in lower numbers above ground cover . home range about 1 ha .\nreproduction : timing , litter frequency and size dependent on habitat conditions with productivity as high as 45 to 50 kittens ( young rabbits ) per year in good areas , down to around 20 in poorer areas , average litter five . kittens are born blind in underground burrows and emerge at about 3 weeks old .\ncolour : mottled black and fawn on upper surface with tawny sides . belly is pure white . eyes yellow . ears black patch at the tip .\nreproduction : leverets ( young hares ) are born above ground fully covered in a thick coat of pile hair and with open eyes . average litter size 2 with 4 litters per year .\nnomenclature : rabbits : male = buck . female = doe . young = kit . hares : male = buck . female = doe . young = leveret .\nthe department of conservation ( doc ) has limited opportunities for hunting rabbits and hares . contact the doc office nearest the hunting area about opportunities and permit requirements etc .\nmuch of the suitable habitat is on private land and you need permission from the landowner .\ndistribution : rabbits occupy most suitable habitat in new zealand from the coast to 1000 m in the south island and to above the bushline in the north island . although less abundant than they used to be rabbits are still plentiful in central otago , the mckenzie basin , north canterbury and marlborough .\nhabitat preference : ideally an annual rainfall of less than 1000 mm with light soils , sunny aspect and good cover close to feeding grounds . favoured habitats include coastal dunelands , dry stony riverbeds , limestone hills and sunny coastal faces .\ndistribution : hares can be found throughout the north and south islands of new zealand occupying suitable habitat from sea level to 2000 m . areas where hares are not found include parts of south westland , fiordland and an area from auckland north about 80 km .\nhabitat preference : all kinds of grassland or open country . favoured areas include coastal sand dunes , pasture , rush covered areas and clearings in scrub or forest .\nsmall calibre rifles . 22 rim fire ( often with subsonic ammunition and suppressed rifles ) or shotguns .\nnote : hunting rabbits and hares on doc administered land is subject to a\nsmall game permit\nwhich in some locations permits . 22 rimfire and shotgun use that is not normally allowed .\nlate afternoon until dark , when rabbits and hares out feeding , best time to hunt .\nunless jump shooting , stake out likely areas in late afternoon until dark when rabbits will emerge from cover for feeding .\nduring daylight hours , hares spend much of their time crouched in an oval depression referred to as a form .\nwhen hunting , keep alert as hares will often break from the form just before being stood on .\nhares will often clip vegetation with a characteristic 45 o cut and leave the tip of the plant nearby .\nfaecal pellets shaped like flattened spheres , 15 mm x 10 mm in size with a slight tail on one side ( larger , paler and more fibrous than rabbits and tend to be scattered ) .\nhare sign indicator of hare presence and worth staking out or hunting through area .\nin new zealand , there is no seasonal restriction to hunting rabbits or hares meaning generally they can be hunted throughout the year . there are however , instances where restrictions apply for specific reasons and periods when hunting is favoured .\nsome areas may be closed during periods of high fire danger or high public use .\nnot a common occurrence but an area may be closed on a temporary basis to enable research or other management to be undertaken without being compromised by hunting .\nit is important to check for these conditions with the doc office nearest the hunting area .\nif you wish to hunt rabbits and hares on public conservation land , you will need to obtain a small game hunting permit from doc .\nit restricts hunting of rabbits and hares ( which are unprotected game animals ) to specific areas and times .\nthe permit ( if areas are available ) can be obtained from the doc office nearest the hunting area .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator ."]}
{"id": 2494, "summary": [{"text": "the cloud forest stream frog ( ptychohyla euthysanota ) is a species of frog in the family hylidae found in el salvador , guatemala , mexico , and possibly honduras .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rivers .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cloud forest stream frog", "paragraphs": ["a glass frog , photographed in the monteverde cloud forest in coast rica by cabin attendant and photographer nic reusens .\nthe aptly - named glass frog was photographed in the monteverde cloud forest in costa rica by cabin attendant and photographer nic reusens .\nit may look like the common red - eyed tree frog , but the red - eyed stream frog is possibly the rarest frog in costa rica . courtesy of the smithsonian tropical research institute\nby far our most impressive find was the rufous - eyed stream frog , which sports typical \u201ctropical frog\u201d characteristics like bright coloration , slick skin , and large toe pads for gripping to trees .\nthe rainforests are called cloud forests because the area is almost always covered in clouds .\nthe study discusses the rediscovery of the orange or yellow and black harlequin frog species , known as the clown frog or halloween frog , which was declared extinct \u2013 then rediscovered \u2013 in costa rica twice , most recently in 2008 .\nit inhabits pine - oak and cloud forest , and is found in , or on , low vegetation along mountain streams . it breeds in streams and some populations have been found surviving in coffee plantations .\nthe green - eyed frog used to be common in monteverde . courtesy of robert pushendorf\nhe ' s croaked it ! unlucky frog fried to death after being . . .\nnot to be confused with the similarly looking red - eyed tree frog , which is quite common in costa rica , the red - eyed stream frog began vanishing in the late 1980s . by 1990 a number of local populations were rendered extinct . in march , a previously unknown population was found in talamanca .\nninety percent of harlequin frog species are threatened with extinction , and other amphibian species also have seen declines .\nthe \u201challoween\u201d frog has been declared extinct and then subsequently rediscovered twice in costa rica . courtesy of brian gratwicke\nwe\u2019ll be sad to leave this lively marsh , and all of palo verde , but new adventures at the monteverde cloud forest await us . ( we will be without internet during our stay at monteverde , but be sure to look for updates later this month ! )\nless than three steps onto the trail we spot one of the iconic creatures of the tropical rain forest habitat : the strawberry poison dart frog . about the size of a thumbprint , these aposematically colored frogs advertise their toxicity to predators , making them easy to spot amid the collage of greens and brown that composes the forest floor .\nnic spent 20 days in the beautiful tropical forest and became fascinated by the little amphibians and their translucent bodies .\npeloton ' s hi - tech bike lets you stream live and on demand rides to your home - and it ' s one of the best examples of fitness technology out there - at a price .\nthe result of the pictures were these fascinating images of the insides of the frog with organs and even its tiny bones all visible .\nin 1987 , more than 1 , 500 of the toads roamed the monteverde cloud forest , but that year , an unusually warm dry season nearly wiped out the population . once a costa rican symbol , the bright orange golden toad has not been seen since 1989 . despite the recent discoveries , scientists do not expect the golden toad to return .\nstep 3 ) contrary to intuition , do not try to sneak up on the frog . most will cease to call when they hear footsteps approaching even from a decent distance , so taking brisk strides in the direction of the call will get you closer to the frog before it stops calling .\nit ' s eye - wateringly expensive at $ 2 , 999 , but naim ' s uniti atom is a revelation , an integrated amplifier than makes it easy to stream music at a quality you ' ve probably never heard before .\nthe subspecies ptychohyla euthysanota euthysanota lives in cloud forests while the other subspecies ( p . e . macrotympanum ) lives in broadleaf forests and pine forests . both subspecies are highly associated with mountain streams . reproduction occurs by direct development .\nonce common in monteverde and tapant\u00ed , this frog was last seen in costa rica in 1989 and in panama in 1993 , before being rediscovered in 2007 in costa rica . in costa rica , the frog disappeared primarily due to the chytrid fungus , but in panama populations have been severely affected by habitat loss from logging .\nlooking for frogs in the cloud forest is not an easy task . many frogs exhibit incredible mimicry of leaves , bark , and various substrates . the easiest way to find them is by looking for movement when and where you step . if you\u2019re up for more of a challenge , look closely on and under each leaf you pass , and sooner or later one of those brownish blobs that you thought was a clump of wet moss or dirt will turn out to be a frog , sitting perfectly immobile as it waits for unsuspecting prey to crawl or fly by .\nfirst to welcome us to the dry forest are a group of white - faced capuchins , which we quickly learn are a common sight around the station and up in the forest\u2019s canopy . not only do we have the company of the capuchins , but in the early morning , the loud , echoing calls of male howler monkeys are heard no matter where you are . these throaty , growl - like calls that awaken the forest sound somewhere in - between a lion\u2019s roar and a very hungry stomach .\nwhat does this mean for frogs ? cicadas and other sources of noise are ubiquitous in the forest , and a frog that calls to attract females only in periods of silence will likely suffer reduced reproductive success . studying how natural acoustic interference affects animal communication can help us predict the effects of added anthropogenic noise as forested areas become more developed .\nthe green - eyed frog was very common in the mountains of costa rica but had completely disappeared by 1990 . in 2002 , one of the frogs was spotted in monteverde . biologists found larvae of the frog in 2003 , which they saved . more viable populations have been found in monteverde , p\u00e9rez zeled\u00f3n and juan castro blanco national park .\nusing a pane of glass he photographed a wild glass frog using a twin diffused flash to capture the natural effect of the little creatures body before returning it to the jungle .\nstep 2 ) when you hear a call ( ch - ch - ch - ch\u2026 . ) gauge how close you think you are to the frog ( walking with quiet feet in the direction of the sound with help with this ) . if it\u2019s more than about five meters off the trail , forget about it\u2014the frog will stop calling well before it comes into view . but if it\u2019s nearer than that , proceed to step 3 .\nthese tactics worked pretty well for catching male frogs , but we also needed some females to provoke the males to call in the lab . since females don\u2019t provide calls to follow in the forest , we had to rely on sight and a bit of luck to find females hopping along the forest floor . males and females are easily distinguished by examining the gular ( throat ) region , which is dark grayish - blue on males and red or asymmetrically patterned on females .\nnot only are night hikes great for spotting frogs and toads , but you are able to see things that you would never consider looking for during the day . on the walk back to the station , our professor stopped and instructed everyone to turn off their flashlights and look around . for a few minutes we struggled to see into the dark forest , no one daring to move an inch for fear of toppling into the stream below the trail . suddenly someone spotted specks of light on the ground . it looked as if as if a bunch of lightening bugs had been crushed over top of a leaf\u2014in fact , we were looking at a bioluminescent fungus . the fungus - covered leaf passed from one person to the next , a mass of sparkling , yellow - green jewels suspended in blackness .\non an early - morning hike to beat the heat , we crossed paths with another poison - dart frog , this one of the green and black variety . as it hops about in and under the leaf litter , i\u2019m reminded of its plastic toy replica i played with as a kid . a bit further along , this glasswing butterfly flutters out of the forest edge , disappearing and reappearing before our eyes . when it finally lands on a leaf , we see that its wings are completely transparent . it seems like tropical creatures have much more creative ways of evading predation than prey in the temperate zone , whether they are flaunting their unpalatability or making their predators dizzy with confusion .\none thing that any nature enthusiast can attest to is that in nature , the closer you look , the more you see . you can find life in the most seemingly inhospitable places , colors and patterns in the blandest - looking creatures , and\u2014in the dry forest of palo verde\u2014movement just below the soil surface by invisible insect architects known as antlions .\nwhen we emerged from the forest back at the station , we were greeted with another fantastic bioluminescent display as dozens of click beetles circled the trees . we watched for a while , letting them come up close to our faces and then dart away quickly , until the chilly rain began to make us numb and we retreated into our warm beds with the image of the beetles still dancing in our minds .\nthis frog began disappearing in 1988 and was first presumed extinct in 1996 , according to the amphibia - reptilia study . two of the frogs were spotted in 2005 in the central pacific town of quepos , but were not seen again the following year . then , in 2008 , a small population was found in talamanca , in south - eastern costa rica . the population has fluctuated from five to 40 since 2011 .\nwe explored the reef for hours , gliding over the bustling community below while trying to avoid being pricked by a sea urchin or smashing our fins into the fragile corals . underwater , we become detached observers , a stark contrast to the sense of oneness you get from walking through a forest . but , as in tropical forests , diversity abounds in the coral reef as organisms are highly specialized for their distinct niches in these astounding \u201crainforests of the sea . \u201d\nthe short boat ride through this surreal habitat at the interface of land and sea was just what we needed after a long , complicated journey over the border from costa rica to panama , involving crossing on foot over a very dicey wooden bridge with tremendous gaps between planks that revealed the crocodile - filled river below . but our habitat of study at the field station on the island of bocas del toro was not the mangrove forest ; rather , it was the adjoining coral reef .\nour time in costa rica is wrapping up , but not before a culminating event to showcase what we\u2019ve accomplished . after completing our independent research projects , we held a poster symposium for a visiting group of students from the universidad estatal a distancia . as the students had interests in ecology but were pursuing degrees in a wide variety of disciplines , we got the chance to practice communicating science to a broad audience . putting our spanish skills to the test , we presented our findings to the students and then led them into the forest to explain our field sites and data collection .\nla selva biological station is the epitome of a tropical rainforest ( although by holdridge life zone classification it is actually a tropical wet forest , experiencing a wet and a wetter season as opposed to a full year of downpours ) and is ots\u2019s most popular field station for researchers . located at the junction of two rivers in the province of herendia , la selva ( literally \u201cthe jungle\u201d ) is home to the widest diversity of wildlife we\u2019ve experienced in all of our time in costa rica . walking down any of the various trails that surround the station , crossing the famous hanging bridge , or even just sitting on a bench in one of the open areas on campus , you\u2019re bound to see some amazing creatures .\nentering the mangrove forest is like dipping into a strange dream where you\u2019re not quite sure which way is up and your surroundings seem other - worldly . seated on the boat and looking up , the leafy branches of mangrove trees have come together to form a whimsical archway that blocks the outside climate\u2014whether rain or sun\u2014from penetrating . tall , gangly prop roots stretch out like stilts from the bases of the small trees and dangle underwater ; emerging from the water and scuttling up the roots are crabs , a parallel to the scampering insects and lizards of terrestrial forests . mollusks foul some of the roots , indicating the height reached by the water at high tide . the place is undoubtedly aquatic , but looking straight up you could fool yourself into believing there is solid ground and soil supporting the foliose trees .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is probably not much greater than 20 , 000km2 , and the extent and quality of its habitat are declining , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .\nthis species ranges from south - eastern oaxaca , mexico , southward to guatemala and eastern el salvador ( from 500 - 2200m asl ) . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest .\nit is common in guatemala and abundant in chiapas , mexico . its population status is unknown in el salvador .\na major threat to this species is alteration of the original habitats and microhabitats due to smallholder agricultural activity and logging . chytridiomycosis is also a potential threat to this species , particularly for high - altitude populations . declines due to chytridiomycosis amongst species of this genus have already been detected in guatemala ( mendelson , et al . 2004 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nclassification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsouthern pacific dry forests habitat\nand\nchoeronycteris mexicana\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsouthern pacific dry forests habitat\nand\npecari tajacu ( linnaeus , 1758 )\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsouthern pacific dry forests habitat\nand\npappogeomys bulleri\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsouthern pacific dry forests habitat\nand\nnasua narica\n.\njennifer hammock added an association between\nsouthern pacific dry forests habitat\nand\nnoctilio leporinus\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000km2 , its range is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals due to the effects of chytridiomycosis .\nthis species is known from the pacific slopes of guerrero and oaxaca , mexico , at elevations between 700 and 2 , 000m asl . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest .\nthe main threat is habitat loss mainly as a result of deforestation and the planting of coffee and other non - timber plantations . larvae have been found in southern mexico with keratinised mouthparts , indicative of chytridiomycosis .\nthe range of this species does not include any protected areas , and the protection of the original forested areas in guerrero and oaxaca is urgently needed . further research and survey work is needed to determine the extent to which chytrid poses a threat ; there may beed a need to establish a captive assurance colony of this species . this species is protected by mexican law under the\nspecial protection\ncategory ( pr ) .\ngeorgina santos - barrera , luis canseco - m\u00e1rquez , joseph mendelson iii . 2006 .\nmonteverde is home to plenty of birds and mammals , but in all the wetness they tend to be less active and difficult to spot . instead , a different taxon is more comfortable in this moist environment : amphibians . since many amphibians are nocturnal predators , the best way to see them is by going on a night hike ! huddled in raincoats , our class ventured out into the woods with our flashlights guiding the way .\nwe encountered several species of ground toads on our walk ; the males are rather flat and round and look like a wet conglomerate of sandy pebbles until you get a closer look . the females are several times larger and much easier to spot from a distance .\nthank you , your email will be added to the mailing list once you click on the link in the confirmation email .\nbefore we could perform any experiments , we had to catch our test subjects . strawberry poison dart frogs are active throughout the day , but calling activity is highest from about 7 - 9 : 30 a . m . their bright red aposematic ( warning ) coloration makes them easily visible against the drab shades of brown that compose the leaf litter , but unless you\u2019re up close their small size ( less than an inch long ) often makes them undetectable by the human eye . instead of going by sight , we relied on sound to guide us to the frogs . after just two days of practice in the field , we had our method down :\nstep 4 ) get as close as you can before the call stops . scan the area , taking care to check perching hotspots , such as tree roots , logs , and tops of leaves ( exposed places where a female would be likely to see him ) . nine times out of ten , a little strawberry - red dot will catch your eye .\nstep 5 ) lunge . these frogs move in quick , jerky hops that make them hard to follow or corner . so roll up your sleeves , keep your eye on the prize , and grab !\nafter testing over 60 frogs , we ended up with a pretty nifty result . frogs lowered their call rates ( speed of the ch - ch \u2019s ) during cicada noise compared to pre - playback , indicating a decrease in calling investment when faced with interference noise . interestingly , males neither increased nor decreased their call volume from pre - playback to during the cicada noise , suggesting that males always call at their maximum volume and maintain it even during masking noise . this could mean that energy expenditure is mediated more by how fast the calls come rather than how loud they are ; in other words , calling loudly is not as big an investment as calling rapidly .\nhanging bridge ( above ) and , on the other side , sendero tres rios ( three rivers trail ; below ) at la selva biological station .\nour first class at la selva consisted of no textbooks or powerpoint presentations , but simply a nature tour through the trails in order to begin to learn the landscape . peccaries were the first to greet us at the trail\u2019s entrance . while strange and exciting at first , these \u201cpets\u201d of the station would come to elicit no more than a sideways glance within just a few days .\nduring our hike , we encountered some old favorites from our days at las cruces , including the crested guan , chestnut - mandibled toucan , and cherri\u2019s tanager . new to the list was the collared aracari , considerably smaller than the other toucans we\u2019ve seen and sporting rich flame - colored feathers and bill . these guys have become a fairly regular sighting in the open areas on campus or in trees towering over the hanging bridge , but every time they\u2019re as surprisingly stunning as the first .\nrounding out our tour was one of la selva\u2019s notably precious rarities\u2014the eyelash pit viper . this venomous snake that could fit in the palm of your hand when neatly coiled gets its name from the two small scales that protrude vertically above each eye .\nthe structure of the station is expertly done , creating spaces that are conducive to seeing animals up close without being in their way . sitting at breakfast in the open - air dining room , you can watch as kiskadee parents gather dragonflies , berries , and whatever else they can find to feed their chicks in the nest tucked against the side of the building . both parents make trips to the nest , never letting more than five minutes or so pass without providing another snack for their offspring . the constant peeping from the little ones reminds the parents that no matter how much they get fed , they still have room for more .\nwhile crossing the hanging bridge to get to class , this rufous - tailed jacamar zipped just over our heads and landed on the top of a tree , which is nearly at eye - level when standing on the bridge . after a moment\u2019s rest it flew up again so quickly that it nearly vanished from sight , and in one swift movement returned with a butterfly flattened within its beak . we watched as it literally tore the insect to shreds through a combination of thrashing its head and making quick snapping motions with its beak .\ncrossing the bridge once more in the late afternoon to get home to our comfy cabins , i see something large and hairy crawling along the bridge cable . a sloth ? but wait , it\u2019s moving , and not in slow - motion . getting closer , its form becomes clear : a howler monkey ! and she\u2019s with her baby , too . the pair sits less than five feet above my head , tails wrapped around the cable for support and relaxed gestalt suggesting that they barely notice me at all .\nwalking around la selva , ecological questions come naturally . why do leaf - cutter ants travel so far from their nests and to the top of the canopy to gather leaves ? what drives variation in the amount of blue and red coloration in strawberry poison dart frogs ? what do all of the different oropendola calls mean to the other birds ? how did so many types of drip - tips on plant leaves evolve ? and why is it that the tropics have so much biodiversity ?\nthe first striking thing about the coral reef is that it comes out of nowhere . bobbing up and down on the waves in the mid - morning drizzle , we couldn\u2019t see to any depth in the turbid water . you wouldn\u2019t think there was anything besides sand beneath the surface , but as soon as we stuck our heads underwater , a vibrant community of fishes , corals , and other marine invertebrates greeted us . through my snorkel i squealed with delight , taking a hundred mental pictures a second and whipping around in all directions , not sure what to investigate first .\nwith no trails to follow , as we so comfortably have in terrestrial forests , i decided to pick a fish ( a yellow butterflyfish with black stripes stood out ) and follow it . we swam over large yellow brain corals , past bright red tunicates puffing sandy squirts of water , between bunches of threatening - looking sea urchins wriggling their sharp spines . it was interesting to see how everything in the habitat seemed to use each other : brittle stars wrapped themselves around coral , and fish munched algae off of the reef or dashed into anemones to hide . the coral growing on the roots of the mangroves provided a seamless transition between the two habitats .\nbook cover of \u201cthe rainbow fish\u201d by marcus pfister . ok , maybe they\u2019re not identica l , but there\u2019s a resemblance .\nit turns out that the species\u2019 actual name is the stoplight parrotfish ( initial phase ) . the \u201cstoplight\u201d aspect became apparent after witnessing the species\u2019 magnificent ability to change color in order to hide . farther down the reef i had to do a double - take in order to distinguish one mottled brownish - tan fish taking the color and texture of the coral it was hiding under . i watched as , in an instant , it darted away while simultaneously morphing into a lighter hue with the scaly texture you would normally expect for a fish . this lighter morph was the very same \u201crainbow fish\u201d i\u2019d spotted earlier .\nwhen tackling costa rica\u2019s jungles or navigating its bustling cities start to wear you down , you find that all you really need to become perfectly content are a few days at the beach . although we had merely planned to indulge in jac\u00f3 beach\u2019s warm pacific ocean waters and slow , gentle waves , our encounters with intriguing intertidal life from the sky to the sand proved that in costa rica , natural wonders present themselves even when you\u2019re not on the lookout .\nwalking along the fine , gray sand , you\u2019re stepping over a myriad of life . as the foamy ripples of a crashing wave subside back into the ocean , the sand is puckered with tiny snails hurriedly burrowing into the moist layers of the substrate . when the remnants of the next wave lick the shore , the snails resurface , use their fleshy muscles to propel themselves forward in a way that is reminiscent of a sea lion using its flippers on land , and then\u2014after this running start\u2014slip into a smooth , gliding crawl . viewed from above , they look like tugboats traveling between city ports on a map of the world\u2019s oceans .\nshifting our gaze from the sand into the lapping waves , we notice zig - zagging darts of movement that could only be fish swimming in dangerously shallow waters . from the distance , pelicans soar inland , looking for a meal . while they\u2019re still at least a hundred meters in the air from the water\u2019s surface , however , something else plunges from out of the sky , swoops low on the water , and snatches the hefty fish with ease . this bird had wings too narrow and a bill too short to be a pelican , but we couldn\u2019t quite make out what it was until it gained altitude directly over our heads . all at once we saw the kinked wings , forked tail , and white chest against an all - black body\u2014unmistakably , it was the magnificent frigatebird .\nover the next couple of days we would see these large waterbirds soaring overhead , but interestingly all of them appeared to be females ( males have a distinctive red throat pouch ) .\nanother avian friend that likes to scan the beach every few minutes is the scarlet macaw , flying in pairs or small groups from one treetop to another . once you know the particular squaaak ! to listen for , you can\u2019t miss them . often we would watch them overhead until they faded into the mountains , but one morning we were lucky enough to follow their flight to a tree right on the beach . apparently ravenous , the pair spent at least twenty minutes feasting on seeds while we gazed , enamored , from below .\nfor costa rica , and almost every other country in latin america , la semana santa ( holy week ) is the most important week of the year . it begins on palm sunday and culminates one week later with the holiest day of the year in catholicism : easter sunday . each country has a slightly different way of celebrating , but certain traditions are widespread , including the procession through the city streets on good friday .\nat 9 : 30am we were on our way to the metropolitan cathedral of san jose when we encountered a street staged with people in costume . about twelve men staggered in lines of two or three were dressed in ancient roman centurion garments , gold - colored armor , and helmets fringed with palm - like fronds . we joined the crowd on the sidewalk , pacing the block to find a good viewing spot . behind the centurions was a line of priests , and further back we could see the life - size figure of jesus carrying an ornate cross set on a platform heavily adorned with crimson flowers .\neveryone in the procession remained still and waiting ; people on the sidewalk were chatting quietly and watching the street expectantly . suddenly , the marching band at the tail end of the group began to play\u2014a slow , solemn melody\u2014as four assistants hoisted the platform onto their shoulders , stepping in synchrony so that the jesus figure swayed from side to side , giving the illusion of walking . on this cue , the rest of the procession began to walk forward in a rhythmic sequence of steps , with a drum major keeping the beat . the first step was up and to the left , then up to the right , then straight , and a rest on the fourth beat before repeating the sequence .\nveronica joins the procession , bearing a cloth depicting the face of jesus three times .\nthe parade of personages continued in this way , with the cast of each station joining in the procession as it went . a little before 12 : 00 we rounded the corner to the cathedral . the final station was performed just outside its gates , and once concluded the platform supporting the jesus figure was carried inside as the band played for the last time .\nby this point , the small crowd of people we first encountered on the sidewalk had grown into a mass congregation that filled the central plaza and surrounding streets . the main event had ended , and although the mood was still solemn , the gathering resembled a large community get - together as people engaged in friendly conversation and reunited with neighbors . groups took up benches in the park , found their way into the cathedral , or strolled pensively down the sidewalks on this reflective holiday .\nthis kind of intraspecific aggression is common , quick , and mostly results in no physical harm , so what\u2019s the motive behind it ? the dry season is a tough time for these insect and aquatic invertebrate eaters\u2014their food supply is shrinking and their population is becoming denser as everyone crowds around the water holes . could these two factors\u2014food availability and density\u2014play a role in triggering aggression ? this is the question that i along with two fellow classmates pursued for our four - day independent research project at palo verde national park .\nfirst , let\u2019s get up to speed on a little jacana biology . during the wet ( breeding ) season , it\u2019s clear to see why jacanas might act aggressively toward each other . exhibiting a polyandrous mating system , the females hold large megaterritories and two to four males hold smaller territories within that of their breeding female . females defend their territory against other females , and males exclude other males . once chicks hatch , both males and females ( but much moreso males ) defend their offspring against predators . in short , territoriality and chick defense describe aggression during the wet season , but it\u2019s still unclear as to why jacanas exhibit aggressive behavior during the dry season .\nfor our project , we observed 74 jacanas over four days , going out to the marsh for three hours each morning and afternoon . in the field , we would select a jacana arbitrarily to be our focal bird for that trial , and each trial lasted 10 minutes . next , we assigned roles : one person to be the data recorder , one peck rate monitor , and one distance measurer . to measure perceived habitat quality , the peck rate monitor glued their eyes to binoculars and counted the number of times the focal bird pecked at the water / substrate over 30 seconds . this measurement was taken once every minute for the duration of the 10 - minute trial , and it gave us an idea of how much that bird valued the habitat\u2014lots of pecks implied there was a high chance of getting food , and few pecks meant that there wasn\u2019t much there to peck at . to measure density , the distance measurer counted the number of other jacanas within a 3 - meter radius of our focal bird , and also estimated the distance from the focal bird to the nearest jacana . after 10 minutes , we moved on to another focal bird and rotated jobs .\nnote that the distance measurer had to estimate distances visually , as it would be highly disruptive to tromp out there and drag a tape measurer from bird to bird . this meant that the three of us had to undergo \u201cdistance training . \u201d in the grassy airstrip adjacent to the marsh , one person would set up two flags and measure the distance between them using a tape measurer without the other two looking . then , standing at a range of 5 - 20m back ( to emulate different scenarios in the field ) , the other two people would guess the distance to the nearest 0 . 1m . by no surprise , we were all rather horrendous at first ( especially when the flags were set up vertically , with one in a plane directly behind the other ) , but after many repeated trials , all of us were able to estimate the distance correctly on average to within 20cm !\nafter four days of observing jacanas , we got some interesting results . perceived habitat quality did not seem to influence likelihood of aggression , but density was more informative . the average density immediately preceding an aggressive encounter was higher than the average density overall ( for all birds at all times during their 10 - minute trials ) . this suggests that crowding might be a trigger for aggression . however , if the end goal of aggression were to increase an individual jacana\u2019s \u201cpersonal space , \u201d we would expect its subordinate to be farther away after the aggressive encounter . instead , we found that the distance between two birds engaging in aggression decreased just as often as it increased . therefore , jacanas might not be concerned with crowding per se , but rather they defend a particular foraging site ( whether or not it presently has food ) . in other words , perhaps it doesn\u2019t matter how close your neighbor is to you , so long as he is outside the bounds of where you want to look for food .\nthroughout the course of the study , we got the chance to become acquainted with the neighborhood at the marsh . spoonbills and jabirus frequented the deeper edges of the water while the ducks tended to hang around the shallower areas , along with our jacanas .\none of our favorite characters at the marsh was the not - so - friendly neighborhood caiman . every once in a while , we\u2019d see something log - like moving through the marsh just a little too quickly and with a few too uniform ridges to be a log . then it would stop , raise its head straight out of the water , and make several chomps at the air before slowly submerging itself back underwater . we all jeered at this attempt at ferocity , given that the caiman\u2019s mouth looked barely large enough to fit a small sparrow , let alone any of these waterbirds . however , we did once find it feeding rather clumsily on what appeared to be a duck carcass ( whether the caiman actually killed the duck or found it dead already is unclear ) .\nand the white - faced capuchins made lovely company , whether they were playing , jumping through the trees , or , quite often , taking a late - morning snooze .\nantlions are not actually ants ( and they\u2019re certainly not lions ) ; rather , they are insects in the order neuroptera , related to lacewings and dobsonflies . this morning , we set out to study the antlion larvae which burrow underground and turn ordinary soil into a sudden death trap . while you very rarely get a look at the antlion itself , you can clearly see evidence of where it\u2019s hiding .\nlook for small ( ~ 1 . 5 in . diameter ) funnel - shaped holes in the ground , then stick your nose right up close , wait a beat or two , and see tiny bits of dirt or rock launch themselves out from the base of the funnel . these silent predators sense vibrations of termites , ants , and other prey near their hole , and then knock them down into the funnel by bombing them with clumps of soil . once the prey is deep enough down the hole , the antlion uses its mouthparts to quickly grab its meal and pull it under the soil . viewed from above , it looks like the victim is being dragged against its every effort into the underworld .\none upside to the often long recovery times is that when the antlion finally does start digging again , it comes as an exciting surprise . there , in the midst of completely still soil , a grain of sediment suddenly wiggles . then the 3 - square millimeters around it start to pulse , as if something is about to burst from the ground . instead , that tiny bit of ground starts to sink , and you see the tracks made by the antlion\u2019s tunneling . the antlion digs in spirals to form its funnel , flinging dirt in a firework - like display .\nthe results from our short study were interesting : antlions tended to build smaller traps than their original after the first disturbance , but repeated disturbances had no further effect on their rebuilt trap sizes . furthermore , feeding termites to the antlions had no effect on their ability to recover . in terms of ecology , this implies a trade - off between energy expended and potential food gain\u2014larger traps take more time and energy , but the larger size increases your range for catching ants . it also seems like a single termite meal isn\u2019t enough to override the stress of a disturbance and convince the antlion that this location is worth investing in a large trap .\nabove all , this little experiment opened our eyes to the hidden activities of the soil , showing that you can find action , suspense , and intrigue right under your toes .\ncoming from the rainy , chilly highlands of cueric\u00ed , the climate of palo verde is a stark contrast . down here at sea level we\u2019ve got daily high temperatures in the 80s and 90s f , and that\u2019s with tropical sun ( i . e . sunlight coming in at a near - perpendicular angle to the earth ) . at this time of year , palo verde is sporting a dry heat\u2014the kind that makes your hair start to dry while you\u2019re still in the shower , and turns popsicles into puddles in a matter of seconds .\nthe first thing you notice is that the individual birds like to clump by species . the small jacanas have claimed the shallowest part of the marsh , closest to shore . using their long , narrow bills , they pick at bits of floating vegetation or at the water surface and occasionally come up with a wormy - looking creature . further out in the marsh you\u2019ll find the black - necked stilts , taller than the jacanas and with even narrower , needle - like bills . instead of just scraping the surface like the jacanas , a stilt shoves its whole bill and part of its head down into the water , rustles around for a second , and then comes up with a dripping face but no apparent prey ( as it turns out , the stilts feed on aquatic invertebrates or fish , so it likely swallowed its meal while underwater . ) .\nthe whistling ducks are grouped together on the small islands of vegetation interspersed here and there , or slowly paddling through the marsh . every now and then the they\u2019ll do the typical duck half - flip underwater , shimmy their tail feathers , and resurface . look a meter or two farther out and you\u2019ll find the roseate spoonbills , tall and flamingo - pink . their feeding method is the most intriguing to watch\u2014with their aptly - named bill slightly opened , they sweep it side to side just under the water\u2019s surface . every now and then they find something tasty , stop mid - sweep , nibble at their prey in a flurry of splashes , and then continue on with their sweeping .\nthe marsh is so calm and peaceful that you would never guess what is lurking a few kilometers down the road at the source of this wetland\u2019s water , the r\u00edo tempisque . sun - bathing along the banks of the river or floating downstream as driftwood look - alikes are none other than crocodiles ! from the river\u2019s dock you can get a nice look at these incredible reptiles\u2014just be sure not to sit on the edge with your legs dangling\u2026\nclimate change , habitat destruction , the illegal pet trade and the spread of a severe and incurable fungus have been killing off amphibian species in droves in costa rica since the late 1980s . many once - abundant species are now extinct , but according to a study released this month in the journal amphibia - reptilia , there may be hope .\nthe species is among several types of harlequin frogs that have re - emerged in costa rica since 2005 and scientists believe this could be the beginning of a slew of amphibian rediscoveries following massive population declines .\nholdridge\u2019s toad was rediscovered in 2009 after going unsighted for 22 years . courtesy of the university of kansas\nthe international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) declared holdridge\u2019s toad extinct in 2008 because it had not been sighted since 1987 . scientists believe that chytrid fungus was the primary cause of extinction . it was rediscovered in 2009 near barva volcano in costa rica\u2019s central valley .\nthe isthmohyla rivularis is so rare it doesn\u2019t even have a common name . courtesy of wikimedia commons\nthe extinction of the golden toad was met with sadness and outrage in costa rica and the world . the toad has since become a symbol for naturalists pointing to the impending threats from climate change .\nsee famous costa rican musician manuel obreg\u00f3n perform his \u201crequiem for the golden toad . \u201d\nbeware ! have your tissues ready at 4 : 22 for some sloth sadness .\nan eight - hour recycling drive in la sabana , san jose , collected more than 400 , 000 plastic bottles this sunday . the drive , spearheaded\u2026\nwe\u2019re here to help ! contact us if you need more flexible licensing options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nfirst discovered in 1872 , glass frogs live in the humid mountain forests of central and south america .\nglass frogs are mostly active at night , which makes them very difficult to spot for predators .\nduring the breeding season they live along rivers and streams where they lay their eggs on leaves that overhang the water .\nnic , 37 , who is half spanish and half swedish and lives in madrid , said his day job allowed him to follow his passion for photographing nature around the world .\nhe said : ' while the general background coloration of most glass frogs is primarily lime green , the abdominal skin of some members of this family is translucent .\n' the internal viscera , including the heart , liver , and gastrointestinal tract are visible through this translucent skin , hence the common name .\n' glass frogs are difficult to find and collect , due not only to their small size and color , but also because of the extreme areas they sometimes inhabit .\n' glass frogs are often found along streams that are nearly impossible to walk along , let alone collect specimens .\n' with new areas constantly being explored in tropical america , more species are sure to be discovered and described .\n' the frogs typically range in size from 20 to 30 millimetres , but some species , like centrolene geckoideum from the pacific andean slopes of colombia and ecuador , reach larger sizes . '\nnic said he used a canon 5d mark iii to get the images with a 100mm l macro lens .\nhe said : ' i had to place her over a clean glass surface , and fire with my twin diffused flash at high speed to get the dark background in order to illustrate the see - thru effect .\n' luckily i had the help of a local to hold the glass for me while i focused . '\nbottleneck of 700 , 000 migrants wait in libya to cross the . . .\n' prostitutes , orgies , group sex - all of it ' : ex - wife of . . .\n' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .\npolice find the body of a missing four - month - old boy near . . .\nthe fashion designer ' s $ 24million party pad that no one . . .\n' you broke your girl ' s heart ' : car racing legend craig . . .\nmoney launderer caught with \u00a3250 , 000 cash in bin bags in . . .\ndon ' t kill the army of ants and wasps invading your home . . .\nsydney tower skywalk was ' shut down due to unsafe winds ' . . .\nstep inside the tomb of queen nefertari : immersive vr experience reveals the 3 , 000 - year - old artwork of . . .\nworld ' s first floating nation begins selling its own ' vayron ' cryptocurrency ahead of 2022 launch in the . . .\nbeing rich and successful really is in your dna : being dealt the right genes determines whether you get on . . ."]}
{"id": 2495, "summary": [{"text": "the white-winged woodpecker ( dendrocopos leucopterus ) is a species of bird in the family picidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in afghanistan , china , iran , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , tajikistan , turkmenistan , uzbekistan .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the white-winged woodpecker 's natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "white - winged woodpecker", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . white - winged woodpecker > > male 2 . white - winged woodpecker > > at nest hole 3 . white - winged woodpecker > > female 4 . white - winged woodpecker > > male 5 . white - winged woodpecker > > female 6 . white - winged woodpecker > > female\n22\u201323 cm ; 67 g . male has white forehead , black crown , red nape , black hindneck ; thin white line above eye , white cheeks and ear - coverts ( often stained ) ; black malar . . .\ndescription . on outer webs of pm 4 - 6 white occupies all feathers except black tips , or dominant white interrupts by the small black spots located usually on unequal distance from each other . white spot on folded wing formed by white of secondaries is larger than leptorhynchus . white on outer pair of tail feathers dominates , black bands are narrow , sometimes intermittent . throat , breast , upper - belly and forehead in fresh plumage may be slightly buffy - tinged . distribution . lives in deserts from eastern coast of aral sea to western foothills of tien shan and karatau .\ndescription . on outer webs of pm 4 - 6 black and white spots arranged in correct sequence , black spots usually occupy more space than white ones ; black dominates above white . white spot on folded wing formed by white of secondaries is less than albipennis . white on outer pair of tail feathers less distributed than black , the black bands are broad and always solid . throat , breast , upper - belly and forehead in fresh plumage are buffy - tinged in a varying degree . distribution . lives from lower reaches of chu river , karatau and western foothills of tien shan eastward to northern tien shan and foothills of dzhungarskiy alatau , including southern trans - balkhash area and ile and lepsy valleys\nwinkler , h . , christie , d . a . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . white - winged woodpecker ( dendrocopos leucopterus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nmale on breeding plumage seems more piebald than great spotted woodpecker at the expense of larger white patches on scapulars . forehead is cream color , crown is black metal - glossed , on the nape there are rather narrow red spot . mantle , rump and uppertail coverts are black ; cheeks are white bottom - bordered by the black strip reached to nape and forked in a back part of a head , one branch reaches to the breast , another one to the nape . the flight feathers are blackish - brown but in the end of the breeding season become lighter owing to fading . the flight feathers are with white spots on webs width up to 8 - 12 mm . on inner webs these spots almost reach the feather core ( start with pm4 ) . on secondaries white spots merge . the tail feathers are black , two central pairs are wedge - shaped and longer than outer one on 15 - 20 mm ; the outer feathers have brown and white spots on webs . the throat and the breast are white , the abdomen and undertail coverts are bright red . the female is similar to male , but slightly smaller and without red spot on nape . dark color of plumage of female is slightly paler than at male . juveniles in the first plumage have on head the golden - red crown and more pale plumage . unlike adults primaries of juveniles have white tips width of 2 - 2 , 5 mm . throat and breast are dirty - white . uppertail reddens later than at juveniles of great spotted woodpecker ; anyway at the end of july it has only pale - yellow color . they also have less or lack dark streaks on flanks and breast . generally very similar to great spotted woodpecker , features a large of white on the folded wing .\nmy first - ever photo of the white - winged crossbill was an exciting few moments and i\u2019m not disappointed with the result , but will embrace an opportunity to improve , also part of the fun . i\u2019ve captured quite a few pine siskins this winter , but this one made me laugh as it seemed to be wearing a little red cap !\ni think the eastern phoebe was a first of year sighting and photo for me , perhaps it was a little early . the white - breasted nuthatch was very accommodating for it\u2019s portrait . at the junction of the fox hole trail this pileated woodpecker challenged me with his constant movement and by staying mostly just out of sight . that\u2019s the fun of wildlife picture taking .\na member of the d . major species - group ( which see ) ; has hybridized very occasionally with d . major . birds of the turkestan uplands , described as race leptorhynchus , tend to be less white , but difference minor and not constant , and racial separation regarded as unwarranted ; named races albipennis ( se turkmenia ) , jaxartensis ( lower r syr darya ) , korejevi ( sw alatau mts ) and spangenbergi ( chatkal tau , e uzbekistan ) likewise insufficiently differentiated . monotypic .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species appears to be common ( del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ndrum roll of male on telegraph post . seemingly utilising both wood and metal parts of telegraph pole !\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\ne of aral sea to s kazakhstan , n & w kyrgyzstan ( n to s tip of l balkhash ) and w china ( n xinjiang to karamay and lop nur ) , and s to sw turkmenia ( possibly also extreme ne iran ) and ne afghanistan in w and chinese turkestan ( s to edge of kunlun shan ) in e .\negg - laying from late mar to apr . nest - hole at 1\u20135 m in softwood tree ( e . g . poplar , willow , walnut ) , also recorded in slope of . . .\nnot globally threatened . previously considered near threatened . appears to be common within its range . little - known species ; further study required , especially of its ecology .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dendrocopos leucopterus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbreeds in mountain and riparian forests , saxaul groves in deserts of southern kazakhstan and central asia , and also northern afghanistan and western china . please see the detailed distribution in kazakhstan in the section subspecies .\nrare resident . inhabits the riparian and saxaul plain forests , groves , old shelterbelts . on pskem and ugam ridges lives in gardens and mixed walnut forests on valleys , at altitudes up to 2000 m . breeds in separate pairs at distance 300 - 500 m one from another , nest is located in tree holes ( asiatic poplar , willow , apple - tree , elm , walnut or saxaul ) at height 0 . 5 - 5 m above the ground . clutch of 4 - 5 eggs is laid in mid - april to mid - may . both parents incubate clutch and fed juveniles , which fledge in end june to early july . broods with parents recorded until september . re - nesting after loss of first clutch is common .\n\u00ab\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 . \u0430 . \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 . \u0442\u043e\u043c 3 . \u0438\u0437\u0434 . \u0430\u043d \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u0441\u0440 . \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430 - \u0430\u0442\u0430 - 1970 . gavrilov e . i . , gavrilov a . e .\nthe birds of kazakhstan\n. almaty , 2005 . \u044d . \u0438 . \u0433\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 .\n\u0444\u0430\u0443\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\n. \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044b , 1999 .\nall rights to materials published on site ( photos , videos , articles ) are owned by authors . to use materials please contact the author .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 299 , 572 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndata . votes [ b ] ? a : b ; } ) ; var colors = { } ; var cands = { } ; var tooltips = { } ; for ( var i = 0 ; i < data . candidates . length ; i + + ) { var chunk = 360 / data . candidates . length ; colors [ data . candidates [ i ] . id ] =\nhsla (\n+ math . round ( i * chunk ) +\n, 60 % , 70 % , 1 . 0 )\n; cands [ data . candidates [ i ] . id ] = data . candidates [ i ] } jquery ( ' div . widget . bpc _ fauxmap _ widget div . legend . header ' ) . text ( data . meta . party +\n+ data . meta . officename +\n+ data . meta . racetype ) ; jquery . each ( data . counties , function ( cname , cobj ) { var county _ total = object . values ( cobj . votes ) . reduce ( function ( acc , val ) { return acc + val ; } ) ; var county _ winner = parseint ( object . keys ( cobj . votes ) . reduce ( function ( a , b ) { return cobj . votes [ a ] > cobj . votes [ b ] ? a : b ; } ) ) ; / / create tool tip var container = jquery ( '\n' ) ; container . find ( ' . header ' ) . text ( cname . charat ( 0 ) . touppercase ( ) + cname . substr ( 1 ) +\ncounty\n) ; 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cpath . attr ( ' fill ' , colors [ county _ winner ] ) ; } else { cpath . attr ( ' fill ' , ' # ccc ' ) ; } cpath . attr ( ' title ' , ) } ) ; } , error : function ( data ) { console . log (\najax error\n) ; } , } ) ; } , render _ race _ result : function ( rr _ id , r , title ) { / / console . log ( r ) var op _ title = jquery ( ' article . tease - ' + rr _ id + ' . rr _ header h3 a ' ) var op _ list = jquery ( ' article . tease - ' + rr _ id + ' . rr _ content ul . race - options ' ) ; var new _ title = ( r [ ' error ' ] ) ? op _ title . text ( ) : title ; op _ title . text ( new _ title ) ; if ( r [ ' error ' ] ) { var op _ div = jquery (\n) ; op _ list . empty ( ) ; op _ list . append ( op _ div ) ; } else { var total _ votes = object . values ( r . votes ) . reduce ( function ( acc , val ) { return acc + val ; } ) ; var cands = { } ; op _ list . empty ( ) ; for ( var i = 0 ; i < r . candidates . length ; i + + ) { var op = r . candidates [ i ] ; cands [ r . candidates [ i ] . id ] = r . candidates [ i ] var vote _ percent = math . round ( parseint ( r . votes [ op . id ] ) / total _ votes * 100 ) ; vote _ percent = ( number . isnan ( vote _ percent ) ) ? 0 : vote _ percent ; var winner =\n; if ( op [ ' called ' ] ! = false ) winner =\n) . attr ( ' style ' , ' width : ' + vote _ percent + ' % ' ) ) . append ( jquery (\n) . text ( op [ ' fname ' ] +\n+ op [ ' lname ' ] +\n+ r . votes [ op . id ] +\n) ) ) . append ( jquery (\n) . text ( vote _ percent + ' % ' ) ) ; op _ div . find (\nspan . pvotes\n) . prepend ( jquery ( winner ) ) ; if ( winner ! =\n) op _ div . find (\ndiv . progress\n) . addclass ( ' winner ' ) ; else op _ div . find (\ndiv . progress\n) . removeclass ( ' winner ' ) ; op _ list . append ( op _ div ) ; } ; op _ list . parent ( ) . find ( ' div . ptr ' ) . text (\nprecincts reporting\n+ r . precincts . reporting +\nof\n+ r . precincts . total ) ; } } }\ni finally stopped procrastinating a hike on the stillwater river trail in orono . it\u2019s part of the great orono land trust trail system . i enjoyed the walk , and some critters humored me with their presence .\nthe first of year groundhog was seen in a field off college avenue . a walk on the mclaughlin road on sunkhaze meadows national wildlife refuge netted this wind - blown bee fly , although common , and a member of the fly family , this is only the second time i\u2019ve seen and photographed one .\nhave feedback ? want to know more ? send us ideas for follow - up stories .\none merchants plaza , p . o . box 1329 , bangor , me , 04402 - 1329 \u2014\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2496, "summary": [{"text": "oscar whisky ( 10 february 2005 \u2013 6 december 2014 ) was an irish-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse who competed in national hunt racing .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in his early career he showed promise , winning two national hunt flat races and two novice hurdles .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the 2010/2011 national hunt season he emerged as one of the leading hurdlers in the british isles , winning the welsh champion hurdle and the aintree hurdle as well as finishing third behind hurricane fly in the champion hurdle .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "in the following season he won the relkeel hurdle and a second aintree hurdle .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "he won the ascot hurdle and a second relkeel hurdle in 2012/2013 before being moved up to compete in steeplechases in the following season when he won the dipper novices ' chase and the scilly isles novices ' chase .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "oscar whisky was fatally injured in a fall at sandown park racecourse on 6 december 2014 . ", "topic": 21}], "title": "oscar whisky", "paragraphs": ["whisky magazine issue 31 desert island drams - whisky cons - liqueurs - whisky & cigars .\nwhisky magazine issue 25 whisky and humour - john glaser - cragganmore - grain whisky tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 135 spirit of speyside whisky festival , japanese craft whisky , sedgwick , kentucky peerless .\nwhisky magazine issue 24 the world of whisky - max shapira - glenfarclas - new world whisky tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 37 bill murray - whisky live - bourbon collecting - ice cream - whisky in russia .\noscar whisky defended his crown in a thrilling finish to the john smith ' s aintree hurdle .\nwhisky magazine issue 144 discovering lexington , on the road to ardnamurchan distillery , the evolution of japanese whisky and whisky adventures .\nwhisky magazine issue 138 a roundup of canadian whisky and blends , arran and paul john distillery focus plus australian whisky supplement .\nwhisky magazine issue 30 best whiskies in the world - the whisky academy - pronounciation .\nwhisky magazine issue 29 james bond - cooley distillery - indian whisky - festival reviews .\nwhisky magazine issue 20 whisky & literature - glengoyne - vintage malts - canadian tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 19 jimmy russell - japanese whisky - illicit distilling - bourbon tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 5 guide to tobermory - milroys of soho - whisky and fish .\nwhisky magazine issue 4 matthew gloag - guide to ardbeg - whisky and smoked salmon .\nwhisky magazine issue 1 whisky hero arthur bell - laphroaig - cooking with nick nairn .\nwhisky magazine issue 40 whisky in greece - how whiskey fuelled the blues - speyside festival - whisky and coffee - special japanese tastings .\nwhisky magazine issue 51 winston and whisky - blended whisky - talisker and teacher ' s turn 175 - glen grant - bourbon in brooklyn - wine finishes - the glasgow whisky scandal .\nwhisky magazine issue 35 kentucky special - port wood finishes - bowmore - own label whisky .\nwhisky magazine issue 32 brian cox - whisky down under - silent stills - speyside festival .\nwhisky magazine issue 14 women and whisky - old pulteney - vintage malts - brown forman .\nwhisky magazine issue 43 the world ' s best blended whisky - jim mcewans ' s whisky academy - irish whiskey tastings - christmas indulgences .\nwhisky magazine issue 132 japan whisky in harmony , balblair distillery , beam suntory , tomatin distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 114 glencadam distillery , george dickel , three ships , icons of whisky america .\nwhisky magazine issue 45 whisky and art - young malts - whisky on the web - tullibardine - cardhu - heaven hill - blends vs malts .\nwhisky magazine issue 34 sean connery - east meets west - irish coffee - whisky and sushi .\nwhisky magazine issue 33 whisky galore - royal brackla - cocktails - burn stewart - chil filtering .\nwhisky magazine issue 21 whisky and art - buying a cask - brian morrison - rye tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 10 small batch bourbon - the glenlivet - grain whisky - focus on canada .\nwhisky magazine issue 54 icons of whisky 2006 - islay & jura guide - grain whisky - bourbon ' s future - cask strength higlanders - deanston .\nwhisky magazine issue 44 celtic cousins - whisky from wales , cornwall and brittany - balblair distillery - blended whisky tasting - chicago bars - amber restaurant .\noscar whisky runs for walters in tomorrow\u2019s jlt novices\u2019 chase , and he said : \u201che\u2019s in very good form . oscar is my favourite horse , but after this , it could be whisper ! \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 105 usa special edition : kentucky , mount vernon , washington dc , rodeo whisky .\nwhisky magazine issue 47 celebrating speyside - new island distilleries - best distillery tours - islay festival - whisky and cigar challenge - forty creek - whisky liqueurs .\nwhisky magazine issue 98 icons of whisky scotland winners unveiled - independent bottlers challenge results - cameronbridge - whisky magazine photographic challenge 2011 and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 48 highland park - whisky cocktails - jack daniel ' s barbecue challenge - happy birthday johnnie walker - bruichladdich - best whisky websites - aberfeldy .\nwhisky magazine issue 62 macallan oak - cask strength - canadian whisky - pagodas - rankin on rebus - icons of whisky 2007 - ledaig - glen grant - glenmorangie .\nwhisky magazine issue 46 best of the best - champions of whisky 2005 - icons of whisky - glen gant - adelphi - distillery buy - out two years on .\nwhisky magazine issue 123 the world of aberfeldy , great southern distillery , knockdhu distillery , icons of whisky america .\nwhisky magazine issue 86 shackleton ' s whisky - dalwhinnie - new york bars - kilbeggan - cocktails - peat - icons of whisky 2010 and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 125 sl\u00e1inte to irish whiskey , icons of whisky rest of world , bourbon , travel retail glenmorangie .\noscar whisky , right , clears the last just ahead of manyriverstocross in the scilly isles novice chase at sandown . photograph : alan crowhurst / getty images\nwhisky magazine issue 127 a focus on speyside , allt - \u00e1 - bhainne , kentucky visitor centres , golf and whisky .\nwhisky magazine issue 38 icons of whisky - jerez - new york ' s dale degroff - old whiskies : special tasting .\ni think he ' s going to be one of the great oscar hosts .\nwhisky magazine issue 92 albert watson & the macallan - kyoto - springbank - zen & whisky and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 76 whisky magazine aged 10 years - grain whisky comeback - top 10 lost distilleries - visitors guide to the islands - welsh whisky - top 10 london bars - tastings , blends - lewis , new distillery - and more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 67 premium blends - kittling ridge - 200 whiskies tasted - icons of whisky - whisky and food - vip tours - climate change . . . and more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 50 50 leading whisky quotes - 50 top independently bottled whiskies - 50 great drinking occasions - aberfeldy - bulleit bourbon - the effects of peat - whisky and global warming . .\nchampion hurdle hero rock on ruby cut out much of the running , but he was unable to stop oscar whisky jumping by him at the second - last .\nwhisky magazine issue 134 awards special : the best whiskies in the world , icons of whisky global and the hall of fame . .\nso sad at the loss of the great oscar whisky in the tingle creek today . brave little horse who always tried his best . condolences to the henderson team .\nhenderson has the current 4 / 1 favourite oscar whisky and he\u2019s expected to go very close to reversing the cleeve hurdle form with reve de sivola on better ground .\nwhisky magazine issue 75 global blends - chichibu - buffalo trace - independent bottlers challenge - icons of whisky - awards - yamazaki - yoichi - the balvenie - old forester - whisky kitchen - bourbon festival .\nbred in ireland by edmond coleman . he was sired by oscar , a horse who finished second to\nwhisky magazine issue 101 whisky families , mackmyra , buffalo trace , a drinker ' s guide to london and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 65 rye rebound - blood brothers - teacher ' s - americas whisky heartland - 50 whiskies tasted - barbecues - george dickel - woman in whisky - benromach - bruichladdich - longmorn - tullibardine .\nwhisky magazine issue 61 american distiller of the year - icons of whisky - buffalo trace exclusive - bar exams - premium bourbon - ballantines .\nwhisky magazine issue 100 the whisky magazine anniversary issue celebrates 100 years of the greatest whisky people , the 21st century ' s 100 greatest bottles and the 100 greatest distilleries to visit plus much more . . . .\ncheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) .\n\u201coscar whisky was backed off the boards in no time at all . the results then went our way and we\u2019re looking forward to another frenzy of betting on gold cup day . \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 49 kentucky bourbon - glasgow scotland ' s whisky city - a world of whisky tasting from across the globe - how to be nosey - lagavulin - heaven hill - cragganmore - the art of blending - liqueurs .\ncheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . - free online library\n* scored on first two starts over fences , including when outbattling oscar whisky in the steel plate and sections novices\u2019 chase over an extended two and a half miles at cheltenham on november 15 .\noscar producers neil meron and craig zadan say macfarlane represents a powerful draw for the masses , especially the younger masses .\nwhisky magazine issue 142 the best whiskies in the world 2017 , icons of whisky global winners and the conclusion to this year ' s battle of the blends .\nwhisky magazine issue 128 crown royal , netherlands , laphroaig , photo challenge 2015 .\nwhisky magazine issue 113 world whiskies special , tormore distillery , dallas city guide .\nwhisky magazine issue 107 movies & moonshine - junior johnson - bushmills cask guitars .\nwhisky magazine issue 41 50 years of maker ' s mark - yamazaki - aged bourbon tasting - fake whisky update - islay walks - paul rankin - scapa .\nwhisky magazine issue 36 5th birthday issue - monarch of the glen - glenrothes .\nwhisky magazine issue 28 berlin bars - william teacher - auchentoshan - delme evans .\nwhisky magazine issue 27 andrew usher - amateur blender - bunnahabhain - speyside tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 2 what ' s it worth - macallan - johnnie walker .\noscar whisky ' s owner dai walters said : ' it ' s a dream come true . nicky and his team have got him here and i ' ve got to thank them very much . '\nwhisky magazine issue 55 abraham lincoln - up in smoke - scotch on the rocks - kentucky visitors ' guide - deanston - islay and jura - the whisky shop .\nwhisky magazine issue 130 global travel retail , coppersmiths , favourite blends , texas whiskey .\nwhisky magazine issue 106 independent bottlers ' challenge 2012 - islay - drinkers guide edinburgh .\nwhisky magazine issue 102 photo challenge 2012 winners revealed - ireland spotlight - bruichladdich distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 79 world whiskies awards edition - best whiskies in the world 2009 .\nwhisky magazine issue 78 icons of whisky 2009 - edradour - bill lumsden - three glens - southern ireland - evan williams - the dalmore & much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 72 the dalmore - forest to flask - the whisky boom - four roses - auchentoshan - glen grant - ancnoc and much more . . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 26 independent bottlers - david stewart - buffalo trace - japanese whiskies .\nwhisky magazine issue 17 richard paterson art of blending - cadenhead - the speyside way .\nwhisky magazine issue 16 best of the best 2001 - how to taste - glenfiddich .\nwhisky magazine issue 7 millenuim tasting - economics of wood - dalmore - bourbon uncoverd .\nwhisky magazine issue 3 irish whiskey - wood ageing - how malt gets its character .\nwhisky magazine issue 71 best whiskies in the world 2008 - wonderful wood - old bourbon - lost distilleries - travel retail - tastings grain whisky and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 70 icons of whisky 2008 - speyside treasures - silent season - tour de france - ireland guide - littlemill - dalmore - ardmore . . . and more .\nanother nick henderson trained runner to watch out for over the bigger obstacles this season is oscar whisky , a name that will be all too familiar to most national hunt fans following his impressive career to date over hurdles .\nwhisky magazine issue 136 photo challenge 2016 winners , whistlepig , scottish visitor centres , tobermory .\nwhisky magazine issue 131 the hebridean archipelago , dalmunach , four roses , new orleans bars .\nwhisky magazine issue 94 photo challenge 2010 winners revealed - dr vijay mallya - midleton distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 93 four roses - mount vernon - old crow distillery and much more .\nwhisky magazine issue 83 exclusive - diageo ' s ambitious project - bladnoch - manhattens in manhatten - whisky islands - blair athol - glenrothes - macallan and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 15 spirit of ireland - isle of arran - vintage malts - blackadder .\nwhisky magazine issue 13 jim mcewan - booker noe - ultimate macallan tasting - aberlour distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 11 highland malts tasting - lagavulin - buffalo trace - cigars - fishing .\nwhisky magazine issue 9 best selling blends - irish special - white horse - wild turkey .\nwhisky magazine issue 8 wood finish tasting - gordon & mcphail - makers mark - edradour .\nwhisky magazine issue 139 a visit to japan ' s fuji gotemba distillery , global travel retail special , a tour of us visitor centres , plus icons of whisky rest of world results .\nmla style :\ncheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . .\nthe free library . 2010 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nwhisky magazine issue 147 tullibardine - gordon & macphail - dalmore - jura - mackmyra - teeling .\nwhisky magazine issue 129 american whiskey special plus kingbarns , single oak project , edradour and germany .\nwhisky magazine issue 117 titanic belfast , small batch blends , toronto and maker ' s mark .\nwhisky magazine issue 104 the macallan , alternative grains , adnams & much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 58 independent bottlers challenge - setting up your own distillery - world of the whisky ambassador - royal lochnagar - guide to ireland - goat fell - distillery ghosts - canadian blends .\nwhisky magazine issue 6 isaly tasting - travels in speyside & kentucky - talisker - bourbon uncovered .\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . cheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nwhisky magazine issue 63 world whiskies awards - the best whiskies in the world - new distilleries - balblair vintages - kentucky visitors guide - whisky and food - port ellen and more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 60 praban na linne - grain production - marmalade - laphroaig - cocktail time - whisky islands - new zealand illicit stills - hokonui - compass box - old pulteney - dewar rattray .\nwhisky magazine issue 53 on the roll - how malt made social gambling cool - visiting speyside - isle of jura - auchentoshan - george washington - russia ' s whisky elite - lowland malts tasted .\njonjo o\u2019neill said : \u201che will get a proper gallop in the jlt . obviously , there is not much between oscar whisky and taquin du seuil . oscar would have more pace but taquin is a good horse and , as long as the ground does not dry out too much , he will run well . he is best on soft ground , though i will run him on good ground .\nat that point , oscar whisky showed his class to find a way past , despite evident fatigue . henderson said the outing was essential in order to have the horse fit for next month ' s festival , when the jlt chase is the aim .\nwhisky magazine issue 137 irish whiskey , touring the hebrides and an american whiskey supplement on kentucky bourbon .\nwhisky magazine issue 124 david beckham interview , battle of the blends , ardbeg distillery , japan focus .\nwhisky magazine issue 122 is craft an expression of skill , aberlour , flavoured whiskies , glen grant .\nwhisky magazine issue 39 cask strength islay tasting - longmorn - classic malts cruise - delilah ' s .\nwhisky magazine issue 12 by royal appointment - jack daniel ' s - highland park - highland malts .\nwhisky magazine issue 68 lowland perfection - auchentoshan - history of the cork - premium whisky - glenury royal - dewars - makers mark - mash tuns - glenlivet - ben nevis - inverleven - 40 whiskies tasted .\napa style : cheltenham festival breeder briefing ; stephanie hanly of grange hill stud , breeder of weatherbys champion bumper entry drumbaloo ( 6yo g flemensfirth - supreme baloo ( supreme leader ) ) and spinal research supreme novices ' hurdle hopeful oscar whisky ( 5yo g oscar - ash baloo ( phardante ) ) . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\nwhisky magazine issue 150 world ' s best 2018 - rosebank - music - lot 40 - royal drams .\nwhisky magazine issue 133 the irish west coast trail , tullibardine distillery , bourbon pot stills , westland distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 121 rocky mountain high , mixo - gastro , india drinkers ' guide , four roses .\nwhisky magazine issue 115 black velvet distillery , travelling in alberta , glen keith distillery and masters of photography .\nwhisky magazine issue 22 festival previews - collecting - forsyth ' s - caramel - 12 year olds tasting .\nwhisky magazine issue 120 the flavour of islay and jura , the sazerac trail , london bars guide , bruichladdich .\nwhisky magazine issue 96 jura - your guide to speyside - sydney bars guide and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 91 music special part - back to the seventies - fettercairn and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 90 music special - ailsa bay - independent bottlers ' challenge and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 64 mixing the magic - cocktails - glengyle comes of age - the glenlivet - 40 whiskies tasted - kilbeggan - duncan taylor - grain whisky - events - music - food and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 82 mull ' s drams - journey ' s blend - lark ' s rise - icons of whisky scotland - 11 page rum special - ardbeg - laphroaig - linkwood bunnahabhain - and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 148 island hopping - ardbeg - tullamore d . e . w - hiram walker - cotswold distillery .\nwhisky magazine issue 80 jim beam - sir robin knox - johnston - kentucky guide and much more . . . .\n\u201cwe talked about sending him chasing at the start of this season but he\u2019d have clashed with dai\u2019s other horse oscar whisky in the two and half mile novice races . they would have been taking each other on so we decided to keep this fellow to hurdles but he\u2019ll go chasing next season . \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 149 kingsman - taste of africa - ncn ' ean distillery - clydeside - diageo specials - green spot .\nwhisky magazine issue 23 iain henderson - ben nevis - eau - de - vie stills - moonshine - vatted malts tasting .\njust as he had done 12 months ago , irish raider thousand stars came at oscar whisky hard after the final obstacle but he was once again beaten a neck . it completed a magnificent treble on the day for trainer nicky henderson and jockey barry geraghty following the earlier successes of superstars simonsig and sprinter sacre .\nwhisky magazine issue 141 explore how copper stills are made , the end our journey down the rockies and a visit to ballindalloch .\nwhisky magazine issue 88 benromach distillery - incense - sherry casks - win four days at bowmore and much more . . . .\nthe heavy going here had dried out enough to make it cloying , the most stamina - sapping of surfaces , and oscar whisky did not seem to enjoy jumping out of it . he had just two rivals here but the outsider , manyriverstocross , looked the most likely winner for half a mile to the second - last .\nwhisky magazine issue 89 woodford reserve - us micro distilleries - glenlivet - win four days at bowmore and much more . . . .\noscar delta , who has finished third in the cga foxhunter chase for the past two years , looked destined to land this year\u2019s race before dramatically unshipping rider jane mangan on the run - in .\n* third to hinterland in grade one henry viii novices\u2019 chase at sandown on december 7 and second to oscar whisky in the grade two cheltenham pony club raceday novices\u2019 chase on new year\u2019s day , but back to winning ways with impressive 17 - length success in a two and a half mile grade two event at haydock park on january 18 .\nwhisky magazine issue 97 usa spotlight : wild turkey , new york , jack daniel ' s and diageo and much more . . . .\nwalters had hoped the gelding would win the welsh champion hurdle , run at ffos las which he owns , but the gelding had to settle for second beaten a head . today\u2019s victory was , \u201cvery nice consolation , \u201d said walter , adding : \u201ci\u2019ve won the welsh champion hurdle in the past with oscar whisky , so wasn\u2019t too disappointed . \u201d\nhenderson takes the view that , for reasons unknown , oscar whisky was unable to produce his best form at last year ' s festival , despite the fact that seven of his stablemates won that week . any horse can run badly once but this one is generally a model of consistency , winning 10 times from 15 starts on a variety of ground .\nwhisky magazine issue 143 we discover the wadden isles , explore the spirit of collaboration behind glenmorangie ' s latest expression and look at mizunara casks .\nwhisky magazine issue 81 evan williams - bushmills - highland park - auchentoshan - bowmore - mackmyra - glen scotia and much more . . . .\nat the time that effort seemed to answer the question of whether or not oscar whisky has the stamina for three miles , as he travelled well before fading into fifth . but in that case , what to make of his run in january ' s cleeve hurdle on much more testing ground , when he ran on stoutly to be beaten only a neck ?\n\u201ci am very happy with my fellow and , last time , there was not much between him and oscar ( three quarters of a length ) at cheltenham and they were some 15 lengths ahead of the third .\nwalters said : \u201ci\u2019ve won a lot of nice races , but never at the festival . snoopy loopy beat kauto star on one occasion and oscar whisky has won twice at liverpool , but i wanted one here . five years ago my daughter told me , \u2018until you have a festival winner you shouldn\u2019t buy any more horses , \u2019 but i kept on going . \u201d\nwhisky magazine issue 146 a tour of toronto , bourbon ' s pompeii , bladnoch distillery and a look back at glenmorangie ' s last 10 years .\nwhisky magazine issue 140 a journey round islay , visits to maker ' s mark and penderyn , and the conclusion to our trip down the rockies .\nwhisky magazine issue 77 the macallan - richard paterson - diageo - chieftain ' s - edradour - glenmorangie - smws & much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 56 scotland ' s lowlands - shake it up - china and india - glengoyne - indian food - highlander inn - japanese tastings .\nwhisky magazine issue 42 state of independence - the macallan new expressions - girvan - bushmills - innovation from laphroaig - widder bar - the wee dram .\nwhisky magazine is published / organised by paragraph publishing ltd copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 do not copy or reproduce content from this web site without permission .\nwhisky magazine issue 145 a visit to highland park , willie cochrane and claive vidiz interviewed . plus we kick off battle of the blends series three . .\nwhisky magazine issue 99 charley boorman - drayman ' s distillery - a drinker ' s guide to paris - micro distilling and much more . . . .\nrodger sweeney \u2013 who also owns the horse \u2013 felt last year\u2019s winner was beaten after the pair jumped the last but salsify was left to come home alone after oscar delta jinked and unshipped his pilot when about three lengths clear .\ntom o ' neil editor of the oscar blog goldderby . com , says the film academy has long looked in vain to find a host who can provide star quality and reach out to a broader demographic - - from david letterman , to jon stewart , to chris rock (\nthey were all great comedians , but miscast on the oscar stage ,\nsays o ' neil ) to 2011 ' s debacle with no - chemistry hosts james franco and anne hathaway .\noscar whisky landed the third grade one of his career at sandown park when slogging to victory in the scilly isles novice chase but made very hard work of it and never really looked like the 1 - 6 shot which punters believed him to be . two firms responded by lengthening his odds for the cheltenham festival , for which he is a top price of 10 - 1 with william hill .\nwhisky magazine issue 66 how glass affects your taste - rise of small stills - tamnavulin - woodford reserve - jura - ardbeg dinner - michael jackson - bunnahabhain .\n7 / 2 second - favourite cue card gave backers brief respite in the ryanair chase but 9 / 4 favourite oscar whisky\u2019s eclipse in the ladbrokes world hurdle and an agonising head defeat for the well - backed super duty in the fulke walwyn kim muir challenge chase saw punters go home with their tails between their legs , especially after carrickboy had earlier won the byrne group plate at 50 / 1 .\nwhen discussing most of his horses , henderson has deplored the heavy going which has been a constant for the past six weeks , but was much more comfortable with oscar whisky being given a thorough test .\nwith a lot of them , we ' re saying we don ' t want to do this at the moment , the bobs worths , the tents [ my tent or yours ] and others .\nhenderson is now understood to be prepared to give oscar whisky a try over fences and if he transfers his ability from hurdles to jumps , then he certain is one to watch over the coming months and before he has even left the ground to chance an open ditch on a racecourse , bookmakers make him the 8 / 1 second favourite , behind stablemate , simonsig , to win the arkle at cheltenham 2013 .\nwe ' re handing the oscar holy torch to the man most people know by his fictitious character stewie ( from family guy ) , who is this diabolical character . it ' s brilliant and it shows just how courageous the oscars are .\nmacfarlane has tipped his comedic hand by giving some barbs when he announced the academy award nominations in january , and he managed to get the word\nerection\ninto one oscar promotion - - though abc would not allow it on the airwaves .\nfavourite salsify ( 2 / 1 ) landed his second successive cga foxhunter chase in fortuitous circumstances on the final day of the festival and his trainer conceded that he \u2018probably wouldn\u2019t have won\u2019 had oscar delta not unseated rider jane mangan on the run - in .\noscar delta , who had finished third in the past two years , jinked when clear of his rivals and unseated jane mangan , handing victory to 2 / 1 favourite salsify and enabling a trio of british hunters to take a greater slice of the glory .\nwhisky magazine issue 84 boutique speyside - explore the balvenie - japanese focus - cocktails from new orleans - bunnahabhain - buffalo trace - mackmyra - smws and much more . . . .\nlord windermere is a bay gelding with a white blaze and three white socks bred in ireland by edmond coleman . he was sired by oscar , a horse who finished second to peintre celebre in the prix du jockey club before becoming a leading sire of national hunt horses . his other major winners have included big zeb ( queen mother champion chase ) , rock on ruby ( champion hurdle ) , oscar whisky ( aintree hurdle ) , peddlers cross ( baring bingham novices ' hurdle ) , black jack ketchum ( sefton novices ' hurdle ) and at fishers cross ( spa novices ' hurdle ) . [ 2 ] lord windermere ' s name is a reference to the oscar wilde play lady windermere ' s fan . his dam , satellite dancer , showed no signs of racing ability when being well beaten in all three of her races in 1999 . [ 3 ] as a descendant of the broodmare nantua , she was distantly related to the prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner nikellora . [ 4 ]\nwhisky magazine issue 73 beautiful bourbon - highland park hits 40 - balblair - glenrothes - tobermory - auld reeke - prince charles - caol ila - glenmorangie and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 52 break for the border - whiskey and moonshine - oban distillery - wine finishes - kentucky - improve your tasting skills - glen moray - jimmy barclay - tullamore dew .\nwhisky magazine issue 69 highland gem - home of anoc - americas youngest distillers - food matching the diageo way - brora - bartenders trip - mackmyra - ginkgo and more . . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 74 the ardbeg story - glentauchers - new orlean cocktails - rum special - caol ila - inverleven - mackmyra - the dalmore - benriach - cragganmore - tomatin and much more . . . .\nwhisky magazine issue 59 the blenders art - kentucky bourbon festival - first look at reopened scapa - whiskey rebellion - the price of malts - 40 whiskies reviewed - milling malts - american ads - glenrothes dinners .\nnicky henderson and barry geraghty have enjoyed grade one successes on each of the first two days at this festival and oscar whisky ( 3 . 20 ) gives them an excellent chance of sustaining the run in the build - up to bobs worth in friday ' s gold cup . a major disappointment in last year ' s world hurdle , when he went off at 4 - 1 against big buck ' s , he is available at about the same odds to win the race without that hugely talented rival in opposition .\nwhisky magazine issue 57 american idols - the legends behind the great brands - the highlands - the sma ' still - speyside history - sir iain noble - cooley - silent stills tasting - gotemba - johnnie walker blue .\npimp your feet \u00e0nd your outfit with a unique pair of socks from oscar socks ! dare to mix and match and be bold , be brave , be bright , be free - be you ! the oscar socks be bold gift box contains 4 pairs of oscar socks , each with its own style : - yellow stars : these yellow dots in a dark blue background remind us of the genuine star - studded night sky . purple stripes : while trying to match colors , you can cheat and use a simple trick . match the ones that are close in the spectrum . burgundy and purple operate quite well together . - solid black : black in its deepest variation was chosen to design these socks . to foster singularity , a vivid red logo embraces it . - solid red : this profound red comes with paradox . either it shall give you a lot of confidence or you might wear them out of confidence . oscar socks is a brand of luxury men ' s socks , designed in brussels and made in italy . the socks are made of bamboo fibers , making them very soft and pleasant to wear . a mix of elegance and ' crazy designs ' makes every pair unique . the italian quality and brussels design are the perfect combo . these socks provide comfort without equivalent and shall sublimate your feet .\nwhisky magazine issue 85 bourbon ' s liquid legend - elmer t . lee on 90 years of the american spirit - a drinker ' s tour of louisville - millstone distillery - the lowlands & much more . . . .\nafter the show and the glitzy post - show parties , macfarlane says , he ' ll be looking forward to relaxing at his beverly hills home , where he ' s building a library . his idea of a vacation will be hitting growing stacks of unread books by the fire with a cigar , perhaps mulling an oscar success .\nthe creator and behind - the - scenes force behind popular tv series such as family guy and american dad , as well as this summer ' s raunchy comedy flick ted , hopes he can attract younger viewers to the program . at the same time , he needs to satisfy a theater full of hollywood ' s biggest stars , nervous about their oscar chances .\nthe seven year old made his first appearance at the cheltenham festival in 2010 where on the back of four wins from four starts prior to the meeting , he could only manage fourth behind menorah in the supreme novices hurdle and 12 months later in 2011 , the son of famous national hunt sire , oscar , finished third behind hurricane fly in the champion hurdle .\nhe ' s also blessed by a year with vigorous box - office results for the oscar - nominated films , which should secure an engaged audience . but that doesn ' t entirely relieve the tension in these days before the big night . at points during the outdoor interview , macfarlane fears the southern california sun will give his face a distorted sunburn for the show .\npublished 8 times a year whisky magazine is the perfect complement to the dram in your glass . every issue brings you fascinating articles on the art , science and romance of the ' water of life ' , plus page after page of tasting notes .\nnigel twiston - davies said : \u201cdouble ross has done lots of good stuff at cheltenham . he will go for the jlt novices\u2019 chase rather than the handicaps because there might be some improver lower in the weights . he is more experienced over fences than most of the novices . i think experience over the cheltenham fences is quite important . he has been around there three times this season . oscar whisky does not look as fluent in his jumping . double ross can go on any ground . it is a question of whether he will be good enough . he will take the race to them , being up with the pace . \u201d\nto aid this , he met billy crystal at the nine - time oscar host ' s beverly hills office . crystal was helpful with a list of do ' s and don ' t ' s , ranging from telling macfarlane to get used to his show shoes (\ni ' m wearing them to rehearsals now ,\nsays macfarlane ) to broader topics such as dealing with the stars in the theater .\nthere also are a lot of people counting on macfarlane to turn the recent tide of declining oscar viewership . though it ' s usually the year ' s second - most - watched show , after the super bowl , its ratings have been all over the map in the past five years : a low of 32 million viewers in 2008 , a high of 41 . 7 million in 2010 and 39 . 3 million last year .\nit\u2019s said by whiskey himself that the mikes are all cloned from the same guy , who was already an idiot according to him . oscar mike was apparently made even dumber in the cloning process . seeing the images shown after clearing both their lore challenges shows that they\u2019re not the last of their race as planet mike is full of mike clones and is even mentioned to having a king mike and queen mike\u2026which makes me hope that queen mike is a female clone of some kind . considering good ol\u2019 randy v . said that the backgrounds in some of the llc battleborn lore challenge images are possibly hints at where the story operations will go i\u2019m gonna stick with my gut and say we\u2019re going to planet mike . maybe even meet the original mike\nat some us airports , the use of ' delta ' is avoided because it is also the call sign for delta air lines . ' dixie ' seems to be the most common substitute . ' foxtrot ' may be abbreviated as ' fox ' at united states airports . in british police work the use of ' india ' has been replaced by ' indigo ' . sometimes , in the philippines , the word ' hawk ' is used for the letter h rather than ' hotel ' . in indonesia , the word ' lima ' is seldom used since the word ' lima ' means number five ( 5 ) in bahasa indonesia . instead , ' london ' is most often used . many unofficial phonetic alphabets are in use that are not based on the standard , but are based on words the transmitter can easily remember . often , such ad - hoc phonetic alphabets are based on ( mostly ) men ' s names , such as alan , bobby , charlie , david , edward , frederick , george , howard , isaac , james , kevin , larry , michael , nicholas , oscar , peter , quincy , robert , stephen , trevor , ulysses , vincent , william , xavier , yaakov , zebedee , or on a mixture of names and other easily recognisable ( and locally understandable ) proper nouns such as us states , local cities and towns , etc .\nit did not start off like this - over time , the phonetic alphabet has evolved . the phonetic alphabet is a system created by the nato allies in the 1950s that would be intelligible and pronounceable to all nato allies in the heat of battle . it has another name - the radiotelephony spelling alphabet . it requires words to be spelled out by their letters ; for example , arm becomes alpha romeo mike , and south becomes sierra oscar uniform tango hotel . all the letters sound different , so there is no confusion over long distances over what people are saying . the reason that any phonetic alphabet is ( or was ) used is because telephone , radio and walkie - talkie communications had the habit of crackling over long distances , blotting out whole words or even sentences . the normal alphabet cannot be used , because some letters , for example p , b , c and d sound similar , and over long distances were indistinguishable , so a new method had to be found . when the code was invented it was also considered that consonants are the most difficult to hear against a noisy background . hence the sequence of vowels in the phonetic code played an important role when the code was invented , so that when you hear a noisy ' - oo - oo ' you know the letter is a z . the vowel - sequence thing works for most ( though not all ) combinations of letters . all of the words are recognisable by native english speakers because english must be used upon request for communication between an aircraft and a control tower whenever two nations are involved , regardless of their native languages . but it is only required internationally , not domestically , thus if both parties to a radio conversation are from the same country , then another phonetic alphabet of that nation ' s choice may be used .\nthat , however , was not the appropriate response according to his trainer , nicky henderson . asked if punters should be concerned for his cheltenham chance in light of this performance , henderson looked a little shocked and replied :\nnot at all . not one bit . no . we ' re on schedule .\nhe ' s a stuffy devil ,\nthe trainer said .\ni mean , that ' s why he had to have a run . he was having a great old heave in here [ the winner ' s enclosure ] . but i know what he ' s like .\n[ barry geraghty , his jockey , ] said he was taking blows all the way through the race . i ' m not saying he didn ' t enjoy this but that is hard work .\nno way would i run them in that . but you have to keep at this guy . he had to have a run . he wanted the experience , yes , but he also badly needed a race .\nhenderson ' s title rival , paul nicholls , also had a single winner on this saturday , with saphir du rheu in the welsh champion hurdle . the five - year - old prevailed by a head over henderson ' s whisper despite a 13lb rise for his previous win and nicholls said he would make an excellent reserve for the festival ' s world hurdle .\nat the moment , however , nicholls and andy stewart , the horse ' s owner , also have big buck ' s and celestial halo for that race . if both are still on target , saphir du rheu may be diverted to fontwell ' s national spirit next month .\notherwise , the day belonged to venetia williams , who had a treble at sandown and also won the west wales national at ffos las with emperor ' s choice .\ni thought , coming here , that they ' d all got their chances but that was fantastic ,\nthe trainer said .\ni ' m absolutely thrilled with them all .\nwilliams has katenko and renard in the grand national , for which entries closed this week . renard is not yet qualified and has six weeks to do so by finishing in the first four in a chase over three miles or further .\nthe trainer reports that she will make a serious effort to get renard qualified . asked if the two - miler had an appropriate profile for the national , williams smiled and replied simply ,\ncrisp\n, the champion two - miler who finished second to red rum at aintree in 1973 .\n\u00a9 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .\ncopyright 2010 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\n/ / urltoken\nfoden receives a big hug from pep as laporte joins in first day of pre - season at city . . . but sane has been given an extra week off despite germany world cup snub\nmurray ' s back ! british star to make return to wimbledon . . as he agrees to be bbc pundit and commentator\nhamilton is a fabulous driver but a sore loser . . . he will regret ' interesting tactics ' jibe at ferrari after british gp\nengland ' s last world cup semi - final was 28 years ago at italia 90 . . . but how do gazza , lineker and shilton compare to today ' s bunch of stars ?\nitalia 90 v russia 18 : when england were last in the world cup semi - finals a beer cost \u00a31 . 23 , the nation was gripped by neighbours . . . but world in motion was not no 1 in the charts !\nwant to see england ' s world cup semi - final with croatia ? fly to moscow ( via rome and riga ) for just \u00a3476 . . . but be prepared to pay \u00a3560 a ticket and don ' t forget your fan id !\ntottenham dominate world cup semi - finals and have more players left in the tournament than the bundesliga . . . but how do the final four break down ?\na yoga session ( and a round of applause for the instructor ) before a trip to the shops . . . behind the scenes with england\nthe seven - year - old had his stamina limitations exposed when only fifth behind the mighty big buck ' s in the world hurdle at cheltenham last month , but he was strongly supported at 9 - 4 returned to two and a half miles .\nfavourite zarkandar suffered a heavy fall at the sixth hurdle , but his rider ruby walsh eventually rose to his feet . henderson said : ' it was a complete re - run of last year .\n' i do feel sorry for the grey horse ( thousand strides ) - another two strides last year he won it and another two strides he might have had us today .\n' we tried him over three miles and he had a hard race in cheltenham . he was quite wobbly after the race and he blatantly didn ' t get it ( the trip ) and he was very tired .\n' we needed every day we ' ve had after cheltenham as he came back very tired .\n' i just wondered if we had enough time to get him back . the boys have done brilliantly at home . they help me with them so much and it ' s thanks to them .\n' to get him back after what happened at cheltenham was tremendous . maybe i ran him in the wrong race there .\n' there ' s a possibility he may go over fences ( next season ) . we ' ll have to have a talk about it .\n' if it went horribly wrong , he may end up in the champion hurdle . '\ngeraghty said : ' i was up there with rock on ruby and it had to be a bit of a balancing act with thousand stars nipping at our heels .\n' we went a nice gallop . we didn ' t go quick . we went a nice pace . it could have been a crawl . i don ' t think that was going to suit anyone . '\nirish champion trainer willie mullins said of thousand stars : ' his run at cheltenham took the edge off him and i ' m delighted with the run .\n' he ' s only halfway through his season as we ' ve got punchestown and back to paris to think about . '\nharry fry , assistant trainer to paul nicholls who trains rock on ruby at a satellite yard , said : ' he just wants a truly run two - mile race . he ' s jumped ok , but he was there to be shot at in front and was just idling .\n' that ' s him finished for the season and it will all be geared around cheltenham ( champion hurdle ) in march .\n' we ' ll see if overturn is there to go a good gallop , otherwise we ' ll have to find something else to set a good pace . '\nalthough walsh appeared to be largely unscathed on rising , it was a heavy fall and the british horseracing authority soon announced he would be stood down for the rest of the day , meaning he missed the ride on on his own in the grand national ."]}
{"id": 2497, "summary": [{"text": "mantella baroni ( common names baron 's mantella , variegated golden frog or madagascar poison frog ) is a species of frog in the mantellidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the species was described by george albert boulenger in 1888 , who named it after its collector , richard baron .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , and degraded former forest .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "although it has been classified as least concern species by the iucn due to its relatively wide distribution , it is threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is listed on cites appendix ii . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "mantella baroni", "paragraphs": ["mantella baroni grows to between 0 . 9 and 1 . 2 inches in length .\nmantella bernhardi is the smallest mantella , ranging between three - fourths and 1 inch in length .\nthe \u201cblushing mantella\u201d is sold as a color variety of mantella expectata , but its status still remains unclear .\nthis beautiful pattern is present on both species though they are not closely related . to tell the two apart , examine their throats . mantella madagascariensis has a sky - blue , horseshoe - shaped marking . mantella baroni has a single dot or solid - black throat . additionally , the red on the limbs of m . madagascariensis extends fully through its thighs , but the color stops at the joint on m . baroni .\nmantella laevigata is the only nonterrestrial mantella . its enlarged toe pads enable it to climb into small tree holes and bamboo wells , where they breed .\nthe island of madagascar is home to more than 220 species of frogs found nowhere else in the world , including the 16 described mantella species . mantella aurantiaca .\nmantella ' milotympanum ' is very different in both appearance and behaviour from m . aurantiaca\nmantella baroni grows to between 0 . 9 and 1 . 2 inches in length , and a mature m . madagascariensis is between 0 . 8 and 1 . 1 inches . although m . baroni has a large distribution throughout the remaining forests in eastern madagascar , m . madagascariensis has a smaller range and is confined to primary rain forest . both species are often found near streams and exist sympatrically in at least one location . both are rarely bred in captivity , and imports are frequently mixed up together under the all - inclusive common name \u201cpainted mantella . \u201d\nmantella baroni was first described by boulenger ( 1888 ) . it is a member of the m . cowani species group ( goodman and benstead 2003 ) . there is a report of hybridization with m . cowani in the wild , at a locality near antoetra ( andreone et al . 2005 ) .\nwith a range in northern madagascar , mantella nigricans can be found streamside at the forest\u2019s edge .\nthe largest of the mantellas , mantella viridis can reach up to 1 . 2 inches in length .\none mantella species , m . laevigata , also shares the trait of providing parental care in common with dendrobatids . mantella laevigata females feed infertile eggs to their tadpoles to ensure they get the food they need .\nmantella baroni is listed as a species of \u201cleast concern\u201d because it occupies a sizeable range , is tolerant to habitat change , and is thought to be present in high population densities . it occurs in several protected areas , including three national parks ( ranomafana , mantadia and andringitra , and the pic ivohibe special reserve ( iucn 2008 ) .\nmantella baroni boulenger , 1888 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 6 , 1 : 106 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 7 . 19 ( formerly 84 . 12 . 22 . 50 ) according to vences , glaw , and b\u00f6hme , 1999 , alytes , 17 : 23 . type locality :\nmadagascar\n.\nmantella pulchra is a shy , seldom kept species . it also appears to be tolerant of a wide range of temperatures\nmantella baroni is an active diurnal forager ( clark et al . 2005 ) . it consumes a greater number of prey , as well as larger prey , than do other species of mantella ( clark et al . 2006 ) . adult m . baroni consume various arthropods , with ants contributing the largest percentage of the diet ( odierna et al . 2001 ) . ingestion of ants , beetles , and mites creates high alkaloid concentrations in the frog\u2019s skin , making it toxic to predators ( odierna et al . 2001 ) . although ants are the primary prey , the majority of toxins come from mites ( daly et al . 2007 ) . the bright colors of m . baroni are thus aposematic and serve as a warning sign of their toxicity ( clark et al . 2005 ) . the mechanism that the frog uses to sequester these alkaloids is unknown ( clark et al . 2005 ) . alkaloid composition can vary both temporally and geographically in this species ( daly et al . 2007 ; clark et al . 2006 ) .\nalso confusingly similar in appearance are the two painted mantellas : m . baroni and m . madagascariensis . dorsally , both have elegant lime - green blotches where their limbs attach to their bodies , and these blotches contrast with their black dorsum and striking orange and black legs .\nphrynomantis maculatus thominot , 1889 , bull . soc . philomath . , paris , ser . 8 , 1 : 27 . syntypes : mnhnp ( 4 specimens ) according to the original publication ; mnhnp 6807a - d ( 4 specimens ) according to guib\u00e9 , 1950\n1948\n, cat . types amph . mus . natl . hist . nat . : 33 . mnhnp 1991 . 2854 ( formerly 6807a ) designated lectotype by glaw and vences , 1994 , fieldguide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 2 : 403 . type locality :\nl ' ile de la r\u00e9union\n; rendered as\nnosy komba ( dubious )\nby glaw and vences , 1992 , fieldguide amph . rept . madagascar : 279 . synonymy ( with mantella cowanii ) by guib\u00e9 , 1964 , senckenb . biol . , 45 : 259 - 264 ; guib\u00e9 , 1978 , bonn . zool . monogr . , 11 : 83 . synonymy with mantella baroni as by boulenger , 1890 , zool . rec . , 26 : 21 ; ( with mantella baroni as mantella madagascariensis ) glaw and vences , 1994 , fieldguide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 2 : 403 .\nhighly desirable for its bright - blue legs and lemon - colored dorsum , mantella expectata has colors that can fade during a simulated rainy season .\nsee vences , glaw , and b\u00f6hme , 1999 , alytes , 17 : 3 - 72 , for discussion of confusion surrounding type allocation and nomenclature . removed from the synonymy of mantella cowanii by glaw and vences , 1994 , fieldguide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 2 : 403 ( as mantella madagascariensis , a nomen dubium ) where it had been placed by methuen and hewitt , 1913 , ann . transvaal mus . , 4 : 57 . in the mantella cowani group according to vences , glaw , and b\u00f6hme , 1999 , alytes , 17 : 3 - 72 , and glaw and vences , 2006 , organisms divers . evol . , electron . suppl . , 11 ( 1 ) : 2 . staniszewski , 2001 , mantellas : 154 - 158 , provided an account . rabemananjara , chiari , ramilijaona , and vences , 2007 , frontiers zool . , 4 : 1 - 10 , suggested on the basis of molecular evidence that mantella baroni is just a northern color morph of mantella cowanii , but hesitated to formalize the taxonomic change . glaw and vences , 2007 , field guide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 3 : 194 - 195 , provided an account .\nlastly , there\u2019s mantella haraldmeieri . found in the far southeast of madagascar , they live in humid rain forests often along streams . copper - colored hind limbs contrast with the mint - green of their upper forearms and brown body . mantella haraldmeieri measures between 0 . 8 and 1 . 1 inches in length . they are not often seen in captivity .\nsadly , 10 of the 16 mantella species are considered threatened with extinction by the world conservation union because of their small distribution and declining populations . habitat destruction is the largest problem facing the genus as agriculture , logging , charcoal production and livestock grazing eat away at the last mantella habitats . collection of frogs for the pet trade has also notably affected these frogs .\n22 - 30mm . patterned largely in black with orange or red bands around the limbs . this species is much shyer athan the closely related m . baroni and rarely ventures from the preferred humid , leafy base of the vivarium apart from the odd bold male specimen in search of a female . males are quite vocal , the call being reminiscent of a slower crickets chirrup . breeding is quite a frequent occurrence in captivity with 40 or so eggs being nestled in damp leaves or moss . temperature - wise it prefers slightly higher than that described for the golden mantella although it is quite tolerant of low temperatures as long as there is sufficient cover .\nmantella manery differs by having a white frenal stripe and dark - brown body . described in 1999 , only a couple of the frogs have been recorded where they were found in primary forest near a stream .\n20 - 25mm . confusion reigns with this species as most were imported as mantella cowanii before 1994 . it is easy to distinguish because its dorsum ( particularly is head ) possesses a silvery brown sheen . the flanks nearly always have lime green or blue patches . it is a plump but extremely agile species and is certainly the most nervy mantella although it often searches for food in open daylight and males are quite bold when excited . i have found that it thrives in conditions similar to the golden mantella although it is more tolerant of warm temperatures . breeding is rather infrequent mainly because females are not easily coaxed into producing eggs .\ntwo other mantella frogs largely brown in color are m . betsileo and m . ebenaui . the two appear nearly identical with russet to copper - colored backs , black flanks and grayish limbs . both grow to about 0 . 8 inches long . it\u2019s not possible to tell them apart based on appearance alone . mantella ebenaui lives in lowland rain forests , tree plantations and human - altered forests in the north of the island . mantella betsileo occurs farther south with few known populations . at this time , all brown mantellas found for sale are normally sold as m . betsileo , but i speculate that many are in fact m . ebenaui .\nthat was 1996 . it was my introduction to the genus mantella , a fascinating group of frogs endemic to the island of madagascar . with their bright aposematic coloration and diurnal behavior , mantellas have become popular vivarium subjects .\nmantellas such as this mantella pulchra , have a tremendous appetite . feed them small crickets , flightless fruit flies , termites , roach nymphs , small spiders , rice - flower beetle larvae , small waxworms and other available invertebrates .\nmarojezy mantella ( mantella sp . ) to 30mm . from the marojezy mountains in extreme north - east madagascar . discovered in 1993 . it differs mainly in having a white line around the lip , a horseshoe - shaped marking on the throat ( absent in mantella laevigata ) and specialized digits are absent . this species is not known to actively climb ( it is placed here because of its syntopic relationship with the former species and eggs are always deposited on the ground . it particularly inhabits the cool , stony mountain brooks where it is known to feed on small crustaceans that crawl out onto the rocks . i know of someone who feeds this species water shrimp ( asellus ) native to the beds of our own uk brooks . overall it is a slimmer species than the climbing mantella and can attain 32mm . requires a temperature no greater than 74\u00b0f . ( preferably cooler ) in captivity due to its high altitude distribution .\none mantella appearing in the pet trade in the recent past is often sold as a color variety of m . expectata or under the common name \u201cblushing mantella . \u201d these frogs have markings similar to m . expectata , but the yellow of the dorsum is replaced by an orange that fades to deep crimson posteriorly . the legs are also different , not blue but gray and sometimes splashed with the same crimson found on the dorsum . the status of this frog\u2019s species remains unclear .\nmantella nigricans has a large range in northern madagascar , but it has only been exported in small numbers and is uncommon in captivity . this frog is a streamside species , living at the forest edge often near water . colored walnut - brown and lime - green , these frogs appear at first glance like an unusually green m . pulchra . mantella nigricans grows to 1 . 1 inches . particularly bold in captivity , males call relentlessly after feeding or misting with a metallic - sounding chirp .\nreferences rabemananjara , f . c . e . , y . chiari , o . ravoahangimalala ramilijaona & m . vences . 2007 . evidence for recent gene flow between north - eastern and south - eastern madagascar from a phylogeography of the mantella cowani group . \u2013 frontiers in zoology 4 : article 1 . vences , m . , f . glaw & w . b\u00f6hme . 1999 . a review of the genus mantella ( anura , ranidae , mantellinae ) : taxonomy , distribution and conservation of malagasy poison frogs . \u2013 alytes 17 ( 1 - 2 ) : 3 - 72 .\nmale m . baroni emit an intense sequence of short , single - click notes , calling during the day from refuges under grass , bushes , and rocks ( glaw and vences 2007 ) . mantelline frogs lack amplexus ( glaw and vences 2007 ) . females lay eggs on land ( clark et al . 2005 ) . the eggs are unpigmented and always found close to water ( clark et al . 2005 ) . females can lay up to 130 eggs in one clutch ( clark et al . 2005 ) . when the eggs develop into tadpoles , the tadpoles are washed away by rain into a nearby body of water ( goodman and benstead 2003 ) .\nthe only nonterrestrial member of the genus is m . laevigata . with their enlarged toe pads , they can climb to the small tree holes and bamboo wells in which they breed . mantella laevigata can grow to 1 . 1 inches in length . two - tone in pear - green and black , they resemble the closely related m . manery .\n15 - 18mm so different in appearance and behaviour to m . aurantiaca that it must merit being raised to specific status . occurring in the fiherenana valley in central east madagascar it requires slightly higher temperatures ( 70\u00b0f . minimum ) than the golden mantella . its size makes it the smallest subspecies / species of the mantellas . the dorsum is a slightly drab orange ( males brighter than females ) while the venter is a greenish yellow ( orange yellow in m . aurantiaca ) . this species is overall much slimmer than the golden mantella , the eyes are oblong rather than round and the skin is much more granular . raised veins are apparent on the hind limbs , as its name suggests the eardrum ( tympanum ) is black as is the nostril region and there is a black line apparent from the eye to the nostril . perhaps most significantly is its very nervous disposition and semi - nocturnal behaviour . in addition males are amongst the most vociferous of the mantellas and will call for many hours . i have just had a spawning from the species and the eggs are quite different from the golden mantella possessing a yellowish - brown nucleus and measuring only 1mm in diameter .\nthe island of madagascar is home to more than 220 species of frogs found nowhere else in the world , including the 16 described mantella species . most live in the eastern tropical forests , but species also inhabit drier regions in the western half of the island . some , such as m . ebenaui , are adaptable and reside in dry woods , rain forests and degraded habitat within their range , but most mantellas are specific to where they live and have small restricted distributions .\nthe big daddy of mantella frogs is m . viridis . the species can reach 1 . 2 inches and has a stocky , robust body structure . similar to that of m . crocea , its pattern is a solid - green body interrupted by a black face mask . these frogs are restricted to extreme northern madagascar , where they live near seasonal streams in dry forests . in captivity they can take relatively large food items and greedily devour half - inch - long crickets .\none highly prized species is m . expectata . it displays remarkable sky - blue legs and a contrasting lemon - yellow dorsum . these frogs measure between 0 . 8 and 1 inch in length . in captivity , my group displays these attractive colors when kept in drier conditions . when exposed to a simulated rainy season , they fade to a less attractive steel - blue and mustard - yellow . mantella expectata is limited to the dry southwest of madagascar mostly near seasonal streams and rocky canyons .\nopposite the striking appearance of m . cowani is the mildly patterned m . bernhardi . mainly black with hints of gray on the head , this is the smallest mantella species . it often only grows to 0 . 7 of an inch in length . it has a unique trill - like call , consisting of several clicks strung together . all other male mantellas produce one or two notes . only a handful of m . bernhardi populations are known to occur in lowland rain forests of southeast madagascar .\nof all madagascar\u2019s frogs , mantella aurantiaca is the most recognized . varying in shades of orange and red , they are hardy in captivity when provided with cool conditions , meaning the temperature in their enclosure rarely rises above 75 degrees fahrenheit . they live in several swamp forests in east - central madagascar , and adults measure between 0 . 8 and 1 . 2 inches . at this time they are not exported for the pet trade , but captive - bred frogs are periodically available from breeders and dealers .\na third frog sometimes confused with the two painted mantellas is m . pulchra . although somewhat variable in the wild , most imported frogs of this species look like a messy , faded version of m . madagascariensis with the contrasting orange and black legs replaced by a pattern of browns . brown is also present on the dorsum and usually fades to light tan at the very tip of the head . mantella pulchra measures between 0 . 8 and 1 inch , and it lives in moist forests in northeastern madagascar often near streams or swamps . they have a reputation for being rather shy in captivity , but they gladly come out in the open when offered food .\nthe most remarkably patterned mantella is m . cowani , which is dressed in black and contrasting neon red , orange or yellow . these frogs reach between 0 . 9 and 1 . 1 inches in length . their eye - catching patterns fueled a demand for the species far greater than its dwindling wild populations could support , and in 2003 all exports were fortunately stopped . habitat destruction also has taken a large toll on m . cowani , and it is now confined to small strips of forest along streams in the central highlands . in captivity , the frog is sensitive to even moderately warm temperatures . some people report frequent exposure to temperatures above 70 degrees can cause heat stress and death . for this reason , m . cowani must be kept in a cool basement or air - conditioned room .\nthere are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification and presumed large population .\nthis species is broadly distributed in east - central madagascar from fierenana south to andringitra , at 600 - 1 , 400 m asl ( andreone et al . 2007 ) .\nit is a terrestrial rainforest species . it has also been found outside forest in slash - and - burn areas , even at considerable distance from forest . it probably cannot tolerate the complete opening up of the habitat . the eggs are laid on land , and the larvae are washed by rain into streams , where they develop .\nthis species is found in the international pet trade but not at levels that constitute a serious threat .\nalthough somewhat adaptable , deforestation caused by urbanization , agriculture ( including slash and burn agricultural practices ) and logging does affect it adversely . it is in the international pet trade , but this is unlikely to be a serious threat .\nspecies in this genus have tested positive for batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) , however currently there have been no negative effects observed within amphibian populations in madagascar suggesting the bd strain has a low virulence level ( bletz et al . 2015 ) .\nconservation actions this species occurs in the ranomafana , mantadia and andringitra national parks , and in the pic ivohibe special reserve . it is listed on cites appendix ii . conservation needed a carefully regulated trade is the best management option for this species . research needed further research is essential to fully understand the distribution , origin , type and virulence of bd lineages found in madagascar ( bletz et al . 2015 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nis a small frog , with adults measuring 22 - 30 mm in snout - vent length . the head , dorsum , and flanks are solid black . a yellowish rostral stripe is apparent , generally ending past the eye . the front limb and femur are yellow to greenish in appearance , with this coloration continuing up the flanks into a large , rounded flank blotch . these flank blotches will sometimes expand dorsally across the back and connect to the opposite side blotch , resulting in a more yellow dorsum ( this is most often seen in\nfrom the andringitra region ) . hindlimbs ( tibia , tarsus , and foot ) are orange with irregular black stripes . there are no flashmarks on the lower hindlimbs , in contrast to those of\n. the venter , throat , and limbs are black and marked with a few yellow to greenish , rarely blue blotches . the throat has one circular marking , but may be all black . the iris is black ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\nthis species is found only in east - central madagascar , from fierenana south to andringitra , at an elevation of 600 - 1 , 200m ( iucn 2008 ) .\noccupies a number of habitats including swamp forests , semi - arid streambeds , bamboo groves , and streamside forests ( andriantsiferana et al . 2006 ) in the rainforest it is often found close to rivers and streams ( goodman and benstead 2003 ; glaw and vences 2007 ) , but it has also been found in slash - and - burn areas away from rainforest ( iucn 2008 ) .\nandriantsiferana , m . , andriamaharavo , n . r . , razafindrabe , c . r . , harisoa , c . , rasendra , p . , garraffo , m . , spande , t . , and daly , j . ( 2006 ) .\nboulenger , g . a . ( 1888 ) . ' ' descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from madagascar . ' '\nclark , v . c . , rakotomalala , v . , ramilijaona , o . , abrell , l . , and fisher , b . l . ( 2006 ) . ' ' individual variation in alkaloid content of poison frogs of madagascar (\nclark , v . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , rakotomalala , v . , sierwald , p . , and fisher , b . l . ( 2005 ) . ' ' convergent evolution of chemical defense in poison frogs and arthropod prey between madagascar and the neotropics . ' '\ndaly , j . w . , garraffo , m . , spande , t . f . , giddings , l . , saporito , r . a . , vieites , d . r . , and vences , m . ( 2008 ) . ' ' individual and geographic variation of skin alkaloids in three species of madagascan poison frogs (\ngoodman , s . m . , and benstead , j . p . ( 2003 ) .\niucn ( 2008 ) . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 11 december 2008 .\nodierna , g . , vences , m . , aprea , g . , l\u00f6tters , s . , and andreone , f . ( 2001 ) . ' ' chromosome data for malagasy poison frogs ( amphibia : ranidae :\nnathan van patten ( nathanielmvanpatten at st . bhsu . edu ) , black hills state university\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npeering through a small aquarium\u2019s water - stained glass , i spotted what i had saved my allowance for weeks to buy . a tiny frog poked its head out from a pile of moss in the corner and hopped toward the front of the tank chasing an unsuspecting cricket . this beauty was the lone orange frog of several assorted mantellas this local pet store had left . i brought it home and placed it into a heavily planted terrarium . then i sat down in front of the enclosure and eagerly watched as the frog explored its new surroundings .\nit\u2019s a thrill to watch a group of them interact . males wrestle each other over territory or call from atop leaf litter in the cage . not only is their captive behavior interesting but also their natural history . get to know these unique amphibians and you , too , will likely become passionate about the poison frogs of madagascar .\nmantellas are most active during the wettest time of year : december to february . during this time males call loudly to defend territory , and females feed on ants , mites and other small invertebrates in preparation for breeding .\nmost species breed near streams . eggs are laid nearby on land , usually in moist depressions . the water from heavy rain then flushes the developing tadpoles into nearby pools of water .\nwhen the rain stops and the cooler dry months follow , mantellas become less active . the severity of this dry season varies in different parts of madagascar . some mantellas , such as m . milotympanum , aestivate in extreme conditions until the weather improves ; others simply become less visible and live among leaf litter on the forest floor waiting for rain to return .\noften associated with the similarly small and colorful south american poison frogs of the dendrobatidae family , mantellas also possess poisonous alkaloids in their skin . however , mantellas seem to loose their toxicity in captivity over time . although not very dangerous to humans , contact with the frogs should be avoided .\nalthough they share many things in common with dendrobatids , mantellas are not closely related to them . they are placed within the anuran subfamily mantellinae . their taxonomy seems to constantly be under revision , and it has changed considerably during the past two decades . currently , there are 16 recognized species . many other mantellas appearing different from the described species exist , but work still needs to be done in order to determine their official status .\nonce thought to be a color variety of m . aurantiaca , m . milotympanum can be distinguished by its smaller size ( usually 0 . 7 to 0 . 9 inches ) , granular skin and black tympanums . the species is only known to occur in several pockets of gallery forest near swamps , and it\u2019s also critically endangered , yet it still sporadically appears in the pet trade . golden and lime - green frogs exist , which otherwise appear identical to m . milotympanum , but await further research .\nfemale m . crocea grow close to an inch in length , but males may mature at only 0 . 7 inches .\nclosely related to m . milotympanum is m . crocea . colored yellow , khaki - brown or bronze , the frog\u2019s monotone color is broken by a chocolate face mask , and often brown speckling on the dorsum and limbs . female m . crocea grow close to an inch in length , but males may mature at only 0 . 7 inches . these frogs have a tiny distribution , and inhabit forests similar to and near those of m . aurantiaca and m . milotympanum in east - central madagascar . in captivity , they are hardy as long as they are not exposed to temperatures above the mid to high 70s .\nonce thought to be a color variety of m . aurantiaca , m . milotympanum can be distinguished by its smaller size ( usually 0 . 7 to 0 . 9 inches ) , granular skin and black tympanums .\nwild mantellas are particularly sensitive when first acquired , and they usually arrive malnourished and with parasites . for this reason , quarantine newly imported frogs for several weeks or months in simple housing . monitor them carefully , and treat problems with the necessary medication as advised by a veterinarian . after this acclimation period they can be moved to more permanent setups .\nalthough the overwhelming majority of mantellas found for sale are wild - caught , breeding does occur in captivity . talk to people at a local herpetological society and search the internet to locate the captive - bred species you are looking for .\na standard 15 - gallon aquarium lined with an inch of wetted sphagnum moss , a few pieces of cork bark , artificial plants and a small , shallow water bowl are sufficient for a group of six frogs . moist paper towels can be used as an alternative to moss , but it must be changed frequently , sometimes daily , to ensure the frogs\u2019 health . sphagnum moss should be taken out and rinsed periodically , and replace it as needed .\nbecause of these frogs\u2019 territorial behavior , provide sufficient hide spots , so all frogs feel secure . artificial or live plants , pieces of cork bark , crumpled and moist paper towel , driftwood , or film canisters are all good options .\nalternatively , living terraria can be created to house mantellas . the bacteria and live plants in these systems help break down waste and minimize the amount of work needed to maintain them . it can be more difficult to monitor mantellas in these complex setups , but the aesthetics of a carefully designed terrarium outweigh this for some people .\na basic terrarium design consists of a drainage layer ( gravel , leca or a false - bottom of some sort ) , followed by nylon mesh . several inches of soil and leaf litter are placed atop the mesh . avoid potting soil because the added chemical fertilizers may irritate or harm mantellas . instead , opt for a pre - mixed soil blend from a pet store or terrarium supply company . tropical plants will grow well in this substrate , but remember to first rinse them thoroughly before placing them in the enclosure to remove pesticides . use driftwood or cork - bark tubes to create dramatic effects and provide the frogs with places to perch .\nif live plants are grown within the enclosure , make sure the lighting provided does not overheat the cage .\nwhether choosing a simple setup or living terrarium , a temperature range between 65 and 75 degrees works well . some species , such as m . aurantiaca , m . cowani and m . crocea , are particularly sensitive to warm temperatures , and they quickly decline in health when exposed to them . others , such as m . expectata and m . laevigata , prefer temperatures several degrees warmer than the aforementioned range . daytime highs can reach nearly 80 degrees .\nif live plants are grown within the enclosure , make sure the lighting provided does not overheat the cage . allow the humidity level to remain high most of the time , particularly when temperatures are on the warmer side . achieve this by using glass or plastic wrap to seal sections of a screen cover and misting the cage as needed . some species from drier regions of madagascar , such as m . expectata and m . viridis , may prefer less humid conditions than rain forest species , such as m . madagascariensis or m . nigricans .\nmantellas have a tremendous appetite . feed them small crickets , flightless fruit flies , termites , roach nymphs , small spiders , rice - flower beetle larvae , small waxworms and other available invertebrates .\nfeed the frogs twice a week or in small quantities daily , and offer anywhere from two to 10 food items per frog depending on the kind and size of the feeders , and the frequency with which you feed the frogs . use high - quality vitamin and mineral supplements so the frogs\u2019 nutritional requirements are met . alternately , use a calcium and multivitamin supplement lightly on food during most feedings .\nacclimated , healthy mantellas make wonderful captives . their fascinating behavior , and the bright contrasting colors and patterns of many species , make them an ideal candidate for the tropical terrarium . male frogs engage in charming territorial conflicts involving calling and sometimes even physical combat depending on the species . predominately diurnal , they spend much of the day hunting for food and patrolling their territory , and you can easily view this interesting behavior .\nthis page requires javascript . it seems that your browser does not have javascript enabled . please enable javascript and press the reload / refresh button on your browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neggs are best left in situ until the well - formed tadpoles are ready to hatch out which is usually after the 2 - 6 day mark . mist them regularly to ensure they do not dry out . hatching is a critical time in the development . somehow the eggs need to be submersed in water so that tadpoles can wriggle free . however where eggs are situated in holes or crevice or they are adhered to the underside of rocks or bark they can be difficult to remove manually without crushing the tadpoles themselves . if this is the case either remove the entire log , rock etc . and submerse in water , or remove adult mantellas and begin to fill up the aquarium or glass tray .\nthis group consist of some of the most beautiful of the mantellas and also some of the most confusing in terms of taxonomy .\n21 - 29mm discovered in 1981 in the extreme south - east of the madagascar and is rarely imported into the hobby probably due to the lack of demand . distinguished from the very similar\nby the heart - shaped marking on the brownish dorsum . the front limbs also tend to be a whitish - green and the hind - limbs a dull orange . it produces relatively large clutches of 60 or more yellowish - white eggs .\nyou can e - mail me at : marcstan @ urltoken all rights reserved . all text and photo ' s - copyright \u00a91996 - 9 marc staniszewski most recent revision : 30 / 09 / 98 back to my personal file"]}
{"id": 2498, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia perolivata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in peru .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dull olive luteous , somewhat thinly scaled .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the outer half of the wing from just beyond the large black cell-spot , is of a darker hue than the basal part .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are similar to the forewings . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia perolivata", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for perolivata definition . you find here perolivata meaning , synonyms of perolivata and images for perolivata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\neupithecia absinthiata clerck , 1759 = eupithecia coagulata guen\u00e9e in boisduval and guen\u00e9e , 1858 .\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word perolivata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word perolivata and , of course , perolivata synonyms and on the right images related to the word perolivata .\nash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\neupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2504, "summary": [{"text": "the south american pilchard ( sardinops sagax ) is a sardine of the family clupeidae , the only member of the genus sardinops .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is found in the indo-pacific and east pacific oceans .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its length is up to 40 cm ( 16 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it has other names , some of which more appropriately refer to subspecies , including blue pilchard , australian pilchard ( s. s. neopilchardus ) , blue-bait , californian pilchard ( s. s. caeruleus ) , chilean sardine ( s. s. sagax ) , japanese pilchard ( s. s. melanostictus ) , pacific sardine , and southern african pilchard ( s. s. ocellatus ) . ", "topic": 22}], "title": "south american pilchard", "paragraphs": ["south american pilchard sardinops sagax - / animals / aquatic / fish / p / south _ american _ pilchard _ _ sardinops _ sagax . png . html\nhome \u00bb sardinops sagax ssp . sagax ( australian pilchard , blue - bait , blue pilchard , californian pilchard , california pilchard , california sardine , chilean pilchard , chilean sardine , japanese pilchard , mulies , pacific american sardine , pacific sardine , picton herring , pilchard , sardina , smig , south american pilchard , spotlined sardine )\nalso known as spotlined sardine , smig , sardina , pilchard , picton herring , pacific sardine , pacific american sardine , mulies , japanese pilchard , chilean sardine , california sardine , chilean pilchard , california pilchard , blue pilchard , blue - bait , australian pilchard , south american pilchard and many other different names in different parts of the world .\nsardine , chilean pilchard , south american pilchard . vector illustration with refined details and optimized stroke that allows the image to be used in small sizes .\nthe south american pilchard fish is a commercially important fish species . the south australian sardine fishery targets this fish and it is the highest yielding single species fishery in\nthe south american pilchard fish oviparous fish species , with pelagic eggs and larvae . they are pretty long lived fish species with up to 25 years of average lifespan . however , review full breed profile of the south american pilchard fish in the table below .\n\u201csouth american pilchard\u2014northern ( cold ) stock : fish source scores . \u201d fish source . sustainable fisheries partnership , 2016 . web .\nthe south american pilchard fish is mainly used for making fishmeal . but it is also used for human consumption and eaten fried and broiled .\nthe south american pilchard fish is a sardine which is the only member of the genus sardinops . it is mainly found in the indo - pacific and east pacific oceans . it is also called by many other names such as spotlined sardine , smig , sardina , pilchard , picton herring , pacific sardine , pacific american sardine , mulies , japanese pilchard , chilean sardine , california sardine , chilean pilchard , california pilchard , blue pilchard , blue - bait , australian pilchard , south american pilchard and many other different names in different parts of the world .\nthe south american pilchard fish are mainly feed on planktonic crustaceans . the young fish feed on zooplankton such as copepod , and the adults are feed on phytoplankton .\npacific sardine ( sardinops sagax ) also known as the california pilchard or australian or south - american pilchard , blue sardine , chilean sardine or japanese pilchard . it lives throughout the indo - pacific basin and its length varies from 12\u201340 cm .\ntotal landings of south african small pelagic fish , 1950\u20132000 , showing the contributions of anchovy , pilchard , and round herring .\ncurrently the south american pilchard fish has no major threats , and is widely distributed . and currently it is listed as least concern . generally it occurs in several marine protected areas . however , read some more information about this\nthe south american pilchard fish are oviparous fish species . some individuals spawn in their first year in the gulf of california , but most in their second year . they breed in spring in australia . generally the females can lay between 10 , 000 and 45 , 000 eggs per spawning depending on their size .\nthe pilchard bycatch taken when anchovy is targeted comprises juvenile fish , and must therefore depend on the size of pilchard recruitment \u2013 the fixed ratio ( used to calculate the january / february pilchard bycatch allowance linked to anchovy ) is adjusted to reflect this 1 .\nthere is a newer version of this dataset available . take a look at total fishery production - south - east pacific .\nthe south australian industry has launched a new management plan to keep the $ 20 million fishery sustainable , which includes catching more fish .\nunpublished report , sea fisheries research institute , south africa , wg / jan98 / pel / 3 : 4 pp . + 8 figures\nproportion of the first anchovy tac used to calculate the first pilchard tab ( set at 0 . 1 )\nthe body of the south american pilchard fish is cylindrical and elongate . their belly is rounded with ventral scutes . their back is of blue green color , flanks are white , with 1 to 3 series of dark spots along the middle . average body length of this fish is around 20 cm , with a maximum recorded body length of 39 . 5 cm . maximum recorded live body weight of this fish is 486 grams . photo and info from\nthe typical annual cycle of events for management of the pilchard and anchovy fisheries in south africa . successive tacs and tabs are essentially revisions of their forerunners ( i . e . the second tac / b is a revision of the first , etc . ) . tabs incorporate pilchard bycatch with both anchovy and round herring . ( note that because the additional sub - season is separate from the normal season for anchovy , the tac / bs actually applied in the sub - season are : anchovy 3 rd tac less anchovy 2 nd tac , and pilchard 3 rd tab less pilchard 2 nd tab . )\njuvenile pilchard and anchovy , which appear first in mixed shoals of fish of similar size when they recruit to the fishery , tend to separate later in the season , because the anchovy growth rate starts to slow before that of pilchard .\nthe earlier mps used only the survey - based pilchard recruit estimate to adjust the fixed ratio , but later mps incorporated the pilchard : anchovy ratio , as estimated from both the recruit survey and the industry ' s catches in may .\nnovember acoustic survey estimates ( barange , 1998 , 1999 ; coetzee , 2001 ) of spawner biomass for pilchard and anchovy , together with values of the pilchard bycatch when anchovy are targeted , expressed as a percentage of the corresponding anchovy catch .\n. these modifications essentially mean that , for \u03b2 choices reflecting a desired low pilchard catch to allow for high anchovy catches , the minimum pilchard tac is reduced proportional to \u03b2 once \u03b2 drops below 0 . 1 . a similar adjustment is made to \u03b1\n( panel a ) increases pilchard catches , but reduces anchovy catch on average . however , reducing \u03b4 from 0 . 85 to 0 . 7 for a greater buffer against poor anchovy recruitment ( panel d ) appears to have little effect on average catches , except for improving anchovy catches when an option reflecting low pilchard catches is selected . decreasing the maximum downward adjustment constraint for pilchard\nthe south australian sardine fishery is a significant fishery in australian waters . the fishery consistently harvests the highest volume single species yields in comparison to any other australian fishery .\nin terms of average catch with that for ten other mp candidates . for the same value of \u03b2 , increasing the maximum pilchard tac constraint\natlantic sardine ( sardina pilchardus pilchardus ) also called sardine of brittany or pilchard ( especially when canned ) : bigger , it measures 20\u201325 cm .\nnaturally , these general objectives are in conflict , so trade - off choices are needed . in particular , it is not possible simultaneously to maximize the average directed pilchard and anchovy tacs to be expected , because of the juvenile pilchard bycatch with anchovy . a plot of average directed pilchard against average anchovy catches expected under a candidate mp is referenced below as a \u201ctrade - off\u201d curve ( see , for example , figures 5\u20138 ) .\neven though the additional sub - season was predicated on the basis of near - pure anchovy catches , a modest pilchard tab was nevertheless set for the additional sub - season ( a fixed amount of 2000 t ) in order to facilitate harvesting of the additional anchovy tac . the anchovy tac and associated pilchard tab for the additional sub - season were clearly separated from the normal season , with observer coverage mandatory in the additional sub - season , to offset any incentive to discard catches with high levels of bycatch . the additional sub - season applied only to anchovy and any associated pilchard bycatch , whereas the pilchard - directed fishery and the pilchard bycatch associated with catches of round herring applied to the whole year . figure 4 illustrates this typical annual cycle of events for the management of pilchard and anchovy , including this relatively recent modification of the additional sub - season for anchovy .\ncalculation of the pilchard bycatch allowance ( associated with the anchovy tac ) includes a component related to round herring ( a fixed tonnage of pilchard is set aside for this ) , and another linked to the size of the anchovy tac . the latter is a fixed proportion of this anchovy tac , and is revised following the recruit survey because :\nthe harvest from the south australian sardine fishery supplies diverse markets . currently 94 % of the harvest is used as a high quality feed in tuna ranching operations located off port lincoln , south australia . the remaining 6 % of the catch is supplies a growing human consumption demand , as well as a recreational fishing bait market and premium brands of pet food . the sardine is a versatile species suitable for a range of products and applications .\nconceptual map of the distribution and movement of pilchard and anchovy ( after coetzee , 2001 ) , showing also the location of processing facilities and field stations used to sample landings .\none of the consequences of the introduction of the trade - off concept in omp99 was that , if a viable pilchard fishery was to be guaranteed , limitations on juvenile pilchard bycatch , necessary to protect the directed pilchard fishery , would lead to smaller anchovy catches than that resource could actually sustain . in order to address this concern , the concept of a sub - season later in the year to target \u201cclean\u201d anchovy shoals was introduced . there are a few reasons why such an additional sub - season provides a practical basis to enhance anchovy catches .\nfigure 6 is a plot of the m 1 trade - off curve along with that associated with omp99 . the data updates and additional features now incorporated ( m 1 ) lead to a considerable improvement in the average catches possible from the fishery . the bars around the \u03b2 = 0 . 1 point on the m 1 curve emphasize the considerable variation in annual catches associated with such mps . figure 7 illustrates the improvement in performance in terms of average catches over that of omp99 as successive changes were introduced when developing the mps presented in this paper . the additional sub - season allows further utilization of anchovy . it may lead to less anchovy , and hence less pilchard bycatch , being taken in the normal season , which allows for higher pilchard - directed catches , and thus improved utilization of the pilchard resource . a further general improvement in the utilization of both species is evident when account is taken of implementation error ( allowing for the possibility that the pilchard tab may not be fully utilized ) . the consequence of this is either to allow for more pilchard - directed catch ( because in many years , not all the pilchard tab will be used ) , or alternatively to take more anchovy catch ( hence using a greater proportion of the pilchard tab on average ) .\npilchard and anchovy form the mainstay of the south african pelagic fishery , and together with round herring ( etrumeus whiteheadi ) have accounted for more than 90 % of the mass of all small pelagic fish landed annually since the mid - 1970s ( figure 1 ) . the rapid rise of the pilchard fishery in the mid - to late 1950s , targeting mainly adult fish for canning , was followed by a collapse by the mid - 1960s , and a move to anchovy through the introduction of nets with smaller mesh ( crawford et al . , 1980 ) . the anchovy fishery targeted mainly juveniles , which were processed in reduction plants ( to provide fishmeal , oil , and fertilizer ) . pilchard and anchovy are the only small pelagic species currently managed by a tac , with separate tacs set for each .\nj . a . a . de oliveira , d . s . butterworth ; developing and refining a joint management procedure for the multispecies south african pelagic fishery , ices journal of marine science , volume 61 , issue 8 , 1 january 2004 , pages 1432\u20131442 , urltoken\nby volume . and the industry commenced in south australia in 1991 with an annual catch quota of 1 , 000 tones . the fishery\u2019s annual quota was set at 36 , 000 tonnes in 2003 . and the annual quota had increased to 36 , 000 tonnes by 2014 .\nincreases ( reflecting better utilization of the anchovy resource , which is possible because bycatch of juvenile pilchard is limited to a maximum of 2000 t in the additional sub - season ) . therefore , even though \u03b2 , \u03b1\n, the trade - off curves are mainly determined by the pilchard risk constraint coming into operation , except for the vertical segment on the right side , which is a reflection of the anchovy risk threshold coming into play .\npilchard\u2013anchovy ( denoted p or a , respectively ) trade - off curves were constructed by varying \u03b2 from 0 to 0 . 6 in steps of 0 . 01 . for each value of \u03b2 , the procedure was tuned by alternately varying \u03b1\nwe thank south africa ' s department of environmental affairs and tourism , marine and coastal management , for their support of the first author while he was employed there , specifically including making freely available all the data on which this paper is based , and two anonymous reviewers for valued comments on an earlier draft .\nthis trend of increasing separation is evidenced by an examination of pilchard bycatch : anchovy ratios in the commercial catches , which show that , by august , these ratios have typically reduced to half their levels in may ( de oliveira , 2003 ) .\nimprovements in the performance of omp99 in terms of average catch as various changes were successively introduced when developing the mps presented in this paper . curve ( a ) is the curve associated with omp99 ; curve ( b ) incorporates new / updated data and consequent bootstrap parameter distributions used in testing ; curve ( c ) incorporates the additional anchovy sub - season ; and curve ( d ) incorporates the fact that the pilchard bycatch declines between may and august , so the pilchard tab may not be fully utilized . ( note ,\nomp99 has since been refined and implemented as omp02 in 2002 . refinements were necessary to permit the enhanced utilization of both resources ( as demonstrated below ) . the associated analyses took account of a further 3 years of data , an additional within - season adjustment of the anchovy tac ( although implemented in practice , this had not formally been incorporated into omp99 ) , implementation error ( necessary to address the fact that the pilchard tab had not always been filled in practice , allowance for which could admit larger tacs for the directed pilchard fishery \u2013 the development of the omp99 formulae had assumed that the pilchard tab was always fully caught ) , and the introduction of a scheme whereby rights - holders in the pelagic fishery could each select their own preferred pilchard\u2013anchovy trade - off . this paper provides a brief background to the pelagic fishery , and a description of omp02 , which explains the refinements introduced to allow enhanced utilization of both resources . particular focus is given to the construction of trade - off curves , with details of some of the problems encountered and how they were addressed .\nthe south australian sardine industry is utilises a method of fishing known as purse seining . sardines are a schooling species , that when located the net ( purse seine ) is deployed around the school of fish and the catch is pumped on board into refrigerated holds , at below zero temperatures , to ensure the quality of the catch is maximized .\nmanagement of pilchard and anchovy relies heavily on the results of two acoustic surveys held annually , one in november to survey the adult stocks , and one in may / june to survey recruitment for the year ( hampton , 1987 , 1992 ) . prior to the implementation of omp99 , the typical management cycle for pilchard and anchovy would commence with tacs and tabs set at the start of the fishing season ( january / february ) , on the basis of the results of the preceding november survey ( provisional tac / bs were set before this , but they were minima , corresponding to fractions of the previous year ' s tacs and not based on any new data , and were over - ridden by the january / february tac / bs ) . the pilchard tac remained in force ( without alteration ) for the remainder of the fishing season ( officially ending in october , though usually extended to december ) , but the anchovy tac was revised within the year for the following reasons :\nsubspecies sardinops sagax sagax is not universally recognized . a recent genetic analysis ( grant et al . 1998 ) of the status of sardinops populations indicates that there are three subspecies : s . s . ocellatus from south africa , australia and new zealand , s . s . sagax from the southeastern and northeastern pacific , and s . s . melanostictus from the northwest pacific . other authors consider each subspecies as a valid species .\nthe value of output generated directly in south australia and the eyre and western region by sardine fishing enterprises summed to $ 21 . 0 million in 2012 / 13 . flow - ons to other sectors of the state economy added another $ 31 . 6 million in output ( $ 14 . 7 million in the regional economy ) . the total output impact in sa ( direct plus indirect ) was estimated to be $ 58 . 8 million in 2012 / 13 ( $ 40 . 1 million in the regional economy ) .\nthe management features described in the previous section and summarized in figure 4 necessarily dictate the structure and form of mps for the south african pelagic fishery . the tac / b equations and constraints given in table 1 constitute the set of rules for omp02 . the simulation - testing framework ( for details of this application , see de oliveira , 2003 ) forms a key part of the development of a mp , and allows the performance of alternative mps to be compared on the basis of summary performance statistics ( described in table 2 ) .\nmanagement procedure rules in the form of tac / b equations and constraints . definitions of all symbols are provided in table 2 . note that \u201cexceptional circumstances\u201d provisions exist , so the tac and associated constraint calculations are adjusted downwards if the november survey results for pilchard or anchovy ( when calculating first - stage tacs ) , or if the projected survey result for anchovy ( when calculating second - and third - stage tacs for anchovy ) are below certain threshold levels ( 150 000 t for the pilchard survey result , and 400 000 t for both the actual and projected anchovy survey results ) . de oliveira ( 2003 ) provides more details of the meta - rules for \u201cexceptional circumstances\u201d , which have been omitted from the equations below for simplicity . adjustments in tacs during the year , if applicable , may only be upwards , not downwards , because by the time the 2 nd tac is set , the 1 st tac could have been fully caught .\nthis framework essentially consists of an operating model to simulate the \u201ctrue\u201d dynamics of the resource , an assessment procedure used to estimate the parameters of this operating model , the mp rules ( which include the tac / b equations and constraints ) , and the summary performance statistics . in this case , 500 simulations of 20 - year projection periods were carried out , each simulation representing a plausible \u201cstate of nature\u201d ( computationally , for each simulation , parameters of the operating model take on values from a single realization of the joint probability distribution given by the assessment procedure ) . data typical of the type required by the mp rules in practice ( and subject to the same error structure ) were generated from the operating model and passed to the mp rules , which advised the tacs and passed them back to the operating model . at this stage , implementation error can be taken into account . for example , in this case the operating model generated future juvenile pilchard : anchovy catch ratios , to simulate the pilchard bycatch actually taken , which could turn out to be less than the tab .\nneritic ( ref . 11230 ) . a coastal species that forms large schools ( ref . 188 ) . occur at temperatures ranging from 16\u00b0 to 23\u00b0c in summer and from 10\u00b0 to 18\u00b0c in winter . feed mainly on planktonic crustaceans . young fish feed on zooplankton such as copepod and adults on phytoplankton ( ref . 39882 ) . oviparous , with pelagic eggs , and pelagic larvae ( ref . 265 ) . possibly can live up to 25 years ( ref . 265 ) . in the california region , pilchards make northward migrations early in summer and travel back south again in autumn . with each year of life , the migration becomes farther ( ref . 6885 ) . marketed fresh , frozen or canned . utilized mainly for fish meal ; but also eaten fried and broiled ( ref . 9988 ) . main source of landing : ne pacific : mexico ( ref . 4931 ) .\nin the us , the pacific sardine is currently a limited entry fishery with a total allowable catch ( quotas ) , however the limited entry permit covers all pelagic finfish , not just sardines . there are 65 permit holders , but it is unclear how many boats target which species ( pfmc 2011 ) . sardines are typically caught with purse seines , though some vessels are transitioning to drum seines ( pfmc 2011 ) . the historical hubs are still in southern california and monterey bay , but astoria has recently supported a major fishery . about 85 % of the catch is processed and shipped to china , japan and south korea ( caopc 2013 ) . the other 15 % typically composes the bait fishery . bycatch is negligible ( less than 1 % ) , though there may be impacts on california sea lions that have come to rely on sardines as an important food source ( hill et al . 2015 ) .\na further feature that also formed part of omp02 , but was beyond the scope of this paper to consider , was a change in the way the trade - off decision ( i . e . the point on the m 1 trade - off curve eventually selected and implemented as omp02 ) was made : from \u201cexternally\u201d ( as was done in the past for the fishery as a whole by the responsible government minister ) to \u201cinternally\u201d ( separately by each individual rights - holder , based on their own preferences ) . in a highly divergent industry , with some participants having sole interests in either canning ( pilchard ) or reduction ( anchovy ) operations , this was seen as a powerful tool to accommodate such differing interests in the two resources .\n, so points on the trade - off curve are determined by either the pilchard or the anchovy ( or both ) depletion risk constraints being met . the specific choices of 0 . 1 and 0 . 3 duplicated levels considered appropriate in the formulation of previous omps . the associated abundance threshold for anchovy was , however , moved lower ( from 0 . 2 k to 0 . 15 k ) to allow for the fact that the extent of natural fluctuations in anchovy abundance had been estimated to be higher than previously believed ( which meant in turn that the resource is robust to fluctuations down to lower levels of abundance than had previously been thought ) . the effect of this tuning is that , as \u03b2 is increased ( moving from the bottom right to the top left of the trade - off curves in\ncomparing the omp99 pilchard\u2013anchovy trade - off curve with the base - case mp ( m 1 ) curve . the solid diamonds are points on each curve associated with \u03b2 = 0 . 1 , and the open squares with \u03b2 = 0 . 15 . the bars around the \u03b2 = 0 . 1 point on the m 1 curve are to indicate that 50 and 90 % of all simulated tac values fall within the inner and outer limits , respectively . points on each curve are obtained by varying \u03b2 from 0 ( bottom right ) to 0 . 6 ( top left ) in steps of 0 . 01 . ( note , however , that the curves intersect the vertical axis long before \u03b2 = 0 . 6 , the exact value of \u03b2 for which this happens varying from procedure to procedure . )\nfor the purpose of this paper , management procedures can differ in the choice of constraint values and \u03b4 , and also in the choice of the control parameters \u03b1 ns , \u03b1 ads , and \u03b2 ( table 1 ) . the former ( constraints and \u03b4 ) reflect different pilchard\u2013anchovy trade - off curves , whereas the latter correspond to different points on the same trade - off curve ( see later discussion , and figure 8 ) . therefore , one can speak of the m 1 trade - off curve , which refers to the suite of management procedures with the same choice of constraints and \u03b4 as m 1 , or one can refer to m 1 as the point on the m 1 curve with the particular choice of control parameters associated with m 1 . the choice of constraint values and \u03b4 associated with the m 1 curve are shown in table 2 . where other candidate management procedures ( or curves ) are compared with m 1 ( or the m 1 curve ) , only the constraint whose value has changed is shown , in figure 8 and table 3 .\ntable 3 repeats the results of figure 8 , showing the values for all summary performance statistics , but only for \u03b2 = 0 . 1375 , which was the value of \u03b2 used for omp99 . these results are shown to provide some indication of the values of the summary statistics not shown in figure 8 . of particular interest is that , under \u03b2 = 0 . 1375 , smaller anchovy catches are obtained on average in the normal season ( lasting roughly 8 months ) than when there is also an additional season ( lasting no longer than 4 months ) , for almost all mp variants . decreasing the maximum percentage by which the pilchard tac may drop from one year to the next ( variant 3 ) also has a severe impact on anchovy catches and associated interannual variability in the normal season . however , all depletion statistics are fairly insensitive to the different mp variants considered . after joint consideration of such results by scientists and industry ( including results from the robustness tests , which are not presented here ) , m 1 was considered to reflect the best choice of operational constraints .\nthe total employment impact in sa was estimated to be 171 fte jobs ( 105 fte jobs regionally ) .\nsardines might be one of the smallest fish caught , but the industry is the largest single species commercial fishery by volume in australia , and it ' s getting bigger .\nninety - five per cent of the sardine catch is fed to port lincoln ' s southern blue fin tuna farms , but the industry wants to harness the human consumption potential by increasing demand , both domestically and in india and china .\nsa sardine industry association executive officer paul watson says the quota has been increased from 34 , 000 to 38 , 000 tonnes .\nthe spawning biomass estimate seems like the highest egg count that we ' ve seen in the fishery in the time that the daily egg production model surveys have been conducted .\nmr watson says pelagic , or small fish , fisheries do a have a history of fluctuating up and down with stock numbers .\nin 2004 - 2005 , it had a peak catch of 57 , 000 tonnes .\nto date , it ' s been quite stable and with this management plan industry and government are confident that the harvest strategy and harvest rates are sufficiently conservative to ensure the long - term sustainability of the stock .\nthe industry has already come a long way . when it started in 1991 , the catch was 1 , 000 tonnes .\nsa fisheries minister leon bignell says the management plan includes harvest strategies , stock assesment , compliance and regulations for the next five years .\nreduced catches and a fall in the price of sardines have impacted on the industry during the past few years .\nhowever , with co - operation between primary industries and regions sa and the industry , the development of this new management plan is set to deliver sustainable growth for the our sardine fishers .\nscientists and commercial fishermen say australia ' s rollout of a carp virus is being rushed through , risking relationships with international trading partners .\nthe late harry m . miller ' s work in the cattle arena contributed to the legendary music promoter ' s reputation in rural australia .\nit ' s the iron ore mine that has spent more time under water than in production . now there ' s new hope for wa ' s cockatoo island mine .\ncoles will no longer sell controversial allowrie branded honey , which contains 70 per cent imported product from countries including china , argentina and mexico .\nthis service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .\nlatin and greek , sarda = sardine ; name related to the island of sardinia + greek , ops = appearance ( ref . 45335 )\nfrom the latin word ' sagax ' which means of quick perception , acute , or alert ( ref . 6885 )\nmarine ; pelagic - neritic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 200 m ( ref . 188 ) . subtropical ; 9\u00b0c - 21\u00b0c ( ref . 6390 ) ; 61\u00b0n - 47\u00b0s , 145\u00b0w - 180\u00b0e ( ref . 36641 )\nindo - pacific : southern africa to the eastern pacific ( ref . 27267 ) . three lineages were confirmed through cluster and parsimony analyses of haplotypic divergences : southern africa ( ocellatus ) and australia ( neopilchardus ) ; chile ( sagax ) and california ( caeruleus ) ; and , japan ( melanostictus ) ( ref . 36641 ) .\nmaturity : l m 9 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 39 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9291 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; max . published weight : 486 . 00 g ( ref . 6885 ) ; max . reported age : 25 years ( ref . 188 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 21 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 23 ; vertebrae : 48 - 54 . body cylindrical and elongate ; ventral part of operculum with clear cut bony striae radiating downwards ; belly rounded with ventral scutes ; back blue green ; flanks white , with 1 to 3 series of dark spots along the middle ( ref . 55763 ) . the radiating bony striae on the operculum distinguish this species from all other clupeids in the area . the radiating bony striae on the operculum distinguish this fish from all other clupeids in the area . in new zealand the species appears to grow larger ( 21 . 3 cm standard length ; cf . 19 . 7 cm ) , has slightly larger eggs and a higher mean number of vertebrae ( 50 . 52 ; cf . 49 to 50 . 08 in various samples ) ( ref . 859 ) .\noviparous ( ref . 265 ) . in the gulf of california , some individuals spawn in their first year , but most in their second ( ref . 188 ) . in australia ( as s . neopilchardus ) , this species breeds in spring and summer in southern part of range , and in summer and autumn in northern part , apparently related to seasonal movement of the limiting 14\u00b0c and 21\u00b0c isotherms , then autumn to early spring ( ref . 6390 ) . it was believed that individual australian pilchards only spawn once or twice in a season ( ref . 26422 , 26424 ) , but research on related species suggests that they may spawn a number of times ( ref . 6882 ) . batch fecundities range from about 10 , 000 eggs in 13 cm long females to about 45 , 000 eggs in females of about 18 cm ( ref . 26420 ) .\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )\n) : 9 . 5 - 25 . 2 , mean 17 . 9 ( based on 938 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00713 - 0 . 01064 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 3 . 01 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 45 ; tm = 2 ; tmax = 13 - 25 ; fec = 10 , 000 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 56 , 2 sd range = 0 . 3 - 1 . 07 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 58 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 32 , based on : 1 m , 3 k , 9 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this subspecies has a wide distribution in the eastern pacific , has no major threats , and occurs in several marine protected areas . therefore , it is listed as least concern . however , further studies are needed to determine current population trends as some catch statistics indicate that it may be declining .\nthis subspecies is found from primarily in temperate waters throughout the entire eastern pacific ( parrish et al . 1989 ) .\nthere are no known conservation measures for this subspecies . however , its distribution includes a number of marine protected areas in the central tropical eastern pacific region .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .\nsubscribe roy ' s farm newsletter for news , updates and receiving notifications of new posts by email .\nby creating an account , i agree to shutterstock ' s website terms , privacy policy , and licensing terms .\n\u00a9 2003 - 2018 shutterstock , inc . all rights reserved . made in nyc .\nsmall ( s ) has the shortest download time and is suitable for digital use .\nlarge ( l ) is suitable for large prints as well as digital use . it is the original image provided by the contributor .\nyou can redownload your image for free at any time , in any size .\neditorial content , such as news and celebrity images , are not cleared for commercial use . learn more on our support center .\nsign up to browse over million images , video clips , and music tracks . plus , get free weekly content and more .\n( we only support jpg and png images under 5mb and no larger than 4000px on either side at this time . )\nour data insights library goes deeper into hot topics and critical world issues . looking for more ? learn about how we integrate data and expert visualization services with our intelligent tools , custom situation rooms , and enterprise data portals .\nthe description is composed by yodatai , our digital data assistant . have a question ? ask yodatai \u203a\ncatches of fish , crustaceans , molluscs and other aquatic organisms by species and fishing area for eu and associated countries ( in live weight equivalent of the landings ) .\nthe concepts and definitions used in the compilation of catch statistics are those laid down by the coordinating working party on fishery statistics ( cwp ) , of which eurostat is one of the member organizations . these concepts and definitions have been in force since the late 1950 ' s and are applied uniformly worldwide by the cwp and by the national authorities reporting to its member organizations . therefore , though the quality of the data varies from country to country ( being in many cases a function of the general characteristics of the national fishing industry ) , there is a high degree of comparability between countries and over time .\nthe data refer to the catch of freshwater , brackish water and marine species of fish , crustaceans , molluscs and other aquatic animals and plants , killed , caught , trapped or collected for all commercial , industrial , recreational and subsistence purposes .\nin view of the importance of recreational fishing regarding some stocks and for certain countries , as well as the difficulty of distinguishing between recreational and subsistence fishing , the data should include the catches from recreational fisheries as well . however , it is recognised that certain countries are unable to supply the data for recreational fisheries .\nthe catches are expressed in the live weight equivalent of the landings . as such they exclude all quantities caught but not landed ( for example : discarded fish , fish consumed on board ) . the unit used is generally the metric ton . data for marine mammals ( e . g . whales ) and certain other animals ( e . g . crocodiles ) are expressed in the number caught .\nthe nominal catch data are normally derived from the landed quantities of the fishery products . for this purpose , the landed weight is converted to the live weight equivalent ( nominal catch ) by the application of factors .\nspecies : all species for which catches are reported to international organizations are included in the eurostat ' s database . they are identified by the internationally assigned three letter identifier ( e . g . cod = atlantic cod , ple = european plaice ) according to the fao asfis ( aquatic sciences and fishery information system ) list of species for fishery statistics purposes .\nfishing areas / regions : the catches are sub - divided by the area in which they occur .\nthe methodologies vary from country to country depending on the nature of their fishing industries . basic documentation used in collecting the data from eu fisheries are fishing log - books , landings declarations and sales notes used in the management of catch quota and market management systems within the common fisheries policy . the methodologies used by eea member countries have been described in the eurostat publication\nfisheries : the collection and compilation of fish catch and landing statistics in member countries of the european economic area\n. those used by the new member states are described in a working document\nfisheries : the collection and compilation of fishery statistics in european union candidate countries\n( c ) harum . koh , some rights reserved ( cc by - sa ) , uploaded by harum . koh , urltoken\nyou can copy this taxon into another guide . if you are one of the editors of this guide it should copy everything , but if you ' re not , it will only copy the licensed content .\nit was sardinia , the mediterranean island , which gave its name to the sardine in the 13 th century . however , long before this , it was already widely fished , as it was always abundant and easy to catch . the phoenicians preserved it in salt and it was pressed to extract the oil , which was used as a fuel to make light .\nalongside herring , with which it was often confused , sardines fed whole populations for many centuries .\nthe idea of sardines in cans was dreamt up in 1820 by joseph colin of nantes . inspired by the invention of sterilization ( nicolas appert ) ten years previously , he had the great idea of putting sardines in a tin can , thereby sterilizing them . at the time this was a luxury product , but then canned sardines gradually became more accessible during the 20 th century , especially after world war i , when they were given to soldiers to meet their protein needs .\nperhaps because of their fairly strong flavor and smell , or perhaps because they were , and still are , a cheap fish , or maybe because they are difficult to work with , sardines have never really found a place in michelin - starred kitchens .\na very fragile fish , sardines must have an intact stomach , no trace of blood on the head , a shiny firm body , and a pleasant sea smell .\nan open belly means that it has been handled carelessly , and / or that it is no longer fresh .\nin france , canned sardines are classified into three categories : extra ( 1 st category ) , choix ( 2 nd category ) and 3 rd category . there is a wide range of options : in oil ( olive or another type ) , in tomato sauce , with herbs , lemon , mustard , or spices , etc . the various added ingredients must be shown on the label . the date of canning is also given and , for some , the vintage ( mill\u00e9sime ) .\nthey are also sold frozen , either whole ( usually from china ) or in double fillets with their skin .\nthe scales are removed from sardines , except when they are small and are going to be broiled : the scales protect their particularly vulnerable flesh , which cooks very quickly .\nthey are cleaned ( and the gills are removed at the same time ) and served whole or filleted .\nthe head is removed by pulling on the backbone : the two fillets remain attached by the tail and can be folded on top of one another .\nsardines can be breaded and deep fried , shallow fried , made into a gratin , or cooked en papillote . they can be cooked in an escabeche or stuffed , added to a fish soup or tagine , or marinated raw when extremely fresh . in japan , they are used to make sashimi and tsumire ( dumplings ) .\ncanned sardines can be used to make rillettes or a stuffing for baby tomatoes or raw zucchini .\nfresh sardines will keep for up to 24 hours in the refrigerator or cold room between 2 and 4\u00b0c in their ice .\ncanned sardines are stored at room temperature : sardines in oil must be turned over from time to time .\nthe sardine is an oily fish . its fat mainly comprises unsaturated fatty acids ( mono and polyunsaturated ) . it therefore contains omega 3 , especially when canned in oil .\nmediterranean sardine ( sardina pilchardus sardina ) . the smallest and the least oily . the smallest ones , called italian sardines , are generally 12\u201315 cm long , but they can sometimes grow up to 20 cm .\n22 march 2015 ( desdemona despair ) \u2013 you may have noticed the ongoing mass - starvation event among california sea lions . ( \u201c why are california sea lion pups starving ? \u201d ; \u201c sick sea lions flood shelters in california \u2013 pups wash ashore all along the coast amid what scientists say are strains on the ocean \u201d )\nthe sea lions are starving because humans have fished out one of their main forage fish , sardines . desdemona wanted to check the claim that \u201cany fishing on sardines right now is overfishing\u201d , so des downloaded the latest data from the united nations food and agricultural organization ( fao ) . fao maintains a huge trove of data on world food production , including annual catches of many fish . fao tracks four sardinops species :\nfao doesn\u2019t aggregate the data , but it was an easy matter to compute the total catch and graph it . and indeed , it\u2019s clear that as of 2012 , sardinops populations worldwide have crashed . the peak catch was in 1985 , at 11 , 690 , 299 tons , and the annual catch has since plummeted to less than 800 , 000 tons per year .\nthis is a classic resource depletion curve that follows logistic growth and decline ( hubbert curve ) . it confirms that the sardinops resource is depleted , and \u201cany fishing on sardines right now is overfishing\u201d .\nyou can get the data and related graphs here : sardine ( sardinops ) landings fao . xlsx .\nin our first installment in a series of fisheries \u201cclassics\u201d we discuss the pacific sardine ( sardinops sagax ) . the us west coast sardine fishery made headlines last year when the pacific fishery management council completely closed the commercial fishing seasons for washington , oregon and california . the sardine fishery has been quite important in understanding the biology of exploited fishes and is justly deserving of being our first \u201cclassic\u201d fisheries story .\npacific sardines once supported the largest fishery in the california current , off the west coast of north america from canada to baja california . the fishery developed at the beginning of the great depression as pacific sardines were processed for food and oil as well as for fish meal used by the expanding poultry industry . at its peak , the fishery yielded 600 , 000mt annually ( maccall 2015 ) . cannery row , in monterey , ca ( made famous by john steinbeck\u2019s novel of the same name ) was named for the sardine processors that lined the main street .\nin the 1950s , the stock collapsed\u2014culminating in a california - legislated moratorium on commercial sardine harvests from 1967 - 1986 , closing even the small bait fishery ( figure 1 ) . this collapse initiated the first assertions from the scientific community that overfishing was the root cause of the problem ( maccall 2011 ) . by 1972 fishing effort in the california current had shifted to northern anchovies ( engraulis mordax ) , which had become abundant .\nthrough the 1980\u2019s and 1990\u2019s pacific sardine abundance began to recover . this period was marked by a notable el ni\u00f1o year in 1992 when pacific sardines were dispersed as far north as british columbia where they had not been seen in over 40 years ( maccall 2015 ) . in the early 2000\u2019s pacific sardine biomass levels reached 1 million mt , but with a series of poor recruitments declined to the low levels reported last year .\nsee figures 2 , 3 , 4a and 4b for biomass , catch and total allowable catch ( tac ) , and fishing mortality rate of pacific sardines .\nfigure 1 . california sardine landings during the early years of the california cooperative oceanic fisheries investigations ( calcofi ) ( maccall 2011 ) .\nfigure 2 . pacific sardine ( sardinops sagax ) biomass ( hill 2015 ) .\nfigure 3 . pacific sardine ( sardinops sagax ) northern stock total allowable catch and landings for the us ( hill 2015 ) .\nfigure 4 . pacific sardine ( sardinops sagax ) northern stock fishing mortality rate ( fishsource . com 2016 ) .\nin 1965 garth murphy conducted a comprehensive study of sardine demography in the california current and concluded that intense fishing effort was the primary cause for the stock\u2019s collapse ( maccall 2011 ) . it was precipitated by poor recruitment in the early 1950\u2019s , but overfishing was considered the main catalyst . murphy also suggested that the surging populations of northern anchovy had ecologically replaced pacific sardines ( maccall 2011 ) . specific environmental influences were not identified .\nfigure 5 . a depiction of pacific sardine scale deposition rates taken from the santa barbara basin and adapted as originally presented in baumgartner et al . ( 1992 ) . this data illustrates the 50 to 100 year cyclical boom and bust nature of pacific sardines in the california current system .\nwhile populations did increase according to baumgartner et al\u2019s 50 - year theory in the 1990\u2019s , they were still well below the high levels of the 1940\u2019s . similar to patterns of fluctuations seen in the santa barbara sediments , pacific sardine biomass dropped sharply from 1 million mt in 2006 to an estimated 97 , 000 mt in 2015 , causing the abrupt closing of the commercial fishery , in accordance with the biomass - dependent harvest plan\nfigure 6 . pacific sardine science and management timeline . adapted from a personal interview with alec maccall ( 2015 ) .\nbaumgartner , t . r . , a . soutar , and v . ferreira - bartrina . 1992 . reconstruction of the history of pacific sardine and northern anchovy populations over the past two millenia from sediments of the santa barbara basin , california . calcofi reports 33 : 24\u201340 ."]}
{"id": 2506, "summary": [{"text": "scopula virgulata , the streaked wave , is a moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from most of europe to central asia and northern mongolia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 20 \u2013 22 millimetres ( 0.79 \u2013 0.87 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late july to august in one generation per year .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on carex and inula species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae can be found from august to june .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it overwinters in the larval stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "scopula virgulata", "paragraphs": ["scopula ( scopula ) virgulata ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = geometra virgulata denis & schifferm\u00fcller , 1775 = geometra strigaria h\u00fcbner , [ 1799 ] .\nrecently recorded for southern spain : j . gast\u00f3n , f . morente & v . redondo : scopula donovani ( distant , 1892 ) , un nuevo geom\u00e9trido para europa continental , descubierto en andaluc\u00eda ( espana ) ( lepidoptera : geometridae : sterrhinae , scopulini ) . bolet\u00edn de la sociedad entomol\u00f3gica aragonesa ( s . e . a . ) , n\u00ba 53 ( 31 / 12 / 2013 ) : 289\u2013291 .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nthere is some doubt as to the authenticity of this species as a british moth . there is a record of two individuals from kent in the late 19th century that some believe to be erroneous .\nthe species is distributed from france into eastern europe and beyond , where it occurs sparingly in open habitats .\nthere is a single generation , from june to august , and the larvae feed on a range of grasses and low plants .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 17 14 : 31 : 05 page render time : 0 . 2536s total w / procache : 0 . 3005s\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , france , germany , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , poland , portugal , romania , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , seaside , sakhalin , amur medium , medium - volzhsky , mid - ural , sredneobskaya , tuva , south west siberian , south ural , south yakutia .\naustria , belarus , belgium , france , germany , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\n[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\n- azores , balearic is . , british i . , bulgaria , canary is , channel is . , corsica , crete , croatia , cyprus ,\nthe final instar larva is light brown with wide darker dorsal line and thinner subdorsal lines . spriracles show up as small black dots .\nthis moth is an appendix a moth and as such is an adventive species added to british list based on the record of two alleged individuals caught in gravesend kent back in 1870 . as such occurrence in the british isles is unconfirmed .\nnote - plants hyperlinked in red below take the visitor to the relevant plant page on\nplants for a future\nwebsite where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed . plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant\nlepi - plants\npage where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .\n- austria - near vienna - s . v . rossica djakonov , 1926 - population of st petersburg area - greyer , with quite strong contrast s . v . virgata\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsubscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .\njoint project of the zoologische staatssammlung m\u00fcnchen ( dr . axel hausmann ) and apollo books , stenstrup ( peder skou )\nthis website aims to present an actual update to the book series\nthe geometrid moths of europe\n( a hausmann ed . ) . so far four volumes have been published , two are in preparation :\ngme5 ( ennominae i ) , skou & sihvonen ( in prep . 2014 ) : 144 species\ngme6 ( ennominae ii ) , m\u00fcller & erlacher ( in prep . 2015 ) : 172 species\n( highres photo , labels : amur ; photo : i . kostjuk , university kiev )\nrecorded in the polar urals ( # pers . comm . ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in eastern siberia .\nrecorded in central spain ( exposito 2006 ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in eastern algeria .\nwas described as separate species from central spain ( exposito 2006 ) , quoting slight differences in male genitalia ( saccus ) . molecular data ( coi barcoding ) show these minor differences to fall under the variation of\nrecorded in astrachan desert , southern european russia ( anikin pers . comm . ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in southern caucasus .\nrecorded on samos island ( fritsch & skou pers . comm . ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in turkey .\n( 2013 ; alexanor , 25 ( 6 ) , 2012 ( 2013 ) : 361 - 384 ) . recorded in northern portugal ( locus typicus ) and possibly in adjacent regions of spain .\nfrom southern spain ( gaston & redondo 2005 ) . the justification of the species right for these sierra nevada populations merits further attention and analysis .\nrecorded in southern spain ( m\u00fcller 2010 : shilap 38 ( 150 ) : 159 - 163 ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in morocco .\nrecorded on lampedusa island ( fiumi & guidi 2011 : quad . stud . not . stor . nat . romagna 32 : 199 - 205 ) , new for the fauna of europe . locus typicus in north africa .\nupgraded from synonymy to species rank by can ( 2009 : zootaxa 2314 ) , based on correlated differences in male genitalia and dna barcodes . distribution : bulgaria to turkey . locus typicus in bulgaria .\nperizoma barrassoi , holotype , italy , majella , leg . n . zahm )\nnewly described from central italy , majella mountains . male genitalia see zahm , cieslak & hausmann ( 2006 : mitt . m\u00fcnchn . ent . ges . 95 : 31 - 35 ) . so far , only the male holotype is known . the female paratype , mentioned in the original description , is misidentified and is an unusually small specimen of colostygia aquaeata .\none specimen collected in bashkiria ( southern urals ) : mironov , v . g . , trofimova , t . a . 2007 . new species of eupithecia curtis , 1825 ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) for the fauna of southern urals . - eversmannia , 10 : 39 - 41 . urltoken\nupgraded from synonymy of e . absinthiata to species rank in : hausmann a , haszprunar g , hebert pdn ( 2011 ) : dna barcoding the geometrid fauna of bavaria ( lepidoptera ) : successes , surprises , and questions . plos one 6 ( 2 ) : e17134 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0017134 .\ndescribed from greece ( pindos ) , sister species of e . conterminata : w eidlich , m . ( 2008 ) : beitrag zur lepidopteren - fauna des notia pindos ( tringia - massiv , lakmos - gebirge und athamano - gebirge ) in griechenland mit beschreibung von zwei neuen arten sowie angaben zur kocherfliegen - ( trichoptera ) und schnakenfauna ( diptera : tipulidae ) \u2014 entomofauna , zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologie , bd . 29 , heft 27 , 469 - 504 .\ndescribed from southern spain , to be synonymized with e . dodoneata ( v . mironov ) : weisert , f . 2005 . eine neue art fur europa : eupithecia andrea sp . n . ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) . - z . arb . gem . ost . ent . 57 : 47 - 49 .\npatrice leraut ( 2009 ) : moths of europe , vol . 2 : geometrid moths . - n . a . p . editions , 808 pp .\ncf comprehensive book reviews in nota lepid . 32 ( 2 ) : 158 - 162 and r . a . r . e . xix ( 1 ) : 34 - 39\n( leraut 2008 ) surprised the scientific community by the interesting discovery that this genus splits into several species , such as by the fact that the study was not based on type studies , neither on sufficient material ( strongly biased towards france ) and furthermore draws wrong nomenclatorial conclusions . as a consequence the paper caused additional work to rectify the taxonomy of the group (\n) . such kind of scientific replication / rectification is not the way one likes to do , and it could have been avoided through contact and correspondence . the new book on european geometrids ( leraut 2009 ) , extends the same methodology to the whole family geometridae at a european scale . the following explanations may be helpful as immediate information to the whole community and will soon be published in a journal in order to recieve validity through a nomenclatural act .\nthe book has its strengths in its conception as richly illustrated identification guide in small pocket format , but nevertheless covering most european taxa of geometrids . preparing such a book costs a lot of time , which has to be acknowledged ,\nsee preface for some scientific shortcomings , e . g . insufficiently studied type specimens and collections ( just basing on material from mnhn / paris and a few french collections ) such as poor contact to the international scientific community of geometridologists , as e . g . organized in the forum herbulot and its periodical meetings ,\nthe description of infrasubspecific forms is not conform with the code ( iczn ) of zoological nomenclature . all the presented ' names ' are unavailable and need to be ignored in nomenclature ,\nmany species are stated as being ' closely related ' but without close relationship in the phylogenetic sense . a few examples , standing for many more :\nmany of the proposed taxonomical and nomenclatural changes are proposed without justification or explanation , basing on personal opinion ( ' is in my view a separate species ' , ' does not appear to me an authentic species ' ) and without presenting a clear statement of differential or common traits . in some cases just the formal change is done without any comment at all , e . g .\n( lucas , 1937 ) , bona sp . , stat . rev . ( p . 776 ) . hopefully all this lacking information will be published elsewhere in the near future . the book does not have a synopsis with all taxonomical changes , therefore all these changes are addressed and briefly discussed here on this website .\nfurthermore there are many apparent taxonomical and methodological errors , partly corrected here , partly requiring further study .\n( p . 34 , pl 1 fig 13 and index ) : incorrect subsequent spelling . correct :\n. genus can be accepted , cf . revision of leraut ( 2002 ) .\nnot justified with facts , subjectively presented (\nit is clear\n) without indication of characters or synapomorphies . in contrast to leraut ' s opinion , the shape of uncus and the much shorter terminal process of valva distinguish\nspecies , thus the arrow on fig . 21b does not indicate a differential feature . study of the fine revision in inoue ( 1943 ) would have given a correct view on the things and on\nrungs , 1950\nwhich is not in conformity with the code ( iczn ) concerning authorship . no justification , diagnosis or geographical background given , thus not acceptable .\nappear weak and require confirmation by morphology of other material and dna barcoding . preliminarily to be accepted .\nwithout examining material ( not figured ) and ignoring differential anylsis in gme1 . to be maintained at species rank .\nwithout justifying or presenting arguments for this view . to be maintained at species rank .\n: downgraded to synonymy , justified only by the statement that such habitus forms\nare found elsewhere as isolated individuals\n. though this is no reason to draw into question a subspecific taxon , that change may be preliminarily accepted until detailed examination about gene - flow is available .\n: downgraded to synonymy , justified only by the statement that such habitus forms are found also in morocco . reputely ,\nis founded only on characters of wing pattern , but hausmann ( 2004 ) presents also differences in male pectination and female genitalia , ignored by leraut ( 2009 ) . to be raised again to subspecies rank ( stat . n . ) .\ndespite citation of differential characters but without bringing arguments for synonymy (\nto me does not appear an authentic species\n) . to be raised to species rank again ( stat . n . ) .\n: raised from synonymy to subspecies rank , vaguely stating some differences in male genitalia , but without describing these differences and without examining the possibility of clinous distribution of characters . still awaiting a thorough analysis and well - done differential analysis , downgraded again to synonymy .\n: fig . 32 : the differential feature of valva costa is almost inexistent on the left valva , but dramatically overdrawn on the right side . the indicated structure on the aedeagus of\n, though mentioning differential features in habitus and genitalia . to be raised again to species rank ( stat . n . ) .\nas separate taxon 1 . 5 % genetical distance ( coi , pairwise distance , k2 ) from populations of nominate subspecies in italy . differences in habitus ( near to constant ) slight differences and male and female genitalia are outlined in hausmann ( 2004 ) . therefore better to be raised again to subspecies rank ( stat . n . ) .\n: new evidence ( ounap et al . 2008 ) from a well done revision revealing this genus to be a sterrhine genus , not a larentiine .\n: distribution in france ( correctly ) drawn into doubt in the text , but occurrence in south - eastern france marked on the map .\nto species rank vaguely stating differences in male genitalia , but without describing these differences and without examining the possibility of clinous distribution of characters . (\ngenitalia are different\n) . still awaiting a thorough analysis and well - done differential analysis , downgraded again to synonymy . furthermore on the map the distribution of\nto species rank vaguely stating differences in genitalia , but without describing these differences (\ngenitalia are different\n) . downgraded again to the above mentioned synonymy basing on the analysis presented in hausmann ( 2004 ) . furthermore , inconsistently , on the map\non p . 741 is erroneous , because basing on the misidentified specimen on pl . 134 fig 7 .\ncould be a separate species\n. own research on such individual forms with forewing tip pointed and postmedial line clearly visible not revealing any constant difference in genitalia and neither genetically different ( coi barcode fragment , n = 25 ) from the other forms . therefore to be downgraded to synonymy .\n* the ' vernacular ' name\nlibyan wave\n( pl . 135 fig . 18 ) for\n( guen\u00e9e , 1858 ) is misleading , because that species is definitely not distributed in libya , but in the lebanon and nearby countries .\nwithout presenting facts ( e . g . figures of the examined material ) , basing on the erroneous opinion to have examined\nthe type\nand completely ignoring the recently published comprehensive revision of the species group ( hausmann 2005 ) with lectotype designation . taxonomic change not acceptable .\nto synonymy . to be maintained at subspecies rank ( cf hausmann 2004 ) .\nwith statement to have\nexamined the type\n, referring , however , to a paralectotype of mnhn , paris . examination ( brushing of male abdomen and control of the particular shape of valva costa ) of the lectotype in coll herbulot / zsm confirming the proposed synonymy .\n: pl . 141 fig 14 : very untypical , without dissection misidentification not excluded .\n: pl . 142 , fig . 18 : misidentification not excluded in specimens from southern france without dissection .\n. the type has been\nexamined\nbut it remains unclear whether it was dissected . the figure of the\ntype\n( which kind of type ? ) shows a specimen which is more reminiscent of\nthe taxon remains unclear until the genitalia of the name bearing type specimen will be controlled . until then it should be kept in synonymy of\nto species rank without any comment . in fact this is a possible view , considering the different length of cerata , but the situation is not that easy when considering also the populations of\nthe length of cerata underlies a complicated pattern of variation and polymorphisms . requiring a detailed integrated revision including molecular and morphological data .\nglossotrophia confinaria , g . alba , g . mentzeri , g . rufomixtaria , g . sacraria , g . asellaria\n. such taxonomic position confirmed by own molecular research ( hausmann unpublished data ; hausmann & hebert 2009 ) .\n: ( p . 786 and pl . 153 fig 15 ) : possibly misidentified . the species - group around\nneeds thorough analysis and revision , which is in progress ( r . trusch , karlsruhe ) .\n- lythria : positioned between ennominae and larentiinae , though belonging to sterrhinae ( cf ounap et al . 2008 ) .\n- lythria plumularia : reported from pyrenees but these old data are doubtful . the species is not mentioned by redondo et al . ( 2009 ) . in collections some very old specimens from\nhisp . m .\n[ southern spain ] may be mislabelled , perhaps .\n- lythria sanguinaria numantaria herrich sch\u00e4ffer , 1852 raised to subspecies rank by leraut ( 2009 ) , reputedly due to \u2018differences in genitalia\u2019 herewith downgraded to synonymy ( stat . n . ) , because of the lack of such constant differential features\n- cataclysme riguata : wrong map : no occurrence in scandinavia and england ( cf text ) ! but present on sicily .\n- cataclysme festivata \u201cfrom central asia\u201d raised to species rank by leraut . cidaria riguata var . festivata , however , was described basing on syntypes from central asia across altai , saisan to amur ! since leraut did not check the type material , the drawn conclusions are obsolete .\n- pl . 77 , fig . 15 cataclysme festivata from \u201calexander gebirge\u201d ( not \u201cgebiets\u201d ) probably referring to c . shirniensis ebert , 1965 or c . plurilinearia leech , 1897 .\n- cataclysme uniformata : raised to species rank earlier by viidalepp ( 7 march 2009 ; cf . mazel 2010 ) , accepted .\n- scotopteryx subvicinaria : reputedly recorded in europe , but basing on erroneous data , this is not a european element . the presented \u2018differential feature ( postmedial dent ) \u2019 is not valid for discrimination , neither significant nor constant .\n- pl . 78 , fig . 18 ( macedonia ) : misidentified : s . vicinaria rather than s . subvicinaria .\n- scotopteryx bipunctaria : records for morocco ( rungs 1981 ) erroneous according to leraut 2009 and attributed to s octodurensis . evidence not presented .\n- scotopteryx aelptes : reputedly recorded in south - east europe together with s . olympia , but european \u2018records\u2019 of scotopteryx aelptes referring to s . olympia .\n- plates 78 - 81 : several specimens of scotopteryx sister species complexes may merit dissection to verify their species identity .\n- three species , xanthorhoe uralensis choi , 2003 , x . pseudannotinata vasilenko , 2007 and x . pseudomajorata vasilenko , 2002 not mentioned at all , but x . derzhavini and x . majorata erroneously listed under x . spadicearia , though all five being closely related to the incursata species - group and partly synonym to each other .\n- xanthorhoe decoloraria : map with distribution all over germany wrong , the species is restricted here to the southernmost parts in the alps . similarly the distribution in south - eastern europe is drawn far too wide .\n- xanthorhoe quadrifasiata : map with distribution all over spain and italy wrong , the species is restricted here to the pyrenees resp . the alps . occurrence in sicily erroneous .\n- \u2018genus\u2019 odonthorhoe ( with mentioned species alexandraria , tauaria , fidonaria , tianschanica ) validated at genus rank without analysis , just stating it to be \u2018distinct\u2019 , though retained as synonym in scoble ( 1999 ) and other recent revisions . herewith again downgraded to synonym of xanthorhoe .\n- pl . 85 , fig . 9 : \u201cturkish raker\u201d ( o . alexandraria ) is a misleading name for a species definitely not distributed in turkey , but in turkestan .\n- catarhoe basochesiata : existence of a second , allopatric vicariant species , c . hortulanaria in the eastern mediterranean ignored here ( cf . hausmann 1995 ; 1997 ) , greece records on the map and in the text have to be assigned to c . hortulanaria . the species is later ( under c . permixtaria ) mentioned as unknown to the author .\n- catarhoe mazeli viidalepp , 2008 regarded as synonym of c . putridaria ( light coloured form ) without basing on a morphological analysis . herewith raised again to species rank , quoting differences in genitalia of both sexes ( see original description ) ( cf mazel 2010 ) .\n- pl . 85 , fig . 5 misidentified , referring to c . mazeli rather than to c . putridaria\n- epirrhoe pupillata : on the map the distributions throughout scandinavia and germany are wrong , in both regions it is restricted to the southernmost parts .\n- epirrhoe latevittata : mentioned , under e . timozzaria , as unknown to the author . better to be compared with e . alternata where is should be subordinated as subspecies or synonym ( cf . gme3 ; foeu database ) .\n- camptogramma bilineata bistrigata : downgraded from species rank to subspecies of c . bilineata . acceptable .\n- entephria byssata : validated at species rank by leraut , without mentioning the senior synonym and valid name entephria punctipes . herewith downgraded again to synonymy of entephria punctipes ( synonymy previously established in hausmann et al . 2004 fauna of europe ) .\n- entephria cyanata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains ( alps , tatra ) , not distributed in the netherlands .\n- entephria nobiliaria vs . flavata pl . 87 figs 16 - 18 : the figured moths would merit control of identification ( e . g . by dna ) , because presenting untypical differences in habitus .\n- coenotephria salicata vs . \u201csalicata ablutaria\u201d pl . 90 figs 12 - 13 : the figured moths would merit control of identification ( e . g . by dna ) , because presenting untypical habitus features .\n- coenotephria salicata ablutaria : downgraded from species rank to subspecies of salicata by leraut , ignoring extensive studies with rearings , larval morphology , long series of dissections ( e . g . published by rezbanyai - reser in several articles , e . g . 2008 ) . large genetical distance ( e . g . salicata from slowenja highland versus ablutaria from slowenja lowland 5 . 8 % ; salicata from switzerland highland versus ablutaria from north italian lowland 5 . 4 % ) supporting and confirming separate species status , therefore ( again ) raised to species rank herewith ( stat . n . ) .\n- two different ( female ) genitalia figs 157b and 158c both reputedly showing \u201c coenotephria salicata \u201d .\n- nebula nebulata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains ( alps , tatra ) .\n- nebula achromaria : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains ( alps , tatra ) .\n- nebula ibericata : the species is common in early spring and in autumn , not in july . distribution ( text and map ) in sicily erroneous , in morocco replaced by nebula numidiata ( mentioned in leraut under n . nebulata ) .\n- eulithis pyropata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to north - easternmost mountains of both countries , in sweden only in the south - easternmost part .\n- chloroclysta miata : flight period is ususally from september to may , not from \u201capril to october\u201d .\n- dysstroma latefasciata : flight period later , from mid - july to september rather than \u201cjune - july\u201d .\n- cidaria distinctata staudinger , 1892 : no parentheses required around author and year .\n- cidaria ochracearia leech , 1897 : no parentheses required around author and year .\n- plemyria rubiginata : bivoltinism suggested ( \u201cmay , july - august\u201d ) , but the species is univoltine , usually from early june to early august .\n- thera firmata : distribution on corsica ( subsp . tyrrhenica tautel & billi , 2009 ) not mentioned in text and on map .\n- thera firmata tavoilloti : reputedly only\nweakly differentiated\n, suggesting it to be an altitudinal form . raised again to subspecies rank by mazel 2010 .\n- thera ulicata : reputedly occurring on corsica ( text ) , but not figured on map . probably referring to subsp . tyrrhenica tautel & billi , 2009 ( see under t . firmata ) . map indicating occurrence all over italy and on balkan peninsula , referring to t . firmata , too .\n- thera obeliscata : reputedly occurring in north africa ( map ) , data probably erroneous .\n- \u201c thera variata cembrae\u201d : cembrae downgraded from species rank to subspecies of variata without presenting any reason or analysis for that nor quoting several recent analyses in literature . herewith raised again to species rank , quoting striking genetical distance ( detailed analysis in gme3 ) to t . variata which is about 6fold the distance between variata and britannica .\n- fig . 165 / 166 : the illustration of genitalia of a \u201c thera sp . nov . ( in press ) \u201d without any corresponding reference in the text and without any geographical indication is not very helpful . given the variability of thera genitalia , the indicated \u201cdifferences\u201d do not represent valuable differential features .\n- thera callidaria ( p . 629 ) and pl . 95 , fig . 18 ( type ) : the taxon callidaria was so far retained to be valid at species rank in the genus antilurga ( scoble 1999 ) . leraut transfers it to thera without giving any reason or analysis . the photograph of the type , grace to its publication by leraut , however , clearly allows to put it in ( senior ! ) synonymy with mattia adlata . therefore , this species should be cited as \u201c mattia callidaria ( joannis , 1891 ) ( syn . mattia adlata syn . n . ) .\n- pl . 96 fig . 4 , \u201csingular spanish carpet\u201d ( polythrena coloraria ) is a misleading english vernacular name for a species definitely not distributed in spain , but in north - eastern russia .\n- pl . 96 fig . 9 , possibly misidentified and referring to lampropteryx suffumata rather than to electrophaes corylata . awaiting dissection or dna barcoding .\n- eustroma reticulata : map misleading , occurrence in spain and italy restricted to northernmost mountains ( alps , pyrenees ) .\n- electrophaes corylata : map misleading , occurrence in spain and italy restricted to northernmost mountains ( alps , pyrenees ) .\n- colostygia aptata : ' occurrence ' on sicily ( however erroneous ) mentioned in the text but lacking on map .\n- colostygia austriacaria : ' occurrence ' in bulgaria ( however erroneous ) mentioned in the text but lacking on map .\n- colostygia sericeata : mentioned under c . tempestaria though ( very ) closely related to c . multistrigata .\n- colostygia wolfschlaegerae and c . fitzi : mentioned under c . tempestaria though ( very ) closely related to c . olivata .\n- colostygia corydalaria : mentioned as bona species on p . 631 under c . tempestaria ignoring its identity as pseudobaptria bogumilaria ( rebel 1904 ) ( cf mironov 2003 ; hausmann et al in fauna of europe 2004 ) . the same taxon is again mentioned on p . 655 as pseudobaptria corydalaria separately from p . bogumilaria .\n- colostygia \u2018larentiaria\u2019 ( laetaria ) : the name larentiaria is introduced by leraut as ( reputed ) senior synonym for the name colostygia laetaria which was in continuous use for more than 100 years . apparently the type specimen has not been examined . without such an accurate and documented examination of the type specimen the taxonomical change cannot be accepted and the taxon larentiaria must be treated as junior synonym to c . kollariaria ( cf . analysis in gme3 ) despite its erroneous subordination under laetaria in scoble ( 1999 ) .\n- colostygia laetaria ( \u2018larentiaria\u2019 ) : occurrence in carpathians ( mentioned in text but lacking on map ) erroneous .\n- coenocalpe millierata erroneously subordinated as subspecies under c . lapidata , stating their genitalia as being identical with those of c . lapidata , ignoring several constant differential features , e . g . basal lobe of sacculus larger than in c . lapidata , sacculus projection stronger curved , costal projection shorter ( detailed analysis in gme3 ) . herewith raised again to species rank ( stat . n . ) .\n- horisme radicaria ; sister species of h . tersata , position of horisme scorteata rather aside h . predotai than between both sister species tersata and radicaria . fig 168 : size of corpus bursae is not a valuable differential feature . figs 169a and 169b : shown differential features invalid , the identification of the illustrated genitalia seems doubtful , possibly they are even inversed .\n- horisme vitalbata staudingeri : locus typicus in amur region , thus easternmost asia , not central asia .\n- melanthia procellata : map and text misleading , occurrence in spain and italy restricted to northernmost mountains ( alps , northern apennines , pyrenees , asturia ) .\n- pareulype \u201clasithiotica nevadensis\u201d : combined with p . lasithiotica ( nominate subspecies unknown to leraut , or both ) ignoring m\u00fcller ( 1996 ) , hausmann & aistleitner ( 1998 ) , and redondo ( 2009 ) where treated as subspecies of berberata quoting absence of constant differences in genitalia and genetical identity , detailed analysis in gme3 . to be re - combined with p . berberata .\n- spargania luctuata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- rheumaptera hastata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- synonymy of genera hydria and rheumaptera stated without any analysis of characters ; there are also arguments for separating both lineages , e . g . coremata , shape of juxta , sternum a8 a . s . o . .\n- rheumaptera cervinalis : flight period indicated as \u201capril - june ( after wintering ) , july - september\u201d . this species , however , overwinters as pupa and a summer generation occurs very rarely .\n- rheumaptera montivagata incertata ( mentioned both under r . cervinalis and r . montivagata ) : downgraded to subspecies of r . montivagata , ignoring constant structural differences in genitalia and male hindleg ( cf gme3 ) . to be raised again to species rank ( as e . g . in scoble 1999 ; hausmann et al . 2004 ) .\n- rheumaptera gudarica : so far known only from eastern spain , teruel . occurrence in morocco ( leraut 2009 ; figured under pl . 104 , fig 8 from ifrane ) requiring confirmation , exact data should be published , e . g . whether the figured genitalia on fig . 173b are from that specimen from morocco .\n- triphosa tauteli : the presented differential features in male genitalia underly artificial variation due to pressure on the genitalia when being embedded . according to redondo ( 2009 ) and hausmann et al . ( 2004 ) , t . dyriata is distributed also in spain . spanish populations should be analyzed in detail ( integrative taxonomic analysis ) to check if there are clinous character transitions between t . dyriata and t . tauteli . the taxon \u201c herzeti \u201d ( \u201c lot\u201d and \u201cjura\u201d according to leraut 2009 ) must sink to synonymy , or the description of a large number of \u201csubspecies\u201d would be necessary from other regions when applying the same criteria .\n- triphosa \u201csabaudiata agnata\u201d : downgraded from species rank ( scoble 1999 ) to subspecies of t . sabaudiata without presenting reasons , analyses or statistical details . to be maintained at species rank until detailed analysis is performed .\n- philereme transversata : flight period indicated as \u201cmay - july\u201d . this species , however , usually flies from mid - june to mid - august , sometimes until early september .\n- euphyia frustata : the taxa griseoviridis ( corsica ) and fulvocinctata ( spain ) are said to be \u201cdefinitely not a separate subspecies\u201d . however , because of the existence of several differential features in male and female genitalia ( shape of uncus , valva and antrum ) , both taxa should be maintained at subspecies rank .\n- euphyia maximiliana : erroneously suggested to be a synonym of e . frustata .\n- epirrita christyi : author and year stated as \u201cprout , 1899\u201d though \u201callen , 1906\u201d is generally accepted as valid reference . text states absence from corsica , map erroneously shows occurrence on corsica .\n- solitanea mariae : flight period stated as \u201cjuly - august\u201d . in italy , however , the species is bivoltine : early may to mid - june ; late july to mid - september , in the lowlands until late october . distribution in the text stated as \u201ccorsica : calabria\u201d , despite wide distribution on apennine peninsula .\n- chesias capriata : formally treated at species rank , following hausmann et al . ( 2004 ) , but expressing certains doubts about the rank . morphology , habitus and genetics confirming species rank .\n- chesias plumbeata : raise from subspecies of ch . rufata to species rank without analysis and without mentioning any differential feature . to be maintained at subspecies rank of ch . rufata until not submitted to a sound morphological or integrative analysis .\n- chesias linogrisearia : rank is confusingly presented as \u201cform or species\u201d , possibly a senior synonym of ch . rufata cinereata . species rank earlier postulated by scoble ( 1999 ) , now confirmed by a large genetical distance from ch . rufata by > 5 % .\n- the taxa pinkeri and zuellichi are suggested to be synonyms of ch . angeri without giving any detail or argument . to be maintained in the systematic position as presented by hausmann et al . ( 2004 ) : ch . rufata pinkeri with zuellichi as synonym .\n- carsia sororiata : map misleading , occurrence in germany and poland restricted to southernmost mountains .\n- aplocera fraudulentata : downgraded from species rank to subspecies of a . plagiata without analysis and without discussing the existing differential features . examined specimens , however revealing strongly different genitalia and strongly differing dna barcodes ( coll . gelbrecht , coll . herbulot ; gelbrecht pers . comm . , own data ) . to be maintained at species rank .\n- aplocera cretica ( \u201cwingspan 27 - 28 mm\u201d ) is said to distinctly smaller than a . plagiata but , largest a . cretica of first generation reach 38 mm wingspan . for flight time only october is mentioned , but the species is bivoltine , april to october .\n- \u2018 aplocera \u2019 fulgurata ( india ) : transferred from genus docirava to aplocera without morphological analysis and without discussing any differential feature . in gme3 a differential analysis between docirava and aplocera will be given . to be maintained in genus docirava .\n- aplocera columbata : map misleading , occurrence in greece restricted to north - easternmost part , in ukraine restricted to crimea ( outside the map ) .\n- docirava dervenaria and d . mundulata : generic systematics questioned under the species aplocera columbata without morphological analysis and without discussing any differential feature . in gme3 a differential analysis between docirava and aplocera will be given . both species to be maintained in genus docirava .\n- docirava erubescens ( staudinger , 1892 ) ( turkey , armenia ) : reputedly with palumbata mentzer , 1981 as a new synonym . the former described from northern turkey ( amasia ) and figured in leraut from \u2018 middle east\u2019 ( ? ) . the latter described from northern iran ( elburs ) and so far retained as falling under d . mundulata . awaiting verification , examination of types still pending .\n- schistostege nubilaria : map misleading , occurrence in poland ( if any ) restricted to south - easternmost part .\n- lithostege duponcheli : on map ( not in text ) erroneously reported from central pyrenees . on peninsular italy restricted to the north - westernmost parts , and a very few localities in tuscany and southern italy .\n- lithostege cinerata : no occurrence in europe , data referring to l . clarae : presented by hausmann et al . 2004 ( faeu database ) under the name \u2018 cinerata \u2019 before the description of clarae .\n- pl . 126 , figs 13 - 15 ( lithostege cinerata ) : 13 - 14 probably not conspecific with 15 , awaiting verification by dissection and / or dna barcoding .\n- lithostege odessaria : distribution stated as \u201c ukraine , middle east\u201d , the former probably wrong ( type locality odessa probably referring to an old name of a caucasian village ) , the latter misleading , as the species may be restricted to caucasus and transcaucasus .\n- lithostege fissurata ( mentioned under l . odessaria ) : occurrence in europe ( malta : hausmann & seguna 2005 ) neglected .\n- venusia cambrica : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- hydrelia flammeolaria : map erroneously suggests occurrence on ireland , and iberian peninsula south of pyrenees .\n- pterapherapteryx sexalata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- venusia cambrica : map and text misleading , no occurrence in italy north of central apennines .\n- trichopteryx polycommata : map and text misleading , no occurrence in spain and italy south of alps and pyrenees .\n- acasis viretata : map and text misleading , absent from southern half of iberian peninsula .\nacknowledgements : we are deeply grateful to paul hebert and his competent team for offering us the possibility to integrate molecular data ( coi barcodes ) into our morphological analyses . these analyses are performed in the framework of the international ibol program ( campaigns geometridae , lepidoptera global and fauna of europe ) .\nand allies : cf remarks to the presented , confusing data in mazel 2010 .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook"]}
{"id": 2510, "summary": [{"text": "rhynchactis is a genus of deep-sea anglerfish in the family gigantactinidae , containing three species found worldwide at depths greater than 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "adult female rhynchactis reach a standard length ( sl ) of 11 \u2013 13 cm ( 4.3 \u2013 5.1 in ) and have a dark-colored , streamlined body and a relatively small head bearing a very long illicium ( the \" fishing rod \" formed by the first ray of the dorsal fin ) .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "unlike almost all other deep-sea anglerfishes , the illicium bears no bioluminescent esca ( the \" lure \" ) at the tip .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "the mouth is almost devoid of teeth , and the inside of both jaws are covered by numerous white glands that are unique to this genus .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the lack of an esca , greatly reduced dentition , and glands inside the mouth all point to rhynchactis having a highly specialized mode of feeding , the nature of which has yet to be deciphered .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "as in other deep-sea anglerfishes , there is enormous sexual dimorphism with males being much smaller than females and lacking an illicium , though they do not appear to be parasitic as in some families .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "reproduction is oviparous , with the larvae having a rounded shape and enlarged pectoral fins . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "rhynchactis", "paragraphs": ["there are no species - specific conservation efforts at this time for rhynchactis macrothix .\nrevision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species .\nrevision of the deep - sea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new apecies .\nspecies of the family gigantactinidae are meso - bathypelagic anglerfish ( pietsch in press ) . species in the genus rhynchactis have a wide distribution in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32\u00b0n and 12\u00b0s ( bertelsen and pietsch . 1998 ) . rhynchactis macrothrix is known to inhabit waters as shallow as 300 m and as deep as 2 , 000 m ( pietsch 2009 ) .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583\u0096590 .\nbertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .\nbertelsen , e . and t . w . pietsch , 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 . ( ref . 28611 )\ncolor of females in preservative uniformly dark brown to black over entire external surface of head , body , and fins ( except for unpigmented transparent parts of escal bulb , escal appendages , and stem of illicium ; for ontogenetic and specific variation , see species accounts below ) ; oral cavity more or less pigmented . skin of metamorphosed males weakly pigmented in rhynchactis , varying among species - groups of gigantactis from unpigmented to dark brown or black . subdermal pigment of larvae , males , and juvenile females varying between genera and among species groups of gigantactis from absent ( e . g . , gigantactis longicirra ) to dense , dorsal and peritoneal groups of melanophores ( e . g . , rhynchactis ) .\njustification : rhynchactis macrothix is distributed in all three major oceans of the world between approximately 32\u00b0n and 12\u00b0s . it is a meso - bathypelagic species , residing between 300 m and 2 , 000 m . little is known about its population or ecology . there are no known major threats . based on the limited information , r . macrothix is assessed as data deficient .\nthe whipnose anglers are placed in 2 genera , gigantactis brauer , 1902 , with 18 species , and rhynchactis regan , 1925 , with 3 . the rare , primarily tropical rhynchactis is known just outside our area ( off madagascar ) from a single female of r . macrothrix bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 and is not included here . six species of gigantactis have been found in our area . females of gigantactis reach about 41 cm sl , and adults of both sexes are primarily bathypelagic . metamorphosed males are non - parasitic and reach 22 mm sl ; none are yet known from our area . parr ( 1927 ) described the first male of gigantactis but placed it in a new genus , laevoceratias , family aceratiidae . bertelsen ( 1951 ) tentatively placed it in the family diceratiidae . the gigantactinids were last reviewed by bertelsen et al . ( 1981 ) who examined all the then known material and recognized 17 species . kharin ( 1984 ) described g . balushkini from off japan .\nthe fishing\nlure ,\nor illicium , in ceratioids is tipped with a luminescent organ , the esca , except in the caulophrynidae , and in the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis . the illicium of rhynchactis macrothrix , a species that has been taken just outside our area , is tipped with a slight bulbous swelling , but this is not an esca ( bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) . often the esca is adorned with spinules , papillae and a variety of filaments and appendages . illicium length is measured from its base only to the distal end of the bulb of the esca . other light organs include the hyoid barbels of linophryne and the dorsal midbody caruncles in ceratiids . tooth counts are a summation of both sides of each jaw . free - living metamorphosed males have a unique toothy bone articulating with the anterior ends of both jaws called the upper and lower denticulars ; their denticles form into rows and are counted . scales are often modified into skin spinules ( = prickles or dermal spines elsewhere ) , or greatly enlarged bucklers ( himantolophidae ) .\nboth genera of the family are represented in all three major oceans of the world . females of gigantactis have been reported from as far north as southern greenland , with the southernmost record close to 50\u00b0s in the atlantic sector of the southern ocean . the known distribution of rhynchactis is restricted to tropical and subtropical regions between about 30\u00b0n and 10\u00b0s . the great majority of the recorded metamorphosed specimens of the family have been captured in nets fished in maximum depths exceeding 1000 m . gigantactinids thus appear to be among the deepest - living ceratioids , with greatest abundance between 1000 and at least 2500 m .\nceratioid anglerfishes differ further from their shallow - water relatives in having a bacterial light - organ that serves as bait to attract prey , a structure technically called the \u201cesca\u201d\u2014exceptions among members of the suborder include the monotypic family neoceratiidae ( bertelsen , 1951 ) , the three species of the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) , and the five members of the family caulophrynidae ( pietsch , 1979 ) . parr ( 1927 ) was the first to recognize the diagnostic value of the external morphology of escae in ceratioids , pointing out the need for a closer examination of individual variation in the structure of this organ . since that time , differences in the number , shape , and size of escal appendages and filaments , as well as variation in external escal pigment patterns , have been , for the most part , the sole basis on which new species have been described ( e . g . , see pietsch , 1974 ; bertelsen et al . , 1981 ; bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ) .\nbertelsen , e . & t . w . pietsch . 1977 . results of the research cruises of frv\nwalther herwig\nto south america . xlvii . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae collected by the frv\nwalther herwig .\narch . fischwiss . , 27 ( 3 ) : 171 - 189 . \u0097 . 1983 . the ceratioid anglerfishes of australia . recs . australian mus . , 35 : 77 - 99 . \u0097 . 1984 . results of the research cruises of frv\nwalther herwig\nto south america . lxiii . a resurrection of the ceratioid anglerfish ceratias tentaculatus ( norman , 1930 ) with notes on the occurrence of the species of ceratias in the atlantic ocean ( pisces : lophiiformes ) . arch . fischwiss . , 35 ( 1 / 2 ) : 43 - 51 . \u0097 . 1996 . revision of the ceratioid anglerfish genus lasiognathus ( lophiiformes : thaumatichthyidae ) . copeia , 1996 ( 2 ) : 401 - 409 . \u0097 . 1998 . revision of the deepsea anglerfish genus rhynchactis regan ( lophiiformes : gigantactinidae ) , with descriptions of two new species . copeia , 1998 ( 3 ) : 583 - 590 .\nrhynchactis has undergone such a drastic reduction and loss of parts that clearly it is the more derived of the two gigantactinid genera . within the genus gigantactis , there are four morphological trends that seem to characterize anglerfish evolution in general ( pietsch , 1972 , 1974 : 87 , 88 ) : ( 1 ) an increase in the length of the illicium , ( 2 ) a decrease in the number of median - fin rays , ( 3 ) a loss of jaw teeth , and ( 4 ) an increase in morphological complexity of the luring apparatus , in this case , reflected in a general tendency to increase the number of distal filaments of the esca and filaments of the illicium . giagantactis longicirra appears to be the least derived member of the genus , having the shortest illicium , the greatest number of longitudinal series of dentary teeth , the highest dorsal - ray count , and the least number of distal escal filaments . members of the g . macronema group ( g . macronema , g . microdontis , and g . ios ) are the most derived , having the longest illicium , the fewest series and total number of dentary teeth , the lowest dorsal - ray counts , and numbers distal , escal filaments . the remaining species of the genus are more or less intermediate in specialization . members of the g . vanhoeffeni group , include g . vanhoeffeni , g . meadi , g . gibbsi , g . gracilicauda , and g . paxtoni , are united in sharing a relatively short illicium and a similar escal morphology . members of the g . gargantua group , including g . gargantua , g . watermani , and g . herwigi , likewise share a similar escal morphology but are also united on the basis of having a relatively long illicium and an elongation of the second and seventh caudal - fin rays .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .\nyou can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .\nfor more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .\nthe gigantactinidae is one of the most well - defined and highly specialized families of deep - sea anglerfishes . the females are readily distinguished from those of the other ten families of the suborder by having an elongate streamlined shape , a relatively small head and slender caudal peduncle , five pectoral radials , and a greatly prolonged illicium that reaches a length between one and four times standard length . the family includes 22 species in two genera .\nas is the case with nearly all ceratioid groups , little is known about the ecology of the gigantactinids . however , recent evidence suggests that this group lives a benthic lifestyle and may even swim upside down while foraging , drifting motionless as the esca lures prey off the bottom ( moore , 2002 ) . rov jason , of woods hole oceanographic insitutue , captured a whipnose anglerfish ( gigantactis sp . ) on video ( hawaii - 2 observatory video clips ) swimming ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 1 ) and apparently foraging upside down ( see clip fish _ gig _ 1 _ 3 ) .\nmetamorphosed females of the gigantactinidae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in lacking the vomer , mesopterygoid , and an ossified scapula ; in having the preopercle reduced to a short narrow strut of bone ; the interopercle reduced , without ligamentous connection to the angular ; the caudal fin emarginate ( except in the largest known females of gigantactis kreffti and g . macronema ) , with nine caudal - fin rays , the ventralmost ray reduced and embedded within skin surrounding the adjacent ray ; the pterygiophore of the illicium exceptionally large , the compressed posterior end butting up against the supraoccipital ; and five pectoral radials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) .\nfree - living male of gigantactis male group i , 14 . 5mm , zmuc p921533 ( after bertelsen et al . , 1981 ) . \u00a9 1981 , e . bertelsen et al . , k . elsman\nmetamorphosed gigantactinid males differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having the following combination of character states : eyes minute , only 3 - 5 % sl in most specimens ; olfactory organs large , depth 8 - 10 % sl in most specimens ; anterior nostrils close together , directed anteriorly ; premaxillae degenerate , but maxillae well developed ; jaw teeth absent ; denticular teeth all or nearly all mutually free ; upper denticular teeth 3 - 6 ( rarely 2 ) , not connected to pterygiophore of illicium ; lower denticular teeth 4 - 7 ( rarely 3 ) ; hyomandibular with a single head ; branchiostegal rays 6 ( rarely 7 ) ; pectoral radials 5 ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; pelvic bones absent ; skin naked or densely covered with dermal spinules ; free - living , no evidence that males ever become parasitic , but temporarily attached males are unknown ( see pietsch , 2005 ) .\nin addition to the sexual dimorphism common to all metamorphosed ceratioids , gigantactinid males differ further from females of the family in having a symphysial cartilage , a vomer , and a basibranchial ossification ; they differ also in having fully developed frontals , parietals , opercular bones , and ceratobranchials ( bertelsen et al . , 1981 , figs . 11d - f , 14 , 15 ) .\ngigantactinid larvae differ from those of all other ceratioid families in having exceptionally large pectoral fins ( length 45 - 55 % sl ) , comparable only to those of the caulophrynidae ; they differ further in having the following combination of character states : short , nearly spherical ; skin highly inflated ; pelvic fins absent ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; sexual dimorphism evident , females with a small , club - shaped illicial rudiment protruding from head ; metamorphosis beginning at 8 - 10 mm sl , metamorphosal stages 9 - 20 mm sl ( bertelsen , 1981 , 62 , 1984 : 326 , fig . 168a - b ) .\ngigantactinids are among the largest known ceratioids . while some of the 30 or so females of gigantactis greater than 200 mm have relatively large ovaries , none contain ripe or ripening eggs . eggs larger than about 0 . 5 mm in diameter have not been found . at the same time , none of the more than 175 metamorphosed females in collections around the world are parasitized by males , thus it is assumed that males remain free - living . the largest known male , a member of the gigantactis male group i measures 22 mm and has ripe testes .\nbertelsen , e . 1951 . the ceratioid fishes . ontogeny , taxonomy , distribution and biology . dana rept . , 39 , 276 pp .\nbertelsen , e . , t . w . pietsch , and r . j . lavenberg . 1981 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family gigantactinidae : morphology , systematics , and distribution . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , contri . sci . , 332 , vi , 74 pp .\nbrauer , a . 1902 . diagnosen von neuen tiefseefischen , welche von der valdivia - expedition gesammelt sind . zool . anz . , 25 , 668 ( 4 ) : 277\u0096298 .\nmoore , j . a . 2002 . upside - down swimming behaviour in a whipnose anglerfish ( teleost : ceratioidei : gigantactinidae ) . copeia , 2002 ( 4 ) : 1144\u00961146 .\npietsch , t . w . 1972 . ergebnisse der forschungsreisen des ffs\nwalther herwig\nnach s\u00fcdamerika . xix . systematics and distribution of ceratioid fishes of the genus dolopichthys ( family oneirodidae ) , with the description of a new species . arch . fischwiss . , 23 ( 1 ) : 1\u009628 .\npietsch , t . w . 1974 . osteology and relationships of ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae , with a review of the genus oneirodes l\u00fctken . nat . hist . mus . l . a . co . , sci . bull . , 18 , 113 pp .\npietsch , t . w . 2005 . dimorphism , parasitism , and sex revisited : modes of reproduction among deep - sea ceratioid anglerfishes ( teleostei : lophiiformes ) . ichthyol . res . , 52 : 207\u0096236 .\nregan , c . t . 1912 . the classification of the teleostean fishes of the order pediculati . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 9 ( 28 ) : 277\u0096289 .\nregan , c . t . 1925 . new ceratioid fishes from the n . atlantic , the caribbean sea , and the gulf of panama , collected by the\ndana .\nann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 8 ( 62 ) : 561\u0096567 .\nthis media file is licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial license - version 3 . 0 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to theodore w . pietsch at and christopher p . kenaley at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\npietsch , theodore w . 2005 . gigantactinidae . whipnose seadevils . version 06 november 2005 ( under construction ) .\neach tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\ngreek , ' rhynch ' = beak or snout + greek , ' aktis ' = ray ( in reference to the illicium that arises near the tip of the snout ) ( ref . 86949 )\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2250 m ( ref . 28611 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 3 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 4 . length of illicium 210 % sl , tip with 4 tiny filaments ; irregular series of 19 filaments on distal 14 % of length of illicium , five longest 2 - 4 % sl , all gradually tapering from base to tip ( ref . 86949 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 300 - 2000 m ( ref . 86949 ) . deep - water\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm sl ( female )\ndorsal soft rays ( total ) : 4 ; anal soft rays : 3 . length of illicium 109 - 144 % sl , distal tip bearing 3 - 4 small unpigmented filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; distal 28 - 57 % illicial length bearing series of 11 - 20 secondary filaments , five longest filaments measuring 6 - 15 % sl ; each secondary filament with 1 - 2 unpigmented terminal filaments , some with tiny distal swelling ; large specimens ( 110 - 113 mm ) with secondary filaments darkly pigmented to base of terminal filaments , divided on each side by a narrow , well - defined longitudinal transparent band ( ref . 86949 ) .\n) : 2 - 9 , mean 6 . 1 ( based on 368 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .\nanguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; australia ; bahamas ; bangladesh ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; british indian ocean territory ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; china ; christmas island ; cocos ( keeling ) islands ; colombia ; comoros ; congo ; cook islands ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; dominica ; dominican republic ; ecuador ( ecuador ( mainland ) , gal\u00e1pagos ) ; el salvador ; equatorial guinea ; fiji ; france ( clipperton i . ) ; french guiana ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; guadeloupe ; guam ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; jamaica ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ( kiribati line is . , phoenix is . ) ; liberia ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; martinique ; mauritania ; mauritius ; mayotte ; mexico ; micronesia , federated states of ; montserrat ; morocco ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; northern mariana islands ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; panama ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; portugal ( azores , madeira ) ; puerto rico ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( ascension ) ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; samoa ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; seychelles ; sierra leone ; solomon islands ; somalia ; spain ( canary is . ) ; sri lanka ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; togo ; tokelau ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; tuvalu ; united states ( hawaiian is . ) ; united states minor outlying islands ( howland - baker is . , johnston i . , wake is . ) ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; viet nam ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; wallis and futuna ; western sahara ; yemen\nthe gigantactinidae are known for their extreme sexual dimorphism . males of the gigantactinidae family are characterized by their small size . they are considered a dwarf male family with a maximum size of 2 . 2 cm , while the females are significantly larger than the males with the ability to reach 43 . 5 cm in size ( pietsch in press ) . in the gigantactinidae family males are known to attach to the females by using pincer - like denticles . in this particular family males do not permanently attach and are only attached for a small period of time ( pietsch 2005 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\natp synthase or complex v ) produces atp from adp in the presence of a proton gradient across the membrane which is generated by electron transport complexes of the respiratory chain . f - type atpases consist of two structural domains , f\n- containing the membrane proton channel , linked together by a central stalk and a peripheral stalk . during catalysis , atp synthesis in the catalytic domain of f\nis coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation .\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : \u2018name\u2019 , \u2018synonyms\u2019 , \u2018ordered locus names\u2019 and \u2018orf names\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018ptm / processing\u2019 section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018family and domains\u2019 section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =\npublication\n> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =\nurltoken\n> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nof the five major taxa of lophiiform fishes , the deep - sea ceratioidei is the most phylogenetically derived ( bertelsen , 1984 ; pietsch , 1984 ) . ceratioidei are distributed throughout the world\u2019s oceans below a depth of 300 m . with 160 species , it constitutes by far the most species - rich vertebrate taxon within the bathypelagic zone and below\u2014more than twice as many families and genera and more than three times the number of species as the cetomimoidei , the next most species - rich deep - sea vertebrate taxon ( see paxton , 1998 ; herring , 2002 ) . at the same time , new species are being added to the suborder at a steady if not increasing rate .\nthe internal structure of ceratioid escae is infinitely more complex , involving a confusing array of bacteria - filled vesicles , light - absorbing pigment layers , reflecting tissues , tubular light - guiding structures , nerves , blood vessels , and smooth muscle fibers ( munk and bertelsen , 1980 ; munk , 1988 , 1998 , 1999 ; herring and munk , 1994 ; munk and herring , 1996 ; munk et al . , 1998 ) . there is some evidence also that ceratioid escae contain pheromone - producing secretory glands that function to attract a conspecific male ( munk , 1992 ) , but the true nature and adaptive significance of these structures and most of the other internal parts of escae are unknown .\nin addition to the esca , all 23 currently recognized species of the ceratioid genus linophryne ( family linophrynidae ) bear an elaborate bioluminescent hyoid barbel , the light of which does not originate from symbiotic luminescent bacteria but rather from a complex array of intrinsic , intracellular , paracrystalline photogenic granules ; the bacteria - filled esca is ectodermal in origin , whereas the barbel light organ appears to be derived from the mesoderm ( hansen and herring , 1977 ) . this remarkable dual system , involving two entirely separate mechanisms of light production , is unique among animals .\nin summary , ceratioid anglerfishes are among the most intriguing of all animals , possessing a host of spectacular morphological , behavioral , and physiological innovations found nowhere else . the suborder is taxonomically diverse : with 160 currently recognized species ( and many more certain to be discovered in the future ) , it forms a major contribution to the biodiversity of the deep - sea . it is exceedingly widespread geographically , occurring in deep waters of all major oceans and seas of the world , from high arctic latitudes to the southern ocean ; while some species appear to be almost cosmopolitan in distribution , many others have surprisingly small , restricted , vertical and horizontal ranges . their relative abundance , high species diversity , and trophic position as the top primary carnivores in meso - and bathypelagic communities make them important ecologically . their unique mode of reproduction has significant biomedical implications to the fields of endocrinology and immunology . yet , despite these many aspects of biological interest and importance , as well as a large amount of revisionary work published in the 1970s and early 1980s , including repeated attempts to resolve phylogenetic relationships , ceratioid anglerfishes have remained poorly known .\na suborder of lophiiforms unique and derived in lacking pelvic fins ( except in larval and newly metamorphosed caulophrynidae ) , pelvic bones reduced or absent ; extremely sexually dimorphic , males dwarfed , a fraction of size of females . spinous dorsal - fin of two spines ( the illicium and second cephalic spine ) , both supported by a single pterygiophore ; anteriormost dorsal - fin spine modified to serve as a lure , emerging from dorsal surface of cranium ( somewhat behind cranium in bufoceratias , from roof of mouth in thaumatichthyidae , absent in neoceratiidae ) ; second dorsal - fin spine reduced to a tiny remnant ( but relatively well developed in adolescent diceratiidae and ceratiidae , absent in neoceratiidae and linophrynidae ) , embedded beneath skin of head and lying on , or fused to , dorsal surface of pterygiophore just behind base of illicial bone ; postcephalic , spinous dorsal - fin absent ; palatine teeth absent ; interhyal without medial , posterolaterally directed process ; ceratobranchial v toothless , reduced to a slender rod - shaped element in most families , represented by tiny remnants in the gigantactinidae ; epibranchial i simple , without ligamentous attachment to epibranchial ii ; pharyngobranchial iv absent ; cleithral spine absent ; interopercle reduced , elongate and narrow ; subopercle with ascending process absent or reduced to a small spine or projection detached from opercle ; gill filaments present as holobranchs on gill arches ii and iii , extending as hemibranchs onto proximal end of arch i in some families ( i . e . , caulophrynidae , himantolophidae , melanocetidae , diceratiidae , some oneirodidae , centrophrynidae , and neoceratiidae ) , and as hemibranchs on arch iv ; pseudobranch absent ( tiny remnants present in some gigantactis ) ; swimbladder absent .\nmales with elements of cephalic dorsal - fin spines greatly reduced , remnants embedded beneath skin of head ; eyes and olfactory organs greatly enlarged in most taxa ; tip of snout and chin bearing hooked denticular teeth , used for attachment to females ; in some families and genera attachment becomes parasitic through fusion of male and female tissue .\nfemales with body short and deep , almost spherical in most families , but elongate and somewhat laterally compressed in thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , ceratiidae , gigantactinidae , neoceratiidae , and some oneirodidae ; head length usually greater than 40 % sl , but only about 25 % in elongate species ; mouth moderate to extremely large ( compared to other lophiiforms ) , length of premaxilla as little as 10 % sl ( in some gigantactinidae ) to as great as 40 % sl ( in some linophrynidae ) ; cleft of mouth nearly horizontal ( e . g . , thaumatichthyidae , centrophrynidae , and gigantactinidae ) or oblique to almost vertical ( e . g . , melanocetidae and ceratiidae ) .\nsexual dimorphism extreme : males dwarfed , those of most genera reaching a maximum standard length of only 6 - 8 % of that of females , and less than 25 % of that of the largest females of genera for which mature females are known ; body elongate , head less than 40 % sl ; mouth small , length of premaxilla usually less than 15 % sl ; cleft of mouth horizontal . metamorphosed males of all families with hooked denticular teeth apparently adapted especially for gripping the skin of females ; becoming permanently attached and parasitic in caulophrynidae , ceratiidae , neoceratiidae , linophrynidae , and the oneirodid genera bertella and leptacanthichthys .\nfin - ray counts the same for males and females , highly variable : dorsal rays 3 - 8 in most families , 11 - 13 in neoceratiidae , and 12 - 22 in caulophrynidae and melanocetidae ; anal rays 3 - 7 in most families , 5 - 19 in caulophrynidae , and 10 - 13 in neoceratiidae ; caudal rays nearly always 9 , but 8 in the ceratiid genus cryptopsaras and 10 in some specimens of neoceratiidae ; pectoral rays 12 - 30 . pelvic fins absent ( except in larval and early metamorphosis stages of caulophrynidae ) . rays of unpaired fins sometimes greatly elongate ( e . g . , in females of caulophrynidae and gigantactinidae ) and often not interconnected , or interconnected with extremely thin , transparent , membrane - like tissue . caudal fin rounded in nearly all families , but emarginate in some gigantactinidae ; caudal rays of some large individuals of ceratiidae terminating in spherical skin - covered ossifications .\ncoloration of males and females usually uniform dark brown to black over entire head , body , and fins ; dermis everywhere unpigmented and translucent in the linophrynid genus haplophryne .\nin some ceratioid taxa , the male ' s attachment to the female is followed by fusion of epidermal and dermal tissues and , eventually , by a connection of the circulatory systems so that the male becomes permanently dependent on the female for blood - transported nutrients , while the host female becomes a kind of self - fertilizing hermaphrodite ( regan , 1925a , b , 1926 ; parr , 1930 ; regan and trewavas , 1932 ; bertelsen , 1951 ; pietsch , 1975 , 1976 ; munk and bertelsen , 1983 ; munk , 2000 ) . permanent attachment is usually accomplished by means of separate outgrowths from the snout and tip of the lower jaw of the male , both of which eventually fuse with the skin of the female . in some species a papilla of female tissue protrudes into the mouth of the male , sometimes appearing to completely occlude the pharynx . the heads of some males become broadly fused to the skin of the female , extending from the tip of the lower jaw to the rear of the skull , appearing as if embedded or absorbed by their mate , while in others , the male is carried at the tip of an elongate , cylindrical stalk of female tissue .\nincreasing considerably in size once fused , their volume becoming much greater than free - living males of the same species , and being otherwise completely unable to acquire nutrients on their own , the males are considered to be parasites . they apparently remain alive and reproductively functional as long as the female lives , participating in repeated spawning events . a single male per female appears to be the rule in some taxa , but in others multiple attachments are relatively common , with as many as eight coupled to a single host ( saruwatari et al . , 2001 ) .\nsince its discovery some 80 years ago ( saemundsson , 1922 ; regan , 1925a , b ) , the story of sexual parasitism in ceratioid anglerfishes has become a part of common scientific knowledge . however , the known facts concerning this remarkable reproductive mode have never been thoroughly and satisfactorily analyzed , despite the work of bertelsen ( 1951 ) and more recently of munk and bertelsen ( 1983 ) , munk ( 2000 ) , and pietsch ( 2005 ) . the physiological mechanisms ( endocrinological and immunological ) that allow for sexual parasitism , which could be of significant biomedical importance , have never been explored .\nmales of the caulophrynid genus robia , the single known female of which has dorsal - fin rays 6 and anal - fin rays 5 , are unknown .\nmales of the thaumatichthyid genus lasiognathus , the females of which have naked skin , are unknown .\nmales of eight of the 16 recognized oneirodid genera are unknown , including spiniphryne , the females of which have spinulose skin .\nbertelsen , e . 1984 . ceratioidei : development and relationships . pp . 325\u0096334 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .\nbertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1965 . on a rare ceratioid fish , linophryne lucifer collett , 1886 . vidensk . medd . fra dansk naturh . foren . , 128 : 293\u0096301 .\nbertelsen , e . , and g . krefft . 1988 . the ceratioid family himantolophidae ( pisces , lophiiformes ) . steenstrupia , 14 ( 2 ) : 9\u009689 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1975 . results of the research cruises of frv \u201cwalther herwig\u201d to south america . xxxviii . osteology and relationships of the ceratioid anglerfish genus spiniphryne ( family oneirodidae ) . arch . fischwiss . , 26 ( 1 ) : 1\u009611 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1977 . results of the research cruises of the frv \u201cwalther herwig\u201d to south america . xlvii . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family oneirodidae collected by the frv \u201cwalther herwig . \u201d arch . fischwiss . , 27 ( 3 ) : 171\u0096189 .\nbertelsen , e . , and t . w . pietsch . 1996 . revision of the ceratioid anglerfish genus lasiognathus ( lophiiformes : thaumatichthyidae ) , with the description of a new species . copeia , 1996 ( 2 ) : 401\u0096409 .\nhansen , k . , and p . j . herring . 1977 . dual bioluminescent systems in the anglerfish genus linophryne ( pisces : ceratioidea ) . j . zool . , london , 182 : 103\u0096124 .\nherring , p . j . 2000 . species abundance , sexual encounter and bioluminescent signaling in the deep sea . phil . trans . roy . soc . london , b , 355 : 1273\u00961276 .\nherring p . j . 2002 . biology of the deep sea . oxford univ . press . 314 pp .\nherring , p . j . , and o . munk . 1994 . the escal light gland of the deep - sea anglerfish haplophryne mollis ( pisces : ceratioidei ) , with observations on luminescence control . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 74 : 747\u0096763 .\nherring , p . j . , e . a . widder , and o . munk . 1994 . flashing anglerfish ; an unexpected signalling system . abstracts of the eighth deep sea biology symposium , monterey , california , 1997 : 52 .\nhickling , c . f . 1925 . a new type of luminescence in fishes . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . , n . s . , 13 : 914\u0096937 .\nkottelat , m . , and c . vidthayanon . 1993 . boraras micros , a new genus and species of minute freshwater fish from thailand ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthy . explor . freshwaters , 4 ( 2 ) : 161\u0096176 .\nmarshall , n . b . 1967a . the olfactory organs of bathypelagic fishes . symp . zool . soc . london , 19 : 57\u009670 .\nmarshall , n . b . 1967b . the organization of deep - sea fishes . pp . 473\u0096479 , in : f . m . bayer , c . p . idyll , j . i . jones , f . f . koczy , a . a . myrberg , c . r . robins , f . g . w . smith , g . l . vos , e . j . f . wood , and a . c . jensen ( editors ) , proceedings of the international conference on tropical oceanography , 17\u009624 november 1965 , miami beach , florida , studies in tropical oceanography , miami , vol . 5 .\nmunk , o . 1964 . the eyes of some ceratioid fishes . dana rept . , 62 , 17 pp .\nmunk , o . 1966 . ocular anatomy of some deep - sea teleosts . dana rept . , 70 , 62 pp .\nmunk , o . 1988 . glandular tissue of escal light organ in the deep - sea anglerfish oneirodes eschrichti ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . a light and electron microscopic study . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren , 147 : 93\u0096120 .\nmunk , o . 1992 . accessory escal gland ( aeg ) in some deep - sea anglerfishes . acta zool . , 73 ( 1 ) : 33\u009637 .\nmunk , o . 1998 . light guides of the escal light organs in some deep - sea anglerfishes ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . acta zool . , 79 ( 3 ) : 175\u0096186 .\nmunk , o . 1999 . the escal photophore of ceratioids ( pisces ; ceratioidei ) \u0097a review of structure and function . acta zool . , 80 ( 4 ) : 265\u0096284 .\nmunk , o . 2000 . histology of the fusion area between the parasitic male and the female in the deep - sea anglerfish neoceratias spinifer pappenheim , 1914 ( teleostei , ceratioidei ) . acta zool . , 81 ( 4 ) : 315\u0096324 .\nmunk , o . , and e . bertelsen . 1980 . on the esca light organ and its associated light - guiding structures in the deep - sea anglerfish chaenophryne draco ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren . , 142 : 103\u0096129 .\nmunk , o . , and e . bertelsen . 1983 . histology of the attachment between the parasitic male and the female in the deep - sea anglerfish haplophryne mollis ( brauer , 1902 ) ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . vidensk . meddr . dansk naturh . foren . , 144 : 49\u009674 .\nmunk , o . , and p . j . herring . 1996 . an early stage in development of escae and caruncles in the deep - sea anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 76 : 517\u0096527 .\nmunk , o . , k . hansen , and p . j . herring . 1998 . on the development and structure of the escal light organ of some melanocetid deep sea anglerfishes ( pisces : ceratioidei ) . j . mar . biol . assn . u . k . , 78 : 1321\u00961335 .\nparr , a . e . 1927 . scientific results of the third oceanographic expedition of the\npawnee\n1927 . ceratioidea . bull . bingh . oceanogr . coll . , yale university , 3 ( 1 ) : 1\u009634 .\nparr , a . e . 1930 . on the probable identity , life - history and anatomy of the free - living and attached males of the ceratioid fishes . copeia , 1930 ( 4 ) : 129\u0096135 .\npaxton , j . r . 1998 . squirrelfishes and their allies . pp . 160\u0096164 , in : j . r . paxton and w . n . eschmeyer ( editors ) , encyclopedia of fishes , second edition , weldon owen pty limited , mcmahons point , new south wales , australia .\npietsch , t . w . 1975 . precocious sexual parasitism in the deep - sea ceratioid anglerfish cryptopsaras couesi gill . nature , 256 : 38\u009640 .\npietsch , t . w . 1976 . dimorphism , parasitism and sex : reproductive strategies among deepsea ceratioid anglerfishes . copeia , 1976 ( 4 ) : 781\u0096793 .\npietsch , t . w . 1979 . ceratioid anglerfishes of the family caulophrynidae with the description of a new genus and species from the banda sea . contrib . sci . , nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , 310 : 1\u009625 .\npietsch , t . w . 1984 . lophiiformes : development and relationships . pp . 320\u0096325 , in : moser , h . g . , w . j . richards , d . m . cohen , m . p . fahay , a . w . kendall , jr . , and s . l . richardson ( editors ) , ontogeny and systematics of fishes , spec . publ . no . 1 , amer . soc . ichthy . herpet . , ix , 760 pp .\npietsch , t . w . 1986 . systematics and distribution of bathypelagic anglerfishes of the family ceratiidae ( order : lophiiformes ) . copeia , 1986 ( 2 ) : 479\u0096493 .\nregan , c . t . 1925a . dwarfed males parasitic on the females in oceanic angler - fishes ( pediculati , ceratioidea ) . proc . roy . soc . , b , 97 : 386\u0096400 ."]}
{"id": 2512, "summary": [{"text": "lyclene acutiseriata is a moth of the family erebidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by holloway in 2001 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on borneo .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of lowland forests , but the species has also been recorded from cultivated areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is about 7 mm . ", "topic": 9}], "title": "lyclene acutiseriata", "paragraphs": ["lyclene acutiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 161 , 166 ; tl : brunei , pengkalan batu agr . stn\nlyclene cumseriata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene labyrintha bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene lineidistincta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene malayproducta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene pectena bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene pingera bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene fruhstorferi aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 172 ; tl : java\nlyclene undulata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene valdenigra bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene venustula bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene biseriata ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 154 , 169\nlyclene circumdata ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 163 , 168\nlyclene cuneigera ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 181 , 184\nlyclene peloa ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 204 , 207\nlyclene xanthopera ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 156 , 170\nlyclene x - linea bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )\nlyclene cuneifera ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 4a , 188 , 209\nlyclene\nsynestramena ; [ mob7 ] : 357 , pl . 4 , f . 192 , 195\nlyclene cuneigera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .\nlyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 , j . linn . soc . ( zool . ) , 6 : 113 .\nlyclene ( nudariina ) ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288\nlyclene asaphes ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ( note )\nlyclene cylletona ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ( note )\nlyclene arcuata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene congerens ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene conjunctana ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene dasara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene goaensis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene hollowai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene kishidai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene lutara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene metamelas ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene nebulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene nubilalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene toxodes ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene uncalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene undulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene atrigutta walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 116 ; tl : sarawak\nlyclene classeigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 183 ; tl : sarawak , kuching , semongok\nlyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nlyclene distributa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak\nlyclene distributa ; [ mob18 ] , 45 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 202 , 215\nlyclene angulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 206 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene apiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 153 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene peloa swinhoe , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 84 ) : 420 ; tl : padang , sumatra\nlyclene postseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 158 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene radians moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : calcutta\nlyclene unguifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 193 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , 5500ft\nlyclene obtusilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 174 , 179 ; tl : brunei , 1670m , bukit pagon\nlyclene puncakica dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ; tl : sulawesi selat , puncak , 27km w palopo\nlyclene angulifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 187 , 210 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene excaviseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 155 , 165 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene fusciramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 194 , 197 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene multiramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 354 , pl . 4 , f . 191 , 196 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene pseudobunda holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 171 , 182 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park\nlyclene areolifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 189 , 211 ; tl : n . borneo , mt . kina balu\nlyclene goaensis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 117 ; tl : india , goa , keri , 90m\nlyclene hollowai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 112 ; tl : india , gurajat , saputara , 970m\nlyclene kishidai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 110 ; tl : india , kerala , chendruni , 70m\nlyclene uncalis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : india , karnataka , medikeri , 1100m\nlyclene obscurilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 173 , 176 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m\nlyclene poring holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 160 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene ashleigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 180 , 185 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene diehli dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ; tl : nort sumatra , sindar raya , 98\u00b057 ' e , 3\u00b009 ' n\nlyclene falciseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 159 , 164 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene kepica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 6 ; tl : cambodia , kep , 10 . 494\u00b0n , 104 . 296\u00b0e , 51m\nlyclene mesilaulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 175 , 177 , 270 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m\nlyclene quadrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 162 , 167 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu\nlyclene pudibunda ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 172 , 186 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene kosterini dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 5 ; tl : cambodia , kampot , boko hill staion , 1030m , 10\u00b037 ' 37\nn 104\u00b001 ' 33\ne\nlyclene kontumica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum prov , 14\u00b045 ' - 15\u00b015 ' n ; 107\u00b021 ' - 108\u00b020 ' e\nlyclene semifascia ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 63 , pl . 103 , f . 7 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene zinchenkoi dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 4 ; tl : thailand , phisanulok , 18km n nakhon , tail vil . , 426m , 17\u00b015 , 7 ' n , ; 100\u00b051 , 4 ' e\nhampson ( 1900 ) included the more lightly marked l . assamica moore as a synonym , but this needs confirmation . the male genitalia have valves with only the saccular process strong . the aedeagus has an unusual apical comb of spines , but the vesica is typical of lyclene with some scobination and a single , blade - like cornutus at the end of a diverticulum . the female genitalia have a bursa consistent with placement in lyclene but more heavily sclerotised than average , including an appendix - like structure that presumably receives the cornutus .\nlyclene weidenhofferi cern\u00fd , 2012 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 121 ; tl : n . thailand , chiang mai , fang , doi ang khang , 1425m , 29\u00b054 ' 10\nn , 99\u00b02 ' 28\ne\nlyclene humilis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 32 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene linga ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 40 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene radians ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 37 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\nlyclene spilosomoides ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene strigipennis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43\nlyclene dharma ; [ mob7 ] : 344 ( note ) ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41\nlyclene calamaria ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 203 , 214 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40\nlyclene obsoleta ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 190 , 198 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42\n, possible 7mm . the size is as in biseriata , but the forewing central fascia is present . the valves have bilateral symmetry , the costal process diagnostically straight and acute . the aedeagus vesica has the cornuti well separate , the more basal one set on a diverticulum .\n1 ( slide 5210 ) sabah : poring , 1800ft . , e . of mt . kinabalu , 20 - 23 . i . 1976 ( e . w . classey ) ; 2 ( slide 2713 ) sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8 ( j . d . holloway et al . ) , site 20 , mar . - april , w . melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas ; 1 sarawak as previous but site 23 , 250m . 430558 , feg 4 , limestone forest ; 1 ( slide 5427 ) sarawak as previous but site 11 , camp 1 , mulu , 150m . 385470 , mixed dipt . f . / river .\nthe species has been taken in a wide range of lowland forest types and in a cultivated area .\nasura lutaroides van eecke , 1926 , zool . meded . leiden , 9 : 289 , syn . n .\nsee under l . pudibunda above for distinction of cuneigera and allies . the holotype male of lutaroides has genitalia that match those of the bornean male ( slide 5329 ) collected by a . r . wallace . the original description refers to a male , but the specimen labelled as the type of cuneigera in bmnh is female ( slide 5318 ) , following hampson ( 1900 ) . the male genitalia have the saccular process with a distinctive \u2018ball and spur\u2019 apex , and the aedeagus vesica bears two large cornutus spines . the female has sclerotised disc - like pads on either side of the seventh segment . in balinese specimens the apical part of the male saccular process is more complex , and the female has double pads on each side of the seventh segment ( slides 5351 , 5360 ) .\nthe only material seen is that originally collected by a . r . wallace in sarawak , probably in the lowlands .\nthis species is recorded from a range of lowland forest types , including heath forest , and lower montane forest as high as 1000m .\n, 8 - 9mm . the facies is as in pudibunda , but the hindwing lacks a medial band . the male genitalia have only three cornuti ( two opposite one ) in the vesica rather than a row of five or more opposite a single one ; the valve lacks a central angle to the sacculus but has a complex round flap in the centre just dorsal to the sacculus . in the female the ductus is longer , with a deep cleft in the ostium .\nsarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8\n( slide 4771 ) as holotype but site 16 , march , long pala ( base ) , 70m 324450 , alluv . / secondary for . ; 1\nthe species is infrequent in lowland forest of various types : hill dipterocarp , heath and alluvial .\nthe species resembles a lighter yellow , more heavily marked version of peloa , the zig - zag postmedial being particularly intense and extending further basad into the medial zone subdorsally .\nthe only specimen seen is the male noted by hampson ( 1900 ) from pulo laut , a low - lying island at the south - east of borneo . further confirmation of its occurrence in borneo would be valuable .\nasura acteola swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 501 ; tl : siam , muok - lek\nasura intermedia marumo , 1923 ; j . coll . agric . imp . univ . tokyo , 8 ( 2 ) : 138 , pl . 3 , f . 2\nindia ( manipur , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttaranchal ) , ceylon , java , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]\nasura asaphes hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 451 , pl . 31 , f . 31 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nasura biseriata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 458 , pl . 31 , f . 27 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nasura strigipennis ; barlow , 1982 , intr . moths of south east asia : 71\nmiltochrisa tibeta clara daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 312 ; tl : likiang\nlarva on artocarpus incisa moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30\nindia ( sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland ) , bhutan . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854\nasura creatina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 454 ; [ nhm card ]\nnw . himalays , sikkim , assam , nilgiris , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]\nmiltochrista gilva daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 316 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang\nindia ( punjab , sikkim , nagas , nilgiris , moulmein ) , burma , java . see [ maps ]\nmiltochrista ila ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45\nlarva on solanum indicum hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 431\nnudaria ? marginata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 274 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore\nsetina nebulosa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 35 ; tl : darjiling\nmiltochrista nubilalis hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 115 ; tl : ganjam\nasura sp . 3 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : ( part ) 3 , f . 13 , pl . 1 , f . 13\nsikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , himachal pradesh , calcutta . see [ maps ]\nceylon , burma , sikkim , assam , s . india . see [ maps ]\nsikkim , assam , china ( chekiang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]\nchina ( shanghai , chekiang ) , formosa , sikkim , assam , sumatra ? , java . see [ maps ]\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855\nasura synestramena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 429 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; tl : borneo , sandakan\nmiltochrista tibeta daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 311 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : tibet , batang\nasura toxodes hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : andamans\n= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 856\nasura sp . 1 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3\ntricholepis xanthopera hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : singapore\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\non the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer ber\u00fccksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . h\u00f6ne aus diesem gebiet . iv . teil : nachtr\u00e4ge\nnew lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia\nstudien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district\nillustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon\non the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i\nnew species of heterocerous lepidoptera of the tribe bombyces , collected by mr . w . b . pryer chiefly in the district of shanghai\ndescriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera heterocera collected by rev . j . h . hocking , chiefly in the kangra district , n . w . himalaya\ndie gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes . 2 . die palaearktischen spinner & schw\u00e4rmer\nlepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten\nnatuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra\nh . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nactr\u00e4ge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae\ncatalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome ."]}
{"id": 2514, "summary": [{"text": "the threadfin shad ( dorosoma petenense ) is a small pelagic fish common in rivers , large streams , and reservoirs of the southeastern united states .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "like the american gizzard shad , the threadfin shad has an elongated dorsal ray , but unlike the gizzard shad its mouth is more terminal without projecting upper jaw .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the fins of threadfin shad often have a yellowish color , especially the caudal fin .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the back is grey to blue with a dark spot on the shoulder .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "d. petenense is more often found in moving water , and is rarely found deep in the water column .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it occur in large schools , sometimes with gizzard shad , and can be seen on the surface at dawn and dusk .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the threadfin shad may reach lengths of 8 inches , but only rarely .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this fish is very sensitive to changes in temperature and dissolved oxygen , and die-offs are frequent in late summer and fall , especially when water temperature reaches 42 \u00b0f .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the threadfin shad is a favorite food for many game fishes including striped bass , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass , and catfishes .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "this fish is widely introduced throughout the united states as a forage for game fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "threadfin shad", "paragraphs": ["like gizzard shad , threadfin shad are most commonly found in large rivers and reservoirs .\nthreadfin shad grow quickly and do not get as large as gizzard shad . average length is 4 inches .\noften used as a bait fish . threadfin shad almost never bite on a hook .\nthreadfin shad spawn on the surface shortly after dawn along a weedy shoreline or in open water around rafts of driftwood and debris .\nthreadfin shad are a good baitfish for most game species and have been stocked in many lakes to provide more food for game fish .\nunfortunately , the scientific community knows little about habitat use or movement patterns of gizzard and threadfin shad . as you might expect , shad are highly mobile and tend to school in very large abundance during the day , likely for protection from predators . however , at night shad tend to break from tightly packed schools and scatter . generally , smaller shad orient near the water surface , while adult shad tend to be evenly distributed from top to bottom .\nspawn : threadfin shad spawn on hard surfaces near deep water but right on the surface . it occurs when water temperatures reach about 60\u00b0 , usually during a full moon . the shad spawn is a prime time to fish for bass .\nproblems ? since threadfin shad are so sensitive to cold and don ' t grow to large sizes , they are not much of a problem for other gamefish , although the young shad do compete with young fish of other species for food .\nstrawn , k . 1965 . resistance of threadfin shad to low temperatures . proc . annual conf . southeastern assoc . game and fish comm . 17 : 290\u2013293 .\nhaskell , w . l . 1959 . diet of the mississippi threadfin shad , dorosoma petenense atchafalayae , in arizona . copeia 1959 ( 4 ) : 298 - 302 .\nlambou , v . w . , 1965 . observations on size distribution and spawning behavior of threadfin shad . trans . amer . fish . soc . 94 : 385\u2013386 .\ngrowth rates for threadfin are different than gizzard shad . most of the yearly spawn are 2 inches by late summer . they will reach 3 to 4 inches by october in most of the southern impoundments . threadfin will remain a potential bass food its entire life , particularly where fish in the 7 - pound - plus category cruise . shad are a barometer of water quality and bass populations . parallels are just beginning to show bass numbers and growth , relating to threadfin reproduction . when the shad numbers are strong , the bass are thriving . when the shad crash , the bass numbers fall .\nthreadfin shad , shown beside a golden shiner , mississippi ( inland ) silverside , sacramento pikeminnow , and wakasagi . photo by robert vincik , california department of fish and game .\nthreadfin shad , captured in rotary screw trap on the sacramento river at knight ' s landing on 11 / 23 / 2008 . photo by nicholas miguel , california department of fish and game .\nlambou , v . w . 1965 . observations on size distribution and spawning behavior of threadfin shad . trans . amer . fish . soc . 94 ( 4 ) : 385 - 386 .\nirwin - larrimore , e . r . 1989 . alewife and threadfin shad ecology in dale hollow reservoir , tennessee . m . sc . thesis , tennessee technological university , cookeville 66 pp .\nthreadfin shad naturally occur in waters west of the appalachian mountains , north to kentucky , west to east texas , south to the rio grande drainage , and east to florida . the species has been widely introduced in california and arizona , as well as appalachian and southern atlantic states . threadfin shad are common in all east texas streams and have been introduced as forage fish in many reservoirs statewide .\nburns , j . w . 1966 . threadfin shad . pp . 481\u2013488 . in : a . calhoun ( ed . ) inland fisheries management , california department of fish and game , sacramento .\nparsons , j . w . and j . b . kimsey . 1954 . a report on the mississippi threadfin shad . prog . fish - cult . 16 ( 4 ) : 179 - 181 .\nmclean , r . b . , p . t . singley , d . m . lodge & r . a . wallace . 1982 . synchronous spawning of threadfin shad . copeia 1982 : 952\u2013955 .\nthe threadfin shad ( dorosoma petenense , shown in photo ) is an important baitfish in many lakes . they are small and provide high protein food for bass , crappie , stripers , hybrids and other fish .\ngizzard and threadfin shad are closely related species . both are planktivores ( filter - feed microscopic , free - floating plants and animals with closely spaced gill rakers ) , grow rapidly , have short life spans , and associate in large schools . unique characteristics include an elongated , back dorsal fin ray and keeled midline from the throat to the anal fin . under 4 inches in length , both species are similar in appearance with blue or gray backs and silver sides , but are discernable by the shape of the snout and color of the tail . the gizzard shad has a rounded snout with a subterminal mouth , whereas threadfin shad have a pointed snout and terminal mouth ( i . e . , can open lower jaw by sliding finger off snout ) . threadfin also have a yellow - colored tail . however , gizzard shad reach much larger sizes ( > 10 inches ) than threadfin shad ( 4 inches = average adult size ) .\nmiller , r . v . 1967 . food of the threadfin shad , dorosoma petenense , in lake chicot , arkansas . trans . amer . fish . soc . 96 ( 3 ) : 243 - 246 .\ngriffith , j . s . 1978 . effects of low temperature on the survival and behavior of threadfin shad , dorosoma petenense . trans . amer . fish . soc . 107 ( 1 ) : 63 - 70 .\nmiller , r . r . 1963 . genus dorosoma rafinesque 1820 , gizzard shad , threadfin shad , 99 . 443 - 451 . in : family clupeidae . vol . 1 , pt . 3 . s . f . hildebrand , ed . memoir , sears foundation of marine research , yale university , new haven , connecticut .\nschools of threadfin shad seek shoreline cover each night . this cover can take the form of grass , moss beds , logjams , standing timber or brushpiles . early in the morning , generally shortly after dawn , the threadfin leave this shallow water cover for deeper areas where they may disperse slightly for the balance of the midday period and early afternoon hours .\ndorosoma is greek for\nlance body\n, referring to the lance - like shape of young shad . the word petenense refers to lake peten in the yucatan , the species type locality . threadfin shad are usually easily distinguished from gizzard shad by the fact that the upper jaw does not project beyond the lower jaw . the anal fin usually has 20 - 25 rays , as opposed to 29 - 35 rays found in gizzard shad . the upper surface is silver - blue and grades to nearly white on the sides and belly . all fins have yellow tint except the dorsal . in this species , unlike gizzard shad , the chin and floor of the mouth is speckled with black pigment . adults are considerably smaller than gizzard shad adults , rarely exceeding 6 inches in length .\nberry , f . h . , m . t . huish , and h . moody . 1959 . spawning mortality of the threadfin shad , dorosoma petenense ( g\u00fcnther ) , in florida . copeia 1959 ( 3 ) : 192 .\njohnson , j . e . 1971 . maturity and fecundity of the threadfin shad , dorosoma petenense ( g\u00fcnther ) , in central arizona reservoirs . trans . amer . fish . soc . 100 ( 1 ) : 74 - 85 .\ngizzard shad spawning habits are similar to that of threadfin , but spawning is more likely to occur throughout the day . although gizzard shad can tolerate water temperatures near freezing , die - offs can occur due to sudden temperature changes resulting from severe cold fronts . gizzard shad seem to prefer plankton and typically grow very fast ( 4 - 7 inches within the first year ) . they also reach much larger sizes than threadfin shad , as adults exceed 10 inches and maximum size is 20 inches . this can be problematic in some reservoirs , as adults get too large to be eaten by bass and other predators and can comprise over half of the total fish biomass . in turbid reservoirs that have limited abundance of plankton , gizzard shad can adapt and feed on detritus ( decaying organic matter typically found on the bottom ) .\nthreadfin shad are the more abundant species in both sam rayburn and toledo bend reservoirs . threadfin shad are very prolific . spawning begins in the spring when water temperatures reach 70 degrees and continues through fall until temperatures drop below 70 degrees . some fish that were spawned in the spring will reach sexual maturity and spawn in the fall . spawning usually occurs in large groups along the shoreline or vegetation edges , as eggs are adhesive and sink . spawning is typically restricted to the first several hours of daylight . threadfin shad are not tolerant of cold water temperatures , as die - offs occur if water temperatures fall to below 45 - 50 degrees . young and adult threadfin eat phytoplankton and zooplankton , and primarily feed near the water surface . average lifespan is 2 - 4 years . average adults are 3 - 5 inches long and maximum length is 8 inches .\njohnson , j . e . 1970 . age , growth , and population dynamics of threadfin shad , dorosoma petenense ( g\u00fcnther ) in central arizona reservoirs . trans . amer . fish . soc . 99 ( 4 ) : 739 - 753 .\nnative range of the threadfin shad is somewhat debated . before 1945 , the threadfin shad was found only in rivers and streams flowing into the gulf of mexico , from florida to mexico ( forbes and richardson , 1920 ; smith , 1979 ) . later , its range expanded northward ( trautman , 1981 ) . in 1948 , thread - fin shad were discovered in impoundments of the tennessee river ( tennessee valley authority , 1954 ) , and in 1957 the first illinois specimens were collected from tributaries of the ohio river ( minckley and krumholz , 1960 ) . an alternative opinion is that the threadfin shad was originally found as far south as belize and was distributed northward into gulf states as well as states bordering the lower mississippi and ohio rivers , including illinois and missouri ( page and burr , 1991 ) [ quoted from irons et al . 2009 ] .\nfeeding habits : plankton is the main food source for threadfin shad . they run in schools of similar size fish and you often see them feeding right on the surface late in the day when photosensitive plankton rises to the top as the sun sets .\nlake and reservoir populations use both the shoreline and open water areas . essentially it is an open water species , living at or near the surface , however , they have been collected at depths of up to 100 feet . they will hybridize with the threadfin shad .\nthreadfin shad live primarily on microscopic plant and animal life , phytoplankton and zooplankton , which is why they are often found around rock riprap , bridge and dock pilings , and areas with gentle current where algae grows or is washed into the system . they are more surface - oriented than gizzard shad , and frequently move in huge schools just under the surface , sometimes migrating for miles each day .\nkilambi , r . v . , and r . e . baglin , jr . 1969 . fecundity of the threadfin shad , dorosoma petenense , in beaver and bull shoals reservoirs . trans . amer . fish . soc . 98 ( 2 ) : 320 - 322 .\nsantucci , v . j . , jr . , and r . c . heidinger . 1986 . use of total myomere numbers to differentiate larvae of threadfin and gizzard shad . transactions of the illinois academy of science 79 ( 3 / 4 ) : 197 - 202 .\nthe threadfin then re - group and return to the shallow water cover late in the afternoon , frequently by reversing the same exit route they used that morning .\nhowever , i suggest that anglers can take advantage of three predictable patterns of shad movement . 1 ) as stated above , when water temperatures are above 70 degrees , threadfin shad spawn in the early morning around cover , especially on vegetation edges . it is common for largemouth bass to pattern feeding around these morning spawns , which can pay big dividends to anglers . 2 ) it is common sense to assume that shad distribution , like bass , is primarily controlled by their prey ( plankton ) . because of this , wind blown points and banks can concentrate free - floating plankton . plankton attracts shad , which draws feeding bass . many anglers get discouraged with high winds , but controlled drifts with the waves on wind - blown areas can put fish in the boat on an otherwise slow day . 3 ) i could find only one scientific study that examined seasonal movements of shad . during the summer , shad were primarily off - shore in open water . however , in the fall the majority of shad left the open water and hit the banks , both during the day and night . shad tended to be uniformly scattered in shallow water , both in main lake areas and in coves . therefore , beating the banks and covering a lot of water may be the most productive fall bass fishing pattern .\nburgess , g . h . 1980 . dorosoma petenense ( g\u00fcnther ) , threadfin shad . pp . 70 in d . s . lee , et al . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .\ngizzard shad grow quickly and attain a much larger size than threadfins . some adults can reach over 18 inches long and weigh over 2 - pounds .\ndistribution : native to the u . s . west of the appalachian mountains , north to kentucky , west to east texas , south to the rio grande drainage , and east to floridian rivers , the threadfin shad have been transplanted to waters all over the u . s . they do best in large rivers and lakes\nthreadfin shad school along the shoreline , with small groups of 1 - 2 females and 3 - 15 males breaking away and moving toward shore ; the groups swim erratically near surface , then move quickly toward a log , vegetation or other submerged object while releasing eggs and milt ( lambou 1965 ; wallus et al . 1990 ) .\nbaker , c . d . and e . h . schmitz . 1971 . food habits of adult gizzard and threadfin shad in two ozark reservoirs , pp . 3 - 11 . in : reservoir fisheries and limnology . g . e . hall , ed , spec . publ . , no8 , american fisheries society , washington d . c .\ngizzard shad are omnivorous filter feeder taking both phytoplankton and zoo plankton . the adults have more than 400 , fine gill rakers that can catch minute plankton . gizzard shad have an unusual digestion process for fish . the vegetable material they eat is ground in a gizzard like stomach . some bottom material is often ingested while feeding .\nthreadfin shad can spawn by the end of their first summer but will usually wait until their second summer to mate . this occurs between april and august and peaks in june or july when temperatures are greater than 20\u00b0c although spawning between 14\u00b0c and 18\u00b0c has been seen . at dawn threadfin shad will gather near a submerged or floating object and will begin charging at it , turning away at the last instant . at this point of turning , eggs or sperm are released and thrown so that they stick to the object or fertilize eggs that are already stuck . females will release 900 - 21 , 000 eggs in a season depending on their size . these eggs will hatch 3 - 6 days later into\ndiet includes phytoplankton such as blue - green bacteria , diatoms , and green algae ; dipteran larvae ; water mites ; invertebrate eggs ; and fish larvae ( haskell 1959 ; miller 1967 ; baker and schmitz 1971 ; goldstein and simon 1999 ) . baker and schmitz ( 1971 ) noted that threadfin shad feed more in the water column than does the similar species\nattraction to light : threadfin are attracted to light , and at night they can be found around lighted docks . many fishermen put out lights to attract them and the game fish that follow .\nfound in the backwaters of sluggish rivers and the deep , slow pools of smaller streams . gizzard shad become more abundant as a lake gains fertility through natural aging or added pollutants . they are often found over a mucky bottom , which they filter when feeding . unlike many other herrings , gizzard shad are non - migratory and stay near their home areas .\nthreadfin shad are more likely to be found in waters with a noticeable current and are usually in the upper five feet of water . they are quite temperature sensitive , with die - offs reported at temperatures below 45\u00b0f . spawning begins in the spring when water temperatures reach approximately 70\u00b0f , and may continue into the summer . during spawning , one or more females are accompanied by several males .\nconcern exists regarding possible impacts on other fish species with planktonic larvae , such as minnows and suckers , and on young centrarchids . dill and cordone ( 1997 ) stated that threadfin compete with young centrarchids for food and that they have destroyed kokanee fishing in some areas . population increases and crashes of threadfin shad caused diet shifts from zooplankton to zoobenthos , as well as an increase in tissue mercury content due to benthic foraging , in several species of zooplanktivorous fishes ( inland silverside ; young - of - year largemouth bass and bluegill ) in clear lake , california ( eagles - smith et al . 2008 ) .\nfactors contributing to this problem are the gizzard shad ' s high reproductive capacity , rapid growth rate , and efficient and direct use of plankton ( hubbs 1934 ; miller 1960 ; bodola 1965 ) .\nshelton , w . l . , c . d . riggs & l . g . hill . 1982 . comparative reproductive biology of the threadfin and gizzard shad in lake texoma , oklahoma - texas . pp . 47\u201351 . in : c . f . bryan , j . v . connor & f . m . truesdale ( ed . ) the fifth annual larval fish conference , louisiana cooperative fisheries research unit , baton rouge .\ntisa , m . s . & j . j . ney . 1991 . compatibility of alewives and gizzard shad as reservoir forage fish . trans . amer . fish . soc . 120 : 157\u2013165 .\nconditions for gizzard shad populations are optimal in warm , fertile , shallow bodies of water with soft mud bottoms , high turbidity , and relatively few predators ( miller 1960 ; zeller and wyatt 1967 ) .\ndown - looking echogram of data collected in a mobile survey in j . strom thurmond reservoir on the savannah river , georgia . the layer of small fish above the thermocline ( here approximately the top quarter of the water column ) are mostly threadfin shad . the layer of medium - sized fish below the thermocline is mostly blueback herring . the few individual large fish distributed between the layers and among the blueback herring are most likely striped bass .\nthe gizzard shad spawns in spring , may to june , when water temperatures reach the mid 60s to mid 70s . will start at 50 degrees . usually has a six week spawning period . the gizzard shad spawn begins at night in shallow water . as early as age two they gather in large schools to broadcast their eggs and milt in shoreline shallows . females produce up to 400 , 000 eggs that are randomly scattered adhere to plants , rocks or firm substrate . when conditions are perfect , gizzard shad can actually spawn a second time . eggs hatch in two to three days . no nesting behavior or parental care is shown by adults .\nmoderate to heavy predation by large game species , fluctuating water levels , deep clear water , and steep shorelines ( factors that are less than optimal for many species ) tend to be associated with lower gizzard shad populations .\nthe gizzard shad has the typical herring family shape , but with a distinctive dorsal fin . its short , soft - rayed dorsal fin is located at the center of its back . it has a long , trailing filament as the rear ray , longer than any of the other rays . the gizzard shad ' s back is silvery blue - green to gray . the sides are silvery or reflect blue , green , brassy or reddish tints . there is no lateral line . the tail is deeply forked , and the lower jaw is slightly shorter than the upper jaw . the snout is blunt . the mouth is small , and there is a deep notch in the center of the upper jaw . the gizzard shad ' s eye is large . there is a big , purplish - blue spot near the edge of the upper gill in young gizzard shad and small adults . this spot is faint or disappears completely in larger , older fish . the fins are dusky and there are the usual herring sawtooth - edged belly scales . gizzard shad grow rapidly and can reach a maximum size of about 18 inches .\ngizzard shad are filter feeders straining small organisms particularly from organic deposits . adults have fine gill rakers to strain these minute plant plankton ; the food is ground and digested in their gizzard - like stomach , hence the name .\nlatitudinal trends in reproductive characteristics are evident for some species of clupeidae . however , selection for life history styles may operate at the population level . the reproductive cycles of alewife alosa pseudoharengus and threadfin shad dorosoma petenense in dale hollow reservoir , tennessee , were monitored over two spawning seasons on the basis of a gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) . inshore movements normally associated with spawning migrations were monitored using gill nets in spring 1989 . gsi values peaked for both species at least one month earlier in 1989 than in 1988 due to warmer water temperatures earlier in the year . highest gsi values for female alewife occurred each year when surface water temperatures were about 20\u00b0 c ; threadfin shad gsi values peaked at temperatures of 22\u00b0\u201326\u00b0 c . trends in male gsi values in both species were similar to those in females . alewives were not abundant in warm ( > 22\u00b0 c ) , shallow water after 1 may 1989 , but alewife gsi values remained high after this date , suggesting that elevated inshore temperatures limited alewife reproduction . all aspects of alewife reproduction were comparable to other populations of alewife but did not follow latitudinal trends . threadfin shad reproductive characteristics were similar to other published accounts . we suggest that thermal regimes and reservoir trophic status are important factors for clupeid reproduction and population - level analysis is suggested when considering reproductive styles . further , our ability to predict the ecology of introduced species in freshwater systems is impaired when species considered have not coevolved or evolved in marine environments .\nthreadfin shad can be found in the open waters of sluggish backwaters , large ponds , and reservoirs where they stay close to the inlets of small streams or along the surfaces of dams . they are dependent on light for foraging and will generally stay high in the water column , rarely dropping deeper than 18 m . they are warm water fish that prefer summer temperatures between 22\u00b0c and 24\u00b0c and will die if the water drops below 6\u00b0c . they are very tolerant of salinity and can even live in salt water although it seems to lead to problems with reproduction . they are most often found in schools organized by size with smaller groups tending to be deeper in the water column , especially at night . it is not uncommon to see these schools very close to the surface as they are chased by fish below and by birds from above . threadfin shad feed exclusively on plankton but have two methods of catching it , resulting in a broad diet of the available invertebrates . small zooplankton , phytoplankton , and detritus are filtered through their gill\ntexas distribution : eastern half of the state ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) . warren et al . ( 2000 ) listed the following drainage units for distribution of threadfin shad in the state : red river ( from the mouth upstream to and including the kiamichi river ) , sabine lake ( including minor coastal drainages west to galveston bay ) , galveston bay ( including minor coastal drainages west to mouth of brazos river ) , brazos river , colorado river , san antonio bay ( including minor coastal drainages west of mouth of colorado river to mouth of nueces river ) , nueces river .\nsize : adults may reach five to seven inches but most are one to two inches long . many shad die off each winter due to cold water - - they can not live in water colder than 35\u00b0 and start dying off at 45\u00b0 - - so not many reach a big size .\nlife cycle : females lay eggs on hard surfaces in shallow water and males fertilize them from first light to sunrise when the water temperature reaches the high 60\u00b0 range . eggs hatch and the tiny shad school up and eat plankton , gradually moving to deeper water . they stay in the open deep water until time to spawn the next spring .\nlife span 3 - 11 years , few live beyond age 3 . in general , short life spans are correlated with rapid growth rates in the first year of life . in more northern parts of its range , gizzard shad typically live to ages 5 to 7 and may live to ages 10 or 11 ( miller 1960 ; jester 1962 ) .\nlarvae that stay near the surface during the day and fall deeper into the water column at night . they will mature into juveniles when they are 2 cm in length , approximately 2 - 3 weeks later depending on the water temperature . in optimal conditions they will grow 1 - 3 cm per month for the first summer but usually reach only 4 - 6 cm by end of their first year . few live to be older than 2 years or grow to over 10 cm long . the largest threadfin shad found in california was a 22 cm long individual from the salton sea where the salt water decreases reproduction , and thus competition , allowing each individual a larger amount of prey than they would find in a freshwater lake of the same size .\ngrowth is rapid , up to seven inches in the first year have been recorded . their rapid growth means that largemouth and smallmouth bass are able to eat them for only a short time each spring . after the spawn , the gizzard fry just explode in growth . they will be 1 1 / 2 to 2 inches in midsummer , but by late fall , they ' re often 5 inches long and a little large for the majority of largemouth bass . shad school up as juveniles in quiet surface waters , adults near bottom . striped bass are the dominant predator for the large gizzards and keep them under control so that young largemouth bass and large shad don ' t have to compete for the same limited planktonic food allowing the fingerling black bass to grow quicker .\nlike many other anglers , i am always researching ways to catch more largemouth bass . while watching a fishing show featuring rick clunn , a legendary tournament angler known for his intellectual out - of - the - box approach , a point he made really struck home with me . that is , far too many anglers spend all their time researching the habits and behavior of largemouth bass . time may be better spent researching habits and life histories of their prey species . why ? because with the exception of the largemouth bass spring spawning period , prey species habits and movement control a majority of largemouth bass location and behavior ( i . e . , find the bait and you find the bass ) . this article focuses on the life history of the primary prey species at sam rayburn and toledo bend reservoirs : gizzard and threadfin shad .\ndescription : the elongated fin on the dorsal fins gives the threadfin its name . the mouth is terminal and the lower part of the upper jaw is not notched . the anal fin has 20 to 28 rays ; the dorsal , 10 to 13 rays . color is bluish gray on the back with a persistent black or purple spot just behind the head . the lower side is silver to creamy white . the fins have a yellow tint , which gives it the local name of \u201cyellowtails\u201d ) .\ngizzard shad of all ages are extremely fragile , and handling them or keeping them in captivity for controlled laboratory testing is difficult even under the best of circumstances ( shoemaker 1942 ; bodola 1965 ; reutter and herdendorf 1974 ) ; consequently , many specific habitat requirements can only be assumed from field observations , and few or no quantitative data are available for most habitat variables . comprehensive life history and habitat information was given by bodola ( 1965 ) , jester and jensen ( 1972 ) , and miller ( 1960 ) .\nwe analyzed data on spring and summertime larval and juvenile fish distribution and abundance in the upper san francisco estuary ( sfe ) , california between 1995 and 2001 . the upper sfe includes the tidal freshwater areas of the sacramento - san joaquin delta downstream to the euryhaline environment of san pablo bay . the sampling period included years with a variety of outflow conditions . fifty taxa were collected using a larval tow net . two common native species , delta smelt hypomesus transpacifucus and longfin smelt spirinchus thaleichthys , and four common alien taxa , striped bass morone saxatilis , threadfin shad dorosoma petenense , gobies of the genus tridentiger , and yellowfin goby acanthogobins flavimanus , were selected for detailed analysis . outflow conditions had a strong influence on the geographic distribution of most of the species , but distribution with respect to the 2 psu isohaline ( x2 ) was not affected . the distribution patterns of delta smelt , longfin smelt , and striped bass were consistent with larvae moving from upstream freshwater spawning areas to down - stream estuarine rearing areas . there were no obvious relationships of outflow with annual abundance indices . our results support the idea of using x2 as an organizing principle in understanding the ecology of larval fishes in the upper sfe . additional years of sampling will likely lead to additional insights into the early life history of upper sfe fishes . ? ? copyright by the american fisheries society 2004 .\nyour contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences . children under 13 years of age must have a parent / guardian & apos ; s consent before providing any personal information to the agency .\ngreek , doris = lance + greek , soma = body ( ref . 45335 )\ndoro = meaning lanceolate ; soma = body ( referring to the body shape of the young ) , and petenense , for the type locality lake pet\u00e9n , guatemala ( ref . 79012 )\nmarine ; freshwater ; brackish ; pelagic - neritic ; anadromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 15 m ( ref . 39049 ) . subtropical ; 20\u00b0c - 30\u00b0c ( ref . 115833 ) ; 42\u00b0n - 15\u00b0n , 159\u00b0w - 81\u00b0w ( ref . 188 )\nnorth and central america : gulf of mexico drainage , mississippi system , from the ohio river of kentucky and southern indiana southwest to oklahoma , and south to texas and florida , also rivers around the gulf to northern guatemala ; also belize river , british honduras . introduced in hawaiian waters ( ref . 188 ) and in chesapeake bay tributaries ( ref . 93252 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 5 - 5 . 5 cm max length : 33 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 96339 ) ; common length : 10 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9291 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 15 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 17 - 27 ; vertebrae : 43 - 44 . body moderately deep ; belly with 15 to 18 + 8 to 12 scutes . mouth small . last dorsal fin ray long , about equal to distance from snout tip to mid - pectoral fin or beyond ; anal fin relatively short . scales relatively large , regularly arranged . a dark spot behind gill opening . gill rakers fine and numerous ( ref . 188 ) . body bright silvery , especially on sides , opercles and underparts . back and upper sides bluish black or dark olivaceous ( ref . 37032 ) .\noften schooling , occurring mainly in freshwater ( in large rivers , reservoirs , lakes , and swamps ) . prefer the presence of smooth , steep - sided surfaces such as dams , cement - lined pools and rip rapped streams ( ref . 39049 ) . but adults are also found in brackish or saline water of estuaries and bays ( up to 32 . 3 ppt salinity ( ref . 39050 ) ; juveniles to about 15 ppt ) . larvae are pelagic probably found only in freshwater ( ref . 39046 ) . filter - feeders , but not entirely herbivorous since recorded food items include copepods , cladocerans and fish fry . also feed on organic material of sand and detritus bottoms ( ref . 9114 ) . breed in the spring and in autumn , in freshwater , near or over plants or other objects . eggs adhere to aquatic vegetation ( ref . 4639 ) . caught exclusively in fresh waters and sometimes in mouths of rivers ( ref . 9291 ) . also ref . 58302 .\nbreed in spring and again in autumn , in open waters near or over plants or other objects ; eggs slightly adhesive ( ref . 188 ) . females can produce 5 , 000 to 20 , 000 eggs depending upon their size ( ref . 44091 ) .\nwhitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )\n) : 23 . 3 - 28 . 1 , mean 25 . 5 ( based on 182 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00560 - 0 . 01485 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 - 2 ; tmax = 4 ; fec = 800 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 59 , 2 sd range = 0 . 26 - 1 . 34 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 53 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 41 , based on : 4 tgen , 1 tmax , 3 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\netnier and starnes ( 1993 ) ; moyle ( 1976a ) ; whitehead ( 1985 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) .\ngiven the fact that they were stocked in the tennessee river and were able to migrate from there , and the fact that there are no early records , we consider it not - native to areas upstream of the lower tennessee river ( on both the tennessee and the mississippi and ohio rivers ) . many of the areas of arkansas are also questionable . the earliest record for the state is 1955 despite a fair amount of sampling in the state ( as depicted by fishnet2 . net ) .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of dorosoma petenense are found here .\nalafia ; apalachicola ; apalachicola bay ; aucilla ; big cypress swamp ; blackwater ; caloosahatchee ; cape canaveral ; charlotte harbor ; chipola ; choctawhatchee bay ; crystal - pithlachascotee ; daytona - st . augustine ; escambia ; everglades ; florida southeast coast ; hillsborough ; kissimmee ; lake okeechobee ; little manatee ; lower chattahoochee ; lower choctawhatchee ; lower ochlockonee ; lower st . johns ; lower suwannee ; myakka ; nassau ; new ; northern gulf of mexico ; northern okeechobee inflow ; oklawaha ; peace ; pensacola bay ; sarasota bay ; southern florida ; st . andrew - st . joseph bays ; st . johns ; tampa bay ; tampa bay ; upper st . johns ; vero beach ; withlacoochee ; yellow\naltamaha ; apalachicola basin ; broad ; coosawattee ; cumberland - st . simons ; etowah ; little ; lower chattahoochee ; lower flint ; lower savannah ; middle chattahoochee - lake harding ; middle chattahoochee - walter f ; ogeechee coastal ; ohoopee ; satilla ; savannah ; tugaloo ; upper ocmulgee ; upper oconee ; withlacoochee\nbear - wyaconda ; beaver reservoir ; bull shoals lake ; cahokia - joachim ; lower missouri ; lower missouri - moreau ; lower osage ; new madrid - st . johns ; peruque - piasa ; salt ; south grand ; spring ; the sny ; upper mississippi - cape girardeau ; upper white\narkansas - white - red region ; bird ; black bear - red rock ; blue ; bois d ' arc - island ; cache ; chikaskia ; clear boggy ; deep fork ; dirty - greenleaf ; elk ; farmers - mud ; illinois ; kaw lake ; kiamichi ; lake o ' the cherokees ; lake texoma ; little ; lower canadian ; lower canadian - walnut ; lower cimarron ; lower cimarron - skeleton ; lower neosho ; lower north canadian ; lower north fork red ; lower salt fork arkansas ; lower verdigris ; lower washita ; middle north canadian ; middle verdigris ; middle washita ; pecan - waterhole ; polecat - snake ; poteau ; robert s . kerr reservoir ; spring ; upper little\n* hucs are not listed for states where the observation ( s ) cannot be approximated to a huc ( e . g . state centroids or canadian provinces ) .\nprefers lakes , ponds , rivers , reservoirs and estuaries , but does not endure cold water ( 7 - 14\u00b0c ) . spawning occurs often before one year of age over vegetation or logs in open water at 21\u00b0c .\nit is unknown whether the populations on the east coast of georgia resulted from past stocking or from dispersal through estuarine waters ( miller and jorgenson 1969 ; dahlberg and scott 1971b ) . populations in other locations were intentionally stocked as forage .\ncanadian river population possibly extirpated ( sublette et al . 1990 ) . populations in several west virginia lakes extirpated by cold weather ( stauffer et al . 1995 ) . probably not established in the platte drainage of colorado ( walker 1993 ) . introduced and abundant in reservoirs of the colorado river ( deacon and williams 1984 ) . starnes et al . ( 2011 ) report that it is likely extirpated from the potomac river system . established in other areas .\nstock introduced into the colorado river was from the tennessee river ( minckley 1973 ) . dill and cordone ( 1997 ) gave the history of the introduction of this species into california . although lee et al . ( 1980 et seq . ) listed the species as native to florida , gilbert ( personal communication ) believes there is a considerable amount of circumstantial evidence to indicate that this species is not native east of the mississippi river , but was introduced as a forage fish beginning in the early 1900s . gilbert cites the fact that there are no published records of the species east of the mississippi river prior to the 1940s . expansion of the range of this species during the past half century likely resulted from a combination of natural range extension and human introduction ( gilbert , personal communication ) .\nboschung , h . t . 1992 . catalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of alabama . alabama museum of natural history bulletin 14 : 1 - 266 .\nbouc , k . 1987 . the fish book . nebraskaland magazine 65 ( 1 ) : 1 - 130 .\nbradley , w . g . and j . e . deacon . 1967 . the biotic communities of southern nevada . nevada state museum anthropological papers no . 13 , part 4 . 201 - 273 .\nburkhead , n . m . , s . j . walsh , b . j . freeman , and j . d . williams . 1997 . status and restoration of the etowah river , an imperiled southern appalachian ecosystem . pages 375 - 444 in benz , g . w . , and d . e . collins , eds . aquatic fauna in peril : the southeastern perspective . southeast aquatic research institute , lenz design & communications . decatur , ga .\nburr , b . m . , and m . l . warren , jr . 1986 . a distributional atlas of kentucky fishes . scientific and technical series no . 4 . kentucky state nature preserves commission , frankfort , ky .\nclay , w . m . 1975 . the fishes of kentucky . kentucky department of fish and wildlife resources , frankfort , ky .\ncooper , e . l . 1983 . fishes of pennsylvania . pennsylvania state university press , university park , pa .\ncross , f . b . 1967 . handbook of fishes of kansas . state biological survey and university of kansas museum of natural history , miscellaneous publication 45 , topeka , ks .\ndahlberg , m . d . , and d . c . scott . 1971a . the freshwater fishes of georgia . bulletin of the georgia academy of science 29 : 1 - 64 .\ndahlberg , m . d . , and d . c . scott . 1971b . introductions of freshwater fishes in georgia . bulletin of the georgia academy of science 29 : 245 - 252 .\neagles - smith , c . a . , t . h . suchanek , a . e . colwell , n . l . anderson , and p . b . moyle . 2008 . changes in fish diets and food web mercury bioaccumulation induced by an invasive planktivorous fish . ecological applications 18 ( 8 supplement ) : a213 - a226 . urltoken\nerdsman , d . s . 1984 . exotic fishes in puerto rico . pages 162 - 176 in courtenay , w . r . , jr . , and j . r . stauffer , jr , eds . distribution , biology , and management of exotic fishes . john hopkins university press . baltimore , md .\njenkins , r . e . , and n . m . burkhead . 1994 . freshwater fishes of virginia . american fisheries society , bethesda , md .\nla rivers , i . 1962 . fishes and fisheries of nevada . nevada state print office , carson city , nv .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 et seq . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc .\nmaciolek , j . a . 1984 . exotic fishes in hawaii and other islands of oceania . pages 131 - 161 in w . r . courtenay , jr . , and j . r . stauffer , jr . , editors . distribution , biology , and management of exotic fishes . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md .\nmatern , s . a . , p . b . moyle , and l . c . pierce . 2002 . native and alien fishes in a california estuarine marsh : twenty - one years of changing assemblages . transactions of the american fisheries society 131 : 797 - 816 .\nmenhinick , e . f . 1991 . the freshwater fishes of north carolina . north carolina wildlife resources commission , raleigh , nc .\nmiller , r . r . , and c . h . lowe . 1967 . part 2 . fishes of arizona . pages 133 - 151 in lowe , c . h , ed . the vertebrates of arizona . university of arizona press . tuscon , az .\nmiller , g . l . , and s . c . jorgenson . 1969 . seasonal occurence and length of frequency distribution of some marine fishes of coastal georgia . data report no . 35 . u . s . fish and wildlife service , washington , dc .\nmiller , r . j . , and h . w . robison . 1973 . the fishes of oklahoma . oklahoma state university press , stillwater , ok .\nminckley , w . l . 1973 . fishes of arizona . arizona fish and game department . sims printing company , inc . , phoenix , az .\nminckley , w . l . , and l . a . krumholz . 1960 . natural hybridization between the clupeid genera dorosoma and signalosa , with a report on the distribution of s . petenensis . zoologica 44 ( 4 ) : 171 - 180 .\nmoyle , p . b . 1976a . inland fishes of california . university of california press , berkeley , ca .\nmoyle , p . b . 1976b . fish introduction in california : history and impact on native fishes . biological conservation 9 : 101 - 118 .\nmoyle , p . b . and j . randall . 1999 . distribution maps of fishes in california . urltoken .\npage , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . the peterson field guide series , volume 42 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .\npflieger , w . l . 1975 . the fishes of missouri . missouri department of conservation , jefferson city , mo .\nraasch , m . s . , and v . l . altemus , sr . 1991 . delaware ' s freshwater and brackish water fishes - a popular account . delaware state college for the study of del - mar - va habitats and the society of natural history of delaware . 166 pp .\nrasmussen , j . l . 1998 . aquatic nuisance species of the mississippi river basin . 60th midwest fish and wildlife conference , aquatic nuisance species symposium , dec . 7 , 1998 , cincinnati , oh .\nred river authority of texas . 2001 . red and canadian basins fish inventory : grayson county . red river authority of texas .\nred river authority of texas . 2001 . red and canadian basins fish inventory : red river county . red river authority of texas .\nschmidt , b . - chief fisheries mangement , division of wildlife resources , salt lake city , ut . response to nbs - g non - indigenous questionaire . 1992 .\nsmith , p . w . 1979 . the fishes of illinois . university of illinois press , urbana , il .\nsommer , t . , b . harrell , m . nobriga , r . brown , p . moyle , w . kimmerer , and l . schemel . 2001 . california ' s yolo bypass : evidence that flood control can be compatible with fisheries , wetlands , wildlife , and agriculture . fisheries 26 ( 8 ) : 6 - 16 .\nsouthwick , r . - district fisheries supervisor , virginia department of game and inland fisheries . richmond , va . response to nbs - g non - indigenous questionaire . 1992 .\nstarnes , w . c . , j . odenkirk , and m . j . ashton . 2011 . update and analysis of fish occurrences in the lower potomac river drainage in the vicinity of plummers island , maryland\u2014contribution xxxi to the natural history of plummers island , maryland . proceedings of the biological society of washington 124 ( 4 ) : 280 - 309 .\nstauffer , j . r . , jr . , j . m . boltz , and l . r . white . 1995 . the fishes of west virginia . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , philadelphia , pa .\nsublette , j . e . , m . d . hatch , and m . sublette . 1990 . the fishes of new mexico . new mexico department of game and fish , university of new mexico press , albuquerque , nm .\ntilmant , j . t . 1999 . management of nonindigenous aquatic fish in the u . s . national park system . national park service . 50 pp .\nwoodling , j . 1985 . colorado ' s little fish : a guide to the minnows and other lesser known fishes in the state of colorado . colorado division of wildlife , denver , co .\nzuckerman , l . d . , and r . j . behnke . 1986 . introduced fishes in the san luis valley , colorado . pages 435 - 452 in r . h . stroud , ed . fish culture in fisheries management . proceedings of a symposium on the role of fish culture in fisheries management at lake ozark , mo , march 31 - april 3 , 1985 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md .\npam fuller , and matt neilson , 2018 , dorosoma petenense ( g\u00fcnther , 1867 ) : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 12 / 28 / 2016 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson ."]}
{"id": 2515, "summary": [{"text": "the fitzinger 's robber frog ( craugastor fitzingeri ) is a species of frog in the family craugastoridae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is found in colombia , costa rica , honduras , nicaragua , and panama .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and heavily degraded former forest . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "craugastor fitzingeri", "paragraphs": ["craugastor ( craugastor ) fitzingeri \u2014 hedges , duellman , and heinicke , 2008 , zootaxa , 1737 : 37 .\nhylodes ( craugastor ) fitzingeri \u2014 cope , 1862 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 14 : 153 .\ncraugastor fitzingeri eats a variety of invertebrate prey items ( lieberman 1986 ) . shifts in prey preferences occur as individuals age ( whitfield and donnelly 2006 ) .\ncraugastor fitzingeri does not aggregate or coordinate with other individuals when calling ( duellman 1976 ) . however , calling is thought to aid males in spacing themselves territorially ( savage 2002 ) .\nindividuals may be found on low vegetation and debris in the forest , and near forest edges ( savage 2002 ) . snakes such as liophis epinephalus consume craugastor fitzingeri ( sexton and heatewole 1965 ) .\nhylodes ( craugastor ) pulchrigulus \u2014 cope , 1863 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 15 : 48 .\nhylodes ( craugastor ) griseus \u2014 cope , 1863 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 15 : 48 .\nlithodytes ( craugastor ) griseus \u2014 cope , 1866 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 18 : 132 .\neleutherodactylus ( craugastor ) fitzingeri \u2014 hedges , 1989 , in woods ( ed . ) , biogeograph . w . indies : 317 , by implication ; lynch , 1996 , in powell and henderson ( eds . ) , contr . w . indian herpetol . : 154 .\ncraugastor fitzingeri \u2014 crawford and smith , 2005 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 35 : 551 , by implication ; frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de s\u00e1 , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 360 .\nboth species are members of the rugulosus species group , and are limited to forested riparian habitats . these species are much more robust frogs ( they have been described as\nfitzingeri on steroids\n) , and with experience are easily distinguished from\neleutherodactylus fitzingeri \u2014 stejneger , 1904 , annu . rep . u . s . natl . mus . for 1902 : 582 - 583 , by implication ; dunn , 1931 , occas . pap . boston soc . nat . hist . , 5 : 385 .\ncraugastor pulchrigulus cope , 1862 , proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 14 : 357 . holotype : usnm 4354 , lost , according to savage , 1974 , herpetologica , 30 : 296 , who designated lacm 76859 neotype . lynch and myers , 1983 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 175 : 530 , rejected the neotype designation . type locality :\ntruando\n, depto . choc\u00f3 , colombia . neotype from\npanam\u00e1 : canal zone : barro colorado island , near the laboratory\n. synonymy by savage , 1974 , herpetologica , 30 : 298 .\nhylodes fitzingeri schmidt , 1857 , sitzungsber . akad . wiss . wien , phys . math . naturwiss . kl . , 24 : 12 . holotype : km 1012 / 1343 , lost according to savage , 1970 , proc . california acad . sci . , ser . 4 , 38 : 273\u2013288 , who designated lacm 76859 neotype . lynch and myers , 1983 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 175 : 530 , discussed reasons for rejecting the neotype designation . type locality :\nneu - granada\n; expanded by schmidt , 1858 , denkschr . akad . wiss . wien , math . naturwiss . kl . , 14 : 248 to\ncordilleren von neu - granada [ western panama ] in einer h\u00f6he von gegen 4000\u2032 [ polish feet , therefore = 915 m , according to savage , 1970 , proc . california acad . sci . , ser . 4 , 38 : 273\u2013288 ]\n. neotype from\npanam\u00e1 : canal zone : barro colorado island , near the laboratory\n.\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nthis species was previously within the genus eleutherodactylus ( crawford and smith , 2005 ) .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis species is known from northeastern honduras and northwestern costa rica , south to northwestern colombia , up to 1 , 520m asl .\nthis species is often common in costa rica , although populations have undergone some recorded declines at la selva ( federico bola\u00f1os pers . comm . ) .\nan inhabitant of humid lowland and montane forest , and is often seen in disturbed forest or forest edge . in lowland dry forest areas , it is restricted to riparian gallery forest in the dry season , but disperses throughout forest in the wet season ( federico bola\u00f1os pers . comm . ) . reproduction occurs by direct development . in colombia , it has not been recorded from secondary forest .\nmuseum specimens of this species have been found to have chytrid fungi ( r . puschendorf pers . comm . ) , but populations are still high . there are no major threats to the species habitat overall at present as it has a wide range .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nthe following account comes from lynch and myers ( 1983 ) , savage ( 2002 ) , and personal observations .\nare moderate - sized frogs . adult males have snout - vent lengths ( svl ) of 23 . 5 - 35 . 0 mm , adult females ' svl reaches 52 . 5 mm . skin on dorsum is mildly tuberculate and variably patterns with different shades of brown , tan and black . ventral skin is quite smooth . the ventral abdomen is bright white in adults , while the ventral thighs are often yellowy . the two main field characters for identification are 1 ) the distinct yellowish dots on the otherwise brown posterior surface of the thighs , and 2 ) the presence of fine pigmentation in the gular ( throat ) region that is conspicuously absent from the middle of the gular area , thus forming a white longitudinal mid - gular stripe . gular pigmentation is sometimes faded or absent , however , and the mid - gular stripe difficult to observe .\nadult males can usually be sexed by their larger tympanum ( 3 / 5 to 4 / 5 of eye length in males , but 2 / 5 to 3 / 5 of eye length in females ) , and by the presence of a rather small white nuptial pad on the thumb . males also have vocal slits on the floor of their mouths . subgular vocal sac not usually evident externally . finger i longer than finger ii ; disc on fingers i and ii round , and on fingers iii and iv truncate . toes more or less webbed , the modal webbing formula is = i 2 - - 2 + ii 1 3 / 4 - 3 - iii 21 / 2 - 4 - iv 4 - - 21 / 2 . lateral fringes on unwebbed portion of toes .\ndisplay a variety of color patterns from gray brown , orangish brown up olive . some animals have a mediodorsal stripe that can be light brown , gray or yellowish . occasionally frogs have an irregular stripe that can form a w - shape over the scapular area of the back . the lips have gray or brown lineal stripes alternated with whitish stripes . tiny hatchings are nearly black all over , with a bright white gular stripe that appears almost painted on .\nare found in sympatry and both have yellow dots on the posterior thighs . however , the dots in\nmight also have a longer rostrum and sharper canthus rostralis , but this has not been verified . two other species of\ninhabits humid lowlands and lower montane forest ( 0 - 1200 m ) from eastern honduras and southward along both atlantic and pacific versants of costa rica and panama , and into northwestern colombia in the inter - andean valleys and in the chocoan lowlands as far south as the bay of buenaventura . detailed locality records are found in the following references : mccranie and wilson ( 2002 ) on honduras , koehler ( 2001 ) on nicaragua , savage ( 2002 ) on costa rica , and lynch and myers ( 1983 ) on panama and colombia .\nthis species is one of the most common species in southwest costa rica occurring in secondary and primary forest . in this region they make up an important component , ~ 50 % of prey , in the diets of the snakes bothrops asper and leptodiera septentrionalis ( ryan , unpublished ) .\noccurs in a variety of habitats , from the wet rain forests of northwestern of colombia to seasonally dry gallery forest on the pacific side of central panama .\nis commonly found in disturbed places including shrubs near houses and pastures ( pers . obs . ) , however this species also occurs in primary forest ( lynch and myers 1983 ) .\nis mainly nocturnal , but it is possible to find it by day on the forest floor , or concealed in leaf litter . at night one usually finds these frogs on leaves or low branches . lynch and myers ( 1983 ) report finding this species on rocks in small streams . often one hears\nstart to call sporadically at around 3 or 4 o ' clock in the afternoon ( pers . obs . ) .\nhas two distinct calls ( lynch and myers 1983 ; ibanez et al . 1999 ) . one call sounds very much like a person striking two small stones together about eight times , starting slowly but with increasing frequency . in fact , the patient observer will often find that she can get\nto respond to this noise in the field ( g . hoebel , pers . comm . ; pers . obs . ) . some people visiting or native to lower central america occasionally mistake this\ncall for the call of an introduced species of house gecko that is commonly heard inside buildings in urban areas here . the second call of\nconsists of one or two click sounds , that may be reasonably imitated by a person using the tongue against the roof of one ' s mouth . calls of\nare otherwise sporadic and the calling frog difficult to locate . however , it does seem they will call in response to each other ' s calls , as well as human imitations or recordings of conspecifics ( lynch and myers 1983 ) . although not experimentally demonstrated , the second , shorter call may be a more aggressive , territorial call ( lynch and myers 1983 )\nthe males call generally from elevated positions on low plants . hoebel ( 1999 ) made the following observations on\nat la selva biological station , heredia , costa rica . the height of perch sites varied between 0 and 1 . 6 m , and the males perched significantly higher that females or juveniles . there were no significant differences in perch height between calling and silent males , between males calling by day or night , or between males calling on dry or rainy nights . because males that call only sporadically are difficult to locate , lynch and myers ( 1983 ) suggested that this calling behavior may be an adaptation to avoid acoustically foraging predators such as the frog - eating bat ,\nshows direct development , often with some form of parental care of the terrestrial eggs ( savage 2002 ) . females attend eggs that are typically deposited in the leaf litter or in holes in tree buttresses . mendoza et al . ( 2002 ) report finding a nest in a small cavity on the ground containing a clutch of 85 round and yellowish eggs , with a female\nsitting on the nest . ryan ( 2005 ) reports eggs are placed and cared for in small depressions on the forest floor under the leaf litter , but can be found in litter piles near buttresses . in southwest costa rica eggs with attendant females have been found in january , february , april , june , and september , suggesting prolonged breeding that spans the dry and wet seasons . average number of eggs per clutch was 67 . 3 \u00b1 19 . 8 ( range 24 \u2013 81 ) eggs for 10 clutches . average nest dimensions was 61 x 69 x 23 mm ( length x width x depth ) . during the day females sit on the eggs completely covering the entire clutch , and she stay with the eggs until they hatch ( ryan 2005 ) . hatchlings are 7 . 2 mm svl and possess a visible yellow yolk sac and stay near the nest for up to 24 hours after hatching ( ryan 2005 ) .\nis among the most abundant and widespread frogs of lower central america . among native species of\n, this one may be the most tolerant of habitat disturbance and open spaces . this frog can be found crossing lawns , calling from manicured bushes and low thickets , but never too far from forested habitat . therefore , this species is of very low conservation concern relative to other frogs .\nthese frogs are non - poisonous and completely harmless . they are probably not consumed by people .\nthe karyotype is 2n = 22 , typically with two pairs of metacentric chromosomes , three of submetacentric , three telocentrics and one subtelocentric chromosome . however , individual and geographic variation can be found especially in the number of metacentric and submetacentric pairs so that the nf = 36 , 38 , 40 ( de weese 1976 cited in savage 2002 ) .\nlynch , j . d . and duellman , w . e . ( 1997 ) .\nlynch , j . d . , and myers , c . w . ( 1983 ) . ' ' frogs of the\nmccranie , j . r . , and wilson , l . d . ( 2002 ) . ' ' the amphibians of honduras . ' '\nk . adler and t . d . perry , eds . , society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , ithaca , new york .\nquijano , f . m . , santos - barrera , g . , and pacheco - rodr\u00edguez , j . ( 2002 ) . ' '\nlos anfibios del monumento natural barro colorado , parque nacional soberania y areas adyacentes / the amphibians of barro colorado nature monument , soberania national park and adjacent areas .\nryan , m . j . ( 2005 ) . ' ' egg attendance by female frogs in two species of eleutherodactylus from costa rica . ' '\ncarolina pola\u00f1a and andrew crawford ( caropil at yahoo . com , crawfordaj at naos . si . edu ) , smithsonian tropical research institute\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecies description based on savage ( 2002 ) . medium - sized frog . males to 35 mm , females to 53 mm .\nthe color of the dorsal surface ranges from gray - brown to brown to orange - brown . a lighter middorsal stripe is sometimes present . the dorsal surface is quite warty , with some ridging .\nthe belly is pale white or yellow , while the throat is almost always grey with a white line down the center . the ventral surface is smooth .\nthe rear surface of the thigh has many light yellow spots on a dark brown to black background . the upper surface of the thigh usually has some dark bars . the undersides of the thighs are usually yellowish or greenish .\niris grayish or bronzish ( one , the other , or both ) , with a brown or red stripe dividing the upper and lower halves .\ndunn ( 1931 ) reported a clutch of 44 eggs attended by a male found in leaf litter . later studies suggested it was probably a female because of its large size ( lynch and myers 1983 ) .\na series of harsh clacks ( savage 2002 ) that sounds rather like a cackle . males generally call after heavy rains and around dusk , but do not call late into the night ( savage 2002 ) . the vocal sac is internal ( savage 2002 ) .\ntracie\nthe bug lady\ninvites you on an out of this world walk on . . .\na night tour would not be complete without encountering a common rain frog . this is by far the most common nocturnal frog in drake bay .\nthey are medium sized frogs , and adults measure between 23 and 53 millimeters . as with most frogs , females are much larger than males . males are very vocal and can be heard calling sporadically throughout the night , much more frequently during the rainy season .\ntheir advertising call has been described as a series of\nclacks\n, resembling two small rocks being struck against one another . males will respond to other calling males as well as to humans imitators . this makes locating these frogs a much easier task . it seems that males respond to other calls with a much shorter and harsher cackle , possibly a territorial call . males seem to be quite territorial and we have had several irate frogs approach us frantically when we call out to them .\ncoloration and color patterns may be quite variable within this species . some individuals have a stripe running down their back , some have spots , while others have a solid color . coloration may range from gray to brown and anywhere in between .\nthis has led to much confusion and many misidentifications of these frogs by researchers throughout the years .\neven with all of these variations , they do have a few distinguishing characteristics . a pattern of yellow spots overlaid on a dark background located on the back of the thighs and a diffuse white line running down the middle of their throat are diagnostic . their call is also diagnostic . since females don ' t call , though , this is only useful in identifying males .\ndespite being so abundant , common rain frogs have proven to be something of an enigma for scientists . the first recorded discovery of their nest dates back to june 2 , 1931 . dunn found a nest with 44 eggs laid on the ground , underneath leaf litter . there was an adult frog , probably a female , guarding the egg clutch .\nincredibly , this was the only recorded egg clutch found by scientists for over 70 years ! during these 7 decades researches pursued , unsuccessfully , their quest for the common rain frog ' s egg clutch . a thirteen month study of the leaf litter carried out at la selva biological station failed to reveal any nests .\nin 2002 , 71 years after the first nest was discovered , mendoza found a second common rain frog nest on the ground with 85 eggs and a female frog guarding them . the embryos in this species go through direct development inside the egg . they never have a free swimming tadpole stage and tiny , fully formed frogs emerge from the eggs .\ncommon rain frogs are known to exist in humid zones of honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , and colombia .\n\u00a9 2018 gianfranco g\u00f3mez and tracie stice . all rights reserved . the use of any photographs , reproduced in any form or by any means , electronic or mechanical , or stored in a retrieval system , without prior consent of the owner - is an infringement of the copyright law and is forbidden .\nfitzinger ' s robber frog found in corcovado , costa rica in 2013 . filmed by heidi rockney\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nhyla grisea hallowell , 1861\n1860\n, proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 12 : 485 . holotype : not stated , although possibly still in usnm ; reported as ansp , lost , by savage , 1974 , herpetologica , 30 : 296 , who designated lacm 76859 neotype . lynch and myers , 1983 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 175 : 530 , rejected the neotype designation . type locality :\nnicaragua\n. neotype from\npanam\u00e1 : canal zone : barro colorado island , near the laboratory\n. synonymy by savage , 1974 , herpetologica , 30 : 289\u2013299 .\nleiyla g\u00fcntheri keferstein , 1868 , arch . naturgesch . , 34 : 296 . holotype : ziug , now destroyed , according to savage , 1974 , herpetologica , 30 : 296 , who designated lacm 76859 as neotype . lynch and myers , 1983 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 175 : 530 , rejected the neotype designation . type locality :\ncostarica\n. neotype from\npanam\u00e1 : canal zone : barro colorado island , near the laboratory\n. also described as new by keferstein , 1868 , nachr . ges . wiss . g\u00f6ttingen , 1868 : 330 . synonymy by savage , 1974 , herpetologica , 30 : 289 - 299 . junior secondary homonym of hylodes g\u00fcntheri steindachner , 1864 .\nlithodytes guentheri \u2014 cope , 1887 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 32 : 16 .\nliohyla guentheri \u2014 g\u00fcnther , 1900 , biol . centr . amer . , rept . batr . , vol . 7 , part 155 : 220 .\nhylodes nubilus g\u00fcnther , 1901 , biol . centr . amer . , rept . batr . , vol . 7 , part 162 : 237 . holotype : bmnh 1947 . 2 . 15 . 80 ( formerly 1902 . 5 . 13 . 29 ) , according to xxx . type locality :\ncosta rica , [ provincia de san jos\u00e9 , cant\u00f3n de escaz\u00fa , ] escazu\n, 1000 m . savage , 1974 , rev . biol . tropical , 22 : 90 , commented on the type locality . synonymy by savage , 1974 , herpetologica , 30 : 289 - 299 .\neleutherodactylus nubilus \u2014 noble , 1918 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 38 : 331 . taylor , 1952 , univ . kansas sci . bull . , 35 : 762 .\neleutherodactylus griseus \u2014 cei , 1956 , invest . zool . chilen . , 3 : 54 .\nfitzinger ' s robber frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 74 ) .\nhumid lowlands and lower montane forest ( 0\u20131200 m ) from northeastern honduras , eastern nicaragua and south and east throughout both atlantic and pacific versants of costa rica and panama , and into northwestern colombia on the pacific lowlands and upper basins of the cauca river valley .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2517, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia argentea is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in south-western china ( sichuan ) .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 21 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the fore - and hindwings are off-white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia argentea", "paragraphs": ["eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .\nhave a fact about eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia miserulata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for eupithecia staurophragma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\neupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .\neupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90\u00b0 to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .\nthe larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nwhat a lovely catalog of larvae . never enough larvae pics to distinguish what is on my plant . thank you !\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nchinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .\nskinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .\ncrowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .\nby using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia\u2122 is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en"]}
{"id": 2518, "summary": [{"text": "pasty ( 1 may 1973 \u2013 12 february 1993 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "she was the leading two-year-old filly of her generation in britain in 1975 when she was undefeated in five races including the lavant stakes , lowther stakes and cheveley park stakes .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she failed to progress as a three-year-old and finished no better than fourth in her five races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she was then retired to become a broodmare and produced at least three minor winners . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "pasty ( horse )", "paragraphs": ["pasty was retired from racing to become a broodmare and produced at least ten foals between 1978 and 1991 . pasty died in australia on 12 february 1993 .\nthe cornish pasty association is a community interest company , registered in england and wales , no 07847774 . \u0003copyright \u00a9 2016 cornish pasty association . all rights reserved .\nthe chough bakery world pasty championships 2016 gold titleholders these guys know a thing or two about pasty excellence . it\u2019s \u201c the only place to buy a cornish pasty\u201d argues russell jackson and many others agree . find it smack bang in the middle of the quayside in padstow .\na devon pasty - crimped on the top , not on the side . photograph : alamy\nunderstanding the news , 127 years ago today . pasty central day in history , february 17th .\nwith their newly won protected geographical status , the name of the cornish pasty can no longer be taken in vain . our top five are below , but where do you go for a proper pasty ?\nsarah\u2019s pasty shop you\u2019ll smell this pasty shop before you see it says paul darcey for it\u2019s ickle in size but big on flavour . hunt it down in the heart of looe and make an agonising decision between the traditional or pasty - with - a - twist options . sarah gets a big thumbs up for her ultimate breakfast pasty crammed with sausagemeat , bacon , mushrooms , tomato , baked beans , egg and flaked potato ( an ingenious creation ) and there\u2019s lots of love for fishy friday when locally caught fish makes pasty perfection .\nhorse muscle fibre is different . the colour of horse meat is a darker red than beef and the fat is a yellow \u2013 orange colour which is completely different .\nhorse and jockey bakery gives excellent value for money . the standard pasty is massive , good filling and pastry . all locally made . the cakes and rolls again worth every penny . well worth a visit .\nlike williams ' other good horses , which included may hill , pasty was sent into training with peter walwyn at lambourn in berkshire .\nthe cornish bakery with six shops in cornwall and even more across the midlands and south of england , the cornish bakery has gone big in spreading pasty love and boy do they do it well . their winning formula of mevagissey roots , proper cornish innovation and award - winning status ( their traditional steak scored top marks in the 2013 world pasty championships no less ) has made them part of the pasty elite . there ' s just a little bit of craziness for their speciality \u2018travelling empanada\u2019 pasty - imagine the good old pasty combined with spicy flavours from around the world and you\u2019re on the right track . and the best bit ? 5p from every purchase goes to cornish mining heritage . good work guys !\nwarrens bakery you don\u2019t get to be the oldest cornish pasty producer in the world and the oldest bakery in cornwall without earning a few fans along the way and didn\u2019t our social media callout show it ! in little over 150 years warren\u2019s bakery has gone from having just one pasty shop in st just and feeding the cornish miners , to having their name above the door of 50 bakeries and satisfying the pasty masses . oh , and they have played no small part in commercialising the cornish pasty and pioneering its popularity both here and abroad . warren\u2019s we thank you !\nmake sure you have a good enough horse to make it worthwhile , we all go through our fair share of donkeys , but in the end you are only as good as the horse you are riding .\nany professional meat supplier or butcher would know whether it is horse or beef ,\nhe said .\nbest mate has become the first horse since arkle in the 1960s to win three consecutive gold cups at cheltenham .\nhis third straight win marks a remarkable achievement not just by the horse , but the team behind his success .\nhe spoke of his frustration that anyone could have mistaken his horse meat for beef even if it was mislabelled .\ni ' m sure opinion will be divided on the subject of where to find cornwall ' s finest oggie . where do you go for a proper pasty ?\nmy americans know all about horse racing in hong kong ,\nsays happy valley executive director bill nader , who spent years working for the new york racing association .\nbut i guess my americans are all horse people .\nif your horse is tail rubbing and you suspect pinworms please call us on 01409 255549 / 01822613838 to discuss appropriate treatment .\nas you load up your horse and close the ramp , you feel a slight pang of guilt that he is all on his own . maybe this is a good excuse for getting another horse so that he has a road trip buddy in future ?\nsomething new ? whatever your age horse riding is a fantastic hobby and and exciting way to learn new [ . . . ]\nso we offered it to horse & hound and are delighted to see they ' re running it in the 9 march issue .\nit is a big year for culloty - in may , he is getting married to girlfriend susie , whose food magnate family own , among others , the ginsters cornish pasty company .\nif they horse has misbehaved , what is the point of the judge getting on it ? it is never going to get placed .\nat the far end of a refrigerated warehouse is a grisly sight you would never see in britain : row upon row of horse carcasses .\nfirst trip to cornwall in about 10 years and i am a sucker for a pasty . they are open from the crack of dawn and are churning out hot and cold products from 9am .\nfor many families , pasty - making was a daily task and recipes were passed from mothers to daughters , rarely written down . producing a magic pasty takes a certain knack and many cooks take so much pride in theirs , that not many will share their recipes . some have even been known to take them to the grave , refusing to pass them on even to their offspring .\nit\u2019s a simple question but boy does it trigger a passionate debate . when we threw it out to our facebook and twitter friends we received an outpouring of pasty love as well as 101 answers .\nthe rising sun trail is our newest horse riding trail taking you on a 6 - 7 hour ride across open moor [ . . . ]\nrowe\u2019s bakery with a shop in almost every town in cornwall it\u2019s little wonder that rowe\u2019s bakery is a strong contender for the pasty crown . these guys have been firing up their ovens since 1949 and have got the perfect recipe nailed . their traditional steak is simply \u2018ansome and we\u2019re big fans of their ever changing range of pasties with added pizzazz \u2013 try the reggae reggae pasty for a taste of cornwall with a kick !\nthe french meat processor spanghero were quick to point the finger at their romanian suppliers after it emerged they had sold thousands of tonnes horse meat as beef .\noh what lovely horse . when i worked with the shires our sister farm had the world record tallest horse . he was called boringdon black king and he stood at 19 . 3hh . that was back in the early 90 ' s . king has since passed on . his best friend was a 8hh shetland .\nand another one . oh it\u2019s back again . relentlessly . unsurprisingly , since horse tail is used to string violins i believe , this stings rather a lot .\nthe abattoir , which was named by the romanian authorities as the source of the meat in the current horse scandal , is owned by local businessman iulian cazacut .\ndo you remember a week or so ago , someone on here complained that their horse had misbehaved on the go round during a showing class , and the judge declined to ride their horse in the class . they basically accused the judge of not being very brave as they\nknew\ntheir horse would have been ok with the judge on board . well - yesterday at the royal one of the judges had a very bad fall from a horse which bucked and misbehaved really badly , which has resulted in them breaking a bone in their back . the royal is a show where you cannot prepare your horse for eveyrthing it will see - carriages , heavy horses , hackneys etc - so it is entirely possible that the horse in question acted entirely out of character . my point is more that the person who posted originally ought to be more aware of the accidents that can happen , and to consider the fact that a judge does not want to be put in a position of danger by riding a horse that is not capable of behaving correctly with its own rider . my best wishes for a speedy recovery go to the judge involved .\nbecause you\u2019ve been up since 4am and you know you won\u2019t be home until 10pm . you know you shouldn\u2019t , but actually monster munch , a pasty and 10 bottles of lucozade are exactly what you need to see you through .\nann\u2019s pasties a \u2018proper\u2019 cornish girl through and through ann learnt how to make pasties the best way you can \u2013 from her mother ! she\u2019s now somewhat of a pasty maestro and having drawn people far and wide to her brightly coloured pasty shop on the lizard she has pleased her legion of fans by opening a second shop in helston and supplying a select pick of delis and shops . \u201cdelicious and the very best ! \u201d says gill wiley \u2013 here , here !\nit\u2019s only because you care and you just want to get to the end of your trip in one piece ( and with a fully - functioning horse and vehicle ) .\npurists might say that the meat should be beef skirt ( not steak ) , and the pastry should be short - crust . i ' m pretty sure that 19th century tin - miners \u2013 who cooked up the original pasty as a handy form of packed lunch \u2013 would have been glad of any meat content ( i believe they used to put apple at one end ) . but i agree with the cornish pasty association , no artificial flavourings nor additives should be allowed .\nplease keep me up to date with special offers and news from horse & hound and other brands operated by ti media limited via email . you can unsubscribe at any time .\n[ quote ] oh what lovely horse . when i worked with the shires our sister farm had the world record tallest horse . he was called boringdon black king and he stood at 19 . 3hh . that was back in the early 90 ' s . king has since passed on . his best friend was a 8hh shetland . [ / quote ] i remember him ! he often appeared in horse & amp ; pony mag . the shetland as well i absolutely love heavyweight horses - most of them are so lovely and gentle .\nother sweets are available , but we reckon these little delights are 100 % necessary for any horse - related travel ( even if you\u2019re just going 10 minutes down the road ) .\npasty ( gb ) gr . f , 1973 { 19 - b } dp = 23 - 4 - 2 - 0 - 7 ( 36 ) di = 3 . 50 cd = 1 . 00 - 10 starts , wins , places , shows\nhorse & jockey bakery when size matters follow your nose to the horse and jockey bakery in helston and porthleven . renowned for their ample proportions , the pasties hang off the side of a plate ( a true sign that you\u2019ve got a goodun\u2019 ) and pack a big punch when it comes flovour . they get patricia bastow\u2019s vote on facebook as well as an avalanche of others !\npasty was a\nneat , well - made\ngrey mare bred in england by her owner percival williams . she was from the second crop of foals sired by raffingora , a very fast horse who won the king george stakes and several major handicap races including the cherkley sprint handicap at epsom downs racecourse when he ran five furlongs in 53 . 89 seconds under a weight of 140 pounds . he was beginning to make a mark as a breeding stallion in europe when he was exported to japan in 1973 . pasty ' s dam ma marie was a granddaughter of the broodmare scotia ' s glen , whose other descendants included the 2000 guineas winner our babu and the eclipse stakes winner king of the tudors .\npersonally , i wouldn ' t touch a ginsters . genuinely cornish , yes , but i ' ve seen and smelt the factory ( in callington , since you asked ) . what about the ubiquitous west cornwall pasty company ? yep , they are all\nhand - made\nin falmouth . based in buckinghamshire , though - with outlets in leeds , norwich , reading station , bristol , bath ( thank goodness , because i do get an urge for a pasty when i ' m a long way from home ) .\nvery tasty . big . i cut mine in half & fry off the other half with baked beans . 2 meals 1 pasty . i ' ve even had to take some into work they ' re well received . a bit of cornwall in the midlands . x\na posting from the royal on another thread said that the horse was spooked by carriages in the adjacent ring and alot of the horses in same class were upset . maybe this time the horse / owners were not to blame for putting in a poorly prepared horse . very unfortunate incident but when will show organisers wake up and do ring plans with some common sense , even the most seasoned show horse can get upset at carriages and drays . like the time they put the ladies hunters in a small ring immediately next to the fairground at newbury . the ride next to the ring was one of those towers that has seats on chains that the faster it goes the farther out the seats spin in the air - actually in the air space of one side of the ring !\ni didn ' t see that post but in the ror class at cheshire one horse was being a * * * * * in the go round and the judge said she wouldn ' t ride it and the girl left the ring . this horse was spinning broncing and generally being a right pig . my horse is quite sharp and sensetive but he was well mannered enough to not let his tension make him misbehave , the judge rode him really well and i couldn ' t of been happier , but had he misbehaved i wouldn ' t of expected her to ride him . i think it is rude of people to think the judge ought to ride their horse , if its that badly behaved with a familiar jockey then its not the judges job to sort it out . they are judges .\nin order to adopt a targeted strategic worm control plan for your horse and save you money , penbode equine vets advise that you should have a worm egg count done on each of your horses in may / june , and a second one in august . we can then advise you whether worming of your horse is required or is unnecessary , potentially reducing your worming costs and delaying the development or resistance .\nhg i believe that umenno is doing well in young horse classes in switzerland just now , as that is where he is based . he has qualified for the swiss 6yr old showjumping champs with rudi wallerbosch .\nbut mr cazacut , owner of doly - com , the abattoir where the horse meat came from , said he had his suspicions but refused to make public who he believes is behind the \u00a3300 , 000 fraud .\nrebel morrow has been riding since before she could walk and was the highest placed australian at the athens olympics on her horse oaklea groover . rebel originally comes from kilcoy in rural queensland and comes from a strong horse background . rebel\u2019s mum , vicky , was a professional horse trainer winning multiple state and national titles in western pleasure . rebel\u2019s dad wayne was a horseman who broke in their horses and now works as a master farrier . rebel , and her brother lyndon were in the australian youth western pleasure team that toured america in 1988 . the morrow\u2019s then met the infamous simon kale who introduced them to eventing , and got rebel up and running as a successful junior .\npasty began her three - year - old season in the fred darling stakes over seven furlongs at newbury racecourse in april in which she finished fourth behind rowantree , solar and manilata . in the 1000 guineas over the rowley mile course at newmarket , pasty started 12 / 1 second favourite but made little impression , finishing twentieth of the twenty - five runners behind the french - trained favourite flying water . at royal ascot she again ran poorly , finishing last of the eight runners behind kesar queen . she was then dropped in class but did not recover her form , finishing unplaced in two handicap races over six furlongs .\nas dermot ryan , manager of ashford , said in an email :\nfor those people that want to operate at the very highest levels of the game you can ' t afford to ignore a horse like american pharoah .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nwe think this is unique in the uk \u2013 a guided full day\u2019s trail ride which also includes a stop to enjoy a guided tour and tasting at a world - renowned winery ! camel valley have been producing award - winning wines since 1989 and offer a fascinating tour around the winery , which also includes a glass of one of their wonderful wines . we head out from hallagenna across bodmin moor before joining the camel trail . if we are lucky we might catch sight of the steam train on the bodmin \u2013 wenford railway line . enjoying a pasty lunch before starting our tour . it\u2019s then a pleasant ride back to hallagenna . \u00a3160 per person including pasty .\npengenna pasties the crimp of a pasty is as important as the ingredients and pengenna pasties in bude , tintagel and st ives is one of the few cornish bakers firmly in the top crimp camp \u2013 and it works ! our facebook friends couldn\u2019t wait to heap praise on their \u2018homemade deliciousness\u2019 and gave lots of thanks for their vegan variety .\n\u2013 or rather a photograph of the late john thaw , who played the cerebral sleuth on itv . he was occupying part of the abundance of wood panelling around the ancient walls and below the sloping beams of the 16th - century white horse in oxford .\nit was me that made the original post , i wasnt trying to be rude or teasy that the judge didnt ride my horse i was just asking a question as i have never done showing classes before . i do agree that it would be dangerous for a judge to get on a horse if it is misbehaving that badly , i wouldnt get on a horse i didnt no if it was going mad , but abbey was just jogging and was a bit fresh thats all . this past weekend she was a little star and the judge said she gave her a very nice balanced ride , and we got pulled in 4th out or a field of around 10 , so i think she was just a little excited last week . i hope the judge recovers quickly .\nin time , though , you get to happy valley . the tram took longer than expected , which meant i failed in my fatherly duty . in true pre - k fashion , my daughter instructed me to bet the first horse in the first race to come in first\u2014that would have been namjong turbo being ridden by kc leung\u2014but i didn ' t make the 7 : 15 post . i bet the kid ' s birthday trifecta in the fifth\u2014china delight , strathtay , and endorsing , in order\u2014but only the last horse came in .\ni am a teacher with many years experience , judged outstanding and i have decided to take some of my resources which i ' ve shared to over half a million downloaders freely to my shop . i want to share and enjoy more time with my dogs in cornwall . thank you for buying and helping me live my dream - one pasty at a time : )\ni agree . i took a horse to windsor once that had been basically re - brken it was in such a state when we got it but it had been to several local shows and behaved perfectly and clients had ridden him in the school so i had no worries when the late vin toulson got on him . . . . . until he took off at a dead run and completed two laps before vin could pull him up . lucky the ground was good and the horse apppropiately studded or there would have been an accident the speed they went round the corners . most judges will get on most horses but sometimes they hae to decide if its worth the risk . chances are if the horse is misbehaving enough to make them dubious it isnt going to be placed anyway so why risk it ?\ncontinuing with a theme here . riders legs , never being out of breeches , can be so pasty in relation to the corresponding arms that they actually reflect sunlight when on a rare sunday afternoon off they are exposed to a few rays . given this unprecedented exposure they will proceed to turn the shade of a winner\u2019s rosette in the time it takes to ride prelim 18 .\nalmost all the draught beers here were comparatively local . there was a white horse bitter from stanford in the vale and a nicely balanced copper - coloured session ale called oxford prospect , brewed even closer to home . plus the zesty brakspear oxford gold from witney , 12 miles away .\nphilps rarely without a queue of drooling customers snaking out of the door , this west cornwall bakery had the praise rolling in from our pasty connoisseurs . \u201cconsistently hot and flavoursome with the pastry packed to bursting\u201d says margaret deady while janet ward - stanley echoed the words of many when she said \u201cyummy , yummy , yummy\u201d . grab one in hayle , marazion or praze - an - beeble .\nthe pasties are not 100 % reliable ( go early , before they go limp from hanging around on the cafeteria - style counter ) , but they are utterly authentic , homemade by mrs margaret burford . the views are fantastic , too ( eat your oggie overlooking the atlantic ) and as part of the geevor tin mine museum , you couldn ' t get closer to the pasty ' s roots .\nit was the advent of cornish mining in the 19th century that really brought the pasty into its own and made it an important part of the life of so many cornish families . pasties were taken down the mines by the adults and children who worked there ; the shape and size made them ideal for carrying , and they became the staple for the daily \u2018crib\u2019 or \u2018croust\u2019 \u2013 cornish dialect for a bite to eat , usually taken mid - morning . it is thought that the miners gave the pasty its distinctive d shape too \u2013 the crust became a handle , which was discarded to prevent contaminating the food with grubby , possibly arsenic - ridden hands . others will dispute this , arguing that miners ate their pasties wrapped in muslin or paper bags so that they could enjoy every last bit , as we do today .\nno one knows this better than ashford . in 2000 , coolmore , headed by irishman john magnier , shelled out a reported $ 70 million , the most money ever spent on a horse , for the breeding rights of kentucky derby winner fusaichi pegasus . to magnier , and the rest of the horse racing industry , a derby winner with a blue - chip pedigree and the body of adonis seemed like a license to print money . fupeg , as he is known in racing circles , started out his stallion career in february of his four - year - old year , just like pharoah will , but for a price of $ 150 , 000 . and just like pharoah will be , fupeg was matched with the best mares money could buy . to date , fupeg has not produced a kentucky derby winner or a horse with a household name . his fee has sunk to $ 7 , 500 .\nfor a long time , horse racing had little competition . it ' s only recently people in hong kong can even watch soccer from around the world ,\nsays larry yeung , the hkjc media communications manager . to which ip added gravely ,\nwe never underestimate the threats from other forms of entertainment .\n\u201ci did anything that was around because there wasn\u2019t a lot on . i did pony club and everything that goes with it . my pony club instructor was beryl sabidina and i also did every clinic i could . i always wanted to event , i don\u2019t know why but i probably read about it in the horse magazine . \u201d\nnow , i do like a good pasty , i really do . my husband reckons i ' m genetically programmed to sniff one out the moment i get within a mile or two of , say , bodmin moor . and it ' s kind of true . as soon as i cross the border ( welcome to kernow , goodbye devon ) , i get an itch , a hunger for a hot pasty . and it ' s a hunger that , after years of practice , i can quickly satisfy . two miles into cornwall on the a30 , there ' s a couple of butchers in launceston who make a half - decent oggie ; on the a38 , i ' d recommend paul bray & son in tideford ( 10 minutes , the other side of the tamar bridge ) . but i have to say , i ' ve kissed a lot of frogs during my long quest for the handsome prince of pasties .\n\u201ci then moved to nsw in 1999 , to base with tarsha and took my 3 * horse oaklea reprieve and a young one showing a bit of potential called groover . moving down to nsw was the turning point to becoming professional , living and breathing it 24 / 7 and being amongst the most competitive riders in the country . \u201d\npasty began her racing career in the dr abernethy maiden plate over five furlongs at wolverhampton racecourse in june . racing against moderate opposition she took the lead in the final furlong and won by one and a half lengths . in july she won a minor race over five furlongs at sandown park racecourse and was then moved up in class for the lavant stakes over the same distance at goodwood racecourse . receiving weight from her three opponents , she started odds - on favourite and won by one and a half lengths from the ian balding - trained key to the kingdom . in august , pasty , ridden by pat eddery started at odds of 15 / 8 for the group two lowther stakes over six furlongs at york racecourse . she was one of five fillies still in contention a furlong from the finish and drew ahead to win by a length from the seaton delaval stakes winner sweet nightingale from whom she was receiving three pounds .\ncolin dexter would have liked the white horse , i suspect . not , perhaps , on a friday or saturday evening when its limited floor - space would be heaving with students from nearby trinity college , but certainly at lunchtime , with little to interrupt the flow of thought : no jukebox or background music ; no games machines ; no tv .\nhorse racing is to hong kong as college basketball is to kentucky , cricket is to india , and table tennis is to mainland china . it ' s the national pastime , but for real , not like baseball in the united states . let matt hegarty , industry reporter for the daily racing form , explain through the lens of american myopia :\nthe important thing \u2013 i ' ll just get the flag out \u2013 is that no jumped - up , made - in - slough , mince - and - mash , flakey - pastry , crimped - on - top , just - pretending - to - be cornish pasties can take our name in vain . it ' s got to be proper cornish , ok . with that in mind , here are 5 of the best ( in my opinion ) places to go for a pasty .\nmay or june is the best time . the dung sample should only be collected when your horse has not been wormed for at least eight weeks ( 13 weeks if you last used the equest wormer ) otherwise you could have an artificially low worm egg count . please seek individual advice from our vets for all horses less than four years old and pregnant mares .\nit ' s a teenage boy ' s dream : from the middle of february till june , three times a day , pharoah will mate with upwards of 200 of the fastest , richest and most beautiful mares in the land . each roll in the hay will only take about 30 seconds , but each will carry the hope that another great horse will be born .\n\u201cthe plan had always been for me to have a year off to ride after i finished school before starting university , but the 2 - star horse i had at the time had a few soundness issues in late 2000 , so with no guarantee of having a high level horse to ride in 2001 i ended up at uni a year earlier than expected . this was one of those occasions in life that a departure from the script turns out to be really positive , as it meant that i never had that opportunity to put study off for a year and then another year until it all got too distant . i never got out of the habit of studying , which is an easy thing to let slip by the wayside if you get caught up in riding . \u201d\nanother 100 % agreement here . i ' ve given up ride judging because of the amount of ill prepared horses that are brought in to the ring , & amp ; the ' oh well if you ' re not brave enough ' attitude from the competitors . i ' m not there to prove anything to anybody , mny job in the ring is to select what is in my opinion the best horse in the class . if part of that assessment is to decline to ride something then just accept it , take the horse home , & amp ; do some more work on it . some ride judges aren ' t the best but the whole point is the horse should be well mannered enough to go for anybody for the 3 - 4 minutes that it ' s being ridden . it ' s a real bugbear of mine that quality horses who are obviously being sharp & amp ; aren ' t penalised for it at the upper levels . judges shouldn ' t ignore bad behavior because their riding skills allow them to deal with it . all the rule books say that manners are of paramount importance & amp ; ride judges as well as competitors should remember that\nthe gold stood up very nicely to the curried chicken in my south african \u201cbunny chow\u201d . no , i\u2019d never heard of it either , despite having been to cape town twice . it originated in durban , apparently . lovely big and spicy chicken chunks , served in a hollowed - out loaf ; in the white horse at least , there are some properly roasted potatoes in there , too .\nso , pro tip : if you ' re planning on throwing down some cash at happy valley , know that the number four is unlucky . it ' s an old superstition , as the word for four sounds like the word for death . tradition , however , only goes so far .\nif chinese people think four horse going to win , they bet on it ,\nsays yip .\nthere was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1975 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , pasty was the top - rated two - year - old filly , a pound ahead of dame foolish and eight behind the leading colt wollow . the independent timeform organisation awarded her a rating of 122 , six pounds below the french filly theia . timeform did not award the filly a rating as a three - year - old .\n3 . ) hong kong jockey club , today : imagine if the nfl itself owned the teams , stadiums , players , broadcast rights , all of the television networks , food and beverage , and every legal wager placed on every game . it isn ' t horse - apples - to - apples , but that generally describes the hong kong jockey club . if you will please , mr . hegarty :\n\u201cit still brings a smile to my face , so yeah it\u2019s worth it . whether it\u2019s your young horse winning its first intro event or giving your student the confidence to jump a fence they didn\u2019t think was possible . watching the total bliss on your horses face while you scratch his itchy bum , or seeing my parents shed a tear while they watched me ride at the olympics . it\u2019s all good . \u201d\namerican pharoah didn ' t immediately impress the racing cognoscente . a solid bay horse with middle - of - the - road pedigree , he was once described as looking like a\nplain brown wrapper\nas a yearling and he didn ' t impress buyers enough to pay the $ 300 , 000 reserve price his breeders and then - owners , zayat stables put on the colt when they put him up for auction .\nfor me , the competition is what it\u2019s all about . eventing is such an exhilarating sport , and i do enjoy my dressage as well . i find the training process itself so rewarding and sometimes the rides you have at home bring as much joy as winning an event . riding professionally allows you to concentrate on training and improving every day on every horse , and bringing a horse up the grades is gratifying . it\u2019s a great feeling to get in the truck with some nice horses on the back and head off in a different direction every weekend and test ourselves , our horses , and our training . we have a fabulous spirit in our little eventing community , and the people and horses we meet are pretty special . the other bonus is that we get to work for ourselves in the great outdoors , that deserves a special celebratory party right there .\nbecause , despite all advice , reason and common sense , you can\u2019t face staying in your boots all day in this heat , and so swap out of your long , sensible , protective footwear into trainers . trainers that have holes in them \u2014 either because they\u2019re your old , knackered trainers that are now consigned to the yard , or because they\u2019re your smart running trainers you paid extra for to have holes in , to make you more aerodynamic or something , and they happen to be in the car and it won\u2019t destroy them to wear them at the yard just this once ( it will ) . you will inevitably end up hosing off a horse in these shoes . because it\u2019s hot . so hot you even put your trainers on . and if you avoid hosing off a horse in them you\u2019ll spill not insignificant amounts from a water bucket over one anyway .\ni put this basic question to a number people at the track : what is it about hong kong and horse racing ? like everything in life outside of win , place , and show , there is no definitive answer . there are many non - definitive ones , though . they run eight a pop at happy valley , so in clip - cloppity synchronicity : sound the trumpet . load the chute . and we ' re off .\n\u201ci\u2019ve always been competitive with whatever i do , but i was more interested in playing rugby for australia than riding . when i left school i didn\u2019t want to get a job so i thought i\u2019d ride horses so it just happened for me as opposed to me desperately wanting to be a horse rider . anything i do i want to be good at , and it dawned on me one day that this is what i could do . \u201d\nso what you ' re looking for is this : under new protected status , a genuine cornish pasty must be made in cornwall . it must have a distinctive\nd\nshape , crimped on one side ( never on top ) ; the filling should be\nchunky\n( minced or roughly cut chunks of beef \u2013 representing no less than 12 . 5 % of the content ) ; add potato , swede ( in cornwall , some of us call it turnip ) , onion and a light seasoning , packed into a pastry case (\ngolden in colour , savoury , glazed with milk or egg and robust enough to retain its shape\n) and slowly baked .\nlaying down the law on quality is all very well , but there ' s a lot of genuinely cornish pasties out there that couldn ' t satisfy a single one of the directive ' s must haves . steak , yes , but just a solitary chunk lost in a sticky potato stodge ; or lots of rather grey meat that looks like it ' s been boiled , or been through a hot - wash cycle . add gristle . add heavy , lardy pastry ( pet hate : chomping through a wall of the stuff before you hit the filling ) . light seasoning ? how many post - pasty hours have i spent looking for pints of water to drown the salt .\nmr reynolds was a member of the committee which formed the new brighton trotting club . he was a life member of three racing clubs in canterbury . in 1890 mr reynolds invented a starting clock and was appointed a starter . this prevented him from racing horse but he was one of the nine men invited by the late mr h mace to his home , brooklyn lodge , north brighton where the new brighton trotting club was formed . mr reynolds later resigned as starter and took up the position of timekeeper .\nexcellent jockey and was lucky to be at warwick one day when his mount just held on in a driving finish . it was at that point when i first saw a jockey virtually carry his horse over the line . sad to hear of his passing , even sadder to hear of his battle with the demon drink , but he leaves me with many happy memories none more so than being at paddockside to cheer home his last st leger win on silver patriach . . . . was it really 18 years ago : - 0\nnow , back to the article : \u201cdateline - baraga , february 17th . louie lashapell , a french - canadian under the influence of 40 rod made a racehourse of the dss & a track . he got along about a mile in grand style , when the passenger train overtook him , and before the train could be stopped , he found himself 40 feet in the air . he came down uninjured , but the poor horse was cut up in a horrible manner , and the cutter was knocked into first class kindling wood . \u201d\nhi , i am 14 and am 100 % decided on horse riding as a career path . i know i would like to do eventing and it is early days , however i am looking for some advice for what i could do to gain experience . i have riding lessons every 2 weeks and have been looking at volunteering , however i was wondering when i should start looking for apprenticeships ? i am aiming to finish my education first , but would you have any tips for me to become prepared for that other professional riders were not ?\n\u201cthe time i spent at uni allowed me to learn to ride at a professional level without having the pressure of being a professional . it allowed me to mature as a rider and competitor . as a pro , everything you do with a horse has more riding on it because it is your sole purpose in life . if you\u2019re not ready for that , either because your riding isn\u2019t quite established , or you don\u2019t have the horses or even if you lack the maturity and confidence in yourself then you risk being burned by the whole experience . \u201d\nthe marquette mining journal published an article about an incident that occurred on this day in 1888 , but it requires a bit of background to understand . a rod is a unit of measurement equal to 5 and a half yards . a type of whiskey in those days was known as \u201c40 rod\u201d , because when purchased that\u2019s about as far it usually stays inside the jug . the dss & a is the duluth , south shore and atlantic railroad . and finally , a cutter is a small sleigh , usually seating one person and drawn by a single horse .\ni remember the post fmm and i entirely agree with you . such a shame the judge was injured hope they get better very soon . as well as we know our horses , we can ' t expect a stranger to know them , nor take our word for it when it is in a strange environment . yes , riding is a risk anyway , but riding an unknown horse in what can be a ' scary ' environment , puts even more risk out there . i think judges are well within their rights to decline riding something if they have any doubt .\n\u201chave a high tolerance level to anything annoying . a horse whinnying all night and day because it\u2019s left its friends , bloody flies , they really get to you . but really , i think you have to have to understand that this sport and profession has no limits , no boundaries . it\u2019s not sensitive to stress and pain and at times things are just completely out of your hands . it can be really tough , any you have to be able to survive all of it and take each day as it comes and never lose sight of why you started\u2026 for the love of that animal . \u201d\nkevin is one of our most determined , focused and competitive professional riders . he rides an exhaustible amount of horses at most events and is a great producer of horses . the energy and enthusiasm that he puts into his huge operation is inspiring , and he freely admits to having tunnel vision when it comes to achieving his goals . kevin grew up in north queensland on a dairy farm in millaa millaa , and stated his intentions early by asking for his first horse at two years of age . his non - horsey parents obliged and started the ball rolling on a career that will undoubtedly be one of the best australia has produced .\ni threw a bit of scratch on another race , but i don ' t even remember which one , or what horse won . i was too intoxicated by the experience\u2014also : by tsingtao\u2014to do the thing where i pretend to read the racing form in some official manner . or to try my luck . to test my providence . to lay some wood on a winner , blissfully unaware that 2015 is considered a fortunate one for those of us born in a year of the pig . had i only known to trifecta my lucky oinking numbers , 2 - 5 - 8 . i didn ' t know . i was far from home . i don ' t believe in fate .\n5 . ) happy valley jockey club , tomorrow : horse racing has long been emperor in hong kong , and the sport doesn ' t run the risk of becoming trapped in a claustrophobic niche as it has in the united states . still , things fluctuate . as of late , the hong kong jockey club is on a roll . 2013 - 14 turnover was up 11 percent over the previous year , and nader projects another increase this year .\nit was down when i got here in 2007 , but now every year is record - breaking ,\nhe says .\ni had a lot of good years working for the nyra , but here , it ' s heaven . if i could trade it for another life , i wouldn ' t .\nit ' s a stereotype that can be taken too far , but gambling isn ' t simply a form of ( somewhat ) illicit entertainment in this part of the world .\nlike westerners , asian horse players believe that through research , strategy , insight , and mental sharpness , you will get the desired result ,\nsays professor chung - ying cheng of the university of hawaii at manoa , one of the leading chinese philosophy scholars in the united states .\nwhere there is a difference is the belief that the skills have come from providence . that you ' re blessed , and that although you ' re not in charge of the outcome , fortune combines with your character to present opportunities . luck is something you encounter with equal chance of success and failure . it ' s an ancient idea , so why not try your luck ?\nworking in the great outdoors when it\u2019s 40 degrees , blowing a gale or raining . some of the horses we get to meet can be not so nice , and sometimes i think that i should get on board with a piece of ribboned string tied to my tail so i make a prettier kite when i fly . the bank account : that can be ugly too , that\u2019s when you get to meet mr stress , he and i are great friends . lameness : especially before major events . not funny . and the one thing i just hate is when you ( accidentally of course ) bat yourself in the face as you attempt to swat one of the million flies that invade your personal space . or , picture this one . on a young horse , one hand on the reins , one on the monkey strap and said fly gets trapped under your sunglasses ! nice .\nlesson engages pupils in the story of the trojan war by teaching pupils how to draw the trojan horse . the lesson includes links to video , snap shops and ideas for other cross curriculua work . lesson plan and all the resources you need for an outstanding art / history lesson . engaging activities and notebook file which leads you and the pupils through the lesson . part of a full series on ancient greeks available either separately or as a full pack at a reduced cost . i have been teaching over twenty years and have been an adviser and leader of teaching and learning in a school . i have been consistently judged as outstanding including whilst been observed by a lead inspector teaching these lessons . i h ope that the resources save you time and energy and engage your pupils . i have tried all the lessons myself and used them in my own recent teaching . objectives support english skills and cross curricula skills . matched to the new curriculum ."]}
{"id": 2519, "summary": [{"text": "laniarius is a genus of brightly coloured , carnivorous passerine birds commonly known as boubous or gonoleks .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "not to be confused with the similar-sounding genus lanius , they were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family laniidae , but they and related genera are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group as the bush-shrike family malaconotidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "this is an african group of species which are found in scrub or open woodland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "they are similar in habits to shrikes , hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "although similar in build to the shrikes , these tend to be either colourful species or largely black .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "some species are also quite secretive . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "laniarius", "paragraphs": ["remarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia\ntropical boubou laniarius aethiopicus is split into two species , a monotypic ethiopian boubou laniarius aethiopicus , and a polytypic tropical boubou laniarius major , which includes all other subspecies previously included in laniarius aethiopicus ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) . ethiopian boubou occurs in eastern africa from extreme northern kenya north to eritrea , while tropical boubou occurs in the remainder of the range in western , eastern , and southern africa .\nsarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen , s . laniarius ( named prior to the naming of s . harrisii ) , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .\nother names : sarcophilus laniarius has also been used recently in light of comparisons between a fossil specimen named s . laniarius , named prior to the naming of s . harrisii , and the extant species ( werdelin 1987 ) .\nwerdelin , l . ( 1987 ) . some observations on sarcophilus laniarius and the evolution of sarcophilus . records of the queen victoria museum , launceston . 90 : 1 - 27 .\n( of pagrus laniarius valenciennes , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of chrysophrys laniarius ( valenciennes , 1830 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius mufumbiri . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : laniarius ferrugineus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nfry , h . ( 2018 ) . crimson - breasted gonolek ( laniarius atrococcineus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nfry , h . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . zanzibar boubou ( laniarius sublacteus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n. . . several new mammal species have also been described following collections made during wcs surveys as well as surveys by makerere university in uganda and the centre national de recherche en sciences naturelles in lwiro , drc ( kerbis peterhans et al . 2013a ; 2013b ) and a total of 18 mammals have been added to the species lists . finally two additional bird species have been added to the list for the albertine rift of which one , willard ' s boubou ( laniarius willardi ) , is a new endemic species for the albertine rift ( voelker et al . 2010 ) . the plant species list was made by compiling plants from known sites in the albertine rift , which tend to be protected areas or sites that may become protected areas , but it is recognised that plant collections have occurred more extensively and that records are contained within herbaria in the region and internationally . . . .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nquoy , j . r . c . & gaimard , j . p . in dumont - d ' urville , j . 1830 , vol . 1 , pp . i 268 pp . , j . tastu , paris\nmathews , g . m . 1920 , vol . 8 , pp . xiv + 316 , witherby & co . , london\nmathews , g . m . 1918 ,\nadditions and corrections to my 1913 list\n, austral avian records , vol . 3 , pp . 159 - 160\nvigors , n . a . & horsfield , t . 1827 ,\na description of the australian birds in the collection of the linnean society ; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities\n, transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 15 , pp . 170 - 331\nwhite , s . a . 1915 ,\nscientific notes on an expedition into the north - western regions of south australia\n, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 39 , pp . 707 - 842\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bbabd43d - 6ba0 - 45f9 - 999d - 393778906b3d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : df8c74e9 - 5b84 - 4037 - ae96 - 77bd23b94c72\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 720a394b - bbe6 - 4eda - b18c - c327b3dde3b4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 471670\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2\nis a newly described species ( fjelds\u00e5 et al . 2006 , wogan et al . 2016 )\nproposed split of west african batis and restrict fernando po batis to bioko is .\nwest african wattle - eye is split from chestnut wattle - eye ( njabo et al . 2008 )\naf : nigeria to central african republic . sw south sudan and w uganda , south to n angola and e drcongo\nn angola to sw kenya , e tanzania , mozambique and ne south africa .\nis a proposed split ( 8 . 2 ) from moutain sooty boubou based on eye color , vocals and preliminary dna evidence ( voelker et al . 2010 , h & m4 , hbw ) .\nbased on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 , redman comments ) ; resequence to follow red - naped bushshrike ; change english name to black boubou\nbased on dna analyses ( nguembock et al . 2008 ) ; preliminary english name ( zanzibar boubou ) changed to east coast boubou to conform to current uses ( redman et al . 2009 , hbw )\ns and se new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea )\nthe family vangidae was historically restricted to a diverse and monophyletic set of madagascan taxa . molecular analyses support expansion of the family vangidae to include the helmetshrikes (\npreviously placed in the platysteiridae ) ( reddy et al . 2012 , j\u00f8nsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , fuchs et al . 2012 , h & m4 , hbw )\ncrossley ' s babbler is a vanga ( johannson et al . 2008b ) ; change english name to crossley ' s vanga ( or ground vanga ? ) ( fjelds\u00e5 comm )\npreviously separated as the family prionopidae , helmetshrikes are moved into an expanded vangidae based on several molecular studies ( reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw ) . treated as subfamily prionopinae .\nas a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )\npreviously separated as a new shrike family tephrodornithidae recommended by moyle et al . 2006 , are now included in an expanded vangidae following ( reddy et al 2012 , jonsson et al . 2012 , 2016 , h & m4 , hbw )\n) are relatives of the woodshrikes , vangas and allies , not wattle - eyes and batises ( platysteiridae ) ( moyle et al . 2006 , reddy et al . 2012 , jonsson et al 2012 ) .\nseveral genetic studies indicate that present species represents a single , deep branch in phylogenetic tree of present genus , only very distantly related to the other scarlet gonoleks ; one study # r indicates that this colourful species may be sister to the all - black w & c african l . leucorhynchus . until recently regarded as being close to l . erythrogaster , and was sometimes considered conspecific ( calls apparently identical , and responds to voice playback of latter ) . monotypic .\nkalahari basin and adjoining hardveld regions : s angola , sw zambia and w & s zimbabwe s to namibia ( except w & s : namib and karoo ) , botswana ( except parts of n & c ) and n & c south africa ( n & c limpopo province s to n northern cape and nw free state ) .\n22\u201323 cm ; 40\u201356\u00b75 g . has lores matt black , forehead to hindneck and side of head , and upperparts , jet - black and strongly glossy ( gloss bluish in some . . .\nwide repertoire of loud , explosive , hollow , ringing whistles by male and harsh grating , snarling or . . .\nbeetles ( of families carabidae , tenebrionidae and cerambycidae ) , beetle larvae , ants ( formicidae ) , caterpillars , termites ( isoptera ) , . . .\nseason sept\u2013apr , mainly oct\u2013nov ; often double - brooded , and some pairs make four nesting attempts in a season . territory . . .\nnot globally threatened . frequent nearly everywhere in range , commonest in well - developed acacia woodland and bushveld and in nw part of c kalahari ; absent from apparently . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nuntil quite recently , widely treated as a race of l . aethiopicus , but recent molecular studies # r indicate closer relationship with l . ferrugineus ( which see ) . black birds thought to be a morph of present species in ne kenya now established as a separate species , l . nigerrimus # r ( which see ) . race somaliensis sometimes attributed to l . aethiopicus , but recent study # r found no genetic difference between it and sublacteus ( from which it differs in having white bar on median upperwing - coverts ) . birds in s of range ( tanzania ) may represent a separate taxon , differing genetically # r # r from those in n ; more study needed . two subspecies recognized .\n( cassin , 1851 ) \u2013 coastal lowlands of extreme s somalia ( boni forest ) , kenya ( inland along river valleys to garissa , s tsavo east national park , s tsavo west national park and l jipe ) and n tanzania ( l jipe e to n pare mts , and at coast from tanga s to zanzibar i , inland to e usambara mts , uluguru mts and udzungwa mts ) .\n22\u201325 cm ; male 43\u201350 g , female 40\u201355 g . adult has forehead to hindneck , lores , cheek , ear - coverts , side of neck and upperparts slightly glossy bluish black . . .\nwide repertoire of croaks , snarls , tearing sounds , short\nbou\nnotes and long whistles , . . .\ndense vegetation in highland forest and forest edge and riverbank woods , in dense cover of thickets . . .\nmainly insects , also small fruits and small vertebrates . shy and retiring , foraging mainly in deep shade and dense cover low down , or often . . .\nseason dec\u2013mar . seemingly monogamous . strongly territorial , defending territory vocally and by chasing . nest a shallow , loosely knit . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . only recently regarded as a distinct species , separate from the common and widespread\nthis species is listed as near threatened because it is estimated to be in moderately rapid population decline owing to the on - going conversion and degradation of its wetland habitats .\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 499 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nunusal calls by male ; can be heard flying in , then a strange ' czik , czik ' then a typical call at the end .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 254 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 186 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\ndescription found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets .\ndescription found in coastal waters . forms large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . sold fresh in markets . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to fairly common , although rare or over - looked in liberia ( harris and franklin 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ngill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , \u2192isbn\nthis page was last edited on 14 october 2015 , at 23 : 22 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nwe use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .\ndepartment of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se\u2013104 05 stockholm , sweden ;\n* correspondence to be sent to : department of bioinformatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se\u2013104 05 stockholm , sweden ; e - mail : g . sangster @ urltoken .\ngeorge sangster , jolanda a . luksenburg ; declining rates of species described per taxonomist : slowdown of progress or a side - effect of improved quality in taxonomy ? , systematic biology , volume 64 , issue 1 , 1 january 2015 , pages 144\u2013151 , urltoken\neven after more than 250 years of descriptive taxonomy , it is clear that there are many more species than have been described so far ( e . g . , may 1988 ; stork 1993 ) . a major concern for biology is that the capacity of the taxonomic workforce is insufficient to document the missing species within a reasonable time ( wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; wheeler et al . 2004 ) . this concern is reflected in recent opinion papers that argued that taxonomy is in a state of crisis ( agnarsson and kuntner 2007 ) , that the profession is endangered ( pearson et al . 2011 ) and that taxonomists are an endangered race ( w\u00e4gele et al . 2011 ) . for long - term taxonomic capacity planning , two major empirical issues are important : the total number of missing species , and the pace at which these can be documented by taxonomists . both issues require detailed study and careful evaluation .\ngiven the pressure of time resulting from the ongoing extinction crisis , it is important that as many species are adequately documented as soon as possible . efficiency is therefore an important but largely overlooked aspect of taxonomy . several recent studies have presented evidence that in a wide range of organisms the number of newly described species continues to increase , in some cases even exponentially , but that the number of taxonomists producing these descriptions has increased even faster ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; tancoigne and dubois 2013 ) . consequently , numbers of species described per taxonomist have decreased . in three of these studies , this was interpreted by the authors as an effect of a diminishing pool of missing species which makes it harder to discover any new ones ( pimm et al . 2010 ; joppa et al . 2011a ; costello et al . 2012 ; see also costello et al . 2013 ) . although these studies rejected the idea that the number of taxonomists is declining , they nevertheless implied that the output per taxonomist is declining .\nboth joppa et al . ( 2011b ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) predicted numbers of undescribed species based on the assumption that long - term declines in the number of species described per taxonomist are caused by a declining pool of undiscovered species . using this approach , costello et al . ( 2012 ) were led to conclude that there were only 1 . 8\u20132 . 0 million species on earth . this number is remarkably low given that about 1 . 9 million species have already been described ( chapman 2009 ) and thus suggests that only few species remain to be discovered . furthermore , their estimate contrasts starkly with those others , including mora et al . ( 2011 ; 8 . 7 million species on earth ) , chapman ( 2009 ; 10 million species ) and grimaldi and engel ( 2005 ; 4 million species of insects alone ) .\nthere are surprisingly few studies that have measured the quality of species descriptions , and , to our knowledge , none that have assessed the relationship between quality and revision . in a study of dinosaur descriptions , benton ( 2008 ) found that the type material of new species has become more complete since the 1950s . for birds , it has been claimed that the quality of descriptions has declined ( lecroy and vuilleumier 1992 ) but this claim has been challenged ( collar 1999 ) and neither of these views were supported by quantitative data .\nin addition , we examine the relative importance of descriptions and revisions in taxonomic progress . the importance of revisionary taxonomy is well known among taxonomists ( e . g . , wheeler and cracraft 1997 ; raczkowski and wenzel 2007 ) but often fails to be appreciated by others , including macroecologists and biodiversity scientists . pimm et al . ( 2010 ) , joppa et al . ( 2011a ) , and costello et al . ( 2012 ) based their conclusions on description dates and original authorship of taxa that are currently recognized as species ( i . e . , after revision by subsequent taxonomists ) . this approach confounds descriptive and revisionary taxonomy , and does not accurately reflect either type of taxonomy . importantly , description is not enough . even if all species have been described ( i . e . , named ) , this does not necessarily mean that all species have been correctly delimited and properly documented . if past taxonomic activity has been biased against cryptic species ( blackburn and gaston 1995 ; bickford et al . 2007 ) , or towards lumping distinctive taxa in widespread polytypic species ( sangster 2009 ) , the total number of species may still be greatly underestimated .\nthis study focuses on birds because birds are often considered to be the taxonomically most mature group of animals ( e . g . , mayr 1982 ; price 1996 ) . if a diminishing pool of missing species limits taxonomic progress , one might expect this limitation to be most severe in the best - studied groups , including birds .\nthe quality of species descriptions was studied in 481 extant bird taxa that were originally described as species in the period 1935\u20132009 . these represent all species described during this period . type descriptions published between 1935 and 1990 were identified using two partially overlapping datasets , the peters checklist ( peters 1937\u20131951 ; mayr and greenway 1960 , 1962 ; mayr and paynter 1964 ; paynter 1967\u20131970 ; mayr and cottrell 1979 ; traylor 1979 ; mayr and cottrell 1986 ) and a series of inventories of new species descriptions ( zimmer and mayr 1943 ; mayr 1957 , 1971 ; mayr and vuilleumier 1983 ; vuilleumier and mayr 1987 ; vuilleumier et al . 1992 ; bahr 1995 ) . type descriptions published from 1991 up to and including 2009 were located in the zoological literature and using zoological record ( biosis ) , web of science ( thomson scientific ) , and recent ornithological literature . descriptions of species likely or known to be extinct at the time of publication , introductions of new names for previously described species , and nomenclaturally unavailable names were excluded .\nseven measures of quality were studied : ( i ) the number of pages devoted to descriptions of new species , ( ii ) the number of specimens of the new species , ( iii ) the number of character states differentiating the new species from its most similar or most closely related species ( as identified in the original description ) , ( iv ) the number of taxa to which the new species was compared , ( v ) the inclusion of an illustration ( photograph or artwork ) of the new species , ( vi ) the inclusion of a map of the range or collecting localities of the new species , and ( vii ) the inclusion of a sonagram ( audiospectrogram ) of the vocalizations of the new species . in addition , the number of pages per taxonomist was calculated by dividing the total number of pages per description by the number of authors of each description . the number of pages was measured in units of 0 . 25 pages ; title , authorship , author affiliations , abstract , illustrations , maps , sonagrams , acknowledgements , and references were excluded . if multiple species were described in a single publication , the number of pages was divided by the number of new species described . the number of character states was the sum of all morphological , behavioural , acoustic , and ecological differences . if taxa also differed in any molecular analysis , this was treated as a single difference for each locus included in the study . mitochondrial sequences , microsatellites , and allozyme analyses were each counted as single characters .\nthe relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised was studied using a dataset that included all 414 species described in the period 1935\u20131999 . a cutoff date of 31 december 1999 was used to allow time for revision . two categories of revision were compared : ( i ) unrevised species : valid species which are placed in the same genus as in the original description , and ( ii ) revised species : taxa originally described as species but which are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies , or valid species in a different genus than in the original description . the current status of species was determined using the zoonomen database ( peterson 2012 ) . well - documented revisions not yet incorporated in the zoonomen database at the time of writing were included in the study : lophura hatinhensis ( synonym of l . edwardsi , hennache et al . 2012 ) , myrmeciza disjuncta ( now aprositornis disjuncta , isler et al . 2013 ) , hypositta perdita ( synonym of oxylabes madagascariensis , fjelds\u00e5 et al . 2013 ) , mirafra sidamoensis ( now heteromirafra archeri sidamoensis , spottiswoode et al . 2013 ) , cettia carolinae ( now horornis carolinae , alstr\u00f6m et al . 2011 ) , cisticola dorsti ( synonym of c . guinea , dowsett - lemaire et al . 2005 ) , and dendroica angelae ( now setophaga angelae , lovette et al . 2010 ) .\ntest , fisher ' s exact test ) and multivariate ( regression ) analyses to assess the relationship between the quality of species descriptions and the proportion of newly proposed species that have been revised . multivariate analyses were performed with regression with empirical variable selection ( revs ,\n) , a method which avoids well - known problems associated with full and stepwise regression methods ( e . g . ,\n) . revs uses branch - and - bound all - subsets regression to quantify the amount of empirical support for each independent variable , and then calculates multiple linear regression models . the akaike information criterion ( aic ) was used to compare models and identify the best model . analyses were performed in r version 2 . 15 ( r development core team 2011 ) with the\nthe time between the initial discovery of a species and its formal description was assessed in all bird taxa that were described as species in the period 1935\u20132009 . species were excluded from the dataset if the year of discovery could not be determined from the type descriptions .\nthe relative impact of descriptions and revisions on the number of recognized bird species was determined by comparing the number of validly described new species of birds and the total number of species estimated or recognized in 18 classifications of recent birds published between 1946 and 2012 ( mayr 1946 ; mayr and amadon 1951 ; storer 1960 , 1971 ; edwards 1974 ; moroney et al . 1975 ; gruson 1976 ; van tyne and berger 1976 ; bock and farrand 1980 ; sibley and monroe 1990 , 1993 ; sibley 1996 ; clements 2000 ; dickinson 2003 ; perrins 2003 ; clements 2007 ; gill and donsker 2011 ; peterson 2012 ) .\nd ) , each more than doubled during the study period . the proportion of descriptions with an illustration of the new species increased from 15 % to 90 % during the study period (\n) : a ) number of pages per description , b ) number of specimens per new species , c ) number of character state differences per new species , d ) number of taxa to which the new species has been compared , e ) proportion of descriptions in which a new species is illustrated , f ) proportion of descriptions illustrated with a map , g ) proportion of descriptions in which vocalizations are illustrated with sonagrams , h ) number of pages per description per taxonomist . two outliers in figures b and d are indicated by an arrow .\nthere was a significant positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made . univariate analyses show that species taxa proposed during 1935\u20131999 that were subsequently revised ( i . e . , are now considered either invalid taxa , subspecies or members of another genus ) were described using significantly fewer pages , specimens and characters , were compared to fewer species , were less often illustrated , and their descriptions less often included maps and sonagrams than valid species that have remained in their original genus ( fig . 2 ) .\ntest ( a , pages , specimens , characters , taxa compared ) and fisher ' s exact test ( b , illustrations , maps , sonagrams ) .\n) . this model included five variables that were positively related to the probability that a taxon was not revised . there was a significant positive effect of year of description on the probability that a taxon was not revised , independent of the quality variables . this may indicate that the taxonomic status of some of the more recently described species requires revision . this is not surprising given that there was less time to revise more recently described species than those that have been described earlier . to determine whether the observed relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability of subsequent revision is an artifact of incomplete revision of recent descriptions , the dataset was subdivided into five sets , each spanning 13 years , and the analysis was repeated for each set . the positive relationship between the quality of descriptions and the probability that no subsequent revision was made , was observed in each of these periods , although most comparisons were no longer significant due to smaller sample sizes ( fig . s1 ) . thus , the observed relationship between quality and revision cannot be explained by incomplete revision of recent descriptions .\nnotes : aic values are those of increasingly complex models , with parameters entered from top to bottom . thus , the aic value of \u201cyear\u201d relates to the model with only \u201cyear\u201d being entered , the second to the model with both \u201cyear\u201d and \u201cmap , \u201d and so on . the model with the first five variables entered was optimal ( as shown by aic ) . differences from the optimal model are indicated by delta aic (\n) . species taxa proposed in the late 1930s were typically described about 1 year after their discovery , whereas the mean interval between discovery and description had increased to about 6 years by the late 2000s .\nthese results show that taxonomic descriptions have become more elaborate and that the amount of information ( i . e . , number of pages ) produced per taxonomist has increased . because the increase in the number of authors per description coincides with a strong overall increase in quality , increased authorship cannot simply be attributed to a declining pool of missing species . based on the results of the present study , we suggest that the primary force driving the decline of the number of species described per taxonomist is a drive towards higher quality . the trend towards more elaborate studies reflects a transition in taxonomy from naming taxa ( which in a strict sense requires only a few lines of text ) to a science , in which the existence of new taxa and their properties are presented as hypotheses that require documentation and testing ( haszprunar 2011 ; sluys 2013 ) . the increased interval between discovery and description during the study period is consistent with this trend . elaborate , well - researched descriptions typically take more time , and require more authors , than the brief descriptions often published in previous decades .\nthe results of this study further show why elaborate descriptions of new species are important for taxonomy . elaborate descriptions less often required revision by subsequent taxonomists , and may therefore be regarded as more efficient , than less elaborate descriptions . because the quality of descriptions has increased since the 1930s ( fig . 1 ) , and a significant positive relation exists between quality and the probability that no revision is needed ( fig . 2 , table 2 ) , it is likely that efficiency in taxonomy has increased likewise .\nthe findings of this study offer a different perspective on progress in taxonomy than those of joppa et al . ( 2011a ) and costello et al . ( 2012 ) . whereas these authors attributed the drop in the numbers of species described per taxonomist to the ( supposed ) difficulties of finding any new species , our study shows that ( at least in birds ) this drop is best seen as a side - effect of a trend towards higher - quality descriptions , and that this trend translates into fewer subsequent revisions .\nspecies : named species that remain hidden because these are incorrectly considered as invalid taxa or as subspecies of another species . previously named species that are currently misclassified must be \u201crediscovered\u201d by taxonomic revision . between 1946 and early 2012 , the number of recognized bird species increased from 8616 to 10 , 511 (\n) . during the same period , 266 valid species were described , which represent 14 . 0 % of the total increase of 1895 species , or roughly one in seven species . since 1946 , the rate of increase of the total number of species was exponential (\ntrends of the total number of recognized species of recent birds ( based on 18 estimates and classifications ) and newly described valid species of birds ( 1946\u20132011 ) . note that the number of recognized species increases much faster than the number of newly described valid species . a second - order trendline was added to illustrate the trend of the number of recognized species .\nthis underscores that in avian taxonomy , revision is a much more important source of newly recognized species than descriptions of previously unnamed species ( fig . 4 ) . consequently , progress in avian taxonomy is not limited by a diminishing pool of undescribed species . importantly , there is no evidence of a slowdown of taxonomic progress ( fig . 4 ) . this result is not unexpected given that in the first half of the twentieth century there was a very strong bias toward lumping distinctive bird species into large polytypic species ( haffer 1992 ) and this bias is only slowly undone by modern revisions ( sangster 2009 ) .\ndeclines in the number of species described per taxonomist do not indicate a diminishing pool of undescribed species but are better explained by a widespread drive among taxonomists towards higher - quality descriptions . taxonomists have good reasons for this , because more elaborate descriptions require fewer subsequent revisions . the findings of this study and the lack of evidence that increasing numbers of authors involved in descriptions are driven by a diminishing pool of undescribed species , suggest that trends in the number of species described per author should not be used to estimate total numbers of species . furthermore , because numbers of recognized species of birds are increasing exponentially it is incorrect to suggest that species inventories of birds , let alone of all animals , are \u201cnearly complete . \u201d the drive towards better descriptions and the strong increase of species numbers long after their initial descriptions , underscore the fundamentally analytic and iterative nature of taxonomy ( yeates et al . 2011 ; sluys 2013 ; de carvalho et al . 2014 ) , aspects often overlooked by biodiversity scientists and other end - users of taxonomy . broader appreciation of the scientific nature of taxonomy , and of the limitations of nomenclatural databases , will help to acquire a better understanding of the diversity of life .\nwe are grateful to norbert bahr for help with identifying older descriptions , to beno\u00eet fontaine , yves samyn , and heike w\u00e4gele for comments on a previous version of the manuscript , and to the members of the journal club of the swedish museum of natural history for fruitful discussion . susanne renner , quentin wheeler and an anonymous referee provided valuable comments that improved the quality of the paper .\ncisticola dorsti ( dorst ' s cisticola ) and c . ruficeps guinea are conspecific\ngill f . , donsker d . 2011 . ioc world bird names ( version 2 . 8 . 3 ) . available from : urltoken ( last accessed march 30 , 2011 ) .\nlumley t . 2009 . package \u2018leaps\u2019 : regression subset selection . available from : urltoken ( last accessed august 22 , 2014 ) .\nradiation and species limits in the asian pallas ' s warbler complex ( phylloscopus proregulus s . l . )\npeterson a . r . 2012 . zoonomen database . available from : urltoken ( last accessed october 22 , 2013 ) .\nsibley c . g . 1996 . birds of the world . [ cd - rom ] version 2 . 0 . cincinnati : thayer birding software .\n\u00a9 the author ( s ) 2014 . published by oxford university press , on behalf of the society of systematic biologists . all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken\noxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide\nfor full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthis project started in 2006 as a way to try to explain to some friends some of the new ideas that might lead to rather drastic changes in bird checklists . the initial intent was to focus on the metaves hypothesis and potential changes in the emberizidae ( sensu lato , this name is usually used , although icteridae has priority ) . the treatment of both has changed substantially since then , with metaves being replaced by its remnant , columbea , and the icteroidae undergoing drastic changes .\nas i started to write it up , i noticed more and more changes both being made to bird checklists and in the literature . the project grew into a longish essay i put on the web in 2007 . however , the more i worked on it , the more there was to do ! i found that a family - level listing wasn ' t enough . the composition of the families was changing too . i needed to go down to the generic or even species level . to properly track the changes , i needed my own world checklist .\nunlike other checklists , this one is based on genetic studies to the highest degree possible . with one or two exceptions , it relies on published studies ( including those available \u201cahead of print\u201d ) . the strong focus on genetics means that previous morphological studies are often treated as second - class citizens . this is especially true when they aren ' t consistent with the genetic data , even if the genetic data is somewhat soft . nonetheless , i rely on such analyses to fill in the gaps left by the genetic data .\nmy approach contrasts with most checklist committees . they usually put substantial weight on traditional classifications , and try to avoid speculation , even when its clear that the traditional classification is wrong . in particular , they try to avoid making erroneous changes , and put a premium on stability .\nthis checklist has a different purpose . it exists to speculate , to map out potential changes in the taxonomy . the price of focusing on speculation is to give up stability . i try to avoid erroneously maintaining the status quo , and try to keep abreast of the latest findings , even if incomplete .\nthe truth is that much of the genetic analysis is incomplete . it is still the case that only part of the avian tree has reliable results . for the rest , some is still relatively uninvestigated , some has results that are not clear cut or even contradictory , and some studies are not well executed . in some cases i ' ve taken my best guess based on available data , sometimes speculating well beyond the genetic data .\nthe instability of the tif worldlist may make it unsuitable for everyday use , although it should serve the useful function of highlighting potential changes regardless of your preferred checklist . unlike a printed checklist , the tif web list can be easily updated as new information , corrections , and better interpretations come to my attention . the \u201cwhat ' s new\u201d button at the top will show you the latest changes .\npreviously , only the combination of sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) or its precursor in the auk ( sibley , ahlquist , and monroe , 1988 ) had attempted anything of this sort ( the famous \u201ctapestry\u201d ) . from the beginning , the tif list has used an explicit family - level tree . that has now been extended to a genus - level tree for most families . in some cases it has been pushed to the species level , and in a very few cases , to subspecies .\nthe tif checklist currently groups the birds in 46 orders and 248 families . both a order - level and family - level trees are now available in pdf format . due to its length , the family tree is split into 5 parts .\nthe checklist can be viewed in two ways . you can either view the annotated checklist on these web pages or download a list . the downloadable lists are excel csv files that can be imported into spreadsheets such as excel , or easily manipulated by programs such as perl . four lists are available in csv format . the aba list includes only aba recognized species , but in tif order , with tif families . the south american list uses tif species rather than sacc species .\nthe version number at the top of the page refers to the csv files . note that the web pages are updated more frequently than the spreadsheets .\nrichard jackson has provided a tif - based spreadsheet cross - referenced to the ioc list , the 16 volumes of hbw , and the two volume hbw / birdlife illustrated checklist ( icbw ) .\nyou can view an annotated version by clicking on the list of bird orders on the right , or by using the family index , or genus index , or by clicking on the family names in the various tree view pages . in the annotated list , recently extinct species and species whose taxonomic placement is particularly uncertain are color - coded . in some cases , superfamilies , subfamilies , tribes , and other groups have been added to help show how the birds are related .\nthe ultimate influences on the tif list are charles sibley , jon ahlquist , and burt monroe . the sibley - monore ( 1993 ) checklist and the two earlier volumes by sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) and sibley and ahlquist ( 1990 ) sparked my interest in avian taxonomy . in some sense , the tif list is an attempt to redo their tapestry based on modern genetic studies .\nthe tif list was originally based on the 3rd edition howard and moore checklist , but the species list has been modified based on decisions by recognized authorities and publications in ornithological journals . the overall species list is now most similar to the ioc list . the ioc list has the advantage of quickly adopting recent changes in taxonomy . now that they are expanding it to include subspecies and the other amenities of the howard and moore list , it has become my base reference . i have also made heavy use of the sacc and hbw projects . the sacc is to be particularly commended for their open revision process , which provides unparalleled information about why particular taxonomic changes were made .\nthere are numerous other checklists available on the web . for aba listers , the venerable clements checklist is now available on the web , and is updated approximately annually . those focusing on conservation issues may prefer the bird life international checklist , also updated annually , and now being integrated with a new hbw checklist .\nbesides the world checklists , there are various other taxonomic resources available on the web . birdforum ' s bird taxonomy and nomenclature forum discusses the latest taxonomic issues . those interested in tracking lumps , splits , and other changes in bird taxonomy should take a look at richard klim ' s holarctic checklist . although he only considers holarctic species , he does a great job of tracking all the changes . don roberson ' s bird families of the world has long followed the ongoing shake - up in bird families .\ni ' ve found alan peterson ' s zoonomen particularly helpful for sorting out the complexities of scientific names . the late john penhallurick ' s world bird info also has a wealth of information about the history of scientific names , plus information on range , habitat , and sometimes photos . finally , the internet bird collection includes some of the text from hbw together with a wealth of photos and videos .\ni thank geir sverre andersen , manual andr\u00e9s - moreno , gustav asplund , norbert bahr , keith bennett , david cole , john croxall , thomas donegan , stefan ericsson , dale herter , liam hughes , richard jackson , james a . jobling , colin jones , leo joseph , max kirsch , peter kovalik , thomas kuenzel , marek kuziemko , wich ' yanan limparungpatthanakij , lothar lorenz , pietro martini , heidi michelle , d . james mountjoy , stephen p . nawrocki , jack neubart , jonas nordin , \u2020john penhallurick , daniel philippe , stephan pickering , steve preddy , sandy rae , michael ramsey , laurent raty , thomas s . schulenberg , nathan terzaghi , ben wielstra , victor s . zhukov , and kristof zyskowski for their helpful comments and suggestions .\ntaxonomy in flux : version 3 . 00l , july 8 , 2018 ( february 28 , 2015 ) .\nfrom the school of biological sciences , university of auckland , private bag 92019 , auckland , new zealand ( dalebout and baker ) ; national museum of natural history , mail stop nhb 108 , smithsonian institution , washington , dc 20560 ( mead ) ; center for dolphin studies , box 1856 , plettenberg bay 6600 , south africa ( cockcroft ) ; and national science museum , tokyo , 3 - 23 - 1 hyakunin - cho , shinjuku - ku , tokyo 169 - 0073 , japan ( yamada ) . m . l . dalebout is currently at the biology department , dalhousie university , halifax , nova scotia b3h 4ji , canada\naddress correspondence to c . scott baker at the address above , or e - mail : cs . baker @ urltoken .\ngenetic information in the form of dna sequences can serve as a universal character set for the taxonomic identification of organisms . such genetic characters are particularly useful for species in which distinctive morphological features are difficult to observe or compare . genetic databases have become increasingly common in the monitoring of trade and investigation of poaching ( e . g . , baker et al . 1996 ; baker and palumbi 1994 ; desalle and birstein 1996 ; malik et al . 1997 ; roman and bowen 2000 ) , but their use in addressing questions of basic organismal taxonomy or the discovery of new vertebrate species remains rare ( baker et al . 2002 ; dalebout et al . 2002 ; giao et al . 1998 ; smith et al . 1991 ) . for microorganisms , however , these techniques are widely used to investigate species diversity and identity ( e . g . , fuhrman et al . 1992 ; moon - van der staay et al . 2001 ; pace 1997 ) . it is becoming increasingly obvious that a molecular taxonomy would be valuable for all organisms ( dalebout and baker 2002 ; hebert et al . 2003 ; tautz et al . 2003 ) .\nhere we present a comprehensive and validated mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) reference database of control region and cytochrome b sequences for beaked whales ( dalebout et al . 1998 ; henshaw et al . 1997 ; this article ) . these mtdna datasets , including earlier partial versions , have been used previously to correctly identify specimens misidentified from morphology and discover a new species of beaked whale ( dalebout et al . 1998 , 2002 , 2003 ; van helden et al . 2002 ) . these datasets are presented here in full for the first time . we also present a complementary database of nuclear dna ( ndna ) actin intron sequences for 17 of the 21 beaked whale species and consider the concordance of evolutionary patterns among these alleles with the mtdna phylogeny ."]}
{"id": 2522, "summary": [{"text": "coenagrion hastulatum , the northern damselfly or spearhead bluet , is a damselfly in the family coenagrionidae .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species is widespread and common in northern eurasia but is restricted to elevated or bog-like sites towards the west and south .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "in britain , it is confined to a few small lochans in scotland .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "c. hastulatum is 31 \u2013 33 millimetres ( 1.2 \u2013 1.3 in ) long .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "the specific part of the scientific name , hastulatum , from the latin hastula ( small spear ) is because of the distinctive markings on the second segment of the abdomen that resembles a spear . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "coenagrion hastulatum", "paragraphs": ["arne w . lehmann marked\nfile : coenagrion hastulatum female ( 5902893676 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncoenagrion hastulatum\npage .\narne w . lehmann marked\nfile : coenagrion hastulatum male ( 5902337371 ) . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncoenagrion hastulatum\npage .\narne w . lehmann set\nfile : coenagrion hastulatum 3 ( loz ) . jpg\nas an exemplar on\ncoenagrion hastulatum charpentier 1825\n.\ncoenagrion _ hastulatum _ m , _ 6 - 10 - 12 , _ kh , _ vladimdacha _ ( krasn . ) . jpg\nabundant in many parts of northern eurasia , but coenagrion hastulatum is isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .\narne w . lehmann marked\nfile : coenagrionhastulatummale . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncoenagrion hastulatum ( charpentier , 1825 )\npage .\nboth sexes have bright green undersides to the eyes and face and a coenagrion spur .\nthe majority of ongoing threats facing coenagrion hastulatum are agriculture based , including habitat destruction through crop - farming and plantations of woodland and water pollution . in the future , global warming may contribute to the success of this species .\njustification : coenagrion hastulatum has experienced declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia . there are a number of ongoing threats that will require the species to be monitored and studies are in place to do this .\nthe preferred habitat of coenagrion hastulatum includes a wide variety of pools and lakes in the north , but it is restricted to somewhat acidic and oligotrophic or mesotrophic habitats in much of its range . it favours well - vegetated borders , e . g . with sedges .\nthis species is easily confused with the other members of the genus coenagrion and with the common blue damselfly enallagma cyathigerum . look at s2 ( on the males ) for distinguishing characters . northern damselfly is a weak flyer and has a very restricted range . the females can be particularly tricky to distinguish apart .\nmale : segment 2 has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards \u2660\nspades\nsymbol ( see right ) . segment 8 and segment 9 are blue except for 2 small black spots on s9 .\nantennae with 6 segments and prominant spotting on the head . caudal lamellae long and narrow with distinct , dark nodal constriction and dark nodal line .\nthis species is restricted in the uk to sedge - fringed lochans in the scottish highlands .\nall photos published on this site are copyright of the original photographer and are reproduced with their permission . all other content of this site is copyright of the british dragonfly society except where explicitly stated otherwise . the british dragonfly society is a registered charity , number 1168300 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere have been declines in parts of its central european range but it is widespread and common in northern eurasia .\nthere are a variety of conservation measures in place however more are needed . the maintenance and restoration of its preferred habitat is underway , as is the monitoring of the population status and trends .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nm section 2 of the abdomen has a rather variable , spear - head shaped spot linked rather like the cards \u2660\nspades\nsymbol .\nis isolated in elevated or bog - like sites towards the west and south .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 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2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 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2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n< . . . you are not logged in . log in or register to leave comments . . . >"]}
{"id": 2524, "summary": [{"text": "the vadigo , campogramma glaycos ( also known as the big-toothed pompano , zippered pompano , lexa and lexola ) , is a species of medium sized coastal marine fish in the jack family , carangidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the species is distributed throughout the eastern atlantic ocean from the british isles in the north to senegal in the south , also entering the western mediterranean sea .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the vadigo is similar in form to both the leatherjacks and the queenfish , but can be distinguished by its scaleless chest and a broad , rounded upper jaw .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is a predatory fish , preying mostly on smaller schooling fishes .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the species was initially classified under the genus centronotus before being transferred to its own monotypic genus of campogramma .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the vadigo is of minor commercial importance throughout its range , and is also considered to be a game fish . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "vadigo", "paragraphs": ["christy the mermaid , inspired by the tench , vadigo , and beautiful redheads found in good ol ' ireland . ( by autumn angel art ) | art - mystique | pinterest | ange\u2026\nscientific synonyms and common names campogramma glaycos lacep\u00e8de , 1801 synonyms : campogramma vadigo risso , 1810 centronotus glaycos lacep\u00e8de , 1801 , hist . nat . poiss . , 1798 - 1803 , 3 : 315 ( ' mers du danemark ' and ' m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e ' ) . centronotus vadigo ( nec lacep\u00e8de , 1801 ) : risso , 1810 , ichthyol . nice : 196 ( ' nice ' ) ( cf . code , art . 49 ) . lichia vadigo : valenciennes , in cuv . val . , 1828 - 1849 , 1832 , 8 : 363 moreau , 1881 - 1891 , 1881 , 2 : 459 de buen , 1926 : 103 bertin , 1929c : 163 dieuzeide et al . , 1953 - 1955 , 1954 : 231 furnestin et al . , 1958 : 445 . campogramma vadigo : regan , 1903c : 350 de buen , 1935 : 104 , fig . 52 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 664 tortonese , 1955 : 192 , fig . 3 ; 1961 : 357 wheeler , 1963 : 537 bini , 1967 - 1972 , 1968 , 5 : 73 , col . fig . caesiomorus vadigo : lozano rey , 1952 : 629 , pl . 50 ( fig . 1 ) . campogramma lirio dollfus , 1955 , fichier ichthyol . maroc atlant . : 48 , 145 . campogramma glaycos : wheeler , 1969 : 330 , fig . 108 . common names : liche lirio [ fr ] liche vadigo [ fr ] lirio [ es ] vadigo [ en ]\n, under the food and agriculture organization ( fao ) common name\nvadigo\nare reported from the following two fao fishing areas : eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , mediterranean and black sea . only about 1 % of these landings originate in the mediterranean and black sea fishing zone , and these are declared by morocco .\ndul\u010di\u0107 , j . , marceta , b . , \u017ei\u017ea , v . , pallaoro , a . and lipej , l . 2003 . northern extension of the range of the vadigo campogramma glaycos ( pisces : carangidae ) from the adriatic sea . journal of the marine biological association of the uk 83 ( 2003 ) : 877 - 878 .\nfeeding peculiarities of mass pelagic ichtyophagous fish from the canary upwelling waters and frontal zones of mauritania have been investigated : vadigo campogramma glaycos , false scad caranx rhonchus , bluefish pomatomus saltatrix , atlantic bonito sarda sarda , west african spanish mackerel scomberomorus tritor , large - eyed hairtail trichiurus lepturus and pompano trachinotus ovatus . these species feed on epipelagic fish living or forming temporary agglomerations at the depths up to 200\u2013250 m from the surface .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\ngreek , kampe , - es = curvature , bent + greek , gramma = mark , signal , letter ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 15 - 30 m ( ref . 7097 ) . subtropical ; 56\u00b0n - 12\u00b0n , 26\u00b0w - 27\u00b0e\neastern atlantic : british isles to senegal including madeira and the canary islands . also western mediterranean sea .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; common length : 58 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 ) ; max . published weight : 2 . 8 kg ( ref . 27584 )\ncaught with bottom and pelagic trawls . adults are pelagic or epibenthic ( ref . 7097 ) mostly in shallow waters . they feed mainly on schooling fishes ( ref . 4233 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . , 1986 . carangidae . p . 815 - 844 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4233 )\n) : 10 . 3 - 20 . 7 , mean 16 . 1 ( based on 88 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00616 - 0 . 03241 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 80 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ncarpenter , k . e . , camara , k . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , djiman , r . , sagna , a . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , de morais , l . , sylla , m . , lindeman , k . & montiero , v .\nthis species is mostly found in eastern atlantic but it is also found in the western mediterranean sea . in the eastern central atlantic it is considered relatively common . it is caught in artisanal fisheries but there is no current indication of decline . it is listed as least concern .\nthis species is mostly found in eastern atlantic , from the british isles to senegal including madeira and the canary islands . it is also found in the western mediterranean sea ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . smith - vaniz ( in press ) states this species is rarely found north of the bay of biscay .\nalbania ; algeria ; belgium ; croatia ; france ; gambia ; germany ; greece ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; morocco ; portugal ( madeira ) ; senegal ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; tunisia ; united kingdom ( great britain ) ; western sahara\nbased on the cecaf south working ( fao cecaf 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 - 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tons , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eastern central african country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 per year and remaining relatively stable since .\nadults are pelagic or epibenthic , mostly in shallow waters ( 15 to 30 m ) . the diet consists primarily of schooling fishes . it occurs in coastal waters throughout its range .\nmaximum size is unknown but it attains at least 60 cm fork length ( smith - vaniz in press ) .\nthe maximum size in senegal is 50 cm and this species is typically seen in mauritania during the dry season from mid - december to may .\nthis species is of minor commercial importance and is often utilized as a gamefish . this species is caught with bottom and pelagic trawls . it is utilized fresh , frozen , dried - salted and for fish meal and oil (\nthere are no major threats known for this species and there are no indications at present time of regional declines from harvesting .\ncarpenter , k . e . , camara , k . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , djiman , r . , sagna , a . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , de morais , l . , sylla , m . , lindeman , k . & montiero , v . 2015 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\noff the british isles . elsewhere , off morocco to senegal , including the canaries .\nalbuquerque , r . m . 1954 - 1956 . peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes . chavas para a sua determina\u00e7\u00e3o . port . acta biol . , ser . b , 5 : xvi + 1167 pp . , 445 fig .\nbertin , l . 1929c . poissons rares captur\u00e9s en rade de toulon et au cap sici\u00e9 . bull . soc . zool . fr . , 54 : pp . 158 - 165 .\nbini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .\nbuen , f . de 1926 . catalogo ictiologico del mediterraneo espa\u00f1ol y de marruecos , recopilando lo publicado sobre peces de las costas mediterraneas y proximas del atlantico ( mar de espa\u00f1a ) . resultados camp . int . inst . esp . oceanopr . , 2 : pp . 1 - 221 , map .\nbuen , f . de 1935 . fauna ictiologica . catalogo de los peces ibericos : de la planicie continental , aguas dulces , pelagicos y de los abismos proximos . primera parte . notas res\u00fam . inst . esp . oceanogr . , ser . ii , ( 88 ) : pp . 1 - 89 , pl . i - xx ( fig . 1 - 40 ) . secunda parte . ibid . , ser . ii , ( 89 ) : pp . 91 - 149 , pl . xxiliii ( fig . 40 - 115 ) .\nchaine , j . 1957 . recherches sur les otolithes des poissons . . . bull . cent . \u00e9tud . rech . scient . biarritz , 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 465 - 557 , 7 pl .\ndieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des c\u00f4tes alg\u00e9riennes . bull . stn aquic . p\u00each . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .\ndollfus , r . ph . 1955 . premi\u00e8re contribution \u00e0 l ' \u00e9tablissement d ' un fichier ichthyologique du maroc atlantique de tanger \u00e0 l ' embouchure de l ' oued dra . trav . inst . scient . ch\u00e9rif . , zool , ( 6 ) : 227 pp . , 1 map .\nfurnestin , j . ; dardignac , j . ; maurin , c . ; coup\u00e9 , a . ; bouti\u00e8re , h . 1958 . donn\u00e9es nouvelles sur les poissons du maroc atlantique . revue trav . inst . ( scient . tech . ) p\u00each . marit . , paris , 22 ( 4 ) : pp . 379 - 493 , 1 pp . errata , 75 fig .\nlozano y rey , l . 1952 . peces fisoclistos , subserie toracicos . mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cien . nat . , primate parte , 14 : pp . xv + 1 - 378 , fig . 1 - 20 , pl . i - xxx ; segunda parte , 14 : pp . 379 - 705 , fig . 21 - 31 , pl . xxi - li .\nmoreau , e . 1881 - 1891 . histoire naturelle des poissons de la france , paris , i , 1881 : pp . i - vii + 1 - 480 , fig . 1 - 82 ; ii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 572 , fig . 83 - 145 ; iii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 697 , fig . 146 - 220 ; suppl . , 1891 : pp . 1 - 144 , fig . 221 - 227 .\nregan , c . t . 1903c . on the genus lichia of cuvier . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 7 ) 12 : pp . 348 - 350 .\nrisso , a . 1810 . ichthyologie de nice , ou histoire naturelle des poissons du d\u00e9partement des alpes maritimes . paris , xxxvi + 388 pp . , 11 pl . ( reprint , 1966 , asher , amsterdam . )\ntortonese , e . 1955a . note interno ai carangidi del mediterraneo . archo oceanogr . limnol . , 10 ( 3 ) : pp . 185 - 195 , 3 fig .\nwheeler , a . 1963 . the nomenclature of the european fishes of the subfamily trachinotinae . ann . mag . nat . hist . , 1962 [ 1963 ] ( 13 ) 5 : pp . 529 - 540 .\nwheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nurban dictionary german , leo chinese , dict . cn spanish , spanishdict russian , urltoken medical , medicinenet i\u0307\u015faret dili , signing savvy\nenglish turkish online dictionary tureng , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3234f3f4 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 324adce3 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3437d097 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\ngroup expert : smith - vaniz , w . , 19 - may - 2014\nfroese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 7ba05384 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nto receive our reports ( print and / or electronic ) and quarterly e - newsletter .\ncookies are not enabled . you must enable cookies before you can log in .\nthe main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives , conventions and agreements . the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .\nthe distribution map is currently disabled . a new map solution will soon become available . in the meantime , please consult other species distribution map providers listed in the other resources panel below .\nthe eu conservation status is assessed for species mentioned in the eu habitats directive annexes . the eu habitats directive does not cover this species .\ntemplate updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26\nthe european environment agency ( eea ) is an agency of the european union . legal notice\nwe use cookies to record some preference settings and to analyse how visitors use our web site . cookies do not contain any personal information about you . if you wish , see how to delete / disable cookies in your web browser . see also our privacy policy .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\nthe moroccan national fisheries information system aims at adopting a standard list of common names for fishery products . thus , the goal of this study is to provide a means structuring vernacular names , which , although in wide use , are highly variable and do not necessarily meet trade requisites . the 138 species considered in this study have 691 vernacular names - an average of five names per species . large disparities in the number of vernacular names were found between species and among the 16 study sites . much of this variability is due to pronunciation and syllable adjunction , which do not affect the root name structure . pronunciation aside , for the most part the analysed variability in vernacular names of fishes is of linguistic origin stemming from four geographic - and thus cultural - groups . the iberian names , preponderant in the eastern moroccan mediterranean , decreased southward in favour of arabic , amazigh and french . according to these results , the adoption of a unique standard , if even possible , might encounter resistance to dissemination by the fishermen and local populations . the adoption of two names lists , one for the moroccan mediterranean and one for the moroccan atlantic , may be a good compromise . most efforts at standardisation should then be invested at fish markets in order to integrate fish identification and labelling processes prior to selling .\nindiseas ( indicators for the seas ) is a scientific program endorsed by ioc / unesco . it aims to evaluate the effects of fishing on the health status of marine ecosystems , using a panel of biodiversit\u2026\n[ more ]\nwe investigated 16 fishing sites in order to gather local fish names . a total of 691 vernacular names were assigned to the 138 species considered . regarding the number of names , a great part of variability was of linguistic origin , and the patterns disclosed showed four groups of sites . names of spanish origin were predominant at the national level , and their proportion decreased southward for . . . [ show full abstract ]\nthe saharan bank ( 21\u201326\u00b0n ) is a wide subtropical continental shelf and a highly productive upwelling ecosystem . the bottom communities are dominated by octopus and sparid fish , which are the main targets of bottom - trawl fishing fleets . to investigate resource partitioning within the bottom fish community , adult fish from 14 of the most abundant species were investigated for stomach content . . . [ show full abstract ]\ninvestigation of a subtidal fish community in a south - western mediterranean settlement area of moroc . . .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\nlist & earn rs . 250 * extra . available in bangalore , mumbai , chennai , hyderabad .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy unlimited free , fast delivery on eligible items , video streaming , ad - free music , exclusive access to deals & more .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nwe parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .\n) : 10 . 3 - 20 . 7 , mean 16 . 1 ( based on 88 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01413 ( 0 . 00616 - 0 . 03241 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 74 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .\n) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 80 se ; based on food items .\n) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\njustification : european regional assessment : lc campogramma glaycos is found in eastern atlantic , from the british isles south to senegal including the mediterranean , madeira and the canary islands . it is found at depths ranging from 15 \u2013 30 metres . although it is sometimes found in local fish markets , it appears to be relatively rare in the northeast atlantic , mediterranean , and black sea assessment region . there is a paucity of basic biological information available for this species . it is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean , where it can be found in some local markets . this species appears to be associated with upwelling zones , and , like many carangids , is likely taken as bycatch in industrial , semi - industrial and / or artisanal fisheries in the eastern central atlantic fishing zone . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c . glaycos . campogramma glaycos is assessed as least concern in northeast atlantic , mediterranean , and black sea assessment region\nis restricted to the eastern atlantic ocean , where it is found from the bay of biscay south to senegal , including madeira and the canary islands . vagrants are reported as far north as the british isles ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . it is also found in the western mediterranean sea , with recent records extending the northern - most occurrence of this species in the mediterranean to piran bay , gulf of trieste , adriatic sea ( dul\u010di\u0107\nalbania ; algeria ; croatia ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gibraltar ; greece ( greece ( mainland ) ) ; guernsey ; ireland ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; jersey ; libya ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; slovenia ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; tunisia ; united kingdom ( great britain )\nthe international council for the exploration of the sea ( ices ) does not collect species - specific data on carangiids for mapping purposes . all carangiid data are aggregated to the family level , indicating that these species are not likely to be commercially important in northeastern atlantic ocean .\nsmith - vaniz ( smith - vaniz in press ) states this species is rarely found north of the bay of biscay . survey data from the international bottom trawl survey ( ibts ) in the gulf of cadiz suggest this species is rare in the region , however this could be an artifact of sampling . from 1993 to 2014 , 17 specimens ranging in size from 12\n25 cm total length ( tl ) were collected . all specimens were collected in the spring of 1999 . this species is not commercially important in the gulf of cadiz\nlandings declared to fao originate in the eca , and within the eca , the large majority of landings are declared by morocco .\nlike many carangids , is taken as bycatch in the pelagic industrial and artisanal fisheries off the coast of west africa ( palomares and pauly 2004 ) . there is evidence of declining commercial landings and declining biomass of many species taken in these fisheries , and pelagic stocks are considered overexploited in the cecaf north assessment area ( gascuel\n. 2010 , cecaf 2009 ) . in the eca species appears to be associated with upwelling zones ( gushchin and fall 2012 ) .\ncampogramma glaycos is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean . it is marketed in the fish markets of istanbul , although typically in small numbers ( tekinay et al . 2003 ) . this species feeds on small fishes , and it is inferred that it is landed as bycatch in mediterranean fisheries targeting small pelagics such as sardine and anchovies . carangids are a commercially important bycatch of industrial small pelagic fisheries off the atlantic coast of west africa . this species is also considered a gamefish .\nthere is little species - specific data available for c . glaycos in the nea and mediterranean portion of its range . this species is of minor commercial importance in the mediterranean . it is taken as bycatch in fisheries targeting small pelagics .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for c . glaycos within the northeastern atlantic ocean , including the mediterranean and black sea . this species was assessed as data deficient in the 2007 mediterranean assessment ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .\n9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 1 . marine neritic - pelagic suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 2 . marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability : suitable season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 3 . marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 4 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 5 . marine neritic - subtidal sandy - mud suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 6 . marine neritic - subtidal muddy suitability : unknown season : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 7 . marine neritic - macroalgal / kelp suitability : unknown season : unknown\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]\n5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ]\n1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 2 . harvest level trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 3 . trade trends 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 4 . habitat trends\nabdul malak , d . a . , livingstone , s . r . , pollard , d . , polidoro , b . a . , cuttelod , a . , bariche , m . , bilecenoglu , m . , carpenter , k . e . , collette , b . b . , francour , p . , goren , m . , kara , m . h . , massuti , e . , papaconstantinou , c . and tunesi , l . 2011 . overview of the conservation status of the marine fishes of the mediterranean sea . in : iucn ( ed . ) . gland , switzerland .\ndulvy , n . k . , sadovy , y . and reynolds , j . d . 2003 . extinction vulnerability in marine populations . fish and fisheries 4 ( 1 ) : 25 - 64 .\nfao . 2009 . fishery committee for the eastern central atlantic : report of the fifth session of the scientific sub - committee : casablanca , morocco , 4 - 6 december 2007 . food and agriculture organization of the united nations , regional office for africa , 2009 .\ngascuel , d . , monteiro , c . , yahya , s . , brahim , k . , bouzouma , m . and vally , y . o . 2010 . estimation des captures par esp\u00e8ce , pour les diff\u00e9rentes flottilles op\u00e9rant en mauritanie ( 1991 / 2005 ) . rapport du sixi\u00e8me groupe de travail de l\u2019imrop : 1 - 15 .\ngushchin , a . v . and fall , k . o . m . 2012 . ichthyofauna of littoral of the gulf arguin , mauritania . journal of ichthyology 52 ( 2 ) : 160 - 171 .\niucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 2 ) . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 november 2011 ) .\niucn . 2015 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 1 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 28 may 2015 ) .\npalomares , m . l . d . and pauly , d . 2004 . west african marine ecosystems : models and fisheries impacts . in : palomares , m . l . d . and pauly , d . ( eds ) , fisheries centre research reports . the fisheries centre , vancouver .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . 1986b . carangidae . in : p . j . p . whitehead , m . l . bauchot , j . c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds ) , fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean , pp . 815 - 844 . unesco , paris .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . in press . carangidae . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic . .\ntekinay , a . a . , alpaslan , m . , \u00f6zen , \u00f6 . , aky\u00fcz , p . e . , kahyao\u011flu , g . and g\u00fcroy , d . 2003 . a comparative analysis of istanbul fish market records between 1998 and 2001 . eu journal of fisheries & aquatic sciences 20 ( 3 - 4 ) : 413 - 418 .\nherrera , j . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2015 .\nde morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , sagna , a . , djiman , r . , camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , sylla , m . , williams , a . b . & montiero , v .\njustification : this species is widespread in the eastern central atlantic , the mediterranean and is common in some parts of its range . it is caught in mixed - species fisheries throughout its range . based on mixed - species catches reported for carangids in the region , landings are fluctuating , but there is no current indication of decline in catch . fao reported data show a gradual decline from the 1990 to present , but with stable catches being report over the last decade . however , it is obvious that these statistics are an aggregation of at least two species being confused because of local changes in reporting according to name changes . there has been an observed 80 % decrease in average weight taken in scientific surveys off the coast of mauritania to guinea from 1990 to 1998 . it is also considered a very fast growing species . it is listed as least concern . more species - specific information on the population status , catch statistics , life history , biology and impact of major threats is needed .\nin the eastern atlantic , this species is found from southern bay of biscay to south africa , including the mediterranean . in the mediterranean basin , lichia amia occurs in the iberian waters ( dempster et al . 2002 ) , in the southern tunisia ( souissi et al . 2005 ) , in the tyrrhenian sea ( romanelli et al . 2002 ) , in the central adriatic sea ( duclic and glamuzina 2006 ) and in the aegean waters ( akin et al . 2005 ) . in the eastern central atlantic , this species is known from mauritania to angola , including cape verde .\nalbania ; algeria ; angola ; benin ; bulgaria ; cameroon ; cape verde ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; israel ; italy ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; mozambique ; namibia ; nigeria ; portugal ( madeira , portugal ( mainland ) ) ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; serbia ; sierra leone ; slovenia ; south africa ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; western sahara\nin the eastern central atlantic ( eca ) , this species is widespread , but not considered common . based on the cecaf south working ( fao cecaf 2009 ) , which covers guinea bissau to angola , catch landings for carangidae species from 1994 - 2008 show an increase up to 20 , 000 in 2001 and are stable until 2008 , when they drop to 12 , 000 metric tons , but not all countries are reporting ( fao cecaf 2009 ) . based on eca country reported landings to fao for carangids not elsewhere included , landings peaked between 1970 to 1980 , averaging around 24 , 000 metric tonnes per year , and then in 1980 fell to an average of 18 , 000 metric tonnes per year , fluctuating between 16 , 000 and 18 , 000 per year and remaining relatively stable since . species - specific landings reported by countries in the region to fao , show an increase to an average of 1 , 800 metric tonnes in the 1990s and then a decrease to about 400 metric tonnes over the past 10 years . in the mediterranean sea , this fish is widespread but not common and abundant only seasonally in certain areas . fao landings for this species show dramatic declines . however , it is obvious that these statistics are an aggregation of at least two species . under leerfish in turkey , are often included as greater amberjack since the local common name is the same . in 2000 , the leerfish and greater amberjack were separated apart in the statistics in turkey and therefore it appears as if the dramatic declines are due to a statistical anomaly .\nthis species is utilized fresh , frozen , smoked , dried - salted and for fishmeal and oil ( smith - vaniz in press ) . it is a popular game fish .\nlichia amia is a commercial species that is caught with hook and line and is a popular game fish . landings from area 34 ( atlantinc , easter central ) and 37 ( mediterranean and balck sea ) range from 1 , 000 to 10 , 000 metric tonnes . in the eastern central atlantic , catches for this species are not reported separately , and carangid species are mainly caught in the inshore fishery using purse - seines and in both industrial and artisanal fisheries . in senegal , it is taken in beach seines and is exported to the interior . it is not a high value species .\nthis species occurs in marine protected areas . there is a minimum size requirement of 20 cm tl in turkey .\nde morais , l . , smith - vaniz , w . f . , sagna , a . , djiman , r . , camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , nunoo , f . , sidib\u00e9 , a , sylla , m . , williams , a . b . & montiero , v . 2015 .\nfeeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 2 . representatives of families carangidae , scombridae , pomatomidae , and trichiuridae | springerlink\nfeeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 2 . representatives of families carangidae , scombridae , pomatomidae , and trichiuridae\noriginal russian text \u00a9 a . v . gushchin , a . corten , 2016 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2016 , vol . 56 , no . 1 , pp . 68\u201375 .\nprogram \u201csmall pelagic fish , \u201d imrop - rivo , 2002\u20132004 : mauritania , institut mauritanien de recherches oc\u00e9anographiques et des p\u00eaches , netherlands , institute for marine resources and ecosystem studies .\nbuckel , j . a . , fogarty , m . j . , and conover , d . o . , foraging habits of bluefish , pomatomus saltatrix , on the u . s . east coast continental shelf ,\ncaverivi\u00e8re , a . and andriamirado , g . a . r . , minimal fish predation for the pink shrimp penaeus notalis in senegal ( west africa ) ,\ncayr\u00e9 , p . , amon kothias , j . b . , diouf , t . , and stretta , j . m . , biology of tuna , in resources , fishing and biology of the tropical tunas of the eastern central atlantic ,\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1993 , pp . 147\u2013244 .\ncollette , b . b . and nauen , c . e . , fao species catalogue , in\nscombrids of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas , mackerels , bonitos , and related species known to date , fao fish . syn .\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1983 , vol . 2 , no . 125 .\ncreaser , e . p . and perkins , h . c . , the distribution , food and age of juvenile bluefish , pomatomus saltatrix in maine ,\ngushchin , a . v . and corten , a . , feeding of pelagic fish in waters of mauritania : 1 . european anchovy engraulis encrasicolus , european sardine sardina pilchardus , round sardinella sardinella aurita , and flat sardinella s . maderensis ,\nmetodicheskoe posobie po izucheniyu pitanya i pishchevykh otnoshenii ryb v estestvennykh usloviyakh ( methodological manual on analysis of feeding and food relationships between fishes in natural conditions ) , moscow : nauka , 1974 .\nmianzan , h . w . , mari , n . , prenski , b . , and sanchez , f . , fish predation on neritic ctenophores from the argentine continental shelf : a neglected food resource ?\nnakamura , i . and parin , n . v . , fao species catalogue , in snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world ( families gempylidae and trichiuridae ) ,\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1993 , vol . 15 , no . 125 .\n, paris : unesco , 1986 , vol . 2 , pp . 815\u2013844 .\n, rome : food agric . org . , 1980 , no . 118 .\n10 or 11 + 14 to 17 ( 24 - 27 total , usually 10 + 14 ) .\n, including trachurus , usually occur in dense schools near the bottom in depths of 100 - 200 m but may extend to 500 m . feeding varies from planktonic\nare highly sought by sport fishermen and valued as table food , others mainly utilized for fishmeal and oil . caught commercially with trawls , purse seines , traps and on line gear .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . ; bauchot , m . - l . ; desoutter , m . 1979 . catalogue critique des types de poissons du museum national d ' histoire naturelle ( famille des carangidae ) . bull . mus . nat . hist . nat . , paris , 3e ser . , in press .\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . ; berry , f . h . 1981 . carangidae . in : w . fischer et al . ( eds . ) , fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern central atlantic , fishing area 34 and part of 47 . fao , rome .\nsorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .\nthree specimens of apogonids species of total length 72 . 69 , 106 . 28 and 110 . 67 mm were caught off tuticorin at the depths of 90 - 100 m as a bycatch on 1st january 2013 from the commercial trawler operated from tuticorin fishing harbour , southeast coast of india . in this paper , on the occurrence of jaydia queketti was figured and the comprehensive diagnostic features of the recorded specimens were elucidated . the species of this genus jaydia is distributed continentally and often caught as a bycatch from shrimp or fish trawl . these species are widely distributed in new guinea , larger islands in the coral sea , australia , arabian sea of india and also from africa to japan . nevertheless , the present observation shows the occurrence of j . queketti from the by - catch of trawl fishery operated along gulf of mannar , southeast coast of india .\n38 & apos ; 127\nn and 78\u00b012 & apos ; 612\ne ) .\nrange extension of the titan cardinalfish , holapogon maximus ( boulenger , 1888 ) in the southern coast . . .\nthree specimens of apogonids were collected from tuticorin fishing harbour , off tuticorin , gulf of mannar , southeast coast of india during november 2012 ( two specimens ) and december 2014 ( one specimen ) . the morphometric and meristic characters of the recorded specimens are described and discussed . based on the key diagnostic characters like presence of seven anal - fin rays , villiform teeth and . . . [ show full abstract ]\nan evaluation of economic impact on juvenile landings of cephalopods in mumbai waters , northwest coa . . .\neconomic assessment of juvenile landings of 5 dominant cephalopods at new ferry wharf ( nfw ) landing centre , mumbai was carried out during january to december , 2013 . dominant cephalopod fishery recorded include one species of squid , uroteuthis ( p ) duvaucelii , three species of cuttlefishes , sepia elliptica , sepia pharaonis , sepiella inermis and a species of octopus , cistopus indicus together . . . [ show full abstract ]\nassessment of marine genetic resources of gulf of mannar biosphere reserve - tamil nadu , india 760 ( p . . .\nthe gulf of mannar biosphere reserve ( gombr ) including the gulf of mannar ( gom ) national park is considered as \u2019biological paradise\u2019 because of the diverse ecological niches like coral islands , estuaries , seagrass beds , pearl paars , chank beds , mangroves forests and beaches . the gombr harbours numerous marine flora and fauna of global significance and considered as one of the world\u2019s richest . . . [ show full abstract ]"]}
{"id": 2526, "summary": [{"text": "labullinyphia is a monoypic genus of spiders in the linyphiidae family endemic to sri lanka .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the sole species is labullinyphia tersa .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was first described in 1985 by van helsdingen . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "labullinyphia", "paragraphs": ["phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription . . .\nbenjamin , s . p . & hormiga , g . ( 2009 ) phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription of labullinyphia tersa ( simon , 1894 ) from sri lanka ( araneae : linyphiidae ) . contributions to natural history , 12 , 161\u2013181 .\nbenjamin , s . p . & hormiga , g . ( 2009 ) . phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic genus labullinyphia van helsdingen , 1985 , with redescription of labullinyphia tersa ( simon , 1894 ) from sri lanka ( araneae : linyphiidae ) . contributions to natural history 12 : 161 - 181 . - - show included taxa\nlinyphia tersa simon , 1894a : 691 ( d f ) . labullinyphia tersa van helsdingen , 1985b : 16 , f . 5 - 7 ( t f from linyphia ) . labullinyphia tersa millidge , 1993c : 146 , f . 12 ( f ) . labullinyphia tersa benjamin & hormiga , 2009 : 169 , f . 1a - f , 2a - c , 3 , 4a - b , 5a - i , 6a - f , 7a - i , 8a - f , 9a - f ( f , d m ) .\nlsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 011000 ]\nhelsdingen , p . j . van ( 1985b ) . araneae : linyphiidae of sri lanka , with a note on erigonidae . entomologica scandinavica ( suppl . ) 30 : 13 - 30 . - - show included taxa\nmillidge , a . f . ( 1993c ) . further remarks on the taxonomy and relationships of the linyphiidae , based on the epigynal duct confirmations and other characters ( araneae ) . bulletin of the british arachnological society 9 : 145 - 156 . - - show included taxa\nsimon , e . ( 1894a ) . histoire naturelle des araign\u00e9es . paris 1 , 489 - 760 . - - show included taxa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nworld spider catalog , version 11 . 0 , website ( version 11 . 0 )\nplatnick , norman i . 2011 . the world spider catalog , v . 11 . 0 . american museum of natural history . database built by robert j . raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi : 10 . 5531 / db . iz . 0001\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nthe source code for the wiki 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the mozilla foundation , google , and apple . you could also do it yourself at any point in time .\nwould you like wikipedia to always look as professional and up - to - date ? we have created a browser extension .\nit will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the wiki 2 technology .\ni use wiki 2 every day and almost forgot how the original wikipedia looks like .\nof perfecting techniques ; in live mode . quite the same wikipedia . just better .\nthis page was last edited on 1 may 2018 , at 06 : 53 .\nbasis of this page is in wikipedia . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 unported license . non - text media are available under their specified licenses . wikipedia\u00ae is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . wiki 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with wikimedia foundation .\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\n. . . distribution . india ( map 2 ) , sri lanka , china , southeast asia [ benjamin , 2015 ; wsc , 2016 ] . , flat dorsally , finely rugulose , covered with fine grey hairs . . . .\n. . . distribution . india ( map 2 ) , pakistan and sri lanka [ benjamin , 2015 ; wsc , 2016 ] . thankful to dr krushnamegh kunte , lab 8 , national centre for biological sciences , ( bangalore , india ) for allowing me to use the stereo microscope facility and to deposit the studied specimens . . . .\n. . . currently , 64 species placed in 48 genera are known from sri lanka ( world spider catalog 2015 ) . however , recent fieldwork and taxonomic work conducted by us suggests that this is only a fraction of the true diversity of the family on the island ( benjamin 2004 ( benjamin , 2006 ( benjamin , 2010 ( benjamin , 2015 . here we report results of our endeavor to survey and describe this diversity , recording three new genera for the island as well as describing four new species . . . .\ni would appreciated it if you could send me a copy of this paper .\ntwo new species of the genus myrmarachne are described ( myrmarachne acutidens sp . n . , myrmarachne epigealis sp . n . ) , and myrmarachne macrognatha and myrmarachne melanocephala are redescribed from flores specimens . the females of myrmarachne macrognatha are recorded for the first time .\nthe higher - level phylogenetic relationships of crab spiders ( thomisidae ) are studied from morphological data . 33 taxa are coded for 74 characters ( 53 binary and 21 multistate ) . several analyses using equal , successive and implied weights were carried out . the most parsimonious tree obtained by analysis with successive and implied weights is put forward as the preferred hypothesis of thomisid . . . [ show full abstract ]\nfive species of ant - mimicking jumping spiders are recorded from india : myrmarachne kuwagata yaginuma , 1967 , m . melanocephala macleay , 1839 , m . plataleoides ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1869 ) , m . prava ( karsch , 1880 ) , and m . ramunni narayan , 1915 . all these species are redescribed and illustrated in detail .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsuresh p . benjamin national institute of fundamental studies , hantana road , kandy , sri lanka .\nnilani kanesharatnam national institute of fundamental studies , hantana road , kandy , sri lanka .\nbenjamin , s . p . ( 2004 ) taxonomic revision and a phylogenetic hypothesis for the jumping spider subfamily ballinae ( araneae , salticidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 142 , 1\u201382 . urltoken\nbenjamin , s . p . ( 2006 ) the male of marengo nitida with the description of m . rattotensis new species from sri lanka ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 1326 , 25\u201336 .\nbenjamin , s . p . ( 2010 ) revision and cladistic analysis of the jumping spider genus onomastus ( araneae : salticidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 159 , 711\u2013745 . urltoken\nbenjamin , s . p . ( 2011 ) phylogenetics and comparative morphology of crab spiders ( araneae : dionycha , thomisidae ) . zootaxa , 3080 , 1\u2013108 .\nbremer , k . ( 1988 ) the limits of amino acid sequence data in angiosperm phylogenetic reconstruction . evolution , 42 . 795\u2013803 . urltoken\nbremer , k . ( 1994 ) branch support and tree stability . cladistics , 10 , 295\u2013304 . urltoken\ndingerkus , g . & uhler , l . d . ( 1977 ) enzyme clearing of alcian blue stained whole small vertebrates for demonstration of cartilage . stain technology , 52 , 229\u2013232 . urltoken\nedwards , g . b . ( 2015 ) freyinae , a major new subfamily of neotropical jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 4036 , 1\u201387 . urltoken\nfarris , j . s . ( 1970 ) methods for computing wagner trees . systematic zoology , 19 , 83\u201392 . urltoken\nfitch , w . m . ( 1971 ) toward defining the course of evolution : minimum change for a specific tree topology . systematic biology , 20 , 406\u2013416 . urltoken\ngaliano , m . e . ( 1962 ) redescripciones de especies del gnero lyssomanes hentz , 1845 , basadas en los ejenplares tpicos . descripcin de una especie nueva ( araneae : salticidae ) . acta zoologica lilloana , 18 , 45\u201397 .\ngaliano , m . e . ( 1980 ) revisin del gnero lyssomanes hentz , 1845 ( araneae : salticidae ) . opera lilloana , 30 , 1\u2013104 .\ngoloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . , k\u00e4llersj , m . , oxelman , b . , ram\u00edrez , m . j . & szumik , c . a . ( 2003 ) improvements to resampling measures of group support . cladistics , 19 , 324\u2013332 . urltoken\ngoloboff , p . a . , farris , j . s . & nixon , k . ( 2008 ) tnt : a free program for phylogenetic analysis . cladistics , 24 , 774\u2013786 . urltoken\nmaddison , w . p . ( 2015 ) a phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . journal of arachnology , 43 , 231\u2013292 . urltoken\nmaddison , w . p . & maddison , d . r . ( 2009 ) mesquite : a modular system for evolutionary analysis . in : version 2 . 72 urltoken\nmaddison , w . p . & needham , k . m . ( 2006 ) lapsiines and hisponines as phylogenetically basal salticid spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) . zootaxa , 1255 , 37\u201355 .\nnixon , k . c . ( 2002 ) winclada . published by the author , ithaca , new york .\nono , h . ( 1995 ) four east asian spiders of the families eresidae , araneidae , thomisidae and salticidae ( arachnida , araneae ) . bulletin of the national science museum , series a ( zoology ) , 21 , 157\u2013156 .\npr\u00f3szyski , j . & deeleman - reinhold , c . l . ( 2013 ) description of some salticidae ( aranei ) from the malay archipelago . iii . salticidae of borneo , with comments on adjacent territories . arthropoda selecta , 22 , 113\u2013144 .\nsimon , e . ( 1900 ) tudes arachnologiques . 30e m\u00e9moire . xlvii . descriptions d ' esp\u00e8ces nouvelles de la famille des attidae . annales de la soci\u00e9t entomologique de france , 69 , 27\u201361 .\nwanless , f . r . ( 1980a ) a revision of the spider genera asemonea and pandisus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology , 39 , 213\u2013257 .\nwanless , f . r . ( 1980b ) a revision of the spider genus onomastus ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology , 39 , 179\u2013188 .\nwanless , f . r . ( 1981 ) a revision of the spider genus hispo ( araneae : salticidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology 41 , 179\u2013198 .\nworld spider catalog ( 2016 ) world spider catalog . natural history museum bern . [ version 16 . 5 ] available from : urltoken ( accessed 25 april 2016 )\nzhang , j . x . & li , d . ( 2005 ) four new and one newly recorded species of the jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae : lyssomaninae & spartaeinae ) from ( sub ) tropical china . raffles bulletin of zoology , 53 , 221\u2013229 ."]}
{"id": 2528, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia carpophagata is a moth in the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in the mountains of europe , including the eastern pyrenees , the central and southern part of the alps , the massif central , the central apennines and the balkan peninsula .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 22 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the larvae feed on silene species , including silene cordifolia , silene saxifraga and silene rupestris .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "larvae can be found from the end of june to september .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species overwinters in the pupal stage . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "eupithecia carpophagata", "paragraphs": ["habitat : eupithecia carpophagata colonized rocky terrain , dry slopes and rocky or dry grassland - like forest edges .\nremarks : eupithecia carpophagata is distributed in some european mountains : eastern pyrenees , central and southern alps , the french massif central , central apennines , balkan peninsula . on calcareous rocks , the moths are brighter .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhost plants : the caterpillar lives on silene species , according to literature on silene saxifraga and s . rupestris . i found it common in the italian alps at 2500m above sea level on silene cordifolia in mid - august 2010 . additionally i observed eggs and larvae in the northern greek phalakro mountains in july 2011 on silene saxifraga .\nlife cycle : the pupa hibernates . the moths fly from late may to early august in a single generation . the caterpillar is found from late june to september . it feeds on flowers and seeds of the silene species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\nwe\u2019d value your feedback on the tool . our survey takes only five minutes to complete .\nthe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .\none or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using .\nplease consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nthis website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . by clicking or navigating the site , you agree to allow our collection of information through cookies . more info\nwe transform the world with culture ! we want to build on europe\u2019s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use , whether for work , for learning or just for fun .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naustria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , ireland , iceland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\nregions of the russian federation : east caucasian , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , mid - volzhsky , average urals , south west siberian , south ural .\nandorra , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , iceland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , romania , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .\n[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\nszervereink jelenleg karbantart\u00e1s alatt \u00e1llnak . a rajta tal\u00e1hat\u00f3 tartalmak hamarosan ism\u00e9t el\u00e9rhet\u0151ek lesznek . eln\u00e9z\u00e9st a kellemetlens\u00e9g\u00e9rt ."]}
{"id": 2529, "summary": [{"text": "halaphritis platycephala is a species of thornfish native to the indian ocean waters off of tasmania where it can be found at depths of from 5 to 13 metres ( 16 to 43 ft ) preferring caves and other low-light habitats .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to a length of 16.8 centimetres ( 6.6 in ) sl .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "halaphritis platycephala", "paragraphs": ["flathead congolli , halaphritis platycephala . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial\nlast , p . r . ; balushkin , a . v . ; hutchins , j . b . halaphritis platycephala ( nototheniodei : bovichtidae ) : a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia . copeia . 2002 ; ( 2 ) : 433 - 440 .\nlast , p . r . , a . v . balushkin and j . b . hutchins , 2002 . halaphritis platycephala ( notothenioidei : bovichtidae ) : a new genus and species of temperate icefish from southeastern australia . copeia 2002 ( 2 ) : 433 - 440 . ( ref . 43123 )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ngreek , als = salt + greek , aphritis , - idos = anchovy ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 5 - 13 m ( ref . 43123 ) . temperate\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43123 )\nlives deep inside caves or under ledges in semi - exposed habitats in the near shore where light levels are low . adapted to creeping around the bottom in cramped confines . in captivity , it crawls over the substrate rather than swim . feeds on shrimps and other small crustaceans in captivity ( ref . 43123 ) .\n) : 13 . 4 - 18 . 3 , mean 17 ( based on 75 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 \u00b10 . 55 se ; based on food items .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nlast , balushkin & hutchins , 2002 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 280978 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\na flathead congolli at a depth of 17 m , cathedral cave , tasman peninsula , tasmania , 2015 .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nglover , c . j . m . 1994 ,\nfamily bovichtidae\n, ed . gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) , the fishes of australia ' s south coast , pp . pp . 725 - 728 , state printer , adelaide\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 92b09c8d - 5e66 - 4a6e - a46c - 48fdd622301f\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6023f7fb - 1290 - 42c4 - 9f5d - 87d71e311f6c\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 433972\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nserver name : production . build number : 3 . 7 . 183 ( 27 jun 2018 )"]}
{"id": 2534, "summary": [{"text": "the pearly razorfish or cleaver wrasse , xyrichtys novacula , is a species of wrasse .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and is popular as a game fish .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it can also be found in the aquarium trade . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "pearly razorfish", "paragraphs": ["temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) .\ntemporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthis thesaurus page is about all possible synonyms , equivalent , same meaning and similar words for the term pearly razorfish .\ndifferences in delta13c and delta15n stable isotopes in the pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula related to the sex , location and spawning period .\nkatsanevakis s . 2005 . habitat use by the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( pisces : labridae ) . sci . mar . 69 : 223 - 229 .\ncastriota l et al . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j fish biol . 2010 ; 76 : 1626 - 39\nfig . 7 . \u2013 relationships between the total abundances ( a ) and total biomasses ( b ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through uvcs and sns .\nfig . 3 . \u2013 total number of individuals of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , for each size class and sex recorded through uvcs ( a ) and sns ( b ) .\nwe hope that the following list of synonyms for the word pearly razorfish will help you to finish your crossword today . we ' ve arranged the synonyms in length order so that they are easier to find .\nfig . 4 . \u2013 relationships between total abundance ( a - c ) and biomass ( d - f ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through uvcs , and the structural elements of the habitat .\nfig . 6 . \u2013 relationships between total abundance ( a - b ) and biomass ( c - d ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through sns , and the structural elements of the habitat .\nfig . 2 . \u2013 mean abundance ( a ) and mean biomass ( b ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , at each location and time , recorded through the uvcs . error bars indicate standard error of the means .\nfig . 5 . \u2013 mean abundance ( a ) and mean biomass ( b ) of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , at each location and time , recorded through the sns . error bars indicate standard error of the means .\nal\u00f3s j . , cabanellas - reboredo m . , lowerre - barbieri s . 2012 . diel behaviour and habitat utilisation by the pearly razorfish during the spawning season . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 460 : 207 - 220 .\ntable 3 . \u2013 results of the multiple regressions tests ( sequential tests ) testing for significant relationships between predictor variables and the ( a ) abundance and ( b ) biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through the uvcs .\ncastriota l . , falautano m . , finoia m . g . , et al . 2010 . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j . fish biol . 76 : 1626 - 1639 .\nal\u00f3s j . , cabanellas - reboredo m . , lowerre - barbieri s . 2012 . diel behaviour and habitat utilisation by the pearly razorfish during the spawning season . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 460 : 207 - 220 . urltoken\nthe pearly razorfish\u2019s name may be slightly misleading since it is neither as rare as a pearl nor as dangerous as a razor . it is a common fish that tends to live in clear shallow areas near seagrass beds and coral reefs , where it collects coral debris to build its nests . however , even having a home may not be enough to put this skittish fish at ease . when startled , the pearly razorfish will sometimes dive head first into the sand where it can hide from threats .\ntable 5 . \u2013 results of the univariate multiple regressions tests ( sequential test ) testing for significant relationships between predictor variables and the total ( a ) abundance and ( b ) biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through the sns .\ncastriota l . , falautano m . , finoia m . g . , et al . 2010 . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j . fish biol . 76 : 1626 - 1639 . urltoken\ncastriota l , falautano m , finoia mg , et al . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . j fish biol 2010 ; 76 ( 7 ) : 1626 - 39 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nbattaglia p . , castriota l . , consoli p . , et al . 2010 . age and growth of pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( linnaeus 1758 ) , in the central mediterranean sea . j . appl . ichthyol . 26 : 410 - 415 .\nbattaglia p . , castriota l . , consoli p . , et al . 2010 . age and growth of pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( linnaeus 1758 ) , in the central mediterranean sea . j . appl . ichthyol . 26 : 410 - 415 . urltoken\ncastriota l et al :\ntemporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) .\njournal of fish biology , vol . 76 , no . 7 , 2010 , pp . 1626 - 39 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .\nbox a . , deudero s . , blanco a . , et al . 2010 . differences in \u03b413c and \u03b415n stable isotopes in the pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula related to the sex , location and spawning period . j . fish biol . 76 : 2370 - 2381 .\nbox a . , deudero s . , blanco a . , et al . 2010 . differences in \u03b413c and \u03b415n stable isotopes in the pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula related to the sex , location and spawning period . j . fish biol . 76 : 2370 - 2381 . urltoken\n. . . assuming this also occurs in fish , one could predict a reduction in the overall reproductive output of a population due to the absence of highly reproductive early - rising males . in addition , fish such as the pearly razorfish play a key role in the food - web by preying on other taxa ( castriota et al . , 2005 ) and serving as prey for larger animals , such as dolphins . thus , a change in the daily timing in a population of pearly razorfish could induce foraging behavioural changes with impact in the lower and upper levels of the food - web . . . .\ncastriota l . , scarabello m . p . , finoia m . g . , et al . 2005a . food and feeding habits of pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , in the southern tyrrhenian sea : variation by sex and size . environ . biol . fish . 72 : 123 - 133 .\ncastriota l & falautano m & finoia mg , et al . ( 2010 ) . temporal variations in the diet of pearly razorfish xyrichtys novacula ( osteichthyes : labridae ) . journal of fish biology , 76 , pp . 1626 - 39 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 2010 . 02599 . x\ncastriota l . , scarabello m . p . , finoia m . g . , et al . 2005a . food and feeding habits of pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , in the southern tyrrhenian sea : variation by sex and size . environ . biol . fish . 72 : 123 - 133 . urltoken\ntable 2 . \u2013 results of the analysis of variance ( anova ) testing the effects of \u2018time\u2019 ( a fixed factor ) , \u2018location\u2019 ( a random factor , orthogonal to the previous factor ) , and \u2018site\u2019 ( a random factor nested within \u2018time\u2019 and \u2018location\u2019 ) on the abundance and biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through uvcs .\ntable 4 . \u2013 results of the analysis of variance ( anova ) testing the effects of \u2018time\u2019 ( a fixed factor ) , \u2018location\u2019 ( a random factor , orthogonal to the previous factor ) , and \u2018site\u2019 ( a random factor nested within \u2018time\u2019 and \u2018location\u2019 ) on the abundance and biomass of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula , recorded through sns .\n) , and the total abundance and biomass of the razorfish ( untransformed data ) . the \u2018forward\u2019 selection procedure and the aic selection criterion were applied to select the models with the largest parsimony .\ncitation / como citar este art\u00edculo : espino f . , triay - portella r . , gonz\u00e1lez j . a . , haroun r . , tuya f . 2015 . population structure of the pearly razorfish , xyrichtys novacula ( actinopterygii : labridae ) , in sand - seagrass mosaics : spatial variation according to habitat features and sampling techniques . sci . mar . 79 ( 2 ) : 179 - 188 . doi : urltoken\nthe pearly razorfish , xyrithchys novacula , is a small - bodied labrid widely distributed in temperate areas that buries itself in the sand during the night - time to rest and avoid predators . our study reveals that individual heterogeneity in awakening time , rest onset or rest duration is highly repeatable and predictable and conforms to chronotypes . this individual - based circadian behavioural variation can be considered as an independent axis of the fish personality .\ncardinale m . , colloca f . , ardizzone g . d . 1997 . feeding ecology of mediterranean razorfish xyrichthys novacula in the tyrrhenian sea ( central mediterranean sea ) . j . appl . ichthyol . 13 : 105 - 111 .\ndensity population plots ( left column ) , daily individual values ( middle column ) and daily individual density plots ( violin plots in right column ) in ( a ) awakening time relative to sunrise ( denoted by a dashed red line ) , ( b ) rest onset related to sunset ( denoted by a dashed red line ) , ( c ) rest duration and ( d ) daily travelled distance obtained in the individuals of free - ranging pearly razorfish , xyrithchys novacula , acoustically tracked in our study .\ncardinale m . , colloca f . , ardizzone g . d . 1997 . feeding ecology of mediterranean razorfish xyrichthys novacula in the tyrrhenian sea ( central mediterranean sea ) . j . appl . ichthyol . 13 : 105 - 111 . urltoken\nnemtzov s . c . 1994 . intraspecific variation in sand - diving and predator avoidance behavior of green razorfish , xyrichtys splendens ( pisces , labridae ) : effect on courtship and mating success . environ . biol . fish . 41 : 403 - 414 .\nnemtzov s . c . 1994 . intraspecific variation in sand - diving and predator avoidance behavior of green razorfish , xyrichtys splendens ( pisces , labridae ) : effect on courtship and mating success . environ . biol . fish . 41 : 403 - 414 . urltoken\npearly razorfish were sampled using two complementary sampling techniques : underwater visual censuses ( hereafter uvcs ) and seine nets ( hereafter sns ) . at each site , 12 replicated 25 - m - long and 4 - m - wide transects were firstly laid out randomly during daylight hours , 10 : 00 - 14 : 00 h . transects were carried out by the same two scuba divers ( 6 each diver ) simultaneously , surveying different areas to avoid fish being counted twice . the abundance ( total number of individuals ) and size ( to the nearest centimetre of total length ) of all individuals of\ncastelnau , 1855 , distributed in the caribbean sea , also inhabits shallow sandy bottoms and seagrass meadows . though seagrass canopies provide protection against predators , the capacity to bury into the substrate is here limited in comparison with unvegetated bottoms . in fact , the green razorfish modifies its sand - diving behaviour in seagrass habitats (\nvaried at the spatial scales of locations and sites within locations . this means that variation in razorfish abundance and biomass was mostly determined by variation in seagrass structural attributes operating at the scale of locations and sites within locations . this species has a specific relation with the substrate , as it buries in the sediment under any sign of alarm ( i . e . a predator ) . moreover , this species bury into burrows during the night - time , therefore displaying a clear daily rhythm of activity (\nmay be a suitable habitat not only for adult fish but also for juveniles , as our data have demonstrated ( 18 . 28 % and 33 . 06 % of juvenile razorfish recorded by uvcs and sns , respectively ) . the range of sizes obtained by each type of sampling technique influenced the sex ratio . still , females dominated numerically in both cases , particularly in the data obtained through the sns . this can be explained , firstly , by a higher selectivity for small sizes ( 0 . 5 - 10 . 0 cm tl ) of sns , i . e . a larger capturability for small - sized individuals ( females in our case study ) ; this has also been observed in previous studies in the study area (\nthe abundance and biomass of the razorfish were partitioned by means of three - way anovas that tested for differences between times ( seasons ) , locations , and sites within locations . the model incorporated the factors ( 1 ) \u2018time\u2019 ( a fixed factor with four levels , i . e . the four seasons ) ; ( 2 ) \u2018location\u2019 ( a random factor with three levels and orthogonal to \u2018time\u2019 ) ; and ( 3 ) \u2018site\u2019 ( a random factor with two levels nested within \u2018location\u2019 and \u2018time\u2019 ) . in particular , analyses focused on the effects of \u2018time\u2019 and its interaction term with \u2018location\u2019 ( \u2018t\u00d7l\u2019 ) . prior to the analyses , the cochran test was used to check for homogeneity of variances . all types of transformation of uvc data were tried to achieve homogeneous variances . however , data from uvcs did not achieve homogenous variances for fish abundance ( c = 0 . 3654 , p < 0 . 01 ) and biomass ( c = 0 . 1376 , p < 0 . 01 ) . in this case , the significance level was set at 0 . 01 instead of the 0 . 05 , to decrease a type i error ; anova is robust to heterogeneous variances for large , balanced experiments (\ngreek , xyreo = that cuts like a knife + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 90 m ( ref . 3726 ) . subtropical\nwestern atlantic : north carolina , usa and northern gulf of mexico ( ref . 7251 ) through the caribbean to brazil . eastern atlantic : france to angola and including the mediterranean , azores , madeira , canary islands , cape verde and sao tome island .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 38 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2683 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 4742 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 12 . an elongate , very compressed fish with front of head forming a sharp edge . snout very blunt ; profile steep . pale greenish , usually with no conspicuous markings on body ( ref . 26938 ) . head with alternating vertical lines of light blue and light yellow - orange ( ref . 13442 ) .\ninhabits clear shallow areas with sandy bottoms , usually in the vicinity of seagrass beds and corals ( ref . 2683 ) . feeds mainly on mollusks ; also crabs and shrimps ( ref . 3726 ) . a protogynous hermaphrodite ; sexual dimorphism apparent in head shape and length of pelvic fin ( ref . 5292 ) . builds nests with coral debris . dives head first into the sand when frightened ( ref . 9710 ) . marketed fresh ( ref . 3726 ) .\ngomon , m . f . and p . forsyth , 1990 . labridae . p . 868 - 882 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon , sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 5292 )\n) : 17 . 4 - 27 . 9 , mean 24 . 4 ( based on 858 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01318 ( 0 . 00757 - 0 . 02297 ) , b = 2 . 86 ( 2 . 70 - 3 . 02 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 8 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .\nthere is some taxonomic confusion between the species under xyrichtys and iniistius . the genus iniistius has been considered a synonym of xyrichtys by some authors but it is now recognized as a separate genus , distinct from xyrichtys ( randall and earle 2002 , randall et al . 2002 ) . seventeen species are included in iniistius and they are : i . aneitensis , i . auropunctatus , i . baldwini , i . bimaculatus , i . cyanifrons , i . dea , i . evides , i . griffithsi , i . jacksoniensis , i . melanopus , i . pavo , i . pentadactylus , i . spilonotus , i . trivittatus , i . twistii , i . umbrilatus , and i . verrens .\npollard , d . , rocha , l . , ferreira , c . e . , francini - filho , r . & moura , r . r .\njustification : this species is widespread throughout the western and eastern sub - tropical and tropical atlantic , as well as the entire mediterranean sea . it is commercially fished in some countries . the population status of this species is currently unknown , though it is thought to be stable , with no evidence of any declines . this species is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species has a widespread tropical and sub - tropical atlantic distribution from north carolina to santa catarina , brazil , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea , in the western atlantic . it is found from southern spain to gabon , including the azores , madeira , canary islands , cape verde islands and sao tome and principe , in the eastern atlantic . it is also present throughout the mediterranean sea and the sea of marmara , but not in the black sea ( d . pollard pers . comm . 2008 ) . there is no record of this species in the oceanic islands of brazil ( c . ferreira pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nalbania ; algeria ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; benin ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cameroon ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; c\u00f4te d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cuba ; cura\u00e7ao ; cyprus ; dominica ; dominican republic ; egypt ; equatorial guinea ; france ; french guiana ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; israel ; italy ; jamaica ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; malta ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; monaco ; montenegro ; montserrat ; morocco ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; panama ; portugal ; puerto rico ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tom\u00e9 and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; slovenia ; spain ; suriname ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; tunisia ; turkey ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara\nthere is no population information available for this species . however , it is considered common in the majority of its range . for example , this species is common in lebanon and sicily in the mediterranean sea , but there is little or no population information available for it throughout most of its mediterranean range ( d . pollard pers . comm . 2008 ) . in the western atlantic , this species is relatively common throughout most of its range . it is also common in the azores islands on shallower sandy habitats ( p . afonso pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthis species generally inhabits clear shallow areas with sandy substrates , usually in the vicinity of seagrass beds and coral reefs ( schneider 1990 ) , although it can be found to 90m . it lives singly or in small groups ( golani et al . 2006 ) . it feeds mainly on molluscs , but also on crabs and shrimps ( gomon 1978 ) . this species is a protogynous hermaphrodite , with sexual dimorphism apparent in the shape of the head and the length of the pelvic fin ( gomon and forsyth 1990 ) . it builds nests out of coral debris in coral reef habitats . when disturbed it may dive head first into the sand ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . the western atlantic fish are generally smaller than the eastern atlantic and mediterranean fish .\nthis species is caught in artisanal fisheries in some parts of its range . in the mediterranean , this species is fished commercially in lebanon ( m . bariche pers . comm . ) and sicily ( l . tunesi pers . comm . ) usually by hook and line . it may also be caught in trawls ( d . pollard pers . comm . 2008 ) .\nthere are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .\npollard , d . , rocha , l . , ferreira , c . e . , francini - filho , r . & moura , r . r . 2010 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\ncandi , g . , l . castriota , f . andaloro , m . g . finoia & g . marino . 2004 . reproductive cycle and sex inversion in razor fish , xyrichthys novacula , a protogynous labrid in the southern mediterranean sea . j . fish biol . ( in press ) .\nfischer , w . , m . l . bauchot & m . schneider . 1987 . fiches fao d\u2019identification des esp\u00e9ces pour les besoins de la p\u00eache . ( r\u00e9vision 1 ) . m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et mer noire . zone de p\u00eache 37 . vert\u00e9br\u00e9s . vol . 2 . fao rome . 700 pp .\nfischer , w . ( ed . ) . 1978 . fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western central atlantic ( fishing area 31 ) . vol . 2 . fao rome .\nfao species identification sheets for fishery purposes eastern central atlantic ; fishing areas 3447 , vol . 1 ( in part ) .\nfishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean world biodiversity database cd - rom series .\ngrowth patterns in bluegill ( lepomis macrochirus ) and pumpkinseed ( l . gibbosus ) sunfish : environmental variation and the importance of ontogenetic niche shifts .\nriera , f . & m . linde . 2001 . el raor , xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . pp . 9 - - 34 . in : el raor i la cirviola . con\u00e8ixer per preservar . quaderns de pesca . governo de les illes balears , conselleria d\u2019agricultura i pesca 6 [ in catalan ] .\ncastriota , l . , scarabello , m . p . , finoia , m . g . et al . environ biol fish ( 2005 ) 72 : 123 . urltoken\nif you respond to an existing comment , please click on the reply link under the corresponding text .\nsave my name , email , and website in this browser for the next time i comment .\nupload attachment ( allowed file types : jpg , gif , png , maximum file size : 8mb .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncastriota l 1 , falautano m , finoia mg , campo d , scarabello mp , andaloro f .\nispra - institute for environmental protection and research , via salvatore puglisi 9 , 90143 palermo , italy . castriotaluca @ urltoken\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis item is currently out of stock . if you would like to be notified once it is available again , please send us an email .\nplease note : any new fish purchased from us or from a local pet store should to be quarantined . all fish from anywhere in the wild can be possible carriers of bacteria and protozoa that can lead to an infection in your system , so we always recommend that you use some sort of quarantine system prior to adding them to your system . if you have a fish only system and can medicate the whole system , you may not need a separate quarantine tank . if you have a reef system that cannot be medicated , a good ultraviolet sterilization system should prevent any kind of disease outbreak . we medicate our system for bacterial infections and protozoans , but because we don\u2019\u0092t always hold our fish for long periods of time , there is no way to be sure all the protozoan cysts have been killed . a little bit of prevention will save you lots of trouble down the line .\n\u00a9 kp aquatics - thank your for supporting our family by choosing kp aquatics .\n( of coryphaena novacula linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\n( of coryphaena psittacus linnaeus , 1766 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1766 ) . systema naturae sive regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . laurentii salvii , holmiae . 12th ed . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 532 . [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrobins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of coryphaena novacula linnaeus , 1758 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of coryphaena lineata gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of coryphaena lineolata rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of coryphaena psittacus linnaeus , 1766 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hemipteronotus copei fowler , 1900 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hemipteronotus novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of hemipteronotus psittacus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of amorphocephalus granulatus bowdich , 1825 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of novacula coryphaena risso , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of novacula coryphaenoides schinz , 1822 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of novacula coryphena risso , 1827 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of novacula cultrata ( valenciennes , 1840 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of novacula lineata ( gmelin , 1789 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of novacula lineolata ( rafinesque , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of novacula novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys argentimaculata steindachner , 1861 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys binghami mowbray , 1925 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys cultratus valenciennes , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys jessiae jordan , 1888 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys psittacus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys rosipes jordan & gilbert , 1884 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys uniocellatus agassiz , 1931 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys vermiculatus poey , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys vitta valenciennes , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the \u2018correct annotation\u2019 for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the \u2018protein existence\u2019 evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > the < a href =\nurltoken\n> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the \u2018taxonomic identifier\u2019 or \u2018taxid\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =\nurltoken\n> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =\nurltoken\n> length < / a > and < a href =\nurltoken\n> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the < a href =\nurltoken\n> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018sequence\u2019 section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =\nurltoken\n> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called \u2018primary ( citable ) accession number\u2019 . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( \u2018last modified\u2019 ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =\nurltoken\n> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this subsection of the \u2018entry information\u2019 section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n{ { t ( ' more _ than _ one _ credit ' , { zero : calc . totalcreditcost } ) } }\nyou came across this error because the pageyou were trying to visit does not exist .\nwe ' ve recently redesigned the site so old links may not work . have a look at some of these changes .\nyou may want to update your bookmarks or try to find the updated information using the links below . if you are still unable to find the information you are looking for , please contact the webmaster using the information below .\nfaculties / academics - find links to all faculties , departments and other academic resources e . g . handbooks , prospectus\nmedia centre - find media relations information here eg . news releases , events and announcements information\nprogrammes - view the faculty booklets containing the programmes available at the st . augustine campus\nresearch & innovation - view the cutting - edge research being done at the st . augustine campus\ncopyright 2015 the university of the west indies st . augustine , trinidad and tobago\nour 7 faculties , professional schools offer more than 200 programs to some 15 , 000 graduate , undergraduate and continuing studies students .\nthe uwi , st . augustine ranks first in trinidad and tobago among accredited tertiary - level programmes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbehavioural ecology , mediterranean , sand - diving , burying behaviour , sediment granulometry .\nplease , send comments to icm ( csic ) - passeig mar\u00edtim de la barceloneta , 37 - 49 . e - 08003 barcelona ( spain )\nfood partitioning and diet temporal variation in two coexisting sparids , pagellus erythrinus and pagellus acarne .\ndietary variations within a family of ambush predators ( platycephalidae ) occupying different habitats and environments in the same geographical region .\ndietary preference and feeding selectivity of common dragonet callionymus lyra in u . k .\nlinking prey composition of haddock melanogrammus aeglefinus to benthic prey availability in three different areas of the northern north sea .\ndiet and feeding niches of juvenile gadus morhua , melanogrammus aeglefinus and merlangius merlangus during the settlement transition in the northern north sea .\nmacrobenthic prey availability and the potential for food competition between 0 year group pleuronectes platessa and limanda limanda .\n1 grupo de investigaci\u00f3n en biodiversidad y conservaci\u00f3n , facultad de ciencias del mar , universidad de las palmas de gran canaria , campus de tafira , 35017 las palmas de gran canaria , canary islands , spain . e - mail : fesprod @ urltoken ( fe ) , rharoun @ urltoken ( rh ) , ftuya @ urltoken ( ft ) 2 grupo de investigaci\u00f3n en ecolog\u00eda marina aplicada y pesquer\u00edas , facultad de ciencias del mar , universidad de las palmas de gran canaria , campus de tafira , 35017 las palmas de gran canaria , canary islands , spain . e - mail : emap . raul @ urltoken ( rtp ) , pepe . solea @ urltoken ( jag )\nkeywords : habitat ; structural complexity ; soft bottoms ; sediments ; sex ratio .\npalabras clave : h\u00e1bitat ; complejidad estructural ; fondos blandos ; sedimentos ; sex ratio .\ncopyright : \u00a9 2015 csic . this is an open - access article distributed under the creative commons attribution - non commercial lisence ( by - nc ) spain 3 . 0 .\ngratwicke b . , speight m . r . 2005 . the relationship between fish species richness , abundance and habitat complexity in a range of shallow tropical marine habitats . j . fish biol . 66 : 650 - 667 .\ntuya f . , wernberg t . , thomsen m . s . 2011 . the relative influence of local to regional drivers of variation in reef fishes . j . fish biol . 79 : 217 - 234 .\n) . a large body of literature has covered this research topic . studies connecting patterns in the abundance of soft - bottom fishes with the structure of the habitat are , however , fewer in number . soft bottoms are colonized by seagrass meadows , which largely increase the heterogeneity and complexity of the habitat relative to nearby unvegetated bottoms (\nbostr\u00f6m c . , jackson e . l . , simenstad c . a . 2006 . seagrass landscapes and their effects on associated fauna : a review . estuar . coast . shelf sci . 68 : 383 - 403 .\ngullstr\u00f6m m . , bodin m . , nilsson p . g . , et al . 2008 . seagrass structural complexity and landscape configuration as determinants of tropical fish assemblage composition . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 363 : 241 - 255 .\nhensgen g . m . , holt g . j . , holt s . a . , et al . 2014 . landscape pattern influences nekton diversity and abundance in seagrass meadows . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 507 : 139 - 152 .\nferrell j . d . , bell j . d . 1991 . differences among assemblages of fish associated with zostera capricorni and bare sand over a large spatial scale . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 72 : 15 - 24 .\ngray c . a . , mcelligott d . j . , chick r . c . 1996 . intra - and inter - estuary differences in assemblages of fishes associated with shallow seagrass and bare sand . mar . freshw . res . 47 : 723 - 735 .\nhorinouchi m . 2009 . horizontal gradient in fish assemblages structures in and around seagrass habitat : some implications for seagrass habitat conservation . ichthyol . res . 56 : 109 - 125 .\ntuya f . , boyra a . , s\u00e1nchez - jerez p . , et al . 2005 . multivariate analysis of the bentho - demersal ichthyofauna along soft bottoms of the eastern atlantic : comparison between unvegetated substrates , seagrass meadows and sandy bottoms beneath sea - cage fish farms . mar . biol . 147 : 1229 - 1237 .\n) . providing insight into patterns of fish habitat use is particularly relevant for fish that are commercially exploited , which can be described in terms of varying patterns in abundance , biomass , size structure and sex ratio that are intrinsically linked with the specific peculiarities of the habitat .\nbentivegna f . , rasotto m . b . 1987 . protogynous hermaphroditism in xyrichthys novacula ( l . 1758 ) . cybium 11 : 75 - 78 .\nfroese r . , pauly d . ( eds ) . 2015 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , february 2015 .\nbox a . , grau a . m . , blanco a . , et al . 2009 . els raors ( xyrichthys novacula ) a la reserva dels freus d\u2019eivissa i formentera ; efecte de la protecci\u00f3 espacial . boll . soc . hist . nat . illes balears 52 : 193 - 201 .\nbeltrano a . m . , cannizzaro l . , vitale s . , et al . 2006 . preliminary study on the feeding habits of cleaver wrasse xyrichthys novacula ( pisces : labridae ) in the strait of sicily ( mediterranean sea ) . electron . j . ichthyol . 2 : 50 - 54 .\n) . in the canary islands , however , captures of this fish are low , because it has never been a target for the local cuisine . in the canarian small - scale fisheries , it is captured incidentally through hooks , fish - traps and trammel nets that target other fish species (\nfranquet f . , brito a . 1995 . especies de inter\u00e9s pesquero de canarias . consejer\u00eda de pesca y transportes del gobierno de canarias , santa cruz de tenerife , 143 pp .\nmarconato a . , tessari v . , marin g . 1995 . the mating system of xyrichthys novacula : sperm economy and fertilization success . j . fish biol . 47 : 292 - 301 .\ncardinale m . , colloca f . , ardizzone g . d . 1998 . growth and reproduction of xyrichthys novacula ( pisces : labridae ) in the mediterranean sea . sci . mar . 62 : 193 - 201 .\ncandi g . , castriota l . , andaloro f . , et al . 2004 . reproductive cycle and sex inversion in razor fish , a protogynous labrid in the southern mediterranean sea . j . fish biol . 64 : 1498 - 1513 .\nmercader l . 1991 . external morphology of the juveniles of xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( pisces , labridae ) from the littoral of palam\u00f3s ( nw mediterranean ) . misc . zool . 15 : 243 - 246 .\ncastriota l . , finoia m . g . , andaloro f . 2005b . trophic interactions between xyrichtys novacula ( labridae ) and juvenile pagrus pagrus ( sparidae ) in the central mediterranean sea . electron . j . ichthyol . 2 : 54 - 60 .\nfischer w . , bauchot m . l . , schneider m . 1987 . fiches fao d\u2019identification des esp\u00e8ces pour les besoins de la p\u00eache . ( r\u00e9v . 1 ) . m\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et mer noire . zone de p\u00eache 37 . vert\u00e9br\u00e9s , vol . 2 . fao . rome . p . 1152 .\nbrito a . , pascual p . j . , falc\u00f3n j . m . , et al . 2002 . peces de las islas canarias . cat\u00e1logo comentado e ilustrado . francisco lemus editor , la laguna , 419 pp .\nschneider w . 1990 . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . field guide to the commercial marine resources of the gulf of guinea . fao , rome , 268 pp .\nriera f . , linde m . 2001 . el raor , xyrichthys novacula ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . in : el raor i la cirviola . con\u00e8ixer per preservar . govern de les illes balears , conselleria d\u2019agricultura i pesca . quaderns de pesca 6 : 9 - 34 .\nespino f . , tuya f . , brito a . , et al . 2011a . ichthyofauna associated with cymodocea nodosa meadows in the canarian archipelago ( central eastern atlantic ) : community structure and nursery function . cienc . mar . 37 : 157 - 174 .\nespino f . , tuya f . , brito a . , et al . 2011b . spatial variability in the structure of the ichthyofauna associated with cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows across the canary islands , north - eastern subtropical atlantic . rev . biol . mar . oceanogr . 46 : 391 - 403 .\nguidetti p . 2000 . differences among fish assemblages associated with nearshore posidonia oceanica seagrass beds , rocky - algal reefs and unvegetated sand habitats in the adriatic sea . estuar . coast . shelf sci . 50 : 515 - 529 .\nguidetti p . , bussotti s . 2002 . effects of seagrass canopy removal on fish in shallow mediterranean seagrass ( cymodocea nodosa and zostera noltii ) meadows : a local - scale approach . mar . biol . 140 : 445 - 453 .\nguidetti p . , lorenti m . , buia m . c . , et al . 2002 . temporal dynamics and biomass partitioning in three adriatic seagrass species : posidonia oceanica , cymodocea nodosa , zostera marina . mar . ecol . 23 : 51 - 67 .\nthe goals of this study were two - fold . firstly , we aimed to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in the abundance , biomass and population structure ( size structure and sex ratio ) of this species inhabiting sand - seagrass mosaics through two complementary sampling techniques . secondly , we sought to analyse whether biotic ( seagrass shoot density , leaf length and meadow cover ) and abiotic ( sediment composition and particle size ) structural elements of the habitat helped to explain variation in patterns of abundance and biomass of this species .\n) ; two locations located on the southeast coast , ca . 2 km apart , and one located to the southwest of the island , ca . 50 km apart . there is no significant variation in oceanographic conditions ( e . g . seawater temperature , salinity and chlorophyll a concentrations ) at the coast between the southeastern and southwestern side of the island (\ntuya f . , ribeiro - leite l . , arto - cuesta n . , et al . 2014a . decadal changes in the structure of cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows : natural vs . human influences . estuar . coast . shelf sci . 137 : 41 - 49 .\n) . the oceanographic conditions are characterized by the northeastern trade winds and the canary current , which flows towards the southwest . sea surface temperature typically ranges from 18\u00bac in winter to 24\u00bac in summer (\nnavarro - p\u00e9rez e . , barton e . d . 2001 . seasonal and interannual variability of the canary current . sci . mar . 65 : 205 - 213 .\nfig . 1 . \u2013 map of the canary islands ( northeastern atlantic ocean ) showing the position of gran canaria island and the three studied locations .\n) . each location was visited seasonally four times through an entire annual cycle : in february 2011 , may 2011 , august 2011 and november 2011 . the dates were separated to encompass conditions encountered throughout an entire year . at each location , fish were sampled at two sites selected randomly , hundreds of metres apart .\ntable 1 . \u2013 physical structure of the three locations dominated by cymodocea nodosa seagrass meadows . surface ( m 2 ) , depth ranges ( m ) and meadow type are provided for each location . density ( number of shoots m \u20132 ; mean\u00b1standard error ) , leaf length ( cm ; mean\u00b1se ) , cover ( % ; mean\u00b1se ) , gravel ( % ) , sand ( % ) , silt ( % ) , and mean diameter of particles ( d 50 , mm ) are also provided for each site within each location .\nespino f . 2004 . una metodolog\u00eda para el estudio de las faner\u00f3gamas marinas en canarias . rev . acad . canar . cienc . 15 : 237 - 256 .\nwere recorded on waterproof forms . in the study area , this procedure provides optimal precision and accuracy to account for the abundance and size structure of both rocky - reef and seagrass fishes ("]}
{"id": 2535, "summary": [{"text": "woolly aphids ( subfamily : eriosomatinae ) are sucking insects that live on plant fluids and produce a filamentous waxy white covering which resembles cotton or wool .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the adults are winged and move to new locations where they lay egg masses .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "the nymphs often form large cottony masses on twigs , for protection from predators .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "they occur throughout the northern hemisphere .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "many of the numerous species of woolly aphids have only one host plant species , or alternating generations on two specific hosts .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the woolly apple aphid , eriosoma lanigerum is a widespread pest of fruit trees , feeding principally on apple , but also , pears , hawthorn , ash , alders , elms and oaks .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "in flight they have been described as looking like \" flying mice \" , and are given nicknames like \" angel flies \" , \" fluff bugs \" , \" fairy flies \" , and \" ash bugs \" \" snow bugs \" , \" fluffer fairy \" , \" poodle fly \" , \" fluffy gnats \" . ", "topic": 29}], "title": "eriosomatinae", "paragraphs": ["morphological phylogeny of gall - forming aphids of the tribe eriosomatinae ( aphididae : eriosomatinae ) .\nanother significant difference with other species of eriosomatinae is the shape and position of rectal bladder . in\nles according to the 3 tribes of eriosomatinae and the out - groups . \ue01ee genbank accession n\nevolutionary relationships of pemphigus and allied genera ( hemiptera : aphididae : eriosomatinae ) and . . .\nlook at wing venation for further clues in distinguishing among these . below is a pemphigus ( eriosomatinae ) for comparison .\nhoneydew from root aphids ( aphidae : eriosomatinae ) is an important part of the diet of the subterranean ant lasius nearcticus . new york , usa\ntype genus : eriosoma leach , 1818 ; origin of priority for family - group names not recorded in database . first use as eriosomatinae by baker , a . c . , 1920 .\nmany woolly aphids are in subfamily eriosomatinae . however , there are several exceptions ( and according to andrew jensen ,\nthere are examples of wax - covered aphids in almost all subfamilies .\n) :\n. . . in addition , in all higher - level phylogenetic studies of aphididae that have been conducted , neither aphid data ( vondohlen & moran 2000 ; ortiz - rivas et al . 2004 ; ortizrivas & mart \u0131nez - torres 2010 ) nor buchnera data ( nov akov a et al . 2013 ) supported the eriosomatinae as a monophyletic clade . its monophyly was also not corroborated in the morphological cladistic study ( zhang & chen 1999 ) and molecular phylogenetic analyses of eriosomatinae ( zhang & qiao 2008 ; li et al . 2014 ) . the subfamily eriosomatinae has been traditionally recognized as a monophylum based on the synapomorphy of sexuales apterous , dwarfish and lacking rostrum ( heie 1980 ; zhang et al . 1999a ) . . . .\n. . . in addition , in all higher - level phylogenetic studies of aphididae that have been conducted , neither aphid data ( von dohlen & moran 2000 ; ortiz - rivas et al . 2004 ; ortizrivas & mart \u0131nez - torres 2010 ) nor buchnera data ( nov akov a et al . 2013 ) supported the eriosomatinae as a monophyletic clade . its monophyly was also not corroborated in the morphological cladistic study ( zhang & chen 1999 ) and molecular phylogenetic analyses of eriosomatinae ( zhang & qiao 2008 ; li et al . 2014 ) . the subfamily eriosomatinae has been traditionally recognized as a monophylum based on the synapomorphy of sexuales apterous , dwarfish and lacking rostrum ( heie 1980 ; zhang et al . 1999a ) . . . .\n) , except of eriosomatinae , which were not studied in this respect . the existing differences concern mainly the lengths of particular segments of the tract . due to the lack of filter chamber , the adhering of the loops of crenated intestine to the ventral wall of the stomach may play the role of osmoregulation , as hypothesized for the pea aphid ( rhodes et al .\neriosomatinae , the gall - forming aphid subfamily , traditionally consists of 3 tribes , eriosomatini , pemphigini , and fordini . however , the phylogenetic relationships among these tribes remain controversial , which has made it difficult to conduct further investigation regarding the evolution of galls and host alternations in this group . we analyzed the molecular phylogeny of the subfamily eriosomatinae , combining sequences from 2 mitochondrial genes ( coi and coii ) and 2 nuclear genes ( ef - 1 alpha and lwo ) . the reconstructions were implemented based on single - gene and multigene datasets through 3 different reconstructing algorithms , respectively ; analyses with 5 different out - groups were also conducted . results revealed a large paraphyletic clade , in which there were 4 out - groups clustering between eriosomatini and the other 2 tribes . however , the monophyly of the 3 tribes was well supported by the obtained trees , respectively .\n. . . but the relationships among genera were not well supported with the position of the north american melaphis poorly resolved . using the mitochondrial coi and coii and the nuclear ef - 1a and lwo , li et al . ( 2014 ) constructed the relationships of subfamily eriosomatinae , sampling six genera of the melaphidina aphids . their results supported the monophyly of melaphidina , but the relationships among the melaphidina genera were only well supported by the bayesian posterior probabilities ( pp ) without strong bootstrap support ( bs ) . . . .\nas a conclusion , it must be stated that the alimentary tract of apterous viviparous female of anholocyclic population of g . utricualria consists of all anatomical organs typical of aphid subfamily eriosomatinae and constitutes a continuous tube . it is unlikely that g . setulosa may have differently built alimentary tract , since existing data on its foregut and hindgut fully agree with that of presented study on g . utricularia . however , taking into account complicated life cycle and heteroecy of geoica spp , . there is essential need for further studies to confirm whether the situation of geoica spp . ( and also various morphs of species in this genus ) is similar to that of g . utricularia or to that described by ponsen .\nthe analysis of b . aphidicola genes that follow an evolutionary pattern that agrees with the molecular clock hypothesis [ 12 , 13 ] can be used to estimate the divergence time between pairs of aphids . this is possible because two aphid species , acyrthosiphon pisum and schizaphis graminum belonging to two tribes of the subfamily aphidinae , have an estimated divergence time calibrated from their fossil record of 50 to 70 my [ 14 ] . in addition , using molecular data from complete b . aphidicola genomes available , p\u00e9rez - brocal and coworkers calculated the divergence time of aphids belonging to subfamilies eriosomatinae ( baizongia pistaciae ) and lachninae ( cinara cedri ) [ 15 ] . based on morphological traits , the subfamilies eriosomatinae and lachninae have traditionally been considered very divergent . in fact , most phylogenetic hypotheses based both on morphological and molecular data consider the lachninae as a sister group of the aphidinae [ 11 , 16 ] . however , the position of this subfamily remains controversial , as recent phylogenies based on molecular sequences located the subfamily in a basal position [ 17 \u2013 19 ] . here , we follow a genomic approach to deepen the evolutionary analyses and propose a phylogeny of the three subfamilies of aphids based on the genome sequence of their primary endosymbionts b . aphidicola . in addition , in order to detect if there is any selective effect related to the specific role of the genes , we also gave a closer look to the acceleration pattern of each functional category .\nthis species is widely distributed and are quite often encountered in yards . yet details of its life history are , as far as my literature searches can tell me , mostly undescribed : when does the switch to sexual reproduction happen ? how does the foundress feed or is she fed by her kids ? how and where do they overwinter ? how many asexual generations are completed within a year ? what kinds of predators and parasites plague the colonies ? some the species\u2019 close kin ( other wooly and gall - forming insects in the subfamily eriosomatinae of the aphididae ) have ant - like life histories , forming solider castes within the colony . grylloprociphilus seems less specialized , but without detailed life history studies , we can\u2019t say more .\nsince the establishment of the symbiosis between the ancestor of modern aphids and their primary endosymbiont , buchnera aphidicola , insects and bacteria have coevolved . due to this parallel evolution , the analysis of bacterial genomic features constitutes a useful tool to understand their evolutionary history . here we report , based on data from b . aphidicola , the molecular evolutionary analysis , the phylogenetic relationships among lineages and a comparison of sequence evolutionary rates of symbionts of four aphid species from three subfamilies . our results support previous hypotheses of divergence of b . aphidicola and their host lineages during the early cretaceous and indicate a closer relationship between subfamilies eriosomatinae and lachninae than with the aphidinae . they also reveal a general evolutionary pattern among strains at the functional level . we also point out the effect of lifecycle and generation time as a possible explanation for the accelerated rate in b . aphidicola from the lachninae .\nexisting literature data report the lack of stomach and crenated intestine in the aphid species geoica setulosa ( passerini , 1860 ) , a representative of subfamily eriosomatinae . this odd anatomical feature seemed remarkable , due to the presence of fully developed intestine in closely related genera and mutualistic relationship with ants of this genus . the study aimed at repeated anatomical research of geoica utricularia ( passerini 1856 ) , in order to confirm what seemed to be a generic feature . standard histological methods were applied , with addition of oblique light microscopy , fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy . the results indicated the existence of a fully developed intestine , with broad sac - shaped stomach and loops of the crenated intestine . the general anatomy of the alimentary tract of g . utricularia resembles that of other representatives of the tribe fordini . also well - developed rectal gland is present , most probably playing a role in modifying the carbohydrate composition of excreted honeydew .\nour phylogenetic analysis supports the presence of one clade clustering b . aphidicola bbp and bcc , and another clade consisting of b . aphidicola bap and bsg . this result is consistent with a panorama of a rapid evolutionary radiation of the main subfamilies of aphids , during the early cretaceous ( 144 - 100 mya ) , which seems concordant with previous proposals [ 3 ] . in addition , our evolutionary molecular data from b . aphidicola point out that aphids belonging to subfamilies eriosomatinae and lachninae share a common ancestor more closely related than compared to the members of subfamily aphidinae . if true , our data refute the traditional phylogenetic reconstructions that placed aphidinae and lachninae as a monophyletic group [ 11 ] . however , we do not have evidence to conclude whether , within the subfamily lachninae , tribes feeding on conifers are ancestral or more recent than those living on herbaceous angiosperms , since our analysis does not resolve which strain ( and thus which host aphid ) is basal compared to the others . to solve this point , it would be necessary to sequence the genome of a greater number of b . aphidicola strains , including members of the different tribes from the subfamily lachninae ( work in progress ) . this would allow us to establish the date of divergence between those tribes and , thus , try to relate this fact to the change of vegetal host in either direction .\nregarding synonymous substitutions , when pairs of strains of b . aphidicola were compared based on the average number of synonymous substitutions per site ( ) , a greater accumulation was observed in the b . aphidicola bbp strain compared to bacteria from aphids of the subfamily aphidinae ( b . aphidicola bap and bsg ) , while the smallest value is found between the b . aphidicola bap and bsg strains [ 15 ] . however , if the temporary factor is considered , the rates of synonymous nucleotide substitutions per site and million years are greater in the endosymbionts from the aphidinae ( b . aphidicola bap and bsg strains ) , registering the b . aphidicola bcc strain the smallest values . these results demonstrate that the synonymous substitution rate in b . aphidicola is a variable character , yet the explanation for these divergent patterns is not obvious . as stated elsewhere [ 7 , 14 , 44 ] , these differences can be attributed to differences in the host\u2019s life cycle , as well as ecological factors such as host - alternation and variations in the effective population size showed by the two members of the aphidinae subfamily compared to the other two aphid lineages . additionally a differential mutation rate per generation cannot be ruled out . for example , endosymbionts from aphids with short generation times can accumulate more synonymous mutations per million years ( case of the aphidinae ) than those with longer generation times , such as the eriosomatinae and the lachninae . future studies are required to understand the evolutionary processes driving these patterns .\nin our efforts to understand the biology of soldier - producing aphids , we attempted to maintain them in the laboratory using a chemically defined artificial diet . the ability of 16 species from the subfamilies eriosomatinae and hormaphidinae , most of which are soldier - producing species , to survive on the artificial diet was examined . some species neither fed nor grew on the diet , whereas other species accepted the diet , grew to some extent , and managed to produce a small number of short - lived offspring . although they performed poorly on the diet in general , aphid performance was correlated with the stage in the life cycle and the developmental stadium in that aphids of the gall generation tended to accept the diet and survive on it , whereas aphids of the non - gall generation did not . also , old insects tended to perform better on the diet than young nymphs . notably , only one species , tuberaphis styraci , a gall - forming aphid that produces 2nd instar sterile soldier , showed good performance on the diet . insects collected from galls ( generation g0 ) survived on the diet , grew well , and produced many progeny . three successive generations ( g1 , g2 and g3 ) were produced on the diet . developmental period , adult body size , and age of first reproduction were almost constant through g0 , g1 and g2 whereas fecundity , adult longevity and daily offspring production declined as the generations proceeded . these results are comparable to previous studies in which pest aphids have been maintained on similar artificial diets for several generations . therefore , it is suggested that the artificial - diet rearing system will provide a useful tool to investigate various biological aspects of the soldier - producing eusocial aphid , t . styraci .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\naphid species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki\ndisplay . you can modify these specifications at any time by clicking the\nchange items displayed\nbutton in the header .\nif you want your changes to be preserved for future sessions , you should login . to do this , click on the logo in the upper left corner .\nnomenclatural details : original name . with precedence over myzoxilinae amyot & audient - serville from which it takes the date of priority , 1843 ( iczn article 40 . 2 )\nb\u00f6rner . 1944 . in brohmer . fauna von deutschland : ein bestimmungsbuch unserer heimischen tierwelt . fifth edition 218\neastop & van emden . 1972 . in van emden [ ed . ] . aphid technology 13 > > note : = pemphiginae\nnieto nafr\u00eda , mier durante & g . remaudi\u00e8re . 1997 . revue fran\u00e7aise d\u2019entomologie nouvelle s\u00e9rie 19 ( 3 - 4 ) : 82 , 88 > > note : kirkaldy 1905 : 418 ( 1843 )\nzhang , guangxue , qiao & xiaolin chen . 1999 . in zhang , guangxue [ ed . ] . fauna of agricultural and forestry aphids of northwest , china : insecta homoptera aphidinea 121\nnieto nafr\u00eda , mier durante & p\u00e9rez hidalgo . 2011 . in nieto nafr\u00eda & favret [ ed . ] . registers of family - group and genus - group taxa of aphidoidea ( hemiptera sternorrhyncha ) 56 > > note : kirkaldy 1905 ( 1843 )\nli , xingyi , jiang & qiao . 2014 . turkish journal of zoology 38 : 285 - 297\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 . except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution - sharealike 4 . 0 international license .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nformerly a separate family , eriosomatidae . tree of life places many ( all ? ) of the included genera in family pemphigidae .\nmany , but by no means all , root aphids belong to this subfamily . as of 4 / 12 / 10 , the only non - eriosomatine root aphids on bugguide are these aphis ( aphidinae ) :\nsubfamily hormaphidinae includes two species that cause galls on witch hazel . the manzanita leaf gall aphid is in subfamily tamaliinae .\n( the following information is based on bugguide ' s images and may be modified based on future observations . )\nthe asian woolly hackberry aphid ( calaphidinae : shivaphis celti ) has red eyes , banded antennae , and distinctively patterned wings .\nthe woolly beech aphid ( phyllaphidinae : phyllaphis fagi ) forms woolly masses on the undersides of beech leaves ( primarily european varieties ) . we do not have adult images for this species yet .\nthe balsam twig aphid ( mindarinae : mindarus abietinus ) produces white fluff on fir twigs . adults have only a thin , light coating of this material .\nalleyne , e . h . and f . o . morrison . 1977 . some canadian poplar aphid galls . the canadian entomologist 109 ( 3 ) : 321 - 328 . [ should help sort out some of the unidentified poplar galls ]\nborror and delong ' s introduction to the study of insects norman f . johnson , charles a . triplehorn . 2004 . brooks cole .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nin all aphid species , the ectodermal part of the anterior region of the alimentary tract consists of the stylet bundle , pharynx , foregut and oesophageal valve . the pharynx consists of the pharyngeal duct , valve and pump ( ponsen\n) . the midgut is the endodermal part of the alimentary tract consisting of the stomach , crenated intestine and descending intestine . the midgut is responsible for production and excretion of enzymes and the absorption of nutritional substances . in this part of the alimentary tract , often the so - called filter chamber develops ( ponsen\n) . it is an adaptation to feeding on the phloem sap , and it takes part in regulation of the osmotic pressure due to the high concentration of sugars in the sap ( rhodes et al .\n) . in various groups of aphids , where the filter chamber is present , it is developed variously , e . g . in the subfamily lachninae , the proximal part of the midgut is coiled inside the chamber , creating loops ( klimaszewski and wojciechowski\n) . despite the high diversity of the structure of the filter chamber , it is known that foregut and hindgut are connected , so showing the continuity of the tract . in species without the filter chamber , the coiled segments of hindgut adhere the stomach , e . g .\n) . the wall of the descending intestine is internally made up of epithelium , whose cells are adapted to resorption of water , amino - acids and minerals and ends with rectum .\n) . there is no filter chamber . the very short ectodermal part of the posterior region of the alimentary tract consists of a rectum , epidermal invagination and an anal opening .\nand secondary host being the roots of various grasses . their life cycle is two years , and on their primary host , they live in galls ( heie\n) . in central europe , the anholocyclic population occurs , with parthenogenetic way of reproduction throughout the year . there are , however , data concerning\nconsists of a foregut , which is closed at its posterior end , and a blindly starting descending intestine ( fig .\n) . it seemed to be odd , taking into account the necessity for constant resorption of vast quantity of protein - poor food ( cristofoletti et al .\n) . these species have even the anal plate developed into a trophobiotic organ ( modified anal plate ) , enabling proper positioning of the honeydew droplet ( figs .\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a extracted from the body ; b schematic reconstruction ; c location within the body ; f foregut , ov oesophageal valve , st stomach , al abdominal loop , di descending intestine\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a , b longitudinal section through head and thorax ; c transverse section through salivary glands ; d location of stomach within the body ; f foregut , sg salivary glands , ov oesophageal valve , st stomach , di descending intestine\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a cleared specimen in oblique light microscopy ; b view in clsm , rhodamine - b stained ; c , d cleared specimens in fluorescent microscopy , rhodamine - b stained ; sg salivary glands , ov oesophageal valve , st stomach , al abdominal loop\nalimentary tract of g . utricularia : a frontal section through the body ; b longitudinal section through thorax and abdomen ; c , d longitudinal section through posterior part of the abdomen ; sg salivary gland , st stomach , al abdominal loop , di descending intestine , hg hindgut , rb rectal bladder , rg rectal gland , ei epidermal invagination , r rectum , ap anal plate\n) , to verify data on the reported lack of the stomach and crenated intestine .\nwas used because it is more common and abundant , and both species differ only slightly in their morphology and biology . in\n, where there are two rows of long setae . the purpose of these setae ( in both species ) is to keep the droplet of honeydew until it is collected by worker ant . their host plants , life mode and relations with ants are in their anholocyclic range very similar and significantly overlap .\nthe material was collected in october and november 2014 on moist meadows in the vicinity of piekary \u015bl\u0105skie , in southern poland . in total , 32 individuals , apterous viviparous females of anholocyclic population on secondary host of\nin order to analyse the anatomical structure of the digestive system of g . utricularia , the paraffin method was applied . the material was collected into eppendorf microtubes containing 70 % ethanol for keeping and preserving collected specimens . next , insects were dehydrated in increasing concentration of ethanol ( 90 , 96 , 100 % ) . in order to ensure transparency , specimens were kept in methyl benzoate for one night . then , material was consecutively transferred to benzene , benzene with paraffin ( in proportions 2 : 3 and 1 : 2 ) , paraffin i ( melting point : 56 \u00b0c ) and finally to paraffin ii ( melting point : 60 \u00b0c ) , where it was kept over night . after this process , material was immersed in paraffin ii . the bars obtained were sectioned into 5 \u00b5m strips , which were stuck on slides in a 0 . 5 % gelatine solution at temperature 50\u201352 \u00b0c . then , the slides were dried in 37 \u00b0c .\nslides were next deparaffined in xylene and treated with a series of ethanol solutions ( 100\u201360 % ) . they were rinsed in distilled water , stained with ehrlich\u2019s acid hematoxylin for about 20 min , rinsed again and differentiated with xylidine ponceau . after this process , preparations were treated with series of ethanol solutions ( 60\u2013100 % ) , rinsed twice in xylene and embedded in canadian balm or dpx .\nthis process was applied to 15 individuals of g . urticularia . histological preparations were prepared : cross - sections from six individuals and longitudinal sections from nine individuals . in total , 49 microscopic slides were made , including 26 preparations of cross - section and 23 of longitudinal section . the cross - section series were also used to reconstruct the course of alimentary duct and in some cases the number and shape of cells .\nthe specimens of g . utricularia were put into a droplet of 30 % ethanol , on the microscopic glass , and with the mounting needles , the whole alimentary tract was extracted from the body . the extracted organs were preserved in glycerol and mounted , to make all the anatomical structures visible at the stereomicroscope . a total number of 13 preparations were made using this technique .\nthe documentation was prepared using nikon eclipse e6000 , with measurements made by lucia net program . the pictures of translucent specimens were taken under stereomicroscope equipped with monochromatic camera axio cam programmed with axio vision .\nin order to investigate localization and structure of gastric tract in g . utricularia , specimens were examined with oblique light microscopy , fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy ( clsm ) . before the examination , collected specimens were fixated overnight in cold 4 % pfa ( paraformaldehyde ) and subsequently underwent dehydration in graduated ethyl alcohol series , then optical clearing in methyl salicylate .\nfor fluorescent and clsm imaging , specimens were prior to dehydration treated with 30 % hydrogen peroxide for 24 h and thereafter stained with rhodamine - b before clearing in methyl salicylate . the staining with rhodamine - b was applied for visualizing elastic tissues in clsm ( shelley\n) . all reagents used in procedures had analytical grade purity . fluorescent and oblique light imaging was performed with carl zeiss stereo lumar . v12 stereomicroscope and clsm with olympus fv1000 confocal system . acquired images were processed in fiji open source image processing package ( smolla et al .\nbegins with the external mouthparts and runs through the body cavity without any break or separately located organs . it ends at the anal orifice located above the dorsal edge of the anal plate ( figs .\na ) is a thin straight tube , about 27 \u03bcm long , with the diameter of 0 . 01\u20130 . 02 \u03bcm . in the prothorax , it runs between the two main salivary glands ( fig .\nc ) , which are built of ca . 20 cells . they are in shape of fan , bottle or other and comprise one or two nuclei located in central or in basal position in the cell , which is typical of exocrine glands ( fig .\na\u2013c ) . their diameter is 0 . 08\u20130 . 12 \u03bcm . the wall of the foregut is made up of one layer of small flat epithelial cells , without any folds into its lumen . in the thorax , the foregut joins the stomach , by invagination into the cavity of stomach ( figs .\nthe midgut is the longest part of the alimentary tract and consists of the stomach , crenated and descending intestine .\nthe stomach begins in the second segment of thorax ( mesothorax ) ( figs .\nd ) and extends towards the abdomen , slightly dorsally within the body . in longitudinal section , it has a shape of ventro - dorsally flattened bag ( figs .\nb ) , constricting gradually along its length . in its widest part , it has a diameter of 0 . 24\u20130 . 30 \u03bcm , and its length varies from 0 . 43 to 0 . 49 \u03bcm . the stomach is made up of two types of cells . the anterior part of stomach is built up of elongated , cone - shaped or finger - shaped cells , adhering to each other with lateral membranes at the cell bases ( figs .\na , b ) . their free tips , directed towards the cavity of stomach , broaden the internal surface of the stomach . the cytoplasm of these cells comprises visible granules , which altogether indicates their secretive function .\nb ) are flat and hexagonal in shape and possess oval nuclei . the stomach narrows and opens into the crenated intestine , which runs distally ; then , it loops towards the head ( figs .\na ) , adhering the ventral surface of the stomach , and again loops towards the end of abdomen and opens into the descending intestine .\nthe descending intestine is a straight tube with thin walls , running through abdomen , and its wall is made up of flattened epithelial cells throughout its length ( b , c ) . at its distal end , the descending intestine is broadened , and a well - developed rectal bladder is formed ( fig .\nc , d ) . it is positioned dorsally and has a roundish bubble shape , with a few secretive cells in its cavity . these cells are fan - shaped and secrete into the bladder ( fig .\nd ) . the rectal bladder opens into the epidermal invagination . it is a straight tube opening with the anal orifice .\n( von heyden 1837 ) , another representative of erisomatinae . the presence of doubled nuclei in some of the cells in salivary glands is not surprising , since it was proved to occur also in other aphid families ( ponsen\n) , the rectal bladder consists of a ring of cells of polygonal shape , surrounding the hindgut near the rectum . it concerns only females of\nspp . , because the presence of rectal bladder was not confirmed in males of this genus .\nthe role of rectal bladder is not sufficiently recognized . it is probably homologous with malphigian tubules ( ponsen\n) , which have disappeared during the evolution of aphids . its possible role is that it takes part in regulation of the honeydew composition ( dixon\n) , which contains carbohydrates , especially disaccharides : raffinose and melecitose , synthesized in aphid intestine , and their presence may play role in mutualistic relation of aphids and ants . in particular , the most attractive of ants is the honeydew rich in melecitose ( fisher and shingleton 2001 ) . aphids producing honeydew with 30\u201370 % of melecitose ( e . g .\nstroyan 1950 ) are more often ant attended than those not having melecitose in their honeydew ( e . g .\n( koch 1854 ) , with lower amount of melecitose in its honeydew . taking into account the high level of myrmecophily of both\nspp . , the presence of well - developed rectal bladder may serve the purpose of regulating the composition of honeydew .\nwe wish to thank m . b . ponsen ( agricultural university wageningen ) for his kind response and all valuable suggestions and corrections made on the first version of the manuscript . we also thank two anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript .\nall applicable international , national and / or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed .\nblackman rl , eastop vf ( 2006 ) aphids on world\u2019s herbaceous plants and shrubs . wiley , chichester , p 1439\ndepa \u0142 , wojciechowki w ( 2008 ) ant - root aphid relations in different plant associations . pol j entomol 77 : 151\u2013163\ndixon afg ( 1998 ) aphid ecology . chapman & hall , london , pp 8\u201323\nfischer mk , shingleton aw ( 2001 ) host plant and ants influence the honeydew sugar composition of aphids . funct ecol 15 : 544\u2013550\nponsen mb ( 1987 ) alimentary tract . in : minks ak , harrewijn p ( eds ) aphids . their biology , natural enemies and control . volume a . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 79\u201397\n, and its bearing on the evolution of filter chambers in the aphidoidea . wagening agric univ pap 91 ( 5 ) : 1\u201361\nponsen mb ( 2015 ) a histological description of the salivary gland system of some aphid species of the adelgidae and aphididae . wagening agric univ pap 06 ( 1s ) : 64\nshakesby aj , wallace is , isaacs hv , pritchard j , roberts dm , douglas ae ( 2009 ) a water - specific aquaporin involved in aphid osmoregulation . insect biochem mol 39 ( 1 ) : 1\u201310\nshelley wb ( 1969 ) fluorescent staining of elastic tissue with rhodamine b and related xanthene dyes . histochemie 20 ( 3 ) : 244\u2013249\nsmolla m , ruchty m , nagel m , kleineidam cj ( 2014 ) clearing pigmented insect cuticle to investigate small insects\u2019 organs in situ using confocal laser - scanning microscopy ( clsm ) . arthropod struct dev 43 ( 2 ) : 175\u2013181\nv\u00f6lkl w , woodring j , fischer m , lorenz mw , hoffmann kh ( 1999 ) ant - aphid mutualisms : the impact of honeydew production and honeydew sugar composition on ant preferences . oecologia 118 ( 4 ) : 483\u2013491\nthis article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (\n) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nurltoken 250 thumbnails , size 75 , user ' nosha ' , sorted by date photographed .\nurltoken photos by user ' listentoreason ' , with default photo number , size , and sorting options ( can change ) .\nour privacy policy has been updated . take a look . follow @ flickrhivemind welcome to flickr hive mind . if you log into flickr you will see your private photos and larger thumbnails .\nthree distantly related arthropod groups have converged on a most remarkable social lifestyle . these are gall thrips ( thysanoptera : phlaeothripidae ) , gall aphids ( sternorrhyncha : hormaphididae , pemphigidae , and a few aphididae ) , and snapping shrimp ( decapoda : alpheidae ) , groups in which specialized soldier or defender morphs have evolved in the defense of a static and critical resource , often a nest site that doubles as food source . all three taxa exhibit a range of social structures , the most striking of which involve a morphological division of labor into soldiers and nonsoldier forms . thrips and aphid soldiers have appendages that are enlarged and thickened relative to those of nonsoldiers in the same colony ; these are often armed with spines . similarly , snapping shrimp soldiers bear enlarged chelae . these social groups do not exhibit parental care or much general social interaction ; rather , sociality centers on defense of a valuable and largely irreplaceable resource : the colony domicile . for this reason , this form of sociality is termed\nare evident . some social aphids , for example , engage in nest hygiene , expelling honeydew globules that accumulate as a result of the way these insects feed on sap and excrete excess water .\n) is produced by a foundress that induces development of a hollow gall on young stem or leaf tissue of the host plant . her brood colony will develop within the safety of the hollow gall , feeding on the plant tissue from within . if the gall is breached , however , the defender morphs will emerge and patrol the surface , aggressively attacking any intruder they encounter . these species are beset by a host of predacious insects such as syrphid fly larvae ; gall thrips also face severe pressure by usurping kleptoparasitic thrips species that kill the foundress and make the gall their own . the domicile of snapping shrimp consists of crevices in sponges , a resource that is less ephemeral than galls but also highly susceptible to usurpation . all of these domiciles represent a valuable , if not critical , commodity that is not easily replaced if lost .\nmortality stemming from predation and nest usurpation is likely the most important ecological pressure in the evolution of defender morphs , though it is important to point out that kin selection , in the case of thrips and aphids , may play a role as well . soldier - producing thrips species , which like all members of the order thysanoptera are haplodiploid , often exhibit high levels of inbreeding . aphid colony mates are clonally produced by the foundress , a mode of asexual reproduction called \u2018parthenogenesis\u2019 that is found in virtually all aphids and related groups . in social species of both thrips and aphids , there is , accordingly , a high degree of genetic relatedness between colony mates : an average of 0 . 75 in social thrips colonies , and 1 . 0 in colonies of social aphids . this may favor kin selection in these groups , in which indirect fitness \u2013 realized through the successful reproduction of relatives \u2013 more than compensates the loss of direct fitness that results from altruistic sacrifice ( soldier morphs reproduce less and have a greater chance of dying as a result of colony defense ) .\naphids with morphologically different life stages that exploit taxonomically different host plants are typically difficult to assign to the correct species .\n( elm ) species , as the primary host , to identify species and associate the different life stages , thereby using them as a diagnostic tool . using sequence data already available from adult specimens , a phylogeny was produced and the unknown morph sequences clustered with\n, confirming the species identity . the authors then described in detail the morphology of the secondary morph , allowing inclusion in future identification keys .\n) communities in order to associate adult and larval life stages from tropical lowlands of nepal . although adult taxonomy is well developed and identification is possible ( albeit by taxonomic experts ) , new species are being discovered and the relation of the root - feeding larvae , which have limited morphologically characterising features , to the adults aboveground is unknown . these authors used more in - depth phylogenetic analyses to align sequences to species since intraspecific variation can make this difficult when using absolute methods of sequence divergence and especially for unknown , large assemblages of species . combined mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees ( using maximum likelihood ) and statistical parsimony , whereby populations are subdivided into subgroups , and population aggregation analysis , which combines populations that are uniform for a particular character state , percentage differences (\n- distance ) and amova and species delimitation methods for estimating species boundaries from the tree were used to assign species membership . this resulted in 24 species of which 19 could be associated with adults and identified using linnaean names ( nearly 93 % of unknown larvae were identified to species ) . the\nsequences , which has implications for gene marker choice in such studies . as for the aphid study , the use of these techniques for determining species and then searching for diagnostic morphological characters of both larvae and adults is advocated . in terms of relating this to species biology , the species assemblages found above - and belowground can depend upon larval mortality , which varies both spatially and temporally ; in particular , larvae and adults were often not found in the same season , which can confound attempts to associate larvae with adults . with a sampling scheme that takes these factors into account , it may be possible to use such dna - based taxonomy to further investigate spatiotemporal patterns and geographic variation .\nhost - plant resistance is not new to agriculture , but has been applied for at least 200 years . among the earliest successes were resistance to hessian fly ,\n, and references therein ) . host - plant resistance is likely to become increasingly important given the continuing homogenization of agricultural landscapes . until the advent of the green revolution , crops were diverse and often hidden in heterogeneous landscapes that consisted of trees , woodland , or other natural and derived habitats . monocultures have eroded landscape diversity and resulted in a loss of habitat for natural enemies , which often increases the vulnerability of crops (\n) . agricultural expansion , declining agricultural diversity , and declining crop genetic diversity have demanded a greater focus on intrinsic plant protection . this has coincided with an increasing emphasis on plant molecular biology since the 1990s , largely driven by advances in the molecular tools available to science , including molecular breeding and transgenic technologies .\nindicates that for cpb , potato aphids , and tuber moths , the number and proportion of scientific publications related to hpr and insect - plant interactions have generally increased over the past 35 years . during the 2000s , research into conventional hpr and transgenic approaches to plant protection dominated all other management approaches ( cpb 31 % , tuber moths 38 % , and aphids / viruses 24 % of all papers published from 2000 to 2011 ) , including all research on pest natural enemies and biological control . for tuber moths , significant advances have been made in the use of pheromones and granulosis viruses for protection of stored potatoes (\nf ) , but for field crops hpr remains the main focus of research . interestingly ,\nsuggests that research into conventional and transgenic resistance may be mutually competitive in terms of attention or funding opportunities . in the early 2000s , research into transgenics reached its peak ; however , more recently there has been a shift to research of natural induced responses to insect attack and plant biochemical defenses .\nit is worth noting that aphids , the masters of phase polyphenism , exhibit yet another form of polyphenism . some aphid species facultatively produce a behaviorally and morphologically distinct soldier caste . since its original description (\nabbot et al . , 2001 ; carlin et al . , 1994 ; pike and foster , 2008\nfoster and rhoden , 1998 ; fukatsu et al . , 2005 ; rhoden and foster , 2002 ; schutze and maschwitz , 1991\n) . little is known about proximate mechanisms that induce soldier formation . positive correlations have been found between soldier proportion and colony size (\n) , inferring proximate cues that already act during embryonic stages and gradually separating developmental pathways in first instar nymphs .\njhas can be broadly categorized into two groups : the terpenoid compounds , such as methoprene , hydroprene and kinoprene ; and phenoxy jhas , like fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen . jhas have been found effective especially against adult stages of dipteran and homopteran insects but not against lepidopteran insect pests . as jhas are especially effective against adult stages of the insects , their poor efficacy against lepidopteran crop pests may be because most of these pests cause the damage as larvae (\nterpenoid jhas , such as methoprene and kinoprene , have been used successfully against mosquito larvae , scales , and mealybugs . phenoxy jhas cause morphogenetic effects , ovicidal action , and sterility on treated insects . fenoxycarb offers effective control against fire ants , fleas , and sucking insect pests of crops . it is highly effective against sucking pests , such as apple wooly aphid ,\n) . pyriproxyfen has been used for controlling aphids , whiteflies , and psyllids causing damage to crops . it has been used for control of locusts ,\nmost of the bpu compounds have been found very effective against lepidopteran insect pests . diflubenzuron has been found effective against a wide range of lepidopteran pests and locusts (\n) . flucycloxuron is effectively used as an acaricide against spider mites . flufenoxuron and novaluron are particularly effective against apple codling moth ,\nkanno et al . , 1981 ; yarom et al . , 1988 ; patel et al . , 2010\n) . the basis of classical biocontrol is the \u201cenemy release hypothesis . \u201d according to this hypothesis , the exotic species become pests in new environments by escaping the influence of those natural enemies that suppress their populations in their native range . thus , classical biocontrol reestablishes the top - down control by reintroducing the natural enemies of the pest into its new range (\nvan driesche and bellows , 1995 ; crawley , 1997 ; keane and crawley , 2002 ; hajek , 2004 ; naranjo et al . , 2015\nthus , classical biocontrol primarily describes the releases of insect predators , parasitoids , and pathogens to control other insect pests and insect herbivores to control weeds . this form of biocontrol is appropriate when insects that spread or are introduced ( usually accidentally ) to areas outside of their natural range become pests mainly because of the absence of their natural enemies . the same strategy has also been called \u201cimportation\u201d by\n( homoptera : mgarodidae ) in california in the late 1800s . likewise , ash whitefly (\n, which was introduced in june 1898 . although , the predator did not control soft green scale ,\n, which was its specific target , in july 1951 , it controlled various mealybugs infesting fruit crops , coffee , ornamental plants , etc . , in south india . the predator is now effective in suppressing mealybug infestations on citrus , guava , grapes , mulberry , coffee , mango , pomegranate , custard apple , ber , etc . , and green shield scale on sapota , mango , guava , brinjal , and crotons in karnataka (\n( native of eastern united states ) , was accidentally introduced to india from england . it soon spread to all of the apple - growing areas of the country and started causing severe damage . for the control of woolly aphid , exotic aphelinid parasitoid ,\n( native of north america ) , was introduced from the united kingdom to saharanpur ( uttar pradesh , india ) . however , the parasitoid failed to establish itself because of the intense activity of a ladybird beetle ,\n, a native of the caribbean region and central america , was introduced into india in 1995 . first reported from kerala , it soon spread to all of the southern states , causing serious damage to several plants . it started attacking more than 253 plant species belonging to 176 genera and 60 families . however , serious damage was caused to avocado , banana , cassava , guava , papaya , and mango in addition to several ornamental and avenue trees . as a result , exotic aphelinid parasitoids ,\ncausing a perceptible reduction in the pest population . although the parasitism levels due to both parasitoids vary from 29 % to 70 % and exceed 90 % during some parts of the year , the former is performing better than the latter and has established itself in kerala , karnataka , and several parts of andhra pradesh , where it was previously absent (\ndespite having many beneficial aspects , classical biocontrol is currently not being encouraged because negative environmental effects may arise through ill - considered introductions of exotic natural enemies . many introduced agents have failed to control pests ; for example , more than 60 predators and parasitoids have been introduced into the northeastern part of north america with little effect on the target gypsy moth ,\n( lymantriidae ) . some introductions have strengthened the pest problems whereas others have become pests themselves . exotic introductions generally are irreversible , and nontarget species can suffer worse consequences from efficient natural enemies than from chemical insecticides , which are unlikely to cause total extinctions of native insect species . there are documented cases of introduced biocontrol agents wiping out native invertebrates . several endemic hawaiian insects ( target and nontarget ) have become extinct largely as a result of biocontrol introductions (\nalthough initial classical biocontrol was predominantly focused on control of introduced pests with the goal of reestablishing host / natural enemy associations that keep pests in check in their areas of origin , the strategy has now also been applied against native pests ( e . g . , see\nis used when an exotic natural enemy is introduced against a native pest . however , the introduction ( importation , augmentation , and release ) of exotic natural enemies against exotic pests with which they did not coevolve is termed\nsuch new associations are supposed to be very effective at controlling pests because the pest has not coevolved with the introduced enemies . unfortunately , the exotic species that are most likely to be effective biocontrol agents because of their ability to utilize new hosts are also those most likely to be a threat to nontarget species . an example of the possible dangers of neoclassical control is provided by the work of jeffrey lockwood , who campaigned against the introduction of a parasitic wasp and an entomophagous fungus from australia as control agents of native rangeland grasshoppers in the western united states . the potential adverse environmental effects of such introductions include the suppression or extinction of many nontarget grasshopper species with probable concomitant losses of biodiversity and existing weed control and disruptions to food chains and plant community structure . the inability to predict the ecological outcomes of neoclassical introductions means that they are highly risky , especially in systems where the exotic agent is free to expand its range over large geographical areas ."]}
{"id": 2537, "summary": [{"text": "tyler 's tree frog or the southern laughing tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) is an arboreal tree frog .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is native to eastern australia .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it occurs from southeast queensland to the south coast of new south wales .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is generally a coastal species and is not found inland . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "tyler ' s tree frog", "paragraphs": ["tyler ' s tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) has large toe pads and webbed feet .\ntyler ' s tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) is similar - looking but has a golden iris .\nthe revealed tree frog or whirring tree frog , ( litoria revelata ) is a species of tree frog native to coastal eastern australia .\nthe peron ' s tree frog is found in northern victoria , new south wales and southern queensland .\nthe peron ' s tree frog breeds in temporary pools , dams and ditches and sometimes tries to breed in suburban fish ponds .\ngenus . the male peron ' s tree frog is about 44 - 53 mm , while females are 46 - 65 mm .\nthe peron ' s tree frog lives in most forest habitats but will also forage for food in open grassland and other open areas .\nthe peron ' s tree frog has a drill - like call , which has also been described as a ' maniacal cackle ' .\nsouthern laughing tree frog ( litoria tyleri ) by stephen zozaya d ' aguilar range , queensland .\naustralia has many species of tree frogs , here i film peron ' s tree frog in a breeding pond making a racket - the stuttered laugh call . also present but not seen were tyler ' s tree frog with the fast ' ark ark ark . . . . . ' call . there are a couple more frogs species in this small pond but i ' m not sure of them . filmed on the south coast of nsw on a warm october evening .\nsome frogs in the tropical rainforest are specially adapted for gliding from tree to tree or parachuting to the forest floor . typical of them is\nclose - up of frog ' s head showing eye , nostril , mouth and tympanum .\nbarker , j . , grigg , g . c . , and tyler , m . j . ( 1995 ) .\n. some species are carnivorous at the tadpole stage , eating insects , smaller tadpoles , and fish . the cuban tree frog (\nmales make a high - pitched whirring noise , similar to the verreaux ' s tree frog ; calling occurs from spring to autumn , either from the ground or from vegetation bordering the breeding area .\ntree frogs are frogs of the family hylidae . they are of small size and more elegant in form than the true frogs ( family ranidae ) . many tree frogs have bright coloration .\n, a less toxic product , by most terrestrial adults . a few species of tree frog with little access to water excrete the even less toxic\nanother tactic used by some frogs is to\nscream\n, the sudden loud noise tending to startle the predator . the gray tree frog (\na barred frog provides surrogate eggs for cloning the southern gastric brooding frog . photo by bob beale\ni always wondered what these pale grey frogs were called - now i know - a\nperon ' s tree frog\n. thank you ! i have seen these around but have not heard any ' maniacal cackle ' : )\nplease don\u2019t let your boyfriend attempt to house a new baby bearded dragon with chameleons and tree frogs . it\u2019s a bad combination because they all require different habitat temperature and humidity parameters .\n. indonesia is the world ' s largest exporter of frog meat , exporting more than 5 , 000 tonnes of frog meat each year , mostly to france , belgium and luxembourg .\nthe southern gastric brooding frog ( rheobatrachus silus ) was discovered in 1972 in the mountains of queensland , australia . but the world only took notice of it in 1974 when mike tyler discovered how it reproduced .\narcher has several reasons for trying . there\u2019s the medical potential . there\u2019s the unusual nature of the frog\u2019s life cycle , which no other animal shares . but really , it\u2019s a more \u201ctranscendent reason\u201d that drives him . \u201cif we were responsible for the extinction of the species , deliberately or inadvertently , we have a moral responsibility or imperative to undo that if we can , \u201d he says .\narcher , however , is in the business of de - extinction . he\u2019s going to clone the southern gastric brooding frog back into life .\nunfortunately , this is not the case for a tree frog , box turtle , chameleon and bearded dragon . bearded dragons are from arid desert areas in australia . they require high heat and low humidity , and their daytime temperature range is 75 to 85 degrees fahrenheit with a focal hot spot of 110 degrees f . being amphibians , tree frogs require higher humidity and a cooler environment . if you tried to keep the temperature range high enough for the beardie , you would end up dehydrating your tree frog , resulting in its untimely demise . i don\u2019t know what kind of tree frog you have , so i cannot offer more specific recommendations . it would be safest to house your chameleons and tree frogs in separate habitats .\nthe frog prince\nis a fairy tale about a frog that turns into a handsome prince after he has rescued a princess ' s golden ball and she has taken him into her palace .\nstill , archer is hopeful . whenever he has gone through the same technical motions with a living frog , and inserted the species\u2019 nucleus into its own egg , the resulting embryo also paused at the same point . this suggests that there\u2019s something wrong with the team\u2019s techniques , rather than with tyler\u2019s frozen gastric brooding frog tissues . busted tissues would be a deal breaker but technological problems can be fixed , and archer has brought in stem cell expert robert lanza to help him do so . \u201cwe retain our vibrant optimism , \u201d he says .\nfrog populations have declined dramatically since the 1950s . more than one - third of frog species are considered to be threatened with\n. some frogs use their sticky tongues to catch fast - moving prey , while others push food into their mouths with their hands . a few species also eat plant matter ; the tree frog\nthe colour of a frog ' s skin is used for thermoregulation . in cool damp conditions , the colour will be darker than on a hot dry day . the\nwhen news broke about this weird strategy , other scientists were incredulous . tyler provided vivid accounts of a young frog poking its head out of mum\u2019s mouth like an amphibian russian doll , but even these were insufficient . \u201cit just seemed to many zoologists absolutely impossible , \u201d he later wrote in a book . \u201cthere were frequently insinuations that somehow we were wrong . \u201d\ntree frogs and some non - aquatic species have a rain call that they make on the basis of humidity cues prior to a shower .\nfrost , s . w . ( 1932 ) .\nnotes on feeding and molting in frogs\n.\ntree frogs are very acrobatic and can catch insects while hanging by one toe from a twig or clutching onto the blade of a windswept reed .\nthe peron ' s tree frog has the ability to quickly change colour . by day it is usually a pale green - grey colour that changes to a reddish brown with emerald green flecks at night . it also has bright black and yellow markings on its thighs . it has a cross - shaped pupil and a silver iris .\nis a common defensive mechanism in frogs . most camouflaged frogs are nocturnal ; during the day , they seek out a position where they can blend into the background and remain undetected . some frogs have the ability to change colour , but this is usually restricted to a small range of colours . for example , white ' s tree frog (\nstuart , s . n . ; chanson , j . s . ; cox , n . a . ; young , b . e . ; rodrigues , a . s . l . ; fischman , d . l . ; waller , r . w . ( 2004 ) .\nstatus and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide\n.\nvancompernolle , s . e . ; taylor , r . j . ; oswald - richter , k . ; jiang , j . ; youree , b . e . ; bowie , j . h . ; tyler , m . j . ; conlon , m . ; wade , d . ; et al . ( 2005 ) .\nhudson , n . j . ; lehnert , s . a . ; ingham , a . b . ; symonds , b . ; franklin , c . e . ; harper , g . s . ( 2005 ) .\nlessons from an estivating frog : sparing muscle protein despite starvation and disuse\n.\nestrada , alberto r . ; hedges , s . blair ( 1996 ) .\nat the lower size limit in tetrapods : a new diminutive frog from cuba ( leptodactylidae : eleutherodactylus )\n.\nperon ' s tree frog is one of the most variably coloured frogs in australia , with the ability to change colour in less than one hour . it varies in shades of grey and brown , where its lightest is almost white . the frog has mottled yellow and black thighs , armpits , and groin . occasionally , emerald spots are found on the back , which increase in number with age . a characteristic uncommon in the genus\nand a frog deprived of its lungs can maintain its body functions without them .\nford , l . s . ; cannatella , d . c . ( 1993 ) .\nthe major clades of frogs\n.\nanderson , jason s . ; reisz , robert r . ; scott , diane ; fr\u00f6bisch , nadia b . ; sumida , stuart s . ( 2008 ) .\na stem batrachian from the early permian of texas and the origin of frogs and salamanders\n.\n, where they scramble around on the branches , twigs , and leaves , sometimes never coming down to earth . the\ntrue\ntree frogs belong to the family hylidae , but members of other frog families have independently adopted an arboreal habit , a case of\nsurface rendering of the head of the frog atelopus franciscus , with ear parts highlighted .\nto clone the gastric brooding frog , the team first needed its dna . archer called up mike tyler , who rummaged through his freezers and found some old tissue samples . they were in shoddy condition\u2014just bits of frog dropped in a container , without any antifreeze to protect them . the cells should have been useless , ruptured sacks but they had somehow stayed intact . \u201cwe thought it was worth a try , \u201d archer says .\nfederle , w . ; barnes , w . j . p . ; baumgartner , w . ; drechsler , p . ; smith , j . m . ( 2006 ) .\nwet but not slippery : boundary friction in tree frog adhesive toe pads\n.\nmarjanovi\u0107 , d . ; laurin , m . ( 2009 ) .\nthe origin ( s ) of modern amphibians : a commentary\n.\nemerson , s . b . ; diehl , d . ( 1980 ) .\ntoe pad morphology and mechanisms of sticking in frogs\n.\nsome species of frog have adaptations that allow them to survive in oxygen deficient water . the\nthen , good news ! a second species\u2014the northern gastric brooding frog ( rheobatrachus vitellinus ) \u2014was discovered in 1984 in queensland\u2019s eungella national park . but a year later , almost before anyone could uncork the celebratory champagne , it too went extinct .\nit took many years , field surveys and photographs to persuade the naysayers . tyler eventually published a full description of the frog and its behaviour in 1981 . ( nature rejected the paper because they\u2014wrongly\u2014deemed it uninteresting . ) the medical community took notice . if this creature could deliberately stop making acid in its stomach , it might provide new ways of treating stomach ulcers or helping people who go through stomach surgeries to heal more quickly . several teams started studying the frog .\nduring the evolutionary history of the frog , several different groups have independently taken to the air .\nis so powerful , one frog contains enough poison to kill an estimated 22 , 000 mice .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nthe frog has a highly developed nervous system that consists of a brain , spinal cord and nerves . many parts of the frog ' s brain correspond with those of humans . it consists of two olfactory lobes , two cerebral hemispheres , a pineal body , two optic lobes , a cerebellum and a medulla oblongata . muscular coordination and posture are controlled by the\nthis might seem like an over - reaction . after all , millions of frog eggs divide into embryos every day , as they have done since before dinosaurs walked the earth . but this egg was special . archer\u2019s team of scientists had loaded it with the dna of the southern gastric brooding frog \u2014a bizarre creature that has been extinct for almost 30 years .\nthis article is about the group of amphibians . for other uses , see frog ( disambiguation ) .\nyoutube video of a frog eating a caterpillar gets close to 1 . 5 million views in three days\nnauwelaerts , s . ; schollier , j . ; aerts , p . ( 2004 ) .\na functional analysis of how frogs jump out of water\n.\nevery time the team has done this , the ball of cells starts to turn inwards on itself\u2014a crucial moment called gastrulation\u2014and stops . that\u2019s where they are for now . they have the beginnings of a gastric brooding frog , but are a long way from even a simple tadpole .\n, united states . in asia , frog legs are consumed in china , vietnam , thailand and indonesia .\nare farmed and consumed on a large scale in some areas of china . frog legs are part of chinese\nnational recovery plan for the southern corroboree frog ( pseudophryne corroboree ) : 5 . previous recovery actions\ntree frog with a small head and large eyes . mottled grey to brown with fine granular skin , sometimes with a few green spots on back . eye has golden coloured iris with cross shaped pupil . the underside is cream or yellowish . the hind surface of thighs is yellow and dark brown / black . large toe discs .\nlet\u2019s assume archer succeeds . where would the new generation gastric brooding frogs live ? their habitat in the queensland mountains is being threatened by feral pigs , invasive weeds and polluted or diverted waters . and then there\u2019s the chytrid fungus , which has spread to almost every part of the world . it would be like releasing lazarus into an ecological dystopia .\nwhether a frog sees in colour is debatable but it has been shown that it responds positively to blue light , perhaps because that colour is associated with bodies of water that can provide refuge when the frog feels threatened .\nthe team then needed something to put the dna into\u2014the egg of another frog . he chose a barred frog \u2014a reasonably close relative that produces large eggs of the right size . the downside\u2014and it\u2019s a big one\u2014is that barred frogs only lay eggs once a year . \u201cwe had a few times when we went in and the frogs weren\u2019t laying , and that was that for the year , \u201d says archer .\n, as well as to water . there are blood vessels near the surface of the skin and when a frog is underwater , oxygen diffuses directly into the blood . when not submerged , a frog breathes by a process known as\nthe call or croak of a frog is unique to its species . frogs create this sound by passing air through the\nafter metamorphosis , young adults may disperse into terrestrial habitats or continue to live in water . almost all frog species are\nso i just found this little guy in my backyard . i have no idea about frogs only snakes haha anyone know what it is ? or is it just a garden frog ? it ' s eyes where crazy looking . i ' ve never seen one like this in my yard before haha . thanks !\nsandberger , l . ; hillers , a . ; doumbia , j . ; loua , n - s . ; brede c . ; r\u00f6del , m - o . ( 2010 ) .\nwarkentin , i . g . ; bickford , d . ; sodhi , n . s . ; corey , j . a . ( 2009 ) .\neating frogs to extinction\n.\ncan you put chameleons and tree frogs in the same cage together ? i ' ve also heard that you\u2019re not supposed to hold chameleons all that much . is that true ? also my dumb boyfriend is wanting to buy a bearded dragon , and he wants to keep it at my house . the only problem is he is trying to put it in the same cage as the chameleons and tree frogs . even though the cage is big enough , i want to know if it is ok to do .\nthe grip of the male frog during amplexus stimulates the female to release eggs , usually wrapped in jelly , as spawn .\nnamed 2008 as the\nyear of the frog\nin order to draw attention to the conservation issues faced by them .\nbecause frog toxins are extraordinarily diverse , they have raised the interest of biochemists as a\nnatural pharmacy\n. the alkaloid\n) has short , slim hind limbs unsuited to jumping . it can move fast by using a running gait in which the two hind legs are used alternately . slow - motion photography shows , unlike a horse that can trot or gallop , the frog ' s gait remained similar at slow , medium , and fast speeds .\na canadian study conducted in 2006 suggested heavy traffic in their environment was a larger threat to frog populations than was habitat loss .\nsome of the arguments against de - extinction don\u2019t apply to the gastric brooding frog . unlike the woolly mammoth or passenger pigeon , the frog isn\u2019t a social creature that would need companions to learn from or travel among . unlike the mammoth , which would need to be born inside an elephant , the frog doesn\u2019t need a complicated surrogate parent . and unlike many of the candidates for de - extinction , like the moa or saber - toothed cat , the frog is small and can be reared in a laboratory . archer has so much frozen tissue that once he successfully clones one frog , he could make a practically infinite supply of them .\narcher\u2019s goal is simple : to bring the extinct gastric brooding frog back from oblivion and , in doing so , provide hope for the hundreds of other frogs that are heading that way . getting the embryo was a milestone and archer is buoyantly optimistic that he\u2019ll cross the finish line soon . lazarus , he says , will rise again .\n. this allows the frog to climb on smooth surfaces , but the system does not function efficiently when the pads are excessively wet .\nalthough few species are toxic enough to be used for this purpose . at least two non - poisonous frog species in tropical america (\nshubin , n . h . ; jenkins , f . a . jr ( 1995 ) .\nan early jurassic jumping frog\n.\n, shows how each frog family is related to other families , with each node representing a point of common ancestry . it is based on frost\n) digs into the rear of a tadpole , causing a rearrangement of the limb bud cells and the frog develops an extra leg or two .\nthey may be the only part of an otherwise submerged frog to protrude from the water . each eye has closable upper and lower lids and a\ndifferent species of frog use a number of methods of moving around including jumping , running , walking , swimming , burrowing , climbing and gliding .\nmany frogs are able to absorb water and oxygen directly through the skin , especially around the pelvic area , but the permeability of a frog ' s skin can also result in water loss . glands located all over the body exude mucus which helps keep the skin moist and reduces evaporation . some glands on the hands and chest of males are specialized to produce sticky secretions to aid in\n. similar glands in tree frogs produce a glue - like substance on the adhesive discs of the feet . some arboreal frogs reduce water loss by having a waterproof layer of skin , and several south american species coat their skin with a waxy secretion . others frogs have adopted behaviours to conserve water , including becoming\nhave become elongated to add to the leg length and allow the frog to push against the ground for a longer period on take - off . the\na distress call , emitted by some frogs when they are in danger , is produced with the mouth open resulting in a higher - pitched call . it is typically used when the frog has been grabbed by a predator and may serve to distract or disorientate the attacker so that it releases the frog .\nis frog - like , being broad with large eye sockets , but the fossil has features diverging from modern frogs . these include a longer body with more\na frog may be startled by an unexpected noise but it will not usually take any action until it has located the source of the sound by sight .\nfeatures michigan j . frog , that will only dance and sing for the demolition worker who opens his time capsule , but will not perform in public .\na frog ' s skin is protective , has a respiratory function , can absorb water and helps control body temperature . it has many glands , particularly on the head and back , which often exude distasteful and toxic substances . the secretion is often sticky and helps keep the skin moist , protects against the entry of moulds and bacteria , and make the animal slippery and more able to escape from predators .\na frog of the family hylidae , of small size and more elegant in form than the true frogs ( family ranidae ) , often with a bright coloration .\nmany species also have a territorial call that is used to drive away other males . all of these calls are emitted with the mouth of the frog closed .\nin small pools , predators are mostly absent and competition between tadpoles becomes the variable that constrains their survival . certain frog species avoid this competition by making use of smaller\n) was placed on a treadmill which was turned at varying speeds . by measuring the toad ' s uptake of oxygen it was found that hopping was an inefficient use of resources during sustained locomotion but was a useful strategy during short bursts of high - intensity activity .\n) on being approached by a snake is to crouch down and remain immobile . this is usually successful , with the snake passing by and the toad remaining undetected . if it is encountered by the snake ' s head , however , the toad hops away before crouching defensively .\nlips has another concern : resurrection projects take up a lot of money . archer concedes that cloning research is initially expensive , but he says that costs will eventually fall . \u201ci can\u2019t think of what cloning dolly must have cost and now it\u2019s a routine technique , \u201d he says .\na different call is emitted by a male frog or unreceptive female when mounted by another male . this is a distinct chirruping sound and is accompanied by a vibration of the body .\nslow - motion photography shows that the muscles have passive flexibility . they are first stretched while the frog is still in the crouched position , then they are contracted before being stretched again to launch the frog into the air . the fore legs are folded against the chest and the hind legs remain in the extended , streamlined position for the duration of the jump .\n) was first widely used in laboratories in pregnancy tests in the first half of the 20th century . a sample of urine from a pregnant woman injected into a female frog induces it to lay\n) are traditionally used by native colombians to poison the darts they use for hunting . the tip of the projectile is rubbed over the back of the frog and the dart is launched from a\n, environmental factors contributing to rates of disease , and vulnerability to attack by parasites . malformations impair mobility and the individuals may not survive to adulthood . an increase in the number of frogs eaten by birds may actually increase the likelihood of parasitism of other frogs , because the trematode ' s complex lifecycle includes the\n. in some cases , the full leg still grows , but in others it does not , although the frog may still live out its normal lifespan with only three limbs . occasionally , a parasitic\nfrost , d . r . ; grant , t . ; faivovich , j . n . ; bain , r . h . ; haas , a . ; haddad , c . l . f . b . ; de s\u00e1 , r . o . ; channing , a . ; wilkinson , m . ; donnellan , s . c . ; raxworthy , c . j . ; campbell , j . a . ; blotto , b . l . ; moler , p . ; drewes , r . c . ; nussbaum , r . a . ; lynch , j . d . ; green , d . m . ; wheeler , w . c . ( 2006 ) .\nthe amphibian tree of life\n.\nlike other amphibians , the life cycle of a frog normally starts in water with an egg that hatches into a limbless larva with gills , commonly known as a tadpole . after further growth , during which it develops limbs and lungs , the tadpole undergoes metamorphosis in which its appearance and internal organs are rearranged . after this it is able to leave the water as a miniature , air - breathing frog .\nfrogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in literature , symbolism and religion . frog populations have declined significantly since the 1950s . more than one third of species are considered to be\nat the end of the tadpole stage , a frog undergoes metamorphosis in which its body makes a sudden transition into the adult form . this metamorphosis typically lasts only 24 hours , and is initiated by production of the\nwhen a frog shoots out its tongue to catch an insect it is reacting to a small moving object that it cannot see well and must line it up precisely beforehand because it shuts its eyes as the tongue is extended .\nthe distant vision of a frog is better than its near vision . calling frogs will quickly become silent when they see an intruder or even a moving shadow but the closer an object is , the less well it is seen .\nthat amplifies the sound . species of frog that lack vocal sacs and that do not have a loud call tend to inhabit areas close to constantly noisy , flowing water . they need to use an alternative means to communicate . the\n) lays her eggs on the forest floor . the male frog guards them from predation and carries water in his cloaca to keep them moist . when they hatch , the female moves the tadpoles on her back to a water - holding\nand its population crashed in 1987 , along with about 20 other frog species in the area . this could not be linked directly to human activities , such as deforestation , and was outside the range of normal fluctuations in population size .\nfrom early in its development , a gill pouch covers the tadpole ' s gills and front legs . the lungs soon start to develop and are used as an accessory breathing organ . some species go through metamorphosis while still inside the egg and hatch directly into small frogs . tadpoles lack true teeth , but the jaws in most species have two elongated , parallel rows of small ,\n) are directly exposed or may be covered by a layer of skin and are visible as a circular area just behind the eye . the size and distance apart of the eardrums is related to the frequency and wavelength at which the frog calls . in some species such as the bullfrog , the size of the tympanum indicates the sex of the frog ; males have tympani that are larger than their eyes while in females , the eyes and tympani are much the same size .\nthe main reason for calling is to allow male frogs to attract a mate . males may call individually or there may be a chorus of sound where numerous males have converged on breeding sites . females of many frog species , such as the\nand resting in a water - conserving position . some frogs may also rest in large groups with each frog pressed against its neighbours . this reduces the amount of skin exposed to the air or a dry surface , and thus reduces water loss .\nbecause predation of eggs and larvae is high in large water bodies , some frog species started to lay their eggs on land . once this happened , the desiccating terrestrial environment demands that one or both parents keep them moist to ensure their survival .\nthe skin is shed every few weeks . it usually splits down the middle of the back and across the belly , and the frog pulls its arms and legs free . the sloughed skin is then worked towards the head where it is quickly eaten .\niskandar , d . t . ; evans , b . j . ; mcguire , j . a . ( 2014 ) .\na novel reproductive mode in frogs : a new species of fanged frog with internal fertilization and birth of tadpoles\n.\n) are also used for this purpose . these are less toxic and less abundant than the golden poison frog . they are impaled on pointed sticks and may be heated over a fire to maximise the quantity of poison that can be transferred to the dart .\nwhile these smaller rearing sites are free from competition , they also lack sufficient nutrients to support a tadpole without parental assistance . frog species that changed from the use of larger to smaller phytotelmata have evolved a strategy of providing their offspring with nutritive but unfertilized eggs .\narcher sees it slightly differently\u2014the plight of living species gives him even more recourse to bring back extinct ones . \u201cno matter how many resources we put into looking after the environment , wildlife is no longer safe in the wild , \u201d he says . \u201cif we accept that maintaining biodiversity is important , we can\u2019t assume that if you whack a fence up , everything\u2019s going to be okay . you need to explore lots of parallel strategies . \u201d\ntwo years ago , mike archer from the university of new south wales looked down a microscope and saw that a single fertilised frog egg had divided in two . then , it did it again . and again . eventually , the egg produced an embryo containing hundreds of cells .\nfrogs that live in or visit water have adaptations that improve their swimming abilities . the hind limbs are heavily muscled and strong . the webbing between the toes of the hind feet increases the area of the foot and helps propel the frog powerfully through the water . members of the family\nare considered\ntrue toads\n. the use of the term\nfrog\nin common names usually refers to species that are aquatic or semi - aquatic and have smooth , moist skins ; the term\ntoad\ngenerally refers to species that are terrestrial with dry , warty skins .\nin the throat . in most calling frogs , the sound is amplified by one or more vocal sacs , membranes of skin under the throat or on the corner of the mouth , that distend during the amplification of the call . some frog calls are so loud that they can be heard up to a mile away .\nlays up to 40 eggs on the ground , where they are guarded by the male . when the tadpoles are about to hatch , they are engulfed by the male , which carries them around inside his much - enlarged vocal sac . here they are immersed in a frothy , viscous liquid that contains some nourishment to supplement what they obtain from the yolks of the eggs . they remain in the sac for seven to ten weeks before undergoing metamorphosis , after which they move into the male ' s mouth and emerge .\nhave pads located on the ends of their toes to help grip vertical surfaces . these are not suction pads , the surface consisting instead of columnar cells with flat tops with small gaps between them lubricated by mucous glands . when the frog applies pressure , the cells adhere to irregularities on the surface and the grip is maintained through\narcher is unfazed . \u201cwe can ultimately fix the wild , \u201d he says . \u201ceven if we had to maintain most of the world\u2019s wildlife in artificial environments , that would be a thousand times better than to let them slide off the brink . \u201d the frogs can wait until their homes are ready for them . in the meantime , scientists could perhaps engineer or breed them to be resistant to the chytrid fungus , or carry out experimental releases to see whether they would actually find a niche in this brave , new world .\nis increased . this means that the limited amount of energy available to the comatose frog is used in a more efficient manner . this survival mechanism is only useful to animals that remain completely unconscious for an extended period of time and whose energy requirements are low because they are cold - blooded and have no need to generate heat .\namong prolonged breeders , males usually arrive at the breeding site first and remain there for some time whereas females tend to arrive later and depart soon after they have spawned . this means that males outnumber females at the water ' s edge and defend territories from which they expel other males . they advertise their presence by calling , often alternating their croaks with neighbouring frogs . larger , stronger males tend to have deeper calls and maintain higher quality territories . females select their mates at least partly on the basis of the depth of their voice .\n. it then travels on through the ureters , which are consequently known as urinogenital ducts . there is no penis , and sperm is ejected from the cloaca directly onto the eggs as the female lays them . the ovaries of the female frog are beside the kidneys and the eggs pass down a pair of oviducts and through the cloaca to the exterior .\nfaivovich , j . ; haddad , c . f . b . ; garcia , p . c . a . ; frost , d . r . ; campbell , j . a . ; wheeler , w . c . ( 2005 ) .\nsystematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and revision\n.\nonce the team had their surrogate egg , they had to destroy the native nucleus so they could insert one from the frozen gastric brooding frog tissues . they either did the job manually with a very fine instrument , or bombarded the egg with ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . they tried both techniques on hundreds of eggs and one of these eventually divided into an early embryo with hundreds of cells .\n, located on the sides of their heads behind the eyes and other glands elsewhere on their bodies . these glands secrete mucus and a range of toxins that make frogs slippery to hold and distasteful or poisonous . if the noxious effect is immediate , the predator may cease its action and the frog may escape . if the effect develops more slowly , the predator may learn to avoid that species in future .\nthe structure of the feet and legs varies greatly among frog species , depending in part on whether they live primarily on the ground , in water , in trees or in burrows . frogs must be able to move quickly through their environment to catch prey and escape predators , and numerous adaptations help them to do so . most frogs are either proficient at jumping or are descended from ancestors that were , with much of the\nbeing cold - blooded , frogs have to adopt suitable behaviour patterns to regulate their temperature . to warm up , they can move into the sun or onto a warm surface ; if they overheat , they can move into the shade or adopt a stance that exposes the minimum area of skin to the air . this posture is also used to prevent water loss and involves the frog squatting close to the substrate with its hands and feet tucked under its chin and body .\n, the larvae of which damage and kill the canes . initial results in many of these countries were positive , but it later became apparent that the toads upset the ecological balance in their new environments . they bred freely , competed with native frog species , ate bees and other harmless native invertebrates , had few predators in their adopted habitats , and poisoned pets , carnivorous birds , and mammals . in many of these countries , they are now regarded both as pests and\nat first sight , frogs seem rather defenceless because of their small size , slow movement , thin skin , and lack of defensive structures , such as spines , claws or teeth . many use camouflage to avoid detection , the skin often being spotted or streaked in neutral colours that allow a stationary frog to merge into its surroundings . some can make prodigious leaps , often into water , that help them to evade potential attackers , while many have other defensive adaptations and strategies .\nfrogs have maxillary teeth along their upper jaw which are used to hold food before it is swallowed . these teeth are very weak , and cannot be used to chew or catch and harm agile prey . instead , the frog uses its sticky , cleft tongue to catch flies and other small moving prey . the tongue normally lies coiled in the mouth , free at the back and attached to the mandible at the front . it can be shot out and retracted at great speed .\nthis frog reaches 40 mm in length . it is cream to red - brown on the back , with a darker band running down the middle . males turn bright yellow in colour during the breeding season . a dark strip runs from the nostril to the shoulder , across the tympanum . the back the legs are red and the thigh is yellow - orange . some large black dots occur on the thigh and the backs of legs . the belly is cream and the iris is golden .\nstill , funding is a zero - sum game . there\u2019s only so much cash to go around and conservationists need it to monitor animals that are still alive , work out why they are disappearing , and develop ways of saving them . there are plenty of cases where we know how to save a species , but can\u2019t afford to do so . \u201ci can\u2019t help but think that we can\u2019t even take care of what we\u2019ve got , and now we\u2019re going to invest in very expensive techniques to recover a handful of special - interest species that may or may not be able to survive in the wild on their own , \u201d says lips . as a best - case scenario , she hopes that these high - profile projects will help to drum up interest in saving a broader swathe of imperilled wildlife .\n) normally sink to the bottom of the pond where they lie , semi - immersed in mud but still able to access the oxygen dissolved in the water . their metabolism slows down and they live on their energy reserves . some frogs can even survive being frozen . ice crystals form under the skin and in the body cavity but the essential organs are protected from freezing by a high concentration of glucose . an apparently lifeless , frozen frog can resume respiration and the heart beat can restart when conditions warm up .\nsimply put , the mother frog converts her stomachs into a womb . she swallows her own eggs and stops making hydrochloric acid in her stomach to avoid digesting her own young . around 20 to 25 tadpoles hatch inside her and the mucus from their gills continues to keep the acid at bay . while the tadpoles grow over the next six weeks , mum never eats . her stomach bloats so much that her lungs collapse , forcing her to breathe through her skin . eventually , she gives birth to her brood through \u201cpropulsive vomiting\u201d , spewing them into the world as fully - formed froglets .\nthe muscular system has been similarly modified . the hind limbs of ancestral frogs presumably contained pairs of muscles which would act in opposition ( one muscle to flex the knee , a different muscle to extend it ) , as is seen in most other limbed animals . however , in modern frogs , almost all muscles have been modified to contribute to the action of jumping , with only a few small muscles remaining to bring the limb back to the starting position and maintain posture . the muscles have also been greatly enlarged , with the main leg muscles accounting for over 17 % of the total mass of the frog .\neastern coast of australia from south - eastern queensland to southern new south wales . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 73000 km2\nvariety of habitats , but usually wet and dry forests . often found in trees and other vegetation overhanging permanent ponds . spring breeder . male call from vegetation surrounding a pond where spawn is deposited and tadpoles develop .\nj - m hero et al . ( m . hero at mailbox . gu . edu . au ) , griffith university\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .\nthis australian endemic occurs along the eastern coast of australia from southeastern queensland to southern new south wales . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 73 , 000 km 2 .\nthe species occurs in a wide range of habitats : melaleuca woodland , upland , and lowland wet sclerophyll forest . it is often found in trees and other vegetation overhanging permanent ponds . it is a spring breeder . males call from vegetation surrounding still water where spawn is deposited and tadpoles develop . it breeds in permanent and semi - permanent water . it also occurs in pasture lands .\nthis species was accidentally transferred to the genus nyctimystes due to confusion between litora michaeltyleri and l . tyleri . this error is corrected here .\n( errata version published in 2015 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2004 : e . t41113a85820328 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 29ccf6db - 4cad - 4878 - b70c - 7b7e59d0dfde\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 69f078cf - b0ff - 4842 - b5dc - 1a2fcd48c1e2\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a591355f - 030a - 401d - 89ce - 96258d822782\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c35b38e7 - d304 - 4b80 - 8a62 - 2b8ca054e27d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f5f7c98d - 045f - 42b7 - b88b - d3f65aecd905\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 74d6d114 - 993d - 4e74 - 9786 - 245b68e4943d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 291914\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nan eye - catching video preview image , or thumbnail , is vital for getting folks interested in your video . pick the perfect one with our thumbnail chooser .\nthese frogs are also in south australia we go to the river murray quite often ( morgan ) & they are everywhere there . . .\nthis is another species calling heavily around our dam . during the breeding season the males adopt this brilliant yellow colour , in contrast to the grey / brown they are for the rest of the year .\nthis page was last edited on 27 may 2018 , at 07 : 47 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nthe sooner you make your first five thousand mistakes the sooner you will be able to correct them .\nthis page was last modified on 1 august 2008 , at 18 : 56 .\nand over one hundred and twenty are believed to have become extinct since the 1980s .\nhas no taxonomic justification . from a classification perspective , all members of the order anura are frogs , but only members of the family\nspecies that fit within the anuran definition . the characteristics of anuran adults include : 9 or fewer presacral vertebrae , the presence of a urostyle formed of fused vertebrae , no tail , a long and forward - sloping ilium , shorter fore limbs than hind limbs ,\n, by far the largest group , which contains the remaining 24 families of modern frogs , including most common species throughout the world . the neobatrachia suborder is further divided into the two superfamilies\n, and the morphology of tadpoles . while this classification is largely accepted , relationships among families of frogs are still debated .\nare similar in forming hybrids . these are less fertile than their parents , giving rise to a\nthe origins and evolutionary relationships between the three main groups of amphibians are hotly debated . a\n. this would help account for the relative scarcity of amphibian fossils from the period before the groups split .\nseemed to have originated in africa / india , the salamanders in east asia and the caecilians in tropical pangaea .\nother researchers , while agreeing with the main thrust of this study , questioned the choice of calibration points used to synchronise the data . they proposed that the date of lissamphibian diversification should be placed in the\n, rather less than 300 million years ago , a date in better agreement with the palaeontological data .\nwas estimated as taking place 292 million years ago , rather later than most molecular studies suggest , with the caecilians splitting off 239 million years ago .\n) ,\nto jump\n) is the name of the total group that includes modern frogs in the order anura as well as their close fossil relatives , the\nproto - frogs\nor\nstem - frogs\n. the common features possessed by these proto - frogs include 14\n. the tail has separate vertebrae unlike the fused urostyle or coccyx in modern frogs . the tibia and fibula bones are also separate , making it probable that\nfrom the middle jurassic is slightly younger , about 155\u2013170 million years old . the main evolutionary changes in this species involved the shortening of the body and the loss of the tail . the evolution of modern anura likely was complete by the jurassic period . since then , evolutionary changes in\nevidence suggests they also inhabited antarctica in an earlier era when the climate was warmer ."]}
{"id": 2538, "summary": [{"text": "thiotricha fusca is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by omelko in 1993 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in japan , the russian far east ( primorye ) and china ( jilin ) . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "thiotricha fusca", "paragraphs": ["pyla fusca ( = matilella fusca ) brown knot - horn - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nthiotricha fusca omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 204\npolyhumno fusca ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\nthiotricha pontifera meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 196\nthiotricha synodonta meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 45\nthiotricha fridaella legrand , 1958 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 63 : 142\nhave a fact about thiotricha synacma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha synacma ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha albicephalata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha albicephalata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about thiotricha tenuis subtenuis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for thiotricha tenuis subtenuis ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthiotricha atractodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : queensland , cairns\nthiotricha complicata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi\nthiotricha nephodesma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha obvoluta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha oxygramma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha polyaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 125 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha rhodomicta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 126 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha synacma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha xanthaspis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) ; karsholt , mutanen , lee & kaila , 2013 , syst . ent . 38 : 343\nthiotricha amphixysta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha attenuata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : peru , iquitos\nthiotricha celata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha clepsidoxa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha coleella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 55 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha hamulata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 162 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nthiotricha hexanesa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha janitrix meyrick , 1912 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 2 ) : 64 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nthiotricha obliquata ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha rabida meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , khasis\nthiotricha cuneiformis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha pancratiastis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha pyrphora meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 122 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nthiotricha scioplecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , shilleong , 5000ft\nthiotricha corylella omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 209\nthiotricha flagellatrix meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha indistincta omelko , 1993 ; biol . issl . est . kul ' t . ekosyst . prim . kr . : 205\nthiotricha termanthes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nthiotricha tetraphala meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : dunedin , new zealand\nthiotricha thorybodes meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 164 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand\nthiotricha xanthodora meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : burma , pyinmana\nthiotricha balanopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 123 ; tl : assam , khasis ; borneo , kuching\nthiotricha hemiphaea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , toowoomba\nthiotricha acrantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha acronipha turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : queensland , stradbroke island\nthiotricha characias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : palni hills\nthiotricha chrysantha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha embolarcha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : java , mt . salak , 4500ft\nthiotricha epiclista meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 440 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha grammitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha hoplomacha meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha rhodopa meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : khasi hills\nthiotricha argyrea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , atherton\nthiotricha clinopeda meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 124 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; ceylon , maskeliya\nthiotricha galenaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha glenias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha nephelodesma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 280 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .\nthiotricha orthiastis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 591 ; tl : rawalpindi , punjab\nthiotricha pancratiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha saulotis meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha scotaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 442 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha trapezoidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha tylephora ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nthiotricha centritis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha galactaea meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 441 ; tl : palni hills , 6000ft\nthiotricha panglycera turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 117 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns and kuranda\nthiotricha prosoestea turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 116 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda near cairns\nthiotricha anticentra meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha balanopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha chrysopa meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nthiotricha clidias meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , celon\nthiotricha cuneiformis ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha delacma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 24 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nthiotricha margarodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : rosewood , queensland\nthiotricha pteropis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 443 ; tl : khasi hills ; maskeliya , ceylon\nthiotricha tethela ; [ nhm card ] ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 82 ( note )\nthiotricha animosella ; meyrick , 1908 , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 2 ) : 439 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\nthiotricha majorella ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 47 ; [ me3 ] , 37 ( note ) ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha niphastis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : york , west australia\nthiotricha arthrodes meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxyopis ; bradley , 1961 , bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 ; [ nhm card ]\nthiotricha paraconta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : wollongong , new south wales\nthiotricha bullata meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales\nthiotricha leucothona meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 294 ; tl : murrurundi and sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha oxytheces meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 293 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales\nthiotricha prunifolivora ueda & fujiwara , 2005 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , takatsuki city , bochikoen\nthiotricha parthenica meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 297 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; george ' s bay , tasmania\nthiotricha angelica bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha eremita bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 132 , pl . 5 , f . 111 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha melanacma bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 133 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha tethela bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 131 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : guadalcanal , honiara\nthiotricha subocellea ; [ nhm card ] ; huemer , 1993 , nota lepid . 16 : 51 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75 ; [ fe ]\nthiotricha synodonta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 75\nkorea , china ( jilin ) , japan , se . siberia . see [ maps ]\nchinochrysa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 10\ngelechia ( ptocheuusa ) cleodorella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 120 ; tl : bogota\nptocheuusa coleella constant , 1885 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 255 , pl . 10 , f . 16 ; tl : alpes - maritimes\npolyhymno corylella ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 107\ndissobola meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 561\ngemmulans meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 63\npolyhymno ? godmani walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 525 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent\npolyhymno indistincta ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 108\npolyhymno laterestriata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 78\nlindsayi philpott , 1927 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 84\nherzegovina , croatia , n . italy , s . france ( alpes - maritimes ) , greece . see [ maps ]\nptocheuusa majorella rebel , 1910 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 60 : 28 ; tl : herzegovina\nmicrorrhoda meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\noleariae hudson , 1928 ; butt . & moths n . z . : 254\npolyhymno pontifera ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )\nlarva on symplocos prunifolia ueda & fujiwara , 2005 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 56 ( 1 ) : 81\neu , european russia , china ( gansu , shaanxi , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]\nsyncentritis meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 586\nmystax trapezoidella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 138 ; tl : kasakewitsch\nmystax trichoma caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 136 ; tl : kasakewitsch\npolyhymno tylephora meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 68\nanacampsis wollastoni walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 545 ; tl : madeira\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nmicrolepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 22 ( 32 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1884 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation ."]}
{"id": 2540, "summary": [{"text": "the malabar large-spotted civet ( viverra civettina ) , also known as the malabar civet , is a viverrid endemic to the western ghats of india .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is listed as critically endangered by iucn as its population size is estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals , with no subpopulation greater than 50 individuals .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "in the 1990s , isolated populations still survived in less disturbed areas of south malabar but were seriously threatened by habitat destruction and hunting because they lived outside protected areas .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is known as kannan chandu and male meru in kerala \u0d35\u0d46\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15 ( veruk ) in malayalam , and in karnataka as mangala kutri , bal kutri and dodda punugina . ", "topic": 27}], "title": "malabar large - spotted civet", "paragraphs": ["* * * the malabar large spotted civet is one of the world ' s rarest mammals .\nthe diet of the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet and considered by some to be conspecific , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter .\nmain characteristics malabar large - spotted civets have a body length between 76 and 85 cms ( 30 - 33 . 5 inches ) , a tail length between 33 and 40 cms ( 13 - 16 inches ) and they weigh between 8 and 9 kgs ( 18 - 20 lbs ) . they are grey in colour with large black spots and their tail is banded with black and has a black tip . habitat malabar large - spotted civets live in plantations and wooded areas in south malabar , india . they are solitary and active at night . diet malabar large - spotted civets mainly feed on small mammals , birds , snakes , frogs , fruit and eggs . breeding little in known about reproduction in malabar large - spotted civets . predators humans are predators of malabar large - spotted civets . subspecies there are no known subspecies of the malabar large - spotted civet . interesting facts malabar large - spotted civets are also known as : malabar civet jawad similar animals malayan civet otter civet large indian civet small indian civet large - spotted civet binturong\nthe weight of the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet and considered by some to be conspecific , is 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) .\nmalabar large spotted civets are aggressive towards members of their own species and have usually been observed alone .\nglenn , c . r . 2006 .\nearth ' s endangered creatures - malabar large - spotted civet facts\n( online ) . accessed\nwikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article\nmalabar large - spotted civet\n.\n. extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar forests to a series of isolated patches . cashew plantations are a refuge , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of the malabar large - spotted civet , and are now threatened by large - scale clearance for\nextensive deforestation has reduced the forests in the malabar large spotted civet ' s original range to a series of isolated patches . habitat loss continues . cashew plantations , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of malabar civet ( see\nhabitat\nbelow ) , are now threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber . the malabar large spotted civet also has been persecuted for raiding poultry . it is not selectively hunted but is captured and killed when encountered .\nthe malabar large - spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the malabar coast moist forests belt below the western ghats , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . it was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore . extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar forests to a series of isolated patches . cashew plantations are a refuge , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of the malabar large - spotted civet , and are now threatened by large - scale clearance for rubber plantations .\nthe malabar large spotted civet was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india . by the late 1960 ' s it was thought to be nearing extinction . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of calicut on the southwest coast of india . a 1990 survey revealed that isolated populations of malabar large spotted civet still survive in less disturbed areas of south malabar . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) extensive deforestation has reduced the forests in the malabar large spotted civet ' s original range to a series of isolated patches . habitat loss continues . cashew plantations , which probably hold most of the surviving populations of malabar civet , are now threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber . the malabar large spotted civet also has been persecuted for raiding poultry . it is not selectively hunted but is captured and killed when encountered .\n* * * species of the genus viverra are sources of\ncivet\n( or\ncivet - musk\n) , a substance which is used in the production of perfume . the civet - musk of the malabar large spotted civet was apparently in widespread use 20 - 25 years ago ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) .\nthe original home of the malabar large spotted civet was in the western ghats , a mountain range in southwest india . the species lived in the wooded plains and natural forests surrounding the mountains . today the malabar large spotted civet is one of the rarest mammals of the world . in 1999 , it was estimated that there were less than 250 surviving adult animals in the wild . small , scattered populations are thought to exist in certain areas of south malabar .\nthe malabar large spotted civet was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india . by the late 1960 ' s it was thought to be nearing extinction . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km ( 37 mi ) east of calicut on the southwest coast of india . a 1990 survey revealed that isolated populations of malabar large spotted civet still survive in less disturbed areas of south malabar . ( ashraf et al . 1993 )\nthe malabar large - spotted civet ( viverra civettina ) , is a civet . it is also known as the malabar civet and called jawadi veruku - \u0d1c\u0d3e\u0d35\u0d3e\u0d26\u0d3f \u0d35\u0d46\u0d30\u0d41\u0d15\u0d41\u0d4d in malayalam , the local language of kerala . the species was once common along the lowland coastal tracts of kerala and karnataka in south india . it became rare by the beginning of the 20th century , but was still often used for producing civetin musk in the 1960 ' s . in 1990 , isolated populations of the malabar large - spotted civet still survived in less disturbed areas of south malabar . in 1999 , fewer than 250 mature individuals were thought to survive in the wild .\ninformation on the malabar civet ( viverra civettina ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\n\u261b little is known about the species though the diet of the related large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter .\nalthough most civets resemble spotted , long - nosed cats , civets of the genus viverra are the most dog - like in appearance , with long legs and rather canine heads and muzzles . based on data for the large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , which is closely related to the malabar large spotted civet ( and considered by some to be conspecific ) , it probably weighs 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) . oriental civet - viverra tangalunga the malabar large spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the evergreen rain forest belt in the western ghats of southwest india , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . most captures of this species in the last 30 years have been in valleys , around riparian areas . this suggests possible dependence on shallow waterways where the civet forages at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) thickets in cashew plantations may also provide important cover . the diet of the related large spotted civet , viverra megaspila , includes small animals , eggs and some vegetable matter . the malabar large spotted civet has never been observed in trees and possibly forages almost entirely on the ground . species of the genus viverra stay in dense cover by day and come out into the open at night . malabar large spotted civets are aggressive towards members of their own species and have usually been observed alone .\n\u261b the population status of malabar civet is unknown . it was thought to be possibly extinct , then rediscovered but there is no further recent information and no recent sightings of live malabar civets .\nthe malabar large spotted civet ( viverra civettina blyth , 1862 ) was once a common species in the coastal districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india in the low elevation moist forests of the western ghats . by the late 1950s it was reported to be almost ' extinct ' . none were seen for a long period of time until 1987 , when it was rediscovered about 60 km east of calicut in kerala . extensive deforestation has reduced the malabar civet ' s .\nthe malabar large - spotted civet is considered by some authorities as viverra megaspila civettina , a subspecies of the large spotted civet viverra megaspila . based on data for the large spotted civet , considered by others to be conspecific , it probably weighs 8 - 9 kg ( 18 - 20 lb ) . the coat is greyish dull white with indistinct black spots that roughly form vague vertical stripes on the body . another distinguishing feature from the sympatric small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) , with which it might be confused , is its shorter tail when compared its body length and the presence of a crest of black erectile hairs on the back , which are characteristic of all the four species under the genus viverra .\nthe malabar large spotted civet is nearly identical to , or is in fact the same species as , the large spotted civet ( viverra megaspila ) . adults of this species usually weigh about 18 to 20 pounds ( 8 to 9 kilograms ) . their long gray coats are mottled with large black spots . they have long tails banded in black and a black crest of long fur down their backs . although most civets look like cats , the malabar large spotted civet more closely resembles a dog with its long legs and dog - like head . malabar civets stay hidden in the thickets during the day and forage for food at night . they have never been seen in trees , and probably obtain their food on the ground . they are thought to eat eggs , small mammals , and some vegetation . solitary animals , they can become aggressive when they encounter members of their own species . female malabar large spotted civets usually have from one to four offspring at a time , and they raise their young in the cover of thickets in the woods .\nmalabar civet was considered a subspecies of large - spotted civet v . megaspila by ellerman and morrison - scott ( 1951 ) . most standard sources , e . g . pocock ( 1939 ) , corbet and hill ( 1992 ) considered it a separate species , but purported morphological differences are slight and its taxonomy therefore needs re - evaluation . it is even possible that it is not a taxon at all , but a result of transport of large - spotted civet ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) . for the present assessment , the precautionary stance is taken of assuming that malabar civet is a valid taxon , and that it is distinct at the species level .\n* * * about 90 % of the people interviewed in a 1990 survey in the area where the malabar large spotted civet is found were not even aware of its existence . those who were aware of it were mainly hunters , trappers and civet rearers . scarcely anyone recognized it as a critically endangered species . ( ashraf et al . 1993 )\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina )\ntitle =\narkive species - malabar civet ( viverra civettina )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nthe malabar civet is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix iii of cites ( 2 ) .\n\u261b the malabar civet is listed in schedule i , part i of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 and on cites appendix iii ( india ) .\nthe malabar large spotted civet has never been observed in trees and possibly forages almost entirely on the ground . evidence suggests that the young are raised in secluded thickets . species of the genus viverra stay in dense cover by day and come out into the open at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ; nowak 1999 )\nat one time the malabar large spotted civet roamed about southwest india in the districts of malabar and travancore . as more and more humans moved into the area , clearing it for residential , industrial , and agricultural purposes , the forests have nearly disappeared . with the elimination of its habitat , the malabar large spotted civet population declined drastically . by the 1960s , the species was thought to be extinct . however , members of the species were found in the late 1980s , and some isolated groups are still known to exist . one of the reasons for the disappearance of the malabar civet was that they were once hunted as a source of \u201ccivet musk , \u201d a product used in perfumes . the largest threat to the species , however , is the deforestation of its original habitat in the western ghats , which forces the population into tiny isolated areas . the refuge of the last remaining malabar civets during the last decades of the twentieth century was the area\u2019s cashew plantations , which are not weeded and therefore provide the dense thickets the animals can use as their homes . these are now being cleared for rubber plantations .\nthe malabar large spotted civet ' s original habitat was found in the evergreen rain forest belt in the western ghats of southwest india , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . natural forests have almost completely disappeared in the entire stretch of the coastal western ghats due to human activities . the present vegetation consists mostly of plantations . the cashew plantations are the least disturbed . they are not weeded and have a dense understory of shrubs and grasses . for a terrestrial species such as the malabar large spotted civet , these thickets can provide important cover . however , it is likely that the cashew plantations are a \u0091refuge ' rather than a preferred habitat . furthermore , most captures of this species in the last 30 years have been in valleys , around riparian areas . this suggests possible dependence on shallow waterways where the civet forages at night . ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) the malabar large spotted civet lives in both the western ghats and sri lanka biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . 2005 ) and the western ghats moist forests global 200 ecoregion ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 ) .\nthe use of civet - musk is said to have been widespread within this species ' s range during 1965 - 1970 ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . in the past , this species might have been used to collect civet oil , although there are no records to authenticate this claim . small indian civet is still illegally \u2018farmed\u2019 and kept in captivity to extract civet , and any remaining malabar civets are likely to be at risk for the same reason .\nlynam , a . j . , maung , m . , po , s . h . t . and duckworth , j . w . ( 2005 ) . recent records of large - spotted civet viverra megaspila from thailand and myanmar . small carnivore conservation 32 : 8\u201311 .\nmalabar civet viverra civettina has sometimes been included in this species , but the two are usually recognised as separate species ( pocock 1939 , corbet and hill 1992 ) , albeit on thin grounds ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) .\nthe masked palm civet or himalayan palm civet ( paguma larvata ) is a species of civet spread across the indian subcontinent and southeast asia , which in recent times was considered to be a likely vector of sars . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as least concern as it occurs in many protected areas , is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification , and widely distributed with presumed large populations that are unlikely to be declining .\nbrown palm civet ( paradoxurus jerdoni ) also called the jerdon ' s palm civet is a civet endemic to the western ghats of india . the brown palm civet ' s distribution extends from the southern tip of western ghats in kalakkad mundanthurai tiger reserve to castle rock in goa to the north . brown palm civet is a solitary , nocturnal small carnivore . the brown palm civet is a key mammalian seed disperser in the western ghats rainforest by being predominantly frugivorous and dispersing a diverse array of plant species . their large range and presence within several protected areas have led them to be classified as being of low conservation concern . the brown palm civet occurs in fragmented landscapes containing remnants of tropical rainforest amid commercially exploited land patches such as tea and coffee plantations . their ability to persist in such landscapes depends on the occurrence of a diversity of fruit tree species in these areas ( e . g . , shade trees in coffee plantations ) . however , these areas often do not have large mammalian dispersers and birds like hornbills and large pigeons due to habitat loss and hunting . hence , the brown palm civet gains importance in such human - impacted landscapes as an important disperser and maintains biodiversity . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe large indian civet ( viverra zibetha ) is a member of the viverrid family native to southeast asia . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as near threatened , mainly because of the known heavy trade as wild meat .\nbelt below the western ghats , where it lived in wooded plains and adjoining hill slopes . it was once very common in the coastal districts of malabar and\nthe small indian civet ( viverricula indica ) or rasse is a species of civet found across south and south - east asia as well as in the indonesian archipelago . in sri lanka ' s sinhala speaking community , this civet is known as kalawedda . the assamese name johamaal refers to its glandular odour similar to a scented rice variety called joha . the species has been introduced to madagascar . ( source : wikipedia )\nmuch of the species ' s range , particularly viet nam and lao pdr but increasingly other areas , has seen very heavy market - driven hunting using often non - selective methods such snaring . this is resulting in huge declines and , evidently , widespread local extirpations of many ground - dwelling mammals ( e . g . , willcox et al . 2014 ) . moreover , there has been an increased demand for civets as luxury food in chinese and viet namese markets ( bell et al . 2004 , lynam et al . 2005 ) . although there has been no specific assessment of the extent to which large - spotted civet is taken , it is likely to be neither positively sought nor actively avoided . w . chutipong ( pers . comm . 2014 ) saw in an internet video of civet - coffee farming in thailand a large - spotted civet ; whether the animal was part of the coffee processing operations or was simply a quirky trophy - pet was not clear .\ndescribed the large - spotted civet as varying in colour from silvery - grey to golden - buff or tawny with a black to brown pattern and large or comparatively small spots , which are separated or sometimes fusing into blotches or into vertical stripes behind the shoulders . white bands on the tail are mostly restricted to the sides and lower surface but very seldom form complete rings . adults measure 30\u201330 . 5 in ( 76\u201377 cm ) in head and body with a 13\u201315 . 5 in ( 33\u201339 cm ) long tail . its weight ranges from 14 . 5\u201318 . 5 lb ( 6 . 6\u20138 . 4 kg ) .\nthe small - toothed palm civet ( arctogalidia trivirgata ) , also known as the three - striped palm civet , is a civet . it lives in dense forests of southeast asia . the diet is varied and omnivorous , and usually consist of insects , small mammals , nesting birds , fruits , frogs and lizards . matching the habits of other palm civets , this species is solitary , arboreal and nocturnal . it is threatened primarily by deforestation , as are many southeast asian forest animals . ( source : wikipedia )\nmalabar civet is possibly one of the rarest and most threatened species of western ghats . this small carnivore has been pushed to the brink of extinction by hunting and habitat loss . it has long legs with a long grey coat and there is a prominent black , bristly dorsal extending from neck up to the tip of the tail . there are large , black spots on the flanks which do not form any pattern . the tail has five white rings , the last one being only about two inches from the tip .\nthe rough - toothed dolphin ( steno bredanensis ) is a fairly large dolphin that can be found in deep warm and tropical waters around the world . the species is social . group sizes are commonly as large as fifty and groups as large as 100 have been reported . rough - toothed dolphins adapt well to captivity and have proven to be intelligent and creative . less than a dozen rough - toothed dolphins live in various dolphinariums around the world . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe asian palm civet ( paradoxurus hermaphroditus ) , also called toddy cat , is a small member of the viverridae family native to south and southeast asia . in 2008 , the iucn classified the species as least concern as it is tolerant of a broad range of habitats , is widely distributed with large populations that are unlikely to be declining . ( source : wikipedia )\nthere is no reliable information about malabar civet ' s habitat use or other aspects of its ecology . the several descriptions of habitat use are speculative or based in whole or part on confusion with other species . it seems that it once inhabited lowland forests , lowland swamp and riparian forests in the coastal plain districts of the western ghats . village reports suggested occurrence in thickets in cashew plantations and in highly degraded lowland forests in northern kerala ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . it could possibly occur in lowland riparian forests in the coastal plain districts ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . based on the natural history of congeners , the species is probably nocturnal , ground - dwelling and readily camera - trapped when present . natural forests have completely disappeared from the coastal western ghats . present vegetation is secondary in origin ( champion and seth 1968 ) , and is mostly plantations ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . of these , cashew plantations are the least disturbed , because they are not weeded , providing a dense understorey of shrubs and grasses for this ground - living species to take refuge in ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . the pelt records from 1980 - 1990 were in the region of river valleys , suggesting a possible association with shallow water courses ( ashraf et al , 1993 ) . the closely related large - spotted civet is strongly associated with the forested level lowlands ( e . g . , chutipong et al . 2014 ) ; whether this is also true of malabar civet , which occurs within a rather different small carnivore community ( notably , no other species of viverra overlaps with it ) is unknown .\n\u261b the main threat to this species is the loss and degradation of forest habitat . in the past , this species was widely used to collect civet oil . it is now threatened by habitat loss and retaliatory killings for raiding poultry .\nthe rusty - spotted cat ( prionailurus rubiginosus ) is the cat family ' s smallest member and found only in india and sri lanka . being one of the lesser studied south asian carnivores it has been listed as vulnerable by iucn only in 2002 . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe sri lankan spotted chevrotain or white - spotted chevrotain ( moschiola meminna ) is a species of even - toed ungulate in the tragulidae family . it has been proposed that the populations of moschiola meminna in india and sri lanka be split into two species - moschiola meminna and moschiola indica , however the current accepted name for both populations , according to itis and catalogue of life is still moschiola meminna . in sri lanka , this species is found in the dry zone of sri lanka and is replaced in the wet zone by the yellow - striped chevrotain moschiola kathygre . ( source : wikipedia )\nlarge - spotted civet has been found in many protected areas , particularly in thailand and cambodia ( gray et al . 2014 , chutipong et al . 2014 ) . most of these are not well managed , with some level of hunting , and many comprise largely unsuitable terrain and altitude for the species . some of the pas supporting it in cambodia are afforded high ranking in conservation prioritisation , notably mondulkiri protected forest , and gray et al . ( 2010 ) called for large - spotted civet to be given specific consideration in management of this area . the species is nominally legally protected in most or all range states ( excepting china , apparently ) , but these laws are widely flouted and over large parts of the species ' s present range have no deterrent effect on hunting levels . recent great reductions in gun usage by civilians for hunting in lao pdr and perhaps other countries have led to increased snaring efforts ( in compensation ) ; the latter is probably the more damaging form of hunting for this species ( lynam et al . 2005 ) . the overwhelming need is to secure multiple protected areas across its range by reducing hunting and habitat encroachment to levels not detrimental to this species . a firm legal basis already exists to do this in lao pdr , cambodia , thailand and myanmar . such pas should include khao ang rue nai ws and , perhaps , huai kha khaeng ws , thailand ( the latter already one of the best - protected areas in south - east asia ; the former not ) , mondulkiri protected forest and preah vihear protected forest ( cambodia ) , some in myanmar ( currently with too little information to decide which ) , and perhaps xe pian npa in lao pdr ( although recent information is lacking and regional trends suggest it is quite likely the species will now be very rare there ) .\n, this species should be readily snared . despite the massive levels of civet hunting , and the often - taken opportunities to check large numbers of civets in trade , this species is not recorded in the widespread trade in china ( lau et al . , 1997 ; kadoorie farm and botanic garden , 2004 ) and viet nam , which suggests that the populations are already reduced to overall extremely low levels ( scott roberton and wang ying - xiang , nguyen xuan dang , michael lau pers . comm . ) .\nthe chital or cheetal ( axis axis ) , also known as chital deer , spotted deer or axis deer is a deer which commonly inhabits wooded regions of sri lanka , nepal , bangladesh , bhutan , india , and in small numbers in pakistan . it is the most common deer species in indian forests . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe large - eared pika ( ochotona macrotis ) is a species of mammal in the ochotonidae family . it is found in afghanistan , china , india , kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan , nepal , pakistan , and tajikistan . ( source : wikipedia )\nmalabar civet is listed in schedule i , part i of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 and on cites appendix iii ( india ) . this species is not known to occur in any protected area and the declaration of large new protected areas in its range is unlikely because of the dense human populations ( ashraf et al . 1993 ) . ashraf et a l . ( 1993 ) recommended the following conservation actions for this species : captive breeding ( with the possibility of reintroduction if suitable undisturbed areas are identified ) , field surveys ( to investigate whether this species occurs in protected areas ) and ecological studies ( to determine the threats to this species ) . an urgent conservation action plan is needed . given that recently it has been not possible to find the species at all , the option of captive breeding is not currently practical . reintroduction , assuming that some environmental threats have dissipated the populations , it would need considerable amount of work to nullify those threats having firstly established what they are . field survey should be continued , although many in the last decade have not yielded any positive results ( jayson et al . 2007 , rao et al . 2007 , ashraf et al . 2009 ) . as noted by nandini and mudappa ( 2010 ) in a detailed review of the knowledge of the malabar civet , none of the historical specimens have reliable provenance ; and even for the more recent ones it is fairly vague : not one has a precise wild locality of origin . it therefore is imperative to assess the status of the specimens in various museums and collections using advanced techniques of molecular genetics . this should consider whether the species is in fact a valid taxon native to india , or an incidental result of the wide trans - shipment of various civet species that occurred around the indian ocean counties for many centuries .\nthe dhole is highly social animal , living in large clans which occasionally split up into small packs to hunt . it primarily preys on medium - sized ungulates , which it hunts by tiring them out in long chases , and kills by disemboweling them . unlike most social canids ( but similar to african wild dogs ) , dholes let their pups eat first at a kill . though fearful of humans , dhole packs are bold enough to attack large and dangerous animals such as wild boar , water buffalo , and even tigers .\n) , also called orca , or blackfish , is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family . killer whales are found in all oceans , from the frigid arctic and antarctic regions to tropical seas . killer whales as a species have a diverse diet including fish , sea lions , seals , walruses and even large whales . killer whales are regarded as apex predators , lacking natural predators and preying on even large sharks . being an apex predator , the killer whale is particularly at risk of poisoning from accumulation of toxins , including polychlorinated biphenyls\nfraser ' s dolphin ( lagenodelphis hosei ) or sarawak dolphin is a cetacean in the family delphinidae found in deep waters in the pacific ocean and to a lesser extent in the indian and atlantic oceans . fraser dolphins ' swim quickly in large tightly packed groups of about 100 to 1000 in number . often porpoising , the group chop up the water tremendously . the sight of seeing a large group fleeing from a fishing vessels has been reported as\nvery dramatic\n. it is also marked by having the smallest genitalia of any open sea dolphin . ( source : wikipedia )\na century ago because of extensive conversion of forest to agriculture . coastal plain forest was never extensive in its presumed range because the western ghats hill range run quite close to the coast along its length . natural forests have completely disappeared from the coastal western ghats ( champion and seth 1968 ) . land - use and habitat changes have not been too drastic in the last century within the assumed distribution range of the malabar civet . the records late in this period , if they were of wild animals , therefore suggest an ability to persist in today ' s habitat matrix , specifically in deforested areas and / or forest above the plains . in either case , many areas of potentially suitable habitat persist . thus , habitat factors alone are unlikely to have been an unlikely driver of\n\u261b natural forests have completely disappeared in the entire stretch of coastal western ghats , thus the present vegetation is of secondary origin , and is mostly plantations . however , cashew plantations , which may hold most of the surviving populations of this species , are threatened by large - scale clearance for planting rubber trees .\nthe onager ( equus hemionus ) is a large member of the genus equus of the family equidae ( horse family ) native to the deserts of syria , iran , pakistan , india , israel and tibet . it is sometimes known as the wild asian ass . onagers are a little larger than donkeys and they are notoriously untameable .\nthe pantropical spotted dolphin ( stenella attenuata ) is a species of dolphin found in all the world ' s temperate and tropical oceans . the species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines . the 1980s saw the rise of\ndolphin - friendly\ntuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern pacific ocean and it is now one of the most abundant dolphin species in the world . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe spotted linsang ( prionodon pardicolor ) is a linsang found in the forests of the central and eastern himalaya . it is short , light coloured , and has a slender body with a pointed head and small limbs . it stalks its prey by crawling on its belly , when it is often mistaken for a python or other heavy - built poisonous snakes due to its slender appearance . its diet consists of insects , rodents , lizards , birds and small mammals . it weighs less than 1 kilogram . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe population status is unknown but the lack of any even possible record since the advent of widespread camera - trapping suggests that very few animals , at most , persist . three recent attempts to find the species failed ( jayson et al . 2007 , rao et al . 2007 , ashraf et al . 2009 ) . this species was formerly believed to be very common in the districts of malabar and travancore in southwest india , based on jerdon ( 1874 ) . however , nandini and mudappa ( 2010 ) concluded that jerdon\u2019s statements were a case of misidentification of the more common ( even now ) small indian civet , supporting pocock\u2019s ( 1933 ) doubts about jerdon\u2019s report . but by the late 1960s it was thought to be near extinction . no sighting was claimed until 1987 ; then , and subsequently , there have been no confirmed records of wild or captive animals : only equivocal sightings ( without any supporting evidence to confirm the species identification ) and dead animals plausibly from captivity ( nandini and mudappa 2010 ) .\nthe urial ( ovis orientalis ) , also known as the arkars or shapo , is a species of wild sheep . noticeable features are the reddish - brown long fur that fades during winter ; males are characterized by a black ruff stretching from the neck to the chest and large horns . it is primarily found in western central asia , but populations also exist in ladakh ( source : wikipedia )\nbryde ' s whales are baleen whales , one of the\ngreat whales\nor rorquals . they prefer tropical and temperate waters over the polar seas that other whales in their family frequent . they are largely coastal rather than pelagic . bryde ' s whales are very similar in appearance to sei whales and almost as large . they inhabit tropical and subtropical waters worldwide . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe brown bear ( ursus arctos ) is a large bear distributed across much of northern eurasia and north america . it can weigh from 300 to 780 kilograms and its largest subspecies , the kodiak bear , rivals the polar bear as the largest member of the bear family and as the largest land - based predator . grizzly bears form a very small population in northern himalayas in india . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe markhor ( capra falconeri ) is a large species of wild goat that is found in northeastern afghanistan , pakistan , jammu and kashmir in india , southern tajikistan and southern uzbekistan . the species is classed by the iucn as endangered , as there are fewer than 2 , 500 mature individuals which continued to decline by an estimated 20 % over 2 generations . the markhor is the national animal of pakistan . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe snow leopard is perhaps the most endangered of the large cats , with an estimated population of only 400 to 700 individuals in five himalayan states in india . this species suffers from intense conflicts with rural communities , habitat degradation and depletion of natural prey base , poaching for its exquisite fur and valuable bones ( used in traditional chinese medicine ) . the state of jammu & kashmir has the distinction of harbouring a major portion of existing snow leopard population in india .\nthe sambar ( rusa unicolor ) is a large deer native to southern and southeast asia . although it primarily refers to r . unicolor , the name sambar is also sometimes used to refer to the philippine deer ( called the philippine sambar ) and the rusa deer ( called the sunda sambar ) . the sambar inhabits much of southern asia , from southern china to indonesia . genetic analysis shows that the closest living relative of the sambar is probably the javan rusa of indonesia . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe gaur ( pronounced / \u02c8\u0261a\u028a\u0259r / ) ( bos gaurus , previously bibos gauris ) is a large , dark - coated forest ungulate of south asia and southeast asia . the largest populations are found today in india . the gaur belongs to the bovinae subfamily , which also includes bison , domestic cattle , yak and water buffalo . the gaur is the largest species of wild cattle , bigger than the african buffalo , the extinct aurochs ( the ancestor of domestic cattle ) , wild water buffalo or bison .\nthe short - finned pilot whale ( globicephala macrorhynchus ) is one of the two species of cetacean in the genus globicephala . it is part of the oceanic dolphin family ( delphinidae ) , though its behaviour is closer to that of the larger whales . short - finned pilot whales are very sociable and are rarely seen alone . they are found in groups of ten to thirty , though some pods are as large as sixty . hey are known as the ' cheetahs of the deep ' for the high speed pursuits of squids at depths of hundreds of metres . ( source : wikipedia )\ndugong ( dugong dugon ) is the only herbivorous mammal that is strictly marine and the only member of the order sirenia found in india . dugongs are restricted to coastal shallow marine habitats and grazes on the sea grass meadows in coastal waters and are therefore called as \u201csea cows\u201d . in india , it is one of the most seriously endangered species of large mammals . dugongs are vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures as they are solely dependent on sea grasses in coastal areas , which now have been seriously damaged by mining , trawling etc . dugongs have also been hunted for their meat , oil , hides , bones and teeth .\nthe indian rhinoceros ( rhinoceros unicornis ) is also called greater one - horned rhinoceros and asian one - horned rhinoceros and belongs to the rhinocerotidae family . listed as a vulnerable species , the large mammal is primarily found in parts of north - eastern india and in protected areas in the terai of nepal , where populations are confined to the riverine grasslands in the foothills of the himalayas . the indian rhinoceros once ranged throughout the entire stretch of the indo - gangetic plain but excessive hunting reduced their natural habitat drastically . today , about 3 , 000 rhinos live in the wild , 2 , 000 of which are found in india ' s assam alone . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe indian pangolin ( manis crassicaudata ) is a pangolin that is found in many parts of india and some parts of pakistan and sri lanka . like other pangolins , it has large , overlapping scales on the body which act like armour . it can also curl itself into a ball as self defence against predators such as the tiger . it is an insectivore and feeds on ants and termites , digging them out of their mounds using its long claws that are as long as its forelimbs . it lives mainly in burrows and is known to climb trees . it is also considered to be a curious animal and has been killed for so - called medicinal value . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe dugong ( dugong dugon ) is a large marine mammal which , together with the manatees , is one of four living species of the order sirenia . it is the only living representative of the once - diverse family dugongidae ; its closest modern relative , steller ' s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) , was hunted to extinction in the 18th century . it is also the only sirenian in its range , which spans the waters of at least 37 countries throughout the indo - pacific , though the majority of dugongs live in the northern waters of australia . the dugong is the only strictly - marine herbivorous mammal , as all species of manatee utilize fresh water to some degree . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe fin whale ( balaenoptera physalus ) , also called the finback whale , razorback , or common rorqual , is a marine mammal belonging to the suborder of baleen whales . it is the second largest whale and the second largest living animal after the blue whale , growing to nearly 27 meters . like all other large whales , the fin whale was heavily hunted during the twentieth century and is an endangered species . almost 750 , 000 fin whales were taken from the southern hemisphere alone between 1904 and 1979 and less than 3 , 000 currently remain in that region . the international whaling commission ( iwc ) has issued a moratorium on commercial hunting of this whale , although iceland and japan have resumed hunting . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe yak ( bos grunniens ) , is a long - haired bovine found throughout the himalayan region of south central asia , the tibetan plateau and as far north as mongolia and russia . in addition to a large domestic population , there is a small , vulnerable wild yak population . in the 1990 ' s , a concerted effort was undertaken to help save the wild yak population . domesticated yaks are kept primarily for their milk , fibre and meat , and as beasts of burden . their dried dung is an important fuel , used all over tibet , and is often the only fuel available on the high treeless tibetan plateau . yaks transport goods across mountain passes for local farmers and traders as well as for climbing and trekking expeditions . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe sun bear ( ursus malayanus ) , sometimes known as the honey bear , is a bear found primarily in the tropical rainforests of southeast asia . adult sun bears have almost no predators except humans , due to their fierce reputation and formidable teeth . occasionally , they may be overwhelmed by tigers , or large reticulated pythons . the recent decline in the sun bear population can be largely attributed to the hunting of\nnuisance bears\nthat destroy crops and widespread poaching driven by the market for their fur and for their bile , which is used in chinese medicine . sometimes , sun bears are captured or bred to be domestic pets . the iucn reclassified the sun bear from\ndata deficient\nto\nvulnerable\nstatus in 2007 . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe sei whale ( pronounced / \u02c8se\u026a / or / \u02c8sa\u026a / ) , balaenoptera borealis , is a baleen whale , the third - largest rorqual after the blue whale and the fin whale . it inhabits most oceans and adjoining seas , and prefers deep offshore waters . it is among the fastest of all cetaceans , and can reach speeds of up to 50 kilometres per hour over short distances . following large - scale commercial whaling during the late - nineteenth and twentieth centuries , when over 238 , 000 whales were taken , the sei whale is now internationally protected , although limited hunting occurs under controversial research programmes conducted by iceland and japan . as of 2006 , its worldwide population was about 54 , 000 , about a fifth of its pre - whaling population . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe wild water buffalo ( bubalis bubalis arnee or ' bubalus arnee ) is a large ungulate , a member of the bovine subfamily and the ancestor of the domestic water buffalo . it is the second largest wild bovid , smaller only than the gaur . it is an endangered species , thought to survive in ( from west to east ) india , nepal , bhutan , myanmar and thailand . wild asian water buffalo are extinct in pakistan , bangladesh , laos and viet nam . ( source : wikipedia ) although domesticated water buffalo are thriving and are distributed well beyond their native range , true wild water buffalo are in jeopardy . it may be that no true wild water buffalo exist , but have been lost to interbreeding with domesticated or feral buffalo . ( source : encyclopedia of life through animal diversity web )\nthe humpback whale ( megaptera novaeangliae ) is a species of baleen whale . it is an acrobatic animal , often breaching and slapping the water . found in oceans and seas around the world , humpback whales typically migrate up to 25 , 000 kilometres each year . humpbacks feed only in summer , in polar waters , and migrate to tropical or sub - tropical waters to breed and give birth in the winter . like other large whales , the humpback was and is a target for the whaling industry . due to over - hunting , its population fell by an estimated 90 % before a whaling moratorium was introduced in 1966 . stocks have since partially recovered ; however , entanglement in fishing gear , collisions with ships , and noise pollution also remain concerns . there are at least 80 , 000 humpback whales worldwide . ( source : wikipedia )\nthe red fox ( vulpes vulpes ) is the largest of the true foxes , as well as being the most geographically spread member of the carnivora , being distributed across the entire northern hemisphere from the arctic circle to north africa , central america , and the steppes of asia . its range has increased alongside human expansion , having been introduced to australasia , where it is considered harmful to native mammal and bird populations . because of these factors , it is listed as least concern for extinction by the iucn . the species has a long history of association with humans , having been extensively hunted as a pest and furbearer for centuries , as well as being prominently represented in human folklore and mythology . because of its widespread distribution and large population , the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the fur trade . ( source : wikipedia )\nnine species of vultures are recorded from india of which five belong to the genus gyps . three gyps vultures , namely the oriental rumped vulture ( owrv ) gyps bengalensis , long - billed vulture ( lbv ) gyps indicus and slender - billed vulture ( sbv ) gyps tenuirostris are residents , and the remaining two , the eurasian griffon vulture gyps fulvus and himalayan griffon vulture gyps himalayensis are largely wintering species . owrv and lbv were abundant across india until the 1990s . vultures are nature ' s most efficient scavengers . the gyps vultures are specialized to feed on the soft tissue of the large ungulate carcasses . they play a vital role in the ecosystem by cleaning up the rotten carcasses left in the open . the population of gyps vultures in the indian subcontinent has crashed since 1990s onwards . the populations of owrv , sbv and lbv had declined by around 97 % during the last two decades . veterinary use of the non - steroidal anti inflammatory drug ' diclofenac ' is the main cause attributed for this drastic population decline .\nthe snow leopard ( uncia uncia or panthera uncia ) is a moderately large cat native to the mountain ranges of south asia and central asia . the classification of this species has been subject to change and its exact taxonomic position will not be resolved until further studies are conducted . snow leopards live between 3 , 000 and 5 , 500 metres above sea level in the rocky mountain ranges of central asia . their secretive nature means that their exact numbers are unknown , but it has been estimated that between 3 , 500 and 7 , 000 snow leopards exist in the wild and between 600 and 700 in zoos worldwide . snow leopards cannot roar , despite possessing some ossification of the hyoid bone . this ossification was previously thought to be essential for allowing the big cats to roar , but new studies show that the ability to roar is due to other morphological features , especially of the larynx , which are absent in the snow leopard . snow leopard vocalizations include hisses , chuffing , mews , growls , and wailing . ( source : wikipedia )"]}
{"id": 2541, "summary": [{"text": "gymnoscelis admixtaria is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by walker in 1862 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka , india and japan . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "gymnoscelis admixtaria", "paragraphs": ["gymnoscelis yurikae is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to japan .\ngymnoscelis daniloi is a moth in the geometridae family that is endemic to cape verde .\nthe double - striped pug ( gymnoscelis rufifasciata ) is a moth of the family geometridae .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more\neupithecia dentifascia hampson , 1891 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln br . mus . , 8 : 117 .\nbastelberger , 1905 , ent . zeits . ( guben ) , 19 : 76 , syn . n . eupithecia eupitheciata walker sensu holloway , 1976 : 67 .\nboth this and the next species have forewing facies as in the generic description . the anterior half of the forewing postmedial is straight in dentifascia , slightly concave distad in intentata walker . the hindwing of the male in the latter is reduced in size , rather triangular , grading from pale fawn basally to brown distally , without the fasciation seen in male dentifascia and females of both species . examination of the genitalia is recommended to confirm identity .\ntrue m . eupitheciata walker appears to be restricted to the australasian tropics . the ductus bursa in the female is unsclerotised , the seventh segment unmodified and the boomerang signum narrow . in both bornean species the ductus is sclerotised and the seventh segment modified .\nall bornean material seen was taken between 1200m and 2110m on g . kinabalu .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lep . het . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 154 .\nthe taxon malachitis is brought into synonymy with filicata as the new guinea race . the male genitalia differ little from those of himalayan filicata . the australian thalassia turner may also prove to be a race of filicata .\nn . e . himalaya , borneo ; sulawesi ( ssp . mochleutes ) ; seram , new guinea ( ssp . malachitis ) .\nthe only bornean specimen seen is a female from 1930m on g . kinabalu .\na related , somewhat more strongly marked , undescribed species occurs in seram and new guinea .\nmost records are from g . kinabalu : 450m at poring hot springs to 1930m on the main ascent . one specimen was taken in a cocoa plantation at tuaran in 1997 ."]}
{"id": 2542, "summary": [{"text": "sea apple is a common name for the colorful and somewhat round sea cucumbers of the genera paracucumaria and pseudocolochirus , found in indo-pacific waters .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "sea apples are filter feeders with tentacles , ovate bodies , and tube-like feet .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "they can release their internal organs or a toxin into the water when stressed . ", "topic": 4}], "title": "sea apple", "paragraphs": ["kfc and apple hit by backlash from beijing\u2019s spat with philippines over south china sea .\nlots of myths in this hobby . . . sea apple toxin is not one of them .\nthe apple will automatically anchor at a corner with high waterflow . it is true that sometimes the apple will wander about .\nyour sea apple can nuke everything in your tank ( even if you have a 500 gallon tank ! ) the sea apple belongs in a smaller tank by itself ( and perhaps a few death row inmates ) .\nwhat about the toxins that the sea apple may let out . the tenticals seem to be getting worse .\npseudocolochirus violaceus ( dendrochirotida : cucumariidae ) sea apple cucumber by lee sui kei rachel , 2016 , on taxo4254 .\nsmashed iphones latest in south china sea spat kfc and apple hit by backlash from beijing\u2019s spat with philippines over south china sea . check out this story on urltoken urltoken\nevisceration has apparently not been observed in the others ( which are curiously - mostly made up of deep - sea members ) . its not clear if some deep - sea sea cucumbers - such as sea pigs eviscerate or not .\nsooner or later , a sea lion always pops up . this is a gal\u00e1pagos sea lion ( zalophus wollebaeki ) .\nsam apple is the author of the memoir \u201camerican parent\u201d and teaches journalism at the university of pennsylvania .\nin this column i will discuss some of the most colourful and controversial sea cucumbers in the hobby \u2013 the sea apples .\ni just want to say . my sea apple is fine in my 7 gallons since my purchase . from my observation , you can make a sea apple tank easily . the trick is you should block all the power head by using live rocks . and try to make your hob filter on either left or right hand corner .\nsea cucumbers actually taste like cucumbers . and when you pickle them they taste like pickles . aren ' t sea cucumbers amazing .\nrecently my huge lta decided to move . he happened to move to where the sea apple sits . the tenticals of the anemone were touching the sea apple and i wasnt really sure what to do so i just let nature do as it will . maybe not a good idea ? the sea apple seemed to move but not very far and it doesnt look that great . his tenticals are out a lot as usuall but a couple of them look to be\nmelting\nfor a lack of better words . any advice\nthe great pearlfish , conqueror of sea cucumber bums , devourer of reproductive organs , all - around decent critter to anything but a sea cucumber .\ni would avoid putting anything else in the tank since the apple death will most likely kill everything else in the tank .\nthere are several parasites that have snails as an intermediate host . however , apple snails are relatively resistant to many of these parasites , which are often host specific and do not regenerate in other hosts like apple snails . however , at least one parasite (\napple only tank , does sound good . . . i think a 5 gallon would do the trick . . . . .\nyou have teeth in your head , but some sea cucumbers have them in their bum . imagine , if you will , the life of a sea cucumber dentist .\n( the edible sea cucumber which is black along the upper surface , and bright pink along the belly , also from the red sea and indo - pacific ) .\nan apple snail with an egg deposition problem . the eggs collect near the shell opening qnd not on the surface ( pomacea canaliculata ) .\nthis sea apple ( pseudocholochirus ) has extended its tree - like feeding tentacles into the water column to capture tiny planktonic food . although these animals have a reputation for being extremely dangerous to a coral reef aquarium , they only cause problems in self - defense . a sea apple can make an attractive and interesting addition to well - designed aquarium in which the animal is protected from pump intakes and receives appropriate and sufficient food . photo by julian sprung\nbut i find that if you make your hob with high waterflow , it wont move easily for the apple needs current to filter its food .\na sea cucumber behavior wherein they can expel their\nguts\nthrough their body wall .\nfrom wikipedia ! sea urchins ! who doesn ' t love em ? the spiny balls of the sea ! we eat em ! they ' re important to marine ecosystems . . .\nthe natural history museum in rotterdam will exhibit reconstructions of the sea monster later this year .\nthis sea lion came into a little cove . the trees in the background are mangroves .\ngal\u00e1pagos green turtle ( chelonia mydas agassisi ) . gal\u00e1pagos green turtles are a subspecies of the pacific green sea turtle , and the only population of green sea turtles nesting in the gal\u00e1pagos .\nhere ' s another thought . . . i feel that there is a much greater chance that you bring home a fish that wipes out all the others , than bringing home an apple and it doing the same . i better stop now as my apple could be proving me wrong at the moment . . .\nthe letters denote the sea cucumber\u2019s increasing level of discomfort . ( click for larger view . )\nsea world ' s trevor long says dolphins\nare enriched by the experience\nof performing .\nincreasingly innovative maritime raids near the narrow bab al - mandab maritime passage , which connects the red sea with the gulf of aden and the arabian sea , add to already severe difficulties getting aid and commercial supplies to a country that imports 90 percent of its food and fuel by sea .\nthe sea apple should be fed liquid foods of brine shrimp , grated mussel , or other carnivorous preparations at least three times per week . if you notice an oily residue on the surface of the acclimation container , find cucumber floating on top of the water , any cloudiness in the bag , or note that the acclimation water is very discolored do not add cucumber or acclimation water to the aquarium . it is important to be cautious in caring for the sea apple as it can have adverse effects if done improperly .\nthe stem cells phyto - elite intensive body sea scrub comes in either green apple or citrus and it helps to refresh and smooth skin . this product helps with the anti - aging process , exfoliating and polishing the skin to leave behind an enjoyable sensory experience .\nsorry i probably should have worded my comment better . . was trying to indicate that if he was not concerned about the potential danger of the sea apple . . fine - not that he did not care about the cuke . my apology if i offended .\nfigure 4 . 3 frost damage to an apple flower ( left ) ; and on small fruits ( right ) [ russet patches near the eyes and rings ] .\nthese animals may look like boring lumps . . . but sea cucumbers have all sorts of surprises .\nformulated with the atoligomer , which is a high concentrate of pure microminerals drawn from the sea water , this scrub helps infuse the skin with natural minerals and strengthen and rejuvenate the epidermis . the entire sea scrub is based around the mineral - rich natural sea salt that enhances the penetration of the active ingredients .\nsprung , j . 2001 . invertebrates : a quick reference guide . sea challengers , danville , ca .\nechinodermata ! starfish ! sea urchins ! sea cucumbers ! stone lillies ! feather stars ! blastozoans ! sea daisies ! marine invertebrates found throughout the world ' s oceans with a rich and ancient fossil legacy . their biology and evolution includes a wide range of crazy and wonderful things . let me share those things with you !\nso , here ' s the thing - sea cucumbers , like most echinoderms directly lack a way to excrete wastes . they are essentially open to seawater the way starfish , sea urchin , and other echinoderms are . .\noh . . . okay . . . that changes things a little . try just moving the sea apple and see if that ' s enough . if the aneomne isn ' t showing damage then the toxins may only be limited . still . . . keep a close eye on things .\nkfc and apple \u201care just closely associated with the u . s . , and you are seeing people picking the closest symbol they can think of to demonstrate against , \u201d he said .\nanimal rights activist june killington visits sea world to distribute postcards that claim the park is an\naquaprison\n.\ninterestingly , the extent to which evisceration occurs varies among different groups . here is a generalized classification for sea cucumbers taken\ni know that sea apples are difficult and nasty in death which is why i want a species tank for one .\nthe sea apple is poisonous when stressed . the poison is powerful and can not only kill the anemone but harm the entire tank . if it dies they are known to release even more of this poison . i do not suggest you let nature take its course as this may result in tank - wide problems .\nyou will also want to ensure that you do not have any species of fish that are known to be predators of sea cucumbers . most trigger fish , some wrasses and butterfly fish will nip at the tube feet of sea cucumbers . although sea cucumbers are nocturnal , our rock landscaping usualy does not provide enough protection to hide in and be completely safe from predatory fish .\na poison apple tree ( manzanillo ; hippomane mancinella ) . this is the only indigenous toxic plant in the gal\u00e1pagos - the sap causes severe dermatitis and the fruit can be fatal to humans , though tortoises eat it .\nmunday p . l , van herwerden l , dudgeon c . l . evidence for sympatric speciation by host shift in the sea .\nkfc is china\u2019s biggest restaurant chain with more than 5 , 000 outlets . it is overhauling its struggling business there after a food scandal and marketing missteps . apple has faced a series of legal hurdles this year in china .\nchinese nationalists have protested at kfc outlets and called for boycotts of the fast - food chain , while photos and video circulating online and on social media show people wearing scarves and banners with patriotic slogans smashing apple iphones in protest .\nwhile the iphone x may have stolen the headlines , in fact the iphone 8 could be the sleeper hit of apple ' s new range , offering the same power as the x but with features and a design users trust .\ntrowbridge c . d , todd c . d . host - plant change in marine specialist herbivores : ascoglossan sea slugs on introduced macroalgae .\nsea apples are going to move around till they find a spot they are comfortable with . . and there isn ' t much you can do about it . many would consider sea apples\nhigh risk\nand\nexpert only\n- not a great choice for most tanks .\nthe sea cucumber , though , has a trick up its sleeve . remarkably , it can regenerate complex body parts like intestines and , yes , gonads . and it\u2019s a damn good thing it can , because sea cucumbers defend themselves in what might be described as a fairly unorthodox manner .\napple ' s watch will free you from your phone - while making sure you don ' t suffer the fear of missing out . it ' s a huge step forward , and a compelling reason for the average user to buy a smartwatch .\nthis defenseless - looking sea cucumber has a secret weapon . when under threat , it expels its own guts as sticky filaments that can tangle or injure\u2026\ni recently purchased a sea apple , and wanted to find some more information about how best to care for it . a friend of mine has had his sea apple for about 4 months , and it seems to be doing well . he target feeds it by using a turkey baster to squirt enriched baby brine shrimp ( soaked in selcon for an hour or so ) a couple of times a week , and aside from that he says it catches some of the bits of adult brine that he feeds to his fish and larger corals . i know that there is a risk of them poisoning the tank if they die , but i really like the thing and really want to have one in my tank . is this crazy , or is it really as easy to keep as my friend says ? thanks ,\ni have had a very nice sea apple for 4 - 5 years and he just went belly up over the last week . no poison excreted whew . i put him in a hospital tank to offer more food and care , but i still lost him . params were all near perfect and no other losses in the tank . and no other tankmates seemed to pay any attention to him day or night .\ntoonen , r . j . 2003 . invertebrate non - column : sea cucumbers - part ii . in advanced aquarists online magazine . january 2003 . urltoken\nfile photo - people walk past a ship docked at the red sea port of hodeidah , yemen february 1 , 2017 . reuters / abduljabbar zeyad / files\nwell , hopefully that provides you with sufficient information to make an educated decision about whether or not your aquarium is suitable for a sea apple . if you decide that you would like to add one of these beautiful and fascinating animals to your tank , i also hope that the information that i have provided here will allow you a good chance at keeping it healthy and happy for a long time in your aquarium !\nlane , david j . w . and didier vandenspiegel . 2003 . a guide to sea stars and other echinoderms of singapore . singapore science centre . 187pp .\ndifferent kinds of sea cucumbers evert / expel different organs . these can also vary depending on certain times of the year ( as we ' ll see ) .\nbut as sea cucumbers were better studied - it turned out that these cases were not quite so clear cut ! and defense was sometimes just not an option .\nimages here from the encyclopedia of life this week , something about the many different kinds of asteroids ( aka sea star or starfish ! ) t . . .\nsea apples are suspension feeders that need ample quantities of phytoplankton to survive . you can purchase or culture phytoplankton to feed these animals , but satisfying their demand and keeping them alive long term requires a high degree of effort and dedication . the sad fact is , most sea apples kept in aquariums gradually starve to death .\ncan anyone provide me a trustable source regarding this ? i would also like to know if there are any recent papers exploring why males get pregnant in sea horses .\nthis defenseless - looking sea cucumber has a secret weapon . when under threat , it expels its own guts as sticky filaments that can tangle or injure its aggressor .\nsea cucumbers are , of course , the\nworm - like\nechinoderms . they usually eat fine mud or organic goo and are composed of 3 main parts !\nsea world has earned a reputation for its rescue and rehabilitation work and its funding of marine research , but critics say such projects are a\nfig leaf\n.\n: please do not purchase them . while being very colorfull and a temptation to add one to our aquariums , these animals are not suitable for keeping within our aquariums . being filter feeders and not deposit feeders as the other sea cucumbers are , they are almost guaranteed to slowly starve to death . once stressed or having died , a sea apple is one of the most toxic of their family and will kill a great many of your other aquarium pets quickly . the risk is far too great to take a chance on trying to keep an animal that is all but impossible for us to feed properly .\nsuch pearlfishes come in a range of species , and don\u2019t necessarily limit themselves to invading sea cucumbers . they\u2019ll also work their way into sea stars , and are so named because they\u2019ve been found dead inside oysters , completely coated in mother - of - pearl . beautiful , really , though i reckon the pearlfish would beg to differ .\nwow - congratulations on keeping such a fragile creature for so long . i ' m not sure what their natural lifespan is , but you did great with that one ! when i saw the subject line , i was thinking - the lifespan of the other creatures in the tank will be\nas short\nas the sea apple - i don ' t sell sea apples but i ' ve seen the disasters that can occur when people buy them and they come into harm ' s way . . . they nuke and kill everything 4 - 5 years - my hat is off to you - well done ! jenn\nshipping industry sources say shipping firms were becoming more reluctant to deliver goods to houthi - controlled hodeidah port together with the neighboring port of salif also on the rea sea .\nsea apples on aquarium invertebrates by dr rob toonen on the advanced aquarist ' s online magazine : details the toxic nature and low success rate of keeping these animals in captivity .\nso like a disgraced samurai disemboweling himself , the sea cucumber gifts the world with its intestines , whether the world wants them or not . interestingly , though , the pearlfish doesn\u2019t itself seem to trigger this reaction for reasons that aren\u2019t yet clear . and it\u2019s important to consider that the fish in fact benefits from the evisceration , because by using the sea cucumber as a home , it necessarily adopts its host\u2019s predators . its survival depends on the sea cucumber\u2019s ability to defend itself , which is quite intriguing from an evolutionary perspective .\nand sure enough , tests with expelled viscera and a place for the sea cucumbers to hide was effective against one of their most aggressive predators . . the sun star . .\n( photo by emily miller kauai ) so , recently i ' ve gotten a bunch of questions about these peculiar sea urchins via email - and so i thou . . .\nother than those few simple precautions , a sea cucumber ' s only real danger within our aquariums is from starving to death . if you notice that your sea cucumber is slowly shriking ( getting smaller ) , then it would be a good idea to try and find it another home that can provide the amount of detritus and organics it needs to thrive .\nthe ornately colored sea anemone ( uh - nem - uh - nee ) is named after the equally flashy terrestrial anemone flower . a close relative of coral and jellyfish , anemones are stinging polyps that spend most of their time attached to rocks on the sea bottom or on coral reefs waiting for fish to pass close enough to get ensnared in their venom - filled tentacles .\nhe story of modern cancer research begins , somewhat improbably , with the sea urchin . in the first decade of the 20th century , the german biologist theodor boveri discovered that if he fertilized sea - urchin eggs with two sperm rather than one , some of the cells would end up with the wrong number of chromosomes and fail to develop properly . it was the era before modern genetics , but boveri was aware that cancer cells , like the deformed sea urchin cells , had abnormal chromosomes ; whatever caused cancer , he surmised , had something to do with chromosomes .\nwhen purchasing a cucumber , as with everything , you should research that specific species , if possible , i say if possible , because there is very little known as this group of animals is very little studied . thankfully most deposit feeding sea cucumbers that i am familiar with are very similiar and only differ in their adult size . when choosing from the few varieties of sea cucumber species normaly available to the hobby , i would first ensure that the sea cucumber will not become a very large specimen as it will most likely not find enough to eat within our aquariums .\nrespiratory trees are unique to sea cucumbers and are not found in any other echinoderm . all species of holothuroids must use at least one of these organs to breath . respiratory trees are often fed oxygen by the sea cucumber actually breathing through their anus . they not only excrete waste from their anus , but expand and contract their muscular body walls in a slow rhythm , which in turn draws in and expels water . this is where the respiratory trees extract the oxygen . there are a few species of sea cucumbers that also allow small fishes to enter and exit the anus .\ni ' ve eaten sea cucumber on many occasions . the species i ' ve tried have a very subtle taste that tends to convey the flavor of the sauce . there is a substantive gelatinous texture to it which is what most people seem to remember most . sea cucumber harvests are becoming a conservation issue - so at this point i would enjoy with some restraint and caution . .\nhe similarly dismisses the idea that sea world\nkidnaps\ndolphins from the wild , since , apart from anything else , taking dolphins from the wild for commercial use is illegal in australia .\nthe book features chapters on several australian zoos and on the dolphins at sea world .\nyou have to get the animal ' s hunger level just right before a performance ,\nhe says .\nyou see some very agitated seals and sea lions just before their performance , because they know they are going to be fed but that they have to do a performance before that happens .\na maritime source familiar with the area said that , depending on the current , any free floating mines could be pushed into the open sea in an area close to the bab al - mandab .\nbut , i do know that the sea apple which i had in my tank is still back in the store where i returned it . it was in the store for about 3 - 4 months before i purchased it , so . . as for right now it ' s going on maybe 9 - 10 months of living in captivity and i have no idea how long they had it before then . the guy i purchased it from has had his in his tank at home for about 3 years if i rember right .\nchinese state media called for\nrational patriotism\nwednesday amid anti - u . s . protests in recent days after an international tribunal ruled against beijing over its territorial claims in the south china sea .\nsea world ' s gate takings are estimated at more than $ 133 million annually . of that it spends $ 1 million on rescue , research and rehabilitation , or three - quarters of 1 per cent .\na saudi frigate was attacked on jan . 30 close to the red sea port of hodeidah in which two crew members were killed and three wounded , saudi official media reported , blaming houthis for the attack .\nin several posts here at saltwater smarts , i\u2019ve mentioned that certain marine organisms routinely offered in the aquarium trade should come with a warning label\u2014especially for novice hobbyists . in these cases , i\u2019m usually referring to animals that are really gorgeous or exotic - looking ( hence hard to resist ) but either difficult to keep alive or dangerous to tankmates for one reason or another . in the case of the sea cucumbers known as sea apples (\npelletreau , k . n . , & g . muller - parker . 2002 . sulfuric acid in the phaeophyte alga desmarestia munda deters feeding by the sea urchin strongylocentrotus droebachiensis . marine biology 141 : 1 - 9 .\nif you want a ron howard movie about a man obsessed with a creature from the deep ,\nin the heart of the sea ,\nsadly , is not the place to start . try\nsplash .\nwhile not a complicted animal to care for , there are a few concerns to take into consideration when adding a sea cucumber to your aquarium . not being the quickest or brightest of creatures , any pump inlet that is not covered or protected will pose a very real danger to your sea cucumber . keeping the inlet guards that should have come with your pump when you purchased it , in place , will prevent any such accidents from happening .\nwhen threatened , some sea cucumbers discharge sticky threads to ensnare their enemies . others can mutilate their own bodies as a defense mechanism . they violently contract their muscles and jettison some of their internal organs out of their anus .\nbut the sea cucumber may not be entirely defenseless against the invasions of the pearlfish . some species have what could be functioning as a built - in gate in their anus \u2014 a handy accessory considering that in addition to the pearlfish , crabs and clams have also been known to make themselves at home inside the poor critters ( the sea cucumber , it seems , like any good host , can never really enjoy itself at its own party ) .\nthe day after i meet killington , i pay a visit to trevor long , sea world ' s director of marine sciences . long has worked at sea world since 1973 and was involved in the collection of many of its animals . killington had described him as some kind of monster , but he seems perfectly amiable , if a little defensive , with a snow - white beard and skin cured to a rich caramel by decades of uv exposure .\nand by no means was i trying to say 3 months was a success . just that i have cared for one , and it was my first addition to a new tank ( please note : my tank was up for about 2 months before i added anything , i also did not have a protien skimmer , or a fuge at the time ) . during that time i only saw growth in the creature , and it was always feeding . which is one of the tell - tale signs of the health of a sea apple is if it ' s not feeding or taking on some water .\n_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ you can ' t kill a fish born to hang . . . . . 65 - gal red sea reef 12 - gal nanocube\nbut for the past two years she has focused on sea world , which she calls an\naquaprison\nwhere\ndolphins that have been stolen from the ocean or bred in captivity perform tricks every day for dead fish\n.\nlandry c , geyer l . b , arakaki y , uehara t , palumbi s . r . a recent speciation event in the indo - west pacific : rapid evolution of gamete recognition and sperm morphology in cryptic species of sea urchin .\ndespite this , they are sceptical about the park ' s research claims . sea world ' s website lists 84 marine research projects it has funded in the past 10 years , 65 of which have been included in peer - reviewed publications .\nno no its the sea apple . you know how the tenticale sticks out and they look kinda like . . . . . . a feather sorta thing ? lol well one of them seems to be\nmelted\n. i am not sure what to do . i just did a partial water change cuz the salinaty was very very high . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? not sure how that happened but after the water change ( straight from the tap ) the water was high range ph 8 . 2 , amonia between 0 and . 25ppm the nitrite at 0 ppm and the nitrate around 10 ppm\nparks such as sea world generally don ' t keep endangered species ; they keep bottlenose dolphins , which are abundant in the wild .\nso it ' s pretty transparent that it ' s not about conservation . it ' s about money .\nthis behavior is the strange product of a housing crisis . you see , shelter is in short supply on many seafloors , particularly those that lack reefs . and there are few better shelters than sea cucumbers , little mobile homes that pearlfishes will enter pretty much as they please , leaving to hunt and returning for protection . if they can\u2019t return to the same one , no worries at all . there\u2019s plenty of decent housing squirming around the seafloor \u2014 if you\u2019re willing to live in a sea cucumber\u2019s bum .\ni have a question about sea apple behavior . please spare me the\nthey ' ll nuke your tank\ncomments , as i fully understand the chances i have taken . ( imo i think most , only most not all , are made up or caused by powerheads ) anyways , i have had my apple for about two weeks now . it made its way to one of the sides and has been hanging out there for the majority of the time . this morning i woke up to find it almost to the top of the tank , about six inches away from my korolia . so i turned it off to avoid any hazard should he decided to make a left ! is this normal behavoir ? or is he stressed ? water is completely stable and nothing in my tank is showing signs of stress , quite the opposite actually . also , his feeders only come out about half way , and only a few times a day . is this normal ? ? ? ? ? ? ? i may swallow the 60 bucks and get rid of him . . . . . let me know .\nhamel , j . f . , & a . mercier . 1998 . diet and feeding behaviour of the sea cucumber cucumaria frondosa in the st lawrence estuary , eastern canada . canadian journal of zoology - revue canadienne de zoologie 76 : 1194 - 1198 .\none tropical family of sea cucumbers , have special structures called cuverian tubules which are adhesive and used specifically for defense . i ' ll be blogging about those - hopefully next week . . so i will hold off on saying much about those for now .\nnext time , i\u2019ll continue on with the remainder of the issues you raise in this question and try to give you an actual answer to what conditions you require to have a reasonable chance of keeping a sea cucumber healthy in your aquarium . . . .\nwith a little knowledge and care taken , a sea cucumber can and will be very helpfull in keeping your sandbed looking clean and fresh . most everyone has heard of the horror storys of a cucumber\nnuking\ntheir tanks , i have never had this happen and know of no one that has . now sea apples are a different story , i would never have one in my tank since they are the most likely to nuke a tank and when they do , its right up there with small nuclear devices .\nfile photo - a houthi militia media officer checks a camera next to giant cranes , damaged by saudi - led air strikes , at a container terminal at the red sea port of hodeidah , yemen november 16 , 2016 . reuters / khaled abdullah / file photo\ninfertile eggs just like chickens , apple snails do lay eggs even when they are not fertilized . this should be kept in mind of you have a single snails or several snails without a single male . if the eggs never hatch , even not when you are sure that the snails have mated , one should also think of bad conditions for the eggs ( dry air , to humid air with condensing water , low temperatures etc . ) .\nwith countries phasing out the captivity of\nman ' s best friend in the ocean\n, the gold coast ' s sea world dolphinarium looks like an endangered species . or is it ? tim elliott meets those working on both sides of a highly emotional divide .\nhamel , j . f . , p . k . l . ng , & a . mercier . 1999 . life cycle of the pea crab pinnotheres halingi sp nov . , an obligate symbiont of the sea cucumber holothuria scabra jaeger . ophelia 50 : 149 - 175 .\nhow can they turn into liquid ? anyway i am about to make a thesis . . . i want to try what you said here if a sea cucumber really can regenerate when cut into two . . . i really am amazed . . . anyway thanks for the info\nthere are more than 1 , 000 sea anemone species found throughout the world\u2019s oceans at various depths , although the largest and most varied occur in coastal tropical waters . they run the full spectrum of colors and can be as small as half an inch or as large as 6 feet across .\ndepending on what species it is , the pearlfish initiates one of two relationships once inside : a commensal one , in which it simply takes up space without either helping or adversely affecting the sea cucumber , or a rather more parasitic one , in which it chows down on its host\u2019s gonads .\nlast week\u2019s ruling by the united nations tribunal in the hague , netherlands , found there was no legal basis for beijing\u2019s claim to most of the south china sea . despite overlapping claims , beijing has been undertaking vast infrastructure projects in the area to secure natural resources and control strategic shipping lanes .\nthere are about 95 species in 11 genera and four families . tentacles are simple . respiratory trees are present . the calcareous ring is without posterior projections . the body wall is generally soft and pliant . most forms live in shallow water , though one family is restricted to the deep sea .\ngreat performances , fantastic experience , it makes you feel like you ' re there at sea . the whale scenes are intense and tge drama is heartbreaking seeing what these men went through . i liked the man vs nature and man vs man aspects . could have been better with character development though\nurbina bay is perhaps best known as the site of an uplift event which raised 385 acres of the sea bed by up to 13 feet in 1954 . the uplift was so rapid that turtles , fish , lobsters , and other marine life was stranded . chunks of coral are still visible .\narnold is similarly worried by sea world ' s involvement in establishing marine parks in asia . in 2012 , sea world ' s owner , village roadshow , struck a deal with a chinese company to develop ocean paradise , a marine theme park in hainan which is to be stocked with dolphins and beluga whales . long is to head up village roadshow ' s involvement in the project .\nthe culture in asia is not exactly animal - friendly ,\narnold says .\nif it takes off in asia , aquariums will explode and the abuse and the potential for abuse will explode .\nthe various attachment ligament / tissues which connect and anchor all of the various internal organs to the body wall all begin to rapidly soften . sea cucumbers , like all echinoderms have a unique kind of connective tissue which permits them to toughen or soften their body texture at the animal ' s whim .\nthere are about 340 species in 35 genera and three families . tentacles are shield - shaped . respiratory trees are present . the calcareous ring is without posterior projections . the body wall is generally soft and pliant . most forms live in shallow water , though one family is restricted to the deep sea .\ni suspect this is one of those threads where if you don ' t have any concern about the critter - fine . but having owned alot of cukes including apples i would not be as confident as you . i have had a number of\nturd\ncukes puke their intestines on me over the yrs . . . just std tank maintenance where you don ' t see the buggers and they get frightened . . . same kind of defense response from an apple may have adverse impact on entire tank .\nrabindra , s . , b . a . macdonald , p . lawton , & m . l . h . thomas . 1998 . feeding response of the dendrochirote sea cucumber cucumaria frondosa ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) to changing food concentrations in the laboratory . canadian journal of zoology 76 : 1842 - 1849 .\nregeneration time in sea cucumbers apparently varies on which organs were lost and in what species . . regrowth time varied from 7 to 145 days ! ! yes , that means that at the shorter end of the range , there were some species for which regeneration of an organ could take as little as a week !\nin any case , you should also tell your friend that unless they begin to add phytoplankton to their tank on a regular basis , there is a good chance that their sea apple will slowly starve to death over the period of a year or so ( as i explained last time ) . as for the amount and frequency of feeding , it is harder to say . the specifics depend on your aquarium , the number and type of suspension feeders and such , but following the instructions on the phytoplankton products ought to suffice . a good rule of thumb is that if you cannot see the animal poop , it is not getting enough food . the obvious gauge is that if the animal grows it is being fed enough - - if it shrinks , it is starving , and you need to increase the feeding frequency and / or amount .\nsea world certainly has its supporters .\nit is absolutely the lesser evil ,\nsays sue arnold , from australians for animals .\ni have been to the most appalling aquaria in mexico , canada and europe . there are a hell of a lot of places i ' d be shutting down before sea world .\narnold says she\ndoesn ' t know of any dolphinaria that has their standard\n, and that she\nwould always work with trevor [ long ]\n. yet she remains conflicted .\ngiven the amount of animals he rescues , it ' s an incredible contradiction for him to be involved in the captive industry .\nsuch projects are a\nfig leaf\n, according to sarah lucas , from australia for dolphins , a melbourne - based group with more than 120 , 000 supporters .\ndolphinaria like sea world claim they are helping conservation through research ,\nshe says ,\nwhen really they are businesses making money through commercial dolphin shows .\nok . . . the apple will move around the tank to find a place with good flow where it can filter feed . i had a beautiful purple one that lasted for years but in the end there was not enough dissolved food in the water and it slowly wasted away . . . and yes you are right , it died in the tank and nothing else died from toxins . toxins are mostly for self defense , but you never know how these animals work so be carefull either way . you will need to feed that guy or he will die .\nif buddhists are right about that whole reincarnation thing , it\u2019d be hard to imagine what you\u2019d have to do wrong to die and come back as a sea cucumber . one minute you\u2019re human and the next you\u2019re crawling around the seafloor as what is essentially a mobile intestine , hoovering up food at one end and expelling it through the other .\nthe most important feature distinguishing the sea cucumbers is a calcareous ring that encircles the pharynx or throat . this ring serves as an attachment point for muscles operating the oral tentacles and for the anterior ends of other muscles that contract the body longitudinally . sea cucumbers are also distinct as echinoderms in having a circlet of oral tentacles . these may be simple , digitate ( with finger - like projections ) , pinnate ( feather - like ) , or peltate ( flattened and shield - like ) . a third key feature , found in 90 % of living species , is the reduction of the skeleton to microscopic ossicles . in some species , the ossicles may be enlarged and plate - like .\nsea world gets 1 . 5 million visitors a year .\nmost of these people come from general suburbia ,\nsays long .\nthey are not watching david attenborough , they are playing xbox . if they come here and develop an empathy and appreciation for the animals , they ' ll be more likely to take action to protect them .\ni was with jenn , i was going to start spewing the normal feeding problems and stuff of sea apples , but if you were able to keep on for 4 - 5 years you fully understood he feeding requirements of them . did it maintain its size all the way to the end ? have you changed anything in the tank ? substrates / feeding ? g ~\n\u201cthe part that hasn\u2019t really been substantiated is the fact that you have some sea cucumbers that have these kind of spines around the anus called anal teeth , \u201d said mah . \u201cand it isn\u2019t clear if these anal teeth really are active defensive mechanisms that keep things like fish and crabs out , or if they\u2019re just there and we assume they\u2019re defensive in some way . \u201d\nit ' s late afternoon when we turn up to sea world , driving into the car park in killington ' s hatchback , which is plastered with\ni ' m against dolphin captivity\nand\nsea world sucks\nstickers . killington is dressed in black , with a chunky gold necklace and hair the colour of ribena . in the klieg - light glare of surfers paradise , she sticks out like a goth at a beach party . she is also the most profane woman i have ever met , spraying around expletives like blasts from an uzi .\nlook at this f . . . ing place , would you ,\nshe mutters , gazing with undiluted scorn at the theme park ' s gates .\nwhat a f . . . ing disgrace .\nthe sea fennel ( crithmum maritimum l . ) is a wild plant from the same family of the parsley and celery , that is used as a fresh ingredient for many food preparations . in this work , some alternative culinary uses for this aromatic plant as a dried ingredient have been proposed . therefore , two drying technologies were applied with the aim to obtain a new spice - colorant without chemical synthesis . the results are discussed in terms of visual quality , odor and taste of the dehydrated products . moreover , the effects on the overall sensory properties of some dishes prepared using the two different types of this new spice are reported . the introduction of the dried sea fennel in gastronomy could increase the sensory appeal of some traditional dishes and support the creation of many new recipes .\n\u201ctwo strategies are observed for entering , \u201d parmentier said . \u201cone , head first by propelling itself with violent strokes of the tail ; two , tail first by placing the head at the cloaca of the sea cucumber and moving the thin tail forward alongside its own body at the level of the lateral line , \u201d then slowing backing into the host , though not yet all the way .\nthey hate us , these dolphins ,\nshe says .\nif they could talk , they would say , ' you motherf . . . ers . '\nshe has brought with her a stack of glossy postcards . the postcards look legitimate , with the sea world logo beneath a picture of a cheery - looking dolphin . flip it over , however , and it reads :\ndon ' t buy a ticket to animal cruelty . open your mind and your heart and know that cetaceans are not here to amuse and entertain us . go to sea world shut down on facebook for more information .\nas we walk around , killington hands these cards to everyone she meets , including staff , even popping into the toilets to leave stacks of them beside handbasins .\nsince the most common cause for the demise of a sea cucumber within our aquariums is from starvation , i would not get more than one at first and give it a few months to determine if the single sea cucumber is able to fully process the surface layer of your sandbed . again , i would not purchase a large species as not only will they most likely slowly starve to death , but due to their size , they very frequently only extend half of their length out of the rock work onto the sandbed , which over due time , means that as they gather sand grains , it all gets expelled back behind your landscape causing those areas to eventualy get a very deep sandbed while the depth of your sandbed at the front of your tank gets shallower by the day .\nin the meantime , the shifting of expectations will be left to people such as june killington . at sea world , i watch as she engages a middle - aged woman and her two children .\nwhat do you think of the dolphins being locked up ?\nkillington asks her . the woman shrugs .\nnothing really . look at them . they ' re not being badly treated .\nmagnificent apex predators that spend most of their lives roaming the sea ice of the arctic , where they hunt for seals . everything about them evolved to suit living in one of the harshest environments on earth . all of which makes it more than a little sad to see them in a zoo , where they too often live in small enclosures , swim in lukewarm pools , and dine on anything but blubber .\nin the winter of 1820 , the new england whaling ship essex was assaulted by something no one could believe : a whale of mammoth size and will , and an almost human sense of vengeance . the real - life maritime disaster would inspire herman melville ' s moby - dick . but that told only half the story .\nin the heart of the sea\nreveals the encounter ' s harrowing aftermath , as the ship ' s surviving crew is pushed to their limits and forced to do the unthinkable to stay alive . braving storms , starvation , panic and despair , the men will call into question their deepest beliefs , from the value of their lives to the morality of their trade , as their captain searches for direction on the open sea and his first mate still seeks to bring the great whale down .\nthe committee subsequently recommended that no more dolphinariums be set up , and that those in existence be phased out , which is what subsequently happened to the facilities in south australia , western australia and victoria . only two dolphinariums now remain in australia : sea world and dolphin marine magic , a smaller operation in coffs harbour , on the nsw north coast , that has also attracted controversy over the treatment of its animals .\ntoday boveri is celebrated for discovering the origins of cancer , but another german scientist , otto warburg , was studying sea - urchin eggs around the same time as boveri . his research , too , was hailed as a major breakthrough in our understanding of cancer . but in the following decades , warburg\u2019s discovery would largely disappear from the cancer narrative , his contributions considered so negligible that they were left out of textbooks altogether .\n\u201cprobably the best thing that sea cucumbers are known for is evisceration , \u201d said marine biologist christopher mah , \u201cwhich is tossing their guts out at predators when they are harassed by them . so you have a crab or a fish or something and what they\u2019ll do is literally eviscerate , just take a good chunk of their intestine that will spool out of their body and get shot out at the predator or whatever as a distraction . \u201d"]}
{"id": 2545, "summary": [{"text": "hahncappsia neomarculenta is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by capps in 1967 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from maryland , indiana , west virginia , north carolina , ohio and tennessee .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 22-24 mm for males and 22-23 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from may to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "hahncappsia neomarculenta", "paragraphs": ["photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nmunroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2a , p . 42 ; pl . 3 . 71 . order\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nno state or province has been specified for the images in this part of the guide .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nuse of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy ."]}
{"id": 2546, "summary": [{"text": "wilson 's storm petrel ( oceanites oceanicus ) , also known as wilson 's petrel , is a small seabird of the austral storm petrel family oceanitidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is one of the most abundant bird species in the world and has a circumpolar distribution mainly in the seas of the southern hemisphere but extending northwards during the summer of the northern hemisphere .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "the world population has been estimated to be more than 50 million pairs .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "the name commemorates the scottish-american ornithologist alexander wilson .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the genus name oceanites refers to the mythical oceanids , the three thousand daughters of tethys .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species name is from latin oceanus , \" ocean \" . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "wilson ' s storm petrel", "paragraphs": ["flat - clawed storm petrel , wilson\u2019s petrel , wilson\u2019s storm petrel , yellow - webbed storm - petrel .\nthe one record of the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel was from the middle shelf .\nno specific conservation measures are currently in place for wilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( 2 ) .\nwilson ' s storm petrel is one of the most abundant bird species in the world .\n> calls of wilson & apos ; s storm petrel : functions , i . . .\nwilson\u2019s storm - petrel is extremely wide ranging , visiting all major oceans except the arctic ( 3 ) .\nwilson ' s storm - petrel spends much of its life at sea ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nthis map shows the geographic location of 1 wilson\u2019s storm - petrel sightings ( blue star ) on petra\u2019s fishing trip from port o\u2019connor .\n) . olfactory guidance of leach ' s storm petrel to the breeding island .\ng\u0119bczy\u0144ski ak ( 1995 ) is there a hypothermia in wilson\u2019s storm petrel chicks ? . polish polar res 16 : 175\u2013184\n1 . wilson\u2019s storm petrels are one of the most numerous birds in the world .\nfigure 1 . distribution of the leach ' s storm - petrel in north america .\nwilson ' s storm - petrel is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nsee howell ( 2012 ) for a detailed account of the distribution of wilson ' s storm - petrel in north america .\nobst bs , nagy ka ( 1993 ) stomach oil and energy budgets of wilson\u2019s storm petrel nestlings . condor 95 : 792\u2013805\ntwo subspecies of wilson\u2019s storm - petrel are recognised : oceanites oceanicus exasperatus and the slightly smaller oceanites oceanicus oceanicus ( 3 ) .\npearman , m . 2000 . first records of elliot\u00b4s storm petrel oceanites gracilipes in argentina .\nwe had left the expected range of many humboldt current species including elliot\u2019s storm - petrel .\n4 . wilson\u2019s storm petrels are the smallest warm - blooded animal to breed in the antarctic .\nwilson\u2019s storm petrels are gregarious at sea with flocks reaching several thousands at staging points during migration .\nthe latest sighting details and map for wilson ' s storm petrel are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .\nthe life expectancy of a wilson ' s storm - petrel is approximately 10 years and four months ( quillfeldt & m\u00f6stl 2003 ) .\nin australian territories , the dark morph of the white - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta grallaria ) may be confused with the wilson ' s storm - petrel . furthermore , the species is also superficially similar to leach ' s storm - petrel ( oceanodroma leucorhoa ) ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nwilson ' s storm - petrel ( oceanites oceanicus ) doing the ' water walking ' thing . image by patrick coin , from wikipedia .\nbirdlife international . 2013 . species factsheet : wilson ' s storm - petrel oceanites oceanicus . downloaded from birdlife international on 5 march 2013 .\ndue to its fragility on land , wilson\u2019s storm - petrel only comes to shore at night , to avoid predators such as gulls and eagles . when threatened , wilson\u2019s storm - petrel may squeak and eject an oily liquid from the stomach in defence ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nthe breeding season for the wilson ' s storm - petrel is from november to december and march to may ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nthe graph below shows the number and date of all wilson\u2019s storm - petrel sightings offshore texas . not seen yet on a texas pelagic trip .\nwilson ' s storm - petrel patters on the ocean surface with wings almost horizontal . photographed by leonard medlock on the august 08 bbc extreme pelagic\nother names : flat - clawed or yellow - webbed storm - petrel , mother carey ' s chicken .\nolivier f ( 2003 ) detailed information on 196 grid sites used for snow petrel and wilson\u2019s storm petrel surveys in the windmill islands during the 2002 / 2003 season . australian antarctic data centre\u2013snowhite metadata .\nthe wings of wilson\u2019s storm - petrel are distinctively short and rounded , and its feet can be seen protruding slightly past its square tail when in flight . when gliding close to the water\u2019s surface , wilson\u2019s storm - petrel appears to \u2018jump\u2019 as it repeatedly dips its long legs in the water . this species has a distinctive bright yellow membrane between its black toes , which is thought to attract prey ( 2 ) . as in other storm - petrels , the female wilson\u2019s storm - petrel is larger than the male ( 4 ) .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - wilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( oceanites oceanicus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - wilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( oceanites oceanicus )\ntitle =\narkive species - wilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( oceanites oceanicus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nbretagnolle , v . 1989 . calls of wilson ' s storm petrel : functions , individual and sexual recognitions , and geographic variation . behaviour 111 : 98\u2013112 .\noceanites oceanicus ( wilson ' s storm - petrel ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014xt ) [ state action plan ] .\nat nesting sites wilson\u2019s storm petrel are killed by skuas and starvation , due to the blocking of the burrow by hard snow , is a cause of chick mortality .\nthe global population of the wilson ' s storm - petrel is estimated to be in the order of 12 000 000\u201330 000 000 birds ( birdlife international 2010b ) .\naustralian antarctic division ( aad ) ( 2010 ) . wilson ' s storm petrel factsheet . available from : urltoken . [ accessed : 02 - nov - 2010 ] .\nmoore , c . c . 1992 . wilson ' s petrel with legs ensnared in fishing mesh . british birds 85 : 556 .\nquillfeldt p ( 2001 ) variation of breeding success in wilson\u2019s storm petrels : influence of environmental factors . antarct sci 13 : 400\u2013409\nwilson\u2019s storm petrel are numerous and wide ranging . they migrate from their antarctic breeding grounds to north of the equator in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans , with few birds migrating north into the eastern pacific ocean . their range overlaps with many other storm petrel species .\nolivier f ( 2005 ) detailed information on the location and characteristics of wilson\u2019s storm petrel nests found during systematic surveys in the mawson and casey regions . australian antarctic data centre\u2013snowhite metadata .\n5 . during storms at sea wilson\u2019s storm petrels will fly in the troughs of waves in order to take some sort of cover .\ndive ? does wilson ' s storm - petrel dive ? i have seen thousands of wilsons and never saw a single bird dive under the water . parmelee ( 1993 ) descrbes an incident of wilson ' s storm - petrel\nsubmerging to grasp rising oil droplets before the droplets could float to the surface and burst .\ni don ' t really consider that diving .\nprotection / threats / status : in spite of predation on the breeding grounds , the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel is one of the most abundant of all seabirds . the population was estimated at 12 , 000 , 000 / 30 , 000 , 000 individuals in 2004 , and it is still suspected to be stable . the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel is currently evaluated as least concern .\nmoore , c . c . ( 1992 ) . wilson ' s petrel with legs ensnared in fishing mesh . british birds . 85 : 556 .\nthis analysis of the flight behaviour of wilson ' s storm petrel indicates that its \u2018hovering\u2019 is an energetically inexpensive foraging stragegy which is probably available only to small , surface - feeding birds with low wingloading .\n) . much work remains to determine the nonbreeding distributions of these populations . the smaller , dark - rumped swinhoe ' s storm - petrel (\nwilson ' s storm - petrel is one of the world ' s most abundant seabirds and the smallest endotherm ( generating its own heat for warmth ) that breeds in antarctic waters ( b\u00fc\u00dfer et al . 2004 ; quillfeldt & m\u00f6stl 2003 ) .\n3 . the \u201cstorm\u201d in the bird\u2019s name refers to the idea that the appearance of flocks of the bird foretold of a coming storm .\n\u2019s storm - petrels and both a typical and an atypical , well - marked example of elliot\u2019s storm - petrel . the puerto montt birds show less white on the belly and more white on the vent than typical elliot\u2019s storm - petrels . elliot\u2019s also shows a clear divide between belly and rump , along the femoral tract , although this may sometimes be faint or hidden .\noff western australia and the northern territory , wilson ' s storm - petrels are mainly observed along the coast during migration ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nwilson ' s storm - petrels are diurnal feeders , consuming mainly pelagic ( marine ) crustaceans and fish with some cephalopods , polychaetes , gastropods and carrion .\ninterestingly in relation to wilson\u2019s storm - petrel , harrison notes \u201ccape horn birds may have pale vents ( naveen , pers . comm . ) . \u201d it would appear ron naveen was most likely referring here once again to\nthe breeding range of wilson ' s storm - petrel includes subantarctic islands from cape horn , chile , east to the kerguelen islands , the french southern territories and also includes coastal antarctica ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nwilson ' s storm - petrel breeds colonially in holes and crevices in cliffs , rocky slopes and screes on islands in the fuegian region of chile and the subantarctic , the antarctic mainland , and possibly in the andes .\njames pc ( 1983 ) storm petrel tape lures : which sex is attracted ? ring migr 4 : 249\u2013253 .\nquillfeldt . p . 2001 . variation in breeding success of wilson ' s storm petrels : influence of environmental factors . antarctic science 13 : 400 - 409 .\nwilson\u2019s storm - petrel uses a wide range of vocal signals to communicate . it is a strong flier and an excellent swimmer , but cannot sustain itself for more than a few steps when walking on land ( 2 ) .\ncopestake , pg & croxall , jp ( 1985 ) . aspects of the breeding biology of wilson ' s storm petrel oceanites oceanicus at bird island , south georgia . british antarctica survey bulletin . 66 : 7 - 17 .\nby w . b . alexander in \u201cbirds of the ocean\u201d ( 1928 ) . the taxon was later described in detail by murphy ( 1936 ) and referred to as \u201cfuegian petrel\u201d , a new subspecies of wilsons storm - petrel . subsequent to that , for reasons we have yet to establish , the taxon was \u201cdropped\u201d as a race of wilson\u2019s . until very recently only two races of wilsons storm - petrel\nadults are taken mostly by great skuas ( c . skua ) which take wilson ' s storm - petrels from the ground and in flight . remains of wilson ' s storm - petrels are frequent in skuas ' middens ( ground burrow used for food ) at many sites . at south georgia , some birds may be taken by southern giant - petrels ( macronectes giganteus ) and northern giant - petrels ( m . halli ) . there is one record of predation of a wilson ' s storm - petrel by a shark ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\ndepartment of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . 2013 . oceanites oceanicus - wilson ' s storm - petrel in species profile and threats database , department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities , canberra .\nwilson\u2019s storm petrels young and eggs are preyed upon by skuas , gulls , owls , and falcons . because of their small size adults may also be taken by falcons .\ncopestake , p . g . and croxall , j . p . ( 1985 ) aspects of the breeding biology of wilson\u2019s storm petrel oceanites oceanicus at bird island , south georgia . british antarctic survey bulletin , 66 : 7 - 17 .\nbehaviors the most obvious storm - petrel behavior is pattering their feet along the surface of the water when feeding . this is best observed on a calm ocean . observe the angle of the wings when pattering . wilson ' s storm - petrel holds its wing in a horizontal to a shallow v shape as seen in chris ciccone ' s photograph . usually found in groups either resting on the ocean or feeding .\nsaville , s . , stevenson , b . , & southley , i . 2003 . a possible sighting of an \u2018extinct\u2019 bird \u2013 the new zealand storm - petrel .\nlockley , r . m . 1983 . flight of the storm petrel . david & charles , newton abbott & london .\ncopestake , p . g . , and j . p . croxall . 1985 . aspects of the breeding biology of wilson ' s storm - petrel oceanites oceanicus at bird island , south georgia . british antarctic survey bulletin 66 : 7 - 17 .\nintroduction : the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel is included in the southern subfamily oceanitinae , but it is a transequatorial migrant that winters in the northern hemisphere . this species has wide range and large populations . however , the main threats are first the ingestion of plastic , and then , the fishing nets where birds can be entangled at sea . it also has some natural avian predators on the breeding islands . the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel spends most of the year at sea and comes on land only for breeding .\nin australia , most reports of the wilson ' s storm - petrel are from the edge of the continental shelf and during autumn . the species is known to breed on heard island , where it is described as abundant ( woehler & johnstone 1991 ) .\nwithin the antarctic area , certain sites have been designated specially protected areas ( aspa ) ( ats 2008 ) to preserve historical , scientific and environmental values . some of these include sites of breeding importance to the wilson ' s storm - petrel , namely :\nwilson\u2019s storm petrel is a small storm petrel with short , rounded wings and long legs projecting beyond the tail in flight . it is about 18 cm in length with a wing span of approximately 40 cm . their upperparts are mostly sooty - brown except for a conspicuous white rump and a pale brown band showing across the greater wing - coverts . their underside is mainly sooty - brown .\nvelez , l . g . ( 1995 ) . wilson ' s storm petrels oceanites oceanicus breeding at the bertrab nunatak , filchner iceshelf , antarctica . marine ornithology . 23 : 67 .\nthe wilson ' s storm - petrel is a pelagic ( marine ) species distributed throughout most of the world ' s oceans . its distribution stretches north through the mid - latitudes of the northern hemisphere and south through the oceans surrounding australia and the australian antarctic territory ( aat ) ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nwilson\u2019s storm - petrel is among the most numerous of all birds . no global threat to this species is known , but it does face competition from commercial fishing , as well as the problem of pesticide and heavy metal contamination of its food sources ( 2 ) .\nwilson\u2019s storm - petrel makes nests in burrows or rock crevices , and tends to breed together in loose colonies . the breeding season is around november to december . each pair lays a single egg , which hatches after an incubation period of around 43 days ( 2 ) .\nwilson\u2019s storm - petrel breeds around the cold waters of antarctica , on rocky islets , cliffs and amongst boulder scree . during the southern winter it heads north , and may be seen around small rocky islands in the atlantic and indian oceans ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .\ndavis p ( 1957 ) the breeding of the storm petrel . british birds 50 : 85\u2013384 , 85 - 101 , 371 - 384 .\nmany also displayed a lightly mottled vent / lower belly suggestive of elliot\u2019s . we considered elliot\u2019s a remote possibility off\nthe diet of wilson\u2019s storm - petrel is mostly based on planktonic crustaceans , especially krill , but may also include fish , squid and other molluscs . this species can detect prey by smell , and is known to search out and follow fishing trawlers ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .\nbeck , j . r . , and d . w . brown . 1972 . the breeding biology of wilson ' s storm petrel , oceanites oceanicus ( kuhl ) , at signy island , south orkney islands . british antarctic survey sci . rep . 69 : 1 - 54 .\nin summer , wilson ' s storm - petrels move in a circumpolar oceanic range , mostly restricted to the southern ocean ( south of 50\u00b0 s to 40\u00b0 s in the south - west region of the range ) . in the atlantic and south - west indian oceans , the species is found to approximately 30\u00b0 s off western south america ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\n) , nesting off japan , korea , china , and russia , is so similar it has been considered a race of leach ' s storm - petrel ; the two are appropriately considered a superspecies .\ningestion of plastics is a primary threat to wilson ' s storm - petrels , with a high proportion of adults and pre - fledged chicks reported to have plastic in stomachs ( moser & lee 1992 ) .\nsince unplugged birds recovered their olfactory capabilities during the experiment , we pooled them with the control birds in global homing success analysis . a g - test ( one - tailed ) indicated a lower global homing success of plugged birds with respect to pooled control and unplugged birds in common diving petrel ( p < 0 . 05 ) , madeiran storm petrel ( p < 0 . 05 ) , wilson ' s storm petrel ( p < 0 . 01 ) and thin - billed prions ( p < 0 . 001 ) .\nwilson\u2019s storm petrel breed on the antarctic continent , south georgia , kerguelen , falklands , tierra del fuego islands off cape horn , and possibly also at peter , bouvet , heard , the balleny islands and islands off graham land . non - breeders may remain in the north throughout the year .\nthe wilson\u2019s storm - petrel is a transequatorial migrant . it migrates from the breeding grounds in antarctic to n of the equator in atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . a few birds migrate n into e pacific ocean . the non - breeding birds may remain in the north throughout the year .\nthe right storm - petrel to watch wilson ' s is the storm - petrel to watch as it readily approaches boats and can often be observed within 3 feet of the boat . harrison says it follows ships and attends trawlers . ( harrison 1983 ) . follows ships means it will follow the wake of a boat that is steaming along without dispersing fish waste or chum . attends trawlers refers to gathering behind a fishing vessel discarding fish parts .\nwilson ' s storm petrel was included as a new zealand bird species without locality in buller ' s birds of new zealand , 1888 . there are two subspecies : oceanicus whuich breeds on subantarctic islands in the south atlantic and south indian ocean , and exasperatus which breeds on coasts and islands of antarctica and is an uncommon passage migrant through new zealand waters .\npower , d . m . and d . g . ainley . 1986 . seabird geographic variability : similarity among populations of leach ' s storm - petrel . auk no . 103 : 575 - 585 . close\nhedd p , montevecchi wa ( 2006 ) diet and trophic position of leach ' s storm - petrel during breeding and moult , inferred from stable isotope analysis of feathers . mar ecol prog ser 322 : 291\u2013301 .\non my first pelagic trip to monterey bay in california , i was looking forward to identifying several new storm - petrels . the first flock spotted was far from the boat almost to the horizon . i decided to wait for a closer flock . but the next flock was also far away as was the following flock and they didn ' t seem to respond to the boat ' s chumming . i realized that other storm - petrels are not boat followers and i had to work at identifying distant storm - petrels . that ' s when i came to appreciate our wonderful little bird watcher friendly wilson ' s storm - petrel .\nthe white band across the rump and the yellow webbing is diagnostic but the wilson ' s storm - petrel is hard to identify , especially in flight . the square tail , brownish wingbar ( usually best seen on worn plumage ) and feet slightly extending beyond tail are useful identifiers ( lindsay 1986 ) .\nthe wilson ' s storm - petrel has been identified as a conservation value in the temperate east ( dsewpac 2012aa ) marine region . see schedule 2 of the temperate east marine bioregional plan ( dsewpac 2012aa ) for regional advice . maps of biologically important areas have been developed for wilson ' s storm - petrel in the temperate east ( dsewpac 2012aa ) marine region and may provide additional relevant information . go to the conservation values atlas to view the locations of these biologically important areas . the\nspecies group report card - seabirds\nfor the temperate east ( dsewpac 2012aa ) marine region provides additional information .\nmaguire ej , zonfrillo b , clark h , wilkins m ( 1980 ) status of storm petrel in clyde and forth . scottish birds 11 : 51\u201353 .\nthe wilson ' s storm petrel migrates from its antarctic breeding grounds to north of the equator in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . the ross sea birds and birds south of australia , migrate to the indian ocean . they are gregarious at sea with flocks reaching several thousands at staging points during migration .\nbehaviour in the wild : the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel feeds mainly on crustaceans , especially krill of genus euphausia , small fish ( 2 - 8 cm long ) , squid and carrion . it also follows ships and trawlers for offal , and often feeds around large cetaceans that lead the preys to the surface .\nquillfeldt , p . & e . m\u00f6stl ( 2003 ) . resource allocation in wilson ' s storm - petrels oceanites oceanicus determined by measurement of glucocorticoid excretion . acta ethologica . 5 ( 2 ) : 115 - 122 .\none of the most numerous of all sea birds ( 3 ) , wilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( oceanites oceanicus ) is predominantly sooty - black with a white , u - shaped rump . there is a pale bar on the upperwing , and the dark underwing has a paler patch on the underwing - coverts ( 3 ) .\nbreeding sites of wilson ' s storm - petrel outside the americas include south shetland , bouvet\u00f8y , crozet , kerguelen , heard , macquarie , balleny , scott , and peter islands , and many other small islands and archipelagos in the southern ocean , as well as antarctica ( murphy 1936 , onley and scofield 2007 , brooke 2004 ) .\nunderside scott surner captured this view of wilson ' s storm - petrel which shows the underside as it banks toward the boat . notice that the wings are dark underneath and that the white rump wraps on either side of the tail down to the legs . the bird ' s left leg clearly extends beyond tail . look closely at the right foot and you can see a hint of the yellow web between the toes . the close approach of this storm - petrel and the thousands that swarm in our waters makes photographs like this possible . great picture scott . thanks for sharing .\nthe average size of individuals is 15\u201319 cm in length , with a wingspan of 38\u201342 cm . each wing is 14\u201315 cm long , and the tail is 5 . 7\u20136 . 2 cm long . the average weight of a wilson ' s storm - petrel is approximately 34\u201350 grams ( lindsay 1986 ; marchant & higgins 1990 ) . wilson ' s storm - petrels are gregarious ; congregating when feeding and migrating and breeding colonially . at sea they are found singularly or in small flocks . historically , groups of hundreds to thousands were recorded at whaling stations ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nhowell , s . n . g . 2012 . petrels , albatrosses and storm - petrels of north america . princeton university press , new jersey .\n- once again we found ourselves puzzled by storm - petrels in chilean waters .\nquillfeldt , p . , and h . - u . peter . 2000 . provisioning and growth in chicks of wilson ' s storm - petrels ( oceanites oceanicus ) on king george island , south shetland islands . polar biology 23 : 817 - 824 .\nwilson ' s storm petrel feeds over the continental shelf . they feed , typically of storm petrels , by running along the surface of the water with wings outstretched and bill , or their entire head , submerged in the water to scoop in their food , taking minutiae from the surface . they feed on crustacea , cephalopods , fish , and offal . they readily follow ships and attend trawlers , attracted by the left overs , and whales and dolphins .\nmontage showing representatives of the five main petrel clades . top left : great shearwater ( puffinus gravis ) . top right : black - capped petrel ( petrodoma hasitata ) , both images by patrick coin . below , top to bottom : southern giant petrel ( macronectes giganteus ) by brocken inaglory ; broad - billed prion ( pachyptila vittata ) , by rosemary tully ; westland petrel ( procellaria westlandica ) , by mark jobling .\n15\u201320 cm ; 28\u201350 g ; wingspan 34\u201342 cm . small blackish storm - petrel with long legs , square - ended tail and white horseshoe on uppertail - coverts . head and . . .\nin the non - breeding season , the birds are mainly seen in tropical and subtropical waters ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) . in pack - ice , the species rests on ice - floes and flies in the shelter of floes during gales . outside of the breeding season , the wilson ' s storm - petrel roosts on the sea surface ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nin the breeding season , the species is seen foraging near to breeding sites . their range extends a few degrees into the subtropical zone where breeding is on islands is close to the subtropical convergence . in the ross sea in summer , most birds are within 500 km of nesting grounds , and individuals are mainly found in open water north of pack ice . within pack - ice , the wilson ' s storm - petrel frequents light pack . however , the species is more often seen over wide leads and pools rather than near ice - floes or brash - ice . concentrations of the wilson ' s storm - petrel have been observed at the edge of pack ice . on the antarctic continent , birds are occasionally seen well inland ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nb\u00fc\u00dfer , c . , a . kahles & p . quillfeldt ( 2004 ) . breeding success and chick provisioning in wilson ' s storm - petrels oceanites oceanicus over seven years : frequent failures due to food shortage and entombment . polar biology . 27 : 613 - 622 .\ngladbach , a . , c . braun , a . nordt , h . u . peter & p . quillfeldt ( 2009 ) . chick provisioning and nest attendance of male and female wilson ' s storm petrels oceanites oceanicus . polar biology . 32 : 1315 - 1321 .\nscott spangenber donated this great photo of wilson\u2019s storm - petrel from the july 19 , 2008 bbc pelagic to the continental shelf edge , the bird on the left has its feet closed as usual , but the bird on the right is caught with both feet open giving us a clear look at the yellow web . nice photo scott . yellow webs are not a field mark for the ordinary observer , but with a good photograph they are pretty definitive . the only other storm - petrel in our area to display yellow web is the white - faced storm - petrel which is otherwise very distinctive . notice also how clearly the white rump wraps around the underside of the bird to the left and the light band on the upper wing clearly stops short of the leading edge of the left wing .\nwilson\u2019s storm petrel return to their colonies in november / december and eggs are laid in mid - december ( approximately one month later at heard island and iles kerguelen ) . both parents share the 39\u201348 day incubation period , taking alternative shifts of about 48 hours . once the chicks hatch they are fed irregulary by both parents for up to 52 days . fledging and dispersion begins in april / may .\ndespite its small size and seemingly weak flight , this bird is at home on the roughest of seas , flying in the troughs of the waves during gales . it also travels huge distances - - from the antarctic to the edge of the arctic . although it nests only in far southern oceans , wilson ' s storm - petrel is often the most common seabird off the atlantic coast of the united states .\ncalls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel\u2019s main call is a loud , nasal , grating \u00ab aark aark \u00bb given from the ground at colonies . the male utters a monotonous chatter to attract females \u201caark - uh - ah - ah - uh - uh\u201d . this species is usually silent at sea , but some quiet , low squeaks can be heard within the feeding flocks . the birds may call during aerial pursuits or while flying above the nesting hole at night .\n\u2019s position near the southern edge of the expected range for many humboldt current seabirds .\n( ed . a . s . king and j . mclelland ) , pp .\nseabird season is in full swing , as this week ' s terrific winner demonstrates .\naround antarctica , 72 . 9 % of observations of the feeding systems of wilson ' s storm - petrel were of pattering with 27 . 1 % of observations being of dipping ( n = 284 ) ( harper 1987 ) . comparatively , in the ross sea , 74 % of observations were of pattering , 23 % were of dipping and 3 % were of surface - seizing ( n = 35 ) ( harper 1987 ) .\nreproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs between november / december and late january / late march throughout the range . the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel breeds in loose colonies established on rocky islands , on cliffs or among boulder scree . it nests in cavities , rock crevices or burrows ( 20 - 50 cm long ) . the nest can be unlined , but sometimes , the nest - chamber is lined with feathers and moss .\nwilson\u2019s storm petrels have the ability to hover just above the water\u2019s surface in order to pluck at plankton just underneath . their feet will dip in at a spot in the water ( perhaps to attract prey ) , the bird will nab the food , and then it will flutter to a new spot a little ways away . they will also sometimes make rare dives in order to nab small fish .\nmatsudaira\u2019s storm - petrel , at sea off denis island , seychelles , november 2014 . this sequence of one individual illustrates the long wings and relatively long , deeply forked tail of this large , dark - rumped oceanodroma . note how the apparent shape , size and contrast of the white patch at the primary bases and of the pale upperwing bar appear to change with angle and light . tubenoses project & extreme gadfly petrel expeditions \u00a9 hadoram shirihai\nidentification - dark with white rump the first storm - petrel you are likely to see in new england waters is the wilson ' s storm - petrel or wsp . the first characteristic you will notice is that it is a dark bird with a prominent white rump . your identification problem will be to separate it from the three other dark with white rump storm - petrels possible in our waters . separating new england storm - petrels . in this awesome photograph taken by scott spangenberg you can see the primary field marks of the wsp . the most prominent feature is the complete , white band on the rump . when flying the long legs trail behind the tail . ( 1 ) . there are white bands on both upper wings that do not reach the leading edge of the wing . ( 2 ) notice the straight trailing edge of the wings in calm winds . ( 3 )\nwilson\u2019s storm petrels feed by running along the surface of the water with wings outstretched and the bill ( or their entire head ) submerged in the water to scoop in their food , taking minutiae from the surface . they feed on crustacea ( amphipods and euphausia ) , cephalopods ( squid ) , fish , offal , etc .\nwilson ' s storm - petrel breeds on rocky islets , on cliffs and amongst boulder scree . it prefers to feed mainly in cold waters over continental shelves or inshore , with a diet of comprised mainly of planktonic crustaceans ( especially krill ) and fish ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) . its diet shifts from mainly crustaceans during egg formation to an increased proportion of fish during chick - rearing and moulting ( quillfeldt et al . 2005 ) .\n2 . the bird is named after alexander wilson , a scottish - american naturalist who is called the \u201cfather of american ornithology . \u201d\nwilson ' s storm petrel ( oceanites oceanicus ) characteristically feeds by \u2018hovering\u2019 over the water surface , but its technique for this is unlike that of other flying vertebrates . the kinematics and aerodynamics of this \u2018hovering\u2019 flight were investigated to determine the possible sources of lift ; various nonaerodynamic sources of lift were discounted . it is suggested that the storm petrel soars into an ambient , horizontal wind , and thus is not hovering in the usual sense . such soaring into a horizontal wind is only possible if some thrust component counteracts the bird ' s aerodynamic drag , and it is shown that the hydrodynamic drag of the feet through the water is adequate to balance aerodynamic drag . the bird is thus analagous to a kite , where the tension in the string counterbalances the aerodynamic drag of the kite .\nthe movements of the storm petrel ' s wings during \u2018hovering\u2019 suggest that the bird may use the wing - flip mechanism for generation of high lift coefficients ( weis - fogh , 1973 , 1976 ) . such high lift coefficients are required for the bird to \u2018hover\u2019 under calm conditions , when ambient wind velocity is less than 5 m s \u22121 . use of the wing - flip mechanism would enable the bird to \u2018hover\u2019 at lower ambient wind velocities . ground effect also contributes to the bird ' s ability to \u2018hover\u2019 .\nsuch was the interest sparked by these birds that we began to closely inspect all storm - petrels thereafter .\nsex differences in biometrics of european storm petrels ( hydrobates pelagicus ) attracted to playback calls in southern europe .\nthe diet of the wilson ' s storm - petrel shifts from mainly crustaceans during egg formation to an increased proportion of fish during chick - rearing and moulting ( quillfeldt et al . 2005 ) . fish prey includes antarctic silverside ( pleuragramma antarcticum ) , lanternfish ( protomyctophum bolini ) and norman ' s lanternfish ( p . normani ) . squid are usually taken in higher proportions outside the breeding season . species consumed include the glacial squid ( psychroteuthis glacialis ) and orchomene sp . other items eaten include cirriped larvae , gastropods and nereid worms ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nharrison , p . , m . sallaberry , c . p . gaskin , k . a . baird , a . jaramillo , s . m . metz , m . pearman , m . o ' keeffe , j . dowdall , s . enright , k . fahy , j . gilligan , and g . lillie . 2013 . a nwq species of storm - petrel from chile . auk 130 : 180 - 191 .\ncarboneras , c . , jutglar , f . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . wilson ' s storm - petrel ( oceanites oceanicus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe vocalizations of the wilson & apos ; s storm petrel ( class aves ) are described briefly . the functions of these calls was determined by experimental playback . the grating call was highly stereotyped individually , and was used in sexual contexts ( short version ) or agonistic situations ( long version ) . in contrast , the chattering call , displayed only by males , was used for self - advertisement and species recognition . the geographic variation of calls exhibited between two different populations is discussed .\nwilson ' s storm - petrels return to breeding sites in late october to early december . during summer , some immatures remain in tropic areas but adults may be distributed within 750 km of breeding sites . the maximum foraging range of breeding birds at south georgia is estimated at 189\u2013250 km and at the antarctic peninsula , 744 km ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nbenvenuti , s . , ioal\u00e8 , p . , gagliardo , a . and bonadonna , f .\nnaveen , r . ( 1981 ) storm petrels of the world . an introductory guide to their identification . in :\nthe wilson\u2019s storm - petrel feeds by \u201crunning\u201d over the surface . it flies low over the water with dangling legs and outstretched wings . the bill ( or the entire head ) is submerged in the water to seize the food . the birds patter on the water surface with their feet , displaying conspicuously the yellow webs , in order to disturb the preys and to attract them to the surface . dipping , pattering , skimming and shallow - plunging are the usual techniques . they are very gregarious and forage in flocks .\nhabitat : the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel is strictly marine . during the breeding season , it frequents the cold waters inshore or over the continental shelf . outside this period , it is mainly over pelagic waters . the breeding colonies are established on remote , rocky islands , usually on cliffs or among boulder scree . although it avoids snow and ice , there are some records of birds nesting up to 120 kilometres inland in e antarctica , at 600 metres of elevation . it nests in rock crevices and self - excavated burrows under boulders .\ntell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .\nthe views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .\nperneger tv ( 1998 ) what ' s wrong with bonferroni adjustments . brit med j 316 : 1236\u20131238 .\nsubspecies and range : the wilson\u2019s storm - petrel has three recognized subspecies . o . o . chilensis breeds in tierra del fuego . outside this period , it can be found at least as far as peru . o . o . oceanicus is present in all major oceans . it breeds on subantarctic islands from cape horn e to kerguelen and heard islands . o . o . exasperatus is also present in all major oceans . it breeds on south sandwich islands , the islands of scotia sea and coastal antarctica . this one is the largest race .\n7 . the name \u201cpetrel\u201d refers to saint peter and was given to the species because the birds\u2019 hovering makes them look like they are walking on water .\nchicks can reach 145 % of adult body weight by fledging , and adult wilson ' s storm - petrels may also increase their body weight during chick raising . this is due to the provisioning of krill in february to march when it is at its peak density in waters surrounding breeding sites ( copestake & croxall 1985 ) . this ability to gain sufficient weight will impact the success of the individual .\nthe wilson\u2019s storm - petrel returns to the colonies in november / december . they are monogamous , usually with long - term pair - bonds retained from year to year . the nuptial displays include aerial pursuits at night . two or several birds fly fast in circles above the nesting site while calling loudly . it is suggested that the conspicuous white rump is helpful in these displays performed in almost total darkness . the female performs a pre - laying exodus during 10 - 11 days prior to the egg - laying . they are loosely colonial and may share the site with other seabird species .\npresent address : department of zoology , duke university , durham , north carolina 27706 , u . s . a .\nleach ' s storm - petrel , also known as leach ' s petrel and mother cary ' s chicken , is the most widespread procellariiform breeding in the northern hemisphere . more than eight million pairs nest in burrows or crevices on atlantic islands from norway to massachusetts and on pacific islands from baja california to hokkaido , japan . outside the long nesting season , these seabirds disperse widely in the atlantic and pacific oceans , well away from land and mainly in the tropics . millions more nonbreeders , mostly immatures , remain at sea year - round , although many of them visit colonies during the nesting season . small and dark and not usually gregarious or attracted to ships , this species is inconspicuous at sea . even at nesting islands , individuals fly to and from their subterranean nests only at night . many aspects of their lives remain mysteries .\nand shows some plumage features suggestive of elliot\u2019s including pale mottling on the belly and a paler underwing panel . some indeed suspect\ncramp s , simmons kel ( 1977 ) the birds of the western palearctic , vol . 1 . oxford university press .\non migration in the indian and pacific oceans , the species remains far out to sea ; although first - year birds may follow the coasts of southern continents . birds often congregate and feed at ocean fronts , and are occasionally sighted inshore ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) . in south - east australia , wilson ' s storm - petrels are found over waters of surface temperatures between 9 . 4\u201322 . 0 \u00b0c ( reid et al . 2002 ) .\nin the south - west pacific ocean , wilson ' s storm - petrels are observed on passage off new caledonia in march to june ; off vanuatu in october ; the solomon islands in april ; and papua new guinea ( png ) in may and september to november . winter records from southern png , solomon island and the coral sea suggest a possible extension of wintering areas off northern australia to the northern coral sea ( marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nin the waters off of chile ,\nfuegian storm - petrel\nis very common , usually found within 509 km of the coast between 3 . 10\u00b0s and 53 . 63\u00b0s ( spear and ainley 2007 ) . similarly , beck ( in murphy 1936 ) recorded this taxa within 250 km of shore . in austral spring , the nonbreeding season , densities of this taxon are greatest off of southern chile , though other concentrations occur extend to northern chile . in austral autumn , the breeding season , concentrations were bifurcated , with the largest numbers off central and southern chile .\nflood . r . l . and thomas b . 2007 . identification of \u2018black - and - white\u2019 storm - petrels of the north atlantic .\nmolecular evidence revealed that traditional grouping of all storm - petrels in a single family was paraphyletic # r # r ; precise relationships at higher levels within this order are still disputed , but storm - petrels now generally split into two families , comprising \u201csouthern\u201d oceanitidae and \u201cnorthern\u201d hydrobatidae # r .\nthis species account is dedicated in honor of bill ellison , a member of the cornell lab of ornithology ' s administrative board .\npalma , r . l . , a . j . d . tennyson , c . p . gaskin , and a . jaramillo . 2012 . the scientific name , author , and date for the\nfuegian storm - petrel\n, a subspecies of oceanites oceanicus from southern south america . notornis 59 : 74 - 78 .\nin the caribbean region , wilson ' s storm - petrels occur off guadeloupe mid - february to early august , with a peak in april , and seasonally fairly common around the bahamas from late april to mid - june , but for the most part uncommon in the caribbean . rare to locally fairly common from april to september , but mainly late may to august in the gulf of mexico , with the largest concentrations around the mouth of the mississippi river ( howell 2012 ) .\nolivier f , wotherspoon sj ( 2006 ) modeling habitat selection using presence - only data : case study of a colonial hollow nesting bird , the snow petrel . ecol model ( in press )\nwilson\u2019s storm - petrel ( oceanites oceanicus ) is known to breed in antarctic and subantarctic latitudes . nests are usually on rocky islets but also occur up to 120 km inland and almost 600 m asl in eastern antarctica . the subspecies chilensis breeds in tierra del fuego but there is increasing evidence that it may also nest in the chilean andes . the chilean ornithologist rafael barros v . found several apparently lost individuals , most of them juveniles still with some downy plumage , in an area of the andes where he lived between 1917 and 1928 . subsequently , in 1936 , robert c . murphy indicated that many birds captured in november\u2013december off valpara\u00edso showed enlarged gonads , implying a possible breeding area nearby .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nwilson ' s storm - petrels lay single egg clutches . both parents incubate the chick , rotating approximately every two days , and attend to the provisioning of chicks . hatching mainly takes place in the first half of february and chicks stay in the nest burrows for about 60 days . during the day , the chick is left unattended and is fed by adults on nocturnal visits until fledging . fledging starts in the second half of march ( gladbach et al . 2009 ; marchant & higgins 1990 ) .\nin the antarctic peninsula nests in cavities in glacial rubble , scree , and also in tunnels excavated by the birds under boulders . usually enters and leaves the nest site at night . one egg per nest . both parents incubate the egg and feed the chick . adults , eggs and chicks preyed upon by skuas . ( harrison 1983 ) . an even bigger danger is that the adult , egg , or chick become trapped in the burrow by a heavy snow storm . researchers in antarctica found mummified remains in burrows . when to see look for wilson ' s storm - petrel from june to october on stellwagen bank and even in the harbor in summer . the highest numbers are seen in july and early august . the bird is best observed on very calm seas when you can see it pattering on the water picking up bits of food on the wing .\nfowler ja , hulbert me , smith g ( 1986 ) sex ratio in a sample of storm petrels tape - lured in shetland . seabird 9 : 15\u201319 .\nrobbins , c . s . ( 1983 ) . golden field guide to birds of north america . golden press . 360p . [ details ]\nwest coast pelagic trips have started using beef suet as chum and are having more success at getting the storm - petrels closer to the boat . on a socal over night trip a large flock of black storm - petrels and fork - tailed storm - petrels responded to suet that had been put through a hamburger meat grinder . a large flock of least storm - petrels ignored the commotion . on the atlantic side , band - rumped storm - petrels that usually make a single pass by the boat and are gone also responded to suet that had been put through a meat grinder . the birds made pass after pass over the suet . it is hard to get the butcher to grind suet for you , but you need very small piece of suet for the birds to pick up quickly as they fly over the water .\nhabitat : widespread in the world\u2019s oceans . some authorities consider it the world\u2019s most abundant seabird . certainly , it is the most abundant pelagic bird in the north atlantic for much of the warmer months ( apr into oct ) , even though it nests at islands in the far southern oceans .\ni should note that \u2018petrel\u2019 is supposed to be pronounced in similar fashion to the name peter , since it apparently originated as a diminutive form of that name ( and hence started out as \u2018peter - el\u2019 ) . the books say that petrels are named after st . peter since he \u201cwalked ( somewhat fearfully ) on the stormy sea of galilee at christ\u2019s invitation\u201d ( lockley 1983 , p . 8 ) . the irony here is that the \u2018water walking\u2019 behaviour referred to here is practised by storm - petrels , not by petrels proper ( storm - petrels don\u2019t really walk on the water ; rather , they patter across the surface with their large webbed feet while flying ) [ adjacent image , showing this behaviour , by patrick coin ] . so , petrels \u2013 most of which are speedy soarers \u2013 are named after the idiosyncratic behaviour practised by storm - petrels .\nolivier f , wotherspoon sj ( 2005 ) gis based applications of resource selection functions to the prediction of snow petrel distribution and abundance in east antarctica : comparing models at multiple scales . ecol model 189 : 105\u2013129\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nintriguing are inland reports of wilson ' s storm - petrels from the andes that suggest the possibility of an inland component to the species ' range ( marin 2002 , alvaro jaramillo , personal communications ) . several reports from as far as 110 km inland and 1400 m in elevation of adults and juveniles mostly april and may ( though there are several from late january through march ) , and even small flocks encountered in las cuevas , mendoza , argentina in january , 1940 ( zotta 1944 ) . though these sightings may be attributed to vagrancy , the number of storm - petrel records from the andes and evidence such as a bird found with an egg in its oviduct underneath the eyrie of a peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) ( alvaro jaramillo , personal communication ) point to nesting somewhere inland , likely the andes . in the northern hemisphere , oceanites rarely occur as vagrants after storms so the same is assumed in the southern hemisphere .\nat sea ,\nfuegian storm - petrel ( o . o . chilensis ) is found in the highest density over the continental slope within the humboldt current . densities of this taxon decrease with sea surface temperature and wind speed , and increase with sea surface salinity ( spear and ainley 2007 ) . the subspecies oceanicus and exasperatus are found in the deep waters of the south equatorial current .\nwhen it blows a hard gale of wind the stormy petrel makes its appearance . while the sea runs mountains high , and every wave threatens destruction to the labouring vessel , this little harbinger of storms is seen enjoying itself , on rapid pinion , up and down the roaring billows . when the storm is over it appears no more . it must have been hatched in \u00e6olus ' s cave , amongst a clutch of squalls and tempests ; for whenever they get out upon the ocean it always contrives to be of the party . \u2014 charles waterton"]}
{"id": 2547, "summary": [{"text": "the southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) is a species of large-tooth flounders native to the eastern and gulf coasts of the united states .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "it is a popular sports fish and is the largest and most commercially valuable flounder in the western north atlantic ocean and gulf of mexico .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "its range is north carolina to the yucatan peninsula .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is a \" left-eyed flounder \" , meaning the left side is pigmented and is the \" up side \" .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the body color is brown with diffuse , unocellated spots and blotches . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "paralichthys lethostigma", "paragraphs": ["southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma . image courtesy of south carolina department of natural resources .\nthe southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , occurs from north carolina south through florida and the gulf of mexico to texas .\nphysiological performance of juvenile southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma ( jordan and gilbert , 1884 ) , in chronic and episodic hypoxia .\nphysiological performance of juvenile southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma ( jordan and gilbert , 1884 ) , in chronic and episodic hypoxia . - pubmed - ncbi\nparalichthys : parallel fish ( jordan and evermann 1898 ) ; lethostigma : forgetting spots , in reference to the absence of conspicuous spots on the body .\nnall , l . e . 1979 . age and growth of the southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) in the northern gulf of mexico with nores on paralichthys albigutta . master ' s thesis , florida state univ . , tallahassee .\njenkins we , smith ti . 1999 . pond nursery production of southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) and weaning to commercial diets . aquaculture 176 : 173 - 180 .\nthe southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , occurs from north carolina south through florida and the gulf of mexico to texas . the southern flounder occurs throughout the indian river lagoon .\nfox ls , white cj . 1969 . feeding habits of the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma . barataria bay , louisiana . proc la acad sci 32 : 31 - 38 .\ndenson mr , smith ti . 1997 . diet and light intensity effects on survival , growth and pigmentation of southern flounder paralichthys lethostigma . j world aquacult soc 28 : 366 - 373 .\ntable 4 . summary data for the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , recreational fishery in eastern florida waters from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .\nsmith ti , denson mr , heyward ld , jenkins we , carter lm . 1999 . salinity effects on early life stages of southern flounder paralichthys lethostigma . j world aquacult soc 30 : 236 - 244 .\nburke js , miller jm , hoss de . 1991 . immigration and settlement pattern of paralichthys dentatus and p . lethostigma in an estuarine nursery ground , north carolina , usa . netherlands j sea res 27 : 393 - 405 .\npowell ab , henley t . 1995 . egg and larval development of laboratory - reared gulf flounder , paralichthys albigutta , and southern flounder , p . lethostigma ( pisces , paralichthyidae ) . fish bull 93 : 504 - 515 .\nstokes gm . 1977 . life history studies of southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) and gulf flounder ( p . albigutta ) in the aransas bay area of texas . texas parks and wildlife dept technical series 25 . 37 p .\npowell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1979 . food of paralichthys dentatus and p . lethostigma ( pisces : bothidae ) in north carolina estuaries . estuaries 2 ( 4 ) : 276 - 279 .\npowell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1979 . food of paralichthys dentatus and p . lethostigma ( pisces : bothidae ) in north carolina estuaries . estuaries 2 ( 4 ) : 276 - 279 .\nfox , l . s . , and c . j . white . 1969 . feeding habits of the southern flounder , paralichthys lethostigma , in barataria bay , la . proc . la . acad . sci . 32 : 31 - 38 .\ntable 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations\u2020 . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of paralichthys lethostigma are found here .\np . lethostigma is one of the largest and most commercially valuable flounders in the western north atlantic ( burke et al . 1991 ) .\nreagan jr re , wingo wm . 1985 . species profiles : life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates ( gulf of mexico ) - southern flounder ( paralichthys lethostigma ) ( no . np - 5901733 ) . mississippi state univ . , mississippi state ( usa ) . dept of wildlife and fisheries .\npam fuller , and matt neilson , 2018 , paralichthys lethostigma jordan and gilbert , 1884 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 7 / 5 / 2011 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018\nparalichthys lethostigma is sometimes confused with p . albigutta , the gulf flounder . the two are easily distinguished based on the much smaller size of the gulf flounder , which grows only to 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . additionally , the gulf flounder has 3 ocellated spots : 2 vertically placed posterior to the pectoral fins , and 1 placed inside the base of the tail .\nparalichthys lethostigma is sometimes confused with p . albigutta , the gulf flounder . the two are easily distinguished based on the much smaller size of the gulf flounder , which grows only to 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . additionally , the gulf flounder has 3 ocellated spots : 2 vertically placed posterior to the pectoral fins , and 1 placed inside the base of the tail .\ndeubler , e . e . , jr . 1958 . a comparative study of the postlarvae of three flounders ( paralichthys ) in north carolina . copeia 1958 ( 2 ) : 112 - 116 .\nginsburg , i . 1952 . flounders of the genus paralichthys and related genera in american waters . fish . bull . ( u . s . ) 52 ( 71 ) : 267 - 351 .\npowell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1977 . distribution of paralichthid flounders ( bothidae : paralichthys ) in north carolina estuaries . chesapeake science 18 ( 4 ) 334 - 339 .\n( of paralichthys letostigma jordan & gilbert , 1884 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\npowell , a . d . , and f . j . schwartz . 1977 . distribution of paralichthid flounders ( bothidae : paralichthys ) in north carolina estuaries . chesapeake sci . 18 ( 4 ) : 334 - 339 .\nbody color is light to dark brown with diffuse non - ocellated dark spots and blotches . the blindside is white or dusky . p . lethostigma are characterized by the following meristic ( number of structures per body part ) counts :\nparalichthys lethostigma is distributed in the western north atlantic ocean , from the chesapeake bay south along the u . s . to the loxahatchee river , florida ; absent along the southern florida peninsula ; and in the gulf of mexico , from the west coast of florida at the caloosahatchee river estuary , and west from tampa bay along the entire u . s . gulf coast , and south to tuxpan , mexico ( gilbert 1986 , munroe 2002 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) .\npigmentation is first observed in middle - stage eggs , following blastopore closure . in larvae , pigmentation is more pronounced in the caudal area , being less developed overall in p . lethostigma than in its close relative p . albigutta , the gulf flounder ( powell and henley 1995 ) .\ndissolved oxygen p . lethostigma tolerates low dissolved oxygen concentrations ( less than 5 mg / l ) . however , in a laboratory study , postlarval southern flounder attempted avoidance when dissolved oxygen concentrations in culture vessels fell below 3 . 7 mg / l ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\nadult p . lethostigma make extensive migrations from estuarine habitats in order to spawn in offshore waters . eggs of p . lethostigma are buoyant at 32 \u2030 , and sink at 29\u2030 , though data indicate that eggs that sink may still hatch . experiments conducted by smith et al . ( 1999 ) showed that eggs incubated in water with a salinity between 0 - 5 \u2030 all died within a day . eggs incubated at 10 \u2030 had greater hatching success ( 82 % ) , but all larvae moved sluggishly and died shortly after hatching . eggs incubated in water of salinities between 15 - 35 \u2030 were normal in appearance and were active . however , larvae reared through metamorphosis to the juvenile stage showed greater mortality at 15\u2030 salinity than at either 25\u2030 or 35\u2030 . further , recently metamorphosed juveniles showed less tolerance to freshwater conditions than did older fish ( smith et al . 1999 ) .\nthe adult diet of p . lethostigma consists primarily of fish , but is augmented by crustaceans depending upon regional location . in louisiana , adult southern flounders eat shrimp and fish ; though , fox and white ( 1969 ) reported that the primary prey species for southern flounder was striped mullet ( mugil cephalus ) . also included in the diet are fat sleepers ( dormitator maculatus ) and anchovies ( anchoa spp . ) . larger flounders ( 150 mm long ) ate primarily anchovies , menhaden ( brevoortia spp . ) , sciaenids , and mullet ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\na genus of pleuronectoid fishes , related to the halibut . it has the lateral line strongly arched in front , the dorsal beginning in front of the eye , scales weakly ciliated , and some of the teeth enlarged . it contains a number of species in the american and asiatic seas , among which are some highly esteemed food - fishes , such as the bastard or monterey halibut ( p . californicus ) , the plaice or summer flounder of new york ( p . dentatus ) , and the southern flounder ( p . lethostigma ) . see halibut , and cut under flounder .\npowell and henley ( 1995 ) examined egg and larval development in both p . lethostigma and p . albigutta . results from their study show that fins begin to develop when larvae reach approximately 5 . 4 mm notochord length ( nl ) . the dorsal fin is generally the first to begin development , followed by the caudal , anal , pelvic , and pectoral fins ( powell and henley 1995 ) . development of the caudal fin in p . lethostigma can begin when larvae are approximately 5 . 5 mm nl , but fin rays are not observed until larvae attain 8 . 2 mm sl . dorsal fins begin to develop when larvae are in the preflexion stage , at approximately 6 . 5 mm nl . the dorsal fin is first observed in the head region , with development proceeding posteriorly . by the time larvae reach 8 . 4 mm standard length ( sl ) the dorsal fin is fully developed . following postflexion , when larvae reach approximately 7 . 3 mm standard length ( sl ) , anal fin rays begin to develop , with the full adult complement of fin rays reached at a body size of 8 . 4 mm sl . pelvic fins are first observed on larvae at approximately 8 . 2 mm sl , and are fully developed by the time larvae attain 9 . 7 mm sl . pectoral fins first begin formation when larvae are approximately 8 . 4 mm sl , and are fully formed when larvae exceed 11 . 0 mm sl .\nsouthern flounder eggs and larvae from wild populations develop in offshore waters , with late stage , premetamorphic larvae ( stage 4b - 5 ) , likely returned to estuarine habitats via passive transport on nearshore and tidal currents . once returned to estuaries , larvae settle on the substratum and metamorphose into juveniles . in one north carolina study , comparative data from burke et al . ( 1991 ) suggests that settlement in p . lethostigma is influenced by salinity . these authors reported that though larvae of both summer and southern flounder begin to recruit into estuaries during february , southern flounder larvae concentrated on tidal flats near the heads of estuaries where salinity ranged from 9 - 25\u2030 , and the substratum had a low sand content ( 4 - 50 % ) . conversely , summer flounder larvae settled more downstream , in the middle reaches of estuaries where salinity ranged from 24 - 35\u2030 and the substratum had a much higher sand content ( 53 - 95 % ) .\neggs of p . lethostigma range from 0 . 85 - 0 . 95 mm in diameter ( powell and henley 1995 ) , with a single oil globule . laboratory rearing of southern flounder shows that eggs hatch after 3 days at 18\u00b0c and 30\u2030 salinity ( denson and smith 1997 ) . larvae begin to feed when 4 - 6 days old , and show signs of becoming premetamorphic by day 14 . by day 16 , larvae begin to settle out of the water column and congregate on the bottom . by day 21 , larvae show signs of adult pigmentation , and begin to rest on their left sides , though their eyes remain in position . by day 23 , metamorphosis is initiated and the left eye begins to migrate to the right side . most animals had completed metamorphosis by day 36 ( denson and smith 1997 ) . in culture experiments , yolk - sac larvae began metamorphosing to postlarvae at 40 - 46 days , when they were approximately 8 - 11 mm in length . metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was complete by 50 - 51 days ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) . data from powell and henley ( 1995 ) show that larvae complete metamorphosis when they reach approximately 8 . 7 - 9 . 0 mm sl . by this time , the migrating eye has reached the dorsal midline , and the larval stage is complete .\nall flatfishes , including the southern flounder , are compressed laterally and spend most of their life lying and swimming along the bottom on their side . in the case of southern flounder , the left side is always the\nup\nside ; in other species , the opposite is true . small flounder grow rapidly and may reach 12 inches in length by the end of their first year . males seldom exceed 12 inches , but females grow larger than males and often reach a length of 25 inches .\nthe flounder is wonderfully adapted for its way of life . both eyes in adults are on the\nup\nside of the head and the pigmentation of the upper side of the body can be varied to match the surrounding environment . a small body cavity and the absence of air bladder aid the flounder in maintaining its position on the bottom .\nadult southern flounder leave the bays during the fall for spawning in the gulf of mexico . they spawn for the first time when two years old at depths of 50 to 100 feet . the eggs are buoyant . after hatching , the larval fish swim in an upright position and the eyes are located on opposite sides of the head . as the young fish grows , the right eye begins to\nmigrate\nto the left side of the head . when body length of about one - half inch has been attained , the eye migration is complete and the fish assumes its left - side - up position for life .\nthe young fish enter the bays during late winter and early spring . at this time they are about one - half inch in length and seek shallow grassy areas near the gulf passes . as growth continues , some will move farther into bays . some will enter coastal rivers and bayous . juvenile flounder feed mainly on crustaceans , but as they grow fish become more important in their diet . adult flounder enter shallow water at night where they lie , often partially buried , and wait for prey . empty depressions where flounder have lain are called\nbeds .\nalthough most of the adults leave the bays and enter the gulf for spawning during the winter , some remain behind and spend winter in the bays . those in the gulf will reenter the bays in the spring . the spring influx is gradual and does not occur with large concentrations that characterize the fall emigration .\nflounder are taken by rod and reel or by gig . when fishing with rod and reel , light tackle offers both the greatest sport and best chance for catching flounder . both artificial lures and natural bait can be used . over barren bottoms , leaded plastic worms ( worm jigs ) are often very effective . in heavily vegetated areas , shallow - running spoons are best .\nflounder prefer live to dead bait . live shrimp retrieved slowly along the bottom often produce excellent results . killifish ( referred to locally as mud minnows ) fished in a similar fashion , is good bait . these fish can often be taken in large numbers with the cast or minnow seine .\nalthough many are taken by rod and reel ,\nfloundering\nor gigging offers the best challenge for this species . the flounder is vulnerable to this technique because it often enters the shallows at night to feed . both the skills of the angler and the hunter are called for here .\nlanterns are used in searching for flounder and gigs ranging from single - pronged to modified hay forks are used to spear the fish . the anglers wade quietly along the shallows looking for flounder . once the flounder is within the light from the lantern , normally it will not move , affording the fisher a chance to\ngig\nthe fish . although this sounds like a sure - fire method , many fish are missed because they go undetected until they swim away or because of inaccurate gigging by an overanxious angler .\nthe more sophisticated flounder fisher may mount his lanterns ( or battery - powered lamps ) on the front of a flat - bottomed skiff . the skiff is then poled through the water in search of fish or is pushed by a small air motor . floundering from a boat is much easier than wading . it allows the angler to cover more area and search bottoms that are too soft for wading .\nalthough flounder can be taken by rod and reel in almost any portion of the bay , it is more often productive to fish around jetties or oyster reefs that extend from shore into the bay . flounder do not swim continuously so they tend to accumulate in such places in their search for food . during the fall , when flounder are moving to the gulf for spawning , the best catches are made in the channels and passes leading to the gulf . during the spring , wading anglers work the edges of channels , such as the intracoastal waterway , as the fish are moving back into the bays .\nfloundering is best during the migration from october to december . hundreds of lanterns can often be seen in and around the pass areas during this period , as the fishers wade through the shallows in search of fish .\nduring the spring and summer the best catches with gigs are made in the back bays . areas with cord grass (\n) along the shoreline are good producers , and a bottom that is slightly silty or muddy generally is better than a hard sand bottom . the mouths of small bayous and sloughs often yield flounder .\nsince water clarity is very important to the success of any floundering trip , floundering should be done on calm nights . when fishing on windy nights , anglers should try to work small protected bays and shorelines .\nthe best catches are made during an incoming tide and on dark nights as opposed to moonlit nights . however , do not hesitate to flounder on an outgoing tide . during a falling tide trying farther offshore in water one to two feet deep or around offshore sandbars is often more productive . avoid nights when the tides are abnormally high .\nstingrays also frequent the shallows at night . they are flat and can sometimes be mistaken for a flounder or stepped on by the unwary . the inexperienced flounder fisher should make certain of what he has gigged before retrieving it . if in doubt , simply hold the creature on the bottom with the gig and wait for the water to settle before attempting to retrieve your catch . a multi - pronged gig is helpful in such cases , because the catch can be lifted unassisted from the bottom .\nthe flounder ' s reputation as table fare is unsurpassed in texas . remember that the quality of any seafood is largely dependent on how it is handled between capture and preparation . remove the viscera and gills from the flounder and place the fish on ice as soon as possible . cleaning beyond this point depends on how the fish will be cooked .\nflounder can be prepared in many ways . broiling the fish with butter , lemon juice and favorite seasoning is popular . they also may be baked or fried . the gourmet may like his flounder stuffed with crabmeat . many other recipes are available at various internet sites .\n, is the largest of more than 25 species of flatfishes found in texas coastal waters . it is highly prized as both food and a recreationally harvested fish and accounts for more than 95 percent of the flounder harvest in the state . southern flounder occur from north carolina to the mouth of the rio grande and southward into mexico . they are usually found west of the mississippi river .\nyour contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences . children under 13 years of age must have a parent / guardian & apos ; s consent before providing any personal information to the agency .\nsouthern flounder attain a size of up to 3 feet ( 91 cm ) in length , and can weigh as much as 9 kg ( 24 . 1 lbs . ) ( smith et al . 1999 ) . the von bertalanffy growth model predicts a maximum age for summer flounder of approximately of 20 years ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\nadults migrate to offshore spawning grounds during late fall and winter , though some remain in estuaries year - round . spawning migrations are usually preceded by a drop in water temperature of 4 - 5 \u00b0c . males move seaward earlier than females , with few remaining in estuaries after november ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) . in north carolina , southern flounders begin migration in the fall ; in texas , they migrate from october through december ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\nlaboratory experiments from texas indicate that approximately 3 weeks before spawning takes place , male southern flounder begin following gravid females . in tank experiments , the first spawning was in december and occurred at midday . females swam to the surface and released eggs that were immediately fertilized by attending males . fertilization was 30 % to 50 % successful , and 6 % to 35 % of the eggs hatched within 61 - 76 hr ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\nfemales become sexually mature at 2 years of age in texas , while the youngest mature female southern flounder in northern florida was 4 years old ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\nthirteen southern flounders examined in the laboratory , produced a total of 120 , 000 eggs ( approximately 9 , 230 eggs per female ) ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\nlarvae spawned offshore in the atlantic ocean make their return to estuarine habitats by passive transport on nearshore and tidal currents from november through april , with a peak in recruitment occurring in february ( burke et al . 1991 ) . in the gulf of mexico , southern flounder postlarvae are caught along the gulf of mexico coast during winter and early spring . at galveston island , texas , southern flounder postlarvae 18 - 34 mm in total length ( tl ) were captured during february , march , and may . fish 25 - 51 mm tl were caught in the mississippi river during the spring . in aransas bay , texas , the peak movement of postlarvae flounders into estuaries is in february , when water temperature is 16 . 0 - 16 . 2 \u00b0c ( stokes 1977 ) .\ntemperature influences the migration of postlarval and adult southern flounders ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) . in louisiana coastal waters , adult southern flounders have been collected at temperatures ranging from 5 - 35 \u00b0c .\nsouthern flounder are highly euryhaline , and withstand fluctuations in salinities ranging from 0 - 35\u2030 or more . data from smith et al . ( 1999 ) indicates that salinity tolerance in this species increases with age .\nburke et al . ( 1991 ) also reported that juvenile southern flounder moved further upstream to more riverine environments later in the spring , while juvenile summer flounder tended to remain in higher salinity tidal areas near spartina saltmarshes . catch comparisons showed that approximately equal numbers of southern flounder were caught in sandy versus muddy substrate types in low salinity waters ; while summer flounder were most abundant in sandy substrata in higher salinity waters . burke et al . ( 1991 ) concluded that southern flounder settlement is more highly correlated with salinity , while summer flounder settlement is more highly correlated with substratum type .\nsouthern flounder are carnivorous fishes that are generally considered to be top or near - top predators . larvae reared under laboratory conditions begin feeding on rotifers 4 - 6 days posthatch . by 8 - 13 days posthatch , larvae begin to feed on newly hatched artemia nauplii ( denson and smith 1997 ) .\na tank study showed that southern flounder tend to be more active at night than during the day ( reagan and wingo 1985 ) .\nthe southern flounder is a valuable sport and commercial fish along the gulf coast of the united states . most of the commercial catch in the gulf of mexico is incidental to the catch by shrimp trawlers . there has been significant interest in utilizing southern flounder as an aquaculture species . studies in the southeastern u . s . and in the gulf of mexico are currently underway to improve spawning techniques and develop larval rearing methods for southern flounder in order to improve its attractiveness as an aquaculture product ( jenkins and smith 1999 ; smith et al . 1999 ) .\nflounders of all species are harvested annually from waters in and around the indian river lagoon , and are especially prized by recreational anglers . however , the commercial fishery is not of particularly high value . for the years 1987 - 2001 , 1 . 7 million pounds of flounders were harvested , with a dollar value of over $ 3 . 1 million reported in the 5 county area encompassing the irl ( volusia , brevard , indian river , st . lucie and martin counties ) . this ranks flounders nineteenth in commercial value within the irl , and twenty - ninth in pounds harvested .\nfigure 1 below shows the dollar value of the flounder fishery to irl counties by year . note that all species of flounders were combined in the data presented . as shown , commercial catch ranged from a low of $ 77 , 149 in 1987 to a high of over $ 350 , 927 in 1999 . volusia county annually accounts for the largest percentage of the flounder catch with 83 % in total ( figure 2 ) , followed distantly by brevard county , which accounts for 8 % of the total . indian river , st . lucie and martin counties account for 3 % , 4 % and 2 % of the total respectively . note that the fishery ' s value brings in $ 125 , 000 - $ 300 , 000 annually to volusia county businesses , while in all other irl counties , the dollar value is typically less than $ 25 , 000 .\nfigure 1 . annual dollar value of the commercial catch of flounders to the 5 - county area of the indian river lagoon .\nfigure 2 . breakdown of total flounder dollar value by county for the years 1987 - 2001 .\ntable 1 . total dollar value of flounders to irl counties between 1987 - 2001 .\ntable 2 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the flounder harvest for the years 1987 - 2001 .\ntable 3 . by county cumulative dollar value and percentage of total for the irl flounders harvested from 1987 - 2001 .\nrecreational fishery the recreational flounder fishery in florida accounts for 65 - 70 % of the annual state - wide harvest ( florida fish and wildlife conservation commission 2004 ) . landings on the gulf coast of florida are somewhat lower than those on the east coast , averaging approximately 198 , 015 pounds per year . on the atlantic coast , landings have averaged less than 300 , 000 pounds per year since 2001 . however , catch rates on both coasts are apparently stable , and have remained so since the early 1990s .\nsouthern flounder are recreationally important in the indian river lagoon on a seasonal basis , specifically during the late fall and winter when large specimens may be landed as they migrate out of the lagoon for spawning . this species was first regulated by the state of florida in 1996 , when a 10 - fish bag limit and 12 - inch minimum size limit was implemented .\nsince 1997 , the recreational harvest in the 5 - county area encompassing the indian river lagoon has remained fairly consistent , with 1 . 3 million fishes harvested , an average of 166 , 500 per year taken by recreational anglers between 1997 - 2001 . the lowest harvest was recorded in 2004 , when 133 , 643 southern flounder were captured . the highest harvest occurred in 1999 when 201 , 195 southern flounder were taken . approximately 45 . 8 % of the catch was taken in inland waters other than the indian river lagoon . within the irl , anglers caught 379 , 472 southern flounder , 28 . 5 % of the total . coastal waters from the shoreline to 3 miles offshore accounted for 23 . 2 % , while offshore waters to 200 miles accounted for only 2 . 4 % .\nfigure 3 . survey data for the southern flounder recreational fishery showing the number of fishes harvested in east florida waters from 1997 - 2004 .\nfigure 4 . summary of the southern flounder recreational harvest and percentage of total by area from 1997 - 2004 .\ntable 5 . by - county annual and cumulative percentages of the southern flounder harvest for the years 1997 - 2001 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .\ntable 6 . summary of the southern flounder recreational harvest and percentage of total fish captured in each area from 1997 - 2004 . data provided by national marine fisheries service , fisheries statistics division , noaa .\nburke js . 1995 . role of feeding and prey distribution of summer and southern flounder in selection of estuarine nursery habitats . j fish biol 47 : 355 - 366 .\nflorida fish and wildlife conservation commission . recreational fisheries landings . available online : urltoken accessed : 4 july 2016 .\nminello tj , zimmerman rj , klima ef . 1987 . creation of fishery habitat in estuaries . in : beneficial uses of dredged material : proceedings of the first interagency workshop , 7 - 9 october 1986 , pensacola , florida . final report . 106 - 120 .\nrogers sg , van den avyle mj . 1983 . species profiles : life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates ( south atlantic ) . atlantic menhaden ( no . fws / obs - 82 / 11 . 11 ) . georgia univ . , athens ( usa ) . school of forest resources .\nreport by : k . hill , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : july 9 , 2005\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .\nthis species supports valuable commercial and recreational fisheries in u . s . waters ; mainly the northern gulf of mexico ( warren et al . 1994 , robinson et al . 1995 ) and the southeast atlantic ( monaghan 1996 ) . it is the single most valuable finfish exploited by north carolina fisheries ( takade - heumacher and batsavage 2009 ) . juveniles and adults are also susceptible to capture by shrimp trawl fisheries .\nfishing pressure , including incidental catch , is a factor in population reductions of this species , but simultaneous declines across its entire range suggests that broad - scale oceanographic mechanisms may also be contributing ( anderson et al . 2012 ) . this species is estuarine - dependent , and may be susceptible to anthropogenic activities occurring in these areas . it is taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls in the same areas it is also directly targeted by fishermen . it also occurs as bycatch in crab pots and crab trawls in north carolina ( brown 2009 , smith and scharf 2010 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nresearch curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa\neschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nmurdy , edward o . , ray s . birdsong , and john a . musick\nnelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .\nfull author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h\u00e9ctor espinosa - p\u00e9rez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams\npage , l . m . , h . espinosa - p\u00e9rez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , et al . , eds .\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .\nmanooch ( 1984 ) ; robins et al . ( 1986 ) ; hoese and moore ( 1998 ) .\nmarine . atlantic coastal and estuarine waters of the united states from albemarle sound , north carolina , to jupiter inlet , florida , and from caloosahatchee estuary , florida , to northern mexico . south florida is not included in the range ( lee et al . 1980 et seq . ; boschung 1992 ) . murdy et al . ( 1997 ) reported it as an occasional visitor to lower chesapeake bay , virginia .\nprimarily found over mud or silt bottoms in coastal and estuarine areas , and lower reaches of rivers ( powell and schwartz 1977 ) . although adults can enter and survive in freshwater for long periods of time , spawining and juvenile development occurs in brackish to marine water ( enge and mullholland 1985 ) . primarily consumes fishes and crustaceans ( powell and schwartz 1979 ) .\nextirpated from all reservoirs , with the possible exception of casa blanca ( luebke 1978 ) .\nno reproduction has been documented in texas freshwaters . limited benefits to anglers resulted in termination of the experimental stocking ( howells and garrett 1992 ) . stomach contents of southern flounder taken from long lake , texas , were mostly small sunfishes ( lasswell et al . 1977 ) .\nboschung , h . t . 1992 . catalogue of freshwater and marine fishes of alabama . alabama museum of natural history bulletin 14 : 1 - 266 .\nenge , k . m . , and r . mulholland . 1985 . habitat suitability index models : southern and gulf founders . u . s . fish and wildlife service , national coastal ecosystems team , biological report 82 ( 10 . 92 ) .\nhoese , h . d . , and r . h . moore . 1998 . fishes of the gulf of mexico . texas , louisiana , and adjacent waters . 2nd edition . texas a & m university press . college station , tx .\nhowells , r . g . , and g . p . garrett . 1992 . status of some exotic sport fishes in texas waters . texas journal of science 44 ( 3 ) : 317 - 324 .\nlasswell , j . l . , g . garza , and w . h . bailey . 1977 . status of marine fish introductions into the freshwaters of texas . proceedings of the 31st annual conference of the southeastern association of fish and wildlife agencies 31 ( 1977 ) : 399 - 403 .\nlee , d . s . , c . r . gilbert , c . h . hocutt , r . e . jenkins , d . e . mcallister , and j . r . stauffer , jr . 1980 et seq . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc . ( cited as a work rather than as individual accounts in the interest of space ) .\nluebke , r . w . 1978 . evaluation of a multi - predator introduction . federal aid project f - 31 - r - 4 .\nmanooch , c . s . 1984 . fisherman ' s guide , fishes of the southwestern united states . north carolina state museum of natural history , raleigh , nc .\nmurdy , e . o . , r . s . birdsong , and j . a . musick . 1997 . fishes of chesapeake bay . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc .\nrobins , c . r . , g . c . ray , and j . douglass . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . the peterson guide series , volume 32 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .\nthis information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .\nthe data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .\ncitation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .\ncontact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .\ndistribution western atlantic : north carolina to texas in usa , but absent from southern florida .\ndistribution western atlantic : north carolina to texas in usa , but absent from southern florida . [ details ]\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nrobins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]\nmceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223\u20131316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\nlutaenko , k . a . ; furota , t . ; nakayama ; s . ; shin , k . ; xu , j . ( 2013 ) . atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region . beijing : nowpap dinrac ( northwest pacific action plan , data and information network regional center ) . 189 pp . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlin , y . ; gao , z . ; zhan , a . ( 2015 ) . introduction and use of non - native species for aquaculture in china : status , risks and management solutions . reviews in aquaculture . 7 ( 1 ) : 28 - 58 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nj exp mar bio ecol . 2001 apr 15 ; 258 ( 2 ) : 195 - 214 .\na cryptic species that tolerates low salinities ; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries , even on occasion in fresh water ( ref . 9988 ) . adults are found mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth . taken by anglers inshore from bridges , jetties and small boats . they move to deeper water in winter , but are still easily accessible ( ref . 9988 ) . adults feed chiefly on fishes , also on crabs and shrimps . juveniles take mainly small bottom - living invertebrates . marketed fresh and frozen ; eaten steamed , fried , boiled , microwaved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) .\nwestern atlantic : north carolina to texas in usa , but absent from southern florida .\nglobal range : north carolina to jupiter inlet , florida , and from caloosahatchee estuary , florida , to texas or northern mexico ; absent from southern florida . apparently most abundant in western gulf of mexico . stocked in freshwater lakes near austin , texas .\n83 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40637 ) ) ; max . published weight : 9 , 330 g ( ref . 4699 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 46275 )\ndepth range based on 456 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 100 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 223 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 16 . 407 - 25 . 874 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 286 - 10 . 594 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 723 - 36 . 472 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 530 - 5 . 755 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 093 - 0 . 783 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 5 . 295 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 223 temperature range ( \u00b0c ) : 16 . 407 - 25 . 874 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 286 - 10 . 594 salinity ( pps ) : 33 . 723 - 36 . 472 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 530 - 5 . 755 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 093 - 0 . 783 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 756 - 5 . 295 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .\ncomments : coastal and estuarine waters ; seems to prefer muddy substrates . often enters fresh waters . spawns offshore ; adults move out of estuaries and bays ; postlarvae and juveniles move into estuaries from january to early summer ( manooch 1984 ) .\nnon - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .\nlocally migrant : yes . at least some populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .\nlocally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .\nfound mostly over mud bottoms in estuaries and coastal waters to about 40 m depth . a cryptic species ; tolerates low salinities ; occurs frequently in brackish bays and estuaries , even on occasion in fresh water . feeds chiefly on fishes , also on crabs and shrimps . juveniles take mainly small bottom - living invertebrates .\ncomments : small individuals eat mysid and penaeid shrimps and other small crustaceans ; large individuals eat blue crabs , penaeid shrimps , and fishes ; feeds by partly burying in sand and ambushing prey ( manooch 1984 ) .\nspawns in fall and winter ; eggs hatch in about 3 days at 63 f ; sexually mature in 2 years ( manooch 1984 ) .\nthe following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 5 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .\nbelow is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .\nfishing pressure , including incidental catch , is a factor in population reductions of this species , but simultaneous declines across its entire range suggests thatbroad - scale oceanographic mechanisms may also be contributing ( anderson et al . 2012 ) . this species is estuarine - dependent , and may be susceptible to anthropogenic activities occurring in these areas . itis taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls in the same areas it is also directly targeted by fishermen . it also occurs as bycatch in crab pots and crab trawls in north carolina ( brown 2009 , smith and scharf 2010 ) .\ncomments : localized threats may exist , but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known .\nit is a\nleft - eyed flounder\n, meaning the left side is pigmented and is the\nup side\n.\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe louisiana department of environmental quality ( ldeq ) presented its 2 nd annual green business expo wednesday , august 24 , 2011 . the expo showcased presenters and exhibitors from innovative businesses offering real cost saving opportunities for private and public enterprises while providing an environmental return for the citizens of louisiana . participants assisted in building a report card , which scored presenters on implementation possibilities of their technology .\nexecutive director curt eysink of the louisiana workforce commission will speak about the state\u2019s green jobs initiative . the presentation will focus on opportunities for louisiana\u2019s business community to benefit from global demand for green products and services while increasing the environmental quality of life for louisiana citizens . eysink will present research findings from an 18 - month study of louisiana\u2019s green economy and discuss ways in which the workforce investment community will ensure louisiana workers are prepared to meet changing employer needs .\ncerion energy , inc . is based in rochester , ny , and was founded in february , 2007 by a unique team comprised of veteran entrepreneurs , experienced former eastman kodak co . scientists with over 200 years of research experience and hundreds of patents , & internationally renowned rochester institute of technology ( rit ) staff .\ngo 2 diesel fuel optimizer ( go 2 ) is a product of cerion energy inc . and is a 3 rd generation nanoparticle combustion catalyst . the effect of adding go 2 is increased fuel economy , mpg , and a significant reduction of unwanted and harmful exhaust emissions . tests have demonstrated that adding go 2 improves fuel efficiency by 8 - 13 % .\nenergy solutions , llc , is a louisiana company that manufactures high quality , renewable energy products . energy solutions has developed the apollo mmx , a solar tracking device which uses sunlight to produce electricity . solar tracking maximizes power production by positioning the panels directly in front of the sun throughout the day . the apollo mmx is unique because it tracks the sun by tilting the panels in two planes instead of rotating them . as a result , the apollo mmx creates 60 % - 80 % more energy than traditional stationary solar systems ."]}
{"id": 2548, "summary": [{"text": "madecassophryne truebae is a species of frog in the microhylidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is in the monotypic genus madecassophryne .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and rocky areas .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "madecassophryne truebae", "paragraphs": ["iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2016 . madecassophryne truebae . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t57867a84178804 . urltoken\n- - . . . none , cophyla phyllodactyla , unknown . genus madecassophryne ( guibe , 1974 ) none ,\nmadecassophryne truebae guib\u00e9 , 1974 , bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris , ser . 3 , zool . , 171 : 1192 . holotype : mnhnp 1973 . 1149 , by original designation . type locality :\ncha\u00eenes anosyennes\n, madagascar .\n- - . . . [ 3 ] records returned . . . institution , genus , species , cnt . ummz , madecassophryne ,\nsee brief account by glaw and vences , 2007 , field guide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 3 : 120 - 121 . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 452 . rakotoarison , scherz , glaw , and vences , 2017 , salamandra , 53 : 507\u2013518 , reported on molecular phylogenetics , morphology , osteology , acoustics , and natural history of a population identified as madecassophryne cf . truebae .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence is 2 , 317 km 2 , it occurs in fewer than five threat - defined locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat in southeastern madagascar .\nthis species is known only from extreme south - eastern madagascar in the anosyenne mountains , andohahela national park and tsitongambarika ( north of tolagnaro ) , between 700 - 1 , 900m asl . it is known from fewer than five threat - defined locations , and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 2 , 317 km 2 .\nit is apparently not common , but it is very hard to detect and probably has a patchy occurrence . due to ongoing declines in the extent and quality of the habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit occurs in forests in an area of extensive , continuous rainforest , and is thought to be associated with boulders and granitic outcrops . it is not known from disturbed habitats . the breeding biology of this species is completely unknown .\nthe major threat is habitat loss due to subsistence agriculture , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , the spread of invasive eucalyptus , livestock grazing , and expanding human settlements .\nconservation actions it occurs in andohahela national park and tolagnaro fivondronana classified forest . research needed research is needed to investigate the breeding biology of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\na small - sized , ground dwelling microhylid with snout vent length 20 - 23 mm . colour in life is unknown . preserved specimens were dark in color . hindlimbs with bands . upper side of the limbs is yellowish while venter is whitish , with black spots on the throat . sometimes the venter is entirely dark . skin on the back is slightly granular , with large tubercles on the head . nostrils are equidistant between the eye and the tip of the snout . tympanum is rather indistinct , tympanum / eye ratio is 1 / 5 . tibiotarsal articulation reaches the eye . toe 3 is longer than toe 5 . a small inner metatarsal tubercle is present while outer metatarsal tubercle is absent . males are found with a distinct single subgular vocal sac . the call is unknown .\nare normally smaller and smooth on the back . confusion is also possible with species of\nan egg clutch was found in november near a male and female . it contained 18 eggs with a diameter of 4 mm . the gelatinous egg capsule measured 6 mm in diameter . tadpoles are unknown .\nfrank glaw and miguel vences ( m . vences at tu - bs . de ) , assistant professor and curator of vertebrates at the institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the zoological museum at the university of amsterdam\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\nthis species is known only from extreme south - eastern madagascar in the anosyenne mountains , andohahela national park and tsitongambarika ( north of tolagnaro ) , between 700 - 1 , 900m asl . it is known from fewer than five threat - defined locations , and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 2 , 317 km\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\ntrueb ' s madagascar treefrog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 90 ) .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n- - macrogenioglottus alipioi , no species account , photos , no range maps .\nhome | photos index | search | about | contact unless otherwise noted , all content and images are the property of rhett butler , content copyright 2004 - 2008 . all rights reserved .\nevi , an amazon company , was founded in 2005 under the name true knowledge . the team started out with a mission to make it possible to access the world ' s knowledge simply by asking for information using natural language .\nwe\u2019re part of the amazon alexa team based in amazon ' s innovative cambridge development centre , alongside other amazon teams including prime air , core machine learning , amazon devices and amazon web services ."]}
{"id": 2549, "summary": [{"text": "gesonia obeditalis is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from eastern africa , the seychelles , the maldives and the oriental tropics of india , sri lanka east to the philippines , the sula islands and australia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the adult moth has brown wings with a scalloped dark brown band near the margin .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are similar in pattern to the forewings but are a paler shade of brown . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "gesonia obeditalis", "paragraphs": ["available , but without included species until walker , 1862 , ibidem 24 : 1100 . h . crambisata is a junior subjective synonym of gesonia obeditalis walker , [ 1859 ] .\ngesonia sp . ( erebidae ) . the wings are brown with a scalloped dark brown submarginal band .\nsee also gesonia walker , [ 1859 ] ; dragana walker , [ 1859 ] ; maresia walker , 1866 ; and amblygoes butler , 1879 .\npoole ( 1989 ) included dragana walker , 1859 ; hileia walker , 1862 ; apphadana walker , 1866 : 1212 ( preoccupied ) ; maresia walker , 1866 ; and amblygoes butler , 1879 as junior synonyms of gesonia walker , 1859 .\nthis caterpillar is yellow with brown lines . it is missing two pairs of prolegs , and so moves in a looper fashion . it feeds on various species of\nthe adult moth of this species has brown wings , each with a scalloped dark brown submarginal band . the hindwings have a similar pattern to the forewings but are somewhat paler . the wingspan is about 2 cms .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n. this and the next species are very hard to separate , both being variable in shade and the extent to which the forewing postmedial is invested with black markings , particularly a pair of larger ones , one subcostally , the other subdorsally . in\nthe postmedials are always more sinuous , with the pinkish band on their distal side more irregular , indented by paler lunules distad . both species are fawn with a series of oblique pinkish fasciae on the forewing and curved ones on the hindwing , the postmedial being the strongest fascia in each case . the male antennae are bipectinate in\ne . africa , seychelles , maldives , oriental tropics east to the philippines and sula is . , australia ( nielsen\n. most records are from open , cultivated and disturbed habitats in the lowlands .\n. bell ( ms ) reared the larva in india . it is cylindrical , a semi - looper with prolegs entirely absent from a3 and a4 . t1 overlaps the vertex of the head , which is light yellow , blotched brownish . the body is light yellow with seven longitudinal brownish - orange longitudinal bands : dorsal , subdorsal , lateral and subspiracular . a1 - a3 are suffused velvety black dorsally near their posterior half . a4 - a6 show this also , but to a much lesser extent , though these segments have black suffusion ventrally . the ventral surface is also light yellow . the larva lives stretched on the stems of grasses and feeds on the flower spikes , looping strongly when in motion . pupation is in a densely woven , white , silken cocoon that incorporates debris . the site of pupation is probably on the ground or under ground , but no soil was present in the rearing cage . the pupa lacks a bloom . the host plants are grasses ( gramineae ) , but yunus & ho ( 1980 ) also recorded\nacantholipes mesoscota hampson , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 81 ) : 171 ; tl : nassau\nwalker , [ 1859 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 16 : 1 - 253 ( [ 1859 ] ) , 17 : 255 - 508 ( 1859 ) , 18 : 509 - 798 ( 1859 ) , 19 : 799 - 1036 ( 1859 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nproject noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .\nwe would like to know your feedback and any ideas on making this group a more interesting and a happening place . we are thankful for your wonderful contribution to this group and would like to hear from you soon .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\ngenus : hileia walker , 1861 . list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . ( 23 ) : 948 [ key ] . [ nomenclaturally available , but without included species until walker , 1862 , ibidem 24 : 1100 . ] [ bhl ]\ntype - species : hileia crambisata walker , 1862 . list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . : 1100 . [ bhl ]\ntype specimens : type ( s ) [ india ] : north hindostan , ( ? depository ) . .\nthis genus was originally proposed in the geometridae , but has since been transferred to the noctuidae , where it was included by hampson , 1894 , fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 520 .\npoole ( 1989 ) included dagassa walker , 1858 ; and apphadana walker , 1865 : 1094 as junior synonyms of renodes guen\u00e9e , 1952 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\n. see the generic description ; the mauve submarginal markings on dark brown are distinctive .\n. most older material is from mountain localities ( g . marapok , g . kinabalu ) but without altitude data , though there is a specimen from the lowlands of kalimantan in the vicinity of pontianak . in recent surveys a single female has been recorded in lowland forest at labi ( 30 - 60m ) in brunei , and one specimen was taken in the understorey of primary forest at 170m near the danum valley field centre in sabah .\n, india , thailand ( vk ) , burma , andamans , peninsular malaysia , singapore , borneo , sulawesi , seram , new guinea .\n. only four bornean specimens have been seen , one from sarawak without precise data , one from 250m in lowland forest on the limestone .\ng . api during the mulu survey and one from 85 miles above ( upstream from ? ) pontianak in kalimantan . the fourth ( with three more recorded ; s . j . willott , unpublished data ) was from lowland forest at 170m near the danum valley field centre . chey ( 1994 ) recorded four in his survey of lowland softwood plantations in sabah .\n. see the generic description . the species could be confused with geometrids in the ennomine tribe baptini , or some drepanidae in the genera\nhampson , with its slender build and general facies , but the abdomen is distinctly longer than the hindwings , and the margins of both fore - and hindwings are angled . the dark tufting of the leg joints is also distinctive .\n, thailand ( vk ) , peninsular malaysia ( barlow colln ) , sumatra , borneo .\n. this is an infrequent species of lowland forest , not recorded above 200m . during the mulu survey five out of eight specimens were taken in wet heath forest . in the vicinity of the danum valley field centre ( s . j . willott , unpublished data ) , the species was always recorded in the understorey of undisturbed forest .\n. there is marked sexual dimorphism as noted in the generic description . males tend also to be more strongly fasciated diffusely in dull green - brown and mauve - grey . there are white dots within a dull green submarginal band . in the synonymy above ,\n. the species is uncommon . in recent surveys , three specimens have been taken in lowland forest understorey at 150m near the danum valley field centre , and two in lowland forest in brunei ( labi at 30 - 60m and ulu temburong at 300m ) . singletons have been taken in coastal and secondary forest at seria in brunei and ( the only female ) in lower montane forest at 1000m on g . mulu .\n1 , \u2642 : australia , northern territory , darwin , lee point road , 32 m , 2 . april 2009 lux ; ( det . & phot . : egbert friedrich )\n1 - 3 & 4 - 6 , two \u2642\u2642 : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )\n1 - 3 & 4 - 6 , two \u2640\u2640 : data see label ( coll . & photos : egbert friedrich )\n( [ 1859 ] : 75 - 76 ) [ from copyright - free scans at www . biodiversitylibrary . org ]\noriginal description : w alker , f . [ 1859 ] ( \u00931858\u0094 ) : list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum 16 : 1 - 253 .\nwildlife and bird sanctuary at nuvali ( a 1 , 600 hectare development covered by the cities of sta . rosa and calamba , laguna ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nlepidoptera of taiwan . volume 1 . part 2 : checklist | nepticulidae and opostegidae of the world , version 2 . 0\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution , non - commercial cc by - nc licence .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2553, "summary": [{"text": "donacostola notabilis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus donacostola .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was described by philpott in 1928 and is found in new zealand .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 34 \u2013 37 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are whitish-ochreous with brown markings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is a fairly broad but indistinct median stripe from the base to the apex and a very obscure narrow streak along the dorsum to near the tornus .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the first discal spot is minute and the plical spot is obsolete .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the second discal is large and round .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "there is subterminal and terminal series of hardly perceptible dots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are shining ochreous-white . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "donacostola notabilis", "paragraphs": ["donacostola notabilis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus donacostola .\ndonacostola meyrick , 1931 ; trans . n . z . inst . 62 : 97 ; ts : euprionocera notabilis philpott\ndonacostola notabilis philp . i took one of this most interesting species on flat top mountain at 4000 feet in 1923 and another in 1928 .\neuprionocera notabilis philpott , 1928 ; trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 368\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u2642 . 9\u201311 mm . head , palpi , thorax and abdomen purplish - black . antennae purplish - black , ciliations \u00be . legs purplish - fuscous , tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings , costa slightly arched , apex broadly rounded , termen rounded , strongly oblique ; bright yellow to orange ; markings shining silvery ; an outwardly oblique fascia from 1 / 6 , broadly margined with black , reaching beyond fold ; an almost straight fascia from middle of costa to before dorsum ; a triangular fascia from costa at \u00be reaching half across wing ; a narrow subterminal fascia parallel to termen ; the last three fasciae with a few black scales on margins : fringes dark fuscous , base orange . hindwings dark fuscous : fringes dark fuscous with darker basal line .\nnear b . compsogramma meyr . and b . chrysogramma meyr . , but in both of these species the first fascia reaches the dorsum .\nlake rotoroa , in february . three males secured . holotype and paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 11 mm . head and thorax greyish - ochreous mixed with fuscous . papi ochreous - white , base , subapical ring on second segment and a subbasal ring on terminal segment , fuscous . antennae fuscous mixed with ochreous , minutely ciliated . abdomen whitish - ochreous , mixed with fuscous except on basal segments . legs whitish - ochreous , anterior tibiae and tarsi broadly banded with fuscous . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex broadly rounded , termen rounded , oblique ; whitish - ochreous with scattered brown scales ; markings fuscous - blackish , suffused ; a thick oblique fascia from costa at base to fold , where it includes plical spot ; first discal spot obliquely above plical ; a broadly suffused irregular fascia from costa at \u00bd to tornus ; a short fascia from costa at \u00be : fringes whitish - ochreous mixed with fuscous . hindwings shining greyish - white : fringes whitish - ochreous .\nresembling the larger species b . plagiatella walk , in some respects , but there are many differences of markings .\nrotorua , in february . a single male taken by dr . a . j . turner . holotype in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 15\u201316 mm . head and antennae greyish - fuscous , ciliations in \u2642 \u00be . palpi fuscous , second segment mixed with white within . abdomen fuscous - grey . legs , anterior pair fuscous , middle pair fuscous with tibiae and tarsi banded with whitish , posterior pair fuscous - grey . forewings moderate , costa well arched , apex rounded , termen rounded , oblique ; white , irrorated with dark fuscous ; stigmata blackish ; plical large , obliquely before first discal , coalescing with dark patch on dorsum ; irroration tending to form blotches on costa at base , \u2153 , \u00bd and \u2153 ; apical blotch sending an obscure line to tornus , where it forms a tornal blotch : fringes whitish - grey mixed with fuscous . hindwings and fringes fuscous - grey .\nwaikaraka valley and kauri gully , auckland , in january . discovered by mr . c . e . clarke , who has asked me to describe the species . a male from each locality . holotype in coll . c . e . clarke and paratype in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 19\u201321 mm . head ochreous . palpi and thorax ochreous mixed with fuscous . antennae ochreous mixed with fuscous , finely serrulate , ciliations 1 . abdomen brassy , anal tuft ochreous . legs whitish - ochreous , more or less infuscated , anterior pairs almost wholly fuscous . forewings , costa well arched , apex obtuse , termen rounded , oblique ; greyish - ochreous sprinkled with fuscous - black ; markings fuscous - black ; a small spot on base of costa continued for a short distance along costal edge ; first discal spot fairly large ; plical obliquely beyond first discal , small ; second discal as large as first discal , usually slightly elongated in direction of tornus ; five or six spots on costa between \u00bd and apex : fringes greyish - ochreous with obscure subbasal fuscous line . hindwings whitish - grey , infuscated round termen and dorsum : fringes ochreous - grey with dark basal line .\nthis and the two following species are superficially very much alike . the present species is the largest of the three . the males can be easily separated by the characters of the genitalia which can usually be made out without dissection .\nmount arthur tableland ( 4 , 500 feet ) , flora river ( 3 , 000 feet ) , and aniseed valley , in december and february . four males . holotype and paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 14\u201317 mm . head and thorax ochreous . palpi ochreous mixed with fuscous , second segment not much thickened with scales and tapering smoothly into terminal segment . antennae ochreous annulated with fuscous , ciliations about 1 . abdomen brassy , segmental divisions whitish . legs whitish - ochreous mixed with fuscous . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex pointed , termen slightly rounded , oblique ; pale ochreous - white , thickly irrorated with ochreous and sprinkled with fuscous ; female more brownish ; stigmata fuscous -\nblack , often obscure ; first discal round , obliquely before plical which is usually smaller , but sometimes larger , than first discal ; second discal largest , usually curved , sometimes double ; a minute spot on costa at \u2154 , not always present : fringes ochreous - whitish with dark subbasal shade . hindwings shining white , slightly ochreous towards apex .\ndun mountain and mount arthur tableland , in november and december . fairly common at elevations of from 3 , 000 to 4 , 500 feet . holotype ( \u2642 ) , allotype ( \u2640 ) and several paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 \u2640 . 17\u201319 . head and thorax pale ochreous , base of tegulae fuscous . palpi , second segment thickened with appressed scales , apex broad and truncate , ochreous ; second segment outwardly fuscous . antennae ochreous , ciliations in \u2642 about 1 . abdomen brassy , segmental divisions whitish , anal tuft ochreous . legs ochreous , densely irrorated with fuscous , especially anterior pairs . forewings , costa moderately arched , apex blunt - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; whitish - ochreous ( in \u2640 browner ) sprinkled with blackish - fuscous ; markings blackish - fuscous ; a small area at costa at base ; first discal rather irregular , obliquely before plical which is roundish and as large as , or larger than , first discal ; second discal smaller , dot - like or transversely linear ; four or five dots on costa between \u00bd and apex , apical ones usually very obscure : fringes whitish - ochreous with some fuscous scales . hindwings shining whitish : fringes ochreous tinged .\nsuperficially extremely like the preceding species , but easily separated by the difference in the palpi . in trans . n . z . inst . , 57 , 719 , i have figured the male genitalia of this species as those of b . calliploca and in order to avoid confusion i here supply figures of the four allied species .\ndun mountain , flora river and cobb valley , in november and december . as at present known , this species seems to occur at lower altitudes than b . levigata , 3 , 000 feet being the highest elevation recorded . holotype ( \u2642 ) , allotype ( \u2640 ) and a series of paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 11\u201313 mm . head fuscous mixed with ferruginous . antennae fuscous annulated with yellow , ciliations in \u2642 2\u00bd . palpi dark fuscous mixed with yellow . thorax fuscous mixed with ferruginous and yellow . abdomen dark bronzy - fuscous . legs fuscous , tarsi annulated with ochreous . forewings , costa slightly arched , apex round - pointed , termen rounded , oblique ; ferruginous mixed with yellow and with some fuscous on basal half ; scale tufts more or less blackish ; a rather broad silvery - white median fascia , outwardly oblique from costa ; a pale yellowish patch at apex , from which issues a thin terminal line : fringes ferruginous - yellow with fuscous tips . hindwings and fringes dark bronzy fuscous .\nwaimarino and raurimu , in january . two males secured by mr . c . e . clarke . what appears to be the same species , though less bright in colour , has been taken in the south island by the late mr . c . c . fenwick at eglinton valley , and by the writer at wairaurahiri and gouland downs , nelson . holotype ( \u2642 ) in coll . c . e . clarke and paratype in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2642 . 19\u201320 mm . head and palpi whitish mixed with fuscous . antennae greyish - fuscous . thorax fuscous mixed with grey and whitish . abdomen grey . legs whitish , all tibiae and tarsi strongly infuscated and annulated with ochreous - white . forewings , costa strongly arched , apex rectangular , termen almost straight , rounded beneath , not oblique ; white , densely irrorated with grey and strigulated with fuscous , the strigulations tending to form chains of spots ; a large more or less round blackish - fuscous spot in disc at \u2153 with an irregular bar of the same colour beneath it on fold ; an irregular blackish - fuscous spot in disc at \u2154 ; between these two spots a whitish suffusion : an obscure series of blackish marks round termen : fringes grey with dark subbasal line . hindwings and fringes pale grey .\nnear p . melographa meyr . but differing in several details . one specimen has the discal spot reddish .\nnelson , in february , march and april . four males . holotype and paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .\n\u2640 . 34\u201337 . mm . head whitish - ochreous mixed with brown . palpi long , curved , second segment thickened with appressed scales , terminal thin , acute , whitish - ochreous mixed with ochreous . antennae whitish - ochreous mixed with brownish . thorax whitish - ochreous with an obscure brown median stripe and a pair of more prominent brown lateral stripes . abdomen ochreous - white . legs ochreous - white , anterior tarsi broadly banded with brown . forewings long , narrow , costa moderately arched at base , apex acute , termen sinuate , oblique ;\nwhitish - ochreous ; markings brown ; a fairly broad but indistinct median stripe from base to apex ; a very obscure narrow streak along dorsum to near tornus ; first discal spot minute ; plical spot obsolete ; second discal large , round ; subterminal and terminal series of hardly perceptible dots : fringes ochreous - white . hindwings and fringes shining ochreous - white .\nthis fine insect is only provisionally placed in euprionocera ; it does not agree in all points with that genus , bue in the absence of the male it is inadvisable to erect a new genus at this juncture .\nflora river , in february and march . two females secured after dark at about 3 , 000 feet . holotype and paratype in coll . cawthron institute .\n[ richard brown ] sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ; gelechioidea families\nphilpott , 1928 notes and descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera trans . n . z . inst . 58 : 359 - 370\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nt . thorybodes meyr . takitimos in october ; rare . one at the spey river , manapouri .\ngelechia monophragma meyr . very plentiful in october ; lower takitimos , hope arm , milford track .\ng . lithodes meyr . a good series on the shingle at hope arm , also at the worsley stream and on the milford track , and at milford sound .\ng . colastadesma clarke . flat top mountain , 4000 feet , in january , 1928 .\nbatrachedra psithyra meyr . very common near a small stream in mixed bush , hope arm .\nborkhausenia levicula philp . two only , at 4000 feet , flat top mountain .\nb . vestita philp . several taken by mr s . lindsay and myself on flat top mountain .\nb . apertella walk . , oxyina meyr . , innotella walk . , nycteris meyr . , scholaea meyr . , crotala meyr . , pseudospretella staint . , basella walk . , perichlora meyr . , siderodeta meyr . , xanthodesma philp . , hoplodesma meyr . , armigerella walk . , maranta meyr . , melanamma meyr . , phegophylla meyr . , politis meyr . , pronephela meyr . were taken at various localities .\ng . calliploca meyr . particularly common in october ; seen in most localities .\ng . philadelpha meyr . appears to be rare . one only , at the worsley stream .\ng . squamea philp . a few only on the kepler mountains at 4000 feet .\ng . omphalota meyr . very common among shrubs at the edge of the bush .\nt . leucoplanetis meyr . rather rarely taken on the milford track , also at manapouri .\nt . protochlora meyr . , anastrella meyr . , contritella walk . , aspidephora meyr . were all taken commonly .\natomotricha sordida butl . kepler mountains . one only . probably common in the spring .\np . profunda meyr . not particularly plentiful , but taken in various lake regions .\np . clarkei philp . i discovered this beautiful moth in january , 1923 , when on a collecting trip with mr s . lindsay . it is apparently local at 4000 feet on flat top mountain , among native grasses . on a subsequent visit in 1929 i took it plentifully , all specimens being caught at the same place . only one \u2640 was taken , and is semi - apterous .\noxythecta austrina meyr . flat top mountain ; kepler mountains . not often taken .\neutorna symmorpha meyr . a number were taken on a stream at hope arm .\nphycomorpha metachrysa meyr . one at lake manapouri , also several at eglinton river .\nbatrachedra psathyra meyr . a few taken at hope arm and on the milford track .\nb . eucola meyr . one only was taken by myself at hope arm .\nheliostibes insignis philp . an interesting new species discovered by myself at 4000 feet on flat top mountain , manapouri . one specimen only .\nh . illita feld . very common at hope arm and on the milford track .\ncharixena iridoxa meyr . a most beautiful insect . milford track , mekinnon pass , kepler mountains , and at lake manapouri . no moths were taken , the distinctive ravages of the larva on the astelia leaves being the only trace of it apparent . i reared the larva and bred several examples in the following august , 1930 , its early emergence explaining its apparent rarity .\nsimaethis inspoliata philp . the only specimen known at present was taken by myself on flat top mountain at 4000 feet on december 27 , 1928 .\ns . combinatana walk . fairly common in october , takitimo mountains . also taken at te anau .\ns . microlitha meyr . common , especially in october , on the takitimos .\ns . barbigera meyr . fairly common at hope arm , flat top mountain , and the slopes of mckinnon pass .\ng . transversella walk . common at hope arm and on the milford track .\ng . cionophora meyr . common on the takitimos and along the oreti river in october .\ng . scintilla clarke . flat top mountain in january . i discovered this prettily marked species at 4000 feet , its only known locality ; common .\ng . leptosema meyr . a few taken on the milford track and elsewhere .\nparectopa aellomacha meyr . hope arm , south arm , and milford track . not rare .\ng . selenitis meyr . sometimes occurring in the greatest profusion at about 3500 feet on the mountain beech , nothofagus .\northenches drosochalca meyr . a pretty species , fairly common , at lake level .\nplutella megalynta meyr . a good series of this mountain insect was secured on the mckinnon pass at 3500 feet . it was commonly found in the early morning floating on the water of the tarns .\ncircoxena ditrocha meyr . one only in the s . w . arm , te anau . this was a surprise , as i had previously taken it only at auckland .\ne . fulguritella walk . several taken at various places . a plentiful species .\nd . castanea philp . one of this apparently rare species taken at hope arm .\nnepticula lucida philp . since i discovered this species in 1916 i have found it plentiful in beech forest , especially at about 3000 feet . all lake districts .\nn . oriastra meyr . not uncommon , but rarely taken , as it has to be searched for close to the ground among daisies and grasses .\nn . tricentra meyr . common among mixed bush ; takitimos and eglinton valley .\nn . cypracma meyr . one specimen of what seems to be this species at hope arm .\nc . generosa philp . the only one known . the type was taken by mr s . lindsay when we were collecting at hope arm in 1923 .\nc . mesotypa meyr . the commonest species of the genus at the lakes .\narchyala terranea butl . very common at the takitimos , and seen at te anau .\nt . mochlota meyr . occasionally taken . it was not uncommon at the takitimos .\nastrogenes insignita philp . a few in the eglinton valley , and one at clinton river .\ntaleporia microphanes meyr . flat top mountain , hunter mountains , kepler mountains , and mckinnon pass .\nt . aphrosticha meyr . this interesting and delicate moth was not uncommon on the kepler mountains and on flat top mountain .\nm . illustris philp . flat top mountain , mckinnon pass , and skelmorlie . not very plentiful .\nm . homalopa meyr . common at hope arm and on the milford track .\nm . perisseuta meyr . a few at the takitimos in october . others seen at hope arm .\nopisina arenosella , the coconut black - headed caterpillar , is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus opisina .\nhermogenes aliferella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hermogenes .\nhyperoptica ptilocentra is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus hyperoptica .\nanoecea trigonophora is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus anoecea .\naraeostoma aenicta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus araeostoma .\narsirrhyncha fibriculata is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus arsirrhyncha .\ncallicopris cerograpta is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus callicopris .\ncapnolocha praenivalis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus capnolocha .\nchironeura chrysocyma is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus chironeura .\nbida radiosella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus bida .\nclepsigenes dissota is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus clepsigenes .\ncopidoris dimorpha is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus copidoris .\nepidiopteryx bipunctella is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus epidiopteryx .\nexacristis euryopa is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus exacristis .\nxylodryadella cryeranthes is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xylodryadella .\nxerocrates proleuca is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus xerocrates .\ngomphoscopa catoryctopsis is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus gomphoscopa .\nmalacognostis termatias is a moth in the xyloryctidae family , and the only species in the genus malacognostis .\nthere are several matrix . why not try to find a fault ? type something to search . . .\nbob bitmead ( born 17 july 1942 ) is an australian former cricketer . he played 16 first - class cricket matches for victoria between 1966 and 1968 .\npage 219 and 220 : gen . nov . 3 et n . sp . nzac e ip gen\nfirst sustainment newsletter forward feb 08 - fort riley , ks - u . s . . . .\nclick here urltoken pdf free download the case of the speluncean explorers : nine new opinions for ipad this volume revisits and updates lon fuller s classic article , first published in 1949 . the story describes the fate of explorers who become trapped in a cave and are forced to cannibalize one of their team . the subsequent trial of the defendants upon rescue is used to introduce students to the key theories of law , such as utilitarianism and naturalism , as five supreme court judges offer differing opinions on what should be done with the defendants .\nclick here urltoken pdf free download nine minutes on monday : the quick and easy way to go from manager to leader book online argues that employee engagement comes down to one thing : a constant dedication to meeting the universal needs that drive performance excellence . this book combines proven engagement drivers and principles of human motivation into a simple system of execution that will show immediate results .\nthe first bit you already know . carl baratand the . . . - the ibiza sun\nyou have already flagged this document . thank you , for helping us keep this platform clean . the editors will have a look at it as soon as possible ."]}
{"id": 2556, "summary": [{"text": "glaphyria cappsi is a moth in the crambidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , georgia , maryland , north carolina , oklahoma and south carolina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "it is also found in cuba .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 13 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from january and from march to november in florida . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "glaphyria cappsi", "paragraphs": ["moved from glaphyria cappsi . please let me know if you think my comments below are in error .\ncame to light . hodges # 4873 black - patched glaphyria moth ( glaphyria fulminalis ) verification or correction would be appreciated .\nglaphyria sesquistrialis h\u00fcbner , 1823 ; zutr\u00e4ge samml . exot . schmett . 2 : 29 , f . 369 - 370\ni believe that bold has incorrectly identified your images . see info here for id tips . there are three bins at bold with images identified as glaphyria cappsi , bold : ace3978 , bold : aae0575 and bold : aae0574 . this image and a second of your posted here are in bold : aae0575 which also contains samples identified as glaphyria fulminalis . it ' s nearest neighbor is bold : ace3978 , which includes another of your samples , lpokd227 - 09 , which i believe is likewise incorrectly identified as g . cappsi . i don ' t know if these two bins represent two separate species or a single species but i suspect it may be it may be just one , g . fulminalis . the third bin , bold : aae0574 , appears to be the correct one for g . cappsi . this image was shown at mpg under g . cappsi and has been moved it to g . fulminalis .\nhere are two good examples of the different angle of pm line when wings are folded ( it ' s rarely this clear , though ) : g . fulminalis g . cappsi\ng . cappsi on left , g . fulminalis on right . the key feature for separating these two species is in the angle of pm line along the inner margin . in g . cappsi , the pm line almost runs parallel to the inner margin for a little bit and meets the inner margin at an angle of 25 degrees or less . in g . fulminalis the pm line meets the inner margin at about a 45 degree angle . g . cappsi also has more of a contrasting color scheme than does g . fulminalis .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\nfulminalis ( lederer , 1863 ) ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 12 ) : 455 , pl . 18 , f . 13\nhomophysa cymalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 256 ; tl : trinidad r .\nhomophysa moribundalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 257 ; tl : corozal\nhomophysa polycyma hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 607 , pl . 49 , f . 4 ; tl : brazil , castro para\u00f1a\nberdura pupillalis m\u00f6schler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : jamaica\nthis information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nhistoire naturelle des insectes . species g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e9res . tome huiti\u00e9me . deltoides et pyralites\na revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1\nwalker , [ 1866 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\n80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge ."]}
{"id": 2557, "summary": [{"text": "the golden-lined spinefoot ( siganus lineatus ) is a species of rabbitfish .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "like all rabbitfishes , it has venomous spines on the dorsal , anal , and pelvic fins .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "it is reef associated fish species that inhabit waters at depths from 0 to 25 m ( 0 to 82 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the maximum length is 43 cm ( 17 in ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is a common commercially important fish in many tropical countries . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "golden - lined spinefoot", "paragraphs": ["also known as golden rabbitfish , golden spinefoot , gold - lined rabbitfish , gold - lined spinefoot , golden - lined rabbitfish , golden - lined spinefoot , goldenspot spinefoot , goldspot rabbitfish , goldspot spinefoot , gold - spotted spinefoot , lined spinefoot , spinefoots . found in schools over mangroves , rocky areas and seagrass beds of protected bays and lagoons . they feed on algae . length - 35cm depth - 0 - 30m widespread indo - west pacific rabbitfish are usually found in algae rich reefs . they have venomous spines in the anal fin and at both ends of the ventral fin . these can inflict extremely painful injuries .\nsearch golden lined spinefoot and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of golden lined spinefoot given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .\nthe ratio of two lengths , equal in value to 1 . 618033988 . . . , and given by b / a = ( b + a ) / b ; it is the reciprocal of the golden section and also equal to ( 1 + golden section ) .\na light golden - coloured treacle produced by the evaporation of cane sugar juice , used to sweeten and flavour cakes , puddings , etc .\na strait between the pacific and san francisco bay : crossed by the golden gate bridge , with a central span of 1280 m ( 4200 ft . )\nany of several plovers of the genus pluvialis , such as p . apricaria of europe and asia , that have golden brown back , head , and wings\nlatin , siganus = a fish , rabbit fish ; by the similarity of the nose ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 25 m ( ref . 90102 ) , usually 0 - 20 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 25\u00b0c - 29\u00b0c ( ref . 27115 ) ; 27\u00b0n - 30\u00b0s , 71\u00b0e - 171\u00b0e\nindo - west pacific : maldives , laccadive archipelago , india , sri lanka , ogasawara islands ( japan ) , eastern indonesia , new guinea , australia , solomon islands , vanuatu , new caledonia and philippines ; palau and yap in micronesia . records from viet nam ( ref . 2682 ) is probably siganus guttatus .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 43 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9813 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 ; anal spines : 7 ; anal soft rays : 9 ; vertebrae : 13 . blue dorsally , silvery below ; a bright yellow spot below last few rays of dorsal fin ; a prominent blue line beside posterior margin of orbit running diagonally across cheek to corner of mouth . preopercular angle 92\u00b0 - 104\u00b0 ; strong scales almost completely cover cheeks ; midline of thorax scaled , not pelvic ridges . anterior nostril encircled by a very low rim , slightly expanded posteriorly . spines stout , pungent and venomous ( ref . 1419 ) .\njuveniles found in mangrove areas and seagrass flats ; adults in protected waters such as lagoons and bays in the vicinity of rocky substrata or reefs . forms schools that diminish with age , down to 10 - 25 fish by adult stage , although congregations may consist of several thousand fish during spawning period . feeds by scraping encrusting algae from beach rock or pavement areas of coral reefs or by browsing on larger coarse algae . common in markets where it is sold fresh ( ref . 9813 ) .\nsmallest female to spawn was 23 cm , the largest 33 cm sl . spawning apparently occurs not until the fish is 2 years old .\nwoodland , d . j . , 1990 . revision of the fish family siganidae with descriptions of two new species and comments on distribution and biology . indo - pac . fish . ( 19 ) : 136 p . ( ref . 1419 )\n) : 24 . 9 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 726 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 01092 - 0 . 02895 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 12 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 \u00b10 . 00 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 6 ; tm = 2 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 25 of 100 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthe most flourishing and outstanding period , esp . in the history of an art or nation\nthe great classical period of latin literature , occupying approximately the 1st century b . c . and represented by such writers as cicero and virgil\nany north american plant of the genus chrysopsis , esp . c . mariana of the eastern u . s . , having yellow rayed flowers : family compositae ( composites )\nthe fleece of a winged ram that rescued phrixus and brought him to colchis , where he sacrificed it to zeus . phrixus gave the fleece to king ae\u00ebtes who kept it in a sacred grove , whence jason and the argonauts stole it with the help of ae\u00ebtes ' daughter\nthe mongol horde that devastated e europe in the early 13th century . it established the westernmost mongol khanate , which at its height ruled most of european russia . defeated by the power of muscovy ( 1380 ) , the realm split into four smaller khanates in 1405\na number between 1 and 19 , used to indicate the position of any year in the metonic cycle , calculated as the remainder when 1 is added to the given year and the sum is divided by 19 . if the remainder is zero the number is 19\nsomething old or long - established , esp . a hit record or song that has remained popular or is enjoying a revival\nthe proportion of the two divisions of a straight line or the two dimensions of a plane figure such that the smaller is to the larger as the larger is to the sum of the two . if the sides of a rectangle are in this proportion and a square is constructed internally on the shorter side , the rectangle that remains will also have sides in the same proportion\na share in a company that controls at least 51 % of the voting rights , esp . one retained by the uk government in some privatization issues\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\npicture of siganus vermiculatus has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase - fao - author : fao permission : some rights reserved\njavascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .\nyou are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .\nwe are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .\nthank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .\ncollect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under\nvocabulary list\n.\nif you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on\nimport\nin the vocabulary list .\nplease note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .\nunique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !\nenter a word ( \u201cnewspaper\u201d ) , a word combination ( \u201cexciting trip\u201d ) or a phrase ( \u201cwith all good wishes\u201d ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .\nthis new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .\na click on the tab \u201cusage examples\u201d displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .\nthe pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like \u201ccan you really say \u2026 in german ? \u201d and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .\nthe \u201cexamples from the internet\u201d do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked \u201cnot verified by pons editors\u201d .\nwe are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .\nthe examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .\ncreated to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .\nif is associated with an alamy account you ' ll receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password .\nenter your log in email address and we\u0092ll send you a link to reset your password .\nsorry , this image isn ' t available for this licence . please refer to the license restrictions for more information .\non the alamy prints site ( powered by art . com ) choose your frame , the size and finish of your photo .\nenter your log in email address and we ' ll send you a link to reset your password ."]}
{"id": 2558, "summary": [{"text": "strophedra weirana , the little beech piercer , is a moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in most of europe , except the iberian peninsula , part of the balkan peninsula , ukraine , the baltic region , finland and ireland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 10 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing in june .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on fagus species .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "they attach two leaves of their host plant together with silk and feed from within . ", "topic": 11}], "title": "strophedra weirana", "paragraphs": ["strophedra weirana ( little beech piercer ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nstrophedra weirana \u00a71 male ; st lawrence , isle of wight ; 30 / 05 / 2014 ; fw 5 . 1mm \u00a9 chris lewis\nthis rather obscurely - marked species occurs sparsely in suitable habitat in the southern half of england , and parts of wales . it is similar to\noccupying beech woods , the adults are on the wing during june , and fly in afternoon sunshine , as well as at sunrise .\n) , attaching two leaves together with silk and feeding within , causing a noticeable blotch on the leaf surfaces .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 05 04 : 17 : 04 page render time : 0 . 2899s total w / procache : 0 . 3282s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nrecorded in 18 ( 26 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan about 11 mm . this rather obscurely - marked species is similar to s . nitidana but is less distinctively marked than that species .\nadults are on the wing during june , and fly in afternoon sunshine , as well as at sunrise .\nthe larva feeds on beech , attaching two leaves together with silk and feeding within , causing a noticeable blotch on the leaf surfaces .\nthis species occurs sparsely in suitable habitat in the southern half of england and parts of wales . in the butterfly conservation\u2019s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .\nrare in leicestershire and rutland . this is only the second record for vc55 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 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2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nws : 10 - 12mm ; jun ; beech ( fagus sylvatica ) ; local in beech wood in s . england synonym : s . flexana ( pierce & metcalfe )"]}
{"id": 2560, "summary": [{"text": "the quillfish , ptilichthys goodei , is a species of perciform fish , the only species in the genus ptilichthys and family ptilichthyidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is an elongated , eel-like fish that reaches 34 cm in length .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is native to the north pacific ocean , from the bering sea south to oregon .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it has been found on the surface at night , attracted by the lights of fishing boats , but little is known about its daytime habits ; it may burrow in sandy and muddy bottoms during the day , emerging at dusk to feed .", "topic": 28}, {"text": "quillfishes have been found in the stomachs of juvenile coho salmon , oncorhynchus kisutch , and chinook salmon , oncorhynchus tshawytscha .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "the longest quillfish was nearly as long ( 82 % ) as its predator . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "quillfish", "paragraphs": ["finally , the bizarre quillfish is so highly modified that its relationships are obscure . more\nqueen danio - quillfish - species of fish starting with q - information on different types of fish . contact bruning . more\nshow ipa use quillfish in a sentencesee web results for quillfishsee images of quillfish\u2013noun , plural - fish\u22c5es , ( especially collectively ) - fish . a fish , ptilichthys goodei , of the bering sea , having an eellike body with long , many - rayed fins . more\nthe quillfish , ptilichthys goodei , is a slender , elongate fish distributed along the coastline of the north pacific from oregon to the sea of japan . more\ndoes quillfish evolve on pokemon pearl ? = in : pokemon diamond and pearl first of all , it ' s spelt qwilfish . secondly , it doesn ' t . qwilfish has no evolutions . more\nthe quillfish , ptilichthys goodei , is a species of perciform fish , the only species in the genus ptilichthys and family ptilichthyidae . it is an elongate eel - like fish that reaches 34 cm in length . more\nfacts about quillfish : annotated classification , as discussed in perciform ( fish ) : annotated classification : = . . . to 2 . 3 metres ( 7 . 5 feet ) . 5 species , in northern oceans ; littoral zone to 300 metres ( 1 , 000 feet ) ; good food fishes . more\nfamily ptilichthyidae ( quillfish ) extremely elongated , body ending in a free fleshy point ; pelvic fins absent ; dorsal and anal fins like vanes of a feather . 1 species ( ptilichthys goodei ) , rare ; north pacific . family zaproridae ( prowfish ) a single species ( zaprora silenus ) like a shorter , deeper - bodied prickleback ; pelvic fins\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ngreek , ptylon = feather + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 ) .\nthe list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .\nrather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .\nbut we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .\nunless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .\nthis list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .\nin the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .\nwhen subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .\ntype genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .\ntype species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .\nthis is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .\nenglish - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nit has been found on the surface at night , attracted by the lights of fishing boats , but little is known about its daytime habits : it is thought that it may burrow in sandy and muddy bottoms during the day , emerging at dusk to feed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\ngreek , ptilon = feather + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 360 m ( ref . 50550 ) . temperate ; 66\u00b0n - 42\u00b0n\nnorth pacific : japan , the sea of okhotsk , and the kuril islands to bering sea and to central oregon , usa .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56557 ) ; common length : 15 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56557 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 90 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 137 - 145 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 185 - 196 ; vertebrae : 236 - 240 . caudal much reduced .\nfound at surface at night , evidently on the bottom in deeper waters during the day ( ref . 2850 ) . buries itself in mud or sand ( ref . 2850 ) . has been recorded to be found in the stomach of a coho salmon ( ref . 6885 ) .\neschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )\n) : 0 . 9 - 8 . 3 , mean 4 . 4 ( based on 378 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\na fish , ptilichthys goodei , of the bering sea , having an eellike body with long , many - rayed fins .\nrandom house unabridged dictionary , copyright \u00a9 1997 , by random house , inc . , on infoplease ."]}
{"id": 2562, "summary": [{"text": "guaianaza is a monotypic butterfly genus of the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "guaianaza is considered a synonym of the genus forsterinaria gray , 1973 .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "its single species , guaianaza pronophila , is found in the neotropical realm . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "guaianaza", "paragraphs": ["[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfreitas , avl and pe\u00f1a c . 2006 . description of genus guianaza for\neuptychia\npronophila ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with a description of the immature stages . zootaxa 1163 : 49 - 59 .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\natlantic forest ; < i > forsterinaria < / i > ; life history ; neotropics ; poaceae .\ntype - species : euptychia pronophila butler , 1867 . proc . zool . soc . lond . : 107 , pl . 12 , fig . 20 . [ bhl ]\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nsend mail to wvdvorst @ urltoken with questions or comments about this web site . copyright \u00a9 2015 urltoken lepidoptera of the world last modified : 01 - 03 - 15\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2563, "summary": [{"text": "cymothoe caenis , the common glider , is a species of butterfly of the family nymphalidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , southern nigeria , cameroon , the republic of the congo , the central african republic , angola , the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , tanzania and zambia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of forests and heavy woodland .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is a migratory species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindackeria and uapaca species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cymothoe caenis", "paragraphs": ["cymothoe caenis ( the common glider ) . starting a butterfly collection . set specimens . add to favourites . the butterfly has a base colour of sandy brown . all wings have creamy white with brown . all wings have a lovely pattern .\nhere are 72 described species in the genus cymothoe , a group of large and magnificent butterflies commonly known as gliders . the genus is entirely afrotropical in distribution .\ntom , you will find hereafter some pictures of my old collection ! from c . a . r . from r . d . c . , kivu , beni that shows you the variability of cymothoe caenis . almost all the female forms have been named . white ones are conformis , orange ones are adelina , etc . many papers have been written on c . caenis migrations , and i need to find a good one amongst these to pass you the reference . . . a + , michel\nthe males vary in colour , ranging from the pure white of caenis , and the deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown of fumana , to the fabulous and aptly named blood red glider sangaris .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthere are no formally recognized subspecies for this taxon , nor are there any widely used synonyms .\ngenus and has a huge extent of occurrence covering the entire west african and equatorial forest zone ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . in addition to having a widespread distribution , the butterfly appears to be highly adaptable to secondary habitats , and is able to utilize a wide variety of larval host - plants . this makes it particularly robust to any threats arising across its range . this is clearly a species of least concern .\nwhile specific quantitative population records are lacking for this forest butterfly , it is known to be one of the most common and ecologically adaptable members of the genus ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthis species is known in most of the west african and equatorial forest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than any other member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional population explosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\n. the larvae are communal and drop off the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthere are no major , immediate threats to this forest butterfly . the species is highly adaptable , and is common in secondary habitats as well as primary forest ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . hence , the main regional threats of deforestation and forest degradation do not pose a significant threat to this widespread and robust species at present .\nno species - specific conservation measures are currently in place or required for this common species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nis distributed across the forested regions of africa from guinea to congo , uganda and zambia .\nhis species is found mainly in secondary forest and disturbed areas of primary forest .\non sunny mornings males spend their time high in the tree tops . later in the day they descend to bask on bushes and saplings , choosing spots where dappled sunlight filters through the canopy to the understorey .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\n. most of the following specimens were caught within a 2 day period in august 2014 , when the migration of this species passed through bunia , drc . most are in rough shape , but hopefully the next time they pass through i ' ll be able to nab ones in better shape . ( also , sorry for the different lighting conditions , i ' ve been working on improving this . )\ni ' d also be interested to know if anyone has further information on this species ' migratory behaviour .\nalso a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! ! rich\nalso a good example on why a scientific collection has so many of the same species , though i think you ' ve gone over the top with so many gynandromorphs , i think just one would do , lol . . though i have noticed that one of your gynandromorphs appears to be half male and half male ! !\ni guess you talk about the specimen in box 3 ! it is a perfect bilateral with male on the left side and female form conformis on the right side . . . very unusual\nawesome ! ! thanks for sharing those pictures ! i knew you ' d have something interesting to add .\ni would say that about 50 / 55 % are form adelina ( full orange brown ) and the proportion of the other females forms is well represented in box 4 and 5 . . .\ninteresting . . . i don ' t remember that form being the most common when they came through bunia . on the other hand , i was ignoring any specimen that wasn ' t sufficiently different from the ones i ' d previously caught . so , my memory is probably skewed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlarsen tb . 2005 . butterflies of west africa . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark .\ncorrespondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at\n. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the\neach tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .\nfor a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .\ntree of life design and icons copyright \u00a9 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nthis species is known in most of the west african and equatorialforest zone , occurring in forest at various altitudes , as well as heavy woodland ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) . the butterfly penetrates open country more effectively than anyother member of the genus and is more at home in secondary habitats than in primary forest . occasional populationexplosions may give rise to mass migrations ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\n. the larvae are communal and dropoff the tree when interfered with ( t . larsen pers . comm . 2009 ) .\nthe larvae feed on rawsonia usambarensis , rawsonia lucida , caloncoba gilgiana , caloncoba glauca , oncoba spinosa , oncoba welwitschii , lindaeckeria and uapaca species .\nthis listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available .\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping programme terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nseller ships within 2 days after receiving cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab .\nyou\u2019ll see an estimated delivery date - opens in a new window or tab based on the seller\u2019s dispatch time and delivery service . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods and will depend on when your payment clears - opens in a new window or tab .\nthis item will be sent through the global shipping programme and includes international tracking . learn more - opens in a new window or tab\nitems delivered internationally may be subject to customs processing depending on the item ' s declared value .\nsellers set the item ' s declared value and must comply with customs declaration laws .\na brand - new , unused , unopened and undamaged item . see the seller ' s listing for full details .\nmost purchases from business sellers are protected by the consumer contract regulations 2013 which give you the right to cancel the purchase within 14 days after the day you receive the item . find out more about your rights as a buyer - opens in a new window or tab and exceptions - opens in a new window or tab .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice"]}
{"id": 2564, "summary": [{"text": "the schouteden 's swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) is a species of swift in the family apodidae .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to democratic republic of the congo .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "its common name and latin binomial commemorate the belgian zoologist henri eugene schouteden . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "schouteden ' s swift", "paragraphs": ["schouteden ' s swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) is a species of bird in the apodidae family .\nthe schouteden ' s swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) is an endangered swift that is endemic to democratic republic of the congo in central africa ; where it lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and montanes .\n17 cm . dark - coloured swift . appears all black in the field with medium - forked tail .\nchantler , p . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . schouteden ' s swift ( schoutedenapus schoutedeni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nif you have videos , photographs or sound recordings you can share them on the internet bird collection . it ' s free and easy to do .\nconduct field surveys in the itombwe mountains to determine its distribution more accurately and to assess its population size . once a baseline population estimate has been obtained , continue to monitor population trends . monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation within the species ' s range . ensure effective protection of itombwe forest nature reserve . increase the area of suitable habitat that has protected status .\nthe population is assumed to be small ( < 10 , 000 ) owing to the lack of confirmed records other than five specimens collected during 1956 - 1972 . it is placed in the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 individuals , equating to 1 , 667 - 6 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 1 , 500 - 7 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be declining in line with the clearance and degradation of forest within the species ' s range .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nthis little - known species is presumed to have a small population which is almost certainly declining as its forest habitat is severely threatened . it is , therefore , classified as vulnerable .\n( drc ) , where it appears to be resident . however , there are possible sightings from bwindi forest , uganda ( near the border with the drc ) ,\n, which indicates that the species may have a less restricted range than previously thought ( t . butynski\nthe species was formerly known only from clearings in transitional and lowland forest , at low and intermediate altitudes ( c . 1 , 000 - 1 , 470 m ) , but there are now indications that it may also be found over montane forest ( up to 2 , 700 m [ t . butynski\n, although this may be reduced by its recent designation as a community reserve ( a . plumptre\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ne drcongo in itombwe mts , where collected from mubandakika , butokolo , bionga and kamituga ; perhaps occurs n to mt tshiaberimu , and possible sightings also from bwindi forest , in sw uganda # r .\npresumed to be a highland species , mainly because was collected from butokolo at 1470 m .\nfemale collected in feb had enlarged oocytes ; two specimens from oct did not have enlarged gonads .\nvulnerable . restricted - range species : present in eastern zaire lowlands eba . still known from only five specimens . habitat within species\u2019 range thought still to be in . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nsequence of genera here based on findings from recent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : schoutedenapus schoutedeni . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 716 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nmobile version - juza . ea @ urltoken - terms of use and privacy - p . iva 01501900334 - rea 167997 - pec juzaphoto @ urltoken\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nzairenkiit\u00e4j\u00e4\nfrom\nschoutedenapus schoutedeni ( prigogine , 1960 )\nas trusted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nswiftlet information . . . swiftlet species index . . . swiftlet species photo gallery\nthe articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers .\n; however , mistakes do happen . if you would like to correct or update any of the information , please\nthroughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . \u2026\nplease note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .\nbirding buddies is moving on . . . this site may not be available soon . more information\ngeolocation some features on this page require a location . please enable geolocation or enter your zip code to use these feature .\ngeolocation error there was an error getting your location . you may need to update your browser ."]}
{"id": 2565, "summary": [{"text": "the plumbeous tyrant ( knipolegus cabanisi ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "it is found in southeastern peru , western bolivia and northern argentina .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "this and the jelski 's black tyrant are sometimes considered conspecific , in which case , the bird is then usually referred to as the andean tyrant . ", "topic": 12}], "title": "plumbeous tyrant", "paragraphs": ["nobody uploaded sound recordings for plumbeous black - tyrant ( knipolegus cabanisi ) yet .\n2c . called\npinto ' s tyrant - manakin\nin meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) and\nserra tyrant - manakin\nin snow ( 2004b ) .\njohnson ' s tody - tyrant\nalso adopted by fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .\ndid not change from\ntody - flycatcher\nto\ntody - tyrant .\n22c . called\nolive - crowned pygmy - tyrant\nin wetmore ( 1972 ) .\n49a . called\nlight - eyed pygmy - tyrant\nin wetmore ( 1972 ) .\nthe arrangement of the knipolegus black - tyrants is based on hosner and moyle ( 2012 ) and fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2018 ) . since eumyiobius would be embedded in knipolegus , it has been merged into knipolegus . hosner and moyle ' s results provide support for treating caatinga black - tyrant , knipolegus franciscanus , as a separate species from white - winged black - tyrant , knipolegus aterrimus , and also plumbeous tyrant , knipolegus cabanisi , separate from jelski ' s black - tyrant , knipolegus signatus .\n44a . called\nsharp - tailed grass - tyrant\nby ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) .\ni have split the blackish chat - tyrant , ochthoeca nigrita , and maroon - belted chat - tyrant , ochthoeca thoracica , from the slaty - backed chat - tyrant , ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris , based on a combination of fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2018 ) , ridgely and greenfield ( 2001 ) , hilty ( 2003 ) , and garcia - moreno et al . ( 1998 ) .\n45b . called\nwhite - breasted pygmy - tyrant\nin meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) and parker et al . ( 1982 ) .\nby traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) . thus , it was renamed\nfork - tailed tody - tyrant\nby ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) .\npassed to make the english name\njohnson ' s tody - tyrant\n, in honor of its recently deceased describer , ned . k . johnson .\n, and considered them conspecific , but noted that they might also be considered separate species , as also noted by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) . sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered them conspecific and coined the name\nandean tyrant\nfor the composite species , and this was followed by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) ; fjelds\u00e5 & krabbe ( 1990 ) also considered them conspecific but used\nplumbeous tyrant ,\nbut see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for reasons not to use that english name .\n62c . johnson and jones suggested\nlulu ' s tody - tyrant\nfor the english name . the logical\nrufous - headed\nis already in use in\nhosner & moyle ( 2012 ) recommended use of the english name caatinga black - tyrant because it was already the most frequently used name for the taxon when treated as a species .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . plumbeous black - tyrant ( knipolegus cabanisi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\n83a . called\ncinnamon tyrant - manakin\nin sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) ,\ncinnamon tyrant\nin mobley & prum ( 1995 ) , fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) , and schulenberg et al . ( 2007 ) , and\ncinnamon neopipo\nin ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) and hilty ( 2003 ) , thus perhaps setting a new temporal record for lack of stability in an english name .\nthe andean tyrant is a montane flycatcher in low andean woodlands . they are found from peru south along the east slope of the andes through bolivia into northern argentina , where the species might be most abundant . males are dark slaty to black with red irides and white edging to some wing feathers , while females are dull - eyed and brownish above and whitish below with a rusty rump and edging to the tail feathers . male andean tyrants display for females by making a high whirring arc flight into the air . the white - winged black - tyrant is fairly similar to andean tyrant , but is found in more open habitats and has more obvious white in the wings ( males ) .\n36 . formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) called\nyellow - bellied bristle - tyrant\n; see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for reasons for the need for their new english name for this species .\ndo form a distinctive group within the genus and thus the english name bristle - tyrant is retained for them , following ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) . hilty & brown ( 1986 ) , ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) , hilty ( 2003 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) retained\nin recent years considered conspecific with k . signatus , although in earlier times the two were even placed in different genera . molecular # r and morphological data support treatment as separate species , present form differing in its blue - grey ( dark - tipped ) vs blackish bill in male ( 3 ) ; overall slightly paler , plumbeous plumage in male ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; much brighter rufous uppertail - coverts in female ( 2 ) ; and much buffier wingbars in female ( 2 ) . described form \u201c k . subflammulatus \u201d now known to refer to immature male plumage of present species . monotypic .\nalthough ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) estimate that the tyrannidae have been a separate lineage since roughly 25 - 30 million years ago ( mid - oligocene ) , the current diversification of the group dates to the last 20 million years . the tyrant flycatchers remain among the most difficult to classify and identify , full of cryptic species . some flycatchers are so cryptic that there remains controversy about whether 1 or 2 species are involved , such as the the cordilleran and pacific - slope flycatchers .\nthe second branch is the chat - tyrant clade unofficially called ochthoecini . fjelds\u00e5 et al . confirm the arrangment of genera . silvicultrix is separated from ochthoeca ( see garc\u00eda - moreno and arctander , 1998 ) and several of the former myiophobus are temporarily designated \u201cmyiophobus\u201d ( years later , we still await a proper name ) . moreover , tumbezia has been merged into ochthoeca , with ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) pushing me over the line on this . there is still some guesswork in the arrangement of this group , but at the generic level is agrees with lanyon ( 1986 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\njustification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but the pre - split species has been described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nat 23 , 54 , 103 , and 157 seconds . a cow in the background .\ndrr - pit while shooting 2 m up and down again displaying white wing patch . tape ref . ( b 20 - 24 )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 206 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nhbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .\nno flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .\njacob . wijpkema , tomas grim , ken simonite , h\u00e9ctor bernardo fern\u00e1ndez , lars petersson , josep del hoyo , miguel andina , silvia vitale , rich bayldon , manakincarmelo .\nse peru ( e cuzco , n puno ) , se bolivia ( cochabamba , santa cruz , tarija ) and nw argentina ( jujuy s to tucum\u00e1n and se catamarca ) .\n, especially in shorter bill , overall more dark slate - grey , wings and tail dusky , inner webs of . . .\nusually quiet . male utters \u201ctec\u201d or \u201ctchick\u201d call , also makes wing - whirring noise , during display ( . . .\ninterior of lower growth of humid montane forest and woodland , less frequently at borders ; also . . .\nlittle known . insects . usually inconspicuous and quiet ; also generally solitary , and does not follow mixed - species flocks . perches upright . . .\neggs in oct\u2013jan in argentina ( tucum\u00e1n and jujuy ) ; female in breeding condition in mid nov , another with brood patch in late dec and one . . .\nnot globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon to locally fairly common . rare and very poorly known in peru ; fairly common in argentina and parts of bolivia . occurs in . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\ntogether with lessonia and hymenops forms a well - supported clade # r # r which was previously also considered to include pyrocephalus # r .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\njavascript is required . please enable javascript before you are allowed to see this page .\nit ' s hard to find photos of lulu ' s tody - flycatcher - you have a good one .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\neven though they have been reduced from their traditional size , mainly by losing the rhynchocyclidae , the tyrannidae remain the largest of the suboscine families the tyrannidae include about one quarter of all of the suboscines .\nthe new slimmed - down tyrannidae have a simpler structure than the old tyrannidae . there are three major and two minor clades designated as subfamilies . the first subamily is hirundineinae . this is a small subfamily containing only 6 species . ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) considered this group closest to the tyranninae and fluvicolinae . in contrast , fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2018 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) found them sister to the elaeniinae . rheindt et al . ' s ( 2008a ) data put them in a more basal position , sister to the combined elaeniinae , tyranninae , and fluvicolinae . for now , i ' m following ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) which puts them in a basal trichotomy with the elaeniinae and a clade containing the other three subfamilies . note that the three former myiophobus included in this subfamily are not closely related to the rest of myiophobus . they have been given a new genus name , nephelomyias , by ohlsson et al . ( 2009 ) .\nthe second subfamily contains the elaenias ( elaeniinae ) . it has two major branches : euscarthmini and elaeniini . ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) find very similar results for the euscarthmini . rheindt et al . ( 2008a ) is a bit different , but not very strongly so . sixteen species of phyllomyias tyrannulets are separated from the main phyllomyias group ( part of elaeniini ) and placed variously in the revived genera tyranniscus and xanthomyias . i ' ve also included five tyrannulets from mercocerculus in xanthomyias . it ' s not clear whether these two groups are sisters or nested , and it seemed best to treat them as one genus for now . this reduces mercocerculus itself to a single species which belongs in elaeniini .\nthe arrangement of species within zimmerius is based on rheindt et al . ( 2008c , 2013 ) . based on rheindt et al . ( 2013 ) , mistletoe tyrannulet , zimmerius parvus , specious tyrannulet , zimmerius improbus ( inc . tamae ) , and venezuelan tyrannulet , zimmerius petersi , are split from paltry tyrannulet , zimmerius vilissimus .\ncoopmans ' s tyrannulet , zimmerius minimus , comprising minimus and cumanensis has somewhat speculatively been split from golden - faced tyrannulet , zimmerius chrysops , based on comments in rheindt et al . , ( 2013 ) . i continue include the loja tyrannulet , zimmerius flavidifrons . rheindt et al . , ( 2014 ) describe a mosiac population that is linked to both the golden - faced and peruvian tyrannulets . it includes flavidifrons and an undescribed peruvian population and may end up being lumped in with the peruvian tyrannulet . thus the old chrysops with 5 subspecies has been divided among coopmans ' s , choco , golden - faced , and loja tyrannulets . finally , chico ' s tyrannulet , zimmerius chicomendesi , newly described by whitney et al . , ( 2013c ) , has been added to the list .\nthe situation in the elaeniini is rather complicated , with different analyses giving quite different results . there are five groups , and once again , i rely on the multi - gene analysis of ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) to resolve their order . the clades start with ( 1 ) the tyrannulus and the myiopagis elaenias and ( 2 ) the elaenia elaenias . these form a trichotomy with a clade consisting of the remaining three groups : ( 3 ) suiriri ; ( 4 ) the capsiempis - phyllomyias group ; and ( 5 ) the pseudelaenia - serpophaga group . see ericson et al . ( 2006b ) , ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) , rheindt et al . ( 2008a ) , and tello et al . ( 2009 ) for alternative treatments .\nthe chapada flycatcher , suiriri affinis , is unrelated to the other suiriri taxa and has been moved to fluvicolini .\nzucker et al . ( 2016 ) found that nesotriccus is embedded in phaeomyias and that both are very closely related to phyllomyias . accordingly , i have merged nesotriccus ( cocos flycatcher ) and phaeomyias into phyllomyias . it would not be unreasonable to go a step further and merge the monotypic capsiempis with phyllomyias . however , both names have equal priority and need a first reviser action to decide between them . since there ' s not a strong need to merge them , it can wait .\nalso based on zucker et al . ( 2016 ) , the mouse - colored tyrannulet , formerly phaeomyias murina , has been split into amazonian mouse - colored tyrannulet , phyllomyias murinus , including wagae , and northern mouse - colored tyrannulet , phyllomyias incomtus , including eremonomus .\nstraneck ' s tyrannulet / gray - crowned tyrannulet , serpophaga griseicapilla , has had a somewhat checkered history . it was previously referred to as serpophaga griseiceps , but the type of griseiceps was actually a juvenile of s . munda ( herzog and mazur barnett , 2004 ) . straneck ( 2007 ) gave it the name s . griseiceps . it has also been referred to as gray - crowned tyrannulet , and monte tyrannulet .\nthe treatment of tyranninae follows ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) , which analyses all of the genes considered in both ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) . within tyranninae , the attilas are basal , followed by the piratic flycatcher ( legatus ) , and the ramphotrigon flatbills ( including deltarhynchus ) . the remainder of tyranninae is divided into a myiarchus group and a kingbird group . there were some differences between ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) . i ' m following the resolution of these differences proposed in ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) , but we should keep in mind that some of the genes are telling incongruent stories and that additional information may change some of the details .\nis its closest relative . they are sister species in tello et al . ( 2009 ) , but the support is not great and chaves et al . ( 2008 ) has them separated . i ' ve also separated the fork - tailed flycatcher in\nbased on tello et al . ( 2009 ) . once it is out of\nis based on joseph et al . ( 2004 ) and sari and parker ( 2012 ) . they both note some issues within\n. they may represent incompelete lineage sorting , species boundaries that need to be redrawn , or even cryptic species . one such involves la sagra ' s and stolid flycatchers , which seem to be mutually paraphyletic ( joseph et al . 2004 ) . other such problems exist for\nalso within the myiarchus group , sirystes , sirystes sibilator has been split into : sibilant sirystes , sirystes sibilator , white - rumped sirystes , sirystes albocinereus , todd ' s sirystes , sirystes subcanescens , and choco sirystes , sirystes albogriseus , based on donegan ( 2013 ) .\nbased on garrido et al . ( 2009 ) , the loggerhead kingbird has been split into three species : western loggerhead kingbird , tyrannus caudifasciatus , hispaniolan kingbird , tyrannus gabbii , and puerto rican kingbird , tyrannus taylori . the three are easily distinguished by their calls , or with a little care , by their plumage .\ni now follow fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2018 ) for the fluvicolinae , in preference to ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) . in contrast , ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) obtain different concerning the fluvicolinae , with tello et al . much closer to the more recent ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) . in particular , i use fjelds\u00e5 et al . to position colonia and ( true ) myiophobus , hoping that the denser taxon sampling does the trick .\ni now split the fluvicolinae into four tribes , corresponding to fjelds\u00e5 ' s clades a through d .\nthe fluvicolini come first . there ' s been some minor rearrangement and a few additions . following fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2018 ) , i ' ve included colonia here , as well as the black - and - white monjita , now called heteroxolmis dominicanus , previously in genus xolmis . there is one other addition . the chapada flycatcher , formerly suiriri affinis ( not s . islerorum , see kirwan et al . , 2014a ) is not related to suiriri . rather , lopes et al . ( 2018 ) found it is sister to sublegatus . lopes et al . established a new genus for it , guyramemua , so the chapada flycatcher becomes guyramemua affine and moves from elaeniini to fluvicolini .\nalso , based on carmi et al . ( 2016 ) , the vermilion flycatcher , formerly pyrocephalus rubinus , has been split into four species :\nthe contopini follow cicero and johnson ( 2002 ) , ohlson et al . ( 2008 , 2013 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) telling the same basic story . the only real disagreement concerns whether sayornis and mitrephanes are sister taxa . note also that the true myiophobus are basal in contipini . finally , empidonax taxonomy follows cicero and johnson ( 2002 ) and johnson and cicero ( 2002 ) . however , fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2018 ) have called this into question . their phylogenies suggest that empidonax is not monophyletic . support for this is weak , but further data may force a change here .\nthe treatment of the xolmini now follows fjelds\u00e5 et al . ( 2018 ) , replacing ohlson et al . ( 2013 ) , the very similar tello et al . ( 2009 ) and the slightly different ohlson et al . ( 2008 ) .\nthe more complete taxon sampling by fjelds\u00e5 et al . has forced a split - up of the genus xolmis . besides sending the black - and - white monjita to the fluvicolini ( heteroxolmis ) , the fire - eyed diucon , now pyrope pyrope , moves to pyrope . i ' ve also moved the black - crowned monjita , neoxolmis coronatus , rusty - backed monjita , neoxolmis rubetra , and salinas monjita , neoxolmis salinarum , to neoxolmis from xolmis . finally , the gray monjita , now nengetus cinereus , has been placed in nengetus ( swainson 1827 ) . it had historically been in the genus taenioptera ( bonaparte 1825 ) , of which it is the type . however , although bonaparte alluded to taenioptera as a subgenus in 1825 , he did not actually establish the name until 1831 . thus nengetus has priority .\nthe order in anairetes and uromyias is based on dubay and witt ( 2012 ) and roy et al . ( 1999 ) . dubay and witt use additional genetic information to argue that the two uromyias species ( agilis and agraphia ) form a clade sister to the rest of anairetes , contrary to the conclusions of roy et al . ( 1999 ) . whether to treat them as one genus or two is a matter of opinion . the sacc has endorsed using two genera .\n[ relationships of family , sequence of genera ] [ add subfamilies ? ] . sibley & ahlquist ( 1985 , 1990 ) found that the tyrannidae consisted of two major groups , the\nmionectidae\nfor\nand several genera of small flycatchers placed in the subfamily elaeniinae ( sensu traylor 1979a ) ; sibley & ahlquist ' s data also indicated that the\nmionectidae\nand tyrannidae were not sister groups .\nsubsequent analyses ( s . lanyon 1985 , w . lanyon 1988a , b ) did not support such a division . however , chesser ( 2004 ) found the same deep division in the tyrannidae , but found that the two groups were sisters . tello et al . ( 2009 ) found that\nfor detailed discussions of relationships among genera , see traylor ( 1977 ) and w . lanyon ( 1985 , 1986 , 1988a , 1988b , 1988c ) . [\nbroad definition of phyllomyias , he noted that this genus is likely polyphyletic , with p . fasciatus , p . griseocapilla , and p . griseiceps possibly forming a group unrelated to the other species , which would force minimally the resurrection of tyranniscus ( see note 6 ) .\non described vocal differences ; this treatment returns to earlier ones ( cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941c , phelps & phelps 1950a ) that treated the two as separate before meyer de schauensee ' s ( 1966 , 1970 ) and traylor ' s ( 1977 < ? > , 1979a ) classifications . stiles & skutch ( 1989 ) further recognized andean birds as a separate species ,\n, returning to the classification of ( ref ) . elevation of these taxa to species rank was not followed by fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) due to lack of published analyses of vocal differences or other data .\n, were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941b ,\n3a . phyllomyias reiseri and p . virescens were considered conspecific by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) , meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) , and traylor ( 1977 < ? > , 1979a , 1982 ) , but see zimmer ( 1955 ) , meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) , stotz ( 1990 ) , and hayes ( 1995 ) ; they form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) , along with p . urichi ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n4 . [ split from virescens ; silva ( 1996 ) . ] ; followed by fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .\n6 . the species nigrocapillus , cinereiceps , and uropygialis were formerly ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941b , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in a separate genus , tyranniscus , but they were transferred to phyllomyias by traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) . <\nwere formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1941c , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in a separate genus ,\n7a . the tarsal morphology of tyrannulus has been interpreted to indicate that it belongs in the cotingidae ( ridgway 1907 ) . traylor ( 1977 ) considered tyrannulus most closely related to myiopagis because of plumage similarities to m . gaimardii .\nwas formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) included in\n; zimmer ( 1941b ) treated the two as separate , and this has been followed in all subsequent classifications .\n7c . hilty ( 2003 ) suspected that myiopagis caniceps might not belong in that genus , but rheindt et al . ( 2009 ) confirmed that it belongs there .\nknown only from the type specimen from goi\u00e1s , brazil , and formerly considered a valid species ( e . g . ,\ngenetic data ( rheindt et al . 2009 , cuervo et al . 2014 ) reveal that\nrecent genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2009 , tello et al . 2009 ) confirm this placement .\n7e .\nserpophaga berliozi ,\ndescribed as a valid species from amazonas , peru , is now considered a synonym of myiopagis g . gaimardii ( meyer de schauensee 1966 , mayr 1971 , traylor 1979a ) .\n8 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : coopmans & krabbe ( 2000 ) .\n8b . myiopagis viridicata and m . cotta of jamaica are sister species ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n8c . hilty ( 2003 ) suspected that myiopagis viridicata might consist of more than one species ; genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2009 ) indicate a very deep split between cis - and trans - andean populations .\n8d . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that elaenia martinica and e . chiriquensis were sister species .\n8e . olrog ( 1963 ) suggested that elaenia spectabilis should be considered conspecific with e . flavogaster .\n8ee . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that the traditional linear sequence of\nspecies , as given here , does not accurately reflect phylogenetic relationships among taxa .\n8f . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that elaenia flavogaster and e . gigas were closely related based on vocal , behavioral , and plumage similarities , but genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that they are not closely related .\n9 . elaenia ridleyana was formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1941a , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor 1979a ) considered a subspecies of e . spectabilis or of e . chiriquensis ( cory & hellmayr 1927 ) ; treated here as a species separate from following sick ( 1985 ) and ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) ; e . ridleyana forms a superspecies with e . spectabilis ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) .\nmight be closely related ; they may hybridize to an uncertain extent in n . peru ( fjelds\u00e5 & krabbe 1990 ) . rheindt et al . ( 2008a ) found that andean populations ( cuzco ) were genetically more similar to sympatric populations of\nbut suggested that this could be due to gene flow between them . rheindt et al . ( 2009 ) provided evidence that the subspecies\n10a . elaenia frantzii and e . obscura were considered to form a superspecies by aou ( 1983 ) but not by subsequent authors ; they were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered conspecific ; zimmer ( 1941a ) provided rationale for their treatment as separate species , and this has been followed in most subsequent classifications . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that they are not closely related . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that e . dayi might also be closely related to these two ; genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008 ) indicate that e . dayi and e . obscura are sister species .\n10c . sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered elaenia albiceps and e . parvirostris to form a superspecies . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) indicate that they are not closely related . although they seem to intergrade in some areas of central bolivia , they are sympatric without interbreeding in argentina ( traylor 1982 ) .\n10cc . zimmer ( 1941a ) proposed that elaenia cristata and e . ruficeps were probably sister species based on morphology and habitat similarities , and this is strongly supported by genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a ) .\n10d . the subspecies modesta was formerly ( ref ) considered a separate species from elaenia albiceps , but see zimmer ( 1941a ) . jaramillo ( 2003 ) suggested that e . albiceps consists of more than one species .\n10e . the subspecies tyleri of cerro duida was described as a separate species from elaenia dayi ( chapman 1929 ) .\nof the tepui region was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered a separate species from\n, but they were treated as conspecific by zimmer ( 1941a ) . genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008a , 2009 ) indicate that\n10g . elaenia pallatangae and e . albiceps may hybridize to an uncertain extent in ecuador and n . peru ( fitzpatrick 2004 , fjelds\u00e5 & krabbe 1990 ) .\n, but slud ( 1964 ) noted vocal differences between the two and recommended treatment as separate species . this has been followed by most subsequent classifications ( e . g . , wetmore 1972 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a , stiles & skutch 1989 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) , thus returning to the classification of cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) ; they constitute a superspecies ( aou 1983 , 1998 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\ncorrect spelling for species name is brunneicapillus , not brunneicapillum ( david & gosselin 2002a ) .\nhas been interpreted to indicate that it belongs in the cotingidae ( ridgway 1907 ) .\ngenetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) indicate that it is the sister to\n; this has been followed by most subsequent classifications ( e . g . , traylor < ? > 1977 , 1979 , ridgely & tudor 1994 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) , but wetmore ( 1972 ) maintained\non the basis of differences in primary shape , rectrix shape , and relative tail length .\nforms a superspecies with middle american c . imberbe ( aou 1983 , 1998 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) ; meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) suggested that they might be conspecific , but they are sympatric in costa rica ( stiles & skutch 1989 ) .\nmay consist of more than one species ; rheindt et al . ( 2008c ) found genetic evidence consistent with at least three species , but recommended waiting for additional analyses .\n12 . some authors ( cory & hellmayr 1927 , short 1975 , sibley & monroe 1990 ) considered s . affinis as a species separate from s . suiriri , but they intergrade in southeastern bolivia , northeastern paraguay , and southwestern brazil ( laubmann 1940 , zimmer 1955 , traylor 1982 , hayes 1995 , 2001 ) . their vocalizations are similar ( zimmer et al . 2001 ) , and all 17 specimens from the paraguayan hybrid zone are intermediate , suggesting free interbreeding ( hayes 1995 , 2001 ) .\n13 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : zimmer et al . ( 2001 ) .\n13a . lopes et al . ( 2018 ) found that suiriri affinis was not closely related to suiriri suiriri but rather to a group of genera including phyllomyias , phaeomyias , and capsiempis ; they named a new genus for affinis :\n14 . morphological data indicate that mecocerculus is almost certainly polyphyletic ( lanyon 1988a ) , but no choice now but to retain as is without further study . with leucophrys as the type species for the genus , placement of the genus arbitrarily reflects the position of m . leucophrys in lanyon ' s ( 1988a ) phylogeny .\n14a . mecocerculus poecilocercus and m . hellmayri form a superspecies ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n14b . fjelds\u00e5 & krabbe ( 1990 ) suggested that the subspecies pallidior of western peru might be considered a separate species from mecocerculus leucophrys .\n15 . anairetes nigrocristatus was formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1940b , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a ) considered conspecific with a . reguloides , but see fjelds\u00e5 & krabbe ( 1990 ) and ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for recognition as a separate species , as was suspected was the best treatment by meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) ; they form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) and are sister taxa ( dubay & witt 2012 ) .\n15a . spizitornis was formerly ( e . g . , oberholser 1920b , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1940b ) used for anairetes , but see < ref > , meyer de schauensee 1966 ) .\n15b . genetic data ( roy et al . 1999 ) confirm that anairetes parulus and a . fernandezianus are sister species .\nwas formerly ( e . g . , reluctantly by zimmer 1940b ) placed in the monotypic genus\nand is sister to a . parulus + a . flavirostris , and together they are sister to a . reguloides + a . nigrocristatus\nwere traditionally ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) placed in\nmany recent classifications ( e . g . , dickinson 2003 ) have merged uromyias into anairetes\non the basis of morphological and vocal characters , roy et al . ' s ( 1999 ) genetic data found that it is embedded within\n17a . silva ( 1990 ) showed that\nserpophaga araguayae ,\nformerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) considered a valid species (\nbananal tyrannulet\n) , is actually a synonym of myiopagis c . caniceps .\n18 . serpophaga munda is often considered a subspecies ( e . g . , zimmer 1955 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a , straneck 1993 ) or morph ( short 1975 ) of s . subcristata , but see olrog ( 1963 ) and herzog ( 2001 ) .\nknown from four specimens from bolivia , was formerly considered a valid species ( e . g . , zimmer 1955 , meyer de schauensee 1966 , 1970 ) . traylor ( 1979 ) treated\nmight consist of more than one species . ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) considered the subspecies\n) of southwestern ecuador and northwestern peru to represent a separate species based on differences in vocalizations .\nrheindt et al . ( 2008c ) found genetic evidence consistent with two species , and zucker et al . ( 2016 ) found additional evidence for multiple species within\n21b . cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) noted that evidence for treatment of polystictus pectoralis and p . superciliaris as congeneric is weak\n21c . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) noted that the possibly extinct subspecies bogotensis probably deserves treatment as a separate species from polystictus pectoralis . fjelds\u00e5 & krabbe ( 1990 ) suggested that the northern subspecies brevipennis might also deserve treatment as a separate species .\n22 . sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered pseudocolopteryx acutipennis and p . dinelliana to form a superspecies .\n22a . pseudocolopteryx is feminine , so the correct spelling of the species name is dinelliana ( david & gosselin 2002b ) .\n) that differ in vocalizations and displays , and do not respond to cross - playback experiments .\n22b . pseudotriccus pelzelni and p . simplex form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) and might be conspecific ( fjelds\u00e5 & krabbe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n22d . pseudotriccus ruficeps was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) placed in the monotypic genus caenotriccus , but see zimmer ( 1940 ) for its merger into pseudotriccus .\n23 . see sick ( 1985 ) , ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) for reasons for maintaining corythopis torquatus and c . delalandi as separate species ; they form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) .\nmeyer de schauensee 1966 ) placed in the conopophagidae , but see ames et al . ( 1968 ) for independent anatomical data sets that show that this species belongs in the tyrannidae . < sibley - ahlquist etc . refs > . tello and bates ( 2007 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) found strong support for a sister relationship between\n24 . corythopis is masculine , so the correct spelling of the species name is torquatus ( david & gosselin 2002b ) .\n24a . euscarthmus was formerly ( < ref > ) placed in the formicariidae [ = thamnophilidae ] because of similarities in tarsal scutellation .\n( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) , but see lanyon ( 1988a ) .\ngenetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) confirm that it is not the sister to any of these genera but is a member of a group of genera that includes\n25a . stigmatura napensis and s . budytoides were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , pinto 1944 ) considered conspecific , and napensis was described as a subspecies of s . budytoides ; recent authors have followed zimmer ( 1940b ) in treating them as separate species ; they are considered to form a superspecies by sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .\n25b . stigmatura was formerly ( < ref > ) placed in the formicariidae [ = thamnophilidae ] because of its superficial resemblance to the genus formicivora .\n26 . the species vilissimus , bolivianus , cinereicapilla , gracilipes , acer , and viridiflavus ( with chrysops and albigularis ) were formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1941b , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in a separate genus , tyranniscus , but see traylor ( 1977 ) for separation in the genus zimmerius .\nbased on differences in voice . ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) , krabbe & nielsson ( 2003 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) also noted that the taxon\n, from honduras to nw colombia , should also be considered a separate species .\n28a . zimmerius cinereicapilla was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered conspecific with z . gracilipes .\n28b . zimmerius acer was treated as a separate species from zimmerius gracilipes by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) , but zimmer ( 1941 ) treated them as conspecific ; pinto ( 1944 ) , however , treated them as separate species and noted that both had been collected at santarem , brazil ( gyldenstolpe 1941 ) . most recent classifications ( e . g . , sibley & monroe 1990 , ridgely & tudor 1994 , dickinson 2003 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) have followed zimmer ( 1941 ) in treating them as conspecific . rheindt et al . ' s ( 2008b ) genetic data indicate that acer and gracilipes are not sisters , with acer basal to all other zimmerius taxa sampled .\n29 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : alvarez - alfonso & whitney ( 2001 ) .\n, from southwestern amazonian brazil that is likely most closely related to z . villarejoi ; recognized by\nas a separate species , a treatment supported by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) , zimmer ( 1941 ) , and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) ; they constitute a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) .\nmore recent genetic data ( rheindt et al . 2008b ) indicate that current species limits in the\n31a . the southern subspecies ottonis was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) considered a separate species from phylloscartes ophthalmicus .\n31b . phylloscartes lanyoni and p . orbitalis are sister taxa ( graves 1988 ) that form a superspecies ( sibley & monroe 1990 ) ; fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) also considered p . venezuelanus a member of this superspecies .\nwas formerly ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 ) placed in the genus capsiempis .\n1cc . phylloscartes gualaquizae , one of the former members of pogonotriccus ( see note 31 above ) , is not a member of that group ( robbins et al . 1987 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n31d . vocal and foraging behavior suggests that phylloscartes nigrifrons might be most closely related to p . flaviventris and p . parkeri ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n, and ridgway placed it in leptotriccus with p . sylviolus and p . flaviventris\n32 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : graves ( 1988 ) .\n( fitzpatrick 2004 ) ; they were all considered conspecific by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) .\nknown only from the unique type specimen from\nrio de janeiro\nand formerly considered a valid species ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ,\n33 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : teixeira ( 1987 ) .\n34 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : willis & oniki ( 1992 ) .\n35 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : gonzaga & pacheco ( 1995 ) .\n36a . phylloscartes flaviventris and p . parkeri form a superspecies ( fitzpatrick and stotz 1997 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n36b . phylloscartes ceciliae , p . superciliaris , p . roquettei , and p . sylviolus might be closely related to , or part of , the p . flaviventris - p . parkeri superspecies ( fitzpatrick and stotz 1997 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n37 . described since meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) : fitzpatrick and stotz ( 1997 ) .\nwere formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1941c , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in the genus\nby traylor ( 1977 , 1979 ) , as first proposed by van rossem ( 1938 ) , and a merger supported by morphological data ( ames 1971 , lanyon 1988a ; cf . zimmer 1941c ) ; wetmore ( 1972 ) tentatively maintained\non the basis of plumage differences , evident even in juvenal plumage , and primary shape in adult males .\nshow no signs of gene flow between them , suggesting that more than one species may be involved ( miller et al . 2008 ) .\n40b .\nmionectes turi ,\ndescribed from\ncayenne\nas a valid species , is now considered a synonym of mionectes oleagineus wallacei ( meyer de schauensee 1966 ) .\nand thus should be treated as a separate species ; additional gene sampling and vocal analyses needed .\n41 . linear sequence of species in leptopogon follows bates & zink ( 1994 ) , who showed that genetic data indicate that the lowland species amaurocephalus is sister to the ancestor of the rest of the genus , and the highest - elevation species are most recently derived .\n41a . leptopogon rufipectus and l . taczanowskii are sister species ( zimmer 1941c , bates & zink 1994 ) that form a superspecies ( parker et al . 1985 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\n41b . leptopogon rufipectus was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , phelps & phelps 1950a ) known as l . erythrops , but see < ref > .\n41c . traylor ( 1977 ) considered sublegatus so closely related to elaenia , as reflected in their traditional placement in linear sequences , that they might be considered congeneric , but syringeal morphology ( lanyon 1988a ) does not support a close relationship .\n41d . fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) suggested that further study might show that the distinctive southern subspecies albidiventris might be a separate species from leptopogon superciliaris .\n41e . called\nmangrove scrub flycatcher\nin haverschmidt & mees ( 1994 ) .\n41f . haverschmidt & mees ( 1994 ) , who treated sublegatus obscurior as a subspecies of s . modestus , called the composite species\nforest scrub flycatcher\n.\n42 . all sublegatus were formerly considered conspecific ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) , with the composite species called\nscrub flycatcher .\nspecies limits in sublegatus have been fluid and confusing , including different treatments by the same author ( e . g . , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a vs . traylor 1982 ) ; zimmer ( 1941b ) considered the taxon glaber , currently treated as a subspecies of s . modestus , to be a separate species that included s . obscurior ( and also the subspecies orinocensis , and pallens , as well as the taxa peruvianus and sordidus , which were considered synonyms of s . obscurior by traylor 1979a ) ; see also fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) . seasonal movements may also complicate evidence of sympatry ( meyer de schauensee 1966 , traylor 1982 ) . vocal differences exist among the three taxa recognized as species here , but formal analysis and additional research badly needed . see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for a synopsis .\n42aa . short ( 1975 ) and sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) considered inezia tenuirostris and i . inornata to form a superspecies .\n42b . the tarsal morphology of inezia has been interpreted to indicate that it belongs in the cotingidae ( ridgway 1907 ? ref ) .\n( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , phelps & phelps 1950a ) placed in phaeomyias , but see zimmer ( 1955 ) .\ngenetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) indicate that it is sister to \u201c\ngenetic data ( tello et al . 2009 ) indicate that it is a member of a group consisting mainly of the flatbills , but that it has no close relatives .\nrepresented a monophyletic group , the\nflatbills .\nbirdsley ( 2002 ) questioned the monophyly of the group based on an analysis of morphological and behavioral data . genetic data ( tello and bates 2007 ) indicate that the flatbills are monophyletic if\nare removed . tello et al . ( 2009 ) found that the genera from\nby lanyon ( 1988b ) based on syringeal morphology , and this merger is supported by the genetic data of tello & bates ( 2007 ) and tello et al . ( 2009 ) , who also found that\n45a . although meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) considered myiornis albiventris to be a subspecies of m . auricularis , this was not followed by previous ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 , zimmer 1940 ) or subsequent authors ; they are considered to form a superspecies by sibley & monroe ( 1990 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) .\n46 . myiornis atricapillus was formerly ( e . g . , zimmer 1940 , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) considered a subspecies of m . ecaudatus , but most recent classifications have followed wetmore ( 1972 ) in considering the evidence insufficient for treatment as conspecific , thus returning to the classification of ridgway ( 1907 ) and cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) ; they constitute a superspecies ( aou 1983 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) .\nwas formerly ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 , cory & hellmayr 1927 ,\non the basis of differences in wing shape , bill shape , relative tail length , and extent of rictal bristles .\n46b . the authenticity of a specimen from northern colombia ( romero & rodriguez 1980 ) was questioned by ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) and fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) ; examination of the specimen by f . g . stiles confirmed the identification . whether this record represents a wandering individual or sympatry with\n47 . oncostoma cinereigulare and o . olivaceum form a superspecies ( aou 1983 , 1998 , sibley & monroe 1990 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) ; they were considered conspecific by cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) .\n47c . the name squamaecristatus was previously considered to have priority over pileatus ( e . g . , ridgway 1907 ) .\n48 . lophotriccus galeatus was formerly ( e . g . , phelps & phelps 1950a , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in the monotypic genus colopteryx ( based on its unusually narrow outer primaries ) , but this was merged into lophotriccus by traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) .\n49 . lanyon ( 1988b ) recommended that atalotriccus be merged into lophotriccus , and this was followed by aou ( 1998 ) ; however , see ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) for reasons to maintain as separate genus until relationships are resolved .\n0b . hemitriccus as defined by traylor ( 1979 ) and used here is likely paraphyletic with respect to lophotriccus ( cohn - haft 1996 ) and perhaps atalotriccus and oncostoma .\nwere formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in the genus\n51a . ridgely & greenfield ( 2001 ) and hilty ( 2003 ) suspected that hemitriccus margaritaceiventer might consist of more than one species ; cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) treated the subspecies impiger and septentrionalis both as separate species , and chapman ( 1929 ) described the subspecies duidae as a species ; all were considered conspecific with h . margaritaceiventer by meyer de schauensee ( 1966 , 1970 ) .\n51b . hemitriccus mirandae was formerly ( e . g . , cory & hellmayr 1927 ) placed in todirostrum .\n, but most recent authors have followed zimmer ( 1940 ) and meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) in treating them as separate species .\nwere called\nbamboo - tyrants\nby ridgely & tudor ( 1994 ) .\npending to modify english names of \u201ctody - tyrants\u201d and \u201cpygmy - tyrants . \u201d\n54 . hemitriccus josephinae was formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 ) placed in monotypic genus microcochlearius , but recent classifications have followed traylor ( 1977 , 1979a ) in merging this into hemitriccus .\n55 . hemitriccus griseipectus was formerly ( e . g . , meyer de schauensee 1970 , traylor 1977 < ? > , 1979a , < check r - t > ) considered conspecific with h . zosterops , but see cohn - haft et al . ( 1997 ) for rationale for treatment as separate species , thus returning to the classification of cory & hellmayr ( 1927 ) ."]}
{"id": 2567, "summary": [{"text": "the lestidae are a rather small family of cosmopolitan , large-sized , slender damselflies , known commonly as the spreadwings or spread-winged damselflies .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the two subfamilies in lestidae are lestinae and sympecmatinae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "damselflies in the lestinae rest with their wings partly open , while those in the sympecmatinae , the reedlings , ringtails , and winter damselflies , rest with their wings folded .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the exact taxonomy of the family is disputed , with some authorities including twelve genera and some eight . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "lestidae", "paragraphs": ["kento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30a2\u30aa\u30a4\u30c8\u30c8\u30f3\u30dc\u79d1\nto\nlestidae\n.\nthese photos supplement pages 67 - 73 of the guide to aquatic invertebrates of the upper midwest . information on the biology of lestidae can be found on page 71 . the gills on lestidae can often be missing , so use the other characters and general body shape for identification . the main difference between lestidae and coenagrionidae is the width of the labium . lestidae have a narrow labium ( below ) . coenagrionidae have a wide labium ; click to compare with coenagrionidae .\nintroduction : damselfly nymphs of family lestidae have very slender and elongated bodies . they range in colour from green to brown , often supplemented with mottled patterns . legs are long and end with two claws . they are well camouflaged in stems or tangles of aquatic vegetation .\nlestes parvidens artobolevskij , 1929 : olias et al . ( 2007 ) [ source additionnelle ] olias , m . , weihrauch , f . , bedjani\u010d , m . , hacet , n . , marinov , m . , \u0161alamun , a . 2007 . lestes parvidens and l . viridis in southeastern europe : a chorological analysis ( odonata : lestidae ) . libellula 26 ( 3 / 4 ) : 243 - 272 .\nscientists commonly use wing venation to classify damselflies , but describing the wings can become very technical , so here is a short introduction . zygopterae have three major structures in wing venation : nodus , quadrangle , and pterostigma . when describing veins , the antenodal veins are closest to the nodus , while the postnodal veins are farthest away . wing venation is useful in distinguishing between two species . for example , the coenagrionidae family has an m3 vein just behind the nodus , but in the lestidae family , this same vein is closer to the wing base .\nchalcolestes parvidens ( artobolevskij , 1929 ) : gyulav\u00e1ri et al . ( 2012 ) [ source de l ' enregistrement ] gyulav\u00e1ri , h . a . , felf\u00f6ldi , t . , benken , t . , szab\u00f3 , l . j . , miskolczi , m . , cserh\u00e1ti , c . , horvai , v . , m\u00e1rialigeti , k . , d\u00e9vai , g . 2012 . morphometric and molecular studies on the populations of the damselflies chalcolestes viridis and c . parvidens ( odonata , lestidae ) . international journal of odonatology , 14 ( 4 ) : 329 - 339 .\ncharacteristics : * long , slender abdomen . damselflies swim by undulating their bodies . * spread - winged damselflies ( family lestidae ) have narrow , clear wings that are stalked at the base and held spread over the body when the fly is at rest . * broad - winged damselflies ( family calopterygidae ) have broader wings , black or with with blackish markings , that are narrowed at the base . when the fly is resting , the wings are held together over the body . * narrow - winged damselflies ( family coenagrionidae ) have narrow , clear , stalked wings like spread - winged damselflies , but the wings at rest are held together over the body . * body length : 1 1 / 4 - 2\n.\na set of 21 ponds was sampled three times for odonate larvae during spring 2002 . at the same time 17 environmental variables were recorded including area , wet phase duration , total nitrogen , total phosphorus , aquatic macrophytes and land use . atotal of 16 odonate species belonging to lestidae , coenagrionidae , aeshnidae and libellulidae were recorded , and the total number of species per pond varied from zero to six . the relationships between species richness , assemblages and environmental variables were studied by simple and multiple correlation and by canonical correspondence analysis ( cca ) . the results showed that permanent ponds were larger , deeper , had more macrophyte species , had more extensive macrophytes cover and lower concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus than temporary ponds . multiple regression analysis showed that the number of odonate species was positively affected firstly by the number of macrophyte species , and then by pond depth . however , pond depth appeared to be interchangeable with several others variables , such as pond area and water duration and negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration , variables which are all linked with the permanent or temporary status of the ponds . cca analysis indicated that odonate species presence was linked with a few environmental variables , showing a tendency of odonata to avoid ponds with higher nitrogen concentrations , with the exception of lestes barbarus , a species typical of temporary water in central italy . at the same time , the majority of species were linked with longer water phase duration and with greater macrophyte species richness . acomparison with previous studies , and in particular with those carried out in central italy , confirmed the positive influence of macrophytes , water duration , and also the negative effect of nutrient load . however , several other variables , in particular land use , shade , presence of fish , which were influential in other studies , were not significant in this study .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnorth american odonata - the odonata of north america , website ( version sept . 2006 )\nslater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , occasional paper no . 56\nthis is the third printing with revisions . publication was originally printed on 15 june 1999\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\nwings stalked at base . clear wings , typically held diverged above the body at rest .\nodonata of north america uses the common name\nspreadwings\nfor this family , so it has been changed .\na field guide to insects richard e . white , donald j . borror , roger tory peterson . 1998 . houghton mifflin co .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nhome | wild files | n . h . animals | animals a - z | watch online\nlike most damselflies , the species in this family have long , thin bodies and long , thin wings . unlike other damselflies , the species in this family hold their wings slightly open when they are at rest . damselflies in other families hold their wings together when they are at rest .\nspread - winged damselflies have transparent wings with one black spot called the pterostigma on the tip of each of their four wings . they are 1 - 2 inches in length , and many species have have metallic green bodies , and most species have round bluish - green eyes on the sides of their heads .\nspread - winged damselflies are found around ponds and swamps , where they can be seen perching on grass and plant stems .\nstatus and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .\nthreatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .\namber - winged spreadwing - lestes eurinus the amber - winged spreadwing is found from manitoba east to nova scotia and south to missouri and north carolina . it is found across new hampshire . source : biokids intended audience : students reading level : elementary school teacher section : no\namber - winged spreadwing - lestes eurinus the amber - winged spreadwing is found near ponds , bogs , and lakes without fish . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\namber - winged spreadwing - lestes eurinus the amber - winged spreadwing is 1 . 7 - 2 inches in length . source : wisconsin odonata survey intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nblack spreadwing - lestes stultus the black spreadwing is found in the western u . s . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nblue - striped spreadwing - lestes tenuatus the blue - stripped spreadwing is found in florida . in 2008 it was found in south texas . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncalifornia spreadwing - archilestes californica the california spreadwing is found from washington south to baja california , arizona , and new mexico . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncarolina spreadwing - lestes vidua the california spreadwing is found from north carolina south to florida and west to alabama . source : bugguide intended audience : students reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nchalky spreadwing - lestes sigma the chalky spreadwing is found from oklahoma and texas south through mexico to costa rica . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ndark spreadwing - lestes macrostigma the dark spreadwing is found in in coastal regions of europe and asia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndune ringtail - austrolestes minjerriba the dune ringtail is found in new south wales and queensland , australia . source : atlas of living australia intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nelegant spreadwing - lestes inaequalis the elegant spreadwing is found in eastern north america from ontario south to florida and west to minnesota and texas . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nelegant spreadwing - lestes inaequalis the elegant spreadwing is a large metallic green damselfly . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nemerald damselfly - lestes sponsa the emerald damselfly is found from western europe to japan . it is also known as the common spreadwing . source : british dragonfly society intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe emerald spreadwing is found from alaska , northwest territories and nova scotia south to california , new mexico , nebraska , and virginia . it is found across new hampshire . it is also found in eurasia and northern africa .\nemerald spreadwing - lestes dryas the emerald spreadwing is metallic green . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ngreat spreadwing - archilestes grandis the great spreadwing is found in western and southern regions of the united states . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ngreat spreadwing - archilestes grandis the great spreadwing has a bright yellow stripe on its thorax that makes it easy to identify . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nlyre - tipped spreadwing - lestes unguiculatus the lyre - tipped spreadwing is found in the northern u . s . and canada . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nlyre - tipped spreadwing - lestes unguiculatus the lyre - tipped spreadwing is found near pools , ponds , and slow - moving streams . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nnorthern spreadwing - lestes disjunctus the northern spreadwing is found across much of north america . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nplateau spreadwing - lestes alacer the plateau spreadwing is found in arizona , new mexico , oklahoma and texas south through mexico and costa rica . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nplateau spreadwing - lestes alacer the plateau spreadwing has a blue face . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nrainpool spreadwing - lestes forficula the rainpool spreadwing is found from texas and mexico and south through central america and west indies to argentina and brazil . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nrainpool spreadwing - lestes forficula the rainpool spreadwing is found in ponds and pools . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsiberian winter damsel - sympecma paedisca the siberian winter damsel is found in afghanistan , armenia , austria , azerbaijan , belarus , china , czech republic , estonia , finland , germany , india , italy , japan , kazakhstan , north and south korea , kyrgyzstan , latvia , lithuania , mongolia , netherlands , pakistan , poland , russia , slovakia , sweden , switzerland , tajikistan , turkey , turkmenistan , ukraine , and uzbekistan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nslender spreadwing - lestes rectangularis the slender spreadwing is found in the eastern united states . source : biokids intended audience : students reading level : elementary school teacher section : no\nslender spreadwing - lestes rectangularis male slender spreadwings have very long abdomens . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nsouthern spreadwing - lestes australis the southern spreadwing is found across the eastern and southern united states . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nsouthern spreadwing - lestes australis the southern spreadwing is usually found in non - moving water habitats with emergent vegetation . source : wisconsin odonata survey intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsouthern spreadwing - lestes australis the southern spreadwing is 1 . 4 - 1 . 8 inches in length . source : bug guide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nspotted spreadwing - lestes congener the spotted spreadwing is found across much of the united states , except for some southern states . it is found in new hampshire in the fall . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nspotted spreadwing - lestes tridens the spotted spreadwing is found at the edges of ponds , marshes , and swamps . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nswamp spreadwing - lestes vigilax the swamp spreadwing is found from southeastern canada and minnesota and south to florida and oklahoma and texas . source : odonata central - texas natural science center intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nsweetflag spreadwing - lestes forcipatus the sweetflag spreadwing is found in the eastern u . s . and southeastern canada . it is found across new hampshire . source : bugguide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsweetflag spreadwing - lestes forcipatus the sweetflag spreadwing is found in ponds , lakes , and slow streams . source : wisconsin odonata survey intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nregents of the university of minnesota . all rights reserved . the university of minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer .\ndistinguishing characteristics - the spreadwinged damselflies have antennae segments which are about the same length ( fig . b ) . they have a prementum which has a narrow stalk at the base and expands at the palpal lobes ( fig . c ) . lateral tracheal branches of the caudal lamellae are nearly at a right angle to the central tracheal trunk .\nnotes - spreadwing damselfly larvae are climbers that are found on submerged vegetation in a wide variety of environments including streams and almost any small standing water environment . they are predators that feed on small animals . they overwinter as eggs . the size of the spreadwinged damselflies at maturity is 20 - 29 mm excluding caudal lamellae .\nthis web site is funded by region viii epa section 319 funds administered by the north dakota department of health .\nmaggie whitson marked the classification from\nirmng\nas preferred for\nchalcolestes viridis\n.\njennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from lestes disjunctus selys , 1862 to their own page .\njennifer hammock split the classifications by type data from idigbio from lestes to their own page .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nuse of this web site and information available from it is subject to our legal notice and disclaimer and privacy statement .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfeeding : all damselfly nymphs are predators . coenagrionid nymphs use sit and wait hunting strategy or actively stalk their prey .\nsize : size of the mature nymphs varies among the species from 15 mm to about 30 mm ( not including caudal gills ) .\nlife cycle : damselflies undergo incomplete metamorphosis . their life cycle includes three stages \u2013 egg , nymph and adult . most species produce one generation per year . some can have even two generations in one year .\nintroduction : coenagrionidae is the most diverse and abundant family of damselflies . nymphs live in wide range of freshwater ecosystems . they can be found in small ponds and streams , as well as in large lakes and rivers . the most common they are in still or slow flowing waters , where climb on aquatic plants or submerged pieces of terrestrial vegetation . species , preferring running waters , hold firmly on the stones or any other solid surface . however , all damselfly nymphs can swim by side to side movements of their long body .\ndamselfly nymphs are more slender than dragonfly nymphs . their abdomen terminates in three caudal gills . leaves resembling gills , with highly branched small veins , are held vertically and all three are about the same length . these fragile structures are sometimes broken off or lost when escaping the predators . the head is wider than thorax and the abdomen ( in contrast to the majority of dragonfly nymphs ) . all antennal segments are about the same length .\ndamselfly nymphs range in colour from black , brown , green and yellow . in combination with body shape and mottled patterns are very well camouflaged . moreover , some of the less active species are covered with algae and a layer of sediments . in some cases , green or brown nymphs of the same species can be found in the same habitat , depending on the part where they live ( among the plants by the surface or sediments at the bottom ) .\nprementum ( middle section of the lower lip bearing labial palps ) is triangular . labial palps possess raptorial setae and terminate in sharp hooks . nymphs feed on zooplankton and every smaller vanquishable invertebrates they come upon . cannibalism among the species is no exception . coenagrionid nymphs slowly stalk their prey among the vegetation . nymphs , living in fast flowing waters , move reluctantly and just wait until current brings some prey into their reach .\nnymphs of the family platycnemididae are usually dark in colour and prefer running water habitats . they have a distinctive shape of caudal gills that terminate with a thin filament at the tip of each lamella . each lamella is lined with short to long marginal hairs .\nwhite - legged damselflies ( platycnemididae ) are closely related to narrow - winged damselflies ( coenagrionidae ) , which are described above . the nymphs share almost all of their characteristics .\nfeeding : all damselfly nymphs are predators . lestid nymphs use sit and wait hunting strategy or actively stalk their prey .\nsize : mature nymphs can grow up to sizes around 40 mm ( not including gills ) .\nlife cycle : damselflies undergo incomplete metamorphosis . their life cycle includes three stages \u2013 egg , nymph and adult . most species require 1 or 2 years for one generation .\nnymphs have three long feather - like gills with small veins in perpendicular position to the larger vein in the middle . by waving the gills , nymphs create the circulation of water around the body and increase the amount of acquired oxygen . moreover , nymphs can move surprisingly swiftly by wiggling side to side their long abdomens equipped with lamellated gills .\nlong prementum ( middle section of the lower lip bearing labial palps ) is greatly narrowed . labial palps terminate in sharp thorns and one movable hook , thereby forming a scoop . large eyes and a long extendable mask enable the nymph to catch small and fast moving animals . lestid nymphs feed on zooplankton , midge larvae , mosquito larvae and other small invertebrates . when the prey is grabbed , it is enclosed within the \u201ebasket\u201c of setae and interlocking teeth , tightened back , and subsequently crushed by chewing mouthparts .\nnymphs do not feed for several days before emergence and stay in vegetation by the surface .\nfemale damselflies lay eggs in plant tissue . some species land by the surface and immerse just the tip of the abdomen , while others climb down the plant stems and totally submerge . if the male is holding the female to protect her from other males , both animals will submerge . on the way back , female just let go the stem and thin layer of air on the wings will raise them to the surface .\nwhen ensuring the continuity of the future generations , many of them perish by drowning or are eaten by fish .\nfeeding : all damselfly nymphs are predators . calopterygid nymphs wait until the prey comes into their reach .\nintroduction : nymphs of the family calopterygidae need flowing and well - oxygenated water for living and development . they occur in parts of rivers and streams , where the current is moderate . calopterygid nymphs are bad swimmers and can be washed away , when get to the stronger current ( which makes them vulnerable to predators ) .\nthey are mostly found climbing on overhanging vegetation or among the root masses . precisely roots of terrestrial vegetation , extending in tangles into the water , provide the best foothold and cover .\ncalopterygid nymphs , with very slender and elongated bodies , mostly occur in shades of brown . legs are long , thin and end with two claws . they move very slowly and do not often change their position in a habitat ( therefore are covered with a layer of sediments ) . lack of movement , colour and body shape make them perfectly camouflaged in accumulations of roots and twigs .\nlong antennae are bent to the sides . the first antennal segment ( closest to the head ) is longer than the length of all subsequent segments .\ncaudal gills , without visible veins , are triangular in cross section . gill in the middle is slightly shorter than the side gills .\nextendable labium , with large cleft in the middle , is narrowed and lacks the setae . labial palps terminate in sharp thorns and one movable hook . nymphs feed on worm - like larvae , black fly larvae and other small invertebrates inhabiting flowing waters .\nnatural history : * habitat : along streams , in swamps and ponds . * range : throughout north america and much of the world . * behavior : damselfly larvae are called nymphs , and they can be found in the spring under rocks in streams and slow - moving rivers . damselflies are carnivores .\nconnections ! * unlike many insects , damselflies cannot fold their wings to their sides when at rest ; the wings either stay spread out or are held above the body . they breathe by means of three paddle - shaped gills which protrude from the end of the abdomen .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthese insects have aliases across the world ; adults are known as sewing needles , snake doctors , horse stingers , and mosquito hawks , and the nymphs are called water lizards . these names come from fables in cultures that talk about damselflies sewing people . it no surprise that there is a wide variety of names for damselflies because there are about 2 , 838 named species worldwide ! there are close to 5 , 740 named damselfly and dragonfly species worldwide , while more than 410 damselfly species call the united states and canada home . it is important that we take care of the damselflies\u2019 habitats because scientists estimate there are 500 \u2013 1500 species that are unnamed ; scientists now recognize damselflies as indicators for environmental conditions such as water flow , pollution , and vegetation type and abundance . attention ! damselflies are harmless to humans ; contrary to some cultural beliefs , they do not bite or sting . the following characteristics can help identify damselflies in nature :\nnaiads are damselfly larva , and they are completely aquatic until they hatch into the adult form . they are easy to spot because they look similar to adult damselflies , but they do not have wings . each naiad has three feathery gills on its anterior end that help the naiad gather oxygen so it can breathe under water . the coloring for naiads is not nearly as eye catching as adult damselflies because they begin a light tan color and darken each time they molt . naiads have a slender body and long legs that they use to move slowly through their aquatic habitats . these long legs are also useful when clinging to rocks or vegetation . like their adult form , naiads are also carnivorous , and they can be quite voracious when hunting small aquatic organisms .\nfact ! damselflies and dragonflies are not related ! keep reading to find out why . . .\ndamselflies are more slender and sleeker than dragonflies . damselflies have widely separated eyes while dragonflies have eyes on the top of their heads . zygoptera ( damselflies ) means \u201cequal winged , \u201d while anisoptera ( dragonflies ) means \u201cunequal winged . \u201d when they are not flying , damselflies usually hold their wings up over their backs ( with the exception of spread - winged damsels ) , but dragonflies hold their wings open and to the sides .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\ncurrent usage metrics show cumulative count of article views ( full - text article views including html views , pdf and epub downloads , according to the available data ) and abstracts views on vision4press platform .\ndata correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015 . the current usage metrics is available 48 - 96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nin continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .\nnational inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nchoong , c . y . , yasser , m . a . & nurfarhana - hizan , h . ( 2017 ) . ancient creatures : dragonflies and damselflies of malaysia . ministry of natural resources and environment , putrajaya , malaysia . pp . 115 . \u2014 [ adobe pdf ( pdf ) | ebook ( epub ) ]\nacknowledgements : - assoc . prof . dr . choong chee yen , ms . nurfarhana hizan binti hijas , siti zubaidah binti abdul latif & mr . tan kok kiat\ncitation : - indolestes dajakanus . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .\nfeedback : - if you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown on this page , please provide us with feedback .\nget updates and an exclusive news when you sign up to our free newsletter .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 , ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) . all rights reserved . disclaimer - the malaysian government , and ministry of natural resources and environment ( nre ) shall not be liable for any loss or damage caused by the usage of any information obtained from this website . by entering this site , you acknowledge and agree that no portion of this site , including but not limited to names , logos , trademarks , patents , sound , graphics , charts , text , audio , video , information or images are either mybis property or the property permitted by third - party and shall not be used without prior written approval from the owner ( s ) .\nbest viewed using latest mozila firefox , google chrome and internet explorer 10 with resolution 1024 x 768px or above . version 2 . 0 / 2016\nto select an area click to show the selector box . 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{"id": 2573, "summary": [{"text": "dichocoenia is a genus of stony coral ( scleractinia ) in the family meandrinidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the corals in this genus are massive , hump-forming or flattened corals with irregular calyces .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "they are found in the caribbean sea and western atlantic ocean . ", "topic": 20}], "title": "dichocoenia", "paragraphs": ["dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . colony with tentacles extended at night . charlie veron .\ndichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . this species commonly forms small spherical colonies . charlie veron .\naims coral factsheet photo : dichocoenia stokesi . caribbean . an encrusting colony . charlie veron .\ne . c . peters ( personal communication ) considers the recent caribbean genus dichocoenia to consist of only one highly polymorphic species ( manuscript in preparation ) . cairns ( 1982 ) and zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) both synonymized d . stellaris with this species .\n( of dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . m\u00e9moire 4 . monographie des astr\u00e9ides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]\n( of dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) zlatarski v . n . ; martinez e . n . ( 1982 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de cuba avec des donn\u00e9es sur les organismes associ\u00e9s . editions l\u2019acad\u00e9mie bulgare des sciences , sofia . 472 pp . [ details ]\n( of dichocoenia stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\n( of dichocoenia stokesi f . stellaris milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) scaps , p . ; saunders , j . ( 2011 ) . shallow water stony corals ( scleractinia , milleporidae , and stylasteridae ) from utila and cayos cochinos , honduras . isrn zoology . 2011 : 1 - 9 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ntaxonomic note : taxonomic note : colonies from lower reef slopes or shaded habitats have markedly smaller corallites than those from more exposed environments and are usually identified as dichocoenia stellaris ( see wells , 1973b ) . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , wells ( 1973b ) , cairns ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .\nmilne edwards h . , haime j . ( 1848 ) . note sur la classification de la deuxi\u00e8me tribu de la famille des astr\u00e9ides . comptes rendus de l ' acad\u00e9mie des sciences , paris . 27 : 490\u2013497 . [ details ]\nhoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .\nmilne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 267382 on 2018 - 07 - 09\nbudd , a . f . , fukami , h . , smith , n . d . & knowlton , n . 2012 . taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia . zoological journal of the linnean society 166 : 465\u2013529 . [ details ]\nvan der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nveron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1\u20133 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species occurs in the caribbean , gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , the bahamas , and bermuda .\nthis species is common , and may be locally abundant in certain habitats and localities .\nthere is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .\nthe age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .\nthis species is found in back and fore reef environments , rocky reefs , lagoon habitats , spur and groove formations , channels , and sometimes at the base of the reef , from 2 - 72 m . hemispherical heads are more abundant on shallow exposed reefs from 5 - 20 m ( goreau and wells , 1967 ; e . weil . pers . comm . ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\ncolonies are massive , often spherical , or may form thick submassive plates . corallites are evenly spaced , plocoid or ploco - meandroid . septo - costae are usually in two neatly alternating orders .\ncolour : a distinctive orange - brown with white septo - costae , rarely green .\n\u00a9 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0\nm . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda\ncolonies form rounded heads , domes or flattened plates . rounded colonies may reach 40 cm in diameter . the\nhumann , p . , 1993 . reef coral identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .\nroos , p . j . , 1964 . the distribution of reef corals in curacao . stud . fauna curacao , 20 : 1 - 51 .\nroos , p . j . , 1971 . the shallow - water stony corals of the netherlands antilles . studies on the fauna of cura\u00e7ao and other caribbean islands , 130 .\nvoss , g . l . , 1976 . seashore life of florida and the carribbean . banyan books , inc . miami , florida .\nlas colonias de esta especie forman peque\u00f1as estructuras masivas o l\u00e1minas gruesas de forma oval . tienen un color crema o verde - caf\u00e9 . la caracter\u00edstica distintiva de la especie consiste en las estructuras ovales que se extienden por arriba de la superficie entre los coralitos ( coenesteum ) . los coralitos son ovales y se vuelven elongados casi meandroides cerca del \u00e1rea donde se dividen . los coralitos se encuentran separados unos de otros y la superficie entre \u00e9stos tiene una textura granular ( photo 2 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nif you are reading this text , you are viewing this document with a frames - incapable browser . this document was designed to be viewed by a frames - capable browser such as netscape navigator 2 . 0 . if you would like access to nmita database information but are having difficulty finding an appropriate browser , email us at\nmilne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . m\u00e9moire 4 . monographie des astr\u00e9ides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]\nmilne edwards & haime , 1848 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 289807 on 2018 - 07 - 09\n( of astrea porcata lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vert\u00e8bres . tome second . paris : verdi\u00e8re , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nzlatarski v . n . ; martinez e . n . ( 1982 ) . les scl\u00e9ractiniaires de cuba avec des donn\u00e9es sur les organismes associ\u00e9s . editions l\u2019acad\u00e9mie bulgare des sciences , sofia . 472 pp . [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\ncairns , s . d . , jaap , w . c . , and j . c . lang . 2009 . scleractinia ( cnidaria ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 333\u2013347 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]\n( of astrea porcata lamarck , 1816 ) budd , a . f . , fukami , h . , smith , n . d . & knowlton , n . 2012 . taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia . zoological journal of the linnean society 166 : 465\u2013529 . [ details ]\nin the western atlantic , this coral was been divided into two species ( d . stokesii and d . stellaris ) , although most researchers lump both corals in d . stokesii . cairns et al . ( 1999 ) regard the two as distinct .\njustification : this species is listed as data deficient as there is no reliable information on population status , and there are taxonomic uncertainties on the validity of the species . if this species is shown to be valid , and to be affected by white plague at levels similar to that observed in d . stokesii , this species may qualify for listing in a threatened category due to its low abundance .\nthis species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida ( including the florida middle grounds ) , and the bahamas .\nthis species is usually uncommon . this is a deep - water species , often classified as the more abundant and closely related\n, and there is no reliable information on its current population status . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . )\nthis species is found in fore reef habitats below 15 m . coexists with d . stokesii in deeper water . ( aronson , r . , precht , w . , moore , j . , weil , e . , and bruckner , a . pers . comm . ) this species may be found to 22 m .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nput your suggestion in the fields below . empty fields will keep the existing data .\nsiquijor is a splendid island situated between negros , bohol and mindanao . its waters are clear and rich in hard corals . the island has several tourist attractions such as a superb tropical but artificial forest , falls , caves and others .\nnone , but dive boats from dumaguete and even mactan will visit . there are a couple of hotels along the south coast , style tropical paradise .\nin the shallow brown algae , going over deeper into green algae , then fringing reef . at about 20 - 25 m starts a sloping sand bottom .\n\u00a9 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .\nscleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands | article rogers cs , fitz iii hc , gilnack m , beets j , hardin j ( 1984 ) coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 1 x mention ( s )\nthe distribution of algae , corals , and gorgonians in relation to depth , light attenuation , water movement and grazing pressure in the fringing reef . . . | article van den hoek c , breeman am , bak rpm , van buurt g ( 1978 ) aquat bot 5 : 1 - 46 1 x mention ( s )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncairns , s . d . , d . r . calder , a . brinckmann - voss , c . b . castro , d . g . fautin , p . r . pugh , c . e . mills , w . c . jaap , m . n . arai , s . h . d . haddock , and d . m . opresko . 2002 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . 2nd edition . american fisheries society , special publication 28 , bethesda , maryland . 115 pp .\nwidespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , occurs on most classes of marine hardbottom communities , and has recently been classfied as common in much of its range , with more than 50 localities having been recorded . but it has been designated as vulnerable by the iucn in part because of recent declines . more information is needed .\ndue to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to\nwidespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .\nthere are records for more than 50 localities between urltoken and the florida fish and wildlife conservation commission invertebrate collection and this species has a relatively large range .\ncommon on low - relief hardbottom communities , patch reefs , fringing reefs , spur and groove reefs , transitional reefs and deeper intermediate reefs .\nall coral reefs are being adversely affected by bleaching from rising ocean temperatures and water temperatures in 2005 were the warmest they ' d been in 150 years ( eakin et al . 2010 ) . coral disease , bleaching , sedimentation , and habitat loss are threats to this species and ocean acidification and climate change may be ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .\na 2008 iucn assessment estimated an approximate 38 % loss in the short term over its entire range ( aronson et al . 2008 ) .\n( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) widespread distribution in the tropical western atlantic , including the gulf of mexico , southern florida , bahamas , mexico , jamaica , belize , cuba , puerto rico , bermuda , curacao and bonaire and south to northern south america .\ndistribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .\na79bak02fcus : low reported recruitment rates . little information on reproductive ecology in resources consulted .\np91pet01fcus : protozoan parasites , diseases of unknown etiology . a90ghi01fcus : susceptible to bleaching ( loss of zooxanthellae ) due to adverse environmental conditions . a81ant02fcus : seldom inflicted with black band disease , never reported with white band disease . a15vau01fcus : growth rate measured at 2 - 7 mm / yr increase in diameter and 2 - 5 . 2 mm / yr increase in height . p93pet01fcus : slow growth rate at 1 - 2 mm / yr .\noverall depth range from 2 - 40 + m , but typically occurs from 3 - 20 m on most classes of marine hardbottom communities .\ndata needed on reproduction and recruitment patterns . information needed on susceptibility to sedimentation and eutrophication .\nfour components to a stony coral element occurrence : 1 . ) determine size and boundary of site to be surveyed , 2 . ) determine density of colonies via quadrats , 3 . ) determine size distribution of colonies with a note on maximum colony size , and 4 . ) provide habitat description .\nuse the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .\nzoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .\nalmy , c . c . , jr . and carrion - torres , c . 1963 . shallow - water stony corals of puerto rico . caribbean journal of science 3 : 133 - 162 .\naronson , r . , a . bruckner , j . moore , b . precht , and e . weil . 2008 . [ various coral species treatments ] in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . urltoken .\nbak , r . p . m . 1975 . ecological aspects of the distribution of reef corals in the netherlands antilles . bijdragen tot de dierkunde 45 : 181 - 190 .\nbak , r . p . m . and elgershuizen , j . h . b . w . 1976 . patterns of oil - sediment rejection in corals . marine biology 37 : 105 - 113 .\nbak , r . p . m . , brouns , j . j . w . m . and heys , f . m . l . 1977 . regeneration aspects of spatial competition in the scleractinian corals agaricia agaricites and montastrea annularis . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 143 - 148 .\ncairns , s . d . 1982 . stony corals of carrie bow cay , belize . smithsonian contributions to the marine sciences 12 : 271 - 302 .\ncairns , s . d . , calder , d . r . , brinckman - voss , a . , castro , c . b . , pugh , p . r . , cutress , c . e . , jaap , w . c . , fautin , d . g . , larson , r . j . , harbison , g . r . , arai , m . n . and opresko , d . m . 1991 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora . american fisheries society special publication 22 , bethesda , maryland . 75 pp .\ncolin , p . l . 1978 . caribbean reef invertebrates and plants . thf publications , hong kong . 512 pp .\ndahlgren , e . j . 1989 . gorgonian community structure and reef zonation patterns on yucatan coral reefs . bull . mar . sci . 45 ( 3 ) : 678 - 696\ndodge , r . e . , logan , a . and antonius , a . 1982 . quantitative reef assessment studies in bermuda : a comparison of methods and preliminary results . bulletin of marine science 32 ( 3 ) : 745 - 760 .\ndryer , s . and logan , a . 1978 . holocene reefs and sediments of castle harbor , bermuda . journal of marine research 36 ( 3 ) : 399 - 425 .\ndunne , r . p . and brown , b . e . 1979 . some aspects of the ecology of reefs surrounding anegada , british virgin islands . atoll research bulletin 236 : 1 - 83 .\ndustan , p . 1985 . community structure of reef - building corals in the florida keys : carysfort reef , key largo and long key reef , dry tortugas . atoll research bulletin 288 : 1 - 27 .\ndustan , p . and halas , j . c . 1987 . changes in the reef - coral community of carysfort reef , key largo , florida : 1974 to 1982 . coral reefs 6 : 91 - 106 .\nedmunds , p . j . , roberts , d . a . and singer , r . 1990 . reefs of the northeastern caribbean i . scleractinian populations . bulletin of marine science 46 ( 3 ) : 780 - 789 .\nfarrell , t . m . , d ' elia , c . f . , lubbers , l . and pastor , l . j . 1983 . hermatypic coral diversity and reef zonation at cayos arcas , campeche , gulf of mexico . atoll research bulletin 270 : 1 - 7 .\nflorida museum of natural history . undated c . invertebrate zoology master database . online . available : urltoken\nghiold , j . and smith , s . h . 1990 . bleaching and recovery of deep - water , reef - dwelling invertebrates in the cayman islands , b . w . i . caribbean journal of science 26 ( 1 - 2 ) : 52 - 61 .\ngoldberg , w . m . 1973a . the ecology of the coral - octocoral communities off the southeast florida coast : geomorphology , species composition and zonation . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 3 ) : 465 - 487 .\ngoodwin , m . h . , cole , m . j . , stewart , w . e . and zimmermann , b . l . 1976 . species density and associations in caribbean reef corals . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 24 : 19 - 31 .\ngoreau , t . f . 1959 . the ecology of jamaican coral reefs . i . species composition and zonation . ecology 40 : 67 - 90 .\ngoreau , t . f . and wells , j . w . 1967 . the shallow - water scleractinia of jamaica : revised list of species and their vertical distribution range . bulletin of marine science 17 ( 2 ) : 442 - 453 .\nhopkins , t . s . , blizzard , d . r . , brawley , s . a . , earle , s . a . , grimm , d . e . , gilbert , d . k . , johnson , p . g . , livingston , e . h . , lutz , c . h . , shaw , j . k . and shaw , b . b . 1977 . a preliminary characterization of the biotic components of composite strip transects on the florida middle grounds , northeastern gulf of mexico . proceedings of the 3rd international coral reef symposium 1 : 31 - 37 .\nhumann , p . and n . deloach . 2013 . reef coral identification : florida , carribean , bahamas . new world publications inc . jacksonville , florida . 270 pp .\njaap , w . c . 1984 . the ecology of the south florida coral reefs : a community profile . u . s . fish and wildlife service , office of biological services , washington , d . c . fws / obs - 82 / 08 . 138 pp .\njaap , w . c . , halas , j . c . and muller , r . g . 1988 . community dynamics of stony corals ( scleractinia and milleporina ) at key largo national marine sanctuary , key largo , florida during 1981 - 1986 . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 2 : 237 - 243 .\njaap , w . c . , w . g . lyons , p . dustan and j . c . halas . 1989 . stony coral ( scleractinia and milleporina ) community structure at bird key reef , ft . jefferson national monument , dry tortugas , florida . florida marine research publications 46 : 1 - 31\nkuhlmann , d . 1974 . the coral reefs of cuba . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 69 - 83 .\nlogan , a . 1984 . interspecific aggression in hermatypic corals from bermuda . coral reefs 3 : 131 - 138 .\nroberts , h . h . 1972 . coral reefs of st . lucia , west indies . caribbean journal of science 12 ( 3 - 4 ) : 179 - 190 .\nrogers , c . s . , h . c . fitz , iii , m . gilnack , j . beets , and j . hardin . 1984 . scleractinian coral recruitment patterns at salt river submarine canyon , st . croix , u . s . virgin islands . coral reefs 3 : 69 - 76 .\nrogers , c . s . , m . gilnack , and h . c . fitz , iii . 1983 . monitoring of coral reefs with linear transects : a study of storm damage . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 66 : 285 - 300 .\nscatterday , j . w . 1974 . reefs and associated coral assemblages off bonaire , netherlands antilles , and their bearing on pleistocene and recent reef models . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 85 - 106 .\nscoffin , t . p . and garrett , p . 1974 . processes in the formation and preservation of internal structure in bermuda patch reefs . proceedings of the 2nd international coral reef symposium 2 : 429 - 448 .\nsmith , f . g . w . 1971 . atlantic reef corals . university of miami press , coral gables , florida . 164 pp .\nsterrer , w . 1986 . marine fauna and flora of bermuda . a systematic guide to the identification of marine organisms . john wiley and sons , new york . 742 pp .\ntomascik , t . and sander , f . 1987a . effects of eutrophication on reef - building corals . ii . structure of scleractinian coral communities on fringing reefs , barbados , west indies . marine biology 94 : 53 - 75 .\ntunnell , j . w . , jr . 1988 . regional comparison of southwestern gulf of mexico to caribbean sea coral reefs . proceedings of the 6th international coral reef symposium 3 : 303 - 308 .\nvaughan , t . w . 1915 . the geologic significance of the growth - rate of the floridian and bahamian shoal - water corals . journal of the washington academy of sciences 5 : 591 - 600 .\nwells , j . w . 1973a . new and old scleractinian corals from jamaica . bulletin of marine science 23 ( 1 ) : 16 - 58 .\nwheaton , j . l . , and w . c . jaap . 1988 . corals and other prominent benthic cnidaria of looe key national marine sanctuary . florida marine research publications 43 , 25 pp .\nwhite , m . h . and porter , j . w . 1985 . the establishment and monitoring of two permanent photograph transects in looe key and key largo national marine sanctuaries ( florida keys ) . proceedings of the 5th international coral reef congress 6 : 531 - 537 .\nzlatarski , v . n . and estalella , n . m . 1982 . les scleractiniaires de cuba avec des donnees sur les organismes associes . academic bulgare des sciences , sofia , bulgaria . 472 pp .\nthe small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .\nnote : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on\ntrademark notice :\nnatureserve\n, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .\ncopyright notice : copyright \u00a9 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .\nnatureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :\nridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\npatterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .\niucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .\ndata developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .\nno graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .\n) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users ."]}
{"id": 2580, "summary": [{"text": "chionaspidina is a subtribe of armored scale insects established by borchenius .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "but unlike many of the subtribes recognized by borchenius , this one was found to be morphologically valid by takagi .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "similarly , in molecular analysis , andersen et al. found a clade roughly corresponding to the subtribe chionaspidina .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "geographical sampling and analysis indicated a number of unnamed species in the genus chionaspis and by inference in the chionaspidina . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "chionaspidina", "paragraphs": ["copyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nchionaspis signoret 1868 : 871 . type species : coccus salicis linnaeus by subsequent designation cooley1899 : 3 , 9 - 10 . accepted valid name\nphenacaspis cooley & cockerell 1899a : 398 . by subsequent designation . junior synonym ( takaha1956d : 48 )\nmarchaliella bodenheimer 1951 : 331 . type species : chionaspis lepineyi balachowsky . junior synonym ( danzigpe1998 : 205 )\nchionapsis signoret ; mouillefert , 1903 in lindinger 1954 : 620 . . misspelling of genus name\ngeneral remarks : detailed treatment of north american chionaspis species by liu et al . ( 1989 ) .\nbiology : in some species of chionaspis occurring on deciduous trees , leaf - feeding individuals are remarkably different from conspecific bark - feeding ones in the shape of the median lobes and the leaf - associated forms are interpreted as seasonal manifestations of ancestral phenotypes ( takagi , 1985 ) .\nsystematics : takagi ( 1985 ) proposes the evolutionary scenario that chionaspis originated in eastern asia and invaded north america in a comparatively recent time . some species of chionaspis are phenotypically plastic for characters that have been used to define genera , specifically the shape of themedian lobes of the pygidium . individuals developing on bark can have very differently shaped lobes from those on leaves ( takagi , 1990b ) . in a phylogenetic analysis by morse and normark , 2006 , the six included species were scattered across five different places among the diaspididae .\nbalach1954e : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 170 , 171 , 317 - 318 , 3\nbodenh1949 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 30 , 40 - 41\nchen1983 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 6 - 7 , 63 - 66\ndietzmo1916a : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 262 , 263 - 264 , 276\nferris1936a : illustration , taxonomy , pp . 21 , 22 , 24 , 42 , 54\nferris1937 : description , distribution , illustration , taxonomy , pp . si - 13 , si - 91 , si - 118\nhall1946a : distribution , taxonomy , pp . 507 , 521 , 528 , 543 ,\nliukorh1989 : description , distribution , host , taxonomy , pp . 11 - 18\nmacgil1921 : description , taxonomy , pp . 307 , 308 , 337 - 338\nschmut1959 : description , illustration , taxonomy , pp . 176 , 228 - 229\ntakagi1961 : description , taxonomy , pp . 4 , 20 , 33 , 34\nwang1982c : description , taxonomy , pp . 46 , 47 , 82 , 83 , 113\npinnaspis cockerell 1892d : 136 . type species : mytilaspis pandani comstock by subsequent designation fernal1903b : 242 . ( = aspidiotus buxi , bouch\u00e9 ) accepted valid name\nchionaspis ( hemichionaspis ) cockerell 1897p : 592 . type species : chionaspis aspidistrae signoret by original designation . junior synonym ( lindin1913 : 78 )\njaapia lindinger 1914 : 158 . type species : mytilaspis uniloba kuwana by monotypy . junior synonym ( ferris1936a : 22 ) notes : lindinger ( 1914 ) created the new genus jaapia for mytilaspis ( lepidosaphes ) uniloba because the type species differed from lepidosaphes in having only one middle lobe , the perivaginal glands on the penultimate segment , 5 ventral chitinous stripes on the anal segment and by the absence of l2 .\nlepidaspidis macgillivray 1921 : 275 . type species : mytilaspis uniloba kuwana by monotypy and original designation . junior synonym ( ferris1936a : 22 ) notes : ferris ( 1936a ) pointed out that macgillivray ( 1921 ) used the same type for his lepidaspidis as lindinger ( 1914 ) did for his jaapia .\nsystematics : the separation of pinnaspis and chionaspis is justifiable , but precise key characters are difficult to point out since chionaspis infringes somewhat on pinnaspis . however , in those species of chionaspis in which the median lobes are more or less fused or are closely appressed the submedian dorsal pore groups are present , or the elongate median sclerosis which yokes the median lobes in pinnaspis is lacking ( ferris , 1937 ) .\nbalach1954e : description , distribution , host , taxonomy , pp . 169 , 275 - 277\nbritto1923 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 361 , 366 , 370\nferris1936a : illustration , taxonomy , pp . 21 , 22 , 25 , 59 , 63\nfullaw1932 : distribution , taxonomy , pp . 97 , 98 , 101 , 104\nleonar1920 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 27 , 28 , 178 , 222\nrobins1917 : description , distribution , taxonomy , pp . 17 , 37 - 38 , 39\nsuh2014 : description , distribution , economic importance , host , illustration , structure , taxonomy , pp . 1 - 6\ntakagi2003 : description , structure , taxonomy , pp . 79 - 80 , 107\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nchionaspis is a genus of scale insect . in 2011 geographical sampling and analysis indicated a number of unnamed species in the genus chionaspis ."]}
{"id": 2584, "summary": [{"text": "the t-bar cichlid ( cryptoheros sajica ) , also known as sajica cichlid is a central american species of cichlid found in freshwater streams and lakes on the pacific slope of costa rica .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it was formerly known as archocentrus sajica , but the taxonomy was revised as a result of a study by juan schmitter-soto .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "the fish is tan colored with seven indistinct bars on the body .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the third bar is usually prominent and coupled with a dark lateral stripe running from the gill cover results in a horizontal t-shaped mark , hence the common name of t-bar cichlid . ", "topic": 23}], "title": "cryptoheros sajica", "paragraphs": ["t bar cichlid ( cryptoheros sajica )\nbefore and after\ntank maintenance .\nabove two cryptoheros sajica , photo by mario toromanovic . youtube video at end of article .\nt - bar cichlid , mojarra , sajica - buntbarsch , . . . more\ncichlasoma sajica ( hd movie 06 ) - t bar cichlid & convict cichlid fry .\ncryptoheros sajica inhabits rivers which have moderate to strong currents , but prefer slow flowing water in a small water bodies , only few yards in width . they are found above gravel , as well as sandy bottoms .\ncryptoheros sajica isn ' t the easiest fish to find . occasionally you can see this fish listed in the aca trading post , but seldom for sale on the web . your best bet is to ask around at local clubs or on the internet .\nstomach contents of wild fish indicate that cryptoheros sajica feeds mostly on plant material . beside filamentous algae and small seeds , water insects and small fish were also found . with this in mind , i fed a diet of flake and pellet food , frozen mysis and brine shrimp , with the occasional treat of live black worms .\ncichlids : aequidens rivulatus oscar - astronotus ocellatus blue acara - aequidens pulcher cichla monoculus red terror cichlid - cichlasoma festae firemouth cichlid - thorichthys meeki flier cichlid - archocentrus centrarchus gold mixteco - thorichthys sp . ' mixteco gold ' hellers cichlid - thorichthys helleri amphilophus labiatus keyhole cichlid - cleithracara maronii midas cichlid - amphilophus citrinellus archocentrus octofasciatum red port acara - cichlasoma portalegrense tricolor cichlid - cichlasoma salvini sieve cichlid - cichlasoma grammodes theraps wesseli turquoise cichlid - amphilophus robertsoni umbie - caquetaia umbrifera yellow acara - aequidens metae dwarf cichlids : agassiz dwarf cichlid - apistogramma agassizii blue panda apisto - apistogramma panduro cockatoo dwarf cichlid - apistogramma cacatuoides convict cichlid - cryptoheros nigrofasciatus cryptoheros nanoluteus nijssenis dwarf cichlid - apistogramma nijsseni cryptoheros sp . ' honduran red point ' umbrella cichlid - apistogramma borellii viejti apisto - apistogramma viejita\nhi . i have a question regarding males of c . sajica . i had some of them about 15 years ago , i have them now from few months and i ' m wondering why my current males does not wear breeding colors like the other one that i had some time ago . male from the past in time of breeding and fry care was turning dark , nearly black with golden eyes . similar as female of those cichlids do . my current male does not change colors while breeding / caring . while looking for pictures of cryptoheros sajica on the web i found that males in breeding colors are quite rare . . .\ni would like to write a few words about my experience breeding wild caught a . sajica and the surprise these fishes gave me . a surprise that shows these animals fascinating and diverse behaviour .\nthis video shows my breeding group of cryptoheros sajica aka t - bar cichlid . there are 2 males and 3 females , and they form two pairs , that had fry at the same time . water parameters in that tank are ph 7 . 4 and temp . 78\u00b0f . both male and female are excellent parents , taking care of eggs and later fry , from day one . you can see change in colors , once they lay eggs and during care for fry .\nt - bar cichlid should not be kept with cichlasoma nigrofasciatum or its relatives who may interbreed . the species name sajica is an acronym for sa lvador ji menez ca nossa , director of the library of congress of costa rica .\n, formerly known as the archocentrus sajica is a small central american cichlid found exclusively in the pacific slopes of costa rica . male specimens can grow up to a nearly 5 inches , while females are considerably smaller and fully grown at about 4 inches .\nout of curiosity i also tried keeping them in an aquarium with clear water and a large pair of n . managuense as company and the sajica couple spawned standing guard over their eggs and fry . it seemed like they simply chose another strategy in darker waters . i have kept other pairs of breed a sajica in the 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium since then , but none of them have showed this behaviour . i\u2019m hoping that others get to experience this unique behaviour that just goes to shows us that cichlids never stops surprising .\ni got a pair of wild caught a sajica from a friend that had collected them on a trip . since i had kept this species before , in fact it was the third cichlid i ever breed , i didn\u2019t expect any surprises . well , i was wrong .\ni obtained five young , 1 - inch cryptoheros sajica from one of gcca ' s regular meeting auctions . i placed them in a ten gallon tank for a month or two and then transferred them to my 20 gallon tank . at about eight months old , they began pairing up , and i ended up with two pairs . the result was a pair of fish on each half of the tank and one extra female . there were some fights in the beginning , but once borders were established , fighting stopped , and soon after both pairs laid eggs . one pair chose a rock - like cave and other pair spawned in pleco bell .\nthe wild caught a sajica couple spawned many times in this aquarium , once every 2 - 3 month , and they always to great success used this method . at one point i moved them to another aquarium about half as big as the other and with clear water . they shared this tank with a number of other cichlids , mostly fry from the larger aquarium . in this aquarium they spawned in they way one are used to see a sajica spawn , e . g . standing guard over their eggs and fry . a little later the couple was moved back to the 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium and they then started to \u201chide\u201d their eggs and fry again .\nto my great relief the sajica found themselves loving their company and was left alone by their larger predatory cousins . the aquarium was decorated with two very large roots that reached all the ways to the surface of the aquarium and created three natural territories for the fishes in the aquarium . there where small gaps under the roots that the ancistruses utilized for breeding . the larger cichlids couldn\u2019t get into these spaces . these large roots made the water in this tank very dark and made it look like a black water river aquarium . the water conditions was however harder and the ph level higher than what you might expect to find in a black water river .\nin shortage of better accommodations i put the 6 cm / 2 . 5 inches long cichlids in a 540 l / 145 gallon aquarium that was already overly crowded . in the aquarium already swam four 20 cm / 8 inches texas cichlids , a pair of n . festae ( 25 and 20 cm / 10 and 8 inches ) , a pair of n . managuense ( about the same size as n . festae ) and four natal cichlids , mossanbicus mossanbicus , ( 20 cm / 8 inches ) . the tanked was also inhabited by two convicts ( about 4 cm / 1 . 5 inches ) that had originally been put there as feeders , and finally loads of ancistrus that just wouldn\u2019t stop breeding . all of the species where breeding regularly in the aquarium . as i said , the aquarium was already very crowded . i knew i was taking a chance putting the small sajica in with these predators but i didn\u2019t have any choice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthe parents continued to take them on these little expeditions for about a month after which the fry had grown to approximately 1 . 5 cm / 0 . 75 inch . the impressing thing is that almost all of they fry had survived to this age . after the parents had stop caring for their fry the young quickly became boulder and started swimming around , which lead to that all but two of the fry was eaten one week later . ( there were 50 - 60 fry before that . ) these two however did manage to grow up in this aquarium .\n- information about all aspects of jack dempsey cichlids , their care and breeding .\n- information about all aspects of red devil cichlids , their care and breeding .\na relatively peaceful , smaller growing cichlid . will stock well as an individual in community tanks . more than one individual of this species in a tank , is best kept as a member of an established / compatible pair , as conspecific aggression can be a problem in the t - bar cichlid . males will grow a bit larger in size than the females , and become much sturdier , ' chunkier ' looking at adult sizes , by growing an impressive - looking forehead lump with dominance called a ' nuchal ' hump . spawning coloration is dramatic , and quite beautiful in this species as the male and female will become quite dark , with the eyes becoming by contrast , an extremely bright , shimmering gold in color . two pairs of this calmer , more peaceful cichlid can be stocked with confidence in minimum sized , four foot long aquariums . beware of stocking a spawning pair in community tanks ! they are very protective - aggressive - parents . a six foot long tank is recommended as the minimum size for keeping this cichlid as spawning pairs , in ' mixed ' species community tanks . stock with tank mates that are ' robust ' and hardy in nature , but not so large in size they will just simply eat your pair !\npronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .\nhabitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .\ndiet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .\ntemperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nconspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .\nmaximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .\ndifficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .\nsign up for email reminders for meetings , swaps , auctions , and other events .\nemail reminders for meeting notices providing a reminder for our next meeting , speaker info , rare fish auctions , picnics and holiday party .\nemail reminders for vendors to alert them when the next swap vendor signup dates are .\nand seven indistinct bars on the body . the third bar is usually prominent and coupled with a dark lateral stripe running from the gill cover , results in a horizontal t - shaped mark . this t - mark is the\nevidence\nsupporting the common name of t - bar cichlid .\nbecause of lack of tank space at the time i acquired these fish , i kept two pairs in twenty gallon tall tank . i would definitely recommend a bigger tank , at least 40 gallon . i maintained the temperature at 78\u00b0f , ph at 7 . 2 and performed up to 50 % water change every 3 to 4 days . the tank was furnished with gravel , some caves , rocks and driftwood . lights were on 12 to 14 hours a day .\nthese fish are not overly aggressive , so even though the tank was on the small side , aggression was limited and no fish were lost .\neight days post spawn , hundreds of little fry emerged from the bell and cave , closely guarded by their parents . i immediately began feeding with newly hatched brine shrimp .\nt - bar cichlids are excellent parents . both male and female actively guarded the fry for almost two months before i removed the fry to a separate tank .\nthe greater chicago cichlid association \u2014 gcca \u2014 is a not - for - profit , educational organization , chartered in the state of illinois , dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae , with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity . we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .\nhere ' s a look at my t bar cichlid in my 40b t bar tank . i also have rasbora hets , glowlight tetras , otocinclus and more in this freshwater , planted tank . aunt tagonist - silent film dark by kevin macleod is licensed under a creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) source : urltoken artist : urltoken i created this video with the youtube video editor ( urltoken )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nsmall , personable , and gregarious , t - bar cichlids are great choices for novice aquarists who want fish with personality that will breed for them without excessive aggression .\nomnivorous - does well with flake or pellet food supplimented with vegetable or meat foods .\nthis is a less common species from central america . there are two color varieties - one that is purple and blue and another that is yellow or gold . this species should be provided with caves to hide and breed in .\nother central american cichlids such as firemouth meeki and convicts . catfish and plecos should also do well .\nmated pairs will breed in a cave . unlike many other american cichlids , mated pairs may not stay mated for life .\nnamed for the type locality of the type species ; ' amatitl\u00e1n ' means ' a place abundant in amate ' in nahuatl , ' amate ' is a kind of rustic paper made from the bark of ficus petiolaris or ficus indica .\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : 15 - ? . tropical ; 23\u00b0c - 30\u00b0c ( ref . 36880 )\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 ) ; 8 . 0 cm tl ( female )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 17 - 18 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 6 - 8 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 8 . this species has no unique autapomorphies , the third ( main ) lateral bar uniformly wide ( its width not uniform in other species ) ; caudal blotch usually absent ; no lateral spot or medial intensification of bars on side of body ; absence of ocellus on dorsal fin ; without abdominal blackening in mature females ; palatine arms subequal ; posteriad projection on ventroposterior angle of retroarticular absent ; articular with a right angle ventrally ; an anteriorly directed pronounced convexity on ventral process of articular present ; anal - fin spines modally 7 ( ref . 74403 ) .\ninhabits rivers and rivulets which have moderate to strong currents but is not found in the rapids . prefers smaller rocks and gravel . found up to 2000 feet of elevation . omnivorous , feeding on algal filaments , aquatic insects , seeds and bottom detritus . spawns in caves or crevices , preferring to adhere its eggs to an oblique or vertical surface . produces about 200 offspring which feed on the parent ' s dermal mucus .\nschmitter - soto , j . j . , 2007 . a systematic revision of the genus archocentrus ( perciformes : cichlidae ) , with the description of two new genera and six new species . zootaxa 1603 : 1 - 78 . ( ref . 74403 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03162 ( 0 . 01397 - 0 . 07157 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 3 \u00b10 . 17 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nis evident on the males . the males are a little more colourful . the females have more yellow hues on their fins .\nthis fish can be aggressive and shouldn ' t be kept with smaller fish . keep in either a species tank or with other similar sized\nprefers a good current and likes a small pebble or gravel substrate . can do well in a planted tank provided plants are well established as this fish can dig .\na semi - aggressive cichlid . aggression increases , especially on the part of the female , if they are spawning and she will defend her eggs and fry ferociously .\nan attractive cichlid once it has settled into its environment . it ' s body and fins have blue , yellow and red hues on a olive green base colour . it gets its\nt - bar\ncommon name from the ' t ' shape that can occasionally be seen on its flanks .\nthis page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 02 .\ncontent is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nknown from rio parrita to rio coloradito . also ref . 2060 , 36377 , 52307 .\nschmitter - soto , j . j . 2007 . ( ref . 74403 )\nmax length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 ) ; 8 . 0 cm tl ( female )\nfreshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - ? ; dh range : 15 - ?\npd 50 = 0 . 5020 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )\nhigh , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . )\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nusnm 211617 ( 20 paratypes ) , costa rica , puntarenas , a tributary of rio sierpe , 2 km s of palmar sur ; mhng 2447 . 21 ( 1 ) , costa rica , puntarenas , rio ceiba ; ummz 194210 ( 4 ) , ummz 194239 ( 28 , 2 c & s , 8 dig . ) , costa rica , puntarenas , a tributary to rio ceiba , just above mouth .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\ncentral american cichlids are adaptable , often quite aggressive fish that require moderately hard and alkaline water conditions . they are among the most popular cichlids in the hobby thanks to their bright colours and general hardiness , but the large size of some species and their sometimes violent behaviour means that few are suitable for the average community tank .\nenvironment limestone dominates much of the geology of central american , and consequently the rivers and lakes tend to be hard and alkaline . volcanic crater lakes are a distinctive feature of the central american aquatic environment , characterised by their rocky banks and great depth . lake nicaragua is a particularly famous example , and besides being home to a variety of cichlids , bull sharks regularly swim into the lake from the pacific ocean via the 120 - mile san juan river .\n\u201cthe firemouth cichlid thorichthys meeki is a native to mexico , guatemala and belize . \u201d\nwater chemistry if you live in a hard water area , the chances are your tap water will be adequate for keeping these fish . central american cichlids are adaptable and do well across a range of water chemistry values , though as ever in fishkeeping , it is important to maintain ph and hardness stability between water changes . in general , ph 7 - 8 and a hardness of 10 degrees dh or more will suit these fish well . in soft water areas some hardening of the water will be necessary . one approach is to place calcareous media ( such as crushed coral ) in one of the compartments inside a canister filter . as the water flows past this media it will dissolve some of the calcium carbonate , resulting in harder , more alkaline water . because filters get dirty over time , any such media will gradually lose its buffering capacity as it gets covered with dirt and slime . to prevent problems , take care to clean any calcareous media under a hot tap at least once a month , or sooner if you find the ph dropping .\n\u201celectric blue jack dempsey cichlids are typical of central americans in preferred moderately hard , alkaline water conditions . \u201d\nan alternative approach is to add minerals to each bucket of new water . you can use commercially available cichlid salts of the type produced for malawian and tanganyikan cichlids , but you likely won\u2019t need to use the full dose . a half dose should be adequate , though check the ph and hardness with your test kits and adjust as required . if you want to make your own mineral salts , then add 1 teaspoon baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ) , 1 tablespoon epsom salt ( magnesium sulfate ) , and 1 teaspoon marine salt mix ( sodium chloride and various trace elements ) per 10 gallons ( 40 litres ) of water . again , check the ph and hardness and adjust as necessary .\nsalinity some central american cichlids inhabit brackish water habitats and could be kept in a brackish water system . one benefit of keeping these fish in brackish water conditions is that the marine salt mix will automatically adjust ph and hardness to appropriate levels . examples of species found in slightly brackish water include amphilophus hogaboomorum , herichthys carpintis , herichthys pearsei , parachromis friedrichsthalii , parachromis motaguensis , rocio octofasciata and vieja synspila . these will do well at specific gravity levels up to around sg 1 . 005 . a few species are able to live and breed in fully marine conditions . these include cichlasoma urophthalmus , nandopsis haitiensis , nandopsis tetracanthus and vieja maculicauda . none of these fish needs brackish water conditions to do well , and all could be kept in a plain freshwater aquarium without problems .\nwater temperature for most species the usual 25 degrees c ( 77 degrees f ) will suffice . higher temperatures are sometimes advocated by hobbyists , but the only real benefit of this is to increase the frequency with which these cichlids spawn . unless you are farming these fish on a massive scale , there\u2019s no particular reason to have your fish spawning every 3 - 4 weeks !\ndecorating the tank since most central american cichlids come from shady habitats with lots of cover , they appreciate a tank that isn\u2019t too brightly lit . most species like to dig , so live plants , except perhaps floating species , aren\u2019t of much use . instead concentrate on large plastic plants , rocks , and pieces of artificial or real bogwood . because large amounts of bogwood can acidify the aquarium over time , if you decide to use a lot of this material , monitor ph carefully and do not neglect water changes ! the sand - sifting species will appreciate a fine substrate . river sand is ideal , but otherwise a mix of four parts smooth silica sand to one part coral sand will produce a reasonable facsimile . because these cichlids like subdued light and shady environments , they don\u2019t appreciate brightly coloured gravels .\nbecause these fish dig a lot , take care that their activity cannot undermine your arrangement of rocks . make sure all rocks are securely balanced , and if necessary use a gravel tidy to secure a cushioning layer of gravel at the bottom of the tank . this will prevent any rocks slipping and cracking the glass . most of these fish spawn in caves , or at least dig a pit somewhere sheltered . in many cases a flowerpot on its side makes an ideal nesting site .\ntank size central american cichlids need a lot of space . tanks less than 110 litres ( 30 gallons ) in size are best reserved for singletons or breeding pairs . collections of the smaller , milder species could be maintained in tanks 200 litres ( 55 gallons ) in size , but for best results you should aim for a tank 375 - 750 litres ( 100 - 200 gallons ) in size . this will provide your fish with plenty of space , and make it easier to keep the bigger and more aggressive species without them killing each other .\namatitlania - convict cichlids the standard convict cichlid of the hobby is amatitlania nigrofasciata . various colour morphs are available , including an albino form . wild - type fish are basically grey with black vertical bands . females also have bright gold markings on the belly and on the dorsal and anal fins . the species is also sexually dimorphic in terms of size , with females being smaller at up to 10 cm ( 4 inches ) noticeably smaller than the males , who get up to about 12 . 5 cm ( 5 inches ) in length . convicts are pugnacious , and noted for their ability to coexist successfully alongside much larger fish . they tend to bully the mild central american cichlids , but in sufficiently large aquaria will work well with the more territorial , small and medium - sized species . they are omnivores and consume both meaty and green foods .\nthe honduran red point convict , probably amatitlania siquia , is similar to the standard convict but is smaller and has distinctive red and green colouration in the fins . maintenance is much like the standard convict , but this species appears to be somewhat less aggressive .\narchocentrus - mild mannered rainbows at least three species belong to this genus , but only one species , the rainbow cichlid archocentrus multispinosus , is commonly traded . it works well in community tanks , and is probably the best central american cichlids for beginners . as its name suggests , this species varies its colours with its mood . the body is generally yellow to brick red , but becomes very dark , almost black , when spawning . archocentrus are omnivores , and offerings of both crustaceans and green foods will help them develop their best colours .\nthe mojarra or mayan cichlid cichlasoma urophthalmus is a big species at up to 40 cm ( 16 inches ) in length . it is one of the species most strongly associated with brackish water conditions , and wild fish show a distinct preference for coastal lagoons . under aquarium conditions it does not need to be kept in brackish water . it is aggressive , and should be kept alone or with equally robust species , though care should be taken to avoid species too similar in shape or colouration , as such fish will tend to bring out its worst behaviour . its sheer size demands a massive aquarium : singletons won\u2019t tolerant other cichlids in anything under 375 litres ( 100 gallons ) and breeding pairs will need a tank twice that size if you want to avoid carnage ! the mojarra is often confused with a south american cichlid cichlasoma festae . when the two are compared , cichlasoma festae has a smaller eyespot on the tail fin but more intense red colouration .\nherichthys - texas cichlids there are at least ten species in the genus herichthys but only two are normally traded . historically there has been much confusion between these two species , herichthys carpintis and herichthys cyanoguttatus , with both fish being known as texas cichlids . in fact only herichthys cyanoguttatus is naturally found in texas , specifically the rio grande , as well as mexico . telling the two species apart is difficult , but in general herichthys cyanoguttatus is covered with much smaller blue - white spots than herichthys carpintis . body colour in both cases can vary dramatically with mood , though it is typically some shade of blue , often with dark vertical bands . herichthys are omnivores that consume some plant matter alongside small crustaceans , worms and insects . they are reasonably well behaved fish in communities alongside other robust cichlids , but do become extremely aggressive when spawning .\nthese are medium - sized cichlids at up to 20 cm ( 8 inches ) in length though often rather less . they are omnivores , with wild fish consuming both plants and animal foods , particularly algae and insect larvae . they are notoriously aggressive at breeding time , but by the standards of central american cichlids generally , not especially aggressive the rest of the time . they work well in communities of robust cichlids , given sufficient space and hiding places .\noccasionally you will see other species on sale , such as thorichthys ellioti . apart from differences in colouration , these are essentially similar to the firemouth in terms of care . thorichthys ellioti in particular is very vividly coloured with bright blue spots over its body .\nthey grew pretty quickly . i fed them twice a day , and feeding was very easy . they pretty much ate anything that fell in front of their face . every other day i performed water changes of about ten percent to keep the chemistry up to par . by the end of the first year they were each about 3 inches long .\nfinally , one day i had noticed that two had paired off . they had all the others pinned in corners and fearing for their lives , so the following day i baged up the dominated fish , and traded them in for some baby brine and earthworm flakes before they met an untimely death by the newly territorial and greedy pair . within days i noticed the couple cleaning one of the flat stones . i also noticed that the female\u2019s breeding tube was visible , a sign that eggs are soon to come . she laid about 100 small . tan - colored eggs the following day . it happened to be my day off , and i was excited that she had laid her first batch of eggs , little did i know that the pleco decided he had an appetite for caviar . the inexperienced soon - to - be parents tried to keep the intruder away , but the pleco was determined to have his fancy meal . the damage done , i relocated the pleco to my african cichlid tank .\nshe had another batch of eggs 3 weeks later . this time they were better prepared , and with no armored , sucker - mouthed egg eaters in their tank , they were on the road to success . these fish are very good parents once they get the hang of it ! they guarded their offspring ferociously , even attacking the gravel tube as i tried to clean the substrate . when they were big enough , i moved the fry i could catch to a seperate 20 high . about 50 fry made it to be traded and sold from that batch .\ni don\u2019t consider sajicas a very vibrant species , though they are attractive in their own way . they remind me a lot of the a . spilurus , with their shimmering blue eyes . maybe their most striking feature is the blue throat developed by both males and females as they mature . males attain an adult size of 5 inches and females about 3 . 5 to 4 inches . with caution they may be kept with community fish , but they are almost always aggressive towards others of their own kind . i would say the minimum tank size for an adult pair would be a 29 gallon . i would highly recommend this species to someone who would like to try something other than a convict cichlid . they breed easily and are really fun to watch as they spawn and raise their fry . if you have any questions about them , please let me know in the comments section !\nyou may know better than i if this is indeed a baby t - bar . it is about 1 inch long right now . it was thrown in by accident with some guppies i purchased .\ni have a group of 7 of which 2 paired off at 3 - 4 inches . pretty fish but i can not tell if the are t - bars or blue - eye cichlids . they look great and started coloring up at 2\u2033 . one of the pair the male has a red dorsal fin and the female has a yellow one . separated them into a 26 gallon with the same cave that they had taken over in the previous tank and they established a nest immediately .\nthat fish place\u2019s resident \u201ccichlid pro . \u201d in addition to working at tfp for 13 years , jose\u2019s been breeding cichlids for over 14 years and has produced over 200 different species . jose is the man to question for everything cichlid . check out jose\u2019s work in the article : keeping and breeding african cichlids in small aquariums , and his many other contributions on cichlid husbandry , behavior , and his personal experiences with keeping cichlids from across the globe .\neileen daub : hi sam , fishing with goldfish is illegal due to the risk of . . .\nchris mcclelland : hello , i have had success raising green sunfish in an aquari . . .\nsam earlyfall : is it only cruel to put them on a hook and then fish with th . . .\neileen daub : hi sara , i wouldn ' t expect cilantro / coriander to be safe sub . . .\neileen daub : hello name , red tail sharks don ' t lay egg sacs . if you can g . . .\nthat fish blog is designed to help promote knowledge of the pet hobby . if you wish to reference or cite specific information from a blog post , we ask that you provide a link back to the original . the content on that fish blog is copyright protected and may not be duplicated without written permission . if you have any questions on this policy , feel free to send us an email at blogs @ thatpetplace . com . \u00a9 copyright 2013 , all rights reserved .\ntank size - max . 40 liter max . 60 liter max . 80 liter max . 100 liter max . 150 liter max . 200 liter max . 250 liter max . 300 liter max . 400 liter max . 500 liter > 500 liter\nsocial behavior : a territorial , pair forming cichlid . a relatively peaceful , sometimes shy fish which does not molest plants .\ndecoration : tank with a sandy bottom ; hiding places of stones and roots ; perhaps plant the edge and the background with tough species .\ndescription : this is the cousin of the convict cichlids . the t - bar cichlid when they are juveniles do not display any particular colouration except some black bands over a grey colouration . this might discourage the beginner to acquire such species which they do not have the dramatic black - on - gray colouration of their common cousins . their juvenile drab brown base color will develop shades of yellow and blue , with intense blue and red sparkles on fins for males and more yellow sparkles on the fins of females .\nmales grow markedly larger and develop a steep forehead with age . the tips of the dorsal and anal fin are elongated , forming an arch towards the inside that frames the caudal fin . the genital papilla is pointed . the females are considerably smaller , and their genital papilla is blunt . the species digs at spawning time . cave spawner ; nuclear family or in transition to a patriarch - matriarch family .\naround 26 \u00b0c reproduction is not difficult , but there are sometimes problems . the animals almost always ( if available ) spawn in caves . the eggs are quite small , whitish to brownish transparent ( camouflage coloration ) , and number up to 300 . the larvae hatch in 3 days at 26 \u00b0c , and the fry are free - swimming in an additional 5 - 7 days . primarily the female is in charge of brood care ; the male takes care of territorial defense . sometimes the roles are reversed . raising the young has its problem since usually only one part of the spawn grows normally . the majority stagnate in growth . feed with artemia nauplii .\nlast edited by rkm . sbc on tue nov 17 , 2015 7 : 23 am , edited 1 time in total .\nplease visit urltoken for aquarium and fish information as well as information on breeding fish . thank you for viewing my video . please don ' t forget to subscribe to my channel for tons of aquarium information . here are some products that i love and use . if your looking to set up a tank come view this equipment . fluval fx6 filter : urltoken fluval fx4 filter : urltoken finnex titanium heater : urltoken northfin fish food krill : urltoken prime water conditioner : urltoken hydor powerhead : urltoken digital thermometer : urltoken current usa led light : urltoken floramax substrate : urltoken floramax light : urltoken fluval co2 system : urltoken aquaclear 50 : urltoken industrial air pump : urltoken t bar cichlid breeding , sexing and alot of more information that you need to know about the t bar cichlid . my facebook page urltoken visit my site urltoken"]}
{"id": 2586, "summary": [{"text": "cotana albomaculata is a moth in the eupterotidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by george thomas bethune-baker in 1904 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 58 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "both wings are pale , semitransparent reddish , the forewings have a large ovate white spot at the end of the cell and there is a whitish scalloped subterminal stripe , the scallops extended into spear-head points in the apical area .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are similar to the forewings but without the cell spot . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "cotana albomaculata", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about cotana castaneorufa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cotana castaneorufa ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a fact about cotana diluta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for cotana diluta ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nlunulata ( bethune - baker , 1904 ) borealis rothschild , 1932 ab . unicolor rothschild , 1932 [ infraspecific ] montium rothschild , 1932 occidentalis rothschild , 1917 satisbona rothschild , 1917\npallidipascia rothschild , 1917 pallidifascia ( sic sensu auct . ) postpallida ( rothschild , 1917 )\nrubrescens walker , 1865 ssp . kapaura rothschild , 1917 [ male ] ssp . oetakwensis rothschild , 1917 [ male ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis webpage was generated by the domain owner using sedo domain parking . disclaimer : sedo maintains no relationship with third party advertisers . reference to any specific service or trade mark is not controlled by sedo nor does it constitute or imply its association , endorsement or recommendation .\nto see / hide the full list of values , press the very parameter name , i . e . \u201cforewing length\u201d . to clear all fields ( including hidden values ) press \u201creset\u201d button below the form .\nsubgenus or higher taxon . autofill search . you may enter only one taxon name\nif the results of the selection will seem inadequate , we recommend to read the section site help .\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . ."]}
{"id": 2587, "summary": [{"text": "the euteleostei or euteleosts is a clade of bony fishes within the teleostei that evolved some 240 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "it is divided into the protacanthopterygii ( including the salmon and dragonfish ) and the neoteleostei ( including the lanternfish , lizardfish , oarfish , and the acanthopterygii ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the cladogram is based on near et al. ( 2012 ) and betancur-rodriguez et al. 2016 .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "they explored the phylogeny and divergence times of every major lineage , analysing the dna sequences of 9 unlinked genes .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "they calibrated ( set actual values for ) branching times in this tree from 36 reliable measurements of absolute time from the fossil record . ", "topic": 14}], "title": "euteleostei", "paragraphs": ["( 27 ) euteleostei . mrca : lepidogalaxias , takifugu . hard minimum age : 149 ma . 95 % soft maximum age : 260 ma . prior setting : uniform distribution ( crown calibration ) . calibration source : broughton et al . [ 2 ] .\ndavis mp . evolutionary relationships of the aulopiformes ( euteleostei : cyclosquamata ) : a molecular and total evidence approach . in : nelson js , schultze hp , wilson mvh , editors . origin and phylogenetic interrelationships of teleosts . 2010 . m\u00fcnchen , germany : verlag dr . friedrich pfeil . pp . 317 - 336 .\nwith regard to the relationships of early euteleosts , our phylogenetic analyses support several results from previous molecular studies and a new result that places galaxiidae as the sister lineage of neoteleostei ( without stomiiforms ) [ bs = 95 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) ] . lineages previously treated as \u201cprotacanthopterygians\u201d ( 3 ) are polyphyletic in the molecular phylogeny because the alepocephaliforms ( slickheads ) are resolved in a clade containing clupeomorphs ( anchovies and herrings ) and ostariophysians ( catfish and minnows ) [ bs = 94 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( 21 , 33 ) ] , the enigmatic freshwater australian species lepidogalaxias salamandroides is the sister lineage to all other euteleostei ( 15 , 23 ) [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) ] , salmonids ( trouts and salmon ) and esociforms ( pikes and mudminnows ) are resolved as a clade [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( 21 , 23 ) ] , and there is strong support for a clade containing stomiiforms ( dragonfishes ) , osmeriforms ( smelts ) , and retropinnids ( southern smelts ) [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( 23 ) ] . although most of these relationships were reflected in the species tree , lepidogalaxias was resolved as the sister lineage of galaxiidae ( fig . s3 ) . however , only one of the two gene trees ( rag1 ) that sampled both lepidogalaxias and galaxiidae resolved these lineages as sharing a common ancestor . the phylogenetic resolution of these early euteleost lineages using morphology is thought to have been hampered by a mosaic of highly modified and ancestral character states ( 3 , 13 ) . the relationships inferred in our trees provide a phylogenetic framework to investigate the evolution of morphological character state changes , which have proven difficult to use in the inference of relationships among early diverging euteleost lineages ( e . g . , ref . 34 ) .\nedited by david m . hillis , university of texas , austin , tx , and approved july 19 , 2012 ( received for review april 22 , 2012 )\nray - finned fishes make up half of all living vertebrate species . nearly all ray - finned fishes are teleosts , which include most commercially important fish species , several model organisms for genomics and developmental biology , and the dominant component of marine and freshwater vertebrate faunas . despite the economic and scientific importance of ray - finned fishes , the lack of a single comprehensive phylogeny with corresponding divergence - time estimates has limited our understanding of the evolution and diversification of this radiation . our analyses , which use multiple nuclear gene sequences in conjunction with 36 fossil age constraints , result in a well - supported phylogeny of all major ray - finned fish lineages and molecular age estimates that are generally consistent with the fossil record . this phylogeny informs three long - standing problems : specifically identifying elopomorphs ( eels and tarpons ) as the sister lineage of all other teleosts , providing a unique hypothesis on the radiation of early euteleosts , and offering a promising strategy for resolution of the \u201cbush at the top of the tree\u201d that includes percomorphs and other spiny - finned teleosts . contrasting our divergence time estimates with studies using a single nuclear gene or whole mitochondrial genomes , we find that the former underestimates ages of the oldest ray - finned fish divergences , but the latter dramatically overestimates ages for derived teleost lineages . our time - calibrated phylogeny reveals that much of the diversification leading to extant groups of teleosts occurred between the late mesozoic and early cenozoic , identifying this period as the \u201csecond age of fishes . \u201d\nray - finned fishes ( actinopterygii ) are one of the most successful radiations in the long evolutionary history of vertebrates , yet despite the rapid progress toward reconstructing the vertebrate tree of life , only 5 % of the ray - finned fish phylogeny is resolved with strong support ( 1 ) . actinopterygii contains more than 30 , 000 species ( 2 ) , with all but 50 being teleosts ( 3 ) . compared with other large vertebrate radiations , such as mammals ( 4 ) or birds ( 5 ) , a general consensus on the phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification among the major actinopterygian and teleost lineages is lacking ( 3 , 6 , 7 ) . this uncertainty about relationships has prevented the development of a comprehensive time - calibrated phylogeny of ray - finned fishes , which is necessary to understand macroevolutionary processes that underlie their diversity .\n) , and unlike other clades of vertebrates , there has been no comprehensive effort to resolve the phylogeny of actinopterygians and teleosts using molecular data that sample multiple nuclear genes and include taxa that span the major lineages . despite the long history of using morphological data in the phylogenetics of ray - finned fishes , there are several areas of uncertainty and disagreement regarding some of the most fundamental relationships . first , there are two competing hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships that reflect the earliest diversification of teleosts : either the osteoglossomorpha [ bony tongues (\n) ] are the sister lineage of all other teleosts . second , the relationships of lower euteleosts ( e . g . , salmons , smelts , pikes , slickheads , and galaxiids ) , or \u201cprotacanthopterygians , \u201d has changed frequently as a result of phylogenetic analyses of different morphological datasets (\n) to label the percomorpha as the \u201cbush at the top of the [ teleost ] tree . \u201d\napplications of molecular data to these three long - standing questions in teleost phylogenetics have yielded mixed results . for example , analyses of nuclear and mtdna gene sequences have supported all three possible relationships among osteoglossomorphs , elopomorphs , and all other teleosts [ i . e . , clupeocephalans (\nwe investigated phylogenetic relationships and divergence times of all major lineages of actinopterygii and teleostei using dna sequences of nine unlinked protein - coding nuclear genes sampled from 232 species . we used 36 well - justified absolute time calibrations from the fossil record of ray - finned fishes in relaxed - molecular clock analyses to estimate divergence times . phylogenies resulting from these analyses were well resolved , the majority of phylogenetic inferences were supported with strong node support values , were robust to inferences using new \u201cspecies tree\u201d methods , and provide a comprehensive molecular perspective on areas of long - standing disagreement and uncertainty in the relationships of teleost fishes . divergence times estimated from relaxed - molecular clock analyses yield a comprehensive time - scale of actinopterygian diversification that is remarkably close to ages inferred from the fossil record .\nmaximum - likelihood analyses of the nine nuclear gene dataset resolved 89 % of the 232 nodes in the actinopterygian phylogeny with bootstrap replicate scores ( bs ) \u226570 % and the phylogenies inferred using the bayesian method had 91 % of the nodes strongly supported posterior probabilities ( bpp ) \u2265 0 . 95 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) . relationships of nonteleostean actinopterygians were consistent with traditional morphologically - based inferences ( 6 ) with polypterids ( bichirs and ropefish ) resolved as the sister lineage of all other actinopterygians ( actinopteri ) in the relaxed - clock analysis ( fig . 1 ) . in addition , acipenseriformes ( sturgeons and paddlefishes ) were the sister lineage of neopterygii with strong support ( bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ) , and holostei ( bowfin and gars ) was resolved as the sister lineage of teleosts [ bs = 100 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) ] . these results contrast with earlier molecular studies that either resolved acipenseriforms and holosteans as an \u201cancient - fish\u201d clade ( 31 ) or acipenseriforms and polypteriforms as a weakly supported clade ( 32 ) .\nactinopterygian time - calibrated phylogeny based on nine nuclear genes and 36 fossil age constraints . bars represent the posterior distribution of divergence - time estimates . gray bars identify nodes supported with bpp \u2265 0 . 95 , and white bars mark nodes with bpp < 0 . 95 . nodes with age priors taken from the fossil record are marked with a \u201cc . \u201d for full details on calibration see materials and methods and fig . s2 . the time - calibrated tree is scaled to the geological time scale with absolute time given in millions of years .\nour results provide resolution to three of the most compelling questions in teleost phylogenetics . the molecular phylogeny resulted in the strongly supported position ( bs = 97 % , bpp = 1 . 00 ) of elopomorphs as the sister lineage of all other teleosts ( fig . 1 , and figs . s1 and s2 ) . this result is also strongly supported in a species tree analysis , which accounts for potential discordance among individual gene histories , with a bootstrap proportion of 100 % ( fig . s3 ) . evidence for osteoglossomorpha as the sister lineage of all other teleosts was based on the presence of a single character state in the caudal fin skeleton ( 9 , 10 ) . on the other hand , the hypothesis that elopomorpha is the sister lineage of all other teleosts was based on eight derived character - state changes identified from optimization of a matrix containing 135 discretely coded morphological characters ( 11 ) . our results strongly support the latter hypothesis , illustrating agreement between phylogenetic inferences from a robust morphological data matrix and our densely sampled nuclear gene dna sequence dataset .\none of the most important problems in vertebrate phylogenetics is the resolution of the major lineages of percomorpha . the phylogeny confirms several results presented in previous molecular analyses , including the resolution of ophidiiforms ( cusk eels ) and batrachoidids ( toadfish ) as early diverging percomorphs (\nposterior distribution of molecular age estimates and patterns of calibration sharing across studies of ray - finned fish phylogeny . ( a ) posterior distribution of molecular age estimates , in millions of years , for 14 actinopterygian lineages , resulting from analyses of whole mtdna genomes ( blue ) , the rag1 nuclear gene ( orange ) , the rag1 nuclear gene using the calibrations from this study ( yellow ) , and the nine nuclear gene dataset presented in this study ( green ) . the circle represents the mean of the posterior estimate and the whiskers mark the upper and lower 95 % highest posterior density of the age estimates . gray boxes mark the oldest fossils for a given lineage , those with dashed lines were used as calibration age priors ( see materials and methods ) and those with solid black lines were not used as age calibrations . line drawings of ray - finned fish species are based on photographs of specimens housed at the peabody museum of natural history , yale university , new haven , ct . ( b ) frequency of calibrations shared between this study and those using whole mtdna genomes ( blue ) and the rag1 nuclear gene ( orange ) binned by the age of the fossil calibration in millions of years ( ma ) .\ndespite the apparent gap in the fossil record for early crown\u2013group teleosts , we find that most major teleost lineages originated in a period spanning the late mesozoic into the early cenozoic ( figs . 1 and 2 a ) , which corresponds to patterns apparent in the fossil record ( 39 ) . we identify this interval as the \u201csecond age of fishes . \u201d the devonian age of fishes is characterized by the presence of all major vertebrate lineages referred to as \u201cfishes , \u201d both living and extinct [ e . g . , ostracoderms , placoderms , acanthodians , chondrichthyans , and so forth ( 40 ) ] . although this period in time appears to mark the origin of crown actinopterygii ( figs . 1 and 2 a ) , it does not correspond to the divergence of the major lineages that comprise the bulk of living actinopterygian biodiversity . instead , the second age of fishes represents the interval in geologic time where these species - rich lineages ( e . g . , otophysians and acanthomorphs ) originated and eventually flourished , becoming the dominant vertebrate component of marine and freshwater habitats .\nray - finned fishes include half of the entire species richness of vertebrates ( 2 , 3 ) , but had ranked last , by a wide margin , in the degree of phylogenetic resolution offered by available dna sequence and genomic resources ( 1 ) . our phylogeny , based on a multilocus dataset , provides robust resolution and strong support across all major lineages of ray - finned fishes and teleosts . additionally , our divergence time estimates reconcile inferences from paleontology with those obtained from other studies that used molecular methods , providing a molecular time scale that is more consistent with ages implied by the fossil record . this comprehensive molecular perspective on the evolutionary diversification of one - half of all vertebrate species provides dna sequence data and calibration information from which to integrate resolution of clades at lower taxonomic levels ( e . g . , families ) and estimate ages of actinopterygian lineages that lack a fossil record .\nstandard phenol - chloroform extraction protocol or qiagen dneasy blood and tissue kits were used to isolate dna from tissue biopsies sampled from 232 ray - finned fish species ( table s2 ) . previously published pcr primers were used to amplify and sequence an exon from each of nine nuclear genes [ glyt , myh6 , plagl2 , ptr , rag1 , sh3px3 , sreb2 , tbr1 , and zic1 ( 22 , 41 ) ] . the genes were aligned by eye using the inferred amino acid sequences . no frame mutations or dna substitutions that resulted in stop codons were observed in the aligned dna sequences . the combined nine - gene dataset contained 7 , 587 base pairs .\ntwenty - seven data partitions were designated that corresponded to the three separate codon positions for each of the nine genes . a gtr + g substitution model was used in a portioned maximum - likelihood analysis using the computer program raxml 7 . 2 . 6 ( 42 ) run with the \u2013d option . support for nodes in the raxml tree was assessed with a thorough bootstrap analysis ( option \u2013f i ) with 1 , 000 replicates .\na species tree was inferred using gene tree parsimony implemented in the computer program igtp ( 43 ) . individual gene trees estimated using raxml were used as input files . several rooting strategies were used . the individual gene trees were rooted using erpetoichthys calabaricus or polypterus ornatipinnis , except in three cases when these species were not sampled for a specific gene . in these cases the individual gene trees were rooted using scaphirhynchus platorynchus , amia calva , or atractosteus spatula . a heuristic search using randomized hill climbing was performed to find the species tree that minimized the reconciliation cost for deep coalescence . this search was bootstrapped by performing it 100 times and bootstrap proportions for the resulting species trees were calculated using sumtrees in the dendropy package ( 44 ) .\nfor each fossil calibration prior , we identify the calibrated node in the ray - fin fish phylogeny , list the taxa that represent the first occurrence of the lineage in the fossil record , describe the character states that justify the phylogenetic placement of the fossil taxon , provide information on the stratigraphy of the rock formations bearing the fossil , give the absolute age estimate for the fossil , outline the prior age setting in the beast relaxed - clock analysis , and provide any additional notes on the calibration ( si text ) . each calibration is numbered and the phylogenetic placement of the calibration is highlighted in fig . s2 .\nwe thank t . - y . cheng and k . - t . shao of the biodiversity research museum , academia sinica ; j . friel of the cornell university museum of vertebrates ; p . a . hastings and h . j . walker of the scripps institution of oceanography ; k . p . maslenikov and t . w . pietsch of the burke museum of natural history and culture , university of washington ; and a . c . bentley and e . o . wiley of the biodiversity institute of the university of kansas for generous gifts of tissue specimens . j . s . albert , j . w . armbruster , l . bernatchez , t . m . berra , c . p . burridge , c . d . hulsey , s . lavou\u00e9 , j . g . lundberg , m . miya , n . merret , p . j . unmack , k . watanabe , j . m . waters provided additional specimens ; c . m . bossu , r . c . harrington , p . r . hollingsworth , c . d . hulsey , b . p . keck , and the staff of the carribean research management of biodiversity biological research station in cura\u00e7ao provided assistance in sampling expeditions ; gregory watkins - colwell assisted with museum collections . k . l . ilves provided insight on taxon sampling . this research was supported by the peabody museum of natural history and national science foundation grants deb - 0444842 , deb - 0716155 , deb - 0717009 , deb - 0732642 , ant - 0839007 , deb - 1060869 , deb - 1061806 , and deb - 1061981 ( to w . l . s . , p . c . w . , and t . j . n . ) ; and natural environment research council grant nerc ne / i005536 / 1 ( to m . f . ) .\nauthor contributions : t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , j . a . m . , m . p . d . , p . c . w . , m . f . , and w . l . s . designed research ; t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , k . l . k . , p . c . w . , m . f . , and w . l . s . performed research ; t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , m . f . , and w . l . s . analyzed data ; and t . j . n . , r . i . e . , a . d . , j . a . m . , p . c . w . , m . f . , and w . l . s . wrote the paper .\ndata deposition : the sequence reported in this paper has been deposited in the genbank database ( accession no . jx190073 \u2013 jx191369 ) .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the pnas web site .\nresearchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .\na survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .\na study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .\nthe mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena\u2014but this rigor hasn\u2019t always been enough to spur policy changes .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nbetancur - r . r , broughton re , wiley eo , carpenter k , l\u00f3pez ja , li c , holcroft ni , arcila d , sanciangco m , cureton ii jc , zhang f , buser t , campbell ma , ballesteros ja , roa - varon a , willis s , borden wc , rowley t , reneau pc , hough dj , lu g , grande t , arratia g , ort\u00ed g . the tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes . plos currents tree of life . 2013 apr 18 . edition 1 . doi : 10 . 1371 / currents . tol . 53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 .\ndepartment of biological sciences , the george washington university , washington , dc , usa .\noklahoma biological survey and department of biology , university of oklahoma , norman , ok , usa .\nbiodiversity institute and department of ecology & evolutionary biology , university of kansas , lawrence , ks , usa , biologist at the university of kansas .\ndepartment of biological sciences , old dominion university , norfolk , virginia , u . s . a . , international union for conservation of nature .\nfishes , university of alaska fairbanks , fairbanks , alaska , united states of america , university of alaska museum .\nkey laboratory of exploration and utilization of aquatic genetic resources , shanghai ocean university , ministry of education , shanghai 201306 , china .\nscience division , johnson county community college , overland park , kansas , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences , old dominion university , norfolk , virginia , usa .\ndepartment of biology and oklahoma biological survey , university of oklahoma , norman , oklahoma , usa .\ndepartment of biology and oklahoma biologcial survey , university of oklahoma , norman , ok , usa , ph . d . student .\ndepartment of biology and wildlife , university of alaska fairbanks , fairbanks , ak , usa .\ndepartment of biological sciences , the george washington university , washington , dc , united states .\ndepartment of biological sciences , george washington university , washington , dc , usa , research assistant .\nschool of biological sciences , university of nebraska - lincoln , lincoln , ne , usa .\nbiology , university of nebraska - omaha , omaha , nebraska , united states .\ndepartment of biological sciences , florida a & m university , tallahassee , fl , usa .\nsystematics and ecology and biodiversity institute , university of kansas , lawrence , kansas , usa , courtesy research professor and associated researcher .\nthis work was supported by nsf awards deb - 0732988 ( to reb ) , deb - 0732838 , deb - 1019308 ( to go and cl ) , deb - 0732819 ( eow ) , deb 0732589 ( tg ) , deb - 0732894 ( kc ) , deb 0963767 ( jal ) , and deb - 0732969 ( gl ) ; gwu selective excellence in diversity of life program ( to rbr ) ; leading academic discipline project of shanghai municipal education commission , project number s30701 ( cl ) . the biodiversity institute , university of kansas , provided financial support for the collection used in this study .\nour view of the phylogeny and classification of bony fishes is rapidly changing under the influence of molecular phylogenetic studies based on larger and more taxonomically comprehensive datasets . classification schemes displayed in widely used text books on fish biodiversity ( e . g . , 2 , 3 ) have been based on loosely formulated syntheses ( supertrees ) and community consensus views of largely disconnected studies . the phylogenetic structure underpinning such classifications has many areas that are notably unresolved and poorly known , providing weak or no justification for many groups that , although formally recognized , are implicitly known to be polyphyletic ( e . g . percoids , perciforms , scorpaeniforms ) . a comprehensive phylogenetic tree for all major groups of fishes has been elusive because explicit analyses including representatives across their diversity have never been accomplished . detailed morphological cladistic investigations of fish relationships have typically focused on lower taxonomic scales and few attempts to synthesize morphology at higher taxonomic levels proved to be challenging and met limited success ( e . g . , 4 ) . a recent effort to systematically collect morphological synapomorphies from published records for all currently recognized groups resulted in the first teleost classification based on monophyletic groups 5 . this effort , however , did not produce a global phylogenetic hypothesis . similarly , molecular analyses have been limited and many times conflicting in terms of genetic coverage and taxonomic sampling .\nthis study is the main product of the euteleost tree of life project ( etol ) . a total of 21 molecular markers with a genome - wide distribution were examined , the majority of which were developed by etol using a genomic screen pipeline 25 . this pipeline compared the danio rerio and takifugu rubripes genomes to identify single - copy genes with long exons ( > 800 bp ) and divergence levels suggesting they evolve at rates appropriate for phylogenetic resolution among distantly related taxa . exons markers were sequenced from 11 nuclear genes previously published by our group ( kiaa1239 , ficd , myh6 , panx2 , plagl2 , ptchd4 ( = ptr ) , ripk4 , sidkey , snx33 ( = sh3px3 ) , tbr1b ( = tbr1 ) , and zic1 ) and three additional markers , including one intron ( hoxc6a ) and two exons ( svep1 , and vcpip ) , were newly developed for this study using the same approach . sequence data from seven additional markers , including etol markers ( enc1 , gtdc2 ( = glyt ) , and gpr85 ( = sreb2 ) ) or markers developed by others ( 16s mtdna , rag1 , rag2 , and rh ) , were generated for our previous studies ( e . g . , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 66 , 96 ) or obtained from ncbi , ensembl , or other genomic databases .\nfish diversity is represented in the phylogenetic data matrix by a sample of 1410 bony fish species ( of ca . 31000 51 ) plus four tetrapod species and two chondrichthyan outgroups ( total 1416 terminals ) . the taxonomic sampling of bony fishes consists of 1093 genera ( of ca . 4300 ) , 369 families ( of 502 ; see below ) , and all traditionally recognized orders ( e . g . , 5 ) . our taxonomic sampling emphasizes representation of percomorph groups , with 1037 ( of > 15000 ) species in 201 families . all scientific names were checked against the catalog of fishes 51 . a complete list of material examined is given in table s1 .\n* 1st and 2nd are primers for the first and nested / seminested ( optional ) rounds of pcr , respectively .\ncontigs were assembled from forward and reverse sequences using codoncode aligner v3 . 5 . 4 ( codoncode corporation ) , sequencher v4 ( gene codes corporation ) , or geneious pro v4 . 5 ( biomatters ltd . ) . exon markers were aligned individually based on their underlying reading frame in translatorx 52 using the mafft aligner 53 . the hoxc6a and 16s sequences were aligned with mafft v6 . 9 53 using 1000 iterations and the genafpair algorithm . because nested pcr is highly prone to cross - contamination , we vetted the data by visually inspecting individual gene trees estimated with the geneious tree builder algorithm in geneious . to qualitatively assess gene - tree congruence , the final gene alignments were analyzed under maximum likelihood ( ml ) in raxml using ten independent runs for each ; exon alignments were partitioned by codon position . alternative approaches to analyze combined data based on species - tree methods that account for gene - tree heterogeneity due to lineage sorting ( e . g . , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ) could not be applied to this dataset due to high proportion of missing data ( see results ) .\nindividual genes were concatenated using sequencematrix v1 . 7 . 8 58 or geneious . two datasets were assembled and analyzed separately , one including all 1416 taxa with sequence data from three genes or more ( 3 + dataset ) and a subset including 1020 taxa with sequence data from seven genes or more ( 7 + dataset ) . analyses of the 3 + dataset were performed under maximum likelihood ( ml ) using two partitioning schemes , a simple one determined arbitrarily with 5 data partitions ( 3 codon positions across all exons plus 16s and hoxc6a ) , and a more complex scheme with 24 partitions ( a combination of codon positions and individual genes plus 16s and hoxc6a ) indicated by partitionfinder 59 . to make the partitionfinder analysis scalable , a representative subset of 201 taxa was run under the bayesian information criterion 59 . the 7 + dataset was analyzed with the 24 - partition scheme only . analyses for both datasets and partition schemes were conducted in raxml using 30 independent replicates under the gtrgamma model . nodal support was assessed using the rapid bootstrapping algorithm of raxml with 1000 replicates estimated under the gtrcat model 60 , and the collection of sample trees was used to draw the bibartition frequencies on the optimal tree . all raxml analyses were conducted in the cipres portal v3 . 1 .\nfor comparison purposes , the 3 + dataset was also analyzed under implied - weighted parsimony 61 . the optimal tree search and bootstrap trees were set to run independently . gaps were treated as missing characters and all parsimony uninformative characters were ignored . a relatively mild value of k ( 20 ) was chosen arbitrarily due to computational limitations to explore sensitivity of the nodes to other weighting functions . tree searches were performed in tnt 1 . 1 63 using a driven - search strategy combining the following tree - search algorithms : ratchet , drift , sectorial searches and tree fusion . the exhaustiveness of the search parameters was self - adjusted every 2 hits of the current best score . to maximize tree - space exploration , the final searches implemented tree - bisection - reconnection ( tbr ) . a strict consensus of nine equally optimal trees ( length 407187 steps ; fit 7309 . 19 ) was computed . bootstrap search strategies were relaxed to ten random addition sequences and tbr , saving only one tree per replicate ( 1000 replicates ) ; bootstrap bipartition frequencies were drawn on the consensus tree .\nthe complete tree with 1416 taxa was time - calibrated under penalized likelihood ( pl 67 ) with treepl 69 . the pl model , which assumes rate autocorrelation , has been shown to perform poorly in simulation studies resulting in high stochastic error of divergence time estimates 70 . to ameliorate this problem , mean highest posterior density estimates of clade ages obtained with the subset in beast were imposed as fixed secondary calibrations for the pl analysis , rather than using primary calibrations with minimum and maximum age constrains . a total of 126 secondary calibrations were used for this analysis , including the ages obtained for all major groups in the tree as well as the nodes near which primary calibrations were defined . the rate smoothing parameter was set to 10 based on the cross - validation procedure and the \u03c7 2 test in treepl ( four smoothing values between 1 and 1000 were compared ) .\nbased on the topology obtained ( figs . 1 - 10 , s1 ) we propose a new classification for ordinal and subordinal groups of bony fishes and subsequently discuss some of the most significant findings .\nfig . 1 : main phylogenetic hypothesis of bony fish groups collapsed to depict higher - level clades .\nthe phylogenetic tree was estimated in raxml using the 3 + dataset ( 1416 taxa ) and 24 partitions with divergence times estimated under pl using 126 fixed secondary calibrations from the beast analysis ( see fig . 11 ) . terminal clades are either orders or supraordinal taxa with multiple orders included . values in parentheses indicate number of families examined . see also figs . 3 - 10 for relationship details on selected percomorph clades . the complete phylogeny with bootstrap support values and names for supraordinal taxa is in fig . s1 ) .\nfish illustrations were obtained from fishes of the world ( nelson [ 2 ] ) and are reproduced with permission of john wiley & sons , inc . .\nfig . 2 : sensitivity analyses for selected clades obtained in this study ( shown in figs . 1 , 3 - 10 ) and for selected alternative hypotheses .\nfor each case , we assess support from individual gene trees ( indicating whether the group was obtained ) or from the concatenated data sets ( indicating whether the group was obtained and showing boostrap support ) . for some gene trees , monophyletic groups ignore a few rogue taxa falling outside . n / a : insufficient taxonomic sampling to test hypothesis . 1 excluding gymnotiformes ( e . g . , saitoh et al . 77 ) ; 2 stomiatii ; 3 stiassny and moore 75 ; 4 nelson 2 and wiley and johnson 5 ; 5 shan and gras 47 ; 6 patterson and rosen 78 ; 7 arratia 79 ; 8 fink and fink 80 ; 9 nelson 81 ; 10 olney et al . 82 ; 11 johnson and patterson 4 ; 12 miya et al . 8 ; 13 johnson 83 ; 14 kaufman and liem 84 ; 15 gill 85 ; 16 acanthuriformes sensu tyler et al . 86 ( i . e . , acanthuriformes sensu stricto 87 plus scatophagidae and siganidae ) ; 17 jordan 88\nthe nomenclatural arrangement presented in appendix 2 builds on the existing classification by wiley and johnson 5 and intends to preserve names and taxonomic composition of groups whenever possible . however , adjustments are made to recognize new well - supported molecular clades , many of which also have been obtained by previous molecular studies ( several examples discussed below ) . order - level or supraordinal taxa are erected ( new ) or resurrected on the basis of well - supported clades only ( > 90 % bootstrap values ) . current taxon names supported by previous molecular or morphological studies are retained if congruent with our results , even if bootstrap support is low ( e . g . , osteoglossocephalai sensu arratia 79 with only 38 % bootstrap ) . in some cases , ordinal or subordinal taxa that were not monophyletic in our analysis are also validated , as long as the incongruence is not supported by strong bootstrap values . examples include the suborder blennioidei ( not monophyletic here but monophyletic in wainwright et al . 31 ) and the order pleuronectiformes ( not monophyletic here but monophyletic in betancur - r . et al . 28 ) .\nour results ( appendix 2 ) invite comparison to the recent classification of wiley and johnson 5 based on morphological evidence gleamed from many investigators . of 123 clades recognized by them , 70 ( 56 . 9 % ) are congruent with bootstrap values > 95 % obtained in this study . five of these 70 clades are included in our sample by only one family and thus their monophyly is not critically tested . another six clades ( 4 . 9 % ) are congruent but are supported by lower bootstrap values ; seven additional clades ( 5 . 7 % ) are monotypic . forty clades ( 32 . 5 % ) are incongruent , with some being grossly polyphyletic in our tree . notable examples are protacanthopterygii , smegmamorpharia , and labriformes . others are incongruent based on exclusion of subclades and are rendered monophyletic in our classification by the addition or removal of smaller clades . examples include stomiatii ( inclusion of osmeriformes sensu stricto ) , otomorpha ( inclusion of alepocephaliformes ) , neoteleostei ( removal of stomiatiformes ) , and lampridiformes ( removal of stylephorus ) .\nthere is considerable consensus between morphology and the interrelationships of major clades . for example , the major cohorts of living teleosts and their interrelationships are congruent with the listing convention employed by wiley and johnson 5 ; this is also true within many of the major clades ( e . g . relationships within elopomorpha ) . but there is also incongruence . for example , relationships among early - branching acanthomorph groups differ considerably from previous morphological hypotheses ( e . g . , johnson and patterson 4 ) with lampridiforms , percopsiforms , zeiforms and gadiforms branching off basally relative to polymixiiforms . more explicit tests of new and alternative phylogenetic hypotheses based on multiple analyses of our dataset are presented in fig . 2 .\nthe following sections highlight some of the salient features of this global phylogeny and classification of bony fishes , especially in reference to well - established relationships and newly found clades among the euteleosts . we do not attempt to provide a complete account of all taxonomic issues , but to give some perspective and contrast to discuss the evidence supporting novel and established taxa .\nour analyses support several recent hypotheses based on molecular data that contradict the consensus based on morphology 2 , 5 relative to the composition of \u201cprotacanthopterygians . \u201d although our results fall short of resolving with confidence circumscription and relationships among taxa in this group ( hence protacathopterygii is a sedis mutabilis taxon in our proposed classification ) , some relationships are well supported and consistent with previous studies ( fig . 1 ) . first , is the hypothesis that alepocephalid fishes ( slickheads ) have affinities within otomorpha , instead of argentiformes , as proposed by johnson and patterson 4 . this result was first proposed on the basis of mitogenomic data 10 , 41 , 100 , 101 and recently corroborated with a subset of the nuclear markers used in this study 29 . second , is the sister group relationship of osmeriformes and stomiatiformes ( = stomiiformes ) , first proposed by l\u00f3pez et al . 21 based on mtdna and rag1 sequence data . finally , the position of lepidogalaxias at the base of the euteleosts rendering galaxiidae non - monophyletic also was proposed previously 102 , 29 and supported by our data ( see also fig . 2 ) .\na corollary of the increased resolution of percomorph relationships is the demise of the smegmamorpharia sensu johnson and patterson 4 ( see also wiley and johnson 5 ; fig . 2 ) . elements included in this supraordinal taxon are now scattered throughout the molecular phylogeny , placed within many of the newly found clades with high bootstrap support . for example , the pygmy sunfishes ( elassoma ) are back with the other sunfishes ( centrarchids ) , as suggested by earlier classifications and recently confirmed by molecules 30 . centrarchids plus elassomatids are placed here in the resurrected order centrarchiformes ( within percomorpharia , fig . 9 ) . mugiliforms ( mullets ) and atherinomorphs ( silversides , needlefishes , halfbeaks , guppies and allies ) are placed within ovalentariae ( fig . 8 ) . the swamp eels and spiny eels ( order synbranchiformes , suborders synbranchoidei and mastacembeloidei ) are placed with confidence in anabantomorphariae ( fig . 5 ) , together with armored sticklebacks ( indostomidae ) , one of the 11 families previously included in the order gasterosteiformes . the polyphyly of gasterosteiformes ( another large clade assigned to smegmamorpha ) was first pointed out by mitogenomic evidence 12 . our results place the sticklebacks , tubesnouts and sand eels ( previously assigned to gasterosteoidei ) in our newly defined perciformes ( suborder cottioidei ; fig . 10 ) and the rest of the families previously assigned to the suborder syngnathoidei were relocated to our newly defined order syngnathiformes within the scombrimorpharia ( fig . 4 , see below ) .\nphylogenetic resolution within five newly discovered clades , however , will require additional study . relationships within syngnathiformes , scombriformes , carangimorphariae , ovalentariae , and percomorpharia may be challenging to recover given the rapid radiation and diversification of these clades .\nbased on a phylogeny estimated with four mitochondrial markers , thacker 33 resurrected the order gobiiformes , to accommodate three suborders : gobioidei ( gobies and sleepers ) , kurtidoidei ( nurseryfish ) , and apogonoidei ( including apogonids and pempherids ) . previous molecular studies have shown affinities between gobioids , apogonids , kurtids and , to some extent , pempherids and dactylopterids 8 , 11 , 16 . there is also morphological evidence supporting a close relationship between gobids and apogonids 108 , 109 as well as between kurtids and apogonids 110 . our results provide partial support for the gobiiformes sensu thacker 33 but we treat it here as a supraordinal group ( gobiomorpharia ) . a major difference is that our hypothesis segregates the family pempheridae ( sweepers ) to its own order ( pempheriformes , together with glaucosomatidae ) , within percomorpharia ( figs . 1 , 3 , 9 ) .\nfig . 3 : detailed relationships among orders and families of gobiomorpharia ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nfish illustrations were obtained from fishes of the world ( nelson [ 2 ] ) and are reproduced with permission of john wiley & sons , inc .\nscombrimorpharia : sea horses and tunas are close relatives ( figs . 1 , 4 and 5 )\none of the most unanticipated new percomorph clades is the scombrimorpharia , grouping such disparate fishes as seahorses and tunas . this clade includes the newly circumscribed orders syngnathiformes ( fig . 4 ) and scombriformes ( fig . 5 ) . not surprisingly , a close relationship among taxa contained within this group , including syngnathids , mullids , callionymids , dactylopterids , scombrids , stromateids , an others , has never been proposed on morphological grounds . the syngnathiformes , as defined here ( fig . 4 ) , comprises mostly tropical marine reef - dwellers , traditionally placed in three distinct percomorph orders , including gasterosteiformes ( syngnathids ) , \u201cperciformes\u201d ( mullids and callionymids ) and \u201cscorpaeniformes\u201d ( dactylopterids ) . recent molecular studies have emphasized the non - monophyly of scorpaeniformes 74 . we have noted above the dissolution of gasterosteiformes 12 and , as discussed below , we provide a restricted definition for perciformes that includes many scorpaeniform taxa ( fig . 10 ) .\nfig . 4 : detailed relationships among families of syngnathiformes ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nour new order scombriformes ( fig . 5 ) includes most of the families previously grouped in the perciform suborder scombroidei 2 or the order scombriformes 5 , except for the barracudas ( sphyraenidae ) and the billfishes and swordfishes ( here placed in their own order , istiophoriformes ) . sphyraenidae and istiophoriformes are now firmly placed within carangimorphariae ( fig . 7 ) together with disparate taxa such as remoras ( echeneidae ) , archer fishes ( toxotidae ) , jacks ( carangidae ) , flatfishes ( pleuronectiformes ) , and others ( see below ) . because billfishes and tunas are not closely related as previously suggested by anatomical studies 83 ( fig . 2 ) , the new hypothesis implies that endothermy has evolved at least twice independently in teleosts 111 , 112 . this new circumscription of scombriformes also comprises families belonging to multiple orders in previous classifications , such as stromateiformes ( centrolophidae , nomeidae , ariommatidae , stromateidae ) , trachiniformes ( chiasmodontidae ) , icosteiformes ( icosteidae ) , and perciformes ( bramidae , pomatomidae , and caristiidae ) . despite the disparate morphology among members of scombriformes , most are offshore fishes that inhabit pelagic and / or deep - sea waters .\nfig . 5 : detailed relationships among families of scombriformes ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nanother major percomorph group proposed here is the series carangimorpharia , including three subseries : anabantomorphariae , carangimorphariae , and ovalentariae ( fig . 1 ) . species in anabantomorphariae include representatives placed in three separate orders by wiley and johnson 5 : synbranchiformes ( swamp eels ) , gasterosteiformes ( indostomus , the armored stickleback ) , and anabantiformes ( gouramis ) ( fig . 6 ) . while the first two orders belonged to the smegmamorpharia 4 , 5 , the anabantiformes were placed as incertae sedis in percomorphacea 5 . the monophyly of anabantomorphariae has also been supported on the basis of mitogenomics 8 , 11 , 12 and nuclear markers 28 . a remarkable condition shared by members of this novel grouping is their mostly freshwater origin and restriction to africa and south east asia ( although some members in the family synbranchidae occur in mexico , and central and south america ) . most are able to occupy marginal , stagnant waters due to their capacity to tolerate anoxia and to obtain oxygen directly from the air . anabantiforms have a suprabranchial organ and synbranchids have suprabranchial pouches with respiratory function .\nfig . 6 : detailed relationships among orders and families of anabantomorphariae ( see also fig . 1 ) .\na close affinity between other seemingly disparate groups , including barracudas , swordfishes , jacks , flatfishes , and others , has been well established by recent molecular studies 10 , 16 , 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 112 ( fig . 7 ) . this higher - level group has been referred to as \u2018\u2018clade l\u2019\u2019 sensu chen et al . 19 or carangimorpha by li et al . 24 ( see also 27 , 28 ) . in looking for possible anatomical synapomorphies uniting flatfishes , billfishes , and carangids , little et al . 112 found that most taxa share a relatively low number of vertebrae , have multiple dorsal pterygiophores inserting before the second neural spine , and lack supraneurals , among others . however , according to friedman 113 , some of these characters are symplesiomorphies while others are absent in the remaining carangimorph groups . it thus seems paradoxical that despite the apparent lack of morphological synapomorphies for carangimorphs there is a strong molecular signal supporting their monophyly , whereas the opposite is true for pleuronectiforms 28 . for additional insights and discussion on carangimorphariae we refer the reader to recent studies 24 , 27 , 28 , 112 , 113 .\nfig . 7 : detailed relationships among orders and families of carangimorphariae ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nvalues in parentheses indicate number of genera examined ( see also betancur - r . et al . 28 ) .\novalentariae is one of the most spectacular percomorph radiations , including more than 5000 species in some 44 families , grouping seemingly distinct groups such as cichlids , mullets , blennies , and atherinomorphs ( atheriniforms , beloniforms , and cyprinodontiforms ) . this clade was first found on the basis of mitogenomic evidence 8 , 12 and later confirmed with nuclear sequence data 23 , 24 , 26 , 31 . our results suggest that this group can be divided into four subgroups ( superorders ) , two of which already existed ( atherninomorphae and mugilomorphae ) and two that are new : ( i ) cichlomorphae ( cichlidae plus pholidichthyidae ) and ( ii ) blennimorphae ( blennioids plus clingfishes , jawfishes and basslets ) . many families in ovalentariae , however , remain incertae sedis ( e . g . , embiotocidae and pseudochromidae ) . two different studies have coined a name for this group ; first stiassnyiformes by li et al . 24 and , more recently , ovalentaria by wainwright et al . 31 for their characteristic demersal , adhesive eggs with chorionic filaments ( lost secondarily in some groups ) . an interesting implication of this phylogenetic hypothesis is that the pharyngeal jaw apparatus ( pharyngognathy ) , present in many members of this clade ( e . g . , cichlidae , pomacentridae , hemiramphidae ) , has evolved multiple times in percomorphs 31 . we refer the reader to wainwright et al . 31 for additional discussion on ovalentariae .\nfig . 8 : detailed relationships among orders and families of ovalentariae ( see also fig . 1 ) .\nvalues in parentheses indicate number of genera examined ( see also wainwright et al . 31 ) . many clades lacking taxonomic annotations on nodes are incertae sedis taxa ( for details , see classification ) .\npercomorpharia is by far the largest percomorph clade , including 11 orders with some of the most prominent ones such as perciformes , labriformes , lophiiformes , and tetraodontiformes . at least 151 families ( 105 examined ) belong in percomorpharia , including three of the top ten most diverse families of fishes ( i . e . , labridae , serranidae , and scorpaenidae ) 2 . more than one third ( 514 ) of the species in our bony fish phylogeny are placed in this clade . previous molecular studies obtained monophyletic groups with a combination of taxa here assigned to percomorpharia , but with far more limited sampling ( e . g . , 8 , 11 , 16 , 74 ) . although most family - level and ordinal groups within percomorpharia receive high bootstrap support , interrelationships among them are largely unresolved ( hence , the new bush at the top ; fig . 9 ) . several of these groups are newly proposed or resurrected orders under new circumscription ( e . g . , uranoscopiformes , ephippiformes , pempheriformes ) . our new arrangement removes anglerfishes ( lophiiformes ) from paracanthomorphacea , as was suggested by previous classifications 78 , and places them close to tetraodontiforms , caproids , acanthuriforms , chaetodontids , pomacanthids , ephippids and others ( see also 87 , 114 , 115 ) . the largest group within percomorpharia is the order perciformes .\nfig . 9 : detailed relationships among orders and families of percomorpharia ( the new bush at the top ; see also fig . 1 ) .\nvalues in parentheses indicate number of genera examined in each terminal family or number of families and genera , respectively , in each terminal order . see also fig . 10 for expanded relationships on perciform groups . many clades lacking taxonomic annotations on nodes are incertae sedis taxa ( for details , see classification ) .\nfor the first time , a monophyletic definition of perciformes can be recovered from phylogenetic analysis of a comprehensive taxon sampling . the new circumscription of perciformes reduces significantly the number of included taxa , while retaining remarkable diversity that can be organized into several suborders and infraorders . nelson\u2019s classification 2 included 160 families in perciformes , making it the largest order of all vertebrates . our definition indicates unambiguous membership for 38 families and uncertain membership for an additional 42 that were not examined in our study but that have been assigned to either \u201cperciformes\u201d ( 10 ) , \u201cscorpaeniformes\u201d ( 14 ) , cottiformes ( 8 ) , or trachiniformes ( 1 ) in previous classifications 2 , 5 . hence , the maximum possible number of families in the newly defined perciformes is reduced to 71 . this number is closer to the 90 families proposed by wiley and johnson 5 for their perciformes , but with a very different composition .\nfor a long time , perciformes has been regarded as a \u201ctaxonomic waste basket\u201d 2 , 5 with \u2018\u2018percoids\u2019\u2019 scattered throughout percomorpha and no clear phylogenetic distinction among percoidei , perciformes , and percomorpha 74 . earlier molecular studies lacked sufficient sampling to resolve phylogenetic questions among \u201cpercoids , \u201d but close relationships among groupers ( serranidae ) , perches ( percidae ) , sticklebacks ( gasterosteidae ) , searobins ( triglidae ) , icefishes ( notothenioidei ) , sculpins ( cottoidei ) , eelpouts ( zoarcoidei ) and scorpionfishes ( scorpaenoidei ) have been obtained in one form or another , and in different combinations , by several authors 16 , 19 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 29 , 74 , 116 . all of these taxa are included in our definition of perciformes ( fig . 10 ) .\nwithin perciformes , we tentatively propose suborders ( notothenioidei , scorpaenoidei , trigloidei , cottoidei ) for clades with high support that also represent some well - established groups , but two incertae sedis ( percophidae and platycephalidae ) , and several unexamined families remain unclassified . additional taxon sampling and more data are needed to resolve interrelationships among these taxa . four suborders / infraorders were recognized as separate orders by wiley and johnson 5 : percoidei , scorpaenoidei , cottioidei , and gasterosteales ( an infraorder of cottioidei ) ."]}
{"id": 2589, "summary": [{"text": "the fancy rat is a domesticated rat ( rattus norvegicus ) , which is the most common breed among pet rats .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "the name fancy rat derives from the idea of animal fancy ( promotion of domesticated animals ) or the phrase \" to fancy \" ( to like , or appreciate ) .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "fancy rats have their origins as the targets for blood sport in 18th - and 19th-century europe .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "specially bred as pets since then , fancy rats now come in a wide variety of colors and coat types and are bred and raised by several rat enthusiast groups around the world .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "fancy rats are commonly sold as pets in stores and by breeders .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "domesticated rats are physiologically and psychologically different from their wild relatives , and \u2014 when acquired from reputable breeders and shops \u2014 pose no more of a health risk than other common pets .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "for example , domesticated brown rats are not considered a disease threat , while exposure to wild rat populations could introduce pathogens like salmonella into the home .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "fancy rats experience different health risks from their wild counterparts , and thus are less likely to succumb to many of the same illnesses as wild rats .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "fancy rats care for themselves , and are thus very affordable compared to even other small pets .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "this is one of the biggest draws to them .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "additionally , fancy rats are quite independent , loyal and easily trained , earning them comparison to both cats and dogs .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "this comparison is merited given fancy rats are considered more intelligent than any other domesticated rodent .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "wild-caught specimens that become docile and bred in many generations still fall under fancy type . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "fancy rat", "paragraphs": ["national fancy rat society . articles and information on the health of fancy rats .\nthe following is a brief description of the rat markings as recognized by the american fancy rat and mouse association . see fancy rat genes : marked for genetics .\nfancy rat faq - 13 . can two males co - exist in one cage ?\noscar the fancy rat ( petsitters club s . ) : tessa krailing : 9780590195256 : urltoken books\nthe proper usage of fancy is the keeping of pet rats the name fancy rat derives from the idea of animal fancy or the phrase ,\nto fancy\n( to like , or appreciate )\nfancy\n, regular , feeder and breeder rats are really all the same . dumbos are just ear placement , and they only grow bigger if they are genetically bigger or if they are fed well .\nthe fancy rat population today descended from the\nbrown rat\nlatin name rattus norvegicus , that colonized europe in the 18th century .\nlissenberg , j . ( 2006 ) fancy rats . rebo publishers , the netherlands .\nthe american fancy rat and mouse association , a california - based non - profit club of rodent enthusiasts that sets breed standards , organizes shows , and helps to promote both the fancy rat and the fancy mouse as appealing pets , was formed in 1983 . the afrma claim their main objective is to \u201cpromote and encourage the breeding and exhibition of fancy rats and mice for show and pets . \u201d being held annually on november 12th of every year , fancy rat & mouse day is sponsored by afrma , with the aim of popularizing raising and breeding fancy mice and rats as pets and companions .\nthe following is a brief description of the rat varieties ( coat , body , ear types ; rats do not come in breeds ) as recognized by the american fancy rat and mouse association . see fancy rat genes : coats & misc . for genetics .\nbut what is a fancy rat ? a fancy rat is a rat who has been bred to conform to a written standard . its coat , color , conformation , size , and personality all were taken into account by its breeder in an attempt to create an ideal show animal . in other words , the term \u201cfancy rat\u201d is the equivalent of saying \u201cpure - bred dog . \u201d today\u2019s fancy rats are as far distanced from wild rats as poodles are from wolves .\ninteractions within groups of fancy rats : how to introduce new animals to an existing group etc . .\nkelly , jasey .\nhairless vs . fancy rats for pets\naccessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken\nenvironment : the fancy rat can be found on every continent aside from antarctica . it is the most successful mammal only second to humans .\nat london & southern counties mouse & rat club shows the rats are judged to the standards published by the national fancy rat society , apart from the lscmrc unstandardised class .\nas the fancy rat\u2019s popularity has grown , so has its availability . most colors and coat types are available anywhere in the u . s .\nthe rat and mouse club of america identifies four main varieties of rats : standard , rex , hairless and tailless . in addition , the american fancy rat and mouse association recognizes satin and dumbo rats . the national fancy rat society recognizes many varieties , but it has banned tailless and hairless rats from exhibition in the united kingdom .\nif the ville rat takes your fancy , why not broaden your reading tastes further , starting with pulpcurry\u2019s article five great crime novels set in asia ? ville rat is out 6 october .\nsenses fancy rats have limited vision , and rely on their keen senses of smell and hearing to perceive their world .\nkelly , jasey .\nhairless vs . fancy rats for pets .\nanimals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / hairless - vs - fancy - rats - pets - 2436 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .\nkelly , jasey . ( n . d . ) . hairless vs . fancy rats for pets . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / hairless - vs - fancy - rats - pets - 2436 . html\nany other varieties\nof fancy rats include topaz , lilac agouti , cinnamon pearl and silver fawn . these names point to each rat ' s coloration .\nlifespan of the fancy rat ; some common medical problems and what to do about them ; things your vet may not know about rats ; safety - precautions if taking on an orphaned wild rat .\nhello ! i actually breed fancy rats ( pet rats ) and i ' m here to tell you that , where there are some definitive differences , fancy rats really aren ' t all that biologically different from their wild cousins . both fancy rats and wild rats are descendants of the norway rat , and thus have a lot of similatities , however , due to years of domestication , also have many differences . one of the biggest differences is that fancy rats have a lot fewer adrenal glands than wild rats do . this causes them to be calmer , and less aggressive than their wild relatives . as well , fancy rats are a fair bit smaller than most wild rats and come in a much wider array of colorations . wild rats are generally grey , brow or black as they need too bland in with their surroundings , whereas fancy rats come in all sorts of variations from spotted , striped , siamese , hooded , and so many more . there are a number of mutations of the standard fancy rat including the rex ( similar to a rex rabbit ) hairless , and dumbo ! fancy rats are highly intelligent and very social animals who make amazing companion animals . i own 3 adult rats ( all of which are rescues ) and currently have a litter of 7 babies . now , with all of these differences aside , fancy rats and wild rats are still quite similar . if you raise a wild rat in captivity , then it can turn out to be just as amazing a pet as a fancy rat . and , if you release a fancy rat into the wild , it will learn to survive as a wild rat . two of my adult rats are fancy rats , however my 3rd ( meeko ) is actually a wild rat . meeko was raised in captivity just like a fancy rat would be , and where i can see some differences between her and my other two ( she is larger and more active ) she is still just as much of a treasured family member as the others are . ultimately , the main difference between fancy rats and wild rats is how they are raised .\nfancy rats were first bred since the 18th century and have evolved to be very different in disposition , temperament and even coloration than ordinary wild rats . for example , while a wild rat may be either black or brown a fancy rat can sport a multitude of colors , such as white , cinnamon or even having a blue hue .\na rat graps another rat ' s skin in its teeth and attempts to pull the rat in a particular direction .\nintroduction : the fancy rat is the typical rat that is sold in pet stores and seen in homes . it is the most common species of pet rat . i decided i would study the rat because it was accessible and also carries a rich history . the rat that i studied was located in the glen apartments . the rat is female and is named \u201crossi\u201d .\nthe hairless rat is simply a rat with mutated genes resulting in a bald rat with smooth , soft skin . they may have some hair around the genitals in some cases . fancy rats and hairless rats have much of the same care requirements and temperament .\nnom - ology a study in rat nutrition . urltoken confessions of a rat breeder urltoken\nthe tailless rat is sometimes called the manx rat , a nod to the tailless manx cat . in fact , a tailless rat sometimes has a hint of a tail or a short , furry stub where the tail would be . the national fancy rat society has banned exhibition of the tailless rat because a rat ' s tail helps him regulate his body heat and is considered necessary for robust health .\nspecial needs fancy rats have front teeth that never stop growing - - so they need lots of healthy things to chew on like treat sticks .\nfancy rat & mouse day gives us the opportunity to celebrate these beautiful creatures . not to be confused with wild ( black ) rats , the fancy rat is the domesticated brown rat ; while the fancy mouse is the domesticated form of the house mouse . both can be very smart and affectionate and make ideal pets , particularly for children ( especially since there is much less looking after than with a dog , cat or rabbit ! ) . but don\u2019t let that make you think the members of the fancy rat and mouse association take their fancy rats and mice less seriously than they would take any other pets ! fancy rat and mouse breeders and enthusiasts head to california several times a year , where professionally bred varieties are judged on a range of categories . it is , in reality , a serious business . karen robbins , afrma\u2019s spokeswoman , makes a convincing argument for the pets , saying , \u201crats are very intelligent and can be trained like dogs . they are clean like cats\u2014always washing themselves\u2014and are very personable . they know their owners and want to be out with them . \u201d\na little background about rossi\u2026 i have spent the past few weeks observing the behavior and mannerisms of a certain female fancy rat named \u201crossi\u201d ( short for rossi roo ) . rossi is known as a hooded fancy rat because of the breed\u2019s coat . the rat as white except for its \u201chood\u201d which is dark brown and covers all of her head and some of her back . her tail and her paws are light pink .\nover the next 45 years interest in fancy rats was very sporadic . several times there were people interested in starting rat clubs ; however , there was never enough support to really have a go at it . 1976 was the turning point . in january of that year the national fancy rat society was founded . this was the first ever \u201crats only\u201d organization . it set standards , published a newsletter , and held shows . since 1976 interest in fancy rats has grown enormously , and many new varieties have been found and standardized .\nfancy rats enjoy living together in pairs . it is best to house two females together , as two males may become territorial . they are the smartest of all small pets , and can learn their names and simple tricks . they have tons of energy and are really fun to watch . fancy rats enjoy running on wheels and in exercise balls . calm , curious and fun - loving , fancy rats love to play and interact with their pet parents .\none rat runs away from the other , the second rat may or may not pursue .\nmore photos of each rat shown can be seen by clicking the rat ' s name .\ndomestication : domestic mice originated from stocks captured in china , japan and europe and developed into fancy mice . these fancy mice were found in pet shops in the 20th century , and were developed into laboratory mouse strains . fancy mice are primarily descended from m . musculus domesticus , with a little admixture of the other three subspecies . as such , domestic mice do not represent one of the single subspecies , but are a mixture of all four . ( silver , 1995 ) .\nthe domestic or fancy rat is descended from the brown rat ( also known as the norwegian rat ) and is thought to have originated from asia moving into europe in 1553 and then onto the us in 1775 . it lives in burrows and is a good swimmer and can often be found inhabiting sewers .\nin 1901 miss mary douglas , the \u201cmother of the rat fancy , \u201d wrote to the n . m . c . and asked whether they would consider opening their doors to rats . the n . m . c . agreed , and the first classes for fancy rats were staged in the fall of 1901 . by 1912 there was enough interest in rats that the club\u2019s name was officially changed to the national mouse and rat club .\nfancy rats are social . a pet rat left in the wild for an extended period of time may learn fear and appear nervous , but if they were handled by their previous owners , they are quite likely to come\nkuramoto t , yokoe m , yagasaki k , kawaguchi t , kumafuji k , serikawa t . genetic analyses of fancy rat - derived mutations . exp anim . 2010 ; 59 ( 2 ) : 147 - 55 .\nmeet mouse , the agouti hooded rat ! photo courtesy of laurel l . of pet rat lovers !\nhairless rat babies ; males help raise babies ; pedigreed rat ; babies savagely killed / tailless mice .\na rat will rarely bother the incision of another rat unless she is an obsessive groomer or barber .\nou breed what ? i\u2019m used to that response now , and i can\u2019t really blame people . most have never even heard of fancy rats . when you say rat most people picture either wild rats or the pink - eyed domestic rats sold for years as snake food in pet shops . i\u2019ll admit this vision of rats is not particularly appealing and i can almost understand their dislike of such creatures . they have never met a fancy rat .\ndumbo rats are rumored to be the sweetest & most gentle of the fancy varieties . can this be true ? amazingly , the answer is a resounding\nyes !\nif you find that your rat has a unique or odd marking , see if you can match it up with other known markings ! every year , new mutations occur within the pet fancy rat trade . whether or not the breeder or owner has knowledge of it , it could start a new trend in rat markings ; much in the way that the popular down under rat has !\ngo to afrma official rat standard go to rat type issues - judging 101 for examples of type problems .\nto read more about bruxing and to hear rat sound samples , go to the norway rat vocalizations page .\nto read more about chattering and to hear rat sound samples , go to the norway rat vocalizations page .\nmeet sativa , the fawn hooded red rat ! photo courtesy of laurel l . of pet rat lovers !\noccasionally , the furry rat will scratch the hairless rat when in close proximity\u2014though not necessarily due to fighting .\ndry the rat with a towel , and move the rat to a clean cage to let him dry .\nthe hairless rat is bald with pink , thin skin that is nearly translucent . if he has whiskers , they are short and curly . his hairlessness is caused by a genetic mutation , and people with fur allergies might appreciate his baldness . the national fancy rat society says the lack of fur makes this rat susceptible to cold and injury .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995\u20132018 american fancy rat and mouse association all text , artwork , and photos are copyright to afrma , and / or the author , artist , or photographer . unauthorized copying of any part constitutes a breach of copyright law .\nin addition to the more well known varieties , the national fancy rat society recognizes at least 21 new varieties . these have poetic or exotic names such as powder blue , quick silver , cinnamon chinchilla , russian pearl and sable burmese .\nthe term\nfancy\nrefers to the fact that they are completely domesticated , and come in a wide variety of colours , patterns and coat types not found in wild rats .\nsome people may fancy rats as pets , but for the most part , a rat in the house is not considered a good thing . rats have been plaguing humans - - and giving them the plague - - for thousands of years .\nthis article is from the rat health care booklet . order one today ! check out the info at rat books\ntoday , both phil and perry abramenko are the government of alberta\u2019s rat and pest specialists overseeing the rat control program .\nthe rex fancy rat has a curly coat and whiskers . his dense , soft coat comes in many colors , and it lacks the guard hairs that make rat fur coarse . this unusual coat makes him a good pet for people who are allergic to other rats , according to the book\npet rats .\nthe rat fancy is relatively young in the united states . the first u . s . club , the mouse and rat breeders association , appeared in 1978 . in 1983 the american fancy rat and mouse association originated . since that time rats have been imported from england so that the u . s . now has all the varieties available overseas . fanciers in the u . s . have also been responsible for originating a number of their own varieties . there are now several clubs in the united states , and many more worldwide catering to rats ( and mice ) .\nmay occur when a sidling rat makes physical contact with another rat . using the broadside of its body , the sidling rat presses against the second rat . the sidling rat may tuck his head town , sometimes as far down as between his front paws ( possibly to protect it ) , or under the second rat ( possibly to gain leverage ) . the second rat may reciprocate , such that both rats push against each other . alternatively , the second rat may be pushed back . if the encounter happens on a ledge , the pushing rat may maneuver the second rat off the ledge .\nwild rats can be found all over europe , although they originated in asia . the population spread across the world when the rats were sneaky stowaways on merchant ships . the domestic or fancy rat is descended from the brown rat ( also known as the norwegian rat ) and is thought to have originated from asia moving into europe in 1553 and then onto the us in 1775 .\nover the last 100 years interest in the fancy rat has waxed and waned ; however , in the last 15 years the popularity of fancy rats has skyrocketed . people have discovered that they are bright , intelligent , affectionate , gentle , and make wonderful pets . they don\u2019t bite , don\u2019t bark , never leave fur all over the house , and are easy and inexpensive to care for . many people today don\u2019t have the time , energy , or money to own a dog . a rat is the next best thing .\nbelly up roll by henry ( black and white rat ) under harvey ( black rat ) . photo courtesy of jon lyman\nrat forum > rat related forums > caring for accidental litters > ethical breeding . . . what you should know before breeding\nstaples and clips resist casual exploration by the rat , but can be removed with minimal skin damage by a persistent rat .\nbucsis and somerville : training your pet rat , barron ' s books , 2000 . basic rat care and training information .\nthere are many\ntypes\nof fancy rats - different colours , different coat types , even rats with different ears , no hair , or tailless rats . because our laws do not allow rats to be brought into australia , some of these types are found only overseas . australia has developed a unique type of fancy rat , known as the\ndownunder\nrat . although we cannot import rats , we can export them , so downunder rats are now found throughout the world , including the usa , uk and parts of europe .\nrat molars are similar to the molar depicted in figure 2 . rat incisors , however , have a single , open , root that continues to grow throughout the rat ' s life .\nhenry ( black and white rat in foreground ) bounds after willy ( brown rat in background ) . photo courtesy of jon lyman\nrat babies - 1 day old - picture guide of a litter of 1 - day - old rat babies by karen robbins .\nyou can submit your rat for rat of the week by sending a photo and a little story about your rat by email or snail mail to the addresses at the bottom of the page .\ni think\nfancy\nrats is a term gave mainly by pet shops . in their thoughts it means a different color other than agouti , blacks , albino , and hooded rats . . most of the time their fancy are also dumbo - eared . , but not always . around here fancy rats can be american blue ( any markings ) , dumbo or top eared . the feeder rats around here ( in the past ) were blacks and albino . . . now there is a feeder breeder , breeding dumbos for food purpose though . i don ' t believe breeders use the words fancy . . . because most view rats as equals . i also have heard from pet owners that they think the dumbo rats get bigger . both dumbo and top ears can get the same size . i hope i understood the question . . . . - hilary\ncoat : fancy rats can be found in a wide and varying array of colors ; m ost commonly seen in solid colors or with hooded markings . some fancy rats will retain the wild brown agouti color , 3 tones on a single hair ; others have black based hair , one color on one hair . some common agouti shades include agouti , cinnamon , and fawn . black based shades include black , beige , and chocolate .\none male rat\nsrr - do your best\nwas introduced from american fancy rat colony ( spoiled ratten rattery : srr , in kansas city , missouri ) to kyoto university on july 13 , 2005 . inbreeding started from f1 progeny of male\nsrr - do your best\nand a female pvg / seac . ( sep 25 , 2009 )\nwhen introducing a new rat to a group of rats , usually only the dominant resident rat will be aggressive toward the newcomer at first . this is the dominant rat\u2019s \u201cjob . \u201d once the new rat is accepted by the dominant rat , the others may show some aggression in turn , but it usually won\u2019t be as severe .\nwhile we will never be able to have a model that fully replicates the extent of the our own complex physical and behavioural state , the fancy rat has greatly progressed our understanding of many different diseases and disorders , and they will likely continue to provide a very valuable contribution to research .\ntry to prevent your rat from eating anything in excess and he should be fine . some foods to avoid giving your rat include :\nhabitat your fancy rat needs a well - ventilated wire home with a solid floor . it should be large enough for a food dish and water bottle , a hiding house and climbing toys . there should be plenty of room for all cage accessories , and for her to move around freely .\na very striking blazed husky rat . this husky rat is young so it has not yet lost its blaze , but the next picture in this hubt is probably the same rat at a later age !\njuvenile - type defense tactic in which one rat rolls onto his back before another , sometimes after receiving a nip or bite on the rump . the top rat may then step on the supine rat , sometimes orienting himself perpendicular to the long axis of the supine rat ( thus avoiding the whiskers ) , and pinning him down . the top rat may groom the supine rat ' s belly ( see also\nmay occur when a sidling rat approaches another very closely . the hind foot closest to the second rat kicks out , and may contact the second rat on the flank or higher on the the back .\neach of the foods on this list are great for supplementing a healthy rat diet based off of one of the best rat foods available .\nunfortunately , the popularity of fancy rats began to decline after the death of miss douglas in 1921 . less and less interest in rats was shown over the next few years and in 1929 the club was reorganized dropping the word rat from its name . the national mouse club is still in existence today .\nrats and mice have a bad rap with large parts of society , as they are often associated with dangerous germs and dirt . what\u2019s more , rats and mice are often feared by people , especially children . most of all , if you are not already a fancy rat or mouse enthusiast , it is important to remember that these animals are not the same ones that you\u2019re probably thinking of , the ones associated with the spread of various diseases such as the bubonic plague or other such widespread disasters to humanity . fancy rats and mice have been kept as pets for years and are both clean and gentle , and definitely nothing to be afraid of . the fancy rat and mouse show out on every year on fancy rat and mouse day by the afrma is not only open to rats and mice and their owners , but also to people who have no experience with these animals and are just curious , to the point that there is no entrance fee . this could be a great opportunity to become acquainted with the creatures and get more comfortable around them . you might also want to watch some of the competitions organized that rats and mice take part in , and watch them win medals and trophies . it\u2019s truly an unforgettable experience ! and if you find yourself becoming particularly interested in fancy rats and mice and all of the things they are capable of , why not attend the display event that exhibits the rats and mice that afrma members have been breeding specificaly for the purpose of showing people just how adorable a purebred fancy rat or mouse can be . this event can also be a great opportunity for all sorts of pet lovers to meet and bond over their experiences , exchange advice , etc .\nlike it was previously stated , rat species differ in their life expectancies . and there is a difference between wild rats encountered in the wild than those typically sold in your local pet store . wild rats are usually of the two following species : the norway rat ( rattus norvegicus ) and the roof rat ( rattus rattus ) . pet store sold rats are called \u201claboratory rats\u201d or , alternatively , fancy rats . they are usually domesticated norway rats .\n. boxing is a defensive strategy : as long as the subordinate rat maintains whisker - to - whisker contact , the dominant rat cannot bite his rump . the dominant rat may respond to the boxing tactic with a\nfrom the subordinate rat . nose - offs are a defensive strategy : as long as the subordinate rat maintains whisker - to - whisker contact , the dominant rat cannot bite him . nose - offs may escalate into\nrat , which is the standard lab rat , has an abnormally high incidence of mammary tumors . however , the incidence of mammary tumors in my\ndeep intake of breath through wide open mouth . frequently associated with stretching . for some wonderful photos of rat yawns , check out the dapper rat\nin the early 1800s colored mice began to find their way into europe and became popular , particularly in the u . k . in 1895 the national mouse club was founded in england . they set standards for the different varieties and held shows . it was because of this organization that the rat fancy was born .\none male rat\nsrr - rocket science\nwas introduced from american fancy rat colony ( spoiled ratten rattery : srr , in kansas city , missouri ) to kyoto university on july 13 , 2005 . inbreeding started from f1 progeny of male\nsrr - rocket science\nand a female pvg / seac . homozygous rats for mink were selected for inbreeding . ( sep 25 , 2009 )\nthe rat actually has a rather long history as a domestic animal . the first documented domesticated rats were bred in england in 1800 , but it is most likely that they had been around for hundreds of years before that . whatever the date , by 1901 enough unusual colors and patterns had turned up that there was interest in them as desirable exhibition animals , and thus the rat fancy was born .\nfancy rats come in a variety of common , uncommon , and straight up rare markings . there are so many beautiful ratties out there that it is mind boggling ! unfortunately , none of us can have them all . however , we can dream right ?\nas the sport of rat - baiting began to die down because of the inaction of animal cruelty laws , rats became regarded in high society as a pet of status . jack black , the rat catcher to her majesty queen victoria , was the man to talk to if someone wanted a pet rat . ( he is responsible for most of the breeds we see today . ) the fancy rat became a popular pet for high society women to carry around in squirrel cages or to keep on small leashes . queen victoria and beatrix potter were two of his customers .\nthe brown or norway rat , rattus norvegicus , is the species which was domesticated into what we recognize as fancy or pet rats . this animal began steadily colonizing europe , and particularly england , in the early 18th century . upon its arrival the brown rat was quick to drive out the indigenous black rats . because it was larger and more adaptable , the brown rat was able to thrive in environments that were not suitable for the black rats . thus england was somewhat overrun with rats .\ncan you just treat the rat for the bacteria rather than having the rat tested ? this seems that it would be far cheaper than doing the test .\nwe have all seen hooded rats , especially in dreadful stores such as petsmart . the hooded rat is super common , and can be found in many rat households . nearly every rat owner has owned a hooded rat at some point . hooded rats can come in a variety of colors , with many different patterns .\n, ten speed press , 1997 . the editor capitalizes on the mystery surrounding the rat to present a sensationalized history of the rat : packed with rat facts , fiction , lore , maps , and even a glossary . she also examines the rat ' s role in science , literature , and of course film .\nadult mice are much smaller than adult rats ( fig . 1 ) . adult mice weigh about 30 grams , and fancy mice tip the scales at about 50 grams . adult mice have bodies that are 3 - 4 inches long with 3 - 4 inch tails .\nas you can see , the rat has significant hair loss and even sores .\na rat of either breed that grows up in the wild will be wild , and a rat of either breed that grows up with people will be tame .\ndominant trait \u2014 a standard eared rat has just the normal , wild - type rat ears . they are normal sized and set on top of the head .\none rat grooms a recumbent rat ' s belly . may be an attempt to reach the nape , which is the goal of play fighting . see also\nhere is a brief list of rat behaviors that are relevant to health issues .\nstandard or normal ( my pet rat sickle r . i . p . )\nmismarked : refers to a rat with imperfect markings compared to a show standard .\nchinchilla blaze berkshire rat , owned by julie klaz . photo \u00a91999 craig robbins .\nblack variegated rat owned and bred by karen robbins . photo \u00a91996 craig robbins .\nthank you ! we will notify you when this item is in stock . rat\nhistory of the siamese rat in the u . k . - by geoff izzard\ni need a rat for pet . kindly help me with that . thank you\nq : i think my rat is in pain . how can i tell ?\nso what is the risk of this disease if you or your children have a pet rat ? fancy rats are very popular as easy to maintain , social and gentle pets . they are common children\u2019s pets but also have an avid following among adults who can\u2019t afford or don\u2019t have the lifestyle suitable for a dog or cat . fancy rats are widely available from both pet stores and private breeders in different colors , sizes and conformations . however , few , if any of the pet rats sold are tested for the bacteria that cause rat - bite fever . the prevalence of the bacteria in rats can vary , from as few as 10 % to as many as 100 % of rats in a breeding colony or laboratory that are infected . any pet rat can carry these organisms , but the risk of actually contracting the disease from the rat is very low .\nthe nfrs was formed in 1976 by a group of enthusiasts intent on promoting the rat both as a pet and an exhibition animal . over the years this philosophy has been upheld so that now , as then , we are equally open to breeders , pet owners or people who are a mixture of the two . the nfrs is the club for everyone who appreciates the rat for what it is - a superior pet and fancy animal .\nthere can be much prejudice against the rat due to the spread of plague , but it was the black rat that played a part in this epidemic and it was not the rat itself that carried the plague but the fleas that it carried .\nthough your first choice of rat should be based on health and temperament , maybe you would like to get a certain type or color of rat , or maybe you already chose your rat and are interested to know what his unique coloring is .\n. cinderella ' s fairy godmother turns the rat into a coachman .\ni was born a rat . i expected to be a rat all my days . but life is full of surprises .\nreading level : ages 4 - 8 .\nas part of a health monitoring program , rat owners and breeders may wish to test to know a rat\u2019s infection status prior to admitting new animals into existing colonies .\nuse your other hand and a toothbrush to lather a tiny bit of standard human shampoo on the rat\u2019s skin . avoid getting soap in the rat\u2019s eyes or mouth .\nboth hairless rats and fancy rats make ideal companion pets and entertain their owners with their inquisitive nature , playful attitudes and willingness to hitch a ride on a shoulder . even though they are more susceptible to illness and other problems , a hairless rat can make an ideal , friendly pet for someone willing to take the time to keep their environment clean and healthy .\nthreatening posture in which one rat ( usually but not always the dominant one ) approaches another rat sideways or broadside (\ncrab walks\n) , with his back strongly arched , and crowds the second rat . sidling may a successful strategy to counter\nsize . your rat will need to have room to run around and play in his cage . make sure that you get a cage that is large enough for your rat to run around in . the general rule is 2 square feet per rat .\nthis article is from the winter 1998 afrma rat & mouse tales news - magazine .\nsee separate articles , are rat - mouse hybrids possible ? and the hybridization page .\nthis rat looks to be cinnamon - - an agouti rat with the recessive mink gene . the eyes appear to be black , so it cannot be fawn or amber .\nagouti aoc rex rat owned and bred by geri hauser . photo \u00a91992 larry ferris .\nblack self tailless rat owned and bred by jazmyn concolor . photo \u00a91996 craig robbins .\n12 - day - old dumbo kitten rat showing how the ears are set away from the head . rat owned and bred by jozzette hagemann . photo \u00a92016 karen robbins .\nself - the solid colored rat , no markings . the color goes to the toes\nshow rat is larger and has a smoother coat . both owned by nichole royer .\nthis patchwork hairless rat will continue to molt and regrow its hair during its lifetime .\ntake extra care in helping your hairless rat avoid extreme temperatures , sharp objects , and rough handling as the lack of fur makes the rat more susceptible to skin injuries .\nsugarbaby . . . my heart rat the sweetest love i ' ve ever known .\ni need a rat for pet . kindly help me with that . thank you ramprasad\nneutering a male rat is a little more complicated than neutering a dog or cat .\na body wrap works by preventing the rat from bending over to reach the incision .\nthe following is a brief description of the rat varieties as recognized by the american fancy rat and mouse association . this information is taken from the afrma brochure . for complete details of the standards including points , faults , eliminations , and disqualifications , please refer to the afrma show regulations & standards book . rats do not come in breeds ( different shapes and sizes ) like in other species but in varieties ( different coat types , ear type , no tail )\nthe success of the rat in research today has been linked to the wistar institute in america and their development of the wistar albino strain . there are currently 117 albino strains of the laboratory rat , all of which can be traced genetically back to the one rat , likely to have arisen as a mutation from a hooded ( piebald ) rat strain .\nthis is a guinea pig , but it is exactly the same as rat bumble foot . very gross , very painful , and very difficult for a rat to go through .\nkuramoto t , yokoe m , yagasaki k , kawaguchi t , kumafuji k , serikawa t . genetic analyses of fancy rat - derived mutations . exp anim . 2010 ; 59 ( 2 ) : 147 - 55 . takashi kuramoto , satoshi nakanishi , ken - ichi yamasaki , kenta kumafuji , yuichi sakakibara , yuki neoda , akiko takizawa , takehito kaneko , mito otsuki , ryoko hashimoto , birger voigt , tomoji mashimo and tadao serikawa genetic quality control of the rat strains at the national bio resource project - rat . ibc . 2010 volume 2 article no . 0012\na few white rats have been brought in by pet stores , biology teachers and well meaning individuals who did not know it was unlawful to have rats in alberta . the white rat or laboratory rat is a domesticated norway rat . if white rats escaped captivity or were turned loose , they could multiply and spread throughout alberta just like the wild norway rat .\nthis woodrat has the closest resemblance to the house rat and is often confused with it .\n\u0095 sign differences : due to their larger body size , rat feces are larger than mouse feces ( also see differences in rat and mouse sign from a pest management perspective ) .\ni have a new dog and he is a rat killer . i am soooooo happy !\n, in which the hindquarters follow the forequarters and the rat ends up on its back .\none rat retreats to a safe area , preferably far away from the aggressive rat . he may stay there , sitting quietly for a long time , sometimes up to an hour .\nbristle coat rat owned and bred by jozzette & mike hagemann . photo \u00a92013 karen robbins .\na berkshire rat has a perfectly solid colored body , with some white on the belly . unlike the veriberk , the white does not extend up the sides of the rat\u2019s belly . any white will be solely on the underside of the rat . berkshires are extremely common .\n. rosie ' s rat - phobic mom surprises her on her birthday with a black and white baby rat , who she names midnight . reading level : ages 4 - 8 .\nmarked varieties of rats generally sport two colors of fur that form patterns . for example , the capped variety has a body that ' s solid white and a head with a cap of color that stops at the ears . the irish variety sports a white triangle on the chest , plus white feet and a body fur of a different shade . the national fancy rat society lists 11 marked varieties .\nthe hooded rat is a descendant of the brown rat . after years of domestication , different colors and patterns were bred from uniquely marked rats , making the available colors , patterns , and coat types appear more within the pet rat population . almost every pet rat can trace its origination to rattus norvegicus , a species common in europe where they were first heavily domesticated .\njack black also supplied the live rats for rat - baiting alongside his partner jimmy shaw ( also known as jemmy ) . jemmy shaw\u2019s dog \u201cjacko\u201d held the world record for rat killing .\n\u200ba submissive rat will often roll over onto it\u2019s back displaying it\u2019s belly to the air ( or the dominant rat ) in response to even very minor dominance behaviour . the more submissive the rat generally the faster they will be to roll over . this behaviour generally placates the dominant rat before any more serious dominating behaviour can occur . it is also more common in kittens and young rats who roll over to more senior rats as a matter of course . problems can occur when a rat rolls over submissively when the dominating rat really wants grooming . this can lead to some confusion as the dominating rat attempts to communicate it\u2019s wants to the submissive rat and it\u2019s only response is to become more pliant and submissive , letting out \u2018peeps\u2019 in protest and confusion .\nthe domestic brown rat is most often called a\nfancy rat\n. the rats raised for pets today descend from the\nbrown rat\n, rattus norvegicus , that only colonized europe in the 16th century . being that the brown rats are larger and bolder they have pretty much taken over the position held for centuries by their cousins the black rats . the latter are the\nblack rat\nof legend that carried the fleas that in turn carried the black plague all over europe , these were not the brown rats kept as pets today . there are a very few fanciers now trying to domesticate the more timid black rat , rattus rattus but they are not readily available to adopt any where in any number . the brown rat was used first for blood sport and latter in laboratories for experiments so they have been bred down thousands of generations to be docile and friendly towards humans .\nall other written and visual materials used by permission of specific authors for the sole use of the rat guide . brought to you by kuddlykorner4u see logos page for linking to the rat guide .\nsara b . conrow , \u201cfurther observations on taillessness in the rat , \u201d 1917 p . 155\nwow this link will really help me when i ' m getting a pet rat for christmas .\nvideo of niles eye boggling ( 3 second video , 850 mb , quicktime ) . video courtesy of r . arthur of the dapper rat , niles the rat belongs to l . dux .\ni want a female hairless rat can someone get me one please . 909 - 917 - 2480\ni love my hairless rat kojack . he is such a stud . and my best friend .\na rat learns to press a lever for water , but only when the light comes on .\ngould\u2019s goanna is commonly eaten in indigenous communities , but can contain high levels of rat poison .\nhello i am looking to buy a rat . how much would the shipping and everything be ?\nq : my rat sways back and forth while standing still . i something wrong with him ?\nin the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in europe , norway rats were captured and used for food during times of famine . rat - catchers were hired to exterminate rats and capture live ones for rat fights , rat coursing , and rat pits . rat - catchers captured and housed wild rats in cages as well ( matthews 1898 ) . during this time , naturally occurring albino , black , and hooded norway rats may have preferentially captured or chosen from litters of captive rats for their distinctive appearance\nrat odor is stressful to mice and has an effect on their behavior and reproduction . in fact , rat odor is sometimes used as a predator odor to study anxiety and antipredator behavior in mice .\nrust colored rat with white on belly found outside trying to figure out if it was someones pet and got away or a bad outdoors rat how can i tell . gave him some water and millet\none rat grooms the other , frequently around the neck or head ( especially the eyes , mouth , chin and ears ) . somewhat less frequently , one rat may groom the flanks of another .\n(\npoofing\n) : the rat ' s body hair stands on end . may occur when the rat is cold , or when stressed , such as during or after an intense altercation .\npeople who could call any rat ugly . . . no matter what it looks like . . . and say that a pet rat ' s only value is the cuteness factor - - - -\nwhen taking your rat to the hospital for surgery , make sure your rat has eaten something that morning , and the cage has food and water ; it may be a while before the surgery .\nwhen introducing rats , you should have two cages so the new rat can have his own cage at first . ( the second cage can be the resident rat ' s travel cage . ) never just plop a new rat in the resident rats\u2019 cage because the residents will always defend their territory .\nmost rats do a good job of grooming themselves , so it is not necessary to bathe your rat often . however , you may decide to give your rat a bath if he develops a bad smell . at most , you should only need to bathe your rat once or twice per year .\nin an article on tailless rats in the \u201cnational fancy rat society handbook\u201d ( pp . 51 - 53 ) nick mays reports that in september of 1985 a tailless rat appeared in one of his litters . at about the same time another english fancier , jean judd , discovered a tailless in one of her litters . since that time a number of tailless have been produced all over the world . interestingly , many ( possibly all ? ) of these tailless trace their ancestry back to a strain of siamese bred by another english fancier ."]}
{"id": 2591, "summary": [{"text": "midway lady ( foaled 1983 ) was an american-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare who won two british classic races in 1986 .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "in a racing career lasting from august 1985 until june 1986 , the filly ran six times and won her last five races .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "she sustained her only defeat when finishing second on her racecourse debut but won her remaining three races in 1985 including the may hill stakes at doncaster and the prix marcel boussac at longchamp .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "her three-year-old campaign consisted of only two races , as she won the 1000 guineas at newmarket and the oaks at epsom a month later .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "after sustaining a serious leg injury , she was retired to stud where she became a successful producer of winners including the oaks winner eswarah . ", "topic": 7}], "title": "midway lady", "paragraphs": ["100 greatest rides ; my greatest ride ray cochrane on midway lady in the 1986 oaks .\nthe midway state feat . lady gaga - don ' t give up ( single ) . jpg\neswarah emulated her dam midway lady , who was successful in 1986 , by winning the fillies ' contest .\nobama isn ' t the first president to visit midway ; richard nixon held secret talks there with the south vietnamese president in 1969 . former first lady laura bush also visited midway during her husband ' s presidency .\nimage - the midway state feat . lady gaga - don ' t give up ( single ) . jpg | gagapedia | fandom powered by wikia\nthe daughter of hanbury ' s 1986 1 , 000 guineas and oaks winner , midway lady , got the better of a good tussle with summitville .\nlady gaga discusses what to expect from her halftime show during super bowl li .\nour lady of mt . carmel celebrates 80 years | herald community newspapers | urltoken\nlocated in downtown san diego , the uss midway ( museum ) was america\u2019s . . .\ntrailing midway through the opening set , the lady trojans fought back down the stretch with a rally to take a 19 - 18 lead . a trio of dyersburg points gave the lady trojans some breathing room as the black and gold girls took the opening set 25 - 20 .\nthis movie was released in the same year as the similarly titled lucky lady ( 1975 ) . funny lady ( 1975 ) came out in the u . s . on march 15 , 1975 , and lucky lady ( 1975 ) was released there later on december 25 , 1975 .\nthe lady falcons and falcons play tomorrow night at midway starting at 6 against slidell . it is our first home game in a while so come out and support the falcons ! ! ! !\nmidway is part of the papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea marine national monument , the largest protected marine refuge in the world .\nthe race has produced two oaks winners in midway lady ( 1985 ) and reams of verse ( 1996 ) , while the former also captured the 1 , 000 guineas en route to epsom success in 1986 .\nthe us won its most famous naval victory when it defeated japan at the battle of midway in 1942 .\nlady gaga has already made history with her super bowl halftime performance , even though it won\u2019t happen until early sunday evening at the midway point between the atlanta falcons / new england patriots \u2019 nfl championship game in houston .\nupon arriving thursday shortly before noon , the president emerged from air force one and was met by midway residents .\nthe white house announced last week that obama was quadrupling the size of the papahanaumokuakea marine sanctuary , which includes midway .\ntons of plastic debris washes ashore on midway each year and it ' s taking a devastating toll on the wildlife there .\na laysan albatross feeds its chick on midway . the birds carry five tons of plastic waste onto the island each year .\nthe 80th annual\nour lady of mt . carmel festival\nwas held july 13 to 16 , from 6 to 11 p . m . , at the our lady of mt . carmel church , at 934 stewart place in franklin square .\ndyersburg returns to the court on monday , sept . 18 when the lady trojans host millington at 6 p . m .\nmidway isd will maximize individual potential within a learner - centered and supportive environment to prepare students to excel in a global society .\nmidway through the third set , the lady trojans found themselves trailing 16 - 9 to the resurgent tca squad . but , a lady trojan run aided by a pair of shelby hopper aces and a carly weeks kill covered much of the remainder of the match , leading to a 22 - 18 lead by the lady trojans . late in the set , a hopper block led to dyersburg getting to match point and mari - hanna newsom added an ace to win it 25 - 19 to clinch the set and the match .\nthe midway jh boys and girls played awesome tonight ! ! ! both teams went to forestburg and won ! what a great season .\nthe blog posts are also taken from the stock of homilies he delivered , egg timer in hand , over 23 years at midway .\nthe midway jr . high girls are doing a bake sale in henrietta today from 9 - 3 . they have lots of goodies ! they are beside the burger shop on omega . go out and support the lady falcons so they can all go to a basketball camp this summer !\nwith every wave and each smile , grace huntley hopes to brighten the day of motorists who pass her each morning at an intersection in midway .\nhis ministry at midway all happened after he retired as associate pastor of our lady of the snows parish in 1989 , when he was a young 70 . ( \u201cit was my own idea , in all humility , \u201d he told the chicago catholic , as the archdiocesan newspaper was then known . )\nlocated in downtown san diego , the uss midway ( museum ) was america\u2019s longest - serving aircraft carrier of the 20th century . today , the interactive museum is an unforgettable adventure for the entire family as guests walk in the footsteps of the 225 , 000 young men who served on midway . visitors explore a floating city at sea , the amazing flight deck and its 29 restored aircraft , flight simulators , and are inspired in the battle of midway theater , included with admission . admission also includes a self - guided audio tour narrated by midway sailors in english , mandarin , spanish , japanese , french and german . visiting midway is a once - in - a - lifetime experience in san diego , known around the world as\nnavy town , usa .\nmidway , an atoll in the northwestern hawaiian islands , was an important naval air station and submarine refit base for the us during the second world war .\nmidway lady ( usa ) b . f , 1983 { 8 - k } dp = 4 - 7 - 23 - 1 - 5 ( 40 ) di = 1 . 29 cd = 0 . 10 - 6 starts , 5 wins , 0 places , 1 shows career earnings : $ 503 , 436\ndyersburg\u0092s emma boatright ( 17 ) goes up for a block during the lady trojans\u0092 win over trinity christian academy on thursday evening in the terry glover gymnasium .\nthough the set count was 3 - 0 for the lady trojans when they hosted trinity christian academy on thursday night in the terry glover gymnasium , the sweep was not an easy 1 - 2 - 3 victory as dyersburg rallied from behind in two of the three to take the win over the visiting lady lions .\nas a yearling , pourparler was sold to beatrice , lady granard , and sent into training with paddy prendergast at his stable at the curragh in county kildare .\nsonic lady was retired from racing to become a broodmare for her owner ' s darley stud . she produced two group race winners , both sired by blushing groom :\npaints brushes in a glass vase , little girl painting a cup , adult ice hockey practice in an nearly empty ice arena , small boy / children playing hockey , lady in a coffee shop talking to a customer , sandwich being served on a plate , young lady talking to a man , while the people mill around in the background .\n( cnn ) president barack obama ventured to the tiny pacific speck of midway atoll on thursday , taking in the newly expanded wildlife refuge in an attempt to burnish his environmental legacy .\nsonic lady made her three - year - old debut in the group three nell gwyn stakes over seven furlongs at newmarket racecourse on 15 april . [ 8 ] she was traveling easily throughout the race and pulled clear of the field in the closing stages to win by three lengths from lady sophie , with the cheveley park stakes winner embla in fourth place . her reappearance was the front page story on the first edition of the newly founded racing post : the rival sporting life ' s front page had featured embla . [ 9 ] on 1 may sonic lady started the 6 / 4 favourite for the 173rd running of the 1000 guineas over the rowley mile course at newmarket . swinburn opted to ride sonic lady in preference to her stable companion maysoon who had won the fred darling stakes at newbury . [ 10 ] she became unsettled in the preliminaries and arrived at the start in an agitated state . she took the lead approaching the final quarter mile but was overtaken in the closing stages and finished third , beaten three quarters of a length and a head by midway lady and maysoon . [ 11 ]\nmailing address : p . o . box 114 , midway , ky 40347 email : [ email protected ] | tel : ( 859 ) 873 - 7053 | fax : ( 859 ) 873 - 5723\nyou want to see a fat man , mr . hall says , try the cracker barrel , you\u2019ll see a dozen at once . same with the tattooed lady . ditto with pierced women . nothing special .\nthrough her daughter soninke , who was exported to japan , she was also the great - grand - dam of logi universe and the shuka sho winner deirdre . sonic lady died after a paddock accident in february 1996 .\noriginal content available for non - commercial use under a creative commons license , except where noted . taft midway driller - taft , ca ~ 800 center st . , taft , ca 93268 ~ privacy policy ~ terms of service\nhe then served as pastor or associate pastor at several parishes , mostly on the southwest side or in the southwest suburbs near midway , although he did spend some time as a missionary pastor in the diocese of fairbanks , alaska .\n\u201ci think if lady gaga comes out there and makes this an anti - trump tirade , i think that\u2019s really the final step of the declaration of war between our pop culture people and the actual citizens , \u201d whittle continued .\nthere was also the bearded lady , who found a lover when her husband was out of town and shaved to please him . but it turned out the lover preferred her with the beard and rejected her , as did her husband .\nthe lady trojans got down early in the second set , trailing 7 - 6 before a dyersburg run gave the home team control of the set with kills from kelsie johnson and rachel finley to build a 13 - 9 lead . the lady lions fought back to cut the lead to two but a pair of johnson kills sparked another run which saw senior cassandra swift add a kill and an ace to the mix as dyersburg took a 25 - 16 win in the second set .\nin september , sonic lady was sent to france to contest the prix du moulin over 1600 metres at longchamp racecourse . she started the 8 / 5 favourite with her main opposition expected to come from the german colt lirung , who had won the prix jacques le marois at deauville racecourse in august . sonic lady refused to settle for swinburn and pulled hard from the start . she was still fighting her jockey ' s attempts to restrain her when she turned into the straight on the wide outside . sonic lady moved easily into the lead 400 metres from the finish but had to be ridden out by swinburn to win by a head from the french colt thrill show , with lirung three lengths back in third place . [ 11 ]\ncoach stoner will be taking the students who are participating in tennis to rider isd to practice on tuesday , march 24th , and tuesday , march 31st , from 6 pm to 8 pm . a bus will leave from midway at 5 : 15 pm both days . please send money with your student . we will stop to eat after we practice . the bus should be back at midway between 9 and 9 : 30 pm . if you have any questions please contact coach stoner . thanks !\n\u201cher husband , coming home after a few days and seeing the beard was gone , knew something was amiss , \u201d mr . hall said . \u201che chased her down the midway with a gun . \u201d this is how it used to be on the road .\nsonic lady was a bay mare with a small white star . [ 2 ] bred in kentucky by j . allan mctier . she was sired by the disqualified 2000 guineas winner nureyev out of the child stakes winner stumped . apart from sonic lady , nureyev was the sire of the winners of at least forty - five group one / grade i including peintre celebre , spinning world , zilzal , stravinsky and miesque . [ 3 ] his career as a stallion has been described as\noutstanding\n. [ 4 ]\n\u201cnowadays , it\u2019s in the contracts : no freaks , \u201d says mr . hall , who believes political correctness is putting people out of work . \u201cdo - gooders run things . i\u2019m telling you , this life was very good for freaks . these kind of people made money . they were hams , but they could never be actors . who\u2019s putting a bearded lady or a one - armed girl in a leading lady role on broadway ? this way they lived a great life . no more . it\u2019s ridiculous . \u201d\nas a yearling , sonic lady was consigned to the fasig - tipton sales , where she was bought for $ 500 , 000 by sheikh mohammed . the filly was sent to england where she was trained by michael stoute at newmarket , suffolk . [ 6 ]\nwhat i respect most about this album , and perhaps about lady gaga as a whole , is the purpose . the story of her aunt joanne ( who died of lupus in 1974 ) , this character , this album . . . they all seem like something lady gaga needed to excavate from deep inside her creative spirit . it ' s not about producing an album of club bangers or about pleasing fans ; it ' s about vitality . come to think of it , maybe that ' s why it packs such a punch .\nbattle of midway department of the navy . office of the chief of naval operations . naval observatory . ( 1942 - 09 / 18 / 1947 ) arc identifier 13196 / local identifier 80 - mn - 9168d . made possible by a donation from john and paige curran .\nobama hopes to further solidify his climate agenda when he travels onward from midway to the group of 20 summit in china . he sealed an historic climate accord with beijing in 2014 , and officials said they hope to further cooperation during his bilateral meetings with chinese president xi jinping on saturday .\nbefore sonic lady appeared on the racecourse she had acquired a reputation as the best filly in stoute ' s stable and had been supported in the betting for the 1000 guineas . she made her debut in the blue seal stakes over six furlongs at ascot racecourse in september . sonic lady accelerated clear of her eight opponents in the final quarter mile and won by seven lengths from warm welcome despite drifting to the right in the closing stages . [ 7 ] despite never having contested a group race she ended the year as the 3 / 1 favourite for the 1000 guineas . [ 6 ]\nfather george mckenna was born less than a year after the end of world war i . he was ordained a priest a month before d - day . he had been , officially , retired for 13 years when 9 / 11 happened , but he was still the volunteer chaplain at midway international airport .\nhe began celebrating mass in the midway airlines courtesy room ; when that airline went bankrupt , he got permission from southwest and frontier airlines to celebrate saturday afternoon and sunday morning liturgies at gate b2 . when the airport terminal was renovated and expanded in 2003 , it had a dedicated chapel for the first time .\nsonic lady was not , technically a thoroughbred as her female ancestry could not be traced to one of the foundation mares of the breed . she was a product of the half - bred verdict family , whose ancestry could be traced no further back than an unnamed perion mare foaled in 1837 . so many non - thoroughbreds from this family won major races that the descendants of the perion mare were admitted to the general stud book in 1969 as half - bred family 3 . members of this family include quashed , attraction and sonic lady ' s great - grandmother lucasland , the winner of the july cup in 1966 [ 5 ]\nat royal ascot in june sonic lady started the 8 / 15 favourite for the coronation stakes ( then a group two race ) and won impressively [ 13 ] by two length from embla and someone special . she then added a victory in the child stakes ( now the group one falmouth stakes ) at newmarket on 9 july , beating dusty dollar by one and a half lengths . three weeks later at goodwood racecourse , sonic lady was matched against colts and older horses for the first time in the group one sussex stakes . the filly started the 5 / 6 favourite ahead of the queen anne stakes winner pennine walk and the kentucky derby runner - up bold arrangement . swinburn restrained sonic lady at the back of the five runner field before making a forward move in the straight . she quickly took the lead and went clear before being eased down to win by one and a half lengths from her stable companion scottish reel . [ 11 ]\nbattle of midway ( usa ) b . c , 2014 { 10 - a } dp = 10 - 14 - 17 - 2 - 1 ( 44 ) di = 2 . 83 cd = 0 . 68 - 10 starts , 5 wins , 2 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 249 , 949\non friday night , lady shadow ( shadow play ) did what she couldn ' t do the previous two weeks at saratoga casino hotel and that is defeat regular open winner spreester . lady shadow is very close to the $ 2 million mark in career earnings as the melissa beckwith trainee cruised to an open length romp in friday ' s fillies and mares . the veteran seven year old moved out to the front in the early going in the $ 14 , 500 feature and built an insurmountable lead as she passed three quarters in 1 : 24 . mark beckwith then pulled the trigger and the lead got bigger with lady shadow pacing away to win in 1 : 53 . 1 by four and a half lengths . culinary delight n ( larry stalbaum ) surged up the inside to be second while the favored spreester ( frank coppola jr ) earned the show spot while a beaten favorite . lady shadow paid $ 7 . 90 to win and led an exacta and triple that came back $ 47 . 40 and $ 91 , respectively . the veteran distaffer now has accrued more than $ 1 . 99 million in career earnings after recording her first win in the local feature . live racing continues on saturday night at saratoga with a 6 : 45pm first post . by mike sardella , for saratoga raceway\nlady singing in front of a microphone , while wearing a headset , two lab technicians are checking a vial and putting in a machine , military personnel lined in formation , crowd at a park mingling , spectators line the boards at a hockey game , couple walking on a golf course with golf clubs in hand , woman speaking in a meeting and man at head of table is speaking as well , little boys playing soccer , kids coming down a big slide at a fair , two young ladies and a young man walking down a set of stairs , mature couple eating in a restaurant , two young girls talking and laughing while they eat , shoppers on a busy main street , kid running up playground equipment , crowds , hand pulling a switch , flames in industrial equipment , hands packing plastic pieces in a box , aerial view of city and roads in the fall , symphony orchestra playing , lady singing while playing guitar with band members , waves lapping on the beach , lady singing , little boy walking along a metal fence , aerial view of building , young men in a gymnasium ; balls covering the floor , robotic machines picking up the balls and throwing them , boy facing crowds and people cheering in the stands , aerial view of glass building as the sun sets , midway swings going around , aerial view of midway with swings in centre and city in background , band singing and playing instruments , crowd watching an outdoor concert , view of drummer from the back panning to band members and lead singer , fireworks in the sky while two young women watch , girl singing , applause and cheers from the public ; logo north bay \u201cinvestinnorthbay\u201d .\nnearly three years after the release of artpop , lady gaga is back and draped in pastels . on friday , the pop star ' s new album joanne dropped , with a diverse range sprawling from the amped - up rock of\nperfect illusion\nto\nmillion reasons ,\nher soulful tearjerker . now that the rest of the songs have been released , we have a more complete picture of the dreamy country twang joanne has to offer . it ' s hard to say if it ' s lady gaga ' s best album to date \u2014 each one is so vastly different from the last \u2014 but it sure strikes a powerful chord from the first note to the last .\nthe king of the midway , ward hall , upper left , and , clockwise , some of his associates : diane falk , a sword swallower ; pete terhurne , known as poobah ; chris christ , mr . hall\u0092s business partner ; vicki condor , left , the four - legged woman , and chelsea ramer , a fire eater ; and red stuart , the human blockhead .\nyork , pa . \u2014 ward hall , the king of the midway , has perpetrated perhaps his greatest illusion . he has risen from the dead . he has collected up his big top , rustled up the midget , dusted off the rubber fetuses and beat it back out on the road . once again , he is the geriatric front man of the last traveling freak show in america .\nafter an eight - week break , sonic lady was sent to the united states for the breeders ' cup mile at santa anita park . starting the 2 . 3 / 1 favourite she tracked the leaders before briefly taking the lead in the straight . she was soon overtaken and faded in the closing stages to finish seventh , three and a half lengths behind the winner last tycoon . [ 11 ]\nin 1985 , the independent timeform organisation gave sonic lady a rating of 109p , the\np\nindicating that she was likely to improve . [ 6 ] in the following year she was given a timeform rating of 129 , placing her alongside the prix vermeille winner darara as the highest - rated three - year - old filly of the season . in the official international classification she was given a rating of 127 , a pound ahead of darara and the prix de diane winner lacovia , making her the top - rated european three - year - old filly . [ 11 ] in the 1987 international classification , sonic lady was rated on 123 level with asteroid field as the best older female racehorse in europe in the 7 furlongs plus division : timeform gave her a rating of 125 . [ 16 ]\nbarbra had learned to ride horses and could even jump hurdles on them , and there was a cut scene in\nfunny lady\nwhere fanny ( who could also ride ) was seen on horseback , cantering around a riding - arena . only one still photo is around from this missing scene , probably one of many that were excised from the final print in order to trim the running - time .\nthe lady falcons will be in bowie at second monday next saturday and sunday . we will have all kinds of baked goods , so come out ! we are raising money to go to the state basketball tournament . the girls are very excited to be able to go and we appreciate everyone ' s support ! also if you want to bake something to donate please contact coach stoner or courtney wyatt ! thanks !\na total of 11 fillies have completed the oaks / park hill stakes double . lady evelyn was the first in 1849 and has been followed by brown duchess ( 1861 ) , marie stuart ( 1873 ) , jannette ( 1878 ) , miss jummy ( 1886 ) , amiable ( 1894 ) , canterbury pilgrim ( 1896 ) , pretty polly ( 1904 ) , love in idleness ( 1921 ) , brownhylda ( 1923 ) and pia ( 1967 ) .\nlet me start by saying that this is hallowed ground ,\nobama said , noting that this was the site of the 1942 battle of midway , where\na number of young men lost their lives here . . . for us to be able to visit this monument and remind ourselves of the sailors and airmen and everyone involved who were able to rebuff the japanese force , that was vastly outnumbered , is a testament to their courage and their perseverance .\nthe outdoors is the biggest attraction . the staggeringly beautiful , rough - hewn hill country , spring - fed swimming holes , a string of lakes along the colorado river , and 10 months of warm temperatures ( too warm in the summer ) draw hikers and boaters and bikers outdoors . lance armstrong lives and trains here , and lady bird johnson lake ( town lake to locals ) , which runs through the city ' s center , is a favorite training spot for rowers .\nfor sonic lady ' s next race , the irish 1000 guineas at the curragh on 24 may she was equipped with a new bridle incorporating a rubber noseband , which was designed to help her settle . her participation in the race was in doubt as she arrived without her equine passport but she was allowed to run after a copy was faxed from newmarket . [ 12 ] she started 4 / 1 joint favourite with the poule d ' essai des pouliches winner baiser vole and won easily by two lengths . [ 13 ]\nany student who will be participating in athletics and are entering grades 6 , 9 or 11 will need a current sports physical . dr . mathis will be at midway friday , august 21st at 8 am to do sports physicals . if your child needs one please be there by 8 am that day . also if they are in any other grade and do not have a current physical on file with the school they will need to come that day . if you have any questions please call coach stoner or the school at 940 - 476 - 2222 .\nthe album winds down from the midway energetic peaks stretching from\njohn wayne\nto\ncome to mama .\nflorence welch joins for what i think must be the album ' s weakest song ,\nhey girl .\nit ' s lovely to hear welch ' s voice , but i ' ll admit she really shines in high - drama , high - range songs that sound like hymns for goddesses . you know , the work she usually produces . we end at\nangel down ,\nanother sweet , emotional ballad that fills us with enough sorrow to go right back to\ndiamond heart\nand start all over again .\nit is also spectacular as an ecosystem , and our ability to not just designate but build on this incredible natural beauty that is home to 7 , 000 marine species , that sees millions of birds , many of them endangered , sea turtles , hawaiian monk seals , black coral , all sorts of species that in many other places we no longer see , we ' ll extend that 550 , 000 miles in ways that ensure not only that midway itself is protected , that the entire ecosystem will be able to generate the kind of biodiversity that allows us to study it , research and understand our oceans better than we ever have before .\nsonic lady remained in training as a four - year - old with the breeders ' cup as her main objective . her training in the early part of the year was disrupted by a foot injury and she appeared to be less than fully fit when she made her seasonal debut in the queen anne stakes at royal ascot where she finished third , beaten a length and a head by the colts then again and water cay . [ 14 ] three weeks later she was matched against the leading three - year - old filly forest flower in the child stakes at newmarket . [ 15 ] the early pace was very slow and swinburn opted to send the filly into the lead after two furlongs . in the closing stages she held off the sustained challenge of the aga khan ' s filly shaikiya to win by a head with forest flower ten and a half lengths back in fourth . sonic lady did not race again until 26 september , when she finished third behind milligram and miesque in the queen elizabeth ii stakes at ascot . in november , the filly was sent to california for her second attempt at the breeders cup mile , with the panamanian jockey laffit pincay replacing swinburn . racing on medication , including lasix and bute , she started the 2 . 9 / 1 favourite , but had no answer to the finishing speed of miesque and finished third of the fourteen runners . [ 16 ]\nsituated about midway up the florida peninsula on the gulf of mexico , clearwater is the postcard perfect coastal resort town : sun - drenched beaches , sailboats cheek by jowl with yachts in the marinas that line clearwater harbor , well - traveled bike trails , and a plethora of public golf courses nearby . now that real estate prices have plummeted throughout florida - - they ' re down about 50 percent in clearwater - - this idyll is available to a wider range of retirees . a two - bedroom condo on the beach can be had for about $ 200 , 000 , a sum made even more affordable when coupled with a homestead exemption of up to $ 50 , 000 for residents and no state income tax .\ncinematographer vilmos zsigmond was originally hired as director of photography , but after executives watched the dailies of the musical number\ngreat day\n, they agreed zsigmond ' s lighting style ( modelled after musical theatre in the 1930s ) was too dark and he was fired . director herbert ross objected , and barbra streisand was surprised by zsigmond ' s dismissal . james wong howe was coaxed out of his retirement to shoot the film , but midway through , he fell ill , and was absent for ten days . in the interim , cinematographer ernest laszlo was called in . laszlo ' s work included the aquacade sequence filmed near the usc campus . aerial photographer nelson tyler assisted in the\nlet ' s hear it for me\nnumber filmed at santa monica ' s airport .\nsituated about midway up the florida peninsula on the gulf of mexico , clearwater is the postcard perfect coastal resort town : sun - drenched beaches , sailboats cheek by jowl with yachts in the marinas that line clearwater harbor , well - traveled bike trails , and a plethora of public golf courses nearby . a two - bedroom condo on the beach can be had for about $ 200 , 000 , a sum made even more affordable when coupled with a homestead exemption of up to $ 50 , 000 for residents and no state income tax . with a population of 107 , 700 , clearwater is a small town , but should you need an experience that is available only in bigger cities , st . petersburg , with its museum of fine arts , the florida orchestra , and major league baseball team - - the tampa bay devil rays - - is only 20 miles away .\ncamera shows aerial view of city hall building , nipissing university and canadore college buildings , steve omischl sport fields , lady and daughter at table , dark inside of industrial building and then man turning on the lights , inside an office building , then inside a store with a man pulling a cart of fresh produce and showing a display of asparagus , aerial view of tipi , and three children grabbing their bags as they leave through a door while the dog is wagging its tail , man pulling cart into open space , and people setting up in a sports hall , bleachers in the background , quick glance of open space in industrial setting , hockey stick being wrapped with tape , man walking among large tires , two young ladies and one man in library setting , talking / laughing , man walking alongside a pile of plastic pipes , robotic arm turning , two ladies walking in an office , opening a file drawer and searching through files , man\u2019s hands playing the piano and movement of the piano keys , kids in a classroom , girl talking to a male teacher while other students are in the background , girls\u2019 beach volley ball game happening on the beach , and then men playing beach volleyball . ( singing continues )\ntaft started off quietly with four runs in the bottom of the first inning before erupting for 12 runs in the last half of the second inning . the lady wildcats followed up with a run in the third and four more in the fourth inning . corie evans led the charge by going 3 - for - 5 with four runs scored and five runs batted in . jasmine miles was 3 - for - 3 with three runs scored and three runs batted in . olivia ortlieb , brinley rosenberger and lexxi evarts each were 2 - for - 3 with ortlieb scoring three runs and knocking one in . meanwhile , evarts scored two runs and drove two in while rosenberger scored two times . katie brown was 2 - for - 2 in the game while madison borrecco , katie evans and grace armstrong each were 1 - for - 2 . borrecco also scored twice while driving two runners in while armstrong scored a run . katie evans scored two runs and drove two in . brooklyn yaws was 1 - for - 1 in the game with a run scored and a run batted in . allison mizener scored two runs while kaylee neher scored once . k . evans , yaws and rosenberger each had a double in the game while corie evans had two doubles and a home run . miles also had a home run in the game . roslyn maino threw five innings allowing a hit and striking out 11 . taft closes out the regular season friday when they host bakersfield christian on senior day . the game begins at 4 p . m .\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\neswarah held on from something exciting to give michael jarvis his first oaks victory at epsom .\nthe 11 - 4 joint favourite , ridden by richard hills , also enjoying his first oaks win , denied a fairytale story for the runner - up ' s trainer david elsworth .\nelsworth , who trained the great horses desert orchid and persian punch , was seeking his first british classic win .\nbut something exciting ( 7 - 1 ) just could not reel in the unbeaten eswarah , with pictavia ( 8 - 1 ) staying on in third .\nvirginia waters , the other joint - favourite , weaved her way through the pack after the turn for home but did not get the trip , finishing fourth .\nmagical romance , who had set the earlier pace , stayed on well to come fifth .\nher dam was very good , but this filly is exceptional . she has trained beautifully ,\nsaid jarvis of the winner .\nshe ' s done it well . i thought richard may have gone too soon with her , but it seems to have been the right thing to do .\nit was the 66 - year - old trainer ' s second british classic victory , coming after ameerat won the 1 , 000 guineas in 2001 .\njockey hills told the bbc :\ni followed them into the straight and it was then a matter of waiting before i pounced .\nthey slowed up about six furlongs out , which was good because my filly got a good breather into her for the run - in .\neswarah could now run in the irish oaks on 17 july although jarvis hinted that the yorkshire equivalent was a more likely target .\n1 eswarah ( r hills ) 11 - 4 jf 2 something exciting ( t quinn ) 7 - 1 3 pictavia ( k manning ) 8 - 1 12 ran . dist : \u00bdl , 3l .\nsport homepage | football | cricket | rugby union | rugby league | tennis | golf | motorsport | boxing | athletics | snooker | horse racing | cycling | disability sport | olympics 2012 | sport relief | other sport . . .\nare they trainer ben hanbury ; ' not a day goes by when i don ' t miss my time as a trainer ' . - free online library\nare they trainer ben hanbury ; ' not a day goes by when i don ' t miss my time as a trainer ' .\nmla style :\nare they trainer ben hanbury ; ' not a day goes by when i don ' t miss my time as a trainer ' . .\nthe free library . 2009 mgn ltd 09 jul . 2018 urltoken\nchicago style : the free library . s . v . are they trainer ben hanbury ; ' not a day goes by when i don ' t miss my time as a trainer ' . .\nretrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\napa style : are they trainer ben hanbury ; ' not a day goes by when i don ' t miss my time as a trainer ' . . ( n . d . ) > the free library . ( 2014 ) . retrieved jul 09 2018 from urltoken\ncopyright 2009 mgn ltd no portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder .\ni gotta horse . . . where owners get their say each week derek lucie - smith , spokesman for the calvera partnership , owners of paco boy .\nsla concern over working horses in dark ; ` trainers must think carefully ' warns solicitor .\neswarah bids to prove she is a ten with classic glory ; jarvis filly out to emulate her mother on biggest stage .\nterms of use | privacy policy | copyright \u00a9 2018 farlex , inc . | feedback | for webmasters\nowner : mr . harry ranier breeder : edward a . seltzer & shadowland farm winnings : 6 starts : 5 - 0 - 1 , $ 503 , 436 1st 1000 guineas s . gr . 1 ( gb ) , the oaks s . gr . 1 ( gb ) , may hill s . gr . 3 ( gb ) , prix marcel boussac gr . 1 ( fr ) . sold at 1986 keeneland november mixed sale , $ 3 , 300 , 000 . 5 wins in 6 starts 2 to 3 years , 238 , 015 pounds , ff434 , 550 . leading filly on the 1986 international c ( close )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nview at the internet pinball serial number database ( ipsnd . net ) ( external site )\nflippers ( 3 ) , pop bumpers ( 3 ) , 5 - bank drop targets ( 1 ) , captive ball ( 1 ) , rollunder spinner ( 1 ) .\nall photographs licensed from original photographers , who retain their copyright . do not use without permission !\nsite design , phrasing , and other local content copyright 2004 - 2018 by the internet pinball database\u2122 .\nthe ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .\nuse of this site is subject to terms and conditions as expressed on the home page .\nfall league in bellevue tomorrow night for the girls . if you have any questions please contact coach stoner .\ndon ' t forget girls open gym tomorrow night ( thursday ) from 6pm - 8pm . all jh and hs girls need to try and make it . also any alumni that want to come play ball , come on out ! ! !\ngirls open gym tomorrow from 6 - 8 pm . jh and hs girls come out and play . also if you are an alumni come out and play some ball ! ! !\ni ' m beyond blessed to have this group of jr . high girls as my first jh team to coach . thank you girls for being so amazing ! i can ' t thank you each enough for what you have meant to me . you are each a blessing to me . awesome season girls ! ! ! - coach stoner\nwhat more can i add about molls that hasnt already been said ! loved , spoilt and adored by me .\nwe noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :\nfantastic museum . take lot of time for you visit . there are real aircraft ' s on the aircraft deck . fantastic experience\n* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (\ntripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .\nt & cs apply on all offers . new customers only ; debit / credit cards only .\nthis site uses cookies . by continuing to browse this site you are agree to our use of cookies .\nchoose the plan that ' s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\n\u00a9 copyright 2006 - 2018 gatehouse media , llc . all rights reserved \u2022 gatehouse lifestyle\noriginal content available for non - commercial use under a creative commons license , except where noted . the dispatch ~ 30 e . first ave . , lexington , nc 27292 ~ privacy policy ~ terms of service\nchoose the plan that\u2019s right for you . digital access or digital and print delivery .\nmeteorology ( thunderstorms ) : part 2 - u . s . navy aviation training film ( 1953 )\nmeteorology ( thunderstorms ) : part 1 - u . s . navy aviation training film ( 1953 )\nchat with us in facebook messenger . find out what ' s happening in the world as it unfolds .\nit ' s a remote destination for air force one - - the tiny dot of an island is a three - hour flight northwest of honolulu , surrounded by a vast expanse of ocean . but the president hopes the trek will help underscore the efforts he ' s taken to preserve some of the world ' s threatened ecosystems .\nthe president was also planning to snorkel off the coast of the atoll , according to a pool report .\nobama was going to\ninteract directly\nwith some of the wildlife , according to his top climate adviser brian deese , though he didn ' t specify what that might entail .\ntwo - dozen bird species , including the black - footed albatross and red - footed booby , occupy the island , as well as dozens of coral reef - dwelling fish in the surrounding water .\nendangered monk seals , green turtles and tiger sharks are among the other species that share the fragile marine environment there .\nlike his visit last year to the alaskan wilderness , obama hopes his stop in a remote and threatened environment will prompt more americans to take climate change seriously .\nhe made his case for taking action during remarks near lake tahoe wednesday , warning against electing leaders who deny warming temperatures are the result of human activity .\nthe fact is it is man - made ,\nobama said .\nit ' s not ' we think it is man - made , ' it ' s not , ' we guess it is man - made , ' it ' s not , ' a lot of people are saying it ' s man - made , ' it ' s not , ' i ' m not a scientist so i don ' t know . ' you don ' t have to be scientist . you have to read , or listen to scientists , to know that the overwhelming body of scientific evidence shows us that climate change is caused by human activity .\nhe was participating in a yearly summit organized by nevada sen . harry reid .\n\u00a9 2018 cable news network . turner broadcasting system , inc . all rights reserved . cnn sans \u2122 & \u00a9 2016 cable news network . terms of service | privacy guidelines | adchoices\nnever mess with a team that has just loss their first league game in several years . the taft varsity softball team showed why tuesday afternoon when they shut out the robert f . kennedy thunderbirds 21 - 0 at home . with the victory , taft improves to 20 - 6 overall and 10 - 1 in the south sequoia league .\n\u00a9 copyright 2006 - 2018 gatehouse media , llc . all rights reserved \u2022 gatehouse news\nchat with us on facebook messenger . learn what ' s trending across popsugar .\ni might not be flawless , but you know i ' ve got a diamond heart .\njoanne opens in earnest with\ndiamond heart ,\nwhich proceeds with a sleepy build to the chorus .\ni might not be flawless , but you know i ' ve got a diamond heart ,\ngaga croons . by the time i reached the bridge , where gaga ' s voice really soars , i was in .\ngood thing i know what i ' m worth ,\nshe belts . going into\na - yo\nand the much slower , guitar - driven melody of\njoanne ,\nit ' s clear that nostalgic american vibe \u2014 country , rock and roll , and maybe even a little bit of folk \u2014 is where we ' ll live . at this point in my personal experience with the album , i ' ve unpacked some boxes and moved right in .\nlistening to and loving joanne reminds me of a similar experience i had five years ago , when the decemberists released their own country - style masterpiece , the king is dead . i remember being struck by how exceptional it sounded when the decemberists mixed their style and sounds with more traditional ( and simpler ) bluegrass textures . i realize now , with the help of gaga , that there must be some magic there . when an artist that ' s so entrenched in one genre of music gets the chance to tap into such a specific and traditional sound , it ' s like their personal lens casts everything in a whole new light . the result is something notably fresh , undeniably close to the heart and , in my opinion , quite impactful .\nas we get into the meat of the album , it ' s clear there are notes of gaga ' s theatrical background too .\ncome to mama\nis perhaps the most striking example of a voice influenced by musical theater , but there ' s also a noted drama to the most upbeat songs like\njohn wayne ,\ndancin ' in circles ,\nand\nsinner ' s prayer .\nin these songs , the character of\njoanne\nmight be the most palpable . pointed lyrics like\nevery john is just the same ,\nand\nfeels good to be lonely ,\nnod at the sorrow in the album ' s underbelly , but the raw energy of the songs is equally undeniable . these might be my favorite songs on the album . the lyrics are poignant , the imagery is sharp , and the beats are electrifying . the fire in these songs is present in all of gaga ' s work , because i recognize the feelings i get from listening to it .\nby signing up , i agree to the terms & to receive emails from popsugar .\npopsugar ' s privacy policy has been updated effective as of may 25 , 2018 . click here to read it .\nshe is the first halftime show performer to receive an admonition from the national rifle association about what she should \u2014 or , rather , should not \u2014 do during her super bowl performance .\nspeaking on nra tv , conservative political commentator bill whittle strongly implored gaga to leave any political statements out of her 13 - minute sunday performance at houston\u2019s nrg stadium .\nwhittle began by taking a shot at the nfl for picking gaga just a year after beyonc\u00e9 fueled criticism from conservative corners for her 2016 super bowl halftime show performance . it featured the live debut of her overtly political song \u201cformation , \u201d which found her and her dancers wearing quasi - military outfits inspired by the black panthers ."]}
{"id": 2592, "summary": [{"text": "dirhinosia cervinella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in russia ( the southern ural , the caucasus , altai , lower volga ) , ukraine , bulgaria , hungary , croatia and turkey .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 16 \u2013 18 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are ochreous brown , mottled with yellowish scales near the base .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are brown to dark brown .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "adults have been recorded on wing from june to july . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "dirhinosia cervinella", "paragraphs": ["html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\na new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .\na new species of madagascan crickets described by mustafa \u00fcnal and george beccaloni in zootaxa was featured in a national geographic story . well done mustafa and george !\na new species of wolf spider , lycosa aragogi , is named after aragog\u2014the famous fictional spider from \u201charry potter\u201d book series by j . k . rowling . the new species is similar to the animatronic puppet version of the character used in the film \u201charry potter and the chamber of secrets\u201d , which is actually based on a wolf spider . the naming of the new species is dedicated to the 20th anniversary of harry potter book series .\nmariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel\nidentification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley\n2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt\nthis work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license\npesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2594, "summary": [{"text": "bradypodicola hahneli is a sloth moth in the family pyralidae that lives exclusively in the fur of the pale-throated three-toed sloth ( bradypus tridactylus ) , a three-toed sloth found in south america .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it is the only species of the bradypodicola genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "while the other sloth moth , cryptoses choloepi , has a continuously convex front of its head , bradypodicola hahneli has a concave shape of the front of its head .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the three-toed sloth \u2019s fur forms a micro-ecozone inhabited by green algae and hundreds of insects .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the fur provides a home and protection for the moth which feeds on the algae .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "it also deposits its eggs in the droppings of the sloth , where they pupate and hatch , the newly hatched moths flying off to look for another sloth to live on . ", "topic": 28}], "title": "bradypodicola", "paragraphs": ["genus : bradypodicola spuler , 1906 . biol . zbl . 26 : 691 . [ bhl ]\ntype - species : bradypodicola hahneli spuler , 1906 . biol . zbl . 26 : 691 , text - figs 1 - 7 . [ bhl ]\nthe topics included in this review include adults of arcyophora sp . feeding on the eyes of oxen in zimbabwe ; the blood - sucking noctuid calyptra eustrigata ( hmps . ) in south - eastern asia ; and the pyralids cryptoses , bradypodicola and bradypophila on sloths in central and south america ( where the association may be a phoretic one )\nnote : this is a \u201cclassic\u201d interesting thing of the day article from over 10 years ago . it has not been edited recently , so it may contain broken links , outdated information , or other infelicities . we plan to eventually update or retire most classic articles , as time permits .\nthere are times\u2014quite a few of them , for better or worse\u2014when i\u2019m confronted with evidence that something i\u2019ve believed ( or assumed ) to be the case for years is simply wrong . these occasions can be a source of embarrassment , such as the time a few years ago when a friend pointed out to me that i always misspelled the word \u201cembarrassed . \u201d being someone who takes the use of language seriously , this came as quite a blow to me . most of the time , however , i greet epiphanies of mistaken assumptions with equanimity , if not pleasure . i love to learn , and most learning requires a certain amount of unlearning .\ni had several such experiences in rapid succession while visiting a wildlife sanctuary in costa rica . aviarios del caribe , located near cahuita on the caribbean coast , is a sloth rehabilitation center . sloths that are injured or orphaned are brought here and cared for , and then\u2014if they\u2019re able to fend for themselves\u2014released back into the rain forest . a volunteer had patiently explained many of the differences between two - toed and three - toed sloths , about which more later . but as i was watching a baby two - toed sloth , i noticed with some puzzlement that it actually had three toes on each foot . clearly there was an interesting story here , but that was just the beginning of the strange and wonderful things i was to discover about sloths .\nfirst , let\u2019s talk about those toes . sloth expert judy arroyo explained to me that all sloths actually have three \u201ctoes\u201d\u2014that is , three digits on their hind limbs , if you want to think of them as feet . the difference is in the \u201cfingers\u201d\u2014the digits on the fore limbs . two - toed sloths have two ; three - toed sloths have three . so why weren\u2019t they called \u201ctwo - fingered\u201d and \u201cthree - fingered\u201d ? apparently it was a problem of translation . according to arroyo , the spanish word used to describe the sloths\u2019 digits can mean either finger or toe , and the english word choice turned out to be a bit misleading .\nwhether you call them fingers or toes , sloths use them to great advantage . they\u2019re hooked and very strong , which makes them handy for climbing or\u2014more frequently\u2014hanging upside - down for extended periods of time high in the trees . sloths sleep up to 18 hours per day , and when awake , spend most of their time munching on leaves . they move ( very slowly , of course ) from tree to tree every day or two , and descend to the ground only about once a week to urinate and defecate .\ntwo - toed and three - toed sloths share many traits in common , but i was surprised to discover how many differences there were . the two - toed sloth ( choloepus hoffmani ) has light brown fur and is nocturnal . the three - toed sloth ( bradypus variegatus ) has , as its name suggests , variegated fur . it\u2019s active during the day , so it\u2019s the one you\u2019re most likely to see on a rain forest hike . males have distinctive markings on their backs that identify them uniquely , in much the same way as fingerprints . and the extra bones in the three - toed sloth\u2019s neck enable it to turn its head almost 360\u00b0 .\nwhat i find most interesting about the three - toed sloth is the symbiotic relationship it has with other organisms . one effect of the sloth\u2019s languid pace of life is that it can\u2019t be bothered to groom itself . this turns out to be beneficial to several varieties of algae and mold that grow inside the sloth\u2019s hollow hairs . the algae effectively turn the sloth green , giving it excellent camouflage among the leaves . the camouflage is crucial to the sloth\u2019s survival , because its inability to move quickly makes it an easy target for the harpy eagle .\nbut the symbiosis doesn\u2019t end there . the algae in the sloth\u2019s fur provides food for a great many insects . ( i should point out , incidentally , that sloths have extremely long fur , making them appear much larger than they really are . ) beetles have been found by the hundreds living on a single sloth . another insect that calls the sloth home is a type of moth\u2014 bradipodicola hahneli ( or \u201csloth moth\u201d to most people ) . the sloth\u2019s fur provides both food and protection for the moth . not only does it feed on the algae , but it also deposits its eggs in the sloth\u2019s droppings , where they pupate and hatch , and then fly off to look for another sloth to live on .\nsloths are not known as particularly social creatures , but they do spend enough time with the opposite sex to reproduce . one of the studies underway at aviarios del caribe when i was there involved the mating habits of three - toed sloths . we saw a video in which a female sloth named buttercup let out a blood - curdling mating call that sounded like a woman shrieking . immediately , males from as far away as 700 meters began rushing toward the sound . by \u201crushing , \u201d i mean crawling at the breakneck speed of about 200 meters per day . but for a sloth , this single - minded , deliberate movement\u2014on the ground , no less , in plain view of predators\u2014is definitely rushing . ah , the things we do for love .\nfemales usually give birth once a year , and with gestation periods of about six months , that means they spend about half their adult lives pregnant . when a sloth reaches six months of age , it\u2019s old enough to be left on its own . before that time , however , if a youngster falls from a tree , the mother will not attempt to rescue it ; the risk of attack by a bird or jaguar is too great .\nyoung sloths separated from their mothers in this way are the main wards of the sloth rehabilitation center i visited . other residents were injured by contact with an electrical line , or orphaned when an eagle attacked the mother . staff members and volunteers nurse the sloths back to health , and participate in a variety of scientific studies and conservation projects . buttercup was the center\u2019s first resident , and has been there for about 13 years . she serves as a living mascot , helping to promote awareness and research of her species .\nsloths\u2019 slow , graceful movements have been compared to those of a t\u2019ai chi master . i agree with that assessment\u2014and coincidentally it was for a t\u2019ai chi retreat that i went to costa rica in the first place . but sloths have also been called \u201cugly , \u201d and here i must disagree . up close , sloths are actually quite cute , and the shape of their faces gives the impression of a permanent smile . in the wild , of course , the menagerie of plants and critters growing in the fur can be off - putting , but a well - groomed sloth is\u2014and i\u2019m speaking from experience here\u2014downright cuddly .\nsloths share their name with one of the so - called \u201cdeadly sins\u201d because their slow metabolism gives them the appearance of laziness . but slow and lazy are two different things . the grace , balance , and gentleness of the sloth\u2014not to mention its hospitality toward the other creatures that depend on it\u2014are traits i could aspire to emulate . \u2014 joe kissell\nif you\u2019re ever in costa rica , aviarios del caribe is well worth a visit . besides being a wildlife sanctuary , it\u2019s also a bed & breakfast . owners judy and luis arroyo will tell you everything you want to know about sloths , and you can also take a canoe ride into the rain forest to see a wide variety of other wildlife . janet younger wrote this article for the travelwise web site about her stay at aviarios del caribe ; her experiences were very similar to my own .\nchristopher baker\u2019s article mammals on urltoken compares sloths to t\u2019ai chi masters but claims they\u2019re ugly . i beg to differ\u2014i\u2019ve met some very handsome sloths ( and t\u2019ai chi masters , for that matter ) .\nthe sloth club is an organization that promotes some positive sloth - like traits : slowness , simplicity , nonviolence , and ecological consciousness .\nhear ye ! hear ye ! don ' t shoot the messenger , although you may be tempted to because he ' s apparently yelling bad news in the middle of a crowded street .\nclick here and fill out the form to receive interesting thing of the day by email every day . no spam , no fuss , unsubscribe any time .\nwrite css or less and hit save . ctrl + space for auto - complete .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\none of the minor downsides of our biology and taxonomy of insects module on the msc course is , that we do have to review a lot of families within some of the groups , lepidoptera being a prime example . current estimates range from 250 000 to 500 000 species in 124 families ( kristensen et al . , 2007 ) . going through the basic biology of each family can be pretty dry stuff , even if i have a personal anecdote or two to help lighten information overload . i am , for example , able to wax lyrical for several minutes about small ermine moths and their incredible silk - production activities , but even after more than 40 years of playing around with insects i don\u2019t have a personal story for every family of lepidoptera \ud83d\ude42 so i am always on the lookout for an extra interesting or mind - blowing fact to help leaven the student\u2019s knowledge diet .\nthe earliest record of a moth associated with a sloth that i have been able to find is in 1877 ( westwood , 1877 ) which merely records that the unidentified moth was \u201cparasitic on the three - toed sloth\u201d . in 1908 a mr august busck on a visit to panama saw a two - toed sloth , choloepus hoffmanni fall from a tree and noticed several moths flying out of the sloth\u2019s fur . he caught these and on his return to the united states presented them to dr harrison dyar ( dyar , 1908a ) . if the name seems familiar to you that is because harrison dyar is better known in connection with dyar\u2019s law , the observation that larval growth in arthropods is predictable and follows a geometric progression ( dyar , 1890 ) . the moths were identified by dyar as a new species which he named cryptoses choloepi . dyar hypothesised that the moths and their larvae lived in the fur of the sloth and it was this that caused the sloth\u2019s matted hair .\npostulated linked mutualisms ( \u00fe ) among sloths , moths and algae : ( a ) sloths descend their tree to defecate , and deliver gravid female sloth moths ( \u00fe ) to oviposition sites in their dung ; ( b ) larval moths are copraphagous and as adults seek sloths in the canopy ; ( c ) moths represent portals for nutrients , and via decomposition and mineralization by detritivores increase inorganic nitrogen levels in sloth fur , which fuels algal ( \u00fe ) growth , and ( d ) sloths ( \u00fe ) then consume these algae - gardens , presumably to augment their limited diet . this figure brazenly \u2018borrowed\u2019 from pauli et al . 2014 ) .\nthe sloths take the risk of increased predation by descending to ground level , because by helping the moths they improve their own nutrition and hence their fitness . yet another great example of the wonders of the natural world .\nalthough not as exotic as the sloth moth , we in the uk can also lay claim to a coprophagous moth , aglossa pinguinalis , the large tabby which feeds on , among other things , sheep dung . in spain it is recorded as a cave dweller feeding almost entirely on animal dung , apparently not being too fussy as to the source .\nbradley , j . d . ( 1982 ) two new species of moths ( lepidoptera , pyralidae , chrysauginae ) associated with the three - toed sloth ( bradypus spp . ) in south america . acta amazonica , 12 , 649 - 656 .\nbrues , c . t . ( 1936 ) aberrant feeding behaviour among insects and its bearing on the development of specialized food habits . quarterly review of biology , 11 , 305 - 319 .\ndyar , h . g . ( 1890 ) the number of molts of lepidopterous larvae . psyche , 5 , 420\u2013422 .\ndyar , h . g . ( 1908a ) a pyralid inhabiting the fur of the living sloth . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 9 , 169 - 170 .\ndyar , h . h . ( 1908b ) a further note on the sloth moth . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 10 , 81 - 82 .\ndyar , h . g . ( 1912 ) more about the sloth moth . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 14 , 142 - 144 .\ngilmore , d . pp . , da costa , c . p . & duarte , d . p . f . ( 2001 ) sloth biology : an update on their physiological ecology , behaviour and role as vectors of arthropods and arboviruses . brazilian journal of medical and biological research , 34 , 9 - 25 .\ngreenfield , m . d . ( 1981 ) moth sex pheromones : an evolutionary perspective . the florida entomologist , 64 , 4 - 17 .\nkristensen , n . , scoble , m . j . & karsholt , o . ( 2007 ) lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics : the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity . zootaxa , 1668 , 699 - 747 .\npauli , j . n . , mendoza , j . e . , steffan , s . a . , carey , c . c . , weimer , p . j . & peery , m . z . ( 2014 ) a syndrome of mutualism reinfocrs the lifestyle of a sloth . proceedings of the royal society b , 281 , 20133006 . urltoken .\npinero , f . s . & lopez , f . j . p . ( 1998 ) coprophagy in lepidoptera : observational and experimental evidence in the pyralid moth aglossa pinguinalis . journal of zoology london , 244 , 357 - 362 .\ntate , g . h . h . ( 1931 ) random observations on habits of south american mammals . journal of mammalogy , 12 , 248 - 256 .\nwaage , j . k . ( 1980 ) sloth moths and other zoophilous lepidoptera . proceedings of the british entomological and natural history society , 13 , 73 - 74 .\nwaage , j . k . & montgomery , g . g . ( 1976 ) crytopses choloepi : a coprophagous moth that lives on a sloth . science , 193 , 157 - 158 .\nwestwood , j . o . ( 1877 ) xxviii . entomological notes . transactions of the entomological society , 25 , 431 - 439 .\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nwelcome to the lounge , where entomologists and insect enthusiasts can relax , grab a cup and put on a nice music . step out of your day job , and step into your zone , where you reconnect with your passion for insects and enrich yourself with more knowledge .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nthe special centrifugal research issue ( vol . 20 , no . 3 ) of the annals of improbable research is at the printer , whizzing up to speed .\nthe special cloning & evolution issue ( vol . 20 , no . 2 ) is partly online : <\nsloth moths and other zoophilous lepidoptera ,\njeffrey k . waage , proceedings and transactions of the british entomological and natural history society , vol . 13 , no . 3 / 4 , pp . 73 - 74 . 1980 . <\na moth and a sloth inspire this month ' s limerick competition . to enter , compose an original limerick that illuminates the nature of this ancient study :\ncryptoses choloepi : a coprophagous moth that lives on a sloth ,\njeffrey k . waage and g . gene montgomery , science , vol . 193 , no . 4248 , 1976 , pp . 157 - 158 . <\nthe larvae of the sloth moth , cryptoses choloepi , live in the dung of the three - toed sloth , bradypus infuscatus . adult female moths apparently leave the fur of the sloth to oviposit when the sloth descends , once a week , to the forest floor to defecate . newly emerged moths fly from the dung pile into the forest canopy to find a sloth .\nthe mucous glands of the developing human nose ,\nb . g . bang , cells tissues organs , vol . 59 , no . 4 , 1964 , pp . 297 - 314 . <\na further note on the sloth moth ,\nh . g . dyar , proceedings of the entomological society of washington , vol . 10 , 1908 , pp . 81 - 82 . <\nthe annals of improbable research is a 6 - issues - per - year magazine . ( it ' s much bigger and better than the little bits in this newsletter . )\nwe produce each issue as an e - book , as well as on traditional paper .\n617 - 491 - 4437 fax : 617 - 661 - 0927 < subscriptions at improbable . com >\nplease distribute copies of mini - air ( or excerpts ! ) wherever appropriate . the only limitations are : a ) please indicate that the material comes from mini - air . b ) you may not distribute mini - air for commercial purposes .\nmini - air is a ( free ! ) teeny - tiny monthly * supplement * to the actual six - times - a - year magazine air .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ncomprise about 398 species occurring predominantly in the neotropical region . larvae can be seed , fruit , stem and root borers , and leaf rollers and tiers . some are myrmecophilous . the adults of\nlive in the fur of sloths and their larvae develop in sloth dung . larvae of other species have been found feeding on wasp nests and on spines of\nspp . ( saturniidae ) caterpillars . most larvae have a sclerotised ring around sd1 of the metathorax .\nreferences . dyar 1908 ; jordan 1926 ; pastrana 1953 ; waage & montgomery 1976 ; bradley 1982 ; solis & mitter 1992 .\nthe epipaschiinae comprise 705 described species in the tropical and temperate regions , except europe . larvae are leaf rollers , leaf tiers or leaf miners . a few species are minor pests of mahagonies , avocado , and corn ( zea mays ) . males of many species have a conspicuous scaled projection from the scape of the antennae . epipaschiinae are supported as a monophyletic group by three characters of the males : ( 1 ) an always upturned and pointed third segment of the labial palpi , ( 2 ) a ventrally curved phallobase of the male which usually extends beyond the ductus ejaculatorius , and ( 3 ) the weakly sclerotised tegumen .\nthe galleriinae comprise 258 species worldwide . larvae of some species , such as corcyra cephalonica ( rice moth ) feed on dry vegetable matter , while the larvae of other species are known to live in hymenopteran nests feeding on combs and animal debris ( e . g . galleria mellonella , the wax moth ) . sound production by the tegulae of adult males has been studied for purposes of monitoring and control of pest species . the males of galleriine moths have no gnathos , the pupae have a prominent median ridge on the thorax and abdomen dorsally , and most larvae have a sclerotised ring around sd1 of a1 .\nreferences . mosher 1916 ; hasenfuss 1960 ; whalley 1964 ; spangler 1988 ; solis & mitter 1992 .\nthe phycitinae ( = anerastiinae , peoriinae ) are probably the most difficult group of pyraloidea in terms of identification and classification . they comprise 656 genera and about 3450 species . phycitines occur throughout the world . their larvae are mostly leaf rollers , but some are inquilines in galls , seed feeders , or predators of homoptera . there is strong evidence that the phycitinae are monophyletic : ( 1 ) the larva has a sclerotised area encircling the base of seta sd1 on the mesothorax , and ( 2 ) the female frenulum is composed of multiple acanthae into one bristle as in males .\nthe pyralinae ( = endotrichinae , hypotiinae ) comprise 134 genera and more than 1100 species worldwide . most species occur in asia and africa . the meal moth ( pyralis farinalis ) is a cosmopolitan pest of stored food products . other species are leaf feeders and the larvae of pyralis manihotalis has been reared from bat guano . with the exception of cardamyla and embryoglossa , all pyraline females have a short ductus bursae with the corpus bursae barely extending cephalad beyond segment 7 .\nreferences for the cited literature can be obtained via - > database - > search ."]}
{"id": 2595, "summary": [{"text": "callidrepana albiceris is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in sundaland .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the habitat consists of hill dipterocarp forests , limestone forests , lower montane forests an lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "adults are whitish buff , the wings sparsely covered with very minute orange-brown atoms and a few larger black atoms .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there is a transverse brown band , composed of three lines close together from near the apex of the forewings , where there is a small brown patch with a pale centre , to the middle of the abdominal margin of the hindwings .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "on the hindwings , the band is accompanied by some slight blackish suffusion , and is obsolete above vein 6 , and at the end of the cell .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "touching the inner margin of the band is a rather prominent black spot and on both wings , there are submarginal black dots , close to the margin at the apex of forewings , widening from the margin hindwards . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "callidrepana albiceris", "paragraphs": ["bell ( ms ) has reared the species in s . india . the larva is velvety pale grey and dark brown in a variegated pattern , resembling a bird - dropping when lying along the midrib of a leaf or curled round on itself . there are paired fleshy tentacle - like processes subdorsally on t2 , t3 , a2 and a10 , curled , and often held adpressed against the body . the suranal process is similar , pointing out and up behind , also curled towards the extremity . the processes are tinged yellow . the ventrum is blackish . the pupa has two slightly divergent cylindrical processes on the head directed anteriorly ( illustrated for another species by wang ( 1995 ) ) . pupation is in a similar mode and position on the edge of a leaf to that of callidrepana species ( see callidrepana felder ) . the host - plant was schleichera ( sapindaceae ) .\n. the bone - white ground colour with strong postmedial markings and dark forewing apex is distinctive .\nsingle specimens have been taken in hill dipterocarp forest on g . mulu ( 150m ) and on the limestone g . api ( 250m ) , and two more in lower montane forest ( 900m ) on the latter . one has been taken in lowland forest at 300m in ulu temburong in brunei .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nboth sexes are uniform rich brown , the female paler , larger . the discal spot is diagnostically narrow , faint , oblique . the male , but not the female , has the brown distal to the postmedials distinctly darker than that basal to them .\nsundanian material differs from typical sulawesi material slightly in features of the male abdomen ( longer apodemes to the eighth sternite ) and genitalia ( narrower saccus , longer socii ) .\nthe species is infrequent and found in both lowland and montane forest : kerangas at 150m ( w . melinau gorge ) ; lower montane forest ( 900m in g . api , 1000m on g . mulu ) ; upper montane forest ( 1465 - 1618m on bukit retak ) .\nhampson , 1893 , fauna br . india ( moths ) , 1 : 339 .\nwarren , 1922 , gross - schmett . erde , 10 : 471 , syn . n .\nmales are dark brown , lacking strong fasciation , and are also distinguished by the large , slightly paler , bilobed discal spot on the forewing and more conspicuous , irregular , pale submarginal patches on the hindwing . the female is larger , paler , with emphatic dark brown postmedials : the discal patch of the forewing is similar to that of the male though weaker . the sexual dimorphism is seen also in the falcation of the forewing : weak only in the male but emphatic in the female , with the margin generally more convex than in other species , contrasting with the acute , narrow apical hook . the black submarginal dots of the forewing are much nearer this margin in both sexes compared to other brown congeners .\nthe sexual dimorphism of this species led to females being described separately as praeusta . the structure of the male genitalia indicates affinity with the next species .\nmoore , 1879 , desc . new indian lepid . insects colln atkinson , p . 83 .\nsspp . angusta , rotunda , celebesensis watson , 1957 : 439 - 441 .\nand t microcrocea gaede are very similar , paler yellow than fulvata and with more general rufous shading . this is more extensive medially on the forewing in albonotata : microcrocea also has a dark patch of scales at the base of the forewing cell on the underside in the male and an elongate posterior cell spot on the upperside of the hindwing in both sexes that appears conspicuously darker than in albonotata . the yellow ground colour of albonotata is more intense .\nindia , nepal , vietnam ; sri lanka ( ssp . ferrea ) ; peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo ( ssp . angusta ) ; java , bali ( ssp . rotunda ) ; sulawesi ( ssp . celebesensis ) .\nthe species is frequent to common in lowland forests , but has not been noted in heath forest types .\nwalker , 1862 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 26 : 1570 .\nborneo , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra ( zsm ) , java , burma , india .\nonly three specimens have been taken in recent surveys , from 300m in ulu temburong , from 500m ( hill dipterocarp forest ) on g . mulu and from 1930m ( montane forest ) on g . kinabalu .\nhampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lepid . insects . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 68 .\nwarren , 1922 , gross - schmett . 10 : 471 , syn . n .\nthe pale ochreous brown wings of argenteola are distinguished by a very narrow discal brown streak on the forewing with fainter antemedial and postmedial bars flanking it in parallel : the veins posterior to these bars are picked out slightly paler . the postmedials are double and the forewings strongly falcate in both sexes . the female is larger than the male but similarly patterned .\nall the taxa with synonymy above share strong , black sclerotisation of the valve processes and those of the eighth segment . the aedeagus is expanded into a black ring subapically . however , there is marked variation in the form of these structures throughout the range . the nominal subspecies occurs in sundaland .\noriental tropics to taiwan , the philippines ( ssp . dialitha ) , sulawesi ( ssp . celebensis ) and timor .\nmost records are from lowland forest , but single specimens were taken at 1200m and 1760m on g . kinabalu .\nbell ( ms ) reared the species in india . the larva resembles a bird - dropping . it is anteriorly truncated , a fusiform shape , the suranal process short , triangular , acute . the head is bilobed . the skin has an oily gloss , and the setae are on tubercles on each segment that form part of a transverse tumidity . the colour is greenish black , streaked indistinctly with grey . a1 is dorsally black , and brownish yellow dorsolaterally . most dorsal tubercles are yellow - brown . white patches laterally on a7 extend up dorsally and , as a yellow band , to the anterior of a6 where there is a small , elongate , subdorsal orange red spot on each side . there are a few light yellow markings elsewhere . the larvae are found on the upperside of leaves , stretched along the midrib , but curling round tightly on themselves when alarmed . pupation is in a slight cradle at the edge of a leaf , pulled together with silk . the host - plant recorded by bell was mangifera ( anacardiaceae ) .\nsearch their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .\ncopyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2596, "summary": [{"text": "ptychochromis makira is a species of cichlid only known from the antainambalana river in the northernmost part of the toamasina province in madagascar .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss and overfishing , and has suffered a severe decline in recent years .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it reaches a length of 14.6 centimetres ( 5.7 in ) sl . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "ptychochromis makira", "paragraphs": ["ptychochromis makira is known only from the type series , collected in the antainambalana river just north of maroansetra in northeastern madagascar . the southern range limit of p . makira is not known with certainty as that region has not been extensively surveyed for freshwater fishes ( stiassny and sparks , 2006 ) .\nptychochromis ernestmagnusi , sparks , john s . & stiassny , melanie l . j . , 2010\nit is not currently known whether p . makira is found and is widespread or not within the boundaries of the makira forest protected area / national park , the largest ( c . 3 , 500 km\u00b2 ) contiguous tract of principally lowland rainforest remaining in madagascar .\nalthough once common throughout the region of maroansetra , ptychochromis makira has suffered a severe decline in abundance in recent years , according to local fishermen ( ref . 57663 ) . they report that the species is now rare ( ref . 57663 ) .\nalthough once common throughout the region of maroansetra , ptychochromis makira has suffered a severe decline in abundance in recent years , according to local fishermen ( ref . 57663 ) . they report that the species is now rare ( ref . 57663 ) .\naccording to fishermen near the type locality , p . makira has suffered a severe decline in abundance and is considered to be rare ( stiassny and sparks 2006 ) .\nfigure 1 . ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , amnh 249490 , holotype , adult male , 146 . 6 mm sl ( scale bar = 1cm ) .\nfigure 7 . lateral pigmentation pattern in preservation for : a ) ptychochromis makira ( amnh 237131 , holotype , 151 . 0 mm sl , adult male ) , and b ) p . ernestmagnusi ( amnh 249488 , paratype , 99 . 5 mm sl , adult ) . dashed lines indicate relative adult lateral barring pattern and orientation .\nfigure 1 . ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , amnh 249490 , holotype , adult male , 146 . 6 mm sl ( scale bar = 1 cm ) .\nfigure 3 . left lateral view of the dorsoposterior margin of the neurocranium illustrating morphology of the supraneural bones ( in black ) and their relationship to the supraoccipital bone . a ) ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , b ) p . makira , c ) p . c ur v id e ns , and d ) p . oligacanthus . arrows indicate degree of overlap of supraoccipital crest by anterior supraneural .\nfigure 3 . left lateral view of the dorsoposterior margin of the neurocranium illustrating morphology of the supraneural bones ( in black ) and their relationship to the supraoccipital bone . a ) ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , b ) p . makira , c ) p . c u r v i d e n s , and d ) p . oligacanthus . arrows indicate degree of overlap of supraoccipital crest by anterior supraneural .\nfigure 5 . ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , amnh 249490 , holotype , 146 . 6 mm sl , adult male . freshly captured specimen illustrating adult coloration in life . photo by paul loiselle .\ntable 2 . morphological character matrix for species of ptychochromis and outgroups included in phylogenetic analysis . inapplicable character assignments are designated by ( - ) . \u201c a \u201d = character states 0 & 1 . character state descriptions presented in appendix 1 .\nmartinez , c . m . , j . arroyave and j . s . sparks , 2015 . a new species of ptychochromis from southeastern madagascar ( teleostei : cichlidae ) . zootaxa 4044 ( 1 ) : 79 - 92 . ( ref . 105395 )\nsparks , john s . & stiassny , melanie l . j . , 2010 , a new species of ptychochromis from northeastern madagascar ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with an updated phylogeny and revised diagnosis for the genus , zootaxa 2341 , pp . 33 - 51 : 34 - 48\nsparks , john s . , stiassny , melanie l . j . ( 2010 ) : a new species of ptychochromis from northeastern madagascar ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with an updated phylogeny and revised diagnosis for the genus . zootaxa 2341 : 33 - 51 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 193312\ntable 1 . morphometric and meristic data for ptychochromis ernestmagnusi , new species . proportional measurements ( mm ) in percent standard length ( sl ) or percent head length ( hl ) , unless noted otherwise . values in parentheses indicate number of specimens examined with that count . ( h ) indicates count corresponding to holotype .\nfigure 6 . relative geographic distributions of species of ptychochromis exhibiting the\neastern type palatine\nconfiguration , including the geographically proximate sister species , p . ma k ira and p . ernestmagnusi , new species . note : arrow for p . grandidieri indicates that distribution for species extends southward along the eastern coast of madagascar .\nfigure 6 . relative geographic distributions of species of ptychochromis exhibiting the \u201c eastern type palatine \u201d configuration , including the geographically proximate sister species , p . m a k i r a and p . ernestmagnusi , new species . note : arrow for p . grandidieri indicates that distribution for species extends southward along the eastern coast of madagascar .\nstiassny , m . l . j . and j . s . sparks , 2006 . phylogeny and taxonomic revision of the endemic malagasy genus ptychochromis ( teleostei : cichlidae ) , with the description of five new species and a diagnosis for katria , new genus . am . mus . novit . 3535 : 1 - 55 . ( ref . 57663 )\ngreek , ptyx , = fold + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )\nthe species is named after the region in which the type specimens were collected ( ref . 57663 )\nafrica : antainambalana river , northeastern madagascar ( ref . 57663 , 83427 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 57663 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 27 . it is distinguished from all congeners by the presence of three laterosensory pore foramina on the lachrymal and a unique pigmentation pattern consisting of four distinctive v - shaped black bars on the flanks superimposed on an overall whitish base ( ref . 57663 ) . extremely deep - bodied and laterally compressed ( ref . 57663 ) . it has a total of six infraorbital bones ( ref . 57663 ) . in preservative , the ground coloration is pale creamy white to yellow , body much lighter ventrally ; 4 black v - shaped bands present on flanks , which extend ventrally to lateraly midline ; fins pale yellow to grayish and blackish terminally , except pectoral fins ( ref . 57663 ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01995 ( 0 . 00906 - 0 . 04395 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 \u00b10 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 6 cm sl maschio / sesso non determinato ; ( ref . 57663 )\nspine dorsali ( totale ) : 13 ; raggi dorsali molli ( totale ) : 12 ; spine anali 3 ; raggi anali molli : 8 - 9 ; vertebre : 27 . it is distinguished from all congeners by the presence of three laterosensory pore foramina on the lachrymal and a unique pigmentation pattern consisting of four distinctive v - shaped black bars on the flanks superimposed on an overall whitish base ( ref . 57663 ) . extremely deep - bodied and laterally compressed ( ref . 57663 ) . it has a total of six infraorbital bones ( ref . 57663 ) . in preservative , the ground coloration is pale creamy white to yellow , body much lighter ventrally ; 4 black v - shaped bands present on flanks , which extend ventrally to lateraly midline ; fins pale yellow to grayish and blackish terminally , except pectoral fins ( ref . 57663 ) .\nresilienza ( ref . 69278 ) : alto , tempo minimo di raddoppiamento della popolazione meno di 15 mesi ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\neschmeyer , w . n . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 3 january 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 3 jan 2014 ) .\nraminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .\nthis species is endemic to madagascar . it is only known from the type series comprising two specimens , collected in the antainambalana river just north of maroansetra in northeastern madagascar ( stiassny and sparks 2006 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nfigure 8 . strict consensus cladogram of nine optimal topologies recovered ( tree length = 1018 , ci = 0 . 67 , ri = 0 . 61 ) based on the simultaneous analysis of the nucleotide dataset of stiassny and sparks ( 2006 ) and 24 morphological transformations . unambiguously optimized morphological features supporting recovered nodes are designated by solid ( unique feature ) and open ( homoplasious feature ) circles . character numbers ( above braches ) and states ( below branches ) correspond to the morphological transformations listed in table 2 and appendix . . .\nfigure 2 . left lateral view of the oral jaws and anterior region of the suspensorium of p . ernestmagnusi ( amnh 249489 , paratype , 87 . 5 mm sl , female , c & s ) illustrating the\neastern type palatine\n( shaded in gray ) morphology .\n249490 , 146 . 6 mm sl , male , mananara ( du nord ) river at antanambaobe village ( 16 \u00b0 16 \u2032 0 1 \u2033s , 49 \u00b0 40 \u2032 0 1 \u2033e ) , madagascar , 120 m a . s . l . , mg 10 - 06 , coll . p . v . loiselle , 4 october 2006 .\n249488 , 9 ex . , incl . 1 ex . c & s , 75 . 9\u201399 . 5 mm sl , mananara ( du nord ) river at antanibaolina village ( 16 \u00b0 15 \u2032 0 1 \u2033s , 49 \u00b0 40 \u2032 41 \u2033e ) , madagascar , 108 m a . s . l . , mg 09 - 06 , coll . p . v . loiselle , 4 october 2006 . amnh\n249489 , 8 ex . , incl . 1 ex . c & s , 51 . 5 \u201399 . 0 mm sl , data as for holotype . mnhn\n2009 - 1674 , 2 ex . , 79 . 4 \u201398 . 0 mm sl , data as for holotype . ummz\n1935 - 0007 , 1 ex . , 128 . 5 mm sl , mananara ( du nord ) river , madagascar . no additional collection locality information available .\nby an anterior displacement of the first supraneural such that it overlies the dorsoposterior margin of the supraoccipital ( fig . 3\nthe possession of supraneurals with a characteristically flattened dorsal profile , which is interpreted here as a synapomorphy uniting these two geographically proximate species . also shared with p . m a k i r a is the presence of strong ( paired ) lateral barring as a prominent component of pigmentation patterning ; however , p . m a k i r a can be distinguished by distinctively v - shaped lateral flank bars , whereas in\nis further distinguished from p . m a k i r a by conspicuous iridescent spangling on the flank and dorsal fin near its base , dusky grayish - green base coloration ( vs . whitish ) , four lachrymal laterosensory foramina ( vs . three ) , and a total of seven ( vs . six ) infraorbital bones .\ndescription . morphometric and meristic data presented in table 1 . external anatomical characteristics and general pigmentation pattern in life and preservation can be observed in figures 1\nb . moderately deep bodied and laterally compressed . dorsal body profile convex , becoming significantly more so in larger specimens ( ca . 100 mm sl and larger ) . ventral body profile weakly to moderately convex . lateral snout outline straight in smaller specimens , and becoming weakly curved ( convex ) in larger individuals . predorsal profile moderately to strongly convex from mid - orbit to dorsal - fin origin , becoming more pronounced in larger specimens and creating weak \u201cnuchal hump\u201d . supraoccipital crest prominent in lateral view and conspicuously deep bodied in larger individuals ( ca . 100 mm sl ) . caudal peduncle short , deep , and laterally compressed . origin of dorsal fin located well anterior to vertical through pectoral - fin insertion . origin of pelvic fin located considerably posterior to vertical through pectoral - fin insertion .\ntotal vertebral count 27 or 28 , with formulae of 13 + 14 ( mode ) , 13 + 15 , and 14 + 14 precaudal and caudal vertebrae , respectively .\noral jaws isognathous and small . oral dentition bilaterally symmetrical and bicuspid , with moderately to well - developed distally expanded and slightly recurved cusps ( fig . 2\n) . outer row teeth of both premaxilla and dentary enlarged relative to teeth of inner rows and graded in size ( i . e . , becoming smaller ) posterolaterally .\nouter row teeth procumbently implanted in rostral portion of lower jaw , and oriented vertically elsewhere . outer row teeth in upper jaw more or less vertically oriented . upper jaw with three or four rows of teeth anteriorly and tapering to single ( i . e . , outer ) row posteriorly . lower jaw with three rows of teeth rostrally , and tapering to single ( i . e . , outer ) row posteriorly . although smaller , inner rows of teeth on both premaxilla and dentary of same morphology ( bilaterally symmetrical and bicuspid ) as those of respective outer row . dentition covers about anterior 2 / 3 of dentary and nearly entire surface ( > 80 % ) of premaxillary arcade .\nscales : lateral line to dorsal fin 18 4 ( 8 ) , 4 . 5 ( 2 ) , 5 ( 7 , h ) , 6 ( 1 )\nlower pharyngeal jaw ( lpj = fused 5 th ceratobranchial elements ) robust with interdigitating suture on posteroventral margin . dentition on lpj and upper pharyngeal jaw ( upj ) comprised of numerous , closely set , strongly hooked and bicuspid teeth . cusps on lpj teeth better developed posteriorly . posteromedially on both lpj and third pharyngobranchial toothplate , dentition becoming robust and molariform ( fig . 4 a ) ; other teeth of these elements hooked and bicuspid . expansive second pharyngobranchial toothplate bearing five or six rows of well - developed , hooked and bicuspid teeth . two or three rows of hooked and bicuspid teeth present on \u201cfree\u201d second epibranchial toothplate . fourth upper toothplate covered with numerous , closely - set rows of smaller hooked and bicuspid teeth ; teeth becoming progressively smaller and much less well developed posteriorly . strong concavity and associated sickle - like prong present on caudomedial margin of fourth upper toothplate . dorsal surface of fourth ceratobranchial elements bearing numerous robust , laterally expanded , toothplates . fourth ceratobranchial toothplates confluent with outer row gill rakers of these elements . dentition on fourth ceratobranchial toothplates unicuspid and more or less conical to weakly hooked and bicuspid laterally , and becoming progressively more strongly hooked and bicuspid medially ( similar to pattern observed for lateral lpj dentition ) . contralateral fourth ceratobranchial elements bearing strong concavity and associated prong ( = hook ) on medial margin .\neleven or 12 relatively elongate gill rakers arrayed along lower limb of first arch , excluding raker in angle of arch ( fig . 4 b ) . lower limb rakers of first gill arch denticulate dorsomedially , bearing numerous conical to weakly hooked and bicuspid teeth . nine weakly developed and triangular epibranchial gill rakers . remaining gill arches bearing short , robust , and strongly laterally expanded ( particularly , distally near crown ) rakers . these rakers strongly denticulate dorsally , bearing numerous elongate and conical ( becoming bulbous apically ) to weakly hooked and bicuspid teeth .\n. ( a ) dorsal view of the lower pharyngeal jaw ( fused 5 th ceratobranchial elements ) illustrating molariform caudomedial tooth morphology . left lateral view of the : ( b ) lower limb of the first gill arch ( ceratobranchial 1 and hypobranchial 1 ) with gill rakers shaded in gray , and ( c ) lachrymal ( pores shaded in gray ) and additional bones of the infraorbital series .\nflank squamation comprised of large , regularly imbricate , weakly ctenoid scales . scale margins becoming progressively more ctenoid posteriorly on flank . ctenoid scales extend from about dorsal - fin origin ( i . e . , ranging from slightly anterior to somewhat posterior of fin insertion ) dorsal to upper branch of lateral line and somewhat posterior to pectoral - fin base below upper lateral line , to proximal portion of caudal fin . scales on anterior portion of nape and throughout head region cycloid . scales on opercle and subopercle cycloid . cheek scales cycloid and comprising four rows ; fourth ( ventral ) row frequently poorly developed and comprising few scales . snout , lachrymal , and anterior portion of interorbital region to about level of mid - orbit asquamate . anterior chest scales somewhat reduced in size and embedded . scales extending onto caudal fin reduced in size and ctenoid anteriorly , markedly smaller and cycloid posteriorly . pored scales of lower branch of lateral line frequently extending onto caudal fin ( i . e . , beyond hypural flexure ) for one or two rows . lateral - line scales with well - developed canals , and numbering 34 to 37 ( mode 34 ) . four or five ( mode ) scale rows between bases of pectoral and pelvic fins . four ( mode ) to six scales in diagonal from upper branch of lateral line to dorsal - fin origin . no scale rows extending onto dorsal - and anal - fin membranes proximal to base of fins .\ndorsal fin with xii or xiii spines and 11 to 13 soft rays . anal fin with iii spines and seven to nine soft rays . first anal - fin spine conspicuously short , whereas second and third spines elongate and more or less similar in length . distal margins of soft dorsal and anal fins becoming produced and tapered in larger specimens ; posteriorly margins reaching to about caudal - fin origin in smaller individuals ( < 80 mm sl ) and extending well beyond origin in larger specimens ( fig . 1\n) . pectoral fin elongate , deep bodied and paddle - like ; becoming tapered distally ( i . e . , dorsal rays much longer than ventral ) . adpressed pelvic fin terminating well before anal - fin origin in smaller specimens , and extending to about anal - fin origin in larger individuals ( > 90 mm sl ) . caudal fin emarginate , trailing margins of upper and lower lobes becoming at most weakly produced in larger individuals ( > 80 mm sl ) .\nmiscellaneous osteology and anatomy . exoccipital foramina on posterior of neurocranium poorly developed ; simple and lacking complex interior chamber ( see stiassny , 1991 , and sparks , 2008 , for a discussion of exoccipital foramen development in malagasy - south asian cichlids ) . paired , anterior gas bladder diverticula well developed , elongate , and tube - like ; however , rather feeble in structure ( i . e . , not rigid and thick walled ) and similar to main gas bladder chamber . diverticula in contact with exoccipital region of neurocranium via connective tissue but not penetrating into exoccipital foramina ( sparks , 2008 ; fig . 3\na ) . infraorbital series composed of seven distinct elements ( fig . 4 c ) . lachrymal ( = first infraorbital or io 1 ) with four neurosensory pores ; fourth pore communicating with anterior pore of second infraorbital ( io 2 ) . second infraorbital excluded from orbital margin by io 3 . cephalic laterosensory canals well developed with enlarged pores ( e . g . , including those on preopercle and dentary ; figs . 2\n& 4 c ) . uncinate process and anterior arm of first epibranchial element short and robust ( fig . 4 b ) . well - developed process ( = prong / hook ) and deep indentation ( = excavation ) present on medial face of fourth ceratobranchial element . supraneurals ( fig . 3\na ) rostrally positioned , with first supraneural overlying dorsoposterior margin of supraoccipital crest . both supraneurals characteristically shaped with flat dorsal margins ( fig . 3\n) . overall uniform greenish base coloration with a dusky gray overlay , not notably darker dorsally than ventrally . many scales bearing a small , conspicuous iridescent spot along posterior scale margin . pigmentation pattern composed of five or six ( mode , holotype ) prominent midlateral blotches intersected by six to eight less strongly pigmented vertical bars . nape dark gray , snout and cheek dusky grey , and gular region black . fins uniformly dark blackish - gray , with some small iridescent spots proximally in soft dorsal . pectoral fin hyaline .\n) . ground coloration reddish - brown , slightly paler ventrally than dorsally . traces of iridescent spangling present , particularly in larger specimens , and most evident ventrally on flank . pigmentation pattern consisting of five or six ( mode , holotype ) prominent midlateral blotches with significantly paler intersecting vertical bars retained in preservation . most posterior blotch , located on caudal peduncle ( i . e . , sixth blotch in series if present ) , significantly paler than others . fins pale reddish - brown , trailing margins of soft anal and dorsal fins blackish . pectoral fin hyaline . pelvic fin pale reddish - brown , and becoming charcoal to blackish distally . anterior interorbital region , snout , and lachrymal dark gray . lower lip creamy brown . gular region dark grayish - black .\n) . currently known only from the type localities , which are located in the middle to lower reaches of the mananara ( du nord ) river , northeastern madagascar . this region is characterized by humid , lowland rainforest ( unesco - mab biosphere reserves directory , 2009 ) , and remains poorly surveyed for freshwater fishes . it is unknown whether the new species is more widely distributed within the region , and also whether it occurs in smaller tributaries of the mananara ( du nord ) river or other adjacent drainage basins to the north and south . substantial forest cover remains in the region and it is likely the new species has a significantly more widespread geographic distribution than current collection data would indicate . the mananara ( du nord ) river is a relatively large basin that extends from its headwaters through regions of intact forest and low population density . it is a typical eastern drainage , with a steep overall profile , and a generally rocky to sandy substrate . it is likely that the new species of\nis restricted to the middle to lower reaches of the river and its tributaries , given that suitable habitat and adequate trophic resources are most likely lacking at higher elevations , as is typical for other eastern basins ( sparks , 2005 a , b ) .\nconservation status . although forested portions of the coastal region to the south of the mananara ( du nord ) river are encompassed by the mananara - nord biosphere reserve ( designated in 1990 ) , which extends from 16 \u00b0 09 ' to 16 \u00b0 36 ' s and 49 \u00b0 31 ' to 49 \u00b0 53 ' e , and covers 140 , 000 hectares , the mananara river and its south bank tributaries are not included within the terrestrial component of the protected area ( which also includes a smaller marine component ) ( unesco - mab biosphere reserves directory , 2009 ) . we anticipate that the new species is not only more widespread in the region due to similar available habitats , but that it also receives some degree of protection from habitat degradation , deforestation , and overfishing within the biosphere reserve , which protects some of the last remaining remnants of lowland rainforest in eastern madagascar . in general , species of\n, which remains relatively common and widespread along the highly developed and densely populated eastern coast of the island ) . nevertheless , members of the genus are rapidly extirpated from areas where habitats have become severely disturbed and water quality is negatively impacted ( e . g . , severe deforestation and development resulting in highly turbid drainage basins ) ( sparks & stiassny , 2003 , 2008 ) .\netymology . named in honor of mr . ernest magnus of berlin , germany , and new york city , at the request of the family of dr . rudolph g . arndt , whose support of ichthyological exploration and research at the american museum of natural history is gratefully acknowledged .\nwas problematic in that study . based primarily on features of the palatine bone of the suspensorium , stiassny and sparks ( 2006 ) recognized two groups of\n: a \u201cwestern clade\u201d characterized by a compact palatine head with an upright orientation and marked elevation of the lateral ethmoid process ( i . e . , \u201cwestern type palatine\u201d ) , and an \u201ceastern group\u201d in which the palatine exhibits a markedly horizontal orientation , an elongate palatine prong , and less prominent ( weakly elevated ) lateral ethmoid process ( i . e . , \u201ceastern type palatine\u201d ) . on the cladogram presented by stiassny and sparks ( 2006 : fig . 2\n) , unambiguous optimization of the \u201cwestern type palatine\u201d configuration ( sparks & stiassny , 2006 : character 14 , node d ) was interpreted as evidence for monophyly of a \u201cwestern clade\u201d ; however , the \u201ceastern type palatine\u201d morphology described above was not unambiguously optimized on that phylogenetic reconstruction . as a result , the relationships of the four eastern species included in our 2006 analysis ( viz . ,\n) were represented as a polytomy ( stiassny & sparks , 2006 : fig . 2\nhere we have identified an additional putatively homologous anatomical feature unique to the \u201ceastern group\u201d , rostral displacement of the supraneural elements such that the anterior supraneural comes to overlie the dorsoposterior margin of the supraoccipital of the neurocranium . this supraneural configuration is lacking in all other members of\nto test this hypothesis , we reran our prior phylogenetic analysis ( stiassny & sparks , 2006 : fig . 2\n) using the same methodological approach , search parameters , and combined morphological and molecular dataset , with the inclusion of the new species and including coding for the unique \u201ceastern group\u201d supraneural configuration described above and the two features ( discussed below ) hypothesized to unite p . m a k i r a and the new species ( for a total of 24 morphological transformations and 2053 total characters ; characters 1\u201321 are described in detail in sparks & stiassny , 2006 : table 1 and results ) . a complete list of the morphological character descriptions is presented in the appendix and the corresponding data matrix is presented in table 2 . as the results indicate ( fig . 7\n) , we again failed to recover a monophyletic \u201ceastern group\u201d despite the fact that these five species possess both the novel supraneural feature ( character 22 , fig . 3\na\u2013c ) and \u201ceastern type palatine\u201d configuration ( sparks & stiassny , 2006 : character 21 ; fig . 2\nthat exhibit an \u201ceastern type palatine\u201d configuration , p . m a k i r a shares with\nis the presence of a characteristic lateral barring pattern , in which each prominent midlateral blotch is intersected by a pair of narrow and less strongly pigmented vertical or oblique bars ( fig . 7\n; character 24 ) . however , in p . m a k i r a these pairs of lateral flank bars are distinctively v - shaped ( fig . 7\nb ) . despite inconclusive results in our earlier phylogenetic analysis ( sparks & stiassny , 2006 : fig . 2\n, our new analysis recovered a sister group relationship between p . m a k i r a and\nsupported by the two unambiguously optimized anatomical features ( characters 23 & 24 ) discussed above .\nis readily distinguished from p . m a k i r a by conspicuous iridescent spangling on the flank and dorsal fin membrane near its base , dusky grayish - green base coloration ( vs . whitish ) , four lachrymal laterosensory foramina ( vs . three ) , and a total of seven ( vs . six ) infraorbital bones . although only two specimens of p . m a k i r a have been collected to date and admittedly represent a rather limited size range , the new species is also more shallow bodied ( 41 . 7\u201346 . 1 vs . 48 . 1\u201348 . 9 % sl in p . m a k i r a ) , has a larger eye ( 29 . 5\u201337 . 4 vs . 25 . 6\u201327 . 6 % hl in p . m a k i r a ) , a longer head ( 34 . 2\u201337 . 1 vs . 32 . 0\u2013 32 . 2 % sl in p . m a k i r a ) , a shorter preanal length ( 71 . 6\u201373 . 5 vs . 75 . 1 % sl in p . m a k i r a ) , and a greater lateral line scale count ( 34\u201337 vs . 33 in\n) than its sister taxon , p . m a k i r a .\n217739 , holotype , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , river nosivolo , below zule\u2019s village , large side - pool off mainstream . amnh\n93701 , 20 ex . , 10 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , river nosivolo below ampasimaniona village , 26 km east - northeast of marolambo . ummz\n97111 , 10 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , mangoro drainage , village of marolambo , nosivolo river . amnh\n97150 , 4 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , river nosivolo by ambarimasina village , ca . 16 km east northeast of marolambo . ummz\n235046 , 1 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , nosivolo river , near village of marolambo , mangoro drainage .\n216068 , 25 ex . , eastern madagascar , large baylake , behind dunes 1 km south of turnoff from marolambo - mananjary road , ca . 100 meters from sea . ummz\n235043 , 2 ex . c & s , northeastern madagascar , lac anjavibe , nosy be . ummz\n235045 , 2 ex . c & s , southeastern madagascar , sahapindra river , near vevembe .\n237130 , paratype , 1 ex . ( c & s in part ) , data as for holotype . mnhn\n2006 - 0 780 , paratypes , 3 ex . , data as for holotype .\n237131 , holotype , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , north of maroansetra , near town of marovonona , antainambalana river , purchased from local fishermen by augustin sarovy , j . s . sparks , w . l . smith , and k . l . tang . amnh\n237132 , paratype , 1 ex . ( c & s in part ) , data as for holotype .\n232462 , holotype , male , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , north of sambava , mahanara river at antsirabe - nord , just upstream of bridge over route n - 5 ( 13 \u00b0 58 . 49 \u2032s ; 49 \u00b0 57 . 81 \u2032e ) , pvl - 01 - 29 , p . v . loiselle and local fishermen . amnh\n231249 , paratype , 1 ex . , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , main channel of the mahanara river at antsirabe - nord , at bridge on route n - 5 ( 13 \u00b0 38 . 49 \u2032s 49 \u00b0 57 . 81 \u2032e ) , pvl - 00 - 07 , p . v . loiselle . amnh\n231258 , paratypes , 3 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , main channel of the mahanara river at antsirsabe - nord , at bridge on route n - 5 ( 13 \u00b0 58 . 49 \u2032s 49 \u00b0 57 . 81 \u2032e ) , pvl - 00 - 12 , p . v . loiselle . mnhn\n232458 , paratype , 1 ex . , northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , mahanara river , ca . 4 km northwest of antsirabe - nord ( 13 \u00b0 57 . 30 \u2032s 49 \u00b0 56 . 20 \u2032e ) , pvl - 01 - 27 , p . v . loiselle and local fishermen . mhng\n2623 . 82 , holotype , northern madagascar , antsiranana ( diego suarez ) province , andranofanjava , andranofanjava - sandriapiana river system , p . de rham and j . - c . nourissat . mhng\n2676 . 096 , paratypes , 2 ex . , data as for holotype . amnh\n237133 , paratypes , 2 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , data as for holotype . mhng\n2623 . 84 , paratype , 1 ex . , northern madagascar , antsiranana ( diego suarez ) province , mirosolava , p . de rham and j . - c . nourissat .\n237066 , holotype , juvenile ; northeastern madagascar , antalaha province , near town of mandritsara , sofia drainage basin , amboaboa ( = ambomboa ) river ( 15 \u00b0 50 \u2032 1 \u2033s ; 48 \u00b0 42 \u2032 51 \u2033e ) , j . s . sparks and k . j . riseng .\n237492 , holotype , adult female , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , anjingo river ( 14 \u00ba 50 \u2032 41 . 0\u2033s , 48 \u00ba 14 \u2032 38 . 3 e ) , jss 94 - 19 , j . s . sparks , k . j . riseng , and local malagasy guides . ummz\n237063 , paratypes , 5 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , data as for holotype . amnh\n237064 , paratypes , 5 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , bora special reserve , bemahavony river ( tributary of anjingo river ) ( 14 \u00ba 52 \u2032 20 . 4 \u2033s , 48 \u00ba 14 \u2032 52 . 2 \u2033e ) , jss 94 - 20 . amnh\n237065 , paratype , 1 ex . , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , lake andrapongy ( 14 \u00ba 41 \u2032 49 . 3 \u2033s , 48 \u00ba 0 7 \u2032 54 . 3 \u2033e ) , jss 94 - 21 . ummz\n237067 , paratypes , 7 ex . , northwestern madagascar , antalaha province , northeast of antsohihy , ankofia drainage , anjingo river ( 14 \u00ba 50 \u2032 39 . 7 \u2033s , 48 \u00ba 14 \u2032 39 . 5 \u2033e ) , jss 94 - 54 .\na . 4147 , holotype , madagascar , region of high forests , humblot and grandidier . see discussion in sparks ( 2003 ) regarding the locality of the holotype . additional non - type material examined : mnhn\na . 310 , 1 ex . , rivers that cross the eastern slope , lantz . amnh\n88018 , 56 ex . , 1 ex . , c & s , southeastern madagascar , mananjary , estuary of mananjary river , 21 \u00ba05\u2032s 48 \u00ba 27 \u2032e . amnh\n88053 , 2 ex . , southeastern madagascar , mananjary , estuary of mananjary river , 21 \u00ba 0 5 \u2032s , 48 \u00ba 27 \u2032e . amnh\n88076 , 2 ex . , eastern madagascar , vatomandry , 19 \u00ba 20 \u2032s , 49 \u00ba 0 0\u2032e . amnh\n88090 , 3 ex . , eastern madagascar , mahanoro , 19 \u00ba 55 \u2032s , 48 \u00ba 50 \u2032e . amnh\n88092 , 17 ex . , eastern madagascar , mahanoro , pangalanes canal north of mangoro river . amnh\n88102 , 36 ex . , 14 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , baylake behind dunes , ca . 100 m from sea . amnh\n88117 , 18 ex . , eastern madagascar , tamatave market , 18 \u00ba 10 \u2032s , 49 \u00ba 25 \u2032e . amnh\n88140 , 1 ex . , eastern madagascar , 25 km north of tamatave , pangalanes canal , 18 \u00ba 0 0\u2032s , 49 \u00ba 25 \u2032e . amnh\n88153 , 11 ex . , eastern madagascar , between fenerive and tamatave , pangalanes canal , 18 \u00ba 0 0\u2032s , 49 \u00ba 25 \u2032e . amnh\n96999 , 52 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , mangoro river near mouth . amnh\n97008 , 185 ex . , eastern madagascar , salehy village , 1 km south of turnoff from marolambo - mananjary road , 19 \u00ba 55 \u2032s , 48 \u00ba 50 \u2032e . amnh\n97028 , 7 ex . , 3 ex . c & s , eastern madagascar , tamatave province , bay lake behind first dune ca . 100 m from sea , east of road by sahey village , 1 km south of turnoff from marolambo - manajary road . amnh\n97057 , 1 ex . , eastern madagascar , ambodisovoka village , savalany river . amnh\n228067 , 3 ex . , southeastern madagascar , lopary , mananizo river . amnh\n228072 , 6 ex . , southeastern madagascar , ampataka village , sahambavy river . amnh\n228074 , 3 ex . , southeastern madagascar , 12 km north of farafangana , manampatrona river , 22 \u00ba 43 \u2032 47 \u2033s , 47 \u00ba 47 \u2032 25 \u2033e . amnh\n231347 , 1 ex . , southeastern madagascar , ampataka village , sahambavy river , 23 \u00ba 21 \u2019 04\u201ds , 47 \u00ba 28 \u2032 18 \u2033e . amnh\n231352 , 4 ex . , southeastern madagascar , manombo special reserve , takoandra river , 23 \u00ba 0 1 \u2032 27 \u2033s , 47 \u00ba 43 \u2032 16 \u2033e . mnhn\n233524 , 17 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , madagascar , southeastern coastal region . ummz\n237312 , 3 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , southeastern madagascar , manombo special reserve . ummz\n237495 , 5 ex . , southeastern madagascar , 6 km north of karianga at mahavelo , rienana drainage , andriambondro river , 22 \u00ba 21 \u2032 47 \u2033s , 47 \u00ba 22 \u2032 0 5 \u2033e . ummz\n238453 , 2 ex . , southeastern madagascar , near manombo special reserve . ummz\n238472 , 11 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , southeastern madagascar , farafangana market . ummz\n3 . 936 , lectotype , \u201c madagascar , in flumine samberano , nossib\u00e9 , in lacu pambilao\u201d , pollen and van dam . additional non - type material examined : amnh\n18841 , 1 ex . , madagascar ( probably mainland , sambirano region ) . amnh\n58491 , 9 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake amparihibe , at the mouth of the inflowing small stream , lake antsidihy , nosy be . amnh\n215522 , 4 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake bemapaza , nosy be . amnh\n215523 , 15 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lakes djabala and ampombilava , nosy be . amnh\n230699 , 3 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake andjavibe , nosy be . amnh\n232399 , 2 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake ampombilava , nosy be . amnh\n232415 , 3 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake djabala , nosy be . mnhn\n1962 - 322 , 1 ex . , northwestern madagascar , sambirano river . ummz\n236591 , 26 ex . , 4 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , lake ampombilava , nosy be . ummz\n237498 , 22 ex . , 2 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , lake djabala , nosy be . ummz\n237493 , 3 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lac de deux soeurs , nosy be . ummz\n237494 , 1 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake amparihibe , nosy be . ummz\n237496 , 6 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake bempazava , nosy be . ummz\n237497 , 8 ex . , northwestern madagascar , lake anjavibe , island of nosy be . ummz\n237499 , 11 ex . , 1 ex . c & s , northwestern madagascar , mananjeba drainage , andranomaloto river , northeast of town of ambanja .\n: bmnh 1882 . 2 . 25 : 69 , lectotype , betsileo , madagascar . bmnh 1882 . 2 . 25 : 70 , paralectotype , betsileo , madagascar . amnh\n217763 , 1 ex . , south - central madagascar , manantanana river , headwaters near iaritsena , ambalavao region , mangoky drainage . ummz\n238115 , 5 ex . , dry skeletons , south - central madagascar ilanana river , south of isalo national park .\nfigure 2 . left lateral view of the oral jaws and anterior region of the suspensorium of p . ernestmagnusi ( amnh 249489 , paratype , 87 . 5 mm sl , female , c & s ) illustrating the \u201c eastern type palatine \u201d ( shaded in gray ) morphology .\nno known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .\nnamed after the malagasy word for black , mainty , referring to the species\u2019 uniform dark pigmentation pattern in preservation and large black midlateral blotch in life ( ref . 105395 )\nafrika : known only from fort dauphin region near taolagnaro in extreme southeastern madagascar ( ref . 105395 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 9 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . )\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) ."]}
{"id": 2597, "summary": [{"text": "the cabalian frog or leyte slender stream frog ( hylarana albotuberculata ) is a species of frog in the ranidae family .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to the islands of leyte , samar , and mindanao in the philippines .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it inhabits undisturbed and disturbed streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss through deforestation and habitat conversion to agriculture as well as by the pollution due to agricultural run-off . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cabalian frog", "paragraphs": ["the cabalian frog , leyte slender stream frog is classified as data deficient ( dd ) , inadequate information to make a direct , or indirect , assessment of its risk of extinction .\n\u00bb blue frog ? \u00bb lucky money frog \u00bb frog ring - any pictures ? \u00bb the perfect store bought blended compost for a sfg \u00bb so far . . .\nhylarana caesari ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - maharashtra golden - backed frog\nhylarana indica ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - indian golden - backed frog\nhylarana magna ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - large golden - backed frog\nhylarana serendipi ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - sri lankan golden backed frog\nhylarana urbis ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - urban golden - backed frog\nhylarana doni ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - don ' s golden backed frog\nhylarana sreeni ( biju et al . , 2014 ) - sreeni ' s golden - backed frog\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2018 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . american museum of natural history , new york , usa available at : urltoken .\nthis species was transferred from the genus hylarana to sanguirana by fuiten et al . ( 2011 ) . brown et al . ( 2017 ) use new data phylogenetic data to resolve species boundaries associated with the southwest mindanao stream frogs , sanguirana everetti ( boulenger , 1882 ) , its junior synonym , rana mearnsi , stejneger , 1905 , and the northeast mindanao stream frogs , s . albotuberculata ( inger , 1954 ) . consideration of relationships , distributions , type localities , phenotypic data , and type specimens clearly indicates that the names r . mearnsi and s . albotuberculata refer to the same lineage , and therefore brown et al . ( 2017 ) recognize s . mearnsi as the oldest available name for this species .\njustification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .\nthis species is known only from very few localities on leyte , samar , and mindanao islands in the philippines .\nmoderately - sized numbers of samples in museums suggest that it might be common in preferred high - altitude stream habitats . however , there is very little field information regarding this species ' population status .\nit inhabits undisturbed and disturbed streams and rivers in lower montane and lowland forests .\nthe most important threats to this species include deforestation through logging , habitat conversion to agriculture , and the pollution of streams and rivers due to agricultural run - off .\nsome populations are protected in national parks , although more protected areas need to be established on leyte to protect the remaining forest on this island .\nthis amended assessment has been generated to change the species epithet from albotuberculata to mearnsi ( see taxonomic notes ) . the name of the species on the range map has been updated accordingly .\narvin diesmos , angel alcala , rafe brown , leticia afuang , cynthia dolino , genevieve gee , katie hampson , mae leonida diesmos , aldrin mallari , perry ong , liza paguntalan , marisol pedregosa , dondi ubaldo , baldwin gutierrez . 2018 .\n( amended version of 2004 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2018 : e . t58539a128381145 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\niucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 10 november 2011 .\noccurence status describes how common or rare a taxon is in a given area . see darwincore for more information on terminology .\nestablishment means describes how the taxon came to be established in an area . see darwincore for more information on terminology .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\njump to : select a forum | | - - about | | - - news | | - - politics | | - - fiesta | | - - tourist spot | | - - foods | | - - general discussions | | - - directory sa pacific area | | - - hotel | | - - restaurant | | - - beach & mountain resorts | | - - hardware and enterprises | | - - government agency | | - - internet cafe | | - - club / disco | | - - beauty parlor / barber shop | | - - town sa pacific area | | - - st . bernard | | - - san juan | | - - anahawan | | - - hinundayan | | - - hinunangan | | - - silago | | - - liloan | | - - san francisco | | - - pintuyan | | - - san ricardo | | - - school sa pacific area | | - - san juan polytechnic college | | - - southern leyte state university ( san juan ) | | - - southern leyte state university ( hinunangan ) | | - - cristo rey high school ( st . bernard ) | | - - entertainment sa pacific area | | - - joke3x | | - - tv & movies ; | | - - music & radio ; | | - - commerce sa pacific area | - - job / work | - - sell , buy , trade | | - - real state | | - - consumer electronics | | - - foods & medicines | | - - vehicles | | - - clothing , shoes and accessories | | - - cellphone , mp3 , mp4 , psp , ipod , nintendo | | - - negosyo / economiya\nare small to large - sized frogs . males have an average snout - vent length of\n( nostrils ) are oval in shape and covered by a flap of skin . the\n( parietal eye ) are present . the toes are webbed , but the fingers are not .\ns . d . biju ; sonali garg ; stephen mahony ; nayana wijayathilaka ; gayani senevirathne ; madhava meegaskumbura ( 2014 ) .\nliqiao chen ; robert w . murphy ; amy lathrop ; andre ngo ; nikolai l . orlov ; cuc tho ho ; ildiko l . m . somorjai ( 2005 ) .\nanna gawor ; ralf hendrix ; miguel vences ; wolfgang b\u00f6hme ; thomas ziegler ( 2009 ) .\nlarval morphology in four species of\nramlah zainudin ; mustafa a . rahman ; badrul munir m . zain ; m . n . shukor ; r . f . inger ; a . norhayati ( 2010 ) .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 13 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files ."]}
{"id": 2598, "summary": [{"text": "scaphiophryne marmorata is a species of frog in the family microhylidae .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is commonly known as the green burrowing frog and the marbled rain frog .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is endemic to madagascar .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is classified as \" vulnerable \" by the iucn as it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "scaphiophryne marmorata", "paragraphs": ["a marbled rain frog ( scaphiophryne marmorata ) from the plzen zoo in the czech republic .\nscaphiophryne ( scaphiophryne ) marmorata \u2014 grosjean , glos , teschke , glaw , and vences , 2007 , zool . j . linn . soc . , 151 : 572 .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - green burrowing frog ( scaphiophryne marmorata )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - green burrowing frog ( scaphiophryne marmorata )\ntitle =\narkive species - green burrowing frog ( scaphiophryne marmorata )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - scaphiophryne ( scaphiophryne menabensis )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - scaphiophryne ( scaphiophryne menabensis )\ntitle =\narkive species - scaphiophryne ( scaphiophryne menabensis )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nsome of the beautifully colored scaphiophryne species are offered regularly in the pet trade .\nscaphiophryne gottlebei busse and b\u00f6hme , 1992 , isalo , vall\u00e9e des singes , madagascar .\ninformation on scaphiophryne menabensis is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\na native of madagascar , the green burrowing frog , or scaphiophryne marmorata , belongs to the family microhylidae . the family\u2019s near - global distribution presents an evolutionary puzzle of how its species are related to one another . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\nscaphiophryne marmorata boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 472 . holotype : bmnh , by original designation ; bmnh 1947 . 2 . 30 . 81 according to blommers - schl\u00f6sser and blanc , 1991 , faune de madagascar , 75 : 32 . type locality :\neast betsileo\n, madagascar .\nseveral scaphiophryne species ( e . g . , s . gottlebei ) seem to have a quite restricted distribution , but more research is necessary to assess their conservation status reliably .\nscaphiophryne spinosa has been separated from this species by vences et al . ( 2003 ) . the western subpopulations have also been separated as s . menabensis ( glos et al . 2005 ) .\nexamples of tongue aiming in microhylid frogs : ( a ) phrynomantis bifasciatus ; ( b ) dyscophus insularis ; ( c ) scaphiophryne marmorata ; ( d ) dermatonotus muelleri ; ( e ) kaloula pulchra ; ( f ) callulina sp . ; ( g ) gastrophryne olivacea ; ( h ) breviceps adspersus ; ( i ) microhyla sp . ; ( j ) probreviceps sp . note the angle of the tongue in relation to the midline of the head . all pictures were taken with the camera positioned at 45\u00b0 , except h and j , which were head - on profiles .\nadult scaphiophrynids are 0 . 8\u20132 . 4 in ( 20\u201360 mm ) in snoutvent length . the general body form of scaphiophryne is somewhat toadlike . the legs are short , and well - developed metatarsal tubercles are present on the hind limbs . some species ( e . g . , s . marmorata and s . gottlebei ) have distinctly enlarged fingertips that may help them climb . the coloration varies widely , but some species are beautiful and have symmetrical markings on the back . the habitus of paradoxophyla is different ; at first glance , it resembles that of aquatic pipid frogs of the genus hymenochirus .\nbusse , k . , and w . b\u00f6hme .\ntwo remarkable frog discoveries of the genera mantella ( ranidae : mantellinae ) and scaphiophryne ( microhylidae : scaphiophryninae ) from the west coast of madagascar .\nrevue fran\u00e7aise aquariologie 19 , no . 1\u20132 ( 1992 ) : 57\u201364 .\nspiny burrowing frog - scaphiophryne pustulosa ( angel & guib\u00e9 , 1945 ) a fairly active species , especially around dusk from the ankaratra mountains of central madagascar . occurs in cool , very dense forests where it may be active during day . the dorsum shows a grey , green colour with a beautiful yellow reticulate pattern . like the green burrower , its front digit pads are enlarged suggesting it too is semi arboreal . females represent the largest of the scaphiophryne , attaining 55mm although it is not as stocky as other species . like other scaphiophrynes , it is also still fairly uncommon in captive collections .\nvences , aprea , capriglione , andreone , and odierna , 2002 , chromosome res . , 10 : 127 - 136 , reported an unnamed species , closely similar to scaphiophryne marmorata , and removed scaphiophrnye spinosa from synonymy . vences , raxworthy , nussbaum , and glaw , 2003 , herpetol . j . , 13 : 70 - 74 , discussed the species and range . see brief account by glaw and vences , 2007 , field guide amph . rept . madagascar , ed . 3 : 114 . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 461 .\nrepresentatives of the scaphiophrynidae occur in all climatic regions of madagascar ; s . calcarata , s . brevis , and s . gottlebei inhabit the hot and arid regions of the west and south . they are found in rocky formations , deciduous dry forest , open savanna , and even dry sand dunes close to the sea . another group of species ( e . g . , s . madagascariensis ) occurs in the cold , high montane savannas of central madagascar below and above the tree line . scaphiophryne marmorata and paradoxophyla palmata inhabit primarily low and mid - elevation rain - forests of eastern madagascar . despite the different habitats of the adults , the larval habitat is similar in all species ; tadpoles develop in stagnant and mostly temporary ponds and swamps .\nmoquard ' s burrowing frog - scaphiophryne calcarata ( boulenger , 1895 ) another rather plain dark brown species hailing from the entire western coastal area from north west madagascar ( andoany ) to the south west tip in tolagnaro . quite a small species rarely attaining 32mm . an explosive breeder after heavy rains during which huge number congregate in small temporary pools . lays up to 500 eggs which float on the water surface and develop very quickly to metamorphose in just 3 or 4 weeks .\nmadagascan burrowing frog - scaphiophryne madagascariensis ( boulenger , 1882 ) perhaps the least fossorial and certainly the most behaviourally interesting of the genus . although is possesses a ' spade ' on each hind limb , i have found is reluctant to burrow and certainly quite active in captivity . attaining 50mm , it is a large but rather streamlined and agile species , attractively adorned in an unusual lime green and black pattern . a mountain dweller of east betsileo ( central east & central madagascar ) , it occurs in both savannah - like environments and sometimes in humid forest .\nscaphiophrynids are primarily nocturnal and terrestrial , spending the day buried in the ground under stones , fallen tree trunks , or other refuges . the species with expanded finger disks have some climbing abilities . the rainforestdwelling s . marmorata can be found in the leaf litter on the ground and climbing on mossy trees as well . sometimes , it is even active during the day . activity patterns in scaphiophrynids are highly seasonal . this is especially true for the species in arid regions and those in cold mountain habitats in which good climatic conditions for the development of tadpoles and juveniles are restricted to a short period of time . most observations have been made at the beginning of the rainy season in december or january , when breeding takes place and activity is at its peak . after the rainy season the frogs in the arid habitats disappear for about six months and presumably estivate buried in the ground .\nscaphiophrynids are primarily explosive breeders and reproduce after heavy and prolonged rains at the beginning of the rainy season ( generally in december , january , or february ) . males aggregate in or at the edge of temporary ponds and often form large choruses that produce a continuous loud noise that can be heard from long distances . before they start calling , scaphiophryne greatly inflate the extremely large vocal sac and the body as well . sometimes calling males swimming at the water ' s surface are unable to dive when they are disturbed , because they cannot get rid of the air quickly . amplexus is axillary . females lay numerous small , pigmented eggs , which generally are deposited as a film on the surface of the water . the free - swimming and mainly filter - feeding tadpoles develop quickly to froglets if the water temperature is high .\nthis is the smallest known scaphiophryne ; the snout - vent length is 0 . 8\u20131 . 1 in ( 20\u201327 mm ) in males and 1 . 1\u20131 . 3 in ( 28\u201333 mm ) in females . the dorsum is pale brown , gray , or green with or without darker symmetrical markings and a pale vertebral line . the flanks are dark brown , and the venter is white ; the ventral surfaces of the thighs are red to violet . the throat is black in males and marbled brown and white in females . the tips of the fingers are not enlarged . the skin on the back is smooth or slightly granular . the tympanum is indistinct , and the webbing between the toes is poorly developed . the tadpoles have a sinistral spiracle and keratinized mouthparts , although the latter are poorly developed . on the other hand , they have unperforated nares , as is typical of microhylid larvae .\ncertainly the most conspicuous and sought after species , s . gottlebei was discovered fairly recently in the dry , hilly regions of vall\u00e9e des singes , isalo , south central madagascar . i must confess that i have seen fewer amazingly coloured and patterned frog with its ivory white , red , yellow , green and black mottling . females grow to 35mm while males are slightly smaller . it is fossorial species to escape the searing heat and dry winds of that region . however its fingerpads are enlarged suggesting that it does climb and this may be due to it being a poor swimmer , so that flash floods of that region necessitates climbing small bushes or clinging to rocks to avoid drowning .\nthese frogs can be very gluttonous , devouring a wide variety of bugs , grubs and the like although they can easily reject food if one type is offered constantly . feed every 3 or 4 days with several items and coat every other sitting in a multivitamin powder , although initially they may refuse or spit out the coated item .\na field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar - glaw / vences - 2nd edition 1994 the strange frogs of madagascar - staniszewski ( reptilian magazine , vol . 4 no . 6 )\nyou can e - mail me at : marcstan @ urltoken all rights reserved . all text and photo ' s - copyright \u00a91996 - 8 marc staniszewski most recent revision : 30 / 09 / 98 back to my personal file\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nfrost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .\nlisted as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 14 , 718 km 2 , it occurs in fewer than ten threat - defined locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in eastern madagascar .\nthis species occurs in east - central madagascar from zahamena south to the andasibe area , from 100 - 1 , 000m asl . it occurs in fewer than ten threat - defined locations and its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 14 , 718 km 2 .\nit is locally abundant . however due to continuing declines in the extent and quality of habitat , the population is suspected to be decreasing .\nit is a species of rainforest and degraded secondary vegetation in the east , and deciduous dry forest in the west . it does not survive in very open areas . breeding takes place by larval development in shallow , temporary pools . although not observed despite intensive fieldwork around andasibe , the species is assumed to be an explosive breeder ( like other species in the genus ) that only reproduces once per rainy season after the first heavy rains ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\nit occurs in analamazaotra special reserve , andasibe - mantadia national park and zahamena national park . mattioli\n. ( 2006 ) undertook a study into the economics of captive breeding this species , concluding that it is well suited to intensive commercial captive breeding programmes , and indeed that market demand could potentially be fully met with captive - bred animals .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nm 32 - 36 mm , f 35 - 44 mm . tympanum indistinct but typically visible . tibiotarsal articulation reaches at the most between insertion of forelimb and tympanum . tips of fingers and toes strongly enlarged . skin relatively smooth with a number of large granules . typically there are two symmetrical pairs of larger tubercles , a pair of elongated tubercles in the shoulder region and one of smaller tubercles on the posterior back . dorsally green with symmetrical darker markings . ventral pattern often with contrasted dark - white marbling , the dark colour extending onto the posterior belly ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\nis larger and has tubercles of more spiny appearance , especially above forelimb insertion .\nis much larger , lacks the two pairs of symmetrical tubercles on the dorsum and often has reddish colour on the terminal discs of fingers and toes ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\nlocated in ampahanana forest ( near fierenana ) , andasibe , zahamena ( volotsangana river ) ( glaw and vences 2007 ) at 100 - 1000 m asl ( vences and glaw 2008 ) .\nhabits : largely unknown . tadpoles probably belonging to this species have recently been found in large temporary pools in rainforest at the edge of analamazoatra reserve . at andasibe , especially close to analamazoatra reserve entrance , single specimens , especially juveniles , can often be observed moving on the ground at night . since reproduction has almost never been observed despite intensive fieldwork by many researchers around andasibe , it is likely that this species , as other\n, is a very explosive breeder that reproduces only once per rainy season after the first heavy rains ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\n, its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in eastern madagascar . it does not survive in very open areas . its forest habitat is receding due to subsistence agriculture ( including livestock grazing ) , timber extraction , charcoal manufacture , the spread of invasive eucalyptus , fire , and expanding human settlements . the bright colouration of this species might make it more attractive for commercial collecting in the future . there are currently small numbers in the pet trade , but probably not at a level to have a negative impact on the species . it occurs in the r\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdserve sp\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdciale d\u00ef\u00bf\u00bdanalamazaotra , parc national de mantadia and parc national de zahamena ( vences and glaw 2008 ) .\n. in : iucn 2008 . 2008 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . downloaded on 08 april 2009 .\nmiguel vences and frank glaw ( m . vences at tu - bs . de ) , assistant professor and curator of vertebrates at the institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics in the zoological museum at the university of amsterdam\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .\n> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .\narkive is working with iucn - international union for conservation of nature , to source images of the world ' s threatened amphibian species . together with conservation international and natureserve , iucn has led a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status for the world ' s known species of frogs , toads , salamanders , newts and caecilians . to date , the project has involved the input of more than 600 herpetologists from around the world .\niucn red list category , and details of range , ecology , threats and conservation information for every known amphibian species , can be found on the iucn red list website .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu b1ab ( iii ) ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nchris mattison 138 dalewood road sheffield s8 0ef united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1142364433 chris . mattison @ urltoken urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfrost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\namphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )\nfrost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .\nwill find all uses of\nhyl . . .\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .\nwill find all uses of\n. . . hyla\nanywhere in a record : e . g . , hyla , hylidae , plectrohyla , ptychadena hylaea , adenomera hylaedactyla\nwill find all records that contain stand - alone uses of hyla : e . g . , hyla , hyla arenicolor\ninterprets this as\nlithobates or pipiens\nso will find the union of all records that contain either\nlithobates\nor\npipiens\n: e . g . , lithobates omiltemanus , hylorana pipiens\ninterprets this as\nlithobates and pipiens\nso will return all records that have the character string\nlithobates pipiens\nanywhere within a record : e . g . , all members of the lithobates pipiens complex .\nmarbled rain frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 114 ) .\nmid - altitude rainforest in central eastern madagascar from zahamena south to the andasibe area , 100 - 1000 m elevation .\nplease note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .\nfor access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .\ncopyright \u00a9 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\njoel is a popular keynote speaker with conservation , corporate , and civic groups .\njoel is the founder of the photo ark , a groundbreaking effort to document every species in captivity before it\u2019s too late .\nevery purchase goes directly to support our mission : getting the public to care and helping to save species from extinction .\nsimilar species : morphologically closest to s . menabensis which , however , is distributed in western madagascar . s . spinosa is larger and has tubercles of more spiny appearance , especially above forelimb insertion . s . boribory is much larger , lacks the two pairs of symmetrical tubercles on the dorsum and often has reddish colour on the terminal discs of fingers and toes ( glaw and vences 2007 ) .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\nthis little frog looked very much like a toad in the family bufonidae , but it ' s classified in the small family scaphiophrynidae instead . our guide mary noticed it hopping across the grass in the morning while the rest of us were admiring\nin the trees . my sister , also named mary , took the second photo above , which shows how well camouflaged this frog is against the decomposing leaf litter .\nhere is a list of all the reptiles and frogs i saw on this trip to madagascar .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\ncopyright \u00a9 2010 , the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .\nthe food seems to consist mainly of insects , but few data are available .\nthe snout - vent length is 0 . 8\u20131 . 0 in ( 20\u201324 mm ) ; males are slightly smaller than females . this is a distinctive , small frog with a triangular body form , a pointed snout , small eyes , and fully webbed toes . the tympanum is indistinct , and the fingertips are not enlarged . the dorsum is brown , gray , or beige , with some small black spots . the venter is mostly white with distinct dark spots . males have a dark vocal sac .\nknown from pristine and degraded primary rainforest up to elevations of 3 , 300 ft ( 1 , 000 m ) .\nfrom december to february , males call after dusk at the edge of puddles or larger ponds , mainly after heavy rains .\nthe males ' calls are rather loud trills reminiscent of crickets . occasionally , males and couples in axillary amplexus swim on the surface of the water and dive quickly when disturbed . females lay several hundred small pigmented eggs about 0 . 04 in ( 1 mm ) in diameter surrounded by a gelatinous capsule . the gelatinous capsules and eggs emerge above the water surface . embryonic development is rapid , and larvae hatch one day after egg deposition . the tadpoles are typical microhylid filter - feeding tadpoles and swim in open water .\nbecause the range of this unique species covers most of the eastern rainforest belt , including several nature reserves , it may be considered as not threatened .\ndistributed widely in western and southern madagascar at elevations below 1 , 000 ft ( 300 m ) .\nit seems nearly impossible to find this nocturnal species during the dry season . after the first heavy rains , however , large numbers of individuals walk around at night , and calling males and amplectant pairs gather in temporary , sun - exposed ponds and swamps .\nmales aggregate in large choruses and produce loud , noisy calls . a female was observed approaching a calling male . the male became very excited and strongly enhanced the repetition rate of his vocalizations before clasping the female . breeding activity is explosive at the beginning of the rainy season and often is finished after a few nights . each female lays several hundred small eggs about 0 . 04 in ( 1 mm ) in diameter . the tadpoles are largely transparent , mostly swim in open water , and are mainly filter feeders , but they also feed on larger particles . the larval development is rapid , in a race against the desiccation of waters . after a few weeks , metamorphosis is completed , and tiny froglets , 0 . 2\u20130 . 3 in ( 5 . 5\u20137 . 5 mm ) in snout - vent length , emerge .\nbeing widely distributed and common in primary and secondary habitats , the species is not threatened .\nat the beginning of the rainy season , s . calcarata occasionally may penetrate the huts of madagascan people .\nthe snout - vent length reaches 1 . 4 in ( 36 mm ) . this is a toadlet that is colored conspicuously with contrasting colors . four pink or red symmetrically arranged patches surrounded by black and green are present on the dorsum . the flanks and legs are white with black bands on the legs . the venter is dark grayish violet . the tips of the fingers are distinctly enlarged . the skin on the back is smooth , and the tympanum is indistinct . the webbing between the toes and the inner metatarsal tubercle is well developed .\nlives in eroded sandstone formations . in the isalo massif , humid forests persist in canyons and on the slopes , although the climate is rather arid .\nfound under stones during the day in the rainy season . it probably estivates during the dry season . the expanded terminal finger disks may indicate partial climbing habits . disturbed specimens inflate themselves , probably as a strategy to protect against predators .\nthe diet in nature is unknown . in captivity the frog feeds on crickets and other insects .\nnothing is known , but probably an explosive breeder at the beginning of the rainy season . recently metamorphosed juveniles have been found at the edge of stagnant ponds .\nthe species is not categorized by the iucn and is not protected by cites . however , because of the small known range , it may be considered potentially threatened .\nglaw , frank , and miguel vences . a fieldguide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . 2nd ed . k\u00f6ln : vences & glaw verlag , 1994 .\nblommers - schl\u00f6sser , r . m . a .\nobservations on the larval development of some malagasy frogs , with notes on their ecology and biology ( anura : dyscophinae , scaphiophryninae and cophylinae ) .\nbeaufortia 24 , no . 309 ( 1975 ) : 7\u201326 .\nblommers - schl\u00f6sser , r . m . a . , and c . p . blanc .\namphibiens ( premi\u00e8re partie ) .\nfaune de madagascar 75 , no . 1 ( 1991 ) : 1\u2013379 .\nwassersug , r .\nthe pseudohemisus tadpole : a morphological link between microhylid ( orton type 2 ) and ranoid ( orton type 4 ) larvae .\nherpetologica 40 , no . 2 ( 1984 ) : 138\u2013149 .\nmadagascaran toadlets ( scaphiophrynidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken\nmadagascaran toadlets ( scaphiophrynidae ) .\ngrzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken\nurltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .\nwithin the \u201ccite this article\u201d tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .\nbecause each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it\u2019s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication\u2019s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :\nmost online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style\u2019s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .\nin addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nnative to madagascar , boophis picturatus lives in moist forests and rivers . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\nthe mass extinction that obliterated three - fourths of life on earth , including non - avian dinosaurs , set the stage for the swift rise of frogs , a new study shows .\nin a paper published this week in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences , an international team of researchers presented a new tree of life for frogs that helps solve longstanding riddles about relationships and sheds light on the history and pace of frog evolution .\nunexpectedly , their analyses showed three major lineages of modern frogs \u2014 about 88 percent of living species \u2014 appeared simultaneously , evolving on the heels of the extinction event that marked the end of the cretaceous period and the beginning of the paleogene 66 million years ago . previous research suggested a more ancient origin of many of these modern frog groups .\n\u201cfrogs have been around for well over 200 million years , but this study shows it wasn\u2019t until the extinction of the dinosaurs that we had this burst of frog diversity that resulted in the vast majority of frogs we see today , \u201d said study co - author david blackburn , associate curator of amphibians and reptiles at the florida museum of natural history on the university of florida campus . \u201cthis finding was totally unexpected . \u201d\nherpetologist david blackburn , shown with a goliath frog from the museum\u2019s collection , co - authored a study that presents a new frog tree of life . florida museum of natural history photo by kristen grace\nthe speed at which frogs diversified after the asteroid or comet impact that triggered a massive die - off of most plant and animal life suggests the survivors were probably filling up new niches on earth , blackburn said .\n\u201cwe think there were massive alterations of ecosystems at that time , including widespread destruction of forests , \u201d he said . \u201cbut frogs are pretty good at eking out a living in microhabitats , and as forests and tropical ecosystems rebounded , they quickly took advantage of those new ecological opportunities . \u201d\nfrogs rose to become one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates , with more than 6 , 700 described species . but sparse genetic data has hindered scientists from reliably tracing their evolutionary history and the links between frog families .\nblackburn joined researchers from sun yat - sen university , the university of texas at austin and the university of california , berkeley to tackle the mystery of frog evolution with a dataset seven times larger than that used in prior research . the team sampled a core set of 95 nuclear genes from 156 frog species , combining this with previously published genetic data on an additional 145 species to produce the strongest - supported evolutionary tree , or phylogeny , to date . the tree represents all 55 known families of frogs and generates a new timeline of frog evolution .\nthe researchers then used fossil records to translate genetic differences between frog lineages into dates at which they likely diverged from one another . when the analyses pointed to a simultaneous evolution of the three major frog clades \u2014 hyloidea , microhylidae and natatanura \u2014 the researchers initially eyed the finding with skepticism , said peng zhang , a corresponding study author and professor in the department of biochemistry and molecular biology at sun yat - sen university in china .\nthe analyses that generated this frog tree of life showed 88 percent of modern frogs evolved after the mass extinction that killed non - avian dinosaurs , marked here by a dotted red line . graphic by feng et al . in proceedings of the national academy of sciences\n\u201cnobody had seen this result before , \u201d he said . \u201cwe redid the analysis using different parameter settings , but the result remained the same . i realized the signal was very strong in our data . what i saw could not be a false thing . \u201d\nwhen examined in the context of the evolution of other animals , however , the finding makes sense , blackburn said .\n\u201clooking at bird or mammal phylogenies , we can see a reflection of earth\u2019s history \u2014 its climatic and geologic events , \u201d he said . \u201cyou\u2019d expect these major events \u2014 mass extinction and the breakup of continents \u2014 would have impact on frog evolution and that divergences between major lineages would relate to those in some respect . we see that in this phylogeny . \u201d\nthe close resemblance of distantly related frog species around the world , a factor of frog evolution and biology that has long confounded scientists , might be illuminated by the simultaneous evolution of major frog clades , blackburn said . after the extinction event decimated ecosystems and stimulated a reset , modern frogs may have faced similar evolutionary paths .\n\u201cyou could easily go to central africa , the philippines and ecuador and find what look like the same frogs that might have last shared a common ancestor 120 million years ago , \u201d he said . \u201cthese different lineages seem to have diversified in similar ways after the extinction . \u201d\nwhile the extinction event opened new opportunities for frogs , notably leading to the evolution of tree frogs worldwide , it snuffed out many frog lineages , particularly in north america , blackburn said .\n\u201cexcept for a small handful of species , all other north american frogs are \u2018post - dinosaur\u2019 colonists , \u201d blackburn said . \u201cif you could travel back to the time of t . rex in north america , there would be frogs , but the chorus you would hear at night would have been nothing like you\u2019d hear today . they\u2019re not even the same families . \u201d\nthese petropedates cameronensis in the vicinity of manjo , cameroon , belong to the frog clade natatanura , which originated in africa soon after the mass extinction that wiped out three - fourths of life on earth . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\nthe call of this mantidactylus lugubris from madagascar is a single , quick trill . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\nthe range of the african ornate frog , or hildebrandtia ornata , spans much of africa . this species is rarely seen above ground outside of the breeding season and often lives in lowland savannah , like this one in tanzania . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\nfound only in madagascar , mantella baroni\u2019s bright colors warn would - be predators of its toxicity . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\nthis cameroon slippery frog , or conraua robusta , was found near manjo , cameroon . a relative of the goliath frog , the world\u2019s largest frog species , it can kill mice , rats and large insects . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\ntree frogs , such as this boophis marojezensis from madagascar , all evolved after the extinction of the dinosaurs , taking advantage of the gradual rebound in forests . photo courtesy of brian freiermuth\nthe study also indicates that global frog distribution tracks the breakup of the supercontinents , beginning with pangea about 200 million years ago and then , gondwana , which split into south america and africa . the data suggests frogs likely used antarctica , not yet encased in ice sheets , as a stepping stone from south america to australia .\nblackburn is eager to use the new phylogeny as a roadmap for the fossil record , particularly for frogs that occurred in the cretaceous .\n\u201cthis sets up expectations of what we should or shouldn\u2019t find , \u201d he said . \u201cit\u2019s exciting to think about what discoveries could lay ahead in the frog fossil record . \u201d\nwhile the survival and subsequent comeback of frogs testifies to their resilience , zhang said , their current vulnerability to disease , habitat loss and degradation is cause for concern .\n\u201ci think the most exciting thing about our study is that we show that frogs are such a strong animal group . they survived from the mass extinction that completely erased dinosaurs and boomed back quickly , \u201d he said . \u201chowever , frog species are declining nowadays because humans are destroying their habitats . does that mean humans are making a huge extinction event even stronger than this one ? we need to think about it . \u201d\nother study co - authors are yan - jie feng and dan liang of sun yat - sen university , david hillis and david cannatella of the university of texas at austin and david wake of the university of california , berkeley .\nthe research was funded by the u . s . national science foundation , national natural science foundation of china , the national youth talent support program and the national science fund for excellent young scholars of china .\nnote to reporters : david blackburn is out of the office the week of july 3 and best reached by email or by contacting natalie van hoose at nvanhoose @ urltoken , 352 - 273 - 1922 .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nmiguel vences and frank glaw institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics ( ibed ) zoological museum university of amsterdam mauritskade 61 1092 ad amsterdam netherlands m . vences @ urltoken\ntongue aiming ability was quantified by having individuals of phrynomantis bifasciatus aim into five quadrants : ( a ) left\u2013 46\u00b0 to \u2013105\u00b0 , ( b ) left \u20136\u00b0 to \u201345\u00b0 , ( c ) 0\u00b0 to 5\u00b0 to either side , ( d ) right 6\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 , ( e ) right 46\u00b0 to 105\u00b0 . the quadrant is essentially a bib , with the midline of the head designating 0\u00b0 . as the head of the animal turns , the quadrant follows this movement so that a line drawn down the midline of the head would always be located at 0\u00b0 .\nventral view of the buccal region of a cleared and stained specimen of phrynomantis bifasciatus . left and right sides are nearly identical . major cranial nerves are labeled on the left side and rami of the nerves that innervate the tongue and hyobranchial musculature are labeled on the right side . branches of the trigeminal nerve ( v ) innervate the m . submentalis ( 1 ) and the m . intermandibularis ( 2 ) . branches of the hypoglossal nerve ( xii ) innervate the m . genioglossus dorsoventralis , longitudinalis and transversalis ( 3 ) and the m . hyoglossus ( 4 ) . the glossopharyngeal nerve ( ix ) is dorsal to the hypoglossal nerve and innervates other hyobranchial musculature and the tongue pad . numbers 1 and 3 are located at the approximate sites of nerve transection for denervation of the m . intermandibularis and m . genioglossus lateralis and dorsoventralis , respectively .\nventral view of the superficial throat musculature in two anurans . ( a ) undifferentiated m . intermandibularis posterior of a typical frog . ( b ) differentiation of the m . intermandibularis posterior into two separate accessory slips in phrynomantis bifasciatus . mm , mentomeckelian element ; sm , m . submentalis ; ip , m . intermandibularis posterior ; m , mandible ; ih , m . interhyoideus ; ipa1 , m . intermandibularis posterior accessory 1 ; ipa2 , m . intermandibularis posterior accessory 2 .\nsagittal section of the tongue of phrynomantis bifasciatus . ( a ) note that the fibers of the m . genioglossus dorsoventralis are directed longitudinally and then dorso - ventrally . ( b ) magnified view of the m . genioglossus dorsoventralis . single fibers run in both the longitudinal and vertical planes . d , dentary ; gh , m . geniohyoideus ; ggdv , m . genioglossus dorsoventralis ; ggl , genioglossus longitudinalis ; h , hyobranchium ; hg , m . hyoglossus ; im , m . intermandibularis ; ggt , m . genioglossus transversalis ; m , mucosal layer . scale bar , 1 mm .\ntongue protraction in phrynomantis bifasciatus when prey is placed directly in front of the animal . ( a ) normal feeding . there is no deviation of the tongue when attempting to capture prey . ( b ) after right unilateral m . submentalis and m . intermandibularis denervation , the tongue is protracted normally . ( c ) after right unilateral m . genioglossus ( both longitudinalis and dorsoventralis ) denervation , the tongue deviates towards the right ( inactive ) side . animals are no longer able to capture prey placed directly in front of the head or towards the active side .\ntest examining the effect on aiming after right unilateral m . genioglossus denervation on one individual\nspecies in which tongue aiming ability was examined , including the number of animals observed , presence or absence of aiming , maximum tongue angle when aiming , mean angle of tongue deviation after unilateral m . genioglossus denervation ( when prey is presented directly in front of the frog ) and direction of deviation after unilateral denervation\nthank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of experimental biology .\nnote : we only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it , and that it is not junk mail . we do not capture any email address .\nmessage body ( your name ) thought you would like to see the journal of experimental biology web site .\nphoto credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .\n\u201cone of the underappreciated benefits of fellowships is the act of applying for them , because you have to write and articulate your ideas . \u201d\nin our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .\na new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .\nphoto credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso\u2019s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .\nat the heart of prelights is the community of early - career researchers who select and highlight interesting preprints in various fields . we are now ready to grow our team of prelighters who are passionate about preprints and enjoy writing and communicating science . find out more here and apply by the extended deadline , 20 july 2018 .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nwe ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?\ntweets # frogotd professor & director ecology programme @ zoology _ otago . chief scientist ( asa ) & co - chair ( asg ) @ amphibiansorg . co - founder jane goodall inst . nz\nyou can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more\nhere ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .\nby embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .\nnot on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .\nthis timeline is where you\u2019ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .\nhover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .\nwhen you see a tweet you love , tap the heart \u2014 it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .\nthe fastest way to share someone else\u2019s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .\nadd your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you\u2019re passionate about , and jump right in .\ntwitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information ."]}
{"id": 2599, "summary": [{"text": "anthony 's woodrat ( neotoma anthonyi ) is an extinct species of rodent in the family cricetidae .", "topic": 29}, {"text": "it was found only on isla todos santos in baja california norte , mexico .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "they are thought to have been driven to extinction through predation from feral cats . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "anthony ' s woodrat", "paragraphs": ["anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .\nanthony ' s woodrat is one of the species that live in the california floristic province biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) .\npictures : related species : bushy - tailed woodrat ( neotoma cinerea ) ( 29 kb jpeg ) ( univ . wash . ) ; southern plains woodrat ( neotoma micropus ) ( 34 kb jpeg ) ( davis & schmidly ) ; white - throated woodrat ( neotoma albigula ) ( 79 kb jpeg ) ( cpluhna )\n\u00e1lvarez - casta\u00f1eda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i .\n\u00e1lvarez - casta\u00f1eda , s . t . & castro - arellano , i . 2008 .\na young / baby of a anthony is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a anthony group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ninsular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas . woodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . woodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees . woodrats are solitary animals . anthony ' s woodrat occurs only on todos santos island off of northwestern baja california , mexico .\nmammal native to the islands , the north american deermouse , was also prevalent in 1922 and absent by the end of the 20th century . anthony ' s woodrats were medium - sized , with grayish - brown fur on their backs and short , hairy tails . they were somewhat larger than very similar woodrats that live on the mainland , and males were somewhat larger than females .\npatton , j . l . , huckaby , d . g . and alvarez - castaneda , s . t . 2014 . evolutionary history and a systematic revision of woodrats of the neotoma lepida group . zoology : 1 - 472 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nmcknight , m . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )\njustification : listed as extinct because the species has not been recorded since 1926 , despite exhaustive surveys .\nthis species is known only from two islands ( todos los santos islands ) in baja california norte , m\u00e9xico ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .\nno known population information . five visits , from 1988 to 1990 , produced no evidence of extant individuals ( cortez - calva et al . 2001 ) .\npredation by feral cats has been cited as the primary reason for extirpation of this species ( cortes - calva et al . 2001 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\n1 . profile ( picture ) 2 . tidbits 3 . status and trends ( iucn status , countries where currently found , history of distribution ) 4 . data on biology and ecology ( habitat , gestation period , diet , behavior , social organization ) 5 . references\n* * * woodrats collect a variety of material for their nests , often selecting pieces of silverware or other shiny objects from camps . this habit has given them the name of\ntrade rat\nor\npack rat .\n* * * sometimes woodrats live close enough to farms to be considered pests , but for the most part they have little economic significance .\ninsular woodrats are largely confined to rocky or boulder covered areas ( smith 1993 ) .\nwoodrats generally eat plant matter such as roots , stems and leaves ; seeds , and some invertebrates . they do not drink much water , but during dry seasons they eat on the fleshy stems of cacti and other plants that are well filled with water . ( nowak 1999 )\nwoodrats are generally nocturnal and are active throughout the year . they are good climbers , but they usually do not climb far up in trees .\ncons . intl . , cpluhna , davis & schmidly , iucn 1994 , iucn 1996 , iucn 2000 , iucn 2003a , iucn 2004 , nowak 1999 , nowak & paradiso 1983 , smith 1993 , univ . wash .\n\u00a9 1999 - 2014 animal info . endangered animals of the world . sj contact us .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndata and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .\nlength : average : total length : 320 . 6 mm males ; 316 . 8 mm , females . head and body : 182 . 8 mm , males ; 177 . 1 mm , females t\nallen , j . a , 1898 . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 10 : 151 .\nmammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\ncopyright \u00a9 2018 langenscheidt digital gmbh & co . kg , all rights reserved ."]}
{"id": 2600, "summary": [{"text": "oncaea venusta is a species of copepod with a cosmopolitan distribution , but lacking from the arctic ocean .", "topic": 21}, {"text": "females are 1.1 \u2013 1.3 millimetres ( 0.043 \u2013 0.051 in ) long , while males are only 0.8 \u2013 1.0 mm ( 0.031 \u2013 0.039 in ) long .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the front of the head is unusually wide , and the body is brightly coloured , usually yellow \u2013 orange , but sometimes red .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "o. venusta feeds on a variety of zooplankton and phytoplankton . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "oncaea venusta", "paragraphs": ["taxonomy note that in the database of marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls ) the two form variants of oncaea venusta , f . typica and f . . . .\ntaxonomy note that in the database of marine planktonic copepods ( banyuls ) the two form variants of oncaea venusta , f . typica and f . venella , which differ mainly in size , are presented as valid species . an intermediate size group of o . venusta has recently been described as a new species , oncaea frosti heron , 2002 . however , the morphological characterization of o . frosti is uncertain ( cf . b\u00f6ttger - schnack & huys , 2004 ) and the taxonomic status of the intermediate size group of oncaea venusta is still unresolved ( cf . elvers et al . , 2006 ) . [ details ]\n( of antaria venusta ( philippi , 1843 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsee my comments on the taxonomic status of the form variants of o . venusta given in the database\nworld register of marine species ( worms )\n.\nissued from : p . tutasi , s . palma & m . caceres in scienc . mar . , 2011 , 75 ( 4 ) . [ p . 798 , fig . 7a ] geographic distribution of oncaea venusta in september and october 2001 , associated with the weak la ni\u00f1a event of 2001 .\n( of oncaea coerulescens ( claus , 1866 ) ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 50 , table 2 ] . body length ( mm ) of oncaea venusta f . typica and venella from the red sea . .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 37 , fig . 7 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; b , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; c , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) . oncaea venusta f . venella . male ( from red sea ) : d , p1 ( distal part of endopod ) ; e , p2 ( distal part of endopod ) ; f , p3 ( distal part of endopod ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 153 , fig . 6 ] . female : pediger 2 - 4 and urosome ( lateral ) . a , oncaea venusta philippi ; b , oncaea frosti heron ; c , oncaea venella farran . nota : o . venusta is the largest of the three species . in preserved samples , it is rare to find either sex of the species where the urosome is not flexed at a 45\u00b0 angle to the prosome , and the two postgenital segments and the anal seglment telescoped . exoskeleton strongly chitinized and ornamentation conspicuous ; pediger 2 without a conspicuous mid - dorsal dilationnin lateral view ; caudal ramus length variable , slightly shorter or longer than the sum of the three preceding segments . freshly collected specimens of o . venusta from the gulf of naples and new zeland areas both showed a purple - crimson shading on the widest portion of the prosome , posterior of genital segment , anterior of caudal rami , maxillipeds , and of the legs .\n( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) humes , a . g . ( 1988 ) . oncaea praeclara n . sp . ( copepoda : poecilostomatoida ) from deep - sea hydrothermal vents in the eastern pacific . journal of plankton research 10 ( 3 ) : 475 - 485 , figs . 1 - 4 . [ details ]\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 125 , fig . 11 , c , h ] . as oncaea venusta forma typica . female ( fro 18\u00b0n , 25\u00b0w ) : c , habitus ( dorsal ) ; h , mxp .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 51 , table 3 ] . comparison of morphological characters of oncaea venusta gisbrecht from the gulf of naples with two forms , f . typica and f . venella from the red sea .\n( of oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ) b\u00f6ttger - schnack , r . ( 2001 ) . taxonomy of oncaeidae ( copepoda , poecilostomatoida ) from the red sea . ii . seven species of oncaea s . str . bulletin of the natural history museum , london , zoology 67 ( 1 ) : 25 - 84 . page ( s ) : 52 [ details ]\nnon antaria gracilis dana , 1849 ; 1852 ; oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ; antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ( p . 19 ) ; oncaea obtusa : brady , 1883 ( part . , p . 120 , figs . f , m ) ; thompson , 1888 d ( p . 148 ) ; kovalev & shmeleva , 1982 ( p . 85 ) ; onc\u00e4a venusta : giesbrecht , 1892 ( p . 590 , 602 , 774 , figs . f , m ) ; ? razouls , 1972 ( p . 95 , annexe : p . 111 , figs . f , m ) ; 1974 b ( p . 236 , figs . f , m ) ; oncaea praeclara humes , 1988 ( p . 475 , figs ; f , m ) ; suarez - morales & gasca , 1998 a ( p . 112 )\nissued from : a . a . shmeleva in bull . inst . oceanogr . , monaco , 1965 , 65 ( n\u00b01351 ) . [ table 6 : 42 ] . oncaea venusta ( from south adriatic ) . dimensions , volume and weight wet . means for 50 - 60 specimens . volume and weight calculated by geometrical method . assumed that the specific gravity of the copepod body is equal to 1 , then the volume will correspond to the weight .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 34 , fig . 4 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , p1 ( anterior ) [ a , 3rd endopod segment , showing aberrant spine number ) ; b , p2 ( anterior ) ; c , p3 ( anterior ) ; d , p4 ( anterior ) .\nissued from : g . a . heron in hydrobiologia , 2002 , 480 . [ p . 152 , table 1 ] . length measurements ( : body length , pl : prosome length , in mm ) for adult females and males of oncaea venusta , o . frosti and o . venella . data are mean lengths ( bold ) , number of specimens measured ( parentheses ) , ranges , and standard error ( se ) at each locality ; - , no specimens .\nissued from : y . - b . go , b . - c . oh & m . terazaki in j . mar . syst . , 1998 , 15 . [ p . 480 , fig . 4 ] . attacking behaviors of oncaea spp . on the body of sagitta ( chaetognatha ) . fvl : head trunk in front fins ; vg : ventral ganglion ; cs : caudal septum nota : direct underwater observations with scuba were performed at night . the attack behavior of oncaea started mostly below the stationary sagitta in the field . the attack distance at which oncaea spp . approached sagitta from below was about 5 - 6 cm ; the attacking behavior from the upper side of sagitta was observed only occasionally , and the attack distance was about 1 - 3 cm . this behaviour suggests that oncaea is not a touch feeder . the attachment sites of oncaea on the body of sagitta spp . were for a total of 320 individuals : ventral side 56 . 3 % , lateral side 32 . 8 % and dorsal side 10 . 9 % . oncaea crept directly to the chaetognath tail or the head region using their second antennae , and pierced the body of chaetognaths with the long claw of the maxilliped , and moved maxillae and mandibles . the chaetognaths did not move at all when this copepod was crawling on the body .\ncommon in the ? samples taken in the vicinity of the vents by means of box corers and slurp guns ? ( humes 1988 ) . oncaea sp . has been found in plankton over the mid - atlantic ridge among dirivultids and subadult calanoids ( ivanenko 1998 ) . most of more than 70 species of oncaea occur in the epipelagic zone , several species have been found in the deep bathypelagic zone . go et al . ( 1998 ) recently reported that oncaea feeds on the integuments of various planktonic animals and inflicts especially heavy injuries to chaetognaths ; the copepods of this group ? must gnaw or cut out pieces of host integument with their mandibles . to do this , they adhere tightly to the host by means of their antennae and maxillipeds ? ( heptner & ivanenko 2002 ) .\nissued from : j . m . fuentes - rein\u00e9s & e . suarez - morales in check list , 2017 , 13 ( 5 ) . [ p . 515 , figs . 4 , 5 ] . oncaea venusta female ( from rodadero bay , n colombia ) : 4 , urosome ( dorsal ) ; 5 , anal somite and caudal rami ( dorsal ) . nota : genital double - somite about 1 . 8 times as long as wide . - anal somite with paired dorsal pore on posterior margin . - caudal ramus about 3 . 5 times as long as wide .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 44 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 44 , mxp .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 33 , fig . 3 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female : a , a2 ( posterior ; lateral elements are numbered using roman numerals , distal elements indicated by capital letters ) ; b , labrum ( anterior , slit - like pores arrowed ) ; c , idem ( posterior ) ; d , md ( showing individual elements , identified using capital letters ) ; e , mx1 ; f , mx2 ; g , mxp .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 2 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . male : 2 , urosome ( ventral ) .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 36 , fig . 6 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . male ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; arrows indicating position of lateral raised pores ) ; b , a1 ; c , mxp ( anterior ) ; d , urosome ( dorsal ) ; e , idem ( ventral ) ; f , idem ( lateral ; spermatophores fylly developed ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) ; h , a2 ( posterior ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 19 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 19 , a2 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , fig . 39 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 39 , p4 ( posterior view ) .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack in bull . nat . hist . mus . lond . ( zool . ) , 2001 , 67 ( 1 ) . [ p . 32 , fig . 2 ] . oncaea venusta f . typica . female ( from red sea ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ; lateral raised pore enlarged ) ; b , idem ( lateral left side ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , idem ( lateral left side ) ; e , a1 ( small sensory element arrowed ) ; f , caudal ramus ( dorsal ; setae and numbered using roman numerals ) ; g , p6 .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 50 , 54 , 58 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 50 , mx2 ; 54 , mx1 ; 58 , md .\nissued from : w . giesbrecht in systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . \u2013 fauna flora golf . neapel , 1892 , 19 : 1 - 831 , atlas von 54 tafeln . [ taf . 47 , figs . 5 , 13 ] . as onc\u00e4a venusta . female : 5 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 13 , same ( lateral ) .\n( of oncaea pyriformis lubbock , 1860 ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]\n( of oncaea coerulescens ( claus , 1866 ) ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 3 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , area between mxp and p1 ( ventral ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , p1 and intercoxal plate ( anterior ) ; d , p2 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ( anterior ) ; e , p3 ; f , p4 ( anterior ) ; g , p5 ( dorsal ) .\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 2 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female : a , urosome with egg sac ( lateral ) ; b , rostrum and labrum ( ventral ) ; c , a1 ( postero - inner ) ; d , a2 ( antero - outer ) ; e , md ( anterior view ) ; f , paragnaths , mx1 and labial area ( ventral ) ; g , mx2 ( antero - outer ) ; h , mxp ( anterior ) ; i , claw of mxp ( posterior ) .\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 4 ] . as oncaea praeclara . male : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( ventral ) ; d , 3rd segment of a2 ( postero - inner ) ; e , mxp ( anterior ) ; g , spermatophore , partly extruded from male ( ventral ) . nota : p5 reduced to low ridge bearing 2 setae ( lengths 23 and 36 microm . ) , and 1 adjacent ( length 31 microm . p6 represented by posteroventral flap on genital segment bearing spiniform process but no setae\nissued from : a . g . humes in j . plankton res . , 1988 , 10 ( 3 ) . [ p . 477 , fig . 1 ] . as oncaea praeclara . female ( from galapagos rift ) : a , habitus ( dorsal ) ; b , idem ( lateral ) ; c , urosome ( dorsal ) ; d , genital area ( lateral ) ; e , caudal ramus ( dorsal ) . nota : ratio of length of prosome to that of urosome 1 . 49 : 1 . caudal ramus with fine setules along the inner margin , elongate , 125 microm . length , 23 microm . wide proximally ( 17 medially and 20 distally , ratio 6 . 7 : 1 based on medial width\nepi - to mesopelagic , also demersal and semi - parasitic . sampling depth ( antarct . , sub - antarct . ) : 400 m . overall depth range in sargasso sea : 0 - 500 m ( deevey & brooks , 1977 , station\ns\n) . 0 - 1236 m at station t - 1 ( e tori is , e middle japan ) from furuhashi ( 1966 a ) . this species presents 2 forms ( sub - species ? ) that are characterised by their dimensions . sewell ( 1947 ) suggests also that their spawning season is different . for this author the forma typica is characterized by : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 59 : 41 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region are as 59 to 29 . . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 46 : 7 : 7 : 9 : 18 . in the forma venella the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body as 60 to 40 , and the length and breadth of the anterior region as 60 to 24 . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( 5th thoracic segment to caudal rami ) as 13 : 43 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 20 = 100 . the proportions of the caudal rami are as 23 to 6 . for tanaka ( 1960 , p . 71 ) the two forrms : large and small , are present in his material . female : the proportional lengths of the anterior and posterior regions of the body are as 57 to 43 . the anterior region is 1 . 7 times as long as wide ( 63 : 37 ) . the proportional lengths of the segments of the posterior region ( caudal rami included ) as 13 : 48 : 5 : 5 : 9 : 20 = 100 . caudal rami 4 times as long as broad . heron ( 2002 ) considers the two varieties o . venusta typica and o . venusta venella as two species ( see remarks in oncaea venella and frosti ) , position objected to by b\u00f6ttger - schnack & huys ( 2004 ) . after kazkazmi ( 2004 , p . 232 ) , although free living and pelagic , the species has been found on fish gills ( kazatchenko & adeev , 1977 ) or in a sponge ( ho , 1984 ) and now from the sand ( kazmi & naushaba , 2000 ) . see in dvp conway & al . , 2003 ( version 1 )\nphilippi , a . ( 1843 ) . fernere beobachtungen uber die copepoden des mittelmeeres . archiv fur naturgeschichte . 9 ( 1 ) : 54 - 71 , pls . 3 - 4 . [ details ]\nwalter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]\nrevis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 . [ details ]\ngiesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 592 [ details ]\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]\nsu\u00e1rez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841\u2013869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college statio [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nwilson , c . b . ( 1932 ) . the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum . 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\nintegrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of antaria coerulescens claus , 1866 ) giesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 ) page ( s ) : 590 , 592 [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nlee cnw . ( 2002 ) . the ecology of planktonic copepods and hyperbenthic communities in the cape ' d aguilar marine reserve , hong kong . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 90 , lam . xviii , figs . 148 , 157 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 148 , habitus ( lateral left side ) ; 157 , a2 . scale bars in mm : 0 . 3 ( 148 ) ; 0 . 05 ( 157 ) .\nissued from : f . c . ramirez in contr . inst . biol . mar . , buenos aires , 1969 , 98 . [ p . 86 , lam . xvii , figs . 138 , 145 ] . female ( from off mar del plata ) : 138 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 145 , urosome ( dorsal ) . scale bars in mm : 2 ( 138 ) ; 0 . 2 ( 145 ) .\nissued from : q . - c chen & s . - z . zhang & c . - s . zhu in studia marina sinica , 1974 , 9 . [ pl . 6 , figs . 1 - 5 ] . female ( from off - shore chekiang province ) : 1 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 2 , p3 ; 3 , p4 . male : 4 , habitus ( dorsal ) ; 5 , posterior portion of abdomen .\nissued from : r . b\u00f6ttger - schnack & r . huys in hydrobiologia , 2004 , 513 . [ p . 3 , table 1 ] . total body length ( mm ) of size variants of female in different areas of the atlantic , indian and pacific ocean . size groups exhibiting a dorsal swelling on the p2 - bearing somite are marked in bold . * = single specimen .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 124 ] . female : armature formula of swimming legs p1 to p4 . roman numeral : spine ; arabic numeral : seta .\nissued from : g . a . boxshall in brit . mus . nat . hist . , zool . , 1977 , 31 ( 3 ) . [ p . 126 , fig . 12 , a - d ] . male : a , urosome ( ventral ) ; b , a2 ( anterior ) ; c , mx1 ( posterior ) ; d , mxp ( anterior ) . nota : caudal rami about 1 . 8 times longer than anal somite and about 2 . 2 times longer than broad . a1 4 - segmented . mx1 bilobed ; outer lobe with 4 setae , the outermost seta is slender and unarmed ; inner lobe with 3 setae .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female ( from yellow sea , korea waters ) : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , md ( with 6 elements indicated by small letters ) ; f , mx1 ; g , mx2 ; h , mxp ; i , p5 ; j , p6 . nota : a1 6 - segmented . md : gnathobase with 5 elements ( a - e ) ; ventral element a shorter than ventral blade , with long , fine spinules along dorsal side ; ventral blade b strong and extensive spiniform , with row of setules on posterior part ; dorsal blade c strong and broad , with 3 dentiform processes along distal margin ; 2 dorsal elements setiform , of which ventral one d shorter , flat and densely setose , dorsalmost one e longer and multipinnate . mx1 single segmented , weakly bilobed : inner lobe ( = praecoxal arthrite ) with 3 elements and outer lobe with 4 elements ( outermost one long spiniform having row of spinules ) . mx2 2 - segmented : syncoxa unarmed ; allobasis produced distally into slightly curved claw bearing 2 rows of very strong spinules along medial margin ; outer margin with strong seta extending almost to tip of allobasal claw , ornamented with few minute spinules distally ; inner margin with slender pinnate seta and strong spine . mxp 4 - segmented , composed of syncoxa , basis extensive and robust , with 2 spiniform spinulose elements nearly equal in length and patches of long setules on inner margin ; 1st endopodal segment without ornamentation ; 2nd one with spinulose claw along concave margin , naked seta on outer proximal margin and unipectinate spine joined to inner margin . proportional lenths ( % ) of urosomal segments and caudal rami 9 . 52 : 47 . 6 : 6 . 7 : 9 . 52 : 20 . 0 . p5 with small plumose growing from lateral surface of somite , and small free exopod without ornamentation , exopod slightly longer than wide , bearing 2 naked setae . p6 expressed as operculum around each genital aperture with spine . caudal rami about 3 times as long as wide with 6 elements .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 186 , fig . 2 ] . female : a - d , p1 to p4 .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 185 , fig . 1 ] . female : armature formula , spines ( roman numerals ) and setae ( arabic numerals ) .\nissued from : j . h . wi , h . - l suh , h . s . yang & h . y . soh in ocean sci . j . , 2008 , 43 ( 4 ) . [ p . 188 , fig . 3 ] . male : a - b , habitus ( dorsal and lateral , respectively ) ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , mxp ; f - i , endopods of p1 to p4 , respectively ; j , p5 . nota : a1 4 - segmented ; distal segment corresponding to fused segments 4 - 6 of female ; a2 coxobasis having naked and short seta at innerdistal corner ; distal endopodal segment with seta iii more stout than in female , seta iv spiniform and curved , both elements shorter than in female . p6 expressed as posterolateral flap closing off genital aperture on either side ; covered by minute denticles .\nissued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 66 ] . female ( from banyuls , g . of lion ) : a , urosome ; b , mxp ; c , a1 ; d , a2 ; e , p4 ; f , endopodite of p3 ; g , p1 ; h , p2 .\nissued from : c . razouls in th . doc . etat fac . sc . paris vi , 1972 , annexe . [ fig . 67 ] . male : a , urosome ; b , a2 ; c , mxp .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 34 , fig . 14 , e - l ] female : e , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; f , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; g , anterior of prosome ( ventral ) [ r ] ; h , right a2 [ s ] ; i , labrum ( ventral ) [ u ] ; j , right md [ u ] ; k , left mx1 [ u ] ; l , right mx2 [ w ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .\nissued from : g . a . heron & j . m . bradford - grieve in new zealand oceanogr . inst memoir 104 . niwa , 1995 . [ p . 35 , fig . 15 , a - j ] female : a , right mxp [ s ] ; b , p1 [ y ] ; c , p2 [ y ] ; d , p3 [ y ] ; e , p4 [ y ] ; f , p5 [ s ] . male : g , habitus ( lateral ) [ q ] ; h , same ( dorsal ) [ q ] ; i , 3rd segment of right a2 [ s ] ; j , left mxp [ s ] . scale bars : see p . 13 , fig . 2 . letter in brackets .\nissued from : s . - h . hsiao , j . - s . hwang & t . - h . fang in crustaceana , 2010 , 83 ( 2 ) . [ p . 184 , table i ] . copepods collected from the sea around northern taiwan and from southern east china sea extending to the okinawa trough , to study possible spatial heterogeneity . the content of the same metal shows considerable variation both intra - and inter - specifically . the metal concentrations in males are higher than in females . copepod metal quota display spatial variation : coastal water > southern east china sea > kuroshio water , suggesting that the metal contents of copepods are influenced by the water quality of their marine environment .\nissued from : s . - h . hsiao , s . k\u00e2 , t . - h . fang & j . - s . hwang in hydrobiologia , 2011 , 666 . [ p . 326 , fig . 6 ] . variations in the most abundant copepod species ( mean \u00b1 se ) along the transect in the boundary waters between the northern part taiwan strait and the east china sea i march ( black bar ) and october ( grey bar ) 2005 ( mann - whitney u test , sig . * p < 0 . 05 . see drawings of hydrological conditions and superficial marine currents in calanus sinicus .\ncosmopolite ( equatorial , tropical , sub - tropical , temperate ) . from north pacific , also : bering sea , gulf of alaska ; from south : se australia , new zealand . from the north atlantic it seems with difficulty reach the latitude 45\u00b0 , although noted from east nova scotia ( in sameoto & al . , 2002 ) , from labrador and north hudson bay ( in wilson , 1936 d ) ; from the south of south africa and buenos aires , brazil ( s , off rio de janeiro , vitoria bay , ubatuba , off maca\u00e9 , paranagua estuary , camamu , off natal ) , in antarctic ( weddell sea in voronina & kolosova ( 1999 ) , sub - antarctic ( indiian , se pacif . ) , arctic . ( continent ) , also : hawaii ( kaneohe bay ) , clipperton is . , galapagos rift , e pacif . rise , baja california ( bahia magdalena ) , g . of california ( guaymas basin ) , coyuca lagoon ( guerrero ) , acapulco bay , caribbean colombia , rodadero bay , w costa rica , g . of mexico , off mississipi river mouth , off bermuda ( station\ns\n) , delaware bay ( outside ) , bahia cupica ( colombi ) , peru , chile ( n , concepcion ) , australia ( north west cape ) , e korea , cheju island , china seas ( yellow sea , east china sea , south china sea , changjiang river estuary ) , off sw taiwan , taiwan strait , taiwan ( s , ne , e : kuroshio & oyashio currents ) , kueishan is . , korea strait , japan , kuchinoerabu is . , sagami bay , tosa bay , tokyo bay , malaysia ( sarawak : bintulu coast ) , se india ( mallipayyinam - manamelkudi , mediterranean sea ( black sea included ) , g . of guinea , off lagos , red sea\n502 ? ( probably less because inadequacy pr\u00e9cision with o . venella , if it is maintened )\nrazouls c . , de bov\u00e9e f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne universit\u00e9 , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]\nauthor of the drawing is ernst haeckel . original uploader was pabouk at en . wikipedia . ( different older version was uploaded by boston at en . wikipedia . )\nmaggie whitson marked\nfile : haeckel copepoda . jpg\nas trusted on the\nsapphirina darwinii\npage .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nour website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .\nphilippi , a . ( 1843 ) . fernere beobachtungen uber die copepoden des mittelmeeres . < em > archiv fur naturgeschichte . < / em > 9 ( 1 ) : 54 - 71 , pls . 3 - 4 .\nboxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 252 - 268\ngiesbrecht , w . 1893 . systematik und faunistik der pelagischen copepoden des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte . fauna und flora des golfes von neapel und der angrenzenden meeres - abschnitte , herausgegeben von der zoologischen station zu neapel 19 : 1 - 831 , pls . 1 - 54 . ( 1892 )\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .\nrevis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 .\nsu\u00e1rez - morales , e . , j . w . fleeger , and p . a . montagna . ( 2009 ) . free - living copepoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 841\u2013869 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico\u2013origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college statio\nwebber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; l\u00f6rz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 .\nwilson , c . b . . ( 1932 ) the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . ( 16 - viii - 1932 )\nwilson , c . b . . ( 1932 ) . the copepods of the woods hole region , massachusetts . bulletin of the united states national museum 158 : 1 - 635 , figs . 1 - 316 , pls . 1 - 41 . ( 16 - viii - 1932 )\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services ."]}
{"id": 2601, "summary": [{"text": "cleora repetita is a species of moth of the family geometridae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from sundaland to australia and the solomon islands .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 40 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are greyish brown with a dark wavy line across each wing .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on terminalia , premna , persea ( including persea americana ) , callistemon ( including callistemon saligna ) , eucalyptus ( including eucalyptus pilularis ) , fenzlia ( including fenzlia obtusa ) and flindersia ( including flindersia australis ) species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "cleora repetita", "paragraphs": ["the adult moth is greyish brown with a dark wavy lines across each wing . the moth has a wingspan of about 4 cms .\nvolume 5 , part 1 ( 2012 ) , pp . 79 - 100 , figs . 22 a , b\nthe species can be distinguished from bornean congeners by the straightness of the forewing postmedial : in all other species it is angled at least weakly distally to the discal spot . the tornal angle of the forewing is darker than the rest of the wing ; in many of the other species it tends to be paler . the underside is uniform , grading darker narrowly at the margin , with the discal spots also darker . the build is relatively slender . the facies is variable .\nthe species is most frequently encountered in the lowlands , with some preference for disturbed or open habitats .\nbigger ( 1988 ) described the larva as khaki - coloured with a conspicuous white - edged black spot dorsally on a2 . in the solomons it was recorded from terminalia ( combretaceae ) and premna ( verbenaceae ) . host plants recorded in australia ( common , 1990 ) are : persea ( lauraceae ) ; callistemon , eucalyptus , fenzlia ( myrtaceae ) ; flindersia ( rutaceae ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwhen i first discovered this macro world of amazing color and design i never expected that 22 months later i would still be posting so many different types of moths and bugs . . . . many of these creatures are only fingernail size which with the aid of an 18mp sony hx20v camera and photoshop it has been possible to present them to the world . to the naked eye they appear as dark shapes which most people would not notice . . . all these pictures are taken at night on our upper balcony and none of them have been harmed . we live next to a rainforest which may account for the amazing variety . . . . . i hope you enjoy them , and thanks in advance for any views & comments . .\nyou have indicated that this image may be a violation of the terms of service . please indicate your reason below ( required ) and include a brief explanation if desired , then click\nsubmit\nto confirm your report .\nmembers remain the original copyright holder in all their materials here at renderosity . use of any of their material inconsistent with the terms and conditions set forth is prohibited and is considered an infringement of the copyrights of the respective holders unless specially stated otherwise .\nthis site uses cookies to deliver the best experience . our own cookies make user accounts and other features possible . third - party cookies are used to display relevant ads and to analyze how renderosity is used . by using our site , you acknowledge that you have read and understood our terms of service , including our cookie policy and our privacy policy .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nbutler , a . g . 1886 ,\ndescriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of lepidoptera heterocera from the australian region\n, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1886 , no . 4 , pp . 381 - 441 , pls 9 - 10\nguen\u00e9e , a . in boisduval , j . - a . & guen\u00e9e , a . ( eds ) 1857 , vol . 10 , no . 2 , pp . 584 pp . , librarie encyclop\u00e9dique de roret , paris\nwarren , w . 1896 ,\nnew species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epilemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum\n, novitates zoologicae , vol . 3 , pp . 335 - 419\nmoore , f . 1887 , vol . 3 , pp . 393 - 578 & i - xv , l . reeve & co . , london\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 08c2576a - 616c - 47a4 - ab2c - c571e0841a81\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ea0bf813 - 0afb - 4102 - 810a - dcaef4e8622d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ee50ef75 - 2920 - 49b2 - 8d95 - 0539fa5db6d3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ce814c9b - 5ecb - 4020 - a900 - 657e7da5d74d\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 505513\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2602, "summary": [{"text": "isurus planus , also known as the hook-tooth mako or hooked mako , is an extinct mako shark that lived during the miocene epoch from 23 to 5 million years ago .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "i. planus can only be found in marine deposits on the pacific rim , especially the west coast of the united states .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "teeth belonging to i. planus can reach lengths of 2.0 in ( 5.0 cm ) , and are often found in the temblor formation of bakersfield , california . ", "topic": 0}], "title": "isurus planus", "paragraphs": ["we ' re sorry , but fossil shark teeth - isurus planus did not return any results .\nisurus planus - $ 0 . 00 : steve ' s fossil shark teeth , high quality megalodon , great white and misc . rare fossil shark teeth\nremarks : the systematics of makos ( genus isurus ) was formerly chaotic , with a few regional species recognized on growth changes within a single species , isurus oxyrinchus ( garman , 1913 ; fowler , 1941 ; bigelow and schroeder , 1948 ; smith , 1957 ) .\ni was wondering weather people in the east coast are also finding this thicker crowned makos . since the isurus planus is only found in the west coast if somebody have find this kind of teeth in the east coast ( perhaps calvert cliffs ? ) then it will discard the planus origin of this tooth .\nneogene species of the genus isurus ( elasmobranchii , lamnidae ) in southern california , u . s . a . and baja california sur , mexico . unpublished master ' s thesis . california state university , long beach .\ncertainly it ' s an amazing tooth , as are the beautiful c planus teeth posted by ynot .\nmaybe look at your collections and see if there are similar differences in your\nplanus\nteeth .\ni found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus .\ni found it in sharktooth hill and i was wondering weather is a lower hastalis or a lower planus . thanks\nthere is a master ' s thesis on fossil makos ( espinosa - arrubarrena , 1987 ) that recognizes uppers and lowers among the hooked planus teeth and that study is based on a los angeles museum of natural history sample of over 10 , 000 makos from the sharktooth hill bonebed . in fact , espinosa - arrubarrena referred the thicker - crowned teeth to a separate undescribed species ,\nisurus species f .\nif this is indeed a c planus tooth , then based on the root lobes , it ' s almost certainly a first upper anterior , and not a lateral tooth . were it actually a 2 . 5\nlateral tooth - - lateral carcharodon / cosmopolitodus / isurus teeth generally being smaller in crown height than anterior teeth - - then one would have to explain the absence of 3\n+ anterior planus teeth . also , this tooth doesn ' t show the degree of distal directedness of a typical c planus lateral tooth , with upper laterals generally being more deeply ' hooked ' than upper anterior teeth . i could accept this tooth as either a c hastalis or planus first upper anterior , but not a lateral from either . that part at least , seems uncontroversial .\ncollectors have been talking about that tooth form for years . the\nold school\nanswer is that it is a hastalis lower . a friend calls that form\nbulky isurus\nwith the meaning that it is a thicker - crowned variant of hastalis lower . more recently , it has been interpreted as a planus lower . i have talked with jim bourdon , the man behind elasmo . com , about this and he ' s convinced that it is a planus lower ( and i ' m paraphrasing him now ) because all the\nclassic\nplanus ( the hooked teeth ) appear to be uppers . he thinks there are already established upper and lower forms for hastalis so these thicker - crowned teeth must belong to something else and no other candidate is available for a planus lower form .\nit ' s an interesting tooth in any case . it would be easily the largest planus i ' ve ever seen or heard of .\nhi - i have collected hundreds of planus from sharktooth hill and my largest personal find to date is 2 . 1\ni did recently acquire a planus from an old collection that measures a hair over 2 . 5\n. this is the largest to date that i have seen in any collection . photo attached .\nlowers could be less common because they were replaced at a slower rate . in the case of hastalis and planus , the closed modern analogue would be carcharodon carcharias , which descended from hastalis ( ie . carcharodon hastalis according to the latest update ) . i don ' t know if anyone has done a study on tooth replacement rates in great whites - uppers vs . lowers . i should add that it is not clear if planus and hastalis descended from a common ancestor or if planus descended from hastalis .\ni should also note that the thicker - crowned teeth tend to be in the planus size range rather than the hastalis size range . i don ' t think i ' ve seen one over 1 3 / 4 inches ( 40mm ) which is the size of a large planus . c . hastalis lowers can reach just over 3 inches .\nalso i will count the planus , hastalis and the thicker crowned makos that i got in my three days trip in sharktooth hill and i will ckeck if it matches to your numbers .\nthat ' s a carcharodon hastalis . carcharodon planus has more rounded root lobes than that . a side view of that tooth would likely show a greater labiolingual thickness than you would see in planis .\ni had this great idea that i would take a side view photo of the big hooked\nplanus / hastalis\nsandwiched between a similar sized hastalis and a large planus . the thought was we could get some clues by comparing the labial / lingual thickness of the three . all went well until i tried to pick a typical planus to include in the photo . working from about a dozen planus in the 1 . 5\n- 1 . 75\nrange i was currently cleaning up from this past weekend ' s dig , i found that there are two pretty distinct root forms in this small group of planus teeth 1 ) the classic deeply\nu\nd mickey mouse rounded lobes and 2 ) a shallow\nu\nwith more squared lobes typically associated with hastalis and the square lobed roots are significantly lab / ling thicker . i think i ' ve confused things even more - either the hooked\nplanus\ntooth has two root forms that would most likely be determined by tooth position or\nhastalis\nhas a much higher frequency of deeply curved teeth than previously thought ( in this case about a third of the teeth out of the dozen ) . agassiz has some explaining to do here . . . .\nthat seems reasonable and would argue that the large 2 . 5\nhooked tooth i showed earlier in the post is a large lateral c . planus . others have argued however that those squared off roots indicate that tooth is an abnormal c . hastalis . it may seem like splitting hairs , but tony ' s original question in the post was\nhow large do planus get\n. 2 . 5\nwould likely place this tooth in question at the planus upper boundary so it would be rewarding to help define that boundary . probably no way to really settle the issue though - fossil taxonomy is never simple .\nto illustrate that point i started keeping track of what i collected every time i dug in the sth bonebed during the 2000 ' s . i kept every tooth i found that was just over half - complete . one day , i found 12 hooked planus , 25\nnormal\nhastalis and 3 thicker - crowned makos . another time , i found 30 hooked planus , 57\nnormal\nhastalis , and 3 thicker - crowned makos . a third trip counted 24 hooked planus , 49\nnormal\nhastalis , and 2 thicker - crowned makos . if the thicker - crowned teeth were planus lowers , i would have expected to find at least around half as many thicker - crowned teeth as hooked planus each trip but at best i found 1 / 4 as many and less than 1 / 10 as many on two other trips . someone would have to plug in more numbers ( other trip totals ) to put together a better sample but it does provide an indication of real frequency that would have to be explained in either case .\ni think planus is related to carcharodon hastalis to the point that it descended from it directly sometime in the early to early - middle miocene . there are intriguing isolated teeth that indicate this but i can ' t say i have definitive evidence .\nseemingly , the options are that either it ' s a c hastalis tooth with an unusually hooked crown , or it ' s a c planus tooth with both an exceptionally large crown and an unusually hastalis - like root , which seems somewhat less likely .\ni ' ll try to get isurus90064 to comment because he has seen a ton of planus and hastalis from the sth bonebed and elsewhere as well . i have another friend who was digging\nthe hill\nbefore i was born so it will be interesting to get his opinion as well .\nit sounds like you know your stuff . i ' m away on business but will be home this week and will have to look at some of my teeth and get back to you . your photo with the tooth and the same - size hastalis and large planus is good evidence indicating that your tooth is a planus . it isn ' t as broad as hastalis tends to be . however , the root still looks more hastalis and what i ' ve learned over the years is that root characters are at least as important as crown characters in identifying teeth though perhaps more with respect to jaw position .\nthis particular tooth is middle miocene so should be later than any hastalis / planus divergence . the root does have some characteristics of c . hastalis , however having collected many hundreds of sharktooth hill hastalis , up to 3\n, i have never seen a hastalis crown deeply\nhooked\nlike this . the crown on this tooth is also more compressed , while hastalis in this size range typically are very thick in cross section . an argument could be made that this is a pathological variant of c . hastalis , rather than c . planus . with a sample size of one however it is hard to confirm whether the root of this\nplanus\nis abnormal or the crown of this\nhastalis\nis abnormal . either truth seems to point to a pretty unique tooth . it would be helpful to know if there are any other examples of large\nhooked\nhastalis from the fossil record , particularly from the round mountain formation .\nwhile i have c hastalis teeth with curved crowns , and a quick double - check on elasmo\n. . . does note that distally curved xiphodon [ hastalis ] teeth are relatively common\n, the above 2 . 5\ntooth does look very much like the first upper anterior tooth in the cosmopolitodus planus dentition on that website .\nhey tony - i took the attached photos last night to add to the thread showing the lingual and labial views . i included several planus in the 2\nrange and several hastalis in the 2 1 / 2\nrange , all from sharktooth hill , for additional comparison . i didn ' t think to take side views but can do that as well .\nwe could still claim that the tooth is atypical for planus crown morphology but still belongs to that species because it became relatively misshapen as a result of its extreme size but we run back into the problem of the root being the wrong shape for planus but the right shape for hastalis . shark teeth change slowly in a lineage with the root being even more conservative in terms of variation than the crown whether within a genus , a species , or the individual . the crown also takes up more space than the crown , so the larger the crown , the more opportunity for variation to be expressed . in other words in the absence of injury , we would expect more weirdness in the crown than the root so we would assume the root would carry at least as much if not more weight in the identification if the crown shows characters atypical for the taxon .\nit is interesting that your annual total is about the same as two of the daily totals from the sth bonebed . that would seem to add support to the thicker - crowned teeth as planus lowers idea . i think someone doing a study comparing calvert cliffs teeth and sth teeth would also have to look at how remains came to be preserved in each deposit to make sure some other factor wasn ' t messing with the totals in either case .\ni just looked through over 500 makos from multiple miocene sites in maryland and virginia and didn ' t find a single thicker crowned lower . i still have a bunch more makos from north carolina and thousands of broken ones to look through . i also looked at the makos from 3 trips to bakersfield and saw 12 thicker crowned lowers . it is still possible that a west coast hastalis variant had the thicker crowned lowers but i definitely lean toward planus having those thicker crowned lowers .\ni think it ' s easy to get distracted by the round or square root lobe paradigms . as noted above , even a small selection of c planus teeth will show both shapes for the same tooth positions . one can see the same in , probably , any decent selection of carcharodon sp teeth . that ' s the ' noise ' that makes tooth position assignment sometimes very difficult , and it ' s the reason one often hears the advice that the more teeth one can see and handle , the better .\ni think it ' s been said before that hastalis appears on the east coast sometime in the early miocene ( approx . 17 - 20 million years ago ) but it does not appear on the west coast until 15 - 16 million years ago . it appears\nsuddenly\nin great abundance in the sth bonebed but it is not present in older beds in the same area ( no planus either ) such as the olcese sand ( which is in the age range of the calvert formation ) and the pyramid hill sand ( which is as old or older than the the lowest beds of the calvert ) .\nanyway , the only other thing to consider is that your tooth could be from a very old hastalis individual the teeth of which did not reach a size to match the age of the animal . though , i have to admit , even in that case , only in planus do you see the clearly - hooked teeth . i have a tooth which a jeweler was going to make a necklace out of but i recognized it as oddball because it was a lateral and deeply - hooked . it has a hole drilled in it but i bought it . as i recall , that tooth has an irregular root ( no rounded lobes ) but i ' ll have to check when i get home .\nnotice on the fossil fishes found in california by w . p . blake .\n( agassiz , 1856 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018\nhost - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nbe the first to find out when we add items to this site ! join the lowcountry geologic mailing list .\nthe basis for his conclusion is a large private collection of sharktooth hill mako teeth . i ' d have to dig out the number but i think it was a group of over 1500 teeth from which he assembled an artificial dentition . the thicker - crowned teeth seemed to be logical lowers from that sample .\nin my own digging experience in the bonebed and from what i have seen in other sth collections the thicker - crowned form is nowhere near as common as the hooked form . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , the thicker - crowned teeth still seem unusually uncommon .\ni ' m not fully convinced either way though i am leaning toward hastalis lower variant .\n. . . . taking into consideration that lowers have been seen to be less common than uppers ( replacement rates of uppers perhaps faster than those of lowers in at least some species ? ) at fossil sites , . . . .\nlower teeth for mako ' s and meg ' s seem to be far less common compared to the number of uppers found . at least in the places / exposures that i have collected , lower mako ' s and meg ' s are far less common compared to the number of uppers that i have found . at a location like calvert cliffs , i might find 50 mako ' s per year ; out of those , only 2 or 3 will be lowers . i ' ve always been curious as to why lowers ar eless common ; is it because of jaw design and the fact that the lower jaw in a shark is the one that is doing the opening / closing so the teeth need to be rooted firmly else constantly fall out during feeding ? either way , it ' s an interesting phenomena .\nyeah , that ' s why i was prepared to find maybe half as many lowers or even a little less than that . i would have to take some time to see how many\nnormal\nhastalis lowers i found compared to uppers on each day . i think i still have those samples separate .\ni would assume the jaw mechanics of hastalis was not too different from its direct descendant . in c . carcharis the lower jaw does come up but the upper also extends forward and comes down ( not locked to the skull like the human upper jaw ) in the biting motion . the upper teeth might be more violently contacting the prey in that way so they might have been knocked out at a faster rate . i don ' t know .\ni have wondered if lower teeth might be less common because they are more round than uppers which are more flat . the lowers might be more likely to roll around the sea bottom and therefore suffer more erosion all around the tooth , disintegrating before it could be deposited . they might have even survived in identifiable condition into modern times only to be weathered out and worn down to nothing in the surf .\nsign up for a new account in our community . it ' s easy !\nif you have one that you think is in the top end size of these teeth , please post pictures here .\ni can ' t say an exact measurement , but 2\nis the magic number . the further you go over that , the rarer the teeth .\nnorthern answered it . i have two teeth at 2 inches but once saw one that was at least 2 3 / 8 .\nit was one of those deeply hooked teeth too .\nif you haven ' t checked out northern ' s shark tooth gallery , you should because it ' s a great show .\nit sounds like you have done more collecting than me too . i know how hard that work often is . digging in july is brutal by about 1130 and it ' s cold in december .\nthe 2 . 5\n+ tooth looks very much like c hastalis to me . the root looks like that of a first upper anterior hastalis . i have a few c hubbelli teeth that have a similar hooked shape , so it ' s possible for hastalis / hubbelli teeth to be hooked in rare instances .\nsorry for the delay on getting the side views posted . i got distracted by a big c . hastalis lower i found this past weekend , but i did get that one posted to the general discussion this afternoon . i ' ll get back on a good comparison photo giving side views tomorrow .\ni think the difference in root shape is where he tooth is located in the jaw . those box shaped ones are lateral while the others are anterior teeth .\ni see the curve as a continual bend , whereas the bent c . hastalis teeth , that i have seen ided here on tff , have a straighter edge that has a bend in it .\nregarding the root lobes : the mesial root lobe on the 2 . 5\ntooth is visibly much smaller than the distal lobe . this argues persuasively that it ' s a first upper anterior tooth , and not a lateral tooth . the mesial lobe , being somewhat crowded up next to the symphysis , is often reduced in size as compared to the distal lobe on that tooth . lateral teeth generally have root lobes much more symmetrical in size .\ni came to the same conclusion although i don ' t have any hastalis teeth that are curved like arrowhead ' s . my angle is also that the tooth in question is far enough beyond the realistic size range for the species based on all the teeth i ' ve seen ( my collection , friends ' collections including bob ernst ) , that i considered it highly unlikely to belong to that species . two inch teeth are rare enough . i have seen one teeth pushing 2 1 / 4 inches but 2 1 / 2 inches would be that extra level of magnitude of rarity like a 7 1 / 2 - inch megalodon in my opinion . we still can ' t say it ' s impossible to find one but i don ' t see that tooth as a candidate .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmegalodon shark teeth wholesale shark teeth miscellaneous shark teeth other fossils for sale moroccan shark teeth reconstructed shark jaws gifts specials . . . new products . . . featured products . . . all products . . .\nextinct hooked tooth mako shark teeth middle miocene - appx 15 million years old this species of extinct mako is only found at a handful of locations around the pacific ocean as it never lived in the atlantic . interesting teeth noted for relatively straight upper anterior teeth and strongly curving upper lateral teeth . these teeth here come from bakersfield , ca and are perfect quality with beautiful colors ranging from white - tan - gray - blue / gray . more uncommon lower jaw teeth ( thick rooted and very symmetrical , not pictured ) available on request .\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\nthis amount includes applicable customs duties , taxes , brokerage and other fees . this amount is subject to change until you make payment . if you reside in an eu member state besides uk , import vat on this purchase is not recoverable . for additional information , see the global shipping program terms and conditions - opens in a new window or tab\ndelivery time is estimated using our proprietary method which is based on the buyer ' s proximity to the item location , the shipping service selected , the seller ' s shipping history , and other factors . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nany international shipping and import charges are paid in part to pitney bowes inc . learn more - 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opens in a new window or tab . delivery times may vary , especially during peak periods .\nqualifying purchases could enjoy no interest if paid in full in 6 months on purchases of $ 99 or more . other offers may also be available .\ninterest will be charged to your account from the purchase date if the balance is not paid in full within 6 months . minimum monthly payments are required . subject to credit approval . see terms - opens in a new window or tab\ncopyright \u00a9 1995 - 2018 ebay inc . all rights reserved . accessibility , user agreement , privacy , cookies and adchoice\nbeginning of a dialog window , including tabbed navigation to register an account or sign in to an existing account . both registration and sign in support using google and facebook accounts . escape will close this window .\nby clicking register , you agree to etsy ' s terms of use and privacy policy . etsy may send you communications ; you may change your preferences in your account settings .\nyou ' ve already signed up for some newsletters , but you haven ' t confirmed your address . register to confirm your address .\nset where you live , what language you speak and the currency you use . learn more .\nstart typing the name of a page . hit esc to close , enter to select the first result .\n? well you ' re in luck , because here they come . there are\nthese exceptional teeth all originate from the walls of sharktooth hill in bakersfield , california and have no signs of water based erosion . these teeth are typified by beautiful tan coloration and almost no root or enamel damage ! an affordable choice for both hobbyists and serious collectors .\nthe extinct mako shark lived in the miocene era approximately 12 million years ago . mako sharks grew up to 30 feet long and had a deadly arsenal of 147 razor sharp teeth . there have been teeth found that exceed 3\nlong ! the formula for figuring length of the shark is done by the primary tooth measurements . standard measurements are taken from the tip to the longest root side . for every eighth of an inch equals 1 foot in length . therefore a 3\ntooth would belong to a 26 foot long mako shark . the mako fed on squid , large fish , and even aquatic mammals . the power of its jaws was incredible and it could slash through vertebrae and rib bones with ease . these teeth were found scuba diving in the rivers of south carolina in depths of around 30 feet ."]}
{"id": 2603, "summary": [{"text": "the smash martians were the stars of a series of 1970s and early 1980s tv advertising campaigns for smash instant mashed potato in the uk .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "they were a family of martian robots who would watch humans laboriously preparing mashed potato the traditional way on tv .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the robots would then mock what they saw by chortling as they heard how the \" earth people peeled their own potatoes with their metal knives , boiled them for twenty of their minutes , then smashed them all to bits \" \u2013 instead of using smash instant mash .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the catchphrase ' for mash get smash ' is still an iconic advertising slogan in the uk .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the adverts featuring the smash martians were voted tv ad of the century by campaign magazine .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "the martians ' behaviour and personalities were initially developed while the puppeteers were messing around on set .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the smash martians were designed for the advertising agency boase massimi pollitt by sian vickers and chris wilkins , also responsible for the four-wheeled red telephone used to advertise direct line , the urltoken opera singer , sheilas ' wheels commercials and mr. mouse , a blue american rodent advertising the insurance group esure .", "topic": 10}, {"text": "unauthorised copies of the martians were made from car parts by workers at the ford halewood factory near liverpool . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "smash martians", "paragraphs": ["smash mash potatoes ad from the 1970s . martians laughing at earthlings for peeling potatoes .\nthe 1974 smash campaign featured martians laughing their heads off at stupid earthlings peeling , boiling and mashing potatoes .\nthe history of advertising trust reveals how the smash martians campaign was a big step forwards for the advertising industry .\nsmash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article )\nsmash martians land on high street . ( news ) ( through clothes developed by trademark products ) ( brief article ) - version details - trove\nthe first time around , people began to imitate the martians\u2019 laugh . that could lend itself very well to snapchat , where users can create photos where they laugh like the martians .\nnicole yershon , director , innovative solutions , ogilvy group advertising ; caspar schlickum , ceo , emea , xaxis ; and gav thompson , cmo paddy power , reimagine smash mash martians .\nthe smash martians , created three decades ago to promote instant mashed potato , are now reaching a new generation through clothes developed by trademark products . the company has produced t - . . .\nquickly the public was won over by the martians - affectionately nicknamed \u2018heavy metal chimps\u2019 - laughing at earthlings wasting time peeling potatoes .\na group of robotic martians who make fun of us earth people for eating real mashed potatoes instead of using the powdered crap .\na tv commercial for mashed potato featuring a group of talking robotic martians has been named advertisement of the year by a trade magazine .\nthe word ' smash ' has so many connotations these days . moreover , the market for smash mash has probably changed . most mums today will be hesitant to serve instant mashed potatoes to their kids . they prefer fresh foods they can trust .\nwe can even distribute samples of smash mash at bars . this campaign would lend itself to a social media component . i could imagine vines with people sharing the best way to cure a hangover using smash , like adding alka seltzer to the mix .\nthe 1970s advert featuring a group of chortling robotic martians has been named britain\u2019s favourite pre - internet ad - because it made an \u201cemotional connection\u201d with viewers .\ncreating a new set of martians isn\u2019t necessarily interesting to me . it would cost a lot of money , and even more - - millions really - - to purchase air time for the adverts . will that really speak to people ? will that motivate them to go out and buy smash mash ?\nat first cadbury\u2019s were not won over . they envisaged a serious commercial extolling the nutritional values of smash . this led to doubts within bmp .\nthe results were overwhelming in favour of the martians \u2013 \u2018english girls are smashing\u2019 , with plenty of skimpily - clad girls eating mashed potatoes getting the cold shoulder .\nif we really wanted to be provocative , we could target images of spirits , beer and parties , with martians talking about how silly humans are for not preparing for the next day .\ni think a lot of people are more interested in tackling the world\u2019s problems , and are willing to support companies that are like - minded . so rather than reimagine the martians , i\u2019d focus on creating a program where a portion of smash mash sales is earmarked for hunger - relief programs in areas of the world that are struggling with malnourishment and hunger .\ni\u2019d also add a mobile component to reach people in areas where there are a lot of pubs and bars . the messages would remind people to pick up some smash mash .\nthe data itself can drive the story . for instance , we could use real - time data that comes from the nasa\u2019s mars exploration rover . in september 2015 , nasa reported that the rover was planning for \u201can active winter\u201d in which it would explore mars\u2019s marathon valley . we can show the smash martians laughing at humanity\u2019s rudimentary techniques for map making or getting their winter coats out of storage .\nwe know from the first campaign that the martians are pretty impatient . they had no tolerance for the time it takes to peel , boil and mash potatoes . so i\u2019d take that impatience to the extreme .\ni\u2019d create a series of videos of the martians creating smashed up versions of things , such as a 15 - second version of macbeth , and famous novels and movies . so smash becomes synonymous with extremely - condensed and quick . first we\u2019d see them smashing something , and then we\u2019d see the results ( e . g . witches tell macbeth he\u2019ll be king of scotland . they lied . \u201d )\nthe ground - breaking and multiple - award - winning tv ad campaign for cadbury\u2019s smash in 1974 not only saw the arrival of the adorable martian family but also introduced animatics to the industry .\ncadbury\u2019s smash commercial for instant mashed potato was voted the uk\u2019s most memorable advert followed by bt\u2019s \u2018you got an ology ? \u201d and yellow pages\u2019 jr hartley in a poll of 2 , 000 consumers .\ni\u2019d gear this campaign to young men living on their own , and looking for quick and easy ways to fill up their bellies after a hard night of getting smashed . the martians , snarky as always , can be seen the night before egging them on to do one more shot , and then the next morning offering a quick and easy fix for the hangover ( \u201csorry dude , here , have some smash . \u201d )\nsmash instant mashed potatoes enjoyed moderate success when cadbury , its parent company , started looking for a way to reinvigorate sales . in 1974 , the brand engaged boase massimi pollitt , whose campaign , \u201cfor mash get smashed\u201d did the trick . the ads featured a family of robots , made entirely from car parts , who laughed at the way silly humans mashed their potatoes the traditional way instead of opening a box of smash .\nreels discovered in the archives at the history of advertising trust ( hat ) not only feature the original smash commercials but also the early animatics . stills from these are illustrated here along with one taken from the final print .\ni\u2019d use real - time data to build scenarios for these ads . if something significant happens in the world , the martians will comment on or ridicule the event , whichever is most appropriate . we\u2019d still show them laughing at the stupidity of humanity .\nit is said that the martians were conceived at a meeting in a pub webster had with writer chris wilkins . they were agonising over how to make a bowl of instant mashed potatoes tempting on the television \u2013 and they were also up against two established brands .\nthey were such a hit with consumers that the \u2018family\u2019 expanded to include a child and then a cat and dog . eventually a smash martian manual had to be produced as there were so many requests for details of how to make them for merchandising .\n\u201cthis is one gap in hat archive for the smash story . if anyone has a copy of the manual , or perhaps owns any of the martian characters , we would love to accept them either as a donation or on loan , \u201d said chloe .\nadvertising weekly campaign named the 25 - year - old cadbury ' s smash commercial its favourite in its top ten of the century . the spots featured the creatures chortling as they heard how the\nearth people\npeeled their own potatoes ,\nboiled them for 20 of their minutes ,\nthen\nsmashed them all to bits\n- instead of using smash instant mash . viewers were not insulted at being called\na most primitive people\nby the metallic creations - sales soared and the martians received so much fan mail the agency which made the commercials , now known as bmp ddb , had to prepare special literature to reply to them . now bmp ddb is celebrating the accolade by showing the original 1974 commercial in channel 4 ' s final advertising slot of the year at 2355 gmt on 31 december .\nwith programmatic , we can take over the internet , meaning we can purchase every available impression at a given time . we can use an anticipated event , such as the perseid meteor shower , as opportunities for the martians to comment ( \u201csilly humans , they thinks this is a significant shower\u201d ) .\nbefore cadbury was all about chocolate , they put their name against mashed potato . they came up with some great little aliens to explain why we ' re all so stupid that we peel , boil and mash potato instead of just using smash . slightly insulting , but pretty good .\nto take it up a notch , we can create - - or partner with - - programs that are working to relieve hunger in a variety of ways , and encourage volunteerism . we could create a multi - platform smash mash feed the world presence in social media , where volunteers can share their experiences , and encourage others .\nto get people involved , i\u2019d invite them to smash up any food . i expect we\u2019d get videos of people making a turkey dinner in 20 seconds by doing things like putting all the ingredients in a liquidizer , or running a steamroller over them . we could create a competition , which would go viral , of the best smashed meal .\nfour books about the martian family who regularly received \u2018fan\u2019 mail were published and the campaign made a popular comeback more than a decade later . as a result of this outstanding campaign , smash became the market leader despite strong competition from yeoman and wondermash . it took first place in campaign\u2019s hall of fame , the 100 best british ads of the century published in december 1999 .\nlatest insights , case studies and news from agencies , tech vendors , freelancers and other organisations .\nthe reimagining advertising campaign , created in partnership with gumgum , is asking a panel of ten marketers how they would reimagine seminal ads from the pre - digital age to find out how today\u2019s leading advertising thinkers would reinvent them with the current digital tools at their disposal .\nthe ads , which ran from the 1970s into the early 1980s , were voted the second best television ad of all time in a 2000 poll conducted by the sunday times and channel 4 .\nthe robots , created by puppeteers out of car parts , were so iconic that some of them are now on display at the national media museum in bradform , west yorkshire .\nthis is a campaign i\u2019d take it to an extreme . first off , i\u2019d make each martian an individual character with a distinct personality , supported with all of the vehicles that let people get to know them \u2013 twitter feeds , facebook pages , and so on .\nthe original ads already feel like an execution that\u2019s close to what i might do today , which is a lot of short films . they already feel quite viral \u2013 short , snappy , kind of funny , a bit ridiculous .\nanother idea is to tie the campaign to the weather , so when a specific weather event occurs , such as severe lightening , it serves as a signal to start buying up impressions .\ngumgum is an artificial intelligence company , with particular expertise in computer vision . its mission is to unlock the value of images and videos produced everyday across the web , social media and b . . .\nbuild your marketing knowledge by choosing from daily news bulletins or a weekly special .\nhit the c - suite spot . 75 % of the drum magazine readership are senior management or above .\n\u00a9 carnyx group ltd 2018 | the drum is a registered trademark and property of carnyx group limited . all rights reserved .\nthe study , commissioned by marketing data specialist acxiom , shows the adverts \u201cgenerated strong emotional connections\u201d with tv viewers .\nacxiom marketing boss jed mole told the sunday people : \u201cthese classic , much - loved ads showed us that a human , emotional connection is important in creating a successful campaign . \u201d\nbilly the kid billy the kid ' pictured ' in exceptionally rare photograph of wild west outlaw found in siberia a russian collector in yakutsk claims to have found a tintype image of the legendary wild west outlaw billy the kid - and he wants $ 5 million ( \u00a33 . 7m ) for it\nthe first animatics were created by art director john webster to help sell his revolutionary approach to promoting an instant mashed potato product - to his advertising agency boase massimi pollitt ( bmp ) , the client and the public .\n\u201cthese are a bit of find for us , \u201d said chloe veale , director of hat . \u201cthey represent an historic development in the tv commercial production process and provide a unique record for researchers . \u201d\nuntil then pre - production research was often carried out using a stills slide show synchronised to a sound tape and involved stopping random passers - by in the street for their reactions . however , for the first time bmp produced animated drawings set to a soundtrack on video tape . as video was just emerging as the new audio - visual medium , agency researchers embarked on a series of nationwide tours lugging around bulky video players and a tv monitor to test the concept on regional audiences .\nthe martian puppets were a leap of faith as there was nothing cuddly about them but once the big beady eyes and wide smile were added they took on a personality . they also tapped into the space age era and , most importantly for tv viewers , dr who fever . peter hawkins , voice - over artist and voice of the daleks , was brought in to voice the characters . he was called to the studios and asked to \u2018have a go at laughing like a dalek\u2019 .\nthe ads might seem \u2018light\u2019 and fun but webster always took his work seriously with a clear desire to make the breaks in tv programmes worth watching . he also believed in the fortuitous accident . one laughing martian fell over at the shoot , and in the end was left in the final cut as it made the scene funnier .\ni still remember the groundbreaking advertisement from cadbury . according to top 10 essay writing services this was so inspirational that it led to formation of new genres in advertising and film making . that is what one can call as leaving a footprint in history .\nnice share . i think your website should come up much higher urltoken in the search results than where it is showing up right now\u2026 .\nzombie catchers hack & cheats generate unlimited resources with our newly released online resources generator tool its 100 % working and also free tool , this is one of the best method . you should try this ! . enjoy it !\nbe notified by email when we update the beak street bugle with new articles .\ncampaign also commended other advertisements in its list , including benson & hedges ' cinema ads for cigarettes , the conservative party ' s 1978\nlabour isn ' t working\ncampaign , and the wartime\nyour country needs you\nposters featuring lord kitchener in 1914 . the magazine also compiled a list of its worst ads , including bernard matthews '\nbootiful\nturkeys , and john cleese ' s ill - fated sainsbury ' s campaign , adding viewers definitely weren ' t spoiled by ferrero rocher ' s kitsch ambassador ' s reception . campaign also named its most influential commercial television programmes . these included classics such as saturday night at the london palladium and opportunity knocks through to innovative youth programme network 7 , original itv breakfast broadcaster tv - am and sky sports ' super sunday football show .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nif it ' s j - e - r - k - y first time you view it , it ' s probably because of your connection speed . doh . play it a second time and it should be smoother .\nlike many organisations , cadbury ' s undoubtedly viewed television as a significant channel for communicating with the marketplace . we\u0092re aiming to get together a catalogue of every cadbury ' s commercial transmitted in britain . we\u0092re in no sense making judgements about which commercials are great and which aren\u0092t . in our book that\u0092s one for you . we want instead to make it a piece of cake for you to see cadbury ' s commercials whenever you want to . in our humble opinion , quite often the adverts form the most enjoying part of an evening in front of the box . and no ad archive worthy of its name would be all - inclusive without some examples of cadbury ' s ads . so be of good faith that the next time we find another cadbury ' s ad , you are certain to find it on tellyads .\nyou currently have javascript disabled . several functions may not work . please re - enable javascript to access full functionality .\ni have had hopper out and cleaned it and i also have a different hopper .\nthe hoppers are the same except for the color of the 4 way dispenser . original one was yellow and second one is burgundy .\ni have had the machine working today for a hopper top up and was played for about 20 mins . then check it out and alarm code\nnot sure if this is a issue but in a previous life the machine has had a note acceptor and the connector just hangs in the cabinet - should the end be plugged back into somewhere and does the machine need to be told is has no acceptor fitted . ?\ni can only guess at the above as i am no expert . i also have in my head that there is a break in the serial coin loom . so before i buy another one .\nthe note acceptor loom shouldnt play a part in the hopper fail alarm . . youd normally get a note mech error if it was expecting to find one .\nif the hopper is different , i would also try an yellow hopper which is a sch3 .\nfailing that , i would definately look at replacing the loom , and failing that , could be a board issue .\nas members are helping you with your machine maybe you can help us emulation guys in preserving this machine ( virtually ) when you ' ve got a moment any chance of uploading some nice hi res images of the machine . a full frontal one , some of the top boards and reel areas and maybe some of the reel symbols , with little or no camera flash burn if possible . this isn ' t for me but maybe another creator could have a go at designing this machine for mfme to accompany the classic we have . regards vectra666\nthe more i do today , the less i do tomorrow . fme is alive and screaming into the 21st century ! enjoy fme and happy gaming ! ! ! !\nno problem ! i just hope this is one that we don ' t have already out there and i missed .\nformer fruit machine engineer . < br / > < br / > 1988 - 2004 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nincentive today , v . 19 , no . 4 , 2004 april , p . 6 ( 1 ) ( issn : 1351 - 4555 )\nin order to set up a list of libraries that you have access to , you must first login or sign up . then set up a personal list of libraries from your profile page by clicking on your user name at the top right of any screen .\naustralian college of natural medicine pty ltd . endeavour college of natural health library .\nsydney missionary and bible college . j . t . h . kerr library .\nseparate different tags with a comma . to include a comma in your tag , surround the tag with double quotes ."]}
{"id": 2607, "summary": [{"text": "the mitred horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus mitratus ) is a species of bat in the family rhinolophidae .", "topic": 22}, {"text": "it is endemic to india ( jharkhand ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "this species is listed as ' data deficient ' on the iucn red list of threatened species .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is only known from a single specimen collected and described in 1844 . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "mitred horseshoe bat", "paragraphs": ["have a fact about mitred horseshoe bat ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nhave a definition for mitred horseshoe bat ? write it here to share it with the entire community .\nthe bushveld horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus simulator ) is a species of bat in the family rhinolophidae .\nrhinolophus ziama ( ziama horseshoe bat ) is a species of bat in the rhinolophidae family . it is found in guinea , liberia , and sierra leone . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthis west african bat is known from two localities in the guinea highlands ( c . 600 m asl ) of southeast guinea ( ziama forest ) and north - west liberia ( wonegizi mountains ) ( fahr et al . 2002 ) . surrounding areas have been surveyed but the species has not been found elsewhere .\nit is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . there is a need to protect suitable areas of forest habitat for this species , and to initiate appropriate bat conservation awareness programmes among local people . in addition , further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , natural history , and threats to this species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nearlier included under r . philippinensis waterhouse , 1843 ( dobson 1876 , tate and archbold 1939 ) . sinha ( 1973 ) and csorba et al . 2003 regarded it to be more similar to r . pearsonii hodgson , 1851 . simmons ( 2005 ) treats it as distinct species under the trifoliatus species - group .\nthis species is assessed as data deficient as there is no new information regarding this species since its first description in 1844 based on a single specimen . its taxonomic status is highly doubtful .\nthis species is endemic to india . it is presently known only from the type locality , chaibassa in jharkhand ( molur et al . 2002 ) , at an elevation of 300 m . recent surveys by y . p . sinha did not yield any new records of this species from the type locality ( molur et al . 2002 ) .\nnothing is known about the habitat or ecology of this species ( molur et al . 2002 ) . it might be a cave roosting species , but this needs to be confirmed .\nthe threats to this species remain unknown ( molur et al . 2002 ) .\nvery little is known about this species , hence surveys , ecological studies and habitat evaluation are recommended ( molur et al . 2002 ) .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nthis article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?\nas part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .\ncopyright \u00a9 world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nit is found in botswana , cameroon , ivory coast , ethiopia , guinea , kenya , liberia , malawi , mozambique , nigeria , south africa , south sudan , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .\nits natural habitats are moist savanna , caves , and subterranean habitats ( other than caves ) . it is threatened by habitat loss .\njacobs , d . , cotterill , f . w . , taylor , p . & monadjem , a . 2004 . rhinolophus simulator . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 30 july 2007 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 11 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nsign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .\nhave a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .\nsimply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .\nthis species is associated with both montane and lowland tropical moist forest . the guinea specimens were captured in a secondary forest close to primary forest , while the liberian specimen was captured in upland\nundisturbed high forest\n( fahr et al . 2002 ) . the day roosts of this species are not known , although it is suspected to roost as small colonies in caves , mine shafts and similar habitats ( fahr et al . 2002 ) .\nhutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )\nlisted as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km , all individuals appear likely to be in fewer than five locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .\nthe species is threatened by deforestation of its habitat , largely through logging and mining operations , and conversion of land to agricultural use . it is also considered possible that the species could be threatened by overharvesting for subsistence food in the future .\ndecher , j . , r . w . norris , and j . fahr . 2010 . small mammal survey in the upper seli river valley , sierra leone . mammalia , 74 : 163 - 176 .\nfahr , j . 2004 . rhinolophus ziama . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 30 july 2007 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2609, "summary": [{"text": "argyresthia tsuga is a moth of the yponomeutidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in north america , including british columbia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the larvae feed on tsuga heterophylla . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "argyresthia tsuga", "paragraphs": ["the one argyresthia species currently known from southeast alaska is a . tsuga , but there seems to be little information on the internet about the species . there are some other species known from the state ( and moths are not well - studied in southeast alaska to begin with ) , so i don ' t want to be too hasty in drawing conclusions . i do have at least a couple of these collected , however - so perhaps they will get positively identified at some point .\nphotographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ni can ' t get it to species . try scrolling through species pages at bold . ( no rsvp , thanks )\nselect your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nthis page was last modified on 21 august 2013 , at 03 : 28 .\ncontent is available under attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported unless otherwise noted ."]}
{"id": 2611, "summary": [{"text": "dichomeris gorgopa is a moth in the gelechiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by meyrick in 1918 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 32 \u2013 34 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark purple-fuscous with a whitish basal dot in the middle , a small elongate subcostal spot at one-fifth and a large cloudy spot beneath the middle of the costa , as well as some scales along the fold towards the base , and a small cloudy spot above the fold beyond the middle .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is also an oval deep orange blotch occupying the termen , sprinkled dark fuscous towards the anterior edge .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are blackish with a broad deep orange terminal fascia extending to below the middle of the termen . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "dichomeris gorgopa", "paragraphs": ["this is the place for gorgopa definition . you find here gorgopa meaning , synonyms of gorgopa and images for gorgopa copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word gorgopa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word gorgopa and , of course , gorgopa synonyms and on the right images related to the word gorgopa .\natasthalistis gorgopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 115 ; tl : new guinea ( ? )\nvad betyder dichomeris ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av dichomeris sj\u00e4lv\ndichomeris \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar som beskrevs av h\u00fcbner 1818 . dichomeris ing\u00e5r i familjen st\u00e4vmalar .\ndichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212\ndichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353\ndichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213\ndichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94\ndichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35\ndichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215\ndichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082\ndichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72\ndichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67\ndichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123\ndichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242\ndichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243\ndichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247\ndichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232\ndichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244\ndichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254\ndichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]\ndichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :\ndichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea\ndichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13\ndichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17\ndichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19\ndichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26\ndichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\ndichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29\ndichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31\ndichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )\ndichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )\ndichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg\ndichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9\n= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16\ndichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan\ndichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan\ndichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima\ndichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan\ndichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\ndichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane\ndichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta\ndichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java\ndichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa\ndichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai\ndichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra\ndichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos\ndichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis\ndichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan\ndichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton\ndichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi\ndichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe\ndichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\ndichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona\ndichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104\ndichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana\nresupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti\ndichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft\ndichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para\ndichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras\ndichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china\ndichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m\ndichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina\ndichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\ndichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin\ndichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos\ndichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan\ndichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73\ndichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang\ndichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 73\ndichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins\ndichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem\ndichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china\ndichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , t\u00e9ffe\ndichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters\ndichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi\ndichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria\ndichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma\ndichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang\ndichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali\ndichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje\ndichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg\ndichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur\ndichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china\ndichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali\ndichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china\ndichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china\ndichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni\ndichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china\ndichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china\ndichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury\ndichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china\ndichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m\ndichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood\ndichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )\ndichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale\ndichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )\ndichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m\ndichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , iquitos\ndichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teff\u00e9\ndichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col\ndichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft\ndichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india\ndichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold\ndichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m\ndichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis\ndichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana\ndichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters\ndichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m\ndichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]\ndichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos\ndichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft\ndichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick\ndichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia\ndichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera\ndichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m\ndichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali\ndichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut\ndichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey\ndichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m\ndichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m\ndichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins\ndichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teff\u00e9 ; peru , jurimaguas\ndichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\ndichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\n= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221\ndichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12\ndichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]\ndichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java\ndichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77\ndichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama\ndichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft\ndichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .\ndichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay\ndichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon\ndichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo\ndichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama\ndichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]\ndichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14\ndichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai\ndichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49\ndichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24\ndichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25\ndichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27\ndichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32\ndichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33\ndichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida\ndichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas\ndichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m\ndichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20\ndichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22\ndichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23\ndichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m\ndichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30\ndichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57\ndichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .\ndichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34\ndichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york\ndichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina\ndichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica\ndichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas\ndichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora\ndichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california\ndichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama\ndichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla\ndichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13\ndichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]\ndichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland\ndichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois\ndichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida\ndichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas\ndichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas\ndichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft\ndichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa\ndichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida\ndichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station\ndichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74\ndichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )\ndichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18\ndichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova\ndichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28\ndichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica\ndichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac\ndichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\n= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34\ndichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : pe\u00f1a blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona\n= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36\ndichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york\ndichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida\ndichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky\ndichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )\ndichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg\ndichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft\ndichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas\ndichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada\ndichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york\ndichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )\ndichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona\ndichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15\ndichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina\ndichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12\ndichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona\ndichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft\ndichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21\ndichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska\ndichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska"]}
{"id": 2614, "summary": [{"text": "eupithecia pannosa is a moth in the geometridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in pakistan , nepal and vietnam .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 19.5 \u2013 20 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are dark grey and the hindwings are dirty white in the anterior half and grey in the posterior half along the anal and terminal margins and at the tornus . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "eupithecia pannosa", "paragraphs": ["ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nto date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !\nif you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .\nplease consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nbiston mediolata ( n . jiang , d . y . xue & h . x . han , 2011 )\nhere you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pantellata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pantellata and , of course , pantellata synonyms and on the right images related to the word pantellata .\nthis is the place for pantellata definition . you find here pantellata meaning , synonyms of pantellata and images for pantellata copyright 2017 \u00a9 urltoken\nj . klimesch ( 1984 ) .\nbeitr\u00e4ge zur kenntnis der microlepidopteren - fauna des kanarischen archipels - 7 beitr\u00e4g\n. vieraea . 14 ( 1\u20132 ) : 132\u2013133 .\nsearch results - hostplant genus : senecio\nat hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants of the natural history museum , london . retrieved 7 october 2017 .\nthis page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence ."]}
{"id": 2618, "summary": [{"text": "the square-tailed drongo-cuckoo ( surniculus lugubris ) is a species of cuckoo that resembles a black drongo .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "it is found in sri lanka and southeast asia and is a summer visitor to the himalayas from kashmir to eastern bangladesh .", "topic": 14}, {"text": "the calls are series of piercing sharp whistles rising in pitch but shrill and choppily delivered . ", "topic": 16}], "title": "square - tailed drongo - cuckoo", "paragraphs": ["square - tailed drongo - cuckoo ( surniculus lugubris ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .\nthese square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species have moderate forest dependence . these species occur in altitudes from 0 to 2100 meters . the artificial ecosystems of these square - tailed cuckoo species include rural gardens and urban parks .\n( a square - tailed drongo - cuckoo chick being fed by an olive - winged bulbul . photographed by johnny chew at panti , malaysia in july 2010 )\nfrom the above photos , the differences are quite easy to pick out . first look , the square - tailed drongo cuckoo has a slimmer look giving it a longish appearance . the crow - billed drongo looks broader .\n( a young square - tailed drongo - cuckoo ready to be fed by a yellow - vented bulbul . photographed by alan ng at dairy farm nature park in august 2011 )\nit was a rainy day . asian drongo - cuckoo calling constantly from early morning . we also heard distant answering call from another asian drongo - cuckoo . later other birders informs us , pair of asian drongo - cuckoo did mating there .\nthese square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species are distributed in india , bhutan , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia , singapore , brunei , indonesia and philippines . unconfirmed reports of their sightings were recorded from nepal .\nthe square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species are distributed in india , bhutan , bangladesh , myanmar , thailand , malaysia , singapore , brunei , indonesia and philippines . these cuckoo species resemble black drongos . there are two recognized subspecies of these cuckoos .\nsome recent work suggested that the species was conspecific with the fork - tailed drongo - cuckoo and together known as the asian drongo - cuckoo , but should be split based on call and morphological differences : . that treatment is taken here .\nthe overall plumage of these square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species is glossy blue - black in adult birds . the wing - coverts , inner secondaries and tertials are black with greenish tinge . the underparts are blackish with brownish tinge .\nthe breeding season of these square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species is from april to july in northeast india . the laying season is from may to july in malay peninsula . the breeding season is during april and may in indonesia .\nthe vent region and undertail have slight white barring . the tail is long and square . there are white specks on the tip of tail feathers . the bill is black and straight . the irises are black . the feet are dark gray . the square - tailed drongo cuckoo call is a loud , piercing sharp whistling sound .\nthe iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) has categorized and evaluated the cuckoo species and has listed it as of\nleast concern\n. the cites ( convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ) status is \u2018not evaluated\u2019 for the square - tailed drongo - cuckoo (\n( a young square - tailed drongo - cuckoo being fed by a pin - striped tit - babbler . this record is from hulu langat , malaysia and was photographed by christopher lee in may 2010 . we have other records of this host species at macritchie reservoir previously )\nthe diet of these square - tailed drongo - cuckoo species is mostly insects . caterpillars , beetles , swarming termites and ants , spiders , grasshoppers , cicadas , and locust are their primary food . they are mostly arboreal . they glean the prey from foliage or the ground .\nthe last feature is the shape of the tail . the cuckoo has more or less a square tail sharing the characteristics of all cuckoos while the drongo has a forked tail flaring outwards quite a bit .\nonly the underside of the tail of the cuckoo has scattered white barrings on it like most cuckoo species while the tail of the drongo i s unmarked .\nit is not often that two species from different families can be confusing . more so when they share the same common name as in the case of the crow - billed drongo dicrurus annectans and the squared - tailed drongo cuckoo surniculus lugubris . both are black and have more or less the same structure as each other . but look closer and you will find distinctive features in each species to tell them apart . the crow - billed drongo is a winter visitor and passage migrant to singapore while the st drongo cuckoo is a breeding resident with a few visiting during the winter months . if you see one during the summer months , it will be the squared - tailed drongo cuckoo . they are very vocal all over our forests in may during breeding .\nthese square - tailed cuckoos are brood parasites , laying eggs in the nest of other birds and rely on the host to raise their young . the breeding season coincides with breeding season of the local host species .\nsummer breeding populations of these drongo cuckoo species are found in bhutan , northeast india , bangladesh and east myanmar . they migrate to southeast asian countries for wintering .\nthe bill of the cuckoo is thinner and slightly decurved , typical of all cuckoos , while the drongo has an unmistakable broad bill from whence its name is derived .\nrusty - breasted cuckoo the rusty - breasted cuckoo ( cacomantis sepulcralis ) is another uncommon resident in singapore . the female and young of the species is often confused with the plaintive cuckoo and the quickest way to sepoarate this two species is to look for the yellow eye - ring that is present in this species , but not the plaintive cuckoo . the local host for this species is the malaysian pied fantail .\nviolet cuckoo the last cuckoo in the roundup is the violet cuckoo ( chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus ) , probably the rarest resident cuckoo in singapore . it\u2019s host species include the brown - throated sunbird , van hasselt\u2019s sunbird and the olive - backed sunbird . unfortunately we could not obtain any local photos of these although we had sightings records in the past . perhaps the cuckoo\u2019s rarity does not permit an easier encounter . looking through the internet we do have a photograph of a brown - throated sunbird feeding a chick from sabah that can be found here : urltoken\nlittle bronze cuckoo the little bronze cuckoo ( chrysococcyx minutillus ) a common resident cuckoo species that is easily found in the various nature parks and gardens . interestingly before 1964 , they were not recorded in singapore . there are two host species historically recorded , the golden - bellied gerygone and the olive - backed sunbird ( 2008 ) .\na first winter crow - billed drongo on passage was photographed at bidadari on the 19th of september by lim ser chai . this is the first arrival for this season but stayed for less than 2 days .\nin india , these cuckoo species are distributed in the states of assam , arunachal pradesh , meghalaya , tripura and mizoram .\n) is a small cuckoo , measuring 25 cm in length and weighing 25 to 45 grams . both the sexes look alike .\n( a plaintive cuckoo chick being fed by a ashy tailorbird . photographed at pasir ris park by johnson sia in september 2014 )\n( a banded bay cuckoo chick being fed by a common iora . photographed by francis yap at lorong halus in may 2011 )\nthe populations of these cuckoo species in southern myanmar , eastern and southern thailand , malaysia , singapore , indonesia and philippines are resident birds .\n( a golden - bellied gerygone passing food to a recently fledged little bronze cuckoo . photographed by francis yap at pasir ris park in august 2011 )\nbanded bay cuckoo rounding up the resident cacomantis cuckoos is the locally uncommon banded bay cuckoo ( cacomantis sonneratii ) . unlike the other two species where the appearance of the male and the female differ ( sexual dimorphism ) , both the sexes of this species are alike . the host of this species is the common iora .\n( a rusty - breasted cuckoo chick post - feeding with its surrogate parent , the malaysian pied fantail . photographed by francis yap at lorong halus in august 2012 )\nplaintive cuckoo the plaintive cuckoo ( cacomantis merulinus ) is a more uncommon resident cuckoo species . it is named for the plaintive call of the male in mating season . in the past , the british colonial birders referred to it as the malayan brain fever bird due to its call and the malay called it burung mati anak ( bird whose child died ) , such is the emotional intensity that it elicits . this species local host is reported to be the common iora but recent photographic report was with the ashy tailorbird .\nnormally one egg is laid in the nests of host species . in india , the hosts are small babblers . the cuckoo hatchling may heave out other eggs and nestlings of the host .\n) does not approach the thresholds for being vulnerable , either under the range size criterion , or under the population trend criterion , or under the population size criterion . the ongoing habitat destruction is the main threat that may endanger the survival of these cuckoo species .\n( the video shows the behaviour of the chick in the presence of the the host parent , where the combination of call , wing flapping position and opened mouth with prominent gape all direct the iora with food to the cuckoo . this was taken at lorong halus in june 2011 )\nthe cuckoos are well known examples of brood parasites , birds that lay their eggs in the nest of of another bird species and relying on their host to raise the young . not all species of cuckoos do that however . in the local context , we have the malkohas and coucals that raise their young on their own , yet are part of the cuckoo family .\nthe most famous resident cuckoo is the asian koel , that is the source of most number of complaint from the public due to its noisy nature . it is known to use the crows and mynas as surrogate parents elsewhere . the house crow is listed as the most common surrogate host for the koel in singapore . however , less work and documentation exist for this host - brood parasite interaction even though these two species are a common sight . this is because crow nests are normally destroyed on sight as they are considered a pest species .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ndel hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .\nsurniculus lugubris , s . dicruroides , s . musschenbroeki and s . velutinus ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as s . lugubris following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe population size has not been quantified owing to recent taxonomic splits . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nwas doing a short morning walk at this wonderful campsite and heard this very loud and consistent bird call .\ncould not see the bird due to bad light or hidden in the trees as it is a forested area .\nsame bird as xc180196 . taxon does not have consensus . this recording assumes s . l . lugubris .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 997 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : surniculus lugubris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\nthis article uses material from the wikipedia released under the creative commons attribution - share - alike licence 3 . 0 . please see license details for photos in photo by - lines .\nplease note that this non - official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate . this list is a summary of checklists from other websites , blogs , publications , photo / videos published on various websites or our own findings . we appreciate your contributions with photo proof .\nimportant note ; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites , the data is not necessarily accurate . please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings / knowledge .\n\u00a9 thai national parks , 2018 | t . a . t . license : 12 / 02497 , license issued for gibbonwoot ( managing company )\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\n) belongs to the family of cuckoos , roadrunners , koels and malkohas , cuculidae .\nthe natural ecosystems of these species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests , semi - evergreen forests , tropical and subtropical dry shrublands , swamp forests , riparian forests and tropical and subtropical mangrove forests .\npost breeding , the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range . they may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range .\n) has not been quantified . the overall population trend of these species is reported to be decreasing . throughout its range it is reported to be uncommon to common . the generation length is 4 . 2 years . its distribution size is about 7 , 750 , 000 sq . km .\n( ne india , n myanmar , n thailand , n indochina , and yunnan , hainan . off se china . . )\n( s thailand , malaysia , sumatra , bangka i . , borneo and sw philippines )\nthis article will therefore deal with the other resident cuckoos that we have more documentation on .\nthat about cover the resident cuckoos in singapore and their host species . the sight of a small parent feeding a much larger bird often surprise the birder , even experienced ones . most of the time , this size imbalance occur due to brood parasitism by the cuckoos . do document it so that we have a much better understanding of this behaviour .\nnotice : all photographs and videos are copyrighted by the respective photographers who contributed to this article : alan ng , christopher lee , johnny chew , johnson sia and francis yap . all rights reserved .\nwell written and definitely a good source of reference for ornithology . keep it up .\nthe bird was opening its wings when making this call , there was another bird in vicinity , may be it was a couple ."]}
{"id": 2619, "summary": [{"text": "trigoniulus corallinus , sometimes called the rusty millipede , is a species of millipede widely distributed in the indo-malayan region including india , sri lanka , china , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , malaysia , singapore , and much of indonesia .", "topic": 3}, {"text": "it is also reported from fiji and tanzania and found in south asia and the caribbean as an introduced species .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "these millipedes inhabit moist areas , rotten wood and compost .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the genome of t. corallinus was sequenced in 2015 , the first time this has been done for a millipede . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "trigoniulus corallinus", "paragraphs": ["genome of the rusty millipede , trigoniulus corallinus , illuminates diplopod , myriapod , and arthropod evolution .\ngenome of the rusty millipede , trigoniulus corallinus , illuminates diplopod , myriapod , and arthropod evolution . - pubmed - ncbi\ntrigoniulus corallinus biology . ( a ) phylogenetic relationships of diplopods and related clades . phylogeny based on regier et al . ( 2010 ) ( not all clades shown ) . ( b ) trigoniulus corallinus distribution . native range indicated broadly ( blue ) , with known introduced populations indicated in yellow . note that introduced t . corallinus may well be found elsewhere . ( c ) adult t . corallinus , approximately 5 cm in length . ( d ) egg capsules gathered in captivity as described in materials and methods . ( e ) egg case dissected to show single egg . in both ( d ) and ( e ) , white scale bar represents 1 mm in length . ( f ) overview of genomic dna sequencing , genome assembly procedures , and final data figures from this study .\nrowland m . shelley , robert m . carmany & joseph burgess ( 2006 ) .\nintroduction of the milliped , trigoniulus corallinus ( gervais , 1847 ) ( spirobolida : trigonuilidae ) , in florida , u . s . a .\n. entomological news 117 ( 2 ) : 239\u2013241 .\ntrigoniulus corallinus has much potential as a model species . although the centipede s . maritima has an already well - developed community and history as a scientific model , we suggest that t . corallinus may be of broader utility as a myriapod model organism . it is a cosmopolitan species available commercially when not collectible in the wild . unlike s . maritima it can be kept in the laboratory and will breed in controllable conditions . although protocols for its use in a variety of developmental contexts remain to be established , there is no reason why this species could not become an important system for developmental biology research .\ninformation from a diplopod outgroup is of wide utility for the discernment of ancestral arthropod characters when compared with better known insect model organisms and new crustacean models , such as the water flea daphnia and shrimp neocaridina ( colbourne et al . 2011 ; kenny et al . 2014 ) . furthermore , the cosmopolitanly distributed diplopod t . corallinus is easily cultivable and will breed in captivity , providing a ready resource for embryological study . trigoniulus corallinus therefore represents a potentially intriguing model for future work in developmental , ecological and evolutionary spheres of scientific investigation , and the initial genomic resources presented here will be of great interest to a variety of fields .\nmyriapod mtdna interrelationships : tree recovered by bayesian and maximum - likelihood inference of myriapod and panartropod interrelationships , on the basis of concatenated coding nucleotide sequences of 13 protein - coding genes , performed as described in materials and methods . trigoniulus corallinus boxed in red for ease of identification . familial , order , and class level classifications shown at right . note : symphalans are positioned as sister taxa to all other myriapods , in marked contrast to established phylogenies . bootstrap proportions ( as percentage , 1 , 000 replicates ) and bayesian posterior probabilities ( maximum 1 . 00 ) shown at base of nodes . scale bar represents sequence changes per site at unit distance .\nmitochondrial genome gene order across the myriapoda , as compared with panarthropod and hexapod ground patterns , with that of t . corallinus boxed in red . note similarities to n . annularus , also a member of the spirobollidae . genes colored for ease of recognition .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) gerst\u00e4cker , a . ( 1873 ) . die gliederthier - fauna des sansibar - gebietes . 1 - 542 . leipzig , heidelberg page ( s ) : 516 ; note : spirobolus lumbricinus , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) gervais , p . ( 1847 ) . myriapodes . in : walckenaer , hist . natur . des insectes . apt\u00e8res iv , 4 : 1 - 623 . paris , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 171 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) hoffman , r . l . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipedes of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history , special publication , 8 : 1 - 584 . martinsville page ( s ) : 103 [ details ]\nnovel mycin sequences : alignment of known mycin ( antifungal ) genes from d . melanogaster , caenhorhabditis remanei , and novel mycins from t . corallinus . alignment visualized in jalview , colored with clustalx identity . note regions of high conservation around shared cysteine residues , with more divergence elsewhere , particularly at the n terminus of these sequences .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) pocock , r . i . ( 1888 ) . contribution to our knowledge of the myriapoda of dominica . annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 6 , 2 page ( s ) : 481 ; note : spirobolus dominicae , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) porat , c . o . von ( 1876 ) . om n\u00e5gra exotiska myriopoder . kongl . svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar , bihang , 4 ( 7 ) : 3 - 48 . stockholm page ( s ) : 136 ; note : spirobolus g\u00f6esi , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) enghoff , h . ; golovatch , s . i . ; nguyen duc , a . ( 2004 ) . a review of the millipede fauna of vietnam ( diplopoda ) . arthropoda selecta , 13 ( 1 - 2 ) : 29 - 43 . moscow page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]\nthe organization of the t . corallinus ( myriapoda : trigoniulidae ) mitochondrial genome . orientation of genes ( transcription clockwise or anticlockwise represented outside or inside the form , respectively ) is represented by the outside circle . local gc content , ( gc dark blue , at light blue ) represented on the inner ring . image displayed in organellargenomedraw ( ) . photograph by the authors .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) bollman , c . h . ( 1888 ) . description of a new species of insect , fontaria pulchella , from strawberry plains , jefferson county , tenn . proceedings of the united states national museum , 11 : 316 page ( s ) : 214 ; note : spirobolus sanctae - luciae , syn by shelley , 1999 [ details ]\nthe organization of the t . corallinus ( myriapoda : trigoniulidae ) mitochondrial genome . orientation of genes ( transcription clockwise or anticlockwise represented outside or inside the form , respectively ) is represented by the outside circle . local gc content , ( gc dark blue , at light blue ) represented on the inner ring . image displayed in organellargenomedraw ( lohse et al . 2007 ) . photograph by the authors .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) koch , c . l . ( 1847 ) . system der myriapoden mit den verzeichnissen und berichtigungen zu deutschlands crustaceen , myriapoden und arachniden . in : panzer & herrich - sch\u00e4ffer , a . : kritische revision der insectenfaune deutschlands , iii . b\u00e4ndchen , regensburg , 1 - 196 . regensburg , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 202 [ details ]\nmyriapods have been previously noted as displaying diversity in mtdna sequence and gene structure ( e . g . , gai et al . 2008 ; lavrov et al . 2002 ) , and the sequencing of the t . corallinus genome provided an ideal opportunity to add to our presently poor sampling of myriapod mtdna sequences\u2014as of october 28 , 2014 , 14 myriapod mtdna sequences were available in public sources , a fraction of the 13 , 000 extant species of this clade .\nin some ways the terrestrial lifestyle of t . corallinus suggests that it may possess more ancestrally shared characters than s . maritima , given the subterranean , marine lifestyle of the latter species . this is borne out by investigation of known gene families , whose absence in s . maritima could not previously be discerned to have resulted from selective pressure in the geophilomorph centipedes or ancestral loss . perhaps unsurprisingly , given the presence of classical ocelli in this species , canonical opsin genes are found in this genome . classical circadian clock - driving proteins , such as period ( per ) , clock ( clk ) and cycle ( cyc ) , are all found in the t . corallinus genome ( supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , further reinforcing the lineage - specific nature of loss in the s . maritima resource ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . the presence of such genes robustly underlines the utility of a diplopod genomic resource .\n( of iulus corallinus eydoux & souleyet , 1842 ) hoffman , r . l . ; golovatch , s . i . ; adis , j . ; demorais , j . w . ( 2002 ) . 5 . 2 diplopoda . adis , joachim [ ed . ] . amazonian arachnida and myriapoda : identification keys to all classes , orders , families , some genera , and lists of known terrestrial species . pensoft : 505 - 533 , 505 - 533 . sofia , moscow page ( s ) : 533 [ details ]\ncegma ( parra et al . 2007 , 2009 ) results showing coverage of the expected metazoan gene complement are excellent\u2014171 / 248 ultraconserved core eukaryotic genes ( cegs ) are recovered as present in our data ( 68 . 95 % ) . from blast results ( tblastn , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) , 432 / 458 kog groups ( 94 . 3 % ) were shown to be present as noted in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online , with 349 / 458 ( 76 . 2 % ) supported by all six species used by cegma . the missing 26 eukaryotic orthologous groups ( kog ) s groups are listed in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online . as the genome of s . maritima contained 95 . 1 % ( cf . t . corallinus 94 . 3 % ) of this data set , we suggest that we have recovered the majority of coding sequence in our assembly , albeit at low contiguity . furthermore , taken together with the results of our targeted investigations into specific gene families , detailed below , we find no evidence for large - scale gene loss in the t . corallinus genome .\nthe utility of myriapod mitochondrial genomes for the reconstruction of arthropod phylogenetics has been the subject of some recent debate , due to the extensive rearrangement seen in the myriapod taxa ( brewer et al . 2013 ) . the t . corallinus mitochondrial genome appears similar in general arrangement to that of other related millipedes , and particularly that of the only other spirobolid mitochondrial genome yet sequenced , that of n . annularis . by other metrics however , such as at % , the t . corallinus genome is quite different to even that of its closest sequenced relative . these differences have obfuscated phylogenetic inference using mtdna sequences in the myriapoda in the past ( e . g . , brewer et al . 2013 ) and this was also found to an extent in our data , with symphalans posited as the sister group of all other myriapods , a likely artifact , perhaps caused by high rates of change in this clade . further sampling of myriapod mtdna is necessary to unravel the complex and intriguing patterns of evolution seen in these organelles in this clade ( lavrov et al . 2000 , 2002 ; brewer et al . 2013 ) , and our data will be a vital addition to this effort .\nother than the hoxl class , our data set also offers interesting insights . as in the centipede genome , a clear dmbx ortholog is identified in the genome of t . corallinus , whose sequence can be found in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online . its presence in myriapods and thus representatives of all bilaterian superphyla confirms further the presence of this gene at the base of the bilaterian radiation , and , along with its presence in annelids ( takahashi and holland 2004 ; kenny and shimeld 2012 ) suggests a means by which the origin of its role in demarcating the midbrain / hindbrain boundary may be tested .\nit was noted in investigations of the s . maritima genome that duplication / paralogs were used to generate coding sequence diversity , where insects use alternate splicing ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . to investigate whether this trait is observed more broadly in the myriapoda , we have assayed cases noted from that species in the t . corallinus genome . the most pronounced example of duplication observed in the centipede was the down syndrome cell adhesion molecule ( dscam ) gene family , where over 100 unique loci were noted ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . using blast to compare s . maritima dscam homologs to our data set ( tblastn , cutoff 10 \u2212 9 ; supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , we recover 43 contigs containing the dscam ig7 domain .\nhowever , care should be taken before assuming duplicates to be present ancestrally on the basis of duplicate loci in s . maritima , as duplications observed in that species are not necessarily shared across all myriapods . for instance , a single copy of gene cap\u2019n\u2019collar ( cnc ) has also been noted as exhibiting paralogy rather than splice variation in s . maritima ( nucleotide and amino acid sequence ; supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , but only a single example is found in t . corallinus . although proving absence is difficult , the clear homology of this gene to its orthologs and our generally high recovery of coding regions of the genome gives us confidence that a second paralog would be spotted if present . the duplication of cnc in s . maritima therefore seems to be specific to that species , rather than a myriapod symplesiomorphy .\nthe recently published s . maritima genome data set was distinguished by its high levels of conservation across the majority of characterized gene families ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . to further test whether this \u201cprototypical arthropod cassette\u201d was also found in the millipede genome , we compared the complete annotated s . maritima proteome to the t . corallinus genome . of the 26 , 950 peptides in the drosophila melanogaster genome ( bdgp5 . 23 release ) , 15 , 995 ( 59 . 4 % ) possess a putative ortholog in the millipede genome ( tblastn , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) . this is comparable to the number of s . maritima genes possessing a hit in the d . melanogaster proteome . of 15 , 008 s . maritima peptides ( release 23 , downloaded from ensembl , september 18 , 2014 ) , 9 , 168 ( 61 . 1 % ) possess a putative ortholog in d . melanogaster ( blastp , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) .\nintroduction the rusty millipede ( trignoiulus corallinus ) is a medium to large - sized millipede commonly found in central taiwan ( and in other areas as well ) . the body is brick red in color with pale black bands on the sides . the adult grows up to 5cm in length and can often be found in dead leaves and low rock walls around the botanical garden at dawn or in the evening . individuals are also frequently sighted crossing paved paths . their relatively large size means they are easy to see so squashed rusty millipedes are a common sight in the morning . the rusty millipede however is quite harmless and is in fact a beneficial insect that helps break down dead leaves into organic soil for plants . the rusty millipede usually breeds in summer around july and august . during this time , they can often be found mating in shady areas near rocks or stone walls at dawn or in the evening . though not rare , the species was only formally recorded and classified in taiwan by dr . zoltan korsos in 2004 .\nthe exoskeleton of arthropods is made up of the polysaccharide chitin , along with a range of cuticular proteins . many kinds of cuticular protein are known , but the cpr family is the most common , with up to 150 genes found in some species of arthropod ( willis 2010 ) . these proteins can be recognized by a conserved , approximately 64 amino acid sequence ( rebers and willis 2001 ) . searches using sequences of known orthology of our data set identified 26 instances of this sequence in the t . corallinus genome . this is slightly fewer than the 39 members identified in the s . maritima genome ( chipman et al . 2014 ) , and as in that data set , both rr - 1 ( flexible cuticle ) and rr - 2 ( rigid cuticle ) associated forms of these genes can be identified , entirely consistent with the mandibulate origin of the rr - 1 family as proposed in chipman et al . ( 2014 ) . the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of these putatively identified domains can be found in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online .\nagain similarly to observations in s . maritima , no odorant receptor ( or ) genes could be identified in our data set using a variety of sequences of known orthology at lenient blast settings ( tblastn , e cutoff 1 ) . this is consistent with the findings of robertson et al . ( 2003 ) , who suggested the or family represents an insect novelty . surprisingly we were unable to identify many gustatory receptor ( gr ) genes in our data set , finding only two sequences with clear homology to this family ( sequences , supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , a marked contrast with s . maritima , which possesses 77 of these genes . gr genes are known to have existed in the arthropod common ancestor , and have been observed in arachnids and crustaceans as well as in the centipede , but the marked diversification seen in s . maritima seems limited to that species . a relatively large number of ionotropic receptor ( ir ) genes can be found in the t . corallinus genome , although not as many as the 69 observed in s . maritima . a total of 23 ir sequences ( listed in supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) were found in our data set , of all ir classes . this restricted complement relative to the centipede may reflect the use of duplication to build diversity in s . maritima , as noted earlier in this article .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nkenny nj 1 , shen x 2 , chan tt 1 , wong nw 1 , chan tf 2 , chu kh 3 , lam hm 2 , hui jh 4 .\nsimon f . s . li marine science laboratory of school of life sciences and center of soybean research of state key laboratory of agrobiotechnology , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong .\ncenter of soybean research of state key laboratory of agrobiotechnology , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong .\nsimon f . s . li marine science laboratory of school of life sciences , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong .\nsimon f . s . li marine science laboratory of school of life sciences and center of soybean research of state key laboratory of agrobiotechnology , the chinese university of hong kong , shatin , hong kong jeromehui @ cuhk . edu . hk .\npmid : 25900922 pmcid : pmc4453065 doi : 10 . 1093 / gbe / evv070\nnathan j . kenny , 1 xin shen , 2 thomas t . h . chan , 1 nicola w . y . wong , 1 ting fung chan , 2 ka hou chu , 3 hon - ming lam , 2 and jerome h . l . hui 1 , *\n* corresponding author : e - mail : kh . ude . khuc @ iuhemorej .\ndata deposition : data has been deposited in ncbi databases ( bioproject prjna260872 , biosample samn03048671 , experiment srx700727 ) and made available for download as noted in text .\ncopyright \u00a9 the author ( s ) 2015 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the society for molecular biology and evolution .\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) , which permits non - commercial re - use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited . for commercial re - use , please contact journals . permissions @ urltoken\nthe myriapoda contains greater than 13 , 000 described species and is one of the most speciose metazoan subphyla . recent molecular analysis suggests that the myriapoda is the sister group to the pancrustacea (\n) , limiting our ability to draw inferences into myriapod biology , as well as providing only a single outgroup from this clade for comparison to the pancrustacea .\nmillipedes can be found worldwide performing vital ecological roles as detritovores ( snyder et al . 2009 ; shelley and golovatch 2011 ) , and can be easily distinguished from other myriapods\u2014segments posterior to the fourth from the head have two pairs of limb per segment ( diplosegments ) ( barnes 1982 ) . the oldest terrestrial metazoan fossil is that of a millipede ( pneumodesmus newmani ) dated at approximately 428 myr of age ( wilson and anderson 2004 ) . millipedes have the ability to synthesize a range of defensive chemical components to ward off predators ( shear et al . 2007 , 2010 ) , and a genomic resource will be useful to understand the metabolism of these organisms for a range of research into these novel pathways , which could represent a source for fungicides and other novel bioproducts ( roncadori et al . 1985 ) .\ngenomic dna was extracted from the organism after starvation using a dneasy blood & tissue kit ( qiagen ) following the manufacturer\u2019s protocol , and sequenced on the illumina hiseq2000 platform by beijing genomics institute ( bgi ) hong kong .\nfor all analyses , the more complete ( 100 bp + ) data set was utilized . to determine coverage of the core eukaryotic gene cassette , cegma ( parra et al . 2007 ) was run with all default settings . for identification of other genes , ncbi - blast - 2 . 2 . 23 + ( altschul et al . 1990 ) tblastn searches were run using genes of known homology from the ncbi nr database as query sequences . the sequence of the contigs putatively identified was then reciprocally blasted ( blastx ) to the ncbi nr database for confirmation of identity .\ngdna sample was sequenced on the illumina hiseq2000 platform by bgi hong kong . reads were provided from an external server , and a summary of these data can be seen in\n. the data have been uploaded to ncbi\u2019s short read archive ( bioproject prjna260872 , biosample samn03048671 , experiment srx700727 ) . read quality as assayed using fastqc was found to be good ( lower quartile phred score greater than 31 through to the 100th base for both read data sets ) , as can be observed in\n) was selected for further optimization . initial assemblies were used to find expected coverage and average sequenced fragment size , and a final optimized assembly with settings as described in the materials and methods section was performed , resulting in 1 , 305 , 238 contigs with a size of 100 bp or above , before the removal of contaminating sequence .\ninitial analysis of our read data detected ribosomal gene sequence from non - millipede species . myriapods in general and\n) . we therefore assayed our genomic resource for evidence of these species , using known ribosomal rna sequences . although we did not recover any evidence of\n) , fragmentary ribosomal rna sequences with blast identity to a number of ciliophoran protist species were recovered in our data set before contamination removal . to ensure our data were not more broadly contaminated with protist sequence , all protist and bacterial genomic data present in ncbi databases as of september 16 , 2014 were used as the basis for comparison and removal using deconseq standalone 0 . 4 . 3 (\n) . a total of 71 , 302 contigs were removed from our initial assembly ( 5 . 46 % ) . contigs removed will include shared repetitive elements , and as a result our data set should not be used for making conclusions about such regions of the genome . statistics for the final assembly after the removal of contamination , given for contigs 200 and 100 bp in size and greater , are presented in\nof 15 , 008 proteins in the s . maritima genome , 8 , 459 ( 56 . 4 % ) possessed a putative ortholog in our data set ( tblastn , e < 10 \u2212 9 ) . surprisingly , this was fractionally lower than d . melanogaster complement recovery . previous estimates have suggested that 32 % of genes present in the strigamia genome are the result of gene duplication events unique to the myriapoda lineage ( chipman et al . 2014 , phylomedb analysis ) , but the low percentage of centipede proteins recovered in our genome may mean that these genes are largely strigamia - or centipede - specific , rather than shared across the myriapoda .\nwe therefore suggest that myriapods share duplication at some loci , rather than utilizing splice variation to generate gene - level diversity , as suggested in chipman et al . ( 2014 ) . as duplication rather than splice variation has also been recently noted in the chelicerate ixodes scapularis ( brites et al . 2013 ) , it is likely that the alternative splicing of dscam , and perhaps other genes , has evolved independently in the pancrustacea ( chipman et al . 2014 ) .\n) . these are distributed with 22 genes on the majority - strand ( \u03b1 ) , and 15 on the minority - strand ( \u03b2 ) . full details , along with start / stop codon and positional information can be found in\nonline , along with full mtdna sequence and primers used . of the 13 protein - coding genes , the typical metazoan start codon , \u201catn , \u201d is used by 12 , whereas\nemploys \u201cacg . \u201d six genes , however , use an atypical incomplete stop codon . twelve genes overlap in coding sequence with another , and a total of 510 noncoding base pairs were noted , with 360 of these between the\n) , followed by differential patterns of loss or mutation . this species\u2019 mtdna gene arrangement generally closely resembles the unusual arrangement seen in its sister taxa and that of the spirostreptid\ntherefore seems generally conserved in spirobolid millipedes , and likely predates the divergence of the spirobolid and spirostreptid lineages .\nas sister groups with maximal support . most local interrelationships are recovered as expected given previous knowledge ( e . g . ,\n) and with firm bootstrap support . however , the location of the symphyla in particular in our analysis , as sister taxa to all other myriapoda , runs counter to many lines of evidence , which generally place symphyla as seen in\n) using a range of models supports this topology . the placement of the pauropoda within the diplopoda is also interesting , given the extensive character loss which must be inferred if this is correct . difficulties in resolving deep phylogenetic relationships with mtdna data , both generally in the arthropoda (\n) have been noted previously , and we suggest that deeper sampling in the myriapoda is a necessity if mtdna is to be used as a character for phylogenetic inference with confidence , given the high rates of change and reorganization seen in this clade .\ninsects have been the workhorses of genetics and developmental biology since that field began . we therefore know far more about how genes control development in insects than in any other clade in the arthropoda . with the publication of data from noninsect arthropods , our knowledge of the underpinnings of many developmental processes is maturing greatly ( e . g . ,\ngenome can also help this process . the sequences of many other key developmental genes and transcription factors are also found in the\ngenomic data set . high levels of recovery of several well - categorized gene families allow us to both confirm deep sequence recovery in our data set and clarify previously opaque areas of diplopod and arthropod molecular evolution .\n) . after removal of all columns containing one or more gaps , a final , 57 amino acid alignment spanning the homeodomain was used as the basis of phylogenetic inference . bayesian phylogeny using the same sequences can be found in\nonline . numbers at base of nodes represent bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) . scale bar at top center represents substitutions per site at given unit distance . colored boxes denote individual hoxl gene families . note :\ngenes differ in sequence markedly from similar genes , and fall outside their known orthologs . tree rooted using\n( underlined , red ) with those of known homology from other species , inferred by maximum - likelihood reconstruction . sequences downloaded from ncbi\u2019s nr database have accession numbers as noted in next to taxa names , whereas others were sourced from the ensembl metazoa web resource (\n) . after removal of all columns containing one or more gaps , a final , 68 amino acid alignment spanning the forkhead domain was used to infer phylogeny . bayesian phylogeny using the same sequences can be found in\nonline . numbers at base of nodes represent bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) . scale bar represents substitutions per site at given unit distance . tree rooted using\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - protein\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\nedv12322 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n190409057\n,\nterm _ text\n:\nedv12322 . 1\n} }\n) amino acid sequence . all sequences and the alignment used can be found in\nthe forkhead box ( fox ) gene class of transcription factors is responsible for mediating a broad range of cellular activity . known for its \u201cwinged helix\u201d forkhead motif , derived from the helix - turn - helix class of genes to which they belong , these genes are easily recognizable and play key roles in metazoan growth and development (\n) . however , how they have evolved is often difficult to discern . the\n) , confirming further the sequencing depth of our genome . the identity of these was proven by phylogenetic inference , as can be seen in\n) , confirming that losses in insects are specific to that clade . the only absentee from our data set is\nthe sox family of transcription factors was also targeted for detailed investigation . these hmg class genes play diverse roles in sex determination , growth , and development (\ngene , confirming that this loss is specific to the centipede\u2019s lineage rather than shared myriapod - wide . the only exception to the strong orthology with well - categorized sox clades comes in the form of a divergent hmg - box like sequence , found in both\nthis sequence diverges greatly from known sox clades , and is therefore pulled toward to base of the tree by long branch attraction . the sequence for the\n( underlined , red ) as inferred by maximum - likelihood reconstruction in mega . sequences of known homology were downloaded from ncbi\u2019s nr database with accession numbers given on taxa labels or downloaded from the ensembl metazoa web resource (\n) . all columns containing one or more gaps were removed and the resulting 80 amino acid alignment spanning the hmg domain was used to reconstruct phylogeny . bayesian phylogeny reconstructed with the same alignment can be found in the\nonline . bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) are given at base of nodes . substitutions per unit distance given by scale bar at base of figure . colored boxes indicate generally inferred sox gene clades , with the enigmatic interrelationships of soxb genes noted .\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - protein\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\ncab63213 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n6580588\n,\nterm _ text\n:\ncab63213 . 1\n} }\n) amino acid sequence has been used to root the tree . all sequences and the alignment used can be found in\n( underlined , red ) as inferred by maximum - likelihood reconstruction in mega . sequences were downloaded from ncbi\u2019s nr database with accession numbers as noted in figure or sourced from the ensembl metazoa web resource (\n) . after removal of all columns containing one or more gaps , a final , 88 amino acid alignment spanning the t - box domain was used to infer phylogeny . a bayesian phylogeny using this alignment is presented in\nonline . numbers at base of nodes represent bootstrap percentages ( from 1 , 000 replicates ) . scale bar represents substitutions per site at given unit distance . colored boxes demarcate commonly inferred t - box clades . tree rooted using\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - protein\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\ncae45764 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n38602647\n,\nterm _ text\n:\ncae45764 . 1\n} }\ntbx1 / 15 / 20 amino acid sequence . all sequences and alignments used can be found in\nsuggests that these genes could have duplicated early in the arthropod radiation and undergone extensive gene conversion in the interim , but the lack of evidence of paralogy could also mean that these loci are prone to independent duplication , for reasons unknown .\nthe recovery of developmentally important transcription factor genes in our data set is near - total . we show evidence of presence of in excess of 80 % of the expected transcription factor complements of a variety of key families , a considerable advance on presently extant data sets , and a figure which compares positively with that found in other genomes . these data will be vital for inferring the ancestral complements and functions of a variety of key genes across the arthropoda .\ngiven the lifestyle of diplopods , the ability to sense and respond to a variety of environmental cues , and particularly the ability to assay the chemical composition of their habitat , is key to allowing them to find food and one another while avoiding predators and the worst environmental effects . the colonization of land by insects and myriapods occurred independently ( regier et al . 2010 ) , and thus it is interesting to consider whether chemosensory genes evolved before or after their diversification .\nin s . maritima , no representatives of the odorant binding protein ( pelosi 1994 ) or chea / b families ( starostina et al . 2009 ) could be identified , leading to the conclusion that these genes are possible insect novelties ( chipman et al . 2014 ) . this is collaborated by our data set , where we were unable to note even putative homology to any sequence in our genome when we searched our data set using a number of genes from these families ( tblastn , e cutoff 1 ) . the chemosensory protein ( csp ) family ( pelosi et al . 2006 ) possesses two orthologs in our data set , as seen in s . maritima . these differ markedly in amino acid sequence from the centipede orthologs , however , which may reflect the differences in environments inhabited by these species .\nour data set therefore corroborates the hypothesis that the odorant binding protein , chea / b , and or gene families are insect novelties . the csp , gr , and ir families are present in the rusty millipede , but differ greatly in sequence identity and complement number to that found in the centipede . this likely reflects the differences in environment and behavior exhibited by these species , but may also be a consequence of an increased tendency to duplicate genes for the creation of genetic diversity in s . maritima . increased sequencing efforts in the myriapoda will allow testing of these hypotheses further .\nmyriapods also represent possible sources of antifungal and antibacterial agents . these can be recognized by similarity to known genes in key domains . for instance ,\nas with the known mycin sequences , these novel proteins possess clear similarity to the gamma - thionin ( pf00304 ) antifungal domains found in plants , but the differences in sequence outside the core domain mean that they may have novel characteristics . these and other novel bioagents may be of use and interest to a range of biochemical industries , given the often compromising niche inhabited by the millipede .\nthe resource detailed here represents a vital data set for beginning investigation into the evolution of a variety of traits in the diplopoda , myriapoda , and the arthropoda more generally . it is a draft genomic data set with deep coverage of the coding complement and high recovery of the total expected genome size . with a broader sampling of genomic diversity , our ability to infer the true origin of genes and phenotypes will allow us greater biological insight , and allow firm conclusions to be drawn as to the reasons for the success and diversity of the arthropod lineage . this data set also contains a variety of intriguing findings . millipedes were the first arthropods to emerge onto land , and possess a variety of unique adaptations which have contributed to their success over their 400 - myr old history . this genomic resource will allow us to investigate the diversity of millipede novelties , such as their defensive chemicals and fungicides , with much more vigor than previous studies have been able to accomplish .\nwe can also be more confident of assertions regarding myriapod genomics with the advent of this resource . for example , the extensive gene duplication seen in s . maritima is far less prevalent in this resource . although some duplication as a means to build genomic diversity seems to occur in this clade , it is of much more limited scope , and the scale of gene duplication seen in the centipede should therefore not necessarily be expected in other members of the myriapoda . our recovery of transcriptomic cassettes also allows a different angle to examine origin and loss of traits in arthropods from a molecular perspective\u2014we can confirm , for instance , the presence of dmbx , foxj2 / 3 , and foxl1 in the arthropod common ancestor , and show firm evidence for the existence of tbx 4 / 5 and soxf in this lineage .\nthe advent of myriapod data sets will also allow a comprehensive revisiting of how extant gene complements were co - opted into the formation of new organs , particularly oxygen exchange systems , after terrestrialization in insects and myriapods ( e . g . , grillo et al . 2014 ; s\u00e1nchez - higueras et al . 2014 ) . although genes involved in the development of respiratory organs , such as apterous ( e . g . , damen et al . 2002 , sequence ; supplementary file s1 , supplementary material online ) , are present in our data set , evidence remains to be gathered on any potential role of these genes in respiration in the myriapoda . this is because terrestrialization occurred independently in insects and myriapods , and we are cautious about inferring functional homology between genes in these species without expression data . further research using this genome as a resource will however offer a unique insight into how terrestrialization was accomplished independently in these speciose and successful metazoan clades .\nas a developmental and genetic model , there is much that could be learnt from a millipede model species . segmentation , a subject of much interest in the insect developmental community , is presently still to be completely understood in the myriapoda , with janssen et al . ( 2004 ) suggesting that it may even be separately programmed dorsally and ventrally , at least in glomeris marginalia . millipedes may also be of developmental utility for understanding the original opening position of the genitalia in arthropods , given the peculiar cephalic location of this opening in this clade , and for understanding neurogenesis across the arthropoda ( e . g . , dove and stollewerk 2003 ) . millipedes also undergo periodomorphosis\u2014adult to adult molts , with sexually mature and intercalary instars ( verhoeff 1923 ; sahli 1990 ) . understanding how this is regulated , in contrast with the final adult molts seen in other arthropods , is likely to benefit greatly from a genomic resource .\nsupplementary files s1\u2013s4 are available at genome biology and evolution online ( urltoken ) .\nthe authors thank the afcd of the hk government for confirming identity of the millipede species . they also thank bgi for their help in sequencing . this work was supported by the lo kwee - seong biomedical research fund and lee hysan foundation to h - m . l . and j . h . l . h .\naltschul sf , gish w , miller w , myers ew , lipman dj . basic local alignment search tool .\nphiladelphia ( pa ) : holt - saunders international ; 1982 . pp . 817\u2013818 .\nbrewer ms , bond je . ordinal - level phylogenomics of the arthropod class diplopoda ( millipedes ) based on an analysis of 221 nuclear protein - coding loci generated using next - generation sequence analyses .\nbrewer ms , swafford l , spruill cl , bond je . arthropod phylogenetics in light of three novel millipede ( myriapoda : diplopoda ) mitochondrial genomes with comments on the appropriateness of mitochondrial genome sequence data for inferring deep level relationships .\nbrites d , brena c , ebert d , du pasquier l . more than one way to produce protein diversity : duplication and limited alternative splicing of an adhesion molecule gene in basal arthropods .\ncameron sl , miller kb , d\u2019haese ca , whiting mf , barker sc . mitochondrial genome data alone are not enough to unambiguously resolve the relationships of entognatha , insecta and crustacea\nchang wl , yang cy , huang yc , chao d , chen tw . prevalence and observation of intestine - dwelling gregarines in the millipede\ncanberra ( act ) : department of the environment and heritage ; 2005 . p . 23 .\nchipman ad , et al . the first myriapod genome sequence reveals conservative arthropod gene content and genome organisation in the centipede\ndamen wg , saridaki t , averof m . diverse adaptations of an ancestral gill : a common evolutionary origin for wings , breathing organs , and spinnerets .\ndarriba d , taboada gl , doallo r , posada d . jmodeltest 2 : more models , new heuristics and parallel computing .\ngai y , song d , sun h , yang q , zhou k . the complete mitochondrial genome of\nsp . ( myriapoda : symphyla ) : extensive gene order rearrangement and evidence in favor of progoneata .\ngrillo m , casanova j , averof m . development : a deep breath for endocrine organ evolution .\nguindon s , et al . new algorithms and methods to estimate maximum - likelihood phylogenies : assessing the performance of phyml 3 . 0 .\nhui jh , et al . extensive chordate and annelid macrosynteny reveals ancestral homeobox gene organization .\nhui jh , holland pw , ferrier de . do cnidarians have a parahox cluster ? analysis of synteny around a\njanssen r , prpic nm , damen wg . gene expression suggests decoupled dorsal and ventral segmentation in the millipede\nkatoh k , standley dm . mafft multiple sequence alignment software version 7 : improvements in performance and usability .\nkenny nj , et al . genomic sequence and experimental tractability of a new decapod shrimp model ,\nkenny nj , shimeld sm . additive multiple k - mer transcriptome of the keelworm\nkoopman p , schepers g , brenner s , venkatesh b . origin and diversity of the sox transcription factor gene family : genome - wide analysis in\nlangmead b , salzberg sl . fast gapped - read alignment with bowtie 2 .\nlarkin ma , et al . clustal w and clustal x version 2 . 0 .\nlavrov dv , boore jl , brown wm . complete mtdna sequences of two millipedes suggest a new model for mitochondrial gene rearrangements : duplication and nonrandom loss .\nlavrov dv , brown wm , boore jl . a novel type of rna editing occurs in the mitochondrial trnas of the centipede\nli j , et al . odoriferous defensive stink gland transcriptome to identify novel genes necessary for quinone synthesis in the red flour beetle ,\nliu b , et al . estimation of genomic characteristics by analyzing k - mer frequency in de novo genome projects .\nlohse m , drechsel o , bock r . organellargenomedraw ( ogdraw ) : a tool for the easy generation of high - quality custom graphical maps of plastid and mitochondrial genomes .\nlowe tm , eddy sr . trnascan - se : a program for improved detection of transfer rna genes in genomic sequence .\nluo r , et al . soapdenovo2 : an empirically improved memory - efficient short - read de novo assembler .\nmendivil ramos o , barker d , ferrier de . ghost loci imply hox and parahox existence in the last common ancestor of animals .\nparra g , bradnam k , korf i . cegma : a pipeline to accurately annotate core genes in eukaryotic genomes .\nparra g , bradnam k , ning z , keane t , korf i . assessing the gene space in draft genomes .\npelosi p , zhou jj , ban lp , calvello m . soluble proteins in insect chemical communication .\nvol . 1 . victoria county history , london ; 1902 . pp . 176\u2013178 .\npocock ri . antennata : myriapoda . the wild fauna and flora of the royal botanic gardens , kew .\nrebers je , willis jh . a conserved domain in arthropod cuticular proteins binds chitin .\nrehm p , meusemann k , borner j , misof b , burmester t . phylogenetic position of myriapoda revealed by 454 transcriptome sequencing .\nregier jc , et al . arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein - coding sequences .\nrobertson hm , warr cg , carlson jr . molecular evolution of the insect chemoreceptor gene superfamily in\nroncadori rw , duffey ss , blum ms . antifungal activity of defensive secretions of certain millipedes .\nronquist f , huelsenbeck jp . mrbayes 3 : bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models .\nsahli f . 1990 . on post - adult moults in julida ( myriapoda , diplopoda ) . why periodomorphosis and intercalaries occur in males . in : proceedings of the 7th international congress of myriapodology 1987 . ( minelli , a , ed . ) . pp . 135\u2013156 . e . j . brill , leiden .\ns\u00e1nchez - higueras c , sotillos s , hombr\u00eda jcg . common origin of insect trachea and endocrine organs from a segmentally repeated precursor .\nschmieder r , edwards r . fast identification and removal of sequence contamination from genomic and metagenomic datasets .\nshear w , jones t , miras h . a possible phylogenetic signal in millipede chemical defenses : the polydesmidan millipede\nshear wa , mcpherson is , jones th , loria sf , zigler ks . chemical defense of a troglobiont millipede ,\n( gervais , 1847 ) ( spirobolida : trigoniulidae ) , in florida , usa .\nshelley rm , golovatch si . atlas of myriapod biogeography . i . indigenous ordinal and supra - ordinal distributions in the diplopoda : perspectives on taxon origins and ages , and a hypothesis on the origin and early evolution of the class .\nshelley rm , lehtinen pt . diagnoses , synonymies and occurrences of the pantropical millipedes ,\nshimeld sm , boyle mj , brunet t , luke gn , seaver ec . clustered fox genes in lophotrochozoans and the evolution of the bilaterian fox gene cluster .\nshimeld sm , degnan b , luke gn . evolutionary genomics of the fox genes : origin of gene families and the ancestry of gene clusters .\nsimpson jt , et al . abyss : a parallel assembler for short read sequence data .\nsin yw , et al . identification of putative ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone pathway genes in the shrimp\nprotein family implicated in pheromone perception is related to tay - sachs gm2 - activator protein .\ntamura k , stecher g , peterson d , filipski a , kumar s . mega6 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis .\nundheim ea , et al . clawing through evolution : toxin diversification and convergence in the ancient lineage chilopoda ( centipedes )\nweldon pj , aldrich jr , klun ja , oliver je , debboun m . benzoquinones from millipedes deter mosquitoes and elicit self - anointing in capuchin monkeys (\nwillis jh . structural cuticular proteins from arthropods : annotation , nomenclature , and sequence characteristics in the genomics era .\nwilson hm , anderson li . morphology and taxonomy of paleozoic millipedes ( diplopoda : chilognatha : archipolypoda ) from scotland .\nwyman sk , jansen rk , boore jl . automatic annotation of organellar genomes with dogma .\nyu x , ng cp , habacher h , roy s . foxj1 transcription factors are master regulators of the motile ciliogenic program .\nzerbino dr , birney e . velvet : algorithms for de novo short read assembly using de bruijn graphs .\nzhong yf , butts t , holland pwh . homeodb : a database of homeobox gene diversity .\nzhong yf , holland pwh . homeodb2 : functional expansion of a comparative homeobox gene database for evolutionary developmental biology .\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service ."]}
{"id": 2620, "summary": [{"text": "pegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by nishihara , hasegawa and okada ( 2006 ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "to the surprise of the authors , their data led them to propose a clade that includes bats ( order chiroptera ) , carnivores such as cats and dogs ( order carnivora ) , horses and other odd-toed ungulates ( order perissodactyla ) and pangolins ( order pholidota ) as springing from a single evolutionary origin within the mammals .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name pegasoferae was coined from the name of the mythological flying horse pegasus to refer to bats and horses , and the term ferae , encompassing carnivorans and pangolins .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "according to this , the odd-toed ungulates ' closest living relatives are the carnivorans .", "topic": 16}, {"text": "earlier theories of mammalian evolution would , for example , have aligned bats with the insectivores ( order eulipotyphla ) and horses with the even-toed ungulates ( order artiodactyla ) .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "some subsequent molecular studies published shortly afterwards have failed to support it .", "topic": 6}, {"text": "in particular , two recent studies , each combining genome-wide analyses of multiple taxa with testing of competing alternative phylogenetic hypotheses , concluded that pegasoferae is not a natural grouping . ", "topic": 10}], "title": "pegasoferae", "paragraphs": ["pegasoferae , an unexpected mammalian clade revealed by tracking ancient retroposon insertions . - pubmed - ncbi\npegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by nishihara , hasegawa and okada ( 2006 ) .\nthis is a one - residue deletion in the second transmembrane helix of this shortwave imaging opsin considered under informative opsin indels . this is too phylogenetically narrow to illuminate pegasoferae .\nthis potentially informative retroposon insertion denoted int283 conflicts with pegasoferae topology . that is not a fatal flaw because a certain fraction of such events resolve anomalously via lineage - sorting after speciation .\npegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by nishihara , hasegawa and okada ( 2006 ) . it includes bats , carnivorans , pangolins , and odd - toed ungulates .\nnishihari et al located 4 retroposon insertion events that support pegasoferae . in the ensuing 2 - 3 years , it has become possible to reinvestigate these events with additional species utilizing bioinformatic methods on the 10 available laurasiathere genomes ( not all of which will completely cover a given event ) .\nthe one - residue indel appears cleanly restricted to pegasoferae . there are 5 laurasiatheres with it and 5 without it , which needs further buttressing by pcr ( adding more basal species has the effect of localizing the event farther back on the stem ) . the parental gene did not develop the indel in any bioinformatically accessible species .\nit can always be asked whether this is the\nsame\nl1ma9 in cetartiodactyls or merely a similar one from a separate insertion event of the active parental element . however pushing the putative event back to basal vicugna narrows the window for that . while this situation can be dismissed with an appeal to lineage - sorting ( importantly 4 events support pegasoferae versus this 1 conflict ) .\nknowledge of the biological characteristics , physiology and behavior of the creature group pegasoferae . this group contains for instance bats , carnivorans ( the dog - and cat - like animals ) , and odd - toed ungulates such as horses and nosehorns . a higher skill increases taming and / or controlling chances , butchery yield , carcass cooking quality , and damage and defense for creatures in this group .\npegasoferae is a novel proposal using rare genomic events involving retroposon insertions to establish the phylogenetic ordering within laurasiatheres , grouping bats , perissodactyls and carnivores to the exclusion of the other hoofed mammalian group , artiodactyls . bats have been placed in many previous locations , notably in the euarchonta wing ( outgroup to primates ) . while that particular idea is clearly refuted by many lines of evidence , the proper placement of bats remains under discussion .\ndespite more intensive phylogenetic sampling , int391 continues to support pegasoferae as nishijimi et al originally stated . it should be noted that the mer - class retroposon , while not at issue here , exhibits the type of homoplasy that makes retroposons dicey as tree topology markers . introns are often susceptible to multiple insertions of similar retroposons as well as to complicated patterns of micro deletions that prevent their recognition even if they aren ' t fully deleted .\nthe last exon of rbp3 , like in many proteins , does not appear to be under a great deal of selective pressure . this surfaces in a certain amount of observed ' terminal wander ' as various mutations allow readthru of the original stop codon to the next one that occurs by chance downstream . here pegasoferae , relative to artiodactyls , all share a one bp indel within coding that causes an altogether novel amino acid sequence to terminate the protein .\nthis gene duplication might simply be restricted to this one genus ( or even this one species ) . alternatively it might have greater phylogenetic depth and be somewhat informative in resolving intra - bat taxonomy . this would require pcr of many additional bat species since no further genomic work is anticipated any time soon . it is not relevent to pegasoferae per se since bats are clearly monophyletic overall , even as the macro / micro distinction remains equivocal as a taxonomic character .\nagain , this presented a favorable annotation situation because the two flanking exons are well - conserved and the intonic distance is short at about 1500 bp . using new genomic data , the species density can be brought up 10 laurasiatheres , tiling traces in unassembled genomes as necessary . the conflict with pegasoferae holds up even sampling at this greater taxonomic sampling depth : an orthologous l1ma9 is also missing in microbat , shrew , hedgehog but present with correct orientation and correct fragment coordinates in vicugna , pig , and dolphin .\nan example of int391 locus suggesting pegasoferae clade . ( a ) an electrophoretic profile of pcr products of locus int391 , in which l1 is present in horse , cat , and bat , but not other mammals . the larger size of the mouse pcr product is caused by species - specific insertions of another retrotransposon ( database position chr19 : 55196706\u201355197619 in mm7 ) . m , size markers ( \u00f8x174 / hincii digest ) . ( b ) an alignment of locus int391 sequences . thick and thin lines denote the l1 and the direct repeat sequences , respectively , that were generated during integration . the central region of the inserted l1 sequence is omitted .\nthe history here is quite complex when tetrapods outside laurasiatheres are included . ancestrally , the exon was clearly much shorter , terminating at consistent length just after module m4 ended in the rpb3 internal repeat structure from frog to marsupial divergence . in afrotheres , either the stop codon mutated or a frameshift occured , causing the protein to become longer . the new stop codon in hyrax represents the ancestral placental position . elephants retain a cryptic stop codon here but evolved an earlier one that is used today . this stop codon and some aspects of sequence was conserved in pegasoferae but not artiodactyls ( though by reinstituting the original trinucleotide ggg and former reading frame , residual ancestral sequence as well as the original distal stop codon can still be seen . shrew and hedgehog diverged by a different scheme and are unhelpful .\ndiscover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership \u2013 a perfect fit for your research every time .\nmolecular studies have reported divergence times of modern placental orders long before the cretaceous\u2013tertiary boundary and far older than paleontological data . however , this discrepancy may not be real , but rather appear because of the violation of implicit assumptions in the estimation procedures , such as non - gradual change of evolutionary rate and failure to correct for convergent evolution .\nnew procedures for divergence - time estimation robust to abrupt changes in the rate of molecular evolution are described . we used a variant of the multidimensional vector space ( mvs ) procedure to take account of possible convergent evolution . numerical simulations of abrupt rate change and convergent evolution showed good performance of the new procedures in contrast to current methods . application to complete mitochondrial genomes identified marked rate accelerations and decelerations , which are not obtained with current methods . the root of placental mammals is estimated to be \u223c18 million years more recent than when assuming a log brownian motion model . correcting the pairwise distances for convergent evolution using mvs lowers the age of the root about another 20 million years compared to using standard maximum likelihood tree branch lengths . these two procedures combined revise the root time of placental mammals from around 122 million years ago to close to 84 million years ago . as a result , the estimated distribution of molecular divergence times is broadly consistent with quantitative analysis of the north american fossil record and traditional morphological views .\nby including the dual effects of abrupt rate change and directly accounting for convergent evolution at the molecular level , these estimates provide congruence between the molecular results , paleontological analyses and morphological expectations . the programs developed here are provided along with sample data that reproduce the results of this study and are especially applicable studies using genome - scale sequence lengths .\ncitation : kitazoe y , kishino h , waddell pj , nakajima n , okabayashi t , watabe t , et al . ( 2007 ) robust time estimation reconciles views of the antiquity of placental mammals . plos one 2 ( 4 ) : e384 . urltoken\ncopyright : \u00a9 2007 kitazoe et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .\nfunding : this work was supported by the technology agency ( jst ) and the japan society for the promotion of science ( jsps grant sr b - 16300086 to yk and hk ) . pjw acknowledges the jsps senior fellowship program and nih grant 5r01lm8626 for support .\ndespite great progress over the past decade , the evolutionary history of placental mammals remains controversial . while a consensus is emerging on the topology of the evolutionary tree [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , although with occasional disagreement [ 6 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] , divergence times remain uncertain . the age of earlier nodes and in particular the root , remain especially uncertain in the absence of definitive placental fossils deeper into the cretaceous [ 4 ] \u2013 [ 6 ] , [ 9 ] . both paleontological and morphological studies suggest that the radiation of placental orders and super orders occurred close to the cretaceous\u2013tertiary ( k\u2013t ) boundary about 65 million years ago ( mya ) [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] .\nin contrast , molecular studies have suggested markedly older origins for many superordinal groups and that some extant orders diversified before the k\u2013t boundary . the root of living placental mammals has been reported to be in the range of 100\u2013140 mya [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] even with application of rate - adjustment techniques [ 4 ] , [ 15 ] . the molecular consensus of an old root is becoming strong enough that it may become dogma without a close examination of the assumptions being made in such analyses . the true age of the orders and superorders has important implications for determining the overall paleoecology and biogeography of placental mammals during a period that included the breakup of continents and the extinction of terrestrial dinosaurs . reconciling the different paleontological and molecular divergence time estimates has important implications for basic methodologies that are central to evolutionary study .\nthe strength of molecular divergence time studies is their potential to draw information from very long aligned sequences of many species . it is widely assumed that a huge amount of sequence data and the approximate rate constancy of sequence evolution [ 16 ] make molecular estimates more reliable than those based solely on fossil data . such analyses on a genomic scale are generally anticipated to be decisive because they are expected to be free of stochastic noise [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] .\nhowever , molecular studies acknowledge the problem of misspecification of the model of sequence change , which may result in seriously biased estimation . the relationships among placental orders do vary according to the data used and the taxa sampled [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 8 ] , [ 13 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] , [ 19 ] \u2013 [ 22 ] . most methods of phylogenetic inference rely strongly on probabilistic models of sequence evolution , and neither directly detect nor correct for convergent evolution [ 23 ] . when left uncorrected , such \u201chomoplasy\u201d may attract lineages and underestimate certain pairwise distances . this in turn distorts branch ( edge ) length estimates , which are of primary importance for divergence time estimation . while some methods will detect potential convergent evolution , for example hadamard conjugations and splitstree [ 24 ] , kitazoe et al . have developed multidimensional vector space ( mvs ) representation methods to both detect convergent evolution among estimated distances and to also correct for this bias [ 25 ] \u2013 [ 27 ] .\na further problem facing molecular dating is the evolutionary rate constancy , or lack of constancy , over long periods . since its proposal in 1965 [ 28 ] , the molecular clock hypothesis has been one of the most hotly debated subjects in evolutionary biology . it is now widely accepted that a molecular clock tends to hold well for closely related organisms , but breaks down with increasing evolutionary divergence . to adjust for the inevitable fluctuation of evolutionary rates , nonparametric [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , local clock [ 29 ] , [ 30 ] , and hierarchical bayesian [ 31 ] methods have been developed . these methods are robust against stochastic fluctuations of evolutionary rates [ 31 ] \u2013 [ 33 ] . however , they may cause serious problems when pronounced transient changes of rate occur , because they overly smooth such rate changes . in this article , we show the magnitude of such problems using clear worked examples .\nto improve the detection of , and robustness to , abrupt rate changes , we have developed a new procedure that minimizes the local variability of the inverse of the evolutionary rate . just as the effective size of fluctuating populations is represented by the harmonic mean over time , the mean evolutionary rate among lineages is expressed better by the harmonic mean . this approach is especially useful when branch lengths measured in the expected number of substitutions per site ( the products of rates and times ) are estimated accurately , and there are either rapid transient changes of rate ( hence large rate heterogeneity ) or a general bias towards a speed up or slow down in rates through time .\nusing this new procedure , an analysis of 69 mitochondrial protein sequences ( 3660 amino acid sites in total ) from placental mammals identified a rapid acceleration of evolutionary rate for the lineage directly leading to the common ancestor of supraprimates and an even more marked one for the lineage leading to laurasiatheria . this acceleration was followed closely by a strong deceleration , which persisted in nearly all lineages of laurasiatheria . in contrast , almost all lineages of afrotheria and xenarthra seem to have retained rates similar to that of the root . this view is in marked contrast to current rate - change penalty functions . the robustness of the new procedure is assessed using simulations that show the types of change that most concern biologists ; speedups or slowdowns through time , transient rate changes , and rate changes that are do not follow a normal or transformed normal distribution , as well as stochastic variation . a revised estimate of the origin of placental mammals is as young as 84 mya , which is much more recent than current estimates using molecular data . the inferred age of deeper splits in the placental tree are compared with the rate of occurrence of new species from the north american fossil record . these two sources of data are far more congruent than is suggested by using current , possibly strongly misleading , dating methods .\nmitochondrial protein sequences are used widely in phylogenetic studies and have been particularly popular in studying placental mammals . a desirable feature of these data is relatively long sequences , good taxon sampling and very little missing data . following alignment , we retained 3660 amino acid sites present in all of 62 placental mammals plus seven outgroup taxa ( table s1 gives the accession numbers of protein sequences ) . in contrast , large nuclear protein datasets of mammals with diverse taxon sampling [ e . g . 3 ] , [ 4 ] show a large proportion of missing data . such missing heterogeneous data may lead to complex systematic errors in distance estimation [ 34 ] . this is particularly relevant since mvs analyses work best with low stochastic noise ( hence relatively long sequences ) , diverse taxon sampling with a considerable proportion of taxa showing minimal convergent evolution , and minimal bias of the input distances from sources such as missing data .\nwe adopted a standard two - step procedure to estimate divergence times . the first step is to estimate the phylogenetic tree with unconstrained branch lengths in units of expected numbers of substitutions per site . given the problems with convergent evolution in mitochondrial data [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 22 ] , [ 25 ] , we used the mvs procedure to correct the input distances for convergent evolution . a variant of the core set approach [ 27 ] to mvs was used in this instance ( materials and methods ) . fixing the topology to the tree obtained by mvs , which is very similar to trees obtained by previous authors using varied data sets [ 2 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , branch lengths were reestimated using maximum likelihood ( ml ) in the program paml [ 35 ] . we used the jtt [ 36 ] + gamma model with \u03b1 = 0 . 5 for these analyses . the second step uses the tree and its branch lengths , some fossil constrained nodes , and a penalty or cost function to dampen rate changes , to infer divergence times of all nodes and evolutionary rates along all branches .\nthree cost functions , f add , f log , and f ir , were applied to the mvs and ml trees . these functions penalize the fluctuation of rates , and do this on either a linear scale ( here called the add function ) , on the log rate ( log ) , or on the inverse rates ( ir ) , respectively ( see equations ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , and ( 4 ) in materials and methods ) . the tree estimated by mvs and f add is denoted mvs - f add and so on ( while ml - f add indicates use of ml branch lengths ) .\nto calibrate these trees , we used eight fossil constraints , all taken from previous studies ( see figure 1 caption ) [ 4 ] , [ 15 ] . the divergence times were estimated by then minimizing each cost function subject to these constraints ( see materials and methods ) . the ci was calculated using a likelihood interpretation ( see materials and methods ) of the cost function residual analogous to the method used in multidivtime [ 31 ] . this captures the error caused by deviations of the tree ' s branch lengths away from their expected values and includes the unpredictability of rate changes , which might mimic brownian motion , for example . it will also incorporate variability arising from ancestral polymorphism . polymorphism will cause fluctuations of the edge lengths of the tree when the analysis has multiple nodes constrained by fossil or other data [ c . f . 13 ] . generally , the time at the most recent common ancestor of sequences from different species is older than the time at speciation . the extent of this difference varies among internal nodes due to both the stochastic nature of the coalescent and factors governing its expected magnitude , such as population size . the cost function does not take account of this bias , but the ci does include the variance arising from ancestral polymorphism at internal nodes .\na and b show the mvs - f ir and ml - f log trees , respectively . the numbers 1\u201361 denote the ancestral nodes . the red numbers 1\u20138 indicate the internal nodes with fossil constraints which are as follows : 1 , 49\u201361 ; 2 , 52\u201358 ; 3 , 45\u201363 ; 4 , 43\u201360 ; 5 , < 63 ; 6 , > 12 ; 7 , 36\u201355 ; 8 , 54\u201365 ( all in mya ) [ see 4 ] , [ 15 ] . the colors of the branches denote inferred evolutionary rates ( in units of \u00d710 \u22129 / site per year ) as follows : black , < 0 . 2 ; dark blue , 0 . 2\u20130 . 3 ; light blue , 0 . 3\u20130 . 4 ; green , 0 . 4\u20130 . 5 ; brown , 0 . 5\u20130 . 6 ; yellow , 0 . 6\u20130 . 7 ; and red , > 0 . 7 .\nthe mvs - f ir analysis ( figure 1a ) estimated the age of the root at 84 . 2 mya with a 95 % confidence interval ( ci ) of 80 . 7\u201388 . 4 mya ( table 1 ) . this time is much more recent than the result of the ml - f l analysis ( figure 1b ) , i . e . , 122 . 2 ( 95 % ci , 112 . 2\u2013144 . 7 ) mya . note that , ml - f l is giving results consistent with that reported in earlier studies [ 1 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] , indicating that the younger root for placentals returned using the function f ir ( see below ) is due to the method and not the data . the difference between the f log and the f ' log function in table 1 is explained in materials and methods . it is the f log method that most closely approximates the brownian motion assumed by multidivtime .\nfigure 1 shows the estimated ancestral rates across the tree , while figure 2 represents the inferred evolutionary rates going from the root to a terminal . the single instance of root to fin whale is shown in figure 2 , while figure s1 traces the evolutionary rates inferred by different methods along seven representative lineages . the mvs - f ir tree identified an abrupt acceleration of evolutionary rate near the common ancestor of both supraprimates and laurasiatheria , then a very strong acceleration in just the ancestral lineage of laurasiatheria ( figures 1a and 2a ) . this acceleration was followed closely by a strong deceleration along nearly all lineages of laurasiatheria . in contrast , almost all lineages of afrotheria and xenarthra have retained rates close to that of the root . there are also sporadic later accelerations , for example that among hedgehogs and moon rat ( figure 1a ) .\nfigures a and b , respectively , trace the estimated rates along edges on analyses using mvs and ml branch lengths . the root time of of the f add analysis in figure a and b was set at a large value ( 400 mya ) because the numerical calculation continues towards an infinite root time .\nthe cost function f ir detected an acceleration\u2013deceleration pattern near the base of laurasiatheria using both the mvs and ml branch lengths ( the red lines of figure 2 ) , whereas the function f log showed a far more flat prediction of generally lower evolutionary rates that led to older root times ( the green lines of figure 2 ) . even more extreme , the cost function f add inferred gradually decreasing rates in all deep branches of the mvs and ml trees ( the blue lines of figure 2 ) , and the root time tended to infinity . table 1 summarizes the root time values estimated by various models ( all the node divergence times from these models are listed in table s2 ) .\ntable 1 also compares the inferred times with those obtained from r8s , a popular program for estimating absolute rates [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . this program has two options of for its cost functions , f add and f\u2032 log ( equation ( 3 ) in materials and methods ) . it also takes account of stochastic noise caused by the finite length of the sequences used to derive the branch lengths using a penalized - likelihood approach . the fitting to the estimated branch lengths is expressed by the log likelihood , while the weight for the cost function is estimated using cross validation . in our mitochondrial dataset , with its long sequences , the root time values changed little due to the cross validation effect ( the reason is explained in materials and methods ) . further , root divergence time estimates returned by r8s do not show confidence intervals in table 1 , since r8s only assesses the sampling variance of node times due to stochastic errors in branch lengths due to finite sequence length ( it does this via the bootstrap ) and does not include the effect of stochastic variation of evolutionary rate . this source of error remains as sequence lengths go to infinity , and will be dominant with long sequences .\nfigure 3 represents the chronological distribution of the internal node density for the mvs - f ir tree ( figure 1a ) compared with the rate of new species appearing in the well - studied north american fossil record . to avoid potential bias of divergence times in the molecular tree due to species sampling , the scaling constant was determined by a least - squares fit to the fossil data in the period 85\u201350 mya .\nthe blue squares show the rate of the appearance of new species based on the fossil record [ adapted from 3 ] . at present , such quantitative data are limited to the well - studied north american record . the red circles represent the chronological distribution of node density ( or splits ) on the mvs - f ir tree ( figure 1a ) . the green triangles represent split frequency on the ml - f log tree ( figure 1b ) . the node density is given by the number of nodes in an 8 myr sliding window . a scaling constant for the molecular frequencies was calculated via a least - squares fit to the fossil data in the period 85\u201350 mya .\nthe mvs - f ir analysis reconciles molecular with fossil data in two ways . first , the chronological distribution of the internal node density is clearly largely consistent with the rate of appearance of novel fossil species . this is despite the fact that the paleontological data assessed are limited to the well - studied north american record [ 10 ] . both the mvs - f ir tree and the fossil record suggest accelerating taxonomic diversity near the k\u2013t boundary , rather than a longer slower buildup [ 2 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] . use of the less robust f log criterion seems to suggest a prolonged increase in diversity that agrees far less with the quantitative fossil record . this congruence with fossils does not automatically show that the combination of mvs and f ir is the best way to analyze this data , but it does reframe the discussion of the relationship between the fossil and molecular times into one where the molecular dates are being looked at far more critically .\nsecond , and more indicatively , the cost function f ir resolves incongruence among the fossil constraints / inferred divergence times in different parts of the molecular tree . the best fossil constraints in laurasiatheria suggest much older times than constraints in other parts of the tree [ 4 ] , [ 37 ] . the mvs - f ir , mvs - f log , and mvs - f add trees with all constraints give the root as 84 . 2 , 105 . 0 , and \u221e mya , respectively ( table 1 ) . removing the whale\u2013hippo constraint gives 82 . 4 , \u221e , and 91 . 2 mya ; removing the horse\u2013rhino constraint gives , 82 . 8 , 105 . 0 , and \u221e mya ; and removing both sets of constraints gave 82 . 9 , 87 . 2 , and \u221e mya . thus , in this case only the f ir tree is insensitive to \u201cconstraint sampling\u201d .\nfinally , there is a good fossil calibration for tarsier [ 4 ] that was withheld because it is not used in both references 4 and 15 . it suggests that human and tarsier split around 50\u201360 mya and the molecular trees suggest the human - loris split was not much earlier ( probably < 5 myr earlier ) . despite our use of whale\u2013hippo and horse\u2013rhino calibrations , the mvs - f ir tree ( figure 1 ) gives a human - loris split close to this age , in contrast to earlier studies [ 4 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 33 ] .\nwe highlight two distinct properties of the new function f ir with the help of evolutionary simulations and worked examples . the first property is its ability to detect a transient acceleration of evolutionary rate . such an effect might be caused by a burst of positive selection and / or a bottleneck in population size . the second is to assess the effects of both stochastic fluctuations and systematic bias on the robustness of estimated times . here , we model bias in the form of either a general slowdown or a general acceleration of evolutionary rate across the whole tree .\nwe first modeled a strong instantaneous acceleration as an analogue to what is inferred by f ir to have occurred ancestral branch leading to laurasiatheria . we simulated a 32 - taxon symmetric tree in which a molecular clock holds except for an abrupt elevation ( by a factor of 10 ) of evolutionary rate along a short internal branch ( the red line in figure 4a ) . this example is useful for demonstrating the efficacy of the f ir function and something similar appears on both the mvs - f ir and ml - f ir mitochondrial trees . the times at the internal nodes were set to 48 , 56 , 64 , and 72 mya , and the root time was set to 80 mya . on this weighted tree , the cost functions were minimized with two constrained node times , which corresponded to two fossil calibration points . only the f ir function accurately estimated the true divergence times and appeared robust against the abrupt change ( figure 4b ) . in contrast , the functions f log and f add inferred gradual rate changes ( figure 4e ) , which are erroneous and lead to overestimation of the root time along with that of many other nodes ( figures 4c and 4d ) . table 2 summarizes the root time values inferred by various models . table 2 includes the result of r8s with the cross - validation method .\na worked example of the effect of a transient elevation of evolutionary rate upon estimated divergence times .\nin this worked example using a symmetric 32 - taxon tree ( figure a ) , a global molecular clock holds , except for a short - term increase in evolutionary rate along one branch ( the red line in figure a ) . the true root time was set to 80 mya , and the times at the internal nodes are 48 , 56 , 64 , and 72 mya . the deep internal branch ( the red line in figure a ) is given an evolutionary rate ten times that of the remaining edges . the various cost functions were minimized subject to two calibrated nodes ( the red numbers 1 and 2 in figure a ) , using the exact branch lengths of this example as input data . the cost functions f ir , f log , and f add inferred the weighted trees of figures b , c and d , respectively . figures e\u2013g show the trace of evolutionary rates along the lineages from the root to taxa numbers 5 , 9 , and 25 of figure a , respectively . the inferred age of the root for each cost function is shown with an arrow . the function f ir recovered the original pattern of rate change , whereas the other two functions inferred far more gradual changes , which resulted in a substantial overestimation of the root time .\nwe next simulated stochastic rate fluctuations by themselves , plus either a prevailing slowing down or acceleration of rates through time . such simulations are distinct from a brownian - type process , and are used to gauge the general robustness of the functions . to impose rate fluctuations on the same basic tree as figure 4a , but without the abrupt rate change , the age of the root was set to 100 mya . we assumed infinite length of sequences and that the branch lengths are known without uncertainty . next a branch was randomly selected proportional to its duration in time and all its descendant branch lengths were multiplied by a factor ( chosen randomly ) from a uniform distribution of range 0 . 5\u20131 . 5 . a total of 25 such rate changes were placed on the tree to give the final branch lengths for that tree . these branch lengths were used as the input data and the various cost functions were minimized with on calibrated internal node , and then determined all node times . we repeated this procedure 600 times to obtain the mean and standard error of the root time . we also simulated the two other cases . the only difference was the range of the uniform distribution used . using a range of 1 . 0\u20131 . 75 the model is biased toward rate acceleration through time , while using and 0 . 25\u20131 induces a rate slow down through time ( a probable situation in the placentals generally ) . as table 3 shows , the function f ir gave reasonable estimates with a bias towards deceleration , whereas f add gave an infinite root time in 139 of 600 samples . these undefined root - time values were set arbitrarily to 200 mya before calculating the mean and standard error .\nthe mvs model was shown previously to recover the correct tree in a simulation with two strongly convergent lineages [ 26 ] that were grouped erroneously by standard methods ( including the neighbor joining ( nj ) [ 38 ] and ml [ 35 ] methods ) . here , we examined a different question ; this is how well the mvs method recovers the true branch lengths , which are of primary importance when estimating divergence times . we simulated the evolution of a sequence of 10 4 amino acid sites , following the tree depicted in figure 5 . the model of amino acid substitutions used was the jtt [ 36 ] . convergent evolution was then imposed on this data . this was done by sharing parts of the sequences among three ingroup clades plus the outgroup . the red lines in figure 5 indicate which lineages shared sequence and were therefore subject to a form of convergent evolution .\namino acid substitutions were evolved on the shown weighted tree using the jtt model [ 36 ] of amino acid substitutions . after this , 30 % of sites were swapped between the four lineages indicated by the red lines .\npairwise distances were then estimated from the terminal sequences obtained above using the same jtt model . a modified mvs core - set procedure [ 27 ] was able to recognize that the tree consisted of three groups of eight sequences which had additive distances within each group and the outgroup . the mvs procedure then converted the distances within the three ingroups into three sets of perfectly additive distances and sequentially combined them to form a single core set ( materials and methods ) . the final mvs tree was obtained by modifying the distances between this single ingroup core set and the outgroup following the rules described in materials and methods .\nthe branch lengths recovered by the mvs model reproduced the true values accurately ( figure 6 ) . the distribution around the diagonal line in figure 6 represents the stochastic fluctuation of the estimated distances ; that is , the magnitude of this fluctuation did not change after the simulation was rerun without convergent evolution . in contrast , the nj and ml trees returned branch lengths that were affected clearly by convergent evolution . the worst affected branch lengths were ancestral to the groups showing convergent evolution ( underestimated ) or else were leading to the sister groups of the groups affected by convergent evolution ( overestimated ) .\nthe tree topology inferred by these methods was identical to the tree that generated the data , so the estimated branch lengths are plotted against their true values . the blue numbers show the branch index , as used on figure 5 , of outliers . note , all the outliers are internal branches ancestral to the four lineages undergoing convergent evolution or are ancestral to the sister group to these lineages . branch lengths ancestral to the groups undergoing convergent evolution are underestimated by the ml and nj methods , whereas those ancestral to their sister taxa are overestimated .\nwe begin the discussion by examining why the current cost functions , f log and f add , overestimated the age of the root in the worked example with strong rate heterogeneity in the form of a short term highly elevated evolutionary rate . it is also important to examine the profile of the cost function around their minimal values for the age of the root . the functions f log and f add showed asymmetric behavior around the estimated root time , even in worked examples with a perfect molecular clock ( data not shown ) , whereas the f ir profile was symmetric and parabolic in shape . the asymmetry seen with f log and f add increased in response to a general bias towards deceleration of rates through time ( figure 7a ) . in particular , the function f add showed a monotonic decrease with respect to increasing age of the root , that is , its estimate tended to infinity . thus , asymmetric behavior of a cost function seems to be a symptom of unstable estimation of the age of the root . a similar strong asymmetry appeared in the profile of the current cost function with respect to the age of the root of the mitochondrial tree of placental mammals ( figure 7b ) , irrespective of whether mvs or ml branch lengths were used . comparing figures 7a and 7b suggests that bias due to decelerating evolutionary rates occurred in the evolutionary history of placental mammals , and is impacting the ability of current methods to estimate the correct age of the root .\nthis figure shows the profile of the cost function with respect to the age of the root estimated by three different cost functions . because the root age estimated by function f add was going to infinity , it was set to 200 mya for illustrative purposes . figure a is a single example from a tree simulated under the scenario of random auto - correlated changes of rate moving towards the tips , strongly biased towards a deceleration of evolutionary rates as time progresses ( from the set of simulations used for table 3 ) . the true age of the root was 100 mya . figure b shows the results using the mvs tree derived from the mitochondrial sequences of placental mammals . the dotted line indicates the 95 % confidence interval of the estimated age of the root using the sum - of - squares approach described in materials and methods .\nother approaches to divergence time estimation are under active development . for example , drummond et al . [ 39 ] recently developed a set of bayesian procedures to jointly estimate divergence times , evolutionary rates , and the tree topology . the uncorrelated variable rate model they use , which assumes independence of evolutionary rates between branches , may also be able to identify instantaneous accelerations . however , the magnitude of rate acceleration may be underestimated because hierarchical bayes estimates can generally be regarded as shrinkage estimators [ 40 ] . an important future direction is to assess the performance of the various estimators in simulations where rate variability is a mixture of an autocorrelated process plus rare , but strong , instantaneous accelerations .\nour refined approaches resolve apparent contradictions between the quantitative molecular and paleontological data of placental mammals . given such agreement , there is no need for ancillary hypotheses such as the long fuse model [ 2 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 12 ] \u2013 [ 15 ] , [ 41 ] to explain the lack of any positively identified fossils of modern placental mammals prior to about 75 million years ago . in addition , dates of markedly less than 100 mya for the root of placental mammals also bring into question earlier hypotheses that traditional continental drift models explain the geographic distribution of the four major groups of placental mammals [ 2 ] \u2013 [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 42 ] . we anticipate that the f ir cost function developed in this paper will provide an improved methodology for a wide range of molecular studies because its robustness to rapid fluctuations of rate is essential to understanding events such as adaptive evolution . for example , because acquisition of new molecular functions can be achieved in a few million years after gene duplications [ 40 ] , the duration of an inflated evolutionary rate may be surprisingly short , and , correspondingly , difficult to detect . we hope our new methods will be beneficial in such situations and will lead to a richer understanding of molecular evolution .\nbecause the branch lengths of a phylogenetic tree are estimated from the data as the product of the evolutionary rate of a branch and its time duration , these two factors cannot be directly estimated separately . it has become standard to use loose constraints to accommodate uncertainty and it is often wise to exclude constraints if there is no firm basis for them . information on the age of some internal nodes may be fairly directly available from the fossil record . an example of this is the horse - rhino split [ 13 ] . if the molecular clock [ 16 ] governs the process of molecular evolution well , we can accurately estimate the times at other nodes given just a single reliable calibration point . however , the assumption of the molecular clock is often rejected by the fit of a clock - like tree to the data .\nthe most widely used assumption in order to model the evolutionary rate changes away form being constant ( or away from a clock ) is to introduce a stochastic process . for example , sanderson\nthat rate changes follow a random walk with independent increments randomly drawn from a normal distribution . likewise , thorne et al .\nuses rates at the nodes , instead of average rates along branches , as the free parameters ) . this can be interpreted as an assumption that the log rate undergoes brownian motion . that is , independent increments of normal random variables , whose variances are proportional to the average time duration between the pair of branches ( that is , the average length in time of the two branches ) . recently , sanderson implemented the unweighted cost function\nhowever , the estimated rates based on any of the above cost functions may overly smooth the change of evolutionary rates when a pronounced transient change of rate has occurred . in turn , biased estimates of evolutionary rates will lead to biased estimates of divergence times . here we propose a new cost function , which penalizes the local rate deviation from the harmonic mean . for simplicity , we ignore the stochastic variance of branch length\n, which goes to zero with increasingly long sequences . denote the branch length and inverse rate of the\nbecause f ir places a smaller penalty on abrupt rate changes than do previous models , it can confine an abrupt change close to where it occurred on the tree . in contrast , f add and f log a priori put stress upon the smoothness of evolutionary rate change from one branch to the next , and this may propagate the effect of an abrupt rate change over successive branches . in this article , the variable ( t n ) ( the divergence times ) were estimated by minimizing the cost functions ( equations 1\u20134 ) subject to the ( fossil ) constraints without introducing other modifiers such as cross validation .\nat first glance , it seems most intuitive to use a penalty such as ( rate 1 \u2212rate 2 ) 2 ; this has been the implicit assumption until now [ 31 ] and is the basis of published programs such as r8s and multidivtime [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 31 ] . it rests on the implicit expectation that any reasonable type of smoothing of changes in rate will give a similar answer . however , a simple linear form for the difference in rates is misleading , and this is illustrated by considering the general problem of estimating velocity ( rate ) given distance ( in our case branch length ) . going from point a to b at velocity v 1 , then back at velocity v 2 , the average velocity ( v av ) is equal not to the standard arithmetic mean , but to the harmonic mean , 1 / v av = ( 1 / v 1 + 1 / v 2 ) / 2 . further , going from point ( node ) a to b at velocity ( rate ) v 1 , and from point b to c at velocity v 2 , then the distances traveled ( d ab and d bc ) need no longer be equal so we must use weights . specifically , v av = ( d ab + d bc ) / ( t 1 + t 2 ) , where t 1 = d ab / v 1 and t 2 = d bc / v 2 . as a result , 1 / v av = ( d ab / v 1 + d bc / v 2 ) / ( d ab + d bc ) . this is the same form as the average quantity a n used to obtain f ir ( equation 4 ) . the use of the harmonic mean becomes important when v 1 differs greatly from v 2 .\nthe bayesian approach estimates the divergence times and evolutionary rates in the form of a posterior distribution , which is summarized approximately as p ( b | r , t ) exp ( \u2212\u03bbf ) . here b , r , and t are the vectors of the estimated branch lengths , evolutionary rates , and divergence times , respectively , while f is the cost function . the value of \u03bb expresses the weight for the penalty , and is called a hyperparameter . introducing the distribution for the hyperparameter is done via a so - called hyper - prior ; the hyperparameter is then estimated concurrently with the posterior distribution . the penalized likelihood approach maximizes log p ( b | r , t ) \u2212 \u03bbf . the weight for the penalty \u03bb is estimated using cross - validation . when the sequences are long enough , for example concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences , it is often safe to assume that the branch lengths are estimated accurately , that is with minimal stochastic error ( but not necessarily without systematic error , something we address in this paper using mvs ) . accordingly , it is assumed that the products of rates and times are known exactly . thus in a situation of long , or very long sequences ( e . g . genomic alignments ) , the results returned by using just the penalty function will converge to those returned by either a bayesian or a penalized likelihood approach with the same type of cost function .\nin the mvs method , the additivity of evolutionary distances is converted using the expected orthogonality among branch vectors in a multidimensional euclidean space [ 25 ] . if the estimated pairwise distances do not satisfy additivity , mvs provides an index to measure deviations from orthogonality without specifying a tree structure . this index enables one to diagnose whether a distance matrix is compatible with a tree and to modify the biased distances until they satisfy orthogonality , that is , with a zero value for the index . here , a revised core - set approach , that is , an extension of [ 27 ] , is applied to correct the observed pairwise distances for convergent evolution .\nthe first step of this approach is to divide the set of taxa into subgroups and to correct the distances between pairs in each subgroup . we decompose the taxa based on partitions with both strong biological support and high bootstrap support . the deviation from additivity of pairwise distances is much smaller within each subgroup than across the whole distance matrix . if an anomalously large deviation is observed associated with a single taxon within a subgroup , that taxon is removed temporarily from the analysis . when the only deviations between distances within a subset of taxa are judged to be due to stochastic noise , the pairwise distances are modified by solving the equation of motion ( a method using a many body kinetic equation in physics ) , which uses the index of the deviation from additivity as the potential energy [ 25 ] , [ 26 ] . the modified distance matrix within a subgroup is interpreted as the true additive distance matrix ( core set ) achieved by minimal modification of the original distances . generally , the modified distances are very close to the distances estimated by the nj method for just these taxa . then , the excluded taxa are deposited into this core set tree by solving the equation of motion with the same potential function . assuming that convergent evolution and long - branch attraction are the main source of deviation from additivity , we allow for only positive corrections of the biased distances between the core set and excluded taxa ( that is , distances can only get bigger ) ."]}
{"id": 2621, "summary": [{"text": "lecithocera sophronopa is a moth in the lecithoceridae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by alexey diakonoff in 1968 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found on luzon in the philippines .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is about 15 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the forewings are pale fuscous touched with creamy , strewn throughout with rather dense fuscous scales .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are dark fuscous .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "there is an ill-defined triangular small basal patch with a very inwards-oblique edge and obliterate lower third .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "a well-defined , somewhat irregular interrupted marginal narrow streak is found around more than the posterior fourth of the wing .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the stigmata are irregular , about equal , the first discal beyond one-third of the wing , the plical below and somewhat before it , the second discal before two-thirds .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are fuscous , rather thinly scaled . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "lecithocera sophronopa", "paragraphs": ["lecithocera sophronopa diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 132 ; tl : luzon , benguet , klondyke , 800ft\nlecithocera \u00e4r ett sl\u00e4kte av fj\u00e4rilar . lecithocera ing\u00e5r i familjen lecithoceridae . lecithocera abrasa\nfigures 601 - 608 . \u2014timyridae : 601 , homaloxestis aganacma , new species , ? , holotype ; 602 , h . surrepia , new species , d ^ , holotype ; 603 , lecithocera sophronopa , new species , 9 , holotvpe ; 604 , l . activata , new species , d ^ , holotype ; 605 , l . strenua , new species , cf , holotype ; 606 , l . cassiterota meyrick , cf ; 607 , l . phanerostoma , new species , & , holo - type ; 608 , l . megalopis meyrick , cf .\nvad betyder lecithocera ? h\u00e4r finner du 2 definitioner av lecithocera . du kan \u00e4ven l\u00e4gga till betydelsen av lecithocera sj\u00e4lv\nlecithocera acolasta ; [ nhm , [ incorrect ref . on card ] card ]\nlecithocera barbata meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 356\nlecithocera eucharis meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 356\nlecithocera hildebrandtella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 220\nlecithocera ideologica meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 96\nlecithocera loxophthalma meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 453\nlecithocera ochrometra meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 356\nlecithocera randimella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 219\nlecithocera semnodora meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 357\nlecithocera chloroscia meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 14\nlecithocera dicentropa meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 14\nlecithocera lecithocerella viette , 1956 ; boll . lab . zool . portici 33 : 470\nlecithocera trifera meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 14\nlecithocera tenella ; park , 2012 , entom . science 15 ( 1 ) : 72\nlecithocera aenicta janse , 1954 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 4 ) : 337\nlecithocera aspergata gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : 425\nlecithocera cataenepha gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : 426\nlecithocera corythaeola meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 80\nlecithocera dierli gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : 419\nlecithocera fascinatrix meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 563\nlecithocera flavicosta gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : 424\nlecithocera flavofusa gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : 420\nlecithocera ianthodes meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 80\nlecithocera monobyrsa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 80\nlecithocera nepalica gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : 421\nlecithocera parenthesis gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : 422\nlecithocera ranavaloella viette , 1967 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 72 : 296\nlecithocera bariella viette , 1958 ; rev . franc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 114\nlecithocera cameronella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 222 [ ? ]\nlecithocera chlorogastra meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 84 ; tl : java , rembang\nlecithocera iodocarpha gozm\u00e1ny , 1978 ; microlepid . palaearctica 5 : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 58\nlecithocera ladrone gozm\u00e1ny , 2002 ; shilap revta lepid . 30 ( 117 ) : ( 33 - 38 )\nlecithocera lamprodesma meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 85 ; tl : celebes , makassar\nlecithocera paraulias gozm\u00e1ny , 1978 ; microlepid . palaearctica 5 : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 59\nlecithocera pauperella rebel , 1917 ; denkschr . akad . wiss . wien 93 : 443 ; tl : kadugli\nlecithocera peracantha gozm\u00e1ny , 1978 ; microlepid . palaearctica 5 : 116 , pl . 6 , f . 61\nlecithocera perigypsa meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 85 ; tl : celebes , lokka\nlecithocera rotundata gozm\u00e1ny , 1978 ; microlepid . palaearctica 5 : 116 , pl . 6 , f . 62\nlecithocera tricholoba gozm\u00e1ny , 1978 ; microlepid . palaearctica 5 : 117 , pl . 6 , f . 63\nlecithocera acolasta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 236 ; tl : bombay , dharwar\nlecithocera acrosphales meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 108 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo\nlecithocera amphigrapta meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 6500ft\nlecithocera antiphractis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 435 ; tl : assam , shillong\nlecithocera autodyas meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 525 ; tl : new ireland\nlecithocera caecilia meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 110 ; tl : ceylon , pundaloya\nlecithocera castanoma ; park & wu , 2010 , trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 64\nlecithocera caustospila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 109 ; tl : assam , khasis\nlecithocera combusta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 110 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya\nlecithocera contracta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 107 ; tl : kanara , dharwar\nlecithocera erecta meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 74 ; tl : tienmushan\nlecithocera integrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 107 ; tl : kanara , dharwar\nlecithocera jugalis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 109 ; tl : kanara , dharwar\nlecithocera mylitacha ; park & wu , 2010 , trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 63\nlecithocera nepheloschema gozm\u00e1ny , 1973 ; ergeb . forsch . nepal 4 ( 3 ) : ( 413 - 444 )\nlecithocera pelomorpha meyrick , 1931 ; bull . acad . roum . 14 : 69 ; tl : kwanhsien , china\nlecithocera ptochas meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 104 ; tl : bengal , pusa\nlecithocera pyxinodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 109 ; tl : madagascar , antananarivo\nlecithocera responsa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 108 ; tl : bombay , belgaum\nlecithocera squamifera meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 525 ; tl : new hanover\nlecithocera turcica gozm\u00e1ny & mey , 2005 ; ent . nachr . bericht . 49 : ( 127 - 128 )\nlecithocera alpestra ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101 , f . 46\nlecithocera altusana park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 252 ; tl : minchr , taoyuan co .\nlecithocera barbifera meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 84 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nlecithocera biaroensis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101 , f . 50\nlecithocera brunneibella ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101 , f . 52\nlecithocera calomerida ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 53\nlecithocera carcinopsis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 522 ; tl : kanara , sirsi\nlecithocera caviella ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 54\nlecithocera ceratoides ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 55\nlecithocera chersitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 106 ; tl : korea , port lazaref\nlecithocera cornutima ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 56\nlecithocera crypsigenes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 523 ; tl : ceylon , patipola\nlecithocera daebuensis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 57\nlecithocera diligens meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 84 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nlecithocera diplosticta meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 84 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nlecithocera dondavisi ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 58\nlecithocera dubitans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 157 ; tl : mt . murud , 6300ft\nlecithocera eremiodes ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 59\nlecithocera excaecata meyrick , 1922 ; zool . meded . leiden 7 : 86 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft\nlecithocera flavifusa meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 156 ; tl : mt . poi , 4350ft\nlecithocera fuscosa park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 250 ; tl : minchr , taoyuan co .\nlecithocera gilviana ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 62\nlecithocera grammophanes meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 158 ; tl : mt . poi , 4350ft\nlecithocera gyrosiella ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 64\nlecithocera hispidiella ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 65\nlecithocera inkyuleei ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 66\nlecithocera inepta meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 157 ; tl : mt . murud , 4500ft\nlecithocera laminospina ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 67\nlecithocera lasioides ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 68\nlecithocera lucernata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 294 ; tl : pretoria\nlecithocera luticostella turati , 1926 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 65 : 69 , f . 31\nlecithocera magna ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 104 , f . 70\nlecithocera montiatilis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 104 , f . 74\nlecithocera myopa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 294 ; tl : barberton\nlecithocera nefasta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : kanara , supa\nlecithocera officialis meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 67 ; tl : haenertsburg\nlecithocera orbiculata ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 104 , f . 76\nlecithocera pakiaensis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 77\nlecithocera phratriastis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 523 ; tl : ceylon , madulsima\nlecithocera poculata ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 81\nlecithocera porrectiella ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 83\nlecithocera rubigona ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 86\nlecithocera similis ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 88\nlecithocera spinulata ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 89\nlecithocera stichoides ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 90\nlecithocera yoshiyasui ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 94\nlecithocera fascicula park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 253 ; tl : lienhwachih 690m , nantou co .\nlecithocera frustrata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 107 ; tl : french congo , fort crampel\nlecithocera glaphyritis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 106 ; tl : ceylon , namunukuli , 6000ft\nlecithocera goniometra meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 522 ; tl : philippines , los ba\u00f1os\nlecithocera hemiacma meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 448 ; tl : borneo , kuching\nlecithocera immobilis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 103 ; tl : s . india , coiimbatore\nlecithocera insidians meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 108 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nlecithocera isomitra meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 277 ; tl : nyassaland , mt mlanje\nlecithocera neosticta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 107 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft\nlecithocera obsignata meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 277 ; tl : nyassaland , mt mlanje\nlecithocera octonias meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 447 ; tl : borneo , kuching\nlecithocera perpensa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 153 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nlecithocera protoma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 198 ; tl : gold coast , aburi\nlecithocera pulchella park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 254 ; tl : upper paling , taoyuan co .\nlecithocera querula meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 449 ; tl : java , bandong\nlecithocera sceptrarcha meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . l\u00e9p . 2 : 77\nlecithocera schoutedeniella ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 59\nlecithocera syntropha meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 109 ; tl : nw . india , quetta\nlecithocera tienchiensis park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 253 ; tl : tienchi 2260m , kaohsiung co .\nlecithocera xanthochalca meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : nyassaland , mt mlanje\nlecithocera pseudolunata park , 2012 ; entom . science 15 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : morobe , papua new guinea\nlecithocera fascitiala park , 2012 ; entom . science 15 ( 1 ) : 71 ; tl : madang , papua new guinea\nlecithocera affusa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 40 ; tl : assam , khasis\nlecithocera affusa ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746\nlecithocera anthologella wallengren , 1875 ; \u00f6fvers . vet . akad . f\u00f6rh . 32 ( 1 ) : 129 ; tl : tranvaal\nlecithocera atricastana park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 254 ; tl : taiwan , taichung co . , heiganzan\nlecithocera baeopis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 523 ; tl : assam , shillong , 5000ft\nlecithocera bimaculata park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 244 ; tl : taiwan , taichung co . , hassenzan\nlecithocera binotata meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 24 ; tl : natal , umkomaas\nlecithocera coleasta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 103 ; tl : new guinea , sariba i .\nlecithocera gozmanyi ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746\nlecithocera hypsipola meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 290 ; tl : kumaon , muktesar , 7000ft\nlecithocera malacta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 110 ; tl : comoro is . , grand comoro\nlecithocera montana park , 2005 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 3 ) : ( 233 - 237 )\nlecithocera nomaditis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 594 ; tl : solomon is . , choiseul\nlecithocera pachyntis meyrick , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . 1894 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : burma , koni\nlecithocera paralevirota park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 245 ; tl : taiwan , taichung co . , baibara\nlecithocera thaiheisana park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 246 ; tl : taiwan , ilan co . , taiheisan\nlecithocera theconoma meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 156 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft , lio matu\nlecithocera angustiella park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 251 ; tl : upper paling , 2260m , taoyuan co .\nlecithocera anympha meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 593 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin\nlecithocera aulias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 447 ; tl : khasis\nlecithocera desolata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 105 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 6000ft\nlecithocera eludens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 108 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 6000ft\nlecithocera eumenopis meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin\nlecithocera fausta meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 449 ; tl : philippines , luzon , 5000ft\nlecithocera improvisa diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 146 ; tl : mindanao\nlecithocera linocoma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 593 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin\nlecithocera mazina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 445 ; tl : simla\nlecithocera megalopis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : philippines , mt apo , 6500\nlecithocera palingensis park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 252 ; tl : upper paling , 2260m , taoyuan co .\nlecithocera poliocoma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 593 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin\nlecithocera semirupta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 445 ; tl : khasis\nlecithocera niptanensis park , 2012 ; entom . science 15 ( 1 ) : 71 ; tl : wau , morobe , papua new guinea\nlecithocera brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 314\nlecithocera megalosperma ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 314\nlecithocera praeses meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 236 ; tl : kumaon , bhim tal , 5000 - 6000ft\nlecithocera purpurea ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 314\nlecithocera squalida ; [ nhm card ] ; park & wu , 2010 , trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 67\nlecithocera autologa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 446 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon\nlecithocera chamela turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 155 ; tl : queensland , mt . tambourine\nlecithocera cratophanes meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 522 ; tl : chochin - china , cape st . jacques\nlecithocera decaryella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 109 ; tl : madagascar , perinet , 700m , analamazoatra\nlecithocera epigompha meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 448 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nlecithocera fausta ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 138 ; [ nhm card ]\nlecithocera goniometra ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 140 ; [ nhm card ]\nlecithocera homocentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 449 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nlecithocera ichorodes meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 445 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft\nlecithocera macella meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 105 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , maduvatam , 6000ft\nlecithocera masoalella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 110 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\nlecithocera mocquerysella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 112 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\nlecithocera omphacias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 445 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon\nlecithocera paulianella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 113 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\nlecithocera perfida meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 105 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , pykara , 7000ft\nlecithocera plicata wu & park , 1999 ; korean j . syst . zool . 15 : 5 ; tl : sri lanka , uggalkaltota , 350ft\nlecithocera proclivis meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 449 ; tl : nilgiris , 6000ft\nlecithocera stelophanes meyrick , 1938 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 87 : 514 ; tl : mafulu , papua new guinea\nlecithocera latiola park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 247 ; tl : kuanyuan 2420m , mt . hohuan hotel , hualien co .\nlecithocera poculata park & wu , 2010 ; trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 68 ; tl : kanchanaburi , tam tarn lod\nlecithocera prudens meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 4 ) : 106 ; tl : new guinea , setekwa r . , 2000 - 3000ft\nlecithocera stomobapta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 524 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; bombay , dharwar\nlecithocera tumiodosa [ sic , recte tumidosa ] ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 93\nlecithocera xanthophaea meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 158 ; tl : mt poi , 4500 - 5300ft ; mt murud , 6500ft\nlecithocera acribostola diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 139 ; tl : luzon , mt . makiling\nlecithocera calomerida park & wu , 2010 ; trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : loei , phu rhu , 800m\nlecithocera choritis ; [ nhm card ] ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746\nlecithocera decorosa diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 141 ; tl : luzon , mt . makiling\nlecithocera docilis diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 144 ; tl : luzon , mt . makiling\nlecithocera gilviana park & wu , 2010 ; trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 63 ; tl : prachaup khiri khan , kui buri\nlecithocera ianthodes ; [ nhm card ] ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746\nlecithocera immobilis ; [ nhm card ] ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746\nlecithocera leucomastis diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 145 ; tl : luzon , mt . apo\nlecithocera semirupta ; [ nhm card ] ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746\nlecithocera sinuosa meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 444 ; tl : maskeliya ; matale , ceylon\nlecithocera syntropha ; [ nhm card ] ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746\nlecithocera alcestis meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 40 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; kanara , anshi\nlecithocera ? bipunctella snellen , 1903 ; tijdschr . ent . 46 : 36 , pl . 4 , f . 6 ; tl : w . java , preanger\nlecithocera deloma durrant , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 165 ; tl : mimika river\nlecithocera dirupta meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 39 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft\nlecithocera eremiodes park & wu , 2010 ; trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 69 ; tl : kanchanaburi , mae la mun , 400m\nlecithocera luteola diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 145 ; tl : luzon , agoo , la union\nlecithocera orbiculata park & wu , 2010 ; trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : nakhon nayok , khao yai , 800m\nlecithocera strigosa durrant , 1915 ; in rothschild & durrant , lep . b . o . u . exp . new guinea : 165 ; tl : mimika river\nlecithocera telosperma diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 143 ; tl : luzon , san miguel , tarlac\nlecithocera tumidosa park & wu , 2010 ; trop . lepid . res . 20 ( 2 ) : 65 ; tl : loei , mae la mun , 400m\nlecithocera autodyas ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 326 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera coleasta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 326 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera deloma ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 326 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera itrinea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 444 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft ; ceylon\nlecithocera prudens ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 326 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera shanpinensis park , 1999 ; zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 247 ; tl : shanpin for . stn . 750m , 10km se liukuei , kahsiung co .\nlecithocera squamifera ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 326 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera staurophora ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 317 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera stelophanes ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 319 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera strigosa ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 326 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera submersa ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 319 , 314 ( list )\nlecithocera brachyptila diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 50 ; tl : sigi camp , papua\nlecithocera caviella park , 2005 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 3 ) : 236 ; tl : chanthanaburi , khao soi dao , ca . 400m\nlecithocera choritis meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 448 ; tl : palni hils , 6000ft ; nilgiris , 6000ft\nlecithocera purpurea diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 50 ; tl : mist camp , papua\nlecithocera submersa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 59 ; tl : mist camp , papua\nlecithocera sublunata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 60 ; tl : araucaria camp , papua\nlecithocera alampes turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 156 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns ; new south wales , sydney\nlecithocera andrianella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : madagascar , env perinet , analamazaotra forest , 910m\nlecithocera megalosperma diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 58 ; tl : moss forest camp , papua\nlecithocera oxycona meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 444 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft ; gooty ; konka\nlecithocera strenua diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 134 ; tl : mindanao , mt . apo , baroring , 7000ft\nlecithocera flavipalpis walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 105 , pl . 5 , f . 40 ; tl : estcourt ( natal )\nlecithocera gyrosiella park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 323 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : morobe , wau , papua new guinea\nlecithocera lasioides park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 325 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : morobe , wau , papua new guinea\nlecithocera marginata walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 104 , pl . 5 , f . 39 ; tl : bathurst ( gambia )\nlecithocera radamella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 88 ; tl : n . madagascar , mont . ambre , roussettes , 1000m\nlecithocera stichoides park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 324 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : wau , morobe , papua new guinea\nlecithocera adelella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 110 ( preocc . titana adelella walker , 1864 ) ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy\nlecithocera alpestra park , 2005 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 3 ) : 234 ; tl : loei , phu luang wildlife sanc . , 700 - 900m , thailand\nlecithocera hispidiella park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 323 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : morobe , wau 1000m , papua new guinea\nlecithocera ankasokella viette , 1968 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 37 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : e . madagascar , route lakato , km 15 , ankasoka , 1100m\nlecithocera brunneibella park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 322 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : madang , brahman mission 200m , papua new guinea\nlecithocera magna park , 2005 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 8 ( 3 ) : 233 ; tl : chiang mai , doi inthanan nat . park , ca . 1600m , thailand\nlecithocera mesosura ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 91 ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 104 , f . 72\nlecithocera metopaena ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 91 ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 104 , f . 73\nlecithocera plicata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 114 ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 80\nlecithocera pogonikuma ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 115 ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 82\nlecithocera altusana ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101 , f . 47\nlecithocera angustiella ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101 , f . 48\nlecithocera biaroensis park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 321 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : morobe , mt . kaindi 2360m , papua new guinea\nlecithocera ceratoides park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 325 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : morobe , biaro rd . 2000m , papua new guinea\nlecithocera fascicula ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 102 , f . 60\nlecithocera fuscosa ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 62\nlecithocera inkyuleei park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 322 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : morobe , mt . kaindi 2350m , papua new guinea\nlecithocera latiola ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 104 , f . 69\nlecithocera palingensis ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 78\nlecithocera porrectiella park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 325 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : morobe , biaro rd . 2000m , papua new guinea\nlecithocera pulchella ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 85\nlecithocera shanpinensis ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 87\nlecithocera spinulata park , 2012 ; j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 324 , 314 ( list ) ; tl : wau , morobe , wau 1000m , papua new guinea\nlecithocera thaiheisana ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 . f . 91\nlecithocera tienchiensis ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 106 , f . 92\nlecithocera sublunata ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 315 , 314 ( list ) ; park , 2012 , entom . science 15 ( 1 ) : 69\nlecithocera pseudolunata ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 316 , 314 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 84\nlecithocera fascitiala ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 316 , 314 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 103 , f . 61\nlecithocera niptanensis ; park , 2012 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 15 ( 2 ) : 317 , 314 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 104 , f . 75\nlecithocera atricastana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 19 ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101 , f . 49\nlecithocera bimaculata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 25 ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101 , f . 51\nlecithocera paralevirota ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 106 ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list ) ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 105 , f . 79\nlecithocera megalopis ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 138 ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1999 , zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 248 ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list )\nlecithocera aulias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1999 , zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 249 ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746 ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list )\nlecithocera metacausta ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1999 , zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 246 ; pathania , rose , sood & katewa , 2007 , zoos ' print j . 22 ( 7 ) : 2746 ; park , heppner & bae , 2013 , zookeys 263 : 49 ( list )\nlecithocera ( lecithocerinae ) ; park , 1999 , zoological studies 38 ( 2 ) : 242 ; park , 2000 , zoological studies 39 ( 4 ) : 361 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ fe ] ; heikkil\u00e4 , mutanen , kekkonen & kaila , 2013 , cladistics ( 2014 ) : 9 ; park , 2014 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 7 : 101\ndoctype html public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nthe bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .\nandusia alternella walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1836 ; tl : java\ntorodora ancylota meyrick , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . 1894 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : burma , fort stedman\n? depressaria absumptella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 567 ; tl : sydney\nbrachmia capnaula meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 719 ; tl : patipola , newera eliya , maskeliya , haputale , ceylon\npsammoris carpaea meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\ncaveiformis meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 82\ncholeroleuca meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 79\nbrachmia compsophila meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 709 ; tl : madulsima ; kurunegala ; diyatalawa , ceylon\nstyloceros concinna turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 157 ; tl : n . queensland , bellenden - ker\nbrachmia cordata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 720 ; tl : palni hill\ncornutella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 632\ncrebrata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 2 ) : 447\nmacrotona cyamitis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 406 [ key ] , 407 ; tl : brisbane , queensland\nbrachmia deleastra meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 711 ; tl : kandy ; arawa , ceylon\ndisperma ( diakonoff , 1954 ) ( periphorectis ) ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 39\npatouissa dissonella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 821 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\ngelechia ( ceratophora ? ) distigmatella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 366 ; tl : new holland\nceletodes dracopis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , pekalongan\nbrachmia elephantopa meyrick , 1910 ; rec . ind . mus . 5 : 222 ; tl : bhogaon , purneah district , n . bengal ; konkan , bombay ; coorg , 3500ft ; nilgiris , 3500ft\ntorodora epomia meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 599 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nbrachmia exophthalma meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 720 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nbrachmia fornacalis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 719 ; tl : kandy , ceylon\nsnellenia fuscedinella snellen , 1901 ; tijdschr . ent . 44 : 88 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; tl : java , buitenzorg\nbrachmia geraea meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 717 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon\nbrachmia haemylopis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 716 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon\nbrachmia imprudens meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : new south wales , ourimbah\nfrisilia indigens meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 50 ; tl : suisharyo\ntirallis ? innotatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 807 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nbrachmia iresia meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 709 ; tl : madulsima ; trincomali ; puttalam , ceylon\nstyloceros isophanes turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 158 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns\ntiriza leucotella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 791 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nbrachmia lycopis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 717 ; tl : maskeliya ; madulsima , ceylon\nmeyricki ( ghesqui\u00e8re , 1940 ) ( leucoptera ) ; ann . mus . congo belge , zool ( 3 ) 2 ( 7 ) : 81\ngelechia ( ? ) micromela lower , 1897 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 21 : 55 ; tl : gisborne , victoria\nstyloceros noseropa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 158 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns\nbrachmia nubigena meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 720 ; tl : haputale , ceylon\nmacrotoma paroena meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : maskeliya ; maturatta , ceylon\nbrachmia paroristis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 718 ; tl : madulsima , ceylon\npeloceros meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 86\npepantica meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 36\nbrachmia percnobela meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 723 ; tl : nilgiris , 3500ft\nprotolyca meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 5\nsiovata pulcherrimella walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1838 ; tl : java\ntirasia punctigeneralis walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 818 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nbrachmia puteolata meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 716 ; tl : cuddapah , 400ft\nsextacta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 56\ngelechia signifera felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 139 , f . 23 ; tl : ceylon\nmystax sikkimella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 139 ; tl : darjeeling [ ? ]\nmacrotona sobria meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 406 [ key ] , 407 ; tl : sydney ; blackheath , new south wales\nbrachmia storestis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 711 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon\nbrachmia strangalistis meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 722 ; tl : khasis\ngelechia subservitella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 639 ; tl : sarawak , borneo\nsyntomica meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 79\nsarisophora terrena turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 153 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns\nmacrotona terrigena meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 406 ; tl : sydney , new south wales\nthioclora meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 49\ntimioceros meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 86\ntiriza trigonopsis meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 737 ; tl : simla\nindia ( bombay , poona , . . . ) . see [ maps ]\ngelechia umbripennis swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 884 ; tl : bombay ; poona\nbrachmia xanthocosma meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 46 ; tl : uganda , kampala\nsublunata ; park , 2012 , entom . science 15 ( 1 ) : 69\nsarisophora tenella turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 153 ; tl : n . queensland , cairns\n[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013\nsangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der zoologischen expedition des national - museums in prag nach der t\u00fcrkei . 13 . microlepidoptera\nmicrolepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv\nreise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera\n- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .\ndie schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten\nsystematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . h\u00fcbner ' s sammlung europ\u00e4ischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )\nh . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )\nvoyage de ch . alluaud et r . jeannel en afrique orientale ( 1911 - 1812 ) . r\u00e9sultats scientifique . insectes l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . 2 . microlepidoptera in alluaud & jeannel ,\nthree hundred and twenty newly described species of lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) by k . t . park since 1998 , with a tentative catalogue and images of types\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der mit unterst\u00fctzung der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften in wien aus der erbschaft treitl von f . werner unternommenen zoologischen expedition nach dem anglo - \u00e4gyptischen sudan ( kordofan ) 1914 . i . lepidoptera\na taxonomic review of the lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera ) in sri lanka iii . the subfamily lecithocerinae : genus\ntaxonomic review of the lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera ) in sri lanka iv . the subfamily lecithocerinae : genus\nzeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\nhtml public\ni / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnote : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments\n* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .\nthere are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account\ncurators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .\nspecies catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .\ncopyright \u00a9 new earth online . content from external sites are the property of their respective owners where stated .\nconservation status where available has been identified by the iucn red list of threatened species .\nauthors : united states national museum ; smithsonian institution ; united states . dept . of the interior\npublisher : washington : smithsonian institution press , [ etc . ] ; for sale by the supt . of docs . , u . s . govt print . off .\nclick here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .\nplease note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .\ncouldn ' t select : table ' searchdictionaries . pangrams _ list ' doesn ' t exist"]}
{"id": 2624, "summary": [{"text": "carangoides is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fishes in the jack family , carangidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "they are small - to large-sized , deep-bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker and jaw morphology , often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus caranx .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "they inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the indian , pacific , and atlantic oceans , often occupying coastal areas , including reefs , bays , and estuaries , rarely venturing far offshore .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "they are all predatory fishes , taking a variety of smaller fishes , crustaceans and cephalopods as prey .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "the genus was first erected in 1851 by pieter bleeker for an unknown taxon and currently contains 21 species .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "many make up significant proportions of various fisheries , although a number of ciguatera cases have been attributed to them . ", "topic": 15}], "title": "carangoides", "paragraphs": ["fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : carangoides ferdau , avec sa m\u00e9duse thysanostoma loriferum . jpg\nas trusted on the\ncarangoides ferdau\npage .\nspecies - specific conservation measures for carangoides coeruleopinnatus in the persian gulf are unknown .\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\ncarangoides ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 )\n.\njennifer hammock chose to hide data on\ncarangoides chrysophrys ( cuvier , 1833 )\n.\nhosts : longnose trevally carangoides chrysophrys and c . hedlandensis ( both carangidae , perciformes ) .\nhosts : shadow trevally carangoides dinema and yellowspotted trevally c . fulvoguttatus ( both carangidae , perciformes ) .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus is incidentally taken by artisanal fisheries throughout its range ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . carangoides coeruleopinnatus is caught mostly on hook and line ( carpenter et al . 1997 ) , but is also taken by gillnets and traps ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . carangoides coeruleopinnatus is marketed fresh and dried salted .\n, a group of fish commonly known as jacks and trevallies . carangoides falls into the jack and horse mackerel family\nnick hope marked the arabic common name\nbayad\nfrom\ncarangoides ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 )\nas untrusted .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus is not well - known in the persian gulf , therefore , carangoides coeruleopinnatus is listed as data deficient . distribution within the persian gulf is not well - known . studies that improve our knowledge regarding the geographic distribution and habitat preferences of carangoides coeruleopinnatus within the persian gulf as well as a reliable estimate of abundance are needed to make a proper conservation appraisal .\nwilliams , f . ; venkataramani , v . k . ( 1980 ) .\nnotes on indo - pacific carangid fishes of the genus carangoides bleeker ii . the carangoides armatus group\n. bulletin of marine science 28 ( 3 ) : 501\u2013511 .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .\ncarangoides armatus\nin fishbase . january 2008 version .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .\ncarangoides ciliarius\nin fishbase . january 2008 version .\nfroese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2008 ) .\ncarangoides fulvoguttatus\nin fishbase . october 2008 version .\nbludger trevally , carangoides gymnostethus , at mornington island . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution\nascaridoid larvae designated as \u201c raphidascaris larval type\u201d were reported from carangoides chrysophrys from off new caledonia by shamsi et al . [ 64 ] .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus distribution within the persian gulf is not well - known . carangoides coeruleopinnatus has not been reported off iran , kuwait , and abu dhabi ( w . smith - vaniz , f . kaymaram , j . bishop , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2013 ) .\nnick hope marked the common name\nsulphur cinquefoil\nin an unknown language from\ncarangoides ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 )\nas untrusted .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad )\ntitle =\narkive species - orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nfr\u00e9d\u00e9ric ducarme marked\nfile : carangoides ferdau , avec sa m\u00e9duse thysanostoma loriferum . jpg\nas trusted on the\nthysanostoma loriferum ehrenberg 1835\npage .\nascaridoid larvae from carangoides spp . a\u2013c : hysterothylacium sp . third - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( a : anterior end of body ; b : cephalic end ; c : tail ; all lateral views ) . d\u2013f : raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . third - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( d : anterior end of body ; e : cephalic end ; f : tail ; all lateral views ) . g\u2013i : raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . fourth - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( g : anterior end of body ; h : cephalic end ; i : tail ; all lateral views ) . j , k : terranova sp . third - stage larva from carangoides fulvoguttatus ( j : anterior end of body ; k : tail ; both lateral views ) .\nnematode parasites of four species of carangoides ( osteichthyes : carangidae ) in new caledonian waters , with a description of philometra dispar n . sp . ( philometridae )\n( of carangoides auroguttatus ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]\nn\u00e9matodes parasites de quatre esp\u00e8ces de carangoides ( osteichthyes : carangidae ) des eaux de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie , avec description de philometra dispar n . sp . ( philometridae )\nthree species of opisthomonorchiine monorchiids ( digenea ) in carangoides spp . ( perciformes : carangidae ) from off new caledonia , with a description of opisthomonorchis dinema n . sp\ncarangoides bleeker ( carangidae , perciformes ) is a genus comprising at present 21 species of marine fishes that inhabit the tropical and subtropical regions of the indian , pacific and atlantic oceans [ 14 ] . in 2009 and 2010 , during extensive studies of the parasites of marine fishes in new caledonian waters , specimens of four species of carangoides were examined . since no data on the parasites of carangoides spp . from off new caledonia were available , the newly obtained helminthological material has provided the first information from this zoogeographically interesting region .\ncarangoides coeruleopinnatus is commonly found over deeper coastal reefs ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) , sea grass beds ( satapoomin 2011 ) , and sand bottoms near reefs between 10 - 25 m in depth ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . however , due to its rather sluggish nature , carangoides coeruleopinnatus is rarely found close to the shore ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . carangoides coeruleopinnatus is generally solitary ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) , though , known to occur in small groups ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) . the recorded maximum total length for c . coeruleopinnatus is 41 cm ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\n( of carangoides hemigymnostethus bleeker , 1851 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides rectipinnus williams , 1958 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides rhomboides kotthaus , 1974 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides chrysophryoides bleeker , 1851 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides gymnostethoides bleeker , 1851 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides ferdan ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides auroguttatus ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides auroguttataus ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides chrysophyra ( cuvier , 1833 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of carangoides laticaudis ( alleyne & macleay , 1877 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ncapillariidae gen . sp . , gravid female from carangoides dinema . a : anterior end of body . b : region of vulva , lateral view . c : stichocyte from middle part of stichosome . d : posterior end of body , lateral view . e : egg .\njohnstonmawsonia sp . from carangoides fulvoguttatus , nongravid female . a : anterior end of body , lateral view . b : same , larger magnification . c : cephalic end , apical view . d : oesophageal portion of body , lateral view . e : tail , lateral view .\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . carangoides armatus ( r\u00fcppell , 1830 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nthe finding of one female specimen of this species , reported as capillariidae gen . sp . 3 , in new caledonian waters was recorded by moravec & justine [ 40 ] ; however , the host reported as carangoides oblongus ( cuvier ) was in fact c . dinema [ 12 ] .\ncite this article as : moravec f , gey d & justine j - l : nematode parasites of four species of carangoides ( osteichthyes : carangidae ) in new caledonian waters , with a description of philometra dispar n . sp . ( philometridae ) . parasite , 2016 , 23 , 40 .\nphilometra dispar n . sp . from carangoides dinema , male . a : anterior end of body , lateral view . b : cephalic end , apical view . c : caudal end , apical view . d : gubernaculum , lateral view . e , f : posterior end , lateral and ventral views .\nall the above - mentioned forms are considered to represent one and the same species of raphidascaris railliet & henry , 1915 , which attains full maturity in carangoides spp . the presence of characteristic , anteriorly united lateral alae in fourth - stage larvae shows that this currently undescribed species belongs to the subgenus ichthyascaris wu , 1949 .\ngrandcourt , e . m . , al abdessalaam , t . z . , francis , f . and al shamsi , a . ( 2004 ) population biology and assessment of representatives of the family carangidae carangoides bajad and gnathanodon speciiosus ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) , in the southern arabian gulf . fisheries research , 69 : 331 - 341 .\njohnstonmawsonia sp . from carangoides fulvoguttatus , scanning electron micrographs of nongravid female . a , b : cephalic end , apical and dorsoventral views , respectively ( arrows indicate sublabia ) . c : detail of mouth , apical view ( arrows indicate inner prostomal teeth ) . d : excretory pore , ventral view . abbreviations : a , amphid ; b , submedian cephalic papilla ; c , sublabium .\ncarangoides chrysophrys ( cuvier , 1833 ) : wickel & jamon ( 2010 ) [ statut pour mayotte ] wickel , j . & jamon , a . 2010 . inventaire taxonomique actualis\u00e9 des poissons marins de l\u2019\u00eele de mayotte et des bancs r\u00e9cifaux de geyser - z\u00e9l\u00e9e , canal de mozambique . liste r\u00e9vis\u00e9e des esp\u00e8ces et \u00e9laboration d\u2019une base de donn\u00e9es fonctionnelle . rapport lagonia / apnee en collaboration avec l\u2019aquarium de la r\u00e9union . 34 pp . + annexe .\na green to bluish - green trevally becoming silver below , with or without small golden to dark orange spots ( usually less than 30 ) scattered on the sides , olive green dorsal , anal , caudal and pelvic fins , and often white tips on the soft dorsal and anal fins . juveniles to 200 mm are silver to silvery - green with a few scattered golden spots on the side , and a dark line running obliquely through the eye that fades with age . this species is often misidentified as carangoides fulvoguttatus .\ncucullanus bulbosus ( lane , 1916 ) from carangoides fulvoguttatus . a , b : anterior end of gravid female , dorsoventral and lateral views , respectively . c , d : cephalic end of gravid female , lateral and ventral views , respectively . e : cephalic end of male , lateral view . f : posterior end of male , lateral view . g : egg . h : caudal end of male , lateral view . i : cephalic end of male , apical view . j : tail of gravid female , lateral view . k : caudal end of male , ventral view .\nall species of johnstonmawsonia were described to have no teeth in the prostom . the present specimen has no anterior prostomal teeth , but its prostom is provided with six minute , more posteriorly located denticles , which are visible only with the use of sem . however , it should be remarked that none of the johnstonmawsonia spp . has so far been studied by sem ( except for the poor quality sem micrograph of the cephalic end of j . porichthydis [ 68 ] ) . therefore , it is not currently clear whether the presence of small posterior prostomal denticles is a generic feature in johnstonmawsonia or it is only a character of an apparently undescribed congeneric species parasitising carangoides fulvoguttatus .\nparukhin [ 51 \u2013 53 ] reported p . carangi from 12 species of carangid fishes ( including two carangoides spp . ) from the western part of the indian ocean ( monar bay , arabian sea near oman , gulf of aden , red sea , off southeastern coast of africa ) , whereas p . decapteri was recorded from the north pacific ocean near japan [ 29 ] . although specimens of the present material may belong to one of these two species ( which , however , may be identical to each other ) , their poor original descriptions and principally the absence of a male in our material do not allow us to assign the new caledonian specimens to a species .\nbased on this material , digeneans [ 4 , 9 \u2013 12 ] and trypanorhynch cestodes [ 8 ] have already been recorded . regarding the parasitic nematodes , moravec & justine [ 40 ] mentioned the finding of the unidentified capillariid female , capillariidae gen . sp . , from c . dinema bleeker ( erroneously reported as c . oblongus ( cuvier ) \u2013 see bray & justine [ 12 ] ) , and shamsi et al . [ 64 ] recorded four ascaridoid larval types , anisakis type i , raphidascaris type and terranova types i and ii , in five carangoides spp . results of the evaluation of nematodes collected from four species of congeneric hosts from off new caledonia are presented herein .\nwith a deep , flattened , streamlined body , the orange spotted trevally ( carangoides bajad ) is a powerful , fast - swimming predatory fish of the jack family ( carangidae ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this carnivorous fish is also recognised by its deeply - forked tail fin , low dorsal fin with elongated rays , and naked patch on the middle of the belly ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this beautiful fish is typically silvery - grey in colour with a scattering of conspicuous , bright orange - yellow spots along the sides ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . it does , however , display the remarkable ability to change its colour to become almost entirely orange , although the spotting still shows through ( 4 ) .\nphilometra dispar n . sp . from carangoides dinema , scanning electron micrographs of male . a , b : cephalic end , dorsoventral and apical views , respectively . c , d : caudal end , lateral and apical views , respectively ( arrow indicates phasmid ) . e : caudal end , subdorsal view ( arrows indicate phasmids ) . f : deirid . g : anterior end of body , dorsoventral view ( arrow indicates location of deirid ) . abbreviations : a , amphid ; b , submedian pair of cephalic papillae of external circle ; c , submedian cephalic papilla of internal circle ; d , lateral cephalic papilla of internal circle ; e , caudal papillae in region of cloacal aperture ; f , caudal papilla of last postanal pair ; g , caudal mound ; o , oral aperture .\nto date , 10 species of raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) are known as parasites of marine fishes [ 72 ] . of these , five species were reported from the south pacific ocean in the australian region : r . ( i . ) fisheri ( hooper , 1983 ) , r . ( i . ) gymnocraniae ( bruce , 1990 ) and r . ( i . ) sillagoides ( bruce , 1990 ) in australian waters and r . ( i . ) etelidis moravec & justine , 2012 and r . ( i . ) nemipteri moravec & justine , 2005 from off new caledonia [ 13 , 39 , 41 ] . however , none of the raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) spp . has so far been described from fishes of the family carangidae . therefore , it can be assumed that the nematodes parasitising carangoides spp . in new caledonian waters belong to a new species .\nbased on their morphology , the present hysterothylacium larvae from c . fulvoguttatus cannot be assigned to any of the congeneric larval types of shamsi et al . [ 63 , 64 ] , all of which were reported from non - carangid fishes . it is not clear whether the present hysterothylacium larvae may attain full maturity in c . fulvoguttatus , serving thus as the definitive host , or whether this fish is only utilised as the paratenic host . the only two species reported from carangid fishes are h . chorinemi ( parukhin , 1966 ) , recorded from atule mate ( cuvier ) , caranx sexfasciatus quoy & gaimard and scomberoides lysan ( forssk\u00e5l ) ( all carangidae ) in the south china , arabian and red seas and off the southeastern coast of africa [ 50 , 53 ] , and h . carangis ( kalyankar , 1971 ) , described from carangoides malabaricus ( bloch & schneider ) off india [ 13 , 26 ] .\ncommon names : pompano ( english ) , jack ( english ) , cocinero ( espanol ) , jurel ( espanol ) , palometa ( espanol ) , p\u00e1mpano ( espanol ) carangoides otrynter ( jordan & gilbert , 1883 ) threadfin jack , thread pompano body deep , compressed ; head profile angular ; both jaws with a band of teeth , at least at the front ; gill rakers on first arch ( excluding rudiments ) 15 - 17 + 21 - 23 ; dorsal rays viii + i , 18 - 19 ; anal rays ii + i , 16 - 17 ; elongate and filamentous dorsal and anal lobes ; dorsal and anal fins not followed by finlets ; pectoral fins longer than head ; lateral line anteriorly with moderate arch , the curved part about equal to straight part ; straight rear part of lateral line with 0 - 15 scales , followed by 40 - 52 small scutes ( large , hard spiny scales ) ; a large isolated scaleless area covering front of breast and extending up onto base of pectoral fins . generally silvery to silver grey ; an elongate black spot in the upper of the operculum ; small dark blotches between bases of dorsal rays . size : grows to 60 cm . habitat : coastal pelagic . depth : 0 - 100 m . southern baja and the central gulf of california to ecuador , including the revillagigedos , galapagos and malpelo .\nby the body length 5 . 1 mm , the present male resembles only that of p . selaris ( 5 . 3\u20135 . 5 mm ) , whereas the males of other three species are distinctly shorter ( 1 . 5\u20133 . 3 mm ) . moreover , both p . dispar sp . n . and p . selaris possess a dorsal reflexed barb at the tip of the gubernaculum , which is absent in other species . however , the new species differs from p . selaris in having conspicuously unequal spicules ( length ratio of spicules 1 : 1 . 28 vs . 1 : 1 . 03\u20131 . 04 ) , a different shape and structure of the gubernaculum ( presence vs . absence of a dorsal protuberance ) and a more posterior location of the oesophageal cell nucleus ; in addition , it was collected from a fish belonging to a different genus ( carangoides vs . selar ) . males of the remaining four philometrid species from carangids are not known and , consequently , cannot be compared with p . dispar ; however , these species can be separated based on the different genus of their type host and their geographical distribution . the allocation of the new species to philometra is provisional ; present philometrid genera are mostly based on the morphology of gravid and subgravid females , whereas males of some genera ( e . g . caranginema , philometra and philometroides ) are unidentifiable to genus [ 42 ] .\nparasitological examination of marine perciform fishes belonging to four species of carangoides , i . e . c . chrysophrys , c . dinema , c . fulvoguttatus and c . hedlandensis ( carangidae ) , from off new caledonia revealed the presence of nematodes . the identification of carangids was confirmed by barcoding of the coi gene . the eight nematode species found were : capillariidae gen . sp . ( females ) , cucullanus bulbosus ( lane , 1916 ) ( male and females ) , hysterothylacium sp . third - stage larvae , raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . ( female and larvae ) , terranova sp . third - stage larvae , philometra dispar n . sp . ( male ) , camallanus carangis olsen , 1954 ( females ) and johnstonmawsonia sp . ( female ) . the new species p . dispar from the abdominal cavity of c . dinema is mainly characterised by the body length ( 5 . 14 mm ) , the lengths of markedly unequal spicules ( 163 and 96 \u03bcm ) and gubernaculum ( 102 \u03bcm long ) provided with a dorsal protuberance and a small , reflexed dorsal barb on its posterior portion . the finding of c . bulbosus represents the first record of this parasite a century after its discovery ; the first study of this species by scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) enabled detailed redescription . the finding of johnstonmawsonia sp . in c . fulvoguttatus is the first record of a rhabdochonid nematode from a host belonging to the carangidae family . johnstonmawsonia africana moravec & puylaert , 1970 and j . campanae puylaert , 1973 are transferred to prosungulonema roytman , 1963 as p . africanum ( moravec & puylaert , 1970 ) comb . n . and p . campanae ( puylaert , 1973 ) n . comb .\nl\u2019examen parasitologique de poissons perciformes marins appartenant \u00e0 quatre esp\u00e8ces de carangoides , c . chrysophrys , c . dinema , c . fulvoguttatus et c . hedlandensis ( carangidae ) de nouvelle - cal\u00e9donie a r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 la pr\u00e9sence de n\u00e9matodes . l\u2019identification des carangid\u00e9s a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e par barcoding du g\u00e8ne coi . les huit esp\u00e8ces de n\u00e9matodes trouv\u00e9es \u00e9taient : capillariidae gen . sp . ( femelles ) , cucullanus bulbosus ( lane , 1916 ) ( m\u00e2les et femelles ) , hysterothylacium sp . ( larves de troisi\u00e8me stade ) , raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) sp . ( femelles et larves ) , terranova sp . ( larves de troisi\u00e8me stade ) , philometra dispar n . sp . ( m\u00e2le ) , camallanus carangis olsen , 1954 ( femelles ) et johnstonmawsonia sp . ( femelle ) . la nouvelle esp\u00e8ce p . dispar , de la cavit\u00e9 abdominale de c . dinema , se caract\u00e9rise principalement par la longueur du corps ( 5 . 14 mm ) , les longueurs des spicules sensiblement in\u00e9gales ( 163 et 96 \u03bcm ) et un gubernaculum ( 102 \u03bcm de long ) montrant une protub\u00e9rance dorsale et un petit ardillon dorsal orient\u00e9 vers l\u2019arri\u00e8re sur sa partie post\u00e9rieure . la trouvaille de c . bulbosus repr\u00e9sente la premi\u00e8re mention de ce parasite , un si\u00e8cle apr\u00e8s sa d\u00e9couverte ; la premi\u00e8re \u00e9tude de cette esp\u00e8ce par meb a permis une redescription d\u00e9taill\u00e9e de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce . la d\u00e9couverte de johnstonmawsonia sp . chez c . fulvoguttatus est la premi\u00e8re mention d\u2019un n\u00e9matode rhabdochonidae chez un h\u00f4te appartenant \u00e0 la famille carangidae . johnstonmawsonia africana moravec & puylaert , 1970 et j . campanae puylaert , 1973 sont transf\u00e9r\u00e9s vers prosungulonema roytman , 1963 comme p . africanum ( moravec & puylaert , 1970 ) n . comb . et p . campanae ( puylaert , 1973 ) n . comb .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .\n, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .\n, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .\ncfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013\nfrench , carangue , the name of a caribbean fish ; 1836 ( ref . 45335 )\nmarine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 60 m ( ref . 3197 ) . tropical ; 37\u00b0n - 35\u00b0s , 25\u00b0e - 127\u00b0w\nindo - pacific : red sea and east africa ( to port elizabeth , south africa , ref . 3197 ) to the hawaiian islands .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 70 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3287 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9137 ) ; max . published weight : 8 . 0 kg ( ref . 3287 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 26 - 34 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 21 - 26 .\nadults are found in coastal waters adjacent to sandy beaches ; also found to depths of 60 m , often near reefs ( ref . 30573 ) . pelagic ( ref . 58302 ) . singly or in small groups ( ref . 48635 ) . they feed mainly on mollusks , benthic crustaceans , and occasionally on small fish ( ref . 90102 ) that are abundant in the lagoons . excellent food fish ( ref . 12484 ) , the flesh is rarely poisonous .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )\n) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 1 , mean 28 . 1 ( based on 1490 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02455 ( 0 . 01643 - 0 . 03666 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 21 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 ) ; common length : 16 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3287 )\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . , 1984 . carangidae . in w . fischer and g . bianchi ( eds . ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean fishing area 51 . vol . 1 . [ pag . var . ] . fao , rome . ( ref . 3287 )\n) : 24 . 9 - 29 . 2 , mean 28 . 3 ( based on 1476 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01905 ( 0 . 00897 - 0 . 04049 ) , b = 2 . 94 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range ? - 40 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical\nindo - west pacific : seychelles south to durban , south africa and east to japan , the arafura sea ( ref . 9819 ) , australia , and samoa ( ref . 3197 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 32 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3197 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 22 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 18 . greenish blue above , silvery grey below ; blackish blotch on upper opercular margin ; caudal fin yellowish ( ref . 3197 ) . adult males with 3 - 8 central dorsal and anal filamentous rays ; ll with 17 - 29 scutes .\nadults inhabit coastal waters of the continental shelf ( ref . 5213 , 7300 ) .\n) : 23 . 7 - 29 , mean 27 . 9 ( based on 1044 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02951 ( 0 . 01854 - 0 . 04698 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 05 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 \u00b10 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 9710 ) . subtropical ; 42\u00b0n - 25\u00b0s , 97\u00b0w - 7\u00b0e\nwestern atlantic : massachusetts ( usa ) and bermuda , through the gulf of mexico and the caribbean to s\u00e3o paulo , brazil ( ref . 57756 ) . eastern central atlantic : st . paul ' s rocks ( ref . 13121 ) .\nmaturity : l m 45 . 0 , range 32 - ? cm max length : 100 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; common length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5217 ) ; max . published weight : 14 . 0 kg ( ref . 26340 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 8 - 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 25 - 28 ; anal spines : 2 - 3 ; anal soft rays : 22 - 25 . upper jaw does not reach to anterior margin of eye . juveniles have about 5 vertical dark bars on body .\nadults prefer offshore reefs ( ref . 9710 ) and open marine waters ( ref . 26938 ) . juveniles often found near the shore on seagrass beds or often associated jellyfish or floating sargassum ( ref . 5217 ) . generally solitary but sometimes seen in small groups ( ref . 26235 ) . they feed on small fishes ( ref . 26235 ) . spawning occurs offshore from february to october ( ref . 26938 ) . flavor considered fair to good ( ref . 5521 ) .\ncervig\u00f3n , f . , 1993 . los peces marinos de venezuela . volume 2 . fundaci\u00f3n cient\u00edfica los roques , caracas , venezuela . 497 p . ( ref . 9626 )\n) : 22 . 8 - 28 , mean 26 . 4 ( based on 462 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02138 ( 0 . 01368 - 0 . 03341 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( fec > 7 million eggs ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nmarine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 60 m ( ref . 86942 ) . tropical ; 30\u00b0n - 37\u00b0s , 19\u00b0e - 167\u00b0w\nindo - west pacific : east africa to samoa ( ref . 592 ) and tonga ( ref . 53797 ) , north to japan , south to australia ( ref . 3197 ) and new caledonia ( ref . 9070 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 41 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 20 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 16 .\nadults are found in deep coastal reefs and rarely inshore ( ref 3197 ) . they are usually in small groups over sand bottoms near reefs ( ref . 90102 ) .\n) : 24 . 4 - 28 . 9 , mean 27 . 8 ( based on 782 cells ) .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02630 ( 0 . 01594 - 0 . 04341 ) , b = 2 . 91 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 05 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 4 \u00b10 . 7 se ; based on diet studies .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 ) .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nrobins , c . r . , g . c . ray , j . douglass and r . freund . 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin co . boston . 354 p . [ details ]\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nintergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]\ndescription schools in open waters and lagoons and outer reef slopes . feeds mainly on crustaceans , molluscs and small fish that are . . .\ndescription schools in open waters and lagoons and outer reef slopes . feeds mainly on crustaceans , molluscs and small fish that are abundant in the lagoons . the flesh is rarely poisonous . [ details ]\nliu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]\n( of caranx ferdau ( forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx gilberti jordan & seale , 1906 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx hemigymnostethus ( bleeker , 1851 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of caranx laticaudis alleyne & macleay , 1877 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of scomber ferdau forssk\u00e5l , 1775 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\n( of ferdauia lindemanensis whitley , 1951 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nwidespread in northern australia , from coral bay , western australia , to moreton bay , queensland . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , indo - west pacific from south africa to new caledonia , and north to the ryukyu islands , japan . adults usually inhabit deeper offshore reefs in depths to 100 m .\ndorsal fin viii + i , 28 - 33 ; anal fin ll + i , 24 - 27 ; gill rakers 8 - 9 + 19 - 22 = 28 - 31 . naked area on breast extending up to , but not above , pectoral fin base ; head profile relatively steep in small juveniles ( less than 150 mm lcf ) becoming less steep with age , large adults elongate with very shallow head profile ( angle of head with the horizontal axis of the body 33 - 42\u00b0 ) . curved portion of lateral line gently to moderately arched .\njuveniles to 200 mm are silver to silvery - green with a few scattered golden spots on the side , and a dark line running obliquely through the eye , fading with age . larger individuals are green to bluish - green above , silver below , with or without gold to golden brown spots ( usually less than 30 ) scattered on the sides , olive green dorsal , anal , caudal and pelvic fins , and often white tips on the soft dorsal and anal fins .\ncaranx gymnostethus cuvier in cuvier & valenciennes 1833 , histoire naturelle des poissons 9 : 73 . type locality : seychelles .\nblaber , s . j . m . , brewer , d . t . & harris , a . n . 1994 . distribution , biomass and community structure of demersal fishes of the gulf of carpentaria , australia .\nbleeker , p . 1851 . over eenige nieuwe geslachten en soorten van makreelachtige visschen van den indischen archipel .\ncuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1833 .\n. paris : levrault vol . 9 512 pp . pls 246 - 279 .\ngloerfelt - tarp , t . & kailola , p . j . 1984 .\n. jakarta : dir . gen . fish . ( indonesia ) , german tech . coop . , aust . dev . ass . bur . 406 pp .\ngunn , j . s . 1990 . a revision of selected genera of the family carangidae ( pisces ) from australian waters .\nhutchins , j . b . 1994 . a survey of the nearshore reef fish fauna of western australia ' s west and south coasts \u2014 the leeuwin province .\njohnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .\nreef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands\nrussell , b . c . 1983 . annotated checklist of the coral reef fishes in the capricorn - bunker group , great barrier reef , australia . great barrier reef marine park authority . special publication series 1 : 1 - 184 figs 1 - 2\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . 1999 . family carangidae . pp . 2659 - 2756 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .\nthe living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes\nsmith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2016 .\n. ( errata version published in 2017 ) the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20429774a115374026 . urltoken downloaded on 23 july 2017 .\nwhitley , g . p . 1947 . new sharks and fishes from western australia . part 3 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neschmeyer ( personal communication , feb - 2003 , and online catalog of fishes , 2003 ) notes that apparently no first first reviser has been identified , so he is acting in that capacity . since both spellings ( coeruleopinnatus and caeruleopinnatus ) appeared in the original publication , and both have been used in recent literature , the first spelling listed in the original publication ( coeruleopinnatus ) was chosen as the correct spelling\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\njustification : this species is widespread and relatively common throughout the indo - west pacific . this species is commercially harvested for human consumption , is sometimes taken as by - catch in trawl fisheries and is also a major baitfish species in parts of its range . however , there have been no observed or suspected declines in the population of this species due to exploitation , and there are no other known major threats . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs along the continental shores of the indian ocean from east africa to the southwestern red sea and persian gulf , east to fiji , north to the ryukyu islands , south to australia ( lieske and myers 1994 ) new caledonia and the chesterfield bank ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . insular coastal localities in the indian ocean include madagascar , comoros , the seychelles ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) , reunion and mauritius ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . the depth range for this species is 30 to 90 m ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) .\naustralia ; bahrain ; bangladesh ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; comoros ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; eritrea ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; mayotte ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; seychelles ; singapore ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united arab emirates ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is relatively common throughout much of its range ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) .\nthis species is caught as bycatch in shrimp trawl fisheries throughout the persian gulf ( j . bishop , f . kaymaram , and s . hartmann pers . comm . 2013 ) . in iran , total landings are in negligible amounts ( less than 1 mt ) ( f . kaymaram pers . comm . 2013 ) . between 2001 and 2002 , paighambari and daliri ( 2012 ) sampled shrimp trawl fisheries by - catch composition in the bushehr province ( iranian waters ) . during the two fishing seasons , 31 . 896 and 28 . 970 kg of this species were collected as by - catch , which comprised of 0 . 192 and 0 . 22 % of the total catch , respectively . cpue was determined to be 0 . 307 and 0 . 186 kg / h , respectively ( paighambari and daliri 2012 ) . raeisi et al . ( 2011 ) conducted a study on the bycatch of the cutlassfish trawl fishery in the bushehr waters , persian gulf . this species occurred in 82 % of trawls with a mean biomass of 2 . 7 kg / h ( + / - 0 . 9 s . e . ) and a mean catch rate of 1 . 1 individuals / h ( + / - 0 . 24 s . e . ) . raeisi et al . ( 2011 ) reported this species contribution to the bycatch was 2 . 8 % in weight and 0 . 2 % in the number of individuals collected . between 2009 and 2010 , hosseini et al . ( 2012 ) conducted a study on the bycatch of the cutlassfish trawl fishery in bushehr and hormozgan waters ; in bushehr waters , this species occurred in 82 % of trawls , and in hormozgan waters , this species occurred in 20 % of trawls .\nthis species is abundant in omani waters , being caught regularly along the coast from the southern arabian sea to the gulf of oman and the persian gulf ( al - abdessalaam 1995 ) . a . govender ( pers . comm . 2013 ) determined the omani stock of this species was under - exploited with substantial room for development . however , instead an industrial fishery , a traditional fishery should be developed to reduce the risk of growth overfishing ( a . govender pers . comm . 2013 ) .\nthis species inhabits open waters of coastal reefs ( lieske and myers 1994 ) and occurs to depths of 90 m ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) . juveniles are found in inshore areas , including estuaries . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) is 77 cm ( al - rasady et al . 2013 ) . al - rasady et al . ( 2013 ) estimated this species longevity to be 16 years . this species occurs to depths of 90 m , but most abundant between 30 and 60 m ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) . this species diet consists of small demersal fishes and epibenthic crustaceans ( smith - vaniz 1999 ) . this species is gonochoristic ( graham and castellanos 2005 ) , each individual is either male or female throughout its lifetime . males attain sexual maturity at 46 . 90 cm in length and 4 . 7 years of age and females attain sexual maturity at 42 . 08 cm and 4 . 1 years of age . a single peak in gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) , corresponding with a single spawning season , began in september and ended in february in the arabian sea ( al - rasady et al . 2012 ) .\nthis species is harvested as a food fish and is served fresh , as well as dried and salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . it is collected using hook and line , gillnets , and traps ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is one of ~ 36 species that supports commercial carangid fisheries off india ( kasim 2003 ) . this species is also a major baitfish species in the west pacific ( blaber et al . 1993 ) .\nthis species is caught as bycatch in parts of its range ; however , there have not been any observed or suspected population declines to date as a result of commercial harvesting . other major threats are unknown .\nthere are no species - specific conservation efforts in place for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20257324a115371478 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\njustification : this species is widespread and relatively common throughout the indo - west pacific . it is an important commercial species and is sometimes taken as bycatch in shrimp trawls ; however , significant global population declines have not been observed and are not suspected . this species is also relatively common in most parts of its range , and there are numerous marine protected areas throughout its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs in the indo - pacific from the red sea to the gulf of aden and the persian gulf and gulf of oman . it also is found in the gulf of thailand , throughout indonesia to the philippines , to new britain and the solomon islands in the south to okinawa , japan to the north ( smith - vaniz 1984 , 1999 ) . this species has recently been identified from fayu island ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . the depth range for this species is 2 to 70 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\naustralia ; bahrain ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kuwait ; malaysia ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; saudi arabia ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; timor - leste ; united arab emirates ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is a coastal species that inhabits inshore coral and rocky reefs throughout its range ( grandcourt et al . 2004 ) . this species occurs in schools and is found to 50 m in depth ( al - abdessalaam 1995 ) . this species feeds on nekton , crustaceans and finfish ( blaber et al . 1990 , masuda and allen 1993 ) . grandcourt et al . ( 2004 ) estimated mean size at first maturity for female this species is 24 . 7 cm ( tl ) . this species spawns between may and september , with main spawning activity during june and september . gonado - somatic indices peak during may and august in females and july in males . growth rate for this species is fastest during the winter months ( november - april ) and slowest during the summer ( may - september ) ( grandcourt et al . 2004 ) . the maximum recorded fork length recorded for this species is 55 cm ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .\nthis species is utilised throughout its range . it is a commercially important food fish and is sometimes taken as bycatch ( allen and robertson 1994 , carpenter et al . 1997 ) .\nthere are no known species - specific conservation measures for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t46080857a115391273 .\njustification : this species is found throughout the western indian ocean to the west pacific . this species occurs to 25 m depth and inhabits seagrass beds , deep coastal reefs and shallow coral reefs . this species is incidentally taken by artisanal fisheries throughout its range and is sold fresh or dried salted ; however , there have been no observed or suspected population declines resulting from exploitation . there are no known major threats to this species . it is therefore listed as least concern .\nthis species occurs in coastal continental waters of the indian ocean ( randall 1995 ) ( including east africa , madagascar and r\u00e9union ) , the red sea and the persian gulf , east to tonga in the western pacific ( randall et al . 2003 ) , north to japan and taiwan ( chang 1985 ) and south to australia ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) and new caledonia ( wantiez 1993 ) . this species is also known from the seychelles ( smith and smith 1963 ) and the maldives ( randall and anderson 1993 ) and has been recorded from off southern kerala , india ( naomi et al . 2011 ) and has recently been identified from majuro island in the marshall islands ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) . the depth range for this species is 10 to 25 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\naustralia ; bahrain ; bangladesh ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; eritrea ; fiji ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; guam ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; japan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; mauritius ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; r\u00e9union ; samoa ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; south sudan ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tokelau ; tonga ; united arab emirates ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; yemen\nthis species is considered to be common in coastal waters throughout the western indian ocean ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .\nthis species is commonly found over deeper coastal reefs ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) , seagrass beds ( satapoomin 2011 ) , and coral reefs ( letourneur et al . 2004 ) ; however , due to its rather sluggish nature , this species is rarely found close to the shore ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is generally solitary ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . the maximum recorded total length ( tl ) for this species is 41 cm ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .\nthis species is incidentally taken by artisanal fisheries throughout its range ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is caught mostly on hook and line ( carpenter et al . 1997 ) , but is also taken by gillnets and traps ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . it is marketed fresh as well as dried and salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .\nthis species is caught on hook - and - line by recreational anglers and is sometimes taken coincidentally by gill nets and traps in artisanal fisheries ( smith - vaniz 1984 , carpenter et al . 1997 ) ; however , there have not been any observed or suspected population declines resulting from these uses . there are no other known major threats to this species ."]}
{"id": 2627, "summary": [{"text": "ichnotropis grandiceps is a species of african lizards in the family lacertidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "they are commonly called caprivi rough-scaled lizards as they are largely found in southwestern africa on the border of the caprivi strip .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the cape rough-scaled lizards are terrestrial and found in the range of open woodland and mesic savanna .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "the caprivi rough-scaled lizards are medium in size and distributed in parts of namibia and botswana .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "this species is on the international union for conservation of nature 's red list for endangered species as they are rare and has not been seen or collected since 1998 .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "data about the population or specimens collected are needed for the iucn to obtain more information about the unknown threats that may be impacting them . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "ichnotropis grandiceps", "paragraphs": ["ichnotropis grandiceps broadley 1967 ichnotropis grandiceps \u2014 auerbach 1987 : 132 ichnotropis grandiceps \u2014 edwards et al . 2013\njustification : ichnotropis grandiceps is a rare species and it is unknown whether threats are impacting it . therefore an assessment of data deficient has been made . further research should be carried out before a more accurate assessment of its conservation status can be made .\nbroadley , d . g . 1967 . a new species of ichnotropis ( sauria : lacertidae ) from the botswana - caprivi border . arnoldia 3 ( 24 ) : 1 - 5\nbischoff , w . 1991 . \u00fcbersicht der arten und unterarten der familie lacertidae 2 . die gattungen eremias , gallotia , gastropholis , heliobolus , holaspis und ichnotropis . die eidechse 2 ( 2 ) : 14 - 21 - get paper here\nberg , m . p . van den 2017 . an annotated bibliographic history of ichnotropis peters , 1854 ( reptilia , lacertidae ) with remarks on the validity of some of the including species . l @ certidae ( eidechsen online ) , 2017 [ 4 ] : 60 - 138 . - get paper here\nthe number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .\nover the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .\nthe number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .\noverall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .\nthe reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .\ncurrently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .\nthe reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .\nthe reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\ntype locality : 25 miles west of mohembo , botswana , on the border of the caprivi strip ( south west africa ) .\nnote : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .\nholotype : usnm 163989 , an adult male . paratypes : um 16278 ( male ) and usnm 163990 ( juvenile ) . ( um = umtali museum , rhodesia ) . besides the type and paratypes , only 4 other specimens are known , collected by w . d . haacke and residing in the transvaal museum : tm 30822 , tm 38309 , tm 38310 and tm 38404 .\nalexander , g & marais , j . 2007 . a guide to the reptiles of southern africa . struik publishers , 408 pp . [ book review in elaphe 16 ( 3 ) : 18 ]\nauerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .\nauerbach , ronald daniel 1986 . first steps in setswana herpetology . botswana notes and records ( gaborone ) , 18 : 71 - 90 .\nbranch , w . r . 1998 . field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . 3rd ed . fully revised and updated to include 83 new species . ralph curtis books ( sanibel island , florida ) , 399 pp .\nbranch , w . r . , baard , e . h . w . , haacke , w . d . , jacobsen , n . , poynton , j . c . , & broadley , d . g . , eds . 1988 . a provisional and annotated checklist of the herpetofauna of southern africa . j . herp . assoc . africa 34 : 1 - 19 . - get paper here\nbranch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .\nbranch , w . r . 1988 . field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . struik publishers , cape town , 328 pp .\nbroadley , d . g . 2004 . herpetofauna of the four corners area . - in : r . & childes , s . l . ( eds . ) 2004 . biodiversity of the four corners area : technical reviews volume two ( chapters 5 - 15 ) . timberlake , j . occasional publications in biodiversity no 15 , biodiversity foundation for africa , bulawayo / zambezi society , harare , zimbabwe : 313 - 346\nconradie w , bills r , and branch wr . 2016 . the herpetofauna of the cubango , cuito , and lower cuando river catchments of south - eastern angola . amphibian & reptile conservation 10 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 6\u201336 - get paper here\nconradie , w . 2012 . herpetofauna of the cubango - okovango river catchment . a report on a rapid biodiversity survey conducted in may 2012 . port elizabeth museum ( bayworld ) . 17 pp\nedwards , shelley ; william r . branch , bieke vanhooydonck , anthony herrel , g . john measey , krystal a . tolley 2013 . taxonomic adjustments in the systematics of the southern african lacertid lizards ( sauria : lacertidae ) . zootaxa 3669 ( 2 ) : 101\u2013114 - get paper here\ngriffin , m . 2003 . annotated checklist and provisional national conservation status of namibian reptiles . namibia scientific society , windhoek . [ 2 ] + 169 pp .\nhaacke , w . d . 1970 . new herpetological records from south west africa . ann . transvaal mus . 26 ( 12 ) : 277 - 283 - get paper here\nherrmann , h . - w . ; w . r . branch 2013 . fifty years of herpetological research in the namib desert and namibia with an updated and annotated species checklist . journal of arid environments 93 : 94\u2013115 - get paper here\nkirchhof , s . ; engleder , a . ; mayer , w . & richter , k . 2011 . die radiation der lacertiden des s\u00fcdlichen afrikas . elaphe 19 ( 4 ) : 6 - 11\nlewin , amir ; anat feldman , aaron m . bauer , jonathan belmaker , donald g . broadley , laurent chirio , yuval itescu , matthew lebreton , erez maza , danny meirte , zolt\u00e1n t . nagy , maria novosolov , uri roll , oliver tallowin , jean - fran\u00e7ois trape , enav vidan and 2016 . patterns of species richness , endemism and environmental gradients of african reptiles . journal of biogeography , doi : 10 . 1111 / jbi . 12848 - get paper here\nmayer , w ; berger - dell ' mour - h 1988 . proteinelektrophoretische untersuchungen zur systematik der gattungen aporosaura , meroles , pedioplanis und heliobolus ( sauria : lacertidae ) aus s\u00fcdwest - afrika . herpetozoa 1 ( 1 - 2 ) : 23 - 29 - get paper here\nmertens , r . 1971 . die herpetofauna s\u00fcdwest - afrikas . senck . naturf . gesell . , frankfurt am main , abhandl . 529 : 110 pp .\npietersen dw , pietersen ew , conradie w . 2017 . preliminary herpetological survey of ngonye falls and surrounding regions in south - western zambia . amphibian & reptile conservation 11 ( 1 ) [ special section ] : 24\u201343 ( e148 - get paper here\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .\nthis species is found in the caprivi strip and adjacent botswana and northeast namibia .\nthis species is rare . searches have been carried out for this species , but it has not been collected in recent years ( branch 1998 ) .\nthis species was listed as secure in namibia conservation status report ( griffin 1999 ) but further research is needed into the population numbers and possible threats of this species .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis entry needs a photograph or drawing for illustration . please try to find a suitable image on wikimedia commons or upload one there yourself ! particularly :\nnothing on commons 2016 , july 16\nthis page was last edited on 16 may 2017 , at 00 : 39 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nlizards are reptiles closely related to snakes . like snakes some of them are legless whilst others resemble snakes but have legs . the larger lizards take on a ' crocodile ' appearance , but overall they come in all shapes , sizes and colours which helps their defensive capabilities .\nas lizards do not have the built - in temperature controls of most other animals , they tend to live in areas where the ground doesn ' t freeze and in cold winters lizards hibernate . they are the most common of reptiles in deserts , such as the namib desert , and other dry regions such as the kalahari desert . if the desert temperature does becomes too hot for lizards , they will seek shade or go under the sand to escape the hot sunshine . other areas of special interest to enjoy lizards are the auas mountains in central namibia and the etosha pan .\nlizards are cunning creatures and as with snakes can defend themselves in a variety of ways . like snakes , lizards bluff or play tricks such as swelling up , lashing the tail and hissing . african chameleons are famous for changing colour and other lizards have the same gift . although it is widely believed chameleons change colour to camouflage themselves from enemies , they also can turn a darker colour to absorb more heat from the sun ' s rays .\nunlike snakes , some lizards can eat plants although insects and small animals feature regularly on the menu . reproduction is by depositing eggs in nests whilst others are hatched inside the females . lizards are measured from the tip of the snout to the vent on the body , directly behind the rear limbs , annotated as svl ( snout vent length ) .\nagamas belong to the family agaidae and are small to large lizards with either a flattened or a cylindrical shaped body . they have large heads , well - developed limbs with a narrowing long tail that cannot be shed or regenerated . agamas are active during the day and mainly terrestrial , although some species are specific to living in trees or amongst rocks . some species feed on ants , whilst others are predominately herbivores . they are known to form social groups with territorial patterns that are well - developed and displays include the males showing off brightly - coloured crests , frills or throat fans common . agamas are closely related to chameleons and there are only 2 subfamilies in southern africa . they are :\nthe bushveld lizard ( heliobolis lugubris ) is closely related to sand and desert lizards .\nthere is only 1 species of festive gecko in namibia . it is a very small gecko with long , slender , clawed toes that do not have ' sticky ' scansors .\ngirdled lizards belong to the family cordylidae and are so called because of their body scale arrangement hence the name . the scales on the tail are set in regular rings and are spiny and the tail can be shed and regenerated , although slowly and not the original condition . they have a short tongue covered with long papillae . the head of a girdled lizard is triangular and flattened on the top and covered with large shield that are fused to the skull .\nthey are mainly a rock dwelling although some species do live in trees or on the ground . rock living species are protected from the abrasiveness of moving between rock surfaces by their rough scales . this is also a safety advantage when escaping from predators along with the ability to sneak into rock crevices and inflating the body and shortening and thickening the skull , possible due to the unusual head hinged structure .\na wide variety of large vertebrates are eaten by girdled lizards , whilst some of the larger members of the species add plants and small vertebrates to their menu . females give birth to between 1 to 6 young each year when males become territorial during the breeding season . there are 6 species of girdled lizards found in namibia and 3 of them are endemic to the country . they are :\nmonitors belong the family varanidae and are the largest of the lizards . they are not poisonous and all living monitors are similar in appearance , with well - developed limbs and strong claws . the tail cannot be shed or regenerated as with other species of lizard . smaller species eat insects whilst larger monitors will take anything it can overpower . prey might be torn to shred by their claws or even consumed whole . little is known of their breeding habits as they are shy creatures with sightings and observations of their mating habits and egg - laying uncommon . females lay large , soft - shelled eggs in termite nests or holes . as the skins are an attractive item for hunters and poachers to pass on to the fashion industry , all varinids are a protected species in southern africa .\nplated lizards belong to the family gerrhosauridae and have strong legs and longish tails . members of the species that live in grasslands can take on a snake - like appearance as their limbs are somewhat reduced . the head has large , symmetrical head shields and the body is covered with rectangular plates that overlap ( hence the name ) .\nthey are diurnal , oviparous lizards and although they are terrestrial , some species will find their way into rock crevices . there are 3 subfamilies of plated lizards in namibia . they are :\na small genus that to a lizard run around on the ground on sandy soil in savannah . females lay eggs and die soon after the first egg is laid . rough - scaled lizards of namibia are :\nsand lizards are a group with cylindrical bodies and long tails . they are diurnal and terrestrial in nature , often seen dashing between clumps of sparse vegetation . these lizards lay small clutches of soft - shelled eggs with 5 species endemic to namibia . sand lizards of namibia are :\nsandveld lizards have rounded snouts , a cylindrical body and a longer than usual tail . they are fairly common creatures in their distribution range , but are rarely seen because of their secretive nature , even though they are terrestrial lacertids . they forage early morning and late afternoon / early evening , which is the best time to try and catch a glimpse of them tucking into flying termites .\nsome species feed on scorpions . unlike other lizards who lie in wait to ambush their prey , sandveld lizards will go out to hunt for their food . predators include birds of prey and snakes . some species having brightly coloured tails to fend offer attackers , which protects the more vulnerable areas of head and body .\nidentification of many species of lizards are done by scale count , but colouration and distribution can also be reliably used in determining different species . sandveld lizards in namibia are :\nan art gallery turned guest house - the space is truly alternative and worth a visit if you are interested in philosophical conversation , innovative thinking and staying somewhere out of the norm .\noffers a variety of suites , luxury rooms and self catering units . ideal for the business traveller or holiday maker\n15km outside of swakopmund this elegant . pet friendly , guest house offers amazing views over the namib desert . accommodation is in either guest house rooms or self catering units\nwell established , swiss managed guesthouse which is always a popular choice . offers good quality accommodation & occasional wine tasting nights\nan intimate and sophisticated family - run boutique guesthouse offering comfortable accommodation . a highlight is that each of the en - suite rooms has a private fireplace .\na very popular choice , offers excellent rooms at extremely reasonable prices . possibly best value for money in swakopmund\nabsolutely unique ! built on stilts into the swakop river - many units offer great views . feels more like a traditional country lodge rather than an establishment in a busy tourist town .\na newer addition , situated in an old historic building near the town center . expect attention to detail and italian flair .\nnamibia is diverse and spectacular , desolate and unforgiving . for many the excitement of game viewing will revolve around larger mammals , rare and exotic birds or a beautiful array of fascination sea creatures . there is one other class of animal that earns its wildlife stripes the country over ; often feared , much admired but usually avoided - it is none other than the world of reptiles .\na reptile is an animal that has dry , scaly skin and breathe through lungs . they are classed as a vertibrates ( animals that have a backbone ) .\nhabitats play an incredibly important role in the life and survival of reptiles . namibia has 5 different categories of vegetation types : desert , nama karoo , succulent karoo shrubland , arid savannah and moist savannah . each biome experiences mainly a temperate climate , contrasting wildly in seasonal rainfall and temperature . in turn , these meteorological boundaries affect who lives where and for how long , including every reptile , large or small .\nas reptiles are cold blooded they obtain their heat externally ( as opposed to internally as with humans and birds ) usually from the sun , by basking . they can then absorb the warmth from the environment and commute between sun and shade to maintain a constant and favoured temperature . burrowing species take advantage of hot surface layers of soil or rocks warmed by the heat of the sun to gain heat .\nmost reptiles reproduce sexually , mating during the spring . the young are born in summer . all turtles , crocodiles , as well as some as some snakes and lizards are oviparous - females that lay eggs that have shells . only a few species of reptiles provide care for their eggs or young although amongst pythons and some skinks , the female wraps her body around the eggs to assist in the incubation period .\nthere are more species of reptile than mammal in namibia . reptiles species number 256 ( with 112 species within etosha national park and 95 in namib - naukluft park ) as opposed to 186 land and sea mammals . snake species number 92 . pythons attract an enormous amount of fascination and as they are attracted to water they will lurk in the reeds of waterholes waiting for an opportunity for a meal . cobras , puff adders and the black mamba add to the reptilian mystique and are regularly seen crossing roads or at waterholes . the dry river beds of the namib desert are host to the occasional chameleon as well as the black - necked spitting cobra .\nwithout doubt the reptile of all reptiles has to be the crocodile . reaching a maximum of length of nearly 6m and weighing up to 1 , 000kg , this species will take large game including man . best to hop on a boat cruise along the chobe river , a mokoro trip in the okavango delta or from the safety of a 4 x 4 self - drive tour along the riverbanks of the zambezi or chobe rivers to get the best views !\nfrogs are the oldest known amphibians . they inhabited the earth over 200 million years ago and thousands of species of frogs and toads have developed from their ancestors . these small , tailless animals have characteristic bulging eyes and strong hind legs that enable them to leap distances far greater then the total length of their bodies . they are highly adaptable to any environment and can be found all over namibia ; in lowveld or highveld , the namib desert , forests , mountains and in coastal regions .\nsome species spend their entire life in or near water , others spend part of their life as a water animal and part as a land animal , whilst others live mainly on land and find water to mate . certain species of frogs can climb and dwell in trees ( they have sticky pads on ends of fingers and toes ) and others are burrowers that live underground .\nfrogs are namibia ' s only amphibians . they do not drink water though . around 51 species are thought to occur in the country . some 16 species have been recorded in etosha national park . they spend most of the year underground in etosha in dried mud , waiting for the next rainy season . none of them are truly aquatic as they do not depend on water throughout the year . all species avoid the pan as it is too salty .\nthe giant african bullfrog is the most commonly observed , but only in periods of brief rain to breed . once they are above the surface the race is on to consume enough food to sustain them through the dry winter months . frogs are cannibals though and can swallow any animal it can fit into their mouths . other species found in etosha include the bushveld rain frog , ornate frog and namibia ' s rarest , the spotted rubber frog .\namongst the leopard and mountain zebra tracks of the naukluft mountains , amphibians are common . river frogs abound amongst the fountains and pools of crystal - clear water . large tadpoles are more easily observed than adults and the sound of marbled rubber frog precedes their appearance . common platanna reside in remaining naukluft pools or in the ephemeral tsondab river . widely distributed and close to the dunes is the tremelo sand frog .\nthe desert rain frog is an inhabitant of the sperrgebiet , one of namibia ' s true surviving wilderness areas . those fortunate to have lived and worked there can appreciate this vast stretch of the namib desert . banned for public access due to diamond mining restrictions , the rather unusually attractive desert rain frog can emerge form their underground hide - outs for short winter periods when the winds have died . they enjoy cooler temperatures and take advantage of the seasonal moisture .\nalmost all frogs have the same body structure less for variable size and colour differences . females are invariably larger than males . front legs are short , hind legs are large and the body and head are flat and bereft of a neck . the tongue is attached to the front of the mouth , a feature that allows them to flick it out quickly to capture prey . they have internal organs such as a heart , liver , lungs and kidneys and although frogs breathe by lungs , they also breath through their skin .\nthe skin is thin and moist and many species have poison glands in their skin which irritates an attackers mouth , causing the predator to release the frog . there is only 1 species of frog that has hair ( the african hairy - frog , what else ? ) and some species can change colour with changes in temperature , light and humidity .\nwith such large eyes , you would expect frogs to have good eyesight . their eyes bulge out enabling them to see in almost any direction to capture food and stay safe . frogs that hunt at night have a better sense smell than those that don ' t and they have a delicate sense of touch , particularly when in water . tongues and mouths have numerous taste buds enabling them to spit out bad - tasting food .\nspecies such as the painted reed frog are very beautiful . unfortunately frogs have been branded as cold and slimy , ugly and repulsive but a different opinion can be formed if they are handled and studied a bit . there are no poisonous or dangerous frogs in the country and you won ' t catch warts from picking up a toad either !\nfrogs are difficult to recognize . they make distinctive sounds , as do birds , calling out to females in the mating season in a louder voice than that of a female . to find a frog it is best to go out at night ( or in the rain ) with a torch . this is not advisable if you in the okavango delta when other potentially dangerous nocturnal creatures are around doing the same thing ( less the torch ) but many species are likely to occur in the vicinity of lodges and camps . so after your traditional early morning or late afternoon game drive in etosha national park or naukluft national park , it might be possible to go on an accompanied night ' frogging safari ' .\nthere are 3 stages in the life of a frog . egg , tadpole and a 4 - limbed adult . most frogs mate in the rainy season in water . the male will enter first , probably as a sign of bravado , to attract some mates . females will only respond to calls from the same species and they are grasped by the males as soon as they enter the water before clinging to her back . the male then fertilizes the eggs in this position and they will hatch between 3 to 25 days afterwards , depending on species and temperature . a tiny tailed animal , known as a tadpole hatches from the egg .\nthe tadpole is not completely developed when they hatch . they resemble tiny fish and breath through gills . their form changes as they grow . hind legs appear first , enabling them to swim and feed on plants and decaying animal matter , frog eggs or other tadpoles . once the digestive system has changed they can eat live animals . the tadpole will then lose its gills and its metamorphosis ( change ) takes place into a tiny frog . most tadpoles change into adults within 8 to 10 weeks . enemies of tadpoles include platannas , water tortoises , fish , dragonfly larvae , water beetles , water bugs and water scorpions . adult frogs eat mainly insects and other small insects such as earthworms , minnows and spiders .\nfrog or a toad ? toads are one of the frog families . it is deemed incorrect to separate the two . one is an order ( frogs ) , the other is a family within that order ( toads ) .\nthe body of a toad is broader , flatter and darker than a frog ' s .\nmost toads live in land . adult toads go to water only to breed .\nfrogs benefit humans in many ways . the consume large numbers of insects , which could become pests . their legs provide us with food , the legs of larger frogs are considered a delicacy in many countries . there are 12 families of frogs found in namibia\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user"]}
{"id": 2628, "summary": [{"text": "diurnea lipsiella is a moth of the subfamily chimabachinae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in europe .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 17 \u2013 23 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the moth flies in one generation from october to december depending on the location .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs , such as rubus , apple , prunus , vaccinium and oak . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "diurnea lipsiella", "paragraphs": ["kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name\nsyystynk\u00e4koi\nto\ndiurnea lipsiella\n.\ndiurnea lipsiella ( november tubic ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .\nthe wingspan of diurnea lipsiella is up to 23 mm for the male and 17 mm for the female .\ndiurnea lipsiella is an overall buff colour with no particularly distinguishing colours or markings . the wings of the females are smaller and less developed than those of the males .\nenter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .\nwe are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .\nthe id resolving service for stable taxon ids is currently under maintenance . meanwhile , please use the name search in order to find the taxon page .\nmuseum f\u00fcr naturkunde leibniz - institut f\u00fcr evolutions - und biodiversit\u00e4tsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken\nwingspan c . 23 mm ( male ) ; c . 17 mm ( female ) .\n, this species is locally but widely distributed over much of the british isles .\nthe adult moths are at large in october and november , when the males can be attracted to light .\nukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .\nthe ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .\nlooking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .\nprocache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 08 05 : 27 : 03 page render time : 0 . 2762s total w / procache : 0 . 3276s\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nfemales much smaller , similar to d . fagella , and have under - developed wings .\nmales fly at night and often for several hours in the afternoon on warm windless days .\nrecorded in 17 ( 25 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2017 .\nunderlying maps using digital map data \u00a9 norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola\u2122 2018 . \u00a9 james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data \u00a9 nola\u2122 2018\nclick here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .\nwingspan about 23 mm ( male ) and 17 mm ( female ) . in common with d . fagella , the females have under - developed wings ( brachypterous ) .\noak ( quercus ) and bilberry ( vaccinium myrtillus ) are the preferred larval foodplants in this country .\nlocally but widely distributed over much of the british isles . in the butterfly conservation ' s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as local .\nit appears to be uncommon in leicestershire and rutland , where there are few records . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\nnotes : local in oak woodland throughout much of the british isles , but not in the highlands or islands of scotland . in hampshire occurs in similar habitat to that of d . fagella , however it is far less common and seems to have decreased in recent years . not recorded from the isle of wight since 1929 . wingspan male 22 - 25 mm , female 15 - 18 mm . males fly at night and also for several hours from midday to early afternoon on warm windless days ; small swarms of males have been seen occasionally at such times , fluttering amongst low plants on the woodland floor while assembling to the barely flightless females ( mbgbi vol 4 part 1 ) . larva feeds on oak , living between leaves spun together with silk , over - wintering as an egg .\nbl\u00e5 punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och \u00f6vriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan inneh\u00e5lla observationer som inte \u00e4r validerade . kartan uppdateras var fj\u00e4rde vecka .\ni det avancerade verktyget kan man s\u00f6ka ut och f\u00e5 fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst l\u00e4n , i en viss biotop , substrat , som p\u00e5verkas av en hotfaktor , eller som \u00e4r knutna till en sk v\u00e4rdart , t ex tr\u00e4det alm . dessa kan \u00e4ven kombineras .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , knutna till alm , \u00e4r beroende av d\u00f6d ved och som finns i kronobergs l\u00e4n .\ns\u00f6ka fram arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade , lever i sm\u00e5vatten och som p\u00e5verkas negativt av igenv\u00e4xning .\ndefaultl\u00e4get i verktyget \u00e4r arter som \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade 2015 och dessa \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga s\u00f6kfaktorer . under fliken r\u00f6dlistekategori kan man dock v\u00e4lja att \u00e4ven inkludera arter som inte \u00e4r r\u00f6dlistade . om man v\u00e4ljer att inkludera icke r\u00f6dlistade arter beh\u00f6ver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte \u00e4r klassade p\u00e5 samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanst\u00e4llning av vad som \u00e4r komplett .\ndenna funktion anv\u00e4nds n\u00e4r du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka p\u00e5 deras namn . du kan ocks\u00e5 v\u00e4lja att anv\u00e4nda knappen \u201dj\u00e4mf\u00f6r arter\u201d f\u00f6r att se bilder , kartor och k\u00e4nnetecken i en j\u00e4mf\u00f6relsevy .\ndu kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via sl\u00e4kttr\u00e4det och d\u00e4r v\u00e4lja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat s\u00e4tt att g\u00f6ra ditt urval \u00e4r att anv\u00e4nda fliken \u201dfiltrera\u201d , d\u00e4r du kan s\u00f6ka p\u00e5 olika egenskaper . ovanf\u00f6r listan med s\u00f6kresultatet finns en knapp \u201dl\u00e4gg i mitt urval\u201d .\nthe mit license copyright ( c ) 2014 - 2016 google , inc . urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) copyright ( c ) 2011 - 2015 twitter , inc permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2008 - 2013 sprymedia limited urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2008 - 2015 martin wendt , urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\nthe mit license ( mit ) - urltoken copyright ( c ) steven sanderson , the knockout . js team , and other contributors urltoken permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright ( c ) 2009\u20132015 permission is hereby granted , free of charge , to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files ( the\nsoftware\n) , to deal in the software without restriction , including without limitation the rights to use , copy , modify , merge , publish , distribute , sublicense , and / or sell copies of the software , and to permit persons to whom the software is furnished to do so , subject to the following conditions : the above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the software . the software is provided\nas is\n, without warranty of any kind , express or implied , including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability , fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement . in no event shall the authors or copyright holders be liable for any claim , damages or other liability , whether in an action of contract , tort or otherwise , arising from , out of or in connection with the software or the use or other dealings in the software .\ncopyright 2005 - 2014 openlayers contributors . all rights reserved . redistribution and use in source and binary forms , with or without modification , are permitted provided that the following conditions are met : 1 . redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer . 2 . redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice , this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and / or other materials provided with the distribution . this software is provided by openlayers contributors ` ` as is ' ' and any express or implied warranties , including , but not limited to , the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed . in no event shall copyright holder or contributors be liable for any direct , indirect , incidental , special , exemplary , or consequential damages ( including , but not limited to , procurement of substitute goods or services ; loss of use , data , or profits ; or business interruption ) however caused and on any theory of liability , whether in contract , strict liability , or tort ( including negligence or otherwise ) arising in any way out of the use of this software , even if advised of the possibility of such damage . the views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies , either expressed or implied , of openlayers contributors .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en\nurltoken\nfor the county , we have a total of 32 records from 27 sites . first recorded in 1859 .\n: although quite widespread this moth has seldom been recorded in recent years , probably as a consequence of its late flight period .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 3 . 2 / / en\na widespread but local species throughout belgium , probably overlooked because of the late flight period .\nthe larva lives in a folded or rolled leaf on quercus . it has also been observed on vaccinium myrtillus . pupation amongst leaf - litter on the ground .\nthe adults fly in october and november . the males are active during the day in open woodland and later on comes to light .\nbelgium , namur , lavaux ste . - anne , 01 november 2007 . ( photo \u00a9 chris steeman )\nthe adult moths are nocturnal and are on the wing during october and november .\nif you found this information helpful , you would probably find the new 2017 edition of our bestselling book matching the hatch by pat o ' reilly very useful . get an author - signed copy here . . .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !"]}
{"id": 2631, "summary": [{"text": "the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) is a treeshrew species endemic to the palawan island , philippines , where it occurs from sea level to an elevation of 1,400 m ( 4,600 ft ) .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "the population is considered steady .", "topic": 17}, {"text": "formerly , it was considered a subspecies of the common treeshrew . ", "topic": 5}], "title": "palawan treeshrew", "paragraphs": ["palawan treeshrew by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow\nwe placed palawan , calamian islands , and cuyo islands into a single ecoregion , the palawan rain forests [ im0143 ] . palawan has closer zoogeographic affinities to borneo .\nhigh quality content by wikipedia articles ! the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) is a species of treeshrew in the tupaiidae family . it is endemic to the philippines . it is threatened by habitat loss . this book was created using print - on - demand technology .\nyan wong changed the thumbnail image of\nfile : nicobar treeshrew ( tupaia nicobarica nicobarica ) . jpg\n.\nthere are many endemic mammals in palawan , but nearly all the genera ( 96 percent ) are also found in borneo . of twenty - five indigenous nonvolant mammal species , eleven ( 44 percent ) are endemic to palawan , and the remainder are shared with borneo . therefore , the greater palawan region is rightly considered part of the sunda shelf bioregion rather than that of the philippines . the large number of endemic species but few endemic genera of palawan are consistent with a separation of borneo and palawan of approximately 160 , 000 ( since the middle pleistocene ) ( heaney 1986 ) . there are fifteen endemic or near - endemic mammals in greater palawan ( table 1 ) .\nseveral of palawan ' s endemic mammals are considered threatened . three endemic mammal species are considered endangered , including the calamian deer , a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus juvencus ) ( recommended for delisting ; heaney et al . 1998 ) , and the palawan rat ( palawanomys furvus ) , which was collected only four times in 1962 . a subspecies of mouse deer , the balabac chevrotain ( tragulus napu nigricans ) , which is confined to balabac island , is also considered endangered . five endemic mammal species are considered vulnerable , including acerodon leucotis , the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) , the palawan stink badger ( mydaus marchei ) , the palawan binturong ( arctictis binturong whitei ) , and a sunda tree squirrel ( sundasciurus rabori ) ( iucn 2000 ) .\nresults of a behavioral study of a group of 12 wild - caught captive mountain treeshrews indicate that they are more social than groups of other treeshrew species . two males tended to dominate the group . females had an\nthe channel between palawan and borneo is about 145 m deep . during the middle pleistocene , sea levels were 160 m lower than today , and the islands were connected . during the last ice age ( late pleistocene ) , sea level was approximately 120 m below current levels , and palawan was separated from ice age borneo by a narrow channel . palawan has always remained separated from the rest of the philippines . palawan is long and narrow , consisting of a steep mountain range whose highest point is 2 , 085 m ( mt . mantalingajan ) . more than 45 percent of palawan consists of mountains with slopes greater than 30 percent ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nhigh quality content by wikipedia articles ! the palawan treeshrew ( tupaia palawanensis ) is a species of treeshrew in the tupaiidae family . it is endemic to the philippines . it is threatened by habitat loss . the treeshrews ( or tree shrews ) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of southeast asia . they make up the families tupaiidae , the treeshrews , and ptilocercidae , the pen - tailed treeshrews , and the entire order scandentia . there are 20 species in 5 genera . treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than humans , though this is not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram .\ncollins , p . m . and tsang , w . n . ( 1987 ) . growth and reproductive development in the male treeshrew ( tupaia belangeri ) from birth to sexual maturity . biology of reproduction 37 ( 2 ) : 261\u2013267 .\nthomas , o . ( 1894 ) . on the palawan representative of tupaia ferruginea . the annals and magazine of natural history 6 ( 13 ) : 367 .\nthe mountain treeshrew is dark grizzled rufous above with an indistinct black line along the back . its tail is rather short and grizzled rufous above , but below more olivaceous yellow with a black tip . the lateral tail hairs are ringed . the head and body length measures 15\u201333\npalawan ' s forests are of low commercial value because of the small number of dipterocarps , and until the last twenty years palawan ' s forests were ignored in favor of the more valuable forests of luzon and mindanao . government logging regulations setting guidelines for minimum diameter , minimum rotation length , and replanting have been largely ignored ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nthis ecoregion corresponds exactly with the palawan eba ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . the eba contains twenty restricted - range birds , seventeen of which are found nowhere else on earth and five of which ( palawan peacock - pheasant [ polyplectron emphanum ] , grey imperial - pigeon [ ducula pickeringii ] , blue - headed racquet - tail [ prioniturus platenae ] , falcated wren - babbler [ ptilocichla falcata ] , and palawan flycatcher [ ficedula platenae ] ) are considered vulnerable ( collar 1999 ) . all these vulnerable birds are dependent on lowland and hill forest ( collar et al . 1999 ; stattersfield et al . 1998 ) . there are twenty endemic or near - endemic bird species in the palawan ecoregion ( kennedy et al . 2000 ; table 2 ) .\ndescription location and general description this ecoregion includes the island palawan plus balabac , ursula island , and the calamian group . palawan itself is the sixth largest of the philippine islands . the climate of the ecoregion is tropical wet ( national geographic society 1999 ) . in northwest palawan , a dry season lasts from november to may while the wet season lasts from june to october ; the rest of the island experiences a short , one - to three - month dry season . the east coast becomes progressively drier than the west coast from north to south ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nbiodiversity features relative to the size of palawan , the ecoregion contains a rich fauna , including several groups that are not found in the rest of the philippines ( carnivores , pangolins , porcupines , and some insectivores ) ( heaney 1986 ) .\n( tupaia palawanensis ) iucn : least concern nom fran\u00e7ais : toupaie de palawan status in captivity : this species has probably never been displayed anywhere in captivity outside philippines . even there , it remains extremely rare and probably never or very seldom bred .\ncurrently , palawan ' s mineral wealth ( chromite , copper , iron , manganese , mercury , and nickel ) has not been extensively exploited , but the possible future extraction of these minerals represents a potential threat ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nhunting and the wild pet trade are also significant threats in palawan . leopard cats have been hunted for their pelts and are sold when kittens as pets ( heaney and regalado 1998 ) . the palawan binturong is hunted for meat and as pets , and the pangolin is hunted for its hide ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) . the palawan peacock - pheasant ( dickinson et al . 1991 ; collar et al . 1999 ) , blue - headed racquet - tail ( collar et al . 1999 ) , philippine cockatoos ( cacatua haematuropygia ) , and blue - naped parrots ( tanygnathus lucionensis ) ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) apparently are suffering greatly from the pet trade . the final destination for these birds often is the united states ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\npalawan represents a bridge between the sunda shelf and philippine bioregions and contains faunal elements from both , as well as it own unique elements . this ecoregion , though more intact than any other region in the philippines , is under great pressure from logging interests .\nbecause of a generally high population density in other parts of the philippines , large numbers of shifting cultivators ( kaingineros ) are attracted to palawan to eke out a living on the hillsides of the island , and their cumulative impact is enormous ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nlimestone forests are found on the islets surrounding palawan and over large areas in the southern portions of the island . represented are euphorbia trigona , aglaia argentea , and antidesma , drypetes , gomphandra , sterculia , pleomele , and begonia spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nall of palawan was declared a fauna and flora watershed reserve , and this includes a variety of protected areas , including national parks , wilderness areas , experimental forests , forest research reserves , game refuges , wildlife sanctuaries , museum reservations and research sites , tourist zones , and marine reserves .\na total of 1 , 522 ( davis et al . 1995 ) to 1 , 672 ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) vascular plants have been identified on palawan , and it is estimated that more than 2 , 000 species are present on the island . as detailed earlier , palawan has an extremely diverse range of vegetation types for the philippines . a small number of dipterocarps , an important timber tree group , are present on the island , as well as a variety of medicinal plants used by ethnic tribes and plants used in ceremony and as ornamentals ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\ncurrent status almost all of the philippines was once completely forested ( dickinson et al . 1991 ) . as of 1988 , palawan contained 7 , 410 km2 ( 54 percent ) of total forest remaining ( ssc 1988 ) . at the time this was the highest percentage of any of the philippines ' large islands .\nrecent reports in the international press indicate ( and have been confirmed , l . heaney , pers . comm . , 2000 ) that the situation in palawan has stabilized , that large - scale logging has been halted , and that a balance is being achieved between economic development and conservation ; future monitoring will determine whether this is remains true .\nvictoria peak , in south - central palawan , contains the largest region of ultramafic forest on the island . although many of the ultramafic tree species are shared with semi - deciduous forest , several species , including scaevola micrantha , brackenridgea palustris var . foxworthi , exocarpus latifolius , and phyllanthus lamprophyllus are believed to be heavy metal indicators ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nvegetation types on palawan are diverse and include beach forest , tropical lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , lowland semi - deciduous forest , montane forest , and ultramafic and limestone forest . beach forest merges with other forest types away from the coast and includes calophyllum inophyllum , canarium asperum var . asperum , pometia pinnata , palaquium dubardii , and ficus spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nthe lowland evergreen dipterocarp rain forest , which naturally occupies 31 percent of the island , is dominated by agalai spp . , dipterocarpus gracilis , d . grandiflorus , ficus spp . , tristania spp . , exocarpus latifolius , and swintonia foxworthyi . sygium spp . , dracontomelon dao , and pongamia pinnata are emergent . lianas and cycads are common . in southern palawan , a casuarina sp . dominates in the lowland forests ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\njustification of ecoregion delineation mackinnon ( 1997 ) identified seven subunits in the philippines , and the philippine biodiversity action plan ( philippine bap 1997 ) demarcated fifteen biogeographic units . udvardy ( 1975 ) identified the philippines as a single biogeographic province . we delineated nine ecoregions in the philippine islands , including palawan . we deviated from udvardy ( 1975 ) , mackinnon ( 1997 ) , stattersfield et al . ( 1998 ) , and the philippine bap ( 1997 ) to varying degrees and based our delineation of the philippine ecoregions on heaney ( 1993 ) .\ntypes and severity of threats habitat destruction is the main threat to biodiversity in the philippines , and palawan , though currently in better condition , is no different . logging and shifting cultivation ( kaingin ) are cited as the primary forces of habitat conversion . logging takes many forms , from industrial scale to smaller - scale operations that use water buffalo to haul logs out of the forest . mangroves are used locally for firewood , dyes , and tannins ( davis et al . 1995 ) , and they are sometimes removed to make way for fishponds ( quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , \u00a92005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of\ninformation indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nthis indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\na uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all\nmammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *\nadd tags for\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference\n.\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nwilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .\n- - publisher ' s website .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en\nurltoken\ncites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .\nenglish german online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\nwe don ' t know when or if this item will be back in stock .\ninstantly receive a \u00a310 urltoken gift card if you\u2019re approved for the amazon platinum mastercard with instant spend . representative 21 . 9 % apr ( variable ) .\ncredit offered by newday ltd , over 18s only , subject to status . terms apply .\nenter your mobile number or email address below and we ' ll send you a link to download the free kindle app . then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone , tablet , or computer - no kindle device required .\nprime members enjoy fast & free shipping , unlimited streaming of movies and tv shows with prime video and many more exclusive benefits .\nafter viewing product detail pages , look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\nwith contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer\ncomments : included in t . glis by corbet ( in corbet and hill , 1992 ) and many earlier authors , but specific separation is supported by pelage coloration differences , craniodental features ( k . h . han et al . , 2000 ) , karyotypic data ( arrighi et al . , 1969 ) , and immunological distances ( dene et al . , 1978 ) . t . moellendorffi is provisionally separated from palawanensis here ( see account above )\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nthe eastern half of the island is in a rain shadow and contains moist semi - deciduous forests . soils are thin on the steeper slopes and support medium - sized trees ( up to 15 m tall ) , which shed their leaves during the march - may dry season . the rainy season is june - july . common tree species include pterocymbium tinctorium , pterospermum diversifolium , hymenodictyon spp . , and garuga floribunda ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nmontane forests , found between 800 and 1 , 500 m , are dominated by tristania spp . , casuarina spp . , swietenia foxworthyi , and litsea spp . in the lower elevations . upper montane forest trees include agathis philippinensis , dacrydium pectinatum , podocarpus polystachyus , gnetum latifolium , cycas wadei , cinnamomum rupestre , nepenthes philippinensis , and angiopteris spp . ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\nfamily species pteropodidae acerodon leucotis * cervidae axis calamianensis * sciuridae sundasciurus steerii * sciuridae sundasciurus moellendorfi * sciuridae sundasciurus rabori * sciuridae hylopetes nigripes * muridae chiropodomys calamianensis * muridae maxomys panglima * muridae palawanomys furvus * hystricidae hystrix pumila * sorcidae crocidura palawanensis * muridae haeromys sp . a * sciuridae sundasciurus hoogstraali * sciuridae sundasciurus juvencus * tupaiidae tupaia palawanensis *\nthe calamian deer ( axis calamianensis ) is found only in the calamian islands , where it survives in low densities on busuanga , calauit , and culion islands . the only protected area for this species was established to protect free - ranging african ungulates on calauit island ( wemmer 1998 ) .\nlater aerial surveys ( development alternatives 1992 ) indicated that significant reductions in closed - canopy forest cover had occurred since 1988 as a result of recent logging . as seen from the air , the lowlands and hillsides consist of slash - and - burn agriculture up to the edges of natural forest in the highlands . closed - canopy forest caps only the highest areas on the island .\nornamental plant collecting , especially for the orchids ( phalaenopsis amabilis and paphiopedilum argus ) , pitcher plants ( nepenthes spp . ) , palms ( veitchia merrillii ) , and aroids ( amorphophallus spp . and alocasia spp . ) threatens some plant populations ( davis et al . 1995 ) .\na valuable resin , known as manila copal , is collected from agathis dammara trees . this collection weakens the trees , and slackening production and disease combined with overexploitation are threatening the species ( davis et al . 1995 ; quinnell and balmford 1988 ) .\nreferences references for this ecoregion are currently consolidated in one document for the entire indo - pacific realm . indo - pacific reference list\nworld wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en\nthe major threat to this species is loss of habitat due to logging , agricultural expansion and conversion of land to plantations .\nit occurs in several protected areas throughout its range , including lanjak - entimau wildlife sanctuary ( han and engkamat 2000 ) . the preservation of old and regenerating forested areas , and natural forest remnants within tree plantations , will benefit this species . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nhelgen , k . m . ( 2005 ) .\ntupaia gracilis\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 106 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nhan , k . h . & stuebing , r . ( 2008 ) . tupaia gracilis . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 30 december 2008 .\nthis species is found on borneo below 1 , 200 m , in sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) and kalimantan ( indonesia ) except in the south - east ; west to the islands of karimata , belitung , and bangka , and north to banggi island ( helgen 2005 ) . it is sympatric with tupaia minor , t . longipes , and t . tana on borneo ( .\nthis species is found in lowland old growth forests , secondary forest and in older ( > 5years ) tree plantations ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nlisted as least concern as although the species is not common and its habitat continues to decline in the face of ongoing forest loss in the lowlands of borneo , the species shows some adaptability to disturbed environments , and it is unlikely that past or future declines over 10 years would not be at a rate that would warrant listing in a threatened category .\nthis species is somewhat rare ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . it seems patchily distributed , being present at low densities in some sites , but apparently absent from other forested areas ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .\nthis species is endemic to borneo , where it is found in sabah and sarawak ( malaysia ) , kalimantan ( indonesia ) , and brunei ( helgen 2005 ) . it is more commonly found below 1 , 000 m ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) .\nthis species is reliant on pristine forest ; however , they do survive in natural forest remnants in tree plantations and regenerating shifting agriculture plots ( r . stuebing pers . comm . ) .\nlisted as least concern as although the species has probably undergone declines due to ongoing forest loss , particularly at low elevations , these declines over 10 years are unlikely to be sufficient to warrant listing in a threatened category .\nformerly common in borneo , but there have probably since been declines throughout the range .\nthe main threat to this species is deforestation and habitat degradation due to agriculture and conversion to non - timber plantations .\nthis species is found in several protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nhelgen , k . m . ( 2005 ) .\ntupaia longipes\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 107 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nhan , k . h . & stuebing , r . ( 2008 ) . tupaia longipes . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 30 december 2008 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nendemic to the mindanao faunal region , philippines . it has been recorded from dinagat , mindanao ( bukidnon , davao del sur , misamis occidental , misamis oriental , south cotabato , surigao del norte , and zamboanga del sur provinces ) , and siargao ( heaney et al . 1998 ) . it ranges from 750 - 2 , 250 m on mindanao , whereas it is found at lower elevations on the other islands .\nthe philippine tree shrew is widely distributed on the mindanao , dinagat , and siargao islands of the philippines ( lyon 1913 ; nowak 1991 ) .\ncan easily be distinguished from other members of the tupaiidae by its even - haired round tail and elongated snout . furthermore , it has small zygomatic fenestra and large canine - like second incisors . compared to the rest of its family , the skull of\nis large and angular , with a heavy rostrum . the claws on the fore feet are long and sharp . the dental and skull characteristics indicate that\nis approximately 170 to 220 mm , while the tail is 115 to 175 mm . the feet are usually 50 mm long and the braincase is about 20 mm wide .\nthe upper parts of the animal are brownish in color , due to a mixture of tawny and blackish hair . most specimens also have an orange shoulder stripe . the underparts of the animal vary in color from orange to orangish - red . the chest is usually the brightest part . specimens from different areas also vary in color from each other . the specimens from dingagat are generally light in color with a golden sheen dorsally , while those from siargao are usually much darker .\ntype for urogale everetti catalog number : usnm 125287 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of vertebrate zoology , division of mammals sex / stage : male ; adult preparation : skin ; skull collector ( s ) : e . mearns year collected : 1904 locality : mount apo , todaya , mindanao , davao del sur province , philippines , asia elevation ( m ) : 1219\ntype : mearns , e . a . 1905 may 13 . proceedings of the united states national museum . 28 : 435 .\nthe species inhabits mid - elevation ranges and prefers montane and lower mossy forest , though it can be found in disturbed habitats near forested areas ( l . heaney pers . comm . ) . although it exhibits some tolerance for light habitat disturbance ( for example , selective logging ) , it does not do well in heavily disturbed forest ( l . heaney pers . comm . ) .\nphilippine tree shrews are usually found inhabiting brush zones and dense vegetation along river beds . they have also been observed running and climbing in trees . natives of the philippines say that\nspecimens have been collected from the mountains of mindanao at elevations ranging from 3 , 000 to 4 , 000 feet above sea level . ( lyon 1913 ; nowak 1999 )\neats a variety of foods ranging from small animals and insects to fruits and vegetables .\nhas also been observed opening and eating eggs with enough skill to suggest that it does so in the wild . their appetite is large ; an individual can eat several bananas or two - ounce pieces of meat a day . eating is usually done in the morning , but water is consumed whenever possible .\nurogale everetti preys on : non - insect arthropods this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .\nmyers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed february 16 , 2011 at urltoken . urltoken\n; however , one captive specimen lived to be 11 . 5 years old .\nweigh approximately 20 grams and are about 103 mm long . after 13 to 25 days , the young open their eyes .\nhas been bred successfully in several zoos . the gestation period lasts 54 to 56 days and litters of only one or two have been reported . adult females have 2 mammae and suckle their young about once every two days . females are usually receptive to males soon after they give birth . ( hayssen et al . 1964 ; nowak 1999 ) .\ntabaranza , b . , gonzalez , j . c . , rosell - ambal , g . & heaney , l .\nlisted as least concern as it is widespread within its limited range in the philippines and locally common . population declines may have occurred at lower elevation ranges due to deforestation , but the population is likely to be stable above 1 , 000 m and the species occurs in a number of protected areas .\nthe current plans for the conservation of tree shrews in southeast asia are outlined in\neurasian insectivores and tree shrew : status survey and conservation action plan\n, a 1995 publication released by the iucn . the url for this site is urltoken .\npopulations is the destruction of their natural habitats by humans . because they aren ' t well known and don ' t have an economic value , this species and its habitat are being overlooked by conservationists .\nthis species is widespread and locally common in forests on dinagat and moderately common throughout mindanao .\nthe major threat is deforestation that has occurred at lower elevations , and much of this species ' habitat below 1000 m has been lost .\nthis species occurs in several protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nit is found , as its name suggests , in mindanao , in the philippines . it lives in rain forests and montane forests .\nthe body is 17 - 20 cm , and the tail is 11 - 17 cm . it has a particularly elongated snout and a rounded , even - haired tail . the fur is brownish , but with orange or yellow underparts .\nit is diurnal in its habits , and it climbs well and runs fast on the ground .\nits diet is varied . it includes insects , lizards , young birds , bird ' s eggs , and fruit .\nit is thought that in the wild , it nests on the ground , or on cliffs . their breeding habits have been observed in captivity , where females have produced 1 or 2 young after a gestation period of 54 - 56 days .\nhelgen , k . m . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m , eds . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 108\u2013109 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\ntabaranza , b . , gonzalez , j . c . , ambal , g . & heaney , l . ( 2008 ) . urogale everetti . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 30 december 2008 .\nnapier jr , napier ph . ( 1968 ) a handbook of living primates . morphology , ecology and behaviour of nonhuman primates . academic , london\nthis species is endemic to montane borneo where it is restricted to altitudes above 900 m ( payne et al . 1998 ) in malaysian northern borneo , including the mountains of north - eastern sarawak and mts . kinabalu and trus madi in sabah ( helgen 2005 ) . recorded from 1 , 200 m to elevations of 3 , 350 m ( corbet and hill 1992 ) .\nthis species is found in submontane and montane pristine forest . this species needs undergrowth as it comes down to forage for insects ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) .\nthis species does not appear to have been recorded since the early 1970s . a primarily montane species , it has probably undergone some declines due to loss of habitat , particularly at lower elevations , but the absence of any recent records hinders any reliable assessment of their status . this species is a priority for further survey work , pending which it may warrant listing in near threatened or higher .\nthis species has not been recorded since the early 1970s . between 1989 to 1991 , three sessions of trappings at the area ( sinsuran ridge , sabah ) where the animal was last caught in the early 1970s , failed to capture the animal ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) .\nthe major threat to this species is loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion and conversion of land to non - tree plantations at lower elevations .\nit occurs in crocker range national park ( sabah , malaysia ) . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nhead and body length is 5 in ( 13 cm ) , with tail length 4 . 5 in ( 11 cm ) . the body mass is about 1 . 5 oz ( 43 g ) . upper parts of the small body are dark brown , while the under parts are orange - buff with gray bases , and shiny black with reddish streaking along the sides . it has a short snout , with large ear flaps . prominent orange - brown rings exist around the eyes , with weakly marked facial streaks present on both side of the face , extending from the snout to ears . no shoulder streaks are present . the claws are notably sharp . the thin tail is covered with fine , smooth hair , with darkening towards the tip .\n, which active in mossy trees and on rocky boulders in submontane and montane pristine forest . this species seems to feed predominantly on\nis recorded from gunung dulit , gunung mulu , and the kelabit uplands in northern sarawak , and from the sabah - sarawak border . meanwhile ,\nthis species is listed as data deficient because it has not recorded since the early 1970s . the major threats for this species are loss of habitat due to the agricultural expansion and conversion of land to nontree plantations at lower elevations . this species may warrant listing in near threatened or higher . the conservation actions only occur at crocker range national park , sabah , malaysia .\ngardner , a . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m , eds . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 104\u2013105 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nhan , k . h . & stuebing , r . ( 2008 ) . dendrogale melanura . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 30 december 2008 .\nfrancis , c . m . & payne , j . ( 2005 ) . a field guide to the mammals of borneo . malaysia : sabah society\nin their natural habitat , mountain treeshrews were observed being active during the day . they forage on the ground among fallen logs and branches where they feed mostly on\n. they also consume large quantities of wild fruits and berries , eating them in short bursts . it is assumed that they extract sugar laden juices and this way supplement dietary deficiencies of an arthropod diet .\nlasted 49 to 51 days . they did not display a distinct reproductive season . litters comprised one to two young .\n. they defecate into the plants ' pitchers while visiting them to feed on sweet , fruity secretions from glands on the pitcher lids .\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m .\nthomas , o . ( 1892 ) . on some new mammalia from the east - indian archipelago . the annals and magazine of natural history 6 ( 9 ) : 250\u2013254 .\nemmons , l . ( 2000 ) . tupai : a field study of bornean treeshrews . berkeley and los angeles : university of california press .\nsorenson , m . w . , conaway , c . h . ( 1968 ) . the social and reproductive behavior of tupaia montana in captivity . journal of mammalogy : 502\u2013512 .\nthis article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .\nthis species is found in malaysia and indonesia , including southern borneo ( subspecies splendidula ) and karimata island ( carimatae ) , bunguran ( natunae ) and laut ( lucida ) in the northern natuna islands , and riabu ( riabus ) in the anambas islands ( helgen 2005 ) .\nthis species occurs in primary lowland forest ; it presumably occurs in secondary forests , and lightly degraded forests .\nlisted as least concern as the species is relatively widely distributed on borneo , and although rare appears to show some adaptability to disturbed habitats . it is undoubtedly undergoing declines , but these are not believed to be at a rate that would warrant listing in threatened category .\nthis species is rare and usually only a few are taken for every few hundred trap nights of survey effort ( k . h . han pers . comm . ) . however , it is said to be locally common at puruk cahu in central kalimantan ( i . maryanto pers . comm . ) .\nthe major threat to this species is habitat degradation , due to logging and conversion to agriculture .\nthis species is not recorded from any protected areas . it is listed on cites appendix ii .\nhelgen , k . m . ( 2005 ) .\ntupaia splendidula\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 108 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nhan , k . h . & maryanto , i . ( 2008 ) .\ntupaia splendidula\n. iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . international union for conservation of nature .\nraffles described the genus as having an elongated snout , 8 to 10 incisors , well developed limbs , five - toed naked feet , and the sole furnished with projecting pads and sharp claws , with a habit and tail of a squirrel .\nspecies , which only lack the long black whiskers and have smaller ears . they don\u2019t have any markings on the face , the naked area of the nose is finely reticulated , an oblique stripe on the shoulder is more or less distinct , and the tail is haired but not tufted . the\nis longer than the second , while the second pair of lower incisors is slightly larger than the first and third pairs . the lower\n, they are primarily terrestrial and forage on the forest floor , usually below 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) . since they are rarely seen crossing wide roads , it is likely that populations are negatively affected by fragmentation of forests caused by\nand small beetles . they hold their food between the forelegs while sitting on their haunches . after feeding they smooth the head and face with both forepaws , and lick the lips and palms . they are also fond of water , both to drink and to bathe in .\nthey fortify their diet with soft fruits that are mostly dispersed by birds . they swallow the pulp but reject fibrous components , which they cannot digest due to their long and small\nof treeshrews enables them to easily detect food among the leaf litter on the forest floor . their sensitivity for odours coupled with\n. social behaviour differs between species and the available food resources in their territories . where food is adequate and sufficient , they tolerate conspecifics without engaging in territorial disputes .\nbirds of prey , snakes , and small carnivores are known to hunt treeshrews . humans have no interest in killing them for food because of their unpleasant taste , and they are rarely seen as pests .\ntreeshrews share more similarity with rodents and squirrels than with primates in regards to their reproduction and development . in contrast to primates , who produce one baby with longer gestation periods , treeshrews generally have litters of 2 - 3 young and are only in utero for about 45 days . female treeshrews give birth in nests made of many dry leaves , and are known to leave the young unattended while returning occasionally to give them milk . parental care of\nthe young remain in the nest for 33 days on average , developing gradually before they exit the nest . there are ten identified embryonic developmental stages in\ntheir morphological similarity to primates makes them an important model organism in human medical research . a study investigating the effects of the\nthan them , there is increasing interest in using them as an alternative model for use as a model in human medical research . successful psychosocial studies were carried out , and it was found that dramatic behavioral , neuroendocrinal , and physiological changes occurred in subordinate male\nhave been used to overcome the limitations of using rodent models in the study of human biology and disease mechanisms , as well as the development of new drugs and diagnostic tools . recent studies have utilized tree shrews to study infectious , metabolic , neurological , and psychiatric diseases as well as cancers .\n. this was advantageous because other possible candidates such as guinea pigs , rats , mice , and other rodents leave gaps in the information especially regarding clinical symptoms and transmission .\n, on the other hand , display moderate systemic and respiratory symptoms as well as pathological changes in the respiratory tract , supporting its use as a beneficial model in h1n1 research .\nas knowledge increases regarding the use of treeshrews as medical research models , so do the ethical implications regarding the care of these animals for research purposes .\nhelgen , k . m . ( 2005 ) .\ntupaia\n. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 104 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .\nraffles , t . s . ( 1821 ) .\ndescriptive catalogue of a zoological collection made on account of the honourable east india company , in the island of sumatra and its vicinity , under the direction of sir thomas stamford raffles , lieutenant - governor of fort marlborough ; with additional notices illustrative of the natural history of those countries .\n. the transactions of the linnean society of london ( linnean society of london ) xiii : 239\u2013340 .\nwilkinson , r . j . ( 1901 ) . a malay - english dictionary kelly & walsh limited , hongkong , shanghai and yokohama .\nlyon , m . w . , jr . ( 1913 ) . tree shrews : an account of the mammalian family tupaiidae . proceedings of the united states national museum , 45 : 1\u2013188 .\nshriver , j . g . , noback , c . r . ( 1967 ) . color vision in the tree shrew ( tupaia glis ) . folia primatologia 6 : 161\u2212169 .\ndiard , p . m . , duvaucel , a . ( 1820 ) .\nsur une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de sorex \u2014 sorex glis\n. asiatick researches , or , transactions of the society instituted in bengal , for inquiring into the history and antiquities , the arts , sciences , and literature of asia , volume 14 : 470\u2013475 .\nhorsfield , t . ( 1824 ) . zoological researches in java , and the neighbouring islands . london : kingsbury , parbury , & allen .\nwagner , j . a . ( 1841 ) . das peguanische spitzh\u00f6rnchen . in : die s\u00e4ugethiere in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . supplementband 2 . erlangen : expedition des schreber ' schen s\u00e4ugethier - und des esper ' schen schmetterlingswerkes . pp . 42\u201343 .\nschlegel , h . ( 1857 ) . tana dorsalis . in : handleiding tot de beoefening der dierkunde , ie deel . boekdrukkerij van nys , breda . page 59 .\ngray , j . e . ( 1865 ) . notice of a species of tupaia from borneo , in the collection of the british museum . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london : 322 .\nzelebor , j . ( 1868 ) . cladobates nicobaricus . in : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde . zoologischer theil , band 1 s\u00e4ugethiere . wien : kaiserliche akademie der wissenschaften . pp . 17\u201319 .\ng\u00fcnther , a . g . ( 1876 ) . remarks on some indian and , more especially , bornean mammals . proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london : 424\u2013428 .\nthomas , o . ( 1893 ) . on some new bornean mammalia . the annals and magazine of natural history , 6 ( 11 ) : 341\u2013347 .\nthomas , o . ( 1893 ) . description of a new bornean tupaia . the annals and magazine of natural history 6 ( 12 ) : 53\u201354 .\nmatschie , p . ( 1898 ) . s\u00e4ugethiere von den philippinen . sitzungsbericht der gesellschaft naturforschender freunde zu berlin : 38\u201343 .\nmiller , g . s . jr . ( 1903 ) . seventy new malayan mammals . smithsonian miscellaneous collections 45 : 1\u201373 .\nmein , p . and ginsburg , l . ( 1997 ) . les mammif\u00e8res du gisement mioc\u00e8ne inf\u00e9rieur de li mae long , tha\u00eflande : syst\u00e9matique , biostratigraphie et pal\u00e9oenvironnement . geodiversitas 19 ( 4 ) : 783\u2013844 .\nbutler , p . m . ( 1972 ) . the problem of insectivore classification . in : k . a . joysey and t . s . kemp ( eds . ) studies in vertebrate evolution . oliver and boyd , edinburgh . pp . 253\u2212265 .\nmartin , r . d . ( 1968 ) . reproduction and ontogeny in tree - shrews ( tupaia belangeri ) , with reference to their general behaviour and taxonomic relationships . zeitschrift f\u00fcr tierpsychologie 25 ( 4 ) : 409\u2013495 .\nmckenna , m . c . , bell , s . k . ( 1997 ) . classification of mammals above the species level . columbia university press , new york .\npeterson , e . a . , wruble , s . d . , ponzoli , v . i . ( 1968 ) . auditory responses in tree shrews and primates . journal of auditory research 8 ( 3 ) : 345\u2013355 .\nemmons , l . h . ( 1991 ) . frugivory in treeshrews ( tupaia ) . the american naturalist . 138 ( 3 ) : 642\u2013649 .\ngould , e . ( 1978 ) . the behavior of the moonrat , echinosorex gymnurus ( erinaceidae ) and the pentail shrew , ptilocercus lowi ( tupaiidae ) with comments on the behavior of other insectivora . zeitschrift f\u00fcr tierpsychologie 48 ( 1 ) : 1\u201327 .\nkawamichi , t . and kawamichi , m . ( 1979 ) . spatial organization and territory of tree shrews ( tupaia glis ) . animal behavior 27 ( 2 ) : 381\u2013393 .\ncisneros , l . ( 2005 ) .\ntupaia glis\n( on - line ) , animal diversity web .\nkuhn , h , and schwaier , a . ( 1973 ) . implantation , early placentation , and the chronology of embryogenesis in tupaia belangeri . zeitschrift f\u00fcr anatomie und entwicklungsgeschichte 142 ( 3 ) : 315\u2013340 .\nsprankel , h . , richarz , k . , ludwig , h . and rott , r . ( 1978 ) . behavior alterations in tree shrews induced by borna disease virus . medical microbiology and immunology 165 ( 1 ) : 1\u201318 .\ncao , j . , yang , e . b . , su , j . j . , li , y . , chow , p . ( 2003 ) . the tree shrew : adjuncts and alternatives to primates as models for biomedical research . journal of medical primatology . 32 ( 3 ) : 123\u2013130 .\nxu , l . , zhang , y . , liang , b . , l\u00fc , l . b . , chen , c . s . , chen , y . b . , yao , y . g . ( 2013 ) . tree shrews under the spot light : emerging model of human diseases . dongwuxue yanjiu 34 ( 2 ) : 59\u201369 . ( in chinese )"]}
{"id": 2632, "summary": [{"text": "teldenia seriata is a moth in the drepanidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it was described by warren in 1922 .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "it is found in new guinea and on goodenough island .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the length of the forewings is 12-14 mm for males and 13.5-14.5 mm for females .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the costa and fringe of the forewings of the males are buff , while those of the females are paler .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the sub-basal fascia is reduced to five dark brown spots and the inner postmedial is reduced to seven or eight spots .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the subterminal is reduced to nine spots and the distal postmedial is continuous and buff .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the terminal line is variable .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the hindwings are as the forewings , but there is no sub-basal row of spots . ", "topic": 1}], "title": "teldenia seriata", "paragraphs": ["wilkinson , c . , 1967 . a taxonomic revision of the genus teldenia moore ( lepidoptera : drepanidae , drepaninae ) . transactions of the royal entomological society of london 119 : 303 - 362 .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nnb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\npapua localities : waigeo : waigeo camp ; new guinea : furu camp ( foja mts . ) , hollandia ( jayapura ) , kouh , mapi , marina valen , mokwam , sabron camp ( cyclops ) , sinimburu , tandia , yongsu . details in gazetteer .\ndata sources : bmnh , ksp , rmnh , zman . literature ( see below )\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3250132a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32502161 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33435fad - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\nbeccaloni g . , scoble m . , kitching i . , simonsen t . , robinson g . , pitkin b . , hine a . & lyal c . ( 2018 ) . lepindex : the global lepidoptera names index ( version 12 . 3 , jan 2012 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .\nurn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 49b9f1cd - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626\n. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .\nthe name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .\nthe author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by\n, +\nand the number of omitted authors .\nattribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .\nall diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .\ncreated by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more"]}
{"id": 2633, "summary": [{"text": "urotrichini is a taxonomic tribe of the mole family , and consists of japanese and american shrew-moles .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "they belong to the old world moles and relatives branch of the mole family ( talpidae ) .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "there are only three species , each of which represents its own genus .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the name \" shrew-moles \" refers to their morphological resemblance to shrews , while generally being thought of as \" true moles \" .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "the species are the japanese shrew mole , true 's shrew mole and american shrew mole .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "in japan , the word \" himizu \" ( \u30d2\u30df\u30ba ) may refer to both to the japanese shrew mole in particular and urotrichini in general ; when true 's shrew mole is distinguished from the general himizu forms , the feminine diminutive word \" hime \" is added to refer to the smaller size of that species .", "topic": 25}, {"text": "although they are common in japan , their alpine habitats , small size , and secretive lifestyle makes them generally unknown except among some mountain people and researchers . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "urotrichini", "paragraphs": [", subfamily uropsilinae ) and showed a phylogenetic history moderately different from that of shrew moles ( tribes neurotrichini and urotrichini , subfamily talpinae ) . members of the genus\n) focused on less - saturated transversional substitutions , the depth of the calibration point seems too old ( 25\u201335 mya for the divergence between urotrichini and talpini ) , so that the estimated time scale may be overestimated . the estimates of kirihara et al . (\n. . . another plesiomorphic character is the presence of a single and undivided mesostyle in the upper molars ( character 17 # 1 ; character 18 # 1 ) , a feature shared with uropsilus and the urotrichini . however , the teeth of t . minor do not show other specializations present in urotrichini , such as enlarged incisor alveoli and the broadened mandibular ramus ( barrow & macleod 2008 ; sansalone 2015 ) . the only explicit specializations that can be observed in t . minor are an enlarged p1 , which is morphologically different from the caniniform p1 exhibited by the highly fossorial moles ( see in example g . antiquus ; schwermann & martin 2012 ) , and slightly hypsodont molars . . . .\n. . . another plesiomorphic character is the presence of a single and undivided mesostyle in the upper molars ( character 17 # 1 ; character 18 # 1 ) , a feature shared with uropsilus and the urotrichini . however , the teeth of t . minor do not show other specializations present in urotrichini , such as enlarged incisor alveoli and the broadened mandibular ramus ( barrow & macleod 2008 ; sansalone 2015 ) . the only explicit specializations that can be observed in t . minor are an enlarged p1 , which is morphologically different from the caniniform p1 exhibited by the highly fossorial moles ( see in example g . antiquus ; schwermann & martin 2012 ) , and slightly hypsodont molars . ziegler ( 2012 ) suggested this increased hypsodonty was an adaptation to drier environments . . . .\nthe chinese long - tailed mole ( scaptonyx fusicaudus ) closely resembles american ( neurotrichus gibbsii ) and japanese ( dymecodon pilirostris and urotrichus talpoides ) shrew moles in size , appearance , and ecological habits , yet it has traditionally been classified either together with ( viz subfamily urotrichinae ) or separately ( tribe scaptonychini ) from the latter genera ( tribe urotrichini sensu . . . [ show full abstract ]\nurotrichini is a taxonomic tribe of the mole family , and consists of japanese and american shrew - moles . they belong to the old world moles and relatives branch of the mole family ( talpidae ) . there are only three species , each of which represents its own genus . the name ` shrew - moles ` refers to their morphological resemblance to shrews , while gene . . . . .\nconflicting taxonomic classifications regarding the establishment and composition of subfamilies and tribes have been proposed for the talpid family ( hutchison 1968 ; yates 1984 ; mckenna and bell 1997 ; hutterer 2005 ) , with substantial confusion also surrounding the phylogenetic placement and taxonomic assignment of talpids in the fossil record ( ziegler 2003 , 2012 ; klietmann et al . 2015 ) . because of the robustness of the forelimb in some talpids , relatively plentiful numbers of humeri are preserved as fossils for some lineages ( e . g . , talpini , scalopini , urotrichini ) , and can provide insights into locomotory adaptations through geological time . however , the resolution of locomotory adaptations through time requires a well - resolved phylogeny , which is currently not available .\n) . tribal divergences commenced during the priabonian stage ( 39 . 5\u201333 . 9 ma ) of the late eocene when scalopini diverged from other tribes at 37 . 0 ma ( 95 % ci = 39 . 5\u201335 . 3 ma ) , and continued through the rupelian ( 33 . 9\u201328 . 1 ma ) and chattian ( 28 . 1\u201323 . 03 ma ) stages of the oligocene when the three shrew mole tribes ( scaptonychini , urotrichini , neurotrichini ) diverged from each other between 30 and 27 ma ( 95 % ci = 34\u201323 ma ) . divergences between chinese and north american scalopins , between european and asian talpins , and between the two long - tailed mole lineages all occurred in the mid - miocene ( ca . 16 ma ; 95 % ci = 22\u201310 ma ) . finally , divergences between sister genera generally occurred between 18 and 7 my ( 95 % ci = 26\u20134 ma ) . the lineage - through - time ( ltt ) plot (\nmembers of the mammalian family talpidae\u2014the moles , shrew moles , and desmans\u2014include some of the least studied mammals on earth . the 43 recognized living species reflect a surprisingly diverse set of lifestyles including terrestrial , semi - fossorial , semi - aquatic , fossorial , and aquatic - fossorial ( nowak 1999 ; hutterer 2005 ) . the evolution of adaptive specializations to these diverse environments produced substantial morphological variation , for example in skeletal anatomy ( freeman 1886 ) and sensory systems ( catania 2000 ) . however , increasingly derived \u201cstepping - stone\u201d phenotypic adaptations can be identified across a morphological gradient from the terrestrial shrew - like moles ( uropsilinae ) , to the semi - fossorial shrew moles / long - tailed moles ( neurotrichini , urotrichini , and scaptonychini ) , and further to the fossorial \u201ctrue moles\u201d ( talpini and scalopini ) . conversely , the more aquatic members of the family , the desmans ( desmanini ) and the aquatic - fossorial star - nosed mole ( condylurini ) , are among the most unique and morphologically isolated of living mammals .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspeciation and evolution in the family talpidae ( mammalia : insectivora ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .\nresearch support , u . s . gov ' t , p . h . s .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance . if your browser does not accept cookies , you cannot view this site .\nthere are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :\nyou have cookies disabled in your browser . you need to reset your browser to accept cookies or to ask you if you want to accept cookies .\nyour browser asks you whether you want to accept cookies and you declined . to accept cookies from this site , use the back button and accept the cookie .\nyour browser does not support cookies . try a different browser if you suspect this .\nthe date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .\nyou have installed an application that monitors or blocks cookies from being set . you must disable the application while logging in or check with your system administrator .\nthis site uses cookies to improve performance by remembering that you are logged in when you go from page to page . to provide access without cookies would require the site to create a new session for every page you visit , which slows the system down to an unacceptable level .\nthis site stores nothing other than an automatically generated session id in the cookie ; no other information is captured .\nin general , only the information that you provide , or the choices you make while visiting a web site , can be stored in a cookie . for example , the site cannot determine your email name unless you choose to type it . allowing a website to create a cookie does not give that or any other site access to the rest of your computer , and only the site that created the cookie can read it .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\njavascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .\nparent taxon : talpinae according to o . g . bendukidze et al . 2009\nbiokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright \u00a9 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nto elucidate the origins of the japanese mammalian fauna from the perspectives of biogeography and community ecology , i reviewed molecular phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies for all non - volant terrestrial mammals indigenous to the japanese archipelago ( 63 species ) , with a particular focus on obtaining reliable chronological data . the results of this review demonstrate that geological vicariance events in the tsugaru and korea ( tsushima ) straits can explain the distribution of many japanese mammals , in particular the hokkaido - endemic species with late pleistocene origins and the honshu\u2013shikoku\u2013kyushu - endemic species with middle pleistocene or earlier origins . phylogenetic relatedness also contributed to the observed patterns of distribution through the processes of competitive exclusion and species assortment , and abiotic environmental filtering was another important factor . later colonists of honshu\u2013shikoku\u2013kyushu , from northern hokkaido or the southern tsushima islands , were mostly excluded owing to the competitive dominance of earlier residents or environmental filtering . on the other hand , the fragmented distributions of some species with more ancient origins in both hokkaido and honshu\u2013shikoku\u2013kyushu may be a result of the competitive dominance of later migrants . ecological coexistence can be achieved by phylogenetically dispersed species , supporting the principle of species assortment . because almost all aspects of the mammalian faunal assembly in japan can be explained by geological events or community ecological processes , the japanese archipelago may be an ideal model island system in which to study the mechanisms of faunal assembly .\ni am deeply grateful to masaharu motokawa and hiroshi kajihara for inviting me to contribute to their comprehensive book on japanese animals , and for their encouragement during the manuscript preparation process . i thank masaharu motokawa , hon - tsen yu , and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript . i also thank hitoshi suzuki and past and present members of his laboratory for their invaluable assistance with my research on the molecular phylogenetics and phylogeography of mammals .\nhere , i have reviewed molecular phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies of japanese mammals to obtain reliable estimates of the divergence time between the japanese and the continental species ( or lineage ) and the time to the most recent common ancestor ( mrca ) of the japanese mammals . where no chronological data were provided in the previous study , even though some dna sequences were determined and available in the dna database , i briefly calculated these times by using the lineage - specific evolutionary rate . it should be noted here that the most commonly used evolutionary rates proposed by brown et al . (\napplied this rate to all the mammalian lineage divergence ) , so that the applications of these rates to other groups would be difficult because of the differences in the evolutionary rates among mammalian groups . for example , a corollary of the application of the evolutionary rate obtained from a slowly evolving lineage ( e . g . , ungulates ) into a rapidly evolving lineage ( e . g . , rodents ) is an overestimation of the divergence times on the rapidly evolving lineage .\n) . these species could be classified into two subfamilies , soricinae and crocidurinae ( dubey et al .\n) genes , these subfamilies were demonstrated to have diverged in the late early miocene [ ca . 20 mya ( million years ago ) ( fumagalli et al .\nspecies in hokkaido established their lineages by different histories in spite of the similar distribution patterns . however , in ohdachi et al . (\n) , the time scale for the lineage differentiations was not assessed based on their molecular data . hope et al . (\nincluding the hokkaido linage was in the period of the late pleistocene ( < 0 . 13 mya ) . this time estimate is in agreement with the distribution pattern of\nspecies evolution . however , because the evolutionary rate of hope et al . (\nspecies might have fallen into circular argument . nevertheless , a similar evolutionary rate was suggested to be fit to the late quaternary phylogeography of various taxa from rodents to carnivorans around the bering straits ( hope et al .\n) . therefore , i used the 11 % / myr ( million years ) divergence rate in this tentative time estimations . the average pairwise genetic distances between species endemic to the hsk region (\ns , respectively ) were calculated to be 8 . 3 % and 8 . 8 % , respectively , thus suggesting that these lineages diverged 0 . 75 and 0 . 8 mya in the early to middle pleistocene , respectively . on the other hand , hokkaido lineages of\ns were estimated to have diverged 0 . 07 and 0 . 56 mya , respectively . it is obvious to obtain the age estimate consistent with hope et al . (\nbecause of the same assumption about the evolutionary rate . however , the middle pleistocene origin of the hokkaido lineage of\nwas inferred to have split 0 . 09 mya , implying that the lineage diversifications in hokkaido might have occurred in the late pleistocene . meanwhile , it was estimated that\n, where the average pairwise distance between khabarovsk and hokkaido haplotypes and that among the hokkaido haplotypes both show 1 . 6 % corresponding to 0 . 15 mya based on the 11 % / myr divergence rate , suggesting that the hokkaido lineage diverged from the continental one in the final part of the middle pleistocene . regarding\n, it was calculated that the divergence between the hokkaido and the continental lineages , that among three haplogroups in hokkaido , and that within each of the three haplogroups , occurred 0 . 07 , 0 . 05 , and 0 . 02 mya , respectively . all the events took place in the late pleistocene . the foregoing calculation suggests that the absence of\n, whose origin in hokkaido is in the middle pleistocene , did not cross the tsugaru strait , when the land bridge was formed . probably , the lineage expansion would have occurred in the late pleistocene , as suggested in\nat 3 . 5 mya ) . however , special caution must be given to the interpretation of their results . first ,\ngene whose substitutions would be saturated in the time scale of their study , where the calibration point was set to approximately 20 mya , that is , at a level subjected to the saturation problem ( steppan et al .\n, i suppose that their time estimates could be more realistic because they estimated divergence times by less - saturated nuclear protein - coding genes and obtained dates largely concordant with the fossil records ( he et al .\n) estimated 1 . 25 mya , as already explained , 3 . 03 mya estimated for the split between\n) could correspond to age about 0 . 83 mya by a very brief proportion calculation . furthermore , yuan et al . (\nin taiwan is 10 . 5 % . if i use the 11 % / myr of hope et al . (\n) , the time estimate for this divergence would be 0 . 95 mya , which is close to 0 . 83 mya , although slightly larger .\n) clarified that there are four geographically separated phylogroups in the japanese archipelago , one in kyushu and the other three in honshu . the most southern kyushu lineage first diverged , then the chugoku lineage in the southwestern honshu , and in the last kinki lineage in the east of the chugoku region and the lineage in east and central honshu were separated . the time to the mrca of the four phylogroups was inferred to be 0 . 39 mya , and divergence in each phylogroup was estimated to have occurred within 0 . 059 mya , on the basis of the 1 . 36 % transversional susbtitutions at the third codon positions per million years calculated from setting the divergence time between soricinae and crocidurinae to be 20 mya , according to fumagali et al . (\n) , in which the transversional susbtitutions at the third codon positions was checked to be not saturated . in addition , by using the 11 % / myr of hope et al . (\n) where average pairwise genetic distances between haplotypes in kyushu and east - central clades is 3 . 0 % , the divergence time was calculated to be 0 . 27 mya , which is not inconsistent with the middle pleistocene origin of\nas estimated earlier ( 0 . 39 mya ) . all these inferences suggest that\n) . as already described , because the tsugaru strait was not considered to have had a land bridge in the late pleistocene , the absence of this species from hokkaido can be explained by the late pleistocene expansion of the honshu lineages from each refugium . the reason for the absence of this species from the shikoku islands is not clear .\n( amami , okinawa , miyako , and yaeyama isl . , bp10 ; table\n) genes , and estimated that the crocidurinae shrew species were inferred to have diversified on mainly palaearctic and oriental regions since the late miocene . one of major clades derived from the diversifications is the asian clade , where all the four\n) . using the calibration point of 20 mya for the divergence between soricinae and crocidurinae , dubey et al . (\n, whose phylogenetic affinity was not unambiguously inferred , was generated 5 . 42 mya during the earliest diversification among the asian clade .\nin tsushima islands has not been dated in any of these previous studies , data used by motokawa et al . (\ngene between the tsushima lineage and the most closely related cheju lineage was 1 . 2 % , suggesting that the divergence time is 0 . 1 mya on the basis of the 11 % / myr divergence rate of hope et al . (\nincluding the japanese lineage have never been investigated . thus , the time scale cannot be evaluated here . concerning the other intraspecific genetic diversity of these crocidurinae species , it was suggested that there is a clear phylogeographic demarcation between eastern and western japanese lineages in\n) . their average pairwise genetic distance is 3 . 7 % , indicating that evolutionary split between eastern and western linages occurred 0 . 34 mya based on the 11 % / myr divergence rate . it has also been known that individuals of\n( zemlemrova et al . 2013 ) ] . no talpid species are observed in hokkaido . the biogeographic patterns for the talpid species are bp6 [ the lesser japanese shrew mole\n) . their precise distributions are not considered to overlap except for the narrow geographic boundaries among them . in fact , the distribution of\npredominantly occupies the western part of japan and possesses the same species as in the eurasian continent . these distribution patterns suggest the different evolutionary history among these mole and shrew mole species . previous molecular phylogenetic analyses have clarified that the asian fossorial moles formed a monophyletic lineage (\n, i could not discuss the origin of this species hereafter ) . namely , among the japanese mole species ,\nat the last . combined with the distributions of these moles in the japanese archipelago , these phylogenetic relationships suggest that the japanese mole species migrated from the eurasian continent following the branching order in the phylogeny , implying that the earlier the migration is , the more restricted the distributions are to montane regions , islands and small areas , and the northeastern region in honshu . on the basis of the fossil record ( 16 . 4\u201320 . 5 mya for the earliest talpini fossil in east asia and 4 . 0\u20134 . 3 mya for the oldest\nlineage was estimated to be 17 . 1 mya in the analyses using the mitochondrial\n( both eurasian and japanese lineages are included ) 5 . 7 mya . on the other hand , using the similar calibration standard based on the fossil records , he et al . (\nsplit occurred 3 . 42 to 4 . 5 mya , thus indicating estimates younger than those in shinohara et al . (\n) . this difference in the time estimates would be caused by the stronger effect of the mitochondrial genes in shinohara et al . (\nbranched off in this order 12 . 6\u201317 . 7 , 6 . 6\u20139 . 2 , and 2 . 5\u20133 . 4 mya , respectively ( tsuchiya et al .\nbranched off in this order 5 . 21 , 3 . 64 , 2 . 31 , and 1 . 20 mya , respectively . these time estimates are much younger than those in other studies . i suppose that the divergence times inferred by shinohara et al . (\n) might be overestimates because they depended on the mitochondrial genes in some degree for the time scale , where the mitochondrial genes would not work well because of the saturation problem , and also adopted the calibration point based on the earliest record of talpini in east asia ( 16 . 4\u201320 . 5 mya ) , which might also be too old for the mitochondrial gene variations to be calibrated . although tsuchiya et al . (\n) are in agreement with the geological and eustatic records and the migration ages of the proboscidean species into japan . kirihara et al . (\ngene ( 4\u20136 % / myr ) , these two \u201cspecies\u201d diverged 0 . 3 to 0 . 5 mya ; this is a level of intraspecific variation ( kirihara et al .\nendemic to the japanese archipelago , their origins have not been clearly understood . previous molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these two shrew mole species formed a clade ( shinohara et al .\n) . however , no time scale has been estimated yet . furthermore , as no talpid species is closely related to one of these species ( that is , the clade consists of these two species only ) , it is not clear which species migrated into the japanese archipelago first . taking into account that\n( average pairwise genetic distance was 11 . 4 % ; data were derived from shinohara et al .\nshow a very high extent of intraspecific variations corresponding to the interspecific difference in other mole and shrew mole species ( shinohara et al .\nare 7 % , 10 . 6 % , and 6 . 9 % , respectively , on the basis of the data of shinohara et al . (\n) , which could be calculated to be 1 . 17\u20131 . 75 mya , 1 . 77\u20132 . 65 mya , and 1 . 15\u20131 . 73 mya , respectively , following a 4\u20136 % / myr\n) . assuming that the divergence between asian and barbary macaques occurred 3 . 0 mya , based on the fossil record and using a portion of the mitochondrial dna sequences (\n0 . 65 to 0 . 73 mya and the differentiation among three japanese lineages took place 0 . 19 to 0 . 37 mya . on the other hand , tosi et al . (\n) genes for the divergence time estimations postulating that the initial divergence of macaques occurred 5 . 5 mya , caused by the messinian salinity crisis . in this study , the time for the branching of\nfrom the other closely related species above was estimated to be 1 . 0 mya in the y - chromosomal gene tree . although not estimated clearly , the mitochondrial gene tree suggested that\ndiverged in a time younger than 1 . 2 mya , which is consistent with the y - chromosomal gene estimation ( tosi et al .\n) and also is not contradicted by the estimates of hayasaka et al . (\nwas estimated to be 0 . 38 to 0 . 42 mya ( chu et al .\ninto the eastern marginal islands of the eurasian continent . although the exact time of the migration has not been fixed yet , the last estimate by chu et al . (\nexperienced a rapid expansion 0 . 16 to 1 . 00 mya ( marmi et al .\nwith more individual samples from the northernmost shimokita peninsula ( located in the northern part of aomori prefecture in northernmost honshu ) to the southernmost yakushima islands ( located in the south of the kyushu islands ) by the control region sequences , demonstrated that there are major eastern and western lineages in the japanese archipelago , and suggested that the eastern lineage experienced the recent northward demographic expansion from a refugium in the post - glacial periods in the late quaternary .\n) , in which almost all the species are observed in europe and africa . the japanese dormouse\nis the only species within gliridae that inhabits east asia , it is extremely difficult to infer the origin of this species in japan by only investigating the extant species . nevertheless , nunome et al . (\n( 25 mya ) that their divergence occurred 24 to 30 mya under the background of major glirid diversifications during a relatively warmer climate period from the early oligocene ( 34 mya ) to the mid - miocene climatic optimum ( 15\u201317 mya ) . these time estimates suggest that the origin of the japanese dormouse may have predated the formation of the japanese archipelago ( about 15 mya ; neall and trewick\n) . additionally , it could be argued that the past 15 million years have seen declines of east asian dormice because of the climate change into colder and drier environments , which the dormice do not favor ( zachos et al .\npossesses nine geographic lineages that diversified 3 to 5 mya . yasuda et al . (\n) concluded that the divergences into these local populations occurred within the japanese archipelago . furthermore , they showed that the extent of the genetic divergence among the geographically separated populations corresponds to that of interspecific variations in other mammalian groups . thus , they also suggested that each local population can be regarded as a cryptic species .\n) . there are three types of ecological lifestyles among squirrels [ arboreal ( tree squirrels ) , terrestrial ( ground squirrels ) , and gliding ( flying squirrels ) locomotors ] . recent molecular phylogenetic analyses of the multiple nuclear and mitochondrial genetic loci have determined five major lineages corresponding to subfamilial level and suggested that the arboreal tree squirrel is the ancestral type that would have had a key role in the major squirrel diversifications and subsequent derivation of the terrestrial and gliding squirrel lineages ( mercer and roth\n) , which are assigned to two of these major clades , a clade of arboreal and gliding squirrels ( sciurinae in steppan et al .\n) and a clade of mostly ground squirrels ( xerinae in steppan et al .\n( terrestrial , but , in fact , intermediate between terrestrial and arboreal ) ( steppan et al .\nthe japanese sciurid species show clear distributional trends . namely , congeneric species do not share the same distribution although species in the different genera do coexist in the same region (\nin the hsk region ) . hence , it follows that there are only two biogeographic patterns for the squirrels on the japanese archipelago , bp2 ( table\nspecies in the family soricidae . although some phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies have been known for\n) , few of these examined time scales for the lineage differentiations or demographic events . oshida and masuda (\nto be 4 . 0 to 5 . 2 mya based on the 0 . 5 % transversional substitutions / myr of the\n) . this value would be an overestimate , probably because of the use of the underestimated substitution rate ( from the application of the slowly evolving ungulate rate into the rapidly evolving rodent time scale ) . later , oshida et al . (\ngene considering that the divergence rate was suggested to be variable among rodents within the range of 5\u201310 % / myr [ see brunhoff et al . (\n) for the rationale ] . if i adopt the 5\u201310 % / myr of divergence rate for the case of\nwas inferred to be 4 . 9\u20136 . 8 % , the divergence time between these species is 0 . 49\u20131 . 36 mya ( 4 . 9\u20136 . 8 % divided by 5\u201310 % ) , which is more consistent with the palaeontological evidence suggesting that the lineage of\nlineage migrated into the japanese archipelago via northern or southern routes is not easy , the origin from the korean peninsula , the southern route , may be plausible because their absence in hokkaido can more easily be explained . however , even if it is the case , it is difficult to understand why the ancestral lineage did not reach hokkaido despite the multiple chances of migration via the land bridges formed in the tsugaru strait since the early to middle pleistocene period . probably , the population expansion might have occurred in the late pleistocene as in\nis not clear because there have been no molecular chronological studies comparing the continental and hokkaido lineages . if i calculate their divergence time on the basis of the\n; hokkaido , korean , and transbaikalian individuals ) , it was inferred that the hokkaido lineage diverged from the monophyletic korean and transbaikalian lineage 0 . 18 to 0 . 36 mya in the middle pleistocene , where the average between genetic distances of the hokkaido / korea ( 1 . 3 % ) and the hokkaido / transbaikalia ( 2 . 3 % ) was divided by the 5\u201310 % / myr divergence rate ( oshida et al .\nfrom europe to east asia and suggested the recent rapid population expansion , although no time frame was provided . my tentative hypothesis is the middle pleistocene origin for the hokkaido lineage of\n. however , more rigorous phylogeographic studies are needed for future precise time estimations .\n, the hokkaido population was clarified as a monophyletic lineage ( oshida et al .\n) , and the divergence from the eurasian lineages was estimated to have taken place 0 . 2 to 0 . 4 mya based on the 5\u201310 % / myr divergence rate for the\n, no studies have been conducted on the intraspecific genetic diversity . comparison of the\n) enabled me to estimate that the average sequence difference between them was 12 . 3 % , implying that they diverged 1 . 2 to 2 . 5 mya on the basis of the 5\u201310 % / myr divergence rate as above ( oshida et al .\nare mainly distributed in the southern parts of the eurasian continent rather than the northern eurasian regions . among them ,\n, endemic to japan , is the most divergent lineage within the genus ( oshida et al .\nlineage took place around the late miocene period ( about 8\u201310 mya ) . li et al . ( 2013 ) also examined the\ngene and obtained a much older time estimate ( 12 . 5 mya ) for the origin of the\n( 0 . 6\u20131 . 3 mya ) as the calibration points . however , these time values might be results of overestimations : first , because of using the underestimated evolutionary rate of irwin et al . (\ngene to estimate reliable divergence times because of the severe saturation effect as has been noted . if i apply the 5\u201310 % / myr divergence rate of\nand the other congeneric species was estimated to have occurred 1 . 39 to 3 . 06 mya , which is more similar to or slightly more ancient than the date of the origin of similarly the hsk - endemic sciurid species ,\n) . the phylogeographic analyses of the mitochondrial d - loop region by oshida et al . (\nin the japanese archipelago and suggested that the kyushu is the ancestral region for the diversification of this species because the kyushu population has the most divergent or ancestral haplotypes and two of three major lineages . combined with the presence of the closely related\n. the divergence among the three major lineages was estimated to have occurred 0 . 4 to 1 . 0 mya based on the evolutionary rate of the human d - loop sequences ( 8 . 6 % / million years ; vigilant et al .\ngene and found that there are five distinct phylogroups ( kyushu , southwest , southeast , central , and north ) , including the three major lineages of oshida et al . (\n) . using 5\u201310 % / myr for the divergence rate , they estimated that diversifications among five major lineages occurred 0 . 09 to 0 . 24 mya . these estimates are in agreement with the divergence time between\nand the closest species ( 1 . 39\u20133 . 06 mya ) . additionally , oshida et al . (\n, in which the other species are all found in the american continent . there have been few phylogeographic studies including the hokkaido lineage of\n) examined one individual from hokkaido together with many samples from russia , china , and korea . they showed that there are at least three divergent lineages in this species , northern eurasian , korean , and central chinese lineages ( but the validity of the last one is still open to question because this is based on pet shop samples with unknown origin ) . the japanese chipmunk is included in the northern eurasian lineage . although their approach for the divergence time estimation is arbitrary because they forced the divergence among these major lineages to have occurred in the onset of the middle pleistocene period without clear explanations for the calibration procedure , the differentiations among lineages within the northern eurasian clade , including the lineage of hokkaido , was calculated to have transpired 0 . 11 to 0 . 47 mya in the middle to late pleistocene period . here again , if i apply the 5\u201310 % / myr rule to the data of obolenskaya et al . (\n) , the divergence time among the northern eurasian lineages was estimated to be 0 . 10 to 0 . 19 mya ( average genetic difference among 90 individuals within the northern eurasian clade , 0 . 95 % , divided by 5\u201310 % ) , which is congruent with the estimate of obolenskaya et al . (\n, all belonging to the subfamily murinae . the murinae is the most diversified subfamily within the muridae , and the interrelationships among the major lineages ( genera ) within this subfamily have remained to be elucidated because of the rapid diversifications during a relatively short evolutionary time span ( sato and suzuki\nlineage endemic to nepal , the lineage mainly occupying the east asia , and the lineage mainly observed in europe . four species are found in japan , the striped field mouse\ndivergence at 12 mya . because more closely related species are missing in continental asia , it is supposed that the formation of the japanese archipelago might have affected the generation of such highly divergent endemic species . because the time estimates for the generation of\n( 5 . 9 mya ) correspond to the late miocene age that saw the vegetation changes promoted by the environmental shift to a colder and drier climate ( cerling et al .\nfrom all the major islands and neighboring small islands , and estimated , with the evolutionary rate of 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr ( suzuki et al .\nseparating central ( honshu , shikoku , and kyushu islands ) and peripheral ( hokkaido , sado , izu , and satsunan islands ) lineages . tomozawa and suzuki (\n) for the central / peripheral trend , although the hokkaido and sado lineages were included in the central lineage , the satsunan lineages were observed in both lineages , and the oki and tsushima lineages were added to the peripheral lineage . tomozawa and suzuki (\n) discussed that allopatric fragmentation might have caused the generation of the central and peripheral lineages , and the recent population expansion at 0 . 14 mya ( based on 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr as earlier ) formed the current distribution pattern of the central lineage , where the male - biased dispersal might replace the nuclear genome of hokkaido , sado , and a part of satsunan populations with the peripheral mtdna types that remained because of female philopatry . it should be noted here that although all the dating estimates are fundamentally based on the frequently used divergence time between\n( 12 mya ) , the recent palaeontological ( 11 . 0\u201312 . 3 mya ; benton and donoghue\n) and molecular phylogenetic ( 8 . 6\u201310 . 3 mya ; steppan et al .\n) studies have gradually supported younger dates than 12 mya . therefore , the real divergence and population expansion times could also be more recent than obtained here based on the 12 mya for the\nand clarified the monophyly of the hokkaido population to the continental one . the estimate for the divergence time of the hokkaido lineage from the continental equivalent in the most recent study was 0 . 1 mya in the late pleistocene , based on fossil calibrations that the divergence between\n) . both these studies indicated that the population from siberia to the russian far east harbors a higher extent of genetic diversity , therefore implying the existence of refugia in the glacial periods in the pleistocene . probably the hokkaido lineage is a result of the population expansion from the refugial region in far east asia ( serizawa et al .\n) and mainly favors open environments ( e . g . , grasslands ; ohdachi et al .\n) , which is suggestive of the recent rapid population expansion across wide areas in eurasia . yasuda et al . (\n) estimated on the basis of 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr ( suzuki et al .\n) that the divergence between the japan / korea and european lineages occurred 0 . 08 mya in the late pleistocene and also suggested that the population expansion within the japanese archipelago occurred 0 . 03 mya . such a recent establishment of this species in japan is in agreement with the lack of any fossil records of this species in japan ( ohdachi et al .\n) that the korea ( tsushima ) strait was not available by land bridges in this age . i discussed the possible process of the origin of\nin the text ( oversea dispersal hypothesis ) . here again , also note that dating with the 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr rate of suzuki et al . (\ngene lineage that is not found in the other populations in southeast asia and concluded that it was established by a natural dispersal instead of an anthropogenic effect . on the other hand , shimada et al . (\nin ryukyu islands was shown to be closely related to the laos lineage within a strongly supported clade of the southern southeast asian clade and did not show close affinity with the geographically close taiwan lineage . because of this ambiguous status , i did not consider this species in discussions .\n) , and the divergence time between these species was estimated to be 6 . 5\u20138 . 1 mya by nuclear gene analyses (\n) suggested with rdna - rflp data that the lineages in amami\u2013oshima and tokunoshima diverged 1 . 2 to 2 . 3 mya based on the previously estimated evolutionary rate of 1\u20132 % / myr , whereas the time was 4 . 4 mya based on a partial\ngene data although it depended on the evolutionary rate of brown et al . (\nwas 5 . 4 % , which could be calculated to be 2 . 58 and 1 . 13 mya , respectively , on the basis of the 2 . 4 % / lineage / myr substitution rate ( suzuki et al .\nsplit , which is not consistent with the current knowledge as already noted ( 8 . 6\u201310 . 3 mya , steppan et al .\n) . if i adopt the average 10 . 55 mya { ( [ 8 . 6 + 10 . 3 ] / 2 + [ 11 + 12 . 3 ] / 2 ) / 2 } , 20\u201330 % means 2 . 11\u20133 . 17 mya for the divergence of the lineage for\n) that the ryukyu islands were connected multiple times to the eurasian continent in two stages , the former of which was 1 . 3 to 1 . 6 mya .\n) for the genus name , but basically adopted the common names and species numbers in ohdachi et al . (\n) . the origins of these three species in hokkaido are considered independent of each other . kohli et al . (\n) . they found that there are distinct phylogroups that would have been derived from at least three refugia located in western eurasia , central eurasia , and beringia . the divergences among these phylogroups were estimated to have occurred during the last 0 . 1 million years in the late pleistocene . it was also suggested that the monophyletic hokkaido lineage was possibly originated by the expansion from a northern refugium , beringia . if the establishment of this species in hokkaido originally occurred in the late pleistocene , it can explain the absence of this species in more southern japanese islands because of the same reason for\nat 2 . 5 mya ) that the monophyletic hokkaido lineage diverged from the clade mainly composed of the far east russian and sakhalin lineages 0 . 27 mya and experienced the population expansion 0 . 04\u20130 . 05 mya in hokkaido . although abramson et al . (\n) did not provide intra - lineage dating information , the most recent common ancestor of the hokkaido individuals could be estimated to be present in the late pleistocene ( < 0 . 13 mya ) , inferred from the branch length of the phylogeny that they provided . therefore , the absence of\n) was estimated to have occurred in the middle pleistocene ( 0 . 81 mya ; abramson et al .\n) . based on the results of the mitochondrial dna control region , kawai et al . (\n) detected four phylogroups from the several fragmented populations in hokkaido and concluded that such phylogroups were shaped by the genetic divergences across several refugia formed in the glacial periods since the middle pleistocene . this conclusion is because in their study the time to the mrca of the\nphylogroups was estimated to be 0 . 12\u20130 . 58 mya in the middle pleistocene based on the \u201cmutation\u201d rate of 3 . 6 % / myr ( based on the divergence time of 7\u20138 mya between\n) and 17 % / myr ( based on the divergence time of 1 . 8 mya for the siberian and the nearctic brown lemmings ; fedorov and stenseth\n) estimated for the arvicoline control region diversity . however , despite that these rates were originally proposed as \u201cdivergence\u201d rates considering two descendant lineages , kawai et al . (\n) adopted them as per - lineage mutation rates . therefore , the foregoing estimates ( 0 . 12\u20130 . 58 mya ) should be corrected to 0 . 24\u20131 . 16 mya . the corrected estimates also largely include the middle pleistocene period and are not inconsistent with the divergence of the\nlineage as estimated above ( 0 . 81 mya ) . it is not clear why\ndid not reach more southern japanese islands despite the presence of the land bridge in the tsugaru strait in the middle pleistocene , but a community ecological mechanism may explain the absence in honshu and more southern islands .\n) . the former was mainly found in the eastern honshu and the latter in the western honshu , shikoku , and kyushu , while their distributions are partly overlapped in the central honshu . their ancestral common lineage was inferred to have diverged 0 . 9 to 2 . 3 mya from the clade composed of\n) . time scales for the differentiations have not been fully assessed to date in a reliable manner . assuming that the time to the mrca of the red - backed voles was 1 . 8 mya , luo et al . (\n) estimated with the fossil calibration ( 2 . 6 mya for the time to the mrca of\n0 . 50 mya . these time estimates might be too recent to be regarded as those for valid species differentiation . iwasa and suzuki (\nspecies in honshu by morphological criteria only . probably future taxonomic revision would be needed on the basis of more rigorous morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies for the\nspecies in the hsk region . alternatively , it is also probable that the ancestral polymorphisms of both species have been retained since the divergence between\n. female philopatry might have influenced the maintenance of such divergent lineage in the mitochondrial gene . iwasa and suzuki (\ngene , which is male specific and irrelevant for the female philopatry . also in this case , all the populations may be assigned to one\n) and includes mainly herbivorous small rodents adapted to grasslands , taiga , steppe , and tundra . there is only one\n) . there have been few studies that examined chronological aspects of this species based on molecular data . bannikova et al . (\ngene and the time constraint of 2 . 2 mya for the radiation of the basal\ndiverged from the aforementioned closely related species 0 . 95 mya . the time estimate is similar to that of the\nspecies in hsk . in the fossil evidence , this species was found since the middle pleistocene ( kawamura et al .\ncould have expanded to all the japanese islands , hokkaido , honshu , shikoku , and kyushu . the absence of this species from hokkaido and shikoku requires some explanation in light of phylogeography or ecology . kaneko (\nand species in the same guild would shed more light on the reasons for the peculiar distribution pattern of this species .\n) . in japan , 3 species are present and their distributions are geographically partitioned . the mountain hare\nfrom the other genera was 9 . 44 mya in the total data analysis and 8 . 63 mya in the nuclear gene data analysis on the basis of the palaeontological records ( leporidae\u2013ochotonidae split , 20\u201340 mya ; the origin of the modern leporid , 12\u201320 mya ; the divergence of the genus\n, 4\u20136 mya ; the oldest divergence time of the ingroup , 60 mya ) . probably the former value ( 9 . 44 mya ) would be overestimated because the mitochondrial genes were included in the examined data matrix . the latter estimate ( 8 . 63 mya ) is not contradicted by the late miocene origin of the murine rodent genus\n, also endemic to the ryukyu region ( 6 . 5\u20138 . 0 mya ; sato and suzuki\nwas not resolved on the earlier radiation among different leporid genera . assuming the molecular clock of the\nfrom each sister lineage were estimated to be 12\u201316 mya , 4\u20135 mya , and 0 . 5\u20130 . 6 mya , respectively ( yamada et al .\nlineage was 3 . 62 mya , which is not in disagreement with the estimate within the pliocene in yamada et al . (\n( 12\u201316 mya ) is much earlier than that of matthee et al . (\n) ( 8 . 63 mya ) , which mainly used nuclear genes . the difference would be attributed to the distinct properties between mitochondrial and nuclear genes for dating divergences , as repeatedly discussed earlier . therefore , the divergence times of yamada et al . (\n) might be somewhat overestimated because of the exclusive use of the mitochondrial genes . if i conduct a simple calculation that 8 . 63 mya is 62 % of 14 mya ( average between 12 and 16 myas ) and apply this proportion to the other estimates of yamada et al . (\nare calculated to be 2 . 48\u20133 . 10 mya and 0 . 31\u20130 . 37 mya , respectively .\n) detected major two lineages ( northern and southern lineages ) and suggested several regions for refugia during the pleistocene glacial periods ( kanto , chubu , shikoku , and kyushu ) , where the genetic diversity was estimated to be higher . these two major clades were inferred to have diverged 1 . 2 mya following the lineage - specific evolutionary rate of 1 . 4 % / lineage / myr ( therefore , 2 . 8 % divergence rate ) on the basis of the assumption that\ngene also indicated a similar but a little younger divergence time between northern and southern lineages ( 1 . 07 mya ; nunome et al ."]}
{"id": 2635, "summary": [{"text": "parthenos , the clippers , are a genus of butterflies found in southeast asia .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "parthenos sylvia is widespread , occurring from assam and burma to sri lanka , indochina , the philippines , new guinea and the solomon islands .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "parthenos tigrina and p. aspila are endemic to new guinea and adjacent islands . ", "topic": 3}], "title": "parthenos", "paragraphs": ["parthenos sylvia virens moore , 1877 \u2013 sahyadri clipper ( indian subspecies ) . parthenos sylvia gambrisius fabricius , 1787 \u2013 bengal clipper ( indian subspecies ) . parthenos sylvia roepstorfii moore , 1897 \u2013 andaman clipper ( indian subspecies ) . parthenos sylvia nila evans , 1932 \u2013 nicobar clipper ( indian subspecies ) .\nparthenos will bring together several existing research infrastructures to make it easier to find and combine information from different domains . therefore parthenos will join together data and people from many disciplines in the humanities . by working together , parthenos will :\nan example of a parthenos is a woman who has never had sexual intercourse .\npheidias introduced his own portrait and that of pericles on the shield of his parthenos statue .\nspecies platarctia parthenos - st . lawrence tiger moth - hodges # 8162 - bugguide . net\nparthenos tigrina terentianus fruhstorfer , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647\nparthenos sylvia aspila ; fruhstorfer , 1916 , archiv naturg . 81 a ( 11 ) : 67\nthe acronym parthenos stands for \u201cpooling activities , resources and tools for heritage e - research networking , optimization and synergies\u201d . it is inspired by athena parthenos , the greek goddess of wisdom , inspiration and civilization .\nparthenos sylvia sangira talbot , 1932 ; bull . hill . mus . 4 : 165 ; tl : sangier\nparthenos stands for \u201cpooling activities , resources and tools for heritage e - research networking , optimization and synergies\u201d . it is inspired by the name of athena parthenos , the greek goddess of wisdom , inspiration and civilization .\nyou can access the tools , services and resources made available by parthenos by clicking on the links below .\nparthenos sylvia salentia ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201\nparthenos sylvia sulana ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201\nparthenos sylvia numita fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 74 ; tl : goram\nparthenos sylvia sangira ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201\ndo you have questions about the parthenos project ? send us an email and we will get in touch shortly .\nparthenos will establish the foundations for future interoperability of the humanities : other domains will be able to integrate into the parthenos infrastructure ( currently under development ) . other less integrated domains will be able to learn the value of preserving and sharing data and findings . parthenos will build bridges between the existing european research infrastructure consortiums ( erics ) , like clarin and dariah , and provide a roadmap for future development and collaboration of the erics . parthenos will produce :\nparthenos sylvia etoga fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647 ; tl : guadalcanar\nparthenos sylvia bangkaiensis fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 646 ; tl : bangkai\nparthenos aspila tenebrosa rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 208 ; tl : dampier island\nparthenos aspila vulcanica rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 208 ; tl : vulcan island\nparthenos sylvia neohannoverana fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647 ; tl : new hanover\nparthenos sylvia obiana fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 74 ; tl : obi i .\nparthenos sylvia pherekrates fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 74 ; tl : fergusson i .\nparthenos sylvia theriotes fruhstorfer , 1915 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 747 ; tl : new guinea\nparthenos tigrina ; [ bow ] : pl . 149 , f . 18 ; [ ebw ] ; [ nhm card ]\nparthenos sylvia guineensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 251 ; tl : new guinea\nparthenos sylvia bandana fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 646 ; tl : banda i .\nparthenos sylvia ugiensis fruhstorfer , 1913 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 647 ; tl : ugi i .\nparthenos sylvia admiralia rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 207 ; tl : manus , admiralty islands\nparthenos sylvia sumbae van eecke , 1933 ; zool . meded . 16 ( 6 ) : 62 ; tl : w . soemba\nparthenos sylvia pardalis fruhstorfer , 1904 ; dt . ent . z . iris 17 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : waigiu\nparthenos aspila honrath , 1888 ; berl . ent . z . 32 ( 1 ) : 248 ; tl : german new guinea\npoole ( 1989 ) included parthenos h\u00fcbner , 1823 ; and catocalirrhus andrews , 1877 as junior synonyms of euparthenos grote , 1876 .\nparthenos sylvia philippensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 249 ; tl : luzon ; bazilan\nparthenos sylvia ellina fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 250 ; tl : batjan ; halmaheira\nparthenos sylvia tualensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 250 ; tl : tual , key\nparthenos sylvia butlerinus ab . bellimontis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 254 ; tl : borneo\nparthenos sylvia pherekides fruhstorfer , 1904 ; soc . ent . 19 ( 10 ) : 73 ; tl : milne bay , collingwood - bay\nparthenos cyaneus moore , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 115 ) : 46 ; tl : ceylon\nparthenos thesaurinus grose - smith , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 177 ; tl : santa cruz\nparthenos sylvia sulana fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 249 ; tl : sula , mangoli , besi\nparthenos sylvia joloensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 250 ; tl : jolo , sula - archipel\nparthenos sylvia sumatrensis fruhstorfer , 1899 ; stettin ent . ztg 59 ( 7 - 9 ) : 254 ; tl : deli ; bedagei , sumatra\nposted by joel h . | translation practice | alma , bible , bible translation , isaiah 7 : 14 , parthenos , translation | 13 comments\ntype - species : parthenos nubilis h\u00fcbner , 1823 . samml . exot . schmett . 2 : pl . [ 215 ] . [ bhl ]\nparthenos sylvia var . brunnea staudinger , 1888 ; in staudinger & schatz , exot . schmett . 1 ( 13 ) : 141 ; tl : amboina\nthe specific epithet parthenos is a greek noun meaning \u2018\u2018virgin\u2019\u2019 or \u2018\u2018maiden , \u2019\u2019 in reference to the presumed reproductive strategy of this all - female species .\nparthenos lilacinus butler , 1879 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 1 ( 8 ) : 544 ; tl : malacca ; penang\nparthenos was a princess of the island of naxos who leapt into the sea , along with her sister hemithea , to escape the wrath of her father staphylos . the pair were transformed into goddesses by apollon who , according to some , was their natural father . parthenos was worshipped in the karian ( carian ) town of bubastos and her sister hemithea in neighbouring kastabos ( castabus ) . according to some parthenos was also set amongst the stars as the constellation virgo .\nparthenos virens moore , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 115 ) : 46 ; tl : calicut , malabar coast\nparthenos roepstorfii moore , [ 1897 ] ; lepidoptera indica 3 ( 27 ) : 54 , pl . 207 , f . 2 ; tl : andamans , nicobar\nthe parthenos project empowers digital research in the fields of history , language studies , cultural heritage , archaeology , and related fields across the ( digital ) humanities .\nparthenos tigrina and p . aspila are endemic to new guinea and surounding islands . p . sylvia is widespread , occurring from the solomon islands to sri lanka .\nparthenos apicalis moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 829 ; tl : above ahsown ; taoo , 3000 - 5000ft\nparthenos is led by pin ( italy ) and has 16 partners . the scientific coordinator is prof . franco niccolucci . to know more about the partners please visit the dedicated page\nthe parthenos virtual research environment provides free access to data , tools and services ( e . g . natural language processing tools , entity recognition , \u2026 ) to support humanities researchers .\na junior homonym of parthenos h\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] 1816 , verz . bekannter schmett . : 38 , lepid . , nymphalidae . the objective replacement name is euparthenos grote , 1876 .\nposted by joel h . | q & a , translation practice | alma , bible , bible secrets revealed , bible translation , history channel , parthenos , translation , virgin birth | 12 comments\nposted by joel h . | translation practice | alma , bible , bible translation , isaiah 7 : 14 , matthew 1 : 23 , parthenos , proof text , translation , virgin birth | 5 comments\nparthenos is a horizon 2020 project funded by the european commission . the views and opinions expressed in this publication are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the european commission .\n[ the constellation virgo . ] others call her a daughter of apollo by chrysothemis , an infant , named parthenos ( maiden ) . because she died youg she was put by apollo among the constellations .\nthere are many stately figures in the roman and other museums which clearly belong to the same school as the parthenos ; but they are copies of the roman age , and not to be trusted in point of style .\nparthenos sylvia ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 149 , f . 17 ; [ bor ] , 336 ; [ mrs ] , 555 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 200\nthere are 3 species in the genus parthenos . the commonest and most widespread is sylvia , which is found from india to the philippines , and south to papua new guinea . the remaining species , aspila and tigrina , are both endemic to new guinea .\nalready it had been robbed of many of its works of art , among them the athena promachos and the parthenos of pheidias , for the adornment of constantinople , and further spoliation took place when the church of st sophia was built in a . d .\npa\u2032rthenos ( parthenos ) , i . e . the virgin , a surname of athena at athens , where the famous temple parthenon was dedicated to her . ( paus . i . 24 , v . ii . \u00a7 5 , viii . 41 . \u00a7 5 , x . 34 , in fin . ) parthenos also occurs as the proper name of the daughter of apollo and chrysothemis , who after her premature death was placed by her father among the stars . ( hygin . poet . astr . 25 . in fin . )\nin this case , the hebrew word here \u2014 alma \u2014 probably referred to what we would now call a teenager . ( the greek translation in the septuagint , parthenos , probably did mean \u201cvirgin , \u201d but the greek here is widely regarded as a translation mistake . )\n{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . parthenos sylvia cramer , 1775 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .\nparthenos aims at strengthening the cohesion of research in the broad sector of linguistic studies , humanities , cultural heritage , history , archaeology and related fields through a thematic cluster of european research infrastructures , integrating initiatives , e - infrastructures and other world - class infrastructures , and building bridges between different , although tightly , interrelated fields . parthenos will achieve this objective through the definition and support of common standards , the coordination of joint activities , the harmonization of policy definition and implementation , and the development of pooled services and of shared solutions to the same problems .\nposted by joel h . | bible versions , translation practice , translation theory | alma , bible , bible translation , biblical prophecy , isaiah 7 : 14 , luke 1 : 26 , matthew 1 : 18 , nab , nabre , parthenos , translation , virgin birth | 45 comments\nbut among the greeks themselves the two works of pheidias which far outshone all others , and were the basis of his fame , were the colossal figures in gold and ivory of zeus at olympia and of athena parthenos at athens , both of which belong to about the middle of the 5th century .\nhome \u00bb guide \u00bb arthropods ( arthropoda ) \u00bb hexapods ( hexapoda ) \u00bb insects ( insecta ) \u00bb butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) \u00bb owlet moths and kin ( noctuoidea ) \u00bb erebidae \u00bb tiger and lichen moths ( arctiinae ) \u00bb tiger moths ( arctiini ) \u00bb arctiina \u00bb platarctia \u00bb st . lawrence tiger moth - hodges # 8162 ( platarctia parthenos )\nunfortunately , the septuagint \u2014 the highly influential ancient greek translation of the old testament \u2014 got the translation wrong here , translating the hebrew alma as the greek parthenos , which ( probably ) did mean \u201cvirgin . \u201d it was an easy mistake to make , because most young women back then were virgins , and most virgins were young women . it would be like translating \u201cteenager\u201d as \u201chigh - school student\u201d in a society where most teenagers were in fact in high school .\nmatthew 1 : 18 - 25 only uses \u201cvirgin\u201d ( parthenos ) in quoting isaiah 7 : 14 . but matthew\u2019s description of jesus\u2019 birth is nonetheless clear on the matter . the text uses the euphemisms \u201cbefore [ mary and joseph ] came together [ sunerchomai ] \u201d and \u201c [ joseph ] did not know [ ginosko ] her [ mary ] until after she gave birth\u201d to indicate that mary was a virgin , and the text twice clarifies that the pregnancy was \u201cfrom the holy spirit\u201d [ ek pneumatos agiou ] .\nparthenos is a consortium of national research organisations ( e . g . cnr , italy and inria , france ) , cultural heritage institutions and existing research infrastructures ( as listed in the previous answer ) , which in turn often consist of many member organisations based across europe . the project is led by pin scrl , a research and educational public body organized as a consortium formed by the university of florence and local institutions . there are fifteen other partners . you can visit each of the participating organisations via this web page : urltoken\nalma and god said anthropos bible bible interpretation bible translation bible versions biblical prophecy bill mounce book giveaway ceb cev dragon dynamic equivalence esv formal equivalence gender gender accuracy genesis genesis 1 : 1 gnb god ' s word grammar greek greek grammar hebrew hebrew grammar idiom imagery isaiah isaiah 7 : 14 job joel m . hoffman john 3 : 16 jps king james version kjv leviticus 18 : 22 linguistics lxx matthew matthew 1 : 18 metaphor modern hebrew nab nephesh niv niv2011 njb nlt nrsv parthenos poetry proof text psalm 23 rashi reading level sarx semantics sin song of solomon song of songs son of god syntax ten commandments the message tniv to ' evah translation translation theory translation traps travel virgin birth word order year in review\nliolaemus parthenos abdala , baldo , ju\u00e1rez & espinoza 2016 liolaemus boulengeri cei 1973 : 464 , in part liolaemus boulengeri \u2014 cei & roig 1976 : 71ff , in part liolaemus boulengeri \u2014 cei & castro 1978 : 9 , 21 , map 16 , in part liolaemus boulengeri \u2014 cei 1986 : 220\u2013221 , in part liolaemus boulengeri \u2014 schulte et al . 2000 : 79 , 87 ; table 1 ; figs . 4\u20136 liolaemus sp . nov . morando et al . 2004 : 845 ; table 1\u20133 ; figs . 2 , 8 liolaemus sp . abdala & diaz g\u00f3mez 2006 : 29 ; fig . 3 liolaemus sp . 3 . abdala 2007 : 51ff ; figs . 32\u201336 liolaemus cf . darwinii \u2014 pincheira - donoso et al . 2007 : 32 ; fig . 3 liolaemus cf . darwinii \u2014 schulte 2013 : 5 ; fig . 1 liolaemus sp . 3 olave et al . 2014 : 329 , 331 ; figs . 4 , 6\nin both males and females , the upperside dark olive - green . the forewing with two broad black streaks from base , a transverse black line across cell followed by a white bar and two white spots beyond , a broad oblique discal band formed of large white spots bordered with black from costa , just before the apex , to interspace 1 , terminating in a bluish patch . finally , post - discal and terminal black bands . hind - wing : a basal and sub - basal transverse black streak , a transverse series of black spots decreasing in size anteriorly and two subcostal white spots . the discal area is marked with dark brown paired streaks in the interspaces , confluent outwardly , followed by a post - discal series of triangular dark spots and a terminal broad dark band . underside : pale bluish green , the black streaks from base of wings wanting , the markings otherwise as on upperside but less well defined . head , thorax and abdomen olive green barred with black ; beneath whitish . parthenos sylvia virens is the southern india form , very much resembling p . sylvia gambrisius but of a bronze green on the upperside and pale greenish grey on the underside fading to ashy grey towards the terminal margin of the forewing .\nceylon , w . ghats , nilgiris , e . bengal , assam , burma , malaya , philippines , new guinea . see [ maps ]\ncyaneformis tytler , 1939 ; entomologist 72 : 78 ; tl : andaman i .\nlarva on modecca [ bir ] , cucurbitaceae , ( new guinea ) [ baur ] adenia palmata , tinospora cordifolia [ bmp ] , ? tinospora , adenia , passiflora vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 201\n? nymphalis sylla westwood , 1838 ; donovan , insects china ( new edn ) : 69 , pl . 38 [ missp . ? ]\npapilio gambrisius fabricius , 1787 ; mantissa insectorum 2 : 12 ; tl : e . india\nminetra nodrica boisduval , 1832 ; in d ' urville , voy . astrolabe ( faune ent . pacif . ) 1 : 126 ; tl : ? buru\nminetra salentia hopffer , 1874 ; stettin ent . ztg 35 ( 1 - 3 ) : 35 ; tl : toli - toli\n773x894 ( ~ 220kb ) thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 27th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\n1290x1095 ( ~ 440kb ) thailand , phuket , the khao phra theo national park , the lower reaches of bang pae brook . 27th february 2009 , photo \u00a9 oleg kosterin\nwest irian ( humboldt bay ) - nw . new guinea . see [ maps ]\n[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .\nvoyage de d\u00e9couvertes de l ' astrolabe ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 par ordre du roi , pendant les ann\u00e9es 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829 , sous le command\u00e9ment de m . j . dumont d ' urville . faune entomologique de l ' oc\u00e9an pacifique , avec l ' illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage . l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res in d ' urville ,\nthe butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera\na list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species\non the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands\nnatural history of the insects of china , a new edition with additional observations & c . ; by j . o . westwood , f . l . s\nif you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .\nis found in west irian and papua new guinea . it almost certainly also occurs on many of the surrounding islands .\nthis species is found in primary rainforest , usually in the vicinity of rivers , at elevations between sea level and about 800 metres .\ni have no data regarding tigrina . the lifecycle is likely to be very similar to that of sylvia as follows :\nthe larva is brown , speckled with white dots and has broad greenish dorsal and lateral stripes . each segment bears 4 multi - branched spines , purplish brown at the base and red on the outer half . the larval foodplants include adenia ( passifloraceae ) and tinospora\nthe chrysalis occurs in 2 forms , either pale green or dark olive . it is plain in appearance , without protuberances , and is suspended by the cremaster from beneath a leaf .\na powerful and fast flying butterfly . the flight consists of short periods of gliding , alternating every few seconds with shallow but rapid flickering wing beats .\nall photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken\nthe project has been funded by european commission under the \u201c h2020 \u2013 eu . 1 . 4 . 1 . 1 . \u2013 developing new world - class research infrastructures \u201d call .\ntraining modules and resources for researchers , educators , managers , and policy makers who want to learn more about research infrastructures and related issues and topics .\nthe ssk is designed to support researchers in selecting and using the appropriate standards for their particular disciplines and work flows .\nthese are just some of the most common questions we get asked . for anything else , make sure to read our full faqs and please feel free to contact us .\n\u2022 develop common standards to ease exploitation ; \u2022 coordinate joint activities among research projects ; \u2022 harmonize policy definition and implementation ; \u2022 pool methods and services ; \u2022 share solutions to the same problems ; \u2022 bring people and their expertise together .\n\u2022 a coherent set of tools for carrying out research using and re - using data .\nexcept where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license cc by - nc 4 . 0\nwebster\u2019s new world college dictionary , 4th edition . copyright \u00a9 2010 by houghton mifflin harcourt . all rights reserved .\nirregular verbs are verbs that do not form the past simple tense and the past participle by adding - ed to the base form . the three main groups of irregular verbs in group a , the base form , the past . . .\nimpress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .\ncatch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .\nall the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .\nurltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , \u00a9 random house , inc . 2018\ncollins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition \u00a9 william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 \u00a9 harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012\ndiodorus siculus , library of history 5 . 62 . 1 ( trans . oldfather ) ( greek historian c1st b . c . ) :\npseudo - hyginus , astronomica 2 . 25 ( trans . grant ) ( roman mythographer c2nd a . d . ) :\ntheoi project \u00a9 copyright 2000 - 2017 aaron j . atsma , netherlands & new zealand\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en\nurltoken\ni saw a teaser on the history channel about a bible show coming up . they said that the virgin birth is a translation mistake . is this really true ?\nthe short answer is no , it\u2019s not true . the longer and more interesting answer is that a mistranslation does come into play , but only indirectly .\nthe bible show is \u201cbible secrets revealed . \u201d ( incidentally , i\u2019ll be in it . more on that later . ) and i presume this is the teaser brian saw : bible secrets revealed : sneak peek . about 20 seconds in ( not counting the annoying ad ) , dr . francesca stavrakopoulou repeats a claim she\u2019s made to the bbc in the past : \u201cthe idea the jesus must have been born of a virgin is essentially a mistranslation . \u201d but it\u2019s not .\nthe text displayed as dr . stavrakopoulou speaks is isaiah 7 : 14 , which originally referred to a young woman even though it is often wrongly translated as \u201ca virgin shall conceive . \u201d the mistranslation as \u201cvirgin\u201d dates back to the greek version of the bible known as the\n( \u201cvirgin\u201d ) . it\u2019s not the only place the septuagint makes this and similar mistakes . but because matthew ( 1 : 23 ) highlights the greek here , this mistranslation is well known .\nin a recent piece on the bbc , interviewer nicky campbell spoke with dr . francesca stavrakopoulou , professor of hebrew bible and ancient religion at the university of exeter . responding to a question about the virgin birth , dr . stavrakopoulou said that , \u201cbasically , the virgin birth idea is a mistranslation . \u201d\nthe nab\u2019s decision to change \u201cvirgin\u201d to \u201cyoung woman\u201d in isaiah 7 : 14 has once again brought up the virgin birth , mary , and the nature of prophesy , as well as the role of translation in accurately conveying the text of the bible .\nmost reports i\u2019ve seen recently , though , confuse what are really three separate issues here .\nthe first issue is the text of isaiah 7 : 14 . the hebrew there reads : \u201can alma \u2026 will bear a son and call him ` emmanuel . ' \u201d it has long been known that alma does not mean \u201cvirgin . \u201d rather , the hebrew word applies to any young woman . so the english translation of that line should read along the lines of \u201ca young woman \u2026 will bear a son\u2026\u201d ( the evidence is widely known and readily available , including in my and god said . )\nbased on this mistranslation , though , most modern translations \u2014 going back to the kjv and including the recently published niv \u2014 translate \u201ca virgin \u2026 will bear a son\u201d here . ( the niv has a footnote , \u201cor young woman . \u201d ) the new nab ( \u201cnabre\u201d ) is a notable exception . that version now has , \u201cthe young woman , pregnant and about to bear a son , shall name him emmanuel . \u201d their choice to go with \u201cyoung woman\u201d reflects the correct understanding of the original hebrew ( though i do have problems with their phrasing of the rest of the line ) .\nimportantly , though , isaiah 7 : 14 is not the description of \u201cthe virgin birth\u201d of jesus . rather , we find the virgin birth first in matthew 1 : 18 - 25 , which brings us to the second issue .\nas part of the description of jesus\u2019 birth , the text in matthew cites isaiah 7 : 14 , noting that jesus\u2019 birth \u201cfulfilled\u201d ( plirow ) the phrophet isaiah\u2019s words ( a point i return to below ) .\nthese combine to create a clear account : jesus was born to a virgin .\nthe text in luke 1 : 26 - 38 is similar in nature . though again \u201cvirgin\u201d is replaced with a euphemism ( \u201cmary asked the angel , ` how [ is it possible that i will conceive ] since i do not know [ ginosko ] \u201d any men ? ) , the text is clear , adding for emphasis that \u201cwith god nothing is impossible . \u201d\nthe actual descriptions indicate a virgin birth , regardless of what the words in isaiah 7 : 14 mean .\nthe third issue is how to reconcile the virgin birth with isaiah 7 : 14 , which is cited in matthew 1 : 23 .\nthe most straightforward way is to note that even though isaiah 7 : 14 refers to a \u201cyoung woman , \u201d not a \u201cvirgin , \u201d the text doesn\u2019t say that she wasn\u2019t a virgin . she could have been . ( by comparison , the text also doesn\u2019t say that the woman had long hair , but she might have . ) in other words , isaiah 7 : 14 , even with the better understanding of the original text , doesn\u2019t contradict anything in the nt .\nthe more nuanced way to reconcile the two texts is to recognize what the verb in matthew 1 : 22 , plirow , really indicates . though the word is commonly translated \u201cfulfill\u201d ( as in , \u201call this took place to fulfill what the lord had said through the prophet [ isaiah ] \u201d ) , better is \u201cmatch , \u201d as i describe here ( \u201c what happens to prophecies in the new testament ? \u201d ) . i won\u2019t go through the whole explanation again , but for now i think it suffices to note that matthew knew that the details in isaiah 7 : 14 differed from those he was describing . after all , the name of the child in isaiah 7 : 14 was immanuel , not jesus .\neither way ( and even though it\u2019s not really my place to say ) , i don\u2019t see a huge theological problem here . and even if there were a problem , i would still be in favor of an accurate translation .\nit seems pretty clear to me that isaiah 7 : 14 mentions a pregnant woman ( who , at least as far as translation can take us , may or may not have been a virgin ) and that the nt refers to the virgin birth of jesus . it seems equally clear that the lack of perfect harmony between the texts is in keeping with other kinds of prophesy in the nt .\nstill , from the international stage ( \u201ctraditionalists may see [ the nabre\u2019s change from \u201cvirgin\u201d to \u201cyoung woman\u201d in isaiah 7 : 14 ] as a step away from the original meaning\u201d ) to local communities ( \u201cif the meaning of the language is changed to reflect that mary may not have been a virgin , you\u2019ve just denied the divinity of christ\u201d ) the discussion seems skewed to me . it seems to start with theology , and then ask how the translations can be doctored to match that theology , while i think an accurate translation should stand on its own .\nor to put it another way , it seems to me that basing theology on a translation designed solely to support that theology is both bad translation technique and bad theology .\nit has long been known that the kjv translation \u201cvirgin\u201d for the pregnant woman in isaiah 7 : 14 is inaccurate , and many modern translations opt instead for \u201cyoung woman\u201d or at least a footnote along those lines . the nrsv , for example , translates : \u201ctherefore the lord himself will give you a sign . look , the young woman is with child and shall bear a son , and shall name him immanuel . \u201d and though the niv 2011 translates \u201cvirgin , \u201d it also offers the footnote \u201cor young woman . \u201d\n\u201cteenager\u201d is the wrong translation , though . for one thing , in antiquity there were no teenagers as we think of them now , because people generally only lived until about age 40 . as i explain in and god said :\naccordingly , people didn\u2019t have time as they do now to spend their first decade as care - free children , then find themselves in their teen years , explore the world as twenty - somethings and settle down as thirty - somethings . they\u2019d be dead before they ever really started living .\nrather , people [ in antiquity ] were \u201cchildren\u201d and then they were \u201cadults . \u201d ( and then they were dead . )\nfor another thing , \u201ca pregnant teenager\u201d in english carries connotations that the hebrew did not . ( also , we don\u2019t have a word in english for a \u201cfemale teenager . \u201d )\nthere\u2019s an old adage in linguistics that even a big mouse is smaller than a small elephant . in our current case , we want to keep in mind that \u201cyoung\u201d is relative , too .\nas i personally use the phrase , \u201cyoung woman\u201d usually applies to a woman in her 20s or even older . by this reckoning , \u201cyoung woman , \u201d at least in my dialect , is \u2014 surprisingly \u2014 too old for alma .\nthere\u2019s also another aspect to consider . did alma refer to age , or to stage in life ? i think it\u2019s the latter , and i think the stage in life was the one at which a woman normally got married .\nin other words , isaiah 7 : 14 is about a woman getting pregnant just at the age one might expect . does \u201cyoung woman\u201d in english convey that ? i don\u2019t think so , both because it may convey the wrong chronological age , and because it emphasizes \u201cyoung\u201d in a way that the hebrew does not .\naccordingly , i think \u201cwoman\u201d is a better translation : \u201ca pregnant woman will give birth to a son , and call him immanuel . \u201d\nthe bible doesn\u2019t say that : 40 biblical mistranslations , misconceptions , and other misunderstandings .\ngod didn\u2019t say that ( @ goddidntsaythat ) is an online forum for discussing the bible and its translations , mistranslations , interpretations , and misinterpretations .\ndr . joel m . hoffman ( @ joelmhoffman ) is the chief translator for the ten - volume series my people\u2019s prayer book , author of and god said : how translations conceal the bible\u2019s original meaning , and editor of the unabridged bible . writing under \u201c j . m . hoffman , \u201d he is author of the thriller series the warwick files . he holds a phd in theoretical linguistics and has taught at brandeis university and huc - jir in new york city . he presents widely to churches , synagogues , and other groups . more\u2026\nhave a question or a topic you\u2019d like addressed ? click on \u201c about \u201d here or to the far upper right and leave a comment .\na police chief with a secretive past . a quiet new york city suburb . and , officially , no spies .\nprivacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy\nthis page was last edited on 25 april 2016 , at 18 : 27 .\ntext is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .\nblue letter bible offers several daily devotional readings in order to help you refocus on christ and the gospel of his peace and righteousness .\nrecognizing the value of consistent reflection upon the word of god in order to refocus one\u2019s mind and heart upon christ and his gospel of peace , we provide several reading plans designed to cover the entire bible in a year .\npar - then ' - os ; of unknown origin ; a maiden ; by implication , an unmarried daughter : \u2014virgin .\nthe kjv translates strong ' s g3933 in the following manner : virgin ( 14x ) .\n, on which ( last ) word cf . , besides gesenius , thesaurus , p . 1037 , credner , beitr\u00e4ge as above with ii . , p . 197ff ;\n; so of joseph , in fabricius , cod . pseudepigr . vet . test . ii . , pp . 92 , 98 ; of abel and melchizedek , in\nthayer\u2019s greek lexicon , electronic database . copyright \u00a9 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2011 by biblesoft , inc . all rights reserved . used by permission . urltoken\nshall be with child , and shall bring forth a son , and they shall call his name emmanuel , which being interpreted is , god with us .\ni have no commandment of the lord : yet i give my judgment , as one that hath obtained mercy of the lord to be faithful .\nmarry , she hath not sinned . nevertheless such shall have trouble in the flesh : but i spare you .\nage , and need so require , let him do what he will , he sinneth not : let them marry .\nthese are they which were not defiled with women ; for they are virgins .\nthese are they which follow the lamb whithersoever he goeth . these were redeemed from among men ,\ntranslations available : king james version , new king james version , new living translation , new international version , english standard version , christian standard bible , new american standard bible , new english translation , revised standard version , american standard version , young ' s literal translation , darby translation , webster ' s bible , hebrew names version , reina - valera 1960 , latin vulgate , westminster leningrad codex , septuagint , morphological greek new testament , and textus receptus .\nnote : mla no longer requires the url as part of their citation standard . individual instructors or editors may still require the use of urls .\nusernames should only contain letters , numbers , dots , dashes , or underscores .\nthank you for registering . a verification email has been sent to the address you provided .\nyour partnership makes all we do possible . would you prayerfully consider a gift of support today ?\nour website uses cookies to store user preferences . by proceeding , you consent to our cookie usage . please see blue letter bible ' s privacy policy for cookie usage details .\nblue letter bible study tools make reading , searching and studying the bible easy and rewarding .\nwebster ' s new world college dictionary , fifth edition copyright \u00a9 2014 by houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company . all rights reserved .\nplease set a username for yourself . people will see it as author name with your public flash cards .\nwho shows interest in domestic affairs is admired by her community , since\nit is from such things that a good reputation among people / springs up , giving pleasure to your father and the lady your mother\n( [ text not reproducible in ascii ] .\nen atenas , pero este es el unico ejemplo de un posible\nhelpergroup '\nen sarcofagos etruscos .\nis expressed through the conjoined notions of the dog and the sea as undomesticated , one as a companion who can at times become rebellious and hostile to his human master , the other as treacherous to sailors .\n( applied to the goddess artemis , for instance ) , is not ' virgin ' but ' unmarried woman ' ( frazer , 1911 , p .\n, ou seja , uma deusa virgem , possuindo assim a caracteristica principal da arete feminina que e a virgindade .\nrepresentations of athena in black - figured amphorae of the sixth century bce : an exercise of iconographic / representacoes de atena em anforas de figuras negras do seculo vi a . c . : um exercicio de analise iconografica\n,\nvirgin\ninstead of\nyoung woman\n) to talk about the upcoming birth of jesus .\n( la doncella , de ahi la voz partenon ) como portadora de la muerte .\ngriega , la virgen en su significado arcaico de autonoma , la que se sustrae al dominio patriarcal , la libre , selvatica o silvestre que mata fieras , pero en ocasiones tambien a hombres .\nall content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .\nrajkamal goswami , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment , bangalore .\ndescribes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .\nin both males and females , the upperside dark olive - green . the forewing with two broad black streaks from base , a transverse black line across cell followed by a white bar and two white spots beyond , a broad oblique discal band formed of large white spots bordered with black from costa , just before the apex , to interspace 1 , terminating in a bluish patch . finally , post - discal and terminal black bands . hind - wing : a basal and sub - basal transverse black streak , a transverse series of black spots decreasing in size anteriorly and two subcostal white spots . the discal area is marked with dark brown paired streaks in the interspaces , confluent outwardly , followed by a post - discal series of triangular dark spots and a terminal broad dark band . underside : pale bluish green , the black streaks from base of wings wanting , the markings otherwise as on upperside but less well defined . head , thorax and abdomen olive green barred with black ; beneath whitish .\nbut of a bronze green on the upperside and pale greenish grey on the underside fading to ashy grey towards the terminal margin of the forewing .\ndescribes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .\ngeneral description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .\nincludes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .\ndescribes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .\nkehimkar , i . ( 2008 ) the book of indian butterflies . bombay natural history society and oxford university press , mumbai .\nkunte , k . and u . kodandaramaiah . 2011 . history of species pages on butterflies of india website . in k . kunte , s . kalesh and u . kodandaramaiah ( eds . ) . butterflies of india , v . 1 . 05 . indian foundation for butterflies . url : http : / / ifoundbutterflies . org .\nbingham , c . t . ( 1905 ) fauna of british india . butterflies . vol . 1 .\nantram , c . b . ( 1924 ) butterflies of india , t hacker , spink & co , calcutta .\ninayoshi y . 2012 . a check list of butterflies in indo - china . url : urltoken\nthe present study was made to assess the butterfly diversity of peringome vayakkara panchayath loca . . .\ndiversity of butterflies ( order : lepidoptera ) in assam university campus and its vic . . .\nthe paper provides information on butterfies sampled during random surveys from november 2014 to se . . .\nin a preliminary study on the butterflies of dakshina kannada district , located in the southwestern . . .\nthe present study was conducted to understand the species richness of butterflies in the kerala agr . . .\n| | best supported on google chrome , firefox 3 . 0 + , internet explorer 8 . 0 + , safari 4 . 0 + , opera 10 + . powered by the open source biodiversity informatics platform . technology partner strand life sciences\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nupcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington\ndisclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .\ncontributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright \u00a9 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .\nlafontaine jd , schmidt bc ( 2010 ) annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico , p . 18 .\nronka , k . , j . mappes , l . kaila , n . wahlberg , 2016 . putting parasemia in its phylogenetic place : a molecular analysis of the subtribe arctiina ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology , 41 ( 4 ) : 844 - 853 .\ndistribution in canada list of provinces and territories ( u . of alberta , using cbif data )\nannotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico .\nputting parasemia in its phylogenetic place : a molecular analysis of the subtribe arctiina ( lepidoptera ) katja r\u00f6nk\u00e4 , johanna mappes , lauri kaila , and niklas wahlberg . 2016 . systematic entomology .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\non apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .\nfound in boreal mixed - wood and parkland habitats . also occurs in moist , shrubby arctic tundra .\n. the extent of the dark areas of the hindwing and light markings on the forewing can vary , and have been named as several ' varieties ' ( brower , 1973 ) .\nthis species is semivoltine , overwintering first as a 5th instar and again as an 8th instar larva . almost all alberta and b . c . records for this species are from even - numbered years , suggesting it has a biennial phenology .\n) and paper birch ( mcgugan , 1958 ) . successful lab hosts include snowberry (\nfrom labrador south to north carolina , west to alaska . south along the rocky mountains to arizona .\ncomments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype specimens : type [ north america ] : ? locality , [ type ( s ) lost ] . .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\ntype locality : argentina , mendoza province , san rafael department , collected on the dunes next to el nihuil dam on provincial route 180 , 35\u00b02\u201919 . 77\u2019\u2019 s , 68\u00b040\u201912 . 60\u2019\u2019 w , 1305 m elevation .\noviparous . reproductively active females ( well - developed eggs in oviducts ) were observed in january ( n 1\u20444 5 ) , and non - reproductive females were found in december and february ( n 1\u20444 13 ) . however , in a different year , abdala et al . 2016 found females with oviducts full of developing eggs in december ( n 1\u20444 11 ) . these observations suggest that the reproductive period begins in november and lasts until late january . < br / > < br / > parthenogenesis : abdala et al . 2016 examined more than 300 specimens ( of which 65 specimens were collected and preserved ) , but no males were encountered . l . grosseorum or l . laurenti are the suspected maternal ancestros and l . darwinii and l . laurenti may be the maternal ancestors , but this needs to be confirmed .\nholotype : fml 16221 , adult female , c . abdala , j . abdala , and e . malovini , january 2001 ( fig . 1 ) . paratypes . \u2014fml 16222\u201324 , same data as holotype ; ibaunc 9772\u201373 , 9775\u201377 , argentina , mendoza province , san rafael , department , 10 to 60 km s of el nihuil , 35\u00b07\u20190 . 71\u2019\u2019s , 68\u00b041\u20194 . 28\u2019\u2019w to 35\u00b033\u201949 . 47\u2019\u2019s , 68\u00b041\u201915 . 14\u2019\u2019w , 1400\u20131600 m , 25 november 1973 ; ibaunc 11431\u201335 , argentina , mendoza province , san rafael department , pampa del diamante , 34\u00b054\u201944 . 39\u2019\u2019s , 68\u00b051\u201938 . 58\u2019\u2019w , 1400 m , 17 february 1975 ; mhnsr 78\u201382 , argentina , mendoza province , san rafael department , club de pescadores , el nihuil , 35\u00b02\u201910 . 54\u2019\u2019s , 68\u00b042\u201933 . 84\u2019\u2019w , 1325 m , 1 january 1975 .\nsynonymy after abdala et al . 2016 . similar species : l . darwinii with which it nests in some phylogenetic analyses ( abdala et al . 2016 : 491 ) and l . laurenti . sympatry : aurivela longicauda ( teiidae ) , diplolaemus sexcinctus , leiosaurus bellii ( leiosauridae ) , liolaemus gracilis , l . grosseorum . oxyrhopus rhombifer , philodryas trilineata , xenodon semicinctus , bothrops ammodytoides . karyotype : triploid with 3n 1\u20444 49 chromosomes ( 19 macrochromosomes + 30 microchromosomes ) ( abdala et al . 2016 ) .\nabdala , cristi\u00e1n s . ; diego baldo , ricardo a . ju\u00e1rez and robert e . espinoza 2016 . the first parthenogenetic pleurodont iguanian : a new all - female liolaemus ( squamata : liolaemidae ) from western argentina copeia 104 ( 2 ) : 487\u2013497 - get paper here\nthis database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken"]}
{"id": 2637, "summary": [{"text": "the northern banana salamander ( bolitoglossa rufescens ) , also known as common dwarf salamander or rufescent salamander , is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae ( lungless salamanders ) .", "topic": 7}, {"text": "it is found in the atlantic slopes of meso-america from san luis potosi , veracruz , and northern chiapas in mexico continuing on to the southern part of guatemala , belize , and northern honduras .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "however , its range south of mexico is uncertain because the records may refer to other species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "northern banana salamander", "paragraphs": ["is endemic to the northern end of the yucatan peninsula in northern campechs and quintana roo .\nnorthern minute salamander - thorius boreas the northern minute salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsuzanne cogen \u00a9 found this california giant salamander eating a banana slug at 3 pm in mid december in sonoma county .\nnancy gribler discovered this large adult california giant salamander eating a banana slug one night in her back yard . \u00a9 nancy gribler\nnorthern two - lined salamander - eurycea bislineata the northern two - lined salamander has a yellow belly . source : nh fish and game intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern two - lined salamander - eurycea bislineata the northern two - lined salamander is found in from southern quebec and new brunswick to northern virginia , and west from new england to northeastern ohio . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern two - lined salamander - eurycea bislineata the northern two - lined salamander is a small salamander , usually not over 3 . 5 inches in length . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ncoastal giant salamander ( dicamptodon tenebrosus ) . there are some amazing photos online showing dicamptodontids eating enormous banana slugs . photo by jeffrey - marsten and in public domain .\nnorthern dusky salamander - desmognathus fuscus the northern dusky salamander is found along woodland streams under logs , rocks , moss , and wet leaves . source : nh fish and game intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern two - lined salamander - eurycea bislineata the northern two - lined salamander is found in wooded areas near bogs , springs , streams , and lakes . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nthis california giant salamander was found on a hiking trail in marin county on a foggy mid may afternoon wet with fog drip . it was observed for about 20 minutes as it slowly attempt to eat the banana slug . banana slugs are very sticky and their slime causes numbness , which makes it difficult to swallow them . \u00a9 bill west\nthe northern banana salamander ( bolitoglossa rufescens ) is a species of salamander in the plethodontidae family . it is found in belize , guatemala , honduras , and mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , and plantations . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nit lives mainly in bromeliads in tropical and subtropical wet forests , as well as in citrus orchards , banana plantations , and pine plantations . it breeds by direct development .\nnorthern dusky salamander - desmognathus fuscus the northern dusky salamander is found from southern new brunswick and quebec , along the east coast to north carolina , and west to ohio , southern indiana , kentucky , and tennessee . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe blackbelly salamander is found from southern west virginia to northern georgia . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe northern zigzag salamander ( plethodon dorsalis ) is identifiable from the zigzagging stripe down its back which is either red or yellow in appearance . this salamander also has orange markings around the base of its front legs . the northern zigzag salamander grows to around 11 cm long and is found throughout the united states . this salamander prefers living in damp rocky forests and around cave entrances .\nthis species occurs on the atlantic slopes of meso america from san luis potosi and veracruz to northern chiapas , mexico southwards to guatemala and belize , reaching northern honduras . it occurs from sea level up to 1 , 500m asl , but generally favours low altitudes .\npatch - nosed salamander - urspelerpes brucei the patch - nosed salamander is found in the appalachian foothills of northern georgia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthern banana salamander ( liner , 1994 , herpetol . circ . , 23 : 11 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 30 ; lee , 2000 , field guide amph . rept . maya world : 56 ; liner and casas - andreu , 2008 , herpetol . circ . , 38 : 29 ) .\nis widely distributed from the gulf slope in tamaulipas south through central america to northern argentina and eastern brazil . it is highly variable geographically .\nranges on the caribbean side of mexico , from veracruz south through belize and guatemala to northern nicaragua . it occurs at tikal in guatemala .\ngao , k . & shubin , n . h . 2001 . late jurassic salamanders from northern china . nature 410 , 574 - 577 .\nthe three - lined salamander is found from virginia south to northern florida and west to tennessee and louisiana . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ncampbell , j . a . ( 1998 ) amphibians and reptiles of northern guatemala , the yucat\u00e1n , and belize . university of oklahoma press , norman .\nthe northern slimy salamander is often found beneath stones and decaying logs in wooded areas and alongside streams . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\na common invertebrate found on this site is the banana slug , which is a mature forest specialist . a number of other invertebrate species , including beetles , harvestman , spiders , millipedes , and freshwater mussels are also specialists throughout these sites .\nshasta salamander - hydromantes shastae the shasta salamander is found in small area in northern california in the headwaters of shasta reservoir drainage in shasta county , california . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngarden salamander ( n ) _ _ _ _ _ _ bc ( in mexico , only in far - northern baja california ) batrachoseps m . major family ambystomatidae : ( the\nmole salamanders\n)\nthe cave salamander is found from eastern oklahoma to northern virginia , north to central indiana , and south to central alabama . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthere are no major threats to this species , which is listed as of least concern by iucn ( 2010 ) . salamandrella keyserlingii is a widespread and common species in northeastern china and russia . it is also distributed in the northern hokkaido island of japan , mongolia , and northern korea . in kazakhstan it is a rare species deserving conservation .\nthe northern redback salamander has a red stripe that runs from the back of its head almost to the tip of its tail . . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nthis site is characterized by low reptile diversity with only northern alligator lizard , rubber boa , and california mountain king snake being found at the site . streams , shaded seeps , and ample downed wood in various states of decay provide habitat for a variety of amphibians , including clouded salamander , california slender salamander , ensatina salamander , black salamander and tailed frog .\nnorthern redback salamanders don ' t have an aquatic larval stage . source : connecticut dept . of energy & environmental protection intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nthe northern redback salamander is found from minnesota and western ontario east to to southern quebec and newfoundland and south to north carolina and northeastern tennessee . source : nh fish and game intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\njuan , it\u2019s most likely a spotted salamander or yellow - spotted salamander ( aka ambystoma maculatum ) .\ncaiman lizards are known for their specialized diet of aquatic snails , but they will also take in other food items as well . in captivity these lizards will eat a varied diet that includes canned snails for reptiles , canned shrimp , superworms , crickets , and canned tegu and monitor food . fruits such as kiwi , banana , mango , papaya and , red banana can be offered as well . supplement the diet weekly with a reptile multi vitamin and twice a week with reptile calcium supplement . food can be offered in a dish but some lizards will happily take it from feeding tongs as well .\nthe vernacular name comes from mt . hakuba of the hida mountains , a subdivision of the northern japanese alps ( goris 2004 ) . [ 3684 ] hynobius tenuis is now included in this taxon .\nthe only way i remember to identify this particular kind of salamander is black + yellow = spotted salamander .\nred salamander - pseudotriton ruber the red salamander is found in the eastern united states from northern alabama , georgia , south carolina , and north carolina , to western ohio , pennsylvania , new jersey , and southern new york . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe northern slimy salamander is found from illinois east to new york and south to louisiana and florida . it may also be found in rindge in southern new hampshire . source : nh fish and game intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\na list compiled by armas hill upper right photo : a yarrow ' s ( or mountain ) spiny lizard , photographed during a font tour . this species occurs in sonora , in northern mexico . ( photo by doris potter )\na north american plethodontid montage . from top to bottom : red salamander ( pseudotriton ruber ) , a spelerpine ; four - toed salamander ( hemidactylium scutatum ) , the only extant member of its lineage ( and hence sometimes given its own \u2018subfamily\u2019 , hemidactylinae ) ; and northern dusky salamander ( desmognathus fuscus ) , one of many desmognathus species within plethodontinae . all images by rosemary mosco and used with kind permission .\nthe clouded salamander ( aneides ferreus ) grows to around 5 inches in length and has a pale gray coloration with gold , red or olive green blotches . younger species of the clouded salamander also features a brass colored streak on its back which disappears as the species ages . the clouded salamander has a prehensile tale and longer legs than many other salamander species . this salamander species can be found in the western united states from the columbia river to the northern tip of california . this salamander lives under rocks and logs . eggs of the clouded salamander hatch within two months and before hatching the eggs can be cared for by one or both parents . the clouded salamander is considered to be of near threatened conservation status .\nthe wandering salamander ( aneides vagrans ) looks similar in appearance to the clouded salamander and grows to a total length of 5 inches . this salamander species has a prehensile tail and can be found clambering in trees . the wandering salamander varies in color from brown to grey and features bronze markings that can be marbled , mottled or speckled on the salamanders back . as with the clouded salamander , young wandering salamanders also have a bronze stripe down their backs . this salamander species is found in oregon , northern california and on vancouver island . the wandering salamander can be found living on forested lands or forest edges but also thrives on recently cleared forest areas . this salamander species is considered to be of near threatened conservation status .\nthis species ranges from the north of european russia ( arkhangelskaya province ) through the polar urals and siberia to chukotka peninsula , then southwards along the pacific coast to northeastern china ( heilongjiang , jilin , liaoling and inner mongolia provinces ) , northern democratic people ' s republic of korea , central mongolia , southern siberia , and through northern kazakhstan to nizhegorodskaya province in european russia . the species is also present in kushiro marshland in hokkaido , japan , and the disputed island of kunashiri .\ni have seen stuff about spotted salamanders and on this website it says that a spotted salamander is not a type of salamander .\nhas a wide range and a pronounced geographical variation . it is distributed from the southeastern & central us south through mexico & central america to venezuela , with disjunct populations in the west indies , and in southeast brazil , uruguay , & northern argentina .\nthe species ranges from tamaulipas , mexico south to northern honduras , and on corn island off the coast of nicaragua . at no place other than at the cave in the yucatan , is it known to be restricted its entire life to the inside of a cave .\nsalamandrella keyserlingii has the widest distribution of all recent amphibian species . it is found in russia , kazakhstan , mongolia , china , north korea and japan . its range extends across the ural mountains , well into the european part of russia ; the eastern limit is formed by the chukotski mountains near the bering strait . the northern limits are the chaunski lowlands along the east siberian sea in chukotski and the kolyma river - kolyuchinskaya tundra zone . the southern limits are northern kazakhstan , the altay and tuva areas of southern russia , the hangayn mountains in northern mongolia , inner mongolia and heilongjiang provinces in north - eastern china . the changbai mountains in northern north korea may be home to s . tridactyla . salamandrella keyserlingii further occurs on sakhalin island , and some of the kuril islands : paramushir , kunashir and shikotan islands , as well as in the kushiro wetlands in hokkaido , japan ( kang et al . , 1975 ; sato , 1993 ; borkin , 1999 ; fei et al . , 1999 , 2006 ; kuzmin & maslova , 2003 ; song , 2007 ) .\nthe hakuba salamander or japanese mountain salamander ( hynobius hidamontanus ) is a species of salamander in the hynobiidae family . this salamander is also synonymous with the mountain salamander ( hynobius tenuis ) . it is endemic to japan . its natural habitats are temperate forests , rivers , swamps , freshwater springs , and plantations . it is threatened by habitat loss .\nthe garden slender salamander is small , slim salamander . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nblue ridge two - lined salamander - eurycea wilderae the blue ridge two - lined salamander is a small , slender salamander . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwhat remains of the historic mammalian carnivores are the fisher and the raccoon . other mammals common to this vegetation community are the fog shrew , trowbridge shrew , shrew - mole , silver - haired bat and northern flying squirrel . sensitive mammal species include fisher , marten , and mountain beaver .\nthe green salamander or ( aneides aeneus ) is the only salamander within its genus to live in the eastern united states . this species is considered to be near threatened as far as conservation status . the green salamander ranges between 8 to 12 cm in length and is light blue to yellow in color with green blotches on its skin that look like lichen . this species prefers to live in moist and shaded areas such as in rock crevices and are located from southwestern pennsylvania down to northern alabama and northeastern mississippi .\nthis species originally inhabited forest , including dry forest and lowland wet forest , but with the loss of these habitats from much of its range it is now most commonly found in shaded coffee and banana plantations , and in sugarcane fields ( 1 ) ( 8 ) . salvin\u2019s mushroomtongue salamander has been observed climbing on heliconia leaves and other large - leafed plants ( 3 ) , and has been recorded at elevations of around 600 to 1 , 250 metres ( 1 ) ( 8 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) .\nthe red - legged salamander ( plethodon shermani ) is a dark grey salamander that is identified by its bright red legs and light grey cheeks . this salamander species measures anywhere between 3 \u00bc and 7 \u00bc inches long . the red - legged salamander lives in moisture rich forests preferring to live in mossy logs . this salamander species is prevalent in the extreme southwestern corner of north carolina .\nthe very distinctive spectacled salamander salamandrina terdigitata and northern spectacled salamander s . perspicillata , both endemic to western italy , are generally recovered as forming the sister - group to the salamandrine + pleurodeline clade ( zhang et al . 2008 , pyron & wiens 2011 ) . these unique salamandrids are proportionally long - tailed , only have four toes on the hindfeet , and display their bright red ventral tail surfaces by forming a vertical loop with the tail when disturbed .\nclouded salamander - aneides ferreus the clouded salamander has a prehensile tail . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nguaramacal salamander - bolitoglossa guaramacalensis the guaramacal salamander is found in venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmombacho salamander - bolitoglossa mombachoensis the mombacho salamander is found in nicaragua . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npijol salamander - bolitoglossa porrasorum the pijol salamander is found in honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nazulita salamander - bolitoglossa spongai the azulita salamander is found in venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nspring salamander - gyrinophilus porphyriticus there are four subspecies of spring salamander . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nyoro salamander - nototriton barbouri the yoro salamander is found in honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nworm salamander - oedipina tomasi the worm salamander is found in honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmorelos salamander - pseudoeurycea altamontana the morelos salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nleprous salamander - pseudoeurycea leprosa the leprous salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nadmirable salamander - pseudoeurycea praecellens the admirable salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ntamaulipan salamander - pseudoeurycea scandens the tamaulipan salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfemale gregarious slender salamanders lay their egs in communal nests under rocks , logs , bark , or leaf litter . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no san simeon slender salamander - batrachoseps incognitus the simeon slender salamander is found in central coastal california in the santa lucia range in southwestern monterey county and northern san luis obispo county . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nel cusuco salamander - bolitoglossa diaphora el cusuco salamander is found in honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngreen salamander - aneides aeneus the green salamander is blac with bright green markings . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nsardinian cave salamander - atylodes genei the sardinian cave salamander is found in italy . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncarabobo climbing salamander - bolitoglossa borburata the carabobo climbing salamander is found in venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncelaque climbing salamander - bolitoglossa celaque the celaque climbing salamander is found in honduras . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\noak forest salamander - bolitoglossa cuchumatana the oak forest salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncoban climbing salamander - bolitoglossa helmrichi the coban climbing salamander is found in guatemala . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmeliana climbing salamander - bolitoglossa meliana the meliana climbing salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\namazon climbing salamander - bolitoglossa palmata the amazon climbing salamander is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbroadfoot climbing salamander - bolitoglossa platydactyla the broadfoot climbing salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthwestern climbing salamander - bolitoglossa sima the northwestern climbing salamander is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nla palma salamander - bolitoglossa subpalmata la palma salamander is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfinca chiblac salamander - bradytriton silus the finca chiblac salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndwarf splayfoot salamander - chiropterotriton dimidiatus the dwarf splayfoot salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nterrestrial splayfoot salamander - chiropterotriton terrestris the terrestrial splayfoot salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncortes moss salamander - cryptotriton nasalis the cortes moss salamander is found in honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbaja verepaz salamander - cryptotriton veraepacis the baja verepaz salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncommon bromeliad salamander - dendrotriton bromeliacius the common bromeliad salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nchuj climbing salamander - dendrotriton chujorum the chuj climbing salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncuchumatanas bromeliad salamander - dendrotriton cuchumatanus the cuchumatanas bromeliad salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nguatemalan bromeliad salamander - dendrotriton rabbi the guatemalan bromeliad salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nxolocalca bromeliad salamander - dendrotriton xolocalcae the xolocalca bromeliad salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nbarton springs salamander - eurycea sosorum the barton springs salamander is found in texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npe\u00f1a verde salamander - pseudoeurycea aurantia the pe\u00f1a verde salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsierra juarez salamander - pseudoeurycea juarezi the sierra juarez salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmexican slender salamander - pseudoeurycea lineola the mexican slender salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nroyal salamander - pseudoeurycea rex the royal salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nimperial cave salamander - speleomantes imperialis the imperial cave salamander is found in italy . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nitalian cave salamander - speleomantes italicus the italian cave salamander is found in italy . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsupramonte cave salamander - speleomantes supramontis the supramonte cave salamander is found in italy . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngolden minute salamander - thorius aureus the golden minute salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\natoyac minute salamander - thorius infernalis the atoyac minute salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nomiltemi minute salamander - thorius omiltemi the omiltemi minute salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npapalo minute salamander - thorius papaloae the papalo minute salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsan gabriel slender salamander - batrachoseps gabrieli the san gabriel slender salamander ' s tail will grow back if it is broken off . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no gabilan slender salamander - batrachoseps gavilanensis\nalvarado ' s salamander - bolitoglossa alvaradoi alvarado ' s salamander is arboreal and nocturnal . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmillville climbing salamander - bolitoglossa cerroensis the millville climbing salamander is found in costa rica . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nrio quiri salamander - bolitoglossa gracilis the rio quiri salamander is found in costa rica . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nsilverstone ' s salamander - bolitoglossa silverstonei silverstone ' s salamander is found in colombia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwalker ' s salamander - bolitoglossa walkeri walker ' s salamander is found in colombia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncomal blind salamander - eurycea tridentifera the comal blind salamander is found in central texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nvaldina farms salamander - eurycea troglodytes the valdina farms salamander is found in southern texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nberry cave salamander - gyrinophilus gulolineatus the berry cave salamander is found in eastern tennessee . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlimestone salamander - hydromantes brunus the limestone salamander is found in mariposa county , california . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmonteverde moss salamander - nototriton gamezi the monteverde moss salamander is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nla fortuna worm salamander - oedipina gephyra la fortuna worm salamander is found in honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsan martin minute salamander - thorius narismagnus the san martin salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthis mature california tiger salamander larva is eating a sierran treefrog tadpole . \u00a9 mark gary\ni found a salamander on the east coast of quebec , just below labrador . it is black with yellow spots . anyone know what kind of salamander this might be ?\nthe body of the siberian salamander survives extreme cold temperatures via ' antifreeze ' chemicals .\noregon slender salamander - batrachoseps wrighti the oregon slender salamander is found in north central oregon . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nalvarado ' s salamander - bolitoglossa alvaradoi alvarado ' s salamander is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncoal - black salamander - bolitoglossa anthracina the coal - black salamander is found in panama . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmushroom - tongued salamander - bolitoglossa pandi the mushroom - tongued salamander is found in colombia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblanco river springs salamander - eurycea pterophila the blanco river springs salamander is found in texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngeorgia blind salamander - eurycea wallacei the georgia blind salamander is found in florida and georgia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsanta barbara moss salamander - nototriton limnospectator the santa barbara moss salamander is found in honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncerro saslaya moss salamander - nototriton saslaya the cerro saslaya moss salamander is found in nicaragua . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nagile moss salamander - nyctanolis pernix the agile moss salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlos diamantes worm salamander - oedipina carablanca los diamantes worm salamander is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsulcate false brook salamander - pseudoeurycea cephalica the sulcate false brook salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlongtail false brook salamander - pseudoeurycea longicauda the longtail false brook salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncofre de perote salamander - pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl the cofre de perote salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nrufescent salamander ( lee , 1996 , amph . rept . yucatan peninsula : 43 ) .\ncerro pando salamander - bolitoglossa compacta the cerro pando salamander is found in costa rica and panama . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nconant ' s salamander - bolitoglossa conanti conant ' s salamander is found in guatemala and honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nholy - mountain salamander - bolitoglossa heiroreias the holy - mountain salamander is threatened by habitat loss . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\njackson ' s climbing salamander - bolitoglossa jacksoni jackson ' s climbing salamander is found in guatemala . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ncamron climbing salamander - bolitoglossa lignicolor the camron climbing salamander is found in costa rica and panama . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndwarf climbing salamander - bolitoglossa minutula the dwarf climbing salamander is found in costa rica and panama . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncerro pital salamander - bolitoglossa synoria the cerro pital salamander is found in el salvador and honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmonzon ' s moss salamander - cryptotriton monzoni monzon ' s moss salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwake ' s moss salamander - cryptotriton wakei wake ' s moss salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsanta barbara bromeliad salamander - dendrotriton sanctibarbarus the santa barbara bromeliad salamander is found in western honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ntexas blind salamander - eurycea rathbuni the texas blind salamander is found in south - central texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nvolcan cacoa moss salamander - nototriton guanacaste the volcan cacoa moss salamander is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nmud salamander - pseudotriton montanus the mud salamander is found in the southeastern united states . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nambrosi ' s cave salamander - speleomantes ambrosii ambrosi ' s cave salamander is found in italy . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ntaylor ' s minute salamander - thorius troglodytes taylor ' s minute salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe red hills salamander ( phaeognathus hubrichti ) is the official state amphibian of the state of alabama . this salamander is a terrestrial salamander and has been known to grow as long as 10 inches long . this is a gray brown salamander that has coloration almost like a worm . this salamander species is found in two specific geographic locations in southern alabama . the red hills salamander prefers to live on the slopes of ravines and in siltstone crevices . males of this species are mature within a year whereas females take a year to become sexually mature .\nthe siberian newt possesses the widest geographical range of any recent amphibian species , ca . 12 million square km . it lives in russia , the north of kazakhstan , mongolia , china , korea and japan . the northern margin of the range extends from the russian plain ( arkhangelsk province ) eastwards to the arctic part of the urals ( tyumen province , south of yamal peninsula ) through the south of taimyr peninsula , krasnoyarsk region ( avam river ) to the north of yakutia republic and chukotka peninsula . the southern margin of the range runs from the north - east of kostroma province through kirov and perm provinces of russia to the southern urals and northern kazakhstan near omsk province ( russia ) , then through the south of siberia , northern and central mongolia , heilonjiang and girin provinces of china and north korea . the species inhabits wet conifer , mixed , deciduous forests in the taiga zone and riparian groves in tundra and forest steppe . at the margins of its range , the existence of populations depends on the presence of permanent stagnant pools in the valleys of rivers .\nlincoln ' s climbing salamander - bolitoglossa lincolni lincoln ' s climbing salamander is found in guatemala nd mexico . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no crater salamander - bolitoglossa marmorea the crater climbing salamander is found in costa rica and panama . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nhi , we do mention the spotted tail salamander which is commonly referred to as the cave salamander ( eurycea lucifuga ) . was there a different type of spotted salamander we missed ? if so please let us know more and we can update the article ! thanks for reading !\nblack salamander - aneides flavipunctatus the black salamander is found from extreme southwestern oregon south through northwestern california . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwandering salamander - aneides vagrans the wandering salamander is found from british columbia , canada south through california . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nkern plateau salamander - batrachoseps robustus the kern plateau salamander is found near small permanent creeks and springs . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ntexas salamander - eurycea neotenes the texas salamander is found in the edwards plateau region of central texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwest virginia spring salamander - gyrinophilus subterraneus the west virginia spring salamander is found in southeastern west virginia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncerro pando worm salamander - oedipina grandis cerro pando worm salamander is found in costa rica and panama . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nshenandoah salamander - plethodon shenandoah the shenandoah salamander is found in shenandoah national park in virginia . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nnorthwest italian cave salamander - speleomantes strinatii the northwest italian cave salamander is found in france and italy . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe female produces a pair of egg sacs , connected to one another with a short mucous stalk , by which the clutch is attached to twigs and grasses . one sac of the clutch is spiraled clockwise , the other counter - clockwise . non - spiraled , banana - form egg sacs found in the primorye and khabarovskii regions belong to a separate form , recently recognized as a species and now named salamandrella tridactyla ( berman et al . , 2005 ; kuzmin & maslova , 2003 ; poyarkov & kuzmin , 2008 ; matsui et al . , 2008 ) .\ngreen salamander - aneides aeneus the green salamander is found in the appalachian mountain region from pennsylvania through georgia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nchannel islands slender salamander - batrachoseps pacificus the channel islands slender salamander is pinkish - brown to brown . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nkings river slender salamander - batrachoseps regius the kings river slender salamander is found in fresno county , california . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nkern plateau salamander - batrachoseps robustus the kern plateau salamander is found in the southern sierra nevadas in california . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ndunn ' s climbing salamander - bolitoglossa dunni dunn ' s climbing salamander is found in guatemala and honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nengelhardt ' s climbing salamander - bolitoglossa engelhardti engelhardt ' s climbing salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfranklin ' s climbing salamander - bolitoglossa franklini franklin ' s climbing salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nhartweg ' s climbing salamander - bolitoglossa hartwegi hartweg ' s climbing salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nmuller ' s climbing salamander - bolitoglossa mulleri muller ' s climbing salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nred - footed climbing salamander - bolitoglossa pesrubra the red - footed climbing salamander is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nshadowy web - footed salamander - bolitoglossa sombra the shadowy web - footed salamander is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nsiskiyou mountains salamander - plethodon stormi the siskiyou mountains salamander is found in the siskiyou mountains in southern oregon . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthe western red - backed salamander is found from british columbia , canada south to southern oregon .\nbell ' s false brook salamander - pseudoeurycea bellii bell ' s false brook salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngadow ' s false brook salamander - pseudoeurycea gadovii gadow ' s false brook salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nwerler ' s false brook salamander - pseudoeurycea werleri werler ' s false brook salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\narboreal salamander - aneides lugubris the arboreal salamander is an excellent climber and is often found in the tree canopy . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ninyo mountains salamander - batrachoseps campi the inyo mountains slender salamander has a wide head and snout and large eyes . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nthe santa lucia slender salamander , like other species of slender salamander , will coil itself up when disturbed . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\nlesser slender salamander - batrachoseps minor the lesser slender salamander is found in san luis obispo county in california . . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nlesser slender salamander - batrachoseps minor the lesser slender salamander is found at elevations above 1 , 300 ft . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ntehachapi slender salamander - batrachoseps stebbinsi the tehachapi slender salamander is 3 . 5 - 5 inches in length . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no\ntwo - lined climbing salamander - bolitoglossa biseriata the two - lined climbing salamander is found in colombia and panama . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\ndoflein ' s salamander - bolitoglossa dofleini doflein ' s salamander is found in belize , guatemala , and honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nyellow - legged climbing salamander - bolitoglossa flavimembris the yellow - legged climbing salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nlong - nosed climbing salamander - bolitoglossa rostrata the long - nosed climbing salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncascade caverns salamander - eurycea latitans the cascade caverns salamander is found in the edwards plateau region of central texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ntexas blind salamander - eurycea rathbuni the texas blind salamander is around 3 - 5 inches in length . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\naustin blind salamander - eurycea waterlooensis the subterranean austin blind salamander is found in barton springs in austin , texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncerro pozo de agua moss salamander - nototriton brodiei the cerro pozo de agua moss salamander is found in guatemala . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ncheoah bald salamander - plethodon cheoah the cheoah bald salamander is found in graham and swain counties in north carolina . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nfourche mountain salamander - plethodon fourchensis the fourche mountain salamander is found in fourche and irons fork mountains in arkansas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nblack - spotted false brook salamander - pseudoeurycea nigromaculata the black - spotted false brook salamander is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ninyo mountains salamander - batrachoseps campi the inyo mountains salamander is found in the inyo mountains , inyo county , california . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nred hills salamander - phaeognathus hubrichti the red hills salamander is found in the red hills of south - central alabama . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nred - cheeked salamander - plethodon jordani the red - cheeked salamander is found in western north carolina and eastern tennessee . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nred - legged salamander - plethodon shermani the red - legged salamander is found in western north carolina and eastern tennessee . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\ngoebel ' s false brook salamander - pseudoeurycea goebeli goebel ' s false brook salamander is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nthese two coastal giant salamanders were found locked in combat beside a coastal creek in humboldt county in mid july in what is probably an attempt by the large salamander to eat the smaller salamander . the smaller salamander bites onto the large salamanders leg while the large salamder bites onto its middle . \u00a9 alyssa semerdjian\nthe salamanders are here . clockwise from top left : chinese giant salamander ( andrias davidianus ) , jefferson salamander ( ambystoma jeffersonianum ) , blue - spotted salamander ( a . laterale ) , eastern newt ( notophthalmus viridescens ) . andrias photo by markus b\u00fchler , remainder by rosemary mosco , used with permission .\nsan gabriel slender salamander - batrachoseps gabrieli the san gabriel slender salamander is found in the san gabriel mountains in southern california . source : ambhibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nholy - mountain salamander - bolitoglossa heiroreias the holy - mountain salamander is found in el salvador , guatemala , and honduras . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no\nallegheny mountain dusky salamander - desmognathus ochrophaeus the allegheny mountain dusky salamander is found at elevations of 600 ft . and higher . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npygmy salamander - desmognathus wrighti the pygmy salamander is found in the blue ridge mountains and the great smoky mountains . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\njunaluska salamander - eurycea junaluska the junaluska salamander is found in the blue ridge mountains in southwestern north carolina and southeastern tennessee . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\npigeon mountain salamander - plethodon petraeus the pigeon mountain salamander is found on the eastern slope of pigeon mountain in northwestern georgia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes\nvan dyke\u2019s salamander ( plethodon vandykei ) grows up to 6 . 2 cm long and has a dark colored underbelly . the topside of this salamander varies in color depending upon the local climate of the habitat of the salamander but can be rose and salmon , yellow and orange or yellow striped with black sides . the van dyke\u2019s salamander is most active at night and is most often found near water bodies living underneath logs , tree bark and rocks . this salamander species is most often found in washington , montana and idaho .\ni have a salamander i got a week before halloween . i found him in the woods in oakridge . he is a tanish brown on the top and a dark orange on the bottom . his colors were brighter when i found him , it seems like they have darkened since i got him . is that a bad thing ? i\u2019m keeping my salamander in a tank without a lid , on my back porch . he has about two inches of water in the bottom of the tank . he also has a banana peel , two rocks , a ladybug [ dead ] , and some fish food i put in about 45 min ago . he is cute and fun ! my mom hates him so i can\u2019t bring him in the house . his name is pumpkin pie . please help me how ever you can to help him .\nblackbelly slender salamander - batrachoseps nigriventris the blackbelly slender salamander is found on santa cruz island and the southern coastal mountains of california . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no"]}
{"id": 2639, "summary": [{"text": "bembecia himmighoffeni is a moth of the sesiidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found from the iberian peninsula , through italy to the dalmatian coast .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 18 \u2013 22 millimetres ( 0.71 \u2013 0.87 in ) .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "adults are on wing from late july to august .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "the larvae feed on coronilla species , including coronilla minima .", "topic": 8}, {"text": "there are also records for larvae feeding on rumex species . ", "topic": 8}], "title": "bembecia himmighoffeni", "paragraphs": ["bembecia himmighoffeni bio - material dnatax : 02615 cytochrome oxidase subunit i ( c . . .\nsesia himmighoffeni staudinger , 1866 ; stettin ent . ztg 27 : 51 ; tl : spain , barcelona\neine neue art der gattung bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus s\u00fcdwesteuropa : bembecia psoraleae spec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae )\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2016 ) : on the status of bembecia zebo \u0161patenka & gorbunov , 1992 ; bembecia pamira \u0161patenka , 1992 ; bembecia kreuzbergi \u0161patenka & bartsch , 2010 and bembecia martensi gorbunov , 1994 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\ntautel , c . ( 2009 ) : bembecia hymenopteriformis ( bellier , 1860 ) reste a decouvrir en corse . bembecia uroceriformis f . subiti nov . , forme remarquable de corse de bembecia uroceriformis ( treitschke , 1834 ) ( lep . sesiidae ) . \u2013 oreina 6 , 37 .\nbembecia pavicevici tosevski , 1989 ; fragm . balc . 14 : 85 ; tl : macedonia , konsko\nbembecia pavicevici dobrovskyi spatenka , 1997 ; ; tl : s . greece , taygetos - gorge , exohori\nbembecia megillaeformis luqueti spatenka , 1992 ; alexanor 17 ( 7 ) : 434 ; tl : w . france , vaunes , angers\nbembecia joesti bettag , 1997 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 18 ( 1 ) : 23 ; tl : morocco , boulemane\nbembecia puella last\u00fcvka , 1989 ; scripta fac . sci . nat . univ . purk . brun . 19 : 85 ; tl : slovakia , plesivec\nbembecia fokidensis tosevski , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 169 , pl . xixb , f . 1a - b ; tl : greece , thessalia , domokos\nbembecia parthica ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 131 ( note ) , f . 15 - 18 , pl . xxii , f . 7\nbembecia lasicera ; spatenka & tosevski , 1994 , atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) : 314 ( note ) , f . 1b ( gen . ) , pl . xiiia , f . 2\nbembecia puella ; gorbunov , 1991 , atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 131 ( note ) , pl . xxii , f . 8 ; de freina , 1997 , [ bsw4 ] , 146\ngarrevoet , t . & garrevoet , w . ( 2011 ) : bembecia lingenhoelei , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 39 ( 2 ) , 73 - 79 .\nbembecia psoraleae bartsch & bettag , 1997 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 18 ( 1 ) : 30 ; tl : s . spain , malaga , serrania de ronda , cortes de la frontera\ngarrevoet , t . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : bembecia bartschi , a new clearwing moth from tajikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 157 - 161 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2012 ) : revision of types of several species of bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 from northern africa and southwestern europe ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 35 ( 2 ) , 125 - 133 .\nlingenh\u00f6le , a . & bartsch , d . ( 2011 ) : bembecia garrevoeti sp . nov . aus dem \u00f6stlichen hissargebirge in tadschikistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 163 - 167 .\nspatenka , k . & bartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : drei neue arten von bembecia h\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] aus usbekistan ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 1 ) , 41 - 45 .\nbembecia guesnoni spatenka & tosevski , 1994 ; atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) : 313 , f . 1a ( gen . ) , pl . xiiia , f . 1 ; tl : india , ladakh , park terk , 3500m\nbembecia gegamica gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 131 , f . 11 - 14 , pl . xxii , f . 6 ; tl : armenia , khosrov nature reserve , 40\u00b000 ' n , 44\u00b054 ' e , 1800m\ntosevski , i . ( 2011c ) : bembecia bumbureta sp . n . \u2013 a new species of clearwing moths from north - western pakistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 zastita bilja ( plant protection ) 62 ( 3 ) , 197 - 202 .\ngarrevoet , t . , bartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2013 ) : on the knowledge of bembecia rushana gorbunov , 1992 and some related species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . - nota lepidopterologica 36 ( 2 ) , 95 - 108 .\nbembecia daghestanica gorbunov , 1991 ; atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) : 129 , f . 7 - 10 , pl . xxii , f . 5 ; tl : ne . caucasus , daghestan , ~ 2km nw upper gunib , 42\u00b029 ' n 46\u00b051 ' e , 1700m\ntosevski , i . ( 2011a ) : bembecia diamerica sp . n . \u2013 a new species of clerwing [ sic ] moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from aston rama valley in north west pakistan . \u2013 zastita bilja ( plant protection ) 62 ( 1 ) , 39 - 43 .\nkallies , a . & bartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : revision of some types of the genus bembecia h\u00fcbner , 1819 in the p\u00fcngeler collection in the museum for natural history of the humboldt university , berlin ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 33 ( 1 ) , 81 - 84 .\nstalling , t . , bartsch , d . , garrevoet , t . , lingenh\u00f6le , a . & altermatt , f . ( 2011 ) : bembecia hissorensis , a new species of clearwing moths from tajikistan , central asia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 4 ) , 169 - 172 .\nspatenka , k . & lastuvka , z . ( 1990 ) : zur taxonomie von bembecia scopigera ( scopoli , 1763 ) , b . ichneumoniformis ( [ denis & schifferm\u00fcller ] , 1775 ) und b . albanensis ( rebel , 1918 ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomofauna 11 ( 5 ) , 109 - 121 .\np\u00fchringer , f . & kallies , a . ( 2004 ) : provisional checklist of the sesiidae of the world ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der entomologischen arbeitsgemeinschaft salzkammergut 4 , 1 - 85 ; updated by f . p\u00fchringer .\n, a - 4817 st . konrad , austria ; \u00a9 dr . axel kallies , the walter and eliza hall institute , 1g royal parade , parkville , victoria 3050 , australia )\neuthrenini fischer 2006b : 219 [ afrokona fischer 2006 ] ; unavailable ( art . 29 . 1 iczn )\n( felder & felder 1874 : 9 , pl . 82 ) , trochilina 14\n( boisduval in guerin - meneville [ 1832 ] : pl . 84 : fig . 3 ) ,\n( esper 1800 : 29 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1287 iczn )\n( linnaeus 1758 : 493 ) , sphinx ; rejected name ( opinion nr . 1288 iczn )\n( snellen 1900 : 34 ) , sesia ; junior primary homonym of sesia thysbe f . uniformis grote & robinson 1868\n[ as trichocerata myrmosaeformis var . lucida ( lederer 1853 ) , nomen nudum ]\ntaxa originally described as sesia spp . ( never assigned to sesiidae , but available for homonymy )\n( cramer [ 1776 ] : 95 , 152 ( index ) , pl . 61 , fig . c ) ,\nagassiz , j . l . r . ( [ 1847 ] ) : nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis . \u2013 nomenclator zoologicus 2 ( 12 ) ( 1846 ) , 393 pp . ( 319 )\nalpheraky , s . n . ( 1882 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res du district de kouldj\u00e0 et des montagnes environnantes . ii\u00e8me partie . heterocera . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 17 , 15 - 103 , pls 1 - 3 . ( 18 - 22 , pl . 1 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1933 ) : die lepidopteren pal\u00e4stinas . eine zoogeographisch - \u00f6kologisch - faunistische studie . \u2013 zoogeographica 2 , 1 - 146 . ( 25 )\namsel , h . - g . ( 1935 ) : neue pal\u00e4stinensische lepidopteren . \u2013 mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin 20 , 271 - 319 . ( 277 - 278 )\narita , y . ( 1989 ) : two new and an unrecorded clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 microlepidoptera of thailand 2 , 9 - 14 .\n( moore ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 43 ( 3 ) , 221 - 224 .\ndehne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 2 ) , 449 - 462 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from yakushima island , japan . \u2013 tyo to ga 44 ( 2 ) , 77 - 80 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995a ) : sesiidae of nepal . in haruta , t . ( ed . ) : moths of nepal . \u2013 tinea 14 ( suppl . 2 ) , 194 - 206 , pls 108 + 128 .\nhampson , [ 1893 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 2 ) , 103 - 111 .\ntypes ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) kept in the hope entomological collections , oxford university , uk . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 46 ( 4 ) , 185 - 205 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1995d ) : a revision of the genus heterosphecia le cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , osminiini ) . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 2 ) , 131 - 141 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from thailand . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 47 ( 3 ) , 157 - 173 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . , ( 1996b ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . i . the genus\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] in the oriental and australian regions . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 2 ( 2 ) , 137 - 187 .\nclearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from kyushu , japan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 48 ( 1 ) , 33 - 38 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998a ) : a revision of ferdinand le cerf ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , kept at the paris museum . iii . the genus\nle cerf , 1916 in the oriental region . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 49 ( 1 ) , 19 - 29 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 1998b ) : a revision of embrik strand ' s clearwing moth types ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 chinese journal of entomology 18 ( 3 ) , 141 - 165 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000a ) : on the tribe melittiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 tinea 16 ( 4 ) , 252 - 291 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2000b ) : notes on the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from vietnam , with descriptions of new taxa . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 1 ) , 49 - 74 .\nle cerf , 1916 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , osminiini ) of vietnam and adjacent countries . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 51 ( 3 ) , 205 - 214 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . ( 2001 ) : sesiidae of taiwan . i . the tribes tinthiini , similipepsini , paraglosseciini , pennisetiini , paranthrenini and cissuvorini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 7 ( 2 ) , 131 - 188 .\nhampson ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from taiwan . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 53 ( 4 ) , 241 - 244 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2002b ) : sesiidae of taiwan . ii . the tribes osminiini , melittiini and sesiini . \u2013 japanese journal of systematic entomology 8 ( 2 ) , 199 - 241 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003a ) : new taxa of wasp - waisted clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , similipepsini ) from vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 1 ) , 11 - 19 .\narita , y . & gorbunov , o . g . ( 2003b ) : in arita , y . , gorbunov , o . g . & mohamed , m . : on the knowledge of the clearwing moth ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the maliau basin , sabah , borneo . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 2 ) , 131 - 142 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from north vietnam . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 52 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\narita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2003 ) : a new species of the genus trilochana moore , 1879 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from sulawesi . \u2013 transactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 54 ( 4 ) , 229 - 232 . arita , y . & kallies , a . ( 2005 ) : see kallies , a . & arita , y . ( 2005 ) .\narita , y . & kimura , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . , kallies , a . , hsu , y . - f . , liang , j . - y . , lai , b . - c . , yang , m . - m . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : polymorphism of nokona pilamicola ( strand , [ 1916 ] ) ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in taiwan .\narita , y . , kimura , m . & owada , m . ( 2009 ) : two new species of the clearwing moth ( sesiidae ) from okinawa - jima , the ryukyus . \u2013\ntransactions of the lepidopterological society of japan 60 ( 3 ) , 189 - 192 .\narita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : vicariance in the macroscelesia japona species - group ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) in the ryukyus , japan . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 4 ) , 184 - 198 . arita , y . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\nkallies & arita , 1998 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) from south - east asia , with list of literature on oriental sesiidae published since 1988 . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 3 ) , 116 - 120 .\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from japan . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 57 ( 1 ) , 61 - 66 .\narita , y . & tosevski , i . ( 1992 ) : in tosevski , i . & arita , y . : a new species of the clearwing moth genus\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from the ryukyus . \u2013 japanese journal of entomology 60 ( 3 ) , 619 - 623 .\n( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) of japan . \u2013 tinea 12 ( suppl . ) , 158 - 167 .\narita , y . & yata , n . ( 2016 ) : see arita , y . , kimura , m . , yata , n . & nagase , m . ( 2016 ) .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994a ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : a new\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) , clearwing borer on pecan from nanjing , china . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 61 - 64 .\narita , y . & xu , z . ( 1994b ) : in arita , y . , xu , z . & liu , x . : description of a new\nclearwing moth injuring poplar street trees in lhasa , tibet ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 193 - 199 .\nassmann , a . ( 1845 ) : schw\u00e4rmer oder d\u00e4mmerungsschmetterlinge ( sphinges ) . \u2013 abbildung und beschreibung der schmetterlinge schlesiens 2 , 48 pp , 26 pls . ( 17 - 26 , 45 - 47 , pls 5 - 7 , 24 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1879 ) : lepidoptera damarensia . f\u00f6rteckning pa fj\u00e4rilar insamlade i damaralandet af g . de vylder aren 1873 och 1874 jemte beskrifning \u00f6fver f\u00f6rut ok\u00e4nda arter . \u2013 \u00f6fversigt af kongliga vetenskaps - akademiens f\u00f6rhandlingar 36 ( 7 ) , 39 - 69 . ( 47 - 48 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1905 ) : lieutnant a . schultzes sammlung von lepidopteren aus west - afrika . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 2 ( 12 ) , 1 - 47 , 5 pls . ( 43 - 46 )\naurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1909 ) : lepidoptera , rhopalocera und heterocera ( pars i ) von madagaskar , den comoren und den inseln ostafrikas . in voeltzkow , a . : reise in ostafrika in den jahren 1903 - 1905 , wissenschaftliche ergebnisse 2 , [ 309 ] - 348 , 19 pls . ( 342 , pl . 19 )\nbakowski , m . , bartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : a review of the similipepsini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : tinthiini ) . \u2013 annales zoologici 58 ( 4 ) , 785 - 797 .\nbarnes , w . & benjamin , f . h . ( 1925 ) : change of a preoccupied name ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 27 ( 1 ) , 14 .\nbarnes , w . & lindsey , a . w . ( 1922 ) : descriptions of two new species of aegeriidae ( lep . ) . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 18 ( 4 ) , 122 - 123 .\nbarnes , w . & mcdunnough , j . h . ( 1918 ) : notes and new species . \u2013 contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america 4 ( 2 ) , 61 - 208 . ( 178 )\nbartel , m . ( 1902 ) : die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . zweiter band : nachtfalter . i . abteilung , 239 - 384 . \u2013 leipzig .\n- art aus der schweiz . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift ( guben ) 19 , 190 - 191 .\nbartel , m . ( 1912 ) : 24 . familie : aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 2 , 375 - 416 , pls 51 - 52 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2003 ) : beitrag zur glasfl\u00fcglerfauna von nepal ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 145 , 149 - 151 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2004 ) : die sesienfauna zyperns - eine kommentierte \u00fcbersicht ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 114 ( 2 ) , 80 - 86 .\nbettag , 1997 aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 5 ) , 211 - 215 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : redescription and systematic position of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus grypopalpia hampson , 1919 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 5 ) , 221 - 224 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2008 ) : a review of the paranthrenini of the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 6 ) , 265 - 280 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2009 ) : melittosesia , a new genus of clearwing moths with a review of the sesiini boisduval , 1828 in madagascar ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 119 ( 1 ) , 9 - 16 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2010 ) : taxonomic revision of the clearwing moth genus crinipus hampson , 1896 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2618 , 36 - 46 .\nbartsch , d . ( 2013 ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) with description of new species .\nbartsch , d . ( 2015 ) : new taxa of southern african sesiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016a ) : revisionary checklist of the southern african osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nbartsch , d . ( 2016b ) : melittia fiebigi spec . nov . and afromelittia caerulea spec . nov . , two new melittiini from southern africa ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) .\nannals of the ditsong national museum of natural history 6 , 109 - 115 .\nbartsch , d . & berg , j . ( 2012 ) : new species and review of the afrotropical clearwing moth genus camaegeria strand , 1914 ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : synanthedonini ) . \u2013 zootaxa 3181 , 28 - 46 .\nspec . nov . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 29 - 40 .\nbartsch , d . , bettag , e . , bl\u00e4sius , r . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2006 ) : zur kenntnis von pyropteron doryliforme ( ochsenheimer , 1808 ) , pyropteron biedermanni le cerf , 1925 und pyropteron ceriaeforme ( lucas , 1849 ) stat . rev . ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 116 ( 1 ) , 3 - 10 .\nbartsch , d . & kallies , a . ( 2008 ) : zur kenntnis einiger arten von chamaesphecia spuler , 1910 in marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 118 ( 2 ) , 85 - 93 .\nbartsch , d . & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2011 ) : chamaesphecia cilicia sp . nov . aus dem taurus gebirge , t\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 121 ( 2 ) , 89 - 91 .\nbartsch , d . & p\u00fchringer , f . ( 2005 ) : die glasfl\u00fcgler kretas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 3 ) , 131 - 139 .\nsp . nov . aus der s\u00fcdt\u00fcrkei ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 3 ) , 78 - 80 .\n, zwei neue glasfl\u00fcgler arten aus afghanistan ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 120 ( 6 ) , 243 - 248 .\nbecker , v . o . ( 1984 ) : 29 . gelechiidae . \u2013 in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 1 . micropterigoidea - immoidea 1 , 1 - 112 . ( 44 - 53 )\nbehrens , j . ( 1889 ) : in french , g . h . : some texas , arizona and california moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 21 ( 9 ) , 161 - 163 . ( 163 )\nbellier de la chavignerie , j . b . e . ( 1860 ) : observations sur la faune entomologique de la sicile . \u2013 annales de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie ) 8 ( 3 ) , 667 - 713 , pl . 12 . ( 681 - 684 )\nbertaccini , e . & fiumi , g . ( 2002 ) : bombici e sfingi d ' italia ( lepidoptera sesioidea ) 4 , 181 pp , 8 pls . ( 32 - 181 , pls 1 - 8 )\nsp . n . , ein neuer glasfl\u00fcgler aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 18 ( 1 ) , 23 - 27 .\nbettag , e & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1998 ) : eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus marokko ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 26 ( 2 ) , 71 - 75 .\nbettag , e . & bl\u00e4sius , r . ( 1999 ) : \u00fcber den status von dipsosphecia megillaeformis var . tunetana ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 phegea 27 ( 3 ) , 93 - 101 .\n- art aus s\u00fcdspanien . une nouvelle esp\u00e8ce de synanthedon du sud de l ' espagne ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 revue de l ' association roussillonnaise d ' entomologie 11 ( 1 ) , 4 - 16 .\nbeutelspacher , b . c . r . ( 1983 ) : redefinicion taxonomica de montezumia cardinalis dampf ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 ciencia forestal 8 ( 43 ) , 24 - 32 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1893 ) : notes on some north american moths , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 5 , 19 - 26 . ( 22 - 26 )\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894a ) : studies of some species of north american aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 87 - 98 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1894b ) : on north american moths , with the description of a new species of triprocris . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 6 , 365 - 368 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1896 ) : critical review of the sesiidae found in america , north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 8 , 111 - 148 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1897 ) : notes on north american sesiidae , with descriptions of new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 9 , 213 - 216 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1898 ) : three new species of sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 6 ( 4 ) , 240 - 241 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899a ) : new african sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 , 170 - 172 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1899b ) : descriptions of and notes on some north american lepidoptera . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 7 ( 4 ) , 254 - 256 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900a ) : synopsis of the species of melittia of america , north of mexico , with description of a new species . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 149 - 151 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900b ) : on some species of north american lepidoptera . \u2013 bulletin of the american museum of natural history 12 ( 1899 ) , 157 - 160 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1900d ) : two new sesiidae . \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 8 , 254 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1901 ) : monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . \u2013 memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) , 217 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .\n. \u2013 journal of the new york entomological society 10 ( 2 ) , 126 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1909 ) : descriptions of three new sesiidae . \u2013 entomological news 20 , 82 - 84 .\nbeutenm\u00fcller , w . ( 1916 ) : description of a new sesiid . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 48 ( 11 ) , 372 .\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1828 ) : europaeorum lepidopterorum index methodicus 1 , 103 pp . \u2013 paris . ( 29 - 31 )\nboisduval , j . a . ( 1829 - 1844 ) : dixi\u00e8me ordre : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . in gu\u00e9rin - m\u00e9n\u00e9ville , f . e . : iconographie du r\u00e8gne animal de g . cuvier , ou repr\u00e9sentation d ' apres nature de l ' une des esp\u00e8ces les plus remarquables , et souvent non encore figur\u00e9es , de chaque genre d ' animaux , vol . 2 and 3 , 576 pp , 104 pls . \u2013 paris . ( pl . 84 , [ 1832 ] ;\n( 1870 [ 1867 ] ) : lepidoptera eversmanniana . \u2013 horae societatis entomologicae rossicae 4 , 6 .\nbrethes , j . ( 1920 ) : insectos \u00fatiles y daninos de rio grande do sul y de la plata . \u2013 anales de la sociedad rural argentina 54 , 281 - 290 , 307 - 308 . ( 284 )\n( sesiidae ) , from florida . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 39 ( 4 ) , 262 - 265 .\nedwards ( lepidoptera aegeriidae ) . \u2013 notas del museo de la plata 6 ( 48 ) , 157 - 163 , pls i - ii .\nbryk , f . ( 1947 ) : neue ostasiatische aegeriiden ( lep . ) . \u2013 opuscula entomologica 12 , 96 - 109 .\nbryk , f . ( 1953 ) : lepidoptera aus dem amazonasgebiete und aus peru gesammelt von dr . douglas melin und dr . abraham roman . \u2013 arkiv f\u00f6r zoologi 5 ( 1 - 3 ) , 1 - 268 . ( 262 - 266 )\nburmeister , h . ( 1878 ) : l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res . \u2013 description physique de la r\u00e9publique argentine , d ' apres des observations personelles et \u00e9trang\u00e8res 5 ( 1 ) , vi + 526 pp , 24 pls . ( 359 - 362 )\nbusck , a . ( 1909 ) : notes on the family aegeriidae ( sesiidae ) , with a synoptic table of the north american genera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 11 ( 3 ) , 115 - 118 .\nbusck , a . ( 1910 ) : list of trinidad microlepidoptera , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 bulletin of the department of agriculture 9 , 241 - 245 . ( 242 - 243 )\nbusck , a . ( 1913a ) : new microlepidoptera from british guiana . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 1 , 88 - 92 .\nbusck , a . ( 1913b ) : two microlepidoptera injurious to chestnut . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 15 ( 3 ) , 102 - 104 .\nbusck , a . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of new microlepidoptera of forest trees . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 16 ( 4 ) , 143 - 150 , pls vii - viii . ( 143 - 144 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915a ) : descriptions of new north american microlepidoptera . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 17 ( 2 ) , 79 - 94 . ( 80 - 81 )\nbusck , a . ( 1915b ) : new genera and species of microlepidoptera from panama . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 47 ( 2043 ) ( 1914 ) , 1 - 67 . ( 61 )\nbusck , a . ( 1920 ) : descriptions of new central american microlepidoptera . \u2013 insecutor inscitiae menstruus 8 ( 4 - 6 ) , 83 - 95 . ( 83 )\nbusck , a . ( 1929 ) : a new aegeriid on cowpea from brazil ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 31 ( 7 ) , 134 - 137 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1874 ) : notes on the aegeriidae , with descriptions of new genera and species . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fourth series ) 14 , 407 - 411 .\nbutler , a . g . ( 1876 ) : descriptions of lepidoptera from the collection of lieut . howland roberts . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 308 - 310 . ( 309 , pl . xxii )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1878 ) : illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum 2 , 62 pp , pls 21 - 40 - london . ( 59 - 61 , pl . 40 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1881 ) : descriptions of new genera and species of heterocerous lepidoptera from japan . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from duke - of - york island and new britain . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( fifth series ) 10 , 36 - 43 , 149 - 160 , 226 - 238 . ( 237 - 238 )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1883 ) : heterocerous lepidoptera collected in chili by thomas edmonds , esq . part iv . \u2013 pyrales and micros . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\n, n . g . in pryer , h . j . s . : on two remarkable cases of mimicry from elopura , british north borneo . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\nbutler , a . g . ( 1896 ) : on a collection of butterflies obtained by mr . richard crawshay in nyasa - land , between the months of january and april 1895 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 108 - 136 . ( 134 , pl . vi )\nbutler , a . g . ( 1902 ) : on two collections of lepidoptera made by sir harry johnston , k . c . b . , in the uganda protectorate during the year 1900 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 . ( 50 , pl . 1 )\nbytinski - salz , h . ( [ 1937 ] ) : secondo contributo alla conoscenza della lepidotterofauna della sardegna . \u2013 memorie della societa entomologica italiana 15 ( 2 ) ( 1936 ) , 194 - 212 . ( 198 )\ncl . \u2013 deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris 2 ( 1889 ) , 268 - 269 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973a ) : 236 . aegeriidae . ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 reichenbachia ( zeitschrift f\u00fcr entomologische taxonomie ) 14 ( 15 ) , 109 - 124 .\ncapuse , i . ( 1973b ) : zur systematik und morphologie der typen der sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in der r . p\u00fcngeler - sammlung des zoologischen museums zu berlin . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 63 , 134 - 171 .\nclarke , j . f . g . ( 1962 ) : neotropical microlepidoptera . ii . a new genus and species of clear - wing moth injurious to fig in colombia ( lepidoptera : aegeriidae ) . \u2013 proceedings of the united states national museum 113 , 383 - 388 .\nclemens , b . ( 1860 ) : contributions to american lepidopterology . \u2013 no . 3 . \u2013 proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 12 , 4 - 15 . ( 14 - 15 )\nclerck , c . a . ( 1759 - [ 1764 ] ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nominibus eorum trivialibus , locisque e c . linnaei . . . syst . nat . allegatis 1 , 21 pp , 55 pls . \u2013 stockholm . { 1759 : pls 1 - 16 ; 1764 : pls 17 - 55 } ( pl . 9 , 1759 )\ncloss , a . ( 1916 ) : einige neue sphingidenformen ( lep . ) . \u2013 entomologische mitteilungen 5 ( 5 / 8 ) , 199 - 200 . ( 200 )\ncloss , a . g . ( 1920 ) : [ contribution ] . in : berliner entomologen - bund : sitzung am 20 . m\u00e4rz 1919 . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 14 , 13 .\n, spec . nov . ( lep . het . , sphingidae ) . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 16 ( 14 ) , 118 .\ncockayne , e . a . ( 1955 ) : aberrations of british lepidoptera . \u2013 entomologist ' s gazette 6 , 3 - 6 , pl . 1 . ( 3 )\ncockerell , t . d . a . ( 1908 ) : new sesiid moths . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 40 ( 9 ) , 329 - 331 .\ncosta , o . g . ( 1832 - 1836 ) : fauna del regno di napoli . . . a . lepidotteri 1 , 20 - 21 .\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 1 , 155 pp , 96 pls . \u2013 amsterdam . { 1775 : issues 1 - 7 , 1776 : issue 8 } ( 83 , pl . 52 , 1775 )\ncramer , p . ( 1775 - 1779 ) : de uitlandsche kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld - deelen asia , africa en america ( papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde , l ' asie , l ' afrique et l ' amerique ) 2 , 151 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 amsterdam . ( 73 , 80 , 151 ( index ) , pls 142 , 146 , 1777 )\ncyrillus , d . ( 1787 ) : entomologiae neapolitanae specimen primum , 8 p . , 12 pls . \u2013 neapoli . ( pl . 4 )\ndalla torre , k . w . & strand , e . ( 1925 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 lepidopterorum catalogus 31 , 202 pp .\ndalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) : f\u00f6rs\u00f6k till systematisk uppst\u00e4llning af sveriges fj\u00e4rilar . \u2013 kongliga svenska vetenskaps - akademiens handlingar 37 , 48 - 101 , 129 , 199 - 225 .\ndampf , a . ( 1930 ) : dos plagas de los bosques de mexico nuevas para la ciencia . \u2013 mexico forestal 8 ( 8 ) , 179 - 181 .\nde freina , j . j . : see freina , j . j . de\n[ denis , m . & schifferm\u00fcller , i . ] ( 1775 ) : ank\u00fcndung eines systematischen werkes von den schmetterlingen der wienergegend [ sic ] , 323 pp . \u2013 wien . ( 30 , 44 , 305 - 306 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( 1954 ) : microlepidoptera of new guinea . results of the third archibold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv . \u2013 verhandelingen / koninklijke nederlandse akademie van wetenschappen , afdeeling natuurkunde . reeks 2 50 ( 1 ) ( 1952 - 1955 ) , 1 - 191 . ( 180 - 190 )\ndiakonoff , a . n . ( [ 1968 ] ) : microlepidoptera of the philippine islands . \u2013 united states national museum bulletin 257 ( 1967 ) , 1 - 484 . ( 218 - 235 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1795 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states , the periods of their transformations , their food , oeconomy & c . , together with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope 4 , 96 + 6 pp , pls 109 - 144 . ( 21 )\ndonovan , e . ( 1797 ) : the natural history of british insects : explainig them in their several states . . . 6 , 86 + 6 pp , pls 181 - 216 . ( 35 , pl . 195 )\ndruce , h . ( 1881 - 1900 ) : lepidoptera - heterocera . \u2013 in godman , f . d . & salvin , o . ( eds . ) : biologia 39 / 1 , 490 pp ; 40 / 2 , 622 pp ; 41 / 3 , pls 1 - 101 . \u2013 london . { vol . 39 / 1 : 1 - 24 ( 1881 ) , 25 - 32 ( 1883 ) , 33 - 112 ( 1884 ) ; vol . 2 : 273 - 336 ( 1896 ) , 337 - 440 ( 1897 ) , 441 - 536 ( 1898 ) , 537 - 592 ( 1899 ) , 593 - 622 ( 1900 ) } ( 39 / 1 : 28 - 34 , 1883 - 1884 ; 40 / 2 : 321 - 326 , 1896 ; 41 / 3 : pls 5 , 68 - 69 )\ndruce , h . ( 1882 ) : descriptions of new species of aegeriidae and sphingidae . \u2013 the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 19 , 15 - 18 . ( 15 )\ndruce , h . ( 1889 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera , chiefly from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 4 , 77 - 94 . ( 78 - 82 )\ndruce , h . ( 1892 ) : description of a new genus and some new species of heterocera from central america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( sixth series ) 9 , 275 - 279 . ( 275 - 276 )\ndruce , h . ( 1893 ) : descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from central and south america . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london , 280 - 311 , [ pls xix - xxi ] . ( 280 )\ndruce , h . ( 1898 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 1 , 207 - 215 . ( 207 )\ndruce , h . ( 1899 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( seventh series ) 4 , 200 - 205 . ( 201 - 205 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910a ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 5 , 393 - 402 . ( 401 )\ndruce , h . ( 1910b ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from east and west africa and tropical south america . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 6 , 168 - 183 ( 180 - 181 ) .\ndruce , h . ( 1911 ) : descriptions of some new species of heterocera from tropical south america , and two new species of geometridae from west africa . \u2013 the annals and magazine of natural history ( eighth series ) 7 , 287 - 294 . ( 292 )\ndrury , d . ( 1773 ) : illustrations of natural history , wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty figures of exotic insects , according to their different genera . . . 2 , 9 + 90 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 49 )\ndrury , d . ( 1782 ) : illustrations of natural history . . . exotic insects . . . 3 , 15 + 76 pp , 50 pls . \u2013 london . ( 3 , pl . 2 ) .\nduckworth , w . d . ( 1969 ) : a new species of aegeriidae from venezuela predaceous on scale insects ( lepidoptera : yponomeutoidea ) . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 71 ( 4 ) , 487 - 490 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973a ) : the type - material of north american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 148 , 1 - 34 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1973b ) : new species of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from north america . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 75 ( 2 ) , 150 - 159 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1974 ) : clearwing moths of australia and new zealand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 180 , 1 - 45 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1976 ) : a new species of clearwing moth ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) from northern mexico and southeastern arizona . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 78 ( 3 ) , 304 - 308 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977a ) : two new species of clearwing moths ( sesiidae ) from eastern north america clarified by sex pheromones . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 31 ( 3 ) , 191 - 196 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977b ) : a new species of clearwing moth from southcentral texas ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the pan - pacific entomologist 53 ( 3 ) , 175 - 178 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1977c ) : a classification of the sesiidae of america north of mexico ( lepidoptera , sesioidea ) . \u2013 occasional papers in entomology 26 , 1 - 54 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1978 ) : the type - material of central and south american clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 261 , 1 - 28 .\nduckworth , w . d . & eichlin , t . d . ( 1983 ) : revision of the clearwing moth genus osminia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 smithsonian contributions to zoology 361 , 1 - 15 .\ndumont , c . ( 1922 ) : diagnoses de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res nouveaux du nord de l ' afrique . \u2013 bulletin de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 entomologique de france ( 15 ) , 215 - 220 . ( 215 - 217 )\nduponchel , p . a . j . ( 1835 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 supplement a l ' histoire naturelle 2 , 197 pp , 12 pls . ( 108 , 112 - 116 , 129 , 167 , pl . 9 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1914 ) : descriptions of two new tineina ( lep . ) from the lagos district . \u2013 the transactions of the entomological society of london ( 4\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1915 ) : microlepidoptera ( pterophorina and tineina ) collected by the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea . \u2013 lepidoptera of the british ornithologists ' union and wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea 2 ( 15 ) , 149 - 168 . ( 166 )\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1919 ) : three new genera of tineina resembling aegeriadae [ sic ] . \u2013 novitates zoologicae 26 ( 1 ) , 120 - 122 .\ndurrant , j . h . ( 1924 ) : in : examples of the mimicry of hymenoptera by other insects . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of london ( 1923 - 1924 ) , lxxv - lxxvi .\ndyar , h . g . ( [ 1903 ] ) : a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) , 1 - 723 . ( 364 - 371 )\ndyar , h . g . ( 1904 ) : additions to the list of north american lepidoptera , no . 2 . \u2013 proceedings of the entomological society of washington 6 ( 2 ) , 103 - 119 . ( 106 )\neda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) : a new long - legged clearwing moth species of the genus teinotarsina felder & felder , 1874 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from guangdong , china . \u2013 tinea 23 ( 3 ) , 128 - 130 . eda , k . & arita , y . ( 2015 ) : see eda , k . , arita , y . , kallies , a . & wang , m . ( 2015 ) .\nedwards , h . ( 1880 ) : descriptions of some new forms of aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 ( 8 ) , 71 - 72 .\nedwards , h . ( 1881 ) : new genera and species of the family aegeridae . \u2013 papilio 1 ( 10 ) , 179 - 208 , pl . 4 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882a ) : notes on n . american aegeridae , with descriptions of new forms . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 4 ) , 52 - 57 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882b ) : further notes and descriptions of north american aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 6 ) , 96 - 99 .\nedwards , h . ( 1882c ) : descriptions of new species of n . am . heterocera . \u2013 papilio 2 ( 8 ) , 123 - 130 . ( 123 - 124 )\nedwards , h . ( 1883 ) : new species of aegeriadae . \u2013 papilio 3 ( 7 - 10 ) , 155 - 157 .\nedwards , h . ( 1885 ) : new species of californian moths . \u2013 entomologica americana 1 ( 3 ) , 49 - 50 . ( 49 )\nedwards , h . ( 1887 ) : descriptions of new species of north american heterocera , with notes . \u2013 the canadian entomologist 19 ( 8 ) , 145 - 147 .\nedwards , h . ( 1888 ) : catalogue of species of the higher families of the north american heterocera , described since grote ' s\nnew check list\n( 1872 ) , with those omitted from that publication . \u2013 entomologica americana 3 ( 12 ) , 221 - 232 . ( 223 - 224 )\nedwards , h . ( 1891 ) : [ contribution ] . in lugger , o . : two new lepidopterous borers . \u2013 psyche 6 , 108 - 109 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1986 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the subfamily tinthiinae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 4 , 315 - 378 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1987 ) : three new western hemisphere clearwing moths ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomography 5 , 531 - 540 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1989 ) : western hemisphere clear wing moths of the subfamily paranthreninae ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 entomography 6 , 159 - 212 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1992 ) : clearwing moths of baja california , mexico ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 2 ) , 135 - 150 .\neichlin , t . d . ( [ 1993 ] ) : a new texas clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 46 ( 4 ) ( 1992 ) , 265 - 268 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995a ) : a new panamanian clearwing moth ( sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 1 ) , 39 - 42 .\na new north american clearwing moth and notes on a rare species ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 49 ( 2 ) , 114 - 118 .\neichlin , t . d . ( 1995c ) : 65 . sesiidae . in heppner , j . ( ed . ) : atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 2 . hyblaeoidea - pyraloidea - tortricoidea 3 , 17 - 18 , 109 - 113 . eichlin , t . d . ( 1998 ) : western hemisphere clearwing moths of the tribe osminiini ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae ) . \u2013 holarctic lepidoptera 5 ( 1 ) , 23 - 33 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2002 ) : in eichlin , t . d . & kinnee , s . a . : brazilian sesiidae in the collection of the universit\u00e4t des saarlandes , saarbr\u00fccken , germany ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 zootaxa 108 , 1 - 15 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003a ) : carmenta munroei , a new clearwing moth from costa rica ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 42 - 43 . eichlin , t . d . ( 2003b ) : carmenta guayaba , a new clearwing moth from peru ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 tropical lepidoptera 11 ( 1 - 2 ) , 44 - 45 .\neichlin , t . d . , delgado , o . s . , strathie , l . w . , zachariades , c . & clavijo , j . ( 2009 ) : carmenta chromolaenae eichlin , a new species ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) for the biological control of chromolaena odorata ( l . ) king & robinson ( asteraceae ) . \u2013 zootaxa 2288 , 42 - 50 .\neichlin , t . d . & duckworth , w . d . ( 1988 ) : the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 5 . 1 . sesioidea , sesiidae , 176 pp . \u2013 washington .\n. \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 37 ( 3 ) ( 1983 ) , 193 - 206 .\nclearwing moth from michigan ( sesiidae ) . \u2013 journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 3 ) , 231 - 235 .\nemich von em\u00f6ke , g . ( 1872 ) : descriptions de l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res de transcaucasie . \u2013 revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliqu\u00e9e , series 2 , 23 ( 2 ) ( 1871 - 1872 ) , 63 - 64 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925a ) : studies in north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . i . descriptions and corrections of species from long island , new york . ii . descriptions of two new western species . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 2 ) , 61 - 69 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1925b ) : studies of north american aegeriidae ( lepidoptera ) . iii .\nroot borers of america north of mexico . \u2013 bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society ( n . s . ) 20 ( 4 ) , 153 - 158 .\nengelhardt , g . p . ( 1946 ) : the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . \u2013 bulletin of the united states national museum 190 , iv + 222 pp .\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : cheshuyekriliya ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013 travels in turkestan ( fedtchenko ) 2 ( 5 ) , 128 pp . ( 26 - 27 , pl . 5 ) [ in russian ]\nerschoff , n . g . ( 1874 ) : lepidopteren von turkestan . \u2013 stettiner entomologische zeitung 35 ( 10 - 12 ) , 386 - 417 . ( 393 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1778 - 1786 ) : die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 , 234 pp , pls 1 - 36 . \u2013 erlangen . { title page : 1779 ; 1778 : pls 1 - 6 ; 1779 : 1 - 80 , pls 7 - 18 ; 1780 : 81 - 196 , pls 19 - 25 ; 1782 : 197 - 212 , pls 26 - 31 ; 1783 : 213 - 228 , pls 32 - 35 ; 1786 : 229 - 234 , pl . 36 } ( 122 , 131 - 135 , 205 - 217 , 230 - 232 , 234 , pls 14 - 15 , 23 , 29 - 32 , 36 )\nesper , e . j . c . ( 1789 - [ 1804 ] ) : fortsetzung der europ\u00e4ischen schmetterlinge . \u2013 die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen 2 ( suppl . ) , 52 pp , pls 37 - 47 . \u2013 erlangen . { [ 1789 ] : 5 - 12 , pls [ 38 - 40 ] ; 1800 : 21 - 40 , pls 42 - 46 ; [ 1803 - 1804 ] : 41 - 52 , pl . 47 } ( 5 , 9 , 25 , 29 - 30 , 44 - 47 , pls 37 - 38 , 42 , 44 , 47 )\neversmann , e . ( 1844 ) : fauna lepidoperologica volgo - uralensis exhibens lepidopterorum species quas per viginti quinque annos in provinciis volgam fluvium inter et montes uralenses sitis observavit et descripsit , 633 pp . \u2013 casan . ( 100 - 105 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1775 ) : systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus , 30 + 832 pp . \u2013 flensburg u . leipzig . ( 547 - 549 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1787 ) : mantissa insectorum sistens species nuper detectas adiectis synonymis , observationibus , descriptionibus , emendationibus 2 , 382 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 98 - 101 )\nfabricius , j . c . ( 1793 ) : entomologica systematica emendata et aucta : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus 3 ( 1 ) , 4 + 487 pp . \u2013 hafniae . ( 379 - 385 , 404 )\n[ fabricius , j . c . ] ( 1807 ) : in illiger , j . c . : die neueste gattungs - eintheilung der schmetterlinge aus den linn\u00e9ischen gattungen\n. \u2013 magazin f\u00fcr insektenkunde ( illiger ) 6 , 277 - 295 . ( 288 , 294 )\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1883 ) : caccia di lepidotteri rari . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 2 ( 11 ) , 249 - 250 .\nfailla - tedaldi , l . ( 1890 ) : contribuzione alla fauna lepidotterologica della sicilia . descrizione di alcune nuove specie . \u2013 il naturalista siciliano 10 ( 2 - 3 ) , 25 - 31 , pl i .\nfawcett , j . m . ( 1916 ) : notes on a collection of heterocera made by mr . w . feather in british east africa , 1911 - 13 . \u2013 proceedings of the zoological society of london ( 2 ) , 707 - 737 . ( 736 - 737 , pl . i )\nfelder , c . ( 1861 ) : lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae diagnosibus collustratae a dre . c . felder , ii heterocera . \u2013 sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften , abt . 1 , 43 ( i ) , 25 - 44 .\nfelder , r . ( 1874 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 4 ) , 10 pp , pls 75 - 107 . ( 2 - 9 , pls 75 , 82 )\nfelder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . ( 1875 ) : lepidoptera : atlas . in felder , c . , felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . : reise der \u00f6sterreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den befehlen des commodore b . von w\u00fcllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . zweiter band . zweite abtheilung ( fasc . 5 ) , 20 pp , pls 108 - 140 . ( 9 )\nfilipjev , n . ( 1931 ) : lepidoptera . \u2013 trudy pamirskoj expedicii 1928 ( abhandlungen der pamir - expedition 1928 ) 8 , 143 - 174 . ( 161 - 163 )\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 112 ( 5 ) , 141 - 143 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus den cameron highlands in malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 113 ( 5 ) , 139 - 141 .\nsp . nov . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus sumatra ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 entomologische zeitschrift 115 ( 2 ) , 91 - 93 .\nsp . n . , a new clearwing moth species from the cameron highlands in west malaysia ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 27 ( 1 / 2 ) , 53 - 54 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006b ) : a new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 1 / 2 ) , 219 - 224 .\nfischer , h . ( 2006c ) : corrigendum zur publikation\na new tribe , genus and species of clearwing moths from the afrotropical region\nin atalanta 37 . band , heft 1 / 2 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , sesiinae ) . \u2013 atalanta 37 ( 3 / 4 ) , 328 .\n, h . ( 2007 ) : eine neue gattung mit einer neuen art , rubukona svetlanae gen . et spec . nov . , in der tribus paranthrenin\n, 1964 aus der afrotropischen region ( lepidoptera , sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 atalanta 38 ( 3 / 4 ) , 361 - 364 .\nfischer , h . ( 2011 ) : adixoa pyromacula sp . n . , eine neue sesiide aus thailand ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 207 - 209 . fitzsimons , v . , codd , l . e . , janse , a . j . t . , munro , h . k . , pringle , j . a . & vari , l . ( 1958 ) : a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i \u2013 zoology 1 ( 1 ) , 147 pp .\nfixsen , c . ( 1887 ) : lepidoptera aus korea . \u2013 in romanoff , n . m . ( ed . ) : m\u00e9moires sur les l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res 3 , 233 - 356 , pl . 15 . ( 323 - 324 )\nist ein femininum , kein neutrum ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 17 ( 2 ) , 190 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1929 ) : a list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera . \u2013 memoirs of the department of agriculture in india , entomological series 11 , 1 - 244 .\nfletcher , t . b . ( 1940 ) : new generic names for microlepidoptera . \u2013 the entomologist ' s record and journal of variation 52 ( 1 ) , 17 - 19 . ( 18 )\nfletcher , d . s . ( 1982 ) : in fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . : the generic names of moths of the world . volume 4 . bombycoidea , castnioidea , cossoidea , mimallonoidea . sesioidea , sphingoidea , zygaenoidea . \u2013 british museum ( natural history ) publication no . 848 , 192 pp . \u2013 london .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 1983 ) : 4 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges - fauna kleinasiens . neue kenntnisse \u00fcber artenspektrum , systematik und nomenklatur sowie beschreibung neuer taxa . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 72 ( 1982 ) , 57 - 127 . ( 72 - 76 )\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2007 ) : eine neue art der gattung melittia h\u00fcbner , 1819 aus dem dhofar , s\u00fcdoman ( sesiidae : sesiinae : melittiini ) . \u2013 nota lepidopterologica 30 ( 1 ) , 51 - 57 .\nfreina , j . j . de ( 2008 ) : beschreibung von cabomina gen . n . , cabomina monicae sp . n . und cabomina dracomontana sp . n . aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 29 ( 3 ) , 163 - 169 .\n( 2011a ) : vier neue sesiiden und eine unbestimmte homogyna - art aus dem s\u00fcdlichen afrika ( lepidoptera , sesiidae : osminiini , sesiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 31 ( 4 ) , 211 - 218 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011b ) : noctusphecia puchneri gen . et sp . n . , eine neue gattung und nachtaktive glasfl\u00fcglerart aus tansania ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , sesiinae , osminiini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 48 - 50 . freina , j . j .\n( 2011c ) : neue arten der gattung thyranthrene hampson , 1919 aus s\u00fcdafrika ( lepidoptera : sesiidae , paranthrenini ) . \u2013 nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 32 ( 1 / 2 ) , 51 - 56 .\n( 2013 ) : synanthedon angolana sp . n . , eine neue glasfl\u00fcglerart aus angola ( lepidoptera : sesiidae : sesiinae , synanthedonini ) . - nachrichten des entomologischen vereins apollo , n . f . 34 ( 3 ) , 125 - 126 .\nfreina , j . j . de & lingenh\u00f6le , a . ( 2000 ) : beitrag zur sesiidae - fauna israels und pal\u00e4stinas ( insecta , lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 mitteilungen der m\u00fcnchner entomologischen gesellschaft 90 , 75 - 84 .\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1836 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 2 , 162 pp , pls 97 - 192 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 140 - 142 , pl . 182 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1842 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 4 , 167 pp , pls 289 - 384 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 129 - 131 , pl . 362 )\nfreyer , c . f . ( 1843 ) : neuere beitr\u00e4ge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur 5 , 166 pp , pls 385 - 480 . \u2013 augsburg . ( 35 - 36 , pl . 404 )\nfriedlander , t . p . ( 1986 ) : a new squash borer from mexico ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . \u2013 the journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 4 ) ( 1985 ) , 277 - 288 .\nnov . spec . \u2013 internationale entomologische zeitschrift 2 ( 5 ) , 33 .\ngaede , m . ( 1929 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde 14 , 515 - 538 , pl . 77 .\ngaede , m . ( 1933 ) : aegeriidae . \u2013 in seitz , a . ( ed . ) : die gro\u00dfschmetterlinge der erde , suppl . 2 , 229 - 240 , pl . 16 .\ngarrevoet , t . , garrevoet , w . & \u00f6zbek , h . ( 2007 ) : data on the geographic distribution of sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) in turkey . \u2013 linzer biologische beitr\u00e4ge 39 ( 2 ) , 929 - 953 .\ngeoffroy , e . l . ( 1785 ) : [ contribution ] . in fourcroy , a . f . : entomologia parisiensis ; sive catalogus insectorum quae in agro parisiensi reperiuntur . . . cui addita sunt nomina trivialia & fere trecentae novae species 2 , 544 pp . ( 252 )\ngermadius , p . ( 1874 ) : a new aegerian maple borer . \u2013 the american naturalist 8 , 57 - 58 .\nghiliani , v . ( 1852 ) : materiali per servire alla compilazione della fauna entomologica italiana ossia elenco delle specie di lepidotteri riconosciuti esistenti negli stati sardi . \u2013 memorie della reale accademia della scienze di torino ( serie 2 ) 14 , 20 , 85 , 131 - 247 . ( 216 )\ngiacomelli , e . ( 1911 ) : lepid\u00f3pteros riojanos nuevos \u00f3 poco conocidos . \u2013 anales de la sociedad cientifica argentina 72 , 19 - 40 . ( 29 - 30 )\ngmelin , j . f . ( 1790 ) : caroli a linn\u00e9 systema naturae . per regna tria naturae secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis 1 ( 5 ) ( ed . 13 ) . \u2013 leipzig . ( 2388 - 2390 )\ngodart , m . j . - b . ( 1822 ) : cr\u00e9pusculaires . \u2013 histoire naturelle des l\u00e9pidopt\u00e8res ou papillons de france 3 . ( 6 , 74 - 121 , pl . xxi )\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from azerbaijan . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 65 ( 6 ) , 938 - 940 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 3 ) , 12 - 18 . [ in russian ]\n( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from talysh . \u2013 vestnik zoologii 1987 ( 2 ) , 14 - 20 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988a ) : a new contribution to the knowledge of clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of vietnam . \u2013 in medvedev , l . n . & striganova , b . r . ( eds ) : fauna i ekologiya nasekomykh vetnama [ the fauna and ecology of insects of vietnam ] , 192 - 198 . [ in russian ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1988b ) : a new species and genus of the clearwing moths ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) of the subfamily tinthiinae from the primorsky kray ( far east ) . \u2013 biologiyeckie nauki 7 , 45 - 47 . [ in russian with english summary ]\ngorbunov , o . ( 1989 ) : two new species of lepidoptera ( sesiidae ) from the kopet - dag . \u2013 zoologichesky zhurnal 68 ( 10 ) , 141 - 145 . [ in russian with english summary ]\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from the caucasus , usssr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 20 ( 1 / 4 ) ( 1989 ) , 119 - 123 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1991a ) : six new species of the clearwing moths from the caucasus , ussr ( lep . , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 22 ( 2 / 4 ) , 125 - 143 , 378 - 379 .\nh\u00fcbner , 1819 from middle asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 23 ( 1 / 2 ) , 249 - 253 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1992b ) : revision of the types of the sesiidae ( lepidoptera ) , preserved in the collection of the zoological museum of kiev state university . \u2013 entomologitscheskoje obozrenie 71 ( 1 ) , 121 - 133 . [ in russian ] ( english translation in entomological review )\ncapuse , 1973 ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) from central asia . \u2013 tinea 14 ( 1 ) , 27 - 32 .\ngorbunov , o . ( 1994b ) : new and little - known clearwing moths from central asia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 tyo to ga 45 ( 3 ) , 157 - 168 .\nh\u00fcbner , [ 1819 ] from the european part of russia ( lepidoptera , sesiidae ) . \u2013 atalanta 25 ( 3 / 4 ) ( 1995 ) , 563 - 566 , 622 - 623 ."]}
{"id": 2640, "summary": [{"text": "the rook ( corvus frugilegus ) is a member of the family corvidae in the passerine order of birds .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "it was given its binomial name by carl linnaeus in 1758 , the binomial is from latin ; corvus is for \" raven \" , and frugilegus is latin for \" food-gathering \" , from frux , frugis , \" fruit \" , and legere , \" to pick \" .", "topic": 12}, {"text": "the english name is ultimately derived from the bird 's harsh call . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "rook ( bird )", "paragraphs": ["a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .\nthis bird species has different identifying features depending on sex / age / season .\ndespite widely beliefs that rooks and magpies are extensive raiders of other bird species nests it far more likely that domestic cats do far more damage to irish song bird populations .\nthat research is something for the members of the corvid bird family to \u2018crow about\u2019 .\ntelegraph view : a rook with a hook is something to be reckoned with .\nthe rook ' s diet , like most crows , is diverse and includes insects , worms , carrion and seeds . they will visit bird tables for scraps and fruit .\nthe rook ' s bill is longer and more pointed than that of the carrion crow .\nthe clever bird then uses the jar edge to bend the wire into a hook shape . . .\nrook pair on a fence , waiting for humans to drop food at an adjacent picnic area . note shaggy belly feathers blowing to the right on the bird at the back . image by heinrich mallison .\nthis photo - one of a long sequence - shows a mating rook pair on the ground ( in this case , the mating was probably consensual ) . part - way through , a third bird intervened and a fight errupted . eventually , the third bird flew off . photo by naughty voyeur heinrich mallison .\nthe aptly named dr . chris bird discovers the remarkable problem - solving abilities of birds like crows and rooks\nthe rook is about the same size as the carrion crow but is more untidy in its appearance .\nthe rook is a member of the corvid or crow family , which is famed for its intelligence .\nrooks do particularly well within the pastoral landscapes of ireland , as this map from bird atlas 2007 - 11 shows . relative abundance of rook during the breeding season , 2007 - 11 . ( click to enlarge )\nmr bird told bbc news :\nit was a big surprise to find out that rooks could use tools .\nboth rooks and new caledonian crows belong to the corvids , a bird group that is renowned for intelligent behaviour .\nrook . adult semi - domesticated . akatarawa forest , february 2011 . image \u00a9 duncan watson by duncan watson\nlockie , j . 1956 . the food and feeding behaviour of the jackdaw , rook and carrion crow .\npeter theobald considers our feathered friend the rook ; from tasty pies to their remarkable problem - solving skills .\nkrivolutsky , d . , n . lebedeva . 2004 . oribatid mites ( oribatei ) in bird feathers : passeriformes .\n( baughman , 2003 ; bird and emery , 2008 ; feare , et al . , 1974 ; harrison , 1978 )\nthe british trust for ornithology ( bto ) is asking the public to take part in a national survey of bird intelligence .\nthe range of the rook extends throughout europe and asia ; in britain it is very widespread ( 6 ) .\nbuddle , g . a . 1947 . note on birds of mokohinau . new zealand bird notes 2 : 69 - 70 .\nturbott , e . g . 1947 . birds of little barrier island . new zealand bird notes 2 : 93 - 108 .\nthe only member of the crow family found in new zealand in modern times , rooks were introduced by acclimatisation societies in 1862 - 74 . liberations in the nelson and auckland areas and failed , but after a slow start , populations in hawke\u2019s bay and canterbury flourished and spread . the rook\u2019s diet is a mixture of invertebrates and vegetable and the rook is often vilified by farmers for its crop destruction . others have accepted this intelligent bird as a welcome addition to our sparse large bird fauna .\nsoftware v . 5 . 0 , noldus information technology , wageningen , the netherlands ) without information on which stimulus was being viewed by which bird . we recorded how often the bird looked through the hole at the stimuli , and for how long . the bird ' s first look was noted in real time , but the duration of this look and all subsequent looks were coded from video .\na year ago , helen motteram from cheltenham found an injured rook by the side of a road and took him home .\nthe average lifespan for a rook is six years however a single individual has been recorded at 22 years and 11 months .\n\u2192 distribution map ( finnish breeding bird atlas , finnish museum of natural history , university of helsinki . licence : cc 3 . 0 )\nthe rook occupies agricultural land below 300 metres , and seems to prefer farms with both pasture and arable areas ( 6 ) .\nthe garden rook survey looked at six categories of behaviour : feeding , caching , tolerance , object play , social and vocalization .\nin 2009 , they used this test to prove that rooks tend to be smarter than other bird species and than many non - human primates .\nthe rook is a bird embedded within our rural landscape and its presence can be seen in the literature and oral traditions of generations of rural inhabitants . the colonial , tree - top nests , so active at the very start of spring , stand testament to a species that has adapted to changing times . while not necessarily an easy bedfellow , the rook quite rightly acts as a totem for our agricultural heritage .\nrook observed trying to fish something out of the water ( photo taken at marwell wildlife , uk ) . photo by darren naish .\nspotting the worms in the bucket , but realising they are out of reach , the rook finds a piece of straight wire . . .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - rook ( corvus frugilegus )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - rook ( corvus frugilegus )\ntitle =\narkive species - rook ( corvus frugilegus )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ncoombs , c . j . f . 1959 . observations of the rook corvus frugilegus in southwest cornwall . ibis 102 : 394 - 419 .\ncheck out the naked , gnarly face and very slender upper jaw tip in this rook ( the unworn bill tip shows that this bird indulges in relatively little - or no - probing behaviour ) . this individual had a damaged leg and was unable to walk or perch properly . photo by darren naish .\ncoleman , j . d . 1972 . the breeding biology of the rook corvus frugilegus in canterbury new zealand . notornis 19 : 118 - 139 .\nspecies , the rook is expected to live 15 to 20 years in the wild . according to the euring european longevity records , the oldest rook found in the wild lived to be 22 years old . as is the trend , rooks in captivity may live for much longer . in a similar species ,\n, commonly known as the oriental rook , extends from eastern asia west into northern mongolia . the two subspecies are generally geographically separated by the altai mountains .\nthe following habitats are found across the rook distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .\njust a fable ? apparently not . footage shows a rook - a relation of the crow - performing the feat to reach a worm floating on the water\u2019s surface .\nmr bird said :\ntool use is probably very important for these crows because of their ecology - they may get a large proportion of the protein they need from these grubs .\nmullarney , k . , svensson , l . , zetterstrom , d . , & grant , p . j . ( 1999 ) collins bird guide . harpercollins publishers ltd , london .\nno specific conservation action is targeted at the rook , but it should benefit from work for farmland birds in general , such as agri - environment schemes ( 8 ) .\nauditory communication is vital to the rook . they have a sense of hearing which helps them distinguish amongst other populations and species . the rook is able to recognize the call of a mate or its young . in addition to vocalizations , rooks also rely on visual communication , which becomes increasingly more important once young are able to open their eyes . pecking is another form of communication , when an intruder rook comes too close to a territory ; pecking attacks can occur usually resulting in the retreat of the intruder .\nfew birds divide opinion like the rook . on the one hand we have farmers , who often endure massive damage to crops at certain times of the year , and on the other , the people who love to hear the most quintessentially english bird going about its business . certainly , no episode of midsomer murders would be complete without the background cawing of rooks .\nporter , r . e . r . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . rook . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken\n) lay two to seven ( average four ) blue - green eggs that are covered with brown and grey mottling . rook eggs are very similar in appearance to those of ravens (\nrooks are highly social , living and interacting in large groups , although mating tends to monogamous . this bird species is largely arboreal and actively defends its territory . rooks are active primarily during the day .\nmr bird and colleagues from queen mary , university of london , conducted the study with five - year - old rooks cook , connelly , fry and monroe , which were hand - reared from fledglings .\nfootage of the experiments shows the rook first assessing the water level by peering at the tube from above and from the side , before picking up and dropping the stones into the water .\nfor those whose acquaintance with the rook is merely a passing one , there is a tendency to lump the species in with carrion crow and raven ; all are large and black and lack obvious features by which the casual eye can secure an identification . while there is something in the country saying , which infers that a single black bird will be a carrion crow , and a group of black birds will be rooks , identification is less challenging than it might at first appear . the steep forehead and peaked crown of a rook , together with the blue , purple and green iridescence to the body and wings feathers , provide useful pointers , as su gough explains on the bto bird id video on crows . that country saying does , however , hint at the more colonial nature of rook society , the birds typically nesting , feeding and roosting together . crows are territorial during the breeding season and so are far less likely to be seen in large gatherings at that time of the year .\nporter , r . e . r . 1979 . food of the rook ( corvus frugilegus ) in hawke\u2019s bay , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 6 : 329 - 337 .\nlead author christopher bird , from cambridge university , said :\nwe have found that they can select the appropriate tools out of a choice of tools and they show flexibility in the types of tools they use .\nlike all corvids , rooks are renowned for their intelligence , quite able to use tools to solve problems . in one experiment , a rook was placed next to a test tube half full of water . on the water floated an earthworm , but the water level was too low for the bird to reach it . some pebbles were made available , and it did not take very long for the rook to work out that if it dropped the pebbles into the test tube , thus raising the water level , the worm would float to the top . i know some humans who wouldn\u2019t be able to solve that problem !\nthe rook can be found in a number of locations including : asia , china , europe , mediterranean , russia , united kingdom , wales . find out more about these places and what else lives there .\nto knock this myth on the head , the british trust for ornithology has called on the british public to take part in a national survey on bird intelligence ; people\u2019s task is to observe and video rooks engaged in intelligent behaviour .\na black crow flies over - but is it a crow , a rook or even a raven ? let this video help you to separate these confusing species , along with their smaller cousins : jackdaw and chough .\nthe rook seems to be doing well with the population increasing slightly year - on - year and so seems to have adapted to the various changes in agricultural practices that many other species have been adversely affected by .\nthe finding is remarkable because rooks do not appear to use tools in the wild , yet they rival habitual tools users such as chimpanzees and new caledonian crows ,\nsaid chris bird , a cambridge zoologist who led the study .\nrooks , compared to other corvids , are tolerant of other species feeding with them , especially jackdaws . however , rooks are large birds that can dominate smaller birds and sometimes displace ( take the place ) other birds at a bird table .\nornithologists dislike the use of \u2018birdbrain\u2019 as shorthand for stupid , because our feathered friends are very intelligent , says rita de brun . the british trust for ornithology has called on the british public to take part in a national survey on bird intelligence\nexpectancy violation has not been used as a paradigm with birds , partly owing to the difficulty in identifying where a bird is looking ( martin 2007 ) , and their capability to switch from lateral to frontal vision depending on their distance from the observed object ( dawkins 2002 ) . we therefore used the natural tendency of rooks to look through small holes ( bird & emery 2008 ) to record the frequency and duration of their looking behaviour when viewing static images of possible and impossible support relations .\nthe first trial in which the rook connelly is required to raise the water level by a varying amount . in this trial , seven stones are needed to raise the water level and worm to the reachable height . connelly flies to the testing platform and investigates the apparatus before the stones are added . connelly adds seven stones before successfully acquiring the worm . he then leaves the testing platform . see the paper by bird and emery in current biology 19 ( 16 ) : urltoken\ncorvids are among the most social of bird species , and it is thought their intelligence helps them to recognise each other . the birds do not appear to have evolved tool skills , but are simply intelligent enough to work out how they can help .\nand although rooks are farmland birds , and tend to keep away from the middle of big towns and cities , they are increasingly being tempted into our gardens by bird feeders , so researchers hope this will provide the ideal setting to study their natural behaviour .\nhere is a rook i have been feeding for the last two years on a daily basis . he arrived this particular day and often does this . he sits on the railing as seen and chats away , here in youghal ireland .\npleasing rook illustration , photographed at horn tavern , lyme regis ( while i and colleagues were there for the duration of a conference ) . apologies for not knowing the name of the artist : they didn ' t sign the piece !\na rook ' s plumage is completely black with slightly purplish gloss . around the base of the beak is bare skin . the bill and legs are black . juvenile rooks do not have the bare skin around the base of the bill .\ntiming was crucial ; a few days too soon , and the birds would still be in the nest , a few days too late , and the whole lot would disappear after the first shot . may 12th was the chosen day , and the meat from the slain was to be made into traditional rook pie , enjoyed by the entire village . i\u2019m not sure if this tradition continues in any part of the country , still less , if many people fancy eating young rook .\nthe aptly - named christopher bird , a phd student and lead author of the study , said it has long been known that rooks are intelligent but it had not been proven as they have no need to make tools in the wild , unlike their new caledonian cousins .\ntend to be the primary predators of rooks . raptorial bird species prey on fledglings from nests more often than attacking adults . humans may also pose as a threat to some species due to increasing tolerance of human presence . humans are a threat due to shootings and habitat destruction of rooks .\nthe rook is a black crow ( that is , a member of the genus corvus ) , so unusual compared to the other corvus species that goodwin ( 1986 ) wrote that \u201cits relationships within the genus cannot be deduced on present evidence\u201d ( p . 71 ) : his phylogram depicts the rook as the sister - taxon to the remainder of corvus . however , genetic data indicates that the species is deeply nested within corvus , closely related to the eurasian raven c . corax and its kin ( ericson et al . 2005 ) .\nthe rook is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . receives general protection under the wildlife and countryside act 1981 ( 3 ) . included in the birds of conservation concern green list ( low conservation concern ) ( 4 ) .\nexplanations for the variation in the number of nests at bird colonies have focused on competitive or habitat effects without considering potential interactions between the two . for the rook , a colonial corvid which breeds seasonally but forages around the colony throughout the year , both the amount of foraging habitat and its interaction with the number of competitors from surrounding colonies are important predictors of colony size . the distance over which these effects are strongest indicates that , for rooks , colony size may be limited outside of the breeding season when colony foraging ranges are larger and overlap to a greater extent .\nin the most impressive display of avian intelligence , the rooks were faced with a juicy worm in a tiny bucket at the bottom of a glass tube . each bird looked at the worm and then bent a length of wire left nearby into a hook and used it to haul the bucket up .\nthe rook is a crow and is one of ireland ' s top 20 most widespread garden birds . rooks are very sociable birds , and you ' re not likely to see one on its own . they feed and roost in flocks in winter , often together with jackdaws .\nmr bird said :\nrooks don ' t have the same pressures [ as new caledonian crows ] . in the wild they don ' t need tools - they have lots of access to other sources of food , like carrion , human rubbish , and seeds from agriculture , things like that .\nthere seems to be some sort of relationship between rooks and falcons , with common kestrels falco tinnunculus and lesser kestrels f . naumanni both being well - known for their habit of sometimes nesting right within a rookery . even better , breeding in red - footed falcons f . vespertinus and amur falcons f . amurensis is ( sometimes ) seemingly dependent on the presence of rookeries and these species \u2013 which are colonial nesters themselves \u2013 don\u2019t start their nesting activities until the rook nesting season is underway . they then move in and either take over disused rook nests , or else evict rook adults , nestlings and eggs from their nests before claiming them as their own ( madge & burn 1994 ) . long - eared owls asio otus and ospreys pandion haliaetus have also nested within active rookeries on occasion , and rookeries are sometimes mixed with active nests belonging to herons , cormorants and ibises .\nadult ( at top ) and juvenile rook of the nominate form . illustration by peter hayman , from 1976 book the illustrated book of nature : a seasonal guide to the habitats of the british isles . adults of c . f . pastinator resemble the juvenile condition typical of c . f . frugilegus .\nsimilar species : there are no other crow species confirmed to occur in new zealand , although a possible australian raven was reported from mokohinau and little barrier islands in october 1945 , and other australian crow species could occur as vagrants . the australian raven is larger than a rook , has a feathered face and long pointed \u2018hackle\u2019 feathers under the chin . all five australian crow species are larger than the rook , have feathered faces , white eyes , and lack the \u2018baggy - trouser\u2019 look , and are mainly distinguished from each other by their calls . single , silent , vagrant birds would be very difficult to identify to species .\nthis is one of the most common agricultural birds , yet , like many of its relatives , the rook has suffered persecution at the hands of farmers , gamekeepers and landowners for many hundreds of years , as it is perceived as a pest . organochloride chemicals are also known to affect this species ( 5 ) .\nit is obvious that the present picture is confusing , and a complete census of the occupied nests at the county\u2019s rookeries is required . \u2018the relative conspicuousness of rook nests makes this one of the simplest breeding bird species to census . however , the extremely clumped , colonial distribution and the turnover in colony location from year to year make it especially important that , to be representative and adequately precise , censuses should cover large geographical areas and be either complete or drawn from a carefully constructed sample\u2019 ( marchant & gregory 1999 ) . unfortunately , the coverage in cheshire and wirral for the last national sample survey in 1996 was so patchy that no useful figures can be obtained .\nporter , r . e . r . ; clapperton , b . k . ; coleman , j . d . 2008 . distribution abundance and control of the rook ( corvus frugilegus ) in hawke\u2019s bay , new zealand , 1969 - 2006 . journal of the royal society of new zealand 38 : 25 - 36 .\nlike many members of the crow family , the rook figures heavily in folklore . the sudden desertion of a rookery was said to be a bad omen for the landowner . rooks are believed to indicate rain by certain behaviour ( 7 ) , and are also believed to be able to smell approaching death ( 5 ) .\nthere is no doubt that rooks , like many other members of the crow family , are bright birds , quick to recognise opportunities and to take advantage of them . the bto\u2019s garden ecology team are attempting to find out how clever rooks are by asking the public to take part in the garden rook survey . this resourceful nature can see rooks exploit feeding opportunities within gardens that may not be available to other birds . rooks have even been observed to hauling up bird feeders hanging from a branch on a bit of string . by pulling with its bill on the string to lift the feeder a few inches and then standing on it , a rook may gain access to food that was otherwise out of reach . rooks are not always welcome at garden feeding stations because they can arrive in numbers and make short work of food put out for other species . they can also damage crops and this brings them into conflict with landowners , who may use a range of measures to scare or control the birds .\nrooks like to play with different objects , including sticks and stones . they will often play tug - of - war with another rook . although they don\u2019t use sticks as tools , they do play with them , as well as use them to build nests . we asked if rooks were using objects , especially in unusual ways .\nv . 10 , using a generalized linear mixed model ( glmm ) assessing the effect of stimulus type ( possible / impossible ) and trial number ( and the interaction between the two ) on looking behaviour . the experimental design meant that there were two levels of block structure : subject and sub - bird ( a subdivision of subject indicating trials nested within subject ) .\ncook selectively drops stones into the tube containing water rather than the tube containing sawdust . cook flies to the testing platform and investigates both tubes before the stones are added . cook adds four large stones to the water before successfully acquiring the worm . he then leaves the testing platform . see the paper by bird and emery , current biology 19 ( 16 ) : urltoken\nrooks exhibit a number of different display and signalling behaviours , no doubt because they live in close proximity to one another . many are used to communicate the status of an individual or to advertise ownership of a particular nest . bowing and tail fanning , typically accompanied with much calling , are a feature of the breeding season , when quarrels become more commonplace . display is an important behaviour because it helps to resolve conflict and support social status without the need for conflict which could prove physically damaging . other behaviours are used to reinforce the \u2018pair bond\u2019 that exists between a female and her mate , a bond that can last for many years \u2013 bird ringing has revealed that a rook may live for 20 years or more .\nas an encore , these clever birds fashioned straight pieces of wire into hooks , with which to winkle food from a tube . this , say the experts , indicates a level of intelligence not normally associated with birds , but more akin to that of primates . in other words , a rook with a hook is something to be reckoned with .\nduring trials , each stimulus was presented consecutively in a pseudo - randomized order , remaining on - screen for 60 s ( following the bird ' s first look ) , separated by 30 s of black screen . subjects received four trials per experiment , such that each stimulus appeared in one of the four positions only once , so avoiding pseudo - replication and controlling for any effects of stimulus position .\nrooks have numerous roles in the ecosystem . they serve as hosts for numerous protozoan organisms such as trypanosomes and leucocytozoans . such organisms are generally not pathogenic and merely occupy rooks as vectors . while rook hosting of these organisms does not directly cause it any harm , it makes infection of other species possible . in this way , rooks sustain the lifecycle of these organisms .\nwe thank n . clayton and t . dickinson for useful discussion . we also thank c . donovan for bird care and b . mccabe for statistical advice . the work was funded by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council , the royal society and the university of cambridge . n . j . e . was supported by a royal society university research fellowship . there are no conflicts of interest to report .\nthey are also steeped in folklore , many people believing rook even bring good luck . it is said that if rooks abandon their communal nest site , a death is imminent . also , if they build their nests high in the trees , you can look forward to a fine summer , but built low in the branches and you can expect a summer of wind and rain .\nany adventures about the more rural parts of the uk typically involve ( for me , anyway ) a lot of looking at the rook corvus frugilegus , a remarkable old world corvid that occurs from the far western shores of the uk and france all the way east to japan ( it\u2019s generally absent from the cold northern parts of eurasia , only visits the iberian peninsula and most of southern europe during the winter , and is absent from much of tropical asia ) . the east asian birds represent the distinctive subspecies c . f . pastinator ( sadly , not the more awesome sounding dastinator * , as it says in one particularly famous book on crows ) . i\u2019ve been loosely \u2018collecting\u2019 rook images over the years and thought it high time to put a bunch of them together .\neven farmers have a grudging respect for the rook when it is doing them no harm , and one gets the feeling that while rooks will certainly take eggs and young birds , they do not actively look for them , unlike other members of the corvid family , such as crows and magpies . few countrymen have any regard for the latter , while secretly admiring the antics of the former .\nso how do you tell the difference between a rook and a crow ? an old country saying sums it up nicely , \u201cif you see a rook on its own , it is a crow , but if you see a flock of crows , they are rooks . \u201d this certainly applies at distance , but in the hand , they are easy to tell apart , rooks have a distinctive area of skin round the base of the beak , and crows do not . however , young rooks do not get the area of skin round their beaks until they are around six months old , leading to some confusion , fooling some shooters into believing they are killing crows , when in fact , they are immature rooks . in any case , rooks have a blue sheen to their feathers , quite unlike the black colouring of crows .\nfor testing , subjects were individually isolated in testing areas separate from the main aviary . these areas each consisted of an indoor testing room connected to an outdoor \u201crun . \u201d subjects were free to move between the room and the run . when in the run , subjects could see the rest of the group , whilst when in the room they were visually isolated . experiments followed the same general procedure . the apparatus was baited with a waxworm ( wax moth larvae , achroia grisella ) and placed into the testing room ; the bird performed the behavior or was timed out after 5 min if not successful , and the apparatus was removed . in experiments where subjects were given a choice of tools , the tools were placed next to the apparatus and the position of the tools was pseudorandomized so that no one tool was consistently closest to the apparatus . each test consisted of between 10\u201360 trials per bird ( see methods ) .\nwe thank n . clayton and j . hinde for critical discussion and useful ideas . we also thank i . miller for making the apparatus , c . donovan for bird care , b . mccabe for statistical advice , c . margerison for interobserver reliability coding . the work was funded by the biotechnology and biological sciences research council , royal society , and the university of cambridge . n . j . e . was supported by a royal society university research fellowship .\na rookery survey should also obtain information about the species of tree used \u2013 only beech and pine being mentioned in data submitted for this atlas \u2013 and a habitat assessment of the surrounding habitat . the atlas habitat codes for rook show 46 % of records in farmland and 46 % in woodland , with 7 % in human sites . these figures are probably of little value because many fieldworkers recorded the nest site rather than the feeding habitat .\nrooks are one of the most social crows , forming very large flocks . but rooks also form life - long partnerships , called pairbonds . rook pairs spend a lot of time close together , feeding one another , displaying and vocalising together and preening . they also act at the same time , one copying the other\u2019s movements . we wanted to know if rooks were interacting in pairs and groups , and whether they were aggressive to each other .\nrook feeding habits often vary due to the location of their nest . unlike those occurring in natural areas as above , those that live near urban sites also act as scavengers and take advantage of trashcans as well as abandoned food . most rooks spend much of their time foraging at dawn and dusk . primarily searching at dawn , rooks will pick through garbage bags to obtain food . however , they have been seen foraging during the day . like all\nhowever , the breeding bird survey is not a good way to census rooks or any colonial species , and a coordinated count of nests is required . the last census in cheshire and wirral , in 1975 , found 346 rookeries containing 8 , 824 nests within the present recording boundaries , a substantial reduction from the previous count in 1944 - 45 which recorded 439 rookeries with a total of 15 , 866 nests . if the figure from the bbs were taken at face value , which is not advisable , the present total of around 5 , 000 pairs would represent a further major decline . some observers count nests annually , with figures included in the county bird reports , and figures from the largest rookeries appear to be relatively stable for the last decade . currently the county\u2019s largest known colonies , with regular three - figure counts , are at alderley park ( sj87m ) , inner marsh farm ( sj37b ) , kelsall ( sj56p ) , foden\u2019s flash ( sj75j ) and the crewe / alsager area .\nrooks are almost entirely black with a purplish gloss . the face is bare light grey skin , the beak is long , pointed and black , and the eye is dark brown . when walking on the ground they have the appearance of baggy - trouser like feathers on the upper leg . juvenile rooks have feathered faces . with steady wing beat in the air , the rook creates a short - necked silhouette , like a black cloth being towed through the sky .\nnumerous anecdotes describe unusual bits of behaviour in this species , most of which can be interpreted as sensible ( and plausible ) responses to stimuli . burton ( 1978 ) described an instance in which a flying rook dove at a sparrowhawk , forcing the hawk to release a live starling it had captured , and another in which a breeding pair seemingly enlisted helpers to quickly re - build a nest a few hours after the original one had been destroyed by a person .\nsubjects were seven adult rooks ( corvus frugilegus ) , 4 years of age at the time of testing ( one male and six females ) . these were part of a hand - raised group colony of 12 rooks , kept in large outdoor aviaries ( 20 \u00d7 8 \u00d7 3 m ) at the university of cambridge ' s subdepartment of animal behaviour at madingley , uk . all subjects had previous experience with image presentation on an lcd screen ( bird & emery 2008 ) and all took part in four consecutive experiments .\nrooks used to feed in gregarious flocks . they would roost in large winter roosts containing birds from a number of breeding colonies . they would visit the breeding rookery first thing in the morning and again in the evening before returning to the roost site . nowadays they are seen roosting only in small numbers . they usually travel up to 10 km from their night - time roost to feeding sites , while in the breeding season they forage within a few kilometres of the rookery . they are an extremely wary bird now and little is known of their habits .\na noisy customer is the rook , as anyone living close by a rookery will testify . but this particular corvid is also , it seems , extremely smart . a study reveals that it is blessed with a high degree of innate intelligence , not just a well - honed ability to adapt to its environment . researchers found that rooks raised in captivity \u2013 and therefore unschooled in the skills of survival \u2013 were still able to choose the right size of stone to pop into tubes of varying diameters to release a nutritious reward .\na colony of rooks recorded at culver , near exeter in devon . rooks are highly sociable birds that form rookeries among tree tops surrounding open fields and suburban areas . from nesting to feeding , almost everything is done together , which makes a lone rook a very unusual sight . with their black plumage , heavy grey - white beak and \u2018kaah\u2019 calls , rooks could share the same dark reputation as crows and ravens . however , their friendly disposition seems to have shone through and rooks are considered one of the \u2018nicest\u2019 members of the crow family .\n) . it resembles the carrion crow in size ( 45 cm [ 18 inches ] ) and in black coloration , but the adult rook usually has shaggy thigh feathers and has bare white skin at the base of its sharp bill . the species ranges discontinuously from england to iran and manchuria and is migratory . rooks nest in large colonies ( rookeries ) in tall trees , sometimes within towns . their nests are solidly constructed of twigs and soil and are used year after year . the birds lay three to five light greenish , heavily speckled eggs , and the young are able to fly about a month after birth . rooks dig for\nthe apparatus was initially placed on a platform inside the main aviary ( fig . s1 , configuration 1 ) . connelly , cook , and monroe initially solved the task by nudging the stone into the tube . after 5 trials of nudging the stone , it was placed at the base of the apparatus and all 3 birds immediately picked up the stone , dropping it into the tube . fry picked up the stone from the base of the tube and dropped it in without the nudging phase . once each bird had solved the task 15 times ( 5 \u00d7 nudging , 5 \u00d7 stone at apparatus base , 5 \u00d7 stone on aviary floor ) , they were moved into the testing compartment to allow the rest of the group access to the apparatus .\nrooks are famous for their bare , pale faces and bill - bases ( the east asian subspecies c . f . pastinator differs in having a feathered face and bill - base ) . the vernacular name bare - faced crow was apparently used for the species in the past ( coombs 1978 ) . claims that the bare face only occurs due to the soil - probing behaviour practised by this species are not correct : you can read more about this issue in the tet zoo ver 2 article linked to below . a tall forehead and shaggy , loose flank feathers that give the bird a so - called \u2018baggy trousered\u2019 look are also distinctive . males and females look the same ( though males are slightly larger ) and there are no seasonal changes in plumage .\nfor the 16 to 18 day incubation period the female rook covers the eggs unless she has to briefly leave the nest , in which case the male takes over this duty . after hatching , the female tends to the young exclusively while the male delivers food . this continues for approximately the first ten days until the young become more self - sufficient , at which point the female joins the male in food gathering . at around 32 to 33 days old the young rooks fledge and leave the nest , but roost in nearby trees to remain close to the parents . the young continue their relationship with the parents for several weeks until they become fully independent . even after reaching full maturity and independence , rooks generally remain members of their original rookery .\nrooks are familiar birds and ubiquitous . they are a bird of farmland , mainly feeding on soil invertebrates , especially earthworms , but they will scavenge on urban scraps and flock to landfill sites . rooks nest colonially in the tops of trees , the largest rookeries holding more than one hundred pairs , and are a veritable cacophony of noise during the breeding season . as was said in our first atlas , there is probably no tetrad in the county where rooks do not appear at some stage during the breeding season , often miles away from a rookery . some of these are one - year - old birds , too young to breed ; family parties similarly can be found far away from breeding sites . therefore , we follow the same convention as in our first atlas and map only the categories of breeding status code referring to nesting sites : confirmed ( ny , ne , on and un ) and probable ( b ) . this atlas shows a significant reduction in the number of tetrads occupied , from 266 confirmed and 12 probable twenty years ago to 205 confirmed and 4 probable now .\nthis bird is very sociable , and nests communally in groups of trees known as ' rookeries ' ( 5 ) . communal roosts form in winter , consisting of birds from a number of breeding rookeries ( 6 ) . these roosts can be huge ; one in northwest scotland contained 65 , 000 rooks ( 6 ) . by february , the rooks return to their own rookery in order to start breeding ( 6 ) ; pairs defend a small area around their nests . during courtship , the male struts around , bowing , posturing and cawing ; he may then empty the contents of his food pouch into the female ' s mouth before mating takes place ( 5 ) . the nest is constructed of twigs , and three to five blue or grey - green eggs are laid towards the end of march . these are incubated by the female for up to 18 days ; whilst the female incubates the eggs and broods the chicks she is fed by the male ( 5 ) . after 40 days , the chicks are fully grown , but they remain dependent on their parents for food until they reach 60 days of age , and only become truly independent after around five months ( 5 ) .\nin the final set of experiments , we tested our subjects on a different tool use task , similar to the type of tool use used by new caledonian crows ( 10 , 11 ) . the task required the rooks to use a hook tool to retrieve an out of reach bucket containing a waxworm , located in a vertical clear tube ( fig . s9 ) . in the initial task , we provided a hook tool next to the apparatus . this consisted of a 16 cm long stick with an arrow shaped hook on one end ( fig . s9 a ) . subjects were required to insert the tool the correct way round ( hook end down ) , hook the tool onto the bucket handle and pull up ( rather than push down as previous experiments had required ) . all 4 subjects successfully solved this task ( success rate was 90 . 8 \u00b1 4 . 4 % of trials ) , with 3 of the 4 birds solving the task on trial 1 and the fourth bird solving the task from trial 2 ( movie s8 and fig . s10 a ) . all subjects inserted the hooked end into the tube significantly more often than the straight end ( glm ; tool end f 1 , 17 = 4 . 54 , p = 0 . 048 ; subject f 3 , 17 = 1 . 60 , p = 0 . 226 ) ; however , this required some learning ( block f 2 , 17 = 10 . 93 , p = 0 . 001 ) .\nthe times and the sunday times and carefully selected third parties use cookies on this site to improve performance , for analytics and for advertising . by browsing this site you are agreeing to this . for more information see our privacy and cookie policy .\nwe have noticed that there is an issue with your subscription billing details . please update your billing details here\nthe subscription details associated with this account need to be updated . please update your billing details here to continue enjoying your subscription .\nplease update your billing details here to continue enjoying your access to the most informative and considered journalism in the uk .\nwe\u2019ve added tags to the bottom of all article pages allowing you to further explore the topics you\u2019re interested in .\nas the 2000 - year - old story goes , the crow filled the bucket of water with stones until the level became high enough for him to quench his thirst .\nthe study , published by current biology , says that crows are innovative tool users , even though they are not known to use tools in the wild .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nyour web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .\nyour list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .\nnote : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\nthe e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .\ni thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : biology letters publisher : london : royal soc . , 2003 - isbn / issn : 0962 - 8452 oclc : 265429584\nplease choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .\nyou may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .\nworldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more \u203a\u203a\ndon ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nsome corvids have demonstrated cognitive abilities that rival or exceed those of the great apes ; for example , tool use in new caledonian crows , and social cognition , episodic - like memory and future planning in western scrub - jays . rooks appear to be able to solve novel tasks through causal reasoning rather than simple trial - and - error learning . animals with certain expectations about how objects interact would be able to narrow the field of candidate causes substantially , because some causes are simply \u2018impossible\u2019 . here we present evidence that rooks hold such expectations and appear to possess perceptual understanding of support relations similar to that demonstrated by human babies , which is more comprehensive than that of chimpanzees .\nthe physical world is governed by unobservable forces such as gravity . these forces govern how objects interact and impose causal regularities . there is debate about whether any non - human animals appreciate unobservable forces ( povinelli 2000 ; emery & clayton 2009 ) ; however , there is evidence to suggest that some animals , including some species of corvid such as rooks and new caledonian crows , are able to appreciate causal regularities when solving technical problems ( seed et al . 2006 ; taylor et al . 2009 ) .\nthe causal structure of the world may be represented by formulating expectations about what is possible and what is not , and so may be used to build more general rules about physical concepts , such as support . certain conditions are required for support , such as contact between an object and its supporting platform . only certain types of contact are appropriate for support and there must be a sufficient amount of contact between the surfaces . solving support - related problems may involve an understanding of means\u2013end relations or may be based on the specific perceptual features related to the spatial arrangement of object and support ( povinelli 2000 ) . the causal structure of the world cannot be perceived directly ( one cannot \u2018see\u2019 gravity ) and must be inferred from the spatio - temporal relationships between objects ( chappell 2006 ) ."]}
{"id": 2641, "summary": [{"text": "isacia conceptionis , the cabinza grunt , is a species of grunt native to the pacific coast of south america and nicaragua .", "topic": 4}, {"text": "it can be found at depths of 0 to 50 m ( 0 to 164 ft ) in areas with rocky or sandy substrates .", "topic": 18}, {"text": "this species grows to 60 cm ( 24 in ) in tl , with a maximum known weight of 1.83 kg ( 4.0 lb ) .", "topic": 0}, {"text": "it is important to local commercial fisheries .", "topic": 15}, {"text": "i. conceptionis is the only known member of its genus . ", "topic": 26}], "title": "isacia conceptionis", "paragraphs": ["olfactory transduction in ciliated receptor neurons of the cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis ( teleostei : haemulidae ) .\nolfactory transduction in ciliated receptor neurons of the cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis ( teleostei : haemulidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi\nthe cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis , is found from peru to chile . it has also been reported from nicaragua ( s\u00e1nchez 1997 ) .\nthere are no species - specific conservation measures in place for isacia conceptionis , however its distribution coincides with a number of marine protected areas . monitoring of the harvest levels of this species is needed .\nmoraga , f . a . and urriola - urriola , n . , 2015 . acetylcholine produces contraction mediated by cyclooxigenase pathway in arterial vessels in the marine fish ( . isacia conceptionis ) brazilian journal of biology = revista brasileira de biologia , vol . 75 , no . 2 , pp . 362 - 367 . urltoken . pmid : 26132019 . [ links ]\njustification : the cabinza grunt , isacia conceptionis , has been assessed as least concern . despite this species been commercially fished , it apparently remains abundant throughout its range and there is no indication it is undergoing severe population declines at present . monitoring of the harvest levels of this species is needed to ensure harvesting and climatic events such as el nino do not cause future declines . .\nratio response in g . laevifrons ( black ) and i . conceptionis ( open ) from afferent branchial artery ( aba ) ; efferent branchial artery ( eba ) ; mesenteric artery ( ma ) and dorsal artery ( da ) . each symbol represents the mean \u00b1 s . e . m . * p < 0 . 05 g . laevifrons vs i . conceptionis .\n( of pristipoma conceptionis cuvier , 1830 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nsix juvenile girella laevifrons and six juvenile isacia conceptionis were extracted during low tide in the totoralillo bay ( 30\u00ba 17\u2019 s , 71\u00ba 31\u2019 w ) south of coquimbo , chile . all specimens were carried to our laboratory in the universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte and maintained for 3 - 5 days in filtered recirculation containers of fresh marine water at 15 \u00b0c . prior to experimentation , g . laevifrons or i . conceptionis were anaesthetized with benzocaine ( 1 : 1000 ) and sacrificed by decapitation . afterward , corporal mass ( 115\u00b112 and 140\u00b18 g ) and longitude oral - tail ( 18\u00b10 . 6 and 21\u00b10 . 8 cm ) were measured for each specimen , respectively . all animal care , maintenance , procedures , and experimentation were reviewed and approved by the faculty of medicine ethics committee of the universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte .\nestudos anteriores , realizados no peixe intertidal ( girellalaevifrons ) no peixe marinho ( isacia conceptionis ) , mostram que a acetilcolina ( ach ) provoca contra\u00e7\u00f5es mediadas por ciclooxigenases que eram dependentes da \u00e1rea e potencia da contra\u00e7\u00e3o em v\u00e1rios vasos arteriais . tendo em conta que o papel do \u00f3xido n\u00edtrico \u00e9 mal compreendido em peixes , o objetivo do nosso estudo foi avaliar o papel do \u00f3xido n\u00edtrico em vasos arteriais de ambos os peixes girella laevifrons e isacia conceptionis . n\u00f3s estudamos os vasos aferente , branquial ( aba ) , eferente branquial ( abe ) , dorsal ( da ) e mesent\u00e9rica ( ma ) , que foram dissecadas de seis esp\u00e9cimes juvenis . estudos de tens\u00e3o isom\u00e9trica foram realizados utilizando as curvas de dose - resposta ( drc ) para ach ( 10 \u201313 a 10 \u20133 m ) e bloqueio com l - name ( 10 \u20135 m ) , e na drc para o nitroprussiato de s\u00f3dio ( snp , doador do no ) . l - name produziu uma atenua\u00e7\u00e3o da resposta contr\u00e1til nas art\u00e9rias dorsais , aferentes e eferentes branquial e uma potencia\u00e7\u00e3o da contra\u00e7\u00e3o no ma . snp causaram 70 % da dilata\u00e7\u00e3o da art\u00e9ria mesent\u00e9rica e 40 % na art\u00e9ria dorsal . nossos resultados sugerem que ach promove dilata\u00e7\u00e3o prec\u00e1ria em ma mediada por no ; dados que \u00e9 suportada pela utliliza\u00e7\u00e3o de nitroprussiato de s\u00f3dio . em contraste , nos vasos de da , aba e eba nossos resultados suportam que a via de ach - no - relaxamento est\u00e1 ausente em ambas as esp\u00e9cies .\nprevious studies performed in intertidal fish ( girella laevifrons ) , as well as marine fish ( isacia conceptionis ) , showed that acetylcholine ( ach ) produced contractions mediated by cyclooxygenases that were dependent on the area and potency of contraction in several arterial vessels . given that the role of nitric oxide is poorly understood in fish , the objective of our study was to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in branchial afferent ( aba ) , branchial efferent ( abe ) , dorsal ( da ) and mesenteric ( ma ) arterial vessels from both girella laevifrons and isacia conceptionis . we studied afferent and efferent branchial , dorsal and mesenteric arteries that were dissected from 6 juvenile specimens . isometric tension studies were done using dose response curves ( drc ) for ach ( 10 \u201313 to 10 \u20133 m ) and blockade with l - name ( 10 \u20135 m ) , and drc for sodium nitroprusside ( snp , a donor of no ) . l - name produced an attenuation of the contractile response in the dorsal , afferent and efferent branchial arteries and a potentiation of the contraction in the ma . snp caused 70 % dilation in the mesenteric artery and 40 % in the dorsal artery . our results suggest that ach promotes precarious dilatation in ma mediated by no ; data that is supported by the use of sodium nitroprusside . in contrast , in the vessels da , aba and eba our results support that the pathway ach - no - relaxation is absent in both species .\nsodium nitroprusside concentration - response curves in : ( a ) g . laevifrons ( black ) and ( b ) i . conceptionis ( open ) of isolated rings of arteries from afferent branchial artery ( aba , squares ) ; efferent branchial artery ( eba , triangles ) ; mesenteric artery ( ma , rhombus ) and dorsal artery ( da , circles ) each symbol represents the mean \u00b1 s . e . m .\nthe ciliated receptor neurons of fish olfactory organs are thought to transduce amino acids through a camp - dependent transduction pathway , but direct physiological evidence for this hypothesis remains scarce and is confined to catfish and trout . we investigated olfactory transduction in a marine fish , the cabinza grunt isacia conceptionis ( perciformes , teleostei ) . the olfactory epithelium was characterized using light and electron microscopy , and isolated ciliated receptor neurons were recorded with the perforated patch - clamp technique . cells were stimulated with puffer pipettes containing amino acid odourants , ibmx plus forskolin or 8 bromo - camp . all three stimuli triggered transient inward currents at a holding potential of - 70 mv and responses with outward - rectifying current - voltage relationships . the characteristics of the transduction currents induced by each stimulus were similar across cells and indistinguishable within the same cell , supporting the hypothesis of a camp pathway mediating transduction of amino acids in ciliated olfactory receptor neurons .\nin order to corroborate the role of no , we studied the effect of snp , a no donor , in all the vessels . we found that aba and abe in g . laevifrons were insensitive to stimulation with snp , and a poor response in the same vessel was observed in i . conceptionis . the lack or poor response to snp in these areas suggests a different mechanism of activation for vessel dilation , independent of no . this lack of dilation in the fish vessels studied was also described in the isolated ventral aorta of o . mykiss ( miller and vanhoutte , 1992 ) . in addition , an eel contraction response in the presence of snp was described by pellegrino et al . ( 2002 ) suggesting that no could be mediated via reaction with superoxide ions to produce the very reactive peroxynitrite that promotes vasoconstriction ( beckman and koppenol , 1996 ) by a reduction in the bioavailability of no and a stimulation of cox that promotes the production of vasoconstrictors . in contrast , our results show dilatators response of 70 % in girella laevifrons and 60 % were observed in isacia conceptionis , in ma , and dilation close to 40 % in da in both species . this evidence supports a coupled mechanism of dilation in these vessels mediated by the no - gmpc - relaxation pathway . furthermore , our results are in agreement with the presence of snp - mediated dilation described in arteries of the trout ( o . mykiss ) : coronary , celiacomesenteric and efferent branchial ( olson and villa , 1991 ; small et al . 1990 ; olson et al . , 1991 , olson et al . , 1997 ) .\nour study compared vascular function of two fish with completely different habitats : g . laevifrons that lives and develops in an environment with extreme variation ( intertide ) , and i . conceptionis that lives in an environment with little variation ( open coast ) . previously , we demonstrated that both species possess a vasoconstrictor mechanism mediated by acetylcholine supporting the presence of two muscarinic receptors : one having high sensitivity and a second one of lower sensitivity coupled to different mechanisms of activation ( moraga and urriola - urriola , 2014 , 2015 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\ngland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) \u2013 australia\u2019s unique reptiles \u2013 including lizards and snakes \u2013 face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .\nthe value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .\na recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .\nmarine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 0 - 50 m . subtropical ; 5\u00b0s - 55\u00b0s , 81\u00b0w - 70\u00b0w\nsoutheast pacific : peru to chile . also reported in nicaragua ( ref . 13613 ) .\nmaturity : l m ? , range 17 - ? cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . ) ; max . published weight : 183 . 00 g ( ref . 53696 )\nover rocky and sandy bottoms . maximum size assumed to be the same as for the family . feeds on small crustaceans such as isopods and amphipods but also on polychaetes and algae .\nchirichigno , n . f . , 1974 . clave para identificar los peces marinos del peru . inf . inst . mar per\u00fa ( 44 ) : 1 - 387 . ( ref . 5530 )\n) : 11 . 3 - 27 . 7 , mean 20 . 5 ( based on 12 cells ) .\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01288 ( 0 . 00716 - 0 . 02316 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 \u00b10 . 39 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tm = 2 - 3 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 51 of 100 ) .\n: missing argument 2 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\n: missing argument 3 for checkecotox ( ) , called in / var / www / html / summary / speciessummary . php on line 1995 and defined in\nde silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .\nto be the most abundant fish species along the northern chilean coast . it is thought that , like other species in the region , it suffered population declines during el nino events ( sielfeld\nthe cabinza grunt occurs over rocky and sandy bottoms and has a depth range of 0 - 50 m . this species is dominant in shallow rocky subtidal areas ( angel and ojeda 2001 ) . its diet consists of small crustaceans , polychaetes and algae .\nthe cabinza grunt is harvested commercially as a food source . landings in the humboldt current have ranged from between 1 , 000 to near 7 , 000 tonnes over the last ten years : 1995 - 3 , 282 . 34 tonnes , 1996 - 2 , 362 . 11 tonnes , 1997 - 1 , 701 . 67 tonnes , 1998 - 2 , 545 . 16 tonnes , 1999 - 6 , 119 . 10 tonnes , 2000 - 3 , 361 . 92 tonnes , 2001 - 3 , 244 . 06 tonnes , 2002 - 3 , 842 . 05 tonnes , 2003 - 2 , 882 . 75 tonnes , 2004 - 3 , 158 . 12 tonnes . while there are annual fluctuations in the landings of this species , there is no obvious decline assuming the catch per unit effort has remained relatively constant . fluctuations in the landings of this species might be attributed to el nino events .\nthis errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .\n( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t155309a115299279 .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthe webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license\nfroese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\ncentro de neurociencias de valparaiso , facultad de ciencias , universidad de valparaiso , avda . gran bretania 1111 , playa ancha , valparaiso , chile . oliver @ urltoken\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nconfused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .\nto cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .\ndisclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .\nthis material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .\na laboratorio de fisiolog\u00eda , hipoxia y funci\u00f3n vascular , departamento de ciencias biom\u00e9dicas , facultad de medicina , universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte \u2013 ucn , larrondo 1281 , guayac\u00e1n , p . o . box 117 , coquimbo , chile\nafter decapitation , arterial vessels were carefully dissected from the following areas : branchial afferent ( aba ) , branchial efferent ( abe ) , dorsal ( da ) and mesenteric ( ma ) and placed in cold ( 4 \u00b0c ) physiological saline solution ( pss ) . individual arterial ring segments having 2 mm length were mounted in a four channel small vessel wire myograph ( model 510m danish myotech , aarus , denmark ) . the vessels were threaded onto two tungsten wires of 40 \u03bcm in diameter and attached to a force transducer and a micrometer for isometric measurements . all signals were acquired by a system acquisition ( powerlab 8sp , adinstrument , australia ) and the data collected on a personal computer for further analysis . after mounting the rings , the arterial segments were incubated in pss at 15\u00b0c and gassed with air for 30 min . each vessel segment was stretched to its optimal diameter , i . e . the diameter at which it developed a contraction response to pss - k + , using a diameter\u2013tension protocol as previously described for mammalian small arteries ( stassen et al . , 1997 ) . in this way , the myograph permitted direct measurement of vessel wall tension while the internal diameter was controlled .\nfollowing an equilibration period of at least 30 min , doses response curves ( drc ) were performed for kcl ( 5 . 6 - 125 mm ) and the cholinergic agonist acetylcholine ( ach ) at concentrations ranging from 10 \u201313 to 10 \u20133 mol / l . afterward , drc for ach were performed in vessels pre - incubated for 30 min with n g - nitro - l - arginine methyl ester ( l - name , 10 \u20135 m ) , a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor . furthermore , drc for sodium nitroprusside ( a donor of no ) were obtained at concentrations ranging from 10 \u201313 to 10 \u20133 mol / l in arteries previously contracted with potassium chloride at 60 mm ( maximum potassium contraction ) . the curve is expressed as dilation of maximum contraction to potassium and represents maximum dilation ( dmax ) . between experiments , the arterial preparations were allowed to recover for at least 30 - 60 min to return to resting basal tension .\nthe pss contained ( in g / l ) : nacl 7 . 37 , kcl 0 . 31 , kh 2 po 4 0 . 46 , na 2 hpo 4 2 . 02 , mgso 4 0 . 14 , cacl 2 0 . 1 , glucose 0 . 9 with ph adjusted to 7 . 8 ( olson and villa . 1991 ) . for the pss - k + solution ( 125 mm kcl ) , nacl was replaced by an equimolar amount of kcl . all chemicals were reagent grade and purchased from sigma chemical ( st louis , mo , usa ) . the following drugs used in the study : acetylcholine ( ach ) , n g - nitro - l - arginine methyl ester ( l - name ) , and sodium nitroprusside ( snp ) were purchased from sigma chemical ( st louis , mo , usa ) .\ndrc were analyzed in terms of maximal response ( rmax ) , sensitivity ( ec 50 or pec 50 ) and maximum dilation ( dmax ) to different contractile agents by fitting the individual data with a nonlinear sigmoid regression curve ( prism 4 . 0 , graphpad , san diego , ca , usa ) . rmax was expressed as ( n / m ) and dmax was expressed as ( % k + max ) . sensitivity was expressed as ec 50 ( the concentration of agonist at which 50 % of rmax was obtained ) or as pec 50 ( - logec 50 ) .\nin order to evaluate the role of the ach - nos - no - relaxation pathway , data were expressed as ratio response ( rr ) of rmax ach plus lname divided by rmax of ach , the evaluation of the ratio response ( rr ) should give values of rr > 1 if there is an increase in wall tension due to decreased production of no mediated by ach , and values of rr = 1 ach - nos - no - relaxation is uncoupled and rr < 1 , ach promote dilation don\u2019t mediated by no .\nall results were expressed as mean \u00b1 sem . a two way anova for repeated measurements was used for statistical analysis of physiological variables . differences were considered significant when p < 0 . 05 ( primer of biostatistical v 3 . 0 , mc graw hill ) .\nthe calculated internal diameter for all arteries is given in table 1 . the data show that not differences were observed in the optimal diameter determined for each of the arterial segments from the different territories studied in both species .\ntable 2 provides a summary for rmax parameters obtained from analysis of the arterial response curves in both species . these data reveal that rmax was significantly greater in the aba and abe in i . conceptions as compared to g . laevifrons . no differences were observed between da and ma in both species . in addition , no differences were observed in the ec 50 in any of the arteries evaluated in both species .\n\u2020\u2020 eba vs da , aba and ma ( p < 0 . 05 ) .\nin figure 1 we can observe an increase in the contractile response to ach , only in ma in comparison with da , aba and eba . on the other hand , in da was observed such as maintenance . however , a dilation response was observed in aba and eba to ach . on other hand , significant differences were observed between species in aba , eba and ma , but not in da . table 2 summarizes the rmax values obtained from analysis of the arterial curves . no differences were observed in the pec 50 in any of the arteries evaluated .\nin order to evaluate the role of no , arteries were pre - contracted by ach , and drc for snp ( 10 \u201313 \u201310 \u201310 m ) were evaluated . figure 2 reveals that the mesenteric artery exhibited dilation close to 70 % , whereas the dorsal artery only had dilation close to 40 % . no effect in dilation was found in aba and abe in the presence of snp . table 2 summarizes the pec 50 and rmax values obtained from analysis of the arterial curves . no differences were observed in the pec 50 in any of the arteries evaluated .\nour results show that all vessels studied ( aba , eba , ma and da ) exhibited a similar pattern of vasoconstriction mediated by ach as previously described by moraga and urriola - urriola ( 2014 , 2015 ) , in the same species . in addition , the same authors describe that this vasoconstriction was abolished by the use of atropine ( 10 \u20135 m ) . this evidence has been corroborated by other studies in trout , shark and eel ( nilsson and grove , 1974 ; pellegrino et al . , 2003 ; pellegrino et al . , 2002 ; small et al . , 1990 ) , supporting the presence of muscarinic receptors in fish vasculature .\nin mammalian vascular endothelium , several extracellular signals can stimulate nos , increasing the production of no , including ach , shear stress , etc . ( furchgott and zawadzki , 1980 ) . the nitric oxide produced by endothelium rapidly diffuses into the smooth muscle cell where it activates a soluble guanylyl cyclase ( sgc ) , which generates cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cgmp ) that mediates vasodilation ( mondaca et al . , 1991 ) . a traditional approach to evaluate coupled ach - dilation is by the use of blocking agents that inhibit nos , decreasing no production , such as l - name or others ( buxton et al . , 1993 ) . the expected effect of blocking no production would be an increase in the basal tension , or an increase in the ach - mediated tension . therefore , evaluation of the ratio response ( rr ) should give values of rr > 1 if there is an increase in wall tension due to decreased production of no mediated by ach , and values of rr = 1 or rr < 1 if ach - nos - no - relaxation is uncoupled . indeed , studies show that there is an absence of muscarinic receptors coupled to the nos - no dilation pathway in fish ( donald and broughton , 2005 ) . in contrast , our results revealed a different effect when blocking with l - name in the arterial vessel . for example , in aba and abe there was a reduction in the ach - mediated vasoconstriction suggesting activation of other mediators that promote vasodilation , such as prostacyclin , h 2 s or co ( olson and villa , 1991 ; miller and vanhoutte , 1986 ; evans and gunderson , 1998b ; feng et al . , 2007 ; dombkowski et al . , 2008 ; jennings and donald . , 2010 ) . on the other hand , da did not modify arterial tension in the presence or absence of l - name , supporting the lack of ach - nos - no - relaxation coupling . in ma , we described an increase in ach - mediated vasoconstriction indicating the presence of a coupled ach - nos - no dilation . this evidence suggests that there is ach - nos - no - relaxation coupling in ma in both species , such as that shown in danio rerio in the same vascular area ( fritsche et al . , 2000 ; holmberg et al . , 2006 ) .\nin conclusion , our results suggest differences in the vascular function between i . conceptions and . g . laevifrons , could be explained by ontogenic , habitat and / or phylogenetic components furthermore , our results suggest that the ma expresses a vascular response when the ach - nos - no relaxation pathway is coupled , whereas the results in da , aba and eba suggest the presence of another mechanism . future studies are needed to further evaluate the vascular response in these species .\nwe are grateful for the technical assistance of mr . hervis galleguillos and medical students carolina norero , daniela gonzalez , natalia soto and marietta nu\u00f1ez who collaborated in the experiments . this research was partially supported by project dgip 10301272 , universidad cat\u00f3lica del norte .\nbeckman , j . s . and koppenol , w . h . , 1996 . nitric oxide , superoxide , and peroxynitrite : the good , the bad , and ugly . the american journal of physiology , vol . 271 , no . 5 pt 1 , pp . c1424 - c1437 . pmid : 8944624 . 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[ links ]\nfritsche , r . , schwerte , r . and pelster , b . , 2000 . nitric oxide and vascular reactivity in developing zebrafish , danio rerio . american journal of physiology . regulatory , integrative and comparative physiology , vol . 279 , no . 6 , pp . r2200 - r2207 . pmid : 11080086 . [ links ]\nfurchgott , r . f . and zawadzki , j . v . , 1980 . the obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine . nature , vol . 288 , no . 5789 , pp . 373 - 376 . urltoken . pmid : 6253831 . [ links ]\ngriffith , t . m . , henderson , a . h . , edwards , d . h . and lewis , m . j . , 1984 . isolated perfused rabbit coronary artery and aortic strip preparations : the role of endothelium - derived relaxant factor . the journal of physiology , vol . 351 , no . 1 , pp . 13 - 24 . urltoken . pmid : 6611406 . [ links ]\nholmberg , a . , olsson , c . and holmgren , s . , 2006 . the effects of endogenous and nitric oxide on gut motility in zebrafish embryos and larvae . danio reriothe journal of experimental biology , vol . 209 , no . pt 13 , pp . 2472 - 2479 . urltoken . pmid : 16788030 . [ links ]\njennings , b . l . and donald , j . a . , 2010 . mechanisms of nitric oxide - mediated , neurogenic vasodilation in mesenteric resistance arteries of toad bufo marinus . american journal of physiology : regulatory , integrative and comparative physiology , vol . 298 , no . 3 , pp . r767 - r775 . urltoken . pmid : 20071617 . [ links ]\nmiller , v . m . and vanhoutte , p . m . , 1986 . endothelium - dependent responses in isolated blood vessels of lower vertebrates . blood vessels , vol . 23 , no . 4 - 5 , pp . 225 - 235 . pmid : 3490888 . [ links ]\nmiller , v . m . and vanhoutte , p . m . , 1992 . endothelium - dependent vascular responsiveness : evolutionary aspects . in : u . s . ryan and g . m . ruvanyi . endothelial regulation of vascular tone . new york : marcel dekker , pp . 3 - 20 . [ links ]\nmondaca , s . , palmer , r . m . j . and higgs , e . a . , 1991 . nitric oxide physiology , pathophysiology and pharmacology . pharmacological reviews , vol . 120 , pp . 227 - 237 . [ links ]\nmoraga , f . a . and urriola - urriola , n . , 2014 . vascular function in arteries of intertidal fish . girella laevifrons ( kyphosidae ) brazilian journal of biology = revista brasileira de biologia , vol . 74 , no . 3 , pp . 739 - 743 . urltoken . pmid : 25296227 . [ links ]\nnilsson , s . and grove , d . j . , 1974 . adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the spleen of the cod : gadus morhua . european journal of pharmacology , vol . 28 , no . 1 , pp . 135 - 143 . urltoken . pmid : 4430318 . [ links ]\nojeda , f . p . , labra , f . and mu\u00f1oz , a . , 2000 . patrones biogeogr\u00e1ficos de los peces litorales de chile . revista chilena de historia natural , vol . 73 , no . 4 , pp . 625 - 641 . [ links ]\nolson , k . r . and villa , j . , 1991 . evidence against nonprostanoid endothelium - derived relaxing factor ( s ) in trout vessels . the american journal of physiology , vol . 260 , no . 5 pt 2 , pp . r925 - r933 . pmid : 2035704 . [ links ]\nolson , k . r . , conklin , d . j . , farrell , a . p . , keen , j . e . , takei , y . , weaver , l . jr . , smith , m . p . and zhang , y . , 1997 . effects of natriuretic peptides and nitroprusside on venous function in trout . the american journal of physiology , vol . 273 , no . 2 pt 2 , pp . r527 - r539 . pmid : 9277535 . [ links ]\nolson , k . r . , duff , d . w . , farrell , a . p . , keen , j . , kellogg , m . d . , kullman , d . and villa , j . , 1991 . cardiovascular effects of endothelin in trout . the american journal of physiology , vol . 260 , no . 4 pt 2 , pp . h1214 - h1223 . pmid : 1826412 . [ links ]\npellegrino , d . , acierno , r . and tota , b . , 2003 . control of cardiovascular function in the icefish chionodraco hamatus : involvement of serotonin and nitric oxide . comparative biochemistry and physiology . part a , molecular & integrative physiology , vol . 134 , no . 2 , pp . 471 - 480 . urltoken . pmid : 12547277 . [ links ]\npellegrino , d . , sprovieri , e . , mazza , r . , randall , d . j . and tota , b . , 2002 . nitric oxide - cgmp - mediated vasoconstriction and effects of acetylcholine in the branchial circulation of the eel . comparative biochemistry and physiology . part a , molecular & integrative physiology , vol . 132 , no . 2 , pp . 447 - 457 . urltoken . pmid : 12020661 . [ links ]\nshi , y . , man , r . y . and vanhoutte , p . m . , 2008 . two isoforms of cyclooxygenase contribute to augmented endothelium - dependent contractions in femoral arteries of 1 - year - old rats . acta pharmacologica sinica , vol . 29 , no . 2 , pp . 185 - 192 . urltoken . pmid : 18215347 . [ links ]\nsmall , s . a . , macdonald , c . and farrell , a . p . , 1990 . vascular reactivity of the coronary artery in rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) . the american journal of physiology , vol . 258 , no . 6 pt 2 , pp . r1402 - r1410 . pmid : 2360689 . [ links ]\nstassen , f . r . , raat , n . j . , brouwers - ceiler , d . l . , fazzi , g . e . , smits , j . f . and mey , j . g . , 1997 . angiotensin ii induces media hypertrophy and hyperreactivity in mesenteric but not epigastric small arteries of the rat . journal of vascular research , vol . 34 , no . 4 , pp . 289 - 297 . urltoken . pmid : 9256089 . [ links ]\ntoda , n . and okamura , t . , 2003 . the pharmacology of nitric oxide in the peripheral nervous system of blood vessels . pharmacological reviews , vol . 55 , no . 2 , pp . 271 - 324 . urltoken . pmid : 12773630 . [ links ]\nvanhoutte , p . m . , feletou , m . and taddei , s . , 2005 . endothelium - dependent contractions in hypertension . british journal of pharmacology , vol . 144 , no . 4 , pp . 449 - 458 . urltoken . pmid : 15655530 . [ links ]\nthis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .\nr . bento carlos , 750 13560 - 660 s\u00e3o carlos sp - brasil tel . e fax : ( 55 16 ) 3362 - 5400 bjb @ urltoken"]}
{"id": 2644, "summary": [{"text": "the dusky-chested flycatcher ( myiozetetes luteiventris ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps . ", "topic": 24}], "title": "dusky - chested flycatcher", "paragraphs": ["mobley , j . ( 2018 ) . dusky - chested flycatcher ( myiozetetes luteiventris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nsacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .\njustification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nthe global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 9 . 7 - 10 . 8 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthere are many ways to contribute\u2014we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !\n) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :\nsee m . granadensis . in past , has been transferred back and forth between current genus and tyrannopsis , largely because of its smaller size and peculiar coloration compared with present congeners . validity of race septentrionalis uncertain . two subspecies recognized .\nblake , 1961 \u2013 guyana , suriname , french guiana and adjacent ne brazil ( amap\u00e1 ) .\n( p . l . sclater , 1858 ) \u2013 e ecuador and se colombia ( s from putumayo and vaup\u00e9s ) e to se venezuela ( s bol\u00edvar ) , s to amazonian brazil ( e to e par\u00e1 and w maranh\u00e3o , s to rond\u00f4nia and n mato grosso ) , e peru ( loreto and madre de dios , probably also elsewhere ) and extreme nw bolivia ( pando , n la paz ) .\n14\u201315 cm ; 16\u00b75 g . plumage is dark olive - brown above , head slightly more greyish - brown and with some faint greyish streaking at side , semi - concealed yellow - orange . . .\nmost frequent call a nasal , cat - like \u201cmeeow\u201d or softer \u201cneea\u201d ; when excited , fast nasal \u201cnyeeuw - . . .\nshrubby forest borders , clearings with scattered bushes or trees , openings within forest created by . . .\ninsects and fruits . usually in pairs or small groups , sometimes singly ; mostly independent of mixed - species flocks . perches on exposed . . .\npoorly known . male in breeding condition in may in colombia ( vaup\u00e9s ) . one nest described : large , bulky , domed structure of grasses , some . . .\nnot globally threatened . rare to locally uncommon , but perhaps often overlooked ; possibly more widespread and more numerous than previously realized . not well known . occurs . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nhighly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1\u20134 separate families .\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nmyiozetetes luteiventris luteiventris : se colombia to se venezuela , n bolivia and w amaz . brazil\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 289 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nclearing in humid forest . reference : b : 281 - 291 ( myigrax1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\ntall , humid primary hill forest admixed with smaller patches of\nv\u00e1rzea\nin valleys . reference : lxxxvb 432 - 444 ( myigra4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 20 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 19 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 22 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 354 side a track 12 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 58 side a track 23 seq . a )\ntwo birds calling at dusk . sennheiser me66 + k6 + fel 3 . 5 mx + sony pcm - m10 ; low - cut filter ( 1000hz , 6 db ) and fade in / out with audacity\ntwo birds calling at dusk . sennheiser me66 + k6 + fel 3 . 5 mx + sony pcm - m10 ; fade in / out with audacity\nedge of small clearing in humid forest . reference : b : 184 - 191 ( myilutx3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .\nedge of treefall in humid forest . reference : b : 1 - 7 ( myilutx2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 543 side a track 18 seq . a )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 57 side a track 22 seq . b )\nid certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 357 side a track 30 seq . b )\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : myiozetetes luteiventris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nall ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair\nall records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .\nhave you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .\n\u00a9 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15\ndouble - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .\nif words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .\nif phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .\nwe ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .\nspanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .\ndid you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time ."]}
{"id": 2645, "summary": [{"text": "galaxiella munda is a species of fish in the galaxiidae family .", "topic": 27}, {"text": "it is endemic to inland waters of southwest western australia , and known as the western mud minnow .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "in 1999 the mud minnow was not included in the list of threatened species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act , but is listed as near threatened on the iucn red list . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "galaxiella munda", "paragraphs": ["mean genetic divergences between populations of galaxiella munda for cytochrome b calculated using p - distances .\ninformation on the western mud minnow ( galaxiella munda ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nmartin f . gomon & dianne j . bray , galaxiella munda in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken\nbiology of galaxiella munda mcdowall ( teleostei : galaxudae ) , including a comparison of the reproductive strategies of this and three other local species .\nwestern dwarf galaxias , galaxiella munda . source : stephen beatty / freshwater fish group & fish health unit , murdoch university . license : all rights reserved\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - western mud minnow ( galaxiella munda )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - western mud minnow ( galaxiella munda )\ntitle =\narkive species - western mud minnow ( galaxiella munda )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nwager , r . 1996 . galaxiella munda . in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 18 may 2011 .\nberra , t . m . & g . r . allen . 1989 . clarification of the difference between galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway , 1953 ) and galaxiella munda mcdowall , 1978 ( pisces : galaxiidae ) from western australia . rec . west . aust . mus . 14 : 293\u2013297 .\nberra , t . m . & g . r . allen . 1989 . clarification of the difference between galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway , 1953 ) and galaxiella munda mcdowall , 1978 ( pisces : galaxiidae ) from western australia . rec . west . aust . mus . 14 : 293\u2013297 .\nmean genetic divergences between populations of galaxiella nigrostriata for cytochrome b calculated using p - distances .\nmean genetic divergences between western lineage populations of galaxiella pusilla for cytochrome b calculated using p - distances .\nmean genetic divergences between eastern lineage populations of galaxiella pusilla for cytochrome b calculated using p - distances .\nmolecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian freshwater fish genus galaxiella , with an emphasis on dwarf galaxias ( g . pusilla )\nmolecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian freshwater fish genus galaxiella , with an emphasis on dwarf galaxias ( g . pusilla )\nmale blackstriped dwarf galaxias , galaxiella nigrostriata . source : gerald r . allen / western australian museum . license : all rights reserved\ngalaxiella munda mcdowall 1978 , j . r . soc . n . z . 8 ( 1 ) : 119 , figs . 1 - 2 . type locality : pool in jarrah forest , about 8 km north of scott river , between nanup and augusta , 34\u00b013 ' s , 115\u00b029 ' e , western australia .\npen , l . j . , gill , h . s . , humphries , p . & potter , i . c . 1993 . biology of the black - stripe minnow galaxiella nigrostriata , including comparisons with the other two galaxiella species . journal of fish biology 43 : 847\u2013863 . urltoken\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf galaxias ( galaxiella pusilla )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - dwarf galaxias ( galaxiella pusilla )\ntitle =\narkive species - dwarf galaxias ( galaxiella pusilla )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngill , h . s . & neira , f . j . 1994 . larval descriptions of three galaxiid fishes endemic to south - western australia : galaxias occidentalis , galaxiella mund a and galaxiella nigrostriata ( salmoniformes : galaxiidae ) . marine and freshwater research 45 : 1307\u20131317 . doi : 10 . 1071 / mf9941307\nsaddlier s , jackson j , hammer m . melbourne : state of victoria department of sustainability and environment ; 2010 . national recovery plan for the dwarf galaxias galaxiella pusilla .\nwager , r . 1996 . galaxiella nigrostriat a . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . . downloaded on 14 may 2012 .\npen , l . j . , gill , h . s . , potter , i . c . & humphries , p . ( 1993 ) . growth , age composition , reproductive biology and diet of the black - stripe minnow galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway ) , including comparisons with the other two galaxiella species . journal of fish biology 43 : 847 - 864 .\ngalaxiella munda and g . nigrostriata show even more extreme examples of population differentiation . overall though , patterns were broadly similar to those in g . pusilla . some proximate populations had low divergences ( e . g . , sites 32\u201333 , 34 and 36 , 38\u201339 ) . populations 24\u201325 were unusual in that they are separated by considerable distance , yet they were genetically quite similar ( fig . 3 and table s5 ) . most other populations had high genetic divergences , typically from 0 . 7 % to 3 . 0 % ( tables s4 , s5 ) . interestingly , despite being more common in elevations closer to sea level , g . nigrostriata displayed a higher degree of genetic differentiation than g . munda ( table s1 ) .\ngill , h . s . & morgan , d . l . 1996 . threatened fishes of the world : galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway , 1953 ) ( galaxiidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 47 : 344 .\ngaleotti dm , mccullough cd , lund ma ( 2010 ) black - stripe minnow galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway 1953 ) ( pisces : galaxiidae ) , a review and discussion . j r soc west aust 93 : 13\u201320 .\nsummary of pairwise comparisons of allele frequency between sites for galaxiella pusilla west . site 9 was excluded from the analysis due to small sample size and lack of a geographically - proximate neighbour . format as for table s8 .\ncolour varies in relation to the water inhabited . in tannin - stained waters g . munda is dark brown on the back and sides with a silvery - white belly . may also be greenish olive dorsally with a longitudinal silvery stripe , a brownish - orange stripe ( usually during the breeding season ) and a narrow dark stripe with a silvery belly .\nsmith , k . d . 1996 . an outlying population of galaxiella nigrostriata ( pisces : galaxiidae ) at melaleuca park , western australia : causes of habitat fragmentation . honours thesis , department of zoology , the university of western australia . 115 pp .\nfish fact : the muddy , or western mud minnow ( galaxiella munda ) is the closest rellie to the black - strip minnow , but instead of being found in ephemeral waterbodies , it is found in spring - fed headwater streams that are the result of groundwater expression . take the yaragadee as an example , these species is most secure in yaragadee aquifer - fed streams . at least we aren ' t drawing that aquifer down - phew . the species has a one year life - cycle so if something negative happens in their streams then they are likely to go kaput . big worry considering our recent year of climate change .\ngaleotti , d . m . 2013 . metapopulation theory explains black - stripe minnow ( pisces : galaxiidae , galaxiella nigrostriata ) distribution in seasonal wetlands in south - west western australia . msc thesis , edith cowan university , perth , western australia , 165 pp . urltoken pdf\ngaleotti , d . m . , m . a . castalanelli , d . m . groth , c . mccullough & m . lund . 2014 . genotypic and morphological variation between galaxiella nigrostriata ( galaxiidae ) populations : implications for conservation . marine and freshwater research urltoken abstract\nthompson gg , withers pc ( 1999 ) the metabolic response to hypoxia and emersion of aestivating fishes ( lepidogalaxias salamandroides and galaxiella nigrostriata ) and a non - aestivating fish ( bostockia porosa ) from south - western australia . australian journal of zoology 47 : 295 - 305 .\ngill , h . s . & morgan , d . l . 2003 . ontogenetic changes in the diet of galaxiella nigrostriat a ( shipway , 1953 ) ( galaxiidae ) and lepidogalaxias salamandroides mees , 1961 ( lepidogalaxiidae ) . ecology of freshwater fish 12 : 151 - 158 .\nthe ml analyses of each gene recovered a nearly identical interspecific topology , with the only incongruence being among brachygalaxias relationships . cyt b placed b . gothei and b . bullocki as sister species , whereas s7 placed b . gothei in between the two b . bullocki lineages . bootstrap support was high ( > 98 % ) for all deep nodes in the cyt b dataset , with the exception of the node uniting g . munda and g . nigrostriata ( 52 % ; fig . 2 ) . our tcs networks provided a more detailed pattern of the relationships between cyt b haplotypes within each galaxiella species , highlighting the large number of nucleotide differences between many populations ( fig . 3 ) .\ncitation : unmack pj , bagley jc , adams m , hammer mp , johnson jb ( 2012 ) molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian freshwater fish genus galaxiella , with an emphasis on dwarf galaxias ( g . pusilla ) . plos one 7 ( 6 ) : e38433 . urltoken\ngaleotti , d . m . , mccullough , c . d . & lund , m . a . 2010 . black - stripe minnow galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway 1953 ) ( pisces : galaxiidae ) , a review and discussion . journal of the royal society of western australia 93 : 13\u201320 .\nmaximum likelihood trees for galaxiella based on analysis of cytochrome b ( a ) and s7 ( b ) sequences and a neighbour joining tree for allozymes ( c ) . panel a shows the complete tree with operational taxonomic units ( otus ) for each galaxiella species collapsed . expanded trees within each species are shown below , with the lower scale bar applying to each of the four subtrees . bootstrap values are based on 1000 pseudoreplicates . trees are rooted with brachygalaxias . each otu code is based on the sampling location number and name in table 1 and fig . 1 , while the coloured symbols match figs . 1 , 3 and 5 .\nunmack pj , bagley jc , adams m , hammer mp , johnson jb ( 2012 ) molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian freshwater fish genus galaxiella , with an emphasis on dwarf galaxias ( g . pusilla ) . plos one 7 ( 6 ) : e38433 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0038433\nsmith , k . d . , pen , l . j . & knott , b . 2002 . genetic and morphological study of the black - stripe minnow , galaxiella nigrostriata ( salmoniformes : galaxiidae ) , including a disjunct population near perth , western australia . records of the western australian museum 21 : 285\u2013290 . pdf open access\nknott , b . , jasinska , e . j . & smith k . d . 2002 . limnology and aquatic fauna of epp 173 , melaleuca park , refuge for an outlier population of the black - stripe minnow galaxiella nigrostriata ( pisces : galaxiidae ) in southwestern australia . records of the western australian museum 21 : 291 - 298 .\nunmack pj , bagley jc , adams m , hammer mp , johnson jb ( 2012 ) molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the australian freshwater fish genus galaxiella , with an emphasis on dwarf galaxias ( g . pusilla ) . plos one 7 ( 6 ) : e38433 . pdf open access doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0038433\nsmith , k . d . , knott , b . & jasinska , e . j . 2002 . biology of the black - stripe minnow , galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway ) , in an acidic , black - water lake in melaleuca park near perth , western australia . records of the western australian museum 21 : 277 - 284 . pdf available open access\ngaleotti , d . m . , mccullough , c . d . & lund , m . a . 2008 . current state of knowledge of the black - stripe minnow galaxiella nigrostriata ( pisces : galaxiidae ) in western australia . edith cowan university , centre for ecosystem management report 2008 - 12 , unpublished report to kemerton silica sands pty . ltd . , perth , western australia . 36 pp\noccur in slow - running , tea - colored streams usually in sandy areas . also found in swamps , small ponds and roadside ditches . also lives in the vegetated shallows of some freshwater lakes . water is typically acidic ( ph 4 . 5 - 6 . 5 ) and darkly tannin - stained . an inhabitant of temporary waters , capable of aestivating in damp bottom sediments over summer . spawning habits similar to g . munda . most individuals perish after their first spawning ( ref . 44894 ) . feed on small insects , larvae of aquatic insects and micro - crustaceans . breeding is associated with winter rains . males take on a bright color pattern at the start of the breeding season ( ref . 33842 ) .\nrefer to table 1 for corresponding locality details . each species is represented by a different symbol , with populations from both lineages of g . pusilla color coded to match figs . 2 , 3 and 5 . shaded areas refer to the general distribution of each galaxiella species . low sea level drainage patterns are shown to the minus 135 m bathymetric contour . bathymetry predicts a large depression that we refer to as lake bass . the small inset of australia shows the relevant biogeographic provinces , and the black central southern region represents the extent of the eucla basin .\nsummary of genetic diversity of cytochrome b sequences sampled within galaxiella pusilla populations and clades in this study . locality numbers , the number of individuals sampled , number of haplotypes ( h ) , haplotype diversity ( hd ) with its standard deviations , nucleotide diversity ( \u03c0 ) with its standard deviations , and the results of coalescent simulations of three neutrality statistics , tajima\u2019s d , fu\u2019s f s , ramos - onsins and rozas\u2019 r 2 , are shown . within - population values only represent genetically polymorphic sites ; unlisted populations were monomorphic ( h = 1 ; hd = \u03c0 = 0 . 000 ) .\nsummary of pairwise comparisons of allele frequency between sites for galaxiella pusilla east . due to their small sample sizes , sites 16 and 20 were pooled with a geographically - proximate neighbour ( sites 15 and 21 respectively ) . lower triangle = number of loci displaying statistically - significant differences in allele frequency ( p < 0 . 05 after bonferroni correction ) . upper triangle = results of determining p - value for each population pair across all loci ( fisher\u2019s method ) after bonferroni correction ; * * * = p < 0 . 001 , * * = p < 0 . 01 ; ns = not significant .\nallozyme frequencies at all variable loci for the 22 sites surveyed for galaxiella pusilla . site codes follow table 1 . frequencies of all but the rarer / rarest alleles are expressed as percentages and shown as superscripts ( allowing the frequency of each rare allele to be calculated by subtraction from 100 % ) . maximum sample sizes per site are shown in brackets ( asterisks indicate sample sizes of n = 3 for the designated sites and loci ) . a dash indicates insufficient enzyme activity at this locus . invariant loci : ald1 * , ald2 * , enol * , gapd1 , glo * , gp , gpi2 , pgam * , and pk * .\na very small galaxiid found creeks and streams of south - west western australia .\nadults are brownish - grey above with a white belly , and have several whitish blotches along the upper side , and a broad coppery - brown stripe edged in fine olive brown stripes just below the midline from behind the eye to the tail base .\nvideo of western dwarf galaxias by the freshwater fish group of murdoch university , western australia .\nendemic to temperate freshwaters of south western australia , from the albany district ( 118\u00b010\u2019e ) to north of perth ( 31\u00b050\u2019s ) .\nthe western dwarf galaxias prefers swift - flowing streams in karri forests , near submerged vegetation . the water in these streams is usually acidic ( ph 3 . 0 - 6 . 0 ) and darkly tannin - stained , and the water temperature fluctuates widely with the seasons . it also occasionally occurs in ponds , swamps and roadside drains .\ndorsal fin 7 - 10 ( usually 8 - 9 ) ; anal fin 11 - 15 ( usually 12 - 14 ) ; pectoral fin 9 - 12 ( usually 10 - 11 ) ; pelvic fin 5 - 7 ( usually 6 ) ; gill rakers16 - 20 .\nbody elongate , slender , almost tubular ; body depth at anus 10 . 5 - 14 . 3 % sl ; head short , snout short and bluntly rounded ; mouth small , oblique , reaching to front of eyes ; jaws equal in size with no enlarged canine teeth ; eye large , upper margin at head profile ; gill rakers long and slender ; pyloric caeca absent ; compressed behind the vent ; caudal peduncle longer than deep ; scales absent .\nfins small and membranous ; low membranous fold along caudal peduncle almost to dorsal and anal rays dorsal fin short - based ; dorsal fin origin behind anal fin origin ; caudal fin long , truncate to rounded ; pectoral fins narrow - based , small and rounded , inserted high laterally ; ventral fin very small , inserted at mid - body .\ncarnivore - feeds on small insects , aquatic insect larvae and microcrustaceans - usually near vegetation at the edges of streams .\nthe western dwarf galaxias has a year - long life cycle that is completed entirely in freshwater . the sexes are separate and fertilisation is external . spawning occurs between june and october , with a peak during august and september . females spawn several times , depositing several batches of eggs in flooded vegetation over several weeks . adults die soon after spawning .\nallen , g . r . 1989 freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey .\nallen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .\ngill , h . s . & f . j . neira 1998 galaxiidae ( galaxiinae ) : southern galaxias . p . 70 - 77 . in f . j . neira , a . g . miskiewicz & t . trnski ( eds . ) larvae of temperate australian fishes : laboratory guide for larval fish identification . university of western australia press . 474 p .\nmcdowall , r . m . ( 1978 ) a new genus and species of galaxiid fish from australia ( salmoniformes : galaxiidae ) . j . r . soc . n . z . 8 ( 1 ) : 115 - 124 .\nmcdowall rm , frankenburg rs ( 1981 ) the galaxiid fishes of australia . rec aust mus 33 : 443\u2013605 .\nmcdowall , r . m . & j . m . waters . 2004 . phylogenetic relationships in a small group of diminutive galaxiid fishes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism . journal of the royal society of new zealand 34 ( 1 ) : 23 - 57 .\nmerrick , j . r . & g . e . schmida 1984 australian freshwater fishes : biology and management . griffin press ltd . , south australia . 409 p .\nmorgan , d . , gill , h . & potter , i . ( 1996 ) . the distribution of freshwater fish in the southwestern corner of australia . report to water and rivers commission . waters and rivers commission , perth , western australia .\nmorgan , d . l . , gill , h . s . & potter , i . c . ( 1998 ) . distribution , identification and biology of freshwater fishes in south - western australia . records of the western australian museum . supplement no 56 , perth , western australia .\npaxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen & j . e . hanley 1989 zoological catalogue of australia . volume 7 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . australian government publishing service , canberra . zoological catalogue of australia . volume 7 . v . 7 : i - xii + 1 - 665 .\ngreek , galaxias , ou = a kind of fish , diminutive ( ref . 45335 )\noceania : endemic to australia . known only from the southwestern part in coastal streams between albany and ellen brook .\nmaturity : l m 4 . 7 range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; common length : 3 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 )\ndorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 8 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 12 ; vertebrae : 38 - 43 . adults are brown - grey dorsally and white ventrally with several whitish blotches near the dorsal midline , and a broad brown stripe just below midline from behind eye to caudal - fin base .\nallen , g . r . , 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications , inc . , neptune city , new jersey . ( ref . 5259 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 \u00b10 . 36 se ; based on food items .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 3 . 70 ; tm = 1 ; tmax = 1 ; mean fec = 65 ) .\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .\ncopyright \u00a9 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved\nenter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive photo - western mud minnow in tank\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive photo - western mud minnow in tank\ntitle =\narkive photo - western mud minnow in tank\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u2019s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\nthe western mud minnow is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nyearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,\ncodes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases\n, pp . 15 pp . + appendices\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 218dbd9a - 2f11 - 4aac - 9152 - ba6b7bf0856e\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 56971364 - 49d1 - 461d - bdcb - f0ab57bbb461\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : eb73da7f - fd1b - 43a1 - 853d - 74dfe09019d4\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 607ec6ae - 18b6 - 43e8 - 9e02 - 23f946aabdf7\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 312261\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\ninformation on the dwarf galaxias is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nwarning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .\npeter j . unmack , 1 , 2 , * justin c . bagley , 2 mark adams , 3 , 4 michael p . hammer , 3 , 5 and jerald b . johnson 2 , 6\nconceived and designed the experiments : pju mph jbj . performed the experiments : pju ma . analyzed the data : pju jcb ma . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : pju mph ma jcb jbj . wrote the paper : pju jcb ma .\nthis is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .\nsouthern australia provides an excellent geological setting for studying biogeographic patterns . long - term aridity since the oligocene created a vast desert region in southern australia , isolating two moist temperate regions in the southwestern and southeastern parts of the continent . the biota that occupy these two regions have been isolated since at least mid - miocene (\nfor corresponding locality details . each species is represented by a different symbol , with populations from both lineages of\ncolor coded to match figs . 2 , 3 and 5 . shaded areas refer to the general distribution of each\nspecies . low sea level drainage patterns are shown to the minus 135 m bathymetric contour . bathymetry predicts a large depression that we refer to as lake bass . the small inset of australia shows the relevant biogeographic provinces , and the black central southern region represents the extent of the eucla basin .\nspecies is differences in the width of the continental shelf . regions with narrow continental shelf should present limited opportunities for drainage connections during low sea levels , since few rivers are likely to connect (\n) , whereas a broader continental shelf allows a greater area for rivers to traverse and potentially interconnect . much of southern australia has a relatively narrow continental shelf , thus most drainages remain isolated during low sea levels (\nare widespread across southern australia . as presently defined , the genus consists of three species of small , stout - bodied galaxiid fishes\nis usually found in smaller creeks and can occur further inland . both species overlap to a limited extent in floodplain habitats that have seasonal connections to more permanent water bodies\n, a more integrative approach is needed ; one that blends phylogeny and phylogeography . although obviously relevant , previous single - and multi - locus phylogenetic analyses of\nused limited within - taxon sampling ( one sample / species ) . previous within - species comparisons in the two western\nemployed good sampling with 10 individuals from each population but included only three populations outside of victoria . here , we improve on previous studies of the biogeography and population genetics of\nfishes . first , we use gondwanan fragmentation and the well known geology of southern australia to derive geologically - based calibration points for analyses and thereby estimate a time frame for diversification within the genus based on broader within - taxon sampling . this amounts to a \u2018congeneric phylogeographical\u2019 sampling approach . this has been shown to present a viable means of increasing systematic accuracy and improving historical inferences , by the recovery of polyphyly and \u2018cryptic\u2019 lineages , within vertebrate species\nspecies based on more extensive geographic sampling . third , we investigate phylogeographic patterns within each\nspecies in southern australia . specifically , if shelf width is important then populations of\nin the western portion of their range in southeastern australia will have a high level of genetic divergence between drainages . in contrast , populations of\npermission to undertake field work and collect specimens was obtained under the following permits : victorian fisheries research permit rp 581 , victorian flora and fauna permit 10002072 , victorian national parks permit 10002154 , tasmanian inland fisheries service permit 2003 / 12 , tasmanian department of primary industries , water and environment permit tfa 03106 , south australian primary industries and resources - section 59 exemption , western australian license to take fauna for scientific purposes sf006928 . specimens were obtained under arizona state university institutional animal care and use committee ( iacuc ) approval 09 - 1018r , brigham young university iacuc approval 070403 and university of adelaide animal ethics committee approval s - 32 - 2002 .\nthe rarity and conservation status of these species limited our sample sizes . in many cases , there were only one or a few populations known per river basin . our primary goal was to include one population per major drainage where each species is found . we examined samples of\nwere provided by david galeotti ( edith cowan university ) . fishes were collected with seine and dip nets and either frozen whole in liquid nitrogen or preserved in 95 % ethanol in the field . our sampling ranged from 1\u201311 individuals per locality , with most sites represented by 10 individuals within\n, plus two sequences from genbank for a total of 219 ingroup samples . based on their close relationships to\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\njn232599 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n363585397\n,\nterm _ text\n:\njn232599 . 1\n} }\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\njn232707 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n363585613\n,\nterm _ text\n:\njn232707 . 1\n} }\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\nnc _ 008448 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n115531623\n,\nterm _ text\n:\nnc _ 008448 . 1\n} }\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\njn232601 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n363585401\n,\nterm _ text\n:\njn232601 . 1\n} }\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\njn232709 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n363585617\n,\nterm _ text\n:\njn232709 . 1\n} }\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\njn232602 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n363585403\n,\nterm _ text\n:\njn232602 . 1\n} }\n{\ntype\n:\nentrez - nucleotide\n,\nattrs\n: {\ntext\n:\njn232710 . 1\n,\nterm _ id\n:\n363585619\n,\nterm _ text\n:\njn232710 . 1\n} }\n. the location column gives the general location of each sample . station code refers to the field number or sama ebu code that samples are catalogued as . the last three columns provide the number of individuals ( n ) examined for each marker . abbreviations : ck , creek ; hwy , highway ; r , river ; rd , road ; sa , southern australia ; tas , tasmania ; vic , victoria ; wa , western australia .\nwe employed a gis approach to quantify several environmental factors needed to evaluate our hypotheses linked to changes in sea level . datasets used to generate maps ( e . g . ,\nand manipulated in arcinfo and arcmap version 10 ( environmental systems research institute , redlands , ca ) . bathymetric data were obtained from a 30 arc - second ( ca . 1 km ) dataset gebco 08 ( september 2010 release ,\nwe extracted genomic dna from muscle tissue for each specimen using dneasy tissue kits ( qiagen inc . , chatsworth , ca ) . we amplified the mtdna cytochrome\n. when this failed to produce sufficient pcr product , the gene was amplified in two halves using glu21 - hd . gp ggrttgtttgagcctgtytcgt and gp . 505\nwe also used the forward primers glu18 taaccaggactaatgrcttgaa or glu31 tgrcttgaaaaaccaccgttgt with hd . gp as well as the internal forward primer sal . 484 caatgaatttgagggggrttctc or gn . 484\n. we also included the first two introns and the second exon of the nuclear s7 gene . all nuclear sequences were obtained by nested pcr using the following primers : 1f\nin the second reaction . in a few cases , we had to use the internal primers 1f . 2 and 2r . 67 tacctgggarattccagactc , and 2f . 2\n. the first of these nested reactions were 25 \u00b5l . final concentrations for polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) components per 25 \u00b5l reaction were as follows : 25 ng template dna , 0 . 25 \u00b5m of each primer , 0 . 625 units of taq dna polymerase , 0 . 1 mm of each dntp , 2 . 5 \u00b5l of 10x reaction buffer and 2 . 5 mm mgcl\n. data files containing all individuals sequenced as well as various analysis files were deposited in dryad , doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . c3g8h .\nto reconstruct a species tree and to date clade divergences and coalescence times to the most recent common ancestor . we combined the data from cyt\nand s7 , included all individuals sequenced , then ran analyses using a relaxed molecular clock in beast 1 . 6 . 1\n. the full datasets for each gene were imported into beauti 1 . 7 ( prerelease ) , which we used to generate the input file for beast . we incorporated two calibrations based on geological events . the first was the root of the tree , representing the split between\n, as potentially congruent with the separation of australia , antarctica and south america . the terrestrial separation of australia and antarctica occurred at approximately 52 ma\n. three separate analyses were conducted using both calibration points in the same analysis , plus one analysis with each calibration used individually . analyses were also conducted excluding the sequence data to check that posterior distributions were not heavily driven soley by our priors rather than the sequence data . we used an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock based upon a lognormal prior using the \u2018speciation birth death\u2019 process . both lognormal prior calibrations had a mean of 1 . 0 , with standard deviations of 1 . 5 for the calibration of 52 ma and 1 . 0 for the 14 ma calibration . the best - fitting model of molecular evolution for each gene ( cyt\n: gtr + i + g ; s7 : gtr + g ) was estimated via aic in modeltest . analyses were run for 200 million generations , with parameters logged every 10 , 000 generations . multiple runs were conducted to check for stationarity and that independent runs were converging on a similar result . output from beast was examined in tracer 1 . 5 with 10 % burn - in and the tree results were summarized using treeannotator 1 . 7 ( prerelease ) .\nwe used multiple methods to examine within and between population genetic patterns in order to investigate the role of sea level changes in structuring genetic variation . we explored patterns of genetic variation in\npopulation and clade , and for all populations combined . to test the relative contribution of genetic variation to within and between population structure in\n. if genetic structuring is driven by isolation among drainages due to drainage basin boundaries , then we expect to see high levels of structuring among drainages . cases where high amounts of variation can be explained between groups suggest an important historic barrier to gene flow exists coincident with the structure of the model . to evaluate movement between drainage basins , we combined populations into 15 groups based on drainage basins or close geographic proximity ( i . e . , the following populations were combined : 1\u20134 , 11\u201312 , 13\u201314 , 15\u201316 , 17\u201318 ;\nsince frozen tissues were available for virtually all g . pusilla , we were able to obtain comparative allozyme profiles for this species . these were used to independently assess the finding by coleman et al . [ 35 ] of a major east - west dichotomy , and provide more appropriate molecular data for assessing whether any dichotomy reflected the presence of cryptic species . three specimens of an outgroup species , galaxias olidus , were also included in this analysis . we conducted allozyme electrophoresis of muscle homogenates on cellulose acetate gels ( cellogel\u2122 , milan , italy ) following richardson et al . [ 66 ] . details of all enzyme and locus abbreviations , electrophoretic conditions , and stain recipes are contained in richardson et al . [ 66 ] or wallman and adams [ 67 ] , while the allozyme nomenclature follows hammer et al . [ 68 ] .\nthe genetic relationships among all sites were initially assessed by constructing a neighbour - joining ( nj ) tree from a pairwise matrix of nei\u2019s [ 69 ] unbiased genetic distances ( nei d ) , following the methodology of hammer et al . [ 10 ] . we then used genepop 4 . 0 [ 70 ] to assess the raw allozyme genotypes for statistically - significant departures from hardy - weinberg expectations , for evidence of linkage disequilibrium at each individual site ( for n > 4 ) , and to detect statistically significant differences in allele frequency among sites within each of the two major lineages evident within g . pusilla . threshold probability values were adjusted for the use of multiple tests using sequential bonferroni correction [ 71 ] . finally , we employed the multivariate ordination technique principal coordinates analysis ( pco ) to visually assess the genetic affinities among all individuals within each lineage ( details in [ 10 ] ) .\nour molecular datasets provided clear discrimination among all described species . in addition , they revealed major and concordant genetic discontinuities consistent with cryptic speciation in g . pusilla as per coleman et al . [ 35 ] .\n) . removal of fish with identical haplotypes within populations reduced the dataset to 66 individuals . the number of individuals from a population with a given haplotype is provided after the population name in\n. based on this reduced dataset , 680 characters were invariant , 28 characters were variable but parsimony uninformative and 433 characters were parsimony informative . both\ncodon , while the latter also had a premature stop codon in the third - to - last codon position ( codon 378 ) . neither change is unusual for cyt\namong fishes ( p . j . unmack , pers . obs . ) or across various animal groups\n) and was obtained via whole mtdna amplification , which minimizes the chance of amplifying nuclear pseudogene copies ( masaki miya , pers . comm . ) . maximum likelihood recovered one tree for cyt\n( a ) and s7 ( b ) sequences and a neighbour joining tree for allozymes ( c ) . panel a shows the complete tree with operational taxonomic units ( otus ) for each\nspecies collapsed . expanded trees within each species are shown below , with the lower scale bar applying to each of the four subtrees . bootstrap values are based on 1000 pseudoreplicates . trees are rooted with\n) . inclusion of individual alleles from 14 heterozygous individuals increased the dataset to 66 sequences . the number of heterozygous positions within an individual varied from one to three ( all heterozygous individuals were phased into individual alleles prior to ml analyses ) . based on this dataset , 535 characters were invariant , 10 characters were variable but parsimony uninformative and 354 characters were parsimony informative . maximum likelihood recovered one tree for s7 with a likelihood score of \u22123378 . 210082 (\n( a ) is color - coded relative to figs . 1 , 2 and 5 . circle size represents haplotype abundance ; the key to circle size is in the center of panel a . the ancestral haplotype in each network is indicated by a box . haplotype counts are given in parentheses when multiple populations share the same haplotype . haplotype labels consist of the population number and name from\n) , with bayesian posterior probabilities equal to 1 . 0 for all internal nodes . divergence dating results obtained using * beast are presented in\n. running the analysis with the same settings , but without data confirmed that our input settings actually produced the desired prior probability distributions on our calibrated nodes and that our data were responsible for our results rather than our priors . most statistics from all three analyses had ess scores > 400 , demonstrating the chain was well sampled . results were substantially different depending on the calibration used . when the single calibration of 14 ma was used , all dates were much younger (\nthe first line presents results based on both calibration points of 52 and 14 million years , while the second and third rows represent results under each individual calibration . the mean and 95 % highest posterior densities are given for each node ( in millions of years ) , and we report the per lineage mean rate of evolution per million years for each gene in the last two columns .\n\u00b1 one standard deviation ( s . d . ) = 0 . 212\u00b10 . 090 ; mean \u03c0\u00d7100\u00b1 s . d . = 0 . 059\u00b10 . 014 ) , but moderate genetic diversity within each clade (\n) . results from our amova analyses found high levels of among - group structure consistent with the effects of strong isolation between populations . when all groups ( n = 15 ) were compared , among - group comparisons accounted for 95 . 8 % of the genetic variation . within eastern\n( n = 7 ) among - group comparisons accounted for 90 . 2 and 72 . 8 % of the variation respectively . all three among - group amova values were statistically significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) .\n< 0 . 0001 ) , supporting demographic - spatial expansion . neutrality tests showed a similar pattern across\n. comparing bsps to constant demographic models supported bsp patterns . bsp models provided a better fit to the data within each\nmean posterior n e estimates for each species ( darker lines ) are bounded by upper and lower 95 % highest posterior densities ( g . pusilla west , pink shading ; g . pusilla east , blue shading ) . the x - axis represents units of time in thousands of years ago ( ka ) , scaled according to posterior mutation rates estimated in beast . the y - axis shows estimated population size in hundreds of thousands , calculated assuming a g . pusilla generation time equal to 1 . 0 . the fish shown is a male g . pusilla west ( by mph ) .\n. no site displayed any statistical evidence of either linkage disequilibrium or of genotype frequencies being incompatible with hardy weinberg expectations . these data unequivocally recovered the same two primary clades (\n) ; lineage e1 comprised victorian sites 11\u201318 , while lineage e2 consisted of the two most southerly victorian sites ( 15 and 16 ) plus all tasmanian sites ( sites 19\u201322 ) . these two lineages were diagnosable by near - fixed differences at two loci (\n) , as well as by major differences in allele frequency ( \u03b4p > 40 % ) at three other loci . lineage e2 was further divisible into two sub - lineages e2a ( sites 15 , 16 , 19 , 22 ) and e2b ( sites 20 , 21 ) , diagnosable by a fully - fixed difference at a single locus (\n) plus major differences in allele frequency at three other loci . importantly , this phylogeographic structure is concordant with the cyt\nwest ( b ) individuals . relative pco scores are plotted for the first and second dimensions , which individually explain 41 % and 10 % ( a ) and 25 % and 17 % ( b ) respectively of the total multivariate variation present . individuals are colour - coded relative to\nwest also revealed statistically significant differences in allele frequency , usually involving multiple loci , in all but four instances ( sites 6 vs . 7 , 1 vs . 2 , 1 vs . 3 , 2 vs . 4 ;\n) . here lineage w2 consisted of the most easterly site ( site 10 ) , while lineage w1 comprised all other sites . additional phylogeographic structure was detectable within the widespread lineage w1 , although only one of the three sub - lineages ( w1b = site 5 ) was allozymically well - differentiated from the other two sublineages ( w1a = four western sites , w1c = four eastern sites ) by major differences in allele frequency at multiple loci (\nbased on a single individual per taxon , although their dataset included two additional genes ( rag1 and 16 s ) and morphological characters . our results , showing a deep divergence between\nwest using a suite of non - hypervariable nuclear genetic markers ( and therefore more suitable for assessing species boundaries ) , were also consistent with the conclusions of coleman et al .\nbased on mtdna coi and nuclear microsatellites . we therefore refer to these lineages hereafter as distinct candidate species . our results were strongly supported , with s7 and the combined analysis having high bootstrap values ( 100 and 1 . 0 respectively ) for all between species relationships . high support from the cyt\nour divergence estimates varied greatly depending on whether we used the separation of australian and south american species ( min . age set to 52 ma ) or the east - west separation between\nspecies ( min . age set to 14 ma ) . essentially , analyses using the older calibration point recovered mean ages slightly more than double those recovered using the younger calibration (\n) . when both calibrations were included , estimates were up to \u223c10 % lower , especially on the upper 95 % highest posterior distribution ( hpd ) . while we present results from all three calibration combinations , we favour the results obtained using a single calibration of 52 ma . the separation of southeastern and southwestern australia by the formation of the nullarbor plain (\nmay have separated long before that event . indeed , it has already been suggested that east - west separation of some groups predates this event by potentially tens of millions of years\n. we are more confident that continental drift was responsible for their separation than some form of oceanic dispersal . neither\nhave any proclivity for marine environments today , nor do they possess any traits that imply a potentially diadromous life cycle . it is certainly not impossible that they were once diadromous , although this implies a substantial convergence in morphological and ecological characteristics , perhaps driven by adaptation to similar habitats . our age estimates based on continental drift are similar to burridge et al .\n, they obtained a slightly older mean age than our analysis ( 58 vs . 55 . 8 ma ) . however , their credibility interval was broader ( 45\u201372 vs . 52\u201366 ma ) , probably due to their much larger dataset with multiple calibration points . the remaining divergences between each\nwere all younger than our results , with their mean ages usually being similar to our lowest 95 % credibility interval values . in contrast , the age for both\nspecies was similar in both studies . it is also important to recognise that our estimate of 52 ma for the separation of australian and south american clades is only a minimum estimate . it is quite likely that the true divergence would have occurred earlier . this implies that all of our age estimates would be underestimated if the continental separation is an appropriate calibration point .\nspecies across southern australia at a mean age of 34 . 3 ma ( 95 % hpd of 24 . 5\u201344 . 5 ma ,\nare adapted to exploit more ephemeral environments , they might be expected to persist under more arid conditions . however , increasing aridity would also increase the likelihood of extirpation , given\nspecies are more reliant on ephemeral habitats i . e . , seasonally wet and dry on an annual basis . as aridity intensified across southern australia\n, these ephemeral habitats would be less reliably rewatered , thus eliminating populations through extended droughts .\nwas estimated to have a mean age of 22 . 5 ma ( 95 % hpd of 15 . 2\u201330 . 5 ma ,\nadapted to survive in temporary habitats . alternatively , if aestivation was ancestral , then\nevolved the ability to compete and survive in permanent habitats . it seems likely that temporary habitats like those used by\nspecies had a mean age of 5 . 7 ma ( 95 % hpd of 2 . 2\u20139 . 1 ma ,\n, with populations from mount emu creek / hopkins river representing the western species . this contrasts strongly with patterns in other co - distributed fishes , where species - level separations or western range limits occur at the eastern side of the lake bass drainage\n, at least within freshwater fishes . no other fish species have divergences of this scale ( i . e . , species level differentiation ) at this location , although within - species genetic breaks are present in several groups\n, consistent with this boundary representing a barrier that is not frequently crossed by aquatic organisms . one major exception to the separation on the western edge of lake bass is population 10 from the barwon river , which is thought to have become part of the lake bass drainage during low sea levels (\nspecies at first seems perplexing , as it runs counter to predictions from current drainage patterns . based on the unique signature found at all molecular markers examined here (\n, it seems unlikely that population 10 represents a recent translocation . instead , this outcome infers that the geomorphic history of the barwon river basin differs somewhat from that of adjacent basins . while several authors\n, the lake expansion hypothesis needs to be re - examined geomorphically now that more accurate elevation and geological mapping is available . clearly though , evidence does support some faunal exchange via lake corangamite .\nand allozyme analyses were broadly congruent , although they differed in details . the extent of within - species genetic divergence differed between species as well as markers ; for cyt\nhad an average within - group genetic divergence of 0 . 8 % , while the western\npopulations relative to the western species ( 90 . 2 % vs . 72 . 8 % respectively ) . five groups of populations had shared or closely related cyt\n( p - distance of 0 . 5 % ) ; however allozymes grouped sites 6\u20139 together (\npopulations , which only differed from each other based on allele frequencies . coleman et al .\nagainst expectations , we found that neither inferred phylogenetic patterns , nor patterns of genetic structuring , corresponded very closely to predictions based on estimated low sea level drainage patterns . we predicted that populations 10\u201316 , plus 19\u201320 would essentially show a low degree of genetic structure , since hydrological models predict that they would have been part of a larger continuous drainage system during historical periods of low sea level (\n) . lastly , populations 1\u20139 were expected to show relatively higher levels of genetic divergence . although the latter pattern was indeed evident based on cyt\n) . one extreme example is the relationship between sites 11\u201314 and 17\u201318 , which are quite geographically distant . based on low sea level drainage patterns , these populations should not have any lowland connections ("]}
{"id": 2648, "summary": [{"text": "the cinnamon-rumped trogon ( harpactes orrhophaeus ) is a species of bird in the family trogonidae .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .", "topic": 24}, {"text": "it is threatened by habitat loss . ", "topic": 17}], "title": "cinnamon - rumped trogon", "paragraphs": ["select an image : 1 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 2 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > female 3 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 4 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > adult male 5 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > adult male 6 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > female 7 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > female 8 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 9 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 10 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male 11 . cinnamon - rumped trogon > > male\ncinnamon rumped trogon . trogon birds are residents of tropical forests worldwide . they feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak le\u2026 | pinteres\u2026\n( note : date listed in the video is incorrect ; clip was recorded on the 9th september 2012 . ) short clip of cinnamon - rumped trogon calling from within the understorey of the disturbed forest in panti bird sanctuary . attention : do turn up the volume to hear the cinnamon - rumped trogon ' s call , as it is quite weak .\nthis article is about bird family trogonidae . for bird genus trogon , see trogon ( genus ) .\ntrogons , trogon collaris ( two left pictures ) and trogon massena , costa rica . photo : \u00a9 vladimir dinets\nnarina trogon , apaloderma narina adult male narina trogon , apaloderma narina , perched in pigeonwood . photo : patty mcgann urltoken\n) has the most atypical call of any trogon , research has not yet established whether the closely related javan trogon has a similar call .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . cinnamon - rumped trogon ( harpactes orrhophaeus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\nthe elegant trogon , reaching the south of the united states specifically southern arizona and the surrounding area . the narina trogon of africa is slightly exceptional in that it utilises a wider range of habitats than any other trogon , ranging from dense forest\nnot globally threatened . common to fairly common in mexico ; found throughout yucat\u00e1n , where the commonest trogon . most numerous trogon also throughout belize ; found to be . . .\n, is a bird in the trogon family . it is found from southern mexico to western\nand short necks . trogons range in size from the 23 cm , 40 gram scarlet - rumped trogon to the 40 cm , 210 gram resplendent quetzal ( not including the male quetzal ' s 0 . 91 m tail streamers ) . their legs and feet are weak and short , and trogons are essentially\n[ order ] trogoniformes | [ family ] trogonidae | [ latin ] apalharpactes reinwardtii | [ uk ] javan trogon | [ fr ] couroucou de reinwardt | [ de ] reinwardttrogon | [ es ] trogon de java . | [ nl ] reinwardts trogon | [ authority ] temminck , 1822\na number of other species . the narina trogon of africa is thought to undertake some localised short distance\nmale has red head , blue bill and eye ring . black throat , grey breast and red belly . pale brown upperparts , undertail mostly white . female with red in male replaced by cinnamon . pale brown bars on wings .\nskull of a trogon showing the presence of a basipterygoid process ( bpg . p . ) and a schizognathous palate\nseems to use deserted trogon nests about 2 meters up in a dead stump or cavity . no further details .\nof the trogon order . the subspecies costaricensis is slightly smaller than the nominate race and has shorter narrower tail plumes .\nthe beak of trogon birds is used in part for securing food and cutting it up thanks to serrated cutting edges .\nin oligocene rocks from switzerland and miocene france . the oldest new world fossil of a trogon is from the comparatively recent\nthe calls of the quetzals and the two caribbean genera are the most complex . among the asian genera the sumatran trogon (\ncomments : composed of two groups : ambiguus of southwestern u . s . and mexico ( coppery - tailed trogon ) and elegans of guatemala , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , and costa rica ( elegant trogon ) ( aou 1998 ) .\nmale has light green bill with yellow base . head , upper breast and upper parts all green with golden blue shine . yellowish bare skin on face . underparts light - red . on the wings fine pale grey with black bars . female brown face and throat . breast more cinnamon washed brown .\nthe usual call is a croaking\nco - ah co - ah co - ah\n. the trogon will also include some chattering notes .\nthis article is part of project trogoniformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each trogon , including made - up species .\ncontains 39 species in eight genera . the word\ntrogon\nis greek for\nnibbling\nand refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes\n. they are fairly large ( all over 32 cm or 13 inches long ) , slightly bigger than other trogon species . quetzals have iridescent green or golden - green\neuptilotis neoxenus is related to pharomachrus and is called the eared quetzal by some authorities , such as the american ornithologists ' union , but the eared trogon by others .\nprimary lowland forest , favors dense closed canopy . usually 3 - 8 meters up in the understorey . almost never in open land , which seperates it from lokkalike narina trogon .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . black - headed trogon ( trogon melanocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ncollar , n . & van ballen , s . ( 2002 ) .\nthe blue - tailed trogon harpactes ( apalharpactes ) reinwardtii : species limits and conservation status\n. forktail 18 : 121\u2013125 .\npriotelus is a genus of birds in the trogon family consisting of two species the cuban ( p . temnurus ) and hispaniolan trogon ( t roseigaster ) . the latter is usually placed in genus priotelus , but shows significant differences from p . temnurus in bill pattern , plumage coloration and some morphological features . hence it is by some authorities placed in its own genus temnotrogon . both priotelus species are the only trongons in the caribbean area .\nflight , where a trogon flies from an observation perch to a target on another branch or in foliage . once there the birds hovers or stalls and snatches the item before returning to its perch to consume the item . this type of foraging is commonly used by some types of bird to obtain insect prey ; in trogons and quetzals it is also used to pluck fruit from trees . insect prey may also be taken on the wing , with the trogon pursuing flying insects in a similar manner to\nriehl , christina ( 2008 ) .\ncommunal calling and prospecting by black - headed trogons ( trogon melanocephalus )\n. the wilson journal of ornithology 120 ( 2 ) : 248\u2013255 . doi : 10 . 1676 / 07 - 025 . 1 .\na striking green and yellow trogon . upperparts green , except for a blue tail . underparts largely yellow with a green breast band . the bill is red and the naked skin around the eye is blue . voice a dry , high rattling\nsterrrr\nthe alarm calls are in the background , and typical of a trogon . previously published on avocet as av10537 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; matches xc cuts . gps : estimate from google earth . alarm\nthe majority of trogons are birds of tropical and subtropical forests . they have a cosmopolitan distribution in the worlds wet tropics , being found in the americas , africa and asia . a few species are distributed into the temperate zone , with one species , the elegant trogon , reaching the south of the united states specifically southern arizona and the surrounding area . the narina trogon of africa is slightly exceptional in that it utilises a wider range of habitats than any other trogon , ranging from dense forest to fairly open savannah , and from the equator to southern south africa . it is the most widespread and successful of all the trogons . the eared quetzal of mexico is also able to use more xeric habitats , but preferentially inhabits forests . most other species are more restricted in their habitat , with several species being restricted to undisturbed primary forest . within forests they tend to be found in the mid story , occasionally in the canopy .\ndacosta , j & klicka , j . ( 2008 ) .\nthe great american interchange in birds : a phylogenetic perspective with the genus trogon\n. molecular ecology 17 ( 5 ) : 1328\u201343 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2007 . 03647 . x . pmid 18302692 .\nkristoffersen , anette vedding ( 2002 ) .\nan early paleocene trogon ( aves : trogoniformes ) from the fur formation , denmark\n. journal of vertebrate paleontology 22 ( 3 ) : 661\u2013666 . doi : 10 . 1671 / 0272 - 4634 ( 2001 ) 022 [ 0661 : aeptat ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .\nthe male elegant trogon has a metallic deep green head , upper breast and back , black face and throat , and red - orange lower breast and belly . he shows grey upperwing coverts . the female has a metallic bronze head , upper breast , back , upper tail and upperwing coverts . she shows a dull white upper belly , and a small white vertical stripe behind the eye .\n* the trogons and quetzals are birds in the order trogoniformes which contains only one family , the trogonidae . the family contains 39 species in eight genera . they might constitute a member of the basal radiation of the order coraciiformes or closely related to mousebirds and owls . the word \u201ctrogon\u201d is greek for \u201cnibbling\u201d and refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests .\ncollar , n . ( 2018 ) . philippine trogon ( harpactes ardens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .\ntrogon is greek for ' to gnaw or eat ' and refers to the structure and function of the beak . the cutting edges of the maxilla and / or mandible are variably serrated among most new world species and probably aid in securing live prey or large fruit . these serrations , along with the decurved tip of the bill ( present in all species ) , are also useful in cutting food items into smaller pieces .\n( fowler 2003 : 246 )\nold world trogons ( apaloderma , harpactes , and apalharpactes ) clearly form a clade ( johansson and ericson 2004 , moyle 2005 ; contra sibley and ahlquist 1990 , espinosa de los monteros 1998 ) , though relationships within that clade are not clear , since neither species of apalharpactes has yet been sampled in a phylogenetic analysis . new world trogons ( trogon , pharomachrus , priotelus , and euoptilotus ) may be paraphyletic to the old world trogons , though these basal relationships have been contradictory among studies ( johansson and ericson 2004 , moyle 2005 ) . all genera are apparently monophyletic , pending data on apalharpactes .\ndespite it being only a ten minute drive from the discovery centre , the orangutan rehabilitation centre appears to be less diverse than its neighbouring reserve . reports show than a total of 35 more species have been recorded at the discovery centre , however this is most likely a result of the dense vegetation at the orangutan rehabilitation centre . nevertheless , it remains the best place to view bornean falconet , grey - and - buff woodpecker , white - bellied woodpecker , olive - backed woodpecker , bornean bristlehead , black - and - yellow broadbill , rhinoceros hornbill , bushy - crested hornbill , violet cuckoo , crimson - winged woodpecker , orange - backed woodpecker , great slaty woodpecker , verditer flycatcher , great argus , large - hawk cuckoo and diard ' s trogon ( as well as many more ) . it was placed lower down on this list only because most of its species can be observed at the discovery centre , however it is still an incredible birdwatching site .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nrarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .\natlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?\nthe trogons are split into three subfamilies , each reflecting one of these splits , aplodermatinae is the african subfamily and contains a single genus , apaloderma ; harpactinae is the asian subfamily and contains two genera , harpactes and apalharpactes . apalharpactes , consisting of two species in the java and sumatra , has only recently been accepted as a separate genus from harpactes . harpactes is a genus of birds found in forests in south and southeast asia , extending into southernmost china . they are strongly sexually dimorphic , with females generally being duller than males . the two members of the genus apalharpactes are sometimes included in harpactes .\noriental region : malay peninsula , borneo . harpactes orrhophaeus is known from peninsular thailand , sabah , sarawak and peninsular malaysia , singapore , kalimantan and sumatra , indonesia and brunei\nthis species occurs in the lower storey of humid evergreen forest to 1 , 500 m . in peninsular thailand and malaysia , it is largely restricted to closed - canopy lowland forest ( up to 180 m ) , whilst on borneo it occurs mainly in submontane slope forest at 1000 \u2013 1400 m . it is predominantly recorded from tall primary forests , although there are records from logged dipterocarp forest .\nbuilds nest in cavity about 1 . 5 meter above ground . clutch size is 2 eggs .\nprimarily insects , a still - hunter in dense understorey 2 - 3 meter above ground .\nsame bird as on xc68454 . this bird was in a small patch of trees in a large clearing , presumably traveling between forest patches\npreviously published on avocet as av5198 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen ; this bird seems to be a full adult but has no blue patch around the eye . age : ( determined by plumage ) . gps : rough estimate from google earth . recorded september 1990\npreviously published on avocet as av5197 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen ; this bird seems to be a full adult but has no blue patch around the eye . age : ( determined by plumage ) . gps : rough estimate from google earth . recorded september 1990\nsame bird as on xc68454 , xc96129 . this male is giving the four note call in the foreground that starts half way through . i suspect the other quiet 4 - 5 note series , which starts at the beginning of the cut , may be a female : one was seen with the male .\nsonogram images \u00a9 xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .\nthis species and h . duvaucelii have sometimes been placed in separate genus , duvaucelius . species name sometimes misspelt as orrophaeus . two subspecies recognized .\n( cabanis & heine , 1863 ) \u2013 peninsular thailand , peninsular malaysia and sumatra .\n25 cm ; 45\u201361 g . male of nominate race has black hood , blue bill , eyebrow and narrow orbital ring , pale brown upperparts and uppertail ; pinkish - red underparts ; undertail . . .\nmiddle and lower storeys of forest in the lowlands and hills , to 180 m in peninsular malaysia and . . .\nstick - insects and leaf - insects recorded in stomachs . still - hunts in fairly dense understorey , 2\u20133 m up . has been seen in a mixed - . . .\nmar\u2013apr and jun in peninsular malaysia ; in borneo , male and female in breeding condition in mar . nest in cavity 1\u20131\u00b75 m up in . . .\nnot globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . rare and local resident in peninsular thailand , where now threatened by habitat loss and known from only three . . .\nonly subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !\nonly members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !\nget access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 \u20ac ( instead of 59 . 90 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 85 \u20ac )\nsupporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .\nview more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .\nalso available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 89 . 9 \u20ac ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 \u20ac ( instead of 134 . 85 \u20ac )\nthere is a registration fee of 20\u20ac . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won\u2019t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .\nif you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .\nthis map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nmyavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .\nthere are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .\nthere are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .\nhoward and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :\nyou must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .\navibase has been visited 263 , 292 , 693 times since 24 june 2003 . \u00a9 denis lepage | privacy policy\nthis forest - dependent species is listed as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid decline throughout its range as a result of habitat loss and degradation .\nrecommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : harpactes orrhophaeus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .\nwhats wrong with secretary kim \uc601\uc900\uc774 \uc7ac\ub2a5\uad50\uc721 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2c8 ? ( \uc790\uae30\uc758 \uc77c\uc740 \uc2a4\uc2a4\ub85c . . . \ud558\uc9c0\ub9c8 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9\nthis article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .\ncan ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .\noriginal description clearly treats species name as adjectival ; hence this becomes masculine to agree with genus name . present species sometimes considered conspecific with t . citreolus ; genetic data indicate that these two form a sister - group to t . viridis and t . bairdii # r . populations of w costa rica described as race illaetabilis on basis of paler belly , but this character apparently not constant . monotypic .\natlantic slope of se mexico ( including islands off quintana roo ) , n guatemala , belize , n honduras and nicaragua ; also pacific slope from el salvador to n costa rica .\n27 cm ; 69\u201391 g . male with bill pale blue - grey , orbital ring pale blue ; head and breast dull blackish ; white breastband , yellow rest of underside ; wings greyish - black , . . .\nsong a series of quickening clear barks , falling in pitch and stopping rather abruptly , \u201c . . .\nspecies of natural open and secondary formations . usually fairly low in open deciduous woodland and . . .\ninsects and fruits . animal food includes orthoptera ( grasshoppers ) , mantises , dragonflies , large caterpillars ( smooth and hairy , including . . .\nmay\u2013jun in belize , mar\u2013jul in costa rica . nest an unlined chamber in an occupied termitarium 1\u00b75\u20138 m up in tree , on fence . . .\nresident in mexico . in costa rica , strays s to head of golfo dulce and e to grecia along river . . .\ntrogons are residents of tropical forests worldwide , with the greatest diversity in the neotropics . the genus\nthey feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast ,\nthey are reluctant to fly any distance . trogons are generally not migratory , although some species undertake partial local movements .\ntrogons have soft , often colourful , feathers with distinctive male and female plumage . they are the only type of animal with a\nthe trogons are insectivorous , usually hunting from a perch . they nest in holes dug into trees or termite nests , laying 2 - 4 white or\nthe majority of trogons are birds of tropical and subtropical forests . they have a cosmopolitan distribution in the worlds wet\ntropics , being found in the americas , africa and asia . a few species are distributed into the temperate zone , with one species ,\nto fairly open savannah , and from the equator to southern south africa . it is the most widespread and successful of all the trogons .\nthe eared quetzal of mexico is also able to use more xeric habitats , but preferentially inhabits forests . most other species are\nmore restricted in their habitat , with several species being restricted to undisturbed primary forest . within forests they tend to be\nsome species , particularly the quetzals , are adapted to cooler montane forest . there are a number of insular species ; these include\ncuba and hispaniola respectively . outside of south asia and the caribbean , however , trogons are generally absent from islands ,\nof its range , for example birds of zimbabwe ' s plateau savannah depart after the breeding season . a complete picture of these\nmovements is however lacking . trogons are difficult to study as their thick tarsi ( feet bones ) make ringing studies difficult .\nunable to walk beyond a very occasional shuffle along a branch . they are even incapable of turning around on a branch without\nusing their wings . the ratio of leg muscle to body weight in trogons is only 3 percent , the lowest known ratio of any bird .\nbeing the outer hind toe , an arrangement that is referred to as heterodactylous . the strong bill is short and the gape wide ,\nparticularly in the fruit eating quetzals , with a slight hook at the end . the african trogons are generally green on the back with red\nbellies . the new world trogons similarly have green or deep blue upperparts but are more varied in their lowerparts . the asian\nthe wings are short but strong , with the wing muscle ratio being around 22 % of the body weight . in spite of the strength of\ntheir flight , trogons do not fly often or for great distances , generally flying no more than a few hundred metres at a time .\nonly the montane species tend to make long distance flights . shorter flights tend to be direct and swift , but longer flights are\nslightly undulating . their flight can be surprisingly silent ( for observers ) , although that of a few species is reportedly quite noisy .\npanama ( unlike the other quetzals of the genus pharomachrus , which are found in south america and eastern panama ) . it is well\nthis quetzal plays an important role in mesoamerican mythologies . the resplendent quetzal is guatemala ' s national bird , and an\nimage of it is on the flag and coat of arms of guatemala . it is also the name of the local currency ( abbreviation gtq ) .\nthis species is 36\u009640 cm long , plus up to 65 cm of tail streamer for the male , and weighs about 210 g . it is the largest representative\nresplendent quetzals have a green body ( showing iridescence from green - gold to blue - violet ) and red breast . their green upper tail\ncoverts hide their tails and in breeding males are particularly splendid , being longer than the rest of the body . the primary wing\ncoverts are also unusually long and give a fringed appearance . the male has a helmet - like crest . the bill , which is partly covered by\ntheir habitat is montane cloud forests of central america ( from southern mexico to panama ) .\nresplendent quetzals are weak fliers . their known predators include the ornate hawk - eagle and owls as adults ,\nemerald toucanets , brown jays , long - tailed weasels , squirrels , and the kinkajou as nestlings or eggs .\nlarvae ) , frogs and lizards . particularly important are wild avocados and other fruit of the laurel family , which the birds swallow\nresplendent quetzals usually live alone when not breeding . they are monogamous territorial breeders , with the territory size being\nmeasured in guatemala as 6 - 10 ha . they are also seasonal breeders , with the breeding season being march to april in mexico ,\nmay to june in el salvador and march to may in guatemala . when breeding , females lay two pale blue eggs in a nest placed in\na hole which they carve in a rotten tree . a tree in the required stage of decomposition is susceptible to weather damage , and the\nwhere they tend to look like a bunch of fern growing out of the hole . the incubation period lasts about 18 days , during which\nthe male generally incubates the eggs during the day while the female incubates them at night . when the eggs hatch , both parents\ntake care of the young , feeding them fruit , berries , insects , lizards , and small frogs . however , the female often neglects and even\nmid - sized bird with yellow belly and bill , pale bluish eye - ring , and black and white barred tail ; male with green head , chest , and back , and black throat ; female with brownish head , chest , and back .\nlow and some middle elevation wet forests , caribbean and southern pacific slopes ; found in forest interior and more open areas such as forest edge , near rivers and streams , and around tree plantations .\nblack - throated trogons feed on insects , often taken in flight , and fruit . seems to be less dependent on fruit than other species of the genus . will follow troops of monkeys , ant swarms mixed - species flocks . their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast , they are reluctant to fly any distance . they typically perch upright and motionless .\nthis species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern . resident on the caribbean slope of honduras and nicaragua , on both slopes of costa rica and panama . in south america from colombia , venezuela , and the guianas south , west of the andes to western ecuador and east of the andes to central peru , amazonian and southeastern brazil , extreme northeastern argentina , and eastern paraguay .\nit nests 1 - 6 m high in an unlined shallow cavity built in dead wood stubs . also noted nest in old termite hills . clutch size is 2 eggs incubated for 18 - 19 days . young fledge after 14 - 15 days , male can breed after 2 years .\navibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com\nfowler , me ; miller , re . 2003 . zoo and wild animal medicine . philadelphia : w . b . saunders co .\n, back , chest and head , with a red belly . they are strongly\nare brown or grey . these largely solitary birds feed on fruits , berries , insects and small\n( such as frogs ) . even with their famous bright plumage , they can be hard to see in their natural wooded habitats .\n=\nstand up\nused to refer to an upstanding plume of feathers .\nthe word\nquetzal\nwas originally used for just the resplendent quetzal , the famous long - tailed quetzal of southern mexico and central america , which is the national bird and the name of the currency of guatemala . it still often refers to that bird specifically but now also names all the species of the genera pharomachrus and euptilotis .\npharomachrus is from ancient greek pharos ,\nmantle\n, and makros ,\nlong\n, referring to the wing and tail coverts of the resplendent quetzal ( the second h is unexplained ) .\nrestall , r . l . , c . rodner , & m . lentino ( 2006 ) . birds of northern south america . christopher helm . isbn 0 - 7136 - 7243 - 9 ( vol . 1 ) . isbn 0 - 7136 - 7242 - 0 ( vol . 2 ) .\nridgely , r . s . , & j . a . gwynne , jr . ( 1989 ) . a guide to the birds of panama with costa rica , nicaragua , and honduras . 2nd edition . princeton university press . isbn 0 - 691 - 08529 - 3\nfor\nnibbling\nand refers to the fact that these birds gnaw holes in trees to make their nests .\nthey feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast , they are reluctant to fly any distance . trogons are generally not migratory , although some species undertake partial local movements . trogons have soft , often colourful , feathers with distinctive male and female plumage . they are the only type of animal with a heterodactyl toe arrangement . they nest in holes dug into trees or termite nests , laying 2\u20134 white or pastel - coloured eggs .\nthe position of the trogons within the class aves has been a long - standing mystery .\na variety of relations have been suggested , including the parrots , cuckoos , toucans , jacamars and puffbirds , rollers , owls and nightjars . more recent morphological and molecular evidence has suggested a relationship with the\nnotwithstanding the current richness of the family , which is more diverse in the neotropical new world . dna evidence seemed to support an african origin for the trogons , with the african genus\nseemingly basal in the family , and the other two lineages , the asian and american , breaking off between 20\u201336 million years ago . more recent studies\nshow that the dna evidence gives contradictory results concerning the basal phylogenetic relationships ; so it is currently unknown if all extant trogons are descended from an african or an american ancestor or neither .\nthe tendons of the foot , showing the arrangement with a reversed second toe . the plantar tendon on the front (\nsome species , particularly the quetzals , are adapted to cooler montane forest . there are a number of insular species ; these include a number of species found in the greater sundas , one species in the philippines as well as two monophyletic genera endemic to cuba and hispaniola respectively . outside of south asia and the caribbean , however , trogons are generally absent from islands , especially oceanic ones .\nin the plumage . the female is on the left , male on the right .\nthe wings are short but strong , with the wing muscle ratio being around 22 % of the body weight . in spite of the strength of their flight , trogons do not fly often or for great distances , generally flying no more than a few hundred metres at a time . only the montane species tend to make long distance flights . shorter flights tend to be direct and swift , but longer flights are slightly undulating . their flight can be surprisingly silent ( for observers ) , although that of a few species is reportedly quite noisy .\nof trogons are generally loud and uncomplex , consisting of monosyllabic hoots and whistles delivered in varying patterns and sequences .\n, are remarkably uniform . in addition to the territorial and breeding calls given by males and females during the breeding seasons , trogons have been recorded as having aggression calls given by competing males and alarm calls .\ntrogons are generally inactive outside of infrequent feeding flights . among birdwatchers and biologists it has been noted that\n[ a ] part from their great beauty [ they ] are notorious . . . for their lack of other immediately engaging qualities\n.\ntheir lack of activity is possibly a defence against predation ; trogons on all continents have been reported to shift about on branches to always keep their less brightly coloured backs turned towards observers , while their heads , which like owls can turn through 180 degrees , keep a watch on the watcher . trogons have reportedly been preyed upon by hawks and predatory mammals ; one report was of a\ntrogons feed principally on insects , other arthropods , and fruit ; to a lesser extent some small vertebrates such as lizards are taken .\namong the insect prey taken one of the more important types are caterpillars ; along with cuckoos , trogons are one of the few birds groups to regularly prey upon them . some caterpillars are known to be poisonous to trogons though , like\nthe extent to which each food type is taken varies depending on geography and species . the three african trogons are exclusively insectivorous , whereas the asian and american genera consume varying amounts of fruit . diet is somewhat correlated with size , with larger species feeding more on fruit and smaller species focusing on insects .\n. frogs , lizards and large insects on the ground may also be pounced on from the air . more rarely some trogons may shuffle along a branch to obtain insects , insect eggs and very occasionally nestling birds .\n. males will respond quickly to playbacks of their calls and will repel other members of the same species and even other hole - nesting species from around their nesting sites . males attract females by singing ,\nsome species have been observed in small flocks of 3\u201312 individuals prior to and sometimes during the breeding season , calling and chasing each other , but the function of these flocks is unclear .\nnest cavities can either be deep upward slanting tubes that lead to fully enclosed chambers , or much shallower open niches ( from which the bird is visible ) . nests are dug with the beak , incidentally giving the family its name . nest digging may be undertaken by the male alone or by both sexes . in the case of nests dug into tree trunks , the wood must be strong enough not to collapse but soft enough to dig out . trogons have been observed landing on dead tree trunks and slapping the wood with their tails , presumably to test the firmness .\nthe nests of trogons are thought to usually be unlined . between two to four eggs are laid in a nesting attempt . these are round and generally glossy white or lightly coloured ( buff , grey , blue or green ) , although they get increasingly dirty during\nwith the male taking one long incubation stint a day and the female incubating the rest of the time . incubation seems to begin after the last egg is laid . the incubation period varies by species , usually lasting between 16\u201319 days . on hatching the chicks are\n, blind and naked . the chicks acquire feathers rapidly in some of the montane species , in the case of the\n, which may take twice as long . the nestling period varies by species and size , with smaller species generally taking 16 to 17 days to\n, whereas larger species may take as long as 30 days , although 23\u201325 days is more typical .\nyet they are also often reclusive and seldom seen . little is known about much of their biology , and much of what is known about them comes from the research of neotropical species by the\njohansson , ulf s . & ericson , per g . p . ( 2003 ) .\nmolecular support for a sister group relationship between pici and galbulae ( piciformes sensu wetmore 1960 )\n. journal of avian biology 34 ( 2 ) : 185\u2013197 . doi : 10 . 1034 / j . 1600 - 048x . 2003 . 03103 . x .\nmccormack , john e . ; harvey , michael g . ; faircloth , brant c . ; crawford , nicholas g . ; glenn , travis c . ; brumfield , robb t . ( 2013 ) .\na phylogeny of birds based on over 1 , 500 loci collected by target enrichment and high - throughput sequencing\n. plos one 8 ( 1 ) : e54848 . arxiv : 1210 . 1604 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0054848 . pmc 3558522 . pmid 23382987 .\nhackett , s . j . ; kimball , r . t . ; reddy , s . ; bowie , r . c . k . ; braun , e . l . ; braun , m . j . ; chojnowski , j . l . ; cox , w . a . ; han , k . - l . ( 2008 ) .\na phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history\n. science 320 ( 5884 ) : 1763\u20131768 . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1157704 . pmid 18583609 .\ncollar , n . j . ( 2001 ) .\nfamily trogonidae ( trogons )\n, pp . 80\u2013129 in del hoyo , j . ; elliot , a . & sargatal , j . ( eds . ) . ( 2001 ) handbook of the birds of the world , vol . 6 mousebirds to hornbills . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . isbn 84 - 87334 - 30 - x\nmayr , gerald ( 2005 ) .\nnew trogons from the early tertiary of germany\n. ibis 147 ( 3 ) : 512\u2013518 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1474 - 919x . 2005 . 00421 . x .\nmoyle , robert g . ( 2005 ) .\nphylogeny and biogeographical history of trogoniformes , a pantropical bird order\n. biological journal of the linnean society 84 ( 4 ) : 725\u2013738 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8312 . 2005 . 00435 . x .\njohansson , u . s . ; ericson , p . g . p . ( 1 may 2005 ) .\na re - evaluation of basal phylogenetic relationships within trogons ( aves : trogonidae ) based on nuclear dna sequences\n. journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research 43 ( 2 ) : 166\u2013173 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1439 - 0469 . 2004 . 00292 . x .\nwheelwright n . t . ( 1983 ) .\nfruits and the ecology of resplendent quetzals\n. auk 100 ( 2 ) : 286\u2013301 .\nremsen j . v . , jr . ; hyde m . a . and chapman a . ( 1993 ) . the diets of neotropical trogons , motmots , barbets and toucans\nthe diets of neotropical trogons , motmots , barbets and toucans\n. condor 95 ( 1 ) : 178\u2013192 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1369399 . jstor 1369399 .\nwindsor , d . m . ( 1976 ) .\nbirds as predators on the brood of polybia wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae : polistinae ) in a costa rican deciduous forest\n. biotropica 8 ( 2 ) : 111\u2013116 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 2989631 . jstor 2989631 .\nskutch a . f . ( 1944 ) . life history of the quetzal\nlife history of the quetzal\n. condor 46 ( 5 ) : 213\u2013235 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1364045 . jstor 1364045 .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\n\u00a9 lee , a j mithra , j . j . s . j . , emma , guest authors , the photographers and lee\u2019s birdwatching adventures plus , 2008 - 2017 . excerpts and links may be used , provided that full and clear credit is given to lee , j . j . s . j . , emma , guest authors , the photographers and lee\u2019s birdwatching adventures plus with appropriate and specific direction to the original content . also , please honor the copyrights of articles and photos we have received permission to use .\nlet them praise the name of the lord : for he commanded , and they were created . ( psalms 148 : 5 kjv )\non the photos or slides , a \u201cby\u201d indicates one of the photographers or videographers , who have given their permission , with links on our sidebar . please visit their site to see many more fantastic shots , a \u201c\u00a9\u00a9\u201d copyright symbol indicates a photo from creative commons and \u00a9wikic is a creative commons photo from wikipedia .\nphotographers or videographers used on this page from our sidebar , photography , are : reinier\u2019s wildstock photos gallery donna l . watkins sslayton \u2013 fotobirder at smugmug\ntrogons are residents of tropical forests worldwide . the greatest diversity is in the neotropics , where four genera , containing 24 species occur . the genus apaloderma contains the three african species . the genera harpactes and apalharpactes , containing twelve species , are found in southeast asia .\nthey feed on insects and fruit , and their broad bills and weak legs reflect their diet and arboreal habits . although their flight is fast , they are reluctant to fly any distance . trogons are generally not migratory , although some species undertake partial local movements . ( wikipedia with editing )\nenter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .\nkento furui added the japanese common name\n\u30ba\u30b0\u30ed\u30ad\u30cc\u30d0\u30cd\u30c9\u30ea\nto\nharpactes orrhophaeus ( cabanis & heine , 1863 )\n.\nkari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name\nkaneliper\u00e4trogoni\nfrom\nharpactes orrhophaeus ( cabanis & heine , 1863 )\nas trusted .\none molecular study found this species to be sister to h . diardii and h . erythrocephalus # r . five subspecies recognized .\nrand & rabor , 1952 \u2013 luzon ( except ne ) , marinduque and catanduanes .\nrand & rabor , 1959 \u2013 samar , biliran , leyte and bohol , in ec philippines .\n( temminck , 1826 ) \u2013 dinagat , mindanao and basilan , in se philippines .\n29\u201330 cm ; 82\u2013114 g . male nominate race has bill yellow with bright green base , head and throat black with violet - blue facial skin , crown suffused maroon ; neck and . . .\nlower and middle strata of primary forest of all types ( including on ultrabasic rock ) except mossy . . .\ngrasshoppers recorded . on mindanao , a bird in flight seen plucking a 20 - cm stick - insect off a branch , then flying off to eat it nearby .\nmar\u2013may ; nestlings and juveniles in apr\u2013jun . nest in hole in tree ; 1 located 6 m up in dead tree . eggs 3 . no other information .\nnot globally threatened . may have declined substantially since 19th century , when said by explorers to be abundant from luzon to basilan , whereas today it is very common only . . .\nthe reproduction or unauthorised use of any website content is strictly prohibited , and punishable by law . images and data on this website may not be used without the complete written consent of the webmaster , and are otherwise exclusive to\ntracking systems immediately display the illegal use of any content on the website . the copying of images in any form , including but not limited to screenclipping , screenshotting and copying or saving the content directly from the website is prohibited . identical terms and conditions apply regarding the use of the website ' s content which may be displayed on third party websites or through search engines . an exception applies only where , if a user decides to share website media . the user , however , is obligated to site\nas the exclusive source of the shared media . displaying the owner ' s name , oliver rose , is not compulsory , however is recommended .\na world heritage site , located in northern sabah , mount kinabalu is the tallest mountain in borneo , and is home to some of the world ' s most unique species of birds . in 1964 , 754 square kilometres of land of varied vegetation was protected and the flora and fauna in the park is now being comprehensively researched , as scientists attempt to develop their understanding of this incredible oasis . of the 59 endemics in borneo , 31 have been recorded in the park . some of which include two endemic partridges , two endemic laughingthrushes , the illusive whitehead ' s trio , bornean whistler , bornean green magpie , bornean treepie , mountain black - eye , pygmy white - eye , eyebrowed jungle flycatcher and bornean flowerpecker . visiting the park is a must for any birder going to sabah .\nmale yellow - green head and blue - green upperparts . wingpanel yellowish barred . chestnut rump and a blue tail . yellow throat and belly , grey - green breastband . red bill , blue eye ring and orange feet . female has different wing - barring more narrow and more buff .\nforages mostly for insects of all kinds . also fruit and on occasion small reptiles .\nthis species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern . it is endemic to the indonesian island of sumatra .\nit feeds on a variety of invertebrates taken by aerial sallying or by perch - gleaning . also feeds on fruit and will occasionally join mixed - species flocks .\nthis species is considered to be endangered because it has a very small population which is likely to be declining owing to habitat loss . forest loss , degradation and fragmentation , through widespread agricultural encroachment and localised development ( e . g . holiday resorts and geothermal projects ) , is becoming an increasing threat in the altitudinal range of the species\nlittle known ; breeding reported april through december ; lays one to three eggs .\nrange : oriental region : java . apalharpactes reinwardtii is known from just six forested mountains in west java , indonesia : gunung halimun , gunung salak , gunung gede - pangrango , gunung patuha - tilu , gunung wayang and gunung papandayan . there are only recent records from three of these ( halimun , salak and gede - pangrango ) . the historical range totals 11600 km2 . although it has been stated to occur from 800 - 2600 m , little forest remains below 1000 m away from halimun , and the species appears to be rarer at higher elevations . the only site where the species appears to be common now is gunung halimun , but only at lower elevations . the population size of this species may be as low as a few hundred pairs\nit has been reported from sea level to the highest peaks though it only rarely occurs at lower elevations . it occurs at 500 - 3000 meter , but there is apparently some altitudinal migration with birds observed at lower elevations in winter . it inhabits rain , dry and pine forests , but requires large , old decayed trees for nesting\nknown to mainly eat insects though also takes small vertabrates and fruit , especiallly those of the parrot tree , brunellia comocladifolia .\nbuilds nest in a tree cavity , often an abandoned nest of a woodpecker . clutch size is 2 eggs .\nrange : north america : hispaniola . priotelus roseigaster is endemic to haiti , where habitat loss has been extensive and it is now restricted to the massifs de la hotte and de la selle , and the dominican republic where it is still quite common , especially in the relatively undisturbed sierra de baoruco , although there has been a moderately rapid population reduction , owing to deforestation"]}
{"id": 2649, "summary": [{"text": "isodemis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "the genus was erected by alexey diakonoff in 1952 for the type species batodes serpentinana .", "topic": 26}, {"text": "diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis to isodemis and described isodemis stenotera from sumatra .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "j\u00f3zef razowski ( 2000 , 2009 ) described isodemis proxima from taiwan , and isodemis brevicera , isodemis longicera and isodemis ngoclinha from vietnam .", "topic": 5}, {"text": "currently , isodemis consists of twelve species , mainly distributed in south-east asia . ", "topic": 6}], "title": "isodemis", "paragraphs": ["the genus isodemis diakonoff , 1952 in china is reviewed , with seven species recognized . three new species are described : isodemis quadratasp . n . , isodemis guangxiensissp . n . and isodemis hainanensissp . n . the female of isodemis stenotera diakonoff , 1983 is described for the first time . variation within isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick , 1918 ) and isodemis stenotera is briefly discussed . images of the adults and genitalia are provided , along with a key to the described species .\nisodemis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae . the genus was erected by diakonoff in 1952 for the type species batodes serpentinana . diakonoff ( 1976 , 1983 ) transferred tortrix illiberalis to isodemis and described isodemis stenotera from sumatra . razowski ( 2000 , 2009 ) described isodemis proxima from . . .\nhow can i put and write and define isodemis in a sentence and how is the word isodemis used in a sentence and examples ? \u7528isodemis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528isodemis\u9020\u53e5 , \u7528isodemis\u9020\u53e5 , isodemis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .\ngenus : isodemis diakonoff , 1952 . verh . naturf . ges . basel 63 : 147 .\ncurrently ,\nisodemis\nconsists of twelve species , mainly distributed in south - east asia .\nrecord of a lepidopteran pest isodemis serpentinana ( walker ) ( tortricidae : lepidoptera ) on vateria indica l . in karnataka\nrecord of a lepidopteran pest isodemis serpentinana ( walker ) ( tortricidae : lepidoptera ) on vateria indica l . in karnataka | mangala | indian forester\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\nby t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4\nurltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .\nt @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .\nwe are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .\ngilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken\n1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\nif you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c18766fe - cf59 - 4235 - af5a - ea20704130f1\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 249748\nexplore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .\nfind out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .\ndid you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .\nthe atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9f77da94 - c9c6 - 4043 - 9844 - b36b90953bf3\nurn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 380948\nfor full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 6 . olethreutinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )\ndiakonoff a ( 1941 ) new asiatic and papuan tortricidae with records of other species ( 3rd communication on indo - malayan and papuan microlepidoptera ) . treubia 18 : 29\u201344 .\nwissenschaftliche ergebnisse der sumba - expedition des museums f\u00fcr v\u00f6lkerkunde und des naturhistorischen museums in basel , 1949 . microlepidoptera . part 1\ndiakonoff a ( 1952 ) wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der sumba - expedition des museums f\u00fcr v\u00f6lkerkunde und des naturhistorischen museums in basel , 1949 . microlepidoptera . part 1 . verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel 63 : 137\u2013152 .\ndocumenting the circa 2 , 400 ( and rising ) moth species of hong kong , their distributions , relative abundance , phenology , habitat associations and general ecology . a combination of citizen science ef\u2026\n[ more ]\nreview of the genus hieromantis meyrick from china , with descriptions of three new species ( lepidopt . . .\nsix species of the genus hieromantis occurring in china are reviewed . hieromantis rectangula sp . n . , h . arcuata sp . n . and h . puerensis sp . n . are described as new , and h . phaeodora meyrick , 1929 is newly recorded in china . photographs of adults and illustrations of genitalia are provided , along with an identification key and a distribution map .\nthe genus calicotis meyrick , 1889 is recorded from china for the first time . calicotis cuspidata sp . nov . , c . dilatata sp . nov . and c . uncinata sp . nov . are described as new , and c . crucifera meyrick , 1889 is newly recorded for china . photographs of adults and illustrations of the genitalia are provided , along with a key to the identification of the described chinese species and a map to show . . . [ show full abstract ]\ncochylis treitschke in china : one new species and five new records ( lepidoptera , tortricidae , cochyl . . .\nsix species of cochylis treitschke , 1829 are recorded for china . among them , cochylis triangula sp . n . is described as new ; cochylis atricapitana ( stephens , 1852 ) , cochylis discerta razowski , 1970 , cochylis dubitana ( h\u00fcbner , [ 1799 ] ) , cochylis faustana ( kennel , 1919 ) and cochylis posterana hyrcana ( toll , 1948 ) are recorded for the first time for china . the female of cochylis discerta razowski , . . . [ show full abstract ]\none new species and two new species records of the genus endotricha zeller , 1847 from china ( lepidop . . .\nendotricha minutiptera li , sp . n . is described from hainan , china . endotricha loricata moore and e . ragonoti christoph are reported for the first time in china . images of the adults and the genitalia of the three species are provided .\nthe chinese species of phalonidia le marchand , 1933 are reviewed . sixteen species and one subspecies are treated , including three new species ( p . brevifasciaria , sp . nov . , p . rotundiventralis , sp . nov . , and p . tenuispinifornis , sp . nov . ) and three newly recorded species or subspecies ( p . affinitana tauriana ( kennel , 1899 ) , p . aliena kuznetzov , 1966 , and p . coreana byun & li , 2006 ) . the female . . . [ show full abstract ]\nencyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\ntype - species : batodes serpentinana walker , 1863 . list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . : 317 . [ bhl ]\nt @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )\nby gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .\nwe use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en\nurltoken\n\u00bb anthology of oxalis corniculata l . by scanning electron microscope in indroda nature park , gujarat , india 39734 views since : 2017 - 12 - 01\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . . . .\nthis paper is a continuation of the study on the tribe archipini from vietnam . it includes the data on 15 genera\nkey words : lepidoptera , tortricidae , archipini , sparganothini , new species , vietnam .\ntortricidae de vietnam en la colecci\u00f3n del museo de berl\u00edn . 5 . archipini y sparganothini\neste trabajo es una continuaci\u00f3n del estudio sobre la tribu archipini de vietnam . incluye los datos sobre 15\npalabras clave : lepidoptera , tortricidae , archipini , sparganothini , nuevas especies , vietnam .\ncollectors : afonin , w . mey , simonov , and v . siniaev .\n1995 , siniaev ; sa pa , fan si pan , 1600 m , vii - 1995 ; mt . ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 ,\nm , 8 - xiii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin ; tuan glao , 1200 m , 5 - 10 - xi - 1994 , siniaev ; bach - ma n . p . , 1200\nm , 26 - vii / 6 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin .\nsiniaev ; mt . ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin .\ndistribution : until now known from india : assam , sikkim ; nepal ; china : yunnan .\nholotype female from mt . fan si pan , 2400 m , v - 1993 , siniaev & simonov ; gs 75 wien .\ndescription : wing span 15 , 5 mm . head ferruginous brown ; labial palpus 1 , 5 pale rust ; median\npart of thorax brownish grey , tegula brown , cream posteriorly . forewing not expanding posteriorly ;\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 19 ) : anteostial sterigma large , tapering proximad , membranous at\nthis species was described from kashmir . the examined material shows an external and genital\nsiniaev & afonin ; mt ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1995 , same collectors .\ndescription : male . wing span 23 mm . head and thorax pale brownish ; labial palpus ca 1 , 5\nreaching about middle ; apex fairly long ; termen sinuate beneath apex , convex postmedially . ground\ncolour ( worn ) brownish ferruginous , in tornal area ochreous , tinged and sprinkled rust brown .\ndots . cilia rust brown , more cream towards tornus . hindwing brownish with orange apical area ; cilia\nfemale : wing span 30 mm . costa sinuate ; apex fairly long , protruding ; termen sinuate beneath\napex , convex postmedially . head and thorax cinnamon brownish ; labial palpus ca 2 , more rust\nsubapical blotch diffuse with refractive shine . cilia rust brown . hindwing pale orange with pale\nminute terminal thorn ; aedeagus rather slender , with dorsoposterior thorn ; cornuti and caulis long .\ntortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 20 ) : posterior edge of antreostial sterigma concave medially , cup - shaped\npart broad ; sclerite of antrum weak ; ductus bursae very long ; blade of signum long .\n1995 ; mt ngoclingh , 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 , siniaev ; bach - ma n . p . , 1200 m , 26 - vii - 1996 , all\ndescribed from assam , india ; widely distributed in s . asia ( pakistan , nepal , cjina , india ,\nburma , thailand , vietnam , malaysia , indonesia : sumatra , java ) . for synonymies see tuck ( 1990 ) .\nholotype male from kon tum , dac glei , 700 m , 6 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin ; gs 118 wiet .\ndescription : wing span 15 mm . head and thorax brownish , labial palpus ( 1 . 3 ) except for\nterminal part and base of tegula blackish . forewing weakly expanding posteriorly , costal fold to 1 / 3 ,\ncosta concave postmedially ; termen beyond sinuate part convexly rounded . termen cream ochreous ,\nin basal 3 / 4 suffused pinkish brown , in costal area tinged brown - black . markings and costal fold\nblackish brown , typical of the genus ; subapical fascia and apical spot brownish . cilia brown\nholotype female from sa pa , fan si pan mts , 25 - 30 - iii - 1995 , w . mey ; gs 115 wiet . paratype\nfemale , not dissected , from bach ma np , 1200 m , 26 - vii / 8 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin .\ndescription : wing span 23 mm . head rust brown , median part of thorax browner ; labial palpus\nbeneath apex , weakly convex towards m3 . forewing almost unicolorous ochreous rust , paler\nbrown , this last with some refractive dots . cilia rust brown , paler in dorsal third . hindwing orange ,\nin anal half brownish ; cilia pale orange ; subapical group of scent scales absent .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 21 ) : proximal half of sterigma tapering proximally ; postostial sterigma\nlong ; cestum to beyond middle of this last ; blade of signum slender .\nholotype female from sa pa , fan si pan , 1600 m , june 1994 , v . siniaev ; gs 39 wiet .\nparatypes 7 females from same locality , 2400 m , 28 - x - 1994 , v . siniaev ; gs 39 wiet . paratypes 9\ndescription : female . wing span 20 mm . head and thorax cinnamon brown ; labial palpus 1 , 3 .\nforewing costa weakly sinuate before apex ; termen similarly so . ground colour brownish cinnamon ;\nsuffusions and strigulation brownish ; subtornal area and apex more brown . cilia rust brown , blackish\nvariation : paler and darker specimens , two with costal traces of brownish markings .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 22 ) : sterigma rather small with cup - shaped proximal part ; sclerite of\ninner sclerite and without cestum ; basal half of forewing without rust suffusion and strigulation .\nholotype female : mt . ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin ; gs 111\ndescription : wing span 20 mm . head and thorax brownish , labial palpus ca 1 , 3 . costa of\nweak , pinkish violet . marking reduced to slender rust brown blotch extending from mid - costa to\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 23 ) : sterigma proportionally small ; cup - shaped part less than half length\nwith short cup - shaped part of sterigma , distinctly tapering proximally and long cestum .\nterminal plate of gnathos and narrow transverse brachiola . signum , ductus bursae ( with cestum ) and\n3 - xi - 1994 , siniaev ; mt . fan si pan , v - 1993 , 2400 m , siniaev & simonov .\nfemale ( not known until now ) : wing span 30 - 32 mm . forewing not expanding terminad ; costa\nmarkings pale rust with much darker , linear edges . cilia rust or brownish rust . hindwing cream\nand my own drawings . in the two sources some characters are lacking , thus this comparison may\ntwo lateral thorns at the end of aedeagus . female genitalia ( unknown until now , fig . 24 ) . sterigma\nbursae long with cestum reaching before its end ; basal plate of signum small , blade slender .\njudging on the shape of aedeagus our specimens my represent another , close species .\naedeagus which tapers terminad and has a single ventroterminal process . this species is known from\nsiniaev & afonin ; mt . ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin ; kon tum , dac\nsacculus is variable ; the ventroterminal projection is either short or pronounced . known from nepal ,\nsikkim , n . india , thailand , w . malaysia , vietnam , sumatra and borneo .\nholotype female : mt . fan si pan , 2400 m , v - 1993 , siniaev & simonov , g . s 43 wiet .\ndescription : wing span 32 mm . head and thorax brownish yellow ; labial palpus ca 2 , browner\nterminally ; tegula with slender brownish line . forewing costa convex basally , termen weakly\nsuffusions and rows of dots in posterior third of wing brown . markings brown , partially diffuse ,\nmedian fascia slightly tinged rust medially . cilia concolorous with groud colour of distal third of\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 25 ) : anteostial sterigma broad with transverse more strongly sclerotized\nmaterial examined : 13 females from tam dao , 950 m , 17 - x - 1995 , siniaev ; mt . ngoclinh ,\nremarks : widely distributed in se asia : bhutan , thailand , w . malaysia ( tuck , 1990 ) ,\nmaterial examined : eight specimens from fan si pan , 2400 m , v - 1993 , siniaev & simonov .\ntheir figure is superficial . judging from the setose end of sacculus liu & li ( 2002 ) examined a\nmaterial examined : one male found in sa pa , oku - ho 1100 m , 31 - iii - 1995 , mey .\nthis species was described from nepal ; it also is known from china : likiang .\nholotype male : kon tum , dac glei , 700 m , 8 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin ; gs 30 wiet .\ndescription : wing span 15 mm . head and thorax brownish ; labial palpus ca 2 . forewing\nuniformly broad , costa except for basal third straight , termen weakly oblique , gently sinuate . ground\ncolour creamish brown ; dots and suffusions brownish . markings brown with blackish brown dots\napodeme ; aedeagus tapering terminad , with terminal process ( broken ) ; cornuti group of large spines .\nmaterial examined : over 20 specimens from tam dao , 950 m , 17 - x - 1995 , siniaev ; mt . fan si\nremarks : already recorded from vietnam ( kuznetzov 2000 ) . very similar to east\n( christoph , 1881 ) in which basal part of uncus is rather slender .\nholotype male : tam dao , 17 - x - 1995 , 950 m , siniaev ; gs 31 wiet . paratype male : mai - chau ,\ndescription : wing span 10 , 5 mm . head brownish , thorax cream , labial palpus ca 2 , brownish .\nforewing rather uniformly broad , termen slightly oblique , rather straight . ground colour creamish ;\ndots sparse , brownish ; dorsum slightly suffused brownish . markings pale grey - brown with darker\nblotch extending almost to tornus . cilia concolorous with wing . hindwing brownish cream ,\nholotype male : sa pa , okui - ho , 1100 m , 31 - iii - 1995 , mey ; gs 71 wiet .\ndescription : wing span 12 , 5 mm . head and thorax brownish scales cream ochreous ; labial\npalpus ca 1 , 5 , brownish ochreous . forewing not expanding in posterior half ; costal fold broad ;\ntermen fairly oblique , straight . ground colour pale brownish grey , in costal and terminal areas more\ncreamish ; in dorsal third of wing brownish ; strigulation brownish grey . markings : median fascia\nbrown spots ; terminal suffusion weak marked by brown median veins . cilia cream , brown at tornus .\nhindwing brownish grey , cream towards base , with brownish venation ; cilia paler than wing .\nbroad uncus and dorsal process of labis , and long , curved terminal process of aedeagus .\nholotype female : mai chau , 1400 m , 7 - 15 - v - 1995 , siniaev ; gs 78 wiet . paratypes , 2 females ,\none labelled as above , one from sa pa , 1600 m , primary forest , 28 - x / 3 - xi - 1994 , siniaev .\ndescription : wing span 16 mm . head brown ; labial palpus ca 2 ; thorax brownish grey . forewing\ntowards base of wing ; dots brownish ; suffusion at mid - dorsum paler , spotted brown . markings grey -\nbrown consisting of costal spots and large subapical triangle reaching apex , tornus and termen . cilia\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 26 ) : sterigma subsquare with short , rounded proximal corners ; antrum\nmaterial examined : two males : sa pa , fan si pang mts , 25 - 30 - iii - 1995 , w . mey ; mt . fan si\nwiet . paratypes , 2 females , same labels , one with gs 170 wiet .\ndescription : wing span 16 mm . head and thorax brownish ferruginous ; labial palpus ca 1 , 3 .\nbeneath apex , convex postmedially . wing brownish ferruginous , more cream along costa , with sparse\ndarker fine strigulae . subapical blotch slender , much darker than ground colour ; apex brown . cilia\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 27 ) : papilla analis broad ; cup - shaped part of sterigma large , expanding\nsclerite ; ductus bursae long , slender , broadening postmedially ; signum with large blade .\nfrom primorsk , east russia but this species with very long ductus bursae and large signum .\ndescription : wing span 20 mm . head and thorax ferruginous , labial palpus ca 1 , 3 ferruginous\nsubapical blotch slender , brown and subterminal fascia preserved near termen brown rust . cilia\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 28 ) : cup - shaped part of sterigma expanding posteriorly ; lateral parts of\nholotype male : mt ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin ; gs 28 wiet .\nparatypes two males from tam dao , 17 - x - 1995 , 950 m , siniaev , one with gs 162 wiet .\ndescription : wing span 15 mm . head and thorax pale orange cream , labial palpus ca 1 , 5 more\nstraight , rather not oblique , then bent . ground colour pale yellowish cream with dense orange\nspot ; subterminal fascia connected with costal blotch . cilia brownish ( worn ) with brown tornal third .\nbroad basally ; aedeagus broad , convex in middle ventrally ; cornuti large bunch of long spines .\netymology : this specie is dedicated to mr . afonin the collector of this and several other\nmaterial examined : one male from mt . ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 , siniaev &\nremarks : this species was described from andamans . the male genitalia of this specimen\n( figs 17 , 18 ) differ from those in clarke ( 1958 ) . his lectotype has longer aedeagus whilst\nsimonov ; sa pa , fan si pan mts , 25 - 30 - iii - 1995 , w . mey ; sa pa , mt fan si pan , 28 - x / 3 - xi - 1994 ,\nexposition , primary forest , 1600 m , 28 - x - 1994 , siniaev .\nsame locality , 950 m , 17 - x - 1965 , siniaev . ; two males from mai chau , 1400 m , primary forest , 7 - 15 -\nexamined material : kon tum , dac glei , 700 m , 8 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin . there is a\ngreat deal of specimens from various localities which could represent this species . the females are\nmentions that it is distributed in eastern and southern asia to korea and japan in the north .\n41 wiet . paratypes , two females ( one with abdomen missing ) with identical labels .\ndescription : wing span 22 mm . head pale brownish cream ; labial palpus 1 , 3 ; thorax slightly\ndeeply concave beneath apex , strongly convex at vein m3 . ground colour brownish cream densely\nsuffused and sprinkled brown ; strigulae along costa brownish . markings brown , diffuse , ill - defined\nconcolorous to m3 , then brownish cream . hindwing cream tinged brownish ; cilia slightly paler .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 29 ) : sterigma small , subsquare , with well expressed proximal corners ;\nsiniaev & afonin ; sa pa , okui - ho , 1100 m , 31 - iii - 1995 , w . mey ; sa pa , 1600 m . 26 - x / 3 - xi . , v .\n1994 , v . siniaev ; mai chau , 1400 m , primary forest , 7 - 15 - iv - 1995 , siniaev .\ndiakonoff , 1976 . most probably the two are conspecific . range : nepal , india , thailand , vietnam ,\nmaterial examined : one male from mai chau , 1400 m , 7 - 15 - iv - 1995 , siniaev .\n( india to new guinea ) but distinct by slender basal part of uncus . this species is described from\nholotype female : mt . ngoclinh , 900 - 1400 m , 10 - 25 - viii - 1996 , siniaev & afonin ; gs 171 .\nparatype female from fan si pan , 1600 m , primary forest , 1 - 7 - xi - 1995 , siniaev & afonin .\ndescription : wing span 23 mm . head cream grey , labial palpus ca 2 , white apically ; thorax\nconcolorous with head , tegula marked brownish grey . forewing uniformly broad throughout , costa\nexcept for basal third straight ; termen not oblique , hardly concave submedially . ground colour cream\nscaled pinkish rust , in dorsal area more grey , in mid - terminal portion markedly brownish . markings\nand forming white mark at disc ; line along anal vein to beyond mid - length of wing . cilia worn .\nfemale genitalia ( fig . 30 ) : papilla analis large with rounded posterior part ; sterigma short ,\nmaterial examined : twenty - two specimens : sa pa , okui - ho , 1100 m , 31 - iii - 1995 , w . mey ; mt .\nfan si pan , 2400 m , v - 1993 , siniaev ; fan si pan , primary forest , 1 - 7 - xi - 1995 . siniaev & afonin ;\ntam dao , 950 m , 17 - x - 1995 , siniaev ; mai - chau , 1400 m , 7 - 15 - iv - 1995 , siniaev ; mt . ngoclinh ,\nthe author thanks dr . wolfram mey ( mnhu ) for providing the vietnam material for study and\ndonation of some spare specimens for isez . thanks are also due to dr . l . przybylowicz , cracow\nwho photographed the specimens and slides and mr . k . fiolek , cracow who arranged the plates .\nkuznetzov , v . i . , 2000 . \u2013 annotated list of tortricidae recorded from vietnam ( lepidoptera ) . \u2013\nrazowski , j . , 1979 . \u2013 some tortricinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . \u2013\nrazowski , j . , 2003 . \u2013 tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 1 .\nrazowski , j . , 2008a . \u2013 tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 2 .\nrazowski , j . , 2008b . \u2013 tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 3 .\nrazowski , j . , 2008c . \u2013 tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum .\nlike most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .\ncontinuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .\ncab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .\nwe do not evaluate or guarantee the accuracy of any content in this site . click here for the full disclaimer .\na novel splice variant in the n - propeptide of col5a1 causes an eds . . .\nthe ehlers - danlos syndrome ( eds ) is a heritable connective tissue disorder characterized by hyperextensible skin , joint hypermobility and soft tissue fragility . the classic subtype of eds is caused by mutations in one of the type v collagen genes ( col5a1 and col5a2 ) . most mutations affect the type v collagen helical domain and . . .\ncytogenetic study on microtus guentheri ( danford and alston , 1880 ) ( mammalia : rodentia ) from . . .\nconventionally stained , c - and ag - nor banded karyotypes of guenther ' s vole , microtus guentheri were studied from turkey . the species possesses a karyotype of 2n = 54 , nfa = 52 and nf = 54 in specimens from kahramanmara\u015f and gaziantep provinces , whereas nf = 56 in females and nf = 55 in . . .\neffect of pitx2 knockdown on transcriptome of primary human trabecular meshwork cell . . .\nto identify genes whose expressions in primary human trabecular meshwork ( tm ) cell cultures are affected by the transcription factor pituitary homeobox 2 ( pitx2 ) and to identify genes that may have roles in glaucoma . known glaucoma causing genes account for disease in a small fraction of patients , and we aimed at . . .\nsurface export of gapdh / sdh , a glycolytic enzyme , is essential for streptococcus pyogenes . . .\nstreptococcal surface dehydrogenase ( sdh ) ( glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase [ gapdh ] ) is an anchorless major multifunctional surface protein in group a streptococcus ( gas ) with the ability to bind important mammalian proteins , including plasmin ( ogen ) . although several biological properties of sdh are suggestive of its possible role in gas virulence , its direct role in gas pathogenesis . . .\nplantar fasciitis - to jab or to support ? a systematic review of . . .\nplantar fasciitis is a common condition routinely managed by podiatrists in the community and is widely treated conservatively . two commonly used treatments for plantar fasciitis are customized functional foot orthoses and corticosteroid injections . while common to clinical practice , the evidence base underpinning these treatment strategies is unknown . therefore , the aim . . .\n4d super - resolution microscopy with conventional fluorophores and single wavelength excitation in optically . . .\noptical super - resolution imaging of fluorescently stained biological samples is rapidly becoming an important tool to investigate protein distribution at the molecular scale . it is therefore important to develop practical super - resolution methods that allow capturing the full three - dimensional nature of biological systems and also can visualize multiple protein species in the . . .\nnicotinic acid receptor abnormalities in human skin cancer : implications for a role . . .\nchronic uv skin exposure leads to epidermal differentiation defects in humans that can be largely restored by pharmacological doses of nicotinic acid . nicotinic acid has been identified as a ligand for the human g - protein - coupled receptors gpr109a and gpr109b that signal through g ( i ) - mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase . we have examined the . . .\nforebrain nr2b overexpression facilitating the prefrontal cortex long - term potentiation and enhancing working . . .\nprefrontal cortex plays an important role in working memory , attention regulation and behavioral inhibition . its functions are associated with nmda receptors . however , there is little information regarding the roles of nmda receptor nr2b subunit in prefrontal cortical synaptic plasticity and prefrontal cortex - related working memory . whether the up - regulation of nr2b subunit . . .\nintracisternal administration of nr2 subunit antagonists attenuates the nociceptive behavior and p - p38 . . .\nwe investigated the role of the central nmda receptor nr2 subunits in the modulation of nociceptive behavior and p - p38 mapk expression in a rat model with compression of the trigeminal nerve root . to address this possibility , changes in air - puff thresholds and pin - prick scores were determined following an intracisternal administration of . . .\nshifting responsibly : the importance of striatal modularity to reinforcement learning in uncertain . . .\nwe propose here that the modular organization of the striatum reflects a context - sensitive modular learning architecture in which clustered striosome - matrisome domains participate in modular reinforcement learning ( rl ) . based on anatomical and physiological evidence , it has been suggested that the modular organization of the striatum could represent a learning architecture . there . . .\nin more than 60 years of research on molecular excitons , there has been extensive theoretical work but few experimental investigations have rigorously tested the predictions of exciton coupling theories . in centrosymmetric doubly h - bonded molecular dimers with identical chromophores , the s0 - - > s1 electronic transition dipole moments of the monomers combine in a . . .\npulmonary interstitial emphysema presenting in a woman on the intensive care unit : . . .\npulmonary interstitial emphysema is a life - threatening form of ventilator - induced lung injury . we present one of the few reported adult cases of pulmonary interstitial emphysema in a woman with respiratory failure admitted to our intensive care unit . an 87 - year - old caucasian woman with a diagnosis of community - acquired pneumonia was admitted to our . . .\nstudy on the visible - light - induced photokilling effect of nitrogen - doped tio2 nanoparticles on cancer . . .\nnitrogen - doped tio2 ( n - tio2 ) nanoparticles were prepared by calcining the anatase tio2 nanoparticles under ammonia atmosphere . the n - tio2 showed higher absorbance in the visible region than the pure tio2 . the cytotoxicity and visible - light - induced phototoxicity of the pure - and n - tio2 were examined for three types of cancer cell lines . no significant cytotoxicity . . .\nsalinity stress is an important environmental constraint limiting the productivity of many crops worldwide . in this report , experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of seed presoaking by bovine hemoglobin , an inducer of heme oxygenase - 1 ( ho - 1 ) , on salinity tolerance in rice ( oryza sativa ) plants . the results showed that different concentrations . . .\ncancer risk associated with insulin glargine among adult type 2 diabetes patients - - a . . .\npreclinical and observational studies raise the concern about the safety of insulin glargine in terms of cancer initiation and promotion . this study is designed to examine cancer incidence associated with use of insulin glargine vs . intermediate / long - acting human insulin ( hi ) . a retrospective cohort study using the taiwan national health insurance claims . . .\ntakhtsabzy bashaer k bk technical university of denmark electrical engineering , \u00f8rstedsplads , building 349 , dk - 2800 kgs lyngby . - - 2011\nthe purpose of this study is to assess the sleep quality ( sq ) in powernapping . the contributed factors for sq assessment are time of sleep onset ( so ) , sleep length ( sl ) , sleep depth ( sd ) , and detection of sleep events ( k - complex ( kc ) and sleep spindle ( ss ) ) . data from daytime nap for 10 subjects , . . .\npodocyte injury is associated with progression of many renal diseases , including diabetic nephropathy . in this study we examined whether aldose reductase ( ar ) , the enzyme implicated in diabetic complications in different tissues , is modulated by high glucose and osmolarity in podocyte cells . ar mrna , protein expression , and activity were measured in . . .\nguti\u00e9rrez d d center of research and advanced studies , cinvestav , monterrey , 66600 apodaca , mexico . - - 2011\nthe performance of eeg signal classification methods based on common spatial patterns ( csp ) depends on the operational frequency bands of the events to be discriminated . this problem has been recently addressed by using a sub - band decomposition of the eeg signals through filter banks . even though this approach has proven effective , . . .\na comparison of the variation in indian populations of pigeonpea cyst nematode , . . .\nthe cyst nematode heterodera cajani is one of the major endemic diseases of pigeonpea , an important legume for food security and protein nutrition in india . it occurs in several pulse crops grown over a range of indian agro climatic conditions but the extent of its intraspecific variation is inadequately defined . . . .\nreview of anhoplocampa wei ( hymenoptera , tenthredinidae ) , with description of a new species . . .\nanhoplocampa is redescribed based on new material . anhoplocampa bicoloricornissp . n . from china is described . anhoplocampa yunanensis ( haris & roller , 1999 ) , comb . n . is transferred from trichiocampus . a key to species of anhoplocampa is provided . the differences between anhoplocampa and trichiocampus hartig , 1837 , priophorus dahlbom , 1835 , hoplocampa hartig , 1837 and renonerva . . .\ngaba not only a neurotransmitter : osmotic regulation by gaba ( a ) r signaling .\nmature macroglia and almost all neural progenitor types express \u03b3 - aminobutyric ( gaba ) a receptors ( gaba ( a ) rs ) , whose activation by ambient or synaptic gaba , leads to influx or efflux of chloride ( cl ( - ) ) depending on its electro - chemical gradient ( e ( cl ) ) . since the flux of cl ( - ) is indissolubly associated to that of osmotically obliged water , gaba ( a ) rs . . .\ngene cloning and mrna expression of glutamate dehydrogenase in the liver , brain , . . .\nthe swamp eel , monopterus albus , is an obligatory air - breathing teleost which can undergo long period of emersion , has high environmental and tissue ammonia tolerance , and can survive in brackish water . we obtained a cdna sequence of glutamate dehydrogenase ( gdh ) , which consisted of a 133 - bp 5 ' utr , a complete coding sequence . . .\na rare cause of proximal intestinal obstruction in adults - annular pancreas : . . .\nannular pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of ectopic pancreatic tissue surrounding the descending part of the duodenum . it is one of the few congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract which can produce symptoms late in life . in adults , the factors initiating symptoms are recurrent pancreatitis , . . .\nnew spectrophotometric method for determining nitrogen dioxide in air using 2 , 2 - azino - bis ( 3 - ethyl benzothiazoline ) - 6 - sulfonic . . .\na new simple and highly sensitive spectrophotometric method for determining nitrogen dioxide in air was developed . the method is based on converting atmospheric nitrogen dioxide to nitrite ions within the ivl passive samplers used for samples collection . acidifying nitrite ions with concentrated hcl produced the peroxynitrous acid oxidizing agent which . . .\nthe effect of antivascular endothelial growth factor on the development of adhesion . . .\naims . this study determined the effects of a single dose of bevacizumab , an antiangiogenic recombinant monoclonal antibody that specifically targets vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) , on adhesion formation in the rat cecal abrasion model . methodology . thirty female wistar albino rats ( 200 - 224 g ) were divided into three groups . all rats underwent laparotomy . . .\nthis report describes a technique for the generation of transgenic mice by in vivo manipulation of spermatogonial stem cells with a high rate of success . spermatogonial stem cells ( sscs ) in pre - pubescent animals were infected in vivo with recombinant lentiviruses expressing egfp - f and mated with normal females . all male pre - founder mice . . .\nsteady - state visual evoked potential ( ssvep ) is a visual cortical response evoked by repetitive stimuli with a light source flickering at frequencies above 4 hz and could be classified into three ranges : low ( up to 12 hz ) , medium ( 12 - 30 ) and high frequency ( > 30 hz ) . ssvep - based brain - computer interfaces ( bci ) are principally . . .\nreduced camp , akt activation and p65 - c - rel dimerization : mechanisms involved in the protective . . .\nin recent decades , astrocytes have emerged as key pieces in the maintenance of normal functioning of the central nervous system . any impairment in astroglial function can ultimately lead to generalized disturbance in the brain , thus pharmacological targets associated with prevention of astrocyte death are actually promising . subtype 3 of metabotropic . . .\nthe prognostic impact of k - ras mutations in adult acute myeloid leukemia patients . . .\nactivating point mutation of the ras gene has been generally accepted as an oncogenic event in a variety of malignancies . it represents one of the most common genetic alterations in acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) . however , little is known about its clinical relevance in the treatment outcome for this leukemia . this . . .\nsequencing of a qtl - rich region of the theobroma cacao genome using pooled . . .\nbac - based physical maps provide for sequencing across an entire genome or a selected sub - genomic region of biological interest . such a region can be approached with next - generation whole - genome sequencing and assembly as if it were an independent small genome . using the minimum tiling path as a guide , specific bac clones representing . . .\nthe database of sugarcane expressed sequence tags ( est ) offers a great opportunity for developing molecular markers that are directly associated with important agronomic traits . the development of new est - ssr markers represents an important tool for genetic analysis . in sugarcane breeding programs , functional markers can be used to accelerate the process . . .\nnewborn genetic screening for hearing impairment : a preliminary study at a tertiary . . .\nuniversal newborn hearing screening ( unhs ) is of paramount importance for early identification and management of hearing impairment in children . however , infants with slight / mild , progressive , or late - onset hearing impairment might be missed in conventional unhs . to investigate whether genetic screening for common deafness - associated mutations could assist in identifying these infants , 1017 . . .\nneurophysiological correlates of laboratory - induced aggression in young men with and without a . . .\nin order to further understand the mechanisms involved in planning an aggressive act , we conducted an event - related potential ( erp ) study of young men with and without a history of violence . participants completed a competitive reaction time task ( based on the taylor aggression paradigm ) against a virtual opponent . in\npassive\nblocks , . . .\nhippocampal - dependent spatial memory in the water maze is preserved in an experimental . . .\ncognitive impairment is a major concern in temporal lobe epilepsy ( tle ) . while different experimental models have been used to characterize tle - related cognitive deficits , little is known on whether a particular deficit is more associated with the underlying brain injuries than with the epileptic condition per se . here , we look at . . .\nthe development of dendrochronological time series in order to analyze climate - growth relationships usually involves first a rigorous selection of trees and then the computation of the mean tree - growth measurement series . this study suggests a change in the perspective , passing from an analysis of climate - growth relationships that typically focuses on the . . .\ncdk5 is essential for soluble amyloid \u03b2 - induced degradation of gkap and remodeling . . .\nthe early stages of alzheimer ' s disease are marked by synaptic dysfunction and loss . this process results from the disassembly and degradation of synaptic components , in particular of scaffolding proteins that compose the post - synaptic density ( psd ) , namely psd95 , homer and shank . here we investigated in rat frontal cortex dissociated culture the . . .\np53 interacts with rna polymerase ii through its core domain and impairs . . .\nthe tumor suppressor p53 principally functions as a gene - specific transcription factor . p53 triggers a variety of anti - proliferative programs by activating or repressing the transcription of effector genes in response to genotoxic stress . to date , much effort has been placed on understanding p53 ' s ability to affect transcription in the context of . . .\nlegionella pneumophila is a gram - negative bacterial species that is ubiquitous in almost any aqueous environment . it is the agent of legionnaires ' disease , an acute and often under - reported form of pneumonia . in mammals , l . pneumophila replicates inside macrophages within a modified vacuole . many protein regulators have been identified that control virulence - related . . .\nthe k - cl cotransporter kcc2 plays a crucial role in the functional development of gaba ( a ) - mediated responses rendering gaba hyperpolarizing in adult neurons . we have previously shown that bdnf upregulates kcc2 in immature neurons through the transcription factor egr4 . the effect of bdnf on egr4 and kcc2 was shown to be dependent . . .\northoretroviral - like prototype foamy virus gag - pol expression is compatible with viral replication .\nfoamy viruses ( fvs ) unlike orthoretroviruses express pol as a separate precursor protein and not as a gag - pol fusion protein . a unique packaging strategy , involving recognition of briding viral rna by both pol precursor and gag as well as potential gag - pol protein interactions , ensures pol particle encapsidation . several prototype fv ( pfv ) . . .\ngene network inference and biochemical assessment delineates gpcr pathways and creb targets . . .\nsmall intestinal ( si ) neuroendocrine tumors ( net ) are increasing in incidence , however little is known about their biology . high throughput techniques such as inference of gene regulatory networks from microarray experiments can objectively define signaling machinery in this disease . genome - wide co - expression analysis was used to infer gene relevance network in si - nets . . . .\naffinity - based enrichment strategies to assay methyl - cpg binding activity and dna methylation in . . .\ndna methylation is a widespread epigenetic modification in vertebrate genomes . genomic sites of dna methylation can be bound by methyl - cpg - binding domain proteins ( mbds ) and specific zinc finger proteins , which can recruit co - repressor complexes to silence transcription on targeted loci . the binding to methylated dna may be regulated by post - translational mbd . . .\nwhile histopathology of excised tissue remains the gold standard for diagnosis , several new , non - invasive diagnostic techniques are being developed . they rely on physical and biochemical changes that precede and mirror malignant change within tissue . the basic principle involves simple optical techniques of tissue interrogation . their accuracy , expressed as sensitivity and . . .\ncentral venous catheter - related bacteremia caused by kocuria kristinae : case report and review . . .\nkocuria species are unusual human pathogens isolated most commonly from immunocompromised hosts , such as transplant recipients and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy , or from patients with chronic medical conditions . a case of catheter - related bacteremia with pulmonary septic emboli in a pregnant adult female without chronic medical conditions is described . a review . . .\nwidespread brain areas engaged during a classical auditory streaming task revealed by . . .\nthe auditory system must constantly decompose the complex mixture of sound arriving at the ear into perceptually independent streams constituting accurate representations of individual sources in the acoustic environment . how the brain accomplishes this task is not well understood . the present study combined a classic behavioral paradigm with direct cortical . . .\nexpression and cellular localization of microrna - 29b and rax , an activator of the . . .\nthe apoptosis of retinal neurons plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy ( dr ) , but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear . the purpose of this study was to investigate the cellular localization and the expression of microrna - 29b ( mir - 29b ) and its potential target pkr associated protein x . . .\nprohibitin is overexpressed in huh - 7 - hcv and huh - 7 . 5 - hcv cells harboring in vitro transcribed . . .\ncurrently , up - regulated proteins and apoptosis in hepatitis c is a hot topic in exploring the pathogenic mechanism of heptitis c virus ( hcv ) . some recent studies shows that prohibitin is overexpressed in cells expressing hcv core proteins , and up - regulated prohibitin is also found in human hepatoma cell line hcc - m , lung cancer , prostate . . .\nserpina3n attenuates granzyme b - mediated decorin cleavage and rupture in a murine model . . .\ngranzyme b ( gzmb ) is a proapoptotic serine protease that is released by cytotoxic lymphocytes . however , gzmb can also be produced by other cell types and is capable of cleaving extracellular matrix ( ecm ) proteins . gzmb contributes to abdominal aortic aneurysm ( aaa ) through an extracellular , perforin - independent mechanism involving ecm cleavage . the murine . . .\nwith the successful development of organic / polymeric light emitting diodes , many organic and polymeric fluorophores with high quantum efficiencies and optical stability were synthesized . however , most of these materials which have excellent optical properties are insoluble in water , limiting their applications in biological fields . herein , we used micelles formed from an . . .\nmacroevolutionary patterns in the aphidini aphids ( hemiptera : aphididae ) : diversification , host association , and . . .\ndue to its biogeographic origins and rapid diversification , understanding the tribe aphidini is key to understanding aphid evolution . major questions about aphid evolution include origins of host alternation as well as age and patterns of diversification in relation to host plants . to address these questions , we reconstructed the phylogeny of . . .\nvalence - band structure of tio2 along the gamma - delta - x and gamma . . .\neffect of hydrostatic pressure on the band - gap luminescence of strain - adjusted simgen superlattices .\nelectronic structure of the lead monoxides : band - structure calculations and photoelectron spectra .\nsubpicosecond hot - hole relaxation in germanium studied by time - resolved inter - valence - band raman scattering .\nelectronic structure and fermi surface of the two - dimensional three - band hubbard model in . . .\narchipini are the most species - rich tribe in tortricinae with approximately 1 , 623 described species in 160 genera .\nthe tribe occurs worldwide , with its greatest species richness in the australasian region ( i . e . , 7 % of the species are nearctic in origin , 10 % neotropical , 11 % oceanic , 14 % afrotropical , 16 % indomalayan , 17 % palearctic , and 26 % australasian ) .\nthe archipini are a tribe of tortrix moths . since many genera of these are not yet assigned to tribes , the genus list presented here is provisional .\narchipini is the largest tribe in the tortricinae subfamily , containing over 1 , 600 described species in about 150 genera .\narchipini are found in all ecoregions , although there are only few species in the neotropical ecozone .\nh\u00fcbner with descriptions of new species and two new genera ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\n, 2012 : five tortricines from malaysia and new caledonia ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\n, 2013 : leaf - rollers from new caledonia ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\n, 2000 : description of nine neotropical genera of archipini ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) and their species .\n, 2010 : systematic and distributional data on neotropical archipini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\nfrom the afrotropical region , with descriptions of new taxa ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .\n2010 : an annotated catalogue of the types of tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) in the collection of the royal museum for central africa ( tervuren , belgium ) with descriptions of new genera and new species .\n, 2008 : tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the mountains of ecuador . part 1 : southern highlands .\neol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .\nto request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !\nmeyrick , e . 1910 ,\nrevision of australian tortricina\n, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 35 , pp . 139 - 294\nstrand , e . 1924 ,\nlepidoptera aus sudwest - australien\n, deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris , vol . 38 , pp . 135 - 148"]}
{"id": 2650, "summary": [{"text": "the siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) is a species of sturgeon in the acipenseridae family .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "it is most present in all of the major siberian river basins that drain northward into the kara , laptev and east siberian seas , including the ob , yenisei ( which drains lake baikal via the angara river ) lena , and kolyma rivers .", "topic": 13}, {"text": "it is also found in kazakhstan and china in the irtysh river , a major tributary of the ob .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the species epithet honors the german russian biologist karl ernst von baer . ", "topic": 25}], "title": "siberian sturgeon", "paragraphs": ["bogan , e e . 1939 . contribution to the biology of the siberian sturgeon (\nmenshikov , m . i . 1947 . on geographical variation of the siberian sturgeon .\nthis guide from the fao cultured aquatic species information programme provides information on farming siberian sturgeon .\ninformation on the siberian sturgeon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .\nen - siberian sturgeon , fr - esturgeon de sib\u00e9rie , sp - esturi\u00f3n de siberia .\nthe siberian sturgeon is listed as ' endangered ' on the iucn red list of threatened species .\nthe future of seafood : farming siberian sturgeon for more than just caviar - food . curated .\nmeet jim michaels , the program manager of mote marine laboratory\u2019s siberian sturgeon program in sarasota , fl .\nl . i . sokolov and a . s . novikov , \u201cmaterials on the biology of siberian sturgeon (\na . b . zakharov , m . d . tumanov , and s . k . shalaev , \u201csiberian sturgeon\nl . i . sokolov and n . v . akimova , \u201con the methods of age determination in the siberian sturgeon\nfeed your sturgeon plenty of the correct food all year round . for more information about feeding your sturgeon see our sturgeon food and feeding page .\nakimova , n . v . & g i ruban . 1993 . the condition of the reproductive system of the siberian sturgeon .\nl . i . sokolov and s . m . kashin , \u201ccomparative analysis of some morphobiological indices in the population of siberian sturgeon\nhealthy earth is farming siberian sturgeon with sustainable methods to make black opal caviar in sarasota , florida . photo by jeremy scott .\nembed this arkive thumbnail link (\nportlet\n) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =\nurltoken\ntitle =\narkive species - siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii )\n> < img src =\nurltoken\nalt =\narkive species - siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii )\ntitle =\narkive species - siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii )\nborder =\n0\n/ > < / a >\ngisbert , e . and williot , p . 2002 . advances in larval rearing of siberian sturgeon . journal of fish biology , 60 : 1071 - 1092 .\nakimova , n . v . & g . i . ruban . 1995 . disturbances of siberian sturgeon generative system resulted from anthropogenic influence . pp . 74\u201379 .\nsiberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) is a farmed caviar from marky ' s with a pleasing nuttiness and hints of ocean flavor , a refined delicacy for true caviar experts .\none of the sturgeon family ' s notable members is the siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) , which lives in siberian rivers , lakes , and adjacent seas . this sturgeon ( sometimes known as the siberian osetra ) is not notable among its relatives for either its size or its life span . the largest recorded fish , at 60 years old , was 2 m long and weighed around 210 kg , moderate statistics compared to wild - caught beluga or kaluga , which can grow to quite gargantuan size and great age .\nthe farmed siberian sturgeon caviar price is already remarkably modest compared to the most expensive wild - caught caspian caviars , but an even better bargain is our set consisting of french siberian sturgeon caviar ( 2 oz . ) , russian original handmade blini ( a pack of 36 pcs . ) , and cr\u00e8me fra\u00eeche ( 7 - 8 oz . ) .\nchupretov , v . m . & v . a . slepokurov . 1979 . on winter distribution of the siberian sturgeon in the ob and taz bays . pp . 270\u2013271 .\nruban , g . i . 1997 . species structure , contemporary distribution and status of the siberian sturgeon , acipenser baerii . environmental biology of fishes , 48 : 221 - 230 .\ni . i . smol\u2019yanov , technology of formation and use of brood stock of siberian sturgeon in warm - water farms ( vniiprkh , moscow , 1987 ) [ in russian ] .\noriginating from pure siberian sturgeon stock of the lena , baerii is deep mahogany to black in color , small to medium in grain , and expresses a clean , focused flavor brimming in taste .\ndryagin , p . a . 1949 . biology of the siberian sturgeon . its reserves and rational utilization . izvestiya vsesouznogo instiuta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 29 : 3\u201351 ( in russian ) .\nthe siberian sturgeon ( acipenser baerii ) is one of the most common species seen for sale , it is easier to breed than other species and it grows very quickly with very few health problems .\nruban , g . i . - 1997 . species structure , contemporary distribution and status of the siberian sturgeon , acipenser baerii . environ . biol . fish . . 48 : 221 - 230 .\nthis paper provides a brief description of the history of home sturgeon aquaculture and the assessment of the role in its development of russian scientists , lebedev , in particular , whose ideas served as the scientific basis of the introduction of siberian sturgeon acipenser baerii in culture . the main stages of works on obtaining fertilized eggs of sturgeon under field conditions , their transportation from the spawning grounds to fish farms , as well as the elaboration of biotechniques of the introduction in culture of the species are described . principal causes of the failure of acclimatization works with siberian sturgeon are analyzed .\nl . s . berdichevskii , v . s . malyutin , i . i . smol\u201dyanov , et al . , \u201cresults of fish - cultural - acclimatization works with the siberian sturgeon , \u201d in biological foundations of sturgeon husbandry ( nauka , moscow , 1983 ) , pp . 259\u2013269 .\nakimova , n . v . , g . i . ruban & yu . v . mikhalyev . 1995 . analysis of the state reproductive system of the siberian sturgeon in central siberia . pp . 93\u201398 .\nl . i . sokolov and v . s . malyutin , \u201cspecific features of population structure and characteristics of siberian sturgeon spawners in the lena river in the area of the spawning grounds , \u201d vopr . ikhtiol .\nsiberian sturgeon caviar is harvested from farmed sturgeon but is easily a match for wild - caught caviar in terms of taste . the glittering medium - sized light to dark gray eggs boast a tender , melting texture , bathing your palate with its subtle , nutty flavor , refreshing with its clean sea notes .\nt . a . detlaf and a . s . ginzburg , embryonic development of acipenserids ( starred sturgeon , sturgeon , and white sturgeon ) in connection with issues of their cultivation ( an sssr , moscow , 1954 ) , p . 204 [ in russian ] .\nsiberian sturgeon caviar italy comes from the offspring of the original siberian osetra fingerlings carefully raised on one of the world ' s largest aquafarms , located in italy . owing to the carefully maintained conditions and scrupulously selected natural diet , farmed italian caviar differs little from wild - caught siberian osetra caviar . the traditional malossol preparation further enhances the delicate buttery savor of this world famous caviar . its grains are medium - sized and tender . they burst effortlessly in the mouth , releasing their incredible flavor .\naquafarms provide an ideal environment , controlled and secure in a way the sturgeons ' natural habitat is not . the fish are provided with drinking - quality water and regular and sufficient feed with strictly controlled content . most of the fish in the worlds ' aquafarms derive from fingerlings imported from the siberian rivers , so it is nothing less than perfect truth to describe our products as 100 % authentic siberian sturgeon , with the original flavor and quality of siberian caviar . we offer three different products in this category :\nthe siberian sturgeon grows very quickly and will soon out grow the average pond . the skin is brownish grey to black in colour and the ventral ( under side ) is whitish , sometimes with grey spots . the silver siberian is seen for sale occasionally and , if you can afford it , makes a very beautiful silver grey specimen although they do sometimes darken with age .\nmeet jim michaels , the program manager of mote marine laboratory\u2019s siberian sturgeon program in sarasota , fl . jim has been working for over a decade on an eco - friendly and sustainable solution for growing farm - raised sturgeon in the united states . a solution to meet the growing demand for caviar around the world , and one that they hope will help take pressure off over - fishing the endangered wild sturgeon stocks in the caspian sea .\nmain siberian rivers from the ob to kolyma , in lake baikal , and rarely in the pechora ( reshetnikov et al . , 1997 ) .\ni tried the caviar , but not the meat . i\u2019m trying to get the lobster place to source their sturgeon from them . sturgeon is a fresh water fish . not saltwater . interesting no ?\nalthough the siberian sturgeon is an anadromous species that can live in a marine environment and migrate into rivers to spawn , they are most commonly found in the deep parts of the middle to lower sections of rivers , preferring moderate to strong currents .\nyegorov , a . g . 1941 . baikal sturgeon . rybnoe khozyaistvo 5 : 22\u201323 ( in russian ) .\n: sturgeon fishery in water bodies of the ussr . izdatelstvo akademii nauk ussr , moscow ( in russian ) .\nsiberian sturgeon caviar france is harvested from sturgeons bred in the world famous french aquafarms . this caviar is praised by connoisseurs for the unique clean , sweet , crisp and nutty flavor of its medium - sized eggs whose pearlescent envelope ranges in color from medium gray to nearly black .\nthe siberian sturgeon inhabits the northern river systems of siberia from the river ob in the west , including the yenisei and lena rivers , to the river kolyma in the east and in lake baikal in southern russia . there are some non - migrating populations in the irtysh river system .\ndormidontov , a . s . 1963 . fishery utilization of the lena river sturgeon . pp . 182\u2013187 . in : sturgeon fishery in the water bodies of the ussr . izdatelstvo akademii nauk sssr , moscow ( in russian ) .\nin order to preserve the species and protect production based on farmed animals , a form of legal recognition and a statute for farming them should be established . the siberian sturgeon is non - indigenous almost everywhere . however , regulations governing the rearing of non - indigenous species vary from country to country , leading to unfair competition .\naccording to ruban ( 1997 ) , at present the siberian sturgeon consist of three subespecies : the nominal a . baerii baerii brandt , 1869 from the ob river basin , a . baerii baicalensis nikolskii , 1896 from the lake baikal basin , and a . baerii stenorrhynchus nikolskii , 1896 from other siberian waters . this author consider that the initial spelling of this species , a . baerii , should be preserved . birstein & bemis ( 1997 ) , accept the three subespecies of a . baerii proposed by ruban ( 1997 ) .\nthe wide dispersal of the species has resulted in some animals escaping into zones that are far distant from their original habitat : the baltic and north seas , the gironde - garonne - dordogne basin in france and the rio negro in uruguay . it is interesting to note that , despite the intensive restocking that took place in some parts of the baltic sea during the 1960s , the species does not seem to have become established there ; one reason for this is probably the considerable ease with which it can be caught . the construction of dams , overfishing and pollution are responsible for a major deterioration in the state of natural populations , which are considered as vulnerable or endangered . globally , most sturgeon species are threatened , and the siberian sturgeon is no exception . the siberian sturgeon does not have a clear international market identity ; it is in competition with other sturgeon species that have a greater growth potential and / or an established commercial image .\nin the wild the siberian sturgeon can grow to a length of 2m ( 6 ' 6\n) and weigh around 200kg ( 440lb ) . in garden ponds a length of 1m ( 3 ' 3\n) - 1 . 5m ( 4 ' 6\n) and 10kg ( 22lb ) in weight is considered a large specimen .\ndryagin , p . a . 1947 . sturgeon catches in the water bodies of siberia . rybnoe khozyaistvo 1 : 34\u201338 ( in russian ) .\nthe most common sturgeon health problems are food and / or oxygen related , get these two vital things right and your sturgeons should remain fit and healthy .\ntchuprov , s . m . 1986 . ecological and morphological characteristics of fishes from eastern siberian reservoirs ( krasnoyarskoe and sayanskoe reservoirs ) . candidate biol . sci . dissertation thesis , moscow . 27 pp . ( in russian ) .\nyegorov , a . g . 1963 . state and perspectives of development of the sturgeon fishery in the baikal lake and angara river system . pp . 188\u2013195 .\nn . l . gerbil\u2019skii , \u201cexperimental and methodical foundations of development of sturgeon husbandry in the lower course of the kura , \u201d tr . lab . osnov rybovodstva\n: i . a . baramikova & l . , s . berditchevsky ( ed . ) biological foundations of sturgeon management , nauka , moscow ( in russian ) .\ngreat to see fish other than tilapia being grown in an aquaculture system . also , sturgeon are saltwater fish right ? so that\u2019s another unique aspect to this system .\nthough there are no reliable statistics , the trend is towards increased production . the production from these activities might be included in the fao statistical category ' sturgeons nei ' , partly because the countries concerned do not state the exact species farmed and partly because some of the production is from hybrids . in 2003 , some unofficial and most accurate estimates for the various siberian sturgeon products are provided in the table shown below .\nv . s . malyutin , \u201cthe state and perspectives of commercial sturgeon husbandry in the country , \u201d rybn . khoz . , no . 7 , 20\u201329 ( 1991 ) .\n. 1983 ) . at the main sturgeon rivers of siberia ( ob and yenisei ) the high level of poaching was noted ( krokhalevskii and mikhalev pers . com . ) . at the ob river , natural reproduction of the sturgeon has also declined due to a high level of abnormalities in development and functioning of reproductive system caused by water pollution ( ruban 2005 ) .\nso enjoy my in - depth educational piece on the future of farmed seafood . if any of you are interested in trying mote\u2019s siberian sturgeon or caviar , you can find a list of purveyors from nyc , fl and the west coast on their website . the fact that many well - known caviar houses , like petrossian , have agreed to sell their product says a lot about the taste and quality . i , for one , can vouch for it myself .\navoid strong chemical treatments such as formalin / formaldehyde , potassium permanganate , copper sulphate or any treatment that states not to be used with golden orfe ( leciscus sp . ) or rudd ( scardinius reythrophathalmus ) , these will probably kill your sturgeon . salt is the safest treatment to use with sturgeons . for more information about treating your sturgeon see our medications and treating sturgeons page .\nthese days such old specimens are rarely to be met with in the wild , as for several decades now human activity has drastically depleted sturgeon populations . industrial pollution contaminating the waters of the fishes ' home rivers , dams cutting off migration routes , and uncontrolled fishing and poaching have nearly wiped out many sturgeon species , leading to the imposition of strict regulations on their commercial use . the clear solution to this troubling situation , one that takes the pressure off the wild stock while continuing to supply sturgeon products to the clamorous market , is an emphasis on farm - raised fish .\ngreat video liza ! i never knew that sturgeon take 5 - 7 years to mature , that\u2019s quite an investment by mote . hopefully more programs like this will help wild stock to recover .\nnatural resources defence council , wildlife conservation society , seaweb ( dec , 2000 ) roe to ruin : the decline of sturgeon in the caspian sea and the road to recovery . available at : urltoken\nsiberian sturgeons will quickly outgrow smaller ponds of 2 , 000 - 3 , 000 gallons ( 9 , 000 - 13 , 500 litres ) that the sterlet ( acipenser ruthenus ) , with their slower growth rate , would do well in for longer . they may be kept in a pond of 3 , 000 - 6 , 000 gallons ( 13 , 500 - 27 , 000 litres ) for some time but a pond of 6 , 000 - 8 , 000 gallons ( 27 , 000 - 36 , 500 litres ) or more is recommended to keep siberian sturgeons into maturity .\na good fish for the larger pond as it grows very quickly and is hardy . it will go with bigger fish without any problems and is not a threat to other smaller fish . extra oxygenation in the summer months is essential . siberian sturgeons do not tolerate strong treatments such as formalin .\ngundrizer , a . n . , a . g . egorov . v . g . afanaseva , s . a . enshina , yu . v . mikhalev , r . i . setsko & a . a . khakimullin . 1983 . perspectives of reproduction of siberian sturgeons . pp . 241\u2013253 .\nclassified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) . subspecies : acipenser baerii baerii and the baikal sturgeon ( a . b . baicalensis ) are listed as endangered ( en ) , and the lena river sturgeon ( a . b . stenorrhynchus ) is listed as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .\ni . a . barannikova , \u201chisto - physiological foundations of repeated and single hypophysary injections in sturgeon husbandry , \u201d tr . vses . nauchno - issled . inst . morsk . rybn . khoz . okeanogr .\nand one last note , mote is always looking for new seafood markets and restaurants to sell their farm - raised sturgeon to . so be sure to contact them if you or if anyone you know are interested .\ndettlaff , t . a . , ginsburg , a . s . and schmalhausen , o . i . 1993 . sturgeon fishes . developmental biology and aquaculture . springer - verlag , berlin , germany , 300 pp .\n. in : birstein v . j . , waldman j . r . , bemis w . e . ( eds ) sturgeon biodiversity and conservation . developments in environmental biology of fishes , vol 17 . springer , dordrecht\nthe convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 7 ) imposed a six - month ban on sturgeon catches in june 2001 , but conservationists are concerned that this has not gone far enough to save the beluga sturgeon ( 6 ) . the majority of the sturgeon population is now supported artificially ( 8 ) ; hatcheries may be the sole reason belugas still persist in the caspian sea ( 9 ) . the united states is the biggest importer of caviar and the fish and wildlife service is currently considering listing the species under the endangered species act , effectively banning importation ( 6 ) , but time is running out in the fight to save this ancient fish\na . baerii is often sold under the common name of\nlong nose\nor\nlongnose sturgeon\n, which is somewhat unhelpful in species identification because some other species on sale have equally long or even longer snouts .\nbut if chris cogan , the ceo of healthy earth in sarasota , florida has his way , the state that\u2019s famous for its citrus fruit and other produce will someday be as well known to top chefs for its farmed sturgeon roe .\nvotinov , n . p . 1963 . biological foundations of artificial reproduction of the ob river sturgeon . trudy ob - tazovskogo otdeleniya gosudarstvennogo nauchno - issledovatelskogo instituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva , novaya seria 3 : 5\u2013102 ( in russian ) .\nthis species is known from all siberian rivers draining to the kara , laptev and east siberian seas : basins of the ob , taz , yenisei , pyasina , khatanga , anabar , olenyek , lena , yana , indigirka , alazeya ( rarely ) and kolyma rivers , lake baikal ( the yenisei river basin ) and rivers flowing to the lake \u2013 the selenga , barguzin and upper angara . it is most abundant in the ob , yenisei and lena rivers . this species is also native to the the irtysh river , in the northwest of xin jiang province , china . however , wild populations were extirpated from here in the 1950s ; the small population that remains here is from stocking ( chen 2007 ) .\nbronzi , p . , rosenthal , h . , arlati , g . and williot , p . 1999 . a brief review on the status and prospects of sturgeon farming in western and central europe . journal of applied ichthyology , 15 : 224 - 227 .\ntrue black caviar is harvested from members of the sturgeon family , whose historic habitats are river and sea basins from the subtropical to the subarctic zones of north america and eurasia . the acipenseridae family numbers 27 species , though only a select few produce this most opulent and coveted delicacy .\nthe startup didn ' t create the caviar business from the ground up . instead , it acquired the sustainable sturgeon farming operation developed by the mote marine laboratory and aquarium , an independent , nonprofit research center located on a gorgeous , sprawling campus in sarasota , replete with palm trees and spanish moss .\na healthy sturgeon diet must contain a high level of animal protein , sturgeons need a minimum protein content of 40 % and an oil level of 15 % or more . a a small percentage of the protein can be obtained from soya but the majority needs to be from fishmeal or other animal sources .\nwilliot , p . , sabeau , l . , gessner , j . , arlati , g . , bronzi , p . , gulyas , t . and berni , p . 2001 . sturgeon farming in western europe : recent developments and perspectives . aquatic living resources , 14 : 367 - 374 .\ngessner , j . , debus , l . , filipiak , j . , spratte , s . , skora , k . e . and arndt , g . m . 1999 . development of sturgeon catches in german and adjacent waters since 1980 . journal of applied ichthyology , 15 : 136 - 141 .\npodlesnyi , a . v . 1963 . state of reserves of sturgeons in the yenisey river and ways to increase them . pp . 200\u2013205 . in : e . n . pavlovskii ( ed . ) sturgeon fishery in water bodies of the ussr , izdatelstvo akademii nauk ussr , moscow ( in russian ) .\nvotinov , n . p . , v . n . zlokazov , v . p . kasyanov & r . i . setsko . 1975 . status of sturgeon reserves in the rivers of siberia and measures aimed to increase these reserves . sredneuralskoe knizhnoe izdatelstvo . sverdlovsk . 94 pp . ( in russian ) .\nbut , the recirculating aquaculture technology mote is developing for their sturgeon program also serves a greater purpose . as jim will tell you , it\u2019s not just for the caviar . the hope with this program is to eventually drive down the cost of the technology so that this type of farming can be applied to other species of fish , and encourage more farmed seafood production within our borders .\nthe total population of siberian sturgeon is unknown . direct counts and fishery statistics exist but are incomplete . however , a decline in catches of sturgeons within the main rivers of siberia has been observed from the 1930s ( ruban 2005 ) . based on commercial catch data , it is estimated that the ob river basin contains more than 80 % of the global population of this species ( chen 2007 ) . in the ob river basin , catches declined by ~ 99 . 5 % from 1410 tonnes in 1935 to 6 . 7 tonnes in 1996 . in the yenisei river catches declined from 504 tonnes in 1934 to 10 - 12 tonnes in 2000s ( a ~ 97 . 5 % decline ) . in the lena river catches declined from 190 tonnes in 1943 to about 10 tonnes in recent years ( a ~ 94 . 5 % decline ) ( ruban 2005 ) . this species was extirpated from the northwest parts of xin jiang province , china in the 1950s . the small population that remains here exists through stocking ( chen 2007 ) .\nthe population decline all over the species range is a result of overfishing , damming ( ob , yenisei , angara ) and poaching . currently commercial fisheries are banned in the basins of the ob and yenisei rivers and the lake baikal . a decline in area of occupancy was observed in upper reaches of the ob , yenisei and lena rivers ( ruban 2005 ) . dam construction at the ob river resulted in 40 % of sturgeon spawning grounds being lost ( gundrizer\nmarketed sturgeon products vary considerably , according to the country . the fish may be sold live ( between one and two kilos in china ) , or whole , filleted or smoked . there is a market for fertilised eggs and alevins for rearing purposes . alevins are also produced for restocking ( russian federation ) and for aquarists . finally , juveniles are used for the stocking of lakes for recreational fishing . fish farms can obtain \u20ac3 to 4 per kilo in western and central europe for fish of a size suitable for human consumption , while in russia and china the value seems to be higher ( \u20ac8 to 11 per kilo ) .\nthe beluga ( huso huso ) is the largest sturgeon in the world and the largest european freshwater fish ; it can reach up to five metres in length ( 2 ) . this ancient fish has an elongated body shape and a flattened , slightly upturned snout ( 3 ) , with the mouth located underneath ( 4 ) . there are five rows of bony plates ( or ' scutes ' ) that run the length of the body , one along the back , one on each flank and two on the undersurface ( 3 ) . the short , fleshy barbels in front of the mouth are feathered at the ends ( 2 ) . the body is predominantly dark grey or greenish whilst the belly tends to be white ( 3 ) .\nsturgeon have survived since the time of the dinosaurs but some populations of the beluga are today threatened with commercial extinction , principally as a result of overfishing ( 9 ) . the eggs are highly prized as caviar , for both their quality and quantity ( 4 ) . the beluga is the most famous of the caviar sturgeons , and is featured in the guinness book of records as the most expensive fish ( 3 ) . previously effective management of caspian sea fisheries have recently collapsed and illegal fishing is now rife ; the u . s fish and wildlife service estimated in 1998 that more than 50 percent of worldwide caviar trade was illegal ( 9 ) . in addition , habitat destruction through the pollution of coastal habitats and the alteration of river systems through dams , pollution and silting have further affected beluga numbers ( 4 ) . the volgograd dam for example , has blocked almost all beluga spawning grounds ( 9 ) .\nsince the 1940s , this species has attracted considerable attention because of its plasticity ; in the 1950s , tests were carried out to introduce the species into various open stretches of water ( baltic sea ) or closed areas ( lakes ) . the farming of this species began in the former ussr in the 1970s . it was also at this time that the first individuals ( from parents that had originated in the river lena ) arrived in france , as a biological model in the context of a franco - soviet scientific cooperation programme . since then , the dispersal of the species has accelerated and , in addition to the russian federation ( its country of origin ) it is known to be present in europe ( belgium , france , italy , germany , hungary , poland , and spain ) , america ( united states , uruguay ) and asia ( china ) . it is highly likely that it is also present in other countries , at least in an experimental capacity . the species has also been the subject of hybridisation . few companies cover the entire production cycle and market all possible products . some only produce eggs and / or alevins ; others specialise in producing the fish for meat ; in many western countries , caviar has become the main purpose of rearing sturgeon .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en\nurltoken\nthank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .\nthis species can be found in all types of freshwater benthic habitats in large rivers and lakes . it spawns in strong - current habitats in the main stream of large and deep rivers on stone or gravel bottom . numerous spawning sites are located in lower and middle reaches of rivers . spawning peaks at beginning of june , continuing until end of july . spawning periodicity is 3 - 5 years in females and 2 - 3 years in males . the generation length of the species ranges from 25 - 30 years ( chen 2007 , ruban 2005 ) . in northeastern populations , females are twice the age of males ( ruban 2005 ) . the average age at maturity for females is 11 ( in lena river ) to 22 ( in lake baikal ) , and 9 - 19 years for males .\ncurrently used for traditional chinese medicine in china , japan , korea and singapore . in the northern parts of china , especially along the amur river , stocks of this species are farmed , the skin is used for making boots , gloves , hats and some kinds of decoration ( zhu pers . comm ) . aquaculture ( in outdoor indoor rearing tanks ) is independent of wild - caught material , since artificial reproduction is possible and f2 and higher generations are now used in aquaculture .\nto make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .\nthis site requires javascript to function correctly . please enable javascript in your browser and try again .\nacipenser baerii has 10 - 12 dorsal scutes , 32 - 62 lateral scutes , 7 - 16 ventral scutes , 30 - 56 dorsal fin rays and 17 - 33 anal fin rays .\nthe back and sides are a uniform dark grey - brown to black , with the scutes and fin edges being very close in colour to the surrounding skin . the belly is whitish and may have some grey spots . the snout is long and pointed with a white tip that may be slightly upturned and rounded .\nthe growth rate is dependent on food quality and temperature but when young they can grow like weeds , putting on 8 - 10 inches ( 20 - 25cm ) over a year , given the right food and environment . the growth rate slows down once the fish has reached about 3ft in length .\nsturgeons do not , as some people would have you believe , eat banket weed or ' clean the bottom of the pond ' . sturgeons need to be fed all year round , they need 2 - 3 % of their body weight of good quality food per day in the summer , less in the winter .\nstellatus ( acipenser stellatus ) and sterlets ( acipenser ruthenus ) have smaller throats ; use a size smaller for them .\nuse an oxygen test kit to make sure there is enough oxygen in the water . follow the instructions that come with the kit to ensure correct results . do not assume that there is plenty of air just because you have an air pump running . many things can affect the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water so testing is the only way to be certain . warm water holds less oxygen than cold water so be vigilant during hot weather , especially stormy nights when the oxygen may drop to dangerously low levels suddenly .\nprovide the best possible water quaility for you fish . run the pump and filtration all year round and keep a spare back up pump in case of main pump failure . for more information about water quality see our water quality page .\ncopyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 urltoken all rights reserved . protected by uk copyright service registration no : 311386\nlinks | credits | site map | copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2018 urltoken . all rights reserved . uk copyright service registration no : 311386\nspiracle present . snout and caudal peduncle subconical . gill membranes joined to isthmus . mouth transverse and lower lip with a split in the middle . the barbels are either smooth or slightly fimbriate . the length of the snout is highly variable ( 33 . 3 - 61 per cent head length ) . 20 - 49 gill rakers fan - like , each terminated by several tubercles . d : 30 - 56 . a : 17 - 33 fin rays . 10 - 12 dorsal scutes ; 32 - 62 lateral scutes ; 7 - 16 ( 20 ) ventral scutes . the scutes of young specimens are sharply tipped , but no in adult ones . numerous small bony plates are scattered between the rows of scutes . there is a great variability in the colouration : from light grey to a dark brown on back and sides , and from white to yellowish on the underside .\nthe map shown below is constructed from fao statistical data for this species . farming activities also occur in many other countries , including the russian federation , italy , germany , poland , spain , the united states of america , china , belgium and hungary . however , the production from these activities are included in the fao statistical category ' sturgeons nei ' , partly because the countries concerned do not state the exact species farmed and partly because some of the production is from hybrids .\nthere is currently no particular pathology associated with this species . however , it is sensitive to various bacteriosis [ yersiniosis , vibriosis and myxobacteriosis ( now called flavobacteriosis ) ] . treatments are available to control the development of these diseases and vaccinations enable preventive action to be taken . at the larval stage , good food management is likely to decrease these risks by preventing the development of cannibalism . a very small percentage of animals present deformities , which can eventually lead to a loss of balance , difficulty in feeding and ultimately death . the origin of this pathology , which is not specific to this species , remains unknown . suppliers of pathology expertise no information supplied .\nthe international caviar market , estimated during the 1980s to be between 200 and 300 tonnes per year , appears to have decreased due to a lack of interest on the part of air transporters . competition between the various caviar producers will soon increase .\nbirstein , v . j . , bemis , w . e . and waldman , j . r . 1997 . the threatened status of acipenseriformes species : a summary . environmental biology of fishes , 48 : 427 - 435 .\nchebanov , m . and billard , r . 2001 . the culture of sturgeons in russia : production of juveniles for stocking and meat for human consumption . aquatic living resources , 14 : 375 - 381 .\nsokolov , l . i . and vasil ' ev , v . p . 1989 . acipenser baeri brandt , 1869 . in j . holcik ( ed . ) , the freshwater fishes of europe : general introduction to fishes acipenseriformes . aula - verlag wiesbaden , germany . pp . 263 - 284 .\nwilliot p . 2002 . reproduction . in r . billard ( coord . ) , esturgeons et caviar , pp . 63 - 90 . lavoisier tec & doc , paris , france .\nwilliot , p . and bourguignon , g . 1991 . production d ' esturgeon et de caviar , \u00e9tat actuel et perspectives . in ( p . williot ed ) , acipenser , pp . 509 - 513 . cemagref editions , antony , paris , france .\nwilliot , p . and sabeau , l . 1999 . elevage d ' esturgeons et production de caviar : exemple de l ' esturgeon sib\u00e9rien ( acipenser baerii ) en france . compte rendu acad\u00e9mie agriculture de france 85 ( 8 ) , s\u00e9ance du 27 nov . 1999 : 71 - 83 .\nin the past few years the world of online aquaculture academia has been increasingly blighted by non - peer - reviewed papers masquerading as real science . here\u2019s what you can do to avoid the worrying tre\u2026\nbiomar has opened a state - of - the - art marine fish larval trial unit for both larval rearing and the production of live feed .\nthe team behind a project that aims to improve the health of farmed sea bass and sea bream in the mediterranean has launched an discussion forum on sparicotylosis today .\na project that has developed a pioneering device to monitor the temperature of seafood in transit and improve the quality of aquaculture products is showing promising results .\n\u00a92000 & hyphen ; 2018 & hyphen ; 5m publishing , benchmark house , 8 smithy wood drive , sheffield , s35 1qn , england .\n5m enterprises inc . , suite 4120 , cbot , 141 west jackson boulevard , chicago , il , 60604 - 2900 , usa . & hyphen ; a benchmark holdings plc . company\nno part of this site may be reproduced without permission . co . registration 3332321 vat no . 100 1348 86\nfreshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 7 . 5 ; dh range : ? - 20 ; potamodromous ( ref . 57765 ) ; depth range 0 - 200 m ( ref . 57765 ) , usually 1 - 8 m ( ref . 57765 ) . temperate ; 1\u00b0c - 19\u00b0c ( ref . 57765 ) ; 74\u00b0n - 46\u00b0n , 64\u00b0e - 162\u00b0e\nasia : siberia , rivers ob , irtysh , yenisei , lena , kolyma , khatanga , pyasina , anabar , olenyok , yana and lake baikal ( ref . 57765 ) . non - migratory populations exist in all river systems ( ref . 57765 ) .\nmaturity : l m 86 . 9 , range 65 - 167 cm max length : 200 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40476 ) ; max . published weight : 210 . 0 kg ( ref . 59043 ) ; max . reported age : 63 years ( ref . 57765 )\nextended snouts ; four barbels in front of the mouth ( ref . 4639 ) . the back is light grey to dark brown colored . the belly color varies from white to clear yellow . five row s of scutes : 10 - 19d , 32 - 59l , 7 - 16v . small star - like scutes between the main ones . clearly slit inferior lip ( ref . 40476 ) .\nfound in deep and shallow parts of rivers , with moderate to swift current usually at depths of 1 to 8 m ( ref . 57765 ) . adults live essentially in freshwater although some fish frequently occur in estuaries . males are sexually mature between 9 and 29 years ; females between 9 and 34 years ( ref . 57765 ) . spawn in main river channel over stone - gravel or gravel - sand bottom and with strong current ( ref . 59043 ) .\nanadromous species . in a natural environment , males reach sexual maturity at 9 - 1 5 years of age and females at 16 - 20 years ( in water recirculation systems , sexual maturity can first occur at 5 years ) . spawning happens in the summer and generally every two years . membranes on eggs become increasingly more sticky after fertilization and this allows them to stick to the substratum . this can become a problem in nurseries , but it is solved by washing the eggs in clay or diatomaceous earth suspensions . caviar ( not fecundated ovocites ) can be over 1 0 % of the corporal weight of a mature female . incubation lasts about 1 6 days ( at 10 - 1 5\u00b0 ) . larvae development lasts about 20 days ( at 18\u00b0 ) . egg size 3 . 0 - 3 . 6 mm , larval length at hatching 10 - 12 mm .\nbaillie , j . and b . groombridge ( eds . ) , 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland . 378 p . ( ref . 12255 )\nphylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .\nbayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00263 ( 0 . 00152 - 0 . 00454 ) , b = 3 . 27 ( 3 . 12 - 3 . 42 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .\ntrophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 \u00b10 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .\nresilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( tm = 7 - 34 ; tmax = 63 ; fec = 16 , 500 - 420 , 000 ; k = 0 . 03 ) .\nprior r = 0 . 24 , 2 sd range = 0 . 08 - 0 . 67 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 43 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 52 , based on : 3 k , 62 tgen , 1 tmax , 18 fec records\nvulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 85 of 100 ) .\nvisit our showroom 687 n . e . 79th street , miami , fl , 33138\nthis site requires javascript to function properly . please enable javascript in your web browser .\nthis information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken\nterms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .\nmyarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .\nteam wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s species and habitats from destruction .\nwildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa\neach caviar gift basket from caviar express is individually designed in order to create a truly unforgettable experience . our gift packages come in either a woven basket or a wood box , and are delicately assembled for each unique recipient . all gift packages are wrapped in ribbons and transparent decorations along with a personalized handwritten greeting card .\nbased in southern california , caviar express has been a family run business since its inception in 1967 . with over 40 years of experience in the caviar industry , we have earned our reputation as one of the premier caviar importers and retailers in the u . s . by consistently providing our customers with the \ufb01nest caviar and customer service that can be derived only from a family - owned and operated business . we are sincerely proud to share our passion for caviar with you .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en\nurltoken\nspecial publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3\nrobins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .\ndisclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .\n< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ manual / evidences\n> more . . . < / a > < / p >\nhelp pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .\nyou are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .\n< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the \u2018basket\u2019 to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >\n< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =\n/ help / sequence - searches\n> more . . < / a > < / p >\nwe ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe\u2019s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .\n, as a bioindicator . voprosy ikhtiologii 32 : 102\u2013109 ( in russian . english translation : j . ichthyol . 33 : 15\u201324 ) .\n: a . d . gershanovich & t . i . j . smith ( ed . ) proceedings of the international symposium on sturgeons , 6\u201311 september 1993 , moscow - kostroma - moscow , vnlro publishing , moscow .\n: i . a . shilov ( ed . ) northern ecosystems : structure , adaptations . stability , izdatelstvo moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta , moscow ( in russian ) .\nandriyashev , a . p . 1954 . fishes of the northern seas of the ussr . izdatelstvo akademii nauk ussr , moscow leningrad . 566 pp . ( in russian ) .\nbelykh , f . i . 1940 . lake lama and its fishery use . trudy nauchno - issledovatelskogo inststituta polyarnogo zemledeliya , zhivotnovodstva i promyslovogo khozyaistva . seriya promyslovoe khozyaistvo 11 : 73\u2013100 ( in russian ) .\nberg , l . s . 1926 . fishes of the khatanga basin . material komissii an sssr po izucheniyu yakutskoi assr 2 : 1\u201322 ( in russian ) .\nberg , l . s . 1948 . the freshwater fishes of the ussr and adjacent countries , vol , 1 . part 1 . akadenmia nauk sssr , moscow & leningrad ( in russian . english translation published by israel program for scientific translations . jerusalem . 505 pp . )\nbrandt ) of the irtysh river basin . uchenye zapiski permskogo gosudarstvennogo unisversite teta 3 : 145\u2013163 ( in russian ) .\nborisov , p . g . 1928 . fishes ofthe lena river . trudy komissii an sssr po izueheniyu yakutskoi respubliki 9 : 1\u2013181 ( in russian ) .\nbrandt , j . g . 1869 / 1870 . einige worte ber die curopisch - asiatischen strarten ( sturionides ) . bull . acad . imper . sci . st . - petersbourg 14 : 171\u2013175 .\nburmakin , e . v 1941 . some little commercial and noncommercial fishes of the gyda bay system . turdy nauchno - lssledovatelskogo instituta polyarnogo zemledeliya , zhivotnovodstva i promyslovogo khozyaistva , seriya promyslovoe khozyaistvo 15 : 149\u2013158 ( in russian ) .\n: v . i . lukyanenko ( ed . ) stu rgeon fishery in inland water bodies of the ussr , abstracts of papers at the 2nd all - union conference , astrakhan ( in russian ) .\ndryagin , p . a . 1933 . fish resource of yakutiya . trudy soveta po izueheniyu proisvoditelnykh sil 5 : 3\u201394 ( in russian ) .\ndryagin , p . a . 1948b . commercial fishes of the ob - lrtysh river basin . izvestiya vsesouznogo lnstituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 25 ( 2 ) : 3\u2013104 ( in russian ) .\nkalashnikov , yu . e . 1978 , fishes of the vitim river basin . nauka press , novosibirsk . 190 pp . ( in russian ) .\nkarantonis , f e . , e . n . kirillov & f b . mukhomediyarov . 1956 . fishes of the middle lena reaches trudy instituta biologii yakutskogo filiala an ussr 2 : 3\u2013144 ( in russian ) .\nkirillov , f . n . 1950 . fishes of the tiksi bay . uchenye zapiski tomskogo universiteta 15 : 155\u2013162 ( in russian ) .\nkirillov , e n . 1953 . fishes ofthe lndigirka river and their fishery . candidate of biol . sci . dissertation thesis . yakutsk . 13 pp . ( in russian )\nkirillov , e n . 1964 . species composition of fishes of the aldan river . pp . 73\u201382 ,\nkirillov , f . n . 1972 . fishes of yakutiya . nauka press , moscow . 360 pp . ( in russian ) .\nkirillov , e n . & n . g . solomonov ( ed . ) 1979 . biology of the vilyui water reservoir . nauka press , novosibirsk . 270 pp . ( in russian ) .\nkolosov , a . m . ( ed . ) 1983 . rsfsr [ russian federation ] red data book . animals . rosselkhozizdat , moscow . 455 pp . ( in russian ) .\nkozhov , m . m . 1950 . fresh waters of east siberia . ogiz press , irkutsk . 367 pp , ( in russian ) .\nlogashov , m . v . 1940 . lake melkoe and its utilization for fishery . trudy nauchno - issledovatelskogo instituta polyarnogo zemledeliya , zhivotnovodstva i promyslovogo khozyaistva , seriya promyslovoe khozyaistvo 11 : 7\u201371 ( in russian ) .\nlukyanchikov , f . v . 1967 . fishes of the khatanga river system . trudy krasnoyarskogo otdeleniya sibniirkh 9 : 11\u201393 ( in russian ) .\nmaak , r . u . 1886 , vilyui region of the yakutsk district , part 2 . st . - petersburg . 366 pp . ( in russian ) .\nmayr , e . 1969 . principles of systematic zoology : mcgraw - hill , new york . 428 pp .\nsp . nov . ) . ezhegodnik zoologicheskogo museya akademii nauk 1 : 400\u2013405 ( in russian ) .\nbrandt . sbornik trudov gosudarstvennogo zoologicheskogo muzeya pri mgu 5 : 136\u2013148 ( in russian ) .\nostroumov , n . a . 1937 . fishes and fishery of the pyasina river . trudy polyarnoi komissii an ussr 30 : 1\u2013115 ( in russian ) .\npetkevich , a . n . , v . n . bashmakov & a . ya . bashmakova . 1950 . sturgeons of the middle and upper reaches of the ob river . trudy barabinskogo otdeleniya vsesoyuznogo nauchno - issledovatelskogo otdeleniya instituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 4 : 3\u201354 ( in russian ) .\na . nikolsky ) of the yenisey river . voprosy ikhtiologii 4 : 21\u201340 ( in russian ) .\npodlesnyi , a . v . 1958 . fishes of the yenisey river , conditions of their life and utilization of them . trudy vsesoyuznogo nauchno - issledovatelskogo instituta ozernogo i rechnogo rybnogo khozyaistva 44 : 97\u2013178 ( in russian ) .\nroskin , g . i . & l . v . levinson . 1957 . microscopic techniques . sovetskaya nauka , moscow . 468 pp . ( in russian ) .\n, of the lena river basin . voprosy ikhtiologii 29 : 48\u201355 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 29 : 48\u201355 ) .\n, in the indigirka river . voprosy ikhtiologii 31 : 596\u2013605 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 31 : 118\u2013129 ) .\n, from the kolyma river . voprosy ikhtiologii 33 : 84\u201392 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 33 : 66\u201380 ) .\ndrjagin ( acipenseriformes , acipenseridae ) , in the yenisey and lena rivers . voprosy ikhtiologii 34 : 469\u2013478 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 34 : 58\u201371 ) .\nsedelnikov , a . k . 1910 . lake zaisan . zapiski zapadno - sibirskogo otdela imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva 35 : 1\u2013253 ( in russian ) .\n, from the aldan river . voprosy ikhtiologii 26 : 55\u201364 ( in russian , english translation : j . ichthyol . 26 : 55\u201364 ) ."]}
{"id": 2651, "summary": [{"text": "phalonidia albicaput is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .", "topic": 2}, {"text": "it is found in ecuador .", "topic": 20}, {"text": "the wingspan is 11 \u2013 12 mm .", "topic": 9}, {"text": "the ground colour of the forewings is whitish creamy , glossy along the edges of the markings with pale ochreous-olive suffusions .", "topic": 1}, {"text": "the markings are ochreous olive .", "topic": 23}, {"text": "the hindwings are brownish , paler basally than on the periphery .", "topic": 1}], "title": "phalonidia albicaput", "paragraphs": ["phalonidia albicaput is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in ecuador .\nalbicaput razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 289 tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , ro verde . holotype : vbc . male .\nlidiae kuznetzov , 1966 ( phalonidia ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 198 . no type\nhaplobursa razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phalonidia ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 141 . no type\nvorticana razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( phalonidia ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 141 . no type\nlyidae byun & park , 1995 ( phalonidia ) , korean j . appl . ent . 34 : 385 . no type\nwalkerana razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 166 tl : peru , callao . holotype : bmnh . male .\nalassosaccula razowski , 1997 ( phalonidia ) , genus 8 : 178 . tl : peru , dept . juni , huacapistana . holotype : amnh . male .\nassensus razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 178 tl : brazil , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .\nnicotiana liu & ge , 1991 ( phalonidia ) , sinozoologia 8 : 355 . tl : china , heilongjiang , jingpohu . holotype : izas . male .\nmemoranda razowski , 1997 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 40 : 116 tl : canada , ontario , ottawa . holotype : cnc . male .\nmesotypa razowski , 1970 ( phalonidia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 229 . tl : china , kiangsu province , shanghai . holotype : zfmk . female .\nontariana razowski , 1997 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 40 : 116 tl : canada , ontario , inverhuron . holotype : cnc . male .\nparvana kawabe , 1980 ( phalonidia ) , tinea 11 : 29 . tl : japan , honshu , yamanashi prefecture , kiyosato . holotype : usnm . male .\nbassii razowski , 1999 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 322 tl : ecuador , napo province , baeza . holotype : mrsn . male .\ndroserantha razowski , 1970 ( phalonidia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 219 . tl : china , north yunnan province , likiang . holotype : zfmk . female .\necuadorensis razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 167 tl : ecuador , chimborazo province , huigra . holotype : bmnh . male .\njulianiensis liu & ge , 1991 ( phalonidia ) , sinozoologia 8 : 356 . tl : china , jiangxi , jiulian mt . . holotype : izas . female .\ntolli razowski , 1960 ( ? phalonidia ) , polskie pismo ent . 30 : 397 . tl : china . manchuria , djalantum . holotype : isez . male .\nochracea razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 164 tl : ecuador , chimborazo province , huigra . holotype : bmnh . male .\nscabra liu & ge , 1991 ( phalonidia ) , sinozoologia 8 : 355 . tl : china , jiangxi , mt . lu . holotype : izas . male .\nzygota razowski , 1964 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 9 : 338 tl : russia , khabarovsky krai , radd . holotype : mgab . male .\naetheria razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 169 tl : brazil , so paulo , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .\njequieta razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 292 tl : brazil , bahia , junquie . holotype : vbc . male .\nmultispinea razowski & becker , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 437 . tl : ecuador , pastaza , mera . holotype : vbc . male .\ntenuispiniformis sun & li , 2013 ( phalonidia ) , zootaxa 3641 : 551 . tl : china , mentougou beijing , xiaolongmen forest farm . holotype : nkum . male .\ntornomaculana razowski & becker , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 435 . tl : ecuador , loja , loja . holotype : vbc . male .\ncermatia razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 291 tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina . holotype : vbc . male .\nchlaenites razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 289 tl : brazil , minas gerais , corumba . holotype : vbc . male .\ndotica razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 163 tl : peru , dept . hunuco , tingo maria . holotype : zmuc . female .\nelectra razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 291 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .\nlacistovalva razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 292 tl : ecuador , loja province , loja . holotype : vbc . male .\nlojana razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 291 tl : ecuador , loja province , loja . holotype : vbc . male .\nmayarina razowski & becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 69 . tl : cuba , holguin , mayari . holotype : vbc . male .\nochrochraon razowski & becker , 2002 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 290 tl : brazil , par , capito poco . holotype : vbc . female .\nparapellax razowski , 1999 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo ent . 68 : 62 . tl : mexico , sinaloa , 2 mi sw potrerillos . holotype : eme . male .\nphlebotoma razowski & becker , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 24 . tl : brazil , par , belm . holotype : mnrj . male .\ncerina razowski & becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 99 . tl : brazil , espiritu santo , linhares . holotype : vbc . female .\nchloridia razowski & becker , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 26 . tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina . holotype : vbc . female .\nfariasana razowski & becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 97 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .\nfraterna razowski , 1970 ( phalonidia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 216 . tl : russia , far east , primorsky krai , askold island . holotype : zmas . male .\nhaesitans razowski & becker , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 23 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , una . holotype : mnrj . female .\nhapalobursa razowski & becker , 1986 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 459 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : vbc . female .\nlinharesa razowski & becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 96 . tl : brazil , espiritu santo , linhares . holotype : vbc . male .\nmeizobursa razowski & becker , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 26 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , una . holotype : mnrj . female .\nmelletes razowski & becker , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 23 . tl : brazil , distrito federal , planaltina . holotype : mnrj . female .\nmonospina razowski & becker , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 438 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .\nmoronaephila razowski & becker , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 439 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .\npurpurascens razowski & becker , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 438 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .\nsynucha razowski & becker , 1986 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 458 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .\ntrabalea razowski & becker , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 25 . tl : brazil , par , igarape acu . holotype : mnrj . male .\nbrevifasciaria sun & li , 2013 ( phalonidia ) , zootaxa 3641 : 541 . tl : china , guizhou province , suiyang county , kuankuoshui nature reserves . holotype : nkum . male .\ndiaphona razowski & becker , 1986 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 459 tl : mexico , veracruz , las tuxtlas biological station . holotype : vbc . male .\ngeraisana razowski & becker , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 436 . tl : brazil , minas gerais , serra do cipo . holotype : vbc . male .\nhypagosocia razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 167 tl : bolivia , dept . cochabamba , 25 km nw mizque . holotype : zmuc . male .\nintrorsa razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 166 tl : bolivia , dept . cochabamba , 10 km sw aiquile . holotype : lnk . male .\nkarsholti razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 163 tl : peru , dept . ayacucho , 50 km e nazca . holotype : zmuc . female .\nkathetospina razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 164 tl : peru , dept . puno , 5 km e limbani . holotype : zmuc . male .\nlatifasciana razowski , 1970 ( phalonidia ) , microlepid . palaearctica 3 : 206 . tl : central asia , central asia ( kemerowsk district , waganowo ) . holotype : zmas . female .\nloipa razowski , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 179 tl : ecuador , napo province , cerro mirador , santa barbara . holotype : eme . male .\nmonocera razowski & becker , 2007 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 98 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , sao joaquim . holotype : vbc . male .\npraemorsa razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 167 tl : peru , dept . puno , 5 km e limbani . holotype : zmuc . male .\nrotundiventralis sun & li , 2013 ( phalonidia ) , zootaxa 3641 : 549 . tl : china , sichuan province , wenchuan county , wolong nature reserves . holotype : nkum . male .\nrufoatra razowski , 1992 ( phalonidia ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1990 ) : 97 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . male .\nthryptica razowski , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 181 tl : costa rica , guanacaste province , santa rosa national park . holotype : vbc . female .\nmesomerista razowski , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 180 tl : ecuador , napo province , via santa barbara - la bonita . holotype : eme . female .\nnonaxyra razowski , 1994 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 180 tl : ecuador , napo province , via santa barbara - la bonita . holotype : eme . male .\naliena kuznetzov , 1966 ( phalonidia ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 200 . tl : russia . primorsky krai , vladivostok , okeanskaya biological station . holotype : zmas . male .\nclaudia razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 34 : 41 . tl : venezuela , cordillera de merida , merida , monte zerpa . holotype : mzuj . male .\nsarovalva razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 166 tl : peru , dept . apurimac , 7 km e chalhuianca , ro chalhuianca . holotype : zmuc . male .\ntarijana razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 10 . tl : bolivia , province tarija , res . tariquia , salinas . holotype : mzuj . male .\nacrota razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 162 tl : peru , dept . ancash , 30 km e huarez , chvin de huantar . holotype : zmuc . male .\nsilvestris kuznetzov , 1966 ( phalonidia ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 37 : 198 . tl : russia , amur region , klimoutsy , 40 km w svobodnyy . holotype : zmas . male .\ncoreana byun & li , 2006 ( phalonidia ) , j . nat . hist . 40 : 804 . tl : korea , mt . juwang - san , gyeongsangbuk - do . holotype : kna . male .\nlochites razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 165 tl : peru , dept . apurimac , 25 km s chalhuianca , ro lacaruse , lacaia . holotype : zmuc . male .\nbaccatana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 77 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .\ncharagmophora razowski , 1999 ( phalonidia ) , polskie pismo ent . 68 : 64 . tl : costa rica , estacin biologica las cruces , 6 km se san vito , ro jaba . holotype : eme . male .\nolivogrisea razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 77 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . female .\nscolopis razowski , 1993 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 165 tl : peru , dept . cuzco , 40 km nw sicuani , 5 km e laguna pomacanchi . holotype : zmuc . male .\ncholovalva razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( phalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 34 : 41 . tl : venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batalln , pramo el rosal , san jos de bolvar . holotype : mzuj . male .\nhtml public\n- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en\naffinitana douglas , 1846 ( cochylis ) , zoologist 4 : 1269 . tl : united kingdom , england ( st . osyth , essex ) [ united kingdom ] . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\ncancellana zeller , 1847 ( cochylis ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1847 ( 10 ) : 739 . tl : italy . sicily . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\ninulana constant , 1884 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . ( 6 ) 4 : 212 . tl : france . lectotype : mnhn . female .\nlittorana galvagni , 1906 ( conchylis ) , verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 56 : 83 . tl : italy . is . grado , kstenland . syntypes : nhmv . 12 males , 3 females .\nmoravica zimmerman , 1926 ( conchylis affinitana ab . ) , naturwiss . z . lotos 74 : 22 . tl : hawaiian islands . syntypes : bpbm . unknown .\ntauriana kennel , 1899 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 12 : 20 . tl : ukraine . ukraine ( halbinsel krim ) . holotype : mnhu . female .\nalbertae razowski , 1997 ( platphalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 40 : 118 tl : canada , alberta , nordegg . holotype : cnc . male .\nalbipalpana zeller , 1847 ( tortrix ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1847 ( 10 ) : 662 . tl : italy , sicily . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nalibpalpana caradja , 1916 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 50 . no type\namasiana ragonot , 1894 ( conchylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 63 : 189 . tl : turkey , amasia . holotype : mnhn . female .\nargyraspis razowski , 1984 ( saphenista ) , ann . zool . 38 : 278 . tl : venezuela , distrito federal , 14 km ne tovar . holotype : usnm . female .\nassector razowski , 1967 ( cochylis ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 206 tl : argentina , tucumn , los vasquez . holotype : bmnh . male .\nbasiochreana kearfott , 1907 ( phalonia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 78 . tl : usa , california , los angeles . holotype : amnh . female .\nbrilhanteana razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 429 tl : brazil , mato grosso , rio brilhante . holotype : mnrj . female .\ncalifornica razowski , 1986 ( platphalonidia ) , ann . zool . 40 : 381 . tl : mexico , baja california norte , miller ' s landing . holotype : eme . male .\ncampicolana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 29 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . , head of noyo river . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nchlorolitha meyrick , 1931 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 157 . tl : japan , hokkaido , sapporo . holotype : bmnh . male .\nazyga meyrick , in caradja & meyrick , 1935 ( phalonia ) , mat . microlepid . fauna chin . prov . : 47 . tl : china . chekiang . lectotype : mgab . male .\ncontractana zeller , 1847 ( cochylis ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1847 ( 10 ) : 744 . tl : ? , narni . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nexaequata meyrick , 1923 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 52 . tl : palestine . haifa . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmanifestana kennel , 1901 ( conchylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 13 ( 1900 ) : 232 . tl : italy . sicily . syntype ( s ) : mnhu . unknown .\nthermoconis meyrick , 1925 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 139 . tl : india . kashmir , srinagar . lectotype : bmnh . male .\ncurvistrigana stainton , 1859 ( eupoecilia ) , man . br . butterflies moths 2 : 272 . tl : united kingdom , england [ united kingdom ] . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\ndangi razowski , 1997 ( platphalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 40 : 118 tl : canada , alberta , nordegg . holotype : cnc . male .\ndecrepita razowski & becker , 2002 ( platphalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 300 tl : brazil , goais , alto paraso . holotype : vbc . male .\ndiamphidia clarke , 1968 ( lasiothyris ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 49 . tl : peru , cuzco , machu picchu . holotype : usnm . male .\ndocilis razowski & becker , 2002 ( lasiothyris ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 293 tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , teresopolis . holotype : vbc . male .\ndubia razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 431 tl : brazil , mato grosso , rio brilhante . holotype : mnrj . female .\ndyas razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 427 tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque . holotype : vbc . male .\ndysmorphia clarke , 1968 ( lasiothyris ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 47 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . male .\ndysodona caradja , 1916 ( cochylis ) , dt . ent . z . iris 30 : 52 . tl : russia , khabarovsky krai , radd . lectotype : mgab . male .\nelderana kearfott , 1907 ( phalonia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 84 . tl : usa , new jersey . holotype : amnh . female .\nhelonoma meyrick , 1912 ( phalonia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type\nembaphion razowski , 1984 ( saphenista ) , ann . zool . 38 : 276 . tl : venezuela , merida , 8 km se apartaderos . holotype : usnm . male .\nfatua razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 428 tl : brazil , santa catarina , rio vermelho . holotype : mnrj . female .\nfelix walsingham , 1895 ( phalonia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 : 499 . tl : usa , colorado , loveland . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nfulvimixta filipjev , 1940 ( piercea ) , trav . inst . zool . acad . sci . u . r . s . s . 6 : 181 . tl : russia , jakowlewka . holotype : zmas . male .\nfusifera meyrick , 1912 ( phtheochroa ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 674 . tl : brazil , so paulo . holotype : bmnh . male .\ngalbanea meyrick , 1917 ( phalonia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 : 2 . tl : guyana , british guiana [ guyana ] ( bartica ) . lectotype : bmnh . female .\ngilvicomana zeller , 1847 ( cochylis ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1847 ( 10 ) : 742 . tl : germany , lectotype : bmnh . female .\nflaviscapulana herrich - schaffer , 1847 ( uninomial ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : pl . 14 , fig . 97 . no type\nflaviscapulana herrich - schaffer , 1851 ( tortrix ( coccyx ) ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 4 : 224 . tl : czech republic . bohemia [ czech republic ] ( neustrelitz and reichstadt ) . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nflavoscapulana herrich - schaffer , 1856 ( coccyx ) , syst . bearbeitung schmett . eur . 6 : 160 . no type\nhaplidia razowski , 1986 ( phtheochroa ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 375 tl : mexico , durango , 3 mi w el salto . holotype : eme . male .\nholgina razowski & becker , 2007 ( platphalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 72 . tl : cuba , holguin , mayari . holotype : vbc . male .\nhorrens razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 428 tl : brazil , santa catarina , rio vemelho . holotype : mnrj . female .\nimitabilis razowski , 1997 ( platphalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 40 : 119 tl : canada , alberta , waterton lakes . holotype : cnc . male .\nlaetitia clarke , 1968 ( cochylis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 25 . tl : argentina , tucumn , ciudad universitaria . holotype : usnm . male .\nlatipunctana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 29 . tl : usa , california , mendocino co . , mouth of albion river . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nlavana busck , 1907 ( phalonia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 27 . tl : usa , maryland , montgom - ery co . , hyattsville . holotype : usnm . male .\nlepidana clemens , 1860 ( argyrolepia ) , proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 355 . tl : north america , holotype : ansp . unknown .\nplummeriana busck , 1907 ( phalonia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 24 . tl : usa . maryland , plummers island . holotype : usnm . male .\nschwarziana busck , 1907 ( phalonia ) , j . new york ent . soc . 15 : 24 . tl : usa . maryland , plummers island . holotype : usnm . female .\nstraminoides grote , 1873 ( conchylis ) , bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci 1 : 16 . tl : usa . new york , buffalo . syntype : usnm . male .\nzaracana kearfott , 1907 ( phalonia ) , trans . am . ent . soc . 33 : 74 . tl : usa . illinois . lectotype : amnh . male .\nluxata razowski & becker , 1986 ( platphalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 464 tl : mexico , distrito federal , mexico city . holotype : mnrj . male .\nlydiae filipjev , 1940 ( piercea ) , trav . inst . zool . acad . sci . u . r . s . s . 6 : 180 . tl : russia , voroshilov - ussurijsk . holotype : zmas . male .\nmanniana fischer von roslerstamm , 1839 ( cochylis ) , abbild . berich . ergnz schmett . - kunde 1 : 134 tl : czech republic - slovakia , czechoslovakia . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .\nnotulana zeller , 1847 ( cochylis ) , isis von oken ( leipzig ) 1847 ( 10 ) : 745 . tl : italy . sicily , syracuse . syntype ( s ) : bmnh . unknown .\nudana guenee , 1845 ( cochylis ) , annls soc . ent . fr . 2 ( 3 ) : 299 . tl : france . central france ( chteaudun ) . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nmelanothicta meyrick , 1927 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 367 . tl : china , shanghai . holotype : mgab . male .\nhygrodes meyrick , 1936 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 5 : 22 . tl : japan . honshu , osaka prefecture . holotype : bmnh . male .\nmelanoticta caradja , 1926 ( phalonia ) , dt . ent . z . iris 40 : 158 . no type\nmendora clarke , 1968 ( cochylis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 24 . tl : chile , santiago province , cajon de maypo , cordillero , el canelo . holotype : usnm . male .\nmimohospes razowski & becker , 1983 ( cochylis ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 433 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : vbc . female .\nochraceana razowski , 1967 ( cochylis ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 207 tl : argentina , tucumn , los vasquez . holotype : bmnh . female .\nochrimixtana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 134 . tl : colombia , bogot . holotype : bmnh . male .\nolivana razowski , 1967 ( cochylis ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 209 tl : brazil , paran , castro . holotype : bmnh . female .\npaliki razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 430 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : vbc . female .\nparanae razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 430 tl : brazil , paran , mandurituba . holotype : mnrj . male .\npellax razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 425 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : mnrj . male .\nplicana walsingham , 1884 ( conchylis ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1884 : 131 . tl : mexico , sonora . lectotype : bmnh . male .\nremissa razowski & becker , 2007 ( platphalonidia ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 72 . tl : cuba , holguin , mayari . holotype : vbc . male .\nremota razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 429 tl : brazil , mato grosso , cambu . holotype : mnrj . male .\nsqualida razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 424 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : mnrj . male .\nsublimis meyrick , 1917 ( phalonia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 : 2 . tl : peru , huancayo . holotype : bmnh . female .\nsubmissana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 131 . tl : colombia , bogot . holotype : bmnh . male .\nsubolivacea walsingham , 1897 ( phalonia ) , proc . zool . soc . london 1897 : 137 . tl : virgin islands , danish west indies ( virgin islands , st . thomas ) . holotype : bmnh . male .\nswammerdamiana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 133 . tl : colombia , bogot . holotype : bmnh . male .\ntehuacana razowski , 1986 ( platphalonidia ) , ann . zool . 40 : 384 . tl : mexico , puebla , 2 mi sw tehuacan . holotype : eme . male .\nunguifera razowski , 1976 ( cochylis ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 203 tl : brazil , paran , castro . holotype : bmnh . male .\nvorticata meyrick , 1912 ( phalonia ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 : 673 . tl : argentina , paran . holotype : bmnh . female .\nunless noted , all images on these pages are copyright \u00a9 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .\npopular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more\nthe wingspan is 11\u201312 mm . the ground colour of the forewings is whitish creamy , glossy along the edges of the markings with pale ochreous olive suffusions . the markins are ochreous olive . the hindwings are brownish 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